THE 


CENTURY  DICTIONARY 


AND 


CYCLOPEDIA 


A  WORK  OF  UNIVERSAL  REFERENCE 
IN  ALL  DEPARTMENTS  OF  KNOWLEDGE 
WITH  A  NEW  ATLAS  OF  THE  WORLD 


IN  TEN  VOLUMES 
VOLUME  I 


PUBLISHED   BY 

C|)e  Centurj)  Co* 

NEW  YORK 


Copyright,  1S89,  IS'JO,  ISOl,  1894,  1895,  189(5,  1897,  1898, 1899,  1900,  1901,  1902,  190:i,  1904, 

By  The  Century  Co. 


All  Xighls  Rcsened. 


PUBLISHERS'   NOTE   ON   THE   COMPLETED    WORK 

With  the  publication  of  tlie  Atlas  which  is  incorporated  in  the  present  edition  The  Century  Diction- 
ary and  Cyclopedia  was  brought  to  completion.  As  the  Cyclopedia  of  Names  grew  out  of  the  Dictionary 
and  supplemented  it  on  its  encyclopedic  side,  so  the  Atlas  grew  out  of  the  Cyclopedia,  and  serves  as  an 
extension  of  its  geographical  material.  Each  of  these  works  deals  with  a  different  part  of  the  great  field 
of  words, —  common  words  and  names, — while  the  three,  in  their  unity,  constitute  a  work  of  reference 
which  practically  covers  the  whole  of  that  field.  The  total  number  of  words  and  names  defined  or  other- 
wise described  in  the  completed  work  is  about  4';o,ooo. 

The  special  features  of  each  of  these  several  parts  of  the  book  are  described  in  tlie  Prefaces  which  will 
be  found  in  the  first,  ninth,  and  tenth  volumes.  It  need  only  be  said  that  the  definitions  of  the  common 
words  of  the  language  are  for  the  most  part  stated  encyclopedically,  with  a  vast  amount  of  technical, 
historical,  and  practical  information  in  addition  to  an  unrivaled  wealth  of  purely  philological  material; 
that  the  same  encyclopedic  method  is  applied  to  proper  names  —  names  of  persons,  places,  characters  in 
fiction,  books  —  in  short,  of  everything  to  which  a  name  is  given;  and  that  in  the  Atlas  geographical 
names,  and  much  besides,  are  exhibited  with  a  completeness  and  serviceableness  seldom  equaled.  Of 
The  Century  Dictionary  and  Cyclopedia  as  a  whole,  therefore,  it  may  be  said  that  it  is  in  its  own  field 
the  most  complete  presentation  of  human  knowledge  —  scientific,  historical,  and  practical  —  that  exists. 

Moreover,  the  method  of  distributing  this  encyclopedic  material  under  a  large  number  of  headings, 
which  has  been  followed  throughout,  makes  each  item  of  this  great  store  of  information  far  more  acces- 
sible than  in  works  in  which  a  different  system  is  adopted. 

The  first  edition  of  The  Century  Dictionary  was  completed  in  1891,  that  ot  The  Century  Cyclopedia  of 
Names  in  1894,  and  that  of  the  Atlas  in  1897.  During  the  years  that  have  elapsed  since  those  dates  each 
of  these  works  has  been  subjected  to  repeated  careful  revisions,  in  order  to  iiidude  the  latest  information, 
and  the  results  of  this  scrutiny  are  comprised  in  this  edition. 


THE. 

CENTURY  DICTIONARY 

AN  ENCYCLOPEDIC  LEXICON 
OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE 


PREPARED  UNDER  THE  SUPERINTENDENCE  OF 

WILLIAM  DWIGHT  WHITNEY,  Ph.D.,  LL.D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  AND  SANSKRIT 
IN  YALE  UNIVERSITY 


PUBLISHED  BY 

'Cf)e  Century)  Co, 


NEW  YORK 


Copyright,  1889,  iSgo,  1891,  1895,  1896,  1897,  1899,  1900,  1901,  190:2,  iqo5,  1904,  by  The  Century  Co. 

All  Rights  Reserved. 


By  permission  of  Messrs.  Blackie  &  Son,  publishers  of  The  Imperial  Dictionary  by  Dr.  Ogilvie  and 
Dr.  Annandale,  material  from  that  English  copyright  work  has  been  freely  used  in  the  preparation  of 
The  Century  Dictionary,  and  certain  owners  of  American  copyrights  having  claimed  that  undue  use  of 
matter  so  protected  has  been  made  in  the  compilation  of  The  Imperial  Dictionary,  notice  is  hereby 
given  that  arrangement  has  also  been  made  with  the  proprietors  of  such  copyright  matter  for  its  use 
in  the  preparation  of  The  Century  Dictionary. 


TMI    DEVINNC  PftLM. 


LIST    OF    COLLABORATORS: 


EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, 
WILLIAM  D.  WHITNEY,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.' 


MANAGING   EDITOR, 
BENJAMIN  E.   SMITH,  A.  M.,  L.  H.  D. 


EDITORIAL   ASSISTANTS, 

FRANKLIN  H.  HOOPER,  A.  B.  JOHN   W.  PALMER,  M.  D. 

ROBERT  LILLEY,  D.  C.  L.  CHARLES  P.  G.  SCOTT,  Ph.  D. 

THOMAS  W.  LUDLOW,  A.  M."  FRANCIS  A.  TEALL,  A.  M.* 

KATHARINE  B.  WOOD. 


AUSTIN  ABBOTT,  LL.  D.* 

Law;  Legal  and  Political  Institutions, 

LYMAN  ABBOTT,  D.  D. 

Theology;     Liturgies;    Ecclesiastical 
History. 

CHARLES  BARNARD, 
Tools  and  Machines. 


ALBERT  S.  BOLLES,  Ph.  D. 

Late  Professorof  Mercantile  Law  and  Practice 
in  the  Wharton  School  of  Finance  and 
Economy,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Commerce;  Finance. 


ELLIOTT  COUES,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.* 

Late  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  National 
Medical  College. 

General  Zoology;  Biology;    Compar- 
ative Anatomy. 


EDWARD  S.  DANA,  Ph.  D. 

Professor  of  Physics  in  Yale  University. 
Physics;  Mineralogy. 

ISAAC  W.  DRUMMOND,  E.  M.,  Ph.D. 
Pigments;  Dyes;  Dyeing,  etc. 

THEODORE  N.  GILL,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D. 
Professor  of  Zoology  in  the  Columbian  Uni- 
versity. 

Ichthyology;  Conchology. 

FRANCIS  M.  GREEN,  Com'r  U.  S.  N.* 
Naval  a7td  Nautical  Terms. 

JAMES  A.  HARRISON,  Litt.  D.,  LL.D. 
Professorof  English  and  Romance  Languages 
in  the  University  of  Virginia. 

Contributions  to  the  Etymologies  {in 
the  last  Quarter  of  the  Alphabet). 

J.  FRANKLIN  JAMESON,  Ph.  D.,  LL.D. 
Head  of  the   Department  of  History  in  the 
University  of  Chicago. 

History  of  the  United  States. 


EDITORIAL  CONTRIBUTORS, 

EDWARD  H.  JENKINS,  Ph.  D. 

Director  of  the  Connecticut  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station. 

Chemistry. 

FRANK  H.   KNOWLTON,  Ph.  D. 
Paleontologist,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

Cryptogamic  Botany,  H-Z. 

GEORGE  F.   KUNZ,  A.  M. 
Gems;  Lapidary  Work. 

THOMAS  R.  LOUNSBURY,  LL.  D.,L.H.D. 

Professor  of  English  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific 
School,  Yale  University. 

Middle  English  (Chaucer). 

THOMAS  W.  LUDLOW,  A.  M.» 

Architecture;  Sculpture;  Greek  and 
Rotnan  Archaology. 

DAVID  A.   LYLE,  Major,  U.  S.  A. 
Military  Terms. 

THOMAS  C.  MENDENHALL, 

Ph.  D.,LL.  D. 

Late    President    of    Worcester    Polytechnic 
Institute. 
Electricity. 

CHARLES  S.  PEIRCE,  S.  B.,  A.  M. 

Late  Lecturer  on  Logic  at  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins University,  and  of  the  U.  S.  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey. 

Logic;  Metaphysics;  Mathematics; 
Mechanics;  Astronomy;  Weights 
and  Measures. 

CHARLES  C.  PERKINS,  A.  B." 
Painting;  Engraving;  Etching. 

WALDO  S.  PRATT,  A.  M. 

Professor  of  Worship,  Hymnology,  and 
Sacred  Music  in  the  Hartford  Theo- 
logical Seminary. 

Mtisic. 

CHARLES  P.   G.   SCOTT,  Ph.  D. 

Etymologies. 

ARTHUR  B.  SEYMOUR,  S.  M. 

Assistant  in  the    Cn,'ptogamic   Herbarium, 
Harvard  University. 

Cryptogamic  Botany,  A-G. 


RUSSELL  STURGIS,  A.  M. 

Late  Professor  of  Architecture  and  the  Arts 
of  Design  in  the  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York. 

Decorative  Art;  Ceramics;  Medie- 
val Archaology;  Heraldry;  Cos- 
tumes. 


JAMES  K.  THACHER,  M.  D.* 

Professor  of  Physiology  and  Clinical  Medi- 
cine in  Yale  University. 

Physiology;      Medicine;      Surgery; 
Hutnan  Anatomy;  Histology. 


ROBERT    H.  THURSTON, 

LL.  D.,  Doc.  Eng. 
Director  of   Sibley   College,    Cornell    Uni- 
versity. 

General  Technology. 


LESTER   F.   WARD,  A.  M.,  LL.  D. 

Paleontologist,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey; 
Honorary  Curator  of  Botany  and  Fossil 
Plants,  U.  S.  National  Museimi. 

Botany,  H-Z. 


SERENO  WATSON,  Ph.  D." 

Curator  of  the   Herbarium,   Harvard  Uni- 
versity. 

Botany,  A-G. 


HENRY  M.  WHITNEY,  A.  M. 

Late  Professorof  Englisli  Literatiure  in  Beloit 
College. 

Synonyms. 


JOSIAH  D.  WHITNEY,  LL.  D.* 

Professor  of  Geology,  Harvard  University. 
Geology;  Lithology;  Mining;  Metals 
and  Metallurgy;  Physical  Geogra- 
phy; Fossil  Botany. 


WILLIAM  D.  WHITNEY,  Ph.  D.,  LL.D.* 
Professor  of  Comparative  Philology  and  San- 
skrit in  Yale  University. 

Spelling;  Pronu7iciation;  Gram- 
mar; Comparative  Philology; 
Ethnology;  Anthropology. 


*  Deceased. 


DEPARTMENT   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS, 

WILLIAM  LEWIS  ERASER. 


PREFACE. 


HE  plan  of  The  Centdey  Dictionaey  includes  three  things:  the  constrnction  of  a 
general  dictionary  of  the  English  language  which  shall  be  serviceable  for  every  literary 
and  practical  use;  a  more  complete  collection  of  the  technical  terms  of  the  various 
sciences,  arts,  trades,  and  professions  than  has  yet  been  attempted ;  and  the  addition  to 
the  definitions  proper  of  such  related  encyclopedic  matter,  with  pictorial  illustrations, 
as  shall  constitute  a  convenient  book  of  general  reference.  The  attempt  to  accomplish  these  ends,  and 
at  the  same  time  to  produce  a  harmonious  whole,  has  determined  both  the  general  character  of  the 
work  and  its  details.  This  design  originated  early  in  1882  in  a  proposal  to  adapt  The  Imperial 
Dictionary  to  American  needs,  made  by  Mr.  Roswell  Smith,  President  of  The  Centmy  Co.,  who  has 
supported  with  unfailing  faith  and  the  largest  liberality  the  plans  of  the  editors  as  they  have  gradually 
extended  far  beyond  the  original  limits. 


Obsolete  words. 


The  most  obvious  result  of  this  plan  is  a  very  large  addition  to  the  voeabulaiy  of    preceding 
dictionaries,  about  two  hundred  thousand  words  being  here  defined.     The  first  duty  of  a  comprehensive 
dictionary  is   collection,   not  selection.     When  a  fuU  account  of  the  language  is   sought,  every  omis- 
sion of  a  genuine  English  form,  even  when  practically  necessary,  is  so  far  a  defect ;  and 
it  is  therefore  better  to  err  on  the  side  of  broad  inclusiveness  than  of  narrow  exclusive-  ^  ^""^    *^' 

ness.  This  is  the  attitude  of  The  Century  Dictionaey.  It  is  designed  to  be  a  practically  complete 
record  of  the  main  body  of  English  speech,  from  the  time  of  the  mingling  of  the  Old  French  and 
Anglo-Saxon  to  the  present  day,  with  such  of  its  offshoots  as  possess  historical,  etymological,  literary, 
scientific,  or  practical  value.  The  execution  of  this  design  demands  that  more  space  be  given  to  obso- 
lete words  and  forms  than  has  hitherto  been  the  rule  in  dictionaries.  This  is  especially 
true  of  Middle  English  words  (and  particularly  of  the  vocabulary  of  Chaucer),  which 
represent  a  stage  of  the  language  that  is  not  only  of  high  interest  in  itself,  but  is  also  intimately  con- 
nected, etymologically  and  otherwise,  with  living  speech.  Only  a  few  of  these  words  are  contained  in 
existing  dictionaries.  This  is  the  case  also,  to  a  great  degree,  with  the  language  of  much  later 
times.  The  literature  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  the  formative  period  of  modern 
English,  abounds  in  words  and  idioms  hitherto  unrecorded  by  lexicographers.  Not  to  include  all  of  these 
terms  which  from  their  etymological  connections,  intrinsic  literary  value,  or  availability 
for  modern  use,   are  worthy  of  record,  is  to  make,  not  a  dictionary  of  English,   but      Dialectal  and  pro- 

'  ./  o  ;  vlncial  words. 

merely  a  dictionary  of  modern  and  selected  English.  A  similar  reason  has  led  to  the 
admission  of  au  unusually  large  number  of  dialectal  and  provincial  words.  Until  about  the  time  of 
the  Eeformation  the  language  existed  chiefly  in  the  form  of  dialects  ;  and  while  the  common  literary 
tongue  was  establishing  itself,  and  after  it  became  established,  its  relations  with  dialectal  and  provincial 
forms  were  most  intimate.  Many  "  literary "  words  sank  to  the  position  of  provincialisms,  and  on  the 
other  hand  provincialisms  rose  to  literary  rank  —  a  process  which  has  been  continuous  to  the  present 
day.    Thus  both  historically  and  with  regard  to  present  usage  it  is  impossible  to  draw  a  hard  and  fast 


■VI 


PEEFACE. 


line  between  these  two  sides  of  the  language,  either  with  respect  to  words  or  to  their  individual  senses. 
This  dictionary,  therefore,  includes  words  of  dialectal  form  or  provincial  use  which  appear  to  be  an 
important  part  of  the  history  of  the  language.  Within  the  sphere  of  mere  colloquialism,  slang,  and 
cant,  a  much  narrower  rule  of  inclusion  has,  of  course,  been  followed;  but  colloquialism  and  even 

slang  must  be  noticed  by  the  lexicographer  who  desires  to  portray  the  language  in  its 
couoqmaiisin  and  uatm'al  and  full  outlines,  and  these  phases  of  English  have  therefoi-e  been  treated  with 
slang;  American-       liberality.      Amcricanisms,    especially,   have    received    the    recognition    natm*ally  to    be 

expected  from  an  American  dictionary,  many  being  recorded  for  the  first  time ;  on  the 
other  hand,  many  words  and  uses  heretofore  regarded  as  peculiar  to  this  country  have  been  found  to 
be  svu-vivals  of  older  or  provincial  English,  or  to  have  gained  a  foothold  in  broader  English  use. 
Another  notable  increase  in  the  vocabulary  is  that  due  to  the  admission  of  the  many  terms  which  have 
come  into  existence  during  the  present  century  —  especially  during  the  last  twenty  years — in  connection 
with  the  advance  in  all  departments  of  knowledge  and  labor,  scientific,  artistic,  professional,  mechanical, 

and  practical.  This  increase  is  nowhere  more  conspicuous  than  in  the  language  of  the 
Scientific  and  tech-     piiygical  scieuces,  and  of  those  departments  of  study,  such  as  archaeology,  which  are  con- 

nical  terms-  r    - 

cerned  with  the  life  and  customs  of  the  past.  Not  only  have  English  words  been  coined  in 
astonishing  numbers,  but  many  words  of  foreign  origin  or  form,  especially  New  Latin  and  French,  have 
been  imported  for  real  or  imaginary  needs.  To  consign  these  terms  to  special  glossaries  is  unduly  to 
restrict  the  dictionary  at  the  point  at  which  it  comes  into  the  closest  contact  with  what  is  vital  and 
interesting  in  contemporary  thought  and  life ;  it  is  also  practically  impossible,  for  this  technical  language 
is,  in  numberless  instances,  too  closely  interwoven  with  common  speech  to  be  dissevered  from  it.  A 
similar  increase  is  noticeable  in  the  language  of  the  mechanical  arts  and  trades.  The  progress  of  inven- 
tion has  brought  nearly  as  great  a  flood  of  new  words  and  senses  as  has  the  progress  of  science.  To 
exclude  this  language  of  the  shop  and  the  market  from  a  general  English  dictionary  is  as  undesirable 
as  to  exclude  that  of  science,  and  for  similar  reasons.  Both  these  lines  of  development  have  therefore 
been  recorded  with  gi-eat  fullness.  There  is  also  a  considerable  number  of  foreign  words  —  Latin, 
French,  and  other  —  not  in  technical  use,  which  have  been  admitted  because  they  either  have  become 
estabUshed  in  English  literature  or  stand  for  noteworthy  things  tliat  have  no  English  names.  Lastly, 
the  individual  words  have  been  supplemented  by  the  insertion  of  idiomatical  phrases  that  are  not  fully 
explained  by  the  definitions  of  their  component  parts  alone,  and  have  in  use  the  force  of  single  words ; 
and  of  the  numerous  phrase-names  used  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  The  number  of  these  phrases  here 
defined  is  very  large. 

No  English  dictionary,  however,  can  well  include  every  word  or  every  form  of  a  word  that  has 
been  used  by  any  English  writer  or  speaker.  Tliere  is  a  very  large  nuinber  of  words  and  forms  dis- 
coverable in  the  literature  of  all  periods  of  the  language,  in  the  various  dialects,  and  in   colloquial 

use,  whicli  have  no  practical  claim  upon  the  notice  of  the  lexicographer.  A  largo 
word«  th^muirt       gi'oup  uot  meriting  inclusion   consists  of  words  used  only  for  the  nonce  by  writers  of 

all  periods  and  of  all  degi'ces  of  authority,  and  especially  by  recent  writers  in  news- 
papers and  other  ephemeral  puljjications ;  of  words  intended  by  their  inventors  for  wider  use  in  jiopular 
or  technical  speech,  but  which  have  not  been  accepted;  and  of  many  special  names  of  things,  as  of 
many  chemical  compounds,  of  many  inventions,  of  patented  commercial  articles,  and  the  like.  Yet 
another  group  is  composcrl  of  many  snbst;mtivo  uses  of  adjectives,  adjective  uses  of  substantives 
(as  of  nouns  of  niuterial),  participial  adjectives,  verbal  nouns  ending  in  -imj,  abstract  nouns  ending 
in  -ness,  adverbs  ijnding  in  -li/  from  adjectives,  adjectives  ending  in  -ish,  regular  compounds,  etc., 
whir-h  can  bo  used  at  will  in  accordance  with  the  established  princii)los  ol'  the  language,  but  which 
are  too  obvious,  both  in  meaning  and  formation,  and  often  too  occasional  in  use,  to  need  separate 
definition.  So  also  dialectal,  provincial,  or  collocjuial  words  must  be  excluded,  so  far  as  they  stand 
out  of  vital  relation  to  tlu;  main  body  of  the  language  which  it  is  the  object  of  a  general  dic- 
tionary to  explain.  The  special  limitations  of  the  technical  and  scientific  vocabulary  will  bo  men- 
tioned  later. 


PREFACE.  YTj 

None  of  these  considerations  is  of  the  nature  of  a  definite  rule  that  can  be  used  with  precision 
in  all  cases.  On  the  contrary,  the  question  whether  a  word  shall  be  included,  even  in  a  dictionary 
so  comprehensive  as  this,  must  often  be  decided  by  the  special  circumstances  of  the  case. 


The  sources  of  the  English    vocabulary  thus  presented   are   extremely  various.    No  other  tongue, 
ancient   or   modern,  has   appeared   in   so    many  and  so  different  phases;   and  no  other  people  of  high 
civilization  has  so  completely  disregarded  the   barriers  of  race  and  circumstance  and  adopted  into  its 
speech    so    great    a    number    of    unnative    words    and    notions.      The    makihg    of    the 
English  language   began,  it   may  be    said,  with   the   introduction    of   Roman   rule   and  tymoogies. 

Roman  speech  among  the  barbarous  Celts  of  Britain.  The  Latin  language,  as  the  vehicle  of  civil- 
ization, affected  strongly  the  Celtic,  and  also  the  speech  of  the  Teutonic  peoples,  Saxons,  Angles, 
and  Jutes,  who  in  the  fifth  century  obtained  a  footing  on  the  island.  This  Teutonic  tongue,  while 
assimilating  something  both  of  the  native  Celtic  idiom,  and  of  Latin  in  a  Celtic  guise,  in  time 
became  the  dominant  language.  The  speech  thus  formed  (called  Anglo-Saxon  or,  as  some  now 
prefer,  Old  English)  was  raised  almost  to  classic  rank  by  the  labors  Of  Alfred  and  of  the  numerous 
priests  and  scholars  who  sought  to  convey  to  their  countrymen  in  their  native  language  the  treasures 
of  Latin  learning  and  the  precepts  of  the  Latin  Church.  Though  uniting  in  the  ninth  century  with  an 
influx  of  Scandinavian  speech,  and  in  the  eleventh  century,  through  the  Norman  conquest,  with  the 
stream  which  flowed  through  France  from  Rome,  it  remained  the  chief  fountain  of  English.  From  these 
two  elements,  the  Teutonic  and  the  Latin  (the  latter  both  in  its  original  form  and  as  modified  in  the 
Romance  tongues),  our  language  has  been  constructed;  though  materials  more  or  less  important  have 
been  borrowed  from  almost  every  known  speech. 

The  details  of  this  history  are  exhibited  in  the  etymologies.  They  have  been  written  anew,  on  a 
uniform  plan,  and  in  accordance  with  the  established  principles  of  comparative  philology.  The  best 
works  in  English  etymology,  •  as  well  as  in  etymology  and  philology  in  general,  have  been  regularly 
consulted,  the  most  helpful  being  those  of  Prof.  Skeat  and  Eduard  Miiller,  and  the  "New  English 
Dictionary  on  H'istorical  Principles,"  edited  by  Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray  (which,  however,  could  be  con- 
sulted in  revising  the  proofs  of  A  and  of  part  of  B  only) ;  but  the  conclusions  reached  are  independent. 
It  has  been  possible,  by  means  of  the  fresh  material  at  the  disposal  of  the  etymologist,  to  clear  up 
in  many  cases  doubts  or  difficulties  hitherto  resting  upon  the  history  of  particular  words,  to  decide 
definitely  in  favor  of  one  of  several  suggested  etymologies,  to  discard  numerous  current  errors,  and 
to  give  for  the  first  time  the  history  of  many  words  of  which  the  etymologies  were  previously 
unknown  or  erroneously  stated.  Noteworthy  featm-es  of  the  etymologies  will  be  found 
to    be  the    method  followed  in    stating  the    ascertained   facts    of   the    history   of   each       Method  of  etymo- 

^  •'  logical  statement. 

word,  and  the  extensive  collation  of  cognate  or  allied  words.  Beginning  with  the 
current  accepted  form  or  spelling,  each  important  word  has  been  traced  back  through  earlier  forms 
to  its  remotest  known  origin.  Middle  English  forms  are  given,  in  important  cases  in  numerous 
variants  for  the  four  centuries  included  in  that  period,  and  are  traced  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  (in  which 
are  given  the  typical  forms,  with  the  important  variants  and  the  oldest  glosses)  or,  as  the  case  may 
be,  to  the  Old  French,  including  in  special  instances  the  Old  French  as  developed  in  England,  or 
Anglo-French.  The  derivation  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  or  French  form  is  then  given.  When  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  or  other  Teutonic  form  is  mentioned,  the  cognate  forms  are  given  from  the  Old  Saxon,  the 
Old  Friesic,  the  Dutch,  Low  German,  High  German,  and  Icelandic  in  their  several  periods,  the  Swedish 
(and  often  the  Norwegian),  the  Danish,  and  the  Gothic.  The  same  form  of  statement  is  used  with 
the  Romance  and  other  groups  of  forms  —  the  Old  French  and  modern  French,  the  Provencal,  the 
Spanish,  the  Portuguese,  the  Italian,  and  sometimes  in  special  instances  the  WaUachian  and  other 
Romance  forms,  being  given  in  a  regular  order,  and  derived  together  from  their  Latin  or  other  source. 
With  the  Latin  are  mentioned  the  Greek  cognates,  if  any  such  existed,  the  Slavic  forms,  if  concerned, 
and  the  Sanskrit,  Persian,  etc.     If  the  Ai-abic  or  Hebrew  is  reached,  other  Semitic  forms  are  sometimes 


viii  PREFACE. 

stated.  The  rule  has  been  to  deduce  from  a  comparison  of  all  the  principal  forms  the  primitive  sense 
or  form,  and  also  to  make  the  process  of  inference  clear  to  the  consulter  of  the  dictionary.  Of  course, 
in  a  search  through  so  vast  a  field,  in  which  the  paths  of  words  have  been  in  many  instances  effectu- 
allv  obliterated  or  confused,  many  points  of  uncertainty  remain;  but  from  the  e-\ddence  at  hand 
various  degrees  of  approximation  to  certainty  can  be  established,  and  these  it  has  been  sought  clearly 
to  indicate  by  terms  of  qualification.  The  various  prefixes  and  suffixes  used  in  the  formation  of  English 
words  are  treated  very  fully  in  separate  articles. 

There  are  thus  two  distinct  gi-oups  of  forms  in  the  etymologies:  those  in  the  line  of  derivation  or 
direct  descent,  and  those  in  the  lines  of  cognation  or  collateral  descent.  A  Greek  word,  for  example, 
may  occur  not  only  in  Anglo-Saxon  (and  Enghsh),  but  also  in  other  Teutonic  and  in  Eomauce  and 
other  tongues,  and  the  full  account  of  the  English  form  requii'es  the  mention  of  the 
The  symbols  used.  ^^^^  important  of  thcse  other  forms  as  "parallel  with"  or  "equal  to"  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  EngUsh.  To  separate  these  groups  more  plainly  to  thought  and  to  the  eye,  and  to 
save  the  space  which  would  be  taken  up  by  the  frequent  repetition  of  the  words  "from,"  "parallel 
with,"  and  "whence,"  distinctive  symbols  are  used.  For  "from"  is  used  the  sign  <,  denoting  that  the 
form  without  the  angle  is  derived  fi'om  the  form  within  it ;  for  "  whence,"  the  sign  > ,  with  a  similar 
significance ;  for  "  parallel  with  "  or  "  equal  to "  or  "  cognate  with,"  the  familiar  sign  of  equality,  =  ;  for 
the  word  "root,"  the  ordinary  algebraic  symbol  -v/-  ^^  asterisk  *  is  prefixed  uniformly  to  all  forms 
which  are  cited  either  as  probable  or  as  theoretical,  or  as  merely  alleged ;  it  indicates  in  all  cases  that 
the  form  so  marked  has  not  been  found  by  the  etymologist  in  the  records  of  the  language  concerned, 
or  in  its  dictionaries.  But  in  some  cases  words  are  marked  with  the  asterisk  which  are  found  in  certain 
dictionaries,  but  have  not  been  verified  in  the  actual  literature.  Special  care  has  been  taken  with  the 
Anglo-Saxon  words,  unverified  forms  of  which  exist  in  the  current  dictionaries,  some  of  them  probably 
genuine,  though  not  found  in  any  of  the  accessible  texts,  and  others  due  to  early  errors  of  editors  and 
dictionary-makers. 

Words  of  various  origin  and  meaning,  but  of  the  same  spelling  (homonyms),  have  been  distinguished 
by  small  superior  figures  (\  ",  ^,  etc.).  Such  words  abound  in  English.  They  arc  mostly  common 
monosyllables,  and  much  confusion  exists  not  only  in  the  explanation  of  them  but  also  in  their  use, 
words  of  diverse  origin  having  been,  in  many  cases,  regarded  as  one,  with  consequent 
omonyms.  entanglement  or  complete   merging  of  meanings.     In   numbering  these   homonyms,  the 

rule  has  been  to  give  jireecdence  to  the  oldest  or  the  most  familiar,  or  to  that  one  which  is  most  nearly 
English  in  origin.  The  superior  numbers  apply  not  so  much  to  the  individual  word  as  to  the  gi-oup  or 
root  to  which  it  belongs ;  hence  the  different  gi-ammatical  uses  of  the  same  homonym  are  numbered  alike 
when  they  are  separately  entered  in  the  dictionary.  Thus  verbs  and  nouns  of  the  same  origin  and  the 
same  present  spelliiig  receive  the  same  superior  number.  But  when  two  words  of  the  same  form,  and  of 
the  same  radical  origin,  now  differ  considerably  in  meaning,  so  as  to  be  used  as  different  words,  they  are 
separately  numbered. 

The  etymologies  have  Vjeen  written  by  Dr.  Charles  P.  G.  Scott,  with  the  assistance,  in  the  later 
parts  of  the  work,  of  contributions  from  Prof.  James  A.  Harrison,  Piof.  William  M.  Baskervill, 
Prof,  Francis  A.  March,  Jr.,  and  others.  In  ascertaining  the  particular  facts  with  regard  to  the 
origin  of  technical  terms,  nmcii  aid  has  been  given  by  the  specialists  in  charge  of  the  various 
departments. 


Of  the  great  body  of  words  constituting  the  f.iiniliar  language  tlio  spoiling  is  determined  by  well- 
ostablishnd  usngo,  and,  howi-vcr  accidental  and  nnacceijtiihlo,  in  many  cases,  it  may  bo,  and  however 
much  of  sympathy  and  well-willing  may  he  due  to  the  efforts  now  making  to  introduce  a  reform,  it  is 
not  the  ofTu-e  of  a  dictionary  like  this  to  projiose  improvements,  or  to  a(U)])t  those  which  have  been 
proposed,  and  have  not  yet  won  some  degree  of  acceptance  and  use.  But  there  are  also  considerable 
classes  as  to  whi(!h    usage   is  wavering,  more  than  one  form    being  sanctioned    by  excellent  authorities. 


PREFACE.  ix 

either  in  this  country  or  in  Great  Bi'itain,  or  in  both.  Familiar  examples  are  words  ending  in  -or 
or  -o%r  (as  labor,  labour),  in  -er  or  -re  (as  center,  centre),  in  -i^e  or  -ise  (as  civilise,  civilise) ;  those 
having  a  single  or  double  consonant  after  an  unaccented  vowel  (as  traveler,  traveller;  tvorshiped,  wor- 
shipped), or  spelt  with  e  or  with  ce  or  m  (as  hemorrharje,  diarrhea;  hcemorrhage,  diar- 
rhoea) ;  and  so  on.  In  such  cases,  both  forms  are  given,  with  an  expressed  preference  for  "^  °  °^^^  ^' 
the  briefer  one,  or  the  one  more  accordant  with  native  analogies.  The  language  is  struggling  toward 
a  more  consistent  and  phonetic  spelling,  and  it  is  proper,  in  disputed  and  doubtful  eases,  to  cast  the 
influence  of  the  dictionary  in  favor  of  this  movement,  both  by  its  own  usage  in  the  body  of  the  text, 
and  at  the  head  of  articles  by  the  order  of  forms,  or  the  selection  of  the  form  under  which  the  word 
shall  be  treated.  Technical  words  not  in  general  use,  and  words  introduced  from  other  languages, 
have  also  their  varieties  of  orthographic  form :  the  former,  in  part,  because  of  the  ignorance  or  care- 
lessness of  those  who  have  made  adaptations  from  Latin  or  Greek ;  the  latter,  because  of  the  different 
styles  of  transliteration  or  imitation  adopted.  In  such  cases,  slight  variants  are  here  sometimes  dis- 
regarded, the  more  correct  form  being  given  alone,  or  with  mere  mention  of  others ;  in  other  cases,  the 
dift'erent  forms  are  given,  with  cross  references  to  the  preferred  one,  under  which  the  word  is  treated. 
Finally,  the  obsolete  words  which  have  no  accepted  spelling,  but  occur  only  in  the  variety  of  forms 
characteristic  of  the  periods  from  which  they  come,  are  treated  regularly  under  that  form  which  is 
nearest  to,  or  most  analogous  with,  present  English,  and  the  quotations,  of  whatever  form,  are  as  a 
rule  presented  there;  side-forms  are  entered  as  liberally  as  seemed  in  any  measure  desirable,  with 
references  to  the  one  preferred.  AU  citations,  however,  are  given  in  the  orthography  (though  not 
always  with  the  punctuation)  of  the  texts  from  which  they  are  taken. 


StiU  greater  than  the  variation  in  the  orthography,  even  the  accepted  orthography,  of  English 
words,  is  the  variation  in  the  pronunciation.  And  here  the  same  general  principles  must  govern  the 
usage  of  the  dictionary.  No  attempt  is  made  to  record  all  the  varieties  of  popular,  or  even  of  educated, 
utterance,  or  to  report  the  determinations  made  by  different  recognized  authorities. 
It  has  been  necessary,  rather,  to  make  a  selection  of  words  to  which  alternative  pro-  e  pronunciation, 
nunciations  should  be  accorded,  and  to  give  preference  among  these  according  to  the  circumstances 
of  each  particular  case,  in  view  of  the  general  analogies  and  tendencies  of  English  utterance.  A 
large  number  of  scientific  names  and  terms — words  that  are  written  rather  than  uttered,  even  by 
those  who  use  them  most — are  here  entered  and  have  a  pronunciation  noted  for  the  first  time. 
For  such  words  no  prescriptive  usage  can  be  claimed  to  exist ;  the  pronunciation  must  be  deter- 
mined by  the  analogies  of  words  more  properly  English,  or  by  those  governing  kindred  and  more 
common  words  from  the  same  sources.  With  respect  to  many  foreign  words,  moi'e  or  less  used  as 
English,  it  is  often  questionable  how  far  usage  has  given  them  an  English  pronunciation,  or  has 
modified  in  the  direction  of  English  the  sound  belonging  to  them  where  they  are  vernacular.  In 
not  a  few  instances  a  twofold  pronunciation  is  indicated  for  them,  one  Anglicized  and  the  other 
original.  Words  of  present  provincial  use  are  for  the  most  part  pronounced  according  to  literary 
analogies,  without  regard  to  the  varieties  of  their  local  utterance.  The  principal  exceptions  are 
Scotch  words  having  a  certain  literary  standing  (owing  to  their  use  especially  by  Scott  and  Burns) ; 
these  are  more  carefully  marked  for  theii"  provincial  pronunciation.  Wholly  obsolete  words  are  left 
unmarked. 

There  are  certain  difiicult  points  in  varying  English  utterance,  the  treatment  of  which  by  the 
dictionary  calls  for  special  explanation.  One  is  the  so-called  "long  «"  (as  in  use,  muse,  cure),  repre- 
sented here,  as  almost  everywhere,  by  u.  In  its  full  pronunciation,  this  is  as  precisely  yoo  {yd)  as  if 
wi'itten  with  the  two  characters.  But  there  has  long  existed  a  tendency  to  lessen  or  remove  the 
^/-element  of  the  combination  in  certain  situations  unfavorable  to  its  production.  After  an  r,  this 
tendency  has  worked  itself  fully  out ;  the  pronunciation  oo  {6)  has  taken  the  place  of  u  in  that  situa- 
tion so  generally  as  to  be  alone  accepted  by  all    recent  authorities  (although  some  speakers  stiU.  show 


X  .  PREFACE. 

plain  traces  of  the  older  utterance).  The  same  has  happened,  in  a  less  degi'ee,  after  I,  and  some  of  the 
latest  authorities  (even  in  England)  prescribe  always  loo  (Id)  ir  stead  of  Ifi ;  so  radical  a  change  has 
not   been  ventured  upon  in   this  -work,  in  which    o  is   written  only  after   an    I   that   is   preceded   by 

another  consonant :  cultivated  pronunciation  is  much  less  uniform  here  than  in  tlie 
General  variations  of  preceding  case.  But  fm-ther,  after  the  other  so-called  dental  consonants  t,  d,  n,  s,  z, 
^ert^T^e^°^   cxccpt    in    Syllables    immediately  following   an    accent,   the    usage    of    the   majority  of 

good  speakers  tends  to  reduce  the  ^/-element  to  a  lighter  and  less  noticeable  form, 
while  many  omit  it  altogether,  pronouncing  oo  (o).  Of  this  class  of  discordances  no  account  is 
taken  in  the  re-spellings  for  pronunciation ;  usage  is  in  too  fluid  and  vacillatiug  a  condition  to 
be  successfully  represented.  After  the  sounds  ch,  j,  sh,  zh,  however,  only  o  is  acknowledged.  Another 
case  is  that  of  the  /•.  Besides  local  differences  in  regard  to  the  point  of  production  in  the  mouth, 
and  to  the  presence,  or  degi-ee,  of  trilling  in  its  utterance,  a  very  large  numbei',  including  some 
of  the  sections  of  most  authoritative  usage,  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  do  not  really  utter  the 
r-sound  at  all  unless  it  be  immediately  followed  by  a  vowel  (in  the  same  or  a  succeeding  word),  but 
either  silence  it  altogether  or  convert  it  into  a  neutral-vowel  sound  (that  of  hut  or  hoi).  The  muti- 
lation thus  described  is  not  acknowledged  in  this  dictionary,  but  r  is  eveiywhere  wiitteu  where  it 
has  tUl  recently  been  pronounced  by  all;  and  it  is  left  for  the  future  to  determine  which  party  of  the 
speakers  of  the  language  shall  win  the  upper  hand.  The  distinction  of  the  two  shades  of  neutral- 
vowel  sound  in  liiit  and  hurt,  which  many  authorities,  especially  in  England,  ignore  or  neglect,  is,  as 
a  matter  of  course,  made  in  this  work.  The  latter,  or  /<»r^sound,  is  found  in  English  words  only 
before  r  in  the  same  syllable;  but  it  is  also  a  better  correspondent  to  the  French  eu  and  "mute  e" 
sounds  than  is  the  former,  or  //»^sound.  In  like  manner,  the  air-sound  is  distinguished  (as  a)  from  the 
ordinary  e-  or  a-sounds.  Further,  the  two  sounds  written  with  o  in  sot  and  song  are  held  apart  through- 
out, the  latter  (marked  with  6)  being  admitted  not  only  before  r  (as  in  nor),  but  in  many  other  situations, 
where  common  good  usage  puts  it.  But  as  there  is  a  growing  tendency  in  the  language  to  turn  o  into 
6,  the  line  between  the  two  sounds  is  a  variable  one,  and  the  6  (on  this  account  distinguished  from  d, 
with  which  from  a  phonetic  point  of  view  it  is  practically  identical)  must  be  taken  as  marking  an 
o-sound  which  in  a  part  of  good  usage  is  simple  o.  A  similar  character  belongs  to  the  so-called  "  inter- 
mediate a "  of  ask,  can't,  command,  and  their  like,  which  with  many  good  speakers  has  the  full  rt-sound. 
{ot  far,  etc.),  and  also  by  many  is  flattened  quite  to  the  "short  a"  ol  fat,  etc.  This  is  signified  by  d, 
which,  as  applied  to  English  words,  should  bo  regarded  rather  as  pointing  out  the  varying  utterance 
here  described  than  as  imperatively  prescribing  any  shade  of  it. 

On  the  side  of  consonant  utterance,  there  is  a  very  large  class  of  cases  where  it  can  be  made  a 
question  whether  a  pure  t  or  d  or  s  or  z  is  pronounced  with  an  i-  or  7/-sound  after  it  before  another  vowel, 
or  whether  the  consonant  is  fused  together  with  the  i  or  i/  into  the  sounds  ch,  j,  sh,  or  sh  respectively  — 

for  example,  whether  we  say  nature  or  nachur,  gradual  or  grajoaJ,  sure  or  shor,  vmial 
The  pronunciation      or  vlzhHal.     There  are   many   such   words   in    which    accepted    usage  has  fully  ranged 

of  certain  conoo-  •        i<>  i  •  i  i 

nanu.  itself    ou    the    side    of    the    fused  pronunciation :    for  example,   vizhon,    not  vizion,   for 

vision;  azhur,  not  aztire,  for  azure;  but  with  regard  to  the  great  majority  usage  is  less 
decided,  or  else  the  one  pronunciation  is  given  in  ordinary  easy  utterance  and  the  other  when  sjjeaking 
with  (lolibfration  or  laV»orod  plainness,  or  else  the  fused  pronunciation  is  used  without  the  fact  being 
acknowledged.  For  such  cases  is  introduced  here  a  special  mark  under  the  consonant — thus,  t,  d,  s,  z  — 
which  is  intended  to  signify  that  in  elaborate  or  strained  utterance  the  consonant  has  its  own  proper 
value,  but  in  ordinary  styles  of  speaking  combines  with  the  following  /-element  into  the  fused  sound. 
The  mark  is  not  used  unless  the  fused  sound  is  admissible  in  gooil  cotmiion  speech. 

Thi.s  same  device,  of  a  mark  added  beneath  to  indicate  a  familiar  utterance  different  from  an 
elaborate  or  forced  one,  is  introduced  by  this  dictionary  on  a  very  largo  scale  in  marking  the  sounds  of 
the  vowels.  One  of  the  most  peculiar  characteristics  of  Englisli  pronuiKiiation  is  the  way  in  which  it 
slights  the  vowcils  of  most  unaccented  syllables,  not  merely  lightening  them  in  point  of  quantity  and 
stress,  but  changing  their  (piality  of  sound.     To  wnUi  (as  systems  of  re-spelling  for  pronunciation,  and 


PREFACE. 


XI 


even  systems  of  phonetic  spelling,  generally  do)  tlie  vowels  of  unaccented  syllables  as  if  they  were 
accented,  is  a  distortion,  and  to  pronounce  them  as  so  wi-itten  would  be  a  caricature  of  English  speech. 
There  are  two  degrees  of  this  transformation.    In  the  first,  the  general  vowel  quality  of  a  long  vowel 
remains,    but    is    modified    toward    or    to    the    corresponding    (natural)    short:    thus,    a 
and  0  lose  their  usual  vanish  (of  e  and  o  respectively),  and  become,  the  one  e  (even,  in        voweis  in  unac- 

.  cented  syllables. 

some  final  syllables,  the  yet  thinner  t),  the  other  the  true  short  o  (which,  in  accented 
syllables,  occurs  only  provincially,  as  in  the  New  England  pronunciation  of  home,  whole,  etc.) ;  e  and  o 
(of  food)  become  i  and  u  (of  good) ;  a  or  6  become  (more  rarely)  o.  This  first  degree  of  change  is 
marked  by  a  single  dot  under  the  vowel:  thus,  a,  e,  g,  u,  g,  6.  In  the  second  degree,  the  vowel  loses 
its  specific  quality  altogether,  and  is  reduced  to  a  neutral  sound,  the  slightly  uttered  u  (of  hut)  or  e 
(of  hurt).  This  change  occurs  mainly  in  short  vowels  (especially  a,  o,  less  often  e,  but  i  chiefly  in  the 
ending  -ity) ;  but  also  sometimes  in  long  vowels  (especially  u  and  a).  This  second  degree  of  alteration 
is  marked  by  a  double  dot  under  the  vowel:  thus,  a,  e,  g,  i,  a,  u.  Accordingly,  the  dots  show  that 
while  in  very  elaborate  utterance  the  vowel  is  sounded  as  mai'ked  without  them,  in  the  various  degrees 
of  inferior  elaborateness  it  ranges  down  to  the  shortened  or  to  the  neutralized  vowel  respectively;  and 
it  is  intended  that  the  dots  shall  mark,  not  a  careless  and  slovenly,  but  only  an  ordinary  and  idiomatic 
utterance  —  not  that  of  hasty  conversation,  but  that  of  plain  speaking,  or  of  reading  aloud  with  dis- 
tinctness. In  careless  talk  there  is  a  yet  wider  reduction  to  the  neutral  sound.  It  must  be  clearly 
understood  and  borne  in  mind  that  these  changes  are  the  accompaniment  and  effect  of  a  lightening 
and  slighting  of  utterance ;  to  pronounce  with  any  stress  the  syllables  thus  marked  would  be  just  as 
great  a  caricature  as  to  pronounce  them  with  stress  as  marked  above  the  letter. 


In  the  preparation  of  the  definitions  of  common  words  there  has  been  at  hand,  besides  the  material 
generally  accessible  to  students  of  the  language,  a  special  collection  of  quotations  selected  for  this  work 
from  English  books  of  all  kinds   and  of  all  periods  of  the  language,  which  is  probably  much  larger 
than   any  that   has  hitherto   been  made  for  the  use  of  an  English  dictionary,  except 
that    accumulated    for    the    Philological   Society    of  London.     From    this    source   much     Definitions  of  com- 

mou  words. 

fresh  lexicographical  matter  has  been  obtained,  which  appears  not  only  in  hitherto 
unrecorded  words  and  senses,  but  also,  it  is  believed,  in  the  greater  conformity  of  the  definitions 
as  a  whole  to  the  facts  of  the  language.  In  general,  the  attempt  has  been  made  to  portray  the  language 
as  it  actually  is,  separating  more  or  less  sharply  those  senses  of  each  word  which  are  really  distinct, 
but  avoiding  that  over-refinement  of  analysis  which  tends  rather  to  confusion  than  to  clearness.  Special 
scientific  and  technical  uses  of  words  have,  however,  often  been  separately  numbered,  for  practical 
reasons,  even  when  they  do  not  constitute  logically  distinct  definitions.  The  various  senses  of  words 
have  also  been  classified  with  reference  to  the  limitations  of  their  use,  those  not  found  in  current 
literary  English  being  described  as  obsolete,  local,  provincial,  colloquial,  or  technical  (legal,  botanical, 
etc.).  The  arrangement  of  the  definitions  historically,  in  the  order  in  which  the  senses  defined  have 
entered  the  language,  is  the  most  desirable  one,  and  it  has  been  adopted  whenever,  from  the  etymo- 
logical and  other  data  accessible,  the  historical  order  coidd  be  inferred  with  a  considerable  degree  of 
certainty;  it  has  not,  however,  been  possible  to  employ  it  in  every  case.  The  general  definitions  have 
also  been  supplemented  by  discussions  of  synonyms  treating  of  about  7000  words,  contributed  by 
Prof.  Henry  M.  Whitney,  which  will  be  found  convenient  as  bringing  together  statements  made  in 
the  definitions  in  various  parts  of  the  dictionary,  and  also  as  touching  in  a  free  way  upon  many  literary 
aspects  of  words. 

Many  of  the  extracts  mentioned  above,  together  with  some  contained  in  the  Imperial  Dictionary 
and  in  other  earlier  or  special  works,  have  been  employed  to  illustrate  the  meanings  of  words, 
or  merely  to  establish  the  fact  of  use.  They  form  a  lai'ge  collection  (about  200,000)  representing  all 
periods  and  branches  of  EngUsh  literature.  In  many  cases  they  will  be  found  useful  from  a  his- 
torical  point  of    view,   though,   as  was  intimated  above,   they  do    not   furnish   a   complete  historical 


xii  PREFACE. 

record.  All  have  been  verified  from  the  works  from  which  they  have  been  taken,  and  are  furnished 
•vrith  exact  references,  except  a  few  obtained  from  the  Inqjeriai  Bidionari/,  which  could  not  readily 
be  traced  to  their  sources,  but  were  of  sufficient  value  to  justify  their  insertion  on  the  authority  of 
that  work.  Their  dates  can  be  ascertained  approximately  from  the  list  of  authors 
e  quotations.  ^^^  works  (and  editions)  cited,  which  will  be  published  with  the  concluding  part  of 
the  dictionary.  These  quotations  have  been  used  freely  wherever  they  have  seemed  to  be  helpful;  but 
it  has  not  been  possible  thus  to  illustrate  every  word  or  every  meaning  of  each  word  without  an 
undue  increase  in  the  bulk  of  the  book.    The  omissions  affect  chiefly  technical  and  ob^^ous  senses. 

In  defining  this  common  English  vocabulary,  important  aid  has  been  received  from  Mr.  Benjamin  E. 
Smith,  who  has  also  had,  under  the  editor-in-chief,  the  special  direction  and  re^^siou  of  the  work  on  all 
parts  of  the  dictionary,  with  the  charge  of  putting  the  book  thi-ough  the  press;  from  Mr.  Francis  A. 
Teall,  who  has  also  aided  in  criticizing  the  proofs ;  from  Mr.  Eobert  Lilley,  in  the  preliminary  working- 
up  of  the  literary  material  as  well  as  in  the  final  revision  of  it ;  from  Dr.  Charles  P.  G.  Scott,  who 
has  also  had  special  charge  of  the  older  English,  and  of  provincial  English;  from  Prof.  Thomas  E. 
Lounsbury,  who  has  contributed  to  the  dictionary  the  results  of  a  systematic  reading  of  Chaucer;  from 
Dr.  John  W.  Palmer,  who  has  aided  in  revising  the  manuscript  jjrepared  for  the  press,  and  has  also 
contributed  much  special  literary  matter;  from  Prof.  Henry  M.  Whitney,  who  has  given  assistance  in 
preparing  the  definitions  of  common  words  in  certain  later  divisions  of  the  work  and  has  also  examined 
the  proofs;  from  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Ludlow;  from  Mr.  Franklin  H.  Hooper;  from  Mr.  Leighton  Hoskins, 
who  has  also  contributed  material  for  the  definitions  of  most  of  the  terms  in  prosody ;  from  Miss 
Katharine  B.  Wood,  who  has  superintended  the  collecting  of  new  words  and  the  selection  and  verifi- 
cation of  the  quotations ;  from  Miss  Mary  L.  Avery ;  and  from  many  others  who  have  helped  at  special 
points,  or  by  criticisms  and  suggestions,  particularly  Pi'of.  Charles  S.  Peirce  and  Prof.  Josiah  D.  Whitney. 


Much  space  has  been  devoted  to  the  special  terms  of  the  various  sciences,  fine  arts,  mechanical 

arts,  professions,  and  trades,   and  much   care  has  been  bestowed   upon   their  treatment.      They  have 

been  collected  by  an  extended  search  through  all  branches  of  technical  literature,  with  the  design  of 

providing  a  very  complete  and  many-sided  technical  dictionary.      Many  thousands   of 

DeiinitionB  of  tech-     ■\vords  have   thus   been   gathered  which  have   never   before   been    recorded   in    a    gen- 

nlcal  terms.  °  "^ 

eral  dictionary,  or  even  in  special  glossaries.  Their  definitions  are  intended  to  be  so 
precise  as  to  be  of  service  to  the  specialist,  and,  also,  to  be  simple  and  "popular"  enough  to  be 
intelligible  to  the  layman.  It  is  obvious,  howevei',  that  the  attempt  to  reconcile  these  aims  must 
impose  certain  limitations  upon  each.  On  tlio  one  hand,  strictly  technical  forms  of  statement  must 
in  many  ca.ses  be  simplified  to  suit  the  cai)acity  and  requirements  of  those  who  are  not  technically 
trained;  and,  on  the  other,  whenever  (as  oftfu,  for  example,  in  mathomaties,  biology,  and  anatomy) 
a  true  defitiition  is  possiljle  only  in  technical  language,  or  the  definition  concerned  is  of  interest  only 
to  a  specialist,  the  question  of  immediate  intelligibility  to  a  layman  cannot  be  regarded  as  of  prime 
importance.  In  general,  however,  whenever  purely  technical  interests  and  the  demands  of  popular 
use  obviously  clash,  preference  has  been  given  to  the  latter  so  far  as  has  been  possible  without  sacrifice 
of  accuracy.  In  many  instances,  to  a  technical  definition  has  lte(!n  added  a  jiopular  explanation  or 
arriplifieation.  It  i.s  also  clear  tliat  the  complcti'ness  with  which  the  lexieogruphic  material  of  interest  to 
the  specialist  can  Ijo  given  must  vary  greatly  with'  the  different  subjects.  TIk^sc  (as  metaphysics, 
theology,  law,  the  fine  arts,  etc.)  the  vocabulary  of  wliieh  consists  mainly  of  abstract  terms  which  are 
distinctly  Phiglish  in  foi-ni,  f>f  common  Englisli  words  uscul  in  special  senses,  or  of  fully  naturalized 
foreign  words,  nuiy  bo  presented  much  more  fully  than  those  (as  zoology,  botany,  chemistry, 
mineralogy,  etc.)  which  employ  groat  numbers  of  artificial  names,  many  of  them  Latin. 

The  technical  material  has  been  contril)uted  by  the  gentlemen  whose  names  are  given  in  tlje  list  of 
collaborators,  with  the  assistance  at  special  points  of  many  others;  and  all  their  work,  after  editorial 
revision,  has  been  submitted  to  them  in  one  or  more  proofs  for  correction.     This  method  of  ol)taining 


PREFACE.  xiii 

"both  accuracy  and  homogeneity  has,  perhaps,  never  before  been  so  fully  adopted  and  faithfully  applied 
in  a  dictionary.  A  few  special  explanations  are  necessary  with  regard  to  the  work  in  several  of  the 
technical  departments. 

To  the  biological  sciences  a  degree  of  prominence  has  been  given  corresponding  to  the  remarkable 
recent  increase  in  their  vocabulary.     Dui'ing  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  there  has  been  an  extensive 
reorganization  and  variation  of  the  former  systems  of  classification,  from  which  have  come  thousands 
off  new  names  of  genera,  families,  etc.;   and  also  a  profound  modification   of  biological 
conceptions,  which  has  led  both  to  new  definitions  of  old  words  and  to  the  coinage  of  many  The  biological 

new  words.  All  these  terms  that  are  English  in  form,  and  for  any  reason  worthy  of  record, 
have  been  included,  and  also  as  many  of  the  New  Latin  names  of  classificatory  groups  as  are  essential 
to  a  serviceable  presentation  of  zoology  and  botany.  The  selection  of  the  New  Latin  names  in  zoology 
has  been  liberal  as  regards  the  higher  groups,  as  families,  orders,  etc.,  whether  now  current  or  merely 
forming  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  science ;  but  of  generic  names  only  a  relatively  small  number  have 
been  entered.  Probably  about  100,000  names  of  zoological  genera  exist,  60,000  at  least  having  a  definite 
scientific  standing;  but  the  whole  of  them  cannot,  of  course,  be  admitted  into  any  dictionary.  The 
general  rule  adopted  for  the  inclusion  of  such  names  is  to  admit  those  on  which  are  founded  the  names 
of  higher  groups,  especially  of  families,  or  which  are  important  for  some  other  special  reason,  as  popular 
use,  an  established  position  in  works  of  reference,  the  existence  of  species  which  have  popular  English 
names,  etc.  A  similar  rule  has  been  adopted  with  regard  to  botanical  names.  The  common  or  ver- 
nacular names  of  animals  and  plants  have  been  freely  admitted;  many  naturalized  and  unnaturalized 
foreign  names,  also,  which  have  no  English  equivalents  and  are  noteworthy  for  special  literary,  com- 
mercial, or  other  reasons,  have  been  included.  The  definitions  that  have  a  purely  scientific  interest 
have  been  written  from  a  technical  point  of  view,  the  more  popular  information  being  given  under 
those  technical  names  that  are  in  familiar  use  or  under  common  names.  In  the  zoological  department 
is  properly  included  anatomy  in  its  widest  sense  (embracing  embryology  and  morphology),  as  the  science 
of  animal  structure,  external  and  internal,  normal  and  abnormal.  Its  vocabulary  necessarily  includes 
many  Latin,  or  New  Latin,  words  and  phrases  which  have  no  English  technical  equivalents. 

The  definitions  of  that  part  of  general  biological  science  which  in  any  way  relates  to  animal  life 
or  structure,  including  systematic  zoology,  have  been  written  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  who  has  been  assisted 
in  ichthyology  and  conchology  by  Prof.  Theodore  N.  Gill,  in  entomology  by  Mr.  Leland  O.  Howard 
and  Mr.  Herbert  L.  Smith,  and  in  human  anatomy  by  Prof.  James  K.  Thacher.  Special  aid  has  also 
been  received  from  other  naturalists,  particularly  from  Prof.  Charles  V.  Riley,  who  has  furnished  a 
number  of  definitions  accompanying  a  valuable  series  of  entomological  cuts  obtained  from  him.  Prof. 
Thacher  has  also  defined  all  terms  relating  to  medicine  and  surgery.  The  botanical  work  was  under- 
taken by  Dr.  Sereno  Watson,  with  assistance,  in  cryptogamie  botany,  from  Mr.  Arthur  B.  Seymour,  and 
has  been  conducted  by  him  through  the  letter  G ;  at  that  point,  on  account  of  practical  considerations 
connected  with  his  ofiicial  duties,  he  transferred  it  to  Dr.  Lester  F.  Ward.  Mr.  Seymour  also  withdrew, 
his  work  passing,  under  Dr.  Ward's  editorship,  to  Prof.  Frank  H.  Knowlton.  All  the  definitions  of  the 
terms  of  fossil  botany  have  been  written  by  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney. 

In  the'treatment  of  the  physical  and  mathematical  sciences  an  equally  broad  method  has  been  adopted. 
While  their  growth  has,  perhaps,  not  been  so  great,  from  a  lexicographical  point  of  view,  as  has  that  of 
biology,  it  is  certainly  almost  as  remarkable.     The  remodeling  and  readjustment  of  former  ideas,  and 
the  consequent  modification  of  the  senses  of  old  terms  and  the  coinage  of  new,  have 
been  hardly  less  marked;  whUe  one  department,  at  least  —  that  of  chemistry — has  kept        The  physical  and 

™  mathematical 

pace  m  the  invention  of  names  (of  chemical  compounds)  with  zo51ogy  and  botany,     lo  sciences. 

this  must  be   added  the  almost  numberless  practical  applications  of  the  principles  and 
results  of  physical  science.     The   department  of  electrotechnics  is  a  marked  example  of  the  formation 
within  a  comparatively  few  years  of  a  large  technical  vocabulary,  both  scientific  and  mechanical.     The 
adequate  definition  of  all  the  lexicographical  matter  thus  furnished  involves  a  very  complete  presenta- 
tion of  the  present  status  of  human  knowledge  of  these  sciences.     The  definitions  in  physics  have  been 


xiv  PREFACE. 

written  by  Prof.  Edward  S.  Dana,  with  the  collaboration,  in  eleetrotechnies,  of  Prof.  Thomas  C. 
Mendenhall,  and  in  many  special  points,  particularly  those  touching  upon  mathematical  theory,  of 
Prof.  Charles  S.  Peirce.  Professor  Dana  has  also  contributed  the  definitions  of  mineralogical  terms, 
including  the  names  of  all  distinct  species  and  also  of  all  important  varieties.  He  has  been  assisted  in 
defining  the  names  of  gems  and  the  special  terms  employed  in  lapidary  work  by  Mr.  George  F.  Kunz. 
The  lithological  definitions,  as  also  all  those  relating  to  geologj',  mining,  metallm-gy,  and  physical  geog- 
raphy, have  been  contributed  by  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney.  Professor  Peirce  has  wiitten  the  definitions  of 
terms  in  mechanics,  mathematics,  astronomy,  and  astrology,  of  weights  and  measures,  and  of  the  various 
names  of  colors.  In  the  mathematical  work  the  aim  has  been  to  define  all  the  older  English  terms,  and 
all  the  modern  ones  that  can  be  considered  to  be  in  general  use,  or  are  really  used  by  a  number  of 
English  mathematical  writers,  but  not  all  the  numerous  terms  that  may  be  found  only  in  special 
memoirs.  All  English  names  of  weights  and  measures,  as  well  as  many  foreign  names,  have  been 
entered,  but,  as  a  rule,  those  of  the  latter  that  are  at  once  obsolete  and  not  of  considerable  importance 
have  been  omitted.  As  regards  chemistry,  it  has  of  com-se  been  impossible  to  include  names  of  com- 
pounds other  than  those  that  have  a  special  technical  and  practical  importance.  The  chemical  definitions 
have  been  wiitten  by  Dr.  Edward  H.  Jenkins,  with  assistance  from  Dr.  Isaac  "W.  Drummond  in  defining 
the  coal-tar  colors,  the  various  pigments,  dyes,  etc.,  and  the  mechanical  processes  of  painting  and  dyeing. 
The  definitions  comprehended  under  the  head  of  general  technology  (including  all  branches  of  the 
mechanical  ai-ts)  have  been  contributed  by  Prof.  Eobert  H.  Thm-ston,  with  the  collaboration,  in  defining 
the  names  of  many  tools  and  machines,  of  Mi*.  Charles  Barnard,  and,  in  various  mechanical  matters  which 
ai"e  closely  related  to  the  special  sciences,  of  the  gentlemen  who  have  been  named 
The  mMhamcai         abovc  —  as   of   Prof.   Meudeuhall   in  describing   electrical    machines    and   appliances,    of 

arts  and  trades.  °  -^^  ' 

Prof.  Dana  and  Prof.  Peirce  in  describing  physical  and  mathematical  apparatus,  of 
Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney  in  describing  mining-tools  and  processes,  etc.  The  terms  used  in  printing  and 
proof-reading  have  been  explained  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Teall,  with  the  aid  of  valuable  contributions  of  material 
from  Mr.  Theodore  L.  Do  Vinue.  Special  assistance  in  collecting  technological  material  has  been  received 
from  Mr.  F.  T.  Thurston,  and,  at  particular  points,  from  many  others. 

The  terms  of  the  philosophical  sciences  have  been  esliibited  very  completely,  with  special  reference 
to  their  history  from  the  time  of  Plato  and  Aristotle,  through  the  period  of  scholasticism,  to  the  present 
day,  though  it  has  not  been  possible  to  state  aU  the  conflicting  definitions   of  diiferent  philosophers 

and  schools.  The  philosophical  wealth  of  the  English  language  has,  it  is  believed,  never 
^L^*""'''^'*'       ^een  so  fully  presented  in  any  dictionary.     Both  the  oldest  philosophical  uses  of  English 

words  and  the  most  recent  additions  to  the  vocabulary  of  psychology,  psycho-physics, 
sociology,  etc.,  have  been  given.  The  definitions  of  many  common  words,  also,  have  been  prepared 
with  a  distinct  reference  to  their  possible  philosophical  or  theological  applications.  The  logical  and 
metaphysical,  and  many  psychological  definitions  have  been  written  by  Prof.  Peirce.  The  same  method 
of  treatment  has  also  Ijeen  applied  to  ethical  terms,  and  to  those  peculiar  to  the  various  sociological 
sciences.  In  political  economy  special  assistance  has  been  received  from  Prof.  Albert  S.  Bolles,  Mr. 
Austin  Abbott,  and  others.  Prof.  Bolles  has  also  contributed  material  relating  to  financial  and  com- 
mercial matters. 

Ill  the  department  of  doctrinal  theology  considerable  difficulty  has  naturally  boon  experienced  in 
giving  definitions  of  the  opinicms  held  by  the  various  denominations  wliich  shall  bo  free  from  jiartisan- 
8hip.     The  aim  of  the  dictionary  has  been  to  present  all  the  special  (locti'iiies  of  the  different  divisions 

of  the  Church  in  such  a  manner  as  to  convey  to  the  n^ador  the  actual  intent  of  those 
ILT^itll't^,.'*'    ^''**  ^'^'^I't  t^«™-     To  this  end  the   Rev.   Dr.  Lyman   Abbott,   to  whom  this  branch 

of  the  work  has  been  intrusted,  has  consulted  at  ciiticiil  jioints  learned  divines  of 
the  various  churches;  tliongh,  of  course,  the  ultimate  responsibility  for  the  statements  made  in 
the  dietionary  on  these  and  other  thi'ological  matters  rests  with  Iiini  and  with  the  editor-in-chief. 
Aid  has  been  obtained  in  tliis  maniKM-  from  tlie  Right  Rev.  Thomas  8.  Pr(>ston,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Williaui    B.    Huntington,   the  liov.   Dr.   Daniel   Curry,    I'lof.   V.   L.   Conrad,   and   others.     Besides  the 


PREFACE. 


XV 


purely  theological  definitions,  others,  very  numerous  and  elaborate,  have  been  given  of  teims  desig- 
nating vestments,  ornaments,  rites,  and  ceremonies,  of  words  relating  to  church  architecture,  church 
music,  etc.,  etc.  Systems  of  religion  other  than  the  Ckristian,  as  Mohammedanism,  Confucianism, 
etc.,  are  treated  with  considerable  detail,  as  are  also  the  more  simple  and  barbarous  forms  of  religious 
thought,  and  the  many  related  topics  of  anthropology.  Church  history  is  given  under  the  names 
of  the  various  sects,  etc.  Assistance  in  matters  relating  to  liturgies,  and  particularly  to  the  ritual  of 
the  Q-reek  Church,  has  been  received  from  Mr.  Leighton  Hoskins. 

In  defining  legal  terms,  the  design  has  been  to  oifer  all  the  information  that  is  needed  by  the 
general  reader,  and  also  to  aid  the  professional  reader  by  giving,  in  a  concise  form,  all  the  important 
technical  words  and  meanings.  Professional  terms  now  in  common  use  have  been  defined  in  their 
general  and  accepted  sense  as  used  to-day  in  the  highest  courts  and  legislative  bodies,  not  excluding, 
however,  the  different  senses  or  modes  of  use  prevalent  at  an  earlier  day.  Particular  attention  has 
also  been  given  to  the  definitions  of  common  words  which  are  not  technically  used  in  law,  but  upon 
the  definition  of  which  as  given  in  the  dictionaries  matters  of  practical  importance  often  depend. 
Statutory  definitions,  as  for  example  of  crimes,  are  not  as  a  rule  given,  since  they  vary  gi-eatly  in 
detail  in  the  statutes  of  the  different  States,  and  are  full  of  inconsistencies.  Definitions  are  also  given 
of  all  established  technical  phrases  which  cannot  be  completely  understood  from  the  definitions  of 
their  separate  words,  and  of  words  and  phrases  from  the  Latin  and  from  modern  foreign  languages 
(especially  of  Mexican  and  French-Canadian  law)  which  have  become  established  as  parts  of  our 
technical  speech,  or  are  frequently  used  without  explanation  in  English  books.  The  definitions  have 
been  written  by  Mr.  Austin  Abbott. 

The  definitions  of  the  principal  terms  of  painting,  etching,  and  engraving,  and  of  various  other 
art-processes,  were  prepared  by  Mr.  Charles  C.  Perkins  some  time  before  his  death.  They  have 
been  supplemented  by  the  work  of  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Ludlow,  who  has  also  had  special  charge  of 
architectm-e,  scidpture,  and  G-reek  and  Roman  archaeology;  and  of  Mr.  Russell  Sturgis, 
who  has  furnished  the  material  relating  to  decorative  art  in  general,  ceramics,  medieval 
archaeology,  heraldry,  armor,  costumes,  furniture,  etc.,  etc.  Special  aid  has  also  been  received  from 
many  architects,  artists,  and  others.  The  musical  terms  have  been  defined  by  Prof.  Waldo  S.  Pratt, 
who  has  had  the  use  of  a  large  collection  of  such  definitions  made  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Ferriss.  Many 
definitions  of  names  of  coins  have  been  contributed  by  Mi".  Warwick  Wroth,  F.  S.  A.,  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Coins  of  the  British  Museum. 

A  very  full  list  of  nautical  terms  and  definitions  has  been  contributed  by  Commander  Francis  M. 
Green,  and  of  military  terms  by  Captain  David  A.  Lyle. 


The  inclusion  of  so  extensive  and  varied  a  vocabulary,  the  introduction  of  special  phrases,  and 
the  full  description  of  things  often  found  essential  to  an  intelligible  definition  of  their  names,  would 
alone  have  given  to  this  dictionary  a  distiectly  encyclopedic  character.    It  has,  however,  been  deemed 
desirable  to  go  somewhat  further  in  this  du-ection  than  these  conditions  render  strictly 
necessary.    Accordingly,  not  only  have  many  technical  matters  been  treated  with  unusual  ^""featm-es" 

fullness,  but  much  practical  information  of  a  kind  which  dictionaries  have  hitherto 
excluded  has  been  added.  The  result  is  that  The  Centuby  Dictionaky  covers  to  a  great  extent  the 
field  of  the  ordinary  encyclopedia,  with  this  principal  difference  —  that  the  information  given  is  for 
the  most  part  distributed  under  the  individual  words  and  phrases  with  which  it  is  connected,  instead 
of  being  collected  under  a  few  general  topics.  Proper  names,  both  biographical  and  geographical,  are 
of  course  omitted  except  as  they  appear  in  derivative  adjectives,  as  Darwinian  from  Darwin,  or  Indian 
from  India.  The  alphabetical  distribution  of  the  encyclopedic  matter  under  a  large  number  of  words 
will,  it  is  believed,  be  found  to  be  particularly  helpful  in  the  search  for  those  details  which  are 
generally  looked  for  in  works  of  reference;  whUe  the  inevitable  discontinuity  of  treatment  which  such 
a  method  entails  has  been  reduced  to  a  minimum  by  a  somewhat  extended  explanation  of  central  words 


xvi  PEEFACE. 

(as,  for  example,  electricity),  and  by  cross  references.  Such  an  encyclopedic  method,  though  unusual 
in  dictionaries,  needs  no  defense  in  a  work  which  has  been  constructed  throughout  from  the  point  of 
v-iew  of  pi-actieal  utility.  In  the  compilation  of  the  historical  matter  given,  assistance  has  been  received 
from  the  gentlemen  mentioned  above  whenever  their  special  departments  have  been  concerned,  from 
Prof.  J.  Franklin  Jameson  in  the  history  of  the  United  States,  from  Mr.  F.  A.  Teall,  and  from  others. 
Special  aid  in  verif>aug  dates  and  other  historical  matters  has  been  rendered  by  Mr.  Edmund  K.  Alden. 


The  pictorial  illustrations  have  been  so  selected  and  executed  as  to  be  subordinate  to  the  text, 
while  possessing  a  considerable  degree  of  independent  suggestiveness  and  artistic  value.     Cuts  of  a  dis- 
tinctly explanatory  kind  have  been  freely  given  as  valuable  aids   to  the  definitions,   often  of  large 
eri'oups  of  words,  and  have  been  made  available  for  this  use  by  cross  references;  many 

Dlustrations.  &         i'  '  j,        -i-  -,  f  J 

familiar  objects,  also,  and  many  uniamiliar  and  rare  ones,  have  been  pictured.  To 
secure  technical  accuracy,  the  illustrations  have,  as  a  rule,  been  selected  by  the  specialists  in  charge 
of  the  various  departments,  and  have  in  all  cases  been  examined  by  them  in  proofs.  The  work 
presented  is  very  largely  original,  cuts  having  been  obtained  by  purchase  only  when  no  better  ones 
could  be  made  at  first  hand.  The  general  direction  of  this  artistic  work  has  been  intrusted  to  Mr. 
W.  Lewis  Eraser,  manager  of  the  Art  Department  of  The  Century  Co.  Special  help  in  procuring 
necessary  material  has  been  given  by  Mr.  Gaston  L.  Peuardent,  by  Prof.  William  R.  Ware,  by  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  by  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  New  York,  and  by  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia. 


In  the  choice  of  the  typographical  style  the  desire  has  been  to  provide  a  page  in  which  the  matter 
should  be  at  once  condensed  and  legible,  and  it  is  believed  that  this  aim  has  been  attained  in  an 
unusual  degree.  In  the  proof-reading  nearly  all  persons  engaged  upon  the  dictionary  have  assisted, 
particularly  those  in  charge  of  technical  matters  (to  neai-ly  all  of  whom  the  entire  proof  has  been 
sent) ;  most  efficient  help  has  also  been  given  by  special  proof-readers,  both  by  those  who  have  worked 
in  the  office  of  The  Century  Co.,  and  by  those  connected  with  The  Do  Vinne  Press. 

Finally,  acknowledgment  is  due  to  the  many  friends  of  the  dictionary  in  this  and  other  lands 
who  have  contributed  material,  often  most  valuable,  for  the  use  of  its  editors.  The  list  of  authorities 
used,  and  other  acknowledgments  and  explanations  that  may  be  needed,  will  be  given  on  the  comple- 
tion of  the  work.  It  should  be  stated  here,  however,  that  by  arrangement  with  its  publishers,  considerable 
use  has  also  been  made  of  Knight's  American  Mechanical  Dlctionarif. 

WILLIAM  DWIGHT  WHITNEY. 

New  Haven,  May  1st,  1889. 


ABBREVIATIONS 
USED  IN  THE  ETYMOLOGIES  AND  DEFINITIONS. 


a.,  adj adjective. 

abbr abbreviation. 

abL ablative. 

ace accusative. 

accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 

act active. 

adv adverb. 

AF Anglo-French. 

agri agriculture. 

AL Anglo- Latin- 

ulg algebra. 

Amer American. 

niiat anatomy. 

anc ancient. 

antiti antiquity. 

aor aorist. 

appar apparently, 

Ar. Arabic. 

arch architecture. 

archx'ol archjeology. 

arith arithmetic. 

art. article. 

AS Anglo-Saxon, 

astro] astrology. 

astron astronomy. 

attrib attributive, 

aug augmentative, 

Bav Bavarian. 

Beng Bengali. 

biol biology. 

Bohera Bohemian. 

bot botany. 

Braz. Brazilian. 

Bret Breton. 

bryol bryology, 

Bulg Bulgarian. 

carp carpentry. 

Cat Catalan. 

Cath Catholic. 

caus.  , causative. 

ceram ceramics. 

cf L.  coi\fer,  compare. 

ch. church. 

Chal Chaldee. 

chem chemical,  chemistry. 

Chin Chinese. 

chion chronology. 

coUoq colloquialjcolloquially. 

com commerce,  commer- 
cial. 

comp composition,  com- 
pound. 

compar comparative. 

conch conchology. 

conj conjunction. 

contr contracted,  contrao 

tion. 

Corn Cornish. 

craniol craniology. 

crnniom craniometry. 

crystal    crystallography, 

D. Dutch. 

Dan Danish. 

dat dative. 

def definite,  definition. 

del  iv derivative,  derivation. 

dial dialect^  dialectal. 

dilf different. 

dim diminutive. 

distrib distributive. 

dram dramatic. 

dynam dynamics. 

E East. 

E English  (ttgTMtZZymean- 

tnf^modern  English). 

eccl.,  eccles ecclesiastical. 

econ economy. 

e.  g L.  exempli  gratia,  for 

example. 

Egypt Egyptian. 

E.  Ind East  Indian. 

elect electricity. 

embryol embryology. 

Eng English- 


engin engineering. 

ent^m entomology. 

Epis Episcopal. 

equiv. equivalent. 

esp especially. 

Eth Ethiopic. 

ethnog. ethnography. 

ethnol ethnology. 

etym etymology. 

Eur.  European. 

exclam exclamation. 

f.,  fern feminine. 

F. French  (iimialli/  mean- 
ing modern  French). 

Flem Flemish. 

fort. fortification. 

fireq frequentative. 

Fries Friesic. 

fut future. 

G. Gennan(imtaUy)n€aTi' 

ing  New  High  Ger- 
man). 

Gael Gaelic. 

galv. galvanism. 

gen genitive. 

geog.  geography.  • 

geol geology. 

geom geometry. 

Goth. Gothic  (Moesogothic^ 

Gr.  Greek. 

gram grammar. 

gun gunnery. 

Heb Hebrew. 

her. heraldry. 

herpet herpetology. 

Hind Hindustani. 

hist history. 

horol horology. 

hort horticulture. 

Hung Hungarian. 

hydraul hydraulics. 

hydros hydrostatics. 

Icel Icelandic        {usually 

meaning  Old  \cq- 
\^r\A\c,  otherwise  call- 
ed Old  Norse). 

ichth ichthyology. 

i.  e. Jj.  id  est,  that  is, 

impers impersonal. 

impf imperfect. 

impv imperative. 

improp improperly. 

Ind Indian. 

ind indicative. 

Indo-Eur. Indo-European. 

indef indefinite. 

inf infinitive. 

instr instruiiiental. 

inter] interjection. 

intr. ,  intrana.  ..intransitive. 

Ir Irish. 

irreg irregular,  irregularly. 

It Italian. 

Jap Japanese. 

L Latin   {usuallg  meanr 

ing  classical  Latin), 

Lett Lettish. 

JjG Low  German. 

lichenol lichenology. 

lit literal,  literally. 

lit literature. 

Lith Lithuanian. 

lithog lithography. 

lithol lithology. 

LL Late  Latin. 

m.,  masc.  ......masculine. 

M Middle. 

mach machinery. 

mammal mammalogy, 

manuf manufacturing. 

math mathematics. 

MD Middle  Dutch. 

ME Middle  English  (o?A^r- 

wise  called  Old  Eng- 
lish). 


mech mechanics,    mechani- 

cal. 

med medicine. 

mensur. mensuration, 

metal metallurgy. 

metaph metaphysics, 

meteor. meteorology. 

Mex Mexican. 

MGr. Middle  Greek,  medie- 
val Greek. 

MHG Middle  High  German. 

milit military. 

mineral mineralogy. 

ML Middle  Latin,  medie- 
val Latin. 

MLG. Middle  Low  German, 

mod modern. 

mycol mycology. 

myth mythology. 

n. ..  .• noun. 

n.,  neut neuter. 

N, New. 

N. North. 

N.  Amer. North  America. 

nat natural. 

naut nauticaL 

nav navigation. 

NGr. New    Greek,    modem 

Greek. 

NHG. New     High     German 

(usually  simply  G., 
German). 

Nlfc New    Latin,    modem 

Latin. 

nom nominative. 

Norm Norman. 

north northern. 

Norw. Norwegian. 

numis numismatics. 

0 Old. 

obs obsolete. 

obstet obstetrics. 

OBulg Old  ^Bulgarian   (other- 

ivise  called  Church 
Slavonic,  Old  Slavic, 
Old  Slavonic). 

OCat Old  Catalan, 

OD. Old  Dutch. 

ODan Old  Danish. 

odontog odontography. 

odontol odontology. 

OF. Old  French. 

■  OFlem Old  Flemish. 

OGael Old  Gaelic. 

OHG. Old  High  German. 

Olr. Old  Irish. 

Olt Old  Italian. 

OL Old  Latin. 

OLG Old  Low  German. 

ONorth Old  Northumbrian. 

OPruss Old  Prussian. 

orig original,  originally. 

ornith ornithology. 

OS Old  Saxon. 

OSp Old  Spanish. 

osteol osteology. 

OSw Old  Swedish. 

OTeut Old  Teutonic. 

p.  a participial  adjective. 

paleon paleontology. 

part participle. 

pass passive. 

pathol pathology. 

perf. perfect. 

Pers Persian. 

pers person. 

persp perspective. 

Peruv Peruvian. 

petrog petrography. 

Pg Portuguese. 

phar. pharmacy. 

Phen Phenician. 

philol philology. 

philos philosophy. 

phonog phonography. 


photog photography. 

phren phrenology. 

phyB physicaL 

physiol physiology, 

pl.,plur. plural. 

poet poetical. 

polit political. 

Pol Polish. 

poss possessive. 

pp past  participle. 

ppr. present  participle. 

Pr. Provencal         {usually 

meaning    Old     Pro- 
venijal). 

pref prefix. 

prep preposition. 

pres present. 

pret preterit. 

priv. privative, 

prob probably,  probable. 

pron pronoun. 

pron pronounced,    pronun- 
ciation. 

prop properly. 

pros prosody. 

Prot. Protestant, 

prov. provincial. 

psychol psychology. 

q.  V L.  quod  (or  pi.  qucey 

vide,  which  see. 

refl reflexive. 

reg regular,  regularly. 

repr. representing, 

rhet rhetoric. 

Rom Roman. 

Rom Romanic,    Romance 

(languages). 

Russ Russian, 

S South. 

S.  Amer South  American, 

8c L.  scilicet,  understand^ 

supply. 

Sc Scotch. 

Scand Scandinavian. 

Scrip Scripture. 

sculp sculpture. 

Serv Servian. 

sing singular. 

Skt. Sanskrit. 

Slav. Slavic,  Slavonic. 

Sp Spanish. 

subj subjunctive. 

superl superlative. 

fiurg surgery. 

surv. surveying. 

Sw. Swedish. 

^m synonymy. 

Syr Syriac. 

technol technology, 

teleg telegraphy. 

teratol teratology. 

term termination. 

Teut Teutonic. 

theat. theatrical. 

theol theology. 

therap therapeutics, 

toxicol toxicology. 

tr.,  trans transitive, 

trigon trigonometry. 

Turk Turkish. 

typog typography. 

alt, ultimate,  ultimately. 

T verb.  "^ 

var. variant. 

vet.    veterinary. 

V.  L intransitive  verb. 

v.  t transitive  verb. 

W. Welsh. 

Wall Walloon. 

Wallach Wallachian. 

W.  Ind West  Indian. 

zoogeog zoogeography; 

zobl zoology. 

zoot. zootomy. 


KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION. 


a  as  in  fat,  man,  pang, 

a  as  in  fate,  mane,  dale. 

a  as  in  far,  father,  guard. 

a  as  in  fall,  talk,  naught. 

a  as  in  ask,  fast,  ant. 

a  as  in  fare,  hair,  bear. 

e  as  in  met,  pen,  bless. 

e  as  in  mete,  meet,  meat. 

*  as  iu  her,  fern,  heard. 

i  as  in  pin,  it,  biscuit. 

i  as  in  pine,  fight,  file. 

o  as  in  not,  on,  frog. 

6  as  in  note,  poke,  floor. 

6  as  in  move,  spoon,  room. 

d  as  in  nor,  song,  off. 


as  in  tub,  son,  blood, 
as  in  mute,  acute,  few  (also  new, 
tube,  duty :  see  Preface,  pp.  is,  x). 
as  in  pull,  book,  could. 
German  ii,  French  u. 


oi  as  in  oil,  joint,  boy. 

on  as  in  pound,  proud,  now. 

A  single  dot  under  a  vowel  in  an  xmaccented 
syllable  indicates  its  abbreviation  and  lighten- 
ing, without  absolute  loss  of  its  distinctive  qual- 
ity.    See  Preface,  p.  xi.     Thus  : 

a  as  in  prelate,  courage,  captain. 

e  as  in  ablegate,  episcopal. 

o  as  in  abrogate,  eulogy,  democrat, 

n  as  in  singular,  education. 

A  double  dot  under  a  vowel  in  an  unaccented 
syllable  indicates  that,  even  in  the  mouths  of 
the  best  speakers,  its  sound  is  variable  to,  and 
in  ordinary  utterance  actually  becomes,  the 
short  »-sound  (of  but,  pun,  etc).  See  Preface, 
p.  xi.     Thus: 

a  as  in  errant,  republican, 

e  as  in  prudent,  difference, 

i  as  in  charity,  density. 

o  as  in  valor,  actor,  idiot. 


a    as  in  Persia,  peninsnla. 

e    as  in  tlie  book. 

u    as  in  nature,  feature. 

A  mark  (w)  under  the  consonants  t,  d,  s,  s  in- 
dicates that  they  in  like  manner  are  variable  to 
ch,j,  sh,  :h.     Thus: 

t  as  in  nature,  adventure, 

d  as  iu  arduous,  education. 

E  as  iu  pressure, 

z  as  in  seizure. 

th  as  in  thin. 

TH  as  in  then. 

ch  as  in  Gei-man  ach,  Scotch  loch. 

n    French  nasalizing  n,  as  in  ton,  en. 

ly   (iu  French  words)  French  liquid  (mouill4)  1. 

'  denotes  a  primary,  "  a  secondary  accent.     (A 

secondary  accent  is  not  marked  if  at  its  regular 

interval  of  two  syllables  from  the  primary,  or 

from  another  secondary.) 


SIGNS. 


<  read /rom;  i.  e.,  derived  from. 

>  read  whence ;  i.  e.,  from  which  is  derived. 

+  read  and  ;  i.  e.,  compounded  with,  or  with  suffix. 

=  read  cognate  with  ;  i.  e.,  etymologically  parallel  with. 


•^  read  root. 
*  read  theoretical  or  atUged;  i.  e.,  theoretically  assumed, 

or  asserted  but  unverified,  form. 
t  read  obsolete. 


SPECIAL  EXPLANATIONS. 


A  superior  fip^re  placed  after  a  title-word  in- 
dicates that  thi-  word  so  marked  is  distinct 
etymologically  from  other  words,  following  or 
preceding  it,  spelled  in  the  same  manner  and 
marked  with  different  numbers.    Thus : 

back'  (bak),  n.  The  posterior  part,  etc. 

back'  (bak),  n.  Lying  or  being  behind,  etc. 

back'  (l>iik),  r.  To  furnish  with  a  back,  etc. 
back'  (l)ak),  adv.     Behind,  etc. 

back'-'t  (liak),  n.  The  earlier  form  of  bat". 

back^  (bak J,  ».  A  large  flat-bottomed  boat, 
etc. 

Various  abbreviations  have  been  need  in  the 
credits  to  the  quotations,  as  "  No."  for  number, 
"St."  for  stanza,  "p."  for  page,  "I."  for  line, 
T  for  paragrriph,  "  fol."  tor  Mn.  The  method 
used  in  indicating  the  HiiliiiivisionH  of  books 
will  be  understood  by  rcfcronco  to  the  follow- 
ing plan : 

Section  only j  5_ 

C'littpt«T  only xiv. 

Canto  only xiv. 

Book  oaly jij. 


Book  and  chapter  

Part  and  chapter 

Book  and  line 

Book  and  page >  iii.  10. 

Act  and  scene 

Chapter  and  verse 

No.  and  page 

Volume  and  page  . . .  .• II,  .34. 

Volume  and  chapter TW,  iv. 

Part,  book,  and  chapter II,  iv.  12. 

Part,  canto,  and  stanza II.  iv.  12, 

Chapter  and  section  or  IT vii,  ^  or  IF  •!. 

Volume,  part,  and  section  or  IT  .  .1.  i,  ji  or  II  (i. 
Book,  chapter,  and  section  or  H.  .1.  i.  $  or  H  (>. 

Different  grammatical  phases  of  the  same 
word  are  groupe<l  under  one  head,  and  distin- 
guished by  the  lioman  numerals  I.,  II.,  Ill,, 
etc.  This  applies  to  transitive  and  intransi- 
tive uses  of  the  same  verb,  to  adjectives  used 
also  as  nouns,  to  nouns  used  also  as  adjectives, 
to  adverbs  used  also  as  prepositions  or  con- 
junctions, etc. 

The  capitiili/.ing  and  italicizing  of  certain  or 
all  of  the  worils  in  a  synonyin-lisi  indicalpH 
that  the  wurdii  tn>  diatiuguiiihud  are  discrimi- 


nated in  the  text  immediately  following,  or 
under  the  title  referred  to. 

The  figures  by  which  the  synonym-lists  are 
sometimes  divided  indicate  the  senses  or  defi- 
nitions with  which  they  are  connected. 

The  title-words  begin  with  a  small  (lower- 
case) letter,  or  with  a  capital,  according  to 
usage.  When  usage  differs,  in  this  matter, 
with  the  different  senses  of  a  word,  the  abbre- 
viations [rap.]  for  "capital"  and  [/.  c]  for 
"lower-case"  are  used  to  indicate  this  varia- 
tion. 

The  difference  observed  in  regard  to  the 
riipilalizing  of  the  second  element  in  zoologi- 
cal and  botanical  terms  is  in  accordance  with 
the  existing  usage  in  the  two  sciences.  Thus, 
in  zoology,  in  a  scientific  name  consisting  of 
two  words  the  second  of  which  is  derived  from 
a  proper  name,  only  the  first  would  be  capi- 
talized. Hut  a  name  of  similar  derivation  in 
botany  would  have  llio  second  element  also 
capitalized. 

Till'  iianicH  of  zoiilogical  and  botanical  classes, 
iirilers,  fiiniilies,  genera,  etc.,  have  been  uui- 
foriiily  italicized,  in  accoriiaiice  with  the  pres- 
1111 1  usage  uf  scientific  writers. 


z«lll 


COLORED  PLATES 


UBLISHERS'  NOTE.  In  tlio  execution  of  the  following  plates  great  care  has  been  taken 
to  reproduce  the  effect  of  the  natural  coloration  of  the  objects  represented.  To  this  end 
the  most  advanced  methods  and  the  highest  skill  in  lithography  have  been  employed.  The 
same  care,  also,  has  been  Ijcstowed  upon  the  drawings  of  the  various  figures.  They  have 
been  taken  from  the  most  authoritative  sources,  or  have  been  pi'epared  under  the  direction 
of  specialists  from  the  objects  themselves.  The  plates,  as  a  whole,  supplement  in  an 
important  way  the  illustrations  already  in  the  dictionary.  The  color  of  an  object  is  not  infrequently  one 
of  its  most  essential  qualities,  and  is  often  the  characteristic  by  which  it  is  most  easily  identified ;  but 
no  ]iieture  in  black  and  white  can  convey  it,  neither  can  it  adequately  be  expressed  by  words  in  definition 
or  description.  To  be  known  it  must  be  seen.  The  use  of  color,  accordingly,  in  the  dictionary  as  an 
adjunct  to  illustration  is  not  merely  admissible :  it  is  really  indispensable. 


INDEX  OF  COLORED  PLATES 

PLATE  I.         GAME-FISHES   OP   NORTHERN   ATLANTIC   COASTS. 

Weakfisli,  Whiting,  Redfish  or  Red  Drum,  Blueflsli,  Spanish  Mackerel,  Tarpon,  Red  Grouper,  Kingflsh, 
Striped-bass,  Sheepshead,  Tautog  or  Blackflsh. 

PLATE  11.       GAME-FISHES   OF   NORTH   AMERICAN  LAKES   AND   STREAMS. 

Large-mouthed  Black-bass,  Small-mouthed  Black-bass,  Maskalonge,  Alaskan  Grayling,  Land-locked 
Salmon,  Pickerel,  Yellow  Perch,  Salmon,  Brook-trout,  Lake-trout  or  Mackinaw  Trout,  Brown  Trout, 
Black-spotted  Trout,  Dolly  Varden  Trout. 

PLATE  III.      GAME-BIRDS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA:   WATER-BIRDS. 

Blue-winged  Teal,  Wood-duck,  Shoveler,  Canada  Goose,  Mallard,  Canvasback,  Whistling  Swan,  Redhead 
or  Pochard,  Brent-goose,  Snow-goose,  Dusky  Duck,  American  Widgeon. 

PLATE  IV.      GAME-BIRDS   OF   NORTH    AMERICA:  LAND-BIRDS. 

Wilson's  Snipe,  Dowitcher,  Bartraniinii  Sandpiper,  Californian  Partridge  or  Helmet-quail,  Black-bellied 
Plover,  Prairie-hen,  Virginia  Rail,  Wild  Turkey,  Ruffed  Grcjuse,  Golden  Plover,  Sharp-tailed  Grouse, 
Bob-white  or  Quail,  Knot,  Woodcock,  Hudsonian  Curlew. 

PLATE  V.        WILD   FLOWERS   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 

»  Blue   Flag,  Mariposa-lily,   Columbine,  Evening   Primrose,  Wild  Azalea,  Creeping   Pldox,    AiTOW-head, 

Wake-robin,  Fringed  Gentian,  Wild  Lily,  Cardinal-flower,  Lupine. 

PLATE  VI.      WILD   FLOWERS   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

Bloodroot,  Stag-horn  Sumac,  Wild  Geranium.  Shinleaf,  Wild  Rose,  Goldenrod,  Chicory,  Yellow  Lady's- 
slipper,  Early  Saxifrage,  Trumpet-honeysuckle,  Marsh-marigold,  Yellow  Adder's-tongue. 

PLATE  VII.    LEAVES   OF    NORTH    A  AMERICAN   TREES. 

Swamp-oak,  Smooth  Alder,  White  Oak,  Paper-birch,  Buttonwood,  Willow,  Indian  Bean,  Large-toothed 
Aspen,  Sassafras,  American  Beech,  American  Elm,  Locust. 


PLATE  VIII.  LEAVES   OF    NORTH   AMERICAN   TREES. 

Hemlock,  Shagbark  Hickory,  Witch-hazel,  White  Ash,  American  Aspen,  Wild  Black  Cherry,  American 
Chestnut,  Black  Spruct;,  Silver  Maple,  White  Pine,  Magnolia,  American  Hornbeam. 


PLATE  IX.      IXJUKIOUS  INSECTS. 

Bedbug.  Mosquiti'S  ^l.  Female  Cnlex;  2,  Female  Anopheles),  Oriental  Cocki-oach,  Silver-fish,  Squash-bug, 
House-fly,  Red  Ant,  Hessian  Fly,  BufEalo-blig,  House-cricket,  Clothes-moth,  Cabbage-butterfly  and  -worm. 
White  Ant,  Croton-bug,  Army-worm.  House  Centiped,  Cliinch-bug,  Cheese-fly,  Western  ^ligratory  (ri-ass- 
hopper.  Imported  Elm-leaf  Beetle,  Colorado  Potato-beetle,  San  Jose  Scale,  Codling-moth,  Plum-cun-ulio. 

PLATE  X.       NORTH   AMERICAN   BUTTERFLIES. 

Thecla  melinus,  Clirysophanus  hypophteis,  Cohas  philodice,  Dauans  plexippus,  Vanessa  milbertii, 
Lycffiua  pseudargiolus.  Limenitis  arthemis,  Argynnis  cybele.  Satyrus  alope,  Argynnis  myrina.  Jnnonia 
coenia,  Papilio  turnus,  Grapta  comma,  Limenitis  lorquinii,  Melita?a  brueei,  Agemnia  fornax,  Apatiu'a 
celtis,  Pyi-ameis  cardui. 

PLATE  XL     EGGS  OP   NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 

Green  Heron,  Bob-white  or  "  Quail,''  Yellow-bUled  Cuckoo,  Common  Tern,  Kingbird,  Sora  or  Carolina 
Rail.  Cliff-  or  Eaves-swallow,  Chickadee,  Cowl>ird,  Sereeeh-owl.  l*ur[)le  Grackle,  Purple  Finch,  Catbird, 
Red-winged  Blackbird,  Blue  Jay,  Orow,  Osprey  or  Fish-hawk,  Woodcock,  Brown  Thrasher,  Crested  Fly- 
catcher, Cedar  Waxwing,  Bobolink,  Mocking-liii-d,  Baltimore  Oriole,  Red-eyed  Vireo,  Scarlet  Tanager, 
Robin,  House  Wren,  Humming-bird,  Chipjnug  Sparrow  Song-sparrow,  Rose-breasted  Grosbeak,  Sparrow- 
hawk,  Night-hawk,  Wood-thrush,  Killdeer. 

PLATE  XII.    COLOR-TYPES   OF  THE  RACES   OF  MEN   (British  Association  Scale). 

Pale  White  (American),  Florid  and  Rosy  (German),  Brownish  White  (Italian),  Yellowish  White  (Chinese), 
Yellow  or  01iv(*  (Polynesian),  Dark  Yellow-brown  (Malay),  Copper-colored  (.American  Indian),  Chocolate 
(Melanesian),  Sooty  Black  (West  Coast  African),  Coal-black  (South  African). 

PLATE  XIII.  PKECIOUS   STONES. 

Diamond,  Topaz,  Opal,  Turquoi.se,  Em»«-ald,  Huby,  Amethyst,  Sapphire,  Cafs-eye. 

PLATE  XIV.  COLORS  OF  THE  SPECTRUM  AND  OF  PIGMENTS. 

Prismatic  Spectrum  with  Fraunhofer  Lines.  Normal  Spectrum,  by  diffraction,  with  Fraunhofer  Lines. 
The  three  primarj^  pigment  colors,  yellow,  crimson  and  blue,  overlapping  and  f<n'ming  orange  red,  green 
and  violet,  and  black  in  center.  The  three  fundamental  or  primary  color-sensations,  red,  green  and  vio- 
let, overlapping  and  forming  yellow,  blue  and  crimson,  and  white  in  center.  Crimson,  Carmine,  Scarlet, 
Cardinal,  Orange,  Salmon,  Yellow,  Green  Yellow,  Yellow  Green,  Apple-Green,  Blue  Green,  Sea-Green, 
Blue,  Ultramarine,  Rose,  Ashes  of  Roses,  Vermilion,  Pink,  Buff,  Amber,  Straw,  Corn,  Olive,  Ocher, 
Emerald,  Turcjuoise,  Navy  Blue,  Electric  Blue,  Violet,  Mauve.  Heliotrope,  Lavender,  Pearl-gray,  Dove, 
Ecru,  Drab,  Pui-ple,  Magenta,  Lilac,  Peacock-blue,  Venetian  Red,  Old  Gold,  Cafe  au  Lait,  Terra-cotta, 
Maroon,  Claret,  Seal-brown,  Sepia,  Chocolate,  Cherry,  Vandyke  Brown,  Indigo. 


PLATE  XV.    FLAGS  OF   THE    PRINCIPAL   NATIONS. 

Argentine  Republic  (En.sign),  Austria  (Merchant),  Belgium  (Royal  Standard),  Bolivia,  Brazil.  Burma 
(.Merchant).  Ciiilc,  China  (Ensign),  (V)Ioml>ia  (Merchant),  Cuba,  Denniark  (Mcrcliaul,  b'oyal  Standard). 
Ecuador,  Egypt,  Khedive  of,  France,  (ierniany  (Ensign,  lmi)cri;d  Stiimlanl,  National  and  Merchant),  (ireat 
Britain  (Red  Ensign,  Koyal  Starfdard,  Union  Jack,  White  Ensign),  (irecce  (Ensign),  Italy  (Ensign),  Japan 
(Imperial  Standard,  .Mereliant),  lun-ea,  Mexico  (Ensign),  Netherlands  (K'oyal  Standard),  Norway  (Mer- 
chant, Royal  Standard),  Persia,  Peru  (Mercliant),  Portugal,  Russia  (I'.nsign,  Imperial  Standard,  Merchant), 
Siam  (.Mereliant),  Sj.aiu  (Ensign,  Mercliant,  Royal  Staiulard),  Sweden  (Merchant,  Royal  Standard),  Swit- 
zerland, Turkey,  United  States  (National  Flag,  Union  Jack),  Venezuela  (Merchant). 

PE.\TE  XVI.  SKJX.M.S.  I.VTEHNATIONAL   STGNAL-FL.\GS.  ETC.      ' 

A  B  (■  I)  E  F  (J  H   I  J  K  L  51  \  ()  V  (,»  K  S  T  IF  V  W  X  Y  Z. 
Code  Flag  and  Answering  Penmiiil. 

FUNNEES   OF   Ti{.\.\.SATEANTl('    i>i.\KRS. 

Cnriiird  Line,  While  Star  Line.  American  Line,  Italian  Koyal  Mail  S  S.  Co,,  Noi 
Wilson  Line,  Allan  Line,  Belgian  Line,  Conipagnie  (ieneralo  Transallanlique.  11, 
Anchor  Line,  Nelherliinds  LiiK!. 

U.  S.  WEATIIEl;    SI(;NALS. 

1.  Infr.nnatiori  Si^'nal.  '2.  Temperature  Sitrna] :  abov.'  :',  or  ■!,  warmer :  below,  eohh-r.  l^.  Clear  oi- fjiir. 
4.  itain  or  Siir.w.  .",.  Coj.l  Wav.  (1.  Severe  S.  \V.  Winds.  7.  Severe  N.  \V.  Winds.  S.  Severe  S.  E. 
Wind.s.     'J.  Severe  N.  E.  Winds.     Id    Mnrrieanc. 


til  ( Jeiiriaii  Lloyd  Line, 
inilMifg-.\nierican    Line, 


PLATE  I. 


Sheepshead 


Tautog  or  BLACKFISH- 


COPVRlGHT    190?     ev    THE    CENTUf**  CO 


AMDtlCUt  ljrHO«<l««C  COA*  - 


GAME-FISHES  OF  NORTHERN  ATLANTIC  COASTS. 


PLATE    II. 


BLACK-SPOTTED    TROUT, 


DOLLY    VaRDEN    TROUT 


COPVR16MT   (9G2     B'    THE    CENTuWV   C 


«u(i»iai)  uT>ioa''*FMic  co> 


GAME-FISHES  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  LAKES  AND  STREAMS. 


PLATE     III. 


■'■'•^J>:.->^''- 


wV^ 


Snow-goose. 


COPVR!G-n     90^     9v    THE   CENTU'IY  CO 


DUSKY  Duck 


AMERICAN    WIDGEON- 


GAME-BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

WATER-BIRDS. 


PLATE     IV. 


WOODCOCK. 


HUDSONIAN   CURLEW 


COPVftiGMT.  t9CS     BT    TKf    CENToRr  CO 


GAME-BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


LAND-BTRDS 


PLATE      V. 


BLUE  Flag 


Mariposa-lily. 


Columbine. 


Evening  primrose. 


WILD   AZALEA. 


CREEPING  Phlox. 


ARROW-HEAD. 


Wake-robin. 


Fringed  Gentian. 


COPYRIGHT  1902.  Br    THE   CENTURrcO 


Wild  lily. 


Cardinal-flower. 


WILD  FLOWERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


*^^tH■«l^UT>•^:B*»^  r  :■ 


PLATE     VI. 


BLOODROOT. 


Stag-horn  sumac. 


WILD  GERANIUM- 


WlLD  ROSE. 


GOLDENROD. 


YELLOW  Lady  S-SLiPPER, 


Early  Saxffrage 


TRUMPET-HONEYSUCKLE. 


Marsh-marigold. 


yellow  adder  3-tongue. 


COPVRIQHT.  I902.  BY  THE  CENTURY  CO 


WILD  FLOWERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


■••*€fWC*Ji  LJ?"05atPt(iC  CO,"ir . 


PLATE     VII. 


-\AiM 


COPVniGMT,  1902     BV    THE    CENTURV  CO 


LEAVES  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  TREES. 


*■-  [  !>  .:»•«  (jihc^»*p- 


PLATE      VIII. 


White  Pine, 


HE   CENTUWV  CO 


LEAVES  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  TREES. 


ii<ta,cA-VU1>05e<.»<  7  :o  ^' 


PLATE     IX. 


Imported  elm-l..af  beetle- 


San  Jose  scale. 


CODLING-MOTH 


Plum-curculio. 


COPYRIGHT.  I902.  6V   THE  CENIUHV  CO 


INJURIOUS  INSECTS. 

VERTICAL  LINES  SHOW   NATURAL  SIZES. 


PLATE      X. 


-OOVfiiGMT  1902    av   THE  CtNTURr  CO 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BUTTERFLIES. 


-'HUJtS  UTtOSa 


NATURAL    SIZES. 


PLATE     XI. 


v^; 


■*«-. 


Green  heron- 


Bob-white  or    Ouaii    , 


-^    -tot    YELLOW-BILLED  CUCKOO. 


COMMON  Tern. 


SORA   OR  CAROLINA    RAIL 


CLIFF-OR  tAVES-SWALLOW  CHlCKfi 


_^^fm0§m^^ 


SCREECH-OWL. 


PURPLE  CRACKLE. 


Purple  Pint 


D  BLACKBIRD.. 


•.■■■  -7    •  ''•/??>»; 


-•■:^-^*' 


HOUSE  Wren 


HUMMINC-BIRD- 


CHIPPINC   bPAHROW 


SONG-SPA  r>  ROW 


Rose  BREASTED  Grosbeak 


:  ^*\^.^ 


Night-hawk 


WOOD-THRUSH 


i-*02     Ijr    THE.    CENTura-rcO 


EGGS  OF  NORTH   AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


NATURAL   SIZES. 


PLATE   XII. 


SOOTY  Black 


COPVOtOHT.  )902.  6V  ThE  CEMTyRV  cO 


WEST    COASi    AFRICAN. 


SOUTH     AFFICAN 


COLOR-TYPES   OF   THE    RACES   OF   MEN. 


BRITISH    ASSOCIATION   SCALE. 


PLATE     XIII. 


->1f;^«-''*», 


,../' 


'*^;' 


''  A 


I  ■  ''iffT.." 


^\^: 


1   ' 

^      '  s'' 

\l 

r^j**^' 

K 

'/* 

»p!> 

'4  :M 

»» 

<^;» 

•4^ 

>5i^=^. 

i#^^^ 

J 

TURQUOISE 

CAT  S-EYE 


PIGHT    1902,   av    TMt    CeNTuRV   CO 


PRECIOUS  STONES. 


PLATE     XIV 


GO  70 


PRISIVIAl|jX   SPECTRUM    WITH    FRAUNHOFER    LINES. 


B  C  D  E      b  F 

NORMAL  SPECTRUM,    BY   DIFFRACTION,   WITH    FRAUNHOFER    LINES. 


n 


CRIMSON  CARMINE 


ORANGE  SALMON 


YELLOW  GREEN  YEL. 


n 


YEL. GREEN  APPLE-GRN 


n 


BLUEGREEN        SEA-GliEEN 


ri 


BLUE  ULTRAMARINE 


i1K>i     Ov    TMf     C.iU 


I        f 


VERMILION  PINK 


THE  THREE  PRrMARV    PIGMENT   COLORS,   VELLOW,  CRIMSON    AND   BLUE,  OVERLAPPINO  ANO 
FORMING  ORANGE  RED,  GREEN   AND   VIOLET,    AND  BLACK  IN  CENTER. 


_ 


n 


THE    THREE    FUNDAMENTAL    OR    PR1MARV    COLOR-8ENSATION6,  RED-  GREEN    AND  VIOLET, 
OVERLAPPING  AND  FORMING   YELLOW,  BLUE   ANO   CRIMSON,  AND  WHITE  IN  CENTER. 


EMERALD  TURQUOISE 


NAVY  BLUE  ELEC.  BLUE 


I        I        I         I         I 


VIOLET  MAUVE  HELIOTROPE         LAVENDER         PEARL-GR7SY  DOVE 


l^^l  ^1 IH  ^1  ^l^^l  ^1 

PURPLE 

MAGENTA 

LILAC 

PEACOCK  BL 

VENET. 

RED 

OLD  GOLD, 

CAFE  AU  LAIT 

TER 

WJS^OTTA 

MAROON  CLARET  SEAL-BROWN  SEPIA  CHOCOLATE  CHERRY  VANDYKE  BR.  INDIGO 


HiCHi  UThO&**^m:C  CO." 


COLORS  OF  THE  SPECTRUM  AND  OF  PIGMENTS. 


PLATE   XV. 


AUSTRIA- M 


FLAGS  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  NATIONS. 


» 


PLATE     XVI. 


1.  The  first  letter  in  the 
English  alphabet,  as  also 
(generally  in  the  other  al- 
]>habets  which,  like  the 
English,  come  ultimately 
from  the  Phenieian.  Our 
letters  are  the  same  as 
those  used  by  the  Ro- 
mans ;  the  Roman  or  Latin 
alphabet  is  one  of  several 
Italian  alphaliets  derived  from  the  Greek;  and 
the  Greek  alphabet  is,  with  a  few  adaptations 
and  additions,  formed  from  the  Phenieian. 
As  to  the  origin  of  the  Phenieian  alphabet, 
opinions  are  by  no  means  agreed;  but  the 
view  now  most  widely  current  is  that  put 
forth  and  supported  a  few  years  ago  by  the 
French  scholar  De  Roug6 :  namely,  that  the 
Phenieian  characters  ax'e  derived  from  early 
Egyptian  hieratic  characters,  or  abbreviated 
forms  of  written  hieroglyphs.  Under  each 
letter  will  be  given  in  this  work  the  Phe- 
nieian character  from  which  it  comes,  along 
with  an  early  form  or  two  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin  derived  characters  (especially  intended 
to  show  the  change  of  direction  of  the  let- 
ter consequent  upon  the  change  of  direction 
of  ■'vriting,  'since  the  Phenieian  was  always 
written  from  right  to  left);  and  to  these  will  , 
Ije  added  the  hieratic  and  hieroglyphic  char- 
acters from  which  the  Phenieian  is  held  to 
originate,  according  to  De  Rough's  theory.  It 
is  to  be  noticed  that  our  ordinary  capitals  are 
the  original  forms  of  our  letters ;  the  lower- 
case, Italic,  and  written  letters  are  all  derived 
from  the  capitals.  Our  A  corresponds  to  the 
Phenieian  letter  called  alepli ;  and  this  name, 
signifying  "ox,"  is  also  the  original  of  the 
Greek  name  of  the  same  letter,  alpha.  The 
comparative  scheme  for  A  is  as  follows : 


Egyptian. 
Hieroglyphic,  Hieratic. 


2-      ^      AA 


Pheni- 
Clan. 


Early 
Greek  and  Latin. 


The  Phenieian  alepli,  was  not  a  proper  vowel- 
sign,  but  rather  a  quasi-consonantal  one,  to 
which  an  initial  vowel-sound,  of  whatever 
kind,  attached  itself ;  since  the  fundamental 
plan  of  that  alphabet  assumed  that  every  syl- 
lable should  begin  with  a  consonant.  But  the 
Greeks,  in  adapting  the  borrowed  alphabet  to 
thtiirown  use,  made  the  sign  represent  a  single 
vowel-sound :  that,  namely,  which  we  usually 
■?all  the  "  Italian  "  or  "  Continental "  a  (a),  as 
heard  in  far,  father.  This  was  its  value 
in  the  Latin  also,  and  in  the  various  alphabets 
founded  on  the  Latin,  including  that  of  our 
own  ancestors,  the  speakers  and  writers  of 
earliest  English  or  Anglo-Saxon;  and  it  is 
mainly  retained  to  the  present  time  in  the 
langiuiges  of  continental  Europe.  In  conse- 
quence, however,  of  the  grailual  and  per- 
vading change  of  utterance  of  English  words, 
without  corresponding  change  in  the  mode 
of  writing  them,  it  has  come'  to  have  in  our 
use  a  variety  of  values.  Tlio  sound  of  a  in 
far  is  the  piu-est  and  most  fundamental  of 
vowel-sounds,  being  that  which  is  naturally 
sent  forth  by  the  human  organs  of  utterance 
when  the  mouth  and  throat  are  widely  opened, 
and  the  tone  from  the  larynx  suffered  to  come 


out  with  least  modifying  interference  by  the 
parts  of  the  mouth.  On  the  other  hand,  in 
the  production  of  the  (-sound  of  machine  or 
pupic  and  the  «-sound  of  rule  (or  double  o  of 
l)oot),  the  organs  are  brought  quite  nearly 
together:  in  the  case  of  «,  the  flat  of  the  tongue 
and  the  roof  of  the  mouth;  in  the  case  of 
«,  the  rounded  lips.  Hence  these  vowels  ap- 
proach a  consonantal  character,  and  pass  with 
little  or  no  alteration  into  y  and  w  respec- 
tively. Then  e  and  o  (as  in  theij  and  note)  are 
intermediate  respectively  between  a  (a)  and  ( 
and  a  (ii)  and  ii;  and  the  sounds  in  fat  and  fall 
are  still  less  removed  in  either  direction  from  a 
(ii).  The  pure  or  original  sound  of  a  (far)  is 
more  prevalent  in  earlier  stages  of  language, 
and  is  constantly  being  weakened  or  closened 
into  the  other  vowel-sounds,  which  are  to  a  great 
extent  derived  from  it;  and  this  process  has 
gone  on  in  English  on  a  larger  scale  than  in 
almost  any  other  known  language.  Hence  the 
([-sound  (as  in  far)  is  very  rare  with  us  (less 
than  half  of  one  per  cent,  of  our  whole  utter- 
ance, or  not  a  tenth  part  as  frequent  as  the 
sound  of  i  in  jiit  or  as  that  of  «  in  hut) ; 
its  short  sound  has  been  so  generally  flattened 
into  that  in  fat,  and  its  long  sound  into  that 
in  fate,  that  we  now  call  these  sounds  respec- 
tively "short  a"  and  "  long  a";  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  it  has  in  many  words  been  broad- 
ened or  rounded  into  the  sound  heard  in  all 
and  fall.  Thus  the  most  usual  sounds  of  Eng- 
lish written  a  are  now,  in  the  order  of  their 
frequency,  those  infat,  fate,  fall,  far:  there  are 
also  a  few  cases  like  theoin«7io(aud  icns  (after 
a  jo-sound,  nearly  a  corresponding  short  to  the 
a  of  all),  manij  (a  "short  e"),  and  others  yet 
more  sporadic.  In  syllables  of  least  stress 
and  distinctness,  too,  as  in  the  fii'st  and  third 
syllables  of  abundant  and  abundance,  it  is  uni- 
versally uttered  with  the  "short  u"  sound  of 
but.  The  "  long  a  "  of  fate  is  not  strictly  one 
sound,  but  ends  with  a  vanishing  sound  of 
"long  e":  i.  <?.,  it  is  a  slide  from  the  e-sound 
of  they  down  to  the  i-so\ind  of  pique.  From 
this  vanish  the  a  of  fare  and  bare  and  their 
like  is  free,  while  it  has  also  an  opener 
sound,  and  is  even,  in  the  mouths  of  many 
speakers,  indistinguishable  in  quality  from  the 
"  short  (t"  of  fat;  hence  the  o-sound  ot  fare  is 
in  tlie  respellings  of  this  work  written  with  a, 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  sound  in  fate.  There 
is  also  :i,  class  of  words,  like  ask,  fast,  ant,  in 
which  some  pronounce  the  vowel  simply  as 
"short  a,"  while  some  give  it  the  full  open 
sound  of  a  in  far,  and  yet  others  make  it 
something  intermediate  between  the  two :  such 
an  a  is  represented  in  this  work  by  a.  A  occurs 
as  final  only  in  a  very  few  proper  English 
words ;  and  it  is  never  dciibled  in  such  words. — 
2.  As  a  symbol,  a  denotes  the  fii'st  of  an  actual 
or  possible  series.  Specifically — (a)  In  niKsic, 
the  name  of  the  sixth  note  of  the  natural 
diatonic  scale  of  C,  or  the  fii-st  note  of  the 
relative  minor  scale  ;  the  la  of  Italian,  French, 
and  Sjianish  musicians.  It  is  the  note  sounded  by 
the  opiMi  sucnnd  string  of  the  ^-iolin,  and  to  it  as  given  by 
a  fixeil-tniii'il  instrument  (as  the  oboe  or  organ)  all  the 
instrumeiits  of  an  orchestra   are  tuned,     (i)    In    the 

mnemonic  words  of  logic,  the  universal  affirma- 
tive proposition,  as,  all  men  are  mortal,  simi- 
larly. /  stands  for  the  particular  affirmative,  as,  some 
pien  are  mortal ;  E  for  the  universal  negative,  as,  no  men 
%re   mortal;  0  for  the  particular  negative,  as,  some 


men  are  not  mortal.  The  use  of  these  symbols  dates 
from  the  thirteenth  century;  they  appear  to  be  arbitrary 
applications  of  the  vowel.s  a,  e,  i,  o,  but  are  usually 
supposed  to  have  been  taken  from  the  Latin  AJIrum, 
I  affirm,  and  nEgO,  I  deny.  But  some  authorities  main- 
tain that  their  use  in  Greek  ia  much  older,      (c)  In 

math.:  In  algebra,  a,  h,  c,  etc.,  the  first  letters 
of  the  alphabet,  stand  for  known  quantities, 
while  X,  y,  ::,  the  last  letters,  stand  for  un- 
known quantities ;  in  geometry,  A,  B,  C,  etc., 
are  used  to  name  jjoints,  lines,  and  figm-ea. 
(d)  In  abstract  reasoning,  suppositions,  etc., 
A,  B,  C,  etc.,  denote  each  a  particular  persoa 
or  thing  in  relation  to  the  others  of  a  series  or 
group,  (f)  In  writing  a-ud  jjrinting,  a,  h,  c,  etc., 
are  used  instead  of  or  in  addition  to  the  Ai'abic 
tigm'es  in  marking  paragraphs  or  other  tlivi- 
sions,  or  in  making  references.  (/)  In  naut. 
lang.,  Al,  A'2,  etc.,  are  symbols  used  in  the 
Record  of  American  and  Foreign  Shippuig, 
and  in  Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and  Foreign 
Shipping,  to  denote  the  relative  rating  of  mer- 
chant vessels,  in  the  former,  the  character  assigned  to 
vessels  by  the  surveyors  is  e-xpressed  by  the  numbers 
from  1  to  3,  Al  standing  for  the  liighest  and  A3  for  the 
lowest  grade.  The  numbers  IJ,  IJ,  2,  2J  express  interme- 
diate degrees  of  seawortliiness".  Vessels  classed  as  Al  or 
Al^  are  regarded  as  fit  for  the  carrijxge  of  all  kinds  of 
cargoes  on  all  kinds  of  voyages  for  a  specified  term  of 
years ;  those  classed  as  AIJ  or  A2,  for  all  cargoes  on 
Atlantic  voyages,  and  in  exceptional  cases  on  long  voy- 
ages, and  for  such  cargoes  as  oil,  sugar,  molasses,  etc., 
on  any  voyage ;  those  classed  as  A2A  or  A3,  for  coasting 
voyiges  only,  with  wood  or  coal.  In  Lloyd's  Register,  the 
letters  A,  A  (in  red),  .E,  and  E  are  used  to  denote. various 
degrees  of  excellence  in  the  hulls  of  ships,  the  figure  1 
being  added  to  express  excellence  of  equipment,  such  as 
masts  and  rigging  in  sailing-ships,  or  boilers  and  engines 
in  steamers.  The  broad  A  in  the  British  Lloyd's  indicates 
a  ship  built  of  iron.  In  the  American  Register,  tlie  an- 
nexed figures  do  uot  refer  to  the  equipment. —  Hence,  in 
conmierce,  A\  is  used  to  denote  the  liighest  mercantile 
credit;  and  colloquially  A\,  or  in  the  United  .States  A 
Ko.  1,  is  an  adjective  of  commendation,  ]ike  Jirst-class, 
Jirst-nite:  as,  an  ^1  speaker, 

"He  must  be  a  first-rater,"  said  Sam,     "-i  1,"  replied 
Mr,  Koker.  Didcens,  Pickwick  Papers. 

An  A  number  one  cook,  and  no  mistake. 

Mrs.  Stowe,  Dred. 

3.  As  an  abbreviation,  a  stands,  according  to 
context,  for  acre,  acting,  adjective,  answer,  are 
(in  the  metric  system),  argent  (in  licr.),  anal 
(anal  fin,  in  ichth.),  anech inoplacid  (in  eehi- 
noderms),  etc. ;  in  com,,  for  approved,  for  ac- 
cepted, and  for  Latin  ad  (commonly  written  ^3) ), 
"  at "  or  "  to  " :  as,  500  shares  L.  I.  preferred  ® 
67^^;  25®  30  cents  per  yard. — 4.  Attrib.,  hav- 
ing the  form  of  the  capital  A,  as  a  tent. 

The  conuuon  or  A  tent,  for  the  use  of  enlisted  men. 

Witlielm,  Jlil,  Diet 

a^  (a  or  a),  indef.  art.  [<ME.  a  (before  con- 
sonants), earlier  an,  orig.  with  long  vowel, 
<  AS.  an,  one,  an:  see  akI.]  The  form  of  an 
used  before  consonants  and  words  lieginning 
with  a  consonant-sound:  as,  a  man,  a  woman, 
a  year,  a  union,  a  eulogy,  a  oneness,  a  hope. 
An,  however,  was  formerly  often  used  before 
the  sounds  of  h  and  initial  long  u  and  eti 
even  in  accented  syllables  (as,  an  hospital,  an 
union),  and  is  still  retained  by  some  before 
those  soimds  in  unaccented  syllables  (as,  an 
historian,  an  united  whole,  lui  euphonious 
sound).  The  form  a  first  appeared  about  the  beginning 
of  the  thirteenth  century.  It  is  placed  before  nouns  of  the 
singul.ar number,  and  alsobeforeplural  nouns  when.fric or 
flrrnt  vmny  is  interposed,  [Few  was  originally  singular  as 
well  as  plural,  and  the  article  was  singular  (>IE.  u)  or 
plural  (5IE.  ami)  to  agree  with  it.  In  the  phrase  a  nrmt 
manij,  the  article  agrees  with  man;/,  which  is  properly  a 
noun  (AS.  menigu:  see  manyl,  n,);  the  following  plural 


In  the  phrase  a  great  many  hooks,  is  reaUj-  a  a9  (a  or  a),  interj.     [See  ah  and  0.]     The  early  a-9.    [A  mere  syllable.]    A  qiiasi-prefix,  a  mere 


partitive  genitive.] 
a?  (a  or  a),  prep.  [<  ME.  and  late  AS.  a,  re- 
ducedfonnof(J«, on,  on,  in:  see  oh.]  Aredueed 
form  of  the  preposition  o»,  formerly  common 
in  all  the  uses  of  on,  but  now  restricted  to  cer- 
tain constructions  in  vrhich  the  preposition  is 
more  or  less  disguised,  being  usually  written  as 


form  of  ah,  preserved,  archaically,  before  a 
leader's  or  chieftain's  name,  as  a  war-cry  (but 
now  treated  and  pronounced  as  the  iudeiiiiite 
article). 

The  Border  slogan  rent  the  sky, 
A  Home  !  o  Gordon  I  was  the  cry. 

Scott,  Marmion. 


consonants:  see  n6-.]  A  Latin  preposition, 
meaning  of,  off,  away  from,  etc.  it  occm-s  in  eer- 
taiii  plirases :  as, «  priori,  a  posteriori,  a  meiua  et  thoro,  etc. ; 
also  in  certain  personal  names  of  medieval  or  modem 
origin :  as,  Thomas  c<  Kempis,  that  is,  Thomas  ot  Kempen, 
the  school-name  given  to  Thomas  Uammerken,  bom  at 
Kempen  near  DiisseUiorf  ;  .Abraham  a  Sanela  Clara,  that 
is,  Abraham  ot  St.  Clare,  the  name  assnmed  by  Ulrich 
Megerle.  The  true  name  of  Thom;i5  a  Becket  (written 
also  A'  Becket.  and,  in  un-English  fashion,  a  Becket,  A 
Becket)was  simply  Thomas  Becket  or  Beket :  the  a  appears 


one  word  with  the  following  noun.  (<()  Of  place:  g^io.  [L.  o,  the  usual  form  of  a6,  from,  of,  before 
On,  in,  upon,  unto,  into;  the  preposition  and  .    ^      .    x  ..-_.   :..;_.. 

the  follo^ving  noun  being  usually  ^«-itten  as  one 
word,  sometimes  with,  but  commonly  without, 
a  hyphen,  and  regarded  as  an  adverb  or  a  preili- 
cate  adjective,  but  best  treated  as  a  preposi- 
tional phrase.  In  such  phrases  a  denotes  — (1)  Posi- 
tion :  as,  to  lie  oScii ;  to  be  ajoot ;  to  ride  a  horeeback ;  to 
Blandati/itoe.  (2)  Motion:  &s,  to  eo  ashore;  "howjocnnd 
did  they  drive  their  team  a-field."  Gray.  (3)  Direction  : 
as,  to  go  ahead ;  to  tura  aside;  to  draw  aback  (modem, 
to  draw  back).  (4)  Partition  :  as,  to  take  aitart ;  to  burst 
atunder.  Similarly — (6)  Of  state:  On,  in,  etc.: 
as,  to  be  alive  '  [AS.  on  life] ;  to  be  asleep 
[AS.  on  slwpe];  to  set  afire;  to  be  afloat;  to 
set  adrift.  In  this  use  now  applicable  to  any  verb  (but 
chiefly  to'monosyllables  and  dissyllables)  taken  as  a  noun  : 
as,  to' be  aglow  with  excitement ;  to  be  a-swim  ;  to  be  all 
atrembU.  (c)  Of  time  :  On,  in,  at,  by,  etc.,  re- 
maining in  some  colloquial  expressions:  as,  to 
stay  out  a  nights  (often  written  o'  nights);  to 
go  "fishing  n  Sunday ;  now  a  days  (generally 
■written  nowadays).  Common  with  adverbs  of  repe- 
tition: as,  twice  rt  day  [<ME.  tides  a  dai,  <..\S.  twitva 
on  dirg],  once  a  week  «  ME.  ane.^  a  icike,  <  AS.  tene  on 
«n<«iiil,  three  times  a  year  [cf.  ME.  thre  sithes  a  yer, 
<  A.S.  thrim  sithuin  un  geiire],  etc. :  o  day  being  a  reduced 
form  o(  on  day  (cf.  to-day),  equivalent  to  F.  par  jour,  L. 
per  diem  ;  a  year,  of  on  year,  equivalent  to  F.  par  an,  L. 
per  annum,  etc.  But  in'this  construction  the  preposition 
a  is  now  usually  regarded  as  the  indettnite  article  (vary- 
ing to  an  before  a  vowel),  "four  miles  an  hour,"  "ten 
cents  a  yard,"  etc.,  being  explained  as  elliptical  for  "  four 
miles  in  an  hour,"  "  ten  cents /or  a  yard,"  etc.  (f?)  Of 
process :  In  course  of,  with  a  verbal  noun  hi-infi, 
taken  passively:  as,  the  house  is  ii  building; 
"  while  the  ark'was  «  preparing"  (1  Pot.  iii.  20); 
while  these  tilings  were  «  doing.  The  prepo- 
sitional use  is  clearly  seen  in  the  alterna- 
tive construction  with'iH.-  as^  "Forty  and  si.x 
years  was  this  temple  in  building,"  John  ii.  20. 
In  modern  use  the  preposition  is  omitted,  and  the  verbal 
noun  is  treated  as  a  present  participle  taken  passively  : 
as,  the  house  iJ*  t/uildin^r.  But  none  of  these  forms  of 
expression  has  Iwcome  thoroughly  popular,  the  popular 
instinct  being  shown  in  the  recent  development  of  the 
desired  "progressive  passive  participle";  as,  the  house  i^ 
being  built,  the  work  is  beinfj  done,  etc.  This  construction, 
though  condemned  by  logicians  and  purists,  is  well  estab- 
lisheil  in  popular  speech,  and  will  probably  jiass  into 
correct  literary  usage,  (e)  Of  action  :  In,  to,  into ; 
with  a  verbal  noun  in  -ing,  taken  actively. 
(1)  with  tje  :  as,  to  be  a  coming  :  to  be  a  doing  ;  to  be  a 
fighting.  Now  only  eolloi|Uial  or  ijrovincial,  literary 
usage  omitting  the  preposition,  and  treating  the  verbal 
noun  as  a  jiresent  participle  ;  as,  to  be  coming ;  to  be 
doing.  (2)  With  verbs  of  motion  :  as,  to  go  a  fishing ;  to 
goawf>uing;  to  go  a  begging;  to  fall  a  crying;  to  set 
a  K<dng.  The  prep<)ailion  is  often  joined  to  the  noun 
by  a  hyphen,  as,  to  go  rt-fishing,  or  somettmes  omitted, 
as,  to  go  tl.-ihing,  to  set  going,  etc.  Ftir  other  examples  of 
the  used  of  (i-'i,  jfrep,,  see  the  prepositional  phrases  abed, 
aboard,  ahfad,  etc.,  or  the  simple  iKunis. 
a*.  [AJiother  spelling  of  o,  now  WTitten  o',  are- 
dueed form  of  «/,  the /being  dropped  before  _a 
consomiiit,  and  the  vowel  obscured.  Cf.  "", 
«-3,  «-'.]  A  reduced  form  of  of,  now  generally 
written  «',  a.s  in  man-o'-war,  si.K  '/clock,  etc. 

Tlio  name  of  John  a  Oaunt.  Shak.,  Blch.  II.,  1.  :<. 

It's  sUe  a  clocke. 

It.  .Junson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humor,  i.  4. 

afi  (a),  pron.     \Yj.  dial.,  corruption  of  /,  being 

the  nret  olcmoMt,  obHcured,  of  the  diphthong 

iii.]     A   moilcm   provincial  corruption  of  the 

pronoun  /. 
a"  (ii),  pron.    [K.  dial.,  <ME.  dial.  ((,  corruptly 

tor  he,  he,  Ido,  she,  he,  it,  heo,  hi,  they.]     Au 

olil  (and  modiTii  provincial)  corruption  of  all 

gcndeni  and  both  numbers  of  the  third  per- 

Honul  pronoun,  lie,  Hhe,  it,  they.     So  quotha, 

that  is,  i/iiolh  he, 
A  linliblcd  of  KTeen  fleldn.  .Shnk.,  Hon,  V.,  11.  :i. 

a''  (n),  r.  [E.  dial.,  <  MK.  ti,  ha,  reduced  form 
of  fiiiri;  the  r  being  droiipi-il  us  in  n*  or  «'  for 
of  ('>v).|  An  old  (and  ni'olini  provinrinl) 
corruptiipii  of  harr  nn  on  au.'tiliary  verb,  im- 
accentt'il,  and  formorly  also  ati  a  principal 
verb. 

Ihad  not  thMiiKhtni)rh<xly'nril>l  n  yli^Med.    Beau.nwl h'l. 
a^  (A).     (He,  usually  written  «',  =  E.  all,  like 
8c.   crt'=i;.    call,  fa' =  fait,  ha' =  hall,  etc.] 
All. 

Kor  n'  that,  an'  i'  Mini, 

tll4  riband,  h'  ii    roi'  a'  that. 
T)i»'  nmii  o'  iri'l.  [..  ii-lrnl  minil, 
III'  I'liiks  an'  IhiuIih  at  a'  tlint. 

Dunu,  For  A'  Tliat. 


opening  syllable,  in  the  interjections  aha,  ahoy. 
In  aha,  and  as  well  in  ahoy,  it  may  be  con- 
sidered as  ah. 

a-io.  [A  reduced  form  of  D.  hoiid.  Cf.  fl-".]  A 
quasi-prelix,  a  mere  opening  syllable,  in  avast, 
where  a-,  however,  represents  historically 
Dutch  7(o«<7  in  the  original  Dutch  expression 
houd  vast  =  English  holdfast. 

a-ll.  [<  ME.  a-,  OF.  a-,  <  L.  ad-,  or  assimi- 
lated ab-,  ac-,  of-,  etc. :  see  ad-.}  A  pretLx, 
being  a  reduced  form  of  the  Latin  prefix  ad-. 
In  Old  French  and  Middle  English  regularly  n-,  and  so 
properly  in  modern  Fi'ench  and  English,  as  in  avoiich 
lult.  <L.  advocare],  amount  [uit.  <  L.  ad  montem],  ava~ 
tanehc  [ult.  <  L.  ad  valtcui],  abet,  ameliorate,  etc.;  but  in 
later  Old  iYench  and  Middle  English  a-  took  in  spell- 
ing a  Latin  semblance,  ad-,  ar-,  a,f;  etc.,  and  so  in  mod- 
ern English,  as  in  addrcsi^,  account,  afect,  ayi/rieve,  etc., 
where  the  doubled  consonant  is  unetymological.    See  ad-. 


to  be  a  later  insertion,  though  supported  by  such  late  0-12.     [<  L.  0-,  a  later  and  parallel  form  of  ad- 
Middle  English  names  as  Wydo  del  Beck't,  John  deBeckote,      -      -      "•  .        ^^^        .  ..       ,     , 

William  atte  Beck,  etc.,  that  is,  of  or  at  the  brook  [*becket, 
not  found  as  a  common  noun,  being  appar.  a  dim.  of  beck, 
a  brook,  or  perh,aps<01'".  beci}tiet,bequet,  a  pike  (fish),  dim. 
of  bcc,  beak]. 
a-.  A  prefix  or  an  initial  and  generally  insepara- 
ble particle.  It  is  a  relic  of  various  Teutonic 
and  classical  particles,  as  follows  : 
a-l.  [<JIE.  n-,<AS.  a-(=OS.o-  =  OHG.  ar-,  ir-, 
!()•-,  JIHGr.  ir-.  er-,  G.  er-  =  Goth,  us-,  before  a 
vowel  u:-,  before  r  ur-),  a  common  unaccented 
prefix  of  verbs,  meaning  '  away,  out,  up,  on,'  of- 
ten merelyintensive,  inmod.  E.  usually  without 
assignable  force.  It  appears  as  au  independent 
prep,  in  0H6.  iir,  Goth,  its,  out,  and  as  an  ac- 
cented prefix  of  nouns  and  adjectives  in  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  «)•-,  D.  <)(»•-,  AS.  or-,  E.  or-  in  ordeal 
and  ort,  q.  v.  In  nouns  from  verbs  in  AS.  «-  the 
accent  fell  upon  the  pretLx,  which  then  re- 
tained its  length,  and  has  in  one  word,  namely, 
E.  oakum,  <  AS.  d-cumba,  entered  mod.  E.  with 
the  reg.  change  of  AS.  ((-  under  'accent,  losing 
all  semblance  of  a  prefix.]  An  unaccented 
inseparable  prefix  of  verbs,  and  of  nouns  and 

adjectives  thence  derived,  originally  imjdying 
motion  away,  but  in  earlier  English  merely 

intensive,  or,  as  in  modern  English,  without 

assignable   force,    as  in    abide,   abode,   arise, 

awake,  ago  =  agone,  etc.    The  difference  between 

abide,  arise,  awake\  etc.,  and  the  simple  verbs  bitic,  rise, 

wake,  etc.,  is  chiefly  syllabic  or  rhythmic.    In  a  few  verbs 

this  prettx  has  taken  in  spelling  a  Latin  semblance,  as  in 

accurse,  afriyfit,  allay,  fur  a-curse,  a-fright,  a-lay. 
a--.  [<  JIE.  a-,  usually  and  prop,  written  sepa- 
rately, a,  <  late  AS.  a,  a  reduced  form  of  MK. 

and  "as.  an,  on  ;  see  «3,  pre]).,  and  oh.]     An 

apparcnit  prefix,   properly  a  preposition,  the 

same  as  a^,  prep.    When  used  before  a  substantive  it 

forms  wliat  is  really  a  pn-pusitional  phrase,  which  is  now 

generally  written  as  one  word,  with  or  without  a  hyphen, 

and  regarded  as  an  advcrli  or  as  a  pretlicate  adjective  : 

as,  to  lie  abed,  to  be  asleep,  to  be  all  a-tremble,  etc.    With 

verbal  nouns  in  -i'«.'/  it  fm-ms  what  is  regarded  iis  a  prrscnt 

participle,  either  active,  as,  tiiey  are  rt-conn'jii;(eiilliii|.1,  in- 
passive,  :is,  the  house  uas  a.building.     In  the  lallcr  uses 

the  a  is  usinilly,  and  in  all  it  would  be  properly,  written 

separately,  iis  a  preposition.   See  a-t,  i^rep.,  where  the  uses 

are  explained. 
a-3.  [<ME.  a-,  or  separately,  a,  <AS.  a  (only  in 

iidiin,  udfinc,  aredueed  form  of  of  dime),  a  re- 
duced form  of  o/',  K.  ';/',  ojf:  see  of,  off,  ami 

cf.  o-"*.]     A  preU.x,  being  a  reduced  fiu'ni  nf 

Anglo-Saxon  of,  prop.,   English  off,  from,  as 

in  adoini  (wliicli  sec),  or  of  later  English  of,  as 

in  ant  ir,  iifresh,  al;i>i,  etc.  (which  see). 
a-*.    [<  Mil  a-,  a  roduce<l  form  of  of-,  <  AS.  if-, 

an  intensive  prefix,  orig.  tlie  same  as  o/,  prcii.; 

see  n-'<  ami  oj.]   A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  I'onu 

of  Anglo-Saxon  if-,  nu  intensivi^  jirofix,  as  iu 

athirst,  iihungereii  (whicli  see). 
a-*".    |<.MK.  a-,  a  reduced  forin  of  and-,  (].  v.] 

A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  of  anil-  (which 

see),  as  in  atonij^  (which  see).  • 

a-".    [<  ME.  «-,  var.  of  i-,  ;/-,  c-,  reduced  forma 

of  gc,  AH.  ge-:  se(<  ('-.]    A  ])re(l\,  being  one  of 

the  reduced  forms  of  the  Angln-Snxou  jirelix 

ge-  (see  i-),  as  iu  along-  [<  AS.  g'lniig],  aware 
[<  AH.  i/e-irar],  ii_foril,  now  spelled  afford,  aim- 

ulaling'tlie  Latiuprcfix  af-  [<  AS.  gi'forlhiun], 

among  [<  AH.  ge-mani/,  mixed  with  ou-gc-mang 

ni\>\  lin-ininifi],'  I'iv.     The  sainc  jirelix  iH  other- 
wise Hiielleil  iti  enough,  iiri.i,  i/ehpl,  etc. 
a-'?.    [<MK.  a-,  reduced    fnriii  of  at-,  <  AH.  at- 


in  al-foritii,  inixiul  in  later  E.  with  on-foran 
aforo:  hco  afore.]  A  prefix,  being  a  rodui'ed 
form  of  ol-,  mixed  with  "-  for  on-,  in  afnrr 
(which  nee), 
a-".  (<  Ml'),  a-,  a  reduced  ferin  of  at  in  north. 
K.,  after  led.  at,  to,  bh  a  siirn  of  the  infln.,  like 
E.  '"  .•  Hce  III.]  A  prefix,  in  iiiln,  origiimlly 
at  do,  northeni  EngliHli  infinitive,  e(|uivalent  to 
Englixh  to  do.    See  ado.  ^ 


before  sc-,  sp-,  St-,  and  (/«-.]  A  prefix,  bemg 
a  reduced  form  (in  Latin,  and  so  in  English, 
etc.)  of  the  Latin  prefLx  ad-  before  sc-,  s}>-,  st-, 
and  ;/«-,  as  in  ascend,  asjiire,  aspect,  astringent, 
agnate,  etc. 

a-is.  [<  ME.  a-,  <  OF.  a-,  <  L.  ab- :  see  ab-.] 
A  prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  (in  Middle 
English,  etc.)  of  Latin  ab-,  as  iu  abate  (which 
see).  In  a  few  verbs  this  a-  has  taken  a  Latin 
semblance,  as  in  abs-tain  (treated  as  abstain), 
a.^-soil.  See  these  words, 
a-l'l.  [<  L.  a-  for  ab-  before  r :  see  ab-.]  A 
prefix,  being  a  reduced  form  (in  Latin,  and  so 
in  English,  etc.)  of  the  Latin  prefix  ab-,  from, 
as  iu  avert  (which  see). 

a-15.  [<  ME.  »-,  <  OF.  «-  for  reg.  OF.  c-,  es-, 
<  L.  CX-,  out :  see  e-  and  ex-.]  A  prelLx,  being 
an  altered  form  of  f-,  reduced  form  of  Latin 
CX-,  as  in  amend,  aba.'ih,  etc.,  aforee,  afray  (now 
alYoree,  affray),  etc.  (which  see), 
a-i''.  [OIE.  ri-,  reduced  form  of  oh- forpn-,<OF. 
en- :  see  (■«-!.]  A  preti.x,  being  a  reduced  form 
of  oh-  for  en-,  iu  some  words  now  obsolete  or 
spelled  in  semblance  of  the  Latin,  or  restored, 
as  in  acloy,  acnmber,  apair,  etc.,  later  accloy, 
iieeiimbir,  modern  eneiimbcr,  inijiair,  etc. 
a-17.  [Ult.  <  L.  o/i,  interj.]  A  quasi-ju'efix,  rep- 
resenting original  Latin  ah,  interj.,  in  alas 
(which  see). 

a-^*^.  [<  Gr.  a-,  before  a  vowel  av-,  inseparable 
negative  prefix,  known  as  alpha  privative  (Gr. 
(i-  aTcpi/TiKuv),  =L.  ('»-  =  Goth.  AS.  E.,  etc.,  un-: 
see  «H-1.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  called  al- 
pha privative,  the  same  as  English  un-,  mean- 
ing not,  without,  -less,  used  not  only  iu  worils 
taken  directly  or  through  Latin  from  the 
Greek,  as  aby.w,  adamant,  aeatalectic,  etc.,  but 
also  as  a  naturalized  English  prefix  iu  new 
formations,  as  aehromiitie,  asexual,  etc.,  esjje- 
cially  in  scientific  terms,  English  or  Now  Latin, 
as  .iptiri/.r,  Asiphonatit,  etc. 
a-'''^  [<Gr.  li-  copulative  (ii-  iiOpoicTiK6v),  com- 
mcudy  without,  but  sometimes  and  prop,  with, 
the  aspirate,  il-,  orig.  *(7a-  =  Skt.  .v«-,  ,<(owi-.  Cf. 
(ir.  (i/;n,  together,  =  E.  same,  q.  v.]  A  prefix  of 
Greek  origin,  occurring  unfelt  in  English  acolyte. 
Hill  Ijihous,  etc. 
a--".  [< Gr.  il- intensive (li-  tTTiTaTiKSv),  prob.  orig. 
the  same  as  I'l-  copulative  :  see  o-*".]  A  prefix 
of  Greek  origin,  occurring  uilfelt  in  atlas, 
amaurosis,  etc. 
a-'-'l.  [Ult.  <Ai'.  id,  the.]  A  prefix  of  Arabic 
origin,  occurring  unfelt  in  itprieid,  o'imulh, 
ha:iiril  (for  "a-iird),  etc.,  commonly  in  the  fidl 
f'lU'ui  III-,  See  III--. 
-a».  [L.  -a  (pi.  -IV),  It.  -rt  (pi.  -e).  Sp.  Pg.  -a 
(]>l.  -as),  Or.  -II.  -'/  (pi.  -at,  L.  spelling  -if),  =  AS. 
-u,  -e.  or  lost;  in  I';.  lost,  or  rejiresented  unfelt 
by  sileut  final  i\]  A  sulllix  cliaiacteristic  of 
feminine  nouns  and  adji'elives  of  Greek  or 
Latin  origin  or  semblauce,  many  of  which 
have  been  adopted  in  English  without  change. 
liMiniplea  arc:  (ii)  (ircek  (Ihst  ileelension  in  Latin 
spelling),  idea,  coma,  basilica,  mania,  etc. ;  {b)  Latin  (llrst 
ilei-lension),  area,  arena, .formula,  copula,  nebula,  eerlebra, 
elc,  whence  (r).  In  Italian,  ojiera,  ^iiaz:a,  stanza,  etc. ; 
(if)  Spanish,  armada,  lialilln.  uinntdla,  etc.;  (>•)  Portu- 
guese, madeira ;  (/)  New  Latin,  ehielly  in  selentillc  terms, 
alumina,  soda,  silien,  elc.  ;  dahlia,  fuchsia,  camellia, 
wi^tana,  etc.,  iiulirba,  lininta,  etc.;  eonnnop  in  geo- 
Kranlilial  nanus  derived  from  or  fornu'd  aecordlng  to 
Ijltiu  or  lireik,  as  Asia,  .llrica,  America,  I'olmiesia, 
Aruloa.  /■'/i.n'i/ii.  etc.  In  Kuglish  this  snillx  nnu-k«  sex 
only  in  iiersotntl  names,  as  in  f'uruelia,  .lulia,  Maria, 
Anna  i-lc.  (snnie  having  a  eori-espondlng  maHcnllms  as 
Ciicii. (i'i/«,  .luliut.  etc),  and  in  a  few  teudnlne  terms  from 
Do-  Ilallan,  Spanish,  eti-.,  having  a  lorresponillng  mascn- 
Inic,  a.*  duuu'i.   dot\a,   dueinul,  siifuuru,  seliora,  siiltaiut, 

iiiitumrata,  \'\c nvspondlng  to  nnweullne  (/on,  tfi'f/nor, 

xrt\or,  sultan,  inamorato,  etc. 

■a'-^.    [L.  -0,   111.  to  -um,  =  Or.   -a,  pi.  to  -oi',  2d 
declension  ;  L.  -a,  -i-a,  pi.  to  -um,  -c,  =  Or.  -a, 


-a 

neut.  pi.,  3fl  declension ;  lost  in  AS.  and  E.,  as 
in  head,  deer,  sheep,  etc.,  pi.,  without  suffix. J 
A  suffix,  the  nominative  neuter  plural  ending  of 
nouns  and  adjectives  of  the  second  and  third 
declensions  in  Greek  or  Latin,  some  of  which 
have  been  adopted  in  English  without  change 
of  ending.  Examples  -.in::  («)  iii  (IriLk,  iilu'iuimnia, 
plural  of  phenoitu'wut,  iniu^intala,  iilurul  'nf  niui^uun.!-), 
etc. ;  {b)  in  Latin,  utra/o.,  plural  <tf  slnilniii,  data,  plural 
of  datum,  genera,  plural  ot  <iiims,  etc.  Sumc  of  these 
words  have  also  an  l'>i:.ilisli  plural,  as  automatomf,  cri- 
teriona,  doffiiian,  inruiuriinthims,  inediuinn,  besides  the 
Greek  or  Latin  plurals,  automata,  ri-ttt-ria.  dogmata, 
memoranda,  media,  etc.  This  suttix  is  ninimun  in  New 
Latin  names  of  classes  of  animals,  as  in  Mamundia,  Am- 
phibUl,  Crustacea,  Protmoa,  etc.,  these  beint;  properly 
adjectives,  agreeing  with  animutiu  understood. 
-a^.  [Sometimes  written,  and  treated  in  dic- 
tionaries, as  a  separate  syllable,  but  prop, 
written  as  a  suffix,  being  prob.  a  relic  of  the 
ME.  inflexive  -e,  which  in  poetry  was  pro- 
nounced (e.  ff.,  ME.  stil-e,  mU-c:  see  quot.) 
whenever  the  meter  required  it,  long  after  it 
had  ceased  to  be  pronoimcod  in  prose.]  An 
unmeaning  syllable,  used  in  old  ballads  and 
songs  to  fill  out  a  line. 

Jog  on,  jog  on,  the  footpath  way. 
And  merrily  hent  the  stile-a  ; 

A  merry  heart  goes  all  the  day, 
Your  sad  tires  in  a  niile-a. 

Quoted  by  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  2. 

aam  (am),  n.  [<  D.  aam,  a  liquid  measure, 
=  G.  ahm,  also  ohm  (see  o/oh),  =  Icel.  dma, 
<ML.  wuu,  a  tub,  tierce,  <  L.  hania,  ama,  <Gr. 
a/iv,  a  water-bucket,  pail.]  A  measure  of 
liquids  used,  especially  for  wine  and  oil, 
in  Holland,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Livonia, 
Esthonia,  Denmark,  and  Sweden  j  a  tierce. 
Its  value  differs  in  different  localities  :  thus,  in  Amsterdam 
an  aam  of  wine  =  41  gallons,  and  an  aam  of  oil  =  375  &^^- 
Ions ;  while  in  Brunswick  an  aam  of  oil  =  39J  gallons. 
Also  written  aum,  autne,  awm,  awme. 


.^-si^Kl  J^ 


Aardvarlc  {Orycteropus  capettsis). 

aardvark  (ard'vark),  «.  [D.,  <  aarde,  =  E. 
earth,  +  vark,  used  only  in  dim.  form  varkeii, 
a  pig,  =  E. /arroHil  and  E.  jwrf',  q.  v.]  The 
ground-hog  or  earth-pig  of  South  Africa.  See 
Orycteropus. 


Aaronitic  (ar-on-it'ik),  a.  [iAaronitc  +  -i>.] 
Uf  or  pertaining  to  the  Aaronites. 

The  assftmptioli  that  the  repi'esentations  in  regard  to 
the  origin  of  the  Aaronitic  priesthood  are  essentially  false 
cannot  well  be  sustained,  unless  it  can  be  proved  that 
Uebrcw  literature  did  nut  arise  until  about  the  eighth  cen- 
tury K.  a,  as  the  critics  claim. 

Schaff-llerzoij,  Encyc,  p.  192:i. 

Aaron's-beard  (ar'onz-  or  a'ronz-berd),  «. 
LSc'c  Ps.  cxxxiii.  2.']  1.  A  dwarf  evergreen 
shrub,  Jlypericiiin  cttliicittiim,  with  large  flowers 
(the  largest  of  the  genus)  and  numerous 
stamens,  a  native  of  southeastern  Europe, 
and  sometimes  found  in  cultivation;  St.-John's- 
wort:  so  called  from  the  conspicuous  hair-like 
stamens. —  2.  The  smoke-tree,  i?/iHS  Cotiinia. — 
3.  A  species  of  saxifrage  {Saxifraya  siiniivii- 
tosa)  found  in  cultivation;  Chinese  saxifrage. 

Aaron's-rod  (ar'onz-  or  a'rgnz-rod),  ?i.  [See 
Ex.  vii.  10;  Num.  xvii.  8.]  1.  In  arch.,  an  orna- 
ment consisting  of  a  straight  rod  from  which 
pointed  loaves  sprout  on  either  side.  The  term 
is  also  .'iiiplied  to  an  ornament  consisting  of  a  rod  with 
one  seipint  (nitwined  about  it,  as  distinguished  from  a 
caducrus,  which  has  two  serpents. 
2.  A  popular  name  of  several  plants  with  tall 
flowering  stems,  as  the  goldenrod,  the  hag-ta- 
per, etc. 

Ab(ab),  re.  [Heb.  Cf.Heb.  e6,  verdure.]  The 
eleventh  month  of  the  Jewish  civil  year,  and 
the  fifth  of  the  ecclesiastical  year,  answering 
to  a  part  of  July  and  a  part  of  August.  In  the 
Sjriac  calendar  Ab  is  the  last  summer  month. 

ab-.  [L.  ab-,  preji.  ab,  older  form  ap  =  Etrur. 
oi!  =  Gr.  (JTO  =  Skt.  ajia  =  Goth.  af=  OHG.  aba, 
MHG.  G.  ab  —  AH.  of  (rarely,  as  a  prefix,  «/-), 
E.  "f,  ojf :  see  of,  off,  apo,  and  n-l3,  n-l'*.]  A 
prefix  of  Latin  origin,  denoting  disjunction, 
separation,  or  departure,  off,  from,  away,  etc., 
as  in  ahdiict,  ahjurc,  etc.  Before  c  and  (,  ab  becomes 
(in  Latin,  and  so  in  English,  etc.)  abs,  as  in  abscoixd,  ab- 
stain, etc. ;  before  v  and  m,  it  becomes  a,  as  in  avert, 
amentia,  etc. —  In  abbacinate  and  abbreviate,  the  prefix 
(reduced  to  a-  in  abridtjc,  which  see)  is  rather  an  assimi- 
lation of  ad-. 

A.  B.  1.  -An  abbreviation  of  the  Middle  and 
New  Latin  Artium  Baccalaureus,  Bachelor  of 
-Arts.  In  England  it  is  more  commonly  written 
B.  A.  See  bachelor. —  2.  An  abbreviation  of 
able-bodied,  placed  after  the  name  of  a  seaman 
on  a  ship's  papers. 

abal  (ab'ii),  re.  [<Ar. 'a6«.]  1.  A  coarse  woolen 
stuff,  woven  of  goats'  or  camels'  or  other  hair  or 
wool  in  Syria,  Arabia,  and  neighboring  coun- 
tries. It  is  generally  striped,  sometimes  in  plain  bars  of 
black  and  white  or  blue  and  white,  sometimes  in  more 
elaborate  patterns. 

2.  (a)  -in  outer  garment  made  of  the  above, 
very  simple  in  form,  worn  by  the  Arabs  of  the 
desert.  The  illustration  shows  such  an  aba,  made  of 
two  breadths  of  stuff  sewed  together  to  make  an  oblong 
about  foin-  by  nine  feet.  This  is  then  folded  at  the  lines 
a  b,  a  b,  the  top  edges  are  sewed  together  at  a  c,  a  c,  and 
armlioles  are  cut  at  a/,af.   A  little  simple  embroidery  in 


Aardwolf  i^Proteles  lalandi). 


'^*yW 


aardwolf  (iird'wulf),  n.  [D.,  <  aarde,  =  E 
earth,  +  wolf=  E.  x'oJ/.]  The  earth-wolf  of 
South  Africa.     See  Proteles. 

aaron'  (ar'gn  or  a'ron),  re.  [A  corrupt  spelling 
of  aron  (Gr.  apov),  a  form  of  Arum,  in  simula- 
tion of  Aaron,  a  proper  name.]  The  plant 
Arum  macidatum.    See  Arum. 

Aaronic(a-ron'ik),  a.  [<  LL.  Aaron,  <  Gr.  'kapiiv, 
<  Heb.  Aharon,  perhaps,  says  Gesenius,  the  same 
with  hdron,  a  mountaineer,  <  haram,  be  high.  ] 
1.  Pertaining  to  Aaron,  the  brother  of  Moses, 
or  to  the  Jewish  priestly  order,  of  which  he 
was  the  first  high  priest:  "as,  the  Jaro«pcpriest- 
hood  ;  Aaronic  vestments. —  2.  In  the  Mormon 
hierarchy,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  second  or 
lesser  order  of  priests.  See  priesthood  and 
Mormon. 

Aaronical  (a-ron'i-kal),  a.  \_<. Aaronic  + -al.~\ 
Pertaining  to  or  resembUug  the  Aaronic 
priesthood. 

Aaronite  (.ar'on-it  or  a'ron-it),  n.  [<  Aaron  + 
■ile'i.']  A  descendant  of  Aaron,  the  brother  of 
Moses.  The  Aaronites  were  hereditary  priests  in  the 
Jewish  church,  and  next  to  the  high  priest  in  dignity. 


abacus 

abacinate,  abacination.    See  abbacinate,  ab- 

hiicindtion. 

abaciscus  (ab-a-sis'kus),  11.;  pi.  abacisci  (-i). 
[MJj.,  <  Gr.  ajiuKioKOi;,  a  small  stone  for  inlay- 
ing, dim.  of  afia^:  see  abacus.']  In  arch.,  a  di- 
minutive of  abacus  in  its  various  senses.  Also 
called  abaculiis. 

abacist  (ab'a-sist),  m.  '[=It.  abachista,  an  arith- 
metician, <  Ml.  abacista,  <  L.  abacus:  see  aba- 
cus, 2.]  One  who  uses  an  abacus  in  casting 
accounts ;  a  calculator. 

abacfel  (a-bak' ),  adv.  [<  ME.  ahak,  a  hak,  on  bak, 
<  AS.  OH  base,  on  or  to  the  back,  backward,  = 
Jcel.  d  baki,  aback  :  see  a^  and  liack'i-.']  1.  'To- 
ward the  back  or  rear ;  backward  ;  rearward ; 
regressively. 

They  drewe  abacke,  jis  halfe  with  shame  confouniL 

Speiuter,  .Shep.  Cal.  (.Mine). 

2.  On  or  at  the  back  ;  behind  ;  from  behind. 
His  gallie  .  .  .  being  set  uprui  both  before  and  olxirke. 

Knotlfs,  Hist,  of  Turks,  fol.  S79  A. 

3.  Away;  aloof.     [Scotch.] 

Oh,  would  th^  stay  aback  frae  courts. 
And  please  themsel's  wi'  country  sports. 

Burnt!,  The  Twa  Dogs. 

4.  Ago  :  as,  "eight  days  o6oc/.-,"-Z?o&s.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  5.  Naut.,  in  or  into  the  condition  of  re- 
ceiving the  wind  from  ahead;  with  the  wind 
acting  on  the  forward  side  :  said  of  a  ship  or  of 
her  sails — Laid  ahack  (najtt.),  said  of  sails  (or  of 
vessels)  when  they  are  placed  in  the  same  position  as  when 
taken  aback,  in  order  to  effect  an  immediate  retreat,  or 
to  give  the  ship  sternway,  so  as  to  avoid  some  danger  dis- 
covered before  her.— Taken  aback,  (a)  Naut.,  said  of  a 
vessel's  sails  when  caught  l»y  tlie  wind  in  such  a  way  as 
to  press  them  aft  against  the  Tiiast.  Hence  — ((;)  Figura- 
tively, suddenly  or  unexpeete.lly  ebeeked,  confounded,  or 
disappointed:  as,  he  was  quite  laLrn  aback  when  he  was 
refused  admittance. —  To  brace  aback  (naut.),  to  swing 
(the  yards)  rouml  by  means  of  the  braces,  so  that  the 
sails  may  be  aback,  in  order  to  check  a  ship's  progress  or 
give  her  sternway. 

aback-t  (ab'ak),  n.  [<L.  abacus:  see  abacus.'] 
All  abacus,  or  something  resembling  one,  as  a 
flat,  square  stone,  or  a  square  compartment. 

abacot  (ab'a-kot),  re.  Like  abocock,  etc.,  an  erro- 
neous book-form  of  bycocket  (which  see). 

abactinal  (ab-ak'ti-nal),  a.  [<  L.  ab,  from,-t-  E. 
actinah]  In  zodl.,  remote  from  the  actinal  or 
oral  area;  hence,  devoid  of  rays;  aboral.  The 
abactinal  surface  may  be  cither  the  upper  or  lower  surface, 
according  to  the  position  of  the  mouth. 

abactinally  (ab-ak'ti-nal-i),  adv.  In  an  abac- 
tinal direction  or  position. 

The  ambulacral  plates  have  the  pores  directly  super- 
posed abactinally.         P.  M.  Duncan,  Geol.  Mag.,  II.  492. 

abactio  (ab-ak'shi-o),  re.  [NL.,  <  L.  abigere, 
cb'ive  away :  see  abactor.]  In  med.,  an  abor- 
tion produced  by  art. 

abaction  (ab-ak'shon),  re.  [<  NL.  n6actto(re-)  : 
see  abactio.]  In  law,  the  stealing  of  a  number 
of  cattle  at  one  tihie. 

abactor  (ab-ak'tor),  )/.  [L.,<  abactus,  pp.  of  «6j- 
gere,  drive  off,  <  ab,  off,  -t-  agere,  drive.  ]  In  law, 
one  who  feloniously  drives  away  or  steals  a 
herd  or  numbers  of  cattle  at  once,  "in  distinction 
from  one  who  steals  a  single  beast  or  a  few. 

abaculus(al>ak'u-lus),  re. ;  pi.  abaculi  (-U).  [L., 
dim.  of  abacus.]  Literally,  a  small  abacus, 
specifically,  one  of  the  little  cubes  or  slabs  of  colored 
glass,  enamel,  stone,  or  other  material  employed  in  mo- 
saic work  or  in  marquetry.     A\so  called  abaciscus. 

abacus  (ab'a-kus),  re.  ;  pi.  abaci  (-si).  [L.,  a 
sideboard,  counting-table,  etc.,  <L.  abax,  <  Gr. 
apa^,  a  reckoning-board,  sideboard,  etc.  ;  said 
to  be  from  Phen.  abak,  sand  strewn  on  a  sur- 
face for  writing,  because  the  ancients  used 
tables  covered  with  sand  on  which  to  make 
figures  and  diagrams.]  1.  A  tray  strewn  with 
dust  or  sand,   used 


colored  wool  on  the  two  sides  of  the  breast  completes  the 
garment,  d  e  is  the  seam  between  the  two  breadths  of 
stuff,  and  tins  is  cohered  by  a  piece  of  colored  material. 
(6)  A  garment  of  similar  shape  worn  in  the 
to'wns,  made  of  finer  material. 

Over  the  Kamis  is  thrown  a  long-skirted  and  short- 
sleeved  cloak  of  camel's  hair,  calli5d  an  Aba.     It  is  made 
in  many  patterns,  and  of  all  materials,  from  pure  silk  to 
coarse  sheep's  wool.        R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  150. 
Also  spelled  abba. 

aba"  (ab'a),  re.  [From  the  name  of  the  in- 
ventor.] An  altazimuth  instrument,  designed 
byAntoine  d'Abbadie,  for  determining  latitude 
oil  land  without  the  use  of  an  artificial  hori- 
zon.    X.  E.  1>. 

abaca  (ab'a-kii),  re.  The  native  Philippine  name 
of  the  plant  Musa  textilis,  which  yields  manila 
hemp.     Also  spelled  abaka. 

abacay  (ab'a-ka),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  kind 
of  white  parrot;  a  calangay. 


P      "f 


Chinese  Abacus,  for  calculating'. 


in  ancient  times  for 
calculating.  —  2.  A 
contrivance  for  cal- 
culating, consisting 
of  beads  or  balls 
strung  on  wires  or 
rods  set  in  a  frame. 
The  abacus  was  used,  with 
some  vaiiations  in  form, 
by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  and  is  still  in  everj*-day  use  in 
many  eastern  countries,  from  Russia  to  Japan,  for  even 
the  most  complex  calculations.  Tlit-  .'^and-strewn  tray  is 
supposed  to  have  been  introduced  from  Babylon  into 
Greece  by  Pythagoras,  who  taught  both  arithmetic  and 
geometry  upon  it ;  hence  this  iwin  is  sometimes  called 
abacus  Pythagoricus.  In  the  form  with  movable  balls, 
these  ax'e  used  simply  as  counters  tu  record  the  suc- 
cessive stages  of  a  mental  operatii<n.  The  sum  shown 
In  the  annexed  engi*aving  of  a  (.'liinese  abacus  (called 
swanpan,  or  "reckoning-board")  i.s  f>, 196,301. 
3.  In  arch.',  (a)  The  slab  or  plinth  which 
forms  the  upper  member  of  the  capital  of  a 
column  or  pillar,   and  upon   which  rests,  in 


abacns 

classic  styles,  the  lower  surface  of  the  archi- 
trave. In  the  Greek  Doric  it  is  thick  ami  square,  with- 
out sculpture  J  ilecoration ;  in  the  Ionic  onler  it  is  thiimer, 
an  J  ornamented  «1thmold- 
iiigs  on  tile  sides ;  in  the 
Corinthian  also  it  is  orna- 
mented, and  has  concave 
sides  and  truncated  cor- 
ners. In  medieval  archi- 
tecture the  entablature  was 
abandoned  and  the  arch 
placed  directly  on  the  col- 
umn or  pillar ;  the  abacus, 
however,  was  retained  until 
the  decline  of  the  style.  In 
Byzantine  work  it  is  often 
a  deep  block  afhliated  with 
classic  examples.  In  western  styles  every  variety  of  size, 
shape,  and  ornamentation  occurs.  The  general  use  of 
a  p<dy{:onal  or  round  abacus,  as  more  cons<.>nant  ^vith 
neiiihboring  forms  than  the  square  shape,  is  one  of  the 
distinctive  features  of  perfected  Pointeil  arcliiteeture. 
(i)  Any  rectangular  slab  or  piece ;  especially, 
a  stone  or  marble  tablet  serving  as  a  side- 
board, shelf,  or  credence. — 4.  In  Bom.  antiq., 
a  board  divided  into  compartments,  for  use  in  a 
game  of  the  nature  of  draughts,  etc. — 5.  The 
mystic  staff  carried  by  the  grand  master  of  the 
Templars. — Abacus  hanuonicus.  («)  In«7ic.  mn^lc, 
a  dia^im  of  the  n<-'tes  with  their  names.  (&)  The  struc- 
ture and  arrangement  of  the  keys  or  pedals  of  a  musical 
instrument.  — Abacus  major,  a  trough  in  which  gold  is 
waslied.  E.  /(.—Abacus  Pyxhagoricus.  See  2,  above. 
Abaddon  (a-bad'on),  H.  [L.  Abaddon,  <  Gr. 
'AfSaSduv,  <  Heb.  dbaddOn,  destruction,  <  cibad, 
be  lost  or  destroyed.]  1.  The  destroyer  or 
angel  of  the  bottomless  pit;  ApoUyon  (.which 
see).  Rev.  is.  11. —  2.  The  place  of  destruc- 
tion ;  the  depth  of  hell. 

In  all  her  gates  Abaddon  rues 
Thy  bold  attempt.  3lUton,  P.  K.,  iv.  624. 

abadevine,  n.     Same  as  aberdevine. 

abadir  (ab'a-der),  n.  Among  the  Phenicians, 
;i  intteoric  stone  worshiped  as  di%Tiie.  See 
l'<rliilus. 

abaft  (a-baff),  adv.  and  prep.  [<ME.  "abaft, 
ohaft,  oh  baft :  see a^ anibaft^.']  Xaut.,  behind; 
aft ;  in  or  at  the  back  or  hind  part  of  a  ship, 
or  the  parts  which  lie  toward  the  stern :  op- 
posed to  forward;  relatively,  further  aft,  or 
toward  the  stern:  as,  abaft  the  mainmast 
(astern). 

The  crew  stood  ab<^ft  the  windlass  and  hauled  the  jib 
down.  Ji.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  32. 

Abaft  the  beam  (/uiwf.),  behind  a  line  dra\vn  through 
the  middle  of  a  ship  .at  right  angles  to  the  keel. 

abaisancet  (a-bii'sans),  ji.  [<0F.  abaissancc, 
abasfmcnt,  htimility  (see  aba.fc) ;  in  E.  use  con- 
fused with  ofcciVincc]  Same  as  obeisanee :  as, 
"to  make  a  iovf  abaissance,"  fikinner,  Etymol. 
Linfr.  Ang. 

abaiser  (a-ba's6r),  h.  [Origin  not  ascertained.] 
Ivury-black  or  animal  charcoal.  If'ealc ;  Sim- 
moiidx. 

abalssS  fa-ba-sa'), p.  a.  [F.;  pp.  of  abaisser,  de- 
press, lower:  nee  abase.l    In  lier.,  depressed. 

Applied  t"  the  fesse  or  any  other  bearing  having  a  definite 
place  in  tlie  shield  when  it  is  depressed,  or  situated  below 
its  Uflual  jihK'e ;  ills.)  applied  to  the  wings  of  an  eagle 
when  reprea.'iited  as  open,  but  lower  than  when  aut. 
plaf/f'l  (whi'h  s.-e).  Also  abatt'-.d. 

abaissed  Oi-biist'),  ;j.  a.     Same  as  abaiss6. 

abaistt,  /■/'•  L^"'j-  j  <""^  of  numerous  forms  of  the 
pj>.  (if  oZ/j/.woH  ;  K(-onfca«/i.]  Abashed.   Chaucer, 

abaka,  ".     Set-  almca. 

abalienate  (ab-a'lyen-at),  V.  I.;  pret.  and  pp. 
abalicmilcd,  jipr.  abalicnaliny.  [<  L.  abalicna- 
lii.i,  pp.  of  alialwnare,  separate,  transfer  the 
ownerahip  of,  estrange,  <  «fc,  fron], -f- «/(VH«)r, 
Heparate,  nlicnate:  Hee  alirnntr,]  1.  In  civil 
lair,  to  transfer  the  title  of  from  oni'  to  anotlier ; 
make  over  to  anotlier,  as  goods. —  2\.  To  es- 
trange or  wholly  withdraw. 

So  to  iMwftch  them,  ho  afialimate  their  minds. 

Ahp.  Sandyi,  Sermons,  fol.  132b. 

abalienated  (.•il)-ii'lyen-fi-ted),  p.  a.  l<abn- 
/i'/.'/'/.  ]  1.  KHlrangiil;  transferred,  as  J>vi)|)- 
erty. —  2.  In  tmd.:  (a)  Ho  dernyed  or  injured 
BH  t<p  ri'r|uire  extirpntion,  iih  a  jiurt  of  the  body. 
(/<)  I)iriingcd,  UM  the  mind.  (<;)  Corruptcil ; 
mortilii'd. 

abalienation  (ab-u-lypn-ft'shon),  n.  t<L.  n/i- 
o/ir;i«/i'>(H-),  tranBfiTiif  propCrty:  see  ahalieii- 
nf<".]  1.  Tlio  act  of  trnnHfcrring  or  making 
over  111"-  title  to  propiriy  l^i  unotlier;  tlie  slale 
of  being  alinlieniiti'l  :  '  iwf.r;  r'strangement. 
—2.   Ill  /""/.,  fleraiigiin'ril  ;  I'lirriiiition. 

abalone  fHl.ji-lo'ne),  ».  [A  Hp.  form,  of  un- 
known 'olL-iri.  Cf.  Sji.  iibalorion,  biiglen,  gInKg 
lieadH.]  A  :"iiiTal  niinii'  on  the  I'aclfii:  I'lmHt 
of  the  I'm!.  I  SlateH  for  marine  hIu'IIh  of  llie 
family  //<i'/-Wi./>r;  (which  nee),  having  an  nval 
form  with  a  viry  wide  aperture,  a  narrow,  flat- 


tened ledge  or  columella,  and  a  subspiral  row 
of  perforations  extending  from  the  apex  to  the 


Abalone,  or  Ear.shelL 

distal  margin  of  the  shell.  They  are  used  for  or- 
namental purposes,  such  as  iidaying,  and  for  the  manu- 
facture of  buttons  and  other  articles.  Also  called  car- 
shell,  and  by  the  .lapanese  atrabi  (which  see),—  AbalOne- 
meat,  the  dried  animal  of  the  abalone.  It  is  exported 
from  Oalifornia  in  large  quantities. 

abamurus  (ab-a-rau'rus),  n.  [ML.,  <  aba-  (OF. 
a  ba.i,  down,  below)  -1-  L.  miiriis,  wall.]  A  but- 
tress, or  a  second  wall  added  to  streugtheu  an- 
other.     JVeale. 

abanr  ^a-ban'),  v.  t.  [<n-i  +  ban\  r.,  after 
ME.  atHi)ine()>),  <  AS.  abannan,  summon  by 
proclamation.]  To  ban;  anathematize.  See 
6a«l,  V.     ' 

How  durst  the  Bishops  in  this  present  council  of  Trident 
so  solemnly  to  abanne  and  accurse  all  them  that  dared  to 
find  fault  with  the  same?  Bf.  Jrivell,  Works,  II,  697, 

abandt  (a-band'),  r.   t.     [Short  for  abandon.} 

1.  To  abandon  (which  see). 

And  Vortiger  enforst  the  kingdome  to  aband. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  x.  65. 

2.  To  exile  ;  expel. 

'Tis  better  far  the  enemies  to  aband 

Quite  from  thy  borders.       Mir.  /or  Mags.,  p.  110, 

abandon  (a-ban'dou),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  abandoncn, 
abandouneh,  <  01^^  ahanduuer,  abandoner  (F. 
abandonner  =  li.  abandonnarc),  abandon,  equiv. 
to  mcttre  a  handun,  put  tmder  any  one's  jiu'is- 
diction,  leave  to  any  one's  discretion  or  mercy, 
etc.,  <«  baiidon,  in  ME.  as  an  adv.  abandon, 
abandoun,  \mder  one's  Jurisdiction,  in  one's  dis- 
cretion or  power:  a  (<  L.  ad),  at,  to;  handon, 
a  proclamation,  decree,  order,  .iurisdiction,  = 
Pr.  bandon,  <  ML.  *bando{n-),  extended  form  of 
liandnm,  more  correctly  bannum,  a  proclama- 
tion, decree,  ban:  see  /whI,  ».]  1.  To  detach 
or  withdraw  one's  self  from;  leave,  (a)  To  de- 
sert ;  forsake  utterly :  as,  to  abandon  one's  home ;  to  aban- 
don duty. 

Abandon  fear ;  to  strength  and  counsel  join'd 
Think  nothing  hard,  much  less  to  be  despair'd. 

.Vi((o;»,  1".  L.,  vl.  484. 

{l})  To  give  up;  cease  to  occupy  one's  self  with  ;  cease  to 
use,  follow,  etc.:  as,  to  abandon  an  enterprise;  this  cus- 
tom was  long  ago  abandoii'-iL  (c)  To  resign,  forego,  or  re- 
nounce ;  relihquish  all  concern  in :  as,  to  abandon  the 
cares  of  empire. 

To  understand  him.  and  to  be  charitable  to  him,  we 
should  remember  that  he  abandan.t  the  vantage-gniunil 
of  authorship,  and  allows  his  readers  to  see  him  without 
any  decorous  disguise  or  show  of  dignity. 

Whipptf,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  167. 
(d)  To  roliniiulsh  the  contnd  of ;  yield  up  without  re- 
straint :  as,  he  abandonrit  the  city  to  the  colKpieror. 
2t.  To  outlaw;  banish;  drive  out  or  away. 
Being  all  this  thne  abandon'd  from  your  bed. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  8.,  Ind.,  2. 
St.  To  reject  or  renounce. 

BlcBseil  shall  ye  bo  when  men  shall  hate  you  and  aban- 
don your  name  as  evil.  Wiciws  .V,  7'.,  Luke  vl,  22, 

4.  In  roni.,  to  relinf|iiish  to  the  underwriters 
all  cldiiii  to,  as  to  slii]is  or  gomis  insured,  iis 
a  preliminary  toward  recovering  for  a  total 
loss.  See  abandon nirnt.  — To  abandon  one's 
BOlf,  to  yield  one's  self  up  without  attcmpl  at  control  or 
Helf-rcHtralnt :  as,  to  abandon  oiu-'it  «e(l'  to  gijef.  =  Syn.  1. 
Fomakr,  Ih-to-rt,  Abandon,  etc.  (neti  ,formki\  forego,  sur- 
render,  leave,  evacuate  (a  iilace).  dcHlKt  fr-oni,  forswear, 
divest  one's  self  of,  throw  away,  (See  list  niiilernMfrn'''.) 

abandont  (a-han'don),  H.l  [<abandi}n,v.']  The 
act  of  giving  nji  or  relinqnisliiiig ;  abandon- 
ment. 

These  heavy  oxnctions  have  orraslonod  an  abandon  of 
all  iidiies  but  what  are  of  the  ilehersort.        Lord  Kavvi. 

abandon  (a-bon-dAl'i'),  n.'-     [F.,  <  nbnndonnrr, 

give  uji:  see   abandon,  r.]    AlmiHlonmont  In 

naluralnesH  of  netion  or  iiiiinner ;  freedom  frcmi 

conHlrnint  or  vonvenlioniilily ;  dash. 

I  love  nbiiiiditn  only  whun  iialurcH  are  capable  of  IIh^ 

CKtreniO  rrverne, 

,W<iri;.  Fuller,  W in  In  Ifttb  Cent.,  p,  22^ 

abandoned  (ii-ban'dond),  /).  a.  [Pp.  of  alin)i- 
lion,  r.  ;  in  inillation  of  F.  idiandonnf  in  same 
seuRCH,  pp.of  aliandonncr.'\  1.  iJosertod;  utterly 


abannltion 

forsaken ;  left  to  destruction:  as,  an  abandoned 
ship. 

If  .  .  .  we  had  no  hopes  of  a  better  state  after  this, 
.  .  .  we  Christians  should  be  the  most  abandoned  and 
wretched  creatures.  Atterbuni,  On  1  Cor.  xv.  19. 

2.  Given  up,  as  to  'vice,  especially  to  the  indul- 
gence of  vicious  appetites  or  passions  ;  shame- 
lessly and  recklessly  wicked  ;  profligate. 
MTiere  our  abandoned  youth  she  sees, 
Shipwrecked  in  luxuiy  and  lost  in  ease.  Prior,  Ode. 
=Syn.  1.  Forsaken,  deserted,  given  up,  relinquished, 
discarded,  rejected,  destitute,  forlorn.  —  2.  Projlifjate, 
Abandoned.  lit'probatf,  depraved,  colTupt,  vicious, 
wicked,  unprincipled,  hardened,  dead  to  honor,  incor- 
rigible, irreclaimable.  Frojli'jate,  abandoned,  reprobate 
express  extreme  wickedness  that  has  cast  off  moral  re- 
straint. Profiirrate  is  applied  to  one  who  throws  away 
means  and  cliaraeter  in  the  pursuit  of  vice,  and  especially 
denotes  depravity  exliibited  outwardly  and  conspicuously 
in  conduct ;  hence  it  may  be  used  to  characterize  political 
conduct;  as,  a  proili;rate  adniinistratioii.  Abandoned  is 
applied  to  one  who  has  given  himself  wholly  up  to  the 
gratification  of  vicious  propensities ;  it  is  stronger  than 
projtifjate  and  weaker  than  reprobate.  Jiepi-ohate  is  applied 
to  one  who  has  liecome  insensible  to  reproof  and  is  past 
hope ;  from  its  use  in  the  Bible  it  has  become  the  theo- 
logical term  for  hopeless  .alienation  from  virtue  or  piety. 
(For  compai-ison  with  depraved,  etc,  see  criminal,  a.) 
Next  age  will  see 
A  race  more  2n'oJii!jate  than  we.        Roscommon. 

To  be  negligent  of  what  any  one  thinks  of  you,  does  not 
only  show  you  lU'rogant  but  abandoned,  J.  Hughes. 

In  works  they  deny  him,  being  abominable,  and  disobe- 
dient, and  unto  every  good  work  reprobate.  Tit.  i.  16. 

abandonedly  (a-ban'dond-li),  adv.  In  an 
aliandciiii'd  manner;  without  moral  restraint. 
abandonee  (a-ban-do-ne'),  m.  {(.abandon,  v., 
+  -((1,  as  if  <  F.  abandonne :  see  abandoned.'] 
In  hiu;  one  to  whom  anything  is  abandoned. 
abandoner  (a-ban'don-er),  H.  l<abandon,  v., 
+  -(/■!.]     One  who  abandons. 

Abandoner  of  revells,  mute,  contemplatiue. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Two  Noble  Kinsmen. 

abandonment  (a-ban'dou-ment),  n.  [<F. 
ahiindiinnnii(nt,<.abandonncr,  give  up  (see  aban- 
don, v.),  +  -nivnt.1  1.  The  act  of  abandoning, 
or  the  state  of  being  abandoned ;  absolute  re- 
linquishment ;  total  desertion. 

The  ablest  men  in  tile  christian  eoniinunity  vied  with 
one  aiiutlur  in  ineulratiiii^  as  tlie  liiuhest  loi-iii  of  duty  the 
iiliantlo/iiiient  of  social  ties  and  tile  nii'i-titleatiiin  of  domes- 
tic alfeetions,  Leehij,  Europ,  llorals,  11.  140. 

2.  Abandon ;  enthusiasm ;  freedom  from  con- 
straint. 

There  can  be  no  gi'eatness  without  abandonment. 

JCinerson,  Works  and  Days. 

In  eloquence  the  great  triumphs  of  the  art  are,  when 

the  orator  is  lifted  above  himself.    .    .    .    Hence  the  term 

abandonment,  to  describe  the  self-sm-rendcr  of  the  orator. 

Emerson,  Art. 

3.  In  lam:  (a)  The  relinquishment  of  a  pos- 
session, privilege,  or  claim,  (i)  The  voluntary 
leaving  of  a  person  to  whom  one  is  bound  by 
a  relationship  of  obligation,  as  a  wife,  husband, 
or  child  ;  desertion. — 4.  In  mariliinc  hnr,  the 
surrender  of  a  ship  and  freight  by  the  owner 
to  one  ■who  has  become  liis  creditor  through 
contracts  made  l\v  the  latter  with  the  master 
of  the  ship.  In  effect  such  an  abandonment 
may  release  the  owner  from  further  responsi- 
bility.—  5.  In  marine  insurance,  the  relinquish- 
ing to  underwriters  of  all  the  projierty  saved 
from  loss  by  sliiinvreck,  capture,  or  other  peril 
provided  against  in  the  policy,  in  ordertliat  tho 
insured  may  be  entitled  to  iiidemnilication  for 
a  total  loss. — 6.  In  the  ch.s^dh.s',  the  giving  up  of 
an  iirticlo  by  the  iiiii>orter  to  avoid  payment  of 
the  duty — Abandonment  for  wrongs,  in  ••hi/  law, 
the  relinqulshnieiit  uf  a  slave  or  an  aniiiia!  that  had  eoin- 
niitted  a  trespass  to  the  iierson  injured,  in  diHcharge  of 
the  owner's  liability  tor  (he  trespass,-  Abandonment  Of 
railways,  In  Kno.  hnr,  the  title  of  a  statute  uniler  which 
liny  Hilieine  for  nialdng  a  railway  may  be  itlinniloped  and 
the  eoiiqmny  dissnlved  by  wtimint  of  the  Hoard  of  Tiaile 

and  i-iinsent  of  time  ilftliwof  the  stock,—  Abandonment 

Of  an  action,  in  .S•l/^«  law,  the  act  by  whUh  the  iiinsuer 
aliandoliH  the  ruiise.  VN'hell  this  is  done,  the  juir.suev  must 
pay  costs,  but  miiv  bring  a  new  netion.  Abandonment  o( 
the  action  is   equivalent  to    the  Kllgllsh  flinctintiniianee, 

noiimii, itr  nolle  )<iii«i(/»i.— Abandonment  to  tho  sec- 
ular arm,  in  ohl  recles.  loir,  (he  Iiiiiiiltng  over  of  an 
olfeiider  by  llie  eliurcli  to  the  rhil  ant linritles  for  punish, 
inent  siii'li  as  enuld  not  be  ailliiinistered  l>y  the  ecclesi- 
nstleiil  ti'lliunals, 

abandumt  (n-ban'dum),  «.  [ML.,  aUo  ahan- 
diinnni  a  ml  abiindonninrn ,  formed  in  imitation 
of  F.  abiiiidini  :  see  abandon.']  In  old  law,  any- 
thing t'lprleiled  or  coufisi'iiteil. 

abanot  (nli'n-net),  11,     See  ohiict. 

abanga  (a-liniig'gll),  H.  [Nnlive  mime.]  'I'lie 
fruit  of  a  spi'ciog  of  ]inlin  found  in  the  island 
of  St.  Thonias.Wcst  Indies,  which  is  said  to  bo 
iiMofnl  in  piilinnnary  disenses. 

abannitiont,  abannationt  (ab-a-nisli'mi,  -mi'- 

sliiin ),  n.  I  <  ML.  alninnitio(n-),  abannatio(n-),  < 
'ahantiirc,  -arc,  after  K.  aban{nc)  or  ban,  F.  ban- 


abannition 

mr,  banish :  seo a'ban.'\  In  old  law,  banishment 
for  a  year,  as  a  penalty  for  manslaughter. 

abaptiston(a-bap-tis't(in),  ji.;  pl.aha2>tista(-ta). 
[ML.,  <  Cir.  ajid-KTWTor,  ueut.  of  apdimaTOi,  that 
will  not  sink,  <  a-  priv.  +  jiaTTTi(,tiv,  dip,  sink  : 
see  baptuc.  ]  In  siiry.,  an  old  form  of  trepan,  the 
erown  of  which  was  made  conical,  or  provided 
with  a  ring,  collar,  or  other  contrivance,  to  pre- 
vent it  from  penetrating  the  cranium  too  far. 

abarthrosis  (ab-iir-thro'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  ah, 
away,  from,  +  NL.  arthrosis,  q.  v.]  Same  as 
(iinrtlirnsis, 

abarticulation  (ab-ar-tik-u-la'shgn),  «.  [<L. 
ab,  from,-l-  articulatio(n-),  a  jointing.]  In  aiiat., 
a  term  sometimes  used  for  diarthrosis,  and  also 
for  synarthrosis.     Also  called  dcarticulation. 

abas,  «.    See  abbas,  1. 

k  bas  (ii  bii').  [F.,  down  :  a  (<Li.  ad),  to  ;  has, 
low :  see  buae'^.  ]  A  French  phrase,  down !  down 
with!  as,  a  bas  les  aristocrates !  down  with  the 
aristocrats:  opposed  to  rit'e,  live,  in  vU'eleroi! 
long  live  the  king,  and  similar  phrases. 

abase  (a-bas'),  v,  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abased,  ppr. 
abasing.  [<ME.  abesse  (Gower),  <  OF.  abais- 
siei;  etc.  (F.  abaisscr),  (.MXi.  abassare,  <  L.  ad 
+  ML.  bassare,  lower,  <  LL.  bassiis,  low :  see 
6as('l  and  bassK  The  ME.  abasen,  ahaisen,  with 
its  many  variants,  appears  always  to  have  the 
sense  of  abash,  q.  v.]  1.  To  lower  or  depress, 
as  a  thing;  bringdown.     [Eare.] 

When  suiideinly  that  Warriour  gan  abace 

His  tlireatned  speare.         Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  26. 

And  will  she  yet  abase  her  eyes  on  me? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2. 

2.  To  reduce  or  lower,  as  in  rank,  estimation, 
office,  and  the  like  ;  depress ;  humble ;  degrade. 
=  Syn.  2.  Abaiic,  Drbase,  Degrade,  IlumiUate,  Humble, 
DUijnfce,  depress,  l)ring  low,  dishonor,  cast  down.  Abase, 
to  briii^'  down  in  feelings  or  condition ;  it  is  less  often 
used  than  Ituiniliate  or  hamble.  Debase,  to  lower  morally 
or  in  (inality :  as,  a  debased  nature ;  debased  coinage.  De- 
grade, literally,  to  bring  down  a  step,  to  lower  in  rank, 
often  used  as  an  official  or  military  term,  but  figuratively 
used  of  lowering  morally  :  as,  intemperance  degrades  its 
victims  ;  a  degrading  employment.  Humiliate,  to  reduce 
in  the  estimation  of  one's  self  or  of  others :  it  includes  abase- 
ment of  feeling  or  loss  of  self-respect.  Humble,  to  abase, 
generally  without  ignominy;  induce  humility  in;  reflex- 
ively,  to  become  humble,  restrain  one's  pride,  act  humbly. 
Disgraee,  literally,  to  put  out  of  favor,  but  always  with 
ignominy  ;  bring  shame  upon. 

Those  that  walk  in  pride  he  is  able  to  abase.    Dan.  iv.  37. 

It  is  a  kind  of  taking  of  God's  name  in  vain  to  debase 
religion  with  such  frivolous  disputes.  Hooker. 

Every  one  is  degraded,  whether  aware  of  it  or  not,  when 
otluT  jii-ople,  without  consulting  him,  take  upon  them- 
selves unlimited  power  to  regulate  his  destiny. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Rep.  Govt.,  viii. 

Me  they  seized  .and  me  they  tortured,  me  they  lash'd  and 

humiliated.  Tennyson,  Boadicea. 

He  that  kumbteth  himself  shall  be  exalted.   Luke  xiv.  11. 

Do  not  disgrace  the  throne  of  thy  glory.       Jer.  xiv.  21. 
abased   (a-basf),  p.  a.    In  her.,  the  same  as 

abuissc. 
abasement  (a-bas'ment),  «.  [<  abase  +  -ment, 
after  F.  abais.sement,  lowering,  depression,  hu- 
miliation.] The  act  of  abasing,  humbling,  or 
bringing  low ;  a  state  of  depression,  degrada- 
tion, or  humiliation. 
abash  (a-liash'),  v.  [<  ME.  abashen.  abassen, aba- 
sen,  abaixcii,  etc.,  <  AF.  abaiss-,  OF.  eba{h)is.s-, 
extended  stem  of  aba(h)ir,  eba{h)ir,  earlier 
esbakir  i>F.  s'ebahir),  be  astonished  (=  Wal- 
loon csbiiwi  =  It.  shaire,  be  astonished),  <  es- 
(<L.  ex,  out:  see  f.r-)  +  bctkir,  ba'ir,  express 
astonishment,  prob.  <  bah,  interjection  express- 
ing astonishment.  The  T>.  verbazcn,  astonish, 
may  be  a  derivative  of  OF.  esfio/i jr.]  I.  trans. 
To  confuse  or  confound,  as  by  suddenly  ex- 
citing a  consciousness  of  guilt,  error,  inferi- 
ority,'etc. ;  destroy  the  self-possession  of; 
make  ashamed  or  dispirited;  put  to  confu- 
sion. =  Zya.  Abash,  Coi\fuse,  Confound,  discompose,  dis- 
concert, put  out  of  counteniince,  daunt,  overawe.  (See 
list  under  confuse.)  Abash  is  a  stronger  word  than  con- 
fuse, but  not  so  strong  as  confound.  We  are  abashed  in 
tlic  presence  of  superiors  or  when  detected  in  vice  or 
misconduct.  When  we  are  confused  we  lose  in  some 
degree  the  control  of  our  faculties,  the  speech  falters, 
and  the  thoughts  lose  their  colierence.  When  we  are 
confounded  the  reason  is  overpowered  —  a  condition 
produced  by  the  force  of  argument,  testimony,  or  detec- 
tion, or  by  disastrous  or  awe-inspiring  events. 
Abashed  the  devil  stood, 

And  felt  how  awful  goodness  is.      .Villon.  P.  L.,  iv.  840. 
Sudden  he  view'd,  in  spite  of  all  lier  art. 
An  earthly  lover  lurking  at  lier  lieart. 
Amazed,  confused,  he  found  Ids  power  expired. 

Pope,  K,  of  L.,  iii.  146. 
Confounded,  that  her  Maker's  eyes 
Should  look  so  near  upon  her  foul  defonnities. 

Milton,  Nativity,  ii.  43. 
Il.t  reflex,  and  intrans.    To  stand  or  be  con- 
founded ;  lose  self-possession. 


Abashe  you  not  for  thys  dcrkcncs. 

Caxton,  Paris  and  "i^icnnc,  p.  02. 
For  she  .  . .  never  abashed. 

Holimhed,  Chron.,  III.  1098. 
abashment  (a-bash'ment),  n.  [<ME.  ahashe- 
nicnt,  after  OF.  abaLs.scment :  see  abash.'] 
The  act  of  abashing,  or  tfte  state  of  being 
abashed ;  confusion  from  shame ;  consterna- 
tion; fear. 

Which  manner  of  abashment  became  her  not  ill. 

Skelton,  Poems. 
And  all  her  senses  with  abashment  quite  were  quayld. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  viii.  .'14. 
abasset,  '■•  «'.   Obsolete  ferm  of  abash.   Chaucer. 
abassi,  abassis  (a-bas'i,  -is),  «.     See  abbasi. 
abastardizet  (a-bas'tiir-diz),  V.  t.     [<OF.'oft«s- 
tardir   (>F.   ahdtardir),  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)   -f 
bastard:  see  bastard  smA  bastardize.']    To  bas- 
tardize ;  render  illegitimate  or  base. 

Being  ourselves 
Corrupted  and  abastardized  thus. 

Daniel,  Queen's  Arcadia. 

Abastor  (a-bas'tor),  n.  [NL.  (Gray,  1849).]  A 
North  American  genus  of  ordinary  hai-mless 
serpents  of  the  family  Colubridw.  A.  erythro- 
grammus  is  the  hoop-suake,  an  abundant  species  in  damp 
marshy  places  in  the  southern  United  States. 

abatable  (a-ba'ta-bl),  a.  [<  abate  +  -able. ]  Ca- 
pal.ile  of  being  abated :  as,  an  abatable  writ  or 
iiuisauee. 

abatamentumt  (ab"a-ta-meu'tum),  n.  [ML., 
after  abatement,  q.  v.]  In  old  Eng.  law,  the 
ouster  or  disseizin  of  an  heir,  effected  by  the 
wrongful  entry  of  a  stranger  after  the  ances- 
tor's death  and  before  the  heir  had  taken  pos- 
session. 

abate  (a-biit'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  abated,  ppr. 
abiitimj.  [<  ME.  ahaten,  <  OF.  abatre  (F.  abat- 
tre),  <  ML.  abbatere,  <  L.  «ft  -f  batere,  popular 
form  of  batuere,  beat.  In  the  legal  sense,  abate 
had  orig.  a  diff.  prefix,  en-,  OF.  enhatre,  thrust 
(one's  self)  into,  <  en,  in,  +  batre,  beat.  See 
batterl,  v.,  and  fenfel.]  I.  trans._  If.  To  beat 
down  ;  pull  or  batter  down. 

The  king  of  Scots  .  .  .  sore  abated  the  walls  [of  the 
castle  of  Norhiim].         Hall,  Chronicles,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  .^. 

2.  To  deduct ;  subtract ;  withdraw  from  con- 
sideration. 

Nine  thousand  parishes,  abating  the  odd  hundreds. 

Fuller. 

3.  To  lessen ;  diminish ;  moderate :  as,  to 
abate  a  demand  or  a  tax. 

Tally  was  the  first  who  observed  that  friendship  im- 
proves happiness  and  abates  misery,  by  the  doubling  of 
our  joy  and  dividing  of  our  grief. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  68. 
4t.  To  deject ;  depress. 

For  miserie  doth  bravest  mindes  abate. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.-256. 

5.  To  deprive ;  curtail. 

She  hath  abated  me  of  half  my  train.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 
6t.  To  deprive  of ;  take  away  from. 

I  would  abate  her  nothing.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  5. 

7.  In  law:  (a)  To  cause  to  fail;  extinguish: 
as,  a  cause  of  action  for  damages  for  a  per- 
sonal tort  is  abated  by  the  death  of  either 
party,  (b)  To  suspend  or  stop  the  progress 
of :  as,  where  the  cause  of  action  survives  the 
death  of  a  part}',  the  action  may  be  abated  until 
an  executor  or  administrator  can  be  appointed 
and  substituted,  (c)  To  reduce  :  as,  a  legacy  is 
abated  if  the  assets,  after  satisf.ying  the  debts, 
are  not  sufficient  to  pay  it  in  full,  (d)  To  de- 
stroy or  remove ;  put  an  end  to  (a  nuisance). 
A  nuisance  may  be  abated  either  by  a  public  officer  piu-su- 
ant  to  the  judgment  of  a  court,  or  by  an  aggrieved  person 
exercising  his  common-law  right. 

8.  In  metal.,  to  reduce  to  a  lower  temper. — 

9.  To   steep  in  an  alkaline  solution :  usually 

shortened   to   bate.      See   bate^ Abated  arms, 

weapons  whose  edge  or  pomt  is  blunted  for  the  tourna- 
ment.—Abating  process,  a  process  by  which  skins 
are  rendered  soft  and  ]Mirous  byputting  them  into  a  we.ak 
solution  of  annnoniacal  salt. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  decrease  or  become  less 
in  strength  or  violence:  as,  pain  aiates;  the 
storm  has  abated. 

The  very  mind  which  admits  your  evidence  to  be  unan- 
sweralde  will  swing  back  to  its  old  position  the  instant 
that  the  pressure  of  evidence  abates. 

O.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  6. 

2.  In  law :  {a)  To  fail;  come  to  a  premature 
end  ;  stop  progi-ess  or  diminish :  as,  an  ac- 
tion or  oatise  of  action  may  abate  by  the  death 
ormarriage  of  a  party,  {b)  To  enter  into  afree- 
hold  after  the  death  of  the  last  possessor,  and 
before  the  heir  or  devisee  takes  possession. 
Blacksfnne. — 3.  In  the  manege,  to  perform  well 
a  downward  motion.  A  horse  is  said  to  abate,  or 
take  dowm  his  curvets,  when,  working  upon  ciurets,  he 


abatis 

puts  I)oth  his  hind  feet  to  the  ground  at  once,  and  observes 
the  same  exactness  of  time  in  all  the  motions. 
4t.  In  falconry,  to  flutter;  Vieat  with  the  wings. 
See  6ate'.  =  Syu.  1.  To  Abate,  Subside,  Intermit,  de- 
ci'case,  decline,  uiminish,  lessen, wane,  ebb,  fall  away,  mod- 
erate, calm.  Abate,  to  diminish  in  force  or  intensity:  as,  the 
storm  abated;  "my  wonder  abated,"  Addison.  Subside, 
to  cease  from  agitation  or  commotion  ;  become  less  in 
<iuautity  or  amount:  as,  the  waves  subside;  the  excite- 
ment of  the  people  subsided.  Abate  is  not  so  complete 
in  its  effect  as  subside.  Intermit,  to  abate,  subside,  or 
cease  for  a  time. 

Nor  will  the  raging  fever's  Are  abate 
With  golden  canopies  and  beds  of  state. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  ii.  38. 
A  slight  temporary  fermentation  allowed  to  subside,  we 
should  see  crystallizations  more  pure  and  of  more  various 
beauty.  Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  IDth  Cent.,  p.  37. 

A  spring  which  intermits  as  often  as  every  three  min- 
utes.      .  Nichols,  Fil-eside  Science,  p.  11. 

abatet  (a-baf),  «.     [<  abate,  v.']  Abatement  or 

decrease. 
The  abate  of  scruples  or  dragmes.  Sir  T.  Broume. 

abate  (ii-ba'te),  n.  See  abbate. 
abated  (a-ba'ted),  p.  a.  ["<  abate,  v.']  In 
decorative  art,  lowered,  beaten  down,  or  cut 
away,  as  the  background  of  an  ornamental  pat- 
tern in  relief.  Used  specifically  of  stone-cutting;  also 
of  metal  when  the  pattern  or  inscription  is  to  show  bright 
on  dark,  and  the  ground  is  therefore  worked  out  with  the 
graving-tool  and  left  rough  or  hatched  in  lines. 
abatement  (a-bat'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  abatement, 
iabatre,  beat  down":  see  abate,  ».]  1.  The 
act  of  abating,  or  the  state  of  being  abated ; 
diminution,  decrease,  reduction,  or  mitigation : 
as,  abatement  of  grief  or  pain. 

The   spirit  of   accumulation  .  .  .  requires   abatement 
rather  than  increase.       J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  xiii.  §  2. 
Such  sad  abatement  in  the  goal  attained. 

Loxvell,  Voyage  to  Vinland. 

2.  The  amount,  quantity,  or  sum  by  which  any- 
thing is  abated  or  reduced;  deduction;  de- 
crease. Specifically,  a  discount  allowed  for  the  prompt 
payment  of  a  debt,  for  damage,  for  overcharge,  or  for  any 
similar  reason ;  rebate. 

Would  the  Council  of  Regency  consent  to  an  abate- 
ment of  three  thousand  poimds? 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxii. 

3.  In  her.,  a  mark  annexed  to  coat-armor,  in 
order  to  denote  some  dishonorable  act  of  the 
person  bearing  the  coat  of  arms,  or  his  illegiti- 
mate descent.  Nine  marks  for  the  former  purpose 
are  mentioned  by  heralds,  but  no  instance  of  their  actual 
use  is  on  record.  The  bendlet  or  baton  sinister  (which  see), 
a  mark  of  illegitimacy,  is  of  the  nature  of  an  abatement ; 
but  the  paternal  shield,  although  charged  with  the  baton 
sinister,  would  generally  be  the  most  honorable  bearing 
within  reach  of  the  illegitimate  son.  Abatements  gener- 
ally nmst  be  regarded  as  false  heraldry,  and  are  very 
modern  in  their  origin.  The  word  is  also  used  to  denote 
the  turning  upside  down  of  the  whole  shield,  which  was 
common  h\  the  degrading  of  a  knight.  Also  called  rebate- 
ment. 

Throwing  down  the  stars  [the  nobles  and  senators]  to 
the  ground;  putting  dishonourable  abatements  into  the 
fairest  coats  of  arms.  J.  Spencer,  Righteous  Ruler. 

4.  In  law :  («)  Removal  or  destruction,  as  of 
a  nuisance.  (6)  Failure  ;  premature  end  ;  sus- 
pension or  diminution,  as  of  an  action  or  of  a 
legacy.  See  abate,  (c)  The  act  of  intruding 
on  a  freehold  vacated  by  the  death  of  its  for- 
mer owner,  and  not  yet  entered  on  by  the  heir 
or  devisee,  (d)  In  revenue  law :  (1)  A  deduction 
from  or  refimding  of  duties  on  goods  damaged 
during  importation  or  in  store.  (2)  A  deduc- 
tion from  the  amount  of  a  tax.  The  mode  of 
abatement  is  prescribed  by  statute. —  5t.  In 
carp.,  the  waste  of  a  piece  of  stuff  caused  by- 
working  it  into  shape — piea  In  abatement,  in 
law,  a  defense  on  some  ground  that  serves  to  suspend 
or  defeat  the  particular  action,  and  thus  distinguished 
from  a  plea  in  bar,  which  goes  to  the  merits  of  the 
claim.  Thus,  a  plea  that  the  defendant  is  now  insane 
would  be  only  a  plea  in  abatement,  because,  if  sustained, 
it  would  at  most  only  suspend  the  action  while  his 
insanity  continued  ;  but  a  plea  that  he  was  insane  at  the 
time  of  the  transactions  alleged  would  be  a  i>ha  in  bar, 
as  showing  that  he  never  incurred  any  liability  what- 
ever. =Syn.  1.  Decrease,  decline,  diminution,  subsidence, 
intennission,  waning,  ebb.— 2.  Rebate,  allowance,  deduc- 
tion, discount,  mitigation. 

abater  (a-ba'ter),  n.  [See  abator.]  One  who 
or  that  which  abates.     See  abator. 

abatislf  (ab'a-tis),  «.  [ML. ;  lit.,  of  the  mea- 
sures :  L.  rt,  ab,  from,  of ;  LL.  hat  us,  <  Gr.  /SoTof, 
<Heb.  bath,  a  liquid  measure  :  see  bath^.]  In 
the  middle  ages,  an  officer  of  the  stables  who 
had  the  eare  of  measuring  out  the  provender ; 
an  avenor. 

abatis^,  abattis  (a-ba-te'  or  ab'a-tis),  n.  [<  F. 
abatis,  demolition,  felling,  <  OF" abateis,  <ML. 
*abbaticius,  <  abbatere,  beat  down,  fell:  see 
abate,  ».]  1.  In  fori.,  a  barricade  made  of 
felled  trees  denuded  of  their  smaller  branches, 
■with  the  butt-ends  of  the  trunks  embedded 


abatis 

in  the  earth  or  secured  by  pickets,  and  the 
sharpened  ends  of  the  branches  directed  up- 
ward and  outward  toward   an  advancing  en- 


emy, for  the  purpose  of  obstructing  his  pro- 
gress.    In  neld  iortifteations  the  abatis  is  usually  cou 


voice  downward  toward  the  audience,  or  in 
anv  desired  direction. 

abawet,  ;•.  t-  [<  ME.  ahau-cn,  abauen,  <  OF.  ahaii- 
bir,  astonish,  <  o-  +  baubir,  batibki;  stammer, 
<  L.  balbutire,  stammer,  <  balbus  (Or.  baube), 
stammering:  see ^ooby  and  balbuties.  The  ME. 
form  and  sense  seem  to  have  been  affected  by 
OF.  abahir,  ebaliir,  esbaliir,  be  astonished,  for 
which  see  aZ)a*A.]  Toabash;  dazzle;  astonish. 
1  was  abawed  for  mai'veile.  Horn,  of  Hose,  1.  3646. 

abaxial  (ab-ak'si-al),  a.    Same  as  abaxile. 

abazile  (ab-ak'sU),  «.  [<L.  ab,  away  from, 
-t-  axis :  see  axik.']  Not  in  the  axis.  Specifically, 
in  bot.,  applieii  to  an  embryo  placed  out  of  the  axis  of 
the  seed.    .Another  form  is  abaxud. 


SructeJ  in  front  of  tlic  flitch.    See  Mtineat,io,i.  ^__^  ^^^^     .,^„u.e.  .u.,^  ■=  ........... 

2.  In  coal-mnung,  ^yallsof  cord-wood  piled  up  g_^^  (j^^,.,_  „_    |-,;  jj^  abbe,<  AS.  Cib,  short  for  dweb, 
i  ,  ._ „  -noof,  idwefan  (=0'B(i.  arwebatt,  G.  irwcbcn), 


crosswise  to  keep  the  underground  roads  open 
so  as  to  secure  ventilation.  [Leicestershire, 
Eng.] 

abatised,  abattised  (ab'a-tist),  j).  a.  Provided 
with  au  iiljutis. 

abat-jour  (a-b;i'zhor),  «.  [F. ,  any  contrivance 
or  apparatus  to  admit  light,  or  to  throw  it  in  a 
desired  direction,  as  a  lamp-shade;  <abaltrc, 
throw  down  (see  abate),  +jour,  day,  daylight: 
see  journal.}  1.  A  skylight,  or  any  beveled  ap- 
ertiire  made  in  the  wall  of  an  apartment  or  in 
a  root,  for  tlie  better  admission  of  light  from 
above. —  2.  A  sloping,  box-like  structure,  flar- 
ing upward  and  open  at  the  top,  attached  to  a 
window  on  the  outside,  to  prevent  those  within 
from  seeing  objects  below,  or  for  the  purpose 
of  directing  light  downward  into  the  window. 

abator  (a-ba'tor),  )i.  [Also  abater:  <  abate  + 
-trl,  -or-.}  One  who  or  that  which  abates. 
Specifically,  in  law:  (a)  A  person  who  Mitho\it  right 
enters  into  a  freehold,  on  the  death  of  the  last  possessor, 
before  the  heir  or  devisee.  (6)  An  agent  or  cause  by  which 
an  abatement  is  prr,cured.  (c)  One  who  removes  a  nui- 
sance.     See  abatis,  abatement. 

abattis,  ».     See  abatis-. 

abattoir  (a-bat-wor'),  «.    [F.,  < abatt-rc,  kuoek 


weave,  <  a-  +  icefaii,  weave:  see  o-l  and  weave, 
tceb.  From  another  form  of  (hceb,  namely, 
oweb,  oicef,  comes  E.  icoof,  q.  v.]  1.  Yarn  for 
the  warp  in  wea\ing. —  2.  In  irool-sortinff,  one 
of  two  qualities  of  wool  known  as  coarse  abb 
and  line  abb  respectively. 
abba^  (ab'ii),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  (2;3,3(!,<  S\Tiac  abba 
and  abbo  =  dial,  abba  =  Keh.  ab,  father.  See 
abbot.}  Father.  It  is  used  in  the  New  Testament 
three  times  (Mark  xiv.  36,  Kom.  viii.  15,  Gal.  iv.  6),  in  each 
instance  accompanied  by  its  translation,  "Aljba,  Father," 
as  an  invocation  of  the  Deity,  expressing  close  filial  rela- 
tion. Either  through  its  liturgical  use  in  the  Judeo- 
Clu'istian  church  or  through  its  employment  by  the  Syriac 
monks,  it  has  passed  into  general  ecclesiastical  language 
in  the  modified  form  of  abbat  or  abbot  (wliich  see). 

abba2,  j).    See  o6«i. 

abbacinate  (a-bas'i-nat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
uhliiicinated,  ppr.  abbacinatitig.  [<ML.  «6flfi- 
natus,  pp.  of  abaeiuare  (It.  abbacinare  =  OF. 
abaciner),  <.  a-  for  ad-,  to,  -f  bacinus,  basin: 
see  basin.}  To  deprive  of  sight  by  placing  a 
red-hot  copper  basin  close  to  the  eyes:  a 
mode  of  piuiishment  employed  in  the  middle 

_  ^  as<'s.    A\so  spelled  abacinate. 

di7«u" slaughter, +  -oi>(<L.-(7n'«w),  indicating  abbacination  (a-bas-i-na'shon),  »!.     \_<abbaci- 


place.]  A  public  slaughter-house,  in  Europe 
and  in  the  I'nited  States  abattuire  of  great  size  liave  been 
erected  and  provided  ^ntl^  elaborate  machinery  fur  the 
humane  and  rapiil  slaughter  of 
large  numbers  of  animals,  and 
for  tlie  proper  commercial  and 
sanitjiry  disposal  of  the  waste 
nuiterial. 
a  battuta  (a  biit-to'tii). 
[It.:  see  batc^,  batter'^.} 
With  the  beat,  in  music,  a 
direction  to  resume  strict  time 
after  the  free  declamation  of  a 
singer:  chietly  used  in  recita- 
tives. It  is  equivalent  to  a 
tfmj*o.  Grove. 
abature  (ab'a-tur),  n.  [< 
OF.  abatture,  a  throwing 
down,  pi.  abatturcs,  un- 
derbrusli  trainj>led  down, 
<  abatre,  beat  down:  see 
abate,  v.}  The  mark  or 
track  of  a  beast  of  the 
chase  on  the  grass;  foil- 
in  tr- 
abat-vent  (a-bii'von),  «. 

[F.,  <abatlre,  throw  down  (see  abate),  +  vent, 
wind  :  see  vent.}     1.  A  vertical  series  of  slop 


AlMt.vent,  13th  century. 


natc.}  The  act  or  process  of  blinding  a  per- 
son by  placing  a  red-hot  copper  basin  close  to 
the  eyes.  Also  spelled  ahacinatitm. 
abbacy  (ab'a-si;i,  «. ;  pi.  abbacies  (-siz).  [Earlier 
abbatic,  i'LL.  abbatia:  see  abbeij^.}  1.  The 
office  of  an  abbot;  an  abbot's  dignity,  rights, 
privileges,  and  jurisdiction. 

According  to  Felinus,  an  abbacy  is  the  dignity  itself, 
since  abbot  is  a  term  or  w(U'd  of  dignity,  and  not  of  office. 

Anliffe,  Parergon. 

Owing  to  the  vast  wealth  of  the  church,  the  chief  offices 

in  it,  and  especially  the  bislioprics  and  the  great  abbacies, 

had  become  positions  of  great  worldly  power  and  dignity. 

SdH/i,  .Stud.  iMed.  Hist.,  p.  L'Sil. 

2.  An  abbatial  e.stablishment;  an  abbey  with 
all  tliat  pertains  to  it. 

The  abbot  was  elected  by  the  monks  of  the  monastery, 
at  least  in  the  greater  part  of  abbacies. 

Adam  S»ii7/i,  Wealth  of  Nations,  v.  1. 

.Vlso  palled  abbotei/. 
abbandonatamenteiab-biln-do-nii-ta-men'tp), 

adr.  [it.,  <.  ablnind'inata,  fern.  pp.  of  abban- 
ilonare (see  abandon),  +  adv.  suffix  -mentr,  orig. 
L.  mcnte,  abl.  of  mmx,  mind:  see  mental.}  In 
music,  with  abandonment;  so  as  to  make  tlio 
time  subordinate  to  tlio  expression. 


i"uK  roofs  or  bVoad  slats,  incHuedoutwanr'aiid  abbast,  ».     [Pers.]     1.  An  Eastern  weight  for 
downward,     fonniiig 


the  filling  of  a  belfry 
light,  and  ili'signed  to 
uilmit  venlihition  to 
the  timber  frame 
while  protecting  the 
interior  from  rain 
and  wind,  ami  to  di- 
rect downwnnl  the 
Hound  of  thi'  bells. — 

2.  A  sloping  roof,  as 
that  of  a  l>eiilhoiine  : 
»o  niimod  becauHi'  the 
Hlopii  neutralizes  the 
force  of  the  wiiid. — 

3.  Any  <'ontrivniirT 
dcHJgneil  to  act 
aheltiT  or  j>rotec 
from  thf  wind.  Hp..  111 

rally,   n    I'Volvhid   mct;il- 

llr  '■  ■■ '■:■:  a  viio' 

ntl  .  Inp  of   II 

rhii  ;■  Ihc  wbi'l 

fn.i dlreclly 

down  lU  tlir..il 

abat-volx  n  bii'vwo), 
n.  [K.,  '  iiiiitttre  (Bce 
abale,r. )  +  roij,  voice : 
HOC  voice]      A  nonnding-bonrd  over  n  pulpit 


■niji'f     >'' 
ctiiin    ' 


1  Trinity  rhtirch. 
Yntk. 


])carls",  said  to  b(^  L',}  grains  troy.  Also  spoiled 
abas.-—  2.  Same  as  iditjiisi,  1. 
abbasi  (a-bas'i),  n.  [Said  to  be  named  from  the 
Persian  ruler  Shah  Abbas  II.]  1.  The  name 
of  a  silver  coin  formerly  current  in  Persia. 
U  is  lint  certain  to  what  intrticular  coin  the  term  was  up- 
plied  :  according  to  Marsdtii.  variiiUH  pieces  cotlu-ii  in 
1084,  17IK1,  anil  1701,  and  weighing  about  1  dwt.  17  gr.,  arc 
aiibuslH,  and  are  worth  about  2I»  cents. 

2.  The  20-copeck   silver  piece   circulating  in 
KuHsia,  weighing  about  01  grains,   .500  fine, 
and  worth  alioul  SJ  cents. 
Also  written  aba.isi,  ahassin. 

abbatt  (ab'at),  V.     Same  ns  abbot. 

abbate  ('ib-l)ii'te),  ».;  -[d.  abbati {-W).  [It.,alH(i 
abate,  <.h.  abbalim,  ace.  of  alilms :  noe  abbot.} 
A  title  of  honor,  now  given  If)  ecclosiasties 
in  Italy  not  otherwise  designated,  but  formerly 
applied  to  all  in  any  way  conneclcil  with  cler- 
ical afTairs.  tribunals,  ido.,  and  wciiring  the  ee- 
cleHiasticul  dresH.     Also  spi'lUd  aliatc. 

Atl  obi  .Abate  meek  iiiiil  mild. 

My  friend  and  tcaclur  wln-n  »  child. 

I,imnfell<::i,  WayHlde  Inn,  .'td  Inlir 

abbatoBsef,  «.    See  abbotrs.i. 

abbatial  (a-lni'shinl),  n.     [<  ML.  nbbatiali 
\,\i.  iilihatin  :    nev  abbacji.}     I'ertaining  t"   on 
abbot  or  abbey.  a8,  nn  tilib(ttial  bonodlctioii ; 
alilnitial  lands. 


abbey 

abbayt,  abbayet,  «•  Middle  English  forms  of 
abbey^. 

They  carried  him  into  the  next  abbay. 

Ctiaucer,  Prior's  Tale. 
Tltey  would  rend  this  abbaye's  massy  nave. 

Scott,  I.  of  L.  .«.,  ii.  14. 

abbi  (a-ba'),  «•  [F.,<  L.  abbatem,  aec.  of  abbas : 
nee  abbot.}  In  France,  au  abbot,  (a)  More  gen- 
erally, and  especially  before  the  French  revolution  :  (1) 
Any  secular  person,  whether  ecclesiastic  or  la>'miin,  hold- 
ing  an  abbey  1/1  commeiutam,  that  is,  enjoying  a  portion, 
generally  about  one  third,  of  its  revenues,  with  certain  hon. 
ors,  but,  except  by  privilege  from  the  pope,  having  no  ju. 
risdiction  over  the  monks,  and  not  bound  to  resilience. 
Such  persons  were  styled  abbt^.<  com)aei}dataire..i,  and  were 
required  to  lie  in  orders,  tlmugb  a  di.-^pensatiuu  from  this 
requirement  was  not  unconinmnly  obtained.  (2)  .\  title 
assumed,  either  in  the  hope  ol  obtaining  an  abbey  or  for 
the  sake  of  distinction,  by  a  numerous  class  of  men  who 
had  studied  tlieology,  practised  celibacy,  and  adopted  a 
peculiar  dress,  but  wiio  had  only  a  formal  connection  with 
the  church,  and  were  for  the  most  part  employed  as  tu- 
tors in  the  families  of  the  nobility,  or  engaged  in  literary 
pursuits.  (/')  In  recent  usage,  a  title  assumed,  like  the 
Italian  title  abbate  (wliich  see),  by  a  class  of  unbeneficed 
secular  clerks. 

abbess  (ab'es),  n.  [<  ME.  ahbesse,  abbes,  <  OF. 
abbessc,  abcssc  =  Pv.  abadessa,  <L.  abbatissa, 
fem.  of  abbas :  see  abbot,  and  cf.  abbotcss.}  1.  A 
female  superior  of  a  convent  of  nuns,  regularly 
in  the  same  religious  orders  in  which  the  monks 
are  governed  by  an  abbot ;  also,  a  superior  of 
canonesses.  An  abbess  is,  in  general,  elected  by  the 
nuns,  and  is  subject  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  by  whom 
she  is  invested  according  to  a  special  rite  called  the  bene- 
diction of  an  abbess.  She  must  be  at  least  forty  years  of 
age,  ami  must  have  been  for  eight  yeiu-s  a  nun  in  the 
same  monasterv.  She  has  the  government  of  the  convent, 
with  the  administration  of  the  goods  of  the  community, 
but  cainiot,  on  account  of  licr  sex,  exercise  any  of  the 
spiritual  functions  pertaining  to  the  luiesthood.  Some- 
times civil  or  feudal  riglits  liave  been  attached  to  the 
otbcc  of  abbess,  as  also  jurisdiction  over  other  subordinate 
convents. 

2.  A  title  retained  in  Hanover,  WUrtemberg, 

Brunswick,  and  Schleswig-Holstein  by  the 
lady  superiors  of  the  Protestant  seminaries  and 
sisterhoods  to  which  the  property  of  certain 
ccmvents  was  transferred  at  the  Heformation. 
abbeyl  (ab'e),  v.  [<  ME.  abboje,  abbai/e,  etc., 
<  OF.  abeie,  abate,  <  LL.  abbatia,  an  abbey,  <  L. 
abbas,  an  abbot:  see  abbot.}    1.  A  monastery 

or  convent  of 
persons  of  either 
sex  devoted  to 
religion  and  cel- 
ibacy, and  gov- 
erned by  an 
abbot  or  abbess 
(which        see). 

Jit'jial  and  inivcnal 
abbeys  were  depen. 
denton  the  supreme 
civil  authority  in 
their  temporal  ad- 
nuuistration;  others 
were  episcopal,  etc. 
In  exempt  abbeys, 
the  abbot  or  abbess 
is  subject  not  to  the 
bishop  of  the  dio. 
cese,  but  directly  to 
the  jiope. 

2.  The  build- 
ings of  a  mon- 
astery or  con- 
vent ;  sonic- 
"n  partic- 


I'lanof  the  Al)l'cyof  St.  Gernmin-dcs-Prfts, 
I'nris,  III  llic  13th  century. 
A .  church  ;    D,  cloister ;  C,  city  gate  :  D, 
country  if.ite,  or  Porte  Pnpale  ;  II,  cli.tptcr- 
liousc,  with  (lonuitorlcs  above;  i-,  Chii[>cl    fimptt 
of  llie  Virgin  ;  C,  refectory  ;  H,  cell.irs  ■■■■'     '-""'^  ' 
presses;  1,  nbUit's  loili,'int: ;  K,  ditches 
g.irdens;  M,  various  liepcniicncies. 


tilar,  the  house 
set  ai>art  for  the 
residence  of  the  abbot  or  abbess.  Afier  the  sup- 
picssliitiof  the  l',iii;li»b  monasteries  by  Henry  Vlll.  many 
of  tlie  abbatial  buildings  were  cimvcitid  into  private 
ihvelllngs,  to  which  the  name  alilieti  is  still  a]iplieil,  as,  tor 
example,  Newstead  .IWii'j/,  tlie  residence  of  Lord  liyron. 

3.  A  chtircli  now  or  formerly  attached  to  a 
iiionastery  or  convent:  as,  Westminster  .Ibliei/. 
—  4.  Ill  Sfiitliind.  the  sancdiury  rnrmerly  af- 
foriloil  by  the  abbey  of  llolyroml  Palace,  as 
hiiving  been  a  royal  residence, 
abbey-  (ab'e),  «'.  fProb.  a  modification  of 
abilc,  <\.  v.,  in  simulation  of  <ilibrii'^.}  A  name 
sonielinies  given  to  the  white  jioplar,  l'o]>ulus 
alba.     [lOiig.  ] 


or  roatrura,  dosignod  to  reflect  the  upeakor's  abbaticalt  (u-bal'i-kal),  a.    Havao  B»  abbatial . 


obverse.  Reverse. 

AbtJey.counter,  in  Uie  HrltUli  I^uteum. 


al)bey-coTiiiter  7 

abbev-counter   (ah'e-kdun'ter),   n.     [<al)bey'>-  abbozzo  (ab-bot's6),   n.     [It.,  also  ahbozzato, 

.  •'  11  1      1    -       1     _  I.'    i_i       ~i J    .^:i^U         ,.l,^*.-,li      ,i..4-Kii^i      /  .,l,Ur,^tnvrt       \n   t>lr/if«li       ilnliriri- 


+  ooMtttef'l.J  A  kind  of  medal,  stamped  with 
sacved  emblems,  the  arms  of  an  abbey,  or 
other  device,  given  to  a  pilgrim  as  a  token  of 
his  having  visited  the  shrine ;  a  kind  of  pil- 
grim's sign  (which  see,  under  pUi/rim). 

abbey-laird  (ab'e-lard),  n.  [<fli6c(/l  (in  ref. 
to  the  abljey  of  Holyrood)  +  laird,  proprietor.] 
In  Scotland,  a  name  humoronsly  applied  to  an 
insolvent  debtor  who  escaped  his  creditors  by 
taking  refuge  within  the  legal  sanctuary  for- 
merly constituted  by  the  precincts  of  Holy-  abbreviate  (ii-bre'vi-at),  )' 
rood  Abbey.  ' 

abbey-land  (ab'c-land),  «.  l<abbeijl  +lan(l'] 
An  estate  in  land  annexed  to  an  abbey. 

abbey-lubber  (al/e-lub"er),  n.  [<n6fcc//l-l- 
iKbber.]  An  old  term  of  contempt  for  an  able- 
bodied  idler  who  grew  sleek  and  fat  upo7i  the 
charity  of  religious  houses:  also  sometimes 
applied  to  monks. 

This  is  no  huge,  overgrown  abhe.i/-lubber. 

Drydeii,  .Spanish  Friar,  iii.  3. 

abbot  (ab'ot),  II.  [<  ME.  abbot,  abbod,  <  AS. 
abbot,  usually  abbod,  uhhud,  <  L.  al)batfin,  ace. 
of   abbas,    an   abbot,  <  L.    abba,    father :    see 


sketch,  outline,  <  »/;Aor^firf',  to  sketch,  dolino- 

ate,  also  bosz(irr,<.  bo^ga,  blotcli,  rough  draft, 

=  Pr.  bossa  (>1'\  bosac),  swelling,  <  OHU.  bozo, 

a  bundle:  see  boss'^  and  beat.']     The  dead  or 

lirst  coloring  laid  on  a  picture  after  the  sketch 

has  been  blocko<l  in.     l\irs.  Merrijield,  Ancient 

Practice  of  Painting  (1849),  I.  ccc. 

abbr.     A  (common  abbreviation  of  abbreviated 

and  olihrcriatioii. 

abbreuvoir,  »•     See  abrcuroir. 
- .   .  -  .        .  pj.gj._  j^,j(|  pp_  (ii_ 

[<  LL.  abbrcriatiin, 
<  ad-,  to,  -t-  brtris, 
hort.  The  same  L.  verb,  through  the  V.,  luis 
liecome  E.  abridi/e :  see  abridi/c  and  briif.  ] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  make  briefer;  abridge;  make 
shorter  by  contraction  or  omission  of  a  part: 
as,  to  abbreviate  a  writing  or  a  word. — 2.  In 
math.,  to  reduce  to  the  lowest  terms,  as  frac- 
tions. =  Sjm.  1.  To  shorten,  curtail,  abridge,  epitomize, 
reiUice,  compress,  condense,  cut  down. 

II.  in  trans.  To  practise  or  use  abbreviation. 

It  is  one  thing  to  abbreviate  by  contracting,  another  by 
cutting  uir.  Bacon,  Essays,  .\xvi. 


brcriatfd,  ppr.  abbrcviatiiifj. 
pp.  of  abbreoiarc,  shorten. 


viatiis :  SCO  abbreviate,  i'.]     I.  a.  Abbreviated. 

II,  H.  An  abridgment ;  an  abstract. 

The  Speaker,  taking  the  Bill  in  his  hand,  reads  the  Ab- 
brci'iat>^  ur  Al)stract  of  the  said  tiill. 

Chambefltujnc,  State  of  Great  Britain. 

abbreviately  (a-bre'vi-at-li),   adv.     Briefly. 
[Kare.] 

Tile  sweete  smacke  that  Yarmouth  iindes  in  it  .  .  . 
abbrematty  and  nieetely  according  to  my  old  .Sarum  plaine- 
song  I  have  harpt  upon. 

Nashe,  Lenten  Stuffe  (Harl.  Jlisc,  VI.  162). 

abbreviation  (a-bre-vi-a'shgn),  «.    [=:F.  abre- 
riation,  <  LL.  abbrevia.tio{n-),<  abbrcviare  :  see  abbreviaturet  (a-bre'vi-a-tiir),  n.     l<  abbreviate 


abbreviate,  r.]  1.  The  act  of  abljreviating, 
shortening,  or  contracting  ;  the  state  of  being 
abbreviated ;  abridgment. 

This  book,  as  graver  authors  say,  was    called    Liber 
Donms  Dei,  and,  by  abbreviatLOUy  Domesday  Book. 

.Sir  W.  Temple,  Introd.  to  Hist,  of  Eng. 

2.  A  shortened  or  contracted  form;  a  part 
used  for  the  whole.    Specifically,  a  part  of  a  word. 


chords,  or  passages  are  indicated  without  be 
ing  written  out  in  full.  There  are  various  forms 
of  abbreviation,  the  most  common  of  which  are  here 
shown : 


a66nl.]    1.  Literally,  father:  a  title  originally  abbreviate  (a-bre'vi-at),  a.  andn.  [illj.  ahhrc 
given  to  any  monk,  but  afterward  limited  to  ""  '        "     '         "  '        •  ^    i 

the  head  or  superior  of  a  monastery,  it  was 
formerly  especially  used  in  the  order  of  St.  Benedict, 
rector  being  employed  by  tlie  .lesuits,  ttuanti.anu-<  by  the 
Franciscans',  prior  by  the  Dt.iminiians,  arid  urehimandrite 
OY  heijoumeiios  hy  the  Greek  and  oriental  elitnclies,  to 
desig'nate  the  same  oHice.  Originally  the  alibots,  like  the 
monks,  were  usually  laymen  ;  later  they  were  required  to 
be  in  holy  orders.  They  were  at  first  subject  to  the  bishop 
of  the  iliiJcese ;  but  in  the  contentions  between  the  bishops 
and  abbots  the  latter  in  many  cases  gradually  acquired 
exemption  from  jurisdiction  of  the  bishops  and  became 
subject  to  the  pope  directly,  or  to  an  abbot-general,  or 
arelialibot,  who  exercised  a  supervision  over  several  asso- 
ciated abbeys.  As  the  influence  of  the  religious  orders 
increased,  the  power,  dignity,  and  wealth  of  the  abbots 
increased  proportionally  ;  many  of  them  held  rank  as  tem- 
poral lords,  and,  as  initered  abbots,  exercised  certain  epis- 
copal functions  in  the  territory  surrounding  their  monas- 
teries. In  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  twenty-six  abbots  sat 
in  the  House  of  Lords.  Until  the  sixth  century  abbots 
were  chosen  from  the  monks  by  the  bishop  ;  since  that 
time  they  have  been  generally  elected  by  the  monks  them- 
selves, ordinarily  for  lite.  In  some  instances,  where  the 
administration  of  the  revenues  of  an  abbey  fell  under  the 
civil  autliority,  the  conferring  of  the  benefice,  and  there- 
ftn-e  the  nomination  of  the  abbot,  came  into  the  hands  of 
the  temporal  sovereign,  a  priictice  variously  regulated  by 
concorilats  with  the  different  countries.  The  right  of 
confirmation  varies ;  the  solemn  benediction  of  an  abbot 
ordinarily  belongs  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  occasion- 
ally to  the  head  abbot,  or  to  a  special  bishop  chosen  by 
the  abbot  elect.  In  some  instances  of  exempt  abbeys  it 
has  been  conferred  by  the  pope  in  person. 

2.  In  later  usage,  loosely  applied  to  the  holder 
of  one  of  certaiu  non-monastic  offices,  (a)  The 
principal  of  a  body  of  parochial  clergy,  as  an  Episcopal 
rector,  (b)  A  cathedral  oRicer  at  Toledo.  Spain,  (c)  In 
the  middle  ages,  the  head  of  various  guilds,  associations, 
and  popular  assemblages :  as,  abbot  of  bell-ringers ;  the 
abbot  of  misrule. 

3.  A  title  retained  in  Hanover,  Wiirtemberg, 
Brunswick,  and  Schleswig-Holstein  by  the 
heads  of  certain  Protestant  institutions  to 
which  the  property  of  various  abbeys  was 
transferred  at  the  Reformation.     See  abbess, 

2 Abbot  of  abbots,  a  title  fornurlv  cnnferred  upon 

the  al)but  of  tlie  (iri:.;iiial  r..'iirili,tiiic  ninnustery  of  Monte 
C'.assiuo.— Abbot  of  misrule  (i]i  r:iii;!aMd),  atibotofun- 
TeaSOn(iuSi;..t.laiid),  tlii'|icrs,.iiai;c  whu  toiik  tlie  principal 
part  in  tlierhvistnias  revels  nf  t lie  p. .pulart- 1 lefore  the  Ref- 
ormation.—Abbot  of  tlie  people  <abbas  popull).  (a) 
From  1270  to  1339,  the  iiniiiiual  liiirf  iiKi^istrate  of  the 
republic  of  Genoa.     {/»)  The  <liirf  mauistrate  nt  tin- Gelln- 

ese  in  Galata.— Abljot  of  yellow-beaks,  "r  freshmen, 
a  mock  title  at  the  I'niversity  "f  I'ai  is.  —  Cardinal  ab- 
■bot,  a  title  borne  by  the  ablM.ts  of  (iuny  and  Vendome, 
whowererao/icio  cardinal.-i.  —  Mltered  abbot,  an  abbot 
■who  has  the  privilege  of  nsing  the  insignia  and  exercising 
certain  of  the  functions  of  a  bishop. — Regrular  abbot, 
an  abbot  duly  elected  and  confirmed,  and  exercising 
the  functions  of  the  office.  —  Secular  abbot,  a  person 
who  is  not  a  monk,  but  holds  an  abbacy  as  an  ecclesi- 
astical benefice  with  the  title  and  some  of  the  revenues 
and  honors  of  the  othce.  See  def.  3,  above.— Titular  ab- 
bot, a  person  possessing  the  title  but  not  exercising  the 
functions  of  an  abbot,  as  when  an  abbey  had  been  con- 
fiscated or  given  in  eooniieiHlant.  See  a6^(?. — Triennial 
abbot,  an  abbnt  ajipninted  fur  tln-ee  years  instead  of,  as 
ordinarily,  for  life.  =  Syn. -!''''<>',  I'rior.  See  prior. 
abbotcy  (ab'ot-si), /t.  l<.  abbot +  -ci/.']  Same  as 
abhaei/.  [Rare.] 
abbotesst,  «•  [<ME.  abbatesse,  -I'ssf,  <  AS.  ab- 
bodesse, -isse,  ablmdisse,  abbmlisse,  <.ilh.  abba- 
dissa,  prop,  alibatissa  (>ult.  aljhess,  q.  v.), 
<  abbas  (abbat-)  +  fem.  -issa.']  An  abbess.  Also 
written  abbatesse. 

Abbots,  Abbote-snes,  Presbyters,  and  Deacons.       Selden. 

And  at  length  became  abbntenfiC  there. 

Iloliimtted,  Clu-on. 
abbot-general  (ab'ot-ien''e-ral),  n.     The  head 
of  a  congregation  of  monasteries. 
abbotship   (ab'ot-ship),  n.      [<  abbot  + -ship.']      =syn  2    Abbreviation,  Cmitraction.    An  abbreviation  of  a 
The  state  or  office  of  an  abbot.  word  is  strictly  a  part  of  it,  generally  the  first  letter  or 


abdest 

syllable,  taken  for  the  whole,  with  no  indication  of  the  re- 
maining portion:  as,  A.  V.  for  Anno  Domini;  Gen.  toT 
f  ,■■/"./.■ ;  oiath.  for  waltu'timtien  ;  Alex,  for  Alexander.  A 
ruutriirt:<m,  on  the  fjllier  hand,  is  nnide  by  the  elision  of 
c(  rtuin  letters  or  syllables  from  the  body  of  the  word, 
but  ill  such  a  manner  as  to  indi-ale  the  whole  word  ;  jis, 
i-erd.  payt.  ov  rec'd  /"I'l't  for  neeirrd  j"n/inent  ;  conlil.Uir 
riHib-flrted  or  contiiiii'd  ;  Win.  inf  ]yi//itnn.  In  eoinmon 
usage,  liuwever,  this  distinction  is  not  always  observed. 

abbreviatio  placitorum  fa-bre-vi-a'shi-6  plas- 
i-to'rutn).  [ML.J  Literally,  an  abridgment 
of  the  pleas  ;  a  brief  report  of  law-cases  ;  spe- 
cifically, notes  of  cases  decided  in  the  reign  of 
King  .John,  which  constitute  the  earliest  Eng- 
lish law-reports,  and  embody  the  germs  and 
(•ally  developments  of  the  common  law. 

abbreviator  (a-bre'vi-a-tor),  «.  [<  ML.  ab- 
breriator,  <  LLii   abbrcviare  :  see  abbreviate,  v.] 

1.  One  who  alibreviates,  abridges,  or  reduces 
to  a  smaller  compass ;  specifically,  one  who 
abridges  what  has  been  written  by  another. 

Neither  the  archbishop  nor  his  ablireviator. 

Sir  ]y.  Hamilton,  Logic. 

2.  One  of  a  number  of  secretaries  in  the  chan- 
cery of  the  pope  who  abbreviate  petitions  ac- 
cording to  certain  established  and  technical 
rules,  and  draw  up  the  minutes  of  the  apostolic 
letters.  They  formerly  numbered  72,  of  whom  the  12  prin- 
cipal were  styled  de  rnajori  parco  (literally,  of  the  greater 
parquet,  from  the  parquet  in  the  chancery  where  they 
wrote)  and  22  others  de  minori  parco  (of  the  lesser  par- 
quet), the  remainder  being.ot  lower  rank.  The  number  ia 
now  reduced  to  11,  all  de  majori  parco.  They  sign  the 
apostolic  bulls  in  the  name  of  the  cardinal  vice-chancellor. 
The  abbreviator  of  tlie  curia  is  a  prelate  not  belonging  to 
the  above  college,  but  attached  to  the  office  of  the  apos- 
tolic datary  (see  f/aM,ri/2);  he  expecjites  bulls  relating  to 
pontifical  laws  and  constitutions,  as  for  the  canonization 
of  saints,  anil  the  like. 

abbreviatory  (a-bre'vi-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  abbre- 
viate +  -orij.]  "Abbreviating  or  tending  to 
abbreviate  ;  shortening ;  contracting. 


+ -me.]     1.  A  letter  or  character  used  as  an 
abbreviation. 

The  hand  of  Providence  writes  often  by  abbreviaturet, 
hieroglyphics,  or  short  characters. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Christ.  Mor.,  §  25. 

2.  An  abridgment ;  a  compendium. 

This  is  an  excellent  abbreviature  of  the  whole  duty  of  a 
Christian.  Jer.  Taylor,  Guide  to  Devotici. 


phrase,  or  title  so  used;  a  syllable,  generally  the  initial  »i,i,-n„i,TneTitt  (a-lirocb'mentl  )?      r<ML  abro- 
syllable,  used  for  the  whole  word ;  a  letter,  or  a  series  of  abbrOClimentt  (.a-blocU  meiit  ,  n.     L^J^i;- '"'" 
letters,  standing  tor  a  Avord  or  words:  ^,  Esq.  iov  esquire ;     cameKitim,  appar.  formed  from  stem  ot  L.  bioh^ 
A.  D.  ior  Anno  Domini :  F.  R.  S.  iw  Fellow  of  the  Royal     age,  brok-cr,  eta.]     The  act  of  torestallmg  the 
Society.  market  or  monopolizing  goods.     Erroneously 

3.  In  math.,  a  reduction  of  fractions  to  the  low-     spelled  abroachment. 

est  terms. — 4.  In  music,  a  method  of  notation  abb-WOOl  (ab'wiil),  ii.     1.  Wool  for  the  abb  or 
by  means  of  which  certain  repeated  notes,     warp  of  a  web. —  2.  A  variety  of  wool  of  a 


certain  fineness.     Sec  abb, 

a-b-C  (a-be-ce).  [ME.  abc  ;  as  a  word,  spelled 
variously  abeee,  apece,  apecy,  apsie,  apcie,  absee. 
absie,  abseij,  abeesce,  etc.,  especially  for  a  primer 
or  spelling-book ;  in  comp.,otsci/-6ooA-,ete.  Cf. 
abecedarian  and  alphabet.]  1.  The  first  three 
letters  of  the  alphabet ;  hence,  the  alphabet. 
—  2.  An  a-b-c  book;  a  primer — A-b-c  book,  a 
primer  for  teaching  the  alphabet. 

Abd  (abd).  [Ai\  'abd,  a  slave,  servant.]  A 
common  element  in  Arabic  names  of  persons, 
meaning  servant :  as,  Abdallah,  servant  of 
God  ;  Abd-el-Kader,  servant  of  the  Mighty  One; 
Abd-nl-Latif  (commonly  WTitten  Abdullatif  or 
AbdiiUntif),  servant  of  the  Ciracious  One. 

abdalavi,  abdelavi  (ab-da-,  ab-de-lii've),  n. 
[Ar.]  The  native  name  of  the  hairy  melon  of 
Egypt,  a  variety  of  the  muskmelon,  Cueiimis 
.Me'lo. 

Abderian  (ab-de'ri-an\  a.  [<L.  Abdera,  <Gr. 
"\jidijpa,  a  town  in  Thrace,  birthplace  of  De- 
mocritus,  called  the  laughing  philosopher.] 
Pertaining  to  the  town  of  Abdera  or  its  inhabi- 
tants ;  resembling  or  recalling  in  some  way 
the  philosopher  Democritus  of  Abdera  (see 
Abdcritr);  hence,  given  to  incessant  or  con- 
tinued laughter. 

Abderite  (ab'de-rit),  n.  [<L.  Abderifa,  also 
Abderites,  <  Gr.  'A/idripirK,  <  "Ai3dripa,  L.  Ab- 
rftra.]  1.  An  inhabitant  of  Abdera,  an  ancient 
maritime  town  in  Thrace. —  2.  A  stupid  per- 
son, the  inhabitants  of  Abdera  having  been 
proverbial  for  their  stupidity.— The  Abderite, 
Democritus  of  Abdera.  born  ab.iut  4i;o  B.  C,  and  the  most 
learned  of  the  Greek  philosophers  jn  iiu-  to  Aristotle.  He 
was,  with  Leucippus,  the  founder  ■  if  the  atomic  or  atomis- 
tic philosophy  (see  atomic\  the  first  attempt  at  a  complete 
mechanical  interpretation  of  physical  and  psychical  phe- 
nomena. The  tradition  that  Deni.nritus  always  laughed 
at  the  follies  of  mankind  gained  fm  him  the  title  of  the 
laughing  philosopher.  Fragments  of  some  of  his  nunier- 
<tns  works  have  been  preserved. 

abdest  (ab'dest),  n.  [Per.  dbdast,  <  db,  water, 
-t-  dast,  hand.]  Purification  or  ablution  before 
prayer  :  a  Mohammedan  rite. 


Abdevenham 

Abdevenham  (ab-tlev'n-ham).   n.     In   astrol., 

the  head  of  the  twelfth  house  in  a  scheme  of 

the  heavens. 
abdicable  (ab'di-ka-W),  a.     [<L.  as  if  *abdi- 

cabilis,  (.fihdicare:   see  o6di«n/f.]    Capable  of 

being  abdicated. 
abdicant    (ab'di-kant),  a.  and  n.     [<L.  ahdi- 

c«(n'-;-5',  ppr.  of  abilicare  :  see  abdicate.']     I.  o. 

Abdicating ;  renouncing.     [Rare.] 

Monks  abdicant  of  tlicir  orders.         „       „      , 

llV.rt/oci-,  Manners  of  Eng.  People,  p.  93. 

n.  «.  One  who  abdicates. 
abdicate  (ab'(U-kat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  a6ffi- 
cat(-(l,  ppr.  ahdicatiiifi.  [<L.  abdicattts,  pp.  of 
abdicate,  renounce,  lit.  proclaim  as  not  belong- 
ing to  one,  <fl6,  from,  +  diciire,  proclaim,  de- 
clare, akin  to  rfff^i'f,  say .  ]  1,  trans.  1.  To  give 
up,  renounce,  abandon,  lay  down,  or  withdraw 
from,  as  a  right  or  claim,  office,  duties,  dignity, 
authority,  and  the  Uke,  especially  in  a  volun- 
tary, public,  or  formal  manner. 
The  cross-bearers  abdicated  their  service. 

Gibbon,  D.  and  F.,  Lwii. 

He  (Cliarles  IL]  was  utterly  without  amlntion.  He  de- 
tested business,  and  would  sooner  have  abdicated  his 
crown  than  have  undergone  the  trouble  of  really  direct- 
ing the  administration.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2.  To  discard ;  cast  away ;  take  leave  of :  as, 
to  abdicate  one's  mental  faculties. — 3.  In  cifil 
law,  to  disclaim  and  expel  from  a  family,  as  a 
child ;  disinherit  during  lifetime  :  with  a  per- 
sonal subject,  as  father,  2>are>it. 

The  father  will  disinherit  or  abdicate  his  cliild,  quite 
cashier  liim. 

Durlon,  Anat.  of  Mel.  (To  the  Kcader),  I.  SO. 

4t.  To  put  away  or  espel ;  banish  ;  renounce 
the  authority  of  ;  dethrone  ;  degrade. 

.Scaliger  would  needs  ttirn  down  Homer,  and  aifdicate 
him  after  the  possession  of  three  thousand!  years. 

Dnjden,  Pret.  to  Third  ilisc. 
=Syn.  1.  To  resign,  renounce,  give  up,  i|uit,  vacate,  re- 
lin(iuish,  lay  do^vn,  abandon,  desert.  (See  list  under  aljan- 
don.  c.) 

TL.  intrans.  To  renounce  or  give  up  some- 
thing; abandon  some  claim;  relinquish  a  right, 
power,  or  trust. 

He  cannot  abdicate  for  his  children,  otherwise  than  l>y 
his  own  consent  in  form  to  a  bill  from  the  two  Iiouses." 

Sim/l,  Sent,  of  Cll.  of  Eng.  ilan. 

Don  .lohn  is  represented  ...  to  have  voluntarily  re- 
stored the  throne  to  his  father,  who  had  once  abdicated  in 
his  favor.  Ticknor,  .Span.  Lit.,  II.  2'Jl. 

abdicated  (ab'di-ka-ted),  p.  a.  Self-depose<l ; 
in  the  state  of  one  who  has  renounced  or  given 
up  a  right,  etc.:  as,  "the  abdicated  Emperor 
of  Austria,"  Bowclh,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

abdication  I'ab-di-ka'shon),  «.  [<Ti.  abdica- 
ti'iiH-),<  (ibdicarc  :  see  abdicate.']  The  act  of 
abdicating;  the  giving  up  of  an  office,  power  or 
authority,  right  or  tru.st,  etc.;  renunciation;  es- 
pecially, the  layingdown  of  a  sovereignty  hith- 
erto inherent  in  the  person  or  in  the  blood. 

The  consequences  drawn  from  titese  facts  [werej  that 
they  amountcii  to  an  alMtiratiim  of  the  government,  whiclt 
atniication  'lid  not  only  alfect  the  jierson  of  the  king  him- 
kH,  liiit  alvi  of  all  Ills  heirs,  and  remlereil  the  throne 
alMolutely  and  completely  vacant.  litacknttmc,  Com.,  I.  iii. 
Each  new  mind  we  approach  seeing  to  reiinire  an  abdi- 
cation of  all  our  jiresenl  and  past  iio^.^cssiona. 

Jimermm,  Kssays,  Ist  ser.,  p.  .311. 

abdicative  (ub'di-ka-tiv),«.  ^(.abdicate  +  -ivc; 
in  fr.nu  liki-  Ij.  alidicatinis,  negative,  <  abdi- 
rare.]  CaUMintc  "r  iriiiilying  alulication.  [Hare.] 

abdicator  (al/di-ka-lor),  N.  [<L.  alidicarc : 
sri'  iilidirale.]     One  wlio  iibdicali'S. 

abditive  (nb'di-tiv),  a.  [<L.  abditiriis,  re- 
moved or  HO|iariited  from,  <  nlidilus,  ]>]>.  of 
abdere.  put  iiwiiy,  <  nb,  from,  away,  +  -dari'  (in 
(•ninp.),  piil.l  Having  the  power  or  quality  of 
biding.      [Uarf.'J 

abditory  (ub'di-lo-ri),  n.  [<ML.  abdiUiriiim, 
<  \j.  alidere:  hi-c  ahdilirr.']  A  conconlod  rcjiOHi- 
tory;  a  place  for  hiding  or  prcnerving  valii- 
iiM'^,  iiH  gofidM,  irioticy,  relics,  etc.    [Bare.] 

abdomen  (»b-<lii'ni<'ii  or  nb'do-mon),  n.  [h., 
of  uiiciTlniii  oriirin  ;  perliapH  irreg.  <  alidi n, 
nut  away,  hide,  ciiiii'iiil  :  m-f  (ili/litirr.]  1.  'I'lio 
nelly  ;  thai  part  "f  tin-  Imdy  of  a  niammnl  whiili 
lii-H  liilwi'cu  the  tli'.r.i',  and  the  pelviH  ;  tli>' 
perivi-rr  rnl  eavily  ■  ■  tiMininff  mngt  of  the  cli- 
g<-'  imeof  III'   iir..i.'iiiil(il  orgnnH  ami 

aw  lieturi".       |r    I     I M'llil  abovr  IrV   the 

dl„p  '    .-I."   ■       •  •     ■     "■    «• -■■  ■  ■■"■  : 

iH'l- 

run'  I 


8 

definite  regions,  called  alxlominal  regions  (see  abdoviinal). 
The  principal  contents  of  the  abdomen,  in  man  and  other 
mammals,  are  the  end  of  the  esophagus,  the  stomach,  the 
small  anil  most  of  the  large  intestine,  the  liver,  pancreas, 
and  spleen,  the  kidneys,  suprarenal  capsules,  lueters, 
bladder  (in  part),  uterus  (iluring  pregnancy  afr  Icist),  and 
sometimes  the  testicles,  with  the  associated  nervous,  vas- 
cular, and  serous  structures.  The  apertures  in  the  ab- 
dominal walls  are,  usually,  several  through  the  diaphragm, 
for  the  passage  of  the  esophagus,  nerves,  blood-vessels, 
and  lymphatics  ;  in  the  groin,  for  the  passage  of  the  fem- 
oral vessels  and  nerves  and  the  spermatic  cord,  or  the 
round  ligament  of  the  uterus ;  and  at  the  navel,  in  the 
fetus,  for  the  passage  of  the  umbilical  vessels. 
2.  In  verteVn'ates  below  mammals,  in  which 
there  is  no  diaphragm,  and  the  abdomen  con- 
sequently is  not  separated  from  the  thorax,  a 
region  of  the  body  corresponding  to  but  not  co- 
incident with  the'human  abdomen,  and  varying 
in  extent  according  to 
the  configuration  of 
the  body.  Thus,  the  ab- 
domen of  a  serpent  is  coex- 
tensive with  the  under  side 
of  the  body  from  head  to 
tail ;  and  in  descriptive 
ornithology  "pectus  is  re- 
stricted to  the  swelling  an- 
terior part  of  the  gastr.T?um, 
which  we  call  belly  or  ab- 
ilouwn  as  soon  as  it  begins  to 
sti'uighten  out  and  flatten." 
C'uu'i,  X.  A.  Birds,  p.  iXi. 
3.  In  entom.,  the  hind 
body,  the  posterior  one 
of  the  three  parts  of  a 
perfect  insect,  united 
with  the  thora.\  by 
a  slender  connecting 
portion,  and  containing  the  greater  part  of  the 
digestive  a]>paratus.  It  is  divided  into  a  number  of 
rings  or  segments,  typically  eleven  (or  ten,  as  in  Ilymen- 
aptei-a  and  Lfiiidnpti'i-itX  on  the  sides  of  which  are  small 
respiratory  stigmata,  or  spiracles. 
4.  In  Artliriijmda  other  than  insects,  the  cor- 
responding hinder  part  of  the  body,  however 
distinguished  from  the  thorax,  as  the  tail  of  a 
lobster  or  the  apron  of  a  crab. —  5.  In  ascid- 
ians  {TiDucata"!,  a  special  posterior  portion 
of  the  body,  situated  behind  the  great  pharyn- 
geal cavity,  and  containing  most  of  the  ali- 
mentary canal. 

In  .  .  .  most  of  the  compound  Ascidians,  the  greater 
part  of  the  alimentary  canal  lies  altogether  beyond  the 
branchial  sac,  in  a  backward  prolongation  of  the  borly 
which  has  been  termed  the  abdomen,  and  is  often  longer 
than  all  the  rest  of  the  body. 

Jltixtrii,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  rA7. 

abdominal  (ab-dom'i-nal),  a.  and  «.    [<  NL.  ab- 
diimiiialis,  <L.  abdomen:  see  abdomen.]     I.  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to 
the  abdomen  or 
belly;  situated 
in  or  ou  the 
abdomen :  as, 
abdominal  ven- 
tral fins. —  2.  In 
iciitti.,  having 
ventral  fins  un- 
der the  abdomen 
and  about  the 
middle  of  the 
i^'OO  .ibdomitiale.' 


,  AUi'jnien  of  an  Insect  {Iso. 
soma  hordei). 


Abdoiiiin.tl  Fish,  with  vcntrni  bcliiii'I  pec 
tor,il  Cut. 


Tnprf)  llclvoderc,  ilinwliih' 
"elicckcr.|>o»rd"    opjicar. 


a  <7,  horizontal  line  througrh  the 
cartilage  of  the  ninth  rib ;  b  b, 
horizontal  line  touching  the  high- 
est parts  of  the  iliac  crests:  c  c, 
vertical  lines  drawn  through  the 
middle  of  I'oupart's  ligament, 
oii  either  side:  i,  epigastric  re- 
gion :  1,  umbilical  region :  3, 
hi-pogastric  region:  4  4,  hypo- 
chondriac regions;  5  5,  lumbar 
regions;  6  6,  iliac  regions. 


Inl" 

ab'l 

are  liifi 
and  arc  ' 
lt«  ozteri. 


'vlth  coiitinoii   liit<>uiMii''nt. 
larlly  divhlc'l   Into  "  rlahi 


body :  as,  an  abdominal  fish, 
—  Abdominal  aorta,  in  man  and  other  maimnals,  that 
porti'iii  "f  till'  aorta  between  its  passage  through  the  ilia- 
Idnaum  ;ui'l  n't  liifiircati"!!  into  the  iliac  nrt«rle».— Ab- 
dominal apertures.  Scc  uh- 
doiiicii,'  1      Abdominal  fins,  in 

ic/itti.,  V'lilral  llns  when  situated 
bchlii.l  Hi''  pectoral  tins.— Ab- 
dominal legs,  in  cnloin..  false 
legM  "1  i'i"p  legs  of  the  alnlomen  of 
InsectH.  Ill  lievapi>doUH  insects 
thcv  arc  »"ft,  fleshy,  inai liiulate, 
ami  deciiliioUH,  There  may  be  as 
many  as  eight  pairs,  or  only  a  single 
pair,  or  none.  The  HplnniTels  of 
sniders,  though  nlidiindlial  in  posi- 
1(011,  art:  reganli-'i  ii-*  lioriiol'igouH 
with  the  j"inli''l  bus  iif  lilglK'r 
Insects.— Abdominal    line,    i" 

Ituuiiiu  aniil.:   (o)  The  whih'  line 

(linen  niha) or  lenulhivlKo  ndd-llne 

of  union  of  the  abilnminid  iuuhcIch 

along  the  ll'iMit  "f  the  belly,  ami 

"Ue  of  several   rroM-lineB  Inter 

seeling  the  course  of    the  rec  Ills 

niiiHcb'.  The  exaggeration  of  thct'* 

lliic«  In  art  glvs  llie  "checker  buanl"  apliearance  of  tin 

id"l"miii  In   Blaliiar.v.      ('<)  I''.   <crlnln  Imaginary  liii' ^ 

ilrawn  to  dlvhli'  the  unrrnre  of  the  alnl'inii'ii  into  reKl"ii". 

in  given  bilow.     Abdominal   pore,  in  somo  n»lie».  an 

Mi"Tltn"  III  (111'  belly  connocli'l  \>lili  thi'  si'vinil  funcllon. 

•  iiiiiil.  In  Home  !•  «  llslu'S,  Hlii'ds  II"  "V".  I" 
I'    rJiicned,   Inl"  Ihx    pirlloucnl   cavlly. 
'  jipc  by  aMominiit  fnirrx,  which  place  lliiil 
luvll;  hi  direct  comniuulcnlhiii  »llh  the  exterior. 

//I'r/ri/,  Aunt.  Vert.,  p.  ».''. 

Abdominal  reflex,  n  mipcrlblnl  reflex  con«l»llng  of  a 
ii'tilrii'  ll"ii  III  llie  abdominal  innxles  win  ii  (he  iikin  over 
the  al"l  "iiieii  In  the  mammary  line  is  pllniulaUid,— Ab- 


abdominous 

dominal  regions,  in  human  anat..  certain  regions  into 
wluch  the  aljiU'inen  is  arbitrarily  divided  for  the  purpose 
of  mapping  its  surface  with 
reference  to  the  viscera 
which  lie  beneatli  these  re- 
gions respectively.  Two  hori- 
zontal parallel  lines  being 
drawn  around  the  body,  one 
(rt  a)  crossing  the  cartilage  of 
the  ninth  riii,  the  other  (^  6) 
crossing  tlle  highest  point  of 
the  iliac  bone,  the  abdominal 
surface  is  divided  into  three 
zones,  an  tipper,  a  middle, 
and  a  lower,  respectively 
called  epiifaatric,  xtwtritical, 
and  hjipof/aitric.  Each  of 
these  is  subdivided  into  three 
parts  by  two  vertical  lines 
(c  c),  each  drawn  through  the 
middle  of  Pouparfs  liga- 
ment. The  central  part  of 
the  epigastric  zone  (1)  re- 
tains the  name  of  cjriiiastric  ; 
its  lateral  portions  (4  4)  are 
the  right  and  te/t  hiipochon- 
driac  regions :  the  middle 
part  of  the  umbilical  (2)  is 
called  the  vndiilii'nl  region, 
while  its  lateral  portions  (5  5) 
are  the  right  aiul  tcft  litmbar 
regions;  the  middle  portiou 
of  the  hyp'igastric  zone  (:i)  is 
called  the lijijn'mtflric legion, 
tuit  sometimes  the  puliic  re- 
gion, while  its  lateral  por- 
tions (ti  0)  are  called  the  right 
and  left  ilinc  (or  ingttinal) 
regions.  The  adjoining  region  of  the  tlligli,  lieluw  the  fold 
of  the  groin,  is  jgoperly  excluded.— Abdominal  respi- 
ration, that  type  of  respiration  in  whicli  the  action  of  the 
iliapluagm,  and  consequently  the  movement  of  the  abdo- 
men, is  most  markeil :  contrasted  with  thoracic  or  costal 
iv.-y.irad'oH.— Abdominal  ribs,  in  hnjict.,  a  series  of 
transverse  osf-ilications  in  the  wall  of  the  abdomen  of 
some  reptiles,  :is  diimsaurs  ami  crocodiles:  in  the  latter 
the  scries  consists  of  seven  ou  each  side,  lying  superhcial 
1"  tlie  recti  muscles.  They  are  iiuitc  distinct  from  true 
ribs.  :iiid  cnsidered  by  some  to  be  dermal  ossifications. 

AliiliiMiiiiil  dermal  ribs  arc  developed  in  some  species 
["f  llinosaiiria],  if  not  in  all.  Jltixictf,Aiv.il.  \'crt.,  p.  2'27. 
Abdominal  ring,  in  nii«(.  :  (o)  Internal,  an  oval  opeu- 
itii:  ill  the  lasei:i  of  the  tnuisversalis  abdominis  (trans- 
verse imis'lc  "f  the  ali'lonieii),  :il."tit  miiiway  between  the 
superior  iliac  spine  and  the  piiliic  sjiine,  and  half  an  inch 
ab.'vc  I'liiiparfs  ligament,  (b)  Kxicrnal.  a  similar  oblong 
opeiiiu'.:  ill  the  fascia  of  the  obliciuus  externus  abdominis 
(external  oblique  mnscle  of  tile  abdomen),  further  down 
anil  nearer  the  mid-line  of  the  boily.  These  lings  are 
respectively  the  inlet  and  oulh  t  of  the  iiigniiiiil  ciinal. 
Also  called  inguinal  riii'j.^-.— Abdominal  scuteUa,  in 
herpi't.,  the  short,  wide,  inibricjited  scales  wliieli  lie  ;il"iig 
the  belly  of  a  serpent  from  chin  to  anus.-  Abdominal 
segments,  in  cntom.,  etc.,  the  individual  somiles  or  rings 
of  which  the  ab'lomen  of  an  insect,  a  eriisl:ieeaii,  etc..  is 
or  may  he  composeii.— Abdominal  vertebrae,  in  iddh., 

all  the  vertcbnc  behind  the  head  which  have  rilii  or  rib- 
like  processes  arching  over  the  visceral  cavity.— Abdom- 
inal viscera,  those  organs,  collectively  considered.  « liich 
ar<-  situated  in  the  abdomen,  being  especially  those  of  the 
iligestive  system.  See  abdomen,  1. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Abdominales  (which  see). 
Abdominales  (;ili-doin-i-ii!i'!i"z\  «.  ;)/.    [NL., 

I'l.  of  (ilnbniiinolis :  see  (diiinininal.]  1.  A 
iiaiiio  iiitroiluccci  into  the  ichthyological  sys- 
tem of  Liniiieus,  and  variously  ajiplied  :  (»)  by 
I.iniiieiis,  as  an  onliiial  name  for  all  osseous  flshes  with 
abdominal  ventrnls;  (/')  by  t'uvier,  as  a  silbordiuiil  name 
for  all  those  nialaci'pler.vgian  osseous  llshcs  which  have 
iibilomiiKil  ventrals;  (c)  by  .1.  Miillcr,  as  a  siibonlinal 
name  for  those  malin-oiilerygian  llshcs  wliich  have  abdom- 
inal ventrals  and  also  a  )ineiimalic  duct  between  the 
air-bladder  and  inlesliiial  canal.  The  name  has  idso  been 
applied  to  other  grooi's  varying  more  or  less  from  the 
iircceding.  Thcsaliii"iii'ls  and  the  eliipeids  or  herring  fam- 
ily are  typical  rcpreseiitalives  in  all  llie  above  divisions. 
2.  a"  section  of  thi'  cnlcojitcrous  fniiiily 
farabida;  jiroposed  by  liutieille  for  beetles 
with  the  abdomen  enlarged  in  proportion  to 
111''  lli'irnx. 

Abdominalia  (ab-dom-i-na'li-ii),  n.  pi.    [NL. 

(so,  animtdia,  ;iniinals),  neut.  pi.  of  abdomi- 
iiidi.t :  sei>  ididominal.]  An  order  of  eirri]ied 
crustaceans,  having  a  segmented  body,  three 
jiairs  lit  alidoiiiiiial  linilis,  no  thonicic  liinliN.  a 
Ihisk-sliapcd  carapace,  an  extensive  niiiiilli, 
two  eves,  and  the  sexes  ilistiiict.     The  members 

"f  (he  'M'lel  all  blllToW  ill  shells.  T»o  families  are  recog- 
nized, feoiitiiidiinlida-  ami  Ateipjndd; 

The  mIioI''  faliilly  of  tile  AMoniinalin.  a  name  proposed 

bv  liarwiii,  if  I  am  not  mislaken,  have  (he  sexes  separate. 

llenedeii.  All.  Parasites.    (A'.  K.  I>.) 

abdominally  (nb-dom'i-nal-i),  0th:     On  or  ill 

till' iiiiiliiiniii ;  toward  llie  aliilom<'n. 

abdominoscopy  (aii-iloin-i-mm'lto-pi),  »i.   KL. 

ahiliimi  n  (-iiiin-)  +  (ir.  -TOo:rm,<  nmiftir,  look  at, 
view.]  Ill  mrd.,  exaniiiialion  of  the  abdomen 
for  the  diliclion  of  (liseiiMC. 
abdominous  (ali-ddni'i-miHl,  a.  [<abdomiii 
(-mm-)  +  oils.]  1.  or  or  jierlainiiig  I"  tlio 
nliiliimi'n :  abdoniinal.  — 2.  Having  a  largo 
belly;  pol-bellied.      [Karc.l 

(iorgiiniuH  HttM  atidowiniiux  and  wan, 
I.Ike  a  fill  flqiiab  upon  a  t'hlncHe  fan. 

Cii«';«'r,  I'rog,  of  Kr». 


I 


abduce 

abduce  (ab-dus'),  v.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  abduced, 
ppr.  ubdueing.  [<  L.  ahducere,  <  ab,  away, 
+  diicerc,  lead:  see  duclilu.'\  If.  To  di'aw  or 
load  away  by  persuasion  or  argument. —  2.  To 
load  away  or  carry  off  by  improper  means; 
abduct.  [Rare.] — 3t.  To  draw  away  or  aside, 
as  by  the  action  of  an  abductor  muscle. 

If  we  al'thici'.  the  eye  luito  i-ithcr  comer,  the  object  will 
Hot  iluiiliiiite.  Sir  T.  Jirowiw.,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  20. 

abducens  (ab-du'senz),  n.;  pi.  abducentes 
(-sen^ez).  [L.  :  see  abducent,  «.]  In  anat, 
one  of  the  sixth  pair  of  cranial  nerves :  so 
called  because  it  is  the  motor  nerve  of  the 
rectus  exteriius  (external  straiglit)  muscle  of 
the  eye,  which  turus  the  eyeball  outward. 

abducent  (ab-dii'sent),  a,  and  n.  [<  Ij.abdu- 
ccii(t-},':,  ppr.  of  abdiicere,  di'aw  away:  see  ab- 
ducr.']  J.  ((.  Drawing  away;  pulling  aside.  In 
aiKit.,  siK-iitically  applied — («)  to  those  niuseles  whieh 
draw  eertaiii  parts  of  the  hody  away  Iroin  the  axial  line 
of  the  trunk  or  of  a  limb,  in  contradistinetiun  to  the  ad- 
durr/it  muscles  or  adductors ;  (b)  to  motor  nerves  which 
cUect  this  action. — Abducent  nerves,  the  sixth  pair  of 
cranial  nerves  ;  the  abducentes. 
II.  II.  That  which  abducts  ;  an  abducens. 

abduct  (ab-dukf),  V.  t.  [<L.  abdiictiis,  pp.  of 
«/«(«(■(•/•«■,  lead  away :  seo  abduci'.']  1.  To  lead 
away  or  carry  off  surreptitiously  or  by  force ; 
kidnap. 

The  thing  is  self-evident,  that  his  Majesty  has  been 
alxlucted  or  spirited  away,  'Wntevi?,"  by  some  person  or 
persons  unknown.  CarlyU,  French  Rev.,  II.  iv.  4. 

2.  In  pliijsiol.,  to  move  or  draw  away  (a  limb) 
from  the  axis  of  the  body,  or  (a  digit)  from  the 
axis  of  the  limb  :  opposed  to  adduct. 

abduction  (ab-duk'shon),  II.  [<  L.  abductio(n-), 
iabdiicerc:  see  abduce.']  1.  The  act  of  abdu- 
cing  or  abducting,  (a)  in  Ian;  the  act  of  illegally 
leadin,cr  away  or  carrying  off  a  person  ;  more  especially, 
the  taking  or  carrying  away  of  a  wife,  a  child,  a  ward,  or 
a  voter  by  fraud,  persuasion,  or  open  violence.  (6)  In 
])h}isiol.,  the  action  of  the  muscles  in  drawing  a  limb  or 
othi-r  i)art  of  the  body  away  from  the  axis  of  the  body  or 
of  the  limb,  as  when  the  arm  is  lifted  from  the  side,  or  the 
thumb  is  bent  awa.v  from  the  axis  of  the  arm  or  the 
middle  line  of  the  hand,  (c)  In  surf/.,  the  receding  from 
eacli  otlierof  the  extremities  of  a  fractured  bone. 
2.  [<NL.  nftrf"ci/o,  a  wordused  byGiulioPaeio 
(13ii0-1635),  in  translating  airaywyi'i  in  the  25th 
chapter  of  the  second  book  of  Aristotle's  Prior 
Analytics,  in  place  of  deducUo  and  reductio, 
previously  employed.]  In  logic,  a  syllogism  of 
which  the  ma.jor  premise  is  evident  or  known, 
while  the  minor,  though  not  evident,  is  as  cred- 
ible as  or  more  credible  than  the  conclusion. 
Tlie  term  is  hardly  used  except  in  translations  from  the 
passage  referred  to. 

After  adverting  to  another  variety  of  ratiocinative  pro- 
cedure, which  he  calls  -\iiagoge  or  Abduction  (where  the 
minor  is  hardly  more  e\ident  than  the  concUision,  and 
might  sometimes  conveniently  become  a  conclusion  first 
to  be  proved),  Aristotle  goes  on  to  treat  of  objection 
generalLv.  Orate,  Aristotle,  vi. 

abductor  (ab-duk'tor),  H.  [NL.,  <L.  abducere  : 
see  abduce.]  One  who  or  that  which  abducts. 
Specifically,  in  anat.  (pi.  abductores  {ah-duk-torez)],  a 
muscle  which  moves  certain  parts  from  the  axis  of  the 
body  or  of  a  limb  :  as,  the  abductor  poUicis,  a  muscle  which 
pulls  the  thumb  outward  :  opposed  to  adductor.  The 
abductor  muscles  of  the  human  body  are  the  abductor 
pollicis  (abductor  of  the  thumb)  and  abductor  minimi 
digiti  (abductor  of  tlie  least  digit)  of  the  hand  and  foot 
respectively.  The  first  dorsal  interosseous  muscle  of  the 
human  liand  is  sometimes  called  tlie  abductor  indicis 
(abrinct.ir  .if  tlie  foreflnL'cr).  The  abductor  tertii  inter- 
nodii  sicnndi  di'^iti  (abductor  of  the  third  internodeof  the 
second  di'.;it)  is  a  peculiar  muscle  of  both  hand  and  foot 
of  the  gibbons  (Hylobatc.-i),  arising  from  tlie  second  meta- 
carpal or  metatarsal  bone,  and  inserted  by  a  long  tendon 
into  the  preaxial  side  of  the  ungual  internode  of  the  second 
digit.  The  abductor  metacarpi  q  uinti  (abductor  of  the  fifth 
nietacarpal)  is  a  muscle  of  the  hand  in  certain  hzards. 
For  the  abductors  in  human  anatomy,  see  cut  under  muscle. 

abe  (a-be'),  v.  i.  [For  be;  prefix  unmeaning, 
or  as  in  ado.]  Used  in  the  same  sense  as  be. 
Also  spelled  abee.—  io  let  abe,  to  let  be ;  let  alone. 
Hence,  let-abc  is  used  in  the  substantive  sense  of  forbear- 
ance or  connivance,  as  in  the  phrase  Ict-abe  for  let-alie, 
one  act  of  forbearance  in  return  for  another,  mutual  for- 
bearance. 

I  am  for  let-abe/or  let-abe.  Scott,  Hrate,  II.  xvii. 

Let  abe,  let  alone  ;  not  to  mention ;  far  less :  as,  he 
couldiia  .sit,  let  abe  stand.    [Scotch.] 

abeam  (a-bem'),  prcji.  phi:  as  adr.  or  n.  [<  aS, 
jiriji.,  on,  +  beam.]  yaiit.,  in  or  into  a  direc- 
tion nt  right  angles  to  the  koel  of  a  ship ; 
directly  opposite  the  middle  jiart  of  a  ship's 
side,  and  in  line  with  its  main-beam:  as,  we 
had  the  wind  abeam. 

The  wind  was  hauling  round  to  the  westward,  and  we 
could  not  take  tlie  sea  abeam. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  E-vp.,  II.  257. 

The  sea  went  down  tow,ard  night,  and  the  ivind  hauled 

ahcnin.  Ji.  II.  Dana,  .Tr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  347. 

abear  (a-bar' ),  v.  t.    [<  IVrE.  abrrcii,  <  AS.  dbcran, 

<  II-  +  bcran,  bear  :  see  a-1  and  bear'^.]    If.  To 

bear;  behave. 


9 

So  did  the  Faerie  Knight  himselte  abeare. 

Sjtemer,  F.  IJ.,  V.  xii.  19. 

2.  To  suffer  or  tolerate.  [Provincial  or  vulgar.] 

But  if  I  mun  doy  I  mun  doy,  for  I  couldn  abcar  to  see  it. 
Tennyson,  Northern  Farmer. 

abearancet  (a-bar'ans),  n.  [_<.  abcar  + -ancv ; 
substituted  for  ai'eariiig,  ME.  abering.]  Be- 
havior ;  demeanor. 

The  otiier  species  of  recognizances  with  sureties. is  for 
the  good  abearance  or  good  behaviour. 

Blackstone,  Com.,  IV.  xviii. 

abearingt  (a-bar'ing),  n.  [ME.  abering,  vorljal 
n.  of '(if-ycH,  abcar.]     Behavior;  d(!meauor. 

abecedaria,  «.    Pliu'al  of  abecedarium. 

abecedarian (a"be-so-da'ri-an),«.  and  H.  [Cf.  F. 
abi.'cetlaire;  ihXi.abcccdariu-iipsalmiabecedarii, 
alphabetical  psalms),  <o  +  be  +  ce  +  de,  the 
first  four  letters  of  the  alphabet  (cf.  alphabet), 
+  -arius:  seo -«)•(>(».]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
formed  by  the  letters  of  tlie  alphabet. —  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  learning  of  the  alphabet,  or 
to  one  engaged  in  learning  it ;  henee,  relat- 
ing to  tho  first  steps  in  learning. 

There  is  an  Abecedarian  ignorance  that  precedes  know, 
ledge,  and  a  Doctoral  ignorance  that  comes  after  it. 

Cotton,  tr.  of  Montaigne,  I.  600. 
Another  form  is  abecedary. 
Abecedarian  psalms,  hymns,  etc.,  psalms,  hymns,  etc. 
(as  tlie  liotli  psalm),  in  which  the  verses  of  successive 
distinct  portions  are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  teaches  or  learns  the  let- 
ters of  the  alphabet. —  2.  [.cetp.]  A  follower  of 
Nicolas  Storch,  an  Anabaptist  of  Germany,  in 
the  sixteenth  century.  The  Abecedarians  are  said 
to  have  been  so  called  because  Storch  taught  that  study 
or  even  a  knowledge  of  the  letters  was  unnecessary,  since 
the  Holy  Spirit  would  impart  directly  a  sufficient  under- 
standing of  tlie  Scriptures. 
abecedarium  (a"be-se-da'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  abe- 
cedaria (-il).  [Neut.  of  LL.  abecedarius :  see 
abcccddrian.]    An  a-b-c  book. 

It  appears  therefore  that  all  the  Italic  alphabets  were 
developed  on  Italian  soil  out  of  a  single  primitive  type,  of 
which  the  abecedaria  exhibit  a  comparatively  late  survival. 
Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  131. 
Logical  abecedarium,  a  table  of  all  possible  coniliina- 
tions  of  any  finite  number  of  logical  tenns.    Jcvons. 

abecedary  (a-be-se'da-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  abece- 
darius: see  abecedarian.]  I,  a.  Same  as  abe- 
cedarian. 

II.  n.  1.  An  a-b-c  book;  a  primer.  Henee  — 
2.  A  first  principle  or  element ;  rudiment :  as, 
"such  rudiments  or  abecedaries,"  Fuller,  Ch. 
Hist.,  VIII.  iii.  2. 

abechet,  r.  t.  [ME.,  <  OF.  abecher  (ML.  abbe- 
care),  <  a,  to,-t-  bee,  beak:  see  beak'^.]  To  feed, 
as  a  parent  bird  feeds  its  yoimg. 

Yet  should  I  somdele  ben  abeched, 
And  for  the  time  well  refreshed. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant. ,  v. 

abed  (a-bed'),  Of?''.  [<ME.  a  bedde,<AS.  on 
bedde:  prep,  on,  and  dat.  of  bedd,  bed:  see  a3 
and  bed.]    1.  In  bed. 

Not  to  be  abed  after  midnight  is  to  be  up  betimes. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  li.  3. 

2.  To  bed. 

Her  mother  dream'd  before  she  was  deliver'd 
That  she  was  brought  abed  of  a  buzzard. 

Beau,  and  FL,  False  One,  iv.  3. 

abee   (a-be'),  «.     [A.  native  term.]    A  woven 
fabric  of  cotton  and  wool,  made  in  Aleppo. 
Simmond-':. 
abegget,  *'•  t.    An  old  form  of  aby'^. 

There  dorste  no  wight  bond  upon  him  legge, 
That  he  ne  swore  he  shuld  anon  abeetge. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  IS. 

abeigh  (a-bech'),  adr.     [A  variant  of  ME.  abeij, 
abai,  etc.  :  see  bay^,  «.]     Aloof;  at  a  shy  dis- 
tance.   [Scotch.]  —To  stand  abeigh,  to  keep  aloof. 
Maggie  coost  her  head  fu"  high, 
Look'd  asklent  an'  unco  skeigh, 
Gart  poor  Duncan  .ftand  abeigh  — 

Ha,  hji,  the  wooing  o't.     Burns,  Duncan  Gray. 

abele  (a-bcl'),  n.  [Formerly  abeele,  abcal,  etc., 
<D.  abcel,  in  comp.  abeel-booin,  <  OF.  abcl,  ear- 
lier aiibil,  <  ML.  albellus,  applied  to  the  white 
poplar,  prop.  dim.  of  L.  albus,  white.]     The 

'  white  poplar,  Popidus  alba :  so  called  from  the 
white  color  of  its  twigs  and  leaves.  See  poplar. 
Also  called  abel-tree,  and  sometimes  abbey. 

SLx  abcles  i'  tlie  kirkyard  gi"ow,  on  the  north  side  in  a  row. 
Mrs.  Broieninff,  Duchess  May. 

Abelian^  (a-^'sl'i-S°)j  "•  [(■  Abel  + -ian ;  also 
Abelife,  <  LL.  Abelitce,  pi.,  <  Abel:  see  -ifel.] 
A  memlier  of  a  religious  sect  which  arose  in 
northern  Africa  in  the  fourth  centiu'y.  The 
Abelians  married,  but  lived  in  continence,  after  the  man- 
ner, ,as  they  maintained,  of  .-Vbel,  and  attempted  to  keep 
up  the  sect  iiy  adopting  the  children  of  others.  They  are 
known  only  from  tlie  report  of  St.  Augustine,  written  after 
they  had  liccome  extinct.  Also  called  Abelite  and  Abelnnian. 


aberrancy 

Abelian^  (a-bel'i-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the   Norwegian  mathematician   Niels  Hcurik 

Abcl(1802-1829).-AbeUan  equation,  an  irreducible 
algebraic  equation,  one  of  whose  roots  is  expressible  as  a 
rational  function  of  a  second,  and  shown  by  Abel  to  be 
solvable  by  the  solution  of  a  second  eiiuation  of  a  lower 
degi-ee.— Abeliaa  function,  in  nmlli..  a  hyiierelliptic 
function;  a  synmuttrie  function  of  invci-ses  of  Abeiian 
integl'als.  The  nana-  has  been  used  in  sljebtly  dilfcrent 
senses  by  different  autliors,  but  it  is  best  aiiplici  to  a  ratio 
of  double  theta  functions.— Abeliau  Integral,  one  of  a 
class  of  ultraclliptic  integrals  Ihst  iiivesti^[ite.|  by  .4bel; 
any  integral  of  an  algebraic  function  not  reducible  to 
elliptic  functifm.s.  • 

Abelite,  Abelonian  (a'bel-it,  a-bel-o'ni-an),  n. 

Samp  :iH  .Ibelianl. 

Abelmoschus  fa-bol-mos'kus),  n.  [ML.,  <  Ar. 
o/;h7-«((«/,-, -«((6/i-,  father(source)  of  musk:  abu, 
father;  al, the;  mosk,iiiisk,  musk:  see «/.)i«l  and 
musk.]  A  generic  name  formerly  ajiplied  to 
some  species  of  plants  now  referred  to  Hibis- 
cus, including  A.  moschntus  or  //.  Abelmoschus, 
the  abelmosk  or  muskmallow  of  India  and 
Egypt,  producing  the  niuskseed  used  in  jier- 
f  nines,  and  A.  or  II.  eseidentus,  the  okra.  See 
Hibiscus. 

abelmosk  (a'bel-mosk),  n.  [<  ML.  Abelmos- 
chus.] A  plant  of  the  former  genus  Abelmos- 
chus.   Also  spelled  abelmusk. 

abel-tree  (a'bel-tre),  n.    Same  as  abele. 

abelwhacketst,  «•     See  ableirhae.kets. 

a  bene  placito  (a  ba'no  pla'che-to).  [It. :  a, 
at;  bene  (<L.  bene),  well;  placito  (i'L.  placi- 
tuin),  pleasure:  see  please  and  plea.]  In 
music,  at  pleasure ;  in  tho  way  the  performer 
likes  best. 

Abeona  (ab-e-6'na),  n.  [LL.  Abeoiia,  the  god- 
dess of  departing,  <  L.  abirc,  go  away,  abco,  I 
go  away,  <  ab,  away,  +  ire,  go,  eo,  I  go.]  1.  In 
Bom.  myth.,  the  goddess  who  presided  over 
departure,  as  of  travelers. —  2.  [NL.  (Chas. 
Girard,  1854).]  In  ichtli.,  a  genus  of  viviparous 
embiotocoid  fishes  of  the  family  Ilolcoiiotidce, 
represented  by  such  sui-f-fishes  as  A.  trow- 
bridgi,  of  the  Calif ornian  coast. —  3.  In  entom., 
a  genus  Qf  hemipterous  insects.     Stal,  1876. 

aber  (ab'er),  H.  [Gael.  abar  =  'W.  aber,  a  eon- 
iiuenee  of  waters,  the  mouth  of  a  river.  Cf. 
Gael,  iiibhir,  with  same  senses,  =  W.  yiifer,  in- 
flux: see  inrer-.]  A  Celtic  word  used  as  a  pre- 
fix to  many  place-names  in  Great  Britain,  and 
signifying  a  confluence  of  waters,  either  of 
two  rivers  or  of  a  river  with  the  sea  :  as,  Aber- 
deen, Aberdour,  Abergavenny,  Aberystwith. 

aberaavine,  ".     See  aberdevine.     Latham. 

aberdeen  (ab'er-den),  n.  [Etym.  uncertain. 
Cf.  aberdevine.]  In  ornifh.,  a  name  of  the  knot 
(which  see),  Triiiga  canutus. 

aberde'Vine  (ab"er-de-vin'),  n.  [Etym.  un- 
known: see  below.]  The  siskin,  Chrysomitris 
spinas,  a  well-known  European  bird  of  the 
finch  family  {Fringillidee),  nearly  related  to  the 
goldfinch,  and  somewhat  resembling  the  green 
variety  of  the  canary-bird.  See  siskin.  Also 
spelled  aberdarine,  abadevine.     [Local,  Eng.] 

About  London,  the  sisidn  is  called  the  aberdevine  by 
bird-catchers.    Rennie,  ed.  of  Slontagu's  Diet.,  1831,  p.  2. 

[The  word  (aberdevine)  is  not  now  in  use,  if  it  ever  was. 
I  believe  it  was  first  published  by  Albin  (1737),  and  that 
it  was  a  bird-catchers'  or  bird-dealei*s'  name  about  Lon- 
don ;  but  I  suspect  it  may  have  originated  in  a  single 
bird-dealer,  who  coined  it  to  give  fictitious  value  to  a 
common  bird  for  whieh  he  wanted  to  get  a  good  price. 
Book-writers  have  gone  on  repeating  Albin's  statement 
without  adding  any  new  information,  and  I  have  never 
met  with  any  one  who  called  the  siskin  or  any  other  bird 
by  this  name.  No  suggestion  as  to  its  etymology  seems 
possible.    Prof.  A.  Newton,  letter.] 

aberr  (ab-er'),  v.  i.  [<L.  aberrare:  see  aber- 
rate.]    To  wander  ;  err.     [Rare.] 

Divers  were  out  in  their  account,  nberring  several  ways 
from  the  true  and  just  compute,  and  calling  that  one  year, 
which  perhaps  might  be  another. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  12. 

aberrance  (ab-er'ans),  n.    Same  as  aberrancy. 

aberrancy  (ab-er'an-si),  n. ;  pi.  aberraneies 
(-siz).  [<L.  as  if  * aberrantia ,  i  aberran(t-)s : 
see  aberrant.]  A  wandering  or  deviating  from 
the  right  way;  especially,  a  deviation  from 
truth  or  rectitude.  Another  form  is  aberrance. 
[Rare.] 

Tliey  do  not  only  swarm  with  err' nirs,  but  vices  depend- 
ing thereon.    Thus  they  commonly  atlect  no  man  any 
farther  than  be  desertsliis  reason,  or 

complies  with  their  aberraneies. 

^^  Sir  T.  Br.'in,.\  Vulg.  Err.,  i.  3. 


\  Aberrancy  Of  curvature,  in  in«(/i., 
the  angle  between  the  normal  to  a 
curve  at  any  point   and  the   line 
a  from  that  point  to  the  middle  point 

Aberrancy  of  Curvature,   "'  *"  infinitesimal  Chord  parallel 

the  angle  a  A  £-.  to  the  tangent. 


aberrant 

aberrant  (ab-er'ant),  a,  [<  L.  aberran(t')Sj 
ppr.  ol'  aberrare :  see  aberrate,^  1.  Wander- 
ing ;  straying  from  the  right  or  usual  course. 

An  aberrant  berg  appears  about  tliree  hundred  miles 
west-sou  til -west  of  Ireland,  in  latitude  51,  longitude  18' 
west.  Science,  III.  343. 

2.  In  zodl.  and  bot.,  differing  in  some  of  its 
characters  from  the  ixroup  in  which  it  is 
placed :  said  of  an  individual,  a  species,  a 
genus,  etc. 

In  certain  afcerran/Rotalines  the  shell  is  commonly  .  .  * 
of  a  rich  crimson  hue.        H'.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  459. 

The  more  aberrant  any  form  is,  the  greater  must  have 
been  the  number  of  connecting  forms  which  have  been 
exterminated  or  utterly  lost. 

Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  387. 

Aberrant  duct  of  the  testis,  in  anat.,  a  slender  tube 
or  diverticulum' from  the  lower  part  of  the  canal  of  the 
epidid>inis,  or  from  the  beginning  of  the  excretory  duct 
of  the  testis  (vas  defereos).  It  varies  from  2  to  14  inches 
in  length,  is  coiled  up  into  a  fusiform  muss  extending  up 
the  spermatic  cord  2  or  3  inches,  and  tonninatt-s  blindly. 
Two  or  more  such  tubes  are  occasionally  found  together, 
but  they  are  sometimes  entirely  wanting.  See  testis.  Also 
called  vas  aberrans,  vascitlum  aberrans. 


aberrate  (ab-er'at),  r. 
rateii,  ppr.  aberrating. 


pret.  and  pp.  abcr- 
[<L,  aberratugj  pp.  of 


10 

heavenly  body  due  to  the  joint  effect  of  the 
motion  of  the  rays  of  light  proceeding  from 
it  and  the  motion  of  the  earth.  Thus,  when  the 
light  from  a  star  that  is  not  diiectly  in  the  line  of  the 
earth's  motion  is  made  to  fall  centrally  into  ^  telescope, 
the  telescope  is  in  reality  inclined  slightly  away  from  the 
true  direction  of  the  star  toward  that  in  which  the 
eaith  is  moving;  just  as  one  running  mider  a  vertically 
falling  slu'werof  rain,  and  lidding  in  his  hand  a  long- 
necked  Husk,  must  incline  its  mouth  forward  if  he  does 
not  wish  the  sides  of  the  neck  to  be  wetted.  This  phe- 
nomenon, discovered  and  explaineil  by  liradley  (172»),  is 
termeti  the  aberration  of  light,  and  its  effect  in  displacing 
a  star  is  called  the  aberration  of  the  star.  The  annual 
aberration,  due  to  the  motion  of  the  earth  in  its  orbit, 
amounts  to20'.4in  themaxinmm;  the  diurnal  aberration] 
due  to  the  rotation  of  the  earth,  is  only  0'  .3  at  most! 
See  planetary  aberration,  below.— Circle  Of  aberration^ 
the  circle  of  colored  light  observed  in  exiieriments  with 
convex  lenses  between  the  point  where  the  \iolet  lays 
meet  and  that  where  the  red  rays  meft.— Constant  Of 
aberration.  See  conMant.— Crown,  of  aberration,  a 
luminous  circle  surrounding  the  disk  of  tlu-  sun.  depend- 
ing on  the  aberration  of  its  rays,  by  wluih  its  apparent 
diameter  is  enlai-ged.— Planetary' aberration  (.sue  5, 
above),  better  called  the  equation  of  liiiht,  an  apparent 
displacement  of  a  moving  body,  as  a  planet,  owing  to  its 
not  being  in  the  same  position  at  the  moment  the  light 
reaches  the  earth  that  it  was  when  the  light  left  it.  =  Syn. 
1.  Deviation,  divertrence.  departure.— 2.  (a)  Derangement* 
hallncination,  iltusiiui,  ilelusion,  eccentricity,  mania. 


abenare,  stray  from,  <  ah    trom,  +  errare,  to  aberrational  (ab-e-ra'shon-al),  o.     Character 


stray:  see  err.]  To  wautler  or  deviate  from 
the  right  way;  diverge.     [Rare.] 

The  product  of  their  defective  and  aberratinfl  vision. 

De  Quincey. 
aberration  (ab-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<L.  aherra- 
ti(i{n-'.  <  ((tierrare  :  see  aberrate.']  1.  The  act 
of  wauderiug  away;  deviation;  especially, 
in  a  figurative  seuse,  the  aot  of  wandering 
from  the  right  way  or  course  ;  hence,  deviation 
from  truth  or  moral  rectitude. 

So  then  we  draw  near  to  God,  when,  repenting  us  of  our 
former  aberratiowt  from  him,  we  renew  our  covenants 
vritll  him.  Bp.  Halt,  Sermon  on  James  iv.  8. 

The  neighbouring  clmrclies,  both  l>y  petitions  and  mes- 
sengers, took  such  liappy  pains  with  tile  cimrch  of  Salem, 
aa  presently  recovered  that  lioly  flock  to  a  sense  of  llis 
(Koger  WUIiams'sJ  aberraduiu. 

C.  Mather.  Mag.  Chris.,  vii.  1. 

2.  In  pathol. :  (a)  A  wandering  of  the  intel- 
lect ;  mental  derangement.  (6)  Vicarious  hem- 
orrhage, (c)  Diapedesis  of  blood-coi-puscles. 
(rf)  Congenital  malformation. —  3.  In  ztiol.  and 
hot.,  deviation  from  the  tj-pe  ;  abnormal  struc- 
ture or  development. 

In  whichever  light,  therefore,  insect  aWrrati&ti  is  viewed 
by  US,  ...  we  aftliiu  that  it  does  .  .  .  exist. 

Wotla^ton,  Var.  of  Species,  p.  2. 

4.  In  optics,  a  deviation  in  the  rays  of  light 
when  unequally  refracted  by  a  lens  or  reflected 
by  a  mirror,  so  that  they  do  not  converge  and 
meet  in  a  point  or  focus,  but  separate,  form- 
ing an  indistinct  image  of  the  ob.iect,  or  an 
indistinct  image  with  prismaticaily  colored 
«dgcs.  It  is  called  'iiherical  when,  as  in  tlie  former  case, 
the  ini|>erfection  or  blurring  arises  from  the  form  of  curva- 
ture of  the  lens  or  rellector,  and  chn, malic  when,  as  in  the 
latter  ciiae.  tlu-re  is  a  prismatic  coloring  of  the  image  aris- 
ing from  the  iliifercnt  refrangibility  of  tlie  rays  compos- 
ing white  light,  and  the  consequent  fact  that  the  foci  for 
the  ditlerent  cglors  do  not  coincide,  ihus,  in  llg.  I,  the 
rays  pa-^ising  through  the  lens  L  h  near  its  edge  have  a 
focus  at  A,  while  those  which  pass  near  the  axis  have  a 
focus  at  /;;  hence,  an  imago  formed  on  a  screen  placerl 
Jit  m  m  would  appear  more  or  less  distorted  or  indistinct. 


ized  by  alierration;  erratic. 
aberuncatet  (ab-e-rung'kat),  v.  t. ;   pret.  and 
pp.  ahcnoicated,  ppr.  ahcrmicatiny.     [An  erro- 
neous form  Qi  avcrruncdie,  as 
if  <  L.  'aberuncare,  <  ab,  from, 
+  e  for   e.r,   out,  +  runcare, 
uproot,  weed  ;  hence  the  un- 
authorized   sense    given    by 
Bailey.    See  arernincaie.']   To 
pull  up  by  the  roots ;  extir- 
pate utterly.     Johnson. 

Abentncated,    pulled    up   by    the 
roots,  weeded.  Eailet/. 

aberuncationt  (ab-e-rung-ka'- 
sboii),  H.  [<  aberuncatc.l 
Eradication;  extirpation;  re- 
moval. 

aberuncator  (ab-e-rung'ka- 

tor),  H.     l<aberuncatc.     Cf.    L.  Aberuncalor,. 

runcator,  a  weeder.]     1.  An 
implement  for  e.\tirpating  weeds ;   a  weedor 
or  weeding-maehiue. —  2.  An  instrument  for 
pruning  trees  when  their  branches  are  beyond  abeyancy  (a-ba'an-si),  n.      The  state  or  eon- 
easy  reach  of  the  hand.     There  are  various  forms  of     <lition  of  being  in  abevaneo.     Haictltoriu: 
the.se implement's  but  tlicvidlrensi.st of  tw^oblade^  abeyant  (a-biX'ant),  a.       [Inferred  from  abcij- 

'""""'  "•■ '  anec :  see  -ance  and  -hhM.]  In  law,  being  in 
abeyance, 
abgregatet  (ab'gre-gat),  ;•.  t.  [<L.  ahfirrgatiis, 
pp.  iif  alKireqare,  lead  awsiy  from  tlio  "flock, 
<  (ih,  from,  -I-  <iri:r  (greg-),  ilock.  Cf.  cougre- 
gate,  segregate.']  To  separate  from  a  flock. 
Coekcrnni,  1(51  " 

a'shon),  «.     [<  ML.  ah 


abhor 

One  who  abets  or  incites ;  one  who  aids  or  en- 
courages another  to  commit  a  crime  ;  a  sup- 
porter or  encourager  of  something  bad.  Abet- 
tor is  the  form  used  in  law. 

But  let  til'  abettor  of  the  Panther's  crime 
Learn  to  make  fairer  wars  another  time. 

Di-yden,  Hind  and  Panther,  I.  1647. 
In  law,  an  abettor,  as  distinguished  from  an  acresmiry,  is 
more  especially  one  who,  being  present,  gives  aiii  or*  en- 
couragement. 

2.  One  who  aids,  supports,  or  encoura4;es  :  in 
a  good  seuse. 

It  has  been  the  ticcasion  of  making  me  friends  and  open 
abettors  of  several  gentlemen  of  known  sense  and  wit. 

Pope,  Letters,  June  15,  1711. 
=  Syn.  1.  Abettor,  Accessory,  Accomplice.  See  accomplice. 

abevacuation  (.ib-e-vak-ii-a'shon),  H.  [<  NL. 
alieraei(atio{n-):  see  ab-  and  eraeiiatidii.']  In 
iiieit.,  variously  used  to  signify  a  morbid  evacu- 
ation, whether  excessive  or  d'eticieut. 

ab  extra  (ab  eks'tra).  [L.]  From  without: 
opposed  to  ab  intra  (which  see). 

Those  who  are  so  fortunate  as  to  occupy  the  philosophi- 
cal position  of  spectators  ab  extra  are  very  few  in  any 
generation.         Lowell,  .\mong  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  140. 

abeyance  (a-b;i'ans),  «.  [<OF.  abeiance,  abey- 
ance, <a-  (<L.  ad-),  to,  at,  +  bcance  {*beianee), 
expectation,  desire,  <  fctoH?,  expecting,  think- 
ing, ppr.  of  beer,  bacr  (F.  bayer),  gape,  gaze 
at,    expect    anxiously,  <  ML.   badare,  gape.] 

1.  In  law,  a  state  of  expectation  or  contempla- 
tion. Thus,  the  fee  simpU-  or  inlu  litance  of  lands  and 
tenements  is  in  abeyance  wlu-n  thiie  is  no  jierson  in  being 
in  whom  it  can  vest,  so  that  it  is  in  a  state  of  expectancy 
or  waiting  until  a  proper  person  shall  appear.  So  also 
where  one  man  holds  land  for  life,  with  remainder  to  the 
heirs  of  another,  and  the  latter  is  yet  alive,  the  remainder 
is  in  abeyance,  since  no  man  can  have  an  heir  until  his 
death.  Titles  of  honor  and  dignities  are  said  to  be  in 
abeyance  when  it  is  uncertain  who  shall  enjoy  them. 
Thus,  in  Eiifl.  law,  when  a  nobleman  holding  a  dignity 
ilescendible  to  his  heirs  geiural  ilies  leaving  daughters, 
the  king  by  his  prerogatiie  may  grant  the  ilimiitv  to  any 
one  of  tlie  daughters  he  pleases,  or  to  tin-  male  "issue  of 
one  of  such  daughtera.  \\liile  the  title  to  the  dignity  is 
tlius  in  suspension  it  is  saiil  to  be  in  abeyance. 

2.  A  state  of  suspended  action  or  existence,  or 
temporary  inactivity. 

Upon  awaking  from  slumber,  I  could  never  gain,  at 
once,  thorough  possessicm  of  my  senses  ;  .  .  .  the  mental 
faculties  in  general,  but  the  memory  in  especial,  being  in 
nulition  of  absolute  abeyance.  Poe,  Tales,  I.  333. 


•  the 


one  of  which  is  fixed  rigidly  to  : 
otlier  forms  one  arm  of  a  lever,  to 
er  a  pulley  is  attached.    Also  writ- 

runeator. 


to  those  of  stout  sli.- 
b'lig  handle,  win 
wIulIi  a  cord  pas^ 
tt-n,  more  properly,  ave 
abet  (a-bef),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abetted,  ppr. 
ahrtliiig.    [<  ME.  ahftten,  <  OF.  abetter,  aheter, 
instigate,  deceive,  <«-(<  L.  ad-),  to,  +  heter, 
bait,  as  a  bear,  <  led.  beita,  bait,  cause  to  bite ; 
seo   bait,  v.;   also  bet'^,  a  shortened  form   of  abgregationt  (ab-gre 


jy^.j. 


Fig.  1.  diagram  IllmtrallaC  llw  uphrtknl  nhcrrnlionof  n  Icii.. 
'    [Ifwclir'^ 


■li4ifT«m  iUiMtraUnK  l! 


Iir'jm4tk  A)«rratkai. 


I'lg. .. 


In  (Ik. '.;  ilw  violet  njrs  (ur)  have  a  focus  Bl  r,  whlhi  the  abetment  f  11-bet'ment),  ».  [< 
lens  refriokiblr-  red  r»y«  tr  n  . .,me  t..  n  (.«u«  at  /(,  A  Tlio  act  of  uljotting;  that  which 
spot  of  luo.i  »nl,  n  red  i.„  i.  r  would  be  observd  on  «     or  riieoiirftL'e. 


Hereon   plu'  •"!    .it  a  n 
wrreen  at  '■ '-      Ir 
tially  elhroniil. 
corT»cl«il  for  .  br 

S.  In  tutron.. 


the  apparent  diHplaouuient  >,i 


abet."]  1.  To  encourage  by  aiil  or  approval : 
used  with  a  personal  object,  and  cliietly  in  a 
bad  sense. 

They  abetted  both  parties  in  the  civil  war,  and  always 
fnrnisheil  supplies  to  the  weaker  side,  lest  there  should 
be  an  end  put  to  these  fatal  divisiinis. 

.idilintm,  Freeholder,  No.  '28. 

Note,  too,  how  for  having  «/*-7/i'(/  those  who  wronged  the 
native  Irish,  England  has  to  pay  a  penalty. 

//.  Silencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  487. 

2t.  To  maintain  ;  support;  uphold. 

"Then  shall  I  soone,"  qnoth  he,  "so  Ood  me  grace, 

Abett  that  virgins  cause  disconsolate." 

S/iemer,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  r,i. 
3.  In  law,  to  encourage,  counsel,  incite,  or  as- 
sist in  a  criminal  act — implying,  in  the  case 
of  felony,  personal  iireseiicc.  ibus,  in  military 
law,  it  Is  a  grave  crime  to  aid  or  abet  n  mutiny  "r  sedi- 
tion, or  excite  resistance  agailist  lawful  orders.  In  .S'r«rx 
law,  a  person  is  said  to  be  abeitiwj  tlmugh  he  may  <uily 

firotect  a  criminal,  conceal  him  from  Justice,  or  aid  htm 
II  making  his  csirape. 

Ilenco — 4.  To  lead  to  or  eniinirago  the  coni- 
mission  of. 

Would  ni>t  the  fool  alift  the  stealth 
Who  rashly  thus  exposed  his  wealth'/ 

Uay,  Fables,  II.  VI. 
=  8yn.  To  Biipiiort,  encourage,  second,  countenance,  aid. 
assist,  back,  luinnivu  at,  stand  by,  ftn-tlier. 
abett  (ii-bet'),  n.  [<  ME.  ahrl,  instigation,  <  OF. 
nlii:t,  iiistigatioii,  deceit  (Ml,.  alietlnm\<alirler  : 
see  aliel,  r.]  'J'lio  net  of  niiling  or  encouraging, 
spii'i.illy  in  u  crime,     t'liiiiieer. 

[<  abet  +  •Picnt.'\ 

Hcrvos  to  ubet 

rage 

abettal  (n-bot'fil).  n.    [<"'"'  +  -"'•]    The  net  of 
nlotting;  aid.      Ilailrti.      |  Knre.') 

abetter,  abettor  (a-iiet'i'r,  -or,  or  -Ar),  ». 
[Fonnorly  abcltour";  <  abet  +  ^ri,   -or^.J     1. 


l(iti(i(n-),<  }j.  abgregare:  see  abgrcgate.] 
The  act  of  separating  from  a  flock,     jiaiiei/. 

abhal  (ab'lial),  )i.  A  name  given  in  the  East 
Inilics  to  the  berries  of  the  common  .iuniper. 
.fiiniperiis  communis.  Also  spelled  ab'liel  and 
ahhiit. 

abhel,  «.     See  ahkal. 

abhominable  (ab-hom'i-na-bl),  a.  An  old 
mode  of  spelling  ajmniniablr,  on  the  supposi- 
tion tliat  it  was  derived  from  iib  liiiminc,  U'mn 
or  repugnant  to  man.  ridiculed  as  pedantic  by 
Shakspere  in  the  onaracter  of  the  pedant 
Holof  ernes. 

This  is  abhominable  (which  ho  would  call  abominable). 
Sliak.,  L.  1„  L.,  V.  1. 
[.■\l)liomiiuible  occurs  In  tlu;  Promptorinm  Parvulorum 
(c.  14411),  and  in  (iowcr ;  oWooiM/m.-""""  is  in  WvclU's 
New  Testament,  alt/iiiniinaei,uni  in  ('banc  rr.  and  ab)wmy- 
nneiimn  In  :\IandcviIIe.  Fuller  hiw  abhominal,  n  foriu 
made  lo  suit  tlic  false  etymcdogy.) 

abhor  (ab-luir'),  r.;  pret.  and  jip.  abhorred,  ppr. 
ahhiirriitg.  [<  L.  alihorn're.  shrink  from,  <  oh, 
from, -t- /iriiTfTC,  bristle  (witli  fear'):  see  hor- 
riil.]  I.  Iran.i.  1.  Literally,  to  shrink  back 
from  witli  horror  or  dread;  hence,  to  regard 
with  ri'|iii;;iinnee;  hale  extremely  or  witli  loath- 
iii),';  lo.'illii',  delcsl,  or  abomintito  :  ns,  Uiabhor 
<'vil ;  lo  alhiir  inlrigui'. 

Thou  illdst  n<it  nl)hor  the  virgin's  wiuiib.  Te  Drum. 

Natnri'  (iWo.r.?  the  old,  and  ohl  age  seems  the  only  dis- 
ease. .  Kmermn,  llssays,  Ist  siU".,  p. 'J8D. 
2f.  To  till  with  liorror  and  loathing;  liorrify. 

He  (Alexandcrl  caused  the  women  that  were  captive  to 
stiiK  before  bin)  such  songes  as  althnrred  the  cars  of  tlio 
-Mari'dons  n.it  lo'customed  to  such  things. 

./.  Ilrrnile,  Ir.  of  (^ulntns  Ciirtlus,  vl. 

Mow  abhorred  my  Imagination  is  ;  my  gorge  rises  at  it 
Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  L 
"Bjm.  1.  Hate,  Abhor,  Detest,  etc.    Hoe  Aafe. 


abhor 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  shrink  back  with  disgust, 
or  with  fear  and  shudderings. 

To  abhorre  from  those  vices. 

Udall,  Erasmus,  St.  James,  iv. 

2.  To  be  antagonistie ;  be  averse  or  of  oppo- 
site character:  with //-o/H. 

Which  is  utterly  abhorring  from  the  end  of  all  law. 

Milton,  Divorce,  II.  vii.  7i>. 

abhorrence  (ab-hor'ens),  «.  l<  abhorrent :  soo 
-fiver:]  1.  The  act  of  abhorring;  a  feeling  of 
extreme  aversion  or  detestation ;  strong  hatred. 
One  man  thinks  justice  consists  in  paying  debts,  and  has 
no  measure  in  his  abhorrence  of  another  who  i$  very  re- 
miss in  this  duty.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  286. 

2t.  An  expression  of  abhorrence.  Specifically, 
an  address  presented  in  16S0  to  Charles  II.  of  England, 
expressing  abhorrence  of  the  Addressers  (which  sec). 

3.  That  which  excites  repugnance  or  loathing: 
as,  servility  is  my  abhorrence.  =  Syu.  1.  Horror, 
hatred,  detestation,  repugnance,  disgust,  loathing,  shrink- 
ing, antipathy,  aversion. 

abhorrencyt  (ab-hor'en-si),  ».  The  quality  of 
being  abhorrent,  or  the  state  of  regarding  any- 
thing with  horror  or  loathing. 

The  first  tendency  to  any  injustice  .  .  .  must  be  sup- 
pressed with  a  show  of  wonder  and  abhorrence  in  the 
parents.  Locke,  Education,  ^  110. 

abhorrent  (ab-hor'ent),  a.  [<L.  abhorrcn{t-)s, 
ppr.  otahhorrere:  see  abhor.']  1.  Hating;  de- 
testing ;  struck  with  abhorrence. 

The  arts  of  pleasure  iu  despotic  courts 

I  spurn  abhorrent.  Glover,  Leonidas,  x. 

2.  Exciting  horror  or  abhorrence  ;  very  repul- 
sive ;  detestable :  as,  abhorrent  scenes ;  an 
abhorrent  criminal  or  course  o£  conduct. — 3. 
Contrary ;  utterly  repugnant ;  causing  aver- 
sion :  formerly  with  from,  now  with  to. 

And  yet  it  is  so  abhorrent  from  the  vulgar. 

•      Glanville,  Seep.  Sci. 
Christianity  turns  from  these  scenes  of  strife,  as  abhor- 
rent to  licr  highest  injunctions.        Sumner,  Aug.  27, 1S46. 

abhorrently  (ab-hor'ent-li),  adv.  With  abhor- 
rence ;  in  an  abhorrent  manner. 

abhorrer  (ab-h6r'er),  }(.  One  who  abhors. 
Spccitically  (with  or  without  a  capital  letter),  in  the  reign 
of  I'liarlcs  II.  of  England,  a  member  of  the  court  party, 
afterward  called  Tones.  They  derived  their  name  from 
their  professed  abhorrence  of  the  principles  of  the  Ad- 
dressers, who  endeavored  to  restrict  the  royal  prerogative. 
See  addresser. 

Scarce  a  day  passed  but  some  abhorrer  was  dragged 
before  them  [the  House  of  Commons]  aj:id  committed  to 
the  cnstoily  of  the  sergeant-at-arms,  at  the  pleaslU'e  of  the 
house.  Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  5(11. 

abhorrible  (ab-hor'i-bl),  a.  [<  abhor  +  -iblc, 
after  horrible.]  Worthy  or  deserving  to  be  ab- 
horred.   [Rare.] 

abhorring  (ab-hor'ing),  n.  1.  A  feeling  of  ab- 
horrence ;  loathing. 

I  find  no  abhorring  in  my  appetite.        Domie,  Devotion. 
2t-  An  object  of  abhorrence. 
They  shall  be  an  abhorring  unto  all  flesh.      Isa.  Lxvi.  24. 

abhul,  n.     See  abhal. 

Abia(a'bi-a),H.  Agenusot Symenojitera.  Leach. 

Abib  (a'bib),  n.  [Heb.  dbib,  an  ear  of  corn, 
<  dbab,  produce  early  fruit,  .<  ab,  swelling.] 
The  time  of  newly  ripe  gi'ain  ;  the  first  month 
of  the  Jewish  ecclesiastical  y.ear,  beginning 
with  the  new  moon  of  March.  Ablb  seems  to  have 
been  the  designation  of  a  season  rather  than  the  name  of 
a  month.  After  the  Babylonish  captivity  it  was  also 
calleil  Nimn  (Neh.  ii.  1). 

abidance  (a-bi'dans),  «.  [<  abide'^  +  -ance.] 
The  act  of  abiding  or  continuing  ;  abode;  stay. 
Fuller.     [Rare.] 

And  then,  moreover,  there  is  His  personal  abidance  in 
our  churches,  raising  earthly  service  into  a  foretaste  of 
heaven.  J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  475. 

abide^  (a-bid'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  abode,  ypr. 
abidiiuj.  [<  ME.  abiden  (pret.  sing,  abod,  pi. 
ubiden,  pp.  abiden),  <  AS.  dbidan  (pret.  sing. 
ahdd,  pi.  dbidon,  pp.  abiden)  (=  Goth,  nsbeidan, 
expect), <  o-  +  bidan,  bide:  see  bide.  The  ME. 
and  AS.  forms  are  trans,  and  intrans.]  I. 
tram.  1.  To  wait  for;  especially,  to  stand  one's 
ground  against. 

Abide  me  if  thou  dar'st.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

Howbeit  we  abide  our  day  !        M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

2.  To  await ;  be  in  store  for. 

Bonds  antl  afflictions  abide  me.  Acts  xx.  23. 

3.  To  endure  or  sustain  ;  remain  firm  under. 
>Mio  may  abide  the  day  of  his  coming?  Mai.  iii.  2. 
tircatness  does  not  need  plenty,  and  can  very  well  abide 

its  loss.  £merA'o/i,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  232. 

4.  To  put  up  with;  tolerate.     [In  this  collo- 
quial sense  approaching  abide^.] 

I  cannot  abide  the  smell  of  hot  meat. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  3. 


11 

As  for  disappointing  them,  I  shouldn't  so  much  mind, 
but  I  can't  abide  to  disappoint  myself. 

Gfddamith,  She  Stoops  toCon(iuer,  i.  1. 

5t.     To    encoimter;    undergo:    in   a    jocular 

sense.  [?] 

I  wil  give  hyni  the  alder-beste 
Uifte,  that  ever  he  abode  hys  lyve. 

Chameer,  Dethe  of  Blaunche,  I.  247. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  have  one's  abode ;  dwell; 
reside. 

In  the  noiseless  air  and  light  tlult  flowed 
Hound  your  fair  brows,  eternal  J'eace  abode. 

Dnjant,  To  the  Apennines. 

2.  To  remain  ;  continue  to  stay. 

Except  these  abide  in  the  ship,  ye  cannot  be  saved. 

Acts  xxvii.  31. 
Here  no  man  can  abide,  except  he  be  ready  with  all  his 
heart  to  humble  himself  for  the  love  of  God. 

Thomas  d  Kempiis,  Im.  of  Christ,  i.  17. 

3.  To  continue  in  a  certain  condition  ;  remain 
steadfast  or  faithful. 

But  she  is  happier  it  she  so  abide  [In  widowhood). 

1  Cor.  vii.  40. 
4t.  To  wait ;  stop ;  delay. 

He  hasteth  wel  that  wysly  kan  ahyde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  949. 

5.  To  inhere  ;  belong  as  an  attribute  or  qual- 
ity ;  have  its  seat. 
Though  far  more  cause,  yet  much  less  spirit  to  curse 
Abides  in  me.  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

To  abide  by.  {«)  To  remain  at  rest  beside  :  as,  "abide 
by  thy  ciilj,'  Job  xxxix.  9.  (6)  To  adhere  to ;  maintain  ; 
defend  ;  stand  to  :  as,  to  abide  by  a  friend.  Specifically, 
in  Scots  law,  to  adhere  to  as  true  and  genuine :  said  of 
the  party  who  relies  upon  a  deed  or  writing  which  the 
other  party  ilesires  to  have  reduced  or  declared  null  and 
void,  (in  the  ground  of  forgery  or  falsehood,  (c)  To  await 
or  accept  the  consequences  of ;  rest  satisfied  with  :  as,  to 
abide  by  the  event  or  issue.  =  Syil.  1  and  2.  Abide, 
Sojourn,  Continue,  Dwell,  Reside,  Live,  remain,  stay, 
stop,  lodge,  settle,  settle  down,  tarry,  linger.  Live  is  the 
most  general  word  :  to  pass  one's  life,  without  indicating 
place,  time,  or  manner.  Abide,  sojourn,  to  stay  for  a 
time  —  length  of  stay  being  associated  in  the  mind  with 
the  ffinner,  and  briefness  or  shortness  of  stay  with  the 
latter.  Continue,  to  stay  on,  without  interv.al  of  absence. 
Dwell,  to  l»e  domiciled.  Reside,  to  have  one's  home ;  dwell. 
And  if  these  pleasures  may  thee  move. 
Then  live  with  me  and  be  my  love. 

Marlowe,  Shepherd  to  his  Love. 

0  Thou  who  changest  not,  abide  with  me  !  Lyte. 
A  certain  man  of  Beth-lehem-judah  went  to  sojourn  in 

the  country  of  Moab,  he,  and  his  wife,  and  his  two  sons. 
.  .  .  And  they  came  into  the  country  of  Moab,  and  eon- 
tinned  there.  Ruth  i.  1,  2. 

And  Moses  was  content  to  dwell  with  the  man. 

Exod.  ii.  21. 

There,  at  the  moated  grange,  resides  this  dejected  Ma- 
riana. Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

abide^  (a-bid'),  v.  t.  [This  word  iu  the  sense 
of  '  suffer  for '  does  not  occur  much  earlier  than 
Shakspere's  time.  It  is  a  corruption  of  ME. 
abyen,  pay  for,  due  to  confusion  with  abided, 
wait  for  (as  if  that  sense  were  equivalent  to 
'endure'):  see  further  under  abij'^,  and  ef. 
abided,  r.  t.,  4.]  To  pay  the  price  or  penalty 
of ;  suffer  for. 

If  it  be  found  so,  some  will  dear  abide  it. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii,  2. 
Ah  me !  they  little  know 
How  dearly  I  abide  that  boast  so  vain. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  86. 

abident.    Old  perfect  participle  of  abided. 
abider   (a-bi'der),  H.     [<a6irfei -I- -o'l.]     One 
who  dwells  or  continues ;    one  who  lives  or 
resides. 
abiding    (a-bi'ding),  p.  a.      [Ppr.  of  abide^.] 
Continuing;    permanent;    steadfast:    as,    an 
abidintj  faith. 
Here  thou  hast  no  abiding  city. 

Thomas-  a  Kempis,  Im.  of  Christ,  ii.  1. 

1  do  not  tliink  that  Pope's  verse  anywhere  sings,  but  it 
should  seem  that  the  abiding  presence  of  fancy  in  his  best 
work  forbids  his  exclusion  from  the  rank  of  poet. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  432. 

abidingly  (n-bi'ding-H),  adv.  In  an  abiding 
manner ;  eiuluringly;  lastingly;  permanently. 
abiding-place  (a-bi'ding-plas),  ?!.  [<abidin(/, 
verbal  n.  of  abided,  +  place.]  A  place  where 
one  abides;  a  permanent  dwelling-place;  hence, 
a  place  of  rest ;  a  resting-place. 
A  very  charming  little  abiding-place. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  41. 
Many  of  these  plants    .    .    .    found  suitable  abiding- 
places  at  the  South.  Science,  III.  359. 

Abies  (ab'i-ez),  n.  [L.  abies  (abiet-),  the  silver 
fir;  origin  unknown.]  A  genus  of  trees,  the 
firs,  of  the  suborder  Abietincir,  natural  order 
Conifcra;  some  of  which  are  valuable  for  their 
timber,  it  dift'ers  from  Pinus  in  its  solitary  leaves  and 
in  the  thin  .scales  of  its  cones,  whicli  ripen  the  first  year. 
From  the  allied  genera  Picea,  Tsuga,  etc.,  with  which 
it  has  sometimes  been  united,  it  is  distinguished  by  its 
closely  sessile  leaves,  by  the  bracts  of  the  female  aments 
being  much  larger  than  the  scales,  and  by  having  erect 
cones  with  deciduous  scales.    It  includes  16  or  18  species, 


(i)  Staminate 


)  pistil. 


late  inflorescence  of  the  pine; 
(3)  a  pistillate  scale,  and  (4) 
the  same  showing  a  longitudi- 
nal section  of  the  ovules. 


ability 

confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  equally  divided 
between  the  old  and  new  worlds.  To  it  belong  the  sil- 
ver fir  iff  central  Euroi»e  (A.  i)ectinatu),  the  l>al8am-ttr  of 
eastern  North  America  (^.  balsainca),  the  red  and  white 
fii's  of  western  America  (A.  graiutis,  concolor,  and  noljilis), 
till-  sail  I'd  fir  of  Mexico  (A.  religiosa),  etc.  See  fir. 

abietene  (ab'i-e-ten),  n.  [<  L.  ubics  (abiet-), 
th(<  lir,  -I-  -ene.'l  A  hydrocarbon  obtained  by 
distillation  from  the  resin  of  the  nut-pine 
of  California,  I'iniis  Sabiniana.  it  consists  almost 
wholly  of  nonnal  heptane,  C7H](},  and  is  a  nearly  color- 
less iiinbil,-  liquid,  having  a  strong  aromatic  smell,  highly 
infianiiiiable,  and  burning  with  a  white,  smokeless  flame. 

abietic  (ab-i-et'ik),  a.  [<  L.  abici  (alnct-),  the 
lir,  -I-  -h:]  Of  or  pertaining  to  trees  of  the 
genus  .lilies;  derived  from  the  fir.— Abietic 
acid,  I  ■■_',, ]l;;n"-_',  an  acid  obtained  from  the  resin  of  some 
spccirs  r.f  ijiiie, 'larch,  and  fir.  These  resins  are  anhydrids 
of  uhictic  acid  or  niixtures  containing  it. 

abietin  (ab'i-e-tiu),  n.  [<  L.  abies  {abiet-),  the 
lir,  -t-  -in"^.]  A  tasteless,  inodorous  resin,  de- 
rived from  the  turpentine  obtained  from  some 
species  of  the  genus  Abies. 

Abietinese  (ab'i-e-tin'e-e),  n.  pA.  [NL.,  <  L. 
abies  (abiet-),  the'fir,  +  -in-ea:.]  A  suborder  of 
the  natural  order  Coniferce,  distinguished  by 
bearing  strobiles  (cones)  with  two  inverted 
ovules  at  the  base  of  each  scale,  which  become 
winged  samaroid  seeds.  The  leaves  are  linear  or 
neeiile-shaped,  and  never  two- 
ranked.  It  includes  many  of 
the  most  valuable  kinds  of  tim- 
ber-trees, viz.,  pine  (Pinus), 
true  cedar  (Cedrus),  spruce  (Pi- 
cea),  hemlock-spruce  (Tsuga), 
l>ouglas'&sxtvuce(Pseudotsuga), 
fir  (.ibics),  and  larch  (Larix). 

abietinic  (ab'''i-e-tin'ik), 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from  abietin :  as, 
abietinic  acid. 

abietite  (ab'i-e-tit),  n. 
[<  L.  abies  ((ibiet-),  the  fir, 
-I-  -/fc2.]  AsugarjCgHgOs, 
obtained  from  the  needles 
of  the  European  silver  fir, 
Abirs  pcctinata. 

Abietites  (ab"i-e-ti'tez), 
)/.    [NL.,  pi.  (septate), 

<  L.  abies  (abiet-),  the  fir.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
plants,  natural  order  Conifene,  occurring  in  the 
Wealden  and  Lower  Greensand  strata. 

Abigail  (ab'i-gal),  n.  [<  Abigail,  the  "waiting 
gentlewoman"  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
play  of  "The  Scornful  Lady" — so  named, 
perhaps,  in  allusion  to  the  expression  "thine 
handmaid,"  applied  to  herself  by  Abigail,  the 
wife  of  Nabal,  when  carrj-ing  provisions  to 
David :  see  1  Sam.  xxv.  2-41.]  A  general  name 
for  a  waiting-woman  or  lady's-maid.  [Colloq.] 
Sometimes  written  as  a  common  noun,  with- 
out a  capital. 

The  Abigail,  by  immemorial  custom,  being  a  deodand, 
and  belonging  to  holy  Church. 

Reply  to  Ladies  and  Bachelors  Petition,  1694 

(Harl.  Misc.,  IV.  440). 
I  myself  have  seen  one  of  these  male  Abigails  tripping 
about  the  room  with  a  looking-glass  in  his  hand  and 
combing  his  lady's  hair  a  whole  morning  together. 

Siectator. 

abigeat  (ab-ij'e-at),  V.  [<  OF.  abigeat,  <  L. 
abigeatus,  cattle-stealing,  <  abigeus,  a  cattle- 
stealer,  <  a6i(/CTr,  drive  away:  see  abactor. 
For  the  second  sense  (b),  ef.  L.  abiga,  a  plant 
which  has  the  power  of  producing  abortion, 

<  abigere,  as  above.]  In  law :  (a)  The  crime 
of  stealing  or  driving  off  cattle  in  droves.  (6) 
A  miscarriage  procured  by  art, 

abiliatet  (ar-bil'i-at),  v.  t.  [For  abilitate ;  or 
irreg.  formed  from  able,  L.  habilis,  ML.  (h)abi- 
lis.]     To  enable.     Bacon.     [Rare.] 

abilimentt  (a-bil'i-ment),  n.  [Vax.  of  habili- 
ment, q.  v.]  Ability:  as,  "  abiliment  to  steer  a 
kingdom,"  Ford,  Broken  Heart,  v.  2. 

abilimentst,  n.  pi.     Same  as  habiliments. 

abilitatet  (a-bil'i-tat),  c.  t.  [<ML.  hahilitatus, 
pp.  of  liahiiiiarc  (>  OF.  habileter,  habiliter),  ren- 
der able,  <  habilis,  able  :  see  able^.]  To  assist. 
Nicholas  Ferrar. 

ability  (a-bil'i-ti).  H.  [<  ME.  abilite  (four  syl- 
lables), <  of;'  habilite  (ME.  also  ablete,  <  OF. 
ablete),  <  L.  habilita(t-)s,  ML.  abdita(t-)s,  apt- 
ness, < /)0&(/(S,  apt,  able:  see  abW^.]  1.  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  able;  power  or 
capacity  to  do  or  act  in  any  relation;  compe- 
tence in  any  occupation  or  field  of  action,  from 
the  possession  of  capacity,  skill,  means,  or 
other  qualification. 

They  gave  after  their  ability  unto  the  treasure  of  the 
work.  Ezra  ii.  69. 

Alas !  what  poor 
Ability's  in  me  to  do  him  pood  ? 

5;m*.,  M.  forM.,  L  5. 


ability 


12 


To  the  close  of  the  RepubUe,  the  law  was  the  sole  field  abiOgeny  (ab-i-oj'e-ni), «.    [<  Gr.  a-priv.  +  ^.'of 

-  •  ■  •    -    ' —  '"-    ^j.^,^  ^  -;.  nv/f ,  -born :  see  abiogenests  and  -gen.^ 

Same  as  tibiogettesis. 


life,  +  -}ev>i(,  -bom :  see  abiogenests  and  -gen 
Same  as  tibiogettesis. 
>Uoiaal  corapiunasoi  which  or-  -hiolofflcal  lab'i-o-loj'i-kal),  a. 


for  alToWWu  eicKpt  the  special  talent  of  a  capacity  for 
generalship.  ilaiiu:  ViUage  Communities,  p.  SsO. 

We  must  regard  the  co! 
ganisms  are  built  as  havin'Z, 
ability  to  separate  colloi'l*  * 


abjurer 

act  of  casting  away  or  down ;  the  act  of  hum- 
bling or  abasing ;  abasement. 
The  audacite  and  bolde  speche  of  Daniel  signifyeth  the 


abjection  of  the  kj-nge  and  liis  realme.         ,  „     .  ,     , 
Joiic,  Exp.  of  Daniel,  ch. 


//.  Spciuvr,  I'rin.  of  BioL,  §  7 

2.  pi.  In  a  concrete  sense,  talents;  mental 
gifts  or  endowments. 

Natural  abitUies  are  like  nattoal  plants,  that  need  prun- 
ing by  study.  £<""".  studies,  Essay  oO. 

He  had  good  abilities,  a  genial  temper,  and  no  vices. 

8  The  condition  of  being  able  to  pay  or  to 
meet  peeuniarv  obligations;  possession  of 
means  :  caUed  distinctively  financial  or  jjecii- 
niary  abilittj. 

Out  of  my  lean  and  low  oMWi/ 
I'll  lend  you  something.       Shak.,  T.  X.,  ui.  i. 
A  draft  upon  my  neighbour  was  to  *ne  the  same  as 
monev  ■  for  I  was  sufficiently  convinced  of  his  ability. 

■" '  Goldmiith,  V  icar,  siv. 

4.  That  which  is  within  one's  power  to  do; 
best  endeavor. 

Be  thou  assur'd,  good  Cassio,  I  will  do 
All  my  abilities  in  thy  behalf.  Shak.,  0th.,  m.  3. 
=Syn.  1  Abitilv,  Capacity,  power,  strength,  skUl,  dex- 
terity faculty,  capability,  qualiflcation.  ethtiency.  Abtlitii 
denotes  active  power  or  power  to  perform,  and  is  used 
with  regard  to  power  of  any  kind.  Capacity  conveys  the 
idea  of  reeeptiveness,  of  the  possession  of  resources 


[<  6r.  a-  priv. 
;  notcpertain- 
ing  to  biology. 

The  biological  sciences  are  sharply  marked  off  from  the 
abiological,  or  those  which  treat  of  the  phenomena  mani- 
fested'by  not-liWng  matter,     lluxky,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  1. 

abiologically  (ab'i-o-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.   Not  bio- 
loo-icallv  ;  iu  au  abiological  manner. 
Emerson,  Soc.  and  Sol.   abirritant    (ab-ir'l-tant),  «.       [<  l>.    ab,    trom, 
+  E.  irritant.'\    In  med.,  a  soothing  drug  or 
application. 

abirritate  (ab-ir'i-tat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ahir- 
n?affrf,  ppr.  abirritating.  [<L.  a&,  from,  +  E. 
irritate.']  In  mod.,  to  deaden  or  lessen  irrita- 
tion in ;  soothe  by  removing  or  diminishing 
irritabilitv.  i„uin-iiir      ..„,,-. -. 

abirritation  (ab-ir-i-ta'shou),)i.  [<L.  aft,  away,  -biectlv  (ab'iekt-li),  adt' 
from,  +  E.  irritation.-]     In  patlwl,  the  removal  '"'^  J  ^^^^^^^  manner. 

or  diminution  of  irritation  or  irritability  m  the        ^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^^,  „.,,i^.,j  j  create.    It  is  abjectly  servile  to 
various  tissues.  mv  will,  and  has  no  capacity  whatever  to  gainsay  it. 

abirritative  (ab-ir'i-ta-ti^)r  "•     Tending  to  ab-        '  //.  James,  Subs,  and  shad.,  p.  40. 

irritate  ;  due  to  abirritation. 

abismet,  "•     See  abimc.  ,    ,  ,  , 

abitt.     Third  person  sing.  pres.  of  abtde^. 

abitt,  "■     t>bsolete  form  of  habit. 

abitaclet,  «•    Obsolete  form  of  habitaelc. 


2.  The  state  of  being  east  down  or  away; 
hence,  a  low  state  ;  meanness  of  spirit ;  base- 
ness ;  groveling  humility ;  abjectness. 

That  this  should  be  termed  b;i3eness,  «(ycc(ioii  of  mind, 

or  serviUty,  is  it  credible?         Hooker,  Ecel.  Pol.,  v.  §  47. 

Contempt  for  Ids  abjection  at  the  foul  feet  of  the  Church. 

Strinburne,  Shaliesprare,  p.  80. 

3.  Kejection;  expulsion. 

Cabin  understands  by  Christ's  descending  into  hell, 
that  he  sulfereii  in  his  soul  ...  all  the  torments  of  hell, 
even  to  abjection  from  God's  presence. 

Heylin,  Hist,  of  Presbyterians,  p.  350. 

abjective  (ab-jek'tiv),  a.  [<  abject  +  -ive.] 
TemUug  to  abase ;  demoralizing :  as,  abjective 
influence.     FaU  Mall  Gazette. 

In  an  abject,  mean. 


abjectness  (ab'jekt-ues),  11.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  abject,  mean-spirited,  or  de- 
graded ;  abasement ;  servility. 

\W\e\\  a  mid  anunal  is  subdued  to  abjectness,  all  its  in- 
terest is  gone.  Ilijijinson,  oldport  Days,  p.  37. 


Dotential  rather  than  actual,  and  may  be  no  more  than  abitet,  v.  t.     [ME.  abitan,  <  AS.  abltun,  bite,  eat,    obludge  (ab-iuj'),  V.  1.  X  pret.  and  pp.  abjlldged. 


ondeveloped  abilitv.  Abilitii  is  manifested  in  action,  while 
eapacitu  dues  not  imply  action,  as  when  we  speak  of  a  ca- 
pacity for  virtue.  Capacity  is  the  gift  of  nature ;  ai>i(i(;/ 
ispartly  the  result  of  education  or  opportunity. 

■What  is  a  power,  but  the  ability  or  faculty  of  doing  a 
thing?  What  is  the  ability  to  do  a  thing,  but  the  power 
of  employing  the  means  necessary  to  its  execution  ? 

A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  33. 
Capacity  is  requisite  to  devise,  and  ability  to  execute,  a 
great  entcrprUe.  U-  Taylor. 

2.  Abilities,  Talents,  Parts,  etc.  (see  genius),  gifU,  fac- 
ulty, aptitude,  accomplishments. 

-ability.     See  -able,  -bilitij,  -jbility. 

abilliamentst  (a-bil'i-a-ments),  n.  pi.  [<0F- 
haliilUmint,  armor,  war  equipments  (mod.  F., 
clothing) ;  the  E.  spelling  -Hi-  imitates  the 
sound  of  F.  II,  as  in  billiards,  q.  v.  See  luihili- 
ment.]  Same  as  habiliments,  but  applied  more 
especially  to  armor  and  warlike  stores. 

And  now  the  temple  of  Janus  being  shut,  warlike  abillin- 
ments  grew  rusty.  Artti.  ifitson.  Hist.  .Tames  I. 

abimet,  abismet, ».  [<  OF.  ahime,  earlier  abisnic : 
Bee  abysm.]    An  abysm. 

Colu:nn  and  base  npbering  from  abime. 
JSallad  in  Commemlacioun  of  Oure  Ladie,  1.  129. 
Feel  such  a  care,  as  one  whom  some  Abisme 
In  the  deep  Ocean  kept  had  all  his  Time. 

Drummond  o/  Hawthomden,  Works,  p.  S9. 

ab  initio  (ab  i-nish'i-o).  [L. :  ab,  from;  initio, 
abl.  of  initium,  beginning:  aee  initial.]  From 
the  beginning. 
abintestate  (ab-in-tes'tat),  a.  [<LL.  abmtcs- 
Uiliis.  <  L.  ab,  iT')m,+  intfslatiis  :  see  intestate.] 
Inheiiting  or  devolving  from  one  who  died  in- 
testate. 

ab  intra  (ab  in'tra).  [L. :  see  ab-  and  xntra^.] 
From  witliin  :  opposed  to  ab  extra. 
abiogenesistab  i-6-jen'e-sis),  n.  [NL.  (Huxley, 
1870),  <  "Jr.  <\-  priv.  +  jiior,  life,  +  jiftaif,  gen- 
eration.] In  bi'il.,  the  production  of  living 
things  othi-rwiso  than  through  the  growth  and 
development  of  detached  portions  of  a  parent 
organism;  Bpontiineous  generation.  Abiogcnesia 
wan  forniirU  .uppiwd  to  prevail  i|iiite  wiil.ly  even  among 
riiplex  forms  of  life.  It  Is  now  proved 
lit  nil.  only  in  the  Hiniplest  microscopic 
t  '  ■     f  r  ■  i  I  li      f -■  adverse  to  the 

ili'd  there.    The 
.,  however.  Is  to- 

<ri ;l  jirori  k^  <.i  nuUiml  converHlon 

I"  living  matter  at  the  dawn  of  life  on 
i  alli  il  ubio[ienii.     See  biogenesis  and  /ie(- 


devoiir,  <  a-  +  bitan,  bite.]     To  bite ;  eat ;  de- 
vour. 

abitiont  (ab-ish'on),  n.  [< L.  ahitio(n-),  <  abirc, 
go  away,  <  ab.  away,  +  ire,  go.]  The  act  of 
departing ;  death. 

abject  (ab'jekt),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  abject,  <!.. 
abjccttis,  downcast,  low,  meau,  pp.  of  abiccrc, 
also  spelled  abjicerc,  <ab,  away,  +  Mcen;  throw, 
=  Gr. Td7rr£(i/,  throw :  see  iambic]  I.  a.  If.  Cast 
aside ;  cast  away ;  abjected. 

So  thick  hestrown. 
Abject  and  lost,  lay  these,  covering  the  flood, 
Under  amazement  of  their  hideous  change. 

jl/i((o«,  P.  L.,  i.  312. 


.T  low.)   Abject,  low,  and  menu  may     .in"  aujnnaire  lo  vnc  ui.i.eii,....     j.-.  .  ..; 
no  meaning,  but  ;o«' is  more  often  abjUration    (ab-jii-ra'shon),   1i. 

r;':^^?"o'SSt"^e^/r,;;;'h;;»     UoO,-),<.il^.,rare:    pee""';)"'-;] 
iv'c  use  ;  it  represents  natural  dis-     abjuring;    a  renunciation  upon 


despicable  ;  servile  ;  groveling. 

Or  in  this  abject  posture  have  ye  sworn 
To  adore  the  conciueror?        Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  322. 
=Syii.  3.  Abject,  Low,  Mean,  Ororcling,  debased,  despi- 
cable degraded,  degenerate,  wretched,  menial,  worthless, 
beggarly.    (See  list  under  low.)   Abject,  low,  and  )iii'(i/i  inay 

have  essentially  the  .same  rac  ' "'  ' '"  -"■■•. 

used  with  respect  to  nature, 

to  character  or  conduct 

the  vividness  of  figurati...  — ,  .-.-.---- 

position  toward  what  is  low  and  base.    Loic  is  generally 

.stronger  than  mean,  conformably  to  the  original  senses  of 

the  two  words. 

Xever  debase  yourself  by  treacherous  ways, 
>or  by  such  abject  methods  seek  for  praise. 

Dniden,  Art  of  I'oetry,  iv.  97(>. 
An  abject  nmn  he  IWcdsey]  was,  in  spite  of  his  pride  ;  tor 
being  overtaken  riding  out  of  that  pliicc  U)wards  Esher  b.v 
one  of  the  King's  chamlierlains,  who  brought  him  a  knid 
message  and  a  ring,  he  alighted  from  hia  mule,  took  olf 
his  cap,  and  kneeled  down  iu  the  dirt. 

Dickens,  Child's  Hist.  Eng. 
What  in  me  is  dark 


,  xxvii. 


Illumine,  what  is  low  raise  and  support. 

MiUon,  P.  1.., 


i.  23. 


companitiM  l> 
that  It  on  or.,  If 
orvanlHms,  iiii-l  *' 
claim  that  It  I. 
tendency  of  v 
ward  the  a«<iiiTni 
of  non-living  In 
this  earth.    AI-. 

eTf^iirneMis.  /    1    •   1  */\  I 

At  the  present  moment  there  In  not  a  shadow  of  trust-  aOjeCtt  (ao-jeKt  ),  i'.  f, 

worthy  direct  cvldei that  abioficnmiii  <\uat  take  phiee, 

or  liai  taken  place  within  lln    piriod  during  which  the 

ill.ti  III  n  of  life  on  the  ul'.l..  I    T riled. 

Il<irh-;i,  Aiiut.  Invert.,  p.  1". 

[<  abiogenr- 


There  is  hardly  a  spirit  upon  earth  so  mean  and  con- 
tracted as  to  centre  all  regards  on  its  own  Interests. 

Bp.  Itcrkcley. 
This  vice  of  intemperance  is  the  arch-abomlnallon  i.t 
our  natures,  tending  ...  to  ilrag  down  the  soul  to  (be 
slavery  of  grovelling  lusts.  Kverett,  orations,  1.  371, 

H.t  «•  A  person  who  is  alijectly  base,  ser- 
■vilo,  or  dependent ;  a  caitiff  or  menial. 

Yea,  the  alijects  gathered  themselves  together  against 
me,  and  I  knew  It  not.  l'»-  i*"''-  '"• 

We  are  the  queen's  abjtcU,  and  must  obey. 

.v/,,,*-..  Rich.  III..  1.  2. 

[<  Ij.  iibjectitSfTap. :  see 
tlio  adj.]     1.  To  throw  away;  cuKt  off  or  out. 
For  that  offence  only  Almighty  <:..d  alijccled  Saul,  that 
he  should  no  more  reign  ovi-r  Innn  I, 

Sir  •/'.  /,'/;/..(.  The  Ooveniour,  1. 


ablogeneaist  (ab'i-<>-jnn'e-Hist),  n. 

XIV  +  -is'.  I     Snnie  n»  abioiienixt. 
ablogenetic  (ub'i-o-Jv-net'iU),  a.      [See  aim,- 
gntitu  and  grnctie.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  iitiio- 

gl'MO-i-, 

ablogenetically  (ab'i 

„„    1,1,,,,      ,1.,-    IMUIlIII 

iilji'i    : 

abiogciii 

^(.J   A  I.. 

AIho  enlbd 
abiogenonB 


ppr.  abjudging.  !<  <ib-  '+  judge,  after  abjudicate, 
q.  v.]  To'take  away  by  judicial  decision;  rule 
out.     [U'are.] 

abjudicatet  (ab-j6'di-kat),  r.  t.  [<  L.  abjndi- 
catiis,  pp.  of  abjiidicarc,  <  ab,  away,  -i-jtidicare. 
judge:  see  judijc.]  1.  To  take  away  by  judicial 
sentence.  'Ash.—  2.  To  judge  to  be  illegal  or 
erroneous ;  reject  as  wrong :  as,  to  abjudicate 
a  contract. 

abjudication  (ab-jo-di-ka'shon),  )!.  [<  abjiidi- 
cdlc]  Deiu'ivation  by  judgment  of  a  court; 
a  divesting  by  judicial  decree.  Specifically,  a 
legal  decision  liy  which  the  real  estate  of  a  debtor  is  ad- 
judged to  his  creditor. 

"•■     "'~  ■       [<  L.   ahjugatus, 

from,  +  jtigum 

[<  L.  abjunclus, 
pp.  of  ahjuni/eri,  unyoke,  separate,  <  ab,  from, 
+  jungen;  join.  Cf .  ciwjunctirc  and  subjunctive.] 
Isolated;  e.xceptioual.     [Rare] 

It  is  this  power  which  leads  on  .  .  .  froiu  the  accidental 
.ind  abjnnctire  to  the  universal.     Is.  Taylor,  Sat.  Eve.,  xxi. 

[<  Ij.  abjura- 
]  The  act  of 
upon  oath,  or  with 
great  solemnity  or  strong  asseveration  :  as,  to 
take  an  oath  of  abjuration;  an  abjiiratiou  of 
hercsv.  The  onth  of  abjuration  is  the  negjltive  part  of 
thi-  oath  of  alUgiaiiee.  In  the  United  States,  foreigners 
seeking  natundi/ation  nnist  on  oath  renounce  all  ulle- 
gianee  to  every  foreign  sovereignty,  as  well  as  swear 
allegiance  to  the  ennstitution  and  government  of  the 
Inited  States.  I'ornierly,  in  England,  ptiblic  olllcers  were 
re(iHircd  to  take  an  ontli  of  abjuration,  in  which  they 
renouiu-ed  allegianee  to  the  house  of  Stuart  and  acknow- 
leilg.ii  the  title  of  the, house  of  Hanover. 
abjuratory  (ab-jii'ra-to-ri),  </.  rertainiugtoor 
e.xpri'ssiiig  alijuratlon.— Abjuratory  anathema. 

See  rtnatltema. 

abjure  (ab-jiir'),  »'.;  pret.  and  pp.  abjured,  ppr. 
abjurinq.  [<  I'\  abjurer,  <  L.  abjurare,  deny  on 
oiith,  <"((/),  from, +,/«ror<',  swear,  <.;'iw  (./«)'-), 
law.  right.  Cf.  adjure,  conjure, prrjiire.]  I,  trans. 
1.  To  reni)iitice"ui)Ou  oath;  forswear;  with- 
draw formally  from  :  as,  to  abjure  allegiance  to 
a  prince. —  2.  To  renounce  or  repudiate;  aban- 
don :  rclraci  ;  especially,  to  reuotiiice  or  ro- 
tracl  with  soleniiiity  :  a.s,  to  abjure  one's  errors 
or  wrong  priieticcs. 

1  pill  nivsilf  to  thy  direction,  and 
I'nsiieak  mine  own  detraction  ;  here  nfyiire 
The  taints  ami  blames  I  laid  upon  myself. 

•s'/iii*.,  .Macbeth,  Iv.  3. 
Not  a   few  Inipecuidoiis    zealots    abjured    the  ubo  of 
money  (iiiiIish  earned  by  other  people),  professing  ti>  live 
on  the  Intel  iial  revenues  o(  the  sjdiit. 

ImwcII,  Sliidy  Windows,  p.  104. 


i:  trine 


-i-nj  .   nan),   a 


HjiontaneoiiH  generetion. 


2.  To  make  abject;  humiliat.. ;  tlogrado.  ,^^             „,  |.„^,„„„,   ,„  „„,,„ 

It  abjected  his  spirit  to  that  degree  that  he  fell  'InuK  'f-  (,,  1,.,^^.  ii„,  .nimtry  and  never  reluiii  ;  iiii  oalli  by  which 

oiislyslck.                                      .strype.  Memorials,  I.  u..  ^^^^^^^^  taking  refuge  In  a  ehnreh  niiglit  in  sonii'  cases 

What  Is  it  that  can  make  lhl»  gallant  bo  sloop  and  ab-  ,„,.,.  ||„,|,.  iiv,.h.  =  8)m.  To  llenounee,  lleeanl.  Abjure,  etc. 

iivMilniielf  so  basely?           ;'i.(/iir»o/,  AlheomaslK,  p.  4.s,  ,„,.,.  ,.,.„„„„,.,.)    rellmiillsh,  abandon,  disavow,  lake  back, 

n..t'i-ki.l-i),  flf/r.     In   abjectodneSSf  Oib-jok't..il.noH),   fi.     TbOHlate  dlsehdni,  rep„dlalt%  unsay.                       ,  i.i.:,„.„Hn„ 

«pontuneous  goner-    or  .  ondition  of  being  iiUject ;  abjoctnoBs;  hn-  II.  fH7;'«H.^.    To  tako  an  oath  of  ab  iiration. 

^                      "^               iniliiilm.i  One  Thomas  Harding,  ...  Who  had  n'liiim/ In  the  year 

'"'.ur  s'lonr  annl.  him-l.  to  .he  ,>ot.om  of  abMetednr.,  K,'-'.                                 /'/'•  '';;'"'.  "i;;-  "'  ">;■;'  '^ 

to  null  iiiir  condition  to  tlioeonlraryexlremc.         /(""'r  abjurementf  (ab-jdr'raont),  n.     The  act  ol  atl- 

abjectlon  Oib-jek'Bhcn).   ".     f<MK.  nWmio,,,,,  lining;    niimieiiiiion.    .1.  Hall.             ,  -,     „ 

<()l'.  «/y'cr(i»ii,<L..  d6jc<7i..(H-),  act  of  ciiKtiiig  abiuror  (al.-.ifi'r('-r),  H.    l<  abjure  + -cr^.]    One 

away, <abicere,til^ic«re:  avuabjcctia,}    It.  The  who  iibjures  or  I'orswoara. 


.  n.    r<  abiogeny 
inenf  II 


liiOKeneHiH. 
rroduced  by 


abjuror 

abjuror  Cab-jS'ror),  «.     See  nhjurer. 

abkar  ( ab'kiir),  «.  [Hiiul.  Pers.  nhkdr,  a  distil- 
ler, <  lliml.  Pers.  ith,  Skt.  dp,  water,  +  kdr,  Skt. 
kdni,  making,  <  Skt.  -y/  Icar,  make  :  soo  abkari.'] 
In  Inilia,  one  who  makes  or  sells  spirituous 
licinors;  one  who  pays  abkari. 

abkari,  abkary  (ab-kii'ri),  u.  [<  Hind.  Pers. 
dlikiiri,  the  liquor-business,  a  distillery,  <  dbkdr, 
a  distiller:  see  ahkar.l  Literally,  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  spirituous  liquors ;  hence, 
specifically,  iu  British  India,  the  government 
excise  upon  sueh  liquors;  the  licensing  of  deal- 
ers iu  strong  drink.  Xlie  nu-tlicl  cif  c.l.taining  revenue 
friJiu  this  source,  called  tlic  ah/atri  sftstr}!/^  is  by  farming 
uxit  the  privilege  to  contractors,  who  supply  the  retail 
ilt'uK'rs.     Also  spelled  ahkarcf,  aubhauri/,  etc. 

Abkhasian  (ab-ka'zian),  «.  and  H.     I.   a.   Of 
or  belonging  to  a  Caucasian  tribe  occupying 
the  Russian  territory  of  Abkhasia  on  the  north- 
east coast  of  the  Black  Sea. 
II.   n.  A  member  of  this  tribe. 
Also  written  Ahkaakiii,  Abchasian,  Ahasian. 

abl.     An  alibreviation  of  ablative. 

ablactate  (ab-lak'tat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
ahlactatcd,  ppr.  ablactuting.  [<  L.  ablactatus, 
pp.  of  ablactare,  wean,  <  ab,  from,  +  lactare, 
give  suck :  see  lactation.']  To  wean  from  the 
breast.     [Rare.] 

ablactation  (ab-lak-ta'shou),  n.  [<  L.  ablacta- 
ti<i{»-),  weaning,  <  ahlactarc,  wean:  see  ablac- 
tate.'] 1.  The  weaning  of  a  child  from  the 
breast. — 2.  In  hort.,  same  as  inarchiiuj.  See 
inarch. 

ablaquet,  ablackt  (ab'lak),  «.  A  sort  of  stuff 
used  in  the  middle  ages,  supposed  to  have  been 
made  from  the  silk  of  a  mollusk,  the  pinna, 
and  probably  similar  to  that  still  made  on  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean  from  the  same 
material. 

.ablaqueatet  (ab-lak'we-at),  v.  t.  [<L.  abla- 
qiwatiis,  pp.  of  ablaqueare,  turn  up  the  earth 
around  a  tree,  prop,  disentangle,  loosen,  <  ab, 
from,  -t-  laqiieus,  a  noose:  see  lace.]  To  lay 
bare  in  cultivation,  as  the  roots  of  trees. 

ablaqueationt  (ab-lak-we-a'shon),  n.  [<L.  ab- 
laqneatio{n-),  <.  ablaqueare :  see  ablaqiicatf.]  A 
laying  bare  of  the  roots  of  trees  to  expose 
them  to  the  air  and  water.    Eveliin. 

ablastemic  (a-blas-tem'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  E.  hlanlemic]  Not  blastemic ;  non-germinal. 

ablastOUS  (a-blas'tiis),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/3Xatrrof,  not 
budiliug,  barren,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  jiAaaTd^,  a  bud, 
germ.]     Without  germ  or  bud. 

ablatet  (ab-laf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ablatus,  taken  away: 
see  ablative.]    To  take  away;  remove.    Boorde. 

ablation  (ab-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ablntio{n-),  a 
taking  away,  <  ablatus,  taken  away :  see  ablate 
anA  ablative,  a.]  1.  A  carrying  ortaking  away; 
removal ;  suppression. 

Prohibition  extends  to  all  injustice,  whether  done  by 
force  or  fraud ;  whether  it  be  by  ablation  or  prevention  or 
detaining  of  rights.  Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar,  §  3T. 

Complete  ablation  of  the  functions  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem in  death.  Jour,  of  Ment.  Sci.,  XXII.  15. 

2.  In  med.,  the  taking  from  the  body  by  me- 
chanical means  of  anything  hurtful,  as  a 
diseased  limb,  a  tumor,  a  foreign  body,  pus, 
or  excrement. — 3.  In  chem.,  the  removal  of 
whatever  is  finished  or  no  longer  necessary. — 
4.  In  gcol.,  the  wearing  away  or  waste  of  a 
glacier  by  melting  or  evaporation. 

ablatitious  (ab-la-tish'us),  a.  [<L.  ablatus, 
t;ik('n  away,  +  -iiius,  -icius,  E.  -itious,  as  in  ad- 
dititious,  adscititious,  etc.]  Having  the  quality 
or  character  of  ablation — Ablatitious  force,  in 
asfrort.,  that  force  which  diminishes  the  gravitation  of  a 
salelliti-  t'lward  its  planet,  and  especially  of  the  moon  to- 
wiud  th,-  (iuth.     N.  E.  D. 

ablatival  (ab-la-ti'val),   a.     l<  ablative  +  -aJ.] 
In  ijram.,  pertaining  or  similar  to  the  ablative 
case.     See  ablative. 
The  ahlatiml  uses  of  the  genitive. 

Traill.  Amcr.  Philol.  Ass.,  XV,  5. 

ablative  (ab'la-tiv),«.  andw.  [<'L.  ablafivus,the 
name  of  a  case,  orig.  denoting  that  from  which 
something  is  taken  away,  <  ablatus,  pp.  asso- 
ciated with  auferre,  take  away,  <  ab,  =  E.  off,  + 
ferre=  E.  bcar'^,  with  which  are  associated  the 
pp.  latus  and  supine  latum,  OL.  tlatus,  tlatum, 
■\/*tla=GT.  rhpai,  bear,  akin  to  OL.  tulere,  L. 
tollere,  lift,  andE.  thole",  q.  v.]  I.  a.  1.  Taking 
or  tending  to  take  away  ;  tending  to  remove  ; 
pertaining  to  ablation. "  [Rare.] 

Where  the  lieart  is  forestalled  with  mis-opinion,  a6i(iK»e 
dn-ectioiis  are  found  necdfull  to  unteach  error,  ere  we  can 
learne  truth.  Jlji.  Hall,  .Sermons,  Deceit  of  Appearance. 
2.  In  gram.,  noting  removal  or  separation: 
applied  to  a  case  which  forms  part  of  the  origi- 
nal declension  of  nouns  and  pronouns  iu  the 


13 

languages  of  the  Indo-European  family,  and 

has  been  retained  by  some  of  them,  as  Latin, 
Sanskrit,  and  Zend,  while  in  some  it  is  lost,  or 
merged  in  another  ease,  as  in  the  genitive  in 
Greek.  It  is  primarily  the./Vvra-case. — 3.  Per- 
taining to  or  of  the  nature  of  the  ablative  case: 
as,  an  ablative  construction. 

II.  m.  In  gram.,  short  for  ablative  case.  See 
ablative,  a., 2.  Often  abbreviated  to  «6i.— Abla- 
tive absolute,  in  Lafin  >innii.,  the  name  given  to  a  noun 
with  a  ijarliciple  or  some  other  attributive  or  qualifying 
word,  either  expressed  or  understood,  in  the  ablative  case, 
which  is  not  dependent  upon  any  other  word  in  the  seu- 
teni^e. 

ablaut  (ab'lout ;  G.  pron.  fip'lout),  w.  [G.,<a6, 
off,  noting  substitution,  -f-  taut,  n.,  soiuid,  <  laut, 
a.,  loud:  seeloud.]  In  ^)/((7o/.,  a  substitution  of 
one  vowel  for  another  in  the  body  of  the  root  of 
a  word,  accompanying  a  modification  of  use  or 
meaning :  as,  bind,  band,  bound,  bond,  German 
bund;  more  especially,  the  change  of  a  vowel  to 
indicate  tense-change  in  strong  verbs,  instead 
of  the  addition  of  a  syllable  (-ed),  as  in  weak 
verbs  :  as,  get,  gat,  got;  sink,  sank,  sunk. 

ablaze  (a-biaz'),  prep.  pihr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
j>rep.,  on,  4-  biased,  q.  v.]  1.  On  fii-e ;  in  a 
blaze;  burning  briskly:  as,  the  bonfire  is  n6?a^<!. 
—  2.  Figuratively,  in  a  state  of  excitement  or 
eager  desire. 

The  young  Cambridge  democrats  were  all  ablaze  to  as- 
sist Torrijos.  Carlyle. 

This  was  Emerson's  method,  ...  to  write  the  perfect 
Une,  to  set  the  imagination  ablaze  with  a  single  verse. 

Tlie  Century,  XXVII.  930. 

3.  Gleaming ;  brilliantly  lighted  up :  as,  ablase 
with  jewelry. 
ablel  (a'bl),  a.  [<  ME.  able,  abel,  etc.,  <  OF.  able, 
liable  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  habil,  It.  abile,  <L.  habilis, 
ace.  habilem,  apt,  expert,  <  habere,  have,  hold: 
see  habit.]  1.  Having  power  or  means  suffi- 
cient ;  qualified ;  competent :  as,  a  man  able  to 
perform  military  service ;  a  child  is  not  able 
to  reason  on  abstract  subjects. 

Every  man  shall  give  as  he  is  able.  Deut.  xvi.  17. 

To  be  conscious  of  free-will  must  mean  to  be  conscious, 
before  I  have  decided,  that  I  am  able  to  decide  either 
way.  J.  S.  .Mill. 

The  memory  may  be  disciplined  to  such  a  point  as  to  be 
able  to  perform  very  extraordinary  feats. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacou. 

2.  Legally  entitled  or  authorized  ;  having  the 
requisite  legal  qualification:  as,  an  illegitimate 
son  is  not  able  to  take  by  inheritance. —  3.  In 
an  absolute  sense  :  (a)  Vigorous ;  active. 

His  highness  comes  post  from  Marseilles,  of  as  able  body 
as  when  he  numbered  thii'ty.  Shak.,  Alls  Well,  iv.  5. 

(6)  Having  strong  or  unusual  powers  of  mind, 
or  intellectual  qualifications :  as,  an  able  min- 
ister. 

Provide  out  of  all  the  people  aile  men.        Ex.  xviii.  21. 

With  the  assassination  of  Count  Kossi,  the  ablest  of  the 
Eoman  patriots,  there  vanished  a  last  hope  of  any  other 
than  a  violent  solution  of  the  Papal  question. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  97. 

Able  for  is  now  regarded  as  a  Scotticism,  though  Shak- 

spere  h.as 

"  Be  able  for  thine  enemy  rather  in  power  than  use." 

All's  Well,  i.  1. 

His  soldiers,  worn  out  with  fatigue,  were  hardly  able  for 
such  a  march.  Principal  liobertmn. 

Able  seaman,  a  seam,an  who  is  competent  to  perform 
any  work  whicli  may  be  required  of  him  on  board  ship, 
such  as  littiim  and  placing  rigging,  making  and  mending 
sails,  in  addition  to  the  ability  to  "hand,  reef,  and  steer." 
=  Syn.  1  and  3.  Capable,  competent,  qualified,  fitted, 
adequate,  etTicient ;  strong,  sturdy,  powerful,  vigorous ; 
talenteti,  accomplished,  clever. 

ablest  (a'bl),  V,  t.     [<  ME.  allien,  abilen,  ena- 
ble, <  ME.  able,  abil,  able.]     1.  To  enable. 
And  life  by  this  death  abled  shall  controU 
Death,  whom  thy  death  slew.    Donne,  Resurrection. 

2.  To  warrant  or  answer  for. 

None  does  offend,  none,  I  say  none ;  I'll  able  'em. 

Shale,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

["For  some  time  the  verb  able  was  not  unconmion. 
Bishop  Bale  uses  it  often ;  Bishop  Latimer,  Shakespeare, 
Dr.  Donne,  Chapman,  etc.,  have  it  too."    F.  Hall.] 

able^  (a'''l\  "•    [F. :  see  ahlct.]    Same  as  ablet. 

-able,  -ible.  [(a)  ME.  -able,  <  OF.  -able,  mod. 
F.  -ahle  =  Sp.  -able  —  Pg.  -arrl  =  It.  -abile,  <  L. 
-dbilis,  ace.  -dbilem ;  (b)  ME.  -ihle,  <  OF.  -ible, 
-eble,  mod.  F.  -ible  =  S\j.  -ible  =  'Pg.  -ivel  =  lt. 
-ibile,  i'L. -ibilis,  ace.  -ibilcm;  (e)  vnveiy -eble, 
<L.  -ebilis,  ace.  -ebilmn,  etc.;  being  -We,  L. 
-bilis,  suflixed  in  Latin  to  a  verb-stem  ending, 
or  made  to  end,  in  a  vowel,  a,  i,  e,  etc. :  see 
-ble.  Examples  are:  (a)  ami-able,  <  ME.  ainii- 
able,  <  OP.  aimable,  <  L.  amicdbilis,  friendly, 
<a.mied-re,  make  friendly;  (b)  ftorr-jftte, < ME. 
horrible,   orrible,  <  OF.  orrible,  <  L.   horribilis, 


ablet 

<  liorre^e,  shudder ;  (c)  dcl-eble  (negative,  »«- 
delible,  conformed  to  preceding),  <  L.  delehilis, 

<  dele-re,  destroy.  From  adjectives  in  -ble  are 
formed  nouns  in  -ness  {-ble-ncss),  or,  from  or 
after  the  L.,  in  -hilili/,  which  in  some  cases  is  a 
restored  form  of  ME.  and  OF.  -blete,  <L.  -bili- 
tas,  aoc.  -bili-tat-em.  See  -ble,  -biliti/,  -ity,  -ty."] 
A  common  termination  of  English  adjectives, 
especially  of  those  based  on  verbs,  'j'o  the  base  to 
whifh  it  is  attached  it  generally  adds  ilitr  notion  of  capable 
of,  worthy  of,  and  Sinnetimes  full  of,  ctiusiiig  :  as,  oljtain- 
(iblr,  capable  of  being  obtained  ;  tolerablr,  capable  of  being 
bonie  ;  lawiahlp,  worthy  of  praise  ;  credibl,',  that  may  be 
believed,  (jr  worthy  of  belief ;  forcible,  full  of  force ;  hor- 
rible, terrible,  full  of  or  causing  horror,  terror.  Many  of 
these  adjectives,  such  as  tolerabb',  rreililtle,  l.'f/ible,  have 
been  borrowed  directly  from  the  Latin  or  tlie  l-'i-eneh,  and 
are  in  a  somewhat  ditferent  position  from  those  toiTOed  by 
adding  the  termination  to  an  already  existing  English 
word,  as  in  the  case 'of  obtainable.  Adjectives  of  thifl 
kind,  with  a  passive  signification,  are  the  most  inimerous, 
and  the  base  may  be  Anglo-Saxon  or  Latin ;  ratable,  bear- 
able, readable,  believable,  etc.,  are  of  the  former  kind.  Of 
those  in  -ftWewith  an  active  signification  we  may  mention 
d''i,ri,ih/.\  siiilif/,/,-,  rnpnht,'.  Of  a  ueuter  Signification  are 
d.innhlr^  ,,/,i<ili!r,  ruiifnniiiflih'.  All  these  are  from  verbal 
basrs,  Imt  there  are  otliers  derived  from  nouns,  such  as 
actionable,  objectionable,  peaceable,  salable,  serviceable. 
As  to  when  -able  and  when  -ible  is  to  be  used,  Mr.  Fitzed- 
ward  Hall  remarks :  "  Generally,  the  termination  is  -ible, 
if  the  base  is  the  essentially  uncomipted  stem  of  a  Latin 
infinitive  or  supine  of  any  conjugation  but  the  first.  .  .  . 
To  the  rule  given  above,  however,  there  are  many  excep- 
tions. ...  To  all  verbs,  then,  from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  to 
all  based  on  the  uncoiTupted  infinitival  stems  of  Latin 
verbs  of  the  first  conjugation,  and  to  all  substantives, 
whencesoever  sprung,  we  annex  -able  only."  See  his  work 
"On  English  Adjectives  in  -Able,  with  Special  Reference 
to  Reliable,"  pp.  45-47. 

able-bodied  (a'bl-bod"id),  a.  [<  able^ -\- body 
-t-  -ed".  ]  Having  a  sound,  strong  body ;  having 
strengtii  sufficient  for  physical  work :  as,  a 
dozen  able-bodied  men;  an  able-bodied  sailor. 
In  a  ship's  papers  abbreviated  to  A.  li. 
Feeding  high,  and  living  soft, 
Grew  plump  and  able-bodied. 

Tennyson,  The  Goose. 

ablegate!  (ab'le-gat),  r.  t.  [<L.  ablegatus,  pp. 
of  ablegare,  send  away,  <  nb,  oS,  away,  -I-  legare, 
send  as  ambassador:  see  legate.]  To  send 
abroad. 

ablegate  (ab'le-gat),  «.  [<L.  ablegatus,  pp.: 
see  ablegate,  v.]  A  papal  envoy  who  carries 
insignia  or  presents  of  honor  to  newly  ap- 
pointed cardinals  or  ci'vil  dignitaries.  Apostolic 
ablegates  are  of  higher  ranlt  than  those  desig- 
nateil  pmitifical. 

ablegation  (ab-le-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ablega- 
tio(n-),  <.  ablegare :  sec  ablegate,  v.]  The  act 
of  ablegating,  or  sending  abroad  or  away ;  the 
act  of  sending  out. 

An  arbitrarious  ablegation  of  the  spirits  into  this  or  that 
deternnnate  part  of  the  body. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Antid.  against  Atheism,  I.  ii.  7. 

ablen  (ab'len),  ».     A  dialectal  form  of  a6?<;f. 
ablenesst  (a'bl-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  abulnesse,  <  abut, 
uhil,  able,  +  -nesse,  -ness.]    Ability  ;  power. 
I  wist  well  thine  ableness  my  service  to  further. 

Testament  of  Love. 

Ablephari  (a-blef'a-ri),  n.  pi.  A  group  of  rep- 
tiles taking  name  from  the  genus  Ablepharus. 

Ablepharus  (a-blef'a-rus),  )i.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ajS?^- 
i/iapocj  without  eyelids,  <  a-  priv.,  without,  +  fiM- 
ijtapov,  eyelid,  <  [iliireiv,  see.    Cf.  ablepsia.]    A 


Ablepharus. 

genus  of  harmless  lizards,  family  Scincidai, 
with  iive-toed  feet  and  only  rudimentary  eye- 
lids. . 

ablepsia  (a-blep'si-a),  n.  [LL.,  <Gr.  d/3?.fY"'Q. 
blindness,  <  a-  priv.,  not,  -I-  S'/.r-rd^,  <  ji7^7Tnv, 
see.]   Want  of  sight ;  blindness.    [Rare.] 

ablepsy  (a-blep'si),  «.     Same  as  ablepsia. 

ableptically  (a-blep'ti-kal-i  I,  adv.  l<  ablepsia 
(ablept-)  -I-  -ic  +  -al  +  -ly-.]  Blindly;  unob- 
servingly;  inadvertently. 

ablet  (ab'let),  «.  [<  F.  ablefte,  dim.  of  able,  < 
1\IL.  ahula,  for  albula,  a  bleak,  dim.  of  L.  albus, 
white  :  see  alb.]  A  local  English  (Westmore- 
land) name  of  the  bleak.  See  blealfi,  n.  Also 
called  ablcn  and  able. 


ablewhackets 

ablewhackets  (a'bl-whak-ets),  «.  [<  able  (un- 
certain, perhaps  aUuding  to  able  seaman) 
+  ichack.]  A  game  of  cards  playcii  by  sailors, 
in  which  the  loser  receives  a  whaek  or  blow 
with  a  knotted  handkerchief  for  every  game 
he  loses.    Also  spelled  ahelirhdrlfts. 

abligatet  (ab'li-gat  ,  r.  t.  [<  L.  ah,  from,  + 
li<jal((S,  pp.  of  ligarc,  tie:  see  lien  and  obli- 
gate.'\     To  tie  up  so  as  to  hinder.     Bailey. 

abligationt  (ab-li-ga'shon),  n.  The  act  of  tying 
up  so  as  to  hinder.     iSinart. 

abligurition  (ab-lig-fi-rish'on),  n.  [<  L.  ab- 
li,vtrUio{)t-),  also  \vritteu  abUgurritio{n-),  a 
consuming  in  feasting.  <  ahligurrire,  consume 
in  feasting,  Ut.  lick  away,  <  ah,  away,  +  Ugiir- 
rire,  lick,  be  dainty,  akin  to  lingere,  lick,  and 
E.  lick;  q.  v.]  Excess ;  prodigal  expense  for 
food.     [Kare.] 

ablins,  «'''•■     See  aiblins. 

ablocate  '  ab'lo-kat),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  ablo- 
cn'.ul,  ppr.  ahlocating.  [<  L.  ablocatits,  pp.  of 
ablocare,  let  out  on  "hire,  <  ab,  from,  +  locarc, 
let  out,  place  :  see  locate.]    To  let  out ;  lease. 

ablocation  (ab-lo-ka'shon),  n.  A  letting  for 
liiri'  :  lease. 

abloom  (a-bl6m'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
prep.,  +  btoonA.']  In  a  blooming  state;  in 
blossom. 

abludet  (ab-16d'\  r.  I.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  ahluded, 
ppr.  alluding.  [<  L.  abludere,  be  different  from, 
<  ah,  from,  +  liidere,  play.  Cf.  Gr.  a-i,i<kiv,  sing 
out  of  tune,  dissent,  <  a-6  (=  L.  ab),  from, 
+  fdciv,  sing.]  To  be  tmlike ;  differ ;  be  out 
of  harmony.     [Rare.] 

The  wise  adiice  of  oar  Seneca  not  much  ahluding  from 
the  counsel  of  that  blessed  apustte. 

Bp.  Hall,  Balm  of  Gilead,  \i\.  1. 

abluent  (ab'lg-ent),  a.  and  ?i.  [<  L.  abluen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  «'i/M<r(',  wash  off,  cleanse,  <  ab,  off,  + 
lucre  =  Gr.  /.oieiv,  wash.]  I.  «.  Washing; 
cleansing;  purifying. 

n.  n.  In  med. :  (n)  That  which  purifies  the 
blood,  or  carries  off  impurities  from  the  system, 
especially  from  the  stomach  and  intestines  ;  a 
detergent.  ('<)  That  which  removes  filth  or 
viscid  matter  from  ulcers  or  from  the  skin. 

ablution  (ah-lii'shon),  «.  [<  ME.  ablution,  ab- 
lucioun,  <  OF.  ablution,  <  L.  ablutio(n-),  <  ab- 
luerc,  v,-diih  off:  see  abluent,  «.]  1.  In  a  gen- 
eral sense,  the  act  of  washing;  a  cleansing 
or  purification  by  water. — 2.  Any  ceremonial 
washing,  (a)  Amona  the  Oriental  races,  a  washing  of  the 
pereon  or  of  i»arts  of  it,  a-s  the  hands  and  face,  and  anions 
the  Hebrews  also  of  ^rments  and  vessels,  as  a  religious 
duty  on  certain  occa-sions,  or  in  prepanition  for  some 
religious  act,  as  a  sii^n  of  moral  piiriflcntion,  and  sometimes 
in  token  of  innocence  of,  or  absence  of  responsibility  for, 
some  particular  crime  or  chap,;e  (whence  the  expression 
"to  wdA\i  one's  hands  of  anytbinc").  The  Mohammedan 
law  requires  ablution  before  each  of  the  live  daily  prayers, 
and  r>ennil-*  it  to  be  performed  with  sand  when  water  can- 
not 1-e  pr.M:nrc<I,  as  in  the  desert. 

Tbi-re  i^  a  natural  analojfy  between  the  abhttion  of  the 
body  and  the  purillcation  of  the  soul. 

Jer.  Taijlor,  Worthy  Communicant. 

a)  In  the  Itiftn.  Calh.  Ch. :  (1)  The  washinR  of  the  feet  of 
ifl  po«>r  <.lobn  xlli.  M)  on  Maundy  or  Holy  Thursday, 
called  itm It'll il Hill,  (2)  The  wiLshing  of  the  celebrant's 
hand.4  l>efore  and  aft^-r  cfimmunion.  {c)  In  the  Eastern 
Churrh,  the  pur]flcati<m  of  the  newly  baptized  on  the 
«ighlh  day  after  baptism. 

8.  In  the  lioni.  t'alh.  Ch.,  the  yrino  and  water 
which  after  commniiion  are  separately  poured 
into  the  chalice  over  the  thumb  and  index- 
flnKer  of  the  ofTlcialing  jiriest,  who  drinks  this 
ablution  before  going  on  with  t)ie  closing 
prsyeni.  —  4t.  In  chem.,  the  purificulion  of 
bmlieH  liy  the  uffunion  of  n  proper  liipior,  as 
water  to  diswilvi'  huIIh. —  6.  In  wicc/.,  tlie  wash- 
ini;  of  till'  body  extenuilly,  as  by  batlis,  or 
internally,  !•>  diluent  fluiilH. —  8.  The  watr>r 
nucd  in  eUan-init. 

Wanh'il  by  thi  iriny  wave,  the  pinna  train 

\rii  cleanicil,  and  oajit  the  ahlulifinM  in  tlio  main. 

/'o;m,  Iliad.  1.  ii.'i. 

ablntionaiy  (ab-ln'uhon-a-ri),    a.    Pertaining 

til  iiMiiiiori. 
ablavlon  (nb-lO'vl-on),  ».     [<  ML.  ablurio(n-), 

n  cl]iitik"'d  form  of  I,,  iililnri/lm,  a  flood  or  rlij. 

nil'','  "iitiirrr, nanh  iin  :  hko  abtumt,  a.]    li.  A 

fliHid.  -2.   That  whiih  \n  wiuthed  off  or  away. 

Ihrnilif.      fUnre.] 
ably  'o'lili  J  rtrfr.     (  <  MK.  abfiHehe,  <  nbrl,  alile, 

+    .1,1 1,1,   -Iy9.)     In   nn    able  manner;    with 

ftbilits. 
-ably,     t       '"'    +      I      WVi.  abrl-lirhe;  ,,i> -bli/, 

•  ihlif.]     I  I  ■    I'rinirii'         if  iidverb"!  from  iiiljuc- 

tivc**  in  -"'  ■ 
abnogato     li/ne-Ku'  .'.'.:  pret.  und  pp.  atme- 

gattd,  ppr   ,'  nr,i,ifi,.,i      I  i"  I,,  nimcgatiu,  pp,  of 


14 

abn-egare,  refuse,  deny,  <  ah,  off,  +  negare,  deny : 
see  negation.]  To  deny  (anything)  to  one's 
self;  renounce  ;  give  up  or  surrender. 

The  government  which  .  -  .  could  not,  without  abne- 
gatiivj  its  own  very  natiu-e,  take  the  lead  in  Uxakiag  rebel- 
lion an  excuse  for  revolution. 

Loicell,  Study  Windows,  p.  167. 

abnega'fcion  (ab-ne-ga'shon),  «.  [<  L.  abnega- 
tioyn-),  denial,  <  abnegare,  deny :  see  abnegate.] 
The  act  of  abnegating  ;  a  renunciation. 

■With  abneijation  of  God,  of  his  honour,  aud  of  religion, 
they  may  retain  the  friendship  of  the  court, 

Knox,  Letter  to  Queen  Reg.  of  Scot. 
Judicious  confirmation,  judicious  abncriation. 

CarlyU,  The  Diamond  Neclilace. 

abnegative  (ab'nf-ga-tiv  or  ab-neg'a-tiv),  a. 

Den.viiig;  negative.     Clarke.     [Rare.] 
abnegator  (ab'ne-ga-tor),  n.     [L.,  a  denier.] 

One  who  abnegates,  denies,  renounces,  or  op- 

jioses.     Sir  E.  Sandys. 
abnerval  (ab-ner'val),  a..   [<  L.  ab,  from,  + 

ncrrus,  nerve.]    From  or  away  from  the  nerve. 

Applied  to  electrical  currents  passing  in  a  muscular  fiber 

from  the  point  of  application  of  a  nerve-fiber  toward  the 

extremities  of  the  muscular  fiber. 
abnet  (ab'net),  n.     [<  Heb.  abnet,  a  belt.]    1. 

In  Jewish  antiq.,  a  girdle  of  fine  linen  worn  by 

priests.     Also  called  abanet. 
A  long  array  of  priests,  in  their  plain  white  garments 

overwrapped  by  abnets  of  many  folds  and  gorgeous  colors. 
/..  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  530. 

2.  In  siirg.,  a  bandage  resembling  a  Jewish 
]iricsf  s  girdle. 

abnodatet  (ab'no-dat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ainodatus,  pp. 
of  abnodare,  cut  off  knots,  <  ab  (=  E.  off)  + 
nodarc,  fill  with  knots,  <  nodus  =  E.  knot :  see 
node  and  knot.]  To  cut  knots  from,  as  trees. 
Blount. 

abnodationt  (ab-uo-da'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
cutting  away  the  knots  of  trees. 

abnormal  (ab-n6r'mal),  a.  [<  L.  abnortnis, 
deviating  from  a  fixed  rule,  irregular,  <  ah, 
from,  -I-  norma,  a  rule  :  see  norm  aud  normal. 
Earlier  unormal,  q.  v.]  Not  conformed  or 
conforming  to  rule  ;  deviating  from  a  type  or 
standard  ;  contrary  to  system  or  law ;  irregu- 
lar; unnatural. 

An  argument  is,  that  the  above-specified  breeds,  though 
agreeing  generally  in  constitution,  habits,  voice,  cohnu-- 
ing,  anil  in  most  parts  of  their  structure,  with  the  wild 
rock  pigeon,  yet  are  certainly  highly  abnormal  in  other 
parts  of  their  structure.  Darwin,  Origin  of  Species,  i. 

Abnormal  dispersion.    See  dUpersion, 

Abnormales  (ab-u6r-ma'lez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  iihiHirniidis  :  se<!  abnormal.]  In  ornilli., 
ill  Garrod's  and  Forbes's  arrangement  of  I'as- 
seres,  a  division  of  tlio  Oscincs  or  Acromijodi 
established  for  the  Atistralian  genera  Menura 
atid  Atrichia,  the  lyre-bird  and  scrub-bird,  on 
account  of  the  abnormal  construction  of  the 
syrinx.     See  Atrieliii(br  and  Menurida'. 

abnormality  (ab-nor-mari-ti),  n  [<.  abnormal 
+  -ill/.]  1.  The  stale  or  finality  of  being  ab- 
normal ;  deviation  from  a  standard,  rule,  or 
type  ;  irregularity ;  abnormity. 

Tile  recognition  of  the  ahnonnality  of  his  state  was  in 
this  case,  at  any  rate,  assured.  Mind,  IX.  ir.1. 

2.  That  which  is  abnormal ;  that  which  is 
characterized  by  deviation  from  a  standard, 
rule,  or  type  ;  an  abnormal  feat  tire. 

The  word  [vice).  In  its  true  and  original  meaning,  signi- 
fies a  fault,  an  abimriimlitii.         J'oji.  Sci,  Mu.,  X-Wi.  'J;M. 

A  single  [human]  body  presented  the  cxtraordinaiy 
number  of  twenty-five  lilstinct  ahiifirinalitifx. 

l)anriii,  Ilesccnt  of  Man.  1.  lo:.. 

abnormally  (ab-nftr'mal-i),    adv.    In    an    ab- 

iiorinal  manlier. 

ImpreasifuiH  made  on  the  retina  abnnrmalhj  from  witlilii. 
by  the  mimi  or  itniiglimtinn,  are  al.Ho  sonietilnes  projected 
outward,  and  become  the  delusive  signs  of  externa!  oh 
jects  having  no  exi;;tence.  ],e  Conte,  .Sight,  p.  T'J. 

abnormity  (ab-nAr'm.i-ti),  ".  [<  almonnous 
+  -ity,  on  typo  of  enormity,  <  enormous.]  Irreg- 
ularity; deformity;  abnoriiiality. 

Itlonde  and  whitish  hair  being,  pro|KTly  Hpi>aking,  an 
atiniirinily.  J'liji.  .Sei.  Mo.,  ,\,\ll.  117. 

The  farndaic  i-nrrent  which  (Mires  stune  deep-seated  iib- 
iinrmilij  of  nulrillim.  J.  Finkr,  Cos.  I'lili.,  I.  Wl'.'. 

abnormoUB  (ub-nAr'mus),  a.  [<  L.  ahnorniis, 
with  Huflix  -ouK,  like  i  uormou.s,  ^Jj.  cnomiis : 
Kce  abnormal.]     Abnorinal  ;  iiiisHhapen. 

Tlie  general  sinietiircof  II ouplet  through  the  171b 

century  may  be  called  abnorniiiiin. 

Il.illuin,  Mt.  Hist.,  IV.  ■.'.d 

aboard'  'n-bord'),  »rr/i.  jihr.  iis  adv.  nnd/irz/i. 
[<  .MK.  on  horde,  <  AH,  on  Imrile  (ihit.),  on  htinl 
{hi'c,):  prep. oil,  on;  hord,  |ilniil<,  side  ofn  ship: 
(too  hoard.  Cf.  V.  albr  n  Imrd,  go  aboard; 
D.  aan  boon!  gaan,  go  aboard.     The  F.  d  boni 


aboil 

has  merged  in  the  E.  phrase.    Cf.  aboard!^.] 

1.  adi\  1.  On  the  deck  or  in  the  hold  of  a  ship 
or  vessel ;  into  or  upon  a  vessel.  [In  the  U.  S. 
used  also  of  railroad-ears  and  other  vehicles.] 

He  lowdly  cald  to  such  as  were  abord. 

Spcmer,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  4. 

2.  Alongside  ;  by  the  side  ;  on  one  side. 

He  was  desirous  of  keeping  the  coast  of  Amei-ica  aboard. 

Cook,  Voyages. 

Aboard  main  tack !  (naut.),  an  order  to  haul  one  of 
the  lower  corners  of  the  mainsail  down  to  the  chess- 
tree, —  All  aboard !  the  order  to  go  on  lioard  or  enter, 
upon  the  startiiiL,'  <d  a  vessel  or  (U.  S.)  railroad-train. — 
To  fall  aboard  of,  to  come  or  strike  against :  said  of  a 
ship  wliieli  strikes  against  another  broadside  on  or  at  an 
obtuse  angle.  Such  a  collision  is  distinctively  called  an 
aborda^h'.  —  liO  get  aboard,  to  get  foul  of.  as  a  ship.— 
To  go  aboard,  to  enter  a  ship  ;  embark. — TO  haul 
aboard  (11(1 11^).  to  haul  down  the  weather-clew  of  the  fore 
or  main  coiii-se  l(y  the  tack  to  tlie  linmkiu  or  deck. — TO 
keep  the  land  ((r  coast  aboard  (miut.),  to  keep  within 
sight  of  land  while  sailing  along  it. 

We  sailed  leisurely  down  the  coast  before  a  light  fair 
wind,  kecpiim  the  land  well  aboard, 

li.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  124. 
To  lay  aboard  {na  ut.).  to  run  alongside  of,  as  an  enemy's 
ship,  for  the  purpose  of  fighting. 

II.  prep.  1.  Onboard;  into. 
We  left  this  place,  and  were  again  conveyed  aboard  our 
ship.  Fieldiuir,  Voyage  to  Lisbon. 

2.  Upon;  across;  athwart.     [Rare.] 

Nor  iron  bands  aboard 
The  Pontic  sea  by  their  huge  navy  cast. 

Spetiser,  Virgil's  Gnat,  1.  40. 

aboard^t  (a-bord'),  n.  [<  F.  abord,  approach, 
<  aborder,  approach  the  shore,  land,  approach, 
accost  (cf.  a  bord,  on  board),  <  «  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
-1-  bord,  edge,  margin,  shore,  <  D.  board,  edge, 
brim,  bank,  board  (of  a  ship):  see  flftoartA.] 
Approach.     Also  spelled  abord. 

He  would,  ...  at  the  first  aboard  of  a  stranger,  .  .  . 
frame  a  right  apprehension  of  him. 

.^I'r  K.  Ditjby,  Nat.  of  Bodies,  p.  2h'i. 

abocockt,  abocockedt,  »•    Corrupt  forms  of  hij- 

eoekrt.     t'ompare  ahocot. 
abodancet  (a-bo'dans),  n.     [<  abode^  -t-  -ance.] 

An  omen. 

\'erl)um  valdc  omiuatum,  an  ill  abodance. 

T.  Jackson,  Works,  II.  635. 

abodel  (u-bod'),  ji.  [<  ME.  abood,  abod,  ear- 
lier ahail,  continuance,  stay,  delay,  <  ME.  abiden 
(pret.  idiod,  earlier  abad),  abide  :  see  abided.] 

1.  Stay;  continuance  in  a  place ;  residence  for 
a  time. 

I  was  once  in  Italy  myself,  but  I  thank  God  my  abode 
there  was  only  nine  days. 

A-scliain,  (juoted  liy  L((well,  Study  Windows,  p.  4(Xt. 

2.  A  place  of  continuance;  a  dwelling;  a  habi- 
tation. 

lint  I  know  thy  nhodc,  and  thy  going  out,  and  thy  com- 
ing in.  2  Ki.  xix.  27. 

3t.  Pelay :  as,  "  fled  away  without  abode," 
Spi  n.'«  r — To  make  abode,  to  dwell  or  reside.  =  Syn. 
2.  Kesidencc,  dMclliug,  biibitation,  domicile,  home,  house, 
lodging,  (juarters,  homestead. 

abode-  (a^bod').     Preterit  of  abide''-. 

abode''t  (li-bod'),  n.  [<  ME.  abode,  <  aheden  (pp. 
ahoden),  i  AS.  dheodan  :  see  aA  and  bode-.]  An 
omen  ;  a  prognostication  ;  a  foreboding. 

Astr(dogicall  aud  otherlikevaine  predictions  and  nftix/rjc. 

Li/dijale. 

lligh-thund'ring  Juno's  husband  stirs  my  sjiirit  with  true 

abmlfii.  Ctiapman,  Iliad,  xiii.  146. 

abode-''!  (a-bi")d'),  I'.    [<.ahode^,n.]    I.  trans.  To 
foresliow  ;  jirognosticate  ;  forebode. 
This  tempest, 
lla-shing  the  garment  of  this  pence,  atiaded 
The  sudden  breach  oii't.         Sliak.,  Hen.  ^'I1I.,  1.  1. 

II.  iiifrrtii.i.  To  be  an  omen;  forebode:  as, 

"this  abodes  sadly,"  Dr.  JI.    More,  Decay  of 

Clirlstian  I'icty. 

abodementt    ta-bod'ment),   ».       [<   abodeS    + 

-menl.]     Foreboding;  ]irogiiosticati(in  ;  omen. 

Tush,  man!  abodemcntu  must  iiol  wnw  alliigbt  us. 

iSliiil,:,  .'1  Hen.  VI.,  Iv.  7. 

abodingt  (a-bo'ding),  «.     [Verbal  n.  of  abode^. 

Cf.  Iiotlinii.]     I'reHentinient ;   jnognoslication  ; 

foreboding:  as,  "strange  ominous fffcorfi«f/« and 

fears,"   /i/i.  Hull,  Works,  II.  4H!I. 
abogado  (ii-bo-git'dd),  «.    [t^]t.,  <1j.  advoeatus: 

nci\    adriu'dte.]      An    iidvoeiite;    ii   eounselor: 

used  in  purls  of  the  United  States  settled  by 

Spaniards. 

aboideau,  aboiteau  (a-boi-do',  -to'l,  ii.    [Of 

iincertHin   !■".  origin.]     A  dam  to  prevent  the 
tide  from  overllovving  a  marsh.     [New  Hruns- 
wick.l 
aboil  (!>-boil'),  prep.  phr.  as  ailr.  or  a.     f<  o^, 
prep.,  4-  boil'i.]     In  or  into  a  lioiling  stale. 


abolete 

aboletet  (al/o-let),  a.  [<  L.  *aboletus,  pp.  otaho- 
kscerc,  decay,  <  abolere,  destroy:  see  abolish.} 
Old;  obsolete. 

abolisll  (a-bol'ish),  v.  t.    [<  late  ME.  aboli/sshen, 

<  OF.  aboliss-,  extended  stem  of  abolir,  <  L. 
abolere,  destroy,  abolish,  <  ab,  from,  +  *olc>r, 
incorap.,  grow.]  Todo  away  with;  put  aii  oiid 
to  ;  destroy  ;  efface  or  obliterate  ;  annihilate  : 
as,  to  abolish  customs  or  institutions;  to  abolish 
slavery ;  to  abolish  idols  (Isa.  ii.  18) ;  to  abolish 
death  (2  Tim.  i.  10). 

Or  wilt  thou  thyself 
Aboliith  thy  creation,  and  unraalce, 
For  him,  wliat  for  thy  glory  thou  hast  made  ? 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  103. 
Congress  can,  by  edict,  .  .  .  abolish  slavery,  and  pay 
for  such  slaves  as  we  ought  to  pay  for, 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  285. 

His  quick,  instinctive  hand 
Caught  at  the  hilt,  as  to  abolish  him. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

=  Syn.  To  AbnUsh,  Repeal,  Rescind,  Recall,  Revoke,  Abro- 
qali\  Annul,  Ciinrel,  end,  destroy,  do  away  with,  set  aside, 
nullify,  aimiliihite,  quash,  vacate,  make  void,  extirpate, 
eniiUi'jitf,  siii'inr.'^s,  uproot,  erase,  expunge.  Abolinh  is  a 
stroll^'  w.ir<i,  and  si^iiilies  a  complete  removal,  generally 
but  not  always  l.y  a  siniunary  act.  It  is  the  word  specially 
used  ill  Lumiectlun  with  things  that  have  been  long  estab- 
li-iliL'd  or  deeply  rooted,  as  an  institution  or  a  custom :  as, 
til  iilniUxti  slavery  or  polygamy.  Re/jeal  is  generally  used 
^li  the  finiiial  resciiuliiig  of  a  legislative  act.  Ahroijate, 
to  aiiiilish  siiiaiiiarily,  more  often  as  the  act  of  a  ruler,  but 
siiniftinu's  id  a  npnsiiitiltive  body.  Annul,  literally  to 
bring  to  nothiiit:,  to  deprive  of  all  force  or  obligation,  as  a 
law  or  contrail,  /i'.m'i/ii/  O'terally,  to  cut  short)  is  coex- 
I  tensive  in  mi.-aiiiiiii  with  both  repeal  and  annul.  Recall, 
revoke  (see  renounce).  Cancel  is  not  used  of  laws,  but 
of  deeds,  bonds,  contracts,  etc.,  and  figuratively  of  what- 
ever may  be  thought  of  as  crossed  out.  [In  legal  p.arlaucc, 
resciiul  is  never  applied  to  a  statute  ;  it  is  the  common  ex- 
pression for  the  act  of  a  party  in  justly  repudiating  a  con- 
tract. Repeal  is  never  applied  to  a  contract ;  it  is  the 
common  expression  for  the  termination  of  the  existence 
of  a  statute  by  a  later  statute.  Annul  is  the  common  ex- 
pression for  the  judicial  act  of  a  court  in  terminating  the 
existence  uf  any  obligation  or  conveyance.  Cancel  is  used 
when  tbc  iiistiiiment  is  obliterated  actually  or  in  legal 
conteiuplatioii ;  the  other  words  when  the  obligation  is 
annihilated  irrespective  of  whether  the  instrument  is  left 
intact  or  not.] 

I  have  never  doubted  the  constitutional  authority  of 

Congress  to  abolish  slavery  in  this  District  [of  Columbia]. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  184. 

Leaving  out  amended  acts  and  enumerating  only  acts 
entirely  repealed,  the  result  is  that  in  the  last  three 
sessions  there  have  been  repealed  .  .  .  650  acts  belonging 
tu  the  present  reign.       H.  Spencer,  Pop,  Sci,  Mo.,  XXV.  Ct. 

The  king  also  rescinded  the  order  by  which  the  Bishop 
of  London  had  been  suspended  from  the  exercise  of  his 
functions.  Buckle. 

Whose  laws,  like  those  of  the  Medes  and  Persians,  they 
cannot  alter  or  abrogate.  Burke. 

Your  promises  are  sins  of  inconsideration  at  best ;  and 
you  are  bomul  to  repent  and  annul  them.  Swij't. 

I  here  forget  all  former  griefs. 
Cancel  all  grudge.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  v.  4. 

abolishable  (a-bol'ish-a-bl),  «.  [i  abolish  + 
-able.  Of.  F."  abolissable.']  Capable  of  being 
abolished  or  annulled,  as  a  law,  rite,  custom, 
etc. ;  that  may  be  set  aside  or  destroyed. 

And  yet  .  .  .  hope  is  but  deferred ;  not  abolished,  not 
a{itili.\fiahle.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  ii.  S. 

abolisher  (a-bol'ish-er),  n.  [<  abolish  +  -e/l.] 
One  who  or  that  which  abolishes. 
abolishment  (a-borish-ment),"«.  \_<ahoUsh  + 
-mciit.  Ct.F.aboUssement.~\  The  act  of  abolish- 
ing or  of  putting  an  end  to  ;  abrogation  ;  de- 
struction ;  abolition.     [Now  rare.] 

He  should  think  the  abolishment  of  Episcopacy  among 
us  would  prove  a  mighty  scandal. 

Swift,  Sent,  of  a  Ch,  of  Eng.  Man. 

abolition  (ab-6-lish'on),  n.     [<  F.   abolition, 

<  L.  abolitio{}i-),  <  abolere,  annul,  abolish :  see 
aboli.'sh.']  1.  The  act  of  abolishing,  or  the  state 
of  being  abolished  ;  annulment ;  abrogation  ; 
utter  destruction :  as,  the  abolition  of  laws, 
decrees,  ordinances,  rites,  customs,  debts,  etc. ; 
the  abolitio7l  of  slavery.  The  most  frequent  use  of 
the  word  in  recent  times  has  been  in  connection  with  the 
effort  to  put  an  end  to  the  system  of  slavery,  which  was 
finally  accomplished  in  the  United  States  in  1865  by  the 
thirteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution. 

For  the  an)algamation  of  races,  and  for  thv-  abolition  of 
villenage,  she  [Britain]  is  chiefly  indebted  to  the  influence 
which  the  priesthood  in  the  middle  ages  exercised  over 
the  laity.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2t.  In  law :  (o)  Permission  to  desist  from 
further  prosecution.  (6)  Remission  of  pun- 
ishment ;  condonation,  [in  the  ciWl,  French,  and 
German  law,  afxilition  is  used  nearly  synonymously  with 
pardon,  rei,ti.s.-;liui,  grace.  G-race  is  the  generic  term; 
pardon,  by  thusc  laws,  is  the  clemency  extended  by  tlie 
prince  to  a  participant  in  crime  who  is  not  a  principal  or 
accomplice  ;  remi.t.non  is  granted  in  cases  of  involuntary 
homicide  and  self-defense.  Abolition  is  used  when  the 
crime  cannot  be  remitted.  The  prince  by  letters  of  aboli- 
tion may  remit  the  punishment,  but  the  infamy  reniiiins 
unless  letters  of  abolition  have  been  obtained  before  seu- 


15 

fence  has  been  rendered.  Bouvisr.]  =  Syn.  Overthrow, 
annulment,  obliteration,  extirpation,  suppression. 

abolitional  (ab-o-lish'on-al),  a.  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  abolition. 

abolitionary (ab-o-lish'on-a-ri),«.  Destructive; 
aliiililioniil. 

abolitionism  (ab-o-Ush'on-izm),  11.  [KabolUioH 
+  -i.vm.]  Belief  in  the  principle  of  abolition, 
as  of  slavery ;  devotion  to  or  advocacy  of  the 
o|iiiiioiis  of  abolitionists. 

abolitionist  (ab-o-lish'on-ist),  n.  l<  abolition 
+  -ist ;  =  F.  ab'olitionniste.']  A  person  who 
favors  the  abolition  of  some  law,  institution, 
or  custom.  Specifically,  one  of  those  who  favored 
aiul  sought  to  effect  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  United 
States.  Before  1830  these  persons  generally  advocated 
gradual  and  voluntary  emancipation.  After  that  time 
many  began  to  insist  on  immediate  abolition,  without 
regard  to  the  wishes  of  the  slaveholders.  A  portion  of 
the  abolitionists  formed  the  Liberty  party,  which  after- 
ward acted  with  the  Free-soil  and  Republican  parties,  alul 
finally  became  merged  in  tlie  latter.    See  abolition,  1. 

abolitionize  (ab-o-lish'on-iz),  r.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  iilxilitiiinized,  ppr.  abolitioni:ing.  To  im- 
bue with  the  doctrines  or  principles  of  aboli- 
tionists. 

abolla  (a-bol'a),  n. ;  pi.  aioUce  (-e).  [L.,  <  Gr. 
aiijioTiii  contracted  form  of  avajloh'/,  a  cloak, 
<  avajiaXketv,  throw  back,  <  ava,  back,  +  jiaXAciv, 
throw.  The  Gr.  form  aji6XAa  was  in  turn  bor- 
rowed from  the  Latin.]  In  Bom.  antiq.,  a  loose 
woolen  cloak,  its  precise  form  is  not  known  ;  it  dif- 
fered from  the  toga,  and  was  worn  esjiecially  by  soldiers  ; 
perhaps  on  this  account,  it  was  adopted  liy  .stnir  pliilos.i- 
phers,  who  affected  great  austerity  of  life,  whence  Jmt'- 
nal's  expression  /acinus  viajoris  abolla;,  a  crime  of  a  deep 
philosopher. 

aboma(a-b6'ma),  J8.  [<  Pg.  oftomrt.]  The  name 
in  Guiana  of  some  very  large  boa  or  anaconda  of 
the  family  rythonidw  or  Boiclm,  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  America.  The  species  isnot  determined  and 
the  name  is  probably  of  genei-al  applicability  to  the  huge 
tree-snakes  of  the  American  tropics.  As  a  book-name, 
aboma  is  identified  witli  the  Epicrates  cenchris,  usually 
misspelled  Epicratis  cenrliria.  after  the  Penny  Cyc,  1836. 
This  is  a  species  called  by  .Sclater  the  thick-necked  tree- 
boa.  A  Venezuelan  species  is  known  as  the  brownaboma, 
Epicrates  niaurus.  Some  such  serpent  is  also  called  the 
ringed  boa,  Boa  aboma.  In  any  case,  the  aboma  is  a  near 
relative  of  the  anaconda,  Eunectes  murinus,  and  of  the 
common  boa,  Boa  constrictor.    Compare  boa  and  bom. 

The  tamacuilla  huilia  or  aboma  appears  to  be  the  ser- 
pent worshipped  by  the  ancient  Mexicans.  It  is  of  gigan- 
tic size.  .S.  G.  Goodrich,  Johnson's  Nat.  Hist.,  If.  406. 

abomasum  (ab-o-ma'sum),  n. ;  pi.  abomasa 
(-sLi).  [NL.,  <  L.  aft,  from,  +  om«s«J».]  The 
fourth  or  true  stomach  of  ruminating  animals, 
lying  next  to  the  omasum  or  third  stomach, 
and  opening  through  the  pylorus  into  the  duo- 
denum.    See  cut  under  ruminant. 

abomasus  (ab-o-ma'sus),  n.;  pi.  abomasi  (-si). 
Same  as  nhomasum. 

abominable  (a-bom'i-na-bl),  a.  [<ME.  abomi- 
nable, abhomi'iiable,  <  OF.  abominable  =  Pr.  ab- 
homenable  =  Sp.  abominable  =  Pg.  obominavel 
=  It.  abominabih;  <  L.  abominabilis,  deserving 
abhorrence,  iahoniimiri,  abhor,  deprecate  as 
an  ill  omen:  see  abuiniiiate.  For  the  old  spell- 
ing abhominabte,  see  that  form.]  Deserving  or 
liable  to  be  abominated;  detestable;  loath- 
some ;  odious  to  the  mind ;  offensive  to  the 
senses,  in  colloquial  language  especially,  abominable 
often  means  little  more  than  excessive,  extreme,  very  dis- 
agreeable: as,  his  self-conceit  is  abominable. 
This  infernal  pit 
Abominable,  accursed,  the  house  of  woe. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  404. 
The  captain  was  con\icted  of  the  murder  of  a  cabin-boy, 
after  a  long  course  of  uhomimthle  ill-treatment, 

//.  ^-  u.i-enham.  Short  Studies,  p.  54. 
=  Syn.  Execrable,  Ilio-nlde,  etc.  (see  nefarious),  detest- 
able, loathsome,  hateful,  shocking,  horrid,  revolting,  in- 
tolerable.    See  list  under  detestable. 

abominableness  (a-bom'i-na-bl-nes),  «.  The 
(juality  or  state  of  being  abominable,  detest- 
able, or  odious. 

abominably  (a-bom'i-na-bli),  adc.  In  an  abomi- 
nable manner  or  degree;' execrably;  detestably ; 
sinfully.  Sometimes  eiiuivalent  in  colloquial  speech  to 
excessively  or  disagreeably  :  as,  he  is  abominably  vain. 

abominate  (a-bom'i-nat),  r.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp. 
abominated,  ppr.  abominating.  [<  L.  abomina- 
tiis,  pp.  of  abominari,  abhor,  deprecate  as  an 
ill  omen,  <  ab,  from,  +  omindri,  regard  as  an 
omen,  forebode,  <  omen  (omin-),  an  omen:  see 
omen.']  To  hate  extremely  ;  abhor  ;  detest. 
You  will  aboyytinate  the  use  of  all  unfjiir  .arts. 

C.  Mather.  Essays  to  Do  Good. 
=  Syn.  .1  bhor,  Detest,  etc.    See  hate. 

abominate  (a-bom'i-nat),  a.  [<  L.  abominatus, 
pp. :  see  above.]  Detested  ;  held  in  abomi- 
nation. 

abomination  (a-bom-i-na'shon),  n.  [<  ME. 
abominacion,    abhominacioun,    abhominacyon,  < 


aboriginal 

OF.  abominacion,  <  L.  abominatio{n-),  <  abomi- 
nari, abhor:  see  abominate,  «.]  1.  The  act  of 
aliominatiiig  or  the  state  of  being  abominated} 
the  liigli(!st  degree  of  aversion  ;  detestation. 

Who  have  nothing  in  so  great  aboynination  as  those  they 
hold  for  heretics.  Sunft. 

2.  Thiit  which  is  abominated  or  abominaVjle ; 
an  oliject  jjreatly  disliked  or  abhorred ;  hence, 
hateful  or  shameful  vice. 

Every  shepherd  is  an  abomination  unto  the  Egyptians. 

Gen.  xlvi.  34. 
Ashtoreth,  the  abomination  of  the  Zidonians. 

2  Ki.  xxiii.  13. 

The  adulterous  Antony,  most  large 

In  his  aboyninatiuyis.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  6. 

3.  In  the  Bible,  often,  that  which  is  ceremo- 
nially impure;  ceremonial  impurity;  defile- 
ment ;  that  which  defiles.  =  Ssm.  1.  Detestation, 
loathing,  disgust,  abhorrence,  repugnance,  horror,  aver- 
sion.   -2.  Filtliiness,  foulness,  im]iurity,  grossness. 

abominator   Cji-bom'i-na-tor),  n.     One  who 

abominates  or  detests. 
abominet  (a-bom'in),  V.  t.  [<F.  abominer,  <  L. 
abonihiiiri :  see  abominate,  f.]  To  abominate  : 
its,  "  I  abomine  'em,"  Swift. 
aboon  (a-bon'),  prep,  and  adr.  [Sc,  also  abum, 
<  ME.  abuvcn :  see  above.]  Above.  [North. 
English  and  Scotch.] 

And  thou  shalt  bathe  thee  in  the  stream 
That  rolls  its  whitening  foam  aboon. 

J.  R.  Drake,  Culprit  Fay,  xxxii. 

aborad  (ab-6'rad),  arfc.  [<.  ab- +  orad.  Ct.ab- 
oral.]  In  anat.,  away  from  the  mouth  :  the  op- 
posite of  orad. 

Thacher  has  employed  orad  both  as  adjective  and  ad- 
verb, but  the  correlative  aborad,  which  might  have  been 
expected,  has  not  been  observed  by  us  in  his  papere. 

Wilder  ayid  Gage,  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  23. 

aboral  (ab-6'ral),  a.  [<  L.  06,  from,  +  os  (or-), 
mouth:  see  oral.]  In  anat.,  pertaining  to  or 
situated  at  the  opposite  ext(^mity  from  the 
mouth :  opposed  to  adoral.      "■• 

If  we  imagine  the  Astrophyton  with  its  mouth  turned 
upward  and  its  arms  brought  near  together,  and  the 
aboral  region  furnished  with  a  long,  jointed,  and  flexible 
stem,  we 'shall  have  a  form  not  very  unlike  the  Pentacri- 
nus  caput-medusa?  of  the  West  Indies. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  324. 

aborally  (ab-6'ral-i),  adv.  In  an  aboral  man- 
ner or  place ;  at,  near,  or  in  the  direction  of 
the  aboral  end  ;  aborad  :  as,  situated  aborally. 

abordlf  (a-bord'),  n.  [Same  as  aboard"^,  q.  v. : 
see  a.\so  border.]  1.  Arrival;  approach. — 2. 
Manner  of  accosting  ;  address  ;  salutation. 

Your  abord,  I  must  tell  you,  was  too  cold  and  uniform. 

Chesterfield. 

abordlf    (a-bord'),    V.    t.      [<  F.   aborder,    ap- 
proach :  see  aboard^.]     To  approach ;  accost. 
abord^t    (a-bord'),    adv.     At   a   loss.      [Rare.] 
Used  in  t!ie"following  extract  probably  for  abroad,  in  the 
sense  of  adrift. 

That  how  t'  acquit  themselves  unto  the  Lord 
They  were  in  doubt,  and  flatly  set  abord. 

Speyyser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  324. 

abordage  (a-bor'daj),  n.  [F.,  <  aborder,  board : 
see  ofion?!.]  1.  The  act  of  boarding  a  vessel, 
as  in  a  sea-fight. —  2.  A  collision.  See  fall 
aboard  of.  tmder  aboard^. 

aborigeri,  aborigln  (ab-or'i-jen,  -jin),  n.  [Sing., 
from  L.  pi.  aborigines.]  Same  as  aborigine. 
[Rare.] 

aboriginal  (ab-o-rij'i-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  pi. 
«?)(»'(r/(«es,  the  first  inhabitants;  specifically,  the 
primeval  Romans  :  see  aborigines.  C'f.  original, 
and  L.  aborigineus,  aboriginal.]  I.  a.  1.  Exist- 
ing from  the  origin  or  beginning  ;  hence,  first ; 
original ;  primitive  :  as,  aboriginal  people  are 
the  first  inhabitants  of  a  country  known  to 
history. 

It  was  soon  made  manifest  .  .  .  that  a  people  inferior 
to  none  existing  in  the  world  had  been  formed  by  the 
mixture  of  three  branches  of  the  great  Teutonic  family 
with  each  other,  and  mth  the  aboriginal  Britons. 

Macaulay. 

2.  Pertaining  to  aborigines;  hence,  primitive ; 
simple ;  unsophisticated :  as,  aboriginal  cus- 
toms; aboriginal  aT^sAhy. 

There  are  doubtless  many  aborigiyml  minds  by  which  no 
other  conclusion  is  conceivable. 

H.  Speneer,  Frin.  of  Psychol. 

3.  In  geol.  and  bot.,  native ;  indigenous ;  au- 
tochthonous. -  Syn.  Jyidigenous,  etc.  See  original. 
See  also  jiririmry. 

II.  n.  1.  An  original  inhabitant ;  one  of  the 
people  living  in  a  country  at  the  period  of  the 
earliest  historical  knowledge  of  it ;  an  autoch- 
thon.—  2.  A  species  of  animals  or  plants  which 
originated  within  a  given  area. 

It  may  well  be  doubted  whether  this  frog  is  an  aborigi- 
nal of  these  islands.  Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  xviL 


aboriginality 

aboriginality  (ab-o-rij-i-narj-ti),  n.  The 
qnalitv  or  state  of  biing  aboriginal.    A''.  E.  B. 

aboriginally  (ab-o-rij'i-iial-i),  aih.  In  an  ab- 
original maimer;  origiually;  from  the  very 
first. 

There  are  hardlj  any  domestic  races  .  .  .  which  have 
not  beeu  ranked  ...  as  the  descendants  of  aborirfinatly 
distiULt  siKjL-ies.  Danrin,  Origijl  of  Species,  p.  10. 

aboriginary  (ab-o-rij'i-na-ri),  «.  An  aborigi- 
nal iuhtibitant.    -V.  £.  D. 

ab  origine  (ab  6-rij'i-ne).  [L.:  aft,  from;  ori- 
ginc,  abl.  of  oriijo,  origin.]  From  the  origin, 
beginning,  or  start. 

aborigine  (ab-6-rij'i-ue).  n.  [Sing,  from  L.  pi. 
aboriijiiies,  as  if  the  latter  were  an  E.  word.] 
One  of  the  aborigines  (which  see) ;  an  aborigi- 
nal.    Also  called  ahoriiien,  aborigin. 

aborigines  (ab-o-rij'i-nez),  Ji.  pi.  [L.,  pi.,  the 
Jirst  inhabitants,  applied  especially  to  the  ab- 
original inhabitants  of  Latium,  the  ancestors 
of  the  Roman  people,  <  aft,  from,+  oriyo  (ori- 
.  gin-),  origin,  beginning.]  1.  The  primitive 
inhabitants  of  a  country;  the  people  lining 
in  a  country  at  the  earliest  period  of  which 
anything  is  known. —  2.  The  original  fauna 
anil  flora  of  a  given  geographical  area. 

aborsementt  la-bors'meut),  n.  [<  L.  ahorsus, 
brought  forth  prematurely  (collateral  form  of 
abortus  :  see  abort,  v.),  +  -ment.l  Abortion. 
Bp.  Ball. 

aborsivet  (a-b6r'siv),  a.  [<  L.  aborsus,  collat- 
eral form  of  abortiix  (see  abort,  r.),  +  E.  -I'rc.] 
Abortive  ;  premature.     Fuller. 

abort  fa-bort';,  r.  i.  [<  L.  ahortare,  miscarry, 
<  abortitg,  pp.  of  aboriri,  miscarry,  fail,  <  ab, 
from,  away,  +  oriri,  arise,  gi-ow.]  1.  To  mis- 
carry in  giving  birth. —  2.  To  become  aliorted 
or  abortive ;  appear  or  remain  in  a  rudimen- 
tary or  undeveloped  state :  as,  organs  liable  to 
abort.  _ 

In  the  pelade  Pn^irlioe,  the  foot  aborU,  as  well  as  the 
mantle,  and  the  body  has  the  fomi  of  an  elongated  sac. 

Iluxtei/,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  433. 

The  temperature  now  falls,  and  the  ilisease  [smallpox] 

in  .^omc  cases  will  abort  at  this  sta^e  [at  the  end  uf  forty- 

eifht  hours).  Qiiain,  Med.  Diet,  p.  1442. 

abortt  (a-bort'),  H.  [<  L.  abortus,  an  abor- 
tion, miscarriage,  <  abortus,  pp.  of  aboriri : 
see  abort,  «.]     An  abortion.     liurton. 

aborted  (a-b6r'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Brought  forth 
before  its  time. —  2.  Imperfectly  developed; 
incapable  of  discharging  its  functions ;  not 
having  acquired  its  functions. 

AlIhoui;h  the  eyes  of  the  C'irripeds  are  more  or  less 
abiirtfA  in  their  mature  state,  they  retain  snfllcient  sus- 
ceptibility of  light  to  excite  retraction  of  the  cirri. 

Given,  Comp.  Anat.,  xiii. 

aborticide  (a-lior'ti-sid),  n.  [<  L.  abortus  (see 
ahiiii,  II.)  +  -ciiliiiin  (as  in  liomicidium,  homi- 
ciib  1),  <  mill rr,  kill.]  In  obsttl.,  the  destruc- 
tion of  a  f'tiis  in  the  uterus;  feticide. 

abortient  i  a-bor'shient ),  rt.  [<  IjL.  abortifn(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  iibiirtirc,  miscarry,  eqiiiv.  to  iibortare: 
hci'  iiliiirtj  r.]     In  liol.,  sterile ;  barren. 

abortifacient   (a-b6r-ti-fa'shient),    a.   and    ?i. 

[<  1...  iihiirliiH  (m-c  abort,  n.)  -^  faeien{t-)s,  ppr. 

ot  fiii-irr,  niake.l     I.  a.  Prodiicing  abortion: 

Haid  of  dnit,'s  a?id  operative  procedures. 

II.  "    ' '    "  liatover  is  or  maybe  used 

to   I  'II, 

I  ■  '  keeplni?  of  ahorti/acie}>t>  by  drug- 

ftitl^,  di  Atiiic  ttiutui<.„  to  the  contrary'. 

iV.  1'.  liulejiendenl,  July  24, 1873. 
abortion         '    ■'  hon),    n.      [<L.    abortio(n-), 
iniwiiri  tiri,    miscarry:    sic    abort, 

r,]     1.  •;  the  expulsion  of  th<  fetus 

before  it  ix  viatde  —  Ihftt   is,  in  women,   be- 
frtfp  tibmit   tfi>-  "jxili  w<-i'k  of  gesfntioii.      lAiml. 


ft 
•II. 

/.-(>.  i;ui'.K  .Mmi,.u.  II.  :i. 

3.  Thn   r-rolnnt  "f   iii.ili„..lv  birlli;   Ikmico,   n 
mi     '  '..    Any  fruit 

or  .  inniiirity ; 


hci. 


•onsi',  any- 


16 

thing  which  fails  in  its  progress  before  it  is 
matured  or  perfected,  as  a  design  or  project.— 
4.  In  bot.  and  :ool.,  the  arrested  development 
of  an  organ  at  a  more  or  less  early  stage. 

In  the  complete  abortion  of  the  rostellum  lot  Ccphalan- 
thera  ijrandijiora]  we  h.ive  evidence  of  degradaliou. 

Darwin,  Kertil.  of  Orcllids  by  Insects,  p.  SO. 

He  [5Ir.  Bates)  claims  for  that  family  [the  irdioonidw] 
the  highest  position,  cliiefly  because  of  the  imperfect 
structure  of  the  fore  legs,  which  is  there  carried  to  an  ex- 
treme degree  of  (tbortion. 

A.  S.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec.,  p.  133. 

abortional  (.o-bor'shon-al),  a.  Of  the  nature  of 
an  abortion ;  characterized  by  failure. 

The  treaty  .  .  .  proved  abortional.  and  never  came  to 
fuUiliiRiit,  '  CaW»//t%  Frederick  the  Great,  VI.  XV.  22. 

abortionist  (a-bor'shon-ist),  n.  [<  abortion  + 
-i«f.]  One  who  produces  or  aims  to  produce 
a  criminal  abortion  ;  especially,  one  who  makes 
a  practice  of  so  doing. 

He  [Dr.  Robl))  urged  the  necessity  of  physicians  using 
ail  their  inlluence  to  discountenance  the  work  of  abor- 
tioiufti.  ^''-  y.  iled.  Jour.,  XL.  580. 

abortive  (a-b6r'tiv),  a.  and  ;;,  [<  L,  abortirus, 
born  preni'aturely,  causing  abortion,  <  abortus, 
pp.  of  aboriri,  miscarry  :  see  abort,  r.]  I,  a.  1, 
Brought  forth  in  an  imperfect  condition  ;  im- 
perfectly formed  or  inadequately  developed,  as 
an  animal  or  vegetable  production  ;  rudimen- 
tary.—  2.  Suppressed;  ke)jt  imperfect;  re- 
maining rudimentary,  or  not  advancing  to  per- 
fection in  form  or  function  :  a  frequent  use  of 
the  term  in  zoology.     Compare  ecstigial. 

The  toes  [of  srals)  are  completely  united  by  strong  webs, 
and  the  straight  nails  are  sometimes  reduced  in  number, 
or  even  altogether  abortive.     Huxleij,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  359. 

The  power  of  voluntarily  uncovering  the  canine  Itooth) 
on  one  side  of  the  f.ace  being  thus  often  wholly  lost,  indi- 
cates that  it  is  a  rarely  used  and  almost  afmrtirc  action. 
Darwin,  Express,  of  Emot.,  p.  253. 

Hence  —  3,  Xot  brought  to  completion  or  to  a 
successful  issue;  failing:  miscarrying;  com- 
ing to  nought :  as,  an  abortire  scheme. 

Abortive  as  the  first-born  bloom  of  spring, 
Nipp'd  with  the  lagging  rear  of  winter's  frost. 

Jfi7/on,  S.  A.,  1.  1570. 
He  made  a  salutation,  or,  to  speak  nearer  the  truth,  an 
ill-defined,  abortive  attempt  at  courtesy. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  vii. 

4.  Inftof.,  defective ;  barren.  A.  Gray. —  5,  Pro- 
ducing nothing;  chaotic;  ineffectual. 
The  void  profound 
Of  unessential  Night  n-Leives  bim  next. 
Wide-gaping  ;  ami  with  utter  loss  of  being 
Threatens  liim,  plunged  in  that  abortive  gulf. 

.Milton,  V.  L.,  ii.  43S, 

6.  In  mcd.,  producing  or  intended  to  produce 
abortion  ;  abortifacient :   as,  abortive  drugs. — 

7,  Deformed  ;  monstrous,     [Rare.] 

Tliou  elWsh-mark'd,  abortive,  rooting  hog  I 
Thou  that  wast  seal'd  in  tliy  nativity 
The  .slave  of  nature  and  tlie  son  of  hell ! 

Sliak.,  Itich.  III.,  i.  3. 

Abortive  vellum,  vellum  made  from  the  skin  of  a  still- 

liorn  ealf. 

II,  «.  [<L,  nfto)'/ji!H;M,  an  abortion,  abortive 
meiliciiie  ;  nout.  of  (/ftorf("i'«.s,  a, :  see  the  adj.] 

1.  That  which  is  jiroduced  prematurely;  an 
abortion  ;  a  monstrous  birth. 

Abortives,  presages,  and  tongues  of  heaven. 

Sltak.,K.  John,  iii.  4. 

2.  A  drug  causing  abortion;  an  abortifacient. 
abortivet  (ii-bor'liv),  r.     I,  trans.  To  cause  to 

fail  or  inisirarry. 

He  wronglit  to  abortive  the  bill  before  it  came  to  the 
birth.  Up.  llacket,, Wip.  Williams,  i.  148. 

II.  /H^raH.9,  Tofnil;  perish;  como  to  nought. 
Thus  one  of  your  bold  thunders  may  abortiiv. 
And  cause  that  birth  miscarry. 

Tiiiiikin  (?),  Albuniazar.  i.  :i. 

When  peace  camo  so  innr  to  the lilrth, how  it  aliorlimi, 
ami  by  whose  fault,  come  now  to  Ik-  remembered. 

Jip.  lladcrl,  Ab|i.  Willlnnis,  II.  147. 

abortively  (a-bftr'tiv-Ii),  mlr.  In  an  abortive 
'I  Hill  iinoly  manner  ;  ])reiiial  iirely  ;  imperfect- 
ly ;  inulluctually  ;  as  an  abortion. 

If  abortiirhi  poor  man  mtist  die. 
Nor  reach  what  reach  he  ndght,  why  die  In  driad  7 

yiituiii,  Night  Thoughls,  vll. 

'ITic  enterprise  In  Ireland,  as  elsewhere,  terniliuited  nlior. 

lirrtu,  I'muile,  Uinl.  ling.,  IV.  IH. 

abortivoness  (it-bftr'liv-nes),  «,  The  quality 
or  sliilo  i>r  being,  or  nf  toinliiiK  to  become, 
abortive;  a  failure  to  iiach  perfection  or  ma- 
turity ;  want  rif  HiieecHK  or  iii'compliHlimenl. 

abortmentt  Oi-bArt'mcnl),  «.  l<.  abort,  r..  + 
•  iiirni,  —  K.  arnrlcmrnt,  Hp.  aliorlaniimlii,  I'g. 
aliortaini  nlii.\    An  iinliinily  birth;  an  abortion. 

11 nrlh,  III  »  bone  womb  IIimhi- ih  Kcrtod  mineral  rlclicn 

iimat  ever  llu  buried  ■*  lout  uti'oimenlM. 

Bacon,  I'hya,  olid  Hod.  lUimaliia. 


about 

abortus  (a-b6r'tus),  n, ;  pi.  abortus.  [L.,  an 
abortion :  see  abort,  ji.]  In  mcil.,  the  fruit  of 
an  abortion  ;  a  child  born  before  the  proper 
time ;  an  abortion. 

Abothrophera  (a-both-rofe-rii),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
prop.  *abotliropliora,  <  Gr.  u-  priv.  +  jiodpoCj  a 
pit,  +  -Oi'ipoc,  <  ipipeiv  =  E.  fttui-l.]  A  group  of 
old-world  solenoglyph  venomous  serpents,  cor- 
responding to  the  family  lipcrida:.  So  called  be- 
cause of  tile  ntisence  of  a  pit  between  the  eyes  and  nose, 
contrasting  in  this  respect  with  the  Buthropliera. 

abougbtt,  pret.  of  aby.  [See  uhy.J  Endured; 
atoned  for ;  paid  dearly  for. 

The  vengeans  of  thilke  yre 
That  vVtheon  abomrhte  trewely. 

Cliauccr,  Knight's  Title,  1.  1445. 

aboulia,  aboulomania,  «.  Same  as  abulia, 
abound  (a-ljouud'),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  abounden, 
abunden,  sometimes  spelled  habunden,  <OF. 
abouder,  habonder,  F.  «fio«f?er=Sp.  Pg.  abun- 
dar  =  lt.  abbondarc,  <  L.  abundarc,  overflow, 
<  ab,  from,  away,  +  undarc,  rise  in  waves,  over- 
flow, <  uuila,  a  wave:  see  undulate,  Cf.  redound, 
surround.']  1.  To  be  in  great  plenty  ;  be  very 
prevalent. 
^\^\ere  sin  abounded,  grace  did  much  more  abound. 

Rom.  v.  20. 

In  every  political  party,  in  the  Cabinet  itself,  duplicity 

and  perfidy  abounded.      Macaulaij,  Hailam's  t'onst.  Hist. 

2.  To  be  unstinted  in  possession  or  stipply  (of 
anything) ;  be  copiously  provided  or  furnished 
(with  anything),  (a)  To  be  rich  or  affluent  (in),  as 
that  which  is  a  special  property  or  characteristic,  or  con- 
stitutes an  individual  distinction :  as,  he  abounds  in 
wealth  or  in  charity. 

Nature  abounds  in  ^vits  of  every  kind. 
And  for  eacli  author  can  a  talent  find. 

Dnjden,  Art  of  Poetry,  i.  13. 
(i)  To  teem  or  be  replete  (with),  as  that  wbicli  is  furnished 
or  supplied,  or  is  an  intrinsic  characteristic  :  as,  the  coim- 
try  aboututs  jvith  wealth,  or  with  line  scenery. 
The  faithful  man  shall  abound  with  blessings. 

Prov.  xxviii.  20. 

To  abound  in  or  with  one's  own  senset,  to  be  at 

liberty  to  hold  or  follow  one's  own  opinion  or  judgment. 

I  meddle  not  with  Mr.  Ross,  but  leave  him  tt>  nbimnd 
in  his  own  seme.  Branthall,  ii.  i>32. 

Moreover,  as  every  one  is  said  to  abound  with  his  owr^ 
gense,  and  that  among  the  race  of  man-kind,  Opinions 
and  Fancies  are  found  to  be  as  various  as  the  scvcrall 
Fares  and  Voyces ;  so  in  each  individual  man  there  is  a 
diUV-ring  facultie  of  Oliservation.  of  .Indgement.  of  Appli- 
cation. Howell,  Forreiue  Travell,  i. 

aboundancet  (a-ljoun'daus),  «.  An  old  form  of 
iihinidiniiT.    Time's  iStoreliousc,  ii. 

abounding  (a-boun'ding),  JI.  [Verbal  n.  of 
ahonnd.]  The  state  of  being  abundant ;  abun- 
dance ;  increase.    Soiilli,  Sermons,  II.  220. 

abounding  (a-boun'ding),  p.  a.  Overflowing; 
plrutiful  ;  abundant:  as,  «ft()«HfW«.(/ wealth. 

about  (a-bouf),  <«/(•.  i\m\  prt p.  [<ME.  (tbout, 
(r^i)H(f,  earlier  (diouten,  abule,  abute>i,<  AB.  dhii- 
f((H  (=  OFries.  dhiila),  about,  around,  <  a-  for 
on  (the  AS.  form  onbfitan  also  occurs,  with 
an  equiv.  ymbiiian,  round  abotitj  <  ymbe,  yinb, 
around,  about,  =  G.  uni  =  (h:  au<lii :  sec  am- 
jilii-)  +  butan,  outside,  <  be,  liy,  +  iitan,  out- 
side, fi'om  without,  <  «/,  prep,  and  adv.,  out: 
see  OH,  %,  ftf-'-,  .'"111  ""'•]  I.  '"'''•  1.  Around; 
in  circuit ;  circularly ;  round  and  round ;  on 
every  side  ;  in  ov(>i'y  direction  ;  all  around. 

Trithee,  do  not  turn  nic  about ;  my  stomach  is  not  con- 
stant. Shak..  T'empest,  ii.  2. 
Algiers  ,  .  .  measures  barely  one  league  atioiit. 

./.  Morgan,  Hist.  Algicra, 

2.  Circuitously ;  in  a  roundabout  coui-se. 

Ood  led  the  people  about  through  the  way  of  the  wilder- 

ne.18.  Ex.  xiii.  18. 

To  wheel  three  or  four  miles  about.        Shak.,  Oor.,  L  6. 

3.  Hither  aiul  thither;  to  and  fro;  up  and 
down  ;  liero  and  there. 

lie  that  goeth  abmit  as  a  talc-hearer.  I'mv.  xx.  10. 

Wandering  about  frmn  house  to  house.         1  Tim,  v.  1.1. 

We  followed  the  gnliie  atumt  among  the  tombs  for  a 

while.  C.  I).  )Yarn*'r,  Koundiiliout  .loiirney,  xll. 

4.  Near  in  time,  ntiinber,  quanlily,  quality,  or 
degree;  nearly;  ajiproximali'ly  ;  alnioNt. 

He  Went  out  about  the  third  hour.  .Mat.  xx.  3. 

Light  travels  almut  180,000  miles  n  second. 

J.  N.  hirkiier,  Elem.  Astron. 

The  (Imt  two  are  abmit  the  nicest  girls  In  all  London. 

Iliiwlrii  ,Sinait,  Social  Slniu'rH,  I.  182. 
(In  rontraelmnade  on  the  New  York  Slock  Exchange,  Iho 
lirin  iihoiil  means  "not  more  Minn  three  da.rs"  when 
iippMcd  to  lime,  and  "not  more  tbiin  in  per  cent."  wlien 
iiicd  «ith  reference  to  a  miinbcr  of  shares.) 
T).  In  readinesH;  intending;  going:  after  the 
vorl)  to  be. 

The  bouse  which  I  am  iiboul  to  build.         2  f'bron.  II.  ». 

As  the  ahipmcn  were  about  to  lieu  out  of  the  ship. 

Acts  xxvll.  SOl 


about 

16.  At  work ;  astir;  begiu  in  earnest :  used  with 
the  force  of  an  imperative. 

Aliuut,  ray  brain  !  Shale,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

To  be  about,  to  be  astir  ;  lie  on  tlic  ninvf  ;  l)i'  :il  tiiiilini' 
III  .111. 's  usual  iluties.— To  bring  about,  t"  ("luse  .'.r  1 11.  .1 : 
as,  lo  hriivi  about  a  reuoiu-iliati.jn.— To  come  about,  tn 
cumc  to  pass ;  luippen,— To  go  about,  (n)  i,iti,ially,  t.i 
taki!  a  .circuit.iiis  niuti' ;  liencu,  tu  devise  rounilabout  or 
secret  nietlio.ls  of  aiTomplisliing  anytliiug ;  contrive  ;  pre- 
pare ;  seeic  tlie  means. 

Wliy  ffo  ye  about  to  liill  me  ?  Jolni  vii.  19. 

If  wo  look  into  the  eyes  of  the  youngest  person,  wo 
sometimes  ilLseover  tliat  here  is  one  who  knows  already 
what  you  would  1/0  about  with  much  pains  to  teacli  hira. 

Emermn,  Old  Age. 
<6)  A'iiii(. ,  to  take  a  different  direction,  .as  a  vessel  in  taek- 
iuy.— Much  about,  very  nearly:  as,  his  health  is  jnucA 
about  tlie  same  as  yesterday.— Put  about,  annoyed; 
disturbed :  provoked  :  as,  lu;  was  niueh  put  about  by  the 
news.— Ready  about !  About  ship  !  orders  to  a  crew 
to  prepare  tor  tacking.— Rlgbt  about!  Left  about! 
(tuilll.),  commands  to  face  or  turn  round  half  a  eirele,  by 
the  ri;;ht  or  left,  as  the  ease  may  be,  so  as  to  face  in  the 
ojipositi-  direction.— Turn  about,  week  about,  etc.,  in 
rotation  or  succession ;  alternately;  on  each  alternate  oc- 
casion, week,  etc. 

A  woman  or  two,  and  three  or  four  undertaker's  men, 
.  .  .  had  charge  of  the  remains,  which  they  watched  turn 
/idoiif.  Thackeray. 

II.  prep.  1.  On  the  outside  or  outer  surface 
■of ;  surrounding,;  around  ;  all  around. 

Bind  them  about  thy  neck.  Prov.  iii.  3. 

About  her  commeth  all  the  world  to  begge. 

Sir  T.  More,  To  them  that  trust  in  Fortune. 
Like  one  who  ^vi-aps  the  drapery  of  his  couch 
About  him,  and  lies  down  to  pleasant  dreams. 

Bryant,  Thanatopsis. 

■2.  Near  to  in  place ;  close  to ;  at :  as,  about 
the  door.  See  the  adv.,  4. —  3.  Over  or  upon 
different  parts  ;  here  and  there  ;  backward  and 
forward  ;  in  various  directions. 

\\liere  lies  thy  pain  ?    All  about  the  breast? 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 

4.  Near  or  on  one's  person  ;  with;  at  hand. 

You  have  not  the  "Book  of  Riddles"  about  you,  have 
you?  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

5.  In  relation  to;  respecting;  in  regard  to;  on 
account  of. 

He  is  very  courageous  mad  about  his  throwing  into  the 
water.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  1. 

The  question  is  not  aboiU  what  is  there,  but  about  what 
I  see.  tr.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  25G. 

It  is  not  enough  to  be  industrious ;  so  are  the  ants. 
■What  are  you  industrious  about  ?   Thoreau,  Letters,  p.  161. 

'6.  Concerned  in  ;  engaged  in  :  as,  what  is  he 
■about  f 

I  must  be  about  my  Father's  business.  Luke  ii.  49. 

To  go  or  set  about,  to  become  occupied  with :  engage 
in  :  undertake  ;  begin  ;  as,  ffo  about  your  business ;  he  set 
about  the  pel'forraance  of  his  task. 

about-sledge  (a-bout'slej),«.  [<about  (in  refer- 
ence to  its  being  swung  around)  +  slethje^.'] 
The  largest  hammer  used  by  blacksmiths.  It 
is  grasped  at  the  end  of  the  handle  with  both 
hands  and  swung  at  arm's  length. 

above  (a-buv'),  adc  and  prep.  [<  ME.  ahove, 
ahovcn,"ahuve,  abuven,  abufen  (>  E.  dial,  and  Sc. 
aboon,  abune,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  dbufan,  above,  <  a- 
for  on  +  bufan  (full  form  beufan  =  OS.  biobhan 
=  D.  boi-crl),  above,  <  be-,  by,  -f-  nfan,  from 
above,  above,  =  OS.  obhana,  from  above,  obhan, 
above,  =  OHG.  opana,  obana,  MHG.  G.  oben, 
=  Icel.  ofan ;  all  from  a  base  appearing  in 
Goth,  nf,  prep.,  under,  OHG.  opa,  aba,  MHG. 
o6e,  ob,  adv.  and  prep.,  over,  Icel.  of,  prep., 
over,  for.  A  different  form  of  the  same  base 
appears  in  tip,  q.  v.    See  also  over.']    I.  adv. 

1.  In  or  to  a  higher  place;  overhead;  often, 
in  a  special  sense  :  («)  In  or  to  the  celestial 
regions ;  in  heaven. 

Your  praise  the  birds  shall  chant  in  every  grove. 
And  winds  shall  waft  it  to  the  powers  above. 

Pope,  Summer,  1.  80, 
■(!))  Upstairs. 

My  maid's  aunt  .  .  .  has  a  gown  above. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  1. 

2.  On  the  upper  side  (opposed  to  beneath); 
toward  the  top  (opposed  to  below) :  as,  leaves 
green  abore,  glaucous  beneath ;  stems  smooth 
above,  hairy  below.  —  3.  Higher  in  rank  or 
power:  as,  the  courts  above. — 4.  Before  in 
rank  or  order,  especially  in  a  book  or  writing  : 
as,  from  what  has  been  said  above. —  5.  Be- 
sides :  in  the  expression  over  and  above. 

And  stand  indebted,  over  and  above. 
In  love  and  service  to  you  evermore, 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 
IShakspere  has  itiore  above  in  tire  same  sense. 

This,  in  obedience,  hath  my  daughter  showed  me ; 

And  7nore  above,  h.ath  his  solicitinga  .  .  . 

All  given  to  mine  ear.  Hamlet,  iL  2.] 

2 


17 

Above  is  often  used  elliptically  as  a  noun,  meaning :  (1) 
Heaven:  as,  "Every  good  gift  ...  is  from  above,'  Jas. 
i.  17.  (^)  Preceding  statement,  remarks,  or  the  like :  as, 
from  the  above  you  will  learn  my  object.  It  h.'is  the  force 
of  an  adjective  in  such  phrases  a.s  tile  abtwe  partieul.ars,  in 
wliieh  cited  or  vientioncd  is  understood. 

II.  prep.    1.  In  or  to  a  higher  place  than. 
And  fowl  that  may  fly  above  the  earth.  Gen.  i.  20. 

2.  Superior  to  in  any  respect:  often  in  the 
sense  of  too  high  for,  as  too  high  in  dignity  or 
fancied  importance ;  too  elevated  in  charac- 
ter :  as,  this  man  is  above  his  business,  above 
mean  actions. 

Doubtless,  in  man  there  is  a  nature  fotmd, 
Ecsidc  the  senses;  and  above  them  far. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  ii. 
Seneca  wrote  largely  on  natural  philosophy  .  .  .  solely 
because  it  tended  to  raise  the  mind  above  low  cares. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Byron. 

3.  More  in  quantity  or  number  than  :  as,  the 

weight  is  above  a  ton. 

He  was  seen  of  above  live  hundred  brethren  at  once. 

1  Cor.  XV.  6. 

4.  More  in  degree  than ;  in  a  greater  degree 

than  ;  beyond  ;  in  excess  of. 

Thou  [the  serpent]  art  cursed  above  all  cattle. 

Gen.  iii.  14. 

God  .  .  .  will  not  suffer  you  to  be  tempted  above  that 

ye  are  able,  1  Cor.  .\.  13. 

Above  the  boimds  of  reason.         Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  7. 

I  heard  a  knocking  for  above  an  hour. 

Swift,  Gull.  Trav.,  i.  1. 

Above  all,  above  or  before  everything  else ;  before  every 
other  consiileration  ;  in  preference  to  all  other  things. — 
Above  the  rest,  especially ;  particularly:  as,  one  night 
above  the  rest.— Above  the  world,  (a)  Above  considering 
what  people  say.  (b)  Holding  a  secure  position  in  life ; 
having  one's  fortune  made. 

Witli  such  an  income  as  that  he  should  be  above  the 
world,  as  the  saying  is.  A.  Trollojie. 

=  Syn.  Over,  Above.  See  over. 
aboveboard  (a-buv'bord),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or 
a.  \i  above  +  board.  "A  figurative  expression, 
borrowed  from  gamesters,  who,  when  they  put 
their  hands  under  the  table,  are  changing  their 
cards."  Johnson.]  Inopensight;  withonttrieks 
or  disguise :  as,  an  honest  man  deals  above- 
board;  his  actions  are  open  and  aboveboard. 

Lovers  in  this  age  have  too  much  honour  to  do  anytliing 
underhand  ;  they  do  all  aboveboard. 

Vanbrugh,  Relapse,  ii.  1. 

above-deck  (a-buv'dek),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or 
a.  1.  Upon  deck  :  as,  the  ofioec-fZcc/i:  cargo. — 
2.  Figuratively,  without  artifice;  aboveboard: 
as,  his  dealing's  are  all  above-deck.  [Colloq.] 
above-ground  (a-buv'ground),  prep.  phr.  as 
adv.  or  a.    Alive ;  not  birried. 

I'll  have  'em,  .an  they  be  above-ground. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  The  Chances. 

ab  OVO  (ab  6'vo).  [L.,  from  the  egg:  ab, 
from;  ovo,  abl.  of  ovum,  egg,  ovum:  see  ovum.'] 
Literally,  fi'om  the  egg ;  hence,  from  the  very 
beginning,  generally  with  allusion  to  the  Roman 
custom  of  beginning  a  meal  with  eggs.  In  this 
case  it  is  the  first  part  of  the  phrase «*  oi"  usiiucadmala, 
from  the  egg  to  the  apples,  that  is,  from  beginning  to  end  ; 
but  sometimes  the  allusion  is  to  the  poet  who  began  the 
history  of  the  Trojan  war  with  the  story  of  the  egg  from 
which  Helen  was  fabled  to  have  been  born. 

By  way  of  tracing  the  whole  theme  [the  Homeric  con- 
troversy] ab  ovo,  suppose  we  begin  by  stating  the  ehrono- 
logical  bearings  of  the  principal  objects  .  .  .  connected 
with  the  Iliad.  De  Quincey,  Homer,  i. 


Bark  with  Yards  Abox. 

abOX  (a-boks'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3, 
prep.,  +  box"^.]  Naut.,  in  or  into  the  position 
of  the  yards  of  a  vessel  when  the  head-sails  are 
laid  aback:  applied  to  the  head-yards  only,  the 
other  sails  being  kept  full. 

abp.     A  contraction  of  arclibishop. 

abracadabra  (ab"ra-ka-dab'ra),  n.  [X. ;  occur- 
ring first  in  a  poem  (Prn-cepta  de  Medieina)  by 
Q.  Serciuis  Sammonicus,  in  the  second  cen- 
tury; mere  jargon.  Ci.  abracalam,]   1.  Acaba^ 


Abraham-man 

listic  word  used  in  incantations.  When  writ- 
ten in  a  manner  similar  to  that  shewn  in  the 
aceomjianying  diagram,  so  as  to  V:ie  read  in  dif- 

AURACADABRA 

ABRACADABR 

ABRACADAB 

ABRACADA 

A   B   R   A  C  A   D 

A   B   R  A  C   A 

A   H   R   A   C 

AURA 

A   B  R 

A   B 

A 

f  erent  directions,  and  worn  as  an  amulet,  it  was 
supposed  to  cure  certain  ailments. 

Mr.  Banester  saith  that  he  healed  200  in  one  year  of  an 
ague  by  hanging  abracadabra  about  their  necks,  and 
would  stanch  blooil,  or  heal  the  toothivke,  .although  the 
partyes  were  10  myle  of.  MS.  in  Brit.  Museum. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  word-charm  or  empty  jingle 
of  words. 

abracalam  (a-brak'a-lam),  n.  [Cf.  abraca- 
dabra.] A  cabalistic  word  used  as  a  charm 
among  the  Jews. 

abracbia  (a-bra'ki-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
-t-  L.  brachium,  arm.]  In  zool.,  absence  of 
anterior  limbs. 

abracbius  (a-bra'ki-us),  «. ;  pi.  abrachii  (-1). 
[NL. :  seo  abrachia.]  In  teratol.,  a  monster 
in  which  the  anterior  limbs  are  absent,  while 
the  posterior  are  well  developed. 

abradant  (ab-ra'dant),  a.  and  n.  [<  OF.  abra- 
dant, serving  to  scrape,  scraping,  <  L.  abra- 
den(t-)s,  ppr.  of  idiradere,  scrape  off :  see  abrade.'] 
I.  a.  Abrading ;  having  the  property  or  quality 
of  scraping. 

II.  n.  A  material  used  for  grinding,  such  as 
emery,  sand,  powdered  glass,  etc. 

abrade  (ab-rad'),  r.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  abraded, 
ppr.  abradiufj.  [<  L.  uhradere,  scrape  or  rub 
off,  <  ah,  off,'-t-  radere,  scrape  :  see  rase.]  To 
rub  or  wear  away ;  rub  or  scrape  off ;  detach 
particles  from  the  surface  of  by  friction:  as, 
glaciers  abrade  the  rocks  over  which  they  pass ; 
to  abrade  the  prominences  of  a  surface. 

Dusty  red  walls  and  abraded  towers. 

Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  132. 

A  termination  is  the  abraded  relic  of  an  originally  dis- 
tinct qualifying  word.  J.  Fiske,  Cos.  Phil.,  1.  66. 

=  Syn.  Scratch,  Chafe,  etc.    See  scrape,  v.  t. 

Abrahamt,  a-    See  Abram. 

Abrahamic  (a-bra-ham'ik),a.  [iu.  Abraham, 
<Gr.  'kjipaau,  repr.  Heb.  'Abrdhdm,  father  of  a 
multitude,  iarig.  'Abrdm,  lit.  father  of  height.] 
Of  or  i^ertaiuing  to  the  patriarch  Abraham. 

Abrahamidae  (a-bra-ham'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
i  Abraham  +  -idte.]  The  descendants  of  Abra- 
ham ;  the  Hebrews. 

This  [Biblical]  revelation  of  origins  .  .  .  was  a  whole 
system  of  religion,  pure  and  elevating,  .  .  .  placing  the 
Abrahamida,  who  for  ages  seem  alone  to  have  held  to  it, 
on  a  plane  of  spiritual  vantage  immeasurably  above  that 
of  other  nations.  Dawson,  Orig,  of  World,  p.  71. 

Abrahamite  (a'bra-ham-it  or  a'bram-it),  n. 
[<ML.  J6ra7m»BJto,pl.;'  as  Abraham    +   -ite^.] 

1.  ©ne  of  a  Christian  sect  named  from  its 
founder,  Abraham  of  Antioch  (ninth  century), 
and  charged  with  Paulician  (Gnostic)  errors. — 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Deists  in  Bohemia,  who 
came  into  prominence  about  1782,  and  were 
banished  to  Hungary  by  the  Emperor  Joseph  H. 
for  nonconformity.  They  seem  to  have  professed 
the  religion  of  .\liraham  before  his  circumcision,  to  have 
believed  in  God,  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  a  future 
state  of  rewards  and  punishments,  but  to  have  rejected 
baptism  and  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  and  to  have  ac- 
knowledged no  scripture  but  the  decalogue  and  the  Lord's 
prayer. 

Abrahamltical  (a'bra-ham-it'i-kal  or  a-bram- 
it'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to  Abraham  or  to  the 
Abratiamites. 

Abraham-man  (a'bra-ham-  or  a'bram-man), 
n.  1.  Originally,  a  mendicant  lunatic  from 
Bethlehem  Hospital,  London.  The  wards  in  the 
ancient  Bedlam  (Bethlehem)  bore  distinctive  names,  as  of 
some  saint  or  patriarch.  That  nanie.l  .after  .\l)raham 
was  devoted  to  a  class  of  lunatics  wh.>  on  certain  days 
were  permitted  to  go  out  begging.  They  bore  a  badge, 
and  were  known  as  Abraham-men.  llany,  however,  as- 
sumed the  badge  without  right,  and  begged,  feigning 
lunacy.  Hence  the  more  received  meaning  came  to  be  — 
2.  An  impostor  who  wandered  about  the 
country  seeking  alms,  under  pretense  of  lu- 
nacy. Hence  the  phrase  to  shaui  Abraham,  to  feign 
sickness. 

Matthew,  sceptic  and  scoffer,  ha.l  failed  to  subscribe  a 
prompt  belief  in  that  pain  about  the  heart ;  he  had  nuit- 
tered  some  words  in  which  the  phrase,  "shamming  Abra- 
ham," had  been  very  distinctly  audible. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxxin. 


Abraham'  s-balm 

Abraham'S-balmt  (a'bra-hamz-  or  a'bramz- 
biim),  )i.  An  old  name  of  an  Italian  willow 
supposed  to  be  a  charm  for  the  preservation  of 
chastitT.     See  agnus  ca-'-ttis,  uniUn-  o;/Hits. 

Abraham's-eyet  (a'bra-hamz-  or  a'bramz-i),  n. 
A  ma^oal  charm  supposed  to  have  power  to 
deprive  of  eyesight  a  thief  who  refused  to  con- 
fess his  suilt.  ,    „      .     .J         t    . 

abraidt  U-hrad'),  c-  [<1IE-  abrmden,  abrei- 
den,  start  up,  awake,  move,  reproach,  <  AS. 
dbregdiiH,  contr.  abredan  (a  strong  verb),  move 
quickly:  see  fcrairf' and  iy)6i-aid.]  I.  trans.  To 
rouse  ;  awake  ;  upbraid. 
How  now,  base  brat !  wliat !  are  thy  wits  thine  own, 
That  thou  dar'st  thus  abraide  me  in  my  laud  ? 

Greene,  Alphonsits,  ii. 

JJ,.inlrans.  To  awake;  start. 

And  if  that  he  out  of  his  sleepe  abraide. 
He  might  doii  us  bathe  a  vilanie. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  I.  270. 

Abramt,  Abrahamt,  «.    CoiTupted  forms  of 

auburn. 

Abramidina  (ab'ra-mi-dl'uii),  ».  pi.  [NL., 
<  Jbrumi-'  (Abr(imi)i-)  +  -inn.']  In  Giinther's 
classification  of  fishes,  the  twelfth  subfamily 
of  Ci/prinid,r,  having  the  anal  tin  elongate  and 
the  abdomen,  or  part  of  it,  compressed.  It  in- 
cludes the  geuus  Abramis  and  similar  fresh- 
watir  fishes  related  to  the  bream. 

Abramis  (ab'ra-mis),  wt  [Nil.,  <  Gr.  ajipaiii^ 
(fi,ipaaii-),  the  name  of  a  fish  found  in  the  Nile 
and  the  Mediterranean,  perha]is  the  bream, 
but  not  etyra.  related  to  bream.']  A  genus 
of  fishes  of  the  family  Cyprinida;  typified  by 
the  common  fresh-water  bream  of  Europe,  A. 
brama.  The  name  lias  been  adopted  with  various  modi- 
fications l)y  different  ichthyologists,  being  restricted  by 
Borae  to  old-world  forms  closely  allied  to  the  bream,  and 
eitended  by  otiiers  t^)  include  certain  American  Itshes 
less  nearly  related  to  it,  such  as  the  common  American 
shiner,  el'r.     G.  Ctivier,  1S17.    See  breauil. 

Abranchia  (a-brang'ki-a),  «.  pi.  [XL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  (ibraiichius :  see  abranchious.}  A  name 
given  to  several  differeut  groups  of  animals 
which  have  no  gills:  (a)  To  a  group  of  vertehmtes, 
comprising  mammals,  binls,  and  reptiles  (or  Mammalia 
and  Sauroi^iida),  whose  young  never  possess  pills.  The 
croup  is  thus  contrasted  with  Batrachia  and  Piseet!  col- 
lectively. In  this  sense  the  term  has  no  exact  classiHca- 
tory  signiftcation.  (6)  To  a  group  of  gastropodous  niol- 
luflks,  variously  rated  by  naturalists  as  a  suborder,  an  or- 
der, or  a  sulK:lass ;  the  Aimeu-nta  or  Dermatojmoa  of  some, 
related  to  the  \wlibraii.'hiata,  having  ii<<  Iiranchiic,  the  up- 
per surface  of  the  body  ciliated,  and  no  shell  oxccpt  when  in 
the  lar\'al  state.  This  grrjup  includes  the  families  Lima- 
pontidte,  rhijUirhoidif,  and  Elt/^iidte.  (c)  To  an  order  of 
Anii^lUta,  the  OluiwluHa,  which  are  without  branchi.-c, 
and  respire  by  Ihe  surface  of  the  body.  There  are  several 
families,  amung  them  the  Lnmhrieidae,  to  which  the  com- 
mon earthwiirm  belongs.  They  are  mostly  hermaphrodite, 
and  undergo  no  metamorphosis.  They  have  no  feet,  but 
the  iKidy  is  provided  with  bristles  (setfe).  The  mouth  is 
ruditu'.-ntjiry.  U')t  suctorial,  as  in  the  related  cu-der  Hint- 
din.''t  (l._'eeheH).  The  sjtecies  are  mostly  land  or  fresh- 
water worms,  (d)  In  C'uvier's  system  of  cla-ssifk-ation,  to 
Ihe  tbird  fT»nilv  of  the  order  AnneUde.t,  containing  the 
earf  'nchi'i  nftifjera)  ami   the  leeches;  thus 

»pp  resp'uiding  to  the  two  modern  ordei-s 

OU'i  Ini'liiiea.     It  included,  however,  some 

htt  ,   iLS   the    gtirdians.      Sometimes 

c»ll  '^^o  Ahranehia;.    [If  it  Is  a<lvisablo 

ttm\  .:ioup  of  animals,  it  is  probably  to 

!-■  I' ■         !  . I.  •  r  .'.  ..iiti  of  the  senses  above  noted.) 
abranchian  (a-brang'ki-au),  «.     One  dt  the 

.Ihoinrlnil. 

Abranchiata  fa-brang-ki-ii'tii),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
niiit.  pi.  of  iibranchiaUm :  Hoe  iibrancliiatc]  A 
ti-rm  Hiimi'timcs  used  as  synonymous  \Tith 
Abrtnirliiii, 

abranchiate  fa-brang'ki-fit),  a.  [<  NL.  abran- 
rbiiiluji:  Hi'c  ahranrhiiiim  and  -nf<l.]  ])cvoid  of 
l'pIIh  ;  of  or  pi-rtiiiiiiiig  to  the  Abrnnrhia. 

abranchioiU  (u-brang'ki-us),  <|.  [<  Nli.  idirnn- 
V.  +  ,(/>fij  fw,  gills.]     Haino  us 

•1 

>-  at/ranrhious  AnnclUlcil,     or.  (lit; 

!■■«. 

.  Iitgne  Anim.  (Ir.  of  iMii),  p. ::!«. 

iks),n.   HnmoiiHAItraraii,l,2. 
.   '■.  (.     f<  Ij.  iihrasus,  pp.  of 

iihrailr.l    8amo  an  abrailr. 

' '  I ,.  iibrnnH/i,  pp. :  hco  the 
I  of  inurkM  by  rubbing. 

Ilo'  xirilr  rtrax  an  fd'rn 


18 


abridger 


It  is  one  of  the  most  curious  phenomena  of  language,  abreast  (a.-\ne%t'),x>rcp.i)hr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<a*, 
that  words  are  .as  subject  as  coin  to  defacement  and  ou.'  +  irra.sf.]    1.  Sideby  side.withbreasts 

nbra^iun  tf  P.  Jfara'A,  Lect.  on  Eng.  Lung.,  Int.,  p.  10.     ■*.      ^  ,.  ....  -*    .  ,  i       j      '     *„  r.       , 

aora^wn.        v.i^..au=,  t,        ..       ,*■       -<  m  a  line :  as, "  the  riders  rode  (lirfH.sf,   /'r^rfc'H. 

It  (the   wall  of  Chester]  has  everywhen-.  however. 


2.  The  result  of  rubbing  or  abrading;  an 
abraded  spot  or  place :  applied  c-iiefly  to  a 
fretting  or  excoriation  of  the  skin  by  which  the 
underlving  tissues  are  exposed. — 3.  InpatlwK, 
a  superficial  excoriation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  intestines,  accompanied  by  loss 
of  substance  in  the  form  of  small  shreds. — 4. 
The  substance  worn  away  by  abrading  or  at- 
trition.    Berkeley. 

abrasive  (ab-ra'siv),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  as  if 
'abrasinis,  <  abrasus,  pp.  of  abradere :  see  ab- 
rade.'] I.  a.  Tending  to  produce  abrasion ; 
having  the  property  of  abrading;  abradant. 

The  .  .  .  ahrasive  materials  used  in  the  treatment  of 
metallic  surfaces. 

C.  P.  B.  Shelley,  Workshop  .Appliances,  p.  108. 

H.  n.  Any  material  having  abrading  quali- 
ties; an  abradant. 

The  amateur  is  most  strenuously  counselled  to  polish 
the  tool  upon  the  oil-stone,  or  other  fine  abrasive  em- 
ployed for  setting  the  edge. 

0.  Biiriw,  .\rtisan's  Handbook,  p.  17. 

abraum(ab'ram;  G.pron.  ap'roum),??.  [G.;lit.,  abregget, 
what  has  to  he  cleared  away  to  get  at  some-     aliridi/c. 


rugged  outer  parapet  an<l  a  broad  hollow  llagguig,  wide 
enough  for  two  strollers  abreast. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  9. 

2.  Xaut. :  (rt)Lyiiigormovingside  byside,  with 
stems  equally  advanced,  (/j)  When  used  to  indi- 
cate the  situation  of  a  vessel  in  regard  to  an- 
other object,  opposite;  over  against ;  lying  so 
that  the  object  is  on  a  line  with  the  beam :  in 
this  sense  with  of. 

The  r.ellona  .  .  .  kept  too  close  to  the  starboard  shoal, 
and  grounded  abreast  of  the  outer  ship  of  the  enemy. 

Soulhen,  Nelson.  II.  121. 

3.  Figuratively,  up  to  the  same  pitch  or  level : 
used  with  of  or  iritli :  as,  to  keep  abreast  <)/"the 
times  in  science,  etc. —  4t.  At  the  same  time  ; 
simultaneously. 

Abreast  therewith  began  a  convocation.  Ftdter. 

Line  abreast,  a  fttrmation  of  a  squadriui  in  which  the 
ships  are  aln  eivst  of  one  another. 
abredet,  jirep.  pUr.  as  adv.    A  Middle  English 
form  of  aliread.     Bom.  of  the  Hose. 

r.    t.      A  Middle   English  form   of 
Chaueer. 


Abraxas,  collection  of  the  British  Museum. 


ebiuH,  <  I  ir.  n-  |,n 

abrn,..l.     ■ 
T 

Al.: 

Abrasax'ab'rh 
abraMf  (nb-m/.' 

iif'T'idt  n .  rubfifr 

abrn  -  ■     '  -  -' 

VI 


lalo-  // 

abraiilon    Oib-rA'/li.t 

<  llbrndi  ri        "i  .    . 

Jnir;  th..  a.e  ,,f   • 

bvf 

•li.f 

l»r. 

ihiT 

nAi'.' 

«irii'el'l«'r,u:  1  f«i4ni'i<' 


^i<",i,  rynthU'a  llev.  I 

It.  li  Ii.  nhriiHtinii- 1, 
1 .  Till'  net  of  abrad- 
nibbim;  off  'ir  fnviiv 


thing  valuable  beneath;  the  worthless  upper  abrenouncet    (ab-re-nouns'),  ''.  '•     [<  L-  "'', 
portion  of  a  vein  or  ore-deposit;   the   earth  ..•,.—  .       ,, 

covering  the  rock  in  a  quarry  ;  <  abriiumen,  clear 
away,  take  from  the  room  or  place,  <  ab-  (=  E. 
off)',  from,  +  raum,  place,  =  E.  mom,  q.  v.] 
Red  ocher,  used  by  cabinet-makers  to  give  a 
red  color  to  new  mahogany.  — Abraum  salts  [i:. 
ttbraumsalze],  a  mixture  of  salts,  if  potash,  soda,  niamu  sia. 
etc.,  overlying  the  rock-salt  deposit  at  .siassfurt.  rnis.sia. 
and  vicinity,  the  value  of  whirli  was  not  innnediately  rec- 
ognized when  these  deposits  were  opened,  but  which  is 
now  the  chief  source  of  supply  of  potassic  salts  in  the  world. 

Abraxas    (ab- 

rak'sas), 
[See     def, 
and    ef.   abra- 
eadabra.]       1. 

jy  ^^^^f '^^•^      Gnostic    amu- 

let consisting 
of  an  engraved 

gem,  often  bearing  a  mystical  figure  (which 

generally  combines  human  and  brute  forms) 

and  an  unintelligible  legend,   but  sometimes 

inscribed  with  tlie  word  Abraxas,  either  alone 

or  accompanying  a  figure  or  a  word  connected 

with  Hebrew  or  Egyptian 

religion,  as  lao,  Sahaoth, 

Osiris. —  2.    A     mystical 

word  used  by  the  Gnostic 

followers   of   Basilides   to 

denote  the  Supreme  Being, 

or,  perhaps,  its  36")  emana- 
tions collectively,  or  the 

305  orders  of  spirits  oc- 
cupying the  365  heavens. 

Later  it  was  commonly  applied  to 

any  symbolical  represent  ution  of 

Gnostic  ideas.     It  is  saiti  to  have 

been  coined  by  Kasilidcs  in  the 

secoml  century,  from  the  siini  of 

the  Oreek  nmneral  letters  ex- 
pressing tlie  number  :{iil» ;  thus :  a  = 

f  =  HO,  a  =  1,  ?  =  200 ;  total,  365. 

Also  written  Alira.'«ix. 
3.  A  genus  of  li'jiiilopterous  insect.i,  of  the 
family  (leometridii,  containing  the  largo  mag- 
pie-nK)th,  Abraxa.i  iir(>.isulariata.  The  larva>  are 
very  destructive  to  goiiscbcrry-  and  currant-bushes  in 
r.niopo,  .oiisiiinlng  their  leaves  as  soon  as  theyappiar. 
abrayt  (a-bni'),  r.  i.  (A  fidsc  jiri'S.  form, 
made  from  ME.  jirct.  ohraijdr,  (tbraidc,  taken 
for  a  weak  verb,  with  prot.  ending  -de  (=  E. 
-ed),  whereas  the  verb  is  strong,  with  pret. 
ahrai/de,  abraide,  properly  iibrnid,  <ihrriil  (<  AS. 
dbra'f/d),  sitnilar  in  forin  to  jires.  abrai/de, 
abraide,  <  AS.  dbreijde,  inf.  ubrciidaii:  see 
rt/(rrtiV/.i     To  awake. 

Hut,  wheuiLs  I  (lid  out  ipf  sici  p  abraji, 

I  found  her  not  where  I  left  her  whylearo. 
,  .sv.e/i*er,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vl.  .'m. 

abrazite  Cab'ra-zit),  »i.     r<  Gr.  A-  priv.,  not,  -I- 

iiiiiijiv,   boll,   "ferment,  -f  -i7<-.|      A    niineriil 

found  at  Capo  di  Hove,  near  Kome,  probably 

till!  Hume  HH  that  iiai I  /.eagonito  and  later 

glHinondino  (>vhicli  Hee). 
abrazltic  (ab-ni-zit'ik\  ".     Not  ofTervi'Hciiig,  as 

in  iieiij^  or  wlicii  heatiol   before  the  blowpipi': 

miid  r,f  eirtuin  minernls.     |  Ifiire.] 

abread,  abreed  (ii-bnd'i,  jinp.  phr.  as  ndr. 

I  So.,  <  .mi;,  ahredc,  on  bmlr,  in  breadth:  n,  on, 
prop.;    brede,   <  AS.   brudu,    breadth,   <  brad, 
iiroiid:  nee  «»  and  brrinllh,  and  cf.  abroad. 
Abroad.  Ilurnii.  Al80Hpelledu/^ra<(/.   [Scotch. 


Abraxas.  ( Both  cx.init)lcs  .ire 
of  the  B.^bilidian  tyjic.  i 


=  1,3  = 


;,  p  =  lOO,  a=l 


from  there  intensive),  +  E.  ?•<■«()»»('(',  after  LL. 
abrenuntidrc,  <  L.  ab  +  renuntidre,  renounce: 
see  renounce.]     To  renounce  absolutely. 

Under  pain  of  the  pope's  curse  .  .  .  either  to  a6rcHo«?n*c 
their  wives  or  tlxeir  livings. 

/'ore,  Book  of  Martyrs,  Acts  and  Deeds,  fol.  159. 

abrenunciationt  (ab-ro-nun-si-a'shon),  H. 
[<  ML.  ubrenuntiatio(n-),  <L.  abrenuntidre :  see 
abrenouncc.]     Renunciation;  absolute  denial. 

An  ahrenunciation  of  that  truth  which  he  so  long  had 
lUiifissed.  Hurt  a/ Sedition,  iii.  b. 

"•  abreptiont  (ab-rep'shon),  )!.      [<  L.  as  if  *ab- 
rej)li(Hn-),  iabripere,  pp.  abreptus,  snatch  away, 
<.ab,  away,  +  rapere,  seize:  see  rapt  and  rur- 
ish.]    The  state  of  being  carried  away  or  forci- 
bly separated;  separation. 
abreuvoir  (a-bre-vwor'),  n.     [F.,  a  drinking- 
place,  horse-trough,  <  abreurcr,  give  to  drink,  ■ 
earlier  abrcrer,  iOV.   abevrcr  =  S\i.   abrerar  = 
It.  abbererare,  <  ML.  ahererare,   orig.   "odiiibe- 
rare,  <  ad,  to,  -f  *bibcrare,  <  Ij.  hihere,  drink  : 
see  bib^  and  beeeratfe.]     1.    A  watering-jilaco 
for  animals;  a  horse-trough. —  2.  In  niasonry, 
a  joint  or  interstice  between  stones,  to  be  filled 
up  with  mortar  or  cement.    Gtcilt. 
Also  spelleil  abbreiiroir. 

abricockt,  abricott,  "•    Same  as  apricot. 

abrid  (.i'liriih,  n.  |rncei-tain:  iierhaps  due 
to  Sp.  "ahrido,  for  irreg.  aliierlo,  pp.  of  nbrir, 
open,  unlock,  <  L.  aperire,  open.]  A  bushing- 
lilato  around  a  hole  in  which  a  pintle  moves. 
/;.  //.  liniiiht. 

abridge  (a-brij'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  abridged, 
]ipr.  (ihritii/inii.  [<  ME.  abregen,  ahreggen,  abrig- 
ijin,  etc.,  <  OK.  ahrigier,  (diridgiir.  abbregier, 
abrerier=l'r.  abrerj(ir,<.ij.  abbreriiire,  shorten, 
<  ad,  to,  +  brevis,  short :  see  ablireria  le  and  lirief.  ] 
1.  To  make  shorter;  curtail:  as,  "abridged 
cloaks,"  Scott,  Ivanhoe,  xiv. —  2.  To  shorten 
by  condensation  or  (miission,  or  both;  rewrite 
or  reconstruct,  on  a  smtiller  settle;  ])ut  the 
main  or  essential  jitirts  of  into  less  space:  used 
of  writings:  as,  Justin  <thridgrd  ihn  histiu'y  of 
Trogus  rom]ieius. 

The  anthiuities  of  IMchhorongh  and  Iteculver,  ahrid;n'd 
from  the  Latin  of  Mr.  Archdeacon  liiittely. 

.V.  niiif  v.,  lith  set.,  .\.  143. 

3.  To  lessen  ;  diminish:  as,  to  n/)n(/;/c  labor, 
power  cfuitroljrd  or  ahridiied  is  almost  always  the  rival 

and  niciny  of  that  power  by  which  It  is  controlled  or 
atmd'jed.  ,1.  ihaiidlmi,  l-'cderalist.  No.  15. 

4.  To  de)irive;  cut  olT:  followed  hy  of ,  and 
formerly  also  hy  from :  as,  to  altridge  one  of 
rights  or  enjoyments. 

N'ortlo  I  now  nmlte  moan  to  be  alindq'd 

I'finn  such  a  noble  rate.  Sliak.,  M.  of  V.,  1.  1. 

5.  Til  (//(/.,  to  reduce,  as  a  conipound  qiumtity 
or  equiilioii,  to  a  more  Himple  form.  Syn.  2. 
To  enl  down,  prune.     See  atdireviafe.     4.  'I"  disiiossess, 

.Ihe.l,  hllili,  dcs|>oil. 

abridgedly  (n-brij'ed-li),  adv.     In  a  concise  or 

Hliorliiioil  form. 
abridger    (n-brij'i'-r),    n.      Gne    who    or    that 
wliieii  abridges,  by  curtailing,  slun'tcning,  or 
I'ondeiiHing. 
irllleks  have  been  roprenented  as  the  (treat  aUridijert  of 

Ihe  native  IllHity  of  genius.  //.  Iltair,  I litres,  III. 

AbridfjrrM  are  ii  klnil  of  literary  iin-n  to  wl i  (lie  indo- 
lence of  niudern  rcailers  .  .  .  give|s|  ainph-  einploviiient. 
/.  iritraeti,  ciirloK,  o(  l.lt,,  II.  (17. 


abridgment 

abridgment   (a-bri,j'ment),    ».      [<  late    ME. 

abn/i/riiinil,  (.OF.  abriijcmint,  ahrctjcmcnt :  see 
aJn-iilijr  iu\i\  -mi-iit.]  1.  Tho  aetof  ahriilging,or 
the  stiitc  of  heiiig  a  bridged;  diminution;  con- 
traction; reduction;  curtailment;  restriction: 
as,  an  ahridgment  ot  expenses;  "abridgment 
of  liberty,"  Locke. 

reraons  cinplnyud  in  tin-  mechanic  arts  are  those  whom 
the  abridf/iiicnt  of  commcico  would  immediately  affect. 

A.  UamUton,  Works,  II.  l.'j. 

It  was  his  sin  and  folly  whicli  brought  him  under  tliat 
abridiJiiwiU.  South. 

2.  A  condensation,  as  of  a  book;  a  reduction 
within  a  smaller  ''pace  ;  a  reproduction  of  any- 
thing in  reduced  or  condensed  form. 

A  genuine  abriilijmau:  is  a  reproduction  of  tile  matter 

■   or  substance  of  a  largci-  worlc  in  a  condensed  form,  aud  in 

language  wliich  is  not  a  mere  transcript  of  tlnit  of  the 

original.  Drone,  Copyright,  p.  158. 

Uere  lies  David  Garrick,  describe  him  who  can, 

An  abridgment  of  all  that  was  pleasant  in  man. 

GoUlsmith,  Hetaliatiou. 

3.  That  which  abridges  or  cuts  short.    [Rare.] 
Look,  where  my  abridgments  come  [namely,  the  players 

who  cut  me  short  in  my  speech.  Compare,  however, 
meaning  4].  Sliak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

4.  That  which  shortens  anything,  as  time,  or 
makes  it  appear  short;  hence,  a  pastime. 
[Rare.] 

Sjiy,  what  abridgment  have  you  for  this  evening? 
What  mask,  what  music?  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  I. 

Also  spelled  abridgement. 
=  Syn.  2.  Abridgment,  Conipendium,  Epitome,  Abstract, 
Ccn.<peetus,  Synopsis,  Sumnmrif,  Sgtlabus,  Brief,  Digest. 
An  ahridgment  is  a  work  shortened  by  condensation  of 
statements,  or  by  omitting  the  less  essential  parts.  A  com- 
pendium, or  compend,  is  a  concise  but  comprehensive  view 
of  a  subject ;  in  general  it  does  not  imply,  as  abridgment 
does,  the  existence  of  a  larger  or  previous  work.  An 
epitome  contains  only  the  most  important  points  of  a  work 
or  subject,  expressed  in  the  smallest  compass.  An  abstract 
is  a  bare  statement  or  outline  of  facts,  heads,  or  leading 
features  in  a  book,  lecture,  subject,  etc.  Conspectus  and 
synopsis  are,  literally,  condensed  views  —  the  substance  of 
any  matter  so  arranged  as  to  be  taken  in  at  a  glance ; 
synopsis  implies  orderly  arrangement  under  heads  and 
particulars.  A  summary  is  a  brief  statement  of  the  main 
points  in  a  work  or  treatise,  less  methodical  than  an  ab- 
stract or  a  .synopsis ;  it  may  be  a  recapituliition.  A  sylla- 
bus is  commonly  a  synopsis  printed  for  the  convenience 
of  those  lu-aring  lectures  ;  but  the  term  is  also  applied  to 
certain  papal  documents.  (See  syllabus.)  iJru;?' is  generally 
confined  to  its  technical  legal  meanings.  (See  brie.f.)  A 
digest  is  a  metliodical  arrangement  of  the  material  of  a 
subject,  as  under  heads  or  titles ;  it  may  include  the 
whole  of  the  matter  concerned :  as,  a  digest  of  laws. 
There  may  be  an  abridgment  of  a  dictionary,  a  compend 
or  compemlium  of  literature,  an  epitome  of  a  political 
situation,  an  abstract  of  a  sermon,  a  conspectus  or  synopsis 
of  a  Ijook,  a  summary  of  the  arguments  in  a  debate,  a 
dige.yt  of  opinions  on  some  moot  point. 

abrigget,  ''•  t-  A  Middle  English  form  of 
abridge.     Chaucer. 

abrin  (a'brin),  n.  l<.  Abrus  + -in".^  A  name 
given  to  a  poisonous  principle  obtained  from 
Abru.'i  precatorius. 

abroach  (a-br6ch'),jjrej7.7)7!r.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
ME.  abrodie.in  the  phrase  sctte(ii)  abrochc,  set 
abroach,  <«3  for  on  +  broche,  a  spit,  spigot, 
pin:  see  brooch  and  l>roach.']  Broached ;  letting 
out  or  yielding  liquor,  or  in  a  position  for  letting 
out :  as,  the  cask  is  abroach. 

If  the  full  tun  of  vengeance  be  abroach. 
Kill  out  and  swill  until  you  burst  again. 

Webster  (?),  Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  i.  2. 
To  set  abroach,  (a)  To  set  running ;  cause  to  flow  or 
let  out  liquor,  as  a  cask  or  barrel. 

Barrels  of  ale  set  abroach  in  different  places  of  the  road 
had  kept  the  populace  in  perfect  love  and  loyalty  towards 
the  liueeu  and  her  favourite.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  xi. 
(6)  Figuratively,  to  give  rise  to  ;  spread  abroad ;  dissemi- 
nate ;  propagate. 

What  mischiefs  he  might  set  abroach. 

Shak.,  i  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 

abroacht  (a-broch'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  abroehen, 
broach,  tap,  <  OP.  l)rochcr,  brochicr,  broach, 
with  prefix  a-,  due  to  adv.  abrochc :  .see  abroach, 
prep.phr.,  and  broacli.^  To  open,  as  a  cask,  for 
the  purpose  of  letting  out  liquor;  tap;  broach. 

Thiike  tonne  that  I  schal  abroche. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath,  Prol.,  I.  177. 

abroad  (a-brad'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [< 
ME.  abroad,  abrod,  <.a^,prep.,  on,  +  brood,  brod, 
broad:  ace  broad.~\      1.  Broadly;  widel,Y;  ex- 
pansively ;  outward  on  all  or  on  both  sides. 
The  love  of  God  is  shed  abroad  in  our  hearts.     Rom.  v.  5. 
Her  winges  botlic  abrod  she  spradde.  Gower. 

Look  now  abroad  —  another  race  has  filled 
These  populous  borders.     Bryant,  The  Ages,  st.  32. 

2.  Out  of  or  beyond  certain  limits.  («)  Beyond 
the  walls  of  a  house  or  the  bounds  of  any  inclosure  :  as, 
to  walk  abroad. 

Where  as  he  lay 
So  sick  alway. 

He  myght  not  come  abrode. 

Sir  T.  More,  A  Merry  Jest. 


19 

Wc  are  for  the  moat  part  more  lonely  when  we  go 
abroad  among  men  than  when  we  stay  in  our  chambers. 

Thorcau,  Walden,  p.  147. 
(I>)  Beyond  the  bounds  of  one's  own  country ;  in  foreign 
countries :  as,  he  lived  abroad  for  many  years.  [  In  the 
United  .States  used  most  commonly  with  reference  to 
Em-ope.  J 

At  home  the  soldier  learned  how  to  value  his  rights, 
abroad  how  to  defend  them. 

Macaulay,  Hallam"s  Const.  Hist. 

Others,  still,  are  introduced  from  abroad  by  fashion,  or 
are  borrowed  thence  for  their  usefulness. 

F.  Hall.  .Mod.  Eng.,  p.  163. 

3.  Absent;  gone  away,  especially  to  a  consider- 
able distance :  as,  the  head  of  the  firm  is  abroad. 
— 4.  In  an  active  state;  astir;  in  circulation: 
as,  there  are  thieves  abroad;  rumors  of  disaster 
are  abroad. 
Tliere's  villainy  abroad :  this  letter  will  tell  you  more. 

S/iaA:.,L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

To  be  all  abroad,  (a)  To  be  wide  of  the  mark,  in  a 
ligurative  sense  ;  be  far  wrong  in  one's  guess  or  estimate. 
(6)  To  Ite  at  a  loss :  be  puzzled,  perplexed,  bewildered, 
nonplussed;  be  all  or  (piite  at  sea. — The  schoolmaster 
Is  abroad,  education  is  diffused  among  the  piopK'  :  often 
used  ironically  or  punningly,  implying  tliat  the  school- 
mastin-  is  absent.     See  schoolmaster. 

Abrocoma  (ab-rok'o-ma),  n.  Same  as  Hahro- 
comii. 

abrocome  (ab'ro-kom),  n.    Same  as  habroconic. 

abrogable  (ab'ro-ga-bl),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *ab- 
rogiiliili.s,  <  iibr<ig<ire,' abrogate  :  see  abrogate,  r., 
and  -/</(.]     Capable  of  being  abrogated. 

abrogate  (ab'ro-gat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
abrogated,  ppr.  abrogating.  [<  L.  abrogatug, 
pp.  of  abrogare,  annul,  repeal,  <  ab,  from,  -t- 
rogare,  ask,  propose  a  law:  see  rogation.']  1. 
To  abolish  summarily ;  annul  by  an  authorita- 
tive act ;  repeal.  Applied  specifically  to  tlie  repeal 
of  laws,  customs,  etc.,  whetlier  expressly  or  by  establish- 
ing something  inconsistent  therewith.     See  abrogation. 

The  supremacy  of  mind  abrogated  ceremonies. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II.  346. 
Since  I  revoke,  annul,  and  abrogate 
All  his  decrees  in  all  kinds  :  they  are  void  ! 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  II.  170. 

2t.  To  keep  clear  of ;  avoid. 

Perge,  good  master  Holofernes,  j^erge:  so  it  shall  please 
you  to  abrogate  scurrility.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  2. 

=  Syn.  1.  Abolish,  Hepeal,  Rescind.,  etc.  (see  abolish),  can- 
cel, invalidate,  dissolve,  countermand. 

abrogate!  (ab'ro-gat),  a.  [<  L.  abrogatiis,  an- 
nulled, pp.  of  «?(»'0(/«»'c':  see  abrogate,  v.]  An- 
nulled; abolished. 

abrogation  (ab-ro-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ahro- 
gatio(n-),  a  repeal,  <  abrogare,  repeal  :  see 
abrogate,  v.  ]  The  act  of  abrogating.  Specifi- 
cally," the  annulling  of  a  law  by  legislative  action  or  by 
usage.  See  derogation.  Abrogation  is  expressed  when 
pronounced  by  the  new  law  in  general  or  particular 
terms  ;  it  isimpiied  when  the  new  law  contains  provisions 
positively  contrary  to  the  former  law. 

There  are  no  such  institutions  here  ;  —  no  law  that  can 
abide  one  moment  wlien  popular  opinion  demands  its 
abrogation.  W.  Phitlips,  Speeches,  p.  47. 

abrogative  (ab'ro-ga-tiv),  a.  Abrogating  or  an- 
nulling: as,  an  (ilirogative  \a,w. 

abrogator  (ab'ro-ga-tor),  n.  One  who  abro- 
gates or  repeals. 

Abronia  (a-bro'ni-a),  n.  [Nh.,  -prop.* JSabro- 
nia,  <  Gr.  dlJpo;,  graceful,  elegant,  delicate :  see 
Ahnis.]  A  genus  of  low  and  mostly  trailing 
herbs,  natural  order  Nyctaginacca;  of  the  west- 
ern United  States.  The  showy  and  sometimes  fragi-ant 
flowers  are  borne  in  umbels,  much  resembling  the  garden 
verbena  in  appearance,  liut  very  different  in  structure. 
Two  or  three  species  are  found  in  cultivation. 

abroodt  (a-l)rod'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  ME. 

abrode,  <'a9,  prep.,  on^-l-  brode,  E.  brood.]     In 

or  as  if  in  the  act  of  brooding. 

Tlie  Spirit  of  God  sat  abroad  upon  the  whole  rude  mass. 

Abp.  Saneroft,  Sermons,  p.  1^5. 

abrookt    (a-bruk'),  f-  t.     [<  a-1  (expletive)  + 
brook". 'I    To  brook ;  endure.     Sec  brook^. 
Ill  can  tliy  noble  mind  ahrook 
The  abject  people,  gazing  on  thy  face, 
With  envious  looks  still  laugldug  at  thy  shame. 

Shale,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4_ 

abrotanoid  (ali-rot'a-noid),  n.  [<  Gr.  aiipo-ovov, 
an  aromatic  plant,  prob.  southernwood  (ML. 
abrotanum),  +  EtMof,  form :  see  idol.]  A  species 
of  sclerodermatous  East  Indian  reef-coral,  Ma- 
drcpora  alirotanoida. 

abrotanum  (ab-rot'a-num),  II.  [<ML.  abrota- 
num aud  aprotanuni,  prop.  L.  abrotonum  (also 
ahrotonus),  <  Gr.  ajipdrovov  (also  ai^pdrovoc),  an 
aromatic  plant,  prob.  southernwood  (Artemisia 
Abrotaiiuiii),  =  Skt.  mrdtana,  a  plant,  Cijperii.^ 
rottindiis ;  less  prob.  for  *d,3p6Tovov,  <  djipdc,  deli- 
cate, +  tSvoi;,  a  cord,  taken  in  the  sense  of  fila- 
ment or  fiber.  The  L.  form  gave  rise  to  AS. 
aprotanc,  aiubrotena,  priiteiie,  and  other  corrupt 
forms,  and  to  It.  Sp.  Pg.  abrotano,  OP.  abrone, 


abscesslon 

ojoeroine,  F.  anronc]  A  Euro])oan  species  of 
Artrmi.'iia ,  A .  Alirol  anum,iTe<\ncni\-ac\x\tvviit\on 
undir  till!  name  of  southernwood. 

Abrothrix  (ab'ro-thriks),  n.  Same  as  Habro- 
tlirix. 

abrupt  (a-brupf),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ahruptus, 
steep,  disconnected,  abrupt,  pp.  of  abrnmpere, 
break  off,  <  ab,  oil,  -t-  rumpere,  break  :  see  rup- 
ture.] I.  ((.  1.  Broken  or  apjioaring  as  if  bro- 
ken awiiy  or  off  ;  marked  by  or  showing  a  sud- 
den breach  or  change  of  continuity  ;  wanting 
continuation  or  completion:  as,  the  path  or  the 
discourse  came  to  an  abrupt  termination ;  an 
abrup ttmm  in  i\,Toa.i\..  Hence  —  2.  Steep;  pre- 
cipitous: &s,a,nalir'ux>tc\i{i;  an  ainyj(  descent. 

The  al/rupt  mountain  breaks. 
And  seems  with  its  accumulated  crags 
To  overhang  the  world.  Shelley,  Alastor. 

3.  Figuratively,  sudden ;  without  notice  to  pre- 
pare the  mind  for  the  event ;  unceremonious : 
as,  an  abrupt  entrance  or  address. 

Abrupt  death 
A  period  puts,  and  stops  his  impious  breath. 

Oldham,  Satires  on  .lesuits. 

4.  Lacking  in  continuity;  having  sudden  tran- 
sitions from  one  subject  to  another:  as,  an 
abrupt  style.  —  5.  In  hot.,  terminating  sud- 
denly :  as,  an  abrupt  jjoint :  sometimes  used  in 
the  sense  of  truncate :  as,  an  abrupt  leaf. — 
Abrupt-pinnate.  Sam^^vi^abruptly pinnate.  Hee abrupt- 
ly. =Syn.  2.  Precipitous,  perpendicular,  sheer,  steep.— 3. 
.Sudden,  unexpected,  hasty,  hurried,  rough,  rude,  brusk, 
blunt,  curt,  precipitate,  short,  summary,  vehement. — 4. 
Broken,  disconnected. 

II.  n.  [<L.  atiruptum,  a  steep  ascent  or  de- 
scent, jirop.  neut.  of  ahruptus,  broken  off:  see 
the  adj.]  An  abrupt  place ;  a  precipice  or 
chasm.     [Rare  and  poetical.] 

Or  spread  his  aery  fUgbt, 
LTpborne  with  indefatigable  wings, 
Over  the  vast  abrupt.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  409. 

abruptt  (a-brupf),  V.  t.  To  break  off;  inter- 
rupt ;  disturb. 

Insecurity  .  .  .  abrupteth  our  tranquillities. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii.  112. 

abrupted  (a-brup'ted),  p.  a.  Broken  off  sud- 
denly; interrupted. 

abruptedly  (a-brup'ted-li),  adv.    Abruptly. 

abruption  (ab-rup'shon),  «.  [ilj.  abruptio{n-), 
a  breaking  off,  <  abrnmpere :  see  abrupt,  a.]  A 
sudden  breaking  off  ;  a  sudden  termination  ;  a 
violent  separation  of  bodies. 

By  this  abruption  posterity  lost  more  instruction  than 
delight.  Johnaon,  Life  of  Cowley. 

abruptly  (a^brupt'li),  adv.  1.  Brokenly;  by 
breaking  or  being  broken  off  suddenly :  as,  the 
path  or  the  discourse  ended 
abruptly. —  2.  Precipitously, 
or  with  a  very  steep  slope : 
as,  the  rocks  rise  abruptly 
from  the  water's  edge. —  3. 
Suddenly,  without  giving  no- 
tice, or  without  the  usual 
forms:  as,  the  minister  left 
France  aliruptly. —  4.  With 
an  abrupt  termination — Abruptly  pinnate,  ter- 
minating without  an  odd  leaflet  or  tendril :  said  of  a  pin- 
nate leaf. 
abruptness  (a-bmpt'nes),  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  abrupt,  (a)  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
broken  off,  steep,  or  craggy  ;  sudden  breach  of  continuity ; 
precipitousness.  (6)  Suddenness  ;  unceremonious  haste  or 
vehemence,    (c)  Any  want  of  continuity  or  smoothness. 

Some  other  languages,  for  their  soft  and  melting  fluency, 
as  having  no  abruptness  of  consonants,  Iiave  some  advan- 
tage of  the  English.  Howell,  Forreine  Travell,  p.  168. 

Abrus  (a'brus),  n.  [NL.,  prop.  *Babrus,  <  Gr. 
ajipdc,  graceful,  elegant,  delicate.]  A  small 
genus  of  legiuninous  plants,  a.  prceatorius,  or 
Indian  licorice,  is  a  woody  twiner,  indigenous  to  India, 
but  now  found  in  all  tropical  countries,  where  its  root  is 
often  used  as  a  substitute  for  licorice.  Its  polished,  party- 
colored  seeds,  of  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  called  crabs'- 
eyes,  jumble-beads,  and  jequirity  or  John  Crow  beans,  are 
employed  for  rosaries,  necklaces,  etc.,  antl  as  a  remedy  in 
diseases  of  the  conjunctiva.  They  have  gi\-eii  theimative 
name  of  retti  (Hind,  raitt,  rati]  to  a  weiylit  (2.1875  gl-ains) 
used  by  Hindu  jewelers  and  druggists.     See  retti-weights. 

abs-.  A  prefix  of  Latin  origin ;  a  form  of  ab-, 
used  (as  in  Latin)  before  c,  q,  t,  as  iu  abscond, 
abstain,  absterge,  abstract,  etc. 

abscess (ab'ses),  n.  [<L. abscessus, agoingaway, 
in  medical  language  an  abscess,  <  abscedere,  go 
away,  <  abs,  lengthened  form  of  ab,  away,  + 
cedere,  go :  see  cede.]  In  mrd..  a  collection  of 
pus  in  the  tissues  of  any  part  of  the  body. 

abscessed  (ab'sest),  p.  a.  Diseased  with  an 
abscess  or  with  abscesses. 

abscessiont  (ab-sesh'on),  n.  [<  L.  abscessio()i-), 
<  abscedere,  go  away;  see  abscess.1  1.  De- 
parture. 


Abruptly  Pinnate  Leaf. 


abscession 

Heither  justly  eicomiiumicated  out  of  that  particular 
chnrch  to  uhicb  he  was  ordirly  joyiiti!.  mir  exuommuni- 
cstinv  himself  by  voluntarj-  Sthisme,  liixlarcd  abaceition, 
separatiou.  -^r  apostasie. 

Bp.  Oauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  ST. 

2.  In  //(( il.,  an  abscess. 
abscess-root  (ab'ses-riit),  n.    A  popular  name 

of  the  ulant  Polemoiiiiim  repttiiij;. 
abscind   (ab-sind'i.  r.t.     l<  L.  tihscindere,  cut 

off,  tear  off,  <  .('■.  off,  +  sc(«''  'O,  cut,  =  Gr. 

cxkttv,  cut,  sriKi::ite:  see  scix-^t'it  and  schismJ] 

To  cut  off.     [KaiL.] 

Two  syllables  aitcindtd  from  the  rest. 

Jolimon,  Eambler,  No.  90. 

abscise  (ab-siz').  '■•  '•!  pret.  ana  pp.  abscised, 
ppr.  abscising.  [<  L.  abscistis,  pp.  of  abscidere, 
cut  off,  <  abs  for  ab,  off,  away,  +  cwdere,  cut. 
Cf.  excise,  incise,  v.,  and  precise,  «.]  To  cut  off 
or  away. 

abscissa  (ab-sis'a),  71. ;  pi.  abscissa;  or  abscissas 
(-e,  -jiz).  [L.  (tr.  of  Gr.  d-o?xifi3avo/iivr/),  abbre- 
viation of  recta  ex  diametro  abscissa,  line  cut 
off  from  the  diameter;  fem.  of  abscissus,  cut 
off,  pp.  of  abscindere :  see  abscind.}  In  math.: 
(a)  In  the  conic  sections,  that  part  of  a  ti-ans- 
versc  axis  which  lies  between  its  vertex  and 
a  perpendicular  ordinate  to  it  from  a  given 
point  of  the  conic.  Thus  (fig.  1),  in  the  par.->hola  VXC, 
AM,  the  part  of  the  a.\is  AB  cut  oIT  hy  the  ordinate 
PM,  is  the  abscissa  of  the  point  P.    ( J)  lu  the  system 


of  Cartesian  coordinates,  a  certain  line  used 
in  determining  the  position  of  a  point  in  a 
plane.  Tlius  (tl-/.  2),  let  two  fixed  intersecting  lines  (axes) 
t»V  and  OX  he  taken,  and  certain  directions  on  tiieni  (as 
from  O  toward  X  and  from  (>  toward  V)  he  assumed  as  posi- 
tive. From  any  point,  jis  P,  let  a  line  l^e  drawn  pandlel 
to  *>Y  and  enttini;  l.).\  in  .M.  Then  will  tlie  two  i[uaiitities 
OM  and  MP.  with  tlie  proper  algetiraic  sign,  determine 
tlie  position  of  the  point  I*.  OM,  or  its  value,  is  calU-d  the 
ahjicijiifi  of  titf.  ittint.  and  the  fixed  line  X'X  is  called  the 
azi*  fif  afn'ciysay.     See  cixtntinate,  n.,  2. 

abscissio  inflniti  (ab-sish'i-6  in-f5-ni'ti).  [L. ; 
lit.,  a  cutting  off  of  an  infinite  (number):  see 
abscission  and  infinite.']  In  loi/ic,  a  series  of 
arguments  which  exclude,  one  after  another, 
various  assertions  which  might  be  made  with 
regard  to  the  subject  under  di-scussion,  thus 
gradually  diminishing  the  number  of  possible 
assumptions. 

abscission  (ab-sizli'gn),  n.  [<  L.  absci.'!sio(n-), 
<  ahsiiiiilirr,  cut  off:  see  abscind.]  1.  The  act 
of  cutting  off;  severance;  removal. 

Not  to  bo  cured  without  the  abtcistion  of  a  member. 

Jcr.  Taylor. 

2t.  The  net  of  putting  an  end  to  ;  the  act  of 
annulling  or  abolishing.  .Sir  T.  liroune. —  3. 
Ketreiichment.  [Uare.]— 4.  Tlio  sudden  ter- 
miDatioii  of  a  disease  by  death.  Hooper, 
Mod.  Diet. —  5.  In  rhct.,  a  figure  of  speech  con- 
siKting  in  a  sudden  reticence,  as  if  the  words 
alroouy  spoken  made  sufficiently  clear  what 
the  speaker  would  say  if  ho  were  to  finish 
tho  sentence :  as,  "He  is  a  man  of  so  much 

honor  and  camlor,  and  such  geiifrnsitv but 

I  need  say  no  more." —  6.  In  aslrol.,  t  !n"riitting 
off  or  privciitintf  of  aiivthing  shown  l.y  one 
anpoct  1.  ■  anotlier— AbsdBBlon  of  the 

C0niA4,   !■  die  ellttlnu  olH'nithin  )>''rf<. lined 

"I"nlhe.,    ival  of  aatuphyloma  of  til.  ecn. 

Ii«  n. 

absconce  (■»l>-«knn«'V  fl.  [<MIj.  ahsconsn,  a 
diirk  Unt'  1 1,.  '  'I.  ,,l,nrnn«nii,  for  aliscondi- 

'"«,  pp.  "I  ,.|.' :  SCO  itliHcond  and 

*"""■''    '  '■■'•II  holding  a  w:i\. 

\<U  .ling  tho  al,  ..ill- 

•''■  It,  and  Iho  i-Iim],- 


I.  . 
abs 

I;" 


III. 

to  I 
m't' 
»inl 
Ingii  1 

If- 

atiMvmU.I. 


'  Ti.  nUnconihrf,  hide, 
iiindirr,  put,  liiv  o|., 
+  -iliri',  ill  cMiiii,.. 
,.,,1   -  V    ,/,,  I      r 


III  tiro'  r  n 


«1«  "III.  I.  imliodx  emiM  ilMii'.  h»»e 
DnrhiKK,  liigoldaliy  t/ogimda,  I.  lU). 


20 

2.  To  hide,  withdraw,  or  lie  concealed:  as, 
"the  marmot  absconds  in  winter,"  Bay,  Works 
of  Creation. 

A  fish  that  flashes  his  freckled  side  in  t^  siui  aud  as 
suddeulv  absconds  in  the  dark  and  dreamy  waters  again. 

Lowdl,  Study  Windows,  p.  377. 
=  Syn.  Escape,  retreat,  flee,  run  away,  make  oH. 

Il.t  trans.  To  conceal. 

Nothing  discoverable  in  the  lunar  surface  is  ever  cov- 
ered aitd  nliscoiuled  from  us  by  the  interposition  of  any 
clouds 'or  mists  but  such  as  rise  from  our  own  globe. 

licntU'ii.  .Sermons,  viii. 

absconded!  (ab-skon'ded),  p.  a.  Hidden ;  se- 
cret :  recondite.  In  her.,  said  of  a  bearuig  which  is 
completely  coVered  by  a  superimposed  charge.  Tlius,  if  a 
shiettl  lias  tiiree  mullets  in  pale,  the  middle  one  of  the 
three  would  be  c<impletely  hidden  ornfwcoHtiedby  ashield 
of  pretense  or  ineseuteheou. 

I  am  now  obliged  to  go  far  in  the  pursuit  of  beauty 
which  lies  verv  ah^conded  and  deep. 

Slia/lrsbury,  Moralists,  p.  3. 

abscondedlyt  fab-skon'ded-li),  adv.  In  con- 
cealment or  hiding. 

An  old  Koman  priest  that  then  lived  abscondedly  in 
Oxon.  Wood,  Athenje  Oxon.,  I.  631. 

abscondencet  (ab-skon'dens), «.  Concealment ; 
seclusion. 

absconder  (ab-skon'der),  )i.  One  who  ab- 
sconds. 

absconsio  (ab-skon'shi-d),  n. :  1)1.  absconsiones 
(ab-skou-t.'ii-6'nez).  [NL.,  <  L.  absconder!, 
hide:  see  abscond.]  In  anat.  aud  surg.,  a  cav- 
ity or  sinus. 

absence  (ab'sens),  n.  [<ME.  absence,  <  OF.  ab- 
sence, ausencei  F.  absence  =  Sp.  Pg.  ausencia  = 
It.  assema,  <  L.  absentia,  absence,  <  absen{t-)s, 
absent:  see  absent,  «.]  1.  The  state  of  being 
absent ;  the  state  of  being  a  way  or  not  present : 
as,  speak  no  ill  of  one  in  his  absence. 

Say,  is  not  absence  death  to  those  who  love  ? 

Pope,  Autumn. 

We  see  on  the  lip  of  our  companion  the  presence  or 

absence  of  the  great  masters  of  thoii.,;lit  and  poetry  to  bis 

mind.  Emt-rson,  Domestic  Life. 

2.  Tho  period  of  being  away  or  absent:  as,  an 
absence  of  several  weeks  or  years. — 3.  Tho 
state  of  being  wanting;  non-existence  at  the 
place  and  time  spoken  of;  want;  lack:  as, 
the  absence  of  evidence. 

In  the  absence  of  conventional  law,  C/tancetlor  Kent. 
4.  Absent-mindedness  ;  inattention  to  things 
present:  a  shortened  form  of  absence  of  mind. 

To  conquer  that  abstraction  which  is  called  absenct\ 

J.tiiidor. 

For  two  or  three  days  I  continued  subject  to  freiiueiit 
involuntary  fits  of  absence,  which  made  me  insensible,  for 
the  time,  to  all  that  was  passing  around  me. 

B,  Taylor,  Lands  of  tho  .Saracen,  p.  147. 
Absence  of  mind,  habitual  or  temporary  forgctfulucss 
of,  or  inattenti.jii  to,  (Oie's  imnietliate  surroundings. — 
Decree  in  absence,  in  .sVof-.s'  law,  a  decree  pronounced 
against  a  defendant  who  lias  not  appeared  and  pleaded  on 
the  merits  of  the  cause. —  Leave  Of  absence,  permission 
from  a  superior  to  be  absent.  In  tlie  I'nited  States  army 
an  ofllcer  is  entitled  to  30  days'  leave  in  each  year  (ui  full 
pay.  He  may  permit  this  tiiiie  to  accumulate  for  a  period 
not  exceeding  four  years.  W'iliielm,  Mil.  Diet. 
absent  (ab'sent),  «.  and  w.  [<  ME.  (ift.sr ?i /,  < 
i}V.  absent,  auscnt,  V.  absent  =  't>f.V\x.  au.wnte 
=  It.  assente,  <L.  uhscn[t-)s,  being  away  (ppr. 
of  abesse,  be  away),  <  ab,  away,  -I-  ".''cn(t-)s, 
ppr.  (=  (3r.  uv  (uvT-),  =  Skt.  sant,  being,  =  E. 
sooth,  true:  see  sooth),  <  inf.  esse,  be:  see  m- 
senee,  am,  is,  and  cf.  jmsent.]  I.  a.  1.  Not  in  a 
certain  place  at  a  given  time  ;  not  in  conscious- 
ness or  thought  nt  a  certain  time;  away:  op- 
posed to  present. 

With  thitshe  fell  dl»traet. 
And,  her  attendants  absent,  swallow'd  lire. 

.Shall.,  J.  C,  Iv.  .!. 

The  picture  or  visual  image  in  your  mind  when  the 
orange  is  present  to  the  senses  is  almost  exactly  repro- 
duced when  it  is  absenl.  ■/.  l-'iskc.  Idea  of  (ioil,  |j.  Mil. 

2.  Not  existing;  wanting;  not  forining  a  jiart 
or  attribulo  of:  as,  among  them  refiiieuioiit 
ia  absent ;  revenge  is  onlirely  absent  from  his 
mind. —  3.  Absent-minded  (which  see). 

From  this  passage  wo  may  gather  not  only  that  ('Iinucor 
ivas  .  .  .  i.iiiall  of  stature  and  slender,  but  that  he  was  ae- 
euMtoincd  to  be  twitted  <ili  u'Toiint  of  the  abstracled  or 
nluinii  look  wlilili  BO  often  lirni.liehlldreii  of  tho  world  I" 
offer  Its  wearer  a  penny  for  lii.<  iliniigbtH. 

A.  ir.  Hon/,  l.lfo  of  CliBiiccr,  III. 
Abiient  with  leave  (ini'f '■'.).  'ai.l  ..f  ofllcem  pcrnillleil  1.. 
.     ■  i.'  ri,.  i,i«..|v,.,  from  theli'  p.. Hi-,,  and  of  ei.llHli'd  men 

Absent  wltlioni  leave  (ntnii.),  haid  ..( 

i.TH  (notii.-li ..r   desertrrs)  who   bai'.. 

i\..^  from  111.  il  I I -I  wit  bout  perinlBHloii : 

.1  ill  ordel  1.    I. ling  their  olfelli**' iiiiilir 
.  .  ..iirt  liiiotl.,1.      1,1  the   I'nileil  Slates 

■III  will '   t.  live  for  three  iikhiiIiii 

.1  III.    1    '■         111.    MTiiiy  by  II"'  I'leiil- 
d.  1.    1..  I  , II, I.  III.    Williellii,  Mil. 

Ill  ..'     /..  '  ,il>.,iractfd,  I'rriicrti- 

Jiif      ,'...,..,,       inlrnclrti.       In      . '.  .  nl   IIIHII  Ih   one  WlO'HO 

iiiliiil  wmilcn  iiiieoiiacloiuly  b'on   his   Immodlatu  mir- 


absinthe 

rotmdings,  or  from  the  topic  which  demands  his  attention ; 
he  may  be  thinking  of  little  or  nothing.  .\ii  abstracted 
man  is  kept  from  what  is  present  by  thoughts  and  feelings 
so  weighty  or  interesting  that  they  engross  bis  attention. 
He  may  have  been  so  preoccupied  by  them  as  to  be  unable 
to  begin  to  attend  to  other  tilings,  or  his  thoughts  may 
be  diverted  to  them  upon  some  eliance  suggests. lii.  In  all 
these  cases  he  is  or  becomes  inattcntice,  Pislractcd  (lit- 
erally, dra-gged  apart)  is  sometimes  used  for  diccrted,  but 
denotes  more  properly  a  state  of  perplexity  or  mental  un- 
easiness sometimes  approaching  frenzy. 

Il.t  n.  One  who  is  not  present ;  an  absentee. 

Let  us  enjoy  the  right  of  Christian  absents,  to  pray  for 
one  another.  -  Bp.  Morton,  To  Abp.  Usher. 

absent  (ab-senf),  v.  t.  [<  F.  ab.ienter  =  Sp.  Pg. 
auscntar  =  lt'.  assentarc,  (."L.  ab.sentare,  cause 
to  be  away,  be  away,  <  absen(t-)s,  absent:  see 
absent,  a.']  To  make  absent ;  take  or  keep  away: 
now  used  only  reflexively,  but  formerly  some- 
times othermse,  as  by  Milton:  as,  to  absent 
one's  seU'  from  home ;  he  absented  himself  from 
the  meeting. 

If  thou  didst  ever  hold  mc  in  thy  lieai't, 
Absent  thee  from  felicity  awhile. 

Slialc.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 
What  change 
Absents  thee,  or  what  chance  detains? 

Jfi'((im,  P.  L.,  X.  108. 

absentaneoust  (ab-sen-ta'ue-us),  «.  [<  ML.  ab- 
senlaiieus,  <  L.  abscn{t-)s,  absent :  see  absent,  a.] 
Relating  to  alisence  ;  absent.  JSaile;/. 
absentation  (ab-sen-ta'shou),  «.  [<ML.  absen- 
tutio{n-),  <  L.  absentarc,  make  absent:  see  ab- 
sent, !'.]  The  act  of  absenting  one's  self,  or 
the  state  of  being  absent.  [Rare.] 
Bis  absentation  at  that  juncture  becomes  significant. 

iStr  ir.  Hamilton,  Discussions,  p.  229. 

absentee  (ab-sen-te'),  «.  1.  One  who  is  ab- 
sent; more  narrowly,  one  who  withdraws  from 
liis  country,  oilice,  estate, post,  duty^  or  the  like. 
Specifically  applied,  generally  by  way  ot  reproach,  to 
landlords  and  capitalists  who  derive  their  income  from 
one  country,  but  spend  it  in  another  in  which  they  reside. 
2.  In  Ian;  one  who  is  without  the  jm-isdiction 
of  a  particular  court  or  judge. 

absenteeism  (ab-sen-te'izm),  ».  The  practice 
or  luibit  of  being  an  absentee ;  tho  practice  of 
absenting  one's  self  from  one's  country,  station, 
estate,  etc.  Ahscnleei.^m  in  I'Yance,  under  the  oM  n'- 
,oiiiie,  was  oneof  the  greatest  evils,  and  a  prominent  eauso 
of  the  first  revolution  ;  and  in  Ireland  it  has  been  a  cause 
of  much  popular  discontent. 

Partly  from  the  prevailing  ahsnitcrism  among  the  land- 
lorils,  .  .  .  these  peasants  i.f  the  north  (of  Kiissiaj  are 
more  energetic,  more  intelligent,  more  independent,  aud 
coliseiiuently  less  docile  an. I  ]iliiible,  than  those  of  the 
fertile  central  provinces.      1>,  M.  Wallace,  llussia,  p.  109. 

absenteesMp  (ab-sen-te'ship),  «.  Same  as  ab- 
senteeism. 

absenter  (ab-sen'ter),  n.    One  who  absents  him- 
seU'. 
lie  [Judge  Foster)  has  fined  all  the  absenicrs  £20  apiece. 
Lord  Thnrlote,  Sir  M.  Foster. 

absente  reo  (ab-son'te  re'd).  [L. :  absente, 
abl.  of  (!bsen{t-)s,  absent;  reo,  abl.  ot  reus,  a 
defendant,  <  }<.•.■,  an  action  :  see  res.]  The  de- 
fendant being  absent :  a  law  phrase. 

absently  (ab'sent-li),  <idr.  In  an  absent  or  in- 
.•itlcntixc  manner;  with  absence  of  mind. 

absentment  (ab-sent'ment),  H.  l<  absent,  v., 
+  -iiu til.]  The  act  of  absenting  one's  self,  or 
the  stale  of  being  absent.     Jlarrow.     [Rare.] 

absent-minded  (nb'Kent-iuin''ded),  a.  Charac- 
tori'/,eil  liy  absence  of  mind  (see  absence);  inat- 
tentive to  or  forgetful  of  ono's  immediate  sur- 
roundings. 

absent-mindedness  (ab'sent-miu'ded-nos),  «. 
The  <|iinlity,  state,  or  haliit  of  being  absent- 
niiiiilcil. 

absentness  (ab'sent-nes),  n.  Tho  quality  of 
being  absent,  inattentive,  or  absent-minded; 
nlist'iil-iiiinileilness, 

absey-bookt  (ab'se-bi'iU),  ».  [That  is,  a-b-e 
Iniol: :  .see  ((-/)-('.]  A  primer,  which  sometimes 
included  a  catechism. 

And  then  comes  answer  llko  an  Ahsey.bool!. 

Sliak.,  K.  John,  1.  1. 

absidiole  (ab-sid'i-fil),  h.     Samo  as  apsidiolc. 

absinth  (ab'sinth),  H.  [<  F.  iilisinllie,  <  L.  absin- 
lliiiim  :  HOC  ab.iinlhiiim.]  1.  Worinwood.  See 
iihsinlliiiiiii. —  2.  Absinthe  (which  see). 

absinthate  (nb-siii'lliat),  H.  A  salt  formed  by 
II  I'liiiiliiiinliiin  of  absinthic  aeid  with  a  biiso. 

absinthe  (nli'sinth;  F.  pron.  ab-saiit'),  H.  [F., 
<  I/,  iihfinthinm  :  sen  absinthium.']  The  com- 
nioii  nniiie  of  a  highly  iiriiriiMlIc  liqui'iir  of  an 
oiiiiliiie-gri'i'ii  color  and  liillrr  taste;  iin  alibrc- 
vintion  of  i.rtrait  il'absiiilhi,  extract  of  absin- 
tliiiiin.  It  u  tirepared  by  stcejitng  111  alcohol  or  strong 
uplrll  biller  liirlis,  tim  chief  of  which  uro  Artemisia.  Ab- 
Kinthiiiin,  A.  iiiuletiiua,  A.  Kiiicattt ;  besides  which  some 
ruclpes  iiientloii  plaiita  that  are  not  of  thin  Kcniui,  uiid 


0f  or  pertaining 
K.  E.  D. 
Pertaining  to  or 


absinthe 

can  be  intended  only  tn  ninilify  tlio  bitter  of  the  worm- 
woods; tlie  liquor  so  llavorcd  is  then  redistilled.  It  is 
consi<lert'd  tonic  and  stomarliic.  Its  excessive  use  pro- 
duces a  niorhid  condilinn  (lilfering  somewhat  fl-oin  ordi- 
nary aleoholistn.  \\'rti.L,^->  and  epileptiform  convulsions 
are  marked  symptoms,  and  liallneinations  occur  without 
other  synipt'inis  of  delirium  tremens.  The  use  of  it  pre- 
vailed at  one  time  amou>,'  the  I'relich  soldiers  in  Algiers, 
but  it  is  iu>w  forljidden  throuKhout  the  Frcncdi  army. 
The  most  common  way  of  preparing  it  for  ilrinlting  is  by 
pouring  it  iiito  water  drop  Ijy  drop  or  allowing  it  to  trickle 
througli  a  funnel  with  a  minnte  opening;  so  prepared,  it 
is  called  /«  h  ii^snrde,  and  is  common  in  the  cafds  of  France, 
Italy,  anil  .Switzerland. 

absinthial  (ab-sm'thi-al),  a. 
to  wormwood  ;  hence,  bitter, 

absinthian  (ab-siu'thi-an),  a. 
of  the  uatm-o  of  wormwood. 

Tempering  abf^inflnaii  bitterness  with  sweets. 

Randolph,  Poems  (1652),  p.  60. 

absinthiate  (ab-sin'thi-at),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
absintliiiitcd,  ppr.  ahsinthiating.  [<  L.  ahsinthi- 
atus,  pp.  adj.,  containing  wormwood,  <  ahsln- 
thiuiii :  tiQoabsintliiiim.']  1.  To  impregnate  witli 
wormwood. —  2.  To  satm'ate  with  absinthe. 

Latinised  English  and  obsintkiated  barrack-room  mo- 
raUty.  The  Spectator,  No.  S035,  p.  1154. 

absinthic  (ab-sin'thik),  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to 
absinthium  or  wormwood .  —Absinthic  acid,  an  acid 
derived  from  wormwood,  proltably  identical  with  succinic 
acid. 
absinthin  (ab-sin'thin),  71.     The  crystalline  bit- 
ter principle  (C20H28O4)  of  wormwood,  Arte- 
misia AlixiHtJiiuiii. 
absinthine  (ab-sin'thin),  a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  absinth  or  wormwood;  absinthic.     Carbjle. 
absinthism  (ab-sin'thizm),  n.     The  cachectic 
state  produced  by  the  use  of  absinthe  (which 
see). 
absinthium  (ab-sin'thi-um),  n.    [L.,  <Gr.  (npiv- 
610V,  also   aipLvBoQ  and   ail)ivBia,   wormwood,    of 
Pers.  origin.]   The  common 
wormwood,  Artemisia   Ab- 
sinthium,  a  Eiu-opean  spe- 
cies, much  cultivated  for  its 
bitter  qualities.    It  contains  a 
volatile  oil  which  is  the  principal 
ingi-edient  in  the  French  liqueur 
absinthe. 
absinthol    (ab-sin'thol),  n. 
The  chief  constituent  of  oil 
of  wormwood,  Cj^oHigO. 
absis  (ab'sis),  n.     Same  as 

apsis. 

absistt  (ab-sisf),  t'.  «'.  [<L. 
(ibsistere,  withdraw,  <  ah, 
off,  -f-  sistere,  stand,  a  re- 
duplicated form  of  stare,  to 
stand:  see  state,  stand.']  To 
desist. 
absistencet  (ab-sis'tens),  n. 

A  standing  off;    a  refrain- 
ing or  holding  back. 

Leafandfloweringbranch.  a^git  (ab'sit),  H.       [Ij.  ;   tMrd 

pers.  pres.  subj.  of  abesse, 
be  away.]  In  colleges,  a  leave  of  absence  from 
commons. 

absit  omen  (ali'sit  6'men).  [L. ;  lit.,  may  the 
omen  be  away :  absit,  third  pers.  pres.  subj.  of 
abesse,  be  away ;  omen,  an  omen :  see  absent 
and  omen.']  May  it  not  be  ominous  !  May  the 
omen  fail! 

absolute  (ab'sg-liit),  a.  and  n.  [<ME.  dbsolut, 
<  OF.  absolut,  <  L.  ahsolntus,  complete,  unre- 
stricted, absolute,  pp.  of  absolvere,  loosen  from: 
see  absoloe.']  I,  a.  1.  Free  from  every  restric- 
tion J  imconditional :  as,  the  only  absolute  ne- 
cessity is  logical  necessity ;  absolute  skepticism ; 
absolute  \nooi. — 2.  Perfect;  complete;  entire; 
possessed  as  a  quality  in  the  highest  degree, 
or  possessing  the  essential  characteristics  of  the 
attribute  named  in  the  highest  degree:  as,  ab- 
solute pui'ity ;  absolute  liberty. 

What  philosophical  inquiry  aims  at  is,  to  discover  a 
proof,  by  subjective  analysis,  of  a  greater  certainty  in  the 
law,  of  an  inviolable  uniformity  in  nature,  of  what  may 
properly  be  called  an  ah^n/nt^'  nuiforinity,  if  only  the  word 
abmlute  is  used  as  oppost-il  tn  iueuniplete  or  partial,  and 
not  as  opposed  to  relative  or  phenomenal. 

S.  Hodgson,  Phil,  of  Keflection,  II.  iv.  §  1. 

Hence — 3.  Perfect;   free  from  imperfection: 

sometimes  applied  to  persons. 

5Iay  seem  as  shy,  as  grave,  as  just,  as  absolute 

As  Angelo.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

So  absolute  she  seems. 
And  in  herself  complete.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  547. 

4.  Fixed ;  determined ;  not  merely  provisional ; 
iiTevocable. 

O,  pass  not.  Lord,  an  absolute  decree. 
Nor  liind  thy  sentence  unconditional. 

Drydcn,  Annus  !Mirabilis. 

5.  Viewed    independently    of    other    similar 


ArteMist,j  Absinfhti 


21 

tilings ;  not  considorod  with  roferonee  to  other 
similar  things  as  standards ;  not  comparative 
merely:  opposed  to  relative:  as,  absolute  posi- 
tion; absolute  velocity  (seo  below).  [Careful 
writers,  without  an  exiilauation,  or  unless  the  context 
makes  the  meaning  clear,  di>  not  use  the  word  in  this  sense ; 
so  that,  though  it  has  always  belonged  to  the  word,  it  is 
considered  as  secondary.] 

Such  a  code  is  that  hero  called  Absolute  Ethics  as  dis- 
tinsjuished  from  Relative  Ethics  — a  code  the  injunctions 
of  whiih  are  alone  to  be  considered  as  alisolutely  right,  in 
cdutra.Ht  with  tliose  that  are  relatively  right  or  least 
wnuig  ;  and  which,  as  a  system  of  ideal  conduct,  is  to 
serve  as  a  standard  for  our  guidance  in  solving,  as  well  as 
we  can,  the  problems  of  real  conduct. 

//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  lO-I. 

6.  Unlimited  in  certain  essential  respects ; 
arbitrary ;  despotic :  applied  especially  to  a 
system  of  government  in  which  tlie  "will  of 
the  sovereign  is  comparatively  unhampered 
by  laws  or  Tisage:  as,  an  absolute  monarchy. 

As  Lord  Cliamberlain,  I  know,  you  are  absolute  by  your 
office,  in  all  that  belongs  to  the  decency  and  good  man- 
ners of  the  stage.  Drydeji,  Orig.  and  Prog,  of  Satire. 

All  absolute  governments,  of  whatever  form,  concen- 
trate power  in  one  uncontrolled  and  irresponsible  individ- 
ual or  body,  whose  will  is  regarded  as  the  sense  of  the 
community.  Calhoun,  Works,  I.  37. 

7.  Certain;  infallible. 

The  colour  of  my  hair — he  cannot  tell, 

Or  answers  "dark,"  at  random, — while,  be  sure, 

He's  absolute  on  the  figure,  five  or  ten, 

Of  my  last  subscription. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  iii. 

8.  Domineering;  peremptory;  exacting  strict 
obedience. 

Tapped  on  her  head 
With  absolute  forefinger.         Mrs.  Brouming. 

9.  Ultimate  ;  not  derived  from  anything  else : 
as,  an  absolute  principle. — 10.  Immeasurable; 
not  definable  by  measurement;  not  led  up  to 
by  insensible  gradations:  as,  the  distinction 
between  right  and  wrong  is  absolute. 

The  opposition  is  no  longer  of  the  rigid  or  absolute 
nature  which  it  was  before.  A.  Setk. 

11.  In  gram.,  standing  out  of  the  usual  syntac- 
tical relation  or  construction :  applied  to  the 
case  of  a  noun  and  an  adjunct  in  no  relation 
of  dependence  upon  the  rest  of  the  sentence, 
and  defining  the  time  or  cii-cumstances  of  an 
action:  as,  the  genitive  absolute  in  Greek,  the 
ablative  absolute inlja^tinj  the  locative  absolute  in 
Sanskrit,  and  the  nominative  absolutein  English. 
— Abaoluie  alcohol.  See  alcohd.— Ahsohite  atmo- 
sphere,  an  absolute  unit  of  pressure,  equal  to  one  million 
grams  per  centimeter-second  square ;  that  is,  one  million 
times  the  pressure  produced  on  a  square  centimeter  by  a 
force  of  one  gram  accelerated  every  second  by  a  velocity 
of  one  centimeter  per  second.— Absolute  ego,  in  met- 
aph.,  the  non-individual,  pure  ego,  neither  subject  nor 
object,  wliich,  according  to  the  German  metaphysician 
J.  G.  Fichte,  posits  the  w.  .rid.—  Absolute  electrometer. 
See  electrometer.— AbsolntQ  equation,  in  astrun.,  the 
sum  of  the  optic  and  eccentric  equations,  the  furmer 
being  the  apparent  inequality  of  a  planets  motion  in  its 
orbit  due  to  its  unequal  distance  from  the  earth  at  dif- 
ferent times,  an  effect  which  would  subsist  even  if  the 
planefs  real  motion  were  uniform,  and  the  latter  being 
the  uiequality  due  to  a  real  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  plan- 
et's motion.— Absolute  estate,  iu  law,  an  unqualified, 
unconditional  estate,  entitling  the  owner  to  immediate 
and  unlimited  possesslnii  and  dominion. — Absolute  form. 
See/(jr(Ji.— Absolute  identity,  the  met  aphysical  doctrine 
that  mind  and  mutter  :ul-  plienomenal  inodilications  of  the 
same  substuiue.  — Absolute  instrument,  :in  instrument 
designed  to  measure  electrical  or  other  physical  quantities 
in  terms  of  absolute  units.  See  «/i(7.— Absolute  in- 
variant, in  alg.,iin  invariant  entirely  unchanged  by  a 
liuear  transfonnatiuuof  the quantic— Absolute  magni- 
tude, magnitude  uitimut  regard  to  sign,  as  /'his  w  minus: 
opposed  to  (dgehniiral  y*((r.<//iii(it/e.— Absolute  measure, 
that  which  is  based  simply  on  the  fundameutal  units  of 
time,  space,  and  mass,  and  does  not  involve  a  comparison 
with  any  other  arl)itrary  quantity,  especially  not  any  grari- 
tation-unit,  whose  value  varies  with  the  latitude  and  ele- 
vation above  the  sea.  Thus,  the  absclute  measure  of  a 
force  is  that  of  the  velocity  it  would  iinpart  to  the  unit- 
mass  in  a  unit  of  time.  The  units  so  derived  are  called  ab- 
solute unit^;  for  example,  the  poundal  or  dyne.  See  unit. 
— Absolute  position,  position  in  absolute  space. — Ab- 
solute pressure.  («)  That  measure  of  pressm-e  which 
includes  atmnsplieric  pressure.  (6)  Pressure  expressed 
in  absolute  measure,  commonly  in  absolute  atmospheres 
(which  see).— Absolute  problem,  aqtuilitative  problem 
iu  wliich  it  is  sought  to  discover  whether  an  object  pos- 
sesses a  given  L-haractcr,  but  niH  to  compare  different 
objects.— Absolute  proposition,  in  ^v/'>,  a  categorical 
proposition.— Absolute  reality,  in  //--'a;-//.,  realUy  not 
as  it  is  coneeivud,  but  as  it  exi.sts  independently  of  all 
tlinught  about  it.— Absolute  reciprocant.  See  recipro- 
c(I;/^— Absolute  space,  space  considered  as  the  recep- 
tacle of  things,  and  not  as  relative  to  the  objects  in  it: 
ui>po.sid  to  spatial  extension.—  Absolute  temperature, 
temperature  measm-ed  from  the  ali-^olute  zero  of  tem- 
perature (see  below)  on  the  absolute  or  tbemiodjTiamic 
scale  of  teinnt  rature.  which  is  delined  by  the  condition 
that  the  area' included  between  two  fixed  adiabatic  lines 
and  any  U\"  isotliermal  lines  is  proportional  to  the  differ- 
ence of  temperatures  for  those  lines  on  this  scale.  This 
absolute  seale  of  temperature  differs  by  very  small  quan- 
tities, usually  negligible,  from  that  of  an  air-thermometer, 
and  by  the  absolute  temperature  is  often  meant  the  tem- 
perature uu  the  latter  scale  above  the  absolute  zero.— 


absolutely 

Absolute  term.  («)  In  IoqIc,  a  general  class-narae,  as 
man,  as  opposed  to  a  relative  or  connotative  term.  (6) 
In  at;}.,  that  term  of  an  equation  or  quantic  in  which  the 
unknown  quantity  does  not  appear,  or,  if  it  appears,  nas 
tlie  oxponent  0.  Thus,  in  the  equati'in  x~  +  12x— 24-0, 
whi<rh  may  also  be  written  x-  -f  12x  — JlxO-o,  the  tenu 
written  —24  in  the  first  form  and  — 'iLco  in  the  second 
form  is  called  the  absolute  fer»i.— Absolute  time,  time 
regarded  as  a  (juasi-substance  indepeiid(;nt  of  tlie  events 
it  brings  into  relationship,  that  is,  which  occur  in  it. 

Absolute,  true,  and  mathematical  time,  in  itself  and  its 
own  nature  out  of  relation  to  anything  out  of  itself,  Hows 
e<iuably,  and  is  otherwise  called  duration :  relative,  ap- 
parent, and  vulgar  time  is  any  sensible  and  external 
me;isure  of  duration  by  motion  [whether  accurate  or  in- 
eiiuaiilel  which  the  vulgar  use  in  place  of  true  time,  as  an 
hour,  a  day,  a  month,  a  year. 

Sir  !.  s\<wton,  I'rmcipia (trans.),  Def.  8,  Scholium. 

Absolute  velocity,  the  velocity  of  a  body  with  refer- 
ence not  to  other  moving  bodies,  but  to  something  im- 
movable. 

We  know  nothing  about  absolute  velocities  in  space,  for 
we  have  no  standard  of  comparison, 

A.  Daniell,  Frin.  of  Physics,  p.  15. 

Absolute  zero  of  temperature,  the  lowest  possible 
temjierature  which  the  nature  of  heat  admits;  the  tera- 
Iterature  at  which  the  particles  whose  motion  constitutes 
heat  would  be  at  rest;  that  temperature  at  which,  if  it 
were  maintained  in  the  refrigerator  of  a  perfect  thermo- 
dynamic engine,  tlie  engine  would  convert  all  the  heat 
it  should  receive  from  its  source  into  work.  This  tem- 
perature has  been  proved  to  be  273.7  degrees  below  the 
zero  of  the  centigrade  scale.  See  absolute  temjierature, 
=  Syn.  1.  Unconditional,  independent. — 2.  Finished, 
perfect,  rounded,  consummate,  coniplete. — 6.  Arbitrary, 
autocratic,  unrestricted,  irresponsible. — 7.  Positive,  de- 
cided, certain,  sure.— 8.  Peremptory,  imperative,  dicta- 
torial.—  9.  Immediate,  direct,  self-existent. 

II.  n,  1.  In  metaph.:  (a)  That  which  is  free 
from  any  restriction,  or  is  unconditioned; 
hence,  the  ultimate  ground  of  all  things  ;  God: 
as,  it  is  absurd  to  place  a  limit  to  the  power 
of  the  Absolute. 

Being  Itself,  and  the  types  which  follow,  as  well  as  those 
of  logic  in  general,  may  be  looked  upon  as  definitions  of 
ilmAbsolute,  or  metaphysical  definitions  of  God  :  at  least 
tli^Brst  and  third  t)T>ical  form  in  every  triad  may. 

Jlegel,  Logic,  tr.  by  Wallace,  §  85. 

The  contention  of  those  who  declare  the  Absolute  to 
be  unknowable  is,  that  beyond  the  sphere  of  knowable 
phenomena  there  is  an  Existent,  which  partially  appears 
in  the  phenomena,  but  is  something  wholly  removed  from 
them,  and  in  no  way  cognizable  by  us. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  430. 

(&)  That  which  is  perfect  or  complete :  as,  its 
beauty  approaches  the  absolute,  (c)  That  which 
is  independent  of  some  or  all  relations;  the 
non-relative. 

The  term  absolute  is  of  a  twofold  .  .  .  ambiguity,  corre- 
sponding to  the  double  .  .  .  signification  of  the  word  in 
Latin.  Absolutum  means  what  .is  freed  or  loosed;  in 
which  sense  the  absolute  will  be  what  is  aloof  from  rela- 
tion, comparison,  limitation,  condition,  dependence,  etc. 
In  this  meaning,  the  absohite  is  not  opposed  to  the  inft- 
nite.  Absolutum  means  finished,  perfected,  completed; 
iu  which  sense  the  absolute  ^vill  be  what  is  out  of  rela- 
tion, etc.,  as  finished,  perfect,  complete,  total.  ...  In 
this  acceptation  —  and  it  is  that  in  which  for  myself  I 
exclusively  use  it  —  the  absolute  is  diametrically  opposed 
to,  is  contradictory  of,  th6  infinite. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Discussions  (3d  ed.),  p.  13,  foot-note. 

Whatever  can  be  known  or  conceived  out  of  all  relation, 

that  is  to  say,  without  any  correlative  being  necessarily 

known  or  conceived  along  with  it,  is  the  known  Absolute. 

Ferrier,  Institutes  of  Metaph.,  prop.  xx. 

2.  In  math.,  a  locus  whose  projective  relation 
to  any  two  elements  maybe  considered  as  con- 
stituting the  metrical  relation  of  these  elements 
to  one  another.  All  measurement  is  made  by  succes- 
sive superpositions  of  a  unit  upon  parts  of  the  quantity  to 
be  measured.  Now,  in  all  shif  tings  of  the  standard  of  mea- 
-surement,  if  this  lie  supposed  to  be  rigidly  connected  with 
an  imlimited  continuum  superposed  upon  that  in  which 
lies  the  measured  quantity,  there  will  be  a  certain  locus 
which  vnW  always  continue  unmoved,  and  to  which,  there- 
fore, the  scale  of  measurement  can  never  be  applied.  This 
is  the  absolute.  In  order  to  establish  a  system  of  mea- 
surement along  a  line,  we  first  put  a  scale  of  numbers  on 
the  line  in  such  a  manner  that  to  every  point  of  the  line 
corresponds  one  number,  and  to  everj'  number  one  point. 
If  then  we  take  any  second  scale  of  numbers  relattd  in  this 
manner  to  the  points  of  the  line,  to«ny  number,  x,  of  the 
first  scale,  will  correspond  just  one  number,  //,  of  the  sec- 
ond. If  this  con-espondence  extends  to  imaginary  points, 
X  and  y  will  be  connected  by  an  equation  linear  in  x  and 
linear  in  y,  which  maybe  written  thus:  xy  —  ax+by-'r 
c  =  0.  The  scale  will  thus  be  shifted  from  x  =  0  to  t/  =  0  or 
X—  — c'a.  In  this  shifting,  two  points  of  th»;  scale  re- 
main unmoved,  namely,  those  which  satisfy  the  equation 
x^  -\-(a-\-b)x-\-c~Q.  Tliis  pair  of  points,  which  maybe 
really  distinct,  coincident,  or  imaginary,  constitute  the 
absolute.  For  a  plane,  the  absolute  is  a  curve  of  the  sec- 
ond order  and  second  class.  For  three-dimensional  space 
it  is  a  quadric  surface.  For  the  ordinary  system  of  mea- 
surement in  space,  producing  the  Euclidean  geometry,  the 
absolute  consists  of  two  coincident  planes  joined  along  an 
imaginary  circle,  which  circle  is  itsilf  usually  termed  the 
absolute.  See  distance  and  anharnf„ic  ratio. —  Philoso- 
phies of  the  absolute,  certain  sy.st(rms  of  metaphysics 
founded  on  Kant  s  <  ritique  of  Reason  —most  prominently 
those  of  Fii.lite,  Sclulling,  and  Hegel  — which,  departing 
from  the  principles  of  Kant,  maintain  that  the  absolute 
is  cognizable. 

absolutely  (ab'so-lut-li),  adv.  Completely; 
wholly  ;    independently ;   without  restriction, 


absolutely 

limitation,  or  qualification  ;  Tmeonditionally  ; 
positively ;  peremptorily. 

Command  me  ab^olutety  not  to  go. 

iiaim,  p.  L.,  ix.  1156. 

Absolutely  we  cannot  discommend,  wf  cmnot  absolutely 

approve  either  willingness  to  live  or  forwardness  to  die. 

Uovler,  Eccl.  Pol.,  v. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  absolutely  pure  water  is  never  found 
in  the  economy  of  nature.  UuxUy,  Physiog.,  p.  115. 

absolnteness  (ab'so-lut-nes),  n.  .The  state  of 
being  absolute;  iudependeuee  ;  completeness  ; 
the  state  of  being  subject  to  no  extraneous 
restriction  or  control;  positiveness ;  perfection. 
If  vou  have  lived  about,  .as  the  phrase  is,  you  have  lost 
that  sense  of  the  abscluteii^^  and  the  sanctity  of  the  hab- 
its of  your  fellow-patriots  wtiich  once  made  you  so  happy 
in, the" midst  of  them. 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  75. 

absolution  (ab-so-lii'shon),  «.  [<  ME.  absoUi- 
ciuii,  -cioii,  -cioiin,  <  L.  absolutio(n-),  <  absolverc, 
loosen  from:  see  absolvej]  1.  The  act  of  ab- 
solving, or  the  state  of  being  absolved  ;  release 
from  consequences,  obligations,  or  penalties; 
speeiticaUy,  release  from  the  penal  conse- 
quences of  sin. 

God's  absolution  of  men  is  his  releasing  of  them  from 
the  bands  of  sin  with  which  they  were  tied  and  bound. 

Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  240. 
(a)  .\ccordinp  to  Horn.  Catk.  theol.,  a  remission  of  sin, 
which  the  priest,  on  the  ground  of  authority  received 
from  Christ,  makes  in  the  sacrament  of  penance  (which 
see).  "  It  is  not  a  mere  announcement  of  the  gospel,  or  a 
bare  declaration  that  God  will  pardon  the  sins  of  those 
who  repent,  but,  as  the  Council  of  Trent  defines  it,  is 
a  judicial  act  by  which  a  priest  as  judge  passes  a  sen- 
tence  on  the  penitent."  Cath.  Diet.  (&)  According  to /'ro?. 
thtol.,  asacerdotal  declaration  assuring  the  penitent  of  di- 
vine f.jr;.'ivenc.ss  on  the  ground  of  liis  repentance  and  faitlL 
In  the  Koinan  Catholic  Church  the  priest  pronounces  the 
absolution  in  Ins  own  name:  "I  absolve  thee."  In  Prot- 
estant communions  that  use  a  fonn  of  absolution,  and  in 
the  Greek  Church,  it  is  pronounced  in  the  name  of  God 
and  as  a  prayer  ;  "  God  (or  Christ]  absolve  thee." 

By  absolution  [in  the  .\ugsburg  Confession]  is  meant  the 
official  declaration  of  the  clergyman  to  the  penitent  that 
his  sins  are  forgiven  him  upon  finding  or  believing  that  he 
la  exercising  a  godly  sorrow,  and  is  trusting  in  the  blood 
of  Christ.  Sliedd,  Uist.  of  Christ.  Doct. 

2t.  Abolition ;  abolishment. 

But  grant  it  true  (that  the  Liturgy  ordered  too  many 
ceremonies],  not  a  total  absolution,  but  a  reformation 
thereof,  may  hence  be  inferred.  Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  XI.  x.  8. 

3.  In  ciril  law,  a  sentence  declaring  an  accused 
person  to  be  innocent  of  the  crime  laid  to  hi.s 

charge.— Absolution  from  censures  (eccles.),  the  re- 
moval of  penalties  imposed  by  the  church. — Absolution 
for  the  dead  (eccUs.),  a  short  form  of  prayer  for  tiie  rc- 

S/sc  of  the  soul,  sai<i  after  a  funeral  mass. —  Absolutions 
I  the  breviary  (ecrte^.),  certain  short  prayers  said  lic- 
fore  ttif  Irssoiis  in  matins,  and  t»efore  the  chapter  at  the 
end  of  iH'iim-.  -  Ssrn,  1,  Kerni^sion,  etc.    See  pardon,  n. 
absolutism (ab'so-lii-tizra), H,  [< abnolute  +  -i.sm, 
altvr  y.fib.ioluti.imc  =  Pg.  absoiutismo.']  '1.  The 

state  of  being  absolute.  Sl>eciflcally,  in  polilieal  sri- 
ence,  that  practice  or  system  of  government  in  which  the 
power  of  the  sovereign  is  unrestricted ;  a  state  so  gov- 
erned ;  desixitism. 

Tile  proviri.c  of  nbsolutittm  is  not  to  dispose  of  the 
national  lif<:.  Imt  to  maintain  it  without  those  checks  on 
the  exercise  of  power  which  exist  elsewhere. 

Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  99. 
From  the  time  of  its  first  conversion  Germany  has  never 
taken  kindly  to  the  clalm.i  of  absolutism,  cither  of  author- 
ity or  of  belief,  so  strongly  Put  forwanl  liy  the  Church. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  310. 

2.  The  principle  of  absolute  individual  power 
in  govcrniiniit ;  lulicf  in  the  unrfstrictcil  right 
of  d<-ti-nniiiatiou  or  disjiosal  in  a  sovereign. — 

3.  The  theological  doctrine  of  predestination 
or  absolute  decrees. — 4.  The  metaphysical 
dortrilii-H  of  the  ubsolutists. ^^  gyn.  l.  Tyranny, 
yUil"^ro.i/.  Abujliflisni.  tiU:.     .See  (/rjfy>o/wm. 

absolutiflt  I  ;•!/-. .-lii-tiHt),  11.  and  a.  [<  abmlutc 
+  -»*'.  Hi  ''iti.Hti:']    I.  ji.  1.  All  ailvo- 

cBteof  il'  ,ii'  uli.Holutogovemiiieiit. — 

2.  In  mi  '■  lit)  maintains  that  there  is 

an  (ihMolu'  •lative  oxistence,  and  that 

it  i    ■  i  iiiii'eive  it. 

II  r<i|i''lled  SchelllnKand  the 

<•'"  ■  III  (lie  indllfereiice  of  KUb- 

Jcel ....  i  ubjttl,  ul  kill,  11  kdijc  and  existence. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

n.  '■  '"■  '■••  T-  -'lining  to  absolutism;  dcs- 
p<i' 

■■';  liirf,  Inili'cd,  the  most  vexatious 

»ndall.iii..i..|.,i.«iiiij.i(,.„li//i,f  a,,v4rninenteviTlnventcil. 

/("■    lonl.  Hoclallnni,  p.  360. 

All  lh'»'  IblnrawerrodloiHlollii.  olduoviTTiln.'  ilnsses 
of  ►rnih  .  .  th.lr  splrll  vvl  n'«o/u»W,  cecle.li..ii.  ul,  ami 

n>lll'«r>  ./,./,;,    I(.,r/rj/. 

abSOlnti-t  ,    „,     of,  iMrtain- 

'"K  '". '  ^oliiliHrn  ;  ilitinic- 

t«Ti-'-"  '    •     1,1. 


to  m 
.hip 


''Oat»f-lottMtie 
of  publli'  wor- 

adftj/.  Hut.  ciuut.  t  hiux'h,  III.  1 1. 


22 

absolutory  (ab-sol'u-to-ri),  a.  [<ML.  absoluto- 
rius.  <L.  (ibsolutiis:  see  abs<ilittc.']  Giving  ab- 
solution; capable  of  absolving:  as,  "an  ab- 
sohitm-ij  senteDce,"  Aiiliffe,  Parergon. 

absolvable  (ab-sol'va-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
absolved ;  deserviugof  oreutitled  to  absolution. 

absolvatory  (ab-sol'va-to-ri),  0.  [Irreg.  <  ab- 
solie  +  -atonj ;  prop,  absolutory,  q.  v.]  Confer- 
ring absolution,  pardon,  or  release;  having 
power  to  absolve. 

absolve  ^.ab-solv'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  absolved, 
ppr.  absolvitii/.  [<  L.  absolfcre,  loosen  fi'om, 
<ab,  from,  +  solvere,  loosen:  see  soU-e,  and  cf. 
fl.Si'OiY.]  1.  To  set  free  or  release,  as  from  some 
duty,  obligation,  or  responsibility. 

No  amount  of  erudition  or  technical  skill  or  critical 
power  can  absolve  the  mind  from  the  necessity  of  creatin-^', 
if  it  would  grow.  IT.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  104. 

2.  To  free  from  the  consequences  or  penalties 
atfaehiug  to  actions ;  acquit ;  specifically,  in 
eccles.  language,  to  forgive  or  grant  remission 
of  sins ;  pronounce  forgiveness  of  sins  to. 

The  felon's  latest  breath 
Absolves  the  innocent  man  who  bears  his  crime. 

Bryant,  Hymn  to  Death. 
I  am  just  absolved. 
Purged  of  the  past,  the  foul  in  me,  washed  fair. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  II,  IS. 

St.  To  accomplish  ;  finish. 

The  work  begun,  how  soon 
Absolved.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  <.I4. 

4t.  To  solve  ;  resolve  ;  explain. 

We  shall  not  absolve  the  doubt. 

Sir  T.  Bromie,  Vulg.  Err.,  vi.  10. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  free,  release,  excuse,  liberate,  exempt. —  2. 
To  acquit,  excuse,  clear,  pardon,  forgive,  justify.  See 
ae^Juit. 

absol'ver  (ab-sol'ver),  n.  One  who  absolves; 
one  who  remits  sin,  or  i)ronouiices  it  to  be  re- 
mitted. 

absol'Vitor  (ab-sol'vi-tor),  n.      [Irreg.  <  L.  ab- 

siilrcrc :  see  absolve.^  In  law,  a  decree  of 
absolution.— Decree  of  absolvitor,  in  Scots  law,  a 
decree  in  favor  of  the  defeiKiunt  in  an  action.  A  decree 
in  favor  of  the  pursuer  or  plaintifi'  is  called  a  decree  con- 
dcuinator. 

absolvitory  (ab-sor\'i-to-ri),  a.  [See  absolva- 
torii.]     Absdlutory;  absolvatory. 

absonant  (ab'so-nant),  a.  [<L.  ah  +  so)ian{t-)s : 
see  .sonant,  and  cf.  absonous."]  Wide  from  the 
purpose;  contrary;  discordant:  opposed  to 
consonant:  as,  *•  absonant  to  natiu-e,"  Quarles, 
The  Motirner.     [Now  rare.] 

absonatet  (ab'so-nat),  r.  t.  [For  'absoniate,  < 
-ML.  ah.soniatns,  pp.  of  absoniarc,  avoid,  lit.  be 
discordant:  see  absonous.1  To  avoid;  detest. 
A.^h. 

absonousf  (ab'so-nns),  a.  [<  L.  absonus,  dis- 
coriliiiit,  <(i/),from,+  .son hs, sound:  see ,'!ohh(/''.] 
1.  Unmusical. —  2.  Figuratively,  discordant; 
oppbsed;  contrary:  as,  "absonous  to  our  rea- 
son," Glanville,  Seep.  Sei.,  iv. 

absorb  (ab-s6rb' ),  V.  I.  [<  L.  absorberc,  swallow 
down  anything,  <.iih,  awjiy,  +  sorbere,  suck  up, 
=  tir.  poipiiv,  sup  up.]  1.  To  drink  in;  suck 
up;  imbibe,  as  a  s|ioiige ;  take  in  by  absor]i- 
tion,  as  the  lacteals  (!]'  tlie  body  ;  hence,  to  take 
up  or  receive  in,  as  by  chemical  or  molecular 
action,  as  when  charcoal  absorbs  gases. 

It  is  manifest,  too,  that  there  cannot  he  great  self- 
mobility  unless  the  absorhcd  materials  are  cfflch-ntly  dis- 
tributed to  tile  organs  which  transform  Insensible  motion 
Into  sensible  motion.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  '2. 
Every  gas  and  every  vapor  absorl>s  exactly  those  kinds 
of  rays  which  It  emits  when  in  the  glowing  coinlitioii. 
whilst  It  iiermltsall  other  kinds  of  ra.vsto  traverse  it  with 
nniliminished  Intensity.    Lonuufl,  Nature  of  Light,  ji.  Ii-t. 

2t.  ToKwallowup;  engulf;  overwhelm:  a8,the 
sea  absnrbeit  the  wreck. 

And  dark  oblivion  soon  absorbs  tliclll  all. 

Coily/er,  (111  .Sanies  in  lllog.  liiit. 

3.  To  swallow  up  the  idiiilily  or  iinliviiluality 
of;  draw  in  as  a  coiiHlitiicnl  |iarl;  iiniirpoi-.ilc: 
us,  the  eiiipire  ubsorbeil  all  I  lie  small  states. 

A  clear  Htreiim  llowlng  with  a  muddy  one, 
Till  III  Its  onward  ciirreiit  i(  absorb*  ,  .  . 
The  vexed  eddies  of  Its  wayward  brother. 

Tennyson,  Isabel. 

4.  To  engross  or  engage  wlmlly. 
When  n  tremendous  souinl  or  iiii  iiHtouudlng  speclncle 

abtorlis  the  attention.  It  Is  In  \(  to  liiiposslbli:  to  think  of 

nliyllillig  else.  II.  Si^hnr,  I'rin.  of  Psychol..  H  UH. 

Till'  loiillnned  Invalid   Is  l(i  dangiT  of  heronilng  ab- 

inrlird  111  Hi'K.  Whalely,  (iii  I'.io  <,ii's  Ess.  of  Advcislly. 

5f.  Ill  metl.,  to  oounteriicl  or  neutralize:  us, 
miigncHiH  absorbn  ncidily  in  the  Blomiieh.  Ab- 
sorbing-well, II  verllcnl  cxcii'wiiK.ii  or  shaft  sunk  In  lie' 
enrlli  l<i  I'liable  till'  sllrfaiM'  iMit'  I  (o  renrh  n  peniieiibli' 
bed  which  Is  not  snturfttvil  (sitti  water,  and  call  Iherelore 
talio  up  ur  abivrb  and  iMUry  olf  the  wat«r  wlilch  has  access 


absorption 

to  it  from  abov*.  Such  wells  are  sometimes  called  nega- 
tiiv  ifells,  iraste-wells,  and  drain-uvlU;  also,  in  the  south 
of  England,  dead  ivells.  The  geological  eondit  ions  favoring 
their  use  are  rare;  but  they  have  occasionally  been  found 
practicable  and  convenient  in  connection  with  inaimfactur- 
iiig  establishments.  =  Syn.  4.  'To  Absorb,  L'nt/ross,  Sical- 
low  up,  Eu'ju{r',  engage,  arrest,  rivet,  ti.v.  (See  enyross.) 
Absorb  and  engross  denote  the  engagement  of  one's  whole 
attention  and  energies  by  some  object  or  occupation  ;  but 
absorb  commonly  has  connected  with  it  the  idea  of  mental 
passivity,  ewiro.fs  that  of  mental  activity.  Thus,  one  is 
absorbed  ill  a  novel,  but  engrossed  in  business,  'The  words, 
however,  are  sonietinies  used  interchangeably.  Sifallou-  up 
and  engutj'  have  a  much  stronger  figurative  sense;  engulf 
generally  expresses  misfortune. 

absorbability  (ab-sor-ba-bU'i-ti),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  absorbable. 

absorbable  (ab-si5r'ba-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
alisorbeil  or  imbibed. 

absorbed  (ab-s6rbd'),  p.  a.  1.  Drawn  in  or 
sucked  up.  Specifically  applied  to  the  coloring  in  paint- 
ings when  the  oil  has  sunk  into  the  canvas,  leaving  the 
color  fiat  and  the  touches  dead  or  indistinct :  nearly  sy- 
nonymous with  5MnA-  in. 
2.  Engrossed :  as,  an  absorbed  look. 

absorbedly  (ab-s6r'bed-li),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
sorbed manner. 

absorbedness  (ab-s6r'bed-nes),  «.  The  state 
of  being  absorbed,  or  of  having  the  attention 
fully  occujiicd. 

absorbefacient  (ab-s6r-be-fa'shieut),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  absorbere,  absorb, -f/flCi<'H((-)s,  ppr.  of 
facere,  make.]     I.  a.  Causing  absorption. 

II.  n.  -Any  substance  causing  absorption,  as 
of  a  swelling.     U.  C.  Wood,  Therap. 

absorbency  (ab-sijr'beu-si), ».  Absoi-ptiveness. 

absorbent  (ab-s6r'bent),  0.  and  n.  [<  L.  ab- 
sorben{t-)s,  ppr.  of  absorberc :  see  ahsorb.l  I,  a. 
Absorbing  or  capable  of  absoi'biug ;  imbibing ; 
swallowing;  performing  the  function  of  ab- 
sorption: as,  absorbent  vessels;  the  absorbent 
system. 

"Absorption-bands"  (in  the  spectrum]  .  .  ,  indicate 
what  kind  of  light  has  been  stopped  and  extinguished  by 
the  ubsorlient  object.     A.  Danitll,  Prin.  of  Physics,  j).  450. 

Absorbent  cotton.  See  n»n. it.— Absorbent  gland. 
Sec  ;//((ii((.— Absorbent  grounds,  in  imutiwj,  picture- 
giounils  prepared,  citlieron  board  or  on  canvas,  so  as  to 
have  the  powiT  of  alisorliiiig  the  redundant  oil  from  the 
colors,  for  the  sake  of  quickness  in  drying,  or  to  increase 
the  briiliimcy  of  the  colors.— Absorbent-stratawater- 
power,  a  hydraulic  device  for  utilizing  the  power  of  water 
passing  through  an  absorbing-well.  See  absorbing-welt, 
under  absorb. 

II,  w.  Anything  which  absorbs.  Specifically  — 
(a)  In  anat.  and  phys-iol.,  a  vessel  which  imbibes  or  takes 
nutritive  matters  into  the  system ;  specifically,  in  the 
vertebrates,  a  lymphatic  vessel  (which  see,  under  tym- 
I'bnfir),  {b)  In  lhrrai>entics:  (1)  any  substance  used  to 
absorli  a  morbid  or  excessive  discharge;  (2)  an  alkali  used 
to  neutralize  acids  in  the  stomach,  (c)  In  clwm. :  (1)  any. 
thing  that  takes  up  into  itself  a  gas  or  liquid,  as  a  sub- 
stance which  withdraws  moisture  from  the  air;  ('2)  a  sub- 
stance, such  as  magnesia,  lime,  etc.,  which  neutralizes  acids. 
absorber  (ab-s6r'b6r),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  absorbs. 

Let  us  study  the  effect  of  using  sodium  vapour  as  the 
medium  —  not  as  a  source  of  light,  but  as  an  absorber. 

J.  iV.  Lockyer,  Sped.  Anal.,  p.  39. 

Schlosing  has  investigated  the  action  of  the  ocean-water 
as  an  absovlier  and  regulator  of  the  carbonic  acid  gas  in 
the  alMiosiihcre.  Smithsonian  Jteport,  1881,  p.  200. 

absorbing  (ab-si'ir'bing),  p.  a.     1.  Soaking  up ; 

imbibing;  taking  uj). 

If  either  light  or  radiant  heat  be  absorbed,  the  atisorb- 
iiig  body  is  wanned.  Tyndatl,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  70, 

2.  Kngrossing;  enchanting:  as,  the  spectacle 
was  most  absorbing. 

1'ho  total  aspect  of  the  place,  its  sepulchral  stillness, 
its  afisorbing  perfuinc  of  evanescence  and  decay  and  iiior- 
tiilltv,  confounds  the  distinctions  and  blurs  the  details. 
//.  ./(lines,  Jr.,  Trans.  Skclclics,  p.  ;W4. 

absorbingly  (ab-.sor'liing-li),  adr.  In  an  nK 
sorliiiig  iiiaiuiev;   eiigrossingly. 

absorbitionf  (ali-sor-bish'on),  ".  [Irreg.  <  ab- 
sorb -\-  -ition.^     Absoi'plion. 

absorptt  (ab-s('irpt'),  (/.  [<  Li.  ab.iorptus,  pp.  of 
iilisiniiirv :  see  «/>.s'or/(.]     Absorbed, 

Circe  in  vain  invlti'S  the  fea.st  lo  share, 
Absent  I  wander  and  atisarpt  in  care. 

I'l'lie,  Odyssey,  Iv. 

absorptiometer  (ab-Korp-slii-oiii'e-ti'r),  n.  [<  L. 
ab.ioriiliii,  absorption,  +  (Ir.  /iiriiov,  a  ineiiKure  : 
see  tnrlrr-.'\  An  iiislriimeiit  invented  by  Pro- 
fessor IJiiiiseii  to  di'leniiine  Ihc  amount  of  gas 
alisorlicd  liy  11  iiiiit-voliiiiie  of  a  bi|iiiil.  It  Is  a 
gl'ioltlliti'd  tube  111  which  a  cerlalli  qilanlily  of  (he  gas  and 
lii|iild  Is  agitated  over  mercuiy.  The  aiiiouiit  of  iibsorp- 
lioli  is  llleaslired  lUl  the  Hclili'  liy  the  lliigllt  to  which  tliu 
niercurv  liressrs  up  the  llqllbl  in  the  (llbc. 

absorption  (ub-sftrp'slioii),  ».  [<  \j.ab.ioriilii>(n-), 
a  ilriiikiiig,  <f  «/worhorfl  .'  see   absirrb.l      Die  act 

or  pi- 'ss  of  aliKorliing,  or  (lie  stiile  of  being 

aliHoi'liril,  ill  nil  tli(^  HcnseH  ol'  the  verli:  as  — 
(<i)'l  he  ael  Ol  jiroeesHof  Imbibing,  swiillowlng,  oi  engulfing 
mucliaiilcally.     {b)  The  eundltton  of  liavhitf  one's  atten- 


absorption 

tion  entirely  occupied  with  something,  (c)  In  chcm.  and 
phpii.,  a  tiikin;i  in  or  reception  I)y  molecular  or  clicmicul 
action  :  as,  ahbvriitivti  of  gases,  liglit,  lieat.    See  lielow. 

We  liuow  tile  redness  of  the  sun  at  evening  arises,  not 
from  absorption  l)y  tlie  ether,  l)ut  from  absorption  by  a 
great  thiclinesa  of  our  atmosphere. 

J,  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  30. 

{d)  In  physiol.,  the  process  of  taldng  up  into  the  vascular 
system  (venous  or  lymphatic)  either  food  from  tlie  ali- 
mentary canal  or  inflammatory  products  and  other  suli- 
stanccs  from  the  various  tissues.  Plants  absorb  moisture 
and  nutritive  juices  principally  by  their  roots,  but  S(une- 
tinies  liv  their  general  surfaces,  as  in  seaweeds,  and  car- 
bonic aiid  by  their  leaves.  Absorption  of  organic  matter 
by  kavcs  takes  place  in  several  insectivorous  plants. — 
Absorption-bands,  in  apectrum  analysin,  dark  bands 
ill  the  .■spectrum  more  or  less  broad  and  in  general  not 
shariily  dellned.  They  are  seen  when  the  light  has  passed 
thronnh  a  body  not  necessarily  incandescent,  and  which 
may  be  a  solid  (as  a  salt  of  didymium),  a  liiiuid  (as  a  solu- 
tion of  blood),  or  a  vapor  (as  the  rain-band  caused  by  the 
a(iueous  vapor  in  the  terrestrial  atmosphere).  See  absorp- 
tioji-Unes  and  »/;ec(ri(m.— Absorption  of  COlor,  the  phe- 
nomenon observed  when  certain  colors  are  retained  or  pre- 
vented from  passiuix  through  certain  transparent  bodies. 
Thus,  pieces  iif  inlitr.il  glass  are  almost  opaque  to  some 
parts  of  tin-  .s].rrtriiiij.  while  allowing  other  colors  to  pass 
through  fivrl>.  1  lii>  is  merely  a  special  case  of  the  ab- 
sorption of  light.— Absorption  of  gases,  the  action  of 
Bome  solids  and  liquids  in  taking'  oi>  ov  absorbing  gases. 
Thus,  a  porous  body  like  cluucoal  (that  is,  one  presenting 
a  large  surface)  has  the  ability  to  take  in,  or  condense  on 
its  surface,  a  large  quantity  of  some  gases  through  the  mo- 
lecular attraction  exerted  between  its  surface  and  the  mol- 
ecules of  the  gas,  boxwood  charcoal,  for  example,  being 
able  to  absorb  90  times  its  volume  of  ammonia-gas.  On 
account  of  this  property,  charcoal  is  used  as  a  disinfectant 
to  absorb  noxious  gases.  (?>Qe  occlusion.)  Liquids  also  have 
the  power  to  absorb  or  dissolve  gases,  the  quantity  ab- 
sorbed varying  with  the  nature  of  the  liquid  and  the  gas ; 
it  is  also  proportional  to  the  pressure,  and  increases  as  the 
tLUnperature  is  lowered.  For  example,  at  the  ordinary 
temperature  and  pressure  water  absorbs  its  own  volume 
of  carbon  dioxid  ;  at  a  pressure  of  two  atmospheres,  two 
volumes  are  atisorhed,  and  so  on.  If  tllis  additional  press- 
ure is  relieved,  the  excess  over  one  volume  is  liberated  witli 
effervescence,  as  in  soda-water. — Absorption  Of  heat,  the 
action  performed  in  varying  degrees  in  itilterent  budies  — 
solids,  liquids,  and  gases  — of  stopping  radiant  heat,  as 
a  result  of  whicli  their  own  temperature  is  more  or  less 
raised.  For  example,  rock-salt  and  carbon  disulphid  ab- 
sorb but  little  radiant  heat,  that  is,  are  nearly  diatheiTna- 
nous.  On  the  otlier  liand,  alum  and  water  arrest  a  large 
portion  of  it,  that  is,  are  comparatively  athermanous. 

The  waves  of  ether  once  generated  may  so  strike  against 
the  mnlccules  of  a  body  exposed  to  their  action  as  to 
yield  up  their  motion  to  ihe  latter ;  and  in  this  transfer 
of  the  motion  from  the  ether  to  the  molecules  consists 
the  absorption  o/ radiant  heat.  Tyndall,  Kadiation,  §  2. 
Absorption  of  light,  that  action  of  an  imperfectly  trans- 
parent or  opaque  body  by  which  some  portion  of  an  in- 
cident pencil  of  light  is  stopped  within  the  body,  wliile 
the  rest  is  either  transmitted  through  it  or  reflected  from 
it.  It  is  owing  to  this  action  that,  for  example,  a  certain 
thickness  of  pure  water  shows  a  greenish  color,  of  gl.ass  a 
bluish-green  color,  etc.— Absorption-lines,  in  spectrum 
analysis,  dark  lines  produced  in  an  otherwise  continuous 


rum,  ^tiowuig  .'ihsorpnon-line! 

spectrum  by  the  absorption  of  relatively  cool  vapors 
through  which  the  light  has  passed.  The  absorption  takes 
place  in  accordance  with  the  principle  that  a  body,  when 
exposed  to  radiation  from  a  source  hotter  than  itself,  ab- 
sorbs the  same  rays  which  it  emits  when  incandesceut. 
Thus,  the  radiation  from  a  lime  light  passed  through  an 
alcohol  flame  colored  with  sodium  vapor  yields  a  continu- 
ous spectrum,  interrupted,  however,  by  a  dark  line  in  the 
place  of  the  l)right  line  atforded  by  the  sodium  vapor 
alone.  The  solar  spectrum  shows  a  multitude  of  dark 
lines,  due  to  the  absorption  of  the  solar  atmosphere,  and  in 
part  also  to  that  of  the  earth. — Absorption-spectrum,  a 
spectrum  with  absorption-lines  or  -bands.  —  Cutaneous  or 
external  absorption,  in  werf.,  the  process  by  which  cer- 
tain siiiistiuicis,  w  hill  placed  in  contact  witli  a  living  sur- 
face, prodiire  tlie  same  effects  upon  the  system  as  when 
taken  into  the  stomach  or  injected  into  the  veins,  only  in 
a  less  degree.  Thus,  arsenic,  when  applied  to  an  external 
wound,  will  sometimes  atf  ect  the  system  as  rapidly  as  when 
introduced  into  the  stomach ;  and  mercury,  applied  ex- 
ternally, excites  salivation. — Interstitial  absorption. 
See  interstitial. 
absorptive  (ab-s6rp'tiv),  a.  [<  F.  ahsorptif, 
<  L.  as  if  *<ihsnrj>tiv>i.<i,  <.absorhere  :  see  absorb.'] 
Having  power  to  absorb  or  imbibe  ;  causing 
absorption ;  absorbent. 

The  absorptive  power  of  a  substance  may  not  be  so  ex- 
tensive as  to  enalile  it  to  absorb  and  extinguish  light-rays 
or  heat-rays  of  all  kinds  ;  it  may  arrest  some  only. 

A.  Danicll,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  -I-IO. 

absorptiveness  (ab-s6rp'tiv-nes),  n.  The 
(liiality  of  Ijeing  absorptive  ;  absorptivity. 

absorptivity  (ab-s6rii-tiv'i-ti),  )i.     The  power 
<ir  oapaeity  of  absorption.'    [Rare.] 
The  iibsorptiritij  inherent  in  organic  beings.    J.  D.  Dana. 

absquatulate  (ab-skwot'u-lat),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  (thsquatidatcd,  ppr.  ahsqiKitulaUnf;.  [A 
feigiiod  worii,  of  Ameriearf  urit^in,  simulating 
a  L.  derivation.  Cf.  abscond,  ambulate.']  To 
run  away ;  abscond  ;  make  olf .     [Slang.] 


23 

absque  hoc  (abz'kwe  liok).  [L.,  without  this 
(or  tliat) :  absque,  without,  <  abs,  off,  from,  with 
generalizing  suffix  -qtte ;  hoc,  abl.  of  liic,  this, 
that.]  Witliout  this  or  that :  speeifieally  used, 
in  law,  in  traversing  what  has  been  alleged  and 
is  repeated. 

absque  tali  causa  (abz'lcwo  ta'li  ka'zji).  [L. : 
absr/ur,  without;  tali,  aljl.  of  talis,  such;  causa, 
aljl.  of  causa,  cause.]  Without  such  cause :  a 
plirase  uso<l  in  law. 

abs.  re.  In  laiv,  an  abbreviation  of  Latin  ab- 
sente  rco  (which  see),  the  defendant  being  ab- 
sent. 

abstain  (ab-stan'),  r.  [<  ME.  abstainen,  al>- 
stciiicii,  abstcuen,  <  OF.  abstencr,  ubstenir,  as- 
icuir,  V.  abstcnir,  refl.,  <L.  abstinerc,  abstain, 

<  abs,  off,  +  teuerc,  hold  :  see  tenable.  Cf.  con- 
tain, attain,   detain,  pertain,    retain,  sustain.'] 

1,  intrans.  To  forbear  or  refrain  voluntarily, 
especially  from  what  gratifies  the  passions  or 
appetites:  used  with /coim  ;  us,  to  abstain  from 
the  use  of  ardent  spirits  ;  to  abstain  from  lux- 
uries. 

Abstain  from  meats  offered  to  idols.  Acts  xv.  20. 

To  walk  well,  it  is  not  enough  that  a  man  abstains  from 
dancing.  De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

Il.t  trans.  To  hinder;  obstruct;  debar; 
cause  to  keep  away  from :  as,  "  abstain  men 
from  marrying,"  Milton. 

abstainer  (ab-sta'ner),  n.  One  who  abstains ; 
specifically,  one  who  abstains  from  the  use  of 
intoxicating  liquors ;  a  teetotaler. 

abstainment  (ab-stan'ment),  )i.  The  act  of  ab- 
staining; aljstention. 

abstemious  (ab-ste'mi-us),  a.     [<L.  abstemius, 

<  abs,  from,  -f  a  supposed  'temuni,  strong  drink, 
>  tcmctum,  strong  drink,  and  temulentus,  drunlc- 
en.]  1.  Sparing  in  diet;  moderate  in  the  use 
of  food  and  drink ;  temperate ;  abstinent. 

Under  his  special  eye 
Abstemious  I  grew  up,  and  thriv'd  amain. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  C3". 

Instances  of  longevity  are  chiefly  among  the  abstentious. 
Arbuthnot,  Kat.  and  Choice  of  Aliments. 
Abstemious,  refusing  luxuries,  not  sourly  and  reproach- 
fully, but  simply  as  unfit  for  his  habit. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  2G1. 

2.  Restricted ;  very  moderate  and  plain ;  very 
sparing ;  spare  :  opposed  to  luxurious  or  rich  : 
as,  an  abstemious  diet. —  3.  Devoted  to  or  spent 
in  abstemiousness  or  abstinence:  as,  an  ab- 
stemious life. 

Till  yonder  sun  descend,  0  let  me  pay 
To  grief  and  anguish  one  abstemious  day. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xU.  328. 

4.  Promoting  or  favoring  abstemiousness ;  as- 
sociated with  temperance.     [Rare.] 

Sucli  is  the  virtue  of  th'  abstemious  well. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

abstemiously  (ab-ste'mi-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
abstemious  manner ;  temperately ;  with  a 
sparing  use  of  meat  or  drinli. 

abstemiousness  (ab-ste'mi-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  habit  of  being  temperate,  especially 
in  the  use  of  food  and  drink.  =  syn.  Abstemious- 
ness, Ab.\tim:nt:e,  Temperance,  Sobriety,  soberness,  modera- 
tion, temiierateness.  (See  sobriety,)  The  italicized  words 
denote  voluntary  abstention  from  objects  of  desire,  most 
commonly  abstention  from  food  or  drink,  regarded  either 
as  an  act  or  as  an  element  in  character.  Ab.-<temious'ness, 
by  derivation  and  earlier  use,  suggests  alistinence  from 
wine  ;  but  it  has  lost  this  special  sense,  and  now  generally 
signifles  habitual  moderation  in  the  gratilicatiun  of  tlie  ap- 
petites and  desires ;  abstinence  is  simply  the  refraining 
from  gratiflcation,  and  may  be  applied  to  a  single  act. 
They  both  suggest  self-denial,  while  temperance  and  so- 
briety suggest  wisdom,  balance  of  mind,  and  propriety. 
Tempenniee  suggests  self-control,  the  measure  of  absten- 
tion being  itroportioned  to  the  individual's  idea  of  what  is 
best  ill  that  respect.  Hence,  abstinence  and  temperarwe 
often  stand  in  popular  use  for  total  abstinence  from  into.xi- 
catiiig  drink. 

Kniiwing  the  abstemioiwiess  of  Italians  everywhere, 
and  seeing  the  liungry  fashion  in  which  the  islanders 
elutehed  our  gifts  and  devoured  them,  it  was  our  doubt 
whether  any  of  them  had  ever  experienced  perfect  re- 
pletion. Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xii. 
If  twenty  came  and  sat  in  ray  house,  there  was  nothing 
said  about  dinner,  .  .  .  but  we  naturally  practised  ab- 
stinence. Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  164. 
The  rule  of  "  not  too  much,"  by  temperance  taught. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  531. 

abstention   (ab-sten'shon),    n.      [<  L.   absten- 

tio(n-),  <  absiiiierc :  see  'abstain.']  A  holding  off 
or  refraining;  abstlnenee  from  action;  neglect 
or  refusal  to  do  something. 

As  may  well  be  supposed,  this  abstention  of  our  light 
cavalry  was  observed  by  the  Ilussians  with  surprise  and 
thankfulness.  Kinglalte. 

Thus  the  act  [of  nursing]  is  one  that  is  to  both  exclu- 
sively pleasurable,  "while  abstention  entails  pain  on  both. 
H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  102. 


abstinency 

abstentionist  (ab-sten'shon-ist),  m.  One  who 
))iaclisi-s  or  is  in  favor  of  abstention,  as  from 
tli(^  act  of  voting,  from  eating  flesh,  etc. 

abstentious  (ab-stou'shus),  a.  [<  abstention  + 
-ous.  a.  contentious,  etc.]  Characterized  by 
alistention.    Farrar. 

abstert  (ab-st6r'),  T.  t.  [<L.  abslcrrerc,  frighten 
from,  <  tib.s;  from,  +  tcrrere,  frighten  :  see  tcrri- 
blc.]     To  frighten  off  ;  deter ;  binder. 

So  this  in  like  manner  should  abster  and  fear  nic  and 
mine  from  doing  evil.  Becon,  Christmas  Banquet. 

absterge  (ab-sterj'),i'.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  abstenjed, 
ppr.  absterijinrj.  [<  L.  abstcrrjere,  wipe  off,  <  abs, 
oil',  -f-  tcriiere,  wipe :  see  terse.]  1.  To  wipe, 
or  malvo  clean  by  wiping ;  "wash  away. 

llaths  arc  used  to  absterge,  belike,  that  fulsomeness  of 
sweat  to  wMch  they  are  there  subject. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  286. 

2.  \nmed.:  fa)  To  cleanse  by  lotions,  as  a  wound 
or  ulcer,     (b)  To  purge.     See  deterge. 

abstergent  (ab-ster' jent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  abster- 
fliH{t-)s,  ppr.  oi  absterffSre :  sec  absterge.]  I.  a. 
Having  cleansing  or  purgative  properties. 

II.  n.  1.  Anj-thing  that  aids  in  scouring  or 
cleansing,  as  soap  or  fuller's  earth. —  2.  In 
med.,  a  lotion  or  other  application  for  cleans- 

*  ing  a  sore :  in  this  sense  nearly  superseded  by 
dclcrgcnt. 

abstergifyt,  v.  t.  or  i.  [Improp.  <  L.  abstergerc 
(see  absterge)  +  E.  -/»/.]  To  cleanse ;  perform 
one's  ablutions. 

Specially  when  wee  would  dbstergifie. 

Benvenuto,  Passengers'  Dialogues. 

absterse  (ab-sters'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ab- 
stersed,  ppr.  abstersing.  [<  L.  abstersus,  pp.  of 
abstergere :  see  absterge.']  To  absterge ;  cleanse ; 
pm-ify.    Sir  T.  Browne.     [Rare.] 

abstersion  (ab-ster'shon),».  [<L.*o&«ter«io()!-), 
(.abstergere,  pp.  abstersus:  see  absterge.]  1. 
The  act  of  wiping  clean:  as,  "ablution  and 
abstersion,"  Scott,  Waverley,  xx. — 2.  In  med., 
a  cleansing  by  substances  which  remove  foul- 
ness from  about  sores,  or  humors  or  obstruc- 
tions from  the  system. 

Abstersion  is  plainly  a  scouring  off  or  incision  of  the 
more  viscous  humours,  and  making  the  humours  more 
fluid  ;  and  euttmg  between  them  and  the  part. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  42. 

abstersive  (ab-ster' siv),  a.  and  n.      [=  F.  ab- 

stersif,  <  L.  *abstersivus,  <  abstergere,  pp.  abster- 
sus: sea  absterge.]    I.  a.  Cleansing;  having  the 
quality  of  removing  foulness.     See  detersive. 
The  seats  with  purple  clothe  in  order  due, 
And  let  the  abstersive  sponge  the  board  renew. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  xx.  18D. 

A  tablet  stood  of  that  abstersive  tree 

Where  ^-Ethiop's  swarthy  bird  did  build  her  nest. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  Chess. 

II.  n.  That  which  effects  abstersion ;  that 
which  purifies. 

Abstersives  are  fuller's  earth,  soap,  linseed-oil,  and  ox- 
gall. Petty,  in  Sprat's  Hist.  Royal  Soc,  p.  295. 

abstersiveness  (ab-ster'siv-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  abstersive  or  abstergent. 

.\  caustick  or  a  healing  faculty,  abstersiveness,  and  the 
like.  Boyle,  Works,  II.  117. 

abstinence  (ab'sti-nens),  n.  [<  ME.  abstinence, 
<  OF.  abstinence,  as'iinence,  astenance,  <  L.  ab- 
stinentia,  <  abstinen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  abstinerc:  see 
abstinent.]  1.  In  general,  the  act  or  practice 
of  voluntarily  refraining  from  the  use  of  some- 
thing or  from  some  action  ;  abnegation. 

Since  materials  are  destroyed  as  such  by  being  once 
used,  the  whole  of  the  labour  required  for  their  production, 
as  well  as  the  abstinenee  of  the  iiersons  who  supplied  the 
means  for  caiTying  it  on,  must  be  remunerated. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ. 

More  specifically  —  2.    The   refraining  from 
indulgence   in  the  pleasures  of  the  table,  or 
from  customarj'  gratifications  of  the  senses  or 
the  intellect,  either  partially  or  wholly. 
Against  diseases  here  the  strongest  fence 
Is  the  defensive  virtue  abstinence.  Herrick. 

Men  flew  to  frivolous  amusements  and  to  criminal 
pleasures  with  the  greediness  whicli  long  and  enforced 
abstinence  naturally  produces.  Macautay. 

3.  In  a  still  narrower  sense — (o)  Forbearance 
from  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  as  a  beverage: 
in  this  sense  usually  preceded  by  the  adjective 
total.  (6)  Ecc^es.,  the  refraining  from  certain 
kinds  of  food  or  drink  on  certain  days,  as  from 

flesh  on  Fridays Day  of  abstinence,  in  the  llom. 

Catli.  Ch.,  a  day  on  which  it  is  forbidden  to  eat  flesh-meat. 
A/astiny-day  limits  to  one  full  meal,  and  commonly  in- 
cludes abstinence.  =  Syn.  Abstemiousness,  Abstinence, 
T'n>i>er<nu-e.  etc.     See  abstemiousness. 

abstinency  (ab'sti-nen-si),  n.  The  habit  or 
jiractice  of  abstaining  or  refraining,  especiaU.y 
from  food.     [Rare.] 


at>stiiient 

abstinent  (ab'sti-neiit),a.  and  n.  [<ME.  ahsU- 
nentj  <  OF.  abstinent,  astincnty  asUnantj  <  L. 
abstinen{t-)Sj -ppT.  of  abstiucrc^absUuni  see  ab- 
8tavi,'\  I,  a.  Refi-aining  from  imdue  indiil- 
gence,  especially  in  the  use  of  io<'d  and  drink; 
characterized  by  mo^leration  ;  absteiuions. 

n.  «.  1.  One  vrho  abstains  or  is  abstinent; 
an  abstainer. 

Very  few  public  men,  for  instance,  care  to  order  a  bottle 
of  wine  at  a  public  table.  It  is  not  because  they  are 
total  ab^tinentf.  Harper's  Ma(f.,  LXV,  033. 

2.  {cap,']  One  of  a  sect  Tvhieli  appeared  in 
France  and  Spain  in  the  third  century.  The  Ab- 
stineuts  oppose*!  raairia^e,  condemned  the  eating  of  flesh, 
ami  pl^LCil  tilt-  Holy  Spirit  in  the  class  of  created  beings, 
abstinently  (al>'sti-nent-li),   adi\     In  an  ab- 

gtinent  manner  ;  \\ith  abstinence, 
abstortedt  (ab-st6r't«d),  j).  a.  [<  L.  ahs,  away, 
+  tortusj  pp.  of  torguerCf  twist :  see  tort  and 
torture/]  Forced  away.  PhiUipii,  16G2. 
abstract  (ab-strakt'),  V,  [<  L.  abstractus,  pp. 
of  abstrahercy  di'aw  away,  <  abSj  away,  +  tra- 
hercy  draw:  see  tracks  tract.]  I,  trans.  1.  To 
draw  away ;  take  away ;  witfidraw  or  remove, 
■whether  to  hold  or  to  get  rid  of  the  object  withr 
drawn:  as,  to  abstract  one's  attention;  to  ab- 
stract a  watch  from  a  pei*son's  pocket,  or  money 
from  a  bank.  [In  the  latter  use,  a  euphemism 
foT  steal  or  purloin.] 

Thy  furniture  of  radiant  dye 
AttgtracU  and  ravishes  the  curious  eye. 

Kinr/,  Ruflnus,  1.  257. 
Abstract  what  others  feel,  what  otliei-s  tliink, 
All  pleasures  sicken,  and  all  glories  Hink. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  45. 

In  truth  the  object  and  the  sensation  are  the  same 

thing,  and  cannot  therefore  be  abstra<^ted  fruni  each  other. 

Berkeley,  l*rin.  of  Human  Knowl.  (1710),  i.  1i  5. 

2.  To  consider  as  a  form  apart  from  matter; 
attend  to  as  a  general  object,  to  the  neglect  of 
special  circumstances;  derive  as  a  general 
idea  from  the  contemplation  of  particular  in- 
stances ;  separate  and  hold  in  thought,  as  a  part 
of  a  complex  idea,  while  letting  the  rest  go. 
This  meaning  of  the  Latin  ahutrahere,  with  the  corre- 
sponding meaning  of  ahxtractw,  tlrst  appears  toward  the 
end  of  the  great  dispute  between  tlie  nominalists  and 
realists  in  the  twelfth  century.  The  invention  of  these 
terms  may  be  said  to  emhody  the  upshot  of  the  contro- 
versy. They  are  unquestionably  translations  of  the  Greek 
a^atpciK  and  o^otp«rt«.  though  we  cannot  say  how  these 
Gr»'ek  terms  became  known  in  the  West  so  early.  The 
earliest  passage  is  the  following  :  "  We  say  those  thoughts 
{inteUectus)  are  by  abstraction  (per  abntractianem),  which 
either  contemplate  the  nature  of  any  form  in  itself  with- 
out regard  to  the  subject  matter,  or  think-any  nature  in- 
diHerent!y(//i'/iV?>fren/er),  apart,  that  is,  from  tin- dilli-icnci: 
of  its  individuars.  ...  On  the  other  hand,  wr  nuiy  si"  ;ik 
of  subtniction,  when  any  one  endeavors  to  conttmpiatc  the 
nature  of  any  subject  essence  ai)urt  from  all  form.  Kither 
thought,  howfver,  the  attstrartin;/  as  well  fis  the  sulitract- 
iug,  seems  to  conceive  the  thing  otherwise  thun  it  exists." 
De  JnteUectiOun,  in  Cousin's  Fragments  l*hilosophi(iues 
(2»l  ed.),  p.  4>sl.  This  old  literature  having  been  long  for- 
Kotteh,  im  erroneous  idea  of  the  origin  of  the  term  arose. 
*'  AhKtrii'  tion  means  etymologically  the  active  withdrawal 
of  utt'.-iitioii  from  one  thing  in  onler  to  fix  it  on  another 
thliit;."  .Sully.  (Thbi  pluusihle  but  false  notion  guve  rise 
to  the  phnwe  to  abstract  (intrans. )/rom.  See  below.] 
8.  To  derive  or  obtain  the  idea  of. 

An-i  •  liM-rs  accidents  and  acts 

W  i  II  lier  ohscrvation  fall 

111'  I  1  piiwers  divine  nMrac/^, 

As  NalLiic,  1  ortune,  and  the  Virtues  all. 

.S'tV  J.  Daviefi, 
4,  To  8elect  or  separate  the  substance  of,  as  a 
book  or  writing ;  epitomize  or  reduce  to  a  sum- 
mary. 

The  great  w..rM  in  a  little  world  of  fancy 
I*  here  atMtrai-tetl. 

Ford,  Kanctcii  Chaste  and  Noble,  11.  2. 

l«t  as  ahttract  them  into  brief  coinpcnds. 

Watta,  Imp.  of  Mind. 
5t.   To  fxtnict  :  nM,  to  abtitract  spirit.     Jitn/le. 

Byn.  2.    I" -li  •"(-■«.-.■,  l-...lii(.,  detach.  — 4.  i^t:i- »bn'l;,p. 

II,  intr"-  1  I'-nn  uhstractionH ;  hrparato 
idcuH;  ill  Lot  wren  the  attribiito  und 

iht'  Hulij*'  I  .  it  cxiMls:  as,  "brutes  ab- 

atrart  not,"  Litckt. 

Th'i"  lb«  rr.inmnn  r/. n 4") 'miin CM  IWm  In  abstrncllon, 
Ih.  .   .       .    ,       jf  Oiinl,  Hegel,  p.  i.Mt. 

To  >u  tbi>  attention  fnim.  iin 

par'  1.  r  to  concentrate  11  upon 

Ih.  r 

I  ii  .ti  .  I  ilir  Improp'  r  u..  i.(  the  term  ftlwtrnrllon  by 
nmr.  it.T*.  \u    ;  It  to  tlint  on  wldeh  Um- 

•ti-  .V  Indeed  b<-  "tii.l  to 

pr-  let  A,  II,  1   I-  11, 1..' 

nin»l.'.  ,  I     A.    lit    "'■■'     <    ■    ■'  I 

frumV.   ...i-  ,  ■■:■  .  ,■  i:„,.,     ■ 

wr  alMtf  ,t-  t    \  II 

(ThU  I*  ^n  ^'  iirl'.l  •').-.  ..       mmU (   tlx-  ••...>>.-<.    1m>' 

Unn      "'  ■    .'.     -I 
abrtract  ' 't.  «tr%kt>  /<  r^ndw.    [<}i,afffifrfictujr, 

pp.      '      f"  ■  r,     f_       ,-,  \^       ,1       |d|iIO- 

HOplii  it  inn  <»f  iir.  rtt  t^ 

dfoi^.^ -,.j     X.    '*      •        ivr-l    uplift    from 


24 

matter  and  from  special  cases :  as,  an  abstract 
number,  a  number  as  conceived  in  arithmetic, 
not  a  nimiber  of  things  of  any  kind.  Originally 
appUed  to  geometrical  forms  (the  metaphor  being  that 
of  a  statue  hewn  from  a  stone),  and  down  to  the  twelfth 
century  restricted  exclusively  to  mathematic.fi  forms  and 
quantities.  (Isidorus,  about  A.  l>.  000,  defines  abtitract 
jiHiiiber.)  It  is  now  applied  to  anything  of  a  general  natui'e 
which  is  considered  apart  from  special  circumstances : 
thus,  abiitract  right  is  what  ought  to  be  done  indepen- 
dently of  instituted  law.  (The  phrase  in  the  abstract  is 
preferable  to  the  adjective  in  this  sense.] 

Akftract  natures  are  as  the  alphabet  or  simple  letters 
whereof  the  variety  of  things  consisteth ;  or  as  the  colours 
mingled  in  the  painter's  shell,  wherewith  he  is  able  to 
make  infinite  variety  of  faces  and  shapes. 

Bacon,  \'alcrius  ilaximus,  xiii. 

Abstract  calculations,  in  questions  of  finance,  are  not 
to  be  relied  on.  A.  Hamilton,  Works,  I.  1*29. 

Consider  the  positive  science  of  Crystallography,  and 
presently  it  appears  that  the  mineralogist  is  studying  the 
abstract  Crystal,  its  geometrical  laws  and  its  physical 
properties.  - 

G.  n.  Lcwcs,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Jlind,  I.  i.  g  Gl. 

2.  In  gram,  (since  the  thii'teenth  een'tmy). 
applied  specially  to  that  class  of  nouns  which 
are  formed  from  adjectives  and  denote  char- 
acter, as  goodness^  audaciti/,  and  more  gen- 
erally to  all  nouns  that  do  not  name  concrete 
tilings.  Abstract  in  this  sense  is  a  prominent  terra  in 
the  logic  of  Occam  and  of  the  English  nominalists. 

Of  the  name  of  the  thing  itself,  by  a  little  change  or 
wresting,  we  make  a  name  for  that  accident  which  we 
consider;  anil  for  "living"  put  into  the  account  "life";  for 
"moved,"  "motion";  for  "hot,"  "heat";  for  "long." 
"length";  and  the  like:  and  all  such  names  are  the 
names  of  the  accidents  and  properties  by  wluch  one  mat- 
ter and  body  is  distinguished  from  another.  These  are 
called  *'  nnxin^s  abstract,"  because  severed,  not  from  matter, 
but  from  the  account  of  matter.     Uobbes,  Leviathan,  i.  4. 

A  mark  is  needed  to  shew  when  the  connotation  is 
dropped.  A  slight  mark  put  upon  the  connotative  term 
ansvyei-s  the  pin*pose  ;  and  shews  when  it  is  not  meant  that 
anything  should  be  connoted.  In  regard  to  the  word 
black,  for  example,  we  merely  annex  to  it  the  syllable 
ness;  and  it  is  immediately  indicated  that  all  connotation 
is  dropped  :  so  in  sweetness,  hardness,  dryness,  lightness. 
The  new  words,  so  formed,  are  the  words  which  have  been 
denominated  abstract;  as  the  connotative  terms  from 
which  they  are  formed  have  been  denominated  concrete  ; 
and  as  these  terms  are  in  frequent  use,  it  is  necessary  that 
the  meaning  of  them  should  be  well  remembered.  It  is 
now  also  manifest  wiiat  is  the  real  nature  of  abstract 
terms ;  a  subject  which  lias  in  general  presented  such  an 
appearance  of  mystery.  They  are  simply  the  concrete 
terras  with  the  connotation  dropped. 

James  Mill,  Analysis  of  the  Human  5Iind,  ix, 

"Wliy  not  say  at  once  that  the  abstract  name  is  the  name 
of  the  attribute?  J.  S.  Mill. 

3f.  Having  the  mind  drawn  away  from  present 
objects,  as  in  ecstasy  and  trance  ;  abstracted  : 
as,  *^  abstract  as  in  a  trance,"  Milton,  P.  L., 
viii.  40:2. —  4.  Produced  by  the  mental  process 
of  altstraction:  as,  an  ahstraet  idea,  ruder  this 
Ilea. I  IkI.'H-  Iw.i  meanings  of  ithsintcf  whli-li  can  hardly  be 
corisiden-il  :is  Knglish,  though  tin  j' are  sometimes  used  by 
writers  inlluenced  by  the  (.iermaii  language.  They  are  — 
((()  General ;  having  relatively  snudl  logical  comprehen- 
sion;  wide;  lofty;  indi-tcrmiriate.  This  is  the  usual 
mearnng  of  abstract  in  <;.  rrnan  ;  but  its  establishment  in 
Kii'.'lish  would  greatly  eonfuse  our  historical  terminology. 
(b)  Resulting  from  analytical  thought;  8evere<l  fn»ni  its 
connections  ;  falsified  I'.v  the  neglect  of  important  con- 
siderations. This  is  the  Hegelian  meaning  of  the  word,  car- 
rying with  it  a  tacit  eondenmation  of  the  method  of  arm- 
lytrcal  mechanics  and  nf  all  application  of  mathematics. 
5.  Demanding  a  liij^li  degree  of  mental  abstrac- 
tion ;  dirticult;  profound;  abstniso:  as,  highly 
abstrart  conceptions ;  very  abstract  specula- 
tious. —  6.  ./\ppli<-d  (o  a  science  whicli  deals 
■with  its  object  in  llio  abstract:  as,  abtitract 
logic;  abstract  matlicmatics:  opposed  to  ai>- 
plicd  logic  and  mal hematics. — 7.  Separated 
from  material  elements  ;  ethereal;  ideal. 
Love's  not  bo  pure  and  abstract  as  they  use 
To  say,  which  have  no  mistress  hut  their  nnise. 

Dunne,  Poems,  p.  li". 

Abstract  arithmetic,    'i^vy- arithmetic,  2. 

II.  /'.  1.  'I'li:il  wliicli  coneeiitrales  in  itself 
the  essential  ((unlitit'S  of  anytliiii^'  more  exleii- 
sive  or  more  ^reneral,  or  of  several  thinj^s  ;  the 
essence  ;  Hpe<'ilie;illy,  a  summary  or  epitome 
containing;  the  (jubstanee,  a  tceneral  view,  or 
tho  ])rincipnl  lieuds  of  a  writing,  discourse, 
series  of  events,  or  the  like. 

Yon  8balt  find  there 
A  man  who  Ih  the  ub^hact  of  all  fanltn 
That  all  men  follow.  Sh<tk.,  A,  and  ('.,  I.  4. 

Thin  h  but  a  faint  ahstra,t  ,.{  tin-  tldnu'H  which  have 
happened  nlnce.  If.  H  ./^f, ,.  I'.utikei  Hill  MimunieJit. 

2.  That  portion  of  a  bill  of  (|uanti(ieH,  an  CKti- 
mato,  or  an  aeeount  whii-h  <'ontains  the  kuiu- 
mury  of  the  varioun  delmjod  urlieleH. —  3.  In 
pbftr.t  *i  dry  jiowder  pn-purfil  from  a  drug  hy 
digeHtiug  it  with  Huitaldt  s<dventH,  and  evnp- 
oraliiij;  the  stdution  ho  ulilnined  lo  r<»nipl<'io 
<ir\iM  -,.  ..1  u  |,,w  IcmiMnMm-e  (122°  K.).  II  \n 
1^^  III  the  druL'  •'[    (he  lluld  oxlraui.  ami 

ft''  .(■.  Hirong  »« th''  itiMinru. 

4.   >Y  •  (liuMn^'uo  ;  an  inventftry,     [Itnro.] 


abstraction 

He  hath  an  abstract  for  the  remembrance  of  such  place3> 
and  goes  to  them  by  his  note,    i^/talc.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 

5.  In  (jrani.j  an  abstract  term  or  noun. 

The  concrete  ''like"  has  its  abstract  "likeness";  the 
concretes  "father"  and  ''son"  have,  or  might  liave,  the 
abstracts  '-paternity"  and  "filiety"  or  "lUiation." 

J.  S.  Mill 
Abstract  of  title,  in  law,  an  epitome  or  a  short  state- 
ment td"  the  successive  title-deeds  or  other  evidences  of 
ownei-ship  of  an  estate,  and  of  the  encumi)ranees  there- 
on.--In  the  abstract  [L.  in  abstracto],  conceived  apart 
from  matter  or  special  circumstances  ;  without  reference 
to  particular  applications;  in  its  general  principles  or 
meanings. 

Were  all  things  red,  the  conception  of  colour  in  the  ab- 
stract could  not  exist.       U.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  40. 

Be  the  system  of  abs(dute  religious  etpiality  good  or 
bad,  pious  or  profane,  in  the  abstract,  neither  cluirehmen 
nor  statesmen  can  afford  to  ignore  the  ijuestion,  How 
will  it  work?  H.  N.  Oxcnham,  Sliort  Studies,  p.  401. 

=  Syn.  1.  Abrid(jment,  Compendium,  Jipitome,  Abstractf 
etc.  See  abridpment. 
abstracted  "(ab-strak'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Refined;. 
exalted:  as,  *'«?>^<f/r«cf(Y?  spiritual  love,"  Donne, 
—  2.  Difficult;  abstruse;  abstract.  Johnson. — 
3.  Absent  in  inind ;  absorbed ;  inattentive  to- 
immediate  suiTOimdings. 

And  now  no  more  the  abstracted  ear  attends 
The  waters  murmuring  lapse. 

T.  Warton,  Melanelioly,  v.  179.. 
Thy  dark  vague  eyes,  and  soft  abstracted  air. 

M.  Arnold,  Scholar- Gipsy. 
=  ^yn.  3.  Absent,  Inattentive,  Abstracted,  etc.  Ree  absent. 
abstractedly  (ab-strak'ted-li),  adt\  1.  In  an. 
abstracted  or  absent  manner. —  2.  In  the  ab- 
stract ;  in  a  separated  state,  or  in  contempla- 
tion only. 

It  may  indeed  be  difficult  for  those  who  have  but  little- 
faith  in  the  invisible  ...  to  give  up  their  own  power  of 
judging  what  seems  best,  from  the  belief  that  that  only  is- 
best  which  is  abstractedtt/  right. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  57. 

abstractedness  (ab-strak'ted-ncs),  ».  The 
state  of  being  abstracted ;  abstractness :  as, 
**  the  abstractedness  of  these  speculations/' 
UnniCj  Human  Understanding,  $  1. 

.\d\anee  in  representativeness  of  thought  makes  pos- 
silile  advance  in  abstractedness :  particular  itroperties  and 
particular  relations  become  thinkable  apart  from  the 
things  displaying  them. 

JI.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  493. 

abstracter  (ab-strak't6r),  w.  1,  One  who  ab- 
stnuls  or  takes  away. —  2.  One  Avho  makes  an 

abstract  or  summary. 

The  London  Chemical  Society,  a  few  years  ago,  issued  to- 
the  abstracters  for  its  journal  a  series  of  instructions  on 
ehcmieal  nomenclature  and  notation.        Science,  VI.  369. 

abstraction  (ab-strak'shon),  ».  [<IjL.  abstrac- 
tin{n-)y  <  L.  abstralicre :  see  abstract^  v.]  1, 
Tho  act  of  taking  away  or  separating  ;  the  act 
of  withdrawing,  or  the  state  of  being  with- 
drawn ;  withdrawal,  as  of  a  ])art  from  a  whole, 
or  of  one  thing  from  another.  Rarely  applied  to 
the  physical  act  ut'  taking  or  removing  except  in  a  deroga- 
tory sense  :  lus,  the  abstraction  (dishonest  removal,  larceny)' 
of  goods  from  a  warehouse. 

A  hermit  wishes  to  be  praised  for  his  abstrncfion  [that 
is,  his  withdrawal  from  society],  J'ofc,  Letters. 

The  sensation  of  cold  is  really  due  to  an  abstraction  of 
heat  from  our  own  bodies. 

W.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  41. 

Wordsworth's  better  utterances  have  the  hare  sincerity, 
the  ali.solnte  absfractitm  from  tinu"  and  place,  the  im- 
unniity  from  decav,  that  belong  to  the  grand  simplicities- 
.>f  the  Hibh-.         I.owcll,  Among  my  Itooks,  *Jd  ser..  p."J4tl. 

2.  The  ai't  of  abstracting  or  concentrating  tho- 
attention  on  a  part  of  a  comjdex  idea  and  neg- 
lect ing  tlio  rest  or  sui>]>osing  it  away ;  eHi)ecialIy, 
tliat  variety  of  tliis  procedure  bywliicli  we j>ass. 
from  a  nior(»  to  a  h^Hsdeterniinate  concept,  irom 
the  ]iar1icnlar  to  tlic  general ;  the  act  orprocess- 
of  refining  or  sublimating. 

The  mind  iiiakcs  tin-  i)aitifular  ideas,  received  frompar- 
tieuhir  obleelrt.  to  become  ueneral ;  which  is  cbme  by  con- 
HidcriuK  them  as  they  are  in  the  ndnd  sneh  a]tpearance9, 
separate  from  all  other  exiKtenccM.  and  the  eirennistances- 
of  real  exlsteiu-e,  as  time,  place,  or  any  ollirr  eoneondtant 
Ideiw.  This  Is  called  abstraction,  whereby  ideas,  tjiken 
from  partlt'ular  beiugt*,  beccune  geiu-ral  representatives  of 
uU  of  the  same  Kind. 

t.ucke,  Hinnan  rudcrstim.Hng.  II.  xl.  §9. 

To  be  plain,  I  own  niVHtir  abb-  !>>  alistraet  in  one  Hcnue, 
as  when  I  <'onH{der  Nonit-  partienlar  parts  or  qualities  sep- 
araled  from  othertt,  with  which,  thonu'li  they  are  nidtcd  tU' 
Home  objet  t,  yet  it  Is  possible  they  niay  really  exist  with- 
out Iheni.  lint  I  deny  that  I  can  ahntnirl  one  from  an- 
other, i»r  conceive  separately,  those  i|iiidHies  whiih  it  Is 
inip(iKt*lble  Hhonid  <'Xl.Mt  xo  Hcparatcil ;  or  that  I  can  frame 
a  gciuTul  notion  by  ahHtraelln^  fr'oni  parlicnIarH  in  the 
niauni-r  aforcHaid.  Which  two  limt  are  the  proper  accep- 
tations o[  abiftractinn. 

Jtrrh'h'if,  Prhi.  of  llmnan  Knowl.,  Int.,  1[  10. 

Tho  active  nu'utal  proeess  by  which  concepts  aic  formeil 
In  commonly  f^ald  to  fall  Into  three  Htages,  comparlHon, 
nlnttracti-ii,   and   geru-r^ltzation.  .  .  .  When    (liirig«    aro 

widely  utilik le  another,  as  for  cvaniple  iliibivut  fruits, 

an  a  Rlruwbcti>,  a  peach,  anri  ho  on.  we  nniKt,  In  order  to 
note  the  rcHcnildancv,  turn  the  lulnd  awa>  from  the  dllfciv 


abstraction 

ences  of  form,  colour,  etc.  Tliis  is  the  dlfflcult  part  of  the 
operJitiun.  Grtjiit  ditterences  art  apt  to  impress  the  iniiKi, 
and  it  requu-os  a  spt-cial  eUort  to  turn  aside  from  tlieni 
and  to  Iceep  tlie  mind  dirt-cti-'d  to  the  underlying  similarity. 
This  clfort  is  known  as  aU^lractiun. 

Sully,  Outlines  of  Psyuhology,  ix. 

This  was  an  age  of  vision  antl  mystery  ;  and  every  work 

was  believed  to  contain  a  doulile  or  secondary  meanint,'. 

Nothing  escaped  this  eccentric  spirit  of  refinement  and 

abstraction.  T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 

3.  A  concept  whicli  is  the  product  of  an  ab- 
.    stracting   process;    a  metaphysical    concept; 

hence,  often,  an  iilca  which  cannot  lead  to  any 
practical  result;  a  theoretical,  impracticable 
notion;  a  formality;  a  fiction  of  metaphysics. 

Ariel,  delicate  as  an  ff/js(mc(to/t  of  the  dawn  and  vesper 
sunlight,  llies  around  the  shipwrecked  men  to  console 
them.  A.  U.  Welsh,  Eng.  Lit.,  I.  388. 

Tangents,  sines,  and  cosines  are  not  tilings  found  iso- 
lated  in  Nature,  but,  because  they  are  alj.^tractionti  from 
realities,  tliey  are  applicable  to  Nature. 

a.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  71. 
The  arid  abstractions  of  the  schoolmen  were  succeeded 
by  the  fanciful  visions  of  the  occult  philosophers. 

/.  S'lsraeli,  .\men.  of  Lit.,  IL  285. 

4.  Inattention  to  present  objects ;  the  state  of 
being  engrossed  with  any  matter  to  the  e.xclu- 
sion  of  everything  else  ;  absence  of  mind :  as, 
a  fit  of  abstraction. 

Keep  your  hoods  about  the  face ; 
They  do  so  that  affect  abstraction  here. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 
The  tank  was  nearly  five  feet  deep,  and  on  several  occa- 
sions I  narrowly  escaped  an  involuntary  bath  as  I  entered 
my  room  in  moments  of  abstraction. 

O'DoTiovan,  Merv,  xi. 

5.  In  (listiUation,  the  separation  of  volatile 
parts  from  those  which  are  fi.\ed.  it  is  chiefly 
used  with  relation  to  a  fluid  tliat  is  repeatedly  poured 
upon  any  substance  in  a  retort  and  distilled  off,  to  change 
its  state  or  the  nature  of  its  composition. — Abstraction 
from  singulars  but  not  from  matter,  in  the  Scutist 
logic,  thr  di'MV^-e  of  abstraction  required  to  form  sudi 
a  concept  as  that  of  a  white  man,  where  we  cease  to 
think  of  the  individual  man,  but  yet  continue  to  attend 
to  the  color,  which  is  a  material  passion. —  Concrete 
abstraction,  ^ame  as  partial  ab.stracticn.—'Drnsiwe  ab- 
straction. Same  as  neyative  abstraction. — Formal  ab- 
straction, the  mental  act  of  abstraction,  as  distinguished 
from  tile  resulting  concept.— Intentional  abstraction, 
mental  alistraction ;  separation  in  fbouulit.  — Logical  ab- 
straction, that  process  of  ab.str;uti\i'  Ihoiiulit  \\  hiiji  pro- 
duces a  general  concept.— Mathematical  abstraction, 
the  act  of  thinking  away  color,  etc.,  so  as  t^  gain  I'ure  ge- 
ometrical conceptions.— Metaphysical  abstraction,  a 
process  of  abstraction  carried  furtlier  tliau  tlie  niatliemati- 
cal.— Minor  abstraction,  a  kind  of  abstraction  involved 
in  .'sensuous  pereepti according  to  the  Thomists.— Neg- 
ative abstraction,  separation  of  one  concept  from  an- 
other in  the  sense  of  denying  one  of  the  other.  — Objec- 
tive abstraction,  tlie  cnncept  produced  by  the  act  of  ab- 
stracting.-Partiatl  abstraction,  the  imagining  of  some 
sensible  thing  deprived  of  some  extensive  part,  as  a  man 
witliout  a  head. —  Physical  abstraction,  abstraction 
from  singulars:  that  '.'rade  of  abstraction  required  in 
physics.- Precisive  abstraction,  the  thinking  of  a  part 
of  a  comi>le>;  idea  to  tlir  u.'^lert  of  the  rest,  but  without 
denying  in  tliouglit  tliose  predicates  not  thought  of. — 
Real  abstraction,  the  real  separation  of  one  thing  from 
anotlii-r.  as  the  (supposed)  abstraction  of  the  soul  from  the 
boily  in  ecstasy. 

abstractional  (abrstrak'shon-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  abstraction.     H.  BiishncU. 

abstractionist  (ab-strak'shgn-ist),  n.  One  who 
occupies  himself  with  abstractions ;  an  ideal- 
ist ;  a  dreamer. 

The  studious  class  are  their  own  victims  :  .  .  .  they  are 
abstractionist.^,  and  spend  their  days  and  nights  in  dream- 
ing some  dream.  Emerson,  Montaigne. 

abstractitiousf  (ab-strak-tish'ns),  a.  [<  L.  as 
ii  'ah.'itractitius :  see  abstract,  i-.]  Abstracted 
or  drawn  ft-om  other  substances,  particularly 
from  vegetables,  without  fermentation.  Buihij. 

abstractive  (ab-stmk'tiv),  a.  [=  F.  abstractif, 
<  L.  as  if  *ubstractini.i,  <  abstractits,  pp. :  see 
abstract,  r.]  1.  Pertaining  to  abstraction; 
having  the  power  or  quality  of  abstracting. — 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  abstract, 
epitome,  or  summary. —  3t.  Abstraetitious. 
— Abstractive  cognition,  cognition  of  an  object  not  as 
present. 

The  names  given  in  the  schools  to  the  immediate  and 
mediate  cognitions  were  intuitive  and  abstractive,  meaning 
by  tlie  latter  term,  not  merely  what  we  with  them  call 
abstract  knowledge,  but  also  the  representations  of  con- 
crete objects  in  the  imagination  and  memory. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Lectures  on  Metaph.,  .xxiii. 

abstractively  (ab-strak'tiv-U),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
stractive manner ;  in  or  by  itself ;  abstractly. 
[Rare  or  obsolete.] 

That  life  which  abstractively  is  good,  by  accidents  and 
adherences  may  become  unfortunate. 

Fclthayn,  Kesolves,  li.  186. 

abstractiveness  (ab-strak'tiv-nes),  n.  The 
propcrtv  or  quality  of  being  abstractive, 
[liare.] 

abstractly  (ab'strakt-li),  adv.  In  an  abstract 
manner  or  state ;  absolutely ;  in  a  state  or  man- 


26 

ner  unconnected  vrith  anything  else  ;  in  or  by 
its(!lf:  as,  matter  «/w<r((«%  coii.sidered. 

abstractness  (ali'strakt-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quiility  oi  being  abstract;  a  state  of  being  in 
contemplation  only,  or  not  connected  with  any 
object :  as,  "  the  abstractness  of  the  ideas  them- 
selves," Locl;e,  Iluinau  Understanding. 

abstrahent  (ab'stra-hent),  a.  [<L.  abstra- 
/(P»(/-).v,  ppr.  of  ai'slraherc,  draw  away:  see 
abstract,  v.']  Abstract,  as  concepts ;  abstract- 
ing from  unessential  elements. 

abstrich  (ab'stiik  ;  G.  pron.  iip'strieh),  «.  [G., 
<  abstrciclicn,  wipe  off :  S(!e  ojf  and  strUcc.~\  Lit- 
erally, that  which  is  cleaned  or  scraped  off. 
Teclinieally,  in  metal.,  the  dark-brown  material  wliieli 
appears  on  the  surface  of  lead  in  a  cupeling-furnace,  and 
becomes  pure  litharge  as  the  process  goes  on.  Abzwj  is  a 
nearl>-  cijiiivalent  term. 

abstrictedt  (ab-strik'ted),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "ab- 
strictiis,  pp.  of  "abstringere:  see  abstrlnge  and 
strict.']    Unbound;  loosened.     Bailey. 

abstriction  (ab-strik'shgn),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *ab- 
strictin{n-),  (.'abstrictK.s,  pp.:    see  ahsirictcd.'] 

1.  The  act  of  mibinding  or  loosening.  [Obso- 
lete and  rare.]  —  2.  In  bot.,  a  method  of  cell- 
formation  in  some  of  the  lower  cryptogams, 
differing  from  ordinary  cell-division  in  the  oe- 
ciuTonee  of  a  decided  constriction  of  the  walls 
at  the  place  of  di\T.sion. 

abstringet  (ab-stiinj'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  as  if  "ah- 
strini/ere,  <  abs,  from,  +  strinyere,  bind :  see 
stringriit.J     To  unbind. 

abstrude  (ab-strod').  «'.  '• ;  pret.  and  pp.  ab- 
stnided,  ppr.  abstruding.  [<  L.  abstriidere,  throw 
away,  conceal,  <  abs,  away,  -t-  truilcrc,  thrust, 
push  (=E.  threaten,  q.  v.),  remotely  akin  to  E. 
thrust,  q.  v. :  see  also  abstruse.]  To  thrust 
away.    Bailey;  Johnson. 

abstruse  (ab-strijs'),  a.     [<  L.  alisirusus,  hid- 
den,  concealed,   pp.    of    abstrudere,    conceal, 
thrust  away:   see  abstrude.']      If.  Withdrawn 
from  view ;  out  of  the  way  ;  concealed. 
Hidden  in  the  most  abstruse  dungeons  of  Barbary. 

S/telton,  tr.  of  Don  QuLxote,  I.  iv.  15. 

2.  Kemote  from  comprehension;  difficult  to 
be  apprehended  or  imderstood ;  profound ;  oc- 
cult ;  esoteric  :  opposed  to  obvious. 

It  must  be  still  confessed  that  there  are  some  mys- 
teries in  religion,  both  natural  and  revealed,  as  well  as 
some  abstruse  points  in  philosophy,  wherein  the  wise  as 
well  as  the  unwise  must  be  content  with  obscure  ideas. 

Watts,  Logic,  iii.  4. 

The  higher  heathen  religions,  like  the  Egyptian  religion, 
Brahnianism,  and  Buddhism,  are  essentially  ahstnisc,  and 
only  capalile  of  being  intelligently  apprehended  by  specu- 
lative intellects.  Faitlis  of  the  World,  p.  349. 

abstrusely  (ab-stros'li),  adv.  In  an  abstruse 
or  recondite  manner;  in  a  manner  not  to  be 
easily  understood. 

abstruseness  (ab-stros'nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  abstruse,  or  difficult  to  be  mi- 
derstood ;  difficulty  of  apprehension. 

abstrusion  (ab-strii'zhon),  n.  [<  L.  abstrusio{H-), 
a  removing,  a  concealing,  <  abstrudere :  see  06- 
slnidc]     The  act  of  thrusting  away.     [Bare.] 

abstrusity  (ab-stro'si-ti),  n. ;  pi.  abstrusities 
(-tiz).  [<.  abstruse +  -ity.]  Abstruseness ;  that 
which  is  abstruse.     [Rare.] 

Matters  of  difficulty  and  such  which  were  not  without 
abstru.sitics.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vii.  13. 

absumet  (ab-siim'),  V.  t.'  [<L.  absHmere,  take 
away,  diminish,  oonsiune,  destroy,  <  ab,  away, 
+  suincrc,  take  :  see  assume.]  To  bring  to  an 
end  by  a  gradual  waste;  consume;  destroy; 
cause  to  disappear.     Boyle. 

absumptiont  (ab-sump'shon),  w.   [<  L.  absump- 
tio{n-),  a  consuming,  <  absumerc,  pp.  absumptus, 
consume:  see  ahsume.]     Decline;   disappear- 
ance; destruction. 
The  total  defect  or  absumption  of  religion. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Eccl.  Aug.  Susp. 

absurd  (ab-serd'),  o.  and  n.  l=:F.  absurde  = 
Sp.  Pg.'ubsurdo  =  lt.  assurdo,  <.  h.  absurdus, 
harsh-soiuiding,  inharmoniotis,  absurd ;  a  word 
of  disputed  origin:  either  (1)  'out  of  tune,'  <  ab, 
away,  from,  +  *surdus,  soiuiding,  from  a  root 
found  in  Skt.  ■\/ smr,  sotmd,  and  in  E.  (Gr.) 
siren,  q.  v. :  or  (l!)  <  ah-  (intensive)  +  surdus,  in- 
distinct, dull,  deaf,  >E.  surd,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  1. 
Being  or  acting  contrary  to  common  sense  or 
sound  judgment ;  inconsistent  with  common 
sense ;  ridiculous ;  nonsensical:  as,  an  ateHn? 
statement ;  absurd  conduct ;  an  absurd  fellow. 
There  was  created  in  the  minds  of  many  of  these  en- 
thusiasts a  pernicious  and  absurd  association  between 
intellectual  power  and  moral  depravity. 

Macaulay,  Moore's  Byron. 

Specifically  —  2.  In  logic  or  philos.,  inconsis- 
tent with  reason ;  logically  contradictory ;  im- 


abthanage 

possible:  as,  that  the  whole  is  less  than  the 
sum  of  its  parts  is  an  absurd  proposition;  an. 
absurd  hypothesis. 

It  would  be  absurd  to  measure  with  a  variable  stan- 
dard. II.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  44. 
=  Sya.  Absurd,  Silly,  Foolisli,  Stupid,  Irrational,  Un- 
reasoruible,  Preposteroiui,  inj'utuate<l,  ridiculous,  non- 
sensical, senseless,  incongi'uous,  unwise,  ill-judged,  ill- 
advised,  (^tie  foolisli. )  Foolisli,  absurd,  and  f/rcposterous 
imply  a  contradiction  of  common  sense,  rising  in  degree 
irom.l'iiolisft,  which  is  commonly  apiilied  where  the  con- 
tradiction i.s  small  or  trivial.  That  which  is  foolish,  is- 
characterized  by  weakness  of  mind,  and  provokes  our 
contenipt.  That  whicli  is  silly  is  still  weaker,  and  more 
conti-ruptible  in  its  lack  of  sense;  ttilly  is  the  extreme  in 
that  direction.  That  which  is  absurd  does  not  directly 
suggest  weakness  of  mind,  but  it  is  glaringly  opposed  to 
common  sense  and  reason  :  as,  that  athing  should  be  un- 
equal to  itself  is  al>surd.  That  which  is  jrreposterous  ia 
the  height  of  absurdity,  an  absurdity  as  conspieuoiLs  a» 
getting  a  tiling  wrong  side  before;  it  excites  amazement 
tliat  any  onesliould  be  capable  of  such  an  extreme  of  foolish- 
ness. That  wliieh  is  irrational  is  contrary  to  reason,  but 
not  especially  to  common  sense.  Unreasonable  is  more 
often  used  of  the  relation  of  men  to  each  other;  it  implies 
less  discredit  to  the  understanding,  but  more  to  the  will, 
indicating  an  unwillingness  to  confin-m  to  reason.  Irra- 
tional ideas,  conclusions  ;  unreasomiblcAemnwA?,,  assump- 
tions, people.  An  infatuated  person  is  .so  possessed  by  a 
misleading  idea  or  passion  that  his  thoughts  and  conduct 
are  controlled  by  it  and  turned  into  folly.  He  who  is 
stupid  appears  to  have  little  intelligence  ;  that  which  is 
stupid  is  that  which  would  bo  natural  in  a  person  whose 
powers  of  reasoning  are  defective  or  suspended. 
'Tis  a  fault  to  heaven, 
A  fault  against  the  dead,  a  fault  to  nature, 
To  reason  most  absurd.  Sliak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

From  most  sill^/  novels  we  can  at  least  extract  a  laugh  ; 
but  those  of  the  modern-antique  school  have  a  ponderous, 
a  leaden  kind  of  fatuity,  under  which  we  groan. 

George  Eliot,  Silly  Novels. 

How  wayward  is  this  foolish  love !    Shah. ,  T.  G.  of  V.,  i.  2, 

A  man  who  cannot  write  with  wit  on  a  proper  subject; 
is  dull  and  stupid.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  291. 

The  brave  man  is  not  he  who  feels  no  fear, 
For  that  were  stupid  and  irrational. 

Joanna  Baillie,  Basil. 

She  entertained  many  unreasonable  prejudices  against 
him,  before  she  was  acquainted  with  his  personal  worth. 

Addison. 

Though  the  error  be  easily  fallen  into,  it  is  manifestly 
preimsterous.  Is.  Taylor. 

The  people  are  so  infatuated  that,  if  a  cow  falls  sick,  it 

is  ten  to  one  but  an  old  woman  is  clapt  up  in  prison  for  it. 

Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

II.  n.  An  unreasonable  person  or  thing;  one 
who  or  that  which  is  characterized  by  unrea- 
sonableness; an  absurdity.     [Rare.] 

This  arch  absurd,  that  wit  and  fool  delights. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  i.  221. 

absurdity  (ab-ser'di-ti), ». ;  pi.  absurdities  (-tiz). 
l=V.  absurdite  =  Sp.  ab.<iurdidad  =  'Pg.  absurdi- 
dadc=:  It.  assurditd,  <  L.  absurdita{t-)s,  absur- 
dity, <  absurdus:  see  absurd.]  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  absm-d  or  inconsistent  with 
ob\aous  truth,  reason,  or  sound  judgment ;  want 
of  rationality  or  common  sense  :  as,  the  absur- 
dity of  superstition  ;  absurdity  of  conduct. 

The  absurdity  involved  in  exacting  an  inexorable  con- 
cealment from  those  who  had  nothing  to  reveal. 

De  Quincey,  Essenes,  ii. 
2.  That  which  is  absurd ;  an  absui-d  action, 
statement,  argument,  custom,  etc. :  as,  the 
absurdities  of  men;  your  explanation  involves 
a  gross  absurdity. 

And  this  absurdity  —  for  such  it  really  is  —  we  see  every 
day  —  people  attending  to  the  difficult  science  of  matters 
where  the  plain  practice  they  quite  let  slip. 

M.  Arnold,  Literature  and  Dogma,  xii. 
=  Syn.  1.  Absurdness,  silliness,  unreasonableness,  self- 
contradiction,  preposterousness,  inconsistency,    ^ee  folly. 

absurdly  (ab-serd'li),  adv.  In  an  absm-d  man- 
ner; in  a  manner  inconsistent  with  reason  or 
obvious  propriety. 

absurdness  (ab-serd'nes),?i.  Same  as  absurdity. 

abterminal  (ab-ter'mi-nal),  a.  [<  L.  ab.  from, 
+  ierniiiius,  end.]  From  the  terminus  or  end : 
applied  to  electric  cirrrents  which  pass  in  a 
muscular  fiber  from  its  extremities  toward  its 
center. 

abthain,  abthane  (ab'than),  n.  [Sc. ;  formerly 
also  sjielled  abthein,  abthen,  abthan,  abbathain, 
etc. ;  <  JIL.  abthania,  an  abbacy,  <  Gael,  ab- 
dhaiue,  an  abbacy.  The  origin  of  ML.  abthania 
not  being  known,  it  came  to  Ijc  regarded  as 
the  office  or  dignity  of  an  imaginary  abthanus, 
a  word  invented  by  Fordun,  itiid  explained  as 
'superior  thane,'  as  if  <  L.  ahliiis,  father  (see 
abbot),  +  ML.  thanus,  E.  thane]  1.  -An  abbacy 
(in  the  early  Scottish  chm-ch). —  2.  Errone- 
ously, a  superior  thane. 

abthainry,  abthanrie  (ab'than-ri),  n.  [Sc, 
<  abthain,  iibthant,  +  -ry.]  1.  The  territory  and 
jiuisdiction  of  an  alibot;  an  abbacy. —  2.  En-o- 
neously.  the  jurisdiction  of  the  supposed  ab- 
thain.    See  abthain,  2. 

abthanage  (ab'tha-naj),  n.   Same  as  abthainry. 


abncco 

abucco  (a-buk'ko),  n.  [A  native  term.]  A 
weight  nearly  equal  to  half  a  pound  avoirdu- 
pois, used  in  Burma. 

abulia  (a-bo'li-a),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a^ov?.ia,  Ul- 
advisedness,  thoughtlessness,  <  a3ov/.oc,  ill-ad- 
vised, thoughtless.  <  a-  priv.  -t-  ioi'/-?;,  advice, 
counsel.]  A  form  of  mental  derangement  iu 
which  volition  is  impaired  or  lost.  Also  written 
aboulia. 

abulomania  (a-bo-lo-ma'ni-a),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a.iui'/',r.  ill-ad\ised,  'thoughtless,  +  /iavia,  mad- 
ness.] Same  as  abulia.  Also  written  aboulo- 
maiiHi. 

abumbral  (ah-um'bral),   a.     Same  as  ahum- 

br.   far. 

abmnbrellar  (ab-um-brel'ar),  a.  [<L.  06,  from, 
+  NL.  umbrella,  the  disk  oi'  aealephs.]  Turned 
away  from  the  imibrella  or  disk :  applied  to 
the  sm-face  of  the  velum  or  marginal  ridge  of 
medusie  or  sea-blubbers,  and  opposed  to  (idum- 
brellar  (which  see). 

abnna  (a-bo'na),  «.  [Ethiopie  and  Ai-.  abu-na, 
our  father.  Cif.  a66a.]  The  head  of  the  Chiis- 
tiaii  iliiuch  in  Abyssinia.     See  Ahijssinian. 

abundance  (a-buu'dans),  ?i.  [<  ME.  abundance, 
hubuiitlaunce,  aboundancc  (see  ubouiidance), 
<0F.  abondance,  <.h.  abuiulaiitia,  abimdance, 
(.abuiulare,  abound:  see  abound.']  1.  A  copious 
supply  or  quantity ;  o  vei'Howing  plenteousness ; 
unrestricted  sufficiency :  strictly  applicable  to 
quantity  only,  but  sometimes  used  of  nuuiber : 
iks,  an  abundance  of  corn,  or  of  people ;  to  have 
money  in  great  abundance. 

By  reason  of  the  abinuiance  of  his  horses  their  dust 
shall  cover  thee.  Ezek.  xxW.  10. 

2.  Overflowing  fullness  or  affluence ;  repletion ; 
amplitude  of  means  or  resources. 

Out  of  the  abutuiance  of  the  heart  the  mouth  speaketh. 

Mat.  xii.  34. 

The  abuitdance  |of  Chaucer)  is  a  continual  fulness  within 
the  fixed  limits  of  good  taste  ;  that  uf  Langtauil  is  squan- 
dered in  overflow.  Loucll,  Study  W  indows,  p.  '2tK). 

-  Syn.   Knihertnicf,  Pro/ujtion,   etc.  (see  7^^e'n/y) ;  plen- 
teousness, plentifulne^.  pk-nitucle,  sufficiency,  copious- 
nes-s,  ampleness,  luxuriance,  .supply.     See  ajHuenee. 
abundancyt   (a-bun'dan-si),   n.     The  state  or 

ijuiility  of  being  abuutlaut. 
abundant  (a-ljun'dant),  a.  [<  ME.  abundant, 
hubiuidiint,  abdundant,  <  OF.  abondant,  liiibnii- 
duiit,  <  L.  abundan(l-)>i,  ppr.  of  abundurc,  over- 
flow: see  abound.]  1.  Plentiful;  present  iu 
great  quantity ;  fully  sufficient :  as,  an  abun- 
dant supply. 

Thy  (il/umtant  goodness  shall  excuse 
Tills  deadly  blot  iu  tliy  digressing  sun. 

Shak.,  Rich.  11.,  v.  S. 
The  history  of  our  species  is  a  history  of  tlie  evils  that 
have  flowed  from  a  source  as  tainted  as  it  is  abtmdant. 

lirou'jhain. 

2.  Possessing  in  great  quantity;  copiously  sup- 

Jdied ;  having  great  plenty;   abounding:  fol- 
owed  bv  in. 


The  lyjrd.  . 


abundant  in  goodness  niul  tnitli. 

Kx.  xxxiv. 


Abundant  definition.  Seei/yiii^ion.— Abundant  num- 
ber, in  arith.,  a  niutilier  the  sunt  uf  whoso  aliquot  parts 
exceeds  tht-  nuiiilter  itself.  Thus,  12  is  an  abundant 
numl>er,  for  the  .sum  of  its  allipiut  parts  (1  -(- 2 -t- y -f  4  -f  (1) 
U  16.  It  Is  i\\ns  distini:ulshcd  from  a  ■in'rftxt  number, 
which  U  upial  to  tlie  sum  of  all  Its  aliipiot  parts,  as 
0  l+Z-t-:i:  HI,. I  liMiu  I,  il.ii.-i.iii  number,  which  is 
gri-nl.T  tlinii  '  II  Its  iilic|Uot  parts,  as  14,  which 

U  in-'iilir  II  Syn.  ri.ntitul,  plenteous,  co- 

pious, ani|,l' ,  ■.  lavish.  ovirllowinK,  ricli,  lai-gc, 

(.Tt  :it    boTiMtiliii.  I.  .  imhu.    .'^•■e  aittjU^. 

abundantly  (ii-bun'dant-li),  adv.  Inaplentiful 

'.r  siiflicieiit  dc(.Ti'c;  fully;  amply;  pl«-iilifully. 
abune  (ii-t'<>n';  Scotch  jiroii.  a-biiii'j,  inlr.  inicl 

]'rij).     jfCiinlr.  <  MK.    ahurcn,     aboicn     (pron. 

a-li<i'vcn)j  <  A.S.  dimfan :  hoc  above.]     Above; 

iK-yond ;  in  ii  uTi-nt- 

fr  or  hiKhcr  il.  ■! .  . 

AK'i  wrlttcii  '  ' 

rH.-.,t,.|,.] 
aburbe  condita      li 

I-t'  !.•■        koii'ili  -' 
[L. ;    lit.,   from   iL 
city     r<iiin<lod :     rl,. 
frriiu ;    ttrbr.    nl-' 
urlift,    city;     Cm 
f*'rn.   pjt.  of  Clin-: 

{ml  loK''<h"-r,  eiitnli- 
lnh.J        IV.. rn       tli« 


fr>i)i. 
timt 
7,'.:i.  I 
th"!; 
iillv     . 
I.'l  .  I  . 

Aburria 

r.rigin.J 


cily, 
,li.r. 

Ill' .-.' 


^hurrfm  carumentati,. 


■  ■'  .   n.     [NL, ;   (if   8.  Amor. 
litis  uf  LiiuiiR,  of  irliich  the  typo 


26 

is  the  wattled  guan,  Penelope  abiirri  or  Aburria 
carunculata,  of  South  America.  Iteichenbach, 
1853. 

aburton  (a-ber'ton),  i>rep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  ((S  -I-  biirton :  "see  burton.]  Xaut'.,  placed 
athwartships  in  the  hold :  said  of  casks. 

abusable  (a-bti'za-bl),  a.  [<  abuse  +  -able.] 
L'apalilc  of  being  abused. 

abusaget  (a-bu'zaj),  n.     Same  as  abuse. 

abuse  (a-biiz'),  r.'  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abused,  ppr. 
abusinff.  [<ME.  abusen,  <  OF.  abuser  (F.  abu- 
ser), <  ML.  abusari,  freq.  of  L.  abiiti,  pp.  abusus, 
use  up,  consume,  misuse,  abuse,  <  ah,  from, 
mis-,  4-  uti,  use :  see  use,  v.]  1.  To  use  ill ;  mis- 
use ;  put  to  a  wrong  or  bad  use ;  divert  from 
the  proper  use;  misapply:  as,  to  « 6 use  rights 
or  pri\'ileges ;  to  abuse  words. 

They  that  use  this  world  as  not  abusing  it.  1  Cor.  vii.  31. 

The  highest  proof  of  virtue  is  to  possess  boundless 

power  without  abusinff  it.  ilacaulay,  Addison. 

2.  To  do  wrong  to ;  act  injvmously  toward;  in- 
jure ;  disgrace  ;  dishonor. 

I  swear,  'tis  better  to  be  much  abvs'd 

Than  l>ut  to  knowt  a  little.         Shale,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

Poor  soul,  thy  face  is  much  abused  with  tears. 

Shalf.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  ^^olate  ;  radish;  defile. —  4.  To  attack 
with  contumelious  language  ;  re-sHe. — 5.  To 
deceive ;  impose  on  ;  mislead. 

You  are  a  great  deal  abjised  iu  too  bold  a  persuasion. 
Sliali.,  Cymbeliue,  i.  5. 
Xor  be  with  all  these  tempting  words  abused. 

i'oj'e,  tr.  of  Ovid,  Sappho  to  Phaou,  1.  G7. 
It  concerns  all  who  think  it  worth  while  to  be  in  ear- 
nest with  their  inunortal  souls  not  to  abuse  themselves 
with  a  false  conlldence,  a  thing  so  easily  taken  up,  a?id 
so  hardly  laid  down.  South. 

-Syn.  1.  To  Abuse,  Misuse,  misapply,  misemploy,  per- 
vert, profane.  Abuse  and  misuse  are  closely  synonyninus 
terms,  but  mi^tse  conveys  more  paitictilaily  the  idea  of 
using  inappropriately,  abuse  that  of  treating  injuriously. 
In  general,  abuse  is  the  stronger  word. 

So  a  fool  is  one  that  hath  lost  bis  wisdom, . .  .  not  one 
that  wants  reason,  but  abuses  his  reason. 

Chamock,  Attributes. 
From  out  the  purple  grape 
Cru.shed  the  sweet  poison  of  mi.\-iised  wine. 

Milton,  Cumus,  1.  47. 
2.  To  maltreat,  ill-use,  injure.— 4.  To  revile,  reproach, 
\ilify,  rate,  berate,  vituperate,  rail  at. 
abuse   (a-bus').   «•     [=  F.  abus  =  8p.  Pg.  It. 
abii.so,  <  L.  abiisu.9,  a  using  up,  <  abuti,  pp.  abu.tu.<!, 
use  up,   misuse:   see   abuse,  r.]      1.  Ill  use; 
improper  treatment  or  emplojnuent ;  applica- 
tion  to   a  wrong  purpose  ;    improper   use   or 
application :  as,  an  abuse  of  our  natural  powers ; 
an  abuse  of  civil  riglits,  or  of  religious  privi- 
leges; «&tfsc  of  advantages  ;  afiHse  of  words. 
Perverts  l)est  things 
To  worst  abuse,  or  to  their  meanest  use. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  204. 

And  thus  be  bore  without  abuse 
The  grand  old  name  of  gentleman. 

Tenniison,  In  Memoriam,  ex. 

A  daring  abuse  of  the  liberty  of  conscience. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker. 

2.  Ill  treatment  of  a  person ;  injury ;  insult ; 
dishonor;  especially,  ill  treatment  in  words; 
contumelious  language. 

1.  dark  in  light,  exposed 
To  daily  fraud,  contempt,  abuse,  and  wrong. 

Millon,  S.  A.,  1.  70. 

3.  A  comipt  practice  or  custom  ;  an  offense  ; 
a  crime ;  a  fault :  as,  the  abuses  of  govern- 
ment. 

The  pour  abuses  of  the  time  want  countenance. 

.S'Aa*-.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  I.  2. 

It  abuses  be  not  remedied,  they  will  certainly  increase. 
.•iuift,  A.lv.  of  Itelig. 

4.  Violation  ;  defilement  :  as,  self -n/i«»e. —  5t. 

Deception. 

This  Is  a  strange  n&iue.—  bet's  sec  thy  face. 

.Shuk.,  M.  tor  M.,  v.  1. 

Is  It  scunc  iihiiKe.iir  no  such  thing?     ,Shak.,  llam.,iv.  7. 

Abuse  of  dlatreflfl,  in  taw,  UKf  of  an  nnlinal  or  chattel 
distralneil.  wlilib  iiiakes  the  disliiiimr  liable  to  prosnii- 
tlon  as  lor  wrongful  n|>proprhitl.ih.  Abuse  Of  process, 
lii/<ii/',  (fillntentlcjiial  Irregubuily  forllie)Mir]">»cor  gain- 
Ml).'  an  advantage  over  iini's  "ipporHiil.    0)   More  com- 

ily,  the  use  of  legal  pn «s  (It  may  be  In  a  manner 

i'.iir.allvreeular)foranlllegjil  pin  pose;  a  perverehinor  the 
I  1:i\v.  IIS  making  a  tiiioliiii]  comphilnt  nu-n-ly  to 
..!.!.  Ill  1.1  a  ilebl,  or  «;,iit,, lily  selling  very  valiui- 

vx'utlnnliioi.i.  I  i.,i,,||ectalrining  kimii. 

!<  '   perversion.  )>t..t:iiiiit{on,  primtltiillon. 

'■'•  x,  luattreatiti.  III.  outrage;  vituperation, 

..I  •  ling,  reviling,  ii  |.<  tslon,  ulnnder,  obloi|U>. 

(■H4H'    ./.,.,/,„-.,        ••4t,UM     ,IM    I luiri'd     with     IHIVWIIV      Is 

mure  p<  rsoiuil  iind  loano,  heim.^  ...nveyid  In  hanib  and 
iiniH'eiiily  tenns  an, I  dlctnUil  l.>  luiury  (eellng  nnil  hitler 
lempiT,  /uivr/irv  Is  more  eoiiMu..ui\  iilnii'd  nt  clmnuter 
or  rondiiet,  iitiil  may  lio  ronvi'>..|  In  writing  and  In  ir 
flUMi  langllngi',  and  illctMWd  by  Irnllgnatlon  nHalmtt  wbnt 
in  In  ItMiU  blainuworlhy.  It  often,  huwoviir,  moans  public 


abut 

abuse  under  such  restraints  as  are  imposed  by  position 
and  education."    C.  J.  Smith. 

abuseful  (a-bus'ful),  a.  Using  or  practising 
abuse  ;  abusive.     [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

The  abii.-<e/ul  names  of  hereticks  and  scbisinaticks. 

Bp.  Bartow,  Heuiains,  p.  397. 

abuser  (.^-bii'zer),  n.     1.  One  who  abuses,  in 
speech  or  behavior  ;  one  who  deceives. 
Next  thou,  th'  abuser  of  thy  prince's  ear. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  Sophy. 

2.  A  ravisher. 

That  vile  abuser  of  young  maidens. 

I'lctchcr,  Kaitbful  Sbep.,  v.  1. 

abusiont  (a-bii'zhon),  )(.  [<  ME.  abu.min,  <  OF. 
abusiou  =  Pi:  n6»-i«  =  Sp.  abusiuii  =  J'g.  abitsao 
=  It.  abusione,  <  L.  abusio{u-),  misuse,  in  rhet. 
catachresis,  <  oiH^f,  pp.  abiisiis,  misuse:  see 
abuse,  c]  1.  Misuse;  evil  or  corrupt  usage; 
%aolatiou  of  right  or  propriety. 
Redress  the  abusions  and  exactions. 

Act  o.f  Pari.  No.  x.\.\iii.  (23  Hen.  VIII.). 
Shame  light  on  bim.  that  through  so  false  illusion. 
Doth  tunic  the  name  of  Souldiei-s  to  aintsion. 

Spenser,  .Mother  Hub,  Tale,  1.  220. 

•2.  Reproachful  or  contumelious  language ;  in- 
sult.—  3.  Deceit;  illusion. 

They  speken  of  magic  and  abusion. 

Chancer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1. 110. 

abusive  (a-liii'siv),  a.  [=  F.  abusifz=  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  iihusini,  <  L.  abuskus,  misapplied,  improper, 
iabuti,  pp.  abusus,  tmaw&e  :  see  abuse,  r.]  1. 
Practising  abuse;  using  liarsh  words  or  ill 
treatment:  as,  an  h^h.v/ re  author;  an  ((iK.sv'rc  fel- 
low.—  2.  Characterized  by  or  containing  abuse; 
marked  by  contumely  or  ill  use ;  harsh ;  ill- 
natured  ;  injurious. 

An  abusive,  scurrilous  stylo  passes  for  satire,  and  a  dull 
scheme  uf  party  notions  is  called  tine  writing. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  12.^. 
One  from  all  Grub-street  will  my  fame  defend. 
Ami.  more  abusiix,  calls  bimself  my  frieiul. 

J'i'pe,  Prol.  to  Satires,!.  112. 

3.  Marked  by  or  full  of  abuses;  corrupt:  as, 
an  abusirc  exercise  of  power. 

.\  very  extensive  and  zealous  party  was  formed  [in 
France  I,  which  acquired  the  appellation  uf  tile  Patriutic 
paityj^  wlio,  sensible  of  the  abu.\-iiv  government  under 
which  they  lived,  sighed  for  occasions  of  reforming  it. 

Jejjerson,  Autobiog.,  p.  56. 

4t.  Misleading,  or  tending  to  mislead ;  employed 
by  misuse ;  improper. 

In  describing  these  battles,  I  am,  for  distinction  sake, 
necessitated  to  use  the  word  Parliament  improperly,  ac- 
cording to  the  abusive  acception  thereof  for  these  latter 
years.  Fuller,  Worthies,  I.  xviii. 

-Syn.  1  and  2.  Insolent,  insulting,  ulTcnsive,  scurrilous, 
liliiild,  icproacliftil,  opprobrious,  reviling. 

abusi'vely  (a-bu'si\-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  abusive 
manner;  rudely;  reproachfully. —  2t.  Improp- 
erly; by  misuse. 

Words  being  carelessly  and  abnsiveUt  lulmitted,  and  as 
inconstantly  rctaineii.      Glanville,  Van.  uf  Dugniat.,  xvii. 

abusiveness  (a-Viu'siv-ncs),  n.  The  quality  of 
bciiii,'  abusive:  riuloness  of  language,  or  vio- 
lence to  the  person  ;  ill  usage. 

abut  (a-buf),  r. ;  )iret.  an<l  pp.  abutted,  ppr. 
aliuttiuij.  [<  ME.  ahuttrii,  (ilu)uteii,  <.OV.  abou- 
lir,  abultr,  abut  (F.  abonter,  join  end  to  eiul),  < 
a,  to,  +  bout,  hut,  end;  cf.  OF.  hulrr,  F.  Iwiiter, 
thrust,  pusli,  Initi :  sec  butt^,  Tlic  mod.  F.  abou- 
tir,  arrive  at,  tend  to,  eiul  in,  ilcpcnds  in  most 
of  its  senses  upou  bout,  an  end,  though  strictly 
it  rejiri'scMts  the  OF.  abouter,  iu  the  sense  of 
'thrust  toward.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  touch  at 
the  end;  lie  contiguous;  join  ut  a  border  or 
boundary;  teriniuate;  rest:  with  oh,  iiiioii,  or 
aijaiust  bel'iire  llie  object:  ns,  his  land  abuts 
Ujuni  iiiine;  the  hn\\t\\u;z  abuts  ou  the  highway; 
the  bridge  abuts  ai/iiiiist  the  solid  rock. 

Whosf  high  ujireareil  and  abuttintj  fronts 
Tlie  perilous,  narrow  ocean  parts  nsimder. 

Shak.,  lien.  V.,  1.  (cllo.). 
.■^team  Is  {'(mstantly  issuing  in  jets  froni  the  bottom  of  a 
small  ravine-like  hollow,  which  has  no  evil,  and  which 
nttutH  ai.iain.Kt  a  range  uf  (nicliytic  nuumliiiiis. 

liurwiii,  (b'lil.  ohscrvations,  1.  2. 
In  the  last  resort  all  these  questions  of  ])hysical  specu- 
lation abut  uimn  a  metaphysical  queslion. 

iV.  K.  ('lijlard,  beetures,  I.  248. 

The  Inslruus  splendor  of  (he  walls  nluiltinq  ti;»om  the 

(irand  I'aiml.  I).  It.  Milrhill.  lloiiml  Together,  11. 

2.  In  sliip-buiUlinii,  same  us  bull^,  "A.^  Abutting 
owner,  an  owner  of'  lumt  wlili-li  abuts  or  joins.  Thus, 
Ihe  owner  of  bind  bounded  by  a  bigbway  or  river  or  by  n 
tract  of  land  lii'loiiglng  to  anotlu'i-  iierson,  Is  saiil  hi  refor- 
eni-e  to  (be  bitter  to  be  all  iiliiillnfi  oirner.  'Die  term 
usually  Iniplb's  that  the  relative  purls  iictnally  aii)oln, 
but  Is  soiiii-llmcs  loosely  used  tvillioiil  lnil>l.\iiig  more 
than  close  piovimlty.  Abutting  liower  (in  an  iictlvo 
sense),  llie  ability  of  iiM  iiblllmelit  I.,  r.  sist,  the  thrust  or 
strain  of  (lie  tuib,  gas.  Iliild,  etr  ,  pt<  sslng  or  reacting 
against  It       Abuttll^  Jolut.    Hce  uf;u( incut,  2  (lij  (2), 


abut 

II.  trims.  To  cause  to  terminate  against  or 
in  contiguity  with ;  project,  or  cause  to  im- 
pinge upon. 
Sometimes  shortened  to  hut. 
Abutilon  (a-bu'ti-lon),  »i.  [NL.,  <  Ar.  auhutilfm, 
a  name  given  by  Avieenna  to  this  or  an  allied 
geims.]  A  genus  of  polypetalous  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Malcaccu;  including  over  70  species 
distributed  thi'ough  the  warmer  regions  of  the 
globe.  They  are  vilen  very  ornamental,  and  several 
species  (.1.  striatiiin,  vcuonuin,  iu^igne,  etc.)  are  frequent 
in  gardens  and  gi-eenhouses.  Some  Indian  species  fur- 
nish tiller  for  ropes,  and  in  Brazil  the  Howers  of  A.  escu- 
h'ntum  are  used  as  a  vegetable. 
abutment (a-but'ment),H.  l<(ihiif  +  -ment.']  1. 
The  state  or  condition  of  abutting. —  2.  That 

which  abuts  or  borders  on  some- 

thiugolse;  the  part  abutting  or 
abutted  upon  or  against.  Spe- 
cillcally  —  (a)  Any  body  or  surface  de- 
signed to  resist  the  thrust  or  reaction 
of  any  material  structure,  -^-apor,  gas, 
or  liiiiiitl  that  may  press  upon  it;  par- 
ticularly, in  (tirft.,  the  piutiouof  a  pier 
or  otiier  structure  that  receives  the 
thrust  of  an  arch  or  vault ;  in  engin., 
the  terminal  mass  of  a  bridge,  usually 
of  masonry,  which  receives  the  thrust 
of  an  arch  or  the  end-weight  of  a  truss: 
in  distinction  from  a  pier,  which  car- 
ries intermediate  points;  a  stationary  wedge,  block,  or 
sui'face  against  which  water,  gas,  or  steam  may  react,  as 
in  a  rotary  pump  or  engine  ;  the  lower  part  of  a  dock  or 
bridge-pier  designed  to  resist  ice  or  cunents  in  a  stream, 
etc.  .See  bridge  and  impost.  (Jt)  In  carp.:  (1)  The  slioulder 
of  a  joiner's  plane  between  which  and  the  plane-liit  the 
wedge  is  driven.  E.  //.  Knight.  (2)  Two  pieces  of  wood 
placed  together  with  the  grain  of  each  at  a  right  angle 
with  the  other.  Their  meeting  forms  an  abutting  joint. 
Sometimes  shortened  to  hutment. 


Abutment. 

A,   A,    arcli.abut- 

nienfs :  B.  £,  current- 

or  ice.abuttiients. 


•but'ment-kran),   n.     [< 
A  hoisting-crane  or  der- 


Abutment-crane. 
A,  lattice  post  of  building  :  B,  rolled 
I-beam ;  C,  wooden  abutment  fastened 
to  B;   D,  stay-bolt  holding    C.    C  to 
beam  B. 


abutment -crane   (a 

abutment  +  crane,  2.] 
rick  used  in  build- 
ing piers,  tovrers, 
chimneys,  etc.  It 
stands  at  the  edge  of  a 
I)latform  restiugouthe 
top  of  the  work,  and 
may  be  gi'adually 
raised  as  the  work  pro- 
ceeds. 

abuttal  (a-but'al), 
n.  That  part  of  a 
piece  of  land  which 
abuts  on  or  is  con- 
tiguous to  another; 
a  boundary;  line  of 
contact:  usedmost- 
ly  in  the  plural. 

abutter  (a-but'er), 
// .  <_)ue  whose 
property  abuts : 
as,  the  ahutters  on 
the  street. 

abutua  (a-bu'tu-a),  ».  The  native  Brazilian 
name  of  the  root  of  a  tall  woody  menisper- 
maeeous  climber,  Chondrodendron  iomentosum, 
known  in  eommei'ce  tmder  the  Portuguese 
name  oi  pareira  brava  (which  see).  Also  called 
hutua. 

abuyt  (a-bi').  I'-  '•  [A  more  consistent  spelling 
of  fli//l,  which  is  composed  of  o-l  antl  6h(/.] 
To  pay  the  penalty  of. 

MTien  a  holy  man  ahnys  so  dearly  such  a  slight  frailty, 
of  a  credulous  nnstaking,  what  shall  become  of  oiu-  hei- 
nous and  presumptuous  sins  ? 

Bp.  Hall,  .Seduced  Prophet  (Ord.  JIS.). 

abuzz,  abuz  (a-buz'),  jjrq).  pJir.  as  adr.  or  a. 
[<«3,  j))rj>.,on,+  6H--,  ».]  Buzzing;  filled  with 
buzzing  sounds. 

The  court  was  all  astir  ami  abuzz, 

Dickens,  Tale  of  Two  Cities,  ix. 

abvacuationt  (ab-vak-u-a'shon),  n.  [<L.  ah, 
ivova,  +  vacuatio{n-):  seeahei]acuation.'\  Same 
as  abevacuation. 

abvolation  (ab-vo-la'shou),  «.  [See  ai-olation.'] 
The  act  of  flying  from  or  away.     [Rare.] 

abylf  (a-bi'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  abought  or 
(ibied,  ppr.  ahying.  [<  ME.  iihiint,  abien,  abyg- 
gcii,  abuggen,  etc.  (pret.  abougliic),  <AS.  dbyc- 
gini,  pay  for,  buy  off,  <  «-  +  bi/cgan,  buy:  see 
0-1  and  huij.}  To  give  or  pay  an  equivalent 
for ;  pay  the  penalty  of  ;  atone  for ;  suffer  for. 
-Also  spelled  abye  and  abuy. 

Ye  shul  it  decre  abeye.     Chancer,  Doctor's  Tale,  1.  100. 

My  lord  has  most  justly  sent  me  to  abye  the  conse- 
quences of  a  fault,  of  \vhicii  he  is  as  innocent  as  a  sleeping 
man's  dreams  can  be  of  a  waking  man's  actions. 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  xv, 

aby^t  (a-bi'),  r.  i.  [A  comipt  form  of  ohidc'^, 
througfi  influence  of  <(i//l.  Cf .  abided,  suffer  for, 
a  corrupt  form  of  c(i//l,  through  influence  of 
abided,  continue.]     To  hold  out ;  endure. 


27 

But  nought  that  wanteth  rest  can  long  abv. 

Spenser,  V.  i.}.,  III.  vii.  3. 

Abyla  (ab'i-lii),  n.  [NL. ;  prob.  after  Abyla 
(Ur.  'Ajil'X?/),  a  promontory  in  Africa  opposite  the 
liock  of  txibraltar.]  A  genus  of  calycophoran 
oceanic  hydrozbaus  of  the  family  Dipltyidic. 
(iuoy  and  Guimard.  Also  called  Ahylcs.  See 
cut  under  dipliysooid. 

abymet,  ".     Same  as  abysm. 

abysmt  (a-bizm'),  n.  [<  OF.  abisme (latcrabime, 
F.  abinic)  =  Fr.  ubiume  =  Sp.  Pg.  abismo,  < 
ML.  "abissimus,  a  superl.  form  of  ML.  ahin- 
sus,  <  L.  abyssus,  an  abyss:  see  abyss.  The 
spelling  abysm  (with  y  instead  of  i)  is  sophisti- 
cated, to  bring  it  nearer  the  Greek.]  A  gulf  ; 
an  abyss:  as,  ''the  abysm  of  hell,"  Shak.,  A. 
and  C,  iii.  11. 

abysmal  (a-biz'mal),  a.    [(.abysm  +  -al;  =  Sp. 
fg.  abismal.']     1.  t'ertaining  to  an  abyss;  bot- 
tomless ;  profoimd ;  fathomless ;  immeasurable, 
let  me  hear  thy  voice  through  this  deep  and  black 
Abysmal  night.  Whittier,  !My  Soul  and  I. 

The  .  .  .  Jews  were  struck  dumb  with  abysmal  ten-or. 
Merimle,  Hist.  Rom.,  \.  410. 

Specifically  —  2.  Pertaining  to  great  depths  in 
the  ocean:  thus,  species  of  plants  found  only 
at  great  depths  are  called  abysmal  species,  and 
also  aliyxxal  (which  see). 

abysmally  (a-biz'mal-i),  adv.  Unfathomabl}'. 
George  Eliot. 

abyss  (a-bis'),  n.  [<L.  abyssus,  ML.  abissiis{'> 
Pg.  It.  abisso),  a  bottomless  gulf,  <6r.  a(ivaaoQ, 
without  bottom,  <a-priv.  +  jSvaad^,  depth,  akin 
to  l^vdoc  and  /3afof,  depth,  <  jdadbg,  deep:  see 
bathos.']  1 .  A  bottomless  gulf ;  any  deep,  im- 
measurable space ;  anything  profound  and  un- 
fathomable, whether  literally  or  figuratively; 
specifically,  hell ;  the  bottomless  pit. 

Some  liiboured  to  fathom  the  abysses  of  metaphysical 
theology.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

2.  In  her.,  the  center  of  an  escutcheon;  the 
fesse-point. 
abyss  (a-bis')>  v.  t.    [<  abyss,  m.]    To  engulf. 

The  drooping  sea-weed  hears,  in  night  ahyssed. 
Far  and  more  far  the  wave's  receding  shocks. 

Lowell,  Sea-weed. 

abyssal  (a-bis'al),  a.  1.  Eelating  to  or  like  an 
abyss;  abysmal. —  2.  Inhabiting  or  belonging 
to  the  depths  of  the  ocean:  as,  an  abyssal  mol- 
lusk. 

Both  classes  of  animals,  the  pelagic  and  the  abyssal, .  .  . 
possess  tlie  feature  of  phosphorescence. 

The  American,  V.  285. 
Abyssal  zone,  in  pkys.  geog.,  the  lowest  of  eight  biolog- 
ical zones  into  which  Professor  E.  Forbes  divided  the 
bottom  of  the  -Egean  sea  when  describing  its  plants  and 
animals ;  the  zone  furthest  from  the  shore,  and  more  than 
105  fathoms  deep. 

Abyssinet,  «•  and  n.  [Also  Abissine,  Ahassine; 
as  a  noun,  usually  in  pi.  Abyssiiies,  etc.,  =  F. 
Abyssins  =  Sp.  Abisinios  =  Pg.  Abexiiis ;  <  ML. 
Abissini,  Abaxsini,  Abyssinians  (>  Abissinia, 
Abassinia,  Abyssinia),  <  Abassia,  <  Ar.  Ilabasha, 
Abys.sinia,  Ilubash,  an  Abyssinian,  said  to  have 
reference  to  the  mixed  composition  of  the  peo- 
ple, <  habash,  mixtiu-e.  The  natives  call  them- 
selves Itiopyavan,  their  country  Itiopia,  i.  e., 
Ethiopia.]     Same  as  Abyssinian. 

Abyssinian  (ab-i-sin'i-an),  a.  and  h.  [<  Abys- 
sine  (Abyssinia)  +  -ian.}  I.  a.  Belonging  to 
Abyssinia,  a  coimtry  of  eastern  Africa,  lying 
to  the  south  of  Nubia,  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II.  " .  1 .  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Abys- 
sinia. Specifically — 2.  Amember  of  the  Abys- 
sinian Church.  This  church  was  organized  about  the 
middle  of  the  fourth  century  by  Frmnentius,  a  missionary 
from  Alexandria.  In  doctrine  it  is  Monophysite  (which 
see).  It  observes  the  Jewish  Sabbath  together  with  the 
Christian  .Sunday,  forbids  eating  the  flesh  of  unclean 
beasts,  retains  as  an  object  of  worship  the  model  of  a  sa- 
cred ark  called  the  ark  of  Zion,  practises  a  form  of  cir- 
cumcision."aiHl  celebrates  a  yearly  feast  of  lustration,  at 
which  all  the  people  are  rebaptized.  The  Abyssinians 
honor  saints  and  ]iietin-es,  but  not  images;  crosses,  but  not 
crucifixes.  Pontius  Pilate  is  accounted  by  them  a  saint 
because  he  washed  his  hands  of  innocent  blood.  The 
priests  may  be  married  men,  but  may  not  marry  after  or- 
dination. The  aliuna,  or  head  of  the  Abyssinian  Church, 
is  appointed  by  the  ijatriarch  of  Alexandria. 

abzug  (ab'zog;  G.  pron.  iip'tsoeh),  n.  [G.,  < 
alKiehcn,  draw  off,  <ab-,  =  E.  off,  -t-  Ziehen,  re- 
lated to  E.  tiig  and  toicl.]  In  metal,  the  first 
scum  ax^pearing  on  the  sm-face  of  lead  in  the 
cupel.  Nearly  equivalent  to  ahstrich  (which 
see). 

act,  n .  [Early  ME.  ttc,  <  AS.  dc,  oak :  see  oak.'\  The 
early  form  of  oak,  preserved  (through  the  short- 
ening of  the  vowel  before  two  consonants)  in 
certain  place-names  (whence  surnames) :  as, 
Acttin   [<  AS.  ActUn],    literally,   oak-to-wn,   or 


acacio 

dwelling  among  the  oaks;  Acley  or  Ackley, 
also  Oakley  [<AS.  Acted'],  literally,  oak-lea. 

ac-.  A  prefix,  assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  c 
and  r/,  as  in  accede,  acquire,  etc.;  also  an  ac- 
commodated form  of  other  prefixes,  as  in  «c- 
rurse,  aceloy,  accumbcr,  etc.    See  these  words. 

-ac.  [=  F.  -aq\w,  <L.  -ac-ns,  Gr.  -nKur:  .see  -ic] 
An  adjoctivc-suilix  of  Greek  or  Latin  origin,  as 
in  cardiac,  maniac,  iliac,  etc.  It  is  alwa.vs  pre- 
ceded by  -i-  and,  like  -ic,  may  take  the  addi- 
tional suflix  -al. 

A.  C.  An  abbreriation  of  (1)  Latin  ante  Chris- 
tum, before  Christ,  used  in  chronology  in  the 
same  sense  as  B.  C. ;  (2)  army-corps. 

acacia  (a-ka'shiii),  «.  [=  Sj).  Pg.  It.  D.  acacia 
=  G.  acacie,  <L.  acacia,  <Gr.  (mania,  a  thorny 
Egyjitian  tree,  the  acacia,  appar.  reduplicated 
from  *y/  ciK,  seen  in  amc,  a  point,  thorn,  a/i;),  a 
point,  L.  acutus,  sharp,  acns,  needle,  etc. :  see 
acute.']  1.  [cap.]  Ageuusof  shrubby  or  arbore- 
ous plants,  natm'al  order  Leguminosw,  suborder 
Mimosece,  natives  of  the  wann  regions  of  both 
hemispheres,  especially  of  Australia  and  Africa. 
It  numbers  about  430  species,  and  is  the  largest  genus  of 
the  order,  excepting  Astragalus.  It  is  distinguished  by 
small  regular  flowers  in  globose  heads  or  "cylindrical 
spikes,  and  very  niimerous  free  stamens.  The  leaves  are 
bipinnate,  or  in  very  many  of  the  Australian  species  are 
reduced  to  phyllodia,  with  their  edges  always  vertical. 
Several  species  are  valuable    for  the  gum  which  they 


Acacia  Aralrtca. 

exude.  The  bark  and  pods  are  frequently  used  in  tan- 
ning, and  the  aqueous  extract  of  the  wood  of  some  Indian 
species  forms  the  catechu  of  commerce.  Many  species 
furnish  excellent  timber,  and  many  others  |ire  cultivated 
for  ornament—  A.  Farnesiana  both  for  ornament  and  for 
the  perfume  of  its  flowers. 

2.  Aplant  of  the  genus  Acacia. —  3.  The  popu- 
lar name  of  several  jjlants  of  other  genera. 
The  green-barked  acacia  of  Arizona  is  Parkiiisonia  Tor- 
reyana.  False  and  bastard  acacia  are  names  sometimes 
applied  to  the  locust-tree,  liobinia  Pseudacacia.  The  rose 
or  bi-uitly  acacia  is  Ilofnnia  -Idspida.  The  name  three- 
t/wrned  acacia  is  sometimes  given  to  the  honey-locust,  Gte- 
ditschia  triacantha, 

4.  In  med.,  the  inspissated  juice  of  several 
species  of  Acacia,  popularly  kno'wn  as  gum  ara- 
ble (which  see,  imder  gum-). —  5.  A  name  given 
by  antiquaries  to  an  object  resembling  a  roll 
of  cloth,  seen  in  the  hands  of  consuls  and  em- 
perors of  the  Lower  Emijire  as  represented  on 
medals.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  unfurled  by  them 
at  festivals  as  a  signal  for  the  games  to  begin. 

Acacian  (a-ka'shian),  n.  [The  proper  name 
Acacius,  Gr.  'Ai:aKioc,  is  equiv.  to  Innocent,  <Gr. 
dxa/cof, innocent,  guileless:  see  acaei/.}  In  eccles. 
hist.,  a  member  of  a  sect  or  school  of  moderate 
Aiians  of  the  fourth  centujy,  named  Acacians 
from  their  leader,  Acacius,  "bishop  of  Csesarea. 
Some  of  the  Acacians  maintained  that  the  .Son,  though 
similar  to  the  Father,  was  not  the  same  ;  others,  that  he 
was  both  distinct  and  dissimilar.  As  a  body  they  Anally 
accepted  the  >'icene  doctrine. 

acacia-tree  (a-ka'shia-tre),  n.  A  name  some- 
times applied  to  the  false  acacia  or  locust-tree, 
Eobinia  Fseudacacia. 

acacin,  acacine  (ak'a-sin),  «.  [<  acacia  +  -in^, 
-ine-.]     Gum  araliie.     Watt^. 

acacio  (a-ka'shio),  n.  [A  form  of  acajou,  ap- 
par. a  siinulation  of  acacia,  witli  which  it  has 
no  connection.]     Same  as  acajou,  3. 


*acacia^  <  Gr. 


acacy 

acacyf  (ak'a-si),  n.      [<  L.  as  if  . 

aKaiSa,  guiJelessness,<  QxaKof,  iimoeout,  <  o-pnv. 
+  (co/v'j;,  bad.]  Freedom  from  maiice.  Bailey. 
Academe  cak'a-dem),  n.  [<L.  acudemia :  see 
acadcmii-']  1.  The  giore  and  gyimiasium  near 
Athenswhere  Plato  taught:  the  Academy;  fig- 
uratively, any  plave  of  similar  cliaracter. 
The  softer  Adams  of  your  Academe. 

Tennyson,  rrincess,  u. 

Henee— 2.  [?.<•.]  An  academy ;  a  place  for  phil- 
osophic and  literary  intercourse  or  instruction. 
Nor  hath  lair  Europe  her  vast  hounds  throughout 
An  academe  of  note- 1  found  not  out.  Howell. 

academial  (ak-a-de'mi-al),  a.    Pertaining;  to  an 
acK.l.mv:  academical.     Johnson.     [Bare.] 
academiant  (ak-a-de'mi-an),  n.  Amember  of  an 
academy ;  a  student  in  a  university  or  college. 
That  new-discarded  academian. 

Margton^  Scourge  of  Vill.,  iL  C. 

academic  (ak-a-dem'ik),  a.  anAn.  [=F.  aca- 
dcmiqiie  =  Si>.  Pg.  acadcmieo  =  lt.  accademico, 
<  L.  (uadeniicus,  <  Gr.  '.KKai^rifietKci^,  pertaining  to 
the  '.UaSr/finta:  see  academy.']  I.  a.  1.  IcaiJ.] 
Pertaiuing  to  the  Academy  of  Athens,  or  to 
Plato  and  his  followers,  from  his  having  taught 
there:  as,  the  Academic  groves;  the  Academic 
school  or  philosophy. — 2.  Pertaining  to  an  ad- 
vanced institution  "of  learning,  as  a  college,  a 
university,  or  an  academy;  relating  to  or  con- 
nected with  higher  education:  in  this  and  the 
following  senses  often,  and  in  the  third  gener- 
ally, wiittea  academical :  as,  acarftiHic  studies; 
an  academical  degree. 

Tliese  pro<lucts  of  dreaming  indolence  ...  no  more 
constituted  a  literature  than  a  succession  of  academic 
studies  from  the  pupils  of  a  royal  institution  can  consti- 
tute a  school  of  fine  arts.  De  Qitincey,  Style,  iii. 

3.  ,,  . 

or  imiversitv  which  is  concerned  with  classi- 


28 


acanthaceous 

heterogeneous  group  now  broken  up  or  retained 
in  a  much  modified  and  restricted  sense.  See 
Acaleph(V.  The  leading  genem  of  Cuvierian  acalepha 
were  Medn.^a,  Ciianea,  Jihizontoma,  Axtnma,  Berve,  and 
Ce.<tnni.  coinposiui;:  the  Acalepha  mmplicia.  with  Physalia, 
Phiif^i'I'hora,  and  Diphyen,  constituting  the  Acalepha  htj- 
draslutfen. 


[cap."]  An  Academic  philosopher. —  2.  Amem- 
ber of  or  a  student  in  an  academy. 
academy  (a-kad'e-mi),  H. ;  pi.  academies  (-miz). 
[<F.  academic  =  Sy.  Pg.  academia  =  It.  acca- 
demiii,  <  L.  academhi,  sometimes  acadctnia,  <  Gr. 

'AKadijuaa,    less    properly   IKmdrjiiia,   a    plot   of     ^._ 

ground  in  the  subiu'bs  of  Athens,  <  'A^uiS'/uof,  Acalephae  (ak-a-le'fe),  n.  pi.     [XL.  (sing,  aca- 

L.Jc«(/t"H(H.s,  a  reputed  hero  (&(if).]    1.   [cap.]     ■-  '    ■  '"       ■■•>--    ^^'-    -i^ _i.— i. 

Originallv,  a  public  pleasm-e-gi-omid  of  Athens, 
consecrated  to  Athene  and  other  deities,  con- 
taining a  grove  and  gymnasium,  where  Plato 
and  his  followers  held  theii-  ijhilosophical  con- 
ferences ;  lience,  Plato  and  his  followers  col- 
lectively; the  members  of  the  school  of  Plato. 
The  Aeadenui.  which  lasted  from  Plato  to  Cicero,  consisted 
of  several  distinct  schools.  Their  number  is  v.^iously 
given.  Cicero  recognized  only  two,  the  old  and  the  neiv 
Academies,  and  this  dirision  has  been  generally  adopted; 
others,  however,  distinguish  as  many  as  five  Academies. 

Had  the  poor  vulgar  rout  only  been  almsed  into  such 
idolatrous  superstitions,  as  to  adore  a  marble  or  a  golden 
deity,  it  might  not  so  much  he  wondered  at ;  but  for  the 
Academy  io  o^vn  such  a  pai-adox,^   ""  


-tills  was  without  eX' 
case.  South,  Sermons,  11.  245. 

2.  A  superior  school  or  institution  of  learning. 
Specifically— (n)  A  school  for  instruction  in  a  particular 


lejiliii  \<,Gr.  aKah'ifi/,  a  nettle,  also  a  mollusk 
{Urtica  nuiriini)  which  stings  like  a  nettle.] 
A  name  given  to  a  large  number  of  marina 
animals  included  in  the  subkiugdom  Coelente- 
ratd,  and  represented  chiefly  by  the  Alcdirndte 
and  their  allies,  iu  popular  language  known  as 
sea-nettles,  sea-blubbers,  jelly-fish,  etc.  other 
forms  once  included  under  it  :U'e  the  Dijscophora  and  Lucer- 
jmrafa  (both  in  chuss  llitdrozoa),  and  the  Ctenvphora  (in 
class  .Ictinozoti).  The  most  typical  of  the  Aealrjihcp,  the 
Medusida',  arc  gelatinous,  free-swimming  animals,  consist- 
ing of  an  umbrella-sliaped  disk  containing  canals  which  ra- 
diate froni  the  center,  whence  hangs  the  digestive  cavity. 
All  liavc  tlircad-cells  or  urticatiug  organs  (see  ncmatophorey 
which  (liscliarge  minute  barbed  structures,  irritating  the 
skill  like  tlie  sling  of  a  nettle ;  hence  the  name  of  the  gl'oup. 
acalephan  (ak-a-le'fan),  a.  and  ».  I,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Acalepha: 
An  aealeph. 


II.  " 

art  or  science :  as,  a  miUtary  or  naval  academy.  (Ij)  In  acalephe  (ak'a-lef ),  n.  See  acaleph. 
the  Vnited  States,  a  school  or  seminary  holding  a  rank  acalenhold  (ak-a-le'foid),  0.  [<Gr.  hKalljipJ),  a 
between  a  nnivereityor  college  and  an  elementary  school.  °'™',,*;„,„  1  .-..C,,-  form!  Like  an  ac-ileiih  or 
3.  An  association  of  adepts  for  the  promotion    -;^,^t'^;;  ■^^;^  ^^-^}^  than  »  °/X«f 

[<  Gr.  a- priv. -f  Kfil^iif, 
inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle without  adhesion  to  the  calyx :  said  of 
stamens. 


of  Uteratui-e,  science,  or  art,  established  some-    •;;;™';^"f)-   i^  ,?fUnT 

times  by  government,  and  sometimes  by  the  acalycal (a-kal  i-l^al),«. 

voluntary  union  of  private  indi\-iduals.   The  mem-     ^   -V^     ■.,      i    'Iji  „  -l,'^ 

beiTTcademicians),  wllo  are  usually  divided  into  ordinary,     taele  without  adhesion 

honorary,  and  corresponding  members,  either  select  their     stamens. 

own  departments  or  follow  those  prescribed  by  the  consti-  acalvclne  (a-kal'i-sin),  (7.    [<  Gr.  a-priv.  +  KO/tuf , 

tution  of  the  society,  and  at  regular  meetings  communicate     t        .„/,,,.     .^    cup,  + -tliel :  see  fO^tfX.I      In  6of., 

the  results  of  their  labors  in  papers,  of  which  the  more  ini-         :  ,      ■'' '      „,,.'' 


portant  are  afterwiird  printed.    Among  the  most  noted  in-     "n  itliout  a  calj  X. 

stitutions  of  this  name  are  the  five  academies  composing  aCalyCmOUS  (ak-a-llS  1-nuS),  a.      bame  as  acaly- 
the  National  Institute  of  France  (the  French  Academy,  the      ,.,„,. 
Pertaining  to  that  department  of .  a  college     ^-.^l-^l^Ji^-'ijjf/e^demfo^Mo,^^^^  acalyculate  (ak-a-lik;u^at),  a.  _  [<Gr.  «-  priv. 

ences,  and  the  Academy  of  Sciences),  the  Royal  Academy  of      +  i 


cal,  mathematical,  and  general  literary  studies, 
as  distinguished  from  the  professional  and  sci- 
entific departments;  designed  for  general  as 
opposed  to  special  instruction.  [U.  S.]— 4.  Of 
or  pertauiin"  to  an  academy  or  association  of 
adepts ;  mai-ked  by  or  belonging  to  the  char- 
acter or  methods  of  such  an  acailemy;  hence, 
conforming  to  set  rides  and  traditions;  specu- 
lative; formal;  conventional:  as,  academical 
proceedings;  an acarf«»Hica( controversy;  an  «c- 
ademic  figure  (in  art). 

The  tone  of  Ix>rd  Chesterfield  has  always  been  the  tone 
of  our  old  aristocracy ;  a  tone  of  elegance  and  propriety, 
»l>ove  all  things  free  from  the  stlflness  of  pedantry  or  acii- 
denue  rigor.  De  Qiiincey,  Style,  i. 

For  the  (juestion  is  no  longer  the  academic  one  :  "  Is  it 
wise  togtve  every  man  the  ballot? "  but  rather  the  prac- 
tical one :  "  Is  it  prmleiit  to  deprive  whole  classes  of  it 
any  longer?"  Lowell,  IJemocracy. 

Figure  of  academic  proportions,  in  ])ainiin(i,  a  figure 
of  a  little  less  than  half  the  natural  size,  such  as  It  is  the 
ciutoiu  for  {lupils  to  draw  from  the  antique  and  from  life  ; 
also,  a  Ilu'iire  ill  an  attitude  rcsemliling  those  chosen  by 
Inatni  ••  '-  "■  -I'llhsfrnm  life,  for  the  purpose  of  display- 
ing 1  n,  form,  and  color  to  the  best  ailvan- 
taiff  idetnic  jifjure,  compotition,  etc.,  is  one 

whi'  1. .., ;.-.  ciitionalorunspontaneous,  and  smacks 

of  pnictice-wwrk  r,r  adherence  to  formulas  and  traditions. 
n.  n.  1.  leap.]  One  who  professed  to  adliero 


JsL.  c<d!/ciilii.'i  +  -n/Vl.]     In  l>oL,  having  no 


Arts  in  London,  tlie  .4cademy  of  Sciences  of  Berlin,  the  Im- 
perial .\cadeiuy  of  Sciences  of  St.  Petersburg,  the  Xatiniial 
Academy  of  Sciencesiii  Washington,  etc.  The  chief  ubj<it 
of  the  French  Acadeniv.  as  also  of  the  celebrated  Italian 
Academy  della  Crusca  and  of  the  Spanish  Academy,  is  to 
regulate  and  purify  the  vernacular  tongue. — Academy 
hoard  a  paper  board,  the  surface  of  which  is  prepared 
f..r  drawing  or  painting.— Academy  figure,  academy 
study,  an  academic  sluily;  a  drawing  or  p,ainting  of 
the  human  Hgure,  especially  of  the  nude,  made  for  prac- 
tice only.  See  figure  of  academic  proportions,  under  aca- 
demic. 

acadialite(a-ka'di-al-it),»i.  l<  Acadia  (see  Aca- 
dian)  -\-  -lite  for  -lith,  <  Gr.  X/0of,  stone.]  In  )«/»- 
(;■((/.,  a  variety  of  chabazite  (which  see),  usually 
(if  a  reddish  color,  foimd  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Acadian  (a-ka'di-an),  a.  and  ii.  [<  Acadia,  Lat- 
inized form  of  Aciidic,  the  F.  name  of  Nova 
Scotia.]  I.  n.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Acadia 
or  Nova  Scotia Acadian  faima,  in  soniieoii.,  the  as- 
semblage of  animals  or  the  sum  of  the  animal  life  of  the 
coast-waters  of  North  America  fioin  l.abradiM-  to  Cape  Cod. 
II.  ».   A  native  or  an  iiiliabitant  of  Acadia 


calveuliis  or  accessory  calyx.     X.  E.  D. 

Aca'lyptratae  (ak"a-lip-tra'te),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<(ir.  II-  priv.  +  NL.  Cahjptratw,  q.  v.]  A  sec- 
tion of  dipterous  insects  or  flies,  of  the  family 
iluscido',  which,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Aiithminjida;  are  characterized  by  the  absence 
or  rudimentary  condition  of  the  tegulffi  or 
memliranous  scales  above  the  halteres  or  pois- 
ing-wiugs,  whence  the  name  :  contrasted  with 
Cah/ptrata'. 

acampsia  (a-kamp'si-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKa/xiiia, 
iiitlcxibility,  <  iiMi//;r70f,  unbent,  rigid,  <  li-  priv. 
-(- /ia/(-r(5f,"bent.]  Inflexibility  of  a  joint.  See 
aiiki/losi.s. 

acampsy  (a-kamp'si),  ti.    Same  as  acampsia. 

acanaceoUS  (ak-a-nii'shius),  a.  [<  L.  acan-os, 
<  (ir.  oKoi-oc,  a  prickly  shrub  (<  aicf;,  a  point; 
ef.  aw'f,  a  point,  prickle),  + -afcoM.s'.]  In  hot., 
armed  with  ]iricklcs:  said  of  some  rigid  prickly 
plants,  as  tlie  pineapple. 


French  settlers  of  Acadia,  or  of  the  descendanl  s 
of  tliose  who  were  oxpeUed  iu  a  body  by  the 
English  in  1755,  many  of  whom  formed  com- 
munities in  Louisiana,  then  a  French  colony, 
_    .   _  _  and  have  retained  the  name. 

to  tlie  pliihwojihy  of  Plato. —  2.  A  student  in  a  acajoul  (ak'a-zho),  ».  [<  F.  acajou,  It.  acaijiu, 
college  or  university :  as,  " a  young  academic,"  y^,,  arajii,  Sp'.  acayoiha,  also  caoh'a,  caohana,  iiia 
HVif'j',  Imp.  of  Mind.  .    ..  •.  -     . 

academical  (ak-a-dum'i-kal),  a.  and  n.    I. 


or  Nova  Scotia  ;  specifically,  one  of  the  original  a  candelliere  (a  ka.i-del-h-a  re).     [It.:  n.  to, 


and  n. 
tiaine  lis  iicadrinir,  but  verj'  rare  in  sense  1. 

H.  n.  1.  A  meinberot  an  aeadi'iny. —  2.  /)(. 
In  Ori'ttt  Britain,  the  cap  and  gown  worn  by 
the  ofBcerH  and  students  of  a  school  or  college. 
At  flmt  he  i'uni{ht  up  his  cap  and  gown,  a^  tieiiigh  he 
were  KoInK  out.  .  .  .  <Mi  second  thoughts,  Iiuw-mt,  ho 
threw  hU  acfutrmirnU  back  on  to  the  sofa. 

7*.  llnffhru,  Tom  lirowii  at  Jliigby,  xlx. 

academically   '^»V:-a-<lem'i-knI-i),    adv.     Ill   an 

ji'-;ii|i-i(iieiil  II.    ■     ■  r ;  US  an  academic, 

academician  ':       i  v-iiiif<li'an),  h.  [<F.  araii/. 

mtritn,  <  NL,  'atnili  nuriitnutt,  K\j.  acadfinivn^: : 
Ht't'  nrtiflrmir.]     A  no-iiibi'r  nf  nn  ftcadeni\'  *'v  a 

■       '■!■    !•'  ■      .11  •!   ^■■' ■     Par- 

•  i  !■  Miy  iif 

i.linvl- 

.  \ 


hogany ;  prob.  S.  Aiiier.]  A  kind  of  mahogany, 
the  wood  of  Cidrcla  fi.isilis:  also  applied  to  tlio 
true  mahogany  and  other  similar  woods.  See 
miihn<iany. 

acajou-  (ak'a-zhO),  n.  [Cf.  F.  iinix  Wacajou, 
the  cashew-nut,  iicdjou  A  pommc,':,  the  casliew- 
tree;  confused  with  acajou'^,  but  a  differi'iit 
word,  E.  prop,  cashew:  see  cashtic'^.]  1.  The 
fniit  of  the  tree  Aiiacardium  ocridenliile.  See 
cashrw-nitt,  ca.shew-tirc. — 2.  A  gum  or  resin  ex- 
tracted from  the  bark  of  Anacardium  occidcn- 
talc. 

acaleph  (ak'a-lef),  v.  One  of  the  Acalcphtr  or 
sea-nettles.     Also  spelled  aciilephc. 


aca'l 
..f  ' 

IV  I 

Acad'' 1 1. 1 

Th..  I'. 
Acadcmi 

..f  111-  .\ 
acaderoi  ' 

I'g.  acndcmuta, 


i ),  n.     Tlie  mode 
..,  nn  ncHdeiiiy ;  im 
.  of  )iiiifitlfig. 
,  ».    [I'l.of  nn/'/riHic] 
I'liitoiiism. 
in),  n.     The  il'iclrincH 
■lii-nt;  I'lafonisin. 
II.    [<  ariidrmy  +  -i»t ; 
A,^\\,iirrndimiKla=i 
1  pupil  ma  ridiiig-nchool.]     1, 


Acnle|iti^ 
'I'ma  cuvftri. 


Mtdma  fflluemt. 


Willi;  caiid<llirrc  =  E.  chandelier.]  In  the  style 
of  a  candlestick:  said  of  arabesques  of  syra- 
mctrical  form,  having  an  upright  central  stem 
or  shaft. 

Acanonia  (ak-a-no'ni-ii),  n.  [NL. ;  a  fuller  form 
Aeanalonia  occurs ;  formation  uncertain.]  Tho 
tyiiical  genus  of  tlie  subfamily  Aciinoniida. 

A'canoniida  (ak  ii-no-ni'i-dil),  II.  )>l.     [NL., 

<  Acanonia  +  -ida.]  In  entoni,,  one  of  tho  thir- 
teen subfamilies  into  which  tho  family  Fnliiori- 
da-  (which  se<0  has  been  divided.  [The  regular 
form  of  the  word  as  a  subfamily-name  would 
be  Aeanoniinu.] 

acantha  (a-kan'thjl),  H.;  pi.  acanOuv  (-the). 
[Nl,.,  <Gr.  ('mavOa,"  a  prickle,  thorn,  spine,  a 
prickly  iihint,  a  thorny  tree,  tho  spine  (of  fish, 
Herpeiits,  men),  one  of  tho  spinous  processes 
of  the  vertebra',  <  (ini/,  a  point.  Cf.  Aeanthii.i.] 
1.  Ill  hill.,  a  prickle. —  2.  In  ::oiil.,i\.  sjiino  or 
jiricUly  fill.  —  3.  In  anal.:  (n)t)no  of  the  spinous 

pr< Kses  of  the  vertebiie.    (fc)  Tho  vertebral 

column  as  a  whole. —  4.  [cii/i.]  In  cntom.,  a 
genus  ftf  ciileoiitevoiis  iiiHccts. 

acanthabole,  acanthabolus  (a-kan'tha-bol, 

iil(-aii-tliali'ii-lus),  n.;  pi.  iieiinlhiiliiilr.i,  acanthn- 
hiili  (-liolz,  -li).     Same  as  aciinlhohotus. 

Acanthaceas    (nk-»ii-tlu"i'se-e),  »'■   ?''•     [NL., 

<  Aeiiiilhii.1  +  -acea\]  A  large  natural  onler 
of  gaiiiopetiiloiis  plants,  allied  to  the  Scro/ihu- 
laiiiirea:  They  are  herbaceous  or  nhnibliy,  willi  iippo- 
ulle  leaves,  Irregular  llowera,  and  two  or  four  stiiniens.  and 

are  of  llltle  1 lonile  value.     .Several    geiieni  f.hmtiria 

Aliliclandrn,  Thindirriiia,  etc.)  arc  very  ornainciital  ana 
lire  freijiient  ill  cultivation. 


Acalepha  (nU-ii-ld'fjl),  n.  ;i/.     [NL.,  neiit.  pi.  'if  acanthaceous  (aU-an-tha'shins),  a.     [<  NL.  ar- 
'iieiihphn.-,  11. Ij.,  <Gr.  iih«/ tjC,„i,  a  nottlc,  a  sen 


Tieltlei     ('\.  .\enlcphii'.]      In  < 'in'ior's  ByBtem  nf 
clasHiflculion,  tho   third   cIuhs  of  liadiala,   a 


iinthiiri  n\ :  t^t-o  acaniha  xa\i\  -iicroiiK.]  1.  Armed 
with  prickles,  as  II  iilant. —  2.  Belonging  to  the 
order  .-JcM)i(/i«cctt','  of  tho  type  of  the  acanthus. 


acanthse 

acanthse,  «■     Plural  of  aeanlha. 

Acantharia  (ak-an-tha'ri-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aaavlla,  a  tlioni,  sjjine.]  An  order  of  radiola- 
riaiis.     See  Rudiotwia. 

acantharian  (ak-an-tha'ri-an),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  tlie  Amiitharia. 
II.  II.  One  of  t\x&  Acantharia. 

Acanthia  (a-kan'tlii-ji),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaavda,  a 
spine,  thorn.]  A  genus  of  heteropterous  he- 
mipterous  insects.  Fahricliis.  The  name  is  usecUiy 
some  as  syaonymous  witli  Sidtla,  by  others  with  Cimex. 

Acanthias  (a-kan'thi-as),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ciuav- 
Oia^,  a  kind  of  sliark,  prob.  Sgiialus  acanthias, 
<  aaavBa,  a  thorn,  prieklo.]  A  genus  of  sharks, 
containing  sueli  as  the  dogfish,  A.  vulgaris,  type 
of  the  family  Acanthiida;. 

acanthichthyosis  (ak-an-thik-thi.-6'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <Gr.  aiMvtia,  thorn,  spine,  +  i;i;S«f,  a  fish, 
+  -osis.']  In  pathol.,  spinous  fish-skin  disease. 
See  ichthyosis. 

Acanthiidae^  (ak-an-thl'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Acanthia  +  -ute.]  In  entom.,  a  family  of  het- 
eropterous insects,  taking  name  from  the  genus 
Acanthia.     Also  written  Acanthidw. 

Acanthiidse^  (ak-an-tUi'i-de),  11.  111.  [NL.,  < 
Acanthias  +  -iVfee.]  In  ichth.,  a  family  of  sela- 
chians, taldug  name  from  the  genus  Acanthias. 
Also  written  Acanthidie,  Acantftiadw. 

ACantMne  (a-kan'thin),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  ocaw- 
thinus,  <  Gr.  anavdtvor,  thorny,  made  of  aean- 
tha-wood,  <  (tKavdoi;,  braakursine,  <  amvda,  a 
thorn:  see  acantha.  Acanthus.']  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  plants  of  the  genus 
Acanthus. — 2.  In  arch.,  ornamented  with  acan- 
thus-leaves. 

II.  n.  In  arch.,  a  Met  or  other  molding  orna- 
mented with  the  acanthus-leaf.  Huchanan, 
Diet.  Sei.     See  cut  under  ^c««ft«s. 

Acanthis  (a-kan'this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  OKavBlc, 
the  goldiiiieh  or  the  linnet,  <  amvda,  a  thorn,  a 
thistle.]  1.  A  genus  of  fi'ingilliiie  bii-ds,  con- 
taining the  linnets  or  siskins,  the  goldfinches, 
and  also  the  redpolls.  Bechstcin,  1803.  [Now 
little  used.] — 2.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks. 
ficrres,  1816. 

Acanthisittidae  (a-kan-thi-sit'i-de),  m.^jZ.  [NL., 
(.Acantliisitta,  the  typical  genus  (<Gr.  anavSig, 
the  goldfinch  or  the  linnet,  +  cirT?;,  the  nut- 
hatch, Sitta  europiea),  +  -idw.']  Same  as  Xeni- 
cidw. 

acanthite  (a-kan'thit),  n.  [<  Gr.  aicavda,  a  thorn, 
-I-  -(7c2.]  A  mineral,  a  siilphid  of  silver  hav- 
ing the  same  composition  as  argentite,  but  dif- 
fering in  crystalline  form :  found  at  Freiberg, 
Saxony. 

acantho-.  The  combining  form  of  Greek  amvda, 
thorn,  meaning  "thorn"  or  "thorny." 

-acanthobolus  (ak-an-thob'o-lus),  n.;  pi.  acatv- 
thoboli  (-li).  [NL.,  less  correctly  acanthaiolus, 
contr.  acanthalus;  also  in  E.  and  P.  foi-m  acan- 
thobole,  less  QorveeiXy  acanthdbolc ;  <  Gr.  amvdo- 
P6Xo^,  a  surgical  instrument  for  extracting 
■faones,  also  lit.,  as  adj.,  shooting  thorns,  prick- 
ing, <  aaavBa,  a  thorn,  spine,  +  jid'^.Xciv,  throw.] 
An  instrument  used  for  extracting  splinters 
from  a  wound.     Formerly  called  volsella. 

Acanthobr  anchiata  ( a-kan"  tho-bran  g-ki-a '  ta) , 
n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  amvBa,t\iOi'-a,  syuie,  +  lipdyxm, 
L.  branchi(e,  gills,  +  -ote.]  A  suborder  of  uu- 
dibranchiate  gas- 
tropods with  spi- 
cules in  the  bases 
of  the  branchial 
tentacles.  It  in- 
cludes the  fami- 
lies Dorididm 
and  Polyceridm 
(which  see).  M. 
Sars. 

acanthocarpous 
"  (a-kan-tho-kar'- 
pus),  «.  [<  Gr. 
aaavBa,  a  thorn,  -l- 
Kapitdq,  fruit.]  In 
hot.,  having  the 
fruit  covered 
with  spines.  

AcantllOCephala  Echinorhynchu?  of  the  Flounder,  illustpat 

(a-kaU-tll6-Sef '-  '"S  ■■'cntliocephala. 

o  1H^    i>    *»/     rMT  -'''  cliagi'^"""atic  representation  of  the 

lirlA),  It. pi.    \_X\LJ.,  structure:  a,  proboscis;  *.  its  stem ;  fr,  an- 

neut.pl.  oi.  Clean-  teriorenlargementof  tlie  body  ;y.  neck,  or 

J,             ,     ,  constriction  between  the  foregoing  and  d. 

WOCephalUS  :     see  the  rest  of  the  body;  ',  posterior  funnel; 

ncanthocepha-  €•  '™">'/<:"V  ''■  s"P"'°'  owiqne  tubular 

,  T        *  1  bands;  «.  inferior  ituiscles  of  proboscis;  /, 

WHS.  J       An    order  »i,  genitalia  ;<>.  jienis  or  vulva.     5,  lower 

r^f   nr/\,r»vi  i;i^rv    ;.-.  extremity  of  Stem  of  the  proboscis  :  ir,  gan- 

Ot    WOnn-ilke  ^  m-  ^^^^ .  *,\ascular  space ;  c.  inner  waif;  a. 

terillll      pariisites  outer  coat;  «■,  tubular  band,  wth  the  nerve; 

or  entozoa,  which  gi4aTa."""  "'""''•  ^'  ^"^p^^"""""  "' 


29 

have  neither  mouth  nor  alimentary  canal,  but 
have  recurved  hooks  on  a  retractile  proboscis 
at  the  anterior  end  of  the  body,  by  whicli  they 
attach  themselves  to  the  tissues  of  animals. 
Tiicse  entozoiuis  belon;^  to  the  clnmNeniatflinint/ia.  The 
emliryo.^  ;ire  greyjiriiiii-hke,  aiul  become  encysted  as  in  Ces- 
tmla,  in  whicli  state  tliey  are  swallowed  by  various  ani- 
mals, in  the  bodies  of  which  they  arc  developed.  A  spe- 
cies occurs  in  the  liver  ot  the  cat,  and  another  in  the  ali- 
mentary canal  of  the  hii^.  There  are  jdiout  100  species, 
all  referable  to  the  family  Ecfuiiofltifnehidai. 

The  Amnthoccpliala  nmlouhteilly  present  certain  resem- 
blances to  the  Ncniatoidea,  and  more  particularly  to  the 
Gordiacea,  hut  the  fundamental  dill'erences  in  the  struc- 
ture ot  the  muscular  ami  nervous  systems,  and  in  that  of 
the  rcproiluctive  oritans,  are  so  great  that  it  is  impossible 
to  regard  tliem  :is  Nematnids  which  have  undergone  a  rc- 
trogressiM:  metamorphosis. 

Huxlaj,  .\nat.  Invert.,  p.  653. 

acanthocephalan  (a-kan-tho-sef'a-lan),  n.  One 
of  the  .[ciintliiiccjihala. 

Acanthocephali  (a-kan-tho-sef'a-li),  «.  pi. 
Same  as  Acanilioccphala. 

Acanthocephalina  (a-kan-tho-sef-a-li'na),  H. 
pi.  \]>i\j. ,  i  Acaiithocephahis  +  -ina,.'\  A  divi- 
sion of  hemipterous  insects,  of  the  superfamily 
Corcnidca. 

acanthocephalous  (a-kan-tho-sef'.a-lus),  a. 
[<NL.  iicaiithiirrjihahis,  <  Gr.  dmvBa,  a  spine, -f- 
laijia/J/,  the  bead.]  1.  Having  spines  on  the 
head. — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  Acanthoccjihala. 

Acanthocephalus  (a-kan-tho-sef 'a-lus),  n. 
[NL. :  see  acanthocephalous.]  In  entom.,  the 
typical  genus  of  the  Acanthocephalina  (which 
see).  A.  derMvis  is  a  large  bug  of  the  extreme  southern 
United  States ;  A.  arcuata  is  another  example  ot  this 
genus. 

acanthocladous  (ak-an-thok'la-dus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
iiKiivBa,  a  spine,  +  K'Aaitu;,  a  shoot,  branch.]  In 
hot.,  having  siiiny  branches. 

acanthoclinid  (ak-an-thok'U-nid),  n.  [<  Acan- 
iliocliiiidic]    One  of  the  AcanthocUnidw. 

Acanthoclinidae  (a-kan-tho-ldin'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[Nh.,<.Acantlioclinus  + -ida;.]  In  Giinther's 
system  of  classification,  a  family  of  bleuniifonn 
acanthopterygian  fishes,  having  numerous  anal 
spines.  Only  one  genus,  Acantltoclinus,  is  known;  it  is 
peculiar  to  the  PaciBo  ocean,  the  typical  species,  A.  lit- 
tonms,  being  found-  in  Xew  Zealand. 

AcanthoclinuS  (a-kan-tho-kli'nus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  aKavlla,  a  s])ine,  +  NL.  clinus,  a  blennioid 
fish :  see  Clinus.']  A  genxis  of  fishes  represent- 
ing the  family  AcanthocUmidw  (which  see). 
Jenyns,  1842. 


j4{:an//tcc/iniis  Itttoreiis.     (From  "ZoSlogyof  the  Beagle.") 

acanthodean  (ak-an-tho'de-an),  a.  Having  the 
character  of  or  pertaining  to  Acanthodes :  as, 
the  acanthodean  family  of  fishes ;  acanthodean 
scales.     Eflcrton,  1861_. 

Acanthodei  (ak-an-tho'de-i),  re.jjZ.  [NL.:  see 
Acanthodes.]  The  name  originally  given  by 
Agassiz  to  the  famil.y-Jofl!MW(0(//rf«;  (which  see). 

Acanthodes  (ak-an-tho'dez),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
amvBtJdiK,  thorny,  spinous,  <  amvBa,  thorn, 
spine,  +  f Mof,  f oiin.]  1 .  The  representative 
genus  of  the  family  Acanthodida:  Agassis, 
1833. —  2.  Agenusof  crustaceans. —  3.  Agenus 
of  coleopterous  insects. — 4.  A  genus  of  zoan- 
tbarian  pol>i3S.     DijbowsM,  1873. 

Acanthodidae  (ak-an-thod'i-de),  «.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Acanthodes  + -idee.]  A  family  of  extinct 
fishes  of  the  order  Acanthodoidea,  typified  by 
the  genus  Acanthodes.  They  had  a  compressed 
claviform  body,  posterior  dorsal  fins  nearly  opposite  to 
the  anus,  prolonged  upper  tail-lobe,  and  well-developed 
spines  in  front  of  the  fins.  The  only  species  known  are 
from  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  foniiations.  Also 
used  by  Huxley  as  a  subordinal  name  for  the  Acantlio- 
doidca. 

Acanthodini   (a-kan-tho-di'ni),  n.  2>l.      [NL., 

<  Acanthodes  +  -ini.]  An  order  of  fossil  ganoids 
of  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  periods, 
connecting  the  ganoids  and  selachians,  having 
a  cartilaginous  skeleton,  heterocercal  tail,  small 
rhomboidal  scales,  and  a  fulei-um  before  each 
fin.  It  includes  such  genera  as  Acanthodes, 
Chiracanthi/s,  Diplacanthus,  etc. 

Acanthodoidea  (a-kan-tho-doi'de-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,<  Acanthodes  +  -oidca.]  An  order  of  ex- 
tinct fishes  of  the  ganoid  series,  with  a  cartilagi- 
nous skrli-ton,  heterocercal  caudal  fin, shagreen- 
like scales,  no  opercular  bones,  and  the  external 


acanthophorous 

rays  of  the  pectoral  and  ventral  fins  developed 
as  spines.     The  chief  family  is  Acanthodidic. 

Acanthoganoidei  (a-kan"th6-ga-uoi'de-i),  n. 
jil.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dmvBa,  spine,  -1-  yuvoi:,  luster, 
+  uAor,  form:  see  ganoid.]  A  superorder  of 
extinct  paleozoic  fishes,  consisting  only  of  the 
order  Acantliodoidea. 

Acantboglossus  (a-kan-tho-glos'us),  ».  [NL., 
<Gr.  aiiavHa,  a  thorn,  -1-  yTtUGna,  a  tongue.]  A 
genus  of  aculeated  monotrematous  ant-eaters 
of  the  fanaily  Tuchyglosnidu:.  It  dilfers  from  Tarliy- 
fllomiism  the  vertebral  formula  (which  is  cervical  7,  dorsal 
17,  lumbar  -1,  sacral  3,  caudal  12),  in  having  ungual  pha- 
langes and  claws  only  on  the  three  middle  digits  of  e.ach 
foot,  in  the  much-lengthened  and  decurved  snout,  and  in 
the  spatnlatc  tongue  with  three  rows  of  recurveil  spines. 
The  type  and  only  species  is  A.  bruijni,  lately  discovered 
in  New  Guinea.  The  generic  name  is  antedated  by  Za^ 
(jlomux  of  Gill.     Gr.rrai-fi,  1877. 

acanthoid  (a-kan'thoid),  a.  [<  acantha,  spine, 
+ -aid.     a.  Acanlhodcs.]     Sjiiny;  spinous. 

Acanthoidea  (ak-an-thoi'de-a),  n.  j}(.  [NL. : 
see  acanthoid  and  Acanthodes.]  In  conch,,  regu- 
lar Vh'itonidee,  with  insertion-plates  sharp  and 
gi-ooved  externally,  eaves  fiuTowed  beneath, 
and  mucro  posteriorlj'  extended.   Vail. 

acanthological  (a-kan-tli6-lo,j'i-kal),  a.  [< 
'"acanfliologij,  <  Gr.  HmvOa,  thorn,  spine,  +  '/oyiai 
see  -ologtj.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  study  of 
spines. 

acantholysis  (ak-an-thol'i-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
amvBa,  thorn,  spine,  +  /.vair,  dissolution,  <  /.ijeiv, 
loose.]  Li  pathol.,  atrophy  of  the  stratum  spi- 
nosum  (prickle-cells)  of  the  epidermis. 

acanthoma  (a-kan-tho'raii),  n. ;  pi.  acanthoma- 
ta  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  anavBa,  thorn,  spine,  + 
-oma.  Ct.  acanthosis.]  In  pathol.,  a  neoplasm 
or  tumor  of  the  stratum  spinosum  of  the  ej^ider- 
mis,  which  invades  the  corium ;  a  skin-cancer. 

Acanthometra  (a-kan-tho-mefrii),  n.  [NL., 
fern,  of  acanthoinetrus:  see  acanthometrous.'} 
1.  The  ty^ncal  genus  of  the  Acanthometridw. 
Mailer,  1855. —  2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects. 

Acanthometrae  (a-kan-tho-met're),  n.pl.  [NL., 
pi.  ot  Acanthometra.]  A  suborder  of  acantha- 
rian radiolariaus,  whose  skeleton  is  composed 
merely  of  radial  spicules,  and  does  not  fonn  a 
fenestrated  shell.     Ilaechel. 

Acanthometrida  (a-kan-tho-met'ri-da),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Acantliometra  +  -ida.]  In  Mivart's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  division  of  radiolariaus 
having  a  well-developed  radial  skeleton,  the 
rays  meeting  in  the  center  of  the  capsule,  and 
no  test  or  shell-covering. 

Acanthometridse  (a-kan-tho-met'ri-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Acanthometra  +  -idee.]  A  family  of 
acantharians  having  the  skeleton  composed  of 
20  radial  spicules,  regidarl.y  arranged  accord- 
ing to  J.  Miiller's  law  in  5  zones,  each  contain- 
ing 4  spicules.  It  consists  of  agi'oup  of  genera 
of  deep-sea  foi-ms.     Haeckel. 

acanthometrous  (a-kan-tho-met'rus),  a.  [<NL. 
acanthoinetrus,  <  Gr.  amvBa,  a  thorn,  spine,  +  /ic- 
Tpov,  measure.]  Pertainingto the  Jcon</iome^r<e. 

Acanthomys  (a-kan'tho-mis),  11.  [NL.,  <6r. 
aicavBa,  spine,  +  pvs  =  'E.  mouse.]  A  genus  of 
Afi'ican  murine  rodents,  having  the  fur  mixed 
with  spines.     li.  P.  Lesson. 

Acanthophis  (a-kan'tho-fis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
amvBa,  a  thorn,  -t-  o^(f,  a  sei-pent :  see  ophidian.] 
A  genus  of  venomous  serpents,  of  the  family 
ElapidtB.  They  are  of  small  size,  live  on  drj'  land,  and 
feed  upon  frogs,  lizards,  and  other  small  animals.     The 


Death-adder  of  Australia  (Acanthophis  antarctica'l. 

tail  is  furnished  with  a  horny  spur  at  the  end,  whence 
the  generic  name.  A.  antarctica,  the  death-adder  of  Aus- 
tralia, has  long  immovable  fangs,  and  is  considered  the 
most  venomous  reptile  of  that  country. 

acanthophorous  (ak-an-thot'o-rus),  a.     [<Gr. 

dmvBoijidpoc,  bearing  spines  or  prickles,  <  amvOa, 
a  spine  or  prickle,  +  -<p6poc,  <  <pipeiv  =  E.  fceori.] 
Having  or  producing  spines  or  prickles.  Also 
spelled  acaniliopherous. 


Acanthopbractse 

Acanthophractae  (a-kan-tho-frak'te),  n,  pj. 
[NL.,  (.iiT.aKavOa,  a  thorn,  +  9/jaA.rof,  included, 
verbal  adj.  of  ipa/rcm;  fence  in.  inclose.]  A 
suborder  of  acajithai-ian  radiolariaus,  having  a 
skeleton  of  20  radial  spicules  regnlarly  grouped 
according  to  J.  Miiller's  law,  and  a  fenestrated 
or  solid  shell  arovmd  the  central  capsule  formed 
bv  connected  transverse  processes. 

acanthopod  (a-kan'tho-pod),  n.  andn.  [KAcaii- 
thnpoda.]    I.  a.  Having  spiny  feet. 

II.  H.  An  animal  with  spiny  feet ;  one  of  the 
Avaii'linpudij. 

Acanthopoda  (ak-an-thop'o-da),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<t.ir.  ami-.la,  a  spiue,  +  -o.'f  (-©(!-)  =  E./oof.] 
In  LatreiUe's  system  of  classification,  a  gi-oup 
of  cla\-icom  beetles,  the  first  tribe  of  the  second 
section  of  Clavicornes,  with  broad  flattened  feet 
beset  outside  with  spines,  short  4-joiuted  tarsi, 
depressed  body,  dilated  prostemum,  and  curved 
11-jointed  antennai  longer  than  the  head.  The 
group  i.-orreS]H>iul3  to  the  germs  Ileterucerus  of  Bosc. 
The^e  iiisctts  liiiiTow  in  the  ground  near  water. 

acanthoptere  (ak-an-thop'ter),  H.  [See  Jcan- 
thujitfri.}     One  of  the  Acantliuptcri. 

AcanthoptPri  (ak-an-thop'te-n),  n.jiJ.  [XL., 
\<\.  ot  (leiiiiiliopterus:  see acanihopterous.']  Same 
as  Acantliojitcrtjijii  (h). 

acanthopterous  (ak-an-thop'te-ms),  a.  [<NL. 
aaiiitliopterus,  <  Gr.  amvda,  a  spine,  +  Trrepdv,  a 
vdag,  =  E.  feather.']  1.  Spiny-winged,  as  the 
cassowary. —  2.  Having  spiny  tins;  of  the  nature 
of  the  Aciiulliopttri  or  Acanthnpteri/iju  ;  acau- 
thopteryirious. —  3.  Having  spines :  as,  anaca/i- 
thiijilrroii.-:  tin. 

acanthopterygian  (a-kan'thop-te-rij'i-an),  a. 
and  H.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acan- 
tliopterygii ;  having  the  characters  of  the  Aean- 
thopteri/gii. 

n.    H.   One  of  the  Acanthopterygii ;  a  fish 
vrith  spiny  fins. 

Acanthopterygii  (a-kan'thop-te-rij'i-i),  n.  ph 
[XL.,  pi.  of  (laiiitliopleri/giii)!:  see  acanthoptc- 
rtjgious.]  A  large  gi-oup  of  fishes  to  which  vari- 
ous limits  and  values  have  been  assigned.  The 
name  was  httruiluecd  into  systematic  icluhydn^'y  iiy  Wil- 
luj:hby  and  Kay,  adopted  by  Artedi,  ami  hii-j;eiy  used  !»y 
BUhse^iuent  natui-alists.  (a)  In  t-'uvier's  system  of  elussitl- 
cation,  the  llrst  order  of  tlshes,  eharaeterized  hy  hard  spiny 
rays  in  the  dorsal  tins,  as  the  vonmion  perch,  bass,  and 
mackerel;  the  spiny-finned  llslies.  (6)  Tntiunther'ssystem 
of  chissifleation,  an  order  of  teleosts  with  part  of  the  rays 
of  the  dorsal,  anal,  and  ventral  flns  spiny,  and  the  lower 
pharyngeals  separate.  The  Last  eharactcr  eliminates  the 
labrids  and  several  other  families  retainetl  by  Cuvier,  but 
by  (•unther  refeiTed  to  a  special  order  Phariin'jtynntlii. 
(c)  In  t;ill's  system  of  classitlcation,  a  suborder  of  Ttilro- 
cejt/iati  with  ventrals  thoracic  or  jugular  (sometimes  sup- 
pressed), spines  generally  in  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
dorsal  and  anal  fins  and  to  the  outer  edges  of  the  ventrals, 
nonnal  symmetrical  head,  and  pharyngeal  bones  either 
separate  or  united.  The  pediculate,  hemibranchiate,  and 
opi-sthomous  Hshea  arc  excluded  as  ditferent  ordei-s,  and 
the  l'':rce^or*'jt,  liltefiiioptei'i,  UUcocephali,  Tamiosoini,  and 
Xfiioitt'-r^rrii  as  special  suborders.  Even  thus  limited,  it 
comprises  more  species  than  any  other  suborder  or  order 
of  JNtc-s.    The  perch,  bass,  porgy,  mackerel,  and  swordllsh 

are  e\;tni[il'^. 

acanthopterygious  (a-kan'thop-te-rij'i-us),  a. 

[<  XL.  iirrDitlinplcriigiiis,  <  Gr.  aKaiUln,  a  thorn,  a 
npiiie,  +  -rr/iir/iov,  the  lin  of  a  fish,  dim.  of  nrj/'if, 
a  wing,  a  fin,  <  tttc/juv,  a  wing,  =  E.  feather.'] 
Having  the  characters  of  the  Acanthoji'lirygii  or 
Hpiny-finncd  fishes;  belonging  to  thi)  Acaiitlio- 
]ili  riif/ii :  iioiintliiipterygiari. 

Acailthorhini  (a-k.in-tho-ri'ni),  ».  pi  [<  Gr. 
"«'■  '  .  +  ('">,  /"",  noacT     An  ordinal 

nari  ■  I  by  lionnparte,  IHIJl,  as  a  sub- 

utiiir  "v///io/rt  (which  see). 

Acanthorhynchus  (a-kan-tho-ring'kns),  «. 

{.NL.,<(ir.  o\oi'i/i,  ii  thorn, +  /u7;ror,  snout.]  1. 
A  KcnuM  (if  .ViihUMliiin  birds,  of  the  family 
Mrliphagiilii  im.l  -.iilifamily  AIii:miwliiiir:  so 
called  from  tl  :ii-iito  bill.     Tin' .^pi'- 

cien  nro  .■(.  f<  /  \  A.suiiireiliiiniix.    .1. 

liiiulil,\KXJ. —  ;  'if helminths.  ItuHiiui, 

|M.',(i. 
a<:anth08iB  (nk-ftii-»h''i''(iM),  «.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  imni: 
"o,  fpiiii',  + -<'       "  MIC  npplic'd  to  any  (lis- 

cnm-  iilTi'i'ting  ],<•  Hirutiim  Hpiuosiim 

([iri'-kli'-collH)  i'liiii.i. 

Acanthoteuthi  •.-lu'thiB),  n.    [XI,., 

<  lir. '/  ..I'lii.  H  1 1  ' ' ,  n  S'luiii.]    A  giMiiiH 

of  fi.iml  ■ipliiiln|,... :-.,., I  ilio  tam\\y  llrlrmmliitir, 

chnrncf,'ri/od  bv  tho  ii" 

(lili 

for.. 

rn«  k 

Ihnilii.... 

Acantho^ 

<0r.  "-  I.,.. 

I'rnln^l'i I"i       ,\ 

acanthoaii  i<-kiin  ti 


30 


iiat  ni'liin'^ntiirv  (••m- 

I  i:,.    •      ■  ■  ■ . 


Leaf  of  Acanthus 
sfincsus. 


■  ',{IH  Ol.Jt  I. 

■  the'kiX),  n.pl.    [NL., 
m;,  a  onMc]     Sniiio  an 

illon  .liiinthnlhiri. 
),  a,      [<Or.  «*<iW/n,   B 


apine:  r<'<'  nainlha  ami  -vim,]     Spinouo. 


acanthnrid  (ak-an-thti'rid),  J!.  A  fish  of  the 
familv  Acanthuridec. 
Acanthuridae  (ak-an-thu'ri-de),  v.  pi.  [XL., 
<.  Aciiiithiinis  + -idic]  A  family  of  acantlio- 
pterygian  fishes  typified  by  the 
genus  Acantliunis,  to  which  va- 
rious limits  have  been  ascribed. 
See  Ttuthididtc. 
AcanthurUS  (ak-an-thii'nis), 
n.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  oKai-Ba,  spine, 
-t-  oi'fMi,  tail.]  1.  The  repre- 
sentative genus  of  the  fami- 
ly Acaittliurida;,  characterized 
by  spines  on 
the  sides 
of  the  taU, 
whence  the 
name.  The 
species  are  nu- 
merous in  the 
tropical  seas, 
and  are  popularly  known  as  doc- 
tors, surgeons,  suracon-flslies,  bar- 
bers, etc.     Synoni  inous  with  Ten- 

r/.«. 

2.  A  genus  of  reptiles.  Dau- 
diit. —  3.  A  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects.  Eirb;/,  1827. 
Acanthus  (a-kan'thus),  n. 
[L.  (>  Sp.  It.  aeaiifo  =  Pg. 
acanllio  =  F.  acantkc),  <  Gr. 
iiKavOoe,  brankiu-sine,  also  a 
thorny  Egj-ptian  tree,  <  anav- 
da,  athom:   see    acaiitlia.'] 

1.  In  hot.,  a  genus  of  tall 
herbaceous  plants  of  south- 
ern Europe  and  Africa,  nat- 
ural order  Acantltaeca'.    They  Acanthus.  Imioresctnce, 

have  largespinosely  toothed  leaves, 

and  are  sometimes  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  their  bcauti- 

ful  foliage. 

2.  [I.  c]  The  common  name  of  plants  of  this 
genus. — 3.  In  :ouL,  a  genus  of  crustaceans. — 

4.  [I.e.]  Inarcli., 
a  characteristic 
oraameut  derived 
from  or  resem- 
bling the  con  ven- 
EjLLi^'  ->!k,S££^J>£^''  tionalized  foliage 

7r,n>huTin  uT,!!!,;  Arch^Tc'cr..  "^    •''jf^'PS    of    tho 

acanthus,  used  in 
capitals  of  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  or- 
ders, and  in  Roman,  Byzantine,  medieval,  and 
Kenaissanco  architecture  generally,  as  upon 
friezes,  cornices,  modillions,  etc. 
Acanthyllis  (ak-an-thil'is),  II.  [<L.  acanlhiiJ- 
lis,  <  Gr.  uKavOv'/.'/ir,  tho  ])endulous  titmouse, 
dim.  of  uKttvOiq,  tlie  goUUiiicli  or  linnet,  <  anuviln, 
a  tliorn:  see  aca" //'«.]  A  genus  of  Amorii-aii. 
Indian,  and  Australian  birds  of  the  swift  fanii  ly , 
t'upselidce;  the  spine-tailed  swifts,  now  usually 
referred  to  the  genus  Chivtnra.  Usually  written 
Aediillnilis.     linii-.  1S12G. 

acanticbne,  acanticon  (a-kan'ti-kon,  -kon),  n. 

[<(,ir.  u^'/,  a  point,  +  iivri,  against,  +  kuvoi:,  a 
cone.]   A  variety  of  epidote ;  arendalito  (which 
see). 
a  cappella,  alia  cappella  (iioral'lii  kii-pol'lfi). 

[It. :  (/  (1j.  (id),  U>.  according  to;  tdUt  (=ii  hi), 
totlie;  eapjiellii,  chuivli,  cha)iel,  chmvli  luusi- 
ciaiis:  see  eliapel.]  In  the  .stylo  of  church  or 
chapel  music.  Applied  t.i  compositions  sung  willioul 
Insti'uniental  accompaiument,  or  with  an  accompaniment 
in  unison  with  the  vocal  part ;  as,  a  mass  a  ctij'iicUa. 

acapsular  (a-kn|>'su-liir),  a.  [<Gr.  (i-  Jiriv.  -I- 
idiisiili-.]     Withiiut  a  capsule. 

acardia  (a-kilrMi-ii),  «.  [NL.:  SCO  ucardiii.t.] 
In  tiraldl.,  alisoiice  of  a  heart. 

acardiac  (a-kiir'di-ak).  a.  [<  NL.  aeardiaeiix, 
ad.j.,<  (ir.  (1-  j.riv.  +  An/jomMii  ,<  KdjuMn,  the  heart: 
see  "-!«  and  rnrdiae.]     Without  a  heart. 

acardiacUS  (nk-iir-di'ii-kus),  II.;  pi.  nenrdidci 
(-si).  |NL. :  see  iieiiiiliiic.']  In  tiratnl.,  (hat 
purniitic  jiart  of  a  double  monster  in  which  the 
heart  is  absent  ornidimentarv.    /ir«rr/iii.'i(»  unmr. 

/'/iro<  Is  a  Hluipi'Icss  mass  covered  with  skin,  .irnrilinrim 
ii.-iirinuH  hiis  a  head,  while  the  thorax  and  atuhimen  are  ru- 
diuK-ntary.  In  arariliacii.t  ni'riihitUtu  the  head  is  hickirig, 
till-  thorax  rn,ninentnry|  and  the  jivlvlsnud  pi»sterlor  lirnbs 
Welt  ,li-vrlopcd.  AeartllnriiM  niirrpK  hns  a  well-duvelopcd 
trunk  anil  rndimtintory  head,  llnd>s,  ami  Itearl. 

acardius    (a-klir'di-UH),    v.;    ])1.    arardii    (il. 

[.Nl,.,  <  Or.  HMi^id/of,  williDiit  a  lienri,  <  "-  priv. 

+  MifiMi, —V,,  h,nrt.\     Snino  a.s  iieardiaeii.s. 
acarian  (n-l(ft'ri-an),«.   [<  .tenrim,  i|.  v.]    Of  •.! 

|ieilniniiig  to  tlio  ordir  .Iniridn;  belonging  In 

or  rcMeinbling  tho  j{('Iium  .learns. 

In  wrtnc  raw*  of  iienp.  an  urnrinn  pariulto.  called  by 
Owen  the  bemoilex  folllenlornni,  Is  presentlll  tllo  alTet  ted 
follW  In.  II.  If.  HichanUun.  Prevent  Mod.,  i>.  'J<il. 


acatalectlc 

acariasis  (ak-.a-ri'a-sis),  11.  [XL.,  <.Aenrm  + 
-«j.s7's.]  A  skin-disease  caused  by  an  acarian 
parasite. 

acaricide  (a-kar'i-sid),  H.  [<  Acanis  +  L.  -cida, 
a  Idller,  <  etrderc,  kill.  Cf .  luiiiiieide,  jiarricide, 
matrieide.]     A  substance  that  destroys  mites. 

acarid  (ak'a-rid),  n.  [<  Aearida.]  One  of  the 
Aearida ;  a  mite. 

Aearida  (a-kar'i-dji),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Acarus 
+  -ida.]  An  order  of  tho  class  .Jrac/iiiiVfo,  in- 
cluding those  insects,  as  the  mites,  ticks,  itch- 
insects,  etc.,  which  are  without  a  detiuite  line 
of  demarkatiou  between  the  imsegmeiited  ab- 
domen and  the  eephalothorax,  the  head,  thorax, 
ajid  abdomen  appearing  united  in  one.  They 
are  with  or  without  eyes  ;  the  mouth  is  either  suctorial  or 
masticatory  ;  the  respiration  is  either  tracheal  or  dermal ; 
and  the  legs  are  8  in  number  in  the  adult  and  0  in  the 
young,  being  in  some  cases  terminated  by  suckers,  in 
others  by  setje.  There  are  several  families  of  .icarida, 
with  nniuerous  genera  and  species,  mostly  oviparous  and 
generally  parasitic,  but  many  are  found  in  excrementi- 
tious  or  decaying  animal  matter,  or  on  plants,  while  some 
are  marine  and  others  live  in  fresh  water.  Those  which 
live  on  plants  are  often  very  injurious  to  vegetation,  and 
frequently  form  a  kind  of  gall,  sometimes  resendding  a 
fungus  or  a  bird's  nest,  as  the  "  witch-knot  "  of  the  birch, 
caused  by  members  of  the  genus  Phytoptus.  The  garden- 
mites  {TruiiibitlHla-X  including  the  harvest-tick  (^Li'pttts 
atitumimti^).  tile  spider-mites  (Gaiiiasida'),  and  the  wood- 
mites  {(h-ihati'la')  live  mostly  upon  \  ei:elalion.  The  true 
ticks  (/.<«'/M/(/)aItach  themselves  to  the  bodies  of  various 
animals :  the  water-mites 
(H;iilninicliiii:lir)  are,  at 
least  in  part,  parasitic  up- 
on animals,  such  as  aqua- 
tic insects,  mollusks,  and 
even  mammals.  The 
cheese-mite,  Ai'ants  do- 
vicstu'u^;  is  typical  of  the 
faniil>'  .1  airldie  and  of  the 
wliiilc  order.  The  mange- 
mile,  Dfuwdrx  foUirulo- 
riiiii,  t,\'pc  oi  the  family 
Ih'imHlicidiv,  is  found  in 
tliL'  scliaceous  follicles  vif 
man,  as  will  as  in  the  dog. 
The  itchniitc,  which  bur- 
rows into  the  skin,  is  the 
Sairopti't  neabiri,  type  of 
the  fannly  Sarcoptidfe. 
The  mites  and  ticks  are 
also  called  collectively 
.ictt  n>  lea .  aca  rida  utt, 

.ii-nrhni,  and  .Momnnero- 
xuittalii.  See  cuts  lunler 
jhvr-mite,  itch-mile,  and 
"lifinrttt-tic/c. 

Acaridae  (a-kar'i-de). 


A  Tick  l^txodes ricifttis,  female),  il- 
lustTilUng  structuic  of  Acariiia. 
,7.  m.^iulibiil^r  booklets  I  c.  book- 
lets of  sicrtial  surface  of  proboscis ; 
tt,  d,  e.  fourth,  tliirvl.  and  second  joints 
of  the  palp:,/,  base  of  the  suctorial 
proboscis;  ^,  stigma;  h.  {genital 
aperture ;  r.  anal  valves. 


n.pl.  [NL.,  <  .-(prtrKs 
-(-  -ida\]  A  family  of  the  order  .learida  (which 
see),  including  tho  true  mites,  as  tho  cheese- 
mite,  Acarus  doiiiesticiis.  See  Acarus  and 
eheive-iiiitc. 

acaridan  (a-kar'i-dan\  a.  and  n.     I.  a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  Aearida  or  Aearida'. 
II,  /(.  One  of  the  Aearida. 

Acaridea  (ak-a-rid'e-ii),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acarus 
+  -id-cii.]     Same  as  .iearida. 

Acarina  (ak-a-ri'nil),  ii.pl.  [XL.,  <  Jcnrws + 
-liiii.']     S:inio  its  Aearida. 

acarinosis  (a-kar-i-no'sis),  H.  [Nli.,  <  .Icarina 
+  -D.sv.s.  J  A  disease,  as  scabies,  produced  by 
the  presonce  of  a  parasite  belonging  to  the 
Aearida,  Xn-  mites. 

acaroid  (ak'a-roid),  n.  and  ?;.  [<  NL.  ,-lp(irH«, 
<].  v.,  -I-  -()('(/.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  tho 
.learida;  resembling  the  mites;  mite-like. — 
Acaroid  gum,  a \v<l  r»-'sin  that  exudes  from  llu-  tiiiuks  of 
the  Australian  grass-tree,  .Xunlhurrhirn  Imstilis,  and  other 
species.  Also  called  lUitaiiy  Btty  rc*'i"«.~  AcaTOld  resln. 
.^amc  as  acaroid  //umi. 
II.   ».   One  of  the  Aearida ;  a  mite. 

acarpelous  (a-kiir'po-lus),  «.  [<Gr.  (1-  priv. 
-(-  earpil  +  -iiiis.]     lu  hot.,  lumng  no  carpels. 

Sitti.  .S'oc.   Lex. 

acarpous  (a-kiir'pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aunp-nr^,  with- 
tnit  fruit,  <  (1-  priv.  -f-  mpmir,  fruit:  see  carpel.] 
Ill /loT,  not  producing  fruit;  sterile;  barren. 

Acarus  (ak'a-rus),  n.  [XL.,  <  (ir.  iiuiipi,  a  kind 
of  mite  bred  in  wax,  <.<ii(api/r,  short,  snmll,  tiny; 
jd'np.  of  hair,  too  short  to  be  cut,  <  ii-  priv. 
+  niinnv,  cut,  orig.  ^GKiiptw=:Yj.  .shear,  ([.  v.] 
1.  Tlio  typical  genus  of  the  family  .leariilie,  or 
triio  miles. —  2.  [I.  c]  A  tick  or  mite,  without 
regard  to  its  genus.  [In  this  sense  it  may 
have  a  plural  form,  aeari  (ak'a-ri).] 

The  acartiM  (Myobia  coarctnta)  of  the  monsi-. 

Iliixleii,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  331. 

acastt  (a-kasf),  r.  t.  [<  MIO.  ara.ilcii,  akantrn, 
jip.  iieatil,  aliii.ll,  throw  awav,  cast  down,  <a-l 
+  (VMf)  H,  cast:  see  frt.v('.]  'l"o  cast  down;  cast 
<dT;  I'Msl  away. 

acatalectlc  (a-kiit-a-lok'tik),  a.  and  ».  [<  L. 
aeiitalt elieus,  also  aeatah'etiis,  <Gr.  ii/,«ni/l^?/(rof, 
not.  Hlopiting,  <  fl-  ])riv.  +  ^hiiTi't'/.i/nrite,  hdrdXr^KTi- 
i«i(,  leaving  off,  stopping:  see  calaleclic]  I.  a. 
In  ])ron.,  not  baiting  short;  complete;  having 


acatalectic 

the  complete  Bumber  of  syllables  in  the  last 
foot :  as,  an  acatalectic  verse. 

II,  )(.  A  verse  which  has  the  complete  num- 
ber of  syllables  in  the  last  foot. 

acatalepsy  (a-kat'a-lep-si),  n.  [<Gr.  ciKaTalr/ipia, 
iucoiiiiirohensibility,  <  aKamh/irTot;,  incompre- 
hensible, <  u-  priv.  4-  KardAi/TTTo^,  comprehensi- 
ble, comprehended,  seized:  see  catalepsy.']  1. 
Incompx'ehousibility.  A  word  much  used  (in  its 
Greek  form)  by  the  later  Acatlemics  and  Slceptics  (Carnea- 
des,  Arcesilaus,  etc.),  who  hekl  that  human  Icnowledsc 
never  amounts  to  certainty,  but  only  to  probability,  and 
who  advocated  a  suspension  of  judpnent  upon  all  ques- 
tions, even  upon  the  doctrine  of  acatalepsy  itself. 
2.  In  /(iff/.,  uncertainty  in  the  diagnosis  or 
prognosis  of  diseases. 

acataleptic  (a-kat-a-lep'tik),  a.  and  «.  [<Gr. 
aKaTu'Ati-Tv(i  incomprehensible:  see  acatalcps;/.'] 

1.  a.  Incomprehensible ;  not  to  bo  knowii  with 
certainty. 

II,   n.   One  who  believes  that  we  can  know 
nothing  with  certainty.    See  acatalcpsij. 
All  Skeptics  and  Pyrrhonians  were  called  Acatalcptics. 

Fleming. 

acataphasia  (a-kat-a-fa'zi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  imTafdvm,  say  yes,  <  Kara,  hero  in- 
tensive, +  (pd-vai  =  L.  fa-7'i,  say,  spealc]  lu 
pathol.,  faultiness  of  syntax  resulting  from  dis- 
ease, as  contrasted  with  the  faulty  use  of  indi- 
vidual words.     See  aphasia. 

acataposis  (a-ka-tap'o-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  Kardnooi^,  a  gulping  down,  deglutition, 

<  KaTairiveiv,  gulp  down,  <  nard,  dowai,  +  ttlvclv, 
drink,  TToaii;,  a  di'ink.]  In  x>aihol.,  diffierdty  of 
swallowing;  dysphagia. 

acatet  (a-kaf),  n.  [<  ME.  acate,  acat,  achate, 
achat,  <  OF.  acat,  assibilated  achat,  purchase, 
mod.  F.  achat  (ML.  acaptum,  "accaptnm),  <  OF. 
acater,  achatcr,  mod.  F.  achetet-j  buy,  purchase, 

<  ML.  accaptare,  buy,  acquire,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
captare,  take,  seize.  Cf.  accept,  of  the  same 
origin.  Later  shortened  to  catc,cates.'\  1.  A 
buying,  purchasing,  or  purchase.     Chaucer. — 

2.  [Usually  in  pi.]  Things  purchased ;  espe- 
cially, purchased  viands  or  provisions,  as  op- 
posed to  those  of  home  production ;  hence, 
especially,  dainties,  delicacies.     Later,  cates. 

Tout  estat  est  viande  aux  vers,  all  states  are  wornies 
^cales.  CoUjram  (under  Vev). 

Setting  before  him  variety  of  acates,  and  those  excel- 
lently dressed.  Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  23. 

acatert  (a-ka'ter),  n.  [<  ME.  acatour,  achatour, 
-or,  <  OF.  acateor,  later  achatour,  mod.  P.  ache- 
tcur,  buyer,  <  ML.  accaptator,  buyer,<  accaptare, 
buy:  see  acatc.  Later  shortened  to  cafer.-  see 
c«(fr,  «.]  Apirrveyor;  a  caterer:  as,  "Robin 
Hood's  bailiff  or  acater,"  B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shep- 
herd (i-h'am.  pers.).  Also  written  acator,  ac- 
cator,  achator,  achatour,  etc. 

A  manciple  there  was  of  the  temple 

Of  which  achaturs  might  take  ensample.      Chaucer. 

[The  keeper!  dressed  for  him  [a  prisoner  in  the  Tower 
of  London),  from  time  to  time,  such  pigeons  as  his  accatnr 
the  cat  provided.  H.  Dixon,  Her  llajesty's  Tower. 

acateryt,  acatryt  (a-kii'ter-i,  -tri),  n.  [<  ME. 
*acatri/,  acliatrij ;  <  acater  +  -ij ;  later,  co(fn/.] 
1.  Acates  in  general ;  provisions  purchased. 
— 2.  The  room  or  place  allotted  to  the  keeii- 
ing  of  all  such  provision  as  the  purveyors  pur- 
chased for  the  king. 

acatharsiat  (ak-a-thar'si-a),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
duatkipaia,  uneleanness,  <  daabapTot;,  uncleansed, 
uiipurgcd,  <  d-  priv.  +  'naBaprdr,  cleansed.  Cf. 
naOapTUidc,  lit  for  cleansing :  see  cathartic.']  In 
mecl. :  (ft)  The  filth  or  sordes  proceeding  from 
a  wound;  impiu'ity  of  blood,  (i)  Failure  to 
use  a  purgative ;  lack  of  pm-ging. 

acatharsyt(ak'a-tlj^r-si),«.  Sameasocat/inrairt. 

acathistUS  (ak-a-this'tus),  11.  [ML.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  KadiCeiv,  sit  down,  <  Kard,  down,  +  i^eiv 
=  E.  S(7.]  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  an  office  in  honor  of 
the  Virgin,  consisting  in  a  long  canon  or  hymn 
sung  by  all  standing  (whence  the  name)  on  the 
Saturday  of  the  fifth  week  in  Lent,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  repulse  of  the  Avars  and 
other  barbarians  who  attacked  Constantinople 
imder  Heraclius,  A.  D.  625. 

acatort,  ».     See  acater. 

acaudal  (a-ka'dal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.,  a-'>-S,  + 
caudal.]     Tailless;  anurous.     Si/d.  Soc.  Lex. 

acaudate  (a-ka'dat),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.,  a-18,  + 
caKrhitv.]     Tailless;  acaudal;  ecaudate. 

acaules  (a-ka'lez),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- priv. 
+  L,  cawKs,  astern:  see  Crt«fe.]  Plants  whicli 
have  either  a  very  indistinct  stalk  or  none  at 
all,  as  lichens,  fungi,  algre,  etc. 

acaulescence  (ak-a-les'ens),  n.  [<  acaulescenf.] 
In  hot.,  an  arrested  growth  of  the  main  axis, 
the  internodes  being  so  slightly  developed  that 


31 

the  leaves  are  crowded  into  a  radial  tuft  or 

rosette,  as  in  the  dandelion.    Also  called  acau- 

losia. 
acaulescent  (ak-a-les'ent),  a.     [<  Gr.  d- priv., 

«-l**,  +  caulescent.]    In  hot.,  stemless.    Applied 

t(»  a  jdant  in  which  the  stem  is  apparently  absent.    Other 

forms  :ire  araidiiie,  acaulose,  and  acanlous. 
acauline    (a-ka'lin),    a.      [<  NL.    acaulis   (see 

acaules)  +  -JHfl.]     Same  as  acaulescent. 
acaulosia   (ak-ii-lo'zi-ii),  n.     [NL.,  <  acaa/osc  .- 

see  acaulous.]     Same  as  acaulescence. 
acaulous,  acaulose  (a-ka'lus,  -16s),  a.    [<NL. 

acaulis  (<  Gr.  daavAor,  without  stalk,  <  d-  priv. 
+  Kavlur  —  L.  caulis :  see .  caulis,  ancf  of. 
acaules)  +  -ous,  -ose.]    Same  as  acaulescent. 

acc.  An  abbreviation  (a)  of  according  and  ac- 
cordin;/  to ;  (6)  of  accusative. 

acca  (ak'ii),  )(.  [Perhaps  from  AVlca  (Aero)  in 
Syria,  as  the  seaport  whence  it  was  obtained.] 
A  rich  figured  sillc  stuff,  decorated  with  gold, 
used  in  tlie  fourteenth  centmy. 

accablet  (a-ka'bl),  v.  t.  [<  F.  accabler,  over- 
whelm, crush;  earlier,  in  pass,  sense,  be 
crushed;  <0F.  «-,  ac-  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  enable, 
cadalilc,  <  ML.  cadabula,  a  catapult,  <  Gr.  Ka-a- 
Polij,  a  throwing  down,  <  Karapd'A'Aeiv,  throw 
down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  lid'A7,.tw,  to  throw:  see 
cablishajiA  catapult.]  To  overwhelm;  oppress; 
overburden. 

Honours  have  no  burden  but  thankfulness,  which  doth 
rather  raise  men's  spirits  tlian  aeral/te  tllem  or  press  tbeni 
down.  Bacon,  vi.  272.     {Latham.) 

Accad  (ak'ad),  n.  1.  A  member  of  one  of  the 
primitive  races  of  Babylonia.  The  Accads  are  be- 
lieved to  have  been  of  nou-.Semitic. origin,  and  to  have 
been  the  donnnant  race  at  the  earliest  time  of  which  there 
are  contemporaneous  records. 

Tlie  Accadai,  or  Accads,  were  "the  Highlanders,"  who 
had  descended  from  the  mountainous  region  of  Elam  on 
the  east,  and  it  was  to  them  that  the  Assyrians  ascribed 
the  origin  of  Chaldean  civilization  and  wi'iting. 

A.  IX.  Sayce. 
2.  The  language  of  this  race ;  Accadian. 
Also  spelled  Al-kad. 

Accadian  (a-ka'di-an),  a.  and  )(.  I.  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  Accads,  the  primitive  inhabitants  of 
Babylonia. 

II,  n.  1.  An  Accad. — 2.  The  language  of  the 
Accads,  a  non-Semitic  and  perhaps  Ural-Altaic 
language  spoken  in  ancient  Babylonia  previ- 
ously to  the  later  and  better-laiown  Semitic 
dialect  of  the  cuneiform  inscriptions.  A  kindred 
dialect,  the  Sumeriaii,  seems  to  have  been  in  use  at  the 
same  time  in  I'.abylonia. 
Also  spelled  Akl-adian. 

accapitum  (a-kap'i-tum),  11.  [ML.,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  +  caput,  head.]  In  feudal  law,  money  paid 
by  a  vassal  upon  his  admission  to  a  feud ;  the 
relief  due  to  tho  chief  lord. 

accatort,  "•     S^ee  acater. 

accedas  ad  curiam  (ak-se'das  ad  kti'ri-am). 
[L.,  go  thou  to  the  court:  see  accede,  ad-, 
curia.]  In  luu-,  a  writ  directed  to  the  sheriff 
for  the  purpose  of  removing  a  cause  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  court. 

accede  (ak-sed'),  v.  «.;  pret.  and  pp.  acceded, 
ppr.  acceding.  [=  P.  acceder  =  Sp.  Pg.  acceder 
=  It.  afcff?frf,  <  L.  accSdere,  earlier  adcSdere, 
move  toward,  <  ad,  to,  +  cedere,  go,  move :  see 
cerff.]  1.  To  come,  as  into  union  or  possession; 
become  adjoined  or  entitled ;  attain  by  approach 
or  succession :  now  used  cliiefly  of  attainment 
to  a  possession,  office,  or  dignity :  as,  ho  acceded 
to  tlie  estate  on  his  majority;  tho  Iiouse  of 
Hanover  acceded  to  the  English  throne  in  1714. 
And  v.ain  were  com-age,  learning  ;  all. 
Till  power  accede.  Shenstotic,  Kuined  Abbey. 

2.  To  come  by  assent  or  agreement ;  give  ad- 
hesion ;  yield ;  give  in :  as,  to  accede  to  one's 
terms  or  request. 

This  obvious  reflection  convinced  me  of  the  absm-dity 
of  the  treaty  of  Hanover,  in  1725,  between  France  and 
England,  to  wluch  the  Dutch  afterwards  acceded. 

Chesterfield,  Letters,  102. 
There  are  many  who  would  accede  without  the  faintest 
reluctance  to  a  barbarous  custom,  V)Ut  would  he  quite  in- 
capable of  an  equally  barbarous  act  which  custom  had  not 
consecrated.  Lecky,  Europ.  Jlorals,  I.  305. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  succeed,  come  (to),  attain. —  2.  To  agree, 
assent,  yield,  coTisent.  comply. 

accedence  (ak-se'dens),  11.  [<  F.  accedence, 
<  acceder :  see  accede  and  -ence.]  The  act  or  ac- 
tion of  acceding  ;  the  act  of  assenting  or  agree- 
ing.   [Rare.] 

accedencet,  »'•  An  error  for  na-w/cHcel.  Milton. 

acceder  (ak-se'der),  ?!.  One  who  accedes;  ono 
who  attains  to  a  possession,  an  office,  or  a  dig- 
nity;  one  who  yields  or  assents. 

accelerando  (iit-cha-le-ran'do),  adv.  [It.,  ppr. 
of  accclcrarc,  <  L.  accelerare,  liasten :  see  accele- 
rate.]   With  gradual  increase  of  speed:  a  di- 


accelerator 

reetion  in^music,  indicating  that  a  passage  is- 
to  bo  played  witii  increasing  ra^iidity. 
accelerate  (ak-sel'c-rat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ac- 
celerated, ppr.  accelerating.  [<  L.  acceleratus, 
pp.  of  accelerare,  hasten,  make  luisto,  <  ad,  to, 
+  cclcrarc,  hasten,  <  celer,    quick.]      I,  trans. 

1.  To  malce  quicker;  cause  to  move  or  advance- 
faster  ;  hasten ;  add  to  the  velocity  of ;  give  a- 
higlicr  rate  of  progress  to :  as,  to  accelerate 
motion  or  the  rate  of  motion;  to  accelerate  the 
transmission  of  intelligence ;  to  accelerate  the- 
growtli  of  a  plant,  or  the  progress  of  know- 
ledge. 

Leave  to  the  diamond  its  ages  to  grow,  nor  expect  to- 
accclerate  the  births  of  the  eternal. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  191. 

2.  To  bring  nearer  in  time ;  bring  about,  or 
Iielp  to  l)ring  about,  more  speedily  tluin  would 
otherwise  have  been  the  case:  as,  to  accelerate 
the  ruin  of  a  government;  to  accelerate  death 
— Accelerated  motion,  in  meek.,  that  motion  which  con- 
tinually rt-i-cive.s  fi  L--Ii  aci.-essions  of  velocity.  .See  accelera- 
tion.—AcceleTa,tmg  force,  the  force  which  produces 
an  acci-Ierati-d  motion,  as  gi-avity. —  Accelerating  gim» 
a  cannon  having  supplementary  powder-chambers,  de- 
signed to  be  fired  in  turn,  immediately  after  the  main  ex- 
plosion, to  accelerate  the  speed  of  the  shot ;  an  accelerator. 
=  Syn.  See  list  undev  ijuiclcen,  3. 

Il,  intraiis.   To  become  faster;  increase  in. 

speed. 

acceleratedly  (ak-sel'e-ra-ted-li),  adv.  In  an 
accelerated  or  accelerating  manner;  with  ac- 
celeration or  gradual  increase  of  speed. 

acceleration  (ak-sel-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<L.  accele- 
ratio{n-),  a  hastening,  <  accelerare,  hasten  :  see- 
accelerate.]  The  act  of  accelerating,  or  the  state 
of  being  accelerated  :  as — (a)  A  giadual  increase 
of  velocity. 

At  the  present  time,  and  for  several  thousand  years  in 
the  future,  the  variation  iu  the  moon's  motion  has  been 
and  will  be  an  acceleration. 

Thomson  and  Tait,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  *[  830. 
(6)  In  mech. ,  the  rate  of  change  of  the  velocity  of  a  moving 
body  ;  that  is,  the  Increment  of  velocity  (in  any  direction) 
in  the  unit  of  time  which  would  result  were  the  rate  of 
change  to  continue  uniform  for  that  length  of  time.  The 
acceleration  is  said  to  be  xiniforin  if  tlie  body  gains  the- 
same  velocity  in  any  constant  direction  in  equal  successive 
]M  ii-tions  of  time,  no  matter  how  small  these  portions  may 
be  taken.  A  constant  force  pi-oduces  uniform  acceleration 
in  all  cases;  but  it  is  sometimes  convenient  to  substitute 
for  some  of  the  forces  fictitious  "constraints."  I'hua, 
gravity  (which  near  the  earth's  surface  is  sensibly  a  con- 
stant force)  gives  a  falling  body  ^tni/ormly  accelerated 
motion  when  the  effect  of  the  atmospheric  resistance  is- 
eliminated ;  in  this  case  the  increment  of  velocity  iu  each 
second,  which  is  a  little  more  than  32  feet,  is  called  the- 
uccdriniiini  of  gravity,  and  in  mechanical  formulas  is  de- 
noted by  the  letter  g.  AVhen  the  velocity  of  a  moving  body 
continually  diminishes,  the  acceleration  is  termed  minus 
or  negative,  and  the  motion  is  said  to  be  retarded ;  this 
is  illilstrated  by  the  case  of  a  ball  thrown  upward,  the 
upward  component  of  the  velocity  of  which  diminishes  at 
the  rate  of  32  feet  a  second.  Similarly,  the  force  of  friction 
which  resists  the  motion  of  a  sliding  body  is  said  to  give 
it  minus  or  negative  acceleration. 

Acceleration,  like  position  and  velocity,  is  a  relative  term, 
and  camiot  be  interpreted  absolutely. 

Clerk  Maxwell,  flatter  and  ilotion,  art.  xxxv. 
((■)  The  shortening  of  the  time  between  the  present  and 
the  happening  of  any  future  event  ;  specifically,  in  law, 
tlie  shortening  of  the  time  before  the  vesting  of  a  persott 
with  the  possession  of  an  expected  interest.  ((/)  In  physiol. 
and  pathol. ,  increased  activity  of  the  functions  of  the  body, 
I>articuIarlyof  the  circulation  of  the  fluids. —Acceleration. 
of  the  moon,  the  increase  of  the  moon's  mean  angular 
veloL-ity  about  the  earth,  the  moon  now  moving  rather 
faster  than  in  ancient  times.  This  phenomenon  has  not 
been  fully  explained,  but  it  is  known  to  be  partly  owing  to 
the  slow  dimiiuUion  of  the  eccentricity  of  the  earth's  orbit, 
from  which  there  results  a  slight  diminution  i.f  the  sun's 
influence  on  the  moon's  motions. — Acceleration  and 
retardation  of  the  tides,  certain  deviations  I'etw  ecu  the 
lime  of  tile  actual  occurrence  of  high  water  at  any  place 
and  what  its  time  would  be  if  it  occurred  after  the  lapse  of 
a  uniform  mean  interval.  In  spring  and  neap  tides  the 
sun's  action  does  not  alter  the  time  of  high  water,  as  in 
the  former  case  the  solar  and  lunar  tides  are  synchronous, 
while  in  the  latter  tlie  time  of  actual  or  lunar  low  Avater 
and  that  of  solar  high  w-ater  are  the  same.  But  in  the  first 
and  third  qnartei-s  of  the  moon  there  is  acceleration  or  prim- 
ing of  high  water,  as  the  solar  wave  is  to  the  west  of  the 
lunar ;  and  in  the  second  and  fourth  quartei-s  there  is- 
retardation  or  lagging,  for  an  analogous  reason. —  Dlumal 
acceleration  of  the  fixed  stars,  the  excess  of  the  appa- 
rent diurnal  motion  of  the  stars  over  that  of  the  sun,  aris- 
in-_'  from  the  fact  that  the  sun's  apparent  yearly  motion 
takes  place  in  a  direction  contrary  to  that  of  its  apparent 
daily  motion.  The  stars  thus  seem  each  day  to  anticipate 
the  sun  by  nearly  3  minutes  and  50  seconds  of  mean  time. 

accelerati've  (ak-sel'e-ra-tiv),  a.  [<  accelerate 
+  -ire.]  Tending  to  accelerate  ;  adding  to  ve- 
locity; quickening  progression. 

accelerator  (ak-sel'e-ra-tor),  n.  [NL.,  etc., 
(.accelerate.]  One  who  or  ■that  which  accele- 
rates ;  a  hastener.  Hence— (n)  In  England,  a  post- 
ofhee  van.  (/')  In  anat.,  a  muscle,  the  accelerator  urina;, 
whiclx  expedites  the  discharge  of  nrine.  (c)  In  photog. : 
(1)  .\ny  substance  or  device  which  shortens  the  time  of 
exposure  of  a  sensitized  plate  or  paper  to  the  light,  in 
either  the  camera  or  the  printing-frame.  (2)  Any  chem- 
ical which  may  be  added  to  the  developing  solution  to- 
shorten  the  time  necessary  for  development,  or,  by  increas- 


accelerator 

5iig  the  normal  efficiency  of  the  develope*  to  lessen  the 
re«iuUite  time  of  exposure,    (li)  Au  accelerating  gun.    See 

acceleratory  (ak-sel'e-ra-to-ri),  n.  Aceelerat- 
ing  or  tending  to  accelerate;  quickening  mo- 
tion. 

accendt  (ak-send'),  I-.  t.  [<  L.  acccndere,  set  on 
fire,  biu-n,  <  ad,  to,  +  "candere,  bum,  found  only 
in  comp.  (see  incense,  v.),  allied  to  candere, 
glow:  see  candid.']  To  set  on  fire;  Mndle; 
inflame. 

Oar  devotion,  if  sufficiently  acacnded,  wotUd  bum  up 
innumerable  boolis  of  this  sort. 

Dr.  U.  More,  Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

accendent  Cak-sen'dent),  n.  [<L.  accenden(t-)s, 
p]ir.  of  (iccendere:  see  accend.]     Same  as  ac- 

accendibility  (ak-sen-di-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  accendi- 
hlr:  iiee -bilitij.']  The  quality  of  being  aecendi- 
ble ;  intlammabUity. 

accendible  (ak-seu'di-bl),  a.  [<  accent  +  -ihle. 
Cf .  L.  accensibilis,  that  may  be  burned,  bm-ning.] 
Capable  of  being  inflamed  or  kindled. 

accendite  (ak-sen'di-te),  n.  [L.  accenditc,  2d 
pers.  pi.  impv.  of  aecendere,  light,  kindle :  see 
««•<«(/.]  A  short  antiphon  formerly  chanted 
in  the  Koman  Catholic  Church  on  lighting  the 
tapers  for  any  special  service. 

accension  (ak-sen'shon),  n.  [=Pg.  accensao 
=  It.  acccn.<iione,  <  L.'as  if  *acceimii{n-),  <  ac- 
censiis.  pp.  of  aecendere:  see  aecend.']  The  act 
of  kindling  or  setting  on  Are ;  the  state  of  being 
kindled;  inflammation;  heat.  [Rare.] 
'  Comets,  .  .  .  besides  the  light  that  they  may  have  from 
the  sun,  seem  to  shine  with  a  lisht  that  is  nothing  else 
but  au  aeceiwion,  which  they  receive  from  the  sun. 

/.oc*f,  Elem.  of  -Nat.  I'hil.,  ii. 

accensor  (ak-sen'sor),  «.  [<  ML.  accensor,  a 
lamplighter,  <  L.  aecendere,  pp.  accensns :  see  ae- 
cend.]   One  who  sets  on  lire  or  kindles.   [Rare.] 

accent  (ak'sent),  n.  [<F.  hcoch/ =  Sp.  ace«- 
tii  =  I'g.  It.  accenio,  <  L.  aceentus,  accent,  tone, 
LL.  also  a  blast,  signal,  fig.  intensity,  <  acci- 
nere,  sing  to  (see  accentor),  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ca- 
ncre,  sing:  see  cant-  and  cliant.]  1.  A  spe- 
cial effort  of  utterance  by  which,  in  a  word 
of  two  or  more  syllables,  one  syllable  is  made 
more  prominent  than  the  rest.  Tliis  prominence 
is  given  in  part  by  a  raised  pitcli,  in  part  by  increased 
force  or  stress  of  voice,  and  in  part  (as  a  consetiuence  of 
tliese)  by  a  fuller  pronunciation  of  the  constituents  of 
the  syllable.  These  elements  are  variously  omibiried  in 
different  langilages.  In  English,  elevation  of  pitch  is  con- 
spicuous wlien  a  word  is  spoken  or  read  by  itself  as  a 
word,  without  any  reference  to  a  sentence  <if  which  it 
forms  or  should  form  a  part ;  but  in  connected  speech  the 
tone  and  modulation  of  the  sentence  dominate  tho.se  of 
the  individual  words  composing  it,  and  the  cbanu'eof  pitch 
may  be  al>sent,  or  even  reversed,  tbe«itber  elements  giving 
without  its  aid  the  required  prominence.  Hy  the  native 
grammarians  of  the  classical  languages  of  our  family 
((Jreek,  Ijitin,  and  Sanskrit),  change  of  pitch  was  the  recog- 
nized constituent  of  accent.  They  called  a  syllable  acute 
if  iu  tone  was  sharpeneil  or  raisetl,  'jrarf  if  it  remained 
at  the  general  level  of  utterance,  and  circtimjUx  if  it  be- 
gan at  acute  i>itch  and  ended  at  grave,  A  woril  of  three 
or  mor«.'  hvllables  often  has  in  iiur  language,  besides  its 
principal  a'-c-nt,  another  and  lighter  or  secondary  one,  or 
«veii  als<,  a  third  ;  such  secondary  accents  are  dem>ted  in 
thU  work  by  a  double  accent-mark  ;  thus,  val"e.tu-di- 
li.i'rl-.ih  iiil'T'  [•••Mul'ti-mate.  The  vowels  of  wholly  un- 
iu  Ktiglisli  are  much  modified,  being 
'  rtnd  liuliter,  or  else  reduced  even  to 
'  '-ealled  neutral  vowel,  the  "  short  1/ " 

of  '"It,  lie--  t^Mi  elfects  are  marked  in  this  work  by 
writing  resfteclively  a  single  or  a  double  dot  tnidi-r  the 
vowel,  in  the  rt-sp.-iliu^  f„r  ]»roinnu-iatlon.  Kmplmnin 
dllfeni  from  tn-.:  ni  in  being  exjjended  upon  a  word  which 
U  to  lie  nniil'-  l»r>. Mini-  lit  in  the  sentence. 

2.  A  mark  or  clinracter  used  in  writing  to 
direct  tlio  Mtroo!*  of  the  voice  in  pronunciation, 
or  to  mnrk  a  loirtjenliir  tone,  length  of  vowel- 

I     14  commoidyorily  one  such 
I  accent  In  Ijiglhli,  iseept 

li    are   ini|ili'\  '■■'  t  !i.    Ilireo 

'     .    ri  ,      ,  ,  .1  111,. 

:  llie 

■  'I.  aijil  J.  '  ..I         til.' 
M  the  vmvel   I 
I.. I  U  II.II..I   I' 


I   or  inni'ki  <i    ' 
I  or diiii'rilii'nl  < 


32 

Your  accent  is  something  finer  than  yon  could  purchase 
in  so  removed  a  dwelling.        Sliak.,  Xs,  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 
Mild  was  his  accent,  and  his  action  free. 
Dryden,  Tales  from  Chaucer,  Good  Parson,  1. 16. 

5.  Words,  or  tones  and  modulations  of  the 
voice,  expressive  of  some  emotion  or  passion  : 
as,  the  accents  of  prayer;  the  acce«<  of  reproof. 

Short-winded  af:cents  of  new  broils. 

Shale,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 
The  tender  accents  of  a  woman's  cry.  Prior. 

6.  pi.  Words,  language,  or  expressions  in  gen- 
eral. 

Winds !  on  your  wings  t«  heaven  her  accents  bear, 
Such  words  as  heaven  alone  is  lit  to  hear. 

Dryden,  Virgil's  Eclogues,  iii. 

Deep  on  their  souls  the  mighty  accents  fall, 
like  lead  that  pierces  through  the  walls  of  clay. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  77. 

7.  In  ecclcs.  cltatitinc/,  one  of  the  seven  forms 
of  modtdation  used  in  parts  simg  by  the  officiat- 
ing priest  or  his  assistants,  viz.,  the  immutable, 
medium,  grave,  acute,  moderate,  interrogative. 
final. — 8.  In  music:  (a)  A  stress  or  emphasis 
given  to  certain  notes  or  parts  of  bars  in  a  com- 
position. It  is  divided  into  two  kinds,  cirammntinil 
and  rlietorical  or  esllietie.  The  first  is  perfectly  regular  in 
its  occurrence,  always  falling  on  the  first  part  of  a  bar; 
the  esthetic  accent  is  irregular,  and  depends  on  taste  and 
feeling,  (ft)  A  mark  placed  after  the  letter  rep- 
resenting a  note  to  indicate  the  octavo  in 
"which  it  is  found.  Thus,  if  C  is  in  the  great  octave 
(see  octave),  c  is  an  octave  above,  c'  au  octave  above  tliat, 
c"  in  the  next,  and  so  on. 

'9.  In  math,  and  mecli.:  {a)  Jix  aXi.  literal  nota- 
tion, a  mark  like  an  acute  accent  placed  after  a 
letter  in  order  that  it  may,  mthout  conftision, 
be  used  to  represent  different  quantities.  In 
this  way  a  h  c,  a'  b'  c',  a"  h'  c",  etc.,  may  stand  for  m.agui- 
tudes  as  different  in  value  as  those  which,  but  for  the  use 
of  the  accents,  must  be  represented  by  different  letters. 
Letters  .so  marked  are  read  thus:  a  prime  or  first  (n  ),  a 
second  (a' ),  a  third  (re "'),  etc.  (ft)  Ln  gcom .  and  triijon., 
a  mark  at  the  right  hand  of  a  number  indicat- 
ing minutes  of  a  degree,  two  such  marks  indi- 
cating seconds:  as,  20°  10'  30"  =20  degrees,  10 
minutes,  30  seconds,  (c)  In  mcnsur.  and  engin., 
a  mark  at  the  right  hand  of  a  number  used  to 
denote  feet,  iiiohes,  and  lines;  thus,  3  0  "7'' 
=  3  feet,  (5  inches,  7  lines,  (rf)  In  plans  and 
drawings,  a  mark  simihirly  used  after  repeated 
letters  or  figures,  to  intlieate  related  or  corre- 
sponding parts,  and  read  as  in  algebra.  See 
above,  {a).  =Syn.  See  empliasis  and  in/lection. 

accent  (ak-sent'),  V.  t.  [<P.  acccnter  =  li.  ae- 
ciulare:  from  the  noun.  VI.  accentuate.']  1.  To 
express  the  accent  of;  pronoimce  or  utter  with 
a  partictUar  stress  or  modulation  of  the  voice  : 
as,  to  accent  a  word  properly. — 2.  To  give  ex- 
pression to ;  utter. 

Congeal'd  with  grief,  can  scarce  implore 
Strength  to  accent.  Here  my  Albertus  lies.      H'.  II'o(fo>i. 

3.  To  mark  with  a  written  accent  or  accents: 
as,  to  accent  a  word  in  order  to  indicate  its  pro- 
nunciation.— 4.  To  emphasize  ;  dwell  uiioii ; 
accentuate    (which    see).  — Accented  letter,  in 

priiitiii'i.  a  letter  marked  with  an  accent.  See  accriit,  n., 
3.— Accented  parts  of  a  bar,  in  mmie,  those  parts  of 
the  bar  on  which  the  .stress  falls,  as  the  first  and  third 
p;irts  i.f  the  bar  in  common  time. 
accentor  (ak-sen'tor),  H.  [LL.,  one  who  sings 
with  another,  <  accincre,  smg  to  or  with,  <  L. 


SK<f|%^ 


4,  M 


the    -. 

runk 


i'piilinrityof  pronuii 


a  f.iiWi  ular 
>  nalliinalltx. 


Hcc)Ke.«piirTow  [  .ittftttcr  medHlartt). 

ad,  to, +  canere,  sing.]     1.  In  music,  one  who 

ii  "-<  flw'  IcndiuK  pad. — 2.   [l'\  aeeentcHr.j    In 

ifii  (''"/'.]  A  giimn  of  piisseriuo  binlH, 

;'r;/>/<r.  Hiibfiiinilv   Irrrntorina',     A.  mi„l. 

I  iii..|,,  ,  '.•  ■'■  '  warbler, 

.1  'I  II  <  ■  •■    lii'lor. 

\    liiiiti'  |.|iM.  d    to  tllO 

.  il    thninii    ..1    iiveii-bird,    Sinrus 
.1   wi'll-l<rio\Mi    ptiHHorino   bird  of 
I  III-   in  Mill   .StutoiJ,  of  tlie  intnily  Sylviciiliita: 
Coucs, 


accept 

Accentorinae  (ak-sen-to-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Accentor  + -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  birds,  of 
the  order  Passeres  and  family  Si/lriida;  includ- 
ing the  genus  Accentor  (whicli  sec).  G.  II. 
Gra;i,  1S40. 

accentual  (ak-sen'tu-al),  a.  and  n.  [=  It.  accen- 
tuate, <  L.  as  if  *accentualis,  <  aceentus,  accent.] 

1.  a.  Pertaining  to  accent ;  rhythmical. 
Diderot's  choice  of  prose  was  dictated  and  justified  by 

i]\Q  acccntuiit  poverty  of  his  mother-tongue. 

Lowelt,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  312. 

The  temi  figurate  which  we  now  employ  to  distin- 
gui.<h  Ilorid  from  simple  melody  was  tised  to  denote  tlnit 
which  was  simply  rhythmical  i>r  aceenrital. 

It'.  Ma.-iun,  Essay  on  CImrch  Music,  p.  28. 

Accentual  feet,  meters,  etc. ,  those  in  whicli  the  rhythmi- 
cal beat  or  ictus  coincides  with  the  syllabic  accent  or  stress, 
as  in  modern  poetry:  opposed  toiinautitafive/eet,  meters, 
etc.,  in  which  the  ictus  falls  upon  syllables  literally  long 
or  prolonged  in  time,  as  in  ancientGreek  and  Latin  poetry. 
See  (luantity. 
II.  H.     An  accent-mark. 

accentuality  (ak-sen-tu-al'i-ti),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  accentual. 

accentually  (ak-seu'tu-al-i),  at?r.  In  an  ac- 
centual manner;  with  regard  to  accent. 

accentuate  (ak-sen'tu-at),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
accentuated,  ppr.  accentuatinq.  [<LL.  «ccc«- 
tuatus,  pp.  of  accentuare  (>])'.  accentuer  =  Sp. 
acentuar  =  Fg.  accentuar  =  lt,  acceiitnarc),<.'L. 
aceentus,  accent :  see  accent,  n.]  1.  To  mark  or 
pronounce  with  an  accent  or  'with  accents ; 
place  an  accent  or  accents  on. — 2.  To  lay  stress 
upon ;  emphasize ;  give  prominence  to ;  mai-k 
as  of  importance :  as,  he  accentuated  tho  views 
of  the  party  on  this  question. 

Still  more  to  acrc7ituate  this  effusive  welcome  to  a  Turk- 
ish official  in  Turkish  waters. 

ForlnUilitly  Rev.,  Oct.  13,  18S3,  p.  CS). 

accentuated  (ak-sen'tu-ii-ted),  p.  a.    Strongly 

marked ;  strong ;  prominent ;  very  distinct : 
as,  ueccntuatcdietiXxa'es;  au  accentuated  faidt 
of  manner. 

The  diagnostic  value  of  an  accentuated  cardiac  second 
sound.  Edin.  Med.  Jour.,  June,  1803. 

accentuation  (ak-sen-tfi-a'shon),  H.  [<  LL.  ac- 
ri  iitH(itio(n-),  <  aceentutirc:  see  accentuate.]  1. 
The  act  of  accentuating  or  of  marking  accent 
or  stress  in  speech  or  writing ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing accented  or  accentuated. —  2.  Tho  mode  of 
indicating  accent;  accentual  notation. —  3.  The 
act  of  emphasizing  or  laying  stress ;  a  bring- 
ing into  prominence. 

A  perpetual  straining  after  the  abstract 'idea  or  law  of 
change,  the  constant  accentuation,  as  it  is  called,  of  prin- 
ciple in  historical  writing,  invarialdy  marks  a  narrow  view 
of  truth,  a  want  of  mastery  over  details,  and  a  bias  towards 
foregone  conclusions.  Stulibs,  Const.  Hist.,  111.  .'ilS. 

There  is  no  accentuation  of  the  distinctively  feminine 
charms  [of  Athena  in  the  Parthenon  frieze];  nay,  from  one 
aspect  the  head  is  almost  boyish  in  character. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  179. 

aceentus  (ak-sen'tus),  n.  [ML.:  see  accent.'] 
In  ancient  clinrcli  music,  that  part  of  tho  service 
which  is  sung  or  recited  by  the  priest  and  his 
assistants  at  the  altar,  in  contradistinction  to 
concentu.i,  the  pttrt  simg  by  tho  wliole  choir. 

accept  (ak-sepf),  r.  t.  [<ME.  acccjiten,  <  OF. 
(tcrijitir,  (leej)tcr,  V.  acceiiter  =  Vr.  <iccei>tar  = 
Sp.  aee2>tar  =  Pg.  accitar  =  It.  accettarc,  <  L.  ac- 
ccjitarc,  reeoivo,  a  freq.  of  acciperc,  pp.  ac- 
ccplus,  receive,  <  ad,  to,  +  capcre,  take :  see  cap- 
tion.] 1.  To  take  or  receive  (something  olTcrod); 
receive  with  approbation  or  favor:  as,  ho  mado 
an  offer  which  was  accepted. 

lilcM,  Uird,  Ilia  substance,  and  accept  the  work  of  his 
liands.  Dent,  x.wili.  U. 

It  you  accept  them,  then  their  worth  Is  great. 

Sliut<.,\\  of  tlie>S.,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  take  (what  presents  itself  or  what  befalls 
one);  iiccommodato  one's  self  to:  as,  to  accept 
the  situation. 

They  carry  it  off  well,  these  fair  moving  mountahiB,  and 
like  ail  French  women  accept  frankly  their  natural  for- 
tunes. Eraser's  Mtt(j. 

3.  To  listen  favorably  to;  grant. 

Swiet  prince, accept  Ihelr  suit.      Slialc.,  Itich.  111., 111. 7. 

4.  To  receive  or  sulinit  and  agieo  to  ;  aecedo  or 
asBoiit.  to:  as,  to  accept  a  treaiy,  a  proposal,  on 
ami'iKhiiont,  an  excuse ;  often  followed  by  of: 
as,  1  accept  of  the  temis. 

He  (Wordsworlhl  accepted  the  code  of  freedom  and 
brotherhood  as  he  would  have  accepted  the  proclannitlon 
of  a  new  and  noble  king  .  .  .  whose  reign  was  to  bring  In 
the  golden  age. 

Mm.  nilphant,  Lit.  lllst.  of  IMh  Cent.,  1.  vl, 

B.  Toreccivt-  inn  particular  sense;  understand: 
as,  how  is  (liis  pliraso  U>  ^}l<  acceptcdi' — 6.  In 
com.,  to  Mcknowlcdgo,  by  .Kignaturo,  as  calliii(; 
for  payini'iil,  anil  thus  to  jiromiso  to  pay:  us, 


accept 

to  accent  a  liill  of  exchange,  that  is,  to  acknow- 
ledge the  obligation  to  pay  it  when  due.  See  ac- 
ceptance.— 7.  In  a  deliberative  hodi/,  to  receive 
as  a  sufficient  performance  of  the  duty  with 
which  an  officer  or  a  committee  has  been 
charged ;  receive  for  further  action :  as,  the 
report  of  the  committee  was  accepted.  =  Syn.  1. 
Take,  etc.    See  receive. 

acceptt  (ak-sepf),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  accept,  <  L.  ac- 
ccptitx,  pp.  of  accipere,  accept:  see  accept,  «.] 
Accepted. 

In  tyme  accept,  or  wel  plesynjje,  1  liaue  herd  thee. 

WDCllf,  2  Cor.  vi.  2. 
We  will  sudiienly 
Pass  our  accept  and  pereniptorv  answer. 

SImk.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 
[In  the  latter  passage  the  word  has  been  taken  to  mean 
acceptance.] 

acceptability  (ak-sep-ta^bil'i-ti),  B.  [<  accept- 
able: see -biliti/.']  The  quality  of  being  accept- 
able or  agreeable ;  acceptableness. 

acceptable  (ak-sep'ta^bl,  fonnerly  ak'sep-ta- 
bl),  a.  [<  ME.  acceptable,  <  L.  acceptahilis,  wor- 
thy of  acceptance,  <  accqj fare,  receive:  see 
accept.']  Capable,  worthy,  or  sure  of  being 
accepted  or  received  with  pleasure ;  hence, 
pleasing  to  the  receiver;  gratifying;  agreeable; 
welcome :  as,  an  acceptable  present. 

^Vliat  acceptable  audit  canst  thou  leave  ? 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  iv. 
This  woman,  whom  thou  raad'st  to  be  ray  help,  .  .  . 
So  fit,  so  acceptable,  so  divine.         Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  139. 

acceptableness  (ak-sep'ta-bl-nes),  n.  Same  as 
aeceptabHitij. 

acceptably  (ak-sep'tar-bli),  adv.  In  an  accept- 
able manner;  in  a  manner  to  please  or  give 
satisfaction. 

Let  us  liave  grace,  whereby  we  may  serve  God  a^^cept- 
ably.  Heb.  xii.  28. 

acceptance  (ak-sep'tans),  n.  [<  OF.  acceptan,ce : 
see  acceplant.']  1.  The  act  of  accepting,  or  the 
fact  of  being  accepted,  (a)  The  act  of  taking  or 
receiving  anything  offered ;  a  receiving  with  approbation 
or  satisfaction ;  favorable  reception. 
They  shall  come  up  with  acceptance  on  mine  altar. 

Isa.  Ix.  7. 
Such  with  him  finds  no  acceptance.    Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  530. 

(6)  The  act  of  receiving  and  assenting  to  something  stated 
or  propounded,  as  a  theory,  etc.  (c)  The  act  of  agreeing 
to  terms  or  proposals,  and  thereby  becoming  bound.  Spe- 
cifically— (X)\iilaw,  an  agreeing  to  the  offer  or  contract  of 
another  by  some  act  wliich  binds  the  person  in  law.  Thus, 
if  a  person  receiving  an  estate  in  remainder  takes  rent  ou 
a  lease  made  by  his  predecessor,  this  is  an  acceptance  of  the 
terms  of  the  lease,  and  binds  the  party  receiving  to  abide 
bythetermsof  the  lease.  (2) In  com.,  an  engagement,  by  the 
person  on  whom  a  bill  of  exchange  is  di-awn,  to  pay  the 
"bill :  usually  made  by  the  person  writing  the  word  "  Ac- 
cepted" across  the  bill  and  signing  his  name,  or  simply 
writing  his  name  across  or  at  the  end  of  the  bill.  Ac- 
ceptances are  of  three  principal  kinds ;  general  or  un- 
qualified,  when  no  limiting  or  qualifying  words  are  added  ; 
special,  when  expressed  as  payable  at  some  particular 
bank;  and  qualified,  when  expressed  tojje  for  a  less  sura 
than  that  for  which  the  bill  was  originally  drawn,  or  when 
some  variation  in  the  time  or  mode  of  payment  is  intro- 
duced. Acceptance  supra  protest,  or  for  honor,  is  accept- 
ance by  some  third  person,  after  protest  for  non-accept- 
ance by  the  drawee,  with  the  view  of  saving  the  honor  of 
the  drawer  or  of  some  particular  indorser. 
2.  A  biU  of  exchange  that  has  been  accepted, 
or  the  sum  contained  in  it. —  3t.  The  sense  in 
which  a  word  or  expression  is  understood ; 
signification ;  meaning ;  acceptation. 

An  assertion  .  .  .  under  the  common  acceptance  of  it 
not  only  false  but  odious.  Sotith. 

Acceptance  with  God,  in  theol.,  forgiveness  of  sins  and 
reception  into  God's  favor.  =  Syn.  Acceptance,  Accept- 
ancy.  Acceptation.     See  acceptation. 

acceptancy  (ak-sep'tan-si),  n.  The  act  of  ac- 
cepting ;  acceptance ;  willingness  to  receive  or 
accept. 

Here's  a  proof  of  gift. 
But  here's  no  proof,  sir,  of  acceptancy. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Aiu-ora  Leigh,  ii.  1057. 

=  SyiL  Accepta/ncy,  Acceptance,  Acceptation.  Seeaccep- 
tatwn. 

acceptant  (ak-sep'tant).  a.  and  n.  [<  P.  ac- 
ccptant,  iJj.  acceptan{t-)s,  pjjr.  of  acceptare: 
see  accept.']    I.  a.  Receptive.  X.  E.  D. 

II.  11.  1.  One  who  accepts;  an  accepter. 
Specifically — 2.  {cap.]  One  of  the  French  bish- 
ops and  clergy  who  accepted  the  bull  Unigeni- 
tus,  issued  in  1713  by  Pope  Clement  XI.  against 
the  Jansenists. 

acceptation  (ak-sep-ta'shon),  ».  [=Sp.  acep- 
tec(0»=Pg.  aceitagao=lt"  accettazione,  <  L.  as 
if  *acceptatio(n-),  <  acceptare,  receive:  see  ac- 
cept.] If.  The  act  of  accepting  or  receiving; 
reception ;  acceptance  :  as,  the  acceptation  of  a 
trust. 
All  are  rewarded  with  Uke  coldness  of  acceptation. 

q  Sir  JP.  Sidney. 


33 

2.  The  state  of  being  accepted  or  acceptable; 
favorable  regard ;  hence,  credence ;  belief. 

This  is  a  faithful  saying,  and  worthy  of  all  acceptation, 
that  Christ  Jesus  came  into  the  world  to  save  sinners. 

1  Tim.  i.  15. 
Some  things  .  .  .  are  notwithstanding  of  so  great  dig- 
nity and  acceptation  with  God.       Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  ii. 
[Richard  Cromwell]  spake  also  with  general  acceptation 
and  applause  when  he  made  his  speech  before  the  ParUa- 
meut,  even  far  beyond  the  Ixn-d  Kynes. 

Quoted  by  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  261. 

3.  The  meaning  or  sense  in  which  a  word  or 
statement  is  taken  or  understood:  as,  this  term 
is  to  be  understood  in  its  usual  acceptation. 

Genius  is  a  word  which,  in  common  acceptation,  G\ttiu\'i 
much  further  than  to  the  objects  of  taste.  U.  Blair,  Lect. 
=  Syn.  .'iccepfance,  Acceptancy,  Acceptation.  These 
words  li:ivi'  t)cL-n  used  interchaiigeably,  but  there  is  a 
niark^d  tcmlfncy  to  use  acceptance  for  the  act  of  accept- 
ing, and  'iceeptatian  for  the  state  of  being  accepted,  accept- 
ancy having  become  rare,  or  being  restricted  to  poetic  use. 

It  is  in  vain  to  stand  out  against  the  full  acceptance  of 
a  word  which  is  supported  by  so  much  and  so  respectable 
authority.  Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  41. 

To  reanimate  this  drooping  but  Divine  trutli  of  liuman 
regeneration,  l)y  lifting  it  out  of  its  almost  wholly  lapsed 
and  lifeless  —  because  merely  ritual  —  private  acceptation, 
and  giving  it  a  grander  public  application. 

//.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  154. 

accepted  (ak-sep'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Acceptable; 
chosen;  appointed. 

Behold,  now  is  the  accepted  time;  behold,  now  is  the 
day  of  salvation.  2  Cor.  vi.  2. 

2.  In  com.,  received  or  acknowledged  as  bind- 
ing :  often  abbreviated  to  a.  or  A.  See  accept-, 
ance,  1  (c)  (2). 
accepter  (ak-sep'tfer),  n.  1.  A  person  who  ac- 
cepts. Specifically,  in  com.,  the  person  who  accepts  a 
bill  of  exchange  so  as  to  bind  himself  to  pay  the  sum  speci- 
fied in  it.  [In  this  specific  sense  most  frequently  written 
acceptor  (which  see).] 

2t.  One  who  favors  unduly;  a  respecter. 

God  is  no  accepter  of  persons ;  neither  riches  nor  poverty 
are  a  means  to  procure  his  favour. 

ChiUingu'ortk,  Sermons,  iii.  §33. 

acceptilate  (ak-sep'ti-lat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
acceptilated,  pj^r.  acceptilating.  [<  acceptila- 
tioii.]  To  discharge  (a  debt)  by  accejitila- 
tion. 

acceptilation  (ak-sep-ti-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ac- 
ceptilutio{n-),  also  wTitten  'separately  aceepti 
latio{n-),  a  formal  discharging  from  adebt,  lit. 
a  bearing  of  a  receipt :  aceepti,  gen.  of  accep- 
tiim,  a  receipt,  pp.  neut.  of  accipere,  receive 
(see  accept,  v.);  latio{n-),  a  bearing,  <  latiis,  pp., 
associated  with  ferre  =  E.  bear^i  see  ablalirc, 
and  ct.  Ici/i.'ihitinn.]  1.  In  civil  and  Scot's  law, 
the  verbal  extinction  of  a  verbal  contract, 
■with  a  declaration  that  the  debt  has  been  paid 
when  it  has  not,  or  the  acceptance  of  some- 
thing merely  imaginary  in  satisfaction  of  a  ver- 
bal contract.  Wharton.  Hence  —  2t.  latlieol., 
the  free  forgiveness  of  sins  by  God,  for  Christ's 
sake.  The  word  (acceptilatio)  was  used  by  Duns  Scotus, 
in  whose  writings  it  first  appears  as  a  theological  term,  to 
signify  the  doctrine  that  God  accepts  the  sufferings  of 
Christ  as  a  satisfaction  to  justice,  though  in  strictness 
they  are  not  so,  as  opposed  to  the  notion  that  Chiisfs 
sufferings  were  infinite,  and  therefore  a  full  and  actual 
satisfaction  for  the  sins  of  mankind. 

Our  justification  which  comes  by  Christ  is  by  imputa- 
tion and  acceptilation,  by  grace  and  favour. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Ans.  to  Ep.  of  Rochester. 

acceptiont  (ak-sep'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  accejycioun, 
<0F.  acccjition  =  S-p.  acepcion  =  Vg.  accepqao, 
<  L.  aeceptio(n-),  <  accipere,  receive :  see  accept.] 

1.  Acceptation. 

The  diverse  acceptiont  of  words  which  the  schoolmen 
call  suppositions  elfect  no  homonymy. 

Buryersdicius,  trans,  by  a  Gentleman,  I.  xxvi.  12. 
That  this  hath  been  esteemed  the  due  and  proper  clc- 
ception  of  tliis  word,  I  shall  testify. 

Hammond,  Fundamentals. 

2.  The  act  of  favoring  unequally ;  preference. 

For  accepciouns  of  pei-soones,  that  is,  to  putte  oon  bi- 
fore  another  withoute  desert,  is  not  anentis  God. 

Wyclif,  Rom.  ii.  11. 

accepti'vet  (ak-sep'tiv),  a.    Beady  to  accept. 
The  juMipl^-  ■.generally  are  very  acceptive  and  apt  to  ap- 
plaud any  mcritablo  work. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  .\ltered,  ii.  7. 

acceptor  (ak-sep't6r  or  -ter),  n.  [After  L.  ac- 
ceptor, one  who  receives,  <  accipere,  receive : 
see  accept,  v.]      Same   as    accepter,  but  more 

frequent  in  commercial  and  legal  use Acceptor 

supra  protest,  a  person,  not  a  party  to  a  bill  of  exchange 
which  has  been  protested,  who  accepts  it  for  the  honor  of 
the  dr.iwer  or  of  an  mdorser,  thereby  agreeing  to  pay  it  if 
the  drawee  does  not. 

acceptress  (ak-sep'tres),  n.  A  female  acceptor. 
[Rare.] 

accerset  (ak-sers'),  ''•  *•  [<  L.  accersere,  com- 
monly (irccsf!ere  (prefix  ar-,  <  ad-,  to),  summon, 
cause  to  come,  <  accedere,  come :  see  accede.] 


accession 

To  call  out  or  forth;  summon,  as  an  army. 
Hall.  [Rare.] 
access  (ak'ses,  formerly  ak-ses'),  n.  [<ME. 
acces,  aksis,  axes  (nearly  always  in  sense  5), 
<  OF.  acces  (also  spelled  aces,  acex,  aches,  axces), 
approach,  attack,  F.  acc&  =  Sp.  accftso  z=  Pg. 
It.  accesso,  <  L.  accessiis,  approach,  passage,  in- 
crease, <  accecte'e,  go  to:  see  accede.]  1.  A 
coming  to  ;  near  approach ;  admittance ;  admis- 
sion :  as,  to  gain  access  to  a  prince. 

We  are  denied  accesn  unto  his  person. 

Skak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Means  of  approach  or  admission;  way  of 
entrance  or  passage  to  anything:  as,  the  access 
is  through  a  massive  door  or  a  long  con-idor,  or 
by  a  neck  of  land. 

All  access  was  throng'd.  Milton,  P.  L.,  L  7*31. 

Then  closed  her  access  to  the  wealthier  farms. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

3.  Admission  to  sexual  intercourse. 

During  coverture  access  of  the  husband  shall  be  pre- 
siuned,  unless  the  contrary  be  shown.  Blackstone. 

4.  Addition ;  increase ;  accession. 
I,  from  the  influence  of  thy  looks,  receive 
Acc'ss  in  every  virtue.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  310. 

5.  The  attack  or  return  of  a  fit  or  paroxysm  of 

disease,  as  of  a  fever;  accession. 

Every  wight  gan  waxen  for  accesse 
A  leche  anon.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1578. 

The  first  access  looked  like  an  apoplexy. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Hist,  of  Own  Times. 

Tile  most  efficient  and  certain  means  for  stimulating  the 

cerebral  cortex,  in  order  to  provoke  an  epileptic  access, 

is  electrization.  Alien,  and  JS'eurol.,  \*I.  8. 

6.  The  approach  of  the  priest  to  the  altar  for 
the  purpose  of  celebrating  the  eucharist.— 7. 
In  canon  law,  a  right  to  a  certain  benefice  at 
some  future  time,  now  in  abeyance  through 
lack  of  required  age  or  some  other  conditions : 
if  in  abeyance  through  actual  possession  of 
another,  it  is  equivalent  to  the  right  of  succes- 
sion. See  coadjutor,  ingress  is  a  right,  in  virtue  of 
some  previous  stipulation,  to  a  benefice  resigned  before 
entered  upon ;  regress,  to  a  benefice  actually  renounced. 
The  Council  of  Trent  and  succeeding  popes  abolished 
such  titles,  as  tending  to  make  benefices  hereditary  ;  since 
then  they  have  existed  in  Roman  Catiiolic  countries  only 
in  particular  instances  and  by  a  special  pontifical  privilege. 
—  Prayer  of  humble  access,  a  prayer  said  by  the  cele- 
brant ill  his  own  behalf  and  in  that  of  the  people  before 
communicating.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  litur- 
gies it  is  used  shortly  before  the  communion  of  the  priest. 
In  the  present  Book  of  Common  Prayer  it  precedes  the 
Cnnscrration. 

accecsarily,  accessariness,  etc.    See  accesso- 

rihj,  iirvi/.'isoriness,  etc. 

accessary  (ak-ses'a-ri  or  ak'ses-a-ri),  n.  [<  L. 
as  if  *acccssari»s,  <  accessus,  access:  see  access. 
Now  mixed  with  accessorij,  a.  and  n.  Strictly 
the  noun  (a  person)  should  be  accessary,  the 
adj.  (and  noun,  a  things  accessor:/;  but  the  dis- 
tinction is  too  fine  to  be  maintained.  See  -arij, 
-or I/.]     Same  as  accessori/. 

accessibility  (ak-ses-i-bil'i-ti),  -n.  [=F.  ac- 
ccssibilite  =  It.  accessibilita,  <  LL.  accessibili- 
td{t-)s,  <  accessibilis,  accessiljle:  see  accessible.] 
The  condition  or  quality  of  being  accessible,  or 
of  admitting  approach. 

accessible  (ak-ses'i-bl),  a.     [=F.  accessible  = 
Sp.  accesible  =  Pg.    accessivel  =  It.   accessibile, 
<  LL.  accessibilis,  accessible,  <  L.  accessiis,  pp.  of 
accedere,  go  to,  approach :  see  accede.  ]     Capa- 
ble of  being  approached  or  reached;  easy  of 
access ;    approachable ;  attainable :  as,  an  ac- 
cessible town  or  motmtain ;  the  place  is  accessi- 
ble by  a  concealed  path. 
Mostfranklyacc€.vi-ib/f,  most  affable,  .  .  .  most  sociable, 
Barrow,  Works,  I.  260. 
Proofs  accessible  to  all  the  world. 

Buckle,  Hist.  Civilization,  I.  i. 

accessibly  (ak-ses'i-bli),  adv.  In  an  accessi- 
ble manner ;  so  as  to  be  accessible. 

accession  (ak-sesh'on),  n.  [=  F.  accession,  <  OF. 
accessioun  =  Sp.  accesion  =  Pg.  accessao  =  It. 
accessione,  <  L.  accessioun-),  a  going  to,  an  ap- 
proach, attack,  increase,  <  accessiis,  pp.  of  ac- 
cedere, go  to:  see  accede.]  1.  A  comiag,  as 
into  the  possession  of  a  right  or  station ;  attain- 
ment; entrance;  induction:  as.  the  accession 
of  the  people  to  political  power,  or  to  the  ballot ; 
accession  to  an  estate,  or  to  the  throne. 

The  king,  at  his  accession,  takes  an  oath  to  maintain  all 
the  rights,  liberties,  franchises,  and  customs,  written  or 
unwritten.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  376. 

2.  The  act  of  acceding,  as  by  assent  or  agree- 
ment ;  consent ;  Junction ;  adliesion :  as,  acces- 
sion to  a  demand  or  proposal ;  their  accession 
to  the  party  or  confederacy  was  a  great  gain. 

Declaring  their  acquiescence  in  and  accession  to  the 
determination  made  by  Congress. 

S.  Williams,  Hist.  Vermont,  p.  283.    (JV.  E.  D.) 


accession 

3.  Increase  by  sometMng  added ;  that  which 
is  added:  augmentation;  addition:  as,  an  ac- 
cessimi  of  wealth,  temtoiy,  or  numbers. 

The  oi.lv  acce^inon  which  the  Eomau  Empire  received 
was  the  province  of  Britaiu.  (xibbon. 

The  yule  log  drew  an  unusually  large  accession  of  guests 

around  the  Christmas  hearth.  ,,,     .  ,    t  ,- 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  1. 1,. 

The  ship  brought  hut  twenty  passengers,  and  quenched 

all  hope  of  immediate  a<:cessions.  ,   ,-  o    t  oo- 

Banero.r;,  Ilist.  I..  S.,  I.  2So. 

4  In  /«if,  a  mode  of  acquiring  property,  by 
whioh  the  owner  of  a  corporeal  substance 
whii-h  receives  an  addition  by  growth  or  by  the 
application  of  labor  has  a  right  to  the  thing 
added  or  to  the  improvement,  as  an  addition 
to  a  house  made  by  a  tenant  under  an  ordinary 
lease.  — 5.  In  med.,  the  attack,  approach,  or 
commencement  of  a  disease;  access. — 6.  In 
the  election  of  a  pope,  the  transference  of  votes 
from  one  candidate  to  another,  when  the  scru- 
tiny has  not  resulted  in  a  choice.  The  oppor- 
tiuiity  of  doing  this  is  called  an  accessit  (which 

see) Deed  of  accession,  in  Scots  law,  a  deed  executed 

by  the  creditors  of  a  bankrupt,  by  whicli  they  approve  of 
a'trust  given  by  their  debtor  for  the  general  behoof,  and 
bind  themselves  to  concur  in  the  plans  proposed  for  extri- 
cating his  affairs.  =Syn.  2.  Consent,  compliance,  assent, 
acquiescence.— 3.  Increase,  addition,  increment,  exten. 
si- III,  annmentation. 
accessional  (ak-sesh'on-al),  a.  [=Pg.  acces- 
Sf'iKil.  <  L.  as  if  "accesnionalis :  see  accession.} 
Consisting  in  or  due  to  accession;  giving  in- 
crease or  enlargement ;  additional. 

The  speciflc  and  arcrxxional  perfections  which  the  hu. 
man  understanding  derives  from  it.  CoUridge. 

I  regard  that,  rather,  as  a  superinduced,  collateral,  ac- 
auianal  fame,  a  necessity  of  greatness. 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  622. 

accessit  (ak-ses'it),  ».  [L.,  he  has  come  near, 
:;d  pcrs.  sing.  perf.  ind.  of  accederc,  to  come  to  or 
near:  see  accede.}  1.  In  English  and  other  col- 
leges, a  certilieate  or  prize  awarded  to  a  stu- 
dent of  second  (or  lower)  merit:  as,  second 
acces.tiV,  third,  fourth,  etc.,  acce.<isit. —  2.  In  the 
election  of  a  pope,  an  opportunity  given  the 
members  of  the  conclave,  after  each  ballot,  to 
revise  their  votes. 

Every  morning  a  ballot  is  cast,  followed  in  the  evening 
by  an  "accauril";  that  is,  if  the  morning  ballot  has  led  to 
no  result,  any  of  the  electors  i.s  allowed  to  transfer  his 
vi.te  to  that  one  of  the  caniiidates  whom  he  can  expect 
thcrcliy  to  get  elected.  Schaf-Herzog,  Encyc,  I.  621. 

accessivet  (ak-ses'iv),  a.  [<jrL.  acccssiviis 
(rare,  and  special  sense  uncertain,  but  lit.  '  ad- 
ditional'), ^L.  accessii.1,  addition:  see  access.} 
Additional ;  contributory. 

Ood  "  c)pencd  the  eyes  of  one  that  was  born  blind  "  and 
had  increjiscd  this  cfficity  by  his  own  rtcreWre  and  exces- 
Hive  wii  kedric8.s.  Ilev.  T.  Adamg,  Works,  II.  379. 

accessorial  (ak-se-s6'ri-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
uu  accessory :  as,  accessorial  agency. 

3icre  acccAitorial  guilt  was  not  enough  to  convict  him. 

/{.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  265. 

accessorily  (ak-ses'o-ri-U  or  ak'se-so-ri-li),  «(?!•. 
lu  tlie  inanuer  of  an  accessory;  not  as  princi- 
pal, but  as  a  subordinate  agent.  Also  written 
arresHorilfi. 
accessoriness  (ak-ses'o-ri-nes  or  ak'so-so-ri- 
iiis),  II.  Tli«!  slate  of  being  accessory,  or  of 
Ixiii^'  or  acting  as  an  accessory.  Also  written 
arrif-iftnness. 

accessorins  (ak-soso'ri-us),  a.  and  n. ;  pi.  acccs- 
Korii  (-\).  [.ML.:  neft accessory.}  In  anat.,  e,e- 
caosory,  or  uu  acccHsory.    Applied— (n)  To  several 

muf'T-- '•     rirrcsRoriuH  ad  Hacro-lumbalem, 

I    the  sacro-luiid)aliH,  passing,  in 

from  the  six   lower  to  the  six 

ii'i'iilaris  BUi>crior<'.<,  acce.'worll 

'■on  superior  and  Inferior  adill 


34 

accessor;!  buds  are  developed  by  the  side  of  or 
above  tlie  normal  axillary  bud — Accessory  action, 
in  Scots  law,  an  action  in  some  degree  subservient  or  an- 
cillarj-  to  another  action.— Accessory  contract,  one 
made  for  the  purpose  of  :issuring  the  performance  of  a 
prior  contract,  either  by  the  same  parties  or  by  others, 
such  as  a  suretyship,  a  mortg.age.  or  a  pledge.'  Bounei:  — 
Accessory  disk,  the  thin,  slightly  dim,  and  anisotropous 
disk  seen  near  the  intermediate  disk  in  certain  forms 
and    conditions  of    striated    muscle-libers.— Accessory 


fruits  those  fruits  a  considerable  portion  of  whose  sub-        '^1  J 
stance'is  distinct  from  the  seed-vessel  and  formed  of  the  .  i 


accidental 

We  carried  an  accidence,  or  a  grammar,  for  form. 

Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

Hence — 2.  The  rudiments  of  any  subject. 

The  ptiets  who  were  just  then  learning  the  accidence 
of  tiieir  ai't.  Loicell,  .\niong  my  Books,  '2d  ser.,  p.  W2. 

accidence-t  (ak'si-<lens),  «.  [<  ME.  accidence, 
<  Oi'.  accidence,  <  Ij.  accidentia,  a  chance,  a 
casual  event,  <  acciden(_t-)s,  ppr.  of  accidere, 
happen:  see  accident.}    A  fortuitous  cireiun- 


an  accident. 


accrescent  and  succulent  calyx,  or  torus,  or  receptacle, 
bracts,  etc.— Accessory  muscles.  See  acccusoriw*.- Ac- 
cessory obligation,  an  obligation  incidental  or  subor- 
dinate to  aiu'tiicr  iil,lii;ation.  Thus,  an  obligation  for  the 
re'idar  payment  of  interest  is  accessor;/  to  the  obligation 
to'pay  the  principal ;  a  mortgage  to  secine  payment  of 
a  bond  is  accessory  to  the  bond.— Accessory  valves,  in 


>  Valves  [a  aj 


accident  (iik'si-dent),  n.  [<ME.  accident,  <  OF. 
accidciil,  1\  accidents  Sp.  Pg.  It.  accidenfc,  < 
L.  acciden(t-)s,  an  accident,  chance,  misfor- 
time,  prop.  ppr.  of  accidere,  fall  upon,  befall, 
happen,  c'hauee,  <  ad,  to,  upon,  +  cadcre,  fall : 
see  cadence,  ease^,  and  eliancc.}  1.  In  general, 
anvthing  that  happens  or  Ijegins  to  be  -n-ithout 
design,  or  as  an  iml'oreseen  effect ;  that  which 
falls  out  by  chance  ;  a  fortuitous  event  or  cir- 
cumstance. 

The  story  of  my  life, 
.\nd  the  particular  accidents  gone  by. 
Since  I  came  to  this  isle.         Sliak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
\\'henever  words  tumble  out  under  the  blindest  ocri- 
dents  of  the  moment,  those  are  the  words  retaiiieii. 

Dc  QuiHccy,  Style,  ' 


zoul  ,  small  additional  valves,  as  those  placed  near  the 

rc'eroi^'ne?#e™"n'^«tt'«.eelfve™n«"pt^^  2.  Specifically,  an  undesirable  or  tmtorttmate 

nerves.  See  accessoritis.  happening ;  an  undesigned  harm  or  injury ;  a 

II.  "■;  pi.  aceesson'es  (-riz).    1.  In  law^  one  casualty  or  mishap,    in  Jci/ai  imp,  an  accident  is:  (n) 

who  is  guilty  of  a  fclonv,  not  by  committiag  An  event  happening  witliout  the  concurrence  of  the  will 

the  offense  in  person  or  as  a  principal,  nor  by  o{  the  person  by  whose  agency  it  was  caused 


the     . 
mart 

upi»r  no. 
orblculart-t  < 
tlonal  or  IV  ■ 
niujici''  of  II  > 
the  will'  of  ' 
IM  rntrU  or 

Ule   1 

To 
.(III 
anil  III 

acccsflory 

[=|-'" 

*orio.  ''  Ml,,  acii 

rrdt  II  :  ?o'o  tiered^ 

|..'r  •       . 

pp. 

timi 

lu<nM^ :  III,  aril 


Ithers  of  the  orbicularis  oris 
litis,  the  accessory  llixor  of 
iiig  liy  two  hi-iiils  from  the 
i.crted  into  the  teiMloii  of 
iir  longiis  dlgltorniii).  {Ii) 
I  il  nerves,  also  culled  the 
.  ivi-  tlhilni-iiU  lo  the  vagus, 
I  t.,i,l  and  traliezhlH  liiitsclii. 
I  iir  iik'so-so-ri),  «.  and  n. 
I.  iii'rrsf/rio  =  ^'K-  It'  arrm- 
"t,  <  L.  accmi/.i,  tip.  of  ac- 
||  'f.  firc^msari/.}  I,  n.  1.  (Of 
;  <<irilributiiig ;  aiding  in 
I, 'ir  ai'tintr  in  Hiiliordinii- 
I  I  'I. Ill ;  usually  in  a  bad 
ii'loiiy.  Ti-i'linically, 
■.  Illmut  bi'Inu'  preHcnt 
■  H,,,s.)  (n)  Cfintributiiig  to 
A  KcniTiil  otTiict;  nidiriL' in  <'i'rtninncl«i>ri'lTcct« 
inn'.  •  '  -^  ITU  •  '  !  I  --.  iiiniiMH'lliinK 
I'ls'  ,.^,  urriHSiin/ 

winri  .  ,   I.    .       i-H,     (II)  A<1- 

rtitiouni,  or  of  the  nuliirr  of  itn  ii|>|><mdB(^u:  M, 


being  present  at  its  commission,  but  by  being 
in  some  other  way  concerned  therein,  as  by  ad- 
^-ising  or  inciting"  another  to  commit  the  crime, 
or  by  concealing  the  offender  or  in  any  way 
helping  him  to  escape  ptmishment.  An  accessory 
before  the  fact  is  one  wlio  counsels  or  incites  another  to 
commit  a  felony,  and  who  is  not  present  when  the  act  is 
done ;  a.fter  the  fact,  one  who  receives  and  conceals,  or  in 
any  way  assists,  the  offender,  knowing  him  to  have  com- 
mitted a  felony.  In  high  treason  and  nnsdemeanor,  by 
Knglish  law,  there  are  no  accessories,  all  implicated  being 
treated  as  principals.    See  abetter. 

An  accessory  is  one  who  participates  in  a  felony  too  re- 
motely to  be  deemed  a  principal.  Bishop. 

In  that  state  [Massachusetts],  too,  the  aider  and  abettor, 
who  at  common  law  would  have  been  but  a  mere  nci'.-.s- 
sory,  may  be  indicted  and  convicted  of  a  substantive 
felony,  without  any  regard  to  the  indictment  or  conviction 
of  the  pruicipal.  -Am.  Cyc,  I.  6S. 

The  prevailing  rule  of  the  criminal  law,  that  there  may 
be  principals  and  accessories  to  a  crime,  has  no  applica- 
tion whatever  to  treason.  Am.  Cyc,  XV.  851. 

2.  That  which  accedes  or  belongs  to  some- 
thing else  as  its  principal ;  a  subordinate  part 
or  object ;  an  aecomiianiment. 

The  wealth  of  both  Indies  seems  in  great  part  but  an 

accessary  to  the  command  of  the  sea.  iiacoii.  Essays,  xxix. 

The  :i.spcet  and  accessories  of  a  den  of  banditti.    Caiiyh: 

3.  In  the  fine  arts,  an  object  represented  which 
is  not  a  main  motive  or  center  of  interest,  Init 
is  introduced  to  balaiico  the  composition  or  in 
some  way  enhance  its  artistic  effectiveness. 
In  a  portrait,  for  example,  everything  but  the  figure  is  an 
accessory. 

In  painting  the  picture  of  an  Oriental,  the  pipe  and  the 
colfee-cup  arc  indispensalile  accessories. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  ITS. 

[In  all  uses  interchangeable  with  acces-iari/,  but 
accessory  is  more  common.]  =  Syn.  1.  Abetter,  ac- 
compli.c  Sccthedelliiitions  of  these  words. 
acciaccatura(itt-cliiik-kii-to'ra),  H.  [It.;  lit.,  the 
effect  of  crushing,  <  aeciaecare,  bruise,  crush, 
<  acciare,  mince,  hash,  <  accia,  an  a.\,  <  L.  ascia, 
an  ax:  see  axl.]  In  mK.s'ic  .•(«)  A  grace-note 
one  half  step  below  a  jirincipnl  note,  .struck  at 
the  same  time  with  tlie  principal  note  and  ini- 
mediatelvleft,  wliilo  the  latter  is  held,  liefore  a 
single  note"  it  is  iiidicale.l  in  Hie  same  niaiiner  as  the  short 
appoggiatura  ;  before  a  note  of  a  chord  it  is  indiealcil  by 

Written.  Played. 


=^^ 


In  lav,  it  Iniiili 
nlthoa.i.— 2.  (Uf  II 


a  stroke  drawn  through  the  chonl  uiuler  Hie  note  to 
which  It  helonKB.  It  Is  now  used  only  In  organniuslc. 
(Il)  M.iri-  frequently,  a  short  apiioggiatura.  N'c 
ii}ijiiiilitialiirii. 
accidence'  Oik'«i-<lenw),  n.  [A  missiielling  <if 
acnilinis,  |.l.,  or  a'ii  inonin.  of  ]j.  accidenlid. 
ni'iil.  |il.,  as  accide»ei~  !•(  L.  arcidrnlia,  fcni. 
King. :  HOC  nrcWciif,  (I.]  1.  'I'liat  part  of  griini- 
miir  which  treats  of  the  ni'cidcnls  or  inflection 
of  words;  a  Hinall  book  lonlalning  tlio  nidi- 
ments  uf  grnniinar. 

I  .  .  .  iK'Ver  yet  tlld  lentn  iiiliif  accixlence. 

John  laiilor  (ihv  Water- I'oet). 


„ ^ ,  „      .  Itditfei-3 

from  mistake,  in  that  the  latter  always  supposes  the 
operation  of  the  will  of  the  agent  in  producing  the  event, 
altlioiisli  that  will  is  caused  by  erroneous  impressions  on 
the  mind.  Edu:  Livinyston.  See  »ii,s(nAe.  ((j)  Sometimes, 
in  a  loose  sense,  any  event  that  takes  place  without  one's 
foresight  or  expectation,  (r)  Speeiflcally,  in  equity  prac- 
tice, an  event  which  is  not  the  result  of  personal  negli- 
gence or  miscoiiduet. 

3.  The  operation  of  chance ;    an  undesigned 
contingency ;  a  happening  without  intentional  • 
causation ;  "chance  ;  fortime:  as,  it  was  the  re- 
sult of  accident;  I  was  there  by  accident. 
Prizes  of  accident  as  oft  as  merit. 

Shah.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  :i. 
.Ml  of  them,  in  his  opinion,  owe  their  being  to  fate,  acci- 
dent, or  the  blind  action  of  stupid  matter.  Dwiyht. 
4t.  That  which  exists  or  oeem'S  abnornuiUy; 
something  tmusual  or  phenomenal ;  an  tuiconi- 
mon  occurrence  or  appearance. 

Noon  accident  for  noon  advcrsitee 
Was  seyn  in  her.       Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  (.07. 
The  accident  was  loud,  and  here  before  thee 
With  rueful  cry.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  ir.S'i 

5.  Irregularity ;  unevenness  ;  abruptness,  (n) 
Any  chalice,  unexpected,  or  unusual  (luality  or  cii'cuin- 
stance. 

The  happy  accidents  of  old  English  houses. 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  '-'ii'>. 
(b)  An  irregularity  of  surface  ;  an  undulation  :  as,  the 
enemy  was  favored  by  the  «cci'cteH(»  of  the  ground. 

6.  A  non-essential,  in  (0.71c  (translation  of  Or.  avit- 
f)(|3^K6?) :  («)  Any  predicate,  mark,  character,  or  whatever 
is  in  a  subject  or  inheres  in  a  substance  :  in  this  sense 
opposed  to  si(().s^iiii.'i'.  (h)  .\  charai'ter  which  may  bo 
present  in  or  alis^it  from  a  member  of  a  natural  d.iss :  in 
this  sense  it  is  one  of  the  five  predicables,  viz.,  genus,  dif- 
ference, species,  property,  accident.  Accidents  arc  divided 
into  .«i';<iii-o(''i' and  iiisei'iarable.  The  distinction  between 
an  iiiseinirahle  accident  and  a  jiropei'ty  is  not  clear. 

If  two  or  three  hundred  men  are  to  be  found  who  can- 
not live  out  of  Madeira,  that  inability  would  still  be  an 
accident  and  a  peculiarity  of  each  id"  them. 

J.  II.  .\eirtnan,  Cram,  of  .\ssent,  p.  sn. 

7.  In  {Irani.,  a  variation  or  inflection  of  n  word, 
not  esscntiiil  to  its  primary  signilicatiou.  but 
marking  a  modificatuni  of  its  relation,  as  gen- 
der, nunilier,  and  case.     See  accidence^. 

(In  Malayl  the  noun  has  no  accidents. 

U.  X.  Cast.  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind..  p.  i:i4. 
Chapter  of  accidents.  Sic  .'/m/ir.i'.— Conversion  by 
accident.  Sce  eonrerslon.  -Efficient  cause  by  acci- 
dent. See  cause.-  Fallacy  of  accident,  see  Jallaey. 
^Syn.  1.  chance,  misclinnce.  ha]!,  mishap,  fortune,  niis- 
fortinic.  bilk,  bad  luck,  casualty,  calamity,  disaster.— 6. 

I'riii'erlii.  MIribiile, i{c.     Sce  i/im'iVi/. 

accidental  (ak-si-den'tal),  a.  and  n.  [=  l'\ 
accidi  nlil  =  Vr.  Sj).  I'g.  accidental  =  It.  acci- 
dinlale,  <M1j.  aeciilinlitlis,  <  L.  ticciiien(t-)s,  an 
.ici'ident,  dianco:  aei)  accident.}  1.  a.  1.  llap- 
pcniiigbvcliance  or  accident,  oriiiii'xpectfdly ; 
hiking  place  not  according  to  the  usual  eoiu'se 
of  tilings;  casual;  fortuitiiUK;  iiiiintentiniiiil  ; 
lis,  nil  ticcidinliil  niccting, —  2.  Non-osseiitial; 
not  ni'iTssarily  belonging  to  the  subject;  ad- 
ventitious: as,  songs  are  accidintat  to  a  play. 

Of  J ■  pbiloKoiihy  you  make  no  use, 

If  \"ll  give  Iilace  to  accidental  evils. 

,S/m/i-.,.I.  C.,  iv.  .1. 

Accidental  being.     See  ^^1I1.^  -Accidental  colors. 

In  o(.(i.'»,  piismiilli-  .iinipli'iMiiiliirv  colors  seen  when  thu 
eve  Is  liinicil  siiibhnlv  lo  a  while  or  liulit  colored  surface, 
afler  It  has  been  Iheil  for  a  I  line  .01  a  Inlgbl  cololed  oli. 
liTt.  if  III.  ..hject  is  blue.  111.'  a.  .i.l.lilal  color  Is  yellow: 
Ifred.gr.i  ii,.l.  Thus.  II  wel.ioU  nx.i.lly  ata  ri  .1  waferoiii 
piece  of  «liilipa|ier,  ami  then  turn  111..  eye  to  iiiiotherimrt 
of  the  papi  I ,  a  green  siiut  !•  seen.     Accidental  dellnl- 


accidental 

tlon,  a  description.— Accidental  distinction,  in  lof/ir, 
one  which  does  not  concern  tlic  liilinitions  of  tlif  objects 
diatin^'iiishci.— Accidental  error.in  p/iif.si<-s.  Scc  error. 
—Accidental  form.  Sc' . />>/•/«.-  Accidental  light,  in 
paintiii'/,  a  M-i;nii(lary  liirht  wliich  is  not  ;icconnted  for  by 
the  prevalent  cllect,  such  as  tin-  rays  ui  tlie  sun  darting 
tiu'ough  a  cloud,  or  hclwccn  the  leaves  of  a  thicket,  or 
the  effects  of  mooidisht,  eandle-li^dit,  or  burning  bodies,  in 
a  scene  whicii  dues  not  owe  itscliief  light  to  such  a  source. 
—Accidental  point,  in  perfip.,thiii  point  in  which  a  riglit 
line  drawn  fruni  the  eye  parallel  to  another  given  right 
line  cuts  the  picture  or 


plane.  Thus,  suppose 
Ali  to  be  the  line  given 
in  perspective,  CFE  the 
perspective  plane,  D  the 
eye,  DC  the  line  parallel 
to  AB ;  then  is  C  tlie  ac- 
cidental point.  =  Syn. 

1.    Acriih-ntdl,  Chance, 

Casiinf,  I-'orfaitous,  In- 

The  first  four  are  tlie  wnrds  most 


r* 

'::-, 

c 

r 

^\ 

,.^  \ 

_-^ 

B           A\ 

Accidental  Point. 


cidental.  Contingent. 
fOliinionly  used  to  express  occurrence  without  cxiii'tthtiou 
or  design.  Accidental  is  the  most  tvuiiiiiuu,  and  expresses 
that  which  happens  outside  of  the  rcgilhtr  course  of  events. 
Chance  has  about  tlie  same  foi'ce  as  accidental,  but  it  is  not 
used  predicatively.  There  is  a  tendency  to  desynonymize 
accidental  and  casual,  so  as  to  make  the  former  apply  to 
events  that  are  of  more  consequence :  as,  an  accidental 
fall;  a  cffA'uai  remark.  As  to  actual  connection  with  the 
main  course  of  events,  casual  is  tin-  word  most  opposed  to 
incidental ;  the  connection  of  what  is  incidirdal  is  real  and 
necessary,  but  secondary  ;  as,  an  incidental  benefit  or  evil. 
An  incidental  remark  is  a  real  part  i  >f  a  discussion;  a  camial 
remark  is  not.  Fortuitous  is  rather  ;t  learned  word,  not 
applicable  in  many  cases  where  accidental  ov  even  casual 
could  be  used;  perhaps  through  its  resemblance  t^^ fortu- 
nate, it  is  rarely  if  ever  useii  when  speaking  of  that  which 
is  unfavorable  or  undesiretl ;  thus,  it  would  not  be  proper 
to  speak  of  a  fortuitous  shipwreck.  It  is  chietly  used  with 
the  more  abstract  words;  as,  fortuitovs  events:  a  fortui- 
tous resemblance.  That  wliicli  is  continrfcnt  is  dependent 
upon  sotnelliingelse  for  its  happening  :  as,  his  recovery  is 
c&ntingent  upon  the  continuance  of  mild  weather.  See 
occasional. 

Thy  sin's  not  accidental,  but  a  trade. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
But  let  it  not  be  such  as  that 
You  set  before  c/tanct^-comers. 

Tennyson,  Will  Waterproof. 
No  casual  mistress,  but  a  wife. 

Tennyson,  In  ilemoriam. 
Fortuitous    coincidences    of  sound,  ...  in  words  of 
wholly  independent  derivation. 

Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  3S7. 
By  some  persons  religious  duties  appear  to  be  regarded 
as  an  incidental  business.  J.  Hogers. 

With  an  infinite  being  nothing  can  be  contingent. 

Palcy. 

II.  n.  1.  Anything  happening,  oecniring,  or 
appearing  accidentally,  or  as  if  accidentally; 
a  casualty.  Specifically  —  (a)  In  music,  a  sign  occurring 
in  the  course  of  a  piece  of  music  and  altering  the  pitch  of 
the  note  before  which  it  is  placed  from  the  pitch  indicated 
by  the  signature,  or  restoring  it  to  the  latter  after  it  has 
undergone  such  alteration.  There  are  five  such  si.t^ns :  the 
sharp  (5),  double  sharp  (  x  ),  flat(^),  double  flat  (j^lj),  and  nat- 
ural (fl).  The  sharp  raises  the  pitch  a  half  step,  the  double 
sharp  a  whole  step;  the  flat  lowers  the  pitch  a  half  step, 
tile  double  flat  a  whole  step  ;  the  natural  annuls  the  effect 
of  a  previous  sharp  or  flat  occurring  either  in  the  signature 
or  as  an  accidental.  The  effect  of  an  accidental  is  usually 
limited  to  the  bar  in  which  it  occurs,  ib)  In  med.,  tissue 
resulting  from  morbid  action ;  chiefly  employed  in  this 
sense  by  French  writers,  but  adopted  by  some  English 
authors,  (c)  In  painting,  a  fortuitous  or  chance  effect  re- 
sulting from  the  incidence  of  luminous  rays  or  accidental 
lights  upon  certain  objects,  whereby  the  latter  are  brought 
into  greater  emphasis  of  light  and  shadow. 
2.  An  unessential  property ;  a  mere  adjunct  or 
circumstance. 


He  conceived  it  just  that  accidentals  .  .  .  should  sink 
with  the  substance  of  the  accusation.  Fuller. 

•  Conceive  as  much  as  you  can  of  the  essentials  of  any 
subject,  before  you  consider  its  accidentals.  Watts,  Logic. 

accidentalism  (ak-si-den'tal-izm),  n.  1.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  accidental ;  acci- 
dental character. —  2.  That  which  is  acciden- 
tal; accidental  effect;  specifically,  in  paintiny, 
the  effect  produced  by  accidental  rays  of  light. 
Rnskin.  See  accidental,  ii.,  1  (c),  and  acciden- 
tal litjlit,  under  accidental,  a. — 3.  In  mcd.,  the 
hypothesis  by  which  tlisease  is  regarded  as  an 
accidental  modification  of  health.  Si/d.  Soc.  Lex. 

accidentalist  (ak-si-den'tal-ist),  71.  in  med.,  one 
wlio  favors  accidentalism"     Si/d.  Soc.  Lex. 

accidentality  (ak"si-den-tal'i-ti),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  accidental ;  accidental  char- 
acter. 

I  wish  in  short  to  connect  by  a  moral  copiUa  natural 
history  with  political  history,  or,  in  other  words,  to  make 
history  scientific,  and  science  historical  —  to  take  from 
history  its  accidentality,  and  from  science  its  fatalism. 

Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 

accidentally  (ak-si-den'tal-i),  ailv.  In  an  acci- 
dental manner;  by  chance;  casually;  fortui- 
tously ;  not  essentially  or  intrinsically. 

I  conclude  clioler  accidentally  bitter  and  acrimonious, 
but  not  in  itself.  llarcey,  Consumption. 

Despite  the  comparatively  lukewarm  piety  of  the  age, 
the  Meccan  pilgrimage  is  religious  essentially,  accidentally 
an  affair  of  commerce.  H.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah.  p.  402. 


35 

accidentalneSS  (ak-si-den'tal-nes),  n.  The 
(luality  of  being  accidental  or  fortuitous. 

All  tltat  accidentalneSS  and  mixture  of  extravagance  and 
penury  which  is  the  natural  atmosphere  of  sucli  reckless 
souls.  Mrs.  Oliphant,  Sheridan,  p.  5. 

accidentaryt  (ak-si-den'ta-ri),  a.  [  =  Sp.  Vg. 
accidenttino,  <  L.  as  if  *'accidcntarius,  iacci- 
dcn(t-).s-:  Bue  accident.']  Accidental.  IJnttand. 
accidented(ak'si-den-ted),  p.  a.  Characterized 
by  accidents  or  irregularities  of  surface ;  undu- 
lating. 

I  can  only  compare  our  progress  to  a  headlong  steeple- 
chase over  a  violently  accidented  ploughed  field. 

O'Donovan,  Merv,  i. 
The  Brazilian  jdatcau  consists  in  great  part  of  table- 
lands, which,  irom  the  deep  excavation  of  the  innumer- 
able river-vallf>s,  havi;  become  very  much  accidented,  so 
as  to  prcsi-id  a  mountainous  aspect.  Science,  V.  27:J. 

accidentialt  (ak-si-den'shal),  a.  [<L.  acciden- 
tia (seo  acciiiina")  +  -al.']     Accidental. 

The  siilistaiiliall  use  of  them  might  remain,  when  their 
accidrntial  abuse  was  removed. 

Fuller,  Injured  Innocence,  i.  09. 

accidentiaryt  (ak-si-den'shi-a-ri),  a.  [<  L.  acci- 
dentia, the  accidence  (see  accidence'^),  +  -anj.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  learning  the  accidence.  [Rare.] 

Yon  know  the  woid  "  sacerdotes  "  to  signify  priests,  and 
not  the  lay-projdc,  wliich  every  accirfe^iiiori/ boy  in  schools 
knowetb  as  Well  as  y<Mi. 

lip.  Morton,  Discharge  of  Imput.,  p.  18G. 

accidiet,  "•  [ME.,  =  OF.  acc(de  =  Sp.  Pg.  aci- 
dia  =  It.  aceidin,  <  ML.  accidia,  slothfulness, 
indolence ;  also,  and  better,  spelled  acedia,  q. 
v.]    Sloth  ;  negligence ;  indolence.    Chaucer. 

Accipenser,  etc.     See  Acipenser,  etc. 

accipiter  (aiv-sip'i-ter),  n. ;  pi.  accipitres  {-tvsz). 
[L.,  a  general  name  for  birds  of  prey,  espe- 
cially tlie  common  hawk  (Falco  palumiarius) 
and  the  sparrow-hawk  {F.  nisus),  an  appar. 
(irreg. )  dcriv.  of  uecipere,  take  (hence  the  rare 
form  acciptiir.,  lit.  the  taker,  seizer),  but  prob. 
for  *acipiter,<.*aci-,  *dcu-  (=Gr.  uKb(j),  swift, 
+  *petrum  (=  Gr.  ■TTTepiv  —  E.  feather),  wing.  Cf . 
Gr.  uKt^TfTepoi;  swift-winged,  applied  to  a  hawk 
(Homer,  II.,  xiii.  62).]  1.  In  ornith.:  (a)  A 
bird  of  the  order  Accipitres  or  Eaptores ;  an  ac- 
cipitrino  or  raptorial  bird.  (6)  \cap.~\  A  genus 
of  birds  of  the  family  Falconidic,  embracing 
short-winged,  long-tailed  hawks,  such  as  tlie 
sparrow-hawk  of  Europe,  Accipiter  tiistin,  and 
the  sharp-shinned  hawk  of  North  America,  A. 
fiiscus,  tvith  many  other  congeneric  species. 
Brisaon,  1760.  See  Baptores. — 2.  In  surg.,  a 
bandage  applied  over  the  nose  :  so  called  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  claw  of  a  hawk. 

accipitral  (ak-sip'i-tral),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
io  the  Accipitres  or  birds  of  prey;  having  the 
character  of  a  bird  of  prey ;  hawk-like. 

Of  temper  most  accipitral,  hawkish,  aquiline,  not  to  say 
vulturish.  Carlyle,  Jlisc,  IV.  246. 

That  they.[Hawthorne's  eyes]  were  sometimes oceipiimJ 
we  can  readily  believe.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXII.  271. 

accipitraryt  (ak-sip'i-tra-ri),  n.  [<  ML.  accipi- 
trariiLs,  a  falconer,  <  L.  accipiter :  see  accipiter.'] 
A  falconer.     Nathan  Drake. 

Accipitres  (ak-sip'i-trez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  ac- 
cipiter.'] Bii'ds  of  prey;  the  aceipitrine  or  rap- 
torial birds  regarded  as  an  order,  now  more  fre- 
quently named  Jiaptores  (which  see).  Linnteus, 
1733. 

Accipitrinse  (ak-sip-i-tri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ac- 
cipiter +  -inw :  see  accipiter.]  In  ornith. :  (a)  A 
subfamily  of  Falconida;  including  hawks  of 
such  genera  as  Accijiiler  and  Astiir.  (l>)  In 
Nitzsch's  classilicution  of  birds,  same  as  Aeciji- 
itres  or  JUijiturcf  of  authors  in  general.  Other 
forms  are  Accipitrina,  Accipitrini. 

aceipitrine  (ak-sip'i-trin),  a.  [<NL.  Accipitri- 
n(c,  <  L.  accipiter :  see  accipiter.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  (a)  the  Accipitres  or  raptorial  birds, 
or  (6)  the  hawks  proper,  of  the  subfamily  .dccip- 
itrinw;  hawk-like ;  rapacious  :  as,  the  aceipitrine 
order  of  birds. 

accismUS  (ak-siz'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKKic!ii6r„ 
affectation  of  indifference,  coyness,  <  linKiS^taQai, 
affect  indifference,  <  okku,  a  bugbear.]  In  rhet., 
a  feigned  refusal;  an  ironical  tlissimulation. 
Stuart. 

accitet  (ak-sif),  «'•  t.  [<L.  accitus,  pp.  of  acei- 
re,  summon,  <  ad,  to,  +  cire,  orig.  go  (=  Gr.  Kietv, 
go),  but  mixed  with  its  causative  ciere,  cause 
to  go,  stunmon:  see  cite  and  excite.]  1.  To  call; 
cite ;  summon. 

He  by  the  senate  is  accited  home. 

.S'/iaA-.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  1. 

2.   To  excite  ;  prompt ;  move. 

\Vhat  acciles  your  most  worshipful  thought  to  think  so? 
Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 


acclimatement 

But  in  my  deske  what  was  there  to  accite 
So  ravenous  and  vast  an  appetite  V 

B.  JoH.'ion,  On  Vulcan. 

acclaim  (a-klam'),  r.  [In  imifii(ion  of  claim, 
<  L.  acclamare,  cry  out  at,  shout  nt,  either  in  a 
hostile  or  a  friendly  manner,  <  ad,  to,  +  cla- 
ware,  shout:  aeoclaini,  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  ap- 
plaud ;  treat  with  words  or  sounds  of  joy  or 
approval.     [Rare.] 

JIow  gladly  did  they  spend  their  breath  in  acclainiing 
thee  !  Bp.  Hall,  ContemiiUtion,  iv.  25, 

2.  To  declare  or  salute  by  acclamation. 
While  the  shouting  crowtl 
Acclaims  thee  king  of  traitors.   Smollett,  Regicide,  v.  8. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  acclamation  ;  shout  ap- 
plause. ' 
acclaim  (a-klam'),  H.     l<.  acclaim,  v.]     A  shout 
of  joy;  acclamation. 

The  herald  ends  ;  the  vaulted  flrmanient 
With  loud  acclaims  and  vast  applause  is  rent. 

Drydcn.,  Pal.  and  Arc,  I.  1801. 
And  the  roofs  were  starred  with  bannerSj 
And  the  steeples  rang  acclaim.       Whittier,  Sycamores. 

acclamatet  (ak'la-mat),  v.  t.     [<L.  acclamatus. 
pp.  of  acclamare  ':  see  acclaim,  v.]   To  applaud. 
Waterhouse.     [Rare.] 
acclamation  (ak-la-ma'shon),  «.   [<  L.  acelama- 
tio(ii-),  a  sliouting,  either  in  approval  or  in  dis- 
approval,<acc/a/«orc;  seeaeclaim.]   l.Ashout 
or  other  demonstration  of  apjdause,  indicating 
joy,  hearty  assent,  approbation,  or  good  will. 
Acclamations  are  expressed  by  hurrahs,  by  clapping  of 
hands,  and  often  by  repeating  such  cries  as  Long  lire  the 
queen  I    Vive  I'empereur  1  Er  lebe  hoch  !  etc. 
The  hands 
Of  a  great  multitude  are  upward  flung 
In  acclamation.  Bryant,  Hymn  of  the  Sea. 

2.  In  deliberative  assemblies,  the  spontaneous 
approval  or  adoption  of  a  resolution  or  mea- 
sm'e  by  a  unanimous  rira  voce  vote,  in  distinc- 
tion from  a  formal  division  or  ballot. 

When  they  [the  Anglo-Saxons]  consented  to  anything, 
it  was  rather  in  the  way  of  acclamation  than  by  the  exer- 
cise of  a  deliberate  voice.  Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  iL 
In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  method  of  papal  election,  said 
to  be  by  inspiration  ijier  inspirationeiu),  because  "all  the 
cardinals,  with  a  suililen  and  harmonious  consent,  aa 
though  breathed  on  by  the  Divine  Spu'it,  proclaim  some 
person  pontiff  with  one  voice,  without  any  jwevious  can- 
vassing or  negotiation  whence  fraud  or  insidious  suggcs* 
tion  coidd  be  surmised."     Vecclnotti. 

3.  Something  expressing  praise  or  joy.  Applied 
specifically — (a)  To  forms  of  praise,  thanksgiving,  or  feli- 
citation at  the  close  of  ecclesiastical  gatherings,    (b)  To 

certain  short  inscriptions 
in  the  form  of  a  wish  or  in- 
junction, found  mostly  on 
tombs,  (f)  To  the  responses 
of  the  congregation  in  an- 
tiphonal  singing,  (of)  In 
Honi.  antiq.,  to  represen- 
tations in  works  of  art,  es- 
pecially on  coins  or  med- 
als, of  popular  assent  or 
approval,  as  of  several 
figures  (standing  for  the 
w  hole  people,  or  a  class,  or 
a  military  di\ision,  etc.) 
greeting  an  official  or  ben- 
efactor.^ 

acclamatort     (ak'la- 

ma-tqr),  n.  [<  L.  as 
if  *acclamator,  <  ac- 
clamare :  see  acclaim.]  One  who  expresses  joy 
or  applause  by  acclamation.     [Rare.] 

Acclamators  who  had  fill'd  .  .  .  the  aire  with  '*Vive 
le  Roy  !  "  Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  7.  IGol. 

acclamatory  (a-klam'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
*accliimatorius.]  Expressing  joy  or  applause  by 
acclamation. 

acclearmentt  (a^kler'ment),  11.  [Irreg.  <  ac-  + 
clear  -{■  -ment:  see  clear.']  A  clearing;  a  show- 
ing; a  plea  in  exculpation.     [Rare.] 

The  acelearrncnt  is  fair,  and  tile  proof  nothing. 

Bji-  Ilacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  i.  14S. 

acclimatation  (a-kli-ma-ta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  ac- 
climatation,  <  acclimatcr,  acclimate:  see  «ct"?(- 
mate.]  Acclimatization:  chiefly  used  in  tran- 
scription from  the  French:  as,  the  Acclimata- 
tion Society  of  Nantes. 

acclimate  (a-kli'mat),  i:  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ac- 
climated, ppr.  acclimating.  [<  F.  accliinater,  ac- 
climate, <  ac-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  climat,  climate;  cf. 
Pg.  acclimar,  acclimate,  <  ac-  +  clima,  climate: 
see  climate.]  To  habituate  to  a  foreign  cli- 
mate ;  acclimatize :  more  especially  (of  per- 
sons), to  adapt  to  new  climates:  as,  to  accli- 
mate settlers;  to  acclimate  one's  self. 

The  native  inhabitants  and  acclimated  Europeans. 

J.  Crawfurd,  Commixture  of  Races. 

acclimatement  (a-kli'mat-ment),  K.  [<  F.  ac- 
climatentetit,  acclimation,  <  occ?i«iater .•  .=iee  ac- 
climate.]    Acclimation.     [Rare.] 


Acclamation. 

Bronze  Coin  of  Hadrian,  British 

Museum.  (Size  of  the  original.) 


acclimation 

acclimation  (ak-li-ma'shon),  11.  [<  acclimate  + 
-ion.  Ct'.  Pg.  acdimai;do,  <  accUniai\  acclimate.] 
The  process  of  acclimating,  or  the  state  of  being 
acclimated ;  acclimatization. 

acclimatisation,  acclimatise,  etc.  See  accli- 
iiiati-alioii,  etc. 

acclimatizable  (a-kli'ma-ti-za-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  atoUmatized ;  suitable  for  acclimatiz- 
ing: as,  accHmati^able  animals.  Also  spelled 
accUmati.^alj'f. 

acclimatization  (a-kli'ma-ti-za'shon),  n.  The 
act  or  process  of  acclimatizing,  or  state  of  be- 
ing acclimatized ;  the  modification  of  physical 
constitution  which  enables  a  race  or  an  in- 
diWdu^  to  live  in  health  in  a  foreign  climate. 
.Sume  \niters  use  this  word  with  regard  to  brute  animals 
and  plants  onlj',  using  acclimation  when  speaking  of  man. 
Also  spelled  acclimatisation. 

Acclimatisation  is  the  process  of  adaptation  by  which 
animals  and  plants  are  gradually  rendered  capable  of  sur- 
vinng  and  flourishing  in  countries  remote  from  their  ori- 
ginal habitats,  or  under  meteorological  couditious  different 
from  those  which  they  have  usually  to  endure,  and  which 
are  at  first  injurious  to  them. 

A.  R.  Wallace,  Eucyc.  Brit.,  I.  84. 

acclimatize  (a-kli'ma-tiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
acclimatized,  ppr.  acclimatizing.  [<  ac-  (<  L.  nd, 
to)  +  climate  + -ize  ;  after  acclimate  from  F.] 
To  acctistom  or  habituate  to  a  foreign  climate ; 
adapt  for  existence  in  a  foreign  climate : 
especially  used  of  adapting  a  race  or  stock  for 
permanent  existence  and  propagation :  as,  to 
acclimatize  plants  or  animals.  Also  spelled 
acclimatise. 

Young  soldiers,  not  yet  acclimatized^  die  rapidly  here. 

London  Times. 

A  domesticated  animal  or  a  cultivated  plant  need  not 
neces-sarily  be  acdiniatised ;  that  is,  it  need  not  be  capa- 
ble  of  enduring  the  severity  of  the  seasons  without  pro- 
tection. The  canary-bird  is  domesticated  but  not  accli- 
matited,  and  many  of  our  most  extensively  cultivated 
plants  are  in  the  same  category. 

A.  n.  Wallace,  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  84. 

acclimatizer  (a-kli'ma-ti-zer),  n.  One  who  in- 
troduces and  acclimatizes  foreign  species.  Also 
spelled  acclimatiser. 

.S4jme  of  these  [birds)  .  .  .  cannot  fail  to  become  per- 
manent settlers  equally  with  those  for  the  transportation 
of  which  the  would-be  acdimatizerts  might  find  themselves 
excused.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  73G. 

acclimatnre  (a-kli'ma-tur),  n.  The  act  of  ac- 
climating, or  the  state  of  being  acclimated. 
[Kare.] 

acclinal  (a-kli'nal),  a.  [<L.  acclinis,  leaning 
on  or  against ;  ci.  acclindre,  lean  on  or  against, 

<  ad,  to,  upon,  +  'clinare  =  E.  Ican^ :  see  iti- 
clinc.']  Ingcol.,  leaning  against,  as  one  stratum 
of  rock  against  another,  botli  being  turned  up 
at  an  angle:  nearly  equivalent  to  overlying. 
[Rare] 

acclinate  (ak'li-nat),  a.  [<L.  acclinatus,  pp. 
of  ucclinarc  (see  acclinal) :  on  the  model  of  dc- 
clinate:  see  decline.^  In  zoiih,  bending  or 
sloping  upward  :  the  opposite  of  declinate. 

acclivet  (a-kliv'),  a.  L=Pg.  It.  accliie,  <L. 
aicliii.t,   also  less  frequently  acclivus,    steep, 

<  ad,  to,  +  clivus,  a  hill,  prop,  sloping,  from 
name  root  as  'clinare  =  E.  Ican^ :  see  acclinal.^ 
Kiidug;  steep.     [Rare.] 

The  way  easily  ascending,  hardly  so  acclive  as  a  desk. 
Aulnrey,  Letters,  H.  a^l. 

acclivitoos  (a-kliv'i-tus),  a.  Bising  with  a 
sliijic  ;  iicclivous.     1.1.  Taylor. 

acclivity  (a-kliv'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  ncc/«iii«c»  (-tiz). 
[<  Ij.  «r(7n-i(n(r-)s,'  an  acclivity,  <  acclivis,  slop- 
ing: Kf(!  ficrtiif.]  1.  An  upwar'l  slope  or  in- 
clination of  the  earth,  as  the  side  of  a  hill :  op- 
|iOHod  to  dcclicily,  or  a  slope  couHiderud  as  de- 
sccndiug. 

Far  up  the  htwu  acelivUy  I  met  a  man  and  two  young 
women  making  their  way  slowly  down. 

The  Century,  X.WII.  420. 

2.  Siifclficftllv,  in  flirt.,  the  talus  of  a  rampart. 

accliVOOS   (ii-kli'viiH),    n.     [<L.    acctini.'.,    Ickh 

frirjiiriit  form  of  acclivi.f,  sloping:  soo  ace/iit.] 

UiHiiig,  UM  the  slope  of  a  hill:  the  opposite  of 

ttrrlinniM. 
accloyf  (n-kloi'),  r.  t.     [<  MR.  acloirn,  actoiim, 
vnr.  <if  I iirliiiiirn,  '  Ol'.  i nrlinjcr,  earlier  inclnir 
(V.  mrloiiir),  <  Mli.  iiirliirarc,  drive  in  n  nail, 

<  U.  ill,  ill,  +  rltiiiiri ,  iiiiil,  <  clniii.H,  n  iiuil :  hi.(. 
r/«.»'  and  rlon-*.]  I,  To  prick  with  u  nail  in 
*hoeliiK:  used  by  farriers.  Skeat.—  2.  To  in- 
jure; linnn;  Impair. 

And  whoao  dolh,  fiil  foiilo  hyniiu'lf  adinjith. 

Chniirrr,  Farllanii  lit  ut  Fuwia,  I.  617. 

a.  Toclriy;  OBCiirntxr;  embnrrnHS with  super- 
fluity ;  nl/xiniot. 
mitbl  Willi  III >•■■  |.«  Uic  uihUiiwavp  iierlojiu. 

ai'iurr,  F.  y.,  II.  vie  It,. 


36 

accoastt  (a-kosf),  v.  i.  [A  di£E.  speUing  of 
accubt  in  its  orig.  sense  '  come  alongside  of ' ; 
OF.  acoster,  touch,  graze:  see  occosf  and  eoa«f.] 
To  fly  near  the  earth.     [Rare.] 

>'e  is  there  hauke  which  mantleth  her  or  pearch. 
Whether  high  towring  or  accoastimj  low. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  ii.  32. 

accoilt  (a-koil'),  v.  t.     [<  OF.  acoillir,  gather, 

assemble  (F.  acciieillir,  receive),  <  ML.  aceolli- 

gerc,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  colligere,  gather:  see  coi/l, 

ciill^.  and  collect.]    To  gather  together ;  crowd. 

.\bout  the  caudron  many  Cookes  accoyld. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  30. 

accoil  (a-koU'),  «.  [<  OF.  acoil,  F.  accueil  ; 
from  the  verb.]  Welcome;  reception,  tiouthey. 
(X.  E.  D.) 

accplf  (a-kol'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  acolen,  <  OF.  acolcr 
(¥'.  accoler),  embrace,  =  Sp.  acolar,  arrange 
two  coats  of  arms  under  the  same  crown, 
shield,  etc.,  =  It.  accollarc,  embrace,  mod. 
join,  yoke,  <  ML.  *accollarc,  embrace,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  +  eolliim  (>0F.  col,  F.  con  =  OSp.  collo,  Sp. 
cuello  =  It.  collo),  neck :  see  collar.'\  To  em- 
brace round  the  neck.     Surrey. 

accolade  (ak-o-lad'  or  -lad'),  n.  [<F.  accolade, 
an  embrace,  a  kiss  (after  It.  accollata,  prop, 
fem.  pp.  of  accollare,  embrace),  <  accoler,  OF. 
acolcr:  see  accol.'i  1.  A  ceremony  used  in  con- 
ferring knighthood,  anciently  consisting  in  an 
embrace,  afterward  in  giving  the  candidate  a 
blow  upon  the  shoulder  with  the  flat  of  a  sword, 
the  latter  being  the  present  method;  hence, 
the  blow  itself. 

We  felt  our  shoulders  tingle  with  the  accolade,  and 
heard  the  clink  of  golden  spurs  at  our  heels. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  58. 

2.  In  music,   a  brace   or  couplet  connecting 


„„J-u;.-.*l,». 

p?:f.'4ii.-.. 

..j        ■':  1  »  'JlllTl 

.»s  F*^- 

iq  ,Ti.,  ,«|rl 

'• "-.-'"(I  ■■'»■•■ 

.|*-vji'«| 

*•l^fl^ 

■^^'>^iM 

>/?^vi*p 

Accolade,  early  i6th  century  (France). 

several  staves. — 3.  In  arch.,  an  omamont 
composed  of  two  ogee  curves  meeting  in  the 
middle,  each  concave  toward  its  outer  extrem- 
ity and  convex  toward  tlie  point  at  which  it 
meets  the  other.  Such  accolades  arc  either  iilain  or 
adorned  with  rich  innldiiigs,  and  are  a  frequent  motive 
of  decoration  on  tin-  lintels  of  doors  and  windows  of  the 
flfteeiitli  and  sixtirnth  centuries,  especially  in  secular 
arclii  lecture.     VinU,t-l>'-]tm\ 

4.  In  Roman  and  early  monastic  MSS.,  the 
curved  stroke  made  by  the  copyist  around  a 
final  word  written  below  the  liiie  to  which  it 
belonged,  in  order  to  avoid  carrying  it  on  to 
the  next. 

accolated  ( ak'o-la-ted),  p.  a.  [<  ML.  accol(l)n(ufi, 
jip.  of  (iccol(l)are,  embrace  :  see  accul.']  In 
numis.,  containing  two  or 
more  profile  heads  so  ar- 
ranged that  one  )>artially 
overlaps  the  next:  as,  an 
accnliilcil  shilling. 
accoll6  (ak-ol-a'),  p.  a. 
[<AF.  accolK,  F.  accolr, 
pp.  of  accoler  =  It.  accol- 
larc, >  accollata,  >  F.  and 
E.  accolade :  see  accolade 

Acr.h„c,l  SI,lMi,«  „r  will-      '""'    "'■'■"'•]      ,1"    '";'■•=    (") 

lam  III.  uvi  Mary.   (Si/cof   Gorged;      colluri'd :     aji- 

IhcorlKln.!.)  j^ij^,,  ^^^  n„i,„„l„  ^vj,),  ,.<)1- 

lars,  etc.,  about  their  necks,  ili)  Toiiciiiiig  by 
their  cnrnerK,  lis  lozenges  or  fusils  on  a  sliielil. 
(/■)  I'liiccd  Hi(l(^  liy  side,  as  two  sliiclds.  ('/) 
.SiiiTouiidi'il  liv  the  cdlliir  of  an  iirdor,  as  llio 
Mliielil  of  a  kiiiglit  of  tlial  urdir.  AIhu  spelh'd 
iiriilli'.    Tfites  accoll^eB.  or  accoilt  heads.  In  ■/■•■-..r.i 

tirf  art,  iM'otlle  hi-luU  MJiowri  tn  relief,  one  behind  lunl 
IHirtly  roiict-nli'd  by  niKitbrr.  iih  ofti-ll  In  calneos  and  on 
liii-itallli'im  iir  coins  wln-ri'  a  hoverelKli  and  Ills  wlf<-  ai< 
hIi-'Wii  t.iuclber.     See  cut  uniU'T  aeciitated. 

accombination  (a-kom-bi-na'shon),  n.  The  act 
iif  ■■i.iiiliiiiiin;  together.     l,hiartcrlij  Iter, 

accommodable  (ii-konro-dii-bl),  o.    [<  F.  ac- 

riiiiiiniiiliit,l(  =  ,Sp.  aconiiiiliililr  =  I'a.  acconimo- 
daiel  =  ll.   acnomodabili,  <  L.  as  it  'accommo- 


accommodation 

dabilis,  <  accommodare,  accommodate :  see  ac- 
commodate, !'.]     Capable   of  being  accommo- 
dated, or  made  suitable  ;  adaptable.     [Rare.] 
Rules  accomiiwtlable  to  all  this  variety. 

Walts,  Logic,  v.  §  04. 

accommodableness(a-kom'o-da-bl-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  conilition  of  being  accommodable. 
Todd.     [Hare.] 

accommodate  (a-kom'o-dat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
accommodated,  ppr.  accommodating.  [<L.  ac- 
commoilatus,  pp.  of  accommodare,  <  ad,  to,  + 
commodore,  fit,  icommodus,  fit :  see  commodious 
and  fflO(/<  1.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  suitable, 
coiTCspondent,  or  consistent ;  fit ;  adapt :  as,  to 
uceommoilatc  ourselves  to  circumstances;  to 
accommodate  the  choice  of  subjects  to  the  oc- 
casion; to  accommodate  a  Latin  word,  in  form 
or  use,  to  English  analogies. 

'Twas  his  misfortune  to  light  upon  an  hypothesis  that 
could  not  be  accommodated  to  the  nature  of  things  and 
human  affairs.  Locke. 

Vndoubtedly  the  highest  function  of  statesmanship  is 
by  degrees  to  accommodate  the  conduct  of  communities  to 
ethical  laws,  and  to  subordinate  the  conflicting  interests 
of  the  day  to  higher  and  more  permanent  concerns. 

Lowell,  Study  U'indows,  p.  165. 

2.  To  show  fitness  or  agreement  in ;  reconcile, 
as  things  which  are  at  variance  or  which  seem 
inconsistent ;  bring  into  harmony  or  concord : 
as,  to  accommodate  prophecy  to  events. 

Part  know  how  to  accommodate  St.  James  and  St.  Paul 
better  than  some  late  reconcilers.  A'orrw. 

3.  To  adjust ;  settle :  as,  to  accommodate  dif- 
ferences. 

Sir  Lucius  shall  explain  himself — and  I  dare  say  mat- 
ters may  be  accomiiiodated.      Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

4.  To  supply  or  furnish ;  pro\'ide  with  certain 
conveniences ;  give  accommodation  to :  as, 
my  house  can  accommodate  a  largo  number  of 
guests  :  followed  by  u-itli  when  what  is  supplied 
is  expressly  mentioned  :  as,  to  accommodate  a 
man  uitli  apartments;  to  accommodate  a  friend 
uitli  money. 

Better  accommodated  '  —  it  is  good  ;  yea,  indeed,  is  it ; 
good  phrases  are  surely,  and  ever  were,  very  eommend- 
abl<!.  Accommodated!  it  comes  of  accoinitwdo:  very 
good;  a  good  plirase.  Shak.,  'J  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

5.  To  suit ;  serve ;  convenience ;  oblige ;  do  a 
kindness  or  favor  to :  as,  he  is  always  delighted 
to  accommodate  a  friend. 

The  Indians  were  much  given  to  long  talks,  and  the 
Hutch  to  long  silence—  in  this  particular,  therefore,  they 
accominoilated  each  other  completely. 

Irriihi,  Knickerbocker,  p.  101. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  suit,  adapt,  tit.  coiiforni,  adjust,  reconcile. — 
4.  To  furnish,  supply,  provitle  for. —  6.  To  serve,  oblige, 
assist,  aid. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  conformable;  specifically, 
in  phjisiol.,  to  be  in  or  come  to  adjustment. 
See  accommndiitioii,  4  (i). 

Their  motor  seem  regulated  by  their  retinal  functions, 
so  that,  according  to  I.udwig,  if  the  retina?  are  extirpated, 
the  eyes  often  cease  to  rotate,  then  to  accommodate,  tlien 
to  wink  together.  Mind,  I.V.  94. 

accommodate  (n-kom'o-dat),  a.     [<  L.  accom- 
modiilii.1,  pp.,   adapted:  see  accommodate,  «.] 
Suitable  ;  fit ;  adapted  ;  accommodated. 
-Meiins  accommodate  to  the  end.  Sir  H.  L' Estranije. 

Accommodate  distribution,  in  lo<tic,  the  acceptation 
o!  a  Irrin  to  include  everything  it  naturally  denotes  except 
(be  siibjcii  uf  (he  sentence  :  as,  Samson  was  stronger  than 
any  man  (diat  is.  than  any  other  man). 
accommodated  (a-kora'()-da-ted),  p.  a.  Made 
lit;  made  suitable ;  adapted;  modified. 

We  sometimes  use  the  term|  religion  I  in  an  (ovorriifiodnf^rf 
sense,  t.  f.,  to  express  (he  spiritual  results  with  which  reli- 
gion is  fraught,  rather  than  the  mere  carnal  embodiinelit 
It  Ilrst  of  all  otters  to  such  results. 

//,  .lames.  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  5. 

aCCOmmodatelyt  (a^kom'6-dat-li),  adr.  Suit- 
ably ;  lilly. 

<lf  all  tlu-se  [causesl  Moses  .  .  .  liebl  lit  to  give  nil  ac- 
count rtcconimoi/iifc/v  to  the  capaeily  of  the  people. 

lir.  II.  .More,  lief,  of  Lit.  Cabbala,  p.  3. 

accommodateuesst  (a-kom'o-dat-nes),  «.  Fit- 
ness. 

Aptni'Ks  and  accommodatenesH  to  the  great  purpose  of 
liieirs  salvation.  IlallywcU,  Saving  of  Souls,  p.  80. 

accommodating  (ii-koin'o-dri-ling),  p.  a.  Oblig- 
ing; yioldiiig  to  till' di'siri's  (if  olliers;  disiicised 
111  i'oiii|ily  1111(1  to  iililigc  allot lior:  as,  an  iiccom- 
moiliitiiiii  iiiiiii;  an  «(r«/»)/i(»/(i//«(/ disposition. 

accommodatingly   (ii-Uonro-ila-iiiig-li),    adv. 

Ill  nil  : oiiiiiKidating  inanner;  oliligiiigly. 

accommodation   (ii-knm-o-da'shoiO,   ».    [<  L. 

ticeinniinidiititi(ii-),  {  fircontmodiwe,  luliipt  :  see 
iiecomiiiiitliilr,  r.\  1.  The  net  ot  acroiii modal  lug: 
as  ((I)  AdliiHlmi>iit ;  adaptation  ;  especiatly.  the  ailiipta- 
tlon  or  applli-ation  of  one  thing  to  another  by  analogy, 
OH  the  Wonts  of  a  prophecy  to  a  snlmeiillent  event. 

'Hie  law  of  adaptation  which  we  tliilB  discern  and  trncp 
alike  In  I'very  liistAilee  of  urganfc  devnlopnieiit  and  tunc. 


accommodation 

tion,  we  diacem  and  trace  alsn  in  the  accommodation  of 
the  individual  tu  his  social  snrroinulings  and  in  the  con- 
seauent  moditicatiou  of  his  character. 

MauMnj,  Body  and  Will,  p.  96. 

Many  of  these  quotations  were  probably  intended  as 
nothing  more  than  accommodations.  Palcy. 

(4)  Adjustment  of  differences;  reconciliation,  as  of  parties 
in  dispute. 

The  conformity  and  analogy  of  which  I  speak  .  .  .  has 
a  strong  tendency  to  facilitate  accommodation,  and  to  pro- 
duce a  generous  oblivion  of  the  rancour  of  their  quarrels. 
Kurkc,  On  a  Kegicide  Peace,  i. 

To  come  to  terms  of  accommodation.  Macuulay. 

(c)  Convenience ;  the  supplying  of  a  want ;  aid. 

St.  James's  Church  had  recently  been  opened  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  new  quarter. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

2.  The  state  of  being  aoeommodated ;  fitness ; 
state  of  adaptation :  followed  by  to,  sometimes 
by  with. 

The  organization  of  the  body  with  arcnnnnodalion  to  its 
functions.  .Sir  M.  Ilalc,  Grig,  nf  .\l;nikind,  p.  53. 

Socjnus' main  design  .  .  .  was  to  brhig  all  tite  mysteries 
of  Christianity  to  a  full  accommodation  ivith  the  general 
notions  of  man's  reason.  South,  Works,  Y.  iii. 

3.  Anything  which  supplies  a  want,  as  in  re- 
spect of  ease,  refreshment,  and  the  like ;  any- 
thing furnished  for  use ;  a  convenience :  chiefly 
appUed  to  lodgings :  as,  accommodation  for  man 
and  beast :  often  used  in  the  plural. 

They  probably  thought  of  the  coach  with  some  contempt, 
as  an  accommodation  for  people  who  had  not  their  own 
gigs.  Oeorr/e  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  iv. 

Outside  of  the  larger  cities  on  the  Continent  you  can 
get  as  wretched  accommodations  as  you  could  desire  for 
an  enemy.  T.  II.  Aldrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  06. 

Specifically — 4.  (a)  In  com.,  pecuniary  aid  in 
an  emergency ;  a  loan  of  money,  cither  directly 
or  by  becoming  security  for  the  repayment  of  a 
sum  advanced  by  another,  as  by  a  banker.  (6) 
,  laphijsiol.,  the  automatic  adjustment  of  the  eye, 
or  its  power  of  adjusting  itself  to  distinct  vision 
at  different  distances,  or  of  the  ear  to  higher  or 
lower  tones.  In  the  eye  accommodation  is  effected  by 
an  alteration  of  the  convexity  of  the  crystalline  lens  (which 
see),  and  in  the  ear  by  an  increased  tensinnnf  the  tjTnpanic 
membrane  for  liigher  tones.  — Accommodation  bill  or 
note,  paper,  or  indorsement,  a  iiiii  of  excliange  or 
note,  etc.,  drawn,  accepted,  or  indorsed  by  one  or  more 
parties  to  enable  another  or  others  to  obtain  credit  by 
or  raise  money  on  it,  and  not  given  like  business  paper  in 
payment  of  a  debt,  but  merely  intended  to  accommodate 
the  drawer:  colloquially  called  in  Scotland  a  wind-bill, 
and  in  England  a  W(c.— Accommodation  cramp.  See 
cramp.— Accommodation  ladder,  a  stairway  fLxed  on 


Accommodation  Ladder. 

the  outside  of  a  ship  at  the  gangway,  to  facilitate  ascending 
from  or  descending  to  boats. — Accommodation  lands 
or  land,  {a)  Lands  bought  by  a  buiM<  r  or  sjn  rul;itni,  who 
erects  houses  upon  them  and  then  leasi-s  ])iii(ini!s  of  tliem 
upon  an  improved  ground-rent.  [Eng.]  (6)  Land  acijiiired 
for  the  purpose  of  being  added  to  other  land  for  its  im- 
provement. Rapaljc  ami  />rt'rrc;icc.— Accommodation 
road,  a  road  constructed  to  give  access  to  ai'articiihir  piece 
of  land.  Rapalje  and  Lawrence.  [Eng.] — Accommodation 
train,  a  railway-train  which  stops  at  all  or  nearly  all  the 
stations  on  the  road :  called  in  Great  Britain  a  parliamen- 
tary train:  opposed  to  ea;^ress-(rrtj"/).— Accommodation 
works,  works  which  an  English  railway  company  is  re- 
quired by  8  .and  9  Vict.  xx.  to  make  and  maintain  "for  the 
accomnii>dation  of  the  owners  and  occupiers  of  land  ad- 
joining the  railway,  as  gates,  bridges,  culverts,  fences,  etc. 

accommodative  (a-kom'o-da-tiv),  a.  [<  «c- 
commodate  +  -ipe  ; '—  It.  accomodativo.'i  Dis- 
posed or  tending  to  accommodate,  or  to  be 
accommodating ;  adaptive. 

The  strength  of  the  infective  qualities  of  these  organ- 
isms may  be  greatly  increased  by  an  accommodative  cul- 
ture. Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  426. 

accommodativeness  (a-kom'o-da-tiv-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  accommodative. 


37 

accommodator  (a-kom'o-da-tor),  «.  [=Sp. 
acoinodador,  <  L.  as  if  "accommodator  :  see  ac- 
cominodatc,  v.  ]  One  who  or  that  which  accom- 
modates or  adjusts. 

accommodet  (ak-o-mod'),  v.  i.  [<  F.  accom- 
nioiicr  =  It.  accomodare,  <  L.  accommodare :  see 
accoiiimiidiitr.']     To  accommodate.     [Rare.] 

accompanablet  (a-kum'pa-na-bl),  a.  [Also  ac- 
comiKtiiitihlv ;  <  F.  accompagnnhlc,  "sociable, 
easio  to  bo  conversed  with"  (Cotgrave),  iac- 
compafiiwr  +  -able:  see  accompany.]  SociaVjIe. 
Sir  r.  Sidiicii. 

accompanier  (a-kum'pa-ni-er),  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  accompanies.     [Rare.] 

Dear,  cracked  spinnet  of  dearer  Louisa!  Without  men- 
tion 'if  mine,  be  dumb,  thou  thin  accompanier  of  her  thin- 
ner warble  I  Lamb,  Elia. 

accompaniment  (!v-kum'pa-ni-ment),  n.  [<  ae- 
company,  q.  v.,  +  -ment;  after  i\  accompar/nc- 
ment,  01<\  acompaignemeiit  =  Sp.  acompaUa- 
miento  =  Pg.  acompniihamento  =  It.  accompa- 
gnamento.li  Something  that  attends  another 
as  a  circumstance;  something  incidental  or 
added  to  the  principal  thing  as  a  concomitant, 
by  way  of  ornament,  for  the  sake  of  symmetry, 
or  the  like. 

Elaboration  of  some  one  organ  may  be  a  necessary  ac- 
companiment of  Degeneration  in  all  the  others. 

E.  li.  Lankester,  Degeneration,  p.  .'52. 
Specifically — (a)  In  music,  the  subordinate  part  or  parts 
added  to  a  solo  or  concerted  composition  to  enhance  the 
effect,  and  also,  if  it  be  a  vocal  composition,  to  sustain 
the  voices  and  keep  them  true  to  the  pitch.  The  accom- 
paniment may  be  given  to  one  or  more  instruments,  or  to 
a  chorus  of  voices.  Instead  of  writing  accompaniments 
in  full,  as  is  now  done,  the  older  composers  were  accus- 
tomed merely  to  indicate  the  harmonies  to  be  employed 
by  means  of  a  figured  bass,  which  could  be  performed  in 
a  great  variety  of  ways,  more  or  less  elaborate,  according 
to  the  musical  knowledge,  taste,  and  skill  of  the  execu- 
tant, (ft)  Inpaintinff,  an  object  accessory  to  the  principal 
object,  and  serving  for  its  ornament  or  illustration :  gen- 
erally termed  an  accessory/ (which  see),  (c)  In  her.,  any- 
thing added  to  a  shield  by  way  of  ornament,  as  the  belt, 
mantling,  supporters,  etc. — Accompaniment  Of  the 
scale,  in  niirsic,  the  harmony  assigned  to  the  series  of 
notes  fornuiig  the  diatonic  scale,  ascending  and  descend- 
ing.—Additional  accompaniments,  parts  of  a  musical 
composition  not  written  by  the  original  composer,  but 
added  by  another:  as,  Jlozarfs  additional  accompani- 
vients  to  H.andel's  "Messiah."  Such  additions  are  justified 
in  most  cases  on  the  ground  that  some  instruments  have 
become  obsolete,  others  have  been  invented,  and  the  con- 
stitution of  the  orchestra  has  been  much  changed  since 
the  time  of  the  original  composer. 

accompanist  (a-lcum'pa-nist),  n.  In  music,  one 
who  plays  an  accompaniment. 

accompany  (a-kxmi'pa-ni),  V. ;  pret.  and  pjj.  ac- 
companied, ppr.  accdmjxtnying.  [<  OF.  acmii- 
paignier,  acompaigner  (P.  accompagncr  =  Sp. 
acompaSiar  =  Pg.  acompanhar  =  It.  accompa- 
gnare),  associate  with,  <  a-  (L.  ad),  to,  with,  -t- 
compaignier,  campaigner,  compagner,  associate, 
(.compaignic,  cumpanie,  company :  see  comjxiny.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  be  or  exist  in  company  ^vith ; 
be  joined  in  association  or  combination ;  con- 
stitute an  adjunct  or  concomitant  to :  as,  thun- 
der nccompanies  lightning;  an  insult  accom- 
panied by  or  with  a  blow ;  the  President's  mes- 
sage and  accompanying  documents. 

The  still  night  .  ,  .  with  black  air 
Accompanied,  with  damps  and  dreadful  gloom. 

Milton,  F.  L.,.x.  848. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  different  diseases  can  so 
accomjMny  each  other  as  to  be  united  in  the  same  indi- 
vidual. Buckle,  Hist.  Civilization,  II.  569. 

2.  To  keep  company  with;  be  associated  in 
intimacy  or  companionship;  act  as  companion 
to.     [Now  rare  or  obsolete.] 

Harry,  I  do  not  only  marvel  where  thou  spendest  thy 
time,  but  also  how  thou  art  accompanied. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Although  alone. 
Best  with  thyself  accompanied. 

Milton,  P.  L. ,  -liii.  4'28. 

3.  To  go  along  or  in  company  with ;  attend  or 
join  in  movement  or  action :  as,  to  accompany 
a  friend  on  a  walk  or  journey;  men-of-war 
toYm.ev\y  accompanied  fleets  of  merchant  ships; 
he  was  "everywhere  accompanied  by  (not  with) 
his  dog. 


They  accompanied  him  unto  the  ship. 


Acts  XX.  2 


4.  To  put  in  company  (with) ;  cause  to  be  or 
go  along  (with);  combine;  associate:  as,  tortc- 
company  a  remark  with  (not  by)  a  bow;  he  ac- 
companied his  speech  with  rapid  gestures. —  5. 
In  music,  to  play  or  sing  an  accompaniment  to 
or  for:  as,  he  accompanied  her  on  the  piano. — 
6t.  To  cohabit  with. 

The  phasma  .   .   .   accompanies  her,  at  least   as  she 
imagines.  Sir  T.  Her'oert,  Travels,  p.  374. 

=  Syn.  '1'"  attend,  escort,  wait  on,  go  with,  convoy,  be 
associated  with,  coexist. 


accomplisli 

II.  intrans.  It.  To  be  a  companion  or  asso- 
ciatc :  as,  to  accompany  with  others. — 2.  To 
cohabit.     [Rare.] 

The  king  .  .  .  loved  her,  and  accompanied  vf\i\\\\tiYon\y, 
till  he  married  EUrida.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  v. 

3.  In  music,  to  perform  the  accompaniment 
in  a  composition;  especially,  to  perform  the  in- 
strmnental  part  of  a  mixed  vocal  and  instru- 
mental piece. 

accompanyist  (a-kum'i)a-ni-ist),  n.  An  accom- 
panist.    [Rare.] 

I'rom  which  post  he  soon  advanced  to  that  of  a^cmn- 
panylst  at  the  same  theatre.         Grove,  Diet.  Music,  I.  28. 

accompasst  (a-kum'pas),  V.  t.  To  achieve; 
cll'oct ;  bring  about. 

Tile  remotion  of  two  such  impediments  is  not  commonly 
accompass'd  by  one  head-piece. 

Bi).  riacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  i.  42. 

accompletive  (a-kom'ple-tiv),  a.  Disposed  or 
tencLing  to  accomplish  or  fulfil.  [Rare.] 
accomplice  (a-kom'plis),  n.  [An  extension 
(duo  perliaps  to  a  supposed  connection  with  ac- 
compti.'ih  or  accompany),  by  prefixing  ac-,  of  the 
older  form  complice,  in  same  sense,  <  F,  com- 
plice, an  associate,  particularly  in  crime,  <  L. 
complicem,  ace.  of  complex,  adj.,  confederate, 
participant,  <. complicare,  fold  together,  (.com-, 
together,  +  plicarc,  fold:  see  complex  and  com- 
plicate.'] 1.  A  partner  or  cooperator:  not  in 
a  bad  sense. 

Success  unto  our  valiant  general. 
And  happiness  to  his  accomplices  ! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  2. 

One  fellow  standing  at  the  beginning  of  a  centurj',  and 

stretching  out  his  hand  as  an  accomplice  towards  another 

fellow  standing  at  the  end  of  it,  without  either  having 

known  of  the  other's  existence. 

De  Quinccy,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

More  commonly — 2.  An  associate  in  a  ci'ime  ; 
a  partner  or  partaker  in  guilt.  Technically,  in  lau; 
any  participator  in  an  offense,  whether  as  principal  or  as 
accessory :  sometimes  used  of  accessories  only,  in  contra- 
distinction to  principals.  It  is  followed  by  o/  or  with  be- 
fore a  person,  and  in  or  of  before  the  crime  :  as,  A  was 
an  accomplice  jvith  B  in  the  murder  of  C. 

Thou,  the  cursed  accomplice  of  his  treason. 

Johnson,  Irene,  v.  1. 

He  is  .  .  .  an  accomplice  if  he  is  intimately  bomid  up  iu 
the  project  and  responsibility  of  the  schemes  as  a  prime 
mover.  C.  J.  Smith,  Synonyms,  p.  7. 

Sometimes  used  with  to  before  a  thing. 

We  free-statesmen,  as  accomplices  to  the  guilt  [of  slavery, 
are]  ever  in  the  power  of  the  grand  offender, 

Emerson,  Slisc,  p.  245. 
-Syn.  Abetter,  accessory  (see  the  definitions  of  these 
words),  coadjutor,  assistant,  ally,  confederate,  associate. 
accompliceship  (a-kom'plis-ship),  n.     Aeeom- 

plicity.     Sir  H.  Taylor.     [Rare.] 
accomplicity  (ak-om-plis'i-ti),  H.     [<  accomplice 
+  -ity,  after  complicity.]     The  state  of  being 
an  accomplice;  criminal  assistance.    Quarterly 
Mev.     [Rare.] 

accomplish  (a-kom'plish),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  acom- 
plissen,  <  OF.  acompliss-,  stem  of  certain  parts 
of  acomplir,  F.  accomplir,  complete,  <  a-  (L. 
ad),  to,  +  comjtlir,  <  L.  complere,  complete  :  see 
complete,  v.]  1.  To  complete;  finish;  reach 
the  end  of ;  bring  to  pass ;  actually  do :  as,  he 
works  hard,  but  accomplishes  nothing. 

And  while  she  [Nature]  does  accomplish  all  the  spring. 

Birds  to  her  secret  operations  sing.      Sir  W.  Davenant. 

To  accomplish  anything  excellent,  the  will  must  work 
for  catholic  and  universal  ends.        Emerson,  CiWUzation. 

2.  To  bring  about  by  performance  or  realiza- 
tion ;  execute ;  carry  out ;  fulfil :  as,  to  accom- 
plish a  vow,  promise,  pm^jose,  or  prophecy. 

Thus  \n\\  I  accomplish  my  fury  upon  them.     Ezek.  vi.  12. 

This  that  is  written  must  yet  be  accomjdished  in  me. 

Luke  xxii.  37. 

Hence  —  3t.  To  gain ;  obtain  as  the  result  of 
exertion. 

To  accomplish  twenty  golden  crowns. 

.SAoJ•.,3Hen.'V^.,  iii.  2. 

4.  To  make  complete  by  furnishing  what  is 
wanting :  as  —  (af)  To  equip  or  provide  with 
material  things. 

The  armoiu"ers,  accompUshintj  the  knights. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  (cho.). 

It  [the  moon]  is  fully  accomplished  for  all  those  ends  to 
which  Providence  did  appoint  it. 

Bp.  Wilkins,  Slath.  Works,  i. 

(J)  To  equip  or  furnish  mentally;  fit  by  educa- 
tion or  training. 

His  lady  is  open,  chatty,  fond  of  her  children,  and  anx- 
ious to  accomplish  them.     Mme.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  vi.  202. 

I  can  still  less  pause  .  .  .  even  to  enumerate  the  suc- 
cession of  influences  .  .  which  had  .  .  .  accomplished 
them  for  their  great  work  there  and  here. 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  82. 
=  S3m.  1  and  2.  Execute.  Achieve,  etc.  (see  perform),  com- 
plete,  finish,  consummate,  succeed  in,  work  out,  fulfil, 
realize,  bring  to  pass,  end. 


accomplishable 

accomplishable  iii-k..m'pUsh-a-bl),  a.  Capable 
ol;  beii.i-'  aeeompliflieil. 

accomplished  (a-kom'pUsht),  p.  a.  1.  Com- 
pleted: effected:   as,  an  accomplished  fact.— 

2  Perfected ;  finished :  consiunmate  :  used  m 
either  a  good  or  a  bad  sense :  as,  an  acconi- 
plislied  scholar ;  an  accomplislml  \Tllain. 

Know  vou  not  the  Egyptian  Ziibdas  ?- the  mirror  of 
aaomplUhid  knighthood  -  the  P- 1"  of  the  state  -  the 
AnreUii  of  the  E.ist  V  «  •  ^«",  Zenobia,  I.  69. 

3  Possessing  accomplishments;  having  the 
attainments  and  graces  of  cultivated  or  fashion- 
able society. 

An  aecomplUhed  and  beautiful  young  lady. 

'^  Thackeray,  Newcomes. 

accomplisher  (a-kom'pUsh-er),  n.    One  who  ac- 
complishes or  fulfils. 
The  Fate«  after  .all,  are  the  atcomptishers  of  our  hopes. 
Thoreau,  Letters,  p.  26. 

accomplishing  (a-kom'plish-ing),  H.  That 
which  is  accomplished  or  completed.  [Rare.] 
I  shall  simply  enumerate,  as  ends,  all  that  a  university 
should  accomplish,  although  these  accompluhin{7s  may, 
strictly  considered,  often  partake  more  of  the  character 
o(  means.  ■Si>  "■-  i/<i""«on. 

accomplishment  (a-kom'plish-ment),  H.  [<  ac- 
ciiiniili.sh  +  -Mciit,   after   F.   accomplissemoit.] 

1.  The  act  of  accomplishing  or  carrying  into 
effect;  fulfilment;  achievement:  as,  the  ac- 
complMment  of  a  prophecy;  the  acconn)lish- 
vieiit  of  our  desires  or  ends. 

I  once  liad  faith  and  force  enough  to  form  generous 
hopes  of  the  world's  destiny  .  .  .  aud  to  do  what  in  me 
lay  for  their  accutiiiAixbment. 

JJaivlhome,  Blithedale  Romance,  ii. 

2.  An  acquirement ;  an  attainment,  esjieciaUy 
such  as  belongs  to  cultivated  or  fashionable 
society :  generally  in  the  plural. 

I  was  then  young  enough,  and  silly  enough,  to  think 
earning  was  one  of  their  accompHnhmcnt^. 

Chctterfield,  Letters. 

Yet  wanting  the  accomiilishment  of  verse. 

Wordtfworlft, 

=  8yn.  1.  Completion,  fulfilment,  perfection,  perfonn- 
ancc.  execution,  achievement.— 2.  Acqiiircinnits.  Aajui- 
filiuiu,  AHainiiu-nli,  etc.  (sec  aeijiiircmmt).  i|ualitlcations, 
skill,  gnices. 

accomptt,  accomptablet,  accomptantt.    oee 

account,  etc.  [The spellings  «cco»*(/j?.  acannptahU-,  etc., 
arc  artificial  forms  used,  not  prevailingly,  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries.  They  are  now  obsolete,  or 
nearly  so,  though  accmnpt  and  accnmptant  may  still  be 
used  in  the  formal  or  legal  style.  The  pronunciation  has 
always  ciintorined  to  the  regular  spelling,  <lccoli?i(,  accaunt- 
nU..'lc.) 

accoraget,  '■•  '•  See  accnurage.  Spenser. 
accord  (a-kord'),  v.  [<IkIE.  acnrdeii  (loss  frc- 
nuiutly  accordeii),  agree,  be  in  harmony,  trans, 
bring  into  agreement,  <0F.  acordcr,  agree  (F. 
aceorrler  =  Sp.  Pr.  Pg.  acordar  =  It.  accurdarc), 
<  ML.  accurdarc,  agree,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  cor  (cord-) 
=  E.  heart.  Cf.  concord  and  discord.']  I.  in- 
trnnx.  1.  To  agree;  be  in  correspondenco  or 
harmony. 

.My  heart  accordeth  with  my  tongue. 

Shak.,  2  Uen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
That  nihid  and  soul,  nccordinfj  well, 
May  make  one  music  as  liefore. 

Tennjiion,  In  Mcnoriani  (Int.). 

Their  minds  accorded  into  one  strain,  and  made  ilelight- 

flll  mualc.  Ilawlhome,  Snow  Image,  p.  hs. 

2.  To  make  an  agreement ;  come  to  an  under- 
standing. 

We  arruriUd  before  dinner.        .Scoll,  Wnverley.  II.  xlx. 

n.   tranti.    1.  To  make  to  agree   or  coitc- 
Hponii ;  adapt,  u.s  one  thing  to  another.  [Rare.] 

Her  hiindu  areunted  the  lute's  music  to  the  voice. 

iS'i'r  I\  Sidney,  Arcadia,  ii. 

2.  To  bring  to  un  agreement  or  a  Bettlement; 
Hottle,  ndJuHl,  or  compose;  reconcile:  us,  to 
acconi  controvirsiiH. 

llniiliiK  Minch  »•!'>•    t.i  acrord  differing  Writers,  and  to 
pick  trueth  out  of  parllallt^'. 

.Sir  /'.  Sidnrii,  Apol.  for  I'oetric. 
Im  thrrp  no  way  left  open  to  accord  tills  difference, 
Itut  you  muNt  make  on,-  with  your  swords? 

I.nnnfrlluw,  Spaulnh  Student,  II.  0. 

3.  '!'•■  LI  ril  :  give;  i-oncedc;  a.H,  to  nororrf  duo 

pr  'irie. 

ti  'bni-t  ifttoltit  Tmeketw;  hcwn^  whistling 

''  ■■                -  r               •■         .  imving 


38 

You  must  buy  that  peace 
With  full  accord  to  all  our  just  demands. 

Sliak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

2.  A  imion  of  different  soimds  which  is  agree- 
able to  the  ear ;  concord ;  harmony, 

Those  sweet  accords  are  even  the  angels'  lays. 

Sir  J.  Daric.-',  Immortal,  of  Soul,  ii.  1. 

3.  Agreement ;  just  correspondence  of  things ; 
harmony  of  relation :  as,  the  accord  of  light  and 
shade  in  painting. 

Beauty  is  nothing  else  but  a  just  aecord  and  mutual 
hannony  of  the  members,  animated  by  a  healthful  consti- 
tution      Driiden.  tr.  of  Dufresnoy's  Art  of  Painting.  Pl-ef. 


account 

accordingly (a-kor'ding-li),  adv.  1.  Agreeably; 
suitably  ;  in  a  manner  conformable  :  as,  those 
who  live  in  faith  and  good  works  will  bo  re- 
warded accordingly. 

Whenever  yo^i  are  to  do  a  thing,  though  it  can  never  be 
known  but  to  yourself,  ask  yourself  how  you  would  act 
were  all  tlie  world  looking  at  you,  and  act  accordinott/. 

Jcjiersan,  Correspondence,  I.  2H6. 

2.  In  assent  or  compliance  ;  acquiescently. 

Upon  this  the  Sultan  was  directed  to  place  himself  by  a 
huge  tub  of  water;  which  he  did  accordinffly. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  94. 
=  Syn.  2.  Tlicrrfore,  Wherefore,  .iccnrdingly,  etc.  See 
tlierejorc. 


4.  Will;  voluntary  or  spontaneous  impulse  or  accoirdion  (a-kor'di-on),  H.     [Also  spelled  ac- 

cordeon,  <  F'.'  accordeon,  <  accorder,  be  in  har- 
mony, accord.]  A  small  keyed  wind-instru- 
ment, opening  and  shutting  like  a  bellows,  aud 
ha-ving  its  tones  generated  by  the  play  of  wind 
thus  prodticed  upon  metallic  reeds.  It  is  con- 
structed on  the  same  principle  as  the  concertina  and  the 
harmonium,  but  is  mudi  inferior  to  them. 


act;  unaided  action  or  operation :  preceded  by 
own. 

Being  more  forward,  of  his  oito  oecord  he  went  imto 
j.ou_  2  Cor.  viil.  17. 

Now  of  my  otm  accord  such  other  trial 
I  mean  to  show  you  of  my  strength. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  I.  1643. 


5.  Adjustment  of  a  difference ;  reconciliation:  accorfiionist  (a-kor'di-on-ist),  n.    A  player  on 


as,  the  mediator  of  an  accord, 

If  both  are  satisfied  with  this  accord, 

Sv.-ear  by  the  laws  of  knighthood  on  my  sword. 

Drydcn,  Fables. 
Specifically,  in  lau\  an  agreement  which  is  made  between 
parties  for  the  settlement  of  a  liability  or  controvei-sy,  and 
which,  when  executed,  that  is,  carried  into  effect,  is 
termed  an  accord  and  sati-ij'actimi,  and  bars  or  terminates 
a  suit ;  a  private  extra-judicial  agreement  or  arrangement. 

6  Inmusic,  same  US  chord. — 7.  ^V/?(f.,  the  con-  ..      ,    ,    ,,      -    -,„, x    „       t„««,. 

-  1-  eoinmand  of  accorporationt  (a-kor-p9-ra  shon),   n.     Incor- 

poration 


the  accordion. 
accorporatet  (a-k6r'po-rat),  r.  t.  [<Ii.  accor- 
porotns,  pp.  of  accorpnrarc,  <ad,  to,  +  corpo- 
rarc,  form  into  a  body:  see  corpora'cl  To 
incorporate ;  tmite. 

Custom,  being  but  a  mere  face,  as  echo  is  a  mere  voice, 
rests  not  in  her  nnaccomplishment,  until  by  secret  inclina- 
tion she  accorporaU  herself  with  errour. 

Milton,  Pref.  to  Doct.  ol  Divorce. 


ditions  imder  which  a  fortress  or 
troops  is  surrendered — To  be  at  accord,  to  be  in 
agl-cement.     O/iaiiccr.—  To  fall  Of  accord t,  to  come  into 
agreement,     Chaucer. 

accordablet  (a-k6r'da-bl),  a.  [<ME.  acordahlc, 
<0F.  'acorddbJe,  F.  accordable,  <  OF.  acorder  : 
see  accord.  Ct.Sp.acordaWemente,a.Av.']  Capa- 
ble of  being  harmonized  or  reconciled ;  conso- 
nant; agreeable. 

accordance  (a-kor'dans),  n.  [<  ME.  «PO)-rfrt««'. 
acordaunce,  i'OV.  abordance,  later  accordance 
(=Pr.  acordayisa),  <  acordant,  etc.:  see  accor- 
dan  ?.]  1 .  The  state  of  being  in  accord ;  agree- 
ment with  a  person ;  conformity  to  a  thing ; 
harmony. 

Their  voices  are  in  admirable  accordance  with  the  tran- 
quil solitude  of  a  summer  afternoon. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse. 

There  is  a  remarkable  accordance  in  the  power  of  diges- 
tion between  the  gastric  juice  of  animals  with  its  pepsin 
and  hydrochloric  acid,  and  the  secretion  of  Droxera  with 
its  ferment  and  acid  belonging  to  the  acetic  series. 

Varniin,  Insectlv.  Plants,  vi. 

2.  The  act  of  according,  granting,  or  gi^^ng. 
-Syn.  1.  Harmony,  unison,  coincidence.       ^ 
accordancy  (a-k6r'dan-si),  »i.     Same  as  accor- 
diuice,  but  less  used. 

accordant  (a-km-'daut),  a.  [<ME.  acordant. 
iicordannt,  <  OF.  acordant,  F.  accordant,  agree- 
ing with,  <  ML.  accordan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  acrordarc, 
agree :  see  accord,  v.']  Corresponding ;  con- 
formable ;  consonant ;  agreeable  ;  of  the  same 
mind ;  hannouiotis :  sometimes  followed  by  /«, 
but  more  commonly  by  icith :  as,  this  was  not 
accordant  to  his  tastes,  or  with  his  principles. 
If  he  found  her  accordant.  .'ihnk..  Much  Ado.  i.  2. 

llilsic  and  meaning  floated  together,  accordant  as  swan 
and  shadow.        Loiivll.  Among  my  H6ok8,  2d  scr.,  p.  :<;;(;. 
In  the  neighboring  hall  a  strain  of  music,  proceeding 
From  the  accordant  strings  of  Michael's  melodious  fiddle. 
Loncifclloic,  Kvangeline,  ii.  :i. 

accordantly  (:i-kor'd,ant-li),  adr.    In  an  accor- 
dant njiinncr;  in  accordance  or  agreement, 
accorder  (ii-kor'dir),  ».     One  who  accords  or 

agrees;  oiie  who  grants  or  bestows.     [Hare.] 
according   (a-k6r'ding),   ;).    a.      1.   Agreeing: 
harmonious. 

Tir  accordint/  music  of  a  well-lnixed  state. 

]'opc,  Kssay  on  Man,  III.  2iil. 


accost  (a-kosf),  r.  [<  F.  accoster,  <0F.  acos- 
tcr,  come  alongside  of,  approach,  touch,  =  Sp. 
Pg.  acostar  =  It.  acco.'itan;  <  ML.  accmtarc,  set 
one'.s  self  alongside  of,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  costa,  a 
rib,  a  side :  see  coast,  accoa,^t,  and  costal.]  I. 
trans.  If.  To  come  side  by  side  or  face  to  face 
with;  draw  near;  approach;  make  up  to. 

.iccosl  [her].  Sir  .-Indrew,  occost.— What's  that?— .ilccavf 
is,  front  her,  boai-d  her,  woo  her,  assail  her. 

SAa*.,  T..N.,  1.  3. 

2.  To  speak  to ;  adib-ess. 

With  taunts  the  distant  giant  I  accost. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  x. 
Being  shown  into  the  common  room,  I  was  accmled  by 
a  very  well-dressed  gentleman.       Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xviii. 
3t.  To  border  on ;  adjoin. 

Lapland  hath  since  been  often  surrounded  (so  much  as 
accosts  the  sea)  by  the  English. 

Fnllcr,  Worthies,  Derbyshire. 

II,t  intrans.  To  adjoin ;  be  adjacent. 

The  shores  which  to  the  sea  accoste. 

Spenser,  ¥.  tj.,  V.  xi.  42. 

accost  (a-k6st'),  i>.     The  act  of  accosting;  ad- 
dress ;  salutation. 

He  revealed  himself  in  his  accost. 

Arch,  l-'orhrs,  Soiivenli-s  of  some  Continents,  p.  101. 

accostable   (a-kos'tit^bl),   o,     [<F.    accostabic, 
<  accoster,  approach:  see  accost,  r.]     Capable 
of  being  accosted ;  easy  of  access ;  affable. 
The  French  are  a  free,  debonnair,  accoslalilc  people. 

Howell,  Letters,  ii.  12. 

accosted  (a-kos'ted), ;;.  a.  In  her.:  (a)  Placed 
on  either  or  on  each  side  of  a  principal  charge : 
as,  a  bend  accostid  by  two 
beiidlets.  (/))  Placed  side  by 
side,  as  two  beasts,  whether 
facing  in  the  same  direction 
or  not. 

accouche  (a-kosh'),  v.  i.     [<  F. 
(1,1-oncliir,  tr.  deliver,  intr.  bo 
deliyered,    give   birth,  <  OF. 
acouchcr.  lay  one's  self  down 
in  bed,  <  a-  "(L.  ad),  to.  +  cou- 
chcr,  earlier  catcher,  colder,  F. 
conchrr,  lay  one's  self  down,  lie   down:    soo 
conch,  r.]     To  act  as  iin  accoucheur  or  a  mid- 
wife.    ,Y.  /•;.  /). 
2.  Suitable;  agreeable;  in  accordance;  in  pro-  accouchement  (a-kiish'moii),  «.     [F.,  <  accow 


A  llclul  Acco5lC(l  by 
Ueiullelt. 


>!■■. 

•Iiei 
Ih., 

14  tern. 

accord 

l|IIIMll 

.MI".,  niord  (le 
ocnrtic,    UHUnllv 

I" 

.:  ;  b.i; ■■-  i 

'  of  opiuiona  or 

ii«  aaecrd  In  prayer  > 

<M  fre- 
acorl, 

ligri'i'iii.  !  . 
ilii,   «<-,..,./. 
accord,  i.\ 

1.  .\.- 
concurr 

ntloocd  w 

.  iicor- 
•  :  «et> 
nin'lB; 

cnnaeni  or 
iinapiit. 

ThMc  all  CI 
plication. 

willH ; 

ml  aup- 
\A  1.  U. 

portion  :  followed  by  to. 

(lin  /cal  should  be  accnrdinii  to  knowledge.     Up.  .f/mil. 

according  (a-k6r'ding),  adv.  In  accordBnce 
(with);  agreeably  (tn):  used  with  to:  as,  lie 
acted  accordinti 'to  his  judgment:  often  ap- 
plied to  persoi'is,  but  referring  ellipticiilly  In 
their  slateraents  or  opinions.  Oflen  iibbnvi- 
ated  to  ace. 
According  to  liini,  every  person  was  to  he  hoiight. 

Maeauiay,  Hist.  Kug.,  I 

For  no  delicious  niorrul  jiassd  her  throal ; 
Accordini)  to  her  clolh  »he  cut  her  coat. 

Drydcn,  Cock  linil  Fox,  I.  '-"o. 
According  aa,  agreeably,  conformably,  or  proportionately 


A  tiiiiii  may.  with  prud<>iic,-  miil 
prove  cf  (hi'  pr',f.-.«e.l  prill,  i|,l<"<  . 
the  other.  n/-ror,f,ii'/ a*  he  tliliikH 
good  of  cniireli  and  Ntate. 

tlu\n,  ttonllnientu 


II  good  conscU'iii-c.  ap- 
■  I  one  parly  more  llinii 
they  best  promole  the 

if  a  Ch.  of  End.  Man,  I. 


ch( r:  see  aicouchc]    Delivery  in  cliildbod;  par- 
tiiril  ion. 

accoucheur (a-kO-Bh6r'),H.  [F.,a man-midwife, 
(.acconchir:  see  accouche]  A  nian-midwifo ; 
a  nieilicul  practitioner  who  attends  women  in 
cliililliirtli.    Accoucheur-toad.    See  norw-.A-nf/. 

accoucheuse  (a-kii-sliez'),  n.  [F.,  fom.  of  ac- 
conchiiir.]     .\  niidwil'e, 

account  (n-kounf),  «'.  [<  MK.  aconntcn,  acmi- 
Irn,  <  Ol''"'.  aeuntcr,  aconirr  z=  Pr.  OSp.  OPg. 
aconlar  =  It.  acconlarc  (later  OF.  also  acom/i- 
Icr,  moil.  F.  accomplcr,  late  MK.  acomplcn,  mod. 
F.  acconnd,  ii.  v.,  after  L.),  <  ML.  'acconiptitarc, 
<  L.  ad,  to,  +  compultirc,  count,  coinjintd:  seo 
ciainti  iinil  compute]  I.  Irons.  1.  'I'o  count  or 
recUiin  us;  deem;  consider;  Ihink;  holiHobo. 
The  o|iliilon  of  more  worlds  tliiiu  one  hiui  In  ancient 
times  been  accounted  a  heresy. 

/);).  H'i'/Hjm,  Math.  Works.  L 


account 

I  have  been  accounted  a  good  stick  in  a  country-dance. 
Sheridan,  The  Kivals,  iii.  4. 
He  (ails  obtain  wliat  he  accounts  liis  right. 

liyowniiif/,  Ring  and  Bool<,  I.  180. 

2t.  To  reckon  or  compute ;  count. 
The  motion  of  the  sun  wliereby  years  are  accounted. 

Sir  T.  Brouine,  Vulg.  Err. 

3.  To  assign  or  impute ;  give  the  eretlit  of ; 
reckon  as  belonging  or  attributable.     [Rare.] 

Even  as  Abraham  I>elieved  God,  .and  it  was  accounted 
to  liini  for  righteousness.  Gal.  11.  6. 

You  have  all  sorts  of  graces  accounted  to  you. 

Jerrold,  Works,  IV.  408. 

4t.  To  give  an  account,  reason,  or  explanation 
of ;  explain. 

A  way  of  accuuntinf/  the  solidity  of  ice.  Glanville, 

5t.  To  take  into  consideration.  Chaucer. — 6t. 
To  recount;  relate.     Chaucer. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  render  an  account  or  re- 
lation of  particulars  ;  answer  in  a  responsible 
character :  followed  by  with  or  to  before  a  per- 
son, and  by  for  before  a  thing :  as,  an  officer 
must  account  with  or  to  the  treasurer/oc  money 
received. 

They  must  account  to  rae  /or  these  things,  which  I  miss 
so  greatly.  Lamb,  Old  Benchers. 

2.  To  fui'uish  or  assign  a  reason  or  reasons; 
give  an  explanation :  with  for:  as,  idleness  ac- 
counts  for  poverty. 

You'll  not  let  me  speak — I  say  the  lady  can  account  for 
tins  much  better  than  I  can.    Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 

3t.  To  reckon ;  count. 

Calendar  months,  .  .  .  by  which  months  we  still  aa'own(. 

Holder,  On  Time. 
To  account  oft,  to  make  account  of ;  esteem. 

It  [silver]  was  nothing  accounted  of  in  the  days  of 
Solomon.  1  Ki.  .x.  21. 

I  acroiint  of  her  beauty.  Sha/c,  T.  G.  of  V.,  11. 1. 

account  (a-kounf),  n.  [<  ME.  acount,  acunt, 
acoiit,  <  OF.  acunt,  acont  (<  a-  +  cont,  <  L.  com- 
putuiii,  a  calculation),  acunte,  aconte  (later  OF. 
and  ME.  acompt,  acompte:  see  accompt),  <  OF. 
acunter,  aconter :  see  account,  r.']  1.  A  reckon- 
ing, an  enumeration,  or  a  computation ;  meth- 
od of  computing:  as,  the  Julian  acco««i of  time. 

TlKlt  .  .  . 

I  might  in  virtues,  beauties,  livings,  friends, 

E.vceed  account.  Sha/i.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  2. 

2.  A  reckoning  of  money  or  business ;  a  state- 
ment or  record  of  financial  or  peetmiary  trans- 
actions, with  their  debits  and  credits,  or  of 
money  received  and  paid  and  the  balance  on 
hand  or  due :  as,  to  keep  accounts  ;  to  make  out 
an  account. —  3.  A  coui-se  of  business  dealings 
or  relations  requiring  the  keeping  of  records : 
as,  to  have  an  account  with  the  bank. — 4.  On 
the  .^tock  e.tchange,  that  part  of  the  transactions 
between  buyer  and  seller  to  be  settled  on  the 
fortnightly  or  monthly  settling-day :  as,  I  have 
sold  A.  B.  500  shares  for  the  account. —  5.  Nar- 
rative ;  relation ;  statement  of  facts ;  a  recital, 
verbal  or  written,  of  particular  transactions 
and  events:  as,  an  account  of  the  I'evolution  in 
France. 

The  account  which  Thucydides  has  given  of  the  retreat 
from  Syracuse  is  among  narratives  what  Vandyke's  Lord 
Strafford  Is  among  paintings.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

6.  A  statement  of  reasons,  -causes,  grounds, 
etc.,  explanatory  of  some  event:  as,  no  satis- 
factory Account  has  yet  been  given  of  these 
phenomena. — 7.  An  explanatory  statement  or 
vindication  of  one's  conduct,  such  as  is  given 
to  a  superior. 

Give  an  account  of  thy  stewardship.  Luke  -xvi.  2. 

8.  Reason  or  consideration;  ground:  used 
with  on :  as,  on  all  accounts;  on  every  accoxmt; 
on  account  of. 

He  [Bacon]  valued  geometry  chiefly,  if  not  solely,  on 
account  of  those  uses,  which  to  Plato  appeared  so  base. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

9.  Estimation ;  esteem ;  distinction ;  dignity ; 
consequence  or  importance. 

There  never  was  a  time  when  men  wrote  so  much  and  so 
well,  and  that  without  being  of  any  great  account  them- 
selves. F.  Halt,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  293. 

10.  Profit;  advantage  :  as,  to  find  one's  account 
in  a  pm-suit ;  to  turn  anything  to  account. 

W^iy  deprive  us  of  a  malady  by  which  such  numbers 
find  their  account?  Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  5. 

11.  Regard;  behalf;  sake:  as,  all  this  trouble 
I  have  incmTed  on  yoiu'  account. 

Sometimes  spelled  accompt. 
Account  current,  open  account,  a  course  of  business 
dealings  still  cuntiuuing  lit.t\vi'tn  two  parties,  or  an  account 
notst,ated.— Account  rendered,  a  statement  presented  by 
a  creditorto  his  debt(jr,  slio«  iii:^  tliL-  charges  of  the  former 
against  the  latter.— Account  sales  (an  abbreviation  of 
account  of  the  sales),  a  separate  acc(Uint  rendered  to  his 
principal  by  a  factor  or  broker,  showing  the  goods  sold,  the 


39 

prices  obtained,  and  the  net  result  after  deduction  of  ex- 
penses, etc. — Account  stated,  an  account  or  statement 
showing  the  result  of  a  course  of  transactions,  for  adjust- 
inent  between  the  parties.  S(nnetiinesc;ill('tl  arfate.  — Ac- 
tion of  account,  or  writ  of  account,  in  lnn;  an  action  or 
writ  which  the  i)laiiitilf  lirings,  demanding  that  the  defen- 
dant shall  render  his  just  account,  or  show  good  cause  to 
the  contrary.— For  account  of,  on  behalf  of :  as,  sold/or 
account  of  A.  li. ,  that  is,  disposed  of  by  sale,  and  to  be 
accounted  for  to  A.  B.  —  For  the  account,  for  settlement 
on  the  regular  settling-day,  and  .not  for  ctish  or  ready 
money  :  used  on  the  stock  exchange.  8ee  above,  4.  — In 
account  with,  having  business  dealings  with  (some  oiu-), 
re(jniriiig  tlie  keeping  of  an  account. — JMoney  Of  ac- 
count, a  denomination  of  money  used  in  reckoning,  Imt 
not  lurrent  as  coins :  thus,  in  China,  the  tael  or  oinice- 
weiglit  of  silver  is  a  moner/  of  account. —  On  or  to  ac- 
count, ius  an  instalment  or  interim  payment.— On  one's 
own  account,  for  one's  self;  (or  one's  own  interest  and 
at  one's  own  risk  :  as,  he  has  gone  into  business  on  /u*'  oirn 
aci-ciiiit.—To  go  on  the  accountt,  to  join  a  piratical  ex- 
pedition ;  turn  pirate:  jMoliably  from  the  parties  sharing 
as  in  u  eoiumercial  venture. 

I  hope  it  is  no  new  thing  for  gentlemen  of  fortune  who 
are  (joint;  on  the  account,  to  change  a  captain  now  and 
then.  ■  Scott. 

To  make  accountt,  to  form  an  expectation;  judge; 
reekuii. 

This  other  part  .  .  .  makes  account  to  find  no  slender 
argniiii'iits  ti.r  tliis  assertion  out  of  those  very  Scripttn-es 
which  are  commoidy  urged  against  it.  Milton. 

They  made  no  account  but  that  the  navy  should  be  ab- 
solutely master  of  the  seas. 

Bacon,  Consid.  of  War  with  Spain. 
To  make  account  of,  to  hold  In  estimation  or  esteem ; 
value:  generally  with  an  adjective  of  quantity,  as  tnuch, 
little,  no,  etc. :  as,  he  mukes  no  account  o/ difficulties. 

What  is  .  .  .  the  son  of  man,  that  thou  makrst  account 
of  him  !  Ps.  cxliv.  3. 

We  never  make  much  account  of  objections  [to  war] 
which  merely  respect  the  actual  state  of  the  world  at  this 
moment,  but  which  admit  the  general  expediency  and 
permanent  excellence  of  the  project. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  189. 

To  open  an  account  with,  to  liegln  a  course  of  dealings 
with,  reqiiirini;  t!i<*  lo  i  ]»JM^<.f  an  account. — TO  take  into 
account,  to  tnkr  ioti.  nmsiilevation;  make  a  jjart  of  the 
reekonineurt'stitiiiit.-.  :=  Syn.  5.  Account,  Relation,  Narra- 
tion, Xarni/irr,  U.'iital.  ^.'cvrrj'y'^j'on, 'S'(on/,  statement,  re- 
hearsal, ehrnnielL-,  liistory,  tale,  report.  These  words  agree 
In  denoting  the  rehearsal  of  an  event  or  of  a  series  <  if  events. 
.4 ceo((ii(  directs  attention  to  the  facts  related  rather  than  to 
the  relatcr ;  it  is  the  most  general  term.  Relation  is  also 
general  in  its  meaning,  but  implies  more  directly  a  re- 
later;  it  is  less  used  iir  this  sense  than  the  corresponding 
verb  relate.  It  holds  a  middle  place  between  arciunit  and 
narrative.  Narration  is  the  act  of  narrating:  the  mean- 
ing "  the  thing  narrated  "  has  by  desynonymization  been 
given  up  to  narrative.  A  naiTative  sets  forth  a  series  of 
incidents  dependent  upon  each  other  for  meaning  and 
value,  and  generally  drawn  from  the  personal  knowledge 
of  the  narrator.  A  recital  is  a  narrative,  usually  of  events 
that  peculiarly  affect  the  interests  or  the  feelings  of  the 
reciter ;  hence  it  Is  generally  more  detailed :  as,  the  re- 
cital of  one's  wrongs,  griefs,  troubles.  A  description  is  an 
account  addressed  to  tlie  imagination,  a  picture  in  words. 
A  story  is  by  derivation  a  short  history,  and  by  develop- 
ment a  narrative  designed  to  interest  and  please.  There 
may  be  an  account  of  a  battle  or  a  burgliiry;  a  relation  of 
an  adventure;  araanof  extraordinary  powersof;iarra(io», 
so  that  his  narrative  is  exact  and  vivid;  a.  recital  of  one's 
personal  sufferings;  a  description  of  a  scene  or  an  inci- 
dent ;  a  story  of  a  life. 

accountt   (a-koimf),  pp.     [Reduced  from  ac- 
counted.]    Accounted;  reckoned. 

Was  with  long  use  account  no  sin. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.,Gower. 
[In  older  editions  this  is  printed  accoitnt'd.] 

accountability  (a-koun-ta-bil'i-ti),  n.  The 
state  of  lieiug  accountable  or  answerable ;  re- 
sponsibility for  the  fulfilment  of  obligations ; 
liability  to  account  for  conduct,  meet  or  suffer 
consequences,  etc. :  as,  to  hold  a  trustee  to  his 
accountahilitij ;  the  accountahilitij  of  parents  to- 
ward their  children,  or  of  men  toward  God. 
The  awftd  idea  of  accountability.  R.  Hall. 

accountable  (a-koun'ta-bl),  a.  l<  account  + 
-able.  Of.  F.  comptahlc,  accountable,  respon- 
sible.] 1.  Liable  to  be  called  to  account;  re- 
sponsible, as  for  a  trust  or  obligation ;  answer- 
able, as  for  conduct :  as,  every  man  is  account- 
able to  God  for  his  conduct ;  a  sheriff  is  account- 
alile  as  bailiff'  and  receiver  of  goods. 
Subjects  therefore  are  accountaUe  to  superiors. 

Dryden,  Post,  to  Hist,  of  League. 

2.  Of  which  an  account  can  be  given;  that 
can  be  accotmted  for :  in  this  use  opposed  to 
unaccountable.     [Rare.] 

We  can  never  frame  any  accountable  relation  to  it  [our 
country],  nor  consequently  assign  any  natural  or  proper 
affection  toward  it.  Sliaftcsliury,  JIlsc,  3. 

Accountable  receipt,  a  written  acknowledgment  of  the 
receipt  of  inont-y  (.-r  goods  to  be  accounted  for  by  the 
reeei\  er.  It  ditfers  from  an  ordinary  receipt  or  acquittance 
In  that  the  latter  imports  merely  that  money  has  been 
paid.  =  Syn.  1.  .-Vmenable,  answerable,  responsible. 

accountableness  (a-koun'ta-bl-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  aceoimtable  ;  accountability. 

Tied  to  no  creed  and  confessing  no  intellectiuil  account- 
ableness to  any  power  less  than  the  Eternal  Reason. 

Bellows,  Introd.  to  Martlneau's  Materialism,  p.  7. 


accoutrement 

accountably   (a-kouu'ta-bli),   adv.     In  an  ae- 

coiuilalile  manner, 
accountancy   (a-koun'tan-si),   H.     The   art  or 

jjractioo  of  an  accountant.    N.  E.  D. 
accountant   (a-koun'tant),   n.   and  a.      [Also 

written  accomptant,  <  i\  acconiplant  (OF.  ac^in- 

tant),  ppr.  oiaccompter:  see  account  and -ant^."] 

1.  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in  or  who  keeps  ac- 
counts; one  who  makes  the  keeping  or  exami- 
nation of  accounts  his  profession ;  an  officer 
in  a  jjublic  office  who  has  charge  of  the  ac- 
counts.    Also  spelled  accomptant. 

Il.t  a.  Giving  account ;  accountable ;  re- 
sponsible . 

His  offence  is  so,  as  it  appears, 
Accountant  to  the  law  upon  that  pain. 

Sliak.,  M.  for  II.,  ii.  4. 

accountant-general  (a-koun'tant-jen'e-ral),  n. 
The  principal  or  responsible  aecoimtant  in 
a  public  otHce  or  in  a  mercantile  or  banking 
house  or  company;  in  England,  formerly  also 
an  officer  in  chancery  who  received  all  moneys 
lodged  in  court  and  deposited  the  same  in  the 
Bank  of  England. 

accountantship  (a-koun'tant-ship),  n.  The 
office  or  emplojTneut  of  an  aecoimtant. 

account-book  (a-kount'biik),  n.  A  book  con- 
taining accounts,  especially  one  containing  a 
record  of  sales,  purchases,  and  payments;  a 
ruled  book  for  entering  details  of  receipts  and 
expenditiu-es. 

accoun't-day  (a-kount'da),  n.  A  day  set  apart 
once  in  each  half  month  for  the  adjustment  of 
differences  between  brokers  on  the  English 
stock  exchange.  A  similar  practice  prevails 
in  the  Continental  bourses. 

accouplet  (a-kup'l),  v.  t.  [<F.  accoupler,  join, 
<  OF.  aconpler,  also  acouhler  =  Sp.  acoplar  =  It. 
accoppiare,  <  ML.  accopulare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
copulare,  couple :  see  couple,  v."]  To  join  or 
link  together ;  luiite  ;  couple. 

The  Englishmen  accoupled  themselves  with  the  French- 
men. Halt,  Chronicles,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  9. 

accouplement  (a-kup'1-ment),  «.  [<F.  accow- 
plement  =  lt.  accoppiamento  :  see  accouple.']  1. 
The  act  of  aecoupling  or  connecting  in  pairs ; 
union  in  couples ;  marriage.    [Rare.] 

The  son  born  of  such  an  accouplement  shall  be  most 
untow.ard.  Trial  of  Men's  Wits,  p.  308. 

2.  In  carp. :  («)  A  tie  or  brace.  (6)  The  entire 
piece  of  work  formed  by  a  brace  and  the  tim- 
bers which  it  joins. 

accouraget  (a-km-'aj),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  accourager, 
earlier  acoraf/er,  dcorayicr,  inspire  -with  cour- 
age, <  a-  (L.  ad),  to,  +  coragc,  euraige,  courage. 
Cf.  encourage.']     To  ene'om'age. 

But  he  endevored  with  speaches  milde 
Her  to  recomfort,  and  accourage  bold. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  HI.  viii.  34. 

accourtt  (a-kort'),  V.  t.  [<  ac-  +  court.  Cf .  OF. 
accort,  ei\-il,  polite,  accortement,  accortise,  po-^ 
liteness,  courtesy,  as  if  from  a  verb  *accorter.'] 
To  entertain  •with  courtesy.  • 

Accourting  each  her  friend  with  lavish  test. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  li.  16. 

accoutre,  accouter  (a-ko'ter),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  accoutred  or  accoutered,  ppr.  accoutring  or 
accoutering.  [<  F.  accoutrcr,  earlier  accoustrer, 
acoustrer,  acoutrer,  clothe,  dress,  equip,  ar- 
range, =  Pr.  acotrar,  acoutrar ;  of  uncertain 
origin;  perhaps  <  OF.  a-  (L.  ad)  +  coustcur, 
coustre,  coutre,  the  sexton  of  a  chm-eh,  one  of 
whose  duties  was  to  take  care  of  the  sacred 
vestments,  both  of  the  priest  and  of  the  image 
of  the  Virgin ;  prob.  <  L.  *cu.storem  for  custodem, 
nom.  custos,  a  guardian,  keeper :  see  custo- 
dian.] To  dress,  equip,,  or  fm-nish;  specifi- 
cally, array  in  a  military  dress;  put  on  or 
furnish  with  accoutrements. 

Upon  the  word. 
Accoutred  as  I  was,  I  plunged  in. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  1.  2. 

He  unglrds  his  horse,  claps  the  whole  equipage  on  his 
own  back,  and,  thus  accoutred,  marches  on  the  next  inn. 
Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  2. 

Our  globe,  .  .  .  accoutred  with  so  noble  a  furniture  of 
air,  light,  and  gravity.  Derham,  Physico-Theol.,  1.  .5. 

accoutrement,  accouterment  (a-ko'ter-ment), 
n.  1.  Personal  vestment  or  clothing;  equip- 
ment or  furnishing  in  general ;  an-ay  ;  apparel. 
[Rare  in  the  singiilar.] 

And  not  alone  in  habit  and  deWce, 
Exterior  form,  outward  accoutrement. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

T  profess  requital  to  a  hair's  breadth ;  not  only,  ilistress 
Ford,  In  the  simple  office  of  love,  but  in  all  the  accoutre- 
ment, complement,  and  ceremony  of  it. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 


accoutrement 

2.  pi.  Dress  in  relation  to  its  component  parts  ; 
equipage;  trappings;  specifically,  the  equip- 
ments of  a  soldier  except  aims  and  clothing ; 
equipage  for  military  service.     See  equipage. 

In  robes  of  peace,  accoutmn-ntii  of  rest, 

He  was  advanc'd  a  counsellor. 

J-'ord,  Fame  s  Memorial. 

Amon"  piled  arms  and  roujrh  accoutrements. 

ye»"yat>;i.  The  Princess,  V. 

accoyt  (a-koi' ),  v.  t.    [<  JfE.  acoicn,  <  OF.  acoier, 


qui.-t,  <«-  (L.  ad),  to,  +  coi,  quiet:  see  coj/i.]  accrescimento(ak-ki-esh-i-men't6),  h.   [It:  see 

1.  To  render  quiet ;  soothe.  ...  ..  .,      , 

An  J  with  kind  words  accoyd,  vowing  great  love  to  mee. 

Speiuier,  F.  Q.,  IV.  \-iii.  59. 

2.  To  dishearten ;  daunt ;  subdue. 

Then  is  vour  carelesse  courage  accoyed. 

Spenser,  Shep.  CaL  (Feb.). 

accraset,  r.  t.     See  acraze. 

accreaset   (a-kres'),  v.  i.     [Formerly  also  ac- 

creace,  accieis,  <  ME.  acresen,  increase,  <  OF. 

acreislre,  later  accroiatrc,  mod.  F. accioi /re =Sp. 

acrecer  =  It.  accrescerc,  <  L.  accrcscere,  grow, 

become  larger  by  growth,   increase:   see  ac- 

cresce  (a  later  form,  after  the  L.),  increase,  de- 
crease, etc.,  and  der.  accrue.'}     To  increase. 
Aeerescere,  to  increase,  to  accrease,  to  add  vnto,  ...  to 

accrew,  to  eeke.  -  Flvrio. 

Such  as  ask,  why  the  sea  doth  never  debord  nor  acereatv 

a  whit.  D.  Pertnn,  Varieties,  I  §  6,  24.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

accredit  (a-kred'it),  r.  t.     [<  F.  accrediter,  ear 


accumbent 

cruc,creic:  see  crewi,  and  cf.  recruit.']     If    An 
accession;  addition;  reinforcement. 

The  towne  of  Calls  and  the  forts  thereabouts  were  not 
supiilieil  with  anie  new  accrewes  of  soldiers. 

UoUnshed,  Chron.,  III.  1135  1. 

Should  be  able  ...  to  oppose  the  French  by  the  acenu  of 
Scotl.ind.     M.  Godiryn,  Annals  Eng.,  III.  2S3.    (xV.  K  D.) 

2.  A  loop  or  stitch  forming  an  extra  mesh  in 

network. 

There  are  also  accrues,  false  meshes,  or  quartering?, 

which  are  loops  inserted  in  any  given  row,  by  wliicli  the 

niunbcr  of  meshes  is  increased.     Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  3oy. 

accrcscc]     In  tuu.iic,  the  increase  of  the  dura-  ^^^^3  (a-ki-o'),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  accrued,  ppr. 

tion  of  a  sound  by  one  half,  indicated  by  a  dot     „p^,.„,„,y;     [Also  fl-i-itteu  accrew  (now  obs.),  < 

after  the  note.  "  '  "■ 

accrete  (a-kref),  «■•;  pret.  and  pp.  accrelcd, 
ppr.  accreting.  [<  L.  accretus,  pp.  of  accrcscere  : 
see  accresce.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  by  ac- 
cretion ;  gather  additions  from  without.  [Rare.] 


40 

The  silent  aecrescence  of  belief  from  the  unwatched  de- 
positions of  a  general,  never  contradicted,  hearsay. 

Coleridge,  Statesman's  Manual  (1839),  App.  B,  p.  296. 

2.  That  by  which  anything  is  increased;  an 
increment. 

accrescent  (a-kres'ent),  a.  [<  L.  ac<}resc^n{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  accrcscere,  grow:  see  accresce.']  In- 
creasing; growing.  Specifically,  in  bot.,  applied  to 
parts  connected  with  the  flower  which  increase  in  size 
after  flowering,  as  frequently  occurs  with  the  calyx,  invo- 
lucre, ett 


We  see  everpvhere  wasted  clilfs  .and  denuded  shores, 
or  accreted  sliingle-bauks  and  sand-hills. 

A',  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  62. 

2.  To  be  added;  adhere;  become  attached  by  a 
process  of  accretion. 

Centres  about  wluch  thought  has  accreted,  instead  of 
crystallizing  into  its  own  free  forms. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  161. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  grow  or  unite, 
accrete  (a-kref),  a.     [<L.  accretus,  pp.  of  ac- 
crcscere :  see  accresce.]  Grown  together ;  formed 
bv  accretion ;  accreted. 


lier  (u'l-erfi (<■!•,  accredit,  <nc- (L.nd),  to, +cm?i7,  accretion   (a-kre'shon),   «.     [<L.   aceretio(n-). 


n.,  credit  (see   credit,    n. );  =Sp.  'Pg.  acreditar 
=  It.  accreditare,  accredit,  similarly  formed.] 

1.  To  give  credit  or  credence  to;  repose  confi- 
dence m ;  trust ;  esteem. 

Such  were  the  principal  terms  of  the  surrender  of  Gra- 
nad.1,  as  authenticated  by  the  most  accrt^dited  Castilian  and 
Arabic  authorities.  J'resmlt,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  15. 

His  party  will .  .  .  protect  and  accredit  him,  in  spite  of 
conduct  the  most  contradictory  to  their  own  principles. 

Scott. 

2.  To  confer  credit  or  authority  on;  stamp  with 
authority. 

With  the  best  writers  of  oiu-  age.  accredit  is  "  invest  with 
credit  or  anth<irity,"  to  which  may  be  added  its  diplo- 
matic sense,  '"scud  with  letters  credential." 

F.  Hall,  Jlod.  F.ng.,  p.  284. 

1  am  better  pleased  indeed  that  he  censures  some  things 
than  I  should  have  Tieen  with  unmixed  commendation  ;  for 
his  censure  will  .  .  .  accredit  his  praises. 

Cowjier,  Letters,  xliii. 

Hence,    specifically  —  3.  To    send  with    cre- 
dentials, as  an  envoy. 

According  to  their  rank,  some  agents  of  foreign  govern- 
ments are  directly  accredited  to  a  sovereign,  and  others 
to  his  minister  of  foreign  atfairs. 

Woolscy,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  91. 

4.  To  believe ;  accept  as  true. 

He  accredited  and  repeated  stories  of  apparitions,  and 
witchcraft,  and  posses.^ion,  s^>  silly,  as  well  :».s  monstrous, 
that  they  might  have  nauseated  tlie  troarsest  appetite  for 
wonrler.  Southey,  Life  of  Wesley,  11.  198. 

.  6.  To  a-scribe  or  attribute  to ;  invest  -with  the 


ME.  acreice,  v.,  <  *acrcire,  n. :  see  accrue,  «.] 
It.  To  grow;  increase;  augment. 

.\nd,  though  powre  faild,  her  courage  did  accrmtf. 

S]>enscr,  F.  Q.,  V.  v.  7. 

2.  To  happen  or  result  as  a  natm-al  growth; 
come  or  fall  as  an  addition  or  increment,  as  of 
profit  or  loss,  advantage  or  damage ;  arise  in 
due  cotu'se :  as,  a  profit  accrues  to  government 
from  the  coinage  of  copper;  the  natural  in- 
crease accrues  to  the  common  benefit. 

To  no  one  can  any  benefit  accrue  from  such  aerial 
speculations  ...  as  crowd  almost  every  book  in  our  lan- 
guage that  we  turn  to.  F.  Ball,  Jlod.  Eng.,  I'ref. 

That  pleasure  wliich  accrues  from  good  actions. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Relig.,  ii.  f.. 

3.  In  law,  to  become  a  present  and  enforcible 
right  or  demand.  Thus  the  right  to  set  up  the  statute 
of  limitations  against  a  claim  accrues  by  lapse  of  time  :  a 
cause  of  action  on  a  note  does  not  accnie  till  the  note 
becomes  payable. 

"      ""  "    7(cr., full-grown:  an 


<  accretus,  pp.  of  accrcscere,  gi-ow :  see  accresce 

and  ncCT-e/e.l  1.  The  act  of  accreting  or  accres-  ..      ...  - 

cing;    a  growing  to;  an  increase  by  natui'al  accrued (a-ki;od  ),p  a.    In 
grolrth;  an  addition;  specifically,  an  increase     einthct  applied  to  trees, 
by  an  accession  ot  jiarts  externally. 

The  phrase  "  living  language,"  used  with  reference  to 
facts,  must  import  perpetual  excretion  and  accretion  of 
substance,  involving  or  producing  assimilation,  develop- 
ment, and  renewal.  F.  Hall,  Hod.  Eng.,  p.  Is. 

A  mineral  or  unorganized  body  can  undergo  no  change 
save  by  the  operation  of  mechanical  or  chemical  forces; 
and  any  increase  of  its  bulk  is  due  to  the  addition  of  like 
particles  to  its  exterior :  it  augments  not  by  growth  but 
by  accretion.  Owen,  Comp.  Anat.,  i. 

2.  In  pa  thol.,  the  grovring  together  of  parts  nor- 
mally separate,  as  the  fingers  or  toes. — 3.  The 

thing  added;  an  extraneous  addition;  an  ac-     , ___    

cession:  commonly  used  in  the  plural,  and  re-  accubation   (ak-ii-ba'shon), 
strieted  to  accessions  made  slowly  and  gradu- 
ally by  some  external  force 


ac'cruement  (a-kro'ment),  11.  1.  Accrual.— 
2.  That  which  accrues;  an  addition;  incre- 
niont . 

accruer  (a-ki-6'er),  n.  l<  accrue  + -er",  as  111 
Kscr,  trover,  icairer,  and  other  law  terms,  where 
-(■;•  represents  the  F.  inf.  suffix.]  In  laic,  the 
act  or  fact  of  accruing;  accrual — Clause  of  ac- 
cruer, a  clause  in  a  deed  or  be<iuest  to  several  persons, 


credit  ot :  followed  by  with. 

Mr.  Bright  himself  was  rt/rrrt/i'/z^n/'i^A  having  said  that  onnretive  (a-krC/tiv)    a 
his  iiw[i  itfort  to  arouse  a  reforming  spirit  .  .  .  was  like  '^^^'■^'"-         ^'  -  " 

floguiriu'  a  de:wi  horse.        McCarthy,  Hist.  <-)wn  Times,  xl. 

accreditatet  (a-kred'i-tSt),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
accrcdittiteil,  ppr.  accreditating.  [As  accredit  + 
-n/f2.]     Same  as  accredit. 

.She  Ifowcd,  kiMing  the  Thracian's  hands,  who  would  not 
reslni  It,  to  aecreditate  the  beginnings  of  his  Love  to  be  of 

entlmation.  —        ,  ,                               ._                    y         t       - 

Sir  A  foVflin.-,  Ir.  ,.fT/.rcdano,  Uianca,  IV.  s:i.   (.V.  E.  I>.)  aCCrlminatet  (a-ki'mi'i-nat),  r.  t.     [(.ac-  +  crim- 

accreditationt  fukrcd-i-ta'shon),  «.     The   act  '"'"'■  (<'f.  !^P-  aeriniinar,  exaggerate  a  crime, 

of  uccnditiiig,  or  the  state  of  being  accredited.  accuHc) :    sec  criminate.]      To   charge   witli   a 

IlftvInK  receivid  tiiy  itiMtruetions  and  lelter«  of  rtccrc'fi*-  <'riine.                    _  ,  ..                    ry-^rr^               i 

(ndVm  from  thi- Ij.ri  of  Hillsborough  on  the  nth  day  ot  accroacnt    (a-kroch'),    v.   t.       [<  ML.    acrochen, 
April,  I7H0.       .Mm,.  „/ II.  Cumberland,!.  41-.  {,\.  E.  D.) 


He  strove  to  pare  away  the  accretions  of  age. 

Mcrivale,  Hist..  Romans,  V.  l.'iO. 

4.  Inlaw:  (n)  The  increase  or  growth  ot  prop- 
erty by  external  accessions,  as  by  alluvium 
natiu-ally  added  to  land  situated  on  the  bank  of 
a  river,  or  on  the  seashore.    When  the  accretion 

takes  place  by  small  and  impcrciptible  degrees  it  belongs 
to  the  owner  of  the  land  innnediately  behind,  but  if  it 
Ls  sudden  and  considerable  it  may  belong  to  the 
state,    (ft)  In  ticots  law,  the  completion  of 
an  originally  detective  or  imperfect  light 
by  some  subsequent  act  on  the  part  of  tlie 
person  from  whom  tlie  right  wasdeinved. 
Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  accretion;   increasing  or  adding 
by  growth;   growing;    accrescent:    as, 
"tlie  aceretire  motion  of  plants,"  Glan- 
rille,  Seep.  Sci.,  ix.  CO. 
accrewt,  accrewet,  »■  and  r.    Obsolete 
spellings  ot  accrue.    The  spelling  is  retained  ii 
the  clipped  form  erew^  (which  see). 


lircctiiig  to  whom,  in  case  of  the  death  of  one  or  more, 
his  or  their  shares  shall  go  or  accrue. 
acct.  curt.    In  com.,  a  contraction  of  account 
current.    Originally  written  "jc,  a  symbol  now 
almost  exclusively  used  for  account. 

[<L.  accului- 
ti<}(u-),  <accul)arc,  lie  hear,  osp.  recline  at  ta- 
ble, <ad,  to,  +cubare,  lie  down.  See  incubate 
and  accunih.]  1.  The  act  of  lying  down  or  re- 
clining; specifically,  the  ancient  practice,  de- 
rived from  the  Orient,  of  eating  meals  in  a  re- 
cumbent posture.  Among  the  Greeks  at  the  time  of 
llull.inii'lie  pocrn.s  this  iii:i.ti.c  h:wl  nut  yet  liecn  adojdcd  ; 
1ml  in  liislinical  times  it  ohiaiiicd  in  gem  nil  iini.vng  Imth 
Greeks  and  IvLinuins,  and  it  i.s  illustrated  in  eai-l.\vase-l)Uint- 
ings.    It  w:is customary  to  eat  reclining  diagonally  toward 


Accubation. — An  ancient  dinner. 

the  table,  resting  on  couches,  cither  flat  on  the  breast 
or  sunpiu'ted  on  the  left  elbow  in  a  semi-sitting  position. 
Cushions  were  providcil  to  relieve  the  strain  upon  the  el- 
bow and  the  back.  The  table  was  usually  a  little  lower 
timn  the  cimehes,  for  coiivcnieiico  in  reaching  the  food. 
See  triclinium. 


accrementitial  (ak're-men-tish'al),  a.  [<L.  as 
if  'uerrrmcniuin  (foiiiid  once,  but  a  false  read- 
ing), addition  (<.  arcrescere,  increase:  see  ac- 
CTCM-r,  mid  cf.  Mcremrnt,  increment),  +  E.  -itial.'] 
In  pliijKiol.,  of  or  Jiertaining  to  tao  process  of 


licrrernontition. 

accrementition  ("k'r.;-rnen-tiHli'on),  w 


[<L, 


t.    r< 

<  OF.  aecrocher,  fix  on  a  hook,  hook  up,  <  a-  (1<. 
ad),  to,  +  croc,  a  hook,  a  crook:  see  crooh-  and 
crochet.  ('(.  encroach.]  1.  To  liook,  or  draw  lo 
one's  self  as  willi  n  hook.— 2.  In  old  laws,  to 
usurp:  as,  to  aerroin-h  royal  power  to  one's  self. 
accroachmentt  {a-krocli'inent),  n.  "The  act  of 
accroadiing;  cncroachineiit ;  usurjiation,  as  of 
sovi  reign  power 


Which   gcst»n-e  . 
\cculialion. 


.  cannot   be  avoided  in  the  laws  of 
Sir  T.  Urownc,  Vidg.  Err.,  v.  6. 


if   'iiirremrnlum,  on  nnalogy  (if  tiecrrmi  nti-  accrual 'a-l<rd'al),  H.     The  act  orprooOBB  of  ac 
lull,  i|.  v.     Tliii  reifulur  lonn  would  be  'arcri-     crniiig;  accretion 


mrniiitinn.]  hi  physiiil.,  the  ])rodllction  or  do- 
velopininl  r,f  n  tk'W  indiviiluni  by  the  separa- 
•  ion  of  n  pftrt  of  the  )iareiil ;  geininntion. 

accreocet'n-kri'H'),  r.  i.  [I.aterfoimof  nrrrz-a^f, 
C|.  v.,  iifl'T  ori((.  I'.  iirrriHrrrr,  iiicreaHo,  (.ad, 
to,  +  •ri-rirr,  jfTon  ;  «i  <.  rrrsceni,  and  ef.  ar- 
rrur.']  1.  Tn  incr.im,. ;  ^row.  [Karo.]  —  2. 
To  ficirno.      Hen  nnnK,  r.,  2. 

accrOSCence  'a-kris'.imi,  n,  [(accrmccnt;  = 
Sri.  ncrrrrnriii  —  It,  tii-f  r/ yernco,  increaw'-.]  1. 
ITiP  net  iif  iTierPBJiiiii';  grndnnl  irrowth  or  in- 
cre««e  ;  acrretion. 


accrue  (a-kril').  "•  [Mm  written  accrew  (now 
oliH,),  <  late  ME.  'aerewc,  found  only  in  tln' 
clipped  form  crcwe  C>  K.  crew),  and  in  the  verb 
aerewc,  aceriio  ;  <  OF.  acretce,  acreue,  that  which 
grown  lip,  to  the  prullt  of  the  owner,  <ni  the 
I'artli  or  in  11  wood,  hitir  "  ocercue,  a  growth,  in- 
erease,  eeUiiig,  au({menlat  ion  "  (f)otgrave),  orig. 
fern,  of  acreu,  "accreu,  growno,  increased " 
(Cotifrave),  (AF.  nrrii),  jij).  of  acrelntrr  (AV. 
acrcHlrr),  laIrT  ncrroMri ,  inml.  F.  accrolire,  < 
Ij.  accrcHcirr,  RTOW,  iiccreiise,  aecrcHce,  in- 
ercttso  :  >uioaccroiue,aecre.Hce.    Ilencoby  ublir. 


2.  In  med.,  lying-in;  ctmfinement;  accouche- 
incnl .  Still.  Sin',  l.cr. 
accumbt  (u-kumb'),  r.  /.  [(\i.  accumhere,  lie 
nciir,  isp.  recline  at  fable,  (ad,  lo,  +  'cumbere 
(in  coinp.),  a  nasalized  form  of  cubarc,  lio 
down,  i^vvacculialion.]  To  recline,  according 
lo  the  ancient  fashion  at   table.     See  aecnba- 

linn.       itllilrjf. 

accumbencyt  (a-kum'ben-si),  «.  [<  accumbent  : 
Hff  -cji.  I  The  state  ot"  being  accumbent  or  of 
rf-elining. 

accumbent  (a-kum'bent),  a.  and  n.  [iVi.aceuni- 
ben(t'-)s,  p])r.  of  accumhere  :  see 
accunib.']  I.  a.  1.  Leaning  or 
reclining,  in  the  nniiiner  of  the 
ancients  iit  their  meals.  See 
accubation. 

The    Konnni    reeimdiont    (or  more 
properly  arrumlM-nt)  lutsture  in  eating 

was  Inl'rodi 1  aftiT  the  llrst  I'linlc 

war.        Arlnilbihil.  Anc.  ColllH,  p,  l;i4. 

2.  In  bill.,  hnnff  against :  ajiidiod  to  tho  cotyle- 


Arciinilwnt  (tviile 
(  TfilaM^i  tinfusr). 


accumbent 

dons  of  an  embryo  when  their  edges  lie  against 
or  are  oj)posed  to  the  radicle. 

Il.t  »■  One  who  reclines,  as  at  meals;  one 
at  table,  whether  reclining  or  sitting. 

A  penance  must  be  done  by  every  accumbent  in  sitting 
iput  the  jmssage  through  all  these  dishes. 

Bp.  Hall,  Occas.  Med.,  Ko.  81. 

accumbert  (a-kum'ber),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  acumbren, 
acoiiibrcn,  tor  ea,v\iev  cncmnbrcii,  c.ncomhrcn:  see 
encumber,  and  n-l'^  and  ch-I.]     To  encumber; 

clog. 

And  lette  his  sheep  acoiiilrrcd  in  the  mire. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  Parson's  Tale. 

Accumbred  with  carriage  of  women  and  children. 

Campimi,  Hist.  Ireland,  p.  28. 

accumulate  (a-ku'mu-lat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
accumulated,  ppr.  accumulatimj.  [<L.  accumu- 
latus,  pp.  of  accumulare,  heap  up,  <  ad,  to,  + 
cumulare,  heap,  <  cumulus,  a  heap :  see  cumu- 
late and  cumulus.~i  I.  trans.  1.  To  heap  up; 
collect  or  bring  together;  make  a  pile,  mass, 
or  aggi'egation  of:  as,  to  accumulate  earth  or 
stones;  to  accumulate  money  or  sorrows. 

Never  pray  more ;  abandon  all  remorse ; 

On  horror's  head  liorrors  accumulate. 

A'/mA-.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  form  by  heaping  iip  or  collecting  the 
parts  or  elements  of ;  obtain  by  gathering  in ; 
amass:  as,  to  accMmwtate  wealth.  [Rare  in  the 
physical  sense,  as  in  the  first  extract.] 

Soon  the  young  captive  prince  shall  roll  in  fire, 
And  all  his  race  acci/it/idaic  tlie  pyi-e. 

J.  Barton:  L'ohuuliiad,  iii.  362.    (N.  E.  D.) 

In  the  seventeenth  century  a  .^^tatesraan  who  was  at  the 
head  of  affairs  might  easily,  and  without  giving  scandal, 
accumulate  in  no  long  time  an  estate  amply  sufficient  to 
support  a  dukedom.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

A  weak  mind  does  not  accum,ulate  force  enough  to  hurt 
itself.  Q.  W.  Holuies,  Autocrat,  ij. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  grow  in  size,  number,  or 
quantity ;  go  on  increasing  by  successive  addi- 
tions :  as,  public  evils  accumulate. 

Ill  fares  the  land,  to  hastening  ills  a  prey, 
Where  wealth  accumulates,  and  men  decay. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  52. 
We  are  the  heirs  to  an  inheritance  of  truth,  grandly  ac- 
cumulating from  generation  to  generation. 

Sumner,  Orations,  I.  51. 

2.  To  take  degrees  by  accumulation,  as  in  some 
English  universities.     See  accumulation. 
accumulatet  (a-kii'mii-lat),^).  a.    [<  L.  accumu- 
latus,  pp. :  see  accumulate,  v.l     Collected  into 
a  mass  or  quantity ;  increased ;  intensified. 

A  more  accumulate  degree  of  felicity. 

South,  Sermons,  viii.  147. 
Ilaply  made  sweeter  by  the  accumulate  thrill. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 
accumulation  (a-ku-m'u-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  accu- 
mula1iii(n-),iaccumularc:  see  accumulate,  t'.]  1. 
The  act  of  aceimiulating,  or  state  of  being  accu- 
mulated ;  an  amassing ;  a  collecting  together. 
It  is  essential  to  the  idea  of  wealth  to  be  susceptible  of 
accttmulation  ;  things  which  cannot,  after  being  produced, 
be  kept  for  some  time  before  being  used  are  never,  I  think, 
regarded  as  wealth.  J.  S.  Mill. 

2.  Growth  by  continuous  additions,  as  the  ad- 
dition of  interest  to  principal.  Specifically,  in  law: 
(a)  The  adding  of  the  interest  or  income  of  a  fund  to  the 
principal,  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  a  will  or  deed  pre- 
venting its  being  expended.  The  law  imposes  restrictions 
on  the  power  of  a  testator  or  creator  of  a  trust  to  prohibit 
thus  the  present  beneficial  enjoyment  of  a  fund  in  order  to 
iiicrease  it  for  a  future  generation,  (b)  The  concurrence 
of  several  titles  to  the  same  thing,  or  of  several  circum- 
stances to  the  same  proof:  more  torrertly,  cumulation. 

3.  That  which  is  aecumiiliitcd;  a  lieap,  mass, 
or  aggregation :  as,  a  great  accumulation  of  sand 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river. 

Our  days  become  considerable,  like  petty  sums  by  minute 
accumulation^^:  Sir  T.  Browne,  Urn-burial,  v. 

Accumulation  of  degrees,  in  some  of  the  English  uni- 
versities, the  taking  of  a  higher  and  a  lower  degree  to- 
gether, or  at  shorter  intervals  than  is  usual  or  is  gener- 
ally allowed  by  the  rules.— Accumulation  of  power, 
that  amount  of  force  or  capacity  for  motion  which  some 
machines  possess  at  the  end  of  intervals  of  time,  during 
which  the  velocity  of  the  moving  body  has  been  constantly 
accelerated. 

accumulati've  (a-kti'mu-la-tiv),  a.  [(.accumu- 
late +  -ire;  =  Sp.  acumula'tivo  (in  adv.  acmmda- 
tii'amente)  =Pg.  accumulatiro.2     Tending  to  or 

arising  from  accumulation ;  cumulative Accu- 

mxilative  judgment,  in  law,  a  second  judgment  against 
a  person,  the  effect  of  wliich  is  to  begin  after  the  first  has 
expired. 

accumulatively  (a-ku'mii-la-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an 
accumulittive  manner;  by  heaping:  in  heaps. 

accumulatl'veness  (a-kii'mu-la-tiv-nes),  re. 
The  quality  of  being'  accumulative  ;  tendency 
to  accumulate. 

accumulator  ( a-ku'mii-la-tor),  h  .  [<  L.  accumu- 
lator, <  accumulare,  accumulate.]  1.  One  who 
or  that  which  gathers,  accumulates,  or  amasses. 
— 2.  One  who  takes  university  degrees  by  ac- 


C 


Hydraulic  Accumulator. 
IT,  cylinder;    b.  plunger;    c, 
gland  ;  d,  weight-case;  e,  cross- 
head  :  /,  bolt ; 
h,  I,  pipes. 


,  framework ; 


41 

oumuhiHon  (which  see). —  3.  Anything  nsed 
lor  collecting  and  storing  energy,  etc.  specifi- 
cally, in  7mch.  :  (a)  An  imlia-rubber  sin-ing  serving  for  the 
storage  of  energy  to  be  utilized  for  lifting  and  other  pur- 
poses, (b)  An  elastic  section  of  a  dredge-line,  ho  placed 
as  to  prevent  a  sudden  break- 
ing strain,  (c)  An  ajtparatus 
used  principally  in  connec- 
tion with  hydraulic  machines 
as  an  equalizer  of  pressure,  or 
for  the  accumulation  of  ener- 
gy to  be  expended  intermit- 
tently, :is  in  hydraulic  cranes, 
elevators,  riveters,  etc.  It 
consists  of  a  cylinder  fitted 
with  a  plunger,  having  at  its 
upper  end  a  cross-head  or 
cap,  to  which  are  secured  the 
weights  necessary  for  the  de- 
sired pressure.  The  water 
forced  into  the  cylinder  raises 
the  plunger,  whose  weight,  re- 
acting upon  the  water,  trans- 
mits this  pressure  to  the  op- 
erating machinery.  The  total 
force,  less  friction,  which  can 
be  expended  is  measured  by 
the  product  of  the  weight  of 
tlie  plunger  and  its  load  into 
the  distance  traversed  by  it. 
The  joint  capacity  of  tlic 
force-pumps  whicli  supply  the 
cylinder  is  such  as  will,  by 
continuous  running,  accumu- 
late in  the  cylinder  during 
periods  of  inaction  an  amount 
equal  to  that  expended  during 
a  maximum  effort.  In  an- 
other form,  called  the  hydro- 
pneumatic  accumulator,  the 
water  within  the  cylinder  compresses  air,  which  reacts 
upon  it,  thus  serving  as  a  substitute  for  the  weights. 

By  availing  ourselves  of  the  hydrostatic  pressure  of 
water  st'in-d  at  hit;h  elevations,  or  by  storing  it  under 
pressure  aitiliiially  produced  by  means  of  an  accumiilator, 
we  can  utilise  sources  of  power  which  without  storage 
would  be  quite  insufficient  for  a  given  purpose. 

C.  P.  B.  Shelley,  Workshop  Appliances,  p.  313. 

(rf)In  eh'ct.:  (1)  A  condenser  (which  seel  (2)  A  stnnme  Lat- 
tery (wliirli  see,  under  ;;a((<?n/).— Hydro-pneumatic  ac- 
cumulator, an  apparatus  intended  to  iH-ustd  w  itli  liydro- 
static  lifts  and  presses,  and  employing  compressed  air  as 
the  source  of  power.    See  above,  3  (c). 

accuracy  (ak'u-ra-si),  7?.  \_<  accHra(tc)  + -oj, 
as  if  <  L.  *accHratia,  The  sense  is  that  of  the 
rare  L.  accuratio,']  The  condition  or  quality 
of  being  accurate ;  extreme  precision  or  exact- 
ness; exact  conformity  to  truth,  or  to  a  rule  or 
model ;  correctness :  as,  the  value  of  testimony 
depends  on  its  acciiracij  ;  copies  of  legalinstru- 
ments  should  be  taken  with  accuracy. 

The  schoolmen  tried  to  reason  mathematically  about 
things  wliieh  had  not  been,  and  perhaps  could  not  be,  de- 
fined with  mathematical  accuracy. 

Macaulay,  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 
=  Syn.  Accurateness,  exactness,  exactitude,  precision, 
carefulness,  care,  niceness,  nicety. 

accurate  (ak'u-rat),  a.     [  =  Pg.  accurado  =  lt. 

acciirato,  <  L.  accuratus,  prepared  with  care, 
exact,  pp.  of  accurarej  prepare  with  care,  <  ad, 
to,  +  curare,  take  care,  <  cura,  care,  pains: 
see  cure.'}  1.  Characterized  by  extreme  care  ; 
hence,  in  exact  conformity  to  truth,  or  to  a 
standard  or  rule,  or  to  a  model ;  free  from 
error  or  defect;  exact:  as,  an  accurate  ac- 
coxmt ;  accurate  measure ;  an  accurate  expres- 
sion; an  accurate  calculator  or  observer. 

Our  American  character  is  marked  by  a  more  than  aver- 
age delight  in  accurate  perception,  which  is  shown  by  the 
currency  of  the  byword,  "No  mistake." 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  207. 

Sf.  Determinate ;  precisely  fixed. 

Those  conceive  the  celestial  bodies  have  more  accurate 
influences  upon  these  things  below.  Bacon. 

=  Syn.  1.  Accurate,  Correct,  Exact,  Precise,  Nice,  care- 
ful, particular,  true,  faithful,  strict,  painstaking,  unerr- 
ing. Of  these  words  correct  is  the  feeblest ;  it  is  barely 
more  than  not  faulty,  as  tested  by  some  standard  or  rule. 
Accurate  implies  careful  and  successful  endeavor  to  be 
correct:  as,  an  accurate  accountant,  and,  by  extension  of 
the  meaning,  accurate  accounts;  an  accurate  likeness. 
Exact  is  stronger,  carrying  the  accuracy  down  to  miiiute 
details  :  as,  an  exact  likeness.  It  is  more  commonly  used 
of  things,  while  jn-ecise  is  used  of  persons:  as,  the  exact 
truth  ;  he  is  very  precise  in  his  ways.  Precipe  may  repre- 
sent an  excess  of  nicety,  but  exact  and  accurate  rarely  do 
so:  as,  she  is  j)rim  and  precise.  As  applied  more  specifi- 
cally to  the  jtroeesses  and  results  of  thought  and  investi- 
gation, e.rart  means  absolutely  true ;  accurate,  up  to  a 
limited  standard  of  truth  ;  preci.se,  as  closely  true  as  the 
utmost  care  will  secure.  Thus,  the  exact  ratio  of  the  cir- 
cumference to  the  diameter  cannot  be  stated,  but  the 
value  3.14150'2ri5  is  accurate  to  eight  places  of  decimals, 
which  is  sulfieieiif  ly  preci--ie  for  the  most  refined  measure- 
ments. jS'irr  emphasizes  the  attention  paid  to  minute  and 
delicate  points,  nften  in  a  disparaging  sense  :  as,  he  is 
more  nice  than  wise. 

What  is  told  in  the  fullest  and  most  accurate  annals 
bears  an  infinitely  small  proportion  to  that  which  is  sup- 
pressed. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng, 

But  we  all  know  that  speech,  correct  speech,  is  not  thus 
easily  and  readily  acquired. 

B.  G.  White,  Every-day  EngUsh,  p.  130. 


accusative 

It  fthe  map]  presents  no  scene  to  the  imaginatiou ;  but 
it  gives  us  exact  information  as  to  the  bearings  of  the- 
various  points.  Macaulay,  llallaiu's  Const.  Hist, 

A  winning  wave,  deserving;  iiote^ 
In  the  tempestuous  jjcttieoat, 
A  careless  shoe-string,  iu  whose  tie 
I  see  a  wild  civility,— 
Do  more  hewitcii  me,  than  when  art 
Is  more  precise  in  every  part.  Herrick. 

He  is  fastidiously  nice  in  his  choice  of  language,  and  a 
fondness  for  dsiinty  and  delicate  epithets  too  often  gives  to 
his  style  an  appearance  of  prettiness. 

Whi'pjile,  Ess.  an<l  Rev.,  I.  52. 

accurately  (ak'u-rat-li),  adv.  In  an  accurate 
manner;  with  jirecision ;  without  eiTor  or  de- 
fect; exactly:  as,  a  writing  ftccwrt^c?// copied. 

Nature  lays  the  ground-plan  of  each  creature  accurately 
—  sternly  tit  for  all  his  functions;  then  veils  it  scrupu- 
lously. Emeraon,  Success. 

For  no  two  seconds  together  does  any  possible  ellipse 
accurately  represent  the  orbit  (of  a  planet]. 

ir.  A'.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  T-j. 

accurateness  (ak'ii-rat-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  accurate;  accuracy;  exact- 
ness; nicety;  precision. 

accurse  (a-kcrs'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  accursed, 
p]:)r.  accursing.  [A  wrong  spelling,  in  imita- 
tion of  L,  words  with  prelix  ac~,  of  acurse,  < 
ME.  acursien,  acorsicn,<.  «-l  (<  AS.  a-)  +  cursieiij 
corsicn,<  AS.  cursian,  cm'se :  see  curse,  ^■.J  To  im- 
precate misery  or  evil  upon;  call  do-vvn  curses 
on;  curse.  [Now  hardly  used  except  in  the 
past  participle  as  an  adjective:  see  below.] 

Hildebrand  accursed  and  cast  down  from  his  throne 
Henry  IV.  Raleigh,  Essays. 

accursed,    accurst   (a-kersf   or  a-ker'sed,   a- 

kerst'),  p.  a.    [<  ME,  acursed,  akursed,  acorsed, 

pp.:    see  accurse.']       1.    Subject  to  a  curse; 

doomed  to  harm  or  misfortune ;  blasted;  ruined. 

The  city  shall  he  accttrHcd.  Josh,  vi,  17. 

Thro'  you  my  life  will  be  accurst. 

Tennyson,  The  Letters,  v. 

2.  "Worthy  of  curses  or  execrations ;  detest- 
able; execrable;  cursed:  as,  **deeds  acctirsed," 
CoUiuSy  Ode  to  Fear. 

Thus  cursed  steel,  and  more  accursed  gold. 

Gave  mischief  birth,  and  made  that  mischief  bold. 

Dryden,  Ovid's  iletamorph.,  i.  179, 

accursedly  (a-ker'sed-li),  adv.  In  an  accursed 
manner. 

accursedness  (a-ker'sed-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  accursed. 

accusable  (a-ku'za^bl),  a.  [=F.  accusahle  = 
8p,  acusahle  =  Pg.  accusavcl  =  It.  accitsahilc 
(in  E.  sense),  <  L,  accusabilis  (found  once 
in  Cicero),  blameworthy,  <  accusare,  accuse, 
blame :  see  accuf<c.']  Liable  to  be  accused  or 
censured;  chargeable;  blamable:  as,  accusable 
of  a  crime. 

Natures  improvision  were  justly  accusable,  if  animals, 
so  subject  unto  diseases  from  bilious  causes,  should  want 
a  proper  conveyance  for  choler. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Vulg.  Err,,  iii.  2. 

accusal  (a-kti'zal),  v.,    Accusation.     N,  E,  I). 
accusantt  (ji-kti'zant),  Ji.    [  =  Pg.  It.  accusantCj 
an  accuser,  <  L,  acctisan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  accusare^ 
accuse :  see  accuse.']     One  who  accuses ;  an  ac- 
cuser. 
The  accusant  must  hold  him  to  the  proof  of  the  charge, 
Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  Life,  p.  531, 

accusation  (ak-ii-za'shon),  ii,  {<W^.  accusa- 
cion,  -cioun,  <  OF.  acusation,  F.  accusation  =.  Sp. 
acusacion  =  Pg.  accusagao  =  It .  accusazione,  <  L. 
accusatio(n-),  an  accusation,  <  accusare,  accuse  : 
seeaccuse.]  1,  A  charge  of  wrong-doing;  adec- 
laration  of  the  commission  of  ciime  or  en'or; 
imputation  of  guilt  or  blame. 

Wrote  they  unto  liim  an  accusation  against  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Judah  and  Jerusalem.  Ezra  iv,  6. 

The  l)reath 
Of  accusation  kills  an  innocent  name. 

Shelley,  The  Cenci,  iv.  4. 

2.  That  wliich  is  imputed  as  a  crime  or  wrong ; 
the  specific  guilt  or  error  charged,  as  in  a  state- 
ment or  indictment :  as,  what  is  the  accusation 
against  me  ?  the  accusation  is  murder. 

And  set  up  over  his  head  his  accusation.  Mat.  xxvii.  37. 

3.  The  act  of  accusing  or  charging;  crimination.. 

Thus  they  in  mutual  accxisation  spent 

The  fruitless  hours,  Milton,  P.  L,,  is.  11&7, 

=  SjTl.  Charge,  impeaclmaent,  arraignment,  indictment, 
crimination,  imputation. 

accusatival  (a-kn-za-ti'val),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  accusative  case.     Jour,  of  Philology. 

accusative  (a-ku'za-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  ac- 
cusatif=  Sp.  acusatiro  =  Pg,  It.  accusativo,  all  in 
the  sense  of  accusative  case,  Pg.  also  in  sense 
of  censuring,  <  L.  accusativus,  prop,  belonging 
to  an  accusation,  but  used  only  in  the  gi'am- 
matieal  sense  (with  or  without  casus,  ease), 


accusative 

being  a  translation  of  Gr.  ainorifci/  (se.  Tr-aaic, 
casus),  regarded  as  •  the  ease  of  accusing,'  fem. 
of  aiTiaT(Km:.  usually  translated  '  of  or  for  accu- 
sation,' t)ut  rather  "•  (tiie  case)  of  the  eflfeet,'  or 
terminal  cause  of  the  action  of  the  verb,  <  a'lrm- 
Tov,  effect,  neut.  of  ainaroc,  effected,  <  alria- 
cflat,  allege  as  the  cause,  charge,  accuse,  <  a'lria, 
a  cause,  occasion,  charge.]  I.  a.  If.  Producing 
accusations ;  accusatory. 
This  hath  been  a  very  afcumtirx  a^e. 

Sir  E.  Venng,  Speeches,  p.  11-2. 

2.  In  gram.,  noting  especially  the  direct  object 
of  a  verb,  and  to  a  considerable  extent  (and 
probably  primarily)  destination  or  goal  of  mo- 
tion :  applied  to  a  case  forming  part  of  the 
original  Indo-European  declension  (as  of  the 
case-systems  of  other  languages),  and  retained 
as  a  distinct  foiTn  by  the  older  languages  of  the 
family,  and  by  some  of  the  modem.  In  English 
grammar  it  is  usually  called  the  objective  c:»se.  Its  abbrf - 
viation  is  ««:«-. 

II.  «.  .Short  for  accusative  case.     See  I.,  2. 

accusatively  (a-kii'za-tiv-li),  adr.  If.  In  an 
aeriisLitive  manner;  by  way  of  accusation. — 
2.  In  (/raiii.,  in  the  position  or  relation  of  the 
accusative  case. 

accusatorial  (a-kii-za-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  accuaa- 
tiiriii.<.  <  declinator,  accuser:  see  accu.tatory.'i 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  accuser  or  a  prosecutor: 
as.  aciumtiiriat  functions.     [Rare.] 

accusatorially  (a-lm-za-td'ri-al-i),  adi:  In  an 
U''iis:itiiriul  manner. 

accusatory  (a-ka'za-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  accusato- 
riim,  <  acciixaior,  accuser,  <  acciisarc :  see  ac- 
cuse.'] Accusing;  containing  an  accusation: 
as,  an  accui>atorii  Ubel. 

I  would  say  a  w.ird  now  on  two  portions  of  his  public 
life,  one  of  wliich  has  lieen  the  subject  of  aceunatory,  the 
other  of  disparui^int;,  criticism. 

A.  Choale,  Addresses,  p.  2S4. 

accuse  (a-kuz').  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  accii.scfl,  ppr. 
iiiiii.iiiit/.  [<  ME.  acciiscii,  ocH.vfji,  <  OF.  iiviiser. 
y.  accuser  =  Pr.  aciixar,  acciisar  =  Sp.  acusar 
=  Pg.  accusar  =  It.  accuaare,  <  L.  accumrc,  call 
one  to  accoiuit,  <  ad,  to,  +  causa,  a  cause,  rea- 
son, account,  suit  at  law:  see  cause.]  1.  To 
make  an  iini>iitatioii  against,  as  of  a  crime, 
fault,  or  eiTor ;  charge  with  guilt  or  blame ; 
affect  with  specific  censure  :  used  either  abso- 
lutely or  with  o/ before  the  thing  cliarged,  and 
sometimes  with  for  before  the  subject  of  cen- 
sure :  as,  to  accuse  one  of  high  crimes,  or  as  an 
accomplice  in  crime ;  to  accuse  nature  for  our 
misfortunes. 

Accnjte  not  nature ;  she  huth  done  her  part. 

Milton,  v.  1..,  viii.  561. 
The  accuJtinri  spirit,  which  flew  up  to  licaven's  chancery 
with  the  oath,  blushed  as  he  gave  it  in. 

SteritK,  Tristram  Shandy,  vii.  7. 
The  iirofessurs  are  aecutted  of  the  ill  pract«ces. 

Addi*ov. 

The  Romanists  aecvte  the  Protestants /or  their  inditler- 

ence.  Suiithcii,  tiualterly  Kev.,  I.  1!B. 

2.  To  indicate;  e%'inee;  show;  manifest;  show 
signs  of.     [A  Gallicism,  now  rare.] 

Am|)hialus  answered  .  .  .  with  such  evcusing  liimself 
that  more  and  more  acewied  Ids  love  to  Philoclea. 

Sir  P.  Sidm-y,  Arcadia,  il. 
-  SyiL  1.  Ar^tuf,  Chargi;,  Imtiet,  Arraign,  /mj^'ncli,  In- 
rritninate,  criminate,  inculpate,  Uix  with,  taunt  with,  im- 
pute lu.  Of  thise  worils  clianie  is  the  most  general,  and 
may  lie  the  wcake<t.  Iielng  used  of  any  sort  of  imputu- 
tton,  large  or  small,  against  persons  or  things  fornuilly  or 
Infonnally,  iiuliliily  or  privately.  Amur  conuuo'nly. 
though  not  Invariably,  .  xpr.sses  sonutblrjg  more  formal 
and  grave  than  rhiinj,-.  i,i,li,-l  is  a  purely  legal  term,  re- 
•triitcl  to  the  ai.llon  of  a  grand  Jury  when  it  uuikes  a 
frirmal  I'omplaint  against  u  nuppused  olferiilei',  in  order 
Ihnt  hi-  may  lie  liMUghl  lo  trial.  Arraign  has  primarily 
th.-  «aine  meaning  wllb  l,„lirt,  but  is  freer  in  llgurative 
(Ml-  as,  to  arraiiin  a  pollli,  al  party  at  the  bar  of  public 
■.■niloi.Tii  /yi/^firl,  I,  I,,  iiring  lo  answi-r  bifon-  .some 
't'>iti^  in  a  publieoltlee.  arxl  has 
'Il   iIm'  pi'i'Uliar  digiilly.  solem. 

I  II  trials  (bat  II  liasl n  lifted 

IN  lis  figurative  iiHiH.     1,1- 

<ii  the  special  niniiiiiii.'  uf 

11^.  Ill  Ills  ronli'ssiMii  III- 

'  It..   lIlisllNpei'tril.       I ., 

■  .Ill-sly  ;  to  inilii  I  t'.r 

r..  itn/'*'ilrli  i\  miik'i- 

'■'  '',  .  .   |.i  iurrimituttr  others 

»'"'  ■Hill. 

I  ■  I. -rive  his  imme, 
'  "  .  ..tlirrA  he  aentst. 

Villon,  P.  L..  xll.  .■»;. 
./'*'"■"'■'  »ltli  olwcurity  anil  lni|MTfec. 

•'""  SliUiwiilr'l. 

I.  '.*.'''".'.''  "!"'   ""'    ''■■■'■'■■■'   bnrenr-limrnf  exlillilsollly 

■         .1  pllll- 
.  only 

..      II    Ml. 

""'  lairs  lire  or- 

rniQnf 

li,lncr,(jl,  Hut,  Const.,  1.  6. 


42 

accusal  (a-lriiz'),  H.     [=It.occ«sa,  charge;  from 
the  \erb.]     Accusation. 
York  . . . 
By  false  accuse  doth  level  at  my  life. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  i. 

accusementt  ^a-kuz'ment),    «.     [<  JfE.  ooH,<e- 
mcut,  <OF.  'acusemeut,  acciisement,  (.acuser,  ac- 
cuse.]    Accusation. 
By  forged  accusementt  .  .  .  were  condemned. 

Holimhcd. 
accuser  (a-kti'zer),  H.  [<  ME.  accuser,  ac- 
cusour,  <  AP.  accusour,  OF.  acusor,  acuseor,  F. 
accusateur,  <  Jj.  accusa tor,  accuser,  <  nccusare: 
see  accuse,  c]  One  who  accuses  or  blames ; 
specifically,  a  person  who  formally  accuses  an- 
other of  an  offense  before  a  magistrate  or  a 
tribunal  of  any  kind. 
accusingly  ia-"ku'ziug-li),  adv.     In  an  accusing 

manner. 
accustom  (a-kus'tom),  r.  [<  late  ME.  acus- 
tonic,  ticusiume,  <  OF.  acoustuiiier,  acostumer 
(F.  accoutumer  =  Sp.  acnstumbrar  —  Pg.  acos- 
tuniar=  It.  accoslumare),  <  a  (L.  ad),  to,  +  cous- 
tunie  (F.  coutume),  custom :  see  custom.]  J, 
trans.  To  familiarize  by  custom  or  use ;  habitu- 
ate or  iniu'e :  as,  to  accustom  one's  self  to  a 
spare  lUet ;  time  may  acctistom  one  to  almost 
aujihing ;  to  be  accustomed  to  hard  work. 

So  accustomed  to  his  freaks  and  follies,  that  she  viewed 
them  all  as  matters  of  course. 

Hawthorne,  Tnice-Told  Tales,  I.  170. 
We  are  not  accustomed  to  express  our  thouglits  or  emo. 
tions  by  symbolical  actions.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  24. 

=S^.  To  habituate,  familiarize,  iimre,  harden,  traitj. 

Il.t  intraiis.  1.  To  be  wont  or  habituated  to 
do  anything. 

A  boat,  over-freighted,  sunk,  and  all  drowned,  saving  one 
woman,  in  her  first  popping  up  again,  which  most  living 
things  accustom,  got  hold  of  the  boat.  Carcu: 

2.  To  consort  or  cohabit. 

Much  better  do  we  Britons  fulfil  tlie  work  of  nature  tlian 
you  llomans :  we,  with  the  best  men,  accustom  openly ; 
yon,  with  the  basest,  commit  private  adultery. 

Miltun,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

accustom!  (a-kus'tom),  H.  [iaccustom.r.]  Cus- 
tiiiii:  as,  "individual  accustom  of  Vde,"  Miltou, 
'rrtntchoriloii  (etl.  l.^ril),  p.  171. 

accustomablet  (a-kus'tom-a-bl),  a.  [<  accus- 
tom +  -able.]  Of  long  custom;  habitual;  cus- 
tomary: as,  "accustomal'le  residence,"  Sir  M. 
Ilalc,  Oi-ig.  o!  Mankind,  x.\. 

accustomably+(a-kus'toiii-a-bli),  adr.  Accord- 
ing to  custom  or  habit ;  habitually. 

Kings'  tiiu'S  aecifstomalilii  i>aid.  Bacon,  Alienations. 

accustomancet  (a-ktis'tom-ans),  n.  [< ME.  acus- 
tuinuuuce,  accustomauee,  <  OP.  acuustumancc  (F. 
accoutumancc  :  cf.  Pr.  It.  eostumau;:!a),  <  acoiis- 
tumcr,  acostumer,  accustom:  see  accustom,  r. 
Cf.  custom.]    Custoni ;  habitual  tise  or  practice. 

Tbr.ingh  aeeiislomnoee  and  ni'gligenee.  Bio//.'. 

accustomarilyt  (a-kus'tom-ii-ri-li),  adr.  Ac- 
eoi'iliiigtiicuslom  or  common  practice;  custom- 
arily. 

acciistomaryt  (a-kus'tom-a-ri),  a.    [<  accustom 
+ -ari/.     a.  customanj.]    XTsual;  customary. 
I'sual  and  accustoniarti  swearing. 

!>r.  Frnlleji.  Dippers  Dipt,  ji.  lliil. 

accustomatet  (a-kus'tom-iit),  o.    [  =  OF.  «(•(«- 

liime  =  It.  i:ri'oslumalo=iP(;.  acostumado  =  Sp. 
acostumhrado  (in  adv.  acoslumbradameule);  iie- 
custom  +  -ate^.     Cf.   accustomed.]    Customary. 
lord.  IliiiHliriili/e. 
accustomed  (a-kus'tomd),  p.  a.     [<  ME.  acus- 
lomiil;  p|>.  (if  arcustom.]     1.  Often   ])ractised 
or  iiscil ;  cusliiniiii'v  ;  lialiiliial;  nmdc  faiiiiliar 
through  use;  tistial;  wonleil:  as,  in  Iheir  iie- 
customed  manner.     . 
It  is  an  rtiTitw/omerf  action  with  her.     Shak.,  Macb.,  v.  1. 
.My  old  ticcitstoiiied  corner  here  Is, 

Tlie  table  still  is  In  the  nook  : 
Ah!  vanished  many  a  bus^- year  is 
This  well-known  chair  since  bust  1  took. 

Thackerati,  llallad  nl  lloiiillabals.i-. 

2\.  Having  custom  or  jmlnmage;  fretiueuted. 
\  wvW-accustom'd  hoiim*,  u  hanilsmne  barkeeper,  with 
i-b'iiii  obliging  drawers,  soon  get  the  niaster  an  estate. 

Mm.  Ccnllirrc,  Hold  Stroke,  I.  1. 

accustomedness  (a-kns'tomd-noH).  M.  Famil- 
iurily  ;  winili'dneNH;  tlie  <|iiulityof  being  nci'iis- 
totned  (to).     [Kare.] 

AceiigtoiitednenH  (0  sill  hardens  the  llearl. 

Illi.  rearer,  ,Semions,  p.  '.'.'lO. 

Freedom   from   that   bad   ueetiHtonicdneuM  lo  evil  an. I 

wroiie  /'he  Atnrricnn,  VII.  104. 

ace  In. I,  ».  (<  ME.  as,  aiis,  <()F.  as,  an  nee,  I''. 
""  ■""  "  -  Pg.  OX'  =  ll.  as.in  —  (\,  asii=z]}. 
ail  -  Kw.  r.ss=z  Dan.  es,  <  L.  as  (nvr. 

ann  .  11  jiounrl,  a  foot,  u.-ttially  but  prob. 

orroneout.lv  derived  from  in,  .salil  lu'lie  the  Tii- 


Acephala 

rentine  form  of  6r.  eif  (ace.  iua),  one,  a  unit ; 
akin  to  L.  sem-el  and  E.  same:  see  same.]  1. 
A  unit  ^  specifically,  a  single  pip  on  a  card  or 
die,  or  a  card  or  die  marked  witli  a  single  pip. 
—  2.  A  very  small  quantity;  a  particle;  an 
atom;  a  trifle:  as,  the  creditor  will  not  abate 
an  ace  of  liis  demand. 
I'll  not  wag  an  ace  farther.  Drydcn,  Spanish  Friar. 

-ace.  [<  P.  -ace,  <  It.  -as:;:o,  -accio,  m.,  -«ccri, 
-aecia.  f.,  an  aug.  or  depreciative  suffix.]  A 
noun-suffix  oeem-ring  in  populace,  pinnace,  etc. 
(which  see).  It  is  not  used  as  an  English  for- 
mative. In  menace,  (jrimace,  and  other  words, 
the  suffix  is  of  tliff'erent  origin. 

-acea.  [Ij.,  neut.  pi.  of -OfCHS.-  see -aceotts.]  A 
suffix  used  in  New  Latin  to  form  names  of 
classes  or  orders  of  animals,  as  Cetaeea,  Crus- 
tacea, etc.,  these  names  being  properly  adjec- 
tives, agreeing  with  Latin  animalia  (animals) 
understood. 

-aceae.  [L.,  fem.  pi.  of -occks;  see -aceous.]  A 
sutfix  used  in  New  Latin  to  form  names  of  or- 
ders or  families  of  ])lants,  as  Liliacea;  Itosacea; 
etc.,  these  names  being  properly  adjectives, 
agreeiugwitliLatinyi/flHta'  (plants')  understood. 

-acean.  [<  L.  -ace-us  +  -an.]  A  suffix  of  adjec- 
tives, eipuvaleut  to  -aceous  (which  see);  also  of 
notms  to  supply  a  singular  to  collective  plin'als 
in  -(leva,  as  ectiieeini,  crustacean,  etc. 

acedia (a-se'di-a),H.  [NL.,<Gr.oK;/(?/a,  collateral 
form  of  (iKijieia,  iniUilerenee,  heedlessness,  in 
eecl.  use  'sloth,'  <  aio/ih'/i;,  indifferent,  heedless, 

<  n-  priv.  -I-  Nf/ihc,  care,  distress,  Kijikntiai,  be  trou- 
bled or  distressed;  in  ML.  connipted  to  «cc/(^'n, 
>  ME.  accidie,  q.  v.]  An  abnormal  mental  con- 
dition, characterized  by  carelessness,  iistless- 
ness,  fatigue,  and  want  of  interest  in  affairs. 

A  melancholy  leading  to  desperation,  ami  known  to 
theologians  under  the  name  of  acedia,  was  not  uncommon 
in  monasteries,  and  most  of  tlie  recorded  instances  of 
ntedian'al  suicides  in  Catholicism  were  by  monks. 

Lccky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  .S5. 

acedy  (;is'e-di),  n.     Same  as  acedia. 

Aceldama  (a-serda-mij),  «.  [ME.  (Wj'clif) 
.leliililemiili,  .Ichelilciniih  ;  <  L.  Aceldama,  <  Or. 
^AKiLlSafii'i,  representing  Sjt.  olel  diimii,  the  lield 
of  blood.]  1.  A  fielil  said  to  have  been  situ- 
ated south  of  .Jerusalem,  the  potter's  field,  pur- 
chased with  the  bribe  which  .hulas  took  for 
betraying  his  Master,  and  therefore  called  the 
"lield  of  blood."  It  was  iippropriated  to  the  in- 
terment of  strangers.  Ilejice  — 2.  Figuratively, 
any  pUii  o  stained  by  slaughter. 

'the  system  of  warfare  .  .  .  which  had  already  converted 
iioiiicnse  tracts  into  inie  miiversul  Acetdaina,     DeQuincei/, 

Acemetae,  Acemeti,  ".  pi.   See  Acwmeta;  Acw- 

mi  ti. 

Acemetic  (as-e-met'ik),  a.  [(.Acemeti:  seeAcce- 
nicta:]  Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  Aceme- 
tai  or  Acaimetie;  hence,  sleepless. 

That  proposition  [that  one  of  the  Trinity  was  nnide 
llesb)  .  .  .  was  impugned  by  the  Acemetic  monks  alone. 
Matlock,  tr.  of  i.iguori,  p.  173. 

acensuada  (Sp.  pron.  ii-then-sd-ii'dii),  u.  [Sp., 
p]i.  of  oil  iisiitir,  to  leasi'  out  f(U'  a  certain  rent. 

<  a-  (<  L,  lid,  to)  +  censo,  rent:  see  cch.S().]  In 
Mexican  line,  jirojierty  .s'iibject  to  the  Hen  of  a 
censo  (wljicli  see). 

acentric  (a-sen'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  I'lKcvrpoQ,  not 
central,  <  a-  priv.  +  Kti'Timv,  center:  see  center.] 
Nut  centric;  liaving  no  center. 

-aceous.  [.'Veconi.  of  L. -(((■(-»,«, -(J, -H»H,  a  com- 
pound adj.  tenuiiiation,  as  in  herh-dceus,  ros- 
dcens,  iinlliii-deeus,  cri i-i'iceus,  test-ileeus,  etc.: 
see  the  corresponding  K.  ftn'iiis.]  An  iwljective- 
suflix.  as  in  lierbiieious,  cretaceous,  etc.,  used 
especially  in  botany  ancl  zoiilogy,  foriuing  Eng- 
li.sli  adjectives  to  accord  with  New  Latin  nouns 
in  -acea;  -acea  (which  see),  as  rosaceous,  lilia- 
eiiiiis,  eelaeeous,  cruslaceinis,-  etc. 

acephal  (ns'e-fal),  ».     One  of  I  lie  Accphala. 

Acephala(ii-sef'a-lii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <Qr.niiii)>a'/a, 
neut.  jil.  of  I'liiiipa/nij,  lietulless:  see  ncephalm,] 

1.  A  term  introihi 1  by  Cuvii'r  into  systematic 

zoiilogy,  tiiid  .'ipjilied  byhiiiias  a,  class  name  to 

II  c'tuiibiiinliiiii  of  tlie  CDiii'liilermis  Ininellibriiii- 
eliiale  niiilliisUs  and  the  liinicates.  Later  writers 
apply  II  to  the  hiini'llibrani'biate  iiiollusks  aloiu',  which 
t'liiislltiite  a  naliiial  class,  diKtiiigiiisbi'il  bv  l.amiirck  as 
lb.'  ^o.'A((>.|-„.  All  llie  ordinnry  bivalvis  'bilong  to  this 
I'lass,  The  Aceidiala  or  .iriiifinlrs  of  Cuvb'r  were  at  first 
(  r,s:i)  tie;  third  order  of  Molhisra,  and  iiiiluiled  lirripeds, 
tiinii'.'ileH,  and  braelilopods  with  oriliniiry  liUalve  nmltusks, 
biiiiu  thus  ei|Ub'aleut  to  Cirripediii.  Tiniieota,  mill  I'uiicbi- 
.^>'llill  l.aniarek.  In  1HII4  Clivlcr  i'mIiiiIciI  the  cilflpeds 
mill  biiicliii.)ioilw.  and  made  Acr/ifmbt  a  class  of  Mollusca. 

III  the  "  l;.  '  !!.■  Animal"  (1817  ls2li|  Acrpliala  are  Clivler's 

lollrlll  (III     ..I  Mollusca,  with  Iw dels,  Acciiliatn  teslaeeii 

or  shelled  a.'.phals,  the  ordinaiv  bivalve  niollnsks,  imil 
Accphaia  nuda,  orHhclMeHB  iicepliiils,  the  tnulrales. 


Acepliala 

2.  Same  as  Acrania. — 3.  In  Latreille's  system 
of  classification  (1795),  one  of  seven  orders  of 
the  hinnean  Aptcra,  eontainiiif;  t  he  spiders,  etc., 
corresponding  to  the  Araclniidia  pa'pistes  of 
Lamarck,  and  synonymous  with  Arachnida. — 
4.  In  Haeokel's  classification,  a  group  of  Mol- 
lusca  composed  of  the  Spirohranchia,  or  Brachi- 
opoda,  anil  the  Laiiicllibrcmchia. 

Acephalsea  (a-sef-a-le'ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  a  mod- 
ilicatiou  of  Acepliala,  after  (ir.  neipd'Aatog  (neut. 
pi.  K£<;>a/.ma),  belonging  to  the  head,  <  /cf^aZ/), 
head:  see  Acepliala.'}  A  modification  by  La- 
marck of  tbe  name  Acepliala,  given  at  first  to 
that  group  as  an  ordinal  name,  and  later  to  the 
bivalve  sbells  as  a  class  name,  in  Lamarck's  sys- 
tem of  classitlcation  cif  isoi  tlic  An-phitlira  were  the  sec- 
ond order  of  Mullutica,  the  Afrphiiiit  of  Cuvier,  1789,  in- 
cluding cirripeds,  tunieates,  and  hnu-liinpods  with  ordi- 
nary bivalve  moUusks.  In  IhOD  Lamarck  excUided  the 
cirripeds,  and  in  1S12  he  excluded  tlie  tunicates,  making 
Acephalfea  a  class  of  Evertvhrata,  with  two  orders,  Mono- 
mifuriit  and  Dhnyaria.     See  Coiichi/era. 

acephalau  (a-sef'a-lan),  a.  and  71.     IKAcejjha- 
/«.]     I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acepliala  or 
to  an  acephal. 
II,  «.  One  of  the  Aeephala;  an  acephal. 

Acephali  (a-sef'a-li),  n.  pi.  [LL.,  pi.  of  acepha- 
liiti:  see  aceplialus.']  1.  Literally,  those  who 
have  no  head  or  chief.  In  eccles.  huit.:  (a)  Those 
members  of  the  Council  of  Ephesus  who  refused  to  follow 
either  St.  Cyril  or  Jolin  of  Antioch.  (ft)  An  Egyptian 
Monophysite  sect  of  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries,  composed 
of  those  who  refused  to  follow  the  patriarch  of  Alexandria 
in  subscribing  the  edict  of  union  issued  by  the  Emperor 
Zeno.  (c)  Those  who  took  pai't  in  the  sessions  of  the  General 
Council  of  Basle  that  were  not  presided  over  by  the  papal 
legates,  (f/)  A  name  given  to  the  Flagellants,  because  of 
their  separation  from  the  authority  of  the  Uoman  Church, 
(e)  Before  the  Council  of  Trent,  a  class  of  priests  belonging 
to  no  diocese. 

2.  A  class  of  levelers,  mentioned  in  the  laws 
of  Henry  I.  of  England,  who  would  acknow- 
ledge no  head  or  superior. — 3.  A  fabuloiis  na- 
tion in  -AJriea,  reported  by  ancient  writers  to 
have  no  heads:  identified  by  some  with  the 
Blemmyes,  a  historical  race. 

acephalia  (as-e-fa'li-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKi<pa?.oc, 
headless:  see  aceplidlus.}  In  teratol.,  the  ab- 
sence of  the  head. 

acephalistt  (a-sefa-list),  n.  [As  Acejyhali  + 
-ist.}  One  who  acknowledges  no  head  or  su- 
perior; sijeeifically,  in  eccles.  hist.,  one  of  the 
Acephali. 

These  acephalists,  who  will  endure  no  head  but  that 
upon  their  own  shoulders. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church  (1659),  p.  464. 

Acephalite  (a-sef 'a-lit),  n.  [As  Acephali  + 
-i'fcl.]  One  of  the  Acephali,  in  any  of  the  senses 
of  that  word. 

acephalobrachia  (a-sef"a-16-bra'ki-a),  n.  [NL. : 
see  aceplialobracliiits.']  In  teratol.,  absence  of 
Vioth  he;id  and  arms. 

acephalobrachius  (a-sef  "a-16-bra'ki-us),  «.;  pi. 
acephalubracliii  (-i).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ancipa'ko^,  with- 
out a  head,  +  fipaxiuv,  L.  bracliium,  arm.]  In 
teratiih,  a  monster  without  head  or  arms. 

acephalocardia  ( a-sef "a-16-kilr'di-a),  n.  [NL. : 
see  aecphiiloeiirdiiin.']  In  teratol.,  absence  of 
both  head  and  heart. 

acephalocardius  (a-sef"a-16-kiir'di-us),  n. ;  pi. 
accjihiilocnrdii  (-1).  [NIj.,  <  Gr.  aKeifialoi;,  with- 
out a  head,  +  Kapiia  —  E.  Iieart.1  In  teratol.,  a 
monster  without  head  and  heart. 

acephalochiria  (a-sef"a-16-ki'ri-a),  n.  [NL. : 
see  aceiilialochinis.']  In  teratol.,  absence  of  both 
head  and  hands.     Also  swelled  aceplialoclieiria. 

acephalochirus  (a-sef "a-16-ki'rus),  «.;  pL 
uccpliiilocliiri  (-ri).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiceipaXoc,  with- 
out a  head,  +  x^'P,  hand.]  In  teratol.,  a  mon- 
ster without  head  and  hands.  .Also  spelled 
accpliah)eliciras. 

acephalocyst  (a-sef'a-16-sist),  ».  [<  NL.  ace- 
phalocijstis,  <  Gr.  d/ct^oXof,  headless  (see  acepha- 
lous), +  KbaTic,  a  bag :  see  cyst^.']  A  hydatid ;  a 
member  of  a  supposed  genus  Acephalocijstis,  in- 
stituted by  Hunter  for  the  hydatid  or  encysted 
stage  of  Tienia  echinococcns.     See  Twnia. 

acephalocystic  (a-sef"a-16-sis'tik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing ti>  aeephaloeysts;  "having  the  character  of 
an  acephalocyst. 

acephalogaster  (a-sef'a-16-gas-ter),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gi-.  anitjia/Mc,  without  a  head,  +  yaarr/p,  belly.] 
In  teratol.,  a  monster  destitute  of  head,  chest, 
and  superior  parts  of  the  belly. 

acephalogasteria  (a-sef"a-16-gas-te'ri-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  iicpjilialdiiaster.']  In  teratol.,  absence 
of  the  heail  and  superior  parts  of  the  tnink. 

Acephalopliora  (a-sef-a-lof 'o-rii),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  neiiaTii],  head,  +  -<t>ipoc,  -bearing, 

<  (^t'pEfv  =  E.  bear^.']  A  name  proposed  by  De 
Blainville,  1814,  for  the  acephalous  moUusks  of 


43 

Cuvier,  including  the  lamellibranchiates  and 
tunicates  together  with  the  brachiopods.  In  De 
Klainvillc's  system  of  classitication,  tile  Acephalopliora 
were  the  third  clas,s  of  Malacozua,  divided  into  the  or- 
ders rulliiilinnirliidl,!,  Jiuilixlu,  lAUiii'lllljr<iih-ln',ilii,  ali<l 
ll.l,ri,hr,iii,iiia  :  thus  inrri'SiioMdiiiK  iiir\artly  d.  I 'uvic-i 's 
Ai-fplKilii,  an, I  cxa.lly  tc.  Laniari-k's  .•I.v7)/iii?./'(t  nf  |:s(ili,  .jr 
Laniarrk's  later  Coiii-lnJ'tn-a  and  Tuuieala  together. 

acephalophoran  (a-sef-a-lof'o-ran),  n.  One  of 
tile  Anphiitoj>liora. 

acephalopodia  (a-sef  "a-lo-po'di-ii),  «.  [NL. : 
see  (iee})liiilopodius.'\  In  teratol.,  absence  of 
heail  and  feet. 

acephalopodius  (a-sef"a-lo-p6'di-us),  «. ;  pi. 
acephdlojioilii  (-1).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKe^aT^o^,  without 
a  head,  -I-  mnx  (ttoiU)  =  E.  foot.']  In  teratol.,  a 
monster  witliout  head  or  feet. 

acephalorachia  (a-sef  "a-16-ra'ki-a),  II.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  aKiiJHi'Anc,  without  a  liead,  +  paxn;,  sjtine.  ]  In 
teratol.,  absence  of  head  and  vertebral  cohmm. 

acephalostomia  (a-sef"a-16-st6'mi-a), «.  [NL. : 
see  aceplialostomus.']  In  teratol.,  the  absence  of 
the  head  with  the  presence  of  a  mouth-like 
opening. 

acephalostomus  (a-sef-a-los'to-mus),  m. ;  pi. 
aceplialostoiiii  (-mi).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKcfaAog,  with- 
out a  head,  -I-  avd/ia,  mouth.]  In  teratol.,  a 
monster  without  a  head,  but  having  in  its  su- 
perior parts  an  aperture  resembling  a  mouth. 

acephaiothoracia  (a-sef"a-16-th6-ra'si-a),  H. 
[NL. :  see  accphalothorus.']  In  teratol.,  absence 
of  head  and  chest. 

acephalothorus  (a-sef"a-16-tho'rus),  n.;  pi.  ace- 
phalothori  (-i).  [NL.,  short  for  *a,cephalotkora- 
cius  (see  above),  <  Gr.  aniipalo^,  without  a  head, 
-f-  06paS,  a  breast-plate,  the  chest :  see  thorax.] 
In  teratol.,  a  monster  without  head  or  chest. 

acephalous  (a-sef 'a-lus),  a.  [<LL'.  accphalus, 
<  Gr.  iiKiipalog,  without  a  head,  <  a-  priv.  -f  Ke<l>n?J/, 
s  head:  see  0-I8  and  cephalic.']  1.  Witliout  a 
head;  headless:  applied— (n)  In  zooi.,  particularly 
to  the  memliersuf  tlie  class  ^ceiiAaia (which see):  opposed 
to  enc^phalou.^-  and  cephalous.  (b)  In  but.,  to  an  ovary  the 
style  of  which  springs  from  its  base  instead  of  its  apex. 
(c)In  teratol.,  to  a  fetus  having  no  head,  (rf)  Inpros.,  to 
a  verse  whose  scale  differs  from  the  regular  scale  of  the 
s.ame  meter  by  lacking  the  first  syllable  of  the  latter. 

2.  Without  a  leader  or  chief. 
The  tendency  to  division  was  strengthened  by  the  aceph- 
alous condition  of  the  Courts.    Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  II.  267. 

3.  Wanting  a  distinct  beginning ;  indefinite  in 
sub.iect. 

A  false  or  acephalous  structure  of  sentence. 

De  QuiJlcey,  Rhetoric. 

acephalus  (a-sef'a-lus),  n.;  pi.  acephali  (-li). 

[LL.  (see  Acephali  and  acephalous)  and  NL.] 

1.  An  obsolete  name  of  the  tsenia  or  tapeworm. 

— 2.  In  teratol.,  a  monster  without  a  head. — 3. 

In  2)ros.,  a  verse  defective  at  the  beginning. 
ace-point  (as'point),  «.     The  single  spot  on  a 

card  or  die  ;  also,  the  side  of  a  die  that  has  but 

one  spot. 
aceciuia  (Sp.  pron.    a-sa'ke-a),  n.     [Sp.]     A 

canal  for  irrigation. 
Irrigating  canals  or  acequias  conduct  the  water  of  the 

Gila  over  all  this  cultivated  district. 

Mowry,  Arizona  and  Sonora,  p.  188. 

Acer  (a'ser),  n.  [L.,  a  maple-tree,  prob.  so 
called  from  its  pointed  leaves,  <  •/  *«<",  be  sharp 
orpointed,  appearing  in  acerb,  acetic,  acid,  acute, 


A  Cera    bitlla- 


Supar-Maple  (.4frrjn«/iar7>iMm).  ii.  flowerinET  branch  ;  *,  sterile 
flower ;  c,  stamen  ;  d,  fniit  with  one  carpel  cut  open  10  show  the  seed. 
(From' Gray's  •' Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  U.  S-") 

etc.]  A  genus  of  discifloral  polypetalous  trees 
and  shrubs,  commonly  known  as  maples,  of  the 
natural  order  Sapindacece,  suborder  Acerinew, 


Acerininae 

having  opposite  simple  leaves  ;ind  the  fruit  a 
double-winged  samara.  It  includeH  about  60  species, 
of  northern  temperate  regions,  many  of  tliem  valuable 
timber-trees  or  widely  cultivated  forshaiie  and  ornament. 
.^ii^'ar  is  obtained  in  America  from  the  sap  of  A.  sacchari- 
nimi,  the  sugar-maple.  See  iiiapk. 
Accra  (as'e-ra),  «.  [NL.,  fem.  sing,  or  neut. 
pi.  of  Aceriis,  <Gr.  Hntpoc,  without  horns :  see 
Aceriis  and  acerous"^.]  1.  Agenusof  moUusks, 
of  the  family  BuUidw  or  Tornatellidce,  belong- 
ing to  the  tectibranchiate  division 
of  opisthobranchiate  gastropods. 
These  bubble-alielU  have  a  thin  horny 
shell,  flattened  and  almost  inclosed,  with  a 
slit  at  the  suture  as  in  the  olive-shells :  the 
head  is  long  and  without  eyes.  The  genus 
wa.s  instituted  in -this  form  by  Lamarck, 
1818.  A.  bullala  is  an  example.  Originally 
spelled  Alcera.     O.  F.  Midler,  1776. 

2.  Used  as  a.]>l.  A  groupof  apter- 
ous insects  vrithout  antenna;.     In  '"•„<?'?"=  "'  *' 
tms  sense,  the  word  is  now  a  mere 
synonym  of  Arachnida  (which  see). —  3.  [Used 
as  a  plural.]    A  group  of  gastropodous  moUusks 
without  tentacles.     [Disused.] 

Aceracese  (as-e-ra'se-e),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Ace- 
riitew. 

Acerse  (as'e-re),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.:  see 
Accra.]     Same  as  Accra,  2  and  3. 

aceran  (as'e-ran),  H.  One  of  the  Accra,  in  any 
of  the  meanings  of  that  word. 

acerate  (as'e-rat),  n.  [<  L.  acer,  maple,  +  -ate^.] 
A  salt  of  aceric  acid. 

aceratophorous  (as"e-ra-tof'o-rus),  a.  [<Gr. 
a- priv.  +  Ktpar;  (KEpaT-),'hovn,  +  -ip6poQ,<,ifitpeiv  — 
E.  bcar'^.]  Not  bearing  horns  ;  hornless :  as, 
an  aceratojihorous  ruminant.     [Little  used.] 

acerb  (a-serb'),  a.  [=F.  «cer5e  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
acerbo,  <  L.  acerbus,  bitter,  sour,  <  accr,  sharp, 
bitter :  see  acrid.]  Sour,  bitter,  and  harsh  to 
the  taste ;  sour,  with  astriugency  or  roughness ; 
hence,  figuratively,  shai'p,  harsh,  etc. 

We  have  a  foible  for  Ilitson  with  his  oddities  of  spelling, 
his  acerb  humor,  .  .  .  and  his  obstinate  disbelief  in  Doc- 
tor Percy's  folio  manuscript. 

Lomll,  Study  Windows,  p.  359. 
The  dark,  acerb,  and  caustic  little  professor. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Villette,  xix. 

acerbate  (a-ser'bat  or  as'er-bat),  v.  t;  pret. 
and  pp.  acerbated,  ppr.  acerbating.  [<L.  ucer- 
batus,  pp.  of  acerbare,  make  bitter  or  sour,  < 
acerbus,  bitter,  sonr  :  see  acerb,  and  cf.  exacer- 
bate.] To  make  soiu-,  bitter,  or  harsh  to  the 
taste;  hence,  to  embitter  orexasperate.  [Eare.] 

acerbate  (a-ser'bat  or  as'er-bat),  a.  [<  L.  acer- 
batiis,  pp.:  see  the  verb.]  Embittered;  exas- 
perated; severe.     N.  E.  D. 

acerbic  (a-ser'bik),  a.  Of  a  harsh  character. 
A'.  E.  D. 

acerbitude  (a-ser'bi-tud),  n.  [<  L.  acerbitudo 
(rare),  equiv.  in  sense  to  acerbitas:  see  acerbitij.] 
Som-ness;  acerbity.     BaiJeij.     [Rare.] 

acerbity  (a-ser'bj-ti),  n.;  pi.  acerbities  (-tiz). 
[Earlier  acerhitic'ji  F.  acerbite  =  Sp.  acerbidad 
=  It.  acerbita,  <  L.  accrbita(t-)s,  sharpness,  sour- 
ness, harshness,  <  acerbus,  sharp :  see  ac^i'b.]  1. 
Sourness,  ■with  roughness  or  a,stringency  of 
taste. —  2.  Poignancy  or  severity. 

It  is  ever  a  rule,  that  any  over-great  penalty,  besides 
the  acerbity  of  it,  deadens  the  execution  of  the  law. 

Bacon,  AVorks,  II.  542. 

We  may  imagine  what  acerbity  of  pain  must  be  endured 

by  our  Lord.  Barrow,  Sermons,  xxvi. 

3.  Harshness  or  severity,  as  of  temper  or  ex- 
pression. 

The  lectures  of  Hazlitt  display  more  than  his  usual 
strengtli,  acuteness,  and  eloquence,  with  less  than  the 
usual  acerbities  of  his  temper. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  10. 

acerdese  (as'er-des),  n.  [F.]  Gray  oxid  of  man- 
ganese :  a  name  given  by  Beudant  to  the  mineral 
manganite. 

acere  (as'er),  n.  A  moUusk  of  the  genus ^cero. 

aceric  (a-ser'ik),  a.  [<  L.  acer  (see  Acer)  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  the  maple;   obtained  fi-om  the 

maple Aceric  acid,  an  acid  found  in  the  juice  of  Acer 

campestre,  the  common  European  maple. 

Acerina  (as-e-ri'na),  n.  [NL.,  as  Aceriis,  q.  v., 
+  -(««.]  1.  A  genus  of  crustaceans.  Baji- 
ncsqiie,  1814. —  2.  A  genus  of  pcrcoid  fishes,  the 
popes.     Ciirier,  181'7. 

Acerineae  (as-e-rin'e-e),  n.  pi.  [<  Accr  +  -in-  + 
-ecc.]  A  suborder  of  the  Sapindacece,  distin- 
guished from  the  rest  of  the  order  by  its  oppo- 
site leaves  and  exalbuminous  seeds.  It  includes 
the  maple  (Acer),  the  box-elder  (X.-iundo),  and  a  third 
genus,  h"biiu'a,  of  a  single  species,  nutiveof  the  Himalayas. 

Acerininae  (as'e-ri-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [<  Acerina,  2, 
-I-  -j«fl?.]  A  na'me  proposed  as  a  subfamily  des- 
ignation for  the  genus  Acerina,  including  the 
ruie  and  related  percoid  fishes  ha-ving  a  cav- 
ernous head  and  a  single  dorsal  fin. 


44 


acerose 

acerose  (as'e-ros),  a.    [<  L.  acerosiis,  chaffy.     The  act  orproeess  of  becoming  acescent  or  mod- 
<acus  (acer-)  =  Gr.  axvpov,  ehaS;   &^in  to  E.     erately  sour.         ,        .,  ,0  -, 

awn,  q.  v.,  and  also  to  L.  acer,  shai-p,  and  acus,  acescency  (a-ses'en-si),    h.      [See    acesceHce.] 
a  needle ;  from  a  root 


Acerose  Leaves  (Pine). 


The  state  or  quality  of  being  moderately  sour ; 
mild  acidity. 

Nurses  should  never  give  suck  after  fiisting ;  the  milk 

haviug  an  acesctnci/  very  prejudicial  to  the  .  .  .  recipient. 

W.  Jones,  Life  of  Bp.  Horue,  p.  35u. 

acescent  (a-ses'ent),  a.  [<  F.  acescent  =  Pg. 
acescentc,  <  L.  acesceii(t-)s,  ppr.  of  acescere,  be- 
come sour,  <  acen;  be  sour :  see  ocjrf.]  Turning 
som';  becoming  tart  or  acid  by  spontaneous 
decomposition,  as  vegetable  or  animal  juiues 
or  infusions;  hence,  slightly  sour;  acidulous; 
subacid. 

The  \iuegar  which  is  most  esteemed  for  culinary  pur- 
poses is  that  prepared  from  vine,  from  tlie  acescent  varie- 
ties of  which  it  is  extensively  manufactured  in  France. 

W.  A.  Milter,  Elcm.  of  Chera.,  §  1277. 

Aceste  (a-ses'tf ),  >i.  [Nil.,  <  (?)  Gr.  okeot^,  fern, 
of  anecroc,  curable,  easily  revived,  <  aneladai, 
cure,  heal.]  A  notable  genus  of  spatangoid 
sea-urchins.  A.  U-tlidl/era  is  a  species  having  most  of 
the  upper  surface  occupied  by  tlie  deeply  sunken,  odd,  an- 
terior ambulacrum,  witli  a  narrow  f;isciole,  and  large  flat- 
tened spines  incurved  over  the  Jioilow,  in  wliich  arc  :i 
nmuber  of  great  discoidal  suckers. 

Aceste  may  be  regarded  as  a  permanent  form  of  tlic 
yonng  of  .Schizaster.  Stand.  Xat.  Hisl.,  1.  I7i;. 

acetablet  (as'e-ta-bl),  n.  [<  OF.  acetabiile,  <  L. 
accliihidum  :  see  acetabulitm.']  1.  An  acetabu- 
lum ;  a  measm-e  of  about  one  eitrhtli  of  a  pint. 
IliiUdiid. —  2.  hi  dixit. ,sa.me  us  ticcliibiilum, '2  {(i). 

during    sacrifices.      {Ii)  A  acetabula,  "■     Plm-al  of  acetabulum. 

small    portable    altar    on  acetabular  ias-e-tab'u-lilr),   a.     Belonging  to 


*ac,    be  shar^. 

second    sense 

to  rest  upon  L 

(acu-),   a  needle:   Init 

the  form  can  be  de- 
rived only  from  acus 

(acer-)      chaff.]       In 

bot.:  (r^    Chaffy;   re- 
sembling chaff .  [Very 

rare.]      (b)    Sti-aight, 

slender,      rigid,      and 

shai'p-pointed,  as  the 

leaves    of    the   pine; 

needle-shaped. 
acerotet,  a.    Probably  a  misprint  for  acero.se. 

••Aierote   bread,   browne   bread."'       Cockeram 

(1612>.     •'Acerote,  browne  bread,  not  ranged. 

chaffebread,  hungrie  bread."    ilinsheu  (1625). 
acerousl  (as'e-ms),  a.     Same  as  acerose. 
acer0Us2  (as'e-rus),  a.    [<  Gr.  aAt^wf,  collateral 

form  of  aniparof,  aiccpuc,  ^rithout  horns,  <  u-  priv. 

+  Ktpac,  a  horn.]     1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 

Accra,  2. —  2.  Having  minute  or  undeveloped 

antennse,  as  an  insect.— 3.  Ha\'ing  no  horns; 

aceratophorous. 
acerra  (a-ser'a),  H.     [L.]     In  Horn,  antig.:  (a) 

A  box  or  casket  used  to  hold  the  incense  which 
was  thro\vn  upon  the  altar 


Ancient  Acerra. 


■which  incense  was  bunied, 
especially  at  ftmeral  cere- 
monies. 

acertaint,  >■.  t.  An  occa- 
sional tind  more  correct 
form  of  ascertain  (which 
see). 

AcemiS  (as'e-rus),  ».  [NL.,  <Gr.  aitrpof,  \rith- 
out  horns:  see  ucerous-.'\  1.  In  ornith.,  a  ge- 
nus of  hombiUs,  family  Jiiicerotidw,  having  no 
casque.  A.  nejiatcn.'ii.H  is  the  tj-pe  and  only  spe- 
cies. S.J!.I{o(l{/.<ion,lS'32.  Also  spelled  Jo  nw. 
—  2.  InfM^om.,  agenusof  coleopterous  insects. 
Dfjcan.  1833 


tlie  acetabulum:  of  the  nature  of  an  acetabu- 
lum ;  cotyloid :  cup-like. 

Acetabulifera  (as-e-tab-u-lif 'e-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  acctabulifcr :  see  aeetabuUferous.'] 
A  name  introduced  by  D'Orbigny,  1834,  as  au 
ordinal  term  for  the  cephalopods  with  suckers 
on  the  inner  faces  of  the  anus,  that  is.  the  cuttle- 
fishes, squids,  and  all  other  li\ing  cephalopods 
except  the  Sautiluta:  Same  as  Cryptodibran- 
cJiiata  and  Dibranchiata  (which  see). 

acetabuliferous  (as-c-tab-Q-lif V-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
acctdbiilifir,  <  L.  acitiibuluiii,  a  sucker,  -I-  fcrrc 
=  K. //((("(i.]  1.  Having  or  bearing  acetabula. 
—  2.  Pertaining  to  the  Acetabulifera  ;  having 
rows  of  cup-like  suckers,  as  the  cuttlefish. 


acerval  (a-ser'val),  a.  [<  L.  acerraK*,  <  accrn/.?, ^..,  

a  heap,  akin  to  acer,  sharp,  pointed,  and  iier-  acetabuliform(as-e-tab'^-li-f6rm),  n.   [<L.»( 

haps  to  acer,  a  maple-tree.]     Pertaining  to  a  ■         ■      ' ■ 

heap.     [Kare.] 
acervate    (a-ser'vat),  v.  t.j  pret.  and  pp.  accr- 

iiiliil,  ppr.  acervatinij.     [<  L.  acervatus,  pp.  of 

accrcare,  heap  up,  <  acervus,  a  heap :  see  ac<r- 

ffl/.]     To  lieap  up.     [liare.] 
acervate  (a-ser'vat),  a.     [<L.  accrratu.Sj  pp.: 

see    tlie  verb.]      In  7w^,  heaped  ;   growing  in 

licup-i,  or  in  closely  compacted  clusters. 
acervately  (a-ser'vat-li),  adv.    In  an  acervate 

raannir;  in  heaps.     [Kare.] 
acervation  (as-tr-va'shon),   n.      [<L.   acerra- 

tiii(n-),  <  acirvarc,  heap  up :   see   acervate,  r.] 

The  ;i<l  r,f  licHping  together.    Bntlokar,  1676. 
acervative  (a-ser'va-tiv),  fl.  Heaped  up: 

iug  a  heap.     [Rare.] 


Acet.ibul.-i  (the  two 
small  vessels  shown 
OS  resting  on  the 
laicedfsh). 


form- 


Filed  together  irregularly,  or  in  an  aeertyatice  manner. 

ir.  J5.  Carpenter. 

acervoset  (a-.s6r'v68),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "acervusus, 
<  ((r<  rriix,  a  lieap.]     Full  of  heaps.     Bailey. 

Acervnlina  fa-:s<T-viVli'nil),  ;i.  [NIj.,  <  accrru- 
lii.s,  i|.  v., -I- -/««.]  A  genus  of  foraminifers, 
of  tip-  luinily  .V«Mi»i«/i«iV/(E. 

Acervulinae(a-ser-vfi-li'ne),  n,  pi.  [NL.,<«Cfr- 
iiilu.H,  i|.  v.,  +  -iH«'.]  A  group  of  fiiraininifcr- 
OUH  rhi/.oi>odous  protozoans,  in  wliii-li  tlio  spiral 
form  of  the  Hhell  is  so  obscured  or  rirucid  by 
thi'  irregiUar  addition  of  iiiw  chaiiibiiH  that 
the  wliolf  appears  as  if  heHjied  togctliir. 

acervuline  (a-s^r'vw-lin),  a.  [<  NIj.  an rruhi.s, 
•  \.  v.,  -f  i/irl.l  1.  Jliiving  thi'  fonn  or  »p|ii'ur- 
iiiM'e  iif  little  heaps;  lieajied  up.     [Rare.] 

often  pili'd  llp  In  nil  irreifiilnr  acrr- 
W.  II.  (ariitnlrr,  .Micron.,  I  t>a. 

2.  <  >f  '.r  pertaining  to  the  Accrtmlina: 
acorvnlns  'ii-mT'vii-luN),  «.;   pi.  arrrruli  (-li). 
[NI...  II  lilil    •         ■  ■■         -  ' 


TIk-   Inlirr  .  . 


(fill 
Mill 
f>id«.,i      I   - 

bmin  Hani, 
fneerviiliii  ■ 


lienp,  fliin.  <if  \t'.accrruK,  11  heu| 

In   Kniii..  II  miiHM  of  eulciireiiiiH 

■  principally  of  eiirlhy 

imetiifwH  on  the  oiit- 

lonl  body  iif  the  Iirain ; 

'  iillcd  nil rniliiM cerebri 


,t  ■  I,. 


aceacence  (n-iMTii'iiia),  n.  [<F.  orrnwwr/  =:It. 
iirrnrinzn,  <  I,,  oil  if  'iiriiteirntin,  <  acrnrini l-)s, 
j)pr.  of  aeenrerc,  liir-nind  Rour:   »eo  acciccnt,] 


lahuliiiii.  u  clip-shaped  vessel, -I-  -fornm,<.fiiniia, 
shaiic]  1.  In  bot.,  havingthe  form  of  a  sliallow 
cup  or  bowl. —  2.  Having  the  form  of  an  lu-e- 
talmluin;  sucker-shaped;  cup-like;  cotyloid. 
acetabulum  (as-e-tab'u-lum),  n.;  -pi.  acetabula 
(-lii).  [L. .<(/(•<■/«/». vinegar:  seencc^/m.]  1.  In 
Hum.  antiij.:  (a)  A  \-inegar-cup;  a  small  wide- 
mouthed  vessel  of  earthenware 
or  metal,  sometimes  placed 
on  the  larger  food-dishes,  in 
which  vinegar  or  ntlier  condi- 
ment was  served.  (/))  A  dry 
or  liquid  measure,  .0677  of  a 
liter.  Daremberij  el  Sniilin.  (c)  A  similar  cup 
or  vessel  used  by  jugglers  in  their  feats. — 2.  In 
aiiat.:  (a)  The  cavity  of  the  os  innominaluni. 
or  hip-bone,  which  receives  the  head  of  the 
femur;  tlio  cotyle,  orcotyloid  cavity,  fcmiied  at 
the  junction  of  the  ilium,  ischium,  and  pubis. 
See  cuts  under  siicrarium,  quarter,  iiiniiiiiiuali . 
(i)  A  cotyledon  or  lobe  of  the  placenta  of  ru- 
minaling  animals.  (<■)  In  insects,  the  socket  of 
the  trunk  in  which  the  leg  is  inserted.  {iD  A 
cuii-lik(^  Kui-Uer,  such  as  (hose  with  which  the 
arms  of  the  cutlldisli  and  other  dlliranchiiite 
cephalopodous  iiiollusks  are  provided.  See 
cut  under  ySV/i/i/.  (1)  A  sessile  or  ]>eduncula1c 
sucker-like  organ  on  thi^  ventral  surface  of  cer- 
tain ciitiizoa. —  3.  In  but.:  (a)  The  cu|)-  orsiiii- 
eer-liUe  I'riictilicatlon  of  many  lichens,  (b)  The 
receptacle  of  certain  fungi." — 4.  In  mu.iir,  iin 
ancient  instrument,  made  either  of  earthen- 
ware or  of  metal,  used  like  a  kettledrum  or 
Hirnck  against  another  acclalnilum  after  the 
manner  (if  cymbals, 
acetal  (as'e-tiil),  «.  {<.acel-ic  +  al(c<iliiil}.'\  A 
colorless  moliiU^  liiiuid,  f'ull, 40.2,  with  iin  ether- 
like  odor,  produceil  liy  the  impi-rfect  oNidation 
of   nlcoliol,   under  (he   inlliienco   of  platinum 

IlilM-k. 

acetamid,  acetamide  (n-scl  'a-raid  or  -mid,  or 
ns'e-tu-iiiid  or  -mid),  11.  [<  iiril-ate  +  amid.] 
A  white  crvsdillilK'  solid,  ClI.iCO.NII.j,  Jirii- 
diK'i'd  liy  diHtilling  iimiiiiiniiim  iici'late,  nr  liy 
lieating  ethyl  acetate  with  Hiroiig  aqiieoUH  iiiii- 
moiiia.  It  I'MinbineH  with  Imth  acidsaudmetals 
to  form  iiMHlablo  ounipouuds. 


aceto-gelatin 

acetanilide  (a-set-an'i-lid),  n.  [<  acct-yl  +  nni- 
lidc]  A  substance,  CBH5NH.C.2H3O;  formed 
by  heating  aniline  and  glacial  acetic  acid  for 
sevei'ifl  hours,  or  by  the  action  of  acetyl  chlo- 
rid  or  acetic  auhydi'id  ou  aniline.     Fvuites. 

acetart  (as'e-tar),  n.  [<  L.  acctaria  :  see  aceta- 
ri/.]    A  cUsh  of  raw  herbs  •with  vinegar ;  a  salad. 

acetarious  (as-?-ta'ii-us),  a.  [<  L.  *acetaritus, 
adj.,  found  only  in  neut.  pi.  acctaria,  as  noun: 
see  acctary.]  1 .  Containing  acetary,  as  certain 
fruits. — 2.  Used  in  salads,  as  lettuce,  mustard, 
cress,  endive,  etc. 

acetary  (as'e-ta-ri),  w.  [<  L.  acctaria  (sc. 
Iiiilcni,  herbs),  herbs  prepared  with  vinegar  and 
od,  salad,  neut.  pi.  of  "acetarius,  (.acetum,  vine- 
gar :  see  acetum.  Cf.  It.  acetario,  a  salad.]  Au 
acid  pulpy  substance  in  certain  fruits,  as  the 
pear,  inclosed  in  a  congeries  of  small  calcidous 
botUes  toward  the  base  of  the  fruit.     Craig. 

acetate  (as'e-tat),  «.  [=F.  «cc(«te  =  Sp.  Pg. 
acetato,  <  NL. acctatu»i,<.h.  acetum, ^onegar:  see 
acetum  and  -f/^i.]  In  clicm.,  a  salt  fonned  by 
the  union  of  acetic  acid  with  a  base. 

acetated  (as'e-ta-ted),  /;.  a.  [As  if  pp.  of  "ace- 
tate, v.]     Combined  with,  acetic  acid. 

acetation  (as-e-ta'shon),  «.  [As  if  <  "acetate,  v.] 
Same  as  aeetificatioii. 

acetic  (a-set'iic  or  a-se'tik),  a.  [=  F.  acctiquc  = 
Sp.  Pg.  acetico,  <  NL.  aceticus,  <  L.  acetum,  vine- 
gar: see  acetum.']  H■a^^ngthe  properdes  of  vine- 
gar; sour.— Acetic  acid,  C'H:(i'ii.(iU,  a  colorless  liquid 
witll  a  strongly  acid  and  imnirciit  smell  and  taste.  In  the 
arts  it  is  chietly  prepared  liy  the  oxidation  of  alcoliol  (ace- 
tous fermentation)  ;uid  by  the  dry  distillation  of  wood.  It 
is  present  in  vinegar  in  a  dilute  and  impure  form.  In  its 
pure  state,  at  temperatures  below  C'i  F.,  it  is  a  crystalline 
siilid,  and  is  kno\\-ii  as  fjlacial  or  eritstalline  acetic  ociil. — 
Acetic  antiydrid,  (t'il;iCO).,o,  a  colorless  mobile  liipiid 
with  an  odur  like  tliat  of  acetic  acid,  but  more  irritatinii. 
•  In  staniliiig  in  contact  with  water  it  is  gradually  converted 
into  ;icctic  acid.  Also  called  acetic  nxitl.-  Acetic  ethers, 
ct'iiipouiids  consisting  of  acetates  of  alcohol  rudicals. 
t'omnion  acetic  ether  is  a  limpid  mobile  liquid  ha\iii;z  a 
penetrating,  refreshing  smell,  and  a  pleasant  biiriiiiiL;  liistc. 
It  is  used  in  medicine,  and  as  a  llavoriir.:  iii;zredicm  in  the 
poorer  classes  of  wines.  It  is  prepared  by  distilling  a  mix- 
ture of  alcohol,  <til  of  vitriol,  and  sodium  acetate.— Acetic 
ferment,  a  microscopic  fungus  {Miicwterwa  aceti  of  I'a.s- 
tenr)  belonging  to  the  group  of  micro-bacteria,  which  is 
the  agent  in  the  production  of  vinegar  in  wine,  cider,  etc., 
bv  the  oxidation  of  alcohol. 

acetidin  (a-set'i-din),  «.  [<  acet-ic  +  -id  +  -in.'] 
Same  as  diacctiu. 

acetification  (a-set"i-fi-ka'sbou),  H.  [<  acetify  : 
see  -Jiciitioii.]  The  act  or  process  of  acetifjang 
or  becoming  acetous;  conversion  into  vinegar. 
—  Cliemical  acetiflcation,  the  eonvcraion  of  wine,  beer, 
cider,  and  other  ali  ciliolir  tlui<ls  into  vinegar.  It  has  been 
shown  to  lU'iHiid  upon  llie  presence  of  a  minute  fungus 
(Miinulcniiti  iiecti  of  rasteur),  which  di-rivcs  il.s  food  from 
the  alliiiminons  and  mineral  maltcr  present  in  the  liquor  ; 
it  is  very  rapidly  developed,  and,  absorbing  the  ovy«cn  01 
the  air,  transmits  it  to  the  alcohol,  which  by  oxidation  is 
transformed  into  vinegar,  ^ee  J'erweiitation. 

acetifier  (a-set'i-fi-er),  11.  An  iipparatus  for 
hastening  the  aeetificatioii  of  fermented  liquors 
bv  the  exposure  of  large  surfaces  to  the  air. 
Tile  liquor  enters  the  top  of  a  cask  or  vat  containing 
layers  of  shavings  or  brushwood,  by  which  it  is  divided 
and  ilistributed,  and,  as  it  trickles  downward,  comes  into 
iiitiiniitc-  contact  with  air  which  is  admitted  through  per- 
fi'iiitiniis  In  the  sides  of  the  vat. 

acetify  (a-set'i-n).  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  acetified, 
pjir.  iicitit'iiiufi.  [<  L.  acetum,  \-inegar,  +  E.  -///, 
make.]  t.  trans.  To  convert  into  viuegar; 
make  acetous. 

II,  inlrans.   To  become    acetous;    be   con- 
verted into  -vinegar. 

acetimeter,  acetometer  (as-e-tim'e-t6r,  -tom'- 
(.-ter),  H.  1=  1'.  acetimitrr  =  Pg.  acetometro,  < 
L.  acetum,  vinegar,  +  Gr.  iiirpov,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  specific 
gi'avity  of  vinegar  or  acetic  acid, 
acetimetrical  (a-set-i-met'ri-kal),  (I.  [<  "Ofc- 
tiimlric  (<  acetimeter)  +  -al.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  acetimetry. 
The  acetimrirical  method  employed  by  th(>  Excise. 

Vrc.  Ulct..  I.  It!. 
acetimetry  (as-e-tim'e-tri),  n.  Theactorpro- 
ic  ss  of  nsi-ertiiiniiig  the  specific  gravity  of 
vinegar  or  acetic  acid. 

acetin  (as'e-tin),  M.  [<  ncet-ic  +  -in.]  A  eom- 
]Miiiiid  iibtained  by  the  tniion  of  one  nudeeulo 
of  glycerin  with  one,  two,  or  three  molecules 
of  acetic  acid.  The  acetins  niiiy  also  be  rcgardeil  as 
glvi-erln  ill  which  one,  two,  or  time  mIoiiih  of  hydrogen 
are  replaced  by  ncetvl.  They  Inclilih-  mononcetlii  (I'-, 
lli,iii<\  illaccthi  or  ncetldin  (('TllpjOti),  "»'l  Irlncellii 
ii',.llM"a)-     Waltn. 

aceto-.  A  prefix  to  names  of  chemical  eom- 
piiiinds,  signifying  the  presence  of  acetic  acid 
(ir  acetyl  riidical. 

aceto-gelatin  (as'e-to-jel'a-lin),  a.  Containing 
acetic  acid  and  gelatin.  Aceto-golatln  omulBlon. 
an  cniiilsiMM  (onnedof  |i,vrii\yllii.  iccll,-  iiciil.  al.'ohol,  and 
gi'lallii :  used  lor  coating  certain  pboiograjihlc  plates. 


acetometer 

acetometer,  "•     See  acctimetcr. 

acetone  (as'e-ton),  H.  l<acct-tc+  -one.]  1. 
A  lim|)icl  mobile  liciuid,  (CH;j)2C0,  wth  an 
aj^'reoiiblo  odor  aud  biu'iung  taste,  ijrodftoed  by 
the  destructive  distillation  of  acetates,    it  is 

nrocureil   on  iv  large  scale  from  the  aqueous  linukl  olj- 
taiued  ill  the  ilry  distillation  of  wood 


4f5 

North  America,  having  a  suilline  type  of  den- 
tition, considered  by  Cope  as  referable  to  the 
family  Arcldci/oiiidir.  There  are  several  species ;  A. 
iiisolens,  the  type-species,  was  as  large  as  a  large  bear.  E. 
I).  C'o;»',  1S73. 

Achseta  (a-ko'tji),   «.  i^l.     [NI-.,  neut.  pi.  of 
(wliwiiis :  see  nchwious.}     An  ordinal  name  for 


2.  The  general  name  of  a  class  of  compounds     gephyreans   without    seta?,    with    a    terminal 


which  may  be  regarded  as  consisting  of  two 
alcoholic  radicals  united  by  the  group  CO,  or  as 
aldehydes  in  which  hydrogen  of  the  group  COII 
has  been  replaced  by  an  alcoholic  radical. 

acetonemia  (as"e-t6-ne'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  E. 
acetone  +  Gr.  m/ia,  blood.]  In  pathoL,  a  dis- 
eased condition  characterized  by  the  presence 
of  acetone  in  the  blood.  It  results  from  various 
causes,  ami  may  lie  a  symptom  of  various  diseases.  Also 
sjielled  acctona'iitin. 

acetonic  (as-e-ton'ilc),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from  acetone. 

acetose  (as'e-tos),  «.     Same  as  acetous,  1 

acetOSityt  (as-e-tos'i-ti),  n.     [=F.  ac6losiie 
Sp.  acvtosUlad  =  It.  acetosita,  <  NL.  as  if  *aec- 
t(jsita{t-)s,<  aceiosiis:  see  acetous  and-i<(/.]     The 
state  or  quality  of  being  acetous  or  sour ;  acid- 
ity ;   soui-ness ;  tartness. 

The  juice  or  pulpe  of  Tamarinds  hath  a  great  aeetositie. 
Woodall,  Surgeon's  Mate,  p.  175. 

acetous  (as'e-tus  or  a-se'tns),  a.  [=F.  acc- 
It'iix  —  Sp.  Pg.  It.  acetoso,  <  NL.  acetosm,  <  L. 
acctum,  xinegBx:  seeacetum.']  1 .  Having  a  sour 
taste  ;  vinegary.  Boyle.  Also  written  ncetosc. — 
2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  vinegar;  causing  or  con- 
nected with  acetifieation.— Acetous  acid,  a  term 
formerly  applied  to  impure  and  dilute  acetic  acid,  under 
the  notion  that  it  was  composed  of  carlion  and  hydrogen  in 
the  same  jiroportions  as  in  acetic  acid,  but  with  less  oxy- 
iien.  It  is  now  known  that  no  such  acid  exists,  so  that  this 
term  has  fallen  into  disuse.— Acetous  fermentation, 
the  process  by  which  alcoholic  liiimm.  a^  l"ir  or  wine, 
yield  acetic  acid  by  oxidation.     See  J>iiiini'nti<iyi. 

acetum  (a-se'tum),  H.  [L.,  vinegar,  in  form  pp. 
neut.  {(tectum,  sc.  vinuni,  soured  wine)  of  acerc, 
be  SOIU-,  akin  to  accr,  sharp,  sour:  see  acid  and 
aerid.  Hence  (fi-om  acetum,  not  from  neut.  adj. 
acidiim)  Goth.  al<eit  =  AS.  a;ced,eced  =  OS.  ecid 
—  OD.  edick,  etick,  D.  edik,  eek  =  LG.  etik  = 
ORG.  ej.://(,  MHG.  e::::iclt,G.  essig  =  T>&n..  eddike 
(>Icel.  ediJ:)  =  S-w.  cittika,  vinegar.]  Vinegar 
(which  see). 

acetyl  (as'e-til),  n.  [<  acet-ic  +  -i/l,  <  Gr.  vAr/, 
matter,  substance.]  A  univalent  radical  sup- 
posed to  exist  in  acetic  acid  and  its  derivatives. 
Aldehyde  may  be  regarded  as  the  hydrid,  and  acetic  acid 
as  the  hydrate,  of  acetyl. 

acetylene  (a-set'i-len  or  as'e-ti-len),  n.  [< 
aceti/l  +  -cue.']  A  colorless  eudothermic  gas, 
C3H2,  having  a  characteristic  disagi-eeable 
odor,  aud  burning  with  a  luminous  smoky  flame. 
Illumhiating  gas  contains  a  small  amount  of  it,  and  it  is 
probably  formed  from  other  gaseous  compounds  during 
the  conibustit>n  of  illuminating  gas.    It  is  also  formed 


mouth,  dorsal  anus,  and  the  anterior  region  of 

the  body  retractile.     It  includes  the  families 

HipunenUdxe  and  Priapulida'. 
achsetOUS  (a-ko'tus),  «.     [<  NL.  aclifrtiis,  <  Gr. 

(/- pi-iv.  -I-  ,t«'V//,  hair.]     Having  no  setse;  not 

ehictiferous ;    specifically,    pertaining   to    the 

Jclidtii  (which  see), 
achage  (a'kaj),  H.    [<  ache^  + -age.']    The  state 

or  condition  of  having  aches.     [Rare.] 
The  Pope  could  dispense  with  his  Cardinalate,  and  liis 

achage,  and  his  breakage,  if  that  were  all. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  i.  1. 

,.  _  Achaian  (a-kii'yan),  a.  and  «.    See  Acliean. 

■  ^  achane  (a-kii'ne),  n.  [<  Gr.  nxavv.']  An  an- 
cient Persian  measiu'e  for  grain. 
Acharinina  (ak"a-ri-ni'na),  H.  2)1.  [NL.,  for 
ai-liiiniiiia  (f),  <  Acliarnes,  a  genus  of  fishes,  < 
Gr.  axapvLig,  axapvor,  axapvai;,  a  sea-fish.]  In 
Giinther's  classification  of  fishes,  the  tlurd 
subfamily  group  of  his  family  Nandida;  hav- 
ing hidden  pseudobranehiffi.  or  false  gills,  five 
ventral  rays,  and  teeth  on  the  jjalate.  It  is  c<iii- 
stituti-d  for  fresh-water  fishes  from  tropical  America 
which  properly  belong  to  the  genus  Clchla  of  the  family 
Cirldi.lii: 

acharnement  (a-sharn'ment),  H.  [P.,<  oc/i«)'«f/'. 

give  a  ta.stf  of  flesh  (to  dogs,  etc.),  refl.  s'hcIkii- 
iici;  tliirst  for  blood,  <  L.  as  if  *adeaniarr,  <  ad, 
to,  +  caro  {cant-),  flesh :  see  carnal,']  Blood- 
thirstiness,  as  of  wild  beasts  or  of  infuriated 

men ;    ferocity ;    eagerness 

for  slaughter.     [Rare.] 
achateif  (ak'at),  «.     [<  L. 

iteliates :    see   agate.]      Aji 

agate. 
The   christall,  jacinth,  m-lmlr, 

ruby  red.  John  Taylor. 

acliate''^t,  ".  [Assibilated 
form  of  acute,  q.  v.]  See 
ueate. 

Achatina  (ak-a-ti'na),  v. 

[NL.,  <  L.    achates,  agate : 

see   agate.]      A   genus    of 

land-snails,   of  the  family 

Helicidce.    it  is  typified  by  the 

large  agate-shells  of  Africa,  and 

is  distinguished  by  an  intorted  and 

abruptly  truncate  columella.   The 

species  of  this  genus,  which  comprises  some  of  the  largest 

terrestrial  mollusks,  live  chiefly  near  water  about  trees ; 

they  are  mostly  "African.     The  small  species  formerly 

referred  to  Achatina  are  little  related  to  the  genus.    La- 

innrck  17!)D.     Also  Achatium  {Link,  1S07)  and  Agathina 

UM^hay,:^). 


Agate-shell 
{Achait7ta  Taritgata). 


from  its  elements,  carbon  and  hydrogen,  when  the  electric  Achatinella  (a-kat-i-nel'a),  «.      [NL.,   dim.  of 


are  is  passed  between  carbon-points  in  an  atmosphere  of 
hydrogen;  and  also  by  the  imperfect  combustion  of  illu- 
minating gas  and  other  hydrocarl>ons.  It  is  prepared  on 
a  commercial  scale  by  the  decomposition  of  water  with 
certain  metallic  carbides,  calcium  carbide  being  chiefly 
useil  tor  the  purpose.  At  pressures  of  less  than  two  atmo 
spheres  it  is  not  explosive  except  by  the  action  of  fulmi 


Achatltta.]  A  name  used  with  various  limit 
for  a  genus  of  Hclicidtv.  with  shells  of  moder- 
ately small  size,  resembling  those  of  Achatitia. 
It  has  numerous  representatives  peculiar  to  tlie  Sand- 
wich Islands.  H'.  Simim-on,  1S28.  The  genus  has  also 
been  named  llelictcres. 


nates.  Undergreater  pressure  it  explodes  at  low  red  heat  A^Jja^-j^jj^jjjag  (a-kat-i-ni  '  ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
with  a  violence  nearly  equal  to  that  of  guncotton.  With  icltatiiia  +  -inw.]  A  subfamily  of  land-snails,  of 
certain  metals  and  metallic  salts  It  forms  explosive  com-  ";,  „  .,  rr  ,„v7„,  .1;  .+;„„, ;„i,„,i  *-„™  f/^7;/.; 
pounds.  The  acetylene  series  of  hydrocarbons  has  the  gen-  the  family  Helicida,  distinguished  from  Metici- 
eral  formula  C2H2n-2 ;  it  includes  acetyl  or  ethiiie  (CoHg),  ntc  proper  by  the  character  ot  the  lingual  den- 
propiiie  (C3H4),  butine  (C^H,-,).  and  pentine  (C'sHg).  tition,  the  usually  sharp  lip,  truncate  columella, 

acetylic  (as-e-til'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  swollen  body-whorl,  and  elongate  spire.  The 
acetyl.  ■■roup  includes  tlie  largest  known  pulmonates,  some  being 

acetylization  (as"e-til-i-za'shon),  n.  [< acetyl -f  i"  iuclus  lun-.  Most  of  the  species  are  Afilcan ;  those  of 
-i,e  +  -ano„.]  In  chettt.,  the"process  of  com-  ^^"i::}J^!:f""'  '''  '^'""'  "'  agate-Mls.  See  cut 
bining  or  causmg  to  combine  with  the  radical  achatourt  «.  [Assibilated  form  of  acatom;  aca- 
aeetyl  or  with  acetic  acnd.  ,^^.  ^^^  a'catcr,  n.]     Same  as  acater. 

^^l''',\-^'^^%ffJ'-^-'''';    -,      ■        ..  „         achelake(ak),H.   [In  this  pronunciation  prop. 

ach-  (ach),  «.     [Ct.  Hmd.  ak,  gigantic  swallow-    ^y^\\[.,\  „/,.<.  <  ME.  ake :  but  formerly  two  pro- 


wort,  a  sprout  of  sugar-cane.]  An  East  Indian 
name  of  several  species  of  plants  of  the  rubia- 
ceous  genus  Morinda. 

Achaean,  tt.  and  n.    See  Acliean. 

Achaemenian  (ak-e-me'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  AchfB- 
iticiiius,  a.,  Aeha'tiienes,  n.,  <  Gr.  'Axai/^^vt/c,  a 
Persian  king,  ancestor  of  the  Acliccmeuida;  Gr. 
'A;ifa<//fi«(5a'.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Achajmenidte,  an  ancient  royal  family  of  Per- 
sia, historically  beginning  with  Cyi'us,  about 
.558  B.  c,  and  ending  vrith  the  conquest  of  the 
Persian  empire  by  Alexander  the  Great,  330  B.C. 

achaenium,  ».     See  acheuium. 

achaenocarp  (a-ke'no-karp),  n.  [In-eg.  <  Gr.  a- 
|u-iv.  -H  x'l'vfiv,  gape,  -I-  imp-og,  fruit.]  In  hot., 
any  dry  indehiscent  fruit. 

Aciiaepodon.  (a-ke'no-don),  h.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  -t-  xo-iveiv,  gape,  -f  0601% {'oSov--)  =z  E.  tooth.] 
A  genus  of    fossil  carnivorous  mammals    of 


nuneiations  existed,  ak  and  ach  (iik  and  ach), 
the  latter,  prop,  indicated  by  the  spelling 
ache,  representing  ME.  ache,  also  spelled  eche, 
<  AS.  ece,  n.,  ache  (<  aean,  v.) ;  the  foi-mer  repre- 
senting ME.  ake,  directly  <  aketi,  <  AS.  acatt. 
ache,  a  strong  verb :  see  ache,  v.  Cf.  stark  and 
starch,  both  <  AS.  stearc.  The  anomalous  modern 
spelling  ache,  with  eh  pron.  k,  has  been  supposed 
to  rest  upon  the  notion  that  the  word  is  de- 
rived from  the  Gr.  d,tof,  pain,  distress;  but 
therS  is  no  connection  between  the  two  words, 
nor  is  there  any  with  the  interj.  a7(  =  L.  ah=G. 
acft  =  Dan.  ah,  ak.]  Pain  of  some  duration,  in 
opposition  to  sudden  twinges  or  spasmodic  pain ; 
a  continued  dull  or  heavy  pain,  as  in  toothache 
or  earache. 

SJyself  was  lost, 
Gone  from  me  like  an  m-he. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 


acheninm 

(The  old  pronunciation  of  the  noun  (ach,  foimerly  iich) 
led  to  a  similar  pronunciation  of  the  verb.    In  the  fol- 
I'lwing  euuplet  aetie,  v.,  is  made  to  rinu;  with  patch : 
Or  (lellia  wore  a  velvet  mastic  patch 
L  pon  her  temples  when  :io  tooth  <liil  ache. 

Bp.  Hail,  Satires,  vi.  1, 
Thus  pronounced,  the  plural  of  the  noun  and  tlie  third 
person  singular  of  the  verb  were  dissyllabic : 

A  eiuning  shower  your  shooting  corns  presage, 
uld  actuiii  throb,  your  hollow  tooth  will  rage. 

Swift,  City  .Shower. 
This  pronunciation  has  been  n.sed,  on  the  stage  at  least, 
even  in  the  present  century,  being  required  by  the  meter 
in  such  passages  as  the  following; 

I'll  rack  thee  with  old  cramps ; 
I''ill  all  thy  bones  with  achev;  make  thee  roar. 

Shatc,  Tempest,  i.  2.] 
-Syn.  See  jiaiii,  «.,,  and  agony. 
ache',  ake  (ak),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ached,  aked, 
ppi'.  iichiiig,  aking.  [In  this  pronunciation 
prop.  sp(dled  ake,  the  spelling  ache  prop,  rep- 
resenting a  different  pronunciation  (ach,  for- 
merly ilch)  in  imitation  of  the  noun :  see  ache, 
H. ;  <  ME.  alien,  eken  (never  *achen),  <  AS.  aean 
(strong  verb,  pret.  oc,  pp.  acen  ;  Viie  scacau,  E. 
shake,  and  taean,  E.  take),  ache,  prob.  cognate, 
notwithstanding  the  wide  divergence  of  mean- 
ing, with  Icel.  aka  (strong  verb,  pret.  ok,  pp. 
ekinn),  drive,  move,  =  L.  agere  =  (jr.  ayeiv,  diive : 
see  act,  agent.]  To  suffer  pain ;  have  or  be  in 
pain,  or  in  continued  pain ;  be  distressed  physi- 
cally :  as,  his  whole  body  ached. 
The  sense  aclies  at  thee.  Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

Those  inmost  and  soul-piercing  wounds,  which  are  ever 
achififf  while  uncured.  Raleigh,  Hist.  World,  Pref.,  p.  1. 
ache^t  (ach),  n.  [<  ME.  ache,  <  OF.  ache,  "the 
herb  smallage;  ache  des  jardins,  parsley"  (Cot- 
gi'ave),  F.  ache  =  Sp.  It.  apio,  parsley,  <  L. 
aphim,  parsley  (usually  refen-ed  to  ap'is,  a  bee, 
bees  being  said  to  be  fond  of  it :  see  ApU),  < 
Gr.  aiTiov,  a  species  of  Euphorbia,  perhaps  the 
sun-spurge  (or  parsley  ?).  Cf.  smallage,  i.  e., 
small  ache.]  A  name  of  garden-parsley,  I'etro- 
.•<cliniiiii  .valinitit. 

Achean,  Achaean  (a-ke'an),  a.  and  n.    [<  L. 

Acha-ns,  <  Gr.  'Axa'k,  belonging  to  'Ax"'", 
Achaia,  L.  Jc/ffCfl.]  I.  «.  Pertaining  to  Achsea 
(Achaia)  in  the  Peloponnesus,  to  the  Acheans 
(Achteans,  Aeha?i,  or  Aehaioi),  or  to  the  con- 
federacy called  the  Achean  League — The  Ache- 
an League,  originally,  a  confederation  for  religions  obser- 
vances funned  l)y  the  cities  of  Aehtea  on  the  abolition  of 
monarchical  government  and  the  establishment  of  democ- 
racy. The  league  was  gi'adually  broken  up  by  the  Mace- 
donians, but  was  renewed  by  the  Acheans  on  a  purely 
political  basis  about  280  B.  C,  when  they  threw  off  the 
.Mace(biiii:in  yoke,  constituted  an  enlightened  iind  purely 
feileial  n  public,  .and  for  over  a  centui-y  stood  as  an  ef- 
rteient  bulwark  to  the  declining  liberties  of  Greece. 

II.  H.  An  inhabitant  of  Achtea  (Achaia),  or 
one  of  the  ancient  Greek  people  (Aehaioi)  from 
whom  that  country  took  its  name.  The  name 
Aehaioi  is  in  Homer  used  as  a  generic  term  for  all  the 
Greeks,  but  was  later  applied  to  the  most  important  tribes 
of  eastern  Peloponnesus,  and  was  finally  restrietedj  after 
the  Dorian  eonciuest,  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  region  on 
the  gulf  of  Corinth  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

Also  spelled  Achaian,  in  closer  imitation  of 
the  Greek. 

achech,  «.    In  Egypt,  antiq.,  a  fabulous  animal, 
half  lion,  half  bird,  like  the  Grecian  grilEn. 

acheckt,  e.  t.    [ME.  acheken  (only  in  pp.  acheked, 
in  passage  quoted  below),  <  «-l  (or  «-»)  -1-  cheken: 
see  cheek,  t!.]     To  cheek;  stop;  hinder. 
When  they  metten  in  that  place, 
They  were  acheked  bothe  two. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  2093. 

Acheenese  (ach-e-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  n.   See 
Aehinese. 

acheilary,  etc.     See  achilary,  etc. 
acheiria,  etc.     See  achiria,  etc. 
acheket,  ''•  t.    See  achoke. 

acheless  (iik' les),  a.     [_< ache^  + -less.']    With- 
out ache  or  throb. 
achelort.     A  corrupt  spelling  of  ashler. 
achene  (a-ken'),  «.     English  form  of  achenium. 
Also  spelled  akene. 
achenia,  ».     Plm'al  of  achenium. 
achenial  (a-ke'ni-al),  a.   Pertaining  to  an  ache- 
nium. 
achenium   (a-ke'ni-um),  n. ;  pi.   achenia  (-a). 
[NL.,  also  written  aeheenium,  iiTeg.  (cf.  Gr.  axa- 
vi/c,  not  gaping)  <  a-  priv.  -t-  ,ta/i'E«',  gape,  akin 
to  E.  yatcn,  q.  v.]    1.  In  hot.,  a 
small,  dry  and  hard,  one-celled, 
one-seeded,  indehiscent  fi-uit; 
strictly,  a  single  and  free  ear- 
pel  of  this  character,  as  in  the 
buttercup,  avens,  etc.,  but  ex- 
tended to  all  similar  fruits  re- 
sulting from  a  compound  ovaiy, 
even  ■when  invested  with  an  adnate  calyx,  as 
in  the  order  Composite.    Also  written  achene, 


Achenium. 
Lettuce  and  Ranun- 
culus. 


acbenlum 

aduBnium,  akene,  and  akenium. —  2.  leap.']    In 
entoni.,  a  genus  of  beetles.     71'.  E.  Leach. 

achenodium  (ak-e-no'di-um),  H.;  pi.  acheno- 
dki  (-{i}.  [NL.,  <  achenium  +  -oclex,  <  Gr.  -(J(5«, 
-o-€tdiii:  see -Old.]  In  to/.,  a  doulile  achenium, 
such  as  is  found  in  the  order  Uiiibillifera: 

Acheron  (ak'e-rou),  H.  [L.  Acheron  (-ont-), 
also  Jcheruns  (-uiit-),  <  Gr.  i.r'P"''  (-<"^-),  in 
earliest  use,  one  of  the  rivers  of  Hades  (popu- 
larly connected  with  axo<:,  paia,  distress,  =  E. 
aire",  q.  v.),  later  the  name  of  several  rivers  of 
Greece  and  Italy,  which,  from  their  dismal  or 
savage  suiToundings,  or  from  the  fact  that  a 
ponion  of  their  course  is  beneath  the  ground, 
were  believed  to  be  entrances  to  the  infernal 
regions.]  1.  In  Gi:  and  Som.  myth.,  the  name 
of  a  river  in  Hades,  over  which  the  souls  of  the 
dead  were  fen-ied  by  Charon ;  hence,  a  general 
name  for  the  lower  world. 

Get  you  gone, 
Aiul  at  the  pit  of  Acheron 
Meet  me  i*  the  morning.     Shak.,  Macb.,  iii.  5. 

2.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  neuropterous  insects. 

Acherontia  (ak-e-ron'shi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
'Ax'i'o^'''o?-  pertainingto  AcKeron :  see  Acheron.'] 
A  genus  of  nocturnal  lepidopterous  insects,  of 
the  family  Sphingida;.  A.  atropos  is  the  death's- 
head  moth,  or  death's-head  hawk-moth.  See 
diath's-head. 

Acherontic  (ak-e-ron'tik),  a.  [<  L.  Acheronticus, 
(.Acheron:  see  Acheron.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Acheron  or  the  infernal  regions;  dark;  gloomy: 
as,  Acherontic  mists. 

achersett,  n.  An  error  f or  a  cfterse?.  See  cher- 
.vf^ 

achesount,  ".     Same  as  encheson. 

Acheta  (ak'e-ta),  )i.  [NL.,  <  L.  acheta,  the  male 
cicada,  <  Doric  Gr.  axcra,  axirac,  Gr.  !/xiTK,  the 
cicada,  prop,  adj.,  chirping,  <  Gr.  i^c"',  sound, 
chirp.  <  !,x>/,  a  sound,  akin  to  r/x^t  b.  sound,  an 
echo,  see  echo.]  The  tj^iical  genus  of  the  fam- 
ily Achetidm:  equivalent  to  Gri/Un.'i  (which  see). 

Achetidae  (a-ket'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Acheta  + 
-i<l<r.]  A  family  of  saltatorial  orthopterous  in- 
sects, embracing  the  crickets,  etc.,  named  from 
the  leading  genus,  Acheta.  The  name  is  now 
little  used,  the  family  being  generally  called 
(lri/!lid<e  (which  see). 

Achetina  (ak-e-tJ'nS),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acheta  + 
-ilia.]  A  group  of  orthopterous  insects,  includ- 
ing the  crickets,  as  distinguished  from  the  grass- 
hoppers, etc. 

achevet,  '•.  '.     Obsolete  form  of  achieve. 

acheweed  (ak'wed),  n.  [<  ache'^  +  wecd^.]  An 
old  name  of  the  goutweed,  JEgopodium  poda- 
(jraria. 

achia,  achiar  (ach'ia,  ach'iilr),  «.  [<  Pg.  adiia, 
tlif  confccted  Inilian  eJuc,  achar,  any  sort  of 
picklfd  roots,  herbs,  or  fruits,  <  Hind,  achdr, 
jiiekles.]  An  East  Indian  name  for  the  pickled 
slioots  of  the  young  bamboo,  liambnaa  arundi- 
ntiriii,  usid  as  a  condiment. 

achievable  (a-che'va-bl),  a.  [<  achieve  +  -able.] 
Capuljlo  of  being  actieved  or  perfoi-med. 

Th  raise  ii  dejul  iiiiin  to  life  doth  not  involve  eoiitradic- 

lion,  onil  is  therefore,  at  leant,  achiemlite  by  Omnipotence. 

Barrow.  Sermons,  .\.\ix. 

achievancet  (a-che'vans),  n.  [< OF.  acheiance, 
(ill-Ill  II  r :  nee  achieve  and-ance.]  Performance; 
achievement:  as,  "his  noble  acts  and  achiev- 
anrrn,"  Sir  T.  Kliiot,  The  Govemoiir,  iii.  '12. 

achieve  (a-chov'),  v.;  pret.  and  pj).  achieved, 
ppr.  achiirinij.  [Formerly  also  n/cAici'c,  <  ME. 
aihivin,  <OF.  arjieeer,  achiever,  achcrir,  achivcr 
(V.  achevrr),  fini.sh,  <  the  phrase  renir  a  chief 
(F.  rcni'r  a  chef),  come  to  an  end  ;  OF.  chief  (F. 
rhcf),  an  end,  a  head:  see  chief.  (;(.  chicve.] 
I.  traim.  1.  To  perform  or  expcute;  accom- 
plinh,  as  Homo  (freat  enterprise;  finish;  cany 
on  to  u  prosporouH  cIoho. 

AnrI  now  ({Teat  deeds 

Il«.l  b-eii  nrl,iern(.  .Miltim,  V.  L.,  II.  72a. 

r.naldrd  him  nt  iinKib  i„  nWiiVw  his  Krent  enterprUe, 

In  Um-  Ur,.  .,(  eery  olisloiic-  whieh  man  and  nature  had 

r.i,|,...  .1  I.,  II.  rrmrull,  Ferd.  anil  !»«.,  I.  1(1. 

^■'^ ,.r  ,.1,1 ..; r  111.  result  of  exertion; 

brill;  ' 

kliiKH  iii'/iirrvil.         t'rior, 
TeimjiMon,  'rirt'slax. 
d,  but  victory  afltirmi, 
innn. 

in«  for  New  Life,  |i.  214. 

\r,  (a< ,    jtrrtorm),  lirlnfc 

ii.'ilfl 

■  I .    Chn  iirer. 
I  !.■-   :;,riii«;   bring 


HI,. 

II  I 
thai  ■: 


-•m.   1.     H/Trr, 

fthdllt,  Wirrfc 

n.  <«''■     I  ■ 

—  2.  Ti. 

about  a  r'  .  ,i. 

ff»><'  >nd  dun  (uAiVri' u  (noil 

Am  dru"  i,i<  «w..r.|  .-ihak.,  Cor,  l»,  7. 


46 

Still  achifvinij,  still  pursuing, 
Learn  to  labor  and  to  wait. 

Loniifellou;  Psalm  of  Life. 

achievement  (a-chev'ment),  «.  [<  F.  acheve- 
mcnt.  completion.  <  achever  :  see  achieve  and 
-men  t.]  1 .  The  act  of  achieving  or  pert' oi-ming ; 
an  obtaining  by  exertion ;  accomplishment:  as, 
the  achievement  of  one's  object. 

Capable  of  high  achievement  as  a  writer  of  romance. 

Athcno'iini,  No.  30t>7,  p.  172. 

2.  That  whieh  is  achieved ;  a  great  or  heroic 
deed  ;  something  accomplished  by  valor,  bold- 
ness, or  superior  ability. 

How  my  achievements  mock  me ! 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  2. 
Illustrious  judges  have  declared  that  Galileo's  conception 
of  the  laws  of  Motion  is  his  greatest  achievement. 

G.  U.  Lcuvs.  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  4S. 

3.  In  her.,  an  escutcheon  or  armorial  shield. 
The  proper  e.vpression  is  "achievement  of  arms,"  and  .sig- 
nifies a  complete  heraldic  composition,  whether  the  shield 
alone  or  the  shield  with  crest,  motto,  and  supporters,  if 
any.  The  term  achievement  is  applied  especially  to  the 
escutcheon  of  a  deceased  person  displayed  at  his  obsequies, 
over  his  tomb,  etc.,  distinctively  called  &  funeral  achieve- 
ment, or  more  commonly  a  hatchment  (which  see).  =Syil 
2.  Deed,  Feut.  Exjdoit,  etc.     See.tod. 

achiever  (a-che'ver),  «.  One  who  achieves  or 
accomplishes. 

We  are  well  accustomed  to  the  sight  of  a  fresh  young 
girl,  a  close  student,  a  fine  achiever, .  .  .  sinking  ,  . .  into 
an  aching,  ailing,  moping  creature. 

E.  S.  Phelps,  quoted  in  Sex  and  Education,  p.  133. 

achilary  (a-ki'la-ri),  a.  [As  achil-ous  +  -art/.] 
Without  a  Up;  specifically,  in  hut.,  noting  the 
absence  of  the  labellum  or  lip  in  monstrous 
flowers  of  the  order  Orchidaceai.  Also  spelled 
ncheilari/. 

AchiUda  (a-kil'l-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <Achihis  + 
-ida.]  A  dirision  of  the  great  family  of  homop- 
terous  insects  called  Fulgorida;  one  of  13  so- 
called  subfamilies,  taking  name  fi-om  the  genus 
AehiUi.i. 

Achillea  fak-i-le'a),  n.  [L.,  a  plant  supposed 
to  be  the  same  as  that  called  in  Latin  achittius, 
milfoil  or  yarrow,  <  Gr.  'Axi'^'^toi;,  of  Achilles, 
from  a  belief  that  AchiUes  used  this  plant  in 
cm-ing  Telephus.]  A  large  genus  of  perennial 
herbaceous  plants,  natural  order  Composita;  of 
the  northern  hemisphere  and  mostly  of  the  old 
world.  Two  species  are  common,  the  milfoil  or  yarrow, 
A.  MillefoUnm.  indigenous  in  both  hemisj)herc8  and  of 
rei>ute  as  a  bitter  tonic,  and  the  sneezewurt,  .A.  Ptarmica. 

Achillean  (ak-i-le'an),  «.  [<  L.  AchillcHS,  <  Gr. 
WxMciiK,  ^  iA.^(/'.?.ti'f,  L.  Achilles.]  Of,  resem- 
bling, or  belonging  to  Achilles,  the  heroin  tlie 
war  against  Troy,  noted  for  his  valor,  swift- 
ness of  foot,  elc,  but  especially  for  imreleut- 
ing  wrath ;  hence,  valiant,  swift,  tmrelenting, 
etc. 

I  dined  with  Mr.  Landor,  ...  I  had  inferred  from  his 
hooks,  or  nmgnifled  from  some  anecdotes,  an  impression 
of  Achillean  WTath  — an  untamable  petulance. 

Emcmon,  Prose  Works,  II.  Uil. 

achilleic  (ak-i-le'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from  Achillia  Millefolinm Achlllelo  acid, 

an  acid  found  in  the  lea\'es  an'd  tlowcrs  of  milfoil  or  yar- 
row, Achillea  MMeJ'oliuni:  probably  identical  with  'ant- 
nil  ic  acid. 

achillein  (ak-i-le'in),  H.  U.  Achillea  + -hi-.] 
An  amorplions,  brownish-red,  and  very  bittir 
substance,  CooHggNoOjs,  derived  from  the  mil- 
full,  Achillea'MiliefiiUnm.  When  used  in  medicine  it 
i..<  f.intid  to  ]irodii(.i.  marked  irr(.i,'nlarity  of  the  pulse. 

Achillis  tendo  (a-kil'i.s  ten'do).  [L. :  Achilli.i, 
gen.  of  .Irhilh'.s- ;  tendo,  tendon.]  See  tendon 
of  Achilles,  uiiiU'r  tendon. 

achilous  (u-ki'lus),  «.  [Less  prop,  acheilons, 
<  NL.  iirhiiun,  <Gr.  n-priv.  +  .v'/of,  lip-]  With- 
out lij»s. 

Achilus  (a-ki'liis),  «.  [NL. :  see  achilon.<t.]  .\ 
genus  of  honiopterouH  insects,  of  the  family 
t'iriida;  or  giving  name  to  a  group  Achilida 
(which  see),     hirliji,  1K18. 

Achimenes  (a-kim'e-nez),  H.  [Perhiips  frnni 
\i.  iirliii  nienis,  <(ir.  iixi'i/ievir,  an  anibi'r-i'iiliiri.d 
l)hiMt  in  India  nwd  in  nnigicnl  arts.  <'f.  .ielnr- 
menian.]  A  gcnns  of  iirnnMicntiii  licrb.s,  n.'ilu- 
ral  order  (IcKneruceir,  bcliinging  to  Iropiciil 
America.  They  arc  freijuent  In  greenhoiiHcu.  and  tlie 
number  of  varietlcM  ha«  been  laively  liu-reaiwd  by  culll\a 
tlon. 

Achinese  (adi-i-nes'  or  -nf'z'),  a.  and  n.  I.  ". 
I'lTlniniiig  to  Achin  (alwi  written  Aehevn.^leh- 
in,  and  .ticheen),  a  ti'irllory  in  the  nortnweHt- 
ern jiart  of  tho  iHland  of  Sninatrn, 

II.  ».  .vinflr.  and  pi.  1.  A  native  or  an  iii- 
hnbilaiil  of  Arhin,  or  llii.  iieopji'  of  Achin,— 
2.  The  hingiiage  iihciI  by  the  AchinCHO,  wliich 
bejiings  to  tlii>  Maliiynn  family,  and  is  writt<-n 
■with  Ariibii'  cliiirnctorH, 
AIhu  writt,<!u  AchccncMC  and  .4l4;hinete. 


achorion 

aching  (a'king),  2>.  a.  [Ppr.  of  ache^.]  Endur- 
ing or  causing  pain  ;  painful. 

What  peaceful  hours  I  once  enjoy'd ! 

ilow  sweet  their  memory  still ! 
But  they  have  left  an  achini/  void 
The  world  can  never  fill. 

Cowper,  Olney  Hymns, 
achingly  (a'king-U),  adv.    With  aching ;  pain- 
fully. 

achibte  (Sp.  pron.  ii-che-6'ta),  h.  [Sp.,  also 
achate,  Pg.  achioti,  <  achioti,  the  native  Amei'i- 
can  name  of  the  plant.]  The  vernacular  name 
in  Central. America  of  the  arnotto-tree,  liixa 
Orcllana.  See  arnotto. 
achira  (a-che'rii),  H.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
The  name  on  the  western  coast  of  South  Amer- 
ica of  the  Citnna  ednlis,  whose  large  tuberous 
roots  are  used  for  food,  and  jield  tous-les- 
niois,  a  superior  large-grained  kind  of  an'ow- 
root . 
achiria  (a-ki'ri-a),  n.     [NL.,  less  prop,  acheiria, 

<  (ir.  iixcipia,  <  ax^ipof  or  ojt'p,  without  hands  : 
see  iichirou,'<.]     In  teratol.,  absence  of  hands, 

achirite  (ak'i-rit),  n.  [<  Achir  Mahiued,  name 
of  a  Bokharian  merchant  who  furnished  the 
specimens  that  were  taken  in  1785  to  St,  Peters- 
burg, +  -ite-.']     Emerald  copper  or  dioptase. 

achirous  (a-ki'rus),  a.     [Less  prop,  achcirons, 

<  NL.  achints^  <  Gr.  axcipoi;  or  o^£(/),  handless.  < 
(i- priv.  +  ,Yfio.  hand.]  In  teratol.,  handless; 
without  hands. 

achirus  (a-ki'rus),  H.  [NL.,  <Gr.  axeipoc,  with- 
outhands:  see  achirous.]  1.  In  frra?«/.,  a  mon- 
ster cliaracterized  by  the  absence  of  hands. 
Also  spelled  acheirns. — 2.  [cup.]  In  :oiil.,  a 
genus  of  heterosomatous  fishes,  of  the  family 
Soleida',  having  no  pectoral  fins,  whence  the 
name.  .1.  tineatus  is  an  American  sole,  comnmnly  call- 
ed lina-clinkcr.     Lact^phtc,  1802.    See  cut  under  Solcida-. 

achlamydate  (a-klam'i-dat),  a.  [<  Gr.  li- 
priv.  (11-18)  -I-  chlamijdate,  q.  v.]  Not  chlamy- 
date ;  having  no  pallium  or  mantle:  said  of 
moliusks. 

In  the  achtami/date  forms  [of  brancbiog.ostropodsl  true 
gills  are  usually 'absent.        Iliixlei/,  .\mit.  Invert.,  p.  4;17. 

Achlamydeae  (ak-la-mid'e-e),  ».  pi.     [NL., 

I'cMi.  )il.  of  iiehlann/deiis :  see  nchlinniiileoii-'i.]  In 
hot.,  a  term  proposed  by  Lindley  for  a  group  of 
dicotyledonous  orders  in  which  both  caly.\  and 
corolla  are  wanting,  at  least  in  the  pistillate 
llowers,  as  in  willows  and  birches. 

achlamydeous  (ak-la-mid'e-us),  a.  [<  NL. 
iiehldnii/deiis,  <  Gr.  li-  priv.  -i-  x^"f'C  (-''''-),  a 
mantle:  see  oAS  and  ehliiiiii/diDii.i.]  In  hiil., 
witliout  a  floral  envelop:  an  epithet  applied  to 
plants  which  have  neither  caly.\  nor  corolla, 
and  wliose  flowers  are  consequently  naked,  or 
destitute  of  a  covering,  it  has  also  been  applied  t.> 
an  ovulewbich  consists  of  the  muieus  only,  without  prop- 
er seed-coats,  as  in  the  mistletoe. 

achlorophyllous  (a-klo-ro-fil'us  or  ak-16-rof'i- 
1ms),  II.  [iiiv.  .1- priv.  +  x^'Upui;  green,  +  ijn'/- 
/"!■,  leaf:  see  o-l",  ehlorophijl,  and  -om.v.]  In 
hot.,  destitute  of  chlorophyl. 

achlys  (ak'Iis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ax'^hr,  a  mist.] 
Same  as  euliijo. 

achmite  (ak'mit),  n.  Incorrect  spelling  of  ac- 
niile. 

achoket,  ''■  '•     [<  ME.   achokcn,  achcken,  <  AS. 

«o'ufi'MH,choke,<  «-  -t-  'ccocian:  see  chokc^.]    To 

choke ;  suffocate.     Also  written  achchr. 

Whan  that  Thesus  sccth 

The  beste  achcked.      Chaucer,  Good  Wiuncn,  I.  •■ons. 

GIf  thou  will  achoken  the  fnlllllyng  of  nature  with  sn- 

perlluitics.  f'hiiucer,  Hoethius,  li.  prose  .^t. 

acholia  (a-kol'i-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  li  ™?,/o,  <  I'nn- 
A",   williiml    bile:   see  acholoiis.]     In  }inthiil., 
doliiii'Tiry  or  want  of  bile, 
acholithitet  (a-kol'i-thit),  ».    [Corrupt  spelling 
of  acolonlhite,  q.  v.]     .Same  as  acoli/lc. 
To  see  a  lazy,  dumb  aclwtiihile 
..\rmed  ii^idnsl  a  ilevont  llv's  despight. 

liji.  Hull.  Satires,  Iv.  7. 

acholous  (alt'o-Uu.),  a.  [<Gr.  li ,)'>'*<>?,  without 
bile,  <  II-  priv.  +  x'>^'/\  Wlc,  gall :  see  choler.] 
Wanting  or  deficient  in  bile. 

achor  (nk'or  or  a'kor),  n.  [Ij.,  <  Gr.  "  vPi  scin'f, 
iluniliuir.]  1.  A  naini'  fonncrly  given  toccr- 
Iniri  seiilv  or  crusty  eutuneoiis  nlTcclions  of  tho 
linid  anil  face  in  infants,  particularly  to  cer- 
tain fonns  of  ec/.enia. — 2.  An  individual  acuini- 
niilo  imHtnlc. 

Achordata  (nk-<1r-da'tii),  V.  pi.  [NL.,<Gr.  ri- 
priv.  +  V'v"'''/,  chord  :  ncc  ri-'f  iind  diordata,] 
A  rollri'tiv**  name  of  thoKc  animals  which  have 
no  notocliord:  opiiosed  to  i'hordiilii. 

achorion  I  a-ko'ri-on),H,;  iil,"<7/i)n«  (-ii).  [NL.,< 
nihiir.  I  'I'lio  iianie  given  to  one  of  the  tlireoprin- 
I'ipnl  ib.iiri!ilo|iliyli.H,  or  i'|ii|ihytcs  of  tho  skin. 


achorion 

It  is  the  constituent  of  the  crusts  of  favus  (achor),  and 
belongs  to  tllc  group  of  funjcoij  plants  dtuominatod 
OidiuM.  It  consists  of  spores,  sporiiiia  or  tul)es  lllled 
with  spores,  and  empty  tiranchcd  tulies  or  inyceliuni. 
Krasniutii  Wiltion. 

Achras  (ak'ras),  h.  [L.,<  Gr.  n.tpac  akind  of  wild 
pear-trcL'.]  A  genus  of  plants  consisting  of  a 
single  spocie.s,  A.  Sapota,  of  tho  natiu'al  order 
iStljtotdCew.  It  is  an  everjireen  tree,  witli  tliicli  shining 
leaves  and  milky  juice,  a  native  of  tropical  America,  and 
is  often  cultivated  fin-  its  edible  fruit,  the  sapodilla  or 
sapodilla  plum.  Its  b.ark  (Jamaica  bark)  is  a.stringent  and 
is  used  as  a  febrifuge  ;  the  seeds  are  aperient  and  diuretic. 
2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Water- 
house,  lS7f). 

achroiocythemia,  achroiocythsemia  (a-ki-oi"- 

6-si-the'mi-a),  )i.  [NL.,  prop,  aclirwuci/thcemia, 
<  Gr.  axpoiof,  same  as  iixpooi:,  colorless  (see 
achroous),  +  KiTof,  a  cavity  (<  nheiv,  contain),  + 
a'lua,  blood.]  In  pathol.,  diminution  of  the  nor- 
mal amoiuit  of  hemoglobin  in  the  red  blood- 
coi'puseles.     Also  called  oligochromemia. 

achroite  (ak'ro-it),  «.  [<  Gr.  axpoog,  colorless, 
+  -ite".']  A  colorless  variety  of  tourmalin  found 
on  tho  island  of  Elba. 

achroma  (a-kio'ma),  ».  [NL.,  <Gr.  li-priv.  + 
Xiiiifia,  color:  sec  achromatic.'i  In /xtWiO?.,  lack 
of  pigment  in  the  skin ;  aehromasia. 

achromasia  (ak-ro-ma'zi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
axiKj/tuToi;, v/ithont  color:  see  acl>romaHc.~\  In 
jiiitkiil.,  lack  of  pigment  in  the  skin. 

achromatic  (ak-ro-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  axp_i>luiToc, 
without  color  (<  a-  priv.,  without,  +  ;i-/Du/Ja(r-), 
color),  + -ie;  see  chromatic.']  Destitute  of 
color;  free  from  coloration;  transmitting  light 
without  decomposing  it  into  its  constituent 
3olors:  as,  an  acliromatic  lens  or  telescope. 

The  human  eye  is  not  achromatic.     It  suffers  from  chro- 
matic aberratiou  as  well  as  from  spherical  aberration. 

Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  72. 

Achromatic  condenser,  an  achromatic  lens  placed  be- 
tween the  mirror  and  the  stage  of  a  microscope  to  con- 
centrate the  light  upon  the  object  when  the 
light  from  the  concave  mirror  is  not  sufficiently 
intense.— Achromatic  lens,  a  lens  sensibly 
free  from  chromatic  aberration.  It  is  usually 
composed  of  two  lenses  made  of  glass  having 
different  refractive  and  dispersive  powers  (for 
example,  a  double  convex  lens  of  crown-glass 
[a  a]  and  a  concavo-convex  lens  of  flint-glass 
[b  b\),  the  forms  of  which  are  so  adjusted  that 
one  lens  veiy  nearly  corrects  the  dispersion  of 
the  other  without,  however,  destroying  its  re- 
fraction.—Achromatic  telescope  or  micro- 
scope, a  telescope  or  microscttpc  in  wlijch  tlic 
chromatic  aberrulinn  is  preventetl,  usually  by  ^ 
means  of  an  achromatic  object-glass. 

achromatically  (ak-ro-mat'i-kal-i),  adv 
achromatic  manner. 

achromaticity  (a-kro-ma-tis'j-ti),  n.  [<  achro- 
matic -I-  -(7//.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
achromatic  ;  achromatism.    See  equation. 

achromatin  (a-kro'ma-tin), )(.  [<  &r.  axpu/iOToc, 
not  colored,  4-  -h(2.]  in  bot.,  that  portion  of  the 
basic  substance  of  the  nucleus  of  a  vegetable- 
cell  wliieh,  under  the  action  of  staining  agents, 
becomes  less  highly  colored  than  the  rest. 

achromatisation,  achromatise,  etc  See  achro- 
')Hali~iiti(iii,  achromatize,  etc. 

achromatism  (a-kro'ma-tizm),  «.  l<.  achromat- 
ic +  -ism.  Cf.  F.  achromatisme.1  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  achromatic ;  absence  of  col- 
oration :  as,  to  secure  perfect  achromatism  in  a 
telescope. 

achromatization  (a-kr6"ma-ti-za'shon),  n.  The 
act  of  achromatizing  or  depriving  of  color.  Also 
spelled  achromatisation. 

acnromatize  (a-kro'ma-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
achromatized,  ppr.  achromatizing,  [(.achromat- 
ic, as  if  <  Gr.  u-  priv.  +  ;i;p(j//ar/Cf»',  to  color,  < 
,fp(j/za(r-),  color.]  To  render  achromatic ;  de- 
prive of  color,  or  of  the  power  of  transmitting 
colored  light.     Also  spelled  achromatise. 

For  two  kinds  of  light  a  Uint-glass  prism  may  be  achro- 
ntatised  by  a  second  prism  of  crown-glass. 

A.  Danietl,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  480. 

achromatopsia  (a-kro-ma-top'si-a),  n.  [<Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  ,t7ju/ia(r-),  color,  +  iific,  sight,  <  oi/', 
the  eye,  face :  see  optic]  Color-blindness,  or 
inability  to  see  or  distinguish  colors.  .Also 
called  acritochromacij. 

achromatopsy  (a-kr6'ma-toi)-si),  n.  Same  as 
achroiiiiitdpsia. 

achromatosis  (a-kro-ma-to'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <Gr. 
axp<jpaTO(;,  without  color,  +  -osis.]  A  name 
applied  to  diseases  characterized  by  a  lack  of 
pigment  in  integumental  structures,  as  albi- 
nism, vitiligo,  or  canities. 

achromatOUS  (a-kro'ma-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  axpup-a- 
Tof,  without  color:  see  acliromatic.']  Without 
color ;  of  a  lighter  color  than  normal :  as,  ach  ro- 
matou-s  spots. 


Ini 


47 

achromophilous  (a-kro-mof 'i-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (o-fs)  +  ckromopltilous.]  In  embryoL,  not 
chromophilous  (which  see).     See  extract. 

The  substance  of  the  ovum  [of  Aficarin]  is  also  remark- 
ably dilferentiated,— that  of  the  '■  [mlar  disk  "  alone  ex- 
hibiting a  vertical  striation.  and  dilli'iciitiatiii^'  into  two 
layers,  sujicrHcial  and  sul)jacent  (ternnd  arlinniitiiiliitnun 
an<l  chrumtiphilttus  respectively).      Eiu-yc.  Jirit.,XX.  417. 

achromOUS  (ii-kro'mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
Xpi'Jl'n,  color.]  Colorless;  without  coloring 
matter. 

achronic,  achronical  (a-kron'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  An 

erroneous  spelling  of  acroni/ck,  acroni/chal. 

achroodextrine  (ak"ro-6-deks'trin),  n.  [<  Gr. 
dxpoof,  colorless  (see  achroous),  +  K.  dextrine.] 
Dextrine  whioli  is  not  colored  by  iodine :  con- 
trasted with  erythrodextrine. 

ach-root  (aeh'rot),  M.  [<  ach"^  +  root.]  The 
root  of  Morinda  tinctoria,  used  in  India  as  a 
dye.     See  ach"^. 

achroous  (ak'ro-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  axpoog,  also  axpoiog, 
colorless,  <  a- '  priv.  +  jfpiJa,  ;fpom,  color.  Cf. 
achromatic]    Colorless ;  achromatic. 

achylous  (a-ki'lus),  rt.  [<Gr.  axv/i/ic,  <  a- -priv. 
-h  jfAcic,  chyle.]  Without  chyle.  Syd.  fHoc. 
Le.r. 

Achyrodon  (a-ki'r9-don),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  axvpov, 
pi.  axufia,  chaff,  bran,  husks,  +  orfoi'c  (bdovr-)  = 
E.  tooth.]  A  genus  of  fossil  mammals  from  the 
Pm-beck  beds  of  England,  having  teeth  of  the 
insectivorous  type,  and  more  than  eight  molars 
and  premolars.     Owen,  1877. 

acicle  (as'i-kl),  n.  Same  as  acicula,  2.  Dana, 
Crustacea,  I.  434. 

acicula  (a-sik'u-lii),  H. ;  pi.  acicula:  (-le).  [L., 
a  needle,  a  small  pin,  dim.  of  acus,  a  needle, 
from  same  root  as  acer,  sharp,  acies,  an  edge, 
acutus,  sharjj,  etc.:  see  acid,  acute,  acerb.]  1. 
A  needle,  pin,  or  bodkin,  of  wood  or  bone, 
used  by  Roman  women  as  a  hair-pin.  It  was 
not  smaller  than  an  acus  (which  see),  but  of  in- 
ferior material. —  2.  A  spine  or  prickle  of  an 
animal  or  plant.  Also  called  (/C!C?f. —  3.  [cap.] 
A  name  ajjplied  to  several  genera  of  gastropods, 
and  retained  for  the  representative  genus  of  the 
family  Jc/i'»?(V?((',  inhabiting  Europe.  A.fusca 
is  the  best-known  form. — 4.  leap.]  A  genus  of 
worms. 

acicula,  n.     Plural  of  aciculum. 

Aciculacea  (a-sik-ii-la'se-a),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Jej^ 
cula  +  -acea.]  A  synonym  of  AcicuUdw  (which 
see). 

acicular  (a-sik'u-lar),  a.  [<  NL.  acicularis,  <  L. 
acicula,  a  needle:  see  acicula.]  Having  the 
shape  of  a  slender  needle  or  stout  bristle  ;  hav- 


Acicular  Crystals,  Stibnite. 

ing  a  sharp  point  like  a  needle :  as,  an  acicular 
prism,  like  those  of  stibnite ;  an  acicular  bUl, 
as  that  of  a  humming-bird.  Other  forms  are 
aciculate,  aciCKhited.  aciculiform,  and  aciculine. 
The  silver  salt  crystallizes  from  its  aqueous  solution  in 
small  acicular  prisms. 

E.  Frankland,  Exper.  in  Chem.,  p.  30. 

Acicular  Wsmuth.    See  nikinite. 

acicularly  (a-sik'u-lar-li),  adv.  In  an  acicu- 
lar manner;  in  the  manner  of  needles  or 
prickles. 

aciculate,  aciculated  (a-sik'u-lat,  -la-ted),  p.  a. 
[<  NL.  aciciilatiis,  < 'L.  acicula:  see  acicida.] 
Needle-shaped ;  acicular ;  aciculiform. 

aciculi,  «.     Plirral  of  aciculus. 

aciculid  (a-sik'u-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  Aciculida;. 

Acicuiidae  (as-i-kii'U-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acicula, 
q.  V. ,  +  -'uhe.  ]  A  family  of  operctdate  pulmonif- 
erous  mollusks,  represented  by  the  Em'opean 
genus  Acicula  (which  see)  and  the  West  Indian 
Geomelania.  Tliey  have  very  small  turreted  shells  with 
few  whorls  and  a  thin  operculum,  the  outer  lip  plain  or 
produced  iuto  a  tongue,  and  the  eyes  on  the  back  of  the 
head. 

aciculiform  (a-sik'ii-li-foi-m),  a.  [<  L.  acicula, 
needle,  +  -formis,  <  forma,  form.]  Same  as 
acicular. 

aciculine  (a-sik'u-lin),  a.  [<  NL.  aciculinns, 
<  L.  acicula :  see  acicula.]     Same  as  acicular. 

aciculum  (a-sik'ij-lmn),  «.;  pi.  acicula  (-lii). 
[NL.,  a  neut.  form  to  acicula,  q.  v.]  In  zool., 
one  of  the  slender  sharp  stylets  which  are  em- 


acidify 

bedded  in  the  parapodia  of  some  annelids,  as 
the  I'olychwta.  The  notopodial  and  the  neuropodial 
divisions  of  the  parapodia  each  carry  one  of  these  acicula. 

aciculus  (a-sik'u-lus),  n. ;  pi.  aciculi  (-li).  [NL., 
a  mase.  form  of  acicula,  q.  v.]  In  bot.,  a  strong 
bristle. 

acid  (as'id),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  acw?«  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  acido,  <  L.  acidus,  sour,  <  acere,  be  sour 
O  acctum,  q.  v.),  akin  to  acer,  sharp,  iicies, 
edge,  Gr.  iinjiii,  E.  acme,  edge,  etc.,  all  from  ■y/'ak, 
be  sharp,  pierce.]  I.  a.  Sour,  sharj),  or  biting 
to  the  taste  ;  tasting  like  vinegar :  as,  add  fridts 
or  liquors — Acid  rock.    See  nt-irfic. 

II.  n.  [<  NL.  aciilum,  neut.  of  L.  acidus,  a.] 
Originally,  a  substance  possessing  a  sour  taste 
like  that  of  vinegar ;  in  modern  chemical  use,  a 
name  given  to  a  large  number  of  compounds 
which  do  not  necessarily  possess  this  property. 
It  does  not  appear  that  very  gl-eat  importance  was  at  any 
time  attached  to  sourness  as  a  characteristic  of  acids  from 
a  chemical  point  of  view.  The  following  properties  are 
common  to  most  acids:  Ist,  solubility  in  water;  2d,  a 
sour  taste  (in  some  acids,  on  account  of  their  corrosive- 
ness,  this  property  can  be  perceived  only  after  dilution 
with  a  large  quantity  of  water) ;  3d,  the  power  of  turning 
vegetable  blues  to  red;  4th,  the  power  of  decomposing 
most  carbonates,  and  displacing  the  carbonic  acid  with 
etTervescence ;  5th,  the  power  of  destroying  more  or  less 
completely  the  characteristic  properties  of  alkalis,  at  the 
same  time  losing  their  own  distinguishing  characters,  form- 
ing salts.  In  modern  chennstry  an  acid  njay  be  termed 
a  salt  of  hydrogen,  or  it  may  be  defined  as  a  compound 
containing  one  or  more  atoms  of  hydrogen  which  become 
displaced  by  a  metal,  or  by  a  radical  possessing  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  metallic  functions.  An  acid  containing  one 
such  atom  of  hydrogen  is  said  to  be  monobasic,  one  con- 
taining two  such  atoms  bihasic,  etc.  Acids  of  a  gi'eater 
basicity  than  unity  are  frequently  termed  potybasic  acids. 
When  an  acid  contains  oxygen,  its  name  is  generally 
formed  by  adding  the  terminal  -^c  either  to  the  name  of 
the  element  with  which  the  oxygen  is  united  or  to  an  ab- 
breviation of  that  name.  Thus,  sulphurforms  with  oxygen 
sulpliuric  acid;  nitrogen,  nitric  acid;  and  phosphorus, 
phosphoric  acid.  But  it  frequently  happens  that  the  same 
element  forms  two  acids  with  oxygen;  and  in  this  case 
the  acid  that  contains  the  larger  amount  of  oxygen  re- 
ceives the  terminal  syllable  -/c,  while  that  containing  less 
O-xygen  is  made  to  end  in  -ou.s.  Thus,  we  have  sulphurous, 
nitrous,  and  phosphorous  acid,  each  containing  a  smaller 
proportion  of  oxygen  than  that  necessarj-  to  form  respec- 
tively sulphuric,  nitric,  and  phosphoric  acid.  In  some 
instances,  however,  the  same  element  forms  more  than 
two  acids  with  oxygen,  in  which  case  the  two  Greek  words 
uTTo  {hypo-),  under,  and  ijirep  (hyper-),  over,  are  pieJixed  to 
the  name  of  the  acid.  Thus,  an  acid  of  sulphur  contain- 
ing less  oxygen  than  sulphurous  acid  is  termed  byposul- 
phm"Ous  acid  ;  and  another  acid  of  the  same  element  con- 
taining, in  jnopurtion  to  sulphur,  more  oxygen  than  sul- 
phuroiis  acid  ami  less  than  sulphuric,  might  be  named 
either  hypcrsuliihurous  or  liypn.sulphuric  acid;  Ijut  the 
lattertenn  has  been  adopted.  J'lic  jircflx  i«r-  is  frequently 
substituted  for  hyper-.— Acetic  acid,  fatty  acid,  nitric 
acid,  etc.  See  these  adjecti\i.s.— Nordhausen  acid, 
brown  fuming  sulphuric  acid,  a  solution  of  sulphiu-  trioxia 
in  sulphui'ic  acid,  used  as  a  solvent  of  indigo,  and  at  pres- 
ent in  the  manufacture  of  artificial  alizarin.  It  is  named 
inMii  tlie  place  where  it  "as  first  manufactured. 

acid-green  (as'id-gren'),  >i.  A  coloring  mat- 
ter, a  sulphonie  acid  of  various  sorts  of  benzal- 
dehyde-greens.  it  is  one  of  the  coal-t,ir  colors.  It 
dyes  a  brighter  color  than  the  so-called  solid  green.  It  is 
also  called  Hetretia  yrecn,  and  light  green  S.  Benedikt 
and  Knecht,  Chem.  of'Coal-tar  Colors,  p.  84. 

acidic  (a-sid'ik),  a.  1.  Acid:  in  chem.,  applied 
to  the  acid  element,  as  silicon,  in  certain  salts : 
opposed  to  basic. —  2.  Containing  a  large  amount 
of  the  acid  element:  as,  the  acidic  feldspars, 
which  contain  CO  per  cent,  or  more  of  silica. — 
Acidic  (or  acid)  rock,  a  crystalline  rock  which  contains  a 
relatively  large  amount  of  silica,  through  the  presence  of 
an  acidic  feldspar,  and  sometimes  also  of  free  quartz,  as  a 
prominent  constituent.  For  example,  trachyte  is  an  acid 
or  acidic  rock ;  basalt,  a  basic  rock. 

acidiferous  (as-i-dif'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  acidum, 
acid,  +  L./f n-e =E.  ftforl,  +  -ous.]  Bearing,  pro- 
ducing, or  containing  acids,  or  an  acid Aci- 
diferous mineral,  a  mineral  which  consists  of  an  earth 
combined  with  an  acid,  as  calcium  carbonate,  aluminite, 
etc. 

acidifiable  (a-sid'i-fi-a-bl),  a.  [(.  acidify  + 
-able;  =  F.  acidifiable.]  Capable  of  being  acidi- 
fied, or  of  being  converted  into  an  acid. 

acidific  (as-i-dif'ik),  h.  Producing  acidity  or 
an  acid ;  acidifying.  Said  of  the  element  (oxygen, 
sulphur,  etc.)  wliich  in  a  ternary  compound  is  considered 
as  uniting  the  basic  and  acidic  elements.  Thus,  in  cal- 
cium silicate,  calcium  is  called  the  basic,  silicon  the  acidic, 
and  oxygen  the  acidinc  element.    Dana. 

acidification  (a-sid  "i-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  acidify; 
=  F.  aeiditicatioH  =  Sp.  acidificacion  =  'Pg.  aci- 
dificagao.i  The  act  or  process  of  acidifjdng,  or 
of  changing  into  an  acid. 

Acidification  ...  is  intended  to  break  up,  corrode,  or 
carbonize  the  albuminiferous  matters. 

ir.  L.  Carpenter,  Soap,  etc.,  p.  264. 

acidifier  (a-sid'i-fi-er),  »i.  One  who  or  that 
which  acidifies ;  specifically,  in  chem.,  that  which 
has  the  property  of  imparting  an  acid  quality. 

acidify  (a-sid'i-fi),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  acidijied, 
p-pr.  acidifying.  [<  acid  + -fy  ;  =  F .  acidifier  = 
'Pg.  acidificar.]     I.  trans.  To  make  acid;  con- 


acidify 
vert  into  an  acid ;  render  sour ;  sour,  literally  or 
figuratively. 

Such  are  the  plaints  of  Louvet,  his  thin  existence  all 

acidified  witli  rage  and  prelematural  insight  of  suspicion. 

Carlyle,  French  Kev.,  III.  iii.  161. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  acid  or  sour. 
acidiineter  (as-i-dim'e-ter),  It.  {='Pg. acidime- 
tro,  <  NL.  acidiim,  acid,  +  Gr.  ui-rpoi',  a  measure.] 
An  instrumeut  for  determining  the  purity  or 
strength  of  acids.  See  acidimetri/. 
acidimetrical  (as'i-di-met'ri-kal),  a.  Of  or  per- 
tauiing  to  acidimetry. 

The  acidiiiietrical  process  is  in  every  way  similar  to 
that  practised  in  alkalimetry.  Ure,  Diet.,  I.  19. 

acidimetry  (as-i-dim'e-tri),  n.  [='Pg.  acidime- 
tria  ;  as  acidimeter  +  -y.}  The  act  or  process 
of  measuring  the  strength  of  acids.  Specifically, 
the  process  of  estimating  the  amount  of  acid  in  a  liquid  by 
finding  exactly  how  much  of  a  standard  alkaline  solution 
is  required  to  neutralize  a  measured  quantity  of  the  given 
solution. 

acidity  (a-sid'i-ti),  11.  [=F.  acidite=:lt.  acidita, 
<  L.  acidita{t-)s,  sourness,  <  acidus,  som-:  see 
acid.'}  The  quality  of  being  acid  or  sour;  sour- 
ness :  tartness ;  sharpness  to  the  taste. 

acid-magenta  (as'id-ma-jen'tji),  n.  A  coal-tar 
color,  a  green  metallic-looking  powder  giving 
a  red  color  when  dissolved  in  water.  It  is  a  mix- 
ture of  the  mono-  and  disulphonic  acids  of  rosanilin.  Also 
called  magenta  S.  and  rubiiie  S.  Used  for  dyeing  and  for 
coloring  wines.  Beiiedikt  and  Knecht,  Chem.  of  Coal-tar 
Colors,  p.  96. 

acidness  (as'id-nes),  n.     Sourness;  acidity. 

acidometer  (as-i-dom'e-ter),  n.  £Cf.  acidimc- 
U  / .  J  A  form  of  hydrometer  used  to  measiu'e 
thf  strength  of  an  acid. 

acid-pump  (as'id-pumpO,  «.  A  glass  pump  used 
for  drawing  corrosive  liqtiids  from  carboys  and 
other  vessels,  it  has  valves  and  joints,  and  is  converti- 
ble into  a  siphon.  K  vacuum  is  created  in  it  by  means  of 
an  elastic  rul<ber  huUi,  which  controls  its  action  wittiuut 
coming  into  contact  with  the  acid. 

acidnlse  (a-sid'u-le),  n.  J)/.  [L.,  fern.  pi.  (so. 
<iqua;  waters)  of  acidulus :  see  acidulous.']  A 
name  formerly  given  to  springs  of  cold  mineral 
waters,  from  their  sharp  and  pungent  taste. 
X.  E.  I). 

acidulate  (a-sld'a-lat),  v.  t.;x>ret.  and  pp. 
aciihiliihd,  ppr.  aciilulatinf/.  [<L.  as  if  "acidu- 
lalii.^,  pp.  of  "acidularc,  <  acidulus,  somewhat 
sour:  see  acidulous.']  1.  To  tincture  with  ati 
acid;  render  somewhat  acid  or  sourish. 

This  latter  flask  is  filled  partly  with  mercury,  and  partly 
with  water  acidulated  with  a  tenth  ])art  of  sulphuric  acid. 

Science,  III.  200. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  sour,  as  the  mind ;  embit- 
ter ;  make  cross  or  captious. 

Persons  .  .  .  were  especially  liable  to  diabolical  posses- 
sion when  their  f.acul  ties  were  impaired  by  disease  and  their 
tempers  aciWi//rt^'(i  by  suffering.  /,t'cA7/,  nationalism,  1. 106. 

acidulcist  (as-i-dul'sis),  a.     [Contr.  of  NL.  *«<■/- 
(li'liilri.t,  <  L.  acidus,  sour,  acid,  +  dulcis,  sweet: 
sfc  ilidi'i:.']     Both  sour  and  sweet. 
acidulent  (a-sid'ii-lent),  a.   [<  F.  acidulant,  ppr. 
of  acidulcr,  sour  slightly,.  <  acidulc,  slightly  sour, 
<Li.  acidulus:  see  acidulous.']     Somewhat  acid 
or  sour;  tart;   hence,  peevish:   as,  "au.\ious 
ariihihnt  face,"  Carlylc,  French  Rev.,  I.  i.  4. 
acidulous (a-.'iid'ii-lus),  a.  [<  L.  acidulus,  sliglitl.v 
sour,  iliia.  of  ««V/«.?,  sour:  Hi-etiriiL]     1.  Sliglit- 
ly  sour;   subacid,  as  cream  of  tartar,  oniiigos, 
cooseberries,   etc. —  2.    Figuratively,   sour  in 
locling  or  expression ;  sharp  ;  caustic ;  haisli. 
j4cu/u/ou« enough  to  iiroduceeirerv('s(x-nce  with  alkalies, 
0.  ir,  liolincn,  Autocrat,  ix. 
It  U  lieautllul,  therefore,  ...  to  find  a  woman,  (Jeorgc 
Eliot,  dcitartlng  utterly  out  of  that  mood  ot  hale  or  even 
ol  aeidutouM  aattru  In  which  Thackeray  so  often  workcil. 
A'.  Lanier,  The  Eng.  Novel,  p.  207. 

acid-yellow  (as'lil-yd'o),  «.  A  coal-tar  color, 
conHiHtiiig  of  tlio  sodium  salts  of  the  .sulphonio 
iicid.s  of  aniido-azobcnzeno  or  aniliiio  yellow. 
It  la  a  yillow  powder,  eaully  wduble  In  water,  and  Is  used 

for  ')■.   i',.'  i.liv,     -- vreen,  and  browii».     Also  soine- 

'I"  H'-neJiXt  ami  Kiiectil,  Clieni.  of 


48 

aciform  (as'i-form),  a.  [<L.  acus,  a  needle,  + 
forma,  shape.]     Shaped  like  a  needle. 

aciliate,  aciliated  (a-sU'i-at,  -a-ted),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (,«-!*)  +  ciUatfd :  see  cilia.]  Not  eUiated; 
haxlug  no  cilia. 

Acilius  (a-sU'i-us),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Acilius,  a  Ro- 
man name.]  A  genus  of  water-beetles  of  the 
family  Di/tiscida;  containing  species  of  mod- 
erate size,  with  ciliated  hind  tarsi  and  round 
tarsal  disks  in  the  male.  a.  .•^ulcatzts  is  a  Eiuopean 
species.  A. /ratcmu.';  is  a  common  New  England  insect, 
about  f  of  an  inch  long,  having  the  black  portions  of  the 
el.vtra  closely  punctured  upon  a  yellow  surface. 

acinaceOUS  (as-i-na'shius),  a.  [<L.  acinus,  a 
berry,  esp.  a  grape,  a  grape-stone  or  kernel,  + 
-aceous.]     Consisting  of  or  full  of  kernels. 

acinaces  (a-sin'a-sez), »;.  [L.,  <Gr.  aK(i>aw/f,  a 
short,  straight  sword,  <  Pers.  dhenek  ("dhanak), 
a  short  sword,  <  dhen,  dhaii,  a  sword,  lit.  iron, 
+  dim.  tenn.  -el;  -al;  now  applied  only  to  ra- 
tional objects  {-che  to  iiTational  objects).]  A 
short,  straight  dagger,  peculiar  to  the  Medes 
and  Persians,  it  seems  to  have  been  worn  on  the  right 
side,  but  jjerhaps  only  when  a  lunger  weapon  was  worn  on 
the  left.  Modern  xmters  have  recognized  the  acinaces  in 
a  dagger  shown  in  sculptures  at  Persepolis,  also  in  the 
dagger  of  the  Mithra  sacrificial  gri>ups. 

acinacifolious  (a-sin'a-si-fo'U-us),  a.  [<L. 
acinaces,  a  sliort  sword, -f-  folium,  leaf.]  Having 
acinaciform  leaves.     N.  E.  D. 

acinaciform  (a-sin'a-si-form),  a.  [i'L.  acinaces, 

•  a  short,  straight  sword,  taken  to  mean  a 
simitar,  +  -foniiis,  <  forma, 
shape.]  In  io/.,  resembling 
a  sunitar  in  shape:  as,  an 
acinaciform,  leaf,  one  which 
has  one  edge  convex  and 
thin,  the  other  straighter  and  thick,  as  in  species 
ot  Mcscmbri/anthemum ;  an  acinaciform  pod,  as 
of  some  beans. 

acinarious  (as-i-na'ri-us),  a.  [(.Jj.  acinarius, 
pertaining  to  the  grape,  <  acinus,  the  grape  :  see 
acinus.']  In  &o^,  cox'ered  with  little  spherical 
stalked  vesicles  resembling  grape-seeds,  as  in 
some  algiE. 

acinesia  (as-i-ne'sia),  ji.    Same  as  akinesia. 

Acineta  (as-i-ne'ta),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  aKivj/ror, 
motionless,  <  a- priv.  +  Kiveir,  mox'e.]  1.  A 
genus  of  noble  epiphj'tal  orchids,  from  Central 
America,  much  prized  as  hothouse  plants. — 2. 
A  genus  of  suctorial  infusorial  protozoans.  See 
Acinetai  and  Acinctina.     Ehrenbcrtj. 

Acilietae(as-i-ne'te),  H.J)?.  [NL. :  ?.cc  Acineta.] 
An  order  of  the  class  Jnfusoria  (the  Infusoria 
tcntaculifcru  or  suctoria),  the  adult  members  of 
xvhieh  have  no  ciUa  and  no  proper  mouth,  and 
are  non-locomotix'c.  The  body,  which  is  fixed  and 
stalked,  is  provided  with  radiating  retractile  suctorial 


Acioaciforai  Leaf. 


Acipenser 

Acinetina  (as"i-ne-ti'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aci- 
neta +  -ilia.]  A  group"  of  infusorians  with  a 
single  aperture,  and  elongate,  non-vibratile 
cUia,  originaUy  establislied  by  Ehrenberg  in 
1838  as  a  di\-isiou  of  his  Polygastrica  :  equiva- 
lent to  Acinetw  (which  see). 

acini,  ».     Plural  of  acinu.'i. 

aciniiorm  (as'i-ni-form),  a.  [<  NL.  aciniformi^, 
<L.  acinus,  grape  (see  acinu.-!),  -i-  -formis,<  far- 
ma,  shape.]  1.  Having  the  form  of  grapes,  or 
being  in  clusters  like  grapes;  acinose. — 2.  In 
anat.,  of  a  deep  purplish  tint;  resembling  a 
grape  in  color:  applied  to  one  of  the  pigmen- 
tary layers  of  the  iris,  technically  called  the 
tunica  aeiniformis.     See  uvea. 

acinose  (as'i-uos),  a.  [<  L.  acinosus,  like  grapes, 
<  acinus,  a  grape.]  1.  Resembling  a  grape  or  a 
bmich  of  grapes ;  consisting  of  granular  con- 
cretions.— 2.  Specifically,  ina««<.,  consisting  of 
acini.  Applied  U>  glands  in  which  the  duct  enlarges  at 
the  distitictly  glandular  portion  into  a  little  spherical 
vesicle  (acinus),  or  into  a  little  saccule  nobulus),  beset 
with  small,  round  epithelial  cysts  (acini),  or  in  which 
the  duct  branches  and  ends  in  more  or  less  numerous 
lobuli,  formed  of  acini.  Acinone  glands  are  distinguished 
friMu  tubular  fflands. 

acinous  (as'i-nus),  a.     Same  as  acinose. 

acinus  (as'i-nus),  H. ;  pi.  acini  (-ni).  [L.,  a 
berry,  esp.  a  grape,  also  a  grape-stone,  kernel.] 

1.  Ill  bot.:  (a)  One  of  the  small  drupelets  or 
ben-ies  of  an  aggregate  baccate  fruit,  as  the 
blackbeiTV,  etc.,  or  the  contained  stone  or  seed. 
See  cut  xmder  Eubiis.     (6)  A  grape-stone. — 

2.  In  anat. :  (a)  Formerly,  the  smallest  lobule 
of  a  gland.  ( b)  Now,  genera  Ih',  the  smallest  sac  - 
cular  subdix-ision  of  an  acinose  gland,  several 
of  xvhich  subdivisions  make  up  a  lobule.  Also 
called  alreolus.     (e)  A  lobiUe  of  the  liver. 

-acious.  [<L.  -dci-  (nom.  -flj-,  ace.  -deem,  >  It. 
-ace,  Sp.  Pg.  -oc,  F.  -aee),  a  siifli.x  added  to  verb- 
stems  to  form  adjectix-es  expressuig  intensity 
of  physical  or  mental  action,  as  aud-a.r,  daring, 
eaji-ax,  holding  much,  fall-ax,  deceitful,  loqu- 
lu;  talking  much,  jnign-ojr,  inclined  to  light, 
etc..  +  E.  -ous.  Cf.  -de;i,  3.]  A  compound  ad- 
jective termination  of  Latin  origin,  forming, 
from  Latin  verb-stems,  adjectives  expressing 
intensity  of  physical  or  mental  action,  as  in  au- 
dacious, daring,  X'ery  bold,  capacious,  holding 
much,  fallacious,  deceitful,  loquacious,  tallcing 
much,  pu!)niieiou.i,  inclined  to  fight,  mendacious, 
ready  at  Ijing,  ricacious,  x-ery  lively,  roraciotts, 
eating  much,  etc.  Such  adjectives  are  accom- 
panied by  nouns  in  -aci-tif,  and  the  nouns  rarely 
by  x-erbs  in  -aci-t-atc:  as,  cai)acious,  capacity, 
eiijiiieitiite,  etc. 

Acipenser  (as-i-pen'sf-r),  ».  [L.,  also  spelled 
aquipensi  r  and  acipcnsis  (>Gr.  aKKi->/aio(),  tho 
sturgeon;  perhaps  <  'aci-  (=Gr.  ukI%),  swift, 
+  a  form  oipenna  (OL.  pesna),  a  xviug,  same  as 
pinna,  a  xx'ing,  a  fin.  Cf.  aeeipiter  ami  tlu'  ety- 
molog.v  there  suggested.]  Tlio  typical  genus 
of  tho  faiuily  Acipcnscrida;  iucluiling  all  tho 


jLCiezn-uLi 


[<  F.  aciiragc,  <  arirr 


=  I'r.  (i»i<r  =  Hp.  aero,  »ifc\,  <ML.  aciarr,  ai . 
anum.  «f.r  1.  /  r,.  „^„,_  ,.,|jjp^  Hword-erlgc]   Tlji- 


•  II.  biyerof  iron  on  nnollicr 

I  IretricHl    UCtiotl.      .Hlirco- 
1 ,11.  .,  tn-nU'd  111  tblH  way. 

t  Injury  to  tbi-li  iir- 

.'1   with  Iron  they  iit<' 


pr. 
ni"  ■ 

ITI. 
lllu- 
liUli 

•Hid  ! 

ftcleratc  ,.i,    To  convert  into  Btccl. 

acieratioii  Mi-.m),  n.    t<F.<;<iVr,  Mecl, 

+  -/if(«-i.J  (:.,i,v.  r,i.,ii  intoKt/'ol:  a  v.-ord  oc- 
oanlonidly  imed  by  wni.rn  on  the  melalbirifvof 
iron  -:'•.■■ 

^^  ''  Ml  tliiK'  to  tlmn  nod  brpok- 

IfW  'I •  .  whill  d.  plh  Iho  nrierallm 

luuprwced.  L  Jiw,,!-..  BrU.,  .Mil.  342. 


processes,  or  tuluilar  tentacles,  having  at  their  extremi- 
ties a  knob  or  disk-like  sucker,  through  which  nutiieut 
nuitter  is  imbibed. 

Tho  Acinetip  multiply  by  several  methods.  One  of 
these  .  .  .  c<uisists  in  tlie  development  of  ciliated  embryos 
in  tho  interi<)r  of  the  body.  These  embryos  result  from 
a  separation  of  a  portion  of  the  endoplast.  aiul  Its  con- 
version into  ft  globular  or  oval  germ,  which  in  somo 
species  is  wholly  covered  with  vilu-alile  cilia,  while  In 
others  the  cilia  arc  confined  to  a  zone  around  the  middle 
of  the  embryo.  The  gi-rm  nnikes  its  eHcai)e  by  bursting 
through  the  body-wall  of  Its  parent.  After  a  snort  exist- 
ence (sometimes  lindted  to  a  few  niinntes)  In  the  condillon 
of  a  free-switnmtng  aninmlciilc,  iirovided  \vlth  an  endo- 
plaJ4t  and  a  contractile  vacuole,  but  dev<dil  of  a  mouth, 
the  cbaraiiterlstlc  knobbed  radi:iting  processes  make  their 
appearance,  the  cilia  vanish,  anil  the  uiiinial  paxKi-s  Into 
the  .icim'la  state.  Huxlcii,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  91. 

acinetan  (as-i-no'tan),  n.  One  of  tho  Acineta-; 
a  Huetorial  tentaculifcrous  infusorian. 

Acinetidse  (as-i-n.t  'l-de).  It.  )il.  [NL.,  <  .tcinetn 
+  -('/".]  A  furuily  I'oiiKlituting  tliii  order  .(ci- 
nelir,     The  leading  genus  is  Acinctn. 

acinetiform  (as-i-nol'i-fonn),  a.  and  »i.  [<  NL. 
.hint  /(I  +  ],,  -formis,  <  forma,  shaiio.]  I,  a. 
Having  the  form  of  Acinetw;  reKomblingan  nei- 
iiitan  in  form. 

Ilalblani  .  .  .  njuerts  (hat  the  rrrini'f^A'rni  cmhryoN  lib- 
iMTvi'd  not  only  In  rnraninM-liim,  but  In  .  .  .  many  other 
cllliiti'd  InfiiNorla,  ara  not  enibryos  at  nil,  but  pnranllle 
Aelmlir.  Iluxlcji,  Anat,  Invert.,  p   iihi, 

II.  n.  An  infusorian  nniinnlrule  rosemlding 
nil  ni'liii'liiii,  whethiT  iin  cMibiyonic  Htaifo  of 
doino  riliiiti.  infiiHorlnii  or  n  member  of  tho 
ordiT  Acineta:.     Also  written  acincta-form. 


^ 


h 


>■/ 


Skull  of  ShirRCon  {Aciprnxfr^,  ion  nml  side  views. 
Alx>ve,  the  cnrllln^inniis  crjiiiiiin).  sh^idcd.  Is  mii>]>osc<1  to  be  seen 
ttirough  tlic  unsh.idcd  ciani.il  Ikiiics. 
Upper  fi(riire  :  a,  rlilt;e  fomietl  by  spinous  processes  of  vcrtcbne; 
t>,  t*.  Inlcrai  wlni^-llke  processes;  c,  rostriini ;  Au,  site  of  niiditory 
orK'iin;  A'.?,  of  na^nl  sac»;  Or.  of  orbft.  The  ineiiibranclK>ncsof  the 
iipprr  surface  ure:  A,  nimlo^iie  of  snpr.ioccipitttl ;  B,  /«',  of  the  epi- 
"til  s;  /■.  i.f  ethmoid;  (-'.  (.'.  of  the  iii.stfronlnls;  //,  //.  of  the  pre- 
(tiitit.ils;  I  .  <-.  r,f  the  pnrictaK:  /'.  /^  arc  the  fioiHiils  and  /■",  /^  the 
-■Hii.iiii.is.ils  ;  A', anterior  (leniialsriitr  ;  /, /,  /,, /,  tlennnlovslficationii 
M.imri  tlinf  the  pcctorni  nrch  with  the  i;kull.  Lower  fi^"":  ^  d,  ros- 
tnini;  A.  nnwil  chamber;  f,  auditory  rctllun  :  rf,  coalesced  niilerior 
vi^rtcbr.i- ;  *-,  t\\i%; /^  g.  It,  sii^pensoriuiii ;  k,  palnto-iiiaxillary  oppnra< 
tin;  .»/«,  iiidttdlhlc;  Or,  orbfL 

ordinary  sturgpoiis  (and  with  tho  shovol-nosed 
HtnrKoons,  Sraphirhipx'hops^  tho  only  other  f?o- 
niiH,  cniiiiioHiiif,'  tho  fjiinily),  ciuiniclcri/t'd  by 
tlio  iUitlfiivd  tuin'rin[.c  Htiout,  a  spinirh>  ovrr 
oarh  oyo,  iin<I  5  diHtinct  rows  of  bony  phitos. 
Till!  ooniinoii  Mluivcnn,  A.  nturin,  \n  fdiiml  bnlh  in  lOnnipu 
luiil  Nnrlh  AiniTlni;  It  HnincllinrR  iitlfiiiiM  u  IiiikMi  nf  18 
fi'i't.  Tin-  KTi't'U  HtiirKt'on  4)f  thf  l*(i(lll<*  nnHt  Ix  A.  mnii- 
roAlrh.  Thr  Kiii'<i])i>ai)  Htt'ili't  Is  ,|.  riiffintUM.  The  Invest 
kiiiiwn  MpfclcH  Ih  t.h«  HiiHtitnii  »ttii-L't'ini.  (he  Iiicliijffi.  huso, 
•  •r  ImiiH.-n,  A.  /iumo,  nniiictlMifH  aftjiininu  a  Iciiuth  "f  '2U 
frrt  Hiii|  a  wcluht  <if  .'HK)0  ihhiiiiIh.  .1.  iiuhhuxtmUi  iH  a 
fniirlli  I'xainplr,  known  lui  tliu  imHctur.  Ainu  often  HpclloU 
AodpnxMrr. 


Acipenseres 

Acipenseres  (as-i-pen'se-rez),  n.pl.  [NL.,  pi. 
Ill'  .Icijn ii.si'i:]  All  ordinal  teiin  suggested  by 
Bona.]  la  lie,  1837,  as  a  substitute  for  Hturionesov 
(hoinlriixtfi  (which  see). 

acipenserid  (as-i-pen'se-rid),  n.  One  of  the 
Ai-ijiriiseridic ;  a  sturgeon. 

Acipenseridae  (as"i-pen-ser'i-Je),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
(.^Ivipnixci-  +  -idce.J  The  sturgeons,  a  family  of 
c'houdrosteous  ganoid  fishes,  sometimes  includ- 
ing only  tlie  genus  Aripcuscr,  sometimes  also 
the  genus  Scapliirlnpicliiips.  The  body  is  elongate 
subcyliudrii.-,  witli  5  rovvs  of  bony  bucklers  ;  the  snout  is 
produced,  siitispatulate  or  conical,  with  the  mouth  on  its 
lowersurface,  small,  transverse,  protractile,  and  toothless ; 
there  are  4  barbels  in  a  transverse  series  on  the  lower  side 
■of  the  snout ;  the  ventral  (ins  have  a  single  series  of  fulcra 
in  front,  and  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  approximate  to  the 
ciiudal,  which  is  heterocercal.     See  Acipenser. 

Acipenserinae  (tis-l-pen-se-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [Nli.,  < 
Acipviisrr  +  -iuw.l  A  subfamily  of  Acipenscrl- 
dw,  tyjiified  by  the  genus  Acipenser.  By  oMer 
ichthyologists  it  was  made  coequal  with  the  family. 
Lately  it  has  been  restricted  to  AcipenseridiB  with  spira- 
cles, subconic  snout,  and  thick  tail,  and  thus  made  to  in- 
clude only  the  true  sturgeons. 

acipenserine  (as-i-pen'se-rin(,  n.    One  of  the 

AcipcnscriiKi: 
acipenseroid  (as-i-pen'se-roid),  (I.  and  ii.     I.  a. 

Having  tlio  characters  o'i  the  Acijiensirida: 
II.  «.  A  fish  of  the  family  Acipensvridce;  an 

acipensoi'id. 
Acipenseroidse  (as-i-pen-se-roi'de),  n.pl.  [NL.] 

Same  as  Acipcnseridce. 
Acipenseroidei  (as-i-pen-se-roi'de-i),  H.  pi. 

[<  Acipenser  +  -oid-ei.'\    A  name  used  by  some 

ichthyologists  as  a  subordinal  name  in  place 

of  Chondrostei. 
aciurgyt  (as'i-er-ji),  «.     [<  Gr.  (imr,  a  point,  + 

-ovpyia  (K-o-spyia),  in  comp.,  working,  <  kpyt:iv=z 

E.  work :  see  demiurgy  and  surgery.']    Operative 

surgery. 
acker^t,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  acre  (Middle 

English  nker,  etc.). 
acker-  (ak'er),  n.     [E.  dial.  (Se.  aiker  in  sense 

2),  <ME.   aker,  flood-tide,  a  bore,  an   eager; 

prob.  a  var.  of  eager^,  q.  v.]    If.  Flood-tide;  a 

bore ;  an  eager. 

Akiir  Ivar.  aker]  of  the  see  flowyng,  impetits  vuin^. 

Prmnpt.  Paw. 

2.  A  ripple  or  fui'row  on  the  surface  of  water. 

[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
acketont,  «.     See  acton. 
ackman  (ak'man),  n. ;   pi.  acTcmen  (-men).     [< 

ack-,  of  unknown  origin,  -t-  man.']     A  sailors' 

name  for  a  fresh-water  thief,  or  one  who  steals 

on  navigable   rivers.     Also  called  ack-pirate. 

tSailurif'  Word-hook. 
acknowt  (ak-no'),  V.  t.     [<ME.  aknowen,  know, 

acknowledge,  <  AS.  oiicndwan,  perceive,  know, 

<  on-  for  and-  (=  Gr.  avri,  against,  back,  =  Goth. 

anda-),  +  cndwan,  know :  see  a-5  and  knoic]  To 

recognize ;  acknowledge ;  confess. 

You  will  not  be  acknown,  sir,  why,  'tis  wise  : 
Thus  do  all  gamesters  at  all  games  dissemble. 

B.  Jonaon,  Volpoue,  v.  6. 

acknowledge  (ak-nol'ej),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ac- 
knniticdiird,  ]ipr.  acknowledging.  [<  ME.  A:«ci«!- 
Icclicn,  kniHtlcclii n,  cnairlcrlun,  acknowledge,  < 
knowUchr,  knonlcclie,  cnawkche,  knowledge:  see 
knowledge.  The  prefix  ac-,  for  a-,  is  due  to  the 
frequent  ME.  verb  aktiowen:  see  acknow.]  1. 
To  admit  or  profess  a  knowledge  of ;  avow  to 
be  within  one's  knowledge  or  apprehension ; 
own  to  be  real  or  true ;  recognize  the  exist- 
ence, truth,  or  fact  of:  as,  to  acl-iioirli-iUjr  (Jod, 
or  the  existence  of  or  belief  in  a  God ;  to  dcknuir- 
ledge  the  rights  of  a  claimant. 

He  that  aeknowledgeth  the  Son  hath  the  Father  also. 

1  John  ii.  23. 

The  Romans  that  erected  a  temple  to  Fortune,  acknow- 
ledged therein,  though  in  a  blinder  way,  somewhat  of  di- 
vinity. Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  i.  18. 

The  influence  attributed  to  Cecrops  .  .  .  indicates  that 

Athens  was  acknowledged  as  the  head  of  this  confederacy. 

Thirlwalt,  Hist.  Greece,  xi. 

2_.  'To  express  or  manifest  perception  or  appre- 
ciation of;  give  evidence  of  recognizing  or 
realizing :  as,  to  acknowledge  an  acquaintance 
by  bowing;  to  acknowledge  a  favor  or  one's 
faults. 

I  acknowledged  my  sin  unto  thee.  ...  I  said,  I  will 
confess  my  transgressions.  Ps.  xxxii.  5. 

They  his  gifts  ackiwwledged  none. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  612. 

These  were  written  with  such  submissions  and  profos- 

.sions  of  his  patronage,  as  I  had  never  seen  any  more  ac- 

kiiowkilgmg.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  18, 1673. 

With  what  queenly  dignity  ...  did  the  great  Zenobia 

acknowledge  the  greetings  of  her  people  ! 

W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  87. 


49 

.So  great  a  soldier  as  the  old  French  Marshal  Montluc 
acknowledges  that  he  has  often  trembled  with  fear,  and 
recovered  courage  when  he  had  said  a  prayer  for  the  occa- 
sion. Emerson,  Courage. 

3.  To  own  the  genuineness  of ;  own  as  binding 
or  of  legal  force :  as,  to  acknowledge  a  deed. — 

4.  To  admit  or  certify  the  receipt  of ;  give  infor- 
mation of  the  arrival  of :  as,  to  acknowledge  a  let- 
tor  or  a  remittance To  acknowledge  a  deed  (or 

other  instrument),  in  lair,  to  avow  before  a  pinpi-r  ullircror 

courl  th:il has  cxcrutcd  it,  for  the  pnijtnsr  ,.l  lia\irig  a 

ccrtilirutr  tbi-icof  appended  which  will  qoahly  the  instru- 
ment to  l)e  adiiutted  in  evidence  or  to  record,  or  both, 
without  further  proof  of  genuineness.  As  often  used,  the 
word  implies  not  only  the  avowal  of  the  party,  but  also 
the  procuring  of  the  olhcial  certifieate.  Tims  a  deed  is  sairl 
to  have  been  acknowledged  when  it  actually  bears  the  cer- 
tificate. =  Sjm.  Arkimii-lcdgc,  Ailiiiil.  Ciiii/i's^,  Oini,  Acuii; 
gratit,  concede,  allow,  assent  to,  profess,  take  cognizance 
of.  To  acknowledge  is  to  state  one's  knowled^ic  of ;  it  may 
have  a  personal  object;  as,  he  ackntucU-rlgrt/  her  as  his 
wife  ;  as  applied  to  acts,  it  often  implies  confession  under 
extern.al  pressure.  Admit  has  a  similar  reference  to  so- 
licited or  forced  .assent :  as,  he  admitted  the  charge ;  he 
admitted  that  his  opponent  was  a  good  man.  Con.fcin 
implies  the  admission  of  that  which  is  not  creditable,  as 
wrong  conduct,  and  belongs  ratlier  to  specified  thing's  or 
particular  transactions.  He  ackvrnct^dged  the  author- 
ship of  the  book ;  he  admitted  the  trutli  cjf  the  pn.|„i-il  ion  ; 
he  confessed  that  he  was  guilty  of  the  tlieft.  ('unless  is 
the  strongest  of  these  words,  being  applied  to  actions  of 
more  moment  than  acknowledge,  ad^nit,  or  oivn.  To  own 
is  a  less  formal  act ;  there  is  a  tendency,  on  account  of  its 
brevity,  to  apply  the  word  to  anything  that  a  man  takes 
home  to  himself.  To  avow  is  a  bolder  act,  generally  per- 
formed in  spite  of  adverse  influences,  and  does  not  ne- 
cessarily imply  thiit  the  action  or  sentiment  avowed  is 
blameworthy.  To  acknowledge  an  error,  admit  a  fact,  con- 
fess a  fault,  own  one's  folly,  avoiv  a  belief 

You  must  not  only  acknowledge  to  God  that  you  are  a 

sinner,  but  must  particularly  enumerate  the  kinds  of  siii 

whereof  you  know  yourself  guilty.  Wake. 

I  admit,  however,  the  necessity  of  giving  a  bounty  to 

genius  and  learning.         Macaulay,  Speech  on  Copyright. 

Quotation  confesses  inferiority. 

Emerson,  Letters  and  Social  Aims. 
Owning  her  weakness  and  evil  behaviour. 

Hood,  Bridt^e  of  Sighs. 

The  tempest  of  passion  with  which  he  lllthelhi]  conunits 

his  crimes,  and  the  haughty  fearlessness  with  whicli  he 

avows  them,  give  an  extraordinary  interest  to  his  character. 

Macaulay,  MachiaveUi. 

ackncwledgement,  ».     See  acknoidedgment. 

acknowledger  (ak-nol'e-jer),  n.  One  who  ac- 
knowlcMl},'es. 

acknowledgment  (ak-nol'ej-ment),  n.  1.  An 
atbuissiou  or  profession  of  Imowledge  or  appre- 
hension ;  a  recognition  of  the  existence  or  truth 
of  anything:  as,  the  acknowledgment  of  a  sov- 
ereign power,  or  of  a  debt. 

Immediately  upon  the  acknowledgment  of  the  Christian 
faith,  the  eunuch  was  baptized  by  Philip.  Hooker. 

2.  An  expression  or  manifestation  of  percep- 
tion or  appreciation;  recognition,  avowal,  or 
confession:  as,  an  acknowledgment  ot  kindness 
or  of  one's  wrong-doing. 

With  this  acknowledgment , 
That  God  fought  for  us.        Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  8. 

3.  Something  given  or  done  in  retiu-n  for  a 
favor.  Smollett. — 4.  In  laio :  (a)  The  certificate 
of  a  public  officer  that  an  instrument  was 
acknowledged  before  him  by  the  person  who 
executed  it.  (b)  Tlie  act  of  so  acknowledging 
execution. — 5.  In  com.,  a  receipt. 

Also  spelled  acknowledgement. 
Acknowledgment  money,  in  England,  money  paid  ac- 
cording to  the  customs  of  some  manors  by  copyhold  ten- 
ants on  the  death  of  the  lord  of  the  manor.  =Syn.  1.  -Ad- 
mission, recognition,  acceptance,  indorsement,  thanks. 

ack-pirate  (ak'pi-rat),  n.  [<  ack-,  of  unkno'wn 
origin,  -i-  2>irate.]     Same  as  ackman. 

aclastic  (a-klas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/c/lacTOf,  un- 
broken (<  a-  priv.  +  Klaarog,  verbal  adj.  of 
K?^aciv,  break),  4-  -ic]  lanat.phUos.,  notrefi-act- 
ing:  applied  to  substances  which  do  not  refract 
the  rays  of  light  passing  through  them.  N.  E.  D. 

acleidian  (a-kli'di-an),  a.     See  aclidian. 

aclid  (ak'lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the  family 
Aclida: 

Aclidae;  Aclididse  (ak'li-de,  ak-lid'1-de),  re.  jil. 
[N'L.,  <Aclis  {Aclid-}  + -idee :  see  aclis,  2.]  A 
family  of  ptenoglossate  peetinibranchiate  gas- 
tropods typified  by  the  genus  Aclis,  with  a  much- 
curved  minute  odontophore,  densely  hh'snte, 
with  simple  micinate  teeth  and  a  rimate  tur- 
reted  shell.  Two  genera,  Aclis  and  HemiacUs, 
are  represented  by  four  species  in  Norway. 

aclide  (ak'lid),  n.  [<  L.  aclis  (aclid-),  also 
sppUcil  aclys  :  see  aclis.]     Same  as  aclis,  1. 

aclides,  «.     Plural  of  aclis. 

aclidian  (a-kli'di-an),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -t-  K'ki:i(: 
(K\ctS-),  a  key,  the'ela-vicle.]  In  zoiil.,  deficient 
in  or  characterized  by  the  absence  of  cla'vieles. 
Also  spelled  acleidian. 

aclinic  (a-klin'ik),  a.  [<Gr.  oKXivt/r,  not  bend- 
ing to  either  side,  <  o-  priv.  +  nAiveiv,  incline, 
lean,  =  E.   lean^.]      Ha'viug  no  inclination. — 


Acochlides 

Aclinic  line,  the  name  given  by  Professor  August  to  an 
irregular  curve  located  upon  the  surface  of  the  earth  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  equator,  where  tin-  magnetic  needle 
balances  itself  horizontally,  having  no  dip.  It  has  beeti 
also  termctl  the  magnetic  equator. 

aclis  (ak'lis),  ».;  pi.  «cHffc'«  (-li-dez).  [<L.acK.s, 
also  aelys,  a  small  javelin,  said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  Gr.  ayxv/liV,  a  hook,  barb,  taken  in  the 
sense  of  ciyKvXr/,  a  bend,  twist,  thong  of  a  jave- 
lin, the  javelin  itself,  fern,  of  ayKvXo^,  crooked, 
bent,  =  L.  angulus,  angle:  see  angle^.]  1.  In 
liom.  antiq.,  a  hea-vy  missile  weapon ;  an  aclide. 
—  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  The  representative  genus 
of  the  family  Aclidec  (which  see).    Lovin,  1846. 

aclys  (ak'lis),  n.    Same  as  aclis,  1. 

Acmaea  (ak-mo'a),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aniiaioc,  at  the 
height  or  prime,  in  full  bloom,  vigorous,  <aK/jf/, 
a  point,  the  highest  point:  see  acme]  A  genus 
of  limpets,  of  the  family  ratellidcc,  or  giving 
name  to  a  family  Acmwidce.  A.  testudinalis  is  the 
common  limpet  of  the  northern  coast  of  the  United  States, 
of  large  size  ami  variegated  color,  being  usually  mottled 
with  brown,  green,  and  white.     Eschscholtz,  1833. 

acmaeid  (ak-me'id),  n.  A  limpet  of  the  family 
Acnurida;;  a  false  limpet. 

Acmseidae  (ak-me'i-de),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aemwa 
+  -idw.]  A  family  of  false  or  single-gilled 
limpets,  or  zygobranchiato  gastropods  having 
a  single  cervical  gill.  Leading  genera  are  ..4c- 
m((a,  Loltia,  and  Scurria.  - 

Acmseodera  (ak-mf-od'e-rii),  n.  [;NL.,  <  Gr. 
iiKfiaioc,  at  the  height  or  prime,  in  full  bloom, 
vigorous  (<.aKfir/,  a  point:  see  acme),  +  (?)  Sspor 
skin;  allusion  not  clear.]  A  genus  of  buprestid 
beetles  related  to  Agrilus,  but  less  elongate 
and  with  an  indistinct  scutellum.  a.  culta,  a  com- 
mon species  of  eastern  North  America,  is  \  of  au  inch  long, 
black,  with  yellow  spots  on  the  elytra. 

acme  (ak'me),  n.  [<  Gr.  oKfifi,  edge,  point,  tho 
highest  point,  the  prime,  crisis ;  akin  to  Imii, 
point,  d/c/f,  point,  L.  acus,  needle,  acer,  sharp, 
etc.:  see  acid.]  1.  The  top  or  highest  point ; 
the  furthest  point  attained ;  the  utmost  reach. 

For  beauty's  acme  hath  a  term  as  bi'ief 

As  the  wave's  poise  before  it  break  in  pearls. 

Loivelt,  Cathedral. 

The  independence  of  the  individual,  the  power  to  stand 

alone  as  regards  men  and  the  gods,  is  the  acme  of  stoical 

attainment.      G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  178. 

2.  The  maturity  or  perfection  of  an  animal. — 

3.  In  med. :  {a)  The  height  or  crisis  of  a  disease, 
(i)  Another,  and  probably  the  correct,  form 
of  acne. — 4.  [cajh]  In  zool.,  a  genus  of  land- 
shells.     Hartmann,  1821. 

acmite,  akmite  (ak'mit),  n.  [<  Gr.  ax/";,  a 
point,  -t-  -He".]  A  mineral  of  a  brownish-black 
or  reddish-brown  color,  isomorphous  with  au- 
gite,  consisting  of  bisilicate  of  iron,  sesquioxid 
of  iron,  soda,  and  alumina:  so  called  from  the 
form  of  its  crystals.  It  is  found  in  Norway,  and 
also  in  Transylvania.  Also  spelled  achynite. 
acne  (ak'ne),  re.  [NL.,  prob.  orig.  a  misprint 
(being  a  book-word)  for  acme,  <  Gr.  qku?/,  a 
point:  see  acme.]  An  eruption  occurring  most 
frequently  on  the  face,  and  on  the  shoulders 
and  chest,  about  the  period  of  puberty,  it  is  a 
follicular  or  perifollicular  inflammation  of  the  sebaceous 
glands,  resulting  in  the  formation  of  comedo-bearing  pap- 
ules, which  often  pass  into  pustules.  The  so-called  acne 
rosacea  is  a  hyperemia  of  the  face  combined  with  more  or 
less  acne. 
acnestis  (ak-nes'tis),  n. ;  pi.  acnestides  (-ti-dez). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  oKVTiBTic,  the  spine  or  backbone  of 
quadrupeds,  <  a-  priv.  +  kvtiotoc,  scratched,  < 
Kvaeiv,  scratch,  scrape.]  That  part  of  the  spine 
in  quadrupeds  which  extends  from  between  the 
shoulder-blades  to  the  loins,  and  which  the  ani- 
mal cannot  reach  to  scratch. 
acnodal  (ak-no'dal),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an 
acnode.     Salmon. 

[IiTeg.  <  L.  acus,  a  needle, 
In  math.,  a  double  point 
belonging  to  a  curve,  but 
separated  from  other  real 
points  of  the  curve. 
Acocephalus  (ak-o-sef'a- 
lus),  «.      [NL.,  <  L.  aciis, 
needle, -l-Gr.  /ic^aA?/, head.] 
A  genus  of  homopterous 
hemipterous     insects,    of 
the  family  .JassidcB  or  Tet- 
tigonidce,   ha^Tng  a  boat- 
shaped  form,  a  coarse  sttr- 
Acnodai  Cubic.  .-!,  acnode.   facc,  shovel-shapsd  Vertex 
with  a  thick,  smooth  mar- 
gin, and  thick  ■wing-covers  with  strong  veins. 
.1.  nervosns  is  a  pale-yellowish  species,  \  of  .an  inch  long, 
freckled  with  brown,  and  with  angular  whitish  lines,  in- 
batiiting  Europe  and  North  America. 
Acochlides   (a-kok'li-dez),  re.  pi.     [NL.   (P. 
acochlides),  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -I-  Kox^ii  (kox^i^-),  dim. 


acnode  (ak'nod),  n. 
-t-  nodus,  a  node.] 


AcocUldes 

of  K<5^>o<:,  a  shell-fish  with  a  spiral  shell,  the 
shell  itself;  akin  to  /cojot,  a  shell:  see  conch.} 
In  Latreille's  system  of  classification,  1825,  a 
family  of  acetabuliferous  cephalopods,  \vithout 
a  slieil.     It  included  most  of  the  octopods. 

acock  (a-kok'),  prep,  pin:  as  adv.  or  a.  l<a\ 
on.  +  foct2.]  In  a  cocked  manner:  as,  he  set 
his  hat  acocl: 

a-COCkbill  (a-kok'bil),  prep.  plir.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  a3,  on,  +  cock-  (condition  of  being  cocked  or 
turned  upward:  see  cocA-2)  +  bitP,  point  or  end : 
see  bilP,  5.]  Xaut.,  with  the  ends  pointing  up- 
ward. Applied  (a)  to  an  anchor  when  it  haugs  down  by 
its  ring  from  the  catheail,  and  (6)  to  the  yards  of  a  sliip 
when  they  are  tipped  up  at  an  angle  with  the  deck. 


50 

acoUe,  p.  a.    See  accoUe. 

acology  (a-kol'o-ji),  71.  [<  Gr.  dicof,  remedy,  + 
-'/Mjia,  <  '/.iyciv,  speak :  see  -oloijij.']  The  doctrine 
of  remedies,  smgical  and  medical. 

Acololthus  (ak-o-loi'thus),  n.  [NL.,  prop,  aco- 
hdlius,  <  Gr.  ctKd/.ovdoc,  a  follower:  see  acolyth, 
acolyte.'}  A  genus  of  moths  belonging  to  the 
famUy  Zijga'mda-,  founded  by  Clemens  in  1862. 

^*^    A 


Man.of-war  with  Yards  a-cockbill. 

It  was  now  the  close  of  Lent,  and  on  Good  Friday  she 
had  all  her  yards  a-cockbiil,  which  is  customary  ainont; 
Catholic  vessels.  It.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  147. 
acocotl  (ak'o-kot-1),  n.  fMex.]  A  musical  iu- 
strumcnt  usedby  the  aborigines  in  Mexico:  now 
usually  called  clarin.  it  consists  of  a  thin  tube  from 
fc  to  10  feet  in  len^fth,  made  of  the  drj'  stalk  of  a  plant  of 
the  same  name.  The  performer  inhales  the  air  througll  it. 
fy.  K.  Hanrllmok,  Mils.  Inst.,  p.  69. 

AccBla  (a-se'liU,  «. /</.  [XL.:  see  acccloiis.}  An 
order  of  worms  destitute  of  an  alimentary 
canal.  The  group  consists  of  the  family  Convolutida, 
which  is  usually  placed  in  the  order  Turbellaria. 

Acoelpmata  (as-e-lom'a-ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
"-  priv.  +  Koi'/M/ia,  a  hollow:  sec  caloma.']  A 
division  of  Protocalomata,  or  sponges,  contain- 
ing the  A.Kones:  so  called  in  allusion  to  its 
pores  and  the  absence  of  ccelomata. 

acoelomate  (a-se'lo-mat),  a.  Same  as  acalom- 
ntoKs. 

accelomatOUS  (as-e-lom'a-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  o-  priv. 
+  Kw'/uiui,  a  hollow:  see  a-'S^  caloma,  and 
culomiilDus.}  1.  In  :ool.,  having  no  body-ca\nty 
or  perivisceral  space ;  not  ecelomatous. 

Although  these  actxtvmatoug  worms  have  no  body-cavity, 
no  blood,  no  vascular  system,  they"  always  have  a  kidney 
system.  Uatckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  404. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Actelonti ;  cestoid. 
K'juivalent  forms  are  acoelomate,  accelomoKx. 

Accelomi  (as-e-16'mi),  ti.pl.  [NL..<6r.  (j-priv. 
+  Kiii'/Muit,  a  cavity.]  Those  worms  which  have 
no  proper  body-cavity  and  no  intestinal  ca\ity, 
and  which  are  also  devoid  of  a  blood-vascular 
system ;  the  cestoids  or  flat-worms,  siicli  as  tajio- 
worms.  See  cuts  under  Ccstoidea  and  Tania. 
Tile  name  is  nearly  synoiiyinous  with  I'lat/ivlmiitthci,  but 
compreheiidii  not  only  the  actual  or  existing  pliilheliiiintliB, 
In  a  Zijologlcal  sense,  but  also  the  hypothetical  primitive 
Worms,  Arrhftminlhyn,  supposed  to  have  Jiosses-Si'd  tin' 
same  or  n  similar  type  of  structure,  In  llaeckel's  cbisHill- 
cation  the  Arii-liimi  f<irm  one  of  the  cliuises  or  main  divi- 
ti'-iiH  of  tin;  animal  kingdrim.    .Sec  Cti'tomi. 

accelomous  (u-se'lo-raus),  a.    Same  as  acwlom- 

Ittnus. 

acoelons  fa-so'lusj.a.  [<NL. «co7H.'i,< Gr. uKoi^Mc, 
nut  linl|inv,<«-jiriv.  +  ho'i'/mt,  hollow.]  In  zoiil., 
hrtviiiK  no  intestinal  cavity;  ftnentcroiis. 

Acoemeti,  Accemetae  (a-scin'o-ti,  -to),  n.  pi. 

[lil,.,  <  dr.  iiKoiiir/Toi,  muse,  iihol/ir/Tai,  fcin.,  pi. 
<){  iiKnifir/rnr,  -rii,  sleepless,  <  a-  priv.  +  K<ii/i(iv, 
brinx  to  sleep:  hcc^  cemeterij.']  An  order  of 
monks  and  riiiMs  in  (,'on.slanliiiople  under  tlie 
Kiiston;  Ijni.ir.  ,  ,  nmiied  bccauHc  tlioy  divided 
into  relays  for  keeping  up 
l-i  the  Hixth  century  the  monks 
'  tlir  order  became  cxthf  I. 
<  uxl'.i  till  the  i'on<|ii'''i  "I 
ill    (he   llfteehlh  ceiiluii 


tl.i 
I" 


acolet, ' 
acolcb 

or,,'- 

coil- 
Til. 

colli'    I 

due  to  I  ' 
18  akin  I' 
Poor  Toni 


■   Kri! 

1 1 ;.  (I 


•lifli  form  of  nccKi/. 
,ld,  arnUd  (<  AH. 


I,   pp.   of  nf«/rn,  <  AH. 
'■old,  <  il-  +  riilian,  bo- 
ron], cold  :   Hi'i'  cool, 
■il,  would  rcguliirly  be- 
11...  1,1  i-Mcnt'i  sound  is 
AS.  rinl'l,  whic'li 
Utiicolil.]    Cold. 
ahaJi..  lA!»r,  III.  4. 


J»^C 


a  b 

Acoioitltus  americanus. 

a,  lar^'3 ;  b,  pupa  ',  c.  cocoon  ;  d,  moth ;  e,  moth  with  outstretched 

wings. 

They  are  small  and  delicate  and  of  somber  colors.  The 
larvie  are  somewhat  hairy  and  feed  gregariously,  undergo- 
ing transformation  in  some  crevice,  withiji  tough  oval  co- 
coons. They  have  a  habit  of  following  one  another  in 
"  Indian  tile."  A.  americanus  (now  placed  in  Barrisina) 
destroys  grape-leaves. 

acolouthitet,  «■  [<  Gr.  aK6?.oveo^,  acolyth,  + 
-itc-  :  see  (icoli/tc.']     Same  as  acolyte. 

acolyctin  (ak-o-lik'tin),  n.  [<NL.  Aco(nitum) 
lyc{oc)t(o)uim),  the  plant  from  which  it  is  de- 
rived (see  Acnnitutn),  +  -in".]  An  alkaloid  de- 
rived from  Aconitum  lycoctonum,  and  identical 
with  napellin. 

acolyte  (ak'o-Ut),  n.  [<  ME.  acolit,  acolyt,  <  OF. 
acotiite=iSij'.  acolito  =  Pg.  acohito  =  It.  accolito, 
<  ML.  ac(>l)jtiix,acolitus,  acoh/lhiis  (>E.  acolyth), 
acolutiis,  prop.  acoliithKS,  an  acolyte,  <  Gr.  aK6- 
?.ovdo(,  a  follower,  an  attendant,  <  li-  copulative 
-1-  Ke?,n>8oc,  a  way,  a  journey,  from  the  same  root 
as  KcTieadai,  set  in  motion,  urge  on,  and  Kc'Aeveiv, 
command.]  1.  One  who  waits  on  a  person; 
an  attendant ;  an  assistant. 

With  such  chiefs,  and  with  James  and  John  as  acolytes. 

Motlei/. 

2.  In  the  Hom.  Cath.  Ch.,  one  ordained  to  the 
fourth  and  highest  of  the  minor  orders,  ranking 
immediately  below  the  subdeaeon.  See  orders. 
His  office  is  to  serve  those  of  the  superior  ordei-s  in  the 
ministry  of  the  altar,  light  the  candles,  prepare  tlie  wine 
and  water,  etc.  The  name  is  now  commonly  extended  to 
the  boys  who  exercise  these  offices  without  ordination. 

3.  In  astron.,  an  attendant  or  aecompanj-ing 
star  or  other  heavenly  body ;  a  satellite. 

lint  she  (the  niooiil  is  the  earths  nearest  neighbor,  and 
therefore  eouspieuous  ;  her  constant  acol;/te,  wliose  obse- 
quious and  rajiid  motions  demand  and  compel  attention. 
AVic  Pniu-etoH  liev.,  I.  47. 

Sometimes  wTitton  acoUith,  and  formerly  also 
acholithilc,  acoli/lhc,  acolyihist,  acolothist. 

acoljrth,  acolythe  (ak'o-lith,  -nth),  «.  [<  ML. 
acolytltiia,  for  (iculiilhua,  the  correct  form  of 
iicdh/liis:  see  «(•()////(■.]     See  acolyte. 

acolythate  (a-kor'i-tliat),  «.  [<  acolyth  +  -aii-K] 
Tlio  slate,  oltii-i.,  or  orders  of  an  acolyte. 

acolythical  dtk-o-lilli'i-kul),  a.  [<  'acolylhic  + 
-«/.  I     Itoloiiging  fir  pertaining  to  an  acolyte. 

acolythistt  (a-kori-thist),  «.     Same  as  acolyte. 

acozubert,  r.  t.    See  accumber. 

Acomys  (ak'o-mis),  »l.  JNL.,  <  Gr.  d«/,  a-iharji 
[loiiit  (or  L.  aciis,  a  needle)  -t-//ri  =  E.  moii.tc.\ 
A  genus  of  rodints,  of  tlie  family  .Miirida-  and 
subfamily  .Miiriiur,  having  sharp  llattened 
spines  in  the  fur.  The  sUuU  and  lectli  are  as 
in  the  geinis  Mus. 

acon(a'kon),  ».  [<(?)<■!'• '""''■"■•  ml'"''-]  About 
used  for  traveling  over  mud-beds.    See  extract. 

Walton  also  ilivi'iiteil  the  poiiHse-pled  or  artttt,  a  kind  of 
boat  vvjiicll  is  still  in  use.  Tlie  tfini  is  compoHeil  of  a 
plank  of  hard  wood,  which  coustltiltcs  the  bott^im.  and  Is 
culled  the  sole.  This  plank  Is  bent  In  the  fore  liart  In  Hiich 
a  manner  as  to  form  a  sort  of  prow.  Three  light  planks, 
which  are  nailed  toKether  at  the  sides  and  back,  complete 
this  simple  bout.  E.  1:  Wri;ihl,  Alilm.  I.llc,  p.  tif-S. 

acondylpus,  acondylose  (a-kon'di-luK,  -los),  «. 

|<  (ir.  (JLiIi'iir/oc,  willioul  knuckles  or  joints, 
' '-  priv.  +  (loriir/o;,  n  Unnckle,  a  joint :  hci'<(-18^ 
eniiibdr,  and  -ou.i,  -use.']     in  hot.,  jointleHH. 

acouella  (ak-o-ntd'ji),  «.  (NIj.,  <f»(r(i«(ifKHO  + 
dim.  -itla.}  In  chini.,  an  organic  ImHc  olitaini'd 
from  Iho  root  of  Aconitum  .\ajiiltiis,  closely  ri>- 
w  iiililiiig  if  not  identii'al  with  narcolin. 

aconoUin  (ak-o-nerin),  ».  [<iiconrll(i  + -in'.\ 
SnriM'  as  tirottrlla, 

aconln,  aconlne  (ak'o-nin),  ».  [<nc«w((f««i)  + 
■iii'^.]  .\n  orgniiic  linne  dorived  from  uconitin, 
and  prolmbly  idouticul  willi  mipellin. 


acontium 

aconitate  (a-kon'i-tat),  H.  l<  aconite  + -ate'i.} 
A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  aeonitie  acid 
with  a  base. 

aconite  (ak'o-nit),  ?i.  [  =  F.  ofOHf?  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  aconito,  <  L.  aconitum  :  see  Aconitum.]  The 
plant  wolf 's-bane  or  mouk's-hood,  Aconitum  Xa- 
pellus.  It  is  used  in  medicine,  especially  in  cases  of 
fever  ami  neuralgia.  See  Aconitum.  yepAl  aconite  con- 
sists of  the  roots  of  .4 .  fcrox  and  probably  other  species  indi- 
genous ill  the  Himalayas  :  it  is  also  called  I)ikh,  hisli,  and^i^A-. 
Winter  acijitit'  is  araiiunculaceous  plant,  Kraiitlii.s  hiema- 
li^-.  a  native  of  Italy,  and  one  of  the  earliest  siiring  llowers. 

aconitia  (ak-o-nish'ia),  n.  [NL., <  L.  acotiitum.'] 
Same  as  (iconitin. 

aconitic  (ak-o-nit'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
aconite — Aconitic  acid,  CgHsOb,  a  tribasic  acid  found 
combined  with  lime  in  some  species  of  the  genus  --Iconi- 
tutit,  and  in  a  few  other  plants.  It  is  also  obtained  by  the 
dry  distillation  of  citric  acid.  Also  called  cquisetic  acid. 
See  acliill.'ic  acid,  under  achilleic. 

aconitin,  aconitine  (a-kon'i-tin), )(.  l<aconite 
+  -ill-.]  A  highly  poisonous  narcotic  alkaloid, 
C3(jH47N07,  obtained  from  the  roots  and  leaves 
of  several  species  of  Aconitum.  it  forms  white 
powdery  grains,  or  a  compact,  vitreous,  transparent  mass ; 
is  bitter,  acrid,  and  very  soluble  in  alcohol.  It  is  an  im- 
portant  remedy  in  neiu'algia.  especially  of  the  fifth  cranial 
nerve.  Also  called  aconitia  and  acmtitina. 
Aconitum  (ak-o-m'tum),  n.  [L.  aconitum,  a 
poisonous  ijlaut,  mouk's-hood,  wolf's-bane,  < 
Gr.  iiK6vi-rm>,  also 
aKdmroc,  a  poi- 
sonous plant,  of 
uncertain  etnn. ; 
said  by  Plmy  to 
be  so  called  be- 
cause it  gi-ew  fi' 
ciKdnaii,  on  shariJ, 
steep  rocks  (Gr. 
oKovi/,  a  whet- 
stone, <  v^  *ak,  be 
sharp,  pierce). 
This  is  improba- 
ble. The  ftnm  is 
the  same  as  the 
neut.  of  Gr.  aKAvi- 
T0(,  without  dust, 
<  d-  priv.  +  kAvic, 
dust,  but  there 
seems  to  be  no 
connection  be- 
tween the  tv'o 
words.]  A  ge- 
nus of  poisonous 
herbs,  natural  or- 
der llanuncula- 
cca;  including  20 
species,  natives  of  the  mountains  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere.  They  have  very  irregular,  showy 
tlowei's,  and  are  often  fouiul  in  cultivation,  as  the  common 
monk's-hood  (.1.  NajicUus)  and  wolf's-bane  {A.  htcucto. 
nnm).  The  roots  and  leaves,  chielly  of  .4.  A'fl/'('//t/*',  are 
used  iiu-dicinally.  .See  act^niti'jl.  The  bikh  of  Ncpftl,  usetl 
in  poisniiiiig  arrows  and  also  as  a  source  of  aconitin,  is 
derived  mainly  from  A.  /erox. 
acontia,  «.  Plural  of  acontium. 
Acontias  (a-kon'ti-as),  ».  [L.,  <  Gr.  iimvria^,  a 
iHiick-ilarting  serjient,  a  meteor,  ianuv,  a  jave- 
lin, dart,  <  UK!/,  a  point.]  The  leading  genus 
of  the  family  Aeontiidtv  (which  see). 
acontiid  (a-lion'ti-id),  11.  A  lizard  of  the  family 
Ai'diitiidd: 

Acontiidae,  Acontiadae  (ak-nn-ti'i-de,  -a-de),  n. 
jil.  lNlj.,<  Ai-iiiili<i.t  +  -idir,  or-ada:]  A  family 
of  saurian  or  lacerlilian  reptiles  of  the  scincoid 
group,  related  to  the  .inijuido;  the  family  to 
whieli  the  well-luiowu  slow-worm  of  I'.urope 
belongs.  They  arc  weak,  timid,  mid  perfectly  harmless 
li/.ard.s,  resembling  snakes  in  coiise<|iieiiec  of  the  apparent 
absence  of  limbs.  .Ichh^i'ilv  is  the  leading  genus,  giving 
inline  to  the  family  ;  there  are  numerous  species,  inhabit- 
ing cliiilly  the  warmer  or  dryer  parts  of  the  old  world. 
.l.-Mii/or,.  iiii'tcaiiriji  is  sometimes  called  the  ilart-snake, 
fri'iii  ils  iiiaiiiicr  of  darting  iipiui  its  prey. 

acontium  (a-kon'shium),  n. ;  ]i\.  acimtia  (-shiji). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  iiKivTiov,  a  small'  dart,  dim.  of  tUuv 


Aconite  [A.  Nafclltts). 
,  flower ;  i>,  same,  calyx  removed. 


I'ilEurc  with  Acontium.    (From  "  Rcvuc  ArchlioIontqMC.") 

(/iMirr-),  a  javelin.]  1.  In  (!r.  iiiilii/.:  (it)  A 
diirt  iM' javelin  smaller  ninl  liglilor  flian  the 
long  Hpeiir,  ninl  Ihrowti  by  nioiins  of  a  Diong  or 
nmi'iiliiiii.  Hence— (/))  I'lio  gaiiii'  of  liurling 
llie  JMvelin,  one  of  the  live  i  xerciKes  of  llic  t'li- 
inous  pciiliillilon  (whiidi  hit)  at  llio  <  >lynipinii, 


acontium 

Isthmian,  and  other  games.— 2.   pi.   In  zool., 
convoluteil  cords  formed  in  the  Actinia  and 
furnislied  witli  thread-cells.     Pascoe. 
acopt  (H-kop'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<a3,  on,  + 
cojjl,  top.]     At  the  top. 

She  wearea  a  liooil,  but  it  stands  acop. 

B.  Jonmn,  Alchemist,  ii.  i\. 

Acopa  (ii-ko'pii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <Gi-.  a-  priv.  + 
Kumi,  ii  handle,  the  handle  of  an  oar,  an  oar.] 

1.  A  prime  division  of  the  Tuvicala  or  Axcidia, 
in  which  the  aseidians  proper  are  distinguished 
collectively  from  the  Copelata  or' Appcndicida- 
ria.  See  extract.  Compare  cuts  under  Ascidia 
and  Appendicularia. 

These  two  cl:isses  were  formerly  separated  according  to 
whether  they  had  or  had  not  a  propelling  tail,  as  the 
names  of  the  chisses  showed.  I  have  retained  the  nomeii- 
clature  without  giving  an  importance  to  this  character 
which  does  not  belong  to  it;  the  larvjc  of  many  Acopa 
have  the  dire(;tive  organ.  A  much  greater  difference  be- 
tween the  two  divisions  is  to  be  found  in  the  characters 
of  their  spiracles.  In  the  Copelata  these  open  on  to  the 
exterior.  In  the  Acopa  they  open  into  a  cavity,  which  is 
formed  from  a  part  of  the  rudimentary  spiracle  of  the 
Copelata.  Gcgcnhaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  3S9. 

2.  \_si)ig."\  A  genus  of^lepidopterous  insects. 
acopic  (a-kop'ik),  a.     [<Gr.  am-o^,   removing 

weariness,  <  a-  priv.  +  Ko?Tof,  weariness,  toil, 
orig.  a  striking,  <  k6tt-t-civ,  strike.]     In  nicd., 

'  fitted  to  relieve  weariness ;  restorative.  Btc- 
chanaii,  Diet.  Sei. 

acor  (a'kor),  n.  [L.,  a  soiu-  taste,  <  acere,  be 
sour:  see  acid.']     Acidity,  as  of  the  stomach. 

acorn  (a'korn,  often  a'kern),  h.  [Early  mod.  E. 
acorn,  akorn,  eykorn,  acron,  acquorn,  akecoriw, 
oakcrn,  okecorn,  okehorne,  eto.,<  late  ME.  acorn, 
akorn,  accorne,  acorun,  ocorn,  occorn,  okecorne, 
(tckerne,  akern,  hakern,  assibilated«c7(or«f,  «f7t- 
arne,  atcherne,  etc.  The  reg.  mod.  form  would 
be  "akern,  in  ME.  akern  (assibilateda<("7)er«e,  im- 
prop.  aspirated  lutlcern),  the  other  forms  being 
due  to  the  erroneous  notion  that  the  word  is  a 
derivative  of  oak,  or  a  compound  of  oak  (ME. 
ook,  ok,  oc,  earlier  ac,  <  AS.  dc)  and  corn  (ME. 
and  AS.  corn),  or  horn  (ME.  and  AS.  horn).  A 
similar  en-or  has  affected  the  spelling  of  the 
word  in  other  languages.  ME.  {ikern,  <  AS. 
cecern,  wcirn,  an  acorn,  orig.  any  fruit  of  the 
field,  being  prop,  an  adj.  formed  (like  .iilvern 
from  silver)  <  (ecer,  a  field,  acre  (see  acre),  + 
-n  (see  -cn~) ;  =  D.  aker,  an  acorn,  <  akker,  a 
field  (but  now  usually  eikcl,  an  acorn,  <  cik,  an 
oak) ;  =  LG.  ckker,  an  acorn,  <  akker,  a  field 
(also  ek,  anacorn,<<!te,  an  oak) ;  =G.  ecker  (after 
LG.),  an  acorn,  <  acker,  a  field  (also  eichel,  an 
aconi,  <  eiche,  an  oak) ;  =  Icel.  akarn,  an  acorn, 
<  akr,  a  field  (not  from  eik,  an  oak) ;  =  Norw. 
aakorn  (also  aakonn,  aakodn,  and  akall),  <  anker, 
a  field  (not  from  eik,  an  oak)  ;  cf .  Sw.  ckoUoii,  an 
acorn,  <  cA',  oak,  +  oUon,  an  acorn ;  =  Dan.  apcrn, 
an  aeorn,  <  ager,  a  field  (not  fi-om  cf/,  an  oak) ; 
=  Goth.  akran,  fruit  in  general,  <.akr.i,  a  field. 
Thus  acorn  has  nothing  to  do  with  either  oak  or 
corn.']  1.  The  fruit  of  the  oak;  a  one-celled, 
one-seeded,  coriaceous,  rounded  or  elongated 
nut,  the  base  of  which  is  suiTOimded  by  an  In- 
diu-ated  scaly  cup.  Acorns  have  been  used  for  food, 
aud  are  still  eaten  in  various  countries.  The  sweet  acorn 
is  the  fruit  of  the  Quercus  Ballota  of  northwestern  Africa, 
and  is  quite  palatable,  as  are  also  several  American  species. 
All  are  excellent  food  for  swine. 

Thei  weren  wont  lyghtly  to  slaken  hir  hunger  at  euene 
with  aciiriti-ri  of  okes.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  ii.  meter  5. 

Besides  the  gall  which  is  his  proper  fruite,  hee  shootes 
out  oakiTHK,  i.  e.,  ut  nunc  vocamus  acornes,  and  oakes  ap- 
ples aud  polypody  and  moss. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Works,  I.  203  (ed.  Bohn). 

2.  Naut.,  a  small  ornamental  piece  of  wood,  of 
a  conical  or  globular  shape,  sometimes  fixed 
on  the  point  of  the  spindle  above  the  vane,  on 
a  masthead,  to  keep  the  vane  from  being 
blown  off. —  3.  -Any  similar  ornamental  tip. — 
4.  Same  as  acorn-shell,  2. 


Acorn-moth  {HoUacera  slanduUtta,  Riley). 
a,  larv.^  within  acom ;  b,  acorn  infestej  with  the  larva :  c,  head 
aod  thoracic  segment-s  of  larva  ;  rf,  one  of  the  abdominal  segmentsof 
larva,  lateral  view  :  c.  one  of  the  abdominal  segmentsof  larva,  dorsal 
view ;  /,  moth  !  the  cros.s  shows  natural  size ) :  g,  basal  joint  of  antenna 
In  the  male  moth. 


51 

acorn-cup  (a'k6ni-kup),  ».  The  hardened  in- 
volucre  covering  the  base  of  an  aeorn.    The 

acorn-cups  of  the  Quercux  ^■E<i'dopv,  under  the  name  va- 
Ionia,  have  become  an  important  article  of  commerce, 
l.'ii'gc  ijiiiititities  being  used  in  tanning.    See  vatanitt. 

acorned  (a'kornd),  a.     1.  Fiu'nished  or  loaded 
with  acorns.     Specitlcally,  in  her.,  said  of  an  oak  repre- 
sented on  a  coat  of  aruLS  as  loaded  with  acorns. 
2.  Fed  with  acorns.     iHhak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  5. 

acorn-moth  (a'kiJrn-inoth),  n.  A  guest-moth, 
di_-scriljc(l  as  Ilokoccra  yliindidella,  but  subse- 
quently referred  to  the  genus  lilastohasis,  be- 
longinjj  to  the  Tineidce.  Its  color  is  ash-gray,  with 
two  distniet  spots  near  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings  and 
a  transverse  pale  stripe  across  the  b.asal  third.  Its  larva  is 
grayish-white,  with  a  liglit-brown  head  and  cervical  and 
cauilal  shields,  and  is  commonly  met  with  in  m.xst,  feed- 
ing cliii-fly  on  those  acorns  that  have  been  occupied  by 
till-  aLoiii-weevil.    See  cut  in  pieceding  c<dumn. « 

acorn-oil  (a'k6m-oil),  n.  A  volatile  oil,  of  but- 
tery consistence  and  ptmgent  odor,  obtained 
from  the  acorns  of  Quercus  robur. 

acorn-shell  (a'kona-shel),  n.  1.  The  shell  of 
the  acorii.  -2.  One  of  the  eimpeds  of  the 
gcausJ!alanu.s;  abarnacle:  called  by  this  name 
from  a  supposed  resemblance  of  some  of  the 
species  to  acorns.    See  Bakinm  and  Cirripcdia. 

acorn-weevil  (a'k6rn-we"vl),  n.  The  popular 
name  I'lir  certain  species  of  tlie  curculionid  ge- 
nus Balaniniis,  as  B.  xmiformis  (Le  Conte),  B. 
rectus  (Say),  and  B.  quercus  (Horn),  which  live 
in  the  larval  state  within  acorns.  The  females 
possess  extremely  long  and  slender  beaks,  by  means  of 
which  they  pierce  the  rind  of  the  acorn  and  push  an  egg 
into  the  interior.  The  larva  is  a  legless  grub  of  elongate 
curved  shape,  not  differing  essentially  from  other  curcu- 
lionid larva).  The  affected  acorn  drops  prematurely,  and 
the  full-grown  larva  eats  its  way  out  to  change  to  a  pupa 
in  the  ground.    .See  cut  under  Balaninus. 

acorn-worm  (a'korn-werm),  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  Balanoi/lossus,  the  type  and  sole  member 
of  the  order  Enteropneusta  :  so  called  from  the 
acorn-like  shape  of  the  anterior  end  of  its  body. 
See  Balanoglossus,  Enteropneusta. 

Acorus  (ak'o-rus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oKopog,  the 
sweet-flag.]  A  genus  of  aromatic  flag-like 
plants,  natm'al  order  Aracea;  of  two  species. 
A.  Calamus,  the  Calamus  aromaticus  of  druggists,  is  na- 
tive or  widely  naturalized  in  northern  temperate  regions, 
and  is  known  as  nweet-jiag  or  swcet-runh.    See  sweet-jlafj. 

acosmiat  (a-koz'mi-a),  )}.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oKoa/iia, 
disorder,  <  okog/ioi;,  without  order,  <  a-  priv.  + 
Koa/ioi:,  order:  see  cosmos.]  1.  IiTCgiilarity  in 
disease,  particularly  in  crises. —  2.  Ill  health, 
with  loss  of  color  in  the  face. 

acosmism  (a-koz'mizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  n-  priv.  + 
«d(T//or,  world,  + -/sm.  Ci.acosmia.]  The  denial 
of  the  existence  of  an  exteinal  world.  Dean 
Hansel. 

acosmist  (a-koz'mist),  n.  [As  acosm-ism  +  -ist.] 
One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  aeosmism. 

acosmistic  (ak-oz-mis'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  doctrine  of  acosmism. 

acotyledon  (a-kot-i-le'dgn),  n. ;  pi.  acotyledones, 
acoti/ledons  (-le'do-nez,  -donz).  [=  F.  acotijte- 
done,  <  NL.  acoiiihdo{n-)  (se. 
planta),  a  jjlant  without  seed- 
lobes,  <Gr.  a-  priv.  -f-  kotiA>/Suv, 
any  cup-shaped  cavity :  see  co- 
ti/ledon.]  A  plant  destitute  of 
a  cotyledonous  embryo.  The 
name  Acoi'ilcdoius  was  proposed  by  the 
younger  Jussieu  for  the  class  of  plants 
which  have  no  proper  seed  or  embryo, 
now  usually  and  more  properly  desig- 
nated as  ('iiii>t>"muna  ov  cryptofjams. 

acotyledonous  (a-kot-i-le'do- 
nus),  a.  Without  cotyledons, 
or  seed-lobes,  as  the  embryo  Germinating  spore 
otCuscuta;  more  usually,  with-  "/.-(jJ^JT.S.rr! 
out  embryo  (and  consequently  entstages.  Magnified, 
■vvithout  cotyledons),  as  crypto-  £n«  e'Snit /'r 
gams. 

acou-.  For  acu-,  in  words  from  Greek  oKoieiv, 
hear :  an  iiTegular  spelling  due  to  the  French 
spelling  of  acoustic,  the  first  of  these  words  in- 
troduced into  English.     See  acoustic. 

acouchl-resin  (a-ko'shi-rez"in),  n.  ^Acouchi 
(aliiiiclii,  aluchi,  etc.),  native  name  (in  F.  spell- 
ing) in  Guiana.]  The  inspissated  juice  of  Pro- 
tium  Aracoucidni  (Idea  heterophiilla),  of  Guiana, 
and  other  species  of  tropical  South  America. 
It  resemlilcs  the  elenii-resin  of  tlie  old  world,  and  is  appli- 
cable to  the  same  purposes.  Also  called  aloiichi-,  aliifid-, 
(IT  amriinchinl-rcsiti. 

acouchy  (a-ko'shi),  II.  [<F.  acouchi,  agouchi, 
said  fo  be  from  the  native  Guiana  name.]  An 
animal  belonging  to  the  genus  Dasyprocta, 
family  Dasypnietidcc,  of  the  hystricine  series  of 
the  order  liodcntia  ;  the  olive  agouti  or  Sm'inani 
rat,  Dasiiprocta  acouchy,  inhabiting  Guiana  and 
some  of  the  West  India  islands.  It  is  related 
to  the  cavics,  or  guinea-pig  family.    See  agouti 


and  Dasyproctidw. 
acuchi. 


acquaint 

Also  spelled  acouchi  and 


acoumeter  (a-ko'-  or  a-kou'me-t6r),  n.     [Also 

acouometcr,  irreg.  <  Gr.  a/(o«£(v,  hear,  + /Mrpov,  a 
measure.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
power  of  the  sense  of  hearing.  Also  called 
acousimetcr. 

acoumetry  (a-kii'-  or  a-kou'me-tri),  n.  [In'eg.  < 
Gr.  aiMvttv,  hear,  +  -/isTpia,  <  iihpov,  a  measure.] 
The  measuring  of  the  power  of  hearing. 

acousimeter  (a-ko-  or  a-kou-sim'e-ter),  n.  [< 
Gr.  oKovaKj,  a  hearing  (<  aKoveiv,  hear),  +  jierpov, 
a  mcasiu-e.]     Same  as  acoumeter. 

acousmatic  (a-kos-  or  a-kons-mat'ik),  a.  and  «. 
[<  Gr.  iiKovofiaTiKdc,  willing  to  hear  (oi  oKova/ia- 
TiKol,  the  probationers  of  Pythagoras),  <  ukovc- 
fia(r-),  a  thing  heard,  <  amvciv,  hear:  see  acous- 
tic] I.  a.  Hearing;  listening:  as,  acousmatic 
disciples. 

II.  ».  A  name  given  to  such  of  the  disciples 
of  the  Greek  philosopher  Pythagoras  as  had 
not  completed  their  years  of  probation;  hence, 
a  professed  hearer;  a  probationer. 
An  equivalent  form  is  acoustic. 

acoustic  (a-kijs'-  or  a-kous'tik),  a.  and  /(. 
[Formerly  acoustick,  acoustique,  <  F.  acoustique 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  acustico,  <  NL.  aeusticus,  <  Gr.  auov- 
ariKue,  relating  to  hearing,  <  aKovaroi,  heard,  au- 
dible, <  uKo'vav,  hear;  cf.  uKoij,  healing,  Kodv, 
perceive;  root  prob. */ioi;,  *kof,  *aKoF=\^.  carere, 
heed,  cautus,  heetlful  (see  caulio)i),  =  Goth.  ?(.«- 
skairjan,  take  heed,  =  AS.  scedu-iau,  look  at.  E. 
show,  q.  .V.  The  regular  E.  form  would  be  "acus- 
tic:  see  acou-.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  sense 
or  organs  of  hearing,  or  to  the  science  of  sound. 
—  2.  Same  as  acousmatic Acoustic  color,  the  tim- 
bre or  quality  of  a  musical  note.  See  ^(';/i^'/r.— ACOUStic 
duct,  in  anat.,  the  meatus  auditorius  externus,  or  external 
passage  of  the  ear.  See  auditory,  and  cut  iiiidetf  ((rl. — 
Acoustic  nerve,  the  auditory  nerve. —  Acoustic  spot, 
macula  acu.stica.  See  macula.—  XcOUZtlC  telegraph, 
an  cKctiic  -T  mechanical  apparatus  for  the  reprndiietion 
of  sounds  at  a  distance. —  Acoustic  tubercle  (translation 
of  tubcrculuni  acuaticum),  in  anat.,  a  rounded  elevation  on 
either  side  of  the  Hoor  of  the  fourth  ventricle  of  the  brain, 
over  whicli  certain  white  lines,  the  stiia;  acusticfe,  pass. — 
Acoustic  vessel,  acoustic  vase,  a  bell-shaped  vessel  of 
bioii/r  ui  jinttciy.  id"  ^^■llil.ll  a  number,  according  to  Vitni- 
viiis,  wci  e  built  in  beneath  the  seats,  or  plaeetl  in  chambers 
prepared  especially  to  receive  them,  in  the  auditoritmt  of 
ancient  theaters,  to  give  sonorousness  to  the  voices  of  the 
players.  No  such  vessels  have  been  recognized  among  the 
ruins  of  either  Greek  or  Koman  theaters ;  but  it  is  said  that 
similar  vjtses  were  introduced  'for  a  like  purpose  in  the 
vault  of  the  choir  of  the  medieval  church  of  the  Domini- 
cans at  Strasburg. 

II.    n.   If.  In  OTed.,  a  remedy  for  deafness  or 

imperfect  hearing. —  2.  Same  as  acousmatic. 

acoustical  (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'ti-kal),  a.     Of  or 

belonging  to  the  science  of  acoustics;  acoustic. 

The  acuteness  of  the  blind  in  drawing  conclusions  from 

slender  acoustical  premises.  Science,  VI.  195. 

acoustically    (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'ti-kal-i),  adv. 

in  relation  to  acoustics  or  hearing. 
acoustician  (a-kos-  or  a-kous-tish'an),  h.     One 
skilled  in  the  science  of  sound;  a  student  of 
acoustics. 

Tile  transverse  vibrations  .  .  .  were  the  only  ones  no- 
ticed by  the  earlier  acousticians. 

Wheicell,  Hist.  Inductive  Sciences,  \iii.  6. 

acoustics  (a-kos'-  or  a-kous'tiks),  )(.  [PI.  of 
acoustic  (see  -ics) ;  =  F.  acoustique  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
acustica.]  The  science  of  sound;  the  study  of 
the  cause,  nature,  and  phenomena  of  the  vibra- 
tions of  elastic  bodies  which  affect  the  organ 
of  hearing.  The  manner  in  which  sound  is  produced, 
its  transmission  through  air  aud  other  media  (sometimes 
called  dia4;oii.^tics),  the  theory  of  reflected  sounii,  or  echoes 
(sometimes  called  catacou.^tic^),  the  properties  and  effects 
of  different  sounds,  including  musical  sounds  or  notes,  and 
the  structure  and  action  of  the  organ  of  hearing,  are  .tU 
included  in  ac<mstics.     .See  sound. 

accxua  (ak'wii),  n.     [It.]     See  aqua. 

acCLUaint  (a-kwanf),  a.  [Se.  acejuaint,  acquent, 
<  ME.  aquente,  aqucynte,  aqwynt,  aquointe.  < 
OF.  aeoint,  later  accoint,  " acquainted  or  famil- 


acquaint 


52 


acquiry 


iar-svith;  also  neat,  compt,  fine,  spruce  in  ap- 
parel, or  otherwise"  (Cotgrave).  <  L.  accogmtu^s 
pp.  of  accognoscere,  know  or  recognize  perfect- 
Iv.  <  ad,  to.  +  cognosccre,  know,  <  co-,  com-,  to- 
gether, +  *gno-scere,  wo-swrf  =  E.  kimc:  see 
iiioir,  and  cognition,  cognise.    Cf.  quaint,  ^c- 

3Hai«ns  now  regarded  as  a  ebpped  form  of  flc-  ,,-,,-<.  i-   n  ,      rr, 

auainted  pp  ]     Acquainted;  personally  or  mu-  acquaintanceship  (a-kwan  tans-ship),  n.     The 
toallv  known  :  as,  we  are  not  acquaint.   [Scotch     state  of  having  acquaintance. 


Nor  was  hisocgimiiKancf  less  with  the  famous  poets  of  acquiescency  (ak-wi-es'en-si),  n.      [See  acqui- 


his  age,  thua  with  the  noblemen  and  ladies.  Drydeii 

The  honour  of  Sheridan's /anii7inri(i/  — or  supposed/a- 

midari'd/  — was  better  to  my  godfather  than  money. 

Lamb,  My  First  Play. 
Tlie  intimacv  between  the  father  of  Eugenio  and  Agres- 

tis  produced  a  tender  friendsliip  between  his  sister  and 

Amelia.  Ilau-kestvortit,  .\dventurer,  No.  64. 


and  north.  Eng.] 


When  we  were  fii'st  acquent. 

Burns,  John  Anderson. 

acquaint (a-kwant'),i-.  [<ME.  aqueinten,aque>jn. 
tin,  earlier  acointen,  akointen,  <  OF.  acointer, 
iicoiittier,  acouinter,  aeuintier,  acoenlicr,  aquin- 
ter.  later  accointer,  "to  make  acquainted;  .  .  . 
also  to  seek  or  affect  the  acquaintance  of; 
.  .  .  s'nccointer  de,  to  wax  acquainted,  grow 
familiar  ^rith,  or  to  get  or  desire  the  acquain- 
tance of"  (Cotgrave),  <  ML.  adcognitare,  make 


acquaintantt 

+  -«H?i,  after 


(a-kwan' 
OF.  acoin 


escc  aud  -cy^  The  state  of  beiug  acquiescent; 
a  condition  of  silent  submission  or  assent. 
acquiescent  (ak-wi-es'ent),  a.  [<  li.  acqiii- 
cscen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  acquiciccrc :  see  acquiesce.'i 
Disposed  to  acquiesce  or  yield;  submissive; 
easy;  uni-esisting. 

\  man  nearly  sixty,  of  acquiescent  temper,  miscellane- 
ous opinions,  and  uncertain  vote. 

George  Eliot.  Middlemareh,  I.  11. 

In  an  ac- 


1     an  ),   H.     [<  acquaint  acquiescently  (ak-wi-es'ent-U),  adr. 

■  ,     .       1  """i"!'  PP''-  °^  """,""''''     qn.>^^ent  manner, 

acquaint ;  prob.  developed  trom  aequa,ni<ince,  acauiescingly  (ak-wi-es'ing-li),  adv.     In  a 
with  whicn    in  sense  3,    the  pi.  acquaintnnis  ^^i^^^^^ein  "manner;  acquiescently. 
^"y'i':.'::i'UT'±d\r.ZZ^'f'°li  "■   '•.,  [<ML.   acqui, 


an  ac- 


person  with  whom  one  is  acquainted. 
quaintancc. 


See  ac- 


ietare. 
To  render  quiet; 


An  ac&tiaiiitaiit  and  a  friend  of  Edmund  Spenser. 

/.  Walton. 

He  and  his  readers  are  become  old  acquainlanls. 

SwiJ't,  Tale  of  a  Tub. 


acquiett   , 

quiet,  settle:   see  acquit.'] 
compose  ;  set  at  rest. 
Ac'iuiet  his  mind  from  stirring  you. 

Sir  A.  Shirley,  Tl-avels. 

acquirability  (a-kwii--a-bil'i-ti),  n.    The  quality 
of  being  aeiiuirable.     riilcy.     [Kare.] 


known,    <  L.  dccog,,itus,  vV^^of'acZgVwsc^^c    acquainted  (^-kwan'ted^   p.  ^^<  f  2'^;^' +  acquirable  (a-kwir'^-bl),_«:'    [< acquire  + -able. 
knoworrecognizeperfectly:see«05»«<«^r^]     :«^.^>f_•^^"jjy«^^^^^^^  


tanee;  informed;  having  personal  knowledge. 
Faulk.  flHiat,  is  he  much  acquainted  in  the  family? 
.■Ift.v.  O,  very  intimate.  5Aenrffl7i,  The  Rivals,  ii.  1. 

2t.  Known ;  familiarly  known  ;  not  new. 
Tliiniis  aenuainted  and  familiar  to  us. 

S/inA-.,  2Hen.  I>'.,  V.  2. 

acquaintedness   (a-kwan'ted-nes),    k.     The 
state  of  being  acquainted.     [Rare.] 
acqu^reur  (a-kii-rer'),  »'■     [F.,  an  acquirer,  <  ac- 
qut-rii;  acquii'e:   see  acquire.]    In  French  and 
Canadian  lair,  one  who  acquires  title,  particu- 
larly to  immovable  property,  by  purchase. 
2.  To  furnish  with  knowledge  or  information  acqiiest   (a-kwesf),  n.     [<  OF.   acquest,  F.  ac- 
""  '  '"""        "  (/«<■/=  It.  rtf(7«w/(>  (ML.  ((("(/(((s^hmOi  an  acquisi- 


I.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  have  acquaintance  or 
be  more  or  less  familiar;  make  conversant:  used 
with  iritli :  as,  to  acquaint  one's  self,  or  make 
one's  self  acquainted,  irith  a  subject :  to  make 
persons  (to  be)  acquainted  icith  each  other. 
A  man  of  sorrows,  and  acquainted  mlh  giief.  Isa.  liii.  3. 
Misery  acnuaintx  a  man  mth  strange  bedfellows. 

SImI:.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 
We  that  acquaint  ourselves  with  every  zone. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Int.  to  Immortal,  of  Soul. 
Persons  themselves  acquaint  us  trilh  the  impersonal. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  252. 


Capable  of 


(about) ;  make  conversant  by  notice  or  com- 
munication: with  with   before  the  subject  of 
information,  and  formerly  sometimes  with  of: 
as,  to  acquaint  a  friend  with  one's  proceedings. 
But.  for  some  other  reasons,  my  grave  sir. 
Which  'tis  not  tit  you  know,  I  not  no/»aiii( 
Sly  father  0/  this  business.         SItak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 
Though  you  are  so  averse  tomyacguai/ifi'i?  Lady  Teazle 
icith  your  passion  lor  Maria.  I'm  sure  she's  not  your  enemy 
in  the  affair.  Sheridan,  .School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

=Syn.  1.  To  acquaint  (with),  make  known  (to),  familiar- 
ize (with),  introduce  (to).— 2.  To  inform  (of),  communicate 
(to),  apprise  (oQ,  mention  (to),  signify  (to),  intimate  (to), 
disclose  (to),  reveal  (to),  tell  (to).  See  announce  and  in- 
form. 

Il.t  intrans.    To  become  acquainted. 
The  manere 
How  they  aqucynteden  in  fere. 

Cttaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  2.'>0. 

acquaintablet  (a-kwan'ta-bl),  a.  [<  OF.  acoin- 
table,  kiter  accointabic,  "  acquaintable,  easio  to 
be  a<-(iuainted  or  familiar  witli"  (Cotgrave), 
<«c«in/<fi-,  make  known:  see  acquaint,  v.]  Easy 
to  be  acquainted  with;  affable.  Uom.  of  Hose. 
acquaintance  (a-kwau'tans),  H.  [<  ME.  aquai/n- 
liiiin,  tujiii  \inlancc,  intimacy,  personal  know- 
ledge, friciidship  (not  used  in  the  concrete 
sense  of  a  person  known),  <  OF.  acointance, 
later  accointance,  "acquaintance,  conversation 
or  commerce  with  "  (Cotgrave),  <  acointer,  make 
known:  nee  acquaint,  v.]  1.  Tlie  state  of  being 
acquainted,  or  of  lieing  more  or  less  intimately 
conversant  (used  witli  reference  to  both  per- 
sons and  things);  knowledge  of;  experience 
in:  used  with  with,  and  formerly  sometimes 
with  of. 

Oo«<l  Slualer  llrook,  I  desire  more  aaiuaintancf  11/ you. 
Sliak.,il.  W.  of  W.,  11.2. 

That  Kenvnil  acquaininnri-  with  the  mechanism  and 
wnrkiiiv  ot  the  llvbig  xystem  which  all  personx,  even 
raoilemtely  edueati-d,  hIiiiiiM  \ntMenA. 

Iluxicy  awi  Voumans,  Physiol.,  fi  :t^>S. 

I  have  A  very  general  acfiuaintance  here  in  New  Eng- 
Imnd.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  i. 

2.  A  person  known  to  one,  especially  a  person 
with  whom  om-  is  not  on  terms  of  great  inti 
iiMicy :  lis,  I      ■ 

lan*r.     [Tliis  is  the  onlysenso  which  admits  of 
11  plural  fonn.] 

W«  MO  )io  U  Mlianiud  of  his  nearest  acquaintance*. 

C.  Itoyle,  Jieiitley  on  I'halaris. 
n'Oie;  you  have  drawn 
t'  ii.  y  wh»»  have  conversed 

»*  I'  My  yuiin*. 

ii<liit.  ,.^  oriy.  anil  I'rug.  of  .Matlre. 

3.  Tlio  whole  bo<ly  of  those  with  whom  one  is 
n'''i"' '"  '    ' '  I'lural,  HM  if  for  nr'/Matn- 

M- -  .ily  catranued  from  nu'. 

Job  xl<.  1.3. 
To  cultlTiit*  on*'"  nrqualntanw,  'o  mulf-nvur  to  lie- 

•  ■■n      '    ■  •'  •■  ,  n    1  '    '         .  Famil 

I'f  >-  '  iiiit  from 

■  '.     -  nrlslntf 

fri.rri  (r»f|M' ri'  i-r  111,1' .   j-    r-iiira'    ,    ■"iiiniiry    unnttCTVpa 

Inl^rrourae,  tiil«rcoMr><  nf  the  clo*<'«t  poMlblt-  kind. 


tiou,  purchase,  <  L.  acqmrsitum,  usually  acquisi 
turn,  a  thing  acquired,  neut.  pp.  of  acquirere, 
acquire :  see  acquire.  Cf.  conquest.]  If.  The 
act  of  acquii'ing ;  acquirement:  as,  "cotmtries 
of  new  acquest,"  Bacon. — 2t.  A  thing  gained; 
an  acquisition  ;  a  thing  acquh-ed  by  force :  as, 
"  new  acquest,'!  and  eneroacliments,"  Woodward, 
Nat.  Hist.— 3.  In  civil  law:  (a)  Pi-operty  ac- 
quired in  other  ways  than  by  succession,  (b) 
Property  acquired  during  a  marriage  under  the 
ride  of  eommimity  of  property.  [In  this  sense 
usually  in  the  plm'al  and  spelled,  as  French,  ac- 
quets.]    See  conquet. 

acquetont,  «•     See  acton. 

acquiesce  (ak-wi-es'),  v-  «•;  pret.  and  pp.  acqui- 
esced, ppr.  acquiescing.  [<  F.  acquiesccr,  "to 
yield  or  agi-ee  unto,  come  to  agreement,  be  at 
quiet,  strive  or  stir  no  more"  (Cotgrave),  =  It. 
acquieseere,  <  L.  acquiescere,  rest,  repose  in,  find 
rest  in,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  quiescere,  rest,  <  quics,  rest : 
see  quiesce  and  quiet.]  It.  To  come  to  rest,  or 
remain  at  rest. 

Which  atoms  are  still  hovering  up  and  down,  and  never 
rest  till  they  meet  with  some  pores  i)roportiouable  and 
cognate  to  their  figures,  where  they  acqiiiesee. 

Ilomll,  Letters,  iv,  M. 

2.  To  agree ;  consent ;  tacitly  assent ;  (|uietly 
comply  or  submit :  as,  to  acquiesce  in  an  opin- 
ion, argument,  or  an-angeraent. 

Ncander  sent  hia  man  with  a  letter  to  Thconiachus, 
who  aeqttieHced  to  the  proposal. 

Gcnileman  Imtrmted,  p.  123. 

Presuming  on  the  unshaken  submission  of  Ilippolita,  he 
nattered  himself  that  she  wnulil  .  .  .  acqmener  with  pa- 
tience to  a  divorce.  Waliii'le.  I'astle  ot  Otrauto,  1. 

Take  the  place  and  attitude  whiih  belong  to  you,  and 
all  men  acquience.  Emermn,  lls-iays,  1st  ser.,  p.  13(1. 

(Ill  lutidiTii  usage,  iieijiile^re  is  gi-ncrally  followe<l  by  the 
Iin]ii>.silii>M  ill  :  f.iniirvly  In,  ifilli,  Mii\J'riim  were  in  use.| 
acquiescement  (ak-wi-es'menl;  F.  iiron.  a- 
kyes'inoii),  «.  [<  F.  "acquirsermrnt,  (|uiet- 
ness,  also  an  agreement"  (Colgruvi'):  see  ac- 
quiisec  and  -nirnl.]  In  F)ench  and  Canadian 
/(/»•,  »c(iuicsc('nce;  free  consent. 
he  is  not  a  friend,  only  an  uequain-  acquiescence  (uk-\vi-es'ens),  n.  [=Sp.  aquir.s- 
"■"  "  "  "  "  (■(■,iri,i=U.aequir.ieeu.:a,<.L.Hsit'acquiesccnlia, 
<aeqniesren{l-}.y,  acquiescent:  see  acquie.irrnl.] 
1.  Tlio  act  of  aciniicscing  or  giving  (ncit  as- 
sent; a  silent  submission,  or  siibinission  witli 
ajipaient  consent.  It  i«  dlstingulHbcd  (mm  avowed 
coiiHcTil  on  Iheoue  hand,  and  from  opposition  nr  open  dl«- 
coTilcjit  nil  the  oilier:  as.  an  arquir„eenee  In  the  decisions 
of  a  cciiirt.  nr  In  the  allotments  ot  I'rovldenee. 

With  llie  Inivllable  n<-7i(i.»<-.'<i.-f  of  nil  public  »ervnul\ 
|he]  resumes  Ills  composure  and  goes  on. 

lliuvlhurne,  Hnnw  Iniagc. 


Cf.  Sp.  iidquiriblc,  Pg.  adquirivel] 
being  acquired. 
acquire  (a-kwir'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  acquired, 
ppr.  acquiring.  [<  ME.  aqwere  (rare),  <0F.  ac- 
qmrre,  \nter'aquerir,  F.  acquerir,  acquire,  get, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  adquirir,  <  L.  acquarcre,  a  collateral  . 
form  of  acquirere,  acquire,  get,  obtain,  <  ad,  to,+ 
quarcre,  seek :  see  quenj.  Tlie  E.  word  is  now 
spelled  with  i  instead  of  e,  to  bring  it  nearer  to 
the  Latin.  Cf.  inquire,  require]  To  get  or 
gain,  the  object  being  something  which  is  more 
or  less  permanent,  or  which  becomes  vested  or 
inherent  in  the  subject :  as,  to  acquire  a  title, 
estate,  learning,  habits,  skill,  dominion,  ete^; 
to  acquire  a  stammer;  suf^iiv  acquires  a  brown 
color  by  being  burned.  A  mere  temporary  posses- 
sion is  not  expressed  by  acquire,  but  by  obtain,  procure, 
etc. :  ;is,  to  obtain  (not  acquire)  a  book  on  loan. 

Descent  is  the  title  whereby  a  man,  on  the  death  of  his 
aiucstcir,  aequires  his  estate  by  right  of  representation,  as 
his  heir  at  law.  Illackstone.. 

Having  been  left  in  a  greater  degree  than  othera  to  man- 
age their  own  affairs,  the  Lnglisli  people  have  become 
self-helping,  and  have  acquired  great  practical  ability. 

U.  Sjteneer,  Social  Statics,  p.  429. 

Men  acquire  faculties  by  practice. 

ir.  A'.  Clifford,  Lectures,  1.  94. 

The  young  demand  thoughts  that  find  an  echo  in  their 
real  and  not  their  acquired  nature,  and  care  very  little 
alumt  the  ilress  they  ai'e  put  in. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  406. 
Acquired  logic.  Sec  loyic.  =  Sjn.  To  get,  obtain,  gain, 
attain,  proc\nc,  win,  earn,  secure,  gather,  imister,  learn. 

Sec  aftiliii. 

acquirement  (a-kwir'ment),  «.  1.  The  act  of 
acquiring ;  especially,  tlie  gaining  of  knowledge 
or  mental  attributes. 

It  is  very  ditllcult  to  lay  down  rules  for  the  acquiremiiit 
of  such  a  taste.  .-Uldison,  Spectator,  No.  401). 

2.  Tliat  which  is  acquired ;  attainment :   com- 
monly in  the  plm'al. 

nK'nequiremenls  by  industry  were  enriched  and  en- 
larged by  many  excellent  endowments  of  nature. 

Sir  J.  llayward,  Kaigne  of  Edward  VI. 
=  Syn.  1.  (Jathcring,  gaining.  — 2.  Acquirements,  Aequi- 
siliiiiis,  Atlaimncnts,  AeeumtiliKkmeiitii,  Endomnents, 
EiiduemeniK;  gain,  resources.  Aequinitiims  is  the  most 
general  term,  but  it  is  gi'iulually  being  restricted  to  ma- 
terial gains.  Atlainnicnls  denotes  exclusively  intellec- 
tual or  moral  aciiuisitions:  as.  a  num  ot  i^rcnlattainvicnts ; 
his  spiritual  nlliiiiinient.i  were  high.  Acquirements  has 
nearly  the  same  nu-aniiig  as  attninments,  though  it  is 
sometimes  loosely  used  as  eiiui\aleiit  to  aequiKitions ;  It 
has  more  direct  reference  to  particular  things  aciinlred  : 
lus,  skill  in  boxing  wiis  among  his  nequiremrnts.  .Ircom- 
plishmenls  are  altilliiments  or  aci|Uiroinents.  parlicubirly 
such  as  111  the  possessor  for  society  ;  as,  Krcncli.  dancing, 
and  music  were  the  sum  of  her  aeeoiuiilishmenlii.  Kn- 
daienienlM  are  the  gifts  of  nature,  as  gi'iiiua  or  aptitude. 
Enduements  are  endowments,  Bci|Ulrcinelit»,  or  attain- 
ments In  the  lldd  of  moral  and  spiritual  lite,  but  they  are 
opposed  to  nlliiiniiienlii  In  being  rcgardi'd  as  gifts  from 
heaven  ralhcr  than  as  the  result  ot  piinonal  endeavor. 
.See  rni/ioTll. 

«hcn  ymi  are  disposed  to  ho  vain  of  your  mental  no- 
qidremrntu,  look  up  to  those  who  are  more  accoiupllshed 
than  yourself.  I>r.  .1 .  Moure. 

Interference  has  been  sanctioned.  .  .  .  either  In  the 
pinely  domestic  concerns  of  a  nation,  or  with  respect  to 
Its  foreign  relations  and  territorial  ncquisilions. 

Encye.  Ilrit.,  XIII.  102. 

H  Is  In  gcueral  more  prolltablc  to  reckon  up  our  defect* 
llian  lo  lioa.'.t  of  our  atlaiiiniiiitn.  Carlylc,  Essays. 

1  danced  the  polka  and  ccllallns, 

Spun  glass,  sliillcd  birds,  and  m.Hleled  llowers  In  wax, 

lleeause  she  liked  aceomidiiluii.  nln  ill  girls. 

.Vr«.  Ih-iiiniiiiij,  Aurora  Leigh,  1.  1. 

lie  ought  to  think  no  man  vabniMc  but  tor  his  public 
spirit,  Jilslicc,  and  Intcgrilv;    ali<l   all   oilier  enihnenirntt 

to  be  iBleci I  only  as  Ihcv  conlribiite  lo  the  ixeiling 

llloMC  vlrlllcs.  .VIeele,  Special. .r.  No.  340. 


Thoro  It  ft  certain  grave  acquimernce  In  Ignorance,  a 
recognition  ot  our  Impotence  lo  solve  iniilllellloiis  and 
urgent  ililestlous,  which  lias  n  satisfaction  of  Its  own.  ,  ,      ,  ,.  , 

./.  //.  A'ricm.ii,  (irnm.  of  Aswuit,  p.  lU"    aCQUirei  (a-kwir  tr),  H.     One  wlui  ncqnirea. 
2.  In  law,  such  neglect  In  dike  legal  iiroceeil-  acquirvf  (u  kvvir'i),  )i.     l<acquirv  +  -ij,  after  in- 
iiigs  ill  (ippfisition  to  n  iimtlor  as  iinplioH  con-     quiri/.]     Acqnirenient. 

sent  thereto.     Syn.  A^i-enl,  lonnenl.  Concurrence,  etc.         %■■  ai  1  n  .|iilretli  more  hard  study  and  pidn  toworcl  tjie 
(Mre  OMcnl),  complluice,  reslgimtioii. 


ao;uirf/oi  lithancuntontnient.    /farrotc,  Sermons,  III.  62. 


acquisible 

acquisible  (a-kwiz'i-bl),  a.  [<  L.  acquin-itus,  pp. 
of  acquircrr',  acquire  (see  acquire),  +  E.  -ibk.] 
(!apablti  of  being  aeciiiired.     [Rare.] 

acauisitet  (ak'wi-zit),  a.  [<  L.  acqumtus, 
gtuned,  pp.  of  acquirere,  gain :  see  acquire.  Cf . 
exquisite,  requisite.']    Acquired;  gained. 

A  luinimir  is  a  liquid  or  Huent  part  of  the  body,  com- 
nrelieniled  in  it,  for  tlie  preservation  of  it ;  and  is  either 
irniatc  or  born  witlr  us,  or  adventitious  and  acijiiijiite. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  95. 

acctuisition  (ak-wi-zish'on),  n.  [<  L.  acquisi- 
tio(u-),  aequisitiou,  <  acqiiirere:   see  acquire.] 

1.  The  act  of  acquiring  or  gaining  possession  : 
as,  the  acquisition  of  property. 

Any  European  state  may  be  restrained  from  pursuing 
plans  of  acqumtion,  or  making  preparations  looking  to- 
ward future  acquisitions,  which  are  judged  to  be  hazard- 
ous to  the  independence  ...  of  its  neighbors. 

Woolsaj,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  43. 

2.  That  which  is  acquired  or  gained;  especially, 
a  material  possession  obtained  by  any  means, 
but  sometimes  used  in  the  plural  of  mental 
gains. 

The  Cromwellians  were  induced  to  reliuquish  one  third 
of  their  acquisitiont!.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  v. 

They  learn  so  fast  and  convey  the  result  so  fjist  as  to 
outrim  the  logic  of  their  slow  brother  and  make  his  ac- 
quisiUo7is  poor.  Emerson,  Woman. 

=  Syn.  2.  Actiuirnnents,  Acquisitions,  etc.  See  acquire, 
ment. 

acquisitive  (a-kwiz'i-tiv),  a.    [<  L.  as  if  *aequi- 
sitivus,  <  acquisitus,  pp. :    see   aequisite.]      If. 
Acquired. 
He  died  not  in  his  acquisitive,  but  in  his  native  soil. 

Wotton,  Keliquia;,  p.  lOG. 

2.  Making  or  tending  to  make  acquisitions; 
having  a  propensity  to  acquire:  as,  an  acquis- 
itive disposition. 

The  Hrst  condition  then  of  mental  development  is  that 
the  attitude  of  the  mind  should  be  creative  rather  than 
acquiiiitice.  W.  K.  CUJ}'ord,  Lectures,  I.  105. 

Acquisitive  faculty,  iu  psychol.,  perception;  the  pre- 
-Sfiitative  faculty. 

acquisitively  (a-kwiz'i-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
quisitive manner;  by  way  of  acquisition. 

acquisitiveness  (a-kwiz'i-tiv-nes),  n.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  acquisitive ;  a  propensity  to 
acquire  property. — 2.  In  phren.,  the  organ  to 
which  is  attributed  the  function  of  producing 
the  general  desire  to  acquire  and  possess,  apart 
from  the  uses  of  the  objects.  Sometimes  called 
coretivciwss.     See  cut  iinAev  j)hreiiologij. 

acquistt  (a-kwisf),  n.  [A  form  of  acquest,  after 
It.  acqui^to,  ML.  acquistum,  L.  acquisitum.]  Ac- 
quest; acquirement. 

New  acquist 
Of  true  experience.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1755. 

acquit  (a-kwif),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  acquitted, 
ppr.  acquitting.  [<  ME.  aquiten,  acwiten,  <  OF. 
aquiter,  acuiter,  later ticquiter,  "to  quit,  acquit, 
free,  clear,  discharge,  rid  of,  deliver  from" 
(Cotgrave),  F.  acquitter  =  I'r.  aquitar  =  lt.  ac- 
quetare,  appease,  quiet,  <  ML-  *acquitare,  acquie- 
tare,  settle  a  claim,  appease,  quiet,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  quietare,  quiet,  <  quietus,  discharged,  free,  at 
rest,  quiet:  see  acquiet,  quiet,  and  quit.]  1.  To 
release  or  discharge,  as  from  an  obligation,  ac- 
cusation, guOt,  censure,  suspicion,  or  whatever 
is  laid  against  or  upon  a  person  as  a  charge  or 
duty;  specifically,  in  law,  to  pronounce  not 
guilty:  as,  we  acquit  a  man  of  evil  intentions; 
the  jury  acquitted  the  prisoner.  It  is  followed  by  o/ 
before  the  thing  of  which  one  is  acquitted ;  to  acqidtfroin 
is  obsolete. 

His  poverty,  can  you  acquit  him  o/'that? 

Sticridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  3. 
If  he  [Bacon]  was  convicted,  it  was  because  it  was  impos- 
sible to  acquit  him  without  offering  the  grossest  outrage 
to  justice  and  comnu)n  sense.  Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

2.  To  atone  for.     [Rare.] 

Till  life  to  death  acqtiit  my  forced  offence. 

Shalt.,  Lucrece,  1.  1071. 

3.  To  settle,  as  a  debt ;  requite ;  pay ;  discharge ; 
fulfil. 

Aquyte  liym  wel  for  goddes  love,  quod  he. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1200. 
Midst  foes  (as  champion  of  the  faith)  he  ment 
That  palme  or  cypress  should  his  paines  acquite. 

Carew,  Tasso. 
I  admit  it  to  be  not  so  much  the  duty  as  the  privilege  of 
an  American  citizen  to  acquit  this  obligation  to  the  mem- 
ory of  his  fathers  with  discretion  and  generosity. 

Ecerett,  Orations,  I.  382. 

We  see  young  men  who  owe  us  a  new  world,  so  readily 

and  lavishly  they  promise,  luit  they  never  acquit  the  debt. 

Emerson,  Experience. 

4.  With  a  reflexive  pronoim :  (a)  To  clear 
one's  self. 

Pray  God  he  may  acquit  him  [himself]  of  suspicion  I 

Shale,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

(b)  To  behave ;  bear  or  conduct  one's  self :  as, 


53 

the  soldier  acquitted  himself  weU  in  battle  ;  the 
orator  acquitted  himself  indifferently. 

Though  this  wius  one  of  the  first  mercantile  transac- 
tions of  my  life,  yet  I  had  no  doubt  about  acquitting  my- 
.sv^/with  reputation.  Ootdsmith,  Vicar,  xiv. 

5t.  To  release ;  set  free ;  rescue. 

Till  I  have  acqjiit  your  captive  Knight. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  62. 
=  Syil.    1.  To  exonerate,  exculpate,  discharge,  set  free. 
See  tibsoliie.—i.  (ti)  To  behave,  act,  bear,  conduct,  demean, 
deport,  or  quit  (one's  self). 
acquitt.     I'ast  participle  of  acquit. 
I  am  glad  I  am  so  acquit  of  this  tinder-box. 

Shale.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  3. 

acquitet  (a-kvvif),  1'.  f.  Savae  as  acquit.  [Corn- 
pure  requite.] 

acquitment  (a-kwit'ment),  n.  The  act  of  ac- 
quitting, or  tte  state  of  being  acquitted ;  ac- 
quittal.    [Rare.] 

acquittal  (a-kwit'al),  n.  [<  MK.  acquitalle, 
-atjle ;  i  acquit  +  -at'.]  1.  The  act  of  acquitting, 
or  the  state  of  bcin^  acquitted.  Specifically,  in 
law:  (a)  A  judicial  scttinu  free  or  deliverance  from  tlie 
charge  of  an  oJtense  uy  jin  )nouncing  a  verdict  of  not  guilty. 
(b)  In  Engl.ind,  freedom  from  entries  and  molestations  by 
a  superior  lord  for  services  issuing  out  of  lands.  Cowcll. 
2.  Performance,  as  of  a  duty;  discharge  of  an 
obligation  or  a  debt. 

I  have  been  long  in  arrears  to  you,  but  I  trust  you  will 
take  this  huge  letter  as  an  acquittal. 

Walpote,  Letter  to  H.  Mann. 

acquittance  (a-kwit'ans),  «.  [<  ME.  «(/«( frmce, 
-ans,  acquitance,  -amice,  <  OP.  aquitancc,  <  aqui- 
ter, discharge:  see  acquit  and -« wee.]  1.  The 
act  of  acquitting  or  discharging  from  a  debt  or 
any  other  liability;  the  state  of  being  so  dis- 
charged. 

Now  must  your  conscience  my  acquittance  seal. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

2.  A  wi'iting  in  evidence  of  a  discharge  ;  a  re- 
ceipt in  full,  which  bars  a  fm'ther  demand. 
Vou  can  produce  acquittances 
For  such  a  sum.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1. 

3t.  The  act  of  clearing  one's  self. 

Being  suspected  and  put  for  their  cn:quittance  to  take 
the  sacrament  of  the  altar.  Jer.  Taylor. 

acquittancet  (a-kwit'ans),  v.  t.    To  acquit. 

Your  mere  enforcement  shall  acquittance  me 
From  all  the  impure  blots  and  stains  thereof. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

acquittance-roll  (a-kwit'ans-rol),  n.  In  the 
British  army,  the  pay-roll  of  a  company,  troop, 
or  battery. 

Acrssa  (a-kre'ii),  "•  [NL.,  <Gr.  oKpalor,  equiv. 
to  oKpoc,  at  the  top  or  extremity.]  A  genus  of 
nymphalid  butterflies,  typical  of  the  subfamily 
Acraina:     A.  antias  is  an  example. 

Acrseinae  (ak-re-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Acrwa  + 
-ince.]  A  subfamily  of  butterflies  of  the  family 
Xymphalida;  taking  name  from  the  leading 
genus  Acrma,  and  containing  mostly  African 
species  of  small  or  moderate  size,  with  semi- 
transparent  \viiit;s,  reddish-brown  marked  with 
black.     Tlii'rc  ;ire  iil)0ut  85  species. 

Acramphibrya  (ak-ram-fib'ri-a),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  ciKpoi:,  at  the  end,  +  aufi,  on  both  sides, 
+jipvov,  a  flower,  blossom,  </?fi!''en<,  swell,  be  full 
to  bursting.]  In  hot.,  a  term  used  by  Endlicher 
as  a  class  name  for  exogenous  plants,  which  he 
deseiibed  as  plants  growing  both  at  the  apex 
and  at  the  sides. 

acrania  (a-kra'ni-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
apaviov,  L.  cranium,  the  skull.]  1.  [NL.,  fem. 
sing.]  In  Icratol.,  a  malformation  consisting 
in  an  enth'e  absence  of  the  bones  and  integu- 
ments forming  the  vault  of  the  skull.  Also 
written  rtcroH//.— 2.  [cap.]  [NL.,  neut.  pi.]  A 
name  propose<l  by  Haeekel  as  a  class  designa- 
tion for  Amphioxus  or  Branvhiostomii ;  a  syn- 
onym of  MqehKoa  or  Leptocardia  (which  sec). 
Also  eaUed'Acejihala.  See  Amphioxus  and  Bran- 
chiostoma.  .    ^    „ 

acranial  (a-ki-a'ni-al),  a.  [See  aorama.]  Hav- 
ing no  skull. 

acrany  (ak'ra-ni),  n.     Same  as  acrania,  1. 

acraset,  v.  t.     See  aeraze. 

acrasiat,  "•     i^ee  an-asi/. 

Acraspeda,  Acraspedota  (a-kras'pe-da,  a- 
kras-pe-do'tii),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -1- 
KpaoTTedov,  a  hem  or  border.]  The  name  given 
by  Gegenbam-  to  the  acalephs  proper ;'  that  is, 
to  those  jelly-fishes  and  sea-nettles  the  lobate 
border  of  whose  disk  is  not  provided  (with  few 
exceptions,  as  iu  Aurelia)  with  a  contractile 
marginal  fold  or  velum:  nearly  synonymous 
with  Disciiphora  (which  see):  opposed  to  Cras- 
pedota.     See  cut  imder  acaleph. 

acraspedote  (a-kras'pe-dot),  ((.  [<  Gr.  u-  priv. 
(a-iS)  +  craspedote,  or  as  Acraspeda  +  -ote.] 


acreage 

Having  no  velum,  as  a  diseophore  ;  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Acra,ijieda. 

The  Hydroidea  and  Siphonophora  are  cr.aspedote ;  the 
Discophora  are  supposed  t<j  be  destitute  of  a  veil,  and  are 
therefore  iteraspediite.  Stand.  Nat.  Uist.,  1.  94. 

acrasyt,  acrasiat  (ak'ra-si,  a-kia'zi-a),  n.  [< 
ML.  acrasia,  which  appears  to  comljiue  the  no- 
tions of  (1)  Gr.  impaaia,  later  form  of  aKpurcia, 
intemperance,  want  of  self-control  (<  aKpuTT/r, 
wanting  in  self-control,  intemperate,  unbridled. 
<  a-  priv.  +  KpiiTor,  strength,  power,  akin  to  E. 
hard,  q.  v.) ;  and  (2)  Gr.  oKpania,  bad  mixture, 
ill  temperature,  (.aiipaToc,  unmixed,  untempered, 
intemperate,  excessive,  <  a-  priv.  +  "Kparoc, 
mixed:  nee  crater  and  crasis.]  Excess;  surfeit; 
intemperance ;  incontinence. 

Acra&ies,  whether  of  the  body  <.,-  mind,  occasion  great 
uneasiness.  Cornish,  Life  of  Firmin,  p.  84. 

acratia  (a-kra'shiii),  «.  [<  Gr.  iiiipaTna,  want 
of  power:  see  acrasi/.]  In  pathol.,  failure  of 
strength  ;  weakness ;  debility, 
acrazet,  acraset  (a-kraz'),  v.  t.  [<F.acraser, 
^'accrazer,  break,  burst,  craze,  bruise,  crush" 
(Cotgrave),  same  as  ecra.ier,  escraser,  "to  squash 
down,  beat  flat,"  etc.  (Cotgrave) :  see  a-H,  «-l5, 
and  craze.]  To  weaken,  impair,  or  enfeeble  in 
mind,  body,  or  estate. 

I  acrazed  was.  Mir.  for  Mays.,  p.  138. 

My  substance  impaired,  my  credit  acrased. 

Gascoiyne,  Letter  in  Hermit's  Tale,  p.  21. 
Cold  in  the  night  which  acraseth  the  bodie. 

Holinshed,  Chronicles,  III.  1049. 

acre  (a'ker),  it.  [<ME.  aJcer,  ahir,  a  field,  an 
acre,  <  AS.  wcer,  a  field,  later  also  an  acre,  = 
OS.  afcter  =  OFries.  et/v:c»-=  D.  «/iter=OHG. 
ahhar,  achar,accar,  MHG.  G.  acker=lcel.  akr  = 
Sw.  dker=T>an. ager  =  (ioth. ahrs=\j. ager=Gv. 
aypdc;  =  Skt.  ajra,  all  in  the  sense  of  field,  orig. 
ii  pasture  or  a  chase,  hunting-ground ;  <  -v/  *ag, 
Skt.  •/  aj  =  Gr.  ayeiv  =  L.  agerc  =  Icel.  aka, 
drive:  .see  ake  =  ache'^,  and  (<L.  agere)  act, 
etc.  Hence  acorn,  q.  v.  The  spelling  acre  in- 
stead of  the  reg.  aJcer  (cf.  haker,  AS.  hevcere)  is 
due  to  its  legal  use  in  imitation  of  OF.  acre,  < 
ML.  (Law  L.)  acra,  acrum,  from  Tout.]  1. 
Originally,  an  open  plowed  or  sowed  field.  This 
signification  was  gradually  lost  after  the  acre  was  made  a 
definite  measure  of  surface.  Still  used  in  the  plural  to 
denote  fields  or  land  in  general. 

My  bosky  acres,  and  my  unshrubb'd  down. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

Over  whose  acres  walked  those  blessed  feet. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

2.  A  superficial  measure  of  land,  usually 
stated  to  be  40  poles  in  length  by  4  in  breadth; 
but  160  perches  (=  4840  square  yards,  or  43,560 
square  feet)  make  an  acre,  however  shaped. 
An  acre,  .as  a  specific  quantity  of  land,  was  reckoned  in 
England  as  much  as  a  yoke  of  oxen  could  plow  in  a  day 
till  the  establishment  of  a  definite  measure  by  laws  of  the 
thirteenth  century  and  later.  This  is  known  in  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States  as  the  statute  acre,  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  the  customary  acres  still  in  use  to  some 
extent  in  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Wales.  The  Scotch  acre 
is  larger  tlmn  the  statute  acre,  as  itcontaius  6150.4  square 
yards,  4S  Scotch  acres  being  equal  to  61  statute  acres.  The 
Irish  acre  is  7840  square  yards,  lOO  Irish  .acres  being  nearly 
equivalent  to  162  statute  acres.  In  AVales  different  mea- 
sures, the  eru\  the  stang,  the  paladr,  ai'e  called  acres.  The 
true  erw  is  4320  square  yards ;  the  stang  is  3240.  l"here 
is  also  the  Cornisli  acre,  of  5760  square  yards.  Among 
the  customary  English  acres  ai'e  found  measures  of  the 
following  uuMiliers  of  perches:  SO  (of  hops),  90  (of  hops), 
107,  110,  120  (shut  acre),  130,  132,  134,  141,  180  (forest 
acre).  200  (for  copyhold  land  in  Lincolnshire),  212,  256  (of 
wood).  The  Leicestershire  acre  has  2308J  s(]uare  yaj'ds, 
the  Westmoreland  acre  6760  square  yards,  tlie  Cheshire 
acre  10,240  square  yards.     Often  abbreviated  to  A.  or  a. 

The  rtcre  was  in  many  cases  a  small  field  simply,  i.  e., 
an  agcr;  and  a  hundred  and  twenty  small  fields  were 
called  a  hide.  A  standard  acre  was  hardly  established 
imtil  the  thirteenth  century. 

D.  W.  Jioss,  German  Land-holding,  Notes,  p.  131. 

3t.  A  lineal  measure  equal  to  a  fiuTow's  length, 
or  40  poles;  more  frequently,  an  acre's  breadth, 

4  poles,  equal  to  '22  or  25  yards Burgh  acres. 

See  &wra/i. — God's  acre.    >iee  God's-acre. 
acreable  (a'ker-a-bl),  a.    [<  acre  -I-  -able.]    Ac- 
cording to  the  acre  ;  measured  or  estimated  in 
acres  or  by  the  acre. 

The  acreable  produce  of  the  two  methods  was  nearly  the 
same.  Complete  Farmer,  Al't.  Potatoe  (Ord.  MS.). 

acreage (a'ker-aj), J!.  [<acre  +  -age.]  Theniun- 
ber  of  acres  in  a  piece  or  tract  of  land  ;  acres 
taken  collectively ;  extent  in  acres :  as,  the 
acreage  of  farm-land  iu  a  country  ;  the  acreage 
of  wheat  so'n-n. 

No  coai-se  and  blockish  God  of  acreage 
Stands  at  thy  gate  for  thee  to  grovelto. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

The  interests  of  a  nation  of  our  acreage  and  population 
are  a  serious  load  to  be  conducted  safely. 

X.  A.  Jtev.,  CXLI.  211. 


acrecbolic 

acrecbolic  (ak-rek-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  axpof,  at 
the  top,  +  ecbolic,  q.  v.]  Evei'sible  by  protru- 
sion of  the  apex ;  protnided  by  a  fonvard  move- 
ment of  the  tip:  applied  to  the  intioverted  pro- 
boscis of  certain  animals,  as  rliabdocoelous  pla- 
narians  and  sundry  gastropods :  the  opposite  of 
acrembolie,  and  correlated  vriih  j'lenrembolic  : 
as,  '•acrecbolic  tubes  or  introverts,"  JS.  if.  Laii- 
Irester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  652. 

acrecencia'  (Sp.  pron.  S-fa'a-then'the-ii),  II. 
[Sp.,  =  E.  accrescence,  q.  v.]  Increase ;  augmen- 
tation ;  growth ;  accretion.  Jlore  specifically,  the 
enhancement  of  the  portions  of  one  or  more  of  several  heirs, 
legatees,  etc.,  resulting  when  the  others  do  not  accept  or 
are  incapable  of  sharing  the  inheritance.  I'sed  in  the  law 
of  parts  of  the  United  States  originally  settled  by  Span- 
iards. 

acrecimiento  (Sp.  pron.  a-kra-the-me-en'to),  n. 
[Sp.,  <ocrc(:c)-  =  E.  accrcsce,  q.  v.]  Same  as 
acrcceiwi/i. 

acted  (a'kerd),  a.  Possessing  acres  or  landed 
property :  used  chiefly  in  composition :  as, 
"manv-flcred  men,"  Sir  W.  Janes,  Speech  on 
Ref.  of  Pari. 

ile  was  not  nnfrequently  a  son  of  a  noble,  or  at  least  of 
an  acred,  house.  The  Nation,  July  20, 1877,  p.  58. 

acre-dale  (a'ker-dal),  n.  [<  acre+  dak-^=  deal^, 
a  share.]  Land  in  a  common  field,  different 
parts  of  which  are  held  by  different  proprietors. 
[Prov.  Eug.] 

Acredula  (a-kred'u-lS),  H.  [L.,  an  imknoTNTi 
bird,  variously  guessed  to  be  a  thrush,  owl, 
nightingale,  or  lark.]  Agenus  of  titmice,  fam- 
ily i'«m/«',  founded  by  Koch  in  1816,  character- 
ized by  the  great  length  of  the  tail.  Acredula 
caudata,  the  t}7»e  of  the  genus,  is  the  common  long-tailed 
titmouse  or  European  hottle-tit  (which  see).  A,  rosea  is 
another  species, 

acremant  (a'ker-man),  n.  [<  JIE.  alierinan,  < 
AS.  (I <•</•»;««;  <ofre,  a  field,  +  man.']  Afarmer; 
one  who  cultivates  the  fields.     E.  D. 

acrembolie  (ak-rem-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  anpoi;,  at 
the  top,  +  embolic,  q.  v.]  Introversible  by  in- 
trusion of  the  apex;  withdrawn  by  a  sinking  in 
of  the  tip :  applied  to  the  everted  proboscis  of 
certain  animals,  as  rliabdocoelous  planariaus 
and  sundry  gastropods :  opposed  to  acrecbolic. 
The  acrembolie  proboscis  or  frontal  introvert  of  the 
Nemertine  worms  has  a  complete  range, 

£.  R.  Lankcfler,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI,  652. 

acre-shott  (a'ktr-shot),  11.  [<  acre,  a  field.  + 
.v/|.y^  proportion,  reckoning:  see  «co^  and  sliot.] 
A  Ioi'.tI  land-tax  or  charge,     Dnrjdale. 

acre-Stafft  (a'ki-r-staf),  «.  [<  (icrr,  a  field,  -I- 
*■'"#■]  -"^  plow-staflT,  used  to  clear  the  colter 
or  cutter  of  the  plow  when  clogged  with  earth. 
Also  spelled  alcer-sUiff. 

Where  the  Husbandman's  Acre-xta^T  and  the  .Shepherd's 
hook  are,  as  in  this  County,  in  State,  there  they  engross 
all  to  themselves.  Fuller,  Worthies,  I.  501, 

acrid  (ak'rid),  a.  and  h.  [First  in  18th  century ; 
<  L.  iiccr,  rarely  acrii;  ncrus  (>  F.  dcrc  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  acre),  shai7),  pungent ;  with  termination  due 
to  the  kindred  L.  acidun,  shai-p,  soiu' :  sec  acid."] 
La.  1.  Sharp  or  biting  to  the  tongue  or  in- 
teguments; bitterly  pungent;  irritating:  as, 
acrid  salts,  ,\erld  substances  arc  those  which  excite  in 
the  ork'ati.-i  of  t.ijite  a  sensation  of  pinigcncy  and  heat,  and 
wh,ri  a|iiili>  ■!  I"i  the  skin  irritate  ami  Intlunie  it.  Acrid 
poison-!,  including  those  also  called  corrosive  nnti  escha- 
rollc,  arc  those  which  irritate,  corrode,  *ir  bum  the  parts 
t<i  which  they  an:  appllcil,  producing  an  intense  burning 
•cntatlon,  and  acute  pain  in  the  alimentary  canal.  They 
hiclude  concenlralcil  acids  and  alkalis,  compounds  of  mer- 
cury, ar»enlc,  copper,  etc. 

The  acrid  little  jela  of  smoke  which  escaped  from  the 
Joints  of  hia  «l<,ve  from  time  to  time  aiuKiycd  hlni. 

ItmrelU,  A  Modern  Instam'e,  ill, 

2.  Plgiirativolv,  severe;  ■virulent;  violent; 
(ttinspng:  ns,  'VktW  temper,"  Cowjier,  f'harity. 
U.  n.  1.  An  acrid  poison :  as,  "a  jiowcrful 
nrrid,"  r'ereirri,  Mat.  Slod.— 2.  One  of  a  class 
''f  "■  ''^tiinceg  supposed  by  th(!  liumor- 

i'*'-  '111'  humors, 

acrl'l;  'l-iii,  )i.  /)/.      [NL.,  1)1.  of  Arrid- 

"""  ^  "f  the  grasshopjicr  family,  or 

"i'  If,   coiiHiiiered   without   sjiccial 

n-f'f  !■■  •    :  .   its  i.iiik   ill  olasHiflcntion.     Also 
cnllr. I /,.,„/,,.      s,  ,.    Irndidir. 

aciidian  ,  ,i.  imd  «.    I,  «.  Uolong- 

ii'l,'  '"  !■  Iindidir. 

11.   ".    '  .i.ri.lin, 

Acrldid.f,  AcridildaR   (a-krid'i-<le,   nk-ri-<li'i- 

d<'i, ..    .  '.  fNI,..''   h,.,n,jm,,triidi-iim,+-idii:'\ 

'^    f  'irtho|il.roiiH  inHerts, 

'"'•'■  I   short-honied  i^ruxs- 

ho|.|  ,  le({Hliti.-,|  liy  .■iilartfc- 

""•1  ■■!  I'lipiiii-:   ri-lale.l  Id  the 

'•ri'K  '        uid    lo    iIm'    long-lioraod 
KraaiiliopiK'ni  itutl  kiilydids  (LuciiiUda;). 


54 

In  Gryllidie  and  Locustidaj  the  antennnj  are  long  and 

setaceous,  ,  ,  ,  in  Acridiidee  they  are  short  and  stout, 

rjirely  clav.^te.    The  ovipositor  in  the  two  fonner  families 

is  often  very  large  ;  in  Acridiidce  there  is  no  ovipositor. 

Pascoe,  Zool,  Class.,  ISiSO,  p,  115, 

acridii  (a-krid'i-i),  w.^)?.  [NL.,  masc.pl.]  Same 
as  acridia. 

acridity  (a-krid'i-ti),  »,  [<  acrid  +  -Hij,  after 
■  aciditij.']  The  quality  of  being  acrid  ;  pimgeney 
conjoined  with  bitterness  and  con-osive  imta- 
tion ;  aoriduess. 

Acridium  (a-krid'i-um),  n.  [NL.;  also  -nritten 
improp. -Jcc^rfi«»i;  <Gr.  mpidiov,  dim.  of  iiKpiq, 
a  locust:  see  Jem.]  A  leading  genus  of  grass- 
hoppers, giving  name  to  the  famil.v  Acrididw. 

acridly  (ak'rid-li),  adv.  Witli  shai-p  or  ii-ritat- 
iug  bitterness. 

acridness  (ak'rid-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
acrid  or  pungent. 

acridophagUS  (ak-ri-dof'a-gus),  «.;  pi.  acridojjli- 
aiji  (-ji).  [XL,,< Gr.  ttKpt6o^dyo^,<. anpi^ (oKpiS-),  a 
locust  (see  Acris),  ■¥  ipaydv,  eat.]  A  locust-eater. 
Tliey  are  still  acridopharii,  and  even  the  citizens  fiu-  pre- 
fer a  dish  of  locusts  to  the  "  fasikh,"  which  act  as  ancho- 
vies, sardines,  and  herrings  in  Egypt, 

Ji.  F.  Burlvn,  El-Medinah,  p,  343, 

Acridotlieres(ak''''ri-do-the'rez),  n.  [NL.(Vieil- 
lot,  1816),  <  Gr.  ajcp/f  {anpid-),  a  locust,  +  Ot/pav, 
hunt  or  chase,  <  6//pa,  a  himting,  the  chase.]  A 
notable  genus  of  old-world  sturnoid  passerine 
birds,  founded  by  Vieillot  in  1S16 ;  the  minas 
or  mina-birds,  several  species  of  which  ai-e 
among  the  commonest  and  most  characteristic 
birds  of  India  and  zoologically  related  coun- 
tries. They  resemble  and  are  allied  to  starlings,  A.  tri^tis 
is  a  leading  example.  The  species  have  often  been  re- 
ferred to  the  Cuvierian  genus  Gracutus  (which  see),  Crido- 
there^  is  an  en-oneous  form  of  Acridotheres,  apparently 
originating  with  Cuvier, 

acrimonioas  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us),  a.  [=F.  ocri- 
iiionicux  =  Pg.  acrimoninso,  <  ML.  ncrimoniosii^; 
<  L.  acrimonia,  acrimony.]  1.  Abounding  in 
acrimony oraeridness;  acrid;  corrosive.  [Now 
rare.] 

If  gall  cannot  be  rendered  acriuwnious  and  bitter  of 
itself,  Harvey,  Consumption. 

2.  Figuratively,  severe;  bitter;  virulent;  caus- 
tic; stinging:  applied  to  language,  temper, 
etc. 

The  factions  have  the  cunning  to  say,  that  the  bitter- 
ness of  their  spirit  is  o\ving  to  the  harsh  and  acrimonious 
treatment  they  receive,  Ames,  "Works,  II.  li;{. 

If  we  knew  the  man,  we  should  see  that  to  return  an 
arriutonious  answer  would  be  the  most  ridiculous  of  all 
possilile  modes  of  retort,      Whipple,  Ess,  and  llev.,  I,  139, 

acrimoniously  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
acrimonious  manner;  sharply;  bitterly;  pim- 
gently. 

acrimoniousness  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  acrimonious. 

acrimony  (ak'ri-mo-ni),  «.  [  =  F.  «m»(0»i>  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  acrimonia,  <  L.  acrimonia,  shai-pness, 
pungency,  austerity,  <  acer  {acr-),  sharp,  ptin- 
gent:  sco  acrid  and  arid.]  1.  .\cridity;  har,sh- 
nessor  extreme  bitterness  of  taste;  pungency; 
coiTosivoness,     [Now  rare.] 

Those  milks  (in  certain  plants]  have  all  an  acrimony, 
though  one  would  think  tliey  should  be  lenitive, 

ISnevn,  .Nat,  Hist,,  §  0311. 

2.  Figuratively,  sharpness  or  severity  of  tem- 
per; bitterness  of  expression  proceeding  from 
anger,  ill  nature,  or  iietulance ;  virulence. 
Acriuionif  of  voice  and  gesture, 

Jlji.  Ilackel,  I.ifc  of  Alip,  Williams, 

In  his  olllcial  letters  he  expressed  with  glvut  (irWrnoni/ 

his  contempt  for  the  king's  character  and  uiulcrstanding. 

Mucaulaif,  Hist,  I'.ng.,  xii. 

Aciimony  of  the  humors,  an  hnaglnary  ncrhl  change 
of  the  bloiHl,  lynij)h,  etc,,  which  by  the  Inimorlsls  was 
conceived  to  cause  many  diseases,  Itumjlimu.  Syn,  2. 
Acrivumi/,  Aitperitu,  Harshness,  .Sect  ritfi,  I'arluess,  .Sour- 
ncjts,  BiUerness,  Virulence,  Hancor,  acerbity,  crabbedncss, 
irascibility.  (See  harshness.)  These  words  ex  press  dillVr- 
ent  degrees  of  severe  feeling,  language,  or  conduct,  Ibdr 
signification  being  detcrinineil  largi-lv  by  their  derivatiun 
and  primary  use.  Tartness  is  the  inildcst  term,  applying 
generally  to  language;  it  Implies  some  witorquickncHs  ,>r 
mind,  and  perhaps  a  wlIllngTiess  to  display  It,  As  tartness 
Is  tin;  subacid  i)Uulity  of  mind,  so  acrimonit  Is  Us  acidity  ; 
It  is  a  biting  sharpness;  it  nniy  or  may  nr)l  proceed  from 
a  nature  permanently  soured,  .s',^iir/K««ls  the  Anglo-Saxon 
for ficn'finot.i/,  with  iniu'c  suggestion  of  permanent  <iuallly - 
sourness  otliiok  or  language  proceeding  fnun  a  sour  nature. 
ttifiernrss,  which  Is  founded  upon  akiniired  (Igiire.  is  sour- 
uess  with  a  touch  of  rancor;  it  Isnnu-e  nositivc  and  aggres- 
hIm'.     .Sourness  and  Ititicrness  coulidu  li-ss  niallgullv  than 

"•  " /M'.      I'lrrifrHr,'  rises  lo  a  high  dcgli'e,o(  luallgidty, 

ill,. I  ,.,„,..,•  t,,  Biirh  a  llc-lghl  as  al si  (o  break  down  s.if 

..,,(t,..t  II,,.  wluih-  iialnri-  i.  envenomed,  rancid.  'I'ltcse 
W'l  '  M  ■  t  iM-viT  a[>|,li<'ii  lo  i'oimIucI  ;  rt*7*rn'0/ and 

ho  liililidci  illiHU  a  dllbuent  llgnrc,  ale  nat- 

ui  •  lapplli'd.  Mil  V  cinvi'V  thcldenolrougl). 

'I'  ii    .l.y.Ti/v  I.  lii.lluliler  of  thi' two;  it  Is 

o"  of  manner,  tnei  riiiiy  lii>  lliercsuliof  anui'r ; 

It  i  i  edge  than  hor.*lioiss.     Uarshncss  Is  the 

mo"!  iii'i Ml  I'leulldui't.  liiinamls,  et*,,  of  all  the  list; 

It  may  priicced  from  liiseiiaiblllty   to  otiicn'  foclliigs  or 


acro- 

rights.  .decent}/  has  a  wide  range  of  meaning,  expressing 
often  that  which  is  justified  or  necessary,  au<i  often  that 
which  is  hai-sh  or  hard ;  as  applied  to  language  or  conduct 
it  is  a  weigiity  word.  We  m.ay  speak  of  aerijnony  in  de- 
bate or  of  feeling;  asperity  of  manner;  harshnens  of  con- 
duct, language,  requirements,  terms,  treatment ;  severity 
of  censure,  pmiishment,  manner;  (ar(«eit((  of  reply ;  *owr- 
negs  of  jispect;  bitterness  of  spirit,  feeling,  retort;  viru- 
lence and  rancor  of  feeling  and  language. 

It  is  well  known  in  what  terms  of  acrimony  and  per- 
sonal hatred  Swift  attacked  Drydcn. 

Godwin,  Tlie  Enquirer,  p,  :t79. 
The  orators  of  the  opposition  declared  against  him 
with  great  animation  and  asperity. 

Macaulay,  Hist,  Eng,,  v. 
He  that  by  harshness  of  nature  and  arbitrariness  of 
conuuands  uses  his  cliildren  like  servants  is  what  they 
mean  by  a  tyrant.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

Severity,  gi-adnally  hardening  and  darkening  into  mis- 
anthropy, characterizes  the  works  of  Swift. 

Macaulay,  Addison. 
The  Dean  [Swift],  the  author  of  all  the  mirth,  preserves 
an  invincible  gravity  and  even  sourness  of  aspect, 

Macaulay,  Addison. 
To  express  themselves  with  smartness  against  the  en-ors 
of  men,  without  bitterness  against  their  pereons, 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  242, 
Xo  authors  draw  upon  themselves  more  displeasure 
than  those  who  deal  in  political  matters,  which  is  justly 
incurred,  considering  that  spirit  of  rancour  uni\  cindence 
with  wliicli  works  of  this  nature  aijound,  Addison. 

They  hate  to  mingle  in  thejilthy  fray. 
Where  tile  soul  sours,  and  gradual  rancour  grows, 
Imbittered  more  from  peevish  day  to  day. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  i,  1 ,', 
Acris  (ak'ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  uKp!(  (anptS-),  a 
locust  (L.  (irylliis).']  A  genus  of  tree-frogs  of 
the  family  Hijlida:  Acris nryllus,  a  chaiacteristie  ex- 
ample, is  common  in  the  Tniteii  States,  its  hmd  rattling 
pipe  being  heard  everywhere  in  the  spring,  DunUril  and 
mtn'on. 
acrisia  (.a-kris'l-il),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ctKpiaia,  want 
of  judgment,  the  undecided  character  of  a 
disease,  <  aKpiro^,  inidecided,  imdiscernible,  <  a- 
jiriv.  +  Kpirdc,  sejiarated,  distinguished,  <  Kpiveiv, 
separate,  distinguish,  judge :  see  crisis  and 
critic]  A  condition  of  disease  such  as  to  render 
prognosis  impossible  or  unfavorable  ;  absence 
of  determinable  or  favorable  symptoms, 
acrisy  (ak'ri-si),  n.  [<  acrisia.]  1.  Same  as 
acrisia. —  2.  Injudiciousness.  [Rare.] 
Acrita  (ak'ri-ta),  ii.pl.  [NL,,<  Gr.  ciKpira,  neut. 
pi.  of  anpiroc,  undiscemible,  indiscriminate :  see 
acri.^ia.]  A  name  originally  proposed  for  that 
group  of  animals  in  which  no  distinct  nervous 
system  exists  or  is  discernible,  it  thus  included, 
l)csides  all  of  the  Proto:on.  such  as  the  acalephs,  some 
of  the  J*otypi/era,  certain  Kntozoa,  the  rohfyufttrica.  etc. 
The  name  lias  liccn  cniiiioyi'd  liy  dillerent 'writers  with 
varying  iiitiliide  of  sigiiilhalion.  Imt  is  now  disused,  ex- 
cept as  a  (loos,)  syniiiiym  of  I'rofocfin  and  otlicr  low  f<u-ms 
of  the  Cuviel'ian  lioillntu,  since  it  iiiis  Iicen  sliown  to  apply 
to  no  natui'al  group  of  animals.  See  Cryptoneura.  Also 
incorrectly  writleii  .Icrlles,  after  the  Fre'neh, 

acritan  (ak'ri-tan),  a.  [See  Acrita.2  Of  or  be- 
longing to  the  Acrita. 

acrite  (nk'rit),  «.     Same  as  acritan. 

acritical  (a-krit'i-kiil),  a.  [<  (Jr.  a-  jiriv.  +  crit- 
ical ;  I'g,  iicritico,  not  critical.  Of.  Gr.  iapiTog, 
iinder«cc(.vm.]  In  palhol. :  (a)  Having  no  crisis: 
as,  an  acritical  abscess.  (/')  (Jiving  no  indica- 
tions of  a  crisis:  as,  acritical  sTOiptoms. 

acritochromacy  (ak''''ri-t6-kro'ma-si),  M.     [< 

acritiH-liromatic:  see  -acij.]  Inability  to  distin- 
guish between  colors;  color-blindness;  achro- 
matopsia. 

From  imperteet  observation  and  the  diltleulty  experi- 
enced In  lonimiinicating  Intelligently  with  tlie  Eskimo,  I 
was  unable  to  determine  whether  acritochromacy  existed 
among  them  to  any  great  extent. 

Arc.  Cruise  of  the  Corwin,  1881,  p,  24. 

acritochromatic  (ak'ri-to-kro-mat'ik),  a. 
|<(ii-.  nkpiTiu;  nut  distinguishing  (sec  n('W,'»/a), 
-t-  xpiliiiair-),  color,]  Characterized  by  or  af- 
fected witli  acritocliromacy;  unable  to  distin- 
giiisli  bclAveen  colors, 

acritude  (nk'ri-tiid),  n.  [<  L,  acriliido,  sharp- 
ness, <  an  r,  sliarp :  see  acrid.  |  An  acrid  qual- 
il.v;  bitter  pungency ;  biting  heat,      [Kare,] 

acrityf  (nk'rj-ti),  )(,  [After  I',  dcrctt',  <  I,,  acri- 
1(1(1- )s,  <.  airis,  sharp:  see  acrid.]  Sharimess; 
keen  severity;   strictness. 

The  nerity  of  prudence,  and  si'Verity  <d  judgment. 

A.  Goryes,  tl-,  of  Bacon,  I)e  Sap,  Vet.,  xvlll, 

aero-.  [I J.,  etc.,  <Gr.  (iKpo;  combining  form  of 
iikpm;,  at  the  fiirlhc'st  point  or  end,  terminal, 
I'xireme,  nighrst,  to)ini<isl,  oulerinosi  ;  neut. 
('iiipnv,  the  liig.ii'Sl  or  furthest  jioint,  toji,  peak, 
summit,  lieadland,  end,  exirciiiily :  fein.  I'lKpa, 
('(|niv.  Id  I'ikpnv.  Cf.  I'lid/,  a  point,  edge,  and  see 
aciil,  etc.]  In  -oiil.  and  bot.,  an  element  of 
many  coin]>ounds  of  Greek  origin,  referring  to 
(he  I")!,  lip,  point,  apex,  stimmit,  or  edge  of 
nnylhing.  In  a  few  coni]i(iiinils  aero-  (acr-) 
impro|Mrly  represents  liiilin  acer,  acris,  sharp, 
puugeiil :  iiH,  acronarcotic,  acrolein. 


acroama 

acroama  (ak-ro-a'ma),  «. ;"  pi.  acrnamata  (-am'- 
a-tii).  [<  (ir.  tiKpdafia,  anything  heard,  roeita- 
tiou,  <  animuatlni,  lu»ai',  pi'ob.  akin  to  ii'A.VEiv,hear : 
see  clu'iit.J  1.  lihetorical  deelaraation,  as  op- 
posed to  argument. 

Facciolati  cxpaniled  the  argument  of  Paciiis  .  .  .  into  a 
special  Acroama ;  l)ut  his  eloquence  was  not  more  elf ec- 
tive  tliaii  the  I'easoiiinj;  of  his  predecessors. 

Sir  U\  IlainiUon,  Discussions,  p.  153.     (iV.  J?.  7>.) 

2.  Oral  iiistruetiou  designed  for  initiated  dis- 
ciples only ;  esoteric  doctrine.     See  acroamatic. 

acroamatic  (aU'ro-a-mafik),  a.  [<  L.  acroama- 
ticHS,  <  Cir.  (iKpoa/ia-iKoi:,  designed  for  hearing 
only,  <  aKpua/ja(T-),  anything  heard:  see  acro- 
(!/«((.]  Abstruse ;  pertaining  to  deep  learning : 
opposed  to  exoteric.  Applied  particularly  to  those 
writings  of  Aristotle  (also  termed  esoteric)  which  possessed 
a  strictly  scientific  content  and  form,  as  opposed  to  his 
exoteric  writings  or  dialogues,  which  were  of  a  more 
popular  character.  The  former  were  addressed  to  "hear- 
ers," that  is,  were  Intended  to  be  read  to  his  disciples  or 
were  notes  written  down  after  his  lectures ;  hence  the 
epithet  acroamatic.  All  the  works  of  Aristotle  which  we 
possess,  except  a  few  fragments  of  his  dialogues,  belong  to 
this  class.  See  esoteric.  An  equivalent  form  is  acruatic. 
We  read  no  acroatiiatic  lectures. 

Hales,  Golden  Remains. 
Acroamatic  proof  or  method,  a  scientific  and  strictly 
demi>nstrative  i>niof  or  method. 

acroamatical  (ak"ro-a-mat'i-kal),  (I.  Of  an  ac- 
roamatic or  abstruse  character;  acroamatic. 

Aristotle  was  wont  to  divide  his  lectm-es  and  readings 
into  acroantatical  and  exoterical.    Hates,  Golden  Remains. 

acroamatics  (ak"ro-a-mat'iks),  n.  pi.  [PI.  of 
(leroaiiintic :  see  -fcs.^  Aristotle's  acroamatic 
writings.  See  acroamatic.  Also  called  acro- 
atics. 

acroasis  (ak-ro-ii'sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  uKpoaai^,  a 
hearing  or  leetiu'e,  <  anpoaadm,  hear :  see  acro- 
ama.'\     An  oral  discourse. 

acroatic  (ak-ro-at'ik),  a.  [<  L.  acroaticus,  <  Gr. 
axpoariKOf,  of  or  for  hearing,  <  aKpoari/^,  a  hearer, 
i aKpodcBai,  heav:  see  acroama.']  Same  as  a«/'0- 
amatic. 

acroatics  (ak-ro-at'iks),  n.  j)?.  Same  as  acroa- 
matics. 

Acrobasis  (ak-rob'a^sis),  «.  [NL.,  <Gr.  uKpov, 
the  top  or  end,  -t-  fiaaa;,  a  going.     Cf.  acrohat.~\ 


55 


acrodactylum 


walnut  case-hearer,  feedsupon  walnut  and  hickory,  fasten-  acroceplialv    Cak-ro-sof'a-li)    n 
ing  the  leaves  together  and  skeletonizing  them  fioiri  base     ,),,,    \,\,,\,„jl  „„;,,»  '  v,„.,iV    J.',.', 
tn  tip.     .1.  »»/;,,;;«■«« (Zeller) is  a  .■omniou  pest  on  apple-     ""'   '"'^  n     '.  ?°      '  J?,"''^',.^  '    '" 
trees,  :ind  is  known  as  the  aiiple-leaf  crumpler.  ccjilialic.i    A  form  ot  the  human 


[<  Gr.  uKpoj, 
/iEi,V// ;},  head :   see 
aiiple-leaf  crumpler.  '"         ccpiiaitc]    A  term  ot  tno  numan  skull  in  which 

acrobat  (ak'ro-bat),  n.     [<  F.  acrobate  =  Sp.     tl"'  vault  is  lofty  or  pjTamidal. 
arriiljato  =  Pg.'  It.  acrobata  (cf.  NL.  Acrobates),  Acrocera  (ak-ros'e-rii),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKpo;,  at 
<  Gr.  aKp6jia7i)r,  walking  on  tiptoe,  also  going  to    tlio  top  or  end,  4-  /cf/jaf,  a  horn.]     A  genus  of 


flies,  founded  by  Meigcn,  having  the  antennifc 
on  the  summit  of  the  forehead,  the  type  of  the 
family  Acroceriche  (which  see). 
Acroceraunian  (ak"ro-se-ra'ni-an),  «.  [<  L. 
AcriiccraiDiia,  <  Gr.  'Aitponepabvia,  n.  pi.,  <  mpov, 
peak,  summit,  -t-  nepavvwr,  thunder-smitten,  < 
Kepavmc,  thunder  and  lightning.]  An  epithet 
applied  to  certain  mountains  in  the  north  of 
Epirus  in  Greece,  projecting  into  the  strait  of 
Otranto. 

The  thunder-hills  of  fear. 
Tile  .ieroeiraunian  mountains  of  old  name.     Byron. 

Acroceridse  (ak-ro-ser'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Acro- 
cera +  -ida;.}  A  family  of  dipterous  insects, 
belonging  to  the  section  or  suborder  Brachycera, 
having  autemiaj  with  few  joints,  and  to  the 
Tctracha'U-i;  the  division  of  the  lirachi/ccra  in 
which  the  number  of  pieces  comi)osing  the 
haustellum  is  four,  it  was  established  by  Leach  in 
1819,  and  is  typified  by  the  genus  Acrocera  (which  see). 
acrochirismus  (ak-ro-ld-ris'mus),  n.  [Gr. 
ciKpoxeiptG/jijc,  wrestling  with  the  hands,  <  uKpo- 
Xmpii^eiv,  wrestle  with  the  hands,  seize  with 
the  hands,  <  aicpu\eip,  later  form  for  anpa  x^'Pi 
the  (tei-minal)  hand :  aupa,  fern,  of  aKpog,  at  the 
end,  terminal,  extreme ;  x^'P:  hand.]  In  Gr. 
antiq.,  a  kind  of  wrestling  in  wliieh  the  an- 
tagonists held  each  other  by  the  wrists.  Also 
spelled  acroclieiriumvs. 

.  _  .         ;J';;lounrd  by'DesrS  acrochord   (ak'ro  kord),  n.     l<  Acroclwrdas,  q. 

m  1820.    Also  written  Acrobata.  v.J     A  snake  ot  the  genus  Acrochordus. 

acrobatic  (ak-ro-bat'ik),  a.     [^='F.  acrobatique,  acrochordid(ak-ro-k6r'did),  h.     A  snake  of  the 

<Gr.  aKpoiianicoc,  fit  for  climbing,  <  inpoSanc:    ^i^^^^J  ^ei'ochorduke ;  a  wart-snake. 

see  acrobat.l     Of  ck  pertaining  to  an  acrobat  Acrochordldae ^  (ak-ro-ko_r'di-de),  n.pl.     [KL., 

or  his  performances  :  as,  acrobatic  feats ;  acro- 


tho  top,  <  aiipov,  the  highest  point,  top,  summit, 
neut .  of  oKfjor,  highest,  topmost,  +  Pardc,  verbal 
adj.  from  jiaivciv, 
go,  =  E.  come,  q. 
v.]      1.   A  rope- 
dancer;  also,  one 
who        practises 
high        vaulting, 
tumbling,  or  oth- 
er feats  of  person- 
al agility. —  3.  A 
species  of  the  ge- 
nus Acrobates. 
Acrobates      (ak- 

rob'a-tez),  ii. 
[NL.;'<  Gr.  as  if 
*a/cfio,iar?/f,  equiv. 
to  aKp6flaTor :  see 
acrobat.']  A  genus 
or  .subgenus  of 
marsupial  quad- 
rupe<lsofthefam- 
ily  Plialangistida; 
peculiar  to  Aus- 
tralia. It  is  rehated 
to  retauruft.  and  in- 
cludes such  pygmy  petaurists  as  the  opossum-mouse,  Acro- 
bates piiintiit'u.i,  one  of  the  most  diminutive  of  marsupials, 
being  liiir.lly  larger  th.an  a  iiiuuse.  Like  various  other  so- 
called  Hying  (|U,adrupeds,  the 


Opossum-mouse  of  New  South  Wales 
{Acrobaies  J>y^tncEus), 


batic  entertainments. 

Made  his  pujiil's  brain  nntnipulate  .  .  .  the  whole  ex- 
traiirdinary  latalngnc  of  an  American  young  lady's  school 
curriculum,  with  acraliatie  skill. 

E.  H.  Clarke,  .Sex  in  Education,  p.  71. 

acrobatical  (ak-ro-bat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  ac- 
robatic.    [Rare.] 

acrobatically  (ak-ro-bat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  an  acrobat ;  with  acrobatic  skill  or 
dexterity. 

acrobatism  (ak'ro-bat-izm),  «.  [<  acrobat  + 
-ism.]  The  performance  of  acrobatic  feats; 
the  profession  of  an  acrobat. 

Acrobrya  (ak-rob'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL. ,  nent.  pi.  of 
acrobri/iis:  see  aerobri/ous.  Ct.  Acramphibrija.] 
A  term  used  by  Endlicher  as  a  class  name  for 
plants  gi'owing  at  the  apex  only;  the  higher 
cry|)togams :  equivalent  to  acrogens. 

acrobryous  (ak-rob'ri-us),  a.  [<"NL.  acrobrtjiis, 
<  Gr.  I'lKpiir.  at  the  end,  +  jiphov,  a  flower.]  In 
liot.,  grow' 


<  Acrochordus  +  -ida.]  A  family  of  viviparous 
ophidian  reptiles  of  the  aglyphodont  or  colu- 
brine  division,  which  contains  ordinary  in- 
nocuous serpents.  The  typical  genus  is  Acrochordus, 
containing  A.  javanicu.^:,  a  large,  stout-bodied,  and  very 
short-tailed  serpent  of  Java,  some  S  feet  long,  the  entire 
body  of  which  is  covered  with  small  granular  or  tubercular 
scales,  not  imbricated,  as  is  usual  in  the  order.  With  its 
sullen  eyes  and  swollen  jaws,  it  presents  a  very  savage 
appearance.  The  family  contains  two  other  genera  o{ 
wart-snakes,  Chersydr\is  and  Xenodm'mus. 

acrochordon  (ak-ro-kor'dgn),  n. ;  pi.  acrochor- 
doites  (-do-nez).  [L.,  <  Gr.  aKpoxop^oiVj  a  wart 
with  a  tliin  neck,  <  uKpov,  top,  end,  +  x'>P^'/,  a 
string :  see  chord.]  A  small  filiform  iibroma- 
tous  outgrowth  of  the  skin,  often  becoming 
bulbous  at  the  end ;  a  hanging  wart. 

Acrochordus  (ak-rg-kor'dus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aKpov,  top,  end,  +  x°l'^'ly  a  string :  see  acrochor- 
don.] A  genus,  of  wart-snakes  typifjTng  the 
family  Acrochordidw  (which  see).  Hornstedt. 
Also  ivritten  Acrocordus.     i^haw. 


Exemplifications  of  Acrobasis. 
a,   leaflets    attacked    by  larva  of  A.  jit^landis  (walnut  case- 
bearer) ;    *.  case  of  larva;    c,  vrtnzs  of  A.  ttebulo;  d.  wings  of  A. 
jHglandis ;  e,  wings  of  A.  ttdbulo  var. 

A  genus  of  moths  belonging  to  the  Phyeidw, 
a  family  founded  by  Zeller  in  1839.  The  larva! 
skeletonize  leaves,  forming  for  themselves  silken  tubes, 
either  straight  or  crumpled.    A.  juglandis  (Le  Baron\  the 


,ing  at  the  apex  only ; 'of  the  nature  of  AcrocinUS  (ak-ro-si'nus),  w.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  anpov, 
Acrobnia.  ^'^"'   extremity,  -I-  mveiv,  move.]     A  genus  of 

Acrocarpi  (ak-ro-kiir'pi), 


Apple-leaf  Crumpler  {Acrobasis  indiginttla). 


a.  CISC,  containing  caterpillar:  *.  cases  in  winter;  c,  head  and 
thoracic  jomts  of  larva,  enlarged  ;  d,  moth  ( the  cross  shows  natural 
size). 


n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
acrocarpuSr  see  acrocarpous.]  In  bot.,  a  di- 
vision of  the  mosses,  containing  the  genera  in 
which  the  capsule  tei-minates  the  growth  of  a 
primary  axis. 

acrocarpous  (ak-ro-kar'pus),  a.  [<NL.«crocflr- 
pus,  <  Ur.  iiKpoKapnoq,  fniiting  at  the  top,  <  (i/i^oof, 
at  the  end  or  top,  +  KaptzoQ,  troit.]  In  bot.,  hav- 
ing the  fi'uit  at  the  end  or  top  of  the  primary 
axis :  applied  to  mosses. 

The  flower  of  ;Mosscs  either  terminates  the  gi-owth  of  a 
primary  axis  {Aetnearpuas  Mosses),  or  the  .  .  .  flower  is  ^^ 

phiceil  at  the  end  of  an  axis  of  the  second  or  third  order  ArropnTnia  Tnt-i-o  kn'm\  a1 
(Pleurocarpous  ^losses).        Cactus,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  319.      __  StUTiL^..    °        -        "•^■ 

acrocephalic  (ak"ro-se-farik  or  ak-ro-sef 'a-lik), 
a.  In  ethitol.,  pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
acrocephaly;  high-skulled:  as,  acrocejihalicmen 
or  tribes. 

acrocephaline  (ak-ro-sef'a-lin),  a.  [<  Aa-oce- 
phalits  +  -inc.]  In  o'rnith.,  resembling  a  bird  of 
the  genus  Acrocephalus  in  the  character  of  the 
bill:  said  of  certain  warblers.     Henry  Seciohm. 

Acrocephalus  (ak-ro-sef'a-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aKpov,  hero  used  in  the  mere  sense  of  point,  in 
"  ■  "  'ill  of  these  birds,  + /cf^iia;^;/,  head.|' 
In  ornith.,  a  genus  of  birds  founded  by  Nan- 
mann  in  ISll  to  embrace  old-world  warblers  of 
the  subfamily  •S'v?c((«a'/  the  reed-warblers,  it  is 
a  weil-ni:akid  -rnti[)  of  12  or  15  species,  distinguished  by 
acoInparati^■^ly  large  bill,  depressed  at  base  and  acute  at 
tip,  with  moderately  developed  rictal  bristles,  a  very  small 
spurious  first  primary,  a  rounded  tail,  and  more  or  less 

uniform  brownish  plumage.  It  is  related  to /"/si/^ioscoy/i/s,  aCrodactyluJll  (ak-ro-dak'ti-lum),  )(.  ;  pi.  ncco- 
Locuaelta  llnpolais.ete.  A  typical  species  is  the  aquatic  dactula  (-la).  [NL.,'<Gr.  Q^■pof,  at  the  top,  -f- 
reed-warblei-,  .!.  (f'VMd/tctw.     Most  of  the  species  of  this      r.     -^.i     ^    -'j.    .K         '     ^      ,   .'-^'-T  .,,  ^*.i 

genus  ;tre  iiii;;ratory  and  their  molt  is  double.  See  Caia-  oa/iTu/tof,  a  digit:  see  dactyl.]  In  ormth.,  the 
modyta  and  reed-warbler.  upper  smUace  of  a  bird's  toe.     [Little  used.] 


longieom  beetles,  of  the  family  Cerambi/cidw : 
so  called  by  Dliger  from  having  a  movable 
spine  on  each  side  of  the  thorax,  a.  longimanus, 
the  harlequin-beetle  of  .South  America,  is  the  type.  It  is 
2^  inches  long,  with  antenna)  5  and  fore  legs  alone  4 
inches  in  length. 
Acroclinium  (ak-ro-klin'i-um),  n.  [NL.  (with 
ref.  to  the  acutely  conical  receptacle),  <  Gr. 
a/cpoji,  top,  peak,  -I-  K?.tvr/,  couch.]  A  generic 
name  retained  by  florists  for  a  composite  plant 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  more  properly 
classed  as  Helipterum  roseum.  It  has  immor- 
telle-like flowers,  with  scarious  colored  bracts. 
..,,  n.  [NL.,<Gr.  aKp6- 
Koiioq,  with  leaves  at  the  top,  tufted  with  leaves,  < 
d/fpof,  at  the  top,  -1-  ko//?/,  a  tuft,  hah-:  see  coma".] 
A  genus  of  tropical  American  palms,  allied  to 
the  cocoa-palm,  with  a  tall  prickly  ti-unk,  some- 
times swollen  in  the  middle,  bearing  a  tuft  of 
very  large  pinnate  leaves,  a.  sclcrocarim  is  widely 
distributed  through  South  .\merica,  and  yields  a  small 
round  fruit  with  thin,  sweetish  pulp  and  an  edible  kernel. 
The  young  leaves  are  eaten  as  a  vegetable,  and  a  sweet, 
fragrant  oil  is  extracted  from  the  nuts,  which  is  used  as 
an  emollient  and  in  the  manufacture  of  toilet-soaps.  See 
macaw-tree. 


ref.  to  the  biU  of  these^  V^j'^^^''"  '^^f"'^'!^  bead.]  acrocyst  (ak'ro-sist),   n.     [<  Gr.  ao-pof,  at  the 

-  -*  1 1-  i„,]  1...  AT...      top, -H /vw-jf,  bladder, bag,  pouch:  see  c/y«(.]   In 

gooL,  an  external  sac  which  in  some  hydroids 
is  formed  upon  the  summit  of  the  gonangium, 
where  it  constitutes  a  receptacle  in  which  the 
ova  pass  through  some  of  the  earlier  stages  of 
their  devrlopment.     Allman. 


acrodont 

acrodont  (ak'ro-dont),  «.  anil  a.  [<  NL.  acro- 
doii(l-),  <  Gr.  axpor,  at  the  end  or  edge,  +  odoif 
(o(5oiT-)  =  E.  tooth.]  I.  «.  One  of  those  lizards 
■which  have  the  teeth  attached  by  their  bases 
to  the  edge  of  the  jaw,  -without  bony  alveoli  on 
either  the  inner  or  the  outer  side. 

n.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembUng  an 
acrodont ;  having  that  arrangement  of  the  teeth 
which  characterizes  an  acrodont :  as,  an  aero- 


f>    -f ' 


SkuU  of  a  Lizard  ( yaranus)  with  Acrodont  Dentitioo. 
a,  articular  bone  of  mandible ;  f,  coronoid  bone  of  do, ;  rf.  dentary 
bone  of  do.;/,  frontal:/^,  prefrontal :  /",  postfrontal;  /,  lacrymal : 
m.  malar :  »i:r.  maxilla :  «.  nasal ;  <».  otic  ;  /,  parietal ;  //,  pterygoid ; 
^r,  columella  ;  /r",  trans\'erse  bone ;  /x.  premaxilla ;  y,  quadrate ; 
sg,  squamosal. 

rfonilizard;  acrorfont  dentition. —  2.  Having  the 
characters  of  the  Aerodonta,  or  heterodontoid 
fishes. 
AcTOdonta  (ak-ro-don'ta),  «.  ;>?.  [NX.  :  see 
(irriidoiit.']  A  name  proposed  for  a  group  or 
suborder  including  the  heterodontoid  and  re- 
lated sharks,  which  have  the  lialato-ijuadiate 
apparatus  disarticulated  fiom  the  cranium,  the 
deutigerous  portions  enlarged,  and  the  mouth 
inferior.  The  only  liting  representutives  .trt-  the  lieto- 
riHluutids  (Port  Jackson  shark,  etc.),  but  the  e-xtinct  forms 
aru  imnu-rous. 

acrodynia  (ak-ro-din'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oKpor, 
at  the  extremity,  +  oivvi/,  pain.]  An  epidemic 
disease  characterized  by  disturbances  in  the 
alimentary  canal  (vomiting,  colic,  dian'hoa),  by 
nervous  symptoms  (especially  pain  in  the  ex- 
tremities), sometimes  by  cramp  or  antesthesia. 
and  l)y  a  dermatitis  affee'tingthe  hands  and  feet. 

acrogen  (ak'ro-jen),  H.  [<  Gr.  anpoc,  at  the  top, 
+  -7"'';!",  -bom,  produced:  see  -f/en  and  ficiuis.i 
An  aerogenous  plant.  The  acrogens  (onu  a  divisi<iii 
of  tlie  Cnii/lo'/ainia.  (liKlin;;ui.she<l  front  the  thallogens  by 
their  habits  nf  i^rowth  iiiul  innde  of  ilnprejnmtion.  They 
have  tnie  steins  with  leafy  appendages  (excepting:  the  rie- 
cia-s  and  inarchantias),  and  the  embryonic  sac  is  impreg- 
nated by  the  spermatozoids.  They  are  divided  into  two 
^oilps  ;  (a)  tliose  comiM.sed  wholly  of  cellular  tissue,  the 
charas,  liverworts,  and  mosses ;  and  (b)  those  in  which 
vascular  tissue  is  present,  the  ferns,  horsetails,  pilhvorts. 
and  clubraosses.  — The  age  Of  acrogens,  in  //■■III.,  till- 
Carboniferous  era,  when  acrogens  were  the  characteristic 
vegetable  forms. 

acrogenic  (ak-ro-jen'ik),  a.  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  acrogens. 

That,  under  fit  conditions,  an  analogous  mode  of  growth 
will  weur  in  fronds  of  the  acroifunic  type,  ...  is  shown 
by  the  ease  of  Jungennannia  fureala. 

II.  Sprncer,  I'rin.  of  Biol.,  §  194. 

aerogenous  (a-kroj'e-nus),  a.  [As  acrogen  + 
-<;iifi-.]  Iiiirfa-iiiig  by  growtli  at  the  summit  or 
by  tcrrniiial  buds  only,  as  the  ferns  and  mo.sses; 
of  till'  nut  lire  of  or  pertaining  to  acrogens. 

acrography  (a-krog  ra-fi),  «.  [<  <  Ir.  aiifwr,  at  the 
top, -H -)()«'^(n,  <  )/)(iH>oii,  write:  nvc  graphie.']  A 
ytrocess  for  producing  designs  in  relief  on  metal 
or  stone  through  a  ground  of  linely  jiowdered 
chalk,  solidificii  by  hydraulic  pressure  into  a 
compact  mass,  a  design  is  drawn  on  the  slightly  shin- 
InK  wliite  MUrfaei-  with  ii  lliiily  poinUd  briljih  charged  with 
n  gliitliMius  Ink,  which,  whi-n-ver  it  is  applied,  unites  tin- 

rartl.  1.  .  r,f  rli;ilk  HO  Ilnnly  that  they  remain  staiuting  in 
'»■  -    r  the  Intennediate  whlttT  spaces  have  been 

T'  .  apiece  of  velvet  or  alight  brush.    If  the 

I'b-''  '  iicri  the  appearaiK-e  of  an  engraved  wood 

■'I'  I  a  fHilution  of  Mllica,  u  stereotype  cast 

*''  '  "py  can  be  taken  from  it  to  be  nsed  for 

pn    ■  ■;,.■, 

acTOket,  y"/'.  phr.  as  adv.  A  Middle  English 
f'imi  ot  irrront:. 

aCTol'  i:.  '  n/lo-iii),   II.       [<  |j,  ficri.t,  .Mliaq), 

p"  '"rl'l).  +  olere,  mnf]i,  +  -ill.]     A 

•■••'■  •!  r,..,„.[    CMaCMICOII,  liuviin;  a 

•'i  ly  iiTitating  odor,  such 

■■"  I  111'  fluuii'  of  a  ciiiidic 

*"'  lid  while  the  wick  Htill 

f^''"  I  the  allyl  Hi-rlcH,  ami  Is  nb 

*•"  '  ■wlibh  ni-id  potnK'thim  sill 

P>"'  id  has  I n  iwlibd.  nl«o  by 

J"'  lien.  It  bums  with  n  clonr, 
iniii... 

acrollth  ■■■  r.>.|lth),  ».  [<  L.  «croKfAi(.«,<Or. 
niifa'i'/iii'i ,  ^  III  tho  I'liih  miule  of  dtone,  <  I'lupof, 
fxtrnmi-,  :it  tl,<.  1  1,1, -f/iflof,  n  Htono.]  In  dr. 
ant4fj.,  II  «■  iil|iliiii  I  liirtiro  of  which  only  the 
hesu  and  <'Xtr«initii:H  wore  carved  in  Ktonu,  the 


56 

rest  being  generally  of  wood,  and  covered  with 
either  textile  drapery  or  thin  plates  of  metal. 
The  name  w;is  also  applied  to  figures  of  ordinary  stone  of 
which  the  heads  and  extremities  were  formed  of  marble, 
as  iu  some  of  the  tvell-known  metopes  of  Selinus,  Sicily. 

acrolithan  (a-krol'i-than),  a.  Sa-ne  as  aero- 
litJiic. 

acrolithic  (ak-ro-lith'ik),  a.  Of  the  nature  of 
an  aerolith :  formed  like  an  acrolith :  as,  an  ae- 
rolitliie  statue. 

acrologic  (ak-ro-loj'ik),  a.  [<  aerology  -t-  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  aerology;  founded  on  or  using 
iuitials;  using  a  sign  primarily  representing  a 
wortl  to  denote  its  initial  letter  or  sound:  as, 
acrologic  notation ;  acrologic  names. 

The  twenty-two  names  [of  the  Semitic  letters]  ai-e  aero- 
loiric ;  that  is,  the  name  of  each  letter  begins  tvith  that 
letter.  Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  Iti?. 

acrological  (ak-ro-loj'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  oero- 
loi/ic. 

acrologically  (ak-ro-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
rologic- maimer ;  by  means  of  aerology.  Isaac 
Tai/lor. 

aerology  (a-krol-'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  axpof,  at  the 
end,  -I-  -7.0)  ia,  <  liysiv,  speak  :  see  -ology.]  The 
use  of  a  pictm-e  of  some  object  to  represent 
alphabetically  the  first  part  (letter  or  syllable) 
of  the  name  of  that  object.     See  acrophoinj. 

A  polysyllabic  language  did  not  lend  itself  so  readily  as 
the  Chinese  to  this  solution.  According  to  Halevy,  the 
dilficulty  (of  effecting  the  transition  from  itieograms  to 
phonograms]  was  overcome  by  the  adoption  of  the  power- 
ful principle  of  Aerology. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  43. 

aerometer  (a-krom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  axpof,  at 
the  top,  -t-  liirpov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  indicating  the  specific  gi-a-vity  of  oil.  See 
oleometer. 

acromia,  n.     Pltiral  of  acromion. 

acromial  (a-kro'mi-al),  a.  [<  acroiiiioii.]  In 
(iiKit.,  relating  to  the  acromion — Acromial  pro- 
cess.   See  amiwiofi.— Acromial  thoracic  artery.  .See 

ai-rumiothoracii'. 

aeromiocla-yicular  (a-kro"mi-0-kla-vik'u-liir). 
«.  [<NL.  «c)-oi«(OH -I- c/nncH/rt,  clavicle.]  Per- 
taining to  tho  acromion  and  the  clavicle Acro- 
mioclavicular articulation,  tlie  j'lint  between  the  col- 
lar-bniH-  and  tin-  sii..iii.lci--iihulc.- Acromlocla-vlcular 
ligaments,  ■■ni/n-nur  and  iii.ji'i-iiir.  two  lliirous bauds  which 
join  the  acr-'iiiiiiM  and  the  clavicle. 

acromiodeltoideus  (a-kr6"mi-6-del-toi'de-us), 
n.;  pi.  acromiodcltDidci  (-1).  [NL.,  <  aeromioii 
+  Gr.  rftAroEd'vf,  deltoid.]  A  muscle  of  some 
animals,  extencling  from  the  acromion  to  the 
deltoid  ridge  of  the  humerus,  con'espondiiig  to 
an  acromial  jiart  of  the  human  deltoid  muscle. 

aeromion  (a-kro'mi-on),  «.;  ]3l.  acromia  (-ii). 
[NL.,<<lr.  I'lKpufiim;  n  by-form  oi  aicpuiiia,  the 
point  of  the  shoulder-blade,  <  ukimi;,  at  the  toji 
or  end,  -I-  I'l/'oc,  the  shoulder  with  tho  uiiiui- 
arm,  akin  to  L.  Hmo-H.s .-  see  liiimerii.':.]  In  aiiiil., 
tho  distal  end  of  the  spine  of  the  scapula  oi- 
shoulder-blade.  in  man  it  is  an  enlarged  prmess. 
which,  (U-iginating  by  an  indcpenilciit  center  of  tissillca- 
tion,  articulates  with  the  distal  end  of  the  clavicle,  and 
gives  attachment  to  jiart  of  the  deltoid  and  trajK-zins 
muscles  :  conimonly  i-alled  the  afvaniial  jiroci'ss,  or  ncre- 
itiion  process.  Its  rehitions  arc  the  same  in  other  inain- 
iiials  which  have  perfect  clavicles.  See  cut  under  scaji- 
Ida. 

The  arroiniiin  jiroccss  .  .  .  forms  the  summit  of  tho 
shoulder.  Quain,  Anatomy,  I.  .'}7. 

aeromiothoracic  (a-kro 'mi-o-tho-ras'ik),  a.  [< 
( 1  r,  ttKin'jftiiii',  shoulder,  +  thltpa^  (llufiaK-),  t  luirax.] 
Pertaining  to  the  shoulder  and  thorax.  Aero- 
miothoracic artery,  a  bianch  of  the  axillary  artel-t, 
siipjilyiug  parts  alu'tit  the  shoulder  and  breast. 

acromiotrapezius  (;i-kr6  ini-O-tra-pe'zi-us),  «. ; 
]il.  iieriiiiiiiilriiiii .•a  (-\).  [NL.,  <  acromion  -I-  Irii- 
}if:iiiH.]  An  intermediate  crrvical  iiortioii  id' 
the  trajiezius  muscle,  in  spicinl  relatiuii  with 
tho  spine  ot  the  scajmla  and  the  acroniioii, 
forming  a  nearly  distinct  muscle  in  some  aiii- 
mal.'t. 

aeromonogrammatic    (ak*ro-mon'i">-gra-mat'- 

ik),  ".  mill  II.  |<(ir.  .'nyioi-,  at  the  end,  -i- /nnn- 
j/iiiw//«7oi-,  consisting  of  oiii'  letter:  sec  minin- 
gramniatic.]  A  linn  iipplii'il  to  a  jinrliinl 
ctmipositioii  ill  wliich  cveiy  verse  begiiiH  with 
the  same  IcItiriiH  Hint  with  which  the  preceding 
verse  ends. 
Acromyodi  (ak'ri>-ini-6'ili),  «.;>/.  [NIi,,<Gr. 
I'/ii/ior,  at  the  end,  ■+■  fni.  miisi'lc,  -(-  i,«'//,  Hciiig.] 
A  Huljorder  or  Hiijierfaniily  of  passerine  binlK, 
enilirai'ing  the  Osciiiis,  or  singing  birds  )iro|H'r. 
and  iliaiactiTized  by  Imviiig  the  several  iiitrin 
sic  syringeiil  inilHcIeK  iitliii'lied  (o  tlii'  ends  of 
tlie  upper  bronchial  liulf-ringH:  opposed  to 
MiHiimijiidi.  riie  grcnl  nm)..rllj  of  the  I'afrrrii  are 
AeromyiHU.  \'\'i\y  word  Is  iiIho  ilsiil  as  nti  ntljcctlve  In  (he 
ctpri'wvlon  t'lUMcres  acromyinti,  ci|iilvalont  t«i  acrnmyv- 
dian  Pcutrrra.] 


acropodium 

acromyodian  (ak"ro-mi-d'di-an),  a.  and  «.  [< 
Acromijiidi.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Acromyodi :  having  that  arrangement  of  the 
muscles  of  the  sji-inx  which  characterizes  the 
Acromyodi :  as,  an  acromyodian  bird. 
II,  11.  One  of  ihe  Acromyodi. 

aeromyodic  (akro-mi-od'ik),  a.  [<  Acromy- 
odi.]    Same  as  acromyodian. 

acromyodous  (ak-ro-mi'o-dus),  a.  Same  as 
acroniyodiiiii. 

aeronarcotie  (ak  ro-nar-kot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
acris,  sharp,  pungent  (see  acrid),  -f  narcotic.] 
I.  a.  Acting  as  an  irritant  and  a  narcotic. 

II.  ».  One  of  a  class  of  poisons,  chiefly  of 
vegetable  origin,  which  imtate  antl  inflame  the 
parts  to  which  they  are  applied,  and  act  on  the 
brain  antl  spinal  cord,  producing  stupor,  coma, 
paralysis,  and  convulsions.  Also  called  nar- 
cotieo-acrid  or  narcotieo-irritant. 

acronic,  acronieal,  a.    See  acronychal. 

acronotine  (ak-ro-no'tin),  (7.  [< -•ieronofH,'!.]  In 
:ool.,  pertaining  to  the  subgenus  Acronotus. 

AcronotUS  (ak-ro-no'tus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aapov, 
the  liighest  point, -1- i-urof,  back.]  1.  A  sub- 
genus of  ruminating  animals  fotind  in  Africa. 
Damalis  (Acronotus)  bubalus  is  the  tj-jie.  Ham. 
Smit/i,  18:27. —  2.  A  genus  of  beetles. 

Aeronuridse  (ak-ro-uii'ri-de),  Ji.  2>l.  [<  Acronti- 
riis  -H  -idle.]  A  family  of  sjiiny-finneil  fislies, 
referred  Vty  Giinther  to  his  Acontliojderygiicotto- 
scondiriforme.'i,  having  one  dorsal  with  several 
spongy  sjiines  anteriorly,  one  or  more  bony 
spines  on  each  side  of  the  tail,  and  the  teeth 
compressed,  truncate  or  lobate,  and  closely  set 
in  a  single  series.  The  species  are  known  as  liarhci-- 
.lisli  and  surgeons.  The  family  is  also  calletl  vlcitnt/iio'i- 
ilir  and  T>'iiifiiitii1(e.     See  these  tvords, 

Aeronurus  (ak-ro-nii'rus),  «.  [NL.,  appar.  ir- 
reg.  <Gr.  aKpov,  extremity,  ■+  orpa,  tail.]  A  for- 
mer generic  name  of  small  fishes  now  known  to 
be  the  yoimg  of  species  of  Acanlhurus  (whicli 
see). 

aeronyeh  (a-kron'ik),  a.  [Also  written  acronyc, 
acronic,  and  aclironie,  by  confusion  with  adjec- 
tives in  -ic  and  with  chronic  and  Gr.  xi"^'"":- 
time;  =  F.  aeroiiyqiie  =Sp.  acronicto,  acrdnico 
=  Pg.  aeronico,  achronico  =  It.  acronieo,  <  Gr. 

(IKIWVV\UC,     also      (IKpol'VKTOg     and      ilKpovi'KTtn^,    at 

nightfall,  <  unpoc,  at  the  end  or  etlge,  -I-  i-i-f 
(i'i*T-)  =  K.  night,]  Same  as  acronychal. 
acronyehal  (a-kron'i-kal),  a.  [Also  written 
aeronycal,  acronieal,  etc.,  asaeronych  ;  <  aeronyeh 
-(-  -«/.]  In  a.stron.,  occumng  at  sunset:  as,  the 
acronychal  rising  or  setting  of  a  star:  opposed 

to  cosmicat — Acronychal  place  or  observation,  the 
jdace  or  observation  of  a  planet  at  its  opposition  :  so 
» ailed  because  iu  an  c.-irly  state  of  astl-onoiiiy  the  opposi- 
tion of  a  planet  was  known  by  it.s  acronychal  rising. 

acronyehally  (a-kron'i-kal-i),  adr.  In  an  acron- 
ychal manner;  at  sunset.  A  star  is  said  to  rise  and 
mI  iu-n>iiifi-/ui!fif  when  it  rises  or  sets  as  the  sliu  sets. 

acronyetOUS  (alj-nVnik'tus),  o.  [<Gr.  uKpvvi'H- 
rnr:  si'C  aeronyeh.]     Same  as  acronychal. 

aerook  (a-knik'),  jircj>.])hr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
acroke,  <  «■',  prep.,  on,  +  erol,-e,  erook.]  .\v\Ty :. 
crookedly.     [Now  rare.] 

Uumbre  reniieth  fyi-st  a  crooh  out  of  the  south  side  of 
York.  Caxtoti,  l>e8cr.  Britain,  p.  1'2. 

This  gear  potli  aerook.  rdatl,  Koister  Doister,  iv.  3. 

I.lbertic  ys  thing  that  women  loke, 
And  truly  cIs  the  mater  is  aeroke. 

Court  o.f  Loee.  1.  :t7S. 

acropetal  (ak-rop'e-tal),  a.  [<  Or.  oupm;  the  top, 
-(-  It.jiilirr,  seek.  C(.  centripetal.]  In /'l)^, de- 
veloping from  below  upward,  or  from  the  base 
toward  the  ajiex  ;  basiftigal. 

acropetally  (ak-roii'e-tal-i),  aitr.  In  an  acrope- 
ta)  tiianiiei-. 

'I  be  lalcial  shoots  which  normally  arise  below  the  grow- 
ing apc\  of  a  inotlier-shoot  are  always  arraligcd  aerope- 
tothi,  like  the  leaves.  .Saetis,  llotauy  (trans.),  p.  iri2. 

acrophonetlc  (ak"ro-i>ho-iiet'ik),  a.  [<aeroph- 
mni,  alli'i-  ]ilionclic,]  Pertaining  to  aero]>hony 
(wliii-h  see). 

acrophony  (a-krof'9-ni),  w.    [<  Gr.  anpm:,  at 

Ihi'  rijil,  -(-  -ifii.wln,  <  i/if.ii'//,  sotiiiil.]  In  the  de- 
velopiiioiil  of  al|>habi'lii'  writing,  the  usi'  of  a 
symbolic  jiicture  of  an  object  or  idea  to  repre- 
sent plionetieall.v  the  initial  syUable,  or  the 
initial  sound,  of  tin-  name  of  that  object  or 
idea;  as  in  giving  to  tlie  Kgyptian  hieroglyph 
tor  nrfcr,  good,  the  )ilioiietic  value  of  ne,  its  tirst 
syllable,  or  of  n,  its  lii-sl  loiter.  See  aerologi). 
acropodium  (ak-ro-lin'ili-uni),  11.;  Ti\.  aeropo<\i(r, 
(-jl).  ['  (ir,  iii\piu;,  ut  the  top,  •¥  n-ori/oi',  dim.  of 
Tofr  (toi1-)  =  K. /l)o^J  1.  In  aniit.,  the  upper 
surface  of  (he  whole  foot.  Urnndt: — 2.  In  or- 
ni7/i.,  soiiictiincH  used  »h  syronyiiioiis  with  iic- 


acropodium 

rodacti/him.  [Little  used  in  either  of  these  two 
senses.]  —  3.  In  <"'(,  an  elevated  pedestal  bear- 
ing a  statue,  partii-iilarly  if  raised  from  tlie 
substructm-e  on  supports  or  feet ;  the  plinth  of 
a  statue  or  other  work  of  art,  if  resting  on 
foot.  JSd.  GuiUaiimc. 
acropolis  (a-ki-op'O-lis),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aKpSTTohr, 
the  ui)per  city,  <  diiiiot:,  highest,  upper,  +  iroA/r, 
a  city:  see 2'olicc.']  The  citadel  of  a  Grecian 
city,  usually  the  site  of  the  original  settlement, 
and  situated  on  an  eminence  commanding  the 


4 


A.r..i..l 


sun'ounding  country.  When  the  city  spread  beyond 
its  earlier  limits,  the  acropolis  was  generally  cleared  of  its 
inhabitants  and  held  sacred  to  the  divinities  of  the  state, 
whose  temples  were  upon  it.  The  acropolis  of  Athens 
contained  the  most  splendid  productions  of  Greek  art,  the 
I'arthenon,  the  Erechthenni,  and  the  Propylica. 
acrosarcum  (ak-ro-sar'kum),  II. ;  pi.  acrosarca 
(-kji).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKfiur,  at  the  end,  +  capt 
(aii'pK-),  flesh.]  A  name  given  by  Desvaux  to  a 
berry  resulting  from  an  ovary  with  adnate  c  alyx, 
iis  in  the  currant  and  cranberry. 
acrosaurus  (ak-ro-sa'rus),  n. ;  pi.  dcrosaurl 
(-!".).  [NL.,  <  Gr.'  anpoc,  extreme,  +  travpoc,  a 
lizard:  see  &;»»■».<.]  An  extraordinary  fossil 
reptile,  with  30  or  40  teeth  and  a  broad  cheek- 
bone process,  occmTing  in  the  Triassio  sand- 
stones of  southern  Africa. 
Acrosoma  (ak-ro-so'mij),  )(.  [NL.,  <Gr.  uKpov, 
top,  i)eak,  extremity,  +  mt/jn,  body.]  A  genus 
of  orbitelarian  spiders  of  the  family  lipeirkhe 
(or  Gastracanihida),  having  the  sides  of  the  ab- 
domen prolonged  into  immense  horns,  whence 
the  name.  It  Is  a  tropical  genus  with  many 
species. 
acrospire  (ak'ro-spir),  II.  [Formerly  aker-, 
iicker.fjiii-c;  <  Gr.  d/i/iof,  at  the  top,  +  nrre'ipa,  a 
coil,  spire,  >L.  spira,  >E.  spire,  q.  v.]  The  first 
leaf  which  rises  above  the  ground  in  the  ger- 
mination of  grain ;  also  the  rudimentary  stem 
or  first  leaf  which  appears  in  malted  grain ;  the 
developed  plumule  of  the  seed. 
acrospire  (ak'ro-spir),  r.  i.  \  pret.  and  pp.  ncro- 
spired,  ppr.  acroxpirhiit.  [Formerly  aker-,  (icker- 
spire ;  from  the  noun'.]  To  throw  out  the  first 
leaf ;  sprout. 

acrospired  (ak'ro-spird),  j).  a.  Having  or  exhib- 
iting the  acrospire :  especially,  iu  malf-malcinr/, 
applied  to  the  grains  of  barley  which  have 
sprouted  co  far  as  to  exliibit  the  blade  or  plu- 
mule-end, tof-ether  with  the  root  or  radicle. 
acrospore  (ak'ro-spor),  II.  [<  Gr.  a/cf)Of,  at  the 
end,  +  ajropci,  seed:  see  spore.']  Inbot.,  a  form 
of  fruit  in  I'eronospora,  a  genus  of  microscopic 
fungi,  borue  at  the  ctils  of  erect  simple  or 
branching  filaments  of  the  mycelium.  The  term 
is  also  applied  generally  to  the  rcproiluctive  organs  of 
fungi  when  they  are  developed  at  the  apex  of  the  mother 
cell  or  spori  iphore. 
acrosporous  (a-kros'po-ms),  a.  Having  spores 
naked  and  produced  at  the  tips  of  cells :  applied 
to  one  of  the  two  modes  in  which  fruit  is  formed 
in  fungi.  For  the  other  method  see  ascir/erous. 
across  (a-kr6s'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  j'^ep. 
[<  late  JiiE.  acros  (also  in  cross,  and  in  maner  of 
rt  ccos);  <  ((3 -(- cross.]  I.  adi\  1.  From  side  to 
side ;  in  a  crossing  or  crossed  manner ;  crosswise. 
Who  calls  me  villain?  breaks  my  pate  across? 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 
With  arms  across, 
He  stfjud  reflecting  on  his  country's  loss.        Di-T/den. 


[In  the  exclamntion.  "flood  faith,  across!"  Shak.,  All's 
Well,  ii.  1,  the  allusion  is  to  striking  an  adversary  cross- 
wise with  the  spe.ir  in  lilting  instead  of  by  thrusting,  the 
fdriiicr  iieing  roiisitlcred  disgraceful.) 

2.  From  one  side  to  another;  transversely;  in 
a  transverse  line:  as,  what  is  the  distance 
across  f  I  came  across  in  a  steamer. 

At  a  descent  into  it  [cavern  of  Vauclnse)  of  thirty  or 
forty  ((^'t  fn.ni  the  brink  where  we  stood  was  a  po.d  of 
Wider,  i>erhai)s  thirty  feet  across. 

C.  I).  Warner.  Roundabcmt  .f  onrncy,  ii. 

3.  Adversely;  contra  rily  :  as,  "things  go 
across,"  Mir.  for  Mays.,  p.  344 — To  break  across, 

in  IHtiini.  to  allow  one's  spear  by  awkwardness  to  be  broken 
across  the  body  of  (Uie's  adversary,  instead  of  by  the  push 
of  the  ijoint. 

One  said  he  brake  across.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

II.  prep.  1 .  From  side  to  side  of,  as  opposed 
to  aliiiifi,  which  is  in  the  direction  of  tlie  length ; 
athwart ;  quite  over  :  as,  a  bridge  is  laid  across 
a  river. 

|The))oysl  will  go  down  on  one  side  of  the  yacht  .  .  .  and 
bob  uji  on  tlie  other,  almost  before  you  have  time  to  run 
across  the  deck.  Ladjl  JSrrasei/,  Voyage  of  Sunlieam,  I.  ii. 
2.  Transverse  to  the  length  of;  so  as  to  inter- 
sect at  any  angle :  as,  a  line  passing  acro.fs  an- 
other.—  3.  Beyond;  on  the  other  side  of. 
<)  love,  we  two  shall  go  no  longer 
To  lands  of  summer  across  the  sea. 

Tennifson.  Daisy, 
Across  lots,  by  the  shortest  way ;  by  a  short  cut.  (Colloi).) 
—  To  come  across,  to  meet  or  fall  in  with. 

If  I  .'.I,/,,,  ner'iss  a  real  thinker,  ...  I  enjoy  the  luxury 
of  sitting  still  for  a  while  as  much  as  another. 

0.  \V.  I/olincs,  The  Professor,  i. 

acrosticl (a-kros'tik),  M.andfl.  [  =  P.  acrostielie 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  acrostico,  <  Gr.  aKpoarixiov,  aicpo- 
anxii:,  an  acrostic,  <  anpor,  at  the  end,  +  crixoi;, 
row,  order,  line,  <  arsixeiv  (•/  *c7Ti,v),  go,  walk, 
march,  go  in  lino  or  order,  =  AS.  stiijan,  E.  sfy'^, 
go  up.  The  second  element  vcould  prop,  be 
-sticli,  as  in  disficli ;  it  has  been  assimilated  to 
the  common  suffix -Jc]  I.  n.  1.  A  composition 
in  verse,  in  which  the  first,  or  the  fii'st  and  last, 
or  certain  other  letters  of  the  lines,  taken  in  or- 
der, form  a  name,  title,  motto,  the  order  of  the 
alphabet,  etc. —  2.  A  Hebrew  poem  in  which  the 
initial  letters  of  the  lines  or  stanzas  were  made 
to  run  over  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  in  their 
order.  Twelve  of  the  Psalms  are  of  this  charac- 
ter, of  which  Psalm  cxix.  is  the  best  example. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  con- 
taining an  acrostic :  as,  acrostic  verses. 
acrostic-t  (a-la'os'tik),  a.  [<  across  {cros.sed, 
cfosO, confused withr(cros?/cl.]  Crossed;  fold- 
ed across ;  crossing.     [Eare.] 

But  what    niclanchtdy  sir,  with    acro.'<tic    arms,   now 

comes?  Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  iv.  4. 

acrostical(a-kros'ti-kal),  a.     Same  as  c(crosf(cl. 

[Rare  or  unused.] 
acrostically  (a-kros'ti-kal-i),  adr.     In  the  man- 
ner of  an  acrostic. 
acrosticism  (a-kros'ti-sizm),  n.     [<  acrostic'^  + 
-ism.]     Acrostic  arrangement  or  character. 
acrostolium  (ak-ro-sto'li-um),  91. ;  pi.  acrostoUa 
(-a).      [NL.,  <  Gr.  aKpocrrd'Aiov,  defined  as  the 
same  as  aip'Aaarov,  L.  aphistre,  which,  however, 
referred  to  the  stern  of  a  ship  (see  apliisfre) ; 
also  the  gunwale  of  a  ship,  prop,  the  extremity 
of  the  ship's  beak ;  <  aicpoc,  at  the  end,  -t-  cttu/mc, 

a  shiji's  beak, 
an  appendage, 
prop.      arma- 
ment,    equip- 
me:it,   <    ort/.- 
Am>,    an-ange, 
equip.]        An 
ornament,  of- 
ten gracefully 
ciu'ved        and 
elaborately 
carved,  siu'moimting  the  bows  of  ancient  ships. 
These  ornaments  frecpiently  figured  among  trophies,  as  it 
was  customary  for  the  victor  in  a  naval  combat  to  take 
them  from  the  captured  ships. 
acrotarsial  (ak-ro-tiir'si-al),  a.     Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  acrotarsium. 
acrotarsium  (ak-ro-tiir'si-um),  II. ;  pi.  acrotar- 
sia  (-ii).     [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/cpof,  at  the  top,  +  rapcoc, 
the  sole  of  the  foot:  see  tarsus.]     1.  In  Mol., 
the  upper  surface  of  the  tarsus ;  the  instep  of 
the  foot. —  2.  In  oriiitli.,  the  front  of  the  tarso- 
metatar.sus,  this  segment  of  the  limb  being 
called  Uirsiis  in  ordinary  descriptive  oi-nithol- 
Oo'V.     [The  terms  acropodium,  acrofarsiv  in.  and  acroiiac- 
tlil'inn  liiivr  vaiyiuL'  senses  with  differeid  writers,  or  as  ap- 
lilied  t.MlillVn  n't  animals  ;  pr..]ierly,  the  first  ..f  tlusc  covers 
tlie  other  t\v",  as  a  whole  includes  the  parts  of  which  it  con- 
sists     TIh>'  are  little  used  in  any  sense.     .See  tarsns.] 
acroteleutic  (ak''ro-te-lii'tik),  n.     [<  Gr.  anpo- 
Te'Asenov,  the  fag-end,  esj).  of  a  verse  or  poem, 
<  aKpo(,  extreme,  +  te/Ieut^,  end.]     Eccles.,  any- 


act 

thing  added  to  the  end  of  a  psalm  or  hymn,  ai- 
a  do.xology. 

acroter  (ak'ro-ter),  II.     Same  as  acroteriuni. 

acroteral  (ak'-ro-te'ral),  a.     Same  as  acroierial. 

acroteria,  n.    Plural  of  acrotcriimi. 

acroteriai  (ak-ro-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  acrotcriiim .] 
Pertaining  to  art  acroterium:  as,  acroteriai  or- 
naments.   An  equivalent  form  is  acroteral. 


Acroteric. 

Hypothetical  restoration  of  the  jj^itc  of  the  A^ora  of  Athena 

Archc^etis  at  Athens. 

acroterium  (ak-ro-te'ri-um),  ii. ;  pi.  acroteria 
(-ii).  [L.,  <  Gr.  aupurr/pior,  pi.  aKpari/pta,  any 
topmost  or  iirominent  part,  the  end  or  extrem- 
ity, in  pi.  the  extremities  of  the  body,  the 
angles  of  a  pediment,  <  aKpor,  extreme.]  1. 
In  classic  arch.,  a  small  pedestal  placed  on  the 
apex  or  angle  of  a  peiliment  for  the  support  of 
a  statue  or  other  ornament. — 2.  (a)  A  statue 
or  an  ornament  placed  on  such  a  pedestal,  (b) 
.Any  ornament  forming  the  apex  of  a  building 
or  other  sti-ueture,  or  of  a  monument,  such  as- 


ti'^:i&!ik 


Acroterium.—  Choragic  Monuraent  of  Lysicrates,  Athens. 

the  anthemia  of  Greek  tombstones  or  the  dee- 
orations  of  some  modern  architectural  balus- 
trades.    Compart' aiitefu:     Also  called  flcrofcr. 

acrothymion,  acrothymium  (ak-ro-thim'_i-on, 

-um),  II.;  pi.  aerotlijiiiiiii  (-ii).  [NL.,<  Gr.  oKp™-, 
at  the  top,  +  dl/ior,  \hyrne:  see  thyme.]  In 
patliol.,  a  rugose  wart,  with  a  narrow  basis  and 
broad  top,  compared  by  Celsus  to  the  flower  of 
thyme.  Also  called  tJi'jiiiiiis. 
acrotic  (a-krot'ik),  a.  [IiTeg.  <  Gr.  anpori/i;  an 
extremity,  <  aKpoi;,  extreme,  at  the  top,  on  the 
surface.]  hi  patliol.,  belonging  to  or  afi'ecting 
external  surfaces  :  as,  acrotic  diseases. 
acrotism  (ak'ro-tizm),  II.  [<  Gr.  o-  priv.  + 
KpuTog,  sound  of  beating,  -f  -ism.]  In  pattml., 
absence  or  weakness  of  the  pulse. 
acrotomOUS  (a-krot'o-mus),  a.  ["<  Gr.  linpum- 
fior,  cut  off,  sharp,  abrupt,  <  anpoc,  extreme,  at 
the  top,  +  -Touor,  <  riuveiv,  cut.]  In  mineral., 
having  a  cleavage  parallel  to  the  top  or  base, 
acryl  (ak'ril),  ?(.  [<aeiioleiii)  +  -1/1.]  in  clicm., 
a  hypothetical  radical  (CH.2:CH.C0)  of  which 
acrylic  acid  is  the  hydrate. 
acrylic  (a-ki-il'ik),  a.  [<  acri/l  -f-  -ic]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  acryl — Acrylic  acid,  cHo:CH.Cijoh,  a 
pungent,  agi'eeably  smelling  liipiid,  ]iroduced  by  the  oxi- 
dation of  acrolein.  This  acid  is  monobasic,  and  its  salts 
are  very  soluble  in  watcr- 
Acryllium  (a-kril'i-um),  II.  [KL.,  appar.  <  Gr. 
ciKpov,  extremity  (with  ref.  to  the  pointed  tail). 
+  dim.  term.  -v'/'Aiov.]  A  notable  genus  of 
guinea-fowls,  family  Xiimidida:  The  c,nly  species 
is  A.  ridtarinoni  of  Africa.  Iiaving  the  head  and  upper 
part  of  the  neck  nearly  naked,  the  fore  part  of  the  b.>dy 
covered  with  elongated  lanceolate  feathers,  and  the  tad 
pointed  with  long  acute  central  rectrices.  The  genus  was 
founded  by  0.  K.  Gray  in  1S40. 
act  (akt),  II.  [<  ME.  act  =  F.  actc  =  Sp.  Pg. 
auto  and  acta  =  It.  o/to;  partly  (n)  <  L.  actum 
(pi.  acta),  a  thing  done,  esp.  a  public  transac- 
tion, prop.  neut.  of  actus,  pp.  of  ayere,  do;  and 
partly  (h)  <  L.  actus  (pi.  actus),  n.,  the  doing  of 
a  thing,  performance,  action,  division  of  a  play, 
<  af/ere,  lead,  drive,  impel,  move,  cause,  make, 
perform,  do,  =  Gr.  iiyciv,  lead,  drive,  do.  =Icel. 


3iCu 

cka,  drive,  =  Skt.  •/  aj,  drive.  Hence  (from  L. 
agere),  exact,  redact  transact,  cogent,  exigent, 
agile,  agitate,  cogitate,  etc. ;  see  also  ake=ache\ 
acre,  acorn,  agrarian,  agriculture,  etc.]  1.  An 
exertion  of  energy  or  force,  physical  or  mental ; 
anything  that  is  d'one  or  performed ;  a  doing  or 
deed ;  an  operation  or  performance. 

Illustrious  acts  liigh  raptures  do  infuse.       WaUer. 

Xor  deem  tlmt  ads  heroic  wait  on  cliance. 

Lowell,  Three  Mem.  Poems. 

2.  A  state  of  real  existence,  as  opposed  to  a 
possibility,  power,  or  Ijeing  in  germ  merely; 
actuality':  actualization;  enteleehy.  [Transla- 
tion of  the  Greek  f  wp/  cia  and  ciTe'/Jx""-^  The  soul, 
acoordiujr  to  the  Aristotelians,  is  the  act,  that  is,  is  the 
eijtelechy  or  perfect  development  of  the  body.  So  God  is 
said  to  be  pure  act,  for  Aristotle  says,  "There  must  be  a 
principle  whose  essence  it  is  to  be  actual  (^?  17  ovaia  evip- 
■yeia),"  and  this  is  by  many  writers  understood  to  mean  ■ 
■whose  essence  is  to  be  active."  In  the  phrase  in  act, 
therefore,  act,  though  properly  meaning  actuality,  is  often 
used  to  mean  activity. 

The  seeds  of  plants  are  not  at  first  in  act,  but  in  possi- 
bility, what  they  afterwards  grow  to  be.  Hooker. 

3.  A  part  or  division  of  a  play  performed  con- 
secutively or  -n-ithout  a  fall  of  the  curtain,  in 
Tvhich  a  "definite  and  coherent  portion  of  the 
plot  is  represented  :  generally  subdivided  into 
smaller  portions,  called  scenes. — 4.  The  restdt 
of  public  deliberation,  or  the  decision  of  a 
prince,  legislative  body,  council,  com-t  of  jus- 
tice, or  magistrate ;  a  decree,  edict,  law,  stat- 
ute, judgment,  resolve,  or  award  :  as,  an  act  of 
Parliament  or  of  Congress ;  also,  in  plural, 
proceedings ;  the  foi-mal  record  of  legislative 
resolves  or  of  the  doings  of  indiriduals.  Acts 
are  of  two  kinds:  (1)  tifmral  ui- public,  wliich  are  of  gen- 
eral application ;  and  (2)  private,  wliicli  relate  to  particular 
person-s  or  concerns.  A  law  or  statute  proposed  in  a  legis- 
lative body,  then  called  a  bill,  becomes  an  act  alter  hariug 
been  passed  by  both  branches  and  signed  by  the  chief  ex- 
ecutive officer ;  but  in  a  few  of  the  l'nited_  States  the 
governor's  signature  is  not  necessarj'.  British  acts  are 
usually  referred  to  by  mentioning  them  simply  by  the 
regnal  year  and  nimiber  of  chapter :  as,  act  of  7  and  8  Vict. 
c.  32.  American  acts,  particularly  acts  of  Congress,  are 
often  referred  to  simply  by  date :  as,  act  of  May  li,  1SS2. 

5.  In  universities,  apublicdisputationorlecture 
required  of  a  candidate  for  a  degree  of  master. 

'  The  performer  is  said  to  "  keep  the  act.  '  Hence,  at  Cam- 
bridge, the  thesis  and  examination  for  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor;  at  Oxford,  the  occasion  of  the  completion  of  degrees. 
So.  art  hotidat/,  act  feaxt.  The  candidate  who  keeps  the 
act  is  also  hiniself  called  the  act.  In  medieval,  and  some- 
times in  modem  scholastic  use,  any  public  defense  of  a 
thesis  by  way  of  disputation  is  called  an  act 

Such  that  expect  to  proceed  Masters  of  Arts  to  exhibit 
their  synopsis  of  acts  required  by  the  laws  of  the  College. 
Orders  0/  Overseers  of  Harvard  Colletje,  lO.^iU. 
[Such  a  synopsis  (cedula),  stating  the  time  of  studies,  the 
acts  made,  and  the  degrees  taken  by  the  candidate,  and 
duly  sworn  to,  had  usually  been  required  in  universities 
since  the  middle  ages.) 

I  pass  therefore  to  the  statute  which  ordains  a  public 
act  to  be  kept  each  year.  This  is  now  in  a  manner  (luite 
woni  out,  for  of  late  there  has  not  been  a  j)ul>lic  act  above 
once  it.  ten  or  twslve  years ;  .  .  .  the  last  one  we  had  was 
upon  the  glorious  peace  of  1712. 

Aiiihursl,  Terra!  Filius  (1721),  No.  xlvii. 

6.  In  lair,  an  instrument  or  deed  in  WTiting, 
serving  to  jirove  the  truth  of  some  bargain  or 
transaction :  as,  I  deliver  this  as  my  act  and 
deed.  The  tenn  is  used  to  show  the  connection  between 
the  Initruinent  ami  the  party  who  has  given  it  validity  liy 
his  signature  or  by  his  legal  assent :  when  thus  i)erfected, 
the  tnittnimefit  becomes  the  art  of  the  parties  who  have 
signed  It  or  assented  to  it  in  a  fomi  required  by  law.  Hdu: 
Licitiijaton. 

Acts  havlni^a  legal  validity  are  everywhere  reduced  t«i 

certain  forms ;  a  certain  number  of  witnesses  is  required 

to  pn>ve  them,  a  certain  nuigistrate  to  authenticate  them. 

Woolsey,  Introil.  to  Inter.  Law,  §7J. 

7.  In  theoh,  Boiiiething  done  at  once  and  once 
for  ail,  UH  distingulHhed  from  a  Hurl;.  Thus,  just!. 
ncalloit  U  HAfd  ti»  be  an  act  of  tiod's  free  grace,  but  sancti- 
liiMti-.f,  !,  a  t/'/rJt  carried  on  through  life.—  In  the  act,  in 
the  11'  I  uid  iM.Tfonnnnce  or  commisnion  :  said  cHpceially  of 
\tvnt,M  who  are  caught  when  cngage<l  in  some  misdeed. 

This  woman  was  taken  In  adultery,  in  lite  very  act. 

John  viil.  4. 
In  act  to,  prepnrt  <1  or  ready  to ;  on  the  very  point : 
lm|il)lrik'  a  certula  l.odily  dlspoflitlun  or  posture:  as,  in 
,..  t  I    .■ ,  ,1,,. 

'lowing  rolMj.  ho  seemed  In  stand 
nn'l  '/T!(''<'fiil  strelclied  his  hand.    I^opr. 
■     lit  us.  a  tlger-cut 

Ti  nlittsiirt.  PrineesH,  II. 
Act  of  1  ,    ,„^„      Act  Of  faith, 

»"'  '  '.a  dln;cl,  vio. 

1* '  nalurnl  fori'en. 

»"  M  !..[.    .  .  I,   ..r  It 


th 

Act  <  :   I 

after  ptoti-ii  i;I  a  bill  : 


:  ^A.  liaiigc,  .'•  uurvbjr  u  iloid  put ty 


5S 

agrees  to  pay  or  accept  the  bill  for  the  honor  of  any  party 
thereto.— Act  of  indemnity.  See  indf»i»i(;/.— Act  in 
pais,  a  judicial  act  performed  out  of  court  and  not  re- 
corded. See  pais.— Act's  breakfast,  an  entertainment 
which  from  early  times  has  been  given  by  a  candidate  for 
a  univei-sity  degree  on  the  day  of  his  making  his  act.  The 
act  for  master  or  doctor  of  tlui>li'i;y  fie.|uently  impover- 
ished the  candidate  for  life.— Acts  of  the  Apostles,  the 
title  of  the  fifth  book  of  the  Ne«  TestaiiKiit.  See  acta.— 
Acts  of  faitli,  hope,  charity,  and  contrition,  forms  of 
prayer  in  conniiMii  use  in  the  llomaii  riithnlic  (.'iiurch,  ex- 
pressive of  the  internal  exercise  of  the  virtues  named. — 
Acts  of  the  MartjTTS.  See  nc(a.— Acts  of  Uniformity, 
three  acts  lor  the  ri;;ulation  of  public  worship  iiasstd  m 
England  in  loisi,  U-:a>,  and  166-3,  obliging  all  clergy,  in  the 
conduct  of  public  services,  to  use  only  the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer. — Act  term,  the  last  tenn  of  the  university 
year.  —  Baines's  Act.  (a)  An  English  statute  of  184S,  treat- 
ing accessories  before  the  fact  in  felonies  like  principals, 
and  permitting  separate  prosecution  of  accessories  after 
the  fact.  (6)  -\n  Englisli  statute  of  1849,  relating  to  ap- 
peals to  the  quarter  sessions.  — Bank  Charter  Act.  See 
Sank  Act,  under  (kihA-.— Berkeley's  Act,  an  English  stat- 
ute of  1855  prohibiting  the  sale  of  beer,  wine,  and  liquor  . 
on  Simdays  and  holidays  between  3  and  5  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  and  from  11  o'clock  at  night  to  4  o'clock  the 
ne.xt  morning.— Black  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1722 
(9  Geo.  I.  c.  22),  so  called  because  designed  originally  to 
suppress  associations  of  the  lawless  persons  calling  them- 
selves '•  blacks."  It  made  felonies  certain  crimes  against 
the  game  laws,  sending  anonymous  letters,  demanding 
money,  and  simiLar  otfenses. —  Black  acts,  the  acts  of 
the  Scottish  Parliament  during  the  reigns  of  the  first  five 
Jameses,  Mary,  and  James  VI.,  down  to  1586  or  1587. 
They  were  so  called  from  the  circumstance  of  their  being 
written  in  the  Old  English  character,  called  black  letter. 
—  Bovill's  Act.  ('0  An  English  statute  of  1860  simplify- 
ing proceedings  in  petitions  of  right.  Also  known  as 
.Sir  H'illiam  Bovill's  Aet,  and  as  the  Petitions  of  Jtiffhts 
Act,  1860.  (b)  .\n  English  statute  of  1865,  also  knomi  as 
Ckie/  Justice  Bovill's  Act,  abolishing  the  rule  by  which 
creditors  could  hold  liable  as  a  partner  any  one  who  had 
participated  in  the  profits  of  a  bnsiness  as  profits,  in-e- 
spective  of  the  intent  of  the  parties.— Burke's  Act.  (n) 
An  English  statute  of  1782  abolishing  certain  otfiees  and 
otherwise  affecting  the  civil  establislnnent.  (h)  An  Eng- 
lish statute  of  1773,  known  also  as  one  of  the  corn  laws ;  it 
was  one  of  the  fii^t  steps  toward  free  trade.— BuTT  Act, 
a  statute  of  Ohio,  of  1806,  directed  against  the  treasonable 
acts  of  Aaron  Burr  on  the  Ohio  river.  It  was  in  force  for 
one  year  only,  and  authorized  the  arrest  and  punishment  of 
all  persons  fitting  out  or  arming  vessels,  or  enlisting  sol- 
diers, etc.,  within  the  State  of  Oliio  to  disturb  the  peace  of 
the  United  States.— Chinese  Act,  or  Chinese  Restric- 
tion Act,  .in  .act  of  the  I'nited  states  ('.ingress  of  188-2, 
amended  in  1884,  suspending  for  ten  years  flu-  iiiiTiiigration 
of  Chinese  into  the  United  States.  In  lf-92  its  main  pro- 
visions were  continued  for  ten  years.—  Complete  act,  in 
mcfn/i/i.,  that  act  of  a  thing  to  which  nothing  of  the  nature 
of  the  thing  is  wanting,  as  the  act  of  a  substance  in  re- 
spect to  possessing  its  attributes,  .lijuiiins.- Coventry 
Act,  au  English  statute  of  1671  against  maiming :  so  callcil 
because  passed  on  the  occasion  of  an  assault  on  Sir  John 
Coventry,  JI.  P.— Dlngley  Act,  an  act  of  Congress  of  18S4, 
to  foster  the  shipping  trade  of  the  United  .States.- Ed- 
munds Act,  an  ad  of  Congrcssof  March  22,1882,  punish- 
ing ]ii.lv4auiv.— Elicltact,  an  a.  t  .if  the  will  itself,  as  dis- 

tingiiislie.l  fi I  an  iiii/wrare  a.t.  which  is  s.une  movement 

of  tlic  l.o.ly  ..r  the  s..ul  c.nseiiuciit  upon  the  act  of  the  will. 
J./ii//m.«.— Essential  act,  in  uutaptt..  that  net  which  is 
at  the  same  tlTiie  .ssenre.  ,Si'..(».s.  — First  aCt.  See  rn- 
enm.  Hinde  Palmer's  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1869 
ab..lishing  tin-  pi.l.  r.-ni-e  winch  til.'  ...mnioii  law  gave  to 
the  payment  .if  spi-.ialty  debts  over  simple  c. infract  debts, 
in  settling  the  estates  of  deceased  persons,- Hogarth's 
Act,  an  English  statute  of  1766  which  secured  the  pr.ijv- 
erty  in  engravings,  prints,  etc.,  to  their  dcsigm-rs  or  in- 
ventors, and  to  the  wiii.iw  of  William  Hogarth  the  priiperly 
in  his  works,— Immanent  act,  one  which  r.  inaiiis  \\  iihin 
the  agent,  and  d.ics  Ti.it  consist  in  an  ellecl  pi.iiliue.l  on 

something  else,  -Imperate  act.  See  elicit  nc(,- In- 
formant act,  in  uielii/.h..  thepcrfcctionof  passive  or  sub- 
jective power:  that  a.t  liv  which  matter  receives  a  qual- 
ity or  form  in  the  Ai  i-.t..t'.  liiiii  .sense— Jekyll's  Act,  an 
English  statute  of  lT:ii;  .lin  .  Ii  .1  ai.-ainst  tin- salcof  spn'itn- 
ous  liquors.- Lands'  Clauses  Act,  an  I'.nglish  statute  of 
1845  (8  an.l  »  Vict.  c.  IS)  regulating  the  taking  of  iirivate 
property  f.)r  public  use  by  corp.irations,  et.-.—  Leeman'B 
Act,  an  English  statute  (30  Vlct.  c.  20)  declaring  cm- 
tracts  for  sale  of  stocks  v.ii.l,  unless  the  numbering  of  the 
shares  or  certificates,  or  the  nam.-  of  a  rcgislcrcd  owner,  be 
Bpccllled  in  writing.  -Lord  Aberdeen's  Act,  an  English 
statute  of  1S15  .  arryiiig  int.)  ellect  a  treaty  with  llrazll 
for  the  regulation  .iii.l  fiinil  abolition  of  the  slave-trade. - 
Lord  Campbell's  Act.  C)  An  English  statute  of  1846 
all.iwing  the  relatives  of  a  jierson  whose  death  has  been 
laused  by  m-glig.-nce  or  wrongful  act  to  recover  ilamage.s 
therefor.  The  iiilnciplc  of  this  net  lum  been  .generally 
adopted  in  the  United  States  by  statutes  allowing  the 
executor  or  administrator  to  sue  an.l  recover  ihnmiges  In 
such  a  case  for  the  benefit  of  the  wife,  hunhnnd.  or  next 
of  Wn.  ('))  An  Enulish  statuli-  of  1M,'1  as  to  defanm- 
tlon.  (.)  An  English  stalnl.-  ,,f  l.s:W  a«  I.,  .il.seene  pilbll- 
cations. -Lord  Cranworth'a  Act,  (")  An  EngllHh  stat- 
ute of  I8I«)  giving  to  mortgagees  an.l  trnxtees  certain 
general  powi-rs,  such  as  lire  commonly  proviileil  In  settle- 
ments, morl  gages,  and  wills,  in  aid  of  I  lieir  rights  or  duties, 
(li)  An   English  sliilnli-  ..(  lHc;i)  as  l.i  endowed  scllooU.— 

Lord  Denman'B  Act,  an  English  siuinie  of  1843  (n  and  7 

Vlct.  e.  W.)  uliollMhing  ..iiiimolihiw  rules  that  excluded 
wllnessi'H  from  lislltving  hv  r.-ason  o(  Interent  or  <-rlme. 
-  Lord  EllenborOUgh'B  Act,  an  Kngllsh  statute  (4:i(ie.|. 
III.  e.  .'.s)  |iiiiil«liliig  oll.ns.'s  iigallist  the  person.  Lord 
LyndhurBt'B  Act.  (")  An  Kngllsh  «talule  of  l»:)r.  Invnl- 
lifalliig  marrliiges  within  the  prohllill.-d  ilegrees.  ((0  An 
I  ii  h  h  stalule  of  1M4  for  conserving  the  nropcrly  or 
iig  ...iigngallons  to  the  uses  of  llie  faith  originally 
1,  hi  Miakliig  'i'l  vents'  iiKiigc  evidence  thereof  In 

..I  n  lontrolllin;  .hehirallon  hi  the  died  or 

..Ml  o(  Inist.     'I'lils  11.1    Is  kii.iwii  also  mill.-  His- 

i'l„i,,ri,  ,4<if.     Lord  8t,  Leonard's  Actg,  laigllsli 

I'l'-  mid  23  VIel.  •  .  :i.'.,  iili.l  'it  and  '24  Vlil.  e.  38) 

anil  iidhiK  till!  law  of  property,  reliuvlng  triutces,  etc.— 


act 

Lord  Tenterden's  Act.  (a)  An  English  statute  of  1828 
by  which  new  promises  relied  on  to  revive  a  debt  which 
is"  statute-liarred,  or  to  ratify  one  contracted  in  infancy, 
were  rei[uircd  to  be  in  writing  and  signed.  (/>)  An  Eng- 
lish  statute  of  1833  shortening  the  time  preserilicd  by 
the  statute  of  limitations  in  certain  cases.— McCuIloch 
Act,  a  statute  of  Virginia,  March  28,  1879,  designed  to  re- 
duce the  amount  of  interest  payable  by  the  State  of  \'iy- 
ginia  upon  its  public  debt,  by  obtaining  the  consent  of 
the  bondholders  to  such  reduction.— Pure  act,  in  inetaph. , 
an  act  joined  with  no  objective  nor  subjective  power  ;  that 
act  whose  ver,v  essence  or  ])ossibility  involves  its  existence 
in  all  its  attributes :  God.— Riddleberger  Act,  a  Virginia 
statute  of  lss2  attempting  to  rc.ince  the  lioniK-.i  debt  ami 
interest  thereon  of  that  State,  on  the  groun.i  that  the 
State  of  West  Virginia,  which  had  been  carved  out  of  Vir- 
ginia, onglit  to  p.ay  a  certain  proportion  of  the  debt. — Sec- 
ond act.  Sec  ener'jtj.—  Sherman  Act,  an  act  of  Congress 
of  July  14,  ISSKI.  ilirecting  the  sicretjiry  of  the  treasury  to 
purchase  monthly  4,.=.00.UOO  ounces  of  flue  silver  bulli.m, 
or  so  much  thereof  as  might  be  .ifieie.l.  at  the  market 
rate,  not  to  exceed  Sl.OO  for  37i;  grains  of  flue  silve:-. 
Repealed  in  1893.- Sir  Robert  Peel's  Act.  See  Bank 
Act,  under  (i.iiiA-.- Sir  William  Bovill's  Act.  See  Bo- 
vill's Act,  above.— StOweU  Act,  a  New  York  staUite  ot 
lS;n  abolishing  imprisonment  f.  .r  debt,  except  in  cases  of 
fraud  or  tort,  ami  giving  iiroceedings  for  punishment  of 
fraudulent  debtors.— The  Lords'  Act,  an  English  statute 
of  17.59  (32  Geo.  II.  c.  2S)  to  relieve  insolvent  debtors  from 
imprisonment.  — The  SIX  Acts,  English  statutes  of  1819 
restricting  the  rights  ot  public  assembly  and  military 
organization,  and"  the  freedom  of  the  press.— Tllden 
Act  a  New  Vork  statute  of  1875,  otherwise  known  as  the 
Peculation  ylc(,  giving  a  civil  remedy  to  the  State  for  mal- 
versation by  municipal  or  county  oflicers  as  well  as  state 
ofticei-s.— Transient  act,  one  which  consists  in  the  pro- 
duction of  anellcct  upon  an  object  difterent  from  the  sub- 
ject.-YazoO  Frauds  Act,  the  name  given  to  a  statute 
of  Georgia,  of  1796,  for  the  sale  of  a  vast  tract  of  public 
lands,  comprising  the  present  State  of  Mississippi  and  one 
half  of  .Alabama,  to  priv,ate  persons.  It  was  declared  by 
a  statute  of  the  next  year  to  be  null  and  void,  as  having 
liiHii  fraudulently  enacted.  (For  noted  acts  on  particular 
subjects,  such  as  the  ,4™ii/  Act,  Bankruptctj  -4cf,  etc.,  see 
the  qualifying  word  or  words.  See  also  article,  bill,  by- 
hue.  charter,  code,  decree,  edict,  law,  ordinance,  petition, 
/.r.ici.viioi.  ,vrn(ii(>".)=Syn.  1.  Action,  Act,  Deed.  Seeaction. 
act  (akt),  v.  [<  L.  actii.':,  pp.  of  agere,  lead, 
drive,  impel,  cause,  jnake,  perform,  do :  see  act, 
».]  I.  trans.  1.  To  do,  perform,  or  transact. 
Thou  wast  a  spirit  too  delicate 
To  act  her  earthy  and  abhorr'd  conunands. 

.S/infr.,  Tempest,  i.  2, 

2.  To  represent  by  action:  perform  on  or  as  on 
tlie  stage;  play,  or  play  the  jiart  of;  hence, 
foigu  or  counterfeit :  as,  to  act  Macbeth  ;  to  act 
tlie  lover,  or  the  part  of  a  lover. 

With  acted  fear  the  villain  thus  pursued.  Dryden. 

3.  To  pet-form  the  office  of;  assume  the  char- 
acter of:  as,  to  act  the  hero.— 4t.  To  put  in 
action;  actuate. 

Self-love,  the  spring  of  motion,  acts  the  soul. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  69. 

What  spirit  aeted  the  party  that  raise!  this  persecution, 

one  may  guess.  C.  Matlier,  Mag.  Chris,,  lnt.,'iii. 

II.   iiilrans.   To  do  something;  exert  energy 

or  force  in  any  way:  used  of  anything  capable 

of  movi'iiiont.eithi'rorigiiial or  conimunicated, 

or  of  producing  effects.      SpccilicuUy — 1.  To 

put  fortli  effort  or  energy;  exercise  movement 

or  agency;  In- omployed  or  operative:  as,  to  act 

\'igorous"ly  or  languidly;  ho  is  acting  against 

his  own  iiit crest;  his  niiiid  acts  sluggishly. 

He  hangs  between  ;  in  doubt  to  act,  or  rest. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  7, 
.4f(,  act  in  the  living  Present! 

Lonfi/ellow,  Psalm  of  Life, 
You  can  distinguish  between  iu.livi.liml  people  to  such 
an  extent  that  y.ni  have  a  general  iih-a  of  how  a  given 
person  will  act  when  placed  in  given  ilrcnmstajices. 

ir.  K.  Vlifford,  Lecturea,  I.  76. 

2.  To  exert  influence  or  produce  effects;  per* 
form  a  function  or  fuuc-tions;  operate:  as, 
pi-nisr  nets  as  a  stinuihtni ;  mind  acts  upon 
iiiiiiil;  (h(^  medicine  failed  to  act:  the  brake 
I'cfuKi'd  to  act,  or  to  act  u])on  tlio  wheels. 

How  body  acts  upon  the  Impassive  inlnil. 

ilarth.  Dispensary. 
.Man  aclina  on  nnin  by  weight  of  opinion. 

lUnierson,  Civilization. 

3.  To  be  employed  or  opor:-.tc  in  a  particular 
way;  perform  specific  duties  or  fuiu>tions:  as, 
a  di-]iii1y '"'/.s' for  or  in  iilacc  of  his  principal; 
he  refused  to  act  on  or  ns  a  iiiciuln'rof  tlie  com- 
mittee, (tftcn  used  with  reference  to  the  performance 
of  duties  hy  a  tcinporiiry  Hulmtitnle  for  the  regular  Ineiim. 
belli  of  ail  .'illlce :  as,  the  liiiutcnalil -governor will  aet  in  the 
aliMelice  of  the  governor.     See  uelin'j. 

4.  To  iicrforiii  as  an  actor;  represent  a  chiir- 
aclcr;  liciu'c,  to  feign  or  asstimc  ii  part ;  as,  lio 
(((•f.f  well ;  111'  is  only  «(•(/»(/.  To  act  on,  to  act  In 
aiiordame  with  ;  regiilu'lo  one's  nelj.in  by  :  as,  to  rii'l  "« 
the  prinelpli-  of  the  golden  rule;  l.i  aet  on  a  false  iissunip. 
lion.  To  act  up  to,  to  equal  in  aellon:  perform  an 
a.'lloii  or  a  scries  of  actions  eorrcspondellt  to;  fnllll:  lui, 
he  has  acted  up  to  his  engagement. 

He  Is  a  man  of  sentiment,  and  acts  up  to  the  aontl- 
mclil.s  be  professcH.  Sheridiin,  School  for  Scandal.  I,  2. 
"Syn,  -I.'',  H'lirAr,  Operate.  These  words  agree  in  ex- 
pre»«liie  the  siiceessfnl  exertion  of  power.  In  their  in- 
Iransltlv.-  use  they  are  sonietliiies  Interchangeable;  ua. 


J 


act 

a  medicine  acts,  works,  or  operates :  a  plan  works  or  op- 
erates. Where  tliey  differ,  act  may  more  often  refer  to  a 
single  action  or  to  the  simpler  forms  of  action  :  as,  a  ma- 
chine irorks  well  when  all  its  parts  act.  Act  may  also  be 
the  most  general,  applyinj^  to  peraons  or  things,  the  oth- 
ers applying  generally  to  things.  Operate  may  express 
the  mure  elaborate  forms  of  action.  Work  may  express 
the  more  powerful  kinds  of  action  ;  us,  it  tcorked  upon  his 
mind. 

acta  (ak'ta),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  actum:  see  act, 
II.]  1.  Acts.  Specifically  —  2.  Proceedings  in 
a  legal  or  an  ecclesiastical  court,  or  minutes 
of  such  proceedings — Acta  (or  Actus)  Apostolo- 
rum  (Acts  of  the  Apostles),  the  title  in  the  \  ulgate  of 
the  fifth  book  of  the  New  Testament.  — Acta  Martyrum 
(Acts  of  the  Martyrs),  contemporary  accounts  of  the  early 
Christian  martyrdoms,  from  judicial  registers  or  reports 
of  eye-witnesses,  or  as  drawn  up  by  the  ecclesiastical 
notaries ;  specifically,  the  critical  edition  of  such  acts  by 
the  Benedictine  Knin.irt,  first  published  in  1GS9,  and  the 
additional  i  <dk-ctiniis  l.y  the  <  hii-idalist  Stephen  A.ssemani, 
in  174S,  —  Acta  Sanctorum  (Acts  ot  the  Saints),  a  name 
applied  iienerally  to  all  collections  of  accounts  of  saints 
and  martyrs,  both  of  the  Roman  and  Greek  eluirches; 
specilirally,  the  name  of  a  work  begun  liy  the  BoUandists, 
a  society  of  Jesuits,  in  1643,  and  not  completed  until  1870. 
It  iiMW  consists  of  sixty-one  folio  volumes,  including  an  in- 
dex published  in  1876. 

actable (ak'ta-bl), a.  l<act  +  -ablc.']  Practically 
possible ;  performable ;  capable  of  being  acted. 

la  naked  truth  actable  in  true  life  ? 

Tennijtion,  Harold,  iii.  1. 

Mr.  Browning  set  himself  to  the  composition  of  another 

actable  play.  The  Century,  XXIII.  199. 

Actsea  (ak-te'a),  «.  [L.,  herb-christopher,  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  leaves  to  those  of  the 

elder,  <  Gr.  iin-Taia, 
erroneous  form 
of  aKTta,  eontr. 
Tf/,  the  elder- 
tree.]  A  genus of 
herbs,  natural  or- 
der Banuncula- 
cea;  with  some- 
what deleterious 
properties.  Tlie 
old-u'orld  species,  A. 
spieata,  the  bane- 
berry  or  herb-chris- 
topher, has  black 
berries.  The  com- 
mon forms  of  North 
America  with  red 
berries  are  now  con- 
'  iAct<!o  rubra),  showing  sidered  varieties    of 

the  same  species,  but 

the  white-berried  A. 
alba  is  kept  distinct.  In  the  Atlaidic  States  these  are 
known  as  red  and  white  cohosh  or  baneberi-y. 
Actseon  (ak-te'on),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Aktoiuv,  in 
myth. ,  a  grandson  of  Cadmus,  who,  having  come 
accidentally  upon  Diana  bathing,  was  changed 
by  her  into  a  stag,  and  then  torn  to  pieces  by 
his  own  dogs.  Cf.  cihto'io^,  on  the  coast,  <  (ikti], 
a  coast,  headland,  edge.]  1.  The  representa- 
tive genus  of  the  mollusean  family  Actcconiclai. 
Originally  written -JcicoH.  Montfori,\?,W.  Also 
TonutteUti. — 2.  A  genus  of  abranchiate  gastrop- 
odous  mollusks,  of  the  family  Eli/,siid{E  (which 
see):  a  synonym  of  Elysia.  Oken,  1815. 
Actseonella  (ak-te-6-nel'a),  «.  [NL.,  <Act(eon 
+  -fH«.]  The  typical  genus  of  ActceoneUidw, 
contaLaing  numerous  species  with  thick  conoid 
or  convoluted  shell,  short  or  concealed  spire, 
long  narrow  aperture,  and  the  columella  with 
three  regular  spiral  plaits  in  front.  Originally 
written  Acteonclla.  D'Orhigny,  1842. 
actaeonellid  (ak-te-o-nel'id),  n.  A  gastropod 
of  the  family  ActcconeUidcr. 
Actaeonellidse  (ak-te-6-nel'i-de),  h.  jjI.  [NX/., 
<  ActceoneUa  +  -uhv.']  A  family  of  gastropods, 
taking  name  from  the  genus  Actceonella  (which 
see). 
actseonid  (ak-te'on-id),  n.     A  gastropod  of  the 

family  Actwouida: 
Actxonidse  (ak-te-on'i-de),  «.  j>l.  [NL.,<  ^cto- 
on  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  teetibranehiate  gas- 
tropods, variously  limited,  but  typified  by  the 
genus  Actwim.  it  is  now  chiefly  restricted  to  animals 
retractile  iu  their  shells  and  havinga  wide  frontal  lobe  ter- 
minating behind  in  broad  triangular  tentacles :  uncinate 
lingual  teeth,  which  are  nxuuerous,  nearly  uniform,  and 
an-c-inged  in  series  diverging  from  tlie  middle  ;  and  a  sub- 
cylindrical  spiral  shell  having  a  eolumellar  fold.  The  liv- 
ing species  are  of  small  size,  marine,  .and  chiefly  tropical 
or  subtropical,  and  have  been  distributed  among  several 
genera.  Numerous  fossil  species  have  been  found.  The 
family  is  also  known  under  the  name  Tornatellidce  (which 
see). 
act-drop  (akt'drop),  n.  In  a  theater,  a  curtain 
which  is  lowered  between  acts. 
Actenobranchii  (ak-ten-6-brang'ki-i),  H.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  ktcIc  (lirev-),  a  comb,  -l- 
Jipayxca,  gills.]  In  Maeleay's  ichthyological 
system,  one  of  five  primary  gi'oups  of  fishes, 
characterized  solely  by  the  brauehioe  not  being 
pectinated  like  those  of  most  fishes,     it  is  a  very 


.^ 


Red   Baneberry  / 

flowering  plant  and  fruiting  raceme. 


59 

artificial  group,  composed  of  the  Lophobranchii  and  Cy- 
el'isfni/ii  or  Marsipobraiichii. 

Actian  (ak'shi-an),  a.  [<L.  Actius  (poet.),  also 
Aclidcns,  a.,  <  Actiimi,  Gr.  "Xhtlov,  lit.  a  head- 
land, <  a/cr/y,  a  headlaiul.  Cf.  Actwon.']  Kelating 
to  Aotium,  a  town  and  promontory  of  Acamania 
in  Greece — Actian  games,  games  held  from  remote 
aidiquity  at  Actium  in  honor  of  Apollo,  and  reorganized 
ami  di-vclojieil  l,y  Augustus  to  celebrate  his  naval  victory 
o\cr  Antuuy  near  tlnit  town,  Sept.  2,  yi  n.  c.  As  remod- 
eled by  the  Koinans  they  were  celebrated  every  four  years, 
and  became  the  fifth  in  importance  of  the  great  (Jrcek  fes- 
tivals. Hence,  Actian  years,  years  reckoned  from  the 
era  of  the  new  vVetian  games.  Games  also  called  Aetian 
were  celebrated,  by  senatorial  decree,  every  four  years  at 
Rome. 

actinal  (ak'ti-nal),  a.  [<  Gr.  anTiq  (ciktiv-),  a  ray, 
+  -rt/. ]  In  cool'.:  (a)  Pertaining  to  the  side  of 
a  radiate  animal  which  contains  the  mouth: 
equivalent  to  oral,  since  the  pole,  surface,  or 
aspect  of  the  body  whence  parts  radiate  is  also 
that  in  which  the  mouth  is  situated :  the  oppo- 
site of  abactinal  or  ahoral.  The  actinal  side  or  sur- 
face may  be  the  upper  one,  in  the  usual  attitude  of  the  ani- 
mal, as  in  the  case  of  a  sea-anemone,  which  is  fixed  by  its 
abactinal  or  aboral  pole,  and  grows  upward ;  or  it  may  be 
the  lower  one,  as  iu  the  case  of  a  starfish,  which  creeps  upon 
its  actinal  or  oral  surface.  In  a  sea-urchin  of  more  or  less 
globular  shape  nearly  the  whole  superficies  is  actinal. 

The  so-called  mouth  is  always  placed  at  one  eiui  of  these 
poles,  aiul  from  it  radiate  the  most  prominent  organs,  in 
consequence  of  which  I  have  called  this  side  of  the  body 
the  oral  or  actinal  area,  and  the  opposite  side  the  aboral 
or  abactinal  area. 

L.  Agassiz,  Contrib.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  A.,  IV.  376. 
The  mouth  [of  sea-urchins]  is  always  situated  upon  the 
lower  or  actinal  aspect,  which  is  applied  iu  progression 
to  the  surface  upon  which  the  animal  moves. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  101. 

(b)  In  general,  having  tentacles  or  rays. 

The  upper  extremity  [of  members  of  the  ticnus  .\etinia] 
is  called  tire  actinal  end,  since  it  bears  the  leiitucles  or 
rays.  Dana,  t'nrals,  p.  22. 

Actinellida  (ak-ti-nel'i-da),  Ji.j)L  [NL.,<Gr. 
a/i7-(f  (dfCTd'-),  ray,  -I- dim.  -ell-us  +  -ida.l  A  fam- 
ily name  of  radiolarians :  synonymous  with  As- 
trolopliiiliiUc  (wliich  see). 

Actinellidae  (ak-ti-nel'i-de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,<  Acti- 
nella  (not  used)  +  -idtc.']  A  family  of  acantho- 
metrous  acantharians  with  the  skeleton  com- 
posed of  a  varying  number  of  spicules,  which 
are  not  distributed  according  to  J.  Miiller's  law. 

actinenchyma  (ak-ti-neng'ki-mii),  n.  [<  Gr. 
auric  ((iiiriv-),  ray,  +  £}',f I'^a,  infusion,  <fy,v'C'*'j 
pour  in.]  In  hot.,  a  name  that  has  been  given 
to  a  system  or  tissue  of  stellate  cells. 

acting  (ak'ting),  ji.  a.  Performing  duty,  ser- 
vice, or  functions;  specifically,  perfonning  the 
functions  of  an  office  or  employment  tempo- 
rarily: as,  an  actimj  governor  or  mayor;  an 
acliiiff  colonel  or  superintendent,  in  the  United 
States"  there  is  generally  some  officer  of  lower  gl'ade  legal- 
ly entitled  to  become  the  acting  incumbent  of  an  impor- 
tant executive  oilice  during  a  temporary  vacancy  from 
absence  or  disability  of  the  elected  incumbent.  Tempo- 
rary vacancies  in  military,  judicial,  .and  minor  executive 
offices  .are  usuiilly  filled  by  assignment  or  appointment. 

Actinia  (ak-tin'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dKn'f  (oktiv-), 
ray.]  1 .  A  genus  of  zoophytes,  belonging  to  the 
liadiata  of  Cuvier,  regarded  as  the  tji)e  of  the 
order Malacodermata,  subclass  Zoanthuria,  class 
Actinosoa,  subkingdom  Ccelenterata,  in  modern 
classification.  The  body  is  cylindrical,  ami  is  attaclicd 
by  one  extremity,  the  mouth  oceupy'ug  tlic  niiddli'  <if  the 
upper  or  free  extremity.  The  mouth  is  surrnunded  by 
concentric  circles  of  tentacles,  which  when  spread  re- 
semble the  jtetals  of  a  flower,  whence  the  popular  names 
aninial-jloiecrs  and  sea-anemottes  (which  see).  They  are 
not  perfectly  riidial  in  symmetry,  the  common  polyp  of 
the  sea-shore,  A.  mesembryanthemum,  having  the  oral 
aperture  slightly  elliptical,  the  long  axis  being  marked  by 
a  tubercle  at  citlier  end  ;  the  animal  thus  presents  a  faint 
but  well-nnirkcd  indication  of  bilateral  synnnetry.  They 
move  by  alternately  contracting  and  expanding  their  bases, 
and  by  their  tentacles.  Tlie  species  are  often  of  brilliant 
colors;  m.any  of  them  are  used  as  food.  See  Actinmoa. 
2.  [/.  c]  An  animal  of  the  genus  Actinia  or 
family  Ai-tiiiiidtv. 

Actiniadae,  ".  pi-    See  Actiniidce. 

Actiniaria  (ak-tin-i-a'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL..  <  Ac- 
tinia +  -iiria.]  One  of  the  divisions  of  the  class 
Acttno:va,  containing  the  sea-anemones,  and 
nearly  eipuvalent  to  the  order  Alalacodermata- 

actini'c  (ak-tin'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aKTii;  (aK-iv-),  a  ray, 
+  -!(■.]  Pertaining  to  actinism;  having  the 
property  of  actinism. 

The  so-called  actinic  rays,  which  were  discovered  by 
their  special  actJMty  in  connection  with  the  earlier  pho- 
tographic pntcrsscs,  I'ut  which  can  now  be  changed  into 
visible  rays,  are  merely  vibrations  too  rapid  to  affect  the 
eyes.  Tait,  Light,  §  3. 

Actinic  process,  a  generic  name  for  any  photographic 
process  ;  specifically,  any  photo-engraving  process. 

actinically  (ak-tin'i-kal-i),  adr.  As  regards  the 
chemical  ueiion  of  the  sun's  rays. 

The  ligliL  wliich  flntilly  emerges,  however  much  cor- 
rected, becomes  more  and  more  actinically  weak. 

.Silver  Sunbeam,  p.  3^. 


actinoid 

Actinidae  (ak-tin'i-de),  n.pl-  Same  as  Actini- 
iilii.     ./.  J).  Dana,  1846. 

actiniform(ak-tin'i-t6rm  orak'ti)i-i-f6rm),  a.  [< 
(jr.  (i/iT(f  (dicTiv-),  ray,  +  Jj.  -formis, ijiirma, form.] 
1  laving  a  radiated  form ;  resembling  an  actinia. 

Actiniidae,  Actiniadae  (ak-ti-ni'i-de,  -a-de),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  i  Avlinia  +  -ida;  -add:]  The  sea- 
anemones  or  animal-fiowors  jirojier,  regarded 
as  a  family,  having  as  type  the  genus  Actinia, 
and  belonging  to  the  order  Ilcliaiithi/ida  or 
lUalacijdoriiiata,  of  the  class  Actinosoa.  It  con- 
tains numerous  genera  and  species.  See  Acti- 
■no-oa.     Also  written  Actinida: 

actiniochrome  (ak-tin'i-o-krom),  n.  [<  Gr.  ok- 
Tic  (uKTtv-),  ray  (see  actinium),  +  XP"!'"!  color.] 
A  red  pigment  obtained  by  Moseley  from  some 
specimens  of  Bunodes  erassiis,  one  of  the  A(f- 
tinozoa. 

actinism  (ak'tl-nizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  oktIc  (oktiv-), 
ray,  -I-  -ism.']  If.  The  radiation  of  heat  or  light, 
or  tliat  branch  of  natural  philosophy  which 
treats  of  the  radiation  of  heat  and  light. — 
2.  That  property  of  light  which,  as  may  be 
seen  in  photograjihy,  i)rc)rluces  chemical  com- 
binations and  doer)miic>siti<>ns.  A  pencil  of  rays, 
when  decomposed  by  refraction  tlnougli  a  prism,  is  found 
to  possess  three  properties,  viz.^  the  heating,  the  lumi- 
nous, and  the  chemical  or  actinic.  It  was  formerly  sup- 
posed that  the  actinic  property  belonged  peculiarly  to 
the  more  refrangible  part  of  the  spectrum,  beginning  with 
the  violet  and  extending  far  beyond  the  visible  spectrum; 
it  is  now  known,  however,  that  the  different  rays  differ 
essentially  only  in  their  wave-letigtlis,  and  that  the  phe- 
nomena of  heat,  light,  or  chemical  action  observed  depend 
upon  the  surface  on  which  the  rays  respectively  falL  The 
violet  end  of  the  spectrum  acts  especially  on  the  sensitive 
silver  salts,  but  the  chemical  decomposition  of  the  carbon 
dioxid  (COo)  in  the  atmosphere  involved  in  the  growth 
of  vegetation  takes  place  most  actively  under  the  action 
of  the  yellow  rays ;  and  under  proper  conditions  a  pho- 
tograph of  even  the  ultra-red  rjiys  at  the  opposite  end  of 
tile  sjii  ctrum  may  be  obtained  on  a  gelatin  plate  sensitized 
witlt  siher  broinid. 

actinium  (ak-tin'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  iiKTir  (m- 
TIV-),  ray.]  A  supposed  chemical  elementfound 
associated  with  zinc.  Its  chemical  and  physi- 
cal properties  have  not  been  fully  investigated. 

actino-.  [NL.,etc.,<Gr.  uKr/(:(aKni<-),  ray:  see 
actinic-]  An  element  in  scientific  compounds 
of  Greek  origin,  meaning  ray.  In  chemical  com- 
pounds it  represents  specifically  actinium. 

Actinocheiri,  ".    See  Actinockiri- 

actino- chemistry  (ak"ti-n6-kem'is-tri),  n. 
[<  actin-ism  +  ckemi.'itnj-]  Chemistry  in  its  re- 
lation to  actinism.     See  actinism. 

Actinochiri  (ak"ti-n6-ki'ri),  H.  [Nil.,  <  Gr. 
dKr/f  (d/iT«)-),  ray,  +  x^'ftt  hand.]  An  order  of 
fishes  having  six  unpaired  and  one  pair  of  basilar 
bones  supporting  the  pectoral  fin,  and  all  ar- 
ticulating with  the  scapula,  its  only  known  repre- 
sentatives form  the  extinct  family  Pelccopteridcs,  of  the 
Upper  Cretaceous  formation.  Cope,  1875.  Also  spelled 
ActinocheiH. 

Actinocrinidae (ak"ti-n6-krin'i-de),  n-pl-  [NL., 
<  Actinocrinus  +  -ida'-]  A  family  of  encrinites, 
or  fossil  crinoids,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Ac- 
tinocrinus. 

actinocrinite  (ak  "ti-no-kri'nit),  «.  [<  Actino- 
crinus +  -ite-.]  An  encrinite,  or  fossil  crinoid, 
of  the  genus  Actinocrinus-  [By  error  some- 
times spelled  actinocrite.]  ■ 

Actinocrinus  (ak"ti-n6-kri'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d/ir/'f  (iiKTiv-),  ray,  +  Kpivov,  lily:  see  crinoid-'] 
A  genus  of  encrinites,  or  fossil  crinoids,  re- 
ferred to  the  family  Encrinidw,  or  made  type 
of  the  family  Actinocrinidce.     L.  Agassi-,  1834.  ' 

actino-electricity  (ak"ti-n6-e-lek-tris'j-ti),  n. 
[<  actin-ism  -t-  electricity.]  Electricity  produced 
in  a  body  (e.  g.,  rock-crystal)  by  direct  heat- 
radiation.     Hanl-el. 

Actinogastra  (ak"ti-n6-gas'tra),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  aKTic  {anTiv-),  ray,  +  yaaTi/p,  belly.]  In 
Haeckel's  classification,  a  subclass  of  Asterida, 
containing  those  starfishes  or  sea-stars  which 
have  the  gastric  cavity  radiated,  whence  the 
name. 

actinograph  (ak-tin'o-gi'af),  «.  [<  Gr.  aKTic 
(aKTii'-),  ray.  +  ypaijisiv,  write.  Cf.  Gr.  aKTivo- 
ypa<l)ia,  a  treatise  on  radiation,  of  same  foitna- 
tion.]  An  instiniment  for  measuring  and  re- 
gistering the  variations  of  actinic  or  chemical 
influence  in  the  solar  rays.  The  intensity  of  this 
influence  bears  no  direct  relation  to  tlle  quantity  of  light, 
but  varies  at  different  periods  of  the  day  and  of  the  year. 
There  .are  several  forms  of  actinograph,  all  of  them  using 
the  same  test,  namely,  the  depth  of  the  blackening  effect 
of  chemical  rays  allowed  to  fall  on  a  sensitive  piece  of 
paper  for  a  given  time. 

actinoid  (ak'ti-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  oKTivoeiSj/c,  <  d/rr/f 
(uKTiv-),  ray,  +  f Hoc,  form :  see -oid.]  Having 
the  form  of  rays  ;  resembling  a  starfish ;  con- 
spicuously radiate  :  as,  the  actinoid  type  of 
echinoderms. 


Actinoida 

Actinoida  (ak-ti-noi'da),  ii.  p!.  [XL. :  see  acti- 
noi'l.]     Same  as  Jcd'nojoa. 

actinolite  (ak-tin'o-Ut),  «.  [<  6r.  auric  (aicriv-), 
ray,  +  /.iOo(,  stone.]  A  radiated  mineral,  called 
by  Werner  strahlstein  (ray-stone),  consisting  of 
silicates  of  calcium,  magnesium,  and  iron,  it  is 
a  variety  of  ampliibole  or  hornbli'iule,  of  a  green  color,  and 
ha\-mg  a  columnar  to  flbroui  structure.  Also  called  a<ti- 
Tiorc— Actinolite  sclllst,  a  metamorphic  rock  consisting 
principallvof actinolite,  wrth  an adnuxtureof  mica, quartz, 
or  lelilspur :  its  texture  is  slaty  and  foliated. 

actinolitic  (ak*  ti-no-lit'ik),  a.  lake,  pertaining 
to,  or  consisting  of  actinolite. 

actinology  (ak-ti-nol'o-ji),  H.  [<  Gr.  oktIc  (an- 
rn-),  ray,  +  ->.o-,ia,  <  /.fj«r,  speak:  see  -ology.'] 
That  branch  of  science  which  investigates  the 
chemical  action  of  light. 

actinomere  (ak-tin'o-mer),  n.  [<  Gr.  aK-ic  (a/c- 
7a-),  ray.  +  fUfto^,  a  part,  <  /icipeaSai  {y/  *ftcp),  di- 
vide.] One  of  the  radially  symmetrical  parti- 
tions onli  visions  of  a  sea-anemone,  coral-polyp, 
or  other  aetinozoan. 

actinomeric  (ak  ti-no-mer'ik),  a.  Eelating  to 
an  actinomere;  having  actuiomeres;  being  di- 
\-ided  into  radiated  parts. 

actinometer  (ak-ti-nom'e-ter),  n.  [<6r.  aKTi( 
(auriv-),  ray,  +  /lirpov,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  intensity  of  radia- 
tion. 

actinometric  (ak' ti-no-met'rik),  a.  Of  or 
belongiuj;  to  the  aetiaometer,  or  to  aetinom- 
itry. 

actinometrical  (ak'ti-no-met'ri-kal),  a.  Same 
as  ftctiuoriicfnc. 

actinometry  (ak-ti-nom'e-tri),  n.  [As  actinome- 
trr  +  -v.]  The  nicasureuicnt  of  tlie  intensity 
of  nidiatioii. 

Actinonuna  (ak-ti-nom'a),  n.  [NXi.,<Gr.  oktic 
(aa-tv-),  ray,  +  b/ifia,  eye.]  A  notable  genus  of 
radiolarians,  established  by  Haeckel  in  1860. 
8ee  extract. 

Aa  the  lateral  processes  [of  the  rays  of  some  radiolari- 
ans] .  . .  become  more  largely  developed,  a  continuous  cir- 
cumferential skeleton  is  formed,  which  encloses  the  wh(tle 
organism,  as  in  Actinomma,  in  which  there  are  sonietinit- s 
three  or  more  concentric  shells.        Stand.  Xat.  Hist.,  I.  it. 

Actinomonadidae  (ak'ti-no-mo-nad'i-<le),  n.  pi. 

[SL..  <  .trIiiiDiiionas  {-ad-)  -i-  -/(/«;.]  A  family 
of  oval  or  spheroidal  animalcules,  fixed  or 
freely  motile.  They  are  entirely  naked,  possess  neitlar 
a  hardened  test  nor  a  central  capsule,  and  have  fine  ray- 
like  pseudopodia  projecting  from  all  points  of  the  surface, 
supplemented  at  one  point  by  a  long  vibratile  llagellum. 

Actinomonas  (ak'ti-no-mon'as),  «.  [NL,,  <  Gr. 
oK-ir  {iiKriv-),  ray,  +  /iovar,  a  unit:  see  momid.^ 
The  typical  genus  of  infusorians  of  the  family 
.Irtinfintftfiafliflw. 

actinomorphic  (ak'ti-no-mdr'fik),  a.    Same  as 

Uftiittnnoi'phnita. 

actinomorphous  (ak"ti-n6-m6r'fu8),  a.  [<  Gr. 
iiK-Li;  (aurn-),  ray,  +  i'of>o//,  form.]  Kay-shaped: 
in  hot.,  applied  to  flowers  which  may  be  divided 
vertically  into  similar  halves  through  two  or 
more  planes :  synonymous  with  polijsymmetri- 
cal.     Sachs. 

actinomyces  (ak'ti-no-mi'sez),  n.;  pi.  actinomy- 
viti/i  f-iiii-s6'tez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  <MT/f  (aKriv-), 
ray,  +  /iis'/f  (])!.  /jmr/rer),  a  mushroom,  an  ex- 
crescence.] The  ray-fimgus:  so  called  from 
the  rosettes  of  club-sliaped  structures  in  which 
it  j>rpsciits  itself.  The  disease  actiuomycosis 
is  cauH<'(l  liy  tho  presence  of  this  fungus. 

actisomycetic  (ak'ti-n6-mi-set'ik),  a.  Per- 
tiiiiiiug  to  or  cau.sed  by  actinomycctes  :  as,  an 
arlitinniyntir  tumor. 

actinomycosis  (ak'ti-no-ml-ko'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
iiituiDiiniri s  +  -iittiH.'\  A  progressive  inflamma- 
tory ulTcction  caused  by  the  presence  of  acti- 
notuyi'Otcs,  occurring  in  cattle  and  swine,  and 

"O"  •  ' '  ■■'  "lan.      It  Ih  most  frei|uenlly  found  in 

Ih'  i-iit  niiiy  invHilc  ottier  partit.    It  is  com- 

'""■  i'  t  vsith  a  wound  or  an  abnmtrin.    AIho 

rail...  ,  ,„,, 

actinophone    (uk-tin'o-phon),    II.     [<(!r.   iiKTii; 

(iiKrii-t,  my,  +  vw.n;},  sound.]     An  upjiaratus  for 

the  |iroducti<m  of  souQd  by  actinic  rays.    A.  (!. 

llrll.    .S<.f  rniliophoiie. 
actlr,      '       ■       iik-tin-fWon'ik),  a.     Pcrtaiuiug 

'"  '  lone,  r,r  ti>  sounds  prodin'cd  by 

lie  I: 

actinophorc  .'l.  'in'.,  for),  n.  lidr.iKTm^iior, 
niy-liiiiripp.-:  -•  •  •iri,,i.,i,hnroiix.'\  One  of  the 
iieripli'Mil  -k.-l'^  '  'loinents  which  diriM'llvaf- 
fonl  .mi|.i...if   I.,  i',,    tni..  lin-nivB  of  l.iin'l'rru, 

that  :      •  '  ■  I  .,  Ih-  1;;iiih. 

I  I  '  i.'dliilliiiiulahed 

<   I  j        -nut  the  bitter  the 

J.  A.  Ityder. 

actlnophorona  (nk-linofo-m-i),  a,  [<  Or.  Ak- 
rivo^lKtr,    riiy-bcnriiig,   <  iKTir  (axTtv-),   ray,  + 


60 

-<j)6poc,  <0fpf(i=:E.  fcf«ri.]  Having  ray-like 
spines. 

actinophryan  (ak-ti-nof'ri-!tn),  a.  [<  Actino- 
plirys.]     (Jf  or  pertaining  to  Actinojyhrys. 

The  amoeban,  like  the  actinuphri/an  type,  "^hows  itself  in 
the  testaceous  as  well  as  in  the  naked  form. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  407. 

Actinophryidae  (ak'ti-no-fri'i-de),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<  Acthii>i)ltrys  +  -«/«".]  A  family  of  endoplastic 
rhizopods,  typified  by  the  genus  Acthiojihry.'-- 
(which  see),  referred  to  the  order  Hclio:oa  or 
constituting  an  order  PMuenplwra  (Carus),  and 
containing  organisms  known  as  heliozoans  or 
sim-animaleides.  Other  genera  than  Actino- 
phrys  placed  in  this  family  are  Ciliophrys  and 
Actinofplitvrium  (which  see). 

Actillopliryina(ak''ti-n6-fi-i-i'nil),  n.j)I.  [NL., 
(.Actinoplirys  + -iiia.~\  A  group  of  rhizopods, 
taking  name  from  the  genus  Actiiioplirys,  con- 
taining heliozoans  or  sim-animalcules.  See  Ac- 
tinophryidir. 

Actinoplirys  (ak-ti-nof 'ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/v-/f 
{anviv-),  ray,  4-  oijipii'  =  E.  brow.'}  A  genus  of 
protozoans,  belonging  to  a  di%-ision  of  the  class 
Itlii.:opoda  known  as  Mdio^oa,  and  the  leading 
genus  of  a  family  Actiiiophryidw.  Actinophnjs  ml, 
a  typical  species,  is  the  well-known  sun-animalcule  of 
microscopists. 

Most  species  of  the  genus  Aetinophiys,  or  ''sun-animal- 
cule," whicli  is  common  in  ponds,  are  simply  free-swim- 
luing  myxopods  with  stillish  pseudopodia,  which  radiate 
from  all  sides  of  the  globular  body. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  82. 

actinopteran  (ak-ti-nop'te-ran),  11.    One  of  the 

Acthiojiti li ;  an  actinopteroas  lish, 

Actinopteri  (ak-ti-nop'te-ri),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
ot  (ictinopterus:  see  actiitopterous.']  In  Cope's 
system  of  classification,  a  subclass  of  fishes 
embracing  all  the  teleosts,  most  of  the  osseous 
ganoids,  and  the  stm'geons.  The  technical  charac- 
ters of  the  group  are  opercuUu"  bones  well  developed  on  a 
separate  and  complex  suspensoriuni,  a  double  cciatttli.val. 
no  peUic  elements,  primary  r.adiiof  the  fore  limb  jiiirjillcl 
with  basilar  elements  and  entering  into  the  aiticulatinn 
with  the  sc:ii)ular  arch,  and  basihor  elements  reduced  to  a 
nu^taptery^iuni  and  \'cry  rarely  a  mesopterygiuin. 

actinopterous  (ak-ti-nop'te-rus),  fl.  [<  NL.  flc- 
tiiiojtterux,  <  Gr.  axr/f  (nuTW-),  ray,  +  7r-f/j<ir, 
wing.]  Ha\ing  the  characters  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Actinopteri. 

actinosoma  (ak"ti-n6-so'ma),  J!.:  pi.  actinoso- 
mala  (-ma-tii).  [<  Gr.  aKrir  (Aktiv-),  ray,  +  miiia, 
body.]  fhe  entire  body  of  any  aetinozoan, 
whether  simple,  as  in  the  sea-anemones,  or  com- 
])Osed  of  several  zouids,  as  in  most  corals. 

Actinosphaeriiun  (ak"ti-n6-sfe'ri-um),  H.   [NL., 

<  Gr.  aKTLc  (d/irfr-),  ray,  +  a0a?/)rt,  sphere.]  1.  A 
genus  of  ihizopods,  or  endoplastic  protozoans. 


action 


)i.       [<  Gr.  a/(Ti'( 
The  oral  orifice 


Tli.    . 
(mil,  I 

Mil  ill-tJl     :     ■    ,M     ihuffjt. 


Sun-anliiiidculc  [Actinoipharium  eichltorni).  iii.innificd. 
I.  The  whole  anlmnl.  wiUi  r,  r,  rontractile  vaciioIcH.    II.  I'orttoimf 
iicripherv  more  magnified,  with  i,,  four  fctlrT  psctitloixwlia,  niul  »i. 
luuf  nuclei  or  cmlupT.ifcLv    III.  A  youtii;  uctlnospti'crlurii. 

liaving  a  nutnber  of  nuclei  or  endoplasts  in  the 
central  ))iirts  ot  the  iiiotoiilusm,  and  numerous 
stilT  radiating  pseudopudiii. 

Neither  conjugution  nor  ll«»lon  has  been  observed 
among  ordlruiry  Radlolarlu,  but  Imth  these  iirocenses  take, 
place  in  AetiiuinjilKPrium.       Iluxlcii,  Anat.  invert.,  |i.  Wi. 

2.  [/.  r.]  A  memlier  of  this  gpuus. 
actinost  (ak'ti-nost),  »,  [<  Or.  okt/'c  (oKr/p-), 
ray,  +  iinrinv,  a  Imne.]  In  ichlh.,  one  of  tlie 
bones  wliich  in  Inic  IihIich  iiiiMicdiiiloly  HiippoH 
tlie  rays  of  the  pectonil  mid  vi'iilnil  (ins.  rhey 
nn*  gi'iieriilly.  In  the  peetnrnU.  fnur  in  number,  but  Hume- 
illni-^.  as  111  iiiiine  pedleulate.i.  are  reduced  to  tvvii,  and 
mini*. times,  as  In  ganoids,  Increased  to  luuru  than  four; 
thry  are  rarely  BtroplUoU.    iitU. 


actinostome  (ak-tin'o-stom), 
(Un-if-),  ray,  +  ard/ja,  mouth.] 
of  an  aetinozoan. 

The  ingrowth  of  the  rim  of  the  blastopore  in  Actino/oa 
to  form  an  actiyiostome  is  therefore  due  to  a  fusion  be- 
tween the  primitive  stomodeum  and  the  blastopore. 

Htiatt,  Proc.  Bost.  Soe.  Nat.  Hist,  (IS.S.'i),  p.  107. 

actinote  (ak'ti-not),  n.  [<  Gr.  aKrivuTdc,  fur- 
nished with  rays,  <  ciktIi;  {uktcv-),  ray.]  Same  as 
actiiiolit< . 

actinotrichium  (ak  'ti-no-tiik'i-um),  n. ;  pi.  «c- 
tiiiiitricliiu  (-a).  [NL.  (J.  A,  Ryder,  1885),  <  Gr. 
aKTic  (aK-iv-),  ra}',  +  6pi^  (fpix  ),  a  hair,]  One 
of  the  homogeneous  hair-like  libers  which  rep- 
resent the  rays  in  the  fin-folds  of  the  embryos 
of  fishes,  and  which  subsecpiently  fuse  to  form 
the  memliranous  basis  of  the  permanent  rays 
of  the  adult  fish. 

Actinotrocha  (ak-ti-not'ro-kii),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aKTig  {ciKTiv-),  ray,  +  fpox'l,  a  wheel,  ring.]  An 
embryonic  form  of  a  gephjTean  worm  of  the 
genus  i'/(0)'OHis'(whichsee),  which  was  mistaken 
for  a  distinct  animal  antl  named  Actinotrocha 
branchiata. 

Actinozoa  (ak''ti-n6-z6'a),  h.^j?.  [NIj.,<Gr.  oAWf 
{(iKTiv-),  ray,  +  Cijioi',  an  animal :  see  .:oon.'i  A 
classof  Vuhntcrata; 
radiated,  marine  zo- 
ophjiies,  embracing 
the  sea-anemones, 
corals,  sea-pens, 
etc.,  in  which  the 
mouth  is  fiu-nished 
with  hollow  retract- 
ile tentacles,  simple 
in  one  subclass  (Zo- 
anthari(i)  or  fringed 
in  the  other  (Alcyo- 

naria).     The    digestive  venicil    Section  of  an  Aetinozoan. 

cavity  IS  separated  from  (a  seaanemone,  Aeltaia  /wtmluat. 

tlie  body-wall  by  an  in-  showng  type  of  structure  of  WcCtHijrufl. 

Icr\  cuing       perivisceral  <•:  nwuth.  ot.il  aperture;  i,  gastric 

vii.i.c    wliicb    i.)   rndi^lllv  "vity;  c.axialcavity.commontoiiiml 

'•I'-";.,"."''"  "*  ™,d'""y  to  rf.  an  interraesenteric  chamber  in  the 

dn  ided  into  sevenil  com-  perivisceral  or  somatic  cavity,  c  and  rf" 

]i:(rtlllcnl.s  li.v  JiartitiiJUS  together  being  the  entcrocccle;  ^,  free 

called      ine.^enteries      in  enckened  tnargiii  of  a  mesentery'./, 

,.  1  ;    1     ,1        ..   ....  I,,\ti,.  1  containing  neinatoc\.sts;  jr.  reproduc- 

«bl,li    the  lepiijductne  ,i,j  „^^„.  A.  „„^>„f  the  circlet  of 

iirj;ans  arc  situated,  ihe  tentacles  around  the  mouth. 

great  luajiirity  are  com- 

IKiiiud,  living  in  a  pol,vpidom ;  some  adhere  to  rocks,  etc., 
and  some  are  free.  The  rayeil  tentacles  about  the  month 
present  in  some  genera,  as  Actinia,  no  remote  resem- 
blance to  some  of  the  lluest  c<unpositc  llowci-s.  Keprodue- 
lii'M  is  cllected  by  eggs  thrown  out  at  the  immth,  by  gem- 
iiiulcs  or  buds  deM'lopcd  on  the  base  of  their  ilisk,  and  by 
division,  each  scjiarateil  part  becoming  a  complete  ani- 
mal. They  present  tlic  iilienoinenon  known  as  metagen- 
esis or  altcntatinii  uf  generation.  When  reproducetl  by  or- 
dinary general  inn,  tile  cggdevclops  iiitoa  free  locomotive 
idauilhi  with  \  ibiatilc  cilia.  The  sexes  are  either  united 
(ir  distinct.  Tlu'  .iijnoznn  and  lhi<irnzita  e(Ulstitute  tlie 
siibkiugdoin  Ca'lententla.  Also  called  Aettnoida.   See  //»/• 

l//-e.-i.(). 

actinozoal  (ak"ti-n6-z6'al),  a.    Relating  to  the- 

.tctinu~<nt. 

aetinozoan  (ak"ti-ii6-z6'iin),  «.  One  of  the  Ac- 
lini>;<ia  :  iiny  member  of  that  class. 

actinozoon  (ak"ti-n6-z6'on),  H.  [NL.,  sing,  of 
.lc//»o,:((r(.]     An  aetinozoan. 

actinula  (iik-tin'u-lii),  «.;  pi.  actiimlir  (-le). 
[NMi.,  (liiii.  (if  Gr.  oKr/f  (iiktiii-),  ray.]  A  name 
given  by  Allman  to  the  larval  condition  of 
llydrojihiirii  (Hydro:oa),  appearing  when  the 
ciliated  loconiutive  plaiiula  or  embryo  has  be- 
eoiiie  li.xcil  by  its  aboral  end,  and  has  passed 
into  the  elongateil  gastrula-stage  by  the  forma- 
lion  of  the  mouth  witii  its  circlet  of  tentacles. 
>Sfc  ;>/((««/«. 

In  most  Iliscophora,  the  embryo  becomes  a  llxed  neti}%- 
via  (the  so-called  Hydra  tuba,  or  Seyphistonia). 

tlu.rtrif,  Anat.  Ilivt^rt.,  p.  \Xi. 

action  (ak'shon),  »i.  [<  MR.  iiccion,  -oiin,  <  OF. 
(irliiiii  =  Si),  iiccion  =  Pg.  iici'ao  =  It.  (i:rione,  <  L. 
(iclio{n-),  (.  aijcrc,  do,  act:  seti  net,  ».]  1.  The 
jiroccss  or  slalo  of  acting  or  of  btiiig  active,  as 
iippiiscd  to  real :  ehiiiigi'  of  which  the  cause  lies 
williiii  the  Kiili.jcet  ;  iictivity;  ai'tive  exertion; 
ciiiTgy  iiiaiiifcsted  in  imtward  acts,  as  con- 
trust  oil  wiili  conteiiiplatiiin,  Kpeculiition,  s])eak- 
ing,  iir  writing:  iis,  a  iiiuii  ot'  iiction.  [In  this 
sense  not  used  in  the  ])liiral.] 
The  basis  of  .tetiiin,  as  distinguished  from   iiioliou,  nr 

vemeiit,  Is  the  exlsteiii.e  of  ilealiv  rcslrliiig  III  the  aiii- 

male  organism.  /,.  /•'.  Ward,  llyiiiilii.  Sociol.,  II.  III). 

2,  An  event  eonsidcnd  as  pri'dicatcd  of  its 
cause;  an  act,  usually  in  a  complex  or  an  iii- 
cluHive  sense;  tliat  which  is  done  about  or  in 
relation  to  unythiiig;  a  speeilit^  |iei'foniiiitice, 
proeeeiliiig,  iir  course  of  eoiidiict  :  as,  a  good 
<ir  II  bad  action  ;  actioii.i  spi'iik  louder  Ihpn 
words;   tlie  tictiim  of  a  delilierative  bodv- 


The  bird  it 
arc  weighed 


Uud 


if  knowledge,  and  by  him  (ic^'onf 
1  Sam.  II.  3. 


action 

\Vliat  dangerous  action,  stood  it  next  to  death, 
Would  I  not  undergo  fur  one  calm  look  ! 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  v.  4. 
All  action  is  the  perfection  and  publication  of  thought. 

Ememon^  Nature. 

The  word  action  is  properly  applied  to  those  exertions 

whiuh  are  consequent  on  volition,  whether  the  exertion 

be  made  on  external  objects,  or  be  contlned  to  our  mental 

operations.  D.  Stetvart,  Works,  VI.  I'Jl. 

3.  An  exertion  of  power  or  force ;  the  real  rela- 
tion of  a  cause  to  its  effect;  causality;  intlu- 
•ence ;  agency ;  operation ;  impulse :  as,  the  ac- 
tion of  wind  upon  a  ship's  sails. 

The  action  which  given  electrical  masses  exert  on  the 
exteriurof  auy  closed  surface  is  tlie  same  as  that  of  a  layer 
of  tlie  same  mass  spread  on  this  surface  according  to  a 
certain  law.     Atkinaon,  tr.  of  Mascart  and  Joubert,  I.  44. 

4.  Manner  of  moving;  kindof  motion  or  physi- 
cal performance :  as,  this  horse  has  fine  action; 
the  action  of  a  machine. 

Imitate  the  action  of  the  tiger.       Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  1. 

5.  In  rhet.^  gesture  or  gesticulation ;  the  deport- 
ment of  the  speaker,  or  the  accommodation  of 
his  attitude,  voice,  gestures,  and  countenance 
to  tJie  subject,  or  to  the  thoughts  and  feelings 
ex]>ressed. 

Suit  the  action  to  the  word,  the  word  to  the  action. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 
Whilst  the  true  brood  of  actors,  that  alone 
Keep  nat'ral,  unstrain'd  Actio7i  in  her  tlirone, 
behold  their  benches  bare.  Carew,  To  Davenant. 

6.  In  poetry  and  the  drama^  the  connected 
series  of  events  on  which  the  interest  of  the 
piece  depends ;  the  main  subject  or  story,  as 
distinguished  from  an  incidental  action  or  epi- 
sode. Unity  of  action  is  one  of  the  dramatic 
unities. 

This  action  should  have  three  qualifications:  first,  it 
should  be  one  action-;  secondly,  it  should  be  an  entire  ac- 
tion; and  thirdly,  it  should  be  a  great  action. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  267. 

7.  In  physioh :  {a)  Any  one  of  the  active  pro- 
cesses going  on  in  an  organized  body ;  some 
manifestation  of  vital  activity ;  the  pei'form- 
ance  of  a  function :  as,  the  action  of  the 
stomach  or  the  gastric  juice  on  the  food ;  a 
morbid  action  of  the  liver.  (6)  A  more  or  less 
complex  muscular  effort,  it  may  be  voluntary,  as 
the  contractions  of  the  voluntary  muscles  in  response  to 
the  will;  inyoi^/z/^an/,  as  those  of  the  heart ;  wifircrf,  as  those 
of  respiration,  deglutition,  etc.;  or  rejiex,  as  most  involun- 
tary actions,  and  also  those  performed  by  voluntary  mus- 
cles under  the  influence  of  stimuli  without  involving  con- 
scious volition. 

8.  In  law:  (a)  A  proceeding  instituted  in  coiu"t 
by  one  or  more  parties  against  another  or  others 
to  enforce  a  right,  or  punish  or  redress  a  wrong : 
distinguished  from  judicial  proceedings  which 
are  not  controversial  in  form,  as  the  probate  of  a 
will,  (b)  Such  a  proceeding  under  the  forms  of 
the  common  law,  as  distinguished  from  a  chan- 
cery suit  and  a  criminal  prosecution.  But  since 
the 'merger  of  law  and  equity,  the  remedy  formerly  had 
by  suit  in  chancery  is  had  by  an  equitable  action.  In  the 
wider  sense  an  action  is  civil  or  criminal:  it  is  criminal 
when  instituted  by  the  sovereign  for  the  punishment  of  a 
crime  (see  criminal);  civil  when  instituted  by  the  sover- 
eign power  in  its  capacity  as  an  owner  or  contracting 
party,  or  by  a  subject  or  citizen.  A  criminal  action  is  fre- 
quently spoken  of  as  an  indictment,  which,  however,  is 
only  one  kind  of  formal  con^plaint  by  which  such  a  pro- 
ceeding may  be  commenced  or  presented  for  trial.  A 
common-law  action  is  real,  personal,  or  mixed:  real  when 
it  claims  title  to  real  estate ;  personal  when  it  demands  a 
chattel,  a  debt,  damages  for  an  injury,  or  a  statutory  pen- 
alty ;  and  mixed  when  it  demands  both  real  estate  and 
damages  for  a  wrong.  Actions  are  iii  jicmonam  or  in  rem : 
in  personam  when  the  party  defendant  is  a  natural  person 
or  a  corporation  ;  in  rem  when  it  is  a  thing  the  ownership 
of  which  it  is  sought  to  change  or  affect,  as  when  it  is 
sought  to  make  damages  for  a  collision  at  sea  a  lien  on 
the  guilty  ship,  or  to  confiscate  smuggled  property.  Ac- 
tions where,  the  defendant  being  out  of  the  reach  of  the 
court,  a  judgment  against  him  will  bind  only  his  property 
previously  attached,  and  actions  merely  to  determine  the 
status  of  the  parties,  as  for  divorce,  are  also  sometimes 
properly  called  actions  in  rem;  for  the  property  attached 
and  the  status,  respectively,  are  in  one  sense  the  subjects 
of  the  action,  and  it  is  their  presence  wliich  enables  the 
court  to  exercise  its  jurisdiction  as  against  persons  ab- 
sent. See  also  in  personam,  in  rem.  (c)  The  right 
of  bringing  an  action :  as,  the  law  gives  an 
action  for  every  claim.  [The  f oUowing  French  phrases 
are  common  in  Canadian  law:  Action  en  declaration 
d'hypothequc,  action,  by  a  creditor  having  a  h>'pothec, 
against  a  third  person  in  possession  of  the  real  property, 
to  have  it  declared  subject  to  the  hypothec.  Action  en 
interruption  {de  prescription),  an  action  brought  tn  inter- 
rupt the  running  of  the  time  fixed  in  a  statute-  of  limita- 
tionsasabar  toan action.  Actionenrevendication,  action 
ill  replevin ;  an  action  by  the  alleged  owner  of  property  to 
recover  possession.  Action  hypoth^caire ,  an  action  brought 
by  the  hypothecary  creditor  against  a  thii'd  person  holding 
the  property  subject  to  the  hypothec,  the  object  being  to 
have  the  property  or  its  value  applied  to  pay  the  debt. 
Action  i}Agatoire,  an  action  by  the  owner  of  real  property 
against  any  person  exercising  an  alleged  right  of  servitude 
or  easement  on  the  properly,  praying  that  such  alleged 
right  be  declared  unfounded  and  that  such  person  be  per- 
petually barred  from  its  exercise.  Action  populaire,  a 
qui  tani  action  ;  an  action  in  the  interest  of  the  public] 


61 

9.  In  the  fine  arts :  («)  The  appearance  of  ani- 
mation, movement,  or  passion  j^iven  to  figures 
by  their  attitude,  position,  or  expression,  either 
singly  or  eoncm'rently.  (b)  The  event  or  epi- 
sode represented  or  illustrated  by  a  work  of  art. 
— 10.  A  military  fight ;  a  minor  engagement  be- 
tween armed  bodies  of  men,  whether  on  land 
or  water :  of  less  importance  than  a  battle.  See 
battle. 

How  many  gentlemen  have  you  lust  in  this  action  '! 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

A  general  action  now  tiisucfi.  which,  after  the  loss  of 
several  killed  and  wouimUiI.  terminated  in  the  retreat  of 
the  British  party  towards  the  centre  of  the  town. 

Everett,  Orations,  p.  90. 

1 1.  In  mach. :  (a)  The  mechanism  of  a  breech- 
loading  gim  by  which  it  is  opened  to  receive 
the  charge.  (6)  That  part  of  the  mechanism  of 
a  pianoforte,  an  organ,  or  other  similar  instru- 
ment by  which  the  action  of  the  fingers  upon 
the  keys  is  transmitted  to  the  strings,  reeds,  etc. 
In  a  harp  the  action  is  a  mechanism,  controlled  by  i>edals, 
by  which  the  key  is  changed  by  a  half  or  whole  step. 

12.  [A  French  usage.]  A  share  in  the  capital 
stock  of  a  company ;  in  the  plural,  stocks,  or 
shares  of  stock — Abandonment  of  an  action.  See 
abandon  no  nt.~  Accessory  action.  s,rf(ti.  won/.— Ac- 
tion of  account,    see  account.— Action  of  adherence. 

See  adh>'nnrr.  — Action  Of  a  moving  system,  in  mech., 
twice  the  time-integral  of  the  kinetic  energy,  whicli  is 
equal  to  the  sum  of  the  average  momentums  for  the  spaces 
described  by  the  parts  of  the  system  from  any  era,  each 
multiplied  by  the  length  nf  its  path.— Action  of  ejection 
and  intrusion,  see  '/rrtinn. —Action  of  ejectment. 
See  ejretmrut  and  casua/.— Action  Of  foreclosure.  See 
foreclosure.— Action   Of   mesne  profits.     See  ni-.^-ne.— 

Action  on  the  case.  See  caiTi.-- Amicable  action. 
See  amicable.— Angle  Of  action.  Seeiof.'//^^',— Back  ac- 
tion, (a)  In  marine  engines,  action  in  which  the  cylinder 
is  between  the  cross-head  or  cross-tail  and  the  crank. 
In  tliis  arrangement,  which  is  sometimes  used  where  a  sav- 
ing of  longitudinal  space  is  desired,  parallel  side-bars  con- 
nect the  cross-head  of  the  piston-rod  with  a  cross-tail,  and 
from  this  a  connecting-rod  extends  to  the  shaft  at  the  same 
end  of  the  cylinder  as  the  cross-head.  The  np|nisite  uf 
direct  action  (see  below).  (6)  In  fli'earms,  wlieu  tlie  joeks 
are  bedded  into  the  stock  alone.  E.  II.  A';M;//;r—  Cause 
of  action.  See  cause. —  Chemical  action,  action  within 
a  molecule,  or  between  molecules,  of  matter,  by  which 
atoms  are  added,  removed,  or  reairaiiged.  It  is  often 
attended  witii  evolution  of  beat  aihl  light.     See  cli<-inicaL 

—  Chose  in  action.  See  cAi.ml:,— circuity  of  action. 
See  circuity.— Oonconxse  of  actions.      See   cunnuirse. 

—  Concurrence  of  actions.  See  com-ucrenct'.— Con- 
solidation of  actions.  See  conjfolidation.-COTTentS 
of  action.    See  cf(r/v»^— Declaratory  action.    See 

declarator.  —  Direct  action,  in  a  ste;nii-engine,  actiim  in 
which  the  pistnn-rod  or  eruss-head  is  liii'ectly  cdnneeted 
by  a  rod  with  tlie  crank.  — Double  action,  ni  tnacli.,  ac- 
tion, as  of  a  piston,  in  wJiieli  wiirk  is  dune  at  every  stroke 
or  reciprocal  movement.  — Droitural  action.  See  rfrot- 
/«j-rt^.— Equivocal  action,  one  in  which  the  eflfect  is  of 
a  different  species  from  tlie  agent,  as  the  action  of  a  blow 
upon  a  drum,  causing  it  to  sound.— Form  Of  action. 
See  form.—  Glst  of  an  action.  See  firw^s.— Immanent 
action,  one  wliose  effect  is  within  the  agent  or  cause  ; 
transient  action,  one  whose  effect  is  an  object  other 
than  its  cause. 

In  the  action  immanent  the  agent  and  the  patient  are 
the  same ;  in  the  tratisicnt  different,  in  the  thing  itself. 

Burpersdicius,  tr.  by  a  Gentleman,  i.  S. 
In  action,  in  a  condition  or  state  of  activity;  in  active 
operation.— Law  of  action  and  reaction,  Newton's 
third  law  of  motion.  It  is  as  follows :  To  every  action 
there  is  always  an  equal  and  contrary  reaction;  or  the 
mutual  actions  of  two  bodies  are  always  equal  and  oppo- 
sitely directed.  By  action  here  is  to  be  understood  the 
force,  or  sometimes  (according  to  Newton)  the  product 
of  its  effective  component  into  the  velocity  of  its  point 
of  application.  While  the  first  two  laws  of  motion  de* 
terniiue  how  forces  of  every  conceivable  kind  affect  bod- 
ies,' and  what  motions  they  produce,  the  third  is  more 
positive,  in  that  it  begins  tlie  description  of  the  forees 
that  are  actually  found  in  nature,  by  enunciating  the 
proposition  that  the  algebraic  suni  of  all  the  forces  that 
are  called  into  play  on  each  occasion  is  zero.  The  follow* 
ing  passage  gives  Newton's  comments  on  this  law.  in  the 
language  of  Thomson  and  Tait,  except  that  the  original 
word  action  is  restored,  in  place  of  the  word  activity  w  hich 
those  authors  substitute  for  it,  in  order  to  avoid  confusion 
with  the  action  of  a  moving  system,  as  defined  above :  "  If 
one  body  presses  or  draws  another,  it  is  pressed  or  drawn 
by  this  other  with  an  equal  force  in  the  opposite  direction. 
If  any  one  presses  a  stone  with  his  finger,  his  finger  is 
pressed  with  the  same  force  in  the  opposite  dii-ection  by 
the  stone.  A  horse  towing  a  boat  on  a  canal  is  dragged 
backwards  by  a  force  equal  to  that  which  he  impresses  on 
the  towing-rope  forwards.  By  whatever  amount,  and  in 
whatever  direction,  one  body  has  its  motion  changed  by 
impact  upon  anotlier,  this  other  body  has  its  motion 
changed  by  the  same  amount  in  the  opposite  direction; 
for  at  each  instant  dming  the  impact  the  force  between 
them  was  equal  and  oi>posite  on  the  two.  When  neither 
of  the  two  bodies  has  any  rotation,  whether  before  or 
after  the  impact,  the  changes  of  velocity  which  they  ex- 
perience are  i)roportional  to  their  masses;  When  one 
body  attracts  another  from  a  distance,  this  other  attracts 
it  with  an  equal  and  opposite  force.  If  the  action  of  an 
agent  be  measured  by  its  amount  and  velocity  conjointly, 
and  if,  similarly,  the  reaction  of  the  resistance  be  measured 
by  the  velocities  of  its  several  pants  and  their  several 
amounts  cunjuintly,  whether  these  arise  from  friction,  co- 
hesion, wei'-:ht.  or  acceleration,  action  and  reaction,  in 
allcombiiiatiniis  of  machines,  will  be  equal  and  opposite." 

—  Local  action  (in  a  voltaic  cell).     See  amalrjamate,  v. 

—  Perficieat  action,  that  action  which  changes  the 
thing  acted    upon  without   destroying  it;    corrupting 


active 

action,  that  which  destroys  it.—  Principle  Of  least 
action,  of  Maupertuie,  the  principle  that,  of  all  the  dif- 
ferent ricts  of  paths  along  which  a  coiiserviitive  system 
may  be  guided  from  one  configuration  ti.  ancjtlier,  with 
jt.s  total  energy  constant,  that  one  for  which  the  action 
is  the  lea-st  is  such  that  the  system  will  reciuire  only 
to  be  started  with  the  proper  velocities  to  move  along  it 
unguided.-  Single  actlon,  in  mach.,  acti<ui.  as  of  a  pis- 
ton or  plunger,  in  which  work  is  performed  on  only  one  of 
two  or  more  strokes :  as,  a  single-action  j)ump,  one  in 
whi(di  the  water  is  raised  on  every  alternate  stroke,  or  the 
upward  lift  )if  the  pump-rod.-To  take  action,  to  take 
steps  in  regard  to  anything;  specifically,  to  institute  legal 
proceedings.— UnivOCal  action,  that  hy  which  an  agent 
produces  ail  effect  of  the  sanic  npeiies  xs  it.sclf ;  thus,  the 
action  of  heat  in  heating  ;i  I lody  by  eoTiduction  isunivocal. 
—  Wave-action,  hi  <inn.,  ubnurmally  high  pressure  in  a 
gun  from  very  large  charges.  =  Syn.  Action,  Act,  Ihwd.  In 
nuiny  cases  these  words  arc  synonymous,  but  action  (in  the 
singular)  denotes  more  particularly  the  operation,  act  and 
tlrnl  the  accomplished  result.  Only  action  maybe  used 
to  signify  the  doing  (jr  the  method  of  doing ;  it  is  also  the 
word  for  ordinary  activity,  act  signifying  that  which  is 
more  notable  or  dignified.  An  action  may  include  many 
acts,  while  act  is  generally  individual.  Aa  exception  to 
this  is  in  the  use  of  the  word  act  to  indicate  a  section 
of  a  play,  which  is  a  survival  of  old  usage ;  yet  action  is  in 
this  connection  broader  than  act,  covering  the  movement 
of  the  plot  through  all  the  acts :  as,  in  Macbeth  the  action 
is  highly  tragic.  A  course  of  action;  his  action  was  con- 
timied  ;  repeated  acts  ai  humanity;  his  cur(s  were  incon- 
sistent. Deed  in  old  usage  had  a  very  general  application, 
but  in  modern  usage  it  is  applied  chiefiy  to  acts  which  are 
for  any  reason  especially  noteworthy  ;  it  is  a  more  formal 
word  than  action  ovact.  Tlie  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  the  ac- 
tion of  a  watch  ;  the  acts  of  a  prince,  the  actions  of  chil- 
dren ;  an  act  of  mercy ;  a  deed  of  valor ;  a  base  deed  or  act. 
For  comparison  with/ea(,  etc.,  see/ea^ 

Fundamentally  there  is  no  such  thing  as  private  action. 
All  actions  are  public — in   themselves  or  their  conse- 
quences. Bovee,  Summaries  of  Thought. 
Our  acts  our  angels  are,  or  good  or  ill. 
Our  fatal  shadows  that  walk  by  us.  still. 

J.  Fletcher,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  1.  37. 
M'ho  doth  right  deeds 
Is  twice-born,  and  who  doeth  ill  deeds  vile. 

Edwin  Arnold,  Light  of  Asia,  vi.  78. 

action  (ak'shon),  V.  t.  l<actionj  w.]  To  bring 
a  le^'al  action  against.     [Rare.] 

actionable  (ak'shon-a-bl),  a.  [<  ML.  actiona- 
bilis,  <  L.  actio{n-)j  action:  see  action.']  Fur- 
nislaing  suflieient  ground  for  an  action  at  law  : 
as,  to  call  a  man  a  thief  is  actiomtble. 

Many  things  which  have  been  said  in  such  papers  .  .  . 
are  equally  actionable.  The  American,  VIII.  5. 

actionably  (ak'shon-a-bli),  adv.  In  an  action- 
able manner;  in  a  manner  that  may  subject  to 
legal  process. 

actional  (ak'shon-al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
action  or  actions.     Grote. 

actionary  (ak'shon-a-ri),  n.  ;  pi.  actionaries 
(-riz),  [=  F.  actionnaircj  <  ML.  acfionarins,  <  L. 
actio(n-),  action:  see  action.]  A  shareholder  in 
a  joint-stock  company;  one  who  owns  actions 
(see  action,  12)  or  shares  of  stock.  Also  called 
actionist.     [Chietiy  used  of  French  subjects.] 

actioner  (ak'shon-er),  n.  The  workman  who 
makes  or  adapts  the  action  of  an  instrument, 
as  of  a  piano,  etc. 

actionist  (ak'shou-ist),  n.  [<  action  +  -ist.] 
Same  as  actionary. 

actionize  (ak'shon-iz),  v.  t.  [<  action  +  --ize.']  To 
bring  a  legal  action  against.     [Rare.]    N.  E.  D. 

actionless  (ak'shon-les),  a.  [<.  action  + -less.] 
Without  action ;  inert. 

action-sermon  (ak'shon-ser''''mon),  n.  In  the 
Presbyterian  churches  of  Scotland,  the  semdon 
preached  before  the  celebration  of  the  com- 
munion. 

action-takingt  (ak'shon-ta*king),  a.   Litigious ; 
accustomed  to  seek  redress  by  law  instead  of 
by  the  sword  :  an  epithet  of  contempt. 
A  lily-liver'd,  action-taking  .  .  .  rogue. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 

actioust  (ak'shus),  a.     [<  action  +  -ous.    Cf.  fac- 
tions.]   Active ;  full  of  activity ;  full  of  energy. 
He  knows  you  to  be  eager  men,  martial  men,  men  of 
good  stomachs,  very  hot  shots,  very  actious  for  valour. 

Dekker  and  Webster  (?),Sir  Thomas  Wyat,  p.  44. 

actitation  (ak-tl-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *<7C- 
titatio{n-),  iactitare^  act  or  plead  frequently, 
used  only  of  lawsuits  and  dramas ;  double  freq. 
of  agere,  act,  do.]  Frequent  action ;  specifi- 
cally, the  debating  of  lawsuits,     [Rare.] 

activatet  (ak'ti-vat),  v.  t.  [<  active  +  -ate^.'] 
To  make  active  ;  intensify. 

Snow  and  ice,  especially  being  holpen,  and  their  cold 
activated  by  nitre  or  salt,  will  turn  water  to  ice,  and  that 
in  a  few  hours.  Bacon,  ^Nat.  Hist.,  §  83. 

active  (ak'tiv),  a.  [<ME.  actif,  <  OF.  actif,  F. 
actif,-ive,<h.  activi(s,<.agerej do, a^ct:  seeact,n.] 
1.  Havingthepowerorpropertyofactiug;  tend- 
ing to  cause  change  or  communicate  action  or 
motion;  capable  of  exerting  influence :  opposed 
to  passive  :  as,  attraction  is  an  active  power. 

When  the  mind  has  a  passive  sensibility,  but  no  active 
strength.  Hawthorne.  Twiee-Told  Tales,  II.  S3. 


active 

I  And  I  can  excite  ideas  in  my  mind  at  pleasure,  and 
Tary  and  shift  the  scene  as  often  as  I  think  fit.  This 
zuakiii?  and  unmaking  of  ideas  doth  very  properly  de- 
nominate the  mind  active. 

Berkeley,  Principles  of  Human  Knowledge,  i.  §  3S. 

Power,  thus  considered,  is  twofold — viz.:  as  able  to 
make,  or  able  to  receive,  any  change ;  the  one  may  be 
called  active  and  the  other  passive  power.  Locke. 

[This  distinction  is  taken  from  Aristotle.] 

Specifically— 2.  In  nud.,  acting  qviiekly;  pro- 
ducing immediate  effects:  as,  active  remedies 
or  treatment. —  3.  Ha\-ing  the  power  of  quick 
motion,  or  disposition  to  move  with  speed ; 
nimble;  lively;  brisk;  agile:  as,  an  nc(Ht  ani- 
mal.— 4.  Busy ;  constantly  engaged  ia  action ; 
acting  with  rigor  and  assiduity :  opposed  to  dull, 
slow,  or  indolent :  as,  an  active  officer;  also  to 
sedentary :  as,  an  active  Ufe. 

Malaga  possessed  a  brave  and  numerous  ganison,  and 
the  common  people  were  active,  hardy,  and  resolute. 

Irvinfj,  Granatla,  p.  34S. 

5.  In  a  state  of  action ;  marked  by  movement 
or  operation;  in  actual  progress  or  motion;  not 
quiescent,  dormant,  or  suspended :  as,  to  take 
active  proceedings  against  an  offender ;  to  en- 
gage in  active  hostilities. 

The  world  hath  had  in  these  men  fresh  experience  how 
dangerous  such  active  erroi-s  are.  Hooker. 

Fanaticism,  or,  to  call  it  by  its  milder  name,  enthusi- 
asm, is  only  powerful  and  active  so  long  as  it  is  aggi'essive. 
LotcAt,  .\mong  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  232. 

Hence  —  6.  In  com.,  marked  by  quickness  or 
frequency ;  brisk ;  lively ;  coming  or  moving 
freely  or  abundantly :  as,  an  active  trade  or  de- 
mand for  goods;  active  freights  or  stocks. —  7. 
Eequiring  action  or  exertion;  practical;  opera- 
tive; producing  real  effects:  opposed  to  s^jeCH- 
lative:  as,  the  active  duties  of  life;  the  active 
powers  of  the  mind. 

The  division  of  the  faculties  of  the  human  mind  into 
understanding  and  will  is  very  ancient,  and  has  been 
generally  adopted,  the  former  comprehending  all  our 
speculative,  the  latter  all  our  active,  powers.  Rvid. 

[This  use  of  active  for  jiractical,  in  philosophy,  is  rightly 
condemned  by  Hamilton.] 

8.  Ingram.,  signifjnng  the  performance  and  not 
the  endurance  of  an  action:  opposed  to  passive. 
Said  of  a  verb  or  verb-form,  an<I  used  especially  in  the  case 
of  languages  which,  like  Latin,  have  a  nearly  complete 
passive  conjugation  of  the  verb,  or  else,  like  tireek  and  San- 
skrit, a  partial  one  ;  but  also,  less  properly,  of  tlio.se  whicli, 
like  Englisli  and  French,  have  a  system  of  verb-phrases  with 
passive  meaning,  made  with  an  auxiliary.  Some  gramma- 
rians (tiuite  iinpr<)[)iTly)  use  active  as  e<nii\aleiit  to  Iralm- 
'ic>-.— Active  apperception,  that  apperception  which 
chooses  one  ariiniig  a  nurnbtfr  of  ideas  tliat  present  them- 
selves. —Active bonds,  bonds  which  bear  uHxi-d  rate  of  in- 
terest payable  in  full  fromthedateof  issue, asiiistinginsbt-.i 
irinn poJi five tjowi-i,  on  which  no  interest  is  paid,  ijut  which 
entitle  the  holder  to  some  future  benefit  or  claim.— Active 
capital  or  wealth,  money,  or  property  that  may  readily 
be  converted  into  money,  used  in  commerce  or  other  em- 
ployment.—Active  cause.  See  caiKf.— Active  com- 
merce, thecoiiunerce  in  which  a  nation  carries  its  own  and 
foreign  commodities  in  its  own  ships,  or  which  is  prose- 
cuted by  iu  own  citizens,  a.s  contradistinguished  from  pHj<- 
tite,  in  which  the  productions  of  one  country  are  trans- 
ported by  the  piviple  of  another.  —Active  debt.  See  debt. 
—Active  "F  Uvrlng  force,  in  i>h>tx.,  same  as  nV  viva  (which 
•ee).-- Active  fund.  See  /uwZ.— Active  instrument, 
one  which  ufc.n  bL-ing  set  into  action  goes  on  of  itself,  as 
Are.  -Active  list,  the  list  o(  olllcers  in  the  army  or  navy 
liable  to  ti.'  railed  lijiMn  fur  active  service,  as  distinguished 
from  the  retired  (m'.— Active  power.  See  <|Uotation 
from  L4>cke  under  def.  1.  Kt-id  uses  the  term  to  denote 
the  will,  apiietltes.atfeetions,  etc.;  but  that  use  has  been 
gewnilly  conilenincd.— Active  service  («ii(i(.).  (a)  The 
(M.-rft,rinunc4;  of  duty  against  an  enemy,  or  operations  car- 
ried on  in  his  presence. 

It  was  evident,  from  the  warlike  character  of  El  Zagal, 

that  there  would  be  abundance  of  active  nervier  and  hard 

Ishllng-  Jrviwj,  Granada,  p.  437. 

of  having  a  place  on  the  active  list,  under 

■1  In  contr.idistinf:tton  to  being  on  the  retln-il 

I 'I  pay. -Active  svmptoms,  in  ],atl,id., 

■     "III     Optically  active  substance, 

1   Ii:ls  till-  p'.wtr  of  rotiitiiig  the  plane 
..     .1    ll -1.'    li;oi-Miittcd  through  it. 

■  I     .i:;ilc,  stirring,  vigor- 

'  '/.)    ^Ic/nv regards 

no  t.  rsenseof  the  word. 

1 1 1  own  sake.     Active  is  op- 

'    an  active  minil.  life,  pcr- 

'I'Mir  that  is  supposed  to 

I,  the  woni  has  ac- 

ii>' :  a  ^(ixi/hody  ;  he 

'  ...  --iieitiHtt  piTHon  U one 

■  bir  others' benefit  come, 

)ir  regarded  as  annoying 


V,  I,  , 

II'... 


■  iiDisliment 
<  loi  (•'••I  urioiviM. 

■ ;(  de  Verr,  HonK  of  Faith. 

KotI  It  not  quitting  Ih-  t»yj/  career. 

./o/ii.  Ihiight,  True  Ileal. 
]'"''■■  '  ■■■■•    •n.iin. 


Hat.    I.    ' 
In  hrr  I.. 


-'.mu  llffl'  r. 
iilliell...  |y.  2, 


.W.l*.,  M,  «.  I).,  U.  2. 


62 

actively  (ak'tiv-li),  «<ii'.  1.  In  an  active  man- 
ner ;  by  action  or  movement ;  hence,  briskly  or 
energetically:  as,  to  engage  actively  in  busi- 
ness ;  to  work  actively. 

To  flaming  youth  let  vu-tue  be  as  wax,  T  .  . 
Since  frost  itself  as  actively  doth  burn. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

2.  In  an  active  sense ;  by  active  application  or 
attention ;  in  a  way  involving  or  impljang  ac- 
tion: opposed  to  j>as.sivily :  as,  to  employ  a  verb 
actively  ;  to  study  actively. 

The  student  is  to  read  history  activelii  and  not  passively  ; 
to  esteem  his  own  life  the  text,  and  books  the  commen- 
tary. Emerson,  History. 

activementt  (ak'tiv-ment),  n.  [Irreg.  <  active 
+  -mcnt.]  Business;  employment.  £jj.  liey- 
nohls. 
activeness  (ak'tiv-nes),  ».  The  quality  of  be- 
ing active  ;  the  faculty  o£  acting  ;  nimbleness ; 
activity.     [Rare.] 

What  sti-ange  agility  and  activeness  do  our  common 
tumblers  and  dancers  on  the  rope  attain  to  ! 

£p.  Wilkins,  Math.  Magick. 

activity  (ak-tiv'i-ti),  n.;  pi.  activities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  tictivitc,  <  ML.  activita{t^)s,  <  L.  activiis, 
active:  see  active.]  1.  The  state  of  action; 
doing. 

Orl.  He  is,  simply,  the  most  active  gentleman  of  France. 
Con.  Doing  is  aciimiy,  and  he  will  still  be  doing. 

Sliak.,  Hen.  \'.,  iii.  7. 

2.  Activeness:  the  quality  of  acting  promptly 
and  energetically. 

If  thou  knowest  any  men  of  activity  among  them,  then 
make  them  rulers  over  my  cattle.  Gen.  .\lvii.  6. 

3.  An  exercise  of  energy  or  force;  an  active 
movement  or  operation ;  a  mode  or  course  of 
action. 

The  activities  of  sentient  beings  are  perpetually  directed 
to  averting  pain  and  attracting  pleasm-e. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Uynam.  Sociol.,  I.  CSl. 

4.  In  2'fiys.,  a  term  introduced  by  Sir  William 
Thomson  as  an  equivalent  of  "rate  of  doing 
work,"  or  the  rate  per  unit  of  time  at  which  en- 
ergy is  given  out  by  a  working  system. 

The  activity,  or  work  per  second,  or  horse-power  of  a 
dynamo  can  be  measured  electrically. 

.S.  P.  Thompson,  Dynamo-Elect.  Macll.,  p.  99. 
5t.  A  phy.sieal  or  gymnastic  e.Kercise;  an  agile 
performance. 

I  was  admitted  into  the  dauncing  and  vaulting  Scheie,  of 
which  late  activity  one  Stokes,  the  .blaster,  set  forth  a 
pretty  book.  Evelyn,  Diary,  1037. 

actless  (akt'les),  a.  [<  act  +  -less.]  Without 
action  or  spirit.     [Kare.] 

A  poor,  young,  actless,  indigested  tiling. 

Southern,  Loyal  Brother,  i.  1. 

acto  (ak'to),  H.  [Sp.,  also  auto,  <  L.  actum,  actus : 
see  act,  «.]  An  act  or  a  proceeding,  in  judicial 
matters  it  is  applied  to  any  of  the  proceedings,  orders, 
decrees,  or  sentences  of  a  court,  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  settled  by  Spaniajds.     //.  H'.  Ualleek. 

acton  (ak'ton),  n.  [<  ME.  acton,  aktonc,  akelon, 
ac(jucloii,  aclctoi),  -loun,  etc.,  later  often  with 
/(,  kacton,  hakcton,  iuiquclon,  etc.,  also  hocton, 
hocquctiin,  etc.,  <  OF.  acoton,  atjuiton,  autjui- 
ton,  etc.,  later  hoc<iueton,  hocton,  V.  lio<iuilon 
=  Pr.  alcolo,  cottoii-vvool,  iiaiMiiig,  a  jiadili'd 
and  quilted  .jacket,  <  Sp.  alt/odon,  alcoton,  cot- 
ton, cotton-plant,  <  Ar.  al-qiitun,  cotton,  <  at, 
t]xo,  +  qutun,  cotton:  see  cotton.]  A  kind  of 
quilted  vest  or  funic,  madoof  taffeta  or  leatlicr, 
worn  luiiler  tlio  hnljorgeou  or  coat  of  mail  to 
save  the  iHMlyfroni  liniises,  and  soinotiines  worn 
alone  like  a  ImlTi-dat  ;  i!i  Inter  times,  a  <'orselet 
or  cuirass  of  iilate-annor.     Sco  gambcson. 

His  acton  it  was  all  of  black.  Percy's  RtUques. 

Yet  was  his  helmet  liiick'd  and  hew'd. 

His  acton  iiierccd  and  tore.        Scott,  Evo  of  St.  John. 

I!y  an  order  in  12117  for  the  London  City  Gate  guard  tin' 
Imkcton  and  gambeson  are  t.i  hi-  both  worn,  or  In  default 
the  liaketon  and  corset  or  liaketan  and  jilatcs. 

Fairliolt.  II.  :i. 

actor  (ak'tor),  n.  [<  MK.  artour,  agent,  iileadcr. 
<  1/.  actor,  ilocr,  plaintiff,  advocate, agent,  phiy- 
er,  <  nqerr,  drive,  do,  net:  hoc  art,  n.]  1.  < 'no 
vvlio  acts  or  perforins;  tliedocror  perfornier  of 
iin  action;  Hpeciiically,  one  who  rcproHcnlH  ii 
••haracter  or  acts  a  jiart  in  n  piny ;  n  stnge- 
playor. 

lie  liitt]  was  nn  actur  In  the  <'loHe(|  an  actiir  at  Coun- 
cil, .  .  .  and  even  in  private  society  he  could  not  lay  aslile 
his  tbeatrlcul  tonoA  and  altitudes. 

.Mucjiiday,  William  I'ill. 

2.  In^fui,'  («)  All  udvocalo  or  a  proctor  in  civil 
courts  or  ■■niiHOH.  CO  A  jilninlilT.  [In  lliiH 
HeiiHe  properly  n  Liktin  w.nvl.  |  charaotor-actor, 
all  Ri  lor  wbo|Htrtrnyscharnc(>-is  wltb  ..irongly  marked  pr- 
cullaritica. 


actualization 

actress  (ak'tres),  «.  [<  actor  +  -ess.  Cf.  F.  ac- 
trice,  an  actress,  <  L.  actrix,  ace.  actricem,  a 
female  plaintiff,  a  stewardess,  fem.  of  actor: 
see  actor.]    A  female  actor  or  performer. 

Virgil  has,  indeed,  admitted  Fame  as  an  actress  in  the 
-Eneid.  Addison. 

Specifically,  a  woman  who  represents  or  acts  a  part  in  a 
play."  Actresses  were  not  introduced  in  England  till  after 
tlie  Restoration,  though  they  seem  to  have  been  em- 
ployed in  some  parts  of  Europe  much  earlier.  Thomas  ■ 
Coryat,  the  traveler,  mentions  tiiem  in  his  "  e'rndities," 
pulilished  in  Kill :  "  Here  L  Venice]  .  .  .  1  saw  women  acte, 
a  tiling  that  I  never  saw  before:  though  1  ba\c  heard  that 
it  hath  been  used  in  London."  In  Shakspire's  time  fe- 
male parts  were  performed  by  boys,  as  is  still  the  custom 
in  China  and  some  otiier  countries.  "The  king,  one  night, 
was  impatient  to  liave  the  play  begin.  'Sire,'  said  Dave- 
nant,  'they  are  shaving  the  queen."*  Memoirs  o/Count 
de  Gramont.  In  the  epilogue  to  ".\s  yon  Like  it"  Ro- 
salind says:  "If  I  were  a  woman,  I  would  kiss  as  many 
of  you  as  had  beards  that  pleased  me,"  etc.  In  10li2  the 
employment  of  actre.sses  was  sanctioned  by  Charles  II. 
"  Whereas  tlie  women's  parts  in  plays  have  bitherto  been 
acted  by  men,  in  the  habits  of  vvonien,  at  which  some 
have  taken  gi'eat  otlence,  we  do  permit  and  give  leave, 
for  the  time  to  come,  that  all  women's  parts  be  acted  by 
women."  ExIraet.t'runiliceHse  in  Hiii2toa  Londontlieater. 
actual  (ak'tu-al),  a.  [<  ME.  actual,  actuel,  ac- 
tive, <  OF.  and  i'\  actuel,  <  LL.  actualis,  active, 
practical,  <  L.  actus  (actu-),  act,  action,  per- 
formauuce:  see  act,  «.]  If.  Active;  practical. 
Besides  her  walking  and  other  actual  pei-formances,  what 
.  .  .  have  you  beard  her  say?  Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  1. 

Eitlier  in  discourse  of  thought  or  actual  deed. 

Sliak.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

2.  In  full  existence ;  real ;  denoting  that  which 
not  merely  can  be,  but  is :  opjioseil  to  potential, 
apparent,  constructive,  and  imaginary. 

Hermogeiies,  says  Horace,  was  a  singer  even  when  si- 
lent; how"?  —  a  singer  not  tuat'fu  hut  in  posse.  So  Alfenus 
was  a  cobbler,  even  when  not  at  work ;  that  is,  lie  was  a 
cobbler  potential,  whereas,  when  busy  in  his  booth,  he  was 
a  cobbler  actual.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Tlie  smallest  actual  good  is  better  than  the  most  magnili- 
cent  promises  of  impossibilities.     Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

In  sundry  abnormal  states,  strong  feelings  of  cold  or 
heat  are  felt  throughout  the  body,  though  its  actual  tem- 
perature has  remahied  unaltered. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  47. 

3.  Now  existing;  present:  opposed  to  past  and 
future:  as,  in  the  actual  conilition  of  affairs. — 
Actual  being.     See  if  1/17.  — Actual  cautery.     See 

cdidery.  1.— Actual  cognition,  o|iposcd  to  rirlnal  and  to 
hiif'itunl  eoitnitivn,  lasts  only  while  the  attention  is  ell- 
giigeil  upon  the  object.— Actual  difference.  See  difer- 
I'/ici'.- Actual  energy,  in  mech.,  energy  in  the  form 
of  motion  ;  ris  viva  :  opposed  to  potential  enereiy,  wiiiL-b  is 
energy  in  the  form  of  iiosition.  See  enerijy. — Actual 
entry,  see  <«(™.— Actual  ft-aud.  Sec ,?™»'(^— Actual 
relation,  one  which  depends  njiun  an  outward  fact,  and 
not  upon  a  mere  desire  or  fancy.  Actual  Sin,  in  t/ieol., 
the  sin  of  the  individual,  in  iimtrust  with  the  sill  of  the 
race,  or  original  sin.  — Actual  whole,  in  loyic:  (a)  .\ny 
whole  except  a  potential  whole. 

This  whole  is  called  potential,  whereas  the  rest  of  the 
sjiccies  are  called  actual. 

liuryersdicius,  tr.  by  a  Gentleman,  i.  14. 
0')  An  individual  as  containing  in  it  species,  or  a  species 
as  containing  in  it  genera ;  a  metaphysical  or  formal 
whole.  .So  in(ii(i(;«7r(,«.— The  actual,  tliat  which  is  real 
and  existing,  as  opposed  to  what  is  ideal  or  merely  pos- 
sible; the  activities  and  cares  of  life. 

That  delicious  sense  of  discnthrallmcnt  from  the  actual 
which  the  deepening  twilight  brings  with  it. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  &4. 

Syn.  Actual.  Positive,  etc.  (see  real),  veritable,  genuine, 

i-crtain.  absolute.  . 

actualisation,    actualise.    See   actualisation, 

<lcluitli:( , 
actualism  (ak'tu-iil-i/.iii).  «.     [<  actual  +  -ism.] 
In  meld /ill.,  tlii'  doetriiie  I  hat  all  existonee  is 
truly  uetive  or  spiritual,  and  not  dead  or  inert. 

There  is  nothing  so  clear  In  his  [llinton's]  earliest 
thonght  iLs  the  doctrine,  embodied  in  the  word  Actuatitini, 
tlmt  the  wovUl  is  a  process.  Mitut,  IX.  ;Jtt9. 

actualist  (sik'tu-al-ist),  n.  [<  actual  +  -i.il.] 
One  who  is  interested  in  ordeals  with  actuali- 
ties; 11  realist  :  omiosed  (o  itlialisl.     (Irolc. 

actuality  (ak-lii-til  i-li),  «. ;  jil.  actualiliis  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  iiclualih',<.  ML.  actualiln(t-).<  (I)una  Seo- 
tus),  <  li.  ftcfHrt/i',?,  aiduiil:  see  (I(7h((/.]  1.  The 
stato  of  being  actual,  as  opjiosed  to  potential- 
ity;  existence,  as  opposed  to  ideality. 

A  man  may  deny  actuality  ...  to  the  Mahometan  idea 
of  God,  anil  yet  be  no  nthcist. 

Theodore  Parker,  Speculative  Atheism. 

George  Sand  says  neatly,  that  "  Art  is  not  a  stmly  of 
positive  realllv"  (rtcfimfi'fiV  were  the  litter  word),  "bill  a 
seeking  after  ideal  triith."  '  l,om  It,  Stuily  Windows,  ji.  20S. 

2.  That  in  which  anything  is  realized. 

Nature  and  religion  are  the  bands  of  frlemlHlilp:  oxcel- 
leiiey  uml  usefulness  are  its  great  endeanncnts ;  si.clety 
and  ne|gbbi,rhooil,  that  Is,  Ihe  possibilities  and  the  clr 
cniiintaiK'rs  of  converse,  are  the  deterndnalions  and  arlu- 
ii/idV,  ,„■  II.  ./,.,-.  Taylor,  Friendship. 

actualization  (ak'tu-nl-l-i'.ri'slion),  ».  A  making 
real  or  noliial;   tlio  reducing  of  an  idea  to  a 


actualization 

state  of  actuality  or  existence  ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing made  actual.     Also  spelled  actualization. 

It  [tliu  itleji  of  peace]  is  fxpoundetl,  illiistrjiti'd,  d.-liiieil, 
with  ditferoiit  degrees  of  clearness ;  and  its  artiKili.-iitiini, 
or  the  measnres  it  slionld  inspire,  predicted  aeeording  to 
the  light  of  each  seer.  Emerson,  War. 

actualize  (:ik'tu-al-iz),  c.  (.;  pret.  and  pp.  oc- 
tufi/iztil,  I'pr.  iirliiiili:iiiy.  [< actual  +  -izc ;  =  F. 
aetualiacr.]  To  make  actual.  Also  spelled  ac- 
titalisc. 

His  [Macauiav's]  critical  severity  almost  ac(Ka(wcs  the 
iili"i  of  ciitieal  ilanniatiou.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  '20. 
actually  (ak'tti-al-i),  adv.  1.  As  au  actual  or 
existing  fact^ 'really ;  in  truth:  often  used  as 
an  expression  of  wonder  or  surprise :  as,  he  ac- 
tually accomplished  what  he  undertook. 

On  one  occasion  Sheridan  actually  forced  Burke  down 
upon  his  seat  in  order  to  prevent  a  furious  explosion  of 
passion.  Leckij,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  xv. 

The  refraction  of  the  attuospliere  causes  the  sun  to  be 
seen  before  it  actually  rises,  and  after  it  actualhj  sets. 

Tyiulall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  43. 

2t.  By  action  or  active  manifestation ;  in  act 

or  deed ;  practically. 

Of  all  your  sex,  yet  never  did  I  know 

Any  that  yet  so  actually  did  shew 

Such  rules  for  patience,  such  an  easy  way. 

Drayton,  Elegies. 

actualness  (ak'tiV-al-nes),  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  actual ;  actuality.     [Rare.] 

actuarial  (ak-tii-a'ri-al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  an  actuary  or  to  actuaries,  or  to  the  business 
of  au  actuary:  as,  actuarial  calculations;  an  ac- 
tuurial  society. 

actuarially  (ak-tii-a'ri-al-i),  adv.  After  the 
manner  of  an  actuary ;  in  an  actuarial  way. 

The  trade-unions  of  England  are,  actuarially  speaking, 
bankrupt.  N.  A.  Hco.,  CXLIII.  233. 

actuary  (ak'tu-a-ri),H.;  -pi.  actHarie))(-riz).  [<L. 
actuarius,  a  "shorthand- writer,  a  clerk,  <  actus 
(acto-),  action,  public  employment:  seertcf,  re.] 

1 .  A  registrar  or  clerk :  a  term  of  the  civil  law, 
used  originally  in  coui'ts  of  civil-law  jm-isdic- 
tion.  In  England — (a)  A  clerk  who  registers  tile  acts  a,nd 
constitutions  of  the  lower  house  of  Convocation.  (6)  An 
ofticer  appointed  to  keep  a  savings-bank's  accounts. 

2.  A  person  skilled  in  the  application  of  the 
doctrine  of  chances  to  financial  affairs,  more 
especially  in  regard  to  the  insurance  of  lives. 
The  term  is  generally  applied  to  an  officer  of  a  life-insur- 
am  c  ruiiiiKiny  whose  main  duties  are  to  make  the  coni- 
piitatiuns  necessary  to  determine  the  valuation  of  contin- 
gent lialiilities,  computation  of  premiums,  compilation  of 
tallies,  etc. 

actuate  (ak'tu-at),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  actu- 
ated, ppr.  actuating.  [<  ML.  actuatus,  pp.  of  ac- 
tuare,  perform,  put  in  action,  <  L.  actus :  see 
act,  ».]  1.  To  put  into  action;  move  or  incite 
to  action:  as,  men  are  actuated  by  motives  or 
passions. 

Those  whom  their  superior  talents  had  deified,  were 
found  to  be  still  actuated  by  the  most  brutal  passions  of 
human  nature.  Goldsmit/i,  Origin  of  Poetry. 

I  succeeded  in  making  a  very  good  electro-magnet,  .  .  . 
which  .  .  .  performed  the  work  of  acttmtiHQ  the  arma- 
ture with  perfect  success. 

E.  Gray,  in  G.  B.  Prescott's  Elect.  Invent.,  p.  185. 

2t.  To  make  actual  or  real;  carry  out;  exe- 
cute; perform. 

Only  to  be  thought  worthy  of  your  counsel. 
Or  actuate  what  you  command  to  me. 
Were  a  perpetual  happiness. 

Massinger,  Koman  Actor,  iv.  2. 
=Syil.  1.  Actiintr,  hnpt'l.  Induce,  Incite,  Prompt,  Insti- 
gate. (See  iinpii.)  To  actuate  is  merely  to  call  into  action, 
without  regard  to  the  nature  of  the  actuating  force;  but 
it  is  very  commonly  used  ( if  motives :  as,  the  murdei'er  was 
actuated  by  revenge,  impel,  to  drive  toward,  is  expressive 
of  more  passion,  baste,  urgency,  necessity ;  hence  it  is  cou- 
pled with  words  of  cdrresponding  kind,  and  when  used 
with  quieter  words  it  gives  thera  force :  as,  youth  impelled 
him.  Induce,  to  lead  toward,  is  gentler  by  as  much  as 
leading  is  gentler  than  driving;  it  implies  the  effort  to 
persuade  by  presenting  motives,  but  is  also  used  where  the 
pei-suasion  is  only  figurative;  as,  I  was  at  lujst  induced  to 
go;  he  was  u;(/(u'erf  by  my  example.  Incite,  pnnn/'t.  insti- 
gate are  used  only  when  motives  irrespci'tixi-  of  jihysieal 
force  are  the  actuating  power.  Incite  is  weaker  than  impel 
and  stronger  than  prompt;  it  expresses  more  eagerness 
than  impel;  it  implies  the  urging  of  men  towai'd  the  ob- 
jects of  kindled  feelings  and  generally  of  strong  desire. 
Prompt  is  more  general  in  its  meaning,  depending  upon 
its  connection  for  force  and  limitation ;  it  is  often  preferred 
for  its  brevity  and  breadth  of  application.  Instigate,  to 
goad  on,  is  sometimes,  but  erroneously,  used  of  incitement 
to  good  ;  it  should  be  used  only  where  the  urging  is  toward 
evil.  It  generally  implies  that  such  urging  is  underhand, 
although  that  fact  is  sometimes  explicitly  stated :  he  was 
(secretly)  instigated  to  his  perfidy. 

It  is  observed  by  Cicero  that  men  of  the  greatest  and 
most  shining  parts  are  most  actuated  by  ambition. 

Addisml. 

Tims  we  see  that  human  natm-e  is  impelled,  by  affections 

of  gratitude,  esteem,  veneration,  joy,  not  to  mention  vari. 

ous  others.  Channimj,  Perfect  Life,  p.  13. 

Desire  with  thee  still  lunger  to  converse 

Induced  me.  Milton,  P.  L. ,  viii.  'IZ^Z. 


63 

If  thou  dost  love,  my  kindness  shall  incite  thee 
To  buid  our  loves  up  in  a  lioly  band. 

Shale,  Mucli  Ado,  iii.  1. 

More  apt 
To  slacken  Virtue,  and  abate  her  edge, 
'I'lian  prompt  her  to  do  aught  nuiy  merit  praise. 

Milton,  V.  R.,  ii.  45(J. 

With  the  erlueatioii  she  had  received,  she  could  look  on 

this  Strang!'  iiitt-rrnptiiiii  ol  hci-  iiilgi'iinagi:  tiidy  as  a  s])c- 

eial  as.sault  upon  iicr  laitli,  innliguteil  liy  tiioM'  evil  spirits 

that  are  ever  setting  themselves  in  conllict  with  the  just. 

Mrs.  Stowe,  Agnes  of  .Sorrento,  xxv. 

actuatet  (ak'tiVat),  a.  [<  ML.  actuatus,  pp.  of 
acluiirt: :  see  the  verb.]  Put  into  action. 
South.     [Rare.] 

actuation  (ak-tii-a'shon),  «.  A  putting  in  mo- 
tion or  operation ;  communication  of  active  en- 
ergy or  force. 

I  have  presupposed  all  things  distinct  from  iiim  to  have 
been  produced  out  of  iiotliing  by  him,  and  consequently 
to  be  posterior  not  only  to  the  motion,  but  the  actuation 
of  his  will.  Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  iv. 

actuator  (ak'tu-a-tor),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  actuates  or  puts  in  action.     [Rare.] 

actuoset  (ak'tii-6s),  a.  [<  L.  actuosus,  full  of 
activity,  <  actus,  action :  see  act,  »».]  Having 
the  power  of  action  ;  having  strong  powers  of 
action  ;  abounding  in  action. 

actuosity  (ak-tu-os'i-ti),  n.  [=Pg.  actuosidade, 
<L.  asif  *act.uosi.tu(t-)s,  (.actuosus:  see  actuosc.^ 
If.  Power  or  state  of  action.  [Rare.] — 2.  In 
mvtaph:,  a  state  of  activity  which  is  complete 
in  itself,  without  leading  to  any  result  that 
must  be  regarded  as  its  completion. 

Tiiat  rti;/i'0f*7.)/ in  which  the  action  and  its  completion 
C(,iineitU',  as  to  think,  to  see.  J.  Hutchison  Stirling. 

acturet  (ak'tur),  n.  [<  act  +  -«re.]  Actual 
operation  or  performance.  Shak.,  Lover's  Com- 
plaint, 1.  185. 

acturience  (ak-tu'ri-ens),  n.  [<L.  as  if  *acturi- 
cn{t-)s,  ppr.  of  an  assumed  "acturirc,  desire  to 
act,  <  actus,  pp.  of  agerc,  do,  act,  +  -urire,  de- 
siderative  sulHx.  Cf.  esurient,  j)arturient.'}  A 
desire  for  action.     Grote.     [Bare.] 

actus  (ak'tus),  n. ;  pi.  actus.  [L.,  lit.  a  driving, 
<.agcre,  drive:  see  act,  «.]  In  law,  a  road  for 
passengers  riding  or  dri^ang ;  a  public  road  or 
highway.     [Rare.] 

acuatet  (ak'u-at),  V.  t.  [<  L.  as  if  *acudtus,  pp. 
of  *aciidre,  <  L.  acuerc,  pp.  acutus,  sharpen: 
see  acute,  a.]  To  sharpen ;  make  pimgent  or 
shai^p,  Uterally  or  figuratively. 

Innnoderate  feeding  upon  pickled  meats,  and  debauch- 
ing witli  strong  wines,  do  inflame  and  acuate  the  blood. 

Harvey,  Consumption. 

acuate  (ak'u-at),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *acudtus,  pp. : 
see  the  verb.]     Shai-pened ;  pointed. 

acuchi,  n.     See  acouchy. 

acuerdo  (Sp.  prou.  ii-ko-ar'do),  n.  [Sp.,  =  E. 
accord,  »«.]  1.  A  resolution  of  a  deliberative 
body,  as  of  an  ayuntamiento  or  town  council. 
—  2.  A  decision  or  legal  opinion  of  a  court. — 
3.  Ratification.  [Used  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  settled  by  Sjianiards.] 

acuitiont  (ak-ii-ish'ou),  n.  [<  ML.  acuitio{n-), 
<  L.  acuere,  sharpen":  see  acute,  a.]  The  act  of 
rendering  shai-p,  literally  or  figm-atively.  .Spe- 
cifically —  (a.)  The  sharpening  of  medicines  to  increase  their 
effect,  as  by  the  addition  of  a  mineral  acid  to  a  vegetable 
acid.  (6)  The  highest  sound  (accent)  in  the  prormnciation 
of  a  word. 

acuity  (a-ku'i-ti),  n.      [<  F.  acuity,  <  ML.  acui- 

ta{t-)s,  iiTeg.  <  L.  acuere,  sharpen:   see  acute, 

n.,  and -J(^.]     Shaiimess;  acuteness. 

[The]  acuity  or  bluntness  of  the  pill  that  bears  the  card. 

Perkins,  Magnetic  Needle,  Hist.  Royal  Soc,  IV.  18. 

Many  of  them  [Eskimos]   .  .  .  being  endowed  ivith  the 

acuitii  of  vision  peculiar  to  nomads  and  hunters. 

Arc.  Cruise  of  the  Corwin,  18S1,  p.  24. 

Aculeata  (a-kii-le-a'ta),  n.  pi.  [L.,  neut.  pi.  of 
aculeatus,  furnislied  vrith  stings :  see  aculeate, 
rt.]  1.  A  name  given  by  Latreille,  1802,  to  a 
gi'oup  of  hjTnenopterous'  insects  in  which  the 
abdomen  of  the  females  and  neuters  is  anned 
with  a  sting,  consisting  of  two  fine  spieula  with 
reverted  barbs,  connected  with  a  poison-reser- 
voir. The  group  includes  bees  and  wasps. — 
2t.  In  mammal.,  an  artificial  group  of  spiny 
rodents,  eomposiid  of  the  genera  Hystrix  and 
Lonchcrcs.     IlHtjtr,  1811. 

aculeate  (a-ku'le-at),  a.  and  li.  [<  L.  actileatus, 
furnished  with  stings,  thorny,  prickly,  <  aculeus, 
a  sting,  prickle :  see  aculeus.']  I.  a.  1.  In  zoo!., 
furnished  with  a  sting;  pertaining  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  the  Aculeata. — 2.  In  hot.,  fm-nished 
with  aculei  or  sharj)  prickles;  aculeous. — 3. 
Figuratively,  pointed;  stinging. 

II.   n.    A  hjrmenopterous  insect,  one  of  the 
Aculeata. 

aculeate  (a-kii'le-at),  V.  t.  {i'L.  aculeatus :  see 
aeidiati.il.}  Tomake pointed;  sharpen.  [Rare.] 


acupressure 

aculeated  (a-kfi'le-ii-ted),  p-  «•  [<  aculeate  + 
-«/-.]  1.  Armed  with  prickles. —  2.  Pointed; 
sharp ;  incisive. 

aoulei,  ».     Plural  of  aculeus. 

aculeiform  (a-ku'le-i-form),  a.  [<  L.  aculeus, 
prickle,  -(-  -formis,  '<  forma,  shape.]  Formed 
like  !i  iiriekle. 

aculeolate  (a-Im'le-o-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  aculcola- 
lu.t,  <  L.  acideolus,  dim.  of  aculeus,  a  sting, 
])rickle :  see  aculeiis.']  In  hot.,  having  small 
Ijrickles  or  shai-p  points.     A.  Gray. 

aculeous  (a-ku'le-us),  a.  [<  aculeus  +  -ous.J  In 
hot.,  same  as  aculeate. 

aculeus  (a-ku'hl-us),  n. ;  pi.  aculei  (-i).  [L.,  a 
sting,  prickle,  spine, dim.  otacus,  a  needle:  see 
acus.]  1.  The  poison-sting  of  the  aculeate  hy- 
menopterous  insects,  as  bees,  wasps,  etc.  See 
Aculeata. —  2.  In  hot.,  a  prickle ;  a  slender,  rigid, 
and  pointed  outgi-oivth  from  the  bark  or  epi- 
dermis, as  in  the  rose  and  blackbeiry,  in  distinc- 
tion from  a  thorn,  which  grows  from  the  wood. 

acumen  (a-kii'men),  n.  [L.,  a  point,  sting, 
fig.  acuteness,  <  acuere,  sharpen :   see  acute.] 

1.  Quickness  of  perception  ;  the  faculty  of  nice 
discrimination ;  mental  acuteness  or  penetra- 
tion ;  keenness  of  insight. 

His  learning,  .above  all  kings  christened,  llis  acumen, 
his  judgment,  his  memory. 

Sir  E.  Coke,  K.  James's  Pi-oc.  agt.  Garnet,  sig.  G,  p.  3b. 

Individual  insight  and  acumen  may  point  out  conse- 
quences  of  an  action  which  bring  it  under  previously 
known  moral  rules.  W.  K.  Cliit'ord,  Lectures;  II.  13.*). 

2.  In  hot.,  a  tapering  point.  =Syn.  1.  Penetration, 
di^eiinuent,  acuteness,  sharpness,  perspicacity,  insight. 

acuminate  (a-ku'mi-nat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
acuiniuatcd,  jjpr.  acuminating.  [<  L.  acumina- 
tus,  pp.  of  acuminare,  shai-peii,  <  acumen,  a 
point:  see  acumen.']  I.  trans.  To  bring  to  a 
point;  render  sharp  or  keen:  as,  "to  acumi- 
nate despair,"  C'ouper,  Letters,  p.  172.  [Rare, 
except  in  the  past  participle.] 

This  is  not  acuminated  and  pointed,  as  in  the  rest,  but 
seemeth,  as  it  were,  cut  off.        Sir  T.  Broivne,  Vulg.  EiT. 

II.  intrans.  To  taper  or  i-ise  to  a  point. 
[Obsolete,  except  in  the  present  participle.] 

They  [the  bishops),  .  .  .  aeumimiting  still  higher  and 
higher  in  a  cone  of  prelaty,  instead  of  healing  up  the 
gashes  of  the  church,  .  .  .  fall  to  gore  one  another  with 
their  sharp  spires,  for  upper  places  and  precedence. 

Milton,  Church  Gov.,  i. 

acuminate  (a-ku'mi-nat),  a.  [<  L.  acuminatus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Pointed ;  acute.  Specifically 
—  (a)  In  hot.,  having  a  long,  tapering 
termination :  applied  to  leaves  and  other 
organs.  When  the  narrowing  takes 
place  at  the  base  it  is  so  expressed,  for 
example,  acuminate  at  the  base ;  when 
the  word  is  used  without  any  limitation 
it  always  refers  to  the  apex,  (ft)  In  oniith. , 
applied  in  a  similar  sense  to  the  feathers 
of  birds ;  tapering. 
acumination  (a-ku-mi-na'shon), 
II.  [<  L.  as  if  *acuminatio(n-), 
<  acuminare :  see  acuminate,  i\]  1. 
The  act  of  acuminating,  or  the 
state  of  being  acuminated ;  a 
sharpening;  teiToination  in  a 
sharp  point. —  2.  A  shai-p  and 
tapering  point ;  a  pointed  extremity. 

The  coron.ary  thonis  .  .  .  did  also  pierce  his  tender  and 
•sacred  temples  to  a  multiplicity  of  pains,  by  their  numer- 
ous acuminatioits.  Bp.  Pearson,  E.\pos.  of  Creed,  iv. 

3.  Acuteness  of  intellect ;  acumen.     [Rare.] 

Wits,  which  erect  and  inscribe,  with  notable  zeal  and 
aonniimtion,  their  memorials  in  evei*y  mind  they  meet 
with.  Waterhouse,  .\pol.  for  Learning  (1G53),  p.  190. 

acuminose  (a-ku'mi-nos),  a.  [<  NL.  acumino- 
sus,  <  L.  acumen,  point:  see  acumen.]  In  hot., 
having  a  sharp  or  tapering  point.     [Rare.] 

acuminous  (a-kti'mi-nus),  a.  [<  acumen  (-niin-) 
-i- -ous.  Cf.  acuminose.]  1.  Characterized  by 
acumen;  sharp;  penetrating. —  2.  Same  as  ncit- 
miiio,se. 

acumlnulate  (ak-u-min'u-lat),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
^acuminidum.  dim.  of  acumen,  a  point,  -f-  -ate''-; 
after  acuminati-.]  Somewhat  or  slightly  acu- 
minate.    [Rare.] 

acupress  (ak'u-pres),  V.  t.  [<  L.  acus,  a  needle, 
abl.  acu,  with  a  needle,  +  jjres«.]  In  surg.,  to 
apply  acuju'ossm'e  to,  as  a  bleeding  artery. 

acupression  (ak-fl-presh'on),  n.  [<  L.  acus,  a 
neetUe,  +  prc.<isio{n-),  pressure.]  Same  as  acu- 
pressure. 

acupressure  (ak'u-presh-ur),  n.  [<  L.  acus,  a 
needle, -Fj;rras«ra,  pressure:  see  pressure.]  In 
surg.,  a  method  (first  published  by  Sir  J.  Y. 
Simpson  in  1859)  of  stopping  hemorrhage  in 
arteries  during  amputations,  etc.,  consisting  in 
pressing  the  artery  closely  hy  means  of  a  pin 
or  needle  or  bit  of  inelastic  wire,  introduced 


v 


.\cumiDate  Leaf, 


acupressure 

through  the  sides  or  flaps  of  the  wound,  instead 

of  t>-iug  with  a  thread.  There  are  various  modes 

of  iiiserting  the  pin. 
acupunctufation    (,ak-u-pungk-tu-ra  shon),   «. 

A  pricking  with  or  as  if  with  a  needle ;  the 

practice  of  acupuncture.     [Rare.] 
acUDUncturator   (ak-a-pimgk'tu-ra-tor),   H. 

An'instromeut  for  performing  the  operation  of 

acupuncture. 
acupuncture  (ak'u-pungk-tur),  «.     [<  U.  «<■«.?,  a 

needie,  +  punctiira,  a  pricking  :  see  puncture.] 

1.  A  surgical  operation  consisting  in  the  in- 
sertion of  delicate  needles  in  the  tissues.  This 
i.peration  has  been  practised  for  ages  in  many  parts  of  the 
world,  \part  (vom  the  employment  of  needles  to  evacu- 
ate a  morbid  fluid,  as  in  edema,  or  to  set  up  an  inflamma- 
tion, as  iu  ununited  fractures,  acupuncture  has  been  mostly 
used  for  myalgie,  neurafeic,  and  other  nervous  affections. 

2.  A  mode  of  infanticide  in  some  countries, 
consisting  in  forcing  a  needle  into  the  brain  of 

acupuncture  (ak'u-pungk-tur),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  acute-angled  (;i-knt'ang''gld),  a.  Having  sharp 


64 

1.  Keen,  etc.  See  sharp.  — 2  and  3.  Aaitf,  Keen,  Shrewd, 
penetrating,  piercing,  sharp-witted,  bright.  (See  s^ibtle.) 
An  acute  mind  pierces  a  subject  like  a  needle  ;  a  tceen  mind 
has  a  fine,  incisive  edge,  lilie  a  knife.  Keen  may  be  the 
mostobjective  of  these  words.  .\uac«(e  answer  isonethat 
shows  penetration  into  the  subject ;  a  keen  ipswer  unites 
with  acuteness  a  certain  amount  of  sarcasm,  or  antagonism 
to  the  person  addressed ;  a  shrewd  answer  is  one  that  com- 
bines remarkable  acuteness  with  wisdom  as  to  what  it  is 
practically  best  to  say.  Shrewd  differs  from  acute  and 
keen  by  haring  an  element  of  practical  sagacity  or  as 

tuteness.     Only  Ayc/i  has  the  idea  of  eai " ' 

keen  in  pursuit.     See  astute  and  sharp. 

Powers  of  acute  and  subtile  disputation.   Sir  J.  Uerschet. 

The  tongues  of  mocking  wenches  are  as  keen 

.is  is  the  razor's  edge  invisible.        Shak.,  L.  L  L.,  v.  2. 

Mother-wit  and  the  common  experiences  of  life  do  often 
.umish  people  with  a  sort  of  shrewd  and  sound  judg 
that  carries  them  very  creditably  through  the  world, 

J.  ilorU'ii,  Popular  Culture,  p.  303. 

acute  (a-lmt'),  !■.  t.    To  render  acute  in  tone. 
[Rare.] 
He  acutes  liis  rising  inflection  too  much.     Walker,  Diet. 


A.D. 

pirate ;  similarly  in  -craey,  q.  v.  Hence  the 
short  form  -ci/,  esp.  in  designations  of  office,  a8 
in  captain-ci/,  ch,s-k/«-(V/,  cornct-cy,  etc.]  A  suffix 
of  Latin  or  Greek  origin,  forming  nouns  of  qual- 
ity, state,  condition,  office,  etc.,  from  nouns  in 
-ate  (which  becomes  -ac-,  the  suffi.x  being  -ate 
changed  to  -ac-,  +  -ij),  as  in  primaeii,  curacij,  ad- 
vocacy, piracy,  etc.,  or  fi'pm  adjectives  in  -aci- 
ous,  as  in  fallacy. 


tuteness.    Only  keen  has  the  idea  of  eagerness:  as,  he  was  acvanoblepSV  (a-si'a-no-blep'si),  n.      [<  Gr.  i- 
Avcrt  in  Dursmt.     See  astute  aiid  sharp.  a.vj«*xxvwiv.tioj   ^    ,,    •■        ,     .  *        ^\  ,        y 

priv. -f  Ma ro;',  a  blue  substance,  blue  (see  c^o- 
nide),  +  -i/.tilna,  <  li'AeTTeii;  see,  look  on.]  A  de- 
feet  of  vision,  in  consequence  of  wMch  the  color 

blue  cannot  be  distinguished. 
Motner-wii  ana  me  coiuuiuu  e.xuciiciiuco  ui  lite  uu  uiicu  .,  ,,.,  ,  ry .-,       •         •        l        i     / 

furnish  people  with  a  sort  of  shrewd  and  sound  judgment  acycllC  (a-sik  Ilk),  a.     [<  Ur.  a-  pri\ .  +  KVKAm6c, 


pp^aciipiiucturcd,  ppr.  acupuncturing.  In  .s«)v/., 
to  perform  the  operation  of  aeupimetm'e  upon. 

acurset,  r.  t.     See  accurse. 

acns  (a'kus),  «.;  pi.  acus.  [L.  acus  (acu-),  a 
needle  or  pin,  as  being  pointed;  cf.  acuerc, 
make  sharp  or  pointed:  see  acute,  a.]  1.  A 
needle,  especially  one  used  for  surgical  pur- 
poses.—  2.  In  arcliaol.,  sometimes,  the  pin  of 
a  brooch  or  fibula.— 3.  [cap.]  (of)  A  genus  of 
fishes.  Johnston,  1650.  (6)  A  genus  of  mol- 
lusks.  Humphreys,  1797.  See  Terebra — Acus 
cannulata,  a  tmcar.  or  a  tubular  neetlle  for  di^charj^ng 
fluids.— Acus  interpunctoria,  a  couLhin_'-miille,  ifecd 
in  opcratioiis  for  ratarai^t.  -Acus  ophthalmica,  a  needle 
u.std  in  oprrations  for  opluhalmia  or  cataract. — ACUS 
triquetra,  a  three-sided  needle;  a  trocar. 

Acusids  (a-kii'si-de),  n.  pi.    [NL. ,  irreg.  < -Jc««, 

J  (/.),  +  -idir.']     Same  as  Terebridee. 
acustomt,  acustomancet,  etc.    See  accustom, 

ucru.'^toinancc.  etc. 

acutangular  (a-ktlt'ang'gu-lar),  a.  Same  as 
acuti  -amiular.      iVarhurton. 

acutate  (a-kii'tat), a.  [<  acute  + -flfci.]  SUght- 
ly  pointed. 

acute  (a-kut'),  a.  [<  L.  acutus,  sharp,  pp.  of 
«<i«rc,  shai"pen,  <  •/  'ac,  be  sharp,  pierce:  see 
rtcirf.]  1.  Sharp  at  the  end; 
ending  in  a  shai-p  point  or  an- 
gle :  opposed  to  blunt  or  ob- 
tuse. Specifically  applied,  (n)  in  tmt., 
U>  a  leaf  or  other  organ  ending  in  a 
.*i!ian>  angle  ;  ib)  in  geom.,  to  an  angle 
less  tlian  a  right  angle.  See  acute- 
an/fted. 

2.  Sharp  or  penetrating  iu  in- 
tellect ;  possessing  keenness  of 
insight  or  perception ;  exercis- 
ing nice  discernment  or  discrimination :   op- 
posed to  dull  or  stujiid:   as,   '-the  acute  and 
ingenious  author,"  Locke.— 3.  Manifesting  in- 
tellectual keenness  or  penetration  ;  marked  or 
chanicterized  by  quickness  of  jjereeption  or 
nice  discernment :   applied  to  mental  endow- 
ments and  operations:   as,  acute  faculties  or 
arguments. 

l<uiKh   Hunt,  whose  feminine  temperament  gave  liim 
arule  iMjrceptions  at  the  expense  of  judgment. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  ]).  201. 

4.  Having  nice  or  quick  sensibility ;  suscepti- 
ble of  slight  impressions;  having  power  to  feel 
or  perceive  small  or  distant  objects  or  effects : 
as,  a  man  of  acute  eyesight,  hearing,  or  feeling. 
Were  our  (wnHc*  made  much  quicker  anil  neuter,  tlie  ap- 
IMraninrf  and  outward  Hcheme  of  things  would  have  nuitr 
another  face  to  ua.  Luetic. 

Tlie  acute  hearing  of  the  Veddalis  is  shown  by  their 
halilt  ul  llniUng  bees'  nests  by  the  hum. 

//.  Silencer,  Prin.  of  Soclol.,  5  40, 

6.  Keen ;  Hliai7) ;  intense;  poignant:  8ai< 
Xiaiii,  pleuHnrc;,  etc. — 6.  High  in  jiitcli;  Hliiill : 
said  of  Hound  :  iqiiiosi^d  to  i/rarc.  See  acute  ac- 
cent, lielow. — 7.  In  jiathol.,  attendeit  with  more 
(IT  IcHH  violent  Hyniiitoms  and  coming  speedily 
to  II  criHiM:  apjilicd  lo  a  disease:  as,  an  acute 
jiliMiri.iy :  di.HhnLniiHiiod  from  subacute  and 
chi'  ' '-nt.      fa)  Utterance  of  a  single 

»"''  .1  Wftrd,  at  a  hiiihi-r  pilch  than 


or  acute  angles,  or  angles  less  than  right  angles. 
—Acute-angled  triangle,  a  triangle  that  has  each  of  its 
angles  less  than  a  right  angle. 

aciite-angular  (a-kiit'ang"gu-lar),  a.     1.  Hav- 
ing an  angle  less  than  a  right  angle ;  acute-  acyprinoid   (a-sip'ri-noid) 

angled. — 2.  In  bot.,  having  stems  with  sharp     '    i^>   ■    •.    .-.n     t„  .„ 

corners  or  edges,  as  labiate  plants. 
Also  written  acutangular. 

acutely  (a-kut'li),  adc     In  an  acute  manner; 
sharply;  keenly;  with  nice  discrimination. 

acutenaculum  "(ak 'li-te-uak'u-lnm),  n. ;  pi.  acu- 
tcnacula  (-lii).  [<Ij,  acus,  needle,  +  tenaculum, 
holder,  <  tc'ncre, 
hold.]  In  surg., 
a  needle-holder 
used  during  op- 
erations. 

acuteness      (a- 
kut'nes),  «.    The  quality  of  being  acute,  (a)  The 
quality  of  being  sharp  or  pointed. 


Acutenaculum,  or  Nccdie-holder. 


Acute  Leaves. 


.  acutus, 
In  bot.. 


..tl 

..( 

\.ii..-,    (/ 

1  ■  . 

)  A  murk  ( 
-tlirr  piiriH 
iM-mlly  pin 
ii.iry,  liiit  HI 
't.  r  Ifi  il< 
•  <  III,  II 

i..,|   ni 

iii.h,  1 

)  UMlil  to 

.III 
.1... 

Ih< 

Ian. 

IP. 

ndlng  I'lr.i 

HCR.       To 

(■<!  nfttT 
ii)rllnic>H 
till-  n-Kii- 
Ml  in  rill 
rrnin  Ihc 

•I.II 

Iv  lo  liu- 

urn 

^    Ml)   f    til 

Kt. . 

f 

i  iM  ;  nnit 

Ill  1 

■  ■  r 

HiITi' 

for. 

Uectrlx. 

/  .in.lr.l  *   / 

Hoe  UUtetri 

Aciit«  OS'  < 

■ir.lhitlM, 

under 

/-oru/i/' 

'      Acul^  t> 

-T  'dyn. 

The  lance-shaped  windows  form  at  their  vertex  angles 
of  varying  degrees  of  acuteness.  Oxford  Glossary, 

(b)  Tlie  faculty  of  nice  discernment  or  perception ;  quick- 
ness or  keenness  of  the  senses  or  understanding.  (By  an 
acuteness  of  the  senses  or  of  mental  feeling  we  perceive 
small  objects  or  slight  impressions  ;  by  an  acuteness  of  in- 
tellect we  discern  nice  distinctions.] 

He  (Berkeley]  was  possessed  of  great  acuteness  and  in- 
genuity, but  was  not  distinguished  for  good  sense  or 
shrewdness.  McCosh,  Berkeley,  p.  53. 

There  may  be  much  of  acuteness  in  a  tiling  well  said,  but 
there  is  more  in  a  quick  reply. 

Vrydcn,  Fret,  to  Mock  Astrol. 
(c)In  rhet.  or  nnuiie,  sharpness  or  elevation  of  soiliid. 
(a)  In  j)a(7ioi.,  violence  of  a  disease,  which  brings  it  speedily 
to  a  crisis. 

acutiatorf  (a-ku'sM-a-tor),  n.  [ML.,  <  acuti- 
are,  sharpen,  <  Ij.  acuttix,  sharp :  see  acute,  a. 
Cf .  aiguise.]  In  the  middle  ages,  a  person  whoso 
duty  it  was  to  sharpen  weapons.  Before  the  in- 
vention of  firearms  such  persons  were  neces- 
sary attendants  of  armies. 

acutifoliate  (a-kfi-ti-fo'li-at),  a.  [<I 
sliiirii,  +  filial  us,  leaved:  sco  foliate.'] 
having  sharp-pointed  leaves.     A.  Gray. 

Acutilingues  (a-kfi-ti-ling'gwez),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
<  li.  acutus,  shiir]),  +  lingua  =  E.  tongue.]  .\ 
division  of  Andrrnidn;  containing  those  soli- 
tary bees  whoso  labium  is  acute  at  the  eml: 
distinguished  from  tHitusilingucs,  in  which  the 
labium  is  obtuse. 

acutilobate  (a-kfi-ti-16'bat),  a.  [<  L.  acutu.t, 
sharji,  +  NL.  'loliatu.i,  lob'ato :  see  lobaic]  In 
hot.,  having  acute  lobes:  said  of  certain  leaves. 
.(.  Ilroy. 

acuto-nodose  (a-kii-to-no'dds),  a.  [<  L.  «<■«- 
tus,  shaip,  +  iiodnsus,  knotted:  see  nodose.] 
Aciiti^lv  nodose,  liana.  (.V.  /'.'.  I).) 
\  '  f  acuyari-WOOd  (a-ko-yil'ri-wud),  n.  The  aro- 
matic wood  of  the  tree  liursera  (Idea)  altissima 
of  Ciniana. 

-acy.  [(1)  Directly,  or  llirough  MK.  and  OF. 
-acii',  <  AIL.  -aria,  i  LL.  -alia,  fonning  nouns  of 
(jiialit  v,  state,  or  condition  from  nouns  in  -a(t-)s, 
as  in  abli-acii,  <  LL.  r(///)-»/-/-i,  <'(/)/*-"('-)",  abbot; 
prim-aci/,  <  !•'.  priri-atir,  <\Ai.  prini-at-ia,<  jirim- 
a{l-)s,  primate,  etc.  (2)  <  LIj.  -alia,  fonning 
nouns  of  slate  from  nouns  in  -atu.i,  as  in  ad- 
voc-aci/,  <  LL.  adroc-at-ia,  <  L.  advoc-al-us,  »<lvo- 
cato,  etc.  (:))  <  L.  -ocia,  forming  nouns  of  qiiul- 
itv  from  ndjoctives  in  -rtj- (-«ci-),  as  in  fall-anj, 
<L.  lalt-ari-a,  <  fall-ax  (-(/n-),  deceptive,  etc. 
These  tlireo  Hourl'cs  of  -acy  were  more  or  loss 
coiifimed,  and  the  Hullix  lias  been  exiendeil  to 
fonii  many  noiiiiH  which  have  no  correHponding 
form  ill  L.,  as  in  cur-ary,  amir-acy,  etc.  Analogy 
lias  exteiiileil  -rtoi/,  <  L.  -ntiii,  to  some  words  of 
(ir. origin:  (-1)  <  \i.-titia,  <  (!r.  -urt<a,  as  in;>ir- 
aey,  <  LL.  'pir-atUi,  <  Ur.  TTtiimrcia,  <  neipaTK, 


circular:  see  0-18 and  f^c/ic]  In  6o^,  not  cyclic; 
not  arranged  in  whorls.  Applied  by  liraun  to  flowers 
that  have  a  spiral  arrangement  of  parts,  when  the  spiral 
turns  made  by  each  class  of  organs  are  not  all  complete, 
in  distinction  from  hemicyclic,  where  all  are  complete. 

Biaun  has  termed  such  flowers  acyclic,  when  the  transi- 
tion from  one  foliar  structure  to  another,  as  from  calyx  to 
corolla  or  from  corolla  to  stamens,  does  not  coincide  with 
a  dellnite  number  of  turns  of  the  spiral  (as  N)lnpha;ac_cai 
and  Helleborus  odorus);  hemicyclie  when  it  does  so  coin- 
cide. Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  623. 

a.     [<  Gr.   a-  priv. 
((7-18)  -I-  cypriniiid.]     In  zoogcog.,  characterized 
by  the  absence  of  ej-prinoid  fishes:  applied  to 
one  of  the  fresh-water  di-\-isions  of  the  equa- 
torial zone,  embracing  the  ti-opical  American 
and  tropical  Pacific  regions.     Giinthcr. 
ad-.    [<  L-  ad-,  pi'efix,  ad,  prep.,  to,  unto,  toward, 
upon,  for,  etc.,  =  AS.  a't,  E.  at,  q.  v.     In  later 
L.  ad-  before  b,  c,  f,  g,  I,  n,  p,  q,  r,  s,  t,  was 
assimilated,  as  ab-,  ac-,  af-,  ag-,  al-,  an^,  ap-, 
ac-,  (»•-,  as-,  at-  (see  ab-breriate,  ac-eusc,  af-fect, 
ag-gravate,  al-ludc,  an-nex,  ap-plaud,  ao-quiescc, 
ar-nigate,  assist,  ai-tract).     Before  sc-,  sp-,  st-, 
it  was  reduced  to  a-  (see   a-sccnd,  a-spirc,  a- 
striiigeni,  and  o-l2).     Before  d,  h,  j,  m,  before 
vowels,  and  often  in  other  cases,  it  remained 
unchanged.     In  OF.  ad-  with  all  its  variants 
was  reduced  to  a-,  and  was  so  adopted  into  ME. 
But  in  the  14th  and  loth  eentm-ies  a  fashion  of 
"restoring"  the  L.  spelling  (ad-,  ac-,  af-,  etc.) 
began  to  prevail,  and  soon  became  the  rule  in 
both  F.  and  E.,  though  F.  still  retains  many, 
and  E.  a  few,  of  the  old  forms  (see  ac-company, 
ad-dress,  af -front,  ag-gricrc,  al-lay-,  al-low,  an- 
nounce, ap-pcal,  ar-rest,  at-tcnd,  etc.).     By  con- 
fusion of  the  ME.  a-,  for  ad-,  ac-,  ((/-.etc.,  with 
JIE.  a-  of  other  origin  (<  L.  «/;-,  OF.  en-,  cs-, 
AS.  ((-,  ge-,  on-,  etc.),  the  latter  a-  has  been  in 
some  cases  erroneously  "restored"  to  ad-,  ac-, 
af-,  etc.,  as  in  ad-vance,  ac-cloy,  ac-curse,  ac- 
i-non-tedge,  af-ford,    af-fray,   al-lay^,   ad-miral, 
etc.]     1.  A  prefix  iif  Latin  origin,  with  primary 
sense  "to," and  hence  also  "toward, upon, for," 
etc.,  expressing  in  Latin,  and  so  in  English, 
etc.,  motion  or  direction  to,  reduction  orchango 
into,  addition,  adherence,  intensification,  etc., 
in   English   often  vrithout  perceptible   force. 
AccoriTing  to   the   following  consonant,  it  is 
variously  assimilated  ((/'-,  ac-,  af-,  etc.,  or  re- 
duced to  a-.     See  etymology. —  2.   A  jircfix  of 
various  other  origin,  erroneously  put  for  other 
|iridi.\es,  as  iu  adnnice,  etc.     See  etymology. 
-ad'.     [<  L.  -as  (-ad-),  <  (ir.  -nf  (-"(!-),  fem.  suffi.x 
equiv.  to  -n'  (-"'-):  see  -id-.]    A  snflix  of  Greek 
origin  apjiended  to  nouns.    It  ia  used  in  forming— 
(1)  eollective  nnnu'rals.  as  uiouad,  dyad,  t Had,  tef rail,  etc., 
terms  used  in  cliussilyiiig  cliemical  cleineuts  or  radicals 
aeeordiug  to  the  iiliinber  of  their  combining  units;  (2) 
feminine  patronymics  (=-i(/),  as  in  dryad,  }*leiades,  etc. 
(see  -adir,  -idtr);  hence  used   in  lAia«  (lAiaS-),  Iliud.  and 
111  the  titlesof  ]ioems named  in  imitation  of  It.  as  Ouneiad, 
CiluwliiuLl :   compare  .f.'ioii/,    'llielmid  ;   (3)  by   Mlidley, 
laiiiily  nanus  of  plants  akin  to  a  genus,  as  liliad,  Irilliad, 
etc.,  on  words  ending  iu  -ii  or  after  a  vowel ;  othcrwi.se  -id, 
as  In  tirrhid. 

-ad".  [<  F.  -ailc:  see  -ailr^.]  A  suffix  in  ballad 
mill  .-lalad  (I'ormorly  haladc  and  saladc),  usually 
re|ii'eseiiteil  by  -otic.     Soo  -adc^. 

-ad''.  I A  mod.  use  of  L.  oo,  to.]  In  (?»io|.,  a 
siiflix  denoting  relal  ion,  sit  nut  ion,  or  direi'tioii, 
liaviiig  the  same  force  as  the  lOiiglish  sullix 
-ward,  orlhe  word  toward.  Tims,  dursnd,  backward, 
toward  the  dorsum  or  hack;  eetad.  outward,  toward  the 
evterlor;  enluit,  inward,  toward  llic  Interior,  .So,  also, 
eeidiiitad,  headward,  forward;  dej-lrad.  to  the  rlglit,  on 
llii'  right  hand  ot,  etc.  It  is  used  almost  at  will,  with 
I'ltlier  liri'ck  or  bitiii  words.  Its  use  is  iidviintageoiis  its 
restricting  the  idea  of  illn-ctioii  to  Ihc  lioily  of  the  aniinal 
Itself,  witlioiit  iniinlilerlng  the  poHllion  In  which  that 
body  may  be  with  relation  to  I'xienials;  siiici',  for  ex. 
ami'ile,  wiiat  is  Imckward  in  llic  iinatoniy  of  man  when  in 
(he  i-reit  Jiostlire  Is  u/'ward  in  (Ii;it  of  a  qimilriijied  when 

ill  lb irri'latlvelv  natural  lioii/.ontal  attitude,  while  in 

liolh  il  i«  iqiially  ilnmud. 

ad.     All  nliliri'viation  of  adri rtisement. 

A.  D.  All  abbreviation  of  I  lie  Latin  phrase  rtnno 
Vomini,  in  the  year  of  the  liind;  as,  A.  1).  1887. 


-ada 

-ada.  [Sp.  Pg.  -adii  =  It.  -ata  =  F.  -ee,  <  L.  -dta, 
fern,  of  -dtiis:  see  -arffl,  -«<cl.]  A  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  the  Spanish  feminine  form  of 
-arft'l,  -atci,  as  in  ar»«at/a ;  in  English  sometimes, 
en-oneously,  -ado,  as  in  bantinado,  Spanish  bas- 
tinada. 

Adacna  (a-dak'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
duKveiv,  bite.]  Tile  typical  genus  of  the  family 
AdacnidiC  (which  see).     Eiclnoald,  1838. 

adacnid  (a-dak'nid),  K.  A  bivalve  moUusk,  of 
the  family  Adaenida: 

Adacnidse  (a-dak'ni-de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Adacna 
+  -/rffr.]  A  family  of  dimyarian  bivalve  mol- 
lusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Adacna.  The  animals 
which  compose  this  fainUy  liave  elonjiateil,  nearly  united 
siphons,  and  a  compressed  foot ;  the  shell,  which  gapes 
behind,  has  a  slnuated  pallial  line  and  a  nearly  toothless 
hinge,  or  the  teeth  merely  rudimentary.  The  species  are 
chiefly  inhabitants  of  the  Aral,  Caspian,  and  Black  seas 
and  neighboring  waters. 

adactf  (a-dakf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  adactus,  pp.  of  adi- 
gerc,  drive  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  agcre,  drive.]  To 
drive  ;  coerce.    Fothcrhij,  Athoomaatix,  p.  15. 

adactyl,  adactyle  (a-ilak'til),  a.  Same  as 
adactijloiis. 

adactylous  (a-dak'ti-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv., 
without,  HI-  iaKTv'Ao^,  digit :  see  dactyl.']  In  :odl., 
without  fingers  or  toes. 

adadt  (a-dad'),  intcrj.  [A  var.  of  egad.]  An  ex- 
pletive of  asseveration  or  emphasis. 

-adae.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  -aiat,  pi.  of  -adrjQ,  after  -i-, 
equiv.  to  -«5;/f  after  a  consonant  or  another 
vowel :  see  -idie.']  In  zoiil.,  a  suffix  equivalent 
to  -id(e,  foianing  names  of  families  of  animals. 
See  -idw. 

adsemonist  (a-de'mon-ist),  11.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
(hl/jur,  a  demon  (see  demon),  +  -ist.~\  One  who 
denies  the  existence  or  personality  of  the  devil. 

adag,  attac  (ad'ag,  at'ak),  n.  [<  Gael,  adag, 
a  haddock ;  perhaps  borrowed  from  E.  had- 
dock.']  A  local  name  of  the  haddock,  used  about 
Moray  frith  in  Scotland.     Gordon. 

adaga  (a-da'ga),  n.  [Pg.  adaga,  a  dagger,  a 
short  sword.  Cf.  adargiie  (?).]  An  Asiatic 
weapon,  having  a  short,  broad  blade  at  right 
angles  with  a  staff  which  serves  as  a  handle. 
li.  F.  Burton,  Book  of  the  Sword. 

adage  (ad'aj),  n.  [<  p.  adage,  <  L.  adagium  (col- 
lateral form  adagio),  <  ad,  to,  -f  -agium,  <  aio 
(orig.  *agio),  I  say,  =  Gr.  ii^ii,  I  say,  =  Skt.  •/  ah, 
say.  ]  A  pithy  saying  in  current  use ;  a  brief 
familiar  proverb;  an  expression  of  popular 
wisdom,  generally  figm-ative,  Ln  a  single  phrase 
or  sentence,  and  of  remote  origin. 

Unless  the  adage  must  be  verified, 

That  beggars,  mounted,  run  their  horse  to  death. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

=  SyTl.  Apltori^m,  Axiom,  Maxim,  etc.     .See  aphoHsin. 

adagialt  (a-da'ji-al),  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
containing  an  adage:  as,  "that  adagial  verse," 
Barrow,  Works,  I.  93. 

adagietto  (a-da-jiet'to;,  «.  [It.,  dim.  of  adagio, 
q.  v.]  In  music  :  {a)  A  short  adagio,  (h)  An 
indication  of  time,  signifjTng  somewhat  faster 
than  adagio. 

adagio  (a-da'jio),  adv.,  a.,  and  n.  [It.,  slowly, 
Ut.  at  leisure,  <  ad,  to,  +  agio,  leisure,  ease  :  see 
ease.]  In  imisic:  I.  adc.  Slow;  slowly,  leisure- 
ly, and  with  grace.  When  repeated,  adagio, 
adagio,  it  directs  the  performance  to  be  very 
slow. 

II.  a.  Slow :  as,  an  adagio  movement. 

III.  n.  A  slow  movement;  also,  a  piece  of 
music  or  part  of  a  composition  characterized  by 
slow  movement. 

adagyt  (ad'a-ji),  n.     Same  as  adage. 

Adalia  (a-da'U-a),  n.  [NL.  (Midsant,  1851),  an 
invented  name.]  A  genus  of  beetles,  of  the 
family  Coccinellidce.  The  commonest  species  is  A. 
bipunctata,  the  two-spotted  lady-bird,  having  a  black  head 
with  two  yellow  spots  on  each  side,  the  prothora.i£  black 
and  marketl  with  yellow,  the  seutellum  black,  and  the 
elytra  yellowish  with  a  central  round  black  spot  on  each. 
The  insect  is  useful  in  destroying  plant-lice. 

Adam  (ad' am),  n.  [<  L.  Adam  (and  Adamns), 
<  Gr.  'A6du  (and  "X<h/io(),  <  Heb.  dddm,  a  hu- 
man being,  male  or  female  ;  perhaps,  according 
to  Gesenius,  <  «rfofH,  be  red.]  1.  The  name  of 
the  fii'st  man,  the  progenitor  of  the  human 
race,  according  to  the  account  of  creation  in 
Genesis. —  2.  The  evil  inherent  in  human  na- 
ture, regarded  as  inherited  from  Adam  in  conse- 
quence of  the  fall. 

Consideration  like  an  angel  came, 

And  whipp'd  the  offending  Adam  out  of  him. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  J. 

3t.   A  Serjeant  or  bailiff.    This  sense  rests  chiefly  on 
the  following  quotation,  and  is  explained  by  the  commen- 
tators as  a  reference  to  the  fact  that  the  buff  worn  by  the 
bailiff  resembled  the  native  "buH"  of  uui- first  parent. 
5 


65 

Not  that  Adam  that  kept  the  paradise,  but  that  Adam 
that  keeps  the  prison.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  3. 

Adam  and  Eve,  the  popular  name  in  the  United  States 
for  a  certain  terrestrial  orchid,  Aplectrum  hiemale. — 
Adam's  ale,  Adam's  wine,  water,  as  being  the  only  bev- 
erage  in  Adam's  time  :  .sometimes  called  Adam.  [Colloq.  1 
A  Kcchaliite  poor  Will  nmst  live. 
And  drink  of  Adam's  ale. 

Prior,  Wandering  Pilgrim. 
Sirrah,  ...  go  bring 
A  cup  of  cold  Adam  from  the  next  purling  spring. 

Tom  Brown,  Works,  IV.  11. 

Adam's  apple.  («)  Pomum  Adami,  the  prominence  on 
the  fort-  part  of  the  throat  formed  by  the  anterior  part  of 
the  tliyriiiil  cartilage  of  the  larynx:  so  called  from  the 
notion  that  a  piece  of  the  forbidden  fruit  stuck  in  Adam's 
throat.  The  protuberance  is  specially  noticeable  in  the 
male  sex  after  puberty,  as  the  larynx  enlarges  in  boys  at 
the  time  when  the  change  in  the  voice  occurs,  (b)  A  va- 
riety of  the  lime.  Citntu  mcdiea,  with  a  depression  which 
is  fancifully  regarded  in  Italy  as  the  mark  of  Adam's  teeth. 
See  Citrus,  (c)  A  name  sometimes  given  to  tlie  i)lant:iiii, 
the  fi'iiit  of  Mu.'ta  paradisiara. ~ AdSiVa's  flannel,  tlir 
common  mullen,  Verbaacum  T/i«y),s«,v.  — Adam's  needle 
and  thread,  a  connnon  name  of  Vueca  jilamentosa. 
adamant  (ad'a-mant),  n.  [<ME.  adamant,  ada- 
niaunt,  adcmaunt,  adamaund,  also  athamant, 
atthamant,  etc.  (after  AS.  athamans),  and  ad- 
mont,  <  OF.  adamaunt,  adcmaunt,  in  popular 
form  aimant  =  Pr.  adiman,  aziman,  aijman  =  Sp. 
Pg.  imaii,  <ML.  *adinias  {*adimant-),  L.  adama.'s 
{adamant-),  K.  Gr.  df^njiat;  {aSafiavr-),  lit.  uncon- 
querable (<  a-  priv.  -1-  i^afiav,  conquer,  =  L.  do- 
»iflre  =  E.  tame,  q.  v.),  fii'st  used  (by  Homer)  as 
a  personal  epithet;  later  (in  Hesiod  and  subse- 
quent writers)  as  the  name  of  a  very  hard  metal 
such  as  was  used  in  armor — prob.  steel,  but 
endowed  by  imaginative  writers  with  .super- 
natural powers  of  resistance ;  in  Plato,  also  of 
a  metal  resembling  gold;  in  Theophrastus,  of 
a  gem,  prob.  a  diamond;  in  Pliny,  of  the  dia- 
mond, under  which  he  includes  also,  perhaps, 
corundum;  in  Ovid,  of  the  magnet;  in  later 
writers  regarded  as  an  anti-magnet.  'The  name 
has  thus  always  been  of  indefinite  and  fluctu- 
ating sense.  From  the  same  source,  through 
the  perverted  ML.  forms  diamans,  diamentum, 
covaesH.  diamant,  diamond,  q.  ■v.]  1.  A  name 
applied  with  more  or  less  indefiniteness  to 
various  real  or  imaginary  metals  or  minerals 
characterized  by  extreme  hardness:  as  (1)  the 
diamond,  (2)  the  natm-al  opposite  of  the  dia- 
mond, (3)  a  lodestone  or  magnet,  and  (4)  an 
anti-magnet. 

The  garnet  and  diamond,  or  adamant. 

Sullivan,  Views  of  Nature,  I.  438.    (N.  E.  D.) 

The  adamant  cannot  draw  yron,  if  the  diamond  lye 

by  it.  Lylij,  Euphues,  sig.  K,  p.  10.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

The  grace  of  God's  spirit,  like  the  true  loadstone  or 
adamant,  draws  up  the  iron  heart  of  man  to  it. 

Bp.  Hall,  Occas.  Med.,  p.  5'2. 
The  adamant  ...  is  such  an  enemy  to  the  magnet. 

Leonardus,  Mirr.  Stones,  p.  63.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

3.  In  general,  any  substance  of  impenetrable 
or  surpassing  hardness;  that  which  is  impreg- 
nable to  any  force.  [It  is  chiefly  a  rhetorical 
or  poetical  word.] 

As  an  adamant  harder  than  flint  have  I  made  thy  fore- 
head. Ezek.  iii.  9. 
But  who  would  force  the  soul,  tilts  with  a  straw 
Against  a  champion  cased  in  adamant. 

Wi'rd.^if'nrth,  I'ersecution  of  Covenanters,  iii.  7. 

adamanteant  (ad"a-man-te'an),  a.  [<  L.  ada- 
mantcK.s,  <  adamas,  adamant:  see  adamant.] 
Hard  as  adamant.     [Rare.] 

Chalybean  temper'd  steel,  and  frock  of  mail 
Adamantean  proof.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  134. 

adamantine  (ad-a-man'tin),  a.  [<L.  adaman- 
tinus,  <  Gr.  uiWi/jdvTivog,  <  dddfta^:   see  adamant.] 

1.  Made  of  adamant;  having  the  qualities  of 
adamant ;  impenetrable. 

In  adamantine  chains  shall  death  be  boimd. 

Pojje,  Messiah,  1.  47. 
Each  gun 
From  its  adamantine  lips 
Flung  a  death-cloud  round  the  ships. 

Campbell,  Battle  of  Baltic. 

2.  Resembling  the  diamond  in  hardness  or  in 
luster.—Adamantlne  hards,  in  L'.  S.  pol.  hist.  See 
fund,  ;i.^ Adamantine  spar,  (a)  A  very  hard,  hair- 
brown  variety  of  curundnm,  often  of  adamantine  or  dia- 
mond-like luster.  It  yields  a  very  hard  pow.ler  used  in 
polishing  diamonds  and  other  gems,  (b)  Corundum,  from 
its  hardness  or  peculiar  occasional  luster.    See  eormntttm. 

adamantoid  (ad-a-man'toid),  Ji._  [<  Gr.  d(Sa/yof 
(dda/iarr-),  adamant,  diamond, 4-  el6o^,  form :  see 
-Old.]  A  crystal  characterized  by  being  bound- 
edby48equiiUriaugles;  ahexoctahedron.  See 
cut  under  ]i<xm-tahedron._ 

adambulacral(ad-am-bu-la'kral),  a.  [<L.  ad, 
to,  -1-  ambulacrum,  q.  v.]  Adjacent  to  the  am- 
bulacra. Apjilied  in  zod^,  byway  of  distinction  from 
ambulacral,  u>  a  series  of  ossicles  in  echiuoderms  which 


Adapis 

He  at  the  sides  of  the  ambulacral  grooves,  and  agaiiut 
which  the  ambulacral  ossicles  abut.  See  cut  under  Agte- 
riidie. 
Adamhood  (ad'am-hiid),  n.  Adamio  or  human 
nature;  manhood.  Emerson.  [Rai'e.] 
Adamic  (a-dam'ik),  a.  1.  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  Adam  or  to  his  descendants :  as,  the 
Adamic  world  ;  Adamic  descent. 

I'rof.  Wincheil,  of  course,  takes  the  ground  that  the  older 
or  black  rjice  is  of  an  inferior  type  to  the  subsequent  or, 
as  he  calls  them,  the  Adamic  races. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIH.  500. 

I  have  stated  these  supposed  conditions  of  the  Adam,ic 

creation  briefly.  Dawson,  Origin  of  World,  p.  239. 

2.  Resembling  Adam  before  the  fall ;  naked ; 
unclothed — Adamic  earth,  common  red  clay,  so  called 
from  a  notion  that  Ad.'un  means  red  earth. 

Adamical  (a-dam'i-kal),  a.  Relating  or  re- 
lated to  Adam;  Adamic. 

Adamically  (a-dam'i-kal-i),  adv.  After  the 
nmniier  of  Adam  ;  nakedly. 

llailjcrt  standing  on  the  plunging  stage  Adainically, 
without  a  rag  upon  him.    //.  Kingsley,  Geoff.  Ham.,  xlvL 

adamine  (ad'a-min),  n.     Same  as  Adamite,  4. 

Adamite  (ad*a-mit),  «.  [<.  Adam  + -ite^.]  1. 
One  of  mankind  ;  one  of  the  human  race  con- 
sidered as  descended  from  Adam. —  2.  One  of 
that  section  of  mankind  more  particularly  re- 
garded as  the  offspring  of  Adam,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  a  supposed  older  race,  called  Pre- 
adamites. 

Prof.  Winchell's  pamphlet  on  Adamites  and  Preadam- 
ites.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  500. 

3.  [LL.  AdamitcB,  pi.]  One  of  a  sect  which 
originated  in  the  north  of  Africa  in  the  second 
centruy,  and  pretended  to  have  attained  to  the 
primitive  innocence  of  Adam.  Its  members  accord- 
ingly rejected  marriage  as  an  effect  and  clothing  as  a  sign 
of  sin,  and  appeared  in  their  assemblies,  called  paradises, 
naked.  This  heresy  reappeared  in  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, in  Savoy,  and  again  in  the  fifteenth  century  among 
the  Brethren  and  Sisters  of  the  Free  Spirit,  in  Germany, 
Bohemia,  and  Moravia.  It  was  suppressed  in  1421  on 
account  of  the  crimes  and  immoralities  of  its  votaries.  (See 
Picard  and  Picardist.)  When  toleration  was  proclaimed 
by  Joseph  II.,  in  17S1,  the  sect  revived,  but  was  promptly 
proscribed.  Its  latest  appearance  was  during  the  insur- 
rection of  1848-9. 

The  truth  is,  Teufelsdrbckh.  though  a  Sans-culottist,  is 
no  Adamite,  and,  much  perhaps  as  he  might  wish  to  go 
forth  before  this  degenerate  age  "  as  a  sign,"  would  no- 
wise wish  to  do  it,  as  those  old  Adamites  did,  in  a  state 
of  nakedness.  Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  40. 

4.  [/.  c]  [After  the  French  mineralogist  M. 
Adam  +  -itc^.]  A  mineral  occurring  in  small 
yellow  or  green  crystals  and  in  mammillary 
groups ;  a  hydrotis  arseniate  of  zinc,  isomor- 
phous  with  olivenite  :  found  in  Chili,  and  also 
at  Lairrium  in  Greece.     Also  called  adamine. 

Adamitic  (ad-a-mit'ik),  a.     [<  Adamite  +  4c.] 

1 .  Of  or  pertaiiiing  to  the  descendants  of  Adam ; 
pertaining  to  mankind ;  human. 

He  (Mr.  Webster]  was  there  in  his  Adamitic  capacity, 
as  if  he  alone  of  all  men  did  not  disappoint  the  eye  and 
the  ear,  but  was  a  fit  figiu-e  in  the  landscape. 

Emerson,  Fugitive  Slave  Law. 

2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  the  sect  of 
the  Adamites. 

Nor  is  it  other  than  rustic  or  Adamitic  impudence  to 
confine  nature  to  itself. 

Jer.  Taylor  ('/),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  164. 

Adamitical  (ad-a-mit'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  Adam- 
itic. 

Adamitism  (ad'a-mit-izm),  n,  [<.  Adamite  + 
-ism.]  1.  The  doctrines  of  the  Adamites. —  2. 
The  practice  of  dispensing  with  clothing,  as  did 
the  Adamites,  or  the  state  of  being  unclothed. 
See  Adamite,  3.' 

adamsite  (ad'amz-it),  n.  A  name  given  to  a 
greenish-black  mica  found  in  Derby,  Vermont ; 
a  variety  of  museovite  or  common  mica. 

adance  (a-dans'),  2>rep.  jihr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
on,  -(-  dance.]     Dancing. 

[You  cannot]  prevent  Boranger  from  setting  all  pulses 
a-dance  in  the  least  rhytlimic  and  imaginative  of  modem 
tongues.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  238. 

Adansonia(ad-an-s6'ni-a),  n.  [NL. ;  named  in 
honor  of  Michel  Adanson  (died  1806),  a  French 
naturalist  who  traveled  in  Senegal  in  1749- 
53.]  A  genus  of  trees,  natm'al  order  Malia- 
cem,  suborder  Bombacew.  A.  digitata  is  the  Afri- 
can calabash-tree,  or  baobab-tree  of  Senegal.  See  baobal>. 
A.  Greyorii,  the  oidy  other  species,  is  the  cream-of-tartar 
tree  of  northern  Australia.  See  eream-o/.tartar  tree,  tmder 
cream. 

Adapidse  (a-dap'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Adapis 
+  -ida:.]  A  family  of  extinct  lemm'oid  mam- 
mals, of  which  the  genus  Adapia  is  the  type. 

Adapis  (ad'a-pis),  «.  [NL. ;  a  name  applied 
by  Gesner,  about  1550,  to  the  common  rabbit. 
Etym.  unknown ;  refen-ed  doubtfully  to  Gr.  a- 
intensive  -I-  (idin(,  a  rug,  carpet.]  A  genus  of 
extinct  mammals  of  the  Eocene  or  Lower  Ter- 
tiary age,  described  from  portions   of  three 


Adapts 


66 


ad  capt. 


skulls  fomid  by  Cuvier  in  the  gypsum-quames 

of  Montmartre,  Paris,  and  by  him  refeiTed  to 

his  ordei  Pachi/dermata,  and  considered  as  re-  „,„.,..  ^,,   ..,.  „t,  fi'sho,,  all    a 

lated  in  some  respects  to  Am>'otlifium.     The  adaptational  jad-api^  Jl?5"l')'^  «•. 


long  series  of  generations,  while  transmission  (i 
itvl  can  be  recognised  in  every  generation. 

Gegenbaur,  Oomp.  Anat.  (trans. ^,  i».  if.      rt>j,„p  -i 

Eelating  Adar  (a'dar), 


f.,hered-  adaptorial  (ad-ap-to'ri-al),  n.     [<  (ida})t  +  ■ 
+  -al.J     Tending   to   adapt  or  fit ;    adapt: 


-ory 
Ive. 


animal  was  of  about  the  size  of  a  rabbit.  Subsequent  in- 
vestigations based  upon  additional  material,  have  shown 
AdapU  to  be  the  t%-pe  of  a  famil)  Adapitla,  representing 
a  genendized  form  of  the  lemurine  senes{Pachylemunna;, 
FiUiol)  of  the  order  Primates.  „       ,      .  t^       j   , 

adapt  (a-dapf).  r.  t.  [<  F.  adapter  =:It.  adat- 
tare,  <  L.  adaptare,  fit  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  aptare, 
make  fit,  <  aptm,  fit:  see  apt.']  1.  To  make 
stutable;  make  to  correspond;  fit  or  suit;  pro- 
portion. 

A  "ood  poet  will  adapt  the  very  sounds,  as  well  as  words. 
to  the  things  he  treats  of.  Pope   '   ""- 


or  pertaining  to  adaptation,  or  th<>  adjustment 
of  one  thing  to  another;  adaptive:  in  hiol., 
applied  to  physiological  or  functional  mollifi- 
cations of  parts  or  organs,  as  distiiiguished 
from  morphological  or  stmctm-al  changes. 

adaptative  (a-dap'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  adaptatus, 
pp.  of  adaptdn;  adapt  (see  adapt,  v.),  +  -ive.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  adaptation;  adaptive. 
[Rare.] 

adaptativeness  (a-dap'ta-tiv-nes), «.  Adapta- 
bility 


[Heb.  adar ;   etym.  uncer- 


'^efZf°Jdst™clJi-e  of  nest*,  that  vary  s'o'muchVaud  adap'tednCSS  (a-dap'ted-nes),  n      The  state  of 
■  --  '--  -— • •>  •■-•••-  ■■•    being  adapted;  suitableness;  fitness. 

The  adaptediuss  of  the  Christian  faith  to  all  such  [the 
J)oor  and  oppressed],  which  was  made  a  reproach  against 


are  so  wonderfully  adapted  to  the  wants  and  habits  of 
each  species.  A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  216. 

Two  errors  are  in  common  vogue  in  regard  to  instinct : 
first,  that  it  never  errs :  secondly,  that  it  never  adapts 
itself  to  changed  circumstances. 

Maudsleii,  Body  and  Will,  §  5. 

2.  To  fit  by  alteration :  modify  or  remodel  for 
a  different  "purpose:  as,  to  adapt  a  story  or  a 
foreign  play  for  the  stage;  to  adapt  an  old  ma- 
chine to  a  new  manufacture. — 3.  To  make  by 
altering  or  fitting  something  else ;  produce  by 
change  of  form  or  character:  as,  to  bring  out 
a  play  adapted  from  the  French ;  a  word  of  an 
adapted  form.  =  Syn.  1.  To  adjust,  accommodate,  con- 
fonn.-~2.  To  arrange. 
adaptt  (a-4apt'),  «•  [Short  for  adapted,  prob. 
suggested  by  apt.]    Adapted  ;  fit ;  suitable. 

It  we  take  this  dehnition  of  happiness,  and  examine  it 
with  reference  to  the  senses,  it  will  be  acknowledged 
wonderfully  adapt.  Sivi/I,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ix. 

(Providence]  gave  him  able  arms  and  back 

To  wield  a  flail  and  carry  sack. 

And  in  all  stations  active  lie. 

Adapt  to  prudent  husbandry. 

DTrfetj,  Colin's  Walk,  i. 

adaptability  (a-dap-ta-bil'i-ti),  «.;  1)1.  adapta- 
bililir.i  (-ti/.).  [<  adaptable:  sen -hilili/.']  1.  The 
quality  of  being  adaptable ;  a  qimlity  that  ren- 
ders adaptable,     ^g- 

No  wonder  that  \i^^9Uch  reaily  adaptabilities  they 
tNorwegians]  made  tli^est  of  emigrants. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  77. 

2.  Specifically,  in  hioL,  variability  in  respect 
to,  or  under  the  influence  of,  external  condi- 
tions;  susceptibility  of  an  organism  to  that 

'  variation  whereby  it  becomes  suited  to  or 
fittetl  for  its  conditions  of  environment;  the 
capacity  of  an  organism  to  be  modified  by  cir- 
cumstances. 

adaptable  (a-dap'ta-bl),  a.  [<  adapt  +  -able.] 
Caiiiilile  of  being  adapted ;  susceptible  of  adap- 
tation. 

Yet,  after  all,  thin,  speculative  Jonathan  is  more  like 
the  F^nglishman  of  two  centuries  ago  than  John  Bull  hiin- 
Helf  is.    He  has  lost  somewhat  in  solidity,  has  become 


it  by  supercilious  antagonists,  constitutes  one  of  its  chief 
glories.  G.  P.  Fi.-'her,  Begin,  of  Cliristianity,  p.  545. 

adapter  (a-dap'ter),  w.  1.  One  who  adapts,  or 
makes  aii  adaptation;  specifically,  one  who 
translates,  remodels,  or  reaiTanges  a  composi- 
tion or  work,  rendering  it  fit  to  be  represented 
on  the  stage,  as  a  play  from  a  foreign  tongue 
or  from  a  novel. 

And,  if  these  imaginary  adapters  of  Homer  modernized 
his  whole  diction,  how  could  they  preserve  his  metrical 
effects?  De  Quiitcey,  Homer,  iii. 


tain.]  A  Hebrew  month,  being  the  si.xth  of  the 
civil  and  the  twelfth  of  the  ecclesiastical  year. 
eoiTespouding  to  the  latter  part  of  February 
and  tlie  fia'st  part  of  March. 

adarce  (a-diir'se),  H.  [L.,  also  adarca,  <  Gr. 
ai'iapai  or  adapKi/c,  also  adapKog,  a  word  of  for- 
eign origin.]  A  saltish  concretion  on  reeds  and 
grass  in  marshy  grounds,  noted  especially  in 
ancient  Galatia,  Asia  Minor,  it  is  soft  and  porous, 
and  has  been  used  to  cleanse  the  skin  in  leprosy,  tetters, 
and  other  diseases. 

adarguet,  »•  [OSp.,ofAr.  origin.]  An  Arabic 
weapon  like  a  broad  dagger. 

adarkon  (a-dar'kou),  II.  [Heb. ;  deriv.  imcer- 
tain ;  by  some  writers  connected  with  the  name 
Darius':  see  daric.]  A  gold  coin  (also  called 
darkeiiioii)  mentioned  in  the  original  text  of  the 
book  of  Ezra,  etc.,  as  in  use  among  the  Jews, 
and  translated  dram  in  the  authorized  version. 
It  was  a  foreign  coin,  probably  the  Persian 
daric  (which  see),  and  is  so  rendered  in  the  re- 
%'ised  version. 

adarme  (ii-diir'ma),  n.  [Sp.  adarnie,  a  dram; 
((-  perhaps  represents  the  Ar.  art.  al,  the,  and 
-dariiic  the  L.  drachma :  see  dracliiiia  and 
dram.']  A  Spanish  weight,  a  drachm,  the  ICth 
part  of  an  oimce,  or  the  256th  part  of  a  pound, 
equal  (in  Castile)  to  iJjj  avoirdupois  drachms. 
Another  form  is  adarcmc.  In  their  origin,  avoii-du- 
pois  ^vciL'bt  and  the  Spanish  svsteui  were  identical. 

■       •     •' '      -         l<ad- 


2.  That  which  adapts;   anrthing  that  serves 

the  purpose  of  adapting  or  adjusting  one  thing 

to  another.     Specifically  —  3.   lu  cheiii.,  a  re-     .  . 

ceiver  with  two  necks  diametrically  opposite,  adarticulation  (ad-ar-tik-u-la'shgn),  n. 

one  of  which  admits  the  neck  of  a  retort,  while     +  articulation.]     Same  as  nrthnidia. 

the  other  is  joined  to  a  second  receiver,    it  is  adatit  (ad'a-ti),  n.    [Also  written  adaty,  pi.  ad- 

used  in  distillaticms  to  give  more  space  to  elastic  vapors,     aii.-',  adaties,  etc. ;  of  E.  Ind.  origin.     Ct.  Beng. 

or  to  increase  the  length  of  the  neck  of  a  retort.  ^j^,,,^  (cerebral  (/)  or  drat,  a  warehouse,  a  gen- 

4.  In  optics :   (a)  A  metal  ring  uniting  two     oral  store.]     A  kind  of  piece-goods  exported 

lengths  of  a  telescope,      (li)  An  attachment  to     f,.|,ui  Bengal. 

a  microscope  for  centering  the  illuminating  aji-  adauntt  (a-dilnf),  r.  t.     [<  ME.  adaunten,  <  OF. 

paratus  or  throwing  it  out  of  center.    E.  M.     ndaulcr,  adonter,  later  addomtcr,  <.  a-  +jlantcr, 

Knight.      [c)  A  means    for  enabling   object-  "  ' 

glasses  made  by  different  makers,  and  haWng 
different  screws,  to  be  fitted  to  a  body  not  spe- 
cially adapted  to  receive  them.  E.  H.  Kuiijhl. 
— 5.'  A  glass  or  rubber  tube,  with  ends  differ- 
ing in  size,  used  to  connect  two  other  tubes 
or  two  pieces  of  apparatus. 
adaption  (a-dap'shon),  H.  [<  adapt  +  -ion.  CI. 
adoption,  (adopt.]  "  Adaptation ;  the  act  of  fit- 
ting.    [Rare.] 

Wise  contrivances  and  prudent  adaptioiis.  Cfietiiu. 

adaptional  (a-dap'shou-al),  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  adaptation,  (U-  the  action  of  adapt- 
ing: in  hiol.,  applied  to  the  process  by  whicli 
an  organism  is  fitted  or  adapted  to  its  en^'on- 
ment:  as,  (/r/«;)/i(:)H(// swellmgs. 


Hell  IS.     ne  has  lost  somcwnai  in  soiiuity,  uaa  oeconie      xn<  w,, .  ,..^,  ,,.,,4jy,.v..r.,.  .^..v..^^^^.  _,      .     j 

llinnt  and  adaptable,  but  more  of  the  original  ground-  adaptitude  (a-dap'ti-tud),  «.     [<  adapt  +  -iludc, 


work  of  character  reni.ains. 

Lincdl,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  Ist  ser. 

adaptableness  (a-dap'ta-bl-nes),  n.  Adapta- 
bility. 

adaptation  (ad-ap-ta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  adapta- 
tioii,  <  ML.  adaiitatio(n-),  <  L.  adaptare:  see 
adapt,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  adapting  or  adjust- 
ing ;  the  state  of  being  adapted  or  fitted ;  ad- 
justment to  circumstances  or  relations. 

(oivcmmeiit,  .  .  .  in  a  just  sense,  i.H,  if  one  may  say  sr,, 
tht-  science  of  Uf//i//(a/w/of  — variable  in  its  elements,  de- 
pendent upon  eireunistances,  and  incapable  of  a  rigid 
mathematical  demon.Htratlon. 

Stnry,  Jllsc.  Writings,  p.  OKI. 
Mmit  we  not  expe<-t  that,  with  a  goveniment  also,  spe- 
cial u//rt/i/rt(io«  toulieenil  implies non-rt(/a;)fn/iV*«  toother 
eniU;  //.  Siieimr,  .Social  .Statics,  p.  .mi. 

2.  That  which  ih  adapted ;  the  result  of  alter- 
iit  use.  .Spicillcally,  a  play  tnins- 
ir-tm  a  foreign  btnguage  or  a  novel, 
<    for  representatiiiii :  as,  this  coni- 


,litT.- 


3.  Ill 

or  pi" 


I  from  a  Krcnch  rtuM 

lageous  variiitioM  in  animals 

liinged  conditions;  thi'  result 

ami  Viiriubilily  under,  exter- 

>>|ieriiti(>ii  of  external  iiiflu- 

I     urganiBin,  or  a  oharacter 

mil  as  tlie  rCMult  of  mik-Ii 

I    ^14   Mill'  of    two    prtlirlp.'il   r:i< 

fonnn,   liidiK  liii.'  It 

.,   ,.f  the   ..p|..nH.    III.  l..r 
.ri  jiiiv  l^tVi'II  I  im<-  l>,  III- 

fjllty.  •■!  III!'  illiiu 
i<  h  adniitatlnn  and 
I  bi  npri'iuifil. 


after  apliludc.]  '  Adaptedness ;  special  apti- 
tude, lirowning. 
adaptive  (a-dap'tiv),  a.  [<  adapt  +  -ive.  Cf. 
adaplalirc.'i  Of.  jiertaining  to,  or  characterized 
by  adaiitation  ;  iiiakiiigur  made  lit  nv  suitalile  ; 
susceptiljle  of  or  undergoing  accoijdant  change. 
Much  used  in  biology  with  reference  to  functioiuil  or 
physiological  changes  occasioned  by  variations  of  i-xti  r- 
nal  conditions  or  environment,  as  opposed  to  litiiii'tU'!fi>-al. 
See  adaptation,  3. 

Tlic  adaptiw  power,  that  is,  the  faculty  of  adapting 
means  to  proximate  ends. 

Colerid'ie,  Aids  to  llellec,  p.  ITS. 

The  function  of  selective  discrimination  with  the  c.mi 
plementary  iiower  of  adaptive  response  Is  rcgariled  a.^  the 
root-principle  of  mind.  Scimcr,  IV.  IT. 

In  the  greater  number  of  Mummals,  the  hones  assiiiiie 
a  very  modified  and  adaptiir  jiositioii. 

ir.  //.  Fluuer,  Osteology,  p.  'JIJ. 

These  resemblances,  thoiigli  su  iiitlmalely  connected 
with  the  whole  life  of  tlic  liiiiig,  are  ranked  lis  merely 
"ailftplii'f  or  nrialot^i-at  ilmraiierH." 

Dnririn,  Origin  of  S|M)cle«,  p.  :i;  1 

adaptively   (a-duo'tiv-li),  ndr.     In  an   lulnii- 

live  manner  ;"with  ailn|italion  ;  in  an  adjusteil 

or  fitting   inaniier;    with  lilueas:   as,    "adap 

linlil    inoililieil    structuroH,"    Owen,   OIuhh.    .if 

MatitMuiliii. 
adaptiveness   (a-dap'tiv-nes),  n.     The  quality  adays    (a-daz'),   pret>.   phr 

'.r  hiiMg  iiilaptive;  capability  of  making  or  111-  .   .        - 

iiiiTiing  tit.or  suitable. 

adaptlyt  (n-dapt'li),  adr.     In  a  Rultablo  or  (•on 
venient  iiiimner  ;  ajitly;  fitly. 


of  . 

pi. 


For  active  hornenmnHhlp  adapllv  lit. 

Pri'ir,  Colin's  Ml«t. 


dontcr,  datmt:  see  n-H  and  tfauMf.]  To  sub- 
due. 

Adatinted  the  rage  of  a  lyon  savage. 

.'ik'clton,  Hercules. 

adawH  (a-da'),  r.     [<  ME.  adawen,  <a-  +  dawcn, 
K.  dial,  rfflw;  see  H-l  and  ftaii'l.]    1.  intraHS,   To. 
wake  up  ;  awake ;  come  to. 

But  sire,  a  man  thatwakith  out  of  hisslep, 
He  may  not  sodeyuly  well  taken  keep 
Upon  a  thing,  ne  seen  it  piirfytly, 
Til  that  he  he  adaiivd  verrayly. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  I.  115(1. 

II.  trans.  To  awaken;  arouse  from  sleep  or 

swoon.  Chaucer. 
ada'W-t  (a-da'),  r.  [First  used  in  Kith  centni-y ; 
jierliaps  <  JIK.  adairc,  of  dmrc,  of  da^c.  or  in 
fuller  phrase  of  lyfc  duicc,  usually  with  verb  ' 
liringcn  or  doH,"  lit.  bring  or  do  (put)  'out  of 
(life)  day,'  i.  e.,  kill,  hence  the  sense  quell, 
subdue,  assisted  )irolj.  by  an  erroneous  etym. 

<  ad-  +  awe,  and  jirob.  also  by  association  with 
aduunt.  Tho  form  dair,  daunt,  is  later:  see 
(/nifl.]     I.   /)'((".s'.   1.  To  daunt ;.  (jucU ;  cow. 

The  ..^ight  whereof  did  greatly  him  adaw. 

Spenser,  h\  Q.,  III.  vll.  13. 

2.  To  moderate  ;  abate. 

Hins  to  abate  the  brightnesse  of  his  heme. 
And  fervour  of  his  llamea  somewhat  nifaic. 

.Sj)cn«(T,  K.  tj.,  V.  ix.  .SS. 

II.    intrans.    To  become  moderated  or  less 
vehement. 

Tliiiewiih  her  wrutlifiill  courage  gnn  appall, 
And  haughtie  spirits  ineekely  to  adaw. 

.S/irim-r,  V.  IJ.,  IV.  vl.  26. 

adawlet  (a-dft'lot),   «.     [Also  \vritton  adatchit, 

<  Hind,  'lidiilat,  <  Ar.'addla{l),  a  cnuit  of  jus- 
tice, <  Ilinil.  and  Ar.  'adi,  justice.]  In  the  l'",ast 
Indies,  a  ciiurt  of  justice,  civil  or  criminal. 

adawn  (a-dan'),  jiniK  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.     [<.a9 

+  iIiiuik]     Dawning;  at  the  jioint  of  dawn. 
adayt  (a-da'),/»-(7).  phr.  as  adr.     [<  ME.  (Klai/, 
adoi;  <  «S  +  daiiK]     1.  By  day.— 2.   On  each 
diiy;  daily. 

Now  writ  ten  a  liaij,  HOinetinieH  a-daij.     (See  (/S. 

'  as    adr.       [<  ME. 

ailaijis,  'a  ilaijis,  a  daics  :  <  «•'  +  daiis,  adverbial 

giMi.  sing,   (now  regarded  as  ace.  \i\.)  of  day.'] 

By  day;  in  the  daytime. 

I   have  mlseralilc  iilghtii ;  .  .  .  hut  I  shift  pretty  well 
Thralc,  Mcll.  11),  1777. 


It. 


'I'lnl    I'l        a«       ,\t  n  rule,  tlliTC- 

foro.  adapiniion  on  Ik.  |K<ro«l>r<l  by  It*  roxiiltii  only  In  • 


i  In  the  tunetloiiii 
I  itb'in  (if   oniHim 

i.,,,iaiim  i»  adaptnoBBt  (n-tlnpt'neHV 

'' " "      im;  III  lid;    u<hiptati<iM  ; 

nisn  of  iho  sound  to  the  huuho,"  Kp 
Milton. 


r  fiini  tl 

fxprt-Mloi) 


,  111.  :i. 

I.     Thn  Hl4itp  of  be- 

plnoHH:   as,    "ndnpl- 

ycnlon. 


atlajiM.  ,Uihnntin  to  Mrs. 

2.  On  or  in  the  day  or  time :  only  in  the  com- 
piiiind  phrase  noiradays  (which  see). 

adazel  (a-da/.'),  r.  I.  |<  MK.  ada.irn,  <  a-  + 
(/<(.v<  (/.ilin-.e:  Hcrdii^i.]    To  dazzle.    Sir  T.  More. 

ad  capt.      .\n  iililirevialiiiii  iit  (((/  niiildiiiluni. 


ad  captandum 

ad  captandum  (ail  kap-tau'dum).  [L. :  ad,  to, 
for;  C(tpt(i}iiliiiii,  goriiiid  of  rapture,  eatcli,  spizf, 
<.  aijxrf,  tak(> :  see  captive,']  For  t)i<.>  jniipusc 
of  catehiufj;,  as  in  the  phrase  ad  euptandiiin  rul- 
gus,  to  catch  the  rabble :  often  applied  adjec- 
tively  to  claptrap  or  meretricious  attempts  to 
catch  popular  favor  or  applause :  as,  ad  cajitan- 
dum  oratory. 

adcorporatet  (ad-kor'po-rat),  V.  t.  [See  accor- 
porati.]  To  unite,  as  one  body  with  another; 
aeeorporate. 

add  (ad),  V.  [<  ME.  addcH,  <  L.  addere,  <  ad, 
to,  + -dere  for  *dare,  put,  place:  see  do.]  I. 
trans.  1 .  To  join  or  unite  into  one  sum  or  ag- 
gl'egate.  Specifically,  in  math.,  to  find  the  nicusure  of 
the  sum  of  two  or  more  iiuantities,  or  a  combination  of 
them  into  which  each  enters  with  its  full  etfect  and  inde- 
pendently of  the  others.  s<  >  that  an  increase  of  any  one  of 
the  added  quantities  produces  an  equal  increase  of  the 
Bum;  used  with  torrclfirr  or  up:  as,  to  add  numbers  to- 
ffettier  ;  to  add  or  add.  tip  a  column  of  figures. 
2.  To  unite,  join,  attach,  annex,  or  subjoin  as 
an  augmentation  or  accretion ;  bring  into  coi'- 
porate  union  or  relation:  with  to  before  the 
subject  of  addition,  and  sometimes  without  an 
expressed  object  when  this  is  implied  by  the 
subject:  as,  add  another  stone,  or  another 
stone  to  the  pile ;  he  continually  added  [goods 
or  possessions]  to  his  store ;  to  add  to  one's 
grief. 

Ye  shall  not  add  [auything]  unto  the  word  which  I  com- 
mand you.  Deut.  iv.  2. 
And,  to  add  greater  honours  to  his  age 
Than  man  could  give  him,  he  died  fearing  God. 

SItak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 
[I]  add  thy  name, 
O  sun,  to  tell  thee  how  I  hate  thy  beams. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  36. 
They  added  ridge  to  valley,  brook  to  pond. 
And  sighed  for  all  that  bounded  their  domain. 

Emerson,  Hamatreya. 

3t.  To  put  into  the  possession  of;  give  or 
grant  additionally,  as  to  a  person. 

The  Lord  shall  mid  to  me  another  son.        Gen.  xxx.  24. 

For  length  of  days,  and  long  life,  and  peace,  shall  they 
add  to  thee.  Prov.  iii.  2. 

Added  money,  in  sportiuf/,  money  added  by  a  jockey 
club  to  sweepstakes. —  Added  Sixth,  in  music.  See 
»w(A.— Add  in,  to  include.— Add  up,  to  find  the  sum 
of.  =  Syn.  Add,  Attach,  A^ix,  Annex,  .adduce,  adjoiu. 
The  first  four  words  agree  in  denoting  the  increasing  of  a 
thing  by  something  additional.  Add  is  the  most  general 
term,  but  it  may  denote  an  intimate  union  of  the  things 
combined,  the  formation  of  a  whole  in  which  the  parts 
lose  their  individuality :  as,  to  add  water  to  a  decoc- 
tion; to  add  one  sum  to  anothei'.  This  idea  is  not  ex- 
pressed by  any  of  the  others.  Attach  (as  also  affix  and 
annex)  denotes  a  more  external  combination ;  it  im- 
plies the  possibility  of  detaching  that  which  is  attached  : 
as,  to  attach  a  locomotive  to  a  train.  Hence  we  do  not  at- 
tach, but  add,  one  fluid  to  another.  It  generally  retains  its 
original  notion  of  a  strong  connection,  physical,  moral,  or 
other :  as,  to  attach  a  condition  to  a  gift,  a  tag  to  a  lace, 
or  one  person  to  another.  Affix  may  Ije  used  either  of  that 
which  is  essential  to  the  value  or  completeness  of  the 
whole,  or  of  something  that  is  wholly  extrinsic  or  unre- 
lated ;  as,  to  affix  a  signature  or  seal  to  an  instrument ; 
to  affix,  a  notice  to  a  post.  To  annex  sometimes  brings 
the  parts  into  vital  relation :  as,  to  annex  territory,  a  codi- 
cil to  a  will,  or  a  penalty  to  a  proliibition. 

Care  to  om*  coffin  adds  a  nail,  no  doubt. 

Dr.  John  Wotcot,  E.xpost.  Odes,  xv. 

Their  names  cling  to  those  of  the  greater  persons  to 
whom  some  chance  association  attached  them. 

Mrs.  Oliphant,  Lit.  Hist,  of  19th  Cent.,  III.  150. 

In  affixing  his  name,  an  attesting  ^vitness  is  regarded  as 
certifying  the  capacity  of  the  testator.   Am.  Cyc,  XIV.  24. 

Since  the  French  iKition  lias  been  formed,  men  have 
proposed  to  annex  tliis  ur  that  land  on  the  ground  that  its 
people  spoke  the  French  toTigue. 

jB.  a.  Freeman,  Race  and  Language,  p.  111. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  or  serve  as  an  addition; 
be  added :  with  to ;  as,  the  consciousness  of 
folly  often  adds  to  one's  regret.  [Really  tran- 
sitive in  this  use,  with  the  object  implied  or 
imderstood.  See  I.,  2.]  —  2.  To  perfoi-m  the 
arithmetical  operation  of  addition. 

adda^  (ad'a),  n.  [Egypt.]  A  small  species  of 
Egj'jitian  lizard,  Scincits  officinalis ;  the  skiuk. 
It  is  called  "officinal"  on  account  of  the  repute  in  which 
it  has  been  held  by  Eastern  physicians  for  its  alleged  effi- 
cacy in  the  cure  of  elephantiasis,  leprosy,  and  certain 
other  diseases  common  in  the  East.  .See  skink  and  .S'cuicu.?. 

adda"  (ad'a),  «.  [Telugu  adda  (cerebral  d).] 
A  measure  used  in  India,  equal  to  8^  pints. 
McElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

addability  (ad-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  addable :  see 
-bilitii.']  The  quality  of  being  addable.  Also 
■svritteu  addihiliti/. 

addable  (ad'a-bl),  o.  [<  add  + -able.']  Capable 
of  being  added.     Also  written  addible. 

addax  (ad'aks),  n.  [L.,  in  ace.  nffcfacem,  occur- 
ring in  PUny,  who  treats  of  the  animal  under 
the  name  of  strepsiceros,  i.  e.,  the  twisted-horn; 
a  north  African  name,  still  used,  it  is  said,  in 
the  forms  addas,  and  alcas,  akesh.]     1.   The 


67 

native  name  of  a  species  of  African  antelope, 
a  ruminant,  hoofed,  artiodactyl  quadruped,  of 
tlio  subfamily  .Ijf/Wo/jiHfc,  family  Bonidw ;  the 
AntUope  addax  of  Lichtenstein,  Oryx  addnx  of 
some,  Oryx  nasomactitatus  of  others,  now  Addax 
nasomaculatus :  the  word  addax  thus  becoming 
technically  a  generic  name,  after  having  been 
a  technical  specific  tei-m,  as  well  as  originally 
a  vernacular  appellation.  The  aildax  is  about  o 
feet  long,  and  about  3  feet  lligh  at  the  shoulder  ;  stout  in 
the  body,  like  the  ass ;  and  with  horns  3  or  4  feet  long, 
slender,  ringed,  .spirally  twisted  into  two  or  three  turns, 


Addax  of  Eastern  Africa  (A.  nasemacutatus). 

and  present  in  both  sexes.  The  eai-s  and  tail  are  long,  the 
latter  terminated  by  a  switch  of  hair;  there  are  tufts  of 
hair  upon  the  throat,  forehead,  and  tear-bag;  the  hoofs 
are  large  and  semicircular,  adapted  for  treading  upon  the 
shifting  sands  of  the  deseil.  The  general  color  of  the  ani- 
mal is  whitish,  with  a  reddish-brown  head  and  neck,  black 
hoofs,  and  a  white  blaze  on  the  face,  whence  the  name 
rmsoma^rdatus.  The  addax  is  related  to  the  oryx,  but  is 
generically  as  well  as  specifically  distinct.  The  identity 
of  this  animal  with  that  mentioned  by  Pliny  (see  etymol- 
ogy), though  known  to  Gesner,  was  overlooked  by  subse- 
quent naturalists  until  rediscovered  by  the  travelers  Riip- 
pell,  Heraprich,  and  Ehrenberg,  who  found  the  animal 
known  to  the  natives  under  a  name  like  that  ascribed  to 
the  strepsiceros  by  Pliny. 

2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  antelopes  of  the  subfam- 
ily Orygin(c,  of  which  the  addax,  A.  nasomacu- 
latus, is  the  only  species. 

addebtedt,  a.  [Sc. ;  at  first  addettit,  addetted, 
for  eai'licr  cnddtcd:  see  indebted.]     Indebted. 

addecimatet  (a-dos'i-mat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  addcci- 
matus,  ijp.  of  aildccimare,  <  ad,  to,  +  decimare, 
take  the  tenth  :  see  decimate.]  To  take  or  as- 
certain the  tithe  or  tenth  part  of ;  tithe  ;  deci- 
mate.   Cockeram. 

addeemt  (a-dem'),  t'.  f.    l<.ad-  +  deem.     Cf.  ad- 
doom.]     1.  To  award;  adjudge;  sentence. 
Unto  him  they  did  addecme  the  prise. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V^  iii.  15. 

2.  To  deem ;  judge  ;  esteem ;  account. 
She  scorns  to  be  addeemed  so  worthless-base. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wars. 

addendum  (a-deu'dum),  n. ;  pi.  addenda  (-da). 
[L.,  gerimd  of  addere,  add:  see  add.]  A  tiling 
to  be  added ;  an  addition ;  an  appendix  to  a 
work — Addendum-circle  (of  a  gear),  in  inach.,  a  circle 
which  touches  tlu-  ]iitiiitsuf  the  teeth. — Addendum  of  a 
tooth,  in  macfi.,  that  pa  it  of  the  tooth  of  a  gear  which  lies 
I^etween  the  iiitih-circle  an<I  the  point. 

adder!  (ad'cr),  ».  [<  ME.  adder,  addere,  addre, 
edder,  eddre,  etc.,  forms  interchanging  with  the 
more  correct  nadder,  nadd^re,  naddre,  nadre, 
neddere,  neddre,  etc.  (through  confusion  of  a 
nadder  with  an  adder;  ef.  apron,  auger,  orange, 
umpire,  which  have  lost  their  initial  n  in  the 
same  way),  <  AS.  ncedre,  nceddre  =  Oii.  nadra  = 
D.  adder  =  OHG.  natara,  natra,  MHG.  naterc, 
nater,  G.  natter  =  leel.  nathra,  t.,  nathr,  m.,  = 
Goth.  ««(frs  =  Ir.  nathair  =  'W.  neidr,  a  snake,  a 
serpent.  The  L.  natrix,  a  water-snake,  is  a  dif- 
ferent word,  prop,  a  swimmer,  <  nare,  swim. 
The  word  has  no  connection  with  alter,  poi- 
son, q.  v.]  1.  The  popular  English  name  of 
the  viper,  Vipera  communis,  now  I'elias  berets,  a 
common  venomous  serpent  of  Europe  (and  the 
only  poisonous  British  reptile),  belonging  to 
the  family  Viperidie,  of  the  suborder  Soleno- 
glypha,  of  the  order  Ophidia.     It  grows  to  a  length 


Adder,  or  Viper  {Petias  ieruj). 


addicent 

of  about  2  feet,  of  which  the  tail  constitutes  one  eighth; 
the  head  is  oval,  with  a  blunt  snout ;  flic  color  varies 
from  briiwn  or  olive  to  brownish-yellow ,  variegated  with 
a  row  of  large  confluent  rhombic  spots  along  the  iniildle 
hue  of  the  back,  atiil  a  row  of  small  black  or  blackish  spots 
on  each  side.  Though  the  adder  is  venomous,  its  bite  is 
not  certainly  known  to  be  fatal. 

2.  A  name  loosely  applied  to  various  snakes 
more  or  less  resembling  the  viper,  Pelias  herns: 
as  — (tt)  By  the  translators  of  the  authorized  version  of  the 
Bible,  to  several  dittV-reut  species  of  venomoiLS  serpents,  tb) 
By  the  tr,anslat<u-s  of  Hacckel,  to  the  suborder  vl^iy/j/to- 
donta.  (c)  By  the  translators  of  Cuvier,  U>  the  Linnean  Qti- 
ims  Colulier  in  a  large  sense,  (d)  In  the  United  States,  to 
various  spotted  serpents,  venomous  or  harmless,  as  species 
of  Toxicophis,  Ileterodon,  etc. 

3.  The  sea-stickleback  or  adder-fish.  See  ad- 
der-fish. 

adder^  (ad'er),  n.  [<  ad<l  +  -fjl.]  1.  One  who 
adds. — 2.  An  instrument  for  performing  addi- 
tion. 

adder-bead  (ad'er-bed),  «.  [(.adder'^  +  bead.] 
Stinie  as  tidder-stone. 

adder-bolt  (ad'er-bolt),  n.  [<  arfderl  +  bolt^, 
from  the  shape  of  the  body.]  The  dragon-fly. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

adder-fish  (ad'er-fish),  «.  [iadder^+fislO-.] 
The  sea-stickleback,  fipinachia  vulgaris,  a  fish 
of  the  family  Gasterosteidte,  distinguished  by 
an  elongated  foim  and  the  development  of 
numerous  dorsal  spines.  Also  called  adder  and 
sea-adder. 

adder-fly  (ad'cr-fli),  «.  l<  adder^ -\- fly^.]  A 
name  in  Great  Britain  of  the  dragon-fly.  Also 
called  adder-bolt  and  flying  adder.  See  dragon- 
fly- 

adder-gem  (ad'er-jem),  n.  [<  adder^  -t-  jrem.] 
Same  as  adder-stone. 

adder-grass  (ad'er-gras),  n.  [<  adderl  -(-  grass.] 
A  name  used  in  the  south  of  Scotland  for  Or- 
chis maculata. 

adder-pike  (ad'er-pik),  n.  [<  adder'^  +  jjifcel.] 
A  local  English  name  of  the  fish  commonly  called 
the  lesser  weever,  Trachinus  vipera.  Also  called 
otter-pike.     See  weever. 

adder's-fern  (ad'erz-fem),  n.  The  common 
polypody,  I'olypodium  vtdgare. 

adder's-flower  (ad'erz-flou"er),  n.  The  red  cam- 
pion, Lychnis  diurna. 

adder's-meat  (ad'erz-met),  n.  A  name  some- 
times given  {a)  to  the  English  wake-robin, 
Arum  macidatum  (see  cut  under  Arum),  and  (6) 
to  a  ehickweed,  Stellaria  Holostea. 

adder's-mouth  (ad'erz-mouth),  n.  A  delicate 
orchid,  Microstylis  ophioglossoides,  found  in  cool 
damp  woods  in  North  America,  -svith  a  raceme 
of  minute  greenish  flowers,  and  a  single  leaf 

.shaped  somewhat  like  the  head  of  a  snake. 

adder-spit  (ad'er-spit),  «.  [<  adder^  +  spit^.2 
A  name  of  the  common  brake,  Pteris  aquilina. 

adder's-spear  (ad'erz-sper),  «.  Same  a.sadder's- 
toiiguc. 

adder-stone  (ad'er-ston),  n.  [<  adder'^  +  stone.] 
The  name  given  in  different  parts  of  Great 
Britain  to  certain  rounded  perforated  stones  or 
glass  beads  found  occasionally,  and  popularly 
supposed  to  have  a  supernatural  efficacy  in 
curing  the  bites  of  adders.  They  are  believed  by 
archaeologists  to   have   been  anciently  used  as  spindle- 

■  whorls,  that  is,  small  fly-wheels  intended  to  keep  up  the 
rotary  motion  of  the  spindle.  Some  stones  or  beads  of  this 
or  a  similar  kind  were  by  one  superstitious  tradition  said 
to  have  been  produced  by  a  number  of  adders  putting 
their  heads  together  and  hissing  till  the  foam  became  con- 
solidated into  beads,  supposed  to  be  powerful  charms 
against  disease.  Also  called  ovum  antjuinum,  serpent- 
stone,  adder-bead,  adder-gem,  and  in  Wales  ylain-neidr  and 
druidical  bead.  The  last  name  is  given  upon  the  supposi- 
tion that  these  objects  were  used  as  charms  or  amulets  by 
the  Drtiids. 

And  the  potent  adder-stone, 
Gender"d  'fore  the  autumnal  moon. 
When  in  undulating  twine 
The  foaming  snakes  prolific  join. 

If'.  Jfason,  Caractacus. 

adder's-tongue  (ad'erz-tung),  «.  The  fern 
Uphioglossum  vulgatum  :  so  called  from  the  form 
of  its  fruiting  spike.  Also  called  adder's-spear. 
See  Ophioglossum — Yellowadder's-tongue.a name 

given  to  the  plant  Ertithronium  Americanum. 

adder's-violet  (ad'erz-vi*o-let),  n.  The  rattle- 
snake-plantain, fhwdyera pubescens,  alow  orchid 
of  North  America,  with  conspicuously  white- 
veined  leaves. 

adder's-wort  (ad'erz-wert),  n.  Snakeweed,  Po- 
lygonum Bistorta :  so  named  from  its  writhed 
roots.   Also  called  bistort,  for  the  same  reason. 

addibility  (tid-i-bil'i-ti),  «.    Sec  addability. 

addible  (ad'i-bl),  a.     See  addable. 

addicet  (ad'is),  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  ad^. 

addicent  (ad'i-sent),  n.  [<L.  addiccn{t-)s.  ppr. 
of  addicere  :  see  addict,  v.]  One  who  authori- 
tatively transfers  a  thing  to  another.    JV'.  £.  D. 


addict 

addict  (a-dikt'),  V.  t.  [<  L.  addichis,  pp.  of 
ad.itare';  devote,  deUver  over,  prop,  give  one  s 
assent  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  dicere,  say.  declare.]  1. 
To  devote  or  give  up.  as  to  a  habit  or  occupa- 
tion ;  applv  habituaUy  or  sedulously,  as  to  a 
practice  or  habit:  used  reflexively:  as,  to  ad- 
dict one's  self  to  the  exercise  of  chanty  ;  he  is 
addicted  (addicts  himself)  to  meditation,  plea- 
sure, or  intemperance.  [Now  most  trequeutly 
used  in  a  bad  sense.] 

Thev  have  addicted  themselves  to  the  ministry  of  the 
saints.-  1  ^'"'-  ^"-  15- 

I  advise  thee  .  .  to  addict  thyself  to  the  Study  of  Let- 
ters Cotton,  tr.  of  Montaigne  I2d  ed.),  I.  385. 
2t  To  give  over  or  surrender;  devote,  attach, 
or  assi^:  ^-ield  up,  as  to  the  ser\-ice,  use,  or 
control  of :  "used  both  of  persons  and  of  things. 

Yours  entirely  addicted,  madam. 

B.  Jonsftn,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  3. 

The  land  about  is  exceedingly  addicted  to  wood. 

Erebjn,  Diary,  April  IS,  16S0. 

Specifically — 3.  In  Bom.  laic,  to  deliver  over 
formally  by  the  sentence  of  a  judge,  as  a  debt- 
or to  the  service  of  his  creditor.  =  Syn.  1.  Addict, 
Dicole,  Applii.  accustom.  These  words,  wlicrc  they  ap- 
proach in  meaning,  are  most  used  reUe.vively.  Addict  and 
drntr  are  often  used  in  the  passive.  Addict  lias  iplitc  lost 
the  idea  of  dedication;  it  is  the  jleldin';  to  impulse. and 
generally  a  bad  one.  Deivte  retains  much  of  the  idea  of 
service  or  lovalty  by  vow ;  hence  it  is  rarely  used  of  that 
which  is  e\-il'.  Addicted  to  every  form  of  folly ;  devoted  to 
hunting,  astronomy,  philosophy.  Applij  is  neutral  moral- 
ly, and  implies  industry  or  assidnity :  as,  lie  applied  liim- 
self  to  his  task,  to  learning. 

Tlie  Courtiers  were  all  much  addicted  to  Play. 

Barfiam,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  7. 

We  should  reflect  that  the  earliest  intellectual  exercise 
to  which  a  young  nation  depotejt  itself  is  the  study  of  its 
laws.  Jfni/ie,  Village  Communities,  p.  :J60. 

That  we  m.ay  aj^tj  our  hearts  unt<i  wisdom.    Vs.  xc.  12. 
addictt  (a-dikf),  a.    [<  L.  addictus,  pp. :  see  the 
verb.]    Addicted. 

If  he  Ite  addict  to  Wee, 
Quickly  him  they  will  entice. 

Shak.,  Pass.  JMl.,  xxi. 

addictedness  ( a-dik'ted-nes),  n.    The  quality  or 
state  of  being  addicted. 
My  former  addictednew  to  make  chymical  experiments. 

But/U: 

addiction  (a-dik'shmi),  ».  [<  L.  addictio{>i-),  de- 
livi'rini.'  upVatvardiug,  iaddicerc :  see  addict,  r.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  given  up  to  some  habit, 
practice,  or  pursuit ;  addictedness ;  devotion. 

Ilis  addiction  was  to  courses  vain.      Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  1. 

From  our  Genuan  forefathers  we  inherit  our  phlegm, 
our  steadiness,  our  domestic  habitudes,  and  our  unhappy 
addiction  to  spirituous  liquors. 

W.  R.  Grey,  Misc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  1:1. 

Southcy,  in  a  letter  to  William  Taylor,  protests,  with 
much  emphasis,  against  his  addiction  to  words  *'wliic]i 
are  so  foreign  as  not  to  be  even  in  .lohnson's  farrago  of  a 
dictionary."  F.  Halt,  Mod.  Kng.,  p.  1X>. 

2.  In  lioin.  law,  a  formal  giving  over  or  deliv- 
ery by  sentence  of  court ;  hence,  a  suiTeiider  or 
dedication  of  any  one  to  a  master.     \.  E.  1). 

ad  diem  (ad  ili'em).  [L. :  ad,  at,  to;  diem,  ace. 
of  ilic.1,  day :  sec  dies,  ilial.']     In  Uiir,  at  the  day. 

adding-machine  (ad'ing-ma-shen"),  H.  [<  add- 
ing, vcrbiil  n.  of  add,  +  machine.']  An  instru- 
ment or  a  iiiai-hiiie  intended  to  facilitate  or 
perform  the  addition  of  numVjers.  See  calcii- 
latin'i-niaehine,  arilhmomeler. 

addist,  ".     An  o>).solete  form  of  adz. 

Addisonian  fad-i-s6'ni-an),  a.  [The  suriianii- 
Adtlimin,  ME.  Adcmn,  isequiv.  to  Adamnon,  i.  c. 
Adsm'H  Kon.  Cf.  Atchison.l  Pertaining  to  or 
reHCmbliiig  tlie  English  author  .Nisepli  Addison 
or  Ills  wrilings:  as,  an  Addi.vinuni  style. 

It   w.t-.  no  part  <'f  bis  pbtn  U>  enter    into  competition 
Willi  tb-  .\.l,l„oi,mn  writers.      The  C-nlur,i,  X.XVII.  1127. 

Addison's  cheloid  (ad'i-sonz  ke'lold).  See 
Addison's  disease  (ud'i-sonz    di-zc/.').      See 


68 

see  add.]     1.  The  act  or  process  of  adding  or 
uniting,  especially  so  that  the  parts  remain 


address 

tion  -with  AS.  adl,  disease.]     I.  n.  \.  Liquid 
filth;  puti-id  mine  or  raire;  the  di-ainage  from 


indepe°ndent  of  one  another:  opposed  to  sub-    a  dunghiU.    [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2t.  The  dry  lees  of 
traction  or  diminution:  as,  a  sum  is  increased    wine.    Baileij:  Ash. —  3.  Same  as  <(?^/<'l. 
hyaddition;  to  increase  a  heap  by t'le  adrfJHoM        ■"         "  '  '"  ""^ 


of  more.  Speciflcally,  in  aritli.,  the  uniting  of  two  or 
more  nimibers  in  one  simi ;  also,  that  branch  of  arithmetic 
which  treats  of  such  combinations.  .Si"i;i^  addition  is  the 
adding  of  numbers,  iiTcspective  of  the  tliini;s  ikiiotccl  by 
them,  or  the  adding  of  sums  of  the  same  vlcnoniinulion.  ;is 
pounds  to  pouuds,  oimces  to  ounees,  etc.  Compouml  ad- 
dition is  the  adding  of  sums  of  ditfereut  denominations,  as 
pounds,  sliiUings.  and  pence  to  poimds,  shillings,  and 
pence,  like  being  .idded  to  like.  The  adilitiou  of  nil  kinds 
of  multiple  quantity  is  performed  according'  to  the  prin- 
ciple of  compotmd  addition;  thus,  the  atldition  of  two 
imaginary  quantities  is  eftected  by  adding  tile  real  parts 
together  "to  get  the  new  real  part,  and  the  imaginary  parts 
to'get  the  new  imaginai-y  part.  Logical  addition  is  a  mode 
of  combination  of  tenns,  propositions,  or  arguments,  re. 
suiting  in  a  compound  (the  sum),  true  if  any  of  the  ele- 
ments are  true,  and  false  only  if  all  are  false. 
2.  'The  result  of  adding  ;  anj'thing  added,  whe- 
ther material  or  immaterial. 

Her  youth,  her  beauty,  innocence,  discretion. 

Without  additions!  of  estate  or  birth, 

.\re  dower  for  a  prince  indeed. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  v.  1. 
Speciflcally— (ii)  In  lair,  atitleor  desit;nation  .nniexed  to 
a  man's  name  to  show  his  rank,  occupati or  place  ot  resi- 
dence ;  as,  .lohn  Doe,  Exq. :  Richard  Roe,  Gent. ;  Robert 
Dale,  .i/a.wK  ;  Thomas  Way,  of  Boston.  Hence— (6)  An 
epithet  or  any  added  designation  or  description :  a  use 
frequent  in  Shakspere,  but  now  obsolete. 

They  clepe  us  drunkards,  and  with  swinish  phrase 
Soil  our  addition.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

This  man,  lady,  hath  robbed  many  beasts  of  their  partic- 
ular additions! ;  he  is  as  valiaut  as  the  lion,  churUsh  as  the 
bear,  slow  as  the  elephant.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  2. 

(ct)  In  muxie,  a  dot  at  the  side  of  a  note  indicating  that 
its  sound  is  to  be  lengthened  one  half.     (</)  In  her.,  same 
as  itH'H'1'  ntntiuii.     (e)  In  dt^tillintj,  aii,\  thin^  added  to  tl 
wiish  or  iiqai;>r  when  in  a  state  of  fcniuiitati 
else  and  addition.    See  exercise.- 
tlon,  or  addition  of  vectors,  tl 
quantity,  S,  such  that  if  tbc  vcc  tors 

in  a  linear  series,  each  alter  the  hrst  beginning  wliere  thi 
one  before  it  ends.  then,  in  whatever  order  they  are  taken. 
if  S  be  made  to  beuin  where  the  first  of  the  added  vectors 
begins,  it  ends  where  the  last  ends.  =  Syn.  1.  Adding,  an- 
nexation.—2.  Superaddition,  appendage,  adjunct,  in- 
crease, increment,  extension,  enlargement,  augmentation. 
addition  (a-dish'on),  v.  t.  It.  To  furnish  with 
an  addition,  or  a  designation  additional  to  one's 
name. 
Some  are  addlttoned  with  the  title  ol  lameatc. 

Fiilli  r.  Worthies,  Cambriiigeshire. 

2.  To  combine  ;  add  together.     [Rare.] 

The  breaking  up  of  a  whole  into  parts  really  precedes 
in  facility  the  additioninii  of  parts  into  a  whole,  for  the 
reason  that  the  power  of  destruction  in  a  child  obviously 
precedes  the  power  of  construction. 

I'op.  Set.  Mo.,  X.WII.  (iir. 

additional  (a-dish'on-al),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  ad- 
(lilidiind,  <  L.  as  if  'additionalis,  <  additio(,n-): 
spQ  aitdilidii.]    I.  a.  Added;  supplementary. 

F.very  month,  every  day  indeed,  iiroduces  itsown  novel- 
ties, «  i'tb  the  iiddillniial  zest  that  they  are  novelties. 

De  t^uincey.  Style,  iv. 

.See  aeeoui- 


Additional  accompaniments,  in  muxic. 

/ifniiitieiit. 

n.  ".  Something  added;  an  addition.  [Rare.] 
Slany  thanks  for  the  additio7inls  you  are  pleased  t" 
coimnunicate  to  me,  in  contiinnincc  of  Sir  Philip  Sidne,v'> 
Arcadia.  lluirell.  Letters,  iv. 


II.  a.  [Addle  egg.  ME.  add  ei/,  equiv.  to  ML. 
ovum  urina;  lit.  eggof  ui-ine,  a  peiyversion  of  L. 
ovum  iiviiium  (PUny),  repr.  Gr.  uAv  ohpivov,  a, 
wind-egg  (orpof,  a  wind).  A  popular  etym.  con- 
nected addle,  as  an  adj.,  with  idle:  "An  adle 
egge,  q.  idle  egge,  because  it  is  good  for  noth- 
ing" (Minsheu).]  1.  Ha\'ing  lost  the  power 
of  development  and  become  rotten;  putrid: 
applied  to  eggs.  Hence  —  2.  Empty;  idle; 
vain;  barren;  producing  nothing;  muddled, 
confused,  as  the  head  or  brain. 

To  William  all  give  audience. 
And  pray  ye  for  his  noddle. 
For  all  the  Farie's  eridence 
Were  lost,  if  that  were  addle. 

Bp.  Corbet,  Farewell  to  the  Faeryes. 

His  brains  grow  addle. 

Driiden,  I'rol.  to  Don  Sebastian,  I.  24. 

addle^  (ad'l),  v. ;  prct.  and  pp.  addled,  ppr.  od- 
dling.  l<  addled,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  cor- 
rupt or  putrid,  as  eggs. 

Themselves  were  chilled,  their  eggs  were  addled. 

CowjKr,  Pairing  Time  Anticipated. 

,Hence  —  2.  To  spoU;  make  worthless  or  inef- 
fective; muddle;  confuse:  as,  to  addle  the 
brain,  or  a  piece  of  work. 

His  cold  procrastination  addled  the  victory  ot  l.epanto, 
as  it  had  formerly  addled  that  of  St.  tjuentin. 

Simpson,  Sch.  Shak.,  I.  97.    (.V.  K.  J>.) 

3.  To  manui-e  -ndth  liquid.     [Scotch.] 

II.  intrans.    To  become  addled,  as  an  egg; 

hence,  to  come  to  nouglit ;  be  spoiled. 

-'Exer-  addle'-^  (ad'l).  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  addled,  ppr.  ad- 

Geometrical  addl-     '"<";/.     [E.  dial.,  also  f(/(?/i',  <  ME.  0(W/c«,(((?/ch, 

liiiding  of  a  vector    earn,  gain,  Icel.  odhlti,  in  refl.  iitlhla.^l,'.  sjiellod 

I  .e  .idded  are  placed     jjig,Q  (rdhla.sk;  win,  gain,  <  iidhal,  patrimony .= AS. 

etlieh  home,  dwelling,  ju-operty.]     I.  trans.  To 

earn;  accumulate  gradually,  as  money.  [North. 

Eng.] 

Parson's  lass  .  .  . 

Muu  be  a  guvuess,  lad,  or  suinmut,  and  addle  her  bread. 
Tennj/son,  Northern  Farmer,  N.  S. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  produce  or  jaeld  fruit ;  lipen. 

\\'here  ivy  embraceth  the  tree  very  sore. 
Kill  ivy,  else  tree  will  nildle  no  more. 

Tusser,  Five  Htnuired  Points  (l.'J73),  p.  47. 

addle'- (ad'l\  «.   l<  addle",  v.]     Laborers' wages. 

UaUiirell.     [Pniv.  Eng.] 
addle-brain   (ad'l-bvau),   n.     [<  adille^,   a..   + 

hrdin.}     A  stupid  Inuigler;  an  addle-pate. 
addle-headed  (ad'l-hed'ed),  a.    [< addle^,  a.,  + 

head  +  -ed".}     Stupid;  muddled.     An  equivii- 

lent  form  is  addle-pated. 
addlement   (ad'1-ment),  n.      [<   addle^,    v..+ 

-ni(  iit.1     The  process  of  addling  or  of  becom- 
ing addled.     X.  E.  I). 
addle-pate  (ad'l-pat),  «.     [<  addle^,  a.,  +  pate.] 

A  stupid  person. 
It  is  quite  too  overpowering  for  such  addle. pates  as  this 

gcntlenniu  anil  myself.  Mrs.  Craik,  Ogilvies,  p.  138. 

addle-pated   (ad'l-))a'''ted),  a.     [As  addlc-pnie 

+  -m/'-.J      Same  as  aildle-heiifled. 


additionally  (a-dish'on-al-i),  adv'.     By  way  of  addle-plot  (ad'1-plot),  n.     [<  addU\  v.,  +  olg. 
MMitii"  "     '  ^        ^  iilol-.]     A  iierson  who  spoils  any  amusement; 


nd<l 
li 

criniro  It- 

In    ll.« 

•rh. 


lit  iiid'i-ta-raont),  n.      [<  L.  addila- 

II  i:or(.a.He,  (.addittui,  pp.   of  addrrr, 

All  adilition;  Hotoi'tliiiig added. 

''    1'     lire   rertain   additani.  nl..  that 

itl.l    tlHO. 

1/    llaU,  (Iriuin  of  .Miiiikliid 

i.iU     »;i<    ill  t.  bill.  'I      .u>   .1 


additamentar\ 

inir  I..'  -    -f   ;;,. 
lioiiiil. 


nofriM-ri),0.     PlTtlllll- 

.  nil  ii<iililiiiuent ;  luldi- 


TliP  nnt(,,ri»iiii 
olth  In  .rl.l  CUM 


.  .  .  ri'/'ii/dfftfinfar^/lMiiiMWhlchArr  met 
n(  o«i»,  aillirilta. 

r  IMiH't.  Hy<t  of  Hllrf  ,  IV.  'J7. 

addition  (A-<lish'»ni,  n.     [<.ME.  »/Miri»»,  •omn, 
< k'.  atUititm,  <  L.  ad'hliii(n'),  <  ndderr,  incrcuKi' : 


additionaryt  (a-dish'on-a-ri),  a.    Additional. 

\\  bat  is  necessarv.  and  what  is  additionarii. 

llerttert.  Country  I'ars xwi. 

addititious  (ad-i-tish'us),  a.  [<  LL.  addilieiiis, 
aililitiiiiial,  <  1-.  (Kident,  ]i]).  adilitus,  add:  sec 
iidil.]  Additivo;  additional;  characterized  by 
liaviiig  been  added.     [Wnre.] 

additive  (ad'i-tiv),  a.  L<  NL.  addilinis,  added, 
<  \j.  addere,  pji.  addilus,  iidd  :  sec  aild.]  T"  be 
added;  of  llio  niiliirc  of  nil  addition;  liclping 
to  increase;  as,  an  additive  correction  (a  cor- 
rection to  be  added). 

Tile  general  BUin  of  such  work  Is  greiil ;  for  all  "(  It,  as 
xennine,  tends  towards  one  goal ;  all  of  it  IsmWidiv  none 
of  It  silbtnictlve.  Carljile,  Hero  Worship,  Iv. 

additively  (ad'i-tlv-ll),  adv.  By  way  of  uddi- 
tiiiii ;  ill  an  iidditive  manner. 

additor  (nd'i-lor),  n.     [<  L.  as  if  'addilor,  <ail- 

litre.  |,|>.  (/(W/Vi'w,  add:  soo  «</(/.]  A  pit ofliiiU- 

wi.rli  I'oriiddingangli'K.  funning  part  of  Kenqic's 
:ijiiiMniliiK  for  doHcritfiiig  algebraic  curves. 

atlditory  (ad'i-to-ri ).  a.  I  <  L.  as  if  •addiloriiis . 
Kio  iiildilor.']  Adding  or  cii)iiiblo  of  adding; 
mailing  Home  addition.    .Irliiithiiiil.     (Knrr.| 

addle'  fad'l),  ».  and  a.  \<  .\ll',.  tidel  (uh  in  '"''' 
HI,  loldlo  I'u'g),  orig.  a  iMiiiii,  <  AS.  ailela,  iiiikI, 
=  .Ml,(i.  adele,  mini,  ==  KiihI  Fries.  «</</,  iliiiig 
('/iiilelin,  frnil,  comp.  iiileliiiil,  addUi-pool ;  of. 
Lowland  Sc.  addle  dnh.  ii  (lllliy  pool),  =  OSw. 
nilel,  in  comp.  Ico-uilel,  cow-uriiie.     No  connoc- 


a  niarsjioi't  or  marplot. 
addle-pool  (airi-piil),  ».     [<  addled  +  pool^;  = 

East   Piios.  aileljKil.']     A  pool  of  lilthy  water. 

Ilallnvell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
addling'  (ad'ling),  ».     [Verbal  u.  of  adille^,  r.] 

1.   Di'coiniio.sition  of  an  egg. —  2.   Muddling  of 

till'  wits. 
addling'-^  (ad'ling),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  addle'^,  i'.] 

1.   Till'  act  of  earning  by  labor. — 2.  /</.  That 

wliicli   is  earned;  earnings.     Also  written  ad- 

lini/s.     [North.  Eng.] 
addoomt  (a-iloni'),  I'. '.     [(.ad- +  dooni.     Ct.  ad- 

deim.]     To  adjudge. 

Into  me  aifrfooiii  that  Is  iny  dew. 

.s'/ieiiKir,  V.  tj.,  VII.  vll.  M. 

addorsed,  /'.  a.    See  adorscd, 

address  di-dres'),  v.;  ])ret.  and  pp.  aildrciscd 
(also  adilresi),  jipi'.  iiililresving.  [<  ME.  ailrct.icti, 
<(1E.  iiilre.v.ter,  adre.'<sier,  tidre.iier,  earlier  ad- 
veseer,  adreeer,  iidrieier,  etc.,  K.  ailresser  =  Pr. 
ailrci/sar  =  Sp.  ailere:iir  =  Pg.  adere^ar  =  It .  <i(U 
i/i')'ii,-«ir,<  ML.  'addricHare  (addreliare,  adilrcs- 


tiiire,  <  (/(/,  to,  +  'dric- 
striiight,  >  OK.  drescer, 
-' '.  ml-,  and  dri:fs,  i',]    I. 


sure,  etc.)  for  'nildirei 
Hare,  'ilirectiarr,  iiiiiki' 
i/rr'.VNrr,  >  E.  r/lT.v.v  .*  see  0 

IriiiiK.  It.  Priiiiiii'ily,  In  nuikcdiri'i't  orslraiglit; 
Hlniiglilen,  or  straigliliii  up;  hence,  to  bring 
iiilo  line  or  order,  as  Irooiis  (see  drcHs);  niiike 
right  in  general;  arriiiigo,  redress,  as  wrongs, 
(lie.     ,V.  ft'.  It. —  2f.  To  direct  in  a  course  nr  to 


address 

an  end ;  impart  a  direction  to,  as  toward  an  ob- 
ject or  a  <lestination ;  aim,  as  a  missile ;  apply 
directly,  as  action.    [Still  used,  in  the  game  of 
golf,  in  tlie  phrase  "to  address  a  ball,"  and 
sometimes  in  poetry.] 
Imbrasides  addrest  his  javeline  at  him.  Chapman,  Iliad. 
Good  youth,  address  thy  gait  unto  her.  Slialr.,  T.  N.,  i.  i. 
Then  those  eight  niiglity  dangliters  of  the  plough 
Bent  their  broad  faces  toward  us  and  addrcss'd 
Their  motion.  TcHiuiaon,  The  I'rincess,  iv. 

8.  To  direct  the  energy  or  force  of ;  subject  to 
the  effort  of  doing;  apply  to  the  accomplish- 
ment of :  used  retlexively,  with  to :  as,  he  ad- 
dressed himself  to  the  work  in  hand. 

Tllis  was  a  practical  question,  aiul  tlicy  (tlie  framers  of 
the  Amerieau  Constitution]  addressr.d  themselves  to  it  as 
men  of  knowledge  and  judgment  should. 

Lowell,  Democracy. 

4.  To  direct  to  the  ear  or  attention,  as  speech 
or  writing;  utter  directly  or  by  direct  trans- 
mission, as  to  a  person  or  persons:  as,  to  ad- 
dress a  warning  to  a  friend,  or  a  petition  to 
the  legislatiu-e. 

The  young  hero  had  addressed  his  prayers  to  him  for 
his  assistance.  Dryden. 

The  supplications  which  Fi'ancis  [Bacon]  addressed  to 
his  uncle  and  aunt  were  earnest,  humble,  and  almost  ser- 
vile. Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

5.  To  direct  speech  or  writing  to ;  aim  at  the 
hearing  or  attention  of ;  speak  or  write  to :  as, 
to  address  an  assembly ;  he  addressed  his  con- 
stituents by  letter. 

Tliough  lie  [Ctesar]  seldom  addresses  the  Senate,  he  is 
considered  as  the  finest  spealier  tliere,  after  tlie  Consul. 
Maeaulay,  Fragments  of  a  Roman  Tale. 
Straightway  he  spake,  and  thus  addt-ess'd  the  Gods. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

6.  To  apply  in  speech ;  subject  to  hearing  or 
notice:  used  retlexively,  with  to;  as,  he  ad- 
dressed himself  to  the  chairman. 

Our  legislators,  our  candidates,  on  great  occasions  even 
our  advocates,  address  themselves  less  to  the  audience 
than  to  the  reporters.  Maeaulay,  Athenian  Orators. 

7.  To  direct  for  transmission;  put  a  direction 
or  superscription  on :  as,  to  address  a  letter  or 
parcel  to  a  person  at  his  residence ;  to  address 
newspapers  or  circulars. 

Books  .  .  .  not  intended  for  .  .  .  the  persons  to  whom 
they  are  addressed,  but  .  .  .  for  sale,  are  liable  to  customs 
duties  upon  entering  .  .  .  Colombia.     IT.  S.  Postal  Gttide, 

8.  To  direct  attentions  to  in  courtship;  pay 
court  to  as  a  lover. 

To  prevent  the  confusion  that  miglit  arise  from  our 
both  addressinfj  the  same  lady,  I  sliall  e.xpect  the  honour 
of  your  company  to  settle  our  pretensions  in  Kings  Mead 
Fields.  Sheridan. 

She  is  too  fine  and  too  conscious  of  herself  to  repulse 
any  m<in  who  may  address  her. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  316. 

9.  To  prepare ;  make  ready :  often  with  to  or 
for. 

The  five  foolish  virgins  addressed  themselves  at  the 
noise  of  the  bridegroom's  coming.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Tumus  addressed  his  men  to  single  fight. 

Dryden,  jEneid. 
To-morrow  for  the  march  are  we  address'd. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  3. 

Hence  — 10+.  To  clothe  or  array;  dress;  adorn; 
trim. 

Other  writers  and  recorders  of  fables  could  have  told 
you  that  Teela  sometime  addressed  herself  in  man's  ap- 
parel. Bp.  Jeivell,  Def.  of  Apologie,  p.  375. 

11.  In  com.,  to  consign  or  intrust  to  the  care  of 
another,  as  agent  or  factor:  as,  the  ship  was 
addressed  to  a  merchant  in  Baltimore. 
Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  direct  speech;  speak, 
ily  lord  of  Burgundy, 
We  first  address  towards  you.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

2.  To  make  an  address  or  appeal. 

The  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  having  addressed  in  vain  for  his 
majesty's  favour,  resorted  by  habeas  corpus  to  the  King's 
Bench.  Marrell,  Growth  of  Popery. 

3.  To  make  preparations ;  get  ready. 

Let  us  address  to  tend  on  Hector's  heels. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  4. 
They  ended  parle,  and  both  addres.s'd  for  fight. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  296. 

address  (a-dres'),  n.  [=F.  adresse,  n. ;  from  the 
verb.]  i.  Power  of  projierly  directing  or 
guiding  one's  own  action  or  conduct;  skilful 
management;  dexterity;  adroitness:  as,  he 
managed  the  affair  with  address. 

Here  Rhadaraanthus,  in  his  travels,  had  collected  those 
inventions  and  institutions  of  a  civilized  people,  which  he 
had  the  address  to  apply  to  the  confirmation  of  his  own 
authority.  J.  Adams,  'Works,  IV.  505. 

There  needs  no  small  degree  of  address  to  gain  the  repu- 
tation of  benevolence  without  incurring  the  expense. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  v.  1. 
8.  Direction  or  guidance  of  speech ;  the  act  or 
manner  of  speaking  to  persons ;  i)ersonal  bear- 


ed 

ing  in  intercouTBe;  accost:  as.  Sir  is  a  title  of 
address ;  he  is  a  man  of  good  address.  Hence 
—  3.  The  attention  paid  by  a  lover  to  his  mis- 
tress; courtship;  pi.  (more  commonly),  the  acts 
of  courtship;  the  attentions  of  a  lover:  as,  to 
pay  one's  addresses  to  a  lady. 

As  some  coy  nymph  her  lover's  warm  address 
Not  quite  indulges,  nor  can  quite  repress, 

I'ope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  19. 
Tell  me  whoso  address  thou  favour'st  most. 

Addison,  Cato,  i.  4. 
A  gentleman  .  .  .  made  his  addresses  to  me.    Addison. 

4.  An  utterance  of  thought  addressed  by 
speech  to  an  audience,  or  transmitted  in  writ- 
ing to  a  person  or  body  of  persons ;  usually,  an 
expression  of  views  or  sentiments  on  some 
matter  of  direct  concern  or  interest  to  the  per- 
son or  persons  addressed;  a  speech  or  dis- 
course suited  to  an  occasion  or  to  circum- 
stances :  as,  to  deliver  an  address  on  the  events 
of  the  day;  a.n  address  ot  congratulation;  the 
address  of  Parliament  in  reply  to  the  queen's 
speech. 

It  was,  therefore,  during  a  period  of  considerable  polit- 
ical perturbation  that  Mr.  Bright  put  forth  an  address 
dated  January  :ilst,  1S37. 

J.  Barnett  Smith,  John  Bright,  p.  23. 

5.  A  formal  request  addressed  to  the  executive 
by  one  or  both  branches  of  a  legislative  body, 
requesting  it  to  do  a  particular  thing. 

The  Constitutions  of  England,  of  Massachusetts,  of 
Pennsylvania,  autliorized  the  removal  of  an  obno.xious 
judge  on  a  mere  address  of  the  legislature. 

U.  Adams,  John  Randolph,  p.  132. 

The  power  of  address,  whenever  it  has  been  used  in  this 
commonwealth,  has  been  used  to  remove  judges  who  liad 
not  violated  any  law.  W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  161. 

6.  A  direction  for  guidance,  as  to  a  person's 
abode  ;  hence,  the  place  at  which  a  person  re- 
sides, or  the  name  and  place  of  destination, 
■with  any  other  details,  necessary  for  the  di- 
rection of  a  letter  or  package :  as,  what  is  youi- 
present  address  f  the  address  or  superscription 
on  a  letter. 

Mrs.  Dangle,  shall  I  beg  you  to  offer  them  some  refresh- 
ments, and  take  their  address  in  the  next  room  ? 

Shendan,  The  Critic,  i.  i!. 

7.  In  eqiiiti/  pleading,  the  technical  description 
in  a  bill  of  the  court  whose  remedial  power  is 
sought. — 8.  lu  cnm.,  the  act  of  despatching  or 
consigning,  as  a  ship,  to  an  agent  at  the  port  of 
destination. — 9t.  Formerly  used  in  the  sense 
of  preparation,  or  the  state  of  preparing  or 
being  prepared,  and  in  various  applications 
arising  therefrom,  as  an  appliance,  array  or 
dress,  etc.  N.  E.  D.=SYn..  l.  Tact,  cleverness.— 2. 
See  port.  —  4.  Oration,  Harangue,  etc.  (see  speech),  lecture, 
discourse,  sermon. —  6.  Residence,  superscription. 

addressee  (a-dres-e'),  n.  [<  address,  v.,  +  -ee-.'] 
One  who  is  addressed;  specifically,  one  to 
whom  anj-thing  is  addressed. 

The  postmaster  shall  also,  at  the  time  of  its  arrival, 
notify  the  addrex^tee  thereof  that  such  letter  or  package 
has  been  i-eceived. 

Reg.  of  the  U.  S.  P.  0.  Dep.,  1874,  iii.  §  .^.2. 

The  strong  presumption  this  offers  in  favour  of  this 
youthful  nobleman  [Lord  Southampton]  as  the  addressee 
of  the  sonnets  is  most  strsmgely  disregarded  by  Shaksperian 
specialists  of  the  present  day.    N,  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  22. 

addresser  (a-di-es'er),  n.  One  who  addresses 
or  petitions.  Specifically  (with  or  without  a  capital 
letter),  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  of  England,  a  member 
of  the  country  party,  so  called  from  their  address  to  the 
king  praying  for  an  immediate  assembly  of  the  Parlia- 
ment, the  summons  of  which  was  delayed  on  account  ot  its 
being  adverse  to  the  court ;  an  opponent  of  the  com-t  party 
or  Abhorrers.  They  also  received  the  name  of  Petitioners, 
and  afterward  that  of  Whigs.    See  abhorrer. 

addressful  (a-dres'fvd),  a.     Skilful;  dexterous. 

Mallet. 
addressing-machine  (a-dres'ing-ma-shen"),  «. 

An  apparatus  for  placing  addresses  on  news- 

paper-WTappers,  etc. 
addressiont  (a-dresh'on),  11.     [<  address.    Cf. 

compression,  etc.]     Tlie  act  of  addressing  or 

directing  one's  course;  route;   direction  of  a 

journey. 

To  Pylos  first  be  thy  addression  then. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  i.  438. 

addressmentt  (a-dres'ment),  K.  [<  p.  adj-essc- 
meiit  (Oot^rave) :  see  address  and  -ment.'i  The 
act  of  adth'cssiug;  the  act  of  directing  one's 
attention,  speech,  or  effort  toward  a  particu- 
lar point,  person,  or  object. 

addubitationt  (a-du-bi-ta'shon),  n.  [<L.  addu- 
hitatus,  pp.  of  addnhitare,  incline  to  doubt,  <  ad, 
to,  -1-  dahitarc.  doubt :  see  doid)t.'\  A  doubting; 
insinuated  doubt. 

That  this  was  not  a  vuiuersall  practice,  it  may  appeare 
by  St.  Austins  addubitation. 

J.  Denison,  Heavenly  Banquet  (1619),  p.  363. 


adductor 

adduce  (a-dus'),  *'•  '• ;  pret.  and  pp.  adduced, 
ppr.  adducing.  [<  L.  adducerc,  lead  or  bring 
to,  <  ad,  to,  +  ducere,  lead :  see  duct,  duke.'\  To 
bring  forward,  present,  or  offer;  advance;  cite; 
name  or  instance  as  authority  or  evidence  for 
what  one  advances. 

Reasons  good 
I  shall  adduce  in  due  time  to  my  peers. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  313. 

The  speculations  of  those  early  Christian  theologians 
who  adduced  the  crying  of  the  new-born  babe  in  proof  of 
its  innate  wickedness.  J.  Fiske,  Cos.  Phil.,  I.  105. 

=  S3rn.  Addu^:e,  Allege,  Assign,  Advance,  Offer,  Cite.  Offer 
.and  as.ngn  are  the  least  forcible  of  these  words.  To  e^er 
is  simply  to  present  for  acceptance.  We  may  offer  a  plea, 
.an  apology,  or  an  excuse,  but  it  may  not  be  accepted.  We 
may  assign  a  reason,  but  it  may  not  be  the  real  or  only 
reason  which  might  be  given  by  us.  We  may  advance  an 
opinion  or  a  theory,  and' may  rite  authorities  in  support  of 
it.  Allege  is  the  most  positive  of  .all  those  words.  To  al- 
lege is  to  make  an  unsupported  statement  regarding  some- 
thing: to  adduce,  on  the  other  haml,  is  to  bring  forward 
proofs  or  evidence  in  support  of  some  statement  or  propo- 
sition ah-eady  made :  as,  he  alleged  that  he  had  been  robbed 
by  A.  B,,  but  adduced  no  proof  in  support  of  his  allegation. 

I  too  prize  facts,  and  am  adduriixi  notliing  else. 

Vhaiuung,  Perfect  Life,  p.  177. 

Toallegethe  real  or  supposed  primeval  kindred  between 
Magyars  and  Ottomans  as  a  gr(unid  for  jjolitical  action 
...  is  an  extreme  case. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Race  and  Language. 

To  some  such  causes  as  you  have  assigned,  may  be 
ascribed  the  delay  which  the  petition  has  encoimtered. 

Washington,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  372. 

The  views  I  shall  advance  in  these  lectures. 

Beale,  Bioplasm,  §  2. 

If  your  arguments  be  rational,  offer  them  in  as  moving 
a  manner  as  the  nature  of  the  subject  will  admit.     Swift. 

adduceable  (a-du'sa-bl),  a.  [(.adduce  + -tihle.'i 
See  adducible. 

adducent  (a-du'sent),  a.  [<  L.  adducen{i-)s, 
ppr.  of  adduccre :  see  adduc( .']  Bringing  to- 
gether ;  di'awing  one  thing  to  or  toward  an- 
other ;  perfoiming  the  act  of  adduction ;  having 
the  function  of  an  adductor:  opposed  to  ab(lu- 
cent :  chiefly  or  exclusively  an  anatomical  term, 
applied  to  certain  muscles  or  to  their  action. 
See  adductor,  a. 

adducer  (a-dii'ser),  n.     One  who  adduces. 

adducible  (a-du'si-bl),  a.  [<  adduce  +  -ible.'] 
Capable  of  being  adduced.  Sometimes  (but 
very  rareljO  spelled  adduceable. 

Here  I  end  my  specimens,  among  the  many  which  might 
be  given,  of  the  arguments  adducible  for  Ciuistianity. 

J.  H.  Nenmian,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  478. 

adduct  (a-dukf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adduetus,  pp.  of 
adducerc:  see  adduce.']  If.  To  di-aw  on;  in- 
duce ;  allm-e. 

Either  impelled  by  lewd  disposition  or  addueted  by  hope 
of  rewarde.  Time's  Storehouse,  p.  680. 

2.  In  physiol.,  to  bring  to  or  toward  a  median 
line  or  main  axis.  ■  See  adduction,  2. 

The  pectineus  and  three  adductors  adduct  the  tliigh 
powerfully.  //.  Gray,  -\nat.,  p.  412. 

adduction  (a-duk'shon),  n.  [< ML.  addiictio(n-), 
<  L.  adducerc,  pp.  adduetus:  see  adduce.'}  1. 
The  act  of  adducing  or  bringing  foi-ward  some- 
thing as  evidence  in  support  of  a  contention  or 
an  argument.     [Rare.] 

An  adduction  of  facts  gathered  from  various  quarters. 

Is.  Taylor. 

2.  (a)  1r  physiol.,  the  action  of  the  adductor  or 
adducent  muscles.  (6)  In  surg.,  the  adducent 
action  of  a  surgeon  upon  a  limb  or  other  mem- 
ber of  the  body ;  the  position  of  a  part  which 
is  the  result  of  such  action  :  the  opposite  of  ab- 
duction. In  either  use,  adduction  consists  in  bringing  a 
limb  to  or  toward  the  long  axis  of  the  body,  so  that  it 
shall  be  parallel  therewith  or  with  its  fellow ;  or  in  bring- 
ing together  two  or  several  similar  parts,  as  the  spread  fin- 
gers of  the  human  hand,  the  opened  shells  of  a  bivalve 
mollusk,  etc. 

adductive  (a-duk'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *adduc- 
tivus,  <  adducerc,  pp.  adduetus :  see  adduce.] 
Adducing  or  bringing  forward. 

adductor  (a-duk'tor),  H.  and  a.  [L.,  a  pro- 
curer, lit.  one  who  di'aws  to,  <  adducere,  pp. 
adduetus:  see  adduce.]  I.  «.;  pi.  adductors 
(-torz)  or  adductoris  (ad-uk-to'rez).  In  anat. 
and  ::odl.,  that  which  adducts  ;  specifically,  the 
name  of  several  muscles  which  draw  certain 
parts  to  or  toward  one  common  center  or  median 
line :  the  opposite  of  abductor.  The  word  is  also  ap- 
plied to  various  muscles  not  specifically  so  named  ;  thus, 
the  internal  rectus  of  the  eye  is  an  adductor  of  the  eyebalL 
The  muscles  which  close  the  shells  of  bivalves  are  generi- 
cally  termed  adductors.  See  cuts  under  Lanullibra  nehiata, 
Waldheimia,  and  Produetidcf.—  Aid\XCtOT  arcuum,  the 
adductor  of  the  arches,  a  muscle  of  the  side  of  the  neck 
of  some  Batrachia,  as  jl/«ioj»o»io.— Adductor  brancM- 
axum,  the  adductor  of  the  gills,  a  muscle  of  some  Batra- 
chia, as  Menobranchus.  —  Adductor  bre vis  (the  short  ad- 
ductor), adductor  longus  (the  long  adductor),  adductor 


adductor  70 


adenomyoma 


cbucuuiiiyuuia. 
inagnus  (the  ereat  adductor),  three  addactormnscles  of     somata,  and  making  the  third  section  consist  ot  the  order  ailonj        «„„,„  „^  „  7 
the  human  thigh,  arising  from  the  pelvis  and  inserted  in      /Wn«o»ia(a  —  tliesi  ordinal  names  beiu"  all  Leachwi    aCleni-.      hame  as  (lth',10-. 

thelineaasperaof  the  femur.— Adductor  dlgiUtertu,      oepliii- Westw.wd  s  J,?ri«rtA,<Mo»,a(„.  "  '""  adeiUa  (a-ile'ui-ii),  H.     [XL./ Gr.  n-im-  a  "-land! 

^g?Sof^*L•S^L";^lt1;;™^^^^^  adelartmosomatous    (ad-f-lar-thro-so'ma-     1-  A  name  which  has  been  applied  to'stnunou. 

the chamele. m.— Adductor  mandibulse,  inCrmtacei,  a  *"«)>  "■  Being  indistinctly  jointed-  having  tKe  ^J''  ^yP"'""''  •'hronic  adenitis,  and  to  Hodwkiu's 
muscle  which  adducts  thr  nmn.liiilf,  and  so  brings  to-  body  indistinctly  segmented;  specifically  of  or  •i'^^'^se. —  2.  [co/i.]  In  .;<«>/.,  a  genus  of  dipter- 
eethrr.the  opposite  si.lisw- tlu- upper  jaw.- Adductor     pertaining  to  the  J(/(/«)-«iTO«OH(of((  ous  insects.     J)esioi(iy,  1863. 

■  ^^"^^ir^^  ^'4ucS,".he^'cKf  0",°^;  aLlaster^d-f -las'ter),  „.  \^l:;<  Gr.  a6,?.,,  adeniforin(a-den'i.f6%orad'e-ni.f6rm),  ..  [< 
great  tut-,  [dthtr  masiles  of  the  digits  having  the  same  not  manifest, +  d<Tr?/p,  star  (in  ref.  to  the  flower)  1  T'"'  "  '''  \"'^"'-)t  ^  gland,  +  L.  -J'ormin,  <J)>rmii, 
fusion  are  sometimes  called  adductore.]  A  proposed  name  for  such  plants  as  come  into     ^l^-'^P'"-]     Of  a  gland-like  shape. 

II.«Uf  or  pertaining  to  an  adductor;  having    cultivation  before  thev  are   sufficiently  ^eU  *'^®^i*i^  <^'**^"^"'^''^'^)' "•    i'^'^-,<GrT.hSriv(a/iev.), 
the  funenon  of  adduetmg;  adducent :  as,  the     known  to  be  referred  to  their  true  genera  ^  glaml,  +  -itis.1     Inflammation  of  a  gland,  es- 

orfrfMctormuscles  of  the  thigh:  opposed  to  (ife-  adelfisch  (a'del-flsh),  n.     [G.,  <  mM    nnbility      pe"all.v  of  a  lymphatic  gland. 
ductor.-Adductor  Impressions,  in  coiicA.,  the  scars     + -fisch  ='E.    fish.']    A   name   of    a    EuioDean  ^**®^°(^"'^''"S'ko), «.    [Native name.]   Acala- 
S'eS'^etr  th\"1Sett'm.S?!St"h?c7borl'%t:     ^P^"^«  «^  ^•'^t^fi^l^'  Corego,u..  lavaretusf  sy-    ''^^  '^J^^ourd  used  on  the  Gold  Coast  of  Africa 
ciborium.)    there  are  generally  two.  an  anterior  and  a  po?-     nonvmous  with  lavaret  (which  see).  I<"  holding  liquids,  and  generally  decorated  by 

tenor,  as  in  the  clam,  but  often  only  one,  as  in  the  oyster  adelingt,  «.     Obsolete  fonn  of  athelinq  camngs  in  low  relief  or  incised  linos. 

???*»^.'J?.1C^'"'"S1;"t^'*?,'^",*°''™P'=?^=-  (")  In  <"""•.  Adelobranchla  (ad"e-16-biang'ki-l'),  «  »/  adeno-.  [Combining  form  (arfcH- before  a  vowel, 
^^.^cri'^rrogetl^ir  iSse'",hr4"'^si;;  ^.S^.  PJ^--  <  Or  drf.Aor,  not  manifest,  +%ay^%  -^--  regarded  as  Latin)  of  Gr.  a.S^  (dW) 
lusks.    .See  cut  under  WdidAeiMia.  gills.]     1.  A  family  name  for  gastropods  in    ?;g"'i"i-J     An  element  m  compound  words  of 

addulcet  (a-duls'),  v.  t.     [<  late  ME.  admilce,  <     ^vhieh  therespii'atory  cavity  has  a  slit-like  out-    ^reek  ongm,  meaning  gland. 
OF.  adotilcir,  earlier  adidcir,  adolcir,  F.  adoucir     let  and  is  without  a  siphon."  The  term  includes  S'denocarcinoina  (ad  e-uo-kar-si-no'ma),  n.;  pi. 
<'SrL.'adduIc>re,<h.ad,to,+  ditlcis,aweet:  see    the  pulmonates  as  well  as  the  marine  forms      'J<J^>>w<ircniomata   (-ma-tii).      [NL.,  <Gr.   dS,}v 
dulce.'i     To  sweeten.  DumerU,  1807.— 2.  An  ordinal  name  for  the     (''™''v>  ^  gland,  +  Kap/canj/ia :   see  earcinoma.'\ 

Some  mirth  f  addulce  man's  miseries  Herrick      true  pulmonates.     Bisso,  1826.  A  tumor  which  deviates  from  the  true  gland- 

-adel.     [(1)<  F.  -ade,  <  Pr.  Sp.  or  Pg.  -ada   or  adelocodonic(ad'e-16-k6-don'ik),  a.    [<GT.h6r,-    structure   characterizing  the  adenomata,  but 
It.  -ata,  <  L.  -ata,  f. ;  (2)  <  Pr.  -«^  Sp   or  Vs      ^■°^>  ^°*  manifest,  +  kuSuv,  a  bell,  the  head  of  a        ,  ''°    .  "*  '^°*  ^^^^  ^''"^  ^^  »«  much  as  a  typi- 
-arfo,  or  It    -ato,  <  L.  -a  to,  m.,  pp.  suflis  of    Aower.]     In  coo/.,  noting  the  condition  of  agon-    ^al  carcinoma.^    hee  adenoma. 
verbs  in -«re  .■  see -afel.    The  native  F  form  is     opliore  when  no  developed  umbrella  is  present,  aaenocele  (ad  e-no-sel),  n.     [<  Gr.  ddiyv  (idfr-), 
-^e,  OF. -€f,  whence  in  older  E. -v.- ef.nmv(F  )     ^««eoe.  a  gland,  +  o///;;,  a  tumor.]     Same  &s  adenoma. 

withor;«ada(Sp.),ult.<L.  araoVa.]  1  A  suffix  adelomorphous  (ad"e-16-m6r'fus),  0.  [<  Gr.  aaenochirapsologyt  (ad'e-no-ki-rap-sol'o-ji), 
of  nouns  of  French  or  other  Romance  origin  ««''?'of,  "ot  manifest,  + /iop^//,  form.]  Of  a  form  !'•  L\Or.  "-V  (ad™-),  a  gland,  +  xetpaijua,  a 
as  accolade,  ambuscade,  brigade,  cannonade,  lem'-  ^^^'^'^  's  mconspicuous  or  not  apparent :  ap-  loucjiiiig  with  the  hand  (ixe'P,  hand,  +  iiTTTeiv, 
onade,  etc.,  or  of  (a  few)  EngUsh  nouns  formed  T^^^^  *"  ^^^  so-caUed  principal  or  central  ceUs  }^^  I'  t  .'^"'>"''  <  '*' J"";  speak :  see  -o/or/;/.] 
on  the  same  model,  as  blockade,  oranqeade  —2      ***  ^^^  cardiac  glands  of  the  stomach.  /'^•'  doctrme  of  the  reputed  power  of  kings 

A  suffi-x  of  nouns  of  Spanish  or  Italian  origiil  adelopneumon  (ad"e-lop-nii'mon),  n.  One  of  *°  '^'^.'^  diseases,  as  scrofiUa  or  kings  evil,  by 
(originaUy  masculine  form  of  preceding),  as     the   1,W„7)«,.«»»««.  touching  the  patient:  a  word  used  as  the  title 

brocade,  renegade,  etc.  It  also  appears  in  the  Adelopneumona  (ad"e-lop-nii'm6-na),  n.  pi  "}  "  ''"^^  "j'  *''"*  subject  published  in  1684. 
Spanish  form  -ado,  as  in  rem  nado,  desperado  [NL.,<Gr.dc!;;/.of,  not  manifest, +  T7"rei>'ui.,  lung:  aaenocnondroma  (ad  e-no-kon-dro'mii),  n.; 
-ade2.  i<F. -ade,  <h.-<,s  i-ad-),  <Gt  -ac  (-al)  see  pneumonia.-]  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  V\:  "'{''lochondromata  (-ma-tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fern,  suffix:  see -«rf2.]  A  suffix  of  Greek  origin'  "">perculate  terrestrial  gastropods,  in  allusion  ""V  ("^fv-},  a  gland,  +  ;i-^).(5po<:,  cartilage,  -I- 
now  usually  -ad,  as  iu  decade  (sometimes  decad)  *°  ^'^^  melosuie  of  the  pulmonary  cavity  by  the  ""'",'''  '1; •Y--'  .  ■*•  tumor  consistmg  of  glandiUar 
nomade  (usually  nomarf,  like  numad,  triad  etc  )'  "^'"^  °^  ^'^'^  mantle  with  the  nape,  except  at  a  '\"''  cartilaginous  tissue. 
adeb  (ad'eb),  H.  [Ar.]  An  Egyptian  weight  lateral  aperture :  sj-nonymous  with  PiriwoH/r^ra.  ^".^'^''^y^ia  (ad 'e-no-din'i-ii),  >i.  [NL.,<Gr. 
equal  to  210  okes.     See  oA<?.  adelopod,   adelopode   (a-de'16-pod,   -pod),    n.     '"'V  (."'''■)' ^  gland,  +  orSuv/,  pain.]     Inpathol, 

adeedt,  adv.     Indeed.  [<  Gr.  u()///of,  not  manifest,  +'  irorf  {7:06-)  =  E.     'V'"'  '"  ^  gland  or  m  the  glands ;  adenalgia. 

■Say  did  yeilccch  and  speak  them  fair?'    "AdeediiA     f""'-'^     An  animal  whose  feet  are  inconspicu-  ^.°®'^°SrapniC   (ad"e-no-graf'ik),  a.      Pertain- 
I."  <|uo  Bottom.  Ulackuwidg  May.,  XXII.  4iM      ous  or  not  apparent.  '"g  "'  ailenography. 

adeem  (a-dem'),  f.  «.  [<  L.  «(/»«^re,  take  away,  -adelphia.  [NL.,<Gr.-a(5£;i^<a,<ode;^(5f,  brother,  adenography  (ad -e -nog 'ra-fi),  n.  [<Gr.  a<5i^ 
<  arf,  to,  +  cHicrf,  take.  Ct  redeem.]  Inlaw  '"'"W,  sister,  lit.  co-uterine,  <  d- copulative  +  ("^"■->v.ag'a'ia,  +  -}7)afa,<3/)d((if(v,  write.]  That 
to  revoke  (a  legacy),  either  (1)  by  implication,  ^<:^-9'e,  uterus.]  In  bot.,  the  second  element,  I'f^  ,^^  descriptive  anatomy  which  treats  of 
as  by  a  different  disposition  of  the  bequest  dm--     signifying  fraternity,  in  the  names  of  the  ITtli,     ^        .  j  ,    ,, 

mg  the  life  of  the  testator,  or  (2)  by  satisfaction     l*^"'i  and  lUtli  classes  {ilonadelphia,  IHadiApUia,  aaenoia  (ad  e-noid),  a.  [<  Gr.  hSevoet,V,c,  glaudi- 

of  the  legacy  iu  advance,  as  by  delivery  of  the     and  J-oli/adHphia)  of  the  Linnean  system  of         ''.'''  <  f"''/"  ("ot"'-),  a  gland,  +  tidof,  form:  see 

thing  bequeathed,  or  its  equiya"lent,  to  the  lega-     sexual  classifiiatiou,  used  to  denote"the  coa-     '",'    \   ,   "  1"  the  form  of  a  gland  ;  glandiform; 

tee  during  the  lifetime  of  the  boqueather.  leseciice  of   stamens  by  their  filaments   into     K'aiidular.— -2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  glands,  es- 

A  specific  legacy  may  be  admned  ■  if  the  subject     """'•  '"  o,  or  more  sets.  JJCcially  to  those  of  the  lyni])liatic  system.    Ade- 

of  it  I,,,- ....tin  existence  at  the  time  of  the  testators  death.  Adelphian  (a-dcl'fi-an),  n.     \<Gr.  aSeMc,  bro-     "h?,,';?:",?.*'^'.  vrf.''''<''''-,T  Adenoid  tissue, ...  ,/m,/..  a 

then  the  ..-.luest  entirely  falls.  ...  A  specific  gift  is  i.„t      thcr  •  see  above  1      Same  a^  /.^»W,  7^  re   foini  or  ..et-hke  tissue  the  n.tcisi.ccs ,.(  which  c...,t;.in 

odff».r,/ by  the  testator's  pledge  of  the  subject  of  it  and   ,Joi^l,„,L/      1   w    T'      .^.r^  ^^-     .    •,      .,  «'ll3rescnil>l.,.g  white  bl..od.c.jii.n»clc.s.    s.ich  tissue  .is 

tbe  legatee  will  he  entitled  to  have  it  redeemed  by  the  adelphOUS  (a-del  1  us),  a.   [<  Gr.  adcA^fuc,  brother :     ';""!"'  "'  ""^  l.vniphatic  glands,  and  in  a  diltuso  form  in 

executor.  Am.  Ctic,  X.  sia.     see  -ddrliihiu.]     Kelated ;   iu  ?;«(.,  huAOng  sta-     ""^  "'''^™nal  mucous  incmbranc,  and  elsewhere. 

■deep  fa-dep'),  prcp.phr.  as  adv.    [<«3  -f  deep,     ™e"s  united  by  their  filaments  into  sets:  used        Retiform,  adenoid,  or  Ivmphoid  connective  tisme  is 

after  uhigh,  alow,  etc.]     Deeply.     [Rare.]  mostly  in  composition,  as  in  munudeljihoux,  etc.     '"''"d  extensively  in  many  j.artsof  the  body,  often  sur- 

We  shout  S-.  adef],  down  creation's  profound  ademptt  (a-dempf),  a.      [<  L.  ndcmiilut^,  pp.  of     I',?.",','    ."^'  *l"' ,",""'",''  bloml-vcsscls  and  forming  the  com- 

Wearedc..fto(;«d-8voi,;e.  '  "'//»'«/•<>,  take  away:  see  aWm.]     Taken  away      '""-"^""^"^ "' '>"'I''»'tic  clnumels.  //.  tfrnj,,  An,.t. 

AH«1«.  r»  dS'lin      *7il^"'^;?.'""';  f-,^'"'"  l"'"^''T        "'""•"'  ""J  """»'^''  '^''-vM.m  of  .mythlng  being  added  adenoidal  (ad-e-noi'dnl),  a.     Pertaining  to  or 

f^W  i  r  .1J"^'    ;  i^-'  ^  ^/- ''^''^•^' ^"^ """"-  '"'  '""'"'•  '""'■""'■•  '■■■'■'■  '"  •'^'■'""'  '••■■'■  '■■''"•  "■     '•'^scml.ling  glands  ;  having  the  appearance  of 

J^LHJZ.k't:tf^T^f'%''\'^^'^^^^■^,^^^^^f^^°^    (a-demp'shon),   «.     [<  L.  ademp.    aglaml;  a.lcnoid. 

!  Z^."LT  .  w;,odLnd  snecirl^n.ifiT'"'''''''''^-  ""(«■>•  ^  «''"«'''■,  PP-  "dnnptu.s,  take  a^vay:  see  adenological   (ad  o-ii6-lo.j'i-kal),   a.      [<  'ade- 

R.«2Jmer     /,;;,;,',;;;'";';!,"*"''  ''^'''"'-  ""'"*""  '"•■  »P""""S  adeem.]     in  lau;  the  revocation  of  a  grant,  do-     """■""•  «"d,>wlog,,)  -1-  -„/.]     Pertaining  to  ade- 

adelantadlUo  (ii-.la-lfin-ta-dcl'yo)  «      rSii  »ation,  or  the  like;  especially,  the  lapse  of  a     '"''"gv. 

■  lim.  of -/(/-///H/o</o,  advanced,  early  applied  to  "'Ka'T,  (!)  'w  the  testator's  satisfj-ing  it  by  adenology  (ad-e-nol'o-ji),  «.     [<Gr..Wi^  (diW-) 

fruit  or  j.lunts:  sec  adclanladn.]    'a  .Spanish  'loli'^'cry  or  payment  to  the  legatco'lieloic  his     a  gland,  + -luyia,  <  liyeiv,  speak:  see  -ologi/.j 

r>-l  win.,  niailo  of  the  earliest  ripo  grai.es  >leath,  or  (2)  by  his  otherwise  .loaliiig  \vi(h  I  ho     I"  ""«'•.  tl>o  doctrine  or  science  of  tho  glaiiils, 

adelantado  (a'dii-liin-tii'do),  H.     fSp.  J  liV.,  ad-  *'""K  l^equoat^hed  so  as  to  manifest  an  intent  Jj'jli'l,'!^'™' "^"i*  ^'^"L"**''^,. 

Vttuce.J,  forward;  as  applied  to  fruit  or  plants,  *  .-- -i  -  1  .      ,.         .  »   «««        _         1- 

early  ;  pp.  ..f  adilanlar,  adviiiicu,  grow,  antici- 
jiiite,  <  iidrliiuir,  adv.,  forward,  ouwani,  <  ad-,  a 
<<  L.  «'/),  t.,,  4- ,/,   the  «  L.  ille,  that),  -I-  a„le 

'    ■'■■'■■■  I      Tlio  title  formerly  given  BloominK  as  .-I./.h  In  Its  eaillesl  hour.  ',  '^ ;-" 

nor  of  a  province.  Iliirnn,  Hrlde  of  Al.y.h.s,  II.  20.  adenoma  (a.l-c-no'mil),  11. ;  pi,  adenomata  (-.u,i- 

..  r  tl...  nn..v  ...  ,..'.,  1    |  Toll  this  soul  with  sorrow  laden  If,  within  the  dlsta.il     'i!  )•      [Nli.,  <  Gr.  niV/j'  ((iiStii-),  a  gland,  -I-  -om'ii 

'','■"";"'■  '•  '''l-      It  sludl  ci;:ip  a  sainted  n.al.le,.  wl ,  ,he  angel.  „„„,e     ',\i  \]i  ,l,V'',";v'  l'"'^;"'.''"'*?,  *'"'  .-'I'ara.'teristics 

■"'"•"I  i'L.1.0  I,enore.  /w   TUe  Kavei.      ""^. '1"^  g'aiul  I roiii  which  it  springs ;  a  tumor 

Adel  ,".'•';■■:■•'■•;;• ■';'■•-'•  aden-.    Same  as  «,/c,m..  '  '    ZT!{'!,":,>^i'" 'Kt^^'"''^'''"^^ 

rh  '■        ;""fr  «J-;'!«™  '•'  adenalgy  ra.l-o-n.tl'ji),  „'.     Han.o'as  "*„„/«,„.       7.   :  ,t.;  2     i^"''"'"-'!,' to  or  of  tho  nature 

'"''^"  *''■'••''•*■■  AdonaSthera(«d'e-,,,in-lhf.'rii),  H.    [NL.,l^(ir.  Jl;':^^^^^^^  -  •   ,.-     ,. 

..,.  fa...  .....r,.!,,,,.     „,,„,  („,),,..,,  H^la„d,+  NL.„„/A,'r«,atitho;:  sc,.  7°n,omen  ngeal  (ad^Yno.me.nln^20-a^      a. 

anlh,r.]    A  genUHof  tro.'M  and  Hhrubs.  i,alivOH..f  .,.„!„    'I     /;^i^"  f'"''*''  "*" '"'^^^ 
the  Kant  1„.i],.h  and  (Vyl,.n.  natural  onicr  J.r„„.  ,'    ,w   r  , n    '    '     ,    k  ."V  7r  '""""•"""'■]  /"" 
»"■""«'■.  HMl...r.Ier  Mim„„„r.     a   ,.«.v,„.„«  i,  „„;  „f  1     .     1  '''1''"^''  ^"  "  '"  '',"^'7"7:  supposed  to 

M;-     1:..  l..,.,..,,..„ii.,.,.,|, M.,,.,„,,fltlfr.m.l  Vl'uT..r,l  ,J,„'   "'  "I'on  diHoaso  of  (he  inloslinal  follicjos. 

'■•""■     •••ll.l  tl r  .  ..lied  re.l  ......lal  w.,„d.     The  bright  «.nrli.t  *'*®'^°'"yollia    (a.rp-no-iiij-.'.'inil),    v.;    ]tl.  iide- 


adenomyoma 

q.  v.]     A  tumor  consisting  of  glandular  and 

muscular  tissue. 
adenoncus  (ad-e-noug'kus),  «. ;  -pi.  adcnonci 

(-non'si).     [NL.,  <  Gr.  litS'/i'  (adiv-),  a  gland,  + 

6-,sor,  a  bulk,  mass.]     A  swelling  of  a  gland. 
adenopathy  (ad-e-uop'a-thi),  n.     [<  Gr.  <i(V 

((irfev-),  a   gland,  +  -Tradta,  <  vdtio^,  suffering.] 

Disease  of  a  gland. 
There  are  no  lesions  of  the  mucous  membrane,  nor  can 

any  adenopathy  be  found  [case  of  ayphiloderma], 

Duhrint/,  Skin  Diseases,  plate  U. 

adenopharyngitis  (ad"e-n6-far-in-ji'tis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  (iiS'/i'  {(iihv-),  a  gland,  +  (papvy^,  pha- 
rynx, +  -itii:'\  Inflammation  of  the  tonsils  and 
pharynx. 

adenophore  (a-den'o-for),  n.  lAa  adenophn- 
rous.']  In  bot.,  a  short  stalk  or  pedicel  support- 
ing a  nectar-gland. 

adenophorous  (ad-e-nof'o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ad//v 
(aikv-),  agland,-l--i^(ipof,  <  ipepeiv  =  'E.bcar'>-.'\  In 
coiil.  and  bot.,  bearing  or  producing  glands. 

adenophthalmia    (ad"e-nof-thal'mi-a),    )(. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  ai^i/v  (aSev-),  a  gland,  -I-  o^SaA/zdi,-, 
eye.]    Inflammation  of  the  Meibomian  glands. 

adenophyllous  (ad"e-n6-fil'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  iii'/v 
(a(Scv-),  a  gland,  +  (ftvXAov  =  Ij.  folium,  a  leaf: 
Bee  folio.']  hibot.,  having  leaves  bearing  glands, 
or  studded  with  them. 

adenophyma  (ad"e-n6-fi'ma),  n. ;;  pi.  adenophy- 
iiuxta  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a6f/v  {iiOev-),  a  gland, 
+  <livfta,  a  tumor,  lit.  a  growth,  <  (jiveiv,  grow :  see 
physic]  In  pathol.,  a  swelling  of  a  gland: 
sometimes  used  to  signify  a  soft  swelling. 

adenOS  (ad'e-nos),  n.  [Native  term.]  A  kind 
of  cotton  which  comes  from  Aleppo,  Tm'key. 
Also  called  marine  cotton.     E.  D. 

adenosarconia(ad"e-n6-sar-k6'ma),  n. ;  pi.  ade- 
nosarcomata  ^-ma-til).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  adi'/v  (aScv-), 
a  gland,  -I-  aapKo/ja,  sarcoma.]  A  tumor  con- 
sisting in  part  of  adenomatous  and  in  part  of 
sarcomatous  tissue. 

adenose,  adenous  (ad'e-nos,  -nus),  «.  [<  NL. 
adenosus,  <  Gr.  n<i^ii,  gland.]  Like  or  apper- 
taining to  a  gland  ;  adenoid  j  adenif  orm. 

adenotomic  (ad  "  e -no-tom '  ik),  a.  [<  adenoto- 
inij.]     Pertaining  to  adenotomy. 

adenotomy  (ad-e-not'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aSfjv 
((I'rffj)-),  a  gland,  +  -To/iia,  a  cutting,  <  ri/iveiv, 
cut.  Cf.  anatomy.]  In  anat  and  6-«/-(;.,  dissec- 
tion or  incision  of  a  gland. 

adenous,  a.     See  adenose. 

Adeona  (ad-e-6'na),  )?.  [LL.,  in  myth.,  a  Ro- 
man divinity  who  i^resided  over  the  arrival  of 
travelers,  <  L.  adire,  come,  arrive,  adeo,  I  come, 

<  ad,  to,  -t-  in;  go.  Cf.  Ahcona.]  In  sool.,  the 
typical  genus  of  Adeonidce  (which  see). 

Adeonidse  (ad-f-on'i-de),  n.pl.  [Nh.,<.  Adeona 
+  -i(l(e.]  A  family  of  chilostomatous  poly- 
zoans,  typified  by  the  genus  Adeona.  They  have 
the  zoariuni  erect  or  (rarely)  incrustiiif;,  afhxed  by  a  flex- 
ible jointed  or  joiTitless  radicate  peduncle,  immediately 
attached.  The  zoarium  is  bilaminar  when  not  incrusting, 
and  toUacious  and  fenestrate,  or  branched  or  lobilte  and 
entire.  The  cells  are  usually  of  three  Rinds,  zooecial, 
otEcial,  and  aviculariau  ;  the  zooecia  are  of  the  usual  type. 
The  family  (originally  named  Adeonece  by  Busk)  contains 
about  38  recent  species,  referred  to  3  genera.     Busk. 

Adephaga  (a-def'a-gii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi., 
<Gr.  d(S?/i^d)'Of :  see  adephagoas.]  A  gi'oup  of 
voracious,  carnivorous,  and  predatory  beetles, 
composing  a  part  of  the  pentamerous  division 
of  the  order  Coleoptera.  They  have  filiform  anten- 
nae and  but  two  palpi  to  each  maxilla.  Of  the  four  families 
which  make  up  this  gri>up,  two,  Gifrinidff  and  Dytiscidfe, 
are  aquatic,  and  sometimes  called  Iltidradrphafia ;  the 
other  two,  Carabuice  and  Cli-'inlf/ul/f,  arc  cliicfly  terres- 
trial, and  are  sometimes  called  ijiodijduii/n.  The  whirli- 
gig and  the  tiger-lieetle  respectively  exemplify  these  two 
divisions  of  Ad''jdiafra.  Also  called  Carnimra.  See  cuts 
under  Dytixcu.^  -AmX  Cicludcla. 

adephagan  (a-def'a-gan),  11.  A  beetle  of  the 
group  Adephaga. 

adephagia  (ad-e-fa'ji-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aSijipa- 
yia,  <  ad!/(pd}o(,  eating  one's  fill,  gluttonous: 
see  adephagous.]  In jx/Wjoi., voracious  appetite; 
bulimia. 

adephagous  (a-def'a-^s),  a.  [<  NL.  adepha- 
gus,  <  Gr.  air/cjtdyoc,  eating  one's  fill,  gluttonous, 

<  dcJ;/i',  OT  d6?iv,  abundantly,  enough  (cf.  L.  satis, 
enough),  +  ijia-ydi',  eat.]  Gluttonous;  of  or  per- 
tainingtothe  jrffj)7/«(irrt;  as,  adephagousheetles. 

adeps  (ad'eps),  n.  [L.,  the  soft  fat  or  grease  of 
•  animals,  suet,  lard  :  see  adipose  and  adipic]  1 . 
Fat ;  animal  oil ;  the  contents  of  the  cells  of 
the  adipose  tissue;  specifically,  lard. —  2.  In 
j>ftar.,  tallow;  suet;  prepared fat.-Ceratum  adi- 
pis  fgen.  sing,  of  adeps],  simple  cerate ;  hog's  lard  with 
the  addition  of  white  wax  to  give  it  greater  consistency, 
adept  (.a-depf),  a.  andn.  [<L.  adeptus,  having 
attained,  ML.  adeptus,  n.,  one  who  attained 
knowledge  or  proficiency,  prop.  pp.  of  adipisci, 


71 

arrive  at,  reach,  attain,  obtain,  <  ad,  to,  + 

ap-isci,  reach,  attain,  =  Gr.  dir-Teiv,  touch,  seize, 
=  Skt. -v/dy),  attain,  obtain:  see  apt.]  I.  a. 
Well  skilled  ;  completely  versed  or  acquainted. 

Adept  in  everything  profound.        Coivper,  Hope,  1.  350. 

II.  «.  One  who  has  attained  proficiency; 
one  fully  skilled  in  anything;  a  proficient  or 
master;  specifically,  in  former  times,  a  pro- 
ficient in  alchemy  or  magic;  a  master  of  oc- 
cult science,  or  one  who  professed  to  have  dis- 
covered "the  great  secret"  (namely,  of  trans- 
muting base  metal  into  gold). 

Shakespeare,  in  the  person  of  Prospero,  has  exhibited 
the  prevalent  notions  of  the  judicial  astrologer  combined 
with  the  adept,  whose  white  magic,  as  distinguished  from 
the  black  or  demon  magic,  holds  an  intercourse  with  purer 
spirits.  /.  D'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  285. 

Howes  was  the  true  adept,  seeking  what  spirituiil  ore 
there  might  be  among  the  dross  of  the  hermetic  philoso- 
phy. Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  2G9. 

The  Persians  were  adepts  in  archery  and  horsemanship, 
and  were  distinguished  by  courtesy  and  high-breeding. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXL.  329. 
=  Syn.  Adept,  Expert.  An  adept  is  one  who  possesses 
natural  as  well  as  acquired  aptitude  or  skill  in  anything: 
as,  Anadept  in  the  art  of  governing;  an  adept  in  di]ilomacy, 
lying,  cajolery,  whist-playing,  etc.  Aliexpert,  on  the  other 
hand,  is  one  whose  skill  and  proficiency  are  more  conspicu- 
ously the  result  of  practice  or  experience,  or  of  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  a  subject.  The  term  is  mostly  litnited 
to  one  possessing  special  skill  or  knowledge  in  some  branch, 
and  regarded  as  an  authority  on  it :  as,  an  expert  in  alien- 
ism, chemistry,  penmanship,  etc. 
adeptiont  (a-dep'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adeptio(n-),  < 
adipisci:  8ee  adept.]  An  obtaining  or  gaining ; 
acquirement. 

In  the  wit  and  policy  of  the  captain  consisteth  the  chief 
adeption  of  the  victory.  G-rafton,  Rich.  III.,  an.  3. 

adeptistt  (a-dep'tist),  n.  [<  adept  +  -ist]  An 
adept. 

adeptness  (a-dept'nes),  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  adept ;  skilf ulness ;  special  proficiency. 

adeptship  (a-dept'ship),  n.  The  state  of  being 
an  adept;  adeptness:  specifically  used  in  the- 
osopliy. 

adequacy  (ad'e-kwa-si),  «.  [<  adequate:  see 
-acy.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  adequate  ; 
the  contlition  of  being  proportionate  or  suffi- 
cient ;  a  stifficiency  for  a  particular  purjjose : 
as,  the  adequacy  of  supply  to  expenditure,  or 
of  an  effort  to  its  purpose ;  an  adequacy  of  pro- 
visions. 

adequate  (ad'e-kwat),  a.  [Formerly  adtequate, 
-at,  <  L.  adwqtmtus,  pp.  of  admquare,  make 
equal,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  ivquus,  equal :  see  equal.] 
Equal  to  requirement  or  occasion ;  oommen- 
svirate ;  fully  sufficient,  suitable,  or  fit :  as, 
means  adequate  to  the  object ;  an  atlcqitate  com- 
parison. 

I  did  for  once  see  right,  do  right,  give  tongue 
The  adequate  protest. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  56. 

In  our  happy  hours  we  should  be  inexhaustible  poets, 

if  once  we  could  break  through  the  silence  into  adequate 

rhyme.  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser,,  p.  305. 

Adequate  cognition,  in  logic:  (a)  A  cognition  involving 
no  notion  which  is  not  perfectly  clear  and  distinct,  {h)  A 
cognition  at  once  precise  and  complete.— Adequate  defi- 
nition or  mark,  in  hxjic.  See  definition.  =  Syn.  Ade- 
quate, Sufficient,  Enowili,  commensurate,  competent.  A 
thing  is  adequate  to  something  else  when  it  comes  quite 
up  to  its  level:  yet  neither  may  be  sufficient  when  viewed 
in  relation  to  some  third  thing.  That  which  is  sufficient 
may  be  adequate  and  more.  Enough  equals  adequate,  but 
is  applied  to  a  different  class  of  subjects. 

Nothing  is  a  due  and  adequate  representation  of  a  state 

that  does  not  represent  its  ability  as  well  as  its  property. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

Sufficient  unto  the  day  is  the  evil  thereof.      Mat.  vi.  34. 
Which  is  enough,  I'll  warrant, 
As  this  world  goes,  to  pass  for  honest. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3. 

adequatet  (ad'e-kwat),  v.  t.  1.  To  make  equal 
or  adequate. 

Let  me  give  you  one  instance  more  of  a  truly  intellectual 
object,  exactly  adequated  and  proportioned  unto  the  in- 
tellectual appetite  ;  and  that  is,  learning  and  knowledge. 
Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  208. 

2.  To  attain  equality  with;  equal. 

Though  it  be  an  impossibility  for  any  creatui-e  to  ade- 
quate God  in  his  eternity,  yet  he  hath  ordained  all  his 
sons  in  Christ  to  partake  of  it  by  living  with  him  eternally. 
Shel/ord,  Discourses,  p.  227. 

adequately  (ad'e-kwat-li),  adv.     In   an  ade- 
quate manner ;  commensurately;  sufficiently. 
adequateness  (ad'e-kwat-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  adequate;  justness  of  adaptation;  suffi- 
ciency; adequacy. 

The  adequateness  of  the  advantages  [of  a  given  course 
of  study]  is  the  point  to  be  judged. 

H.  Spencer,  Education,  p.  28. 

adequation  (ad-e-kwa'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adwqua- 
tio(n-),  <  ad<equare,  make  equal :  see  adequate, 


adhere 

a.]  A  making  or  being  equal;  an  equivalence 
or  equivalent.     [Rare.] 

The  principles  of  l(»gic  and  natural  reason  tell  us,  that 
there  nnist  be  a  just  propejrtion  and  adequation  between 
the  meilium  by  which  we  prove,  and  the  conclusion  to  be 
proved.  Bp.  Barlow,  Remains,  p.  125. 

It  WJLS  the  arme  (not  of  King  Henry)  but  King  Kdward 
the  First,  wliich  is  notoriously  known  to  liave  been  the 
adequation  of  a  yard.    [An  erroneous  statement.] 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Berkshire. 

adequative  (ad'o-kwa-tiv),  a.  [<  ML.  adaiqua- 
tir.us,  <  L.  ailwquare:  see  adequate,  a.]  Equiv- 
alent or  sufficient;  adequate.     [Rare.] 

Adesma  (a-des'ma),  II.  pi.    Same  as  Adesmacea. 

Adesmacea  (ad-es-ma'se-ii),  n.  j)l.  [NL.,  < ades- 
ma (<  Gr.  udea/jor;,  unfettered,  unbound :  see  ades- 
mij)  +  -acea.]  An  old  family  name  for  lamelU- 
branchiate  moUusks  destitute  of  a  ligament. 
The  term  includes  the  I'holadidcc  and  Teredi- 
nidit:     Hlaiiiville,  1824. 

adesmy  (a-des'mi),  «.  [<  NL.  adesmia,  <  Gr. 
aiitCT/iof,  unfettered,  unbound,  <  a-priv.  -I-  6eafj6c, 
a  bond,  tie,  <  dieiv,  bind,  tie.]  In  bot.,  a  term 
applied  by  Morren  to  the  division  of  organs 
that  are  normally  entire,  or  their  separation  if 
normally  united. 

adespotic  (a-des-pot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  (aAS) 
+  despotic.  Cf.  Gr.  aiStcrn-oTOf,  without  master 
or  owner.]     Not  despotic;  not  absolute. 

Adessenarian  (ad-es-e-na'ri-an),  ».  [<  NL. 
Adcssenarii,  pi.,  irreg.  i.  L.  adesse,  be  present,  < 
ad,  to,  near,  +  esse,  be :  see  essence  and  -arian.] 
In  cedes,  hist.,  a  name  given  in  the  sixteenth 
century  to  those  who  believed  in  the  real  pres- 
ence of  Clhrist's  body  in  the  eucharist,  not  by 
transubstantiation,  but  by  impanation  (which 
see). 

ad  eundem  (ad  e-un'dem).  [L. ;  lit.,  to  the 
same  (se.  gradum,  grade):  ad,  to;  eundem,  aca. 
masc.  sing,  of  idem,  the  same :  see  idem.]  A 
phrase  used  in  universities  to  signify  the  ad- 
mitting of  a  student  of  another  university, 
without  examination,  to  the  degree  or  standing 
he  had  previously  held  in  that  other  university. 
Here  [Oxford  in  the  vacation]  I  can  take  my  walks  un- 
molested, and  fancy  myself  of  what  degree  or  standing  I 
jilease.     I  seem  admitted  ad  euniteni.  Lamb,  Oxford. 

ad  extremum  (ad  eks-tre'mum).  [L. :  arf,  to; 
extremuw,  ace.  neut.  sing,  of  extremus,  last:  see 
extreme.]     To  the  extreme  ;  at  last ;  finally. 

adfected  (ad-fek'ted),  a.  [<  L.  adfeclus,  later 
affeetus,  pp.  of  adficere,  later  afficere,  affect: 
see  affect.]  In  alg. ,  compoimded ;  consisting  o£ 
different  powers  of  the  unknown  quantity. — 
Adfected  or  affected  equation,  an  equation  in  which 
the  unknown  quantity  is  found  in  two  or  more  different 
degi'ees  or  powers  :  tlius,  x^  — px-  +  qx=a  is  an  adfected 
equation,  as  it  contains  three  different  powers  of  the  un- 
known <iuantity  x. 

adfiliate,  adflliation,  etc.    See  affiliate,  etc. 

ad  finem  (ad  fi'nem).  [L. :  ad,  to;  finevi,  ace. 
of  finis,  end:  see  finis.]     To  or  at  the  end. 

adfluxion  (ad-fluk'shon),  11.  [Var.  of  affluxion, 
q.  v.]  A  flow,  as  of  sap,  caused  by  a  drawing, 
not  a  propelling,  force. 

adglutinate  (ad-gl6'ti-nat),  a.  Same  as  agglu- 
tiiiate. 

ad  gustum  (ad  gus'tum).  [L. :  ad,  to ;  gustum, 
ace.  of  gustus,  taste:  see  gust^.]  To  the  taste ; 
to  one's  liking. 

Adhatoda  (ad-hat'o-dii).  It.  [NL.,  from  the 
Singhalese  or  Tamil  name.]  A  genus  of  herbs 
or  shrubs,  natural  order  Acanthacew.  A.  Vasica 
is  used  in  India  to  expel  the  dead  fetus  in 
abortion. 

adhere  (ad-her'),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adhered, 
ppr.  adhering.  [<  F.  adherer,  <  L.  adhcerere,  < 
ad,  to,  +  hwrerc,  stick,  pp.  hcesus.  Cf.  cohere, 
inhere,  hesitate.]  1.  To  stick  fast;  cleave;  be- 
come joined  or  imited  so  as  not  to  be  easily 
separated  -without  teaiing  :  as,  glutinous  sub- 
stances adhere  to  one  another  ;  the  lungs  some- 
times adhere  to  the  pleura. 

When  a  piece  of  silver  and  a  piece  of  platinimi  are 
brought  in  contact  at  500'  C.  they  adhere. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  2'29. 

2.  To  hold  closely  or  firmly  (to) :  as,  to  adhere 
to  a  plan. 

[Clive]  appears  to  have  strictly  adhered  to  the  rules 
which  he  had  laid  down  for  the  guidance  of  others. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Clive. 

3.  To  belong  intimately;  be  closely  connected. 

X  shepherd's  daughter, 
And  what  to  her  adherer.     Shak.,  \V.  T.,  iv.  (cho.). 

4.  To  be  fixed  in  attachment  or  devotion  ;  be 
devoted ;  be  attached  as  a  follower  or  up- 
holder :  as,  men  adhere  to  a  party,  a  leader,  a 
church,  or  a  creed  ;  rarely,  to  be  attached  as  a 
friend. 

Two  men  there  are  not  liiing 
To  whom  he  more  adheres.  Stiak.,  Hamlet,  il  2, 


adhere 

5.  To  be  consistent ;  hold  together ;  be  in  ac- 
cordance or  agreement,  as  the  parts  of  a  sys- 
tem ;  cohere.     [Eare  or  obsolete.] 

Everything  adheres  together.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  Ui.  i. 

6.  Specifically,  in  Scots  law :  (ff)  To  affirm  a 
judgment ;  agree  with  the  opinion  of  a  judge 
previously  pronounced,  (h)  To  return  to  a 
husband  or  wife  who  has  been  deserted.  See 
adherence,  3. —  7.  In  loffic  and  mctaph.,  to  be 
accidentally  connected.     See  adherent,  a.,  3. 

adherence  (ad-her'ens),  «.     [<  F.  adherence,  < 
ML.  adhwrentia,  <  C  adhivrens:  see  adherent.'\ 

1 .  The  act  or  state  of  sticking  or  adhering : 
rare  in  a  physical  sense,  adhesion  being  com- 
monly used. —  2.  Figuratively,  the  character 
of  being  fixed  in  attachment ;  fidelity  ;  steady 
attachment :  as,  an  adherence  to  a  party  or 
opinions ;  the  act  of  holding  to  closely :  as,  a 
rigid  adherence  to  rules. 

A  tenacious  adlterence  to  the  rights  and  liberties  trans- 
mitted from  a  %vise  and  virtuous  ancestry.  Addison, 

3.  In  Scots  law,  the  return  of  a  husband  or 
wife  who  has  for  a  time  deserted  his  or  her 
spouse.  The  spouse  who  has  been  deserted  may  bring 
an  action  of  adherence  to  compel  the  deserting  spouse  to 
return. 

4.  In  painting,  the  effect  of  those  parts  of  a 
picture  which,  wanting  relief,  are  not  detach- 
ed, and  hence  appear  adhering  to  the  canvas  or 
surface.  Fairholt. —  5.  In  ?o.7ic  and  wiftajj/i .,  the 
state  of  being  adherent.  See  adherent,  a.,  3. 
=  Syn.  Adherenci^,  Adht^jnon.  These  words  are  under- 
going des>'nonj'mization,  the  moral  and  figurative  sense 
being  limited  to  adhirence,  and  the  pliysicjil  to  adht'^on  : 
as,  adhemu-e  to  the  doctrines  of  Adam  Smith ;  the  ad- 
hfxion  of  putty  to  gla-ss.  (Note  ;  Adherent,  n.,  is  not  used 
of  physical  attachment,  nor  adhfrt'nt,  a.,  of  moral  at- 
tacnmeot.    ^dA^r*?,  r.,  is  used  of  eitlier.] 

If  he  departs  in  any  degree  from  strict  adherence  to 
these  rules,  ...  he  not  only  departs  from  rule,  but  com- 
mits an  act  of  treacherj'  and  baseness. 

Gtadittone,  Kin  beyond  Sea,  p.  210. 
Writing  and  drawing  with  chalks  and  pencils  depend 
on  the  adhexion  of  solids. 

Atkinnon,  tr.  of  Ganot's  Physics,  p.  87. 

adherencyt  (ad-her'en-si),  n.     [As  adherence: 
see  -c-Hcy.]     1.  The  state  of  being  adherent. 
Adhermciei  and  admirations  of  men's  persons. 

Jer.  Taylor  (V),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  172. 

2.  That  which  is  adherent. 

Vices  have  a  native  adherency  of  vexation. 

Decay  of  Chrixt.  Piety. 

adherent  (ad-her'ent),  a.  and  ».     [<  F.  a<J- 

hmnt,<h.  adhieren\t-).'<,  ppr.  of  adhwrcre:  see 

adhere.'\  I.  a.  1.  Sticking;  clinging;  adhering. 

Close  to  the  cliff  witli  ln»th  his  liands  lie  clung, 

And  stuck  adherent,  and  suspended  hung. 

Pojfc,  <ldyssey,  1.  547. 

2.  In  hot.,  congenitally  united,  as  parts  that 
are  normally  sejjurate :  generally  used  as  equiv- 
alent to  udnatc.  See  cut  under  adnate. — 3.  In 
loyic  and  metaph.,  accidentally  connected;  not 
belonging  to  the  nature  of  a  thing ;  not  iu- 
herfiit :  as,  if  a  cloth  is  wet,  its  wetness  is  a 
(luality  adherent  to  it,  not  inherent  in  it. 

H.  n.  1.  A  person  wlio  adlieres;  one  who 
follows  or  ujitiiilds  a  leader,  party,  cause,  opin- 
ion, or  the  like;  a  follower,  partizan,  or  sup- 
porter. 

Rip's  sole  domestic  adherent  was  his  dog  Wolf,  who  was 
AA  much  hen-pecked  as  his  master. 

Irrinrr,  Rip  Van  Winkle. 

2t.  Anything  outwardly  belonging  to  a  person; 
an  apj>eiiduge. 

Ills  humour,  his  carriage,  and  Ids  extrinsic  adherents. 

Oov.  o/ Tongue. 

Byn.  1.  Hlw.lplc  pupil,  upholder,  supid.rter,  dependant. 

adherently  (a<l-her'ent-li),  adv.     In  an  adher- 

'iii  iniinncr. 
adherer  (nd-herV-r),  n.    One  who  aiUieres;  an 

•'<  •  n-iit.     [Rare.] 
arlhcreBcence  i iid-ho-ros'cnB)^  n.    The  state  of 
"iiiiectecl  with  or  attached  to 
nil  with  it  a  quasi-compound 


adher 

rt  »>-. 

lic;-re»'ent).  a.     [<  L.  ar//i«- 

'  "'"idirrc,  adhere:  Hue  adher/: 

■  "  til  a<lhoro  or  become 

JKll.-.     ,    .,, 

/. ,,       1 

ll.'.irr.l 

I '  V.  adhMnn,  <  L. 

1  itilhirrirt- :  see  nd- 

■■    "1  udhering.  or  of 

of  Miir 

1  ;  cloHO  connci'lion 

'  .  tiiin  111  pnrtH  united 

,  infliiinniiitoryar//i''«fon 

....  I.y 
Ic,  III 


72 

2.  Steady  attachment  of  the  mind  or  feelings ; 
firmness  in  opiuion ;  adherence :  as,  an  adhesion 
to  vice. 

Obstinate  adhesion  to  false  rules  of  belief. 

Whitlock,  Manners  of  the  English,  p.  216. 

The  council  assigned  as  motives  for  its  decrees  an  ad- 
hesion of  heart  on  the  part  of  the  ^^ctims  to  the  cause  of 
the  insurgents.  Motley,  Dutch  Kepublic,  II.  404. 

3.  Assent;  concurrence. 
To  that  treaty  Spain  and  England  gave  in  their  adhe- 
sion. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eug.,  xiv. 

4.  That  which  adheres;  accretion. 
Casting  off  all  foreign,  especially  all  noxious,  adhesions. 

Carlyle,  Misc.,  I.  14. 

5.  In  phi/s.,  molecular  attraction  exerted  be- 
tween the  sm-faces  of  bodies  in  contact,  as 
between  two  solids,  a  soUd  and  a  liquid,  or  a 
solid  and  a  gas.     See  extract,  and  cohesion. 

Adhesion,  a  term  used  to  denote  the  physical  force  in 
virtue  of  wliich  one  body  or  substance  remains  attached 
to  the  surface  of  another  with  which  it  has  been  brought 
into  contact.  It  is  to  be  distinguished  from  colteiiuii. 
which  is  the  mutual  attraction  that  the  particles  of  the 
same  body  exert  on  each  otller.  Fncyc.  Brit.,  I.  153. 

6.  In  hot.,  the  union  of  parts  normally  separate. 
— 7.  In  2)athol.,  especially  in  the  pliu'al,  the  ad- 
ventitious bands  or  fibers  by  which  inflamed 
parts  have  adhered,  or  are  held  together. —  8.  In 
siiry.,  the  reunion  of  di^^ded  parts  by  a  particu- 
lar kind  of  inflammation,  called  the  adhesive. — 

9.  In  niech.,  often  used  as  s.vnonj'mous  with /n'c- 
tion  (which  see) — Adhesion-car,  a  railroad-car  pro- 
vided with  means  for  increasing  the  adhesive  or  tractive 
power  beyond  that  due  merely  to  the  weight  imposed 
upon  the  rails.  Tliis  is  usually  effected  by  a  center  rail, 
gripped  horizontally  by  a  pair  of  friction-wheels  placed  on 
its  opposite  sides,  or  by  a  cogged  wheel  working  into  a 
rack  laid  parallel  with  the  road-bed.  In  some  cases  the 
treads  of  the  driving-wheels  are  grooved,  and  the  face  of 
the  rails  is  HaiiLied  to  correspond  to  them. —  Adhesion  of 
wheels  to  rails,  the  friction  between  the  surfaces  in  con. 
tact,  acting  to  prevent  slipping,  in  amount  dependent 
upon  the  condition  of  those  surfaces  and  tlie  pressure. 
For  driving-wheels,  as  of  locomotives,  it  is  a  fraction  of 
the  weight  borne  by  them,  ranging  from  aboutone  twenti- 
eth when  the  rails  are  "greasy"  to  one  fifth  when  they  are 
clean  and  dry.  =  Syn.  Adhesion,  Adherence.    See  adher- 

adhesive  (ad-he'siv),  a.  [<  F.  adli4sif,  -ive,  <  L. 
as  if  *adhwsivus,  <  adhwsns,  pp.  of  adharcre : 
Hee  adhcre.l  1.  Sticky ;  tenacious,  as  glutinous 
substances. 

She  trusts  a  place  unsound, 
And  deeply  plunges  in  th'  adhesive  ground. 

Crabbe,  Parish  Register. 

2.  Figuratively,  cleaving  or  clingiug  ;  adher- 
ing ;  remaining  attached;  not  doviatiug  from. 

If  slow,  yet  sure,  adhesive  to  the  track. 

Thomson,  Autumn. 

Both  were  slow  and  tenacious  (that  is,  adhesitv)iu  their 

feelings.  De  Quincey,  Secret  .Societies,  ii. 

3.  Gummed ;  fitted  for  adhesion :  as,  adhcsiir 
envelops — Adhesive  felt,  a  felt  manufactured  in  ( ;  i  cat 
Britain  for  use  in  sheathing  wooden  ships.  —  Adhesive 
inflammation,  in  i"*''/.  iinil-sury.,  a  term  applieil  to  the 
union  nf  the  lijisuf  an  incised  wound  without  suppuration ; 
also  to  iMilaiiinialii  IMS  leading  to  adhesion  between  norinully 
free  surfaces,  lus  lielween  the  intestine  and  the  body-wall. 
—  Adhesive  knowledge,  in  metaph.,  knowledge  wbicb 
implies  adbesion  or  itssent,  as  well  as  apprehension.  Sec 
n/Viri7icH«iiJ>'.  — Adhesive  plaster,  in  sury.,  a  plaslei 
nuule  of  litllarge-iiliLster,  wax,  and  resin.  — Adhesive 
Slate,  a  variety  of  slaty  clay  which  adheres  strongly  (.■ 
the  toMgni'.  and  rapidly  absorbs  water. 

adhesively  (ad-he'siv-li),  adv.  In  an  adhesive 
iiiaiiiicr. 

adhesiveness  (ad-!i(j'siv-nes),».  1.  The  state 
or  qualily  of  being  adhe.sive,  or  of  sticking  or 
adlioriiig;  stickiness;  tenacity. — 2.  In/</ir<»., 
a  menial  faculty  niaiiifosted  in  attacliiiicnt  Id 
objects,  animate  or  iiiHiiimate,  lasting  friend- 
ships, love  of  social  inlcrcoursc,  etc.,  mipjioscd 
to  bo  located  in  a  sjiecial  part  of  the  brain.  It 
is  said  to  be  strongest  in  women.  Seephre- 
niitnifji. 

adhibit  (ad-hib'it),  r.  t.  [<h.  adhihilii.'i,  jiii.  of 
ndhiliire,  hold   toward,   bring  to,   a|i|ily.  <  nd, 

10,  +  hitliere,  liold,  liavc :  SCO  habit.]  1.  To 
use  or  applvj  Hpccilically,  to  administer  as  a 
remedy;  e.xliibit  medicinally. 

wine  also  that  Is  dilute  nuiy  safely  and  properly  be 
nilhiliited.  T.  Whitiikcr,  111 I  nf  the  (irnpe,  p.  .'1:1. 

2.  To  attach :  as,  lie  adhibited  his  name  lo  the 
address. 

1'lie  greatest  lords  adhibited  ,  .  .  faith  to  hU  wonls. 

Halt,  ChronlcleH,  lien.  VII.,  an.  7. 

3.  To  take  or  let  in;  admit.   [Kare  in  all  iisos.] 
adhlbition(ad-hi-biHli'oii),  n.  [<  U.adhiliilio(n-). 

n|i|rlii  iilion,  <.  adhilieri':  hoc  adbiliit.]     Applirn- 
tion ;  uHO ;  specifically,  use  as  a  remedy.  [Rare. ) 
Tlie  adhibilion  of  dilute  wine. 

T.  WhilnWr,  Bb,„d  i,f  the  Orapc,  p.  f.r.. 

ad  hoc  (nd  liok).  [L. :  ad,  to;  hor,  ace.  nent.  of 
//ic.  iIiIh:  hoc  hie.']  To  tliis ;  with  respect  lo 
this  (Hiibjoct  or  thing) ;  in  particular. 


adlaphorism 

ad  hominem  (ad  hom'i-nem).    [L. :  ad,  to;  Iw- 

miiiem,  aec.  of  homo,  man:  see  Homo.']  To  the 
man ;  to  the  interests  or  passions  of  the  person. 
— Argumentum  ad  hominem,  an  argument  drawn  from 
premises  which,  w  hcther  true  or  not,  ought  to  be  admitted 
by  the  person  to  whom  they  ai'e  addressed,  either  on  account 
of  his  peculi;ir  beliefs  or  experience,  or  because  tliey  are 
necessaiy  to  justify  his  conduct  or  are  otherwise  conducive 
to  his  interest.  .Aristotle  (Topics,  viii.  li)  remarks  that  it 
is  sometimes  necessary  to  refute  the  disputant  rather  than 
his  position,  and  some  medieval  logicians  tauvht  that  refu- 
tation was  of  two  kindij,  soltitio  recta  and  nalulio  ad  homi- 
nem, the  latter  being  imperfect  or  fallacious  refutation. 
Thus,  Blundeville  says :  "  Confutation  of  j)erson  is  done 
either  by  taunting,  rayling,  rendring  checke  for  checke, 
or  by  scorning " ;  and  Wilson  sajs  :  "  Either  wee  purpose 
hy  dispntacion  to  aunswere  fully  to  the  matier  or  els  sec- 
ondly (if  iiower  want  to  compass  that)  we  seke  some  other 
meanes  to  satisfy  the  man." 

My  design  being  not  a  particular  victory  over  such  a 
sort  of  men,  but  an  absolute  establishing  of  the  truth,  I 
shall  lay  down  no  grounds  that  are  merely  aryumenta  ad 
hominem.  Dr.  //.  More,  Immortal,  of  .Soul,  ii,  1. 

adhortt  (ad-horf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adhortari,  en- 
courage, tirge  to,  <  ad,  to,  -t-  hortari,  urge,  in- 
cite: see  exhort.]     To  exhort;  advise. 

That  eight  times  niart.vred  mother  in  the  Maccabees, 
w-hen  she  would  adhort  her  son  to  a  passive  fortitude, 
.  .  .  desires  him  to  look  upon  the  heavens,  the  earth,  all 
in  them  contained.  Feltham. 

adhortationt  (ad-h6r-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adhor- 
tittiii(ii-),  encouragement,  {adhortari :  see  ad- 
liiirt.]     Advice;  exhortation;  encouragement. 

adhortatoryt  (ad-h6r'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
"adiiortatariiis,  <  adhortator,  encoiu'agcr,  advi- 
ser, <  rt(?/i(*r(«r(  ;  see  adhort.]  Ad\nsory;  con- 
veying eoimsel,  warning,  or  encouragement. 
Jliji.  J'atter. 

adiabatic  (ad"i-a-bat'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  a6i- 
lijiaToi,  not  to  lie  passed  over,  <  ri-  priv.,  not, 
+  SiapaTdi;,  verbal  adj.  of  (hoiiaivciv,  pass  over: 
see  diahaterial.]  I.  a.  Without  transference: 
used  in  thermodiindmies  of  a  change  in  vol- 
ume, whether  by  exiiatision  or  contraction, 
un.acconipauied  by  a  gain  or  loss  of  heat. — 
Adiabatic  curve  or  line,  a  line  exhibiting  the  relation 
between  the  pressure  and  the  volume  of  a 
tluid,  uiion  the  assumption  that  it  expands 
and  contracts  without  either  receiving  or 
giving  out  heat.  The  em-ves  are  drawn  upon 
u  rectangular  system  of  coordinates,  the  ab- 
scissas representing  the  volume  of  the  sub- 
stjince  and  the  ordinates  the  pressure  npoii 
it ;  the  curves  thus  being  the  loci  of  points 
rci.nsenliiig  different  possible  states  of  tlie 
body  whiih  ]iasscs  between  different  states 
rciireseiitctl  liy  different  iioints  ,ni  the  same 
cnr\e  without  imparting  heat  to  other  bodies 
or  receiving  heat  from  tlicin.  Tlie  adiabatic  lines  are 
st^'cper  than  the  isothermal  lines,  as  shown  in  the  figure, 
where  the  curves  a  are  adiubatics. 

If  a  series  of  adiohatie  lini.^he  tirawn  so  that  the  points 
at  which  they  cut  one  of  the  isothermal  lines  correspond 
to  successive  equal  ailiiitiuns  of  beat  to  the  substance  at 
that  temperature,  then  this  series  of  aditifxrtie  ^vov  will  cut 
off  a  series  of  ei|Ual  areas  from  the  stripboiunlcd  bvanvtwo 
isothermal  lines.      Clerk-  Moj:iirll,  Theory  of  Heat,  p'.  l.'jli.  ' 

II.  n.  An  adiabatic  line. 

M  r.  ^\■.  Peddle  gave  a  communication  on  the  isothermals 
and  itdintmtirii  of  water  near  the  maximum  density  point. 

Sature,  XXX.  403. 

adiabatically  (ad"i-a-bat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
adialiatic  manner. 

adiabolist  (ad-i-ab'o-list),  H.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -I- 
<tm,(o/or,  devil,  +  -(,</.]  A  disbeliever  in  the 
existence  of  the  devil.     [Kare.] 

adiactinic  (iid"i-ak-tin'ik),  (1.  [<  Gr.  <i-  priv. 
(a-'**)  -t-  diactinic.']  Impervious  to  the  actinic 
(ir  chemical  rays  of  light. 

Adiantum  (ad-i-an'tum),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  liAovrof, 
niiiiileiiliair,  prop,  adj.,  unwetted  (in  reference 
to  tlie  resistance  which  the  fronds  elTer  to  wet- 
ting), <  11-  priv.  -I-  (havTor,  c!i])alile  of  lieing  wet- 
ted, verbiil  adj.  of  iSm/ii/r,  wet.]  A  huge  genus 
of  ferns,  widely  distributed,  and  great  fiivor- 
iles  in  hothouses  on  account  of  their  beautiful 
forms.  It  includes  the  common  maidenhair  ferns,  A. 
('aiiilliis-Vrniris  and  A.  i>ediituiii,  the  latter  jiecullar  to 
North  America.  They  have  been  used  in  the  preiiaration 
ofcaplllalre. 

adiaphora,  «.     Plural  of  adiaphoron. 
adiaphoracyt  (ad-i-af'o-ra-si),  n.     [Improp.  for 

iiiliiijihiini :  see -«('i/.]     IndilTorence. 

adiaphoresis  (ad-i-af-o-re'sis),  H.  [NIj.,  <  Gr. 
•'•  priv.  -I-  ihnipninii',  tlirow  off  by  jierspiratiou, 
lit.  carry  off  or  away,  <  t'/il,  apart,  +  ^i//i(vi'  = 
!•;.  /«7()'  :  see  n-lS  mill  (/)«;(/i())v'.s7V,'.]  In  ptilhol.. 
ilellcioncy  of  jiersiiiration.  Also  written  adi- 
(tjdiorosis. 

adiaphorism  (ad-i-af 'o-ri/.m),  n.  [<  adiapho- 
runs  +  -ism.]  Religions  idleraiiceor  niodenition 
in  regard  to  iinlilTerent  or  non-essential  mat- 
ters; nonce,  lalitudinariiinisiii;  indilTerentisni. 
The  r.ngllHh  Thirty  nini- Artie  IcK  on  the  whole  are  ele- 
vated by  (he  same  lofty  adiaidnoi.i/n  as  that  which  peno- 
trotcd  the  Wcstmlnstor  Conlession  of  lalUi. 

Dean  Stanley,  In  MaciulUan't  Mug.,  XMV.  2B1. 


adiaphorist 

adiaphorist  (ad-i-af 'o-rist ),  ».  [<  adiaphorous 
+  -jsf.]  A  person  characterized  by  indiffer- 
ence or  moderation,  especially  in  religious  mat- 
ters. Specifically  [cap.],  a  follower  nr  supporter  of  Me- 
laiiclithon  in  the  controversy  which  arusf  in  the  reformed 
church  in  the  sixteenth  century  re^ardirm  certain  doe- 
irines  and  rites  publicly  admitted  l.iy  Mclanehthon  and 
liis  party,  in  the  document  known  as  the  Leipsie  Interim, 
to  be  matters  of  indifference.  8cc  inlenm.  Also  called 
adiaphorite. 

lie  [Lord  Burleigh]  may  have  been  of  the  same  mind 
with  those  German  Protestants  who  were  called  Adiaph- 
Dru-its,  and  who  considered  the  popish  rites  as  matters 
iiuliffereiit.  Macaulay,  Uurleiph. 

adiaphoristic  (ad-i-af -0-ris'tik),  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  things  which  are  morally  indifferent ;  adi- 
aphorous.—  2.  Relating  to  the  atliaphorists. 
See  adiaphorist. 

adiaphorite  (ad-i-af'o-rit),  n.  [<  adiaphorous 
+  -(7< '-'.]     Same  as  adiaphorist. 

adiaphoron  (ad-i-af  o-ron),  n. ;  pi.  adiaphora 
(-rii).  [NLi.,  <  Gr.  aiSm^opor,  neut.  of  d6td(popog, 
indifferent:  see  adiaphorous.']  In  tiieol.  and 
ethics,  a  thing  Indifferent;  a  tenet  or  practice 
which  may  be  considered  non-essential. 

Life  and  death  are  among  the  adiaphora  —  things  indif- 
ferent, wluch  may  be  chosen  or  rejected  according  to  cir- 
cumstances.    G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  176. 
He  [Luther]  classed  images  in  themselves  as  among  the 
adiaphora,  and  condemned  only  their  eultus. 

Encuc.  Brit.,  XII.  714. 

adiaphorosis  (ad-i-af-o-ro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  im- 
prop.  for  adiaphoresis,  assimilated  to  term. 
-osis,  q.  v.]     Same  as  adiaphoresis. 

adiaphorous  (ad-i-af 'o-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a6ia<popo^, 
not  different,  indifferent,  <  n-  priv.  +  didipopoc, 
diSerent,<.  Siaipepeiv  (=L.  diffcre,  >  E.  differ),  <  did 
=  L.  (lis-,  apart,  +  (^ipctv  =  1^.  ferre  =  E.  hear'^.] 
1 .  Indifferent ;  neutral ;  morally  neither  right 
nor  wrong. 

Why  does  the  Church  of  Eome  charge  upon  others  the 
shame  of  novelty  for  leaving  of  some  rites  and  ceremonies 
which  by  her  own  practice  we  are  taught  to  have  no  ob- 
ligation in  them,  but  to  be  adiaphorous? 

Jer.  Taylor,  Liberty  of  Prophesying,  §  5. 

Hence  —  2t.  Applied  by  Boyle  to  a  spirit  nei- 
ther acid  nor  alkaline. — 3.  In  med.,  doing  nei- 
ther good  nor  harm,  as  a  medicament. 

adiapnoryt  (ad-i-af'o-ri),  n.  [<  Gr.  ddta^opia, 
indifference,  <  ddidipopoQ :  see  adiaphorous.']  Neu- 
trality; indifference. 

adiapheustia  (ad "i-ap-nus'ti-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dSiawvevaTia,  <  a-  priv.  -1-  iiairvevnT-iKUQ,  <  itairvslv, 
breathe  through,  perspire,  <  6id,  through,  -t- 
TTvtiv,  breathe.]  lap>athol.,  defective  perspira- 
tion ;  adiaphoresis.     Dunglison. 

adiathermanous(a-di-a-ther'ma-nus),  a.  [< 
Gr.  <;-  priv.  (a-i8)  +  diathermano'us,  q.  v.  Of. 
adiathcrmic]     Same  as  adiathermic. 

A  body  impervious  to  light  is  opaque,  impervious  to 
dark  heat  it  is  adiathermariou.^. 

A.  Darnell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  448. 

adiathermic  (a-di-a-ther'mik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (a-18)  +  diathermic.']  Impervious  to  radi- 
ant heat. 
adicity  (a-dis'i-ti),  n.  [<  -(wP  (1)  +  -icily,  as 
in  atomicity,  periodicity.]  In  chem.,  combining 
capacity,  according  as  an  element  or  a  com- 
pound is  a  monad,  dyad,  etc. ;  same  as  valencii. 
N.  E.  D. 
adieu  (a-dii';  F.  pron.  a-dye'),  inter j.  [Early 
mod.  E.  adiew,  adew,  adiie,  <  ME.  adeic,  adewe, 
<  OF.  a  Dieu,  a  Deu,  mod.  F.  adieu,  to  wliich  the 
mod.  E.  conforms  in  spelling;  =  It.  addio  =  Sp. 
adios  or  a  Dios  =  Pg.  adeos  or  a  Deos  ;  <  L.  ad 
Deum:  ad,  to;  JJeum,  ace.  oi  Deus,  God:  see 
deity.  Cf .  good-by,  orig.  God  be  with  you.]  Lit- 
erally, to  God,  an  ellipsis  for  I  commend  you  to 
God  :  an  expression  of  kind  wishes  at  the  part- 
ing of  friends,  equivalent  to /oj-eiocH;  heuce,  a 
parting  salutation  in  general :  as,  adieu  to  my 
hopes. 

Adewe,  and  adewe,  blis ! 

Testament  of  Love,  ii.  292. 
Adieu,  adieu!  my  native  shore 
Fades  o'er  the  waters  blue. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  1.  13. 
Delightful  summer!  then  adieu!  Hood,  Summer. 

=  Syn.    Adieji.  Farewell,  Oood-by.     These  words   have 
completely  lost  their  original  meanings.    In  use  the  dif- 
ference between  them  is  only  one  of  formality,  good-by 
being  the  most  common,  and  adieu  the  most  formal.     By 
the  Society  of  Friends  (and  perhaps  some  other  sects)  fare- 
well is  preferred,  as  not  involving  the  careless  mention  of 
the  name  of  God.    In  strict  propriety,  farewell  is  a  parting 
salutation  to  persons  going  away. 
adieu  (a-du';  F.  pron.  a-dye'), ». ;  pi.  adieus  or 
(in  French  spelUng)  adieux  (a-diiz',  a-dye'). 
A  farewell  or  commendation  to  the  care  of  God : 
as,  an  everlasting  adieu;  to  make  one's  adieus. 
We  took  our  last  adieu 
And  up  the  snowy  Splugeu  drew. 

Tennyson.  Daisy. 


73 

adightt  (a-dif),  I',  t.  [<ME.  adihtcn,  adighten, 
<  AS.  "adihtan,  <  «-  -I-  dihtan,  arrange,  dight: 
see  (light.]     To  sot  in  order.     See  dight. 

adightt  (ii-dif),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  adiht,  ddight,  pp. : 
see  the  verb.]     Sot  in  order;  arrayed. 

ad  indefinitum  (ad  in-def-i-ni'tum).  [L. :  ad, 
to;  indefinitum,  ace.  neut.  of  indefinitns,  miiefi.- 
mto:  see  indefinite]  To  the  indefinite ;  indefi- 
nitely ;  to  an  indefinite  extent.  An  expression  used 
by  some  writers  in  jilace  of  ad  injlniturii,  as  being  in  their 
opinitin  ]iion-  jiiecisc, 

ad  inf.    An  abbreviation  of  Latin  ad 

(wliii'li  see). 

ad  infinitum  (ad  in-fi-ni'tum).  [L. :  ad,  to, 
unto;  infinitum,  ace.  neut.  of  infinitus,  infinite: 
soe,  infinite]  To  infinity ;  endlessly;  on  and  on 
without  end;  tlirough  an  infinite  series. 

adinole  (a.d'i-nol),  ;t.  [Etym.  uncertain.]  A 
hard,  compact  rock,  composed  of  quartz  and 
albite,  produced  by  the  alteration  of  certain 
schists  due  to  the  influence  of  intruded  dia- 
base. 

ad  inquirendum  (ad  in-kwi-ren'dmn).  [L.,  for 
the  purpose  of  inquiring:  ad,  to,  for;  inquiren- 
dum, gerund  of  inquirere,  inquire  :  see  inquire.] 
In  law,  a  judicial  writ  commanding  inquiry  to 
be  made  concerning  a  cause  depending  in  a 
court. 

ad  int.  An  abbreviation  of  ad  interim  (which 
see). 

ad  interim  (ad  in'tto-im).  [L. :  ad,  to,  for;  in- 
terim, meanwhile  :  see  interim.]  In  the  mean 
time  ;  for  the  present. 

adios  (k-Ae' OS),  inter  j.  [Sp.,  =Pg.  adeos  =  It. 
a<ldiii  =  F. adieu:  see  adieu.]  Adieu;  good-by. 
[Southwestern  U.  S.] 

adipate  (ad'i-pat),  n.  [<  L.  ade2)s  {adipi-),  fat, 
+  -afel :  see  adipic.  Cf .  L.  adipatus,  supplied 
with  fat.]     A  salt  of  adipic  acid. 

adipescent  (ad-i-pes'ent),  a.  [<  L.  adeps 
(adip-),  fat,  +  -esccnt.]  "Becoming  fatty. 

adipic  (a-dip'ik),  a.     [<  L.  adeps  (.adip-),  fat,  + 

-ic- :  see  adcj)s.]   Of  or  belonging  to  fat Adipic 

acid,  C,^Hio04,  an  acid  obtained  by  treating  oleic  acid 
or  fatty  bodies  with  nitric  acid.  It  forms  soft,  white 
nodular  crusts,  which  seem  to  be  aggregates  of  small 
crystals, 

adipocerate  (ad-i-pos'e-rat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
adipociratid,  ppr.  adipocerating.  [<  adijHiccrc 
+  -afe'-^.]     To  convert  into  adipoeere.     Craig. 

adipoceration  (ad-i-pos-e-rii'shon),  )).  The  iiCt 
of  changing  or  the  state  of  being  changed  into 
adipoeere.     Craig. 

adipoeere  (ad'i-po-ser"),  n.  [=F.  adipocirc,  < 
L.  ade2)s  (adij)-),  fat,  +  cera,  wax.]  A  soft 
unctuous  or  waxy  substance,  of  a  light-brown 
color,  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  ani- 
mal matter  when  protected  from  the  air,  and 
under  certain  conditions  of  temperature  and 
humidity.  It  consists  chiefly  of  ammonium 
margarate,  with  an  admixtiu-e  of  the  marga- 
rates  of  potassium  and  calcium Adipoeere  min- 
eral, a  fatty  matter  found  in  some  peat-mnsses,  and  in  the 
argillaceous  iron  ore  of  Merthyr-Tydvil,  Wales;  adipocc- 
rite.  It  is  inodorous  when  cold,  but  when  heated  it  emits 
a  slightly  bituminous  odor.  Also  called  adipocerite  and 
hatcliettin. 

adipoceriform  (ad"i-po-ser'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  adi- 
pocerc  +  L.  -formis,  <  forma,  form.]  Having 
the  appearance  or  form  of  adipoeere. 

adipocerite  (ad-i-pos'e-rit),  «.  [<  adipoeere  + 
-ite~.]     Adipoeere  mineral.     See  adipoeere. 

adipocerous  (ad-i-pos'e-ms),  a.  Relating  to 
adipoeere ;  containing  adipoeere. 

adipocire  (ad'i-po-ser"),  «•  [F. :  see  adipoeere.] 
Same  as  adipoeere. 

adipo-fibroma  (ad"i-p6-fi-br6'ma),  n.  Same  as 
lipo-filiriinia. 

adipoma  (ad-i-po'mii),  n.     Same  as  lipoma. 

adipose  (ad'i-p6s),  «.  and  n.  [=  F.  adipeux,  Sp. 
adiposo,  etc.,  <.  NL.  adiposus,  <  L.  adeps  (adip-), 
fat:  see  adejjs.]  I.  a.  Fatty;  consisting  of,  re- 
sembling, or  having  relation  to  fat Adipose 

arteries,  the  branches  of  the  diaphragmatic,  capsular,  and 
renal  arteries  which  nourish  the  fat  around  the  kidneys. 
—Adipose  body,  in  entom.,  a  peculiar  fatty  substance 
occupying  a  considerable  portion  of  the  interior  of  the 
body,  and  especially  abundant  in  the  full-grown  larvaj  of 
insects,  consisting  of  a  yellowish  lobulated  mass  lining  the 
walls  of  the  body-cavity  and  filling  up  the  spaces  between 
the  viscera.  Z>(i«(is.— Adipose  fin,  a  posterior  dorsal  ap- 
pendage, generally  sacciform  or  pedunculated  and  more 
or  less  fut-like,  but  sometimes  cariniform,  developed  in 
certain  lishes,  especially  the  salmonids  and  silurids. — Adi- 
pose membrane,  the  cell-wall  of  a  fat-cell ;  the  ex- 
tremely delicate  structureless  membrane  which  surrounds 
a  fat-globule  or  vesicle  of  fat.— Adipose  sac,  a  fat-cell 
or  fat-vesicle  whose  limiting  cell-wall  consists  of  an  adi- 
pose membrane,  and  whose  contents  are  a  globule  of  fat. 
— Adipose  tissue,  a  connective  tissue  of  loose  structure 
containing'  masses  of  fat-cells,  that  is,  cells  in  which  the 
protopl.isiii  lt;is  been  largely  replaced  by  fat.  Adipose 
tissue  uiiiit'iiics  the  skin,  invests  the  kidneys,  etc.— Adi- 
pose tumor,  a  lipoma. 


adjacently 

II.  n.     Fat  in  general;  specifically,  the  fat 
on  the  kidneys. 

adiposis  (ad-i-pd'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  adeps(adip-), 
fat,  -I-  -osis.]  1.  General  coi^juleuey. —  2.  The 
accumulation  of  fat  in  or  upon  a  single  organ. 

adiposity  (ad-i-pos'i-ty),  )(.  [<  NL.  as  if  "adi- 
positas,  <  adiposus :  see  adipose  and  -ity.]  Fat- 
ness; adiposis. 

adipous  (ad'i-pus),  a.  [<  L.  adeps  (adip-),  fat, 
+  -ous.  Cf.  adipose.]  Fat;  of  the  natui'e  of 
fat;  adipose. 

adipsia  (a-dip'si-al  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  *aSiTpia, 
absence  of  thirst,  {ddiipoc,  not  thii'sty :  see  adip- 
soiis.]  In  tned.,  absence  of  thirst.  Also  called 
adipsy. 

adipsous (a-dip'sus),  a.  [< Gr.  adiipog,  notthirsty, 
<  a-  priv.  -t-  6ifa,  thirst :  see  adipsia.]  Tending 
to  quench  thirst,  as  certain  fruits. 

adipsy  (ad'ip-si),  n.     Same  as  adipsia. 

adit  (ad'it),  n.  [<  L.  aditus,  an  approach,  < 
adire,  pp.  aditus,  approach,  <  ad,  to,  +  ire,  go: 
see  itinerant.  Ct.exit.]  1.  An  entrance  or  a 
passage;  specifically,  in  mining,  a  nearly  hori- 
zontal excavation,  or  drift  (which  see),  specially 
used  to  conduct  from  the  interior  to  the  surface 
the  water  which  either  comes  into  the  workings 
from  above  oris  pumped  uji  fi'om  below.  The  word 
tunnel  is  in  general  use  in  the  I'nited  States,  and  especially 
in  the  western  mining  regions,  for  adit ;  but  the  former 
properly  signifies  an  excavation  open  at  both  ends,  such  as 
is  used  in  railroads.  When  there  are  two  or  more  adits, 
the  lowest  is  called  the  deep  adit.  Adits  are  occasionally 
several  miles  in  length.  The  so-called  Sutro  tunnel, 
draining  the  Comstock  lode  at  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  is 
the  most  extensive  work  of  this  kind  yet  constructed  in 
the  United  States.  It  is  about  20,000  feet  in  length,  and 
intersects  the  lode  at  a  depth  of  about  2000  feet.  Also 
called  adit-level.  See  cut  under  level. 
2.  Milit.,  a  passage  under  ground  by  which 
miners  approach  the  part  they  intend  to  sap. 
Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet. — 3.  Admission;  access; 
approach.     [Rare.] 

Yourself  and  yours  shall  have 
Free  adit.  Tennyson,  Princess,  vL 

aditionf  (a-dish'on),  n.  [<  L.  aditio(n-),  ap- 
jiroach,  <  adire:  see  adit.]  The  act  of  ap- 
proaching. 

adit-level  (ad'it-lev"el),  n.     Same  as  adit,  1. 

adive  (a-div'),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
Same  as  corsak. 

adj.    An  abbreviation  of  adjectioc. 

adjacence  (a-ja'sens),  n.  [<ML.  adjacentia,  <. 
L.  adjacen{t-)s :  see  adjacent.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing adjacent ;  adjacency. 

adjacency  (a-ja'sen-si),  ». ;  pi.  adjacencies  (-siz). 

1 .  The  state  of  being  adjacent,  or  of  ijing  close 
or  contiguous ;  proximity  or  near  neighborhood: 
as,  the  adjacency  of  lands  or  buildings. —  2.  That 
which  is  adjacent.     [Rare.] 

Distracted  by  the  \icinity  of  adjacencies. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  En'.,  ii.  2. 

All  lands  beyond  their  own  and  its  frontier  adjacencies. 

De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

adjacent  (a-ja'sent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adja- 
cen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adjaeere,  lie  near,  <  ad,  to,  + 
jacerCjlie:  seejacent.]  I.  fl.  Lying  near,  close, 
or  contiguous ;  adjoining ;  neighboring :  as,  a 
tield  adjacent  to  the  highway,  c 

Sauntering  .  .  .  along  the  banks  of  the  adjacent  mill- 
pond.  Irviny,  Sleepy  Hollow. 
Tiibes  which  are  larger,  or  better  organized,  or  both, 
conquer  adjacent  tribes  and  annex  them. 

//.  Spencer,  Piin.  of  Sociol.,  §  448. 
Adjacent  angles.  See  angles.  =  Syn.  Adjacent,  Adjoin- 
in;/,  Contiguous.  These  words  apply  only  to  material 
things  ;  if  they  are  applied  to  abstract  things,  it  is  only  by 
considerable  liberty  in  ligurative  use.  They  are  not  ap- 
plicable to  separate  persons  or  animals  under  any  circum- 
stances. Adjacent  villages,  camps,  herds ;  adjoin  ing  fields ; 
contiguous  houses :  not  adjacent  soldiers,  cattle.  Adja- 
cent, lying  near,  neighboring,  but  not  necessarily  in  con- 
tact. New  York  and  the  towns  adjacent.  Adjoining,  joining 
to  or  on,  so  as  to  touch.  Contiguous,  touching  along  a  con- 
siderable line. 

From  the  barge 
A  strange  invisible  perfume  hits  the  sense 
Of  the  adjacent  wharfs.         Shak.,  A.  and  C,  in  2. 

The  Fire  Tender  is  in  the  adjoining  library,  pretending 
to  write.  C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  72. 

[The  Emperor  of  Morocco]  is  the  only  full-blown  despot 
whose  dominions  lie  contiguous  to  civilization. 

r.  B.  Aldrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,'  p.  215. 

II.  n.  1.  That  which  is  next  or  contiguous; 
an  abutting  neighbor.     [Rare.] 
No  adjacent,  no  equal,  no  co-rival. 

Shct/ord,  Learned  Discourses,  p.  220. 

2.  In  logic,  a  predicate — Propositions  of  second 
adjacent,  propositions  ill  which  the  ciijiula  and  predicate 
are  merged.— Propositions  of  third  adjacent  (transla- 
tion of  Greek  TrpoTacri?  t=\-  iptrov  KaTTj-yupuufxtroi'),  proposi- 
tions whose  copula  and  predicate  are  separated. 

adjacently  (a-ja'sent-li),  adv.  So  as  to  be  ad- 
jacent. 


adjag 

adjag  (aj'ag),  n.     [Xative  name  in  Java.]    A 
kind  of  wild  dog,  Cants  nitilaiis,  found  in  Java. 
The  (Jog-tribe  is  represeutod  by  the  fox-Uke  culjag  (Canis 
rufilnnit),  which  honts  m  ferocious  packs. 

Eiicijc.  Brit.,  XIII.  603. 

adject  (a-jekt'),  i-  f-  [<  L.  adjecUts,  pp.  of 
adjicere,  usttaUy  eontr.  adicerc,  add,  put  to, 
<ad,  to,  +jacere,  tlirow:  see  Jactation,  ^cfl.] 
To  add  or  put,  as  one  thing  to  another;  annex. 
[Bare.] 

Lanstufan  castel  and  lordship  by  the  new  act  is  .  .  . 
adjei-tcti  to  I'embrokeshire.         Leland,  Itinerary,  lU.  26. 

adjection  (a-jek'shon),  H.  [<  L.  adjectio{n-),  an 
addition,  <  adjicere,  adicere,  add:  see  adject.'] 
The  act  of  adjecting  or  adding,  or  the  thing 
added.     [Rare.] 

This  is  added  to  complete  our  happiness,  by  the  abjec- 
tion of  eternity.  Bp,  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  xii. 

adjectitiOUS  (ad-jek-tish'us),  a.  [<  LL.  adjec- 
titiiis,  better  spelled  adjccticius,  added,  beside,  < 
h.adjectus,pp.:  see  adject.]  Added ;  additional : 
as,  "  adjectitiOUS  work,"  ilaiindrell.  [Rare.] 
adjectival  (ad-jek-ti'val  or  aj'ek-ti-val),  a. 
[<  adjective  +  -a?.]  Belonging  to  or  Uke  an  ad- 
jective ;  having  the  import  of  an  adjective. 

The  more  frequent  employment  of  both  the  participles 
with  an  adjectival  syntax  is,  in  its  origin,  a  Gallicism. 

G.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  658. 

Kelatively  to  the  real,  which  is  substantival,  the  idea 

is  adjectiral.  Mind,  IX.  127. 

adjectivally  ^ad-jek-ti'val-i  or  aj'ek-ti-viil-i), 
adv.  By  way  of  or  as  an  adjective  :  as,  a  noun 
or  participle  adjectivally  used. 

adjective  (aj'ek-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adjecfivus, 
that  is  added  (only  as  a  grammatical  term),<  ad- 
jectun,  pp.  of  adjicere,  a,dd:  see  adject.]  I.  «.  1. 
Naming  or  forming  an  adjunct  to  a  noun:  as, 
an  adjective  name. —  2.  Pertaining  to  an  adjec- 
tive :  as,  the  adjective  use  of  a  noun. —  3.  Added 
oradjected;  additional.  [Rare.] -Adjectivecol- 
or,  i»t/i/.i/i'/.  a  color  which  is  imt  absorbed  dirccti\  frciu 
its  solution  by  the  libers  of  the  substance  dyed,  but  can  be 
fixed  only  by  a  mordant  or  by  s<  iTiic<)ther  means  :  opposed  to 
»u/wf(in'iiv  color,  which  the  libel's  directly  absorb. — Ad- 
;|ectlvelaw.  See  (oir.— Noun  adjective,  a  word  stand- 
inj.:  for  the  name  of  an  attribute  :  now  usually  adjective,  n. 
See  lielow, 

H.  n.  1.  In  gram.,  a  word  used  to  qualify, 
limit,  or  define  a  noun,  or  a  word  or  pliraso 
which  has  the  value  of  a  noun ;  a  part  of  speech 
expressing  quality  or  condition  as  belonging  to 
something:  thus,  whiteneii.f  is  the  name  of  a 
quality,  and  is  a  noun  ;  tvhitc  means  possessing 
whiteness,  and  so  is  an  adjective.  The  adjective 
is  used  attributively,  appositively.  or  predicatively  :  thus, 
attributively  in  "a  idjte  ruler";  appositively,  in  "a  ruler 
wis'-  and  fjood" ;  predicatively,  in  "the  ruler  is  wise." 
Commonly  abbreviated  to  a.  or  adj. 
2t.  A  dependant  or  an  accessory;  a  secondary 
or  subsidiary  part. 

adjective  (aj'ek-tiv),  v.  t.  To  make  an  adjec- 
tiv.-  lit ;  form  Into  an  adjective  ;  give  the  char- 
acter of  an  adjective  to.    [Rare.] 

In  Khi;lish,  instead  of  adjectiving  our  (»wn  nouns,  we 
have  Icirrowed  in  immense  numbers  adjectived  signs  from 
other  latiiniaKes,  without  borrowing  the  unadjectived  signs 
of  Ihesf  1'1,-jw.  Home  Tooke,  Purlcy. 

adjectively  (aj'ek-tiv-li),  adv.  In  the  manner 
r)f  an  adjective*  as,  the  word  is  here  used  ad- 
jrrtirely. 

adjiger  (aj'i-gtrl,  «.  [Anglo-lnd.,  ropr.  Ilind. 
"J'.l'ir.]  A  largo  Indian  rock-snake,  I'l/lhon  mo- 
luriiti.  See  anaconda. 
adjoin  (iv-join';,  r.  [<  ME.  ajoinen,  <  OF.  ajoin- 
dri:  (K.  n({jiiindrc),  <  L.  adjumivrc,  <  ad,  to,  -I- 
juHf/crc,  join :  see  join.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  join 
ou  or  add  ;  unite  ;  annex  or  append. 

A  massy  wheel  .  .  . 
To  wh'^r  huge  HrHikei  ten  thousand  IcHser  ttdngs 
Are  mortl.i'd  iiuf!  «//jC(in'(/.  Shnk.,  ilariilct,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  Ik-  oontiKuouH  to  or  in  contact  with  :  as, 
hi.i  lumxc  lulii/nm  tlio  lake  ;  a  field  aitjuinina 
the  I.     I  -^ 

A' 

>'   ■  i  .  morn,  to  tuc.itlii 

^  .itid  funuN 

■'  ..ft  conceives  dellKbl 

Millan,  I'.  1...  \\.  111. 

II.   intraiu.    1.  To  be  contiguous  ;  lie  or  lie 

ne.<t.  ..r  in  .  ..iitoct:  with  to:  as,  "a  farm  ad- 

j"><  lilghway,"  Jllackntonc.—  Zt.  To 

■PI- 

Mm  lu,i.l.>  unlMhiiii  udJiiuH'il  -ydo  lo  syde. 

.Vn-.,,  K.  g.,111.  vll.  42. 

adJoinant>          '  ,;,     |<  p.  ndjoiimani, 

PI"'-  "'  '  I'fin.]    (JontiKuoiiH. 

To  lb*,  t.  -- ,„/  |„  „,(,.  ,  .  .  nn  ancient 

'"•'I"  II.  rarrtr.    Mirvey  of  (oniwiill. 

adjoint  (nj'olnt),  n.  [<  F.  adjoint,  ftHHlstent, 
adjunct,  prop.  pp.  of  ndjMndrr,  adjoin,  assitn' 


74 

as  an  assistant:  see  adjoin.]  If.  One  who  is 
joined  or  associated  with  another  as  a  helper; 
an  adjunct.     [Rare.] 

You  ai'e,  madam,  I  perceive,  said  he,  a  public  minister, 
and  this  lady  is  your  adjoint. 

Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  108. 

2.  [Pron.  a-jwan'.]  In  France,  specifically — 
(a)  An  assistant  of  or  substitute  for  the  mayor 
of  a  commune,  or  in  Paris  of  an  arrontiisse- 
ment.  (fc)  An  assistant  professor  in  a  col- 
lege. 

adjourn  (a-jem'),  f-  [<ME.  ajournen,  ajornen, 
<  OF.  ajorner,  ajurncr,  F.  ajourner  =  Pg.  ajor- 
H«f  =  It.  aggiornare,  <  ML.  adiurnare,  adjuniare, 
adjornare.  fix  a  day,  summon  for  a  particular 
day,  <  L.  ad.  to,  +  LL.  *diurnus,  *junnis,  *jornus 
(>  It.  giorno  =  Pr.  jorn  =  OF.  jor,  jur,  F.  jour,  a 
day),  <.\j.diurnus,  daily,  < (7i>«,  day:  see  diurnal, 
journal.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  put  ofi:  or  defer,  prop- 
erly to  another  day,  but  also  till  a  later  period 
indefinitely. 

Or  how  the  stui  shall  in  mid  heaven  stand  still 
A  day  entire,  and  night's  due  course  adjourn. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  204. 

It  is  a  common  practice  to  adjourn  the  reformation  of 
their  lives  to  a  further  time.  Barron: 

Specifically — 2.  To  suspend  the  meeting  of, 
as  a  public  or  private  body,  to  a  futiu-e  day 
or  to  another  place  ;  also,  defer  or  postpone  to 
a  futtu-e  meeting  of  the  same  body :  as,  the 
court  adjourned  the  consideration  of  the  ques- 
tion. 

Tile  queen  being  absent,  't  is  a  needful  fitness 
That  we  adjourn  tliis  coiu-t  till  further  d,iy. 

Sliak.,  Hen.  VIII,,  u.  i. 

II.  intrans.  To  suspend  a  sitting  or  trans- 
action till  another  day,  or  transfer  it  to  another 
place:  usually  said  of  legislatm'es,  com'ts,  or 
other  formally  organized  bodies :  as,  the  legis- 
latm'o  adjourned  at  four  o'clock;  the  meeting 
adjourned  to  the  town  hall — To  adjourn  sine  die 
(literally,  to  adjourn  without  day),  to  adjcturn  without  set- 
ting a  time  to  reconvene  or  sit  tigaln  ;  specifically,  to  lui- 
journ  without  intending  or  expecting  to  sit  again;  the 
usual  formula  of  minutes  recording  the  proceedings  of  a 
body,  as  a  court  martial,  whose  existence  terminates  witli 
the  business  for  which  it  was  convened. 

adjournal  (a-jer'nal),  H.  [<  adjourn  +  -al.] 
In  Scots  law,  the  proceedings  of  a  single  day 
in,  or  of  a  single  sitting  of,  the  Coiu-t  of  Justi- 
ciary: equivalent  to  sederunt  as  applied  to  a 
civil  court — Act  of  adjournal,  the  record  of  a  sen- 
tence in  a  criminal  cause— Book  Of  adjournal,  a  book 
coiitaiiiiiig  the  records  of  the  Court  of  ,Tiisticiary. 

adjournment  (a-jcrn'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  ajournc- 
ment,  eurlier ajornement :  seeadjourn  aud-ment.] 

1.  The  act  of  postponing  or  deferring. 

We  run  our  lives  out  in  adjournments  from  time  to  time. 

l,'iJstran;7<-. 

2.  The  act  of  discontinuing  a  meeting  of  a 
public  or  private  body  or  the  transaction  of  any 
business  until  a  fixed  date  or  indefinitely. — 

3.  The  period  during  which  a  public  body  ail- 
joums  its  sittings:  as,  durbig  an  adjournment 

of  six  weeks Adjournment  In  eyre,  in  old  Kwi. 

law,  the  appointment  by  tiie  justices  in  eyre,  uv  circuit 
jiulgea,  of  a  day  for  future  session.  =  Syn.  Adjimmnu-nl, 
Recess,  Proroffittion,  Dissolution.  Adjournment  is  the  act 
by  which  an  a.sscnibly  suspends  its  session  in  virtin-  of 
authculty  inherent  in  itself ;  it  may  be  also  the  time  or  in- 
terval of  such  suspension.  A  recess  is  a  customary  sus- 
pension of  business,  as  during  the  pertotl  of  certain 
recognized  or  legal  holidays;  as,  the  Easter  recess :  n 
recess  for  Washington's  birtlulay.  Itecess  is  also  popu- 
larly used  fiu'ubricf  suspension  of  business  for  any  reiu^on  : 
as,  it  was  agreed  that  there  bo  a  recess  of  ten  minutes. 
A  proroiiation  is  the  adjournment  of  the  slltlngH  of  a 
legislative  b.icly  at  the  instance  of  the  authority  wliicli 
calleil  it  together,  as  the  stivereigti;  during  a  prorogation 
it  can  IkjIiI  no  sittings,  but  in  order  to  resiiuu-  busines.s 
nniHt  be  again  sunniuuicd ;  the  close  of  a  sessiiul  of  the 
llritisli  Parliament  is  called  a  pmrnttntion.  liissolutiim 
is  the  act  by  which  the  body,  as  such,  is  broken  nn,  and  its 
members  arc  finally  discharged  from  their  duties.  TIic 
t'nited  Stales  House  of  IteprcHentatives  dissolves  every 
two  years  at  a  tiling  fixed  by  law,  but  the  Semite  has  a 
cuntinuoUH  life,  and  Iherefnre  odjuurns  from  one  Congress 
to  another.  The  dissohaion  of  the  llrltlsli  Parliament 
necessitates  a  new  eIei;tion;  i\w  dissolution  ni  the  United 
.HlalcM  llcuise  of  Iteprescntalives  in  |)rovided  tor  bylaw,  an 
•  )i-clion  being  ]>reviintsly  held. 

adjoustt,  «'.     Obsolete  form  of  adjust. 

adjt.     A  contraction  oi  adjutant. 

adjudge  (a-jiij'),  r.;  prei.  and  pp.  a([judgrd, 
[ipr.  adjuilging.  [<  .MI'".,  adjugin,  ajugrn,  <  OF. 
ajugiir,  tijniicr,  V.  at(iuger,  <  L.  ailjudiriiri, 
iiwuid,  doeiiio,  iad,  to,  -^  judicarr,  decide:  see 
judginmX  oi[jttdicatc.]  1,  trans.  1.  Tonwiinl 
jnilicjuUy;  assign:  as,  the  prize  wos  adjudged 
to  liiiii. 

Ajiu  ran  mad,  because  liU  arms  were  a'tjiuliied  lo 
t'ly«»i  n.  llnrlon,  Alnit,  of  .Mel.,  p.  lllfi. 

2.  To  decide  by  a  judicial  opinion  orsontonce; 
adjudicate  upon;  dotcnnino;  settle. 


adjunct 

Happily  we  :u*e  iu)t  witliout  authority  on  this  point. 
It  has  been  considered  and  adjud<ied. 

I).  Webster',  Speech,  March  10,  1818. 

3,  To  pass  sentence  on;  sentence  or  condenm. 

Those  rebel  spirits  adjudged  to  hell. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  823. 

4t.  To  deem ;  judge ;  consider.     [Rare.] 

He  adjudged  him  unworthy  of  his  friendship.    Knolles. 
=  Syn.  To  decree,  adjudicate. 
II.  intrans.  To  decree;  decide;  pass  sentence. 
There  let  him  still  victor  sway. 
As  battel  hath  adjudged.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  377. 

adjudgeable  (a-juj'a-bl),  a.  [<  adjudge  + 
-able.]    Capable  of  bemg  adjudged. 

Burgh  customs  still  stand  in  the  pccuUar  position  of 
being  neither  adjudqeable  nor  arrestable. 

Emyc.  Brit.,  IV.  63. 

adjudgement,  n.     See  adjudgment. 
adjudger  (a-juj'cr),  «.     One  "who  adjudges, 
adjudgment  (a-juj'ment),  n.     The  act  of  ad- 
judging; adjudication;  sentence.    Also  spelled 
Oiljudgcment. 
The  adjud'jment  of  the  punishment. 

Sir  W.  Temple,  Intrad.  to  Hist.  Eng. 

adjudicataire  (a-jo"di-ka-tar'),  n.  [F.,  <  L. 
adjudicatus,  pp.  of  adjudicarc :  see  adjudicate.] 
In  Canada,  a  purchaser  at  a  judicial  sale. 

adjudicate  (a-jo'di-kat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
judicated, ppr.  adjudicating.  [<  L.  adjudicatus, 
pp.  of  adjudicarc,  award,  decide,  <  ad,  to,  -t- 
judicare,  judge:  see  adjudge  and  judge.]  I. 
trans.  To  adjudge ;  pronoimce  judgment  upon ; 
award  judicially. 

Superior  force  may  end  in  conquest ;  .  .  .  but  it  camiot 
adjudicate  any  right.       Sumner,  True  Grand,  of  Nations. 

II.  intrans.  To  sit  in  judgment ;  give  a  judi- 
cial decision  :  with  upon  :  as,  the  court  adjudi- 
cated upon  the  case. 

From  the  whole  taken  in  continuation,  but  not  from  any 
one  as  an  insulated  principle,  you  come  into  a  power  of 
adjudicating  upon  the  pretensions  of  the  whole  theory. 

De  l^uinceij.  Style,  ii. 

adjudication  (a-jo-tU-ka'shon),  «.  [<  L.  adjudi- 
C(ttif)(n-),<.ailjudicarc:  see  adjudicate]  1.  The 
act  of  adjudicating ;  the  act  or  process  of  deter- 
mining or  adjudging;  a  passing  of  judgment. 

To  pass  off  a  verdict  of  personal  t.aste,  under  the  guise 
of  an  adjudication  of  science.     P.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  SI. 

2.  In  law :  (a)  A  judicial  sentence ;  judg- 
ment or  decision  of  a  court.  (6)  The  aot  of  a 
court  declaring  an  ascertained  fact:  as,  an 
adjudication  of  bankruptcy. 

The  consciiucncc  of  adjudication  is  that  all  the  bank- 
rupfs  property  \csts  in  the  registrar  of  the  court  until 
the  appointment  by  the  creditors  of  a  trustee,  and  there, 
after  m  the  trustee.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  :l4;i, 

3.  In  ,S'c()f.s  law,  the  diligence  or  process  by 
wliich  land  is  attached  in  security  for  or  in 

payment  of  a  debt — Articulate  adjudication,  in 
Scats  law,  adjudication  wliieli  is  often  used  when'  there 
are  more  delttsthan  one  due  to  the  adjudging  creditor;  in 
which  case  it  is  usual  to  accumulate  eaeli  dt'bt  by  itself, 
so  that,  in  case  of  an  error  in  ascertaining  or  calculating 
one  of  the  debts,  the  error  may  aft'ect  only  that  debt. — 
Effectual  adjudication,  in  Scots  lan;  a  form  of  action 
byivbi.hreal  juopcrty  is  attached  by  a  creditor.— Former 
adjudication,  in  luu:  a  previous  judicial  decision  lie- 
Iweell  the  same  liarties  lU'  tluise  whom  they  succeed, 
available,  or  sought  to  lie  maile  available,  to  bar  a  subse- 
quent litigation  invidving  the  same  point. 

adjudicator  (a-jo'di-ka-tor),  J?.     [<  L.  as  if  'ad- 

jndirntor,  <  adjudicarc :  see  adjudicate]     One 

wlin  .■idjiidii'utcs. 
adjudicature    (a-jii'di-ka-tur'),    «.     [<  ad.judi- 

caii    +  -iin .]     The  aot  or  process  of  adjudi- 

ciiling  ;  adjudication. 
adjugatet  ("j'o-gat),  r.  t.     [<  h.  adjtigatus,  pp. 

ol  adjugare,  unite,  <  <i</,  to,  -I-  jugarc,  join,  < 

jugnni  (=  K.  iiolcc),  ijungvre,  join:  see  yi^e  and 

join.]     To  yoke  to.     liailcy. 
adjumentt  (aj'ii-niont),  n.     [<  L.  adjiimcntum,  a 

iiioniistit  aid,  a  contr.  of  *atljuvamentum,  (.ad- 

juvarr,  help,  aid:   see  aid.]     Help;  support; 

tlmt  wliich  supports  or  assists. 

Nerves  are  aiijumcnts  to  corporal  activity. 

Watcrhouse,  Fortcscuc,  p.  107. 

adjunct  (nj'uiigkt),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ai^iunctus, 
jiiiiii'd  to,  added,  pp.  oiai{jung(re  :  see  atljoin.] 
I.  II.  1,  United  with  aiiollior  (generally  in  a 
siilioi'dinato  capacity)  in  ollice  or  in  action  of 
any  kind:  as,  an  adjunct  professor. —  2.  Added 
lo  or  conjoined  with,  as  a  cousoqueuce;  attend- 
ing; accompanying. 

Tlioimh  tlmt  niy  death  were  adjunct  to  niv  act. 

I'.y  He  avcM,  I  Mould  do  It.  .Slioh:,  K.  .lohn.  Hi.  3. 

Adjunct  dlagnoBtlcB.  scc  <(i.i:/iii,«fic.-  Adjunct  note. 
In  inoMir,  an  iitno'ccntcd  amiluiiy  note  not  forming  an 
essential  part  of  the  barniony. 

II.  ".  1.  Hometliiiig  added  to  another,  but 
not  essentially  a  part  of  it. 


adjunct 

Learning  is  l)nt  ;iii  adjunct  to  oiirself. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 

Uiscretion  in  its  several  adjuticts  and  circumstances  is 
nowhere  So  useful  as  to  the  clergy.  Sioi/t. 

2.  A  person  joined  to  another  in  some  duty  or 
service;  an  assistant  or  subordinate  colleague. 

An  adjunct  of  singular  experience  and  trust. 

Sir  II.  Wotlun. 

In  the  Eoyal  Academy  of  Science  at  Paris,  there  are 
twelve  members  called  adjuncts  attached  to  the  study  of 
.some  particular  science.  Buchanan,  Diet.  Sci. 

3.  In  mctaph.,  any  quality  of  a  thing  not  per- 
taining to  its  esseueo. — 4.  In  ijram.,  a  word  or 
a  number  of  words  added  to  define,  limit,  or 
qualify  the  force  of  another  word  or  other 
words;  a  word  or  phrase  having  value  in  a  sen- 
tence only  as  dependent  on  another  member 
of  the  sentence,  as  an  adjective,  an  adverb,  the 
words  of  a  dependent  clause,  etc. — 5.  In  music, 
a,  scale  or  key  closely  related  to  another ;  a 
relative  scale  or  key. —External,  internal,  etc, 
a^unct.     I^ee  the  adjectives. 

adjunction (a-jungk'shon),«.  [ilj. adjunctio{n-), 
iiidjiiiiijcre,  join:  see  'ailjoin.'\  1.  The  act  of 
joining;  the  state  of  being  joined. — 2.  The 
thing  joined. — 3.  In  ciril  Uiw,  the  joining  of 
one  person's  property  to  that  of  another  per- 
manently, as  the  building  of  a  house  upon  an- 
other's land,  painting  of  a  picture  on  another's 
canvas,  and  the  like.     Eapafje  and  Lawrence. 

adjunctive  (a-jungk'tiv),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  ad- 
JnnctifKX,  that  is  joined,  <  adjiinctus,  pp. :   see 
adjunct.^     I,  a.  Joining;  having  the  quality  of 
joining. 
II,  «.  One  who  or  that  which  is  joined. 

adjunctively  (a-jungk'tiv-li),  adr.  In  an  ad- 
jiuictive  manner;  as  an  adjunct. 

adjunctly  (aj'ungkt-li),  adc.  In  connection 
\vith ;  by  way  of  addition  or  adjunct ;  as  an 
adjunct. 

ad  jura  regis  (ad  jo'rii  re'jis).  [L.,  to  the 
rights  of  the  king:  ad,  to;  Jura,  ace.  pi.  oi  jus 
(Jur-),  right;  regis,  gen.  of  rex  (re</-),  king.] 
An  old  English  writ  to  enforce  a  presentation 
by  the  king  to  a  living,  against  one  who  sought 
to  eject  the  clerk  presented. 

adjuration  (aj-o-ra'shgn),  «.  [<  L.  adjuratio(n-), 
<  adjurarc  :  see  adjure.']  1.  The  act  of  adjur- 
ing ;  a  solemn  charging  on  oath,  or  under  the 
penalty  of  a  eui'se;  hence,  an  earnest  appeal 
or  question. 

To  the  adjuration  of  tlie  higli-priest,  "  Art  thou  the 
Christ,  the  son  of  the  Idessed  God?"  our  Saviour-  replies  in 
St.  Matthew,  "Thou  hast  said." 

Blackwall,  Sacred  Classics,  II.  163. 

2.  A  solemn  oath. 

To  restrain  the  significance  too  much,  or  too  much  to 
enlarge  it,  would  make  the  adjuration  either  not  so 
weighty  or  not  so  pertinent. 

Milton,  Reason  of  Clnu'ch  Gov.,  i. 

adjuratory  (a-j6'ra-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  adjurato- 
)■(««,  <  adjurator,  one  who  adjures,  <  adjurarc  : 
see  adjure.]  Pertaining  to  or  containing  adju- 
ration; of  the  nature  of  an  adjuration:  as,  an 
adjurator;/  appeal. 

adjure  (a-jor'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adjured,  ppr. 
adjuring.  [<  ME.  adjurcii,  <  L.  ailjurare,  swear 
to,  adjure,  Xad,  to,  +  jurarc,  swear:  eee  jurat. 
Cf.  abjure,  conjure,  and  perjure.]  1.  To  charge, 
bind,  or  command,  earnestly  and  solemnly,  of- 
ten with  an  appeal  to  God  or  the  invocation  of  ^ 
a  curse  in  ease  of  disobedience ;  hence,  to  en- 
treat or  request  earnestly :  as,  ' '  I  adjure  thee 
by  the  living  God,"  Mat.  xxvi.  63 ;  Ma  friend 
adjured  him  to  be  careful. 

Joshua  adjured  them  at  that  time,  sayiiig.  Cursed  be 
the  man  before  the  Lord,  that  riseth  up  and  buildeth  this 
city  Jericho.  Josh.  vi.  26. 

2.  To  swear  by :  as,  to  adjure  the  holy  name 
of  God.  [Kare.]=S3m.  1.  To  conjure,  implore,  en- 
joiii,  i)ray,  Ijey,  entreat,  beseecli,  supplicate. 

adjurer  (a-jor'er),  n.     One  who  adjures. 

adjust  (a-jusf),  1'.  t.  [<P.  '^adjuster,  to  ad- 
just, set  aptly,  couch  evenly,  joyii  handsomly, 
match  fitly,  dispose  orderly,  several  things  to- 
gether" (CotgTave),  now  ajustcr  {—  It.  aggius- 
tare,  aggiostare  =  Pg.  Sp.  ajustar),  arrange, 
dispose,  fit,  etc.,  <  ML.  adjustarc,  in  form  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  Justus,  just,  but  suggested  by  OF.  aj tes- 
ter, "ajouster,  to  add,  adjoyn,  set  or  put  unto; 
also,  increase,  augment,  eek,  also  as  adjuster  " 
(Cotgrave)  (>  ME.  ajustcn,  adjousten,  add,  put, 
suggest),  F.  ajontcr  (see  adjute),  lit.  put  side 
by  side,  <  ML.  tidjuxtare,  put  side  by  side,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  juxta,  near,  lit.  adjoining,  from  same 
root  as  JH«(/tre,  join:  see  juxtaposition.]  1.  To 
fit,  as  one  thing  to  another;  make  correspon- 
dent or  conformable ;  adapt;  accommodate:  as, 
to  adjust  things  to  a  standard. 


75 

Adjwtt  the  event  to  the  prediction. 

Addison,  Def.  of  Clirist.  Kelig. 
According  to  llelmholtz,  then,  we  adjust  the  eye  to  near 
objects  by  contraction  of  the  ciliary  nuiscle. 

Le  Conte,  Sight,  p.  44. 
Tho  living  body  is  not  only  sustained  and  repnjduced  : 
it  ddjuatH  itself  to  external  and  internal  changes. 

Huxley,  Animal  Automatism. 

2.  To  put  in  order;  regulate  or  reduce  to  sys- 
tem ;  bring  to  a  proper  state  or  position  :  as,  to 
adjust  a  scheme;  to  adjust  att'airs;  "adjusting 
the  orthography,"  Johnson. 

To  adjust  the  focal  distance  of  his  optical  instruments. 
./.  S.  Mill,  Logic,  i.  1. 

3.  To  settle  or  bring  to  a  satisfactory  state,  so 
that  parties  are  agreed  in  the  result :  as,  to 
adjust  accoimts. 

Half  tile  differences  of  the  parish  are  adjusted  in  this 
very  parlour.  Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer. 

4t.  To  put  forward;  suggest.  Chaucer. — 5t. 
To  add.  (!axtori.  =  SyR.  To  suit,  aiTange,  dispose,  trim, 
proportion,  Italain-e,  conform,  set  right,  VL-ctify,  reconcile. 

adjustable  (a-jus'ta-bl),  a.  [<  adjust  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  adjusted. 

adjustably  (a-jus'ta-bli),  adv.  As  regards  ad- 
justment; so  as  to  be  capable  of  adjustment. 

The  bed  is  held  adjustabhj  in  place  bv  means  of  screw- 
bolts.  C.  r.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  :i2!). 

adjustaget  (a-jus'taj),  ».  Adjustment.  Sylves- 
ter.    [Kai-e.]  ' 

adjuster  (<a-jus'ter),  ».  A  person  who  adjusts; 
that  which  regulates. 

adjusting-cone  (a-jus'ting-kon),  »i.  An  in- 
stiTimeut  for  measuring  the  distance  between 
the  axes  of  the  eyes  when  they  are  parallel,  as 
in  looking  at  a  distant  object,  it  consists  of  two 
hollow  cones,  each  perforated  at  the  apex.  Through  these 
perforations  the  person  whose  eyes  are  to  be  measm'ed 
looks  at  a  distant  object,  and  the  coues  are  moved  until 
the  two  tlelds  of  vision  coincide.  The  distance  iietween 
the  apexes  then  gives  the  measurement  sought. 

adjusting-screw  (a-jus'ting-skro),  n.  A  screw 
by  which  the  adjustable  parts  of  an  instrument 
or  a  machine  are  moved  to  required  positions. 
It  also  often  serves  to  hold  the  parts  fh'mly  in 
those  positions. 

adjusting-tool  (a-jus'ting-tol),  n.  A  tool  for 
regulating  the  snail  of  a  fusee  in  a  timepiece, 
so  that  its  increase  of  diameter  may  exactly 
compensate  for  the  decrease  of  tension  of  the 
spring  as  it  imwinds  from  the  barrel. 

adjustive(a-jus'tiv),  a.  l<.adju.<it  +  -ive.]  Tend- 
ing or  ser\ang  to  adjust. 

adjustment  ( a-just'ment),  n.  [<  adjust  +  -ment, 
aiter  F.  ajusicment.]  1.  The  act  of  adjusting ; 
a  making  fit  or  eonformable  ;  the  act  of  adapting 
to  a  given  pm-pose ;  orderly  regulation  or  ar- 
rangement :  as,  the  adjustment  of  the  parts  of  a 
watch. 

The  rest  of  the  ai>i»arel  required  little  adjustment. 

Scott,  Waverley,  .\liii. 

2.  The  state  of  being  adjusted ;  a  condition  of 
adaptation;  orderly  relation  of  parts  or  ele- 
ments. 

Throughout  all  phases  of  Life  up  to  the  highest,  every 
advance  is  the  etfecting  of  some  better  adjustment  of  in- 
ner to  outer  actions.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  liiol.,  §  61. 

3.  That  which  serves  to  adjust  or  adapt  one 
thing  to  another  or  to  a  particular  service  :  as, 
the  adjustments  of  constitutional  government, 
of  a  microscope,  a  timepiece,  etc. 

The  nicest  of  all  the  arf/(is(mertts  involved  in  the  working 
of  the  British  Government  is  that  which  determines,  without 
formally  defining,  the  intei-nal  relations  of  the  Cabinet. 
Gladstone,  Might  of  Kight,  p.  162. 

4.  The  act  of  settling  or  arranging,  as  a  differ- 
ence or  dispute;   settlement;   arrangement.— 

5.  In  marine  insurance,  the  act  of  settling  and 
ascertaining  the  amoimt  of  indemnity  which 
the  party  iusm-ed  is  entitled  to  receive  under 
the  policy  after  all  proper  allowances  and  de- 
ductions have  been  made,  and  the  settling  of 
the  proportion  of  that  indemnit.y  which  each 
underwi'iter  is  liable  to  bear.  =Syn.  Arrangement, 
regulation,  settlement,  adaptation,  accommodation,  dis- 
posal. 

adjuster  (a-jus'tor),  H.  [<  adjust  +  -or.]  In 
anal,  and  MoL,  that  which  adjusts,  coaptates, 
or  makes  to  fit  together:  a  name  of  sundry 
muscles :  as,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  adjustors  of 
the  shells  of  brachiopods.  See  extract,  and 
cuts  imder  Lingulidic  and  Waldheimia. 

The  dorsal  udjn^tors  are  fLxed  to  tlie  ventral  surface  of 
the  peduncle,  aiid  are  again  inserted  into  the  hinge-plate 
in  the  smaller  valve.  The  ventral  adjustors  are  consid- 
ered to  pass  from  the  inner  extremity  of  the  peduncle  and 
to  become  attached  by  one  pair  of  their  extremities  to  the 
ventral  valve,  one  on  eilch  side  of  and  a  little  behind  the 
expanded  base  of  the  divaricators.    Encyc.  Brit. ,  IV.  192. 

adjutage,  «.     See  ajutage. 


adjutant-general 

adjutancy  (aj'o-tan-si),  «.    [<  adjutan(t)  +  -cij.'] 

1.  The  office  of  adjutant.  Also  called  adjti- 
tantship. —  2t.  Assistance. 

It  was,  no  doubt,  disposed  with  all  the  adjutancy  of 
dellnition  and  division.  Burke,  Appeal  to  Old  Whigs. 

adjutant  (aj'o-tant),  a.  and n.  [<  L.  adjutan{t-)s, 
ppr.  oiadjutare,  aid,  assist,  freq.  otadjuvare,  aid: 
see  aid.]  I.  a.  Helping ;  assistant.  Bullokar 
(1076).     [Bare.] 

II.  n.  1.  A  helper;  an  assistant;  an  aid. 
[Kare.] 

A  fhie  violin  nnist  ...  be  the  best  adjutant  to  a  fine 
voice.  ir.  Mason,  Eng.  Church  ilusic,  p.  74. 

2.  Milit.,  properly,  aregimental  staff-officer  ap- 
pointed to  assist  tho  commanding  officer  of  a 
regiment  in  the  discharge  of  the  details  of  hia 
military  duty.  The  title  is  also  given  to  otBcers  hav- 
ing similar  functions  attiu;hed  to  larger  or  smaller  divi- 
si(jns  of  troops,  to  garrisojis,  and  to  the  War  Department 
of  the  United  States  government.  (See  adjutant-ffeneral.) 
Adjutants  are  also  assigned,  as  in  the  British  army,  ttt  di- 
visions of  artillery.  Konueriy,  in  England,  called  aid-ma- 
jor,    often  contracted  to  adjt. 

3.  The  adjutant-bird  (which  see) post  adju- 
tant, a  person  holding  the  oihee  of  adjutant  with  refer- 
ence to  the  organization,  of  whatever  character,  of  the 
troops  stationed  at  a  i)ost,  garrison,  carnj*,  or  cantonment. 
—Regimental  adjutant,  a  person  holding  the  office  of 
adjutant  with  reference  to  a  regimental  organization, 
whether  the  regiment  is  in  one  place  or  dispersed  at  dif- 
ferent statii'us. 

adjutant-bird  (aj'o-tant-bferd),  n.  The  name 
given  by  English  residents  of  Bengal  to  a  very 
large  species  of  stork,  common  in  India,  the 
Lcjiloptilus  argula  of  some  naturalists,  belong- 


Adjutant-bird  ^Leftoptilns  argala). 

ing  to  the  family  Ciconiidee.  it  is  the  Ardea  duMa 
of  Gmelin,  the  A.  arfjala  of  Latham,  the  Ciconia  niarahuu 
of  Temminck,  and  the  argala  of  the  native  Indians.  Great 
confusion  has  been  occasioned  by  the  transference  by 
Temminck  of  the  native  name,  argala,  to  a  related  l)Ut 
distinct  African  species.  The  name  marabou  has  likewise 
been  given  to  both  species,  since  both  furnish  th'e  orna- 
mental plumes  so  named  in  commerce.  The  African  spe- 
cies should  be  distinguished  as  the  marabou,  the  Indian 
species  being  left  to  bear  its  native  name  argala.  The 
name  adjutant,  or  adjutant-bird,  is  a  nickname  bestowed 
upon  the  bird  from  some  fancied  likeness  of  its  bearing  to 
the  stiff  martinet  air  of  the  military  fimctionary  known 
as  an  adjutant.  The  bird  is  a  gigantic  stork,  5  or  often  6 
feet  high,  and  its  expanded  wings  measure  14  feet  from 
tip  to  tip.  It  has  an  enormous  bill,  nearly  bare  head  and 
neck,  and  a  sausage-like  pouch  hanging  from  the  under 
part  of  the  neck.  It  is  one  of  the  most  voracious  carniv- 
orous bii'ds  known,  .and  in  India,  from  its  devoiu-ing  all 
sorts  of  carrion  and  noxious  animals,  is  protected  by  law. 
Also  called  adjutant-crane,  adjutant-stork,  and  pouched 
stork.  The  name  is  sometimes  extended  to  a  related  spe- 
cies, L.javanicus,  known  as  the  lesser  adjutant  or  adju- 
tant-bird. 

adjutant-crane  (aj'6-tant-kran),  n.  Same  as 
adjntant-liird. 

adjutant-general  (aj'6-tant-jen'e-ral).  «.;  pi. 
aeJjutants-gencral.  1.  Milit.,  a  staft'-officer.  the 
chief  assistant  of  a  commanding  general  in  the 
execution  of  his  military  duties,  as  in  issuing 
and  executing  orders,  receiving  and  registering 
reports,  regulating  details  of  the  service,  etc. 
By  law  there  is  but  one  adjutant-general  of  the  United 
States  army.  He  is  a  principal  officer  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment of  the  United  States  government,  the  head  of  a 
bureau  conducting  the  army  correspondence,  and  having 
charge  of  the  records,  of  recruiting  and  enlistment,  of  the 
issue  of  commissions,  etc.  Most  of  the  individual  States 
also  have  adjutants-general,  performing  similar  duties 
with  respect  to  the  militia  of  their  several  States.  The 
adjutant-general  is  aided  by  assistant  adjutant.s-generat. 
In  the  British  service,  the  .adjutant-general  of  the  forces 
is  an  officer  of  the  full  rank  of  general,  having  a  body  of 


adjutant-general 

assistants  at  the  Horse  Guards  or  headquarters  of  the 
army  in  London,  and  performing  the  same  class  of  duties 
as  those  mentioned  above.  Commonly  abbreviated  to  A. 
G.  when  appended  to  a  name.  _         ,      .  i 

2.  Eccles.,  a  title  mistakenly  given  by  transla- 
tors to  the  assistants  of  tlie  general  of  the 
Jesuits.     See  assistant.  3-  „  , 

adjutantsMp  (aj'6-tant-ship),  )i.     Same  as  aa- 

adjutant-Stork  (aj'6-tant-stork),  n.  Same  as 
aiiiiiUuit-hvd.  ^_  .  .      . 

adjutator  (aj'o-ta-tor),  n.  [NL.,  an  assistant, 
<L.  arijutare,  assist :  see  adjutant.^  An  adju- 
tor  or  helper.      See  note  under  agitator,  2. 

adjiltet  (a-jof).  v.  t.  or  i.  [<  F.  ajotitcr,  foi-merly 
adjouster,  add:  see  adjust.']     To  add. 

There  be 
Six  hachelors  as  bold  as  he,  adjuting  to  his  company. 

B.  Joniion.  Underwoods. 

adjutor  (a-j6'tor),  H.  [L.,  <  adjuvare,  help :  see 
adjutant  and  aid.]  A  helper.  [Rare ;  its  com- 
pound coadjutor  is  in  common  use.] 

He  .  .  .  and  such  as  his  adjutors  were. 

Drayton,  Barons'  Wars,  iv.  10. 

adjutoryt  (aj'o-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  'adjutorius, 
helping  ;  cf .  adjutorium,  help :  see  adjutor.] 
Ser\-ing  to  help  or  aid.     Blount;  Bailey. 

adjutrrx  (a-io'triks).  «. ;  pi.  adjutrices  (a-jo-tri'- 
sez).  [L.,  fem.  of  adjutor:  see  adjutor.]  A 
female  assistant.     [Kare.] 

adjuvant  (aj'6-vant  or  a-j6'vant),   a.  and  n. 

[<  L.  udjui-aH{t-)s,  ppr.  of  adjuL-arc,  help :  see 

aid.]    I.  «.  Serving  to  help  or  a.ssist;  auxiliary; 

contributory:  as,  an  arf/wraiiJ  medicine. 

Cause  adjuvant  workcth  not  by  himself,  but  is  a  helper. 

lltundevilte. 

But  that  humidity  is  only  an  adjuvant  and  not  even  a 
necessarj-  adjuvant  cause,  is  proved  by  the  immunity  of 
fruit-eaters  in  the  swampiest  regions  of  the  equatorial 
coast-lands.  Pup.  Sci.  ito.,  XX.  1G2. 

n,  n.  1.  A  person  or  thing  aiding  or  helping ; 
whatever  aids  or  assists. 

I  udoubtedly,  a  flavor  smacking  of  the  caucus,  the  jubi- 
lee, and  other  adjuvant':  of  "  the  cause  "  is  found  in  some 
of  hia  IWhittier's]  polemic  strains. 

Sledman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  124. 

Specifically —  2.  In  med.,  -whatever  aids  in  re- 
moving or"  preventing  disease ;  especially,  a 
substance  added  to  a  prescription  to  aid  the 


76  administer 

adminicular,  adminiculary  (ad-mi-nik'u-lar, 

-la-ri),  ((.  [<.L.  (idi)iiiiiculuiii,  lielp:  seo  admini- 
cle.] Supplying  help ;  helpful ;  corroborative. 
The  humanity  of  Christ  is  not  set  before  us  in  the  Xew 
Testament  as  sustaining  merely  a  conditional  or  adndniv- 
rtlar  relation  to  a  work  whose  intrinsic  and  essential  value 
comes  from  another  source.  Prog.  Ortlioduxij,  p.  20. 

The  several  structural  arrangements  adminicular  to  the 
integrity  of  the  whole  are  thus  co-ortlinated. 

J{.  Spcnvvr,  Prin.  of  Psychol. 
Adminicular  evidence,  in  lau;  explanatory  or  complct 
t„-        iim  L'Vi.U-ni-c. 

To~uote  or  write  on  the  adminiculate  (ad-mi-uik'u-lat),  r. ».  or  t.    [<L. 

adminirulatus.  pp.  of  adminiculare.  help,  pro^, 

see  adminicle]     To  give  admi- 


tory,  a  delicate  climbing  herbaceous  biennial, 
with  panicles  of  drooping  flowers.  It  is  a  native 
of  the  AUeghanies.  and  is  often  cultivated. 

admanuensis  (ad-man-ij-en'sis),  K. ;  pi.  adman- 
uenses  (-sez).  [ML.,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ma  -.us,  hand, 
+  -ensis.  Cf .  amanucn.<is.]  In  old  Enij.  law,  one 
taking  a  corporal  oath,  that  is,  by  lajdng  the 
hand  on  the  Bible,  in  distinction  from  one  tak- 
ing the  oath  in  other  forms,  or  afiirming. 

admarginate  (ad-miir'jin-at),  v.  t.    [<  L.  ad,  to, 
+  minyo  (marffin-),  margin,  +  -ate^:   see  ad- 
margin,  and  -aic3.] 
margin.     [Rare.] 

Receive  candidly  the  few  hints  which  I  have  admargi- 
nated. '  Coleridge. 

admaxillary  (ad-mak'si-la-ri),  a.     [<  L.  ad,  to, 

+  maxilla,  .law,  after  E.  maxillary.]  In  anat., 
connected  with  the  jaw. 
admeasure  (ad-mezh'ui-),  v.  t. :  pret.  and  pp. 
adiiu'ttsurcd,  ppr.  admeasuring.  [<  ilE.  anusu- 
ren,  <0F.  amesurer,  admesurer,  <  ML.  admensu- 
rare,  measiu'e,  <  L.  orf,  to,  4-  LL.  mensurarc,  mea- 
sure ;  cf .  L.  admetiri,  measure  out  to,  <  ad,  to, 
+  metiri,  the  ult.  L.  source  of  measure :  se  3  ad- 
and  measure,  v.]  1.  To  ascertain  the  dimen- 
sions, size,  or  capacity  of ;  measure. 

The  identification  of  the  rcosoner's  intellect  with  that 
of  his  opponent  depends,  if  I  understand  you  aright,  upon 
the  accuracy  with  which  the  opponent's  intellect  is  ad- 
mea-iured.  Poe,  Tales,  1.  272. 

2.  In  law,  to  survey  and  lay  off  a  due  portion  to, 
as  of  dower  in  real  estate  or  of  pasture  held  in 
common.  This  was  foi-merly  done  by  tirit  of 
admeasurement,  directed  to  the  sheiiff. 

T'pou  this  suit  all  the  commoners  shall  be  admeasured. 
Blaekstone,  Com.,  iii.  16. 

admeasurement  (ad-mezh'ur-ment),  n.  [<  OF. 
amcsurement,  udmesurement :  see  admeasure  and 
-ment.]  1.  The  process  of  measuring ;  the  as- 
certainment of  the  numerical  amount  of  any 
quantity. —  2.  The  numerical  amount  or  mea- 
sui-e  of  anything,  whether  a  number,  the  dimen- 
sions of  a  solid,  the  bulk  of  a  fluid,  mass,  dui'a- 
tion,  or  degree. — 3.  In  lair,  ascertainment  and 
assignment  of  the  due  proportion :  as,  admea- 
surement of  damages,  or  of  dower  in  an  estate; 
admeasurement  of  the  right  of  an  individual  in 
a  common  pastui'o. 
Sometimes  called  admcnsuration. 


o,,.nition  of  the  principal  ingredient.     ^^^^^^^^  admeasurer  (ad-mezh'ur-6r),  n.     One  who  ad- 


adlegation  (ad-lf-ga'shon),  «.  [<  L. 
/ii/Ui-),  later  allegatio{n-),  a  dc])uting,  <adle- 
garc,  allegare,  depute,  commission,  <  ad,  to,  + 
hgare,  send  with  a  commission.  See  allet/ation, 
the  same  word  in  another  use.]  Tlio  right  of 
ministers  of  the  individual  statesof  the  old  Ger- 
man empire  to  be  associated  witli  those  of  the 
emperor  in  public  treaties  and  negotiations  re- 
lating to  the  common  interests  of  the  empire. 
Tliis  ri(;lit  was  claimed  by  the  states,  but  dis- 
puted by  the  emperor.  *> 

ad  lib.     An  abbreviation  of  ad  libitum. 

ad  libitum  (ad  lib'i-tum).  [L. :  ad  =  'E.at; 
-ML.  Ml-  NL.  lihitum,  L.  only  in  jil-  Ubita,  plea- 
sure, ace.  neut.  pp.  of  libet,'a.\%o  spelled  lubct,  it 
l.leascs,  akin  to  E.  liefanA  love  :  see  lief,  love, 
liberal,  etc.]  At  pleasure ;  to  the  extent  of  one's 

wished.  Specitlcally,  in  munic,  indicating  that  the  time 
•  ri  of  u  passage  are  left  to  the  feeling  and  taste 
ii'.T.  In  llie  ciwe  of  cadenzas  and  otherorna- 
.rase  iiiili.ateH  that  the  performer  may  omit 
'itute  others  In  their  place.  An  accompani- 
to  be  ad  lihitum  when  it  may  be  used  or 
■  ri  abbreviated,  in  speech  as  well  as  writing, 

adlingS,  «.     See  addling",  2. 

adlocution  (ad-lo-ku'slionj,  n.    Same  as  allocii- 

li'>n,    1. 

Adlumia  (ad-lo'mi-ii),  n.     [NL.,  named  for  Ma- 

^r9^ 


\ 


,:\'  Hal  »ri']  t,Ankl«. 


Jot  Adlum.]     A  grntix  nf  Amt  rican  iilant*  of 
a  llllgln  ipccie*,  ^.  rirrhona,  the  I'limbuiK  fumi- 


ineasin 

admedian  (ad-me'di-an),  a.  [<  Ij.  ad,  to,  +  me- 
diitu,  middle:  see  od-  and  median.]  In  conch., 
a  syhon}^n  of  lateral,  as  apjiliod  to  the  series 
of  teeth"of  the  radula,  these  being  raehidian  or 
median,  lateral  or  adniedian,  and  micinal. 

For  "lateral"  Professor  Limkester  substitutes  the  term 
admedian.  W.  11.  Dull,  .Science,  IV.  M:i. 

admensuration  (ad-men-su-ra'shon),  n.  [<  ML. 
adniin.'iurdtioin-),  <  admiunurarc :  see  admea- 
sure.]    Same  as  admeasurement.     [Rare.] 

Admetacea  (ad-me-ta'se-ji),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
.Idnii  le  +  -aeia.]  A  family  name  used  by  some 
naturalists  for  the  .Idmcti'dte  (which  see). 

Admete  (ad-me'te),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  M/ii/TOi, 
fem.  adfit/Tii,  untamed,  unbroken,  poet,  form  of 
otWuarof  =  E.  nntametl.  Ci.  adamant.]  The  typ- 
ical genus  of  gastropods  of  the  family  Adnii- 
tida'.  A .  viridula  is  a  small  whitish  species,  half  an  hicli 
Iciig,  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  .North  America  tr.un 
)  ';i|n-  <  'oil  northward. 

admetid  (ad-me'tid),  11.  A  gastropod  of  the 
fiiiriilv  .idmelidie. 

Admetidse  (ad-met'i-de),  »•  />'•  [NL.,  <  .idmele 
+  -iiiir.]  A  family  of  toxoglossate  pectiiiibran- 
cliiato  gastropods,  tvpiliod  by  the  genus -Ii/hkVi. 
The  (aniily  is  clnsely  related  to  the  fa)irWifin'ii(fi'.  lull  llie 

»|iecles  iilfcct  colder  watc-re.     Atlmetr  riridula  is  ii  < i- 

mon  northern  form.  The  nienibers  of  this  lainlly  have  n 
rounded  head,  nllforni  tentacles,  eyes  on  minute  luber- 
cle»  external  to  the  tenlnrles.  and  a  characteristic  ihli 
tlllon  of  the  odontopbore;  the  shell  has  an  ovate  aper- 
ture, with  an  oblhinely  tnincated  plicate  columella  and 
;i  lr'-iieli!int  miter  lip. 

adminicle  (ad-min'i-kl),  H.  [<L.  adminirulum, 
li.  I|,,  Mupport,  prop,  lit.  that  on  wliicli  lli(!  linnd 
may  rost,  <  ad,  to,  +  manus,  liiiiid,  +  double 
dim.  Hufflx  -culum.]  1.  Thai  which  gives  aid 
or  support;  an  au.\iliary.     [Rare.] 

The  senale  of  Ave  hiindreil  .  .  .  wa»  a  permanent  ad- 
)uiKl  and  admimelr  of  the  piilille  aitsemhly. 

Ovtf,  (ireei-i-,  III.  (>«. 

2.  Til  law,  supporting  or  corroboratory  imiof. 
Hpe.  111.  ally,  In  .W«  and  /Vciic/i  /<ii/'.  wliBU?ver  alil»  In 
pnnllii;  ibe  tenor  ot  a  lost  died;  any  deed  or  scroll  wllhll 

t«nd<  I.,  enliibllsh  the  exlutiiiee  ot  the  deed  In  qucull 

or  to  tiinke  kiiMwn  Itn  leniin. 

3.  In  med.,  any  aid  l<i  llie  uelion  of  a  remedy. 
—  4.  ;>l.  \n  entom.     Hvi' iidminiculum,'i. 

adminlcula,  n.     Plural  of  adminicuiun. 


iadniinieulum : 

nicular  e^•idence ;  testify  in  corroboration  of. 

[Rare.] 
adminiculatort  (ad-mi-uik'iri-la-tor),  n.     [L.,  < 

adminiculare  :  see  admiuiciilate.]  An  assistant; 

specitieallv,  an  advocate  for  the  poor. 
adminiculum  (ad-mi-uik'ti-him),  n. ;  pi.  adnii- 

nicula  (-Iii).     [L.,  a  prop:  see  adminicle.]    1. 

An  aid  or'help;  an  adminicle. 

Of  other  ndminiruta,  or  aids  to  induction,  only  the  titles 

are  given  by  Bacon,  and  it  weuld  be  hazardous  to  conjec- 
ture as  to  their  significance. 

Jt.  Adam.ion,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  792. 

2.  pi.  In  entom.,  Kirby's  name  for  the  short 
spines  on  the  abdominal  segments  of  certain 
insects,  pupiB  or  grubs,  vrhereby  they  make  their 
way  through  any  substance  in  which  they  bm- 
row.  Also  called  adminicles.  X.  E.  D. 
administer  (ad-min'is-ter),  r.  [<  ME.  admijn- 
isfreu.  iimynistren,  <  OF.  aniinistrer,  administrer, 
mod.  F.  ddniinistrer,  <  L.  administrarc,  manage, 
execute  (cf.  administer,  an  attendant),  <ad,  to, 
+  ministrare,  attend,  serve,  <  minister,  servant: 
see  minister.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  manage  or  con- 
duct as  minister,  chief  agent,  or  steward ;  super- 
intend the  manasement  or  execution  of ;  control 
or  regulate  in  behalf  of  others :  as,  to  adminis- 
ter the  laws  or  the  government,  or  a  depart- 
ment of  government ;  to  administer  a  charitable 
trust,  the  affairs  of  a  corporation,  or  the  estate 
of  a  banknipt. 

Kor  f<u-ms  of  government  let  fools  contest, 
Whate'er  is  best  administcr'd  is  best. 

Pnjie,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  804. 
Bra\vn  without  hrain  is  thine :  my  prudent  care 
Foresees,  provides,  admini-ftvrs  the  war. 

Driidcn,  Ajax  and  Ulysses,  1.  6S4. 

2.  To  afford;  supply;  dispense  ;  bring  into  use 
01  operation,  especially  in  the  execution  of  a 
iiiagisterial  or  sacerdotal  office:  as,  to  adminis- 
ter relief ;  to  administer  justice. 

Have  they  not  the  old  popish  custom  of  admini^iterlng 

the  blessed  sacrament  of  the  holy  cucharist  with  wafer 

cakes';  Hooker. 

Let  zephyrs  hland 

Administer  their  tepid  genial  airs,        .'.  /"/ii'd'jw. 

3.  To  give  or  apply;  make  application  ot:  as, 
to  administer  medicine,  punishment,  counsel, 
etc. 

Close  by  was  a  heap  of  stont  osier  rods,  such  as  I  are]  used 
in  administering  the  bastinado.       O'DoHOt'Oii,  Mere,  xilL 

4.  To  tender  or  impose,  as  an  oath. 
Swear  by  the  duty  that  you  owe  to  Heaven  .  .  . 
To  keep  the  oath  that  we  administer. 

SAo*.,  Rich.  Il.,i..^ 

5.  In  law,  to  manage  or  dispose  of,  as  the 
estate  of  a  deceased  jicrson,  in  the  capacity 
either  of  executor  or  adniinistrator.  See  ad- 
ministration,^,i.=%YrL.  1.  To  eonlrol,  preside  over.— 2 
an<l  3.  Adniinixler,  Minister,  distribute,  give  out,  deal  out. 
In  the  sense  u(  sii]iiilyiii!.'.  dispensing,  niinistrris  now  used 
priiii-JpitH\  of  tliin^^siiiriuml :  lus.  to  »n-«(-?t/f>- comfort,  con- 
scilatlMii,  I'.r  relief ;  while  administer  is  Used  ot  things  both 
spiritual  and  material :  as,  to  ndi»iH|-»'(er  food,  inediclno, 
reprot>f,  jusfi*'e. 

He  asserted  that  .  .  .  a  noxious  drug  had  heen  (I(/ih|->i. 
islered  to  him  In  a  dish  of  p<u-rldge. 

.Mavaulntj,  Hist.  Eng.,  xv. 

The gientcst  delight  which  the  llclds  and  woods  minister 
Is  the  suggestion  of  an  occult  relation  between  man  and  the 
vegi'table.  Kmcr.tun,  Nature. 

II.  intrans,  1.  To  conlributc  assistance; 
bring  aid  or  supiilies;  add  soiintliiug :  with 
/(( ;  as,  to  administer  to  tlio  necessities  of  tho 
lioor, 

TIkto  Is  a  fountain  rising  In  tlio  upper  part  ot  my  gar- 
ih'ii.  which  .  .  .  od7iii-H|-ji(cr«to  the  pleasuriMis  well  as  the 
plenty  o(  the  place.  .'i/ieetalor,  No.  447. 

2.  To  i)ertorm  the  ofllco  of  administrator:  with 
upon  :  as,  A  administers  upon  the  estate  of  B. 

Syn.  Aitniinialer  to.  Minister  to.  Minister  to  Is  now  pref- 
erable to  administer  to  In  such  eonneetlons  as  to  minister 
'"one's  needs,  to7ni'iit'ji(er  fo  the  necessities  of  the  poor,  to 
minister  to  the  jileasure  of  the' assembly.  Administerto\n 
siM'h  I'oniieellons  Is  archaic. 
administert  (ad-miu'ls-ter),  n.  {\j.:  see  tho 
verb. )  One  wlio  administers;  a  minister  or  an 
adniiiiiMtrator. 

Von  bii\i  sbi-wed  yourself  a  good  administer  of  the 
reveiiu.  Bacon,  Speech  to  .sir  .1.  Penhain. 


administerial 

administerial  (ad-min-is-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  ad- 
iiuiiiskr.  attendant  (or  <  E.  a'iiminister,  v.),  + 
-ial,  in  imitation  of  mmisterinl,  q.  v.]  Pertain- 
ing to  administration,  or  to  the  executive  part 
of  fjovemnient ;  ministurial.      [Rare.] 

administrable  (ad-min'is-tra-bl),  «.    [<L.  as  if 

'ttiliiiiiii.striiliilis,  iudiitinlalrarc :  see  administer, 
i\]     ( ';i|)abk'  of  being  administered. 

administrador  (Sp.  pron.  ad-me-ne-strii-dor'), 
n.  [Sp. :  =  E.  administrdtor.']  A  steward ;  an 
overseer.  G.  Yale.  [Used  in  parts  of  the 
United  States  acquired  from  Mexico.] 

administrant  (ad-min'is-trant),  a.  and n.  [< F. 
administrunt,  pjir.  of  (tdmimsti'cr:  see  adminis- 
ter, v.']  I.  ((.  Maiiai,'ing;  executive;  pertain- 
ing to  the  management  of  affairs. 

II,  «.  One  who  administers ;  an  executive 
officer. 

administrate  (ad-miu'is-trat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  iiiliitiiiistndcd,  ppr.  iidiniiii/itratimj.  [<L.  ad- 
niiitistrutus,  pp.  of  adiiiiiiistrare:  see  adiuiiiis- 
ter,  v.'i  To  administer ;  dispense;  give;  supply: 
as,  "to  adiiuiiistrate  the  sacraments,"  Knox. 

administration  (ad-min-is-tra'shon),  n.  [<ME. 
admiiiintrdcionii,  <  OF.  adininistrution,  <  L.  ad- 
ministratio(n-),  <.  admiitistrare :  see  administer, 
V.']  1.  The  act  of  administering;  direction; 
management;  government  of  jjublicaffaii's;  the 
conducting  of  any  office  or  employment. 

The  adinuttKfnttiiut  of  guvernmeiit,  in  its  largest  sense, 
coinprt'lu'iKl-^jiII  the  I, Iterations  of  the  in  k  I  \  pnlitie,  wlietlier 
legislative,  e\(eiiti\e,  nrjudieiary;  but  in  its  most  usual, 
andperliaps  niits  most  precise,  signifieatioii.  it  is  limited  to 
executive  details,  and  falls  peculiarly  within  the  province 
of  the  executive  department. 

A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  72. 
2.  The  duty  or  duties  of  an  administrator ; 
specifically,  the  executive  functions  of  govern- 
ment, consisting  in  the  exercise  of  all  the  powers 
and  duties  of  government,  both  general  and 
local,  which  are  neither  legislative  nor  judicial. 
—  3.  The  body  of  jjersons  who  are  intrusted 
with  the  execution  of  laws  and  the  superinten- 
dence of  public  affairs :  in  partictilar,  in  Clreat 
Britain,  the  ministry ;  in  the  United  States, 
the  President  and  cabinet,  or  the  President 
and  cabinet  during  one  presidential  term  :  as, 
Washington's  fii'st  administration. 

Did  the  adminij<tration  .  .  .  avail  themselves  of  any 
one  of  those  opportunities? 

Burki',  Traet-s  on  Popery  Laws. 

It  was,  therefore,  clear  from  the  lie^iniiiii^  tliat  the  new 

administration  was  to  have  a  settled  and  strong  njipositiun. 

T.  II.  Benton,  Thirty  Years,  I.  .OS. 

4.  Any  body  of  men  intrusted  with  executive 
or  administrative  powers. 

The  support  of  the  .State  governments  in  all  their  rights, 
as  the  most  competent  administrations  for  our  domestic 
concerns.  Jejf'rrson,  First  Inaugm-al  Address. 

5.  The  period  during  which  an  executive  offi- 
cer or  a  ministry  holds  ofBce  ;  specifically,  in 
the  United  States,  the  period  diu-ing  which  the 
President  holds  office. — 6.  Dispensation;  dis- 
tribution; rendering:  as,  the  administration  of 
justice,  of  the  sacraments,  or  of  grace. 

For  the  adntiiuslrnfionof  this  service  not  only  supplieth 
the  wants  of  tlie  saints,  but  is  abundant  also  by  many 
thanksgivings  unto  {i,_,d.  2  Cor.  ix.  12. 

7.  The  act  of  prescribing  medically. —  8.  The 
act  of  tendering  or  imposLng.'as  an  oath. — 9. 
In  law :  (a)  The  management  of  the  estate  of  an 
intestate  person,  or  of  a  testator  having  no  com- 
petent executor,  under  a  commission  (called 
letters  of  administration)  from  the  proper  au- 
thority. This  management  consists  in  collect- 
ing debts,  paying  debts  and  legacies,  and  dis- 
tributing surplus  among  the  next  of  kin.  (i) 
In  some  jmisdictions,  the  management  of  the 
estate  of  a  deceased  person  by  an  executor,  the 
corresponding  term  execution  not  being  in  use. 
Administration  of  a  deceased  person's  estate  may  be  granted 
for  general,  special, or  limited  purposes;  as:  (1)  Adminis- 
tratUtn  duranti-  aM-i'ntia  (during  absence),  when  the  next 
person  entitled  to  tlie  grant  is  beyond  sea.  (-2)  Adniinis- 
trati(tn  pend'-nt,'  HI,-  (while  the  suit  is  pending),  when  a 
suit  is  commenced  in  the  probate  court  regarding  tlie  va- 
lidity of  a  will  or  the  right  to  administration,  and  lasting 
till  the  suit  is  determined,  (."i)  Adiiuiiistrativu  t-uin  t<'Ma. 
THf^nto  annexo  {with  the  will  annexed),  in  cases  where  a 
testator  makes  a  will  without  naming  executors,  or  where 
the  executors  named  in  the  will  are  incapable  of  actiiig  or 
refuse  to  act.  (i)  Administration  de  himi.^  nou  (concern- 
ing goods  not,  that  is,  not  administered),  when  the  tirst 
administrator  dies  before  he  has  fully  administered.  (.')) 
Administration  ad  ,-oUiii,'ndam  (for  the  purpose  of  collect- 
ing), for  collecting  and  preserving  go.ids  aljout  to  perish. 
(fS)  Aiicillarti  tulmini^tration  is  suiiurdinate  to  the  princi- 
pal administratioTi  fur  eidleeting  tlie  assets  of  foreigners. 
It  is  taken  <iut  in  tlie  country  wliei'e  the  assets  are.  See 
ancitla,-!!.  (7)  Administration  (/(^/^^'(^(^^(^(duringminor 
age,  or  minority)  is  granted  when  the  executor  is  a  minor. 
(8)  Foreign  administration  is  adniiui>tiation  exercised  by 
authority  of  a  foreign  power.  —  Coimcil  Of  administra- 
tion. Bee  coioici^.  =Syn.  1.  Conduct,  control,  superin- 
tendence, regulation,  execution. 


77 

administrational  (ad-min-is-tra'shon-al),  a. 
i'eitainiug  (jr  relating  to  administration.  " 

The  administrational  merits  of  Darius  are  so  great  that 
they  liave  obseui'ed  liis  militai-y  glories. 

(s.  Jlao'linson,  Five  (ircat  Monarcllies,  TIL  42!). 

administrative  (ad-min'is-tra-tiv),  a.  [<  L. 
udminisirativus,  practical,  <  administrarc,  pp. 
aiiininistnilits :  see  administer,  i\]  Pertaining 
to  adijiiiiislration;  executive;  administering. 

The  production  and  distribution  of  wealth,  the  growth 
and  ertect  of  administrative  machinery,  the  education  of 
the  race,  these  are  cases  of  general  laws  which  constitute 
the  science  of  sociology.         It'.  K.  Clijt'ord,  Lect.,  II.  2SI. 

Sometimes  the  term  F.xecutive,  which  sti'ictly  means 
an  .\uthority  wliicli  puts  the  laws  in  force,  is  ojiposed  to 
tile  tei-ui  .{dnii oistrotir,',  which  implies  the  perforinance 
of  every  otlier  sort  'if  immediate  (iovernmental  act,  such  as 
colleetiiig  taxes,  organizing  ami  directing  the  Army,  Navy, 
ami  Police,  supervising  trade,  locomotion,  postal  commu- 
nicati'in.  and  carrying  out  in  detail  legislative  measures 
for  promoting  ]iui»Iic  health,  education,  morality,  and  gen- 
eral contentment,  S.  Anuis,  Sci.  of  Pol.,  p.  91). 

administratively  (ad-min'is-tra-tiv-li),  adr. 
In  an  admiiiistrativo  manner;  in  relation  to 
administration;  from  an  administrative  jjoiut 
of  view ;  as  regards  administration. 

The  English  country  gentleman,  who  was  lord  of  the 

manor,  was  administrativdif  a  person  of  great  authority 

and  influence.  Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  31-1. 

Administratively,  Kazan  is  divided  into  twelve  districts. 

Enetje.  Brit,  XIV.  20. 

administrator  (ad-min'is-tra-tor),  n.  [L.,  a 
manuLjer.  <  administrarc,  pp.  administratus:  see 
administer,  )'.]  1.  One  who  administers;  one 
who  directs  or  manages  affairs  of  any  kind: 
sometimes  used  as  a  title  of  executive  office. 
—  2.  In  law  :  {a)  One  who,  by  virtue  of  a  com- 
mission from  a  probate,  orphans',  or  surrogate's 
court,  or,  in  England,  from  the  probate,  di- 
vorce, and  admiralty  division  of  the  High 
Court  of  .Justice,  has  cliarge  of  the  goods  and 
chattels  of  one  dying  without  a  will.  In  some 
jm-isdictions  his  power  is  extended  to  real  prop- 
erty. Often  contracted  to  af/mn  {h)  In  Scots  law, 
a  tutor,  curator,  or  guardian,  having  the  care 
of  one  who  is  incapable  of  acting  for  himself. 
The  term  is  usually  applied  to  a  father  who  has  iiower 
over  his  children  and  their  estate  during  their  miuurity.— 
Administrator  bishop.  See  bishop.—Pnblic  admin- 
istrator, a  public  officer  authorized  to  administer  the 
estates  of  persons  dying  without  relatives  entitled  to  per- 
form tlie  duty. 

administratorship  (ad-min'is-tra-tor-sMp),  )(. 
The  office  of  administrator. 

Removed  by  order  of  court  from  an  administratorship 
for  failure  to  settle  his  accounts. 

The  Nation,  XXXVI.  540. 

administratress  (ad-min-is-tra'tres),  «.  [<  ad- 
niinistriitor  +  -ess.  Cf.  administratrice.~i  A  fe- 
male administrator. 

administratricet,  «•  [<  F.  administratrice,  <  It. 
umniinistratrice,  <.  NL.  administratrix  (-trie-): 
see  administratrix.']     A  female  administrator. 

administratrix  (ad-min-is-tra'triks),  ».;  pi. 
administratrices  (ad-min"is-trij-tri'sez).  [NL., 
fem.  of  L.  administrator,  q.  v.]  A  female  ad- 
ministrator.   Often  contracted  to  admx. 

admirability  (ad"mi-ra-biri-ti),  11.  [<  L.  ad- 
miralrilita{t-)s,  <  admirabilis,  admirable:  see  ad- 
miralAe.']     Admirableness.     Bailey.     [Rare.] 

admirable  (ad'mi-r.a-bl),  a.  [<  F.  admirable, 
<.\j.  admiruliilis,  i  admirari,  admire:  see  ad- 
mire.'] It.  Fitted  to  excite  wonder;  marvel- 
ous ;  strange ;  surprising. 

It  seemeth  equally  admirable  to  me  that  holy  King 

Edward  the  Sixth  should  do  any  wrong,  or  harsh  Edward 

the  Fourth  do  any  right  to  the  Muses.  Fuller. 

In  man  there  is  nothing  admirable  but  his  ignorance 

and  weakness.        Jer.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  II.  i.  §  7. 

2.  Worthy  of  admiration  ;  having  qualities  to 
excite  wonder,  with  approbation,  esteem,  rev- 
erence, or  affection;  very  excellent:  used  of 
persons  or  things. 

VVliat  a  piece  of  work  is  a  man !  How  noble  in  reason  I 
how  infinite  in  faculty!  in  form  and  moving,  how  express 
and  admirable!  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

admirableness  (ad'mi-ra-bl-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  admirable ;  the  power  of  exciting 
admiration. 

admirably  (ad'mi-ra-bli),  adv.  In  an  admira- 
ble manner;  in  a  manner  to  excite  wonder, 
aiiprol.iation,  and  esteem  ;  excellently. 

admiral  (ad'mi-ral),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  admiral, 
amiral,  amijral,  amerall,  amrall,  with  varying 
term,  -alle,  -eile,  -ail.  -ai/l.  -aijlc,  -el.  -elle,  -aid,  -eld, 
-ant,  -aunt,  <  OF.  admiral,  amiral,  almiral.  -ail, 
-alt,  -ault,  -ant,  -ant,  -and,  -iittblc,  -afle,  -et,  -e, 
mod.  F.  amiral  =  Pr.  amirau,  amiralh,  ami- 
ratz,  mod.  Pr.  amiral  =  OSp.  almiralle,  -arje, 
Sp.  almiriinte  =  Pg.  amiralh.  almirante  =  It. 
ammireiijlio,  <  ML,  admiralis,  -alius,  -alius,  -al- 
dus,  -ariiis.  -alrilis,  -andus,  -atus,  almiraldus,  am- 


admiralty 

inirandus,  ammiratus,  etc.,  and  prop,  amiralis 
(the  forms  in  adm-,  aim-  being  due  to  popular 
etymohigy,  which  associated  the  word  with 
L.  admirarc,  admire,  atlniirabitis,  admirable,  or 
with  Sp.  Ar.  al-,  the,  and  the  termination  being 
variously  accommodated),  <  Ar.  amir,  emir,  a  ni- 
ler,  commander  (see  ameer  and  emir),  the  -al  be- 
ing due  to  tire  Ar.  article  al,  present  in  all  the 
Arabic  and  Turkish  titles  containing  the  word, 
as  amir-al-uniurd,  ruler  of  rulers,  amir-al-liahr, 
commander  of  the  sea,  umlr-al-muminin,  com- 
mander of  the  faithful.  The  present  sense  of 
admiral  is  due  to  Ar.  amir-al-bahr,  Latinized 
as  admiralius  maris  and  Englished  under  Ed- 
ward III.  as  "  ami/rel  of  the  se,"  or  "  admyratt  of 
the  uav}-,"  afterward  simply  admiral.    A'.'  /i'.  D.] 

1.  «.  If.  An  emir  or  jirince  under  the  sultan; 
any  Saracen  ruler  or  commander.  [The  com- 
mon Middle  English  and  Old  French  sense.]  — 

2.  A  naval  officer  of  the  highest  rank;  a  com- 
mander-in-chief of  a  fleet.  In  the  United  States 
navy,  as  in  most  foreign  services,  there  are  three  degrees  of 
this  rank,  viz.,  admiral,  viee-admiral,  and  rear-axlmiral. 
These  titles  diil  not  exist  in  the  United  States  till  the 
glade  of  rear-admiral  was  created  in  1.SG2,  that  of  vice-ad- 
iiiral  in  1864,  and  that  of  admiral  in  1806.    The  last  was 

held  by  Farragut  and  Porter,  and,  by  law,  ceased  to  exist  on 
file  death  of  the  latter  in  1891.  In  1899  the  title  of  admiral 
was  revived  and  was  conferred  upon  Rear-admiral  Dewey. 
TIic  office  of  vice-admiral,  which  also  was  held  by  Karragut 
and  Porter  and  by  Admiral  Rowan,  was  abolished  in  1890 
on  the  death  of  the  last-named  incumbent.  -An  admiial 
displays  his  distingnishing  flag  at  the  mainmast,  a  vice-ad- 
miral at  the  foremast,  and  a  rear-admiral  at  the  mizzen- 
niast.  In  the  British  navy,  admirals  were  formerly  divided 
into  three  classes,  named,  after  the  colors  of  their  respec- 
tive flags,  admirals  of  the  red.  of  the  white,  and  of  the  blue, 
with  vice-admirals  and  rear-admirals  of  each  flag  ;  but  in 
1864  this  distinction  was  abolished,  and  all  British  men-of- 
war  now  display  tlie  white  ensign. 

3.  The  recognized  chief  commander  or  director 
of  a  mercantile  fleet,  as  one  of  fishing-vessels 
off  Newfoundland  or  in  the  North  Sea.  A  royal 
proclamation  in  1708  ordered  that  the  master  of  the  first 
vessel  that  entered  a  harlior  or  creek  in  Newfoundland  for 
the  fishing  season  should  be  admiral  thereof,  the  second 
vice-admiral,  and  the  third  rear-admiral. 

4.  The  ship  which  carries  the  admiral ;  hence, 
the  most  considerable  ship  of  any  fleet,  as  of 
merchantmen  or  of  fishing-vessels. 

The  mast 
Of  some  great  ammj'iral. 

Milton.  P.  L.,  L  294. 

5.  A  collectors'  name  for  butterflies  of  the 
family  Vapilionidw,  especially  the  Liinenitis  Ca- 
milla, distinguished  as  lehite  admiral,  and  the 
Vanessa  atalanta,  or  red  admiral. —  6.  A  name 
given  by  collectors  of  shells  to  a  univalve  shell, 
the  admiral-sliell  (which  see) — Admiral  of  the 
fleet,  a  title  "i  (listiiielinii  confeiTed  on  a  few  admirals  in 
the  r.ritisli  service,  corresjionding  to  that  of  field-marshal 
in  the  army.  — Lord  high  admiral,  in  Great  Britain,  the 
officer  at  the  head  of  the  naval  administration  when,  as 
has  been  rarely  the  case  since  1632,  the  office  is  held  by 
a  single  person.  See  admiraltij.  —  VellOW  admiral,  a 
name  applied  in  the  British  navy  to  a  rear-admiral  who  is 
retired  without  having  served  afloat  after  his  promotion. 

II.  a.  Carrying  an  admiral ;  chief  in  a  fleet. 
The  adm  iral  galley  .  .  .  struck  upon  a  rock. 

Knotles,  Hist.  Turks. 

admiral-shell  (ad'mi-ral-shel),  n.  A  shell  of 
the  genus  Conns,  the  t'onus am miralis,  a  species 
formerly  esteemed  as  much  for  its  rarity  as  for 
its  beauty. 

admiralship  (ad'mi-ral-ship),  n.  [<  admiral  + 
-ship.]  The  office  or  position  of  an  admiral. 
[Rare.] 

admiralty  (ad'mi-r.al-ti),  «.  [Early  mod.  E. 
admiraltie,  amiraltyr,  amraltie,  <  ME.  amyralte, 
ameralte,  amrelte,  <  OF.  admiralte,  amiraidtc: 
see  admiral  and -ty.]  1.  In  Great  Britain  :  (a) 
The  office  and  jurisdiction  of  the  lords  commis- 
sioners appointed  to  take  the  general  manage- 
ment of  maritime  affairs,  and  of  all  matters  re- 
lating to  the  royal  navy,  with  tlie  government 
of  its  various  departments,  (b)  The  body  of 
officers  appointed  to  execute  the  office  of  lord 
high  admiral ;  a  board  of  commissioners,  called 
lords  (or,  in  full,  lords  commissioners)  of  the  ad- 
mu'alty,  for  the  administration  of  naval  affairs. 
(c)  [cojj.]  Tlie  building  in  which  the  lords  of 
the  admiralty  transact  business,  and  in  which 
the  clerks  and  other  officials  connected  mth 
this  department  are  employed. — 2.  That  branch 
of  law  which  deals  with  maritime  cases  and  of- 
fenses. 

The  power  [of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States]  extends  ...  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and 
marine  jurisdiction.  Calhoun,  Works,  I.  213. 

Admiralty  court,  or  court  of  admiralty,  a  tribunal 
iiaving  jurisdiction  over  maritime  causes,  whether  of  a 
civil  or  criminal  nature.  In  England  it  was  formerly  held 
before  the  lord  high  admiral,  and  afterward  before  his  dep- 
uty or  the  deputy  of  the  lords  commissioners  :  but  now  it 
forms  a  branch  of  the  probate,  divorce,  and  admiralty  di- 


admiralty 

lision  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  the  judge  in  it  being 
appointed  by  the  crown  as  one  of  the  judges  of  the  High 
Court.  The  English  court  of  admiralty  is  twofold,  the  in- 
stance court  and  the  prize  court.  The  civil  jurisdiction  of 
the  instance  court  extends  generally  to  such  contracts  as 
are  made  upon  the  sea.  .ind  are  founded  in  maritime  ser- 
vice or  consideration.  It  also  regulates  many  other  points 
of  maritime  law,  as  disputes  between  part-owners  of  ves- 
sels, and  questions  relating  to  salvage.  It  hiis  likewise 
power  t'l  inquire  iulo  certain  wrongs  or  injuries  committed 
on  the  hii-'h  seas,  .xs  in  cases  of  collision.  Incriminal  mat- 
ters the  court  of  admiralty  has,  partly  by  common  law 
and  partlv  bv  a  vaiietv  of  statutes,  cognizance  of  piracy 
and  all  other  inilikt:iliie  offenses  committed  either  upon 
the  sea  or  on  the  coa-^t.i  when  beyond  the  limits  of  any  Eng- 
lish county.  The  prize  court  is  the  only  tribunal  for  de- 
ciding what  is  and  what  is  not  lawful  pi-ize,  and  for  adjudi- 
catingupon  all  matters,  ciril  and  criminal,  relating  to  prize, 
or  even-  acquisition  made  by  the  law-  of  war  which  is  either 
itself  of  a  maritime  character  or  is  made,  whether  at  sea 
or  by  land,  by  a  naval  force.  In  Scotland  the  cases  for- 
merly brought  before  this  court,  which  has  been  abolish- 
ed, are  now  prosecuted  in  the  Court  of  Session  or  in  the 
sheriff  court,  in  the  same  way  as  ordinary  ci\il  causes.  In 
the  United  Slates  the  admiralty  powers  are  exclusively 
vested  in  the  federal  courts.  They  extend  over  the  great 
lakes  and  navigable  rivers.— Droits  of  admiralty.  See 
droit. — TTigh  Court  Of  AdBiiralty,  an  ancient  English 
court,  held  before  the  lord  high  admiral  of  England  or  his 
deputy  (styled  judge  of  the  admiralty),  with  cognizance  of 
all  crimes  and  otfenses  committed  either  upon  the  sea  or 
upon  the  coasts,  out  of  the  body  or  extent  of  any  English 
county.  It  proceeded  without  jurj-,  a  method  contraiy  to 
the  genius  of  the  law  of  England.  Stephen, 
admirancet  (ad-mir'ans),  Ji.  [<  OF.  admirance, 
(.admirer:  see  admire  a.uA-ance.']    Admiration. 

[She]  with  great  admiraunce  inwardly  was  moved, 
.And  h"nourd  him  with  all  that  her  behoved. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  V.  x.  39. 

admiration  (ad-mi-ra'shon),  n.  [<  late  ME. 
admyracion,  <  OF.  admiration,  <  L.  admira- 
iio{n-),  <  admiruri,  admire :  see  admire.']  If. 
Wonder ;  astonishmeut ;  surprise. 

And  I  saw  the  woman  drunken  with  the  blood  of  tlie 
saints,  .  .  .  and  when  I  saw  her,  I  wondered  with  great 
admiration.  Rev.  xvii.  0. 

Your  boldness  I  with  admiration  see.  Dryden. 
2.  Wonder  mingled  with  approbation,  esteem, 
love,  or  veneration ;  an  emotion  excited  by 
what  is  novel,  great,  beautiful,  or  excellent : 
as,  admiration  of  \-irtue  or  goodness;  admira- 
tion of  a  beautiful  woman  or  a  line  piettire. 

Where  imitation  can  go  no  farther,  let  admiration  step 
on,  whereof  there  is  no  end  in  the  wise-st  form  of  men. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Jlor.,  III.  2. 

If  it  should  be  here  objected,  as  Cicero  objected  to 
Ciesar,  "  We  have  matter  enough  to  admire,  but  would 
gladly  see  something  to  praise,'  I  answer,  that  true  ad- 
miration  is  a  superlative  degree  of  praise. 

Bacon,  E-s.says,  etc.  (Bohn  ed.),  p.  486. 

There  is  a  pleasure  in  admiration,  and  this  is  that  which 
properly  causeth  admiration,  when  we  discover  a  great 
deal  in  an  object  wiiich  we  understand  to  be  excellent. 

Tiltotxon. 

3t.  The  quality  of  exciting  wonder  or  sur- 
prise; marvelousness ;  admirableness. 
Adniir'd  Miranda! 
Indeed  the  top  of  admiration. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  1. 
4.  An  object  of  wonder  or  approbation :  now 
only  in  the  phrase  the  admiration  of. 
lie  was  the  admiration  o/all  the  negroes. 

J  rein;/.  Sleepy  Hollow. 

Note  Of  admiration,  an  exclamation-point  (!).— To  ad- 
miration, in  :l  very  excellent  or  admirable  manner;  in  a 
laanner  to  elicit  admiration. 

They  have  curious  straw  workc  among  the  nunns,  even 
to  admiration.  Jiveli/n,  Uiary,  March  23,  1040. 

(He]  .  .  .  moulded  heads  in  clay  or  plaster  of  Paris  to 
admiration,  by  the  dint  ol  natural  geniu.H  merely. 

Lnmh,  Did  Benchers. 
adniirative(ad'mi-ra-tiv), «.  and  n.     I.  a.  Ex- 
prrHsiiij;  admiration  or  wonder.     [Rare.] 

n.t  «.    The  jioint  of  exclamation  or  admira- 
tion fl). 
itdmiratively  (ad'nii-ni-tiv-li),  mlr.    In  an  ad- 
tninilivc  iimiiiier;  admiringly,     [liurc] 
admire  md-mir'.),  I'.  ;  pret.  ami   i)|i.  admired, 

fipr.  mlmirin;/.  [<  F.  admirer,  OK.  itdmircr,  ear- 
ier  nmiri-r,  —  Kji.  Pjr.  udmirar  =  It.  ammirarc, 
<  I'  iir  at,  <  ad,  at,  +   mirari 

(tor  ,,  r,  =  Or.  /niihw  (tor  'n/ai- 

o^>  \/  smi,   Hmile  :    if.   umili , 

*mi  1..  iigiird  with  wondir  or 

""f!  ivil  III:  fonni-rly  usi-d 

1'''  '  III  an  ironical  or  sar- 

'^1^"'  "■•■  to  tneauing'J:  bh, 

X  «</ 


u  w 

grpftte-Al  wU  'A  lli<.Ui,  tUi,..,  , 

•hie  hardlf  knows  wlc" 
Ity  u(  •iich  >  d>nmHUtl< 

'f  Ibiiry,  who  wiw  a  wine 
,ld  Ik  |ilea*c<l  tu  have  tin' 

.  Ills  lllUl>'llt«. 

Dri/ilr-n,  Pref.  to  Kalilc*. 
'      r'  the  stupld- 

.11. 

iiiioiu,  iv.  SA. 

2.  To   r.         ■ 

•   1   with   ap- 

prol>iitii>: 
admiratio..   .   .  ,   .  . 

..•li..ii;  fv,-\ 
,,.,■„.,,      .11   the  beauty 

78 

or  qualities  of;  look  on  or  contemplate  with 
pleasure. 

The  fact  seems  to  be,  that  the  Greeks  admired  only 
themselves,  and  that  the  Komans  admired  only  them- 
selves and  the  Greeks.  Macaulay,  Historj-. 
.\nd  Enid  woke  and  sat  beside  the  coji:h. 
Admiring  him,  and  thought  within  herself, 
Was  ever  man  so  grandly  made  as  he  ? 

Tennttson,  Geraint. 
H,  intrans.  1.  To  wonder;  be  afieeted  with 
smprise  ;  marvel :  sometimes  with  a?.    [Nearly 
obsolete  in  the  literal  sense.] 

Let  none  admire 

Tliat  riches  grow  in  hell.       Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  Clio. 

I  admire  where  a  fellow  of  his  low  rank  should  acquire 

such  a  nobleness  and  dignity  of  sentiment.  Henri/  Brookr. 

I  more  admire  at  a  third  party,  wiio  were  loyal  when 

rebellion  was  uppermost,  and  have  turned  rebels  (at  least 

in  principle)  since  loyalty  has  been  triumphant. 

Driidcn,  Ded.  of  Plutarch's  Lives. 

2.  To  feel  or  express  admiration. 

I'll  report  it. 
Where  senators  shall  mingle  tears  with  smiles; 
Where  great  patricians  shall  attend,  and  shrug, 
I'  the  end  admire.  Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  9. 

3.  To  feel  pleasure;  be  pleased:  as,  I  should 
admire  to  go.     [CoUoq.,  U.  S.] 

admiredt  (ad-mild'),  jj.  a.  Regarded -with  won- 
der; wonderful;  astonishing. 

Yon  have  displacd  the  mirth,  broke  the  good  meeting, 
\\'ith  most  adniir'd  disorder.        Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

admirer  (ad-mir'er),  n.  One  who  admires ; 
spoeitically.  one  who  pays  court  to  or  manifests 
his  admiration  of  a  woman ;  a  lover. 

For  fear  of  Lucia's  escape,  the  mother  is  .  .  .  constantly 
attended  by  a  rival  that  explains  her  age,  and  draws  off 
the  eyes  of  her  admirers.  Tatler,  No.  20G. 

admiringly  (ad-mir'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  admir- 
ing manner ;  'vvith  admiration ;  in  the  manner 
of  an  admirer. 

admissibility  (ad-mis-i-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  admis- 
.v(7)/(,  after  F.  admissihiliie.']  The  quality  of 
lieing  admissible. 

admissible  (ad-mis'i-bl),  a.     [<  F.  aibnissihlc, 

<  ML.  udniiisiliilis,  <L.  admissus,  pp.  of  admit- 
fcrc,  admit:  see  arf;Hi7.]  1.  Capable  or  worthy 
of  being  admitted  or  suffered  to  enter. 

They  were  admissible  to  political  and  military  employ- 
ment. Macaxdaij,  Hist.  Eiig.,  vi. 

2.  That  may  be  allowed  or  conceded ;  allow- 
able :  as,  your  projiosals  are  not  admissihit. — 

3.  In  laic,  capable  of  being  considered  in  reach- 
ing a  decision :  used  of  evidence  oflfered  in  a 
judicial  investigation. 

No  confession  is  admissible  when  made  in  terror. 

W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  '2.W. 

admissibleness  (ad-mis'i-bl-nes),  n.  Tho  qual- 
ity ui'  >t;itc  of  being  admissible  or  allowable. 

admissibly  (ad-mis'i-bli),  adv.  In  an  admis- 
.sible  manner ;  so  as  to  be  admitted,  entertain- 
ed, or  allowed. 

admission  (ad-misli'ou),  n.     [<  ME.  admi/ssion, 

<  L.  (iilmi.s.'<iii(n-),  Kmlmisstis,  pp.  ttt  (idmitlrrc, 
admit:  sce(H//H(7.]  1.  The  act  of  admitting;  nr 
allowing  to  oilier;  tlic  state  of  being  admide'l : 
entrance  alTonled  by  permission,  by  jirovision 
or  existence  of  means,  or  by  the  removal  of  oli- 
stacles:  as,  the  admission  of  aliens  into  a  coiin- 
tiy;  the  admi.ssion  of  light  into  a  room  by  a 
window  or  by  opening  the  window. 

Some  minds  seem  well  glazed  by  nature  against  the  ad- 
mission of  knowledge. 

(Jeoiyr  Eliot,  Theophraatiis  Such,  p.  1)1. 

2.  Admittance;  ]iower  or  permission  to  enter; 
entrance;  access;  ))ower  to  aiijiroacli:  as,  to 
grant  a  person  ailmission. 

I  .  .  .  apjillid  to  one  of  tho  vergers  for  admitiion  to 
the  Hillary.  Irvimi,  .Mutnhlllly  o(  Lit. 

3.  The  price  paid  for  entrance;  admission  fee: 
as,  the  admi.-'siiin  was  one  dollar. — 4.  licclis.; 
(a)  In  the  Church  of  Eiiclaud,  an  act  of  a 
bishoi)  accejitiiig  a  candidate  iiresented  to  a 
boneficp.  ('<)  In  (lie  I'rcsliyteriaii  chinches, 
eMpi'cially  in  Scolhiiid,  a  Hiiiiiliii'  olliciiil  ml  nf 
a  iiresbytery  ailmiltiiina  miiii.sterto  his  chinch. 
—  5.  The  act  of  expressiiin  assent  to  iin  iirgii- 

mcnt  or  jiroposition,  esj ially  one  urged  by 

an  opponent  or  iidvi^rsary;  hence,  a  )ioiiil  or 
Htalemont  adinittcd;  concesKioii;  nllowaiico : 
iiM,  this  admimion  lost  him  the  iir(;uiiieiit. — 6. 
Aeluiowleilginenl;  coMfi'SMioii  nf  a  iliartfc.  iiii 
error,  or  a  crime  :  as,  ho  made  full  admismon  nf 
hiH  ^,'llilt. 

\l  icile  hiul  no  auonor  ullered  this  cntroitjf  thun  »lio 
wii«  »  o  Uiii'd  at  thu  admi'si^n  It  Implieil. 

Georo:-  i:ioit.  .Mill  on  the  Klom,  >l.  1>. 

7.  \iilair:  (a)  A  voluntary  acknowledgment 
tliiit  soniething  in  triii'.  AdmlMlona  In  an  aiilon 
ran)  i.e  innde  by  n  party  lo  II,  or  by  hi"  nttomoy.  In  writ 
hiK  or  In  o|M'ii  court,    other  iirlnilMlonii,  whether  by  word 


admittatur 

or  act,  may  be  proved  against  a  party  if  they  were  made 
by  him  or  Viy  one  authorized  by  «ir  siifticiently  identilied  i 

with  him.  (/j)  The  act  of  receiving  evidence  of- 
fered upon  a  judicial  investigation,  as  compe- 
tent for  consideration  in  reaching  a  decision. 
=  Syn.  2.  A'/mittanec,  Admission.  See  admittance. 
admissive  i  ad-mis'iv),  a.  [<  LL.  o(//Hiss!('i(s(used 
once  in  sense  of  'permissive'),  <  L.  adtnissus, 
pp.  of  ndmiltere,  admit:  see  admit.']  Tending 
to  admit ;  having  the  nature  of  an  admission  ; 
containing  an  admission  or  acknowledgment. 

.\  compliment  which  is  always  more  admissiee  than  ex- 
cusatory. Lamb,  Elia. 

admissory  (ad-mis'o-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *admis- 
soriiis.  <  admissor,  one  who  grants  or  allows, 
<.admHtcrc,  pp.  admissus,  admit:  see  admit.] 
Granting  admittance ;  admitting. 

admit  (ad-mif),  i'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  admitted,  ppr. 
admitting.  [<  ME.  admitten,  amitten,  amytten,  < 
OF.  admettre,  amettre,  <  L.  admittcrc,  lit.  send 
to,  <  ad,  to,  +  mittcre,  send :  see  missile]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  suffer  to  enter;  grant  or  afford 
entrance  to:  as,  to  admit  a  student  into  col- 
lege; ^vindows  admit  light  and  air;  to  admit  a 
serious  thought  into  the  mind. 
Mirth,  admit  me  of  thy  crew.  Milton,  L' Allegro,  1.  38. 
0,  I  am  a  brute,  when  I  but  admit  a  doubt  of  your  true 
constancy  I  SIttridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  give  right  or  means  of  entrance  to  :  as, 
a  ticket  admits  one  into  a  theater;  this  key 
will  admit  you  to  the  garden, —  3.  To  permit  to 
exercise  a  certain  fimction ;  grant  power  to 
hold  a  certain  office :  as,  he  was  adtnitted  to  tho 
bar;  to  admit  a  man  to  the  ministry. —  4.  To 
have  capacity  for  the  admission  of  at  one  time : 
as,  this  passage  admits  two  abreast. —  5.  To 
grant  in  argument;  receive  as  true;  concede; 
allow:  as,  the  argument  or  fact  is  admitted. 

It  was  admitted  that  the  heavy  expelitlitiiie  which  had 
been  occasioned  by  the  late  troubles  justitieii  the  king  in 
asking  some  further  supply.        Maeautuii,  Hist.  Eiig.,  vi 
It  is  so  hard  for  shrewdness  to  admit 
Folly  means  no  harm  when  she  calls  black  white  ! 

Browninff,  King  and  Book,  I.  '.ii'i. 

6.  To  permit,  grant,  allow,  or  be  capable  of: 
as,  the  words  do  not  admit  such  a  construction. 
See  n. — 7.  To  acknowledge;  own;  confess: 
as,  he  admitted  his  guilt.  =  Syn.  Arknowledite,  Ad- 
mit, Conj'ess,  etc.  (see  acknowledge) ;  to  let  in,  receive,  take 
in. 

II.  intrans.  To  give  warrant  or  allowance ; 
grant  opportunity  or  permission:  with  of:  as, 
circumstances  do  not  admit  of  this ;  the  text 
does  not  admit  o/this  interpretation. 

Economy  is  a  subject  which  admits  of  being  treated 
with  levity,  but  it  cannot  so  be  disposed  of. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  ,13. 

To  answer  a  question  so  as  to  admit  o.f  no  reply,  is  the 
test  of  a  man, —  to  touch  bottom  every  time. 

Emerson,  Clubs. 

admittable  (ad-mit'a-bl).  a.  [<  admit  +  -able. 
Vi.  odniissdilc]  Capable  of  being  admitted  or  al- 
lowed.   Sometimes  spelled  ailmittildc.    [Rare.] 

admittance  (ad-mit'ans),  II.  [<  admit  -\-  -nnee.] 
1.  The  act  of  admitting. — 2.  l'i>i'missiiin  to 
eiilir ;  tile  power  or  right  of  entrance  ;  hence, 
actual  entrance  :  as,  he  gained  admittance  into 
the  church. 

jHueoii's  pliilosophy]  found  no  dilllenlty  in  gaining  ad- 
mittance, without  a  contest,  into  every  understalulilig 
Iltteil  ...  to  receive  her.  .Maeiutlaii,  Lord  Bacon. 

3t.  Concession ;  admission ;  allowance :  as,  the 
admittance  of  an  argument. — 4t.  The  custom 
or  privilege  of  being  admitted  to  the  society 
of  tiio  great. 

Sir  .John,  .  .  .  you  arc  a  gentleinan  of  excellent  breed- 
ing,  .   .  .  of  great  (l(fiiii(((liiee.     .S/iil*'.,  .M.  \\.  of  \V.,  ii,  2. 

6,  In  law,  the  giNTUg  possession  of  a  copyhold 

estate.  -  Syn.  1  and  2.  .idmiltanee,  Admission,  Intro- 
dllction,  liiitiiitioii,  reception,  welcome,  access.  In  the 
Keparatloii  of  adiiiittanee  iukI  admission,  the  latter  has 
taken  the  hgiinitivc  sen.ses,  while  not  yet  wholly  iilinn- 
dolling  to  the  former  the  literal  ones,  lleiiec  in  Hh  tlgtira- 
ttvr  use  admission  liit.4  ineaniiigs  that  adniitlanee  has  not. 
\\'lli'li  admission  has  the  literal  meaning,  its  use  is  gener- 
ally broader,  having  less  dellliilelless  with  resllect  to  jdaee. 
No  admittance  except  through  the  otilee  ;  adniissnm  to 
the  liiirbor  ;  admission  to  the  Jieerage  ;  he  gave  no  adniis. 
sion  to  imkilld  thoughts;  admission  of  u  fault.  I'erliupH 
admission  iinplies  somewhat  more  of  selection  or  jiidg- 
ineiit  passed  upon  the  person  admitted:  as,  admission  to 
society. 

Me  itlie  tnivelerl  must  obtain  admittance  to  the  conviv- 
ial \ith\r  and  thi<  dolilestie  liearltl.      .Vaciliilail,  Ilisl,  Ihlg. 
When  nnee  love  pleads  admission  to  our  hearts, 
111  Hplle  of  all  the  virtue  we  eiin  boast, 
The  woman  who  dellberiites  is  lost. 

.tddison,  Cato,  Iv.  1. 

II  Is  to  M.  Oulzot  that  I  was  .  .  .  obliged  for  ndmissiim 

lo  llii'  Kri'iich  archives.  Ilancro/I,  lllst.  Const..  I'ref. 

admittatur  (ad-mi-tii'tV'rl,  H.  [Ij.,  let  him  l.e 
iKliiiitl.'d,  ;id  pers.  Hing.  |ire8.  subj.  pass,  of 
admillin,  admit:  see  fi(/mi/. )     A  certiiicale  ol 


79 

admonishingly  (ad-mon'ish-ing-H),   adv.      By 
way  of  ailinouition  ;  in  an  admonishing  manner. 
In  an  aoknow-  admonishment  (ad-mon'ish-ment),  n.    Admo- 
nition; counsel;  warning.     [Rare.] 

when  wiis  my  U»rd  su  iiuicli  uii;,X'litly  tt'mper'd 
To  stop  his  ears  a;,'iiinst  adtnmiishmcnt/ 
Unami,  unarm,  and  du  not  lli,'ht  tu-d.ay. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  3. 

Thy  t'l-ave  admoiiixhments  prevail  with  rae. 

,,       .       ,     ..,      ,—      ,,_.,•,  S/m/f.,  1  Ucu.  VI.,  ii.  6. 

.„rf«,  abl.  ot  a,lnnttr,4ns  gevnml  ot  aclnu-  admonition  (ad-mr,-nisIi'on),  n.    [<  ME.  amoni- 

«''^r'_*,:  .'":.''''''''.'.•■  n^^^^-f'!"^-,:--!";"?  t!d'    <■«'«,  -""«,  <  of.  «-,«o„a«;«,  later  «rf»«omtto»,  < 

L.  admniaUo(n-),  <  admoncrc,  advise,  admonish: 
see  admonish.']  1.  The  act,  or  an  act,  of  ad- 
monishing; counsel  or  advice ;  gentle  reproof ; 
instniction  in  duties;  caution;  direction. 

Now  all  these  things  happened xuito  themfor ensamplcs  : 
and  they  are  written  for  our  admonifiun.         1  Cor.  x.  11. 
He  learns  the  look  of  things,  and  none  the  less 
l''or  admvml ions  from  the  hunger-pinch. 

Browning,  Fra  Lippo  Lipjii. 

^    __     _  3.  iTccfes.,  public  or  private  reproof  to  reclaim 

requiring  them  to  associate  with  themselves  an  offender :  the  first  step  in  church  discipline, 
'  "  ■  ■■  ------  '--'—=-1-'--"  followed,  when  xmheeded,  by  suspension  or  ex- 
communication. =  Syn.  Admonition,  Reprehcnsiim,  Ite- 
jiToof,  Monition,  Ct'n.^un-,  lUproach,  Rebuke,  Reprimand, 
remonstrance,  expostulatinn,  warning,  suggestion,  hint, 
intimation.  In  the  primary  and  almost  invariable  sense, 
adinouition,  repreheiiaion,  and  reproof  are  bestowed  upon 
eonduet  which  is  morally  defective.  Censure  and  repre- 
hension may  or  may  not  be  addressed  directly  to  the  per- 
son blamed ;  the  utterances  expressed  by  the  other  words 
are  always  so  addressed.  Adnwnition  is  caution  or  warn- 
ing with  reference  to  future  conduct;  it  is  often  based 
upon  past  failures  :  as,  admonition  not  to  repeat  a  fault. 
It  is  often  an  otflcial  act,  as  of  the  authorities  of  a  church, 
school,  or  college.  Monition  is  a  softer  word,  and  is  mostly 
confined  to  subjective  promptings  or  warnings:  as,  the 
nwnitions  of  conscience  or  of  reason.  The  other  words 
are  wholly  retrospective.  Reprehension  may  be  the  mild- 
est of  them,  or  may  be  stren^ithentil  by  an  adjective :  as, 
the  severest  reitrehension.  It  is  unorticial,  and  may  de- 
note the  act  of  an  equal.  Reproof  is  the  act  of  a  superior 
or  elder,  an  authoritative  and  personal  censure.  Censure 
is  unfavorable  juilgment,  generally  severe,  possibly  official. 
Reproach  is  censure  with  opprobrium  ;  it  is  used  chiefly  as 
a  relief  to  excited  feelings,  and  is  intended  to  humiliate 
ratlier  than  correct.  Rebukeis  energetic  and  summary,  like 
stopping  one's  moutll ;  it  implies  feeling,  like  reproach, 
but  more  self-control.  Rcpriviand  istheactof  asuperior, 
is  severe,  and  is  often  official  and  public  as  a  form  of  pen- 
alty :  as,  sentenced  to  receive  a  reprimand  from  his  com- 
manding officer  in  the  presence  of  the  regiment.  (See  the 
discrimination  of  corresponding  verbs  under  censure,  v.) 

A  man  that  is  an  heretic,  after  the  first  and  second  ad- 
monition, reject.  Tit.  iii.  10. 
The  admonition.'?,  fraternal  or  parental,  of  his  fellow- 
Christians,  or  the  governors  of  the  church,  then  more  pub- 
lic reprekeiisions.                                                   Haninwiid. 
Those  best  can  bear  7-eproof -who  merit  praise. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  &S3. 
Divine  monition  Nature  yields. 
That  not  by  bread  alone  we  live. 

Wordsivorth,  Devotional  Incitements. 
The  pain  of  a  little  censure,  even  when  it  is  unfounded, 
is  more  acute  than  the  pleasure  of  much  praise. 

Jejferson,  Correspondence,  II.  440. 
Dread  of  reproach,  both  by  checking  cowardice  in  battle 
.and  by  restraining  nnsbehaviour  in  social  life,  has  tended 
to  public  and  private  advantage. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  526. 

My  caution  was  more  pertinent 

Than  the  rebuke  you  give  it.  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. 

The  knight  .  .  .  inquires  how  such  an  one's  wife,  or 

mother,  or  son,  or  father  do[es],  whom  he  does  not  see  at 

church  ;  which  is  understood  as  a  secret  reprimand  to  the 

person  absent.  Addison,  Spectator. 


admlttatur 

admission  to  membership  in  a  university  or 
college. 

admittedly  (ad-mit'ed-li),  adv. 
ledged  manner ;  confessedly. 

The  inrtuence  of  ocean-currents  in  the  distribution  of 
heat  over  the  surface  of  the  globe  wmild  still  be  admit- 
tedhj  erroneous.  J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Time,  p.  .'52. 

adniittendo   cleriCO   (ad-mi-ten'do  Ider'i-ko). 
[ML.,  lor  admitting  a  clerk  (clergyman) :  L.  ad- 
mitti 
terc,  .. 

cus,  a  clerk:  see  ckrt.]  An  old  English  writ, 
issued  to  the  bishop  instead  of  to  the  sheriff  as 
in  ordinary  actions,  to  enforce  a  judgment  es- 
tablishing the  right  of  the  crown  to  make  a  pre- 
sentation to  a  benefice. 

admittendo  in  socium  (ad-mi-ten'do  in  s6'- 
shi-um).  [ML.,  for  admitting  as  an  associate  : 
L.  admittendo:  see  above ;  in,  to,  as ;  socium,  ace. 
of  socius,  a  fellow,  associate:  see  social.]  An 
old  English  writ  addressed  to  justices  of  assize 
requiring  them  to  associate  with  themselves 
other  designated  persona,  commonly  laiights  of 
the  county,  in  holding  assizes  at  the  eircuit. 

admitter  (ad-mit'er),  re.  One  who  or  that  which 
admits. 

admittible  (ad-mit'i-bl),  a.  [<  admit  +  -ible  : 
see  -able,  -ible.]     Same  as  admittablc. 

admix  (ad-miks'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  admixed 
and  admixt,  ppr.  admixing,  [First  in  p.  a.  ad- 
mlred,  prop,  admixt,  of  L.  origin,  <  admixtiis,  pp. 
of  admiscere,  mix  with,  <  ad,  to,  +  miscere  =  AS. 
miscan,  E.  mix,  q.  v.]  To  mingle  with  some- 
tliing  else ;  add  to  something  else.     See  mix. 

The  small  quantities  of  alkalies  present  (in  the  topaz] 
may  be  attributed  either  to  admixed  impurity,  or  to  an 
incipient  .alteration.   Amer.  Jour.  .Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXIX.  329. 

admixtiont  (ad-miks'ehon),  n.  [<  L.  admix- 
tio(n-),  <  admiscere,  pp.  admixtus,  mix  with :  see 
admix.]  The  act  of  mingling  or  admixing;  a 
mingling  of  different  substances ;  the  addition 
of  an  ingredient ;  admixttire. 

All  metals  may  be  calcined  by  strong  waters,  or  by  ad- 
rnixtion  of  salt,  sulphur,  and  mercury.  Bacon. 

admixture  (ad-miks'tur),  n.  [<  L.  admixtus, 
pp.  of  admiscere,  mix  with :  see  admix  and  mi.v- 
ture.]  1.  The  act  of  mingling  or  mixing;  the 
state  of  being  mingled  or  mixed. 

\\'hen  a  metallic  vapour  is  subjected  to  admixture  with 
anotller  gas  or  vapour,  or  to  reduced  pressure,  its  spectrum 
becomes  simplified.  J.  N.  Loclojer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  154. 
2.  That  which  is  mingled  or  formed  by  min- 
gling; a  compound  made  by  mixture. —  3.  An 
ingredient  different  in  Kind  from  that  which 
gives  a  mixture  its  principal  properties. —  4. 
In  general,  anything  added ;  especially,  any 
alien  element  or  ingi'edient. 

ad  modum  (ad  mo'dum).  [L. ;  lit.,  to  the  way, 
mode,  means,  manner:  ad,  to;  'modum,  ace.  of 
modus :  see  mode.]  In  the  manner ;  in  such 
way,  or  to  such  effect ;  as ;  like. 

admonish  (ad-mon'ish),  'V.  t.  [<  ME.  admon- 
ysshen,  amonysshen,  -csshen,  -asen,  etc.,  earlier 
and  prop,  amonesten,  -isteii  (adm-  for  am-  in 
imitation  of  the  L.  original,  and  -ish  for  -est  in 
imitation  of  verbs  in  -islfi),  <  OF.  amonestcr 
(F.  adnionester),  advise,  <  ML.  *admonistare.  a 


corruption  of  admonitore,  freq.  of  L.  fl[Z;«o?!ej'<",  admonitioner   (ad-mo-nish'on-er),  re.     [For- 
'^'  "  '  '  '  ^~    '  "  "  nievly  also  admonish ioiter;  <admonitio'n  +  -er'^.] 

An  admonisher;  a  ilispenser  of  admonitions; 
specificallv,   an   Admonitionist    (which    see). 
Hales. 
Admonitionist  (ad-mo-nish'on-ist),  re.     [<  ad- 
monition +  -ist.]     A  name  given  to  the  follow- 
ers of  Thomas  Cartwright,  two  of  whom  in  loT2 
published  "  An  Admonition  to  Parliament,"  fol- 
lowed by  a  second  one  by  himself,  strongly  ad- 
vocating church  government  by  presbyters  as 
opposed  to  bishops,  and  the  supremacy  of  the 
chm-ch  over  the  state. 
admonitive  (ad-mon'i-tiv),  a.     [<  L.  admonitus, 
pp.  of  admonere:  see  admonish.]     Containing 
admonition.     [Rare.] 
Instructive  aud  admonitive  emblems. 

Barrow,  Works,  II.  xxvi. 


pp.  admonitus,  ad-vise,  <  orf,  to,+  monere,  advise 
warn:   see  monisti,  monition.]     1.  To  notify  of 
or  reprove  for  a  fault ;  reprove  with  mildness. 
Count  him  not  as  an  enemy,  but  adnwni.-<h  him  as  a 
brother.  2  Thes.  iii.  15. 

2.  To  counsel  against  something;  caution  or 
advise ;  exhort ;  warn. 

I  wara'd  thee,  I  adinonish'd  thee,  foretold 
The  danger  and  the  lurking  enemy. 

Milton,  T.  L.,  ix.  1171. 
Me  fruitful  scenes  and  prospects  waste 
Alike  admonish  not  to  roam. 

Coteper,  The  Shrubbery. 

3.  To  instruct  or  direct ;  guide. 

Ye  choice  spirits  that  admonish  me. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 

Jloses  was  admtmished  of  God  when  he  was  .about  to 

make  the  tabernacle.  Heb.  viii.  6. 

This  view,  which  od)nfl)iis/i«s  me  where  the  sources  of  .  i  ,„„„';  fr„.^    «       FT      <  nrJmnnprfi  • 

wisdom  and  power  lie,  can-ies  upon  its  face  the  highest  admonitor  (ad-mon  1-toi),  )!.     \_L..,  <.  admonere . 
■-  -'      ■  "  ".  see  admonish.]     An  admonisher ;  a  momtor. 


certificate  of'truth.  "  Emerson,  Nature. 

4.  To  inform ;  acquaint  with ;  notify ;  remind ; 
recall  or  incite  to  duty. 

'The  angel  bright. 
Ere  he  drew  nigh,  his  radiant  visage  turn'd, 
Adtnonhih'd  by  his  ear.  Milton,  V.  L.,  iii.  047. 

But  Maggie  stood,  right  sair  astonish'd. 
Till  by  the  heel  and  hand  admonish'd. 

Burns,  Tam  o'  Shanter. 

admonisher  (ad-mon'ish-er),  «.     One  who  re- 
proves or  counsels. 

Horace  was  a  nuld  admonisher,  a  court  satirist  fit  for 
the  gentle  times  of  Augustus.  Dryden. 


Ounsricucc  .  .  .  is  at  most  times  a  very  faithful  and  very 
prudent  ,vl monitor.  Shenstone,  Essays  (1763),  p.  222. 

admonitorial  (ad-mon-i-to'ri-al),  a.    [<  admoni- 

toni  +  -al.]    Repro-ving;  admonishing;  having 
the'  manner  of  an  admonitor ;  admonitory. 

Miss  Tox  .  .  .  had  acquired  an  admonitorial  tone,  and 
a  habit  of  improving  passing  occasions. 

Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son,  li. 

admonitorily  (ad-mon'i-to-ri-li).  adv.  In  an 
admonitory  manner ;  -with  warning  or  reproof. 
Carlyle. 


ado 

admonitory  fad-mon'i-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  '»rf- 
ni'iniloriidf;  cf.  admiinitorium,  an  admonition.] 
C'ontainitig  admonition;  tending  or  serving  to 
admonish:  as,  ••admonitory  of  A\i\,y,"  Barron:, 
Works,  I.  4a0. 

She  held  up  her  small  hand  with  an  admmiitorii  gesture. 
Charlotte  Bronti;,  Shirley,  ix. 

admonitrix(ad-mon'i-triks),  n.;  pl.admonitriccs 
(ad-Mjon-i-tri'sez).  [L.,  fern,  of  admonitor, 
q.  v.]  A  female  admonitor;  a  monitress.  -V. 
K  D. 

admortization  (ad-mor-ti-za'shon),  n.  Same 
as  tiiii(irli;:iiti(in. 

admo-^et  (ad-mov'),  v.  t.  [Earlier  amove  (see 
amoved),  <  L.  admovere,  move  to,  <  ad,  to,  + 
jHoivre,  move  :  see  move.]  To  move  (to);  bring 
(to):  as,  "admoved  unto  the  light,"  Coverdale, 
tr.  of  Erasmus,  1  .John  ii.  8. 

admr,     A  contraction  of  administrator. 

admx.     A  contraction  of  adniini.strntrix. 

adnascence  (ad-uas'ous),  jj.  [i  adnascent :  see 
-cnce.]  Adhesion  o£  parts  to  each  other  by  the 
whole  surface.     Hyd.  Soc.  Lex. 

adnascent  (ad-nas'ent),  a.  [<L.  adnascen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  adnasd,  usually  agnasci,  full  foi-m  ad- 
ijnasci,  grow  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  *gnasci,  usually  7ta^ci, 
grow,  be  born:  see  «(/H«fe; and reasceni.]  Grow- 
ing to  or  on  something  else. 

Moss,  which  is  au  adnascent  plant. 

Evelyn,  Sylva,  II.  vii.  §  8. 

adnata  (ad-na'ta),  re.  [NL. ;  (1)  fem.  sing.,  (2) 
neut.  pi.  of  L.  adnatus:  see  adnate.]  1.  sing. 
Same  as  tunica  adnata  (which  see,  imder  tunica). 
—  2.  pi.  In  roo^.,  tegumentary  appendages,  as 
hair  or  feathers,  or  other  covering  or  growth 
superficially  attached  to  an  animal. 
adnate  (ad'nat),  a.  [<  L.  adnatus,  gro-ivn  to, 
pp.  of  adnasd  :  see  adnascent,  and  cf.  agnate.] 
In  physiol.  and  hot.,  congeni- 
tally  attached  or  grown  to- 
gether. See  adnation.  Also 
coadnate,  coadunatc,  coadu- 
nated,  and  consolidated Ad- 
nata anther,  an  anther  that  is  at- 
tached for  its  whole  length  to  one 
side  of  its  filament. 
adnation  (ad-na'shon),  re.  The 
state  of  being  adnate;  con- 
genital union  of  different  or- 
gans by  their  siirfaees.  Specitlcally,  in  bot.,  the 
union  or  adhesion  of  different  circles  of  inflorescence,  as 
the  calyx-tube  tcj  the  ovary,  in  distinction  from  coalescence, 
which  denotes  the  union  of  members  of  the  same  circle 
only.  Also  called  consolidation. 
ad  nauseam  (ad  ua'sf-am).  [L. :  ad,  to;  nau- 
seam, ace.  of  nausea  :  see  Miusea.]  Literally, 
to  sickness ;  to  disgust ;  to  the  extent  of  excit- 
ing disgust,  especially  the  disgust  which  arises 
from  satiety  or  wearisome  reiietition  :  as,  state- 
ments or  complaints  repeated  ad  nauseam. 
adnerval  (ad-ner'val),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  ner- 
r«s,  nerve.]  Mo-sdng  toward  the  nerve:  a  term 
applied  to  electrical  currents  passing  in  a  mus- 
cular fiber  toward  the  point  of  application  of 
a  nerve-fiber. 
adnexed  (ad-neksf),  a.  [<  L.  adnexus,  con- 
nected, +  -ed'2.]  In  bot.,  annexed  or  connected : 
applied  to  the  gills  in  Agaricusy/ben  they  reach 
to  the  stem  but  are  not  adnate  to  it. 
adnominal  (ad-nom'i-nal),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *ad- 
nominalis:  see  adnoun.]  In  gram.,  belonging 
to  or  qualifying  a  noun ;  adjectival. 

The  true  genitive  is  originally  arf/iowjj'nai  ;  that  is.  its 

primary  function  is  to  limit  the  meaning  of  a  substantive. 

Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  XV.  7. 

adnomination  (ad-nom-i-na'shon),  re.  [<  L.  ad- 
nominatio(n-),  agnominatio{n-),  equiv.  to  Gr. 
■napovofiaaia,  a  pun ;  <  ad,  to,  +  nominare,  name, 
<  nomen  (nomin-),  a  name.]  A  play  upon  words ; 
paronomasia. 

adnoun  (ad '  noun),  n.  [<  L.  ad  +  noun.  Cf . 
L.  adnomen,  usually  agnomen,  sui-name:  see 
agnomen.]  In  _()r»'o/H.,anadjeetiveorattributive 
word;  an  adjimct  to  a  noim;  specifically,  ac- 
cording to  some  gi'ammarians,  an  adjective 
used  substantively,  as  the  good,  the  true,  and 
the  beautiful. 

ado  (a-di)'),  re.,  orig.  inf.  [<  ME.  ado.  at  do. 
North,  dial,  equiv.  to  E.  to  do,  the  prep,  at, 
Scaud.  at,  being  the  sign  of  the  inf.,  like  to  in 
literary  E.  From  the  use  of  this  inf.  in  phrases 
like  much  ado,  little  ado,  more  ado,  i.  e.,  much 
to  do,  etc.,  ado  came  to  be  regarded  as  a  noxm 
{^'ado,  or  grete  bysynesse,  sollicitudo," 
Prompt.  Parv.,  \i.  7),  qualified  by  much,  little, 
more,  and  hence  later  great,  any,  etc.,  as  an 
adj.  Cf.  affair,  <  OF.  a  faire,  to  do,  a-<lo.] 
I.t  inf.   1.  To  do. 


1.  Adnate  Anther. 

2,  Adnate  Stipule. 


ado 

With  that  piynce  Most  we  have  at  do. 

Tomuley  Hysteria,  p.  237. 

He  scballe  have  ado  every  day  with  hem. 

ilandeville,  p.  132. 

I  wonder  what  he  had  ado  in  appearing  to  me? 

J.  Hogg,  Tales  (1837),  II.  194. 

2.  In  doing;  being  done. 

Only  an  eager  bustling,  that  rather  keeps  ado  than  does 
anytliing.  Earlt\  Microcosm.,  xxvii.  58. 

n.  ».  Doing;  action;  business;  bustle;  trou- 
ble; labor;  (Uffienltj-:  as,  to  persuade  one  with 
much  ado. 

Let's  follow,  to  see  the  end  of  this  ado. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  i. 
We  had  much  ado  to  keepe  ourselves  above  water,  the 
billows  breaking  desperately  on  our  vessel. 

£velyn.  Diary,  Sept.  22,  1641. 

And  what  is  life,  that  we  should  moan  ?  why  make  we 

such  ado  i  Tennynon,  May  Queen,  Conclusion. 

-ado.  [Sp.  Pg.  -ado,  It.  -ato  =  F.  e,  <  L.  dtus,  m. : 
see  -ate^.']  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  the  Spanish 
masculine  form  of  -ade^,  -ate^.  as  in  renegado, 
desperado,  etc.  In  some  words  -ado  is  an  er- 
roneotis  form  of  -ada,  as  in  bastinado.  See 
-(iihi. 

adobe  (a-do'ba),  n.  and  a.  [Less  correctly 
adobi,  colloquially  shortened  to  dobie;  <  Sp. 
adobe,  an  unbumt  brick  dried  in  the  sun,  < 
arfofcnr,  daub,  plaster.  Cf.  daub.']  I.  n.  1.  The 
Mexican-Spanish  name  of  the  sun-dried  brick 
in  common  use  in  countries  of  small  rainfall 
and  of  inferior  civilization. 

This  is  a  desolate  town  of  two  thousand  inhabitants 
dwelling  in  low  dilapidated  huts  of  the  most  common 
building  material  in  the  Andes — adobe,  or  sun-dried  blocks 
of  mud  mingled  with  straw. 

J.  Orton,  Andes  and  Amazon,  p.  40. 

2.  Clay  or  soil  from  which  sun-dried  bricks  are 
made,  or  which  is  suitable  for  making  them. — 

3.  In  the  quicksUver-mines  of  the  Pacific  coast, 
a  brick  made  of  the  finer  ores  mixed  with  clay, 
for  more  convenient  handling  in  the  furnace. 

H.  a.  1.  Built  or  made  of  adobes  or  sun- 
dried  bricks. — 2.  Suitable  for  making  sun- 
dricJ  bricks  :  as,  an  adobe  soil. 

adolescence  (ad-o-les'ens),  n.  [<  ME.  adoles- 
cence. <  OF.  adolescence,  <  L.  adolescentia,  usu- 
sMy  adulescentia,  <  adolescen(t-)s,  usually  adH?i«- 
cen(t-)s,  young:  see  adolescent.']  The  state  of 
growing;  specifically,  youth,  or  the  period  of 
life  between  puberty  and  the  full  development 
of  the  frame,  extending  in  man  from  about  the 
age  of  fourteen  years  to  twenty-five,  and  in  wo- 
man from  twelve  to  twenty-one :  applied  almost 
exclusively  to  the  young  of  the  human  race. 

adolescency  (ad-o-les'en-si).  H.  The  quality  or 
siati-  ul'  Ijciiig  adolescent  or  in  the  growing  age. 

adolescent  (ad-o-les'ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  late 
ilE.  adolescente,  n.,  <  OP.  adolescent,  <  L.  adoles- 
cen(t-)s,  usually  adulescen(t-)s,  growing  up,  not 
yet  grown,  young,  a  youth,  prop.  ppr.  (and  as 
such  prop,  written  adolescen{t-)s)  ot  adolescerc, 
grow  up  (see  adult),  <  ad,  to,  +  olescere,  the  in- 
ceptive form  of  'olere,  grow,  <  ali're,  nourisli: 
see  aliment.']  I.  a.  Growing  up ;  advancing 
from  childhood  to  manhood  or  womanhood ; 
youthful. 

Scho<da,  unless  discipline  were  doubly  strong, 
Detain  their  adolescent  charge  t^jo  long. 

Cou'//t:r,  Tirocinium. 

H,  1.  One  who  is  growing  up ;  a  person  of 
eithir  sex  during  the  period  of  adolescence. 

adolode  (ud'o-16d),  «.  [<Gr.  a-  priv.  +  ddXoc, 
fnmrl  (Hef3  dok^,  deceit),  +  oiur.  way.]  Anap- 
IiamtuH  for  detecting  fraud  in  distillation. 

Adonai  dul-o-na'i  or  a-Ur/ni),  n.  [Hcb.  adondi, 
lit.  my  lords,'  <  adon,  lord.  Cf.  Jdonis.']  A 
Ilclircw  name  of  Ood,  reverentially  used  in 
nulling iiH u substitute forthe  "iuclT.iiile name" 
•IIIVII,  that  is,  .Jehovah.     See  Adonist  aud  Jc- 

hnrnl,. 

Adcnp.-in     ,.1, ,-.,.-.',,„),  a.     [<  L.  Adnnen.^.  <  Or. 

.   .\doni8.]     Pertaining  to  or 

.Vilonis:    as,    "fair  Aitonean 

'".  r. 

A  i'>'ni-ii ).«.;)/.    [L.,  <Qp.  l\()u»'ia,prop. 

'  ' ' .  ix'rtaining  to  ".Vn-ivtr. 

*  '.I     two    days'   dnnitinn 

'  I  iriiiiil  during  IIm^  fen- 

'  i  liv  wiinicn  in  honor 

li   i  iMM  and  (ireeks. 

'  In.  htlltliill,  Hllfl 

'  irinnithiK 

'  ^  I'liln,  |i,-niolil- 

■  '-I'lrM  ..    I  the  productive 


Si.ni 


.idnnir. 

M4  (f<-nluR  In 

li'    <nll4   Vm- 

..    Ul.,  111.1^2. 


80 

Adonic  (a-don'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *Adoni- 
cus,  <  Aiionis.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ado- 
nis. See  J(to)i!>,  etymology Adonic  verse.  Secll. 

II.  n.  An  Adonic  verse  :  so  called,  it  is  said, 
because  used  in  songs  simg  at  the  Adonia,  or 
festival  of  Adonis,  it  consists  ot  a  dactyl  and  a  spon- 
dee or  trochee,  as  rdrd  juventus,  and  on  account  of  its 
animated  movement  is  adapted  to  gay  and  lively  poetry. 
It  is  seldom  used  by  itself,  but  is  joined  with  other  kiuds 
of  verse.    It  is  said  to  have  been  devised  by  Snpplio. 

Adonis  (a-do'nis).  >i.  [<  L.  Adonis,  <  Gr.  "ASunc, 
also  "Aduv,  in  mj-th.,  a  favorite  of  Aphrodite 
(Venus);  according  to  the  oldest  tradition,  the 
son  of  Theias.  king  of  Assyria,  and  his  daugh- 
ter Myrrha  or  SmirTna.  He  was  killed  by  a 
wild  boar,  but  was  permitted  by  Zeus  to  pass 
four  months  every  year  in  the  lower  world, 
four  with  Aphrodite,  and  four  where  he  chose. 
The  name,  like  the  myth,  is  of  Phenician  ori- 
gin, akin  to  Heb.  adon,  lord  :  see  Adonai.']  1. 
A  beau;  a  dandy;  an  exquisite:  as,  he  is  quite 
an  Adonis. —  2.  In  bot.,  a  genus  of  European 
plants  belonging  to  the  natural  order  i?a«MHCH- 
lacece.  in  the  com-adonis,  or  pheasants-eye,  A.  autum- 
nalis,  the  petals  are  bright  scarlet,  and  are  considered  as 
emblematical  of  the  blood  of  Adonis,  from  which  the 
plant  is  fabled  to  have  sprung. 
3t.  [/.  c]  A  kind  of  wig  formerly  worn. 
He  puts  on  a  fine  fio\ving  adonis  or  white  periwig. 

R.  Graves,  Spirit.  Quixote,  HI.  .\ix. 

Adonist  (a-do'nist),  71.  [<  Heb.  adondi  (see 
Adonai)  +  -ist.]  One  who  maiutained  that  the 
vowel-points  ordinaialy  written  under  the  con- 
sonants of  the  Hebrew  word  JH  VH  (pronounced 
since  the  sixteenth  century,  except  among  the 
Jews,  Jehovah)  are  not  the  natural  points  be- 
longing to  that  word,  but  are  vowel-points  be- 
longing to  the  words  Adonai  and  Elohim  ;  these 
words  are  substituted  iu  reading  by  tlie  Jews 
for  the  name  JITS'H,  a  name  which  they  are 
forbidden  to  utter,  and  the  true  pronunciation 
of  which  is  lost.  Those  persons  who  held  the 
opposite  view  were  termed  Jchovists, 

adonize  (ad'o-niz),  v.  t.  [=F.  adoniser;  < 
Adonis,  q.  v.,  +  -izc.]  To  make  beautiful  or  at- 
tractive; adorn  one's  self  with  the  view  of  at- 
tracting admiration :  said  only  of  men.  [Rare.] 
I  employfil  tiiree  tiood  liuurs  at  least  in  adjusting  and 
adonizing  myself.  Sinotlftt,  tr.  of  Uil  Bias,  III.  41s. 

adoorst  (a-dorz'),  2>rep.  phr.  as  adv.  [A  reduced 
form  of  both  of  doors  and  at  doors,  as  in  the 
phrases  out  of  doors,  out  o'  doors,  forth  a  doors, 
and  in  a  doors,  in  at  doors:  see  a-*,  a-T,  ami 
door.]    At  doors  ;  at  the  door. 

If  I  get  in  a-duors,  not  the  power  o'  th'  country. 
Nor  all  ray  aunt's  curses  shall  disembogue  me. 

Fletclier  and  Stiirli'ij,  .Night-Walker,  v.  1. 

adopt  (a-dopt')-  '■•  [^  F.  adopter,  <  L.  adoptarc, 
adopt,  choose,  <  ad,  to,  +  optarc,  wish :  see  o/i- 
tatirc]  I.  trans.  1.  To  choose  for  or  take  to 
one's  self ;  make  one's  own  by  selection  or  as- 
sent ;  receive  or  agree  to  as  a  personal  belong- 
ing or  opinion :  as,  to  adopt  a  name  or  an  idea ; 
an  adopted  citizen  or  country ;  the  meeting 
adopted  the  resolution. 

Tell  me,  may  not  a  king  adopt  an  heir? 

A'/iuA-.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
I  have  adopted  the  Koman  sentiment,  that  it  is  more 
honourable  to  save  a  citizen  than  U»  kill  an  enemy. 

JvhiiHun,  I'ref.  to  .Shak. 
Men  resist  the  conclusion  in  the  morning,  Itnt  adopt 
it  as  the  evening  wears  on,  that  temper  prevails  over 
everything  of  time,  place,  and  condition. 

Knwrmn,  Experience. 

2.  Specifically,  to  ailinit  into  a  relation  of  af- 
filiation ;  confer  t  lie  rights  or  jirivileges  of  kin- 
ship upon,  as  ono  who  is  not  naturally  rclaled 
or  connected;  csiiccially,  to  receive  and  treat 
ns  a  child  or  niciiiber  of  one's  fmnily,  etc.:  as, 
the  orphans  \v*'r<i  ailoptiit  by  friends.  See  adop- 
tion, '2. — 3.  To  take  or  re<-eive  into  any  kind  of 
now  relationsliij):  as,  to  adopt  a  person  as  nn 
heir,  or  as  a  friend,  guide,  or  example. 

TltUH,  I  am  incorporate  hi  Home,  ' 

A  It4,man  now  atUtptfd  happily. 

.s'/rtt..  Tit.  And.,  I.  2. 
Htrangers  were  very  rarely  adopted  Into  a  right  of  prop, 
erty  In  <:lan  land  In  the  early  time. 

It.  W.  Itotr,  (lerman  Laliil-holilInK,  p.  7.'<. 

II.  intrans.  In  euchre,  to  )il:iy  with  the  snil 
turned  up  for  trumps:  a  privili'geof  the  d<'aler. 

adoptability  (H-dop-ta-bil'i-li),  ».;  pi.  adopta- 
liitiliis(.{  iz ).  The  state  of  lieing  iidojitable ;  I  hi' 
ea|ialiilily  df  being  adiipteil;  that  wliich  eiin  bi- 
adii|iler|  or  made  use  of:  us,  "the  select  ailiijitn- 
InlilirK,"  farli/te,  I'asI  and  Present,  11.  xvii. 

adoptable  (a-doii'ta-bl).  «.  |<  iidopi  + -alilr.] 
•  'apalilr'  of  lu'iug  aiioiileil  ;  fit  or  worthy  to  be 
adopted. 

The  Liturgy  or  adoptable  and  geniTnlly  ndoptt^l  net  ef 
prvem.  Cartylf,  l'a»t  and  I'reseut,  II.  n  II 


adorable 

adoptant  (a-dop'tant),  a.  and  n.  [< F.  adoptant, 
<L.  adoptan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  adoptarc:  see  adopt.] 

1.  a.  Adopting. 

II.  n.  One  who  adopts  a  child  or  thing  as  his 
own. 

adoptatet  (a-dop'tat),  i:.  t.    [<  L.  adoptatus,  pp. 
ot  adoptarc :  see  adopt.]     To  adopt. 
adoptative  (a-dop'ta-tiv),  a.     [<  L.  adoptatus, 
pp.  of  adoptare  (see  adopt),  +  -ive.]     Same  as 
adoptite.     [Rare.] 
adoptedlyt  (a-dop'ted-li),  adr.    By  adoption. 
Lucio.  Is  she  your  cousm? 

Isab.  Adoptedty,  as  school-maids  change  their  names. 
Sliak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  5. 
adopter  (a-dop'ter),  H.    One  who  or  that  wliich 

adopts. 
adoptian  (a-dop'shan),  a.     [<  ML.  Adoptiani, 
the  adoptian  heretics,  irreg.  <  L.  adojttarc :  see 
ado2)t.]     In  theol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  doc- 
trine of  adoption Adoptian  controTersy.     See 

adopttuntsin. 

adoptianism  (a-dop'shan-izm).  «.     [<  adoptian 

+  -ism.]     Same  as  adoptionism. 

The  recantation  was  probably  insincere,  for  on  return- 
ing to  his  diocese  he  (Felix,  bishop  of  Urgel]  taught  adop- 
tiani^-m  as  before.  Encyc.  Brit.,  I.  163. 

adoptianist  (a-dop'shan-ist),  n.    [<  adoptian  + 

-ist.]     Same  as  adoptionist. 

It  was  under  this  pontitlcate  [Leo  III.]  that  Felix  of 
Urgel,  the  adoptianist,  was  anathematized  by  a  Roman 
synod.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  449. 

adoption  (a-dop'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adoptio(n-),  a 
shorter  form  oi  adoptatio(n-),  <.  adoptare,  adopt: 
see  adopt.]  1.  The  act  of  adopting  or  taking 
as  one's  own ;  a  choosing  for  use,  or  by  way  of 
preference  or  approval;  assumption;  formal 
acceptance :  as,  the  adoption  of  a  distinctive 
dress;  he  favored  the  adoption  of  the  bill;  the 
adoption  of  a  new  word  into  a  language. 

The  adoption  of  vice  has  rained  ten  times  more  young 
men  than  natural  inclinations.  Lord  Ctit-.-itcrlicld. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  into  an  aflSliated  relation; 
admission  to  some  or  all  of  the  privileges  of 
natiu'al  kinship  or  membership:  as,  the  adoption 
of  a  child ;  adoption  into  a  tribe ;  a  son  by  adop- 
tion. Simple  adoption  of  a  child  extend.s  only  to  hia 
treatment  as  a  member  of  the  houseliold  ;  lesiul  adoption 
may  confer  upon  him  any  or  all  of  the  riglit.^  of  actual  re- 
lationship. In  the  absence  of  any  legally  assumed  obli- 
gation, an  adopted  child  is  not  in  law  deemed  a  relative 
of  the  adopting  parent,  and  does  not  inherit  as  aucli,  and 
the  adopting  parent  acquires  no  other  autlunity  tlian  that 
which  atlection  or  the  consent  of  the  leiturul  p;u rut  may 
give.  The  civil  or  statute  laws  of  most  cnuiitries  strictly 
regulate  the  ])rineiples  of  legal  adoption  with  reference  to 
its  limitation,  the  rights  of  natural  heirs,  etc. 

3.  In  theol.,  that  act  of  divine  grace  by  which, 
through  Christ,  those  who  have  been  justified 
"  are  taken  into  the  number  aud  enjoy  the  lib- 
erties and  privileges  of  the  children  of  God." 
West.  Conf.  of  Faith,  xii. 

But  ye  have  received  the  Spirit  of  adoption,  whereby  we 
cry,  Abtui,  Father.  lloin.  viii.  ir». 

adoptional  (a-dop'shon-al),  a.     [<  adoption  + 

-id.  I     Kelatiiig  to  adoption. 

adoptionism  (a-dop'shou-izm),  H.  [(.adoption 
+  -ism.]  Iu  theol.,  the  doctrine  that  Christ  is 
tlie  Sou  of  God  by  adoption  only,  it  was  held 
that,  as  the  son  of  David,  he  had  simply  a  human  nature, 
which  afterward  by  an  act  of  adoption  became  uuitea 
with  the  divine  nature,  or  the  eternal  Word.  This  doc- 
trine, tletugli  not  unknown  in  the  early  church,  was  Ilrst 
distiiutly  propounded  in  Si>ain  near  the  end  of  the  eighth 
century  I'y  Kelix,  bishop  of  Urgel,  and  KItpandus,  arch- 
bisliup  itf  T.ih-do.  It  wiLS  opposed  by  Alcnlii,  and  eon- 
dennied  liy  three  councils,  at  Kjitishoii  in  7;l'j,  at  Frank- 
furt in  7!M,  and  at  Aix-la-Chapelli^  uliont  T'.Hl.  Also  writ- 
ten in/-i;fh'r(?o'vj/,, 

adoptionist  (n-dop'shon-ist),  n.  [<  ailoptioii  -(- 
-isl.  I  ( >iie  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  ado])tion- 
isiii.     .\lsiv  written  adoptianist. 

adoptioust  (a-dop'slius),  a.  [<  adoption  +  -ou.i. 
t'f.  amhitious,  amintion.]  Adoptive;  adopted 
or  assumed. 

I'rettv,  foml,  adoptiouH  christeniioms. 

.S/olA,,  All's  Well,  I.  1. 

adoptive  (a-doji'tiv).  a.  [<  li.  fidiijtiivus,  (.adop- 
tarc :  Hooadopt.]  1.  I'itteil  for  or  given  to  adopt- 
ing: as,  arece]ttiveand  I((/«/<^'l'<■  language. — 2. 
Constituted  by  a<loptii>n  ;  ado|iting  or  iiiloiited: 
ns,  an</</()/<fii'(f:ithei'or  son. —  3.  Assiinieil :  as, 
"  adoptive  and  clu'erful  boldness,"  .l/iVfoH,  Ref. 
in  Kng,,  i.  Adoptive  anna,  in  /oi-..  arms  which  the 
iidniiicr  is  nliliged  to  tiiiirsliiil  with  his  own.  as  the  condl- 
li I  s'uiie  iioui.r  or  esiiilc  lilt  hlui. 

adoptively  (a-ilop'Iiv-li),  mlr.  In  an  adoptive 
iiiiiriner;  Tiy  wiiv  of  ndoiition. 

adorabllity  (n-ilor-a-bil  j-ti),  n.  (<  adorable: 
see  -liiliti/.]  The  quiiliiy  of  being  adorable. 
Cult  ri'lif  ■ 

adorable  (ii-<l6r'a-bl),  a.  [<  ]■'.  adorable,  <  Ij. 
ad(>raliilis,iador(irr,a(\oTo:  soeadon-i.]    1.  Pe- 


adorable 

manding  adoration;  worthy  of  being  adored; 
worthy  of  divine  honors. 

Tiiere  are  those  who  have  treated  the  history  of  Abra- 
ham as  all  astrouomical  record,  and  have  spoken  of  om-  oHnrafrti'tr    /..  <tr»v.'.i  fA  r^\ 
adomhle  Saviour  as  the  sun  in  Aries.  aaoraiory  _  (;i-Uor  a-to-n): 

J.  II.  Ncuuitati,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  364. 
2.  Worthy  of  the  utmost  love  or  admiration:  as, 
she  is  an  adorable  creature ;  an  adorable  statue. 

When  lie  (tlie  pope]  toueheil,  as  lie  did  briefly,  on  the 
niisfi>rtunes  of  the  ehurch,  an  aflin-al/ti'  lire  came  into  his 
eyes.  'i\  B.  Aldru-h,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  114. 

adorableness  (a-dor'a-bl-ncs),  «.  The  quality 
of  being  adorable,  or  worthy  of  adoration. 

adorably  (a-dor'a-bli),  adv.  In  a  manner  wor- 
thy of  adoration. 

adoral  (ad-6'ral),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  as  (or-), 
mouth, +  -0?;  after  rtio»'«?.]  hi  ::ool.,  situated 
at  or  near  tho  mouth ;  being  relatively  toward 
the  mouth :  the  opposite  of  aboral. 

They  [Ilaltericel  have  a  spiral  adoral  wreath  of  cilia  for 
swinnning.  Stand.  Nat.  Hut.,  I.  43. 

The  object  of  the  unique,  one-sided  arrangement  of  the 
adoral  cilia  is  to  direct  food-particles  to  the  mouth. 

Ainer.  Jour,  of  ScL,  3d  ser.,  X-\IX.  328. 

adorally  (ad-6'ral-i),  ado.     Toward  or  in  the 

direction  of  the  mouth. 
adoration  (ad-o-ra'shon),  n.  [<  P.  adoration,  < 
L.  adoratio{n-),  <  adorare :  see  adore^.J  1.  The 
act  of  ])aying  honor.s,  as  to  a  divine  being ;  wor- 
ship addressed  to  a  deity ;  the  supreme  worship 
due  to  God  alone.  [.Sometimes  used  specifically  of 
words  addressed  to  the  Deity  expressive  of  a  sense  of  his 
inflnite  holiness  and  perfection.]  In  the  Mont.  Catlt.  Ch., 
adorat'ujn  is  applied  to  any  one  of  three  kinds  of  worship 
(tliouyli  properly  only  to  the  tirst),  namely :  /afrm,  or  wor- 
ship due  to  l.iod  alone;  dulin,  or  the  secondary  worship  paid 
to  aTigels  and  saints  directly,  or  through  the  veneration  of 
relies  and  images;  and  hyperdulia,  the  higher  worship 
paid  to  the  Virgin  Mary.  The  saints  and  the  Virgin  are 
adored  as  the  frieuds  of  God,  having  intercessory  power 
with  him. 

Lowly  reverent 

Towards  either  throne  they  bow,  and  to  the  ground 

With  solemn  adoration  down  they  cast 

Their  crowus.  il/i7((m,  P.  L.,  iil.  351. 

Knowledge  is  the  Are  of  adoration,  adoration  is  the  gate 
of  knowledge.        Bushnelt,  Sermons  for  Kew  Life,  p.  163. 

They  [Indians]  perform  their  adorations  and  conjura- 
tions in  the  general  language  before  spoken  of,  as  the 
Catholics  of  all  nations  do  their  mass  in  the  Latin. 

Bemrh'y,  Virginia,  iii.  ^  31. 

2.  Homage,  or  an  act  of  homage,  paid  to  one  in 
high  place  or  held  in  high  esteem;  profound 
reverence;  the  utmost  respect,  regard,  or  es- 
teem ;  the  highest  degi'eo  of  love,  as  of  a  man 
for  a  woman ;  heart's  devotion. 

Oli.  How  does  he  love  me? 

Vio.  With  adorations,  with  fertile  tears. 
With  groans  that  thunder  love,  with  sighs  of  ftre. 

Shale.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

3.  In  art  andarchceol. :  (a)  A  representation  of 
the  adoration  of  the  infant  Jesus  by  the  magi  or 
the  shepherds.   (6) 


four  times  repeated ;  the  first  two  adorations  take  place 
in  the  conclave  itself,  the  third  in  the  .Sistine  chapel,  and 
the  fourth  in  St.  I'eter's,  where  the  homage  of  the  people 

U  received. 

...  ...      ,,   ». ;    pi.   adoratories 

(-riz).  [<ML.  adoratormm,  e.xplained  as  "an 
xuidergi'ound  place  where  the  Indians  sacrifice 
to  tlieir  gods  and  dojiai'tcd  iiiii'cslors,"  <  L.  «(<«- 
»Y«v,-,  adore :  see  (c/orr'  .inil  K17//0/7/.]  A  jilace 
of  worship ;  especially,  a  pagan  temple  or  place 
of  sacrifice.  [Rare.] 
adorel  (a-dor'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adored,  ppr. 
adurinf).  [<  ME.  adouren,  <  OF.  adourer,  adorer 
(earlier  ME.  aoiiren,  <  OF.  aoiirer,  aiirer,  aiirer), 
mod.  F.  adi)rer=l'i:  Sp.  Pg.  udorar  =  It.  adorare, 
adore,  <  L.  atlorarc,  speak  to,  adih'ess,  beseech, 
pray  to,  adore,  worship,  <  ad,  to,  +  orare,  s])cak, 
pray,  <  os  (or-),  tho  mouth  :  see  oral.']     I.  traii.t. 

1.  To  worship;  pay  stipreme  reverence  to;  ad- 
dress in  jjrayer  and  thanksgiving ;  pay  iliviue 
honors  to ;  honor  as  divine. 

Bishops  and  priests  .  .  .  Ijearing  the  host,  which  he 
puliliely  <idon;l.  Smollett,  Hist.  Eng.,  an.  1689. 

(.'od  shall  1)0  all  in  all.  But,  all  ye  gods. 
Adore  him,  who  to  compass  all  this  dies ; 
Adore  the  Son,  and  honour  him  as  me. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  342. 

2.  To  honor  and  regard  in  a  very  high  degree  ; 
regard  with  the  utmost  esteem,  love,  and  re- 
spect. 

The  people  appear  adoring  their  prince.   Tatler,  No.  57. 

Thus,  Madam,  in  the  midst  of  crowds,  you  reign  in  soli- 
tude; and  are  adored  witli  tlje  deepest  vener.atiim,  that  of 
silence.  Ilrioleii,  Ded.  of  State  of  Innocence. 

When  he  who  adores  thee  has  left  but  the  name 
Of  liis  faults  and  his  follies  behind.  Moore,  Irish  Mel. 
=  SyB.  -b/uiv,  Worsliip.  Ri-envm-e,  Veiienil,',  Iterere.  idol- 
ize,iK-iiy,  pay  hniiiiii:.  t.i.  ,-lr(n;vaiid  ivorsliiii.  when  ijotap- 
plied  e.Mliisively  to  tied  or  g.jds,  are  manifestly  Iiypeilioli- 
eal :  as,  he  inn-xlu'jn-d  the  ground  she  trod  on.  The  others 
seem  literal  when  ajiplieii  to  men,  places,  or  things. 
Adore  and  vorsliiji  are  applied  primarily  to  acts  and 
words  of  h(  image ;  the  others  are  not.  None  of  them 
primarily  includes  the  idea  of  intercessory  prayer.  Adore 
is  the  noblest  of  the  words.  To  tmrship  is  to  pay  homage 
by  outward  forms  or  in  eustom.ary  places:  "A  man  of 
Ethiopia  .  .  .  had  come  to  Jerusalem  for  to  n'Orskip." 
Acts  viii.  27.  In  the  Bible  worship  is  used  to  express  also 
extreme  numifestations  of  respect  paid  to  men  :  "As 
Peter  w,as  comin;^  i)i.  I'nrnelius  met  him,  and  fell  down 
at  his  feet,  ami  icurshijqied  him."  Acts  x.  25.  Reverence 
is  upon  a  plane  a  little  different  from  that  of  venerate, 
** lieing  sometimes  more  fear  suggested  by  the  former 


there 


A  representation 
of  the  worship  of 
an  ancient  divin- 
ity, of  the  deified 
dead,  or  of  a  king 
or  an  emperor. 
In  Latin,  adoratio. 
Such  representations 
are  common  in  Greek 
vase-paintings  and  fu- 
neral sculptures,  and 
in  Romati  reliefs  and 
medals.  The  ancient 
adoration  is  usually 
characterized  by  the 
gesture  of  raising  tlje 
right  hand,  particu- 
larly with  the  thumb 
laid  on  the  first  finger 


and  more  sacredness  by  the  latter.  We  should  reverence 
position,  ability,  and  character;  we  should  venerate  old 
age.  ■  Revere  ditfers  from  reveretwe  chiefly  in  suggesting 
rather  less  solemnity  or  awe. 

It  [worship]  is  also  an  act  of  the  will,  whereby  the  soul 
adores  and  reverences  his  majesty.  .  .  .  We  must  worship 
God  imderstandingly  ;  it  is  not  else  a  reasonable  service. 
Charnock,  Attributes. 
Fall  down  and  dy  before  her ; 
So  dying  live,  and  living  do  adore  her. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  xiv. 

I  love  Quaker  ways  and  Quaker  worship,  X  venerate  the 

Quaker  principles.  Lamb,  Elia. 

A  foolisii  woild  is  prone  to  laugh  in  public  at  what  in 

private  it  rrirry.i  as  one  of  the  highest  impulses  of  our  na-  adomt  (a-dorn'),  a. 

ture  ;  namely,  love.  Lony/etlow,  Hyperion,  iii.  S.  "  -      ~ 

II.  intrans.  To  perform  an  act  of  worship; 
bo  filled  with  adoration,  reverence,  or  reveren- 
tial admiration. 


adorsed 

ornate.]  1.  To  beautify  or  decorate ;  increase 
or  lend  beauty  or  attractiveness  to,  as  by  dress 
or  ornaments ;  hence,  in  general,  to  render 
pleasing,  or  moro  pleasing  or  attractive;  em- 
bellish. 
A  bride  adorneth  herself  with  her  jewels.  Isa.  Ixi.  10. 
Virtue  adorn'd  his  mind,  triumph  his  brow. 

Furd,  Fame's  Memorial. 
He  left  the  name  at  which  the  world  grew  pale, 
To  point  a  moral,  or  adorn  a  tale. 

Johnson,  Van.  of  Hum.  Wislies,  1.  222. 
2.  To  display  the  beauty  or  excellence  of:  as, 
to  "  adorti  the  doctrine  of  God,"  Tit.  ii.  10. 
=  Syn.  Adorn,  Ornanifnt,  Decorate,  Embellixh,  Beauli/i/ 
DeclCj  Arraij.  grace,  garnish,  bedeck,  set  oH'.  (See  decorate.) 
The  Italicized  words,  except  dtcic  and  array,  are  expressive 
of  the  attempt  to  adil  or  increase  beauty.  Adorn  has  the 
most  iioljlencss  and  spirituality;  it  Ls  the  least  external. 
loiiiii,  nt^i  that  adorn  a  woman  seem  a  part  of  her  person- 
ality anil  biingout  her  comeliness ;  many  virtues  adorn  his 
character ;  the  hall  was  adorned  with  the  portraits  of  their 
ancestors.  In  these  examjdes,  no  other  word  in  the  list 
IS  hnjli  enough  or  near  enough  t(j  take  the  place  of  adorn. 
IJrifiiiiff'nt  iind  decorate  express  the  addition  of  something 
e.\triii;[|,  which  Still  preserves  its  separate  character  and 
may  peiliap.s  be  easily  removed.  Ornament,  as  kindred 
to  arliirn,  is  nearer  to  its  meaning ;  decorate  expresses  that 
which  is  more  showy:  ornaniented  with  pictures;  the 
bare  walls  were  decorated  lor  the  occasion  witli  flags  and 
wreaths.  Both  express  the  adding  of  beauty  to  that 
which  was  deficient  in  it  before.  Hinliellish  implies  pre- 
vious beauty,  to  which  luster  or  brilliancy  is  added  by 
something  which  perhaps  becomes  a  part  of  the  original : 
as,  a  book  embellished  with  plates;  a  style  embelUthed 
with  figures  of  speech.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  of 
over-ornamentation.  Beautify  is  the  most  direct  in  its 
expression  of  the  general  idea.  Of  the  first  five  words, 
decorate  is  the  least  often  used  figuratively ;  decorated 
speech  is  speech  in  whicli  the  ornaments  have  no  vital 
connection  or  harmony  with  the  thought,  so  that  they  seem 
merely  ornamental.  Deck  is  to  cover,  and  hence  to  cover 
in  a  way  to  please  the  eye  :  as,  {ii^c/ov/ with  flowers.  Array 
is  used  especially  of  covering  with  siilendiil  dress,  the 
meaning  being  extended  from  persons  to  animals,  etc. : 
the  fields  were  arrayed  in  green. 

But  that  which  fairest  is,  but  few  behold, 
Her  mind  adornd  with  vertues  manifold. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  3cv. 
A  whimsical  fashion  now  prevailed  among  the  ladies, 
of  strangely  ornamenting  their  faces  with  abundance  of 
black  patches  cut  into  gi-otesque  forms. 

I.  D  Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  311. 
Ivy  climbs  the  crumbling  hall 
To  decorate  decay.  Bailey,  Eestus. 

We  are  to  dignify  to  each  other  tlie  daily  needs  and  of- 
fices of  man's  life,  and  embellish  it  by  courage,  wisdom, 
and  unity.  Emerson,  Friendship. 

Nature  has  laid  out  all  her  art  in  beautifying  the  face. 
Addison,  Spectator,  Xo.  98. 
-\nd,  with  new  life  from  sun  ami  kindly  showers, 
With  beauty  deck  the  meadow  and  the  hill. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  90. 

Even  Solomon  in  all  his  glory  was  not  arrayed  like  one 

of  these  lliliesl.  'jlat.  vi.  29. 


adornt 

ment ; 


An  ancient  Ad.tratinn.— Coin  of  Ephe- 
sus  strucl*  under  Macriniis;  British  Mu- 
seum.    (Size  of  the  original. ) 


^-     ,  though  it  is  sometimes  exhibited, 
chiefly  in  Oriental  examples,  in  a  prostrate  position. 
4.  A  method  of  electing  a  pope.     See  extract. 

The  third  way  of  creating  P.ipes  is  by  Adoration,  which 
is  perform'd  in  this  maimer  :  That  Cardinal  who  .  .  . 
desires  to  favour  any  other  t'ardiuid  .  .  .  puts  himself 
before  him  in  the  Chappel,  and  tiiakrs  liini  a  low  Itivir- 
ence  ;  and  when  it  falls  out  that  two  iiiii.is  of  the  Caicli- 

nals  do  the  same,  the  Pope  is  then  nii.lcist I  tobc  created. 

G.  //.,  tr.  of  Hist.  Cardinals,  111.  28U.  (iV.  E.  D.) 
Adoration  of  the  blessed  sacrament,  in  the  iJom. 
Vnth.  Ch..  supreme  worsliip  (latria)  paiil  to  the  eucharist. 
"Catholics  pay  to  the  eucharist  .  .  .  wherever  it  maybe 
present  that  supreme  worship  which  is  due  to  God  alone." 
Calh.  Diit.  (1884),  p.  321.  Religious  communities  of  wo- 
men for  the  perpetual  adoration  of  tlo'  hi,-^^.d  snerament 
have  been  founded  at  various  times,  tin-  tirst  ),y  Anne 
of  Austria,  mother  of  Louis  XIV.— Adoration  of  the 
cross,  m  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  th.at  part  of  the  service  on 
Gooil  Friday,  following  the  pr.ayers,  in  which  the  cross  is 
expipsed  to  view  and  "adored"  by  clergy  and  people.— 
Adoration  of  the  host,  in  the  celebration  of  the  mass 


(a-dom'),  }(.     [=It.  Sp.  adorno,  oma- 
from  the  verb.]     Ornament. 
Her  brest  all  naked,  as  nett  yvory 
Without  adorne  of  gold  or  silver  bright. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  III.  xii.  20. 
[<  It.  adorno,  short  foi-m  of 
ad<jrnato{=Sp.  Pg.  adornado),  pp.  of  adornare, 
<  L.  adornare :  see  adornatc,  adorn,  v.]     Adorn- 
ed ;  decorated. 

Made  so  adorn  for  thy  delight.     Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  576. 
adornatet  (a-d6r'nat),  V.  t.     [<  L.  adornatus,  pp. 
of  adornare  :  see  adorn,  v.]     To  adorn. 
To  adornate  gardens  with  the  fairuesse  thereof. 

Frampton,  p.  33. 

'■     fi\j'^°^hj?l7„?,f„*'"/n  adornationt  (ad-6r-na'shon),  n.     [<  L.  as  if 
wr.^ooo„™„c,,„„  ^r         *adornatio{n-),  <  adornare,  pp.  adornatus:  see 
adorn,  v.]     Ornament. 

Memory  is  the  soul's  treasury,  and  thence  she  hath  her 
garments  of  adornation. 

Wits'  Commonwealth ,  p.  81. 

adorner  (a-d6r'ner),  n.     One  who  adorns. 
adorning  (a-dor'uing),  n.     Ornament;  decora- 
tion. 


If  the  stars  should  appear  one  night  in  a  thousand  years, 
how  would  men  believe  and  adore!         Emerson,  Nature. 
Litanies,  chanted  day  and  night  by  adoring  hearts. 

De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

adore^t  (a-dor'),  '' 

ado»'«,- perhaps  only  in  the  two  passages  quoted.] 
To  gild ;  adorn. 

Like  to  the  here 
Congealed  litle  drops  which  doe  the  morne  adore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  .xi.  46. 
Armlets  for  great  queens  to  adore. 
Fletcher  and  Massin<ier,mder  Brother,  iv.  3.    (.V.  E.  D. ) 

adorementt  (a-dor'ment),  )!.    Adoration  ;  wor- 
ship. 

Adnrewent  of  eats  lizards  and  beetles  'Whose  adorning  let  it  not  he  that  outward  adorning  of 

Ado,enu!M  of  cats,  luiaras  and  Deeti^.  plaiting  the  hair,  and  of  wearing  of  gold,  or  of  putting  on 

ail  i.nroum      uig  trr.,  1.  j.      ^,,.  ..,j,,,,„.g,  j  ^^^  jjj^  ^ 

adorer  (a-dor'er),  H.     [<  odorel  +  -erl.]     One  adorningly  (a-dor'ning-U),  acii;.     By  adorning; 
who  adores,     {a)  One  who  worships  or  honors  as  divine,     in  an  adomiug  manner 

(6)  One  who  esteems  or  respects  highly;  a  lover;  an  ad-  adornment  {.a-m-n'xn^t),  n.     [<  ME.  adonrn- 

ment,  <  OF.  adournement,  adornement  (earlier 


I  profess  myself  her  adorer,  not  her  friend. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  5. 

adoring  (a-dor'ing).  m.  [Verbal  n.  of  nrforcl.] 
An  act  of  adoration,  or  one  of  homage  paid  by 
a  lover. 

And  soft  adorings  from  their  loves  receive. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  vi. 

adoringly  (a-dor'iug-li),  adv.     With  adoration 


the  silent  w.,rsliip  \kM  by  the  congregation,  kneeling,  at  adom  (n-dorn'),  V.  t.  1<.M'E.  adornen.  adoitmen, 
tiw  elevation  of  tjie  host.  See /....vf  a. -Adoration  of  the  <  OF.  adornir,  adourner  (earlier  ME.  aourncn, 
pope,  a  mark  of  homage  naid  to  ttn'  iiunr  imni.-iliiti-Iv  /  .  .n  ■■  ■■         \  i    t-, 

after  'his  election,  by  kissing  the  goi'i".,,  Ii.ls.  „!!  ti,,.s!iH'l'.l     «0''«^"'  <  *",' '  (I'mrnfr,  aurner,  aorner),  mod.  F. 


Worn  on  his  right  foot.     Cardinals  also  kiss  his  right  hand 
receiring  in  return  the  kiss  of  peace.    The  ceremony  is 
G 


adorner  =  Sj).  Pg.  adornar  =  It.  adornare,  <  L. 
adornare,  <  ad,  to,  +  ornare,  deck,  beautify :  see 


ME.  amtrnemeiil,  aornemcnt,  <  OF.  aournement), 
mod.  ¥.  adornement :  see  adorn  axid -ment.]    An 
adorning;  that  which  adorns ;  ornament. 
I  will  write  all  down : 
Such  and  such  pictures  :  —  There  the  window:  .Such 
The  adornnornt  of  her  bed.         Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  2. 

adorsed  (a-dorsf),  p.  a.  [Also  -nritten  ad- 
dorsed,  a  restored  form  of  adosscd, 
addossed,  <  F.  adossc.  pp.  of  adosser, 
set  back  to  back  (<  «,  to,  +  dos, 
<  L.  dorsum,  the  back),  -f-  -ed^.] 
Two  Dolphins  Placed  back  to  back,  in  her.,  applied 
Adorsed.        to  any  two  animals,  birds,  fishes,  or  other 


adoTsed 

bearings  placed  back  to  back ;  opposed  to  affrmvti.  Equiv- 
alent forms  are  addorsed,  adosetd,  adossf,  adoSBie,  and  in- 
dorsed. ,     ,    1         ^  ry  -T 

adoSCUlation  (ad-os-ku-la'shon),  n  [<  L.  a^ 
if  •adosculatio(n-),  <  adosculan,  kiss,  <  ad,  to,  -i- 
osculari,  kiss :  see  osculate.'^  1.  In  physiol..  un- 
pregnation  bv  estemal  contact  merely,  as  in 
most  fishes,  and  not  by  intromission.— 2  In 
hot:  (a)  The  impregnation  of  plants  by  the  fall- 
ing of  the  pollen  on  the  pistils.  (*)  The  inser- 
tion of  one  part  of  a  plant  into  another.    [Rare.] 

adoss6,  adossee  (a-dos-a'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  ados- 
ser  :  see  adorsed.']     In  her.,  same  as  adorsed. 

adossed  (a-dosf).  a.     In  her.,  same  as  adorsed. 

adowma-doim').  adi:  {orig.prep.phr.)and2)rep. 
[<ilE.  iidoun.  adiin,  adouiie,  adune,  odune,  <  AS. 
adiine,  adv.  and  (rarely)  prep.,  orig.  prep,  phi-., 
of  dune,  down,  downward,  Ut.  o_f  the  down  or 
hill:  of,  prep.,  off,  from;   diote,  dat.  of  dfin, 
down:  see  down^.  n.     The  adv.  and  prep,  down 
is  a  short  form  of  adown.l     I.  adv.  From  a 
higher  to  a  lower  part ;  downward ;  down ;  to 
or  on  the  ground. 
Thrise  did  she  sinke  admme.     Spemer,  Y.  Q.,  I.  vii.  24. 
Of  braided  blooms  unmown.  wliich  crept 
Adoicn  to  where  the  water  slept. 

Tennymn,  Recol.  of  Ar.  Xights,  st.  3. 

n.  prep.  1.  From  a  higher  to  a  lower  situa- 
tion ;  down :  implying  descent. 
Adotcn  her  shoulders  fell  her  length  of  hair.       Dryden. 
Star  after  star  looked  palelv  in  and  sank  adowii  the  sky. 
Whiltier,  C^ssalulla  Southwick. 

2.  From  top  to  bottom  of;  along  the  length 

of ;  downward  ;  aU  along. 

Full  well  'tis  k-nown  adown  the  dale, 
Tho'  passing  strange  indeed  the  tale. 

Percy's  Rdiques,  I.  iii.  14. 

Adoxa  (a-dok'sii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arfofof,  with- 
out glory,  <a-pnv.  +  (5o;a,  glory:  seedoxologij.'] 
A  genus'  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Capri- 
foliaceie.  The  only  species,  A.  .Voschatellina  OioHow- 
root),  is  a  little  inconspicuous  plant,  4  or  6  inches  higli, 
found  in  woods  and  moist  shady  places  in  the  cooler  re- 
gions of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Tlie  pale-green  flowers 
have  a  musky  smell,  whence  its  common  name  of  mos- 
chatel. 

adoze  (a-doz'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  «3, 
prep.,  +  d(i:e.^     In  a  doze  or  dozing  state. 

adpao  (ad'pou),  n.  [E.  Ind.,  <  ad.  dd  {cerebral 
d)  =  Hind,  ar,  dr,  a  prefi.x  implying  de\-iatiou 
or  inferiority,  +  Hind.,  etc.,  paiiwd,  pdo,  a 
quarter,  a  weight,  the  quarter  of  a  ser.]  An 
East  Indian  weight,  equal  in  some  places  to  a 
little  less,  and  in  others  to  a  little  more,  than 
4  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

ad  patres  (ad  pa'trez).  [L. :  ad,  to;  patre.% 
ace.  pi.  of  pater  =  E.  father.']  Literally,  to  the 
fathers ;  gathered  to  one's  fathers,  that  is.  dead. 

adpress  (ad-pres'),  r.  t.  [<  L.  adjircsiius.m.  of 
adiniinere,  <  ad,  to,  +  jiremerc,  press.]  To  lay 
flat ;  press  closely  (to  or  together). 

Birds  when  frightened,  as  a  general  rule,  closely  ad- 
prMj all  tlicir  feathers.    Darwin,  Express,  of  Eiuot.,  p.  100. 

A  most  artfully  coloured  spider  lying  on  its  liack,  with 
Its  feelcn.»s3ed  over  and  closely  adprftiticA  to  its  body. 

//.  O.  Fort}e»,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  04. 

adpressed  (ad-presf),  p.  a.  In  6"/.,  growing 
liarallcl  to  anrl  in  contact  with  the  stem,  with- 
out nilhi-ring  to  it,  as  leaves  or  branches.  Also 
written  appn.s.'^ed. 

adpromissor  (ad-pro-rais'or),  n.  [L.,  <  adpro- 
vutttri,  |iroiiiiHf  in  addition  to,  ind,  to,  +  pro- 
mittcrc,  prutuise  :  seo  promi.ie.^  In  Rom.  law, 
n  surety  for  anotlier  ;  security  ;  bail. 

ad  quod  damnum  (ad  kwod  dam'num).  [L., 
to  wliiit  iliiiiiaxe:  «r/,  to;  f]iiod=K.what;  dam- 
num, damage.]  In  /«ir,  the  lillo  of  a  writ  (1) 
ordering  the  Hherifl  to  inquire  wlmt  damage 
will  result  from  the  grant  by  the  erown  of  cer- 
tain UliertieH,  lis  a  fair  or  market,  n  liighway. 


82 


adrostral 


adragantllin(ad-ra-gan'thin),  )i.  l<adragant{h)  adrift  {li-daiit'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  a» 


-t-  -ill-.]     A  name  given  to  purified  gum  traga- 
eanth.     See  bassorin. 

adras  (a-dras'),  «.  A  stuff,  half  silk  and  half 
cotton,  woven  in  central  Asia,  having  a  gloss, 
and  usuailv  striped.  The  gloss  is  heightened  by 
beating  with  a  broad,  Hat  wooden  instrument.  E.  Scliuy- 
l.-r.  Turkistan,  I.  5. 

adread^t  (a-dred'),  r.  [<  ME.  adreden  (pret. 
adredde,  adra'dde,  adred,  adrad,  pp.  adred,  adrad, 
adreddc.  adraddc),<  AS.  ddradan,  reduced  form 
of  anddr(edun,nndriidan,ondr(sdan  (=0S.  *and- 
drddan,  antdrddan,  andrddan  =  OJlG.  iiitrdtmi), 
tr.  and  iutr.,  di-ead,  fear,  refl.  fear,  be  afraid,  < 
and-,  an-.  oii-(E.  «-5)  +  *dradan  (only  ineomp.), 
dread.  Mixed  in  ME.  and  later  ^-ith  adread^, 
q.  v.]  I,  trans.  To  dread;  fear  greatly. 
The  pes  is  sauf.  tlie  werre  is  ever  adrad. 

I'ul.  Poems  and  Sonys,  II.  6.     (X  E.  D.) 

n.  intrans.  or  refl.   To  fear;  be  afraid. 

Ganhiu-din  seighe  that  sight, 
And  sore  him  gan  adrcde. 

Sir  Tristiem,  1.  288.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

adread^t  (a-dred'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  adreden,  ofdre- 
den,<  AS." ofdrwdan,  make  afraid,  terrify.  <  nf- 
(E.  a--*)  +  '(Iriedan,  dread.  Hence  p.  a.  adread'^, 
q.  V.  Mixed  in  ME.  and  later  with  adread^, 
q.  v.]     To  make  afraid;  terrify. 

With  these  they  adrad.  and  gasten,  sencelesse  old  wo- 
men. Harauft,  Pop.  Impost.,  p.  135.    (X.  E.  D.) 


-h  drift.']  1.  Floating  at  random;  not  fastened 
by  any  kind  of  moorings ;  at  the  mercy  of  winds 
and  currents. 

Trees  adr(ft 
Down  the  great  river.         Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  832. 
.So  on  the  sea  she  shall  be  set  adrift, 
And  who  relieves  her  dies. 

Dryden,  Marriage  k  la  Mode,  iii. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  swayed  by  any  chance 
impulse ;  aU  abroad ;  at  a  loss. 

Frequent  reflection  will  keep  their  minds  from  running 
adnyt.  Loclce,  Education. 

To  turn  adrift,  to  unmoor ;  set  drifting ;  hence,  flgura- 
lively,  to  turn  away,  dismiss,  or  discharge,  as  from  home, 
employment,  etc. ;  throw  upon  the  world. 

Great  multitudes  who  had  been  employed  in  the  wooUeik 
manufactories,  or  in  the  mines,  were  lurn^d  adrift. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent. ,  i. 

adrip  (a-di-ip').  JJrep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^  + 
drip.]     Li  a  dripping  state.     D.  G.  Mitehell. 

adrogate  (ad'ro-gat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adro- 
gated,  pi)r.  adr'ogating.  [<  L.  adrogatns.  p]).  of 
adrogare.  later  arrogarc.  take  a  homo  siii  juris  (a 
person  not  under  the  power  of  his  father)  in 
the  place  of  a  child,  adopt,  <  ad,  to,  +  rogare, 
ask.  The  same  word  in  other  senses  gave  rise 
to  arrogate,  q.  v.  See  adrogation.]  To  adopt 
by  adrogation. 

Clodius,  tile  enemy  of  Cicero,  was  adrogated  into  a  ple- 
beian family.  Smitli,  Diet.  Antiq.,  p.  \ii. 


adread^t  (a-dred'),  jj.  a.     [<  ME.  adred,  adrad.  adrogation  (ad-ro-ga'shon),  n.     [<  L.  adroga- 
,     ,j_    _.i..„,7j.         1         .,7„„j  „.j-„,j  „»     tio(ii-).  \iitcv  arro'gatio(n-),<  adrogare:   see  ad- 

ragnte.]  A  kind  of  adoption  in  ancient  Rome, 
by  which  a  person  legally  capable  of  choosing 
for  himself  was  admitted  into  the  relation  of 
son  to  another  by  a  vote  of  the  people  in  the 
t'oniitia  Curiata,  or  in  later  times  by  a  rescript 
of  the  emperor :  so  called  from  the  questions 
]iut  to  the  parties.     Also  written  atrogation. 


adredde,  ailradde,  earlier  ofdred,  ofdrad,  pp.  of 
adreden,  ofdreden,  E.  adread^,  v.,  make  afraid: 
see  adrend-,  r.]    Affected  by  dread. 
Thinking  to  make  all  men  adread. 

.'Sir  P.  .'Sidney,  Arcadia  (1622),  p.  120. 

adreamed,  adreamt  (a-dremd',  a-dremt'),  p. 
a.  l<.a-  + dream +-ixft.  The  formation  is  im- 
usual,  and  the  prefix  is  imcertain,  prob.  «--, 


the  suffix -frf2  being  u^ed,  as  sometimes  in  other  adrogator(ad'io-ga-tor),  h.  [h.,<  adrogare :  see 
-iiif/l.     To  he  adreamed    „drogate  and  arrogate.]     One  who  at'" 


(at)  To  dream. 


instances,  for  the  suffix 
would  thus  be   equiv.   to 
In  the  state  of  dreaming 
adreamt  (the  only  form  of  its  use). 
Ilec  is  adrcamd  of  a  dry  summer. 

Withals,  Diet.  (l,sr,e).    (X  E.  D.) 
I  irag  a-dreavi'd  1  overheard  a  ghost. 

Fielding,  Pasquin,  iv.  1.  (X  E.  D.) 
(b)  To  doze ;  be  between  sleeping  and  waking.  (Prov. 
Eng.  J  llaltiwclt. 
adrectal  (ad-rek'tal),  a.  [<  ad-  +  reetum.] 
Situated  at  or  by  tlie  rectum:  specifically  ap- 
plied to  the  purpuriparous  gland  or  pm-ple- 
glaud  of  mollusks. 

The  luesencc  of  glandular  plication  of  the  surface  of 
the  niantU -llap  and  an  adrectal  gland  (purple-gland)  are 
frequently  c.liserved.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  648. 

ad  referendum  (ad  ref-e-ren'dum).  [L. :  ad, 
to;  referendum,  gerund  of  rrferre :  see  refer.] 
To  be  referred ;  to  be  held  over  for  further 
consideration. 

ad  rem  (ad  rem).  [L. :  ad,  to;  rem,  ace.  of 
res,  thing,  matter,  ease,  point,  fact:  see  res.] 
To  the  point  or  purpose;  pertinently  to  tho 
matter  in  liand;  to  the  question  under  consid- 
eration; practically,  considering  the  peculiar- 
ities of  the  special  case. 

Your  statements  of  practical  dllTlculty  are  indeed  much 
more  ad  rem  tliall  my  mere  assert  iciris  of  )irinciplc. 

Ituslcin,  Daily  Tclcgrapll,  Sept.  T,  1806. 

adrenal  (ad-re'nal),  n.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -I-  ren,  only 
in  pi.  renes,  kidney:  see  renal.]  In  anat.,  a 
su]irareiuil  ea]isule";  one  of  a  pair  of  snuill 
glandular  nr  follicidar  but  ductless  Imdies,  of 
unknown  luiietion,  capping  tlie  ItiiUicys  in 
mammals  and  most  other  vertebrates.  Also 
called  atraliiliitrij  eapsule.  In  man  the  adrenals  arc 
an  inch  or  two  long',  less  in  width,  ami  about  a  fourth  of 
an  inch  thick,  and  consist  essentially  of  an  outer  yellowish 
cortlc'al  portion,  an  Inner  mcilullary  portion  (of  very  dark 
color,  whence  the  term  atrablliary).  with  v<  ssels,  nerves  etc. 
S<:r  Aililimn'iidiieaiie.nntlordiiieiiiie.    .See  cut  under  *ii/h<')/. 


etc.;  (2)  ordering  the  BHsessment  rd'  the  com-  Adrian    (a'dri-an).   a.     [<  L.  Adrianus,  prop, 


penHfttion  and  dumageH  to  bo  paid  when  private 
property  in  takr-n  for  public  use. 
Uradt  (ii-drnd'),  /).  a.     Harae  ns  adrcad"^,  p.  a. 
I  WM  the  IcM  adrad 

I  If  wlial  „,lcht  r.ime. 

"  ',,,,.  .W..rri«,  Earthly  Pnradlw,  I.  13. 

ftdradlal      I      '  n    l  .  ,;.     [<  h.  ad,  to,  near,  + 

rii'i  ilwated  near  a  rny.    A 

tT'  •  .  ..rtain  |iroceMt'i»  or  t«n. 

\M.  ..-.,.  II...  .1.  ^.  I. .1.1, .11. t  ..r 


lliidriiuius,  Adrmtie.]     Same  as  .tdriatic. 
Adrianite  (a'llri-an-it),  71.     [<  MI>.  Jdrianitir. 
<.1j.  Ailrianu.i.preiii.  lliiilrianus.]     1.  A  member 
of  a  supposerl  Gnostic  seliool  of  liereties  men- 
tioned bv  Theodoret. —  2.  <  )ne  of  a  sect  of  Ann 


, , ^      adrogates. 

to  lie  a-dreaming.]  adroit  (a-droif),  d.  [<  F.  rt(/n-i7,  de.xterous,  <  (^ 
To  be  adreamed  or  droit,  right,  rightly:  it,  to,  toward;  droit,  right, 
<  ML.  ilrictum,  prop,  direetum,  right,  justice, 
neut.  of  direetus,  riglit :  see  direet.  Cf.  mal- 
adroit.] Dexterous  ;  skilful ;  expert  in  the  use 
of  the  hand,  and  lieuce  of  the  mind ;  ingenious ; 
ready  in  invention  or  execution;  possessing 
readiness  of  resource. 

You  may  break  every  command  of  the  decalogue  with 
perfect  good-breeding :  nay,  if  you  are  adroit,  without 
losing  caste.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  (iS. 

—  Syn.  Cunnio'i.  Art  fid.  Sty.  etc.  Seecunningi.  Adroit, 
Ilexleroli.1.  Expert.  Sk-il/ol,  Cterer,  smart, handy,  apt,qilick, 
subtle.  The  lll'st  four  words  express  primarily  various  de- 
grees in  the  combination  of  manual  facility  with  know- 
ledge. Adroit  and  dexteroujt  make  prnlninent  the  idea  of 
a  trained  hand  :  as,  an  adroit  pickpocket;  a rfi'j(crmi.« con- 
jurer, swordsman.  Adroiiofss  implies  quickness  or  sud- 
denness; dexterity  m;iy  icquirc  su>taiiied  agility.  Adroit 
tends  toward  sinister  llgvirativc  meanings:  as,  an  adroit 
rtigue ;  luit  mental  adroitness  may  be  simply  address  or 
tact.  Expert  emphasizes  experience,  practice,  and  hence 
is  coininonly  a  lower  word  than  stnlful,  which  makes 
knowUdge  liie  inincipal  thing:  a  slil.l'ul  mechanic  makes, 
more  use  ot  his  mind  than  an  expert  iiiechaiiic.  (Vci'cr  im- 
lilies  iiotiilile  quickness,  readiness,  resource  In  practical 
alfairs,  and  sometimes  the  lack  of  the  larger  jiowers  of 
mind  :  a  elerer  mechanic  has  fertility  ill  plaliliillg  and  skill 
in  executing  what  is  planned.  A  elerer  statesnian  may  or 
may  not  be  an  able  one  ;  a  man  may  bo  clever  in  evil. 

Why,  says  Plato,  if  he  be  manually  so  adroit,  likely  ho 
will  turn  pickpocket.     .S".  Lanier,  The  Eng.  Novel,  p.  117. 

The  dexteroun  management  of  terms,  and  being  able  ti> 
fend  and  jirove  with  them,  jiasscs  for  a  great  part  of 
learning.  Locke. 

His  only  books  were  an  almanac  and  an  aritbinctic,  in 
which  last  he  was  considerably  extiert. 

riioreau,  Walden.  p.  1(11. 

Thus,  like  n  nkUM  chess-player,  by  little  and  little  ho 
draws  out  his  men,  and  makes  his  pawns  of  use  to  his 
greater  jiersoiis.  Dryden,  Dram.  Poesy. 

Hut  the  names  <if  the  clever  men  who  invented  canoes 
and  bows  and  arrows  are  iw  utterly  unknown  to  tradition 
as  the  names  of  the  earliest  myth-makers. 

./.  Pinkc,  Evolutionist,  p.  204. 

adroitly  (a-ilroit'li),  ndr.     In  an  adroit  manner; 
witli  ilexterity  ;  readil.v;  sUilfnlly. 

He  Il'.udmlindl  turned  bis  new  conquest  adroitly  to  ac- 
count by  using  It  to  bind  (o  binisell  llie  most  dangerous 
among  Ills  foes.  ./,  A'.  (;ririi,  Coiiq.  of  Eng.,  p.  2(i«. 


baptists' in  the  sixteenth  century,  fulhiwers  nf  adroitness  (a-dniit'iies).  n.     Tlie  (juality  of  be 


It' 

adr.ii: y .,,,  ,„,,. 

itifiriT.i  r. 
ftdragant  (ad'n^-Knnt ).  n.  [<  V. 
tulriujantr.    It.    iidniifinili),    a 
trn^amnlhr :  tu-o  tnigncanth.] 
gnm  trm({acanth. 


li 


111    loll.xlilll 


adragant  (=Bp. 

I'omipt   form  <if 

An  old  name  of 


Adrian  HainMtcdius,  who  lield,  among  otiier 
tilings,  that  .lesUH  (.'hrist  was  formed  aolely  from 
llie  siibslaiiee  of  his  mother.     Also  .idriiinisl. 

Adrianople  red.    See  red. 

Adriatic  (n-<lri-at'il<),  n.  [<  L. /lrfHn<irM«, prop. 
ILi.lnotiriis,  <  Uiidriii  (now  Adria),  a  town  lie- 
Iween  tlie  niouths  of  the  I'o  anil  the  Ailige, 
after  wliioh  the  Hen  was  named.)  Appellative 
iif  llie  Mill  I'liHt  of  (lie  |ieniiisiila  of  Italy  (the 
Ailriatie  Ken);  purtuiuiug  to  thai  Buu:  uh,  the 
Adriatic  coast. 


iiig  nilroil, ;  dexterity;  readiness  in  the  use  of 
the  hands  or  of  the  mental  fneulties. 

.sir  .loliii  Hlaqnlre  had  some  delmlliig  power  and  great 
skill  and  adroitncnH  In  inaiiagliig  men. 

I.eeky,  Kllg.  In  18tll  Cent.,  xvl. 

adroop  (a-drBi)'),  prejK  phr.  as  adr.  [<  n^  + 
droiip.]  In  a  droojiing  position.  ./.  I).  Long, 
-Eneid,  xi.  1128. 

adrostral  (nil-ros'trun,  a.  [<  Ij.  ad,  to,  at,  + 
rostrum,  beak.  J  In  :oiil.,  ]iertaiuiug  to  or  situ- 
ated :il  I  he  beak  or  snout. 


adry 

adry  {a-in'),  a.  [<a-4  +  tlry  ;  prob.  in  imita- 
tion of  athirst,  q.  v.]  In  a  dry  condition; 
thirsty. 

[>()tli  u  luan  that  is  adry  desire  to  drink  in  gold  ? 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel,,  p.  355. 

adscendent  (ad -sen 'dent),  a.  [<  L.  adsccn- 
den(t-)s,  a!n-enden{t-)s :  aee ascendent.]  Ascend- 
ing.    Imp.  Diet. 

adscite  (ad'sit),  a.  [<  L.  adscitm,  derived:  see 
below.]  In  cntom.,  pertaining  to  the  Braconidm, 
or  Ickncumnnes  adsciti. 

Adsciti  (ad'si-ti),  n.j)!.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L.  adscitus, 
derived,  assumed,  foreign:  see  adscititious.] 
A  group  of  icbneumou-nies  which  have  only 
one  recurrent  nervure  in  the  fore  wing  instead 
of  two.  It  corresponds  to  the  modern  family 
Uriiroiiida:  (which  see). 

adscititious  (ad-si-tish'us),  a.  [<L.  as  if  *ad- 
scititius,  <  adscitus,  derived,  assumed,  foreign, 
pp.  of  adsciscere,  later  asciscere,  take  knowingly 
to  one's  self,  appropriate,  assume,  adopt,  <  ad, 
to.  +  sciscere,  seek  to  know,  <  .•scire,  know :  see 
science.']  Added  or  derived  from  without ;  not 
intrinsic  or  essential ;  supplemental ;  additional. 
Also  written  ascititious. 

Tlie  fourtli  epistle  on  liappiness  may  be  thouglit  adsci- 
titiotcs,  and  out  of  its  proper  place. 

J.  Warton,  Essay  on  Pope. 

The  first  8  of  the  tense-sign  sis  is  an  adscititious  sibilant 

added  to  the  root.  Am.  Jour,  of  Philol.,  VI.  280. 

adscititiously  (ad-si-tish'us-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
scititious manner. 

adscript  (ad'skript),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adscriptus, 
pp.  of  adscribcre,  later  ascrihere,  enroll,  <  ad,  to, 
+  scriberej  write  :  see  ascribe.]  I.a.l.  Written 
after,  as  distinguished  fi-om  subscript,  or  written 
under:  as,  in  Greek  grammar,  an  iota  (;)  ad- 
script.—  2.  Attached  to  the  soil,  as  a  slave  or 
feudal  serf.     See  adscriptus  glebw. 

II.  H.  A  serf  attached  to  an  estate  and 
transferable  with  it. 

adscripted  (ad-skrip'ted),  a.     Same  as  adscript. 

adscription  (ad-skrip'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adscrip- 
tio(n-),  later  ascriptio(n-),  >E.  ascription,  q.  v.] 
1.  Same  as  ascription. —  2.  Attachment  to  the 
soil,  or  as  a  feudal  inferior  to  a  superior  or 
overlord. 

adscriptitious  (ad-skrip-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  ad- 
scripticius,  ascripticius,  enrolled,  boimd,  <  ad- 
scriptus, ascriptus :  see  adscript.]  Bound  by 
adscription.     N.  E.  1). 

adscriptive  (ad-skrip'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  adscripti- 
vus,  enrolled,  adscript,  <  adscriptus :  see  ad- 
script.] Held  to  service  as  attached  to  an  es- 
tate, and  transferable  with  it,  as  a  serf  or  slave. 
Many  estates  peopled  with  crown  peasants  have  been 
ceded  to  particular  individuals  on  condition  of  establishing 
manufactories ;  these  peasants,  called  adscriptive,  working 
at  the  manufactories  on  fixed  terms.  Brougham. 

adscriptus  glebae  (ad-skrip'tus  gle'be);  pi.  ad- 
scrijjti  (ilebw  (-ti).  [L. :  adscriptus,  adscript; 
glebte,  gen.  of  gleba,  glebe.]  Belonging  or  at- 
tached to  the  soil,  as  a  serf,  in  Roman  law  this 
term  was  applied  to  a  class  of  slaves  attached  in  per- 
petuity to  and  transferred  with  tlic  land  they  cultivated. 
The  same  custom  prevailed  anmn^  all  I  Jci-nianic  and  Slavic 
peoples,  and  has  been  but  gradually  abolished  during  the 
past  three  hundred  years,  down  to  the  emancipation  of 
the  Russian  serfs  in  1861. 

adsignification  (ad-sig"ni-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [< 
ML.  adsignijicatio(n-),  <  L.  adsignificare,  make 
evident:  see  adsignifi/.]  The  act  of  adsignify- 
ing ;  a  modification  of  meaning  by  a  prefix  or 
suffix;  an  additional  signification.     [Rare.] 

And  in  this  opinion  (viz.,  that  there  is  no  adsignification 
of  manner  or  time  in  that  which  is  called  the  indicative 
mood,  no  adsignification  of  time  in  that  which  is  called 
the  present  participle)  I  am  neither  new  nor  singular. 

Home  Tooke,  Purley. 

adsignify  (ad-sig'ni-fi),  v.  t.  [<  L.  adsignificare, 
show,  make  evident,  denote,  point  out,  <  ad,  to, 
+  significare,  signify :  see  ad-  and  signify.]  To 
add  signification  or  meaning  to  (a  word)  by  a 
prefix  or  suffix.     Some  Tooke.     [Rare.] 

adsorption  (ad-s6rp'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -t- 
*sorptio(n-),  after  absorption,  q.  v.]  Conden- 
sation of  gases  on  the  surfaces  of  solids. 

adstipulate  (ad-stip'u-lat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
adstipulated,  ppr.  adstipulating.  [<  L.  adstipu- 
lari,  astipulari,  stipulate  with,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  stipii- 
lari,  stipulate.]  To  act  as  second  stipulant  or 
receiving  party  to  a  bargain,  attaining  thereby 
an  equal  claim  vpith  the  principal  stipulant. 
X.  E.  D. 

adstipulation  (ad-stip-u-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
stipulatio(n-),  astipulatio{n-),  <  adstipulari :  see 
adstipulate.]  The  addition  of,  or  action  as,  a 
second  receiving  party  in  a  bargain.     N.  E.  I). 

adstipulator  (ad-stip'u-la-tor),  n.  [L.,  also 
astipulator,  <   adstipulari,  astipulari:   see   ad- 


83 

stipulate.]  In  law,  an  accessory  party  to  a  prom- 
ise, who  has  received  the  same  promise  as  his 
principal  did,  and  can  equally  receive  and  ex- 
act payment. 

adstrictt,  adstrictiont,  adstringentt,  etc.   See 

astrict,  etc. 

adsum  (ad'sum).  [L.,  1st  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind. 
of  uite.ssc,  to  bo  present,  <  ad,  to,  +  esse,  be ;  see 
essence.]  I  am  present;  present;  here:  used 
in  some  colleges  and  schools  by  students  as  an 
answer  to  a  roU-eall. 

adsurgent  (ad-srr'jcnt),  a.     Same  as  assurgcnt. 

adterminal,  atterminal  (ad-,  a-ter'mi-nai),  a. 
[<  L.  ad,  to,  -f  terminus,  end,  -f  -al.]  Moving 
toward  tlie  end :  an  epithet  applied  to  electrical 
currents  passing  in  a  muscular  fiber  toward  its 
extremities. 

adubt  (a-dub'),  V.  t.     [<  ME.  adubben,  adoubeu, 

<  OF.  uduhber,  aduber,  adouber,  equip  a  knight, 
an'ay,  <  a,  to,  +  duber,  douber,  dub:  see  dub'^.] 
1.  To  knight;  dub  as  a  knight. —  2.  To  equip; 
array ;  accoutre. 

adularia  (ad-u-la'ri-a),  n.  \y(Li.,<.  Adula,  a 
mountain  gfoiip  in  the  Grisons  Alps,  formerly 
confounded  with  St.  Gotthard,  where  fine  speci- 
mens are  foimd.]  A  variety  of  the  common 
potash  feldspar  orthoclase,  occurring  in  highly 
lustrous  transparent  or  translucent  ci-ystals. 
It  often  exhibits  a  delicate  opalescent  play  of 
colors,  and  is  then  called  moonstone  (which  see). 
Fine  specimens  are  obtained  from  various  lo- 
calities in  the  Alps. 
adulate  (ad'u-lat),u.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  adulated, 
ppr.  adula'ting.  [<  L.  adulatus,  pp.  of  adulari, 
flatter,  fawn  upon  as  a  dog,  <  ad,  to,  +  *u.lari,  a 
■word  of  undetermined  origin,  not  found  in  the 
simple  form ;  according  to  some,  <  *iila  =  6r. 
ovpa,  a  tail,  adulari  meaning  then  'wag  the  tail 
at,'  as  a  dog.]  To  show  feigned  devotion  to  ; 
flatter  servilely. 

It  is  not  that  I  adulate  the  people ; 
Without  me  there  are  demagogues  enough. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  25, 
Love  shall  he,  but  not  adulate 
The  all-fair,  the  all-embracing  Fate. 

Emerson,  Woodnotes,  ii. 
adulation  (ad-u-la'shon),  n.  [<  F.  adulation,  < 
L.  adulatio{n-),  flattery,  fawning,  <  adulari,  flat- 
ter: see  adulate.]  Servile  flattery;  excessive 
or  unmerited  jiraise ;  exaggerated  compliment. 
Adulation  pushed  tu  the  verge,  sometimes  of  nonsense, 
and  sonutiuKs  of  impiety,  was  not  thought  to  disgrace  a 
poet.  Macaulay. 

.^nd  there  he  set  himself  to  play  upon  iier 
,  With  ,  ,  ,  amorous  adulation,  till  the  maid 
Rebelrd  against  it. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
=  Syil.  Adulation,  Flattery,  Compliment.  These  are  vari- 
eties of  praise.  Adulation  is  servile  and  fulsome,  pro- 
ceeding either  from  a  blind  worship  or  from  the  hope  of 
advantage.  It  may  not  be,  but  generally  is,  addressed 
directly  to  its  object.  Flattery  is  addressed  to  the  per- 
son flattered  ;  its  object  is  to  gratify  vanity,  with  or  with- 
out a  selfish  ulterior  object.  It  is  generally  praise  iDeyond 
justice.  Compliment  is  milder,  and  may  be  expressive  of  the 
truth ;  it  may  be  sincere  and  designed  to  encourage  or  to 
express  respect  and  esteem.  We  may  speak  of  a  compli- 
ment, but  not  of  an  adulation  ora  flattery.  Adulation  of 
the  conqueror ;  gross  or  delicate ^af^en/  of  those  in  power  ; 
the  language  of  compliment.  In  conduct,  the  correspon. 
dent  to  adulation  is  obsequiousness. 

Adulation  ever  follows  the  ambitious ;  for  such  alone 
receive  most  pleasure  from  fiattery. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

i^Za^^ery  corrupts  both  the  receiver  and  the  giver;  and 

adulation  is  not  of  more  service  to  the  people  than  to 

kings.  Burke,  Rev,  in  France. 

Who  flatters  is  of  all  mankind  the  lowest, 

Save  he  who  courts  the  fiattery. 

Hannah  More,  Daniel, 
The  salutations  of  Arabs  are  such  that  .  .  .  "compli- 
ments in  a  well-bred  man  never  last  less  than  ten  min- 
utes." H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  343. 
adulator  (ad'u-la-tgr;),  n.  lli.  ,<  adulari :  see 
adulate.]  An  obsequious  flatterer;  one  who 
ofiiers  praise  servilely. 

And  became  more  than  ever  an  adulator  of  the  ruling 
powers.  I>.  0.  Mitchell,  Wet  Days, 

adulatory  (ad'u-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  adulatorius, 
(.adulator  :  see  adulator.]  Characterized  by 
adulation;  fulsomely  flattering;  servilely  prais- 
ing :  as,  an  adulatory  Rdieess. 

You  are  not  lavish  of  your  words,  especially  iji  that 
species  of  eloijuence  called  the  adulatory.        Chesterfield. 

adulatress  (ad'u-la-tres),  n.     [=F.  adulatricc, 

<  L.  adulatrican.,  ace.  of  adulatrix,  fem.  form  of 
adulator :  see  adtilator.]     A  female  adulator. 

Indiana,  when  the  first  novelty  of  tHe-it'tHes  was  over, 
wished  again  for  the  constant  adulatress  of  her  charms 
and  endowments.  Miss  Burney,  Camilla,  x,  14, 

Adullamite  (a-dul'am-it),  «,  [<  Adullam  -f 
-jfeS.]  1.  An  inhabitant  of  the  \'illage  of  Adul- 
lam. Gen.  xxxviii.  12. — 2.  hi  Eng.  hist.,  one  ot 
a  group  of  Liberals  who  seceded  from  the  Whig 


adulteration 

party  and  voted  with  the  Conservatives  when 
Earl  Russell  and  Mr.  Gladstone  introduced  a 
measure  for  the  extension  of  the  elective  fran- 
chise in  1866.  They  received  the  nam.t  from  their  be- 
ing likened  b]^  Mr.  Bright  to  the  discontented  persons  who 
took  refuge  with  David  in  the  cave  of  Adullam  (1  Sam.  xxii. 
1,  2).  The  party  was  also  known  collectively  as  the  Cam. 
The  Conservative  party  then  presented  a  tolerably  solid 
front  against  the  extension  of  the  suffrage,  and  received 
besides  a  large  reinforcement  of  Adullumites  from  the 
Liberal  side.  New  York  Times,  July  ly,  1884, 

adult  (a-dulf),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  adultus,  grown 
up,  pp.  of  adolcsccrc,  grow  up  :  see  adolescent.] 

1.  a.  1.  Having  arrived  at  mature  years,  or  at- 
tained full  size  and  strength:  as,  an  adult  per- 
son, animal,  or  plant. 

The  elaborate  reasonings  of  the  adult  man. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  adults ;  suitable 
for  an  adult :  as,  adult  age  ;  an  adult  school. 

II.  n.  A  person  or  (sometimes)  an  animal 
grown  to  full  size  and  strength ;  one  who  has 
reached  the  age  of  manhood  or  womanhood. 

Embryos  and  adults  of  common  ami  curious  forms  are 
constantly  met  with,  thus  furnishing  material  both  for 
general  work  and  original  investigation.    Science,  V,  212. 

adultedf  (a-dul'ted),  a.     Completely  grown. 
_  Now  th.at  we  are  not  only  adulted  but  ancient  Chris- 
tians, I  believe  the  most  acceptable  sacrifice  we  can  send 
up  to  heaven  is  prayer  and  praise. 

Howell,  Letters,  I.  vi.  32. 
adultert  (a-dul't^r),  «.  [L.,  an  adulterer,  a 
counterfeiter,  adulter,  adj.,  adulterous;  forma- 
tion imcertain,  perhaps  <  ad,  to,  -I-  (dter,  other, 
different.  In  mod.  E.  adulter,  adulterer,  etc., 
have  been  substituted  for  the  older  avouter,  ail- 
vouter,  etc. :  see  advouter,  etc.]  An  adulterer. 
We  receive  into  our  mass  open  sinners,  the  covetous, 
the  extortioners,  the  adulter,  the  back-biter. 

Tyndale,  Expos.  1  John. 

adulter!  (a-dul'ter),  v.  [<  L.  adulterare,  com- 
mit adultery:  see  adulterate,  v.]  I.  intrans. 
To  commit  adultery.     B.  Jonson,  Epigrams. 

II.  trans.  To  pollute;  adulterate:  as,  "nrf;(f- 
tering  spots,"  Marston,  Scourge  of  Villainy,  ii. 

adulterant  (a-dul'ter -ant),  a.  and  n.     [<  L. 
adulteran(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adulterare :  see  adulter- 
ate, v.]     I.  a.   Adulterating ;  used  in  adulter- 
atiiig. 
IL  n.  A  substance  used  for  adulterating. 

adulterate  (a-dul'ter-at),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
adulterated,  ppr.  adulterating.  [<  L.  adultera- 
tus,  pp.  of  adulterare,  commit  adultery,  falsify, 
adulterate,  <  adulter,  an  adulterer,  a  counter- 
feiter: see  adulter,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  debase 
or  deteriorate  by  an  admixture  of  foreign  or 
baser  materials  or  elements:  as,  to  adulterate 
food,  di-ugs,  or  coins;  adulterated  doctrines. 

The  present  war  has  .  .  .  adulterated  our  tongue  with 
strange  words.  Spectator,  No.  65. 

2t.  To  graft;  give  a  hybrid  character  to. 

Excellent  forms  of  grafting  and  adxilterating p\a.nts  and 
flowers.  Peacttam,  Exper.  of  Own  Times. 

3t.  To  defile  by  adultery. 

To  force  a  rape  on  virtue,  and  adulterate  the  chaste 
bosom  of  spotless  simplicity.  Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

=  SyH.  1.  To  mix,  degrade,  corrupt,  contaminate,  vitiate, 
alloy,  sophisticate. 
Il.t  intrans.  To  commit  adulter}'. 
But  Fortune,  O  !  .  .  , 
.She  adulterates  hourly  with  thy  uncle  John. 

Shak.,  K,  John,  iii,  1. 

adulterate!  (a-dul'tfr-at),  a.  [<  L.  adulteratus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  1.  Tainted  with  adultery: 
as,  "the  adulterate  Hastings,"  Shak:,  Rich. 
III.,  iv.  4. —  2.  Debased  by  foreign  mixture; 
adulterated :  as,  "  adulterate  copper,"  Swift, 
Miscellanies. 

No  volatile  spirits,  nor  compounds  that  are 
Adulterate.  Carew,  To  G.  X. 

adulterately  (a-dul'ter-at-li),  adv.  In  an  adul- 
terate manner. 

adulterateness  (a-dul'ter-at-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  adulterated  or  debased. 

adulteration  (a-dul-te-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adul- 
teratio(n-),  adulteration,  sophistication,  <  adul- 
terare :  see  adidterate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  adul- 
terating, or  the  state  of  being  adulterated  or 
debased  by  admixtm'e  with  something  else, 
generally  of  inferior  quality ;  the  use,  in  the 
production  of  any  professedly  genuine  article, 
of  ingredients  which  are  cheaper  and  of  an  in- 
ferior quality,  or  which  are  not  considered  so 
desirable  by  the  consumer  as  other  or  genuine 
ingredients  for  which  they  are  substituted. 

In  commerce,  there  are  several  kinds  of  adulteration': 
conventional,  to  suit  the  taste  and  demands  of  the  public; 
fraudulent,  for  deceptive  and  gainful  purposes ;  and  ac- 
cidental or  unintentional  adulteration,  aiising  fl'om  care- 
lessness in  the  preparation  of  the  staple  or  commodity  at 
the  place  of  growth  or  shipment.     SimmoTids,  Com.  Diet, 


adnlteration 

2.  The  product  or  result  of  the  act  of  adulter- 
atino::  that  which  is  adulterated. 

adulterator  (a-dul'ter-a-tor),  )i.  [L.;  adultera- 
tor monetw,  a  counterfeiter  of  money ;  <  adulter- 
are  :  see  adulterate,  r.]     One  who  adulterates. 

adulterer  (a-diU'ter-er),  11.  \_<  adulter,  i:.  + 
-erl;  substituted  for  the  older  form  oroutrcr. 
adcoutrer,  q.  v.]  A  man  guilty  of  adultery:  a 
married  man  who  has  sexual  commerce  with 
ajiy  woman  except  his  wife.  See  adultery. 
Formerly  also  spelled  adultrer. 

adulteress  (a-dul'ter-es),  n.  [<  adulter,  «.,  + 
-<>.>•.<  .•  substituted  for  the  older  form  aroutress, 
aiirou tress,  q.  v.]  A  woman  guilty  of  adultery. 
Formerly  also  spelled  adultress. 

adulterine  (a-Uul't^r-in),  a.  and  ;;.  [<  L.  adul- 
terinus,  <  adulter :  see  adulter,  v.']  I.  a.  1.  Of 
adulterous  origin ;  bom  of  adultery. 

It  must  be,  however,  understood  that  strong  moral  re- 
pugnance to  the  fictitious  atHliation  of  these  illegitimate 
and  adxiUeriiw  children  begins  to  show  itself  among  the 
oldest  of  the  Hindu  law-writers  whose  treatises  have  sur- 
vived. Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  99. 

2.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  adultery ;  involv- 
ing or  implying  adulter},':  as,  arfH^tenne  fiction; 
adulterine  marriage  (used  by  St.  Augustine  of 
a  second  marriage  after  divorce). — 3.  Charac- 
terized by  adulteration;  spurious;  base:  as, 
adulterine  drugs  or  metals.  [A  Latinism,  now 
rare.] — 4t.  Illegitimate;  illicit;  unauthorized: 
as,  adulterine  castles  (castles  built  by  the  Nor- 
man barons  in  England,  after  the  conquest, 
without  royal  warrant). 

The  adulteriiig  guilds,  from  which  heavy  sums  were  ex- 
acted in  1180,  were  stigm.'itised  as  adiilterint'  because  they 
liad  not  purchased  the  right  of  association,  as  the  older 
legal  guilds  had  done,  and  had  set  themselves  ui»  against 
the  govenunent  of  the  city  which  the  king  had  recognised 
by  his  charter.  Stubbg,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  534. 

H.  II.  Iuriii7/nir,achildbegotteninadultery. 
adulterize  (a-dul'ter-iz),  c.  i.  l<  adulter +  -i:e.] 
To  be  guilty  of  adultery.   Milton.    Also  spelled 
adulterise.     [Kare.] 

Where  did  God  ever  will  thee  to  lie,  to  swear,  to  op- 
press, to  adittten'jte  I  Jier.  T.  Adam^,  Works,  II.  305. 

adulterous  (a-dul'ttr-us),  a.  [< adulter  +  -ous; 
substituted  for  the  older  form  adroutroiis,  q.  v.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  adiiltery; 
given  to  adultery. 

An  evil  and  adulterous  generation  seckcth  after  a  sign. 

Mat.  xii.  .JB. 

2.  Illicit :  said  of  combinations  or  relations  of 
any  kind. 

Some  of  our  kings  have,  made  adulterous  connections 
abroad.  Burke,  On  a  Regicide  Peace. 

3.  Spurious;  corrupt;  adtdterated:  as,  "forged 
and  adulterous  stuff,"  Casauhon,  Of  Credulity 
(trans.),  p.  297.     [Kare.] 

adulterously  (a-dul'tfer-us-li),  adv.  In  an  adul- 
terous manner. 

adultery  (a-dul't§r-i),  «.;  pi.  adulteries  (-iz). 
[<  lj.  iidulti'rium,  <  adulter;  substituted  for  the 
older  form  ailvouinj,  q.  v.]  1.  Violation  of  the 
marriage-bod ;  carnal  connection  of  a  inamed 
perHoii  with  any  other  than  the  lawful  spou.se; 
in  a  more  restricted  sensCj  the  wrong  by  a  wife 
whicli  introduces  or  may  introduce  a  spurious 
offspring  into  a  family,  it  is  sometimes  called  sin- 
gle ailuU^rit  wlien  only  one  of  the  parties  is  married,  ami 
d'fulAe  aduUrnj  wlieti  Ijoth  are  married.  In  some  jnris- 
dlctlomi  tile  law  makes  adultery  a  crime,  in  some  only  a 
civil  lnlilr>-.  Ill  Kitgland,  fonnerly,  it  vfi\A  punished  by 
fine  Brid  imprisonment,  and  in  .Scotland  it  was  frciplcntly 
mail*-  a  capital  olfeuse.  In  (ircat  I'.ritAin  at  the  present 
day.  however,  it  is  punishable  only  by  ecclesiastical  cen- 
•urt; ;  but  when  committed  by  the  w  if,-,  it  is  regarded  as  a 
civil  Injury,  and  forms  the  Krouiirl  of  an  action  of  dani- 
ttfe*  auntn.^t  the  paramour.    Contniry  to  the  previous  gen- 

■'■'     ' M.  it  has   recently  lieen    hi  Icl  in  the  lulled 

the  wife  may  have  a  corrr^jif.nding  action 

ii:ui  who  seduces  away  her  biiHliand.    In  Kng- 

''   -I  (he  hilstmnd'H   recovery  of  damages 

ir  I'jiii  now  l>e  had  only  by  Joining  hini 

i-tlon  for  illvorce.     .See  r/irvjrrc. 

■ '■rnmandment  of  Die  dncn- 
uiidcrslood,  nil  mnnner  of 

■  ily  in  act  or  Ihoiiglit.  See 
.Mat.  V.  :.-^.—  '.i.  l.frli'H,,  intniHion  into  a  bisli- 
..,,rif  d.ini.-'  II,..  Ijfo  of  the  bi»hop.— 4.  In  oW 
'"■'•'  illiiig  of  IrecH:    so  culled 

''''"'  1,  nd  an  uiiiiiitiiral  iininn. 

—  ^"  I'lrnijition  :  hh,  "all  llic 

"''"  'oM.wii,  Kpicocne,  i.  1. — 6t. 

•ni'i  niiii. 

}  ■  ,i<  Mill  of  mjf  hand  tfl  the 

«.(•■'■ 

.    .luiuutn,  Marouric  Vlndlcnled. 
adnltncM  (iwlult'ncH),  n.    The  ttoto  of  being 

adult. 
adnmbr.-<'  .  n     U  L.  ml,  to,  + 

umlini.  :'.r(i('.)    1.  Hlimly.— 2. 

saiiio  UH  ''luiii''! '  ■",-. 


84 

adumbrant  (ad -um' brant),  a.  [<  L.  adum- 
liran(t-)$.  ppr.  of  (idumhrare :  see  adumbrate.'] 
Giving  a  faint  shadow,  or  showing  a  slight  re- 
semblance. 

adumbrate  (ad-um'brat),  r.  t. ;  pre*^.  and  pp. 
adumbrated,  pjjr.  adumbratinff.  l<.h.  adumlira- 
tiis,  pp.  of  adumbrare,  cast  a  shadow  over;  in 
painting,  to  represent  an  object  with  due  min- 
gling of  light  and  shadow,  also  represent  in 
outline;  <.  ad,  to,  4-  umbra,  shadow.]  1.  To 
overshadow ;  partially  darken  or  conceal. 

ICor  did  it  [a  veil]  cover,  but  adumbrate  only 
Her  most  heart-piercing  parts. 

ilarloiee  and  Chapman,  Hero  and  Leander,  iv. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  give  a  faint  shadow  or  re- 
semblance of ;  outline  or  shadow  forth ;  fore- 
shadow; prefigure. 

Both  In  the  vaslness  and  the  richness  of  the  visible  imi- 
verse  the  in\Tsible  God  is  adumbrated.  In.  Taylor. 

In  truth,  in  every  Church  those  who  cling  most  tena- 
ciously to  the  dogma  are  just  the  men  "who  have  least 
hold  of  the  divine  substance  "  which  it  faintly  adumbrates. 
H.  -V.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  314. 

adumbration  (ad-um-bra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ad- 
umhratio{n-).  <  adumbrare  :  see  adumbrate.']  1. 
The  act  of  adumbrating  or  making  a  shadow  or 
faint  resemblance. —  2.  Figuratively,  a  faint 
sketch;  an  imperfect  representation;  some- 
thing that  suggests  by  resemblance,  or  shadows 
f ortli ;  a  foreshadomng. 

Our  knowledge  is  ...  at  best  a  faint  confused  adum- 
bration. Glanville,  Seep.  Sci. 

Belief  comes  into  existence  when  man  is  not  reasonable 
enough  to  have  a  theory  about  anything,  while  he  is  still 
mainly  a  feeling  animal,  possessing  only  some  adumbra- 
tions or  instincts  of  thought.    Kearij,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  23. 

3.  In  Iter.,  the  shadow  only  of  a  figure,  outlined, 
and  painted  of  a  color  darker  than  the  field. 
Sh;ul>,\v,  ]i,,\\,jver,  has  no  proper  place  in  heraldry.    It  is 

;l  uiiuKtu  at, use, 

adumbrative  (ad-um'bra-tiv),  a.  [<  adumbrate 
+ -ire.]  Shadowing  forth ;  faintly  resembling; 
foreshadowing  or  typical. 

We  claim  to  stand  there  as  mute  monuments,  patheti- 
cally adumbrative  of  much.       CarUile,  ¥t.  Rev.,  II.  i.  10. 

adumbratively  (ad-um'bra-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an 
;ulumlir;i(ive  manner. 

adumbrellar  (ad-um-brel'ar),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,+ 
NL.  umbrella,  the  disk  ot  acalephs:  see  um- 
brella.'] Pertaining  to  the  upper  surface  of  (ho 
velum  in  sea-blubbers  (Medusa;) :  opposed  to 
tibumbrcllar. 

adunation  (ad-u-na'shon), «.  [<  L.  adunatio{ii-), 
<  atlunarc,  pp.  adunatus,  make  into  one,  <  ad. 
to,  +  unus==Ei.  one:  see  union,  unite,  <}te.  Cf. 
atone,  the  cognate  E.  form.]  The  act  of  uniting 
or  the  state  of  being  united;  imion:  as,  "real 
unionor ddunation," Boi/le,  Scept.  Chvm.  (1680), 
]..  94.     [Hair.] 

adunc  (ad-nngk').  a.     [Formerly  adunquc,  as 
if  F. ;   <  L.  admiciu.;  hooked:    see  aduncous.] 
Same  as  aduncous. 
Parrots  have  an  adumiue  Bill.    Bacon,  Nat  Hist,  §  238. 
The  Nose  ...  if  ,\(|uiiiue  or  Adunc. 

h'eeljin,  Nuinismatn,  p.  29".    (JV.  E.  D.) 

aduncal   (ad-ung'kal),  a.     [<  L.  aduncus :  see 

aduncous.]     Same  as  aduncous. 

Tile  spire  also  ttpens  out  at  its  growing  margin,  .  .  . 
anil  thus  gives  rise  to  .  ,  .  the  common  aduneal  type  of 
(liis,,rg:uiismlOW>iVw/(Mrt],   H'.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §4ivj, 

aduncate  (ad-ung'kat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
unciited,  ]ipr.  dduncatinfi.  [<  ML.  adunciilus, 
jip.  of  adunrarr,  hook,  curve,  <  Tj.  atluncus, 
Iiookcd:  sec  aduncous.]  To  curve  inward,  as 
a  bird's  boak  or  a  nose. 

aduncate  (ad-ung'kat),  a.  [<  ML.  aduneatus, 
])p. :  see  tho  verb.]  Aduncous;  liookod;  hav- 
ing a  hook:  as,  the  aduncate  bill  of  a  hawk. 

aduncit3r  (a-dun'si-ti),  n.  [<  L.  aduncitas, 
liookcdiirss,  ioiliiiinis,  hooki'il :  see  aduncous.] 
Tlio  condition  of  being  liookod  ;  hookodnoss. 

The  aduncity  of  the  pounces  and  beaks  of  the  hawks. 
Marliuus  Scribkrus. 

aduncous  (a-dung'kus),  a.  [<  L.  aduncus,  liook- 
iil,<rt((,  to,  +  uncus,  iiookcil,  barbed,  uncus,  a 
liook,  barb.]  Hooked;  bent  or  niaile  in  llie 
form  of  u  liook;  im-iirvcd.  Equivalent  fonna- 
tioiiH  are  adunc  and  aduncal. 

ad  unguem  (ad  nng'gwom).  [Ji. :  rt(/,  to;  ««- 
;)ui  ni,  lice,  of  uni/uis,  nail,  elaw.J  To  tho  nail, 
"ir  (ouch  of  fill!  nail;  exiictlj':  iiicoly. 

adunquet   (ad-ungk'),   a.      ObHoloto    form   of 

ilitllnc. 

adurot  (a-diir'),  r.  t.  f<  Ij.  adurcrr,  sot  firo  to, 
buni.  (od,  to,  +  urerr,  biini,  akin  fo  Or.  linv, 
Hiii({e,  riiiiv,  kiudlo.  Ski.  v'  "■''''•  burn,  lleiien 
(iiliist'i,  (|.  v.]  To  burn  I'oiiiiilclolyorpaiiiully; 
calcine,  Hcorch,  or  parch. 


advance 

adurentt  (a-dii'rent).  a.  [<  L.  aduren{t-)s,  ppv. 
of  adurcrc :  see  adurc]  Burning;  heating. 
Bacon.  [Kare.] 
adusk  (a-dusk'),  j^rcp.  2>lir.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  n^. 
prep.,  +  dusk-.]  In  the  dusk  or  twilight ;  dark ; 
in  gloom.     [Rare.] 

You  wish  to  die  and  leave  the  world  adu^k 

For  others.      .Vr.s\  Browninir,  -Aurora  Leigh,  i.  502. 

adust^  (a-dusf),  pre}),  phr.  as  a.  [<  a'^,  prep., 
+  dust.']     Dusty. 

He  was  tired  and  adust  with  long  riding:  but  he  did  not 
go  home.  Geonje  Eliot,  Roiuola,  xlv. 

Lose  half  their  lives  on  the  road  often  miry  or  adust. 

Blackwood's  Mar/.,  XXI,  792, 

adust^  (a-dusf),  a.  [<  L.  adustus;  bimied,  pp. 
of  adurere:  see  adurc.]  1.  Burned;  scorched; 
become  dry  by  heat;  hot  and  fiery. 

Whiell  with  torrid  heat. 
And  vapour  as  the  Libyan  air  adust. 
Began  to  pai'ch  that  temperate  clime. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  635. 
2.  Looking  as  if  burned  or  scorched. 

In  person  he  was  tall,  thiu,  erect,  with  a  small  head,  a 
long  visage,  lean  yellow  cheek,  dark  twinkling  eyes,  adust 
complexion,  .  .  .  and  a  long,  sable-silvered  beard. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  109. 

3t.  In  jxithol.,  Iiaving  much  heat:  said  of  the 
blood  and  other  fluids  of  the  body;  hence,  ar- 
dent; sanguine;  impetuous. 

If  it  [melancholy]  proceed  from  blood  adv^t,  or  that 
there  be  a  mixture  of  blood  in  it.  "such  are  commonly 
ruddy  of  complexion,  and  high-coloured,"  according  to 
•Sallust,  Salvianus,  and  Hercules  de  Saxonia. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  242. 

adustedt(a-dus'ted),  (7.  [<«f/«s/2-f.frf2.]  Be- 
come hot  and  dry ;  burned;  scorched. 

Those  rayes  which  scorch  the  adu-^ted  soyles  of  Calabria 
and  Spaine.  Itouvtl,  Forreiue  Travell.  p,  74, 

adustiblet  (a-dus'ti-bl),  a.     [<  admt'^  -t-  -ible.] 

Callable  of  being  burned  up. 
adustiont   (a-dus'tion),    n.     1<.'L.  adustio{n-),  < 

adurere:   see  adure,   adust".]      1.  The   act  of 

bm-ning,  scorching,  or  heating  to  di'jTiess;  the 

state  of  being  thus  heated  or  dried.     Harvey. 
others  will  have  them  (symptoms  of  melancholy]  come 

from  the  diverse  adustion  of  the  four  humours. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  242. 

2.  In  med.,  cauterization. 
adv.     A  common  abbreviation  of  adverb  and  of 

ailrerti.senient. 
advailablet  (ad-va'la-bl),  a.    Obsolete  form  of 

iiniiliibU. 
ad  val.  An  abbreviation  of  ad  valorem, 
ad  valorem  (ad  va-16'rem).  [NL. :  L.  ad,  to; 
LL.  ami  JS'L.  valorem,  ace.  of  valor,  value :  see 
valor.]  According  to  value.  Applied  — (i)  in  cnw., 
ti>  customs  or  duties  levied  according  to  the  marketable 
value  or  worth  of  the  goods  at  the  original  place  of  ship- 
ment,  as  sworn  to  by  tiic  owner  and  vcriticii  by  tlie  cus- 
toms appraisers;  (2)  in  law,  to  lawyers'  fees  forthe  draw- 
ing  of  certain  deeds  or  other  work  chiu'gcablo  according 
to  the  value  of  the  luoiierly  involved. 
advance  (ad-vans'),  )'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  advanced, 
ppr.  ndciincinij.  [Earlier  advaunce,  avaunce,  < 
IIE.  aranncen,  avtiuii.ien,  araneen,  ocrtH.voi,  < 
OF.  avancer,  araneier,  later  avanccr,  "to  for- 
ward, sot  forward,  furl  her,  put  on;  also,  to 
hasten;  and  to  sliorten  or  cut  off  by  haste; 
also,  to  advance,  prefer,  promote"  (Cotgrave), 
mod.  F.  avancer  =  I'r.  Sp.  avan::ar=  Pg.  avangar 
=  It.  aviuuiirc,  <  ML.  *aban1care,  <  abantc,  away 
before,  >  It.  Sp.  Pg.  arnntc,  Pr.  OF.  F.  avan't, 
before :  see  avant,  araunt,  and  van".  The  prefi.x 
is  Ihus  historically  av-  fur  orig.  ali- ;  the  sjielling 
adv-,  now  eslablished  in  this  word  and  adran- 
tae/c,  is  diu^  lo  a  forced  'restoration'  of  a-  taken 
as  n  reduced  form  of  ail-:  see  «-'l  and  ((-13.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  bring  forward  in  place  ;  move 
fiir(li(>r  in  front. 

.Now  Morn,  her  rosy  steps  in  the  eastern  clime 
Advancinij,  sow'd  tlio  earth  with  orient  i)carl. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  v.  2. 
Olio  lac'd  the  helm,  another  held  the  lance : 
A  third  the  shining  buckler  did  iidrunre. 

Dniden,  I'lil.  and  Arc,  I.  1732. 

A  line  wiw entrenched,  and  the  troops  werertifivincrf  to 

the  new  iHisilion.  IT,  .s',  Geanf,  I'ei-s.  Mem.,  I.  ,177. 

2.  To  forward  in  (imp  ;  ai'eelerato  :  as,  to  ad- 
ntncc  the  growlli  of  plaiils. — 3.  To  iin|)rovo 
<ir  make  lieder;  heiielK  ;  iiroiiu)(e  the  goiul  of : 
as,  to  advance  one's  true  iii( crests. 

Ah  the  I'lilling  dignifies  the  man,  so  tlje  man  niiirh  nioie 
adrttuees  Ills  calling.  South,  Sermons 

4.  To  jiroinote  ;  raise  to  n  Iiiglier  rank  :  as,  to 
advance  one  from  the  bar  to  (lie  bench. 
Ami  lo  tuteanee  again,  fur  one  iniiirs  miTit, 
A  (iKiiiHund  heirs  thii;  biive  ileserved  nought? 

Sir. I.  Diiri..,,  Iinmortal.  of  Soul,  viil. 
II  lins  lii'ii  the  fate  of  thh  oMIuliig  fiivorite  to  ailranc€ 
lb',^,>  v^iii,  Hooiiu  forget  liieir  original. 

Etvtyn,  Dliiry,  July  22,  ;o74. 


advance 

6.  To  raise ;  enhance  :  as,  to  advance  the  price 
ot'  goods.  — 6.  To  offer  or  propose;  bring  to 
view  or  notice,  as  something  one  is  prepared 
to  abide  by  ;  allege  ;  adduce  ;  bring  forward  : 
as,  to  advance  an  opinion  or  an  argument. 

Propositions  whicli  are  admnf.c.d  in  discourse  generally 
result  from  a  partial  view  of  the  question,  and  cannot  be 
kept  under  examination  long  enough  to  be  corrected. 

Macaulaij,  Athenian  Orators. 

7.  In  com.,  to  supply  beforehand  ;  furnish  on 
credit,  or  before  goods  are  delivered  or  work  is 
done,  or  furnish  as  part  of  a  stock  or  fund ;  sup- 
ply or  pay  in  expectation  of  reimbursement :  as, 
to"  advance  money  on  loan  or  contract,  or  to- 
ward a  purchase  or  an  establishment. 

Two  houses  advanced  to  Edwiird  the  Third  of  England 
upwards  of  three  hundred  thousand  marks. 

Macaulay,  Machiavelli. 

8.  To  raise ;  lift  up  ;  elevate. 

They  .  .  . 
Advatic'd  their  eyelids.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

0,  peace  !  Contemplation  makes  a  rare  turkey-cock  of 
him !  how  he  jets  under  his  advanced  plumes ! 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5. 
A  cherub  tall ; 
Who  forthwith  from  the  glittering  staff  unfurl'd 
The  imperial  ensign,  which,  full  liigh  advanced. 
Shone  like  a  meteor.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  536. 

9.  To  put  forth  or  exhibit  with  a  view  to  dis- 
play.    [Rare.] 

And  every  one  his  love-feat  will  advance 

Unto  his  several  mistress.         Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

lOt.  To  commend  ;  extol ;  vaunt. 

Greatly  adoauncing  his  gay  chivalree. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  16. 

Hf.  To  impel ;  incite. 

That  lewd  rybauld  with  vyle  lust  advaunst. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  10. 

=  Syil.  4.  To  elevate,  exalt,  prefer,  .iggrandize,  dignify. 
—  5.  To  increase,  augment. —  6.  Adduce,  Allege,  Assign 
(see  addtice)  ;  propound,  bring  forward,  lay  down. 

II,  inirans.  1.  To  move  or  go  forward ;  pro- 
ceed :  as,  the  troops  advanced. 

But  time  advances :  facts  accumulate  ;  doubts  arise. 
Faint  glimpses  of  truth  begin  to  appear,  and  shine  more 
and  more  unto  the  perfect  day.  ^, 

Macaulay,  Sir  James  Mackintosh. 
They  watched  the  reapers'  slow  advancing  line. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  375. 

2.  To  improve  or  make  progress;  grow,  etc.: 
as,  to  advance  in  knowledge,  stature,  wisdom, 
rank,  office,  dignity,  or  age. 

A  great  advancing  soul  carries  forward  his  whole  age  ; 
a  mean,  sordid  soul  draws  it  back. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  34. 

3.  To  increase  in  quantity,  price,  etc. :  as,  the 
stock  advanced  three  points. 

advance  (ad-vans'),  "•  [—F.avance;  from  the 
verb.]  1.  A  moving  forward  or  toward  the 
front ;  a  forward  course  ;  progress  in  space  : 
as,  our  advance  was  impeded  by  obstructions. 

Don  Alonzo  de  Aguila  and  his  companions,  in  their 
eager  advance,  had  .  .  .  got  entangled  in  deep  glens  and 
the  dry  beds  of  torrents.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  90. 

2.  Milit.,  the  order  or  signal  to  advance :  as,  the 
advance  was  sounded. —  3.  A  step  forward; 
actual  progress  in  any  course  of  action  :  often 
in  the  plural:  as,  an  advance  in  religion  or 
knowledge;  civilization  has  made  great  ad- 
vances in  this  centui'y. 

Witness  the  advance  from  a  rustic's  conception  of  the 
Earth  to  that  which  a  travelled  geologist  has  reached. 

//.  SpeiKcr,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  481. 

4.  An  act  of  approach;  an  effort  for  approxi- 
mation or  agreement ;  anything  done  to  bring 
about  accord  or  any  relation  with  another  or 
others:  with  to  before  the  person  and  toward 
before  the  object  or  pm-pose :  as,  A  made  an 
advance  or  advances  to  B,  or  toioard  acquain- 
tance with  B. 

Frederic  had  some  time  before  made  advances  toward  a 
reconciliation  with  Voltaire. 

Macaulay,  Frederic  the  Great. 

5.  A  forward  position;  place  in  front,  at  the 
head,  or  in  the  lead :  as,  his  regiment  took  the 
advance  in  the  march. — 6.  The  state  of  being 
forward  or  in  front;  a  being  or  going  at  the 
head  or  in  the  lead:  chiefly  in  the  phrase  in 
advance:  as,  the  gi-oom  rode  in  advance  of  the 
carriage;  he  is  far  in  advance  of  the  other 
pupils.  In  this  sense  the  word  Is  often  used  in  compo- 
sition, sometimes  without  joining,  giving  it  the  appear- 
ance of  an  adjective,  as  it  has  been  called  in  such  use,  al- 
though it  is  never  really  one.  I'hus,  an  advance  (-)  agent 
is  an  agent  sent  out  in  advance  of  a  theatrical  company, 
exhibition,  etc.,  to  make  preliminary  arrangements;  an 
advance  (-)  ditch  or  /oss  is  a  ditch  around  the  esplanade 
or  glacis  of  a  fortified  place,  and  hence  in  advance  of  it ; 
advayice  (-)  sheets  are  sheets  of  a  printed  work  sent  to 
somebody  in  advance  of  publication. 

7.  He  who  or  that  which  is  at  the  head  or  in 
the  lead ;  the  foremost  or  forward  part ;  espe- 
cially, the  leading  body  of  an  army. 


A 

ABC,  ship's  track. 

B,  point  where  helm  is  put 

over. 
D  C,  advance  \    of    curve 
B  D,  transfer    j        B  C. 


85 

I  got  back  on  the  5th  with  the  advance,  the  remainder 
following  as  rapidly  as  the  steamers  could  carry  them. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Pers.  Mcni.,  I.  290. 

8.  In  schools,  a  lesson  not  previously  learned : 
opposed  to  review. — 9.  Advancement;  promo- 
tion; preferment:  as,  an  advance  in  rank  or 
office. — 10.  An  offer  or  tender. 

The  advaiwe  of  kindness  which  I  made  was  feigned. 

Dryden,  All  for  Love,  iv. 

11.  In  com. :  (a)  Addition  to  price ;  rise  in  price : 
as,  an  advance  on  the  prime  cost  of  goods ;  tliere 
is  an  advance  on  cottons,  (b)  A  giving  before- 
hand ;  a  furnishing  of  something  before  an 
equivalent  is  received,  as  money  or  goods,  to- 
ward a  capital  or  stock,  or  on  loan,  or  in  expec- 
tation of  being  reimbursed  in  some  way :  as,  A 
made  large  advances  to  B. 

I  shall,  with  great  pleasure,  make  the  necessary  ad- 
vances. Jay. 
-The  account  was  made  up  with  intent  to  show  what 
advances  had  been  made.                                                Kent. 

(c)  The  money  or  goods  thus  furnished. — 12. 
In  naval  tactics,  the  distance  made  by  a  ship 
under  way,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  her  course,  after 
the  helm  has  been  put  to 
:  one  side  and  kept  there: 
i  opposed  to  transfer,  the 
i  distance  made  at  right  an- 
j  gles  to  the  original  course 
I  of  the  vessel  before  the 
•-.o  helm  was  put  over In  ad- 
vance, (a)  Before ;  in  front : 
as,  the  cavalry  marched  in  ad- 

Ivance,  or  in  advance  of  the  ar- 
tillery. See  above,  6.  (b)  Be- 
forehand ;  before  an  equivalent 
is  received :  as,  to  pay  rent  in 
advance. 

They  .  .  .  paid  you  in  ad- 
vance the  dearest  tribute  of 
their  affection. 

Ju7iiits,  To  the  King,  1769. 
(c)  In  the  state  or  condition  of 
having  made  an  advance  :  as, 
A  is  in  advance  to  B  a  thousand  dollars.  =  Syn.  Advance- 
yuent,  Pro/iciency,  etc.  See  progress,  n. 
advanceable  (ad-van'sa-bl),  a.  [<  advance  + 
-able.']  t'apabie  of  being  advanced, 
advance-bill  (ad-vans'bU),  n.  Same  as  ad- 
vance-note. 

advanced  (ad-vansf),  j'-  "•  !•  Situated  in 
front  of  or  before  others.  Hence  —  2.  In  the 
front ;  forward ;  being  in  advance  of  or  beyond 
others  in  attainments,  degree,  etc. :  as,  an  ad- 
vanced Liberal. 

The  most  advanced  strategic  ideas  of  the  day. 

Qrote,  Hist.  Greece,  II.  86. 

3.  Having  reached  a  comparatively  late  stage, 
as  of  development,  progress,  life,  etc. :  as,  he  is 
now  at  an  advanced  age. 

advance-guard  (ad-vans'gard),  n.  [Cf.  avant- 
guard,  vani/uard.]  Milit.,  a  body  of  troops  or 
other  force  marching  or  stationed  in  front  of 
the  main  body  to  clear  the  way,  guard  against 
surprise,  etc. 

advancement  (ad-vans'ment),  n.  [Earlier  ad- 
vauucemcnt,  avauncement,'<. 'M.'E.  avancemcnt,  < 
OF.  (and  F.)  avancement,  <  avancer:  see  advance 
and -nient.']  1.  The  act  of  moving  forward  or 
proceeding  onward  or  upward. — 2.  The  act  of 
promoting,  or  state  of  being  promoted ;  prefer- 
ment; promotion  in  rank  or  excellence;  im- 
provement; fm-therance. — St.  Settlement  on  a 
wife;  jointure.  Bacon. — 4.  In  fad',  provision 
made  by  a  parent  for  a  child  during  the  parent's 
life,  by  gift  of  property  on  account  of  the  share 
to  which  the  ehUd  would  be  entitled  as  heir  or 
next  of  kin  after  the  parent's  death. —  5t._The 
payment  of  money  in  advance ;  money  paid  in 
advance.  =Syn.  land  2.  Advance,  Projiciencg,  etc.  See 
progress,  H.—2.  Exaltation,  elevation,  'prefennent,  en- 
liancement,  amelioration,  betterment. 

advance-note  (ad-vans'not),  m.  A  draft  on  the 
owner  or  agent'  of  a  vessel,  generally  for  one 
month's  wages,  given  by  the  master  to  the 
sailors  on  their  signing  the  articles  of  agree- 
ment. Known  in  the  United  States  as  an  advance-bill. 
The  practice  was  abolished  In  the  United  States  by  act  of 
Congress  in  1SS4. 

advancer  (ad-van'ser),  n.  [ME.  avauncer, 
avaunser;  <" advance  +  -er^.]  1.  One  who  ad- 
vances; a  promoter.— 2.  A  branch  of  a  buck's 
horn,  the  second  from  the  base. 

advancingly  (ad-van'sing-U),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
vancing manner ;  progressively. 

advancive  (ad-van'siv),  a.    [liTeg.  <  advance  + 
-ive.}    Tending  to  advance  or  promote.    [Rare.] 
The  latter  .  .  .  will  be  more  advancive  of  individual  m- 
terest  than  of  the  public  welfare. 

Washington,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  416. 


advantage 

advantage  (ad-vati'taj),  «.  [<  ME.  avantage, 
avaunta<ie,<.()V.  (andF.)  avantayc,  "an  advan- 
tage, odds;  overplus;  addition;  eckiiig;  a  bene- 
fit, furtherance,  forwarding,"  etc.  (Cotgi'ave), 
=  Pr.  avantage  {MIj.  re&ex  avantagium),  <  ML. 
*ahantaticum,  advantage,  <  abante,  >  OF.  avant, 
etc.,  before:  see  advance,  v.']  1.  Any  state, 
condition,  circumstance,  opportunity,  or  means 
specially  favorable  to  success,  prosperity,  inter- 
est, reputation,  or  any  desired  end;  anything 
that  aids,  assists,  or  is  of  service :  as,  he  had 
the  advantage  of  a  good  constitution,  of  an  ex- 
cellent education;  the  enemy  had  the  advan- 
tage of  elevated  ground;  "the  advantages  of  a  ' 
close  alliance,"  Macaulay. 

Advantage  is  a  better  soldier  than  rashness. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  6. 

The  streets,  seen  now  under  the  advantages  of  a  warm 

morning  sun  adding  a  beauty  of  its  own  to  whatever  it 

glanced  upon,  showed  much  more  brilliantly  than  ours 

of  Rome.  W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  I.  68. 

2.  Superiority  or  prevalence :  regularly  with  o/ 
or  over. 

Lest  Satan  should  get  an  advantage  of  us.    2  Cor.  ii.  11. 
I  have  seen  the  hungry  ocean  gain 
Advantage  on  the  kingdom  of  the  shore. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  Ixiv. 
The  special  advantage  of  manhood  over  youth  lies  .  .  . 
in  the  sense  of  reality  and  limitation. 

J.  It  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  145. 

3.  Benefit;  gain;  profit. 

What  advantage  will  it  be  unto  thee?  Job  xxxv.  3. 

Yet  hath  Sir  Proteus,  for  that's  his  name. 
Made  use  and  fair  advantage  of  his  days. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 
4t.  Usury ;  interest ;  increase. 

Methought  you  said,  you  neither  lend  nor  borrow 
Upon  advantage.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 

And  with  advantage  means  to  pay  thy  love. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  3. 

5t.  A  thirteenth  article  added  to  a  dozen,  mak- 
ing what  is  commonly  known  as  a  baker's 
dozen. 

If  the  Scripture  be  for  reformation,  and  -\ntiquity  to 
boot,  it  is  but  an  advantage  to  the  dozen. 

Milton,  Ref.  in  Eng.,  i. 

6.  In  lawn-tennis,  the  first  point  gained  after 
deuce.  Commonly  called  vantage.  See  lawn- 
tennis.— To  advantage,  with  good  effect ;  advantage- 
ously.—To  have  the  advantage  of,  to  have  superiority 
over ;  be  in  a  more  favorable  position  than  ;  in  particular, 
to  know  without  being  known  ;  have  a  personal  knowledge 
that  is  not  reciprocal :  as,  you  havethe  advantage  o/me. — 
Toplayuponadvantaget,  tocheat.— To  take  advan- 
tage of.  (a)  To  avail  one's  self  of ;  profit  by  in  a  legitimate 
way.  (6)  To  oven-each  or  impose  upon,  (c)  To  utilize  as  a 
means  toward  overreaching  or  imposition. 

The  restrictions  both  on  masters  and  servants  were  so 
severe  as  to  prevent  either  from  taking  advantage  of  the 
necessities  of  the  other.  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  146. 

=  Syn.  1  and  3.  Advantage,  Benefit,  Utility,  Profit,  help, 
vantage-ground,  good,  ser\iee.  Advantage  is  thepossession 
of  a  good  vantage-ground  for  the  attainment  of  ulterior  ob- 
jects of  desire :  as,  he  has  the  advantage  of  a  good  education. 
Benefit  is  a  more  immediate  and  realized  good  :  as,  a  chief 
benefit  of  exercise  is  the  improvement  of  health.  Utility 
is  usefulness  in  the  practical  or  material  sense  :  the  utility 
of  an  education  is  a  small  part  of  the  benefit  derived  from 
it.  Profit  signifies  gain,  with  a  suggestion  of  trade  or 
exchange.  A  man  may  have  good  advantages,  but  derive 
from  them  little  benefit  or  profit ;  even  their  utility  to  fum 
may  be  smaU. 

And  deny  his  youth 
The  rich  advantage  of  good  exercise. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  2. 

The  importance  of  the  American  revolution,  and  the 
means  of  making  it  a  benefit  to  the  world. 

Washington,  Letter  to  Dr.  Price. 

An  undertaking  of  enormous  labour  and  yet  of  only 
very  partial  utility.  F.  Halt,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  36. 

What  jwo_^(  lies  in  barren  faith? 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cviii. 

advantage  (ad-van'taj),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
vantaged, ppr.  advantaging.  [<  late  ME.  avan- 
tage, <  OP.  avantager,  avantagier,  later  avan^ 
tager,  "to  advantage,  give  advantage  unto," 
etc.  (Cotgrave);  from  the  noun.]  I,  trans.  1. 
To  benefit;  be  of  service  to;  yield  profit  or 
gain  to. 

What  is  a  man  advantaged,  if  he  gain  the  whole  world, 
and  lose  himself,  or  be  cast  away  ?  Luke  is.  25. 

If  trade  pinches  the  mind,  commerce  liberahzes  it ;  and 
Boston  was  also  advantaged  with  the  neighborhood  of  the 
country's  oldest  college,  which  maintained  the  wholesome 
traditions  of  culture.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  96. 

2t.  To  gain  ground  or  win  acceptance  for;  pro- 
mote or  further.     [Rare.] 

The  stoics  that  opinioned  the  souls  of  wise  men  dwelt 
about  the  moon,  and  those  of  fools  wandered  about  the 
earth,  advantaged  the  conceit  of  this  effect. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

3t.  To  increase,  as  by  interest. 

Advantaging  their  loan  with  interest 
Ot  ten  times  double  gain  of  happiness. 

Shak,,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  i. 


advantage 

4t.  Eeflexively.  to  cause  to  be  an  advantage  to ; 
avail  (one's  self). 

It  is  obsened  of  wolves,  that  when  they  go  to  the  fold 
lor  prey,  they  wUl  be  sure  to  admntaat!  themselves  of  the 
^5    ■'■       '  Jier.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  121. 

n.  intrans.  To  gain  an  advantage ;  be  bene- 
fited". 

The  c«mivora(K/ran/ao^  by  the  accident  of  their  painted 
sHns  p.  Robinson,  Under  the  sun,  p.  Iso. 

advantageable  (ad-van'taj-a-bl),  a  [Early 
mod.  £.  avantageable ;  <  advantage  +  -able.] 
Profitable;  convenient;  gainful.     [Rare.] 

It  ii  admntageablt  to  a  physician  to  be  called  to  the 
ome  of  lieclinin-^-  disease.  Sir  J.  Bayward. 

advantage-ground  (ad  -  van 'taj- ground),  n. 

A'antage-ground.  Clarendon. 
advantageous  (ad-van-ta'jus),  a.  [Foi-merly 
udi-dntaijioim;  (.advantage,  «.,  +  -ous,  after  F. 
avantageiix,  <  acantage.]  Of  advantage;  fur- 
nishing convenience  or  opportunity  to  gain 
benefit;  gainful;  profitable;  useful;  beneficial: 
as,  an  arfi'a«?flircoH5  position  of  the  troops;  trade 
is  advantageous  to  a  nation. 

Between  these  colonies  and  the  mother  country,  a  very 
adcanlaneout  traffic  was  at  flrst  carried  on. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  x.\v. 
It  is  evident  that  they  [changes  in  color]  are  under  the 
control  of  the  fisti,  and  therefore  adrantaaeous. 

Science,  IV.  339. 

=  Syn,  Helpful,  serviceable,  favorable,  remunerative. 
advantageously  (ad-van-ta'jus-U),  adv.     Iv.  an 
advantageous  manner;  with  advantage ;  profit- 
ably: usefully;  conveniently. 

It  was  adrantaqfouslij  situated,  there  being  an  easy 

passage  from  it  to' India  by  sea.  Arbuthmt. 

Their  mother  is  evidently  not  without  hopes  of  seeing 

one,  at  least  [of  her  daughters],  advantageoiubi  settled  in 

life.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  1S4. 

advantageousness  (ad-van-ta'jus-ncs),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  advantageous  ;  profit- 
ableness ;  usefulness ;  convenience. 

The  last  property,  which  qualifies  God  for  the  fittest  ob- 
ject of  our  love,  is,  the  admiilageousnesi oi  Histo  us,  both 
ill  tlie  present  and  tlic  future  life.      Boyle,  Works,  I.  279. 

advectitious  (ad-vek-tish'us),  a.     [<  L.  advcc- 


86 

ward  abandoning  the  attempt  to  determine  the  date. 
There  are  several  divisions  or  sects  of  Adventists,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are:  the  Jrfi'cn((or  Second  Advent) Chris- 
tians, the  largest ;  the  Seventh-day  Adventists,  much  small- 
er, but  more  compactly  organized;  and  the  Evannelical 
Adventists,  the  smallest.  The  members  of  th^  flrst  two  be- 
lieve in  the  final  annihilation  of  the  wicked,  which  those 
of  the  third  reject.  The  second  observe  the  seventh  day  as 
the  Sabbath,  :md  believe  in  the  existence  of  the  spirit  of 
prophecy  among  them;  they  m.tintain  missions  in  various 
parts  of  the  world,  and  a  number  of  institutions  at  Battle 
Creek,  Michigan,  their  headquarters. 

adventitia  (ad-ven-tish'i-il),  n.  [NL.,  fem. 
sing.  (sc.  membrana,  or  tuniea)oi  L.  adventitius: 
see  adventitious.']  In  aunt.,  any  membranous 
structure  covering  an  organ  but  not  properly 
belonging  to  it  (in  full,  membrana  adventitia. 
adventitious  membrane) ;  specifically,  the  out- 
ermost of  the  three  coats  of  a  blood-vessel  (in 
full,  tunica  adventitia, adventitious  tunie),  con- 
sisting of  connective  tissue. 

adventitious  (ad-ven-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  adven- 
titius, prop,  advcnticius,  coming  from  abroad, 
iadvcntus,  pp.  of  advenire:  see  advene.]  1. 
Added  extrinsieally ;  not  spriuging  from  the  es- 
sence of  the  subject,  but  from  another  som-ee ; 
foreign;  accidentally  or  casually  acquired:  ap- 
plied to  that  which  does  not  properly  belong  to 
a  subject,  but  which  is  superadded  or  adopted, 
as  in  a  picture  or  other  work  of  art,  to  give  it  ad- 
ditional power  or  effect. 

Every  subject  acquires  an  adventilimis  importance  to 
liim  who  considers  it  with  application. 

Goldsjnith,  Polite  Learning,  xiv. 
But  apart  from  any  adventitious  associations  of  later 
growth,  it  is  certain  that  a  very  ancient  belief  gave  to  magic 
the  power  of  imparting  life,  or  the  semblance  of  it,  to  inani- 
mate things.        Lowell,  .-iraong  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  117. 

2.  In  bot.  and;o67.,  appearing  casually,  or  in 
an  abnormal  or  imusual  position  or  place  ;  oc- 
curring as  a  sti-aggler  or  away  from  its  natural 
position  or  habitation ;  adventive. 

The  inflorescence  [of  Cuscatn  fjloiuerata]  is  developed 
from  numerous  crowded  advenlitiottshiids,  and  not  by  the 
repeated  branching  of  axillary,  flowering  branches,  as 
commonly  stated.  Science,  IV.  342 


adventuress 

Come,  never  mind  our  imcle's  age,  let  us  hear  his  ad- 
ventures. Irvinfj,  Tales  of  a  Traveler. 

4.  A  speculation  of  any  kind,  commercial, 
financial,  or  mining;  aventme;  specifically,  a 
speculation  in  goods  sent  abroad. 

Lafayette  directed  the  captain  to  steer  fur  the  United 
States,  wliicll,  especially  as  he  had  a  large  pecuniary  ad- 
venture of  his  own  on  board,  he  declined  doing. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  46T. 
5+.  Peril;  danger. 

He  was  in  great  adventure  of  Ids  life.  Berners. 

6.  Adventurous  activity ;  participation  in  ex- 
citing or  hazardous  undertakings  or  enterprises : 
as,  a  spirit  of  adventure — At  all  adventurest,  at 
all  hazards ;  whatever  may  be  the  consequence. 

In  this  mist  at  all  adventures  go.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  2. 
Bill  of  adventtrre.  See  bills. 
adventure  (ad-ven'tiLi-),  ''•  ;  pret.  and  pp.  ad- 
ventured, ppr.  adventuring.  [<  ME.  avcnturen. 
usually  contr.  to  aunteren,  auntrcn  (which  sm'- 
vives,"prob.,  in  saunter,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  aventurcr 
=  Pi\  Sp.  Pg.  avcnturar  =  \t.  avventurare,  <  ML. 
adventurare;  from  the  noim.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
risk  or  hazard ;  put  in  the  power  of  unforeseen 
events:  as,  to  adventure  one's  life. 

Sly  father  fought  for  you,  and  adventured  his  life  far. 

Judges  ix.  17. 

2.  To  venture  on ;  take  the  chance  of ;  inm  the 
risk  of  doing  or  suffering. 

So  bold  Leander  would  adventure  it. 

5/mjt.,  T.  G.  of  v.,  iii.  1. 
Well,  my  lord,  I  do  adventure,  on  your  word, 
The  duke's  dlspleasiu'e. 

Dekker  and  Webster0),  Sir  Thomas  Wyat,  p.  15. 

II.  intrans.  To  take  th6  risk  involved  in  do- 
ing anything;  proceed  at  a  venture. 

Still  y  plague  continuing  in  our  pjirish,  I  could  not 
without  danger  adventure  to  our  church. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Sept.  7,  ICGC. 

Its  government  began  to  adventure  on  a  lenient  policy. 
Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  1.  349. 

adventureful  (ad-ven'tiir-ful).  a.     Given  to 
idvoutuiv;  full  of  enterprise.     [Eare.] 


3.  In  anat.,  of  the  nature  of  adventitia:  as,  the  adventurementt  (ad-ven'tur-ment),  )i.     Haz 


place.     Illount. 

advehent  (ad've-hent),  a.  [<  L.  advehen{t-)s. 
ppr.  of  advchere,  bring  to,  carry  to,  <  ad,  to,  -1- 
telierc,  bring,  ean-y :  see  vehicle,  convey.]  Bring- 
ing; caiTying  to;  afferent:  in  anat.,  applied 
to  sundry  vessels  :  the  opposite  of  revchent. 

advene  (ad-ven'),  r.  i.  [<  L.  advenire,  come  to, 
arrive  at,  <  ad,  to,  +  renire,  come,  =E.  come,  q.  v. 
Of.  convene,  intervene,  supervene.]  To  accede 
or  come;  be  added  or  become  a  part,  though 
not  essential.  [Rare.] 
Wln-re  no  act  of  the  will  advenes  as  a  co-efflcient. 

Coleridge,  Remains  (1830),  111.  19. 

advenientt  (ad-ve'nient),  a.  [<L.  advenicn(t-)s, 
mtT.oi  advenire:  sea  advene.]  Advening;  com- 
ing from  without ;  superadded. 

Divided  from  truth  in  themselves,  tliey  aro  yet  farther 
removed  by  advenient  deception. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  i.  3. 

advent  (ad' vent),  n.  [<  ME.  advent,  <  L.  ad- 
rcnlus,  a  coming  to.  approach,  <  advenire  :  see 
n(/ifiic.]  1.  A  coming  into  place,  view,  or  be- 
ing; visitation;  arrival;  accession:  as,  the  ad- 
reiil  of  visitors,  of  an  infant,  or  of  death.  [A 
modem  use  of  tlio  word,  the  ecclesiastical  use 
having  been  the  original  one  in  English.] 

with  the  aitvenl  of  tlic  empire  all  this  was  destined  to 
unUcrgo  a  complete  change. 

Merieale,  Itoman  Empire,  xxxv. 

V  ■  '  to  power  of  a  litM-Tul-mlndcd  .Sovereign 

.  .  bcrii  expected  that  there  would  be  an 

Inn .^ij  ill  the  Oovemmcnt  of  Piedmont. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Eiiiiiianucl,  p.  f>4. 

Mpofifl'-nlly — 2.  The  coming  of  C'liiist  as  the 
wiirld.  Hencn  —  3.  [rap.]  lie- 
I  iiiiriiedintelyjirecediMi:  thefes- 

-    ■   -       ■•  ■      ■  ,  I.     '  .  ,  ■  .  k- 


11. 

•  I 

Adv 

Olr 

Chr 
par' 
A.I, 
mill' 

nvi*!  "t  ' 
'h«  *«ccii  ■ 


.  Ml    , 

■  i.    \\w 

.•    Itr«(    111 

\(  advent +  -isl.] 
ii'oond  ('(lining  of 
i1  rol<m  iipMii  Mki 


iixt'i  I'tr 


:.rUt  (rum  Itt43  to  IHOI.  but  alter 


adventitious  coat  of  an  artery, 

,  adv.     In  an 

accidentally, 
nes),  n.    The 
state  or  quality  of  being  adventitious. 
adventive  (ad-Veu'tiv),  <(.  and  n.     [<L.  advcn- 
tus,  pii.  of  advenive  (see  advene),  +  -ive.]     I.  a. 
It.  Accidental ;  adventitious. 
The  relative  and  adventive  characters  of  offences. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 
Specifically— 2.  In  bot.  and  xool.,  only  tran- 
sient and  locally  spontaneous,  not  thoroughly 
naturalized:  applied  to  introduced  plants  and 
animals. 

Il.t   «•    One  who  or  that  which  comes  from 
without ;  an  immigrant. 

That  the  natives  bo  not  so  many,  but  that  there  may  be 

elbow-room  enough  for  them,  anil  for  the  adventiKs  also. 

Bacon,  Advice  to  Villiel-s. 

adventrvt  (ad-ven'tri),  n.  [<  adventure,  as  if  'ad- 
ventury.]  Anenterpriso;  an  adventure.  [Rare.] 
Act  a  brave  work,  cull  it  thv  Last  advenlry. 

IS.  Jonaon,  Epigrnms. 

Adventual  (ad-ven'tu-al),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  'ad- 
vintuati.s,  <  adrentu.iiadventu-),  a^ipToaeh:  see 
advent.]  Relating  to  the  season  of  Advent. 
Jlp.  Sandcr.ion. 
adventure  (ad-ven'tur),  n.  [Early mod.  E.  of- 
ten also  adrcuhr,<  i\IK.  avrnture, auenlurr,  often 
contr.  uuntour,  aunlrr,  antcr,  etc.,  <  OF.  (and 
F.)  avcniure  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  (ivontura  =  It.  av- 
vcntura  =  Fries,  avcniure  =  'MiiQ.  arcntiurc,  O. 
abenteucr  =  Dan.  arrnti/r,  ertntyr  =  Hw.  iifvrn- 
tyr,  <  ML.  avenlura,  also  adrentura,  lit.  a  thing 
about  to  happen,  <  L.  advenire,  fut.  part.  ad. 
advtnturus,  ciiino  to,  happen:  sec  advene. 
The  ME.  ]infix  a-  {«-!•)  has  been  restored  to 
its  orig.  L.  form  ad-.  Hence  peradvenlurc,  q.  v. 
Ct  venture.]  It.  That  whicli  comes  or  liapiiens 
to  one;  bap;  chance;  fortune;  luck. 

Seanlilng  of  Ihy  wouinl, 
I  liave  by  hard  advenlurr  fmind  liihie  own. 

.SVoi*-.,  Asyou  I.Ike  II,  II.  I. 
Anil  n»  my  fair  adventure  fell.  1  found 
A  lady  nil  In  white,  with  laurel  irowiid. 

Itrydcn,  I'lower  nllcl  l,<iif.  I    4*13. 

2.  A  littzardous  enterpriHo;  an  undertaking  of 
nuoi-rlftin  iHsuo,  or  participation  in  such  an  nii- 

dirt  liking. 

lie  forged, 
Kill  that  wan  later,  boylnh  hlnlorlen 
or  batlli),  liohl  adreiiliirr,  iliinueon,  wreck. 

Tennyon,  Aylmer'n  rield 

3.  A  reniurknblo  occurrence  in  one'H  ^ler»onlll 
liJHtorv :  u  noteworthy  event  or  experience  in 
ouo's  life. 


ardous  enterprise. 

Wiser  Rajinundus,  in  his  closet  pent, 
Lailghs  at  such  danger  and  ndi't'iif«rf»icn(. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  IV.  iii.  3.''. 

adventurer  (ad-ven'tur-6r),  n.  [Late  ME.  ad- 
venlorcr,  a  gamester,  suggested  by  F.  avcnturier, 
with  same  sense,  <  ML.  adrentunirius,  -erius: 
see  adventure  and  -er.]  1.  One  wlio  engages 
in  adventure;  an  imdertaker  of  uncertain  or 
hazardous  actions  or  enterprises,  as  in  travel, 
war,  trade,  sjieculatiou,  etc. :  as,  llie  Voung  Ad- 
ven  turer,  a  t  it le  given  to  Prince  Charles  Edward 
Stuart  on  account  of  his  leading  the  desperate 
insuiToetion  of  1745.  Specifically— (a)  One  of  aclass 
of  soldiers  in  the  middle  ages  who  sold  their  services  to 
the  highest  bidder,  or  fought  and  plundered  on  their  own 
account.  CO  Formerly,  a  seeker  of  fortune  by  foreign 
traih',  travel,  or  emigration ;  one  who  engaged  in  foreign 
discovery,  Ciilonization,  or  speculation  for  the  sake  of 
profit,  especially  in  North  .-Vmerica. 

While  these  things  were  thus  acting  in  America,  the 
ad\rnturcrs  in  l^nglaud  were  providing,  though  too  tedi- 
ously, to  send  them  recruits.       Beverley,  Virginia,  i.  H  7. 

The  [coloninll  governor  [of  Maryland]  wius  authorized  to 
erect  eacli  holding  of  1  .iKH)  acres  and  over  into  a  manor,  to 
lie  called  by  such  name  lus  the  adventurer  or  nriwn^iiivrs 
shall  desire.  Johns  llopk-ins  Univ.  Stud.,  III.  319. 

(c)  III  general,  one  who  undertakes  any  great  commercial 
risk  or  speculation  ;  a  speculator ;  In  viininy,  a  share- 
holdir  ill  or  iiromoter  of  mines,  particularly  under  the 
cost-book  system.  See  eost-btmk. 
2.  In  a  bad  sense,  a  seeker  of  fortune  by  un- 
derliainl  orcquivocal  iiiciins;  a  .s^ieculator  upon 
(lie  crcilulily  or  good  niilure  ot  others:  cspo- 
cially,  one  wlio  iiigralintes  liimself  with  soci- 
ety by  false  show  or  pretense  in  order  to  gain 
a  siin'e)iliti(Mis  liveliliood.  Adventurer  tunnel. 
Seeniiim/.—  Merchant  Adventurers,  ibc  liiiiof  ucniii- 
liiciclal  companv  first  I'slabliHbcd  In  Aiilwcrp,  ami  cliar- 
Icied  III  Kiiglaiicl  liv  Henry  IV,  in  Mini,  iiiiil  by  successive 
sovereigns  down  lo  Charles  1.  In  11134,  who  carried  on 
ll'iidllig  and  I'oloiiliriiig  enterprises  In  North  America  and 
other  palls  of  the  woihl.  .Scvciiil  local  associations  of 
iiicrclinnta  slill  exist  In  ICiigland  under  this  name,  that  of 
New.asde  leikonlng  Its  origin  from  the  scveiitccntli  year 
.d  King  .b'liii  (12III). 

adventuresome  (ad-ven'tur -sum),  a,  [<  ad- 
venture, «,,  +  -.lomr.]  Bold;  daring;  ndventiir- 
ouh;  incurring  liazard.     Hvc  rcniurr.'uime. 

Adtvnturesonie,  I  seinl 
Mv  herald  thought  Into  a  wllileriieHs. 

Hruts,  Kndymloii,  I. 

advonturesomenesB  (u'l-ven'twr-sum-neH),  «. 

'i'lii'  qiiiility  (if  being  biilil  and  vcnluri'siinic. 
adventuress  (ad-vcn'liir cs),   n.     (<  adventurer 
+  -<,vv. )     A  female  ailviiiluri'r ;  a  woman  cn- 
gagcil  in  or  capable  of  bold  enter|)riaeH,  espo- 
claily  enterpriaes  of  equivocal  chariiotor. 


adventuress 

It  might  be  very  well  for  I-ady  Bareacres  .  .  .  and  other 
ladies  ...  to  cry  ttti  at  the  idea,  oi  theoiWona  advflnturcits 
malung  her  curtsey  before  the  sovereign. 

TUackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xlviii. 

adventurous  (ail-veu'tur-us),  a.  [<  ME.  avcn- 
turuits,  (ici  iilun(.->.  (iiiiilrrous,  etc.,  <  OF.  avciitemti, 
F.  ar('iitunux=Vr.  (ir<)ituros  =  lt.  avvcnliiruno : 
see  udrenture,  ».,  and  -oms.]  1.  Inclined  or 
willing  to  incur  hazard  or  engage  in  adven- 
tures ;  bold  to  encounter  danger ;  daring ;  ven- 
turesome ;  courageous ;  enterprising. 
In  many  a  d«ul)tfiil  tight, 
Was  never  known  a  more  aiii-ent'roiis  Itniglit. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  2207. 

Th'  mlvcttturoits  l>aron  tiie  briglit  locl<s  admired. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  ii.  29. 

2.  Full  of  hazard  ;  attended  with  risk ;  exposing 
to  danger ;  requiring  courage  ;  hazardous :  as, 
an  Mlceiiturous  undertaking. 

Of  instrumental  harmony,  tliat  lireathed 
Heroic  ardour  to  adventuruus  deeds. 

Mittun,  P.  L.,  vi,  60. 
A  Greelc  temple  preserves  a  kind  of  fresli  immortality 
in  its  concentrated  refinement,  and  a  Gothic  cathedral  in 
its  adventurous  exuberance. 

H,  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  30. 
"  Syn.  1.  Adeetlturous,  Enterprising,  Rash,  Reckless,  Foot- 
Aardtf,  venturesome,  venturous.  The  adventurous  man 
incurs  risks  from  love  of  tlie  novel,  the  arduous,  and  the 
hold,  trusting  to  escape  tiirough  the  use  of  his  bodily  and 
mental  powers ;  he  would  measure  himself  against  difficult 
things.  When  tills  spirit  does  not  go  so  far  as  to  deserve 
the  name  of  raskness  or  /oolhardiness,  it  is  considered  a 
luanly  trait.  The  enterprising  man  is  alert  to  undertake 
new  and  large  things,  not  necessarily  involving  risk ;  he  is 
constantly  breaking  out  of  routine.  The  rash  man  hastens 
to  do  a  thing  with  little  thought  of  the  consequences,  and 
generally  in  the  heat  of  feeling.  With  the  foolhardy  man 
the  risks  are  so  great  and  the  absence  of  thought  is  so 
entire  that  he  seems  to  have  the  hardihood  of  the  fool. 
The  I'eckless  man  has  the  impetuosity  of  the  rash  man,  but 
he  is  more  careless  of  consequences.  The  rash  man  is 
too  precipitate  ;  the  reckless  man  shows  temerity ;  the 
foolhardy  man  is  careless  or  defiant  even  when  he  under- 
takes the  impossible. 

Commerce  is  unexpectedly  confident  and  serene,  alert, 
adventurous,  and  unwearied.       Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  130. 

There  have  not  been  wanting  enterprising  and  far-see- 
ing statesmen  who  have  attempted  to  control  and  direct 
the  Spirit  of  the  Age.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  80. 

He  is  rash,  and  very  sudden  in  choler,  and,  haply,  may 
strike  at  you.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

I  am  one,  my  liege, 
Whom  the  vile  blows  and  buffets  of  the  world 
Have  so  incens'd,  that  I  am  reckless  what 
I  do  to  spite  the  world.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 

The  .foolhardy  levity  of  shallow  infidelity  proceeds  from 
a  morbid  passion  for  notoriety,  or  the  malice  that  finds 
pleasure  in  annoyance.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  194. 

adventurously  (ad-ven'tur-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
adventurous  manner;  boldly;  daringly. 

They  are  both  hanged ;  and  so  would  this  be,  if  he  durst 
steal  anything  adventurously.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  4. 

adventurousness  (ad-ven'tur-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  adventurous ;  daring. 

adverb  (ad' verb),  ii.  [<  F.  adverbe,  <.  h.  adver- 
hium,  an  adverb  (a  tr.  of  Gr.  tTrtppri/ia,  an  ad- 
verb, something  additional  to  the  predication), 
<  ad,  to,  +  verbum,  a  woi'd,  verb:  see  verb.']  In 
firam.,  one  of  the  indeclinable  parts  of  speech: 
so  called  from  being  ordinarily  joined  to  verbs 
lor  the  pm'pose  of  limiting  or  extending  their 
signification,  but  used  also  to  qualify  adjectives 
and  other  aidverbs :  as,  I  readili/  admit ;  you 
speak  wi-iely;  very  cold;  naturally  brave;  very 
generally  acknowledged;  much  more  clearly. 
Adverbs  may  be  classified  as  follows :  (1)  Adverbs  of  place 
and  motion,  as  here,  there,  up,  out,  etc.  (2)  Of  time  and 
succession,  as  now,  then,  often,  ever,  etc.  (3)  Of  manner 
and  quality,  as  so,  thus,  well,  truly,  faithfully,  etc.  (4)  Of 
measure  and  degree,  as  much,  more,  very,  enough,  etc.  (5) 
Of  modality,  as  surely,  not,  perhaps,  therefore,  etc.  Often 
aiilircviated  adv. 

adverbial  (ad-ver'bi-al),  a.  [<  L.  adverbialis, 
iadrerbium,  adverb:  "see  adverb.]  1,  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  having  the  character  or  force  of,  an 
adverb. —  2.  Much  inclined  to  use  adverbs; 
given  to  limiting  or  qualifying  one's  state- 
ments.    [Bare.] 

He  is  also  wonderfully  adverbial  in  his  expressions,  and 
breaks  otf  with  a  "  Perhaps  "  and  a  nod  of  the  head  upon 
matters  of  the  most  inditterent  nature.  Taller,  Ko.  191. 
Adverbial  modality  (of  a  proposition),  in  logic,  modal- 
ity expressed  by  an  adverb  :  as,  offenses  necessarily  come  : 
opposed  to  nominal  mudalil)/,  wliich  is  expressed  by  an 
adjective :  as,  it  is  necessary  tliat  offenses  should  come.— 
Adverbial  phrase,  or  adverb-phrase,  a  collocation  of 
two  or  more  woi-ds  in  a  sentence  having  conjointly  the 
grammatical  force  of  an  adverb.  The  most  distinct  ad- 
verbial phrases  consist  of  a  preposition  and  a  noun  or  a 
word  used  as  a  noun,  with  or  without  adjuncts,  as  on  the 
whole,  ill  rerji  deed,  by  the  way,  by  chance,  of  eotirse.  In 
this  dictionary  many  such  phrases  in  common  use  are  de- 
fined under  their  principal  words.  Many  elliptical  phrases 
without  a  preposition  are  in  reality  adverbial,  but  are  not 
usually  treated  as  such :  as,  he  goes  tnere  even/  day ;  this 
is  nmny  times  larger  than  that.  Some  phrases  have  been 
jnade  compound  adverbs  by  coalescence,  as  indeed,  per- 


87 

chance,  nevertheless,  nowadays.  See  prepoHtional  phrase, 
under  prepositional. 

adverbiality  (ad-vi^r-bi-al'i-ti),  n.  [<  adverbial 
+  -tty  :  =  F.  adi'erbialite.]  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  adverbial ;  adverbial  form  of  expres- 
sion.    X.  E.  I). 

adverbialize  (ad-vor'bi-al-iz),  v.  t. ;  prat,  and 
pp.  adrcrbialised,  ppr.  adverbialisiny.  [<  adver- 
bial +  -i:e.']  To  give  the  form  or  force  of  an 
advcH'b  to  ;  use  as  an  adverb. 

adverbially  (ad-vcr'bi-al-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner or  with  the  force  or  character  of  an  ad- 
verb ;  as  an  adverb. 

adversaria  (ad-ver-sa'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [L.  (se. 
scripta),  miscellaneous  notes,  memoranda,  lit. 
writings  lying  before  one's  eyes,  <  adversarius, 
turned  toward,  being  in  front  of,  standing  op- 
posite :  see  advers<tryj\  A  miscellaneous  col- 
lection of  notes,  remarks,  or  selections  ;  a  com- 
monplace-book ;  memoranda  or  annotations. 

These  ijarchments  are  supposed  to  have  been  St.  Paul's 
adversaria.  Bp.  Bull,  Sermons. 

adversarious  (ad-ver-sa'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  adver- 
sariiis  :  see  adversary.']  Adverse;  hostile. 
adversary  (ad'ver-s^-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  ad- 
versary, advcrsaric  (also  adversere,  <  AF.  ad- 
verser, OF.  adversier,  aversier,  mod.  F.  advcr- 
saire),  <  L.  adversarius,  a.,  standing  opposite 
or  opposed  to,  turned  toward,  <  adversarius,  n., 
antagonist,  opjionent,  <  adversus,  opposite  :  see 
adrerse,  a.]  I.  a.  1.  Opposed;  opposite  to; 
adverse:  antagonistic:  as,  " adversary  torces," 
Bp.  King.  [Rareorobsolete.] — 2.  In  toH',  hav- 
ing an  opposing  party,  in  contradistinction  to 
unoppuscd :  as,  an  adversary  suit. 

II.  n.  ;   pi.   adnersaries  (ad'ver-sa-riz).      1. 
One  who  acts  adversely  or  inimioally ;  an  mi- 
friendly  opponent  or  antagonist;  an  enemy. 
The  Lord  will  take  vengeance  on  his  adversaries. 

Nahuni  i.  2. 
We  carry  private  and  domestic  enemies  within,  public 
and  more  hostile  adversaries  without. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  7. 

Specifically — 2.  [cap.]  The  devil;  Satan  as 
the  general  enemy  of  mankind :  as,  the  wiles 
of  the  Adversary. — 3.  An  opponent  in  a  eon- 
test  ;  one  who  contends  against  another  or 
strives  for  victory  ;  a  contestant. 

Agree  with  thine  adversary  quickly,  .  .  .  lest  at  any 
time  the  adversary  deliver  thee  to  the  judge.     Mat.  v.  25. 
Forsaketh  yet  the  lists 
By  reason  of  his  adversary's  odds. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  6. 
The  adversaries  may  consult  as  to  a  fresh  deal  [in  whist). 
American  Hoyle,  p.  2. 
=  Syn.  lands.  Adversary,  Antagonist, Opponent, Enemy, 
Foe.  These  words  vary  in  strength  according  as  they  ex- 
press spirit,  action,  or  relation.  A  foe  has  most  of  the  spirit 
of  enmity,  or  is  actively  hostile.  The  word  is  more  used  in 
poetry  than  in  prose.  Enemy,  as  denoting  an  opponent  in 
war,  or  a  member  of  an  opposing  party,  does  not  necessarily 
imply  personal  hostility.  Opponent,  adversary,  and  antago- 
nist are  less  severe  in  their  opposition,  and  need  have  no  an- 
imosity. Opponent  is  often  a  passive  word  ;  antagonist  is 
always  active  and  personal.  A  man  may  be  our  opponent 
in  an  argument  or  a  lawsuit,  our  adversary  in  a  game,  as 
chess,  our  antagonist  in  a  wrestling-  or  boxing-nnitch,  or 
other  occasion  of  strenuous  exertion :  the  choice  between 
the  three  words  depends  chiefiy  upon  the  measure  of  ac- 
tivity involved.  In  the  Bible,  adversary  covers  the  mean- 
ing of  all  five  words. 

I  will  be  .  .  .  an  adversary  to  thine  adversaries. 

Ex.  xxiii.  22. 
He  that  wrestles  with  us  strengthens  our  nerves  and 
sharpens  our  skill.    Our  antagonist  is  our  helper. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

In  the  Socratic  way  of  dispute  you  agree  to  everything 
your  opponent  advances.         Addison,  Spectator,  No.  239. 

If  they  are  spared  by  the  humanity  of  the  enemy  and 

carried  from  the  field,  it  is  but  a  prolongation  of  torment. 

R.  Hall,  Mod.  Infidelity. 

Those  who  are  national  or  political  enemies  are  often 

private  friends.  Crabb. 

No  man's  liefects  sought  they  to  know 

So  never  m.ade  themselves  a/oc.         Prior,  Epitaph. 

adversaryt  (ad'ver-sa-ri),  v.  t.  [<  adversary,  a.] 
To  antagonize ;  oppose. 

To  give  any  retorting  accounts  of  the  principal  persons 
who  thus  adrer.mried  him.    C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chl'is.,  ii.  12. 

adversationt  (ad-ver-sa'shon),  n.  [<  L.  adver- 
satio(n-),<.a(trersari,  pp.  adversatus,  oppose :  see 
adverse,  v.]  The  state  of  being  adverse;  ad- 
verseness ;  opposition  ;  hostility. 

adversative  (ad-ver'sa-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL. 
adversativus.  <  adversaiiis,  pp.  of  adversari,  op- 
pose: see  adverse,  v.]  l.a.  1.  Expressing  ilififer- 
enee,  contrariety,  opposition,  or  antithesis  :  as, 
an  adversative  conjunction.  In  the  sentence,  he  is 
an  honest  man,  Init  a  fanatic,  but  has  an  adversative  force, 
and  is  called  an  adversative  conjunction,  and  the  whole 
proposition  is  called  an  adversative  proposition. 
2t.  Of  adverse  nature  ;  inimical. 


advert 

II.  n.  A  word  or  proposition  denoting  con- 
trariety or  opjiosition. 
adversatively  (ad-ver'sa-tiv-li),  adv.      In   an 

advcrsnt  ivc!  (jr  opposing  manner. 
adverse  (ad'vers,  sometimes  ad-vers'),  a.     [< 
ME.  adverse,  <  OF.  advers,  earlier  avers,  auvers, 
F.  tidver.se  =  Pr.  adverse  =  Sp.  Pg.  adver.io  = 
It.   a  V versa,   <  L.    adversus,   earlier    advorsus, 
turned  toward,  over  against,  opposite,  opposed, 
pp.  of  advertcre,  earlier  adrxrrtere,  turn  to :  see 
advert.]     1.  Being  or  acting  in  a  contrary  di- 
rection ;  opposed  or  opposing  in  position  or 
course ;    opposite ;    confronting :    most    com- 
monly used  of  hurtful  or  hostile  opposedness, 
but  sometimes  of  mere  opposition  in  space. 
With  adverse  blast  upturns  tliem  from  the  south 
Notus.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  701. 

Thus  marching  to  the  trumpet's  lofty  soimd. 
Drawn  in  two  lines  adverse  they  whcel'd  around. 

Dryden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  2B0. 
He  looked  upon  the  bright  green  slope,  that  skirts  the 
adverse  bills. 

Blackie,  Lays  of  Highlands,  p.  167.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  Antagonistic  in  purpose  or  effect;  opposite; 
hostile  ;  inimical :  as,  an  adverse  party ;  ad- 
verse criticism. 

The  spirit  of  personal  invective  is  peculiarly  adverse  to 
the  coolness  of  rhetoric.  De  Qtiincey,  lihetoric. 

Error  ia  adverse  to  human  happiness. 

//.  Silencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  238. 

3.  Opposing  desire ;  contrary  to  the  wishes  or 
to  supposed  good;  hence,  unfortunate;  calam- 
itous ;  unprosperous :  as,  adverse  fate  or  cir- 
cumstances. 

He  lived,  we  are  told,  to  experience  sport  of  adverse  for- 
tune. Merivale,  Roman  Empire,  xlii. 

In  studying  the  minor  poets,  we  see  with  especial  clear- 
ness the  adverse  iiiHuenees  of  a  transition  era,  composite 
though  it  be.  Stednmn,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  28. 

4.  In  bot,  turned  toward  the  axis :  the  opposite 
of  averse,  but  rarely  used.  See  anatro])ous. 
[The  early  botanists  used  the  term  in  the  sense 
of  opposite.]  —Adverse  leaf,  a  leaf  which  has  its  up- 
per surface  turned  toward  the  stem. — Adverse  posses- 
sion, in  law,  occupancy  of  realty  as  if  by  right  witlxjut 
molestation,  which  may  at  length  ripen  into  a  sufficient 
title. — Adverse  radicle,  in  bot.,  a  radicle  turned  toward 
the  hilum,  as  in  anatropous  seeds.    Beeanatropous.=%ya. 

1.  Opposite,  contrary,  unfavorable. — 2.  Averse,  Inimical, 
etc.  See  hostile. — 3.  Unfortunate,  unlucky,  calamitous, 
untoward,  disastrous. 

adverset  (ad-v6rs'),  v.  t.     [<  L.  adversari,  op- 
pose, <  adverstis,  opposite  :  see  adverse,  a.]   To 
oppose. 
Fortune  should  him  adverse.     Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii. 

adversely  (ad'vers-li),  adv.  In  an  adverse 
manner  ;  oppositely  ;  inimieally  ;  offensively ; 
unfortunately ;  unprosperously  ;  in  a  manner 
contrary  to  desire  or  success. 

If  the  drink  you  give  me  touch  my  palate  adversely,  I 
make  a  crooked  face  at  it.  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  1. 

adverseness  (ad'vers-nes),  H.     1.  Opposition; 

repugnance. 

This  would  account  for  an  adverseness  to  all  our  over- 
tures for  peace.  Hallam. 

2.  Adversity;  unprosperousness :  as,  adverse- 
ness of  circumstances. 

adversifoliate  (ad-ver-si-fo'U-at),  a.     [<  L.  ad- 
versus, opposite,  -I-  folium,  leaf,  -I-  -ate^.]     In 
bot.,  having  opposite  leaves:  applied  to  plants 
where  the  leaves  are  arranged  opposite  to  each 
other  on  the  stem. 
adversifolious  (ad-ver-si-fo'li-us),  a.     [As  ad- 
versifoU-ate  +  -ous.]     Same  as  adversifoliate. 
adversiont  (ad-ver'shgn),  «.    [<  L.  adversio(n-), 
a  turning  to,  <  advertcre,  pp.  adversus,  turn  to: 
see  advert.]    AtteuHon;  perception. 
The  soul  bestoweth  her  adversion 
On  something  else. 

Dr.  n.  More,  Phil.  Poems,  p.  294. 

adversity  (ad-ver'si-ti),  n.;  pi.  adversities  {-tiz). 
[<  ME.  adversite,  <  OP.  adversiteit.  adversittt, 
aversitet,  <  L.  adversita{t-)s,  <  adversus,  adverse: 
see  adverse,  a.]  1.  Adverse  fortune  or  fate:  a 
condition  or  state  marked  by  misfortune,  calam- 
ity, distress,  or  unhappiness. 

Sweet  are  the  uses  of  adversity, 

Wliich,  like  the  toad,  ugly  an^  venomous. 

Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  his  head. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  1. 

2.  An  unfortunate  event  or  circumstance ;  an 
ill  chance ;  a  misfortune  or  calamity :  generally 
in  the  plm-al. 

Ye  have  this  day  rejected  your  God,  who  himself  saved 
you  out  of  ail  your  adversities.  1  Sam.  x.  19. 

=  Syn.  Trouble,  distress,  misery,  disaster,  woe,  ill  luck. 
advert  (ad-verf),  V.  [<  ME.  adverten,  averten, 
<  OF.  avertir,  Isbter  advertir,  "to  inform,  eerti- 
fie,  advertise,"  etc.  (Cotgrave),  <  L.  advertcre, 
earlier  advortcre,  turn  toward ;  animum  adver- 
tcre (see  animadvert),  or  simply  advertcre,  tur» 


advert 

the  mind  toward,  advert  to,  notice,  regard ;  < 
ad,  to,  +  vertere,  earlier  tortere,  turn:  see  ver- 
tex, vortex,  terse,  etc.  Cf.  advertise.']  I.  vi- 
trans.  1.  To  tnm  the  miud;  fix  the  attention; 
give  or  pay  heed:  with  to,  and  sometimes  «j>oh, 
hefore  the  object  of  attention. 

He  was  so  strangely  adrisable  that  lie  would  advert  unto 
the  judgement  of  the  meanest  pei-son. 

'     ^  Bp.  Fell,  Life  of  Hammond. 

As  I  cannot  be  conscious  of  what  I  do  not  perceive,  so  I 
do  not  perceire  that  which  I  do  not  advert  upon.  That 
which  makes  me  feel  makes  me  odiert 

W.  Wotlaslon,  Religion  of  >ature,  ii. 
Even  these  primaeval  mountains 
Teach  the  adverting  mind. 

SItelley,  Mont  Blanc,  iv. 

2.  To  turn  the  attention  in  speech  or  writing ; 
make  a  remark  or  remarks  (about  or  in  relation 
to) :  with  to,  and  formerly  sometimes  on  or  upon, 
before  the  subject  of  remark:  as,  he  adverted 
briefly  to  the  occurrences  of  the  day. 

I  will  only  adtxrt  to  some  leading  points  of  the  argu- 
jaent.  Emerson,  Am.  civilization. 

=Syn.  2.  Advtrt  (to).  Refer  (}o).  JHH<fe(to),  Hi/iif  (at),  re 


88 

His  Ma*^,  being  advertix'd  of  some  disturbance,  forbore 
to  go  to  the  Lord  Maiors  shew  and  feast  appointed  ne.\t 
day.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  28,  1662. 

One  does  not  need  to  advertise  tlie  squirrels  where  the 
nut-trees  are.      Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  127. 

3.  To  give  infonnation  to  the  public  concern- 
ing; make  public  intimation  or  announcement 
of°  by  publication  in  periodicals,  by  printed 
bills,  etc.,  as  of  anything  for  sale,  lost  or  found, 
a  meeting,  an  entertainment,  or  the  like. 

It  [the  Caniival]  was  advertised  to  begin  at  halt  past  two 
o'clock  of  a  certain  Saturday. 

H,  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  113. 

=Syn.  2.  To  apprise,  inform.— 3.  To  make  known,  an- 
nounce, proclaim,  promulgate,  publish. 

n.  intratis.  If.  To  take  note;  take  heed; 
consider. 

Not  advertising  who  speaketh  the  words,  but  rather 
what  is  said,     /"n!/!,  Disput.  Purg.(1829),  p.  83.  (X.E.D.) 

2.  To  make  public  announcement  of  anything 
of  which  it  is  desired  to  inform  the  public  ;  an- 
nounce one's  wishes  or  intentions  by  advertise- 
ment: as,  to  advertise  for  something  that  is 
wanted 


rntaa;."v??t1uS.°°^-f  ^ort^ilrf  ^^ruse^^'o^f  advertisement  (ad-v6r'tiz-ment  or  ad-ver-tiz' 


animadvert  (upon).  . 

the  speaker  in  the  conduct  of  his  discourse.  Advert,  to 
turn  to  a  thing  directly  and  plainly,  perhaps  abruptly,  so 
that  the  hearer's  attention  is  fixed  upon  it  for  a  time. 
Refer  implies  a  lighter  treatment  than  advert.  Allude, 
to'  play  upon,  is  a  still  more  delicate  reference  to  some- 
thing that  is  well  enough  known  to  make  an  allusion 
suflicient,  or  is  too  much  a  matter  of  sensitiveness  to  per- 
mit the  speaker  to  advert,  or  even  refer,  to  it  plainly ; 
for  these  or  other  reasons,  the  mention  is  slight  or  indefi- 
nite. A  still  lighter  reference  is  expressed  by  Ai;i(  (at). 
See  hint,  v. 

When  ...  a  well-dressed  gentleman  in  a  well-dressed 
company  can  advert  to  the  topic  of  female  old  age  with- 
out exciting,  and  intending  to  excite,  a  sneer.  Lamb. 

I  proceed  to  another  affection  of  our  nature  which  bears 
stroug  testimony  to  our  being  bom  for  religion.  I  refer 
to  the  emotion  which  leads  us  to  revere  what  is  higher 
than  ourselves.  C/ianning,  Perfect  Life,  p.  11. 

There  is  one  Principle  of  the  Gospel,  which  constitutes 
its  very  essence,  to  which  I  have  not  even  alluded. 

Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  273. 

And  one,  in  whom  all  enl  fancies  clung 
Like  8cri>ent  eggs  together,  laughingly 
Would  hint  at  worse  in  either. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

n.t  trans.  1.  To  turn  the  mind  or  attention 
to ;  take  note  of ;  observe. 

Adcertinrj  his  father's  dear-bought  experience. 

'Wai/ntaffe,  Vind.  Carol,  Int., p.  12.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  advise,  warn,  or  counsel. 

1  can  no  more,  but  in  iny  name,  advert 
All  earthly  powers  beware  of  tyrant's  heart. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  442. 

advertence  (ad-ver'tens),  n.  [<  ME.  advertence, 
adrtrttn.i,  <  Oh\  advertence,  earlier  avcrtancr. 
<  ML.  advertentia,  <  L.  adverten(i-)s :  see  adver- 
tent.] A  turning  or  directing  of  the  mind ;  at- 
tention; notice;  consideration;  heed;  refer- 
ence. 

.Such  a  process  cf  reasoning  is  more  or  less  implicit,  and 
without  the  direct  and  full  a<fi>er(enc«  of  the  iiihiil  exer. 
cialuK  it.  J.  //.  Newman,  Oram,  of  Assent. 

Gmlwin  .  .  .  writes,  with  advertence  to  the  days  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  that,  etc.  /■'.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng. 

advertency  (ad-vtr' ten-si),  H.  [As  advertence : 
fcfi;  -rncii.  ]  The  aft  or  habit  of  being  advertent 
or  atlintive  ;  attentiveness  ;  heedfulness. 
advertent  (ad-vfcr'tent),  a.  [<  L.  adverten(t-)s. 
|i|.r.  of  udrertere,  aclvert:  see  advert.]  Atten- 
tive ;  heedful. 
Adrerlent  lest  he  should  be  deceived. 

Sir^f.  Hale,  Wisdom  nf  fiod. 

advertently  (ad-vi'-r'tent-li),  adv.  In  an  ud- 
vcrteut  luuuner;  with  direct  attention  or  inten- 
tion. 

I'h'?  ImprcMlon  produced  on  the  mind  Is  altogether  dif- 
ferent, nii'l  that  which  Lord  Macaulny  adverlenilt/  avoliletl 
ii.iiv.yiMi-.  I'.  Hall,  False  I'lillc.l.,  p.  .■)«. 

advertise  (n'Vvi'r-tiz   or  ad-v^r-ti/.',  formerly 
nd-vir'liz;,  r. ;  j.n  (.  and  pp.  advertised.  y\iT.  aa- 
•  l.  I-;,  also  advertize,  <  AIK.  adver- 
-ijur-n,  <  OF.  adverliss;  avertins-, 
1  pnrtu  nf  atlrrrlir,  arrrlir,  mod. 
'   .  warn.  adiiioniHli,  <  Jj. 
■  it,    'IMif  Huflix  -i.se  Iiiis 

.k  uholish,  poliult,  ravish, 

L  trant.   i,\.  'I'o  toko  note  of ;  notice ; 


fM'. 

bax' 
V.  ' 
ad<. 
the  • 
etc.) 
olworvo. 

Vrl  l«  »■•  ■ 
Uiey  ^  "' 

8.  To  i. 
gence  I" 
of  nonnlii 
my  intrn'i 
I  »ni  a<fr, 


Hint  it  In  In  diusn  rctpt  i  la  that 

.  u-   I  If,    ,.  ■JM,    (\   /•;.  /),) 

I  .  or  iiitdlli- 


fuLu 


tut, 


•  ■      I  ■  Hciit  cviiit,  or 
I  uiivorlUcd  him  of 


pcwiplf  In  th«  UtUr  day* 


'u»  Ih"''  wliat  thU  people  will 


Nun 


III  to  tliy 
iilv.  14. 


ment),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  advertizement,  < 
M£.  advertisement,  avertisement,  <  OF.  advrr- 
tissement,  avertisseiiient,  <  avertir :  see  adverti.se 
&nd.-ment.]  If.  Attention;  observation;  heed. 
—  2t.  Instruction;  warning;  intelligence. 

That  is  an  advertisement  to  a  proper  maid  ...  to  take 
heed.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 

Tot  this  advertisement  is  five  days  old. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

3.  A  giving  of  notice  or  information ;  notifica- 
tion; specific  inteUigenee  about  anything:  as, 
a  publisher's  advertisement  prefixed  to  a  ' 
(as  part  of  it).  [Now  rare.] — 4.  A  notice  or 
an  annotineement  made  public  by  handbill,  pla- 
card, or  similar  means,  or,  as  formerly,  liy  pro- 
clamation, as  by  a  town  crier;  specifically,  a 
paid  notice  of  any  kind  inserted  in  a  news- 
paper or  other  public  print. 

[The  band)  with  noisy  advertisement,  by  means  of  brass, 
wood,  and  sheepskin,  makes  the  circuit  of  our  startled 
village  streets.     Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 

Announcements  in  the  public  journals  known  as  ncf rcr- . 
tisements  appeared  while  journalism  was  in  its  infancy. 

Am.  Cyc.,  I.  137. 

5.  A  bringing  into  public  notice  or  attention ; 

publicity;  notoriety. 

All  these  matters  have  given  the  federation  great  ad- 
vertisement. A'.  A.  Iti-v.,  C.KLIII.  2'2U. 

Often  abbreviated  ad.,  adv.,  or  advt. 
Foreclosure  by  advertisement.    See  forcdom  re. 

advertiser  (ad'vcr-ti-zer  or  ad-v6r-ti'z6r),  n. 
One  wlio  or  that  which  advertises. 

advertising  (ad'ver-ti-zing  or  ad-v6r-ti'zing, 
fonuerly  jul-ver'tiz-ing),  n.  [Formerly  also 
advcrti-inf/;  -verhiiin.  ot  advertise.]  If.  Noti- 
fication; information.— 2.  The  act  or  practice 
of  bringing  anj'thing,  as  one's  wants  or  one's 
business,  into  public  notice,  as  by  paid  an- 
nouncements in  periodicals,  or  by  hanilbills, 
placards,  etc.:  as,  to  secure  custonicrs  by  ad- 
vertisinfi.  Often  used  attributively:  as,  an  of/- 
vcrtisint)  agent ;  an  advertisintj  scheme ;  an  ad- 
vertising medium. 

advertising  (ad'ver-ti-zing  or  ad-v6r-ti'zing, 
I'oniicrly  nil-vcr'tiz-ing),  p.  a.  If.  Attentive; 
adverting;  giving  attention. 

An  1  was  then 
Adverlisiii'i,  and  holy  to  .voilr  IniKiness, 
>ot  chnngiiig  heart  with  habit.  I  am  ullll 
Attorney'd  at  your  service!.    .Slnil..,  .M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 
2.  Oiving  public  notice;  ]iubli.>iliingadvertiKe- 
inciits:  lis,  till'  advirtisiiHi  public. 

advice  (ml-vis';,  n.  [Kaily  moil.  E.  also  ad- 
vi.ie,  <  lato  Ml'!,  advyse,  ailvys,  carMc:  aru.i,avis, 
<  OF.  avis  (F.  avis  =  l'r.  «r'(.s  =  «p.  I'(J.  aviso  = 
It.  avviso),  <  ML.  advi.mm,  view,  opinion,  ncut. 
pp.  of  advidere,  look  to,  advise,  <.\j.  ad,  to,  -I- 
rWf'CC,  boo:  nvorision.  The  mod.  siiclliiit;  has 
ail-  restored  for  einiiir  "-,  and  -v  t'nr  iiiiiier 
and  orig.  -.v.]  1.  An  opinion  reciiiiiinciiiled,  or 
olTcred,  as  worthy  to  bo  followed ;  counsel  ; 
HiiggeHtion. 

What  adviee  give  ye  7  2  Cliri.n.  x.  (p. 

2.  Deliberate  consideration;  reflection;  cogi- 
tation. 

And  that's  not  midilenly  to  lio  porform'd, 
Hut  witli  advice  and  silent  msTccy. 

Shak..  2  Hen.  VI.,  II.  2. 

3.  Infonnation  ;  notice  ;  int^dligenco  ;  »  com- 
mnnlcation,  oHpociolly  from  a  distance,  con- 
taining infonnation  :  as,  to  receive  advice  of  a 
eoiiiiiig  Htorm,  or  n</i'ic(.i  from  abroad.  [Mont 
coiiiinonly  in  tlio  |iliiral.] 


advised 

[The  Armada]  is  sailed. 
Our  last  advices  so  report. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  ii.  2. 

Specifically — 4.  In  com.,  a  notification  by  one 
person  to  another  in  respect  to  a  business  trans- 
action iu  which  they  are  mutually  engaged,  as 
information  given  by  one  party  to  another,  by 
letter,  as  to  the  bills  or  drafts  drawn  upon  him ; 
foi'mal  oflicial  notice.— To  take  advice,  to  consult 
with  others  ;  specifically,  to  consult  one  who  has  a  special 
knowledge  of  a  subject ;  take  the  opinion  of  a  profes- 
siunal  orskilled  person,  as  a  physician,  lawyer,  or  the  like. 
=  Syn.  1.  Admonition,  recommendation,  exhortation,  per- 
suiision. —  3,  Intelligence,  Tidings,  etc.  (see  jicmvj),  word, 
notification. 

advice-boat  (ad-vis'bot),  n.  A  STtift  vessel 
employed  for  earrj-iug  despatches  or  informa- 
tion, or  for  reconnoitering. 

ad'Vie'Wt  (ad-%'u'),  r.  t.  [Later  form  of  aview, 
■nith  restored  prefix  «rf-:  see  (U'i'cK;.]  Same  as 
avieic. 

advisability  (ad-'vi-zar-'biri-ti),  n.  [<  advisable : 
see  -hilittj.]  The  quality  of  tjeing  advisable  or 
expedient;  advisableuess ;  expediency. 

Mr.  Benjamin  Allen  was  holding  a  hurried  consultation 
with  Mr.  Bob  Sawyer  on  the  advisability  of  bleeding  the 
company  generally.  Dickem,  Pickwick. 

advisable  (ad-'vi'za-bl),  a.     [<  atlvise  +  -aide.] 

1.  Proper  to  be  advised ;  prudent;  expedient; 
proper  to  be  done  or  practised. 

Some  judge  it  advisable  for  a  man  to  account  with  his 
lieart  every  day;  and  this,  no  doubt,  is  the  best  and  surest 
course.  .South,  Sermons. 

2.  Open  to  or  desirous  of  advice ;  capable  of 
being  influenced  by  advice.     [Rare.] 

Pray  for  an  advisable  and  teachable  temper. 
tVesley,  in  Four  Cent,  of  Eng.  Letters,  p.  231.    (.V.  E.  D.) 
=  Syn.  1.  i^it,  desirable,  wise,  best. 
book  advisableness(ad--si'za-bl-nes),)i.  The  quality 
of  being  advisable  or  expedient ;  ad\-isability. 
advisably  (ad-vi'za-bli),  adv.     In  an  advisable 
niaiuier;  ■with  advice. 

ad'Visatory  (ad-vi'za-to-ri),  o.  Pertaining  to 
an  ad^^se^,  or  to  the  gi\ing  of  advice ;  advis- 
ing; adrisory.     [Rare.] 

Though  in  recent  times  Church  dignitaries  do  not  ac. 
lively  participate  in  war.  yet  their  advisatory  function  re- 
specting it— often  prompting  rather  than  restraining  — 
lias  not  even  now  ceased. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  .'iociol.,  §  492. 

ad'Vise  (ad--\-iz'),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  advised,  ppr. 
advisinii.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  advice,  advji.^e, 
avizc,  <  late  ME.  advysen,  earlier  avisen,  <  OF. 
aviscr,  rarely  adviser,  F.  aviser  =  Pr.  Sj>.  Pg. 
avi.'<ar  =  It.  avvisarc,  <  ML.  ndrisare,  advise,  in- 
form, give  notice  to ;  from  the  noun,  ML.  ad- 
risiim,  OF.  avis,  etc.:  see  adiicc.]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  look  at ;  -s-iew. 

They  advised  you  well  and  their  eie  was  never  olf,  won- 
dering to  see  your  rich  purple  robes. 

Holland,  tr.  of  I'lutanb's  .Mor.,  p.  96.     (.V.  E.  II.) 

2.  To  give  coiuiscl  to ;  offer  an  opinion  to,  as 
worthy  or  expedient  to  be  followed :  as,  I  ad- 
rise  you  to  bo  cautious  of  speculation. — 3.  To 
recommend  as  wise,  prudent,  etc. ;  suggest  as 
the  proper  com-so  of  action :  as,  under  these 
circumstances  wo  advise  abstinence. 
I'll  do  what  Jlead  and  Cheselden  advise, 
To  keep  these  limbs  and  to  preserve  these  eyes. 

Pupe,  Iniit.  Hor.icc,  1.  i.  .II. 

4.  To  give  infoi-mation  to  ;  conmiunicate  no- 
tice to  ;  make  acquainted  with  :  followed  by  ()/" 
before  the  thing  coiiiiiiunicated :  as,  the  iner- 
<'hants  were  iidvi.'icil  o/tlie  risk. 

So  soon  as  1  shall  return  to  the  settled  country,  I  shall 
advise  you  (/  it.  Monroe,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  4fi2. 
-Syn.  2.  To  counsel,  admonish,  suggest  (to),  rcconimenil 
(lo),     4.    to  iiifonn.  apprise,  acipmiiit, 

II.  intrnns.  If.  To  deliberate ;  take  thought; 
consider;  reflect:  sometimes  usivl  rctlc.\ivcly. 

Ailrise,  and  see  what  answer  I  shall  return  to  hini  that 
sent  me.  2  Sam.  xxlv.  l.'t. 

Advise  Ihysil I' i>t  whnl  wi'vd  I  uliall  bring  again  to  him 
Unit  sent  inc.  1  Chron.  xxl.  12. 

.Advise  you  what  you  say  ;  the  minister  Is  here. 

.Shak..  T.  N.,  iv.  ■-'. 

2.  Tot  like  couiisol;  .ioin  others  in  deliberating: 
seek  the  iidvice  <d'  niiotlicr  iir  olhers:  followed 
by  villi :  as,  1  shall  ailrisr  with  my  friends  as 
to  what  is  to  1)0  done. 

.4ifi-ijri;t(/  vith  me  ofU>n  as  to  projected  chnngos,  bIio 
was  Hoinellnu'S  more  ronscrvatlve  than  myself. 

//.  .lames,  Jr.,  Pass.   I'llgriln.  p.  134. 

3.  To  counsel;  give  advice:  as,  1  will  act  as 
you  advise. 

I  Advise  and  Itx  derivatives  have  been  useil  by  old  wrltcirc 
III  a  iinniher  of  other  applications  connected  with  the  no- 
tloiiM  of  seeing,  viewing,  relh-cting,  et(\,  suggested  liy  the 

elyioiilogy.l 

advised  fad-vi/.d'),  ;i.  ((.  It.  Cautions;  pni- 
ilcnt  ;  noting  with  deliberation. 

Willi  the  well  advised  Is  wlBiloin.  Prov.  xlll.  10. 

Lotlilmbo.  .  .  odituicdln  hlsanswora.     Zlacon,  Kssays. 


advised 

S.  Marked  by  or  resulting  from  advice  or  delib- 
eration; considerate  or  considered;  prudent; 
expedient:  now  used  chiefly  in  composition 
with  well  or  ill:  as,  a  well-advised  movement; 
your  conduct  is  very  ill-advised. 

We  liave  no  express  purpose  .  .  .  nor  any  advised  de- 
terniiiuition.  Hooker,  Works,  I.  49. 

advisedly  (ad-vi'zed-li),  adv.  With  advice  or 
deliberation;  heedfuUy;  i)urposeIy;  by  design: 
as,  I  speak  advisedly ;  an  enterprise  adcisedly 
undertaken. 

advlsedness  (ad-vi'zed-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  advised  ;  deliberate  consideration ;  pru- 
dent procedure. 

advisement  (ad-viz'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  avise- 
ment,  <  OF.  avisement  =  Pr.  arisament  =  Pg. 
avisamento  =  It.  arrisaincnto ;  from  the  verb: 
see  advise  and  -meni.2     If.  Coimsel ;  advice. 

I  will,  according  to  your  advisement,  declare  the  evils 
which  seem  most  hurtful.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

2.  Deliberation;  circumspection;  consultation: 
now  used  chiefly  in  the  phrase  under  advisement. 

Among  those  that  do  all  things  with  advisement  there 
is  wisdom.  Prov.  xili.  10  (trans.  1539). 

I  have  not  decided  against  a  proclamation  of  liberty  to 
the  slaves,  but  hold  the  matter  under  advisement. 

Lineoln,  in  Haymond,  p.  215. 

adviser  (ad- vi'z6r),  ».  [<  odrise -t- -cT-l.  Cf. 
ML.  advisor.'}  One  who  gives  advice  or  ad- 
monition ;  also,  in  a  bad  sense,  one  who  insti- 
gates or  persuades.  Specifically,  in  politics,  one  of 
the  counselors  or  ministers  about  a  ruler,  who  may  or  may 
not  be  legally  responsible  for  their  superiors  official  acts. 
In  the  United  .States  government  the  official  advisers  of 
the  President  are  the  heads  of  the  various  departments, 
collectively  called  the  Cabinet.  He  requests  their  opin- 
ions in  accordance  with  custom,  but  not  through  any  pro- 
vision of  the  Constitution.  In  England,  until  the  middle 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  the  Privy  Council  formed  the 
King's  executive  advisers.  This  body,  greatly  enlarged,  is 
now  summoned  in  full  only  upon  extraordinary  occasions, 
and  the  ordinary  advisers  of  the  crown  are  those  members 
of  the  ministry  who  constitute  the  Cabinet,  which  is  in 
effect  a  committee  of  the  Privy  Council.  The  responsi- 
bility rests  with  the  ministry,  and  not  with  the  sovereign. 
See  cabinet,  and  privy  council,  under  council. 

advisership  (ad-\i'zer-ship),  n.  The  ofSee  of 
an  adviser.     [Rare.] 

advising  (ad-\i'zing),  «.     Advice;  counsel. 
Fasten  your  ear  on  my advisinps.    Sha/c.,  M.  for  If.,  iii.  1. 

advisot  (ad-vi'z6),  n.     [With  orig.  ad-  for  a-, 

<  Sp.  Pg.  aviso  =zlt.  avviso:  see  advice.}  1. 
Advice ;  suggestion ;  information  given  :  as, 
"  counsels  and  advisos,"  Jniitlock,  Manners  of 
English,  p.  176. —  2.  .An  advice-  or  despatch- 
boat;  an  aviso. 

advisory  (ad-vi'zo-ri),  a.     [<  advise  +  -ory.} 

Pertaining  to  or  giving  advice ;  having  power 

to  advise :  as,  their  opinion  is  only  advisory;  an 

advisory  council. 

The  powers  of  both  these  bodies  are  merely  advisory. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  356. 
The  general  association  has  a  general  advisory  superin- 
tendence over  all  the  ministers  and  churches. 

B.  Trumbull,  Hist.  Conn. 

ad  viVTim  (ad  vi'vum).  [L. :  ad,  to;  vivum,  ace. 
neut.  of  vivus,  alive:  see  vivid.']  To  the  life; 
lifelike ;  strikingly  exact  or  good :  said  of  por- 
traits, etc. 

advocacy  (ad' v6-ka-si),  n. ;  pl.t  advocacies  (siz). 
[<  ME.  advocacye,  i  OF.  advocatie,  advocacie,  ad- 
vocassie,  <  ML.  advocatia,  <  L.  advocatus,  advo- 
cate: see  advocate,  n.,  and  -acy.']  1.  The  act 
of  pleading  for,  supporting,  or  recommending; 
active  espousal. 

His  advocacy  or  denunciation  of  a  measure  is  to  affect 
for  evil  or  good  the  condition  of  millions. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  193. 

2t.  A  lawsuit;  a  plea  or  pleading:  as,  " advo- 
cacies nev/e,"  Chaucer,  TroUus,  ii.  1469. 
advocate  (ad'vo-kat),  n.  [<  ME.  advocat,  ad- 
voket,  -ette,  earlier  avocat,  avoTcet,  in  late  ME. 
also  clipped  vocate,  roket,  <  OF.  avocat,  later  ad- 
vocat,  F.  avocat,  vernacular  OF.  avoet,  avoe, 
avoue  (>  E.  avowee,  advowee,  q.  v.),  =  Pr.  avoucat 
=  Sp.  abogado  =  Pg.  advogado  =  It.  avvocato, 

<  L.  advocatus,  an  advocate,  attorney,  orig.  a 
person  called  by  one  of  the  parties  in  a  suit  to 
aid  as  a  witness  or  counsel,  <  advocatus,  pp.  of 
advocare,  call  to,  <  of?,  to,  +  vocare,  call,  \vox, 
voice:  see  voice,  vocation.'}  1.  One  who  pleads 
the  cause  of  another  in  a  court  of  law;  specif- 
ically, a  lawyer  of  full  rank  in  a  country,  or 
practising  before  a  court,  in  which  the  civil  or 
the  canon  law  prevails,  as  France  and  Scotland, 
and  the  admiralty  and  ecclesiastical  courts  of 
England. — 2.  One  who  defends,  vindicates,  or 
espouses  a  cause  by  argument;  a  pleader  in 
favor  of  any  person  or  thing  ;  an  upholder  ;  a 
defender :  as,  au  advocate  of  peace  or  of  the  op- 
pressed. 


89 

'I'hat  cause  seems  commonly  the  better  that  has  the 
better  ad yoca(c.  Sir  W.  Temple,  Miscellanies. 

This  is  the  mode  of  the  advocate  rather  than  of  the 
critic.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Bev.,  II.  138. 

Advocate  of  the  church  (ML.  advocatus  ecclesta-),  a 
person,  usually  a  layman,  appointed,  according  to  a  cus- 
tom originating  in  tlic  Iltth  century,  to  protect  the  ]>rop- 
crty  of  a  churcii  or  an  atibey,  to  plead  its  causes  in  the 
civil  couits,  and  to  manage  its  temporal  affairs.  — Devil's 
advocate  (ML.  advocatus  diaholi).  («)  In  the  Horn.  Cath. 
Ch.,  a  name  commonly  applied  to  the  promoter  of  the 
faitli,  one  of  the  college  of  consistorial  advocates  in  the 
papal  court,  fromhis  otficeof  urging  the  objecti<ins  against 
the  virtues,  miracles,  etc.,  of  aperson  iiropnscd  foi-  ratmn- 
ization.  Hence — (b)  One  given  to  briii^'iiii;  foiwanl  anu- 
sations  against  personal  character. —Faculty  Of  Advo- 
cates, in  Scotland,  a  society  consisting  of  the  whole  Ijody 
of  lawyers  who  practise  in  the  highest  courts,  and  wlio  are 
admitted  members  after  following  a  certain  course  of 
study,  undergoing  the  prescribed  examinations,  and  pay- 
ing the  requisite  fees.  It  consists  of  about  400  members, 
and  from  this  body  vacancies  on  the  bench  are  supplied. 
—  God's  advocate  (ML.  advocatus  Dei),  in  the  Rom.  Cath. 
Ch.,  the  procurator  of  the  cause  in  a  canonization,  regu- 
larly one  of  the  same  order  or  country  as  the  person 
to  be  canonized.  See  devil's  advocate,  above. —  Judge- 
advocate,  a  pterson,  generally  a  military  officer,  detailed 
by  the  authority  appointing  a  court  martial  or  military 
commission  to  prosecute  cases  before  it  and  to  act  as  its 
legal  adviser.  It  is,  in  general,  the  duty  of  the  judge-ad- 
vocate to  see  that  the  court  conforms  to  the  law  and  to 
military  custom,  to  secure  for  the  accused  his  rights  before 
the  court,  to  summon  witnesses,  and  to  administer  oatlis. 
—Judge-advocate  general,  (a)  In  the  United  States 
anny,  a  staff-officer  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
who  is  also  chief  of  the  bureau  of  military  justice,  and 
whose  duty  it  is  to  receive,  revise,  and  record  the  proceed- 
ings of  all  courts  martial,  courts  of  inquiry,  and  military 
commissions,  (b)  In  England,  formerly,  an  official  who 
prosecuted  in  all  criminal  cases  falling  under  military  law 
which  concerned  the  crown ;  now,  a  subordinate  member 
of  the  government  who  acts  as  the  legal  adviser  of  the 
croAvn  in  all  matters  of  military  law. —  Lord  advocate, 
in  Scotland,  the  principal  crown  counsel  in  civil  rausi  .s,  tlie 
chief  public  prosecutor  of  crimes,  and  an  inipnitaiit  pnliti- 
cal  functionary  in  the  management  of  Scottisli  allairs. 
His  tenure  of  office  ceases  witli  that  of  the  administration 
with  which  he  is  connected.  He  is  assisted  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  by  the  solicitor-general  and  four  advo- 
cates depute,  appointed  by  himself.  The  lord  advocate 
has  usually  a  seat  in  Parliament,  and  before  the  union 
he  had  ex  officio  a  seat  in  the  Scots  Parliament.  He  is 
also  called  crown  advocate,  queen's  (or  king's)  advocate. 

advocate  (ad'vo-kat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  advo- 
cated, ppr.  advocating.  [<  L.  advocatus,  pp.  of 
advocare :  see  advocate,  n.  In  the  sense  of  '  act 
as  an  advocate,'  the  verb  is  from  the  noun.]  I, 
trans.  If.  To  invoke. 

[The  mercy  of  God]  is  not  to  be  advocated  upon  every 
vain  trifle.  Bp.  Andreses,  Sermons,  \.  534. 

2.  To  plead  in  favor  of  ;  defend  by  argument 
before  a  tribunal ;  support  or  vindicate. 

Tlais  is  the  only  thing  distinct  and  sensible  which  has 
been  advocated.  Burke,  itef.  of  Representation. 

The  most  eminent  orators  were  engaged  to  advocate  his 
cause.  Mitford. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  formerly,  to  transfer  from  an 
inferior  court  to  the  Court  of  Session,  as  an 
action  while  still  pending,  or  after  judgment 
had  been  given,  in  order  that  the  judgment 
might  be  reviewed.  See  advocation,  2.  =  Sjm.  2. 
To  plead  for,  stand  up  for,  favor,  uphold. 

II.   intrans.   To  act  as  au  advocate ;  plead. 
[Bare.] 
To  advocate  in  my  own  child's  behalf.  * 

Datvbeny,  Hist.  Cromwell  (1C59),  Pref. 

I  am  not  going  to  advocate  for  this  sense  of  actual. 

F.  Hall,  False  Philol.,  p.  75. 

advocateship  (ad'vo-kat-ship),  n.  The  office 
or  duty  of  an  advocate. 

advocatesst  (ad'vo-ka-tes),  n.  [Improp.  <  ad- 
vocate +  -ess.}  A'  female  advocate.  [Rare.] 
See  advocatress. 

God  hath  provided  us  of  an  advocatess  [in  some  editions, 
advocatress].  Jer.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  i.  §  S. 

advocation  (ad-v6-ka'shon),  m.  [<  L.  advoca- 
tio{n-),  a  calling  in  of  legal  assistance,  legal 
assistance,  time  allowed  for  procuring  it,  any 
kind  of  delay  or  adjournment,  <  advocare,  call 
in  legal  assistance  :  see  advocate,  n.  See  also 
advowson,  which  is  a  doublet  of  advocation. 
The  fii'st  sense  of  advocation  is  due  to  advocate, 
V.}  It.  The  act  of  advocating;  a  pleading  for; 
plea ;  apology. 

My  advocation  is  not  now  in  tune.  Shak.,  0th.,  iii.  4. 
2.  In  Scots  law,  a  form  of  process,  now  obso- 
lete, the  object  of  which  was  to  remove  a  cause 
from  an  inferior  to  the  supreme  court  for  re- 
view or  continuance. 
advocator  (ad'vo-ka-tor),  n.  [<  LL.  advocator, 
an  advocate,  <  IJ.  advocare:  see  advocate,  n.} 
An  advocate ;  a  supporter. 

The  advocators  of  change  in  the  present  system  of  things. 
Brouminfj,  Soul's  Tragedy,  ii.    (X.  B.  D.) 

advocatory  (ad'vo-ka-to-ri),  a.  [<  ML.  advo- 
catorius,  <  LL.  advocator:  see  above.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  advocate  or  his  fimctions. 


adynamia 

advocatress  (ad '  vo  -  ka  -  tres),  n.     [<  advocator, 
q.v.,+  -(.s.s;  pToh.  after  advocatricc.}   Afemale 
advocate ;  an  advocatrix  or  advocatess. 
advocatricet  (ad'vo-ka-tris),  n.    [ME.  advoca- 
tricc,  <  OF.  lulvocatricc,  <  ML.  advocatrix,  ace. 
advocatricem :  see  advocatrix.}    An  advocatrix. 
Swich  an  advocatrice  who  can  dyvyne 
.  .  .  our  greeves  to  redresse. 

Chaucer,  Slother  of  God,  L  40, 
The  emperour  reioysed  to  him  selfe,  that  Cinna  had 
founde  siich  an  advocatrice. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  Tlie  Governour,  iL  7. 

advocatrixt  (ad'v6-ka-triks),  n.  [ML.,  fem.  of 
LL.  advocator,  advocate:  see  advocator.}  A 
female  advocate;  an  advocatress.     [Rare.] 

advocatus  Dei  (ad-vo-ka'tus  de'i).  [ML.] 
Same  as  Go(V8  advocate  (which  see,  under  ad- 
vocate). 

advocatus  diaboli  (ad-vo-ka'tus  di-ab'o-li). 
[ML.]  Same  as  devil's  advocate  (which  see, 
under  advocate). 

advoket  (ad-v6k'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  advocare,  summon, 
call  to:  see  advocate,  »i.]  To  transfer;  rele- 
gate ;  specifically,  call  to  a  higher  court. 

Queen  Katharine  had  privately  prevailed  with  the  Pope 
to  advoke  the  cause  to  Rome.  Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  1.  48. 

advoutert  (ad-vou'ter),  11.  [<  late  ME.  advou- 
ter,  advoutour,  advoutre  (also  advow-),  earlier 
avouter,  avoutere,  avoutier  (also  avow-),  <  OF. 
avoutre,  aoutre,  ea.r'iieT  avoltre,  avultre,  later  ad- 
voultre,  =  Pr.  avoutre,  avoutro,  <  L.  adulter,  an 
adulterer:  see  advoutrer  (with  additional  suf- 
fix), and  the  later  substituted  forms  adidtcr,  n., 
and  adidterer.}    An  adulterer. 

advoutrert  (ad-vou'trfr),  n.  [<  late  ME.  ad- 
voutrer, advouttri r,  (iilvimterere  (also  advow-), 
earlier  avoutrer,  uvontcrcr,  avouterere  (also 
avow-),  <  advouter,  avouter,  +  -er^.  See  the 
later  substituted  form  adulterer.}  An  adul- 
terer. 

advoutresst  (ad-vou'tres),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
advoutresse,  -trice,  <  ME.  avoutres,  avoutresse 
(also  avow-),  <0F.  avoutresse,  avotresse,  <.  avou- 
tre, an  adulterer  (see  advouter),  +  -esse,  E.  -ess. 
See  the  later  substituted  form  adulteress.}  An 
adulteress. 

advoutroust  (ad-vou'trus),  a.  [<  late  ME.  ad- 
voutrous,  <  advouter  +-ous.  See  the  later  sub- 
stituted form  adulterous.}    Adulterous. 

advoutryt  (ad-vou'tri),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  ad- 
voutry,  -trie,  -tery,  advoultry,  etc.,  <  ME.  avou- 
irie,  avoivtrie,  avutry,  -trie,  -terye,  etc.,  also 
avowter,  <  OF.  avoutrie,  avouterie,  earlier  aou- 
terie,  aultcrie  (<  L.  as  if  "adulteria,  f.),  also 
avoutire,  avoutere,  avoltere,  avultere,  <  L.  adul- 
ierium,  neut.,  adultery,  <  adulter,  an  adulterer. 
See  the  later  substituted  form  adtdtery.}  AdtU- 
tery.     Also  written  avowtry. 

A  marriage  compounded  between  an  advoutry  and  a 
rape.  Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

advO'wee(ad-vou-e'),«.    [Early  mod.  E.  avowee, 

<  ME.  avowe,  <  OF.  avoue,  earlier  avoe,  avoet,  < 
L.  advocatus,  patron,  advocate :  see  advocate,  n., 
and  advowson.}  In  England,  one  who  has  the 
right  of  advowson.  So  called' originally  as  being  the 
advocate,  protector,  or  patron  of  an  ecclesiastical  office, 
house,  or  benefice. 

advO'WSOn  (ad-vou'zn),  «.  [Earlymod.  E.  also 
advuiv::cn,  advouson,  <  ME.  avowson,  avoweson, 
avoweisoun,<.AF.  advouison,  advoweson,  advoe- 
son,  OF.  avoeson,  <  L.  advocatio(n-),  a  calling  to 
or  summoning  of  legal  assistance,  hence  in  ML. 
the  duty  of  defense  or  protection,  the  right  of 
presentation,  <  advocare,  call  to  defend:  see  ad- 
vocation, and  ef.  advowee.}  If.  Originally,  the 
obligation  to  defend  au  ecclesiastical  office  or 
a  religious  house.  See  advocate  of  the  church, 
under  advocate. — 2.  In  Eng.  law,  the  right  of 
presentation  to  a  vacant  benefice.  It  was  origi- 
nally vested  in  the  bisliop  of  tlie  diocese,  but  was  often  trans- 
ferred to  the  founder  or  patron  of  the  church.  Advowsons 
are  of  three  kinds,  preventative,  collative,  and  donative-: 
presentative  when  the  patron  presents  a  clergyman  to  the 
bishop  with  a  petition  tliat  he  be  instituted  with  the  bene- 
fice ;  collative  when  the  Ijishop  is  the  patron,  and  both  pre- 
sents and  institutes  (or  collates)  the  incumbent:  donative 
when  the  sovereign,  or  any  subject  by  his  license,  having 
founded  a  church,  appoints  its  incumbent  without  any 
reference  to  the  bishop.  Advowsons  are  also  appendant, 
tirat  is,  annexed  to  the  possession  of  a  certain  manor  ;  or 
in  gross,  that  is,  separated  by  legal  conveyance  from  the 
ownership  of  the  manor. 

advoyer  (ad-voi'er),  n.     Same  as  avoyer. 

advt.    A  common  contraction  of  advertisement. 

ad'wardt  (ad-ward'),  H.  and?'.  A  forced  spell- 
ing of  award.     Spenser,  P.  Q.,  IV.  x.  17. 

adjrnamia  (ad-i-na'mi-a),  n.  [NL.  (>E.  adyna- 
mii  =  F.  adynamic),  <  Gr.  aSmaula,  weakness, 

<  aSvva,uoc,  weak,  <  a-  priv.,  'without,  -I-  diva/ug, 
power:  see  dynamic.}     1r  pathoh,  weakness; 


adynamia 

■want  of  strength  occasioned  by  disease  ;  a  de- 
ficiency of  vital  power;  asthenia.  Also  called 
adijnamy. 

adynamic  (ad-i-nam'ik),  a.  [As  adynamia  + 
-ic  :  see  a-18  and  dynamic.']  1.  In  pathoL,  of 
or  pertaining  to  adynamia;  characterized  by 
or  resulting  from  vital  debility  ;  asthenic  :  as. 
adynamic  fevers;  an  adynamic  condition;  the 
arfi/«amio  sinking  of  typhoid  fever.— 2.  laphys., 
characterized  by  absence  of  force. 

adynamy  (a-din'a-mi),  n.     Same  as-adynamia. 

adytt  (ad'it),  n.     Same  as  adytum. 
Bthold,  aiuiilst  the  adyls  of  our  gods,  .  .  . 
The  i:host5  of  dead  men  howling  walk  about. 
Gf--^nt-  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 

adytum  (ad'i-tum),  n.  ;  pi.  adyta  (-ta).  [L.,  < 
Gr.  a6i<7ov.  an  adytum,  a  shrine,  a  place  not  to 
be  entered,  neut.  of  adiTof,  not  to  be  entered, 
<a-  priv.  4-  Svrdg,  verbal  adj.  of  6vtiv,  enter.] 

1.  In  ancient  worship,  asacredplace  which  the 
"Worshipers  might  not  enter,  or  which  might  be 
entered  only  by  those  who  had  performed  cer- 
tain rites,  or  only  by  males  or  by  females,  or 
only  on  certain  appointed  days,  etc. ;  also,  a 
secret  sanctuary  or  shrine  open  only  to  the 
priests,  or  whence  oracles  were  delivered; 
hence,  in  general,  the  most  sacred  or  reser\'ed 
part  of  any  place  of  worship,  in  Greece  an  adytum 
was  usually  an  inner  recess  or  chamber  iu  a  temple,  as  in 
that  of  llera  at  .*^um ;  but  it  might  be  an  entire  temple, 
as  that  of  Poseidon  at  Mantinea,  or  a  grove,  inclosure,  or 
cavern,  as  the  sacred  inclosure  of  Zeus  on  the  Lycaean 
mount  in  .\rcadia.  The  most  famous  adj'tura  of  Greece 
was  the  sanctuarj'  of  the  Pythic  oracle  at  Delphi.  The 
Jewish  holy  of  holies  in  the  temple  at  Jerusalem  may  be 
considered  as  an  adytum.  The  word  is  also  applied  some- 
times to  tlie  chancel  of  a  Christian  church,  where  the 
altar  stands. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  innermost  or  least  accessi- 
ble part  of  anything ;  that  which  is  screened 
from  common  view ;  hidden  recess ;  occult 
sense. 


Cooper's  Adz. 


Ship<arpenter's  Adz.         Railroad  Adz. 


adz,  adze  (adz),  n.  [Early  mod.  K.  ads,  adds, 
a<ldi.!<,  uddis,  addice,  <  ME.  adi^,  adse,  adese,  < 
AS.  adcsa,  an  adz  or 
ax,  a  word  thought  by 
some  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  an  older  *ac- 
irrsa  (=  Goth,  akwisi), 
the  full  fonn  of  cax, 
irx,  a'cs,  acas,  ONorth. 
<tcasa,acase,a,\;  but  iu 
the  earliest  example 
adcsa  occurs  in  con- 
nection with  {CCS  as 
a  dilTerent  word:  see 
"/!.]  A  cutting-tool 
somewhat  like  an  ax, 
li\it  having  the  blade 
jilaced  at  right  angles 
to  the  handle  and 
formed  to  a  curve 
nearly  corresponding 
to  its  sweep  through 
till!  air  when  in  use. 
It  U  iHi'd  for  dressing  tim- 
Irt,  anil  hiis  its  cutting  edge 
ground  upon  tlie  concave 
used,  thougli  rarely,  as  a  weapon ; 
■  li^e  trltfcM  adzcH  r»f  hard  stone  are 
I'lnial  u«e».  HoUOW  adZ,  u  tool 
I  In  chamfering  the  eld ne  of  a  cask 

.  r.  /.      [<  adc,  n.]     To  chip  or 
<i'ly. :  08,  to  ail:  logs  or  timber. 
:i.dz-plane  (odz'plin),  n.    A  tool  adapted  for 


90 

regularly  as  e  in  similar  positions,  that  is, 
either  e  or  e  :  often  improp.  pron.  e  in  all  posi- 
tions. In  the  Continental  pron.  of  Latin,  e  or 
a;  in  the  'Roman,'  iii  ori.)  A  digi'aph  or  lig- 
ature appearing  in  Latin  and  Latii  ized  Greek 
words.  In  Middle  Latin  and  New  Latin  it  is  usually 
written  and  printed  as  a  ligatm-e,  and  sounded  like  Latin 
e,  with  which  in  Middle  Latin  it  constantly  interchanges. 
In  classical  Latin  it  was  usually  written  separately  (and 
hence  usually  so  printed  in  modern  editions  of  classical 
texts),  and  pronounced  probably  as  a  diphthong.  In  Old 
Latin  ai  appears  instead  of  ae,  and  Latin  ae,  te  is  the  regu- 
lar  transliteration  of  Gr.  at,  as  a^^gis  or  (Fyi.«,  from  Gr.  alyiK. 
In  English  words  of  Latin  or  Greek  origin  at*  or  ce  is  usually 
reduced  to  e,  except  generally  in  proper  names,  as  Cce^ai', 
^neas,  in  words  belonging  to  Roman  or  Greek  antiqui- 
ties, as  cetjiji,  and  modem  words  of  scientific  or  technical 
use,  as  pyuenoijamous.  But  the  tendency  is  to  reduce 
a<?  or  cE  to  e  in  all  words  not  purely  Latin  or  New  Latin, 
except  proper  names  in  their  original  forms.  In  some 
names  of  changed  form  the  a  has  become  penuanently 
eliminateti,  .is  Eoypt,  and  in  some  of  otherwise  unchanged 
form  nearly  or  (inite  so,  as  Etna.  EOdopia.  When  at  rep- 
resents the  diphthong  ce,  it  should  be  distinguished  from  ae 
not  a  diphthong,  the  latter  being  commonly  marked  with 
a  dieresis,  as  in  aero-,  aerial,  etc. 

ae^.  A  character  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet 
representing  a  simple  vowel,  ha\-ing  when  short 
the  soimd  of  English  a  iu  f/lad  (a),  and  when 
long  the  sound  of  English  a  in  glare,  dare,  etc. 
(a),  as  commonly  pronounced  iu  the  United 
States.  The  form  is  that  of  the  late  Latin  ce,  whicli  had 
a  sound  nearly  the  same  as  simple  e  (see  eel).  In  the 
twelfth  century  short  rt*  began  to  disappeiu",  being  repre- 
sented by  a  (sometimes  by  e),  without,  however,  any 
appreciable  change  of  sound.  Long  ce  also  disappeared, 
being  regularly  replaced  by  e  (long)  or  ee,  with  a  change 
of  sound  through  Middle  English  e  (that  is,  «  in  modern 
pronunciation)  to  modem  i  (that  is,  e  in  modern  pronun- 
ciation). Examples  are :  (1)  short  a?,  whence  Middle  Eng- 
lish and  modern  English  a:  as,  Anglo-Saxon  frhvl,  sird, 
<et,  hcet,  etc.,  whence  Middle  English  and  modern  English 
glad,  sad,  at,  hat,  etc. ;  (2)  longtp,  whence  Middle  EngUsh 
e  or  ee,  modern  English  ee  or  ea:  as,  Anglo-Saxon  aa-d, 
rOedan,  sir,  etc.,  ]iliddle  English  seed,  rede,  se  or  see,  etc., 
modern  English  seed,  read,  sea,  etc.  Before  r,  long  ce  has 
usually  retained  its  Anglo-Saxon  sound  (at  least  in  the 
Vnited  States):  as,  Anglo-Saxon  cer,  th^tr,  hwaT,  h&r, 
etc.,  modern  English  ere,  there,  tchere,  hair.  etc.  In  Brit- 
ish works  the  vowel  in  these  words  is  usually  treated  as  a 
prolonged  "short  c"  (as  in  met),  or  as  a  slightly  modilled 
"long  a"  (as  in  mate). 

.^3.  The  symbol  nsed  in  Lloyd's  Register 
for  third-class  wooden  and  composite  ships. 
This  class  includes  vessels  unfit  for  the  conveyance  of  dry 
and  perishable  goods  on  short  voyages,  and  of  cargoes  in 
their  nature  subject  to  sea-dam.age  on  any  voyage.  See 
.41,  under  «!. 

-ae.  The  nominative  plural  termination  of  Latin 
and  Latinized  Greek  words  in  -a  (in  Latinized 
Greek  also  -f,  -as,  -es)  of  the  first  declension, 
feminine,  sometimes  masculine.  This  plural  ter- 
mination is  sometimes  retained  in  English,  as  mj'vrmuhv, 
mbiUce,  vertehra-,  minufiir,  etc.,  in  some  cases  alongside 
of  a  reguhu-  Eni^lish  ]ilural,  as  in  formulas,  7}ebutait,  etc. 
In  the  formal  and  technical  terminations,  -aeece.  -ece,  -idtr. 
■inm,  in  botany  and  zoology,  -ffi  ends  the  plural  names  of 
tu'ders,  tribes,  etc. ,  of  plants,  and  of  families  and  subfami  ■ 
lies  of  animals. 

.Schmophorus  (ck-mof 'o-rus),  n.  [NL.  (Cones. 
ISO'J),  <  Or.  (uxi'oijxifmi;,  one  who  carries  a  spear, 
<  a'lXI''!,  11  spear,  -f-  -ipopor,  <  ijiipeiv  =  E.  ic«)'l.J 


Sootb-Sca  ltl.ir.-I  Adzo. 
•H"      Th<^  n<\r  1^  nV 


I  ■  !  Hi«clm«n  of  Wofk. 

iiMeil  in  panel-work  by 
'  rH, 
>.',  =  K.  ie)  tor 

1    f>ne. 
—  -,    .-■  '■  r,  pron.  1  .     :.  .  ,    .  -  d  out, 

i-e ;  In  wunls,  t.  or  L.,  aocortlingto  the  K.  prou. 


Weilcm  Grebe  {.^thmopHorttt  oetitUntalit). 

A  genus  of  large,  long-nocked  grebes  of  Ameri- 
ca, having  the  bill  extremely  long,  slender,  and 
acute,  wlieiice  tlio  name,  'Die  type  in  Ai.  occi- 
diiitiilis,  kniiwn  ns  tlio  western  grebe. 

Secidia,  ".     I'lnrnl  of  aridium,  '2. 

secidial  (e-sid'i-al),  «,     Kelating  or  pertaining 
to  .-Kcidiiim  (which  see). 

A  monoin-aph  .  .  .  by  Von  Thiimen  contains  an  nceomil 
of  the  ccaduU  forins  atliicklng  ConireriD,  and  liicluiles  ii 
number  of  upcclcs  found  in  (be  t'nited  HIaleii. 

Smilhtumail  Itrp.,  18*),  p.  :i;:i. 

secidioform  fe-Hid'i-o-fc'ynn),  n.    [<  NL,  (rciditim 
+  1,,  ^/r«i(/,  form.  1     Haino  as  (rdV/iV«M<?c. 

.£cidiomycet«B  (e-Hid 'i-o-mi-Bo'if-/,),  n.  /)^ 

l.Mj.,<  .1  iiiliinn  +  Gr.  /il^to/rrr,  pi.  of  fiin'/i-,  u 
iiiiiHlironiM,  fungiiH.]  A  group  nf  minute  jiaru- 
Hilic  fungi,  each  species  of  which  exists  in  at 
least  two  forms,  iisuiiUy  very  unlike.  To  thin 
uroiip  lieliiuK  many  nuU,  bllghlt,  aiid  iiilldowa  which  in 
Imt  cultivated  planta. 


segagrus 

secidiospore  (e-sid'i-6-sp6r),  n.  [<  NL.  (BCidium 
+  Gr.  c-ui>a,  seed,  spore.]  A  spore  produced 
in  the  tecidiostage  of  growth  of  certain  para- 
sitic fungi,  distinguished  by  or  peculiar  in  their 
development  by  a  process  of  abstriction.  See 
a^cidiostage. 

aecidiostage  (e-sid'i-6-staj),  n.  [<  NL.  a:eidium 
+  E.  sttigc]  The  first  of  the  alternations  of 
development  of  numerous  fungi  of  the  order 
Urcdineoe.  See  Meidium.  Also  called  mcidio- 
form. 

jGcidium  (e-sid'i-nm),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a'lKia,  in- 
jm-y.  +  dim.  -tiiov.']  1 .  A  genus  of  fimgi,  natural 
order  Vrcdinca:  now  believed  to  be  only  a  sub- 
ordinate stage  in  the  development  of  the  gen- 
era Uromyces  and  I'uccinia,  though  this  has 
not  been  demonstrated  in  regard  to  all  the  re- 
puted species. —  2.  [/.  c]  pi.  (ceidia  (e-sid'i-a). 
The  cup-like  organ  (pseudoperidium)  charac- 
teristic of  the  genus  or  form.  See  2>seiidoperi- 
dium. 

These  (ycf(/i«Hi-fruits,  which  arise  from  the  same  myce- 
lium as  the  spermogonia,  lie  at  first  beneatli  the  epidermis 
of  the  leaf.  Sachs,  Botany  (traus.),  p.  '247. 

aedes  (e'dez),  n. ;  pi.  wdes.  [L.,  a  house,  a  tem- 
ple: see  edify.]  1.  In  ifom.  (7«?ig.,  any  edifice, 
sacred  or  profane.  Specifically,  as  distinguished  from 
a  temple  (Jt-mplum),  a  building  set  apart  for  the  cult  of 
a  divinity,  but  not  solemnly  consecrated  by  the  augurs. 
Thus,  the  "  temple  "  of  Vesta  is  properly  an  cedes,  and  was 
so  termed  in  antiquity. 
2.  Iu  Cliristiaii  arch.,  a  chapel. 

asdicula  (e-dik'u-la),  n.  -.  pi.  (cdicidcc  (-le).  [ML., 
dim.  of  L.  cedes:  see  above.]  In  Rom.  antiq.: 
(a)  A  very  small  house  or  chapel.  {!>)  A  shriuo 
in  the  form  of  a  small  building;  a  recess  iu  a 
wall  for  an  altar  or  statue. 

Every  division  of  the  city  had  likewise  its  Lares  compi- 
tales,  now  three  in  number,  who  had  their  own  cediettla  at 
the  cross-roads.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  313. 

aedile,  aedilesliip,  etc.    See  cdilc,  etc. 

aedoealogy  (e-de-al'o-ji),  «.  A  less  proper  form 
of  ti  dti'otogy. 

aedoeology  (e-de-ol'p-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  alSoia,  the 
jirivuto  parts,  +  -Aoyia,  <  y^eyew,  speak:  see 
-ology.]  That  part  of  moiiical  science  which 
treats  of  the  organs  of  generation ;  also,  a  trea- 
tise on  or  an  account  of  the  organs  of  gener- 
ation. 

aedoeoptosis  (e-de-op-to'sis),  ?i.  [NL..  <  Gr. 
(ui)ijia,  tlio  private  parts,  +  TrriJaic,  a  falling,  < 
-i-Tfiv,  fall.]  Displacement  downward  of  some 
part  of  the  female  genital  organs,  and  also  of 
tlie  bladder. 

asdoeotomy  (6-de-ot'6-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aiSo'ia,  the 
private  ]iarts,  +  to/i//,  a  cutting,  <  Tifivciv,  cut.] 
l)isseotiou  of  the  organs  of  generation. 

aefauld  (a'lVild),  a.  [Sc.  =  E.  onefold,  q.  v.] 
1.  llouest ;  upright;  without  duplicity. —  2t. 
Single;  characterized  by  oneness:  as,  the  ae- 
/((hM  Crodhead.    Barbour.     [Scotch,  and  rare.] 

aefauldness  (ii'fald-ncs),  n.  [<  Sc  aefauld  + 
-«(.«.]  Honesty;  uprightuess ;  singleness  of 
heart;  freedom  from  duplicity,     [Scotch,] 

.ffiga  (e'gii),  n.  [NL.  (Leach,  181,'i),  <  Gr.  aii 
("')-)>  goat.]  A  genus  of  isopods  giving  name 
to  the  fliniil.V  .JigicUv.  .!■:.  psora,  known  as  the  salve- 
bug.  is  a  Ilsb-louse  found  attjichcd  by  its  sharji  claws  to  cod 
:inil  balilint.   See  cut  under  .talvf-huff. 

jE§aeonichthyinae(e".ii-on-ik-thi-i'ue),  n.  jd. 

[Mj.,<  .I'.giciiiiichtliys  +  -ina'.]  A  suliflimily 
of  iiedieulate  fishes,  of  the  family  Veratiida: 
Tile  mnuth  is  of  moderate  size  ;  the  cepliul'ic  spine  has  its 
basal  clement  subcutaneous,  procumbent,  and  at  an  acute 
or  u  right  angle  with  the  distal  elenuMit ;  the  second  dorsal 
spine  is  wanting;  the  body  and  head  are  depressed  ;  ami  tlie 
mouth  Is  vertical  or  inclineil  ft)rward,  the  mandibnlar  ar- 
ticulation being  projected  forward.  The  aspect  of  the  fish 
Is  very  singula)-. 

aegaeonichthyine  (o'ji-on-ik'thi-in),  »i.    A  fish 

of  the  siiM'.-niiily  .liiinoniclilhi/iiiir. 
.SIgSBonichthys  (e*ji-on-il<'iliis),  H,  [NL.,<Gr. 
.\i-)aiui',  iu  myth.,  a  name  of  Hriareus,  also  tlie 
/Egoiin  sea,  4-  i\tHc,  a  tish.]  Tlie  lypieal  genus 
of  pediciilalo  fishes  of  tliesulifaiiiily  y7',y/rt'o«i(7i- 
thtfimr.  lint,  une  species  Is  Known,  ./-.'.  appelli,  occurring 
111  Ibe  deep  sea  near  New  Zealand. 

aegagre  (u-gag'ro),  «.     Same  as  ayagrus. 

aegagri,  «.     I'lural  of  a'gagms. 

segagropila  (e-ga-grop'i-l'ii),  «.;  pi.  wgagropilo! 
(-le).  |NI.,.,  <  Gr.  ai)ii-)i}nl:  the  wild  goat  (soo 
iigniirii.H),  +  L.  jiilri.  a  bull  (or  pilus,  hair).]  A 
liall  ot  hair  I'oiiiid  in  llii'  sloniacli  of  some  rumi- 
nating <{niidriipeds.  as  Ihe  goat. 

aegagropile  (e-.gag'ro-iiil),  ».  Same  as  wgagro- 
I'dii.     Also  contriiet-eil  ngmpilc, 

aegagrus  (t'-gag'nis),  «. ;  pi.  miagri  {-n).  [L.,  < 
dr.  oi}o;/«ir,  ihe  wild  t;onl,  <J  nif  («()•-),  goat,  + 
"J/"'C.  field,  Hyiiio;,  wild.]  A  wild  goat,  supposed 
to  be  tbo  species  now  known  to  inhabit   the 


tegagrus  91 

moimtains  of  the  Caucasus,  Persia,  etc.,  the  segialitid  (e-ji-a-lit'id),  n. 
paseug  or  pasing  of  the  Persians,  and  the  wild     ily  AigialitUia-'.' 
stock  of  most  if  not  all  of  the  breeds  of  the  do- 
mestic goat.    It  is  the  Capra  hirciis  of  Linnieus,  C.  cefj^- 
grus  of  Cimelin  and  I'allaa,  C.  caucaiica  of  H.  Smith,  and 


A  beetle  of  the  fam- 


Wild  Goat  ( Capra  agagrus'). 

Sircus  cetjagrvs  of  J.  E.  Gray.  J.  F.  Brandt  asserts  that 
this  is  incontestably  and  e.xclusively  the  source  of  the  do- 
mestic goat.  In  fact,  the  name  (eaat/nta  may  have  been 
applied  sometimes  to  goats  run  wild,  and  tlie  Capra  ceffa- 
jjr-Wj  of  both  G.  and  F.  Cuvier,  the  bezoai'-goat,  ascribed  to 
Persia  and  the  Alps,  is  said  to  have  been  merely  the  do- 
mestic goat  run  vfild.  The  celebrated  Angora  goat  may 
have  been  derived  from  a  different  species  or  variety, 
Capra  falcoiien,  originating  in  central  Asia.  The  goat  or 
legagrus  in  all  its  varieties  is  closely  related  to  the  ibe.x, 
Cajn-a  ibex^  which,  however,  is  a  distinct  species.  In  the 
stomach  and  intestines  of  the  goat,  as  in  those  of  other  ar- 
tiodactyls,  are  found  the  concretions  called  hezoar-atoiies. 
Also  written  cefjagre. 

Whether  the  Capra  cegagrus  or  the  Capra  ibex  should  be 
regarded  as  the  stock  of  the  domesticated  goat  of  Europe 
has  long  been  a  question  among  naturalists  ;  the  weighty 
arguments  which  may  be  drawn  from  the  character  of  the 
wild  species  which  was  contemporary  with  the  Bos  pHrni- 
genius  .  .  .  [are]  shown  ...  to  be  in  favor  of  Capra 
cegagrus.  Otven. 

JEgea,n,  Egean  (e-je'an),  a.  or  n.  [<  L.  JEgcBum 
(se.  mure,  sea),  <  Gr.  A'lyalov  (sc.  TrcAayof),  or 
A'lyaloq  (se.  tt6vtoi;),  the  ^gean  sea,<  Ajya«,  JEgw, 
a  town  in  Euboea,  and  also  the  name  of  several 
cities.]  A  name  often  applied  to  that  part  of 
the  Mediterranean  sea  otherwise  called  the 
Archipelago. 

jeger  (e'jer),  n.     [L.,  sick.]     Same  as  wgrotat, 

^geria  (e-je'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after  ^ge- 
ria,  or  Egeria,  a  prophetic  nymph  or  Camena 
celebrated  in  Koman  legend,  instructress  of 
Kuma.]  In  entom.:  (it)  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  JEgerUdie,  order  Lepidoptera.  it  consists 
of  brightly  colored  moths  with  the  wings  wholly  or  in 
part  transparent.  The  larvae  are  endophy  tous,  bormg  into 
the  stems  and  trunks  of  shrubs  and  trees,  and  embrace 
some  of  the  most  destructive  enemies  to  cultivated  fruit- 
trees.  See  borer  and  ^naple-borer.  Also  sometimes  called 
Seirla.  (6)  A  genus  of  Diptcra  founded  by  Bobi- 
neau-Desvoidy.     Also  spelled  Egeria. 

SBgerian  (e-je'ri-,an),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
JEgcriUhe.     Also  spelled  egerian. 

Aji  .Egerian  enemy  of  the  native  pines.   Science,  VI.  542. 

segeriid  (e-je'ri-id),  n.  A  moth  of  the  family 
JEgcrtkJw;  a  clearwing. 

^geriidse  (e-je-n'i-de),  n.  j^l.  [NL.,  <  Jigeria 
+  -idw.l  In  entom.,  a  family  of  Lepidoptera, 
section  Heterocera,  comprising  a  number  of  in- 
teresting moths  related  to  the  sphinxes,  hawk- 
moths,  or  Sphingidce,  and  commonly  called 
clearwings,  from  the  transparency  of  their 
wings.  The  larvje  live  in  the  interior  of  the  branches 
and  roots  of  trees.  Some  attack  the  apple,  and  one,  the 
Egeria  tipuliforniis,  or  cmTant-clearwing,  feeds  upon 
the  pith  of  currant-bushes.  Also  written  ^^Igeridoe,  ^-Ege- 
riadce,  and  with  initial  E  instead  of  ^.  Also  sometimes 
called  Sf'.'iudee. 

.^gialites  (e"ji-a-li'tez), }(.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a'lyta'kdc, 
the  sea-shore,  beach  (that  over  which  the  sea 
mshes?  <  aiaaeiv,  rush,  +  aki;,  the  sea),  +  -itcs."] 

1.  In  oriiith.,  a  genus  of  Limicolce,  of  the  family 
Charadriidm,  or  plovers,  chiefly  distinguished 
from  Charadriiis  by  color,  having  the  upper 
parts  not  speckled,  the  lower  never  extensively 
tylack,  and  bars  or  rings  upon  the  head,  neck, 
Or  breast.  The  tarsus  is  comparatively  short,  with 
large  scutella  arranged  in  two  or  three  special  rows. 
The  sexes  ai-e  usually  distinguishable,  though  similar. 
The  genus  contains  the  numerous  species  of  small  plovers 
known  as  ring-plovers,  inhabiting  all  parts  of  the  world. 
The  killdeer  (iB.  vociferus),  the  ring-neck  (^.  Ncmipal- 
iMitiis),  and  the  piping  plover  (.£.  mrladus)  are  character- 
istic species  of.the  United  States.     Also  written  ^Egialilis. 

2.  In  entom.,  the  typical  genus  of  the  family 
^gialitidse.     Eschs'cholt:,  1S33. 


Ringed  Plover  {Algiatites  hiaticula). 

.Sgialitidae  (e"ji-a-lit'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  ^(/irt- 
lites,  2,  -t-  -/(te.]  A  family  of  heteromerous 
coleopterous  insects,  having  the  anterior  coxal 
cavities  closed  behind,  the  tarsal  claws  simple, 
and  six  ventral  segments,  the  last  two  being 
closely  united  and  the  first  two  connate.  J. 
L.  Lc  Conte,  18G2. 

iBgiceras  (e-jis'e-ras),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ntf  (ai;--), 
a  goat,  -t-  Kf'paf,  a  horn:  see  Cerastes.']  A  ge- 
nus of  plants  consisting  of  a  single  species, 
JE.  majus,  belonging  to  the  natural  order  Myrsi- 
nacew.  it  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  found  on  the  swampy 
shores  of  the  East  Indies  and  Australia.  Its  seeds  germi- 
nate while  still  on  the  tree,  and  send  down  perpendicular 
roots  into  the  mud,  thus  fonuing  impenetrable  thickets, 
which  constitute  the  only  vegetation  for  miles  along  some 
coasts,  particularly  of  Sumatra. 

segid  (e'jid),  n.   An  isopod  of  the  family  JEgidw. 

.£gid%  (e'ji--de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Mga  +  -id<v.'\ 
A  family  of  isopod  crustaceans,  typified  by  the 
genus  ^ga,  having  all  the  segments  beyond 
the  head  distinct,  and  no  operculum  closing 
the  branchial  chamber. 

aegilopic,  egilopic  (e-ji-lop'ik),  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  tegilops. —  2.  Affected 
with  ffigilops. 

segilopical,  egilopical  (e-ji-lop'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  a'gilopic. 

Segilops,  egilops  (e'ji-lops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiyi- 
luip  (-wTT-),  an  ulcer  in  the  eye ;  also,  a  kind  of 
wild  oats,  and  a  kind  of  oak  with  sweet  fniit. 
Cf.  aiyiXof,  an  herb  of  which  goats  were  said  to 
be  fond ;  appar.  <  ajf  {a'ly-,  *alyil-),  a  goat,  -I-  iip, 
eye;  cf.  iirp,  face,  appearance.]  1.  lajjathol., 
goat-eye ;  a  tumor,  abscess,  or  other  affection  of 
the  inner  angle  (canthus)  of  the  eye ;  some- 
times, a  fistula  lacrymalis  or  other  affection  of 
the  laerymal  duct.  In  a  mild  form,  it  is  simply 
a  swelling  of  the  laerymal  papilla,  and  is  very 
common. —  2.  leap.]  In  hot.,  a  genus  of  grasses 
allied  to  Triticum,  or  wheat-grass,  gi-owing 
wild  in  the  south  of  Europe  and  parts  of  Asia. 
It  is  believed  by  many  botanists  to  be  the 
origin  of  cultivated  wheat. —  3.  A  species  of 
oak,  Quercus  ^Egilops  ;  the  valonia-oak  of  the 
Levant. — 4.  [cap.']  Agenusof  lamellibranehs. 
James  E.  HaU,  1850. 

.£gina  (e-ji'nii),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Jigina.iGv. 
Al-jiva,  an  island  in  the  Saronio  gulf;  also,  in 
myth.,  a  nymph  of  Argolis,  beloved  by  Zeus.] 
1.  The  typical  genus  of  the  isuvciily  JSginidw. 
Esvhsckolt::,  1829. — 2.  A  genus  of  ci-ustaceans. 

.£ginetail  (e-ji-ne'tan),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  JEgi- 
neta,  <  Gr.  Alyivf/riii;,  an  inhabitant  of  Alyiva : 
see  Jigina.']  I.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to 
the  island  of  ^Slgina  or  its  inhabitants — jEgine- 
tan  sculptures,  or  ^ffigina  marbles,  a  collection  of  an- 


.Sgithalinae 

cient  sculptures  discovered  in  Ibll  on  the  i.sland  of  ^Egina, 
which  originally  decorated  the  temple  of  Athena.  They 
date  from  about  47.'i  B.C.,  and,  althouj^h  in  general  true 
to  nature,  their  faces  bear  that  forced  smile  which  cluirac- 
terizes  the  portrayal  of  the  human  subject  in  all  early 
Greek  art.  These  sculptures  are  now  the  most  notable 
ornament  of  the  Glyptothck  at  Mmiich. 
II.  11.  An  inhabitant  of  iEgina. 
.SIginetic  (e-ji-net'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Alyivr/Tindr, 
pertaining  to  Alyiva,  .^giua.]  iEginetan;  re- 
sembling >33ginetan  work. 

The  coinage  of  Locris,  Phocis,  and  Bceotia  is  entirely  on 
the  JCginetic  standard.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  642. 

.Xginidae  (e-jin'i-de),  71.  pi.  [NL.,<  JEgina,  1,+ 
-idw.]  A  family  of  Trachymedusiv,  typified  by 
the  genus  JEg'ma,  containing  craspedote  aca- 
lephs  with  a  hard  discoidal  umbrella,  pouch- 
like  enlargements  of  the  digestive  cavity,  and 
the  eireidar  vessel  usually  reduced  to  a  row  of 
cells:  related  to  Geri/oniida! a.ni\  'I'ruchijncmidoe. 
The  order  to  which  the  jEgirntlir  pertain  is  called  llgdro- 
mcdvsce,  Haplomurpha,  aTjd  l.y  i.tliir  naiiies ;  it  i.i  that  in 
winch  their  IS  no  hydriform  trophoaome,  the  medusje  de^ 
veil. j.iiiu' directly  from  the  ovum. 

.SIgiothus  (e-ji'o-thus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a'tyloBor, 
also  alyiOoi;,  and  later  aiyivdoe;,  a  bird,  perhaps 
the  hedge-sparrow.]  The  redpolls  or  redpoll 
linnets,  a  notable  genus  of  Fringillida:,  founded 
by  Cabanis  in  1851.  There  are  several  species,  of 
Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America ;  the  common  redpoll  is 
jE.  llnariu;  the  mealy  redpoll  is  jE.  cantiscena.  They  are 
small  finches,  chiefly  boreal  in  ilistribution,  streaked  with 
dusky  and  ila.xen  brown  and  white,  the  males  with  crim- 
son poll  and  rosy  breast.    .See  cut  uiuler  redpoll. 

.S^pan  (e'ji-pan),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  A'ly'mav,  <  al^ 
(aiy-),  goat,  +  Ilav,  Pan.]  1.  An  epithet  of 
the  god  Pan,  having  reference  to  his  goat-like 
lower  limbs,  short  horns,  and  upright  pointed 
ears,  the  other  jiortions  of  his  body  being  like 
those  of  a  man.  See  Diopan,  and  also  satyr  and 
faun. —  2.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  orthopterous 
insects,  of  the  family  Locustidm.   Scudder,  1877. 

eegirine  (e'ji-rin),  n.     Same  as  agirite. 

aegirite  (e'ji-rit),  n.  [<  JSgir,  the  leel.  god  of 
the  sea  (or  jEgirust),  +  -ite'^.']  A  mineral  oc- 
curring in  greenish-black  prismatic  crystals, 
isomorphous  with  pyroxene.  It  is  a  bisilicate  of 
iron  sesquioxid,  iron  protoxid,  lime,  and  soda,  found  iu 
Norway,  and  also  at  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas.  Also  writ- 
ten agyrite  and  (vgirine. 

.aigirus  (e-ji'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  (?)  Gr.  Alyeipoc,  a 
city  of  Lesbos.     Cf.  alycipo^,  the  black  poplar.] 


jEginetan  Sculpture. 
Herakles,  from  the  eastern  pediment  of  the  temple  of  Athena. 


Azsiriis  fitn^itiiiietis,  dorsal  view. 

A  genus  of  nudibranchiate  or  notobranchiat« 

gastropods,  of  the  family  I'ohjceridce,  having 
large  tubercles  on  the  convex  back.  Three  spe- 
cies are  known  from  the  Eiu-opeau  seas.  Also  written 
jEgires.     Lovin,  1S44. 

aegis  (e'jis),  n.  [L.  csgis,  <  Gr.  ni/Zf,  the  eegis, 
also  a  rushing  storm,  hurricane,  appar.  <  aiaoeiv, 
shoot,  dart,  glance ;  popularly  identified  with 
a'lyir,  a  goat-skin,  <  oif  (o')'-),  a  goat :  see  Jlex.] 

1.  In  Gr.  myth.,  originally 
the  storm-cloud  envelop- 
ing the  thunderbolt,  the 
especial  weapon  of  Zeus ; 
afterward  considered  as 
the  skin  of  the  goat  Amal- 
thea,  the  foster-mother  of 
Zeus,  which  the  latter  took 
for  defensive  armor  in  his 
war  with  the  Titans.  Ac- 
cording to  another  conception, 
it  was  a  terrible  and  itumortal 
arm  wrought  by  Hepha?stus  after 
the  fashion  of  a  thunder-cloud 
fringed  with  lightning.  It  was 
intrusted  by  Zeus  to  Apollo  and 
to  Athena,  and  became  a  charac- 
teristic attribute  of  the  latter. 

2.  In  art,  a  representation 
of  the  tegis  as  a  sort  of 
mantle  fringed  with  ser- 
pents, much  more  ample 
in  archaic  examples  than  later,  generally  worn 
covering  the  breast,  but  sometimes  held  ex- 
tended over  the  left  arm,  or  thrown  over  the 
arm  to  serve  as  a  shield.  Tlie  a;gis  of  Athena,  ex- 
cept in  the  most  primitive  representations,  bears  in  the 
luidst  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  Medusa,  and  is  usually 
covered  with  scales  like  those  of  a  serpent. 

Hence,  figuratively — 3.  Anyiufluenee  orpower 
which  protects :  as,  under  the  imperial  (rgis. 

Also  spelled  egis. 
.aigithalinae    (e-Jith-a-li'ne),   n.  pi.       [XL.,  < 
-Egithaltia  +  -i»(E.]     A  subfamily  of  titmice, 


.i^ii.— V'ar\akeioii  Stala- 
ette  of  Athena. 


^githalinse 

famUv  Farida,  typified  br  the  genus  Mgithalus. 
It  was"  named  by  Reieheubach  in  1S.W,  and  by  Gray  is 
made  to  include  Panurtu  and  a  number  of  other  genera 
..i  tits  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  , 

^githalUS  (e-jith'a-liis),  n.  [NX.,  <  Gr.  ar, ida- 
'/or  the  tit,  L.  pants.']  The  typical  genus  of 
JEiiitliaUna;,  based  upon  Parus pendulinus,  one 
of  the  European  bottle-tits.  The  name  is  also  used 
for  another  genus  of  tits,  more  commonly  called  j4crcrfi(/a 
(«  hich  see\  of  which  A.  caudata  is  the  type.  Also  writ- 
ten .f^iithalos. 

.ffigithognathae  (e-ji-thog  na-the),«.i)(.  [JNL.., 
<  txr.  alyttioc,  also  aiylodoc,  the  hedge-spaiTow, 
or  perhaps  the  bunting,  +  -jvaBoi,  jaw.]  In 
Huxley's  classification  of  birds,  a  suborder  of 
Carinatw,  having  the  bones  of  the  palate  dis- 
posed as  in  the  sparrow  and  other  passerine 
birds,  and  embracing  the  passerines,  swifts, 
and  woodpeckers.     See  agithognathism. 

segithognathism  (e-ji-thog'na-thism),  «.  The 
qualitv  or  condition  of  being  jegithognathous ; 
that  structure  of  the  bony  palate  of  birds  which 
consists  in  the  union  of  the  vomer  with  the 
alinasal  walls  and  tiirbinals,  and  is  character- 
istic of  the  suborder  JSgithognatha:  Parker  dis- 
tinguishes four  styles :  (a)  iiicum^iltie,  verj-  curioosly  ex- 
hibited by  the  low  Titrnix^  which  is  closely'  related  to 
gallinaceous  birds ;  (&,  c)  compete,  as  represented  under 
two  varieties,  one  typified  by  the  crow,  an  oscine  passerine, 
the  other  by  the  clamatorial  passerines  Pachrirhamphu-^ 
and  Pipra:  (d)  compound,  that  is,  niLxed  with  a  kind  of 
desiuoguathism. 

.f.'iithognathUm  is  exhibited  almost  unexceptionally  by 
the  (n^at  group  of  passerine  birds  ;  it  is  also  nearly  coin- 
cident with  Fasseres.  though  a  few  other  birds,  notably 
the  -wilts,  also  exhibit  it.  Cou«8,  X.  A.  Birds,  p.  IT',;, 

segithognathous  (e-ji-thog'nS-thus),  a.  [As 
.K'/itliognatlKi'  +  -o«s.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
haVinglhe  characteristics  of  the  ^V"'",''"""'"''' 
having  the  vomer  united  with  the  alinasal  walls 
and  turbinals.  See  cegithognathism. 
JEgle  (e'gle),  n.  [L.,<Gr.  a/";/)?,  splendor,  a 
female  name  in  Greek  m)'thology.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  plants  of  tropical  India,  allied  to  and 
resembling  the  orange-tree,  but  with  trifoliate 
leaves.  M.  Mannelm,  the  Bengal  quince,  golden  apple, 
or  l>el,  has  an  aromatic  fruit,  somewhat  like  an  orange. 
A  perfume  and  a  yellow  dye  are  obtained  from  the  rind, 
and  tile  dried  fruit  is  a  popular  remedy  in  diarrhea  and 
dysentery. 

2.  A  genus  of  brachyurous  decapodous  crusta- 
ceans, or  crabs,  of  which  a  species,  .liglr  riifo- 
punchiUi,  is  found  in  Mauritius  and  the  I'hilip- 
pine  islands. —  3.  A  genus  of  moUusks.  Okcn, 
181.').  See  Pitcumodermon. — 4.  A  genus  of 
li]iido))terous  insects.  Iliihiicr,  1S16. 
segobronchophony  (e  *  go  -  brong  -  kof '  o  -  ni ) .  h  . 
[<  Gr.  aif  (a//-),  goat,  4-  /1pd;;fM,  the  )>roin-liial 
tubes.  +  (puvi/,  voice.]  In  jkiIIkiI.,  a  coinbniii- 
tion  of  two  sounds,  legophony  and  broiichoiili- 
ony,  heard  by  auscultation  in  pleuro-pnoumo- 
nia.  See  legophony  and  hronclioplioni/. 
aegocerine  (e-gos'e-rin),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
ciiaiaiteristie  of  the  genus  /Egocmis:  as,  an 
{rgiii-irinc  goat  or  antelope;  wgoccriiw  horns. 
Also  ^STitten  aigocerine. 

^^Ocerua  (e-gos'e-nis),  n.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  alS 
("•)-),  goat, -f  Aipor,  a  horn.]      1.  A  genus  of 
wild  goats,  related  to  the  ibexes,  of  the  subfam- 
ily Cajiriiue.     P.  ,S.  Pidlus.  IHll;  ./.  E.  Cidij. — 
2.  A  genus  of  antelopes  with  long  spiral  liorns, 
related  to  the  orj-x  and  the  addax,  of  the  sub- 
family .■(HW/(//iHrt'. •  t(|ualtii  ////i//o^Y/(/H.s(Siiii(lc- 
vall  I.    JlamUlitii  Smillt,  181J7 ;  //.  ,V.  fiiniir,  lH4i). 
.\No  written  .ligocnrus,  yligocerns. 
gegophonic  (o-go-fon'ik),  a.     Of  or  pertaining 
(•I  Mgopliony.     Sometimes  written  cgophonie. 
;egophony  (e-gof'6-ni),  n.     [<  Or.  aii  (a'l-j-),  a 
guilt,  +  i^Mjjvi/,  voice,  sound.]     In  palhol.,  a  form 
of  vocal  rosonaiico,  broken  and  tremulous,  licanl 
in  uuicultiilioti,  and  suggesting  the  bleating  of 
a  t"'ii'.     It  ''^^  best  heard  in  hydrotliorax  at  the 
lr"v<'l  fif  till,  Miiid.    Sometimes  written  igojilioiiji. 
•'■  "         '         |iil),  n,     Hhux' HH  ngngropile. 

'tail/.),  n. ;  |>1.  wgrotantm  (G-pri}- 
.  I'pr.  of  agriilarc,  be  sick:  see 
ill  IviL'lisli  uiiiversitieH,  one  who  is 
will.  h..|i|>A  nil  inffrotat  (which  see). 
'"-'I'lnt,  ;,.  [<.  1j.  a'gn>liiii(l-)n, 
/I"'""        '•    ir(iriilfit.']     One  who  is 


92 

Reading  aegrotat,  in  some  universities,  leave  taken, 
commonly  in  December,  in  order  to  get  time  to  read  for 
one's  degi-ee. 

aegyrite,  »■    See  agirite. 

aelurid  (e-lu'rid),  «.  A  carnivorous  mammal 
of  the  family  Jilurkhv. 

,£lUTidae  (e"-lu'ri-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Jilurus 
+  -ida-.l  A  family  of  carnivorous  qtiadrupeds. 
of  the  order  Fcrw,  suborder  Fismptdia,  and 
series  Arctoidea,  closely  related  to  the  Ursidw 
(bears).  It  is  based  upon  a  single  genus  and  species, 
^■EUtrits  fuhjeng,  the  panda,  resembling  a  racoon  in  some 
respects.  The  technical  characters  of  tlie  family  are  found 
chiefly  in  the  details  of  the  skull  and  teeth,  as  compared 
with  those  of  either  bears  or  racoons.  The  tail  is  well  de- 
veloped (rudimentary  in  Uritidce) ;  the  teeth  are  36  in  num- 
ber (40  in  Proajomdce);  there  are  only  *2  true  molars  on 
each  side  of  either  jaw,  with  3  premolars,  1  canine,  and 
3  incisors.  The  alisphenoid  canal  is  well  developed ;  the 
auditory  bulla  is  ver>'  small,  and  is  separated  from  the  long 
trigonal  paroccipital  process.     Also  written  Ailuridcp. 

Seluroid  (e-lu'roid),  a.  and  n.  [<Gr.  ai?mpoc,  a 
cat  (see  JeIio-us),  +  eldoc,  form.]  I.  n.  Feline; 
cat-like;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
^luroidea. 

II.  )i.  A  member  of  the  .^/«ra(V?f(7. 

.Sluroidea  (e-lii-roi'de-a),  ii.  pi.  [NL.  :  see 
trliiruid.]  A  superfamily  section  of  feline  fls- 
siped  carnivorous  mammals,  typified  by  the 
cat  family,  FcUdir,  and  containing  also  the 
families  X'rijptoprocUda;,  Protclida;  Hyimida', 
riferrida-,  and  Eupleridce  (but  not  the  family 
^Eliiridw) :  distinguished  as  a  series  from  the 
Viinoidea  orcaiiiiu-  series,  and  the  Arctaidia  or 
ursine  series  (to  which  the  family  JHurida  be- 
longs). The  carotid  canal  is  not  well  developed ;  the 
glenoid  foramen  is  minute  or  wanting ;  the  foramen 
lacerum  posterius  and  the  condyloid  foramen  debouch 
together ;  Cowper's  glands  are  present  ;  and  the  os  penis 
is  rudimentary,  except  in  Cntptoprocta.  .P.himidea  tt/pica 
are  the  true  felines  or  cats,  of  the  families  PelUiiv  and 
Cntj'toproctidiv.  ^Eliiroidea  hiiirnifi'rinid  are  the  hyeniLs, 
ofthe  families  Ilit(rttid(e  and  Prutelida'.  ^-Elunndtii 
viverri/ormia  are  the  civets,  ichneumons,  etc.,  of  the  fam- 
ilies Viverrtdce  and  Euplt'ridie.  See  these  family  names. 
Flower;  Gill.    Also  written  Ailuroidea. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  the  two  names  jEluroidm  and 
-Eluridle  should  clash,  as  not  belonging  to  the  same  sec- 
tions |of  the  Carnivora).  Pancoe,  Zool.  Class.,  p.  iltS. 

.£lliropoda  (e-lu-rop'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  a'luropKS  {-pod-),  adj. :  see  a-luropodous.'] 
A  name  given  by  J.  E.  Gray  to  the  typical  vi- 
verrino  division  of  the  family  riferrida;  the 
species  of  which  division  are  a!luro])odous 
(which  see).     The  name  is  contrasted  with 

Cl/HfiptHllf. 

aeluropodous  (e-lu-rop'o-dus),  a.  [<  NL.  n7«- 
<o/ii/.s-  (-]i<i(l-),  adj.,  cat-footed:  see  yWiiropus.'] 
(!at-footed;  having  feet  like  a  cat,  that  is,  with 
sharp,  retractile  claws:  ojiposed  to  eipinpodons, 
or  dog-footed,  and  specifically  ajiplied  to  tlie 
typical  \-ix'errine  dixasion  of  the  family  Vircr- 
ridir. 

jEluropUS  (e-lii'ro-pus),  ».  [NL.,  <  ^'K/h/k.*,  q. 
v.,  +  Gr.  n-oif  (-0(5-)  =  E.  foot.'i    A  remarkable 


.Solididae 

J!lurid(F  (which  see),  containing  the  wall  or 
panda.  Jilurus  fidgens,  of  India.  Also  written 
Ailuriis. 
.^olian^  (e-o'li-an),  a,  [<  L. -7?o/im«,  <  Gr. 
A'i6'/do(,  .Slolian,  <  Alokoc,  ^olus,  the  god  of  the 
winds:  see.Eo/iis.]  1.  Pertaining  to  JEolus,  the 
god  of  the  winds  in  Greek  mythology,  and  hence 
sometimes  (with  or  without  a  cajiital)  to  the 
wind  in  general:  as,  the  JioHnii  Isles  (now  the 
Lipari  islands,  north  of  Sicily),  the  fabled  home 
of  the  god.     Also  -n-ritten  Eoliaii  and  Aioliiin. 

The  breezes  blur  the  fountain's  glass, 
And  wake  ^Eotian  melodies. 

T.  11.  Atdrich,  rampinea. 

2.  [/.  c]  Due  to  atmospheric  action;  wind- 
blown: as,ana'o/)nHdeposit:  applied, iuj/fo/., to 
accumulations  of  detrital  material,  especially 
fine  sand  and  loam,  which  have  been  carried  to 
their  present  position  by  the  wind.  By  far  the 
most  important  deposit  of  this  kind  is  the  loess  of  north- 
western China  (see  loeftf),  and  it  was  to  designate  this  pecu- 
liar ami  most  remarkable  fonnatioii  that  tlie  term  a-otian 
was  aiiplied  in  geology  in  place  ot  .mi/.h.  iin/  (wliith  see). 
Also  written  i.'o(iaH.—,Sollan  attacliment,  a  contrivance 
attached  to  a  pianoforte,  by  whieli  a  slieam  vi  air  can  be 
thrown  upon  the  wires,  prolonging  their  viliration  and 
greatly  increasing  the  volume  of  sound.  — ^olian  harp 
or  Ijrre,  a  stringed  instnniicnt  tliat  is  caused  to  sound  by 
the  impulse  of  air.  A  ciimmon  fonn  is  that  of  a  box  of 
thin  rtlirons  wood,  to  w  liich  arc  attached  a  number  of  fine 
catgut  strings,  sometimes  as  many  as  fifteen,  of  equal 
length  and  tuned  in  unison,  stretclied  on  low  bridges  at 
cacii  end.  Its  length  is  made  to  correspond  with  the  size 
of  tlie  window  or  aperture  in  which  it  is  intended  to  be 
placed.  When  the  wind  blows  athwart  the  strings  it  pro- 
duces the  effect  of  an  orchestra  when  heard  at  a  distance, 
sw  cetly  mingling  all  the  harmonics,  and  swelling  or  dimin- 
ishing tlie  sounds  according  to  the  strength  of  the  blast. 
—iEollan  rocks.  See  above,  2. 
JEolian-  (e-6'li-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  .Tiiiliun,  <Gr. 
Aio/.wc.  <  A(0?.oc,  iEolus,  the  mythical  founder  of 
the  ^Bolians,  one  of  the  sons  of  Hellen,  reputed 
ancestor  of  all  the  Hellenes,  >Gr.  Aio/fic,  an 
jEolian,  pi.  Aio/.fif,  Aio/;}r,  >  L.  Jliolcs,  the  .^ioli- 
ans.  See  JEoli(i)d.']  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
branch  of  the  Greek  race  named  from  .lEolus, 
son  of  Hellen,  or  to  .a^olia  or  .^olis,  a  district 
of  Asia  Minor  north  of  Ionia  colonized  by  and 

named  from  them JEoliau  mode,    (n)  In  Grt-A- 

jHirWc,  a  diatonic  scale  consisting  of  two  steps -t- a  half 
step-t-  two  steps  4- a  half  step  +  a  step.  It  is  correctly 
represented  by  the  natural  notes  of  the  .stalf  beginning 
with  A  and  counting  downward.     Usually  and  more  prop- 


^h 


erly  called  the  hyjyodorian,  sometimes  the  Locrian,  mode. 
(li)  The  ninth  of  the  Ciregorian  church  moiles  or  scales.  It 
was  the  fifth  of  the  authentic  modes,  and  consisted  of  a 
step  +  a  half  step  -I-  two  steps  -f  a  half  step  +  two  steps, 


^ 


(rtfrohit.  ) 
ni'-k  :  ''iio 

aegrotant 

ppr.   ..I    „ 


SBKT'i- 
SB^Ot.it 
Hiiig.  j.r. -.  I  1  ,.  . 

dick.  '  II, !•  r     „i. 
IIH"  I . 

tlinl 

all. 

!,.,,■ 
•n  "  1    ' " 
that  I  WW  I"  1    i-*,* 


tnirtdanH. 
1...  ill'  is  Hick,  .3d  pers. 

I      '.I..././I,.   l,o    Hick,  <  «Y/rr>^M, 

!      I'.Mjrli-li  univerMitieH,  II 
1  i       •  idi'iit  »liowing 
okni",'*  from 
,\,-.  ■  ullcd  iifpr. 

^thei  ftr\  fur  II  thliiif  <-«ni'"l 
•  I  .  .   .   nu'llllt  ■  KTtincnti' 

I'll"  (rotn  Lir«  of  a  Phil.  (IWMX  p.  »7. 


genus  of  enniivorous  (|iiadrii|ieds  of  the  arclnid 

HcrieH  of  the  order  Fira micctiiig  the  true 

bears  with  ,7iVHrM,v«iid  other  genera.  Inllic  upper 
Jliw  they  have  ;)  Incisor,  1  canine.  4  preluohir.  and  :;  inoliir 
teeth,  and  In  the  lower  ;t  InclHont,  1  canine,  .'l  i.remolara, 
iinil  :i  inoliir«;  the  xknll  him  a  short  facial  porllon.  the 
iMUiy  palaU;  not  extending  bink  of  the  teeth,  an  nll»plicnold 
canal,  an  enormous  sagittal  cn-nt,  and  /ygoniallc  arclh-i,; 
the  tall  Is  very«hort,nn.l  the  (eel  are  lewi  plantigrade  and 
the  Holes  more  hairy  than  in  the  true  heam.  -f.'.  inrlnno 
tiiiriit,  of  TIlHt,  till'  tvpe  anil  only  »peeln«,  U  of  the  sl/col 
11  Miiall  brown  bear,  o(  a  whitish  color,  with  bln.'k  llinl.», 

»l I.I.  pp.,  iar»,  mill  eyerlng.     Aim.  wrllten  ytiVimi;iii». 

.£lura8  (e-lii'nis),  n.  [NI^.,  <  Gr.  n/>«i/)or.  a  eiil, 
pirliiiiiK<oi«/'oc<iuick-moving,  +oi|«'.fail.  'I'lio 
early  liintory  of  tlie  domi'Hlic  cat  being  involved 
iliilinibl  (Koe  r«/),  Homo  identify  the  tir.  (ii?i"'(mc 
Willi  Iho  ferret  or  policnl,  I'iiloriu.i  fiiro,  imi\ 
others  with  tlie  genet  or  civel-cal,  a  species  of 
I'ivcrra.]      Tlio  tyiiicnl  genus  of  the  family 


represented  by  the  natural  notes  of  the  staff  beginning 
with  .\  and  counting  upward. 

n.  w.  A  member  of  one  of  the  three  great 
dixisions  of  the  ancient  Greek  race,  the  two 
otherdivisions  being  the  Dorian  and  the  Ionian. 
The  inhabitants  of  .Kolis,  of  part  of  Thcssaly,  o(  liieotia 
and  much  of  central  tJreece,  of  Arcadia,  and  other  dis- 
tricts not  lli.rian  or  Ionian,  were  commonly  accounted 
.■Koliaus.  The  Acheans,  when  not  spoken  of  as  a  distinct 
race  of  Creeks,  were  also  inclndcd  among  the  -Holinns. 
Also  written  Ealian  and  Jinlinii. 
.Solic  (e-ol'ik),  (I.  and  >i.  [<  L.  .7u)?ifH.«,  <  Gr. 
A'lii'/iKi'ir,  of  or  pertaining  to  ..'Kolis  or  the  yEoli- 
ans:  see  ./'.'((/(Voi'-.j  I.  a.  I'erliiiiiiiig  to  ..-Eolis  or 
./Eolia,  to  thevEolians,  or  to  ylOolus,  their  inytli- 
ii'al  ancestor;  j-Kolian:  as,  .ludif  towns;  the 
Aiolic  branch  of  the  Greek  race. 

That  DicaiarchilH  was  correct  Is  proved  by  an  exaniiim- 
tion  ..r  lb.-  i.icniiar  iiosilion  occnpleil  by  Ihc  Iraces  of 
.I.../..-  iiillu.nie  in  Ilonier.     /Ii/irr.  ./iilir.  y/ii/../.,  VII.  2112. 

JEollc  dialect,  one  of  the  three  grcul  ilial.cts  or  groups 
i.t  suli.liakcls  ..f  anclcnl  (irei-k,  the  others  being  Ihc  lloilc 
an. I  loni.'.  It  was  spoken  In  .Kolis  an. I  many  other  Creek 
c.nnliie.^  and  Is  imporlant  as  the  dialed  used  by  the 
Lchhian  p..ets  Sappho,  Alciens,  etc. 

II.  II.  The  language  of  the  iEoUans ;  tho 
yTlolian  dinloct  of  Greek. 

.Mso  wrilti'ii  Eiilir  and  .iiolic. 

ffiOlld,  seolidid  (e'o-lid,  e-ol'i-did),  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  III!'  .Kididd'or  .Eiiliilidiv. 

.^olidse  (e-ol'i-de),  )i.  pi.     Same  as  .Eolididiv. 

jEolididSB  (e-6-lid'i-de).  »i.  pi.  [NL.,  <  .7'.Vi/i.v 
(.(,/-)  +  -ida'."]  A  family  of  nudilininchiiile 
giiKlropoiloiiH  inollusks,  \vilh  diversilorm  gills 
placed  nil  llii'  sides  of  Ihc  back,  ami  tlio  Icnla- 
eles  retrai'tile.  Th.'y  arc  n.liv.',  an. I  swim  freely  on 
th.tr  hacks.  In  the  geii'iiR  .;;ii/i«  (which  see)  the  kIIIh  con- 
sist nl  an  linnieime  number  i.rnng.r  like  inocesses.  forming 
tulln  on  each  side  of  the  boily,  s.ime  of  wlileh  receive  cieivil 
prolongath.nsoftliustimiiicliiiiid  liver.   Their  paplllie  pos- 


^olididse 

sess  the  power  of  discharging,  when  the  animal  is  irritatcti, 
a  milky  tlui<i,  whicli,  however,  is  harmless  to  the  human 
skin.     Also  written  EoUdidx,  yEotido',  EoluUe, 


Ely's  i4iolipile. 


Aiolis  /:ere}iafa,  dorsal  view. 

.^Olidinae  (e"6-li-dl'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  JEolis 
(-id-)  +  -JHrt".]  '  A  gi-oup  of  mollusks.  See  JEo- 
lididce.  Also  written  Eolidina;. 
seolina  (e-o-li'nil),  ».  [<  L.  Jiolus,  <  Gr.  Ato?.of, 
the  god  of  the'-winiis:  see  JLoliis.']  A  small 
free-reed  musical  instrument,  the  precursor  of 
the  accordion  and  concertina  (which  see),  in- 
vented by  Wheatstone  about  1829. 
aeolipile  (e'o-li-pil  or  e-ol'i-pil),  h.  [<  L.  ccoJi- 
pUw,  pi.,  <  JEoIks,  god  of  the  winds  (see  JEoluis), 
+  pila,  a  ball.]  An  instrument  illustrating  the 
expansive  force  of  steam  generated  in  a  closed 
vessel,  and  •  escaping  by  a  narrow  apertui-e, 
said  to  have  been  invented  by  Hero  of  Alex- 
andria in  the  second  century  B.  c.  It  consisted 
of  a  hollow  ball  containing  water  and  two  arms  bent  in 

opposite  directions, 
from  the  naiTOW 
apertures  of  which 
steam  issued  with 
such  force  that  the 
air,  reacting  on  it, 
caused  a  circular 
or  rotary  motion  of 
the  ball.  Several 
attempts  have  been 
made  to  apply  the 
principle  of  the  ffio- 
lipile  to  rotating 
machinery.  Ely's  ajolipile  is  used  for  rotating  a  toy.  It 
consists  of  a  boiler,  with  an  arm  through  which  the 
Bteam  is  permitted  to  escape,  placed  upon  a  central  up- 
right pivot,  and  connected  by  a  band  with  the  drum  of 
the  toy  to  be  rotated.  Also  spelled  eolipile  and  (by  mis- 
take) eolipyle, 
iEolis  (e'o-lis),  11.  [Nil.  (likeL.  JEolis,  Gr.  A'lollc 
(-((5-),  name  of  a  country),  <  aldlog,  quick-mov- 
ing, nimble,  rapid,  changeable.]  The  tyjiical 
genus  of  the  iaraily  Jiolididw  (which  see).  Also 
spelled  Eolis,  as  originally  by  Cuvier,  1798._ 
iGolism  (e'o-lizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  *Aioh<7/i6c,  <  A'io7.l- 
(eiv,  imitate  the  .^Eolians:  see  JEoUc  and  -ism.'] 
A  peculiarity  of  the  .Slolio  dialect,  or  such  pe- 
culiarities eoUeetively.  Sometimes written^io- 
lism. 

First  must  be  eliminated  from  the  so-called  ^ijo^'^jjj^  all 
phenomena  which,  so  far  from  deserving  the  name  of 
jEoUsms,  do  not  so  much  as  occur  in  J5olic. 

Amer.  Jour,  of  Philol.,  V.  5'21. 

.£olist  (e'o-list),  n.  [<  L.  JEohis,  the  god  of  the 
winds,  + -fsf.]  A  pretender  to  inspiration :  so 
called  humorously  by  Swift  ("Tale  of  a  Tub," 
viii.),  as  deriving  all  things  from  wind  (that  is, 
the  breath  of  inspiration). 

seolotropic  (e'^o-lo-trop'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  ceolot- 
ropij  +  -jc]  I.  a.  Inphys.,  not  having  the  same 
properties  in  all  directions ;  non-isotropic ;  ani- 
sotropic: said  of  a  body -with  reference  to  elas- 
ticity or  the  action  upon  it  of  light,  heat,  etc. 

An  individual  body,  or  the  substance  of  a  homogeneous 
solid,  may  be  isotropic  in  one  quality  or  class  of  qualities, 
but  ceototropic  in  others. 

Thomson  and  Tail,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  §  677. 

H,  n.  A  non-isotropic  substance,  or  one  hav- 
ing different  properties  in  different  directions, 
as  a  bia.xial  crystal. 
aeolotropy  (e-o-lot'ro-pi),  n.  [<  Gi\  a'w2.oc, 
changefid,  +  -rpoiria,  <  Tpcirciv,  turn.]  liiphi/s., 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  seolotropic ;  the 
opposite  of  isotropy  {which  see) ;  anisotropy. 

In  the  case  of  a  sphere,  the  tendency  to  set  in  a  uniform 
[magnetic]  field  is  wholly  dependent  on  the  ceolotropy  of 
the  sphere.  Encijc.  Brit.,  XV.  -245. 

.£olus  (e'o-lus),  n.  [L.,<Gr.  Alo7.oc,  the  god 
of  the  -winds,  lit.  the  rapid  or  the  changeable,  < 
aW/lof,  qmek-moving,  rapid,  glancing,  changing, 
changeable.]  1.  In  cl<is.sical  mijth.,  the  god  and 
ruler  of  the  mnds,  which  at  bis  will  he  set  free 
or  held  prisoners  in  a  liollow  mountain. —  2.  [I. 
c]  An  apparatus  for  renewing  the  air  in  rooms. 
— 3.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Esch- 
scIwUe,  18-29. 

JBOn,  seonian,  etc.     See  eon,  eonian,  etc. 

.£pus  (e'pus),  II.     Same  as  .SSpijs. 

.ffipyornis  (e-pi-6r'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a'nrvc, 
high,  -+-  ofii'ff,  a  bird.]  A  genus  of  gigantic 
fossil  birds  found  in  Madagascar.  The  species  is 
named  .E/nfornii  maxiviits.  It  was  3-toed  like  Dinor- 
nis,  of  similar  enormous  stature,  and  is  one  of  the  largest 
known  bii'ds.    The  egg  was  some  12  or  14  inches  long,  and 


93 

of  the  capacity  of  6  ostrich-eggs  or  about  12  dozen  hen- 
eggs.  The  remains  are  found  in  very  recent  deposits,  and 
tile  hirtl  was  pmhably  cnntemporai'y  with  the  mna.  .Epj/fir. 
ntJt  i.s  tile  type  of  a  family  .E/>i/<'rniti'ii/ir,  I'elated  to  the 
Ditiorinlhi'l'r,  of  the  suhrlass  lliitit'i'.  Sometimes  .spelled 
Eptfonus,  ami  even  Epiornii ;  the  latter  is  wholly  inad- 
missible. 

.ffipyornithes  (e-pi-6r'ni-thez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  yEpyornix  (-with-).']  A  superfamily  group, 
made  an  order  by  Newton,  of  gigantic  extinct 
ratito  birds,  based  upon  the  JEpyornithida: 
(which  see). 

.Spyornithidae  (e-pi-6r-nith'i-de),  n.pZ.  [NL., 
<  Jipyoniis  (-nith-)  -h  -idee.]  A  family  of  birds 
represented  by  the  genus  ^pyornis  (which  see). 

.Spyprynmus  (e-pi-prim'nus),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 
aiTTLv;,  high,  steep,  -I-  Trphjiva,  stern.]  A  notable 
genus  of  kangaroo-rats  of  comparatively  large 
size,  and  otherwise  resembling  the  hare-kanga- 
roos, LuyorchesU'S.  The  type  is  ^E.  rufesccnn, 
the  red  potoroo  of  New  South  Wales.  A.  H. 
Garrod,  1875. 

JEms  (e'pis),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  aimV,  also  a'm6g, 
high,  steep.]  A  genus  of  adephagous  beetles, 
of  the  family  Carahida',  the  larvse  of  which  have 
but  one  claw  on  each  foot.     Also  ■written  ^pus. 

aequalifloTOUS,  «.    See  cqualiflorous. 

aequisonance,  sequisonant.  See  equisonance, 
cquisoiiant. 

.^qilivalvia  (e-kwi-val'vi-il),  «.  j)Z.  [NL.,< 
L.  uquiis,  equal,  -I-  valva,  door  (valve).]  1. 
In  Lamarck's  classification,  1801,  one  of  two 
di-visions  of  his  conchiferous  Acephalcea,  con- 
taining the  equivalve  bivalves:  opposed  to 
Incvquivalvia. — 2.  In  Latreille's  classification, 
1825,  one  of  two  di-visions  of  pedunctdate  Bra- 
chiopoda  (the  other  being  IiKequivalvia),  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Liiigula.  See  cut  under 
Lingulidte. 

.^quorea  (e-kw6're-a),  ii.  [NL.,  fern,  of  L. 
(cquorcus,  of  the  sea:  see  cequorcal.]  A  genus 
of  medussB,  constituting  the  family  JEquoreidw 
(which  see).     JS.  cyaiiea  is  an  example. 

aequoreal  (e-kw6're-al),  a.  [<  L.  wquoreus,  of  the 
sea,  <  aquor,  level,  even  surface,  esp.  a  calm, 
smooth  sea,  <  (vquus,  even,  equal:  see  equal.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sea  ;  marine  ;  oceanic  : 
specifically  used  in  the  name  of  a  fish,  the 
(cquoreal  pipefish,  Syngnathus  cequorea.  Tar- 
rell. 

.ffiquoreidae,  .^quoridae  (e-kwo-re'i-de,  e- 
kw6r'i-de),  W.J)/.  IN'L.,  <  jEquorca  + -idic]  A 
family  of  Hydroiiicdusa',  represented  by  the 
genus  JEquorea,  ■with  numerous  radial  vessels 
and  marginal  tentacles.  The  family  is  related  to  the 
campanularians  and  sertularians,  and  pertains  to  an  order 
Calyptoblaftfca,  or  to  a  suborder  Campanularice  of  Hydro- 
mednsce.  They  attain  a  large  size,  being  a  foot  or  more  in 
diameter.  The  family  was  founded  by  Eschscholtz  in  IS'29. 

aer  (ii'er),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  (i'/p,  air:  see  «i)'l.]  1. 
(a)  Ordinary  air  of  the  atmosphere,  (b)  Some 
Ivind  of  air,  as  a  gas.  [Formerly  a  common 
term  in  chemistry  and  physics,  now  rare  or  ob- 
solete.] — 2.  In  the  Hellenic  branch  of  the  East- 
ern Church,  the  third  or  outermost  of  the  veils 
placed  over  tlie  sacrament.  See  airl,  n.,  7. — 
Aer  perflabilis  (L.,  air  blowing  through),  open  an. 

Open  air,  which  they  call  aer  perfiabilis. 

Boom,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  331. 
aera,  ".     See  era. 
aeraria,  »'.     Plural  of  wrarium. 
aerarian  (e-ra'ri-an),  fl.  and  n.     [<  L.  cerarius, 
monetary,  fiscal, Vf ('«)'(««,  n.  (sc.  civis),  an  tera- 
rian,  <  (cs  (a'r-),  bronze,  money:  see  (es.]    I,  a. 
In  Bom.  hist.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  rerarium  or 
Eoman treasury ;  fiscal:  as,the(E)'ar(«»prefeots. 
II,  n.  One   of  the  lowest  class  of  Eoman 
citizens,  who  paid  only  a  poll-tax  and  had  no 
right  to  vote.      To  this  class  the  censors  could  degrade 
citizens  of  any  higher  rank  who  had  committed  heinous 
crimes. 

aerarium  (e-ra'ri-iun),  n.;  pi.  (B)-aria(-'i.).  [L., 
neut.  of  cerarius,  of  or  pertaining  to  money :  see 
(erarian.]  Among  the  Komans,  a  place  where 
public  money  was  deposited  ;  the  public  trea- 
sm-y. 

aerate  (a'e-rat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aerated, 
ppr.  aerating.     [<  L.  ai^r,  air  (see  air'-),  -i-  -ate^.] 

1 .  To  expose  to  the  free  action  of  the  aii-. — 

2.  To  cause  to  mix  with  carbonic-acid  or  other 
gas. —  3.  InphiisivL.  to  change  the  circidatLng 
fluids  of,  as  animals,  by  the  agency  of  the  air; 
arterialize.— Aerated  bread,  bread  baked  fi-om  dough 
into  which  carbonie-acid  gas  has  been  forced  mechanical- 
ly, instead  of  being  set  free  within  its  substance  by  fer- 
mentation of  yeast  or  decomposition  of  baking-powder. — 
Aerated  waters,  a  term  applied  to  a  variety  of  acidu- 
lous and  alkaline  beverages,  more  or  less  impregnated  with 
carbonic-acid  gas,  whiclx  renders  them  sparkling  and  ef- 
fervescent. The  most  common,  carbonic-acid  water  (usu- 
ally called  soila-icat&r,  because  it  was  formerly  an  offici- 
nal preparation  and  contained  sodium  carbonate),  is  made 


atrial 

on  a  large  scale  by  pouring  dilute  sulphuric  acid  on  carbon- 
ate of  lime,  marble,  or  chalk.  Carbonic-aeid  g.as  is  evolved, 
whidi  is  either  forced  into  water  at  once  by  its  own  ten- 
sion a.s  it  is  evolved,  or  received  in  a  reservoir  and  after- 
ward forced  into  water  by  a  pump.  A  small  quantity  of 
gingeror  capsicum-extract  and  sugar,  placed  in  botties  be- 
fore filling  with  this  water,  converts  the  solution  into  giii- 
gerade  or  ginger  ale,  while  essence  of  lemon,  citric  acid, 
and  sugar  mixeil  in  the  same  way  form  lemonade.  All 
water  from  natural  springs  is  aerated  ;  and  the  Hat,  mawk- 
ish taste  of  freshly  boiled  water  is  due  to  the  absence  of 
air  and  earbonic  acid.— Aerating  filter,  a  wattrr-fllter  in 
which  the  water  as  it  descends  falls  iiitn  a  closed  ebaniher, 
displacing  the  contained  air,  which,  jiassi  tig  upward  through 
the  llltering  material,  aerates  the  water  in  its  passage. 
aeration  (a-e-rii'shon),  w.  [iaiirate.]  1.  The  act 
of  airing  or  of  exjiosing  to  the  action  of  the 
air:  as,  the  aeration  of  soil  by  plowing,  har- 
rowing, etc. —  2.  The  act  or  operation  of  mix- 
ing or  saturating  with  a  gas,  as  carbonic-aeid 
gas  or  common  air. —  3.  In  physioL,  the  arterial- 
ization  of  the  venous  blood  by  respiration  in 
the  higher  animals,  and  by  corresponding  jiro- 
cesses  in  the  lower  animals. 

The  taking  in  of  food  by  a  polype  is  at  intervals  now 
short,  now  very  long,  as  circumstances  determine  ;  .  .  . 
while  such  aeration  as  is  effected  is  similarly  without  a 
trace  of  rhythm.  11.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  28. 

aerator  (a'e-ra-tor),  n.  [<  aerate,  as  if  L.  "aera- 
tor.] 1.  K.  blower ;  a  contrivance  for  fumigat- 
ing wheat  and  other 
grain,  to  bleach  it 
and  destroy  fungi 
and  insects.  —  2. 
An  apparatus  for 
forcing  air  or  car- 
bonic-aeid gas  into 
water  or  other  li- 
quids. The  most  sim- 
ple form  is  a  mechanical 
device  for  pumping  air 
into  water,  or  a  spray 
for  bringing  water  into 
contact  with  air.  More 
complicated  forms  em- 
ploy chemicals  to  secure 
tlie  formation  of  car- 
bonic-acid gas  in  water 
or  liquors,  or  elaborate 
machinery  for  forcing 
the  gas  into  vessels  con- 
taining the  liquid,  and 
for  producing  the  prop- 
er niLxture  by  agitating 
the  latter  in  presence  of 
the  g-as  under  pressure. 
aerial  (a-e'ri-al),  a.  [Formerly  also  aercal,  <  L. 
ocrius  (=Gr.a£pio^),  also  aereiis,  pertaining  to 
the  air,  <  aer,  <  Gr.  ar/p:  see  air^.]  1.  Belong- 
ing or  pertaining  to  the  air  or  atmosphere; 
inhabiting  or  frequenting  the  air ;  existing  or 
happening  in  the  air ;  produced  by  or  in  the  air : 
as,  aerial  regions ;  aerial  perspective ;  aerial 
songsters ;  aerial  ascents. 

Even  till  we  make  the  main,  and  the  aerial  blue, 
An  indistinct  regard.  Shak.,  Othello,  it  L 

Aerial  honey  and  ambrosial  dews. 

Dryden,  Virgil's  Georgics. 

2.  Consisting  of  air;  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  air ;  airy ;  hence,  unsubstantial ;  visionary : 
as,  aerial  beings ;  aerial  fancies ;  an  aerial  castle. 

Fays,  fairies,  genii,  elves,  and  daemons,  hear : 
Ye  know  the  spheres  and  various  tasks  assigu'd 
By  laws  eternal  to  the  aerial  kind. 

Pope,  E.  of  the  L.,  ii.  78. 
The  next  who  follows  .  .  .  has  to  build  his  own  cloud- 
castle  as  if  it  were  the  first  aerial  edifice  that  a  iuimau 
soul  had  ever  constructed.     0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  xvi. 

3.  Reaching  far  into  the  air ;  high ;  lofty ;  ele- 
vated: as,  aerial  spires;  an  aerial  flight. 

The  aerial  mountains  which  p^iur  down 
Indus  and  Oxus  from  their  icy  caves.     Sltellen,  Alastor. 

4.  Possessed  of  a  light  and  graceful  beauty; 
ethereal. 

Some  music  is  above  me  ;  most  music  is  beneath  me.    I 
like  Beethoven  and  Mozai't  —  or  else  some  of  the  aerial 
compositions  of  the  older  Italians.    Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 
The  light  aerial  gallery,  golden-rail'd, 
Burnt  like  a  fringe  of  fire. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

5.  hihot.,  growing  in  the  air,  andindependently 
of  the  soil,  as  epiphytes,  or  the  adventitious 
roots  of  some  trees :  as,  aerial  orchids  or  roots. 


Cameron's  ASrator. 
a,  gas-generator  :  i,  h,  and  yn,  nt,  m, 
agitators ;  c,  stutfing-box ;  e,  acid-hold- 
er ;y.  conical  plug:  £-,  ti,  s,  leaden 
pipes :  A,  stuffing-box  ;  A,  pin  ;  /.bridle  ; 
«,  nut ;  o,  intermediate  vessel ;  r, 
pressure-gage ;  v,  impregnator. 


Aerial  Roots  of  the  Banian  {Ficus  /ndica). 


Q4  aSroscepsy 

ftcnftX 

Sg,  and  swim-ming  birds,- Aerial  tar   a  car  us.d  lur  agroWoSlS  (a'e-ro-Tjl-o  sis)    ».      [NL.,  <Gr.  a^  p;  ^  ,    <;  q      ^/      j^j^.    +          „m,   divination,  < 

triielmgm  the  air;  'P'^'^A'^^f  ^u'^^^'^'V^jli'la^^i^e^  (ifp-),  air.  +  ,J«^o;{-,  way  of  hfe,  <  flwav,    ive,  „„,,.,,„(,„     di^■ine,  prophesy,  < /.d.T/f,  prophet.} 

fi'^fbywSpiute^-Tkt"?elrre^e,..u.t^^^^^  <  .i-oc,  life.]    Life  in  and  by  means  of  an  atmo-  '^.^^^^^^^^  ^y  ^ekns  of  the  air  and  ^^^nds  or 

itaats  of  the  air  as  demons,  genii,  gnnmes.  etc.— Aerial  sphere  containing  oxygen.                      ^        _  atmospheric  phenomena  :  now  sometimes  used 

gma,  the  >rtngs  of  insects.     Ote«.-AenaI  mage  ;>.n^^^^  aerobiotic  (a'e-ro-bi-ot'ik),  «.    l<Gr.  app(aep-),  to  denote  the  practice  of  forecasting  changes 

*«^Tff^'m''obSr'tglSuth  sSta'of 'Sl;  of  diiferent  air,  +  ,i<"n«<ic:  pertaining  to  hfe,  <  /3,rf£a-,  hve  :  -^  ^lie  weather.*^ 

S'eSuL  {te  iroaie  app^ing  suspended  in  the  air,  as  gee  aerobiosi.s.-i   Of  or  pertaining  to  aerobiosis;  aeromantic  (a'e-ro-man'tik),  a.    Pertaining  to 

the  different  kinds  of  mirage;    also,  an  image  perceived  ^.^n''  on  atmospheric  oxygen  :    as,  aerobiotic  or  of  the  natiu-e  of  aeromaucy. 

bjMooking  into  or  toward  a  concave  mirrw^^b^^^^  forms  in  fermentation.  aerometer    (a-e-rom'e-tfer),  «.     [_<  Vi-L.  aeromc- 

^'^^'i^.iaf^^n^A^V^Xe^tiye''^''  aerobious  (a-e-ro'bi-us),  a      [<NL.  aerobU.s :  ,,„„,,  <  Gr.  a^  (i.p-),  air,  +;.^Tpo.... measure. 

B?«l5r«r?.- Aerial   photographj,  P''otography    by  see  oeVoftw-]    Same  as  a«TO6ian.    Pasteur,  I  er-  Cf.  Gr.  uepo/ierpEiv   measure  the  air.]     An  in- 

mea'ns  of  cameras  supported  at  a  considerable  lieight  1^     Nation  (trans.),  p.  210.  strmnent  for  weighing  air,  or  for  ascertaumig 

above  the  ground  by  kites  or  indloons.— Aenal  polBon.  meuiab        v.            /,  r  tlip  ilpnsitv  of  air  and  other  eases.-Barometri- 

a,me  as  ™-.^  -  Aeria^  rajQway.     («)  A  proposed  Aerobranchia  (a^-e-ro-brang'ki-a)   «.  pi    [NL.,  ^^  ^<^Xete,!  a,^ins"rumlnt 'coShlg  T.°^ft'^l 

system  of  wires  '"f  P^'^'n^j'*'!"""^,.  '°  ,,:;  bv™"  f '"1     <  Gr.  6i,p  (iep-).  air,  +  iSpayxm,  gills.]     A  sub-  ^,,1,^  „ith  open  ends  and  mounted  upon  a  stand,  used  m 

l"T,.???.^mV™iforrS^eabOT'e  then  -A^^  class  or  ''grade"  of  AraSuiUh^  composed  of  measuring  the  relative  specific  gravities  of  liquids     Thus, 

graphy,  a  method  of  telegraphing  by  meano^^^  scorjiions.    whip-scorpions,    and    spiders;   one     1^^^ -S  of  o   .    t  imi  oates  that  their  relative  specific 

Aenal  tints,  ">X'i-s  ^'ot  dUtanriL  attl^^ned  -S^  of  three  gi-onps,  the  other  two  being  Hemoto-    i^.,,"  ies  are  as  io  to  a 

^Ai^'^^r^  Het^y"                       attained. -syn.  ot^t^^^  .^  \,,ALipobra„chia.    E.  E.  La.dcster,  agrometric  (a"e-r6-met'rik),  a.    Of  or  pertain- 

aprialitv  (a-e-ri-al'i-ti),  H.      [<  aerial  + -ity.']  1881.                                              „                   .„         ing  to  aerometry.                           r      -c^        -       / 

UnsubsfanrialityV  airiness.  aerobranchiate  (a'e-ro-brang'ki-at),  a.     Per-  aerometry   (a-e-rom'e-tri),  ,..     [=  F.   a^oniS- 

Lubuusiauuai  ij  ,  a  taiuing  to  the  Aerobranchia.                                     trie,  <  NL.  aerometrta,  <  aenwietriim  :  see  aero- 

The  mere  a^.fy  of  the  ^"j!;;^^?^ -^^^^^^p^.t^^ript.  aeroclinOSCOpe  (a'e-ro-kli'no-skop),  n      [<  Gr.     ,„f  (^r.]     The  science  of  measuring  the  weight 

„.„     ,-  --  .    1 -v     J       T    „  ,oK,.;olT>iaTi,ipr-  ,i,}o((ifo-),air,  +  K>.''i'«v,  bend,  incline, +  mo-f(i',     or  density  of  air  and  other  gases,  and  of  lieter- 

aSnally  (a-e'n-al-i),  adr     In  an  aenal  manner ,  W  Ij^^    .     The  name  given  to  a  kind  of    mining  the  doctrine  of  their  pressure,  elasticity, 

60  as  to  resemble  air  or  the  atmosphere  ,  ethe-  ^^l^^^l^"{^   j,  ^„„,i3^3  J,„  ,„,,t,,  ,„,i,al    rarefaction,  and  condensation. 

reaUy.  ^..j^  ,,.jjl,  movable  anus,  either  of  which  may  be  raised  or  aeronaut  (ii'e-ro-nat),  n.     [<  F.  aironaute,  \  Gr. 

T..n.h'a«Hth  a  somewhat  darker  hue  depressed  according  to  the  increase  or  decrease  of  the     ^.     .■      ■.       -    Jf.       ;^^  /_l,  nauta),  sailor,  < 

':^il%^::^^^^^^^''nZ^^.;,^l...^^^.  ^,'friii'o'^-lPrSIr^ecTio^i;'^^^^^^^^                                 .i!l^JlJ\avk^^l^nanticaJ^    One  who 

aerialness   (a-e'ri-al-nes),   ji.     The  quaUty  of  weather  t«b?  expected.  It  has  been  much  used  in  Europe.     saUs  or  floats  m  the  air;  an  aerial  na\agator; 

beiuL' aerial  or  airi-'.  aerocvst  (a'e-ro-sist),  «.     [<  Gr.  oJ/p  (<ifp-),  air,     a  balloonist.                 ^.     ,    ,-,      -     •-..,.     .; 

a6rianMr-l'ri-an),«.     [<  L.flen«s.- seeaeri«?.]  -i-  ^,'7,;-,  bladder:  see  aisf]     In  bot,  the  air-  aeronautic,   aeronautical   (a'e-ro-na  tik,  -ti- 

^grial  •  of  or  belonging  to  the  air;  produced  or  vessel  or  bladder  by  means  of  which  many  al-     kal),  a.     Pertaining  to  aeronautics  or  aerial 

existing  in  the  atmosphere.  ga;,  as  i«n(S  fmcw/oSHS,  are  supported  in  the     saihiig.                           --.;!.■<=>«      rPl   of  «;.™ 

thl;^Sri^J^:lv^^!-:l^^tS^      rnX=^.^^:^cur^ti^fS"'  3!^^-|!-^^h:»^BlK£2 

inSa^putrefwtion.  Sc«n«,  III.  520.  aerodynamic  (a"e-r6-d3-nam'ik),  «.    [<  Gr.  a^    of  floating  in  the  air,  or  of  aenal  na^^gatlou,  as 

ASrianS  (a-e'ri-anl    n.     \<  \Aj.  AUriani,  vU  <     to-),  air,  +  di/«om/c,  q.  v.]     K elating  or  per-    by  means  of  a  balloon.  r^  ..i.  .„.,„<. 

A^U^  a  wowr  name  ]  A  member  of  a  re-  taining  to  the  force  of  air  and  gases  iu  motion,  aeronautism  (a'e-ro-na"tizm),  n  [<  f''''<"  « 
fo3n^  sect  of  the  foiL-th  century,  so  called  aerodj^amics  (a' e-ro-di-nam'iks),  ».  [PI.  of  +  -ism.^  The  practice  of  ascending  and  float- 
roT  h^eir'eader  A'criufapresbytb^  of  Sebas-  \ero.^.a,nic  :     ee"  dynamics.^      The    science     i^^i"  the  atmosi-here   as  in  balloons 


AerldeS    v"  ^^    •  — ^-/,    •.-       i. •>    -  —  ■  .  air,    -r    >"r(JO(t,  JiiiuYvidAjicj       K^u.ii»v.    «.u  "w.  ..-..y^.  r-r-^i  ~."V.'     .,      "1     \     '     W     c    '•       *l '.,*.  ;., 

-ides.]     A  genus  of  epiphytal  plants,  natural     rjj^^re.]  fearing:  see -p/iofcid.]     A  dread  of  air,  that  is, 

order  Orchidaccie.  These  plants  have  distichous  leaves,  ogroeranher  (a-e-rog'ra-f^r),  w.    One  who  de-  of  a  current  of  air:  a  symptom  common  in  hy- 

and large,  bright-colored, sweet-scented  HoweRj.    Theynre  '*J^„.i,°„„  f,,,.  „f,\,o;,,i,pre"  drophobia,  and  occasionally  observed  m  hys- 

.;^(to"]      The  action  of  al'i-ifj-ing;   aerifica-  aerography  (a-e-ro^'ra-fi),  n.    [<Gr.  «w  (arp-),  invented  by  Edison  for  increasing  th,.  11  ten- 

tion      V  -fc'.  I'!  air,  + -;paf  a,  <  rpo^m',  write,  describe.]     De-  sity  (amplitude)  ot  sound-waves,  as  those  troui 

agriferoiis  (a-e-rif'e-rus),  «.     [<  L.  oer.  air,  +     scrintion  of  the  air  or  atmosphere.  ^  spoken  words. 

ferrc  =  E   bear^  1  "Conveving  air,  as  the  tra-  aeronydrodynamic  (a'c-ro-hi'dro-di-nam  ik),  aerophore  (a't^ro-for),  h.    [<  Gr.  ni/p{aep-),  air, 

bheffiand'bronehial  tubes  of  air-breathing  vei-     «.      L<  *•'■■■  "W   ('"fP-).  air,  +  /ii/(/ra</.v«(/mi<-.]  +  .^u,,,,,,:,  <  ,pq»n=,E.  brar\.-]     A  respirator  in 

tebratfs  or  the  tracheaa  of  insects.  Acting  by  the  power  of  air  in  water.-  Aero-  the  form  of  a  tank,  into  winch  the  air  exhaled 

aarifieaHnn   ra'e-ri-fi-ka'shoii).  11.      [<   aerifil :     hydrodynamlc  wheel,  an  apparatus  for  transinitting  ,•     m   the   lungs   jiasses,    and   which   contains 

'^^^1.^''  rAo\ctVcomb^,ing  an^-     Pj;;- '"^-'r^-^^'irSil^i^JoX  ^'--j-^  '^^'f  *°  ^77  ''  T'^^k''  "^  '" 

thinK  with  air;   the  state  of  being  hlled  with     J,r  through  a  tube,  and  disuhargiiiK  it  into  the  curved  breatheil  again,      it  is  carried  on  the  back  like  a  knap 

air.-- 2.  The  act  of  becoming  air,  or  of  chang-     buckets  of  a  cogge.l  wheel  submerged  in  water  In  such  a  sack,  and  was  c.ntnved  for  ll.o  tisc of  llremeii  in  entering 

f^  info  an  aerifonn  state,  as^substancos  which     manm.r  a,  to  turn  the  wheel  by  its  "--"-"""r'  •,-  ^^^X^^^^:n^T'ltGr.  ,»),  (.»,-).  air, 

are  converted  from  a  li.|uid  or  solid  foni,  into  aerohydrOUS  (a'e-ro-hi  '^^s).  «•     [<  <5r.  <  w  aeropnyte(.   1  10  m;   h.     L  '    ^  ^ 

j^or  an  elastic  vapor;  the  state  of  being  a.n-     to^.  -■•- ^  ;:;Xffi'r'::d^r^;^,^c!5|:  ;^.u'h'  iv;:s  f^t^.  in  k  ab.oL,,    ..its 

fi^^^i-:^,  ^■^Jin^a^^lnl^^ll^lfr;  a^S  \?5^itrr-  [The  more  ccnnmon  a.roplaneMa;,.ro^p.a.O   «      L<,G.^  i^n^^ 

iTBHPoiiH       The  L'ases  are  airilhrm  fluids.— 2.     lonii  of  aeroUtli :  sec  -hie  and  -iilli.]     A  body  air,  +  pliiiie,  <].  v.]     A  liglit  tramt  won.  iii    ei 

K'i^-el  'un'sXtantiairiim-.         Varlyie.       faLing  tlirough   the  atmosphere  to  the   earth  I;''"h>  or  so.newl.at  ccmca^^^^^ 

aSrif"     ■'■   n-fi)    r.  /.;  pret.  and  pp.  acrilicd,     from  outer  space;   a  meteorite;    properly,  a  der  si.le  witli  a    abric,  used  in  Hung  ma.  mm  s 

I  <  L  «^r  air  + -/i«/r^  <  facere,     meteori.' stone.     Hen  meteorite.  au-l  nerostatiea.  experiments.    Wbenthe.nac h  i.e 

!;:         ::]  ^  I'^^i^Ceti/t^ul.  ^^.i  aaroiith  (a'e-ro-iiu,), «.  [<oroitp  (aep-),  air,  |;;;;^;-"irrii.:!z;i;:^„r;:^tv:;:;:,:;L;:H  ti^l 

air,  (.r  coii.l.iiio  air  with.— 2.  To  change  into     -I- --(""..■,  stone.]     hame  as  ommfc.  ,  iiftiiig-powei.    suu  jlyiim  machine. 

an  ai-rif..nn  st,tte.  aBrollthology  (a'e-ro-li-thol  o-ji),  «.     !<■  "<^  '>"  aSroplane'-i  (a'e-ro-plan),  »^     [=  F.  aeroplane, 

a«ro-.     [NL.,  ete.,  <  Gr.  aepo-  (lu/,-),  combining     lilli  +  Gr.  -/o)m,  <  Myitv,  speak:  see  -oi<>!l!li  <•  ,,^  ,„,„)T;>aror,  wandenng  in  air,  <  ii/p  l>n>-), 

fomi  of  .,-„•,,  L.  nor,  air:  see  uirK]     The  (irst    That  department  of  science  which  treiiiB  oi  „ir, .(- „.;>,,;,,„,;_  w„„,i,.ring:  see  ii/(/"(f.]   A  tlying- 

••I.ii.r,'    ;      M,  11, V  compound  words  of  Greek     aerolites.  „  1  .•      .     a,  lit,.,  nmehino  invented  by  Victor 'I  ntin  iiiul  success- 

r,  the  air,  atmosphere.  aSroUtic  (a'e-ro-lit'ik),  a.  Relating  to  aeromcH.  ^^^^     ^^.^^j  ^^^  j,^^  Firnch  experiment -station  of 

aei  -lO.r.i.     [<  Gr.  HtW*""  i".  <  aBrologlc,    agrological   («  C-rfi-loJ '">  -'-"!!''•  (:i,„i„is.Meiidon  in  IH'SI.    iieouHlslsotacyllndilcal 

..trend.]     To  walk   (as     ".      I'erliiiniiig  to  aerologj'.  receiver  tor  eompreiwed  air  uwcl  to  drive  two  air  pnmel- 

jf  \     /■    J)  aSrOlOglst  (a-e-rol'o-jist),  n.    One  who  is  versed  hr«.  two  laterally  extende.l  wings,  and  a  lull  for  steering. 

;:  h,tJ'k:!i:U  :,;::ayis:i;Si™r:aV''"-  '7'tK"*"%'S  E Z  3; 

,i«  wl.ieh  aroable  to  live     pn.perii-H  and  phenomena.     Also  called  arm;,,     nbiity  to  l.e.;e<;  v.'   I.e  ^  '''''',,'"''    I 
I.  ,.i.u,.Mw.rv       ,„,„„  Kiicdisuseeiililii.ily  til  litmus  ilierii'CoiKlil.iotisaB 


"' '  f,  ',„'  "  """^  '  '"'•^'  a«rornancer  rft'e-rri-inan'st'T),  n.    [<  MH.  ni/ero-     various  annuals  ("irisecls  tiiid  snails,  for  e.\aiu- 

lS^"obUu     - .ul^U.or.U.r.''t:^^^'^!;^r:;,na,u-y  +  J:]     Jno  who  prac     pl.^  are  su,,,os...  lop.isHess.;  t.ie  se,^^^^^^^^^^^ 

^U.ri«l.c  ot  wrobia  (Wh.c.  we);   doiK..ndunt    tisos  aiiromanoy.  <^"I>y;  H'"  f'''-""y  "'  -^-■^'«'>'B  aeroscopy 


aeroscepsy 

stinotively.  It  is  considered  by  some  zoologists  to  be  a 
function  of  the  antennie,  these  being  organs  by  means  of 
which  sucll  animals  may  practise  aeroscopy  (which  see). 
[Avroficepgif  and  afTo.^rnp!/  are  often  used  as  synonymolls  by 
zoolofrists :  but  the  distinction  here  indicated  is  convenient, 
and  agreeable  to  their  dijference  of  formation.] 

aeroscope  (a'e-ro-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  "nepomoTrnr  : 
sen  aeroscopy. '\  '  An  apparatus  for  oollecting 
microscopic  objects  from  the  air.  It  consists  of 
an  inspirator  and  a  glass  collecting-vessel  smeared  with 
^■lycerin.  When  air  is  drawn  through  it  the  tine  dust  sticks 
1.1  tlie  mm  of  glycerin. 

aeroscopic  (a"e-ro-skop'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
e.\eroismfi;  aeroscopy. 

aeroscopy  (iX-e-ros'ko-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aepoaaoma, 
divination  by  observing  the  heavens,  <  "depooKd- 
-oc,  observing  the  heavens,  <  drjp  (afp-),  air,  + 
BKoneiv,  observe,  look  at.]  It.  Divination  by 
means  of  the  air;  weather-prophecy. —  2.  Ex- 
amination or  observation  of  the  atmosphere ; 
the  practice  of  meteorology. — 3.  In  zodt.,  per- 
ception or  observation  of  atmospheric  condi- 
tions, as  by  insects  and  snails  ;  the  instinctive 
e.xereise  of  aeroscepsy ;  the  operation  or  result 
of  the  faculty  of  aeroscepsy.     See  aeroscepsy. 

aerose  (e'ros),  a.  [<  L.  wrosns,  full  of  copper, 
<  a's  (eer-),  copper :  see  (us.  ]  Having  the  nature 
of  or  resembling  copper  or  brass ;  coppery.  Also 
spelled  erose. 

aerosiderite  (a"e-r6-sid'e-rit),  M.  [<  Gr.  dj/p 
(dep-),  air,  +  aiSt/piTi/c,  of  iron:  see  siderite.l 
A  meteorite  consisting  essentially  of  metallic 
iron.     See  meteorite. 

aerosiderolite  (a"e-r6-8i-de'r6-lit),  n.  [<  Gr. 
d^p  {dtp-),  air,  +  aiSr/po^,  iron,  +  'AiBoQ,  stone.] 
A  meteorite  containing  both  stone  and  iron. 
See  meteorite. 

aerosphere  (a'e-ro-sfer),  n.  [<  Gr.  dijp  (dep-), 
air,  4-  a<j>atpa,  spliere.]  The  body  of  air  sur- 
rounding the  earth ;  the  aerial  globe ;  the  en- 
tire atmosphere. 

aerostat  (a'e-ro-stat),  n.  [<  F.  aerostat,  <  Gr. 
df/p  {dcp-),  air,  -I-  aTardf,  placed,  standing,  verbal 
adj.  of  i-ard-vai,  place, cause  to  stand :  see  static.'\ 

1.  A  machine  or  vessel  sustaining  weights  in 
the  air ;  a  balloon ;  a  ilying-machine. 

The  aerostat  was  brought  down  in  the  very  meadow 
whence  it  had  set  off.  Science,  IV.  330. 

2.  An  aeronaut ;  a  balloonist.  [Rare  and  in- 
correct.] 

aerostatic,  aerostatical  (a"e-ro-sta,t'ik,  -i-kal), 

a.  [=F.  aerostatique,  <  Gr.  drjp  (dep-),  air,  -t- 
BTaTLKd^,  causing  to  stand,  <  orarOf,  standing : 
see  aerostat  and  static.']  1.  Pertaining  to  aero- 
statics.—  2.  Pertaining  to  aerostation,  or  the 
art  of  aerial  navigation. 

A  memorable  event  in  the  history  of  aerostatic  science. 
Tlie  American,  VIII.  317. 

Aerostatic  balance,  an  instrument,  constructed  on  the 
same  principle  as  the  barometer,  for  ascertaining  the 
weight  of  the  air. 

aerostatics  (a"e-ro-stat'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  aero- 
static :  see  -ics."]  The  science  -which  treats  of 
the  weight,  pressure,  and  equilibrium  of  air  and 
other  elastic  fluids,  and  of  the  equilibrium  of 
bodies  sustained  in  them. 

aerostation  (a"e-ro-sta'shon),  ii.  [< P.  aerosta- 
tion, improp.  <  aerostat,  aerostat,  in  imitation  of 
words  in  -ation,  like  station,  etc.]  1.  The  art 
or  practice  of  aerial  na\'igation ;  the  science  of 
raising,  suspending,  and  guiding  machines  in 
the  air,  or  of  ascending  in  balloons. —  Sf.  The 
science  of  aerostatics. 

aerotherapeutics  (a"e-r6-ther-a-pu'tik8),  n.  [< 
Gr.  diip  {dtp-),  air,  +  therapeutics.']  A  mode  of 
treating  disease  by  varying  the  pressiu'e  or 
modifying  the  composition  of  the  air  surround- 
ing the  patient. 

aerothermal  (a"e-r6-th6r'mal),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  using  hot  air:  as,  Mouohot's  aerother- 
mal bakery,  that  is,  a  bakery  in  which  the 
baking  is  effected  by  heated  air.  TJre,  Diet., 
I.  487. 

aerotonometer  (a"e-r6-to-nom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
dcpdrovoi,  stretched  or  driven  by  air  (<  dijp  (dep-), 
air,  -I-  Teiveiv,  stretch),  -1-  ^terpov,  measure.]  An 
instrument  for  determining  the  tension  of  gases 
in  the  blood. 

aerotropism  (a-e-rot'ro-pizm),  n.  [<  NL.  aero- 
tropismus, <.Gr.  di/p (dep-),  air,  -f-  -TpoTTo(;,<.Tpeirei.v, 
tm-n,  +  -ism.]  In  hot.,  deviation  of  roots  from 
their  normal'  direction  by  the  action  of  gases. 
Molisch . 

serugineoust  (e-ro-jin'f-us),  a.  Same  as  ceru- 
(jinous.     Bailey. 

seruginous  (e-ro'ji-nus),  a.  [<  L.  (eriigiiiostis, 
<  (criujo  (a^rugin-),  rust  of  copper  :  see  arugo.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  verdigris 
or  the  rust  of  copper. 


96 

A  .  .  .  kind  of  salt  drawn  out  of  ferreous  and  #'rw(7inou5 
earths,  partaking  chiefly  of  iron  and  copper. 

Sir  T.  Broume. 
2.  Of  the  color  of  verdigris. 
Also  spelled  criigiitous. 
aerugo  (e-ro'go),  n.     [L.,  rust  of  copper,  verdi- 
gris prepared  from  it,<  ws  ((iT-),  copper,  bronze : 

see  as.]     Verdigris  (which  see) .Erugonobllls 

(noble  verdigris),  or  simply  antgo,  a  greenish  crust  found 
on  antii|uc  bronzes;  the  patina.    Hen  patiim. 
aeryl  (S'ri,  iX'er-i),  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  aerie ; 
for  airy,  with  forced  spelling,  in  imitation  of  L. 
ae'reiis,  aerii<s,  airy,  aerial:   see  airy'^,  aerial.] 
Airy  ;  breezy ;  exposed  to  the  air  ;  elevated ; 
lofty ;  ethereal ;  visionary.     [Rare  and  poeti- 
cal.] 
The  shepherd's  pipe  came  clear  from  aeri/  steep.  Keats. 
Whence  that  aery  bloom  of  thine, 

Like  a  lily  whicli  the  sun 
Looks  thro'  in  his  sad  decline  ? 

Tennyson,  Adeline. 

aery2,  aerie^   (a'ri,   a'ri,   a'e-ri,  or  e'ri:    see 

etym.,  at  end),  m. ;  pi.  acries(-Tiz).  [Also  written 
airy,  eyry,  eyrie,  and  in  early  mod.  E.  airie,  aiery, 
ayry,  aycry,  cyery,  eyerie,  etc.,  a  lengthened  fonn 
(with  added  syllable  -y  or  -ie  after  E.  aifi/l,  a., 
or  the  ML.  form  aerea)  of  early  mod.  E.  aire, 
ayre,  <  ME.  *aire,  eyre,  oldest  form  air,  an 
aery  (rare,  and  foimd  only  in  the  phrase  haukc 
of  noble  air  (var.  nohulle  eyre),  after  OF.  faucon 
lie  gentil  or  bon  aire,  i.  e.,  a  hawk  of  noble  or 
good  stock:  see  under  debonair),  <  OF.  "aire, 
m.,  an  airie  or  nest  of  hawkes"  (Cotgrave), 
OP.  also  f.,  mod.  F.  aire,  f.,  =  Pr.  aire,  <  ML. 
area,  aria,  aerea,  aeria,  the  nest  of  a  bird  of 
prey ;  of  vmcertain  origin,  but  prob.  only  a 
special  use  of  the  common  L.  area,  also  writ- 
ten aria,  an  open  space,  floor,  area,  the  spell- 
ings aerea,  aeria,  being  due  to  a  supposed  con- 
nection -with  L.  aereiis,  aeriiis,  aerial,  airy, 
such  nests  being  built  in  lofty  places.  Ovring 
to  its  poetical  associations,  and  to  confused 
notions  as  to  its  origin,  this  word  has  suffered 
unusual  changes  of  spelling  and  pronunciation. 
The  reg.  mod.  form,  rejir.  ME.  "aire,  air,  eyre, 
would  be  *air  (pron.  ar),  or,  with  the  added 
syllable,  airy  (pron.  a'ri).  The  mod.  spelling 
aery  or  aerie  is  in  imitation  of  the  ML.  aerea, 
aeria  ;  cf.  aery'^,  a.,  tor  airy^,  a.,  after  L.  aereus, 
aeriits.  The  spelling  eyry,  eyrie  does  not  follow 
from  the  ME.  form  cyrc  (which  would  give  "air, 
as  said  above),  but  is  a  17th  century  archaistie 
simulation  of  IIE.  ey,  egg.  The  word  not  being 
in  current  popular  use,  the  pronunciation,  prop, 
a'ri  in  all  spellings,  has  varied  with  the  spell- 
ing ;  the  form  aery  or  aerie  is  also  pron.  a'ri 
or  a'e-ri,  while  many  dictionaries,  following 
Walker,  give  as  tlie  exclusive  or  as  an  alterna- 
tive pronunciation  e'ri,  a  purely  pedantic  pro- 
nunciation, due  to  mistaking  the  ae-  for  the 
diphthong  ae  or  fr.  Similarly,  the  fonn  eyry  or 
eyrie,  pron.  usually  like  aery  or  aerie,  is  in  pres- 
ent usage  sometimes  pron.  i'ri.]  1.  The  nest 
of  a  bird  of  prey,  as  an  eagle  or  a  hawk  ;  hence, 
a  lofty  nest  of  any  large  bird. 

There  the  eagle  and  the  stork 
On  cliffs  and  cedar-tops  their  eiiries  build. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  424. 

2.  The  brood  in  the  nest ;  the  young  of  a  bird 
of  prey ;  figuratively,  children. 

Glo.     Our  aiertj  buildeth  in  the  cedar's  top.  .  .  . 
Q.  Mar.    \o\U'  aiery  buildeth  in  our  aiery's  nest. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

3.  An  elevated  habitation  or  situation. 

Wlierever  beauty  dwell. 
In  gulf  or  aerie,  mountain  or  deep  dell. 

Keats,  Endymion,  ii.  94. 

These  men  had  from  their  eyrie  seen  us  go  up  the  glacier. 

F.  Jaeomb,  in  P.  P.  and  Gl,,  2d  ser.,  I.  328.    (S.  E.  JJ.) 

aery2,  aerie^  (a'ri :  see  etym.  oiaery'^,  n.,  at  end), 
V.  i.    [<  «er(/2, )!.]     To  build  or  have  an  aery. 

She  (Pilhannaw.  a  monstrous  great  bird]  aeries  in  the 
woods  upon  the  high  hills  of  Ossapy. 

Josselyn,  New  England's  Rarities  (1672),  p.  41. 

aery-light  (S'ri-Ut-),  a.  [<  aery'^  +  light'^.]  Light 
as  air.     Milton. 

aes  (ez),  n.  [L.  «s  (<ct--),  prop,  ore,  but  applied 
chiefly  to  copper,  or  the  alloy  of  copper  and  tin 
(and  sometimes  lead),  bronze  ;  hence,  anything 
made  of  copper  or  bronze ;  in  particular,  coins, 
money;  =  Goth,  ais  =  AS.  ar,  E.  ore : see orc-l.]  In 
iJo»».«HW(/.,eoiiper  or  bronze;  money  or  coins  of 
copper  or  bronze ;  money  in  general ;  works  of  art 
or  other  objects  made  of  bronze.  See  copper  and 
hronse.—JEs  Corinthium,  Corinthian  bronze :  the  vari- 
ous alloys  and  art-works  in  bronze  produced  at  Corinth 
had  a  very  higli  reputation  in  the  ancient  world,  par- 
ticularly .among  the  Romans.— ^3  Cyprium  (literally, 
Cyprian  ore  or  metal;  see  copper),  copper.— .ffis  grave 
(see  graved),  a  general  term  applied  to  the  large,  heavy 
bronze  coins  of  the  libral  system,  first  issued  in  Italy  by 


JEsculaplan 

the  Romans  and  other  communities  toward  the  end  of  the 
fifth  century  B.  0.  The  Roman  as  is  the  most  familiar 
exami)le.- .ffis  rude  (see  rude),  the  llrst  Roman  money, 
cnnsisti[ig  r)f  rude  masses  of  copper,  uncohied,  of  regular 
weights  vai-ying  from  two  pounds  to  two  ounces. — JEs 
signatum  (stamped  bronze),  the  first  R<iman  expedient 
toward  securing  a  regular  coinage,  legally  sanctioned  as 
early  as  \^A  IJ.  c.  The  pieces  are  approximately  rectangular 
in  shape,  bearing  on  each  side,  in  relief,  a  rude  ligtire,  as  of 
a  bull,  a  boar,  or  an  elephant,  and  weigli  about  live  poimds 
each.  For  smaller  values  the  pieces  were  cut  into  frag- 
ments, and  the  (es  rude  also  remained  in  use.  The  aes  sig- 
nal inn  continued  to  be  employed  for  some  time  after  a  more 
advanced  system  of  coinage  had  been  adopted. 

.Ssalidae  (e-sal'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  JEsalus  + 
-iilic]  A  family  of  lamelliconi  coleopterous 
insects,  Ijasod  liy  Macleay  (1819)  upon  the  ge- 
nus .Esalxs.     See  Litcanidee. 

sesalon  (e'sa-lon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a!ad/6w,  a  small 
kind  of  hawk,  prob.  the  merlin.]  1.  An  old 
name  of  the  merlin,  Falco  eesalon  or  JEsalon 
rcgidus.  See  merlin. — 2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of 
falcons  (Brisson,  1760):  formerly  used  in  a 
broad  sense,  later  restricted  to  the  small  species 
related  to  the  merlin.  JE.  columbarius  is  the 
common  pigeon-hawk  of  North  America.  See 
pigeon-hawk. 

.Alsalus  (e'sa-lus),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  eesalon.]  The 
typical  genus  of  JEsid'idw,  based  by  Fabricius 
(1801)  upon  JE.  searatianidis,  a  European  lamel- 
liconi beetle  with  subquadrate  body,  imarmed 
head,  3-jointed  antennee,  and  short  tarsi,  now 
referred  to  Lucanidce. 

.^schna  (esk'na),  «.  [NL.  (first  Jishna,  Fabri- 
cius, 1776),  proij.  an  error  iov'cBschra  (fem.;  cf. 
^schrus,  m.,  a  genus  of  neuropters),  <  Gr.  a'w- 
Xp6^,  ugly,  ill-favored.]  A  genus  of  neuropte- 
rous  insects  belonging  to  the  suborder  or  group 
Odonata,  referred  to  the  family  Libellulidce  or 
made  the  type  of  a  separate  fa,vai\y  jEschiiidw. 
There  are  several  species,  all  known  as  dragon- 
flies.     Sometimes  wrongly  written  .3Sshna. 

.Sschnidse  (esk'ni-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  ^sc/oiffl 
+  -id<e.]  A  family  of  neuropterous  insects, 
founded  on  the  genus  jEschna,  having  the  wings 
unequal,  the  triangles  of  all  the  wings  alike, 
male  genitals  'with  connate  anterior  hamule 
and  conjoined  penis  and  vesicle,  and  female 
genitals  exposed. 

.£scliylean  (es-ki-le'an),  a.  [<  L.  jEschylus,  < 
Gr.  yuaxvi^og,  orig.  a  nickname,  'Little  Ugly,' 
dim.  of  a'i<yxpk,  ugly,  ill-favored:  in  a  moral 
sense,  base,  shameful ;  <  alaxo^,  ugliness,  shame, 
disgrace.]  Wiitten  by  or  pertaining  to  j33schy- 
lus,  an  illustrious  Athenian  poet  and  dramatist, 
born  525  B.  c. ;  resembling  his  writings  or  char- 
acteristic of  them. 

.ffischynanthus  (es-M-nan'thus), )(.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aiuxi'rr/,  shame  (<  a'laxi'vcadai,  be  ashamed),  + 
avtjoi;,  a  flower.  The  name  has  reference  to  the 
crimson  or  scarlet  ('blushing')  flowers.  The 
species  have  been  called  blush  worts.]  A  genus 
of  beautiful  epiphytal  plants,  natives  of  tropical 
Asia,  natm-al  order  Gcsneracece,  'with  pendent 
stems  and  scarlet  or  orange  flowers.  They  are 
among  the  most  splendid  hothouse  flowers. 

aeschynite  (es'ki-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a'laxiv!],  shame, 
disgrace,  +  -ite".]  A  rare  mineral  from  Miask 
in  the  Ural  mountains,  occurring  in  black  pris- 
matic ci'ystals,  and  containing  niobium,  titani- 
um, thorium,  the  cerium  metals,  and  other  im- 
eommon  elements.  So  called  by  Berzelius  as  being  the 
*'disgrace"of  chemistry,  which atthetimeof  its  discovery 
was  unable  to  separate  two  of  its  constituents,  titanic 
acid  and  zirconia.     Also  spelled  eschynite. 

.£scIiynoniene  (es-ld-nom'e-ne),  n.  [L.,  a 
sensitive  plant,  <  Gr.  alcxivofiev^,  a  sensitive 
plant,  prop.  fem.  ppr.  otalaxvveadai,  be  ashamed, 
pass,  of  aiCT;i;i'i'En',  make  ugly,  disfigm'e,  dis- 
honor; cf.  alaxoc,  ugliness,  shame,  dishonor.] 
A  genus  of  leguminous  plants,  with  jointed 
pods,  pinnate  leaves  which  are  sometimes  sen- 
sitive, and  usually  yellow  flowers.  There  are  30 
species,  herbaceous  or  somewhat  shrubby,  of  which  3  or 
4  are  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics,  the  rest  be- 
ing natives  of  America,  from  Patagonia  to  Virginia.  The 
stem  of  the  East  Indian  ^E.  aspera,  remarkable  for  its 
lightness,  is  cut  into  thin  strips  for  the  manufacture  of 
hats.  It  is  also  made  into  swimming-jackets,  floats  for 
nets,  etc.,  and  is  often  worked  into  models  of  temples, 
flowers,  etc. 

aeschynomenoust  (es-ki-nom'e-nus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aJc^ii'd/if I'oc,  ppr. of  af(7xri'eG6at,  be  ashamed :  see 
^schynomene.]     Sensitive:  applied  to  plants. 

.^sculapian  (es-kii-la'pi-an),  a.  and n.  [< L.  ^s- 
cidapius,  aecom.  of  Gr.  iiaiJ^ri-iof,  Dor.  'Auk'/m.- 
n-(df,  the  god  of  medicine:  see  Asclepias.]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  ^sculapius,  god  of  medi- 
cine; medical;  pertaining  to  the  healing  art. 

II.   n.   A  medical  man;   a  physician:  gen- 
erally in  a  humorous  sense. 
Also  spelled  Esculapian. 


^sculus  Hifpoeastanum. 
,  Sower ;  &,  seed ;  c,  seed  cut  loi^tudinally. 


sesculin 

aesculin,  sescnline.    See  escuUn,  eseuliM. 
^sculus  (es'ku-lus),  n.     [L.,  the  Italian  oak: 
see  esculin,  etc.]    A  genus  of  trees  and  shrubs, 

natural     order 
^^/■'\  Sapindaeetr, 

'-J^J.  chiefly     North 

American, Tvith 
broad  digitate 
leaves         and 
showy  flowers 
in  large  pani- 
cles.    The  seeds 
are  large,  of    the 
shape    aud    color 
of  chestnuts,  but 
too    bitter    to  be 
eaten.  The  timber 
is  of  little  value. 
The     horse-chest- 
nut, ^£.  liippocas- 
tanum,    supposed 
to    be     originally 
from  northern  In- 
dia, is  very  exten- 
sively    cultivated 
as  an  ornamental 
shade- tree,  and  the 
fruits  are  used  in 
southern     Europe 
for  feeding  sheep 
and   horses.     The 
American  species,  growing  in  the  western  and  southern 
United  States,  have  the  popular  name  buckeye  (which  see). 
.Sshna  (esh'na),  n.     See  ^sehna. 
.£sir  (a'ser,  Icel.  pron.  a'sir,  mod.  i'sir),  n.  pi. 
[Icel.,  nom.  pi.  of  ass,  a  god:  see  As^.^    The 
collective  name  for  the  gods  of  Scandinavian  my- 
thology.   There  were  twelve  gods  and  twenty-six  god- 
desses, dwellers  in  Asgard.     See  Asgard. 
sesnec^,  «.     See  esnecy. 

.£sopiail  (e-s6'pl-an),  a.  [<  L.  JEsopiu.t,  <  JEso- 
piix,  Gr.  Aiau-or,  ^sop.]  Pertaining  to  .^ilsop, 
an  ancient  Greek  writer  of  fables,  of  whom  lit- 
tle or  nothing  is  certainly  known ;  composed  by 
him  or  in  his  manner :  as,  a  fable  in  the  ^so- 
pian  style.  Also  spelled  Esopian. 
aestates  (es-ta'tez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  freckles,  pi. 
of  (BSta(t-)s,  summer,  summer  heat:  see  esti- 
val.l  In  med.,  heat-spots;  fi-eckles;  sunburnt 
patches. 

aesthematology,  «.  See  esthematology. 
aesthesia  (es-tUe'si-ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  alaOrjat^, 
perception  by  the  senses,  <  aiadavcadai,  perceive 
by  the  senses.]  Perception;  feeling;  sensa- 
tion; sensibility:  the  opposite  of  anasthcsia 
(which  see).  Also  written  esthcsia,  (csthcsix. 
estheiiis. 
sesthesiogen,  sestliesiogeiiic,  etc.    See  estlic- 

ni'iijcn,  etc. 

aesthesiology,  aesthesiometer,  etc.    See  estkc- 

siilllKJIJ.    etc. 

aesthesis  (cs-the'sis),  «.  Same  as  wsthesia. 
Also  spt-Ued  cxtlie.',-is. 

aesthesodic,  aesthete,  etc.    See  esthesodic,  etc. 

aestiferous,  aestival,  etc.    See  estifermis,  etc. 

.Sstrelata,  ".     See  (Estrelata. 

aestoancet  (t -s'tu-ans),  n.  [<  L.  cestuan(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  iialunri',  burn,' glow:  see  o'.ftuate.']  Heat; 
warmth:  as,  "regiilated  estuancc  from  wine,'' 
Sir  '/'.  linnrnc.     Also  spelled  c.sluance. 

sestoary  (es'tii-a-ri),  n. ;  pi.  aslimrics  (-riz).  [< 
L.  iBstuarium,  a  vent-hole  for  vapors,  also  an 
estuary,  <  asluari,  rage,  bum,  be  warm:  see 
esluary.']  1.  A  vapor-bath,  or  any  other  means 
for  conveying  heat  to  the  body.  —  2.  Sec  culiKtrif. 

aestnatet  (es'tu-at),  v.  i.  [<  L.  (i:Hluatu.'<,  i)p.  of 
imluiiri,  burn,  glow,  rage,  boil  up,  <  ivHtiia,  a 
burning,  glow,  fire,  surge,  etc.:  see  e.itiiary, 
entival.'}  To  boil;  swell  and  rage ;  be  agitated. 
Also  spelleil  rutuate. 

aestnatlont  (cs-tii-a'shon),  n.  [<  Ij.  <rstuatio(n-), 
<(i-l,itirc :  Hi-iurnluate.']  A  boiling;  agitation; 
cijiumotiou  of  a  fluid;  hence,  violent  mental 
commotion;  fxiitcment:  as,  "  r.ilimliiin.i  ot  i<iy» 
ftnd  fcnr?,"  M.niiiloffue.     Also  Hpellc(lc.v/Hrt/ioH. 

IMtn  I,  ».     [Irrog.  <  L.  rtw^(orr,  be  in 

•'"  'il,  rage,  etc.,   as  if  for  crKliis, 

mtn-.  ".ni.iv.s:  Bf.f.  w^tuate.]  Violence;  com- 
motion.    AIho  spelled  csture. 

Tlic  «oiui  retain 
'  "Wly  their  ontrogooiiN  irtturr  tliere. 

Ctifiptimii,  Oilyfwey,  xll.  111. 

'     II  IoHh,  gen.  of  irlti{t-)«, 

'I     Of  the  Hgr;  iiged: 

s'lioliirly  i'|iilM|iliH  or 

I'osiil  in  Kngli-li  or  in 

(or  iiliil.)  7ii:  in  full 

".)  MI)<:WLX,\.X,  ran- 

'  Imt  i",  ho  for  'ln')  diod 

'i iitlot.h 

■   I         ken  as 


set..  ■  ' 
lit-. 

cl,.. 

Ol.l^ 

Ult 

I.ati  < 

nil]  I' 
in(th<' 
jrenr  of 
''70  (fii 


96 

JEtea,  (e-te'a),  n.  [NL. ;  origin  not  obvious.] 
The  typical  genus  of  ^teidcr.  jE.  anguinca  is 
known  as  snake-coralline.     Also  written  ^ta. 

.£teidae  (e-te'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  ^tea  +  -ida:.'] 
A  family  of  chUostomatous  polyzoans,  t\'pified 
by  JEtea,  erect  and  free  or  decumbent  and 
adherent,  uniserial,  with  subterminal  mem- 
branous area  and  tubular  zooeeia.  Also  wi-it- 
ten  JEtida. 

.SthalilUU  (e-tha'li-um), ;;.  [NL.,<  Gr.  nida7.o£, 
smoke,  soot ;  with  ref.  to  the  abundant  dust-Uke 
spores.  Cf.  FuUgo,  an  allied  genus,  <  li.fuligo, 
soot. J  1.  A  genus  of  Alyxumycetes,  or  slime- 
molds,  forming  thick  cake-like  receptacles  cov- 
ered by  a  brittle  cortex,  and  closely  adherent 
to  the  smi'aee  on  which  they  grow.  They  are 
often  found  in  hothouses  where  spent  tan  is  used  for  heat- 
ing purposes,  and  hence  are  sometimes  called  rfouwef  of  tan. 
2.  [/.  c]  A  similar  receptacle  in  any  genus: 
■nith  a  plural,  (cthalia  (-a). 

aetheling,  «.     See  athcJing. 

aetheogam  (a-e'the-o-gam),  n.  [<  Gr.  aifiiji;. 
unusual  (<  h-  priv.  +  ;/Woc,  custom:  see  ethic),  + 
yauoi;,  man'iage.]  In  De  Candolle's  system  of 
classification,  a  plant  belonging  to  a  group  of 
cryptogams  which  were  the  only  ones  of  the 
order  then  known  to  have  sexual  organs,  includ- 
ing the  Equisetacea:,  Filices,  Musci,  higher  Hepa- 
ticfc,  etc. 

aetheogamous  (a-e-the-og'a-mus),  II.  Belong- 
ing to  the  aetheogams. 

aether,  n.    See  ether^. 

jEtheria  (e-the'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  named 
from  the  briUiancy  of  the  interior  surt'ace,  <  L. 
(Ftheriiis,  <  Gr.  aidepio(, 
of  the  ether  or  upper 
air,  heavenly,  ethe- 
real :  see  ethereal.']  A 
genus  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks,  of  the  family 
Un  ion  idw,  f  oiuid  in  the 
rivers  of  Africa  and 
Madagascar ;  river- 
oysters.  The  exterior  is 
rugged,  but  the  interior 
of  the  valves  is  pearly,  of 

a  vivid   green  color,  and  .^thrriastmiiunara. 

raised    in    small    blisters. 

The  natives  of  Nubia  adorn  their  tombs  with  them.  Also 
spelled  Etheria,  as  originally  by  Lamarck,  ISOS. 

aetheriid  (e-the'ri-id),  «.  A  bivalve  mollusk  of 
the  family  JEthcriida. 

.SItheriidae  (e-the-ri'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  JEthe- 
ria  +  -irfrt'.]  A  family  of  molhisks.  of  whicli 
.Etheria  is  the  ty{)ieal  genus.  Also  written  .Ethi- 
rioidw,  JEtherida;  JEtfieriada;  and  Etherida: 

.£thiop,  -Sthiopiant.   See  Ethiup,  Ethiopia)/. 

aethiopst  (o'thi-ojis),  n.  [NL.,  after  L.  JElhiops. 
Ethiopian:  see  Ethiop.]  An  old  j)liarinaci'uti- 
cal  term  applied  to  several  niineriil  prepiira- 
tions  of  a  black  or  nearly  black  color.  Also 
spelled  ethiops — .ffithlops  martial  [<  I.,  mariiaiis.  of 
-Uars,  i.  e.,  of  iron],  bhuk  n\id  of  iron.  — JEthlops  min- 
eral, blucksulphid  of  niercnry,preparcdinthelrtb<init<>i\. 

aethogen  (e'tho-jen),  «.  [<  Gr.  alDoc,  a  burning 
heat  (see  ether).  +  -ytvi/r,  taken  as  'produ- 
cing': see  -ge)i.]  Nitrid  of  bonm;  a  wliito, 
amorphous,  tasteless,  inodorous  ii()W<ler,  insol- 
uble in  water,  infusible,  and  non-volatile. 
Heated  in  an  ulcohol-llanie  fetl  with  oxyK"ti.  it  burns 
rapidly  with  :l  faint  greenish-white  liimie.      iVatln. 

aethrioscope(etli'ri-o-skoii),  n.  [<Gr.alW/)m,  (ho 
(ipeu  sky  (<  uWjiior,  clear,  fair,  in  the  open  air. 
<  alOpij,  the  open  sky,  <  a'ttiiip,  the  sky,  the  upper 
air,  >  E.  ether),  +  bkottciv,  observe,  look  al.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  miiiule  variii- 
tionsof  tempcratiiri'  due  to  dilTci-cMt  conilitions 
of  the  sky.  It  ciiiBists  of  a  diltiivntiiil  tliinm.nieler 
(wliitdl  Her,  uniler  thrrmoiiu-trr),  both  Imlbs  of  which  arc 
within  a  cu|)-Hbuped  mirror,  one  of  them  in  it*  focuM.  no 
a-H  t(»  be  e»j)ectaUy affecteil  on  being  expoHed  to  the  «k>. 
'I'llo  cup  is  Kci)t  covered  with  a  lid  when  the  hiHtriniii-nt  i-* 
not  in  use.  Its  delicucy  is  mo  great  that  It  i«  nllected  by 
every  piLssing  cloud. 

.£thusa  (e-thii'sii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  althvaa,  fom. 
of  itiiluv,  ppr.  of  aiOciv,  burn,  blaze:  see  dher.'] 

1.  In  hot.,  a  genus  of  tiiiibillifc>roiis  jilants,  nt' 
a  single  species,  .7:.'.  I'yiiaiiiiiiii,  introduced  inlu 
America  from  Europe,  ami  known  as  foolV- 
parsley.  it  l*  an  annual  garden-wcfd.  i»f  tniUNcnuH  and 
(leleterloUH  propertii-H,  and  Ik  tHjniellnH-»nilntukenfnrpar« 
U.'y,  whence  ItH  common  name. 

2.  In  :oiil.,  a  genus  of  decapod  cniHtoceans,  of 
the  familv  horiiijiidd'. 

ABtlan  di-e'slii-nn),  «.  [<  lAi.  Ae'tius,  Or.  'M- 
ri'ii-,  a  personal  name,  <  'iuTio^,  nhemf,  aiiTiiii,, 
of  (lie  eagle,  <  ArT/ir,  nirrdf,  eagle.]  One  of  a 
sect  of  strict  Arians  of  thi>  fourth  cenlury, 
niiniod  from  their  loader  Aetius,  called  the 
AllieiHt  (died  in  Coimtantinoi'le,  A.  1>.  307). 
Hi'o  Eunomian  and  Jiioinaaii. 


afar 

.ffitidae  (e'ti-de),  n.  pi.    Same  as  JSteidee.  .1 

aetiological,  etiological    (e'ti-o-loj'i-kal),  o.     il 

[<   Gr.  a'lTiolo-jiKoi;,  inquiring  into  causes:  see        | 
(VtioIogy.~\     Of  or  pertaining  to  a'tiology  ;  con- 
nected with  or  dependent  upon  the  doctrine  of 
elficient  or   physical   causes,  as  distinguished 
from  teleological  or  final  causes. 

The  practical  results  of  etiologicxii  studies,  so  far  as  tlie 
prevention  and  ciu-e  of  disease  are  concerned,  are  likely 
to  be  much  gi-e.ater  than  those  which  have  been  gained  by 
the  pathologists.  (;.  M.  Sternhenj,  Bacteria,  p.  230. 

aetiologically,  etiologically  (e  ti-o-loj'i-kal-i), 
adr.  In  an  (etiological  manner;  with  regard 
to  cause,  or  the  assignment  of  a  cause :  as,  an 
a'tiologically  obscure  failure  of  nutrition. 

aetiologist,  etiologist  (e-ti-ol'o-jist),  «.  One 
who  is  versed  in  setiology;  one  who  investi- 
gates physical  causes,  or  inquires  into  the  re- 
lations of  such  causes  to  effects  in  physics  or 
biology :  often  used  as  the  opposite  of  tele- 
ologist. 

aetiology,  etiology  (e-ti-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  LL.  a-tio- 
logia,  <  Gr.  a'mo'/.oyia,  statement  of  the  cause 
(cf.  a'irioTioyelv,  inquire  into  the  cause,  account 
for),  <  a'lria,  cause,  +  -?.o}ia.  <  ?.eyen',  speak: 
see  -oIogy.~\  1.  An  inquiry  into  or  a  theory 
of  the  physical  causes  of  any  class  of  phenom- 
ena. 

Morphology,  distribution,  and  physiology  investigate 
and  detennine  the  facts  of  liiology.  .i-^tiolnijif  has  for  its 
object  the  .ascertainnieiit  of  the  causes  of  these  facts,  aiul 
the  expliination  of  biological  phenomena,  by  showing  that 
they  constitute  particular  cases  of  general  physical  Jaws. 
It  is  hardly  needful  to  say  that  ixtioloiiii,  .as  thus  con- 
ceived, is  in  its  infancy.  Huxky.  Anat".  Invert.,  p.  37. 

2.  Specifically,  in  med.,  an  inquiry  into  or  ac- 
count of  the  origin  or  causes  of  disease,  or  of 
a  particular  kind  or  case  of  disease. 
Sometimes  written  aitiology. 

aetites  (ii-e-ti'tez),  ji.  [L.,  "<  Gr.  uer/r//f,  eagle- 
stone,  <  aerdg,  eagle.]     Same  as  eaglestone. 

.^tnean,  a.     See  Etnean. 

.^tolian  (e-to'li-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  .JSiolia, 
<(ir.  A't7(j?.ia,  JEtolia.]  I.  a.  Relating  or  per- 
taining to  .lEtolia,  a  ilistrict  of  Greece  lying 
north  of  the  gulf  of  Corinth,  or  to  the  race  who 

anciently  inhabited  it jEtollan  League,  a  ilemo- 

cratic  confederation  of  the  tribes  of  ancient  .Kti>lia,  some- 
times including  the  people  of  various  neit^hlmring  re- 
gions, celebrated  for  its  long  successful  wars  against  the 
Macedonians,  .\cheans,  etc. 

II.  H.  One  of  the  race  anciently  inhabiting 
iEtolia.  The  .^itolians,  though  fannuis  in  the  heroic 
age,  were  rude  aud  barbartms  as  late  as  the  time  of  the 
I'clopomiesian  war,  and  were  not  even  reckoned  as  (J reeks 
till  a  late  period  ;  but  they  attained  to  coosi,l,-rable  power 
thiough  their  warlike  prowess  after  the  time  of  Alcxandei- 
the  tJreat  and  their  gallantry  agamet  the  invading  tJauls. 

aetomorph  (!i'e-to-m6rt),  n.  A  member  of  the 
.ie'tomorphw ;  a  bird  of  prey. 

Aetomorphae  (a"e-to-ra6r'"fe),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
tir.  rifro;-,  an  eagle,  +  fiopipi/,  fonii,  shape.]  In 
iiniith.,  the  birds  of  prey;  a  group  equivalent 
to  the  liaptores  or  Accipitres  of  most  atithors. 
Named  by  Huxley  in  ISti"  as  a  superfamily  of  thedesniog- 
iiathous  division  of  the  order  Cnrinatif,  and  divided  liy 
biin  into  the  four  families  of  Slriijitlir,  Cittharlittfr,  Gyptv- 
liiUr.  iuel  tiupny  ranida-.  The  characters  of  the  group 
are  drawn  chielly  from  osteology,  but  arc  those  of  the 
Itiij'Uirrx  ;us  commonly  undcrstootl. 

aetomorphic  (a"o-t6-m6r'fik),  a.  Having  the 
eliaracters  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aetomorphw ; 
rajitorial,  as  a  bird. 

Aetosauria  (Ji"e-t6-sa'ri-a),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lifrrlf,  eagle,  +  aai'po^,  lizard.]  An  order  of 
saurians  represented  by  the  family  Ai'tusauri- 
ilii'  (wliieli  see).     0.  ('.  Marsh. 

A^tosauridae  (!i"e-to-K;l'ri-de),  n.  fil.  [NL.,  < 
Ji'l<ixaiinis+  -idie.]  A  I'aiuily  of  oxdnctTriassic 
reptiles  allied  to  or  of  t  lie  oi'derof  dinosaui'ians, 
witli  liiubs  and  dei-nuil  arnuiture  rescnililing 
those  of  crocodilians,  (he  calcaiioum  produced 
liaikwnrd.  ami  two  sacral  vertebra).  U,  C. 
Miir.-h. 

AetosaUTUS  (ii^e-to-sii'rus),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  derfif, 
eiiglo,  -1-  oniyjof,  a  lizard.]  A  genua  of  extinct 
reptiles,  representing  the  family  Aetoxaurida'. 

aeuia,  aevia.    In  ehmeh  muftie,  a  contraction 

..f  iillihnil.      See  hall,  liiiilh. 

aeviternalt,  aeviternallyt,  etc.    Soo  emicrnal, 

elo. 

JEx  (eks),  II.     In  .too/.,  same  as  Aijr. 

af-.  Assimilated  I'orin  of  Latin  ad-,  also  an  eiTO- 
iieoMs  form  of  other  ]irelixes,  before./'.    See  (/i/-. 

aface  (n-fiis'),  prep.  ]>hr.  as  adr.  [<  «••  +  face.] 
lul'aee;  in  front.     [Kare.] 

afar  (ii-flir'),  adr.  [<  ME.  nfer,  aj'erre,  nfer, 
"/'(ir,  commonly  Heparn(<'il,  a  fer,  a  ferr,  earliest 
form  a  ferriiiii,  on  ferriim  {-iim  is  the  dat.  siif- 
lix),  ol  fair,  equiv.  in  sense  to  AS.  /corran, 
from  I'nr:  ME.  »/',  from  (10.  of,  prefix  aA),  Inter 
contused  with  on,  a  (E.  on,  ])refix  a-'i);  feor, 


afar 

later /fr,  far.    Cf.  atiear.']     1.  From  far;  from 
a  distance  :  now  usually  preceded  hy  from. 
He  sawc  a  place  a/er  [var.  a/eer],        Wijcli/,  Geu.  xxii. 
And/mm  afcr  came  walking  in  the  mede. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Good  Women,  1.  212. 

Held/rom  afar,  aloft,  the  immortal  prize. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  90. 

2.  Far ;  far  away ;  at  or  to  a  distance ;  re- 
motely in  place :  now  usually  followed  by  off. 

Afcr  fro  hem,  alle  be  hem  selue. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1215. 
Abrah.am  lifted  up  his  eyes,  and  saw  the  place  afar  of. 

Gen.  xxii.  4. 
The  steep  where  Fame's  proud  temple  shines  afar. 

Eeattie,  Minstrel,  i.  1. 
The  coronach  stole 
Sometimes  afar  and  sometimes  anear. 

Tennyson,  Dying  Swan. 
{Shakspere  uses  afar  off  also  in  the  sense  of  remotely  in  de* 
gree ;  indirectly. 

He  tliat  shall  speak  for  her  is  afar  o^  guilty, 
But  that  he  speaks.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  1. 

A  kind  of  tender  made  afar  off  by  .Sir  Hugh  here. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  l.J 

afearf  (a-fer'),  r.  t.  [Now  only  E.  dial.,  often 
shortened  to  'fear ;  <  ME.  afcren,  <  AS.  dfccrati, 
ten'ify,  <a-  +  /ScaM(>ME. ycre«),  terrify,  <.f(er, 
danger,  teiTor,  fear:  see /carl.]  To  cause  to 
fear;  frighten;  terrify;  malte  afraid. 
Clerkes  may  here  wepen  .  .  .  to  rt/ere  theues. 

Lives  A-  Pauper  (\V.  de  Worde),  V.  xi.\.  222.    (iV.  E.  D.) 
As  ghastly  bug  does  greatly  them  affearc. 

Spenser,  F,  Q.,  II.  iii.  20. 

afeard,  afeared  (a-ferd'),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  afered, 
aferd,  p.  a,. :  see  a/ear  and -erf2.  No  connection 
■with  afraid.']  Affected  with  fear ;  frightened; 
afraid.     [Now  colloquial  or  vulgar.] 

Be  not  afeard ;  the  isle  is  full  of  noises. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  2. 

afebrile  (a-feb'ril),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  (a-18)  + 
febrile.]     Without  fever;  feverless. 

The  course  of  subcutaneous  fractures  without  extravasa- 
tion of  blood  is  usually  afebrile. 

Beljield,  Rel.  of  Micro-Org.  to  Disease,  p.  38. 

Afer  (a'fer),  n.  [L.,  African,  used  by  Milton 
for  Africiis  (sc.  ventus,  wind),  the  southwest 
wind,  bio  wing  from  Africa ;  It.  Affrico  or  Gher- 
bino,  Garbino.]  The  southwest  wind.  MiUon. 
aff  (af),  jirey).  andadi'.  Off.  [Scotch.]— Aff-han', 
offhand;  without  reserve  ;  frankly.  Burns.— AS  hajlds, 
hands  off. —  AfF-lOOf,  right  off  from  memory,  or  with- 
out premeditation.  Burns. — To  feeze  aff.  ^ee  feezed. 
affa  (af'a),  )(.  [The  native  name.]  A  weight, 
equal  to  an  oimce,  used  on  the  Guinea  coast. 
Also  spelled  offa. 
affability  (af-a-bil'i-ti),  11.  [<  late  ME.  affa- 
bj/lite,  <  OF.  affahiU'ie,  F.  affabiliie,  <  L.  affabili- 
ta(t-)s,  <  affabilitf,  affable:  see  affable.]  The 
quality  of  being  affable ;  readiness  to  converse 
or  be  addressed;  ci\ility  in  intercourse;  ready 
condescension ;  benignity. 

Hearing  of  her  beauty,  and  her  wit. 
Her  affability,  and  bashful  modesty. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,ii.  1. 
He  had  a  majestic  presence,  with  much  dignity,  and  at 
the  same  time  affability  of  manner. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  18. 
=  Syn.  Sociability,  approachableness, accessibility,  urban- 
ity, complaisance,  suavity,  comity,  amenity,  friendliness, 
openness. 
affable  (af 'a-bl),  a.  [=  F.  affable,  <  L.  affabilis, 
adfabiUs,  easy  to  be  spoken  to,  <  affari,  adfari, 
speak  to,  address,  <  ad,  to,  +  fari,  speak :  see 
fable.]  1.  Easy  of  conversation  or  approach ; 
admitting  others  to  intercourse  without  reserve ; 
courteous ;  complaisant ;  of  easy  manners;  kind 
or  benevolent  in  manner:  now  usually  applied 
to  those  high-placed  or  in  authority :  as,  an  af- 
fable prince. 

An  affable  and  courteous  gentleman. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
He  is  so  insufferably  affable  that  every  man  near  him 
would  like  to  give  him  a  beating. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  I.  xiii. 

2.  Expressing  or  betokening  affability ;  mild  ; 
benign :  as,  an  affable  countenance. 

His  manner  was  very  unpretending  —  too  simple  to  be 
termed  affable ;  ...  he  did  not  condescend  to  their  so- 
ciety— he  seemed  glad  of  it. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxvii. 
=Syn.  Courteous,  civil,  complaisant,  accessible,  mild, 
benign,  condescending,  communicative,  familiar,  easy, 
gracious,  conversable. 

affableness  (af'a-bl-nes),  n.    Affability. 

affably  (af'a-bli),  adv.  In  an  affable  maimer; 
court  t'i>utsly! 

affabroust  (af 'a-brus),  a.  [<  L.  affaber,  adfa- 
ber.  skilfully  made,  <  ad,  to,  +  faber,  skilful, 
workmanlike,  <  faber,  workman:  see  fabric] 
Skilfully  made.     Bailey. 

affabulationt  (a-fab-u-la'shon),  «.  [=P.  affa- 
hulatkm,  <  L.  as  if  *affabulatio{n-),  <  ad,  to,  + 


97 

fabulatio(n-),  story,  ifabulari,  narrate,  ifaJnda, 
tale,  fable  :  see  fable]  The  moral  of  a  fable. 
Bdik'il. 

affablilatoryt  (a-fab'u-la-to-ri),  a.  Having  a 
moral :  as,  an  affabidatory  allegory.     [Rare.] 

affadyllt,  «.    A  variant  of  o_^'orfJW.    See  daffodil. 

affainf  (a-tan'),  r.  t.  [<  af-  +  fain,  an  old  spell- 
ing of  fii<in ;  witli  ref.  to  L.  affiiiijcrc,  adjiiii/err, 
add  falsely,  <  ad,  to,  +  fint/cre.  make,  invent, 
feign:  see./esr;».]  To  lay  to  one  s  charge  falsely 
or  feignediy.     [Rare.] 

Those  errors  which  are  maliciously  affained  to  him. 

Bp.  Hall,  Christ.  Moderation,  p.  35. 

affair  (a-far'),  11.  "[<  ME.  afere,  affere,  <  OF. 
afaire,  afeire  (F.  affaire  =  Pr.  afar,  afaircz= 
It.  affare),  orig.  a  prep,  phrase,  a  faire  (F.  a 
faire=  It.  a  fare),  to  do:  a,  <  L.  ad,  to;  faire 
=  It.  fare,  <  L.  facere,  do :  see  fact.  E.  ado 
is  of  parallel  formation.]  1.  Anything  done 
or  to  he  done ;  that  which  requires  action  or 
effort ;  a  moving  interest ;  business ;  concern : 
as,  this  is  an  affair.ot  great  moment;  a  man  of 
affairs ;  affairs  of  state. 

Thy  constellation  is  right  apt 
For  this  affair.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  4. 

The  nature  of  oiu*  popular  institutiuiis  requires  a  nu- 
merous magistracy,  for  whom  competent  provision  must  be 
made,  or  we  may  be  certain  our  ajtairs  will  always  be 
committed  to  improper  liands,  and  experience  will  teach 
us  that  no  governmeut  costs  so  much  as  a  bad  one. 

A.  Hamilton,  Continentalist,  No.  6. 
Services  to  those  around  in  the  small  affairs  of  life 
may  be,  and  often  are,  of  a  kind  which  there  is  equal 
pleasure  in  giving  and  receiving. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  102. 

2.  2]l.  Matters  of  interest  or  concern ;  partic- 
ular doings  or  interests;  specifically,  pecuniary 
interests  or  relations:  as,  to  meddle  with  a 
neighbor's  affairs  ;  his  affairs  are  in  an  embar- 
rassed state. 

Not  I,  but  my  affairs,  have  made  you  wait. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  ii.  6. 

3.  An  event  or  a  performance ;  a  particular  ac- 
tion, operation,  or  proceeding;  milit.,  a  partial 
or  minor  engagement  or  contest;  a  skirmish: 
as,  when  did  this  affair  happen  f  an  affair  of 
honor,  or  of  outposts. 

In  this  little  affair  of  the  advanced  posts,  I  am  concerned 
to  add  that  Lieut.  B.  was  killed.     Wellimjton's  Despatches. 

4.  A  private  or  personal  obncem;  a  special 
function,  business,  or  duty. 

Oh  generous  youth !  my  coimsel  take. 

And  warlike  acts  forbear ; 
Put  on  white  gloves  and  lead  folks  out. 
For  that  is  your  affair.    Lady  M.  W.  Montagu. 
To  marry  a  rich  foreign  nobleman  of  more  than  thrice 
her  age  was  precisely  her  affair. 

J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  102. 

5.  Thing ;  matter ;  concern :  applied  to  any- 
thing made  or  existing,  with  a  descriptive  or 
qualifjaug  term :  as,  this  machine  Is  a  compli- 
cated affair  ;  his  anger  is  an  affair  of  no  con- 
sequence. 

"They  are  offended,"  said  Kristian  Koppig,  leaving  the 
house,  and  wandering  up  to  the  little  Protestant  affair 
known  as  Christ  Church. 

a.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  231. 

6t.  Endeavor ;  attempt. 
And  with  his  best  affair  obeyed  the  pleasure  of  the  sun. 
Chapman,  Iliad,  v.  503. 
ASfalr  of  honor,  a  duel. 

affamisllt  (a-fam'ish),  V.  t.  or  i.  [<F.  affamer, 
OF.  afumcr,  afemer  =  Pr.  afamar  =  It.  affamarc, 
starve,<L.  ad,  to, -H /amis, hunger:  see/a?tt!s/i.] 
To  starve. 
affamishinentt  (a-fam'ish-ment),  n.  The  act 
of  star\'ing,  or  the  state  of  being  starved. 

Carried  into  the  wilderness  for  the  affamishment  of  his 
body.  Bp.  Hall,  Contemplations,  iv. 

affatuatet  (a-fat'u-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  as  if  *affa- 
tuatus,  pp.  of  'affatuari,  <  ad,  to,  +  fatuari,  be 
foolish.  Cf.  infatuate.]  To  infatuate.  Milton. 
affatuate,  affatuated  (a-fat'u-at,  -a-ted),  a. 
[<  L.  'affntitatiif:,  pp.,  after  infatuate,  a.,  q.  v.] 
Infatuated.     [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

They  .  .  .  are  so  much  affatuated,  not  with  his  person 
only,  but  with  liis  palpable  faults,  and  dote  upon  his  de- 
formities. Milton,  Pref.  to  Eikonoklastes. 
You^U  see  a  hundred  thousand  spell-bound  hearts 
By  art  of  witchcraft  so  affatuate. 
That  for  his  love  they'd  dress  themselves  in  dowlas 
And  fight  with  men  of  steel. 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Art.,  II.,  v.  2. 

affearlf,  "■  t.     Same  as  afear. 

affear^t,  v.  t.     Obsolete  form  of  affeer. 

affectl  (a-fekf),  V.  [<  ME.  affecten,  <  OF.  af- 
fecfer,  <  L.  affectare,  adfectare,  strive  after  a 
thing,  aim  to  do,  aspire  to,  pursue,  imitate 
with  dissimulation,  feign;  also,  in  pass.,  be 
attacked  by  disease;  freq.  of  aff  cere,  adficere, 
act  upon,  influence :  see  affect^,  which  is  nearly 


affect 

allied  to  affeci^ ;  the  two  verbs,  with  their  de- 
rivatives, run  into  each  other,  and  cannot  be 
completely  separated.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  aim 
at ;  asjjire  to  ;  endeavor  after. 

In  this  point  charge  him  home,  that  he  affects 
Tyraimical  power.  Shale,  Cor.,  iii.  3. 

But  this  proud  man  affects  imperial  sway. 

Ifrydcn,  Iliad. 

2.  To  use  or  adopt  by  preference;  choose; 
prefer ;  tend  toward  habitually  or  naturally. 

Musing  Meditation  most  affects 
The  pensive  secrecy  of  desart  cell. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  38fl. 
The  peculiar  costume  which  he  affected. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  I.  126.    (if.  E.  D.) 
The  drops  of  every  fluid  affect  a  round  flgiu'e. 

Newton,  Optickfl. 

3.  To  be  pleased  with ;  take  pleasure  in;  fancy; 
Hke;  love. 

No  profit  grows  where  is  no  pleasure  ta'en  ; — 
In  brief,  sir,  study  what  you  most  affect. 

Shak.,  T.  of  theS.,  i.  1. 
They  [the  Koreans]  more  particularly  affect  the  flowering 
shrubs,  to  a  comparative  neglect  of  the  annuals. 

Science,  V.  262. 
Maria  once  told  me,  she  did  affect  me. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  6. 
With  two  of  them  at  once  I  am  in  love 
Deeply  and  eciually  ;  the  third  of  them 
My  silly  brother  here  as  much  affects. 

Chapman,  The  Blind  Beggar. 

4.  To  make  a  show  of ;  put  on  a  pretense  of ; 
assume  the  appearance  of;  pretend;  feign:  as, 
to  affect  ignorance. 

I  affect  to  be  intoxicated  with  sights  and  suggestions, 
but  I  am  not  intoxicated.  Emerson,  Self-reliance. 

5.  To  use  as  a  model;  imitate  in  any  way. 
Spenser,  in  affecting  the  ancients,  writ  no  language. 

B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 
Nor  can  he,  however  laudatory  of  the  masters  he  af- 
fected in  youth,  look  upon  other  modern  poets  except  with 
the  complacency  felt  by  one  who  listens  to  a  stranger's 
rude  handling  of  the  native  tongue. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  402. 

6t.  To  resemble ;  smack  of. 

He  hath  a  trick  of  Coeur-de-Lion's  face ; 
The  accent  of  his  tongue  affecteth  him. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  L  1. 

Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  incline;  be  disposed. — 
2.  To  make  a  show;  put  on  airs;  manifest 
affectation. 
affect^  (a-fekf),  V.  t.  [<L.  affectus,  pp.  of  aff^ 
cere,  adficere,  act  upon,  influence,  affect,  attack 
with  disease,  lit.  do  to,  <  ad,  to,  -1-  facere,  do, 
make.  Cf.  affect^.]  1.  To  act  upon;  produce 
an  effect  or  a  change  upon;  influence ;  move  or 
touch :  as,  cold  affects  the  body ;  loss  affects  our 
interests. 

There  was  not  a  servant  in  the  house  whom  she  did  not 
.  .  .  infinitely  rtj^isci  with  her  comisell.  Evelyn,  Vtiary ,\&^b. 

On  the  whole,  certain  kinds  of  particles  affect  certain 
parts  of  the  spectrum.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Ajial.,  p.  142. 

The  whole  character  and  fortune  of  the  individual  are 
affected  by  the  least  inequalities  in  the  cultiu-e  of  the  un- 
derstanding. Emerson,  Nature. 
2t.  To  urge;  incite.  Joye. — 3t.  To  render  lia- 
ble to  a  charge  of;  show  to  be  chargeable  with. 

By  the  civil  law,  if  a  dowry  ^vith  a  wife  be  promised  and 
not  paid,  the  husband  is  not  obliged  to  allow  her  alimony. 
But  if  her  parents  shall  become  insolvent  by  some  misfor- 
tune, she  shall  have  alimony,  unless  you  can  affect  them 
with  fraud.  Ayliffe,  Parergon  (1726),  p.  69. 

4.  To  assign ;  allot ;  apply :  now  only  in  the 
passive. 

One  of  the  domestics  was  affected  to  his  especial  service. 
Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  III.  8. 
A  considerable  number  of  estates  were  affected  to  the 
use  of  the  Imperial  family  under  the  name  of  appanages. 
D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  473. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  work  upon  ;  to  concern,  relate  to,  interest, 
bear  upon ;  to  melt,  soften,  subdue,  change.     Affect  and 
effect  are  sometimes  confused.     To  affect  is  to  influence, 
concern ;  to  effect  is  to  accomplish  or  bring  about. 
affect^t  (a-fekf),  ".     [<  ME.  affect,  <  L.  affectus, 
adfectus,  a  state  of  mind  or  body  produced  by 
some  (external)  influence,  esp.  sympathy  or 
love,  <  afficere,  act  upon,  influence:  see  affect^, 
V.    Affect,  n.,  like  affection,  is  formally  a  deriv. 
of  affect^,  v.,  but  in  usage  it  rests  also  in  part 
upon  affect^.]     1.  Affection;  passion;  sensa- 
tion; inclination;  inwarddispositionorfeeling. 
My  gray-headed  senate  in  the  laws 
Of  strict  opinion  and  severe  dispute 
Would  tie  the  limits  of  omr  free  affects, 
Like  superstitious  Jews. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  t  L 
Rachel,  I  hope  I  shall  not  need  to  urge 
The  sacred  purity  of  our  affects. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  L 
The  affects  and  passions  of  the  heart. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  97. 

2.  State  or  condition  of  body ;  the  vr»y  in 
which  a  thing  is  affected  or  disposed.  Wiseman, 
Surgery. 


affectate 


98 


affectuous 


affectatet  (a-f  ek'tat),  a. 
(irrertare:  see  affect^.}     Affected;  marked  by 
afiV'-tation.     Elyot,  Diet.  ^    ^ 

affectation  (af-ek-ta'shon),  ".  [<  Li.  affecta- 
tio(n-),  adfeclatioin-),  a  stri\-ing  after,  affecta- 
tion, coneeit,  <  afectare,  ad/ectare,  stnve  after, 
affect,  imitate  :'  see  afect'i:'\  It.  btrenuous 
pursuit  or  desire  ;  earnest  quest ;  a  striving  m 
the  direction  (of). 
Pretended  sedition  and  afectation  of  the  crowiL 

Bp.  Pearton,  Expos,  of  Creed,  p.  293. 
The  afTeclation  of  being  Gay  and  in  Fashion  has  very 
nearly  eaten  up  our  Good  Sense  and  our  KeUgion. 

'  Steele,  Spectator. 

2.  A  striving  for  the   appearance   (of) ;  pre- 


r<  L.  afeetatus.  pp.  of  affecting^  (a-fek'ting),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  affecfl.-]  affectional  (a-fek'shon-ijl).  a     Relating  to  or 


1.  Loriug;  affectionate. — 2.  Using  affectation ; 
affected. 
I  never  heard  such  a  drawling-o/ecKn^  rogue. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  1. 

affecting^  (a-fek'ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  affecf^.'\ 
Hii\iug  power  to  excite  or  move  the  feelings; 
tending  to  move  the  affections;  pathetic:  as, 
an  affecting  spectacle ;  an  affecting  speech. 

I  suppose  you  are  siu-prised  that  I  am  not  more  sorrow- 
ful at  parting  with  so  many  near  relations  ;  to  be  sure  'tis 
verj'  arft'ctiiiij.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

=  Syn.  Movins,  touching,  impressive,  stirring. 

affectingly  (a-fek'ting-U),  adi:  In  an  affecting 
iiuiuiu-r;  in  a  manner  to  excite  emotion. 


tense  of  the  possession  or  character  (of);  effort  affection   (a-fek'shon),    n.      [<   ME    affeetiun, 


for  the  reputation  (of):  as,  an  affectation  of 
wit  or  of  virtue  ;  affectation  of  great  -svealth. 

His  arguments  are  stated  with  the  utmost  affectation  of 
precision.  Uacaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

In  matters  of  taste  the  .inglo-Saxon  mind  seems  always 
to  have  felt  a  painful  distrust  of  itself,  which  it  betrays 
either  in  an  affectation  of  burly  contempt  or  in  a  pretence 
of  admiration  equally  insincere. 

Loicell.  Study  Windows,  p.  396. 

3.  A  striving  for  effect ;  artificiality  of  maimer 
or  conduct ;  effort  to  attract  notice  by  pretense, 
assumption,  or  any  peculiarity  :  as,  his  affecta- 
tions are  insufferable. 

A  nectation  is  an  awkward  and  forced  imitation  of  what 
should  be  genuine  and  easy,  wanting  the  beauty  that  ac- 
companies what  is  naturah  Locke,  Education. 

The  good  sense  and  good  taste  which  had  weeded  out 
affectation  from  moral  and  political  treatises  would,  in  the 
natural  course  of  tilings,  have  effected  a  similar  reform  in 
the  sonnet  and  the  ode.  Uacaulay,  Dryden. 

4t.  Affection;  fondness. 

Bonds  of  affectation  .  .  .  between  man  and  wife. 

Bp.  Halt,  Cases  of  Conscience,  iv.  3. 

affectationlst  (af-ek-ta'shon-ist),  n.  [<  affec- 
tation +  -ist.}  One  who  indulges  in  affectation ; 
one  who  is  given  to  putting  on  airs. 

It  is  just  the  kind  of  phrase  to  be  petted,  as  it  is,  by  cer- 
tain affectatiunuits.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  94. 

affectedl  (a-fek'ted).  p.  a.  [<  affeef^  +  -fd2.] 
It.  Beloved:  as,  "his  «^efferf  Hercules,"  C7m/;- 
man,  Iliad,  viii.  318.— 2.  Having  an  affection, 
disposition,  or  inclination  of  any  kind ;  inclined 
or  disposed :  as,  well  affected  to  government  or 
toward  a  project. 
Made  their  minds  evil  affected  against  the  brethren. 

Acts  xiv.  2. 

How  he  doth  stand  affected  to  our  purpose. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  1. 

3.  Assumed  artificially;  not  natural:  as,  af- 
fected airs. 

Of  all  his  epistles,  the  least  affected  are  those  addressed 
to  the  dead  or  the  unborn.  Uacaulay,  Petrarch. 

4.  Given  to  affectation ;  assuming  or  pretend- 
ing to  possess  characteristics  which  are  not 
natural  or  real :  as,  an  affected  lady. 

OUvia  was  often  affected,  from  too  great  a  desire  to 
please.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  i. 

=  Syn.  3.  Arliflcial,  feigned,  Insincere.— 4.  Pretentious, 

affected'^  '(a-tek'ted),  p.  a.  i<  affeef^  + -e<P; 
partly  merged  in  affected'^.']  1.  Acted  upon; 
intluencod;  iiarticularly,  influenced  injurious- 
ly; impaired;  attacked,  as  by  climate  or  dis- 
ease.—  2.  In  «/</.,  same  as  adfected. — 3.  In  the 
Uom.  Ciith.  Ch.,  said  of  a  benefice  the  collation 
of  which  is  reserved  to  persons  possessed  of 
certain  qualifications;  specifically,  when  the 
pope,  liy  some  disposition  of  tlio  benefice,  pre- 
vents the  rejcuhir  collation  and  tacitly  signifies 
his  intention  of  himself  providing  for  the  bene- 
fiie  whi-n  it  shall  become  vacant. 

affectedly  (a-fek'ted-li),  adr.    1.  In  an  affected 

or  assomed  manner;  with  affectation;   hypo- 

criti<'!illy;  with  more  show  than  reality:  as,  to 

wnl  I :  affectedh/ (iWil. 

I-. '.  iTi-ly  aH  well  as  affectedljt  monarchical, 

aii'l  :.       ._    ..i'.'.'i  with  a  sense  of  the  liast. 

//.  Jamet,  Jr.,  L|ttlo  Tour,  p.  7. 

2t.  With  tender  cnrn. ;  lovingly. 

'Iv  peiiii'd  In  blood, 

>t  and  (i/Fi-ctriUji 
'■'!•'-,  l>»ver'H  I'omplalnt,  I.  48. 

k'ti'd-neg),  n.     The  quality 
:  :'ITiclntion. 
".  |<«/™(l  +  -«rl.]    l.Ono 
ri'lH.  or  assumes. —  2t.  One 


affectcdness 

,.t   \..  :■■■    " 

affect.  1 
wl 

Ilr 

■ll, 


Al«"  ^lulliwl  itfTrrlnr. 
ftffectibilitv  (I.  :'  '».ti.lill'i-ti),  »i 

ln-lfH^   .■ 

affectibl'  u\),  a. 

Capable  uf  bvlu^-  iilTootod. 


drcM'd  In  royal  rohoi 
■  ro's  vm. 

l.uiVa  Dominio 


n,  T.  1. 


(ilffctiun,  <  OF.  affection,  <  L.  aff'ectio{n-),  a  state 
of  mind  or  feeling,  especially  a  favorable  state, 
love,  affection,  <  afficere,  adjicere,  act  upon,  in- 
fluence: see  affect^.  Affection  is  formally  a 
deriv.  of  affect^,  but  in  usage  it  rests  also  in 
part  on  affecfi-.l  1.  The  state  of  having  one's 
feelings  affected;  bent  or  disposition  of  mind; 
phase  of  mental  disposition ;  feeling. 
Beware  chiefly  of  two  affections,  fear  and  love. 

Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1560. 

Affection  is  applicable  to  an  unpleasant  as  well  as  a 
pleasant  state  of  the  mind  when  impressed  by  any  object 
or  quality.  Cogan,  On  the  Passions,  i.  §  1. 

Specifically — (a)  A  general  name  for  that  class  of  feelings 
which  bear  an  immediate  relation  of  attraction  or  hos- 
and  even  toward  tilings,  as 


The  state  of 


implying  affection ;  relating  to  the  affections. 

God  has  made  women,  as  men,  compound  creatures, 
with  a  fivefold  nature  :  and  it  cannot  be  that  either  side, 
physical,  mental,  moral,  affectional,  or  spiritual,  can  suffer 
loss  without  injury  to  the  whole. 

Quoted  in  Sex  and  Education,  p.  172. 

affectionate  (a-fek'shon-St),  a.  [<  affection  + 
-ati-\  Mi^'gi'sted  by  F.  affcctionnc,  pp.  of  affec- 
tionmr:  st;t.'  affection,  c]  1.  Having  great  love 
or  affection;  warmly  attached;  fond;  kind; 
loving:  as,  an  H^eeftOHOte  brother. 

Her  father  appears  to  have  been  as  bad  a  father  as  a 
very  honest,  affectionate,  and  sweet-tempered  man  can  well 
be.  Macaulay,  ^ladame  D'Arblay. 

2t.  Devoted  in  feeling;  zealous. 

In  their  love  of  God,  and  desire  to  please  him,  men  can 
never  be  too  affectionate.  Bp.  Sprat,  Sermons. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  affection; 
possessing  or  indicating  love ;  tender ;  warm- 
hearted: as,  the  affectionate  care  of  a  parent. 

He  (Lord  Russell]  had  sent  to  Kettlewell  an  affectionate 
message  from  the  scaffold.  .Macattlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

Victor  Emmanuel  was  a  man  of  strong  family  feeling 
and  affectionate  disposition. 

J?.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  152. 

4t.  Strongly  disposed  or  inclined :  with  to. 

Hist,  of  Hen.  VII. 
Sjni.  Warm-hearted,  tender- 
To  af- 


Affectionate  to  the  war  with  France. 
BacoJi, 

5t.  Biased ;  partizan.  = 

bearteil,  attached,  devoted. 


feet;  be  affected,  inclined,  or  disposed. 
Be  kindly  affectioiiateil  one  to  anotlier. 


tiUty  toward  other  persons,  ~ ^-,  _  ,  /     .  ,  ,  ,  -.» 

love,  esteem,  gratitude,  hatred,  jealousy,  etc.    Tliis  use  of  affectlOnatet  (a-iek  shon-at),  V.  t.  or  1. 

the  term  is  most  frequent  in  ethical  discussions,  as  in  the "      '"  '    '      ''     -  ''  "■-• 

common  distinction  between  benevolent  and  malecolent 
affections. 

The  affectioTis  and  the  reason  are  both  undoubtedly  ne- 
cessary factors  in  morality,  but  the  initiation  is  not  in  the 
reason,  but  in  the  affections. 

Foirler,  Shaftesbury  and  Hutcheson,  p.  217. 

The  hues  of  sunset  make  life  great ;  so  the  affections 
make  some  little  web  of  cottage  and  fireside  populous, 
important,  and  filling  the  main  space  in  our  history. 

Enierson,  Success. 


(6)  Desire;  inclination;  appetite;  propensity,  good  or 
evil ;  as,  virtuous  or  vile  affections.  Bom.  i.  26 ;  Gal.  v.  24. 
(ct)  One  of  the  passions  or  violent  emotions. 

ilost  wretched  man. 
That  to  affections  does  the  bridle  lend. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  34. 


Cainbridije  X.  T.,  1 083  (Rom.  xii.  10). 
Give  me  but  ten  diiys  respite,  and  I  will  reply. 
Which  or  to  whom  myself  aff'ectionates. 

Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay. 

affectionately  (a-fck'shon-at-li),  fl(Ji'.  1.  In  an 
atl'ec-tionate  maimer;  with  affection;  fondly; 
tenderly ;  kindly. 

Being  affectionately  desirous  of  you.  1  Thes.  ii.  8. 

2t.  In  a  biased  manner ;  in  the  manner  of  a 
inirtizan. 

lie  dotli  in  that  place  affectionately  and  unjustly  re- 
prove both  the  Bishop  of  Rome  and  Ale.vandria. 

Abp.  Whitrii/t,  Works,  II.  186. 


2.  A  settled  good  will,  love,  or  zealotis  attach-  affectionateneSS  (a-fek'shon-St-nes),  ii.  The 
ment :  as,  the  affection  of  a  parent  for  his  child :  ,,^1;^^.  ..f  |,^,,„,,  aftVctionato  ;'  fondness  ;  good 
generally  followed  by /or,  sometimes  by  to  or  to-    .^^.^  .  ;,)Yeotion 


tcard,  before  the  object, 

Affection  turn'd  to  hatred  threatens  mischief. 

Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  ii.  2. 

[Essex!  desired  to  inspire,  not  gratitude,  but  affection. 
Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

I  think  no  modern  writer  has  inspired  his  readers  with 
such  atl'ection  to  his  own  personality. 

Fmerson,  Sir  W.  Scott 

3t.  Natural  instinct  or  impulse ;  sympathy. 

Affection, 
Master  of  passion,  sways  it  to  the  mood 
Of  what  it  likes,  or  loathes.     Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 

4t.  Prejudice;  bias. 

"  Well,"  he  says,  "a  woman  may  not  reign  in  England." 
"Better  in  England  than  anywhere,  as  it  shall  well  appear 
to  him  that  withuiit  aileelion  will  consider  the  kind  o(  regi- 
ment." /)'/'.  Atilnor,  llarborough  for  Faitliful  Subjects. 
5.  A  modification ;  the  effect  or  result  of  ac- 
tion upon  a  thing;  especially,  inpsychol.,  a  pas- 
sive modification  of  consciousness. 

All  affections  of  consciousness  we  tei-m  sensations. 
//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  j 


Dryden  and  Pope,  however,  kept  their  strength  for 
satire  and  Invective,  and  this  style  does  not  easily  com- 
port with  lienrtv  affect ionateness. 

.V.  A.  Hei'.,  CXXXIX.  687. 

affectioned  (a-fek'shoud),  p.  a.     [<  affection  + 
-ed-.     Cf.  affectionate.']     1.  Having  a  certain 
disposition  of  feeling ;  ilisposed.     [Archaic] 
Bo  kindly  affectioned  one  to  another.  Rom.  xii.  1(X 

A  man  meanelie  learned  himselfe.  but  not  meanely  e^f' 
fectioned  to  set  forward  learning  In  others. 

Aschant,  The  Scholeniastcv,  p.  133. 

2t.  Affected;  conceited. 

An  affectioned  ass,  that  cons  state  without  book. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  II.  S. 

affectiOUSt  (a-fek'.shus),  a.     [<  alTcction  +  -011,1. 
C'f.  (((/'<  (7i(()H»'.]     AlTectionate ;  cordial. 

Tlieref«n*e  my  deare,  dearc  wife,  and  dearest  sonnes, 
Let  nie  ingirt  you  with  my  last  embrace  : 
And  in  your  cheekes  inipresse  a  fare-well  kisse, 
Kisse  of  true  kindness  and  affections  love. 

Traiiniy  of  Nero  (1007). 

6.  In  mctaph.  (translation  of  Gr.  ttMic,  suffer-  affective  (n-fek'tiv),  a.     [<  ML.  affcctiru.i,  <  L, 


.  01. 


M),   a.      i' affect^  + -Ule.'i 
kare.] 


ing),  one  of  those  iiualitii'S  of  bodies  bv  whiiO 
they  directly  affect  the  senses:  often  iiiipmp- 
crly  extended  to  other  properties  of  bodies. 

I  distinguish  extension  anil  llgure  by  the  title  of  the 
mathematical  affections  of  matter.  /'.  SIcirarl. 

The  so-called  forces  uf  nature  have  been  well  and  truly 
spoken  of  lu  the  moods  or  affections  of  matter. 

ir.  /,.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  .Nature,  p.  1. 

7.  A  disease,  or  the  condition  of  being  diseased ; 
a  morbid  or  abnormal  state  of  body  or  mind: 
as,  a  gouty  affection;  hysteric  affection. 

And,  truly,  waking  dreams  were  more  or  less. 
An  old  and  strange  n/ccM<oi  of  the  house. 

Tennytnn,  The  I'rlnceM,  1. 

I  have  been  thinking  ...  of  the  sliigiihir  affection  (.. 

which  you  are  subject.  ......  , 

<>.  II'.  lIolmcH,  Mortfll  Anilpntliy,  xil. 

8.  In  painting,  a  lively  ropresentatioii  of  pus 
sion.     n'ollim.     [Kare.]  — 9t.  Affecliilion. 

I'leasant  without  scurrility,  witty  wllhont  affection. 

.sTin*.,  1.  1-  I..,  V.  1. 
-Byn.  2.  AltachmrnI,  Fondncu,  etc.  (sec  forv),  lender- 
II'-.*    piirtinllly.  blaft.     .Mer  ;«7Mio«. 

affection  (n-fek'Hhon).  r.  t.  [=P.  nffectionnrr ; 
from  t  ho  noun.]  "fo  love ;  have  an  affection  for. 
IKaro.J 

ilul  can  you  affection  the  'oman? 

.Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W,.  I.  1. 


iffieliis,  ])]i.  of  affccre,  affect :  see  <iffcet-.]     1. 
Allecting  or  exciting  emotion  ;  suited  to  affect. 
[Kare.] 
A  i>rcachcr  more  InBtructlvo  than  affective. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Own  Times  (1089),  Iv. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  affections  ;  emotional. 

Without  epilepsy  she  would  have  a  roiidilion  of  the  a.f- 
feeliee  \u>\\fv  i,t  the  mind  which  is  so  dellfietit  as  to  lessen 

re»| slbllily,  Alien,  ami  Xeurol.,  VI.  .•)76. 

AfTcctlve  quality.     Same  as  affection,  0. 

affectively  (a-fek'tiv-li),  adr.  In  an  affective 
iiiaiincr;  lis  regards  the  affections.     [Rare.] 

affector,  «.     See  alTccter. 

affectualf  (n-lcU'tu-al),  a.  [<  L.  afftetus,  nion- 
lal  ilisposilicin,  (fesii-e  (see  affect-,  n.),  +  -«/.] 
I'lTlnining  lo  or  consisting  in  dis])OHitioii  or 
desire;  emotional;  affectional;  earnest. 

God  hath  biliolclen  your  nfretnnll  dinocyon  fro  hoavon. 
Ciuton.  Gohlcll  1.1'genil,  p.  USD. 

Lust  not  oidy  affectual,  but  actual,  is  iliKpriiscd  with. 
Ilee.  T.  Adams.  Works,  1.  205. 

affectuouflf  (a-fek'tu-UH),  a.  [=  I'',  affcctuciix, 
<  I,,  iitjictud.in.s,  i  affect ii.i,  affection,  mood: 
Hi'faffect'^,  n.]  Marked  li^jiassioii  or  affection; 
earnest:  affectionate;  affc'cting:  as,  "made 
Buch  afcctuou.s  labour,"  Faltian,  vii. 


affectuously 

affectUOUSlyf  (a-fek'tu-us-li),    adv.     Passion- 
ately ;  zciilously ;  affectionately. 
St.  Rcinigius  pmyeil  so  afecluomltf.  Fabyan. 

affeeblet  (a-fe'bl),  c.  t.  [Late  ME.  affechle,  < 
()!•'.  iifililir,  afvblicr,  <  «,  to,  +  fcblicr,  weaken, 

<  lirbh-,  feeble:  aoe  feeble. 1     To  enfeeble. 
affeer  (a-fer'),  ''•  '■     [Early  mod.  E.  also  ajfear  ; 

<  ME.  (iffcren,  ajfurcii,  <  AF.  ajj'crer,  afcrer,  OP. 
affeurir,  (ifcuirr,  earlier  nforcr  =  Sp.  aforar,  < 
ML.  affomrc,  tix  the  price  or  jnarket  value, 
assess,  value,  <  L.  (id,  to,  +  forum,  market ;  MIj. 
also  market  price,  fixed  rate:  see  forum.]  1. 
In  law,  to  assess  or  settle,  as  an  amercement  or 
arbitrary  fine. 

That  tlie  constables  in  every  parish  sI\ouId  collect  the 
money  atkred  (assessed)  in  each  parish  to  be  delivered  to 
the  L-aptain,  who  was  bound  to  return  .iny  overplus  unex- 
pended. Stuhbs.  Const.  Hist.,  §  696,  note. 

2.  To  confirm :  as,  "the  title  is  affeer'd,"  Shah., 
Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

Also  spelled  affere. 

affeerer,  «.    See'affeeror. 

affeering-man  (a-fer'ing-man),  n.     An  afleeror. 

affeerment  (a-ter'meut),  n.  The  act  of  alTecr- 
in}j  or  assessing  an  amercement  according  to 
the  circumstances  of  the  case. 

affeeror,  affeerer  (a-fer'or,  -er),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  affearcr;  <  ME.  'afferer,  affurer,  -our,  < 
AF.  *affereur,  -our,  OF.  affeureur,  aforeur,  < 
ML.  afforator,  <  afforare:  see  affeer.']  One  who 
affeers;  a  person  sworn  to  assess  arbitrary  fines 
to  what  seems  a  reasonable  amount. 

Affenthaler  (af 'en-ta-ler),  «.  [G.  (se.  %cein, 
wine):  so  called  from  the  village  Affcnthal,  in 
Baden.]  A  red  wine  made  in  Baden.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  esteemed  of  the  Markgrafler  wines. 

afferent  (af  e-rent),  0.  [<  L.  affercii{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  ufferrc,  adfcrre,  carry  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  fcrre, 
carry,  bear.]  Bringing  ;  carrying  to  or  toward ; 
conveying  inward.  Used  in  physiol.  as  the  opposite 
of  efferent,  and  said  (rt)  of  veins  which  convey  blood  from 
tile  periphery  to  the  physiological  center  of  the  blood- 
circulation;  {li)  of  those  lymphatic  vessels  which  enter  a 
lyrapliatic  glami,  as  opposed  to  those  which  leave  it ;  and 
chierty  (c)  of  those  nerves  which  have  a  sensory  or  es- 
thesodic  function,  conveying  an  impulse  from  the  periph- 
ery to  a  ganglionic  center  of  the  nervous  system.  In  the 
case  of  nerves,  afferent  is  nearly  synonymous  with  sensory, 
as  opposed  to  motor.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  tlie 
function  of  these  nerves,  and  to  that  which  they  convey : 
as,  an  afferent  impulse. 

Having  arrived  at  this  notion  of  an  impulse  travelling 
along  a  nerve,  we  readily  pass  to  the  conception  of  a  sen- 
sory nerve  as  a  nerve  which,  when  active,  brings  an  im- 
pulse to  a  central  organ,  or  is  afferent;  and  of  a  motor 
nerve,  as  a  nerve  which  carries  away  an  impulse  from  the 
organ,  or  is  efferent.  It  is  very  convenient  to  use  these 
terms  to  denote  the  two  great  classes  of  nerves  ;  for  .  .  . 
there  are  afferent  nerves  which  are  not  sensory,  while 
there  may  be  in  man,  and  certainly  are  in  animals,  effe- 
rent nerves  which  are  not  motor,  in  the  sense  of  inducing 
muscular  contraction.  Huxley,  Physiol.,  p.  289. 

affermet,  ('.  *.    Obsolete  form  of  o#"rw.    Chaucer. 

affettuoso  (iif-fet-to-o'so),  a.  [It.,  affectionate, 
kind,  tender,  <  L.  affectuosus  :  see  affectuous.] 
Tender;  affecting:  in  music,  designating  a 
movement  which  is  to  be  sung  or  played  softly 
and  affeetingly. 

affiance  (a-fi'ans),  H.  [<  ME.  affiance,  afiance, 
ajl'iinucc,  -aunce,  <  OF.  afiance,  <  aficr,  afficr, 
trust  in,  >  ME.  afien,  affieii :  see  affi/  and  -ance.] 

1.  Trust;  confidence;  reliance. 

The  Christian  looks  to  God  with  implicit  affiance. 

Hainmond. 

Lancelot,  my  Lancelot,  thou  in  whom  I  have 
Most  love  and  most  affiance. 

fen  nyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

2.  The  pledging  of  faith,  as  in  contracting 
maiTiage ;  a  solemn  engagement ;  a  marriage 
contract. 

.\ccord  of  friendes,  consent  of  Parents  sought, 
Affyaunee  made,  my  happinesse  begonne. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  21. 

3.  Affinity;  intimate  relation ;  connection. 
In  defiance  of  llis  church  and  not  in  affjanee  with  it. 

H.  James,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  198. 

affiance  (a-fi'ans),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  afflaiiccd, 
ppr.  affiancing.  [<  OF.  afiancer ;  from  the 
noun.]  1.  To  betroth  ;  bind  by  promise  of 
man-iage:  as,  to  a^«Hce  a  daughter;  toaffianee 
one's  self. 

In  me  behold  the  Prince, 
Your  countryman,  affiaiice'd  years  ago 
To  the  Lady  Idii.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iL 

2.  To  assure  by  pledge  or  promise.     [Rare.] 

Str.anger  !  whoe'er  thou  art,  securely  rest 
Affianced  in  my  faith,  a  friendly  guest. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  xv.  305. 

affiancer  (a-fi'an-ser),  n.  One  who  affiances ; 
one  who  makes  a  contract  of  marriage  between 
parties. 


99 

affiant  (a-fi'ant),  n.  [< OF.  affiant,  ppr.  of  affier, 
pleilgo  one's  faith  :  see  a;/|/ and -aw/I.]  Inlaw, 
one  who  makes  an  affidavit.     [United  States.] 

affichet,  V.  t.     See  affitch. 

affiche  (a-fesh'),  n.  [F.,  <  afficher,  OF.  aficher, 
(ijichicr,  fasten  to,  >  ME.  affiche :  see  affitch  and 
affix.]  A  paper  of  any  kind  pasted  or  affixed  to 
a  wall,  post,  etc.,  to  be  read  by  pas.sers-by;  a 
poster. 

affidationt,  affidaturet  (af-i-da'shon,  af'i-da- 
Uir),  n.  [<  ML.  uffiilarc,  pledge :  see  uffy  and 
affiduee.]     A  mutual  contract  of  fidelity. 

afidavit  (af-i-da'vit),  n.  [ML.,  he  lias  made 
oath,  .'id  pers.  sing.  perf.  ind.  of  affidare,  make 
oath:  see  «(/>/ and  a^jawcc]  A  •written  decla- 
ration upon  oath;  a  statement  of  facts  in  writ- 
ing signed  by  the  affiant,  and  sworn  to  or  con- 
firmed by  a  declaration  before  a  notary  pub- 
lic, a  magistrate,  or  other  authorized  officer. 
Affidavits  are  usually  required  when  evidence  is  to  be  laid 
before  a  judge  or  court  on  a  motion  or  summary  applica- 
tion, as  distinguished  from  a  trial  of  the  merits  of  the 
cause.  The  word  is  sometimes  loosely  used  of  an  oral  de- 
claration uiuler  oath. 

affiet,  ''•     See  affi/. 

affilet,  '••  t.  [<  ME.  affilen,  afilen,  affylen,  <  OF. 
afiler,  later  iiffiler,  to  sharpen,  also  to  deck,  mod. 
F.  affiler,  <•  ML.  *affilare  (in  deriv.),  bring  to  an 
edge,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  filnni,  thread,  ML.  also 
edge:  soe_^/e3.]     To  polish;  sharpen. 

He  moste  preche  and  well  affyle  his  tunge. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1,  714. 

affiliable  (a-fil'i-a-bl),  a.  [<  ML.  as  if  *affili- 
abilis,  <.  affiliare :  see  affiliate.]  Capable  of  be- 
ing affiliated;  chargeable  as  result  or  effect: 
with  on  or  upon. 

The  distribution  of  sediment  and  other  geological  pro- 
cesses which  these  marine  cm-rents  effect,  are  affiliable 
upon  the  force  which  the  sun  radiates. 

H.  Spencer,  First  Principles,  §  69. 

affiliate  (a-fil'i-at),  c. ;  pret.  and  pp.  affiliated, 
ppr.  affiliatini).  [<  ML.  affiUatus,  pp.  of  affili- 
are, adfiliarc  (>  F.  affilier),  adopt  as  a  son,  <  L. 
«rf,  to, -t- /Hhs',  son,  ^Ko,  daughter.]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  adopt;  receive  into  a  family  as  a  son 
or  daughter ;  hence,  to  bring  into  intimate  as- 
sociation or  close  connection. 

Is  the  soul  affiliated  to  God,  or  is  it  estranged  and  in 
rebellion?  /.  Taylor. 

2.  In  law,  to  fix  the  paternity  of,  as  a  bastard 
child:  with  upon  :  as,  the  mother  affiliated  her 
child  Mpo«  John  Doe.  Hence — 3.  To  connect 
in  the  way  of  descent  or  derivation :  with  iqjon. 

Ethical  requirements  may  here  be  to  such  extent  affili- 
ated upon  physical  necessities,  as  to  give  them  a  partially 
scientific  authority.  Ji.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  lOS. 

4.  To  associate ;  receive  or  establish  on  terms 
of  fellowshij). 

lien  who  have  a  voice  in  public  affairs  are  at  once  afftl- 
iated  with  one  or  other  of  the  great  parties  between  which 
society  is  divided.  Lou-ell,  Democracy. 

He  [Lassalle]  hoped  the  party  of  progress  would  apiliate 
itself  with  him.  G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  63. 

Austria  and  .  .  .  the  affiliated  Governments  of  the  Pe- 
ninsula. E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  137. 

Affiliated  societies,  local  societies  connected  with  a 
central  society  or  with  one  another. 

II.  intrini.i.  To  associate;  consort;  be  inti- 
mately united  in  action  or  interest. 

The  political  organization  with  which  the  blacks  now 
naturally  affiliate  is  restrained,  by  fear  of  Caucasian  senti- 
ment, from  giving  this  element  the  prominence  it  numeri- 
cally deserves.  if.  A.  Her.,  C.XX.VIX.  420. 

affiliation  (a-fil-i-a'shon),  K.  [<  F.  affiliation, 
<ML.  affili(ilio{n-),  adfiliatio(n-),  (.affiliare:  see 
affiliate.]  1.  Adoption;  association  in  the 
same  family  or  society  ;  hence,  consanguinity 
or  kinship  of  feeling  or  character. 

There  are  a  number  of  affiliations  which  were  of  at  least 
equal  antiquity  with  .adoption,  and  which,  I  suspect, 
served  its  object  even  more  completely  in  very  ancient 
times.  Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  98. 

So  intense  is  our  sense  of  affiUation  with  their  nature, 
that  we  speak  of  them  universally  as  our  fathers. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  221. 

2.  Association  in  general ;  relation ;  connec- 
tion ;  friendship ;  alliance. 

The  merry  gallants  of  a  French  colonial  military  service 
which  had  grown  gross  by  affiliation  with  Spanish-Ameri- 
can frontier  life.  G.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  4. 

The  population  [of  the  disputed  territory  on  the  western 
bountlary  of  Afghanistan]  is  sparse,  with  few  affiliations 
with  the  Afghans.  Sciciux,  V.  359. 

3.  In  law,  the  act  of  imputing  or  of  determin- 
ing the  ]>ate™ity  of  a  child,  and  the  fixing  upon 
the  father  the  obligation  to  provide  for  its 
maintenance.  Hence  —  4.  The  fathering  of  a 
thing  upon  any  one;  the  assignment  of  any- 
thing to  its  origin  ;  connection  by  way  of  deri- 
vation or  descent:  ■with  upon. 


affinity 

The  relationship  of  the  sense  of  smell  to  the  fundamen- 
tal organic  actions  is  traceable,  not  only  tlirough  its  affHi- 
ation  ujion  the  sense  of  taste,  but  is  traccalile  directly. 

JI.  Sjjeitcer,  I'riu.  of  Psychol. 
affinal  (a-fi'nal),  a.     [<  L.  affiriis  (see  affine^) 
+ -al.]     Related  by  affinity  ;  dcrive<l  from  the 
sitiiK!   soiu'ce :   as,  affinal  tribes  or  products, 
[liare.] 
affinel  (a-fiu'),  a.  and  n.     [<  OF.  affin,  afin,  "a 
kinsman  or  allie,  one  with  whom  affinity  is  had 
or  contracted"  (Cotgrave),  <  L.  afftni.'t,  neigh- 
boring, related  by  mairiage,  one  related  Ijy  mar- 
riage, <  ad,  to,  -t-  finis,  border,  end :  sec  Jine'^, 
and  cf.  afiiniti/.]     I.  a.  Related  ;  akin  ;  affined. 
II.  II.  A  I'elative  by  maiTiage  ;  one  akin, 
affine-t  (a-(ln'),  v.  t.     [<  F.  affiuer,  OF.  afincr  = 
Pr.  Sp.  afiuiir=  It.  affinarc,  <  ML.  affinarc,  re- 
fine, <  L.  ad,  to,  +  Uh.finu.s  (>  OF.  fin,  etc.), 
fine  :  see  fiiie'^.]     To  refine.     Jlnlland. 
affined   (a"-find'),  a.      [<   affine^   +  -eifi.]        1, 
Joined  by  affinity  or  any  close  tie ;  akin ;  allied ; 
confederated. 

For  then,  the  bold  and  coward. 
The  wise  and  fool,  the  artist  an<l  unread. 
The  hard  and  soft,  seem  all  affin'd  and  kin. 

Shall.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
If  partially  affin'd,  or  leagu'd  in  office. 
Thou  dost  deliver  more  or  less  than  truth. 
Thou  art  no  soldier.  Shak,,  Othello,  ii.  :i. 

2t.  Bound  or  obligated  by  affinity  or  some  in- 
timate relation. 

Now,  sir,  be  judge  yourself, 
Whether  I  in  any  just  term  am  affin'd 
To  love  the  Jloor.  ,'Shak.,  Othello,  i.  1. 

3.  In  zodl.,  Joined  in  natural  affinity;  having 
affinity  ;  alUed  homologically  and  morijhologi- 
cally  ;  related  in  structural  character. 

Birds  are  homologically  related,  or  naturally  allied  or 

ajlined,  according  to  the  sum  of  like  structural  characters. 

Coucs,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  68. 

affinitative  (a-fin'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  afftni- 
t(i(t-)s,  affinity,  -H  -ire.]  Of  the  nature  of  affin- 
ity:  as,  an  «;f(«(7«((ce  resemblance.     X.  E.  ^J. 

afluiitatively  (a-fin'i-ta-tiv-li),  adv.  By  means 
of  afliiiity;  as  regards  affinity. 

affinition  (af-i-nish'on),  n.  [<  affinc^  +  -ition. 
Cf.  define,  definition .]  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  affined ;  mental  affinity  or  attraction. 
[Rare.] 

affiniti've  (a-fin'i-tiv),  a.  l<affiniti/ -\- -ive.  Cf. 
de/iuitire.]  Characterized  by  affinity;  closely 
related.     X.  E.  D. 

affinity  (a-fin'i-ti),  H. ;  'p\.  affinities (-iiz).  [<ME. 
afinite,  affinite,  <  OF.  afinite,  F.  affinite,  < L.  affini- 
ta(t-)s,  <  affoiis,  neighboring,  related  by  mar- 
riage: see  affine^,  affined.]  1.  An  artificial  re- 
lationship between  persons  of  different  blood, 
regarded  as  analogous  to  consanguinity:  the 
rehition  between  families  or  indi^■iduals  created 
by  interman'iage  (excluding  that  between  the 
married  persons),  by  legal  adoption,  or  bj'  spon- 
sorship; more  especially-,  the  relation  between 
a  husband  or  wife  and  the  kindred  of  the  other 
spouse.  In  tlie  Jewish,  Roman,  and  canon  laws,  aflinify 
by  marriage  or  adoption  is  a  bar  to  marriage  within  certain 
degi'ces,  e(iually  with  consanguinity;  and  on  this  ground 
rests  the  prohibition  of  marriage  with  a  deceased  wife's 
sister  in  Great  Britain.  The  canon  law  treats  unlawful 
sexual  intercourse  as  creating  the  same  affinity  with  mar- 
riage. Tlie  relationship  of  godparents  and  godchildren, 
called  .•spiritual  affinity,  is  not  now  considered  a  bar  to  mar- 
riage, as  it  was  before  the  Council  of  Trent,  which  made 
no  provision  on  the  subject. 

Solomon  made  affinity  with  Pharaoh,  king  of  Egypt,  and 
took  Pharaoh's  daughter.  1  Ki.  iii.  1. 

2t.  Intercourse ;  acquaintance ;  companion- 
ship. 

About  forty  years  past,  I  began  a  happy  affinity  with 
Williain  Cranmer.  liurton. 

Hence  —  3.  A  natural  liking  for,  or  attraction  to, 
a  person  or  thing ;  a  natural  drawing  or  inclina- 
tion ;  an  inherent  mutual  liking  or  attraction. 

Some  transcendent,  unborn  affinity,  by  which  we  are 
linked  to  things  above  the  range  of  mere  nature. 

Busiinell,  Xat.  and  the  Supernat.,  p.  68. 

4.  Inherent  likeness  or  agreement  as  between 
things ;  essential  or  specific  conformity ;  inti- 
mate resemblance  or  connection. 

The  perception  of  real  ajiinities  between  events  ^that  is 
to  say,  of  ideal  affuiti'S,  fur  those  only  are  real)  enables 
the  poet  thus  to  make  free  with  the  most  imposing  forms 
and  phenomena  of  the  world,  and  to  assert  the  predomi- 
nance of  the  soul.  Emerson,  Nature. 

5.  In  ckem.,  that  force  by  which  the  atoms  of 
bodies  of  dissimilar  nature  unite  in  certain  defi- 
nite proportions  to  form  a  compound  different 
in  its  nature  from  any  of  its  constituents: 
called  distinctively  chemical  or  elective  affinity. 
The  word  has  Inst  its  original  meaning,  and  now  signifies 
nothing  more  than  chemical  force.    See  chemieal. 

Affinity  is  neither  the  gases  nor  their  product,  but  a 
power  which  renders  the  product  possible. 

G.  H.  Leires,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  2.'>. 


100 


affinity 
6    In  biol.,  morphological  and  implied  genetic 
relationship,  resultLng  in  a  resemblance  m  gen- 
eral plan  or  structure,  or  in  the  essential  struc- 

^n;,l  r.trt<s  p-dstin''  between  two  orgamsms  or  is  generaiiv  requiieu.  raise  ammiau. 
tnral  parts,  existing  _"'ii^;^"'"  ,  „par  structural  sucli  persons  aj-e  punishable  in  the  same  «;->■ 
erouBS  of  organisms  :  true  ana  near  srrucnuai      „     i^. —  ,_  i,^_, —  t:..^    „    „„.i   „ 

relationship,  predicable  of  two  or  more  organ- 
isms morphologically  related,  however  diverse 
physiologically. 


At  first  we  find  -arsupialB^aB^^armvo™  witti  m^a^u. 


7  In  psychoh ,  that  in  ideas  which  renders  them 
capable  of  being  associated  in  the  mind,  as  their 
siimlaritT  or  eoadjacency.  The  law  of  the  affinity  of 
ideas  is  another  name  for  the  law  of  continuity  of  notions 
according  to  which  two  notions  cannot  be  so  similar  but 
that  it  is  possible  to  find  a  third  intermediate  be  t  ween  them. 
8.  In  geom.,  the  relationshij;  between  two  fig- 
ures in  the  same  plane  which  correspond  to 
each  other,  point  to  point  and  straight  Une  to 
straight  line,  any  point  of  the  one  lying  in  a 
fixed  direction  from  the  corresponding  pomt 
of  the  other,  and  at  a  distance  from  it  propor- 
tional to  its  distance  from  a  fixed  line,  called 
the  axis  of  affinity,  the  direction  of  which  is 
that  of  lines  joining  corresponding  points. 
af&rm  (a-ferm'),  v.  [Formerly  n/ccm,  but  now 
spelled  so  as  to  approach  the  L. ;  <  ME.  a^ffcr- 
men,  afermen,  <  OF.  afcniicr,  affermer,  later 
affirmer,  affirm,  avouch,  mod.  F.  affermer  = 
Pr.  a/ermar  =  Sp.  afirmar  =  Pg.  affirmar  =  lt. 
affirmare,  <  L.  affirmare,  adfirmare,  present  as 
fixed,  aver,  affirm,  <  ad,  to,  +Jirmare,  make  firm, 
<firmus,  firm:  see  firm,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
state  or  assert  positively ;  tell  with  confidence ; 
aver;  declare  to  be  a  fact;  maintain  as  true: 
opposed  to  deny. 
One  Jesus,  which  was  dead,  whom  Paul  affirmed  to  be 


4.  In  law,  the  solemn  declaration  made  by 
Quakers,  Moravians,  or  others  conscientiously 
opposed  to  taking  oaths,  in  eases  where  an  oath 
is  generally  required.  F.alse  afltimiations  made  by 
1  such  persons  aj-e  punishable  in  the  same  w;.y  as  perjury. 
affirmative  (a-fer'ma-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME. 
affirmatiif.  n.;'<  OF.  affirmatif,  F.  affirmatif.  -ire, 
a.,  ainriiiaiive,  n.,  <  L.  affirmativus,  <  affirmalus, 
■p-p.ot  affirmare  :  see  affirm.']  I.  a.  1.  Charac- 
terized by  affirmation  or  assertion;  assertive  ; 
positive  in  form :  not  negative :  as,  Vinaffirmative 
proposition;  aHirmatire  principles,  in  .formal 
loqic  the  distinction  of  affirmative  and  negative  proposi- 
tions relates  not  to  the  nature  of  what  is  asserted,  but 
only  to  the  form  of  the  proposition,  wluch  is  called  affirm- 
ative if  it  contains  no  negative  particle. 

jjence  —  2.  Positive  in  maimer ;  confident ; 
dogmatic. 

Be  not  confident  and  affirtnative  in  an  uncertain  matter. 
Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  p.  102. 

3.  Giving  affirmation  or  assent ;  confirmatory; 
ratifying;  concurring;  agreeing:  as,  auHffiem- 
a  tire  decree  or  judgment  by  an  appellate  court ; 
an  aHirmatire  answer  to  a  request. 

II."  n.  1.  That  which  affirms  or  asserts;  a 
positive  proposition  or  averment :  as,  two  neg- 
atives make  an  affirmative. 


afflict 

used  especially  with  reference  to  ceramics  and 
bronzes.  Decoration  of  this  kind  is  characteristic  of 
the  famous  Palissy  ware,  which  is  adorned  with  aftt.\es  in 
the  shape  of  serpents,  lizards,  fishes,  and  the  like ;  and 


alive. 


Acts  XXV.  19. 


The  gentleman  came  up,  and  asked  pardon  for  haviuK 
disturbed  us,  affirming  that  he  was  ignorant  of  our  being 
so  near.  UuUlsmith,  \  icar,  vui. 

2.  To  make  firm ;  establish,  confirm,  or  ratify : 
as,  the  appellate  court  affirmed  the  judgment. 
=  8yil.  1.  As»ert,  Affirm,  Declare,  etc.     See  assert. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  declare  or  assert  positively 
or  solemnly. 

Sot  that  I  so  affirm,  though  so  it  seem 

To  thee,  who  Iiaat  thy  dwelling  here  on  earth. 

Milton,  P.  L,  viii.  117. 


Your  four  negatives  make  your  two  affirmatives. 

Snak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

2.  That  which  gives  affirmation  or  assent ;  the 
agreeing  or  concurring  part  or  side  :  with  the 
definite  article:  as,  to  support  the  affirmatire ; 
to  vote  in  the  aprmatire  (that  is,  in  favor  of  the 
affirmative  side),  as  in  a  legislative  body. 

\  goveniment  is  perfect  of  which  the  affirmative  can  be 
truly  stated  in  answering  these  questions.         Brougham. 

3.  In  judicial  proceedings,  the  side  which, 
whether  in  itself  an  affirmation  or  a  negation, 
requires  first  to  be  supported  by  proof,  ]ir('- 
sumption  in  the  absence  of  proof  being  against 


Afflnes. 

Italo-Greek  Vase  in  the  Campana  Collection,  Louvre  Museum. 

(From  "  L'Art  pour  Tous."l 

modem  ceramic  ware  of  both  fine  and  ordinary  quality  is 
often  ornamented  with  flowers,  figures,  etc. ,  in  relief.  The 
most  beautiful  examples  of  the  artistic  use  of  affixes  are, 
iiowever  to  be  sought  among  Japanese  bronzes, 
affixal  (af'iks-al),  a.  [<  affix,  n.,+  -ah']  Pertain- 
ing t(i  an  aflLx ;  having  the  character  of  an  affix. 
[Karc.J 


All  books  that  get  fairly  into  the  vitul  air  of  the  world 
were  written  by  the  .  .  .  affirming  ami  ;idvaiuing  class, 
who  utt«r  what  tens  of  thousands  feci  though  llicy  cannot 
gjjy_  Kmerson,  Botjks. 

2.  To  declare  solemnly  before  a  court  or  ma- 
gistrate, but  without  oath  (a  practice  allowed 
where  the  affirmant  has  scruples  against  tak- 
ing an  oath);  make  a  legal  affirmation.  See 
fiMrmalion. 

affirmable  (a-ftr'ma-bl),  a.  [<  affirm  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  "being  affirmed,  asserted,  or  de- 
clared :  followed  by  of:  as,  an  attribute  affirm- 
ahle  o/ every  just  man. 

affinnably  (a-f^r'ma-bli),  adv.  In  a  way  capa- 
ble of  iillimiation. 

affirmance  (a-ftr'mans),  n.  [<  OF.  affcrmance. 
afcrmiinct;,  (affermer,  afcrmer,  affirm:  see  af- 
firm.'] 1.  Theact  of  affirming;  asseveration; 
assertion. 

Een  when  sober  truth  prevails  throughout. 
They  swear  It,  till  affirmance,  breeds  a  doubt. 

Coipjfer,  Conversation,  1.  CO. 

2.  Confirmation ;  ratification. 

All  «tnU:nce«  are  liable  to  the  king's  affirmance  or  re- 
versal. Brougham, 

8.  In  hiw :  (a)  The  confirmation  by  an  appel- 
late court  of  the  adjudication  of  a  lower  court 
or  offlciT.     (h)  Confirmation  of  a  voidable  act. 

affirmant  (a-fi-r'munt),  n.  Uh.  affirmanit-)s, 
iipr.  of  affirmare:  tieo  affirm.]  1.  One  who  af- 
firms or  ftssertft. —  2.  ia  law,  one  who  makes 
iinirtnnli'in  in  loud  of  taking  an  oiilli. 

affirmation  '^if-'  r-mii'shon),  71,     |<  I-.  nffirma- 


it;  the  side  which  has  the  burden  of  proof.—  affixation  (af-iks-a'shon),  n.     [<ML.  as  if  'nj- 

'     ''        ''"^      fi.mtiii(n-),  <  afflxarc:   see  affi.r,  r.]     Theact 

of  affixing,  attaching,  or  appending ;  affixion. 
[Rare.] 
affixion  (a-fik'shon),  n.  [<  L.  affixio(n-),  ad- 
tixiu(n-),  <  afflgcrc,  adUgcre:  see  affix,  v.]  The 
act  of  affixing,  or  the  state  of  being  affixed. 
[Bare.] 
In  his  scourging,  in  his  affixion.,  in  his  transfixion. 

Bp.  Hall,  Sermon,  Gal.  li.  20. 

affixture  (a-fiks'tur),  n.  [<  affix  +  -ture,  after 
lixturcl  1.  The  act  of  affi-xing;  attachment. 
—  2.  Tliat  wliich  is  affixed.     [Rare.] 

afflatet  (a-llaf),  «'•  '•  [<  L.  afflatus,  pp.  of  af- 
tliirr,  adfiare.  blow  on,  <  ad,  to,  -k-  flare,  blow: 
see  /i/oH-i.]     To  breathe  on;  inspire. 

afflation  (a-fla'shon),  «.  [<  L.  as  if  'afflatio(n-), 
iaffiarc,  adfiare:  see  afflatus.]  A  blowing  or 
breathing  on  ;  inspiration. 

afflatus  (a-11a'tus),  n.  [<  L.  afflatus,  adfiatus, 
<  afflarc,  ad/lare,  blow  on:  see  afflaic]  1.  A 
blowing  or  'breathing  on,  as  of  wind ;  a  breath 
or  blast  of  wind.  [Karo  or  unused.]— 2.  An 
inipoUiiig  mental  force  acting  from  witliin; 
supernal  impulse  or  power,  as  of  prophecy  or 
expression ;  religious,  poetic,  or  oratorical  in- 
spiration, dften  spoken  of  as  the  ilivine  aflatus,  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Latin  afflatus  dirinus,  inspiration. 

The  poet  writing  against  his  genius  will  be  like  a  pro. 
ilict  without  bis  afflatus.  J-  Spnw,  The  Odyssey. 


4.  Xaut.,  the  signal-flag  or  pendant  by  which 
assent  is  expressed. 
affirmatively  (a-fer'ma-tiv-li),  adv.  1.  In  an 
affirmative  manner;  by  express  declaration; 
positively;  exiwessly. —  2.  In  the  affirmative 
mode  ;  by  asserting  that  a  disputed  or  doubt- 
ful thing  is :  opposed  to  negatively. 

I  believe  in  God.  First,  in  God  affirmatively,  I  believe 
he  is;  against  atheism.  Secondly,  in  God  exclusively, 
not  in  gods ;  as  against  polytheism  and  idolatry. 

Bp.  Pearson,  Expos,  of  Creed,  1. 

affirmatory  ( a-f er'raa-to-ri),  a.     [<  LL.  as  if  "af- 
lirmatariHs,  <  affirmaior,  an  affinuer,  <  L.  «.;/i''- 
marc:  see  affirm.]     1.  Affirmative;  assertive. 
An  oath  may  as  well  sometimes  be  affirmatory  lui  pmin- 
issory.  Uubhrs,  Gov.  and  Society,  11.  §  2o. 

2.  Dependent  upon  an  affirmative  principle : 
as,  an  allirmatory  syllogism.     Ve  Morgan. 
affirmer  (a-fer'nic"r),  n.     One  who  affirms. 

The  burthen  of  the  proof  in  law  restcth  upon  the  n^/inm-i-, 

/i/i.  ISrainhall,  Schism  Guarded,  ]).  isri. 

affitcht,  r- 1.    [<  ME.  affitclic,  afficclie,  affiche,<  OF. 

a/c/i<T,  afichicr,  mod.  F.  afficher^Vr.  aficar. 

a/rr/M«r  =  Sp.  afijiir=li.  affi<rare,<Uh.  as  if 

'affigicarc,  a  fn'-q.  form  equiv.  to  affixarc,  im\. 

of  L.  affiture,  adiiqere,  fasten  to,  affix:  see  affix, 

and  cf .  fitclfi,  fi'x.]     To  fasten  to ;  affix. 

The  platis  of  gold,  the  whiche  he  hadde  affitehide. 

Wyclif,  2  Ki.  xviil.  1(1.    (N.  K.  /'.) 

affix 


2.    I 

ID  di' ; 

Tli«t  ' 

a.  coi.ii". 

of  ROli 

Onr  •!. 
Acstlon  uf  U.. 


,  affirm:  »ee  affirm.]  1.  The 
iMothing  in,  or  is  true  ;  the  aH- 
■  ririiii  character  to  an  object: 

"tialion.     In  oriUiiiiry /"rm^i/ 

ni.:rily  Ui  the  (..nil  •.(  i  v|iri-«. 

j,  Inkeii  t^inieait  t»M' (LK«.  ili.,n 

.1  'I,  Unite,  MopjHMcd  t.,  a  nil  rely 

illrinod;  ft  propOKilioTi  that 
!•  ;  avennent;  BHHcrtion. 
II  ,  U-nefil  tr'.m  Chrtal.  h  the  nj^lr- 
dupair  U  foundi'd. 

//riMwm/ful,  KllndnmnnUU. 

■    •   ';'i,.-,ti.,Ti ;   oBtftbllHhmont 

:   ,.  t)ir.  t^prmnti'tn  or  T%W 
..i.  i,t  ■-"■■■""■  law  WH  held  lieloro. 
Utoktr. 


conjoin,  add,  or  append;   make  an  adjunct  or 
part  of :  followed  by  to. 

Anbl.lshop  Whitgift  was  the  llrst  to  affix  Ills  name  I" 
the  ileath  warrant.  Bancroft,  Hfst.  U.  S.,  I.  2211. 

As  i)lanta  became  more  highly  developed  and  affif'l  to 
the  ground,  they  would  be  compelled  to  he  aneniophllon» 
in  order  to  Intercross, 

Darwin,  Cross  anil  Self  Jertllliatlon,  p.  4(111. 

WcheslUite  at  iloliig  S|)en8er  so  groat  an  honor  ««  to 
think  that  ho  Intended  by  his  allegory  the  sense  we  affix 
f„  n  Kmeritou,  Art. 

Byn.  Adtl,  Affix,  Annex,  etc.  («eo  add),  sulllx,  supera.ld, 
lii'k  on,  fiutten  on,  Join. 
affix  (af'iks),  n,  [<  F.  affixe,  a.  and  n 
II (tixiix,  adfixu.s,  it\^. :  m'l^ a ffix,r,']  1 
i»  joined,  attiirheil,  <n-  ailded  ;  an  adililion  or 
uUiu'liinonl.— 2.  In  iihilnl.,  a  syllable  or  letter, 
profix  or  Huffix,  »ttiic1i<Ml  to  a  word  or  a  verbal 
root  or  Htein,  nn  in  gond-Mras,  veri-/j,  oivil-i.-<', 
iin-abli',  i/fwon-fonn-"'-/'.— 3.  In  drcoraliri  art, 
any  kkiuII  featun-,  iim  u  llk'ure,  ft  (lower,  or 
thi<  likr,  nddud  for  oniatiient  to  a  vesHel  or 
other  iiloDHil,  to  an  architectural  foattiro,  etc. : 


That  wliidi 


Hociatod  Willi,  if  not  derived  from,  (!.  flur  =  E. 
Hiior,  q.  v.]  In  decorative  art,  sunk  to  a  level 
wiMi  liio  surface;  not  iirojoetiug :  said  of  a 
iiudiillioii,  a  disk,  or  other  oruaiuoutal  adjimct, 
inlaid  11s  nnrt  of  a  lU^sign. 
afflict  (a-iliUf),  V.  t.  [In  earlier  form  afiight, 
q.  v.;  <'L.  altlictare,  adflictiirr,  trouble,  agitato, 
vex  groallv,' intensive  of  iiffliiierr,  adfiigirc,  pp. 
ainicttix,  ai'ttlirlii.i,  beat  down,  (lasli  to  the  ground, 
<"(/(/,  to,  +  lUiiire.  beat,  striUe,  jirob.  akin  to  E. 
/</<)h;3,  a  Hi  rokc,  hit.]  It.  To  strike  down ;  pros- 
trate; overtlirow;  rout. 

And,  reiutsembling  our  afflicted  powers, 

('oimiilt  how  wo  may  honcoforth  most  otiend 

our  enemy.  Milton,  P.  L.,  1.  186. 

2,  To  distress  with  mental  or  bodily  pain; 
troulili'  greatly  or  grievously;  harass  or  tor- 
ment: as,  to  bo  afflicUd  with  the  gout,  or  by 
persecution. 

Vi  .'ball  not  (USi«(  any  widow  or  fathcrlcsa  child. 

Ex.  xxll.  24 


afSict 

There  is  no  community  free  from  a  multitude  of  croak- 
ers and  alarmists,  .  .  .  ^vlio  ajlict  the  patience  and  con- 
science of  all  good  Christians  within  the  reach  of  their 
influence.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  118. 

The  afflicted  voice  of  the  country,  in  its  hour  of  danger, 
has  chiinnud  down  with  a  sweet  persuasion  the  angry 
passions  of  the  day.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  379. 

=  Syn.  Afflict,  Dislir.^/i,  Trouble,  //(zra.w,  Toniieiit :  try, 
pain,  liurt,  pla^'UL-,  persecute.  Ot  thisr  words,  afflirl  im- 
plies the  most  spiritual  effect,  the  greatest  depth  ;iiid  con- 
tinuance of  sorrow.  To  distress  is  a  more  outward  act, 
bringing  one  into  straituess  of  circumstances  or  feeling,  so 
that  there  is  more  anxiety  for  the  futme,  while  perhaps 
the  afflicted  person  knows  the  full  measure  of  his  loss  and 
is  wholly  occupied  with  tlie  past.  To  trouble  is  a  lighter 
act,  involving  perhaps  confusion  or  uncertainty  of  mind, 
and  especially  embarrassment.  Harass,  as  applied  to  mind 
or  body,  suggests  the  intlictiou  of  the  weariness  that  comes 
from  the  continuance  or  repetition  of  trying  experiences, 
80  that  there  is  not  time  for  rest.  Torment  implies  the 
infiiction  of  acute  pain,  physical  or  mental,  and  is  fre- 
quently used  in  the  sense  of  harassing  by  fretiuent  return. 
The  use  of  afflicted  otherwise  than  of  persons  severally  or 
collectively  is  highly  figurative  or  poetic  :  as,  my  afflicted 
fortunes ;  the  other  words  have  freer  figurative  use.  See 
affliction. 

0  ye  afflicted  ones  who  lie 
Steeped  to  the  lips  in  misery. 

Longfellow,  Goblet  of  Life. 
I  come  to  visit  the  afflicted  spirits 
Here  in  the  prison.  Shak.,  M.  for  JI.,  ii.  3. 

Myself  distress'd,  an  exile,  and  unknown, 
Debarr'd  from  Europe,  and  from  Asia  thro^vn, 
In  Libyan  deserts  wander  thus  alone. 

Dryden,  .^neid,  i.  531. 
For  my  own  part  I  should  be  very  much  troubled  were  I 
endowed  ^vith  this  di\'ining  quality. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  7. 

Nature,  oppress'd  and  harass'd  out  with  care. 
Sinks  down  to  rest.  Addison,  Cato,  v.  1. 

The  sight  of  any  of  the  house  of  York 
Is  as  a  fury  to  torment  my  soul. 

S/ifi/f.,  BHen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

afflictt  (a-flikf),  p.  a.  [In  earlier  form  aflif/lit, 
q.  V. ;  <  Ij.  afflictus,  adflictxis,  pp. :  see  the  verb.] 
Afflicted;  cQstressed. 

afflictt,  «.     [<.  afflict,  v.']    Conflict;  struggle. 

The  life  of  man  upon  earth  is  nothing  else  than  a  "war- 
fare "  and  continual  afflict  with  her  ghostly  enemies. 

Beeon,  Fasting  (ed.  1844),  p.  542.    (X.  E.  D.) 

afflictedness  (a-flik'ted-nes),  71.  The  state  of 
being  afflicted;  affliction. 

Thou  art  deceived  if  thou  thinkest  that  God  delights  in 
the  afflictedness  of  liis  creatures. 

£jj.  Hall,  Balm  of  Gilead,  ii.  §  6. 

afflicter  (a-flik'ter),  n.  One  who  afflicts  or 
causes  pain  of  body  or  of  mind. 

afflictingly  (a-flik'ting-li),  (((?('.  In  an  afiUcting 
manner. 

afSictiou  (a-flik'shon),  i?.  [<  JIE.  affliccioun, 
■ti/oii,  <  OF.  (ifla-tioii,  <  L.  (ifflictio{ii-),  adflic- 
tio(n-),<.(iffligere,a(lflif/('i-v:  see  afflict.~i  1.  The 
state  of  being  afflicted;  a  state  of  pain,  dis- 
tress, or  grief. 

To  visit  the  fatherless  and  widows  in  their  affliction. 

Jas.  i.  27. 

He  kindly  tooke  us  all  by  the  hand,  and  made  signes 
that  he  should  see  us  no  more,  which  made  us  take  our 
leave  of  him  with  extreame  reluctancy  and  affliction  for 
the  accident.  Ecelyn,  Diary,  March  23,  1646. 

2.  A  cause  of  continued  pain  of  body  or  mind, 
as  sickness,  loss,  calamity,  adversity,  persecu- 
tion, etc. 
Many  are  the  afflictions  of  the  righteous.    Ps.  xxxiv.  19. 

=Syil.  1.  Affliction,  Grief,  Sorrow,  Sadness,  Distress,  Mis- 
ery.  Wretchedness,  pain.  Affliction  is  acute,  continued 
suffering  caused  by  loss  or  its  consequences.  That  is  an 
affliction  which  is  a  severe  deprivation  or  loss,  as  of  health, 
limbs,  faculties,  friends,  or  the  property  necessary  to  one's 
support;  not  temporary  ailments,  nor  losses  easily  borne 
or  repaired.  Grief  is  mental  suffering  too  violent  to  be 
long  continued,  and  therefore  subsiding  into  sorrow  or 
sadness ;  it  is  always  in  view  of  something  recently  past. 
Affliction  is  a  personal  matter  ;  arief  may  be  over  another's 
woe.  Sotrow,  though  more  quiet,  may  be  loug  continued 
or  permanent  (as,  a  lifelong  son-ow),  and  may  be  in  view 
of  the  past,  present,  or  future ;  it  may  be  active  peni- 
tence for  wrong-doing,  as  sorrow  for  sin,  or  it  may  be 
wholly  sympathetic.  Sadness  is  a  feeling  of  dejection  or 
inability  to  be  cheerful,  the  cause  being  not  always  a 
matter  of  consciousness ;  it  is  primarily  personal,  and  is 
of  various  degrees  of  depth  and  penuanence.  Distress  is 
extreme  adversity,  and,  subjectivt-ly,  tlie  corresponding 
state  of  mind ;  it  is  the  agitation  appropriate  to  circum- 
stances well-nigh  desperate.  It  may  be  wholly  sympa- 
thetic, as  the  distress  caused  by  calamity  to  another,  and 
it  may  imply  a  struggle.  The  first  five  words  may  be 
freely  used  for  either  cause  or  effect ;  miserii  and  xvretched- 
ness  denote  generally  only  the  effect,  that'is,  the  state  of 
feeling.  Misery  is  great  and  unremitting  pain  of  body  or 
mind,  unhappiness  that  crushes  the  spirit.  Wretchedness 
is  sometimes  almost  identical  with  misery,  and  sometimes 
goes  beyond  it,  even  to  abjectness.    See  calamity. 

The  furnace  of  afliction  refines  us  from  earthly  dressi- 
ness, and  softens  us  for  the  impression  of  God's  own 
stamp.  Boyle. 

Indeed  the  violence  and  impression  of  an  excessive 
ffr^f  must  of  necessity  astornsh  the  soul,  and  wholly  de- 
prive her  of  her  ordinary  functions. 

Cotton,  tr.  of  Montaigne  (3d  ed.),  ii. 


101 

A  feeling  of  sadness  and  longing, 

That  is  not  akin  to  pain. 
And  resembles  sorrow  only 
As  the  mist  resembles  tlie  rain. 

Longfellow,  The  Day  is  Done. 
Great  distress  has  never  hitherto  taught,  and  while  the 
world  lasts  it  never  will  teach,  wise  lessons  to  any  part  of 
mankind.  Burke,  Letter  to  Memb.  of  Nat.  Assembly. 

Tlie  state  of  one  who  really  wishes  for  death  is  firmly 
linked  ill  our  thoughts  with  the  extreme  of  rnisery  and 
wretchedness  and  disease*   W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  1.  229. 

2.  Trouble,  misfortune,  disaster,  visitation,  blow,  trial, 
woe,  tribulation.  .See  list  under  ffn'e/^. 
afflictive  (,;i-flik'tiv),  a.  [=  F.  afflietif,  <  ML. 
affliclini.%  '<  Ij.  afflictus,  pp.  of  affligere :  see 
afflict,  i'.]  Characterized  by  or  causing  mental 
or  physical  pain  ;  paiufvd ;  distressing ;  of  the 
nature  of  an  affliction:  as,  an  afflictive  dis- 
pensation of  Pro\'idence. 

We  consider  with  the  most  afflictive  anguish  the  pain 
which  we  have  given  and  now  cannot  alleviate. 

Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  54. 

Many  that  want  food  and  clothing  have  cheerier  lives 
and  brighter  prospects  than  she  had ;  many,  harassed  by 
poverty,  are  in  a  strait  less  afflictive. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xiii. 

=  Syn.  Afilictmg,  grievous,  calamitous,  disastrous,  oppres- 
sive, severe,  unhappy,  trying. 

afflictively  (a-flik'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  afflictive 
manner ;  in  a  manner  that  is  painful  and  trying. 

affluence  (af'lo-ens),  «.  [=F.  affluence,  <  L. 
affl.iuiitia,  adfluentia,  abundance,  <  affl'Uen(t-)s, 
adflueti{t-)s,  ppr.,  abundant :  see  affluent.'^  1.  A 
flo'wing  to ;  a  concourse ;  afflux. 

There  had  been  great  affluence  of  company. 

Carlyle,  Frederick  the  Great,  III.  viii.  37. 

2.  Figuratively,  an  abimdant  supply,  as  of 
thoughts,  words,  ote. ;  a  profusion,  as  of  riches; 
hence,  abundance  of  material  goods ;  wealth. 

Few  schidars  have  manifested  so  much  independence 
and  afflui'rn-i'  of  thought,  in  connection  with  so  rich  and 
varied  an  amount  of  knowledge. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  17. 

!Many  old  and  honourable  families  disappeared,  .  .  . 
and  many  new  men  rose  rapidly  to  affluence. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 
=  Syil.  2.  Wealth,  Riches,  etc.  (see  opulence) ;  exuberance, 
profusion,  overflow ;  fortune,  prosperity,  ample  means. 
.See  list  under  ahnndancc. 

affluency  (af'lo-en-si),  n.  An  abundant  flow  or 
supply ;  affluence.     [Rare.] 

There  may  lie  cert.aiii  channels  running  from  the  head 
to  this  little  instrument  of  loquacity  [a  woman's  tongue], 
and  conveying  into  it'-a  perpetual  affluency  of  animal 
spirits.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  247. 

affluent  (af'16-ent),  a.  and  n.     [<  ME.  affluent, 

<  OF.  affluent,  mod.  F.  affluent,  <  L.  affluen{t-)s, 
adftuen{t-)s,  abundant,  rich,  ppr.  of  afflucre, 
adfluere,  flow  to,  aboimd  in,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  fluere, 
flow:  see  fluent.']  I.  a.  1+.  Flowing  to:  as, 
'diffluent  blood,"  Harcey,  Consumption. — 2. 
Abundant;  copious;  abounding  in  anything, 
as  attributes,  attainments,  or  possessions ; 
hence,  specifically,  abounding  in  means ;  rich : 
as,  a  man  of  affluent  intellect ;  an  affluent  man 
or  eommimity ;  affluent  circumstances. 

His  imagination  is  most  affluent  when  it  is  pervaded  by 
a  calm,  yet  intense  and  lofty  spirit  of  meditation. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  249. 

II.  n.  A  tributary  stream ;  a  stream  or  river 
flowing  into  another,  or  into  a  lake,  bay,  etc. 

He  cast  anchor  in  a  very  great  bay,  with  many  affluents. 
Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  108. 

As  the  Thames  rolls  along,  it  receives  a  number  of  these 
feeders,  or  affluents,  which  empty  themselves  into  the 
river.  Huxley,  Physiog.,  p.  4. 

affluently  (af'lo-ent-li),  adv.  In  an  affluent 
manner  ;  in  abundance  ;  abundantly. 

affluentness  (af'lo-ent-nes),  «.  The  state  of 
being  affluent ;  great  plenty. 

afflux  (af 'Inks),  k.  [=  F.  affltix,  <  L.  as  if  *«/- 
fluxus,  u.  (ctflux,  <  fluxns,  n.),  <  affluere,  pp. 
affluxus,  flow  to  :  see  affluent.']  The  act  of  flow- 
ing to  ;  a  flow  or  flo'sving  to ;  an  accession :  as, 
an  afflux  of  blood  to  the  head. 

Not  unfrequently  it  happens  that  to  a  spot  where  two 
or  more  filaments  have  met,  there  is  an  afflux  of  the  pro- 
toplasmic substance.  IT.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  306. 

affluxion  (a-fluk'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  "afflitx- 
io(n-)  (cf.  iluxion),  <  affluere,  flow  to:  see  af- 
fluent.] A  flowing  to  or  toward;  an  afflux  or 
accession.    Sir  T.  Broione. 

afFodillt  (af '6-dil),  n.   Obsolete  form  of  daffodil. 

afforage  (af '6r-aj),  ».    [<  OF.  afforage,  affeuragc, 

<  aforer,  aferer,  affeurer,  afeurer,  assess,  value, 
aflf'eer:  see  affeer"]  Formerly,  in  France,  a 
duty  paid  to  the  lord  of  a  district  for  permis- 
sion to  sell  wine  or  liquors  -nrithin  his  seigniory. 

afforcet  (a-fors'),  '»■  *•  [<  ^lE.  aforcen,  afor- 
sen,  <  'OP.  aforcer,  <  ML.  *affortiare,  afforciare, 
strengthen,  fortify  (ef.  a'fforcement) ;  mixed 
■with  OF.  efforcer,  esforcer,  <  ML.  exfortiare, 


afforestment 

force,  compel ;  <  L.  ad,  to,  or  ex,  out,  -I-  ML. 
fortiare,  strengthen:  see/occti.]  1.  Toforce; 
comijel;  -violate. — 2.  To  strengthen  or  rein- 
force by  the  addition  of  other  or  of  specially 
skilled  members,  as  juries  and  deliberative 
bodies. 

The  remedy  for  insufficient  "governance"  was  sought 
...  in  admitting  the  houses  of  Parliament  to  a  gi-eater 
share  of  influence  in  executive  matters,  in  the  afforcing  or 
amending  of  the  council,  and  In  the  passing  of  reforming 
statutes.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  695. 

3.  Reflexively,  to  exert  one's  self;  endeavor; 
attempt. 
aflforcementt  (a-fors'ment),  11.  [<  OF.  afforce- 
ment,<.aJforcer,  «/brc«r,  strengthen :  see  afforce 
and -?«<!«(.]  1.  A  reinforcement;  a  strengthen- 
ing, especially  of  a  jury  or  deliberative  body. 
See  extract. 

As  it  became  difficult  to  find  juries  personally  informed 
as  to  the  points  at  issue,  the  jurors  .  .  .  sumnuuied  were 
allowed  first  to  add  to  their  number  persons  who  possessed 
the  requisite  knowledge,  under  the  title  of  afforcement. 
After  this  proceeding  had  been  some  time  in  use,  the  af- 
foreing  jurors  were  separ.ated  from  the  uninformed  jurors, 
and  relieved  them  altogether  from  their  character  of  wit- 
nesses. Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  164. 

2.  A  fortress  ;  a  fortification.  Bailey. 
afford  (a-ford'),  V.  t.  [Spelled  aff-  as  if  of  L. 
origin,  but  prop,  with  one/;  early  mod.  E.  af- 
ford, affoard,  affoord,  afoord,  <  ME.  aforthen, 
iforthen,  ivorthen,  earlier  iforthien,  gefortJiian, 
<  AS.  yeforthian,  further,  advance,  promote, 
accomplish,  perform,  <  ge-  +  forthiun,  fui-ther, 
advance,  promote,  perfoi-m,  (forth,  forth,  for- 
ward :  see  «-6,  ge-,  and  forth;  cf.  further,  d.] 
If.  To  promote;  further;  forward;  carry  out; 
accomplish  ;  achieve  ;  manage. 

And  here  and  there  as  that  my  litille  wit 
Aforthe  may,  eek  think  I  translate  hit. 

Occleve.    {HaXliu'ell.) 

2.  To  give,  yield,  produce,  or  confer  upon; 
yield,  furnish,  supply,  as  an  effect  or  a  result, 
as  of  growth,  effort,  or  operation  :  as,  the  earth 
affords  grain  ;  trade  affords  profit ;  religion  af- 
fords consolation  to  the  afflicted;  the  transac- 
tion afforded  him  a  good  profit ;  to  afford  one  an 
agreeable  sensation. 

AVhat  could  he  less  than  to  afford  him  praise? 

•  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  46. 

Standing  out  in  strong  relief  from  the  contrast  afforded 
by  the  sable  background  was  a  waxen  image. 

Barhatn,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  145. 

The  delight  which  a  work  of  art  uffords  seems  to  arise 

from  our  recognizing  in  it  the  mind  that  formed  Nature, 

again  in  active  operation.  Emerson,  Art. 

3.  To  manage,  be  able,  or  have  the  means  (with 
an  infinitive  clause);  be  able  to  give  or  bear, 
spare,  or  meet  the  expense  of  (with  an  object- 
noun)  :'  always,  from  the  implication  of  ability, 
■with  may  or  can :  as,  we  can  afford  to  sell 
cheap  ;  he  might  afford  to  gratify  us ;  you  can 
well  afford  the  expense. 

Only  this  commendation  I  can  afford  her. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1- 
Ihou  Shalt  lie  close  hid  with  nature,  and  canst  not  be 
afforded  to  the  Capitol  or  the  Exchange. 

Emerson,  The  Poet. 

A  man  is  rich  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  things 
which  he  can  afford  to  let  alone.  Thoreau,  ■\Valden,  p.  89. 
=  Syn.  2.  To  supply,  furnish,  bestow,  communicate,  give-, 
impart. 
affordable  (a-f6r'da-bl),  a.  [<  afford  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  afforded,  spared,  yielded,  or 
lionie. 

affordmentf   (a-ford 'ment),  n.      [<  afford  + 
-ment.]     A  donation;  a  grant.     [Rare.] 
Your  forward  helps  and  affordments. 

H.  Lord,  Ded.  of  Sect  of  the  Banians,  1630. 

afforest  (a-for'est),  !'.  t.  [<  ML.  afforestare, 
convert  into  a  forest,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML. /oresto, 
a  forest :  see  forest.]  To  convert,  as  bare  or 
cultivated  land,  into  forest,  as  was  done  by 
the  first  Norman  kings  in  England,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  pro^viding  themselves  -with  himting- 
grounds. 

afforestation  (a-for-es-ta'shgn),  n.  [<  ML.  af- 
forestatio{n-).<  afforestare :  see  afforest.]  The 
"act  of  turning  ground  into  forest  or  woodland, 
or  subjecting  it  to  forest  law ;  the  territory  af- 
forested. 

Richard  I.  and  Henry  II.  .  .  .  had  made  new  afforesta- 
tions, and  ranch  extended  the  rigour  of  the  forest  laws. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Hist.  Com.  Law  of  Eng. 

afforestment  (a-for'est-ment),  n.  [<  afforest 
+  -ment.]  The  act  of  converting,  as  arable 
land,  into  a  forest ;  afforestation. 

Land  once  afforested  became  subject  to  a  peculiar  sys- 
tem of  laws,  which,  as  well  as  the  formalities  required  to 
constitute  a  valid  afforestment,  have  been  carefully  ascer. 
tained  by  the  Anglo-Noi'man  lawyers. 

Encyc.  Brit.  Ji  409. 


afform 

afformt  (a-form'),  !••  t-  [<  OF.  aformer,  <  a-  (L. 
ad.  to)  +  former,  form.]  To  form;  model; 
cause  to  conform. 

afformative  (a-for'ma-tiv),  «.  [<  af-  (L.  arf, 
to)  +  fiirnmthe.2  In philoL,  an  aflis ;  a  forma- 
tive addition  to  a  word  or  stem. 

afEranchise  (a-fran'ehiz  or  -elilz),  v.  f. ;  prat, 
and  jjp.  mTraiichmil,  ppr.  afrauchisinn.  [<  late 
ME.  affrauchyse,  af  ranch  ise,  <  OF.  afranchisa-, 
F.  affi-ancliiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of  OF. 
afranchir,  F.  afrancltir,  make  free,  <  a  (L.  «rf), 
to, +/r«ne,  free:  see /rant  and /raiicAwe.]  To 
make  free;  enfi'aneliise. 

affranchisement  (a-fran'chiz-ment),  n.  [<  F. 
(I  riraiidi  t-stmeii  f.]  The  act  of  setting  free,  or  of 
liberating  from  a  state  of  dependence,  serri- 
tude,  or  obligation ;  enfrancliisement. 

It  is  deliverance  from  all  evil,  it  is  supreme  affranchise- 
ment.  J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Keligions,  iv.  7. 

affirapt  (a-frap'),  '••  t.  and  i".  [=  It.  ajfrajijuire,  < 
af-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  frappare  =  F.  frappcr,  strike, 
of  uncertain  origin:  seefrap.'\  Tostrike;  come 
to  blows. 

They  bene  ymett,  both  ready  to  affrap. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  2C. 

affray  (a-fra'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  affruijcn,  afrai/cii, 
affraieti',  afraien  (pp.  affrai/ed,  afrdi/cd,  (ifi'rdiid. 
afraied,  >'E.  afraid,  q.  v.),  ten-ify,  frighten.  < 
OF.  afrayer,  affrayer,  ajfraicr,  usually  with 
initial  e,  effrayer  (  >  mod.  F.  cffrayer),  cffraer, 
effreer,  effroier,  efferer,  esfraycr,  esfraier,  csfrecr, 
esfroier,  e:froier,  etc.,  earlier  esfreder  =  Pr.  cs- 
fredar,  terrify,  frighten,  disturb,  disquiet  (the 
OF.  forms  in  aff-,  and  the  prevailing  sense  of 
'  terrify '  rather  than  '  disturb,'  may  be  due  to 
the  influence  of  affre,  afre,  ten-or,  fright,  afrc, 
afroti,  horrible,  frightful,  >  F.  affreux,  horrible, 
frightful),  prob.  <  ML.  'eifridare,  disturb,  dis- 
quiet, <  L.  (I,  out  of,  +  ML.  fridiis,  fridmn, 
<  OHG.  fridii,  frido  (MHG.  rride,  G.  fricde), 
peace,  =  AS. //iV/iH,  peace  :  see/n77il.  To  «/- 
fray,  then,  is  to  •  break  the  peace.']  To  frighten; 
ternfy;  give  a  shock  to;  arouse;  disturb. 

.Sniale  follies  a  prete  hepe 
Tliat  had  arrayed  me  out  of  my  slepe. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Hlnnche,  1.  296. 
The  kettle-drum  and  far-heard  clarionet 
Affray  his  ears.  Keats,  Eve  of  .St.  Ajnies,  xxix. 

affray  (a-fra'),  n.  [<ME.  affray,  afray,  terror, 
disturbance,  brawl,  <  OF.  affray,  affrai,  usually, 
with  initial  e,  effrei,  cffroi,  effroy,  csfrai,  csfni, 
tnfrol  (F.  effroi)  =  Pr.  esfrei ;  from  the  verb: 
see  affray,  v. ;  see  also  fray^,  a  short  form  of 
affray.]  If.  Fear;  terror. 
Some  maner  a/ray.  Cka  ucer,  Man  of  T.aw|8  Tale,  1. 1039. 
Full  of  ghastly  fright,  and  cold  affray. 

Spenser,  I'.  Q.,  I.  iii.  12. 

2t.  Disturbance  involving  terror. 
Atte  laste  he  made  a  f<)ul  affray. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  93. 

3.  A  xiublie  fight ;  a  noisy  quarrel ;  a  brawl ;  a 
tumult ;  disturbance.  Specifically,  in  laie,  the  flglit- 
ing  of  two  or  more  persona  in  a  public  place  to  the  terror  of 
othem.  It  usually  implies  a  casual  meeting,  not  by  prenoua 
agreement  t-»  liu'ht.  (A  private  quarrel  is  not  in  a  legal 
aen«e  an  allrity.  ]  =  Syn.  3.  Uroil,  Scuffle,  etc.  See  quarrel,  n. 
a&ayer  (a-fra'tr),  n.  One  who  raises  or  is 
engaged  in  affray.")  or  riots ;  a  disturber  of  the 
peace.  [Karc] 
FeloiiA,  night-walkers,  affrayers. 

M.  ttalton,  Country  Justice  (1020). 

affraymentt  (a-fra'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  affraienwnt, 
affraimrnl  {'>'SIL. affraimimlum),  <  affraier:  see 
a/rrm/.  r.]     .Same  as  affray. 

affreight  (a-f rat' ),  v.  t.  [<  F.  affraier,  <  a-  +  fri- 
ll r,  friight,  charter:  Heofrcif/hl.']  To  hire,  as  a 
Hhip,  for  the  tran.sportation  of  goods  or  freight. 
I 'mill.      fUiire.] 

affreighter  (a-fra'ter),  n.  The  person  who 
hiriM  or  charters  a  ship  or  other  vessel  to  con- 
vi'y  i;i)(ids.     f'raifj. 

affreightment  f:i'fnit'ment),  n.  ^affreight  + 
■iiuiii.  nUirV.nirrrtrmi^Ht.]     1.  Tlio  act  of  hir- 


irtatioii  of  goods. — 2, 

'^lli|l. 

.   ■uded. 

I ''.  it.  affrcltnrc,  haston, 

uriiil,  affrclUniiciito,  liaste, 

'.  InimIi',  hurry),  <  frilturc, 

I.I-.  'frirlarr,  <  L.  .frirliin, 

:    .<o(.  frrl^,  ».]     A  furious 


T. 
affr 
affr> 

hu 
pr. 

KH'  ' 

pp.      I  :    „ 

nuact  "I 

■'  ''f  ilieir  fl'-rco  affrrt 
'^o*  '         uipI  »">Mi  rnmi  iind  li"rw. 

>(""     r,    F.  «.,  Ill    l«.  10. 

atfirictiop'  ».    i-"  l^.  a«lf  "affric- 

'"'<"-:  .<  n/lr/rrtfc,  njlp  c.n  or 

"gain"'-  ■im,  rnli.  >  E.  Irirlion.] 

Tho  net  of  i  nbbii.K  ,  friction.     Ilnylr. 


102 

affriendedt,  affrendedt  (a-fren'ded),  a.  [<a/- 
(L.  ad)  +  friend,  formerly  speUed/reHd.]  Made 
friends;  reconciled. 

She  saw  that  cruell  war  so  ended. 
And  deadly  foes  so  faithfully  affrend  d. 

Speiiser,  ¥.  (}.,  IV.  iii.  50. 

affright  (a-frif),  v.  t.  [Spelled  aff-,  as  if  of  L. 
origin,  but  prop,  with  one  /';  <  ME.  afririhtcn, 
nfrigtrn  (pp.  afright,  ajrigt),  <  AS.  dfyrhtan, 
terrify,  <  a-  +  fyrhtun,  terrify,  <  forlit,  fearful: 
see  n-l  and  fritjht.  Not  eomiectcd  witli  afraid 
or  afenrd.]  To  impress  with  sudden .  fear ; 
frighten  ;  terrify  or  alarm.     [Archaic] 

Thrice  ilid  her  trembling  feet  for  flight  prepare. 
And  thrice  aJjnyhteU  did  her  Wight  forbear. 

Dryden,  Ovids  Art  of  Love,  1.  620. 
Wot  to  affright  your  tender  soul  with  horror, 
We  may  descend  to  tales  of  peace  and  love. 

Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  iL  1. 

=  Syn.  To  scare,  alarm,  dismay,  appal,  daunt,  intimidate, 

startle,  shock,  overawe. 

affrightt.    Past  participle  of  o^n'^/if.    Chaucer. 

affright  (a-frif),  n.     1.  Sudden  or  great  fear; 

teiTor ;  fright. 

We  have  heard  of  these  midnight  scenes  of  desolation, 
.  .  .  the  ominous  din  of  the  alarm-bell,  striking  %vith  a/- 
fri'iht  on  the  broken  visions  of  the  sleepers. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  116. 

2t.  The  cause  of  terror  ;  a  frightful  ob,ieet. 
The  gods  upbraid  our  sutf'rings  .  .  . 
By  sending  these  affrights.     Ji.  Junaon,  Catiline. 

affrightedly  (a-fri'ted-li),  adv.    In  an  affrighted 

manner ;  with  fright. 
affrighten  (a-fri'tn),  v.  t.     [<  affright  +  -oil,  af- 

Xerfmihten'.']     To  terrify;  frighten. 
affrighter  (a-fri'tcr),  «.     One  who  frightens. 
affirightful"(a-frit'fi:il),    a.     [<  affright,  n.,   + 

-/«/.]     Territpng;  terrible;  frightful:  as,  "af- 

'frightful  accidents,"  Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  x.\xiii. 
affrigitment  (a-frit'ment),  «.      [<  affright  + 

-mint.}     It.   The  act  of  frightening. 
Since  your  afrightment  could  not  make  her  open  [her 

purse]  mito  you,  you  thought  to   nuike  her  iuuoceucy 

smart  for  it.  '  R.  Brume,  Northern  Lass. 

2.  The  state  of  being  frightened;  fright. 

With  as  ranch  affrightment  as  if  an  enemy  were  near. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons,  II.  iii. 
With  much  terror  and  affrightinent  they  turned  the  ship 
about,  expecting  every  moment  to  be  dashed  in  pieces 
against  the  rocks. 

E.  Johnson,  Wonderworking  Providence  (1(>.'J4). 

affront  (a-f runt'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  afrontrn,  afroun- 
icn,  <  OP.  afronter,  afrunier,  lat(>r  and  mod.  V. 
affronter  =  Pr.  Sp.  afriintar  =  Pg.  (iffrmilar  = 
It.  nffriiiitarc,  confront,  oppose  fiK'O  to  face,  at- 
tack, <  ML.  aff'rontarc,  adfrontare,  border  on,  as 
land,  confront,  attack,  <'  L.  ad  fronton,  to  the 
face,  in  front:  ad,  to;  frontfni,  ace.  of  frnns, 
forehead,  front ;  cf.  L.  dfronte,  before,  in  front : 
a  for  all.  from;  fronte,  abl.  oi  fron.^.  foreliead, 
front.  Cf.  afront,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.]  1.  To 
meet  or  encounter  face  to  face ;  confront ; 
front ;  face. 

That  he,  as  't  were  by  accident,  may  here 
Affront  0]ilielia.  Slmk.,  Ilandet,  iii.  1. 

Earnestly  for  her  he  raised 
Ills  voice  in  council,  and  affronted  death 
In  battle-Held.  llryani.  Knight's  Epitaph. 

2.  To  offend  by  an  open  manifestation  of  dis- 
respect ;  ])ut  a  slight  upon  ;  offend  by  effrmil- 
ery  or  insolence:  as,  to  affront  one  by  doubl- 
ing his  word ;  an  affronting  speech. 

Only  our  foe, 

Tempting,  affronts  us  with  his  foul  esteem 

Of  (uir  integrity.  Milton,  I'.  L.,  be.  828. 

U't  me  tell  you,  Mr.  Dangle,  'tis  daum'il  affronting  in 

you  to  MUi)pose  that  I  am  hurt,  wlu'ii  I  tell  you  1  am  not. 

Slieridttn,  The  Critic,  i.  I. 

3.  To  put  out  of  countenance;  make  nsliamed 
or  confused  ;  give  a  shock  to. 

Without  affrontinij  their  modesty. 

Crtir.l'rim.  cliriHtluuily,  II.  3.1.    (.V.  E.  IK) 

affront  (a-frunt'),  "•  [=F.  affront  =  It.  af- 
fronto ;  from  the  verb.]  If.  'Hie  act  of  oppos- 
Ing  face  to  face;  open  defiance  ;  encouiitiT. 

Thl»  ilay  thou  slniH  have  Ingots  ;  ami,  to-morr.m,  give 
lordB  tlr  affront.  II.  .lonsnn,  AlehiniUI,  II.  2. 

I  walk'il  about,  nilmlri'd  of  all,  and  <lr<adcd 
On  hostile  ground,  none  ilarlng  my  affront. 

.Mtllon,  S.  A.,  1.  r.:ii. 

2.  A  personally  offensive  ni't  or  word;  an  iii- 
tontional  or  HiiiJcrciliouH  slight ;  an  open  iiiniii- 
feslalion  of  disrespect  or  contumely;  an  insull 
to  the  face. 

Oft  have  tliey  violated 
The  t«mpli',  oft  the  law,  with  loul  afronls. 

Milion.  \:  II.,  III.  ini. 
Men  of  my  condlthui  may  be  iw  Incapable  iit  affronts,  as 
lio|"'leM  of  tholr  rcparniloni*.  - 

Sir  ■/'.  Ilroune,  Ilollglo  Mifllcl,  I'nf. 

An  affront  to  our  understaiMllng. 

Addison,  R|ioolatoT,  No.  612. 


affy 

3t.  Shame  ;  disgrace  ;  anything  producing  a 
feeUng  of  shame  or  disgrace. 

Antonius  .  .  .  was  defeated,  upon  the  sense  of  which 
affront  he  died  of  grief.  Arbuthnot,  Anc.  Coins. 

=  83^.  2.  Affront,  Iii.<!ult,  Indignity,  Outrage,  provoca- 
tion, imi)ertineiu-e,  ottense,  rudeness.  Tliese  words  ex- 
press  disrespect  shown  in  a  way  that  is,  or  is  meant  to  be, 
galling.  An  affront  is  generally  open  and  to  the  face.  An 
insult  is  stronger,  perhaps  accompanied  by  more  insolence 
of  manner;  it  is  a  deeper  disgrace  and  a  greater  injury  to 
the  feelings  of  its  object.  An  indignity  is,  specitlcally, 
treatment  that  is  unworthy  —  an  affront,  insult,  injury,  or 
outrage  from  which  one's  condition  or  character  should 
have  saved  one  ;  as,  Zenobia  was  subjected  to  the  indig- 
nity of  being  led  in  chains  at  Aurelian's  triumph.  An 
outrage,  primarily  involving  the  idea  of  violence  to  the 
person,  is  a  wanton  transgi'ession  of  law  or  propriety  in 
any  way,  the  perpetration  of  that  which  is  shamefully 
contrary  to  the  dictates  of  himianity  or  even  decency ; 
toward  a  person  it  is  a  combination  of  insult  with  indig- 
nity: hence  it  often  stands  for  extreme  abusiveuess  of 
language.  It  has  freedom  of  use  suflicient  to  nmke  proper 
such  expressions  as,  an  outrage  to  liis  feelings,  an  outrage 
to  all  decency. 

To  call  God  to  witness  truth,  or  a  lie  perhaps;  or  to 

appeal  to  him  on  every  tri\ial  occasion,  in  common  dis- 

coui-se,  ...  is  one  of  tlie  highest  indignities  and  affronts 

that  can  be  offered  him.  Hay. 

I  will  avenge  this  insult,  noble  Queen, 

Done  in  your  maiden's  pei"son  to  youi-self. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
The  enmity  and  discord,  which  of  late 
Sprung  from  the  rancorous  outrage  of  your  duke 
To  merchants.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1. 

affronte  (a-fr6u-ta'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  affronter: 
see  affront,  v.]  1.  In  art,  facing  each  other; 
front  to  front :  said  of  two  figures.  This  was  a 
frequent  mode  of  representing  animal  and  ^^  ,_^ 
other  figures  in  Oriental  and  early  Oriek  f  J,  n^^ 
ai't,  as,  for  examjile,  in  Assyrian  and  Hiltite  i^^K'^/f) 
sculptin-es,  the  so-called  lions  of  Myeena',  and  /  J'  \  Vl 
the  sphinxes  of  the  temple  epistyle  of  Assos.  3*,^  ^-^ 
2.  Specifically,  in  7irr.,  applied  to  an-   ^  ^ 

imals  represented  (a)  front  to  front,  t»o  Lions 
or  aspectant:  opposed  to  adorf:cd ;  fi^H^^.^'"' ^' 
(b)  facing  the  spectator  directly,  as 
the  lion  in  the  royal  crest  of  .Scotland,  not  with 
merely  the  head  turned  outward.  See  gardant 
and  cut  under  crest. 

Equivalent  forms  are  affrontie  (feminine) 
and  coiifronte. 

Tfttes  affront^es,  or  affi'ont^  heads,  in  decorative  art, 
prolilc  heads  iti  lelief  sho\Mi  fjieinL;  each  other,  as  often  in 
cameos,  etc.,  but  rarely  on  c^iins. 

affron'tedly  (a-inm'ted-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  affront;  with  eft'rontery.     Bacon. 

affrontee  (a-frun-te'),  ».  [<  affront  +  -ec'^.] 
One  who  receives  an  affront.     X.  E.  J). 

affronter  (a-frtin'ter), )/.  1.  One  who  affronts 
or  insults  another  openly  and  of  set  ptu'pose. — 
2t.  A  deceiver  or  jireteuder. 

JIust  I,  because  you  say  so. 
Believe  that  this  most  miserable  king  is 
A  false  affronter  I 

Massinger,  Believe  ns  you  List,  ill.  8. 

affrontingly  (a-frun'ting-li),  adv.     In  an  af- 
front ing  njauner. 
affrontive  (a-frun'tiv),   a.      [<  affront  +  -ive.] 
Giving  offense ;  tending  to  offend ;  abusive. 
How  much  more  affrontive  it  is  to  despise  mercy. 

South,  Sermon  on  the  Restoration. 
Will  not  this  measure  be  regarded  as  affrontive  to  tho 
pride  ...  of  portions  of  the  people  of  America'? 

h.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  348. 

affuse  (a-fiiz'),  V.  t.  [<L.  affu.inx,  p]).  of  affun- 
dcri,  adfundcre,  pour  upon,  <  ad.  to,  +  fundcrc, 
pour:  see/H.v('l.]     'i'o  pom'.     [Rare.] 

I  first  afftised  water  upon  the  compressed  beans. 

Iloyle.  Works,  IV.  MIS. 

affusion  (a-fii'zhgn),  «.  [<  ML.  (iffn.'.-io{n-),  <  L. 
«(/■««(/<•)•<•,  pour  niion:  fii'i'  affuse.]  1.  Tho  act 
of  ]>ouring  upon;  the  a.<'t  of  pouring  water  or 
other  liquid,  as  uiion  a  child  in  baptisiii. 

Wlieji  llie  .tews  baptized  Iheir  cbildren,  in  onler  to  cir- 
i-nnieiHion,  it  seems  to  have  been  Indilteicnt  whether  it 
was  done  by  immersion  or  affusion. 

Wlieatty,  III.  of  lii>r.k  of  Com.  Prayer,  p.  802. 

2.  lu  nicd.,  the  act  of  pouring  water  on  the 
body  as  a  etirative  means,  as  from  a  vessel,  by 
a  shower-lHith,  etc. 

When  1  travcU'd  in  Italy,  and  (he  Stiuthern  parts,  1  did 
some! hues  frei|uent  the  pnbllii  bathes,  .  .  .  but  seldonm 
without  peril  of  my  life  llll  1  us'd  tbls  frigid  affusion,  or 
ralher  iirofuston  of  cold  water  before  1  put  on  my  gar- 
nu-nla.  Ewlyn,  To  Doctor  iieale. 

Sonu'  of  these  Iremetlies]  are  allusion,  ludf-baths,  .  .  . 
fomentations.  Injections,  wrapping  up  in  the  wet  sheet. 

l-.neye.  ISrit.,  III.  4;i9. 

affyf  (a-n'),  r.  [<  ME.  affyen,  affien,  afyen,  <  OF. 
II tier,  later  antl  mm\.  V.  affirr,  <  Ml.,  affidarr, 
Iriisl,  pledge,  make  oalli,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  Mli. 
Jiitiirr,  (rust,  <  Ij.  fidn.v,  fiiilliful,  (.fides,  failli : 
Hff  faith,  fidelity.  Horiv.  iiffiiniee  nnd  affidiivit, 
'[■  v.|  I,  trims.  1.  Tip  Inist,  ronlidc  (a  tiling 
t,o  a  person) ;  rcHcxivoly,  to  confide  one's  sell'. — 
2.  'Po  eoiifldo  in  ;  trust. —  3.  To  allirm  on  one's 


afify 

faith;  make  affidavit. —  4.  To  assure  by  prom- 
ise ;  pledge  ;  betroth  ;  affiance. 

Wcdilcd  be  tliou  to  tho  hags  of  hell, 
For  ilariliK  to  affn  a  miyhty  hirii 
Unto  the  dau^liter  of  a  wortliless  king. 

Shak.,  2  Uen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 
5.  To  engage ;  bind  ;  join. 
Personal  respects  rather  seem  to  affy  me  unto  that  synod. 
Bp.  Mountagu,  Appeal  to  Cassar,  p.  (ji>. 

II.  intrans.  To  trust;  confide. 
I  do  affy 
In  thy  uprightness  and  integrity. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  1. 

Afghan  (af  gau),  n.  and  a.  [A  native  name,  de- 
rived by  Afghan  chroniclers  from  Afghdna,  a 
mythical  grandson  of  Saul,  king  of  Israel.]  I. 
n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Afghanistan, 
a  mountainous  country  lying  northwest  of 
British  lutlia,  south  of  Asiatic  Russia,  and  east 
of  Persia;  distinctively,  a  member  of  the  prin- 
cipal or  dominant  race  of  Afghanistan,  speak- 
ing the  Afghan  language,  the  other  inhabitants 
generally  speaking  Persian.' — -2.  The  language 
of  the  Afghans,  called  by  themselves  Puslitu  or 
Pukhtit,  of  Ai'yan  affinity,  though  formerly  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  Semitic. —  3.  [/.  c]  Akind 
of  blanket  made  of  knitted  or  crocheted  wool, 
used  as  a  sofa-cover  or  as  a  carriage-robe. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Afghanistan 
or  its  people. 
afleld  (a-feld'),  pre}),  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
afelde,  ofclde,  o  fekl,  <  AS.  on  feUla  (dat.),  on 
feldifi^aa.):  on,  E.  (i^,  on,  in;  fihl,  E.  field.']  1. 
In  or  to  the  field  or  fields :  as,  ''we  drove  afield" 
Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  27;  ^'^S^neasianfield," Shak., 
T.  and  C",  v.  3. 

What  keeps  Gurth  so  long  afield?  Scott,  Ivanhoe. 

2.  Abroad ;  off  the  beaten  path ;  far  and  wide. 

Why  should  he  wander  afield  at  the  age  of  fifty-five? 

Trollope. 

Without  travelling  further  afield  for  illustrations,  it  will 
suffice  if  we  note  these  relations  of  causes  and  effects  in 
early  European  times.     H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  375. 

afilet,  ''■  '.     See  affile. 

afire  ( si-fir' ),  prej}.  plir.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  ME,  afire, 
ofijre,  aj'yr,  afere,  afiire,  o  furc  (also  in  fire) : 
a,  o,  E.  «3;  fyre,  E.  fire.]     On  fire. 
The  match  is  left  afire.     Fletcher,  Island  Prijicess,  ii.  1. 
His  heart  afire 
With  foolish  hope. 

ir.  Morri.s,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  131. 

aflame  (a-flam'),  jjrep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [<  flS, 
ou,  +  flamc.']     Onfire;  in  or  into  flame ;  ablaze. 
The  explosions,  once  begun,  were  continued  at  intervals 
till  the  mine  was  all  afiame  and  had  to  be  flooded. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  42.';. 
Aflame  with  a  glory  beyond  that  of  amber  and  ame- 
thyst. George  Eliot. 

aflat  (a-flaf),  pre}).  x>hr.  as  adr.  or  a.     [<a3, 
ou,  -I-_//rt(l.]    On  a  level  with  the  groimd ;  flatly. 
Lay  all  his  branches  aliat  upon  the  ground. 

Bacon,  Kat.  Hist.,  §  426. 
aflaunt  (a-flanf  or  a-flant'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 
m-ii.     [<((3^  on, -^-_;fa«H^]    Flaunting  or  flaunt- 
ingly ;  with  showy  equipage  or  dress. 

His  hat  all  afiaiint  and  befeathered  with  all  kinds  of 
coloured  plumes. 

Copley,  Wits,  Fits,  and  Fancies  (1614),  p.  23. 

aflightt, )'.  t.  [<  ME.  afligh  t,  pret.,  after  aflight, 
p.  a. :  see  afiight,  p.  a.,  and  afflict,  v.  The  ME. 
spelling  with  gh  may  be  due  to  the  influence  of 
ME.  a/right,  affrighted,  and  words  of  similar 
spelling;  hnt  cf.  delight.]     Totei-rify;  alann. 

Cam  never  yet  ...  to  mannes  sight 

Merveille  which  so  sore  afiight 

A  mannes  herte  as  it  tho  dede  [then  did]. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i.  327. 

aflightt,  P-  a-  [ME.,  <  OP.  aflit,  later  afflict,  <  L. 
afflictu.9,  pp.:  see  afflict,  p.  a.]  Afflicted;  dis- 
tressed. 

Her  herte  was  so  sore  afiight 
That  she  ne  wiste  what  to  thinke. 

Gower,  Conf.  Araant.,  ii.  309. 

aflightedf,  p.  a.  [<  afiight  +  -ed^.]  Same  as 
(ifligh  t. 

Judas  .  .  .  tooke  a  speciall  pleasure  to  see  them  so 
aflighted.  Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  1389. 

afloat  (a-flof),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  o.  [<ME. 
aflotc,  6nfiote,<AS.  on  fioie  (dat.),  onfiotiace.): 
on,  E.  ((3,  on,  in;  fiot,  water  deep  enough  to 
allow  a  ship  or  boat  to  float  {ei.fiota,  a  ship); 
=Icel.  a  floti,  (dat.),  a  fiot  (aec),  afloat.  The 
OF.  a  fiot,  afloat,  is  of  wholly  different  origin. 
See./ton(l,  n.  and  r.]  1.  Bome  on  the  water; 
in  a  floating  condition  :  as,  the  ship  is  afioat. 

It  was  not  without  constant  e.vertion  that  we  kept  ailmii, 
baling  out  the  scud  that  broke  over  us,  and  warding  oil  the 
ice  with  boat-hooks.  Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  2i;4. 

Seventy  per  cent,  of  all  the  shipping  afioat  now  use  the 
Hreenwicli  meridian.  Science,  IV.  377. 


103 

2.  Figuratively,  moving;  passing  from  place 
to  place ;  in  circulation :  as,  a  rumor  is  afloat. 

I  sliotild  like  to  know  how  much  gossip  there  is  afioat 
that  tile  minister  does  not  know. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  .Studies,  p.  144. 

3.  Unfixed:  moving  without  guide  or  control  : 
as,  our  affairs  are  all  afioat. — 4.  In  a  state  of 
overflow ;  flooded :  as,  tlie  main  deck  was 
afiiiat. — 5.  On  board  ship;  at  sea:  as,  cargo 
aftuat  and  ashore. 

aflow  (ii-U6'),  prep.  pihr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
+flow.]  In  a  loose,  waving  state;  flowing:  as, 
"  with  gi>a-y  hair  aflow,"  Whittier. 

afoam  (u-fom'),  prcfi.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  nS 
+  fo(ini.]  In  a  .state  of  foam;  foaming :  as,  the 
water  was  all  afoam. 

afoot  (a-fiif),  pre}},  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
a  J'ote,  on  fotc,  earlier  with  pi.  a  foten,  <  AS. 
on  fotuin ;  on,  E.  a'i,  on ;  fOtum,  dat.  pi.  of  fot, 
E.foot.]  \.  On  foot;  walking:  opposed  to  on 
horseback,  or  in  a  carriage  or  other  convey- 
ance: as,  lie  was  moimted,  but  I  came  afoot. — 

2.  In  a  condition  to  walk  about,  as  after  sick- 
ness. 

He  distinguished  himself  as  a  sick-nurse,  till  his  poor 
ctimrade  got  afoot  again.  Carlylc. 

3.  Astii';  stirring;  about. 

Wlien  thy  eager  hand. 
With  game  afoot,  unslipped  the  hungry  pack. 

Whittier,  Southern  Statesman. 

4.  In  jirogress  ;  in  course  of  being  carried  out : 
as,  there  is  mischief  afoot, 

afore  (a-tor'),  adv.,  prep.,  and conj.  [<  ME.  afore, 
aforn,  aforne,  aforen,  <  AS.  on-fhran,  before,  < 
on,  on,  -I-  foran,  at  the  front.  With  ME.  afore 
was  merged  early  ME.  atfore,  <  AS.  a't-foran,  < 
(ct,  at,  +  foran:  see  a-2,  a-T,  and /'ore;,  andcf.  be- 
fore. Afore  is  nearly  obsolete  in  literary  use, 
though  still  common  in  eolloq.  and  dial,  speech ; 
cf.  ahint.]  I.  arfi).  1 .  Before  in  place ;  in  front : 
especially  in  nautical  phraseology. 

Will  you  go  on  afore?  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

2.  Before  in  time ;  previously. 

If  he  have  never  drunk  wine  a/ore,  it  will  go  near  to  re- 
move his  fit.  Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

II.  pre}).  1.  Before  in  time. 

If  your  diligence  be  not  speedy,  I  shall  be  there  afoi-e 
you.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  5. 

2.  Before  in  place;  naiit.,  further  forward  or 
nearer  the  bows  than :  as,  afore  the  windlass. — 

3.  Before  in  position,  station,  or  rank. 

In  this  Trinity  none  is  afore  or  after  other. 

Athanasian  Creed. 

4.  In  or  into  the  presence  of ;  under  the  re- 
gard or  notice  of. 

Afore  God,  I  speak  simply. 

B.  Jotuion,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  3. 
Notwith-standiug  all  the  dangers  I  laid  a.fore  you. 

B.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  iii.  5. 

Afore  the  mast.    See  before. 

III.  conj.  Before  that ;  before ;  rather  than. 

Afore  III 
Endure  the  tyranny  of  such  a  tongue 
And  such  a  pride.     B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady. 

aforegoing  (a-f6r'g6"ing),  a.     [<  afore  +  going.] 

(ioiiig  before;  foregoing. 
aforehand  (a-for'haud),  jn-ej).  phr.  as  adv.  and 
a.     [ME.  aforehande,  also  afor  the  hand ;  <  afore 
+  hand.    Cf.  beforehand.]    I.  adc.  Beforehand  ; 
in  advance ;  in  anticipation. 
Slie  is  come  aforehand  to  anoint  my  body.    Mai'k  xiv.  8. 
II.  ((.  Beforehand  in  condition;  forehanded: 
as,  he  is  aforehand  with  the  world. 

A.I'orehand  in  .all  matters  of  power. 

Bacon,  War  with  Spain. 

aforementioned  (a-f6r'men"shond),  a.  Men- 
tioned before ;  forementioned. 

aforenamed  (a-for'namd),  a.    Named  before. 

aforesaid  (a-for'sed),  a.  [ME.  aforseyd;  <  afore 
+  .said.]  Said,  recited,  or  mentioned  before, 
or  in  a  preceding  part  of  the  same  ^yTiting  or 
discourse :  common  in  legal  use. 

aforethought  (a-for'that),  a.  and  n.  [<  afore 
+  thought,  ji/).]"  I.  a.  Thought  of  beforehand; 
premedit;itcd;  prepense:  used  in  law — Malice 
aforethought.    See  malice. 

II.".  (<  afore  +  thought,  n.]    Premeditation; 
forethought.     [Rare.] 
aforetime  (a-for'tim),  adv.      [<  afore,  adv.,  + 
time.]     In  time  past ;  in  a  former  time. 

For  whatsoever  things  were  written  aforeiime  were  ^vrit- 
ten  for  our  learning.  Kom.  .\v.  4. 

aforni,  '"'''•  '^"^'  prep.    Obsolete  form  of  afore. 

afornenst,  /"'V-  and  adv.  [ME.,  also  aforyen.^, 
aooreye,  aforn  agens.  <  afore,  aforn,  before,  -h 
aje»s,ete., against:  see  afore,  aforn.  and  against, 


African 

B,n(l  e.f.  forncnst.]  I.  prep.  Over  against;  op 
posite. 

The  ytuuler  hous  that  stent  aforyen^  us. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  11.  1188. 
II.  adv.   Over  against. 

The  ccnturien  that  stood  aforn  a.^enfi, 

Wyclif,  Mark  xv.  .TO.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

a  fortiori  (a  f6r-shi-6'ri).  [L.;  lit.,  from  a 
strougfn-  (sc.  cause):  a  for  ah,  ivota;  fortiori, 
abl.  oi  for tior,  fortius,  coinpar.  otforti.'i,  strong  : 
see/or(.]  For  a  still  stronger  reason;  all  the 
more.  A  phnise  used  in,  and  sometimes  employed  as  the 
designation  of,  a  kind  of  argument,  which  concludes 
either  (a)  that  something  does  not  take  place,  because  the 
causes  which  alone  could  bring  it  to  pass  operate  still  more 
strongly  in  another  case  without  producing  that  elfect ;  or 
Oi)  that  something  does  take  place,  because  causes  nmch 
weaker  th;iii  those  which  operate  to  bring  it  about  are  ef- 
fective ill  ;uiother  case.  An  argument  of  the  latter  kind 
is  the  folliMviiig  :  "  If  God  so  clothe  the  grass  of  the  field, 
which  to-day  is  and  to-morrow  is  cast  into  the  oven,  shall 
he  not  much  more  clothe  you,  O  ye  of  little  faith?"  Mat. 
vi.  30. 

As  ho  [Shakspere]  has  avoided  obscurities  in  his  sonnets, 
he  would  do  so  a.fortiori  in  his  plays,  both  for  the  purpose 
of  immediate  effect  on  the  stage  and  of  future  apprecia- 
tion. Lowell,  Among  my  liooks,  1st  scr.,  p.  16.5. 

afoul  (a-foul'),  2'rep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
+  .font.]  In  a  state  of  collision  or  entangle- 
ment: with  of:   as,    a  ship  with  its  shrouds 

afoul;  the  brig  ran  afoul  o/ the  steamer To 

fall  afoul  of,  to  assail  violently ;  attack  vig(jrously  in 
any  way :  as,  lie  fell  aj'oul  of  him  tooth  and  nail,  or  with 
an  envenomed  pen. 

afraid  (a-frad'),  a.  [<  ME.  afraied,  etc.,  pp.  of 
afruien,' eta.,  >  E.  affray,  frighten:  see  affray, 
V.  Not  connected  with  afeurd.]  Impressed 
with  fear  or  apprehension ;  fearful :  followed 
by  of  before  the  object  of  fear,  where  that  is 
not  an  infinitive:  as,  to  be  afraid  o/ death;  I 
am  afraid  to  go. 

Be  of  good  cheer  :  it  is  I ;  be  not  afraid.      Mat.  xiv.  27. 
Wliistling,  to  keep  myself  from  being  afraid. 

Vryden,  Amphitryon,  iii.  1. 
A  man  who's  not  afraid  to  say  his  say. 
Though  a  whole  town's  against  him. 

Longfellow,  John  Endicott,  ii.  2. 
=  Syn.  Afraid,  Frightened,  Terrified,  timid,  shy,  appre- 
hensive, troubled,  suspicious,  distrustful.  Afraid  ex- 
presses a  less  degree  of  fear  than  .frightened  or  terrified, 
which  descril;e  outward  states.  In  colloijuial  language,  I 
am  afraid  is  often  nearly  equivalent  to  I  suspect,  I  am 
inclined  to  think,  or  the  like,  and  is  regularly  used  as  a 
kind  of  polite  introduction  to  a  correction,  objection,  etc., 
or  to  make  a  statement  sound  less  positive ;  as,  I  am  afraid 
you  are  wrong ;  I  am  afraid  that  argument  won't  hold. 
And  there  is  ev'n  a  happiness 
That  makes  the  heart  afraid. 

Hood,  Melancholy. 
Antony,  on  the  other  hand,  was  desirous  to  have  him 
there,  fancying  that  he  would  ...  be  frightened  into  a 
compliance.  C.  Middleton,  Life  of  Cicero,  III.  ix. 

Airy  ghosts, 
That  work  no  mischief,  terri.fy  us  more 
Thau  men  in  steel  with  bloody  purposes. 

T.  D.  Atdrirl,.  .Set  of  Turriuoise. 
Afrancesado  (Sp.  pron.   a-frSn-tha-sii'do),   n. 
[Sp.,  lit.  Frenchified,  pp.  of  afrancesar,  French- 
ify, <  a  (L.  ad),  to,  -1-  Frances,  <  ML.  Francensis, 
French :  see  French.]     A  member  of  that  party 
in  Spain  which  during  the  war  of  independence 
(1808-14)  supported  the  French  government  of 
the  country. 
afreet  (a-fret'))  «.    Same  as  afrit. 
afrescat,  odr.      [Prop,  afresco,  <  It.  affresco,  a 
fresco :  a,  <  L.  ad,  to  ;  fresco,  fresh,  fresco:  see 
fresco.]     In  fresco.     Evelyn. 
afresh  (a-h-eah'),  jrrep.  phr.  as  adv.    [<  a*  (for 
of,  as  in  anew)  +  fresh.]    Anew;  again;  after 
intermission. 

They  crucify  to  themselves  the  Son  of  God  afresh. 

Heb.  vi.  6. 
Not  a  few  of  the  sites  of  the  Roman  cities  were  in  after 
times  occupied  afresh  as  English  towns. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  130. 

Afric  (af'rio),  a.  and  n.  [<L.  Afrieus:  see  fol- 
lowing.] Same  as  African :  as,  "Afric  shore," 
Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  585. 

Then  will  the  Afric  indeed  have  changed  his  skiu  and 
the  leopard  his  spots.  X:  A.  Ucc,  CXXIII.  446. 

African  (af'ri-kan),  «.  and  n.  [<  L.  Africanus, 
<  Africa,  name  of  the  country,  prop.  fem.  of 
Afrieus,  a.,  <  Afer,  an  African,  a  word  of  Pheni- 
cian  (Carthaginian) origin.]  I.  o.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  Africa  :  either  (a)  to  the  continent  of 
that  name,  or  (?<)  to  the  region  about  Carthage, 
the  ancient  Roman  province  of  .Africa. — 2.  Of 
or  belonging  to  the  black  race  of  Africa;  char- 
acteristic of  or  jieculiar  to  negroes:  as,  African 

feattires ;  African  cheerfulness African  almond, 

CUbebs,  goose,  etc.       See  the  nouns. 

n.  n.  1.  A  native  of  the  continent,  or  in 
ancient  times  of  the  province,  of  Africa. — 2. 
A  member  of  the  black  African  race ;  a  negi'o. 


Africander 

Africander  (af'ri-kan-der),  n.  [<  African  + 
-d-ff.]  A  native  of  Cape  Colony  or  the  neigh- 
boring regions  of  Africa  bom  of  white  parents ; 
a  descendant  of  European  settlers  in  southern 
Africa. 

The  young  Africander  picks  up  his  language  Irom  the 
half-caste  Dutch,  and  the  descendants  of  Malay  slaves  and 
Hottentot  servants.  .  ..  . 

B.  jV.  Cust,  Mod.  Lang,  of  Afnca,  p.  44. 

Africanism  (af'ri-kan-izm),  n.  [<  African  + 
-ism.]  1.  An  African  provincialism;  a  pecu- 
liarity of  Latin  diction  characteristic  of  some 
of  the  African  fathers  of  the  chm-eh. 

He  that  cannot  understand  the  sober,  plain,  and  unaf- 
fectec  style  of  the  Scriptures,  will  he  ten  times  more  puz- 
zled vrith  the  knottj-  Africa  n  ismi,  the  pampered  metaphors, 
the  intricate  and  involved  sentences  of  the  fathers. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

2.  A  mode  or  peculiarity  of  speech  of  the  Af- 
rican race  in  Ainerica. 

He  dropped  the  West  Indian  softness  that  had  crept  into 

his  pronunciation,  and  the  Africanisms  of  his  black  nurse. 

G.  IT.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  200. 

Africanization  (af'ri-kan-i-za'shon),  H.  The 
act  of  making  African  in  character,  or  of  pla- 
cing under  negro  domination. 

Africanize  (af'ri-kan-iz),  f.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
Africanized,  ppr.  Africanizing.  [<  African  + 
-lie.]  1.  To  give  an  African  character  to. — 2. 
To  place  under  negro  domination. 

But  the  whites  have  race  instincts,  and  when  the  Afri- 
canizing and  ruin  of  the  South  becomes  a  clearly  seen 
danzer,  they  will  be  a  unit,  the  country  over,  for  the  rem- 
edy X.  A.  Bev.,  CXiXI.X.  420. 

afrit,  afrite  (af-rif,  af-rit'),  n.  [<Ar.  'ifrit,  a 
demon.]  In  Arabian  my?/i.,  a  powerful  e^H  de- 
mon or  monster.     Also  written  afreet. 

Be  he  genie  or  afrite,  caliph  or  merchant  of  Bassora, 
into  whose  hands  we  had  fallen,  we  resolved  to  let  the 
adventure  take  its  course. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  197. 

We  first  behold  the  feet. 
Then  the  huge,  grasping  hands  ;  at  last  the  frown 
On  what  should  be  the  face  of  this  Afreet. 

B.  U.  Stoddard,  Guests  of  the  State. 

Afrogsean  (af-ro-je'an),  a.  [<  L.  Afer,  Afri- 
can, +  Gr.  '/oia,  )7jj  earth,  land.]  In  zoixjcoy., 
African  or  Ethiopian.  Applied  by  Gill  to  a  prime 
realm  or  zoological  division  of  the  earth's  land-surface, 
including  Africa  south  of  the  deseit  of  Sahara,  with  Mada- 
gascar, the  Mascarenes,  and  periiaps  tlie  Arabian  penin- 
sula. 

^  froid  (a  frwo')-  [F- :  a,  to,  with,  <  L.  a<l,  to; 
froid,  <.  L.  frigidus,  cold:  see  frigid."]  In ccram., 
applied  without  heat;  not  baked  or  iircd.  Said 
of  decoration  applied  to  pottery,  glass,  or  the  like,  by  or- 
dinary painting  or  gilding,  and  which  therefore  can  be 
scraped  or  washed  away. 

afront  (a-frunf),  j>rep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 
{_<a3+ front.  Cf.  affront.]  I.  adv.  Face  to 
face ;  in  front ;  abreast. 

Tlicse  four  came  all  a-front  and  mainly  thrust  at  me. 

Shak.,  1  Hen,  IV.,  ii.  4. 

n.t  prep.   In  front  of:  as,  afront  tlie  foe. 
aftl  (&ft),  a.  and  ndr.    [<  ME.  'aft.  'afle,  *aften, 
<  AS.  (eftan,  behind,  in  the  rear,  <;  Goth,  aftana, 
from  Viehind,  <  afta,  behind,  back:  forms  de- 
veloped from  the   comparative,   AS.   after  = 
Goth,  afira :  see  after,  and  cf.  Icel.  aptr  (pro- 
nounced and  formerly  spelled  aftr),  back,  back- 
ward, aft.]    Xaut.,  in,  near,  or  toward  tlie  stem 
■  of  a  ship :  as,  the  aft  part  of  the  ship ;  haul  aft 
the   mam-sheet,  that  is,   further  toward  the 
stem.  — Flat  aft,  baukd  aft  :w  tar  iut  po-isilili-:  said  of  a 
fore-and-aft  ^ull. -  Fore  and  aft.  lenglliwiMf  or  tlirough- 
out  the:  whiile  leiigtlL  of  a  »iiip.  - Fore-and-af t  sail.  See 
/.,r'  ,1,,,/  „/(.  — Rfgiit  aft.  In  a  dlrirt  line  with  the  stern. 
aft-.aftenfftft,iif' nj,r/f/c.  Oft;  often.  [Scotcli.] 
aftaba  (uf'ta-bii;,  «.    [Pcrs.  dftdha,  a  cwor.]  A 
vessel  for  water,  like  an  ai(fui^ro  with  bundle 
and  long  spout,  made  in 
PcTHia  and  iiorthi'm  India, 
commonly  of  iiictal,   and 
di'coi iitcd  with  eiianK^ls  or 
damascciiinK.  uIh nse.l with 
a  liaain  having  a  perforated  lUl 
fr)r  washing  the  liaiids  before 
and  Hft4T  eating.      Hometlnies 
written  (iflnlfeh. 

riftcastle  (ftft'kftH-1),  n.  [< 

.'//  +  nmtU-.     Cf.  fitrims- 

!    '''.J     .Will/.,  nil  eli'Viition 

fiirrncrly    ]ilai'i'i|    on    tho 

iiftiT  part  of  shipH  of  war, 

t'l  nid  ill  (it;htinK. 

— >i  after  f/if  t'-r),  anr.,  prep., 

-uicl  r/»nj.     \(\)  Aflrr.nily., 

'    MK.  iiflrr,  trflrr.   ifirr, 

I-.,  after,  nflerwnpl,  buck, 

I  iKricH.  iiii-r=  I),  iirhirr 

l)nii.  8w.  iflfr=  OIIU.  ti_f- 

tar,  after  —  Uoth.  "flra,  cdUit,  Ufjaln,  bn<kwanl. 


104 

etc.,  =  Gr.  h-urtpu,  further  off,  =  OPers.  apa- 
taram,  further;  all  adverbs,  eompar.  forms,  < 
af-,  ap-  (=  Goth,  af  =  AS.  and  E.  of,  prep.,  q. 
v.),  off,  +  eompar.  suffix  -ter,  -tar ;  hence  af- 
ter orig.  meant  '  more  off,  further  off  '  (2)  After, 
prep.,  <  ME.  after,  after,  etc.,  <  AS.  after,  prep., 
after,  behind,  along,  =  OS.  aftar,  after  =  OFries. 
efter  =  D.  acliier  =  Icel.  eptir,  cftir  =  Dan.  Sw. 
efter  =  OHG.  aftar,  after,  prep. ;  all  from  the 
adverb.  (3)  After,  conj.,  is  an  elliptical  use  of 
the  prep.]  I.  adr.  1.  Behind;  in  the  rear:  as, 
to  foUow  after. —  2.  Later  in  time  ;  afterward : 
as,  it  was  about  the  space  of  three  hours  after. 

First,  let  her  show  her  face ;  and,  after,  speak. 

Stiak.,  M.  forM.,  v.  1. 

n.  prep.  1.  Behind  in  place  :  as,  men  placed 
in  a  line  one  after  another. 

JIany  of  the  warriors,  roused  by  his  [Hamet's]  words 
and  bis  example,  spurred  resolutely  after  his  banner. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  205. 

2.  Later  in  time  than ;  in  succession  to ;  at  the 
close  of :  as,  after  supper. 

After  life's  fitful  fever  he  sleeps  well. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  2. 
For  life  is  sweet,  but  after  life  is  death. 

S^rinb^lr7ie,  Ballad  of  Burdens. 

3.  In  pursuit  of;  in  search  of;  ■with  or  in  de- 
sire for. 

After  whom  is  the  king  of  Israel  come  out  ? 

1  Sam.  xxiv.  14. 

As  the  hart  panteth  after  the  water-brooks,  so  panteth 

my  soul  after  thee,  0  God.  Ps.  xlii.  1. 

That  [habit  of  mind]  which  chooses  success  for  its  aim 

and  covets  after  popularity. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Kight,  p.  20. 

4.  In  imitation  of,  or  in  imitation  of  the  style 
of :  as,  to  make  a  thing  after  a  model ;  after  the 
French  ;  after  the  antique ;  after  Raphael. 

He  gave  his  only  son  the  name  of  Orlando,  after  the 
celebrated  hero  of  Roncesvalles. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  1. 

5.  According  to;  in  proportion  to;  in  accor- 
dance with:  as,  "after  their  intrinsic  value," 
Bacon,  "War  ■svith  Spain. 

0  Lord,  deal  not  with  us  after  our  sins.  .  .  .  Neither 
reward  us  after  our  iniquities.  Common  Prayer. 

6.  According  to  the  nature  of ;  in  agreement 
or  unison  with ;  in  conformity  to. 

Fur  if  yc  live  after  the  flesh,  ye  shall  die.  Rom.  viil.  13. 

Mr.  Partridge  has  been  lately  pleased  to  treat  me  after 
a  very  rough  maimer.  Swift,  Bickerstatf  Papers. 

Tlie  captive  king  readily  submitted  to  these  stipulations, 
and  swore,  after  the  manner  of  his  faith,  to  observe  tbeni 
with  exactitude.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  144. 

7.  Below  in  rank  or  excellence ;  next  to :  as, 
jlilton  is  usually  placed  after  Shakspere  among 
English  poets. —  8.  Concerning:  as,  to  inquire 
after  a  person. 

Thus  much  may  give  ua  light  after  what  sort  Bookes 
were  prohibited  among  the  Greeks. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  .s. 

1  tolil  him  you  had  sent  me  to  inquire  after  his  health, 
and  to  know  if  he  was  at  leisure  to  see  you. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ii.  1. 

9.  Subsequent  to  and  in  consequence  of :  as, 
after  what  lias  happened  I  can  never  return. — 
T?o  look  <'r  see  after,  to  atteml  to ;  take  care  of :  as,  he 

iliretl  a  buy  t<i  fix'k  after  the  furnace. 

III.  conj.  Subsequent  to  the  time  that. 
.ll't'-r  I  am  risen  again,  I  will  go  before  you  into  Galilee. 

Mat.  xxvl.  :i2. 
=  Syn.  Uehind,  jlfter.  ^cq  behind. 
after  (af'tfer),  a.  [<  ME.  after,  after,  etc.,  adj., 
merged  with  after,  adv.,  in  loose  comp.  like  af- 
ter-past, etc. ;  "<  AS.  aftera,  fein.  and  lunit.  af- 
?()T,  adj.,  <«//(■!•,  adv." and  jirep.]  1.  Later  in 
time  ;  subsequent ;  succeeding :  as,  an  after 
jieriod  of  life,  \.\fter  in  composition  may  be  either 
the  adjective  in  louse  combination,  where  the  hylihen  i« 
optional:  m,  an  after  iierind  after-ageH;  or  the  adverb, 
i|iialifylng  a  verbal  form,  or  ilepemllng  logically  on  a  verb 
Implied  :  as,  aftrr-iiaM,  the  t^ftereome.  aftergrowth.  The 
b.iine  combinations  are  very  nuinerous ;  only  a  few  are 
iiere  given.) 

.So  smile  the  HeavenH  upon  this  holy  act 
That  artrr-hours  with  sorrow  cliblc  us  not  ! 

SiMk.,  K.  and  J.,  II.  «, 
Tr.  n/fcrage  thou  sbalt  be  writ  the  man, 
I'hat  with  smooth  air  couldst  humour  best  our  tonuue. 
Hilton,  Sonnets,  vlll. 
Wheresiiever  I  am  sung  or  t^dd 
In  after.l\mK,  this  also  shall  be  known. 

7'ciiii)/«"ii,  Morle  d'Arthur. 

2.  jVniif. :  (n)  Further  aft,  or  (oward  Die  Ntcrn 
of  tho  ship:  aH,  tlicfi/Ycr-sails;  tho<//r< '-liiiteli- 
way.  (h)  Pertaining  to  llii'  iillor-biKly  of  a 
ship:  as,  ((/fcr-timberK.  Aner-cabln, after-poak, 
art«r-iall,  aftar-yard.  s,-,-  iin-  nspec live  n.iuiiH. 
afterbirth  (nf'ler-b/'rth),  ».  1.  That  which  is 
•■,X|iolleil  from  the  utcrnH  after  tlio  birth  <<f  a 
child.  It  iiK'ludcK  the  pliii'eiita,  Jiart  of  tho 
iiiiiliilicjil  cord,  mid  llio  inoniliraneH  of  the 
ovum.     Also  called  aocundinea. —  2.  A  posthii- 


afterings 

mous  birth ;  a  birth  occurring  after  the  father's 
last  will,  or  after  his  death :  used  as  a  transla- 
tion of  agnatio  in  Roman  law. 

after-body  (af'ter-bod'i),  n. ;  pi.  after-bodies 
(-iz).  That  part  of  a  ship's  hull  which  is  abaft 
the  midships  or  dead-flat. 

afterbrain  (after-bran),  n.  That  part  of  the 
brain  which  lies  behind  the  hind  brain  ;  the  last 
encephalic  segment,  follo\\'iug  the  hind  brain ; 
the  medulla  oblongata  as  far  as  the  jious  Varo- 
lii :  called  metencephalon  by  WUder  and  Gage, 
and  mijelencephalon  by  Huxley  and  others.  See 
these  words. 

afterburthent  (af'ter-ber'SHn),  h.  The  af- 
terbirth.    Also  written  afterburden. 

afterclap  (after -klap),   H.    [<  ME.  afterclap, 
afterchipjje,  <  after  +  elappe  :  see  elajA.]     An 
unexpected  subsequent  event;  something  hap- 
pening after  an  affair  is  supposed  to  be  at  an 
end. 
Those  dreadful  afterclap.^.         South,  Sermons,  VI.  227. 
To  spare  a  little  for  an  afterclap 
Were  not  improvidence. 

Massinger,  The  Renegado,  i.  3. 

aftercome  (af  ter-kum),  n.  AVhat  comes  after; 
consequence.     [Scotch.] 

And  how  are  you  to  stand  the  afttr-come  / 

Hogg,  Brownie  o'  Bodsbeck,  ii.  9. 

aftercrop  (af  ter-krop),  n.  A  second  crop  in 
the  same  year. 

after-damp  (after-damp),  n.    The  irrespirable 
gas  left  in  a  coal-mine  after  an  exjjlosion  of 
tire-damp  (which  see).     It  consists  chiefly  of 
carbouie-acid  gag  and  nitrogen. 
after-egg  (after-eg),  n.     Same  as  metovum. 
after-eyet  (af-ter-i'),  v.  t.     To  keep  in  view. 
Thou  shouldst  have  made  him 
.\s  little  as  a  crow,  or  less,  ere  left 
To  (ij'ter-eye  him.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  4. 

afterfeed  (after-fed),  n.  Grass  that  grows  after 
the  first  crop  has  been  mown,  and  is  fed  off  in- 
stead of  being  cut  as  aftermath. 

after-game  (after-gam),  H.  A  second  game 
played  in  order  to  reverse  or  improve  the  issues 
of  the  first ;  hence,  the  methods  taken  after  the 

first  turn  of  affairs After-game  at  Irish,  an  old 

game  resemlding  backgammon.     A.  /-'.  1). 

after-gland  (after-gland),  n.  In  niech.,  apiece 
which  grasps  a  part  of  any  mechanism  and 
transmits  force  to  it. 

afterglo'W  (af'ter-glo),  n.  1.  Tho  glow  fre- 
(pieutly  seen  in  the  sky  after  simset. 

The  a.fter-gtow  ot  the  evening  surtused  the  front  of  tho 
chapel  with  a  warm  light. 

C.  II'.  Stoddard,  South-Sea  Idyls,  p,  239. 

Frequentlyin  the  month  of  November  my  attention  had 

been  called  to  the  intense  coloring  of  the  sky,  and  brilliant 

red  (itterglows,  slowly  fading  away,  and  lasting  long  after 

the  sun  had  set.  Scienee,  111.  121. 

2.  A  second  or  secondary  glow,  as  in  heated 
metal  liefore  it  ceases  to  be  incandescent. 

aftergrass  (af  t^r-gras),  n.  A  second  growth 
of  grass  in  a  mown  field,  or  grass  gi'owing 
among  the  stuliblc  after  harvest. 

aftergrcwthiaf  ti'i'-groth),  n.  Asecondgrowth 
or  crop  springing  up  after  a  iirevious  one  has 
been  removed ;  hence,  any  dovclojiment  natu- 
rally arising  after  any  change,  social  or  moral. 
The  ({fter-oroifthn  wliiib  would  have  to  be  t«irn  up  or 
bn.k.n  IhrcnKh.  J.  S.  Mill,  Vol.  Kcon.,  II.  ii.  S  2. 

afterguard  (after-giird),  n.  In  men-of-war, 
that  division  of  the  crew  which  is  stationed  on 
the  quarter-deck  to  work  tho  after-sails,  etc., 
generally  composed  of  ordinary  seamen  and 
landsmen  who  are  not  required  to  go  aloft; 
hence,  a  drudge;  one  occupying  an  inferior 
jiosition. 

While  In  the  steerage,  however  useful  and  at'tlvc  you 
may  be.  von  are  but  a  mongrel,— a  sort  of  tifteruuard  and 
"sl'ilp'r.  I'ousln."   /(.  //.  Dana,  Jr..  liefore  the  ^laHl,  p.  ST. 

afterhind  (af  ter-hindl,  adr.  [<  after  +  liind'^, 
US  \n  I"  hind.]  Aftenvard.  Also  written  (i/Vcr- 
liin,  tifl(rliint.      [Scotdi.] 

after-hold  (nfter-hold),  ».  yaut.,  that  portion 
of  (lie  hold  (if  a  ship  which  lies  between  the 
mainmast  and  tlie  stem. 

The  Glasgow  was  In  Ilanics,  the  steward  having  set  lire  to 
her  while  stealing  rum  nut  oi  the  after-hold. 

Soulliey,  Life  of  Nelson.  I.  28. 

after-hood  (iif'toi'-hi'id),  n.  A'n«f..  that  portion 
III  llii-iirtirctid  of  »  vessel's  liottoin  ]ilank  which 
is  l.'isli'iird  In  the  stern-post. 

after-image  (I'lf'ter-im'aj),  ii.  An  image  per- 
ciivcd  iiflcr  withdrawing  the  eye  from -a  bril- 
liantly illuminated  object.  .Such  Images  are  called 
poHltlv'i-  wlufii  llielr  eol.ii-H  arc  the  same  as  those  of  tho 
"b).<t,  iMid  negidlvc  when  they  are  its  eoniplementary 
(■.,|.,i  , 

afterings  ( af 'ter-ingz),  H.  /(/.  [<  after  +  -ing-a.] 
1.  Tlio  lust  milk  drawn  in  milking;  strippings. 


afterings 

It  were  only  yesterday  ns  she  aimed  her  leg  right  at  t' 
pail  wi'  f  afterings  in ;  slie  linowed  it  were  afterings  as 
well  as  any  Christian.       Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xv. 

2t.  Figtiratively,  remaining  dregs ;  concluding 
incidents  or  events. 

These  are  the  .  .  .  aj'terinjs  of  Christ's  sufferings. 

Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  No.  36. 

aftermath  (after-math),  H.  {(.after  +  math.'] 
A  second  mowing  of  grass  from  the  same  land  in 
the  same  season.  Also  called  lattcrmath,  rowen, 
or  rowett,  and  in  some  places,  when  left  long  on 
the  ground,  fog. 

So  by  many  a  sweep 
Of  meadow  smooth  from  aftermath  we  reachVl 
The  grifiin-guarded  gates.     Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 
To  reap  an  aftermath 
Of  youth's  vainglorious  weeds. 

Loivell,  Comm.  Ode. 

aftermost  (af  t^r-most),  a.  superl.  [<  ME.  after- 
mcst,  cftemest,  <  AS.  aftemest,  <eftemyst  =  Goth. 
aftunii.^t.'i,  the  last,  superl.  of  aftitma,  the  last,  it- 
self a  superl.,  <  cif-  (see  after)  +  -tu-ma,  a  double 
superl.  suffix  associated  'with  the  compar.  suffix 
-ta-ra,  AS.  and  E.  -ter,  as  in  aftar,  q.  v.  In  af- 
termost the  r  is  inserted  in  imitation  of  after, 
and  -mest  is  changed  to  -most  in  imitation  of 
most,  superl.  of  more,  q.  v.  So  foremost,  lititcl- 
most,  inmost,  outmost,  etc. :  see  -most.']  Hind- 
most; naut.,  nearest  the  stern:  opposed  to  fore- 
most.   [Little  used  except  in  the  nautical  sense.] 

afterneSS  (af'ter-nes),  n.  [<  after,  a.,  +  -ncss.] 
The  state  of  being  or  coming  after. 

afternoon  (af-ter-non'),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  after- 
non,  orig.  prep.  phr.  after  none :  see  after,  prep., 
and  «oott.]  I.  n.  That  part  of  the  day  which 
extends  from  noon  to  evening. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  after  part  of  the  day : 
as,  afternoon  shadows. 

afternoon-ladies  (af'ter-non-la'diz),  n.pl.  [Cf. 
F.  belle  de  nuit,  lit.  the  beauty  of  night.]  In 
bot.,  a  species  of  the  four-o'clock,  Mirabilis  Ja- 
lapa  or  M.  longiflora:  so  called  from  its  flow- 
ers opening  only  toward  evening.  Also  called 
marvel  of  Peru. 

after-note  (af 'ter-not),  n.  In  music,  the  second 
or  unaccented  note,  the  first  of  every  two  notes 
being  naturally  accented;  one  or  more  small 
notes  that  are  not  appoggiaturas,  but  belong 
to  the  preceding  instead  of  the  succeeding  note. 

after-pains  (af'ter-panz),  )(.  pi.  The  uterine 
pains  which  occur  in  childbirth  after  the  ex- 
ptdsion  of  the  ch'ld 
and  the  afterbirth. 

afterpiece  ( af '  ter  - 
pes),/!.  Ashortdra- 
matie  entertainment 
performed  after  the 
principal  jday. 

after-rake  ( after - 
rak),  H.  [<  after  + 
rake.']  Xaut.,  that 
part  of  the  hull  of  a 
vessel  which  over- 
hangs the  after  end 
of  the  keel. 

after  shaft  (af'ter- 
shaft),  n.  [A  tr.  of 
the  term  lujporachis, 
coined  by  Nitzsch, 
who  used  it  for  the 
whole  of  a  supple- 
mentary feather,  as 
described  below ; 
and  this  usage  is 
customaiy.  Later 
Sundevall  restricted  Jiyporachis,  and  conse- 
quently aftershaft,  to  the  shaft  alone  of  such  a 
feather,  the  whole  of  which  he  called  hijpopti- 
lum.]  Inornith.:  (n)  A  supplementary  feather 
gro'wing  out  of  a  feather ;  the  hypoptilum. 

The  after-sha.ft,  when  well  developed,  is  like  a  duplicate 
in  miniature  of  the  main  feather,  from  the  stem  of  which 
it  springs,  at  junction  of  calamus  with  rhachis,  close  by  the 
umbilicus.  Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  84. 

<b)  The  shaft  of  such  a  supplementary  feather. 

Also  called  hi/porachis. 
aftershafted"  (after-shafted),   a.      Having 

aftershafts:  as,  "plmnsige after-shafted," Coues, 

Key  to  N.  A.  Birds. 
afterthought  (af'ter-that),  n.     1.  A  later  or 

second  thought.— 2.  Reflection  after  an  act; 

some  consideration  that  occm-s  to  one's  mind 

too  late,  or  after  the  performance  of  the  act  to 

'Which  it  refers. 

After-thoiufht,  and  idle  care. 
And  doubts  of  motley  hue,  and  dark  despair. 

Dryden,  Fables. 
Christianity  is  not  an  afterthought  of  God,  but  a  fore- 
thought. BmhneU,  Nat.  and  the  Supernat.,  p.  31. 


Feather  from  Argus  Pheasant. 
«.  rf,  main  stem;  li,  calamus:  ti, 
rachis :  c,  c,  c,  vanes,  cut  away  on 
right  side  in  order  not  to  interfere 
with  view  of  b.  the  aftershaft,  the 
whole  of  the  left  vane  of  which  is  lilce- 
wise  cut  away. 


105 

afterthoughted  (af  ter-tha"ted),  a.  Having 
afterthoughts.     B.  Taylor. 

after-'wale  (aftcr-wal),  ».  Insaddlcr;/,  the  body 
of  a  collar ;  the  portion  against  which  the 
liaiiies  bear. 

after'ward,  after'wards  (after-ward,  -wardz), 
(((/)■.  [<  ME.  afterward,  also  in  the  rare  gen. 
form  aftencardcs,  <  AS.  afterweard,  adj.,  be- 
hind, <fl'/V(7r,  adv.,  +  -weard,  >E.  -ward,  toward.] 
In  later  or  subsequent  time ;  subsequently. 

In  mathematics,  when  once  a  proposition  has  been 
demonstrated,  it  is  never  afterwards  contested. 

Macaulay,  Von  Ranke. 

after-wise  (af'tfer-'wiz),  a.  [<  after  +  wisei.] 
Wise  after  the  event;  wise  when  it  is  too  late ; 
after-witted. 

There  are  such  as  we  may  call  the  after-wise,  who,  when 
any  project  fails,  foresaw  all  the  inconveniences  that 
would  arise  from  it,  though  they  kept  their  thoughts  to 
themselves.  Addison. 

after-'Wit  (af  t6r-wit),  n.  Wisdom  that  comes 
after  the  event. 

After-wits  are  dearly  bought. 
Let  thy  fore-wit  guide  thy  thought.      Souihtcetl. 
After-wit,  like  bankrupts'  debts,  stands  tallied, 
Without  all  possibilities  of  payment. 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  iv.  1. 

after-'Witted  (af  t6r-'mt"ed),  a.  Characterized 
by  after-'Wit ;  circumspect  when  it  is  too  late. 

Our  fashions  of  eating  make  us  slothful!  and  unlusty  to 
labour,  .  .  .  f^/'^cr-wifftiti  (as  we  call  it),  uncircumspect,  in- 
considerate, heady,  rash.  Tyndale,  On  JIat.  vi. 

aft-gate  (aft'gat),  n.     Same  as  tail-gate.     See 

lock. 
aft-mealt  (aft'mel),  «.   A  meal  accessory  to  the 
principal  meal,  as  dessert  to  dinner ;  a  subse- 
quent or  late  meal. 
At  aft-meales  who  shall  paye  for  the  wine  ? 

Thynne,  Debate,  p.  49. 

aftmost  (aft'most),  a.  superl.     [<  aft  -I-  -most.] 

Xnut.,  situated  nearest  the  stern. 
aft'Ward,  aft'wards  (aft'ward,  -wardz),  adv.    [< 

aft  +  -ward,  -ii-ards.]    Kant.,  to-ward  the  stern 

or  hinder  part  of  a  vessel. 
ag-.    Assimilated  form  of  Latin  ad-  before  g. 

See  ad-. 
Ag.    [Abbrev.  of  L.  argenticm,  sUver.]    In  chem., 

the  symbol  for  silver. 
A.  G.    An  abbre\'iation  of  adjutant-general. 
aga  (a'gii  or  a'ga),  w.     [<  Tiii'k.  agha,  a  great 

lord,  commander,  <  Tatar  aha  (Mahn).]     1.  A 

title  formerh'  given  to  gi-eat  chiefs  in  Turkey, 

and  especially  to  the  commander-in-chief  of 

the  janizaries. 

There  came  a  vast  body  of  dragoons,  of  different  nations, 
under  the  leading  of  Harvey,  their  great  aga. 

Swift,  Battle  of  Books. 

2.  A  title  of  respect  given  to  ■village  magnates 
and  petty  gentlemen  in  Turkey. 

He  did  nnt  care  for  a  monk,  and  not  much  for  an  agou- 
raenos  ;  but  he  felt  small  in  the  presence  of  a  mighty 
Turkish  aga.       R.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  375. 

Also  spelled  agha. 
agabanee  (ag-a-bii'ne),  n.  A  cotton  fabric  em- 
liroiilered  'with  silk,  made  in  Aleppo. 
agacella  (ag-a-sel'a),  n.  [A  quasi-Latin  form 
of  alga~cl,  q.  v.]  In  her.,  an  antelope,  or  a 
tiger  'with  horns  and  hoofs. 
agada,  agadic,  etc.  Same  as  haggada,  etc. 
again  (a-gen',  a-gan'),  adv.,  ]}rep.,  and  conj. 
[The  usual  pron.  a-gen'  is  that  of  the  spelling 
agen,  which  is  still  occasionally  used,  esp.  in 
poetry ;  the  pron.  a-gan'  follows  the  usual  spell- 
ing i^ga'm.  The  ME.  forms  were  numerous  (of 
various  types,  agen,  again,  aycn,  ayain,  ayan, 
etc.),  namely,  agen,  again,  agein,  agayn,  ageyn, 
again  (and  with  final  -e,  againe,  etc.),  ayen, 
ayein,  ayeyn,  etc.,  azcn,  again,  agein,  ogein,  etc., 
earlier  angtn,  on^eiii,  <  xVS.  ongegn,  ongen,  on- 
gedn,  later  agen,  agedn  (=  OS.  angegin  =  OHG. 
ingagan,  ingegin,  ingagene,  ingcgane,  MHG.  in- 
gegc'ne,  cngegene,  engegen,  G.  entgegen  =  lce\. 
ig'egn  (for  *in  gegn)  =  Dan.  igjen  =  Sw.  igen), 
&Ax.  and  prep.,  <  on-  for  an-  (in  G.  and  Seand. 
in-),  orig.  and-,  again,  back,  +  *gegn,  gedn,  in 
comp.  gegn-,  geagn-,  gedn-,  over  against:  see 
a-5,  gaini,  and  gain-.  Cf.  against.]  I.  adv. 
1 .  Of  motion  or  direction :  Back :  in  the  oppo- 
site direction;  to  or  toward  a  former  or  the 
original  position;  to  the  same  place  or  person: 
often  strengthened  with  bad: 

He  nyste  whethir  hym  was  moste  fayn, 
For  to  fyL:bte  or  turne  agaun. 
Rich.  Cut  <■  (/;■  Lion,  1.  6299  (in  Weber,  'Metr.  Rom.,  II.). 
On  Marie  I  prayd  them  take  good  hede. 
To  that  I  cam  agane.     Towneley  Mysteries,  p.  78. 
Bring  us  word  again  by  what  way  we  must  go  up. 

Deut.  i.  22. 


against 

I  have  pursued  mine  enemies,  and  destroyed  them ;  and 
turned  not  again  till  I  had  consumed  them. 

2  Sam,  xxii.  38. 

2.  Of  action:  Back;  in  return;  in  reply,  re- 
sponse, answer,  echo. 

Do  good,  and  lend,  hoping  for  nothing  again. 

Luke  vi.  35. 
\Mio  art  thou  that  answcrest  ayainl  Rom.  ix.  20. 

All  Israel  shouted  with  a  great  shout,  so  that  the  earth 
rang  again.  1  Sam.  iv.  5. 

I  knit  my  hand-kercher  about  your  brows:  .  .  . 
And  I  did  never  ask  It  you  again.     Shak. ,  K.  John,  iv  1. 
He  laughed  till  the  glasses  on  the  sideboard  rang  again. 
Dickens,  Pickwick,  I.  261. 

3.  Of  action  or  fact  as  related  to  time,  or  of 
time  simply:  Once  more;  in  addition;  another 
time;  anew:  marking  i-epetition — (a)  Of  action 
or  existence:  as,  to  do  anything  again;  he  had 
to  make  it  all  over  again. 

I  will  not  a.7rtin  curse  the  ground  any  more,  .  .  .  neither 

will  I  again  smite  any  more  every  thing  living,  as  I  have 

done.  Gen.  viii.  21. 

If  a  man  die,  shall  he  live  again}  Job  xiv.  14. 

Quicken  the  Past  to  life  again. 

Whittt€r,  The  Norseman. 

(/))  Of  number  or  quantity:  only  in  the  phrases 
as  much  or  as  many  again  (=t'wiee  as  much  or 
as  many),  haJf  as  much  again  (=  once  and  a 
half  as  much)',  etc.  (c)  Of  kind  or  character: 
marking  resemblance. 

There  is  not  in  the  world  again  such  a  spring  and  semi- 
nary of  brave  military  people  as  in  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland.  Bacon. 

4.  Of  succession  of  thought:  Once  more;  in 
continuation ;  in  an  additional  case  or  instance ; 
moreover;  besides  (marking  transition);  on  the 
other  hand  (marking  contrast). 

Again,  there  is  sprung  up 
An  heretic,  an  arch  one,  Cranmer. 

Shak.,  Hen.  -^11.,  lU.  2. 
He  was  sometimes  sad,  and  sometimes  again  profusely 
men'y.  Burton,  Anat.  of  llel.,  p.  49. 

Again  and  again,  often ;  with  frequent  repetition. 

Good  iiooks  should  be  read  again  and  again,  and  thought 
about,  talked  about,  considered  and  re-considered. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  323. 
Now  and  again,  now  and  then ;  occasionally. — Once 
and  again,  repeatedly. 

The  effects  of  which  he  had  ome  and  again  experienced. 

Brougham. 
To  and  again,  to  and  fro  ;  backward  and  forward. 
[The  adverb  againwas,  much  used  in  Middle  English,  and 
less  freiiuently  in  Anglo-Saxon,  in  loose  composition  with 
verbs  or  verbal  derivatives,  as  equivalent  to,  and  gener- 
ally as  an  express  translation  of,  the  Latin  prefix  re-,  as  in 
again-light  (L.  re-pugnare),  again-rising  (L.  re-surrectio), 
again-buy  (L.  red-imere),  again-stand  (L.  re-sistere);  or  of 
Latin  contra-,  as  again-say  (L.  contra-dicere),  etc. ;  being 
in  this  use  variable  with  gain-,  q.  v.  Only  a  few  such  com- 
pounds are  entered  below.] 

Il.t  X>rep.   Against. 

Ageyn  another  hethen  in  Tiirkye. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  66. 

[Again,  prep.,  was  formerly  in  use  in  all  the  senses  of 
again.^t  by  which  in  literary  use  it  has  been  displaced.  It 
i-s  still  common  in  dialectal  speech,  pronounced  agen  or 
agin  :  as,  I  have  nothing  agin  him.] 

Ill.t  conj.  Against  the  time  that :  like 
against,  conj.    [In  this  use  now  only  dialectal.] 

Bid  your  fellows 
Get  all  their  flails  ready  again  I  come. 
B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humotir,  i.  1. 

againbuy!  (a-gen'bi),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  agen-,  ayen- 
byen,  etc. ;  a  fit.  tr.  of  L.  redimere,  redeem:  see 
redeem.]     To  redeem. 

We  hopeden  that  he  should  have  againbought  IsraeL 

Wyclif,  Luke  xxiv.  21. 

againrisingt  (a-gen'ri"zing),  n.     [<  ME.  agen-, 

ayen-rising,  etc.,  often  transposed,  rising  agen, 

etc. ;  a  lit.  tr.  of  L.  resurrectio.]    Resurrection. 

The  againrising  of  deede  men.  Wyclif,  Rom.  i.  4. 

againsa'Wt  (a-gen'sa),  n.  [<  ME.  again-saw, 
-sagh,  etc.,  <  again  +  saw,  a  saying:  see  saw^.'] 
Contradiction ;  gainsaying. 

againsayt  (a-geu'sa),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  agen-,  ayen- 
seyen,  etc.,  <  agen-,  ayen-,  etc.,  +  -seyen,  -seggen, 
etc.,  a  lit.  tr.  of  L.  contradicere :  see  contradict. 
Now  gainsay,  q.  v.]     Obsolete  form  of  gainsay. 

against  (a-gensf,  a-ganst'),  j>rep.  and  conj. 
[In  pron.  and  form  like  again  +  -st;  <  ME.  agenst, 
agaynst,  agcynst,  ageynest,  etc.,  ayenst,  agenst, 
agenest.  etc.,  with  added  t,  as  in  betwixt,  trhiUt, 
etc.,  the  earlier  forms  Iseing  agens,  agenes^ 
agains,  agayns,  ageins,  ageynes,  etc.,  ayens, 
ayeins,  ayinis,  agenes,  ageines,  ageynes,  etc., 
'with  adverbial  gen.  endmg  -es,  <  again,  agen, 
aycn,  etc. :  see  again.  Cf.  AS.  to-gednes.  simi- 
larly formed,  'with  prefix  to-,  to.]  I.  prep.  1. 
Of  motion  or  direction:  In  an  opposite  direc- 
tion to,  so  as  to  meet;  (o)  toward;  (6)  upon: 


against 

as,  to  strike  against  a  rock;  the  rain  beats 

against  the  window :  to  ride  against  the  wind. 

Aqaum  his  daughter  hastilich  coth  lie. 

"  "  Ch.iuccr,  Clerks  Tale,  L  911. 

The  birds  against  the  Arril  wind 
Flew  northward,  sinsing  as  they  flew. 

ir*i((iVi-,  What  the  Birds  Said. 

2.  Of  position :  (a)  In  an  opposite  position ; 
directly  opposite;  in  front  of:  in  this  sense 
often  preceded  bv  over:  as,  a  ship  is  against 
the  mouth  of  a  river. 

[  \3r0n]  lighted  the  lamps  thereof  orer  agaimt  the  can- 
dlestick. >"i'm-  ™^-  »• 
{b)  In  contact  with;  bearing  upon:  as,  to  lean 
against  a  wall;  in  optical  contact  with  (some- 
thing behind);  athwart:  as,  the  ship  loomed 
Bp  dark  and  grim  against  the  sky. 

He  saw 
High  up  in  heaven  the  hall  that  Merlin  built, 
Blackening  againgt  the  dead-green  stripes  of  even. 

Tennygon^  Pelleaa  and  EttaiTe. 

3.  Of  action  or  purpose:  (a)  In  opposition  to ; 
in  contrariety  to ;  adverse  or  hostile  to :  as, 
twenty  votes"«<7ai««*  ten;  against  law,  reason, 
or  public  opinion. 

His  hand  will  be  against  every  man.  Gen.  xvi.  12. 

"When  a  scandalous  story  is  believed  against  one,  there 
certainly  is  no  comfort  like  the  consciousness  of  having 
deserved  it.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

(6)  In  resistance  to  or  defense  from :  as,  pro- 
tection rt(7aiHsJbiirglars,  cold,  fire,  etc. ;  to  warn 
one  against  danger ;  the  public  are  cautioned 
against  pickpockets. 

As  if  the  man  had  fixed  his  face, 
In  many  a  solitar>'  place, 
Against  the  mnd  and  ojien  sky  ! 

Wordsieorlli,  Peter  Bdl,  i.  20. 

(c)  In  provision  for;  in  preparation  for;  in  an- 
ticipation of ;  with  reference  to. 
Agaimt  the  day  of  my  burying  hath  Bhe  kept  this. 

•  John  xii.  7. 

It  was  now  high  time  to  retire  and  take  refreshment 
againat  the  fatigues  of  the  following  day. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

((7)  In  exchange  for;  in  return  for;  as  a  bal- 
ance to :  as,  an  exporter  draws  against  mer- 
chandise shipped. 

Vav.'LS'-urs  sulxiivide  again  to  vassals,  exchanging  land 
and  cattle,  human  or  otherwise,  against  fealty. 

ilotlfij,  Dutch  Rfputilic,  I.  2S. 

Against thegrain.    See,7raini.— Against thesun, ina 

direction  contrary  to  the  apparent  movement  of  the  sun. 
—Against  time,  (a)  Literally,  in  competition  with  time : 
a.s,  a  match  or  a  race  against  time,  that  is,  with  the  effort 
to  finish  before  the  close  of  a  given  time. 
I  always  felt  as  if  I  was  riding  a  race  against  time. 

Dickens, 
(6)  For  the  pui-pose  of  consuming  time :  as,  he  talked 
against  tiinf,  that  is,  merely  to  gain  time,  a  method  some- 
times adopted  by  members  of  legislative  and  delilierative 
assemblies  who  desire  to  defeat  some  measure  or  moti(Mi 
by  lapse  of  time,  or  to  gain  time  for  supporters  to  a.sscin- 
ble.—  To  be  against,  to  be  unfavorable  t<) :  n.s,  the  bid  iV 
against  you,  tliat  is,  in  favor 'tf  some  (ttlicr  bidilcr. — To 
bear  against,  to  bristle  against,  to  go  against,  it.-. 

See  tlic.ie  verb*. — To  run  against,  to  meet  accidentally. 

TJ..conj.  (by  ellipsis).  Against  the  time  that; 
by  the  tiino  that ;  before :  as,  be  ready  against 
I  get  back.     [Now  only  colloq.  or  dial.] 

Throw  on  another  log  of  wooil  wiainst  father  comes 
home.  Dickfns,  Pickwick. 

againstandt  (a-gen'stand),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  agciii-, 
ageii-nlantli  II,  -stondcn,  <  AS.  dr/en-,  onqcdn-slan- 
dan :  see  tigain  and  stand."]  I'd  stand  against ; 
withstanil:  ojipose. 

againwardt,  '"''•.  [MTI.  utiayn-,  a^ttiin-,  aijen- 
iniril,  iU\;  <.  again  -i- -iraril.']  1.  Backward; 
back  again.  (Chancer. — 2.  In  return  ;  back. 
.Sir  T.  .iffirr. — 3.  Again;  once  more. — 4.  ('011- 
versely;  vice  versa.  Spenser. —  S.  Onthocon- 
trnrj-;  on  the  other  hand.     Sir  T.  More. 

agalactia Ciig-H-lak'ti-(i),n.  [N1j.,<  (ir.nyaP.ax- 
ri'i,  want  of  milk,  <  (i)ii'/aKToc,  wanting  milk:  see 
aijiilmtoii><.^  In  fiiitliol.,  a  deficiency  of  milk  in 
nio"'''   -'•  '  o|ii|,||)irth.    Also  called  n(/o/«x//. 

aga'  '  !:ik'tii8),  fl.     [<  Or.  «)'i/'.nKTof, 

'  -  |>riv.  +  yn'/.a  {ya'AuKT-)  =  L. 
•  ■]    Characterized  by  agalactia. 

il-il'g«l),  n.  Same  as  nffrtr-rtflor. 
Ittk-ni),  M.     TiCHK  corrent  fonn  of 


Ag,i 

-f 

ln'<'r 
of  I 
nnri 


'-lf''iiii),  n.     rNL.,<  (Jr. 'i- i>riv. 

■■"•.  '■iilmnru".  tniin|tiillily :  in  nl- 

.  I      A  gelMIH 

niMi-,  i^'iving 

,1.  Iiiti}ir,i,ihiea  \h 

'.  WolHlpoIi  ll'TbltKC*. 

agalenid  ,  ,   „,     a  npider  <.!  the 

rjtritil;.     i 

Agalenia.;,    .„         ,.i-ilc),  «. /./.    [NI.,,  < /l//n- 
lena  +  -«te.J    A  riimily  of  tiilutolanaii  Hpidera, 


•  I" 


106 

typified  by  the  genus  Agalena,  of  the  order 
Aranea".  They  have  an  oblong  cephalothorax,  with  the 
large  cephalic  region  distinct,  and  the  upper  mammilla- 
larger  th.-m  the  lower.  The  species  are  numerous,  and  l:: 
genera  have  been  admitted  for  those  of  Euroj^e.  Among 
them  are  some  of  the  most  familiar  spiders  which  spin 
tubular  webs. 
agalloch  (a-gal'ok),  )).  Same  as  agalJoclmm. 
agallochum  (a-gal'o-kum),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  I'q  a7.- 
'/.oxov  (Dioseorides),  not,  as  stated  in  Liddell 
and  Scott's  Lexicon,  the  bitter  aloe,  but  the 
fragrant  wood  also  called  in  later  times  ^v'/m'/.oij, 
in  NL.  transposed  Aloexylon  (another  genus), 
translated  lignum  aloes,  E.  lign-aloes,  q.  v.;  of 
eastern ori.gin :  cf.  Heb.  nkhillini,  mase.  pi.,  from 
a  sing,  akliiil,  Hind,  uijhil,  Skt.  agiini,  agalloch, 
aloes-wood.  See  aloe.}  A  fragrant  wood,  the 
aloes  or  lign-aloes  of  the  Scriptiu'es.  it  is  much 
used  by  the  Orientals,  and  especially  by  the  Chinese,  as  in- 
cense in  their  religious  ceremonies.  It  is  the  produce  of 
Agnilaria  AgaUocha,  a  large  tree  which  grow-s  in  the 
mountains  of  Cochin-China,  Assam,  and  ailjoining  regioTis, 
and  belongs  to  the  natural  order  ?'A//jh.-/('(/i:c(p.  Portions 
of  the  trunk  and  branches  become  saturated  with  a  dark 
aromatic  resin,  and  these  alone  are  used  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  incense.  The  resin  is  sometimes  extracted  by  dis- 
tillation or  infusion.  The  wood  is  also  called  calamine, 
aloex-wi'od,  and  agila-,  agat;  or  eaglewood.  See  eagle- 
wood. 
agalma  (a-gal'ma),  n. ;  pi.  agalmata  (-ma-ta). 
[NL.,  <  (jr.  uya'/.jia,  a  delight,  honor,  a  pleasing 
gift,  esp.  to  the  gods,  a  statue,  any  image  or  work 
of  art,  <  iq a'A7x(y0at,  take  delight  in,  ayaX/sir, 
honor,  glorify.]  1 .  In  liin\  the  impression  or  im- 
age of  anj-thing  upon  a  seal. —  2.  In  Gr.  aniiij.,  a 
votive  offeiing  to  a  deity,  especially  a  statue,  but 
also  a  painting  or  any  other  art-object.  See 
etymology  of  anathema. — 3.  [cap.]  In  coiil., 
a  genus  of  physophorous  oceanic  hydroids,  the 
type  of  the  family  .Igalmida:  Esclischolt:,  182d. 
agalmatolite  (ag-al-mat'o-lit),  H.  [<Gr.  «;«?.- 
IJa{T-),  image,  -1-  /.i6or,  stone.]  A  soft  stone,  of 
a  graj-ish  or  greenish  color,  found  iu  China  and 
elsewhere.  It  can  be  cut  with  a  knife  and  polished, 
and  in  China  is  thus  formed  into  works  of  art,  as  grotesque 
figures,  pagodas,  etc.  It  belongs  in  part  to  the  mineral 
pinite,  and  in  jiart  to  pyropliyllitc  ami  steatite.  Also 
called  Jtgure-stonc,  lardstone,  Intdstctn,  and  pngodite. 
Agalmidae  (a-gal'mi-de),  V.  pt.  [NL.,<  Agahna 
+  -idle.']  A  family  of  pliysopliorous  siphonoph- 
orous  hydrozoans,  ha\'ing  a  greatly  elongated 
and  sjiiraUy  twisted  stem,  the  swimming-col- 
umn with  two  or  more  rows  of  nectocalyces, 
and  liyilrophyllia  and  tentacles  present. 
Agalmopsis  (a-.gal-mop'sis),  «.  [NIj.,  <  Agalma 
+  bijiir,  appearance.]  A  genus  of  .iiiiilmidiv 
resembling  Agalma,  having  (leciiluous  livilm- 
pliyllia  replaced  by  nectocalyces,  a  saccule  and 
an  involucre,  a  terminal  lilament  and  no  vesicle. 
liars,  184(i. 
agalwood   (ag'al-wud),   H.      [See  eaglewood.'] 

Same  as  a</iiltoclti(in. 
Agama"^  (iig'a-mii),  «.     [NL.,  from  the  Carib- 
lii-ari    name.]       1.  A   genus  of   small   saurian 
reptiles,  typical  of  the  family  .ignmidir  (whidi 
see). —  2.    [/.  c]  A  member  or  species  of  tlie 
genus  Agama,  or  of  closely  related  gcuera :  with 
a  i>lural,  agiimas  (-miiz). 
Agama-  (lig'a-mji),  »i.  ;*/.     [NL.,  nout.  pi.  of 
iigiin:iis:  afi^  agnmoiis.]     The  agamous division 
(if  iiiciUusks.    I.iilreille,  ISl!,').     See  iiiiamniis,  L', 
Agamse  (ag'a-ine),   H.  pi.      [NL.  (sc.  jiliiiilo), 
fem.  1)1.  of  iigamiis:   see  agiimous.]    A  name 
given  by  some  authors  to  the  large  division  of 
cryptogamic  plants,  which  were  fonnerly  sup- 
posed to  be  williout  distinctions  of  s<'X. 
agami   (ag'ii-mi),  ».       [F.  agamg  (1741),   now 
itgiimi,  from  tlie  native  name  in  Guiona.]    A 
grallatorial   bird, 
I'sopliia  crepitans, 
a  native  of  South 
America,       oftiMi 
called  tli<^  golden- 
breasted  trumpet- 
er.     It  Is  in  body  of 
the  size  of  a  pheiutant ; 
it    runs    with    great 
»peed,lnitHleHp<jorly, 
ifl  easily  tanii-d,  and 
becomcM  as  docile  [uid 
attached  to  nuin  as  a 
dog,     ,See  PsofihiidiV. 

agamian'  (a-ga'- 

nii-aii),  a,  mid  n. 
[=!''.  agtttniin,  < 
NL.  .Iiiniiiii^.  I  I. 
It.  I'erlaining  or 
belonging  to  the 
Againida-. 

II.  II.  A  m<<m- 
liir  of  tlie  fatnilv 
.tiliimidii    (which  .    .,, 

„.'    \  Ak«iii1.  or  ■IntiiUK!loi(/'/tf/A^.a 

■*5e^,  trffittani). 


agamoid 

agamian^   (a-ga'mi-an),  a.      [As  agamic  + 

-i-aii.]     Same  as  agamic. 

agamic  (a-gam'ik),  a.  [< Gr.  a) a/2or,  unmamed 
(see  agamous),  +  -ic]  1.  Asexual:  in  zoiil., 
applied  to  reproduction  witliout  the  congress 
of  individuals  of  opposite  sexes,  as  by  fission, 
budding,  encystment,  or  parthenogenesis ;  used 
also  of  ova  capable  of  germination  without  im- 
pregnation. The  word  is  of  general  application  to 
asexual  reproduction,  but  has  some  special  applicability 
to  tlie  phenomena  of  alternate  generation  or  discontinuous 
development  which  may  intervene  in  ordinary  sexual  re- 
production.    Opposed  to  gamic.     See  agaiiwgcnesig. 

The  agamic  reproduction  of  insects  and  other  animals, 
ir,  B.  Carpenter,  in  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  425. 

The  aga  mi'c  ova  may  certainly  be  produced,  and  give  rise 
to  embryos,  without  impregmition. 

ilnxh'ij,  .\nat.  Invert.,  p.  250. 

2.  In  hot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Agama:  or 
crvptotrams, 

agamically  (a-gam'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  agamic 
or  asexual  manner ;  asexually. 

agamid  (ag'a-mid),  «.  A  lizard  of  the  family 
Aijiiniida;. 

Agamidse  (a-gam'i-de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Jgama^ 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  saurian  reptiles,  order 
Lacertilia,  superfainily  Agamoidea.  They  are  char- 
acterized by  having  a  short,  tliick  tongue,  entire  (that  is. 
uuclclt)  or  nearly  so,  and  not  extensible  ;  small  rhombic 
overlapping  ventral  scales ;  a  long  tail ;  round  pupil,  and 


Agama  hrachyiira. 

eyes  provided  with  lids.  The  family  is  very  closely  re- 
lated to  the  lg\ianid(e,  but  the  dentition  is  acrodont.  not 
plourodont.  It  is  named  from  the  leading  genus,  Agama 
(or  Amiphiliolurus),  but  contains  sc\cral  others,  anuing 
them  Draco.  D.  mlans  is  tlu-  so-called  th  ing  lizard.  The 
family  is  divided  into  Againinir  mid  Dnicnninn'. 

Agarilinae  (ag-a-mi'ne),  «.  2'f-  .  l<  Agoma'i  + 
-iiiir.]  A  subfamily  of  agamoid  lizards  with 
no  wing-like  latcr.al  expansions,  a  mouth  of 
moderate  size,  and  small  conical  incisors.  It 
embriices  about  70  species,  inhabiting  Asia, 
Africa,  and  Australasia. 

agamine  (ag'a-min),  ».  A  lizard  of  the  sub- 
family Agamina: 

agamist  (ag'a-mist),  n.     [<  Gr.  ayauo(,  unmar- 
ried (see  agamous),  +  -ist.]     One  who  does  not 
maiTy  ;  one  who  refuses  to  marry ;  one  who  op- 
poses the  institution  of  marriage. 
Againists  ami  wilful  rejecters  of  nmtrimony. 

Foxe,  Book  of  Martyrs. 

agamogenesis  (ag''a-m6-,ien'e-sis),  n.  [<  Gr. 
o;iii/oi,  unmarried  (see  iigiimou.'(),  +  } fwffff, pro- 
duction.] Non-sexual  reproduction,  (a)  liwnoi., 
the  production  of  young  without  the  congress  of  the  sexes, 
one  of  the  phenomena  of  alternate  generation  ;  partheno* 
genesis  :  ojiposed  to  gnmognicsis. 

Aiiamf>gcncjii.H  is  of  freciuent  occurrence  among  insects, 
and' occurs  under  two  extreme  forms;  in  the  one,  the 
parent  is  a  perfect  female,  while  the  gernis  have  all  the 
iiioi-phologieal  charai-tet-s  <if  eggs,  and  to  this  the  term 
parlla-iiogenesis  ouglitto  be  rcstrieled.  In  the  other,  the 
iiarent  has  Ineompletc  female  genitalia,  and  the  germs 
have  ntit  the  ordinary  characte?-s  of  insect  eggs, 

tliixleii,  Anat,  Invert.,  p.  .183. 
CO  In  '*"'.,  natural  reproduction  by  buds,  oll'shoot«,  cell- 
division,  i-le. 

agamogenetic  (ag"ii-m6-je-net')k),  a.  [<  nrja- 
iiiiigiiirsis,  nUvrgi  iielie.  i|.  v.]  Of  or  lu'rlaining 
til  agamogenesis;  ])ro(luced  williout  the  con- 
gress of  tlio  sexes. 

All  known  aitawoanietic  processes  .  .  .  i-nd  in  a  coni- 
plde  return  In'llle  lirliiiltlvc  stock. 

/hu-tcii.  Lay  Sermons,  p,  312, 

.igamogenetically(ag"ii-mo-.ie-net'i-kiil-i),«r/ii. 

in  nil  againogcnetic  manner;  liy  (»•  with  asex- 
iial  generalion. 

Ill  ni(»st  IHseophora,  the  eliihiyo  br-eonies  a  (Ixed  actln- 
"la.  .  .  .  multiplies   againogriicticntfit    h.v    budding,    and 
[V.'s  rise  to  permam-nt  i-olonies  0I  Ilydl-ltonn  liolyps. 

tluxlni,  Anat.  Invert,,  p.  133, 

.igamoid  (ag'ii-moid),  (/.  anil  11.     [<  .Igamal  + 

-"/'/,  ij.  v.]  I^  a.  In  .riiiil.,  perlnining  to  or  re- 
seinbliiig  lln^  Agiimiilii  or  .liiiniiniiliii. 

II,  ".  A  lizard  of  the  liiniily  .liiaiuidw or  atx- 
porfumily  Agamoidea. 


Agamoidea 

Agamoidea  (ag-a-moi'de-li),  *i.  pZ.  [NXi.,  < 
Jildiiin'  +-(ii(lc(i.]  Asuperfamilyofenglossato 
laV-ertili:nis,  having  coueavo-eonvex  vertebrffi, 
clavicles  not  dilated  proximally,  and  no  post- 
orbital  or  postfrontal  squamosal  arches.  Tlio 
"i-oiiii  i-DiHiirises  tlie  fninilies  Ariaiiiiilte,  Igaanido!,  Xenu- 
saurUlii;  Xuniiriihv,  and  Anijuida;.     Sec  cuts  under  Aija- 

a'gamous  (a^'a-'mus),  a.  [<  NL.  iigarmis,  <  Gr. 
ayaftoc,  without  marriage,  unmarried,  <  a-  priv. 
+  jfi/Iof,  marriage.]    1 .  In  hul.,  same  as  agiimic. 

2.  In  aool.,  having  no  distinguishable  sexual 

organs.     iSee  aijamic,  1.     [Hare.] 

The  molluscan  race  are  divided  into  two  branches,  tlie 
phanerogamous  and  the  agamnvs  or  cryptoganuc. 

JuhTiston,  Introd.  to  Concllol. 
agamy  (ag'a-mi),  V.     [<  Gr.  aya/tia,  < aya/jo^ :  see 
iKIiiuioiis.'i      Non-man'iage  ;    abstention  from 
niaiTiage,  or  rejection  or  non-recognition  of  the 
requirement  of  man'iago  in  the  relation  of  the 
sexes. 
aganglionic  (a-gang-gli-on'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  a- 
jiriv.  (ii-^^)  +  (jdiiylioiiic.]     Characterized  by 
the  absence  of  ganglia. 
agapae,  ".     Plural  of  agnpi9. 
Agapanthus  (ag-a-pan'thus),   n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
nyarrt/,  love  (see  agapt^),  +  apBo^,  flower.]     A 
small  genus  of  ornamental  plants  belonging  to 
the  natui'al  order  I.ilinrnr.    The  spiiics  arc  peren- 
nial lu-rbsfrum  soutlRrii  Africa,  u  itli  >liap  sliapcd  rii.li.al 
leaves  and  laryc  unilicis  uf  liriylit-bliic  llowcrs.     Tljcy  Icive 
Ijecn  Ion;,;  in  cuUivatiun. 
agapel  (a-giip'  or  a-gap'),  j^rep.  phr.  as  ade.  or  a. 
[<  (I'i  +  "gapc.'\     With  the  mouth  wide  open ;  in 
an  attitude  of  wonder,  expectation,  or  eager  at- 
tention. 

Diuzles  the  crowd,  and  sets  them  all  agape. 

Miltvn,  P.  L.,  V.  367. 
A  fledgeling  priest, 
Beginning  life  .  .  .  with  callow  beak 
Agape  for  luck.     Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  01. 

agape2  (ag'a-pe),  n.;  pi.  agapcc  (-pe).  [L.,  < 
Gr.  ayuTT?/,  love,  charity  in  the  abstract  sense ; 
ayoTvav,  to  love,  treat  with  aft'oction.]    1 .  A  meal 


107 

Agaphelus  (a-gaf'e-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aynv, 
very,  much,  -t-  ikPe'Mk,  smooth.  These  whales 
lack  the  usual  folds  or  plaits  of  the  throat.] 
The  tyi)ieal  genus  of  the  subfamily  AgaphcUnce. 
A .  gihixifmii  is  the  scrag-whale.   E.  I).  Cope,  18(58. 

agaphite  (ag'a-fit),  n.  [So  named  by  Fischer 
iu  181(5;  iAgdphi,  a  naturalist  who  visited  the 
regions  iu  Persia  where  the  tm'cjuoise  is  found, 
+  -ilc^.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  tur- 
quoise, more  especially  to  the  fine  blue  variety. 

Agapornis  (ag-a-por'nis),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  aynirii, 
love  (see  agape"^),  +  opvic,  a  bird.]    A  genus  of 


^'m. 


,(/ 


Agape,  or  Love-feast,     (From  Roller's  "Catacombes  de  Rome.") 

partaken  of  in  common  by  the  primitive  Chris- 
tians, originally  in  connection  with  the  Lord's 
supper.  It  was  made  the  occasion  of  offerings  for  the 
poor,  and  closed  with  devotional  exercises,  including  the 
kiss  of  love.  According'to  late  usage,  agapa;  were  also  as- 
sociated with  weddings,  funerals,  anniversaries  of  martyi'- 
<loms,  and  the  dedication  of  churches.  The  loss  of  their 
original  character  and  the  growth  of  abuses  led  to  the  pro- 
hibition of  them  in  church  buildings,  and  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury to  their  separation  from  the  Lord's  supper  .and  their 
gradual  discontinuance.  Vestiges  of  the  practice,  however, 
remained  as  late  as  the  Council  of  Basle  in  the  fifteentli 
century,  and  customs  historically  derived  from  it  are  still 
observed  by  some  denominations.    See  love-feast. 

May  God  speed  the  universal  pentecost  and  agape  of 
his  one  Holy  Catliolic  and  Apostolic  Church. 

Sf'haff,  Christ  and  Christianity,  \\  20, 

2.  [_cfip.'\  [NL.]  In  ro67.,  a  genus  of  lepidop- 
terous  insects. 
Agapemone  (ag-a-pem'o-ne),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
oya-ri,  love  (see  again"),  +  povij,  a  staying,  a 
stopping-place,  dwelling,  <  /livciv,  stay,  remain : 
see  remain.^  Literall.y,  the  abode  of  love ; 
specifically,  the  name  of  an  association  of  men 
and  women  established  at  Charlynch,  Somerset- 
shire, England,  in  184(5,  imder  the  direction  of 
the  Rev.  Henry  James  Prince,  the  members  of 
which  lived  on  a  common  fund. 

Agapemonian,  Agapemonite  (ag"a-pe-m6'ni- 
an,  ag-a-pem'o-nit),  n.  An  inmate  of  the  Aga- 
pemone (which  see). 

agapetae  (ag-a-pe'te),  n.  pi.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  ayairr/rai, 
fem.  pi.  of  ayam/Tui;,  beloved,  verbal  aiij.  of  oja- 
Trdi',  to  love.]  A  title  given  in  the  early  ages 
of  the  church  to  virgins  who  dwelt,  in  a  state  of 
so-called  spiritual  love,  with  monks  and  others 
professing  celibacy.  This  intercourse  occa- 
sioned scandal,  and  was  condemned  by  the 
Lateran  Council  in  1139. 

Agaphelinae  (a-gaf-e-H'ne),  H.  pJ.  [NL.,  <  Aga- 
plichi>:  + -inw.'i  Asvibfamil,y  of  finner  whales, 
family  lialtniopteridw,  having  the  skin  of  the 
throat  not  plicated  and  no  dorsal  fin. 


Love-birds  [^gaporttis  catta). 

small  African  parrots,  including  the  love-birds, 
sometimes  made  the  type  of  a  subfamily  Aga- 
pormthina:.     P.  J.  Sclhy,  1836.     See  love-bird. 

agart,  ".   Same  as  acl-ir~,  eager^.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

agar-agar  (ii'gar-il'giir),  «.  The  native  name 
of  Ceylon  moss  or  Bengal  isinglass,  consisting 
of  dried  seaweed  of  several  species,  such  as 
Gracikiria  lie^icnoidcs,  Eiichcuma  .sjiinii.^nni,  etc. 
It  is  much  used  in  the  East  for  sofips  and  jel- 
lies.    Also  called  agul-agal.     See  gclose. 

agaric  (ag'a-rik  or  a-gar'ik),  n.  and  a.  [<  L. 
ugaricum,  ^  Gr.  ayapmdv,  a  sort  of  tree-fungus 
used  as  tinder,  named,  according  to  Dioscori- 
des,  from  the  coimtry  of  the  Agari,  iu  Sarmatia, 
where  this  fungus  abounded.]  I.  «.  A  fungus 
of  the  genus  Agaricus.  Among  the  old  herbalists  the 
name  liad  a  wider  range,  including  the  corky  forms  gi'ow- 
in-,'  t.n  trunks  of  trees,  like  the  '*  female  agaric,"  Poh/2)oru^ 
'>lii,'i/n:li:<,  to  wliicli  the  word  was  originally  applied,  and 
w  tiirh  is  still  known  as  agaric  in  the  materia  medica.  See 
Agiirwu.i,  Buleliis,  and  Poiy/Mrus.— Agaric-gnat,  a  dip- 
terous insect  of  tlie  family  Mycetophlfiiltr  (wliicli  sec). 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  agarics  ;  fungoid. — 
Agaric  mineral,  a  very  soft  and  liL;ht  \aricty  of  calcite  or 
cakinnicavlionate.  It  is  generally  pure  uliitc,  foundchicHy 
in  the  clefts  of  rocks  and  at  tlie  liottoin  oi  .^"n^c  lakes  in 
a  loose  or  semi-indurated  form  resembling  a  fungus.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  a  stone  of  loose  consistence  found 
in  Tuscany,  of  which  bricks  may  be  made  so  light  as  to 
float  in  water,  and  of  which  the  ancients  are  supposed  to 
have  made  their  tloatiii^i'  bricks.  It  is  a  hydrated  silicate 
of  magnesium,  mixed  with  lime,  alumina,  and  a  small 
ttiiantity  of  iron.  Also  called  laountaln-rnUk  and  monn- 
tflin-tneal. 

Agaricia  (ag-a-ris'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Agaricus,  q. 
v.]  A  genus  of  aporose  sclerodennatous  stone- 
corals,  of  the  family  Fungidcc,  or  mushroom- 
corals.     Lamarcl;  1801. 

agariciform  (a-gar'i-si-fdrm),  a.  [<  NL.  Jga- 
rieiix,  agaric,  +  L.  -furmis,  <  forma,  form.] 
Mushroom-shaped. 

agaricin  (a-gar'i-sin),  n.  [<  agaric  +  -j"2.]  A 
white  crystalline  substance  obtained  from  the 
white  agaric,  Poli/porus  officinalis. 

Agaricini  (a-gar-i-si'ni),  ri.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aga- 
ri cim.']  An  order  of  fungi  having  the  fruit- 
bearing  sm-face  arranged  in  radiating  gills,  as 
in  the  mushrooms  and  toadstools. 

agaricoid  (a-gar'i-koid),  a.  Of  the  nature  of 
an  a.garie  ;  mushroom-like. 

Agaricus  (a-gar'i-kus),  n.  [NL.,  masc,  <  L. 
agaricum,  prop.neut.  adj.:  see  Of/aric]  A  large 


Common  Mushroom  {Affaricus  catn^estris). 


agate 

and  important  genus  of  fungi,  characterized  by 
having  a  fiesliy  cap  or  pileus,  and  a  number  of 
radiating  ijlates  or  gills  on  which  are  produced 
the  Jiaked  spores.  The  majority  of  the  species  are 
furnished  with  steins,  but  some  are  attached  by  theii-  pilei 
to  thcobjeetHoii  wliieh  tliey  grow.  Over  a  thousand  species 
are  known,  whieli  are  arranged  in  five  sections accoriliiig  a^ 
the  color  of  tlieir  spores  is  while,  pink,  brown,  ]iurple,  or 
black.  Many  of  the  species  arc  edible,  like  the  (-onimon 
nuishroom,  A.  eampeiftri^,  while  tithersare  deleterious  and 
even  poisonous.     .See  7/uw/troo'W. 

Agarista  (ag-a-ris'ta),  n.  [NL.]  The  typical 
genus  of  tlie  ianiily  Agaristida:.    Leach. 

Agaristidae  (ag-a-i-is'ti-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aga- 
rista -\-  -ida:]  A  family  of  heterocerous  lepi- 
dopterous  insects,  or  moths,  typified  by  the 
genus  Agarista. 

agastt,  r.  t.  [<  ME.  agastcn,  pp.  agast:  see 
(iglinst,  gast,  ghost.']  1.  To  frighten;  terrify: 
usually  in  past  participle  agast,  now  written 
aghast  (which  see). 

Or  other  grisly  thing  that  him  aghast. 

Spenser,  f.  Q.,  I.  ix.  21. 

2.  Reflexlvely,  to  be  terrified. 

The  rynges  on  the  temple  dore  th.at  honge. 
And  cek  the  dores,  clatereden  ful  finite, 
Of  which  Arcita  somwhat  hinn  aga«te. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  2424. 

Agastreae(a-gas'tre-e),  n.;j/.  [NL. :  see  Ji/as- 
tria.]  A  term  proposed  in  1874  by  Huxley  ae 
apro\isionaldesignationof  one  of  two  divisions 
of  metazoic  animals  (the  other  being  Gosft'erc), 
by  which  the  orders  Cestoidca  and  Acantho- 
ccphtilu,  which  have  no  alimentary  canal  or 
proper  digestive  cavity,  are  contrasted  -with 
all  other  Metazoa.    'Jour.  Linn.  Soc,  XU.  226. 

Some  alterations  in  this  scheme  have  since  been  made ; 
.  .  .  the  Agatitreai  are  relegated,  the  Cestoidea  to  Trema- 
toda  and  Acauthocephala  to  the  Nematoidea. 

Paseoe,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  4. 

Agastria  (a-gas'tri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  +  yaari/p,  stomach.]  A  term  of  no  exact 
signification  in  modern  biology,  but  formerly 
employed  to  designate  certain  low  organisms 
whieh'have  no  proper  digestive  caidty.  Also 
called  Agastrica. 

agastric  (a-gas'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -I-  ;acr- 
Tt/p,  stomach  :  see  gastric.']  Without  a  stomach 
or  projicr  intestinal  canal,  as  the  tapeworm. 

Agastrica  (a-gas'tri-kii),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Agas- 
tria. 

agatel  (a-gaf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME.  on 
gate:  oii,  E.  o3,  on;  gate,'^.  gate^,  way:  see 
'gatr^  and  gait.]  On  the  way  ;  going;  agoing; 
in  motion':  as,  "set  him  (!r/«/e  again,"  ijogriia, 
iii.  6;  "set  the  bells  agate,"  Cotgrave.  [Old 
and  prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

agate-  (ag'at),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  aggat,  ag- 
get,  aggot,  aggott,  agat,  agot,  agatli  (=D.  agaat 
=  Sw."Dan.  agat),  <  OF.  agate,  later  "■  agathe, 
an  agate"  (Cot- 
grave),  mod.  F. 
agate  =  Pr.  ((.(/o- 
tlies,acliatcs=Si). 
Pg.  It.  agata  =  ( 
MHG.  G.  achat, 
<.Jj.  achates,  <  Gr. 
axaTr/r,  au  agate : 
so  called,  accord- 
ing to  Pliny,  be- 
cause first  foimd 
near  the  river 
^,\dr)?f,in  Sicily.] 

1.  A  variety  of  quartz  which  is  peculiar  in 
consisting  of  bands  or  layers  of  various  cotora 
blended  together.  It  is  essentially  a  variegated  chal- 
cedony, but  some  of  the  bands  may  consist  of  other  varie- 
ties of  quartz,  for  the  most  part  cryptocrystalline.  The 
varied  manner  iu  which  these  materials  are  aiTanged  causes 
the  agate  when  polished  to  assume  characteristic  differ- 
ences of  appearance,  and  thus  certain  v.arieties  are  distin- 
guished, as  ribbon-agate,  fortification-agate,  zone-agate, 
star-agate,  moss-agate,  clouded  agate,  etc.  See  also  cut 
under  t'oneentric.  Agate  is  found  chiefly  iu  trap-rocks 
and  serpentine,  often  in  tlie  form  of  nodules,  called  ge- 
odes.  It  is  esteemed  the  least  valuable  of  the  precious 
stones.  Agates  are  cut  and  polished  in  large  quantities 
at  Oberstein  in  Oldenburg,  Germany,  where  also  artificial 
means  are  used  to  produce  striking  varieties  of  color  in 
these  stones.  In  Scotland  also  they  are  cut  and  polished, 
under  the  name  of  Scotch  pebbles.  They  are  used  for  rings, 
seals,  cups,  beads,  boxes,  handles  of  small  utensils,  bur- 
nishers, pestles  and  mortars,  and,  in  delicate  mechanism, 
as  bearing-surfaces,  pivots,  and  the  knife-edges  of  weigh- 
ing apparatus.  In  Shakspere  agate  is  a  symbol  of  little- 
ness or  smallness,  from  the  little  figures  cut  in  these  stones 
when  set  in  rings. 

I  was  never  manned  with  an  anale  till  now. 

Shah..  2  Hen.  IV,,  i.  2. 

2.  A  draw-plate  used  by  gold-wire  drawers, 
naiued  from  the  piece  of  agate  through  which 
the  eye  is  drilled.—  3.  In  printing,  type  of  a  size 
between  pearl  and  nonpareil,  giving  about  160 


Agate,  poli^hel,  sh'^wing  banded 
structure. 


agate 

lines  to  the  foot.     It  is  used  chiefly  in  news- 
papers.    In  Great  Britain  it  is  known  as  ruby. 
This  line  is  printed  in  agate. 

4.  An  instniment  used  by  bookbinders  for  pol- 
ishing; a  burnisher.     McElrath,  Com.  Diet. — 

5.  A  child's  playing-marble  made  of  agate,  or 
of  glass  ia  imitation  of  agate. 

agate-glass  (ag'at-glas),  n.  A  variegated  glass 
made  by  melting  together  waste  pieces  of  col- 
ored glass. 

agate-shell  (ag'at-shel),  n.  A  popular  name 
of  certain  large  shells  of  the  genus  Achatina 
(whieh  see). 

agate-snail  (ag'at-snal),  m.  A  species  of  the 
genus  Achatina  (■which  see). 

agate-ware  (ag'at-war),«.  1.  Pottery  mottled 
andveined  in  imitation  of  agate. —  2.  A  variety 
of  enameled  iron  or  steel  botisehold  ware. 

Agathis  (ag'a-this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayaffic,  a 
ball  of  thread.]  1.  In  T>ot.,  the  older  and  now 
accepted  name  for  the  genus  of  Coniferie  com- 
monly known  as  Dammara  (which  see). —  2. 
In  :ool.,  a  genus  of  ichneumon-flies,  of  the 
family  Bruconida:.     LatreiHc,  1804. 

agathism  (ag'a-thizm),  7!.  [<  Gr.  ayaB6c,  good, 
+  -!>)«.]  The  doctrine  that  all  things  tend  to- 
ward ultimate  good. 

agathist  (ag'a-thist),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayad6(,  good,  + 
-Ut.]    One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  agathism. 

agathocacological  (ag'a-tho-kak'o-loj'i-kal), 
o.  [<  Gr.  a)a<'of,  good,  T  KQKur,  bad,  -i-  -'/.oyia 
{-'/xiyiKo^),  <.'/.() nv,  speak:  see  -ologtj.']  Com- 
posed of  good  and  e^•il ;  pertaining  to  both  good 
and  e^-il.     Southey,  Doctor,  I.  1120. 

a^atliodseinoil  (ag'a-tho-de'mon),  n.  [<  Gr. 
ayadodaiiiuv,  prop,  written  separately  ayaitoc; 
daifiuv :  ayattoa  good  ;  iai/iuv,  spirit,  demon : 
see  demon.']  A  good  genius  or  spirit ;  a  male 
divinity  corresponding  to  the  female  AgatUe 
Tyche,  or  Good  Fortune.  At  Atliens,  ami  elsewhere 
in  ancient  Greece,  it  was  customary  at  the  end  of  a  meal 
to  pour  out  in  his  honor  a  libation  of  pure  wine. 

agathodaemonic  (ag'a-tho-de-mon'ik),  a.  [< 
Gr.d} iiiioiiitiiiLiv:  see agatho(1<rmo)i  and  demonic] 
Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  agathodte- 
mon ;  pertaining  to  an  agathodremon. 

agathopoietic  (ag 'a-tho-poi-et'ik),  a.  |Trop. 
agatlhijiifctic  or  -poetic,  <  Gr.  a}aOo:roic'iv,  do 
good,  <  iVjodo^,  good,  +  !70(e(i',  do:  see  jmetic.'] 
Intended  to  do  good;  benevolent.  Bentham. 
[Rare.] 

Agathosma  (ag-a-thoz'mS),  )).  [<  Gr.  aya66r, 
good,  -t-  'uGiJ.il,  earlier  odjiti,  smell,  akin  to  L.  odor  : 
see  odor.]  A  large  genus  of  plants,  natural  or- 
der/^wtacer;?,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
The  Hottentota  mix  tlie  drietl  and  powdered  leaves  of  A. 
puleMta  with  the  grease  with  whieli  they  smear  their 
liodies,  fedvins  them  a  smell  intolerable  to  Europeans. 
Several  species  are  cultivated  for  tlieir  Howers. 

agatiferons  (ag-a-tif'e-rus),  a.  [<  agate"  + 
■i-frrDii.i,  <  L./errc=E.  tenrl.]  Containing  or 
jiroiluciii)^  agates.     Craig. 

agatiform  (ag'ii-ti-form),  a.  [<  agate'i  +  -i- 
J'iirm,<.  \j.  pirma,  fonn.]  liaviug  the  form  of 
an  agato  ;  resembling  an  agate  in  appearance. 

agatine  (ag'a-tin),  a.  [<  agatc^  +  -incl.]  Per- 
taiiiiiig  to  or  resembling  agate. 

agatize  (ag'ij-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  agatized, 
ppr.  aguli:ing.     [<  agatc^  +  -iCc]     To  change 

into    agate.      .lUso    spelled   agatise Agatized 

wood,  slliclfled  wood  In  the  form  of  ngate. 

agaty  fiig'ii-ti),  a.  [<agatt'i  +  -y.]  Of  the  na- 
ture of  or  resembling  agate:  as,  "an  agaty 
flint,"  Woodward. 

Agave  (a-ga've),)i.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  iiyavii,  noble,  used 
aUo  as  a  proper  name, 
'Ajai'^,  L.  Agaiic,  Agave; 
fpin.  of  u,(iv6^,  noble, 
illiistriouD,  akin  to  yaictv, 
be  jirovid,  rijoico,  and 
to  L.  qnudiiim,  joy.]  A 
largo  North  Aimni'an  go- 
nuH  of  plants,  of  tlie  nat- 
nrnl  order  AjiiariiUidnr^a, 
ehi.  •'■   M  ■     , 


It.  >"'• 


KI... 

,1 

•    '1 
|P«. 

'Y 

,\|, 

•n'l 

1. 

Th. 

^v 

Mnt 

VI 

A.   .1 

■  ^^ZhI 

fr..i,,    ■ 

r.tt,.  r 

1, 

^n 

JKtr 

:-J 

«..-    .      . 

mntury  ;.('!•. 

AI     1.. 

>'  ultjr 

11 

<4m 

108 

throws  up  rapidly  from  itscentera  tall  scape  bearing  a  large 
compound  ii^orescence,  and  dies  after  perfecting  its  fruit. 
It  is  extensively  cultivated  in  Mexico  under  the  name  of 
ma(iuf-i/,  and  is"  put  to  many  uses.  The  sap,  obtained  in 
abiindiince  from  tlie  plant  when  the  flowering  stem  is  just 
ready  to  burst  forth,  pruduces  when  fermented  a  beverage 
resembling  cider,  called  by  the  Mexicans  jntlqiie.  An  ex- 
tract of  the  leaves  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap,  and  the 
flower-stem,  when  withered,  is  cut  up  into  slices  to  form 
razor-strOps.  The  leaves  of  nearly  all  the  species  yield  a 
more  or  less  valuable  tiber,  whicli  is  made  into  thread  and 
ropes  and  has  been  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper.  Sisal 
hemp,  or  henequin,  is  the  product  of  A.  Ixtli,  and  is  ex- 
ported in  large  quantities  from  Yucatan.  A  West  Indian 
species,  A.  Keratto,  closely  resembling  A.  Americana, 
yields  the  keratto  fiber.  A.  Virguiica,  of  the  southern 
United  States,  known  as  false  aloe,  belongs  to  a  group  of 
species  with  less  rigid  leaves  and  with  the  solitary  flowers 
in  a  simple  spike. 

agaze  (n-g^^'),  prep.  plir.  as  adv.  or  «.  [<  ME. 
a  gasc':  o,  E.  a^',  tjase^  E.  gaze."]  On  the  gaze; 
in  a  gazing  attitude. 

agazedt  (a-gazd').  }]•  «•     [<  ME.  agased;  prob. 

same  as  agastj  modified  toward  gaze :  see  agast, 

aghast,  and  gaze.     The  examples  cited  below 

are  the  only  ones  found.]   Aghast;  astonished. 

The  [they]  were  so  sore  agased. 

Chester  Plays,  ii.  85. 
Whereatt  this  dreadful  conquerour 
Thereatt  was  sore  agazed. 
Percy's  Folio  MSS.  (ed.  Hales  and  Fumivall),  iii.  154. 
As  ankered  faste  my  spirites  doe  all  resorte 
To  stand  agazed,  and  sink  in  more  and  more. 

Surrey,  Songes  and  Sonnettes  (1557). 
Of  understanding  rob'd,  I  stand  aoaz'd.    (1600.) 
In  E.  Farr's  Select  Poetry  (1S45),  H.  438.    {N.  E.  D.) 
The  French  exclaim'd,  The  devil  was  in  armes; 
All  the  whole  ai"my  stood  agaz'd  on  him. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

age  (aj),  «.  [<  ME.  agCy  later  sometimes,  in  OF. 
spelliiig,  aege,  eage,  aage^  <  OF.  aage,  cage^  ear- 
lier edagCj  F.  dge  =  Fr.  atge,  <  ML.  *a-taiicumj 
<L.  a;ta  {t-)s^  age  (>  OF.  ae)^  a  contr.  of  earlier 
a'vita{t-)s^  which  reappears  in  ML.  in  the  sense 
of  eternity  (cf.  a'tcruus,  eternal:  see  eternal 
and  eternity),  <,  a'vumy  OL.  aevoni  =  Gr.  at6v 
(*a/ftji'),  a  period  of  existence,  an  ago,  a  life- 
time, a  long  space  of  time,  eternity  (see  rt'0», 
eon),=zGot'h.  aiwSj  an  age,  eternity  (ace.  aiWj 
used  adverbially,  ever,  with  neg.,  7ii  aiw,  never), 
=  AS,  a  =  Icel.  eij  E.  at/e,  ever,  =  AS.  a'lr,  w^ 
life,   custom,  law,   man'iage :   see  fl^^,  aije'^.'] 

1,  The  length  of  time  dm'ing  which  a  being  or 
thing  has  existed ;  length  of  life  or  existence  to 
the  time  spoken  of;  jieriod  or  stage  of  life  in 
the  history  of  an  iiidividtial  existence,  animate 
or  inanimate :  as,  his  age  is  twenty  years ;  he 
died  at  tlio  age  of  eighty ;  at  your  age  you 
should  know  better ;  a  tree  or  a  building  of  un- 
kuo\m  age ;  to  live  to  a  gi*eat  age  ;  old  age. 

Jesus  hi?uself  began  to  be  about  thirty  years  of  age. 

Luke  iii.  23. 

2,  Duration  of  existence,  specifically  or  gener- 
ally ;  the  lifetime  of  an  individual,  or  of  tlie  iti- 
dividuals  of  a  class  or  species  on  an  average : 
as,  tliG  age  of  the  Iiorse  is  from  tweuty-fivo  to 
thirty  years. 

WHiat  fame  is  left  for  Imnian  deeds 

In  endless  age?         Tcnnymn,  In  Mem.,  Ixxlii. 

The  agcn  of  thf  jiatrJarchB  before  the  floud  have  bet-n  a 
subject  of  triticid  dispute.  -4m.  Q/c,  I.  Ibl. 

3,  A  period  of  human  life  usually  markeil  l>y 
a  certain  stage  of  physical  or  mental  ilevelop- 
ment ;  especially,  a  degree  of  development,  ap- 
proximately or  ])resu!nptively  measured  by 
years  froin  liirlh,  wliich  involves  resitonsildlity 
to  hiwand  capacity  loactwith  legjil  clTcd  :  as, 
the  agv  of  tliscrdion  or  of  maturity  (the  former 
technically  occurring  some  years  prior  to  the 
latter,  about  thcageoffoiu'teen).  M(nvspccinc»iiy, 

of  agc,/uUagi\,iH-  lawful  agr  designates  tliu  uttidnnient  of 
niaj'orlty.  urihatperintl  when  the  gencml  di»al)llltieHof  in- 
fancy  cease.  It  is  llxed  hy  the  law  of  Kngliind  and  itf  m<tMt  of 
the  I  nitcd  States  at 'Jl  (in  KtPTiie  States  at  IH  fur  fenmles),liut 
In  (jennany  and sfinie other  Kuinjienn  Mtatesut  24  or'Jf).  At 
common  htw  diio  ts  of  full  age  the  Ih'st  instant  of  tlu>  liegln- 
ning  i)f  the  day  liefure  the  '.list  aindvcreary  of  omch  birth. 
Other  periods  are  llxed  for  Hpeelal  pnrpo»i.'s:  thuH.  the  agr 
of  eoimfiit  for  iiiarrlaKe  waj*  llxed  by  the  cr)niinon  law  at  14 
for  iiiah'H  and  1*2  for  feiiialcH,  not  as  bi-lng  a  nmrringmhle 
ape  in  the  onlinary  Mense  of  being  a  unltntilc  age  for  iiinr- 
mge,  but  iw  belnif  the  age  after  which  one  contracting  mar- 
riage could  not  JuHtly  re|>udiate  itHohligattonH  on  the  mere 
ground  of  youth.  For  tin;  purpiPseHof  rcmHent  wliteli  will 
preelude  cliargeH  of  alidnetlon  and  the  like,  \\wa*ie  of  ctm- 
urnt  UiiH  been  llxed  In  sorrie  JurisdUiloiiH  at  Id.  t'p  In  tlui 
age  of  7  a  child  Is  enrir-luHivily  prrmnin'il  to  he  Incapahle 
of  criminal  Intent ;  from  7  to  11  (in  some  Jurlsdlcltoiifi  pj) 
It  lf>  prcKurned  to  he  imapable  of  siuli  Intent,  hut  thr  con- 
trary may  he  iimved  ;  over  that  age  It  Ih  prrsnined  to  In; 
rnpalpleof  ftuch  Intent.  At  I'J  the  cajmelty  to  take  the  oath 
r>t  allegiance  lieKlns.  The  </'/'•  of  diMcrrlion,  in  the  nvunv 
in  widrh  the  term  Inuri -d  In  the  law  of  Infancy,  In  M.  afti-r 
whic  h  the  chllil'ii  wIhIm-h  w  !.■  ihu  <)io|<'i>  of  n  guardian  aru 
con<ull<'d  (NometimeH  ralle4l  the  age  uf  elect iim);  and  the 
entire  iMrlttd  beforti  the  nw  "f  14  Is  called  the  age  »./  nur- 
ture. Mil'  Auu  nt  whleh  testamentary  capacity  liegliut  In 
mtut  of  tho  United  BtatvR  In  '^1,  with  uxcoptlutu,  many  ul 


age 

lowing  a  younger  age  for  wills  of  personal  property,  and 
also  for  females  or  for  married  women. 
He  is  of  age,  ask  him.  John  ix.  21, 

4.  The  particular  period  of  life  at  which  one  be- 
comes naturally  or  conventionally  qualified  or 
disqualified  for  anything:  as,  at  46  a  man  is 
over  age  and  cannot  be  enlisted;  under  age  for 
the  presidency;  canonical  age  (which  see,  be- 
low). 

Sara  .  '.  ,  was  delivered  of  a  child  when  she  was  past 
age.  Heb.  xi.  11. 

5.  Specifically,  old  age  (see  1) ;  the  latter  part 
of  life  or  of  long-continued  existence ;  the  lapse 
of  time,  especially  as  affecting  a  person's  physi- 
cal or  mental  powers;  the  state  of  being  old; 
oldness. 

The  eyes  of  Israel  were  dim  for  age.  Gen.  xlviii.  10, 

Age  cannot  wither  her,  nor  custom  stale 
Her  infinite  variety.  Shah:,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

6.  An  aged  person,  or  old  people  collectively. 

And  age  in  love  loves  not  to  liave  years  told. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxxxviii. 

7.  One  of  the  periods  or  stages  of  development 
into  which  himian  life  may  be  divided;  time  of 
life :  as,  life  is  di\'ided  into  four  ages,  infancy, 
youth,  manhood  or  womanhood,  and  old  age. 

All  the  world's  a  stage, 

And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players: 
They  have  their  exits,  and  their  entrances; 
And  one  man  in  his  time  plays  many  parts, 
His  acts  being  seven  ages. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 
Just  at  the  age  'twixt  boy  and  youth, 
Vtlien  thought  is  speech  and  speech  is  truth. 

Sci'tt,  Marmion,  Int.  to  ii. 

8.  A  particular  period  of  history,  as  distin- 
guished from  others;  a  historical  epoch:  as,  the 
golden  age;  the  age  of  heroes;  the  age  of  Peri- 
cles; the  dramatists  of  the  Elizabethan  age. 
See  ages  in  muthology  and  history,  below. 

Intent  on  her,  who,  rapt  in  glorious  dreams, 
The  second-sight  of  some  Astrsean  age. 
Sat  compass'd  with  professors. 

Te»nyso7i,  Princess,  ii. 
Our  nineteenth  century  is  the  age  of  tools. 

Emerfffit,  Works  and  Days. 

9.  In  geoJ.j  a  great  period  of  the  history  of  tho 
earth,  characterized  by  the  development  of 
some  particular  phase  of  organic  life  or  of  j)hys- 
ical  condition :  as,  the  age  of  reptiles ;  the  age  of 
ice.  In  Danas  scheme  of  classilicalion,  the  Silurian  is 
the  age  of  invertebrates,  the  Devonian  tlie  age  of  Ilshes, 
the  Mesozoic  the  age  of  reptiles,  the  Tertiary  the  age  of 
mammals,  and  the  tjuaternary  the  age  of  man. 

10.  The  people  who  live  at  a  particular  period; 
hence,  a  generation  or  a  succession  ot  gene- 
rations: as,  ages  yet  unborn. — 11,  [Cf.  L.  *u'- 
cuJum,  an  age,  a  century:  see  secular.']  A  cen- 
tury; the  period  of  one  hundred  years,  as  in 
tho  phrases  dork  ages,  middle  ages,  etc. 

Henry  .  .  .  justly  and  candidly  apologizes  for  these  five 
age.'i.  Uallanu 

12.  A  great  length  of  time;  a  protracted  period: 
as,  I  have  not  seen  j'ou  for  an  age. 

So  rose  within  tho  compass  of  the  year 
An  age'»  work,  a  glorious  theatre. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1067. 
Suflering  thus  he  made 
Minutes  an  age.  Tennyiton,  Oeraint. 

13.  In  poker,  the  eldest  hand,  or  the  first 
l>layer  to  the  left  of  the  dealer  who  bots.-  Age  of 
acrogens.  sec  aerogen.^A^e  of  the  moon,  the  time 
elji|tst  (I  since  her  hint  cnnjnnction  with  the  sun. — AgOB  In 
mythology  and  history,  particular  periods  in  the  life 
of  inanKind  diHtinguisheil  by  bearing  spccillc  names.  Tlio 
most  ImiHirtant  of  these  periods  are :  (a)  The  poutic  di- 
vision of  human  existence  into  the  gohUn,  nilver,  heroic 
(generally  omitted),  hrazen,  and  iron  ages,  accredited  to 
Jle.sind  (ahout  thninlith  century  IJ.  c),  "who  regarded  tho 
]ieo]»le  of  the  ilillereiit  ajjes  as  constituting  distinct  races 
successively  replacing  each  other.  See  extract.  The  terms 
aru  still  In  use,  especially  golden  age,  whleh  is  applied  t^) 
the  culminating  or  most  brilliant  epoch  of  any  portion  of 
Idstory  or  department  of  activity:  na,  the  Hcvent^.'enth 
century  was  the  golden  age  of  the  drama  ;  the  nineteenth 
ci'utnry  is  tho  golden  age  of  invention  ;  tho  golden  age  of 
a  country's  power  or  prosperity. 

The  .';*)/</<■"  age  [of  Hesiod],  synchronimH  with  the  reign 
of  Saturn,  wax  a  jieriod  of  patriarchal  Binipliclty,  when 
the  earth  yielded  its  frultii  8p<uitanc(>nsly  and  spring  was 
etrrnid  ;  the  >fi7rvr  age,  governed  by  Jupit^T,  was  n  law- 
less time,  in  which  the  seaMeuiH  were  first  divided,  agricul- 
ture took  itj4  rise,  and  men  began  to  hold  property  in 
laud;  \\\v  hrazen  age,  or  n'igu  of  Neptmu'.  was  an  epoch 
of  war  and  violence  ;  in  the  heroic  fn/i- (ondtted  by  Ovld) 
the  World  lieRau  to  aHjilre  towar<l  better  things;  luid  in 
the  irint  or  I'lutonian  age,  in  Mhieh  llesioil  helieved  him- 
self til  he  living,  Justice  and  Jilety  had  disai>|ieared  from 
the  earth.  Aw.  Vye.,  1.  185. 

(/»)  I'bv  dark  ageit,  a  period  of  Furopean  history,  begln- 
niiii!  with  or  shortly  before  the  fall  of  tlu'  Kcunan  Kinplro 
ofihe  West  (A.  1".  470),  marked  l-y  a  general  de<-line  of 
learrdng  anil  rlvllizatlon.  It  was  lutrodnced  by  the  livvnt 
inttuY  of  ImrbarlauH  into  western  Furope  in  the  fourth 
and  tilth  centuries  known  as  the  wandering  of  the  na- 
tlont.  and  Is  reckoned  by  Ilalhiin  lut  exteiidiiig  to  tho 
I'leveiith  century,  when  a  gem-ral  revival  of  weaRh,  man- 
nurs,  ttwtu,  and  teaming  began,  and  by  others  to  the  tlmo 


age 

of  Dante  in  the  thirteenth  century,  or  later,  (c)  The  mid- 
die  arios,  a  ijerioil  of  almiit  a  tlionsanil  yeiira,  lietween 
vlie  close  of  what  is  tcclinically  cunsi.lcriil  ancient  his- 
tory a]  ul  the  first  defliiitu  umai  incuts  in  Kiir"])c  of  the 
distini:tivclymoilern  spirit  ol  ti^i-.l..ni  anil  enterprise.  Its 
lieiiiiiniuLi  is  synchronous  witli  that  of  the  dark  ages,  and 
it  is  variiiusly  reckoned  as  extending  to  the  fall  of  Con- 
stantinciple  (1J53),  the  invention  of  printing,  the  Itenais- 
sance,  or  the  discovery  <it  America,  iu  the  llflecnth  cen- 
tury or  to  the  Retonnatinn,  in  the  early  pait  (d  the 
sbite'enth.  W)  The  /c«i/«/.  f/ycj,-,  a  portion  of  the  mid.lle 
ages,  marked  liy  the  prevalence  nf  fe\nhil  Inslituliuns  and 
of  the  spirit  of  chivalry,  extendiii.;  Hum  tli.  ir  nearly  luii- 
vei-sal  establishment  in  the  tenth  century  t.i  tlieir  decline 
in  the  sixteenth.— Archaeological  ages  or  periods,  the 
stone  age,  the  bronze  age,  and  the  iion  age,  these  names 


109 

The  aried  man  that  coffei's  up  his  gold 

Is  pl.agu'd  with  ci-anips  and  gouts  and  painful  fits. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  S5.''i. 
It  Is  a  great  misfortune  to  us  of  the  more  elderly  sort, 
that  we  were  bred  to  the  constant  use  of  words  in  English 
children's  books,  which  were  without  meainng  for  us  and 
only  mystified  us.    0.  H'.  Uohw.s,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  172. 
You  are  vid ; 
Nature  iu  you  stands  on  the  very  verge 
Of  her  confine.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

Change  "The  Ancient  Mariner"  to  "The  Old  Sailor." 
and  you  throw  the  mind  into  a  mood  utterly  inharmonious 
with  the  tone  of  Coleridge's  wonderful  poem. 

A.  S.  Hill,  Rhetoric. 

agedly  (fi'jed-li),  adv.    Like  an  aged  person, 
agedness  (a'jed-nes),  n.   Tlie  state  or  couditiou 
of  being  old ;  oldnesa. 
Custom  without  truth  is  but  ar/ediiess  of  error. 

Milttin,  Reform,  of  Church  Discipline,  i.  2C. 

agee  (a-je'),  prep.  phr.  aa  adv.  or  a.     Same  as 

ajec. 
ageing,  n.     See  aging. 
Agelasinse  (aj'''e-lf-i'ne),   n.  ^)?.      [NL.,  <  Age- 

Iwus  +  -i«(c.]   A  subfamily  of  Amerieaa  osciae 


Implements  of  ttie  Stone  Age. 

1,  saw-edged  flint  knife  ;  2,  crescent-stiaped  (lint  knife  ;  7,  stone  ax ; 

4,  flint  flake-lcnife ;  5.  harpoon-head  of  flint ;  6,  flint  Knife. 

being  given  in  accordance  with  the  materials  employed 
for  weapons,  implements,  etc.,  during  the  particular  pe- 
riod. The  stone  age  has  been  subdivided  into  two,  the 
paleolithic  and  neolithic.  (See  these  words.)  The  word 
age  in  this  sense  is  improperly  used  (by  an  unfortunate 
transfer  from  the  Scandinavian  archteology),  since  it  has 
no  reference  to  clironology,  but  simply  denotes  the  stage 
at  which  a  people  has  arrived  in  its  progress  toward  civil- 
ization. There  are  tribes  yet  in  their  stone  a^e.  Neither 
do  the  more  primitive  implements  necessarily  disappear 
wholly  on  the  appearance  of  those  of  a  more  advanced 
stage.  The  phrase  stone  age  or  stage,  therefore,  merely 
marks  the  most  primitive  period,  and  bronze  age  (chiefly 
in  antiquity)  that  before  the  empliiyment  of  iron,  among 
any  specified  people  or  tribe.— Canonical  age.  (a)  In 
the  Jiom.  Calh.  C/i.,  that  age  fixed  l>y  the  clnu'ch  at  which 
her  subjects  incur,  or  become  capable  of  assuming,  special 
obligations,  states  of  life,  etc.,  or  of  enjoying  special  priv- 
Ueges  and  dignities.  Thus,  the  obUgation  of  lastmg  begins 
at  twenty-one :  profession  by  religious  vows  is  made  only 
after  the  age  of  sixteen ;  and  to  become  a  bishop  one  should 
have  completed  his  thirtieth  year.  The  age  of  reason  is 
that  at  which  a  child  becomes  morally  responsible,  sup- 
posed, in  the  majority  of  cases,  to  be  about  seven,  (b)  In 
Anglican  churches,  the  age  at  wliich  a  man  may  be  or- 
dained to  any  tine  of  the  three  grades  nf  the  ministry.— 
Dark  ages.  '  ."^ee  above.— Fabulous  age.  See  /nbnlous. 
—Geological  ages.  See  above.  ;i.— Middle  ages.  See 
above. — The  age  of  a  horse,  in  racing  and  trnttingmles, 
is  reckoned  from  January  1st  of  the  year  of  f<  laling.  Other 
dates,  as  May-day,  were  formerly  used.  =  Syn.  iira,  Period, 
etc.  (see  epoch),  date ;  years,  eon,  cycle. 

age  (aj),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aged,  ppr.  aging.  [< 
ME.  agen,  agi/n,  <.  age,  Ji.]  I,  intrans.  To  grow 
old ;  assume  tlie  appearance  of  old  age :  as,  he 
ages  rapidly. 

I  am  aging  ;  that  is,  I  have  a  whitish,  or  rather  a  light- 
coloured  hair  here  and  there.  Landor. 

II.  trans.  To  make  old;  cause  to  grow  or 
to  seem  old;  produce  the  effect  of  age  upon; 
bring  to  maturity  or  to  a  state  fit  for  use ;  give 
the  character  of  age  or  ripeness  to  :  as,  to  age 
wine,  clay,  etc. 

-age,  [<  ME.  -age,  <  OF.  -age,  mod.  F.  -age  = 
Pr.  -atge  =  Sp.  -age  =  It.  -aggio  and  -atico,  <  L. 
-dticum,  a  noun  suffix,  orig.  neut.  of  -dticus,  adj. 
suffix.  For  examples  see  savage,  voyage,  etc.] 
A  noun  suffix  of  French,  ultimately  of  Latin 
origin.  Frequent  in  words  taken  from  the  French,  as 
language,  savage,  voyage,  pottage,  baggage,  etc.,  it  has 
come  to  be  a  common'English  formative,  forming,  (a)  from 
names  of  things,  collective  nouns,  as  fruitage,  lea/age, 
baggage,  etc.;  (6)  from  personal  terms,  nouns  denoting 
condition,  office,  rank,  service,  fee,  etc.,  as  bondage,  parson- 
age, porterage,  etc.;  (c)  from  verbs,  nouns  expressing  va- 
rious relations,  as  breakage,  cleavage,  postage,  steerage,  etc. 

aged  (a'jed,  sometimes  ajd),  p.  a.     [ME.  aged, 
agyd;  <  age,  v.,  +  -erf2.]     1.  Old ;  ha-ving  lived 
or  existed  long;  ha'ving  reached  an  advanced 
period  of  life :  as,  an  aged  man ;  an  aged  oak. 
Shall  aged  men,  like  aged  trees, 
Strike  deeper  their  vile  root,  and  closer  cling, 
Still  more  enamour'tl  of  their  %vretched  soil? 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  iv.  lit. 
[Under  English  racing  rules,  a  horse  is  said  to  be  aged 
(pron.  ajd)  when  he  is  more  than  seven  years  old.] 

2.  Of  the  age  of:  as,  a  man  aged  forty  years. — 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  old  age. 

These  bitter  te.ars,  which  now  you  see 
Filling  the  aged  wrinkles  in  my  cheeks. 

SAat.,Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 
=  Syn.  1.  Aged,  Elderly,  Old,  Ancient.  Old  is  the  general 
word  fi>r  being  near  to  tlie  nattu-al  end,  or  having  nearly 
peached  the  usual  period,  of  life:  as,  a  cat  is  old  at  twelve 
years.  Elderly  is  rather  eld,  beginning  to  be  old.  Aged  is 
very  old.  A  ncient  is  so  old  as  to  seem  to  belong  to  a  past 
age.    (See  other  comparisons  under  ancient.) 


agent 

agendf  (S'jend),  n.     Same  as  agendum  (c). 

agendum  (a-jeu'dum),  «. ;  pi.  agenda  (-da). 
[1j.,  something  to  be  done,  neut.  of  agendm, 
gerundive  of  agere,  do :  see  agent,  act.'}  A 
tiling  to  be  done :  usually  in  the  plural,  things 
to  be  done;  duties.  Specifically- (a)  Items  of  busi- 
ness to  be  brought  before  a  committee,  council,  board,  etc., 
as  things  to  be  done,  {b)  Matters  of  practice,  as  opposed 
to  credenda,  or  matters  of  belief. 

The  moral  and  religious  credenda  and  agenda  of  any 
good  man.  Coleridge. 

Especially— (ct)  Matters  of  ecclesiastical  practice ;  ritual 
or  liturgy,    (d)  As  a  collective  singular,  a  memorandum- 
book.    [Rare  in  all  uses.] 
agenesia  (aj-e-ne' si- a),  n.     [NL.]     Same  as 

(hfrH/sis. 

agenesia  (a,j-e-nes'ik),  a.  [<  agenesis  +  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  agenesis. 

agenesis  (a-jen'e-sis),  )(.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
■)ivtcir,  generation.]  In  physioL,  any  anomaly 
of  organization  consisting  in  tie  absence  or 
imperfect  develojiment  of  parts.  Also  called 
agenesia.     [Rare.] 

Agenia  (a-je-ni'a),  )(.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayhcio;, 
beardless,  <  a-  priv.  +  ycveiov,  beard,  <  j-ffuf  = 
E.  ('/((■».]  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  hymenopterous 
spider-wasps,  of  the  family  Pompiliidce,  charac- 


Marsh-Blackbird  [Agtlaus  tricolor). 

passerine  birds  of  the  family  Icteridce.  it  is  re- 
lated to  the  conirostral  Fringillidce,  or  finches,  less  nearly 
to  the  crows,  Corvidos,  and  to  some  extent  it  replaces  and 
represents  in  America  the  old-world  Sturnidai,  or  star- 
lings. The  subfamily  includes  the  marsh-blackbirds  of  the 
gentis  Agelceus,  as  the  common  red-winged  blackbird  of 
the  United  States,  A.  phoeniceus  ;  the  yellow-headed  black- 
bird, Xanthocejihalus  icterocephalus ;  the  cow-bird,  Molo- 
thrus  ater;  the  bobolink,  Dolichonyx  oryzivorus;  and  nu- 
merous related  species,  chiefly  of  the  warmer  parts  of 
America.     Less  correctly  WTitten  Agelaince. 

Agelaeus  (aj-e-le'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ajelalo^, 
belonging  to  a  herd,  gregarious,  <  ayeh/,  a  herd 
(L.  grex),  <  a)  civ,  drive.]  The  typical  genus 
of  blackbirds  of  the  subfamily  Agelieinw ;  the 
marsh-blackbirds.  There  are  several  species,  such  as 
A.  phceniccus,  tlie  eiimmon  red-wingetl  marsh-blackbird 
of  the  United  States,  and  -A.  tricolor  of  California.  Also 
spelled  Agelaius,  as  originally  by  Vieillot,  181(5. 

agelast  (aj'e-last),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-ye?MaToc,  not 
laughing,  <  a-  priv.  -1-  yeTiaardc,  verbal  atij.  of 
yeXav,  laugh.]  One  who  never  laughs.  [Rare.] 
Men  whom  Rabelais  would  have  called  agelasts,  or  non- 
laughers.  Liotdnn  Times,  Feb.  5,  1877.    (N.  E.  D.) 

Agelena,  Agelenidae.    See  Agalena,  Agalenidai. 
ageless  (aj'les),  «.   [<  age,  n.,  + -less.}  Without 
age  ;  without  definite  limits  of  existence. 
agemina  (a-jem'i-na),  n.     Same  as  a:::iinina. 
agen  (a-gen'),  adv",  prep.,  and  conj.     An  old 
spelling  of  again,  still  occasionally  used. 
Borne  f<ar  asunder  by  the  tides  of  men. 
Like  adamant  and  steel  they  meet  agen. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  i. 

agency  (a'jen-si),  •». ;  pi.  agencies  (-siz).  [=  F. 
agence,  <  ML.  agcntia,  <  L.  agen(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
agere,  act:  see  agent.}  1.  The  state  of  being 
in  action  or  of  exerting  power ;  action ;  opera- 
tion ;  instrumentality. 
The  aiiencii  of  providence  in  the  natural  world. 

Woodward,  Pref.  to  Ess.  toward  Nat.  Hist,  of  Earth, 
For  the  first  three  or  four  centuries  we  know  next  to 
nothing  of  the  course  by  which  Christianity  moved,  and 
the  events  thi-ough  which  its  agency  was  developed. 

De  Quincey,  Essenes,  i. 

2.  A  mode  of  exerting  power ;  a  means  of  pro- 
ducing effects. 

But  although  the  introduction  of  a  fluid  as  an  Agent  ex- 
plains nothing,  the  fluid  as  an  Ageney  —  i.  e.,  its  hydrody- 
namic  laws  —  explams  much. 

G.  B.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  92. 
Opinion  is  the  agency  through  which  character  adapts 
external  arrangements  to  itself. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  517. 

3.  The  office  of  agent  or  factor;  the  business 
of  an  agent  intrusted  ■with  the  concerns  of 
another:  as,  the  principal  pays  the  charges  of 
aqencij. — 4.  The  place  of  business  of  an  agent. 
In  the'  United  States,  frequently  used  iii  the  sense  of  an 
Indian  ageiiey,  an  office  or  settlement  in  or  near  the  res- 
ervation of  an  Indian  tribe,  at  which  resides  an  Indian 
agent  of  the  government,  charged  with  the  interests  of  the 
tribe  and  the  care  of  the  relations  of  the  government  to  it : 
as,  the  Pawnee  agency.— Tree  agency.    See/rec. 


Agenia  bombycina  (Cresson). 

a,  cell  constructed  by  the  wasp ;  b,  female  wasp.     ( The  vertical  line 

shows  natural  size. ) 

terized  by  having  smooth  legs.  The  females  build 
curious  mud  cells  under  logs  or  under  the  bark  of  trees, 
provisioning  them  with  spiders. 

agennesia  (aj-e-ne'si-a),  11.  [NL.]  Same  as 
agennesis. 

agennesic  (aj-e-nes'ik),  a.  [<  agennesis  +  -ic.} 
Characterized  by  sterility  or  impotence ;  per- 
taining to  agennesis. 

agennesis  (aj-e-ne'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  yimijGu:,  engendering,  <  jrwai',  engender.]  In 
med.,  want  of  reproductive  power  in  either  sex; 
impotence  of  the  male  or  sterility  of  the  female. 
Also  called  agennesia.     [Rare.] 

agennetic  (aj-e-net'ik),  a.  [<  agennesis  {agerv- 
net-)  + -ic.}  Characterizedby sterility;  -unpro- 
ductive; agennesic:  as,  an  ot/eHHefic  period. 

agent  (a'jent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  agen(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  agere,  "drive,  lead,  conduct,  manage,  per- 
form, do,  =  Gr.  ayeiv,  lead,  conduct,  do,  =  Icel. 
aha,  drive,  =  Skt.  •/  aj,  di-ive :  see  act,  etc.,  and 
cf.  alee,  aclie^,  acre.}  I.  a.  Acting:  opposed 
to  patient  in  the  sense  of  sustaining  action. 
[Rare.] 

The  force  of  imagination  upon  the  body  agent. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  902. 

Agent  intellect.    See  intellect. 

II.  «.  [<F.  agent,  <  ML.  agen(t-)s,  a  deputy, 
attorney,  factor,  etc.,  substantive  use  of  L. 
agen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  agere:  see  above.]  1.  An 
active  cause;  an  efficient  cause;  one  who  or 
that  wliich  acts  or  has  the  power  to  act:  as,  a 
moral  agent;  many  insects  are  agents  of  fertil- 
ization, laphys.,  heat,  light,  and  electricity  are  called 
agents,  in  order  to  avoid  hypothesis  with  regard  to  their 
nature.  In  chem.  and  med.,  whatever  produces  a  chemical 
or  medical  effect  is  called  an  agent. 

Heaven  made  us  agents  free  to  good  or  ill. 
And  forc'd  it  not,  though  he  foresaw  the  will. 

Dryden,  Cock  and  Fox,  1.  538. 

To  say  that  man  is  a  free  agent  is  no  more  than  to  say 
that,  in  some  instances,  he  is  truly  an  agent  and  a  cause, 
and  is  not  merely  acted  upon  as  a  passive  instrument.  On 
the  contrary,  to  say  that  he  acts  from  necessity  is  to  say 
that  he  does  not  act  at  all,  that  he  is  no  agent,  and  that, 
for  anything  we  know,  there  is  only  one  agent  in  the  uni- 
verse, who  does  everything  that  is  done,  whether  it  be 
good  or  iU.  Bad. 

Thro'  many  agents  making  strong, 
Mattu-es  the  indiWdual  form. 

Tennyson,  Love  thou  thy  Land. 

2.  A  person  acting  on  behalf  of  another,  called 
his  principa! ;  a  representative ;  a  deputy,  fac- 
tor, substitute,  or  attorney.  Often  abbreviated 
to  agt.  In  law,  agent  implies  a  kind  of  service  in  which 
the  one  serving  lias  some  discretion  as  to  the  manner  uf 
accomDlishing  the  object. 


agent 

The  house  in  Leadenhall  street  is  nothing  more  than  a 
change  for  their  agents,  factors,  and  deputies  to  meet  m, 
to  take  care  of  their  affairs,  and  to  support  their  interests. 

Burke, 

In  the  evening  arrived  .  .  .  one  of  the  three  agentt  of 
the  Ohio  company,  sent  to  complete  tlie  negotiations  for 
Western  lands.  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  110. 

3.  An  official:  as,  an  agent  of  police. -Agent 
and  patient,  in  /<l!r,  a  person  who  is  lioth  the  doer  of  a 
thini-  and  the  party  to  whom  it  is  doue ;  thus,  when  a 
person  who  owes  money  to  another  dies  and  makes  the 
creditor  his  executor,  the  latter  may  retain  out  of  the 
estate  as  much  as  satisfies  his  claim,  and  is  thus  said  to  be 
anevt  and  patient.  [Rare.]  —Agent  of  truancy,  the  name 
given  to  a  class  of  officers  or  em|il.'ycei  sirvin.-  umler  the 
local  school  authorities  in  several  cities  "I  New  \  .  .ik  State, 
to  eiili.ne  the  prnvisions  of  the  ComiiulsiTV  F.iiucation 
Act,  requiring  the  attendance  of  childien  at  school.— 
Catalytic  agent.  See  cat^iML-.—  Ciown  agent.  See 
cri.wii  — Firsi;  agent,  an  agent  not  incited  by  another. 

—  General  agent,  .an  agent  whose  authority,  though  it 
may  be  linnted  to  a  particular  trade  or  business,  and  a  par- 
ticular place,  is  general  in  respect  to  extending  to  all  acts 
of  a  kind  ordinarily  involved  in  the  matters  in  questii.Ti. 

—  Morbific  agent,  in  med..  a  cause  of  disease. — Thera- 
peutic agent,  in  med..  a  substance,  as  for  example  mor- 
phine, or  a  form  of  motion,  as  heat  or  electricity,  useil  in 
treating  disease.— Voltmtary  or  free  agent,  one  who 
m.ay  do  or  not  do  any  action,  and  has  the  conscious  per- 
ception that  his  actions  result  from  the  exercise  of  his  own 
will.    See  ,?>(•?. 

agential(a-jen'shal),a.  [<JIL.«7e«H«,  agency, 
<  L.  (i(ieu(t-)s:  see  agent.'l  Pertaiuiug  to  an 
a^'i-iit  or  to  an  agency. 

agentshipt  (a'jeut-sliip),  n.  The  office  of  an 
a^'iut :  agency.     Beau,  and  Fl. 

age-prayer  (a'j' prSr),  «.  [<  aye  +  prai/cr.  after 
Law  L.  alttli.'!  jirecatio,  a  plea  of  age,  or  a'latem 
precari,  plead  age,  AF.  age  prier :  see  age  and 
pray.]  Inearli/  Eng.  law,  a  suggestion  of  non- 
age, made  in  a  real  action  to  which  an  infant 
was  a  party,  ^\nth  a  request  that  the  proceedintis 
be  stayed  untU  the  infant  should  come  of  age. 
.(Vlso  called  2'/«(  of  parol  demurrer.    Stimson. 

agar  (a'jer),  H.  [L.,  =  E.  acre,  q.  v.]  In  cuil 
UIU-,  a  field;  generally,  a  portion  of  land  in- 
closed by  definite  boundaries. 

agerasia'(aj-e-ra,'si-a).  H.  [NL.,  Englished  n.f/f- 
ra-'iij,  <  tir.  a-;Tjpacia,  eternal  youth, <  a;  r/imror,  I'l)  //- 
paur,  a-j/jpcjr,  not  growing  old:  see  Ageralum.'] 
A  green  old  age ;  freshness  and  vigor  of  mind 
and  body  late  in  life.     [Rare.] 

agerasy  laj'e-ra-si),  It.     Same  as  agerasia. 

Ageratuin(a-jer'a-tum),  H.  [NL.;  also,  as  L., 
ugernliiii,  <  Gr.  a^i/parm;  an  aromatic  plant, per- 
haps yaiTOW  or  milfoil,  Achillea  ageralum  :  i)rop. 
neut.  of  hyripiiTor,  ay/paoi;,  a^ijpur,  not  growing 
old,  undeeayiug,  <  a-  priv.  -t-  )waf,  oUl  age  .J 
A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  ('ompoxitiv,  all 
American  and  chiefly  tropical,  nearly  allied  to 

Enpalorium.  A.  conuzoid>^n  {A.  Mexicamnn)  is  a  well- 
known  flower-border  anninll,  with  dense  lavcndcr-blue 
In-;. da.  which  keep  tlieir  color  long. 
Ageronia  (aj-e-ro'ni-ii),  ;/.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
American  butterflies  of  the  family  }\iimpUal- 
Utx.  A.  fornax  occurs  in  the  soutliwestern 
part  of  the  United  States  and  southward. 

agensia,  ageusis  (a-gu'si-ii,  -sis),".    [NL.] 

Saiiii'  as  agi  iixtia. 

ageostia  (a-giis'ti-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  uycvtrria, 
a  fasting,  <  a-jevjror,  fasting,  not  tasting,  <  a- 
priv.,  not,  +  )fi'(T7«c  verbal  adj.  of  -/fliaVai, 
taste,  akin  to  L.  gu.iluti,  taste:  see  guKt-.']  In 
med.,  a  detect  or  loss  of  taste,  oecuiring  in 
coWs  and  fevers,  or  arising  from  nervous  dis- 
ease. 

aggatt,  H.     Obsoleto  spelling  of  agalc^. 

aggelationt  (a.j-e-la'8hon),  «.  [<  ML.-  aggela- 
lunn-),  <  I.,,  ad,  to,  +  i/elare,  freeze:  see  con- 
gial.]     I'ongi-lation  ;  freezing.     Sir  T.  liroune. 

aggenerationt  (a-jen-e-ra'slion),  «.  [<  L.  ag- 
generare,  ailgeiurarc,  Vjeget  additionally,  <  ail, 
\<>,  +  gi  iierart ,  bi'get :  nee  generate.']  The  act  of 
gi  lo  riii'iii,'  or  prodticing  in  addition.     .V.  JC.  I), 

agger  '  .ror),  n.  [L.,  a  pile,  lieaj),  mound,  dike, 
nio|.-,  |iiir,  cti:.,  <  iiggerere,  adgireri,  bring  to- 
gelhcr,  <  ad,  I.,,  +  gtrere,  I'arry. )  1.  In  A'«m. 
nnfi'/.,  an  eiirtliwork  or  any  arliliciiil  nii!Unil  or 
rampart,  as,  in  Koine,  the  agger  of  Servius  Tiil- 
"".l""?'  '^  """1111  road  or  military  way,  so 
<■»''  '    roads  were  raised  in  the 

mi  to  the  sides. 

*gg'  '.   '.     [<.ii.  aggeralUK,  pp. 

"'   "  ',  fonn  an  agger  nr  heap, 

("'")  "  agger,     ('t.  cxayyeralr.] 

'I  o    I,.    .1  ,,  ,   ,,, 

aggcrati«,ii  i  I'shon),  w.     Hh.aggfira- 

'mm-),     •■■/•/■"If     vf  aggerali:.]    A  )ii'ii|iing; 
aeptimiili.'    .1,     ri«,  " amioraUiinM  of  Hand."  Itaii, 

aggerOBO  /.      [<  L.  »*  if  'aggirninu, 

^agi/ir  ,   I      In  hiiips;   foriiii-d   iu 

hoBpH.       /'/■/. 


110 

aggestt  (a-jesf).  '••  '•  [<  L-  aggestus,  pp.  of 
aggerere,  adgerere,  bring  together  :  see  agger.] 
To  heap  up. 

The  violence  of  the  waters  aggested  the  earth. 

Fuller,  Church  Uist.,  Ded.  of  bk.  9. 

aggett,  aggettt,  «.  Obsolete  spellings  of  agalc'^. 
agglomerate  (a-glom'e-rat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
iii/iihiiiit  rated,  ppr.  agglomerating.  [<  L.  ag- 
ghoiKriitiis,  pp.  of  agglomcrare,  adglomcrarc, 
Wind  into  a  ball,  <  atl,  to,  -t-  glomerare,  wind 
into  a  ball,  <  glomu.'t  (glomcr-),  a  ball,  aldn  to 
(7?o6«*-,  a  ball :  see  (//oftc.  Ct.  conglomerate.]  I. 
trans.  To  collect  or  gather  into  a  mass. 
In  one  agglomerated  cluster  hung. 

Young,  :N'iglit  Thoughts,  ix.  1911. 

There  is  to  an  American  something  richly  artificial  and 

scenic,  as  it  were,  in  the  way  these  colossal  dwellings  are 

packed  together  in  their  steep  streets,  in  the  depths  of 

their  little  enclosed,  aoolomerated  city. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  2«1. 

II.  intrans.  To  gather,  grow,  or  collect  into 
a  ball  or  mass :  as,  "  hard,  agglomerating  salts," 
Tltnmson,  Seasons,  Autumn,  1.  TOG. 
agglomerate  (a-glom'e-rSt),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
etgglomeratuf!,  pp. :  see  theVerb.]  I,  a.  Gathered 
into  a  Ijall  or  mass ;  piled  together;  specifically, 
in  hot.,  crowded  into  a  dense  cluster,  but  not 
cohering. 

n.  n.  1.  A  fortuitous  mass  or  assemblage 
of  things;  an  agglomeration. — 2.  In  geoh,  an 
accumulation  of  materials  made  up  chiefly  of 
large  blocks  "huddled  together  in  a  pell-mell 
way,  without  regard  to  size,  shape,  or  weight." 
A.  H.  Green.  The  temi  is  used  almost  exclusively  with 
reference  to  volcanic  ejections,  and  is  rarely,  if  ever,  em- 
ployed by  .-Vmerican  authors.    See  breccia  and  coniitouie- 

agglomeratic  (a-glom-e-rat'ik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  (ir  having  the  nature  of  an  agglomerate. 

agglomeration  (a-glom-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
(igglomerotio(ii-),  <  agglomcrare :  see  agglome- 
rate, v.]  1.  Tlie  act  of  agglomerating  or  tho 
state  of  being  agglomerated;  the  state  of  gath- 
ering or  being  gathered  into  a  mass. 

Ity  an  nndisceniing  agglomernti"H  of  facts  he[Berkele)'] 
convinced  numbers  in  his  own  day,  and  he  has  had  be- 
lievers in  Ireland  almost  to  our  day,  that  tar-water  could 
cure  all  manner  of  diseases.  McCmh,  Uerkclcy,  p.  S3. 

2.  That  which  is  agglomerated ;  a  collection ;  a 
heap ;  any  mass,  assemblage,  or  cluster  formed 
by  mere  juxtaposition. 

The  charaiing  c6teau  which  .  .  .  faces  the  town,  — a 
soft  agtilomeration  of  gardens,  vineyards,  scattered  villas, 
gables  and  turrets  of  slate-rooteil  chateaux,  terraces  with 
gray  balustrades,  moss-grown  walls  draped  in  scarlet  \'ir- 
giniu  creeper.  //.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  ;). 

agglomerative  (a-glom'e-ra-tiv),  a.  Ha\'ing  a 
tciidciiey  to  agglomerate  or  gather  together. 

Taylor  |isl  eminently  iliscursive,  accumulative,  and  (to 
use  one  of  llis  <»w  ll  words)  m/'doinerativc. 

Ci>lerid;ie,  I'ocnis,  etc.  (1S17),  p.  13!). 

agglutinant   (a-glo'ti-nant),  a.  and  «.     [<  L. 
<iggliiiiniin{l-)s,  jijir.  of  t'lgglutinarc:  see  agglu- 
tinate, v.]     I.  o.  Uniting  as  glue;  tending  to 
cause  adhesion. 
Something  strengtliening  ami  agiihitinanl. 

Grail,  Works  (IS'jr,),  11.  1!)2. 

II.  ".  Any  \-iscous  substance  which  agglu- 
tinates or  unites  other  substances  by  causing 
adhesion;  anv  application  which  causes  bodies 
to  adlii-i-c  logl-lhcr. 

agglutinate  (a-glii'li-nat),  v.  t.;  pret.  ami  jip. 
aggliitiiiatiil,  ppr.  agglutinating.  [<  L.  aggtnli- 
natiiK,  pli.  of  aggintinare,  adglutinare,  jiaste  to, 
<  ad,  to,  -I-  glul'iiiare,  paste,  (.'gluten,  jiaste,  glue : 
sec  gluten  and  gine.]  To  unite  or  cause  to  ad- 
here, as  with  glue  or  other  viscous  substance; 
iniilc  bv  riiusiiig  1111  adhesion. 

agglutinate  ( u-glii'l  i-nnt ),  a.  [<  L.  agglutinatns, 
Iij). :  sec  Ihc-  vi-rli.J  ifnited  as  by  glue;  ei.iir- 
acterized  by  adherence  or  incorporiilion  of  dis- 
tinct parts  or  eleiiients  :  as,  an  agglutinate  liiii- 
gnage.  (See  below.)  Iii/«.(..  giiiwntogethi-r:  eiiulva 
lenllori.-i-r.-(.-.  iipplii-daUolofungllhatarcllrmlyallii'bi-il 
to  the  inuiHv.  .H.iiniti «  written  (ul'ituiinate.  Agglu- 
tinate languages,  langunges  exhibiting  all  Inferior  de- 
gree of  lnle«iiili..n  in  the  elemenln  of  llieir  «onl»,  or  of 
lllillb  Hllon  of  wokIk.  the  »lilll\e«  ulid  prellxen  renillllng  a 
certain  Indepindence  id  one  uiiollier  and  of  the  root  or 
Btem  lo  Willi  h  Ihey  are  addeil :  oppoMid  to  iiOlerhiY  or 
injli-rliimnl  languugeK,  111  whiill  llie  Mepamle  lilelllllv  of 

uleiii  and  ending  1»  mole  oflen  fully  lo«l,  and  II iulnid 

iiugliillnallon  even  ioine«  to  h.-  irpliiced  bv  an  Inlennil 
change  In  llii-  lootor  «leni.  llul  (In-  dlnllnctlon  l»  of  llllli 
Miciillllc  value.  TllrklHh  U  a  favorite  example  of  an  ag- 
glnllimle  tongue, 

agglutinating  (a-gl«'li-iia-ting),  ;).  n.  In 
pTiilol.,  cliaiaclerized  by  agglutination;  agglu- 
linali'  (which  see). 

I  he  nullvea  |of  tho  nonllnrn  ImIhimIii  of  Ihe  Kinglall 
An  bipeliigol  .  .  .  KlH'ak  an  imilluUimliwi  lanKUagi',  lur- 
rent  from  the  middle  of  liengle  paoiiage  t'l  the  noulliern- 
niont  liilnnda  ftboiit  Cape  Horn.  Scitncr,  III.  IIUI. 


aggrandizement 

agglutination  (a-glo-ti-na'shon),  )(.  [=F.  ag- 
ghitinolioii :  iaggli(tinate,r.]  1.  The  act  of  unit- 
ing by  glue  or  other  tenacious  substance  ;  the- 
state  of  being  thus  imited;  adhesion  of  parts; 
that  which  is  united  ;  a  mass  or  group  cemented 
together. — 2.  Injiliiloh,  the  condition  of  being 
agglutinate ;  the  process  or  residt  of  aggluti- 
nate combination.     See  agglutinate,  a. 

In  the  .\ryan  languages  the  modifications  of  words,  com  ■ 
prised  under  declension  and  coiijugalion.  were  likewise 
originally  expressed  by  a;igliaination.  But  the  coinpoitent 
parts  liegan  soon  to  coalesce,  so  as  to  form  one  integral 
word,  liable  in  its  turn  to  phonetic  corruption  to  such  an 
extent  that  it  became  impossible  after  a  time  to  decide 
winch  was  the  I'OOt  and  which  the  modificatory  element. 

Max  Muller. 
Immediate  agglutination^  in  surg.,  union  of  the  parts 
of  a  wound  Ity  the  fii-st  intention  (see  intention),  as  distin- 
guished from  mediate  agglutination,  which  is  secured 
through  the  iiiteipusitioii  of  some  siilistanee,  as  lint,  be- 
tween the  lips  of  the  \\onn<l. 

agglutinationist  (a-glo-ti-na'shon-ist).  H.  In 
philol.,  an  adherent  to  the  theory  of  agghitina- 
tioii.    See  agglutinate,  a.    Enci/c.  Brit.,  XXI.  '2T2. 

agglutinative  (a-glo'ti-na-tiv),  o.  1.  Tending 
or  having  power  to  agglutinate  or  unite ;  hav- 
ing power  to  cause  adhesion:  as,  an  agglutina- 
tive substance. — 2.  In  philol.,  e-xhibitipg  or 
characterized  by  the  formative  process  known 
as  agglutination;  agglutinate  (which  see):  as, 
an  agglutinative  language. 

Their  fundamental  common  characteristic  is  that  they 
[the  Scythian  languages]  follow  what  is  styled  an  ag;ilu- 
tinnfife  type  of  structure.  That  is  to  say,  theelemellts  out 
of  which  their  words  are  formed  are  loosely  put  together, 
instead  of  licing  closely  ctunpacted.  or  fused  into  one. 

U'ltitneti,  Lang.  andStudj-of  Lang.,  p.  316. 

aggracet  (a-gi-as'),  v.  t.  l<ag-  + grace,  v.;  sug- 
gested by  OP.  agrachcr,  agracliier  =  U.  aggra- 
:iare,  formerly  aggratiare,  <  ML.  aggratiarc, 
show  grace  to,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  gratia,  grace.]  1. 
To  show  grace  or  favor  to.  Spenser. — 2.  To 
add  grace  to,  or  make  graceful. 

.-^nd,  that  which  all  faire  workes  doth  most  aggraee. 
The  art,  which  all  that  wrought,  appeared  in  no  place. 
Spfiuier,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  58. 

aggracet  (a-gras'),  n.    Kindness;  favor. 

aggrade  (a-grad').  i\  t.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -t-  gradu.i, 
step.  Cf.  degrade.]  In  geol.,  to  grade  up  ;  fill 
up :    the    opposite    of   di  grade   or  wear  awag. 

aggrandisable,  aggrandisation,  etc.    See  ag- 

gr(tiHli.:ithU ,  etc. 

aggrandizable  (ag'ran-di-za-bl),  a.  [(.aggran- 
dize +  -able]  Capable  of  being  aggrandized. 
Also  spelled  aggrandi.s'ablc, 

aggrandization  (a-gran-di-za'shon),  n.  The 
act  of  aggrandizing,  or  the  condition  or  state  of 
being  aggrandizetl.  Also  spelled  aggrandisa- 
tion.    [Kare.] 

^o  part  of  the  body  will  consume  by  the  aggrandization 
of  the  other,  but  all  motions  will  be  orderly,  and  a  just 
distribution  be  to  all  parts. 

)Yaterhous€,  Fortescue,  p.  11)7. 

aggrandize  (ag'ran-diz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  03- 
graniti-<(l,  jipr.  aggrandizing.  [<  V.  aggrandiss-, 
extended  stem  of  "aggranilir,  to  grcaten,  aug- 
ment, enlarge,"  etc.  (I'otgrave),  now  agrandir  = 
It.  aggrandire,  enlarge,  <  L.  ail,  to,  -I-  grandire, 
increase,  <  grandis,  large,  great :  see  grand.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  make  groat  or  greater  in  power, 
weaKh,  rank,  or  honor;  exalt:  as,  to  aggrandize 
a  family. 

I'lie  stoics  identified  man  with  (lod,  for  the  purpose  of 
gloril>  iiig  man  — the  Neoplatoiiists  for  the  puriiose  of  ag- 
[iranilising  (Jod.  I.eekti.  Kurop.  Morals,  I.  S45. 

2t.  To  magnify  or  exaggerate. 

If  we  trust  to  fame  and  reports,  these  may  itroceed  .  .  . 
from  siiiall  matters  agin'andized. 

Wollnslon,  Religion  of  Nature,  §  6. 

3.  To  widen  in  scojie;  increase  in  size  or  in- 
tensity; eidarge;  extend;  elevate. 

I'hcse  furnish  us  with  ghulous  springs  iiiid  mediums  to 
raise  mid  a<i<iratulizc  our  conceptions. 

»'iaix,  lni]iiovclnelit  of  Mind. 
(\ivetons  death  bi-reiivcd  11s  all, 
To  aggrandize  one  funeral. 

l-Unerson,  Threnody. 
o  honor,  dignify,  advance,  elevate,  give  llis- 


Syu.  1. 

tcrT... 

II.    intrans.    To  grow   or  become  greater. 
[Uiire.] 

FollleM,  coiitliineil  till  old  age  do  aggrandize  and  be- 
come horrid.  ./"'Ill  Hall,  I'ref.  to  I'oeinn. 

.\1mi  siirlli'd  aggrandise. 
Iggrandizement  (ag'ran-diz-ment  or  a-griin'- 
iTiz-meiil ),  «.  [<  K.  "aggrandissement,  a  grant- 
ing, rnliirging,  enereiise,  also  inelVrnii'iil,  ad- 
vniieriiienl  "  (("otgriive),  now  agriindiss(  ment : 
sre  aggrandize  and  -mi  nl.]  'i'lie  act  of  aggran- 
dizing; the  sllite  of  being  exiilleil  in  power, 
rank,  or  honor;  exiiKiilion  ;  enlargenieni  :  as, 
the  emperor  seeks  only  llie  aggrandizement  ot 
his  own  family.     Also  Hiiilled  aggrandisomcnt. 


aggrandizement 

Survival  of  the  fittest  will  tietei-iiiine  whether  such  spe- 
cially favounil-'le  conditions  result  in  ttie  affirrandisement 
of  the  individual  or  in  the  niultipli<:utioTi  of  the  race. 

;/.  ti/Kiuvr,  I'rin.  of  Biol.,  §  359. 
=  Syn.  Augmentation,   advanceiuent,  elevation ;  prefer- 
ment, pintnotion,  exaltation. 
aggrandizer  (ag'ran-di-z6r),  n.     Ono  -who  ag- 
gi'inidizi'S  or  e.xalls  iu  power,  rank,  or  honor. 
Also  .siiclli-d  <i(j(jr(niiliscr. 
aggrappet,  «•     Ubsolcte  form  of  cir/nijfc. 
aggratet  (a-griit'  \  o.  t.    [<  It.  (njijraUin:,  also  aq- 
gradarc  and  iiij,jradire,  <  ML.  'aiji/ralare  (cf. 
aggratiare,  under  aggracc),  please,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  gralus,  pleasing,  >'  It.  grato,  pleasing,  grado, 
pleasiue.]     1.  To  please. 

Each  one  sought  his  lady  to  aftgrate. 

Spenser,  F.  (J.,  II.  i.\.  34. 

2.  To  thank  or  express  gratitude  to. 
The  Island  King:  .  .  . 
A'ljyaU'a  the  Knights,  who  thus  his  right  defended. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  ii.  9.     (^V.  E.  D.) 
aggravablet  (ag'ra-va-bl),  a.     [<  L.  aggrava-re 
(see  aggravate)  +  E.  -Jfc.]     Tending  to  aggra- 
vate ;  aggravating. 

This  idolatry  is  the  more  discernible  and  aijfjravable  in 
the  invocation  of  saints  and  idols. 

Dr.  //.  More,  Antidote  against  Idolatry,  ii. 

aggravate  (ag'ra-vat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ag- 
gravated, ppr.  aggravating.  [<  L.  aggravatus, 
pp.  of  aggravare,  adgraimre,  add  to  the  weight 
of,  make  worse,  oppress,  annoy,  <  ad,  to,  +  gra- 
vare,  make  heavy,  <  grarin,  heavy:  see  graved. 
Cf.  aggrieve  and  aggredye.']  If.  Literally,  to 
add  weight  to  or  upon ;  increase  the  amount, 
quantity,  or  force  of;  make  heavier  by  added 
quantity  or  burden. 

Then,  soul,  live  thou  upon  thy  servant's  loss, 
And  let  that  pine  to  aggravate  thy  store. 

Shafc,  Sonnets,  cxlvi. 
In  order  to  lighten  the  crown  still  further,  they  aggra- 
vated responsibility  on  ministers  of  state. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France,  p.  39.    (X  E.  D.) 

2.  To  make  more  grave  or  heavy;  increase  the 
weight  or  pressure  of;  intensify,  as  anything 
evil,  disorderly,  or  troublesome:  as,  to  aggra- 
vate guilt  or  crime,  the  e\'ils  or  annoyances  of 
life,  etc. 

Maim'd  in  the  strife,  the  falling  man  sustains 
Th'  insulting  shout,  that  agqravates  his  pains. 

Crahbe,  Tales  of  the  Hall. 
The  [French]  government  fotmd  its  necessities  aggra- 
rateof  by  that  of  procuring  immense  »iuantities  of  firewood. 
Jejferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  72. 
In  every  department  of  nature  there  occur  instances  of 
the  instability  of  specific  form,  which  the  increase  of  ma- 
terials aggravates  rather  than  diminislies. 

A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  165. 

3.  To  exaggerate ;  give  coloring  to  in  descrip- 
tion ;  give  an  exaggerated  representation  of : 
as,  to  aggravate  circumstances.     [Rare.] 

He  [Colonel  Nath.  Bacon]  dispatched  a  messenger  to 
the  governor,  by  whom  he  aggravated  the  mischiefs  done 
by  the  Indians,  and  desired  a  conmiission  of  general  to 
go  out  against  them.  Beverteg,  Virginia,  i.  If  97. 

4.  To  provoke;  irritate;  tease.     [Colloq.] 

I  was  so  aggravated  that  I  almost  doubt  if  I  did  know. 

Dickens. 
=  Syn.  2  ajid  3.  To  heighten,  raise,  increase,  magnify; 
overstate.     See  list  under  exaggerate. 

aggravating  (ag'ra-va-ting),  jf).  a.     1.  Making 
worse  or  more  heinous:  as,  aggravating  cirauva- 
stances. —  2.  Provoking;  annoying;  exasperat- 
ing: as,  he  is  an  aggravating  fellow.    [Colloq.] 
Which  makes  it  only  the  more  aggravating.   Thackeray. 

aggravatingly  (ag'ra-va-ting-li),  adv.  In  an 
agf;ravating  manner. 

aggravation  (ag-ra-va'shon),  n.  [=P.  aggra- 
vation, <  ML.  aggravatio(iir-),  <  L.  aggravare :  see 
aggravate.']  1.  Increase  of  the  weight,  inten- 
sity, heinousness,  or  severity  of  anything ;  the 
act  of  making  worse ;  addition,  or  that  which  is 
added,  to  anything  evil  or  improper:  as,  an 
aggravation  oi  pain,  grief,  crime,  etc. —  2.  Ex- 
aggeration, as  in  a  pictorial  representation  or 
in  a  statement  of  facts;  heightened  descrip- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

Accordingly  they  got  a  painter  l.iy  the  knight's  directions 
toadda  pair  of  whiskers  to  tlie  face,  and  liy  a  little  aggra- 
vatutnot  the  features  to  change  it  into  the  Saracen's  Head. 

Addiso7i. 
3.  Provocation;  irritation.  [Colloq.] — 4.  In 
Rom,  canon  law,  a  censure,  threatening  excom- 
munication after  disregard  of  three  admoni- 
tions.    Chamb.  Cijc.  (1751). 

aggravative  (ag'ra-va-tiv),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Tending  to  aggravate. 

II.  n.  That  which  aggravates  or  tends  to  ag- 
gravate or  make  worse. 

aggravator  (ag'ra-va-tor),  n.  One  who  or  that 
wliich  aggravates'. 

aggredget,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  agredgen,  aggrcgen,  ag- 
reggen,  agregen,  <  OF.  agreger,  agregier  =  Pr. 


Ill 

agretijar,  <  ML.  'aggreviarc  for  * aggraviarc, 
equiv.  \o  L.  aggravare,  to  add  to  tlie  weight  of, 
make  worse,  oppress,  annoy,  aggravate :  see 
aggravate  and  aggrieve,  and  cf.  abridge,  abbre- 
viate, dliege'^,  alleviate.]  To  make  hea'vy;  ag- 
gravate; exaggerate. 

aggregant  (ag're-gant),  n.  [<  L.  aggrcgan(i-)s; 
p|ir.  of  aggregare ;  see  aggregate,  v.]  One  of  t)io 
particulars  which  go  to  malie  up  an  aggregate; 
specifically,  one  of  a  number  of  logical  terms 
which  are  added  together  to  make  a  logical  sum. 

Aggregata  (ag-re-ga'ta),  n.  j>l.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  [j.nggregatnti:  see  aggregate,  v.]  In  Cuvier's 
system  of  classification,  the  second  family  of 
his  Acephala  nuda,  or  shell-less  acephals;  the 
compound  or  social  ascidians :  opposed  to  Ne- 
gregiilii. 

aggregate  (ag're-gat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aggre- 
gated, \>\n:  aggregating.  [^i\j.  aggregalns,  pp. 
of  aggregare,  udgregare,  lead  to  a  flock,  add  to, 
<  ad,  to,  +  gregare,  collect  into  a  flock,  <  grex 
igreg-),  a  flock:  eeo gregarious.  Cf.  congregate, 
segregate.]  I.  iran.f.  1.  To  bring  together ;  col- 
lect into  a  sum,  mass,  or  body:  as,  "the  aggre- 
gated soil,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  293. 

Tlie  protoplasmic  fluid  within  a  cell  does  not  become 
aggregated  unless  it  he  in  a  living  state,  and  only  imper- 
fectly if  tlie  cell  has  been  injured. 

Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p,  G2. 

Ideas  which  were  only  feebly  connected  become  aggre- 
gated into  a  close  and  compact  whole. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I,  93. 

2.  To  amount  to  (the  number  of) ;  make  (the 
sum  or  total  of) :  an  elliptical  use. 

The  guns  captured  .  .  .  will  aggregate  in  all  probability 
five  orsi.\  hundred.   Morning  Star,  April  17, 1805.  (N.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  add  or  unite  to  as  a  constituent  member ; 
make  a  part  of  the  aggregate  of :  as,  to  aggre- 
gate a  person  to  a  company  or  society.     [Rare.] 

II.  intrans.  To  come  together  into  a  sum  or 
mass;  combine  and  form  a  collection  or  mass. 

The  taste  of  lioney  aggregates  with  sweet  tastes  in  gen- 
eral, of  which  it  is  one  —  not  with  such  tastes  as  those 
of  quinine,  or  of  castor  oil. 

H.  Sjiencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  114. 

aggregate  (ag're-giit),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  aggrega- 
tus,  \)\). :  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Formed  by  the 
conjunction  or  collection  of  particidars  into  a 
whole  mass  or  sum ;  total ;  combined :  as,  the 
aggregate  amount  of  indebtedness. 

Societies  formed  by  conquest  may  be  .  .  .  composed  of 
two  societies,  wliich  are  in  a  large  measure  .  .  .  alien ; 
and  in  them  there  cannot  arise  a  political  force  from  the 
aggregate  will.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  4ti9. 

Specifically — (a)  In  geol.,  composed  of  several  dift'ereut 
mineral  constituents  capable  of  being  separated  by  me- 
chanical means;  as,  granite  is  an  aggregate  rock,  ^b)  In 
anat. ,  clustered ;  as,  aggregate  glands  (Peyer's  glands),  (c) 
In  bot.,  forming  a  dense  cluster,  (d)  In  zoul.,  compound  ; 
associated,  (e)  In  law,  composed  of  many  individuals  united 
into  one  association.— Aggregate  animals,  animals  in 
which  many  individual  organisni.s  are  united  in  acomnuin 
*' houseliolil  "  or  (tcium,  as  vari<.us  polyps,  acak-plis,  etc. 
See  cuts  under  anthozooid  and  t'vralligcna.  —  Aggregate 
combination,  in  »(ecft.,  a  combination  which  causes  com- 
pound motions  in  secondary  pieces.  The  ellccts  of  ag- 
gregate conil'iiiations  are  classified  as  aggrrinrte  /mths 
and  (t!fgr''tifitr  relocities  (which  see,  below).-  Aggregate 
flower,  one  furntedof  several  florets  closely  g;itlicii(i  u])on 
a  coiniiion  rrcrptacle,  but  not  coherent,  as  in  Ciniiju'^ilir. — 
Aggregate  fruit,  a  fruit  formed  when  a  clu.stcr  of  distinct 
carpels  licldii^iiig  to  a  single  flower  are  crowded  uiion  tin 
connnon  receptacle,  becoming  baccate  or  drujiaccous,  and 
sometimes  more  or  less  coherent,  as  in  the  blacklierry  and 
the  fruit  of  the  magnolia.  Also  sometimes  used  as  synony- 
mous with  undtif'/e  or  compound  .fruit  (which  see,  under 
.fruit).  .Sec  rut  iiu.icr /("'/"x.  — Aggregate  glands.  See 
gland. — Aggregate  path,  in  oicrh..  tiuit  p:itti  througli 
which  a  part  of  a  machine  is  moved,  which  is  the  resultant 
of  the  aggregate  combination  of  the  other  parts  which  op- 
erate it.  Thus,  in  so-called  parallel  motion,  a  movement 
of  one  part  iu  a  riuht  litie  is  efieeted  by  the  combined  and 
counteracting,'  niincni.-nts  of  other  parts  moving  in  circu- 
lar arcs.  — Aggregate  velocity,  the  resultant  velocity  im- 
parted l)y  forces  niovini,'  with  different  or  with  varying 
velocities,  as  tlie  vcloc  itics  imparted  by  systems  of  pulleys 
tlu-ough  trains  of  iicai  iim,  or  liy  so-called  difi"erential  mo- 
tions.—Corporation  aggregate,  in  law.  See  corpora- 
tion. 

II.  «.  1.  A  sum,  mass,  or  assemblage  of  par- 
ticulars ;  a  total  or  gross  amount ;  any  com- 
bined whole  considered  vpith  reference  to  its 
constituent  parts.  An  aggregate  is  essentially  a  sum, 
as,  for  example,  a  lieap  of  sand,  whose  part^  are  loosely  or 
accidentally  associated.  When  the  relation  between  the 
part3  is  more  intimate  —  either  chemical,  as  in  a  molecule 
or  a  crystal,  or  organic,  as  in  a  living  body,  or  for  the  reali- 
zation of  a  design,  as  in  a  house  —  the  sum  ceases  to  be  a 
mere  aggregate  and  becomes  a  compound,  a  combination, 
an  organism,  etc.  But  in  a  general  way  anything  con- 
sisting of  distinguishable  elements  may  be  called  an  ag- 
gregate of  those  elements ;  as,  man  is  an  aggregate  of 
structures  and  organs ;  a  mineral  or  volcanic  aggregate 
(that  is,  a  compound  rock). 

Looking  to  the  aggregate  of  all  the  interests  of  the  com- 
monwealth.       D.  Webster,  Speech,  Boston,  June  5,  1828. 

Aggregates  of  brilliant  passages  rather  than  harmonious 
wholes.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  414. 


aggression 

The  difference  between  an  aggregate  and  a  product  la 
tliat  in  the  first  ease  the  component  parts  are  simply 
grouped  together,  added ;  in  the  second,  the  constituent 
elements  are  blended,  multiplied  into  each  other. 

Q.  II.  Lewes,  I'robs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  ii,  §  93. 

2.  Any  hard  material  added  to  lime  to  make 
concrete.  N.  IC.  J). — 3.  Milit.,  the  total  com- 
missioned and  enlisted  force  of  any  post,  de- 
partment, ilivision,  corps,  or  other  command. 
-  In  the  aggregate,  taken  together ;  considered  aa  a 
whole ;  collectively. 

Our  judgment  of  a  man's  character  is  derived  .from  ob- 
serving a  number  of  successive  acts,  forming  in  the  aggre- 
gate his  general  course  of  conduct. 

Sir  G.  C.  Leuds,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  ii. 

aggregated  (ag're-ga-ted),  p.  a.    Same  as  aggre- 
gate, a. 
aggregately  (ag're-gat-li),  adv.    CoUeetively ; 

taken  together  or  in  the  aggregate. 

Many  little  things,  though  separately  they  seem  too  in- 
significant to  mention,  yet  aggregately  are  too  material 
for  me  to  omit.  Cfies'terfield,  Letters,  II.  347. 

aggregation  (ag-re-ga'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  aggre- 
gatio{n-),ih.  aggregare:  seo aggregate,  v.]  1. 
The  act  of  collecting  or  the  state  of  being  col- 
lected into  an  tinorganized  whole. 

By  "material  aggregation"  being  meant  the  way  in 
which,  by  nature  or  by  art,  the  molecules  of  matter  are 
arranged  together.  Tyndall. 

W;tiiti]ig  any  great  and  acknowIc(l'..'cd  centre  of  national 
life  and  tlioii^lit,  our  expan.sion  ha^  hitherto  been  rather 
aggrcgati'ui  tlian  growth.     Lofr,:ll,  study  Windows,  p.  83. 

2.  In  logic,  the  imion  of  species  to  form  a  ge- 
nus, or  of  terms  to  form  a  term  true  of  any- 
thing of  which  any  of  its  parts  are  true,  and 
only  false  when  all  its  parts  are  false. —  3.  The 
adding  of  any  one  to  an  association  as  a  mem- 
ber thereof;  affiliation.     [Rare.] 

The  second  [book]  recounts  his  aggregation  to  the  soci- 
ety of  free-masons.       Mo7ittdg  liev.^XX.  537.    {N.  E.  D.} 

4.  A  combined  whole ;  an  aggregate. 

In  the  United  States  of  .America  a  century  hence  we 
shall  therefore  doubtless  have  a  political  aggregation  im- 
measurably surpassing  in  power  and  in  dimensions  any 
empil'e  that  has  as  yet  existed. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  139. 

Creatures  of  inferior  4ype  are  little  more  than  aggrega- 
tions of  nmnerous  like  parts. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  493. 

5.  In  hot.,  applied  by  Darwin  specifically  to 
the  peculiar  change  induced  in  the  cells  of  the 
tentacles  of  Drosera  by  mechanical  or  chemi- 
cal stimulation — Theorem  of  aggregation,  in  the 
theory  of  invariants,  a  theorem  concerning  tlie  number  of 
linearly  independent  invariants  of  a  given  type. 

aggregative  (ag're-ga-tiv),  a.  [<  aggregate  + 
-ive;  =F.  agregatif.]  1.  Pertaining  to  aggre- 
gation ;  taken  together ;  collective. 

Other  things  equal,  the  largest  mass  will,  because  of  its 
superior  aggregative  force,  become  hotter  than  the  others, 
and  radiate  more  intensely. 

H.  Sjyencer,  L^niversal  Progress,  p.  293. 

2.  Tending  to  aggregate;  gregarious;  social. 
[Rare.] 

His  [Mirabeau's]  sociality,  his  aggregative  nature  .  .  . 
will  now  be  the  quality  of  qualities  for  him. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  4. 

aggregator  (ag're-ga-tor),  ».     One  who  collects 

into  a  whole  or  mass.     Burton. 
aggress  (a-gres'),  V.     [<  L.  aggressus,  pp.  of  ag- 

grcdi,  adgredi,  attack,  assail,  approach,  go  to, 

"<  ad,  to,  +  gradi,  walk,  go,  >  gradiis,  step :  see 

grade.]     I.   intrans.    1.    To  make  an  attack; 

commit  the  first  act  of  hostility  or  offense; 

begin  a  quarrel  or  controversy ;  hence,  to  act 

on  the  offensive. 
The  moral  law  says  —  Do  not  aggress ! 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  298. 

2.  To  encroach ;  intrude;  be  or  become  intru- 
sive. 

The  plebeian  Italian,  inspired  by  the  national  vanity, 
hears  himself  as  proudly  as  the  noble,  without  at  all  ag- 
gressing in  his  manner.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi 

Wltile  the  individualities  of  citizens  are  less  aggressed 
upon  by  public  agency,  they  are  more  protected  by  public 
agency  against  aggression. 

//.  Spencer,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX  12. 

II.  trans.  To  attack.  Quarterly  Rev.    [Rare.] 
aggresst  (a-gres' ),  /(.     \<.0¥.  aggressefKlj.  ag- 
gressus, adgressus,  an  attack,  <  aggredi,  adgredi : 
see  aggress,  v.]    Aggression  ;  attack. 

Military  aggresses  upon  others. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Pleas  of  the  Crown,  xv. 

aggression  (a-gresh'on),  n.  [<  F.  aggression, 
attack,  now  agression,  <  L.  aggressio{n-),  <. 
aggredi,  adgredi:  sea  aggress,  v.]  1.  The  act 
of  proceeding  to  hostilities  or  invasion;  a 
breach  of  the  peace  or  right  of  another  or 
others;  an  assault,  inroad,  or  encroachment; 


aggression 

hence,  any  offensive  action  or  procednre :  as,  an 
aggression  upon  a  country,  or  upon  vested  rights 
or  liberties. 

We  have  undertaken  to  resent  a  supreme  insult,  and 
have  had  to  bear  new  insults  and  aggressions,  even  to  the 
direct  menace  of  our  national  capital. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  ToL  of  Life,  p.  103. 

2.  The  practice  of  making  assaults  or  attacks ; 
offensive  action  in  general. 

Only  this  policy  of  unceasing  and  untiring  aggression, 
this  wearing  out  and  crushing  out,  this  war  upon  all  the 
resources  and  all  the  armies  of  the  rebellion,  could  now 
succeed.  Badeau,  ilil.  Hist,  of  Grant,  II.  10. 

=  Syn.  Attack,  invasion,  assault,  encroachment,  injury, 
offense. 
aggressionist  (a-gresh'on-ist),  n.     [<  aggression 
+  -(.>?.]     One  who  commits  or  favors  aggres- 
sion. 

AaQressiortistsvioviMraMch  more  truly  describe  the  anti- 
freetraders  than  the  euphemistic  title  "protectionists"; 
since,  that  one  producer  may  gain,  ten  consumers  are 
fleeced.  B.  Spencer,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  156. 

aggressive  (a-gres'iv),  a.  [<  aggress  +  -ive;  = 
F.  agretsif.'\  Characterized  by  aggression; 
tending  to  aggress  ;  prone  to  begin  a  quarrel ; 
making  the  first  attack ;  offensive,  as  opposed 
to  defensive:  as,  the  minister  pursued  an  ag- 
gressive foreign  policy. 

That  which  would  be  \iolent  if  aggressive,  might  be  justi- 
fied if  defensive.  PhiUimore's  Reports,  II.  135. 

I  do  not  think  there  is  ever  shown,  among  Italians, 
either  the  aggressive  pride  or  the  abject  meanness  which 
marks  the  intercourse  of  people  and  nobles  elsewhere  in 
Europe.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  x.\i. 

=  Syn.  Aggressive,  Offensive.  Offensive  is  the  direct  op- 
posite to  defensive.  Offensive  warfare  is  that  in  which  one 
is  quick  to'  give  battle,  as  opportunity  offers  or  can  be 
made,  and  presses  upon  the  enemy.  Aggressive  warfare 
is  only  secondarily  of  tliis  sort ;  primarily  it  is  a  warfare 
prompted  by  the  spirit  of  encroachment.  t!ie  desire  of 
conquest,  plimder,  etc.  A  war  tliat  is  thus  aggresfive  is 
naturally  offensive  at  first,  but  may  lose  that  character  by 
the  vigor  of  the  resistance  made;  it  tlien  ceases  to  be 
thought  of  as  aggressive.  Hence  aggressive  has  come  to  be 
often  synonymous  with  offensive. 

The  steady  pushing  back  of  the  boundary  of  rebellion, 
in  spite  of  resistance  at  many  points,  or  even  of  such  ag- 
gressive inroads  as  that  which  our  annies  are  now  meeting 
with  their  long  lines  of  bayonets. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  101. 

The  peremptory  conversion  of  Lee's  clever  offensive  into 
a  purely  defensive  attitude,  ...  in  marked  contrast  with 
the  tactics  of  his  rival. 

Badeau,  MU.  Hist,  of  Grant,  II.  130. 

aggressively  (a-gres'iv-li),  adv.  In  an  aggres- 
sivi-  or  offpTisive  manner. 

aggressiveness  (a-gres'iv-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  aggressive;  the  disposition  to  en- 
croach upon  or  attack  others. 

aggressor  (a-gres'or),  H.  [L.,  also  adgressor,  < 
aggri:ssn.i,  pp.  of  aggredi,  atlgrcdi :  see  aggress, 
r.]  The  person  who  first  attacks ;  one  who  be- 
gins hostilities  or  makes  encroachment ;  an  as- 
sailant or  invader. 

There  is  nothing  more  easy  than  to  break  a  treaty  rati- 
fied in  all  the  usual  forms,  and  yet  neither  party  be  the 
a'j'jretsor.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xvii. 

aggrievancet  (a-gre'vans),  «.  [<  ME.  aggre- 
vaunrr,  -auiis,  <  OF.  agrevance,  <  agrcver;  see 
aggrieve  and  ■ance.'i  Oppression;  hardship; 
injtuy;  grievance. 

Deliver  those  aggrievances,  which  lately 
Vour  iin[fOrtunity  posscst  our  council 
Wert-'  lit  for  audience. 
Fletcher  {and  another).  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  lii.  1. 

aggrieve  (a-grev'),  v. ;  prot.  and  ]>]>.  aggrieved, 
\t\iT.  aggrieving.  [<  HE.  agreven,  <  OF.  ugrever, 
agncver,  later  restored  agravcr,  aggrurer,  to 
aggravate,  exasperate,  =  Hj).  agravar  =  Pg.  ag- 
nravar  =  It.  aggravarc,  <  L.  aggravarc,  make 
heavy,  make  worse,  aggravate:  see  aggravate. 
C(.  aggrcdge  and  grieve.^  I.  trans.  If.  To  give 
pain  or  sorrow  to;  afflict;  grieve. 

Which  yet  aggrieves  my  heart.  .Spenser. 

2.  To  bear  hard  upon ;   oppress  or  injure  in 

"'    ' ''    ;  vix  or  harass,  as  by  injustice: 

'■  >r  only  in  the  passive. 

<  111;/  hnntlle,  soon  found  that  they  had 

iriufn  enemies.     Both  were  alike 

:>  "f  a  bad  king.  Macaulai/. 

So  the  biirgnlh  sI/mmI  ; 
Thejr  broke  It,  and  he  tilt  IiIiiikiK  n,i<iriri-cj. 

DrowiniKi,  ItliiK  mid  llo<jk,  II.  27. 

n.t 


>i,  1 


'  mourn ;  lament. 

I>  it  Kuch  A  wretch  should  reign. 

Uir./ur  Mttg§.,  p.  442. 


112 

aggronpinent  (a-grop'ment),  «.  Arrangement 
in  a  group,  as  in  statuary  or  in  a  picture; 
grouping.    Also  spelled  agroiipmeitt. 

aggry-beads  (ag'ri-bedz),"/).  jjI.  [<  aggnj,  prob. 
of  African  origin,  +  Jtofte.]  Glass  beads,  sup- 
posed to  be  of  ancient  Egyptian  manufacture, 
occasionally  found  in  the  Ashantee  and  Fanti 
countries.  They  are  of  exquisite  colors  and  designs,  and 
ai-e  much  valued  by  the  natives.    Also  spelled  aggri-beads. 

agha,  n.     See  aga. 

aghanee  (ag-ha'ne),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  writ- 
ten iighunee,  repr.  Hind,  agliani,  the  produce 
of  the  month  Aghan,  the  eighth  iu  the  Hindu 
year,  answering  to  the  last  half  of  November 
and  the  first  half  of  December.]  The  name 
given  to  the  chief  rice-crop  in  Hindustan,  it  is 
the  second  of  the  three  crops,  being  sown  along  with  the 
bhadoee  crop  in  April  and  May,  and  reaped  in  November 
and  December.     Called  amun  in  lower  Bengal. 

aghast  (a-gasf),  p.  or  a.  [The  spelling  with  h 
is  unnecessary  and  wrong;  <  ME.  agast,  rarely 
in  the  fidler  form  agasted,  pp.  of  the  com- 
mon verb  agasten,  rarely  agesten,  pret.  agastf, 
terrify,  <  a-  (<_AS.  a-)  +  gasten  (pret.  gaste,  pp. 
gast),'<  AS.  gastan,  terrify:  see  o-l,  gast,  ghast, 
and  ghastli/,  and  cf.  aga:cd.'\  Struck  with 
amazement ;  filled  with  sudden  fright  or  hor- 
ror.    See  agast,  v.  t. 

Aghast  he  waked,  and  starting  from  his  bed. 
Cold  sweat  in  clammy  drops  his  limbs  o'erspread. 

Dryden,  -Eneid. 
Stupefied  and  aghast,  I  had  myself  no  power  to  move 
from  the  upright  position  I  had  assiuued  upon  first  hearing 
the  shriek.  Pue,  Tales,  I.  372. 

=  Syn.  Horrified,  dismayed,  confounded,  astounded,  dum- 
founded,  thunderstruck. 
agiblet  (aj'i-bl),  a.     [<  ML.  agibilis,  that  can  be 
done,  <  L.  agere,  do:  see  agent,  act.}    Capable 
of  being  done ;  practicable. 

When  they  were  fit  for  agible  things. 

Sir  A.  Shirley,  Travels,  Persia,  i. 

agila-wood  (ag'i-la-wud),  n.     [See  eaglewood.l 

Same  as  agaltoehum. 

agile  (aj'il),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  agil,  agill,  <  F. 
agile,  <  L.  agilis,  <  agere,  do,  move:  see  agent, 
act.']  Kimble ;  having  the  faculty  of  quick  mo- 
tion ;  apt  or  ready  to  move ;  brisk ;  active :  said 
of  the  mind  as  well  as  of  the  body. 

Shirley  was  siu-e-footed  and  agile  ;  she  could  spring  like 
a  deer  w'hen  she  chose.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xix. 

The  subtle,  agile  Greek,  unprincipled,  full  of  change  and 
levity.  De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  ii. 

=  Sjm.  Nimble,  Agile  (see  nimble),  quick,  lively,  alert,  sup- 
ple, siJiy. 

agilely  (aj'il-i),  adv.  In  an  agile  or  nimble 
luanucr ;  with  agility. 

agileness  (aj'il-nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  agile  ;  nimbleness;  activity;  agility. 

Agilia  (a-jil'i-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  L. 
agilis,  agile:  see  agile.]  In  Illigcr's  elassilica- 
tion  of  mammals,  a  family  of  rodents  notable 
for  their  agility.  It  contains  the  squirrels  and 
dorraieo.     [Not  in  use.] 

agility  (a-jil'i-ti),  «.  [<  F.  agilite,  <  L.  agili- 
ta{t-)s,  <  agilis,  ngile:  see  agile.]  1.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  agile ;  the  power  of  mov- 
ing <iuickly  ;  nimbleness ;  briskness ;  activity, 
either  of  body  or  of  mind. 

A  limb  overstrained  by  lifting  a  weight  above  its  power, 
may  never  recover  its  ffjrmer  agility  and  vigour.  M'atts. 
The  fonniion  Donnouse  .  .  .  handles  its  hazel- or  beech- 
nuts with  all  the  air  of  a  squirrel,  and  displays  no  less  rt//i7tti/ 
in  skipping  about  the  shrubbery  and  tangle  it  inhabits  and 
forages  in.  Stand.  A'al.  Hist.,  V.  IIB. 

2t.  Powerful  action ;  active  force. 

No  wonder  there  be  fotind  men  and  wonien  of  strange 
and  niouHtroUH  shapes  considering  the  agility  ul  the  hum  s 
tlery  heat.  Holland. 

=  Syn.  1.    •'<ce  a[rile. 

aging  (a'jing),«.  [Verbal  n.  of  aj/c,  v.]  1.  Any 
jirocesB  for  imparting  the  charaeteristics  and 
properties  of  ago:  as,  the  aging  ot  wines  iind 
Ii(|iiorM  liy  heat  and  agitation. —  2.  In  rulicn- 
jiniiting  and  di/ting,  tlm  |iroci'HS  of  fixing  tlio 
Nolublc  inoriliuit  or  dye  by  ex]i<)Hing  tho  clolli 
in  well-voiililated  chambers  (o  air  which  is  ki-pt 
warm  and  nioist,  for  a  lime  sufllcient  to  allow 
llie  monlant  ordyi'  laid  iijion  Ihe  surfai'e  of  llic 

elotli  111  pcinc^trale  the  filiiTS  ami  b iini>  lirmly 

allaclicd  to  tlicm.  Any  HupcTllnoiiH  portions, 
orlhosc'  which  mavreiiinin  soluliN',  arr  roinoved 
by  dunging. — 3.   In  eiriim.,  the  Hloragc  of  pr( 


■""■•■''"'''"""■■ ''•"^-     piired  clay,  to  allow  it  time  to fennent  and  ripen 
aggronpt  (a-tcTl.j,  ),  r.  t.     [<  V.  agrnui,tr  (=  8p.     i„.f„r,.  using.    A'.  //.  Knight.    The  .lay  Is  kept  wet, 
■  X-  '"' inipiiiirr  and  agi/riipnare),     nii<l  l«  often  inlied  and  lirnpe'red  ;  and  the  proccM  Home- 


briliK 

Ikxil. 

blne<l>  I 


■"!' 


/  >r;;./.  i 


ofi  granii,   v.\     To 


(or  piiiii- 
••  slKhl. 
Iluir     iioy,  p.  107. 


nncl  l«  often  inlled  and  liinpered  ;  and  the  procCM  noMle- 
tiini'H  liiHtH  for  many  yeat-N. 
AIho  Hpelled  ttifring. 
agrlo  (iij'i-o  or  li'j'i-o),  «.     r<  Fr.  agio,  <  It.  agiti, 
iiNiiully  in  thiR  HKiiKo  Hpellcil  aggin,  exchange, 
premium,  the  same  word  as  (/>/io,  ease:  see  ada- 


agitate 

gio  and  ease.]  A  commercial  term  in  use,  princi- 
pally on  the  continent  of  Em'ope,  to  denote  — 
(n)  The  rate  of  exchange  between  the  currencies 
of  two  comitries,  as  between  those  of  Italy  and 
the  United  States.  (6)  The  percentage  of  dif- 
ference in  the  value  of  (1)  two  metallic  curren- 
cies, or  (2)  a  metallic  and  a  paper  currency  of 
the  same  denomination,  in  the  same  country; 
henee,  premium  on  the  appreciated  cmreney, 
and  disagiit,  or  discount,  on  the  depreciated  one. 
Six  years  ago  this  kinsatsu  (.Tapanese  paper  currency] 
stood  at  par  and  was  even  preferred  by  the  natives  to  the 
gold  and  silver  Ciurency ;  now,  from  40%  to  45%  agio  is 
paid.  Rein,  Japan,  p.  382. 

(c)  An  allowance  made  in  some  places  for  the 
wear  and  tear  of  coins,  as  in  Amsterdam,  Ham- 
burg, etc. 

a  giorno  (ii  jor'no).  [It.,  =  F.  a  jour.]  In  deco- 
rative art,  same  as  a  jour. 

agiotage  (aj'i-  or  a'ji-o-taj),  n.  [F.,  <  agioter, 
job  or  dabble  in  stocks,  <  agio,  price,  rate  of 
exchange,  discount:  see  agio.]  Speciilation  in 
stocks,  etc.;  stock-jobbing.  [Not  used  in  the 
United  States.] 

Vanity  and  agiotage  are,  to  a  Parisian,  the  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  of  life.    Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations,  xlvii. 

agist  (a-jisf),  V.  t.  [<  OF.  agister  (>  ML.  agis- 
tare,  adgistare),  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  gister,\s- 
sign  a  lodging,  <  giste,  a  bed,  place  to  be  on :  see 
gist,  gise~,  gitc'^.]  1 .  To  feed  or  pasture,  as  the 
cattle  or  horses  of  others,  for  a  compensation : 
used  originally  of  the  feeding  of  cattle  in  the 
king's  forests. —  2.  To  rate  or  charge ;  impose 
as  a  burden,  as  on  land  for  some  specific  pur-  I 
pose.  I 

agistage  (a-jis'taj),  n.  [<  agist  +  -age.]  In  ' 
law :  (a)  The  taking  and  feeding  of  other  men's 
cattle  in  the  king's  forests,  or  on  one's  own 
land.  (6)  The  contract  to  do  so  for  hh-e.  (c) 
The  price  paid  for  such  feeding.  ((/)  Generally, 
any  burden,  charge,  or  tax.  Also  called  gait 
and  agistment. 

agistatort,  «•  [ML.,  <  agistare,  pp.  agistatus: 
see  agist.]     Same  as  agistor. 

agister,  n.    See  agistor. 

agistment  (a-jist'ment),  «.  [<  OF.  agistement 
(>  ML.  agistanientum) :  see  agist  and  -ment.]  1. 
Same  as  agistage. 

Henry  de  Lacy,  earl  of  Lincoln,  who  .  .  .  had  the  agist- 
mcntti  and  summer  and  winter  herbage  of  Pendle. 

Baines,  Hist.  Lancashire,  II.  25. 
No  sooner  had  that  [the  Irish]  Parliament,  by  its  reso- 
lutions concerning  the  tithe  of  agistment,  touched  the 
interests  of  his  order,  than  he  [Swift]  did  everything  in 
his  power  to  discredit  it.      Leeky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  vli. 

2.  A  dike  or  embankment  to  prevent  the  over- 
flow of  a  stream  or  encroachments  of  the  sea. 
K.  77.  Knight. 
agistor,  agister  (a-jis'tor,  -t{>r),  n.  [<  ME.  rt;7i,s-- 
tir,  <  Al''.  agistour,  <  OF.  agister,  v.:  see  agist.] 
An  officer  of  the  royal  forests  of  England,  hav- 
ing the  care  of  cattle  agisted,  and  of  collecting 
the  money  for  the  same;  one  who  receives 
and  pastures  cattle,  etc.,  for  hire, 
agitablet  (aj'i-ta-bl),  o.  [<  F.  agitable,  <  L.  agi- 
l(diilis,  <  agitare:  see  agitate.]  1.  Capable  of 
being  agitated  or  shaken. — 2.  That  may  bo 
debated  or  discussed. 

agitate  (aj'i-tiit),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  agitated,  ppr. 

agitating.     [<  L.  agitatiis,  pp.  of  agitare,  drive, 

move,  arouse,  excite,  agitate,  free],  of  agere, 

drive,  move,  do:  see  agent  and  (ii'<. ]     I,  trans. 

If.  To  move  or  actuate;  maintain  the  action  of. 

Where  dwells  this  sov'relgn  arbitrary  soul, 

Which  docs  the  human  animal  controul. 

Inform  each  part,  and  agitate  the  whole  I 

Sir  R.  Blackmore. 

2.  To  move  to  and  fro ;  impart  regular  motion 
to. 

The  ladies  sigh,  and  agitate  their  fans  with  tllamond- 
Kjiiirkllug  hands. 

J.  K.  Cooke,  Virginia  Comedians,  I.  xlvlll. 

3.  To  move  or  force  into  violent  irregular  ac- 
tion; shako  or  move  briskly ;  excite  physically: 
as,  the  wind  agitates  tho  sea;  to  agitate  water 
ill  a  vessel. 

Tall  pnM'l]iltatlng  flasks  In  which  the  materials  were 
llrat  agilaliil  with  the  respective  liquids  anil  were  then 
allowed  to  stand  at  rest  under  various  conditions  lui  to 
light,  temperature,  etc. 

Amer.  Jour.  Set.,  Sd  »or.,  XXIX.  ". 

4.  To  disturb,  or  excite  into  tumult;  perturb. 

The  mind  of  man  Is  agitated  by  various  passions. 

.fohnsiui. 

6.  To  discuss;  dobate ;  call  attention  to  by 
speech  or  writing :  as,  to  agitate  tho  (juostiou 
of  free  trade. 

Though  this  controversy  bu  rovlvcd  and  hotly  agitatrA 
among  the  modcrna.  Boflls,  Coloum. 


agitate 

6.  To  consider  on  all  sides;  revolve  in  the 
mind,  or  view  in  all  its  aspects ;  plan. 

When  politicians  most  mjitatt'  ilesperate  ilesisns. 

Eikon  BasilUce. 
=  Syn.  3  aiul  4.  To  rouse,  stir  up,  ruffle,  discompose. —  5 
anil  6.  To  canvass,  delilierate  upiin. 

II.  iutmiis.  To  engage  in  agitation;  arouse 
or  attempt  to  arousf  public  interest,  as  in 
some  political  or  social  question:  as,  ho  set  out 
to  agitate  in  the  country. 

Tlic  TViries  affilaled  in  tlie  early  Hanoverian  period  for 
short  jiarliaments  and  for  the  restriction  of  tile  corrupt 
iiilluence  of  tile  Crown.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  i. 

agitated (a,i'i-ta-ted),j).«.  Disturbed;  excited; 
expressing  agitation :  as,  in  an  agitated  man- 
ner;  "an  agitated  countenance,"  Thackeray. 

She  burst  out  at  last  in  an  agitated,  almost  violent,  tone. 
George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  iii.  2. 

agitatedly  (aj'i-ta-ted-li),  adv.    In  an  agitated 

luaiirier. 
agitating  (aj'i-ta-ting),  j).  a.     Disturbing;  ex- 
citing; moving. 
agitation  (aj-i-ta'shon),  n.     [<  L.  agitatio{n-), 
iagitare:  see  agitate.']     The  act  of  agitating, 
or  the  state  of  being  agitated,   (a)  The  state  of  be- 
ing shaken  or  moved  with  violence,  or  with  irregular  ac- 
tion ;  commotion  :  as,  the  sea  after  a  storm  is  in  agitation. 
The  molecules  of  all  bodies  are  in  a  state  of  continual 
agitation.  J.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  114. 

(6)  Disturbance  of  the  mind ;  perturbation ;  excitement  of 
passion. 

Ar/itations  of  the  public  mind  so  deep  and  so  long  con- 
tinued as  those  which  we  have  witnessed  do  not  end  in 
nothing.  Macaulay,  Pari.  Reform. 

Away  walked  Catherine  in  great  agitation,  as  fast  as 
the  crowd  would  permit  her. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  xiii. 

(c)  Examination  of  a  subject  in  controversy ;  deliberation ; 
discussion ;  debate. 

We  owe  it  to  the  timid  and  the  doubting  to  keep  the 
great  questions  of  the  time  in  unceasing  and  untiring  atji- 
tation.  O.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  80. 

(d)  The  act  of  arousing  public  attention  to  a  political  or 
social  question  by  speeches,  etc.  =  Syn.  (b)  Agitation,  Trepi- 
dation, Trenwr,  Emotion,  excitement,  flutter.  Tremor  is, 
in  its  literal  use,  wholly  physical ;  it  may  be  in  a  part  of 
the  body  or  the  whole;  it  is  generally  less  violent  than 
trepidation.  Trepidation  and  agitation  are  more  often  used 
of  the  mind  than  of  the  body.  But  all  three  words  may  ex- 
press states  either  of  the  body  or  the  mind,  or  of  both  at 
once  through  reflex  influence.  Trejndation.  is  generally 
the  result  of  fear;  it  is  the  excited  anticipation  of  speedy 
disaster,  penalty,  etc.  .igifatiou  may  be  retrospective  and 
occasioned  by  that  which  is  jileasant ;  it  includes  the  mean- 
ing of  trepidation  and  a  part  "i  that  of  enitttiun.  Emotion 
is  used  only  of  the  mind  ;  it  is  the  l^i-oadest  and  highest  of 
these  words,  covering  all  movements  of  feeling,  whether 
of  pleasure  or  pain,  from  agitation  to  the  pleasure  that  the 
mind  may  take  in  abstract  truth. 

What  lengths  of  far-famed  ages,  billowed  liigh 
«        With  hunian  agitation,  roll  along 

In  unsubstantial  images  of  air !  . 

Young,  Night  Thoughts. 

I  can  recall  vividly  the  trepidation  which  I  carried  to 

that  meeting.  D.  G.  Miteliell,  Bound  Together,  i. 

I  had  a  worrying  ache  and  inward  tremor  underlying  all 

the  outward  play  of  the  senses  and  mind. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life. 
Mellow,  melancholy,  yet  not  mournful,  the  tone  seemed 
to  gush  up  out  of  the  deep  well  of  Hepzibah's  heart,  all 
steeped  in  its  profoundest  emotion. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  vi. 

agitational  (aj-i-ta'shon-al),  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  agitation. 

agitative  (aj'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [<  agitate  +  -ive.'] 
Having  a  tendency  to  agitate. 

agitato  (ii-je-tii'to),  a.  [It.,  pp.  of  agitare,  <  L. 
agitare:  see  agitate.}  Agitated;  restless:  a 
word  used  in  m  itsic,  generally  in  combination 
with  allegro  or  presto,  to  describe  the  charac- 
ter of  a  movement  as  broken,  hurried,  or  rest- 
less in  style. 

agitator  (aj'i-ta-tor),  n.  pL.,  <  agitare :  see  agi- 
tate.] 1.  One  who  or  that  which  agitates.  Spe- 
citteally — (a)  One  who  engages  in  some  kind  of  political 
agitation ;  one  who  stirs  up  or  excites  others,  with  the  view 
of  strengthening  his  own  cause  or  party. 

[Robin  of  Redesdale]  collected  forces  and  liegan  to 
traverse  the  country  as  an  agitator  in  the  summer  of  14(59 ; 
possibly  at  the  suggestion,  certainly  with  the  connivance, 
of  Warwick.  StiMn,  Const.  Hist.,  §  681. 

(6)  A  machine  for  agitating  and  mixing ;  specifically,  a 
machine  for  stirring  pulverized  ore  in  water. 
2.  A  name  given  to  certain  ofiBcers  appointed 
by  the  army  of  the  English  Commonwealth  in 
1647-9  to  manage  their  concerns.  There  were 
two  from  each  regiment. 

They  proceeded  from  those  elective  tribunes  called  agi- 
tators, who  had  been  established  in  every  regiment  to 
superintend  the  interests  of  the  army. 

Haltam,  Const.  Hist.,  II.  210. 
(It  has  been  supposed  that  in  this  sen.se  the  proper  spelling 
of  the  word  is  adjutator,  meaning  not  (jne  who  agitates,  but 
one  who  assists.  But  Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray  says  :  "  Care- 
ful investigation  satisfies  me  that  Agitator  was  the  actual 
title,  and  -idjtitator  originally  only  a  bad  spelling  of  sol- 
diers familiar  with  Adjutants  and  the  Adjutors  of  1642."1 
8 


113 

agitatorial  (a,i"i-ta-t6'ri-al),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
in;^  to  ;in  agitator. 

Aglaophenia  { ag  "  la  -  6  -  fe '  ni  -  ii),  «.  [NL.  (La- 
marck, islli),  appar.  an  error  for  "aglairplwma,  < 
Gr.  'A}'?.aoip>//u/,  one  of  the  sirens,  fem.  of  ayAao- 
'P///Jor,  of  splendid  fame,  <  ay'Aao^,  splendid,  bril- 
liant, +  ip)//i;/  =  L.  J'ama,  fame.]  A  notable  ge- 
nus of  calyptoblastic  hydroids,  of  the  family 
L'liimHlariidd'..  A.  sIrjithioimUs  is  an  elegant  species 
of  (III  I'arilii'  ciiast  Ml"  .North  America,  known,  from  its  fig- 
ure and  ueiu-ral  appearance,  as  the  ostrich-plume.  (Hhers 
occur  on  tile  .Vtlantic  coiist. 

aglare  (a-glar'), /jre;j.  pAr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<«•! 
+  glare^.]     In  a  glare  ;  glaring. 

The  toss  of  unshorn  hair. 
And  wringing  of  hands,  and  eyes  aglare. 

Winttier,  The  Preacher. 

Aglaura  (ag-Ia'ra),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  "Ay'Aavpo^,  a 
mythol.  name.]  1.  A  genus  of  craspedote  hy- 
droids, or  'Traehymedusm,  of  the  family  Tracluj- 
nemidcc.  P<!ron  and  Lesiieur,  ISOQ. —  2.  A  genus 
of  worms. — 3.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects.    Boisduval,  1851. 

Aglaurinae  (ag-la-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Aglaura, 
1,  +  -/««'.]  A  group  of  Trachij medusa;,  typitied 
by  the  genus  Aglaura,  having  8  radial  canals 
and  a  pedicle  to  the  stomach. 

ag-leaf  (ag'lef),  «.  [Prob.  a  corruption  of  hag- 
leaf,  as  watches  were  believed  to  use  the  plant 
in  their  incantations :  see  hag^.]  A  name  of 
the  common  mullen,  Verhascum  Tha^^sus. 

agleam  (a-glem'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.     [< 
a'i  +  gleam.]     Gleaming;  in  a  gleaming  state. 
Faces  .  .  .  agleam  with  pale  intellectual  light. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  380. 

aglee,  agley  (a-gle'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.   [<  a-3 
-I-  Sc.  (//(■//,  gleg,  squint,  oblique  look:  see  glei/.] 
Off  the  right  line ;  obliquely;  wrong.  [Scotch.] 
The  best  laid  schemes  o'  mice  an'  men 

Gang  aft  a-gley.  Burns,  To  a  Mouse. 

aglet,  aiglet  (ag'let,  ag'let),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  agglct,  <  ME.  aglet,  aglettc,  <  OP.  aguil- 
lette,  aigliillette,  P.  aiguillette,  a  point,  dim.  of 
aiguille,  <  ML.  acucida,  dim.  of  L.  acus,  a  needle : 
see  «(•««.]  1.  A  tag  or  metal  sheathing  of  the 
end  of  a  lace,  or  of  the  points  (see  point)  or  rib- 
bons generally  used  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuiies  to  fasten  or  tie  dresses.  They 
were  originally  intended  simply  to  facilitate  the  passing 
of  the  ends  through  the  eyelet-holes,  as  in  modern  shoe- 
laces and  stay-laces,  but  were  afterwaiil  friquently  formed 
of  the  precious  metals,  carved  into  snijill  fi^^oires,  and  sus- 
pended from  the  ribbon,  etc.,  as  ornamenta  (whence  Shak- 
spere's  phrase  "an  aglet-baby,"  which  see);  and  they  are 
still  so  used  in  the  form  tpf  tiigg^d  points  or  braid  hanging 
from  the  shoulder  in  some  military  uniforms,  now  officially 
styled  aiguillettes.    Also  written  aigxilet. 

And  on  his  head  an  hood  with  aglets  sprad. 

Spenser,  F,  (J.,  VI.  ii.  6. 
His  gown,  addressed  with  aglets,  esteemed  worth  2bl. 

Sir  J.  Hayward,  Life  of  Edw.  VI. 

2t.  In  6o;.,  a  pendent  anther;  also,  a  loose  pen- 
dent catkin,  as  of  the  birch. 
aglet-babyt  (ag'let-ba"bi),  n.     A  small  image 
on  the  end  of  a  lace.     See  aglet. 

Marry  him  to  a  puppet,  or  an  aglet-baby. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
agley,  prep.  i)hr.  as  adv.    See  aglee. 
aglimmer  (a-glim'er),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  «3  -I-  glimmer.]     In   or  into   a   glimmering 
state  ;  glimmering. 
aglistt  (a-glisf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  a^ 
-r  (//«/,  q.  v.]     Glistening:  as,  a<7fet  with  dew. 
aglobulia   (ag-lo-bu'li-a),  n.      [NL.,  <  Gr.   a- 
priv.  +  L.  globulus,  globule.]     Same  as  oligo- 
ci/tliemia. 
aglobulism(a-glob'u-lizm),m.    [<  Gr.  a-  priv.+ 
globule  + -ism.]     hi  j>athol.:  (a)  Diminution  of 
the  amoimt  of  hemoglobin  in  the  blood.    (6) 
Oligocythemia. 
Aglossa  (a-glos'a),  M.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  a)  Auaaof, 
tongueless,  <  d-  priv.  +  yXHaGa,  tongue.]     1.  A 

series  of  anu- 
rous or  salient 
batraehians 
which  have  no 
tongue,  (at)  In 
some  systems  com- 
prehending the 
genera  Pipa,  Dac- 
tglefhtut,  and  Myo- 
batni'-lnis,  and  di- 
vidfii  into  Aglossa 
haptosipftonia  for 
the  first  two  of 
these  genera,  and 
Aglossa  diplosi- 
photu'a     for     the 


Surinam  Toad  iPi'fia  surmamgnsts). 


third  genus :  in  this  sense  the  term  is  contrasted  ^vith 
Phfiiiero'ilossa.  (b)  Restricted  to  Pipa  and  Xenopus  (or 
Dnrtul'_'ftn-ri),  and  divided  into  the  families  Pipidtv  and 
Xenopodidir,  which  agree  in  having  opisthocoelian  verte- 
bra3,  expansive  sacral  processes,  discrete  epicoracoids, 
and,  in  the  larval  state,  one  pair  of  spiracles. 


agnail 

2t.   [Used  as  a  singular.]     A  genus  of  pyralid 

moths,  containing  such  species  as  A. pinguinalis 

and  .1.  caprrolatus. 
aglossal  (a-glos'al),  a.  [<  Gr.  ayXuamc,  tongue- 
less,  -I-  -at.]     Tongueless;   pertaining  to  the 

Ji/lossii. 
aglossate  (a-glos'at),  a.  and  it.     [<  NL.  aglos- 

.latus:  see  ./r/tossa  and -afcl.]     I.  a.  Haring  no 

tongue ;  aglossal. 
II,  «.  An  aglossal  batrachian ;  a  member  of 

the  suliorder  Aglossa.     See  Aglossa,  1. 
aglossostoma   (ag-lo-sos'to-ma),  n. ;  pi.  aglos- 

.sosloniata  (ag"lo-s6-st6 'ma-tji).     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

ay/iwaaof,  without  a  tongue,  +  ard/m,  mouth.] 

In  teratol.,  a  monster  having  a  mouth  without 

a  tongue. 
aglow  (a-gl6'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  a3 

4-  glow.]     In  a  glow;  glowing:  as,  her  cheeks 

were  all  aglow. 

The  ascetic  soul  of  the  Puritan,  agU)W  with  the  gloomy 
or  rapturous  mysteries  of  his  theology. 

Stednmn,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  12. 

A  jiainted  window  all  aglow  with  the  figures  of  tradition 
and  jtoetry.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  251. 

aglutition  (ag-lo-tish'on),  n.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  -1- 
L.  *glutitio{n-),  <  glutire,  pp.  glutitus,  swallow.] 
In  pathol.,  inability  to  swallow. 

Aglycyderes  (ag-li-sid'e-rez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  y'AvKl'i;,  sweet,'-!-  dtpr/,  Attic  form  of 
iet/ii/,  neck.  The  first  two  elements,  meaning 
lit.  '  not  sweet,'  are  taken  in  the  forced  sense 
of  'uncomely'  or  'imusual.']  A  notable  genus 
of  beetles,  of  the  family  Bruchidtc,  character- 
ized by  the  fact  that  the  head  of  the  male  is  an- 
teriorly produced  on  each  side  into  a  horn-like 
process,  and  posteriorly  contracted  into  a  nar- 
row neck,  whence  tlie  name.    Westwood,  1863. 

aglyphodont  (a-glif 'o-dont),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Agljiplioiloiitia.]  I.  a.  In  herpet.,  having  the 
characteristics  of  the  Aglyphodontia;  without 
grooved  teeth  and  poison-glands. 

II.  i>.  A  serpent  of  this  character;   one  of 
the  .lgli/plio<lotitia  (which  see). 

Aglyphbdonta  (a-glif-o-don'ta),  H.  pi.  [NTi.] 
Same  as  Aglyphodontia. 

Aglsrphodo'ntia  (a-glif-o-don'shia),  n.  pi.  [< 
Gr.  dy1v<jio<:,  micarved  (<  a-  priv.  4-  y7.vqieiv,  carve, 
cut  out),  +  drfoi'f  {oSovT-)  =  E.  tooth.]  A  group 
or  series  of  innocuous  serpents  (Ophidia), 
embracing  ordinary  eolubrine  or  colubriform 
snakes,  without  poison-glands,  with  a  dilatable 
mouth,  and  with  solid  hooked  teeth  in  both 
jaws.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  last  character ; 
for  the  venomous  serpents  of  the  series  Proteroglypha  or 
Solenoglypha  have  poison-fangs  channeled  or  grooved  for 
the  transmission  of  the  venom.  The  Aglyphodontia  in- 
clude numerous  families  and  genera,  of  most  parts  of  the 
world,  Colubridte  and  Bo\d<f  being  among  the  best  known 
of  the  families.  Synonymous  with  Colubrina.  See  cuts 
under  Coliihrr  and  Boa. 

agmatology  (a^-nia-tol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  ay/j.a(T-), 
a  fragment  (<  ayiivai,  break),  +  -loyla,  <  Xcysiv, 
speak :  see  -ology.]  That  department  of  sur- 
gery which  is  concerned  with  fractures. 

agmen  (ag'men),  «. ;  pi.  agniina  (-mi-na).  [L., 
a  train,  troops  in  motion,  army,  multitude,  < 
agere,  drive,  move,  do:  see  agent.]  In  cool., 
a  superordinal  group;  a  division  of  animals 
ranking  between  a  class  and  an  order.  Sunde- 
vull. 

Sundevall  would  still  make  two  grand  divisions  (Agmina) 
of  birds.  A.  Newton,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  37. 

agminalt  (ag'mi-nal),  a.  [<  L.  agminalis.  <  fl^?- 
«(fH  (o(;w(H-),  a  train:  see opmeH.]  If.  Pertain- 
ing to  an  army  or  a  troop.  Bailey. — 2.  In  zoiil., 
of  or  pertaining  to  an  agmen. 

agminate  (ag'mi-nat),  o.  [<  NL.  agminatus,  < 
L.  agmen  (agmin-),  a  multitude:  see  agmen.] 
Aggregated  or  clustered  together:  in  anat., 
said  of  the  lymphatic  glands  forming  patches 
in  the  small  intestines  (Pej-er's  patches),  as 
distinguished  from  the  solitary  glands  or  fol- 
licles: as,  " agminate  glstuAs,"  H.  Irray,  Anat. 

agminated  (ag'mi-na-ted),  a.  [<  agminate  + 
-ed'-^.]     Same  as  agminate. 

agnail  (ag'nal),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  agnail,  ag- 
nate, agnel,  agnell,  agnaijle,  angnale,  angnayle, 
mod.  dial,  angnail,  <  ME.  agnayle,  *angnail,  < 
AS.  aitgna-gl,  occurring  twice  (Leechdoms,  II. 
p.  80,  and  index,  p.  8),  and  usually  explained  by 
paronychia,  i.  e.,  a  whitlow,  but  prop.,  it  seems, 
a  corn,  wart,  or  excrescence  (cf.  angset,  angseta, 
ongseta,  a  wart,  boil,  carbuncle),  (=  OPries.  ong- 
nii,  ogneil,  a  missha]>en  finger-nail  or  an  ex- 
crescence following  tlie  loss  of  a  finger-nail,  = 
OHG.  ungnagel,  G.  dial,  annegelen,  einnegeln  — 
Grimm),  <  (?)  ange,  ange,  enge,  narrow,  tight, 
painful  (see  anger'^,  anguish  :  for  the  sense  here, 
cf.  LG.  noodnagel,  a  hangnail,  nood,  distress, 


agnail 

trouble,  pain),+  nwfil,  a  uail,  i.  e.,  a  peg  (cf.  L. 
daius,  a  nail,  peg,  also  a  wart),  in  eomp.  tcer- 
meijl,  E.  iraniel,  q.  v.,  a  wart,  lit.  '  man-nail.' 
The  second  element  was  afterward  ret'en-ed  to 
a  finger-  or  toe-nail,  and  the  term  applied  to  a 
whitlow  (end  of  Ititli  centmy),  and  to  a  'hang- 
nail' (Bailev,  1737),  haiujiiail,  like  the  equiv. 
Sc.  antjer-ii'ail.  being  due  to  a  popular  ety- 
molo<^-.]     It-  ^  "-'orn  on  the  toe  or  foot. 

A'jnaijle  uiion  oues  too,  cumt.  Pal»jraix. 

Cvrrit,  an  agnaile,  or  little  corn,  upon  a  toe.    Colgratx. 

Pimoli,  agneU,  corns,  pushes,  felons  or  swellings  in  the 
flesh.  Florio. 

Passing  good  for  to  be  applyeil  to  the  aymls  or  corns  of 
the  feet.  Holland,  Pliny,  xx.  3.    (.V.  £.  D.) 

2t.  A  painful  swelling  or  sore  under  or  about 
the  toe- or  tinger-nails;  a  whitlow. 

Good  to  lie  layde  unto  .  .  .  ulcered  nayles  or  agaatjle), 
whiche  is  a  payueiull  swelling  aboute  the  ioyntes  and 
nayles.  Lyte,  Dodoens  (1578),  p.  2JS.    (.Y.  £.  D.) 

Amiait,  a  sore  at  the  root  of  the  nail  on  the  fingers  or 

toes".  Baile;,  (1721). 

3.  A  hangnail;  a  small  piece  of  partly  sepa- 
rated skin  at  the  root  of  a  nail  or  beside  it. 

agname  (ag'nam),  ».  [<  aij-  +  name,  after  L. 
<iiiii<inicu.'\  An  appellation  over  and  above  the 
orLliiiary  name  and  surname.     X  E.  I). 

agnamed  (ag'namd),  a.  [<  agname  +  -ed^.'] 
Styled  or  called  apart  from  Christian  name  and 
surname.      -V.  K*  I). 

agnate  (ag'uat),  ».  and  a.  [Eai-ly  mod.  E.  aij- 
iKit,  agnct,  <  F'.  agnat,  <  L.  agnatus,  adgiiatus, 
athiiitii.i,  i)rop.  pp.  of  agnasci,  adgiiasci,  be  born 
to,  belong  by  birth,  <  ad,  to,  +  *gnasci,  na.sei, 
be  born.  Cf.  adiiate  and  cognate.)  I.  n.  Spe- 
cifically, a  kinsman  whose  connection  is  trace- 
alile  exclusively  through  males;  more  gener- 
ally, any  male  relation  by  the  father's  side. 
See  ugnati. 

WTio  are  the  Affnatet !  In  the  first  place,  they  are  all  the 
Cognates  who  trace  their  connexion  exclusively  tiirough 
males.  .\  table  of  Cogiuites  is,  of  course,  formed  by  taking 
each  lineal  ancestor  in  turn  and  including  all  his  descen. 
dants  of  both  sexes  in  tlie  tabular  view ;  if  then,  in  tracing 
the  various  branches  of  such  a  genealogical  table  or  tree, 
we  stoji  whenever  we  come  to  the  name  of  a  female  and 
pursue  that  ji.'irticular  branch  or  ramification  no  fm-ther, 
all  who  remain  after  the  descentiants  of  women  have  been 
exfhided  are  A'tiial^-n,  atitl  their  connexion  together  is 
Agnatic  Relationship.  Mahf,  Ancient  Law,  p.  148. 

n.  a.  1.  Belated  or  akin  on  the  father's  side. 
—  2.  Allied  in  kin<l;  from  a  eommou  source: 
as,  '^agnate  words,"  Pownall,  Study  of  Antiqui- 
ties, p.  168.     [Kare.] 

Agnatha  (ag'na-lhii),  n.  i>l.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
iiilinilhu.i,  jawless:  see  agnath(>wi.'\  A  section 
nf  v'ioj)hilous  gastropods  destitute  of  jaws. 

Agnatni  (ag'na-thi),  II.  pL  [NL.,  luasc.  pi.  of 
aiindthu.'s,  jawless:  >n-oagiiaflious.']  A  group  or 
series  of  neuroptcrous  insects,  held  by  some  as 
a  suborder  of  the  order  Xeuiopteia :  so  called 
tH-cause  the  jaws  are  rudimentary  or  obsolete. 
The  wingH  are  naked  and  not  folded  in  repose,  the  posterior 
pair  small,  s-inietimes  wanting ;  the  antennie  are  short, 
Betaceoiis.  and  x.j<iinted  ;  and  the  abdomen  ends  in  tw(j  or 
tliree  long,  delicate  stiUe.  The  group  includes  the  well- 
known  May-fiies,  and  is  practically  identical  with  the 
f.ooily  Hfih'-iiifridee. 

a^athia  (ag-na'thi-S),  n.  [NL.,  <  agnathus, 
jawless  (see  agnathoiin),  +  -ia.']  In  pathiit. 
anal.,  nlisence  of  the  lower  jaw,  due  to  aiTcsted 
d**vclopiiioiit. 

agnathous  (asi'na-thus),  a.  [<  NL.  aginithu.t, 
.lawliss,  <  (ir.  "- jiriv.+ jwiflof,  jaw.]  1.  With- 
out jaws;  (fharacteri/.ed  by  the  absence  of  jaws. 
Niid.  .Siir.  Lex. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ag- 
iiiitlia  or  .Igiiiithi. 

agnati  (a«-nii'li),  ».  /il.  [L..  pi.  of  agnatus: 
•-C'-  iignalv.]  The  members  of  an  ancient  lio- 
man  family  wlio  traced  llieir  origin  and  iiiime 
to  n  coininiin  an(^estor  through  the  male  line, 
uinl'Twhosf  iiateniull>ower  they  would  b<Mf  he 
wiTo  livint;;  henco.in  /««%  relations  exclusively 
in  tlio  rnnlo  liin'.  See  agniili: 
agnatic  a^'-iKii'ik),  a.  [<  F.  <i<in(iti(iue,  <  L, 
./.,.'.  s, ,.  iii/iuiU;']  Characterized  liy  or  per- 
■lelt^^cnt  by  tho  male  line  of  anceHtoni. 


■<i  of  lhe|llindu|  family  In 
ijiw,  u^mtitir  ;  khiNhip  Is 
■.nlv, 
U  Ijiw  and  I'URtom,  p.  7(1. 

1  i),   rtrfr.     Ill   an   ag- 

'>r  ni;niition. 

(  '   I",  ngnaliiin,  <  L. 
.    iiiiniili,]      1.    Ueln- 

■Mily  ;  deMcent  from  ii 
I  in  III!'  male  liiii':  iHh- 
li  iiM'linleN  disoont  in 

'null'  linen. 


Reverse. 


A^el  of  John  II,,  Kmij  of  France. 
(Size  of  the  original.] 


agnatically  ' 

mil 

agnati'  ; 

</./»./ 

lion 
corn  I' 
tin<  > 
Ik)II. 

I  b»"    •  • ■..n"ftliiu  atthrbiiikiit  Hie 

•lir«al<ir.»or>iiip  prn.  11^.  ,|  I,;  |||nilii<  tlwre  lay  a  iiyttom 


114 

of  atmation.  or  kinship  through  males  only,  such  as  now 
survives  in  the  Pinijab. 

Maiiw,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  118. 

2.  Alliance  or  relationship  generally ;  descent 
fiom  a  common  sovu'ce.     [Bare.] 

A-jnafion  may  be  toun<l  amongst  all  the  languages  in 
the  Northern  Hemisphere. 

Pownall.  Study  of  .\ntiqnities,  p.  108. 

agnel^t  (ag'uel),  n.     Obsolete  form  of  agnail. 
agnel2  (ag'uel;  F.  pron.  a-nyel'),  n.      [<  OF. 

(ignel  (F.  tujneaii).  a  lamb,  an  agnel,  <  L.  agiiel- 

lu)<.  dim.  of  agiiiis,  a 

lamb:     see    iiijniis.} 

A  French  gold  coin 

beai'ing  a  figiu'c  of 

the    jmschal    lamb, 

first  issued  l>y  Louis 

IX.,  and  not  struck 

after  Charles  IX.   Its 

original  weight  w-as  from 

62.5  to  04.04  grains,  but 

after  the  reign  of  .Tohn  II. 

it  gradually  fell  to  about 

38.7  grains. 

agni, «.    Pliu'alofm/- 

//  IIS. 

agnitiont  (ag-uish'- 

on),  H.  [<  L.  agni- 
iio{n-),  <  agnitii.i,  pp. 
otagnosccre,  also«f/- 
gnoscere,  adnofCrn , 
iaiow  as  having  seen 
before,  recognize, 
acknowledge,  <  ad, 
to,  +  'gnoscere,  '«os- 
ocre.know:  see  know. 
Cf.  agiioiiini.l  Ae- 
kuowledgmcnt. 

agnize  (ag-niz'),  v.  t. 

[<   L.   agnoscere,    in 

imitation  of  cognise, 

ult.   (through  F.)  < 

Jj.  cognosccre :  seeagnition.'l     To  acknowledge ; 

own;  recognize.     [Bate.] 

I  do  a  finite 
.\  natural  and  lu'ompt  alacrity 
I  And  in  hardness.  .sViiifr.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

Doubtless  you  have  already  set  me  down  in  your  mind 
as  .  .  .  a  votary  of  tlie  desk — a  notched  and  erupt  scriven- 
er—  one  that  sucks  his  sustemmce,  .as  certain  sick  i>eople 
are  said  to  do,  through  a  quill.  "Well,  I  do  nrmize  some- 
thing of  the  sort.  Lamb,  Elia,  I.  ii.  11. 

agnoea  (ag-ue'it),  ».  [NL.,  <  6r.  a.)voia,  want 
of  jierception,  ignorance,  <  *u)too£',  not  know- 
ing, <  (i-  priv.  +  ''■)v6og,  roof,  contr.  vof'f,  per- 
ception, mind,  akin  to  E.  knoie :  see  nous  and 
Inow.']  In  jiathiil.,  the  state  of  a  patient  who 
does  not  recognize  persons  or  things. 

Agnoet3ev(ag-no-e'te),  n.  pi.  [ML.;  also  im- 
))rop.  .Ignoitir;  <  (ir.  '.Ajtoz/to/, heretics  so  named, 
<  iq-Doai;  he  ignorant,  <  "I'lyvooc,  not  knowing: 
see  agnaa.]  1.  A  Christian  sect  of  tlie  fourth 
century,  which  denied  the  omniscience  of  the 
Supreme  Being,  maintaining  that  Cod  knows 
the  past  only  by  nieiiiory.  and  llie  future  only 
by  inference  from  the  present. —  2.  A  sect 
of  the  sixth  century,  followers  of  Themistiiis, 
deacon  of  Alexandria,  who,  on  the  autliority  of 
Mark  xiii.  :W  (  "But  of  that  day  and  that  hour 
knowelh  no  man,  .  .  .  neither  the  Son,  but  tin' 
Father"),  held  that  Christ,  as  man,  was  ignorant 
of  many  things,  and  specifically  of  the  time  of 
I  lie  day  '>(  judgment. 

Olhi'i'  I'dniis  arc  .lgni)i'l(r  a\\i\  .tgiioi'trs. 

Agnoete,  Agnoite  (ag'no-et,  -it),  «.    One  of  the 

.X^'U.irlie. 

agnoetism  (ag-no-e'tizm).  n.  [<  Agnoftw  + 
-i.-iii. )     Tho  doctrinal  system  of  tlie  AgnoetiP. 

agnoiology  (ug-noi-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Better  'iig- 
iiniiliigi/,  {  (ir,  ii)yi)ia,  igmirauce  (see  agnnii), 
+  -h)}'iu,  <  '/.iyiiv,  speak  of:  see  -ohgi/.l  In 
metaiih.,  the  doctrine  or  theory  of  ignoruiice, 
which  seeks  to  determine  what  we  nro  neces- 
sarily ignorant  of. 

We  must  examiiK'  anil  lU  what  Ignorance  it  what  we 
are,  ami  can  be.  ignorant  of.  And  thus  we  are  throun 
upon  an  entirely  new  researcli,  eonslllilllrig  anlntermedl 
atu  Heetlon  ot  phlloHiiphv,  which  we  term  the  lUlimiulnini, 
.  .  .  the  theory  of  true  (giiorance. 

Fcrrier,  ln«t.  of  .MctaphyiiiM,  p.  fd. 

Agnoite,  ".     Set"  .igno'rtc. 

agnomen  (ag-iio'iiien),  ».;  pi.  rtf/HO»ii«n  (-nom  - 
i-iiij).  [L.,  also  adniimin  (mhi-),  <  iid,  to,  + 
'iinonirii,  tinmen,  iianie(=K.  inline),  <  'gnoserii; 
iiiixrere,  know,  =  K.  /.Hrtir.J  An  iidililional  name 
given  by  the  UomniiH  1o  an  individual  in  iilln- 
nion  (o  Home  tiiinlily,  ciri'innMtiiiK'e,  or  iichieve- 
tiienl  liy  wliii'li  he  was  dlHlingiiisJicd,  lis  .ll'ri- 
rrt«ii/((id'loil  lo  till'  nanii'  of  1'.  (  nnioliiis  S<'ipio; 
lieiiee,  in  modeni  u.hc,  any  addilionnl  nnno-  <ir 
epithet  eoufvrred  on  n  penioii. 


agnus 

agnomical  (ag-u6'mi-kal),  (1.  [<Gr.  u-  priv.  + 
yvuu>i,  thought,  pm'pose :  see  gnome,  gnomic.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  absence  of  set  purpose 
or  intention.     X.  E.  />. 

agnomina,  «.    Plmal  of  «r/«o!Hff«. 

agnominai  lag-nom'i-ual),  a.  [<  agnomen  {ag- 
Hiiniiii-)  +  -III.]   Of  or  pertaining  to  an  agnomen. 

agnominatet  (ag-nom'i-nat),   c.   t.     [<  L.  'ag- 
nominai IIS,  pp.   of  'agnuminare,  implied  in  ag- 
nomiiuitio:  see  agnomination.}     To  name. 
The  [lowing  ciu'rent's  silver  streams  .  .  . 
shall  be  a-iiwminatfit  by  our  name.       Locnnc,  ill.  2. 

agnomination  (ag-uom-i-na'shon),  h.    [<  L. 

agiuiiiiiinitiii{ii-),  adnominaliii(n-),  paronomasia, 
<  ^itgilominai'e,  <  (id,  to,  +  ^giiiniiiiiare,  iitimiiiitre, 
name.]  1.  An  additional  name  or  title;  a  name 
added  to  another,  as  expressive  of  some  act, 
achievement,  etc. ;  a  surname.—  2.  Resem- 
blance in  soimd  between  one  word  and  another, 
especially  by  alliteration  ;  also,  the  practice  of 
using  in  close  proximity  to  one  another  words 
which  resemble  each  other  in  sound  (see  an- 
nomiiiiiliiiii):  as,  "Scott  of  Scotstarvet's  Stag- 
gering State  of  Scots  Statesmen." 

Our  bards  .  .  .  hold  rt//;(o»n'H(i/i(oi.s- and  enforcing  of  con- 
son.ant  words  or  syllables  one  ui>on  the  other  to  be  the 
greatest  elegance.  ...  So  have  I  seen  divers  old  rhymes 
in  Italian  running  so :  .  .  .  "In  selva  salvo  a  me;  Pin 
earo  eilore."  Ilou'ell,  Letters,  i.  40. 

agnostic  (ag-nos'tik),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  aynuaroc, 
unknowing,  unknown,  unknowable,  <  li-  priv., 
not,  +  ;  nj(77d(-,  later  form  of  -)vu7ik,  known,  to 
be  known  (cf.  -}vi,ii7riKui-,  good  at  knowing), 
verbal  adj.  of  ■)i-}vu-(7k-£iv,  know,  =L.  "gno-se- 
ere,  uo-,ic-ere  =  Y,.  know:  see  o-l8  and  gnostic. 
The  word  agnostic  was  "  suggested  by  Prof. 
Huxley  .  .  ."  iu  LSGi).  ...  He  took  it  from  St. 
Panl'sinention  of  the  altar  to  'the  Unknown 
God'  [iljrijoT^  Oc^,  Acts  xvii.  23].  E.  H.  Hut- 
ton,  in  letter,  .  .  .  1881."  N.  E.  D.]  I.  n.  One 
of  a  class  of  thinkers  who  disclaim  any  know- 
ledge of  God  or  of  the  ultimate  natm'e  of  things. 
They  hold  that  human  knowledge  is  limited  to  experience, 
and'that  since  the  absolute  and  unconditioned,  if  it  exists 
at  all,  cannot  fall  within  experience,  we  have  no  right  to 
assert  anything  whatever  with  regard  to  it. 

1  only  said  I  invented  the  word  a;/iioKtic. 

Uiixh'ti,  London  Academy,  Nov.  24,  1883. 

While  the  ohl  .\theist  sheltered  his  vice  behind  a  ram- 
]iart  of  unbelief  where  no  appeals  eould  reach  him,  the 
new  AijnoMic  lionestly  maintains  that  his  opinions  are  the 
very  best  foundations  of  virtue. 

F.  I'.  Ciihhc,  Peak  in  Darien,  p.  ;i. 

II.  ".  Pertaining  to  the  agnostics  or  tlieir 
doctrines;  exjiressing  ignorance  or  nuknow- 
ableness. 

That  bohl  thinker  in  the  third  century,  Oleuu'iit  of 
.-\lexandria.  declares  .  .  .  that  the  process  of  thcologl^  is, 
witli  regard  t<»  its  doctrine  of  tJod,  negative  and  ainmslic, 
always  "setting  forth  what  (lod  is  not,  rather  than  what 
he  is."  Po/i.  Sci.  .Wo.,  .\.\V.  7S. 

agnostically  (ag-nos'1i-kal-i).  adr.  In  an  ag- 
iiosl  ic  nKinner;  fi'om  an  agnostic  point  of  view; 
willi  a  tendency  or  inclination  to  agnosticism; 
as  an  agntfstic. 

agnosticism  (ag-nos'ti-sizm),  n.  [<.agniistic  + 
-ism.]  1.  The  doctrines  of  the  agnostics;  the 
doctrine  tliat  the  ultimate  cause  and  the  es- 
sential nature  of  things  are  unknowable,  or  at 
least  unknown. 

Ity  .Isinostici.'iin  T  understand  a  theory  of  things  which 
abstains  from  either  alllrming  <ir  denying  the  e.vistcncc  of 
Ood.  It  thus  ri'pi'eseids,  witli  regard  to  'rheism,  a  state 
of  Kiispemled  judgment;  and  all  il  uiMleilakes  toaltlrm  is. 
t  but.  upon  existing  evidence.  I  hi'  being  of  (ioii  is  unknown. 
Iliil  the  tei-ni  A-iiiu!tli'fisiii  is  frriinenlly  used  in  a  "idely 
ditrerent  Nclisc,  as  iinpl>ilig  belief  that  tbi'  being  of  ijod 
Is  not  merely  now  unknown,  but  most  alua.xs  i'<'iuain  nil- 
kllowable.  (r.  ./.  liniinltn-M,  t'olileliipoiiiiy  llev.,  L.  59. 

2.    Itilicf  in  the  doctrines  of  the  agnostics. 

Agnostus  (ag-nos'tiis),  ».  [NL.,  <  (ir.  (l)i'(.«ror, 
unkniiwn:  see  ngniislic.']  A  genus  of  trilobiles 
of  till'  liiiwer  Silurian  rocks:  so  calli'd  hecunso 
of  I  111'  iinccrtaiiil  y  at  I  aching  to  il  s  t  nio  a.llinil  ii^s. 
TIie>  lire  of  siiiall  «l/.e  iiiid  soincwli.'d  seiiiieireiiltir  form, 
and  II  bus  bi'eii  snpposeil  thai  they  may  be  the  larval  form 
of  Ki'iiie  oilier  alilliial. 

Agnotherium  (ag-no-the'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  short 
tor  'iiiiiiiisliillieriiim,  <  (ir.  oji'tjaror,  nnknown 
(see  agniistie),  +  Ihi/iiov,  a  wild  lu'iisl,  <  Ih/p,  il 
wild  beast.]  A  genus  of  extinct  iiiamimils  of 
uncirliiin  afllniticH.  I(  is  idintilieil  by  somo 
Willi  Ilie  nniiihicyoii  (wliicli  see),      liiinii, 

agnua  (ng'ims),  ». ;  pi.  agni  (-iii).  [L.,  a  lamb, 
]ii'rliiips  for  'aiignus,  lit.  'sheep-borii,'  <  'am.i, 
iildor  form  of  oris,  a  sheep  (=  Ski.  <ivi  =  {iv. 
'I'll-ir,  'liFii;,  oif  =  E.  ewe,  <|.  v. ;  cf.  also  Gr.  I'l/iviii;, 
a  lamb,  for  'iiFiWn;  proji.  ailj.,  <  "iiFi-  +  -I'of ).  + 
-gnus  (cf.  benign,  niiilign),  -griius  (see  -geiiiin.i), 
<y/^giii,  licgel,  hear.)  1.  .\ii  iiiiiige  or  repre- 
Nentalioii  of  a  lamb  as  eiiililematical  nf  ClirisI; 
uii  Agnus  Dei  (soo  below). 


agnus 

They  will  kiss  a  crucifix,  salute  a  cross,  carry  most  de- 
voutly a  scapulary,  an  anni"^,  or  a  set  of  beads  about  them. 
lireeint,  Saul  and  Samuel  at  Eiulor,  p.  a31. 

2.  [cap.]  In  ~ooL :  (a)  A  genus,  of  beetles. 
BurmeisU:r^  1847.  (/>)  A  geuus  of  fishes.  Giin- 
ther,  1860. -Agnus  castus  tl<iis'tus).  (L.,  supposed  to 
mean  'chaste  lainb'  0"-'"^'^  tr.  into  C!.  kcuscMainin),  but 
annus  is  lieie  only  a  transliteration  of  ayi'os,  the  Greek 
name  t»f  tbr  tree,  and  L.  cnntiwi,  chaste,  is  added  in  allusion 
to  its  iniaj;incd  virtue  of  preserving;  chastity,  from  the  re- 
semldance  of  the  Greek  name  aveo-;  to  ayvo'i,  chaste.)  A 
disajirecably  aromatic  shrub  or  small  tree  of  the  genus 
Vitex,  I'.  A'lnii'f-casttts,  natiu-al  order  Verbenacea:.  It  has 
digitate  leaves  and  spikes  of  purplish-blue  tlowers,  and  is 
native  in  the  countries  around  the  ilediterrauean.  Also 
called  f/ias(t;-(rt'ri  and  Abraham' s-balm. 

The  herbe  A</nu9  cactus  is  always  grene,  and  the  flowre 
therof  is  namly  callyd  Agmis  castuji,  for  wyth  smelle  and 
vse  it  nuikyth  men  chaste  as  a  lombe. 
Trevim,  tr.  of  Barth.  Ang.  de  P.  K.,  xvii.  GV2.    (.V.  E.  D.) 
And  wreaths  of  Agnus-castus  others  bore  ; 
These  last,  wlm  with  those  virgin  crowns  were  drest, 
Appeard  in  higher  liunuur  than  the  rest. 

JJnjden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  172. 

Agnus  Dei  (de'i).  [LL.,  Lamb  of  God.j  (a)  Any  image 
VI'  representation  of  a  lamb  as  emblematical  of  Christ ; 


Agnus  Dei 
(From  the  Campanile  of  Giotto  Florence  ) 

specfflcally,  such  a  representation  with  the  nimbus  in- 
scribed with  the  cross  aboufej^ts  head,  and  supporting  the 
banner  of  the  cross,  (b)  One  of  the  titles  of  Christ.  John 
i.  29.  (<■)  lu  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ck.  :  (1)  A  waxen  medallion 
blessed  by  the  pope  and  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  lamb 
bearing  tlie  banner  of  the  cross.  It  is  worn  by  Roman 
Catholics  as  a  supi)licatioa  to  be  preserved  from  evil  by 
the  merits  of  the  Lamb  of  God.  Anciently  these  cakes  of 
wax  were  often  mounted  or  inclosed  in  precious  metals, 
etc.,  but  this  is  not  now  permitted.  Relics  of  the  saints 
were  sometimes  preserved  within  them.  (2)  A  prayer,  be- 
ginning with  these  words,  said  by  the  priest  at  mass  sliortly 
before  the  communion,  (d)  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  the  cloth  bear- 
ing the  figure  of  a  lamb 
which  covers  the  com- 
munion st-rvicf.  -  Ag- 
nus Scythicus  (sith'- 
i-kus).  tile  Scytliian  or 
Tatarian  lamb,  a  fab- 
ulous creature,  half 
animal,  half  plant, 
formerly  believei  to 
inhabit  the  plains  bor- 
dering upon  the  Vol- 
ga; in  reality,  the 
shaggy  rhizome  of  the 
fern  Dicksonia  Baro- 
metz,  which  when  in- 
verted and  suitably 
trimmed  somewhat  re- 
sembles a  small  lamb. 

ago,  agone  (a-go', 

a-gou'),  a.  and 
adv.  [<  ME.  ago, 
agoriy  agoou,  pp.  of  agon,  <  AS.  dgdn,  go  away, 
pass  away,  go  forth,  come  to  pass  (=  G.  ergehetij 
come  to  pass;  cf.  OS.  dgaugan,  go  by,  =Goth. 
usgaggan,  go  forth),  <  a-  +  gdu,  go:  see  fl-1  and 
go.  The  form  agone  is  now  obsolete  or  archa- 
ic.] I,  a.  Gone;  gone  by;  gone  away;  past; 
passed  away:  always  after  the  noun. 
Of  this  world  the  feyth  is  all  agon. 

Chaucer^  Troilus,  ii.  410. 
Yonder  woman,  sir,  you  must  know  was  the  wife  of  a 
certain  learned  man  .  .  .  who  had  long  dwelt  in  Amster- 
dam, whence,  some  good  time  aijone,  he  was  minded  to 
cross  over  and  cast  in  \\\s  lot  with  us  of  the  Massachusetts. 
Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  iii. 

II.  adv.    In  past  time ;   in  time  gone  by : 
only  in  the  phrase  long  ago. 

O  brother,  had  you  known  our  mighty  hall, 
Wliich  Slerlin  built  for  Arthur  lon<i  ago  ! 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

agog  i^'^o^'), prep.  phi',  as  adv.  or  a.  [Former- 
ly OH  gog,  on  gogge,  perhaps  <  OF.  en  gognes  : 
*'  estre  en  ses  gognes,  to  be  frolick,  lusty,  lively, 
wanton,  gamesome,  all  a  hoit,  in  a  pleasant 
humour;  in  a  vein  of  mirth,  or  in  a  merry  mood" 
(lit.  be  in  his  glee),  '*  gogucs,  jollity,  glee,  joy- 
fulness,  light-neartedness"  (Cotgi-ave),  in  sing. 
gogu€j  mirth,  glee  (Roquefort),  "5e  goguer,  to 


Agnus  Scythicus 
{Dicksonia  Barot/tetz). 


115 

bo  most  frolick,  lively,  blithe,  crank,  merry," 
etc.  (Cotgrave) ;  origin  uncertain.   The  W.  ijon, 
activity,  velocity,  ijofii,  agitate,  shake,  appear 
to  bo  unoriginal,  and  may  be  from  K.]     Iji  a 
state  of  eager  desire ;  highly  excited  by  eager- 
ness or  curiosity ;  astir. 
Or  at  the  least  yt  setts  the  harte  on  fjofuj.       Gascoi'jnc. 
Cotton  .Matlier  eaiiie  ^alloijiiiK  down 
All  the  way  to  Newhuiy  town, 
With  his  eyes  a'jotj  and  Ills  ears  set  wide. 

Wliittier,  Douljle-heaiied  Snake. 

agoggled  (a-gog'ld),  a.    [<  a-  (expletive)  + 
{lii<l<il<il,  q.  v.]     Staring;  having  staling  eyes, 
[liiire.] 
A  man  a  little  atio'ighd  in  his  eyes. 

A.  LdiihUm,  Trad.  Scot.  Life,  p.  8.     (,N.  E.  D.) 

agometer  (a-gom'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  ayea; 
lead,  draw,  weigh,  +  /lirpov,  measure.]  A  form 
of  rlieostat.  A  mcrcun/  agometer  is  an  instrnnient  for 
measuring  electrical  resistances,  or  for  varying'  the  re- 
sistance of  a  circuit,  hy  means  of  a  mercury  column  wiiose 
length  may  Ije  adjusted  as  required. 

Agomphia  (a-gom'fi-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  jjl. 
ot  iii/iiiiqiliiun:  sec  a(}(>mphious.'\  A  name  given 
by  Ehrenberg  to  those  rotifers  which  have  tooth- 
less jaws.     [Not  in  use.] 

agomphian  (a-gom'fi-iin),  n.  One  of  theAgoni- 
lihiii. 

agomphiasis  (a-gom-fi'a-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayojKjuoq  (see  agomphious)  +  -iasis.']  Looseness 
of  the  teeth. 

agomphious(a-gom'fi-us),  a.  l<.'Nli.(if/omph)>(s, 

<  Gr.  «;  6/j(pioi;  without  grinders,  <  a-  priv.  +  ;  o/j- 
<j>iuc,  prop.  adj.  (sc.oiiocf,  tooth),  a  grinder-tooth, 
a  molar.]     Toothless.    A^  E.  D. 

agon't.     An  obsolete  form  of  ayo. 

agon-f  (ag'on),  «.:  pi.  (((/ohcs  (a-go'nez).  [<Gr. 
(i)(ji',  contest:  see  afioiii/.']  In  Or.  antiq.,  a  con- 
test for  a  prize,  whether  of  athletes  iu  the  games 
or  of  poets,.musicians,  painters,  and  the  like. 

agonei,  ,j.  and  adv.     See  arjo. 

agone-  (ag'on),  «.  [<  Gr.  ayuvoq,  without  an 
angle,  <  ii-  priv.  -t-  yuvia,  angle:  see  (/OHionictcr, 
triffoiionietnj,  etc.'}   An  agonic  line.   Seeagonic. 

agonic  (a-gon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ayovo^,  without  an 
angle:  see  <i(io)ie".}  Not  forming  an  angle. — 
Agonic  line,  an  irre^iular  line  connectio'^  tliose  imints  on 
the  eartlis  suiface  where  the  deelinatiun  of  tlie  maiinetic 
needle  is  zero,  that  is,  where  it  points  to  the  true  north, 
and  consequently  does  not  form  an  angle  with  the  geo- 
graphical meridian.  Tliere  are  two  principal  agonic  lines : 
one,  called  tlie  Aiurn'mn  a<fnne,  is  in  the  western  hemi- 
sphere, and  passes  tmitlnvai-d  tlirough  the  eastern  part 
of  Brazil,  North  t'ari'lina,  \'irginia,  Ohio,  Liike  Erie,  and 
British  America.  Tlie  other,  called  the  Asuitic  agone,  is 
in  the  eastern  hemisphere,  and  traverses  western  Australia, 
tile  Indian  ocean,  Persia,  and  Russia,  toward  the  magnetic 
north  pole.  A  third  aironic  line,  having  the  form  of  an 
oval  curve,  incloses  a  part  of  eastern  Asia.  The  ago;iic 
lines  are  continually  changing  their  position ;  that  in  the 
eastern  United  States  has  been  moving  slowly  westward 
since  the  beginning  of  this  century.  See  declination  and 
isogonk. 

agonid  (a-gon'id),  71.  One  of  the  fishes  form- 
ing the  family  Agoiiidw. 

Agonidse  (a-gon'i-de),  n.  pi.  {i^li.,  <  Agoniis 
+  -i(Uv.'\  A  family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes, 
exemplified  by  the  genus  Agoutis. 

Agoninae  (ag-o-ni'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,<  J.i;oHHs  -1- 
-/»(('.]  Asubfamilyof  the  JjrowKte,  having  two 
dorsal  fins,  the  spinous  being  well  developed. 

agonise,  agonisingly.   See  agonize,  agotdzingly. 

agonist  (ag'o-nist),  11.  [<  L.  agoiiistaj  <  Gr. 
ayuvia-i/Q,  contestant,  pleader,  actor,  <  a)wwCE- 
a&a;,  contend,  etc. :  seti  ugotiize.  Ct.itnUigunist, 
protagonist.']  1.  One  who  contends  for  the 
prize  in  public  games;  a  combatant;  a  cham- 
pion ;  a  dramatic  actor.  Also  called  agonister. 
— 2.  {cap>.'\  One  of  a  violent  party  of  Donatists 
in  northern  Africa  in  the  foiu-th  century. 

agonistarch  (ag-o-nis'tiirk),  n.  [<  L.  agonis- 
tarcha  (in  an  inscription),  <  Gr.  *a)uvtaTnpxii':, 

<  ayuvta-K  (see  agonist)  +  apxctv,  rule,  govern.] 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  one  who  trained  persons  to  com- 
pete in  public  games  and  contests. 

agonistert  (ag'o-nis-ter),  11.     l<flgonist  +  -crl. 

Cf.  aiiphistcr.']     Same  as  agonist,  1. 
agonistic  (ag-o-nis'tik),  a.     [<  ML.  agonisticus, 

<  Gr.  a}<jviaTiK6c,  <  ayuviarr/^,  agonist:  see  ago- 
nist.] 1.  Pertaining  to  contests  of  strength  or 
athletic  combats,  or  to  contests  of  any  kind,  as 
a  forensic  or  argumentative  contest. 

The  silver  krater  dveii  by  Acliilles  as  an  agonistic  prize 
at  the  funeral  of  Patroklos,  which,  as  the  poet  tells  us, 
was  made  by  the  .Sidonians,  and  brought  over  the  sea  by 
the  Phmnicians.    C.  T.  Xewton,  Art  and  Archa;ol.,  p.  289. 

2.  Combative ;  polemic ;  given  to  contending. 
Two  conrhctiii-'  tvnutistic  elements  seem  to  have  con- 
tended ill  tile  man,  sometimes  pulling  him  dilterent  ways, 
like  wild  horses. 

Walt  Whitman,  in  Essays  from  The  Critic,  p.  32. 

3.  Strained;  aiming  at  effect;  melodramatic. 
X.  E.  D. 


agony 

agonistical  (ag-o-nis'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  ago- 

nislir. 

agonistically  (ag-o-nis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
agonistic  manner.     [Rare.] 

agonistics  (ag-o-uis'tiks),  n.  [PI.  of  agonistic  : 
see  -(cs-.J  Tlie  art  or  science  of  contending  in 
public  games  or  other  athletic  contests. 

agonizant  (ag-o-ni'zant),  II.  [<  ML.  agoni- 
ziiii{l-)s,  ppr.  oi  agoniitirc:  see  agonize.']  One 
of  a  Koman  Catholic  confraternity  wliose  chief 
duty  it  is  to  offer  prayers  for  the  dying,  and 
more  especially  to  assist  and  pray  for  criminals 
under  sentence  of  death. 

agonize  (ag'o-niz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  agonized, 
ppr.  iigiiiiiziiig.  [<  F.  ugoniscr,  <  M  L.  iigonrjitre, 
labor,  strive,  contend,  beat  the  point  of  death, 
<  Gr.  iiyuviC,£a6ai,  contend  for  a  prize,  fight, 
struggle,  exert  one's  self,  <  iiyuv,  a  contest  for 
a  prize,  etc.  See  agony,  from  which  the  stronger 
sense  of  agonize  is  imported.]  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  struggle  ;  wrestle,  as  in  the  arena;  hence, 
to  make  great  effort  of  any  kind. — 2.  To  writhe 
with  extreme  pain;  suffer  violent  anguish. 

To  smart  and  agonise  at  every  pore. 

PojM,  Essay  on  Man,  i,  198. 

II.    trans.     To  distress  with  extreme  pain; 
torture. 
He  agonized  his  mother  by  his  behaviour.      Thackeray. 
Also  spelled  agonise. 
agonizingly  (ag'o-ni-zing-li),  adv.     In  an  ago- 
nizing nKinner;  with  extreme  anguish.     Also 
spelled  (igonisinghj. 
Agonoderus  (ag-o-nod'e-ms),  H.  [NL., <  Gr.  ayu- 
vor,  witliout  angle,  +  dip//,  tkipi/,  neck,  throat.] 
A    genus    of   Cara- 
hidie,   comprising  a 
moderate      number 
of   species   of   very 
small    or    medium- 
sized  beetles  pecu- 
liar   to     temperate 
America.      It   is   not 
nailily  defined  either  by 
stnii  turalcharacterorby 
general  appearance,  and 
the  smaller  species,  which 
are    of    nearly    uniform 
light-brown  or  testaceous 
color,  are  very  difficult 
to  distinguish  from  simi- 
larly colored  species  of 
other  genera.  A.pallipes 
(Fabricius),    one  of    the 
commonest    species,    is 
about  a  ipiarter  of  an  inch  long,  and  of  a  pale-yellowish 
color.     Its  elytra  have  a  wide  black  stripe,  divided  by  the 
suture ;  tlie  disk  of  the  prothorax  is  usually  marked  with  a 
large  black  spot,  and  the  head  is  always  black.    Most  of 
the  species  in  the  United  States  are  cvtremely  abundant, 
especially  in  moist  places,  and  are  readily  attracted  by  light 
Nothing  is  known  of  their  earlier  stages. 

agonoid  (ag'o-noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Agonns  +  -oid.] 

1.  0.  Having  the  characters  of  the  Agoiiidw. 
II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  J(/0HJf7ff';  an  agonid. 

agonothete  (a-go'no-thet),  n.  [<  L.  agonotheta 
and  agonothetes,  <  Gr.  dyuvodcTric,  <  ayuv,  contest, 
-t-  TiJii-vai,  place,  appoint:  see  theme,  thesis, 
etc.]  One  of  the  oflieials  who  presided  over 
public  games  in  ancient  Greece  and  awarded 
the  prizes. 

agonotbetic  (a-go-no-thet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ayuvo- 
teri/idf,  <  iiyuvodirr/c.  see  agonothete.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  office  of  agonothete. 

Agonus  (ag'o-nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -l- 
jcii!',  knee  (taken  in  the  sense  of  'joint'),  =  E. 
hnce.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 
Agonidw,  Bloch,  1801.  Also  called  Asjyido- 
phortis.  A.  cataphractus  {Asji.  etiropwus)  is  the 
sea-poacher  or  pogge. 

agony  (ag'o-ni),  H. ;  pi.  agonies  (-niz).  (^<  ME. 
agonie,  <  OlT.  agonic,  <  LL.  agonia,  <  Gr.  ayuvia, 
a  contest,  struggle,  agony,  orig.  a  contest  for  a 
prize  at  the  pubhe  games,  <  a}uv,  a  contest, 
WTCstle,  a  place  of  contest,  an  assembly  (see 
agoifi),  <  ayeiv,  assemble,  bring  together,  lead, 
drive,  move,  etc.,  =L.  agere:  see  agent,  act,  etc. 
Cf.  agonize,  eta.]  1.  A  violent  contest  or  strug- 
gle.    [Rare.] 

Till  he  have  thus  denudated  himself  of  all  these  incum- 
brances, he  is  utterly  umjualilled  for  these  agonies. 

Decay  of  Christ.  Piety,  p.  408. 

2.  The  struggle,  frequently  unconscious,  that 
often  precedes  natural  death:  in  this  sense  of- 
ten used  in  tlie  plural :  as_,  he  is  in  the  agonits  of 
death. — 3.  Extreme,  and  generally  prolonged, 
bodily  or  mental  pain;  intense  suffering;  hence, 
intense  mental  excitement  of  any  kind:  as,  the 
agony  of  suspense  or  uncertainty. 

A  great  agony 
Of  hope  strove  in  her. 

W.  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  316. 


Agonodcrits  dorsalis  (I-e  Conte). 
Vertical  line  shows  natural  size. 


agony 

A  solitary  shriek,  the  bubbling  cry 
Of  some  strung  swimmer  in  his  affony. 

Bifron,  Don  Juan,  ii  53. 

Continued  affony  Is  followed  byexhaustion,  which  in  fee- 
ble persons  may  be  fataL  B.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  29. 
4.  In  a  special  sense,  the  sufferings  of  Christ  in 
the  garden  of  Gethsemane — Agony  colmnn,  the 
coluuin  of  a  newspaper  which  contains  advertiseJiients 
relating  to  lost  relatives  and  friends  and  other  personal 
matters :  so  called  from  the  apparent  distress  of  the  adver- 
tisere.  [English,  and  chietly  in  London. ]  =  Syn.  3.  A'jony, 
AntniiJih,  Pann.  Torture,  Torment,  throe,  paroxysm,  ache. 
These  all  denote  forms  of  excruciating  pain  of  the  body 
or  the  mind.  Aqonxi  is  pain  so  extreme  as  to  cause  strug- 
gling; it  is  general  rather  than  local  pain.  AnguUh  is, 
in  the  body,  commonly  local,  as  the  amjuish  of  amputa- 
tion, and  transient.  Pann  is  brief  and  intemuttent ;  it 
is  a  paroxj'sni,  spasm,  throe,  tlmll,  or  tlu-ob  of  pain ;  in 
the  mind  there  may  be  the  pangs  of  remembrance,  etc., 
and  in  the  body  the  jxtngs  of  hunger,  etc.  The  agoniea  or 
pangmtf  dissolution  ;  the  angui/ih  of  a  fresh  bereavement. 
Torture  and  torment  are  by  derivation  pains  that  seem  to 
wTench  or  rack  the  body  or  mind ;  they  are  the  most  power- 
ful of  these  «  ords.  Torment  expresses  a  more  permanent 
state  than  tor^Mre.     See  pain. 

The  octopus  had  seized  his  left  arm,  causing  dreadful 
agony  by  the  fastening  of  its  suckers  upon  the  limb. 

P,  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  viL 

One  fire  burns  out  another's  burning, 
One  paiu  is  lessen'd  by  another's  anguish, 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  2. 

That  last  glance  of  love  which  becomes  the  sharpest 
pang  of  sorrow.  George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xliii. 

Suspense  in  news  is  torture;  speak  them  out. 

Hilton,  S.  A.,  1.  1569. 

O,  that  torment  should  not  be  confined 
To  the  bodV's  wounds  and  sores ! 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  606. 

agOOdt  (a-^J'))  pre]),  jihr.  as  adr.     [<  aS,  on, 
in,  +  good.    Cf.  the  phrase  in  yood  earnest.^    In 
earnest;  heartily. 
I  made  her  weep  a-good.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  4. 

The  world  laughed  agood  at  these  jests. 


116 

family  Sdlenodontidce.  it  is  so  puzzling  to  natural- 
ists that  it  has  received  the  name  of  S.  paradoxus.  It  has 
the  fur,  ears,  and  tail  of  the  opossum,  but  the  teeth  and 
elongated  nose  of  the  slirew.  Its  feet  tenninate  in  Uve 
toes,  and  the  long  claws  are  curved  and  evidently  adapted 
for  scraping  in  the  earth.  The  dentitior  .is  unique,  the 
groonng  of  the  second  incisor  of  the  lower  jaw  distinguish- 
ing this  genus  from  all  others  whose  dental  system  is 
kno>vn.  It  is  of  the  size  of  a  rat,  and  not  unlike  one  in 
general  appearance.  .See  almiqui  and  Solenodon. 
agouti  (a-go'ti),  «.  [<F.  agouti,  acoiiti,  <  Sp. 
agiiii,  <  aguti,  acuti,  the  native  Anier.  name.] 


Agouti  t,Dasyprocta  agvuti). 

The  American  name  of  several  species  of  rodent 
mammals  of  the  genus  Dasijprocta  and  family 
Daayproctidw.  The  common  agouti,  or  yellow-rumped 
cavyi  D.  agouti,  is  of  the  size  of  a  rabbit.  The  upper  part 
of  the  body  is  brownish,  with  a  mixture  of  red  and  black ; 
the  belly  yellowish.  Three  varieties  are  mentioned,  all 
peculiar  to  South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  It  bur- 
rows in  the  ground  or  in  hollow  trees,  lives  on  vegetables, 
doing  much  injury  to  the  sugar-cane,  is  as  voracious  as  a 
pig,  and  makes  a  similar  grunting  noise.  It  holds  its  food 
in  its  fore  paws,  like  a  scpiirrel.  When  scared  or  angry 
its  hair  becomes  erect,  and  it  strikes  the  ground  with  its 
hind  feet.  Its  flesh  is  white  and  of  agreeable  taste,  and 
the  animal  is  pursued  as  game  in  Brazil.  Also  spelled 
aguti  and  agoutg.     See  acouchy  and  Dasyprocta. 


agree 

agraphic  (a-graf'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  char- 
acterized by  agraphia. 

agrappe  (a-grap'),  ».     Same  as  agraffe,  1. 

agrarian  (a-gi"a'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  agra- 
rius,  <  f((/(T.  iield,  country,  land,  =  E.  acre.  q.  v.; 
agrarian  Icgc.i,  la-svs  relating  to  the  liivision  of 
the  public  lands  among  the  poorer  citizens ; 
agrarii,  n.  pi.,  those  who  favored  such  laws.] 

1.  a.  1.  Relatiug  to  lauds,  especially  public 
lands ;  pertaining  to  the  equal  or  uuifonn  diW- 
sion  of  laud. 

His  grace's  landed  possessions  are  irresistibly  inviting  to 
an  agrarian  experiment.  Burke. 

2.  Growing  in  fields ;  'wild :  said  of  plants. 

We  believe  that  the  charlock  is  only  an  agrarian  form 
of  Brassica. 

Prof.  Buckman,  Hep.  Brit.  Ass.  Adv.  of  Sci.,  18C1. 

3.  Rxu'al. — AgTEUlan  laws,  in  ancient  Rome,  laws 
regulating  the  distribution  of  the  public  lands  .among  the 
citizens  ;  hence,  in  modern  use,  laus  rtdatiiigt"  or  provid- 
ing for  changes  in  the  tenure  of  landed  property.— Agra- 
rian murder,  agrarian  outrage,  a  murder  or  an  outrage 
brouj^'ht  about  by  sunie  di>]iute  eoneeniiii'j:  the  occupancy 
of  land,  or  by  general  disc  intent  aninni;  tenants  or  the  runil 
classes.— Agrarian  region,  the  name  proposed  by  H.  O. 
Watsi  >ii  for  t  hat  alt  it  udinal  zone  of  vegetation  within  which 
giain  can  be  cultivated. 

II.  II.  1.  One  who  favors  an  equal  division 
of  property,  especially  landed  property,  among 
the  inhabitants  of  a  country,  or  a  change  in 
the  tenure  of  land.  Hence,  sometimes  applied  to  agi- 
tators accused  of  leveling  tendencies  or  of  hostile  designs 
against  the  ludilers  of  property,  as  to  certaiu  political  par- 
ties at  ditferent  times  in  the  United  States. 

The  new  party  [the  Equal  Rights  party,  18S6,  nicknamed 
Locofoctis]  was  arrayed  in  the  habiliments  of  a  real  bug- 
bear. Agrarians  wjis  tlie  accursed  name  to  be  fastened 
on  them,  and  to  make  them  an  abomination  in  the  eyes  of 
all  thosu  wiio  took  any  interest  in  law  or  social  order. 

//.  ro)i  Uolst,  Const.  Hist,  (trans.),  II.  397. 


■Jiniii'n,"isest  of  jiln'niesiTeos.   (,BaUiKeii.)  agracet,  V.  t.    See  aggrace. 

agraffe  (a-graf),  «.  [Also,  as  a  historical 
term,  agrappe,  aggrappe;  <  F.  agrafe,  formerly 
agraffe,  "agraphe,  a  clasp,  hook,  brace,  grap- 
ple, hasp  "  "(Cotgravo),  also  "agrappe  (Walloon 
agrap),  <  a-  +  grappe,  <  ML.  grappa,  <  OHU. 
ckrapfo,  G.  krajife,  a  hook:  see  grape,  graiiplc.'] 
1 .  A  clasp  or  hook,  used  in  armor  or  in  ordinary 
costume,  fastening  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
modern  nook  and  eye,  often  made  into  a  large 
and  rich  ornament  by  concealing  the  hook  itself 
beneath  a  jeweled,  engraved,  embossed,  or  cu- 


agora  (ag'o-ra),  n.     [<  Gr.  ayopa,  assembly,  mar- 
ket-place,'<  ayeipetv,  caU  together,  assemble.] 
In  ancient  Greece :  (a)  A  popular  political  as- 
sembly ;  any  meeting  of  the  people,  especially 
for  the  promulgation  or  discussion  of  laws  or 
public  measures.     Hence  — (ft)  The  chief  pul> 
lie  square  and  market-place  of  a  town,  in  which 
such  meetings  were  originally  held,  coirespoud- 
ing  to  the  Roman  forimi.     The  agora  usually  occu- 
pied the  site  about  the  original  public  fountain  or  well  of 
a  settlement,  which  w:is  the  natural  place  of  remnon  for 
the  inhabitant-s.     It  was  often  surrounded  by  colonnades 
and  public  buildings ;   sometimes  public  buildings  and 
temples  8t043d  within  it.     In  some  instances  a  large  open 
space  was  reserved  for  public  meetings,  and  the  renniin- 
der  was  variously  sulidivided  for  purposes  of  tratllc.    It 
was  customary  to  erect  in  the  agora  altars  to  the  gods 
and  statues  of  heroes  and  others,  and  sometimes,  as  at 
Athens,  it  was  adorned  with  alleys  of  trees. 
agoranome  (ag'o-ra-nom"),  II.     [<  L.  agorano- 
inu.t.<.  Gr.  ayopavd'/ior,  clerk  of  the  market,<  dyopa, 
market,  -t-  vi/utv,  manage,  rule.]     One  of  those 
magistrates  in  a  Greek  city  wlio  had  charge  of 
the  inspection  of  the  markets,  of  weights  and 
meaeures,  and  of  pttblic  health.     Their  func- 
tions  corresponded   to   those   of  the   Roman 
edilcs. 
agoraphobia  (ag'o-ra-fo'bi-ji),  «.     {<.Gt.  ayopa, 
markct-placo  (see  agora),  +  -<lio,3ia,  fear:   see 
-phobia.}     In  patliol.,  a  dread  of  crossing  open 
spaces,  such  as  open  squares,  city  parks,  etc. : 
a  fiiiturc  of  some  cases  of  neurasthenia, 
agostadero  (ii-go-stii-da'ro),  n.     [Sn.,  a  stim- 
mcr  ijastiire,  (.  agoslar,  pasture  cattle  on  stub- 
ble in  summer,  dial,  plow  in  August,  <  Agosto, 
August,  harvest-time,  liarv'cst.]     A  place  for 
pasturing  cattle.     [Usoil  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  settled  by  Spaniards.] 
agonara  fa-go-ii'rii),  «.     [Native  name  in  South 
Amiriia.]     A  sp<!cies  of  racoon,  /'roci/oii  caii- 
cricorn.-,,  about  llio  size  of  a  fo.\.      It  Is  a  native  of 
the  wamur  pari^  ..f  Ami-rirn,  and  eats  all  kinds  of  cms- 
l«c''ftn»  and  m'iliti.Wi,  marine  ami  terrestrial;  from  this 
It.tMf  It  [*  nl<t<>  I  iilled  the  erah-catiug  raemm. 

agoomenos  (a-gU'iuc-noB),  n.     Same  as  Iwgu- 

mi  nos. 


tkgotlta  (Nntiv.-  name 

oix-Uvi  ,.,1    pociijinr    to 

tyjio-memlMT  ul  Um  genua  Hotmodon  niid  of  the 


I.]     An  In- 
Ilriyli,   the 


Agr.tlFe  —  i  ith  rcnlury. 
The  plntc  Is  In  two  p.arts;  a  hook  behind  the  left.hnnd  piece  enters 
o  ring  Whind  the  other.    (From  Viollet.le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier 
fMn^nls." ) 

ameled  plate:  as,  "an  agraffe  set  witli  bril- 
liants," Scott,  Ivanhoe.  Mso  tigraiipe,fcnnail. 
Amruigst  the  treasures  Is  the  Prowno  of  nharlemagne, 
his  7  looto  high  scepter  and  hand  of^iistlcc,  the  nf/rn/fr  id 
Ids  royall  mantle  beset  with  diamonds  and  niblen,  his 
sword,  belt  and  spnrrs  of  gold. 

liirhin.  Diary,  Nov.  12,  Itvirt. 

2.  A  device  for  prevenling  the  vilirntlMii  of 
that  pari  of  a  piiino-string  which  is  1m  Iween 
tlio  jiiii  and  Ihc  bridge.— 3.  A  small  cnimp- 
irori  iisoil  liy  buildiTS. 

agranunatisin  (n-giam'a-tizm),    «.     [<  Gr. 

(ij/pii///;«ror,  willnpiil  h'arniiig(<  I'l-priv.  +  )("'/'- 
/iii(r-i,  a  lidlcr),  -t-  -ism.]  In  palliol.,  inability 
III  I'lirm  a  grainmalical  Hcnlenco. 

agrammatistt  (a-gram'a-tJHO,  «•  [As  n  gram - 
niol-ism  +  -i.vf.]    An  illii'crato  ]iiTHon.     llaileii. 

agraphia  (a-graf  i-jl),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  .1-  i>riv. 
+  -)juu:,in,  <  yi>/i^nv,  wrilc.]  A  fonii  of  ccre- 
brnl  diHiirder  in  which  Uhto  is  a  nartiiil  or  lotiil 
hiMK  of  1  hu  powur  of  c.\i>ri'«Ming  iueu»  by  writtun 
HymliolH. 


2.  The  land  itseU.     [Rare.] 

The  agrarian  in  America  is  divided  among  the  common 
people  in  every  state.  J.  Adams,  "Works,  IV.  369. 

3.  An  agrarian  law.     [Rare.] 
agrarianism  (a-gra'ri-an-izm),  }i,     [<  agrarian 

+ -ism.]  1.  The  principle  or  theory  of  an  ei|ual 
or  tmifonu  division  of  lands;  more  generally, 
any  theory  involving  I'adical  changes  in  the 
tcniu-e  of  land,  as  the  denial  of  the  right  of 
private  property  in  it,  and  advocacy  of  its  dis- 
tribution and  control  by  the  government. —  2. 
The  movement  or  agitation  in  favor  of  agrarian 
\-iews,  or  for  the  establishment  of  more  favor- 
able comlitions  in  the  uso  of  land ;  violence  ex- 
ercised in  piu'suit  of  this  object. 

Every  county  board,  every  central  council,  however  lim- 
ited its  legal  powers,  may  become  a  focns  for  agrarianisin 
or  sedition.  Ifinelecnth  Century,  XIX.  ai9. 

agrarianize  (a-gra'ri-an-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
ogriiritiin;iii,  ppr.  ugrariaiii:ing.  [<  agrarian 
+  -L-c.  ]  1 .  To  distribute,  as  pubUo  lauds,  among 
the  people. — 2.  To  imbuo  with  ideas  of  agra- 
rianism.    X,  E.  D. 

Agra  'work.    See  work. 

agret,  piip.  jthr.  as  adv.    See  agree, 

agreablet,  ag^reabletet.  Obsolete  forms  of 
(((/)■( ( (//)/(,  (igrtealiiliti/. 

agreet,  /"''/'•  plir.  as  adr.  [<  ME.  agree,  atfro 
(also  in  foiius  in  grcc,  at  gree,  to  gree),  <  Of*,  a 
gre  (V.  a  gri),  favorably,  according  to  one's 
will,  at  ])leasure :  n  (<  L.  ail),  to,  at ;  gre,  earlier 
grid,  grit,  that  which  pleases,  <  MIj.  gratMm, 
will,  pleaain-e,  ncut.  of  L.  griitiis,  pleasing:  seo 
(initifnl.  ('(.  agree,  r.]  lugoodjiart;  kindly; 
in  a  friendly  manner. 

But  toko  agree  alio  hoed  my  play. 

Horn,  of  the  Rose,  1.  4.119. 

agree  (a-prre'),  r.  [<  ME.  agreen,  <  OF.  aijreer,  F. 
(igyrr  =  I'r.  agreiar,  from  the  Oli'.  phrase  a  gre, 
faviirably,  according  to  one's  will,  at  ]>h>asuro: 
Hi'e  iigni;  iidr.']  I.  iutriitis.  A.  Willi  a  jierson- 
ul  or  porsonilied  subject,  in  which  case  agree 
is  eillior  used  absolutely  or  is  followed  by  iiilh 
befori'  llic  ngriu'ing  (iliject,  and  by  upon,  on,  for, 
to,  or  in,  and  sometimes  witli,  bc'f(U'<>  the  object 
or  condilion  of  the  agi'eemenl ;  the  hitli'r  may 
bo  expressed  bv  an  iiil'iiiitivi^  orii clauw.  1.  To 
be  of  one  iiiiiiii;  linrnionizo  in  <i|iinion  or  fe'el- 
iiig:  as,  -with  reganl  to  Iho  expedionoy  of  tho 
law  all  the  jmrtii's  agree. 

Silihei'  .  .  .  iii/rirK  with  commiui  sense  In  demanding  a 
belief  In  real  DbJeetlveboilieH,  really  known  as  catiscH  of  (ho 
\urliiuH  phenomena,  the  laws' and  Interrelations  of  wlibdl 
II  luveHllgates.  Mirilrl,  Nidiire  and  Tllongbt,  p.  Ml). 

2.  To  livi^  in  concord  or  without  contention; 
liannonize  in  action;  bi'  mutually  uucurdaut 
in  inter(!onrs(^  or  relnlinn. 

How  dost  thuu  and  thy  master  agreet 

Sliak.,  M.  of  v.,  IL  2. 


agree 

3,  To  come  to  one  opinion  or  mind ;  come  to  an 
arrangement  or  understanding ;  arrive  at  a  set- 
tlement. 

Agree  with  thine  adversary  quickly.  Mat.  v.  25. 

They  twree,  he  to  command,  they  to  obey. 

^  SvliUm,  Tat.le-Talk,  p.  88. 

Where  an  ambiguous  question  arisrs  iKitween  two  gov- 
ernments, there  is,  if  theycuiin.it  anrce,  riu  appeal  except 
to  force.  Macaulaij,  \V'arren  Hastings. 

Didst  not  thou  agree  witli  me  for  a  penny?   Mat.  xx.  13. 

Make  not  a  city  feast  of  it,  to  let  the  meat  cool  ere  we 
can  agree  upon  the  first  place.  Shak,,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  6. 

Society  seems  to  have  agreed  to  treat  fictions  as  realities, 
and  reaUties  as  fictions.  Emerson,  Clubs. 

4.  To  yield  assent;  consent;  rarely,  express 
concmTence:  as,  he  agreed  to  accompany  the 
ambassador. 

Agree  to  any  covenants.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

Agree  with  his  demands  to  the  point. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

The  tyrant  would  have  agreed  to  all  that  the  nation  de- 
manded. Macaulay,  Burleigh. 
B.  With  a  thing  or  things  for  the  subject,  in 
which  case  agree  now  takes  no  preposition  ex- 
cept with  or  in  after  it,  though  formerly  to  was 
also  so  used.  5.  To  be  consistent;  harmonize; 
not  to  conflict  or  be  repugnant:  as,  this  story 
agrees  with  what  has  been  related  by  others. 

Their  witness  agreed  not  together.  Mai'k  xiv.  56. 

\Vhen  we  possess  ourselves  with  the  utmost  security  of 
the  demonstration,  that  the  three  angles  of  a  triangle  are 
equal  to  two  right  ones,  what  do  we  more  but  perceive 
that  equality  to  two  right  ones  does  necessarily  agree  to, 
and  is  inseparable  from,  the  three  angles  of  a  triangle? 
Locke,  Human  Understanding,  v.  1. 

A  wild-rose  roofs  the  ruined  shed, 
And  that  and  summer  well  agree. 

Coleridge,  A  Day  Dream. 

6.  To  resemble ;  be  similar;  be  applicable  or 
appropriate;  tally;  match;  correspond;  coin- 
cide: as,  the  picture  does  not  agree  with  the 
original. 

They  all  agree  in  having  for  their  object  deliverance 
from  the  evils  of  time. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Keligions,  iii.  5. 

Hifl  system  of  theology  agreed  with  that  of  the  Puritans. 
Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vii. 

7.  To  suit ;  be  accommodated  or  adapted :  as, 
the  same  food  does  not  agree  with  every  consti- 
tution.—  8.  Ingram.,  to  correspond  in  number, 
case,  gender,  or  person :  as,  a  verb  must  agree 
with  its  subject.  =S3ni.  To  accord  (with),  concur  (in), 
subscribe  (to),  promise,  engage,  undertake.  See  list  under 
accede. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  settle;  determine;  arrange. 
He  saw  from  far  .  .  . 

Some  troublous  uprore  or  contentious  fray, 
Whereto  he  drew  in  hast  it  to  agree. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  3. 
I  do  believe  the  two  Pretenders  had,  privately,  agreed 
the  matter  beforehand.  Gray. 

[This  use  of  the  verb  agree  is  now  obsolete  except  in  the 
impersonal  phrase  it  is  agreed,  and  in  a  few  legal  and  busi- 
ness expressions:  as,  the  account  has  been  agreed. 

It  is  thus  agreed 
That  peaceful  truce  shall  be  proclaim'd  in  France. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  4.] 
2f.  To  agree  with ;  suit. 

If  harm  agree  me,  wherto  pleyne  I  thenne? 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  409. 

Case  agreed  or  stated,  see  case'i^. 
agreeability  (a-gre-a-bil'i-ti),  ti.  [Mod.  form 
of  ME.  agreabi'ete,  <  0F=  agreahlete  (=Pr.  agra- 
dabletat)j  <  agreable  :  see  agreeable  and  -hility.'] 
The  quality  of  being  agreeable ;  easiness  of 
disposition ;  agreeableness. 

Al  fortune  is  blisful  to  a  man  by  the  agrcablete  or  by  the 
egalite  of  hym  that  suffereth  it.  Chaucer,  Boethius. 

She  was  all  good  humour,  spirits,  sense,  and  agreeabili- 
ty. (Surely  I  may  make  words  when  at  a  loss,  if  Dr.  John- 
son does.)  Mine.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  I.  42. 

agreeable  (a-gre'a-bl),  a.  [<ME.  agreable^  <  OF. 
agreable  (F.  agreable),  <  agrccr:  see  agree,  v.'] 

1.  Suitable;  conformable;  coiTespondent:  as, 
conduct  agreeable  to  the  moral  law. 

Though  they  embraced  not  this  practice  of  burning,  yet 
entertained  they  many  ceremonies  agreeable  unto  Greek 
and  Roman  obsequies.  Sir  T,  Browne,  Urn-Burial,  i. 

Iln  this  sense  agreable  is  sometimes  incorrectly  used  for 
agreeably :  as,  agreeable  to  the  order  of  the  day,  the  house 
took  up  the  report  of  the  committee.] 

2.  Pleasing,  either  to  the  mind  or  to  the  senses ; 
to  one's  liking:  as,  agreeable  manners;  fruit 
agreeable  to  the  taste. 

There  was  something  extremely  agreeable  in  the  cheer- 
ful flow  of  animal  spirits  of  the  little  man. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  260. 

My  idea  of  an  agreeable  person,  said  Hugo  Bohim,  is  a 

-  person  who  agrees  with  me.  Disraeli. 

3.  Willing  or  ready  to  agree  or  consent:  now- 
used  only  or  chiefly  as  a  colloquialism. 

These  Frenchmen  give  unto  the  said  captain  of  Calais  a 
great  sum  of  money,  so  that  he  will  be  but  content  and 
offre&able  that  they  may  enter  into  the  said  town. 

Latirner, 


111 

I'll  meet  you  there,  and  bring  my  wife  that  is  to  be.  .  .  . 

You're  agreeable}  Dickens. 

4t.  Agreeing  one  with  another ;  concordant. 

These  manifold  and  agreeable  testimonies  of  the  oldc 
and  new  writers.  Author  of  1096,  quoted  by  I''.  Hall. 

-Syn.  1.  Fitting,  l)efltting,  appropriate,  consonant(with). 
^2.  I't'iisiiig,  etc.     8cc  jueasavit. 

agreeableness  (ji-gre'a-bl-nes),  n.    The  state 

or  quality  of  being  agreeable,  (a)  Suitableness ; 
conformity;  consistency:  as,  the  agreeableness  of  virtue 
to  the  laws  of  God.  (b)  The  quality  of  pleasing ;  that 
quality  which  gives  satisfaction  or  moderate  pleasure  to 
the  mind  or  senses :  as,  agreeableness  of  manners ;  there  is 
an  agreeableness  in  the  taste  of  certain  fruits. 

We  have  entered  into  a  contract  of  nmtual  agreeable- 
Hess  for  the  space  of  an  evening. 

Jane  Austen,  Korthanger  Abbey,  x. 
(ct)  Concordance  ;  harmony ;  agreement. 

The  agreeableness  between  man  and  other  parts  of  crea- 
tion. Grew,  Cosraologia  Sacra. 

agreeably  (a-gre'a-bli),  adv.  [<  ME.  agreable- 
ly :  see  agreeable  o^nd  -ly^.']  In  an  agreeable 
manner.  («)  suitably ;  consistently ;  conformably.  See 
remark  under  agreeable,  1. 

The  effect  of  which  is,  that  marriages  grow  less  frequent, 
agreeably  to  the  maxim  above  laid  down.  Palcy. 

Reason  requires  us,  when  we  speak  of  Christianity,  to 
expound  the  phrase  agreeably  to  history,  if  we  mean  to 
claim  on  its  behalf  the  authority  of  civilized  man. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  1S9. 
(6)  Pleasingly;  in  an  agreeable  manner;  in  a  manner  ti> 
give  pleasure :  as,  to  be  agreeably  entertained  with  a  dis- 
coiu-se. 

The  years  which  he  [Temple]  spent  at  the  Hague  seem 
...  to  have  passed  very  agreeably. 

Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

We  were  also  most  agreeably  surprised  by  the  beauty  <if 
the  scenery.  Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  II.  .xxii. 
(ct)  Alike  ;  in  the  same  or  a  similar  manner  ;  similarly. 

With  hem  that  every  fortune  receyven  agreablely  or 
egaly  [equally].  Chaucer^  Boethius. 

Armed  both  agreeably.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  vii.  3. 

agreeinglyt  (a-gre'ing-li),  adv.     In  conformity 

to.  ASIieldon.' 
agreement  (a-gre'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  agrement, 
<  OF.  agrement,  F.  agrement:  see  agree^  r.,  and 
-ment.']  1,  The  state  of  agreeing  or  of  being 
m  accord.  («)  Concord ;  harmony ;  conformity ;  resem- 
blance ;  suitableness. 

What  agreement  hath  the  temple  of  God  with  idols  ? 

2  Cor,  vi.  16, 

Knowledge  is  represented  as  the  perception  of  the 
agreement  or  repugnance  of  our  ideas,  not  witli  things, 
but  with  one  another ;  in  some  cases  the  agreement  being 
seen  intuitively  or  directly,  and  in  others  "by  a  process  in 
which  there  may  be  more  or  less  certainty. 

McCosh,  Locke's  Theory,  §  2. 
(6)  Union  of  opinions  or  sentiments ;  harmony  in  feeling ; 
absence  of  dissension :  as,  a  good  agreement  subsists  among 
the  members  of  the  council. 

With  dim  lights  and  tangled  circumstance  they  tried  to 
shape  their  thought  and  deed  in  noble  agreevieiit. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemai'ch,  Prelude, 
(tf)  In  gram.,  correspondence  of  words  in  respect  of  num- 
ber, gender,  etc.  See  agree,  v.,  I.,  8.  (rf)  In  logic,  capability 
of  being  true  together :  said  of  terms. 

2.  The  act  of  coming  to  a  mutual  aiTaugement ; 
a  bargain,  contract,  covenant,  or  treaty:  as,  he 
made  an  agreement  for  the  purchase  of  a  house. 

Make  an  agreement  with  me  by  a  present. 

2  Ki,  xviii.  31, 

An  agreement,  if  it  involve  an  imlawful  act  or  the  pre- 
vention of  lawful  acts  on  the  part  of  others,  is  plainly  un- 
lawful. Woolsey,  Introd,  to  Inter.  Law,  §  42. 

3.  Agreeable  quality  or  circumstance ;  agree- 
ableness: geueraljy  in  the  plural.  [A  Galli- 
cism, now  often  written  as  French,  agrements.'] 

This  figure,  says  he,  wants  a  certain  gay  air ;  it  has  none 
of  those  charms  and  agreements. 

Tom  Brown,  Works,  III.  52. 

Agreement  for  insurance,  an  agreement  preliminary  to 
the  filling  out  ami  delivery  of  a  policy 
with  sptciiic  stipuhitions.— External 
agreement.  ^if  t  rtr rnal.—'Nletn.O' 
randum  of  agreement,  ^fe  memuran- 
(/itHi.— Method  of  agreement.  See 
method.— Non-importation  agree- 
ment, an  agretTiR-iit  made  between  the 
American  colonies  at  Philadelphia,  Oct. 
20,  1774,  not  to  import  anything  from 
or  manufactured  in  Great  Britain  or  Ire- 
land or  the  West  Indies.  Tlxis  action  was 
taken  by  way  of  retaliation  for  the  passage 
by  Parliament  of  certain  acts  for  raising 
revenue  in  America. 

agreget,   agregget,  r.     See   ag- 

gredge. 

agrenon  (a  -  gre '  non),  n.  [Gr. 
aypijvovy  a  net,  a  net-like  woolen 
robe.]  In  (f/\  antiq.,  a  net-like 
woolen  garment  worn  by  bac- 
chanals and  soothsayers. 

agrestial  (a-gi*es'tial),  a.    [<L. 
agrestis :   see    agrestic.']      1.   In- 
habiting the  fields. — 2.  In  bot.,  growing  wild 
in  cultivated  land.     [Rare.] 


Torso  of  Af 
wearing  the  Agre- 
non, found  at  Ha- 
drian's Villa  near 
Tivoli, 


agriculturist 

agrestic  (a-gi*es'tik),  a.  [<  L.  agrestis,  rural, 
rustic,  <  ager,  field :  see  agrarian  and  acrej\ 
Rural;  rustic;  pertaining  to  fields  or  the  cotm- 
try;  unpolished.     [Rare.] 

Cowley  retreated  into  solitude,  where  he  found  none  of 
the  agrestic  charms  of  the  landscapes  of  his  muse. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Calam.  of  Authors,  I.  64. 

agrestical  (a-gres'ti-kal),  a.     Same  as  agrestic. 

agrevet,  v-  t.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  aggrieve. 

agria  (ag'ri-a),  n.  fNL.,  <  Gr.  aypior,  wild, 
savage,  malignant,  <  ayp6c,  field,  =  E.  acre,  q. 
v.]     Same  as  herpes. 

agricolationt  (a-grik-o-la'shon),  n.  [<  L,  agri- 
colatio(n-),  <  agricolari,  cultivate  land,  <  agri- 
cola,  a  cultivator  of  laud,  farmer:  see  agrieole.'} 
Cultivation  of  the  soil.    Cockcram. 

agrieole  (ag'ri-kol),  n.  [<  F.  agrieole,  <  L.  agri- 
c(tla,  a  farmer,  <  ager,  field  (see  acre),  +  coiere, 
till.]  A  husbandman;  arustic.  N.E.IJ.  [Rare.] 

agricolistt  (a-grik'o-list),  n.  [<  L.  agricola, 
ta^vmer  {see  agrieole)]  + -ist.']  An  agriculturist. 

The  pasture  and  the  food  of  plants 
First  let  the  youn^^  agricolwt  be  taught. 

Dodsley's  Coll.  of  Poems,  Agriculture. 

agricolous  (a-gi-ik'o-lus),  a.  \_<  Jj.  agricola, 
farmer  (see  agrieole),  +  -ous.']  Agricultural. 
Sydney  Smith. 

agricultor  (ag'ri-kul-tor),  h  .  [L. ,  better  written 
separately,  agri  cidtor,  tUier  of  land:  agri,  gen. 
of  ager,  land,  field  (see  acre);  cultor,  tiller,  < 
coiere,  till,  cultivate,  Cf,  agrieole.']  A  tiller  of 
the  ground;  a  farmer;  a  husbandman,     [Rare.] 

agricultural  (ag-ri-kul'tui*-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to,  connected  with,  or  engaged  in  agriculture. 

The  transition  from  the  pastoral  to  the  agricultural  life 
has  almost  always  been  effected  by  means  of  slavery. 

D.  W.  Itoss,  German  Land-holding,  p.  3. 

Agricultural  ant,  a  kind  of  ant  which  clears  the  ground 
of  verdure  in  the  vicinity  of  its  nest.  Such  a  species  is 
P>i;i"naun/niii'x  Intrbatus  of  Texas,  which  cuts  down  all 
the  h<.ilia-e  within  ten  or  twelve  feet  of  its  nest.— Agri- 
cultural chemistry,  a  branch  of  chemistrj'  treating  of 
the  composition  and  chemical  properties  of  plants,  soils, 
manures,  feeding-stuffs  for  cattle,  etc. — Agricultural 
Children  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1873  (36  and  37  Vjct, 
c.  ('.7)  wiiich  rt-stricts  the  employment  of  cliildren  in  agri- 
cultural Work  and  prMviik-s  for  their  education. —  Agri- 
cultural engine,  a  i  h  ut  al  'le  steam-motor  for  general  work 
on  a  farm.  Sti;  tni^-f inn-engine  and  steam-plow. — Agri- 
CUlttiral  Gangs  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1867  (30  and 
31  Vict.  c.  loll)  wIiiLli  regulates  the  contracting  of  women 
and  children  to  labor  on  farms.— Agricultural  geology. 
that  branch  of  geology  which  treats  of  tlie  rt.-.S'>urces  of  a 
country  in  respect  of  soils,  subsoils,  subjat  ent  strata,  and 
mineral  manmes.— Agricultural  Holdings  Acts,  two 
English  statutes  of  IsT.'.  and  1><S1.  as  t.i  the  relation  of  land- 
lord and  tenant,  the  settleMieiit  i.f  tlieir disputes,  and  com- 
pensation for  improvements.— Agricultural  society,  a 
society  for  promoting  agricultural  interests,  such  as  the 
improvement  of  land,  of  implements,  uf  the  breeds  of  cat- 
tle, etc. 

agriculturalist  (ag-ri-kul'tur-al-ist),  «.  [<  ag~ 
ricultural  +  ~ist.  Cf.  naturalist,]  Same  as  a^/ri- 
culttirist. 

Every  truly  practical  man,  whether  he  be  merchant, 

mechanic,  or  agriculturalist,  transmutes  his  experience 
into  intelligence,  until  his  will  operates  with  the  celerity 
of  instinct.  Whippfe,  Lit.  and  Life,  p.  194, 

agriculturally  (ag-ri-kul'tur-al-i),  adv.  As  re- 
gards agricultm-e  or  agricultural  purposes. 

The  dissolved  constituents  of  sewage  —  by  far  the  most 
valuable  portion  agriculturally. 

Set.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  S836. 

agriculture  (ag'ri-kul-tur),  «.  [<  F.  agricul- 
ture, <  L.  agricidtura,hettevvrTitten  separately, 
agri  cultura,  tilling  of  land:  agri,  gen.  of  ager, 
field;  OH?^Hro,  tilling,  cultivation:  see  agricultor 
a,nil  culture.]  The  cultivation  of  the  ground; 
especially,cultivation  with  the  plow  and  in  large 
areas  in  order  to  raise  food  for  man  and  beast ; 
husbandry;  tillage;  farming.  Tfieoretical agHcul- 
(wrc,ortlie  theory  of  agn'cult  nre,i&  a  science  comprehending 
in  its  scope  the  nature  and  properties  of  soils,  the  different 
sorts  of  plants  and  seeds  fitted  for  them,  the  composition 
and  qualities  of  manures,  and  the  rotation  of  crops,  and 
involving  a  knowledge  of  chemistry,  geology,  and  kindred 
sciences.  Practical  agriculture,  or  husbandry,  is  an  art 
comprehending  all  tlie'  labors  of  the  field  and  of  the  farm- 
yard, such  as  preparing  the  land  for  the  reception  of  the 
seed  or  plants,  sowing  and  planting,  rearing  and  gathering 
the  crops,  care  of  fruit-trees  and  domestic  animals,  dis- 
position of  products,  etc.— Bachelor  of  agriculture,  a 
degree,  corresponding  to  bachelor  of  arts  or  of  science, 
conferred  by  agricultural  (."lU-^'es.  Often  abbre\iated  to 
B.  ^j/r.— Chamber  of  Agriculture,  an  association  of 
agricultui'ists  for  the  purpuse  cf  promoting  and  protect- 
ing the  interests  of  a-riculture. —Department  Of  Agri- 
ctUture  and  Commissioner  of  Agriculture.  See  de- 
2'artuient. 

agriculturism  (ag-ri-kul'tur-izm),  n.  [<  agri- 
cidture  +  -ism.]  The  art  or  science  of  agricul- 
tm'e.     [Rare.] 

agriculturist  (ag-ri-kid'tur-ist),  n.  [<  agricul- 
ture +  -ist.]  One  occupied  in  ciiltivating  the 
gi-ouud;  a  husbandman,  Alsovrritten  agricul- 
turalist. 


agriculturist 

They  preferred  the  produce  of  their  flocks  to  that  of 

their  lands,  and  were  shepherds  instead  of  aurimltimsls. 

Buckle,  CinlizatioD,  II.  i. 

Cssar  tells  us  that  the  natives  (of  Britain]  in  his  time 
were  not  generally  a^ricuUtiri^t^,  but  lived  on  milk  and 
meat,  and  clothed"  themselves  with  skins. 

G.  Hairliitwn,  Origin  of  Kations,  p.  134. 

agrieft  (a-gref),  prep.  pJir.  as  adv.  [ME.  also 
ay  reef,  wjref.  agreic ;  <  flS  +  yrie/.}  1 .  In  grief. 
ChaucT.  —  2.       Amiss; 

unkiniUy.     rliaiietr. 

agrievaiicet,  agrievet. 
See  aggriecaiice,  ag- 
grieve. 

k  griffes  (a  gref).  [F. : 
a,  to,  with;  grifes,  pi. 
of  griffe.  claw:  si'e griff.'] 
(Held  or  secured)  by 
claws  or  clamps,  as  a 
stone  in  a  ring.  The 
clamps  used  for  this 
purpose  in  ancient  jewelry  are  often  of  con- 
siderable size  and  of  decorative  form. 

Agrilns  (ag'ri-lus),  n.  [XL.,  based  on  6r. 
aypof,  field.   Cf.  Agrotis.]    A  genus  of  buprestid 


Agraffe  with  the  central  stone 
mounted  ji  grimes. 


Agrilttt  rujicotiii. 

a.  uulendof  bodyof  Urra;  ^,  larva  i  c,  ttcctlc.     ;Thc  vertical 

lines  &bow  natural  sizes.) 

■beetles  comprising  numerous  species  distrib- 
uted all  over  the  globe  in  the  temperate  and 
tropical  zones.  They  may  at  once  tie  distinf-uished 
fnjm  most  other  Kenera  of  litiprfytiilte  by  their  very  slender 
elongate  form,  the  luidy  lieiny  usually  of  a  uniform  oppery 
or  bnjuze  color.  In  the  lar\'al  state  mrtst  of  them  live  in 
the  tenninal  twigs  of  deciduous  trees,  often  doing  consider- 
able damage,  and  a  few  also  live  in  the  stems  of  herbaceous 
plants.  The  red-necked  nisplierry  buprestid,  .-Itjritu^  run- 
ciAlU  (Fabricius),  eau.ses  large  excrescences  or  galls  on  the 
nwplwrry,  known  as  the 
ra-[ttp'-rry  i.'"Uty-irall. 

agrimensor  (ag-ri- 
miMi'sor),    n. ;    pi. 
o.(/rimen«ore«(-men- 
so'rez).   [!,.,<.  ager 
(see  acre)  +  mcn- 
sor,  <    metiri,    pp. 
menttiis,     to     mea- 
sure.]      In    Horn, 
antiq.,  a  land-sur- 
veyor. 
Tht-nr   was   a   disin- 
the  part  of 
-■■■meter  to 
M(h  :i  mere 

.tl'l'i  rr    it 

eviT  !  tli,^ 

Un^^  J  n^-'f 

iihirk*  I  II. <    i:it.^.iir  in- 

vohcd  in  aci|uiritig  the 

k!i"\»I-du''-   which    was 

.'■!'■  for  learn- 

r.trlcal  cal- 


Agrlmony  (^trrimetiia  nupaloria), 
ich,  n 


sh<,wiii^  branch,  (lowering  spray,  and 
fruit. 


/  .  ■-■  /.W(.,x.\.  sn. 

agrimony    (ng '  ri- 

nn>-iii;,  n.     [<  ME.  agrimony,  rgrimonii,  agri- 

mnynr,  rgremoi/iie,  rgremi/iniiU;  ili-. ;  <  OF.  iiigrt- 

moinr,  <  \j.  (igrimonia,  a  false  rctiiiing  of  iirgc- 

mnnia  (Pliny),  a.  plant  similar  to  anolhor  called 

artirmiiiir  I  I'liiiy  ).<  fJr.  iipycjiuvri,  a  certiiiii  ])luiit, 

■  ..  a  wliilo  Hpci-k  in  the  eye, 

'   i.M  Hiiid  111  have  ln'cn  re- 

■  w,  whito,  xliiiiinj.'.]    Tlio 

■itH  i)f  the  gonU'-   .h/i  nii'mtil, 

".which  iiiiliiile-.  soviriil 

■  I'll  lii'iniH|ih('ri'  and  Houth 

i.i.bini.Tb-,  wlll,plMIllll.■l.•llV••^. 


acriii 

th<^  t'ti 

agrl"'" 

f  ;i 

agri' 

hlllr. 


;ltw  ilye. 

nH  ailr.  or  o.     [<  oH 
-lull'  of  (grinning;  mi 
:ill  iigrin,"  Tmniiton. 
iiij'i-kiil),  a,     •  >f  or  per- 

■1  ilHl).  II.      [<   fiiiriiilofll)  + 

■  "lo(lnmli^'   xtudy  of 

iM  .    'if  the   '   i   IdinH  of 

i%ilize<l  niatc.   Mux MHHcr. 


lis 

agriology  (ag-ri-ol'o-ji),  H.  [<  Gr.  ayp(oc,  wild, 
savage  (<a>pof,  field),  +  -?.o-)ia,  <  ?.t}en\  speak: 
see  -ologi/.^  The  comparative  study  of  the 
customs  of  man  in  his  unei\-ilized  state. 

Agrion  (ag'ri-on),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ir/«or,  li-ving 
in  the  fields,  <Q;pof,  afield.]  The  t\iiieal genus 
of  the  family  J</n<)H(V?rt;  or  group  J;7)-io«i«((.  A. 
sauciiim  is  red.  variegated  with  black. 

agriouid  (ag-ri-on'id),  «.  A  dragon-fly  of  the 
family  Agrionida;. 

Agrionidae  (ag-ri-on'i-de).  n.  pi.  [IWj.,  <  Agri- 
oil  +  -;(/«'.]  A  family  of  neiu'opterous  insects. 
or  dragon-flies,  closely  related  to  the  I.iheUu- 
lidw,  of  the  group  Odoiiata,  order  yciiroptcrti : 
named  from  a  leading  genus,  Agrion.  a  species 
of  which,  A.  puella,  is  the  common  blue  dragon- 
fly of  Britain. 

Agrioniua  (ag'ri-o-ni'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Agri- 
on +  -(««.]  A  group  of  dragon-flies,  tj'pified  by 
the  genus  Agrion  and  corresponding  to  the 
family  Agrion  idw,  comprisuig  small  slender- 
bodied  forms  with  metallic  hues,  whose  larva^ 
have  external  leaf-like  gills. 

agriopodid  (ag-ri-op'o-did),  h.  A  fish  of  the 
lamily  Ji/riiipodirhf. 

Agriopodidae  (ag  ri-o-pod'i-tle),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Agriopiis(-potl-)  +  -iilw.}  Afamilyof  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Agri- 
opus,  It  includes  those  Cottoidea  in  which  the  doi-sal  fin 
is  very  long,  commencing  on  the  nape,  and  consisting  "  ti 
an  elongated  acanthopterous  and  sllort  arthropterous  por- 
tion ;  the  anal  fin  is  short ;  the  ventrals  ju'e  thoracic  ami 
well  developed,  and  have  1  spine  and  5  soft  rays ;  the  hcail 
is  compressed,  with  small  mouth  and  lateral  eyes ;  the 
branchial  apertures  are  separated  by  an  istlimus;  the 
trunk  is  nuchadiform  and  compressed  ;  and  the  vertebral 
are  nnnierous  (for  example,  18  abdominal  and  'Jl  caiulal). 

AgriopUS  (a-gi-i'o-pus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypiui;. 
wild,  savage,  +  :roi  f  (-od-)  =E./oo/,  as  assumed 
in  the  deriv.  form  Jgriopodida\  but  in  intention 
prob.  iJV  (""-),  face,  appearance.]  A  genus  of 
acanthopterygian  fishes,  tT,-pieal  of  the  family 
Agriopodidfc.  A.  (orpHs,  the  sea-horse,  is  about  2  feet 
in  length,  and  is  common  on  the  shores  of  llie  Cape  of 
(M.nii  II. .pe.    .\lso  called  ^f^riojjes. 

agriot,  n.     See  egriot. 

Agriotes  (a-gri'o-tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr,  nyiiidTr/r. 
wiMiiess,  <  ajpiof,  wild,  <  aypof,  field.]  A  genus 
of  coleopterous  insects,  of  the  family  ICliiicridir 
(click-beetles  or  suapping-beetles),  of  the  pen- 
tamerous  division  of  the  order  Coleoptcra.  The 
larvse  of  several  species,  as  the  British  .4.  linealuji,  are  well 
known  as  wire-worms.     See  cut  under  in'ri;-u-orm. 

agrippa  (a-grip'ji),  n. ;  pi.  agrippm  (-e).  [NL. 
Cf.  L.  Agrip2>a,  a  Roman  family  name.]  In 
obstct.:  (a)  A  person  bom  with  the  feet  fore- 
most.    (A)  Foot-presentation;  a  foot  ling  case. 

Agrippinian  (ag-ri-pin'i-an),  n.  [<  LL.  Agrip- 
jiiniani,  pi.,  <  Jgrippinns,  a  personal  name,  <  L. 
Agrippa,  a  Roman  family  name.]  Kecks.,  a 
follower  of  Agrippinus,  liishop  of  Cartilage, 
probalilv  late  in  the  second  century,  who  taught 
that  a)ii)states  should  be  rebaptized. 

agriset,  ''.  [<  JIF.  agrisen  (sometimes  missiiell- 
cd  agri/scn),  ]iri't.  iigros,  >jliudder,  be  terrilieil,  < 
.VS.  dgrisiin,  ]iref.  *dgrus,  shudder,  be  terrified, 
<  a-  +  'grisan,  >  early  ME.  griscn,  jiret.  gros, 
shudder,  be  terrified:  sec  grisli/.']  I.  tran.s:  1. 
To  cause  to  shudder  or  tremble;  terrify;  dis- 
gust. 

All  where  was  nothing  heard  but  hideous  cries, 
And  pitious  plaints,  that  did  Ihc  lutrls  (iijrisr, 

Sylrrsler,  U:  of  l)u  Harlas. 

2.  To  abhor.  Chancer. —  3.  To  make  frightful; 
disfigure. 

Engrost  with  mud  which  diii  them  fowle  nnriitf. 

.SViciwci-,  V.  I).,  ll.  vl.  111. 

11.  inlrans.   To  shudder;  tremble  with  fear; 
bo  much  moved. 

There  sawe  I  Roche  tempest  arise. 
That  every  herto  might  aflrim, 
To  80  It  pntntld  on  the  wall. 

Chauerr,  House  of  Fame,  I.  210, 

.She  nought  rt'/HM.         Chaiierr,  Trillins,  11.  IttO. 

agrodolce  (ag-io-dol'elie),  Ji.     [It.,  <  ngro  (<  L, 

iiecr,  sliarp,  sour)  +  ilolcc,  <  L.  diileis,  sweet,] 

A  coiupoiind  formed  by  mixing  sour  mid  sweet 

things. 

Afirodolcfi  .  .  .  1h  a  blending  of  Hweelj*  and  Koiirn,  and 
l«  made  by  stewing  In  a  rich  gnivy  prunes,  Corliilh  riir- 
raiits,  almonds,  iilne-kernelM  ratslim,  vinegar,  and  ulnc 
Hn.lhaii,,  I'lose  llaliinllis,  p.  IVl.    (.V.  A'.  /).) 

agrom  (ag'rom),  «.  [Ajipar.  from  (iii.iiiiuli 
iigriiH,  ulcenilioii  <if  the  loiigiie  from  I'lirmiie 
'liHonHC  of  tlie  iiliriieiilary  eaiinl.]  Tlie  native 
iiiirnc  in  India  for  a  rough  and  cracked  ciiii- 
"litiriM  of  the  tongue  not  nnemninon  in  tliul 
ciiiiiitrv. 

agronoine  (nn'ro-nom),  n.  [<  F.  agrononir,  < 
tip.  'r,i)iiii/i/inr,  nil  OVlTKeer  of  the  public  laililH, 
ayinim/wt,  rural,  <  u)/(ur,  Hold,  +  vt/utv,  dcol  out, 


Agrotis 

assign,  administer;  in  a  special  use,  to  feed  or 
graze  cattle.]     An  agronomist. 
agronomlal  (ag-ro-no'mi-al),  fl.     Same  as  agro- 
nomic. 

Rapid  as  was  Leonard's  survey,  his  rm'al  eye  detected 
the  signs  of  a  m.aster  in  the  art  atjronnmial. 

Bulwer,  My  Novel,  v.  2. 

agronomic  (ag-ro-uom'ik),  a.      [<  agronome  + 
-ic]     Relating  to  agronomy,  or  the  manage- 
ment of  farms. 
Maxims  of  rti/i-oHOJHi'cwisdom.    D.  G.  Mitchell,WetBnys. 
agronomical  (ag-ro-nom'i-kal),   a.      Same   as 
ogronnniic. 

Tlie  experience  of  British  agriculture  has  shown  that 
the  French  a^trunotnical  division  of  the  soil  is  infinitely 
less  profitable  .  .  .  than  that  prevailing  in  this  country. 
Edinburgh  He,'.,  CIII.  94. 

agronomics  (ag-ro-nom'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  agro- 
nomic: see -i'cs.]  The  science  of  the  manage- 
ment of  farms ;  that  division  of  the  science  of 
political  economy  which  treats  of  the  manage- 
ment of  farming  lauds. 

agronomist  (a-gron'o-mist),  V.     [<  agronomy 

+  -int.]     One  who  is  engaged  in  the  study  of 

agronomy,  or  the  management  of  lands. 

-■Vll  impartial  foreign  agruuomi^t,  Edinburgh  Rev. 

M.  ,T.  A.  Banal,  a  distinguished  French  chemist  and 

agronomist.  '  Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XXVI.  288. 

agronomy  (a-gron'o-mi),  »?.  [<F.  agrononiie,<. 
tir.  as  if  ^ir.jiovouia,<.a-'jpoy6itot;:  see  agronome.'] 
Till-  art  of  cultivating  the  ground ;  agriculture. 

agrope  (a-grop'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a*  + 
grajn:]     Gropingly. 

Three  women  crept  at  break  of  day, 
.iijrope  along  the  shadowy  way 
Wliere  Joseph's  tomb  aiul  garden  lay. 

M.  J.  Preston,  Myrrh-bearers. 

agrost.    Preterit  of  agrise. 

Agrostemma  (ag-ro-stem'ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
o; ("<!.,  field,  -t-  arifiua,  a  WTeath:  see  .stcmnia.'} 
A  Liiinean  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order 
( 'aryophyUacea:.  It  is  now  generally  regarded  as  a  sec- 
tiiin  of  the  genus  Lychnis,  from  which  it  ditfers  only  ill  the 
el"ii'4;ilcil  segments  nf  the  caljx,  and  ill  the  petals  being 
wiili'Mit  SI  :il,"s.  -1.  (/..)  tiitluuio.  the  common  corn-cockle, 
with  liirm^  tiitire  imriile  i.etals,  is  the  only  species  belong- 
in-.,'  t"  tin-  section  as  now  limited.  There  are  several  va- 
liitics  in  cultivation. 

Agrostis  (a-gros'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  agrostis, 
<Gr.  (ijptjffr/f,  couch-grass  (cf.  ayixjan/c,  nearly 
equiv.  to  L.  agrestiti,  rural,  of  the  field :  see 
agrestic),  <  (lypic,  a  field,  the  country.]  A  large 
genus  of  gi'asses,  distributed  overthe  globe,  and 
valuable  especially  for  pasturage.  The  English 
sjiecies  are  known  as  bent-grass.  The  mai-sh-bent,  A .  alba, 
w-as  at  one  time  widely  known  as  florin.  A .  itilgaHs,  cul- 
tivated for  both  hay  and  jiasturage,  is  called  in  America 
nil  top,  or  soitictimcs  lurd's-grass.     See  bent-, 

agrostographer  (ag-ros-tog'ra-f6r),  n.  A  WTiter 
upciii  grasses. 

agrostographic  (a-gros-to-graf'ik),  a.  Per- 
taining III  agi-ostiigraphy. 

agrostographical  (a-gros-to-graf'i-kal),  a. 
Saiiii'  as  ngrostogrojdiie. 

agrostography  (ag-ros-tog'ra-fi),  n.    [<  Gr. 

t'i}in.irrTi[:,  ciiucli-grass  (see  Agrostis),  -H  -ypaipia, 
<  );)iio(/r,  write,]     A  description  of  grasses. 

agrostologic  (a-gros-to-lnj'ik),  a.  Relating  or 
|ierlaiiiiiig  to  agi'ostology. 

agrostological  (a-gros-to-loj'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  agrostologic, 

agrostologist  (ag-i'os-tol'o-,iist),  n.  One  skilled 
ill  aL'i'iisti'li>gy.     Kneyc,  lirii. 

agrostology  (ag-ios-t'ol'o-ji),  ».  [<  Or.  ay/iutrnf, 
eiiiich-t.'raNS  (see  Agrostifi),  +  -A(i}ia,  <  ?,i}etv, 
spriik  111':  see  -ology.]  That  jmrl  of  botany 
wliiili  i-i'lates  to  grasses. 

Agrotis  (ii-gro'tis),  H.  [NL,,  <  Gr.  aypiiTtK,  of 
the  Meld,  wiUl,<  I'lj/mi;,  field.]  A  genus  of  moths, 
of  the  lamily  Soctnid(V,  ccimiirisiiig  a  large  num- 
ber of  the  uight-flyiiig  mullis,   chiefly  distin- 


<i^'- 


■iii.ifWc.1  Cutworm  {AgroiiK  %  l.infifiti'Ma,  Hnrrli)  nnd  Creasy 
Cutworm  Moth  {Affwvtti  yfstlon,  HQlmcr),  miturnl  size. 


Agrotis 


119 


The   bark   of  the 


mushed  by  their  somber  colors  and  as  being  the  ague-bark  (a'gii-bark),   n. 

mironts  of  worms  iiiiurioiis  to  agi-ieultm-e,  espe-     walcr-ush,  I'tcica  trifoUata. 

'      ■■        '   '  ^ '■-'"-  "..*...«.™        ague-cake   (a'gu-kak),   «.     An    enlarged    and 


par -  ..  -  ,  ^ 

(•iailv  the  different  cutworms,     bee  cutworm.  _                   .     ^                                     ^  .^        -^ 

aeroiind  (a-gi-oimd'),  l^rcp.    pUr.  as  adv.  or  a.  hiirdcu.Ml  spleen,  the  consequence  ot  intermit- 

rMK    aqrouilde,  also  on  t/roiiiidc ;  <«■'!,  on,  +  tent  iuid  remittent  fevers. 

'  ■''■     1.  On  the  ground;  stranded:  a  nan-  ague-drop  (a'gu-drop),  )i.     A  solution  of  the  ar- 


qroiiiid.^     -.  --         .,  ,  ..       ,  • 

tical  term  signifying  that  the  bottom  ol  a  ship 
rests  on  the  ground  for  want  of  sutfieient  depth 
of  water:  opposed  to  <r./tortt— 2.  Figuratively, 
brought  to  a  stop  for  want  of  resources,  matter, 
and  the  like :  as,  the  speaker  is  aground. 
The  Ariuiin.istration  ure  now  in  fiiet  aijround  at  the  pitch 


of  high  tide,  and  a  spring  tide  too. 

//.  Adams,  Gallatin, 


p.  431. 


agroupment,  ».     See  agt/roupmcnt. 

agrypnia  (a-gi-ip'ni-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <Gr.  aypvirv:a, 
<  a-jpvirvoi,  sleepless:  see  AyrijpHus.']  Sleep- 
lessness; insomnia;  morbid  wakefulness  or 
^^gilanee. 


senito  of  potassium;  the  liquor potassii  arseni- 
tis  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia.  It  is 
atso  linown  as  Fomler's  aolutiim,  and  is  much  cniployeil  as 
a  renivily  in  intermittent  fever. 
ague-fit  (a'gii-fit),  11:  A  paroxysm  of  cold  or 
shivering;  a  sharp  attack  of  chilliness. 

Tliis  afjiie-jit  of  fear  is  over-blown. 

Shak.,  Kich.  II.,  iii.  2. 

ague-grass  (a'gu-gras),  n.     The  plant  blazing- 
star,  Jliiris  fariiiosa.    Also  called  n/jue-root. 
ague-proof  (a'gu-prof),  a.    Proof  against  ague. 
I  am  iir.t  a;iuc-2Jroof.  Shalt.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

ague-root  (a'gu-rot),  n.     Same  as  ague-grass. 


aha 

complaint,  contempt,  dislike,  joy,  exultation, 
etc.,  according  to  the  manner  of  utterance. 

Wlien  it  c»  lis]  born  it  cryes  swa  [soj : 

If  it  be  njan,  it  cryes  a,  a, 

Tliat  tlie  llrst  letter  es  of  the  nam  [name] 

01  oin-  fiirnie  jlli-stl  fader  Adam  ; 

And  if  tlie  eliild  a  woman  t»e, 

When  it  is  bom  it  says  e,  c.     [See  eh.]      JIampok. 

A.  H.  An  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  anno  hc- 
jirw,  in  the  year  of  the  hejira,  or  flight  of  Mo- 
hammed from  Mecca,  A.  D.  622. 

ahal  (a-ha'),  interj.  [A  repetition  of  ah,  ««>, 
with  a'sijiration  of  the  second  a;  <  JIE.  a  ha  = 
(i.  aha,  etc.  Cf.  ha,  ka-ha^,  o-ho,  etc.]  An  ex- 
clamation expressing  triumph,  contempt,  sim- 
ple surprise,  etc.,  according  to  the  manner  of 
utterance. 
They  , 


aha2  (a'hii),  n. 


said.  Aha,  aha,  our  eye  hath  seen  it. 

Ps.  XXV.  21. 

Same  as  ha-ha^. 


agrypnocoma  (a-gi-ip-no-ko'mii), )!.     [NL.,<  aguerriedt  (a-ger'id),  a.     [<  F.  aguerrir,  to  ahead  (a-hed'],  prep.  phr.  sm  adv.  ov  a.     [<a3, 

Gr.  u;/'ii-TO.;,  sleepless  (see  J(/n//;H»«)>  +  ""/'«.  '  '-'  ~   '   -■ '^  r     ,.j  i_N  j „  „„-.  •.■  .      ,   .t      .  .,     ,     r  ._  x,. -x._,-.x 

coma.]     A  lethargic  or  partly  comatose  state, 
between  natm-al  sleep  and  coma.     [Rare.] 

agrypnotic  (ag-rip-not'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  F. 
(oinipiiotiqiie  (with  term,  assimilated  to  that  of 
hi/piiotique,  hypnotic),  <  Gr.  ii-jjw-vi/TiKdg,  wake- 
ful, <aypv7Tvelv,  be  wakeful,  <  n}Ynjj7raf,  wakeful : 
"     ~    ((.  Sleep-preventing;  cans- 


see  Agrypims.l     I 
ing  wakefulness. 


make  warlike,  <  a  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  guerre,  war: 
see  gHcri-illa.]    Inured  to  the  hardships  of  war ; 
instructed  in  the  art  of  war. 
An  army,  the  best  aguerru'd  of  any  troops  in  Europe. 
Lord  Lytteltun,  Hist.  Hen.  II. 

ague-spell  (a'gu-spel),  «.     A  spell  or  charm  to 
cure  or  prevent  ague. 

His  pills,  his  balsams,  and  his  agvA-spells. 

Gay,  Pastorals,  vi. 


Si.    n.    In  med.,  something  which  tends  to  ague-tree   (a'gii-tre),   n.     A  name  sometimes 


drive  away  sleep ;  an  antihypnotic. 

Agrypnus  (a-gi-ip'nus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aypvrr- 
rof,  wakeful,  sleepless,  <  aypeieiv,  a}pdv,  hunt, 
seek,  +  iiTTvo^,  sleep.]  A  genus  of  coleopterous 
insects,  of  the  family  Elatcridw;  one  of  those 
genera  of  insects  whose  destructive  larvffi  are 
known  as  wire-worms. 

agt.  A  contraction  (a)  of  agent  and  (6)  of  against. 

agua  (ii'gwii),  n.     Same  as  agua-toad. 

aguara  (a-g'wa'ra),  «.  [Native  name.]  A  name 
of  the  maned  dog  of  South  America,  Canisjuba- 
tus.     Also  called  guara  and  culj>eu. 

aguardiente  (a-gwilr-di-en'te),  n.  [Sp.,  eontr. 
of  »;/«((  «rrf(VH<e,biu-ning water:  agua,<  li.aqua, 
water  (see  aqua);  ardicnte,  ppr.  of  arder,  <  L. 
ardere,h\ini  {see  ardent).']  1.  A  brandy  made 
in  Spain  and  Portugal,  generally  from  grapes. 
— 2.  In  general,  in  Spanish  countries,  any  spir- 
ituous liquor  lor  drinking.  In  Califomia  and  New 
Mexico  the  name  is  applied  to  American  wliisky,  and  in 
Mexico  to  puhiue  (whicli  see). 

agua-toad  (ii'gwa-tod),  n.  [<  NL.  agua,  the 
specific  name  (appar.  of  native  origLu),  +  E. 


applied  to  sassafras  on  account  of  its  supposed 
febrifugal  qualities. 

ague-weed  (a'gfi-wed),  n.  1.  The  common 
boneset  of  the  United  States,  Eupaiorium  per- 
foliatuiii. —  2.  A  species  of  gentian,  O-entiana 
qnmqueflora. 

aguey  (a'gii-i),  a.  [<  ague  +  -i/l.]  Aguish. 
X.  E.  D. 

aguilert,  "•  ['^  ME.  agnler,  aguilcr,<  OF.  aguil- 
ler,  aguiUier,  mod.  aiguiUier  (=  Pr.  aguliarie 
(Roquefort),  a  needle-ease ;  cf .  agullier,  needle- 
maker),  <  afiritite,  aiguille,  F.  aiguille,  needle  :  see 
aiqudle.']  A  needle-case.  Horn,  of  the  Bosc,\.  US. 

aguiltt   (a-gilf),   V-      [<  ME.   agiltcn,   agijlten, 

ayulten,  <  AS.  dgijltan,  be  guilty,  <«-  -t-  gijUan: 

see  0-1  and  (7»i/7.]     1.  intrans.  To  be  giulty  of. 

TlliniT  of  wliich  they  nevere  apilte  hyre  lyve. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Baths  Tale,  1.  392. 

II.  trans.  To  sin  against ;  offend. 
Will  hastow  mad  Troylus  to  me  untriste 
That  nevere  yet  arjylte  hyni  that  I  wyste  7 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  840. 

[<  a-  (expletive)  + 


on,  at,  +  /(earf,frout.]  1.  In  or  to  the  front; 
in  advance ;  before :  as,  they  walked  ahead  of 
us  all  the  way :  in  nautical  language,  opposed 
to  a.stern :  as,  to  lie  ahead. 

The  east  end  of  the  island  bore  but  a  little  ahead  of  ns. 
Fieldiiu/,  Voyage  to  Lisbon. 

It  seemed  to  me  wlien  very  young,  that  on  this  subject 
life  was  ahead  of  theology,  and  the  people  knew  more  than 
the  preachers  taught.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

2.  Forward;  onward;  with  unrestrained  mo- 
tion or  action:  as,  go  ahead  (=  go  on;  proceed; 
push  forward  or  onward;  can-y  out  yom-  task 
or  purpose :  an  idiomatic  phrase  said  to  have 
originated  in  the  United  States,  and  sometimes 
converted  into  an  adjective :  as,  a  go-ahead  per- 
son); he  pushed  ahead  with  his  plans. 

They  suffer  tlieni  [childi-en]  at  first  to  run  ahead. 

Sir  J{.  L'Estranr/e,  Fables. 

To  forge  ahead.  \aut. :  (a)  To  move  slowly,  and  as  it 
were  laboriously,  past  another  object;  draw  ahead,  as  one 
ship  outsailing  another. 

Ko  man  would  say  at  what  time  of  the  night  the  ship 
(in  case  she  was  steering  our  course)  might  forge  ahead  of 
us,  or  how  near  she  might  be  when  she  passed.  Dickens, 
{h)  To  move  ahead,  as  in  coming  to  anchor  after  the  sails 
are  furled.— To  get  ahead,  hold  ahead,  etc.  See  get, 
hold,  etc.— To  nm  ahead  of  one's  reckoning.  See 
reckoning. 


Agua  toad  (Blt/o  martnus). 


Through  chill  aguish  gloom  outburst 
The  comfortable  sun.  Keats,  Endymion,  iii. 

toad."]     The  Btifo  marinus  or  B.  agua,  a  very    4_  Subject  to  ague. 

large  and  common  South  American  toad,  with  aguishness  (a'gii-ish-nes),  n.  The  condition  of 
enormous  parotid  glands.     It  is  one  of  the  noisiest    ijeini'-  afuish  ;  chilliness, 
of  its  trilje,  uttering  a  loud  snoring  kind  ol  bellow,  chiefly  „_,,;,^i°„    .i,,,i  ,■      See  rtowise 
during  the  night.    It  is  very  voracious,  and,  being  believed  agUlZet,  « .  and  I .      eee  aguiie. 
to  devoiu' rats,  has  been  largely  imported  from  Barbados  agUtl,  'I.      aee  agoun.  ,,„_,_ 

into  Jamaica  to  keep  down  the  swarms  of  rats  that  infest  agy  (a' ji),  a.     [<  age  +  -y'-.]    Agecl ;  OKI.  JS .  J^-JJ 


aheap  (a-hep'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a^,  on,  in, 
-t-  heap'^l  In  a  heap ;  in  a  huddled  or  crouching 
condition,  as  from  ten-or ;  in  a  constrained 
attitude,  as  from  fear  or  astonishment :  as,  this 
fearful  sight  struck  us  all  aheap  (=  all  of  a 

heap). 

When  some  fresh  bruit 
Startled  me  all  aheap !  and  soon  I  saw 
The  horridest  shape  that  evei  raised  my  awe. 

JJood,  Mids.  Fairies,  xvL 

yuisc,  «.]  ajjeightt  (a-hif),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.      [Also 

spelled  ahiqht;  <  a^,  on,  -f  height,  hight.     Cf. 

And  that  deare  Crosse  uppon  your  shield  devizd,  ,f^    of  similar  sense.]     Aloft;  on  high:   as. 

Wherewith  above  all  Knights  ye  goodly  seeme  agiiir.;.  l\-''x,  ,,^  ,,  i,^i,,i,i  ^'  Vl,„l-     T,parivfi 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  31.     ''  look  up  a-height,    hliaL.,  Licar,  i\.  o. 

.,,_,..,,         r/  j_    •  7 1  1    1    r'l.ji    ahem  fa-hem'),  !«(';n'.      [Intended  to  represent 

Her  aji(w/i  love  now  glows  and  biu-ns.  Grarmlle.     ^^ress  doubt,  etc. 

3.  Productive  of  agues:  as,  an  o^Mis/t  locality,  ahight  (a-hl'),' irrcp.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  a3,  on,  -f- 

" '       ■'  '        '  high.'\     On  high. 

One  heavd  a-high,  to  be  hurl'd  down  below. 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  iv.  4. 


aguiset,  aguizet  (a-giz') 

guisc.l     Dress. 

Their  fasluons  and  brave  aggldze. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Song  of  the  Soul 

aguiset,  aguizet  (a-giz'),  v.  t.    [See  ag 
To  dress ;  adorn. 


agynary'  (aj'I-na-ri),  a.  [After  F.  agijnaire 
(De  CandoUe),  <■  NL.  *agynarius:  see  agynous 
and  -ar)/.]  In  hot.  characterized  by  the  ab- 
sence of  female  organs :  a  term  applied  by  A.  P. 
de  Candolle  to  double  flowers  which  consist 
wholly  of  petals,  no  pistils  being  present. 

agynic  (a-.iin'ik),  a.  [As  agynous +^-{0."]  In 
hot.,  a  t 


the  plantations.  Also  called  agua. 
ague  (a'gu),  n.  [<  ME.  agu,  ague,  <  OF.  agu, 
fern,  ague  (P.  aigu,  fem.  aigue),  =  Pr.  agut,  fem. 
aguda,  sharp,  acute,  <  L.  acutus,  fem.  acuta, 
acute,  sharp,  violent,  severe ; /ffcri's  acuta,  a 
violent  fever:  see  acute.']  If.  An  acute  or 
violent  fever. 

And  the  burning  ague,  that  shall  consume  the  eyes. 

2.  Litermittent  fever;  a  malarial  feve^'chlracl  '^^^^("Y^^lTT^'^.vT^^^r^^^^^^^^^^^  "0",'+  'io'^-]  Near  'th?  wind,  so  as  to  hold  or 
terized  by  regularly  retm-ning  paroxysms,  each  ^f^,,°"^  ^vj'feless,  <  o-  priv.  +  3W,  a  woman,  keep  to  it:  as,  to  lay  a  ship  a-hold.  bhak. 
in  well-developed  forms,  consisting  of  three  rl'  "  ;^  If ,,,,^^^^^  In  io^.,  haVing  no  female  ahoy  (a-hoi'),  !«to>  [Same  !ishoy,wterj.,vnth 
stages  marked  by  successive  fits,  cold  or  shiv-  "~„  ,  ■"'"'•'■'■'  '  ^  prefix  a-  marking  a  slight  preliminary  utter- 
ering  (the  chill),  hot  or  burning,  and  sweating;  » j^^te  fa-ii'rat),  a,  [<KL.*ag,/ratus:  seea-lS  ance:  see  «-9.]  A««f.,  an  exclamation  used  to 
agyrate  (a  ji    ^^,^^^  ^  l^^^  arranged  in  whorls.       attract  the  attention  of  persons  at  a  distance : 


ahint,  ahin  (a-hinf,  a-hia')>  prep,  or  adv.  [< 
ME.  at  hind,"<  AS.  lei-hindan,  behind,  <  at,  E. 
at,+  hindan,  fi-om  the  back,  behind:  see  a-T, 
hindS,  hehind,  and  cf.  afore.]  Behind.    [Scotch.] 

ahm  (iim),  H.     Same  as  aam. 

ahna-tree  (a'na-tre),  «.  [<  ahna,  anna,  native 
name,  -1-  tree.']'  A  large  evergreen  thorny  spe- 
cies oi  Acacia,  growing  abundantly  in  the  sandy 
river-beds  of  Damaraland,  Africa.  The  wood  is 
light  but  durable,  and  the  bark  is  said  to  be  a  good  tan- 
ning material.  Tlie  tree  bears  a  profusion  of  pods,  which 
ai'e  very  nutritious  food  for  cattle,  and  are  also  eaten  by 
Also  written  anna-tree. 


erra  applied  to  the  insertion  of  stamens     tlie  natives     Also  written  anna-tree.^ 
.eentlWfreefromtheovary.  ,  [Rare.]  aholdt  (^-hold')  pr.^  i,;»^^  as  "dv.or-.Jia^ 


chills  and  fever. 


and  gyrate.] 


Tliat  ye  schul  have  a  fever  terciane  ah^i'sil^intcrf.     [A  natural  cry,  expressive  of  sud-     as,  ship  o/io;/ 

CArtwc'tT,  Nuns  Priests  Tale,  1.  140.   wi^  V^/»  ""..'*     i-^^        ^   ^   ^t^rt    *-       t..,    „    __- 


Or  an  agu. 

3.  Chilliness;  a  chill  not  resulting  from  dis- 
ease—  Dumb  ague.    See  dumb. 
ague  (a'gu),  V.  t.     [<  ague,  «.]     To  cause  a 
shivering  in ;  strike  with  a  cold  fit.    Seywood. 
[Rare.] 

Faces  pale 
With  flight  and  agued  fear  Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  4. 


ME.  a  (cf.  OHG.  'a  Zleeha,  ai)  ahu  (a'ho),  ».     [Pers.  dhU,  a  deer.]    One  of  the 
-      ^-       ~     .    .    ~     .         '  ..'     native  names  of  the  common  gazel  of  central 

Asia,  the  (iazella  std'gutturosa  {Antilope  suhgut- 
tiirosa  of  Giildehstadt).  It  is  said  to  inhabit  in  herds 
the  open  country  of  central  Asia,  Persia,  the  Baikal  region, 
aii.l  to  be  found  from  the  eastern  boundary  of  Bokhara  to 
ttie  Hellesp.>nt.  Its  principal  food  is  a  species  of  worm- 
wood, Artemisia  Pontica.    The  ahu  is  pale-browu,  wlute 


den  emotion; 

=  OF.  (7,  F.  ff/i  =  L.  ah  =  Gr.  a ;  in  Teut.  usually 
with  final  guttural,  AS.  ed  (for  *enh)  =  'D.  aeh 
=  OHG.  ah,  MHG.  G.  ach  =  Sw.  ack  =  Dan.  ak. 
Often  repeated,  with  aspiration,  ah  ha,  aha. 
See  a/ifll  and  ha,  andcf.  0,  o7i.]  An  exclamation 
expressive  of  pain,  surprise,  pity,  compassion, 


ahu 

below  ami  on  the  anal  disk,  with  a  light  stripe  on  the  side, 
adark  stripe  on  the  haunches,  and  the  end  otthe  tail  black. 
AlS"  c:\lle1ljair0u. 

ahuatle  (a'6-at-l),  n.  pies.]  A  preparation 
of  the  eggs  of  a  dipterous  insect  of  Mexieo, 
Ejikijdra  hians,  used  for  food. 

It  U  of  the  e-'L-s  ■  f  this  insect  .  .  .  that  the  greater  part 
of  the  ff«>.i  i.r  i  :  ti  of  this  lake  [Lake  Texcoto),  known 
as  Ahif-  ied.  .  .  .  Ihe  eggs  are  .  .  .  cleaned 

and  gT'   .  ■■.  which  is  called  Ahuatle.  This  food 

is  ,!.-,-':  r  those  days  in  which  the  religious 

,  ■  ,-.;■  of  Hesh.    It  is  prepared  by 

I  .  iried  %nth  fat  in  small  cakes. 

'i  /.of  caviare. 

Stand.  Xat.  BM.,  U.  432. 

a-bnfft  (a-huf'),  prep.  phr.  as  ado.  [<  aS  + 
li  uff.}    In  a  siraggermg  manner. 

Set  cap  a-huf,  and  challenge  him  the  field. 

Greene,  James  IV,,  iv. 

ahullt  {a--hvil'),  prej).  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^, 
on,  in,  +  hull.']  Xaut.,  in  or  into  the  position 
of  a  ship  when  her  gaols  are  furled  and  the 
helm  is  lashed  to  the  lee  side ;  in  the  position 
of  a  vessel  when  she  lies  to,  with  aU  her  sails 
furled. 

ahnngeredf  (a-hung'gerd),  a.  or  pp.  [Also  an- 
huiiytred,  <  \LE.  ahutujred,  ahuntjryd,  anhungred, 
with  substituted  prefix  an-,  earlier  ofhungered, 
ofhungred,  ofliyngred,  offingred,  oft/ngred,  ajin- 
gred,  pp.,  <  AS.  of-hyngred,  pp.  of  of-hyngrian, 
cause  to  hunger,  <  of-  intensive  +  hyugrian, 
cause  to  hunger:  see  n-*  and  hunger,  v.  Cf. 
athirst.l  Pinched  with  hunger;  hungry.  [Er- 
roneously printed  in  the  New  Testament  as 
two  words,  in  the  forms  (in  different  editions) 
a  hungered,  an  hungered,  and  an  hungred.] 

ahnngryt  (a-hung'gri),  a.  [Same  as  ahungered. 
with  suffix  changed  in  imitation  of  hungry.] 
Hungry:  as,  "I  am  not  a-hungry,"  Shak.,  JI. 
W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

Ahuramazda  (a'ho-ra-maz'da),  w.  [Zend 
Ahuro  mazdao,  >  Pers.  Ormuzd.]  Same  as  Or- 
muzd. 

ahya  (a'u),  n.  [Jap.]  The  ai,  a  Japanese 
salmonoid  fish,  Salmo  (Plecoglonsu.i)  altivelis, 
also  kno«-n  as  the  one-year  fish.  It  is  catadro- 
mous,  and  an  annual. 

The  ahj/u  is  specially  worthy  of  record  as  the  only  fish 
known  to  combine  the  habits  of  the  two  classes  [of  cata- 
dromoos  and  annual  hshes]. 

Gill,  Smithsonian  Rep.,  1883,  p.  726. 

ai*.  [(1).  <  ilE.  ai,  ay,  ei,  ey,  wi,  fly,  eg,  a:g,J.  AS. 
ag,  eg,  <eg,  eg,  that  is,  the  vowel  (b  or  e,  w  or  e, 
followed  by  the  palatal  g,  in  ME.  17,  g,  or  y,  also 
written  I,  merging  with  vowel  .1/  or  i :  see  ;/,  y,  i. 
(The  digraph  in  hair,  ME.  here,  has  taken  the 
place  of  earlier  c  as  in  ere,  there,  their,  etc.) 
(2)  <  ME.  ai,  ay,  ei,  ey,  with  folloiving  vowel 
aic,  etc.,  <  OF.  ai,  ei,  etc.,  of  various  origin, 
usually  developed  from  L.  a  or  e.  (3)  Of  vari- 
ous other  origin.  See  examples  cited  below.] 
A  common  English  digrajjh,  representing  gen- 
erally th(^  sound  of  "long  a"  (a),  which  be- 
coini'S  it  before  r,  as  in  ail  (soiuided  like  ale), 
tain  (sounded  like  vane,  vein),  air  (sounded  like 
ere,  fwir),  etc.  As  commonly  i>ronouncctl,  it  is  strictly 
*  dlphthoMK  connittiiji,'  of  "  long  n  "  (a),  or  e  (c),  f<dlowcd  by 
a  nnlih,  i  (I),  which  is,  in  words  of  AngloSaxoii  origin, 
l,l,i..„  .11,  i,|,.„tiuii  with  the  consonunt  y.  This  di- 
t"  "I  woril.i  — (1)  of  Anglo-.Saxon  origin,  as  in 

"  'I'/./rtt'*,  w'tf^/airl, /<n>,  etc.,  being  also 

"  ■  ilh  fi',  in  moilern  .Scotch  spelling  for  "  long 

"  '  to  K.  "long  o."  va,  o-e,  as  in  aith,  raid, 

■'it/i,  r'tn<t,  rttile,  own,  etc.:  (2)  of  French, 
■'  i^ilin  origin,  as  In  /ail,  /(tint,  vain,  grain, 

'■  '    :  (•■*)  of  (ircck  origin,  being  UHed  sonie- 

''  t  tranjtlltcration  of  iireck  ai  iimtcHd  of  tlie 

'■  ''nllli-nitiMii  If  or  rt»(seert'l),  as  in  aitwlofty, 

' '  '  ''IS  otliiT  origin,  ii.^inilly  rciircHcntiiig  the 

''  r  I.  1^  In  Ornnaii  kaiter  and  Oriental  and 

■  (ally  proper  names,  as  Aino,  Cairo, 

■  Anylo-.Siixon  and  French  origin  ni 
■1  now  prt-valls  when  llnnl,  usually 
'^  li>-n  iiirule  medial  by  the  addition 

'  '  ''"/.  '/'ij/,  affra}!,  arrant,  etc.,  ttailu, 

I'i't  to  Home  such  cases,  cHpecinlly 
llli  a  Vowel,  aji  remains  un< 
'  'i'<l,  rtfit/rj/,  vU'. 

'  ^  Uriiz.rti, /ini(Mahii).] 

lUiiilyp::r,  tridaclyhi.i  or 

li'im    linving   a   feeble, 

'•""lew  r, lit  reHi'iiibliiig  the  hoiiikI 

'  l>y  "•  nuiiio.     Hvw  Kloth  and  lira- 


120 

bird  Platalea  ajaja.  (b)  [cap.]  Reiehenbach's 
generic  name  of  the  bird,  which  he  calls  AjaJa 
rosea,  to  separate  it  generically  from  the  old- 


n\ 


*'"'■"       '■        1     Hatno  wt  nAi/M. 

ftUla,alnl.-.i    ,     .,    jy  „      [Nntivo  nnmo,  prob. 

"  'i'>(;ru|iliy,  found  ii« 

(iliiivi-  (riven,  mill 

■'  II.   The 

|i<>(ipiliil|, 
"  t 'III  III  Ira, 

f"""':-    '  ibm.— 2.   In 

""•  f"""  .  uaujuor  tho 


Roseate  Spoonbill  ^AJaJa  rfisea). 

world  spoonbill,  Platalea  leucorodia.  See  spoon- 
bill.— 3.  In  Paraguay,  the  jabiru,  Mycteria 
americana :  in  this  sense  only  in  the  form  aiaiai. 
E.  D.  See  cut  laxAei  jabiru. 
aiblius  (ab'linz),  adv.  [Also  spelled  ablins, 
ablis,  abil.  able  (Jamieson);  <  able,  "fit,  proper, 
apt,  liable,  in  danger  of"  (Jamieson),  4-  -lins, 
-lings,  -lis:  see  able'^  and  -ling'i.]  Perhaps;  per- 
adventure;  possibly.     [Scotch.] 

But  fare-ye-weel,  auld  Xickie-ben  ! 
Oh  wad  ye  tak'  a  thought  and  men'. 
Ye  aiblins  might  —  I  dinna  ken — 

Still  ha'e  a  stake.      Burns,  To  the  De'il. 

Aich  metal.     See  metal. 

aid^  (ad).  '■■  '.  [<  ME.  aiden,  <  OP.  aider,  also 
eider,  aidier,  motl.  F.  aider =1^.  ajudar,  <  L.  ad- 
jutare,  help,  aid,  freq.  of  adjuvare,  pp.  adjutus, 
help,  <  ad,  to,  +  jurare,  help:  see  adjutant,  ud- 
jute.]  1.  To  help;  assist;  afford  support  or 
relief;  promote  the  desire,  purpose,  or  action 
of:  as,  to  aid  a,  person  in  his  business,  or  an 
animal  in  its  efforts ;  to  aid  a  medicine  in  its 
operation. 

Till  more  hands 
Aid  us,  the  work  under  our  labour  grows, 
Luxurious  by  restraint.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  20S. 

So  aitf  me  Heaven  when  at  mine  uttermost. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

2.  To  promote  the  course  or  aecomplishmoiit 
of;  help  in  advancing  or  bringing  about;  for- 
ward ;  facilitate :  as,  to  aid  the  recovery  of  a 
patient,  or  the  operation  of  a  machine ;  to  aid 
one's  designs. 

Take  your  choice  of  those 

Tliat  best  can  aid  your  action.        Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  6. 

No  more  these  scenes  my  meditation  aid. 

Pojte,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  I.  101. 
[In  this  sense  aid  is  often  followed  by  in,  giving  it  the 
appearance  of  an  intransitive  verb,  the  direct  object  of 
assistance  being  unex|)resscd  :  as,  he  actively  ai</*'(f  in  the 
search.)— Aiding  and  abetting,  in  criminal  law,  an  of- 
fense committed  by  one  who.  though  not  directly  perpe- 
trating a  crime,  is  yet  present  at  its  conimi-ssiim  and  ren- 
ders aid  to  the  perpetrator.  -  Syn.  To  support,  sustain, 
serve,  back,  second,  abet,  cooperate  with,  relieve. 
aidl  (ad),  n.  [<  F.  aide,  <  OF.  aide,  cidc,  etc. ; 
from  tho  verb.]  1.  Help;  succor;  supi)ort ; 
assistance. 

Sweet  father,  I  behold  him  in  my  dreams 
Gaunt  as  it  were  the  skeleton  of  himself, 
Death-pale,  forlack  of  gentle  maidens  aid. 

Tenni/non,  Lancelot  anil  Elaine. 

2.  Ho  who  or  that  which  aids  or  )-ields  as- 
sistance; aln'l|irr;  an  iiiixiliiirv;  an  assistant: 
as,  Coleridge's  " .lid.i  to  Kelloetion." 

It  is  not  good  that  man  should  be  alone ;  let  us  make 
unto  bim  an  uiVf  like  unto  himself.  Toliit  viii.  0. 

The  aids  to  iioble  life  are  all  within. 

M.  .Inwid,  Worldly  Tlnce. 

3.  In  feudal  lair,  a  customnry  piijinont,  iiindo 
by  n  tenant  or  vassal  to  liis  lonl,  originiilly  :i 
voluntary  gift  ;  lic>nce,  in  Eng.  hint.,  ii|i|ilii'd  tu 
tho  forms  of  taxation  employed  by  the  crown 
between  the  Norman  comiuest  and  the  four- 
teenth century.  Aids  in  tlie  narrower  sense,  whether 
to  the  crown  or  mesne  lords,  were  Iiy  Magna  Charta  lim- 
ited to  grants  on  three  sj lal  occosioim :  (fi)  to  raliHom 

the  Iiiril  when  a  prisoner;  (/*)  to  make  (he  lonl's  eldest  son 
nklilglil;  (e)  (he  marriage  of  the  lord's  eldest  dallglltiT. 

The  legal  authority  to  enforce  such  aids  was  abolished  In 

wm. 

Klrsl  Ihoro  were  pnymonis  called  aidt ;  In  tho  theoir  of 

'-  'iMtliom  they  were  olfered  of  the  ienalit'H  fn'O 

the  i-oHts  Incnrreil  liy  tlie  lord  on  iinrtlcular 
'I  lliey  settled  Into  a  dxedi'iiHt^imaUiTwardN, 

1' ■■■■-■  oot  really  done  HO  when  Ihosii  autliom  wrote. 

A',  folloek,  Ijind  Ijiws,  Hi. 

The  marriage  win.  according  to  the  new  feudal  Idea", 
made  the  ev  II  .  f,,r  n  heavy  exaction  of  money,  an  ai'if,  lui 
Uic  feudal  lii»>.  ik  rail  It. 

h.  A.  /'Vwinan,  .Norman  Coniiucst,  V.  Mi. 


aigui^re 

4.  An  aide-de-eamp :  so  called  by  abbrevnation. 
—  5.  pi.  In  the  manege,  the  helps  by  which  a 
horseman  contributes  toward  the  motion  or  ac- 
tion required  of  a  horse,  as  by  a  judicious  use 
of  the  heel,  leg,  rein,  or  spur.— Court  of  aid,  in 
French  hi.^t.,  a  court  for  the  collection  of  the  royal  aids, 
or  excise.- Emigrant  aid  societies.  See  cmi.;ra)i(.— 
Extents  in  aid.  .See  extent. —To  pray  in  aid.  See 
aid-praijer. -Syn.  1.  Cooperation,  furtherance,  relief.— 
2.  t'oadjutor,  ai^sistant. 

aid-(ad),  «.  [Eng.  dial. ;  etym.  tmknown.]  1. 
A  deep  gutter  cut  across  plowed  land.  [Shrop- 
shire, Eng.] — 2.  A  reach  in  a  river.  [Shrop- 
shire, Eng.] 

aidance  (a'dans),  n.  [<  OF.  ai<lance,  <  aider, 
aid:  see  aid^',  v.]  That  which  aids,  or  the  act 
of  aiding;  help;  assistance.     [Rare.] 

The  means  and  aidances  supplied  by  the  Supreme  Rea- 
son. Coleridge. 

aidant  (a'dant),  a.     [<  OF.  aidant,  ppr.  of  aider, 

<  L.  udjutaiii  t-)s,  ppr.  of  adjutare,  aid :  see  aid^, 
v.,  and  adjutant.]  Helping;  helpful;  supplying 
aid.     [Rare.] 

Be  aidant  and  remediate. 
In  the  good  man's  distress  !  Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  4. 

aid-de-camp,  ".     See  aide-de-camp. 
aide  (ad).  «.     Same  as  aide-de-camp. 

[Hamilton]  was  picked  out  by  Washington  to  serve  as 
his  conlidential  aide.  X.  A.  Hev.,  CXXIII.  117. 

aide-de-camp  (E.  pron.  ad'de-kamp,  F.  pron. 
ad'do-kou).  «. ;  pi.  aides-de-camp  (adz'de-kamp 
or  adz'de-kon).  [<  F.  aide  de  camp,  lit.' a  field 
assistant:  aide,  aid,  assistant  (see  ojVfl,  »(.);  de, 

<  L.  de,  of ;  camp,  <  L.  campus,  field,  battlefield: 
see  camiA.]  Milit.,  a  confidential  officer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  receive  and  communicate  the  orders 
of  a  general  officer,  act  as  his  secretary  upon 
occasion,  and  the  like.  Sometimes  written  aid- 
de-camp. 

aider  (a'd6r),  n.  One  who  helps;  an  assistant 
or  aiDciliary ;  an  abetter ;  an  accessory. 

All  along  as  he  went  were  punished  the  adherents  and 
aiders  of  the  late  rebels.  Burnet. 

[Emerson]  was  the  friend  and  aider  of  those  who  would 
live  in  the  spirit.  M.  Arnold. 

aides-de-camp,  «.     Plural  of  aide-de-camp. 
aidful  (ad'ful),  a.    [<  (i((fi  +  -ful.]     Giving  aid ; 
helpful.     [Rare.] 

Aii{ful  to  the  distresses  of  God's  people. 

Bp.  Hall,  Hainan  Disrespected. 

aidless  (ad'les),  fl.  [<  (((Vn  +  -le.fs.]  Without 
aid:  helpless :  without  succor ;  unsupported. 

aid-majort  (ad'ma''',ior),  n.     Same  as  adjutant. 

aid-prayer  (ad'prar)i'  n.  A  petition  or  {ilea  for- 
merly employed  in  actions  concerning  estates 
in  land,  by  which  a  defendant  claimed  the  as- 
sistance of  another  jierson  .iointly  interested 
with  liini  in  sustaining  the  title. 

aiglet'  (a'glet),  n.  [Dim.  of  OF.  aigle,  eagle: 
see  eaglet.]     In  her.,  an  eaglet  or  yoimg  eagle. 

aiglet-',  )'.     See  aglet. 

aigocerine,  a.     Soo  agocerine. 

Aigocerus,  n.     Soo  -ligocerus. 

aigre't  (a'ger),  a.  i<  F.  aigre :  see  eager^.'] 
Sharp  ;  sour.     Seo  cager'^ . 

Like  aigre  droppings  into  milk. 

Shak.  (W2:!),  Hamlet,  i.  6. 

aigre-  (i^'g^r),  «.     Sen  eager-. 

aigremore  (a'g6r-m6r),  «.  [F. ;  origin  im- 
Unown.J  Charcoal  made  ready  for  tho  admix- 
ture of  the  other  constituent  materials  of  gim- 
powder. 

aigret,  aigrette  (a'gret,  iX-gi-et'),  n.  [<  F.  ai- 
1.  The  small  white  heron. 
So(>  egret. — 2.  (a)  A  ]iltiine 
coiniMised  of  I'eatlici's  ar- 
ranged in  imilalion  of  the 
feathers  on  the  head  of 
the  heron,  and  worn  on  liel- 
nu'ts  or  by  ladies  as  a  part 
(if  llicir  licad-iiri'ss,  etc.  (b) 
A  cdiiy  in  Jfxveli'y  <il'  such  a 
pinnic,  iil'ten  so  made  that, 
the  sceining  feathers  trem- 
ble with  the  niovi'inents  of 
the  wearer,  causing  Ihe 
gems  til  s]iai'kl('.  —  3.  In 
bat.,  sanu'  as  egret.  —  4.  In 
ielitli.,  a  labroiil  lisli.  I.iieh- 
ma.riinits,     beller 


grette  :  see 


Atgrrl. 


( l-n.m  llnii^  lliinikmalr-H    noloni  US 

j"rtiiii.i|.ii  .,f  M,i,imiiiaii   known  as  the  lingfisli  (whicli 
see). 
alguo-marine  (iig-ma-ren'),  H.     1 1'.]     Same  as 

miniimiirine. 
aiguidre  (li-gi-ilr'),  n.     \V..  a  ewer,  jug:   soo 

tii'tr'-'.)    A  Inll  and  slender  vessel  of  metal,  por- 


Aieuiire  of  silverpilt  in  the 
Pitti  PaLice.  Florence. 


aiguidre 

celain,    glass,    or    pottery, 
with  a  foot,  a  handle,  and 
a  spout  or  nozle.     in  Kin^iish 
the  word  is  generally  liniifi-'l   Lu 
vessels  of  highly  deeorative  t-luir- 
acter,  of  rich  material,  ete      See 
aflaiid. 
aiguille  (a-gwel'),  «.   [F.,  a 
ueedle:   see    nglet.]      1.   A 
slender  foi-m  of  drill  used  for 
boring  or  drilling  a  blast- 
hole  inroek. — 2.  Aprimiug- 
wii'e   or   blasting-needle. — 
3.   The  name    given   near 
Mont  Blanc  to  the  sharper 
peaks  or  clusters  of  needle- 
like rock-masses,  ordinarily 
seen  wherever  the  slaty  crys- 
talline rocks  occur,  forming 
a  more  or  less  considerable 
part  of  a  mountain  range,  but  most  strikingly 
near  Chamt.  lix.     Henee  applied,  though  rare- 
ly, to  similar  sharply  pointed  peaks  elsewhere. 
aiguillesque  (a-gwe-lesk'),  a.     [<  p.  aiguille,  a 
needle,  +  -esque.'\     Shaped  like   an  aiguille; 
resembling  an  aiguille.     Suskiii.     (N.  E.  D.) 
aiguillette  (a-gwe-lef),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  aiguille,  a 
ueedle:  see  aglet.']    1.  Same  as  «^?e(,  1. — 2.  In 
cookery,  a  name  given  to  a  number  of  hors  cTosu- 
vre,  or  side-dishes,  from  their  being  served  on 
small  ornamental  skewers  or  needles  {aiguilles). 
aigllis6  (a-gwe-za'),  a.     [F.,  pp.  of  aiguiser, 
sharpen,  =  Pr.  agusar  =  It.  aguzsare,  <  ML. 
acutiare,  sharpen,  <  L.  acutus,  sharp :  see  acute.] 
In  her.,  sharpened  or  pointed:  applied  to  any- 
thing sharpened,  but  in  such  manner  as  to  ter- 
minate in  an  obtuse  angle.    Synonymous  with 
apimiiMe.     Also  written  iguisL 
aigulet  (a'gu-let),   n.    Same  as  aglet,  1:  as, 

"golden  aygulets,"  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  26. 
aikinite  (a'kin-it),   n.     [Named  after  Dr.  A. 
Aikin.]     A  native   sulphid  of  bismuth,  lead, 
and  copper,  of  a  metallic  luster  and  blackish 
lead-gray  color,     it  eommonly  occurs  in  embedded 
aeieular  crystals,  and  is  hence  called  needle-ore  and  acic- 
ular  bismuth. 
aillf,  a.     [<  ME.  ei/le,  eil,  <  AS.  egle,  painful, 
troublesome,  =  Goth,  aglus,  hard.     Cf.   Goth. 
agio,  distress,  tribulation,  akin  to  agis,  fright, 
=  E.  awe^,  q.  v.]    Painful ;  troublesome. 
Eyte  and  hard  and  muehe. 

Castle  0/  Love,  1.  223. 

aill  (al),  V.     [<  ME.  alien,  aijlen,  earlier  eilen, 

eylen,  eglen,  <  AS.  eglian,  eglan,  trouble,  pain,  = 

Goth,  "agljan,  only  in  eomp.  usagljan,  trouble 

exceedingly,  distress;  from  the  adj.:  see  a(71, 

a.  and  n.]     I.  trans.  To  affect  with  pain  or  im- 

easiness,  either  of  body  or  of  mind;  trouble: 

used  in  relation  to  some  uneasiness  or  affection 

whose  cause  is  unknown :  as,  what  ails  the  man  ? 

What  aileth  thee,  Hagar?  Gen.  xxi.  17. 

What  do  you  ail,  my  love?  why  do  you  weep? 

Webster,  The  White  Devil,  iv.  2. 
Never  rave  nor  rail. 
Nor  ask  questions  what  I  ail. 

Peele,  Edward  I.  (Dyce  ed.,  1861),  p.  395. 
[Rarely  used  with  a  specific  disease  as  subject,  unless  col- 
loquially in  iterative  answer  to  a  question:  as,  "What 
ails  you?    A  pleurisy  ails  me."] 

II.  intrans.  To  feel  pain ;  be  ill  (usually  in  a 
slight  degree) ;  be  unwell :  now  used  chiefly  in 
the  present  participle :  as,  he  is  ailing  to-day. 
And  much  he  ails,  and  yet  he  is  not  sick. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wars,  iii. 
One  day  the  child  began  to  ail. 

E.  U.  Stoddard,  Pearl  of  the  Philippines. 

aiU  (al),  n.  [From  the  verb.  Cf .  early  ME.  eile, 
eil,  harm  (very  rare) ;  from  the  adj.]  Indisposi- 
tion or  morbid  affection ;  ailment.     Pope. 

ail^  (al),  11.  [E.  dial.,  hi  pi.  ails;  variously  cor- 
rupted oiU,  hoils,  hauels;  <  ME.  cyle,  eile,  eigle, 
<  AS.  egl,  the  beard  of  gi'aiu,  corn,  foimd  only 
twice,  as  tr.  of  L.  festuca,  "the  mote  that  is  iii 
thy  brother's  eye  "  (Luke  vi.  41, 42),  =  OHG.  ahil, 
G.  achel,  beard  of  grain;  from  the  same  root, 
with  diff.  suflix  (-?),  as  »«■«!  and  ear^,  q.  v.] 
The  beard  of  wheat,  barlev,  etc.,  especially  of 
barley:  chiefly  in  the  plural".  SalliweU;  Wright. 
[Prov.  Eng.  (Essex).] 

For  to  winden  [var.  windwe,  winnow]  hweate,  and 
acheaden  (shed,  i.  c,  separate]  the  eilen  and  tet  chef 
[the  chaff]  urom  the  clene  cornes. 

Ancren  Biwle,  p.  270.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

ailantic,  ailanthic  (a-lan'tik,  -thik),  a.  {<Ai- 
lantus,  Ailanthus,  + -ic.]     Of  or  pertaining  to 

Ailantus.—M^SIi.\Ac  acid,  an  acid  obtained  from  the 
bark  of  Ailantus  excelsa. 

ailantine  (a-lan'tin),  a.  [<  ailantus  +  -i»el.] 
Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  ailantus,  or  to  the 
silkworms  which  feed  upon  its  leaves. 


121 

Ailantus  (a-lan'tus),  n.  [NL. ;  also  errone- 
ously Ailanthus  (simidating  Gr.  ivHor,  flower) ; 
<  aitanto,  the  Malacca  name  of  one  species, 
said  to  mean 'tree  of  heaven.']  1.  A  genus  of 
trees,  iiiitural  order  Simarubacew.  The  onlycom- 
nioiily  known  sp(-(  ii-s  is  the  tree  of  heaven  or  Chinese 
snniitrii,  ,1.  'fhiiKliddsa,  native  of  Mongolia  and  Jai)an, 
frrqiniitly  planted  as  a  shfide-tree.  It  is  of  rapid  growth, 
with  \(iy  long  pinnate  leaves,  and  throws  up  abundant 


roc,t..suel<i-rs,  by  which  it  is  usually  propagated.     The 
Mowers  ;iie  polygamous  or  nearly  diujciuus,  and  are  very 
ill-seented.     Jiombyx  (Phitosamia)  cynthia,  a  species  of 
silkworm,  feeils  on  its  leaves.    In  Japan  the  produce  of 
silkwoiniB  fill  on  this  tree  is  very  large,  and  the  material, 
tliini;ili  uaiilin;^r  tlm  fineness  and  gloss  of  mulben-y  silk, 
is  iiniiburil  at  far  less  cost,  and  is  more  diu-able. 
2.   [/.  c]  A  tree  of  the  genus  Ailantus,  or  the 
genus  collectively:  as,  the  ailantus,  when  once 
established,  is  diiHcnlt  to  eradicate. 
ailet,  «.    1.  The  older  and  more  correct  spelling 
of  aisle.— 2.  [F. :  see  ailette.]   Milit.,  a  wing  or 
flank  of  an  army  or  a  fortification. 
aileron  (a'le-ron),  n.     [P.,  dim.  of  aile,  wing: 
see  ailette.']     Same  as  ailette. 
ailette  (a-lef),  n.     [¥.,  dim.  of  aile,  a  wing,  < 
L.  dla,  wing:  see  ala  and  aisle.]    A  plate  of 
iron  worn  over  the  mail  to  prp- 
tect  the  shoulders  of  a  man- 
at-arffls,  before  the  introduc- 
tion  of   plate-armor  for   the 
body.     Ailettes    were    some- 
times charged  with  heraldic 
bearings.      Also  aislette   and 
aileron. 
ailing  (a'ling),  n.     [Verbal  n. 
of  ni/l,  v.]     Sickness;  indis- 
position, 
ailing  (a'ling),  2^  a.    Not  well; 
indisposed. 

But  tllere  is  a  sort  of  puny  sickly 
reputation,  that  is  always  ailinij,  yet 
will  outlive  the  robuster  characters 
of  a  hundred  prudes. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 


as, 


century.  ( From  VioUet- 
le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mo- 
bilier  fran^ais,") 


Aino 

It  ill  beseems  this  presence  to  crjt  aim 
To  these  ill-tuned  repetitions.    Shak.,  K.  .John,  it  1. 
aim  (am),  n.     [<  ME.  ayme,  ame,  <  OF.  esme; 
from  the  verb.]     If.  Co'njectm-o;  guess, 
lie  that  seeth  no  mark,  must  shoot  by  aim. 

Up.  .Jewell,  Reply  to  llardinge,  p.  31. 
It  is  impossible  by  aim  to  tell  it. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
What  you  would  work  me  to,  I  have  some  aim. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 
■2.  C'oin'sej  direction:  in  particular,  the  du'ec- 
tion  in  which  a  missile  is  pointed;  the  line  of 
shot. 

And  when  the  cross-blue  lightning  seeni'd  to  open 

Tlie  breast  of  heaven,  I  did  present  myself 

Kven  in  the  aim  aiid  very  lliisli  of  it.     .SViat.,  J.  C,  i.  X. 

3.  The  act  of  aiming  or  directing  anything  (as 
a  weapon,  a  blow,  a  discoiu'so,  or  a  remark)  at 
or  toward  a  particular  point  or  object  with  tho 
intention  of  striking  or  affecting  it;  the  point- 
ing or  directing  of  a  missile. 

Kach  at  the  head 
Levell'd  his  deadly  aim.        Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  712. 

4.  The  point  intended  to  be  hit,  or  object  in- 
tended to  be  affected;  tho  mark  or  target. 

To  be  the  aim  of  every  dangerous  shot. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

5.  A  purpose;  intention ;  design ;  scheme: 
men  are  often  disappointed  of  their  aim. 

The  aim,  if  reached  or  not,  makes  great  the  life. 
Try  to  be  Shakspeare,  leave  the  rest  to  fate. 

Brouming,  Bishop  Blougram's  Apology. 
The  aim  of  scientific  thought,  then,  is  to  apply  past  ex- 
periences to  new  circumstances. 

M'.  A'.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  131. 
To  give  aim,  in  arehery,  to  stand  near  the  butts  to  tell 
the  archers  where  their  arrows  alight.  The  terms  are  "wide 
on  the  shaft(right)  hand,"  "wide  on  the  bow(left)  hand," 
"short,"  "gone";  the  distances  tieing  measui-ed  by  bow- 
lengths.  See  bow-hand.  =  Syn.  6.  End,  scope,  drift,  goal, 
intent,  ambition. 
aim-criert  (am'kri"6r),  n.  1.  One  who  en- 
coui-aged  an  archer  by  crying  "  Aim ! "  when  he 
was  about  to  shoot.  Hence  —  2.  An  encourager 
generally;  an  approving  on-looker ;  an  abetter. 
Thou  smiling  aim-crier  at  princes'  falL 

<?.  Markkam,  Eng.  Arcadia. 
aimer  (a'mer),  n.     One  who  aims, 
aim-frontlett  (am'frunf'let),  n.     A  piece  of 
wood  fitted  to  the  muzzle  of  a  cannon  so  as  to 
make  it  level  with  the  breech,  formerly  used  by 
gimners  to  facilitate  aiming. 
aimful   (am'ful),   a.     [<  aim  +  -ful]    Full  of 
pun)0se. 
aimiully  (am'ful-i),  adv.    In  an  aimful  manner; 

with  fixed  pm-pose. 
aiming-drill  (a'ming-dril),  n.    A  military  ex' 
ercise  designed  to  teach  men  the  proper  method 
of  pointing  and  aiming  fii'earms ;  a  training  pre- 


not  able  to  eat  mucli? 
a.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  p.  41. 

=  Syn.  Unwell,  etc.    See  sick. 
ailment (al'meut),  J!.   l<aili,v.,  +  -ment.]   Dis- 
ease; indisposition;  morbid  affection  of  the 
body:  not  ordinarily  applied  to  acute  diseases. 
=  Syn.  Sickne.'is,  etc.  (see  illness),  indisposition,  disorder, 
complaint. 
Ailsa-COCk  (al'zii-kok),  ?j.     A  local  name  for 
the  puifin,  Fratefcula  arctica,  from  its  breeding 
about  Ailsa  Craig,  in  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  Scot- 
land.    See  cut  under  xmffin. 
Ailuridse  (a-lii'ri-de),  n.  pi.     Same  as  Jiluridce. 
Ailuroidea  (a-lu-roi'de-a),  n.  pi.     Same  as  .3ilxi- 

roulea.  liminaiy  to  target-practice. 

Alluropus   a-lu  ro-pus),  «.    Same  as  ^luropus.  aiming-stand  (a'ming-stand),  n.    Milit.,  a  rest 

Allurus  (a-  u  rus),  n.     Same  as  murus.  for  a  gun,  used  in  teaching  the  theory  of  aiming. 

ailweed  (al  wed), »(.    i<.mlHt)  +  weed^.]    The  aimless  (am'les),  a.     [_<  aim  + -less'.]    Without 

clover-dodder,  Cuscuta  Tnfoht.  aim ;  purposeless. 

aim  (am),  V.     [<  ME.aymen,  amen,eymen,  <  OF.        The  Turks,  hall  asleep,  ran  about  in  aimless  confusion. 

awiec (Pieard),  esmcr (=  Fr.  esmer,  < L.  wstimare),  Dn/den,  Don  Sebastian. 

and  with  prefix,  eesmer,  aestner,  aasmer,  <  ML.  aimlessly  (am'les-li),  adv.     Without  aim ;  pur- 

adcEstimare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -t-  cestimare,  estimate :     poselessly. 

see  estimate.]     I.   trans.    If.  To  esteem;  con-  aimlessness  (am'les-nes),  re.    The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  without  aim  or  definite  purpose. 

[Thoreau's]  whole  life  was  a  rebuke  of  the  waste  and 
aimlessjiess  of  our  American  luxury,  which  is  an  abject 
enslavement  to  tawdry  upholstery. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  209. 
a.      [Also  spelled  ane,  =  E.  oicnl.] 
Own.     [Scotch.] 
ain.    [< ME.  -ain,  -ein,  -ayn.  -eyn,  <  OF.  -ain,  -ein, 


sider. — 2t.   To   estimate;    guess;   eonjectui'e 

Wyclif. — 3t.  To  calculate;  devise;  intend. 
My  speech  should  f.-ill  into  such  vile  success 
Which  my  thoughts  aim'd  not.     Shak. ,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

4.  To  direct  or  point  at  something;  level:  as,      .  . 
to  aim  the  fist  or  a  blow;  to  aim  a  satire  or  a  ^y^  (^'^)j, 
reflection  at  some  person  or  vice. 

Bulls  aim  their  horns,  and  asses  lift  theii'  heads. 

Pope,  Im.  of  Horace,  Sat.  i.  S5. 

5.  To  give  a  certain  direction  and  elevation  to 
(a  gun,  cannon,  arrow,  etc.),  for  the  pm-pose 
of  causing  the  projectile,  when  the  weapon  is 
discharged,  to  hit  the  object  intended  to  be 
struck :  as,  to  aim  a  gun. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  estimate;  guess;  conjec- 
ture. 

Bom.  In  sadness,  cousin,  I  do  love  a  woman. 
Ben.  I  aivid  so  near,  when  I  supposed' you  lov'd. 

Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  i.  1. 
2.  To  direct  one's  intention,  purpose,  or  ac- 
tion, as  to  the  attainment  or  accomplishment 


<L.  -anus:  see-«H.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  oc^ 
curring  unfelt  in  English  nouns,  as  in  chieftain, 
captain,  chaplain,  curtain,  and,  as  originally,  in 
adjectives,  as  in  certain,  ete.  It  is  a  Middle 
English  and  Old  French  form  of  -an  (which  see). 

aince,  aines  (ans),  adv.  [<  ME.  anes,  north. 
foiTn  of  ones  (pron.  6'nes),  now  con-upted  to 
once  (pron.  wuns).]    Once.     [Scotch.] 

ainhum  (an'hum),  n.  [A  negro  term,  said  to 
mean  orig.  'saw.']  A  disease  peculiar  to  the 
negro  race,  consisting  of  the  sloughing  off  of 
the  little  toes,  unaccompanied  by  any  other 
disorder  of  the  system 


of  something;  intend;  endeavor:  as,  a  man  Aino  (i'no),  a.  and  ».  [Etym.  doubtful;  sup- 
posed to  be  a  corruption  of  Jap.  inu  (pron. 
e'no),  a  dog,  applied  contemptuously  by  the 
Japanese.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Ainos,  certain  aboriginal  tribes  in  Japan  now 
forming  small  tribal  communities  in  the  island 
of  Yezo,  the  Kurile  islands,  and  SaghaHn  or 
Karafuto.  They  are  a  hairy  people,  with  Cau- 
casian features  and  gentle  manners,  but  in  a 
low  state  of  civilization. 
II.  n.  The  language  of  the  Ainos. 


aims  at  distinction ;  aim  to  be  just  in  all  you  do. 
The  short-sighted  policy  which  aimed  at  making  a  nation 
of  saints  has  made  a  nation  of  scoffers. 

Macaulay,  Leigh  Hunt. 
3.  To  dii'ect  or  point  anything,  as  a  weapon  or 
missile,  toward  an  object. 

[In  all  senses  aim  is  used  with  at  or  an  infinitive  before 
the  object  to  be  reached.] 

To  cry  aimt,  in  archery,  to  encourage  the  archers  by  cry- 
ing out  "Aim!"  when  they  were  about  to  shoot.  Hence  it 
came  to  mean  to  applaud  or  encourage  in  a  general  sense. 


ainsel' 

ainsel',  ainsell  (an-sel'),  n.    [<  ain  =  E.  own, 

+  SI  U  =  E.  jf/r".]     Own  self.     [Scotch.] 

ain't,  an't  (ant).  A  vulgar  contraction  of  the 
negative  phrases  am  not  and  are  not:  often  used 
for"  is  not.  and  also,  with  a  variant  hain't,  for 
haie  not  and  has  not. 

Aiolian  (a-o'li-an),  a.  and  n.  Same  as ^EoJianl 
and  JEolian''. 

Aiolic  (a-ol'ik),  a.    Same  as  Mohc. 

Aiolism  va'6-lizm),  n.     Same  as  holism. 

air'  I  Sr  >■  «•  [Early  mod.  E.  ni/re,  also  aer  (after 
L.),  <  ME.  cier.  aire,  eire.  oyer,  etjer,  ayre,  eyre, 
aier.  eyr.  eir,  <  OF.  air,  F.  air,  the  air,  breath, 
Tvind,  =  Pr.  air,  aire  =  Sp.  aire  =  Pg.  ar  =  It. 
aere,  aire,  now  commonly  aria,  all  in  the  physi- 
cal sense;  <  L.  aer,  <  Gr.  ar/p  (aep-),  air,  mist, 
<  aetv,  breathe,  blow.  prob.  akin  to  E.  wind, 
q.  V.  See  air-  and  «ir3,  ult.  identical  with  oirl, 
but  separated  in  seuse  and  in  time  of  intro- 
duction.] 1.  The  respirable  fluid  which  sm-- 
rounds  the  earth  and  forms  its  atmosphere. 
It  is  irioilorous.  inrisible,  insipid,  colorless,  eliistic,  pos- 
sessed of  ^.Tavity,  easily  laoved,  rarefied,  and  condensed, 
essential  to  respiration  and  combustion,  and  is  the  medium 
of  sound,  it  is  composed  by  volume  of  21  piu'ts  of  oxygen 
and  7i*  of  nitrogen ;  by  weight,  of  23  of  oxygen  and  77  of 
nitrogen.  These  gases  are  not  chemically  united,  but  are 
mixed  mechanically.  Air  contains  also  Yiho  of  carbon 
dioxid,  some  aqueous  vapor,  about  one  per  cent,  of  argon. 
and  small  varjiug amounts  of  animoiiia,  nitric  acid,  ozone, 
and  org-anic  matter.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  air  at  32'  F. 
is  to  that  of  water  as  1  to  773,  and  loO  cubic  inches  at  mean 
temperature  and  pressure  weigh  ;i0.i  grains.  When  air  is  in- 
haled into  the  linigs  oxygen  issepaiatedfrom  tiie  nitrogen, 
and,  uniting  with  the  carbon  in  the  Itlood,  is  expelled  as  car- 
bon dioxid ;  it  tlius  serves  to  purify  the  blood  and  ftu-iii.shes 
the  IhmIv  with  heat.  By  the  ancient  philosophers  air  was 
considered  one  of  the  four  elements  of  all  things,  and  this 
view  was  maintained  until  comparatively  recent  times. 

The  greate  house,  formerly  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's, 
a  spacii'US  and  excellent  place  for  the  extent  of  ground, 
and  situation  in  a  good  aire.  Erelijn,  Diary,  Jan.  15, 1679. 
The  health  of  the  mental  and  bodily  functions,  the 
spirit,  temper,  disposition,  the  correctness  of  the  judg- 
ment, and  brilliancy  of  the  imagination,  depend  directly 
upon  pure  air.        Iluxley  and  Youmaiix,  Physiol.,  §  395. 

2.  In  old  chcm.,  gas:  still  iu  use  in  this  sense  in 
foundrie8andmachine-shops,especially  for  such 
gases  as  are  mingled  with  air  or  fomied  from 
it,  as  the  gases  from  a  furnace,  in  distinction 
from  this  use,  common  air  is  often  called  almoKpheric  air. 

3.  A  movement  of  the  atmosphere;  a  light 
breeze:  usually  in  tho  plural. 

The  summer  airs  blow  cool.      Tennyson,  May  Queen,  ii. 

4.  Utterance  abroad;  publication;  publicity. 
Vou  gave  it  air  liefore  me.  DrijiUn. 

Hence  —  5t.  Intelligence;  information;  adrice. 

It  grew  from  the  airtt  which  the  princes  and   states 

abroad  received  from  their  ambassadors  and  agents  here. 

Bacon,  HLst.  Hen.  VII. 

6.  The  graphic  representation,  as  in  a.  painting, 
of  the  effect  of  the  atmospheric  medium  tlirougli 
which  natural  objects  are  viewed. — 7.  In  the 
(ir.  (.'Ii.,  a  very  thin  veil  sprea<l  over  both  the 
paten  and  the  chalice,  iu  addition  to  the  paten 
and  chalice  veils.     Al.so  called  ncphele. 

Tile  third  (chalice  veil]  is  called  .  .  .  «i'r.  because,  as  the 
*lr  ■iirrouiids  the  earth,  so  does  this  surround  tlie  hcily 
KlftA.  ,  .  .  Thi.4  name,  air,  has  found  its  way  into  our  own 
Church,  through  Bishop  Andrewes,  and  the  divines  of  his 
time,  who  (esi>ecially  Wren)  were  well  verseil  in  tile  East- 
ern LIturKtes.     J.  if.  Seale,  Eastern  Church,  1.  SliO,  note. 

Depbloglstlcated  air,  in  oU  dirm.,  oxygen:  so  called 
fntiii  till.-  iiiitioii  that  it  was  ordinary  air  deprived  of  plilo. 
Bi»ti.ii  (ulilili  see).  — Fixed  alP,  the  name  given  by  Dr. 
J«A4-pli  Itlark  of  Ivlinliiirgli  to  ciirboiiic-acld  gas  on  Ills 
illicoveryuritin  17.'>1,  bciaiise  itw.n  found  in  solid  bodies. 
Hf  ""■'•'»">  Oround-alr,  alrini  liiseilinporoussurfacc- 
^'l'  '■  ■  ire  or  ground-water.  Like  ground- 
*■!'  irili-d  as  an  ImiHirtaiit  factor  in  de- 
t*'f'  ■ ''iiililloii  of  a  localilv.  CrouiHl-alr 
111  I'.iT'iinetric  i»reK.suri',  ami  with  the  Con- 
di' ittiri-  and  the  rise  and  fall  of  groiilid-wa- 
l*  '  '"I  In  riri-lllation  ;  Hyiiigiilioilt  frolnone 
*'■  '.'  rally  felt  or  aiilii'ipaled  :  as,  there 
'•  "-  'iiV;  It  Is  in  /A'' inr  that  he  can- 
't '  it  fniiTidaliiin  or  :ii-tii:iltfv;  vision- 
a'  '  !.■  in  llir  tiif  I  '  ,  ,  ,iir 
("  \lilit.,  Ill  an  ,1 
'I'  |.,l.l.-of  iicilM  il: 
'"■  I  ,e..l  li«.  the  !■  11  iMi.K  ••!  till- 
•'  Liquid  air.  H<<:  lime/nrliim  nf 
"  KcBldual  air,  tbc  nir  which 
'  r,  ,..!  Il, •expelled. \arl'iin.h  i-,li 
■'                                                           Inchen      Almiiiilli  dm/,  ;./.  . 

'''  -  I'.lnl.    To  b«at  tho  air. 

,;  •  .  lie  dlvulgid;  b.  Miiidi'  |iiib- 

' ,  To  tako  tbo  air,  to  go 

•'"  .ll.l.illie. 

'.'.•lolpbllia.  Iinilwllbllinl  hill  ml 

'r  aire  In   Hyde   I'lirk    wlirrf  wji^ 

/■../.,„    HI'",      ■■ily  I,  ll„:i. 

(;'■  Li,. I,  ,iii»;oiily 

Jj'y  .11  III.    -■  i.enl.rr-d 

*''■'  i'l'l.  I).;  frfiiii  thonniiii.) 

I.    '■  i  ■    I..  11,.-  nir-     •  ■  o  -M 


122 

to  the  open  air;  ventOate:  as,  to  a jr  clothes ;  to 
air  a  room. 

I  ayre  or  whether,  as  men  do  thj-nges  whan  they  lay  them 
in  the  open  ayre,  or  as  any  lynen  thyng  is  after  it  is  iiewe 
wasshed  or  it  be  worue.  .  .  .  Ayre  these  clothes  for  feare 
ofmothes.  .     Palsgravi. 

To  this  [public  prison]  is  also  annexed  a  convenient 
yard  to  air  the  criminals  in,  for  the  preservation  of  their 
life  and  health,  till  the  time  of  their  trial. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  iv.  ^  68. 

Hence — 2.  To  expose  ostentatiously;  display; 
bring  into  public  notice :  as,  to  air  one's  views. 
Airinn  a  snowy  hand  and  signet  gem. 

'Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 
3.  To  expose  to  heat ;  warm :  as,  to  air  linen ;  to 
oir  liquors. — 4.  refl.  To  expose  (one's  self)  to 
the  air. 
To  go  and  air  mysel/in  my  native  fields.      Lamb,  Eli-X 
It  is  my  pleasure  to  walk  forth. 
And  air  myself  a  little. 

Middleton,  Cliaste  Maid,  ii.  2. 
n.  in  trans.  To  take  the  air. 
she  went  airinff  every  day. 

,Vi*-i'  Mit/ord,  Our  A'illage,  2d  ser.,  317. 

air-  (ar),  n.  [First  in  mod.  E.  (end  of  Itith  cen- 
tui'y);  <  F.  air,  OF.  aire,  natui'e,  disposition, 
manner,  mien,  air,  =  Pr.  aire  =  It.  oirc,  aerc, 
now  aria,  manner,  mien,  countenance;  <i  word 
of  disputed  origin,  prob.  the  same  as  OF.  air, 
Pr.  air,  aire,  E.  air^,  the  atmosphere  (cf.  atmo- 
sphere in  similar  uses) :  see  a(>l  and  OH-s.]  1. 
The  peculiar  look,  appearance,  and  bearing  of 
a  person :  as,  the  air  of  a  youth ;  a  graceful  air; 
a  lofty  oj'r. 

Then  returned  to  my  side,  .  .  .  and  strolled  along  with 
the  «iV  of  a  citizen  of  the  place  pointing  out  the  objects 
of  interest  to  a  stranger. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  xiv. 

2.  The  general  character  or  complexion  of 
anything  ;  appearance  ;  semblance. 

Too  gl-eat  liberties  taken   [in  translation]   in  varying 

either  the  expression  or  comiiosition,  in  order  to  give  a 

new  aiV  to  the  whole,  will  be  apt  to  have  a  very  bad  elfect. 

Bp.  Loietb,  On  Isaiah. 

As  it  was  communicated  with  the  air  of  a  secret,  it  soon 
found  its  way  into  the  world.      Tope,  Ded.  of  K.  of  the  L. 

3.  pi.  Affected  manner;  manifestation  of  x'ride 
or  vanity ;  assumed  haughtiness  :  chiefly  in  the 
phrases  to  put  on  airs,  to  give  one's  self  airs. 

Mrs.  Crackenlmry  read  the  paragraph  in  bitterness  of 
spirit,  and  discinirsed  to  her  followers  about  the  airs 
which  that  woman  w.as  yivinff  hersel/. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  Ixviii. 

And  the  tiueen  of  the  hoopoes  c/atse  herself  airs,  and  sat 

dowu  upon  a  twig  ;  and  she  refused  to  speak  to  the  mc- 

rops  her  cousin,  and  the  other  birds  who  had  been  her 

friends,  because  they  were  but  vulgar  birds. 

It.  Curzon,  Mouast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  136. 

4t.  pi.  The  artificial  motions  or  carriage  of  a 
horse. —  5.  In  paintinij,  that  which  expresses 
action,  mannei',  gesture,  or  attitude. 
air-'(ar),  )i.  [First  in  mod.  E.  (end  of  IGth  cen- 
tury); <  F.  nir,  a  tune,  .sound,  or  air  in  music, 
<  It.  (lerr,  aire,  now  (iri<i  (>  Sp.  Pg.  ana,  E.  aria, 
q.  v.);  pi'ol).  identical  (through  acre,  aire,  aria, 
manner,  E.  air-;  cf.  L.  modus,  manner,  mode, 
musical  mode,  melody)  with  aere,  aire,  aria,  K. 
airl.]  1.  In  music:  (a)  A  rhythmical  melody; 
a  tune  consisting  of  single  successive  notes 
divided  into  groups  wliich,  in  duvatinii,  have 
some  definite  I'atio  to  one  anulhoi',  ri'ciigiii/.nlili' 
by  tho  ear.  (/()  A  song  or  jiicec  of  |i(H'ti'y  I'lir 
singing:  as,  the  air^  "Sound  an  Alarm."  (c) 
The  soprano  part  in  a  liannonized  jiiece  of 
music.  Also  called  aria. —  2.  Any  pifi'c  nf 
poetry.     [Kare.] 

The  repeated  air 
Of  sad  Electra's  poet.  .Milton,  Sonnets,  III. 

National  air,  in  music,  a  popular  tune  peculiar  to  or 
cliarai'terlstic  of  a  particular  nation;   specillcally,  that 
tune  which  by  national  selection  or  coimelit  is  usually 
sung  or  played  on  certain  public  occasions,  as  "  (bid  Save 
the  Queen"  in  England.  "The  Stsr-Spanglcil  Banner"  in 
ihc   I'lilled    .stales,  the  "  .Mai."eillal»e "  111   Kralice,   the 
"Emperor's  Ilymii "  in  Austria,  etc. 
air'H  (ar),  V.  t.     [<  air'i,  ».]     To  set  to  music, 
l-'or  not  a  droji  that  Hows  from  Helicon 
ililt  atfrril  bv  thee  grows  slreigltt  Into  a  song. 
./.  rolih,  Prefix  to  Lawess  Ayres  and  Dialogues (1653). 

air't,  «.     Same  as  airy-,  aery^. 

air''  (i~ir),  adv.  and  a.  [Also  written  car:  = 
!■;.  ere,  <  AH.  «r,  rarely  used  as  an  uilj.,  cmii- 
inon  as  a  jirep.  and  adv.;  800  ere  and  carli/.] 
Early.      [.Scotch.] 

An  air  wlnttr's  n  siilr  winter.  ,'<rolch  prufrrh. 

Aira  (a'ril),  H.  [Nl>.,  )«rop.  'ara,  <  (ir.  nJ/io.  n 
kind  of  darnel,  jiroli.  I.olium  teinnlenluni  (liiii- 
nieuH).]  A  RenuK  of  Hleuder  ihtciiiiIiiI  gruHHCs 
of  tcmpcrntopejfioiiH,  inoKlly  (it  little  value.  The 
iiinri-  eoininon  Hpecies  lire  known  as  hair-gniHK. 

alrablettiir'n-bl),  fl.  [<  air^',  c, +-«'<//'.]  Suit- 
■  II.   f,,  |„.  Minijf.     Iloinll, 


air-cane 

air-bag  (ar'bag),  H.  A  large  bag  composed  of 
layers  of  canvas,  satm'ated  or  coated  %vith  air- 
proof  and  water-proof  preparations  and  filled 
with  air,  designed  for  use  iu  raising  sunken 
vessels.  When  needed  for  use,  empty  air-bags  are  secured 
to  the  vessel  beneath  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  air  is 
then  forced  into  them.     Also  called  air-custdon. 

air-balloon  (ar'ba-lbn'),  /(.     See  balloon. 

air-bath  (ar'bath),  H.  1.  The  protracted  ex- 
posure of  the  person  to  the  action  of  the  air, 
for  the  promotion  of  health,  usually  under  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sim.  See  sun-bath. —  2.  An 
arrangement  for  drying  substances  by  exposing 
them  to  air  of  any  desired  temperature. 

air-bed  (ar'bed),  n.  A  bed  made  by  inflating 
au  air-tiglit  lied-shaped  bag  with  air. 

air-bladder  (ar'blad"er),  n.  1.  A  vesicle  in  an 
organic  body  filled  with  air. 

The  pulmonary  artery  and  vein  pass  along  the  surfaces 
of  Uiese  air-bladders  iu  an  infinite  number  of  ramifications. 
Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 
2.  In  iehth..  the  sound  or  swim-bladder;  asjan- 
metrical  bladder  or  sac  filled  ^-ith  air,  generally 
situated  lUrectly  imderthe  vertebrttl  coluum  in 
front,  and  homologous  with  the  lungs  of  air- 
breathing  animals,  its  principal  function  is  the  regu- 
laliuiuif  llieeiiuilibriumof  the  body.  It  is  either  connected 
by  a  tube  with  the  intestinal  canal,  as  in  the  physostomous 
lishes,  or  shut  otf  from  all  comniuiiicatlou  with  it,  as  in  the 
physoclistuiis  fishes.  It  is  subject  to  great  variation  iu 
form,  and  is  liable  to  atrophy  or  complete  abortion  in 
species  allied  to  such  as  have  It  well  developed. 

air-blast  (ar'blast),  n.  A  stream  or  cm-rent  of 
air  imdcr  pressure;  specifically,  such  a  stream 
used  to  urge  fires  in  forges  or  to  assist  combus- 
tion iu  fiu-uaces.  When  heated  it  is  called  a  hot 
blast ;  when  at  normal  temperature,  a  cold  blast.  Air- 
blasts  are  also  used  to  perform  certain  kinds  of  light  work, 
as  sepiirating  hairs  and  dust  from  fur  In  hat-making,  re- 
mo\ing  dost  or  chaff  In  grinding,  sawing,  etc.,  ami  picking 
up  pajier  ainl  light  materials. 

air-bone  (ar'bon),  n.  A  bone  having  a  large 
cavity  lilled  with  air,  as  in  bh-ds.  Owen.  Spe- 
citically,  the  atmosteon  (which  see). 

air-box  (ar'boks),  11.  1.  A  ventilating  flue; 
specifically,  a  wooden  tube  or  box  used  to  con- 
vey air  to  a  mine  for  ventilation. — 2.  A  fiiio 
used  to  supply  air  to  a  fui'nace,  either  (a)  to 
])romote  combustion,  or  (i)  to  bo  heated  in 
order  to  warm  ajiartraents. — 3.  A  chamber  at 
the  rear  of  the  fire-box  of  a  fiu'nace  to  su]i]>ly 
air  for  the  more  comiiU'te  combustion  of  the 
gases  disengaged  from  tho  fuel. 

air-brake  (iir'brak),  «.  A  system  of  continuous 
railway-brakes  operated  by  compressed  air. 
The  air  is  compressed  by  a  punn)  upon  the  locomotive, 
and  conveyed,  through  pipes  beneath  the  cars  and  llexible 
hose  between  them,  to  cylinders  under  each  car.  The 
pistons  of  the  cylinders  are  connected  with  and  move  the 
iirake-levers,  wlilch  transmit  pressure  to  the  b'rake-sliocs. 
Sec  raeitvui-bratir. 

air-braving  (ar'bra"ving),  a.  Breasting  or  de- 
fying the  air  or  wind. 

stately  and  air-braviny  towers. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI:,  iv.  2. 

air-breather  (iir'bre"TH^r),  «.  An  animal 
which  bleat  lies  air;  specifically,  a  marine  ani- 
mal breathing  out  of  water  by  means  of  lungs, 
instead  of  under  water  by  means  of  gills. 

air-brick  (ar'lirik),  n.  i.  A  brick  perforated 
<ir  willi  (1)1011  sides,  to  permit  tlie  tlow  of  air 
through  il  fur  jmrposes  of  veiitiliilioii. —  2. 
A  metal  biix  of  tlie  size  of  a  brick,  with  grated 
sides  for  tho  jiassago  of  air.     See  air-gratintj. 

air-bridge  (iir'bri.j),  n.  A  tuniace-bridgo  so 
constructed  as  to  admit  air  to  tho  gases  pass- 
ing over  it,  to  facilitate  their  comliustion.  See 
liridijc. 

air-brush  (ar'bmsh),  n.  All  iitotiiizer  used  l)y 
artists  I'lirdistribiiting  liquid  pigment  upon  any 
surface:  inveiited  by  Liberty  Walkii)!.  It  coii- 
slsts  of  an  alr-iiiiiiip,  reservoir,  iiiid  biindpiece  by  which 
the  pigment  Is  fed  into  a  jet  ot  air  and  ilisi  ributed  in  dot, 
line,  or  tihiiilow  lit  the  will  of  tho  operator, 

air-bucket  (iir'liuk'et),  «.  A  water-wheel 
liucket.  SCI  const nieteil  as  to  permit  tho  unim- 
licdoil  out  lluw  of  till'  air  displaced  by  the  water 
MS  it  riilrrs  the  buckc>t. 

air-buffer  liir'buf'er),  h.     Same  as  air-soring. 

air-bug  (lu'lmg),  n.  Any  heteroiiterous  lieniip- 
leroiiH  insect  of  Iho  division  dcocores  (land- 
bugs)  or  of  the  .Inrocores. 

air-built  (rn'liilt).  a.  Ei'ccli'd  in  the  air;  hav- 
ing nil  solid  roiiiidatioii ;  chiiiierical:  as,  an  air- 
/iiit/f  enstlr  ;   air-built  hopes. 

air-camel   (iii'kiuii'cl).    n.     A    caisson   or  air- 
ojiiiiiilier  placed  beiii'iith  or  alongsideof  vessels, 
to  diniiiiish  IheirilrafI  and  enalilc  them  to  pass  • 
over  shalliiw  spots  or   obsl  met  ions,  and  also 
used  ill  raising  sniiki'ii  vessels. 

air -cane  (iir'kiin),  ».  A  walking-stick  having 
an  air-gun  conci'aled  within  it, 


air-carbureter 
air-carbureter  (ai'kar"iiu-ict-(T),  «.    Aii  ap- 

jianitiis  ill  wliifh  air  is  passed  through  or  over 
the  surface  of  liquid  hydrocarlious,  and  thus 
liecomes  charged  with  iiitlammable  vapor. 
Sei'  iiits-iiiuchiiic. 

air-casing  (ar'ka"sing),  ».  An  air-tight  easing 
of  sheet-iron  placed  around  a  pipe  to  prevent 
undue  transmission  of  heat  or  cold ;  specitieally, 
the  casing  placed  aroand  the  base  of  the  funnel 
or  smoke-stack  of  a  steamship,  to  prevent  too 
gi'eat  a  transmission  of  heat  to  the  deck. 

air-castle  (ar'kas'l),  «.  A  castle  in  the  air;  a 
day-dream ;  a  visionary  scheme.     See  castle. 

Aih'c'iituns,  tiimii]ilis  of  strenj^th  ami  skill  —  these  fur- 
nisl)  sultjfit  Miutti.T  lur  the  talk  of  the  uncivilized  man 
ami  tile  aii-ca-'<llcs  of  the  youth. 

//.  Spencer,  Priii.  of  Psychol.,  §  4S2. 

air-cavity  (Sr'kav"i-ti),  n.  A  cavity  contain- 
ing air ;  specifically,  such  a  cavity  occurring  in 
the  liody  or  bones  of  an  animal;  a  large  air- 
sac  or  pueumatocyst  of  a  bird. 

In  the  latter  case,  air-cavltiea  take  the  place  of  the 
medulla,  which  disappeai's,  and  so  diminish  permanently 
the  specific  gravity  of  the  animal. 

Get/enbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  573. 

air-cell  (ar'sel),  n.  1.  In  hot.,  one  of  the  cav- 
ities in  the  leaves,  stems,  or  other  parts  of 
plants,  containing  air.  They  are 
well  seen  in  the  bladders  <)f  seaweeds,  and 
are  found  in  other  aquatic  plants,  which 
they  serve  to  float. 

2.  In(jHa*.andro67.,  a  definite  cir- 
cumscribed cavity  in  the  body, 
containing  atmospheric  air  in- 
haled through  air-passages  which 
place  it  in  direct  communication 
with  the  outer  air.  The  term  is  used  ^^^  .  ^ 
for  any  such  cavity,  without  reference  to  weed^lar^"  jjKwi 
the  technical  meaning  of  cell  {which  see),  uutgare). 
An  air-cell  is  generally  of  small  size,  if 
not  microscopic,  as  one  of  those  in  lung-tissue ;  but  it 
sometimes  forms  a  great  space  or  inflatable  inclosed  area, 
as  the  air-cells  of  birds,  and  is  then  also  called  air-space, 
air-receptacle,  or  piieuinatocyst.  Specifically  —  («)  One  of 
the  small  hemispherical  saccules  which  beset  the  walls  of 
tile  alveolar  passages  and  infundilmla  of  the  lungs.  Also 
called  alceolua.  (6)  One  of  the  dilatations  of  the  trachea 
or  air-tul)e  in  insects  forming  the  respiratory  apparatus, 
(c)  In  ornith.,  a  pneuraatocyst ;  any  one  of  tlie  extra-pul- 
mouary  cavities  of  the  body  of  a  bird,  containing  air,  which 
are  continuous  with  one  another  and  with  one  or  more  of 
the  bronchial  tubes.     See  pyieumatocyst. 

air-chamber  (ar '  cham  "  ber),  n.  1.  A  large 
cavity  in  an  organic   body  containing  air. — 

2.  A  compartment  of  a  hydraulic  engine  or 
apparatus,  as  a  pump,  interposed 
between  and  connected  with  the 
supply-  and  delivery-passages,  and 
containing  air  which  by  its  elas- 
ticity equalizes  the  iiressnre  and 
flow  of  the  fluids.  Thus,  in  a  recipro- 
cating force-pump,  the  impulse  given  to 
the  fluid  by  the  delivery-stroke  compresses 
the  air  in  the  air-chamber,  and  this  com- 
pressed air  reacts  upon  the  outflowing  fluid 
to  continue  its  motion  during  the  reverse 
stroke,  or  during  those  intervals  when  the 
force  inijjiiited  falls  below  the  average  or 

Air-chamber,     normal  amomit.    The  pressure  and  flow  are 
thus  made    practically    uniform,  notwith- 
standing the  intermittent  or  variable  action  of  the  force. 
For  some  special  forms,  see  air-resscl. 

3.  Any  compartment  or  chamber  designed  to 
contain  air:  as,  the  air-cliamher  of  a  life-boat. 

air-chambered  (ar'cham'berd),  a.     Fm-nished 
with  an  air-chamber  or  with  air-chambers. 
It  [the  life-boat]  was  air-chambered  and  buoyant. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  E.xp.,  I.  49. 

air-cock  (ar'kok),  n.  A  cock  used  to  control 
the  admission  or  outflow  of  air.     See  eof/."l,  8. 

air-compressor  (ar'kom-pres"or),  «.  A  ma- 
chine for  condensing  air,  usually  in  the  form  of 
a  force-pump.     See  compressor. 

air-cone  (ar'kon),  «.  A  cone  in  a  marine  en- 
gine designed  to  receive  air  and  steam  from 
the  hot-well,  and  carry  them  ofi:'  through  a 
pipe  at  the  top. 

air-cooler  (ar'ko"ler),  ».  Any  appliance  for 
lowering  the  temperature  of  the  air,  as  in  hos- 
pitals, dvrellings,  and  theaters.  A  common  form 
consists  of  chambers  filled  with  ice,  or  fitted  with  screens 
of  light  fabric  kept  constantly  wet  with  cooling  liquids, 
through  which  a  current  of  air  is  forced.  See  refritjerat- 
inft-cltamber,  under  refrigerate. 

air-course  (ar'kors),  «.  A  passage  in  a  mine 
made  or  used  for  ventilating  pm-poses ;  an  air- 
way. 

air-crossing  (ar'kr6s"ing),  n.  A  passageway 
or  bridge  constructed  to  carry  one  air-eom'se 
over  another,  as  in  the  ventilation  of  coal-mines. 

air-cushion  (ar'kush"on),  n.  1.  A  bag  made 
of  an  air-tight  fabric  used  when  inflated  with 
air  as  a  cusliion  for  a  seat. —  2.  Same  as  air- 
bap. — 3.  A  ball  or  cylinder  (usually  of  india- 
rubber)  filled  with  air  and  placed  in  a  water-pipe, 


123 

to  act  as  a  cushion  for  the  water,  or  to  receive 

the  jiressure  or  shock  caused  by  a  sudden  stop- 
page of  its  flow,  or  by  the  e-xpansion  of  the 
water  in  freezing. — 4.  Same  as  air-spring  or 
jiiK'iiiiKilic  spritKj. 

air-cylinder  (ar'sil"in-der),  n.  In  ipin.,  a  de- 
vice consisting  of  a  cylinder  and  piston,  used 
for  checking  the  recoil  of  heavy  guns  by  means 
of  the  elasticity  of  atmospheric  air  confined 
within  it ;  a  pneumatic  buffer. 

air-dew  (Sir'du),  n.     Manna.     [Rare.] 

air-drain  (iir'tlr-an),  n.  1.  An  empty  space  left 
around  t  he  external  foundation-walls  of  a  build- 
ing to  prevent  the  earth  from  lying  against 
them  and  thus  causing  dampness. —  2.  In  moid- 
incj.  a  large  passage  for  the  escape  of  gases 
from  heavy  eastings  while  in  the  mold. 

air-drawn  (ar'drau),  o.  Drawn  or  depicted  in 
the  air:  ii^,  "the  air-drawn  dagger,"  Shak., 
Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

air-dried  (iir'drid),  o.  Dried  by  or  in  the  air: 
applied  to  fruits  and  materials  from  which 
moistm'e  has  been  removed  by  exposure  to 
currents  of  air  under  natural  atmospheric  con- 
ditions. 

air-drill  (ar'dril),  H.  A  rock-drill  di'iven  by 
comjiressed  air,  as  distinguished  fi'om  a  drill 
driven  bj-  steam.     See  rock-drill. 

air-drum  (.ar'drum),  II.  A  drnm-shaped  cham- 
ber or  reservoir  for  air;  specifically,  in  ornith., 
a  large  lateral  cervical  pueumatocyst. 

The  great  air-druma  of  our  pinnated  grouse  and  cock- 
of-thf-plains.  Coues,  Key  to  K.  A.  Birds,  p.  200. 

air-duct  (ar'dukt),  n.  A  duct  or  passage  con- 
veying air;  .specifically,  in  iclitli..  the  cortimu- 
nieation  of  the  air-bladder  with  the  intestinal 
canal.  It  is  persistent  in  physostomous,  tem- 
porary in  physoclistous,  fishes. 

aire^t,  «•     An  old  form  of  aery^. 

aire'-  (i're;  mod.  pron.  ar),  n.  [Ir.,  pi.  airig; 
ef.  nireacli,  a  noble,  a  privileged  person.]  In 
Irish  aiitiq.,  a  freeman;  a  gentleman;  one  of 
the  privileged  classes.  Ajreswere  of  two  classes:  (a) 
the  rfa^/w,  or  those  who  possessed  property  in  land ;  and 
(&)  the  bo-aires,  w'ho  possessed  cows  and  other  chattels. 
The  king  was  elected  by  these  tw^o  classes. 

Clansmen  who  possessed  twenty-one  cows  and  upwards 
were  airig  (sing,  aire),  or,  as  we  should  say,  had  the  fran- 
chise, and  might  fulfil  the  functions  of  bail,  witness,  etc. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  257. 
The  upper  classes  were  all  aires.  To  be  eligible  to  the 
aire  grade,  the  freeman  should  possess,  besides  a  certain 
amount  of  wealth  in  cattle,  a  prescribed  assortment  of 
agricultural  implements  and  household  goods. 

EtKyc.  Brit.,  IV.  252. 

air-endway  (ar'end"wa),  n.  A  roadway  or 
level  driven  into  a  coal-seam  parallel  with  a 
main  level,  used  chiefly  for  purposes  of  venti- 
lation.    Grcsleji.     [Eng.] 

air-engine  (ar'en'''jin),  «.  A  motor  employing 
(a)  the  elastic  force  of  air  expanded  by  heat. 


air-heading 

air-equalizer  (!lr'e"kwal-i-zer),  11.  A  device  for 
distributing  a  em'rent  of  air  equally  throughout 
its  working-space. 

airer  (ar'er),  «.  [<  air'^,  v.,  +  -eri.]  1.  One 
who  airs  or  exposes  to  the  air. —  2.  A  screen 
for  (hying  clothes,  etc. 

air-escape  (ai-'es-kap"),  ".  An  air-trap  for  the 
(•si',-i,|ie  of  ail'  vvliich  collects  in  the  upper  bends 
of  water-pipes  and  in  other  hydi'aulic  apparatus. 
The  usual  lorm  is  that  of  a  ball-cock  (which  see)  inclosed 
in  a  chamber  situateil  at  the  point  at  which  the  air  is  to 
be  withdrawn,  and  so  adjusted  that  as  the  water-level 
within  is  lowered  by  the  pressure  of  the  accumulated  air 
the  l)all-float  descends,  opens  the  valve,  and  permits  the 
air  to  escape ;  the  water  then  rising  buoys  up  the  float 
and  closes  the  valve. 

air-exhauster  (ar'eg-zas"ter),  n.  1.  Same  as 
nir-cscapc. —  2.  Any  apparatus,  as  an  air-pump, 
exhaust-fan,  suction-blower,  or  steam-jet,  used 
for  withcb'awing  air  from  an  inclosed  place,  for 
ventilation  or  for  the  creation  of  a  vacuum. 
See  air-pump,  blower,  fan,  and  ventilator. 

air-faucet  (ar'fa"set),  n.  A  stop-cock  for  let- 
ting air  out  or  in. 

air-filter  (ar'fil"ter),  n.  An  apparatus  for  ex- 
tracting dust,  smoke,  microscopic  germs,  etc., 
from  the  air.  It  consists  of  screens  or  strainers  of 
woven-wire  fabrics,  gun-cotton,  asbestos,  slag-wool,  or 
other  flocculent  material,  through  which  the  air  is  drawn  ; 
or  of  showei-s,  sprays,  or  films  of  water  or  chemical  solu- 
tions, through  or  over  which  the  air  to  be  filtered  passes. 
Air-filters  are  used  in  the  ventilation  of  buildings  and  rail- 
road-cars, in  physical  research,  in  surgery,  and  in  the  re- 
covery of  l>y-products  in  manufactures. 

air-flue  (ar'flo),  n.  A  conduit  for  air.  See  air- 
lio.c,  air-funnel,  and  air-pipe. 

air-fountain  (ar'fouu"t,an),  n.  An  apparatus 
for  producing  a  jet  of  water  by  the  elastic  force 
of  air  compressed  in  a  close  vessel  and  made  to 
act  on  the  surface  of  the  water  to  be  raised. 

air-funnel  (ar'fun"el),  n.  In  .ship-building,  a 
flue  formed  by  the  omission  of  a  timber  in  the 
ui^per  works  of  a  vessel,  and  designed  to  pro- 
mote the  ventilation  of  the  hold. 

air-furnace  (ar'fer'nas),  n.  1.  A  reverbera- 
tory  furnace  (which  see,  imder  furnace). —  2. 
An  air-heating  ftu'uace  for  wanning  apart- 
ments. Air  is  led  into  a  space  formed  between  an  outer 
casing  and  the  sides  of  a  tire-pot  and  combustion-cham- 
ber, and,  after  becoming  heated  by  contact  with  the  walls 
of  the  latter,  flows  to  the  apartments  which  are  to  be 
warfiied.     See  air-stove,  furnace,  and  heater. 

air-gage  (ar'gaj),  n.  An  instrument  for  indi- 
cating the  pressui'e  of  air  or  gases,  it  consists  at 
a  glass  tutie  of  uniform  caliber,  closed  at  the  top  and  hav- 
ing its  lower  end  dipi'cd  into  a  cup  of  mercury  on  the  sur- 
face of  which  tile  air  or  gas  presses,  thus  forcing  mercury 
into  the  tube,  and  ccmipressing  the  air  within  it  to  an 
amount  directly  proportioned  to  the  pressure.  This  pres- 
sure can  be  read  from  a  scale  attached  to  the  tube,  the 
zero  of  the  scale  being  usually  placed  at  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  mercurial  column  w^hen  the  instrument  is  ex- 
posed to  the  ordinary  atmospheric  pressure.  Also  called 
air-inaiwuieter. 

air-gas  (ar'gas),  n.  An  inflammable  illuminat- 
ing gas  made  by  charging  ordinary  atmospheric 
air  with  the  vapors  of  petrolemn,  naphtha,  or 
some'  similar  substance,  as  the  hydrocarbon 
called  gasolene. 

air-gate  (ar'gat),  H.  1.  An  underground  road- 
way in  a  coal-mine,  used  chiefly  for  ventilation. 
[Eng.  Midland  coal-fields.]  —  2.  In  molding,  a.ii 
orifice  through  which  the  displaced  air  and  the 
gases  which  are  formed  escape  from  the  mold 
while  the  molten  matter  is  filling  it. 

air-gossamer  (ar'gos"a-mer),  n.  Same  as  air- 
thrriid. 

air-governor  (ar'guv'er-nor),  n.  A  device,  at- 
tached to  pnetuuatic  apparatus  and  machinery, 
for  regulating  the  pressure  or  delivery  of  air. 

air-grating  (ar'grating),  H.  A  grating  pro- 
tecting or  fonniug  a  ventilating  orifice  in  a 
wall  or  partition.     See  air-brick. 

air-gun  (ar'gun),  «.  A  gun  in  which  condensed 
air  is  used  as  the  propelling  agent.  The  bore  of  the 
barrel  is  connected  with  a  reservoir  inclosed  mthin  or  at- 
tached without  the  stock,  into  which  air  is  forced  by  a 
piston  or  plimger  fitted  to  the  bore,  or  by  au  independent 


Ericsson's  Hot-air  Puniping-engine. 
a.  beam ;  *,  air-piston ;  c.  transfer-piston  ;  d,  cylinder ;  J.  air-piston 
link ;  t:  bell-crank  ;  .'.  side-rods ;  p,  transfer-piston  rod ;  r.  pump ;  s, 
air-chamber;  r,  vacuum-chamber;  «,  gas-furnace;  v,  gas-bumeis; 
TV,  gas-chamber ;  -v,  water-jacket 

or  (b)  air  compressed  by  means  of  another  and 
separate  motor,  called  a  compressor,  which  is 
generally  a  steam-engine.  .Machine-drills,  in  min- 
ing, are  generally  run  by  compressed-air  engines,  the  com- 
pressor being  located  at  the  surface,  and  the  air-engines 
distribute. 1  underground,  at  the  v;irious  points  where 
their  work  is  required. 


Air-gun. 

condenser.  "VVhen  the  trigger  is  pulled  it  operates  a  valve 
which  permits  tlie  sudden  e-scape  of  the  whole  or  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  condensed"  air  into  the  barrel  at  the  rear  of 
tile  ball  or  dart,  thus  i)rojecting  the  latter.  In  some 
forms  the  propelling  agent  is  a  compressed  spring  freed 
by  the  trigger.  The  reactive  force  of  the  spring  com- 
presses the  air  tvhich  interposes  between  it  and  the  pro- 
jectile, and  the  air  acts  upon  and  projects  the  ball. 
air-heading  (ar'hed  "ing),  m.  An  excavation  in 
a  mine  through  which  air  is  made  to  pass  for 
ventilation. 


air-hoist 

air-hoist  (ar'hoist),  H.  Hoisting  machinery  op- 
erated by  compressed  air,  or  by  the  creation  of 
a  partial  vacuum,  it  consists  of  a  cylinder  fitted  with 
a  piiton,  which  is  connecit d  by  ropes  passing  over  pulleys 
with  the  platform  ..f  the  h  'ist.     See  elerator  and  hoi^. 

air-holder  (ar'hol  dcr).  ».  1.  A  vessel  for  hold- 
ing air  for  any  pmpose,  as  for  counteracting 
the  pressure  of  a  decreasing  column  of  mercury, 
or  for  keeping  up  a  moderate  and  steady  cur- 
rent of  air.  See  airometer,  air-vessel,  and  gas- 
holder.—2i.  A  gasometer. 

air-hole  (ar'hol),  n.  1.  An  opening  to  admit 
or  discharge  air. — 2.  In  founding,  a  fault  in  a 
casting,  caused  by  a  bubble  of  air  which  passes 
from  die  core  outward,  and  is  retained  in  the 
metaL  Also  called  blour-hole. — 3.  A  natural 
ope  ning  in  the  frozen  surface  of  a  river  or  pond, 
caused  by  currents  or  springs. 

airie't  (ar'i),  a.    An  old  spelling  of  ai>i/l. 

airie-t  (ar'i),  n.     An  old  spelling  of  aery-. 

airified  (ar'i-fid),  a.  [<  "airify,  make  airy  (< 
airi  \air-)  +  -fy),  +  -frf2.]  Fashioned  in  an  airy 
manner;  characterized  by  the  assumption  of 
airs:  as,  an  airified  style.  [Contemptuous  or 
sU^lhting.] 

airily  (ar'i-li),  adi».  \<.airy^  +  -ly"."]  1.  In  an 
airy  or  gay  manner;  gaily;  jaimtily. 

Fanny  bade  her  father  good-night,  and  whisked  off 
airily.  Dickeits,  Little  Borrit. 

2.  Lightly;  delicately:  as,  airily  wrought  de- 
tail.s. 

airiness  (ar'i-nes),  n.  1.  Exposure  to  a  free 
current  of  air;  openness  to  the  air:  as,  the  air- 
iness ot  a  country-seat. — 2.  UnsubstantiaUty, 
like  that  of  air. — 3.  Delicacy  and  lightness; 
ethereality. — 4.  Sprightliness  of  motion  or 
manner;  gaiety;  jauntiness;  vanity;  affecta- 
tion: as,  the  niri«t'.s»  of  young  persons. 

airing  (ar'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  nirl,  r.]  1.  An 
e.fliijsure  to  the  air,  or  to  a  fire,  for  drying  or 
warming. —  2.  Exercise  in  or  exposure  to  the 
open  air;  an  excursion  for  the  purpose  of  tak- 
ing the  air. 

All  the  virtaes  seemed  to  have  come  out  fur  an  airing 
In  one  chariot.  ilulley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  534. 

airing-stage  (ar'ing-staj),  n.  A  stage  or  plat- 
form ui»ou  which  materials  are  placed  to  be 
airi'lor  ilried:  as,  the  airing-stage  upon  which 
powder  is  dried. 

air-injector  (ar'in-jek'tor),  n.  A  simple  blow- 
ing device,  used  with  a  dental  drill  or  employed 
for  removing  dust  from  the  path  of  a  fine  saw. 

airisadt,  ainsardt,  «.    Same  as  arisad. 

airisht  (ar'i-sli),  «.  [IIE.  ayrisshe,  ayerissli, 
etc. ;  <  oi>l  -t-  -ia/il."'  1.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  air;  aerial. 

And  beheld  the  ayerigshe  beates. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  965. 
2.  Cool;  fresh. 
Tli'-mundugesareairMA.  Z(«<(, Farming, p.  18.  (!f.E.D.) 

air-jacket  (ar'jak'et),  n.  A  jacket  inflated  with 
air,  or  to  which  liladders  filled  with  air  are  fas- 
t>iiid,  to  render  the  wearer  buoyant  in  water. 

airless  (Sr'les),  a.     [<  ai>l   +  "-fcss.]     1.  Not 
open  to  a  free  current  of  air;  wanting  fresh  air 
or  communication  with  open  air. —  2.  Without 
air;  devoid  of  atmosphere. 
UnvAtLiv  as  the  lifeless,  airUss  moon. 

Harper' H  Afag.,LXV.  73. 

air-level  (Sr'lev'el),  «.  A  name  sometimes 
>,'iv.ii  to  u  Mpirit-leve!  (which  see). 

air-line (iir'liri),  II.  and fl.  I.  n.  Alineasdirect 
II.H  tliougli  drawn  or  stretched  through  the  air; 
a  iH'f-line. 

n.  «.    Straight  or  direct  as  a  lino  in  the  air; 
noti|iil.-.i.  .1  I  •  I. 'rally:  as,  an  air-jint' railroad. 

alrlini;  .  «.  [<a<rl-^-^<nJ7l.]  Athought- 

ll's.K, 

llk'lil  airliniiM,  will  lie  won 

U.  Junion,  Catllliic,  I.  3. 

*''  ''  III  iiir-tight cliainber  in  u 

'  lorisarei'iirriedoii  under 

•   liv  (iiiu  door  with   llic 

111  "iitrance-Hliaft  of  the 

I'por  with  the  chainln  ix 

'  I  which  the  nil  II  :ii'.  hi 


,lllt<- 
.11  1. 

the  nlr-i'i-     'IT 

.  .-.irl '         .     -      ,  , 

r  li- 

|.|.—..1.    i-   ..,      ..•I„. 

I  III'  |iroc««  U  rrircrKd 

'I'liv),  n.      A  loco- 
"^.j   or  hpnied  air, 


124 

in  part  of  a  piston  moving  in  a  cylinder  would  become 
air-togned  it  air  should  enter  the  cylinder  and  remain 
between  the  piston  and  the  cylinder-head,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  piston  from  makingits  full  stroke. 
air-machine  (ar'm.a-shen*),  n.    In  mining,  an 
apparatus  by  which  pure  air  is  forcetlinto  parts 
badly  ventilated,  and  the  foul  air  extracted, 
air-manometer  (ar'ma-nom'e-ter),  «.      Same 
a^i  air-ijiuie.    See  maiiometcr. 
air-meter  (ar'me' ter),  n.    An  apparatus  for 
measuring  the  quantity  or  rate  of  flow  of  am 
Various  devices  are  used,  as*  beUows,  cylinder  and  piston, 
and  rotating  buckets,  in  which  capacities  are  constant, 
and  fans  and  ranes,  which  measure  the  rapidity  of  flow 
through  conduits  of  known  sectional  area,  and  therefore 
indicate  the  quantities  passing  in  any  given  time. 
airn  (am),  «.     Scotch  form  of  iron. 
airohydrogen  (ar'o-hi'dro-jen),  a.     [<  «i>l, 
after  aero-,  +  hydrogen.']     Pertaining  to  a  mix- 
ture of  atmospheric  air  and  hydrogen — Airo- 
hydrogen blowpipe.    See  blowpipe. 
airometer  (ar-om'e-ter),  71.     [<  air'>^,  after  aero-, 
-t- Or. /It  rpoi',  measure.    Ct.  aerometer,']     1.  An 
air-holder  constructed  upon  the  principle  of  the 
gasometer,  whence  the  name.     See  gasometer. 
— 2.  Same  as  air-meter. 

The  airometer,  the  invention  of  Mr.  Henry  Hall,  the  in- 
spector, by  means  of  a  delicately-constructed  windmill, 
shows  the  rate  of  the  current  of  air  in  the  passages  of  the 
coUieiy.  Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  890. 

air-passage  (ar'pas'aj),  «.  1.  In  anat.,  one  of 
the  jKissages  by  which  air  is  admitted  to  the 
lungs,  as  the  nasal  passages,  the  larynx,  the 
trachea,  and  the  bronchial  tubes  or  their  minute 
ramifications. —  2.  In  bot.,  a  large  iutereelMar 
space  in  the  stems  and  leaves  of  aquatic  plants, 
and  in  the  stems  of  endogens. 
air-pipe  (ar'pip),  n.  A  pipe  used  to  draw  fotil 
air  out  of  or  conductfresh  air  into  close  places. 
Specitlcally — (a)  .\  pipe  used  to  draw  foul  air  from  a 
ship's  hold  by  means  of  a  communication  with  the  furnace 
and  of  the  rarefaction  of  the  air  by  the  fire,  (b)  In  iiiiii- 
ing,  a  pipe  through  which  air  passes,  either  for  ventila- 
tion or  for  use  in  an  air-engine,  (c)  A  small  copper  pijie 
leading  from  the  top  of  the  hot-well  of  a  marine  engine 
through  the  side  of  the  vessel,  for  the  discharge  of  the 
air  and  uncondensed  vapor  removed  from  the  condenser 
by  the  air-pump. 
air-pit  (ar'pit),  n.  A  pit  or  shaft  in  a  coal- 
mine, used  for  ventilation.  Also  called  air- 
.<shafl.  [Eng.] 
air-plant  (ar'plant),  n.  A  plant  unconnected 
with  the  ground  and  apparently  living  on  air: 
applied  to  epiphytes,  but  usually  not  to  para- 
sites. Many  epi]ihytic  orchids  in  cultivation 
Etre  popularly  so  named. 
air-poise  (Sr'poiz),  ii.  An  instrument  used  to 
measure  the  weight  of  the  air. 
air-port  (Sr'port),  n.  In  ship-building:  (a)  .\ 
sniull  aperture  cut  in  the  side  of  a  vessel  to 
admit  light  and  air.  One  is  generally  placed  in  each 
state-room,  and  there  are  several  on  each  side  along  the 
berth-deck.  They  are  usually  lltted  so  as  to  close  with  a 
pane  of  thick  glass,  set  in  a  brass  fnimc.  turning  on  a 
hinge,  and  seciU'ed  when  closed  by  a  lu*;ivy  tlniiiili-screw. 
0')  A  large  scuttle  placed  in  a  sliiji's  liows  for 
the  admission  of  air.  Also  called  air-sciitllc. 
air-proof  (Sr'prof),  o.  Imper\'io\is  to  air. 
air-pump  (!ir']ium]i),  «.  An  apparatus  for  the 
exhaustion,  comjiression,  or  transmission  of 
air.  Air-imnips  are  used  for  many  purposes,  ami  are 
made  in  a  variety  of  forms,  which  dilfer  according  to  the 
uses  that  they  serve.  In  the  more  common  forms  the 
air  is  exhausted  liy  ineaiis  of  a  cylinder  and  piston,  a.s  in 
Kitchie's  air-pump  (see  cut),  or  by  centrifugal  action.  Ko- 
tating  buckets  dijiplng  into 
water,  which  forms  a  seiil, 
are  used  for  some  special 
purjiosi'S ;  as  is  also,  for 
sliglit  changes  of  prcHsiiri-, 
a  form  consisting  of  a  vcsmcI 
closed  at  the  toji  and  siiUs 
but  open  at  the  liottom,  and 
dipping  to  a  certain  extent 
into  water  or  other  Ihild, 
which  forms  a  seal  and 
jireventa  the  escape  of  the 
air.  For  the  Sprengel  air- 
pump,  see  mrrcurjt  air. 
/Ill  III /»,  under  iiiemiri/.  The 
air-pump  of  a  rondensliig 
sti'imeenglne  Is  nseil  to 
niiilntaln  a  vacuum  Mitli 
in  the  condenHer  by  «ith 
tlrawing  from  it  air  iiiiil 
uneondenHcd  vapor.  Her 
air-riitnprrniMtr,  anjiirntor, 
rirrlnr,   jniinji,  ulrani  i<'t 

Air  and  clrculdltnK 
pumps.  In  n  condciiRtiig 
Hteiini. engine,  a  I'oinblned 
iippuriitus  llHed  an  an  nil. 
pump  ami  aiso  tii  rlreii. 

Air-pump  bucket. 


"llilile'i  Alt-pomp. 


t-  loini"!.  lifter 
'  <1,  an  motion, 


ii'lenslnff  wnttT. 
ultli  vah'-s  Mil 
"'I    IIH    to    iiiltiill 

mid  lift  IIh'iii  with  the  up-stroki 


the     upper"  surface    o] 
nil'  iiiiil   »at4'r  diirliig 


It'll. 

Ilie 

>f  the 


mon  "I  i.ir. 


Thus, 


air-pyrometer  (iir'pl-rom'e-t6r),  n.    An  inHtru- 
muut  used   for  moaauriug  high  toDiporaturcii. 


air-trunk 

It  consists  of  a  hollow  globe  made  of  platinum,  so  that  it 
may  resist  excessive  heat,  filled  with  air  or  gas,  and  con- 
nected with  a  bent  glass  tube,  which  holds  at  its  bend 
water,  mercm'y,  or  other  liquid.  The  expansion  by  heat  of 
the  air  within  the  globe  exerts  a  pressure  upon  the  liipiid, 
causing  it  to  rise  in  one  leg  of  the  tube  to  a  height  propor- 
tioned to  the  expansion,  and  therefore  to  the  heat  which 
causes  it.  See  pyrometer. 
air-receptacle  (ap're-sep'ta-kl),  n.  In  ornith,, 
a  large  air-ceU ;  an  air-space,  air-sac,  or  pneu- 
matoeyst. 
Continuousflir-rece^facicsthroughout  the  body.    Oweti 

air-regulator  (ar'reg"u-la-tor),  n.  Any  appa- 
ratus designed  to  govern  the  admission  or  flow 
of  air,  as  a  damper  or  register. 

air-reservoir  (ar'rez'er-vwor),  «.  See  air- 
holder  and  air-vessel. 

air-sac  (ar'sak),  H.  1.  In or«i77i.,  a  large  air-cell; 
an  air-space,  an  air-receptacle,  or  a  pneumato- 
cyst;  one  of  the  membranous  bags  or  recep'ta- 
cles  of  air  lodged  in  the  hollow  bones  and  the 
cavities  of  the  body  of  birds,  and  communicating 
with  the  limgs. — 2.  pi.  The  elongated  cavities 
forming  the  ultimate  branches  of  the  air-pas- 
sages in  the  lungs  of  mammals.  Also  called 
infuiidibiila. 

air-scuttle  (ar'skufl),  n.    Same  as  air-port,  (6). 

air-setting  (iir'sefing),  a.  Setting  or  harden- 
ing on  exposure  to  air,  as  common  mortar. 

air-shaft  (ar'shaft),  H.  1.  Sarae  a,s  air-pit, — 2. 
Any  ventilating  shaft. 

air-slaked  (ar'slakt),  a.  Hydrated  and  disin- 
tegrat(>(l  by  exposure  to  atmospheric  air :  as, 
nir-t^hihd  lime. 

air-sollar  (ar'sol'ar),  n.  A  compartment,  pas- 
sageway, or  brattice  carried  beneath  the  floor 
of  a  heading  or  an  excavation  in  a  coal-mine, 
for  ventilation.     See  sollar. 

air-space  (ar'spas),  n,  1.  In  ornith.,  an  air- 
cell  of  large  size  ;  an  air-receptacle  or  a  pneu- 
matocyst  (which  see). — 2.  In  med,  and  sanitary 
seience,  the  clear  cubic  contents  of  a  room,  as 
the  ward  of  a  hospital,  with  reference  to  the 
respirable  air  contained  in  it :  as,  air-space  per 
man,  so  many  cubic  feet. — 3.  In  firearms,  a 
vacant  space  between  the  powder-charge  and 
the  projectile. 

air-spring  (ar'spring),  n.  Any  device  designed 
to  resist  a  sudden  pressure,  as  the  recoil  of  a 
gun,  the  momentum  of  a  railroad-ear,  or  the 
thrust  of  the  moving  parts  of  a  machine,  by 
means  of  the  elasticity  of  compressed  air.  The 
coniinon  form  is  that  of  a  cylinder  containing  air  which  is 
coniiircssed  by  a  piston  or  plunger.  Same  as  pneitmatic 
xpring.     Also  called  air-cushion  or  air-tntjfer. 

air-stack  (iir'stak),  n,  A  chimney  used  for  veu- 
tihitiiig  a  coal-mine.     [Pennsylvania.] 

air-stove  (ar'stov),  n.  A  stove  provided  with 
flues  about  the  fire-box  and  chamber,  the  air 
in  which  when  heated  ascends  through  jiipes 
to  the  apartments  to  be  supplied  with  warmth. 
Sec  iiir-fiir)iare  and  heater. 

air-strake  (nr'stnik),  «.  In  ship-building,  an 
opening  left  for  ventilating  purposes  between 
two  ]ilanks  of  the  inside  ceiling  of  a  ship. 

airt  (art),  «.  [jUso  spelled  airth.  art,  arth ;  < 
(!ael.  aird,  iird  =  Ir.  ard,  a  heiglit,  top,  point, 
a  promontory,  a  point  of  the  compass,  esji.  one 
of  the  four  cardinal  points,  a  (luarter  of  the 
heavens.]  Point  of  the  compass;  direction. 
[Scotch.] 

Of  a'  the  airts  the  wind  can  blaw, 

I  dearly  lo'e  the  west.  HuntJi,  Song. 

airt  (art),  II.  t.  [Also  spelled  art,  cri ;  <  airl,  n.] 
'I'll  direct  or  iioint  out  the  way :  as,  can  you  airt 
ine  to  the  sehool-liouse?     [Scotch.] 

air-thermometer  (ar'ther-inom'e-t^r),  n,  A 
therinometer  in  which  air  is  used  instead  of 
mercury,  it  has  the  advantage  of  being  more  delicate 
and  accurate,  anil  can  be  employed  at  any  trnipenitnre ; 
lint  It  Is  dltlleult  U\  use,  and  hence  is  ciii'|il<i>(  d  only  in 
physical  i-xperlmentH.  It  Is  useful  lu*  a  standiiiti  «  ith  \\ iiieli 
the  Indieatlons  <if  ordinary  tliernmmeti'rs  may  lie  com- 
pared. Leslie's  ditrerentlal  thermometer  is  a  kind  of  air- 
(hernionieter.     See  thrrmomrter. 

air-thread  (ur'thred),)!.  A  Kjuder's  thread  float- 
ing iu  till'  iiir.     Also  called  air-gossiimer, 

air-tight  (ar'til),  a.  So  light  or  close  as  to  bo 
iiiiiiernienlile  to  air:  as,  an  (iir-ti(/ht  vi>»>H'\.-  Aii- 

tlgntstove,  aklmlorshcel-lninnliivi'lnHliichw lisnsed 

:iH  riicl  ;  so  niimi'd  becaiise,  altliongli  not  literally  air  tight, 
II  is  prai-llcally  so  in  coinpiirlson  with  an  ojiell  llri'plaee. 

air-trap(Hr'lrap),  n,  I.  Acoiitriviince  for  pro- 
venting  tlie  iiceess,  as  to  a  room,  of  the  ellliivia 
nrising  from  drains  and  sinks. — 2.  A  reservoir 
and  escape-valve  )ilni'eil  nt  the  joints  or  higher 
lioilits  of  II  waler-ninin  or  pipe-line  Ici  iillow  tlie 
I'Hi'iipoof  iiirwhiclimiiy  iieeiimulate  in  the  pipes. 

air-trunk  dir'tningk),  n.  A  large  conduit  for 
Hiipplyiiii,'  pure  air  to,  or  for  removing  foul  or 
heated  air  from,  thoainra,  etc. 


air-tube 

air-tube  (ar'tub),  n.  1.  In  ro67. ,  a  name  given 
to  certain  horny  passages  for  air  in  the  abdo- 
men of  some  aquatic  insects. —  2.  KaxL,  a  small 
iron  tube  filled  with  water  and  hung  in  a  coal- 
box  in  the  coal-bunkers  of  a  steamship  as  a 
means  of  ascertaining  the  temperjitm'e  of  the 
coal.  The  temperature  of  the  water  is  taken  Ity  means 
of  a  thei-inonietcr.  Its  use  is  a  precaution  against  tile 
sptjntaneous  cunil)ustion  of  tlie  coal. 
3.  The  tube  of  an  atmospheric  railway,  as  the 
jineumatie  tube  (which  see,  under  tube). 

air-tumbler  (ar'tum'blfer),  «.  That  which 
tumbles  through  the  air ;  speeifically,  a  kind  of 
pigeon. 

Mr.   Brent,  however,  liad  an  Air-Tumbler  .  .  .  which 
had  in  botli  wings  eleven  primaries. 

JJarwin,  Vur.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  167. 

air-valve  (ar'valv),  «.  In  general,  a  valve  de- 
signed to  control  the  flow  of  air.  Specifically 
— 1.  A  valve  placed  upon  a  steam-boiler  to  ad- 
mit air,  and  thus  prevent  the  formation  of  a 
vacuum  by  the  condensation  of  steam  within 
when  the  boiler  is  cooling  ofi',  and  the  conse- 
quent tendency  to  collapse. — 2.  Avalve placed 
at  bends  and  summits  of  water-pipes,  etc.,  for 
the  outflow  of  air,  as  when  the  pipes  are  being 
filled,  and  for  the  ingress  of  air  to  prevent  the 
formation  of  a  vacuum  when  the  water  is  drawn 
out. 

air-vesicle  (ar'ves"i-kl),  n.  1.  In  entom.,  a 
dilatation  of  the  trachea  of  certain  insects, 
which  enables  them  to  change  their  specific 
gravity  by  filling  the  trachea  with  or  emptying 
it  of  air.—  2.  In  ichth.,  a  vesicle  containing  air, 
connected  with  the  swim-bladder  and  also  with 
the  ear-parts. 

air-vessel  (ar'ves'el), »(.  1.  An  air-chamber  or 
air-holder,  especially  one  which  serves  as  a  res- 
ervoir of  air  in  certain  machines,  as  in  carbu- 
reters.—  2.  The  air-chamber  of  certain  pumps. 
In  the  feed-pumps  of  a  steam-boiler  an  air-vessel  is  used 
which  serves  both  to  equalize  the  flow  of  the  water  and  to 
collect  from  it  tlie  free  air  which  is  an  active  agent  in  the 
coiTosion  of  l)oilers.  In  pumping-engines  working  against 
considerable  heads  and  into  long  rising  mains,  such  air- 
vessels  are  made  of  great  size  to  insure  steady  llow. 
3.  In  anat  and  zool.,  a  cavity  of  the  body  re- 
ceiving, containing,  or  conveying  atmospheric 
air ;  an  air-tube,  air-cell,  or  air-chamber ;  espe- 
cially, a  respiratory  passage,  as  the  windpipe  of 
a  vertebrate  or  the  trachea  of  an  insect. 
Also  called  air-reservoir. 

airward,  airwards  (ar'wiird,  -wardz),  adv.  [< 
aifl  +  -ward,  -wards.']  Up  into  the  air ;  up- 
ward: as,  "soar  airwards  again,"  Thackeray, 
Shabby-Genteel  Story,  iv. 

air-washings  (ar'wosh"ingz),  n.  pi.  Any  fluid 
in  which  air  has  been  washed,  or  the  residue  left 
after  the  evaporation  of  such  fluid.  The  process  of 
washing  consists  either  in  causing  air  to  bubble  slowly 
through  the  fluid,  or  in  agitating  a  confined  volume  of  air 
with  the  tluid.  The  air  in  eithercase  gives  up  to  the  fluid  the 
dust,  spores,  and  other  foreign  substances  suspended  in  it. 
In  several  cases,  the  air-washinfrs  which  were  under  ex- 
amination gave  a  distinct,  clear,  green  coloration  in  place 
of  the  characteristic  yellowish-brown  precipitate  pro- 
duced by  ammonia.  Science,  III.  463. 

airway   (ar'wa),  re.     Any  passage  in  a  mine 

used  i(ir  ])urposes  of  ventilation ;  an  air-course. 

[ill  Iji;Alan<l,  to  till  up,  obstruct,  or  damage  an  airway  ma- 

Uciimsly  is  a  ft-lony.] 
air-wood  (ar'wud),  re.   Wood  dried  or  seasoned 

by  exposure  to  the  air,  and  not  artificially. 
Have  the  veneers  ready,  which  must  be  air-ivood,  not 

too  dry.  Workshop  Beceipts,  1st  ser.,  p.  414. 

airyl  (ar'i),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  airie,  ayrij,  aierij, 
ayery  (sometimes,  and  still  poet.,  aery,  after  L. 
aerius :  see  aery^),  <  ME.  ayery ;  <  airi  (in  sense 
8,  <  atj-2,  ult.  =  airl)  + -)/i.]  1.  Consisting  of 
or  having  the  character  of  air;  iimnaterial; 
ethereal. 
The  thinner  and  more  airj/  parts  of  bodies.  Bacon. 

Oft,  as  in  airy  rings  they  skim  the  heath. 
The  clamorous  lapwings  feel  the  leaden  death. 

Pojtc,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  131. 

2.  Relating  or  belonging  to  the  air ;  being  in 
the  air ;  aerial. 

Her  eye  in  heaven 
Would  through  the  airy  region  stream  so  bright. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  2. 
Airy  navies  grappling  in  the  central  blue. 

Tenniison,  Locksley  Hall. 

3.  Open  to  a  free  current  of  air ;  breezy :  as, 
an  airy  situation. 

And  by  the  moon  the  reaper  weary, 
Piling  sheaves  in  uplands  airti. 

Teiiiiii.^on,  Lady  of  Shalott. 

4.  Li^t   as  air ;    intangible  ;    unsubstantial ; 
empty ;  rmreal ;  flimsy :  as,  airy  ghosts. 

The  poet's  pen  .  .  .  gives  to  ainj  nothing 
A  local  habitation  and  a  name. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 


12.5 

T  hold  ambition  of  so  airy  and  light  a  quality,  that  it  is 
but  a  shadow's  shadow.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

5.  Visionary;  sjjcculative :  as,  a«j-j/ notions ;  an 
airy  metaphysician. — 6.  Graceful ;  delicate. 

K'en  the  slight  hare-bell  raised  its  head, 
Elastic  from  her  airy  tread- 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  18. 
Here  delicate  snow-stars,  out  of  the  cloud, 
Come  floating  downward  in  airy  play. 

Bryant,  Snow-.Shower. 

7.  Light  in  manner  or  movement ;  spriglitly ; 
gay;  lively. 

It  saddens  the  heart  to  see  a  man,  from  whom  nature? 
has  withhehl  all  perception  of  the  tones  and  attitudes  of 
humour,  labouring  with  all  his  might  to  be  airy  and  pljiy- 
ful.  Giford,  Ford's  Plays,  int.,  p.  xl'v. 

Chaucer  works  still  in  the  solid  material  of  his  race,  but 
with  what  airy  lightness  has  he  not  infused  it? 

Lowell,  .Study  Windows,  p.  252. 

8.  Jaunty;  full  of  airs;  affectedly  lofty ;  preten- 
tious.—  9.  In  2>M»tinr/,  showing  that  proper  re- 
cession of  all  parts  which  expresses  distance 
and  atmosphere.  =  Syn.  Airy,  Aerial,  aeriform.  Airy 
is  more  open  to  figurative  meanings  than  aerial.  The  latter 
is  the  more  exact  word  in  other  respects ;  it  applies  to  the 
air  as  atmosphere:  as,  aUrial  navigation.  Airy  apiilies 
rather  to  air  in  motion,  and  to  that  which  has  the  quali- 
ties, literal  or  imagined,  of  air. 

Echo's  no  more  an  empty  airif  sound; 

But  a  fair  nympli  that  weeps'her  lover  drowu'd. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iiL  598. 
We  have  already  discovered  the  art  of  coasting  along 
the  aerial  shores  of  our  planet,  by  means  of  balloons. 

Irviny,  Knickerbocker,  p.  77. 

airy^t  (ar'i),  «.  An  old  and  better  spelling  of 
aery". 

airV'^  (ar'i),  «..     A  provincial  form  of  area. 

aisle  (il),  re.  [<  ME.  ele,  hele,  eille,  eyle,  ille,  ylle, 
He,  yle,  whence  in  early  mod.  E.  isle,  and  even 
yland  (see  ile'^,  islc^),  by  confusion  -with  ME.  He, 
yle,  later  corruptly  isle  (see  ile^,  isle''-),  <  OF.  ele, 
eele,  ale,  later  aelle,  aile  (whence  the  mod.  E. 
speUing  aile,  recently  spelled  -with  s,  aisle,  after 
isle'^,  isfel,  as  above),  aisle,  wing  of  a  church,  < 
L.  dla,  a  wing,  -wing  of  a  building,  upper  end 
of  the  arm,  a  contr.  of  *axula,  *axla,  dim.  (dou- 
ble dim.  axilla:  see  axil)  of  axis:  see  ala,  axis, 
axle.  The  s  in  aisle,  isW^  is  thus  unoriginal ;  the 
pronunciation  has  remained  true  to  the  proper 
historical  speUing  ile.l  Properly,  a  lateral  sub- 
division of  a  church,  parallel  to  the  nave, 
choir,  or  transept,  from  which  it  is  divided  by 
piers  or  columns,  and  often  sunnounted  by  a 
gallery.  The  term  is  also  improperly  applied  to  the  cen- 
tral or  main  divisi«jn :  as,  a  t\\i-i;e-aisled  church,  that  is,  a 
chinch  with  a  nave  and  two  aisles.    It  is  also  used  to  des- 


South  Aisle  of  Rouen  Cathedral  (13th  century). 

ignate  the  alleys  or  divisions  of  other  structures,  such 
as  mosques,  Egyptian  temples,  theaters,  public  halls,  etc. 
As  popularly  .applied  to  churches  in  which  the  nave  and 
aisles  proper  are  filled  with  pews,  and  in  general  to  modern 
places  of  assembly,  af-s'/i;  denotes  merely  a  passageway  giv- 
ing access  to  the  seats  :  as,  the  center  ai^le  and  side  aixles. 
.•Sometimes  written  isle.  See  figure  showing  ground. plan 
of  a  cathedriil,  under  cathedral. 

aisl6  (a-la'),  a.     [F.  aisle,  aile,  pp.  of  aisler, 
ailer,  give  ■wings  to,  <  aisle,  aile,  a  ■wing:   see 
aisle.'i     In  her.,  ■winged  or  ha^ving  ■wings. 
aisled  (ild),  «.    Furnished  with  aisles. 
aisleless  (il'les),  a.     l<  aisle  +  -less.']    Without 
aisles. 

The  so-called  Christian  basilica  may  have  been  a  simple 
oblong  aisleless  room  divided  by  a  cross  arch. 

Edinhurrih  Iter.,  CLXIII.  46. 

aislet  (i'let),  II.     Misspelling  of  islet. 

aislette,  ■».     See  ailette. 

ait  (at),  «.  [Little  used  in  literature;  also 
spelled  aii/ht,  eyet,  eyot,  eyght,  <  ME.  eyt,  (eit 
(also  iu  comp.  eitlond  and  ceitlond,  an  island), 


ajutage 

earlier  *eyei,  <  AS.  "effei,  a  prob.  var.  of  iget 
(found  once  in  the  AS.  Charters),  an  ait,  another 
foftn  of  the  reg.  (W.  Saxon)  igoih,  also  spelled 
irjeoth,  ii/fioth,  if/gath  {*egath  not  found),  an 
island,  with  suflfix  -oth,  -ath,  here  appar.  dim., 
<  lij,  var.  eg,  an  island,  found  in  mod.  E.  only 
as  the  first  element  of  i-land,  now  spelled  im- 
prop.  island,  and  as  the  final  element  (_-ey,  -ea, 
-y)  in  certain  place-names:  see  island a.ndey^.'] 
A  small  island  in  a  river  or  lake. 

Fog  up  the  river,  where  it  flows  among  green  aits  and 
meadows.  Dicketu. 

aitch  (aeh),  re.  A  modem  spelling  of  the  name 
of  the  letter  H:  formerly  ■written  ache.     See  H. 

aitchbone  (aeh'bon),  re.  [Written  and  pron.  va- 
riously, aitch-,  II-,  ach-,  each-,  edge-,  ash-,  ische-, 
ise-,  ize-,  ice-bone,  etc.,  and  even  turned  into 
haunch-,  hook-,  ridge-hone,  etc.,  all  being  cor- 
ruptions or  erroneous  explanations  of  the 
misunderstood  or  not-understood  original  ME. 
nachc-boiie,  <  nache  (<  OF.  nache,  nage,  the  but- 
tock, <  ML.  *natica,  <  L.  nalis,  buttock)  -I-  hone''. 
The  initial  n  was  early  lost,  as  in  adder' ;  hence 
the  form  ach-,  hach-bone,  etc.]  Tlie  bone  of  the 
buttock  or  rump  in  cattle ;  the  cut  of  beef  which 
includes  this  bone. 

Kerve  up  the  ilesh  ther  up  to  the  hach-hone. 

Book  of  at.  Albans  (1486). 

aitchpiece  (aeh'pes), ».  [<  aitch,  the  name  of  the 
letter  //,  -I-  piece.]  A  part  of  a  plunger  or  force- 
pump  by  which  the  water  is  forced  into  the 
stand-pipe  throughthe  door-piece.  AlsoH-piece. 

aith  (ath),  re.     Scotch  form  of  oath. 

aitiology  (a-ti-ol'o-ji),  re.  Another  spelling, 
nearer  the  Greek,  of  (etiology. 

aits  (iits),  re.     Scotch  form  of  oats. 

aiver  (a'ver),  re.  Scotch  form  of  aver^,  a  work- 
hor.se. 

Aix  (aks),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ajf  (oij--),  a  water- 
bird,  appar.  of  the  goose  kind;  prop,  a  goat.] 
A  genus  of  fresh-water  ducks,  of  the  family 
AnatidcB  and  subfamily  Anatince,  noted  for  the 
elegance  of  their  plumage.  It  includes  the  cele- 
brated mandarin-duck  of  China,  A.  nalericiUata,  and  the 
beautiful  wood-duck  or  summer  duck  of  North  America, 
A.  sponsa.     Also  written -£ar. 

Aix  beds.     See  bed. 

aizle  (a'zl  or  e'zl),  re.     Scotch  form  of  isle^. 

ajaia,  ajaja,  «.    See  aiaia. 

ajarl  (a-jar'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^ 
+jar''-,  discord.]     Out  of  harmony;  jarring. 

Any  accident  .  .  .  that  puts  an  individual  ajar  with  the 
world.  Hawthorne,  Marble  Faun,  I.  xiii. 

ajar-  (a-jar'),  pirep.  jihr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<ME. 
on  char,  ajar,  lit.  on  the  turn ;  rare  as  applied 
to  a  door,  but  common  in  other  senses :  on, 
prep.,_on;  char,  cherre,  etc.,  a  tm-n,  time,  piece 
of  work,  etc. :  see  o3  and  jar^  =  char^.  The 
change  of  ME.  ch  to  E.  _/  is  very  rare ;  it  appears 
also  in  joicl  and  jau;  q.  v.]  On  the  turn;  nei- 
ther quite  open  nor  shut ;  partly  opened :  said 
of  a  door. 

Leave  the  door  ajar 
WTien  he  goes  wistful  by  at  dinner-time. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  129. 

ajava  (aj'a-va),  re.     Same  as  ajoican. 

ajee,  agee  (a-je'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  a3 

+  jec  ov  get :  seejee,gee.]    A^wry;  off  the  right 

line ;   obliquely ;   wrong.     [Scotch   and  prov. 

Eng.] 
His  brain  was  a  wee  ajee,  but  he  was  a  braw  preacher  for 

a'  that.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  xxiv. 

ajouan,  «.     See  ajcncan. 

ajoupa  (a-jo'pii),  re.  [F.  spelling  of  native 
name.]  A  hut  or  ■wigwam,  built  on  piles  and 
covered  ■with  branches,  leaves,  or  rushes. 

k  jour  (a  zhor).  [F.:  a,  to,  with;  jour,  day: 
see  journal.]  In  decorative  art,  pierced  through ; 
showing  daylight  through.  Said  of  carving  where 
the  work  is  carried  tltrough  the  solid  mass,  leading  open 
spaces,  and  also  of  embroidery,  metal-work,  or  any  other 
fabric ;  said  also  of  translucent  designs,  as  in  enamel 
or  intaglio,  when  meant,  to  be  seen  by  transmitted  rather 
than  reflected  light.     Also  called  o  ^tor?io.     See  openwork. 

aJ0Ur6  (a-zho-ra'),  a.  [F.,  as  if  pp.  of  *ajourer, 
let  daylight  through,  <  a  jour :  see  above.]  In 
her.,  said  of  any  ordinary  or  bearing  of  wMchthe 
middle  part  is  taken  away,  lea^ving  only  an  outer 
rim,  through  or  within  wlrich  the  field  is  seen. 

ajowan,  ajouan  (aj'6-an),  «.  [E.  Ind.]  The 
fruit  of  an  annual  umbelliferous  plant,  Ammi 
Copticum,  cultivated  in  Egypt,  Persia,  and  India. 
It  is  much  used  as  a  condiment  and  as  a  carminative. 
The  oil  extracted  from  it  contains  thymol  or  thymic  acid. 
-\lso  called  ajaea  ovjavanee  seeds. 

ajUStt,  V.  t.    An  old  spelling  of  adjust. 

ajutage  (aj'6-taj),  «.  [<  F.  ajoutage,  something 
added,  <  o/ow to-,  add,  join:  see  adjust.]  Prop- 
erly, a  short  tube,  or  nozle,  inserted  into  the  waU 


ajutage 

of  a  vessel  or  into  the  end  of  a  pipe,  so  shaped 

83  to  offer  the  least  frietional  resistanee  to  the 

outflow  of  a  liqiiiii.    The  cross-section  of  an  ajutage  is 

,  II.  r.illy  circular ;  longitudinally,  the  most  advantageous 

'         ,  ipproachcs  that  of  two  t'nistuins  of  cones  with  their 

bases  in  contact.     The  word  is  also  used  for  the 

.  r  uozle  of  a  funnel  or  of  a  fountjuu.     Sometimes 

-1-  II  ■  I  wljiitane. 

akamatsu  (a-ka-mats').  "■  [<  Jap-  "*■"•  red,  + 
««!<.-«,  piue.]  "Japanese  red  pine;  the  Pinus 
(hiiaillora. 

akazga  (a-kaz'^a).  n.  [Native  name.]  A  kind 
of  poison  used  its  an  ordeal  in  Africa.  Also 
called  boudou  (see  vuudou)  and  qitui. 

akazgia  (a-kaz'.ii-ii).  n.  [>'X,..  <  ala:ga.']  An 
alkaloid  obtained  from  akazga,  resembling 
strychnine  in  its  physiological  action. 

akb'eer  (ak'ber),  «.  [Hind.]  A  red  powder 
tlirowu  on  the  clothes  and  person  at  Hindu  fes- 
tivals. 

ake,  "■  and  r.     See  ache^. 

Akebia  (a-ke'bi-a),  H.  [XL.,  <  Jap.  «ArW.]  A 
iH-n\ii  of  woody  climbing  plants,  natm-al  order 
7;. /■//c/iV/oct'c,  of  China  and  Japan.  A.^iuinatahas 
Ix-.a  introduced  intocultivation,  and  is  a  handsome,  hardy 
vine,  with  dark-green  digitate  leaves  and  small  purplish 
rtowcn;. 

akee  (a-ke'),  n.  The  CiipaiiUi  (Ulifiliia)  saijklfi, 
natural  order  Sapindac&E,  a  native  of  Guinea, 
whence  it  was  car- 
ried by  Captain 
Bligh  to  Jamaica  in 
17'.»;{,  and  thencetUs- 
si-minated  over  the 
West  Indies  and 
South  America.  It 
is  a  small  tree,  with  ash- 
like  leaves  and  a  Heshy 
fruit  containing  several  large  jet-black  seeds  partly  em- 
Iteddcd  in  a  white  spongy  aril.  This  aril  when  cooked 
iKconies  somewhat  like  custard,  and  is  highly  es- 
leeincti. 

akehornt,  «.     A  corrupt  spelling  of  acorn. 

akelet,  i'.  f.  [<ME.  nkHnt  (also  uclicleii).  <  AS. 
luitiin.  <  «-  -1-  lehnt.  >  E.  keel'i,  make  cool:  see 
/.TfP  and  acoW.]  To  make  cold;  cool.  Court 
of  Lure. 

akembo,  akembow  (a-kem'bo),  inep.  phr.  as 
'/'/'■.      Sec  dkifiiln}. 

akene,  akenium,  «.    Same  as  achenium,  1. 

aker't  'u'kiri.  n.    The  old  and  regular  spelling 

I.I    iUl(.. 

aker-'t,  n.     Older  form  of  acl-er^. 
Akera  (ak'e-ra),  n.     Same  as  Accra,  1. 
akernt,  ».      The  historically  correct  but  long 
..l.snlctc  spelling  of  acorn. 
akerspiret,  '••  and  h.     An  old  spelling  of  acro- 

aker-stafft,  ».  See  acre-staff. 
akey  (ak'a),  II.  [Native  term.]  The  monetary 
-taiiiliird  of  the  Gold  Coast  of  Africa,  equal  to 
•JO  iTiiiiiis  iif  gold-dust,  or  about  SO  cents. 
akimbo,  akimbOW  (a-kim'bO),  /nr/i.  jihr.  as 
u<fr.  or  u.  [Ucccutly  also  written  akembo, 
akemboir,  carlii'r  a-kiiiilm,  a-kembn,  a  kimbow,  a 
kemlm,  on  kinibii,  on  kinihow,  and  by  aplieresis 
kimbo,  kimboic,  keinbo  (used  attrib.  as  an  adj. 
and  iil«o  a.s  a  verb :  see  kimbo,  kimbow),  also 
with  pinertvil  teniiination,  a-kimlmll,  a-ktni- 
/«///,  on  ki  ihIiiiII,  a  kenhnlil,  a  ki  nliol,  early  moil. 
K.  a  kunboie,  on  kcnbow,  <  ilE.  (once)  in  kene- 
hoirti,  i.  o.,  'in  keen  bow,'  in  a  sliarp  bend,  at 
uii  acute  angle,  presenting  a  sliai'p  elbow :  in 
or  <>",  K.  «^;  kenc,  E.  kecn^,  sliai-p-pointcd, 
Hharii-cdgi'd  (in  common  use  in  MK.  as  ap- 
plied to  the  {Hiiiit  of  a  spear,  pike,  ilaggcr,  goad, 
thoni,  liook,  anchor,  etc.,  or  t  lie  edge  of  a  knife, 
Bwonl,  a.\,  vU\);  boice,  K.  boic-,  a  bend:  see 
«'•,  krrn^,  boir-,  iind  cf.  <lbow;  for  tlic  ])honetic 
changCH,  cf.  oUinhir,  limbeck,  and  ki<U(ni,  kelson, 
hihoii.  In  \^)^  larlii'St  use,  and  often  Intir,  the 
tfrrii  coiiiioti'.^  jL  bold  or  <le(laiit  iilliliide,  iii- 

' -.  :;l|iisioii  to /.•«•»  ill  its  other 

.1    'bold.'      Previous  ex- 

ily  inoiieouH,  have  been: 

.  iiniihi  mlio,  or  rather  a  Hchemho, 

"■<•>.  iiwry,   nblii|iiely   (Skinner, 

' 'l"ik.  III  Ihi-  iMiinner  of 

>^'hok,  Sc.  cammoek.  a 

liib:  nee  cammoek-' ; 

■  I  liow:  n  plini-.!-  in- 

■  •  the  oiice-oci'Miriiit; 

■  ling '■'I'm'"',  f/""''','  (I; 
:.  ■'  /,'  iii/r,  n.  crook,  iito- 
...  1"  III,  pp.  of  liiiifin  = 

/  III/    .iiiil  fH/irl.|     hit 

III  neiili-    ingle  ; 
id  of  111"  nnii- 
iiiiil  till   ilbow- 
iin    lull-  ..  ,  wur  1  .i!  .;!i  uculi:  .ingle. 


126 

The  hoost  ...  set  his  hond  in  IceneboJiv.  .  .  . 
Woulst  thow,  said  he  to  Beryn,  for  to  skorne  me  ? 

Tale  0/  Beryn  (ed.  Furnivall),  1S37. 
A  liook  tlu-ouirh  which  folly  and  ignorance,  those  breth- 
ren so  lame  and  impotent,  do  ridiculously  look  very  big 
and  vcrv  dull,  strut  and  hobble,  cheek  hy  jO"i,  with  theii' 
■irmsi/;i'A-iiii'»i,  beiii._-  led  and  supported,  and  bully-backed 
by  that  blind  llectov,  Impudence. 

JJenniy,  Tope's  Ess.  on  Criticism,  p.  30. 

That  struts  in  this  fashion  with  his  .\rms  a  ktinlM,  like 
a  City  M.agistratc.  Dryden,  Amphitryon,  IL 

She  would  clap  her  ai-ms  a  kimbo. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  1S7. 

akin  (a-kin').  prep.  phr.  as  adi:  or  a.  [<  ol  -f 
/.•i«l ;  earlier  of  kin,  which  is  still  in  nse:  see 
/.■i«l,  H.  Sonietimes  abbr.  kin :  see  AihI,  n.] 
Of  kin.  S|iecitically  — (ii)  Related  liy  lilood:  hence,  m- 
tiinatelv  allied,  as  bv  aflinity,  union,  or  structure:  as.  the 
two  fan'iilies  are  near  n/i/i ;  tile  bultalo  is  nA-in  to  the  ox. 
Akin  to  thine  is  this  declining  frame. 
And  this  poor  beggar  claims  an  Uncle's  name. 

Crahhi',  Parish  Register. 

Wert  thou  ntiii  to  lue  in  some  new  name 
Dearer  than  sister,  mother,  or  all  blood, 
I  would  not  hear  thee  speak. 

y;i.<ii(.  n<i<;  FL,  Knight  of  Malta,  i.  3. 

(b)  Allied  by  nature ;  partaking  of  the  same  properties : 
as,  envy  and  jealousy  arc  near  akin  ;  "pity's  cit-i'n  to  love, ' 
Southern,  Oroonoko,  ii.  1. 

Near  akin  as  the  judicial  and  military  actions  originally 
are,  they  are  naturally  at  tirst  discharged  by  the  same 
agency.  Ii.  .'^j'encei;  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  5'2S. 

=  Syn.  Kill,  kindred,  cognate,  analogous. 
akinesia  (ak-i-ne'si-a),  ».    [NL.,  <  Gr.  cuavr/aia, 

qidescenee,  motionlessness,  <  d-  priv.  -t-  Kiv>/aic, 

motiou,  <  Kivea;  move.]     Parah'sis  of  the  motor 

nerves:  loss  of  the  power  of  voluntary  motion. 

Also  written  aeinesia,  akiiief:is. 
akinesic  (ak-i-ue'sik),  a.    Pertaining  to,  of  the 

nature  of,  or  characterized  by  akinesia. 
akinesis  (ak-i-ne'sis),  )i.     Same  as  akinesia. 
Akkad,  ".     See  Aecad. 
Akkadian,  «.  and  n.     See  Accadian. 
akmite,  «.     See  acmite. 
aknee  (a-ne'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  JIE.  a  kne, 

a  enc,  on  kne,  on  eneowe,  <  AS.  on.  cneoir :  on,  E. 

fl3;  cneou;  E.  knee.']      On  the  knee  or  knees. 

[Rare.] 

Aim,;:  tlicy  fell  before  the  Prince. 

.Southeii,  Madoc. 

akno-Wt,  aknowledget.    Older  forms  of  acknuu; 

(teknou'li  dije. 

ako  (ak'o),  ».  [Hung.  nA'o.]  A  liquid  meastire 
used  in  Hungary,  equal  to  about  18+ gallons. 

akornt,  "•     An  old  spelling  of  acorn. 

all  (ill).  "•  [<  Hind.  ((/,  ii  plant  (see  def.).]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Morinda,  allied  to  the  madder. 

al-t,  ".,  adv.,  and  n.     An  old  form  of  all, 

Al.     In  chcni.,  the  symbol  for  ahiininii(m, 

al-1.  An  assimilated  form  of  Latin  ad-  before  I 
(see  ad-);  also  an  erroneous  form  of  n-l,  from 
Anglo-Saxon  a-.     See  ad-, 

al-".  [Ar.  al,  ill  mod.  Ar.  commonly  f/;  before 
a  sibilant  or  a  liquid,  the  I  is  assimilated  (d.s--, 
0--,  ar-,  am-,  an-,  etc),  with  the  elision  of  the 
vowel  if  another  vowel  precedes.]  A  preli.\  in 
some  words  of  Arabic  origin,  being  the  Arabic 
definite  article  ••the";  as  in  alcaid,  alehenni.  al- 
cohol, (dcore,  Aldebaran,  alijehra,  ahjHnzit,  alkali. 
Alkorini,  etc.;  and,  variously  disguised,  in  a)iri- 
eol,  artichoke,  assai/ai,  acimuth,  hazard,  lute,  etc. ; 
also  el,  as  in  elixir. 

-al.  [<  F.  -al,  -el  =  Sp.  Pg.  -al  =  It.  -ale,  <  h. 
-dlis,  ace.  -dicm,  an  ailj.  suTlix,  'of  the  kind  of,' 
•pertaining  to,'  varying  with  -dris,  orig.  the 
same  as  -dli.i,  and  used  for  it  when  /  ]irecedes, 
as  ill  td-aris,  E.  al-ar  :  see  -ar'K  In  OF.  this  suf- 
iix  was  reg.  -<l,  >  .ME.  -el,  but  afterward  -((I 
prevailed:  cf.  mortal,  annual,  j/radnal,  n..  vie. 
A»  a  noun  siillix,  -al  isiliie  to  the  lulj.  sutlix,  L. 
-dlis,  neut.  -die,  in  nouns  also  -id  (as  animal, 
animal).  In  e.ipou,sal,  anil  some  otlu'r  words, 
-al  is  lilt,  due  to  ]j.  -dl-ia,  neut,  jilur. :  lieiu'c 
the  jilur.  K.  form,  r.v/«»i(.s(//.v.  In  liriiUd  anil 
burial  -al  is  of  diirerent  origin.  Cf.  -el  and  -l^] 
A  very  common  siillix,  of  l>iitin  origin.  It  fomm 
from  nouns  In  Latin,  and  theiiic  In  Kngllnh  — (ii)  Adjcc- 
liven,  an  In  oriif  |<  '••  "i'i'(i«,<"i'("r-),  miilltlll,  i/i(i>iiiii/|<  I.. 
mn;ii|.ii/l'ji,  <  manun,  hand |,  etc.  :  in  this  use  ei|nlvalcnt  to 
•'ir,  ii(  the  siiliie  nltllnalc  nrlgiii.  ns  In  niar,  i't:lnr.  Iinlh 
(orniH  iii'cliiTiiig  with  a  dlllcrciillatlon  of  niiHiiInu  In  'in- 
■  III,  fiiii'iir  (which  ncc).  ('i)Si'ciiiidiiry  (nun  )iilliiiiry  ndjcc- 
li\.  ».  ri..liii'/(ii.(f|<  \,.iniiiiiltii,<,miii'ii',  ei|imll,  whence  In 
I  I  Ii  li  III  in  now  applied  til  Ijlthl  adjectives  cmllllg  III 
I...  ,  ....  II  iM.  .r<ii(«, -i-», -iciix.  etc.,  liiKlvethcin  n.ll» 
Mill  111.  Iiiidlnh  form,  an  in  n- riii/.  mintorint,  jieriirlonl. 
rlrniifl,  ,;l,,lml,  meilimi,  etc.,  and  ulinllnrly  tn  (Inck  iid 
■  '  1    ■  •      III    i«  o(,  -UK -fie,  •ooA.ind'.imlinh  -ic,  'lie,  ."I'l/t.  clc, 

■  ,il.   luliiieiil,  rlii.inli;i,lnl,  etc.:  hence  111  iiinic 
'   II  III  III!  Ion  I  if  iiii-iiiilnu'.  as  Inciiuii'n  and  eowieni, 

I  /i../iirim/,  III .    (•■)  Niiunii  from  miih  mljcc 
niifiiiiil.  rinil,  clc.    (i/)  Nonnii  from  vcilm  In 

■  r  llii-  iinidiiuy  of  rn/mtoifi/,  as  III  ileiiinl,  i>r». 
'■ii/,  i-Ic,  mid  even  fmin  niitlvt'  KnullHll  Verbn,  iiH 

ill  lj,^Uiu,U,  tj«triithal,  untliitraieai,  eb 


alabaster 

h  la  (a  la).  [F. :  fl,  <  L.  ad,  to ;  la,  fern,  of  def. 
art.  Ic,  <  L.  ille,  fem.  ilia,]  To  the;  in  the; 
hence,  according  to ;  in  the  (fashion  of) ;  after 
the  (manner  of):  as,  a  lufraiicaine,  aft  erthe  man- 
ner of  the  French;  a  la  moilc,  in  the  fashion. 

ala  (a'lii),  ".;  pi-  "'"'  (a'le).  [L.,  a  wing:  see 
ni*'/c  and  <(.ri/.]  1.  In /»of. :  {a)  One  of  the  two 
side  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  blossom,  or  the 
membranous  expansion  of  an  organ,  as  of  a 
fruit,  seed,  stem,  etc.  See  cut  imder  banner, 
(b)  In  mosses,  one  of  the  basal  lolies  or  auricles 
of  the  leaves.  (<■)  An  axilla  or  axil.  [Karo 
in  tills  sense.] — 2.  In  anat,,  :ool.,  etc.:  ((/)  A 
wing.  (Ii)  Any  part  of  a  wing-like  or  flap-like 
character:  as,  «/((  auris,  the  upper  and  outer 
part  of  the  external  ear.  (c)  The  armpit. — 3. 
pi.  Specifically,  in  Cirripedia,  the  lateral  parts 
of  the  shell,  as  distinguished  from  the  parietes, 
when  they  are  overlapped  by  others;  when 
they  overlap  they  are  termed  radii. — 4.  In  anc. 
Boin,  arch.,  a  w-ing  or  a  small  apartment  jilaced 
on  each  side  of  the  atrium  of  a  Roman  house. 
Audslei/.—Ala,  cinerea  (a»li-:.;ray  »ing>,  a  triangular 
area  oneacli  side  ut  the  hinder  part  of  the  lloor  of  the 
fourth  ventricle  of  the  brain,  darker  than  the  rest  and 
containing  nuclei  of  the  vagus  and  glossopharyngcus 
nerves, — AlSe  cordis  (wings  of  the  heart),  in  entmii.,  the 
series  of  attailiiiicnts  of  the  dorsal  vessel  or  heiut  of  an 
insect  to  the  walls  of  the  body  or  other  support. 

In  Insecta  it  Itlie  dorsal  vessel]  is  attached  to  the  wall 
of  the  body,  and  soinctimes  even  to  the  trachea;  (in  the 
larva;  of  the  Muscida^).  by  tho  al(r  cordis. 

Geiicnbaur,  Conili.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  '2*:!. 
Al8B  nasi  (wings  of  the  liosi  X  the  parts  fonuing  the 
outer  or  lateral  boundaries  of  the  nostrils.— Alffl  Of  the 
diaphragm,  ill  iiMflf.,  its  lateral  icailcts.  -AIsb  vomerls 
(Willis  iif  the  vunier),  the  lateral  inojcclior.s  of  the  supe- 
rior liiiiilcr  iif  the  vomer.— Ala  notha  (false  wing),  in 
oniith.,  the  iiarapterum  ;  the  scapular,  a.\illai'y,  anil  tertial 
feathcis  III  :i  hirils  wing,  collectively  considered.  —  Ala 
sphenoidalis,  wing  of  tlie  sphenoid  bone,  esjtecially  the 
greater  wing.  See  cut  niiilcr  .syi/.cm.i./.  — Ala  spuria,  in 
oniith.  See  alula.  — Ala,  vespertilionis  (I'at  s  wing),  a 
term  applied  to  the  broad  lii:aiiieiit  of  the  Wiiiiiaii  uterus 
and  as.sociated  parts,  from  some  fancied  resemblance  to  a 
lints  ii'ing. 

Alabamian  (al-a-bii'mi-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Alabama,  one  of  the  southern 
United  Slates. 

II.  II.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  tho  State 
of  Alaliania. 

alabandine  (al-a-ban'din).  h.  [ilj.Alahandina 
(se.  i/eniniii).  a  precious  stone,  fem.  oi  Jtalnin- 
diniiti,  pertaining  to  Alahanda,  a  city  in  ('aria, 
Asia  Minor,  now  Arali-IIissar.]  Manganese 
glance^  or  lilende,  a  sulphid  of  manganese.  Also 
called  iiliibiindite, 

alabarch  (ara-biirk),  Ji.  [<L.  alabarchcs,  more 
correctly  araharchcs,  <  Gr.  'A^afiafix'IC,  more  cor- 
rectly 'A/io,Jii/i,v'/''.  the  jirefect  of  the  Arabian 
uome  in  Egvjit,  in  Josejihus  appar.  as  in  def,, 
<'iViai/',  ])l.';\()o,iff,  Arab,  -t-  u/i.via',  rule,  govern.] 
Tlie  title  of  the  governor  or  chief  magistrate  of 
the  Jews  in  Alexandria  under  tho  Ptolemies 
and  Roman  emperors.  Also  written  arabarrh. 
Philo,  the  principal  of  the  Jewisli  embassage,  .  .  . 
brother  to  Alexander  the  alatiareh. 

Whisliin,  tr.  of  .losephus,  Antiq.,  xviii.  S. 

alabaster  (al'ii-bas-ter),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod. 
i;,  usually  iilalilasler,  allablaster,<.  JIK.  aliibiislre, 
alabaslir,  iilaliau.itre,  alaba.s-l  (=  OD.  iilabasl, 
aba.ll,  II.  albii.tt  =  Dan.  alabast  =  Sw.  ((//«(.</(  r, 
now  iiliiba.'ili  r),  <  ()1'\  idiiba,slre,  F.  r(//)(i/rc  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  (//((/)«.s/ro  =  MIKi.t;.  alalniKter,  <  ML.  ala- 
bastrnm,  alabau.ilriim,  alaliasler  (the  niineral), 
<  li.  alabaslir,  m.,  alabaslriini,  neut.,  a  box  or 
casket  tor  iieri'unies,  unguents,  etc.,  tapering 
to  !i  point  at  the  (op,  hence  also  the  form  of  a 
i.ose-buil,  =  (ioth.ii/i(/"(/.-.7)'i("",  <  Gr.  ii>.ii,<iKTr/ioc, 
111.,  ii/i;/liifT7/)nr,  neut.,  earlier  and  more  correctly 
(l/ii(i«rjro!',  a  box,  casket,  or  vase  of  alabaster 
(later  also  of  other  materials),  the  mineral 
itself  being  hence  known  as  ii>«,loiTrir;/i;  or  ii'^a- 
fianTiuTi/e,  ]j.  iiliibii.ilriti s  (avi^  alaba.itriles)',  said 
to  be  named  fioni  a  town  in  Egyjil  wlieri'  there 
were  quarries  of  alabiisler;  but  in  fact  tho 
town  was  named  frotii  llie  quarries.  '.\/«,lfmr(a.)w 
To/'.(f  (Plolemy),  L.  Aliilni.it ron  oiipidnm,  i.  e., 
'town  of  nlabastra.'  In  Ar.  and  Pi'i's.  alabas- 
ter is  called  n//r/i»)H.]  I,  II.  If.  A  box,  casket, 
or  vase  iiiaile  of  alabiisler,  ^w  aliilni.ilriim. — 
2.  A  miirlile-liUe  niineral  of  which  there  aro 
two  well-Unown  varieties,  the  gypseous  and  tho 
calcareoiis.  'ihe  forincrUa  cryhtiilliiie  giaiiular variety 
III  milphate  of  calcium  or  u,vpHiiiii,  raSll, -2II0II.  It  Is  of 
Miiiiiiis  i-iilorM,  11a  yellow,  red,  and  ma.\',  lint  Is  must  cs- 
li  riiii'd  whi-ii  pure  wlillc.  Ililiig  hoft,  ii  riiii  br  toniicil  by 
the  lathe  or  knife  into  hiiiiiH  um  ks  ul  ail.  11.11  vanes,  slatu- 
cllen.  etc.  For  this  iiiiriiiisc  llii-  Kiiow-u liite.  Ilni'-glaliicd 
Mirli  ty  roiiiiil  near  Florence  in  Hilly  1..*  chiieciiilly  prized. 
Clilriiri'iillH  or  Oriental  llbitnoilrl  (liie  aUlhUHlrileK  of  the 
Hlii'li'iiUl  in  a  variety  of  ciirliniiiili.  nf  calclniii  or  calcilc, 
nil  111  I  ill!..  iiH  a  stalnelite  or  Htiilii^mllc  In  caverns  of  lliiie- 
1 I...  I,. 


alabaster 

II.  a.  Made  of  aliiliaster,  or  resembling  it: 
as,  ■'  an  alabaster  oolumn,"  Addison,  Travels 
in  Italy.-  Alabaster  glass,  an  opaque  enamel  or  glass 
ni;uie  in  iniit^ilioi]  (jf  alaliustcr. 

alabastOS  (al-a-bas'tos),  >i.  Same  as  alahastrum. 
aiabastra,  «•  "  Plural  of  alahastrum. 
alabastrian  (al-a-bas'tri-an),  a.    Pertaming  to 

or  like  alabaster. 

alabastrine  (al-a-bas'trin),  a.  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling  alabaster.  —  Alabastrine  posi- 
tive ill  iiliiilmi;  a  cullodion  positive  on  ghuss,  in  wliicli  th.' 
liKlit'  iinili.in's  of  tile  picture  have  lieeii  lileaclieU  ami 
iviukn il  ininianently  white  in  a  bath  of  hiehlorid  of  mer- 
ciirj'  ai.nh.il,  and  nitric  and  hydroehloric  acids. 

alabastrites  (al"a-bas-tri'tez),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
(UujiaaTiini/i;,  more  correctly  a?i.afiacTiTt/i;  (sc. 
kiUui;,  stone),  calcareous  alabaster,  <  dXa/faarof, 
a  box  or  vase:  see  alabaster.']  A  precious  and 
nehly  veined  mineral  much  used  in  ancient  art; 
tbe  hard  Oriental  alabaster.     See  alabaster,  2. 

It  is  evident  from  Fliny  that  the  Alabastrites  which  this 
Phrygian  marble  resembled  was  diversitted  with  varied 
colours.  Stuart  and  lieiwtt,  Antiii.  of  Athens,  I.  v. 

alabastrum  (al-a-bas'trum),  «.;  pi.  aiabastra 


127 

I  have  not  that  alacrity  of  spirit. 
Nor  cheer  of  mind,  that  I  was  wont  to  have. 
SiMlt.,  Rich.  Ill, 


alar 


Hence — 3.  Readiness;  quickness;  swiftness. 

With  a  dream's  alacrity  of  change. 

The  priest,  and  the  swart  Usher  by  his  side. 

Beheld  the  Eternal  C'ity  lift  its  domes. 

Whitticr,  Dream  of  Pio  Xono. 

Alactaga  (a-lak'ta-ga),  n 
native  name,  in  tlie  M' 
a  .spotted  colt.]    A  genus 
the  family  JJipotlidw,  or  _ 

series  of  the  suborder  'Simplicideutata,  order 
liodentlu.  it  Ijelimss  to  the  same  subfamily  (Dipiidinm) 
as  the  true  jerboas  of  the  ei-mis  7J(/>((.v,  but  is  distinjiuished 
from  them  Ijy  bavins^  liiml  fi  ct  witli  fi  toes  instead  of  8, 
plain  instead  of  grooved  nppcr  incisors,  a  small  tijiper 
premolar  on  each  side,  and  certain  cranial  characters 
resulting  from  less  development  of  the  occipital  region  of 
the  skull.  The  best-known  species  is  A.jacutvsy  which 
resembles  a  jerboa,  but  is  larger,  with  a  longer,  tufted 
tail.  It  is  yellowish  above  and  white  beneath,  moves  on 
all-fours  as  well  as  by  leaping,  lives  in  colonies  in  under- 
ground Inirrows,  and  hibernates  in  winter.  .Species  of 
the  genus  occur  throughout  a  large  part  of  central  Asia. 
Syi'ia,  Araliia,  etc.,  and  also  in  nortliern  Africa. 
)mmonly  called  jumping  rabbits. 


(-trii).   _  [L.,  <  Gr.  aka^^aarpov:   see  alabasUr.]  ^  ^^  ^^jggg  (:■  y^  ^^^s)_     [p.,  at  the  thigh:  see 


lu  G)'.  antiq.,  a  small  elongated 
vase  for  imguents  or  perfumes, 
roimded  at  the  bottom  and  provided 
with  a  broad  rim  about  a  small  ori- 
fice. Vases  of  this  class  were  originally  so 
called  because  made  of  alabaster;  but  the 
name  was  applied  also  to  vessels  of  similar 
form  and  use  in  other  materials,  as  metal, 
glass  (sometimes  richly  ornamented  in  col- 
or), or  pottery.  Sometimes  called  a^a6as((;r,  ^i'f;='^^ 
alabaatos.  v&^^^M 

2.  [NL.,  also  alabastriis :  prop.  L. 
alabaster  (ace.  pi.  alabastros,  in 
Pliny),  a  rose-bud:  see  alabaster.'] 
A  flower-bud.— Iconic  alabastrum,  a 
name  sometimes  given  to  an  alabastrutu 
terminating  above  in  a  figure  or  head. 
k  la  carte  (a  la  kart).  [F. :  a  la 
(see  A  la);  carte  =:  Pr.  Sp.  It.  carta, 
<  L.  eharta,  card:  see  card^,  chart, 
and.  charta.]  By  a  bill  of  fare:  as, 
dinner  a  la  carte,  that  is,  a  dinner  in  which  only 


a  la  and  cidsse.]     Literally,  at  the  thigh:  ap' 

plied  in  her.  to  a  leg  used  as  a 

bearing,  when  it  is  erased  or 

couped  in  the  midiUe  of  the 

thigh. 
Aladdinist  (a-lad'in-ist),  n.    [< 

Aladdin,  a  learned  divine  under 

Mohammed  II.  and  Bajazet  II., 

+ -ist.     The  name  Aladdin,  Ai. 

A'l-ad-din,    means    '  height    of 

faith  or  religion';  <  a'lu,  height, 

acme,  'alii/,  high,  +  ed,  the,  + 

din,  faitli,  creed.]     A  free-thinker  among  the 

Mohammedans. 
Aladdinize  (a-lad'in-iz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 

Aladdini~cd,  ppi:  Aladdinizi>ig.    l<  Aladdin,  the 

possessor  of  the  magic  lamp,  in  the  "Arabian 

Nights,"  a  common  personal  name  (see  Alad- 
dinist), +  -L-c]     To  transform  as  if  by  magic. 

K  E.  D. 


A  hawk's  leg  erased 
h  la  cuisbe.  belled, 
jessed,  and  varveled. 
t  From  Berry's  "  Diet, 
of  Heraldry.") 


such  dishes  as  have  been  ordered  from  the  bill  aladja  (al-a-jii'),  n.    [Prob.  the  same  asalatcha. 


of  fare  are  paid  for  :  opposed  to  table  d'hote, 
which  a  fixed  charge  is  made  covering  the  whole 
meal,  whether  all  the  dishes  served  in  regular 
course  are  eaten,  or  only  some  of  them.  See 
cartel,  1. 
alack  (a-lak'),  intcrj.  [Early  mod.  E.  alac, 
alaeke,  North,  alake,  alailc;  according  to  Skeat, 
<  a9,  ah,  +  lack,  failure,  fault,  disgrace.  Other- 
wise explained  as  a  variation  of  alas,  q.  v. ;  the 
phonetic  change  is  unusual,  but  interjections 
are  unstable.  Also  shortened  to  lad'.]  An 
exclamation  expressive  of  sorrow.  [Obsolete 
or  poetical.] 

A  lactc,  when  once  our  grace  we  have  forgot, 
Nothing  goes  right.  Shale.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  4. 

Alack,  alactc,  his  lips  be  wondrous  cold! 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  iv.  2. 

alackaday  (a-lak'a-da),  interj.     [Also  alack  the 


both  appar.  repr.  Tiu'k.  alaja,  spotted,  streaked, 

<  ala,  spotted,  +  •;/((,  an  adj.  formative.]  A  cot- 
ton stuff  made  thi'oughout  Turkey  and  Greece ; 
nearly  the  same  as  alatcha  (which  see). 

alae,  «.     Plm-al  of  ala. 

alagai  (al'a-gi),  n.      [Cf.   aladja.]     A  mixed 

textile  fabric  of  silk  and  cotton,  obtained  from 

southern  Russia  and  Asia  Minor. 
i-la-grecque,  ^-la-grec  (ii-la-grek'),  ».    [F., 

after  the  Greek  (fashion):  see  a  la  and  Greek.] 

In  arch.,  a  name  for  the  Greek  fret.   Sometimes 

written  aligreek.     Seefret^,  n. 
Alahance  (al-a-hans'),  n.    [Prob.  of  Ar.  origin.] 

A  small  constellation,   better    called  Sagitta 

(which  see). 
alais6  (a-la-za'),  a.  [F.  form,  as  if  pp.  of  "alaiser, 

<  a  I'aise,  at  ease,  easily :  see  a  la  and  case.]  In 
her.,  same  as  humetc. 


day!  as  if  alas  the' day  !  rfn;/ being  vaguely  used.  Alali,  »■     Plural  of  Alalus. 


Also  shortened  to  lackaday,  q.  v.]  An  exclama- 
tion expressive  of  regret  or  sorrow.  Also  writ- 
ten alack  the  day.     [Now  rare.] 


Alack  the  day, 
alive  or  dead? 


I  pray  you  tell  me  is  my  boy  . 
Shalt.,  M.  of  v.,  ii. 


alacrify  (a-lak'ri-fi),  (I.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alac- 
rified,  ppr.  alacrij'ying.  [<  L.  alacer,  alacris, 
cheerf lU,  +  -ficare,  <  facere,  make :  see  -/(/.  ]  To 
make  cheerful ;  rouse  to  action ;  excite.  [Rare.] 

alacriOUSt  (a-lak 'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  alacer,  ala- 
cris, lively,  brisk,  quick,  eager,  active,  cheerful 
(>  It.  allegro  =  OF.  alegre :  see  allegro  and  ale- 
ger),  +  -ous.]  Acting  with  alacrity ;  cheerfully 
prompt  or  brisk. 

'Twere  well  if  we  were  a  little  more  alacrious  and  exact 
in  the  performance  of  the  duty. 

Hammond,  Works,  IV.  550. 

alacriouslyt  (iy-lak'ri-us-li),  adv.  With  alac- 
rity; briskly. 

alacriousnesst  (a-l.ik'ri-us-nes),  »i.  Alacrity; 
cheerful  briskness. 

To  intuse  some  life,  some  aiocnoitsiiess  into  you. 

Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  553. 

alacritOUS  (a-lak'ri-tus),  a.  [<  alacrity  ■¥  -oiis.] 
Brisk  ;  lively ;  cheerful ;  f uU  of  alacrity.  Haw- 
thorne. 

alacrity  (alak'ri-ti),  n.  [=  I'-  alacritc  =  It. 
alacrita,  <'L.  atacnto(<-)s,  liveliness,  briskness, 
<  alacer,  alacris,  lively,  brisk :  see  alacrious.]  1. 
Liveliness ;  briskness ;  sprightUness. — 2.  Cheer- 
ful readiness  or  promptitude ;  cheerful  willing- 
ness. 


alalia  (a-la'li-ii),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  'a?M?Ja,  < 
aXaAof,  not  talking:  see  Alaltis.]  In  pathol., 
partial  or  complete  loss  of  the  power  of  articu- 
lation, due  to  paralysis  of  muscles  employed  in 
articulating.     See  anarthria. 

alalite  (al'a-lit),  n.  [<  Ala,  a  valley  in  Piedmont, 
-(-  -lite,  <  Gr.  ?lBoc,  stone.]     Same  as  diojmde. 

Alalus  (al'a-lus),  n. ;  pi.  AMi  (-H).  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ala'Mi,  not  talking,  <  a-  priv.  +  laXuv,  talk.] 
Haeckel's  hypothetical  "ape-man,"  a  conjec- 
tured genus  of  mammals,  based  upon  the  Pitlie- 
canthropus,  or  primitive  speechless  man,  sup- 
posed to  have  made  his  appearance  toward  the 
close  of  the  Tertiary  epoch,  in  what  is  usually 
called  the  human  form,  but  destitute  of  the 
power  of  framing  and  using  speech,  as  well  as 
of  the  capacities  accompanying  that  faculty. 
Haeckel  uses  the  terms  Alalus  and  Fithecan- 
tUropus  interchangeably. 

The  .ape-men,  or  Alali,  were  therefore  probably  already 
in  existence  towai-d  the  close  of  the  tertiary  epoch. 

Uaccliii,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  182. 

alameda  (ii-lii-ma'dii),  n.  [Sp.  and  Pg.,  a  pop- 
lar-grove, any  public  walk  planted  with  trees, 
<  Sp.  and  Pg.  alamo,  poplar:  see  alamo.]  A 
shaded  public  walk,  especially  one  planted  with 
poplar-trees.  [Texas,  and  other  parts  of  the 
United  States  settled  by  Spaniards.] 

alamo  (a'lii-mo),  n.  [Sp.,  =  Pg.  alamo,  alemo, 
the  poplar;  Sp.  alamo  bianco,  white  poplar, 
alamo  negro.  'l:)laek  poplar,'  i.  o.,  alder;  prob. 
(through  *tdmo,  *alno)  <  L.  alnus,  alder:  see 
alder^.]    The  Spanish  name  of  the  poplar-tree : 


applied  in  Texas  and  westward,  as  in  Mexico,. 
to  species  of  the  cottonwood  (Populus). 
alamodality  (a"lii-m6-dari-ti),  n.  [<  alamode 
+  -ality,  after  modality.]  Conformity  to  the  pre- 
vailing mode  or  fashion  of  the  times.  [Rare.] 
Doubtless  it  hath  been  selected  for  me  because  of  its 
alamodality  —  a  good  and  pregnant  word. 

Souttiey,  Doctor,  interchapter  xx. 

n.    [Formerly 

in  the  manner 

adv.  In  the 

fashion ;  according  to  the  fashion  or  prevailing 

mode. 

II.  a.  Fashionable ;  according  to  some  par- 
ticular fashion — Alamode  beef,  beef  alamode 
(often,  or  more  commonly,  ljcc.f  a  la  mod,:),  beef  larded 
and  stewed  or  braised  with  spices,  vegetables,  fine  herbs, 
wine.  etc. 

III.  n.    It.  A  fashion. 
For  an  old  man  to  marry  a  young  wife ...  is  become  the 

A  la  mode  of  the  times. 

Kennr-t,  tr.  of  Erasra.  MoriiC  Enc,  p.  14.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

,„,  „=..»  2.  A  thin  glossy  silk  for  hoods,  scarfs,  etc. 
They  are  alaiUOrt,  a  la  mort  (al-a-morf,  ii  lii  mort),  a. 
[Sometimes  written  all  amort,  as  if  all,  adv.,  with 
amort,  q.  v. ;  <  F.  a  la  mort,  lit.  to  the  death :  a  la 
(seeota);  woe?,  <L.mo»'(<-).9,  death:  seemortul.] 
In  a  half -dead  or  moribimd  condition;  de- 
pressed ;  melancholy. 

'Tis  wrongto  bring  into  a  mix'd  resort 
What  makes  some  sick,  and  others  a-la-mort. 

Cowpcr,  Conversation,  1.  292. 

alant,  alantt,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  allan,  al- 
liind,  etc.,  <  ME.  alaitt,  aland,  (daunt,  <  OF.  alan, 
"allan,  a  kind  of  Ijig,  strong,  thick-headed  and 
short-snouted  dog;  the  brood  whereof  came 
first  out  of  Albania  (old  Epirus).  Allan  de 
boucherie  is  like  oui'  mastive,  and  serves  butch- 
ers to  briug  in  fierce  oxen,  and  to  keep  their 
stalls.  Allan  gentil  is  like  a  greyhound  in  all 
properties  and  parts,  his  thick  and  short  head 
excepted.  Allan  vautre,  a  great  and  ugly  cur 
of  that  kind  (having  a  big  head,  hanging  lips, 
and  slouching  ears),  kept  only  to  bait  the  bear, 
and  wild  boar"  (Cotgrave),  also  with  excres- 
cent t,  alant,  allant.  It.  Sp.  alano  =  Pg.  ulcio,  < 
ML.  aletnvs,  a  kind  of  htmting-dog,  perhaps 
named  from  the  Alani  (L.  Alant,  Gr.  'A7Mvoi),  a 
Scythian  nation  upon  the  Tanais  (Don).]  1.  A 
species  of  large  dog,  used  to  hunt  beasts  of  prey. 
Aboute  his  char  ther  wenten  white  alauntz 
Twenty  and  mo,  as  gret  as  any  stere. 
To  huuten  at  the  Icon  or  the  dere. 

Chaucer,  Knighfs  Tale,  1.  129a 

2.  In  her.,  a  mastiff-dog  with  short  ears. 

Also  -ivritten  aland,  alaun, 
alaund,  alaunt,  etc. 
aland^  (a-land'),  prep.  phr.  as 
adv.  [<'ME.  alond,  alonde,  o 
lande,  <  AS.  on  land  (ace), 
on  lande  (dat.) :  on,  E.  on,  a^; 
land,  lande,  E.  land.]  On  or  at 
land.  [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 
He  made  his  shippe  aloTide  for  to 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2166. 

3d  Fish.   Master,  I  marvel  how  the  fishes  live  in  the  sea. 

1st  Fijih.     Why,  as  men  do  a-land;  the  great  ones  eat 

up  the  little  ones.  Shale.,  Pericles,  il.  1. 

A  well-hooped  cask  our  shipmen  brought  aland 

That  knew  some  white-walled  city  of  tlie  Rhine, 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  33. 

aland^  (al'and),  n.  [<  Dan.  aland,  the  chaven- 
der,  chub,  =  Icel.  dlun,  *dlunn,  a  fish,  supposed 
to  be  the  mackerel,  =  OS.  alnnd  (Kluge)  =  OHG. 
alant,  alunt,  MHG.  G.  alant,  the  chub  or  mul- 
let; origin  obscm-e.]     A  fish,  same  as  oj/e. 

aland^t,  «•     Same  as  alan. 

alandier  (a-lan'der),  n.  [Appar.  <  F.  «  landier : 
a,  to,  with;  landier,  andiron:  see  andiron.]  A 
fireplace  used  in  connection  ■with  a  porcelain- 
kiln.     See  kdn. 

alane  (a-liin'),  a.  and  adv.    Scotch foi-m of  a/oMC. 

alanin,  alanine  (al'a-nin),  n.  [<L.  al{dehijde) 
-¥  -an  (a  meaningless  syllable)  +  -in-,  -ine-.]  An 
organic  base  (C3H7NO2)  obtained  by  heating 
aldehyde  ammonia  with  hydrocyanic  acid  in 
presence  of  an  excess  of  hydrochloric  acid.  It 
forms  compounds  both  with  acids  and  with 
some  of  the  metals,  as  copper,  silver,  and  lead. 

alantt,  "•     Same  as  (dan. 

alantin,  alantine  (a-lan'tin),  n.  [<  6.  alant, 
OHG.  alant  (origin  unknown),  elecampane,  + 
E.  -in'^,  -ine-.]  A  substance  resembling  starch, 
found  in  the  root  of  elecampane ;  inulin  (which 
see). 

alar  (a'lar),  a.  [<  L.  alaris,  more  frequently 
alarius (^}i.  alary),  <  <da,  a.yring:  seeaisle.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  alas  or  wings. —  2.  In 
6o^,bomeiutheforksof astern;  axiUary;  situ- 


Alan. 
(From  Berry's  " 
of  Heraldry.' 


alar 

ated  in  the  axils  or  forks  of  a  plant — Alar  artery 
and  vein,  a  small  artery  and  its  attendant  vein  supplying 
the  axilla,  usually  termed  the  alar  thoracis  arter)'  and 
vein.— Alar  cartilage,  the  loner  lateral  cartilages  of  the 
nose.— Alar  ceUs,  m  mosses,  the  tells  at  the  basal  angles 
of  a  leaf.— Alar  expanse,  or  alar  extent,  in  omith.  and 
entom.,tbe  disiaiue  from  tip  to  tip  ul  the  spread  wiugs  of 
abird  or  an  i!i<  d.  — Alar  flexure.  See ./fcxur?.— Alar 
ligaments  !:i  'uiat.,  two  rrinire.like  folds  springing  from 
the  liL.-,im'  :  t  ::■!  niueosumof  the  knee-joint  and  projecting 
into  the  SMI.  vial  carity.  Also  called  p/ior  adipose  and 
mar^Ufiiuiii. 

alarget  fa-larj'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  alargen  =  OF. 
'ulartjir  "(ct.  OF.  eslargir,  F.  elargir,  -with  pre- 
fix «■-,  <  L.  ex-),  <  JIL.  *aUargire  (of.  Pr.  alar- 
gar  =  Sp.  Pg.  alargar,  <  ML.  allargare),  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  ML.  largirc,  largare,  enlarge ;  cf.  L. 
targiri,  give  largess,  grant,  <  largus,  large :  see 
large.    Cf .  enlarge.']     To  enlarge ;  inorease. 

Alalia  (a-la'ri-a),  n.  [XL.,  <  L.  alarius,  <  ala, 
a  wing:  see  aisle.']  A  genus  of  olive-brown 
algse,  found  in  the  colder  parts  of  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  oceans.  The  membranous  frond  is  from 
3  to  20  feel  long  and  has  a  thick  midrib.  A.  esciUenta  is 
variously  called  baddi^rlocks,  henicari\  or  murlins.  The 
midrib  is  used  as  an  article  of  food  in  some  parts  of  Scot- 
laud  and  Ireland,  and  in  Iceland. 

alarm  (a-lUrm'),  n.  [Also  alarum,  and  abbrev. 
tari/Hi,  a  form,  nowpartly  differentiated  in  mean- 
ing, due  to  rolling  the  r;  formerly  also  allarm, 
allarme,  aWarmy;  <  ME.  a/arme,  usedinterjec- 
tionaUy,  alarom,  a  loud  noise  (=  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan. 
alarm,  alarm,  noise,  by  apheresis  G.  larm,  Dan. 
larm},<.  OF.  alarme.  "  an  alarum  "  (Cotgrave),  = 
Pr.  alarma  =  Sp.  Pg.  alarma,  <  It.  allarme,  tu- 
mult, fright,  alarm,  <rt?r  arme,  to  arms ! — alle,  < 
a  (<  L.  ad),  to,  4-  le,  fem.  pi.,  <  L.  illas,  ace.  fern. 
pi.  of  ille,  the;  arme,  fem. pl.,<  L.  arma,  neut.  pi., 
arms:  see  ar;»-.]  1.  A  summons  to  arms,  as  on 
the  approach  of  an  enemy ;  hence,  any  sound, 
outcry,  or  information  intended  to  give  notice 
of  approaching  danger. 
Sound  an  alarm  in  my  holy  mountain.  Joel  11. 1. 

Ready  to  ride  and  spread  the  alarm 
Through  every  Middlese.x  village  and  farm. 

Lonfffellow,  Paul  Revere's  Ride. 

2t.  A  hostile  attack ;  a  timiult ;  a  broil ;  a  dis- 
turbance. 

Bemove  your  siege  from  my  unyielding  heart ; 
To  love's  alarm*  it  will  not  ope  the  gate. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  424. 

3.  A  sudden  fear  or  painful  suspense  excited 
by  an  apprehension  of  danger;  apprehension; 
fright :  as,  there  is  nothing  in  his  illness  to 
cause  alarm. 

I  shook  her  breast  with  vjigue  alarms. 

Tennyson,  The  Letters. 

4.  A  warning  sound ;  a  signal  for  attention;  an 
argent  call,  summons,  or  uotiiieatiou.  specifically 
— (a)  In  fencing,  an  appeal  or  a  challenge  made  by  a  step 
or  stamp  on  the  ground  with  the  advancing  foot.  (6)  In 
JrtnnaA'mry,  a  knock  at  the  door  of  the  lodge  to  give 
warning,  as  of  the  entrance  of  a  candidate  for  initiation. 
6.  A  self-acting  contrivance  of  any  kind  used 
to  call  attention,  rouse  from  sleep,  warn  of 
danger,  etc.  .Such  devices  are  made  in  a  great  variety 
of  forms,  as,  for  example,  alarm-clocks,  fog-bells,  fog- 
whistles,  and  Koundlng  or  whistling  buoys;  bells  to  indi- 
cate changes  In  temperature,  the  opening  or  shutting  of 
dwjrs,  gates,  or  drawers,  the  arrival  of  a  given  hour,  f)r 
the  condition  of  telephone-  and  telegraph-wires ;  signals 
to  call  attention  to  the  escape  of  gas,  steam,  water,  nlr, 
ctc.-Alann  check-valve,  a  valve  in  a  steam-boiler 
Dsnally  chised  by  a  kprirjgand  r,pening  under  the  pressure 
of  steam,  used  to  give  an  alarm  «lien  tlii^  Injector  ceases 
t»  work  or  refuses  t/)  start.— Electric  alarm.  Sec  dec- 
(ri-. —Low- water  alarm,  In  a  steam-boiler,  an  anlomatlc 
device  t..r  giving  a  «lgoal  by  sounding  a  whistle  when  the 
water  falls  l,el.,w  the  |,olnt  ot  safely —Still  alarm.  Seo 
rtiJi.  =8yn.  L  Alanini,  tocsin.-  3.  Alarm,  Ajiprehen- 
rion,  Fritiht,  Trrrnr,  Itituutii,  CoiiJitiT/ialuin,  2'anif,  af- 
fright, aflt.-,fl<,r,,  lliiiter,  perturbation.  These  words  all 
"I'f*  f  I'-ar  In  view  of  iKjsslble-  or  certain,  per- 
nap  I'lk-'T.  Aiif/rriirrution  Is  the  lowest  rle- 
K"  ■  '111. I  lak.-»  hold  of  the  Icbu  of  .langer, 

.  I'li-rs  the  best  way  of  nMcting  it. 
.  by  derivation  It  Is  llie  abinini  or 
f't'liiigs  are  nglluti-d  In  view  of 
1  ilangcr  to  one's  self  ^»r  others. 
I  111-  mind  Is  like  that  of  npjire. 
r  than  overiHiwer.  II,.    i  ,.  nlal 
I  •lUtnni/  are  111    I  I  - 

'..■  Ir  dirfercri.  .    ,  I 

l;ill)  the  nen. 
i'ldeii  fear.     '/'•  rr^'r  riiio  !"■ 
Ixridenl  an'l  as  nndilen  ;  It 
"'' '                                               roid  unmans  rnie.     Ihitnaii 
*t'I' •  tirage  and  hope,  I  tloi''- 

illon.   the  dis|H.<ll|.,M   to  ilo 

,  what '/i'*7n'ly^  '  '      ni;i\  I.. 
loi mis  of  lb  f' 
I    >'(   Oliileni,' 


anil 
All 

Sllf 


•  I.. 


tor- 
anrri 
th.  (. 
and  ' 
■III..  I 


■  \  »iil 


(filli 
no  '  ,1 

or,  ng<ir4i  IV.  1^,  1,1  I 


128 

It  was  clear  that  great  alarm  would  be  excited  through- 
out Europe  if  either  the  Emperor  or  the  Dauphin  should 
become  King  of  Spain. 

ilacaulay,  Mahon's  Succession  in  Spain. 
Rip  now  felt  a  v.ague  apprehension  stealing  over  him ; 
he  .  .  .  perceived  a  strange  figure  slowlj-  toiling  up  the 
rocks.  Irving,  Rip  Van  Winkle. 

To  go  to  bed  was  to  lie  awake  of  cold,  with  an  added 
shudder  of /right  whenever  a  loose  easement  or  a  waWng 
curtain  chose  to  give  you  the  goose-tiesh. 

Loivell,  Study  Windows,  p.  30. 
Shadows  to-night 
Have  struck  more  terror  to  the  soul  of  Richard, 
Than  can  the  substance  of  ten  thousand  soldiers. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 
Dismay  seized  our  soldiers,  the  panic  spread,  increased 
by  the  belief  that  a  fresh  army  had  come  up  and  was  en- 
tering the  field.  W.  Ware,  Zenobia,  II.  xiii. 
Conceive  but  for  a  moment  the  co-nsternation  which  the 
approach  of  an  invading  army  would  impress  on  tlie 
peaceful  villages  in  this  neighbourhood. 

li.  Hall,  Reflections  on  War. 
Each  [the  child  and  the  soldier]  is  liable  to  panic,  which 
is,  exactly,  the  terror  of  ignorance  surrendered  to  the  im- 
agination. Emerson,  Courage. 
alarm  (a-larm'),  r.  [<  alarm,  n.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  call  to  arms  for  defense ;  give  notice  of  dan- 
ger to;  rouse  to  "sigilanee  and  exertions  for 
safety:  as,  alarm  the  watch. 

A  countiyman  had  come  in  and  alartned  the  Signoria 
before  it  was  light,  else  the  city  would  have  been  taken 
by  surprise.  George  Eliot,  Romola,  II.  liv. 

2.  To  surprise  ■with  apprehension  of  danger; 
disturb  with  sudden  fear ;  fill  with  anxiety  by 
the  prospect  of  evil. 

Pan  flies  alarm'd  into  the  neighbouring  woods. 
And  frighted  u>Tnphs  dive  down  into  the  floods. 

Dryden,  .\rt  of  Poetry,  ii.  24.=i. 

A  screech-owl  at  midnight  has  rt^armeii  a  family  more 

than  a  band  of  robbers.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  7. 

Il.t  in  trans.  To  give  an  alarm. 
Now,  valiant  chiefs  !  since  heaven  itself  alarms, 
I'nite.  Pope,  Iliad,  ii.  93. 

alarmable  (a-lar'ma-bl),  a.  [<  alarm  -I-  -able.] 
Liable  to  bo  alarmeJi  or  frightened. 

alarm-bell  (a-liirm'bel),  H.     A  bell  used  in  giv- 
ing notice  of  danger,  as  from  the  approach  of 
an  enemy,  from  fire,  etc. 
On  the  gates  alarm-bells  or  watch-bells. 

Milton,  Hist.  Moscovia,  iii. 

alarm-bird  (a-liinn'berd),  )i.  A  species  of  tura- 
cou,  ,'<chi::oriiis  :ouurus,  of  Africa. 

alarm-clock  (a-liirm'klok),  «.  A  clock  wliich 
can  bo  so  set  as  to  make  a  loud  and  continued 
noise  at  a  particular  time,  in  order  to  arouse 
from  sleep  or  attract  attention. 

alarm-compass  (a-lilrm'kum"pas),  )i.  A  raari- 
noi-'s  com)iass  having  an  electrical  attachment 
for  inilioatiug  by  an  alarm  any  do'N'iation  of  the 
sbij)  from  its  course. 

alarm-funnel  (a-larm'fun'el),  n.  A  form  of 
funnel  for  use  in  filling  casks  or  barrels,  so 
constructed  that  when  the  liquid  has  risen  to 
a  certain  height  in  the  cask  a  boll  is  rung. 

alarm-gage  (ii-liinn'gaj),  «.  A  contrivance  for 
imlieating  auloinutically,  by  an  alarm,  wlicn 
pressure,  as  in  a  stoani-boilor  or  an  air-coiii- 

Xro.-isor,  roaelii'S  a  certain  point. 
arm-gtin  (a-liirin'gun),  «.     A  gun  fired  us  a 
signal  of  iilarin. 
alarmingly  (a-liir'ming-li),  adv.     In  an  alarm- 
ing inaiinor;  with  alarm;  in  a  manner  or  do- 
gi'oo  to  excite  approlionsion. 

This  mode  of  travelling  .  .  .  seemed  to  our  ancestors 
wonderfully,  and  indeed  alarmingly,  rapid. 

ilacaulay.  Hist.  Eng.,  III. 

alarmism  (a-liir'mizm),  n.  [<  alarm  +  -ism.] 
A  tendency  to  create  alarms,  or  to  bo  alarmed 
needlossly ;  a  state  of  needless  alann;  the  con- 
dition or  jinictice  of  an  alarmist,     [liare.] 

alarmist  (a-Iiir'niist),  n.  [<,  alarm  + -ist;  =  V. 
aliirniislr.'j  One  who  excites  alarm;  one  wlm 
is  prone  to  raise  an  alurni,  as  by  exaggerating 
baa  news  or  iiroi)lii',>iying  calamities,  ]iiirtien- 
larly  in  regard  to  ]ii)litical  or  social  malters. 

He  wiu(  frightened  Into  a  fanatical  royalist,  and  beranie 
one  of  the  most  extravagant /ifiiniii's/x  of  those  wrcd-lied 
times.  Macaulay,  Walpoh-'s  I.i*tter». 

It  was  as  he  appniarbed  fourscore,  during  the  Adminis- 
tration of  Sir  UiiliiTt  IVel,  that  the  Duke  |iif  Willlngloiil 
bi'i'iihie  an  itlarmittt.  OladHtutw,  Olcanlngs,  I.  121. 

alarm-lock  (a-lilrm'lok),  M.  A  lock,  pndliH'k, 
bolt,  liiti'li,  or  knob  so  arranged  flint  a  bell  is 
eansed  to  ring  liy  any  innvenienl  of  ils  jiiirts, 
<ir  by  any  iitlenipt  to  o|ien  the  door,  till,  or  th<^ 
like,  to  wliieh  it  is  faHtened. 

alarm-post  Oi-liinii']irwt),  m.  A  position  to 
wliiili  trfiii|iM  ari'  In  n  |mir  in  case  of  an  nltinii. 

alarm-watch  (u-liirin'w<M'h),  h.     A  wntdi  jin>- 

vldi  d  Willi  an  nhinn  wliieli  can  be  set  to  htrike 

at  a  given  nioiiient,  in  ordertoallrnct  atteiilion. 

Yotl  shall  have  n  Hold    ntitrin-irat'-l,,   wlilcli,   as  Iliere 

ni»r  'lo  cauao,  shlU  awake  you,    .S'ir  T.  l/erberl,  Memoirs. 


a  latere 

alarum  (a-lar'um  or  a-lar'um),  «.  [A  form  of 
alarm,  due  to  a  strong  rolling  of  the  r:  see 
alarm,  ?i.]  Same  as  alarm,  but  now  used  only 
in  sense  4,  except  poetically. 

A  flourish,  trumpets  I  strike  alarum,  drums! 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 
The  dread  alanim  should  make  the  earth  quake  to  its 
centre.  Haitthm-nc,  Old  Manse. 

She  had  an  alarum  to  call  her  up  early. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  E>Te,  xxi. 

alarum  (a-lar'utn  or  a-liir'um),  v.  t.  Same  as 
alarm. 

Wither'd  murther, 
Alarxtm'd  by  his  sentinel,  the  wolf. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  1. 

alarum-bell  (a-lar'vim-bel),  n.  Same  as  alarm- 
bell. 

Ko  citizen  can  lie  down  secure  that  he  shall  not  be 
roused  by  the  alarum-bell,  to  repel  or  avenge  an  injury. 

Macaulay,  Dante. 

alary  (ii'la-ri),  a.  [<  L.  alarius:  see  alar.]  1. 
Relating  to  wings  or  wing-like  parts;  being 
■sving-Mke.  Specifically  applied,  in  entom.,  to  certain 
muscles  passing  in  pairs  from  the  walls  of  the  pericardial 
chamber  of  some  insects  to  the  abdominal  parietes.  See 
alee  eordiiy.  under  ala. 
The  alary  system  of  insects. 

Wollaston,  Variation  of  Species,  p.  45. 
The  alary  muscles,  which  in  most  insects  are  fan-shaped, 
and  lie  in  pairs,  opposite  one  another,  on  each  side  of  the 
heart,  either  uinte  in  the  middle  line,  or  are  inserted  into 
a  sort  of  fascia,  on  the  sternal  aspect  of  the  heart,  to  which 
orgau  they  are  not  directly  attached. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  373. 

2.  In  anat.  and  hot.,  ■wing-shaped. 

alas  (a-las').  interj.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  abbr. 
las,  la.'is ;  <  JIE.  ahis,  alias,  alaas.  allaas,  alace,  al- 
lace,  <  OF.  a  las,  ha  las,  hai  las  (later  helas,  also 
abbr.  las;  mod.  F.  helas;  =Pr.  ai  lasso  =  It.  ahi 
lasso),  <  a,  ah!  (<  L.  ah,  ah!),  +  las,  wretched,  < 
L.  lassus,  weary:  see  lassitude.]  An  exclama- 
tion expressive  of  sorrow,  grief,  pity,  concern, 
or  apprehension  of  e-vil:  in  old  writers  sometimes 
followed  by  the  day  or  the  trhile :  as,  alas  the  day, 
alas  the  trhile.     See  alackaday. 

For  pale  and  wanne  he  wttsialas  the  while!). 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Jan. 
Alas,  the  day !  I  never  gave  him  cause. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  4. 
Alas  for  those  who  never  sing, 
But  die  with  all  their  music  in  them. 

0.  ir.  Holmes,  The  'Voicelesa, 

Alascan  (a-las 'kan),  «.  A  name  given  to  a 
foreign  Protestant  in  England  during  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI.  so  called  from  John  Laski  or  Alasco, 
a  Polish  refugee  of  noble  birth  who  was  made  superinten- 
dent of  the  foreign  churches  in  London. 

alaskaitiB  (a-las'ka-!t),  11.  [Better  *alaslite,  < 
Alaska  (see  ilef.)+  -ite'^.]  A  sulphid  of  bismuth, 
lead,  silver,  and  copper  foimd  at  the  Alaska 
mine  in  Colorado. 

Alaskan  (a-las'kan),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  peninsula  or  territory  of  Alaska  in  N.  W. 
.\inorica;  growing  or  found  in  Alaska:  as, 
''.\Ui.<t:an  cedar,"  Science,  IV.  47.'i. 

alastor  (a-las'tor), )).  [<  Gr.  ■A7^twTcip,\\io  aveng- 
ing deity,  lit.  tile  uiLforgottin^;  cf.  lUoffrof,  not 
to  be  forgotten,  unceasing,  <  «-  priv.  +  'lanrd^, 
verbal  adj.  of  2.adeiv,  forget.]  A  relentless 
avenging  spirit;  a  nemesis.     N.  E.  i>. 

Alata  (li-la'tii),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  L. 
ahitus,  wingeil:  see  ttlatc-.]  A  name  given  by 
Laniiirek  to  a  combinatiim  of  the  niollnsean 
fiiniilies  Strombidw,  Ajmrrhiiida',  and  Struthio- 
lariida;  having  referonco  to  the  expanded  ■sring- 
liki>  outer  lip  of  the  shell.     See  win(i.ihrlt. 

alatcha(ii-lii-ehit'),  H.  [See  «?«<(;(».]  A  cotton 
sttilT  made  in  central  Asia,  dyed  in  the  thri'ad, 
nnd  woven  with  white  stripi'son  a  blue  ground. 
/•.'.  .^cliniilcr,  Turkistan,  I.  "i. 

alate't  (a-hif),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a*  for  of 
+  hit,.]"  Of  lato;  lately. 

Where  chilling  frosts  alate  did  nip, 

'riii'ic  tlasbcth  now  a  lire.       Greene,  Porallcla. 

alate-',  alated  (li'lat.  li'la-ted),  a.  [<  L.  alatus, 
winged,  <  ala,  wing:  see  ai.tle.]  1.  Winged; 
having  mombranoiis  expansions  like  wings. 

lint  the  Harpies  ii/iife 
In  the  storm  came,  and  swept  oh  the  maldeuR. 

Mrs.  Unnciiiiiii,  I'oeins  (1S7S),  p.  210. 
Speeincally  — (n)  In  Isil.  applied  In  slems  and  leafstalks 
with  the  edges  or  angles  ionglludlMail.v  expiinded  Into  leaf- 
like  borders,  or  to  oilier  organs  having  nienilii'iinous  ex* 
pansiims:  opposid  U<  aiilerous.  (Ii)  In  roiirli.,  having  an 
expanded  lip:  applied  tiishrlls.   Heecut  under  .I;/!/;-!-/!!!!!/!!'. 

2.  In  arch.,  liaving  wings,  as  u  Imilding:  as, 
"an  ((/«fetemplo,"«SfHA'f?<'y,l'alieogi'ai>liia Sacra 
(17i;:i),  p.  73. 
a  latere  (a  lat'o-re).  [L.,  from  the  Hidc> :  a  for 
"/',  from  ;  latere,  alil.  ol'  lalus,  side:  see  lateral.] 
From  the  side ;  from  beside  a  jii'i'son:  used  in 
the  phrase  legato  a  latere.     Sue  legate. 


Glass  rt  latticinio. 


Woodlark  [Alauda  ariarea). 

Cf.  calandra  and  terfcl.] 


alatern 

alatern  (al'a-t^m),  n.     Same  aa  alateriius. 
alaternus  (al-a-ter'nus),   II.     [Tlie  L.  name 
(I'Uiiy).]    A  species  of  Rhamiius,  or  buckthorn, 
often  planted  in  English  gardens,  Hhamnus  Ala- 
trnius.     See  Bhamnus. 
alation  (a-la'shon),  n. 
[<  Ij.d/f/te, winged:  see 
alafr-.]     1.   A  winged 
condition ;  the  state  of 
being  winged  or  of  hav- 
ing wings,  as  a  bat,  or 
parts  resembling  wings, 
as    a    plant. — 2.    The 
manner  of  formation  or 
disposition  of  the  wings, 
especially  in  insects. 
alatratet,  v.  t.  See  alla- 

trnte. 

a  latticinio  (a  lat-ti- 
cho'ni-o).  [It.:  a,  <  L.  ad,  to;  latticinio,  <  L. 
luclicinium,  milk-food,  <  lac{t-),  milk:  see  lac- 
tation.'] (Decorated)  with  lines  or  bands  of 
opaque  white  glass,  buried  in  the  transparent 
body  of  the  vessel :  said  of  ornamental  glass, 
such  as  that  made  in  Murano,  near  Venice. 
Alauda  (a-la'da),  n.  ■  [L.,  the  lark;  according 
to  Pliny,  Suetonius,  and  Gregory  of  Tours,  a 
Gaulish  or  Celtic  word 
(cf.  Bret,  alclioiiedei; 
ulchoucde:,  the  lark) ; 
said  to  be  "lit.  'great 
songstress,'  from  al, 
high  or  great,  and  and, 
song."  The  W.  name 
ticlicdi/dd,  lit.  'soarer,' 
is  a  dilferent  word. 
Hence  It.  aloda  =  Sp. 
alondra,  OSp.  aluda, 
(doa  =  Yr.alauza=OV. 
(I  lor,  with  dim.  ML. 
Iiuiilida,  latidila,  It.  al- 
kidola,  lodola  (dial. 
lodana),  and  Olt.  alo- 
detta,  allodetta  =  OSp. 
aloeta  =  Pr.  alauzeta 
=  P.  alouette,  the  lark. 
A  genus  of  birds,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Alaudidce,  or  larks.  The  genus 
was  formerly  coextensive  with  the  familyt  but  is  now  re- 
stricted to  such  species  as  the  skylarlt,  A.  arvensis,  and 
tlie  woodlark,  A.  arborea.  The  species  of  Alauda  proper 
are  nativesof  the  old  world,  and  inhabit  chietty  its  northern 
portions;  they  are  small,  plain-colnri'd,  spotted,  :iTid  streak- 
ed birds;  they  nest  on  the  grouml,  ;uid  an-  nntt(l  for  sing- 
iny  as  they  soar  aloft,  and  for  tlie  delicaL-y  of  tlieir  flesh. 
.See  Alaiididre  and  lark^. 
Alaudidae  (a-la'di-de),  «.  jtl.  [NIj.,<  Jlauda  + 
-idw.]  The  lark  family ;  a  family  of  birds,  of 
the  order  Passeres  and  suborder  Oscines.  They 
are  notably  distinguished  from  other  oscine  Passeres  by 
having  the  tarsi  scutellate  behind,  and  are  therefore  re- 
ferred by  some  to  a  special  series,  Oscines  scuteliiplantares, 
in  distinction  from  most  other  Oscines,  which  are  laiuini- 
plantar.  By  others,  however,  the  Alaudidce  have  been 
ranked  as  a  subfamily,  Ataudi7ife,  under  Frinfjlllidce.  The 
hallux  bears  a  lengthened  straightened  claw.  There  are 
many  genera  and  species,  mostly  of  the  old  world,  and 
especially  of  Africa  ;  only  one  genus,  Ercmophila  or  Oto- 
corys,  the  shore  or  horned  lark,  is  indigenous  to  America. 
The  Alaudidte  are  mostly  migratory  ;  they  inhabit  open 
country,  nest  on  the  ground,  lay  colored  eggs,  and  sing  .is 
they  soar  ;  some  of  the  species  are  gregarious.  Hee  Alau- 
da and  larki. 
Alaudinse  (al-a-di'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alauda 
-l--JHa;.]  A  subfamily  of  larks.  The  term  repre- 
sents—  (a)  A  subfamily  of  Frlniiillidfe,  including  all  larks. 
[Disused.]  (b)  A  subfamily  of  .-ilandidfe,  including  the 
typical  larks  represented  by  the  genus  Alattda  and  its  im- 
mediate allies. 
alaudine  (a-la'din),  «.  [<  Alauda  +  -iiiel.] 
Having  the  character  of  a  lark  ;  pertaining  to 
the  Alaudidce  or  lark  family. 

There  is  .  .  .  abundant  evidence  of  the  susceptibility  of 
the  Alaudine  structure  to  modification  from  external  cir- 
cumstances. Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  31U. 

alaunt,  ala,undt,  alauntt,  "•    Same  as  alan. 

Alaus  (a-la'us),  II.  [NL.,  in  form  <  Gr.  aAadg, 
blind,  <  a-  priv.+  Adeiv,  see;  but  said  to  be  based 
on  alandai,  wander,  roam,  stray.]  A  genus  of 
click-beetles,  of 
the  family  Ela- 
teridw.  A.  ocula- 
tuji,  one  of  the  largest 
•f  the  North  Ameri- 
can snapping-bee- 
tles,  is  a  well-known 
species  upward  of  IJ 
inches  long.  It  has 
two  velvety  black 
spots  encircled  with 
white  on  the  pro- 
thorax,  and  white 
dots  scattered  over 
the  whole  surface ; 
its  larvae  live  in  de- 
caying wood. 
9 


129 

Alausa  (a-la'sa),  n.  Same  as  Alosa. 
alb'  (alb),  H.  ['<;  ME.  albc,  <  AS.  albc,  <  ML.  alha 
(sc. vcstis,  garment),  fern,  of  L.  alhus,  white :  see 
aHfce,  the  French  form.]  1.  In  the  Rum.  Catli. 
Ch.  (and  in  many  Anglican  churches),  a  white 
linen  robe,  with  tight  sleeves,  worn  at  the  cele- 
bration of  the  oucharist  imder  the  chasuble, 
cope,  or  dalmatic  by  the  officiating  jjriest  and 
his  assistants,  it  reaches  to  the  feet,  ami  is  byujid 
around  the  waist  by  a  girdle  called  the  alb-curd.  Usmilly 
it  is  ornamented  at  tlie  edges  and  wrists  with  embroidery 
or  lace-work.  The  alb  was  formerly  the  common  dress  of 
the  clergy.  Colored  albs  have  been  used  in  the  service  of 
the  r,M;;lish  Church.  The  corresponding  garment  in  the 
Greek  I  'hurch  is  the  stoicharion  (which  see). 
A  white  albe  plain  with  a  vestment  or  cope. 

Book  of  Common  Prayer  (1549). 
Each  priest  adorn'd  was  in  a  surplice  white ; 
The  bishops  doiiird  their  albs  and  copes  of  state. 

Fair/ax,  Tasso,  ii.  4. 

2.  In  the  carli/  church,  a  white  garment  worn 
from  the  Saturday  before  Easter  until  the  fu'st 
Sunday  after  Easter  by  the  newly  baptized. 

Formerly  also  written  alba,  albe. 
Apparels  of  the  alb,  sijuare  pieces  of  embroidery  in  col- 
ors or  prcfious  (H].lirey-work  sewed  or  otherwise  fastened 
upon  the  alb,  f.niiiiioiily  in  six  places:  much  used  between 
the  eleventh  and  sixteenth  centuries. 

alb^  (alb),  n.     [Turk.]     A  small  Turkish  coin, 
nearly  equal  in  value  to  a  cent. 

alba  (al'ba),  n.    [NL.  (se. substantia),  fem.  of  L. 

albiis,  white,  used  as  a  noun.]     White  fibrous 

nerve-tissue,  as  distinguished  from  the  gray  or 

cellular. 

The  alba  constitutes  the  columns  of  the  myelon,  etc. 

Wilder  and  Gage,  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  472. 

albacore  (al'ba-kor),  m.    [Also  formerly  written 
albecore.  alhocore  (cf.  F.   ''albacore,  a  certain 

it     ■ 


albe 

the  sides  externally  concave,  used  in  the  fif- 
teenth century  and  later  as  a  drug-pot. 

albarilUU  (al-ba'ri-um),  n.  [L.  (sc.  opus,  work), 
wliito  stucco ;  neut.  of  albarius,  pertaining  to 
the  whitening  of  walls.  Cf.  albare,  whiten,  < 
albus,  white.]  A  stucco  or  white  lime  obtained 
from  burnt  marble.     McElraih ;  fiiinmonds. 

albata  (al-ba'tii),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  ulbata,  fem.  of 
(ilbatus,  clotheil  in  white,  made  white,  pp.  of 
albare,  make  white,  <  albus,  white.]  An  alloy 
consisting  of  a  combination  of  nickel,  zinc,  and 
copper  united  in  various  proportions,  often  with 
antimony,  iron,  lead,  tin,  and  silver,  it  is  a  whit.- 
metal,  resembling  silver  in  appearance,  and  is  made  into 
spoons,  forks,  teapots,  etc.  Also  called  British  jjlate  and 
German  silver. 

He  was  not  the  genuine  article,  but  a  substitute,  a  Icind 
of  albata.  G.  A.  Sata,  liaddington  Peerage,  11.  232. 

Albati  (al-ba'ti),  n.  pi.  [LL.,  pi.  of  L.  albatus, 
clotlied  in  white:  see  albata.~]  A  body  of  fanat- 
ics who  about  1400  appeared  in  Italy  as  peni- 
tents, clad  in  white  garments.  They  were  sup- 
Sressedby  the  pope.  Also  called  White  Brethren. 
batross  (al'ba-tros),  n.  [Formerly  albitross, 
albetruss,  also  alf/atross  (cf.  D.  cdbatros  =  (i.  al- 
batross (but  D.  usually  stormvoi/cl,  G.  sturmvogel, 
' storm-bird ')  =  F.  albatros,  formevly  algatros,  = 
It.  albatro  =  S\).  albatroste  =  Fg.  albatroz,  all 
prob.  from  or  affected  by  the  E.  form),  a  modi- 
fication {ale-,  alg-  changed  to  alb-,  prob.  in  allu- 
sion to  L.  albus,  white)  of  Pg.  ulcatra^,  a  sea- 
fowl,  cormorant,  albatross,  orig.  a  pelican:  see 
alcatras.]  1.  Aweb-footed  sea-bird  of  the  petrel 
family,  Frocellariidce,  and  subfamily  D-iomedc- 
inw.  About  12  species  of  albatross  are  known,  all  except 
the  sooty  albatross,  Pluxbetria  ftilirfinosa,  belonging  to  the 
genus  Diomedea.  They  are  di.stiiigui.slied  as  a  group  from 
other  birds  of  the  petrel  family  by  having  the  hind  toe 
rudimentary,  and  the  tubular  nostrils  separated,  one  f'li 
each  side  of  the  base  of  the  upper  mandible.  The  bill  is 
stout  and  hooked  at  the  end,  the  wings  are  very  long,  the 
tail  and  feet  short,  and  the  statiu'e  is  very  great.  Alba- 
trosses inhabit  the  southern  seas  at  large,  and  the  whole 
I'acific  ocean,  but  not  the  northern  Atlantic.  Some  of 
them  are  the  largest  known  sea-birds,  and  all  are  noted 
for  their  powers  of  flight,  sailing  for  houi-s,  and  in  any  di- 


Alb  of  Thomas  Jl  Becket  in  ttie  cathe- 
dral at  Sens,  with  apparels  of  rich  stuff 
sewed  on  the  bottom  and  sleeves. 


Albacore  or  Tunny  [Orcyriits  alaton^a). 

fish  m  the  Indian  sea,  which  is  very  good 
meat,"  Cotgrave),  <  Pg.  albaeor,  albacora,  al- 
becora  =  Sp.  albacora,  an  albacore,  <  Ar.  al,  the, 
-t-  bukr,  pi.  bakdrat,  a  young  camel,  a  heifer.] 
1 .  A  name  given  to  several  fishes  of  the  tunny 
or  mackerel  kind,  specifically  to  the  germon 
or  long-finned  tunny,  Orcijnus  germo  or  O.  ala- 
longa.  See  Orcijnus  and  tunny. — 2.  The  Lichia 
glauca,  a  fish  of  the  family  Carangidw.  Couch. 
Also  written  albicore. 

albadara  (al-ba-da'rii),  n.  The  Arabian  caba- 
listic name  for  the  basal  or  sesamoid  joint  of 
the  great  toe,  to  which  extraordinary  properties 
were  anciently  ascribed. 

alban  (al'ban),  n.  [<  L.  albus,  white,  +  -oh.] 
A  white  resinous  substance  extracted  from  gut- 
ta-percha by  alcohol  or  ether.     Ure,  Diet.,  I.  41. 

Albanenses  (al-ba-nen'sez),  n.  lyl.  [ML.,  < 
Albi  in  Piedmont.]  One  of  the  sects  embraced 
under  tlie  general  name  Cathari  (which  see). 

Albanensian  (al-ba-nen'si-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Albanenses. 

II.   H.   A  member  of  the  sect  of  the  Alba- 
nenses. 

Albanian  (al-ba'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Albania.'] 
I.  11.  Kelating  or  pertaining  to  modern  Albania, 
or  to  its  inhabitants,  or  their  language,  man- 
ners, customs,  etc. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Albania, 
a  division  of  European  Turkey,  comprising  the 
greater  part  of  the  ancient  Eplrus,  and  parts  of 
Illyria  and  Macedonia. —  2. 
pi.  Light  cavah'y,  formerly 
recruited  in  Albania  and  the 
neighboring  lands,  and  armed 
according  to  the  Levantine 
fashion  of  the  time.  There  was 
such  a  corps  in  the  service  of  Charles 
Vlll.  and  of  Louis  XII.  of  Trance. 
See  arqolct  and  estradiot. 
3.  The  language  of  Albania, 
possessing  strongly  marked 
dialects,  and  usually  classed 
as  Aryan  or  Indo-European. 

[The"adjective  and  noun  also  apply 
to  ancient  Albania,  on  the  western 
coast  of  the  Caspian  sea ;  as,  the  Al- 
banian Gates  (Albani<e  Pylce,  now 
the  pass  of  Derbend).] 

albarello  (al-ba-rel'6),  n.    [It., 
from  the  shape,  which  is  held 
to  resemble  a  tree-trunk;  dim.  of  albero,  a  tree.] 
An  earthen  vessel,  cylindrical  in  general  shape. 


Albarello. 

Italian  glazed  pottery, 

17II1  century. 


Wandering  Albatross  :  Dicmedea  exutans). 

rection  with  reference  to  the  wind,  without  visible  ipove- 
ment  of  the  wings.  They  nest  on  the  ground,  and  lay  a 
single  white  egg.  They  are  very  voracious,  may  be  caught 
with  a  hook  and  line  baited  with  pork,  and  when  takeii 
on  board  a  vessel  are  observed  to  wallc  witli  difficulty. 
One  of  the  commonest  and  best-known  species  is  the  wan- 
dering albatross,  D.  exulans;  it  is  also  the  largest  species, 
having  a  stretch  of  wings  of  about  12  feet  —  an  assigned  di- 
mension of  17^  feet  being  either  a  great  exaggeration  or 
highly  exceptional.  This  bird  is  mostly  white,  with  dark 
ni.arkings  on  the  upper  parts,  flesh-colored  feet,  and  a  yel- 
low bill.  The  short-tailed  albatross,  D.  brachyura,  is  a 
related  but  smaller  species.  It  goes  far  north  in  the  Pa- 
i  itic  ocean,  where  is  also  found  the  black-footed  albatross, 
Ik  nigripes  of  Audubon.  The  yellow-nosed  albatross  is 
/'.  chlororhynchuji,  to  which  another  species,  D.  cutminata. 
Is  closely  related ;  these,  and  D.  melanophrys,  are  among 
the  smaller  species,  and  of  about  the  size  of  the  sooty  al- 
iiatross.  The  latter  is  wholly  dark-colored.  From  their 
habit  of  following  ships  for  days  together  without  resting, 
albatrosses  are  regarded  with  feelings  of  attachment  and 
superstitious  awe  by  sailors,  it  being  considered  unlucky 
to  kill  one.  Coleridge  has  availed  himself  of  this  feeling 
in  his  "Ancient  ilariner."  Also  spelled  albatros,  ^ni  in 
New  Latin  form  albatrus,  as  either  a  generic  or  a  specific 
designation. 

2.  -\  thin  untwilled  woolen  material  used  for 

women's  dresses. 
albs'-,  n.     See  alb'^. 
albe-t,  albeet,  conj.     Same  as  albeit.    Spenser. 


130 

albicore  (al'bi-kor),  H.     See  albacore. 
albificationt  (al ■  bi-fi-ka'shon), )(.    [<  ME.  alUfi- 
ertc'iWHH,<  ML.  albiJic(itio{ii-),<  alhificarc,  whiten: 
see  albifij.']    In  alchemy,  the  act  or  process  of 
makiu"  white.     Chaucer. 
f/!!f/Ue«r6e"/;<r«t,r^^^^  albiflofous  (al-bi-flo'rus)   «.    [<  XL.  amfloru^ 

ee^liv^dan^es"'  being  the  adv.  «H,  found  also     <  L.  aWus,  white    +  fios  (flor-),  a  iiower.] 
ioined  with  thounh  and  if,  with  the  subjunctive     hot.,  having  white  ^lowers 
if  the^rb  fc/    see  aUadr.,  2  (6),  and  cf.  al-  albifyt  (al'bi-fi  ,  r.  A      <  ML.  alb,fieare^<  L.  a?- 
?AoHsA-]    Although ;  notwithstanding  that.  bus,  white,  +  -Pcare,  <  ^acerc,  make.] 

Whereas  ye  say,  The  Lord  saith  it ;  albeit  I  have  not 


albedo 

albedo  (al-be'do),  ».  [L.,  whiteness,  <  albtis, 
white.]  Whiteness;  specifically,  the  propor- 
tion of  light  falling  on  a  surface  and  uTegularly 
rertected  from  it:  as,  the  albedo  of  the  moon. 

albeit  (al-be'it),  conj.     [<  ME.  al  be  it,  al  be  it 


albumen 


In 


<  I  I11..C.../1    white;  whiten. 
5-„ten.                                                EzetxiU.:.  Albigenses(al-bi-jen'sez)  «.iJ?. 
'P"^  - '■■ ■■  'iihaliitautsof J/fci.]    AcoUeetiveuame 


Albeit  so  mask'd.  Madam,  I  love  the  truth. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

Albert  cloth.    See  cloth. 

Albert  coal.     Same  as  albertite. 

Albertia  (al-ber'ti-a),  h.  [NL.,  <  J/6erf  (Prince 
Albert).]  1.  Ageri'usof  free  floJ/fmi,  or  wheel- 
animalcules,  ha%-iug  a  lengthened  and  vermi- 
form bodv,  and  the  trochal  disk  reduced  to  a 


[ML.,  >F.J/- 

liitltiiit.i 

for  the  members  of  several  anti-sacerdotal  sects 
in  the  south  of  France  in  the  twelfth  and  thir- 
teenth centuries :  so  called  from  Albi,  in  Lau- 
gucdoe,  where  they  were  dominant.  They  revolted 
from  the  Church  of  Rome,  were  charged  with  Manicha'an 
errors,  and  were  so  vigorously  persecuted  tliat,  as  sects, 
they  had  in  great  part  disappeared  by  the  end  of  the  thir- 
teentJl  century. 

I.  a. 


small  ciliated  lip  around  the  mouth.    HeUi  by  Aibieensian  (al-bi-ien'si-an),  a.  and  n. 

.■S.liniarda  to  constitute  witli  the  genus  AVisoii  a  separate  p„,.,°  :,,:„„  »„  fV,p  Albio-enses. 

.T..UP  Prro^otrocha.     They  are  internal  parasites  of  va-  i'eitaimng  10  tue  Aiui^ciibes. 

rious  oligochietous  annelids,  such  as  the  earthworm.  By  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  Albifiensian 

2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects.  i?OHrfoni,  1843.  heresy  had  been  nearly  extirpated 

^^■„    o,                  /       ■      .    ,.„„     Ti.n.,.cn.,    t<i7a  /'i-racoK,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  1.  7. 

— 3.  A  genus  of  eoelenterates.   Jhomson,  Ibih.  ' 

Alberti  bass.     See  bassS.  H.  ».  One  of  the  Albigenses. 

Albertiida  (al-ber-ti'i-de),  «.  ;)/.     [XL.,<  J?-  albin  (ul'bin),  n.     [<  L.  albus,  white.    See  al- 

Uitia+-ida:^   A  family  of  rotifers,  or  wheel- 


animalcules,  of  which  the  genus  Albertia  is  the 
t>-pe.  See  Albertia. 
Albertlne(al'ber-tin),a.  Of orpertainingtothe 
v..u!iger  and  roval  branch  of  the  Saxou  house 
Which  descended  from  Albert  (U.  Albrecht), 
Duke  of  Saxony  (1443-1500).— Albertlne  tracts, 
pamptdetsdealing "with  economic  subjects,  »rittcn  about 
I5:i")  under  the  auspices  of  the  Albertine  branch  of  the 
Saxon  house,  and  in  oi)positioii  to  a  dcbiLsenient  of  the  cur- 
rency proposed  by  the  lirnestine  branch  of  the  same  house. 
The  Albertine  Iracl;  according  to  Roscher,  exhibit  sucll 
sound  views  of  the  conditions  and  evidences  of  national 
wealth,  of  the  nature  of  money  and  traile,  and  of  the  rights 
and  duties  of  <:.ivernmeutsm  relation  to  economic  action, 
Hut  he  regards  the  unknown  author  as  entitled  to  a  place 
iKiiido  Kaleigh  and  the  other  English  "  colonial-theorists  " 
o(  the  end  of  the  16th  and  liegimiing  of  the  l~th  century. 
Encijc.  Brit.,  XIX.  356. 

Albertist  (al'ber-tist),  n.   [<  ML.  Albcrtista;  pi.. 
An  adlierent  of  the  philos 


bhio.l     A  mineral  of  an  opaque  white  color,  re- 
garded as  a  variety  of  Bohemian  apophyllite. 
albiness  (al-bi'nes),  n.     [<  albino  +  -css.'^    A 
female  albino. 

In  them  [the  negative  blondes]  the  soul  has  often  be- 
come pale  with  that  blanching  of  the  hair  and  loss  of  color 
in  the  eyes  which  makes  them  approach  the  character  of 
albinexses.  O.  W.  Holmes,  The  Professor. 

albinism  (al'bi-nizm),  n.  l<  albino  + -ism ;  = 
l\  (ilhiiiisnie  =  Pg.  dlhiiiismo.}  The  stale  or 
couditiou  of  being  an  albino  ;  leucopathy;  lou- 
cism.  In  hot.,  a  condition  of  flowers  or  leaves  in  which 
they  are  white  instead  of  having  their  ordinary  colors,  ow- 
ing to  a  persistent  deftciency  of  the  usual  coloring  nuitter  ; 
to  be  distinguished  from  bhiiirliiii<ioT  etiolation,  where  the 
color  returns  on  exposure  to  light.  Compare  eriithrixiii. 
Also  written  albinoism. 

Atbinimn  being  well  known  to  be  strongly  inherited,  for 
instance  with  white  mice  and  many  other  ipiadrupeds,  and 
even  white  flowers. 

Dani'in,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  115. 


<  Mbcrlus,  Albert.] 

oi)hy  of  Albertus  Magnus,  a  German  scholastic  albinistic  (al-bi-nis'tik),  a.     Same  as  albinotic. 
philosopher  (1193-1280).     The  Albertists  were  only  albino  (ul-bi'no),  )i.    [<  Pg-  albino,  ori 
recognized  a3  a  distinct  sclnxd  in  the  university  of  Co-     ,         ,       tj ,,,.*,, „,,.„„  f„  the  white  ne'Toes  tliuv 
logne  in  the  fifteenth  century.    This  school  was  an  otf-     bj    tljc   i  oitugucse  to  tiR  -i^mit   UL„ioLb  uiln 


Albizzia  (al-bits'i-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  It.  Albizzi,  a. 
iioVile  faiuily  of  Tuscany,  who  first  brought  the 
silk -tree  into  Italy.]  A  large  genus  of  legMmi- 
nous  plants  of  tropical  Asia  and  .Africa,  allied 
to  Acacia.  Many  are  trees  furnishing  a  hard,  strong, 
and  durable  wood.  ,-1.  Julibiisxin  (the  silk-tree)  ami 
A.  Lebbek  are  frequently  cultivated  for  ornament  in  the 
Mediterranean  region  and  iu  .\merica.  The  bark  of  an 
.\byssiniau  species,  A.  anthdmintiea,  known  as  luesenna 
or  besemia,  is  an  ettective  tJeniafuge. 
to  make  albo-carbon  (al'bo-kiir'bon),  n.  [<  L.  albus, 
white,  +  E.  i-(irhon.'\  A  solid  residuimi  of  crea- 
sote Albo-carbon  light,  a  liglit  produced  by  carbu- 
reting ordinar)'  burning-gas  by  the  volatilization  of  allio- 
carbou,  which  is  placed  in  cylindrical  chambers  about  a 
gu-s-buriier. 

albolite  (al'bo-lit),  n.     Same  as  albolith. 

albolitll(arb6-lith),  H.  [<  L.  albns,  white,  +  Gr. 
'/.i0o(,  a  stone.]  A  cement  made  by  mixing  pul- 
verized calcined  magnesite  with  fine  silica,  it 
forms  a  hard,  durable  compound  which  can  be  molded, 
and  is  found  very  useful  in  repairing  stonework  and  as 
a  preservative  for  various  materials  of  construction. 

Alb  Svmday.  [See  allA  and  Sundai/.  Cf.  irhit- 
sunddi/.']  The  first  Sunday  after  Easter:  so 
calleci  because  on  that  day  those  who  had 
been  baptized  on  Easter  eve  wore  their  white 
robes  for  the  last  time.  .Also  called  Low  Sun- 
dai/. 

albuginea  (al-bu-jin'e-a),  n.  [NL.,  fern.  (se. 
tunica)  of  an  assumed'f.  *albugineus:  see  albu- 
(/(«('»«.v.]  Li  anat.,  a  name  (properly  tunica  al- 
buginea) applied  to  several  membranes:  («)  To 
the  fibrous  covering  of  the  testis  beneath  the 
tunica  vaginalis  (sheathing  membrane);  (b)  to 
the  similar  fibrous  covering  of  the  ovary  be- 
neath the  peritoneum;  (c)  to  the  sclerotic  or 
white  of  the  eye. 

albuginean  (al-bu-jin'e-an),  a.  [<  L.  albugo 
{(ilhiiijiii-).  whiteness,  a  white  spot,  +  -e-an.^ 
iSame  as  alhnyineous. 

albugineous  (al-bu-.iin'e-us),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "al- 
bu</incus  (>Sp.  Pg.  It.  a'lhugineo),  the  more  cor- 
rect E.  form  being  albuyinous  =  F.  albnyineux  = 
Sp.  It.  albu<jinoso,<  L.  'alliut/inosus.  <  albugo  (o/- 
fcHf/iH-),  whiteness:  see  albugo.'\  Pertaining  to 
orrescmbling  the  wliite  of  the  eye  or  of  an  egg. 
E(iuivaleiit  forms  -are  (dbm/incan  and  atliuginous. 
—  Albugineous  humor,  the  anucous  humor  of  the  eye. — 
Albugineous  tunic,  llic  albuginea  (which  see), 
apiiiicd  albuginitis  (al-bu-ji-ui'tis),  H.  [<  albuginea  + 
-  ili.s.\    hiliaramation  of  the  tunica  albuginea  of 


tU'tiit  from  that  of  the  Tliomists,  from  wliich  it  differed 
concerning  many  points  of  logic,  physics,  and  theology. 
It  was  attached  to  the  college  of  .St.  Lawrence.  The  ditfer- 
ences  which  separated  the  Albertists  from  the  Thoniists 
were  insigniflcant.  Among  other  points,  the  fonuer  held 
that  logic  is  a  speculative,  not  a  i>ractical,  discipline;  that 
universaU  in  re  and  j"'*!  rem  arc  iib-ntiral  (m-c  onivernal, 
n.y.  and  that  the  principle  of  itnlividuation  (which  see)  is 
matter. 
albertite  (al'btr-tit),  n.  [<  Albert,  name  of  a 
county  in  New  Brunswick,  where  this  mineral 
ia  found,  +  -itc-.]  A  hydrocarlH)n,  |)itch-like 
in  appearance,  and  related  to  asphaltutn,  but 
Dot  so  fiLsible  nor  so  soluble  in  benzine  or 
ether,  it  mis  a  Assure  in  the  lower  carboniferous  rocks 
at  tiie  All>ert  mine  in  New  iJrunswick.  It  is  used  in  the 
mntiufactnrc  of  illnndmiting  gas,  and  of  Illuminating  and 
Iiii>ri<-ntifig  oils.     --XIho  calleil  Al'/ert  coal. 

albertype  (al'bcr-tlp),  n.  [<  J oaejiih  Albert, 
ii.iiMo  of  the  inventor,  +  ti/pc.}  1.  A  method 
of  direct  printing  in  ink  from  photographic 
platcH.  See  photolithoi/raphi/. — 2.  A  picture 
produced  by  tliis  method. 

albescenceial-bcs'ens),  H.  [<  nWw.swwf.]  The 
u't  or  .Htiite  of  growing  white  or  whitish. 

albescent  (al-bos'ont),  a.  [<  L.  albc.icen(t-)s, 
ji|<r.  of  nlliCHrcrr,  be<!ome  while,  inceptive  of  al- 
hcrr,  be  white, <  <ilbu.i,  white.]     Becoming  white 


met  with  on  the  coast  of  Africa  (=Sp.- It.  »(?-     th,.  l.-slis.     t^i'valhiiginca.  „„„,^„„,.„ 

bino,  >  F.  albinos),  <  aWo,  now  alvo,  =  Sp.  It.  albuginous  (al-bu  ,ii-nus),  a.     Same  asalbugin- 
«/*o,  <  L.  «?6k6',  white.]     1.  A  person  of  jialo,     ™">-     ,,,.,-.  „         u-t  „\.-t^ 

milky  complexion,  with  light  hair  and  pink  albugO  (al-bu'go)    »      [L.    whiteness   a  white 
•  '  .spot,  <  albus.  white.]     A  disease  of  the  eye, 

characterized  by  deep  opacity  of  the  cornea. 
Sometimes  called  Icucoma. 
Albula  (al'liu-la).  H.  [NL.,  fern,  of  L.  albulus, 
wliitish,  <  »?/)«.<!' white:  see  (dih-,  (ditcl.}  Age- 
mis  of  lishes  ilistinguislicd  liy  their  whilish  or 
silvery  color,  tvpical  of  llu'  family  Albulida: 
albulid  (arbu-iid),  n.  A  lish  of  the  family  Al- 
bulida-; a  bonefish,  ladylisb,  macab6,  or  French 

Albulidae  (al-bii'Ii-do),  n.  pi.    [NI...  <  .llbula 

+  -ilia:]     A  family  of  abdominal  fishes  having 


eyes.  This  abnormal  condition  appears  to  depend  im  an 
absence  of  the  minute  particles  of  coloring  matter  which 
ordinarily  occur  in  the  lowest  and  last-deposited  layers 
of  the  epidermis  or  outer  skin.  Albinos  occasionally  occur 
among  all  races  of  men. 

Hence  —  2.  An  animal  characterized  by  the 
same  peculiarity  in  physical  constitution,  a 
perfect  albino  is  pure  white,  with  pink  eyes;  but  Ibcrc 
may  be  every  degree  of  departure  from  the  normal  coImi- 
ation,  exhibiting  every  variation  in  paleness  of  color  or  iu 
spotting  or  marking  with  white,  such  pallid  or  pied  indi- 
viduals licing  called  7>nr(mi  albinos.  An  albino  is  always 
a  sport  or  freak  of  nature,  as  when  one  of  a  brood  of  crows 
or  blackbirds  is  snow-white;  but  albinism  tenils  to  be- 
come hereilitary  and  thus  established,  as  in  the  case  of 
white  mice,  white  rabbits,  and  white  poultry.  Any  al- 
bhio,  therefore,  is  to  be  distinguished  from  an  animal  lb:il 
is  natui-ally  wliite,  like  the  snowy  heron  or  polar  bear,  or 
that  periodically  turns  white  in  winter,  like  the  arctic  fi>x, 
pidar  hare,  or  i)t;irmigan.  Some  aninialB  arc  more  sus- 
ceptible to  albinism  than  others,  but  probably  all  are  lia- 
ble to  the  dellciency  or  total  lack  of  pigment  which  con- 
stitutes this  atfectbm. 

3.  A  plant  the  leaves  of  which  are  marked  by 
the  absence  of  chliirop" 
exceplioiially  wliite 


or  whitish  ;  moderately  white ;  of  a  pale,  hoarv  albinoism  (iil-bi'no-izm),  n.     Same  as  albinism. 

ftHpcet;  blcaoln-d;  bliinchcd.                                "  albinotic  (al-bi-noi'ik),  n.     [<  albino  +  -otic,  nn 

albesplnet  (nrin-Hpin),  ».     [<ME.  albespync,  <  in /(///iho/Zc  and  other  words  of  Or.  origin.]    Af- 

KV .  alii,  ^|linl•,\|li^^T  aulHspinc,  mod.  F.  aubcjiine  fectiil  withalliiiiisiii ;  exliiliitiiiglciieiKiii;  luung 

=  !••     ■  '           ,  <  ML.  'alba  H/iinus,  the  white-  an  iilliiiio.     An  ei|uival(iil  form  in  (dbiuistic. 

Ih'-                     .  lof.  to  thi' whiteniMsof  itsburk  albione  (nl-bi-6'iie).  "•     [M...,  after  \,.Albiiin,  n 

««"                     lib  III.' blaekthom:  Ii.  «//<«,  fern,  son  id  Neptune^]     A  sea-leech  ;  a  leedi  of  Ihr 

of  (i»,i<^,  white;  npinun,  tlie  blackthorn,  sloe-  genus  I'liiilohtltlla. 


tree,  <  «i 

In.  V  • ' 

alb  I 

kill. 

r'lnl.J     ' 
limln. 
albtrant 

i,r  .' 

nliii' 
albn 

•nil 

T' 

in  iti>' 


oo'i,  n  fhom,  spine:  nee  iipinc.]     The  albion-metal  (arbi-on-met'al).  ».     [<  Albion, 
iiri/acanlha.  poetic  name  of  Kiiglniid  (<  L. '.'(/»»<»,  Gr.  'A>,<".ir, 

I.  II.;  pi.  albirnntia  (al-bi-     an  ancient  name  of  ririliiin),  +  «ii7<iM    A  coiii- 
■  •.  ritrpus,  body:    boo  o//<i-     binatioii  made  by  overbiying  lead  with  tin  and 

■  ■r|,iini  albieiintia  of  the     eiuising  the  two  in  iiiiliere  by  passing  thorn,  un- 

■  tii'irinilin,  under  ciirpiiK.         der  preHSiire,  between  rollers. 
a.     f<  L.  «W»icnn(f- )»i,ppr.  albito(arbit),«.    [<  I^.  n^'iw.'*,  while,  + -if'-.]    A 
'  n/fciM,  white]     Heconi-     trii-linic  Kodn  feldspar;  acommon  minenil,  usu- 

V.  /■;.  /;.  ally  white  or  nearly  white,  oeeurritig  ill  eryMtniK 

albir/inM.  and  in  eli'nvnble  mnsses  in  gninite  veiiiH,  also 

I,  w.    (<  L. fl/'iiV'/rr,  pji 


an  elongate  body  covered  with  silvery  scales, 
conical  lieail  with  produced  overhanging  snout, 
small  mouth,  and  ])avemcnt-like  teeth  on  the 
sphenoid  and  pterygoid  bones.  Only  one  siiecles, 
.llbiilii  riiljirs,  is  known.  It  is  generally  distributed  in 
tropical  seiLS,  and  is  known  in  the  West  Indies  and  Klorida 
iw  the  latliiM  and  bonefish.  It  is  interesling  from  inodi- 
llcations  of  slrnctnre  of 'the  heart  which  suggest  the  ga- 

Holds.     Si-e  cut  iinilcr /(k/i/./ia/i. 

hvl,  or  whose  ilowers  are  Albulina  (al-bii-li'iiii),  n.  pi.     [NI.1.,  <  .ilhula  + 
See  albinism.  -inn.]     In  (iiinther's  classification  of  fishes,  the 

fifth  group  of  CInprida'.  'rbe  technical  eharncters 
arc  Ibe  iiicmdi  infirior,  of  mmlcralc  widlb  and  toothed, 
the  n|ipcr  jaw  luojcctliig  beyond  llic  lower,  and  the  Inter- 
maxillary juxtaposed  to  the  upper  edge  of  the  maxillary 
bones.  Tile  group  corresponds  to  the  family  Albulida: 
I'lefeiiibly  wrillen  Albiilinir,  as  a  subfamily. 
album  (arbiim),  n.  [L.,  jirop.  iieut.  of  albus, 
wliile.]  1.  In  liom.  (Oidi/.,  a  white  tablet,  on 
wliieli  the  names  of  jiublic  otlicers  and  records 
of  iniblic  transactions  were  written,  and  wliidi 
was  put  lip  ill  a  ]nililie  iiliiee.  —  2.  A  liook  eon- 
HJstiiig  iif  liliiiik  leaves  vnriiitisly  pri'imreil  for 
sjiei-ial  purposes,  ns  for  tlie  reception  or  ]ires- 


ervation   of   iiutograiihs,   photographs,  verses, 

".sentiments,"   etc.  — 3.    A    book    expensively 

jirinted  or  bound,  contniiiiiig  short  selections 

of  .)iiietry  or  jirose,  usinilly  illustrated,  and  in- 

leinled  lis  a  gift  or  an  nrinuiient.— 4t.   In /(/«', 

while  (silver)  money  paid  as  rent. 

iiMtitueiit  of  many  crystalline  rocks,  as  albumen  (al-bu'meii),  n.     \  L. ;  albumin  ori,  the 

■  ■  nlliii;int.'\     In  liol'.,'ii     ili'n  iiiiiiid  Home  kinds  of  "grniiite.    Heejildspar.     while  of  an  egg;  lit.,  wliiteiiess,  <»//»".'',  white.] 

.l.inentof  white  piitcbeH  albitlc  (al-bit'ik),rt.  [<albilr+  -ic]  IVrlaiiiing     1.  The  white  of  an  egg;  hence,  an  animal  and 

f'.lame  of  pliii.ta.  to  or  of  thu  nuturc  of  olltitej  containing  ulbite.     vugotablo  principle  wliieli  occurs  in  its  purest 


albumen 

natural  form  in  the  white  of  an  ogg:  in  the 
latter  sense  more  correctly  called  albumin 
(whicli  see). — 2.  In  hot.,  any  form  of  nutritive 
matter,    whatever    its  chemical   constitution, 


Seeds  cut  vertically,  showing  their  Embryos  and  Albumen. 

stored  within  the  seed  and  about  the  embryo. 
It  may  be  farinaceous,  as  in  the  cereals ;  oily  and  fleshy, 
as  in  many  nuts ;  horny,  as  in  the  coffee-berry;  or  bony, 
as  in  the  vegetable  ivory.  Also  called  endosperm. —  Albu- 
men glue.    .See  glue._ 

albumenize  (al-bu'men-iz),  v.  t.  See  albumin- 
ize. 

albvunenoid,  a,  and  n.     See  aJbuminoifl. 

album  grsecum  (al'bum  gre'kum).  [L. ;  lit., 
Greek  white.]  The  dung  of  dogs,  etc.,  which, 
from  exposure  to  the  air,  has  become  white  like 
chalk.  It  was  formerly  used  as  a  medicine,  and 
is  still  used  by  tanners  to  soften  leather. 

albumin  (al-bti'min),  n.  [<  L.  alhum{cn)  +  -hfi. 
See  albumen.']  In  chem.,  a  substance  named 
from  the  Latin  for  the  white  of  an  egg,  in  which 
it  occurs  in  its  piu-est  natural  state  (see  albu- 
men). It  is  a  proximate  principle  composed  of  nitrogen, 
carbon,  hydrogen,  and  o.\ygen,  with  a  little  sulithiir,  and 
enters  generally  into  the  composition  of  thf  aninial  and 
vegetable  juices  and  solids.  Animal  albumin  uIkuhkIs  in 
the  serum  of  the  blood,  the  vitreous  and  crystalline  humors 
of  the  eye,  the  so-called  coagulable  lymph,  the  juices  of 
flesh,  etc.  Vegetable  albumin  is  found  in  most  vegetalde 
juices  and  in  many  seeds ;  in  composition  and  properties 
it  does  not  differ  greatly  from  animal  albuminr  Albumin 
obtained  from  eggs  or  ijlood-serum  is  used  for  giving  a 
lustrous  coating  to  photographic  paper,  and  rarely  in  some 
other  photographic  processes,  for  fixing  colors  in  printing, 
and  for  clarifying  syrupy  liquids.  When  heated  with  such 
liquids  it  coagulates  and  sinks  to  the  bottom,  or  else  rises 
as  a  scum,  carrying  with  it  the  fine  suspended  particles 
which  had  made  the  liquid  turbid.  Wlien  albumin  in  solu- 
tion is  digested  with  a  weak  acid,  it  passes  into  a  modi- 
fication distinguished  by  the  following  properties :  it  is 
insoluble  in  water  and  weak  saline  solutions,  soluble  in 
weak  acids  or  alkalis,  and  not  coagulated  by  heat.  This 
modification  is  called  acid  albumin.  Similar  treatment 
with  a  weak  or  strong  alkali  produces  a  substance  having 
nearly  tlie  same  properties  as  acid  albumin,  but  called 
alkali  albumin.  Syntonin  is  not  distinguishable  from  acid 
albumin.  Whenasolution  of  eitheracidoralkali  albumin 
is  neutralized,  a  neutralization  precipitate  is  ol>tained. 
This,  dissolved  in  acid,  gives  acid  albumin  ;  dissolved  in 
alkali,  it  gives  alkali  albumin,  though  there  is  reason  to 
believe  that  neither  the  acid  nor  the  alkali  combines 
chemically  with  the  albumin.  Albumin  is  found  in  com- 
merce in  a  dry  state,  being  prepared  both  from  the  white 
of  eggs  and  from  the  serum  of  blood ;  84  dozen  eggs  pro- 
duce about  1.2  gallons  of  white,  which  yields  l-l  per  cent, 
of  commercial  albumin,  while  the  blood  of  5  o.xen  yields 
about  2  lbs.  Pure  albumin,  entirely  free  from  mineral 
matter,  begins  to  coagulate  at  about  139%  and  becomes 
completely  solidified  at  167°.  Coagulated  albumin  is  a 
white  opaque  substance,  possessing  the  property  of  com- 
bining readily  with  a  great  many  coloring  materials,  such 
as  fuchsine,  aniline  violet,  purpuramide,  etc.  It  is  em- 
ployed extensively  in  the  arts,  as  in  calico-printing,  in 
which  it  is  used  to  fix  i)igmcnts,  especially  ultramarine, 
chrome-yellows,  etc.,  upon  the  fibers  of  cotton  cloth,  serv- 
ing both  as  a  vehicle  for  the  color  and  as  a  varnish.  With 
aniline  colors,  however,  it  forms  a  true  mordant. — Albu- 
min process,  a  little-used  process  of  making  plioto- 
grapliic  plates,  in  which  albumin  is  used  instead  of  collo- 
dion or  gelatin. 

albuminate  (al-bu'mi-niit),  n.  [<  albumen  (al- 
bumin-) +  -afel.]  One  of  a  class  of  bodies  in 
which  albumin  appears  to  be  in  weak  combina- 
tion with  a  base.  Alkali  albimiinate  is  regarded 
by  some  as  identical  mth  casein. 

albumin-beer  (al-bii'miu-ber),  n.  A  preserv- 
ing bath  which  has  been  used  for  some  earl}' 
photographic  emulsions,  composed  of  albumin, 
ammonia,  pyrogallic  acid,  beer,  and  water. 

albuminiferous  (al-bu-mi-nif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
albumen  (-niin-)  +  ferre,  bear.]  Producing  al- 
bumin.    W,  L.  Carpenter. 

albominiform  (al-bii'mi-ni-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  al- 
bumen{-min-)  +  -formis,<. forma,iorm..]  Formed 
like  or  resembling  albumin. 

albuminimeter  (al-bii-mi-uim'e-ter),  n.  [<  L. 
albumen  {-niin-)  -t-  metrum,  <  Gr.  fiirpov,  mea- 
sure.] An  instrument  for  measuring  the  quan- 
tity of  albumin  contained  in  any  liquid. 


131 

albuminin  (al-bu'mi-nin),  n.  [<  alhiimr.n  (-min-) 
+  -ill".]  Tlio  substance  of  the  cells  inclosing 
the  white  of  birds'  eggs.  It  contains  no  nitro- 
gen, and  dissolves  in  caustic  potash.  Also 
(•allt'<l  oiinin. 

albuminiparous  (al-bu-mi-nip'a-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
albumen  {-min-)  +  -parus,  <  pdrerc,  produce.] 
Same  as  albuminiferous. 

At  its  upper  end  this  latter  [duct]  has  an  albuminipa- 
rou8  gland  attached  to  it. 

Gei/enbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  383. 

albuminize  (al-bu.'mi-niz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
albuiniiii:cd,  ppr.  albuminizing.  [<  albumin  + 
-ize.]  To  convert  into  albumin;  cover  or  im- 
pregnate with  albumin,  as  paper  for  the  silver- 
printing  of  photographs.  Also  written  albu- 
men i:e. 

albuminoid  (al-bu'mi-noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
albumen  {-min-)  +  -oiel.]  I.  a.  Kesembling  al- 
bumen or  albumin. 

During  hard  work  a  larger  supply  than  usual  of  albu- 
minoid  food  is  necessary. 

W.  h.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  192. 

Albuminoid  disease,  lardaceous  disease  (which  see,  un- 
der l(irdaa:iniJ). 

II.  n.  A  substance  resembling  albumin ;  pro- 
teid  (which  see). 
Also  written  albmnenoid. 

albuminoidal  (al-bti-mi-noi'dal),  a.  Relating 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  albuminoid. 

albuminone  (al-bu'mi-non),  n.  Same  as  pep- 
lone. 

albuminose  (al-bii'mi-nos),  a.  [=F.  albmni- 
neux  =  It.  albuminnso,  <  NL.  albuminosus,  <  L. 
albumen  (-min-):  see  albumen,  albumin.]  1. 
Full  of  or  containing  albumen :  applied  to  the 
seeds  of  certain  plants,  as  grain,  palms,  etc. — 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  natm-e  of  albumin. 

albuminosis  (al-bu-mi-no'sis),  )(.  [NL.,  <  L. 
atbiiiiun  (-min-)  4-  -osis.]  A  condition  of  the 
blood  characterized  by  the  presence  of  more 
than  the  usual  amount  of  albumin. 

albuminous  (al-bti'mi-nus),  a.  Same  as  albu- 
minose, —  Albiuninous  infiltration.  See  cloudy  swell- 
ing, under  ctoudtf. 

albuminousness  (al-bu'mi-nus-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  albuminous. 

albumin-paper  (al-bii'min-pa"per),  n.  Paper 
sized  or  coated  with  albumin,  used  for  ordi- 
nary photographic  printing. 

albuminuria  (al-bii-mi-nu'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
albumen  (-)nin-)  +  Or.  ovpov,  urine:  see  urine.] 
In  pathol.,  the  presence  of  albumin  in  the  urine, 
indicating  changes  in  the  blood  or  in  the  kid- 
neys. 

albuminuric  (al-bii-mi-nu'rik),  a.  [<  albumi- 
nuria +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
albuminuria. 

alburn  (al'beru),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  alburnus, 
whitish  (see  auburn),  first  as  a  noun,  LL.  al- 
burnus, m'.,  a  white  fish,  prob.  the  bleak  or  blay, 
L.  alburnum,  neut.,  sap-wood  (see  alburnum),  < 
alhus,  white.]  I.t  a.  An  obsolete  form  of  aH6»)». 
II.  n.  1.  Same  as  alburnum. —  2.  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  fish  commonly  called 
the  bleak. 

alburnous  (al-ber'nus),  a.     [<  alburnum.,  q.  v., 
-f  -ous.]     Eelatiug  to  or  of  the 
natm-e  of  albiu-uum. 

alburnum  (al-ber'num),  n.  [L., 
sap-wood,  prop.  neut.  of  albur- d 
nus,  which  appears  in  ML.  in 
the  sense  of  'whitish':  see  au- 
btirn.]  The  lighter-colored  and 
softer  part  of  the  wood  of  exo- 
genous plants,  between  the  in-  Aibumum. 
ner  bark  and  the  heart-wood.  It  ao,  aibumum.  or 
is  frequently  called  sap-wood,  and  is  sap-wood;  »*.heart- 
gra.Inally  transformed  into  heart-wood  J'^J:  '■  P'""  •  ■*'• 
or  duramen.     Another  form  is  album. 

Alca  (al'ka),  n.  [ML.  and  NL.,  <  Icel.  alka, 
dllca,  auk  :"see  oh/cI.'  The  leading  genus  of  the 
Alcitla',  or  auk  family  of  birds.  It  has  been  made  ti> 
cover  nearly  all  the  species  of  the  family,  but  is  now  gener- 
ally restricted  to  the  great  auk,  Alca  unpenm.i,  alone  or 
with  the  razor-billed  auk,  A.  torda  or  Utamania  tarda. 
See  auk,  and  cut  in  next  column. 

alcabala  (Sp.  pron.  al-ka-ba'la),  n.  Same  as 
alcarala. 

Alcadse  (al'ka-de),  ii.pl.     Same  as  Alcida:. 

alcahest,  alcahestic,  etc.     See  eilkahest,  etc. 

Alcaic  (al-ka'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Alcaicus,  < 
Gr.  'A^.KaiKdc,  <  'A'Anaioc,  AlcEeus.]  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  Alcffius,  a  IjTic  poet  of  MytUene,  in 
Lesbos,  who  flourished  about  600  B.  C— 2. 
[I.  c]  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  con- 
sisting of  alcaics:  as,  an  atoijc  strophe.  See  11. 
—Alcaic  verse.  See  II. 

II.  H.  [I.e.]    A  line  written  in  one  of  the  mea- 
sures invented  by  Alcseus.    The  most  important  one 


alcatras 

of  these  consists  of  an  anacrusis,  a  trochee,  a  spondee,  and 
two  dactyls.  A  second  consists  of  a  catalectic  iambic  iten- 
tanieter,  of  which  the  third  foot  is  always  a  spondee,  and 
the  first  may  be.    A  thii'd  consists  of  twr)  dactyls  followed 


Great  Auk  {Alca  iynpeftnis^. 
( From  a  drawing  by  R.  W.  Shufeldt  after  Audubon. ) 

Ijy  two  trochees.  Two  lines  of  the  first,  followed  by  one 
of  the  second  and  one  of  the  third,  constituto  the  alcaic 
strophe,  the  commonest  arrangement  of  alcaics.  The  fol- 
lowing is  an  example  of  an  alcaic  strophe  : 

O  mighty-mouth'd  inventor  of  harmonies, 
O  skill'd  to  sing  of  Time  or  Eternity, 
God-gifted  organ-voice  of  England, 
Milton,  a  name  to  resound  for  ages. 

Tennyson,  Exper.  in  Quantity,  Alcaics. 

alcaid.  alcayde  (al-kad' ;  Sp.  pron.  al-ka'e-da), 

u.  [<  Sji.  Pg.  alcaide,  fonnerly  alcayde,  a  gov- 
ernor, jailer,  warden,  <  Ai'.  eil-qdid,  <  al,  the  (see 
n?-2)^  -f.  qdiel,  leader,  governor,  prefect,  <  qada, 
lead,  govern.]  In  Spain,  Portugal,  etc.,  a  com- 
mander of  a  fortress;  a  military  officer;  also 
a  jailer. 

alcalde  (al-kal'do  ;  Sp.  pron.  iil-kal'da),  n.  [Sp. 
alcalde  (in  Pg.  o^cairfe byconfusion  with  alcaide, 
alcaid),  <  Ar.  al-eiddi,  <  al,  the,  -i-  qddi,  judge  (> 
Turk,  l-adi,  >  E.  cadi,  q.  v.),  <  qadaij,  judge,  de- 
cide.] In  Spain  and  Portugal,  and  in  countries 
settled  by  Spaniards  or  governed  by  Spanish 
law,  the  mayor  of  a  pueblo  or  town,  who  is  the 
headof  the  miuiicipal  council,  and  is  vested  with 
judicial  powers  similar  to  those  of  a  justice  of 
the  peace. 

alcaldeship  (al-kal'de-ship),  n.     The  office  of 
alcalde. 
The  heart  of  the  Spanish  local  system  is  the  Alcatdeship. 
C.  //.  Shinn,  Mining  Camps,  p.  83. 

alcali,  alcalimeter,  alcaUzable,  etc.  See  al- 
kali, etc. 

alcamistret,  alcamyt,  etc.  See  alclwmist,  al- 
chemy, etc. 

Alcanae  (al-ka'ne),  n.  pi.     Same  as  Alcinw. 

alcanna  (al-kan'a),  n.  [Also  written  alcana,  < 
Sp.  alcana,  alcana  (=  Pg.  alcanna),  <  Ar.  al- 
liennd,<.al,th.e,  + henna,  henna.]   Same  as /((■«««. 

Alcantarine  (al-kan'ta-rin),  n.  [<  Sp.  Alcan- 
tara, a  city  on  the  Tagus,  lit.  the  Bridge,  <  Ar. 
al,  the,  +  qantarah,  abridge.  Cf.almucantar.] 
A  member  of  a  branch  of  the  Franciscans 
founded  in  1555  by  St.  Peter  of  Alcantara 
(whence  the  name).     See  Franciscan. 

alcarraza (al-ka-ra'za ;  Sp.  pron.  iil-kar-ra'tha), 
n.  [Sp.,  <  Ar.  al-kurrdz,  <  (U,  the  (see  al-^),  + 
kiirrdz,  an  earthen  vessel,  pitcher.]  A  vessel 
made  of  porous  unglazed  pottery,  used  in  hot 
climates  for  cooUng  water  by  the  evaporation 
of  the  moisture  oozing  through  the  substance 
of  the  vessel.  Tlie  effectiveness  of  the  process  is 
greatly  increased  by  exposure  to  a  cm-rent  of  air.  In  the 
soutliwestern  United  States  commonly  called  ofla. 

alcarsin,  n.     See  alkarsin. 

alcatotet,  «.  [E.  dial.,  also  alkitotle  (Exmoor 
Courtshij)) ;  origin  obscure.]  A  silly  elf  or  fool- 
ish oaf.     Gloss.  Exmoor  Scolding. 

Why,  you  know  I  [am]  an  ignorant,  unable  trifle  in  such 
business,  an  oaf,  a  simple  alcatote,  an  innocent. 

Ford,  Fancies,  iv.  1. 

alcatras  (al'ka-tras),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  alcatraz,  a 
peUean,  etc.,  prob.  a  modification  of  Pg.  cdca- 
trm  =  Sp.  arcudu:,  alcaduz,  the  bucket  of  a 
noria  or  water-raising  wheel,  <  Ar.  al,  the,  + 
qddus,  bucket,  <  Gr.  KaSoc,  a  water-vessel ;  the 
term  "bucket"  being  applied  to  the  pelican  for 
the  same  reason  that  the  Arabs  call  it  saggd, 
water-carrier,  because  it  carries  water  in  its 
pouch  (Devic).]  A  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
name  loosely  applied  to  sundry  large  sea-birds. 


alcatras 

as  the  pelican  (PeUcanus),  gannet  {Siiln),  alba- 
tross (Diomedea,  es^eciaUy  JJ. /uligiiwsa),  frig- 
ate-bird ( Tachtfpetes  aqiiilus),  etc.,  but  of  no  ex- 
act signification  in  omitkologv. 

alcavala  (al-ka-Ta'la),  «.  [Sp.  alcabala,  alai- 
viiUi,  <  At.  al-qaMlah.  <  al,  the,  +  qahdliili.  tax, 
dutv,  <  qabala,  receive:  see  cnfcrt/«.]  A  tax  of 
one"  tenth  formerlv  imposed  in  Spaui  upon  pub- 
lie  sales  and  exchanges,  and  paid  by  the  seller. 
Also  written  alcabala. 

alcayde,  «•     See  alcaid. 

alcazar  (al-kaz'ar;  Sp.  pron.  al-kii'thar),  n. 
rSj).  and  Pg.,  a  castle,  fort,  quarter-deck,  <  Ar. 
alqagr,  <  al.  the,  +  qagr,  a  fortified  place,  in 
pi.  a  castle.]  1.  In  Spain,  a  fortress  ;  a  castle  ; 
also,  a  royal  palace,  even  when  not  fortified. 

He  was  then  conducted  to  the  alcaiar,  and  the  keys  of 
the  fortress  were  put  into  his  hand. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

The  blessed  cross  was  planted  in  place  of  the  standard 
of  Mahomet,  and  the  banner  of  the  sovereigns  floated 
triumphantly  above  the  Alcazar.    Irviny,  Granada,  p.  51G. 

2.  A  name  given  to  certain  places  of  amuse- 
ment in  France  and  elsewhere,  particularly 
when  decorated  in  the  Moorish  style. — 3. 
Xaut.,  the  quarter-deck. 

Alee  (al'se),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  a/w/,  elk:  see  ettl.] 
A  genus  of  ruminating  mammals,  comprising 
the  European  elk  and  the  American  moose :  sy- 
nonymous with  Alces  (which  see).     See  elk^. 

Alcedidae  (al-sed'i-de),  Ji.  2'1-  Samo  as  Alcedi- 
iiidtv. 

alcedinid  (al-sed'i-nid),  ?i.  A  bird  of  the  fam- 
ilv  Ak-idinhhc;  a  kingfisher  or  halcyon. 

Alcedinidse  (al-sf-din'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alcedo  (Alcedin-)  '+  -i(te.]  A  family  of  birds, 
the  kingfishers,  referred  to  the  order  Fissi- 
rostres  when  that  group  was  in  vogue,  some- 
times to  a  group  known  as  Synducti/U,  now  to 
an  order  Picariw,  which  includes  many  fami- 
lies of  non-passerine  insessorial  birds.  However 
classed,  the  Alcdinida:  form  a  very  natural  family  of 
birds,  distin^ished  by  the  cohesion  of  the  third  and 
(ourtti  toes ;  the  non-serrate  toniia  of  the  long,  lai-ge, 
straight,  and  deeply  cleft  bill ;  the  rudimentary  or  very 
small  tongue ;  the  small,  weak  feet,  unfitted  for  progres- 
sion, usually  bare  of  feathers  alwve  the  tibio-tarsal  joint ; 
the  long  wings,  of  10  priraai'ies ;  and  a  short  tail,  of  12 
rectrices.  The  family  includes  a  mimber  of  curious  and 
alterrant  forms,  among  them  two  genera  {Ceyx  and  -Un/- 
oiu)  in  which  the  inner  front  toe  is  defective.  All  the  At- 
ci'tiinidfP  nest  in  holes  and  lay  wliite  eggs.  Tlieir  charac- 
teristic habit  is  to  sit  motionless  on  tlie  watch  for  their 
prey,  to  dart  after  it,  seize  it,  and  return  to  their  i)crch. 
There  are  about  120  species  in  various  parts  of  the  world, 
relcrable  to  about  20  genera.  TTle  family  is  divided  into 
two  subfamilies,  Alcedininoi  and  Dacelonince.  Sometimes 
called  lliif.'njdtiidie.     Also  Alcedidie. 

Alcedininae  (al'se-di-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Al- 
cedo ( A  Ictdiii-)  +  -ince.  ]  A  subfamily  of  A  Iccdi- 
mrfffj  embracing  the  piscivorous  or  fish-eating 
as  distinguished  from  the  insectivorous  king- 
fishers, or  DacelonintB.  It  consists  of  about  0  genera 
and  some  W  species ;  one  of  the  genera,  Ceryle,  includes  all 
the  klngtl.'iliers  of  America.  The  commmi  kingfisher  of 
Europe,  Aic.do  UpUia,  and  the  belted  kingfisher  of  North 
America.  C>ryle  alcyon,  are  typical  examples. 

alcedinine  (al-scd'i-nin),  a.  [<  Alccdinbuc.'] 
llavinj;  the  characters  of  or  pertaining  to  tlio 
.lli-'diiiiiiir:  applied  to  the  ^dscivorous  as  dis- 
tini.'iii-*lii-d  frjra  the  halcyonine  kingfishers. 

Alcedinoides  (alse-di-noi'de-o),  H.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Alcedo  {Alcciiin-)  '+  -oidca."]  A  supcrfamily 
of  bir<ls,  containing  the  families  Alccdinidw, 
Ititrirolida,  Momotidic,  Todida;  and  Mcrnjiidw. 

Alcedo  (al-Ho'do),  n.  [L.,  also  iiupro]i.  hidccdo, 
u  kiiiglislier;  the  same,  witli  different  suffix,  as 
(ir.  ii/Mi'.iv,  >  L.  alci/oii,  halcyon,  a  kingfislicr:  see 
halcyon.'^  A  genus  of  kingfishers,  of  the  family 
Alccdinidw  and  subfamily  Atccdinina;  giving 
name  to  these.  A.  ispida  is  the  common  species 
of  Europe.     Hcf  .tlritlinidm  and  l-iiKjfi.sher. 

Alcelapnins  Oii-sei-a-n'no),  ».  pi.  | NL., <  Al- 
riliiidiu.H  +  -I"".)  A  Hubfaiiiily  of  bovine  anto- 
lopcH,  conlniniii^  largo  specicH,  sudi  as  those  of 
Ihn  (»nn«ra  Alrjl/ijiliitu  and  ConnnclKiitx,  or  the 
t>.'  of  Africa  —  the  lnirl-boeKts, 

I'  See  cut  under  hlinhok. 

All  i-fiis),  n.     [NL.,  <  (ir.  <i/(,7, 

"''  1     The  tj'picnl  genim  of  (he 

^'' '  '' .      The  If-Ailing  K|MTifR  ari!  tin- 

'"'  1,  the  hartlwunl  (^.  raaiiul), 


Alc< 

v..  ■ 

of  • 

■  la' 

W|r 
•  l> 


.Ik.  =('»r.  h^Kr],  elk.  = 
of  ruininnnt  iiiiwiiinuU 

'•/•'.  Ill'  \  iir,  -f  iiiilneli"'' 
h  nt  Iho 
ihront : 
!.■ ;  long 
mil,  but 
r.  The 
urirlli'ii, 
i.'jftiicrn  i.'irupc  call'  d  thn  elk 


132 

and  the  corresponding  animal  of  northern  Xorth  America 
known  as  the  moose.  See  t*/frl,  2,  and  iiwo.se. 
alchemic  (al-kem'ik),  a.  [Formerly  alchymic 
=  F.  akhimiquc,  <  ML.  alchimicus,  <  alchimia, 
alchemy:  see  alchemy,  and  cf.  chenUe.l  Relat- 
ing to  or  produced  by  alchemy.  Formerly  also 
spelled  alchymic. 

At  last  lowered  into  the  serai-conscious  alchemic  state 
wherein  misery  turns  to  habit. 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  138. 

alchemical  (al-kem'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  alchemic. 
alchemically  (al-kem'i'-kal-i),  adv.     In  an  al- 
chemic manner;  by  meaus  of  alchemy.     For- 
merly also  spelled  alchymically. 
LuUy  would  prove  it  alchemically. 

Camden,  Remains,  Money. 

alchemist  (al'ke-mist),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  «/- 
chymist,  alchimist,  alcitmist,  alkcmystc  (also  ^vith 
added  term.  -f)'l,  *alchemistcr,  alchymistci;  al- 
ehimister,  <  ME.  alcamlster,  alkamystere,  alka- 
niysfre),  <  OF.  alkcmislc,  alqucmistc,  mod.  F. 
alchimistc  =  STp.  alquimista  =Pg.  It.  alchimista, 
<  ML.  alchymista,  <  alchymia :  see  alchemy  and 
-ist.~\  One  who  practises  or  is  versed  in  alche- 
my.    Fonnerly  also  spelled  alchymist. 

You  are  an  alchi/mivt,  make  gold  of  that. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  V.  1. 

alchemistert,  »■     Same  as  alchemi.it. 
alchemistic  (al-ke-mis'tik),  a.     Kelating  to  or 
practising  alchemy. 

Paracelsus  informs  us  that  the  composition  of  his  "triple 
panacea "  can  be  described  only  in  the  language  of  al- 
chemistic adepts.  Pi'2>.  Sci.  J/o.,  XX.  64. 
alchemistical  (al-ke-mis'ti-kal),  a.     Same  as 
alchemistic. 

Irregular,  seculai-  ale,  courageous,  contagious  ale,  al- 
cumi.-itical  ale, 
DeH-er  and  Webster  ('!),  Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  i.  2. 

alchemistry  (al-kem'is-tri),  n.  [Early  moil.  E. 
alchymistry,  alchumistrie,  alcumistrie :  see  alche- 
mist and -ry.  Ct.  chemistry.']  Alchemy.  For- 
merly also  spelled  alchymistry. 
alchemize  (al'ke-miz),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  al- 
ehymi:e,  alciimi::e,  -ise;  <  alchemy  +  -ice.]  To 
change  by  alchemy;  transmute,  as  metals. 
Lovelace.     [Rare.] 

That  which  becks 
Our  ready  minds  to  fellowship  divine, 
A  fellowship  with  essence  ;  till  we  slline 
Full  alcheviiz'd  and  free  of  space. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i.  781. 

alchemy  (al'ko-mi),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
alchyniy,  alciimy,  idcomy,  alctimy,  alkimy,  etc.,  < 
ME.  aikaniyc ;  also  alknamyr,  alkcnamye,  alca- 
mync,  and  hence  alconomie,  olcanomy,  alcono- 
myc  (simulating  astronomy) ;  <  OF.  alkcmie,  also 
assibilated  alchemic  (mod.  F.  alchimic),  also 
arkcmie,  arqiiemic,  =  Pr.  «/A'/«;ia  =  Sp.  Pg.  <d- 
quimia  (Pg.  also  alchimia)  =:It.  alchimia,  <  ML. 
alchimia,  alchymia,  <  MGr.  apxif'Ct,  <  Ar.  al- 
kimki,  <  al,  the"(seo  al-"),  +  kimia,  <  MGr.  A'/Z'f''") 
also  X'//''")  alchemy,  defined  by  Suiitas  as  /)  Toii 
apyvpov  Kal  xp^^^i^  naraanev//,  i.  o.,  the  "orepara- 
tion  of  silver  and  gold.  Joannes  Antiochonus 
says  that  Diocletian  burned  the  books  of  the 
Egyptians  ~Fpl  XW'<^S  ujiyviioh  ml  ,vpi'ooi,  i.  e., 
concerning  the  transmutation  of  silver  and 
gold ;  hence  Iho  name  has  been  identified  with 
Xr/fiia,  tlie  Gr.  form  of  h'hnii,  the  native  name  of 
Egypt,  lit.  '  black  earth' ;  but  ;f/////a  is  prob.  for 
Xvpcia,  a  mingling,  an  infusion,  <  X''l""''  j^'^'^^i 
esp.  juice  of  plants  (>  E.  chyme,  q.  v.),  <  ,r'f"'> 
pour,  akin  to  L.  funderc  =  AS.  (iivtuii,  ])our, 
and  to  E.  (jiish.  Alchemy  would  thus  bo  origi- 
nally the  art  of  extracting  juices  from  iilants 
for  medicinal  purposes.]  1.  Medieval  chemis- 
try, tlie  doctrines  and  processes  of  the  early 
and  medieval  chemists;  in  particular,  the  sup- 
posed Jirocess,  or  tho  search  for  the  jirocess. 
by  which  it  was  hoped  to  transmute  tho  baser 
metals  into  gold. 

Alchcmii  was,  we  may  say,  tho  sickly  but  Imaginative  In- 
fancy through  which  modern  chemistry  had  to  piuiH  bifori' 
It  atlaimd  it«  majority,  or.  In  other  worils,  became  a  |"i» 
Hive  wicnce.  Jinri/c.  Itrit.,  I.  4.M1. 

2.  Any  magical  or  mysterioiis  power  or  process 
of  transmuting  or  transforming. 

Go  laugh,  .  .  .  transmuting  Imps  Into  angels  liy  the  at 
chcmy  of  smiles.  .Ucntt,  Tabids,  p.  Ill 

In  the  liny  cellulose  sac,  by  the  vegetable  pnilopbinin 
la  wrought  tho  very  atchcimf  nt  life. 

.v.  /(.  Ilrrrick,  riant  I-lfe,  p.  21. 

3.  Formerly,  a  mixed  metal  used  for  utensils, 
a  modilication  of  brass:  so  calh'd  because  bi- 
lii'Ved  to  have  Ix^m  originally  formed  liy  the 
art  of  alchemv ;  hence,  an  imil  iilion.  as  alchemy 
was  supposed  to  bo  of  brass:  used  liguralively 
by  Milton  for  a  tnimpid. 

I'Miir  speedy  (Tiernbim 
I'ut  to  their  moulhi  tlio  sounding  alchumy- 

MUlon.  V.  L,  II.  t.17. 


alcohol 

Here  be  the  tavern-beakers,  and  here  peep  out  the  fine 
alchemy  knaves,  looking  like  .  .  .  most  of  our  gallants, 
that  seem  what  they  are  not, 

Middleton,  Your  Five  Gallants,  ii.  .3. 

Formerly  also  spelled  alchymy. 

alchochodental-ko-ko'den),  H.  [Ar.]  Inastrnl., 
the  giver  of  life  or  years ;  the  planet  which  is 
the  dispositor  of  hyleg  and  in  aspect  with  that 
planet  when  a  person  is  born,  indicating  by  its 
position  the  length  of  his  Ufe. 

alchymict,  alchymistt,  etc.    See  alchemic,  etc. 

Alcidae  (al'si-dc),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alca  -h  -«/«■.] 
The  auks ;  a  family  of  natatorial  sea-birds  hav- 
ing short  wings  and  tail,  palmate  three-toed 
feet,  and  a  bill  shaped  very  variously  in  the 
different  species.  The  body  is  stout  piui  clumsy,  and 
the  legs  ai-e  inserted  far  back  and  deeply  buried  in  the 
common  integreuent  of  the  body,  as  in  other  liinis  of  the 
order  Pyyopodes.  The  family  is  variously  subdivide<l  by 
ditferent  wTiters,  the  most  obvious  division  l>eing  into  the 
Alcimv  proper,  with  stont,  liooked  bills,  comprising  the 
auks,  puffins,  etc.,  and  the  Uriincp,  or  guillemots  and 
nnirres,  with  long,  slender,  acute  bills.  The  family  con- 
tains some  2.T  species  of  about  12  genera.  The  Atcidce  are 
all  marine,  and  confined  to  the  northern  .\tlantic,  north- 
ern Pacific,  and  Polar  seas.  Alsowritten^icrtdtF.  .Seecuts 
under  Alca,  murre,  andpiijin. 

alcidine  (al'si-din),  a.  [<  Alcida; -i- -inc^.']  In 
ornith.,  pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  aide 
family. 

Alcinse  (al-si'ne),  m.  p?.  [NL.,  <.Alca  -t-  -i««'.] 
A  subfamily  of  birds,  of  the  family  Alcidw,  em- 
bracing the  auks  proper  and  tlieir  immediate 
allies.  The  bill  is  variously  shaped,  but  .always  hard 
and  horny,  stout,  compressed,  and  more  or  less  hooked. 
The  leading  species  of  Alcince  are  the  great  auk,  Alca 
inipcnnis;  the  razor-bill,  Alca  or  Utamania  torda;  the 
purtins,  of  the  genera  Fratcrcula  and  Lunda;  and  the 
torn  billed  auk,  Ccratorhyncha  monocerata. 

alcine^  (al'sin),  a.  [<  Jte6  + -iHfl.]  Oforper- 
tainingto  the  elk;  noting  the  group  of  Ccrvidic 
to  which  the  elk  of  Europe  and  the  moose  of 
America  belong. 

alcine- (al'sin),  a.  [<Alca  +  -i>ie^.'}  Oforper- 
taining  to  the  auk,  Alca,  or  family  Alcida: 

Alcippe  (al-sip'e),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  'AA/iiVTrvi  in 
myth,  a  daughter  of  Ares,  <  d?.Kt/,  strength,  -f- 

in-jTof,  a  horse.] 
1.  A  genus  of 
cirriped  crusta- 
ceans, of  the 
order  Abdomina- 
lia,  having  three 
pairs  of  abdomi- 
nal limbs,  no 
^,  .^^  ,     ^  thoracic  limbs,  a 

A  tap  fie  lam  pas.  *     1  1       1 

I,  female,  with  males  seen  .15  dark  specks  Segmeiltca  OOcly, 
on  eitlicr  side  of  upper  p.irt  of  the  s;ic  :  a,  ' 
female,  in  section ;  3.  m.ile ;  4.  burrow  of 
the  iininuil  in  a  shell ;  H.  horny  disk  ol  at- 
tachTnent.  In  the  female  — c.  ovarj- ;  It, 
first  pair  of  cirri ;  t,  I,  n,  three  thoracic 
segments  without  cirri ;  next  are  short  scg. 


two  eyes,  exten- 
sile mouth,   and 
tho     sexes     dis- 
_    tiuct.    It  is  the  type 

mcnts  bearing  three  abdominal  terminal  j^,n[  only  member  of 
cirri.  In  the  male  — <r.  antennary  appen.  *..„;,.,  ,;.,.■,..„■,.« 
dages;*.  seminal  vesicle ;rf,testiJ;»!/;pe.  «■  fnnnly  Alcippldie. 
nis;  *.  orifice  of  sac ;  o,  eye.  A  species,  .-t.  (llllljins, 

is  fotmd  on  the  Hrit- 
ish  coast,  burrowing  in  shells  of  Fums  ami  Jluccinum 

(whelks). 

2.  A  genus  of  birds,  of  uncertain  position, 
classed  by  G.  B.  Gray  (1869)  as  one  of  tho 
.lu/ithiiiida:.  It  was  founded  by  K.  lilyth  in  ls-14.  and 
contains  12  species,  inhabiting  India,  t'hina,  the  Malay 
peninsula,  and  liorneo.     .1.  cinereii  is  the  type. 

alcippid  (al-sip'id),  )i.  l<.  .Ileipi>i<la:'\  An  ab- 
dominal cirriped  of  the  family  .tlcippida'. 

Alcippidae  ,il-sip'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  .llcippc, 
),  +  -I'/"'.]  A.  family  of  cirripeds  of  winch 
.Ucip}i(  is  the  typical  genus. 

Alcmanian  (alk-mil'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  AlemanMis, 
<  (ir.  'A/M/(Jr,  Doric  of  \\'Ai<pn!uv^  Pertainingto 
Alcnian,  aSjiartan  lyrii'  ]ioct  of  the  seventh  cen- 
tury 11.  v.,  celebrated  for  his  iiinatory  versos. — 
Alcmanian  verse  ttr  line,  a  dactylic  tetramett^r  cataloe- 
tle,  HI-  series  nt  three  dactyls  or  spondees  (the  third  foot 
regularly  a  dactyl),  followed  by  a  spninleo  or  trochee.  A 
coujilet  consisting  of  a  hexameter  tollowed  by  such  aline 
Is  called  an  .Alcmanian  dtJtlich,  and  this  may  be  tised  sin- 
gle or  double  IIS  an  Alcmanian  atnijihc  or  etan2a. 

aico  (al'ko),  11.  [Native  name.]  A  variety  of 
siiimII  ilog,  with  n  siiinll  head  and  large  jienilu- 
lous  I'urs,  found  wild  in  Mexico  and  Peru,  and 
now  ilcunesticated. 

alcoate  (al'ko-at),  «.     A  contracted   form  of 

<(/i'o/l.i/</f('. 

alcogene  (al'ko-jen),  )i.  [<  alco(hol)  -t-  -gene.'] 
The  vapor-cooler  in  a  distilling  apparatus.  A'. 
/•;.  I). 

alcohate  (al'ko-hat),  «.     A  contracted  form  of 

itliiihiiliite. 
alcohol  (nl'ko-hon,  11.  [Formerly  also  spelled 
Hinihiilc,  iilkdhol,  (,  V.  iilcidiol,  now  alcool,  =  Si). 
I'g.  idndiiil  z=  It.  alcohol,  olcoid,  olanile,  <  Mli, 
(di'ohol,  orig.  in  the  sonso  of  a  line,  imiialpable 
jiowder,  Ihe  lilack  suljihid  of  anliinoiiv,  after- 
ward extended  to  any  lin(>  jiowilir  ]ii'i)(luced  by 


alcohol 

trituration  or  sublimation,  tlien  to  essence, 
quintessence,  or  spirit,  esp.  tlie  rectified  spir- 
its of  wine,  and  finally  used  as  at  present;  <  Ar. 
al-koh't,  <  al,  the,  +  koh'l,  the  fine  powder  of  an- 
timony used  in  the  East  to  paint  the  eyebrows, 
Kkaliahi,  stain,  paint.]  1.  A  liquid,  ethyl  hy- 
drate, C2H5OH,  formed  by  the  fermentation  of 
aqueous  sugar-solutions,  or  by  the  destructive 
distillation  of  organic  bodies,  as  wood.  Ahsulutc 
or  pure  alcohol  is  a  uoloi-less  mot»ile  liiiuid,  of  a  pleasant 
spirituous  smell  and  burning  taste,  of  specific  gravity  .TXi 
at  BO'  F.,  and  boiling  at  173"  V.  It  is  iullamniable,  and 
burns  without  smoke  or  residue,  the  products  of  combus- 
tion being  carbon  dioxid  and  water.  At  very  low  tem- 
peratures it  becomes  viscid,  but  does  nut  congeal  above 
— 200°,  and  for  this  reason  is  used  for  filling  thermometers 
to  register  low  temperatures.  It  mixes  with  water  in  all 
proportions,  is  a  general  solvent  for  organic  principles, 
bases,  resins,  oils,  etc.,  and  as  such  has  extensive  use  in  the 
arts  and  in  medicine.  Ditf  erent  grades  of  alcohol  are  some- 
times designated  in  trade  according  to  the  source  from 
wliich  they  are  derived,  as  <p-aiu-alroli<il,  ]n\]'in<\<\  fri>ni 
maize  or  other  grain  ;  root-alcohol,  fimn  imtatorsjiiul  lict-ts  ; 
moKn-alcokol,  which  is  made  in  large  iiuantity  from  reindccr- 
moss  and  Iceland  moss  in  Norway,  Sweden,  and  Kussia. 
Alcohol  is  a  powerful  stimulant  and  antiseptic,  and  in  some 
dilute  form  is  used  as  an  intoxicating  beverage  among  all 
races  and  conditions  of  people.  Proof  spirit  contains  49.3 
per  cent,  by  weight  of  pure  alcohoh  or  57.1  per  cent,  by 
volume.  Underproof  and  overproof  are  designations  of 
wealier  and  stronger  solutions.  Distilled  liquors  or  ardent 
spirits,  whisky,  brandy,  gin,  etc.,  contain  40  to  50  per 
cent,  of  absolute  alcohol,  wines  from  7  or  8  to  20,  ale  and 
porter  from  5  to  7,  and  beer  from  2  to  10. 
2.  lu  popular  usage,  any  liquor  containing  this 
spirit. — 3.  In  organic  chcin.,  the  general  name 
of  a  series  of  compounds  which  may  be  regarded 
as  derived  from  the  normal  hydi-ocarbons  by  re- 
placing hydrogen  with  the  group  OH,  orhydrox- 
yl,  and  which  correspond  to  the  hydroxids  of 
the  metals.  Such  compounds  are  classed  as  primary, 
gecondary,  or  tertiary  alcohols,  according  to  their  constitu- 
tion  and  the  products  of  their  decomposition.  Primary 
alcohols  are  regarded  as  containing  the  group  CHoOH,  and 
by  oxidation  yield  aldehyde  and  ultimately  an  acid  of  the 
same  carbon  series.  Secnn<l;iry  alcohols  are  regarded  as 
containing  the  group  CH<  HI,  and  by  oxidation  do  not  yield 
aldehyde,  but  a  ketone,  which  on  further  oxidation  breaks 
up  into  two  acids  of  a  lower  carbon  series.  Tertiary  alco- 
hols are  regarded  as  having  the  group  COH,  and  break  up 
at  once  on  oxidation  into  two  acids  of  a  lower  carbon  series. 
4t.  Aji  impalpable  powder. 

If  the  same  salt  shall  be  reduced  into  alcohol  as  the 
chymists  speak,  or  an  impalpable  powder,  the  particles  and 
intercepted  spaces  will  Ije  extremely  lessened.  Boyle, 

AmyliC  alcohol  (C^HnO),  also  called  hydrate  of  amyl, 
a  general  name  applicable  to  eight  isomeric  alcohols  hav- 
ing the  formula  given.  The  most  common,  inactive  amyl 
alcohol,  is  a  transparent  colorless  liquid,  with  a  strong, 
offensive  odor,  derived  from  the  fermentation  of  starchy 
matters.  It  is  the  chief  constituent  of  fusel-oil,  a  pro- 
duct of  fermentation  in  distilleries,  which  is  contained  in 
crude  spirit,  and  whose  presence,  even  in  small  quantity, 
injures  the  quality  of  the  spirit. — Anhydrous  alcohol, 
alcohol  entirely  free  from  water.  —  Caustic  alcohol,  so- 
dium ethylate,  CoHsNaO,  or  sodium  alcoholate,  a  product 
formed  by  adding  sodium  to  absolute  alcohol.  It  forms  a 
white  powder,  which  in  contact  with  water  or  moist  ani- 
mal tissue  decomposes  into  alcohol  and  caustic  soda.  It  is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  caustic.  —  Cresylic  alcohol.  See 
cresytk.—MetbyUc  or  methyl  alcohol,  "i  wood-alco- 
hol, alcohol  obtained  by  the  destructivi^  distillation  of 
wood.  When  pure  it  is  a  colorless  moliili-  liquid  (i'lI;;OH), 
with  an  odor  and  taste  like  ordinary  alcnbol  (ctliyl  hydrate, 
C2H5OH  ;  see  above),  though  the  conunercial  article  has  a 
strong  pyroligneous  smell.  It  is  infiammable.  It  is  a  by- 
product in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal,  and  is  used  in  the 
arts  as  a  solvent  for  resins,  also  in  the  manufacture  of 
aniline  dyes.  Also  called  wood-spirit,  methal,  and  hydrate 
of  methyl. 

alcoholate  (al'ko-hol-at),  «.  [<  alcohol  +  -nfel.] 
A  compound  in  which  a  hydrogen  atom  of  al- 
cohol is  replaced  by  an  alkali  metal,  as  potas- 
sium alcoholate,  or  ethylate,  C2H5OK,  formed, 
with  evolution  of  hydrogen,  when  metallic  po- 
tassium is  dissolved  in  alcohol.  Sometimes 
contracted  to  alcoate,  alcohate. 

alcoholature  (al-ko-hol'a-tiir), «.  [<  F.  alcoola- 
turc :  see  alcohol.']  An  alcoholic  tincture  pre- 
pared with  fresh  plants.     N.  E.  D. 

alcohol-engine  (arko-hol-en"jin),  n.  A  motor 
employing  the  vapor  of  alcohol  in  place  of  steam. 

alcoholic  (al-ko-hol'ik),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
of  the  nature  of  alcohol. — 2.  Containing  or  us- 
ing alcohol:  as,  an  alcoholic  thermometer. 

alcoholicity  (al"ko-hol-is'i-ti),  n.  [<  alcoholic 
+  -itij.]     Alcoholic  quality. 

Some  brandy  is  added  to  the  wine,  by  which  its  alcohol- 
icitif  rises  to  ai>out  29  per  cent,  of  proof  spirit. 

Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  950. 

alcoholisable,  etc.     See  alcoholi-ahle,  etc. 

alcoholism  (al'ko-hol-izm),  h.  [<  alcohol  + 
-ism.]  In  pathol.,  the  effects  of  excessive  use 
of  alcoholic  drinks.  They  are  distinguished  as  acute. 
resulting  from  the  consumption  of  a  large  amount  of 
alcoholic  drink  at  once  or  within  a  short  period,  and 
chronic,  resulting  from  its  habitual  consumption  in  smaller 
(luantitifs. 

aicoholizable  (al'ko-hol-i"za-bl),  a.  [<  alcohol- 
ize +  -able]  Capableof yiekKingorof beingoon- 
verted  into  alcohol.     Also  spelled  alcoholisable. 


133 

alcoholization  (al"ko-hol-i-za'shon),  II.  1. 
The  act  of  rectifying  spirit  till  it  is  wholly  de- 
pri"od  of  impurities. —  2.  Saturation  with  alco- 
hol, or  exposure  to  its  action. —  3t.  The  act  of 
re(iu(dng  a  substance  to  an  impalpable  powder. 
I'hilliii.'i,  l(i7.S. — 4.  Same  as  alcoholism. 
Also  spelled  alcohoHsalion, 

alcoholize  (afko-liol-i/),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 
cohiiH;:iil,  ppr.  alcoholizing.  [<  alcohol  +  -izi:.] 
1.  To  convert  into  alcohol ;  rectify  (.spirit)  till 
it  is  wholly  purified. — 2.  To  saturate  mth  al- 
cohol ;  expose  to  the  influence  or  subject  to  the 
effects  of  alcohol. 

The  gnm  will  not  penetrate  any  part  which  is  still  alco- 
holized. W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  l!tl. 

3+.  To  reduce  to  an  impalpable  powder.    I'hil- 
Ups,  1706;  Johnson. 
Also  spoiled  alcoholise. 

alcoholometer  (al"ko-hol-om'e-ter),  n.  [<  al- 
colwl  -I-  Gr.  /itTpov,  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  determining,  by  means  of  a  graduated  scale, 
the  percentage,  either  by  weight  or  by  volume, 
of  pure  alcohol  in  a  liquid.  Sometimes  con- 
tracted to  alcohoinctcr  and  alcoometer. 

alcoholometrical  (al"ko-hol-o-met'ri-kal),  a. 
Relating  to  the  alcoholometer  or  to  alcoholome- 
try:  as,  alcoholometrical  tables.  Sometimes 
contracted  to  alcoometrical. 

alcoholometry  (al"ko-hol-om'e-tri),  n.  [<  al- 
coliotunictor.]  The  process  of  estimating  the 
percentage  of  ptu'e  or  absolute  alcohol  in  a 
spirituous  liquid.  Sometimes  contracted  to  al- 
coiiinctrij. 

alcohometer  (al-ko-hom'e-ter),  n.  See  alcohol- 
oinctcr. 

Alcoideae  (al-koi'df-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alca  + 
-didea:]  A  superfamily  of  birds,  composed  of 
the  Alcidw  or  auks  and  the  Urinatorida:  or 
loons,  and  placed  in  the  order  Cecomorpha. 

alcoometer  (al-ko-om'e-ter),  n.  See  alcohol- 
ometer. 

alcoometrical  (al"ko-o-met'ri-kal),  a.  See  alco- 
holometrical. 

Alcoran  (al'ko-ran  or  al-ko-ran'),  n.  [<  ME. 
alkaron,  alkar'ouii,  <  OF.  alcorau,  mod.  F.  alco- 
ro»  =  Sp.  alcoran  —  Vg.  alcorao  =  lt.  alcoraiio, 

<  Ar.  al-qordn,  al-qurdn,  lit.  the  book,  <  al,  the, 
+  qoran,  qurdn :  see  Koran.]  Same  as  Koran. 
Also  s-peWeA  Alkoran. 

Alcoranic  (al-ko-ran'ik),  a.  Relating  to  the 
Koran  or  to  Mohammedanism.  Also  spelled 
Alkornnic. 

Alcoranish  (al-ko-ran'ish),  a.  [<  Alcoran  + 
-(s/|i.]  Same  as  Alcoranic.  Also  spelled  Al- 
koraiiish. 

Alcoranist  (al-ko-ran'ist),  n.  [<.  Alcoran  -t- 
-ist.]  A  Mussulman  who  adheres  strictly  to  the 
letter  of  the  Koran,  rejecting  all  comments. 
The  Persians  are  generally  Alcoranists ;  the  Turks,  Arabs, 
an(l  Tatars  admit  a  multitude  of  traditions.  Also  spelled 
Alkoranist. 

Alcora  porcelain.    See  porcelain. 

alcornoque  (iil-kor-no'ka),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  alcor- 
noqne  {>  It.  alcornoch,  the  cork-tree);  origin 
uncertain.  Cf.  Sp.  Pg.  edcorque,  cork  soles  or 
clogs,  cork,  Sp.  corcho,  Pg.  corcha,  cork;  but 
no  etymological  connection  can  be  made  out.] 
The  bark  of  a  Brazilian  leguminous  tree,  Bow- 
dichia  virgilioides,  formerly  used  as  a  remedy  for 
phthisis.  Also  written  alcornoco — American  al- 
cornoque, the  bark  of  several  species  al  Byrnonima,  used 
in  tanning'.— European  alcornoque,  the  bark  of  the 
smaller  branches  of  tlic  cink-'iak,  Qucrcus  suber. 

alcove  (al'kov  or  al-kov'),  n.  [<  F.  alcure,  <  It. 
alcova,  alcovo  =  OF.  aucubc,  tent,  =Pr.  alciiba, 

<  Sp.  alcora,  nov,' alcoba,  =  Fg.  alcova,  a  recess, 

<  Ar.  al-qobbah,  <  al,  the,  +  qobbah,  a  vault, 
a  vaulted  space,  dome,  tent,  alcove,  <  qubba, 
vault, arch, dome.  NoconnectionwithE. cofel.] 
A  covered  recess.  Speciflcally  — (a)  In  the  strictest 
sense,  any  recessed  bay  or  small  room  attached  to  a  larger 
one,  having  a  coved  or  vaulted  ceiling,  (b)  Most  coTunionly, 
a  recess  in  a  room  for  the  reception  of  a  bed,  one  of  the  re- 
cesses or  separate  compartments  for  books  in  a  library- 
building,  a  niche  for  a  seat  or  statue,  etc.  (c)  An  arched 
or  covered  seat  in  a  garden,  or  any  natural  recess,  as  a 
clear  space  in  a  grove  or  wood,  a  small  bay,  a  place  nearly 
inclosed  by  rocks  or  hills,  and  the  like.  [In  this  use,  chiefly 
poetical.] 

On  mossy  banks,  beneath  the  citron  grove. 
The  youthful  wand'rers  found  a  wide  alcove. 

Falconer,  Shipwreck. 

alcumistt,  alcumyt.  Former  spellings  of  id- 
chemist,  alchemy. 

alcyon  (al'si-qn),  n.  and  a.  [L.,<  Gr.  cO.kvuv,  the 
kingfisher;  also  written  erroneously  d/.TOwi',  >L. 
halci/on,  >  E.  halci/on,  the  form  now  usual:  see 
halc'i/on.]  I.  ».  1.  An  old  or  poetical  name  of 
the  kingfisher.  Commonly  written  halcyon. — 2. 
[cop.  ]  A  genus  of  kingfishers :  same  as  Halcyon , 


Alcyonidlidae 

2. — 3.  The  specific  name  of  the  belted  king- 
fisher of  North  America,  Ceryle  alcyon. — 4.  A 
general  name  of  the  kingfishers  of  the  genus 
Halcyon  and  others  of  the  subfamily  Vaceloni- 
u(F :  as,  the  vfood-alajons,  tree-alcyons,  etc. 
II.  '(.  Same  as  halcyon. 
Alcyonaria  (al"si-o-na'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
.Mcyonium  4-  -aria.]  An  order  of  actinozoan 
corals,  or,  as  some  hold,  a  subclass  of  coralli- 
genous  Aciinozoa,  distinguished  in  this  use 
from  Zoantharia,  the  other  subclass  of  Actinozon 
(whichcontainsthesea-anemones,  etc.),  byhav- 
ing  pinnately  fringed  instead  of  simple  tenta- 
cles, arranged  aroujidthe  mouth  like  the  rays  of 
a  starfish,  whence  the  alternative  name  .Iste- 
roida.  The  tentacles  of  Alcyonaria  arc  in  one  series  of 
8,  instead  of  (J  or  a  nniltiplc  of  (i,  whence  the  alternative 
name  Octocoralla,  the  sea-anemones  being  known  as  Ilexa- 
coralla.  F<tr  the  same  reason,  the  Alcyonaria  are  also 
termed  Octacti niw.  The  corallum,  when  jH-esent,  is  ex- 
ternal, spicnlar,  or  with  a  selerobasic  axis,  but  occasion- 
ally thecal  or  tuljular.  The  polyps  are  connected  by  the 
cccnosarc,  through  which  permeate  prolongations  of  the 
body-cavity  of  each,  thus  permitting  a  free  circulation  r,f 
fluids.  There  is  sometimes  an  outer  skeleton,  either  with 
or  without  a  central  scleroljasic  axis,  llie  corallum  is 
rarely  thecal,  never  presenting  traces  of  septa.  (Pascoe.) 
These  compound  organisms  are  found  only  in  deep  water, 
and,  except  the  sea-pens,  are  fixed  to  some  foreign  body. 
The  subclass  or  order  is  divided  into  several  orders  or  suit- 
orders,  of  which  are  :  (a)  the  Alcyoniaceoe,  having  a  lea- 
thery contractile  ectoderm  — a  group  including  the  60- 


ji /cycnu  rill . 

I,  Sea-fan  {Rhipidogorgia  Jtabellum) ;  2,  Sea-pen  {Pennatula 

fhosphorea) ;  3,  Cornittaria  ru£OSa. 

called  dead  men's  fingers;  (6)  theGor7oniarc«,orsea-fau8, 
which  are  branched  calcareous  or  horny  corals ;  (c)  the  Isi- 
dacecf,  which  are  alternately  calcareous  and  horny ;  id) 
the  Tubiporacece,  or  organ-pipe  corals,  which  are  tubular  ; 
and  (e)  the  Pennalulacem,  or  sea-pens.  See  these  words. 
Some  species  have  the  appearance  of  sponges,  others  re- 
semble fans,  feathers,  stars,  etc.  Also  called  Ilalcyoiwida. 
alcyonarian  (al"si-o-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Alcyoiitiria  -h  -an.]  1.  a.  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  order  or  to  a  member  of  the  order 
Alcyonaria.  Equivalent  terms  are  halcyonoid 
and  asteroidal. 
II,  n.  One  of  the  Alcyonaria  (which  see). 
Various  forms  of  alcyonaria  afi,  a  special  group  of  corals, 
were  found  at  considerable  dejiths.  Science,  IV.  171. 

Also  written  halcyonarian. 

Alcyone  (al-si'o-ne),  n.  [L.,<  Gr.  'A7kv6v7/,  in 
myth,  the  daughter  of  ^olus  and  wife  of  CejTt, 
a  Thessalian  king ;  she  was  changed  into  a  king- 
fisher and  her  husband  into  a  sea-bird.  See 
alcyon.]  1.  A  greenish  star  of  magnitude  3.0, 
the  brightest  of  the  Pleiades,  ?/  Tauri.  See 
cut  under  Pleiades. — 2.  In  ornith.,  a  genus  of 
kingfishers,  of  the  family  Alccdinidce,  subfamily 
Dacelonince,  related  to  the  genus  CevJ,  both  be- 
ing distinguished  by  the  nidimentary  condition 
of  the  inner  front  toe.     Also  written  Hulcyone. 

Alcyonella  (al'si-o-nel'a),  «.  [NL.,  as  Alcyo- 
n{iitm)  -I-  dim.  -ell'a.]  A  genus  of  fresh-water 
Polyzoa,  or  so-called  ascidian  zoophytes,  related 
to  Pliimatella,  Fredericella,  and  Cristatella,  of  the 
family  Plumatellida:  A.  utaynorum  is  of  a  greenish- 
black  color,  and  is  found  in  stagnant  water.  The  species 
were  formerly  regarded  as  plants.  Also  written  Halcyo- 
nclla. 

Alcyoniaceae  (aVsi-on-i-a'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alcyonium  +  -acew.]  An  order  of  Alcyonaria 
(which  see)  considered  as  a  subclass.  It  is  char- 
acterized by  having  a  leathery  contractile  ectoderm  with 
calcareous  spicules,  but  no  sclerobasis ;  the  polypary  is  at- 
tached to  some  foreign  object,  and  bears  some  resemblance 
to  a  sponge.  Theorderconsistsof  thefamilies^l/ci/oHiiVfcE 
and  Cornulariidiv,  to  which  some  authorities  add  Teles- 
tid(F.     See  Alcyoniidm.     Also  written  Halcyoniacece. 

alcyonic  (al-si-on'ik),  a.  [<  Alcyonium  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  the  Alcyoniidm.  Also  written 
hiileyonic. 

Alcyonidiidae  (al"si-on-i-di'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Alcyonidiuin  -I-  -ida\]  A  family  of  Polyzoa,  or 
so-called  ascidian  zoophytes,  belonging  to  the 
infundibulate  order  (Gymnolwmata)  of  that 
class,  the  mouth  having  no  epistome.  The  family 
forms  with  the  Vesiculariidce  a  group  or  suborder  whicb 


Alcyonidiidse 


134 


ale-conner 


has  been  caSXeA  aenosumata.  the  cell-opening  being  closed 
VvUh  marginal  seuc,  anJ  there  beins  no  vlbracu^  and  no 
ivicUarii  Alannidium  is  the  leading  or  only  genus. 
\lso  tmtten  Alcvomdi,id^.  Al<ryomdid<t,imd  Halcyom- 
,'i.7-;,T;  not  to  be  "confounded  with  Alcyomtdtr^ 


AlcyonidiUin  (al'si-o-md'i-um),  n.    [NL.,  as  Al- 
njoH-ium  +  dim.  -hlium,  <  Gr.  wrf/ov.]  Agenus  of 
I'oluzoa.  of  the  family  Alciiomdnda:    A.  gl 
.umon<:  of  the  species,  is  called  r.i«ed-staff  or  mer 
gloTc.  and  was  furraerly  regarded  as  a  plant.    Also  w 

Alcybniida  (al'si-o-m  i-de),  "•i'  •    P; 
■+  -irffB.]    A  family  of  alcyoni 


I'olvoa  of  the  famUv  Akiiomdiidw.  A.  glutiiw. 
,«m  one  of  the  species,  is  called  r.i«ed-staff  or  mermaids 
glore.  and  was  formerly  regarded  ai  a  plant.    Also  written 

larian 

the  order  Alcyoniacecv.    The  leading 

oiiium  (which  see).     Representatives  of  the 

and  in  all  seas  and  at  various  depths;  some 

rk-polj-ps.     -Uso  written  AUyonida  wa Hal- 

•  'jt  to  be  confounded  with  Alcpoiiidiidce. 

alcyonite  (al'si-o-nit),  h.  [<  Alcyonium  +  -ifeS.] 
\  fossil  of  or  Uke  the  genus  Alcyoviiim;  one  ot 
the  sponge-like  fossils  common  in  the  chalk  for- 
mation. "  Also  \vritten  haJcyoiiite. 

Alcyonium  (al-sio'ni-um),  n.  [XL.,  <  L.  al- 
cyonium, also  alcyoneum.  <  Gr.  a/Kv6vtov,  also 
i/.Kv6mov,  bastard-sponge,  a  zoophyte,  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  nest  of  the  a/.Kvuv, 
halcvon:  see  alcyon.]  The  leading  genus  of 
poh-ps  of  the  family  Alcyoniida;  (which  see).  A. 
Svji'tatum,  the  soMJallcd  dead  mens  fingers,  dead  men  s 
toes  and  cow's  paps,  is  a  common  British  species.  It  is 
a  lo'bed  spongy-looking  body,  pellucid  when  distended 
with  water  and  covered  with  stellate  apertures  for  the 
polvps  (Pasax.)  A.  glumeratum  is  another  species. 
Tlic  name  of  the  genus  is  synonj-mous  with  Loiulana. 
.K\i»  written  UaU-yumum. 

alcyonoid  (al'si-o-noid),  n.  [<  Alcyonitm  + 
-oid. ]  A  member  of  the  family  A Icyon iidwoT  of 
the  order  Alcyoniacex.   Also  written  halcyonoid. 

aldayt, '"^'c-  [ME.,<a?,  all,  +  t?ayl.]  Constant- 
ly; (joutinually;  always.     Chaucer. 

Aldebaran  (al  ile-ba-riin'  or  al-deb'a-ran),  n. 
[.\r.,  the  follower  (i.  e.  of  the  Pleiades').]  A 
chrome  star  of  magnitude  1.0;  a  Tauri. 

aldehyde  (al'de-lud),  n.  [<  al(cohoT)  +  NL.  dc- 
hy<i{rtiijfnatux)',  deprived  of  hydrogen,  <  L.  dc, 
from.  e.\pressiug  deprivation,  +  hydrogen. '\  1. 
A  transparent  colorless  liquid,  CII3COH,  of 
pungent  suffocating  odor,  produced  by  the  o.\- 
idation  of  ordinary  alcohol.  When  exposed  to  the 
air  or  to  oxygen  it  is  converted  into  acetic  acid.  Distinc- 
tively called  acetic  aidefii/de  and  cttialdehydc. 
2.  The  general  name  of  a  class  of  compounds 
intermediate  between  alcohols  and  acids,  de- 
rived from  their  corresponding  primaiy  alco- 
hols Viy  the  o.xidation  and  removal  of  two  atoms 
of  hydrogen,  and  converted  into  acids  by  the 
addition  of  an  atom  of  o.xygen Aldehyde  realn, 

arcsinous  body  formed  by  heating  aldehyde  witli  potash  in 
alcoholic  solntirtn.  It  is  a  bright  orange-colored  powder, 
Bpariii^ly  soluble  in  water,  hut  readily  soluble  in  alcohol. 

aldehydic  (al'de-hi-tlik),  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  containing  aldehyde. 

alder'  (al'di-r),  n.     [E.  dial,  aller,  also  Older; 

<  3ilE.  ulder,  aldyr,  aldir,  also  aller,  ellir,  olr,  etc., 
the   d  being  in-  ,f'-v.^ 
Hcrted  as  in  oWer 
for  «//'  r,  gen.  pi. 
of«//{Bee<(W<c3); 

<  AS.  air,  alor, 
nler  =  D.  els  = 
LO.  t7/er  =  OHG. 
elira,  crila,  crlti, 
MUG.  eric,  G. 
rrli;  dial,  cllcr, 
the,  =  Icel.  iilr, 
eirir,  m.,  elri, 
nent.,  =  Sw.  al, 
dial,  alder,  Aider, 
=  Norw.  «Wtr,  also  or,  elle,  =  Dan.  el,  pi.  ellc,  = 
fioth.  'aliza,  'alu::a  (>  8p.  aliso,  alder)  =  L. 
a/iiiM,  orig.  'nUnuK  (>  F.  nunc,  alder,  and  pcr- 
t.  if.i   S]..    Va.   iilamo,   poplar:   see  alamo),  = 

I'.iilg.   ;V7/irt  =  .Sorv.  jW.v/irt  =  Bo- 

/"  =  Pol.  olcha,  oU;:a  =  Kuss. 

'    illha,  ilohlia,  =  Lith.  Lett. 

I     1.  The  popular  name  of 

'ii;;iiig  to  til"' gi'iius  AliiiiH, 

""  ''I'tnr.    The coniijioii  aider  of  l:n 

"■■  It.  (he  eauterii  Iidl-d  ^l;U;  ih. 

■•Ill  nbliT,  A  ■  ■  I 

l'.<ilh  an 
Iv  l-ill    Kbriil  I 


alder-liefext  OT  alder-lifvcst,  dearest  of  all.  It  is  also  used, 
in  the  form  aller,  w  ith  the  genitive  plural  of  pei-sonal  pro- 
nouns: as,  i/o«if  alhr,  of  all  of  you  ;  oure  alter,  of  all  ot 
us  ;  here  alUr,  of  all  of  them. 

A-morwe  whan  the  day  bigan  to  sprynge. 
Up  ros  our  hoste,  and  was  oure  ailer  cok. 

Chaimr,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  823. 

You,  mine  aider-liefest  sovereign.    Shak.,  2  Hen.■V^.,  i.  1. 

alder-buckthorn  (al'der-lnik' thorn),   )i.      The 

European  plant  i?/(«m«»s-f'™«3»'«.     SeeSham- 

n  US. 

alderman  (al'der-man),  n. ;  pi.  aldermen  (-men). 

[<  ME.  aUlennan,  aldermon,  <  AS.  ealdorman  (= 

ONorth.  (Mormon,  -maiui,  •■vwnn),  <  ealdor,  a 

prince,  chief,  elder,  -t-  man  (mann,  mon,  monn). 

man:  see  alder^,  elder^,  n.,  and  man.']    1.  In  the 


Device  of  Aldus,  from  Statius. 


times  called  black  alder,  the  iJAnmrnMoMi/bJia  dwarf  .al-  Aldriant,  »'■      [Perhaps   Ai:]      A   star   in   the 
der,  and  the  CMhra  alnl/olia  white  alder.  jjp^.j^  gj-  ({jp  Lion.      Chaucer. 

alderSf,  «.  and  n.    An  old  torm  oi  elder''.  Aldrovandine  (al-dro-van'din),  a.     Of  or  per- 

alder^t,  allert,  «•     [ilE.,  also  written  alther,  al-    twining   to   the  naturaUst   Ulisse  Aldrovandi 
dre,  ahi;  aire,  <  AS.  <=«/ra,  also  aha,  gen.  pi.  of     (jsoo.'igoT)  :    as,    Aldro- 
eall,M:  see  «"■  ^  The  d  is  msertea  as  m  al-    ;;„„^.„g    ^^j    ^j^^    g 
rffrl.]     The  Middle  English  genitive  plural  of    „iarotandii. 
all.     From  its  common  occurrence  before  adjectives  in  the  „j.  (^^s    „_      [<  ME.  rt^f,  < 
superlative  it  came  to  be  regarded  as  a.  prefix  of  such  ad-       .  „        ''  l  . 

iectives-  as  aWff-nwf.fiistof  all;  aWer-!«-.«(,bestof  all;     -f*-*-    eaiti,    also  eaio,   im- 

■'  '  "    '--■-■ '     prop,  rato  (so  m  uom.  and 

ace,  but  gen.  and  dat. 
ealoth,  alotli,  pointing  to 
an  orig.  stem  "alut),  = 
OS.  alo  (in  comp.  alo-fat 
=  AS.  calofwt,  an  ale- 
cup,  >  E.  ale-vat)  =  leel. 
Sw.  Dan.  o7,  ale,  =OBulg. 
olii,  cider,  =  Sloven,  ol, 

olej,  vol  =  OPruss.  alu  =  Lith.  afifs  =  Lett.  alius 
(>  Finn,  ohit),  beer.  Cf.  Gael,  and  Ir.  ol, 
drink.]  1.  A  light-colored  beer,  made  from 
malt  which  is  dried  at  a  low  heat.  See  iecr. 
Pale  ale  is  made  from  the  palest  or  lightest-colored  malt, 
the  fermenting  temperature  being  kept  below  72*  to  pre- 

.  ,  ,  _  vent  the  formation  of  acetic  acid. 

Anglo-Saxon  period  of  English  history,  a  title  2t.  .Aji  alc-di-inking:  a  festival  or  merrymaking 
meaning  at  fii-st  simply  chieftain  or  lord,  but  at  which  ale  was  the  beverage  di-unk.  Com- 
later  used  specifically  to  denote  the  chief  magis- 
trate of  a  cotmty  or  group  of  counties.  The  office 
was  both  civil  and  military,  and  was  tending  to  become  a 
great  hereditary  benefice  when  it  was  replaced,  under  Ca- 
nute, by  the  earldom.  After  this  the  name  was  applied  to 
any  head  man,  as  the  head  man  of  a  guild. 

If  the  earlier  kingdoms  were  restored,  the  place  of  the 
king  in  each  was  taken  by  an  ealdorman,  who,  however 
independent  and  powerful  he  might  be,  was  still  named 
by  the  West-Saxon  sovereign,  and  could  be  deposed  by 
that  ruler  and  the  national  \Vitan. 

J.  Ji.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  24S. 

The  eatdormen  were  nobles  by  birth,  and  generally  the 

leaders  in  war.  StilU,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  203. 

Hence  —  2.  In  modem  usage,  a  magistrate  of  a 
city  or  borough,  next  in  rank  to  the  mayor.  In 
England  and  Ireland,  besides  being  a  member  of  the  com- 
mon council,  which  manages  the  atfaii-sof  the  municipality, 
he  is  vested  with  the  powers  of  a  police  judge.  The  corre- 
sponding title  in  Scotland  is  hailie.  Aldermen  are  usually 
ehbsen  for  three  years,  but  the  twenty-six  aldermen  of  Lou- 
don aie  chosen  iov  life.  In  most  of  the  United  .States  there 
is  in  each  city  an  elected  board  of  aldermen,  representing 
wards,  who  constitute  the  municipal  .assembly,  or  the  up- 
per branch  of  it  where  it  consists  of  two  l>ndies,  and  usually 
also  possess  some  judicial  powers.  In  Pennsylvaniaii  cities 
the  title  alderman  is  given  to  an  officer  having  duties  equiv- 
alent to  those  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  elsewhere. 
3.  In  England,  a  half-crown:  a  meaning  ex- 


at  which  ale  was  the  beverage  di-unk. 
pare  hrklal,  church-ale,  clerk-ale,  etc. 

Every  inhabitant  of  the  town  of  Okebrook  shall  be  at 
the  several  ales ;  and  every  husband  and  his  wife  shall 
pay  two-pence,  every  cottager  one  penny. 

Ijuoted  in  .V.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  391. 

3t.  A  brew  of  ale ;  as  much  ale  as  is  brewed 
at  one  time. 

Witnesseth,  that  the  inhabitants,  as  well  of  the  said 
parish  of  Elvaston  as  of  the  said  town  of  Okebrook,  shall 
brew  four  ale^,  and  every  ale  of  one  quai-ter  of  malt,  and 
nt  their  own  costs  and  charges,  betwLxt  this  and  the  feast 
of  .St.  John  Baptist  next  coining. 

Quoted  iu  ^'.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  391. 

4t.  -A-n  ale-house. 

Thou  hast  not  so  much  charity  in  thee  as  to  go  to  the 
ale  with  a  Christian.  Shak.,  T.  G.  ot  V.,  ii.  5. 

O,  Tom,  that  we  were  now  at  Putney,  at  the  ale  there. 
Thiimait,  Lord  Cromwell,  iii.  1. 
Adam's  ale.  See  .idnHi.— Bitter  ale,  bitter  beer,  a 
clear,  strong,  highly  liojiped  ale.  of  a  pleasant  bitter  tiiste. 
—  Medicated  ale,  ale  which  is  prepared  for  medicinal 
purpiises  li>  an  infusion  of  herbs  during  fermentation. 

aleak  i,;i-iC-k'),  prep.  plir.  as  adv.  [<  rt^  -f  leak, 
q.  \\]     In  or  into  a  leaking  state. 

aleatico  (al-e-at'i-ko),  n.  [It.]  A  sweet  and 
strong  red  wine  made  in  Tuscany.  It  is  of  dark- 
red  color,  has  a  delicate  flavor  and  perfmne,  and  is  one  of 
the  best  of  very  sweet  wines. 


plaiiicd  by  Brewer  as  contuiuing  an  allusion  to  aleatory  (a''le-a-t6-ri),  a.     [<  L.  aleatorius,  per- 


the  fact  that  an  alderman  is  a  sort  of  half-king. 
[Slang.]— 4.  Atui-key.  [Slang.] -Alderman  In 
chains,  a  turkey  hung  with  sausages.  [Slang.]— Alder- 
man's pace,  a  slow,  stately  ]jftce:  etiuivalcnt  to  the 
Flench  jia-'!  d'ahhi\ 
aldermanate  (nl'dcr-man-at),  w.  [<  alderman  + 
-ati'-K']  The  ollico  of  alderman  ;  aldermen  col- 
lectivclv 


taining  to  a  gamester  or  to  gaming,  <  <dea1or,  a 
gauK'slcr,  a  player  with  dice,  <  ulea,  a  gamo 
\\\t\i  dice.]  Literally,  depending  upon  tho 
throw  of  a  die;  hcnco,  depending  on  a  con- 
tingent event.— Aleatory  contract,  in  Ian;  an  agrce- 
nicnt  the  conditions  of  winch  depend  on  an  uncertain 
event. --Aleatory  sale,  a  sale  the  completion  of  which 
depends  on  the  happening  of  some  uncertain  event. 


aldermancy  (al'der-man-si),  ».     [<alderman+  aleavementt,  «■     Hco  allevement. 
-cy.  as  in  ahhacy  and  other  words  of  ult.  L.  on-  ale-bench  (al'bcnch),  v.    [ME.  not  found ;  <  AS. 
pin.]     Tho  otliee  of  an  aUlennan;  aldermanate,     aitn-liene :  sco  ale  anil  hcnch.]      '    ' 


A  bench  in  or 

aldermanic  (al-aei-mun'ik),  «.     [< alderman  +     jj^.foi.u  a„  ale-house, 
-ic]     Kelating  or  belonging  to  an  alderman;  sit  on  their  n^-fe-nr/i  with  their  cups  and  cans, 

characteristic  of  aldermen.  Mamlatj  and  Olhem,  Sir  John  Uhleastle,  i.  1. 

aldermanity  (iil-der-man'i-ti),  «._    [<  alderman  ale-berry  (nl'ber'i'),  ».     [Early  mod.  E.  oYcho'y, 

(di -In  lie,  <.  MK.  aliiiery,  alberey,  alehrey,  albry. 


Alder  f^Atnut ululirtesa^. 


A    ' 
l»r. 

W"' 
r..| 

M  >  ' 

2. 

Oh' 
<l.r 

nil 
U. 


".^filhercolorR, 

r  wirlely  dlffiT- 
■Innce  lo  triio  nl- 


•hnila.    In  .Surtii  Anwric*  Uw  lift  arrtitiHata  U  •nino' 


-t--i7)/.J  1."  Aldermen  conectively  ;  the  body 
of  aldeiiiiiii.  J!.  .Jniison. —  2.  The  dignity  or 
qualities  of  an  alderman,     l.iimh. 

alderman-lizard  (ardi'i-niaM-liz"iird),  «.  A 
book-naiiK^  of  tlie  Sauromalus  airr,  a  stout 
black  Calil'ornian  lizard:  so  called  from  its 
obesity,  a  characteristic  popularly  attributed 
to  aldermen.  It  attains  a  length  of  about  a 
foot.     See  Smiramalus. 

aldermanly  (nl'<l<i-man-li),  a.  \<  alderman -'r 
-///•.]     Pertaining  to  or  like  an  aldennan. 

aldermanry  (al'der-man-ri),  II.;  \)\.  aldermiiii- 
riex  (-riz).  [<  alderman  +  -ry.]  A  district  of 
a  borough  liaving  its  own  al'dc'riiian ;  a  ward. 
.V.  /;.'.  J). 

aldermanship  (ard^-r-mnn-ship),  n.  [<flW<i- 
inan  -(-  -,s7ii//.]     The  olllce  of  an  al'lermaii. 

aldernt  (nl'dern),  a.  [<  aliler  +  -en'i,  -«'-;  =  I). 
el:en,  ivln,  alder.]     Made  of  alder. 

Then  aldern  bont.i  llr«l  ploWd  the  occnii. 

,l/<i.i/,  tr.  ol  Vlrgirn  nenrgl.  H 

Aldlne  (lU'din  or  al'din),  a.  [<  Mj.  Aldinns,  < 
.UihiK.]     An  epithet  apidied  to  tlioHc^  editions. 

chiedy  of  the  claHsics,  whicli  pro ded  from 

llir>  p'resH  of  Aldus  MaimtiuK  (Latinized  form 

of  Italian  Aldo  Mniiiizio),  of  Venice,  iiiid  liis 

fninilv,  from  1494  to  l.'iltT.    The  dliillninil»hlnK  mark 

■    ■         iilwlned  Willi  ndi.lphlnprlTdi'd  •«  the  IHle 

llllnn«  lire  Hole. I  lor  bolh  Ihe  beauty  ot  (he 

I  Ihe  eorre,  lTie«»ot  Ihe  text.    The  term  lm« 

'" iipiioil  to  certain  KiikIIkIi  ami  American  eill 

lluna  u{  Tuioiii  worki.      s ut  In  next  eoliinin. 


all  lire,  <  ale,  ale,  -f-  lire,  also  spelled  breire,  broth, 
soup  (>  liree,  hroo,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  briii;  broth. 
Tho  word  is  thus  jirop.  ale-brcc,  or  ale-brew, 
ale-broo.  the  second  element  being  perverted  in 
simulation  of  ftcrn/l.]  A  beverage  formerly 
made  bv  boiling  alo  with  spice,  sugar,  and  sops 
of  lireatl. 

ale-brewer  (al'br8''fr),  «.  One  whose  occupa- 
tion is  the  brewing  of  ale. 

alec  (a'lek),  ».  [E.,  bettor  allcc,  also  aler,  and 
with  nsiiinito  hallee,  halex,  the  sediment  of  a 
costly  lisli-sauee,  garum,  and  in  general  tish- 
.saiice,  Jish-picklo.]  1.  A  pickle  or  sauce  of 
small  herrings  or  anchovies. —  2t.  A  herring. 
.\'.  /■;.  /). 

alecampanet  (al'ti-kam-jian'),  «.  Same  as  <7<'- 
eamiiiine. 

alecize  (al'o-siz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aUchcd, 
]iiir.  ideei:in(i.  [<  alec  +  -i:e.']  To  dross  %vith 
Mill'  sauce.      .V.  /','.  1). 

ale-conner  dirkon'er),  n.      [<.  ale  +  conner^ .'] 

I  >rii,'iiinlly,  a  local  ollici'rappointod  to  assay  alo 

ami  I r.'ami  to  lake  care  tliiit  Ihey  were  good 

ami  wholcHomo,  and  sold    at  a   jiropcr   price. 

The  duly  id  Ihe  alecoiniern  id  London  now  l«  lo  illhpeet 
Ihe  nieannreH  iiHcil  by  beer-  and  ll<inor-sellerH,  In  ordei-  lo 
prevent  (rami.  Fmir  of  these  ollleers  are  chosen  annimlly 
l>v  Ihe  llverynien,  in  eomincui  hall,  un  MhUuinincr'ii  Day 
(.time  'Jt).     AIbo  culled  alr-hixlrr. 

"Un  well  known  to  tlu^  piirli*h  1  havo  hoen  twice  a/e-con- 
"".  UidtlMon,  Mayur  of  Quuunbnruugli,  IlL  8. 


ale-cost 

ale-cost  (al'kost),  n.  [<  ale  +  costs :  see  cost- 
iiiiiii/.\  Costmary,  Tanacetum  Jialsamita,  a 
plant  put  into  ale  to  give  it  an  aromatic  flavor. 
H^-o  costmari/. 

Alector  (a-lek'tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aXeKTup, 
jiiii't.  for  a'AsnTpvuv  (ef.  Alcctnjon),  a  cock;  of 
disputed  origin.]  If.  Kleins  name  (175G)  for  a 
genus  of  birds  of  which  the  common  hen  is  the 
type:  a  synonym  of  Galliis  (LinnsBus). — 2t. 
Merrcm's  name  (1786)  for  birds  of  the  family 
Cracidie,  oreurassows:  a  synonym  of  Craxihin- 
iiiPus). — 3.  [I.e.]  The  Linnean  specific  name 
for  a  species  of  eurassow,  t-rax  alector. 

alectoria^  (al-ek-to'ri-a),  H. ;  pi.  alectorim  (-e). 
[L.  (se.  gemma),  fem.  of  afcctorius,  pertaining 
to  a  coek,  <  Gr.  a'AinTup,  a  cock.]  Cockstone; 
a  peculiar  stone,  eiToneously  supposed  to  be 
sometimes  found  in  the  stomach  or  liver  of  an 
aged  coek  or  capon.  Many  imaginary  virtues 
were  attributed  to  it. 

Alectoria^  (al-ek-to'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  alhrup, 
equi v.  to  d/le/crpof,  unmarried,  <  li-  priv.  +  A  in- 
rpot),  bed,  marriage-bed  (see  lectica) ;  from  the 
uncertainty  respecting  its  male  flowers.]  A 
genus  of  lichens.  ^4.  jubata,  or  rockhair,  grows  on 
trees  !UKi  rocks,  and  affords  food  for  the  reindeer  while  the 
snow  is  ileep. 

Alectorides  (al-ek-tor'i-dez),  n.  pi.  [lsrL.,< 
Gr.  a'ACKToptc,  pi.  -iSc(,  fem.  of  aleKTup,  a  coek.] 
1.  In  Nitzsch's  classification  (1829),  a  group  of 
birds  represented  by  the  genera  Dicliolophus 
and  Otis.  — 2.  In  Temminek's  classification,  a 
group  of  birds  of  uncertain  extent.  [Not  now  in 
use.  ]  —  3 .  A  suborder  or  order  of  birds  which  in- 
cludes the  cranes,  rails,  and  their  allies.    Coues. 

alectoridine  (al-ek-tor'i-din),  a.  [<  Alectorides 
+  -»«(!!.]  Having  the  character  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Alectorides. 

It  [the  genus  Parra]  would  appear  to  be  limicoline,  not 
alecforidine.  Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  669. 

alectoroniacliyt.(a-lek-to-rom'a-ki),  11.  [<  Gr. 
a'AiKTup,  a  cock,  -t-  fiaxVt  a  fight,  <  /idxeadai, 
fight.]     Same  as  alectri/omachi/. 

alectoromancyt  (a-lek'to-ro-man"si),  n.  [<Gr. 
a/JnTup,  a  cook,  -I-  /lavreia,  divination.  Cf.  alec- 
triiomancji.]     Same  as  alectryomancy. 

alectoromorpll  (a-lek'to-ro-morf),  11.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  Alcctoromorp'hce. 

Alectoromorphae  (a-lek"t9-r9-m6r'fe),  re.  pi. 
[Nlj.,  <  Gr.  a'AiHTLip,  a  cock,  +  /iop(j)?'/,  form.]  In 
Huxley's  classification  of  birds,  the  fifth  super- 
family  of  the  suborder  Schisognatlue,  of  the 
order  Carinata:.  it  includes  the  families  Turnicidce, 
Phadayiidce.  Pteroclidm,  Megapodidtx,  and  Cracidce,  or  the 
fowls  and  fowl-like  birds,  and  therefore  corresponds  to 
the  old  order  Galliine  or  Basores.  exclusive  of  the  pi- 
geons and  tinaraous.  Since  1807,  when  the  temi  was  pro- 
posed, a  stricter  signification  has  been  attached  to  it  by  ex- 
clusion of  the  Turnicidce  and  PU'roclidce.  In  the  restricted 
sense,  it  is  divided  into  the  two  groups  of  Alectoropodes 
and  Perttiteropodes,  the  former  containing  the  fowls  proper 
(old  family  Phasianidce,  etc.),  the  latter  the  mound-birds 
Qlefjapodidm)  and  eurassows  (Crao'rfrt*). 

alectoromorphous  (a-lek"to-r9-m6r'fus),  a. 
Having  the  character  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
AlectoromorphcB ;  gallinaceous  or  rasorial,  in  a 
strict  sense. 

Alectoropodes  (a-lek-to-rop'o-dez),  n.pl.  [NL. , 
<  Gr.  aAeKTup,  a  cock,  -f-  iroif,  pi.  no6ec,  =  E. 
foot.']  A  subdivision  of  Huxley's  superfamily 
Alectoromorpll ce,  containing  the  true  fowl  and 
related  to  the  domestic  hen,  as  pheasants,  tur- 
keys, guinea-fowl,  grouse,  partridges,  quail, 
etc. :  distinguished  from  those  gallinaceous 
birds,  as  the  ilegapodidie  and  Cracida:,  which 
have  the  feet  more  as  in  pigeons,  and  are  there- 
fore called  Peristeropodes.  See  cuts  under  Cu- 
pidonia,  grouse,  partridge,  and  quail. 

alectOTOpodouS  (a-lek-to-rop'o-dus),  a.  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Alec- 
toropodes. 

The  suborders  [of  Alectoromorphce']  are  called  respec- 
tively the  Alectoropodowi  .  .  .  and  the  Peristeropoduns 
OalliTue.  Staiut.  Nat.  Hist.,  IV.  197. 

Alectrurinae  (a-lek-tro-ri'ne),  Ji.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Akctnirus  +  -ina;.]  A  subfamily  of  elamatorial 
passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Tyrannidcc :  an 
inexact  synonym  of  Fhiricoliiiw  and  of  Tceniop- 
teriixB.     See  these  words,  and  Alectruriis. 

alectmrous  (al-ek-tro'rus),  a.  [<  NL.  alectru- 
riis, adj. :  see  Alectrurus.]  Having  a  tail  like 
that  of  the  coek:  applied  to  certain  birds.  See 
Alectrurus. 

Alectrurus  (al-ek-tro'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a'AcKTup,  a  cock,  +  ovpa,  a  tail.]  A  genus  of 
elamatorial  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Tij- 
rannidce,  or  tyrant  flycatchers,  of  which  the 
type  is  A.  tricolor:  so  named  from  the  long, 
compressed,  erectile  tail.  It  is  sometimes  made  the 
type  of  a  subfamily,  Alectrurince.     The  wliole  group  be- 


135 

longs  to  South  America.  Sometimes  written,  more  correct- 
ly, .■Itet-tururus,  and  also  Aiectrura,  Alecturus,  Aleclura. 

alectryomachy  (a-lek-tri-om'a-ki),  «.  [<  Gr. 
dAtKTpi'i'.ii',  a  coek,  +  /m^'/,  a  fight.]  Cock-fight- 
ing.    Soniotimos  written  alectoromachy. 

alectryomancy  (a-lek'tri-o-man"si)^  n.  [<  F. 
ulrctri/omaiiiie  (Ootgi'ave),  <  Gr.  iiAxKTpvciv,  a 
cock,  -t-  iiavTcia,  divination.]  An  ancient  prac- 
tice of  foretelling  events  by  means  of  a  cock. 
The  letters  of  the  alphal)ct  were  traced  on  tlie  grounii  in 
squares  witliin  a  circle,  and  a  grain  of  corn  was  placed  on 
each ;  a  cock  was  then  permitted  to  pick  up  the  grains,  and 
the  letters  under  them,  being  formed  into  words  in  the 
order  of  tlieir  selection  by  the  cock,  were  supposed  to 
foretell  the  event.     Sometimes  written  alectorouiaiu^y. 

Alectryon  (a-lek'tri-on),  11.  [NTj.,  <  Gr.  aXc/c- 
Tpvui;  a  coek:  see  Alector.]  1.  In  oriiitti.,  a  ge- 
nus of  birds,  proposed  by  Cabanis  in  1846  for  a 
section  of  the  Macartney  pheasants,  genus  Jiu- 
plocamus  of  Temminek.  The  type  is  A.  cry- 
tfiropft//(ofo«M.s  of  Malacca. — 2.  A  poetical  name 
of  the  domestic  cock. 

Loud  tlie  cock  Alectnjon  crowed.  Long/elloiv. 

ale-drapert  (al'dra'per),  n.  [<  ale  -\-  draper,  as 
in  liiicn-drajKr :  a  humorous  name,  perhaps  in 
allusion  to  the  old  ale-yard:  see  ale-yard.]  An 
ale-house  keeper. 

I  get  mec  a  wife ;  with  her  a  little  money ;  when  we  are 
married,  seeke  a  house  we  must ;  no  other  occupation 
have  I  but  to  be  an  ale-draper. 

Henry  Chettte,  Kind-Hart's  Dreaiue  (1592). 

So  that  nowe  hee  hath  lefte  brokery,  and  is  become  a 

draper.    A  draper,  <inotli  Frcenuin,  what  draper,  of  woollin 

orlinnen?    is'u,  q.i  |qii. id,  quotlilhe,  anaie-tfrai^er,  wherein 

he  hath  more  skil  then  [than]  iu  the  other. 

Discoverie  of  Kmijhts  of  the  Paste,  1597.    (HalliweH.) 

alee  (a-le'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [ME.  a  lee, 
after  "Icel.  a  lile,  alee;  <  a^,  on,  -f-  /etl,  q.  v.] 
Naut.,  on  or  toward  the  lee  side  of  a  ship  or  boat, 
that  is,  the  sheltered  side,  on  which  the  wind 
does  notstiTke;  away  from  the  wind:  opposed 
to  aweatlier  (which  see).  The  helm  of  a  ship  is  said 
to  be  alee  wlien  tlie  tiller  is  pushed  close  to  the  lee  side, 
causing  the  rudder  to  move  in  the  opposite  direction,  and 
thus  bringing  tlie  ship's  head  into  the  wind.  In  cases  where 
a  steeriug-wheel  is  used,  the  same  effect  is  produced  by 
turning  the  wheel  toward  the  wind. 

The  reek  of  battle  drifting  slow  alee 
Not  suUener  than  we.     Lowell,  On  Board  the  '76. 
Helm's  alee !  hard  alee !  orders  given  in  tacking  a  sail- 
ing vessel,  after  the  helm  has  been  put  down,  to  duect 
that  the  head-sheets  and  fore-sheets  should  be  let  tly. 

ale-fed  (al'fed),  a.    Nom-ished  with  ale. 

Tlie  growth  of  his  ale-fed  corps.    Stafford,  Niobe,  ii.  G'2. 

aleft  (a-leff),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  aS,  on,  -f- 
le/t.]    On  or  to  the  left.     Southey.     [Rare.] 

alegar  (al'e- or  a'le-giir),  n.  [<  ME.  alegar  (HalU- 
'mell),<  ale  -h  cgar,eger,  souv:  see  eaijer^.  The 
mode  of  formation  is  not  English,  but  imitates 
vinegar,  <  F.  riii  aigre,  sour  wine.]  Ale  or  beer 
which  has  been  passed  through  the  acetous  fer- 
mentation ;  sour  ale,  used  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land as  a  cheap  substitute  for  vinegar. 

For  not,  after  consideration,  can  you  ascertain  what 
liquor  it  is  you  are  imbibing  ;  whether  .  .  .  Hawkins'  en- 
tire, or,  perhaps,  some  other  great  brewer's  penny -swipes, 
or  even  alegar.  Carlyle,  Boswell's  Joluison. 

ale-garland  (argar"land),  n.  A  wreath  hung 
to  an  ale-stake  as  a  part  of  the  sign  of  a  tavern. 
This  custom  is  as  old  as  the  time  of  Chaucei', 
who  alludes  to  it. 

alegeancet,  »■     See  allegeance'^. 

alegert,  «.  [<  OF.  alegre,  alaigre,  P.  allegre  = 
Sp.  alegre  =  Pg.  It.  allegro  (see  allegro),  <  L. 
alacer,  alaeris,  brisk,  lively :  see  alacrious,  alac- 
rity.] Lively;  brisk;  sprightly;  cheerful;  gay. 
Coffee,  the  root  and  leaf  betle,  [and]  .  .  .  tobacco  .  .  . 
do  all  condense  the  spirits  and  make  them  strong  and 
alefjer.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  738. 

alegget,  '••  t.     See  allay  and  allege. 

ale-gill  (al'jil),  n.  [<  ale  -f-  giW,  groimd-ivy, 
and  the  liquor  made  therefrom :  see  gill^, 
and  cf.  aklioof.]  A  kind  of  medicated  liquor 
prepared  by  the  infusion  of  gi-ound-ivj-  in  malt 
liquor. 

alehoof  (al'hof),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alehoove, 
alekove,  <  ME.  alehoofe,  halehove,  appar.  a  cor- 
ruption, simulating  ale,  of  earlier  hailiove,  liey- 
liove,  etc.,  prob.  <  liey,  haifi.  a  hedge,  -t-  liooj'c, 
hove,  ground-ivy,  <  AS.  liofe.  \vj  (see  horc).  The 
D.  eiloof,  ivy,  is  appar.  borrowed  from  English.] 
Ground-ivj'",  Xcpeta  (i-lechoma,  the  leaves  of 
which  were  used  in  ale-making  before  the  in- 
troduction of  hops. 

ale-house  (al'hous),  «.  [<  ME.  alchous,  aille- 
hous,  <  AS.  ealo-hiis.]  A  house  where  ale  is  re- 
tailed. 

The  redcoats  tilled  all  the  ale-housea  of  Westminster 
and  the  Strand.  Macaulau,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

Aleiodes  (al-i-6'dez),  re.  [NL.,  prop.  *aliodes, 
appar.  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  Ictudj/g,  smooth,  <  /leiof. 


alembic 

smooth, -I-  el6oc,  appearance.]  A  genus  of  para- 
sitic Hymenoptera,  of  the  family  Braconidce. 
The  species  are  parasitic  upon  caterpillars,  undergoing 


Altiodes /utnifennis  (Crc&son). 
a,  cocoon ;  d,  enlarged  segment  of  s-iinc  ;  l>,  female  (cross  shows  nat- 
ural size) :  c,  tip  of  her  abdomen  from  side,  enlarged  ;  e.  larva. 

transformation  in  the  dried  and  rigid  skin  of  their  host. 
A.  rileyi  (Cresson)  is  uniformly  reddish-yellow,  and  is 
parasitic  on  larva;  of  the  lejjidopterous  genus  Acronycta. 
aleist,  "•     [ME.  aleis,  <  OF.  alies,  alls,  usually 
alie,  alyc,  later  alise  (mod.  F.  ali.'ie  and  alize), 
<  Tent,  'aliza,  OHG.  *cli:a,  var.  of  elira,  erila, 
erla,  G.  erle,  dial,  else,  the  alder,  in  comp.  else- 
baum,  the  white  beam-tree,  elsebeere,  the  ber^ 
of  the  white  beam-tree ;  =  AS.  air,  >  E.  alderi, 
q.  v.]     The  fruit  or  berry  of  the  white  beam- 
tree,  Pyrus  Aria.     Pom.  of  the  Pose,  1.  1377. 
ale-knightt  (al'nit),  n.    A  pot-companion. 
Come,  all  you  brave  wights, 
That  are  dubbed  ale-ktiigltts,  .  .  . 
Know  malt  is  of  mickle  might. 

Wits'  liccreatifins  (1654). 
To  have  his  picture  stamp'd  on  a  stone  jug 
To  keep  ale-knights  in  memory  of  sobriety. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  iii.  1. 

alem  (al'em),  n.  [Turk,  'alem,  a  flag,  banner, 
standard,  ensign,  the  crescent,  <  -Aj-.  'alam,  a 
flag,  ensign,  <  'alaiiia,  know.  Cf.  alim,  almah.] 
The  imperial  standard  of  the  Turkish  empire. 

Alemanniau  (al-e-man'i-an),  a.    -Alemannic. 

Two  Alemannian  dukes  of  tlie  10th  century. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  4. 

Alemannic  (al-f-man'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  Ij.Ale- 

luaiuiicus,  Alamaiiiiicus,  pertaining  to  the  Ale- 
iiianiii,  Alamanni,  the  Latinized  form  of  the  Ger- 
man name  of  a  confederation  of  German  tribes, 
lit.  all  men,  after  Goth,  alainans,  all  men,  all 
mankind,  <  alls  =  OHG.  al  =  E.  all,  -1-  manna  = 
OHG.  man  =  E.  man.  Hence  L.  Alemannia,  the 
country  of  the  Alemanni,  extended  by  the  Gauls 
to  all  Germany,  >  F.  Atlemagne,  Germany,  Al- 
Icniaud,  German:  see  Alniiin,  Almoin.]  I.  a. 
Belonging  to  the  iUemanui,  confederated  Ger- 
man tribes  who  began  to  appear  between  the 
Main  and  the  Danube  about  the  beginning  of 
the  third  centmy,  and  occupied  that  region 
completely. 

II.  n.  'The  language  of  the  Alemanni,  or  an- 
cient people  of  southwestern  Gennany. 
Also  spelled  Allcmannic. 

alembdar  (a-lem'dar),  «.  [Turk,  'alemddr,  < 
'alem,  flag,  standard  (see  alem),  +  -ddr,  <  Pers. 
-ddr,  holder,  bearer.]  In  Tm-key,  an  officer 
who  bears  the  green  standard  of  Mohammed 
when  the  sultan  appears  in  pubUe. 

alembic  (a-lem'bik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  alem- 
bick;alimbeclc,  and  abbr.  Icmbick,  limbeck,  q.  v. ;  < 
ME.  alembike,  alembyk,  alenibek,  ear- 
lier alambik,  alambic,  <  OF.  alambic, 
also  written  alambirjue.  F.  alambic 
=  Pr.  elambic  =  Sp.  alanihique  =  Pg. 
alambique,  lambique=  It.  lambicco, 
Umbicco,  <  ML.  alambicus,  <  .Ar.  al- 
anbiq,  <  al,  the  (see  al--).  +  anbiq 
(>  Pers.  amblq),  a  still,  <  Gr.  a/j:}i^, 
a  cup,  later  the  cup  of  a  stiU ;  cf. 
Ionic  Gr.  a/Jiirj  =  Gr.  auSuv,  foot  of  a 
goblet.]  1 .  A  vessel  formerly  used 
in  chemistry  for  distillation,  and  usually  made 
of  glass  or  copper.  The  bottom  part,  containing  the 
liquor  to  be  distilled,  was  called  the  matrass  or  cucurbit; 
the  upper  part,  which  received  and  condensed  the  volatile 
products,  was  called  the  head  or  capital,  tlie  beak  of  which 
was  fitted  to  the  neck  of  a  receiver.  The  head  alone  was 
more  properly  the  alembic.  It  is  now  superseded  by  the 
retort  and  worm-still. 

Hence  —  2.  AnTr-thing  which  works  a  change  or 
transformation  :  as,  the  alembic  of  sorrow. 
Thus  is  .\i't,  a  nature  passed  through  the  alembic  of  man. 
Umersun,  ilisc,  p.  27. 

alembic  (a-lem'bik),  f.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  alem- 
bicked,  ppr.  alembickiug.  [<  alembic,  «.]  To 
distil  as  by  an  alembic  ;  obtain  as  by  means  of 
an  alembic.     [Rare.] 


alembic 

I  have  occasioned  great  speculation,  and  diverted  my- 
i«elf  with  the  important  mysteries  that  have  been  aUtn- 
i.i.:k^-l  uut  of  a  trifle.  Walpolf,  Letters,  I.  20S. 

alembroth  (a-lem'broth),  n.  [Formerly  also 
akmhor,  late  ilE.  alembroke;  origin  unknown.] 
The  salt  called  by  the  alchemists  the  salt  of  art, 
science,  or  wisdom ;  a  double  chlorid  of  mer- 
cury and  ammonia.  Although  poisonous,  it 
was  formerly  used  as  a  stimulant. 

alenaget,  «.     -Same  as  alnage. 

Alengon  lace.     See  lace. 

alen^it  a-length'),  prep.phr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 
[UK.  alenght  (for  "alcngth)-.    <  a3,  on,  at,  + 
length.']    L  adc.  At  full  length;  along;  stretch- 
ed "at  full  length. 
II.  prep.   In  the  direction  of  the  length  of. 

Alepas  (al'e-pas),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  copulative 
-t-  fe-ai;.  a  limpet:  see  Lepas.']  A  genus  of 
barnacles  or  acorn-shells,  of  the  family  Lepadi- 
da.  They  are  ordinary  cirripeds  with  thoracic 
limbs.     A.  cornuta  is  an  example. 

aleph  (a'lef),  n.  [Heb.  'dleph  =  Ar.  'alif:  see 
iiljilm.}  The  first  letter  of  the  Hebrew  alpha- 
bet CX).  representing  the  older  Phenician  let- 
ter which  gave  name  and  form  to  the  Greek  A, 
a'/pa.  See  fll.  This  letter,  in  the  Semitic  lan^ages,  is 
not  properly  a  vowel,  but  is  a  quasi-consonantal  sign,  to 
which  tlie  pronunciation  of  any  initial  vowel  may  be  at- 
tache<I.  In  transliteration  into  Rfpnian  letters,  this  sifj:n 
is  represented  by  a  Greek  "smooth  breathing"  (')  or  is 
left  unmarked. 

alepidosanrid  (a-lep'i-do-sa'rid),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Alepidosaurida.  Also  called  alepi- 
dosaiiroid. 

Alepidosauridae  (a-lep'i-do-sa'ri-de),  n.  j)?. 
[NL..  <  AhjiidosaurM  +  -irf<r.]  A  family  of 
large,  tierce,  and  voracious  abdominal  deep-sea 
fishes.  Also  called  Ateposaurida;  and  Alepi- 
sauridw. 

The  .Uepidoxauridce  are  deep-sea  fishes  of  large  size,  re- 
markable for  the  great  size  of  their  teeth.  The  body  is 
elongate,  and  without  scales;  the  mouth  is  extremely 
larne, '  w  ith  rows  of  compressed  teetli  of  unequal  size, 
some  of  those  on  the  lower  jaw  and  palatines  being  fang- 
like. Tlie  dorsal  fin  is  very  long,  covering  almost  the 
whole  of  the  back,  and  there  is  no  adii)ose  tin. 

Stand.  Sat.  Ilust.,  III.  138. 

Alepidosanrina  (a-lep'i-do-sa-ri'nii),  n.  pi. 

[.\L..  <  Alepidosaurus  +  -inn.]  In  (jiinther's 
classiticatiou  of  fishes,  a  dirision  of  Scopelidoe, 
containing  those  with  the  dorsal  fin  occupying 
nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  back;  a  group 
corresponding  to  the  family  Alepidosaurida: 
(which  see).  P*rcferably  written  Alcpidosau- 
riiur,  as  a  subfamily. 
alepidosauroid  (a-lep"i-do-sa'roid),  a.  and  n. 
[<.  Aliiiidonaurus  +  -Old.']  I.  a.  Having  the 
characters  of  the  AU]>idosnurida:. 

n.  n.  An  alepidosanrid. 
Alepidosaiira8(a-lep'i-d6-8fi,'ru8),  n.   [NL., 
a.-*  Al' ijiimiiinin,  but  with  Gr.  '/.eiri^  (^cirfd-)  in- 
stead of  equiv.  >» -Of  (>.f-o-),  a  scale.]     A  genus 
of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Alepidosauridw. 
It  %»,i.  ,it  '■\i.:  time  supposed  to  l>e  related  to  Saurug,  but 
'•■d  by  the  Bcaleless  skin,  whence  tlte  name. 
^''-irinauruji,  AUftogaurwt.     A./erox  la  a  spe- 
L-  handnaW'/Uh  and  tancet-Juh. 
alepidote  (a-lep'i-dot),  a.  and  n.     [<Gr.  a/.f!zi- 
'•..■'•;.  without  scales,  <  u-  priv.  +  ?.£-/{■  (/.fr«5-), 
a  scale  :  ^ee  Lejiidiiim.']      I.    a.    Not  having 
scales:  as,  nn  nlrjiidatc  fish. 

n.  'I.  Any  fish  whoso  skin  is  not  covered  with 
Fcalt's. 
alepinet  (al'e-pen),  n.     [Also  written  alapccn, 
pml).  for  Ateppinc,  belonging  to  Aleppo:  see 
Alrppinc.l     A  mixed  stuff,  either  of  wool  and 
xilk  ••r  of  mohair  ami  cotton.     Ui/cr. 
AlepLsauridx  (u-lep-i-su'ri-de),  «.  pi.    [NL.,  < 
lU iniiiiiriui  +  -i(/u.l     Kamo  as  Alijiidosiiuri<lw. 
AlepisanniS  (a-lep-i-Ha'rus),  n.     [NL.,  improp. 
f  -    V'    "''«nr/riw.]     Same  as  Alcpidosaurus. 
^  'illl  'ii-lcp-6-sef'a-li),  «.;</.     [I'l.   of 

i".  1     Siitne  as  Alcpocrp)ialid(r. 
'    '  o-Hcf'ii-lid),   H.     One  of 

liiiOi  see). 

•jp'ti-se-fari-do),  it.  vl. 
I  ■"-.      I  f-iVte.]     A  family  of  clii- 

I"""''    "''^  '  'M,     Tlic  l<chnlrnl  clianulcrs 


I  R«pQ«1  a4  (J.  K.  f  Mi  Comnitwlna,  IMM 


tujrf- 

I.  fpw 

■  I»cc1p« 


136 

referable  to  four  genera  have  been  discovered  in  the  deeper 
portions  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans,  as  well  as  of 
the  >tediterranean  sea.    Also  called  Ale/iOi^ephali. 
alepocephaloid  (a-lep-6-sef'a-loid),  a.  and  «. 

1.  «.  Having  the  character  of  the  Alepoccx/hali- 
da: 

H.  n.  Same  as  alepocephalid. 

Alepocephalus  (a-lep-6-sef'a-lus),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  (i-  j)iiv.  -I-  '/.e~o{,  scale,  +  Ktoa'/.i],  head.]  A 
genus  of  fishes,  ti,-pieal  of  the  family  Alepoce- 
phalid<T:  so  called  from  the  scaleless  head. 

ale-polet  (al'pol),  «.     Same  as  akstake. 

Aleposauridae  (a-lep-6-sa'ri-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Alcpiisitiinii  +  -ida.]     Same  as  AlcjtidosuKridic. 

Aleposaurus  (a-lep-6-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a'/.cTToc,  faulty  form  of  d/.f-i(furof,  without  scales 
(<  a-  priv.  +  /J-oc,  also  ?.€-ic,  a  scale:  see  Lc- 
pidiiim),  +  aavpoc,  a  lizard,  also  a  sea-fish:  see 
Saiirus.]     Same  as  Alcpidosaurus. 

ale-postt  (al'post),  H.     Same  as  ale-slal-e. 

ale-pot  (al'pot),  n.  A  pot  or  mug  for  holding 
ale.  In  England  a  pot  of  beer  or  ale  means  a  quart  of 
it;  hence,  ale-pot  means  especially  a  quart -pot. 

A  clean  cloth  was  spread  before  him,  with  knife,  fork, 
and  spoon,  salt-cellar,  pepper-box,  glass,  and  pewter  ale- 
pot.  £}ix:keng,  Little  Dorrit. 

Aleppine  (a-lep'in),  a.  and  n.  [(.Aleppo,  Euro- 
pean (It.)  form  of  Turk,  and  Ar.  Haleh,  said  to 
be  named  from  Ar.  halab,  milk.]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Aleppo,  a  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  or 
to  its  inhabitants. 
II.  ".  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Aleppo. 

Aleppo  gall,  ulcer.    See  ulcer. 

alerce  (a-lers';  Sp.  pron.  ii-lar'tha),  n.  [Sp.,  the 
larch,  prob.  <  a-,  repr.  Ar.  al,  the,  +  *lercc, 
*larce  =  It.  larice,  <  L.  larii  (ace.  lariccm),  the 
larch  (see  larch),  perhaps  mixed  with  Ar.  al- 
'arzah,  al-'ers,  <  al,  the,  +  'ar::ah,'crs,  Pers.  ar-, 
cedar.]  1.  A  name  given  in  Spain  to  wood 
used  by  the  Moors  in  their  edifices,  obtained 
from  the  sandarac-tree  of  Morocco,  Callitris 
quadrivalms.  See  Callitris. — 2.  Same  as  alerce- 
tree. 

With  here  and  there  a  red  cedar  or  an  alerce  pine. 

Darwin,  A'oyage  of  Beagle,  xiii. 

alerce-tree  (a-lers'tre),  n.  A  large  coniferous 
timber-tree  of  Chili,  Libocedrus  Chilcnsis,  ex- 
tensively used  on  the  southern  Pacific  coast. 

alerion,  «.     See  allcrion. 

alert  (a-lerf),  a.  and  7i.,  orig.  2'rep.  phr.  [<  F. 
alcrtc,  interj.  phr.,  adj.,  and  n.,  formerly  allerti; 
sometimes  •svritten  a  I'ertc,  =  Sp.  alcrta  {alcrlo, 
adj.)  =  Pg.  alerta,  <  It.  all'  crta,  on  the  watch,  on 
the  lookout ;  stare  all'  erta,  be  on  one's  guard, 
lit.  stand  on  the  lookout:  alV  for  alia  lor  a 
la,  <  L.  ad  illam,  on  the ;  crta,  a  lookout,  also  a 
declivity,  a  slope,  a  steep,  fern,  of  erto,  raised 
aloft,  steep,  pp.  of  crijerc,  raise,  erect,  <  L.  cri- 
gere,  raise,  pp.  crcctus,  >E.  erect,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  1. 
Active  in  ^agilanco;  watchful;  vigilantly  at- 
tentive. 

Yet  ceaseless  still  she  tlu-ove,  alert,  alive. 
The  working  bee,  in  full  or  empty  hive. 

Crabbe,  I'arish  Register. 

Nothing  is  worth  reading  that  does  not  require  an  (|/«t^ 

mind.  C.  I).  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  l>.  i:>. 

2.  Moving  with  celerity;  brisk;  active;  nim- 
ble: as,  "an  alert  young  follow,"  Addi-imi, 
Spectator,  No.  4():i.  =  Syn.  1.  Heedful,  wary.— 2.  Live- 
ly, agile,  quick,  jironipt,  ready,  sjjry. 

II.  «.  [From  tlie  jihr.  on  the  alert,  a,  pleo- 
nastic E.  version  of  tlie  orig.  It.  phr.  alP  crta: 
see  I.]  An  attitude  of  vigilance;  walch; 
guard:  especially  in  tlie  phrase  ou  or  iipiiii  the 
alert,  upon  the  watdi ;  on  tlie  lookout;  giianliiig 
against  surprise  or  danger:  as,  "  the  readiiu^ss 
of  one  on  the  alert,"  Dickens. 

Ho  was  limtrurtcd  to  tiotlfy  his  officers  to  be  (»n  the 
alert  for  any  indications  of  battle. 

r.  .s'.  (irant,  I'ersoiuil  Memoirs,  I.  il-, 

alertly (ii-1'Tt'li),  adv.  In  analert  mannerj  wilh 
walchftil  vigilance;  nimbh-;  briskly;  actively. 

alertness  (a-16rt'ncs),  n.  The  state  or  iiualiiy 
of  IjcingaliTt;  liriskness;  nimblenesH;  activity. 

-ales.  [<  L.  -tllr.i,  pi.  of  -ali.'i,  a  coiiiiiirui  adj. 
HiiHlx :  see  -al.]  In  liiil.,a  pi nriil  tonni nation  dis- 
tiijgiiisliingthe  naiiieK  of  iMiljurls,  agradointer- 
nLi'dinti'  betwi-cn  class  and  order. 

ale-8cott,  ale-shott  (al'skoi,  nl'shot),  «.     [<. 

air  +  scot,    uImo   nhot,  ]iayinent:    see  Hcot  and 

■■•hill,  iiayment.]   A  reckoning  to  bo  paid  for  ale. 
alc»e.  ".'    See  nlr:e. 
alosilver   (al'sil'v^r),   n.      A  duty  anciently 

paid  lo  llie  lord  mayor  of  London  by  the  sellers 

of  ulo  williin  the  eily. 
ale-Rtakef  (lil'stak^,!!.     A  slake  liaving  a  gar- 

luiiil  or  liimli  of  twigs  at  the  toj)  of  it,  set  up  as 

a  Hign  before  an  ule-hoiiHe. 


aleurone 

A  garland  hadde  he  set  upon  his  heed 
As  gret  as  it  were  for  an  ale-atake. 

Chaucer,  Uen.  I'rol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  067. 

Also  called  ale-pole,  ale-post. 

ale-taster  (al'taster),  «.     Same  as  ale-comier. 

alethiologyCa-le-thi-oro-ji),  H.  [<Gr.  a?.T/Octa, 
truth  (ia/.rjtiijc,  true,  <  d-  priv.  +  '/MvOavciv,  'Aadclv, 
escape  notice,  be  concealed :  see  Lethe),  +  -Ao}ia, 
(.'/Jyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.]  A  term  used  by 
Sir  William  Hamilton  to  denote  that  part  of 
logic  which  treats  of  the  nature  of  truth  and 
error,  and  of  the  rules  for  their  discrimination. 

alethoscope  (a-le'tho-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/afiiiq, 
true  (see  alethiology),  +  ano-iJv,  view.]  An  op- 
tical instrument  by  means  of  which  pictures 
are  made  to  present  a  more  natural  and  life- 
like ajipearance. 

Aletornis  (al-e-tor'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d/lz/nzf, 
a  wanderer,  vagrant  (<  a/.aaBat,  wander,  stray ), 
+  opi'/f,  bird.]  A  genus  of  extinct  Tertiary 
birds  from  the  Eocene  of  Wyoming  Territory. 
Several  species  are  described  by  ilarsh,  who  places  them 
among  the  cranes  and  rails.  They  range  in  size  from  that 
of  a  woodcock  to  that  of  a  small  crane. 

Aletris  (al'e-tris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aAc-pi^,  a  (fe- 
male) grinder  of  corn,  <  a'Aerptieiv,  extended  from 
Q/'.rii',  grind.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 
Hemodoraccce,  natives  of  the  eastern  United 
States,  chiefly  from  New  Jersey  southward. 
The  twospecies,  l4./(in/jo.f«and.4.  rti^rca,  are  low,  smooth, 
stemless,  bitter  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  a  cluster  of  spread- 
ing, flat,  lance-shaped  leaves,  and  a  spiked  raceme  of  small 
wiiite  or  yellow  fiowers.  They  are  called  colic-root  from 
their  medicinal  reputation,  and  also  ajue-grags,  star-ffrass, 
hlaiiu'i-star,  etc. 

alette  (a-lef),  n.  [F.,  =  Sp.  aleta  =  It.  aletta, 
a  small  wing;  dim.  of  L.  ala,  wing:  see  aisle.] 

In  arch. :   (a)  A 


^ 


/^^ 


/ 


A,  arch;  B,  B,  pilasteis ;  C.  C,  alettes (f). 


small  wing  of  a 
building,  {b)  A 
pilaster  or  but^ 
tress.  ((■)  The 
lateral  face  of 
the  pier  of  an 
arch,  extending 
from  the  edge 
of  the  opening; 
especially,  that 
portion    of    the 


lateral  face  between  the  edge  of  the  opening 
and  a  semi-column,  pilaster,  or  the  like,  serving 
to  decorate  tlie  pier.     Also  spelled  allettc. 

Aleurites  (al-vi-ri'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  akevpi-iK, 
pertaining  to  ali-vpov,  meal,  esp.  wheatou  flour,  < 
a}.Eh>,  grind.]  A  genus  itf  plants,  natural  order 
ICuphorbiacew.  The  most  important  species,  A.  triloba 
(the  candlclicrry-trec),  a  tree  ;^0  to  40  feet  high,  is  a  native 
of  tlic  Miilncciis  aiui  some  of  the  Pacific  islands,  and  ist;ul- 
tiv;ited  in  trtipical  cuiuitrics  for  its  nuts,  which  abound  in 
oil,  aiul  when  dried  are  used  by  the  Polynesian  islanders 
as  a  substitute  for  candles,  wluncc  they  are  called  canitle- 
nut.t  or  candlcberr^es.  The  oil  expressed  from  the  kernels 
drit«  rapidly,  and  is  known  as  couiiti-y  walnut  or  artists* 
oil,  or  kekune-oil.  A.  eordala  is  the  Chinese  vartush-tree, 
and  the  ttil  from  its  seeds  is  used  in  China  in  painting. 

Aleurodes  (al-ii-ro'dez),  II.  [NL.,  <  (_ir.  aArvpi)- 
(h/r,  like  Hour,  <  a?.cvpov,  flour,  +  thhr,  form.] 
The  typii-;il  and  only  genus  of  the  family  Alcu- 
radidiv.     .\!s(>  written  Alci/rodcs. 

Aleurodidae  (al-u-rod'i-de),  h.  /)/.  [NL.,<  Aleu- 
rodes +  -idir.]  A  family  of  lieiiiipterotis  insects, 
of  the  suborder  riii/lajdithiria,  or  plant-lice,  re- 
lated to  the  apliids  and  scale-insects.  These  In- 
sects are  very  small  and  exeei'dingly  i>ro]illc;  they  have 
large  oval  clylia  and  wings,  held  nearly  horizontal  when 
in  repose :  the  head  is  small,  with  divided  eyes ;  the  an- 
tcniiie  are  short, (1-jointed,  wilh  the  rostrinn  'J-jointed  ;  and 
the  legs  are  short,  simple,  with  L'-jointcd  tarsi  provided 
with  2  daws.  There  are  about  2.'t  nominal  snecies  of  the 
single  geiuis  .ifeurotles.  A.  proletetla  rescnililcs  a  snuiU 
white  moth  with  a  dark  si)ot  t>n  each  wing-eovcr,  nmi  is 
f.nnid  "II  celandine,  eiililmge,  oak.  etc.  The  larva  is  small, 
tint,  mid  ovul  liko  a  iiiiiiiite  scale,  us  in  J'lti/tlitlir ;  the 
piijia  is  lived  and  inclosctl  in  an  envelop. 

aleuromancy  (a-lu'ro-man-si),  n.  [<  F.  aleu- 
riimniiric,  <.  iir.  Mevpn/tai'Ti'iov,  divination  from 


■al,  <  , 


meal,  +  /layuia,    divination.] 


A  method  (if  divination  by  meal  or  Hour,  jirac- 
liseil  by  tile  niicienls. 
aleurometer  (nl-n-r(im'(>-ter),  «.  [<0r.  (Ufiyioii, 
tliiur,  esp.  wlienten  flour,  + ///r/ior,  ineasiire.] 
An  instrument  invented  by  M.  lioland,  iibotil 
IHI!),  for  aseertaining  the  breail-niaking  (|iiali- 
lies  of  wlienten  ftour.  The  indications  depend  upon 
lliecxpunHloii  of  the  gluten  eoiitaiiii-il  in  ii  givi'iiiinitiility  of 
Hour  when  freed  el  its  starch  by  pnlveriratloii  and  npciited 
ua«Iiiiii;K  with  water. 

aleurone  (a-lu'ron),  «.  [<  Or.  AXcvpov,  fine  flour, 
+  -our.]  'I'he  minute  alliiiminoid  gnmnles 
(protein)  which  are  fiiiind,  in  ennneeliiiii  witli 
Htnreh  and  oily  matter,  in  Ihei'ndoKpenn  olriiii- 
Hceils  ami  the  cotyleilons  of  tlie  embryo.  It  is 
coiiHideri'd  an  inactive  resting  form  of  proto- 
plaHiii.     Also  ca!le(l^)r()fci)i-;/r(i««/<;/(. 


aleuronlc 

aleuronic  (al-u-ron'ik),  a.  [<  ulciirmie  +  -Jc] 
Pcrtiiiniug  to  or  of  the  nature  of  alourone. 

Aleutian,  Aleutic  (al-e-o'shi-an,  -tik),  a. 
[Named  from  tho  inhabitauts,  the  Aleuts,  Kuss. 
Aleutul.']  Appellative  of  or  portainiiig  to  a  group 
of  islands  (the  Aleutian  islands)  separating 
Bering  sea  from  tlie  northern  Paciiie,  nearly  or 
quite  coextensive  with  the  Catherine  archi- 
pelago, extending  from  near  the  southern  point 
of  Kamtehatka  to  the  peninsula  of  Alaska. 

ale-vat  (al'vat),  n.  [<  AS.  etUo-fwt  =  OS.  alo- 
fat:  see  ale  and  t'ui.]  A  vat  in  which  ale  is 
fermented. 

alevin  (al'e-viu),  n.  [<  F.  alevin,  prob.  for  *ale- 
vaiit,  <  OF.  alever,  I'ear,  <  L.  adlevare,  raise, 
<  ad,  to,  +  Icvare,  raise.  Cf.  alleve,  alleviate.^ 
The  young  of  any  fish;  especially,  a  yovmg 
salmonid  or  clupeid. 

alewt  (a-lii'),  n.  [Var.  of  halloo.']  Outcry; 
howling;  lamentation. 

Yet  did  she  not  lament  with  loude  alew, 

As  women  wont.  Spetiser,  F.  Q.,  V.  vi.  13. 

ale-washed  (al'wosht),  a.  Steeped  or  soaked 
in  ale. 

And  what  a  beard  of  the  general's  cut  .  .  .  will  do 
aninnp  foaming  bottles  and  ale-washed  wits,  is  wonder- 
ful to  be  thought  on.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  6. 

alewifel  (al'wif),  n. ;  pi.  alewives  (-wivz).  A 
woman  who  keeps  an  ale-house. 

Perhaps  he  will  swagger  and  hector,  and  threaten  to 
beat  and  butcher  an  ale-ivij'e.       Swijt,  Drapier's  Letters. 

alewife^  (al'wif),  n. ;  pi.  alewives  (-wivz).  [A 
particular  use  of  alewife^,  prob.  in  allusion  to 
their  corpulent  appearance  (see  quot.).  The 
form  aloofe,  recorded  in  1678,  is  said  to  be  the 
Indian  name  of  the  fish  ;  but  it  is  prob.  an  error 
for  alewife.}    1 .  A  North  American  fish,  Chqiea 


Alewife  {Ctttpea  vernatis). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

vernalis,  from  8  to  10  inches  long,  resembling 
a  small  shad,  but  much  inferior  to  it  as  food. 
It  is  taken  in  large  numbers  with  that  fish. 
Consorting  Herrings  and  the  bony  Shad, 
Big-bellied  Alewives,  Macrils  richly  clad 
With  Rain-bow  colours,  the  Frost-fish  and  the  Smelt, 
As  good  as  ever  Lady  Gustiis  felt. 
S.  Clarke,  Four  (Ihief  Plantations  in  America  (1670). 

2.  A  name  given  at  Bermuda  to  the  round 
pompano,  Trachynotus  ovatus.    See  pompa»o. — 

3.  A  local  English  name  of  the  allice-shad. 
alexanders  (al-eg-zan'derz),  11.     [Also  written 

alisaiuler,  allisandei;  alisaunder,  <  ME.  alisaun- 
dre,  <  OF.  alisaundre,  alisandre ;  but  in  AS. 
alexaiuiric,  alexandre,  from  the  ML.  name  Petro- 
seliiiiim  Alexandrinum,  i.  e.,  Alexandrine  pars- 
ley, equiv.  to  P.  Macedonicum,  i.  e.,  Macedonian 
parsley.]  1.  The  English  name  of  an  umbellif- 
erous plant,  Smi/niium  Olusatrum.  Of  all  the  um- 
bellifers  used  as  vegetables,  this  was  one  of  the  commonest 
in  gardens  for  nearly  fifteen  centuries,  but  it  Is  now  aban- 
doned. The  history  of  its  use  can  be  traced  from  begin- 
ning to  end.  Theoplirastus  mentions  it  as  a  medicinal 
plant,  under  the  name  hipposelinon  (horse-parsley),  but 
three  centuries  Liter  Uioscorides  says  that  either  the  root 
or  the  leaves  might  be  eaten,  which  implies  cultivation. 
In  Latin  (Pliny,  Columella,  etc.)  it  was  called  hohis  atrum, 
later  olasatrum,  and  corruptly  olisatrum.  Charlemagne 
commanded  it  to  be  sown  in  his  farms.  The  Italians  made 
great  use  of  it,  under  the  name  macerone.  At  the  end  of 
the  eighteenth  century  the  tradition  existed  in  England 
that  it  had  been  formerly  cultivated ;  later  English  and 
French  horticulturists  do  not  mention  it.  De  Cnndolle. 
2.  In  North  America,  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  plant  Tliasiiiuiii  aurcum. 
Alexandrian  (al-cg-zan'dri-an),  a.  [<  L.  Alex- 
andria, classical  form  Alexandrea,  <  Gr.  '\7ie^dv- 
dptia,  name  of  the  Egyptian  city  founded  by 
Alexander  the  Great,  <.'A>.iiav6pog,  L.  Alexander, 
a  man's  name,  prop,  adj.,  'defending  men,'  < 
a?^ieiv,  ward  off,  defend,  -i-  avi'/p  (iw6p-),  man.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  Alexandria,  an  important  city 
of  Egypt,  foimdod  by  Alexander  the  Great  in 
332  B.  c— 2.  Pertaining  to  Alexander  the  Great. 
—Alexandrian  Codex  <'''"/''.c  Alexandrimiit),  an  impor- 
tant nianus.Miiit..f  tin.- Scriptures,  senttoCharlesI.  of  Eng- 
land l>y  the  Patriarch  of  Constantinople,  now  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum.  It  is  \vritten  in  Greek  uncials  on  parch- 
ment, and  contains  the  Septuagint  version  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment complete,  except  parts  of  the  Psalms,  and  almost  all 
the  New  Testament.  It  is  assigned  to  the  fifth  centurj. 
—Alexandrian  Library,  a  celebrated  library  at  Alex. 
ftndria  in  Egypt,  founded  by  Ptolemy  .Soter  and  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus  io-.i3-*247  B.  c),  and  destroyed  about  47  B.  0, 


137 

A  second  or  8upi>]einentai'y  libraiy  in  tho  Seiapeum  at 
Alcxaniliia  wan  entir-ely  destroyed  by  a  niohof  fanatics  un- 
der the  I'atriarcli  Theophilus  A.  n.  :v.i\ ;  a  popular  account, 
howcvci',  ;issigiis  its  destruction  Ut  the  Arabs  in  041. — 
Alexandrian  school,  (a)  A  school  of  literature,  science, 
and  iiliilusitpliy  llimrishiiH;  at  Alexandria  under  tlie  Ptole- 
mies dui-iiig  tlic  three  centuries  preceding  tlie  Christian 
era,  and  continuing  under  the  Roman  empire,  especially 
as  a  pliil(»sopbicaI  scliool  in  whicli  IS'coplatonLsm  was 
the  most  important  clcnu-nt,  dmvti  to  the  final  extinction 
of  paganism  in  tlie  fifth  century  after  Clirist.  (b)  A 
schocd  of  chri.stian  pliilosr)pliy  and  theology  at  Alex- 
andna  during  the  first  five  centuries;  especially,  the  cate- 
chetical .scliool  of  Alexandria,  existing  in  that  city  from 
the  earliest  times  of  Christianity  down  to  about  A.  1>.  400, 
for  the  purpose  of  instruction  in  the  Christian  faith, 
and  distinguislied  for  the  high  attainments  of  its  instruc- 
tors iu  pagan  as  well  as  in  Christian  philosophy  and  liter- 
ature. Among  its  most  famous  directors  were  St.  Clement 
and  Origen.  This  school  was  remarkable  for  its  attempt 
to  accommodate  Greek  pliilosojihy  to  Christianity  and  to 
make  use  of  it  in  Christian  teaching,  thus  antagonizing 
Judaizing  views,  according  to  wliich  there  was  and  could 
be  nothing  in  common  lictween  the  two.  In  some  of  its 
forais  it  tended  on  the  one  extreme  to  a  philosophic  ration- 
alism, on  the  other  to  an  idealizing  mysticism.  Alexandria 
continued  to  be  the  most  important  center  of  Christian 
theology  down  to  the  time  of  the  Council  of  Chalcedon, 
A.  D.  451. 

Alexandrianism  (al-eg-zan'dri-an-izm),  n. 
The  teachings  of  the  Alexandrian  school  of 
theology,  especially  in  its  distinctive  character- 
istics. See  Alexandrian.  Also  written  Alexan- 
drinism. 

Alexandrine  (al-eg-zan'drin),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Alexandrinus,  i  Alexandria:  see  Alexandrian.] 
I.  a.  Same  as  Alexandrian,  1. 

For  some  time  a  steady  advance  of  science  appeared  to 
be  insured  by  the  laliors  of  the  Alexandrine  school. 

Pup.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  2C3. 
Alexandrine  liturgy,  the  liturgy  of  St.  Mark.  See 
iifun/j/.— Alexandrine  mosaic,  or  opus  Alexandri- 
num, a  kind  of  rich  mosaic  in  which  are  used  red  and 
green  porphyries,  precious  marbles,  enamels,  and  other 
costly  and  brilliant  materials.  It  has  its  name  from  the 
Emperor  Alexander  Severus  (A.  D.  222-236),  and  was  used 
for  friezes,  panels,  etc.,  under  the  later  Koman  empire. 

II.  11.  [<F.  alexandrin:  so  called,  it  is  said, 
from  Alexandre  Paris,  an  old  French  poet,  or 
from  poems  written  by  him  and  others  in  this 
meter  on  the  life  of  Alexander  the  Great.]  In 
pros.,  an  iambic  hexapody,  or  series  of  six  iam- 
bic feet.  French  Alexandrines  are  written  in  couplets, 
alternately  acatalectic  with  masculine  rimes  and  hyper- 
catalectic  with  feminine  rimes.  French  tragedies  are  gen- 
erally composed  in  Alexandrines.  The  cesura  occiu-s  at 
the  end  of  the  third  foot.  The  second  line  of  the  foUow- 
ing  extract  is  an  example : 
A  needless  Alexandrine  ends  the  song. 
That,  like  a  wounded  snake,  drags  its  slow  length  along. 
Pvpe,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  356. 

Alexandrinism  (al-eg-zan'drin-izm),  n.  Same 
as  Alexandrianism. 

alexandrite  (al-eg-zan'drit),  «.  [<  L.  Alexan- 
der (Jfcx««rfcr  II.,  Emperor  of  Kussia)  +  -ite'^.'] 
A  variety  of  chrysoberyl  found  in  the  roica  slate 
of  the  Ural  mountains. 

alexia  (a-lek'si-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
/-£f((;,  a  speaking  (or  reading),  <  'Aiyeiv,  speak, 
read.]  Inability  to  read,  as  the  result  of  a 
morbid  or  diseased  condition  of  nervous  cen- 
ters not  involving  loss  of  sight ;  word-blindness ; 
text-blindness. 

alexipharmact,  alexipharmacalt,  a.  See  alexi- 

pharmic,  alcxipharmical. 
alexipharmacumt  (a-lek-si-far'ma-kum),  n. 
[NL.,  <  L.  alcxipliarviacon :  see  alexipharmic] 
See  alexipharmic. 

He  calls  steel  the  proper  alexipharmacum  of  this  mal- 
ady. Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel,,  p.  417. 

alexipharmic  (a-lek-si-f ilr'mik),  a.  and  n.  [The 
final  syllable,  prop,  -ac,  has  been  conformed  to 
the  common  suffix  -ic.  NL.  alexipliarmacum ,  L. 
alexipkarmacon,  n. ;  <  Gr.  a'Ae^Kpapfianoq,  ward- 
ing off  poison,  acting  as  an  antidote  against  it, 
antidotal;  neuter  as  noun,  a?.c^i<papfiaKov  (L. 
alexipkarmacon),  an  antidote,  remedy,  <  a2.c^eiv, 
ward  off,  +  (papfiaaov,  a  poison,  drug,  remedy: 
sec  pharynacon,  pliarmacy,  etc.]  I.  a.  1.  Act- 
ing as  a  means  of  warding  off  disease ;  acting 
as  a  remedy;  prophylactic. —  2.  Having  the 
power  of  warding  off  the  effects  of  poison  taken 
inwardly;  antidotal. 

Some  antidotal  quality  it  [the  unicorn's  horn]  may  have, 
.  .  .  since  not  only  the  bone  in  the  hart,  but  the  horn  of  a 
deer  is  alexipharinick.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

II.  n.  An  antidote  to  poison  or  infection, 
especially  an  internal  antidote. 

Finding  his  strength  every  day  less,  he  was  at  last  ter- 
rified, and  called  for  help  upon  the  sages  of  physic  ;  they 
filled  his  apartineuts  with  aiexipharmics,  restoratives,  and 
essential  virtues.  John.'^'on,  Rambler,  No.  120. 

alexipharmical  (a-lek-si-far'mi-kal),  a.  Same 
as  alexiplidrntic. 

alexipyretic  (a-lek"si-pi-ret'ik),  a.  and  «.  [< 
Gr.  aXtitii',  ward  off,  +  -vperdg,  fever :  see 
pyretic]     In  med.,  same  a,s  febrifuge. 


1,  Ale-yard. 

2,  Tricky  Alc-yanL 


alfin 

alexiteric  (a-lek-si-ter'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  GJr. 
a/.t^j/Tijpmr,  fit  or  able  to  keep  off  or  defend; 
neut.  (lAe^rjTr/piov  (sc.  (fiapfiaKov, 
drug),  a  remedy,  medicine  ;  < 
oke^ifT-rip,  one  who  keeps  off  or 
defends,  <  aht^tiv,  keep  off,  de- 
fend. Cf.  alexipharmic.]  I.  a. 
Resisting  extcmal  poison ;  ob- 
viating the  effects  of  venom. 

II.  n.  An  antidote  to  poison 
or  infection,  especially  an  ex- 
ternal a|iplication. 

alexiterical  (a-lek-si-tcr'i- 
kal),  (/.     .Same  as  alexiteric. 

ale-yard  (al'yiird),  n.  [<  aU 
+  yard^.]  1.  A  glass  vessel 
used  as  a  measure  of  capacity 
as  well  as  a  ilrinking-glass, 
shaped  like  a  much  elongated 
wine-glass,  formerly  in  use 
in  England. —  2.  A  glass  ves- 
sel having  the  shape  of  an  elongated  cone,  the 
small  end  communicating  with  a  hollow  ball. 
On  drinking  from  it,  as  soon  as  the  air  reaches  the  inside 
of  the  ball  all  the  liquid  contained  in  it  spurts  out  sud- 
denly.    Sometimes  called  tricky  ale-yard. 

Aleyrodes,  «.     Same  as  Alcurodes. 

aleze,  alese  (a-laz'),  «.  [<  F.  aleze,  formerly 
alesc,  alaise,  appar.  <  a  I'aise,  at  ease :  a,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  at;  le,  the;  aise,  >  E.  ease,  q.  v.  The  spell- 
ing ale::e  may  be  in  simulation  of  U,  breadth, 
as  if  a  'spread.']  A  cloth  folded  several  times 
in  order  to  protect  a  bed  from  discharges  of 
blood,  etc. 

alfa  (al'fa),  n.  A  name  in  northern  Africa  for 
varieties  of  esparto-grass,  Stipa  tenacissima  and 
<S'.  arenaria,  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper. 
Also  written  lialfa. 

alfa-grass  (al'fa-gras),  re.     Same  as  alfa. 

alfalfa  (al-farfa),  n.  [Sp.,  formerly  alfalfez, 
said  to  be  fi'om  Ar.  al-fagfagah,  the  best  sort  of 
fodder.]  The  Spanish  name  of  lucerne,  Medi- 
cago  sativa,  and  the  common  name  under  which 
the  chief  varieties  of  lucerne  are  known  in  the 
western  United  States. 

alfaqui  (al-fa-ke'),  n.  [Sp.,  <  Ar.  al-faqih,  <  al, 
the,  -I-  faqih,  a  doctor  in  theology;  cf.  fiqh, 
theological  learning,  <  faqiha,he  wise.]  A  doc- 
tor learned  in  Mussulman  law;  a  Mohammedan 
jjriest. 

A  successful  inroad  into  the  country  of  the  unbelievers, 
said  he,  will  make  more  converts  to  my  cause  than  a  thou- 
sand texts  of  the  Koran,  expounded  by  ten  thousand  alfa- 
quis. Jrvintj,  Granada,  p.  154. 

No  sooner  had  the  sovereigns  left  the  city,  than  Simenes 
invited  some  of  the  leading  alfaquies,  or  Mussulman  doc- 
tors, to  a  conference,  in  which  he  expoimded,  with  all  the 
eloquence  at  his  command,  the  true  foundations  of  the 
Christian  faith,  and  the  errors  of  their  own. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  it  6. 

alfenid,  alfenide  (al'fe-nid,  -nid  or  -nid),  n. 
[Perhaps  <  Sp.  alfen(ique),  a  sugar-paste  (verb 
alfcH-icar,  ice  with  sugar),  +  -id,  -ide :  see  al- 
pltcnic]  Nickel-silver,  thickly  electroplated 
with  pure  silver. 
alferest  (al-fer'es),  n.  [Also  written a//eeres,  al- 
ferez,  alfarez,  alfaras,  <  Sp.  alferez,  OSp.  Pg. 
alfercs,  ensign,  <  Ar.  al-fdris,  <  al,  the,  +  fdris, 
horseman,  knight,  (.faras,  horse.]  A  standard- 
bearer  ;  an  ensign ;  a  comet.  This  t«rm  was  in  use 
in  England  some  time  before  and  during  the  civil  wars  of 
Charles  I. 

Commended  to  me  from  some  noble  friends 

For  my  al/eres.  Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  i.  1. 

alfet  (al'fet),  n.  [<  ML.  alfetuin  (as  defined  be- 
low), <  AS.  dlfict,  wlftct,  a  pot  to  boil  in,  <  al, 
ail,  fire  (see  anneal'^-),  +  fwt,  a  vessel:  see  vat.] 
In  early  Eng.  hist.,  a  vessel  of  boiling  water  into 
which  an  accused  person  plunged  his  arm  as  a, 
test  of  his  innocence. 

alflleria  (al-fi-le'ri-a),  71.     Same  as  alfilerilla. 

alfilerilla  (al'fi-le-re'ii),  n.  [Amer.  Sp.,  also 
alfilcria,  alfilaria  :  so  called  from  the  shape  of 
the  camels;  <  Sp.  aljiler,  also  alfilel,  Pg.  alfinete, 
a  pin,  <  Ar.  al-lch  ill,  a  wooden  pin  used  for  fas- 
tening garments  (Freytag),  a  pin.]  A  name 
in  California  for  a  European  species  of  Ero- 
dium,  E.  ciciitarium,  which  has  become  very 
widely  natm'alized.  it  is  a  low  herb,  but  a  valuable 
forage-plant.  Its  carpels  have  a  sharp  point  and  a  long 
twisted  beak,  by  the  action  of  which,  under  the  influence 
of  the  moisture  of  the  air,  the  seed  is  buried  in  the  soil. 
Other  names  for  it  are  pin-clover  and  pin-fjrass. 

alfinf  (al'fin),  n.  [<  late  ME.  alfyn,  alphyn, 
aufyn,  etc.,  <  OF.  alfin,  Uke  ML. ' alphinus.  It. 
alfino,  alfido,  alfiere,  alficro,  <  Sp.  alfil,  arfil  = 
Pg.  alfil,  alfir,  <  Ar.  al-jV,  the  elephant,  <  al,  the, 
+  fil,  <  Pers.  Hind,  fil,  Skt.  pilu,  elephant,  this 

Eiece  having  had  orig.  the  form  of  an  elephant.] 
1  cJiess,  a  name  of  the  bishop. 


alfiona 

alfiona,  alfione  (al-fi-d'nii,  al'fi-6n),  ji.  [Mex. 
Sp.]  An  embiotoeoid  fiso,  Hhacochilus  toxotes, 
■vritli  small  scales,  nniserial  and  jaw  teeth,  and 


Alfiona  [Rhaeockiius  texcUs). 
(Pram  Report  of  U.  S.  Ftsb  Commission,  1884.) 

lip  free  and  deeply  cut  along  its  margin,  it  is 
the  largest  as  well  as  the  most  valuable  food-flsh  of  the 
aurf-flsh  family,  Emt/ioto<:id(K.  and  is  commun  aloug  the 
Califoniian  coast,  where  it  is  also  called  itprat  and  perch. 
al  fresco  (al  fres'ko).  [It.,  lit.  in  the  eool 
air:  al  for  a  il  (<  li.'ad  ilium),  in  the;  fresco, 
eool  or  fresh  air.  <  fresco,  cool,  fresh,  <  OHG, 
fhsc  =  E.  fresh :  see  fresh,  fresco.']  In  the 
open  air;  out  of  doors:  as,  to  dine  alfresco. 

Much  of  the  gayety  and  brightness  of  al-fresco  life. 

The  Cenliiru,  XXVII.  190. 

Such  al/reMo  suppers  the  country- -gentlemen  of  Italy  ate 
in  the  fliVt  century  of  our  era ;    D.  0.  Milchetl,  Wet  Days. 

Alfor  (al-for'),  H.  [<  D.  Alfoer,  Pg.  Alfiiros,  pi., 
said  to  be  <  Ar.  al,  the,  +  Pg.  fora  (=  It.  fora, 
fwira,  fuori),  outside  (see  foris-);  the  other 
form.s,  Jrafuras,  Haraforas,  are,  then,  varia- 
tiims.]     .Same  as  Alfurc.sc,  n.  sing. 

Alfnrese  (al-fo-res'  br-rez'),  n.  and  a.  [See-4/- 
/•"■•]  I.  «•  1.  sing.  OT  pi.  A  member,  or  the 
members  collectively,  of  the  race  of  Alfuros  or 
Alftirs  (aLso  called  Arafuras,  Haraforas,  etc.), 
a  group  of  wild  and  savage  tribes  inhabiting 
Celebes  and  other  islands  of  the  Indian  archi- 
pelago, ethnologically  intermediate  between 
the  Malays  and  Papuans  or  Negritos. 

The  Alfurexe  are  totally  distinct  from  the  brown  Malay 
and  bUck  Negrito;  they  are  wild,  savage.  Pagan  liead- 
hunters.  R.  X.  Cujt,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  147. 

2.  The  language  spoken  by  the  Alfuros  or  Al- 
furs. 

H.  or.  Pertaining  to  the  Alfuros  or  Alfurs, 
or  to  their  language. 
Alfuro  (al-fo'ro),  n.     Same  as  Alfurese,  n.  sing. 
alg.     An  abbreriation  of  algebra. 
alga  Ul'gU),  71.;  pi.  algw  (-.je).     [L.,  seaweed.] 

A  '  ryptogam  of  the  class  of  Alg<F. 
AlgS  (al'je),  n.  ;;/.     [L.,  \>l.  oi  nlga :  seealga.'i 
A  division  of  thallogenous  chlorophyllous  cryp- 
togams  found  for 
the   most  part   in 
the  sea  (seaweeds) 
or  in  fresh  water, 
'rhey  are  wholly  cellu- 
lar, though  varying  ex- 
ceedingly in  form  and 
size,  from  a  single  mi- 
croscopic or  sometimes 
large    and     branching 
cell,  a  shapeless,  jelly- 
lil(e     mass,     or     mere 
string  of  articulations, 
to   forms  with   trunk- 
like  stents  and    mem- 
branous laminic  many 
feet  In  length.     Nour- 
ishment Is  absorbed  by 
the  surface  of  the  plant, 
never    through    roots. 
The  mode  of  jiropaga- 
dlffcrcnt  orders.     In  niauyijo 
ices  have  been  fllscovered,  ami 
liV  IneauB  of  cell-ilivision  or  bv 
•        .-  .    i.-.r.v).    In  the  liliiheBt 
■  "ru''irih(atilb(  rjilia 
I  bv   l.liiriii-us  and 
'     I  111  also  the 
I       I  ■  V  th";  Alqfr 

I   .■bb.fly  by 
■      •!,.  red 

■ '  ent 

.  .,■„,.■»  .,1 

i  1I.  In  ubicb 

•d  ri-lnli.,11- 

'  'I, ■  f  are 

•      1     ,  .   y,.t 


,  Spore ;  6, 
r,  vcrllciii 
•tmium  (ixti- 
Uchldium:  A. 


13S 

bromine  are  products  of  various  species.   Seaweeds  are  also 
valuable  a^  fei'tilizers. 

algal  (al'gal).  «.  and  n.     [<  L.  alga  +  -a?.]     I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Alga:;  having  the 
nature  of  algie. 
II.  H.  One  of  the -Ji.'/n;  (which  see). 

algaroba,  «.     See  alga'rroba. 

algarot,  algaroth  (al'ga-rot,  -roth),  n.  [<  P. 
aUiaroth,  from  the  name  of  the  inventor,  Alga- 
rotti,  an  Italian  scholar  of  Venice  (1712-64).] 
A  violently  purgative  and  emetic  white  powder, 
which  falls  when  ehlorid  of  antimony  is  dropped 
into  water.  It  is  a  compound  of  ehlorid  and  oxid 
of  antimony. 

algarovilla(al'ga-r6-vil'a),  n.  Seealgarrohilla. 

algarroba  (al-ga-ro'bii),  n.  [Sp.,  <  Ar.  al-khnr- 
rubdli,  the  earoh:  see  fl/-2  and  raroft.]  1.  The 
Spanish  name  of  the  carob-tree,  CcratoniaSili- 
qua.  See  Ceralonia. —  2.  In  America,  a  name 
given  to  the  honey-mesquit,  Prosopis  juliflora, 
anAioihe Hymemva  Courbaril. — 3.  A  substance 
resembling  catechu  in  appearance  and  proper- 
ties, obtained  from  the  La  Plata,  and  containing 
tannin  mixed  'with  a  deep-brown  coloring  mat- 
ter. Crool'S,  Handbook  of  Dyeing  and  Calico 
Printing,  p.  509 — Algarroba  bean.  See  beani. 
Also  spelled  algaroba. 

algarrobilla  (ar  ga-ro-bil'a),  n.  [S.  Amer.  Sp., 
dun.  of  Sp.  algarroba :  see  above.]  The  astrin- 
gent resinous  husks  and  seeds  of  several  legu- 
minous trees  or  shrubs  of  South  jijuerica,  which 
are  an  article  of  commerce  for  their  value  in 
tanning  and  dyeing,  in  Brazil  and  tropical  America 
they  are  the  produce  chiefly  of  Pitkecololnittn  I'lirfi/nlium 
(Int/aMartha'  of  some  authors).  In  Chili  and  on  Ilie  west- 
ern coast  they  are  obtained  from  CreMilpinin  {liiitsanm- 
carpuni)  brevi/otia  and  Prompts  julijiora.  Also  written 
oliiarovilla. 

algate,  algates  (al'gat,  al'gats),  adv.  [<  WE. 
algalc,  allcgatc,  allc  gate  (al^jates  occurs  in  Chau- 
cer), <  al,  all,  +  gate,  a  way :  see  gate-  and  gait. 
Cf.  ahcay,  alwaijs.'\  1.  In  every  direction; 
everj-^vliere ;  always ;  vmder  all  circumstances. 
[Obsolete  except  in  the  Scotch  form  a'  gate  or 
a'  gatcs.'\ 

Alijates  he  that  hath  with  love  to  done, 
Hath  ofter  wo  than  clianged  ys  the  mone. 

Chauet^r,  Complaint  of  Mars,  1.  234. 
2.  In  every  respect ;  altogether;  entirely.    [Ob- 
solete and  north.  Eng.  provincial.] 
Una  now  lie  al(iatcs  must  foregoe. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  11.  i.  2. 

3t.  In  any  way ;  at  all. 

Fayrer  then  herselfe,  if  ought  alrrair 
Slight  fayrer  be.  Spoiiser,  h'.  Q.,  III.  viii.  0. 

4t.  By  all  means ;  on  any  terms ;  at  any  rate. 
As  yow  lyst  yc  niaken  liertcs  digue ; 
Alrjatfs  hem  that  ye  wole  sette  a  fyre, 
Thei  dreden  shame  and  vices  tllei  resiglie. 

Chancer,  I'roilus,  iii,  24. 
And  therefore  would  1  should  be  alijates  slain  ; 
For  while  I  live  his  life  is  in  suspense. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  iv.  00. 

5t.  Notwithstanding;  nevertheless. 

A  maner  latin  corrupt  was  hir  specho. 
Hut  alifatcs  ther-by  was  she  understondc. 

Chaacer,  Man  of  Laws  Tale,  1.  V2-2. 

algazel  (al-ga-zel'),  n.  [An  early  form  of  ;/<;.-(/, 
altcr.Ar.  iil-ghazut :  sce^/a^e?.]- Anameforiiicily 
a])plied  to  one,  and  probably  to  several,  of  ( ho 
ruminant  quadrupeds  of  eastern  Africa,  etc., 
now  known  as  gazels  and  antelopes,  it  Is  vari 
ously  identillcd,  some  making  it  out  to  be  the  common 
gazel  of  Kgypt,  etc.,  Aniilopc  ttoreas  or  Dorcait  ijnzrUn  : 
others,  the  sasin  or  cnnimon  antelope,  A  nUtupr  Itcinnrlicn, 
a  very  dilferent  animal.  It  is  more  probably  the  llrst. 
named  species,  or  (Uic  closely  resembling  It. 

Algebar  (nl'.ii'-biir),   «.     [Said  to   be  <  Ar.  al. 

I  he-,  -I-  gibar  (Syr.  (/r;/;oro),  giant.]     An  Araliic 

and  poetical  naino  of  the  constellation  Orion. 

Kcgirt  with  many  a  blazing  st4ir 

St4tod  the  great  giant  Al(]rhar, 

Orion,  hunter  of  the  bcniit ! 

Loihihiliiw,  Occult,  of  Orion. 

algebra  (arje-l)rii),  ji.  [Early  mod.  E.  nlgilnr, 
<  F.  atgibrc  (now  algrbre) ;  the  ])reH<'iit  10.  fi>nn. 
like  I).  G.  Sw.  Dan.  algebra,  Kuhs.  algebra,  I'<il. 
ntgiebra,  eft'.,  follows  il.  I'r.  Sp.  I'e..  algibra,  < 
.Ml,,  algebra,  iHiiie-sclliiig,  nlgi'lira,  <  Ar.  al- 
Jabr,  iil-ji-br  (>  J'crs.  al-Jabr),  tlie  rcdinlegriiliini 
or  reunion  of  brokr'ii  jiarls,  setting  lioiieH,  ro- 
duciiig  fraetioUH  to  intcgrTS,  hence  'ilm  al-jahr 
irii'l  niiKidbalali,  i.  o.,  'the  Hcienceof  redintegra- 
ii'>ii  mill  equation  (compariNon),'  algebra  (> 
iN-rs.  iil-jabr  ira'l  niuiiiibalah,  llin<l.  jabr  o  nimid- 
biibi,  iilgcbru) :  'ilm,  'ntni,  .s<'iiMco,  <  'aid  ma,  know 
i'f.  iitim,  alim,  atmiib);  al,  tlio;  jabr,  rcdiiitc- 
U'nitioii,  coiiHolidiil  ion,  </((/»;  r(/,ri'<liii  I  I'grate.ri'- 
uiillc,  conHolidiite  (=  I  li'li.  gnbar,  make  strong) ; 
"".  aijd;  '/  for  al,  llii>;  mni/ababih.  coMipurisiiii, 
I'ollntioii,  <  i/iibala,  ciuifrout,  compare,  collulo: 
nee  cabala.     The  full   Ai.   nuiuu   is  roUucted 


Algerine 

in  ML.  "htdus  algebra'  almucgrabaliegue"  (13th 
century),  and  in  early  mod.  E.  "  algicbar  and 
almachabel"  (Dee,  Math.  Prrof.,  G,  a.  d.  1570), 
and  the  second  part  in  ML.  almucabala,  almaca- 
bala,  algebra.]  1.  Formal  mathematics;  the 
analysis  of  equations ;  the  art  of  reasoning 
about  relations,  more  especially  quantitative 
relations,  V)y  the  aid  of  a  compact  and  highly 
systematized  notation,  in  ordinary  algebra  the  re- 
lations between  (juantities  are  expressed  iiy  signs  of  equal- 
ity, addition,  subtraction,  multiplication,  etc.  (  =  ,  +,  —, 
X),  or  by  the  position  of  the  quantities  (as  xi/  for  x  x  y, 
and  x»  for  x  to  the  r/  power),  ami  tlie  tiuantitics  themselves 
are  denoted  by  letters.  Quantities  whose  values  are  un- 
known or  are  assumed  to  be  variable  are  denoted  by  the 
last  letters  of  the  alphabet,  as  x,  y,  z;  known  or  constant 
quantities  by  a,  b,  c,  etc. ;  and  problems  are  solved  by  ex- 
pressing all  the  data  in  the  form  of  equations,  and  then 
transforming  these  according  to  certain  rules.  The  con- 
ceptions of  negative  and  imaginary  quantities  (see  nega- 
tive and  iiiiai/i.iarii)  are  employed.  The  term  higher  alge- 
bra usually  means  the  theory  of  invariants.  See  inrari- 
ant.  Multiple  algebra,  or  n-way  algebra,  introduces  the 
conception  of  units  of  ditferent  denominations,  wliich  can, 
however,  be  multiplied  together.  Each  such  system  has  a 
multiplication  table  characterizing  it. 

2.  Any  special  system  of  notation  adapted  to 
the  study  of  a  special  system  of  relationship: 
as,  ''  it  is  an  algebra  upon  an  algebra,"  Sylvester. 
— 3.  A  treatise  on  algebra. 

Its  abbreviation  is  nig. 
Boollau  algebra,  a  logical  algebra,  invented  by  the  Eng- 
lish nKillu'Miatician  George  Boole  (lSlo-64),  forthe  solution 
of  prtilileiiis  in  ordinary  logic.  It  has  also  a  connection 
with  the  tlieoiy  of  probabilities. —Logical  algebra,  an 
algebra  which  considers  particularly  ii< >n  quantitative  rela- 
tions.—Nilpotent  algebra,  an  algebra  ill  which  every  ex- 
pression is  nilpotent  (which  see).  — Pure  algebra,  an  alge- 
lira  in  which  every  unit  is  connected  with  every  other  by 
a  definite  relation. 

algebraic  (al-je-bra'ik),  a.  {_<  algebra  + -ic ; 
prop,  'iilgcbric  =  F.  algebriqiie,  <  NL.  "algebri- 
fH4'.]  1.  Pertaining  to  algebra. — 2.  Involving 
no  operations  except  addition,  subtraction,  mul- 
tiplication, di\-ision,  and  the  raising  of  quan- 
tities to  powers  whoso  exponents  are  commen- 
surable quantities  :  as,  an  algebraic  equation  or 
expression. —  3.  Relating  to  the  system  of  quan- 
tity which  extends  indelinitely  below  as  well  as 

above  zero — Algebraic  curve.  Scecio-ic- Algebraic 
equation,  an  equation  in  which  the  unknown  quantities 
or  varialiles  are  subjected  to  no  other  operations  than  those 
enumci-atcd  in  lictinition  2,  above  :  as,  x^  ?/^  -^  axl  ~  (>. 
—Algebraic  form.  See/orw.— Algebraic  function,  a 
function  wboje  connection  with  its  variable  is  expressed 
by  ail  algebraic  equation.  Thus,  a:  andy,  as  defined  by  the 
alHivc  cqiiati'iu,  arc  algebraic  functions  of  one  another. — 
Algebraic  geometry,  a  name  given  to  the  application  of 
algebra  to  the  solution  of  geonieti-ical  problems.  -  Alge- 
braic Sign,  the  sign  -)-  or—  wbi.  h  has  to  lie  attached  to  a 
real  number  to  llx  its  value  in  algebra.— Algebraic  space, 
a  space  in  which  the  position  ol  a  point  may  be  uniquely 
defined  by  a  set  of  values  of  periodic  algebraic  integrals, 
without  exceiitions  which  form  part  of  the  space.— Alge- 
braic sum,  the  sum  of  several  quantities  whose  algeliraic 
signs  have  been  taken  into  accotnit  in  adding  them:  as, 
t]iv  algebraic  mm  vi  +4  and  —2  is  j  2. 

algebraical  (al-.je-bra'i-kal),  a.  1.  Same  as 
algihniie.—  2.  Kostqiibliiig  algebra;  relating  to 
algebra. 

algebraically  (al-.je-bra'i-kal-i ),(!*'.  By  means 
ofiilgi'lirn,  or  of  algebraic  processes;  inaualge- 
braio  milliner;  as  regards  algebra. 

algebraist  (al'je-brii-ist),  II.  [(.algebra  +  -ist ; 
jiro]).  'atgrbrist  =  F.  (ilgebri.'<te  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  algc- 
brista,  <  NL.  algebrixta.'}  Oik-  wlio  is  ver.sed  in 
the  sciciico  ot  algebra.     Also  algvbri.it. 

algebraize  (arji-bra-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
(iTg( briii~i(l,  p]>r.  algebraizing.    [<  algebra  +  -icc; 

Slop. '<ilgebri:e.']     To  perform  by  algebra ;  re- 
ucG  to  algebraic  form. 

algebrist  (ur.ie-brist),  n.     Same  as  algebraist. 

algedo  (nl-.ic'ilo),  H.  [NL.,<  Or. «/}  ;/iS<.jf,  a  sense 
of  pniii,  luiiii,  sulTering,  <  li/j  nv,  feel  bodily  pain, 
sutler.]  In  palliol.,  violent  pain  jibot'tt  the 
urellini,  lostes,  bhiildei',  perineum,  and  anus, 
caiiseil  by  sudden  stop]mgiM)f  severe  gonorrhea. 

algefacient   {al-.ie-fi"i'sliic'n1 ),  a.     [<  L.  algere, 

' "Ill,  +  facieii{t-)s,  pjir.  of  facere,  niiiko.] 

Mukiiig  cool;  pooling. 

Algerian  (al-je'ri-an),  a.  anil  ii.  [=  F.  .Ilg^ 
cicH, <  Algeria  (F.  Algcrii),  the  jiroviin'e,  Algiers 
( F.  .//<;«;•  =  Sp.  .•(rr;r</  =  It.  Algeri),  t  ho  city,  <  Ar. 
.U-je:air,  the  city  of  Algiers,  lit.  the  Ishuids,  < 
al,  I  he,  +Ji.riiir,  jil.  of /c-im,  isliind.  J  I.  n.  Per- 
taining to  t  hi'  I'ity  of  -Algiers,  or  to  Algeria  or  its 
iiduibitants.     Algerlantca.    See  rci. 

II.  II.  An  iiilialiilnnl  of  the  French  colony  of 
Algeria,  in  the  north  of  Africa.     The  colony  was 

I led  In  l,s:|.|,  extends  fr..m  tli.'  McdlleiTaneaii  h'outh- 

oiu.l  tn  Ilic  di-Bc'rt  of  Sahala.  and  has  'rnnls  and  Moi-occo 
■  111  i!-.  ra.Hl  and  west  frontiers  respectively, 

Algerine  (al-.je-ren'),  n.  and  n.  1  =  >Sp.  Argrlino 
=  \{.  .Ilgi riiii) :  He(^  Algerian.]  1.  a.  Oforjior- 
tnining  to  Algiers  or  Algeria,  or  to  the  inhabi- 
tuiitH  of  Algeria. 


Algerine 

II.  ».  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Al- 
giers or  Algeria,  in  Africa ;  particularly,  one 
of  the  indigenous  Berber  or  Arabic  inhabitants 
of  Algiers,  as  distinguisheil  from  the  French 
colonists.  See  Algerian.  Hence  —  2.  A  pirate: 
from  the  fact  that  the  people  of  Algiers  were 
formerly  much  addicted  to  ])iracy. — 3.  [/.  c]  A 
woolen  material  woven  in  stripes  of  bright  col- 
ors, and  often  with  gold  thread,  generally  too 
loose  and  soft  for  ordinary  wear,  and  made  into 
sc.-ii  Is,  shawls,  and  the  like. 

algerite  (al'jer-it),  n.  [After  F.  Alffer.']  A 
mineral  occurring  in  yellow  to  gray  tetragonal 
crystals  at  Franklin  Furnace,  New  Jersey.  It 
is  probably  an  altered  scapolite. 

algetic   (al-jet'ik),  a,     [<  Gr.  as  if  *a?i,y^TtK6c, 

<  a'Ayelv,  have  pain.]  Producing  or  having  re- 
lation to  pain. 

algid  (al'jid),  a.  [<  L.  algidus,  cold,  <  algerc, 
be  cold.]  Cold — Algid  cholera,  in  patlwl.,  Asiatic 
cholera:  so  called  from  the  fact  that  diminution  of  tem- 
perature is  one  of  its  leadiii^^  characteristics. 

algidity  (al-jid'i-ti),  ».  {_<.  algid  +  -Uy.']  The 
state  of  being  algid;  chilliness;  coldness. 

algidness  (al'jid-nes),  n.     Same  as  algidity. 

algific  (al-,iif 'ik),  a.  [<  L.  algificus,  <  algiis,  cold 
{<algere,  be  cold),  +facere,  make.]  Producing 
cold. 

algist  (al'jist),  n.  [<  L.  alga,  a  seaweed,  +  -ist.'] 
A  student  of  that  department  of  botany  which 
relates  to  algEO  or  seaweeds;  one  skilled  in 
algology. 

algodonite  (al-god'o-nit),  ».  [<  Algodones  (see 
def .)  +  -i'fe'2.]  An  arsenid  of  copper  occurring 
in  steel-gray  masses,  allied  to  domeykite.  it 
is  found  at  the  silver-mine  of  Alj^odones,  near  Coquimbo, 
Chili. 

algoid  (al'goid),  a.  [<  L.  alga,  a  seaweed,  + 
-oid.'\     Resembling  algffi. 

Algol  (al'gol  or  al-gol'),  n.  [Ar.,  the  demon.] 
A  pale  star  varying  in  magnitude  from  2.3  to 
4.0  in  a  period  of  2.89  days  ;  ft  Persei. 

algological  (al-go-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  aJgology  + 
-/(•((/.]     Relating  or  pertaining  to  algology. 

algologist  (al-goro-jist).  i\.  [<  algology  +  -ist.'] 
Oue  who  studies  alga?  or  seaweeds ;  one  skilled 
in  algology ;  an  algist. 

algology  (al-gol'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  alga,  a  seaweed, 
+  Gr.  -Aoyia,  <.  Uyeiv,  speak:  see  -ology.']  A 
branch  of  botany  treating  of  algie ;  phycology. 

Algonkin,  Algonquin  (al-gon'kin),  a.  [Ame'r. 
Ind.  -J/;/"H(7»(«.  is  a  F.  spelling.]  Belonging  to 
an  important  and  widely  spread  family  of  North 
American  Indian  tribes,  formerly  inhabiting 
the  eastern  coast  from  Labrador  down  through 
the  Middle  States,  and  extending  westward 
across  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  even  into  the 
Rocky  mountains.  Some  of  its  principal  dirtsions  are 
the  New  England  Indians,  the  Delaw.ares,  the  Ojibwes  or 
Clnppewas,  and  the  Blackfeet, 

algor  (al'gor),  K.  [L.,  <  a?r/e?-c,  be  cold.]  Inxia- 
thoL,  an  unusual  feeling  of  coldness;  rigor  or 
chill  in  or  at  the  onset  of  fever. 

algorism  (al'go-rizm),  n.  [<  ME.  algorisnic, 
algarism,  etc.,  also  contr.  algrim,  atigrim,  etc., 

<  OF.  algorisme,  augorisme,  augorime  =  Pr.  algo- 
risine  =  Sp.  algtiarismo  (cf.  giiiirisiiio,  eiijhei-)  = 
Pg.  It. algorismo,  <  ML. «/(/'»/.s/««.s' (occasionally 
alckoarisntus,  etc.),  the  .Arabic  system  of  num- 
bers, arithmetic,  <  Ar.  al-Khowdra:mi,  i.  e.,  the 
native  of  Khwfira::m  (Khiva),  surname  of  Abu 
Ja'f  ar  Mohammed  ben  Musa,  an  Arabian  math- 
ematician, who  flom'ished  in  the  9th  centiuy. 
His  work  on  algebra  was  translated  or  para- 
phrased into  Latin  early  in  the  13th  centirry, 
and  was  the  soiu'co  from  which  Europe  derived 
a  knowledge  of  the  Arabic  numerals.  His  sur- 
name, given  in  the  Latin  paraphrase  as  Algorit- 
mi,  came  to  be  applied  to  arithmetic  in  much  the 
same  way  that  "Euclid"  was  applied  to  geom- 
etry. The  spelling  algorithm,  Sp.  It.  algoritmo, 
Pg.  algorithmo,  ML.  algoritlimus,  etc.,  simulates 
Gr.  apidfidc,  number.]  1.  In  aritli.,  the  Arabic 
system  of  notation ;  hence,  the  art  of  computa- 
tion with  the  Arabic  figures,  now  commonly 
called  arithmetic. 

If  ever  they  came  to  the  connected  mention  of  addition, 
subtraction,  mnltiphcation,  and  division,  it  ought  to  have 
been  a  sign  that  they  were  reading  on  algor'uitn  as  distin- 
guished from  arithmetic.     De  Morgan,  Arith.  Books,  xix. 

2.  .Any  peculiar  method  of  computing,  as  the 
rule  for  finding  the  greatest  common  measm'e. 
— 3.  Any  method  of  notation :  as,  the  differen- 
tial algorism. 

Also  written  algoritltm. 
algorismic   (al-go-riz'mik),  a.      [<  algorism  + 
-ic]      Pertaining  to  algorism ;    arithmetical. 
N.  E.  D.    Also  algorithmic. 


139 

algorist  (al'go-rist),  n.  [<  algorism  +  -ist."]  A 
computer  with  the  Arabic  figures;  an  arithme- 
tician ;  a  vn'iter  on  algorism. 

The  Italian  school  of  ahjorinU,  with  Pacioli  at  their 
head,  foumi  followers  in  Germany,  England,  France,  and 
f^pain.  De  Morr/an,  Aritil.  Books,  \\i. 

algoristic  (al-go-ris'tik),  a.     Pertaining  to  the 

Araliic  figures. ' 
algorithm  (al'go-riTHm),  n.   An  erroneous  form 

of  algorism. 
algorithmic  (al-go-risn'mik),  a.     1.  Same  as 

algorismic. —  2.  Pertaining  to  or  using  symbols : 

as,  algorithmic  logic. 

"  Syudiolic,"  as  T  understand  it,  being  almost  exactly 
the  eiiuivalent  of  aljorlthniic. 

J.  Venn,  .Symbolic  Logic,  p.  98. 

Algorithmic  geometry,  Wronski's  name  for  analytical 
geometry.     Seldom  used  by  writers  of  authority. 

algous  (al'gus),  a.  [<  L.  algosus,  abounding  in 
seaweed,  <  alga,  a  seaweed  :  see  alga.}  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  algffi  or  seaweeds; 
abounding  witli  seaweed. 

algrimt,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  algorism. 

alguazil  (al-gwii-zel'),  71.  [<  Sp.  alguacil,  for- 
merly alguazil,  alvacil,  =  Pg.  alguasil,  formerly 
alvazil,  alvacil,  also  alvasir,  alvacir,  an  officer 
of  justice  (cf.  guazil,  governor  of  a  sea-town), 
<  Ar.  al-wazir,  <  al,  the  (see  al-^),  +  ivacir,  offi- 
cer, vizir:  see  vigir.]  In  Spain,  and  in  regions 
settled  by  Spaniards,  an  iiuerior  officer  of  jus- 
tice ;  a  constable. 

The  con-egidor  .  .  .  has  ordered  this  alrjuazil  to  appre- 
hend you.  Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  v.  1. 

There  were  instances  in  which  men  of  the  most  vener- 
able dignity,  persecuted  without  a  cause  by  extortioners, 
died  of  rage  and  shame  in  the  gripe  of  the  vile  alfiuazils 
of  Impey.  Macaulay,  Wan'en  Hastings. 

algum  (al'gum), ))..  A  tree,  in  the  time  of  Solo- 
mon and  Hiram,  growing  on  Motmt  Lebanon, 
along  with  cedar-  and  fir-trees,  sought  for  tho 
construction  of  the  temple ;  according  to  both 
the  Septuagint  and  Vulgate  versions,  the  pine. 
It  was  not  identical  with  the  almug-tree,  which 
was  brought  from  Ophir.     See  almug. 

Send  me  also  cedar  trees,  fir  trees,  and  alginn  trees,  out 
of  Lebanon.  2  Chron.  ii.  S. 

alhacena  (al-ii-tha'na),  ».  [Sp.,<Ar.  ?]  A  cup- 
board or  recess  of  stucco,  decorated  in  the  Moor- 
ish or  Spanish  style.  A  magnificent  specimen  in  the 
.South  Kensington  Jluseum,  London,  comes  from  Toledo 
in  Spain,  and  is  of  the  style  of  the  fomteenth  century. 

Alhagi  (al-haj'i),  n.  [NL.,  <  Ar.  al-hdj  (Avi- 
ceuua),  the  camel's-thorn.]  A  genus  of  legu- 
minous plants  of  several  reputed  species,  but 
all  probably  forms  of  one,  ranging  from  Egypt 
and  Greece  to  India.  A.  camslomm  is  a  rigid  spiny 
shrub,  the  leaves  and  branches  of  which  exude  a  species 
of  manna.  This  is  collected  in  considerable  quantity  in 
Persia  for  fooil  and  for  exportation  to  India ;  camels  are 
very  foiid  of  it. 

Alhambraic  (al-ham-bra'ik),  a.  [<  Alliamhra 
(<  Ar.  al-hamrd',  lit.  the  red  (house),  with  refer- 
ence to  the  color  of  the  sun-dried  bricks  which 


compose  the  outer  walls,  <  al,  the,  +  hamrff, 
fem.  of  ahmar,  red)  +  -/c]  Pertaining  to  or 
built  or  decorated  after  the  manner  of  the  AI- 
hambra,  a  Jloorish  palace  and  fortress  near 
Granada  in  Spain,  erected  durbigthe  thirteenth 
and  the  first  part  of  the  fom-teenth  century,  and 
the  finest  existing  specimen  of  Moorish  archi- 
tectiu'e ;  in  the  style  of  the  Alhambra.  The  style 
of  decoration  ch,aracteristic  of  the  Alhambra  is  remai-k- 
able  for  the  elaborate  variety  and  complexity  of  its  details, 


alien 

which  are  somewhat  small  in  scale,  but  fancifully  varied 
and  brilliant  with  color  and  gilding. 

Alhambresque  (al-ham-bresk'),  «.  [<  Alham- 
bra +  -esrjuc.']  Resembling  the  Alhamljra,  or 
the  style  of  ornamentation  peculiar  to  the  Al- 
hambra.    See  Alhambraic, 

alhenna  (al-hen'ii),  n.     Same  as  henna. 

alhidade,  n.     See  alidade. 

alias  (a'li-as),  adv.  [L.  alias,  at  anothertime; 
in  post-Augustan  period,  at  another  time  or 
place,  elsewhere,  under  other  circiunstances, 
otherwise;  fem.  ace.  pi.  (cf.  E.  else,  a  gen. 
sing,  form,  from  same  original)  of  alius,  other: 
see  alien.}  At  another  time;  in  another  place; 
in  other  circumstances;  otherwise.  It  is  u-sed 
chiefly  in  judicial  proceedings  to  connect  the  different 
names  .assumed  liy  a  person  who  attempts  to  conceal  his 
true  name  and  pass  under  a  fictitious  one:  thus,  Simpson 
alian  Smith  means  a  person  calling  himself  at  one  time 
or  one  idace  Smith,  at  another  Simjison. 

alias  (a'li-as),  M.;  pi.  aftascs  (-ez).  1.  l<.  alias, 
adr.}    An  assmned  name  ;  another  name. 

Outcasts  . ,.  .  forced  to  assume  every  week  new  nliagen 

and  new  disguises.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxt 

Most  [Moslem]  women  when  travelling  adopt  an  alias. 

R.  F.  Burtun,  El-Medinah,  p.  420. 

2.  [From  words  in  the  writ,  Sicut  alias  prtc- 
cipimus,  as  we  at  another  time  command.]  In 
law,  a  second  writ  or  execution  issued  when 
the  first  has  failed  to  serve  its  purjjose.  Also 
used  adjectively :  as,  an  alias  execution. 
alibi  (al'i-bi),  adv.  [L.,  elsewhere,  in  another 
place,  <  alius,  other,  +  -In,  related  to  E.  by,  q.  v.] 
In  law,  elsewhere  ;  at  another  place. 

The  prisoner  had  little  to  .say  in  his  defence ;  he  endea- 
vom-ed  to  prove  himself  alibi. 

Arbuthnot,  Hist.  John  Bull,  iL 

alibi  (al'i-bi),  «.  [(.alibi,  adv.}  1 .  In  faio,  a  plea 
of  having  been  elsewhere  at  the  time  an  offense 
is  alleged  to  have  been  committed.  Hence — 2. 
The  fact  or  state  of  having  been  elsewhere  at  the 
time  specified:  as.he  attempted  to  prove  an  alibi. 

alibility  (al-i-bil'i-ti),  H.  [=  F.  alihilite,  <  L. 
alibilis :  see  alible  and  -bility.}  The  capacity  of 
a  nutritive  substance  for  absorption ;  assiuitla- 
tiveness.     N.  E.  I). 

alible  (al'i-bl),  a.  [<  L.  alibilis,  nutritive,  <  alere, 
nourish:  see  aliment.}     Nutritive. 

alicant  (al'i-kant),  }(.  [(.Alicante,  a  town  in 
Spain,  whence  tho  wine  is  e.xjjorted.]  A  strong, 
sweet,  dark-colored  Spanish  wine.  Formerly 
written  aligant,  alligant,  allegant,  etc. 

alichel  (al'i-shel),  11.  [Orig.  a  misreading,  in 
a  black-letter  book,  of  alicbcl,  <  Ar.  al-iqbdl,  < 
al,  the,  +  iqhdl,  advancement,  j^rogress.]  In 
astro!.,  the  situation  of  a  planet  on  or  follow- 
ing an  angle. 

alictisal  (al-ik-ti'zal),  «.  [<  Ar.  al-ittigdl,  <  al, 
the,  +  itti(;dl,  contact,  conjunction  of  planets, 

<  wa<;.ala,  join.]  In  astrol.,  the  conjunction  of 
two  planets  moving  in  the  same  direction,  and 
one  overtaking  the  other. 

alicula  (a-lik'u-lii),  )(.  [L..  dim.  of  ala,  wing, 
perhaps  Tiecause  it  covers  the  upper  part  of  the 
arm  {ala).}  In  Hom.  antiq.,  a  short  upper  gar- 
ment, like  a  cape,  worn  by  hunters,  country- 
men, and  boys. 

alidade  (al'i-dad),  n.  [Also  alidad;  < F.  alidade 
=  Sp.  alkidada,  alidudu  =Pg.  alidada,  alidade, 

<  ML.  alhidada,  <  Ai-.  al-'idadah,  the  revolving 
radius  of  a  graduated  circle,  <  al,  the  (see  al-^), 
+  'adad,  'adid,  'adud,  the  upper  arm,  which  re- 
volves in  its  socket.]  1.  A  movable  arm  pass- 
ing over  a  graduated  circle,  and  carrying  a 
vernier  or  an  index:  an  attachment  of  many  in- 
struments for  measuring  angles.  See  cut  under 
scrtant. 

The  astrolabe  [used  by  Vasco  da  Gama]  was  a  metal  cir- 
cle gi-adnated  round  the  edge,  with  a  limb  called  the  al- 
ii I'lada  fixed  to  a  pin  in  tlie  centre,  and  working  round 
the  graduated  circle.  JEnci/c.  Brit.,  X.  Ibl. 

2.  A  straight-edge  carrying  a  telescope :  an  at- 
tachment of  the  plane-table  for  transferring  to 
paper  the  direction  of  any  object  from  the  sta^ 
tion  occupied. 
Also  written  alhidade. 

aliel  (a'li),  V.  t.  [Shetland  dial.,  <  leel.  alan, 
noiu'ish,  =  Goth,  alan,  nomish,  grow:  see  all 
anAalinient.}  To  cherish ;  niu'se ;  jjet.  Edmond- 
ston,  Shetland  Gloss. 

aliel  (ii'li),  ^^  [(alie\r.}  A  pet;  a  favorite. 
Edmondston,  Shetland  Gloss. 

alie^t,  V.  t.    A  former  spelling  of  ally'^. 

alien  (al'yen),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aliene,  alicnt,  aliant,  alliant,  <  ME.  alien,  ahjen, 
alyene,  alicntc,  aliaunt,  eto.,<  OF.  alien,  allien,  < 
L.  aliemis,  belongingto another,  <  alius,  another, 
akin  to  E.  else.}  I.  a.  1.  Residing  under  an- 
other government  or  in  another  country  thaji 


alien 

that  of  one's  birth,  and  not  having  rights  of 
citizenship  in  such  place  of  residence:  as,  the 
alien  population;  an  alitn  condition.— 2.  For- 
eign; not  belonging  to  one's  own  nation. 
The  veil  of  alien  speech. 

0.  n'.  Holmes,  Chinese  Embassy. 
The  sad  heart  of  Ruth,  when,  sick  for  home. 
She  stood  in  tears  amid  the  alien  com. 

Keats,  Ode  to  Nightingale. 

3.  Wholly  different  in  nature;  estranged;  ad- 
verse; hostile:  used  with  to  or  from. 

The  thing  most  alien  from  .  .  .  [the  Protector's)  clear 

intellect  and  his  commanding  spirit  was  petty  persecution. 

Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple, 

It  is  difficult  to  trace  the  origin  of  sentiments  so  alien 
to  our  own  way  of  thought. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Ten  Great  Beligions,  vi. 

Allen  egg,  in  omith.,  the  egg  of  a  cuckoo,  cow.bird,  or 
other  parasitic  species,  dropped  in  the  nest  of  auotlier 
bird.— Allen  enemy.  See  enemy.— Alien  friend.  See 
friend. — Alien  good,  in  ethia^,  a  good  not  undep  one's 
own  control.  — Alien  water,  any  stream  of  water  carried 
across  an  irrigated  field  or  meadow,  but  not  employed  in 
the  system  of  irrigation.     Imp.  Diet. 

H.  n.  1.  A  foreigner;  one  bom  in  or  belong- 
ing to  another  country  who  has  not  acquired 
citizenship  by  naturalization ;  one  who  is  not 
a  denizen,  orentitled  to  the  privileges  of  a  citi- 
zen. In  t'rance  a  child  born  of  residents  who  are  not 
citizens  is  an  alien.  In  the  United  States,  as  in  Great 
Britain,  children  lx>m  and  remaining  within  the  country, 
though  bom  of  alien  parents,  are,  according  to  the  better 
opinion,  natural-bom  citizens  or  subjects ;  and  the  children 
of  citizens  or  subjects,  though  Ixirn  in  other  countries,  are 
generally  deemed  natural-born  citizens  or  subjects,  and  if 
they  become  resident  are  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  resi- 
dent citizens ;  but  they  also  may.  when  of  full  age,  make 
declaration  of  alienage.    See  citizen. 

^Mien  the  Roman  jurists  applied  their  experience  of 
Roman  citizens  to  dealings  between  citizens  and  aliens, 
showing  by  the  difference  of  their  actions  that  they  re- 
garded the  circimistances  as  essentially  different,  they  laid 
the  foundations  of  that  great  structure  which  has  guided 
the  social  progress  of  Europe. 

It'.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  156. 

2.  A  stranger.     [Rare.] 

An  alien  to  the  hearts 
Of  all  the  court,  and  princes  of  my  blood. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

Who  can  not  have  been  altogether  an  alien  from  the  re- 
searches of  your  lordship.  Landur. 

Allen  Act.  (a)  See  alien  and  siidilion  laws,  below,  (ft) 
An  English  statute  of  1S36  (6  and  7  Wm.  IV.  c.  11)  provid- 
ing for  the  registration  of  aliens ;  and  one  of  1S44  (7  and 
fe  Vict.  c.  tie)  allowing  aliens  from  friendly  nations  to  hold 
real  and  personal  property  for  purposes  of  residence,  and 
residentaliens  to  become  naturalized,  (c)  An  English  statute 
of  1M7  (10  and  11  Vict.  c.  S3)  concernmg  naturalization.— 
Allen  and  sedition  laws,  a  series  of  laws  adi>pted  by  the 
1  nited  Sutes  guvernnient  in  1798,  during  a  controvei-sy 
with  KnuiLc  in  regard  to  which  the  country  was  violently 
agilatc'l.  They  included  three  alien  acts,  the  second  and 
nurtl  f^imoiLs  of  wliich  (1  .Stat.  t>7i>)  conferred  power  on  the 
l're,iidt;nt  to  onler  out  of  the  country  sucli  aliens  as  he 
iiiiglit  rca.s'jnably  suspect  f>f  secret  machinations  against 
the  goveninicnt  or  judge  dangerous  to  its  peace.  It  ex- 
pired by  limitation  in  two  yean*.  Tlie  sedition  law  was  a 
stringent  tuil  against  seditious  conspiracy  and  libel,  chiefly 
aimed  at  obstructive  opposition  to  the  proceedings  of  gov- 
emmeut  and  litieltjus  or  seditious  publications  in  regard 
to  them.  These  laws  had  little  elfect  besides  that  of  over- 
throwing the  Federal  party,  which  was  held  responsible 
for  them. 

alien  (ul'yen),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  alicncn,  aluenen,  < 
OF.  alicner,  mod.  F.  aliencr  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
alienor  =  It.  alicnare,  <  L.  alicnarc,  tnako  alien, 
cBtrange,  <  alienus,  alien:  see  alictt,  a.]  1.  To 
Iniimfcr  or  convey  to  another;  make  over  the 
i..i-.-<ei'(ion  of:  an,  to  alien  a  title  or  property, 
lu  tlii8  MUDHe  aLso  written  alienc. 

Alien  the  glcabo,  intalle  it  to  thy  loincs. 

ilarslim,  What  Von  Will,  11.  1. 
If  the  w,n  alien  lands,  anri  then  reiiurehase  them  again 
III  f«*r,  the  nile^  of  deHcenU  are  to  be  observed,  as  if  he 
were  the  original  purchaser. 

.Sir  M.  Hate,  Hist.  Common  Ijiw  of  Eng. 
Had  thinr,  like  hini  (flinrles  I.],  for  gooil  and  vuluuble 
conatderatlon,  tilirrwd  their  hurtful  jirerogallveh'/ 

Vaeautat/,  r,,iiv.  between  Cowley  and  .Milton. 

2    Tr.  iiiiili- 1,'. .  r....  .,r  imlifTcrent ;  turn  the  af- 
'  <•(;  alionnto;  eHtrango. 

/.'</  from  all  thoughts  of,  or 
t'larrwlnn. 

"■'I  from  tho  ticoplo  by  tin-  es 
\   iixf  (if  V(H?al>ieit  alone  entitled 

i."iiliilft  of  veme. 

li.'  my  ))<«jk«,  lutiier.,  p.  irr7. 


t 

to  ninvo  III  ti 

allonahilit-, 

■  ■-.,    I 

or  tr.i 

Tb. 

allonablo  "i 

Ilfl.T    V.    'll'- 

'•ii|mt)|i'  ..f 
III,  land  iM 
iitat«. 


Iiil'i-li),  n.     [<ntirnnhli', 

I'll"  Htatc  or  i|milily  of 

n<  I'lipiicityof  lieiuKalioniitoil 

'  the  domain.     Iliirte.Vfarkf,  III.  »in. 

ii-(»-bl).  n.     [<  alien,  v.,  +  -olile, 

''  1     Tlint  may   bi<  alloiinlod; 

r  IrniidfiTroil  to  nnolhor: 

onliuKto  iIiuIswh  <<t  the 


140 

alienage  (iil'ven-aj),  n.      [<  alien  +  -one.']     1. 
The  state  of  being  an  alien;  the  legal  standing 
of  an  alien. 
Whv  restore  estates  forfeitable  on  account  of  alienar/e  ! 

Stonj. 

I  do  hereby  order  and  proclaim  that  no  plea  of  alienage 
will  be  received,  or  allowed  to  exempt  from  the  obligation 
imposed  by  the  aforesaid  Act  of  Congress  any  person  of 
foreign  birth  who  shall  have  declaied  on  oath  his  inten- 
tion io  become  a  citizen  of  the  Cnited  States. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  370. 

2.  The  state  of  being  alienated  or  transferred 
to  another;  alienation.     [Hare.] 

The  provinces  were  treated  in  a  far  more  harsh  manner 
than  the  Italian  states,  even  in  the  latter  period  of  their 
alienacie.  Brougham. 

alienate  (al'yen-at),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alien- 
ated, ppr.  ahenating.  [<  L.  alienatiis,  pp.  of 
alienare,  make  alien,  estrange:   see  alien,  v.'] 

1.  To  transfer  or  convey,  as  title,  property,  or 
other  right,  to  another:  as,  to  alienate  lands 
or  sovereignty. 

He  must  have  the  consent  of  the  electors  when  he  would 
alienate  or  mortgage  anything  belonging  to  the  empire. 
Goldsmith,  Seven  Years'  War,  iv. 

Led  blindfold  thus 
By  love  of  what  he  thought  his  flesh  and  blood 
To  alienate  his  all  in  her  behalf. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  117. 

2.  To  repel  or  turn  away  in  feeling;  make  in- 
different or  averse,  where  love  or  esteem  be- 
fore subsisted;  estrange:  with /rom  before  the 
secondary  object. 

He  [Pausanias]  alienated,  by  his  insolence,  all  who  might 
have  sei-ved  or  protected  him. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Greece. 

Tlie  recollection  of  Itis  former  life  is  a  dream  that  only 

the  more  alienates  him  from  the  realities  of  the  present. 

Is.  Taylor. 

=  Sjm.  1.  To  deliver  over,  surrender,  give  up. — 2.  To  dis. 
atfect. 

alienate  (al'yen-at),  a.  and  n.  K  L.  alienatus, 
pp.  as  above,"  in  the  pp.  sense.]  I.  a.  In  a  state 
of  alienation;  estranged. 

0  alienate  from  God,  O  spirit  acciu^ed ! 

Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  877. 

The  Whigs  are  .  .  .  wholly  alienate  from  truth. 

Swift,  Misc. 
Il.t  n.  A  stranger ;  an  alien. 
Whosoever  eateth  the  lamb  without  this  house,  he  is  an 
nlieiuite.  Stapli-ton.  Fortresse  of  the  Faith,  fol.  148. 

alienated  (al'yen-a-ted),  j).  a.    Mentally  astray ; 

(Icmriitcd. 

alienation  (al-yen-a'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  alyenacion, 
-cyon,<  UF.  alienaiion,'<.  L.  aUenatio{n-),<.  alie- 
nare, pp.  alienatus,  alien:  see  alien,  v.,  and  alien- 
ate, !-.]  Tho  act  of  alienating,  or  the  state  of 
being  alienated,  (a)  In  law,  a  transfer  of  the  title  to 
property  liy  one  person  to  another,  by  conveyance,  as  dis. 
tinguislied  from  inheritance.  A  devise  of  real  property  is 
regarded  as  an  alienation. 

In  some  cases  the  consent  of  all  the  heirs,  collateral  as 
well  as  descendant,  had  to  be  obtained  before  an  aliena- 
tion could  be  made. 

D.  II'.  Ross,  German  Land.holdlng,  p.  74. 

(ft)  The  diversion  of  lands  from  ecclesiastical  to  secular 
ownerahip. 

The  word  alienation  has  aiiiuired  since  the  Reformation 
the  almost  ilistinctive  nuiiniiig  of  the  diversion  of  lands 
from  ecclesiastical  or  religious  to  secular  ownership. 

li.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  11. 
'<■)  A  withdrawing  or  an  estrangement,  as  of  feeling  or 
the  affections. 

Alienation  of  heart  from  tho  king.  Itaivii. 

Wo  keep  apart  when  we  have  ([Uarrelled.  express  oni-- 
selves  In  wellbreil  iihruscs,  and  in  this  way  preserve  a 
dignilled  alienation.     George  Eliot,  Hill  on  the  Klcms,  i.  r,. 

She  seemed,  also,  conscious  ot  a  cause,  to  me  unknown, 
for  the  gradual  alienation  of  my  regard. 

Poe,  Talcs,  I,  471. 

((I)  Deprivation,  or  partial  deprivation,  ot  mental  faculties ; 
derangement ;  insaidty. 

If  a  person  ot  ncknowlcilged  probity  anil  ot  known  pu- 
rity ot  lite  were  suildeidy  to  do  something  grossly  Immoral, 
and  It  were  Impossible  to  discover  any  motive  tor  his 
strange  and  aberrant  deed,  we  should  aserlbi'  It  to  an 
alienation  of  nature,  and  say  that  he  must  be  mud. 

Maudsley,  Body  and  \M11.  p.  bi. 

alienation-offlce  (al-yeii-ri'shon-ofis),  ».    An 

idlici-  ill  l.iMHldii,  at  wliii-li  iii'i-Moiis  rcHorliuK  Io 
lliu  jmlicnal  procoHHoH  of  line  and  recovery  I'm- 
tho  convoyaneo  of  lunds  were  rp(|iiire(l  to  prc- 
Kcnt  their  ^vrilH,  and  submit  to  the  paymi'iit  of 
fooH  ciillccl  llie  prejine  and  tlio  pustfine. 
alienator  Oil'yen-ii-lor),  ».  [=  F.  nlienateur,  < 
ML.  'alientilor,  <  \j.  a'liinarr,  ])p.  ulieniitii.t.  nlieii- 
iili':  Hon  alirn,  r.]  1.  One  wlio  nlii'iintoH  or 
traiiHfers  property.— 2.  A  tliiof.     IIIninoroiiH.  1 

To  one  like  Klla,  whose  IreasurcH  are  rather  caaed  In 
leather  eovcrs  than  closed  In  Iron  edffen*.  there  Is  a  rliue* 
ot  alieuatoTH  more  fonnlilnble  than  that  which  1  have 
tuucheil  ii[Hin;  1  iiienn  your  borrowers  <d  buoks. 

I.amlj,  I'wo  Kaces  ot  Men. 

aliene  (nl-yen'),  t>.  (.     Katno  an  alien,  1. 


(e) 
Ih 


alight 

alienee  (iil-yen-e'),  »■  [<  alien,  r.,  +  -?«!.]  One 
to  whom  the  title  to  property  is  transferred:  as, 
"if  the  alienee  enters  and  keeps  possession," 
Black,itone. 

aliener  (iiryen-er),  n.     Same  as  alienor. 

alien-house  (al'yeu-hous),  n.  Formerly,  in 
England,  a  priory  or  other  religious  house  be- 
longing to  foreign  ecclesiastics,  or  under  theii 
control.     Enetic.  Brit.,  n.  459. 

alienigenate  (al-yeu-ij'e-nat),  a.  [<  L.  alieni- 
t/eiiiis.  foreign-born  (<  alienus,  foreign,  alien,  + 
'-(jenits,  -born),  +  -afel.]  Alien-born.  li.  C.  ll'in- 
throp. 

alienism  (al'yen-izm),  H.  \<  alien  ■^- -ism.'\  1. 
The  state  of  being  an  alien. 

The  law  was  very  gentle  in  the  construction  of  the  dis- 
ability of  alienistn.  Chancellor  Kent. 
2.  The  study  and  treatment  of  mental  dis- 
eases. 

alienist  (iil'yen-ist),  n.  [<  alien  +  -ist.']  One 
engaged  in  the  scientific  study  or  treatment  of 
mental  diseases. 

He  IJolin  Locke)  looked  at  insanity  rather  too  superfl. 
eially  for  a  practical  alienist. 

E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  114. 

alienor  (al'yen-or),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  alienour, 
<  AF.  alienor,  "alienour  =  OF.  alieneur,  <  ML. 
*  alienator :  see  aJienator.l  One  who  transfers 
property  to  another.  ALso  written  aliener. 
aliethmoifi  (al-i-eth'moid),  H.  and  a.  [<  L.  ala, 
a  wiug,  +  E.  ethmoid.^  I.  n.  The  lateral  part 
or  wing  of  the  ethmoidal  region  of  the  orbito- 
nasal cartilage  in  the  skull  of  an  embryonic 
bird. 

The  hinder  region  or  aliethmoid  is  the  true  olfactory  re- 
gion. "'.  A'.  Parker. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  aliethmoid :  as,  the 
aliethmoid  region;  an  aliethmoid  cartilage. 
alietyt  (a-li'e-ti),  n.     [<  ML.  alietas,  <  L.  alius, 
other.]    The  state  of  being  different;  otherness. 
alifet  (a-lif),  adv.     [Appar.  <  a3  +  life,  as  if  foi 
'as  one's  life,'  but  perhaps  orig.  due  to  lief. 2 
Dearly. 

A  clean  instep, 
And  that  I  love  al{fc ! 

Fletcher,  M.  Thomas,  ii.  1 

aliferous  (a-life-ms),  a.  [<  L.  ala,  wing,  + 
/<)■)■<■  =  E.  fcrai-l.']     Having  wings. 

aliform  (al'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  ala,  wing,  +  -for- 
(H).v,  (.forma,  shape.]  Ha'snng  the  shape  of  a 
wiug  or  wings :  in  anat.,  applied  to  tlie  ptery- 
goid processes  and  the  imiscles  associated  with 
thetn.     See  jiterygoid.     [Rare.] 

aligantt  (al'i-gant),  n.    An  old  form  of  alieant. 

aligerous  (a-lij'e-ms),  a.  [<  L.  aliijer,  bearing 
wings,  <  ala,  wing,  +  gerere,  bear.]  Having 
wings. 

alight't  (a-lif),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  alighten,  alyghten, 
<iUrUii,  a'liistcn,  aliliten,  aliiliten.<.(\)  AS.  dlihtitn 
(oilG.  ariiuhtan,  MHG.  eriiiililen.  G.erleiiehteii), 
liglit,  illuminate,  <  «-,  E.  a-l,  +  lihtan,'E.  lights, 
c. ;  ('J)  AS.  onlihtan,  light,  illuminate,  <  on-,  E. 
fl-2,  +  Uhlan,  E.  light'';  v.;  (3)  AS.  gelihtan,  gc- 
lyhtan,  light,  give  light  to,  illuminate,  intr.  be- 
come light,  <  ge-,  E.  o-O,  +  lilitan,  E.  /iVf/i/l,  v. : 
see  (7-1,  «-'-,  a-^,  and  light'',  v.,  and  ef.  alighten'', 
enliqhten,  lit/hten';  see  also  alight',  p.  «.]  1. 
To  liglit;  liijlit  up;  illuminate.— 2.  Toset light 
to;  light  (a  lire,  lamp,  etc.). 
Having  .  .  .  alii/htcd  his  lamp. 

'Sheltoii,  U:  of  Don  (Juixote.    (.N.  E.  D.) 

alight'  (a-liC),  ;).  a.,  or  )irep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a. 
1 01 10.  alight,  aligt,  aliht  (early  mod.  E.  alighted), 
^AS.  'dlihted,  jip.  of  dlihtan,  K.  alight',  r.,  (|.  v.; 
but  now  regarded  as  paniUel  to  of  re,  <dil(i::e, 
etc.,  (,  a-*  +  light',  ».]  Provided  with  liglit; 
liglited  ii]i;  illuminated. 

The  i-bapcl  was  scarcely  aliilhi. 

•I'haekrray,  Four  Georges  (1802),  p.  109.    (N.  E.  D.) 
Set 
Tho  lamps  alight,  and  call 
For  golden  inusle.       Tennyson,  Ancient  Sage. 

alight^t  (a-lif),  r.  t.  [<y\V,.  aliiihtrn,  ali^ten, 
aliht,  n,  <'A>^. gelihtan  {={nm.geli)iten),  \if([\{i>n, 
niiligule,  <;/('-,  E.  a-0,  +lihtan,  E.  light'^,  v.:  see 
((-•',  light-,' r.,  and  ef.  alighten'^,  lighten'^.']  To 
make  light  or  less  hiMivy;  lighten;  alleviate, 
she  weiide  to  ahight  biT  i-in  He  and  her  svnne. 

"'  Cil.r(.in,  11.  do  la  Tour.     (A'.  A'.  /).) 

alight'*  (a-lif),  r.  i. ;  pret.  ami  )M).  alighlitl(i>]<n. 
|i|i.  alight),  ppr.  alightini/.  |<  MK.  alighten, 
ahighli'n,  aligten,  aly.iten,  i  (1)  AS.  dlihtan  (oc- 
curring but  once,  in  a  gloss:  " 7>i.v.s77i(),  le  of 
r(/i7(f<."  lit.  '1  nlight  olT').  <  a-,  E.  a-',  +  Uhlan, 
K.  light'-';  ("J)  AS.  iiilihliin.  nliglil,  iliHinoiint, 
come  down,  <  ge-,  V,.  «-",  +  Uhlan.  K.  light''':  see 
a-',  «-•',  and  light'-',  and  ef.  alighlin'-'  and  light- 
en^.'] 1.  To  get  down  or  discenil,  as  from 
horHi'baek  or  from  a  carriage;  diKiiionut. 


alight 

We  pass'd  along  the  coast  by  a  very  rocky  and  rngged 
way,  wliich  forc'd  us  to  ali'jht  many  times  before  we  came 
to  Havre  de  Grace.  Eivl//ii,  Diary,  March  2.'i,  lfi44. 

2.  To  settle  or  lodge  after  descending:  as,  a  bird 
aliijhts  on  a  tree ;  snow  alights  on  a  roof. 

'lYuly  spake  Mohanuned  el  Damirl,  "Wisdom  hath 
alighted  upon  three  things  —  the  brain  of  the  Franks,  the 
haiids  of  the  Cliinese,  and  the  tongues  of  the  Arabs." 

/(.  /■'.  Durtun,  El-Medinah,  p.  .333. 

Uliether  insects  alifjht  on  the  leaves  by  mere  chance,  as 
a  resting-place,  or  are  attracted  by  the  odour  of  the  secre- 
tion. I  know  not.  Darwin,  Inscctiv.  Plants,  p.  17. 

3.  To  fall  (upon);  come  (upon)  accidentally, 
or  without  design ;  light :  as,  to  alifjh  i  on  a  par- 
ticidar  passage  in  a  book,  or  on  a  particular 
fact;  to  alight  on  a  rare  plant. 

alightenlf  (a-U'tn),  v.  t.  [< atight'^  +  -enl.  Cf. 
liilhtoi^.  c)di(/hteii.2    To  make  light;  illuminate. 

alighten'-t  (a-li'tn),  v.  t.     [<  aUghfi  +  -enl.  Cf. 

lighteii-.'i  To  make  light  or  less  heavy;  re- 
duce the  weight  or  burden  of ;  lighten. 

alightenSf  (a-U'tn),  r.  i.  [<  aUght^  +  -enl.  Cf. 
liilhtt'H'K']     To  alight;  dismount. 

align,  alignment,  alignement.     See  aline^, 

aliiicincnt. 

aligreek  (al-i-grek'),  n.  [Corruption  of  F.  d 
la  ijrecqite,  or  It.  alia  greca,  in  the  Greek  (fash- 
ion).]    Same  as  a-la-grecqiie.     [Rare.] 

alike  (a-Iik'),  a.  [<  ME.  alilce,  alijke,  and  assib- 
ilated  alychc,  alcche,  "with  prefix  a-  repr.  both 
a-6  and  a-2,  the  earlier  forms  being — {Vjilili:, 
Hike,  ylike,  yhjk,  ylyke,  elik,  and  assibilated 
ilich,  iliche,  ylich,  yliche,  ylechc,  earliest  ME. 
gelic,  <  AS.  gelic  =  OS.  gilik  =  OFries.  gelik, 
usually  lik,  =  OD.  ghelijck,  D.  gelijk  =  OHG. 
galih,  gilili,  gelih,  glih,  MHG.  gelicli,  glich,  G. 
gleich  =  Icel.  glikr,  mod.  Ukr  =  Sw.  ^(V,'  =  Dan. 
lig  =  (jroth.  galciks,  like,  similar,  alike,  lit.  'hav- 
ing a  corresponding  body  or  foi-m,'  <  ga-  (=  AS. 
ge-),  together,  intlieating  collation  or  compari- 
son, +  leik  =  AS.  lie,  E.  like^,  lich  (in  comp.  like- 
wake  =  lich-wake,  lich-gate,  q.  v.),  body;  (2) 
alike,  alyke  (in  adv.  also  olike,  olykc),  earlier 
with  prefix  an-,  accented,  anlike,  anlyke,  and 
assibilated  aiilich,  onlich,  <  AS.  anlic,  onlic  = 
OD.  aenlijck  =  OHG.  *anaUh,  anagilih,  MHG. 
anelich,  G.  ahnlich  =  Icel.  dlikr  =  Goth,  "ana- 
leiks  (in  adv.  analeiko),  like,  similar,  lit.  'on-ly,' 
having  dependence  on,  relation  to,  similarity 
to,  <  ana  (AS.  an,  on,  E.  on)  +  -leiks,  AS.  -lie, 
E.  -///I,  a  suffix  used  here  somewhat  as  in  other 
relational  adjectives  (Goth,  sicaleiks,  AS.  sioilc, 
Sc.  sic,  E.  such,  Goth,  hwileiks,  hwcleiks,  AS. 
hwilc,  Sc.  whilk,  E.  which,  etc.),  being  the  noun, 
Goth,  leik,  AS.  lie,  body,  used  as  a  relational 
suffix.  That  is,  E.  alike  represents  ME.  alike, 
Hike,  AS.  gelic,  with  prefix  ge-  and  accented 
base  lie,  mi.xed  with  or  having  absorbed  ME. 
alike,  olike,  anlike,  AS.  anlic,  with  accented  base 
an,  on,  and  suffix  -lie.  The  adv.  alike  follows 
the  adj.  The  adj.  like  is  not  orig.,  but  merely  a 
mod.  abbrev.  of  alike,  the  latter  form  remaining 
chiefly  in  the  predicative  use ;  there  is  no  AS. 
adj.  *tie,  as  commonly  cited.  See  a-6,  a-'-,  and 
Kiel,  like^,  like^.']  Having  resemblance  or 
similitude;  similar;  having  or  exhibiting  no 
marked  or  essential  difEerence.  Alike  is  now  only 
archaically  used  attributively,  and  is  regularly  predicated 
of  a  plural  subject.  It  was  also  formerly  used  in  phrases 
where  the  modern  idiom  requires  like.  .See  it/fgl. 
The  darkness  and  the  light  are  both  alike  to  thee. 

Ps.  cx.xxix.  12. 
In  birth,  in  acts,  in  arms  alike  the  rest. 

Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tasso. 
Tlis  [Clifford's]  associates  were  men  to  whom  all  creeds 
and  all  constitutions  were  alike. 

llacaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

alike  (a-lik'),  adv.  [<  ME.  alike,  alyke,  and  as- 
sibilated aliehe,  alycj^e,  with  prefix  a-  repr.  both 
(1-6  and  a-2,  the  earlier  forms  being  —  (1)  Hike, 
ylike,  ylyke,  elike,  elyke,  assibilated  iliche,  ilyche, 
yliche,  ylychc,  eliche,  earliest  gelice,  <  AS.  gelice 
=  OS.  giliko  =  OFries.  like.  Ilk  =  OD.  ghelijck, 
D.  gelijk  =  OHG.  gillcho,  glicho,  MHG.  geliche, 
gliche,  glich,  G.  gleich  =  Icel.  glika,  mod.  Uka=z 
Sw.  lika  =  Dan.  lige  =  Goth,  galeiko,  adv. ;  (2) 
alike,  alyke,  olike,  olykc,  earlier  with  prefix  an-, 
accented  {*anlike  not  recorded  as  adv.),  <  AS. 
anlice  =  G.  ahnlich  =  Icel.  dlika  =  Goth,  ana- 
leiko, adv.,  the  forms  being  like  those  of  the  adj., 
with  the  adverbial  suffix,  Goth,  -o,  AS.  -e.  The 
adv.  like  is  not  orig.,  but  merely  a  mod.  abbrev. 
of  alike,  adv.  See  alike,  o.]  In  the  same  man- 
ner, form,  or  degree ;  in  common ;  equally;  both. 

The  highest  heaven  of  wisdom  is  alike  near  from  every 
point,  and  thou  must  And  it,  if  at  .ill,  by  methods  native 
to  thyself  alone.  Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

Inexperienced  politicians  .  .  .  conceived  that  the  theory 
of  the  Tory  Opposition  and  the  practice  of  Walpoles 
Government  were  alike  inconsistent  with  the  principles 
of  liberty.  Macaulay,  William  Pitt. 


141 

alike-mindedt  (a-Uk'min"ded),  a.     Having  the 
same  mind;  like-minded.     Bj).  Hall,  Kemalns, 
p.  82. 
alim  (a'lem),  H.     [At.  'dlim,  'alim,   learned,  < 
'alania,  know.     Cf.  alcm,  almah.'i     Among  Mo- 
hammedans, a  learned  man ;  a  religious  teacher, 
such  as  an  imam,  a  mufti,  etc. 
The  calling  of  an  Aiiiii  is  no  longerworth  nmch  in  Kgypt. 
Ji.  P.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  93. 

Alima  (al'i-ma,),  n.  [NL.,  for  Ualima,  <  Gr. 
ii'/.i-iwr,  of  the  sea.]  A  spurious  genus  of  crus- 
taceans, representing  a  stage  of  stomatojiodous 
crustaceans,  for  which  the  tenn  is  still  in 
use. 

In  the  Allma  type  of  development  [of  Stoviatopoda],  it 
seems  that  the  young  leaves  the  egg  in  nearly  the  Alima 
form,  and  in  the  youngest  stage  known  the  six  appendages, 
eight  to  tliirteeu,  are  absent,  although  three  of  the  cor- 
responding segments  of  the  body  are  developed. 

StaniJ.  Nat.  Ilist.,  II.  66. 

aliment  (al'i-ment),  n.  [<  late  ME.  aliment,  < 
F.  aliment,  <  J^." alimenttim,  food,  <  alere,  nour- 
ish, =  Goth,  alan,  be  noiu'ished,  aljan,  noui'ish, 
fatten,  =  Icel.  ala,  beget,  bear,  nourish,  sup- 
port; ef.  o/iel,  and  alt,  all,  and  oW.]  1.  That 
which  nourishes  or  sustains ;  food ;  nutriment ; 
sustenance ;  support,  whether  literal  or  figura- 
tive. 

Those  elevated  meditations  which  are  the  proper  ali- 
mtnt  of  noble  souls.  Irvimj,  Sketch-Book,  p.  30. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  the  sum  paid  for  support  to 
any  one  entitled  to  claim  it,  as  the  dole  given 
to  a  pauper  by  his  parish. 

The  aliment  was  appointed  to  continue  till  the  majority 
or  marriage  of  the  daughters.  Emkine,  Institutes. 

aliment  (al'i-ment),  V.  t.     [<  ML.  aUmentare, 

<  h.  alinuiituni :  see  aliment,  )(.]  1.  To  furnish 
with  means  of  sustenance;  purvey  to;  support: 
generally  in  a  figurative  sense :  as,  to  aliment 
a  pei'son's  vanity. 

And  that  only  to  sustain  and  aliment  the  small  frailty 
of  their  humanity.  Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  ii.  31. 

2.  In  Scots  late,  to  maintain  or  support,  as  a 
person  unable  to  support  himself:  used  espe- 
cially of  the  support  of  children  by  parents,  or 
of  parents  by  children. 

alimental  (al-i-meu'tal),  a.  [<  aliment  4-  -n?.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  aliment;  supplying  food; 
having  the  quality  of  nourishing;  furnishing 
the  materials  for  natural  growth:  as,  chyle  is 
alimental;  alimental  sap. 

alimentally  (al-i-men'tal-i),  adv.  In  an  ali- 
mental manner ;  so  as  to  serve  for  nonrisliment 
or  food. 

alimentariness  (al-i-men'ta-ri-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  alimentary,  or  of  supplying 
nutriment. 

alimentary  (al-i- 
men'ta-ri),  a.  [< 
L.     alimentarius, 

<  alimentum,  ali- 
ment :  see  ali- 
ment.']  1.  Per- 
taining to  ali- 
ment or  food  ; 
having  the  quali- 
ty of  noni'ishing : 
as,  alimentary  par- 
ticles.—  2.  Hav- 
ing an  apparatus 
for  alimentation, 
and  consequent- 
ly able  to  feed. 
Huxley.  [Rare.] 
—  3.  Concerned 
with  the  function 
of  nutrition:  as, 
alimentary  pro- 
cesses. —  Alimen- 
tary canal,  in  anat. 
and  zooL,  the  diges- 
tive sac,  tract,  or  tube 
of  any  animal ;  the 
visceral  or  intestinal 
cavity;  the  canal  of 
the  enteron,  in  any 
condition  of  the  lat- 
ter, from  the  simplest 
form  of  archenteron 
to  the  most  complex 
of  its  ultimate  modi- 
fications. In  its  sim- 
plest form  it  is  merely 
the  cavity  of  a  two- 
layered  germ,  or  gas- 
trnla,  lined  with  hy- 
poblastic  cells  —  a 
mere  sac,  the  mouth 
and  anus  being  one. 
With  increasing  com- 
plexity of  structure, 
and  especially  by  the 
formation  of  an  out- 


Alimentary  Canal  in  Man. 
I,  superior  turbinated  bone  :  2.  middle 
turbinated  bone  ;  3.  opening  of  the  nasal 
duct ;  4,  inferior  turbinated  bone  ;  5,  s, 
pharynx  ;  6,  opening  of  Eustachian  tube ; 
7,  uvula  ;  8,  tongue :  9,  tonsil  :  10,  epiglot- 
tis;  II,  esophagus ;  la,  cardiac  portion 
(left  side)  of  stomach;  13.  fundus  of 
stomach  ;  14,  pylorus  (right  side  of  stom- 
ach), resting  on  right  lobe  of  liver,  partly 
shown  in  outline  ;  15,  transverse  colon ; 
i9.  duodenum  :  17,  ascending  colon  ;  18, 
ileum;  19,  jejunum  :  20,  ccecum :  21,  sig- 
moid flexure  of  colon ;  22,  beginning  of 
rectum  ;  23,  fundus  of  urinary  bladder. 


alinasal 

let  (anus)  distinct  from  the  inlet  (mouth),  the  alimentary 
canal  assumes  more  definitely  the  character  of  a  special 
gastric  or  digestive  cavity,  which  may  reni:dn  in  open  coni- 
numication  with  a  general  body-cavity,  f>r  become  shut  off 
therefrom  a.s  an  intestinal  tube.  The  latter  is  its  char- 
acter in  all  the  higher  animals,  in  which,  moreover,  the 
canal  acquires  various  specializations,  as  into  gullet,  stom- 
ach, intestine,  etc.,  becomes  variously  comi)licatcd  or  con- 
voluted, has  special  rantifications  and  ainiexes,  etc.  In 
those  animals  which  develop  an  umbilical  vesicle,  or  this 
and  an  amnion  and  allantois,  the  cavity  of  the  alimentary 
canal  is  primitively  contiinious  with  that  of  the  vesicle  and 
with  the  alhintoic  cavity.  — Alimentary  debt,  in  .S'cofs 
law,  a  debt  incurred  for  necessaiics  oi'  jn;iintcriance. — Ali- 
mentary fund,  in  .^eotn  tail',  A  fund  set  ajjart  by  the  direc- 
tion of  tile  giver  for  an  aliment  to  the  receiver.  If  the 
amount  of  it  is  not  unreasonable  in  view  of  the  rank  of 
the  receiver,  it  c;innot  be  seized  for  the  ^riti.slactinii  of  the 
claims  of  creditors.— Alimentary  mucous  membrane, 
that  mucous  membrane  which  lines  tlie  aiiiNenI;ii>  <  ;uial, 
serving,  with  its  various  fidlicles,  annexed  glands,  and  lac- 
teals,  the  purpose  of  digesting  and  absorbing  aliment. 
alimentation  (al"i-men-ta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  ali- 
mentation, <  ML.  alime)itatio{n-),  <  aUmentare, 
jip.  alimentatus,  provide,  aliment:  see  aliment, 
«.]  1.  The  act  or  power  of  affording  nutri- 
ment. 

The  accumulation  of  force  may  be  separated  into  ati. 
7tie7itation  and  aeration.      U.  .Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  56. 

2.  The  state  or  process  of  being  nourished ; 
mode  of,  or  coniiltion  in  regard  to,  nourish- 
ment. 

Derangements  of  alimentation,  including  insufficient 

food,  and  morbid  states  of  the  lymphatic  and  blood-glands. 

Quain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  38. 

3.  The  providing  or  supplying  with  the  neces- 
saries of  life. 

The  alimentation  of  poor  children  .  .  .  was  extended  or 
increased  by  fresh  endowments. 

Merivale,  Roman  Empire,  VIII.  193, 

Ceasing  by  and  by  to  have  any  knowledge  of,  or  power 
over,  the  concerns  of  the  society  as  a  whole,  the  serf-class 
becomes  devoted  to  the  processes  of  alimentation,  while 
the  noble  class,  ceasing  to  take  any  part  in  the  processes 
of  alimentation,  becomes  devoted  to  the  co-ordinated 
movements  of  the  entire  body  politic. 

H.  Spencer,  Univ.  Prog.,  pp.  405-6. 

alimentative  (al-i-men'ta-tiv),  a.     [<  ML.  all- 

nientatus,  pp.  of  aUmentare  (see  aliment,  r.),  + 
-rec]  Nourishing;  relatingtoorconnected with 
the  supply  of  nourishment:  as,  "the  alimenta- 
tive machinery  of  the  physiological  units,"  Hux- 
ley. 
alimentic  (al-i-men'tik),  a.  [<  aliment  -f-  -jc] 
Same  as  alimentary. 

There  may  be  emaciation  from  loss  of  rest,  derangement 
of  the  alimentie  processes,  a  quicker  pulse  than  normal, 
and  a  tongue  coated  in  the  centre. 

E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  79. 

alimentiveness  (al-i-men'tiv-nes),  )!.  [<  "ali- 
mentive  +  -«ess.]  1.  Propensity  to  seek  ortake 
nourishment,  to  eat  and  drink :  first  and  still 
chiefly  used  by  phrenologists. — 2.  The  organ 
of  the  brain  that  is  said  to  communicate  the 
pleasure  which  arises  from  eating  and  drink- 
ing, and  which  prompts  the  taking  of  nourish- 
ment. Its  supposed  seat  is  in  the  region  of  the 
zygomatic  fossa.     See  phrenology. 

allmonf,  «.  [Prop.  *halimon,  <  L.  halimon 
(sometimes  improp.  wTitten  alimon,  as  if  <  Gr. 
a'Ai^ov,  neut.  of  a/.i/wc,  banishing  hunger,  <  a- 
priv.  -i-  Aifi6<;,  hunger :  see  def . ),  <  Gr.  a/ifjov,  also 
d'Ai/jor,  a  shrubby  plant  growing  on  the  shore, 
perhaps  saltwort,  prop.  neut.  of  ah/joc,  of  or  be- 
longing to  the  sea,  mamie,  <  a?.r,  the  sea.]  A 
plant,  perhaps  A  triplex  Halimiis  (Linnsus),  sup- 
posed to  be  the  halimon  of  the  ancients.  It  was 
fabled  to  have  the  power  of  dispelling  hunger. 

alimouioust  (al-i-mo'ni-us),  a.  [<  L.  alimonia, 
food,  nourisliment :  see  alimony.']  Affording 
food;  nourishing;  nutritive:  as,  "alimonious 
humours,"  Harvey,  Consumption. 

alimony  (al'i-mo-ni),  «.  [<L.  alimonia,  fern., 
also  aUmonium,  neut.,  food,  nourishment,  suste- 
nance, support,  <  alere,  nourish :  see  aliment,  n.] 
In  latv :  (a)  An  allowance  which  a  husband  or 
former  husband  may  be  forced  to  pay  to  his 
wife  or  former  wife,  living  legally  separate  from 
him,  for  her  maintenance.  It  is  granted  or  with- 
held in  the  discretion  of  the  matrimonial  court,  with  re- 
gard to  the  merits  of  the  case  and  the  resoirrces  of  the 
parties  respectivel.v.  Alimony  pendente  lite  is  that  given 
to  the  wife  during  the  pendency  of  an  action  for  divorce, 
separation,  or  annulment  of  marriage ;  permanen  t  alimony 
is  that  given  to  a  wife  after  judgment  of  divorce,  separa- 
tion, or  annulment  in  her  favor.  (J)  In  iicots  law, 
aliment.     Erskine. 

alinasal  (al-i-na'zal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ala, 
wing,  +  nasus,  nose.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  the  parts  forming  the  outer  or  lateral 
boundaries  of  the  nostrils.  See  alee  7iasi,  under 
ala.  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  a  lateral  cartilage 
of  the  nasal  region  of  the  skull  of  an  embryonic  bird ;  sit- 
uated in  the  lateral  part  of  the  nasal  region  of  such  a 
skull.— Alinasal  process,  a  process  surrounding  each 


alinasal 

nasal  aperture  of  the  chondrocranium  of  the  frog.  Dun- 
man.— AUnasai  turbinal,  a  cartilage  of  the  alinasal  re- 
gion, tonnecteU  »1th  the  alinasal  or  lateral  cartilage. 

The  alinatal  ttirtrinal  of  (the  Yunx)  ...  has  two  ttxrns, 
and  that  of  Gecinus  one.  £iicyc.  Brit.,  III.  717. 

n.  n.  A  lateral  cartilage  of  the  nasal  region 
of  the  skull  of  an  embryonic  bird,  in  which  is 
situated  the  external  nostril.     JT.  £.  Parker. 
alineH  (a-lin').  2^''C1'-  i''""-  ^^  nrff.     [<  0^,  in,  + 
/»««■-.]     In  a  straight  line. 

Take  thanue  a  rewle  and  draw  a  strike,  euene  alx/ne  fro 
the  pvn  unto  the  middel  prikke. 

Cfiaucer,  Astrolabe,  ii.  §  3S. 

aline^  (a-lin'),  r-  '• ;  pret.  and  pp.  alined, 
ppr.  aUiiing.  [Also  spelled  alliiie,  <  ML.  as  if 
'allineare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  Uneare,  reduce  to  a 
straight  line,  ML.  draw  a  straight  line,  <  Jiiiea, 
a  line.  The  reg.  E.  form  is  aline,  but  align, 
after  F.  aligner,  is  common.]  To  adjust  to  a 
line ;  lay  out  or  regulate  by  a  line ;  form  in 
line,  as  troops.  Equivalent  forms  are  align, 
alliiie. 

alineate  (a-lin'e-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aline- 
ated,  ppr.  aline'ating.  [Also  spelled  alUneate, 
<  JIL.  as  if  'allincatus.  pp.  of  *  allineare :  see 
aUnt-.'\     Same  as  aline^. 

The  intended  base  line  [must  be]  alUneated  by  placing 
a  telescope  a  little  beyond  one  of  its  proposed  extremities, 
so  as  to  command  them  both. 

SiV  J.  Serschct,  Pop.  Lectures,  p.  IS^. 

alineation  (a-Un-f-a'shon),  h.  [Also  spelled 
allineatiun,  <  ML.  as  if  "allineatioin-),  the  draw- 
ing of  a  line,  <  'allineare:  see  alineate.'\  The 
act  of  bringing  into  line ;  a  method  of  deter- 
mining the  position  of  a  remote  and  not  easih- 
discernible  object,  by  running  an  imaginary- 
line  tlirough  more  easily  recognizable  interme- 
diate objects,  as  the  passing  of  a  straight  line 
through  the  pointers  of  the  Great  Bear  to  the 
pole-star. 

alinement  (a-lin'ment),  n.  [<  aline"  +  -ment, 
a.(tvTi\alignement,iyiti.  alineamcntum,*aUinea- 
mentiiin,  (. 'allineare  :  see  «?iHc2.]  1.  The  act 
of  alining;  the  act  of  laying  out  or  regulating 
by  a  line ;  an  adjusting  to  a  line. —  2.  The  state 
of  being  so  adjusted  ;  the  line  of  adjustment ; 
especially,  in  milit.,  the  state  of  being  in  line: 
as,  the  alinement  of  a  battalion  ;  the  alinement 
ofacamp. — 3.  In  engin.:  (o)  The  ground-plan 
of  a  railway  or  other  road,  in  distinction  from 
the  gradients  or  profile.  (6)  The  ground-plan 
of  a  fort  or  field-work. 

Also vrriUenallinement,  alignment,  alignement, 
allignment. 

aliner  f  a-li'n6r),  n.  One  who  alines  or  adjusts 
t.i  ii  line.     Evelyn. 

aliped  i  al'i-pcd),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  alipes  (-ped-), 
wmg-footed,  swift,  <  ala,  wing,  -I-  pes  (ped-) 
=  E.foot:  see  pedal  and  foot.']  1.  a.  1.  Wing- 
footed  ;  having  the  toes  connected  by  a  mem- 
brane which  serv'es  as  a  wing,  as  the  bats. — 
2t.  Swift  of  foot. 

n.  n.  An  animal  whose  toes  are  connected 
by  a  membrane  8er\'ing  for  a  wing ;  a  chirop- 
t'T.  as  the  bat. 

aliqtiant (al'i-kwant),  o.  [< L.  aliquanttis,  some, 
Bomewhat,  moderate,  considerable,  <  alius, 
other  (see  alien),  +  qnantus,  how  groat:  soo 
finanlily.']  Contained  in  another,  but  not  di- 
vidinK  it  evenly :  applied  to  a  number  which 
<lofn  not  measure  another  without  a  remainder: 
thus,  '>  is  an  aliquant  part  of  16,  for  3  times  5 
are  l.'!,  leaWn^  a  remainder  1. 

aliqnot  (al'i-kwot),   a.  and   «.     [<  L.  aliquot, 
MiMiir,  several,  a  few,  <  alius,  other,  -t-  quot,  how 
many:  see  quotient.]     I.  a.  Forming  an  exact 
mcaniire  of  something:  applied  to  a  part  of  a 
numlM^r  or  quanlil  v  wliicli  will  measure  it  with- 
out n  reinainiler:  thus,  '>  is  an  aliquot  part  of  15. 
H.  II.  That  wliicli  forms  an  exact  measure; 
■  i>art :  as,  4  is  an  aliquot  of  I'J. 
•  fal-i-san'd6r),  n.     An  old  form  of 


all>M:|>' 

+  «..' 

of    :. 
Int.; 


ritl. 
in,. 


p'tiil),  a.  andn.    [<L.  ala,  wing, 

■"'.  '"•ptum.]     I.  a.  Appellutivo 

'   f'lnns  a  partilion  in  the 

ill  puHHUge  of  the  skull  of 

i'l .  iK'rtaiuiug  to  or  connected 

■  4l  comrd  the  nlwuttU  region. 

IP.  X.  Parker. 
n.  x.  Tno  nliiieptal  oariilnKe. 

a)).,^,   ..M  ...  .    .     [>„;, +  .(^/,i  j    Llkcnle;hnv- 

v  of  111"':  BH.  "Itio  MW'i't  alish 

^I'lriimrr,  Ihinbandrv. 

AUtma  '  >  [NL.,  <  Or.  h'/in)m.  plnn- 

'•In.)     A  .   iirnqiinlji' plantH,  [MilurnI 

order  AIuik'uki.    Tim  comiDon  water-jilautain, 


142 

A.  Plantago,  is  the  principal  species.  See  water- 
plantain. 

Alismaceae  (al-iz-ma'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alis- 
m<(  +  -acea.]  An  endogenous  order  of  aquatic 
or  marsh  herbs,  mostly  natives  of  th  2  northern 
temperate  zone.  Apart  from  a  few  species  of  Alisma 
and  .■?n:7ittaria  furnishiiig  edible  tubers,  the  order  is  of 
little  importance. 

alismaceous  (al-iz-ma'shius),  a.  In  hot.,  relat- 
ing or  belonging  to  the  Alismacea:. 

Tliere  is  a  third  species  of  the  new  AUsniaceous  genus 
Weisneria,  hitherto  known  in  India  and  Central  Africa. 
Juur.  of  Ilutanij,  Bril.  and  For.,  1SS3,  p.  160. 

alismad  (a-liz'mad),  n.  [<  Alisma  +  -arfl.]  In 
hot.,  one  of  the  Alismacece. 

alismal  (a-liz'mal),  a.  Relating  or  pertaining 
to  the  genus  Alisma  (which  see). 

alismoid  (a-liz'moid),  a.  [<  Alisma  +  -oid.] 
In  hot.,  resembling  an  alismad;  like  plants  of 
the  genus  Alisma. 

alison,  ".     See  alysson. 

alisphenoid  (al-i-sfe'noid),  a.  and  ».  [<  L. 
ala,  \\-ing.  -t-  sphenoid,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  greater  wing  of  the  sphenoid 
bone.  —  Alisphenoid  canal,  an  osseous  canal  through 
which  the  external  cnrotid  artery  runs  for  some  distance 
at  the  base  of  the  skull  of  the  dog  and  sundry  other  car- 
nivorous quadrupeds. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  bones  of  the  skull,  forming 
by  fusion  with  other  cranial  bones,  in  adult  lite, 
a  great  part  of  the  compoimd  sphenoid  bone. 
In  man  the  alisphenoid  is  the  greater  wing  of  the  sphe- 
noid, minus  the  so-called  internal  pterygoid  process.  See 
cuts  under  Crocodilia  and  ^kidl.  * 

alisphenoidal  (al' i-sfe-noi'dal),  a.  [<  alisphe- 
iiiiiii  +  -I//.]     Same  as  alisphenoid. 

alisson,  ».     See  alysson. 

alist  (a-lisf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  n3 
-f-  list,'  inclination.]  Xaut.,  listed,  or  canted 
over  to  one  side;  inclined. 

alitrunk  (al'i-trungk),  n.  [<  L.  ota,  wing,  + 
truncus,  trunk.]  The  segment  of  the  posterior 
thorax  of  an  insect  to  wliich  the  wings  and  two 
posterior  pairs  of  legs  are  attached. 

-ality.  [_<. -al  +  -iti/.}  A  compound  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  also  in  reduced  form  -alty,  as  in 
reality,  realty,  legality,  loyalty,  etc.     See  -al  and 

-ny,  -ty. 

aliunde  (a-li-un'de),  adv.  [L.,  from  another 
phu-i-,  <  alius,  other,  -I-  unde,  whence.]      From 

another  place Evidence  aliunde,  evidence  from 

another  som-ce,  as  from  without  a  will,  to  explain  some 
ambiguity  in  it. 
alive  (a-13v'),  prep.  phr.  as  a.  or  adv.  [Early 
mod.  1^.  also  alufe,  on  lyve,  on  lyfe,  <  ME.  alive, 
ali/j'e,  o  live,  earlier  on  live,  on  life,  <  AS.  on  life, 
in  life:  on,  in;  life,  dat.  case  of  /;/,  life:  see  a^ 
and  life.  Hence  abbrev.  live,  «.]  1.  In  life; 
living;  in  the  state  in  which  the  organs  of  the 
body  perform  their  functions:  opposed  to  rfcot/; 
as,  the  man  is  alive. 

Nor  well  alirc,  nor  wholly  dead  they  were. 
But  some  faint  signs  of  feeble  life  appear. 

Drydcn,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  ITil. 

2.  In  a  state  of  action;  in  force  or  operation; 
unextinguished;  undestroyed;  une.xpired:  as, 
keep  the  suit  alive. 

.Sweet  Liberty  inspires 
And  keeps  alive  his  fierce  but  noble  llres. 

Cowper,  Table.Talk. 

3.  Full  of  alacrity;  active;  sprightly;  lively: 
as,  the  company  were  all  alive. —  4.  Enlivened; 
animated;  strongly  aroused. 

This  iierpctual  iiitcl'conununication  .  ,  .  keeps  us  al- 
ways alive  with  excitement. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  7. 

The  special  quality  of  the  song  is  tliat.  Imwcver  care- 
lessly fashioned,  it  sucnia  alim  with  tlic  energy  tif  niuhic. 
Stedman,  \'lct.  I'oets,  p.  101. 

5.  Attentive;  open  to impros.sions  (from);  sen- 
sitive; susceptible:  used  with  to:  as,  he  is  suf- 
ficiently alive  to  tho  beauties  of  nature,  but  yet 
more  alive  to  his  own  interests. 

Awakening  to  (he  conHcionmicss  of  evils  which  had  hirig 
existed,  ami  whlcli  had  escaped  notice  only  because  ni> 
one  was  alive  to  (hem.  lYoudc,  .SkctcheH,  ]>.  11'..'. 

6.  Filled  as  with  living  things;  swarniiiig; 
thronged:  as,  tho  city  was  all  «/ii'<'  when  I  he 
general  entered. 

The  thick  r<H)t 
of  green  and  Htirring  branches  is  alive 
And  musical  with  birds. 

tlriiftnt,  Kntronre  to  n  Wood. 
Tho  coarser  wheiit  (bat  rnll«  in  Inkcn  of  Idooin,-- 
It*  coral  stems  iind  milk  wliKe  (lowers  ative 
Wi(h  the  wide  mnrmiirs  of  (be  Kcndered  hive. 

1).  It'.  Ilolmri,  D.il.  of  ri((«(bld  Ceinotcry. 

7.  Of  all  living,  by  way  of  cmphaHis. 

Tho  Earl  of  Northuinlwrlnml  .  .  ,  wo*  tho  proudest  iiiiin 
lUiv*.  Clareiulvn. 

8.  Ill  printing.     Boo  live. 


alkalify 

alizari  (al-i-zii'ri),  «.  [F.,  Sp.,  etc. ;  also  called 
;■-(((■(,  azala  ;  prob.  <  Ar.  at,  the,  +  'agdrah,  juice 
pressed  out,  extract,  <  'agara,  press  out,  ex- 
tract.] The  commercial  name  of  madder  in 
the  Levant. 

alizaric  (al-i-zar'ik),  a.  In  chem.,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  alizari,  or  madder:  as,  ali:aric  acid. 

alizarin  (al-i-za'rin),  n.  [<  F.  alizarine,  <  <di- 
::ari :  see  ali::ari.]  A  peculiar  red  coloring 
matter  (C14H8O4)  formerly  obtained  from  mad- 
der, and  extensively  used  as  a  dyestull.  it  was 
discovered  in  182-1  by  Robiquet  and  Colin,  who  ol  itained  it  by 
digesting  madder-root  with  alcoliol  and  treating  this  with 
sulphuric  acid,  thus  producing  a  black  mass  which  they 
called  charbon  de  rniranre.  On  heating,  this  yielded  a 
sublimate  of  alizarin  in  long,  brilliant,  red.  needle-shaped 
crj-stals.  It  is  now  artificially  prepared  on  a  large  scale 
from  anthracene  tCi4Hip).  a  protluct  of  the  dislilliUion  of 
coal-tar.  Itformsyellowish-red  crystals  insolubk- in  water, 
dilficultly  soluble  in  alcohol,  but  readily  soluble  in  alkalis, 
giving  to'tlie  solution  a  purplish-red  color  and  beautiful  tlu- 
orescence.  It  has  acid  properties  and  unites  with  bases. — 
Alizarin  red.    See  red,  n. 

alkl  (alk),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  E.  aul;  <  Icel.  dlka  = 
Sw.  alka  =Dan.  aR;  alke.]  A  provincial  Eng- 
lish name  for  the  razor-billed  auk,  Alca  or  Vta- 
mania  torda.  Montagu.  See  Alca,  Alcida:,  and 
aul: 

alk-  (alk),  n.  [<  Ar.  'ull:]  A  resin  obtained  in 
nortliern  .-Vfrica  from  the  terebinth-tree,  Pista- 
cia  I'erebinthus.  The  liest  in  quality  is  obtained  from 
the  terebinth ;  but  in  .\rabia  it  is  also  derived  from  the 
senauber  (juniper),  the  "ac^eA  (cedar),  the  Jistaq  or  pistacio- 
treeiPiMucia  rera),  the  sarfi  (cypress),  and  the  yenbHt.  lu 
litpiid  form  it  is  the  Cliio  turpentine  of  commerce. 

alkahest  (al'ka-hest),  n.  [F.  alcnhest;  a  word 
of  Arabic  appearance,  but  not  traceable  to  that 
language ;  supposed  to  have  been  invented  by 
Paracelsus  in  imitation  of  other  alchemical 
terms.]  The  pretended  universal  solvent  or 
menstruum  of  the  alchemists.  Also  speUed 
aleahest. 

alkahestic  (al-ka-hes'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
thf  alkahest.     Also  spelled  alcahestic. 

alkahestical  (al-ka-hes'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
alkahestir.     Also  spelled  alcahestical. 

alkalamide  (al-kal'a-mid  or  -mid),  n.  [<  alkali 
-t-  amide.]  An  aniule  which  has  resemblance 
to  an  amine,  containing  both  acid  and  alcohol 
radicals.     Also  spelled  alkalimidc. 

alkalescence  (al-ka-les'ens),  ».  [<  alkalescent.] 
The  process  of  becoming  alkaline;  alkales- 
cency. 

alkalescency  (al-ka-les'en-si),  «.  A  tendency 
to  heconie  alkaline ;'  the  quality  of  being  slightly 
alkaline  ;  llie  state  of  a  substance  in  which  al- 
kaline properties  begin  to  be  developed  or  to  be 
iireildiiiinant.      Vrc. 

alkalescent  (al-ka-les'ent),  a.  [<  alkali  +  -es- 
cent.]  Becoming  or  tending  to  become  alka- 
line. 

alkali  (al'ka-li  or  -li),  v. ;  pi.  alkalis  or  alkalies 
(-liz  or-liz)."  [<  ME.  atkali/,  alcali/,  <  OF.  F.  al- 
eali  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  it.  alcati  =  V.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  al- 
kali, <  Ar.  al-qaliy,  <  al,  the,  +  qaliy,  the  ashes 
of  saltwort  and  glasswort,  which  abound  in 
soda,  hence  applied  to  the  i)laut  itself;  <  qalay, 
roast  in  a  pan,  try.]  1.  Originally,  the  soluble 
part  of  tho  ashes  of  ]ilants,  especially  of  sea- 
weed; soda-ash. —  2.  The  plant  saltwort,  Sal- 
sola  kali.  Also  calU'd  /,((/(. — 3.  Now,  any  one 
of  various  substances  which  have  the  following 
jiropcrties  in  common:  solubility  in  water; 
the  power  of  neutralizing  acids  and  forming 
salts  with  them;  the  ]iro]ierly  of  combining 
with  fats  to  form  scuips;  corrosiv<'  aclion  on 
animal  and  vegetabl(>  tissue;  the  iiroperty  of 
changing  the  tint  of  inimy  vegetable  coloring 
matters,  as  of  litmus  rcddcncMl  by  an  acid  to 
blue,  or  turmeric  from  vcHow  lo  brown.  In  its 
restricted  and  ccunmon  sense  tb>'  (citn  is  applied  only  to 
the  hydrates  of  potusHimn,  sodium,  litbiuni.  rtesiuin,  ru- 
bidium, iiiid  amnu)t)iinn.  lu  u  more  gcncrul  sense  it  is 
api>licd  to  the  hydrates  of  nn-tals  of  (he  alkuliiu'  earths, 
baiiuni,  stroutiuni,  calcium,  and  miigncsinni,  luul  loa  large 
number  of  orgunir  substances,  bolb  natin-iil  ami  ar(itli-ial, 
di-Hi  ribi-d  under  atkaloid.  Alkalis  unite  Willi  MiLpoiiiflable 
oih  (>i  foi'in  soup. 

Sometimes  spelled  alcali. 
Flxod  alkalis,  poiash,  soda,  and  IKbia,  In  contradistlnc- 
(ion  luiiiiinwuin,  wliieh  Is  called  vohililr  alkali.     .See  ain- 
tui'in'ii. 

alkaliferoUS  (al-ka-lif 'e-rns),  a.  [<  alkali  + 
firiiu.':.]  Coiilaining  or  producing  alkalis;  al- 
kaline: as,  alkali Irrous  v\nyH. 

alkaliflable  (al'ka-li-fi<ii-bl),  n.  [<  alkalify  + 
-ahh  .  I  Capable  of  being  iilkalified  or  converted 
info  MM  alkali. 

alkalify  (nrkii-li-fi),)'. ;  ]>ret.  and  pp.  alkalificd, 
wiT.alhilifying.     |<  alkali  +  -fy.]     I.  trans.  To 
form  or  eonvert  into  iin  alkali ;  alkalize. 
II.  intrans.  To  become  an  alkali. 


aikaligen 

alkaligent  (al'ka-li-jen),  >i.  [<  alJcaU  +  -gen ; 
—  V.  tilcalii/iiic.}  TI16  name  first  proposed  lor 
nitrogen,  as  being  a  cliief  constituent  of  am- 
monia or  volatile  alkali.     N.  K.  V. 

alkaligenous  (al-ka-lij'e-nus),  a.  \<  alkali  + 
-firniiiis:  see -j/e'io»s.]  Producing  or  generating 
alkali. 

alkali-grass  (al'ka-li-gras),  n.  A  name  given 
to  several  species  of  gi-ass  growing  in  alkaline 
localities  in  the  western  portions  of  the  United 
States,  especially  to  Distichlis  maritima. 

alkalimeter  (al-ka-lim'e-ter),  n.  [<  aU;a}i  + 
Gr.  fitrpov,  measure.]  An  instrument  used  for 
ascertaining  the  strength  of  alkalis,  or  the 
quantity  of  alkali  in  caustic  potash  and  soda. 
This  is  lione  by  determining  what  quantity  of  dilute  sul- 
phuric aciil  of  a  known  strength  can  be  neutralized  by  a 
given  weight  of  the  alkali  or  of  caustic  potash  or  soda. 
Sometimes  spelled  alcalimeter. 

There  are  several  .  .  .  forms  of  alkalimeter,  hut  which- 
ever of  them  iB  employed  the  process  is  the  same. 


143 


Ure,  Diet.,  I.  74. 

alkalimetric  (al"ka-li-met'rik),  (I.    [<  all-ali  + 
Ur.  iKTpiiMi;.    Cf.  aikaUmetcr.']     Relating  to  al- 
kalimetry.    Sometimes  spelled  alciilimetnc. 
alkalimetrical  (al"ka-li-met'ri-kal),  a 
as  iMaliiiictric. 

It  is  advisable,  where  alkalimetrical  assays  have  fre- 
quently to  be  made,  to  keep  a  stock  of  test  acid. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  75. 

alkallmetrically  {al"ka-li-met'ri-kal-i),  mlv. 
As  in  alkalimetry ;  by  means  of  an  alkalimeter. 
Sometimes  spelled  alcaUmetricalhi . 


alkaloidal  (al-ka-loi'dal),  a.  [<  alkaloid  +  -al.'\ 
Pcrlainiiig  to  the  alkaloids;  having  the  nature 
of  an  alkaloid. 

alkanet  (al'ka-net),  n.  [<  ME.  alkanet,  <  Sp.  al- 
cancta  (early  mod.  E.  also  orcanet,  orkanct,  or- 
cliaiicl,  <  OF.  orcancttc,  orchanette,  mod.  F.  or- 
cancic,  <  Sp.  orcaneta,  var.  of  alcaneta),  dim.  of 
alcana,  alcaiiu,  henna:  see  ateawna  and /lOiHa.] 

1.  The  root  of  a  boraginaeeous  hevh,  Alkanna 
(Anchusa,)  tinctoria,  yielding  a  red  dye,  for  which 
the  plant  is  cultivated  in  central  and  southern 
Europe,  it  is  used  in  dyeing,  staining  wood,  coloring 
adulterated  wines,  and  in  ]iharniacy  to  give  a  red  color  to 
salves,  etc.  It  produces  brilliant  violet  and  gl'iiy  colors 
with  alum  and  iron  mordants  on  linen,  cotton,  and  silk, 
but  u,it  on  wool. 

2.  The  plant  which  yields  the  dye,  Alkaniia 
tinctoria.  Also  called  orcanet  and  Spanish  hu- 
gloss. —  3.  A  name  of  similar  plants  of  other 
genera.  The  common  alkanet  of  England  is  Anclivm 
(ijlh-iiuili.^ ;  the  evergreen  alkanet,  A.  sernpervirrnn ;  the 
bastard  .ilkanet,  Lithospermum  arvense,  and  in  America 
L.  cani'.^cenf!. 

Alkanna  (al  -kan '  a),  «.  [See  alkanet.']  A  bo- 
raginaeeous genus  of  perennial  herbs,  of  about 
sVme  ^^  species,  natives  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 
It  is  distinguished  from  Anchuxa  (in  which  genus  it  was 
formerly  included)  mainly  by  the  absence  of  appendages 
from  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  The  principal  species  is 
A.  tinctoria.     .See  alkanet. 

alkarsin,  alkarsine  (al-kar'sin),  n.  [<  alc(o- 
hol)  +  ars{ctiic)  +  -in'^:  so  called  because  it  was 
at  first  considered  to  be  an  alcohol  in  which  o.xy- 
gen  was  replaced  by  arsenic]  A  he&yy,  brown, 
fuming,  and  extremely  poisonous  liquid  con- 


The  lime  In  this  process  is  estimated  <i!«ra!i»ne(?-icni'i/ by    taining    cacodyl    and   its  oxidation    products: 


means  of  an  acid. "  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  027. 

alkalimetry(al-ka-lim'e-tri),  n.  [As alkalimeter 
+  -I/.]  The  process  of  determining  the  strength 
of  an  alkaline  mixture  or  liquid.  This  may  be 
done  by  volumetric  analysis,  that  is,  by  estimating  the 

amount  of  a  standard  acid  solution  which  the  alkaline  alkekenei    fal-ke-ken'ii)     n 
mixture  will  saturate;  or  by  gi'avimetric  analysis,  thiit  is,  "'^^'^  ..  0     ^    .  .  iJl     ' 

by  decomposing  the  substance  and  finding  the  weight  of 
the  alkali  contained  in  it.     .Sometimes  spelled  alcatimelry. 

The  principle  on  which  alkalimetry  is  based  consists  in 


determining  the  amount 

alkali  can  saturate  or  neutralise. 


formerly  known  as  Cadet's  fuming  liquid,  it  is 
characterized  by  an  insufferable  smell  and  by  spontaneous 
ignition  on  exposure  to  the  air.  It  has  been  proposed  to 
use  it  in  warfare  to  charge  sliells,  whose  explosion  would 
set  a  ship  on  fire  and  destroy  the  crew  by  the  poisonous 
vapor.     Also  spelled  alcarsin. 

[Early  mod.  E. 
also  altai/engi,  etc.,  <  ME.  alkektui/i/ ;  =  P.  al- 
kekentjc  =  lt.  alcaclicngi^zSp.  alquc(iucnjc  =  'Pg. 
.  i.,a,.iM„t., .,  ,0  .^==^>.  ^,^,.o.=,o  ...  alqucqucnge,  <  ML.  alkekengi,  <  Ar.  al-kukanj,  al- 
ot  acidwhi'ch  a  knoivirwelght  of  kdkcnj,  <  at,  the,  -t-  Pers.  k'akanj,  a  kind  of  resin 
from  a  tree  growing  in  the  mountains  of  Herat 
in  Afghanistan.]  The  winter-cherry,  a  solana- 
ceous  plant,  t'hysalis  Alkekengi.  The  scarlet  fruit, 
inclosed  in  a  large  red  calyx,  makes  the  plant  very  orna- 
mental at  the  beginning  of  winter;  it  is  also  edible,  and 
lias  a  .sli..;htly  acid  taste. 


Ure,  Diet.,  I.  74. 


alkalimide,  ".     See  alkalamide. 

alkaline  (al'ka-lin  or  -lin),  a.  [<  alkali  +  -ine'^ ; 
=  F.  akalin.]  "  Pertaining  to  alkali ;  having  the 
properties  of  an  alkali — Alkaline^  development, 


1  ,//in(.i.;.,the  development  of  an  exposed  plate  by  a  bath  alkenna  ( a,l-ken'a),  n.   [See aZcawna  and ftenjia.] 

Same  as  henna. 

alkermes  (al-ktr'mez),  n.  l<F.alkermes,no-w 
alkcrmcs,  <Ar.al-qirmiz:  seekermes.'}  1.  The 
name  of  a  once  celebrated  compound  cordial, 
to  which  a  fine  red  color  was  given  by  kermes. 
Its  ingredients  are  said  to  have  been  cider,  rose-water, 
sugar,  and  various  fragrant  flavoring  substances. 
2.  Same  as  kermes. 

alk-gum  (alk'gum),  n.     Same  as  alk^ — Alk-^um 
tree  tin-  terebiutli  of  southern  Europe  and  Asia  Minor, 

J'i.sta,i,i  Trreliiiitlnix. 

alkoholt,  alkoholict,  etc.    Obsolete  forms  of 

alcohol,  etc. 
alkool,  )!.    [Repr.  Al'.  a/-A;o7i'Z ;  see  afcoftoi.]    A 

preparation  of  antimony  used  by  the  women 

of  Eastern  nations  to  darken  the  eyelids  and 

eyelashes.     Brande. 
Alkoran  (al'ko-ran  or  al-ko-ran'),  »•     Same  as 

Koran. 

See  Alcoranic, 


compounded  with  an  alkali,  such  as  ammonia.  See  devel 
vpment. — Alkaline  earths,  lime,  magnesia,  baryta,  and 
stritntia.     See  alkali. 

alkalinity  (al-ka-lin'j-ti),  n.  l<  alkaline  +  -iti/.j 
The  state  of  being  alkaline  ;  the  quality  which 
constitutes  an  alkali. 

alkalinize  (al'ka-lin-iz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 
kulini:ed,  ppr.  aikalini:ing.  [i  alkaline  +  -jce.] 
To  render  alkaline.     K.  E.  D. 

alkalious  (al-ka'U-us),  a.  l<  alkali  + -ous.] 
Having  the  properties  of  an  alkali.  Formerly 
spelled  alcaliovs.     [Rare.] 

alkalisable,  alkalisate,  etc.  See  alkalizahle, 
etc. 

alkali -stiff  (al'ka-li-stif),  n.  A  stiffening 
matter  much  used  in  the  manufacture  of  infe- 
rior hats.  It  is  made  of  9  pounds  of  shellac,  dissolved 
with  is  ounces  of  sal  soda  in  3  gallons  of  water.    J.  Thorn- 


,  Hats  and  fr'eltini^,  „^ 

alkalizable  (al'ka-li-za-bl),  a.     [<  alkalize  +  Alkoranic,  Alkoranish,  etc 

-(I'l'c]   Capable  of  being  alkalized.    Sometimes     gte. 

spelled  alccdizahle,  alkalisable. 
alkalizate  (al'ka-li-zat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 

kalizaled,  ppr.  alhalizating.    [<  alkalize  +  -ate^.] 

To  make  alkaline.    See  alkalize.    Also  spelled 

alcidizatc,  alkalisate. 
alkalization  (al"ka-li-za'shon),   n.      [<  alkali 


alkoxid,  alkoxide  (al-kok'sid,  -sid  or  -sid),  n. 
[<  alc(ohol)  +  Olid.']  A  compound  in  which 
alcohol  unites  with  a  metallic  base.  The  base 
replaces  hydrogen  in  the  alcohol  hydroxyl :  as  CH;jONa, 
sodium  alkoxid,  formed  by  treating  sodium  with  methyl 
alcohol, 

[<.  alk{ali)  + -ijl.}    A  generic 


zate.]  The  act  orprocess  of  rendering  alkaline  ^^f  ^^^^^  ij^'j  Jo  any  alcohol  radfcal,  such  as 
by  impregnating  with  an  alkali.  Also  spelled  STuCHo),  ethyl  (C2H5),  propyl  (C3H7).  etc. 
alcahzatxon  alkalisatron  aTkvlogen  (al-kirijen),  «.     A  halogen  salt  of 

alkalize  (al'ka-hz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  alka-  ^Af/,n°r, ".l.^;,....  ■  ■^     " 
lized,  ppr.  alkalizing.     [<  alkali   +   -ize.]     To  ^l{\^l;'l^llZ,Li<ia:.all,al,vl^ 

""     ((/,withbreakingeaH,ea?,pl.eaHf,=ONorth.  al, 
n»f,  =0S.  al,  alle  or  alia,  =  OFries.  al,  alle,  =  D 


change  into  an  alkali ;  communicate  the  prop- 
erties of  an  alkali  to;  alkalify.  Also  spelled 
alkalisf. 

alkaloid  (al'ka-loid),  )(.  and  a.  [<  alkali  + 
-o/(/.]  I.  n.  A  body  resembling  an  alkali  in 
properties;  one  of  a  class  of  nitrogenous  com- 
pounds which  occur  in  plants  in  combination 
with  organic  acids,  and  are  sometimes  called 
the  organic  bases  of  plants,  as  moi^phine,  nico- 
tine, quinine,  etc.  They  are  intensely  bitter,  turn 
reddened  litmus  blue,  are  slightly  soluble  in  water  but 
readily  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  have  active  medicinal  or 
poisonous  properties.  Compounds  having  the  general  re- 
actions and  properties  of  alkaloids  (jitomains)  are  found 
in  decaying  animal  matters,  being  products  of  the  decom- 
position of  the  tissues. 
II.  a.  Relating  to  or  containing  alkali. 


al,  alle,  =OB.G.  MHG.  al,  alle,  G.  all,  alle,  =  Icel. 
allr,  allir,  =  Sw.  all,  alia,  =  Dan.  all,  alle,  = 
Goth,  alls,  allai,  all;  as  a  prefix,  ME.  all-,  al-, 
AS.  call-,  eal-,  al-  =  OS.  al-,  etc.,  usually  with 
single  /,  merging  with  a  simpler  Tent,  form  al-, 
found  only  in  comp.  and  deriv.  (AS.  al-,  wl-  = 
OS.  OHG.  al-,  ala-,  alo-  =  Goth,  ala-,  as  in  AS. 
almihiiij,  cclmihtig  =  OS.  almahtig,  alamahtig, 
alomahtig  =  OHG.  almahtig,  alamahtig,  al- 
mighty; OHG.  alaniuwi,  all  new;  Goth,  ala- 
mrnis,  all  men  (see  Alemannic) ;  OS.  alung  = 
OFries.  along  =  OHG.  alanc,  entire,  complete, 
etc.),  perhaps  <  •/  'al  in  AS.  alan  (pret.  61), 


all 

nourish,  grow,  produce,  =  Icel.  flte  (>  E.  dial. 
alie'^,  q.  v.),  nourish,  =  Goth,  alan,  grow,  be 
nourished,  =  L.  alere,  nourish  (see  aliment),  of 
which  all,  Goth,  alls,  stem  'alia-,  an  assimila- 
tion of  'aina-,  would  be  an  ancient  pp.  adj.  form 
in  -n  (cf.  a  like  assimilation  infulfl-),  to  be  com- 
pared withAS.  aldjcald,  E.  old,  OHG.  «/(=Goth. 
"alths,  altheis,  old,  =  L.  altus.  deep,  high,  an  an- 
cient pp.  ad,],  form  in  -t  (-d^,  -cd^) :  see  old  and 
alt.  Cf.  Ir.  ule,  «»/«  =  Gael.  i(ilc  =  \f.  oil,  whole, 
all,  every.  The  several  uses  of  all,  as  adj., 
pron.,  noun,  and  adv.,  overlap,  and  cannot 
bo  entirely  separated.  See  alder^,  orig.  gen. 
pi.  of  all.]  I,  a.  1.  The  whole  quantity  of, 
with  reference  to  substance,  extent,  diu-ation, 
amount,  or  degi'ee :  with  a  noun  in  the  singular, 
chiefly  such  nouns  (proper  names,  names  of 
substances,  al>stract  nouns  —  any  whole  or  any 
part  regarded  in  itself  as  a  whole)  as  from  their 
meaning  or  particular  use  do  not  in  such  use 
admit  of  a  plm'al:  as,  all  Europe;  all  Homer; 
art  flesh;  aH  control;  aH  history. 

Gratiano  speaks  an  infinite  deal  of  nothing,  more  than 
any  man  in  all  Venice.  Shak.,  il.  of  V.,  i,  1. 

■   All  hell  shall  stir  for  this.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  1. 

No  one  will  contend  that  all  legislative  power  belongs 
to  Congress,  all  executive  power  to  the  President,  or  all 
judicial  power  to  the  courts  of  the  United  States. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  .Senate,  May  17,  1834. 

2.  The  whole  number  of,  with  reference  to 
individuals  or  particulars,  taken  collectively : 
with  a  noun  in  the  plural :  as,  all  men ;  all  na- 
tions ;  all  metals ;  all  hopes ;  all  sciences ;  all 
days.  [All  in  logic  is  the  sign  of  a  distributed  term  in 
an  affirmative  proposition ;  as,  all  men  are  mortal.  This 
use  of  all,  in  place  of  everij,  is  a  result  of  Boethius's  use  of 
oninis  as  a  translation  of  the  irds  of  Aristotle.] 

All  sins  are  in  all  men,  but  do  not  appear  in  each  man. 
He  that  hath  one  sin,  hath  all. 

Bunhnell,  Nat.  and  the  Supemat.,  p.  388. 

3.  Every :  chiefly  with  kind,  sort,  manner,  and 
foiTnerly  with  thing. 

Blessed  are  ye,  when  men  shall  revile  you  and  . .  .  shall 
say  all  manner  of  evil  against  you,  falsely.        Mat.  v.  11. 

4.  Any;  any  whatever:  after  a  preposition  or 
verb  implying  negation  or  exclusion :  as,  be- 
yond all  controversy ;  out  of  (dl  question ;  he 
was  free  from  all  thought  of  danger. 

Yes,  without  all  doubt.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  1. 

5t.  Only;  alone.     [Rare.] 

He  was  my  son  ; 
But  I  do  wash  his  name  out  of  my  blood. 
And  thou  art  all  my  child- 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iii.  2. 
When  joined  to  nouns  accompanied  by  a  definitive  (the 
definite  article,  a  possessive  or  demonstrative  pronoun, 
etc.),  all  precedes  the  latter  whether  with  a  singular  or 
plural  noun,  or  else  follows  the  noun  if  it  is  phnal ;  as,  all 
my  labor ;  all  his  goods  ;  all  this  time ;  all  tliese  things ; 
all  the  men  agreed  to  this,  or,  the  men  all  agreed  to  this. 
In  the  phrases  all  day,  all  night,  all  summer,  all  winter, 
all  the  year,  all  the  time,  etc.,  the  noun  is  an  adverbial 
accusative.  In  the  first  four  the  article  is  usually  omitted. 
All  the  world's  a  stage. 
And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 

Sir,  I  will  drink  success  to  my  friend,  with  all  my  heart. 
.Sheridan,  Duenna,  ii.  3. 

The  clergyman  walks  from  house  to  house  all  day  all 
the  year  to  give  people  the  comfort  of  good  talk. 

Emerson,  Clubs. 
When  joined  to  a  personal  or  relative  pronoun  in  the 
plural,  all  may  precede,  but  now  usually  follows,  the  pro- 
noun. 

All  we  like  sheep  have  gone  astray.  Isa.  liii.  6. 

And  we  all  do  fade  as  a  leaf.  Isa.  Ixiv.  6. 

Be  ye  all  of  one  mind.  1  Pet.  iii.  8. 

That  they  all  may  be  one.  John  xvii.  21. 

The  alternative  construction  is  all  of  tts,  all  of  them,  etc, 
(see  II.,  2);  or  the  two  constructions  may  stand  together. 

We  all  of  us  complain  of  the  shortness  of  time. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  93. 
The  adjective  all,  with  a  singular  or  plural  noun,  is  often 
separated  from  its  subject,  especially  by  the  verb  be  (ex- 
pressed, or  in  the  present  participle  often  omitted),  and, 
being  thus  apparently  a  part  of  the  predicate,  assumes  a 
transitional  position,  and  may  equally  well  be  regarded  as 
an  adverb,  meaning  altogether,  wholly:  as,  the  house  was 
all  ilark :  he  was  all  ears  ;  the  poor  horse  was  all  skin  and 
bones ;  the  papers  were  all  in  confusion ;  it  was  all  a  mis- 
take ;  it  is  all  gone. 

He  is  all  for  fasting.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  245. 

She  follow'd  my  poor  father's  body. 
Like  Niobe,  all  tears.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

He  has  also  rebuilt  y  parsonage  house,  oil  of  stone,  very 
neate  and  ample.  Ereltin,  Diary,  Sept.  9,  1677. 

AH  Fools'  day.  See  /ooH.— All  hands,  the  whole  com- 
pany ;  naiit..  the  whole  crew.— AH  my  eye.  See  ci/ei.— 
All  Saints'  day.  See  saint.— XD.  Souls'  day.  See  soul. 
—  For  all  the  world.    See  world. 

II.  a.  as  pron.  [Absolute  use  of  the  adj.] 
1.  The  whole  quantity  or  amount;  the  whole; 
the  aggregate ;  the  total :  in  a  singular  sense. 

And  Laban  .  .  .  said,  .  .  .  All  that  thou  seest  is  mine. 

Gen.  xxxi.  43. 


aU 

Doth  all  that  haants  the  waste  and  wild 
Mourn,  knowing  it  vnll  go  along  with  me? 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

2.  The  whole  number;  every  individual  or  par- 
ticular, taken  collectively  ;  especially,  all  men 
or  all  people :  in  a  plural  sense. 

That  whelpes  are  blinde  nine  dayes,  and  then  begin  to 
see  is  the  conunon  opinion  of  ail ;  and  some  will  be  apt 
to  descend  to  oulhes  upon  it.      Sir  T.  Brotciie,  Viilg.  Err. 
And,  poured  round  all. 
Old  Ocean's  gray  aud  melanclioly  waste. 

Bryant,  Thanatopsis. 
AU,  in  either  of  the  preceding  uses,  is  often  followed  by 
a  limiting  phrase  with  of. 

Tis  not  the  whole  of  life  to  live, 

Nor  all  of  death  to  die.  Montgomery^  Hymn. 

For  all  of  wonderful  and  wild 

Had  rapture  for  the  lonely  child. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.  M.,  vi.  21. 

Then  I  and  j'ou  and  all  o/us  fell  down. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 

3,  Everything:  as,  is  that  allt  that  is  all. 

What  though  the  field  be  lost? 
All  is  not  lost.  Milton.  P.  L.,  i.  105. 

Above  all  See  a'^w.— After  all,  after  everything  lias 
been  considered ;  in  spite  uf  everything  to  the  contrary; 
nevertheless. 

Cpon  luy  soul,  the  women  are  the  best  judges  a/ter  all. 
Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1. 
All  and  singular,  collectively  and  individually ;  one  and 
all :  all  withuul  exception  :  a  common  legal  phrase.— All 
and  some.  K  ME.  atU  and  xome,  prop,  pi.,  equiv.  to  L. 
unic^rsi  et  innyidi,  but  also  used  in  sing,  form  ai  and  ^im 
as  adv.,  altogether:  see  some.]  (a)  All  and  sundry;  one 
and  all.    [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

We  are  betrayd  and  >'nome  [taken], 
Horse  and  harness,  lords,  all  aiid  aome. 

Bich.  C.  de  L.,  1.  2283. 
Stop  your  noses,  readers,  all  and  some. 

Dryden,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  ii. 
(6t)  Altogether ;  wholly. 

The  tale  ys  >vryt>'n  al  and  sum 
In  a  btike  of  Vitas  Patrum. 

Hob.  o/  Brunne,  Handl>'ng  Synne,  1.  169. 
All  but,  everj'thing  but;  everjthing  short  of;  almost; 
ver)'  nearly  :  as,  she  is  all  but  nine  years  of  age. 

Hold  her  a  wealthy  bride  uithin  thine  arms, 
Or  all  but  hold,  and  then  —  cast  her  aside. 

Tennt/fion,  Holy  Grail. 
All  in  all  (as  noun,  all-in-alt),  all  things  in  all  respects; 
all  or  everything  together;  adverbially,  altogether. 
Tliat  God  may  be  all  in  all.  1  Cor.  xv.  28. 

In  London  she  buyes  her  head,  her  face,  her  fashion.    O 
London,  thou  art  her  Paradise,  her  heaven,  her  all-in-all. 
Take,  On  Painting  (1C16),  p.  00.     {IlalliweU.) 
Take  him  for  all  in  all, 
I  shall  not  look  upon  his  like  again. 

Sfiak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
Acres.  Dress  does  make  a  difference,  David. 
Dao,  'Ti&  all  in  ail,  1  think. 

Sfieridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 
Her  good  Philip  was  her  all-in-all. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Ardcn. 
And  all,  and  everything;  and  cver>'thing  else:  used  in 
suniraini^  up  after  an  enuuieralion  of  ]iarticulai-8. 

The  llntt  bhist  of  wind  laid  it  [the  tree]  flat  upon  the 
ground,  nest,  eagles,  and  all.  L'Estranr/e. 

Woo'd  and  married  an'  a'.  Burris. 

And  all  that,  an*!  all  the  rest  of  it :  nt>ed  like  the  pre- 
ceding, t»iii  u'ent'rally  in  a  Blighting  or  conteniptuoiis  way  : 
u,  tie  Iteht-vcA  in  slate-writing,  materializatiun,  and  all 
lAal. 

.Snuff,  or  the  fan,  supply  each  pause  of  chat, 
With  Hinging,  laughing,  ogling,  arid  all  that. 

Pope,  R.  of  tlie  L.,  ill.  17. 
At  all.  «  ME,  at  alle.]  (ai)  In  every  way ;  altogether; 
wholly. 

Hhe  U  a  shrcweaf  al.  Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Merchant's  Tale. 
(6)  III  any  degree;  in  any  degree  whatever;  in  the  least 
tlrvTv.r  ;  (or  any  reason  ;  on  any  considenitiun :  aa,  I  was 
•uriirined  at  bin  coining  at  all. 

•n,)r.M.  ti...  ..,.,...  irtve  not  oncly  varied  their  longi* 
tud-  ritH  are  altered  ;  but  have  also 

chai'.  MS,  whereby  their  riMlng  at  alt, 

that  1., .,.,. ^,  jmih  varied. 

Sir  T.  Bromif,  Vulg.  Err. 

<f)  In  nny  wny;  to  nny  extent;  of  any  khid  or  character: 

'"   "        "■      '"  '  *   .  I    ..r  condltloiial  rlnuHi?«(ei)n»pari! 

'fl  dUtnrbed  ;  ilid  you  hearaiiy- 

iii)  thiuK  at  ail,  let  nie  know  ;  no 


144 

In  alL  (a)  In  the  whole  number ;  all  included :  as,  there 
were  in  all  at  least  a  hundred  persons  present. 

In  this  t>*me  had  Steuen  regned  auht  sere  in  alle. 
Hob.  of  Brunne,  Langtoft's  Chron.  (ed.  Heame),  p.  122. 

(b)  In  whole :  as,  in  part  ortn  all.—  Over  all+.  everywhere. 
Chauci-r.  [Now  only  in  its  literal  meaning.]  — Two  (or 
twos)  ail,  three  all,  etc..  in  certain  games,  means  that 
all  (or  nit-rely  both)  the  playei-s  or  sides  have  two,  tiu-ee, 
etc.,  points.— When  all  comes  to  all,  when  everything 
is  explaijied;  at  bottom.— With  allt.    See  icithnl. 

in,  H,  [Preceded  by  an  article  or  a  pronoun, 
rarely  with  an  intervening  adjective.]  1.  A 
whole;  an  entirety;  atotality  of  things  or  qual- 
ities.   The  AU  is  used  for  the  universe. 

And  will  she  yet  abase  her  eyes  on  me,  .  .  . 

On  me,  whose  all  not  equals  Edward's  nioietv? 

Shak.,  Riclu  III.,  i.  2. 

2.  One's  whole  interest,  concern,  or  property: 
usually  with  a  possessive  pronoun  :  as,  she  has 
given  iier  all.  [Formerly  and  stUl  dialectieally 
with  pi.  aUs.'\ 

Though  a  very  industrious  tradesman,  I  was  twice  burnt 
out,  and  lost  my  little  all  both  times. 

Sheridan^  The  Critic,  i.  2. 

Old  Boreas  —  we  are  glad  of  that  —  was  required  to  pack 
up  "his  alls"  and  be  off.  Ve  Quincey,  Herodotus,  ii. 

[For  all  in  composition,  see  the  adverb,  at  end.] 
all  (al),  adv.  [<ME.  al,  rarely  flY/e,<AS.  call, 
eal  (=OS.  al,  etc.),  prop.  neut.  ace.  (cf.  AS. 
€aUcsz=OS.  rt//f*'  =  Goth.  alliSj  adv.,  prop.  gen. 
neut.)  of  call,  eal,  all :  see  all,  a.  The  adverbial 
uses  of  all  overlap  the  adjectival  uses:  see  es- 
pecially \inder  allj  «.,  I.,  at  end.]  1.  Wholly; 
entirely;  completely;  altogether;  quite.  In 
this  use  common  with  adverbs  of  degi'ee,  espe- 
cially too:  as,  he  arrived  all  too  late. 

And  tell  us  what  occasion  of  import 

Hath  all  so  long  detain'd  you  from  your  wife. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  rii.  2. 
He  held  them  sLxpenee  all  too  dear. 

Shak.,  quoted  in  Othello,  ii.  3. 
Alone,  alone,  all,  all  alone, 
Alone  on  a  wide,  wide  sea. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner. 
O.  yet  methought  I  saw  the  Holy  Grail, 
All  pallVl  in  crimson  samite. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 
[From  the  frequent  Middle  Englisli  use  of  all  in  ^his  sense 
before  verbs  with  the  preflx  to-  (see  to-'-^,  to-brrak,  to-cut, 
to-tcar,  etc.),  tliat  prefix,  when  no  longer  felt  as  such,  came 
to  be  attached  to  the  adverb,  all  to  or  alto  being  regarded 
as  an  advfrhial  plirase  or  word,  and  sometimes  improperly 
used,  iii  later  Englisli,  with  verbs  having  originally  no 
claim  to  the  prefi.\. 

The  sowdan  and  the  cristen  euerichone, 
Ben  al  to-heive  and  stiked  at  the  bord. 

Chaucer,  .Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  332. 

And  a  certain  woman  cast  a  i)ieC6  of  a  millstone  upon 
Abimelech's  head,  and  all  to-brake  [printed  all  to  brakt] 
his  scull.  Judges  ix.  ;>:(. 

They  .  .  .  were  alle  to-cutte  with  the  stones. 
•  Caxton,  Golden  Legend,  p.  230. 

She  plumes  her  feathers,  and  lets  grow  her  wings, 
That  in  the  various  bustle  i>f  resort, 
Were  all  tn-rnfllfd  [sometimes  printed  altorujfled],  and 
sometimes  unpair'd.  Milton,  Conius,  L  :t80.] 

2.  Even;  just:  at  first  emphatic  or  intensive. 
(a)  With  piepositional  ftlniises  of  i>laco  i\v  tinu',  in  later 
use,  particularly  in  ballad  poetry,  little  more  than  merely 
expletive  or  pleonastic:  a.-i,  all  in  the  month  of  May;  oil 
in  the  morning  tide. 

When  all  aloud  the  wind  doth  blow. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2  (song). 


E^'f 


Jut  jrj-i  iiiU  i. 


(I'll  I- 

J#-rt 
thnf    ■ 


n. 


i'-'..*.-,,.) 


eriQ* 


Shak.,  Tenipeat,  v.  I. 

:  iM'forc  i*ver>thlnK '•I'^*' ;  b«*. 
I  ■  verythirn; ;  iH-v-iti'l  (■\.  ry 
II.  in)  For  all  pniii-M...,  .»■ 

LliL-  phrOIKII  unrr  Ji,f  ,///  nil, I 


Lcnm  nam,  for  all, 

.1  I...  ....,         Shak..  rymbrllne.  II.  X 

■  f  (the  thlnit  or  fart  men- 

'   [ioim  nr  pronoun  or  an  nb- 

i.ftf-n  omltt«d  :  lut. /«r  alt 

.<•-  ;  yiiu  mny  do  iu»  /or  all 

■  ■■  U,r. 

'-  >"»  itiu  my  man,  tto  wnit  uiMin  mj 

Shak  .  M.  W.  of  W.,  I.  1. 


A  damsel  lay  dL'i)loring, 
All  on  a  rock  rcclineil. 


Gay. 


■  h  r'-liirii 
<itid.  /■ 
-.  Inihi 


d  no  morr. 

rallthr  fl.".d. 
-ftal  of  -^Mol.  jijill. 

llurru,  F'.r  A'  Tliat. 


One  night  my  pathway  swerving  east,  I  saw 
The  pi^licaTi  on  the  casquo  of  our  Sir  llora 
All  in  the  middle  of  the  rising  moon. 

Tennytion.  Holy  (iralL 

(/*)With  conjunctions  (/"and  thour/h,  fn  conditional  and 
concessive  clauses:  If  all,thnuqh'all,  or  reverm-ly,  all  i/, 
all  thonijh,  even  if,  even  thouglt.  These  forms  are  ob«o. 
lete,  except  tin-  last,  which  is  now  written  as  one  won!, 
although  (which  see), 

I  am  nought  wodo,  alle  \f  I  lewetl  be. 

Chaucer,  Trollus.  ill.  3ii.s. 

t{i/  alle  It  be  bo  tlmt  men  seyn,  that  thin  crownc  is  of 
Ihomcs.  MaiuivviHe  (cd.  HalHwelt),  p.  13. 

Thqfalle  that  ho  werred  hi  wo  A.  in  tttrife, 
Tlio  foure  »k  tuenty  hounn  lie  Mpundeil  in  holy  life. 
Iloh,  n/  Hrunnr,  Langtofta  <-'hn»n.  (ed.  llearnr),  p.  23. 
.Mle  thowfhr  It  be  clept  a  nee,  It  Is  no  nee. 

Maiid'Villr  (eil.  Ilalllwcll).  p.  2lM(. 
(When  the  verb  In  mirh  rlannes,  nccordliiK  to  a  coniTnon 
nubjnnrtlvu  coUBtructtou,  wan  phueil  before  Ihe  Hubjert. 
the  roiiJnnrtlon^or//"M«//i  mltflit  be  omitted,  lejivlng  alt 
UN  an  apparent  (conjunction,  fn  the  KeuHe  of  even  If,  al- 
tliongh  :  eHprrlally  In  the  fornniln  al  be.  aa  al  be  it,  al  in' 
it  that,  ml  Iff  that  (now  rt/V,  atftrif,  which  mju). 

Al  bf  her  herte  wel  nlt(h  tobroko 
No  word  of  pHdr  ne  Kranie  nhr  Hpoko. 

l.af/  If  Frrinf,  I.  347,  In  Weborii  Mctr.  Rom.,  I. 

Al  were  II  that  my  annntreA  wi-re  nido 
Vlt  niriv  the  hlubi-  (}<h|   .    .    . 

Ornunte  mo  grare  i.i  lyve  vi-rtuoUHly. 

Chaucrr.  Wife  of  Itath'i  Talc,  I.  3I«. 


allace 

His  sacrifice  he  dede  .  .  .  with  alle  circumstancea 
Al  telle  I  nat  as  now  his  observances. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  140C. 
But  living  art  may  not  least  part  expresse,  .  .  . 
..-1//  were  it  ZeiLxisor  Praxitt-les, 
His  diedale  hand  would  faile  and  greatly  faynt. 

Spemer,  ¥.  Q.,  iii.,  Prol.] 

(c)  With  conjunction  as :  All  as.    (1)  Just  when ;  when ;  as. 
All  a^  liis  strajing  flocke  he  fedde. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Prol. 
He  their  courtesy  to  requite, 
Gave  them  a  chain  of  twelve  marks  weight, 
All  as  he  lighted  down.  Scott,  Mannion,  i.  II. 

(2)  As  if. 

Tl\e  kene  cold  blowes  through  my  beaten  hyde, 
All  as  1  were  through  the  body  ^yde. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Feb. 
3t.  Only;  exclusively. 

I  shall  never  marry  like  my  sisters. 

To  love  my  father  alt.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

AU  along,  (a)  Throughout;  continuously;  uninterrupt- 
edly; from  the  beginning  onward:  as,  I  knew  that  all 
along. 

Ishmael  .  .  .  went  forth,  .  .  .  weeping  all  along  as  he 
went.  Jer.  xli.  G. 

(b)  Yrom  end  to  end;  in  Itookbinding,  (sewed)  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  thread  passes  from  end  to  end  of  each 
section.    (<■)  At  full  length. 

I  found  a  woman  of  a  matchless  form 
Stretcli'd  all  along  upon  tlie  marble  floor. 

Tuke,  Five  Hours,  ii. 
And  there  in  gloom  cast  himself  all  along. 

Tennyson,  Balin  and  Balan. 

All  alongof.  See«ionf/2.— Allinthe  wind  (nnvf.),  too 
close  to  the  wind  :  said  of  a  vessel  so  Imnii^ht  up  into  the 
wind  tliat  tlie  sails  shake. —  All  of  a  sudden,  t^uddcnly ; 
unite  unexjiectedly. 

Matters  have  taken  so  clever  a  turn  all  of  a  sudden,  that 
I  ruuhl  timl  it  in  my  heart  to  be  so  good-humoured  ! 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 
All  one,  the  same  thing  in  effect ;  quite  the  same. 

Vet  I  have  the  wit  to  think  my  master  is  a  kind  of  a 
knave  :  but  that's  all  one,  if  he  be  but  one  knave. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  v.,  iii.  1. 
All  out t  [ME.  niou^e,  n/owf],  entirely ;  completely;  quite. 
Then  come  these  wikkyde  Jewes  .  .  .  and  brake  theyre 
thecs,  and  slewe  them  allv  owfe. 

jVS.  Lincoln  (A),  i.  17,  folio  184.     (IlalliweU.) 
AMianne  he  hadde  don  liis  wille  al  oute. 

Jiom.  of  the  Hose,  1.  2101. 
Used  especially  with  drink  (see  carouse). 

I  quaught,  I  drinkc  all  out.  Palsgrave. 

AUus[¥.  ],  all  out ;  or  a  ciU'ouse  fully  drank  up.    Cof  grave. 

All  over,    (n)  In  every  part ;  everywhere;  over  the  whole 

boiiy.  Chaucrr.  (ft)  Thoroughly;  entirely:  as,  "Donibey 
an<l  Son  "is  Dickens a^/'ucr.  iColloq,]  (c)  Indisposed  ;  gen- 
erally ill ;  having  an  all-overish  feeling.  [roIUui.l  (d)  .\11 
past;  entirely  ceased :  as,  that  is  a/^  or.;-.- AU  over  with, 
done  with  ;  tlnished  :  as,  it  is  oil  ori-r  irith  their  friendship; 
colloquially,  the  trouble  is  all  wer  with. 

Ay.  a  final  sentence,  indeed!  — 'tis  all  over  with  you, 


faith ! 


Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  H. 


All  right,  an  idiomatic  colloquial  phrase,  either  adjectival 
or  advi-rliial,  expressive  of  satisfaction  with,  approval  of, 
or  lissent  to  anything,  and  equivalent  to  quite  correct  or 
correctly,  satisfactcu-y  or  satisfactorily,  in  a  satisfactory 
condition  or  nmnner,  etc.:  as,  your  comUict  or  yonr  dress 
is  all  right ;  he  has  done  it  all  right ;  "Arc  you  ready?  All 
r/f/A^ ;  go  ahead. "—AU  the  [//o-.'adv. :  sec  the-],  to  all  that 
extent;  so  much  :  as,  oft  (hr  better  ;  all  the  fitter  ;  all  the 
sooner.  See  f/N--.— All  there,  up  to  the  nuirk ;  wide 
awake;  in  strict  fashion;  llrst-rate.  [Slang.]  — All  up 
with,  at  an  end;  all  over  with:  as,  when  the  pistol  was 
raised  he  knew  that  it  was  all  up  with  him.    [t'tjUoq.l 

[All,  in  composition,  sometimes  forms  a  true  ccmipound, 
as  in  almighti/.  already,  alwaus,  ^^7ff?(?JJ,  Init  usually  stands, 
with  or  sometimes  without  aliyphen,  in  loose  combination, 
retaining  a  syntactic  relation,  either  (l)as  adjective,  as  in 
Allhallnws,  All-naintti,  alls/iicr;  (2)  as  nomi,  either  («)in 
Kenitive  plural,  as  in  all-father,  or  (b)ix\  accusative  as  direct 
ol»je4rt,  iw  In  all-giver,  all-sfer,  all-heal,  particularly  with 
jtrcHcnt  participles  haviuK  all  as  object  (though  originally 
in  many  cases  all  wa.s  aiivcrblal),  as  in  all-healing,  alf- 
.lering,  all-jtcrvading,  etc.;  or  (3)  as  adverb,  cither  (n)  with 
a  noun  (in  the  transitiotial  construction  menliiPiied  tmder 
all,  a.,  I.,  at  eml),  as  in  alllxmr.  atl-wouth.  all-rail,  all- 
wofil,  or  (ft)  with  almost  any  adjective  that  admits  of  rhe* 
torical  sweep,  as  in  aUprrftrt,  all  powerful,  all-wise,  all- 
gUtrious,  all-int)untunt.] 

alia  (ariii).  |  it.,  dat.  of  fcm.  dof.  art.  la  :  =  F. 
()  /(f,  <  \j.  ad  iUam,  lit.  to  that:  used  for  alia  ma- 
Jiirra{(li),\n  tlio  manner  (oi'):  need  la.']  luwu- 
vir,  niter  the  (inninicr  of);  in  the  (stylo  of):  as, 
idla  franrrsr,  in  the  French  Klylo  or  miiniicr. 

alia  breve  (ariil  brfi'vo).  [It.:  boo  <tlhi  Mild 
hnri:]  In  mitswr,  an  eN])r('ssi<ni  understood  to 
driioti'  —  (a)  a  Hjiccies  of  finii'  i?i  wliicli  i'Vory 
)iiir  contiiiiiK  ]i  brove,  or  four  iiiiiiiins;  or  (h)  a 
rliyt  liin  of  two  or  four  bents  to  ii  bar.  luit  taken 
at  a  rate  of  niovement  twice  im  fast  i\h  if  tlie 
pie(!e  wore  einiply  iiiurkod  with  tlio  Hitfii  of  com- 
mon timo,     TIic  si^ru  for  alia  l)r('Vo  tinK>  is  ^. 

allabuta  (nl-n-ln"i'tii).  n.  fOritriii  not  nscor- 
luiiH'd.  I  'J'hc  linrd,  binck  Herd  of  llic  I'ht  iiorn,- 
dium  (ilhuni,  UHcd  in  Nlnniping  Hlnigreeu  (which 
Hee).      Also  Kpelled  altihuta. 

alia  cappella.    See  <i  cit}tpriin. 

allacet,  mtn-J.     An  old  spellin^^  of  aht/t. 


aiiaglte 

allagite  (al'a-jit),  «.  [<  Gr.  (Mayr/,  chango 
(<  (i//iiocr«i',  cliaiigi*,  lit.  make  other  than  it  in, 
<  o/Zof,  other:  see  alio-,  and  ef.  ciuitlayi),  + 
-i7c-.]  A  massive  mineral,  of  a  brown  or  Kreeu 
eolor,  a  carbonated  silicate  of  manganese,  found 
in  the  Harz  mountains,  near  Elbingerode,  Ger- 
many.    It  is  an  altered  rhodonite. 

allagostemonous  (al"a-go-ste'mo-nus),  «.  [< 
Gr.  »>/")'/,  change  (see  above),  +  aTi/fiuv,  a 
thread,  taken  in  sense  of  ari/fta,  a  stamen.]  In 
bot.,  witli  stamens  inserted  alternately  on  the 
torus  and  on  tlie  petals.     A.  G-ray. 

Allah  (al'ji),  n.  [F.  D.  G.  Dan.,  etc.,  Allah, 
Kuss.  Alldkhu,  etc.,  repr.  Ai'.  (>  Turk.  Pers. 
Hind.)  Allah,  contr.  of  al-iklk,  lit.  the  God,  <  al, 
the,  +  */((/(,  God,  =  Aramaic  eldh  =  Heb.  elOah  : 
see  Elohiiii.']  The  Arabic  name  of  the  Supreme 
Being,  which,  through  the  Koran,  has  foimd  its 
way  into  the  languages  of  all  nations  who  have 
embraced  the  Mohammedan  faith. 

Allamanda  (al-a-man'da),  n.  [Named  after 
Jean  N.  S.  Allamand,  a  Swiss  scientist.]  A 
genus  of  woody  climbers,  natural  order  Apocy- 
iHircw,  natives  of  tropical  America.  The  flowers 
ui<-  hiv^i.'  iiMil  liamlsoine,  and  several  species  are  cultivated 
ill  yn-L'iitiniises, 

all-amort  (al-a-mort'),  a.     See  alamort. 

allamotti,  allamoth  (al-a-mot'i,  al'a-moth),  H. 
[K.  dial.;  a\so  aldiiionti,  allamonti ;  an  Orkney 
name.]  A  provincial  English  name  for  the  pe- 
trel, I'rocclhiria  pclayica.     Montagu. 

allan't,  «•     Same  as  alan. 

allan-t,  allent,  «■  [Var.  of  auUn,  q.  v.]  A 
provincial  name  for  a  species  of  jaeger,  Stcrco- 
rariiis  iiaraxitictis.     Montagu. 

allanite  (al'an-it),  n.  [Named  after  Thomas 
Allan,  of  Edinburgh,  the  discoverer.]  Asilieate 
of  cerium  and  allied  metals  with  aluminium, 
iron,  and  calcium.  It  is  isomorphous  with  epi- 
dote. 

allantoic  (al-an-to'ik),  a.  [<  alUintois  +  -ic.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  allantois:  as,  allantoic 
fluid;  allantoic  a,c.\iX;  aHa« to Jc  plaeeutation. 

allantoid  (a-lan'toid),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  allan- 
toide,  <  NL.  allantoides,  <  Gr.  aUavTotidi/^  (sc. 
i-fii/v  or  xtTuv.  see  hymen  and  chiton),  the  sau- 
sage-shaped (sc.  membrane),  <  aMdc  (itUavr-), 
a  sausage,  -I-  fJtSof,  form.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  tlie  allantois :  as,  the  allantoid  membrane. 
II.  n.  Same  as  allantois. 

allantoidal  (al-an-toi'dal),  a.  Same  as  allan- 
toid. 

Allantoidea  (al-an-toi'de-a),  «.  2>l.  [NL.,  <  al- 
liintoidca:  seeallantoid.J  '  Those  vertebrates  in 
which  an  allantois  is  developed.  Considered  as  a 
^'runp  in  zoolosiy,  tile  Allantoidea  consist  of  nnmnnals, 
birds,  and  reptiles,  as  distinguished  from  Atiallantiiiili'a, 
or  uiiiijliiliians  and  fishes.  The  word  is  synonymous  with 
Aiin<in,,at<i.  as  distinguished  from  Andinniannta. 

allantoidian  (al-an-toi'di-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  al- 
lantoid -H  -ian;  =  F.  allantoidien.']  I.  a.  Hav- 
ing an  allantois,  as  the  embryo  or  fetus  of  one 
of  the  higher  vertebrates. 

II.  «.  An  animal  the  embryo  or  fetus  of 
which  has  an  allantois,  as  a  mammal,  bird,  or 
reptile. 

allantoin(a-lan'to-in),K.  [<flHoHto(s-f--m".]  A 
crystalline  substance  (C4HBN4O3)  found  in  the 
allantoic  fluid  of  the  cow;  the  nitrogenous  con- 
stituent of  the  allantoic  fluid.  It  is  also  ob- 
tained from  other  sources.  Also  written  allan- 
toin. 

Atlantoin  ...  is  one  of  the  products  of  the  oxidation 
of  uric  acid,  and  by  further  oxidation  gives  rise  to  urea. 
Foster,  Physiology,  pp.  879,  8S0. 

allantois  (a-lan'to-is),  n.  [NL.,  shorter  form 
(appar.  as  sing,  of  assumed  pi.)  of  allantoides : 
see  allantoid.']  A  fetal  appendage  of  most  ver- 
tebrates, developing  as  a  sac  or  diverticulum 
from  the  posterior  portion  of  the  intestinal 
cavity.  It  is  one  of  the  organs  of  the  embryo  of  all  am- 
niotic verteljrates,  or  those  wliich  develop  an  anmion.  but 
is  wanting  or  is  at  most  rudimentary  in  amphiljians  and 
flshes.  In  birds  and  reptiles  it  is  large  and  performs  a  re- 
spiratory function,  and  in  mammals  contributes  to  form 
the  umbilical  cord  and  placenta.  Its  exterior  primitively 
consists  of  niesoblast,  its  cavity  receiving  the  secretion  of 
the  primordial  kidneys  (WolrHan  bodies).  So  much  of  the 
sac  as  remains  pervinus  within  tlic  body  of  the  eniljryo 
becomes  the  urinary  bladder,  i.r,  in  s.jriie  degree,  a  urinary 
passage.  The  umbilical  arteries  and  veins  course  along  the 
elongated  stalk  of  the  sac,  which  becomes  the  umbilical 
cord,  ami  that  part  of  these  allantoic  vessels  within  the 
body  wliicli  does  not  remain  pervious  becomes  the  urachus 
anil  roiiiiil  liv'ament  of  the  liver.  The  expanded  extremity 
of  tluallaiitiiis,  in  most  mammals,  unites  witli  the  chorion 
to  form  the  placenta.  In  those  vertebrates,  as  mammals,  in 
which  the  umbilical  vesicle  has  but  a  brief  period  of  activ- 
ity, the  allantois  chiefly  sustains  the  functions  whereby 
the  fetus  is  nourished  by  the  blood  of  the  mother,  and  has 
Its  own  blood  arterialized.  In  partin-ition,  so  much  of  the 
allantois  as  is  outside  the  body  of  the  fetus  is  cast  off,  the 
separation  taking  place  at  the  navel.  See  cut  under  amnion. 
10 


14,5 

allantotoxicum  (a-lan-l6-tok'si-kum),  n.  [<  Gr. 
(I'/Aui;  (u//«iT-),  sausage, -I- ro^;;(oj',  poison:  see 
toxic]  Sausage-poisou  ;  a  poison  found  in  pu- 
trid sausage  made  of  blood  and  liver. 

allanturic  (al-an-tu'rik),  a.  [<  atlantoin  -I-  uric.'] 
Obtiijnid  from  allantoin  and  uric  acid:  as,  al- 
lantinic  acid. 

alia  prima  (I'll'lii  pre'mii).  [It.,  lit.  according 
to  the  tirst :  alia,  <].  v. ;  jmma,  fem.  of  primo, 
first:  see  prime]  In  painting,  an  expression 
denoting  a  method  in  which  the  pigments  are 
'  laid  on  the  canvas  in  thick  heavy  masses,  instead 
of  in  washes,  glazes,  or  repeated  coats. 

Paolo  Veronese  jiainted  generally  alia  jyrima  with  more 

body  than  Titian  (wliose  patience  he  appeared  to  want), 

so  that  the  liiiisbiil  picture  was  little  more  than  the  ab- 

bozzo  :  that  is,  he  jiainted  up  at  once. 

Mrs.  Mrrrijietil,  Anc.  Practice  of  Painting  (184!)),  I.  cxxxv, 

allassotonic  (a-las-o-ton'ik),  a.  [IiTcg.  <  Gr. 
a'/Aaaaeiv,  vary,  -I-  tuvo^,  tension.]  In  hot.,  a 
term  applied  by  De  Vries  to  the  movements 
induced  in  mature  vegetable  organs  by  stimu- 
lation, which  are  not  permanent,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  permanent  or  auxotonic  effects 
of  stimulation  upon  growing  organs.  See  auxo- 
tonic. 

allatratet  (al'a-trat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  allatratus,  pp. 
of  allatrare,  adlatrare,  bark  at,  revile,  <  ad,  to, 
-f-  latrare,  bark :  see  latrate.]  To  bark  out ; 
utter  by  barking.     Also  spelled  alatrate. 

Let  Cerlierus,  the  dog  of  hel,  alairote  what  he  list  to 
the  contrary.     Slubhes,  Anat.  of  Abuses  (ed.  1880),  p.  IbH. 

allaudt  (a-lad'),  r.  t.  [<  L.  allaudare,  adlaudare, 
<  ad,  to,  -t-  landarc,  praise  (see  Umd) ;  a  doublet 
of  allow'i,  q.  v.]     To  praise. 

allayl  (a-la'),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay ;  < 
ME.  alayen,  uleyen,  earlier  aleggen  (pret.  alci/de, 
pp.  aleyd,  ulayd,  aleid),  <  AS.  dlecgan  (pret. 
Cilegde,  dledc,  pp.  dlcgd,  died),  lay  down,  witli- 
draw,  suppress,  cause  to  cease  (=  ORG.  irlcc- 
can,  MH6.  crhijgcn,  G.  erlegen  =  Goth,  uslag- 
jan,  lay  down),  <  a-,  E.  a-l,  -t-  lecgan,  E.  Iny^. 
The  word  should  therefore,  strictly,  be  spelled 
alay  (cf.  arise,  abide,  etc.);  the  spelling  all- 
simulates  a  L.  origin.  The  word  was  early 
confused  in  spelling  and  sense  with  several 
other  words  of  L.  origin,  namely,  allay^,  alUufi, 
allege'^,  allege'^:  see  these  words.  The  senses 
mi.x  and  cannot  be  entirely  separated.]  I. 
trans.  If.  To  lay  down;  cause  to  lie;  lay:  as, 
to  allay  the  dust. — Sf.  To  lay  aside ;  set  aside  ; 
suppress;  annul. 

Codes  lawes  that  were  aleyd. 

Rob.  of  Gloucester ,  p.  144. 

3t.  To  put  down;  humble;  overthrow. 
Thy  pride  we  woU  alaye. 

Rom.  of  Arthur  and  Merlin,  1.  214. 

4.  To  put  down;  quiet;  assuage;  pacify,  ap- 
pease, calm,  as  a  commotion  of  the  elements, 
or,  figuratively,  civil  commotions,  mental  ex- 
citement, or  an  agitated  person. 

Tlie  joyous  time  now  niglis  fast, 
That  shall  aleijge  this  bitter  blast. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  March. 

If  by  your  art,  my  dearest  father,  you  have 
Put  the  wild  waters  in  this  roar,  allay  them. 

Shale.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

There's  nothing  that  allays  an  angry  mind 
So  soon  as  a  sweet  beauty. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  iii.  .^. 
Instead  of  allayin'j  the  animosity  of  the  two  populations, 
he  inflamed  it  to  a  height  before  unknown. 

Macautay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 
Alas,  that  neitJier  moon  nor  snow  nor  dew 
Nor  all  cold  tliiim.s  can  purge  me  wholly  through. 
Assuage  me,  nor  altay  me,  nor  appease, 
Till  supreme  sleep  shall  bring  me  bloodless  ease. 

Sivinbume,  Anactoria. 

5.  To  abate,  mitigate,  or  subdue;  relieve  or 
alleviate:  as,  to  allay  misery  or  pain;  to  allay 
the  bitterness  of  affliction. 

The  griefs  of  private  men  are  soon  allayed, 

But  not  of  kings,  Marlowe,  Edwai'd  II.,  v.  1. 

Yet  leave  me  not!  I  would  allay  that  grief 
Which  else  iniglit  thy  young  virtue  overpower. 

Beattie,  Minstrel,  ii.  32. 

=S3ni.  Alleviate,  Helieve,  Mitigate,  Assuage,  Allay  (see 
alternate),  calm,  quiet,  soothe,  compose,  still,  lull,  tran- 
quilize,  check,  repiess,  soften,  ease,  moderate. 
Il.t  intrans.  To  abate;  subside;  grow  calm. 
For  raging  wind  blows  up  incessant  showers, 
And  when  the  rage  allays,  the  rain  begins. 

Shak.,  8  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

allaylf  (a-la'),  »•  [<fl?toi/l,  ».]  That  which  al- 
lays, lightens,  or  alleviates. 

You  are  of  a  high  and  choleric  complexion, 
And  you  must  have  allays. 

Fletcher,  Douljle  Marriage,  v.  1. 

Friendship  is  tlie  allay  of  our  sorrow.  Jer.  Taylor. 


allegation 

allay^t  (a-hi'),  »'■  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay ; 
<  ME.  (ilayen,  <  AF.  aleyer,  alayer,  OF.  allayer 
(F.  uloyer),  a  var.  of  alter,  alUer  (>  ME.  alien, 
E.  ally'^).  combine,  alloy  (cf.  Sp.  Pg.  ligar  =  lt. 
legare,  allay,  alloy,  whence  the  noun,  Sp.  Pg. 
Hga  =  l\.  Icgii,  allay,  alloy;  the  Sp.  alear,  alloy, 
is  from  tlie  OF. ),  <  L.  alliyare,  <'.orabine,  .ioin,"< 
ad,  to,  -I-  ligare,  bind:  see  ally''-  and  alligate. 
Allay^  was  more  or  less  confused  with  ailay'^, 
and  with  other  similar  forms :  see  allay^.  At 
a  later  period  the  F.  aloyer  and  its  verbal  sub- 
stantive aloi  were  erroneously  exjjlained  as  de- 
rived from  a  Uii,  to  law,  as  if  meaning  'brought 
to  the  legal  standard':  see  alloy.]  1.  To  mix, 
as  metals ;  especially,  to  mix  a  nobler  with  a 
baser  metal;  alloy.  Hee  alloy,  v.,  I. — 2.  Fig- 
uratively, to  mix  with  something  inferior;  con- 
taminate or  detract  from. 

His  pupils  cannot  sjicak  of  him  without  something  of 
terror  allaying  their  gratilnde.     Lamb,  Christ's  Hospital. 

3.  To  temper;  abate  or  weaken  by  mixture; 
dilute,  as  wine  with  water;  weaken;  diminish. 
allay'4  (a-la'),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay;  < 
ME.  alaye,  aley,  <  AF.  aley,  alay,  OF.'alay,  later 
aloy  (F.  aloi),  <  aleyer,  alayer  (F.  aloyer),  allay, 
alloy,  mix:  see  allay^,  v.,  and  alloy.]  1.  The 
act  or  process  of  alloying;  an  alloy. 
Coins  are  hard'ncd  by  th'  allai/. 

S.  BlUler,  Uudibras,  III.  ii.  4S2. 

2.  Figuratively,  admixture,  especially  of  some- 
thing inferior. 

This  comedy  grew  out  of  Congreve  and  Wycherley,  but 
gathered  some  allays  of  the  sentimental  comedy  which 
followed  theirs.  Lamb,  Artiflcial  Comedy. 

3.  Mixture ;   dilution. 
French  wine  with  an  allay  of  water. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  1. 

allaySf,  v.  t.  [<  late  ME.  alaye,  aleye,  alleye,<  OF. 
aider,  alaier,  declare  on  oath,  <  L.  allegare,  men- 
tion, cite,  adduce:  see  allege^  and  allegation.] 
To  cite;  quote;  allege. 

allay^t,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alay;  <  late  ME. 
allay,  <  AF.  *alais,  OF.  eslais,  <  eslaissier,  let 
out,  <  cs-  (<  L.  ex),  out,  -I-  laissier  (F.  laisser), 
let,  <  L.  laxare,  relax:  see  lax,  laches,  and  cf. 
relay.]  In  hunting,  the  act  of  laying  on  the 
hounds;  the  addition  of  fresh  hounds  to  the 
cry. 

allayeri  (a-la'er),  n.  [<  allay''-  +  -erl.]  One 
who  or  that  which  allays  or  alleviates. 

Plilegm  and  pure  blood  are  the  reputed  allayers  of  acri- 
mony. Harvey,  Consmiiption. 

allayer 2+  (a-la,'6r),  n.     [<  allay^  -h  -eri.]    One 

who  or  that  which  allays  or  alloys. 
allayment  (a-la'ment),  ».     [<  allay''-  -f-  -ment.] 

The  act  of  quieting,  or  a  state  of  tranquillity ; 

a  state  of  rest  after  disturbance ;  abatement ; 

ease. 

The  like  allayment  could  I  give  my  grief. 

S/10*.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  4. 

all-bet,  conj.    Same  as  albeit. 

Ay,  but  his  fear 
Would  ne'er  be  masked,  allbe  his  vices  were. 

B.  Jofison,  Sejanus,  iv.  5. 

allbone  (al'bon),  n.  [<  all  +  bone'-;  a  tr.  of 
Gr.  62,6aT£ov,<.  o/of,  whole,  +  oortov,  bone.]  An 
English  name  for  the  stitchwort,  Stellaria  Ho- 
lostea,  from  its  jointed,  skeleton-like  stalks. 

Alls  (al'e),  n.  [NL.  (Linnajus,  1758),  <  Sw. 
allc,  the  Greenland  dove.]  A  genus  of  bii-ds  of 
the  auk  family,  containing  the  sea-dove,  dove- 
kie,  or  rotche,  Alca  allc  (Linnseus),  Arctica  alle 
(Gray),  Mergulus  allc  of  authors  in  general,  now 
Alle  nigricans  (Link).     See  dovelie. 

allecret,  n.     See  hullccret. 

allectt  (a-lekf),  V.  t.  [<L.  allectare,  adlectarc, 
freq.  of  alliccre,  adliccrc,  attract,  draw  to  one's 
self,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  lacerc,  entice.]     To  entice. 

allectationt  (al-ek-tS'shon),  n.  [<  L.  allecta- 
ti(i{n-),  adlcctatio{n-),  (.aihctare,  adlectare :  see 
allcct.]     Enticement;  alUu'ement. 

allecti'vet  (a-lek'tiv),  a.  and  n.    [< ailed  +  -ive.] 
I.  ff.  Alhu'ing. 
II.  n.  An  allurement. 

What  better  allectire  could  Satan  devise  to  allure  .  .  . 
men  pleasantly  into  damnable  servitude? 

J.  Xm-tlibrooke,  Dicing  (1843),  p.  117. 

alledget,  r.  t.     An  old  spelling  of  allege. 

allegantt,  ".     An  old  form  of  alicant. 

allegation  (al-e-ga'shon),  n.  [<  late  5IE.  allega- 
cion,  -cionn,  <  OF.  allegation,  <  L.  allegatio(n-), 
adlegatio{n-),  <  allegare,  adlegarc,  pp.  allegatns, 
adlegatus:  see  allege'^.]  1.  The  act  of  alleging; 
affirmation;  declaration:  as,  "erroneous  alle- 
gations ot  fact,"  Hallinit. —  2.  That  which  is  al- 
leged or  asserted;  tliat  which  is  offered  as  a 
plea,  an  excuse,  or  a  justification:  an  assertion. 


allegation 

Reprove  my  allegation  if  joa  can, 
Or  else  conclude  my  words  effectuaL 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 

I  expect  not  to  be  excused  ...  on  account  of  youth, 
want  of  leisure,  or  any  other  idle  allegaHons.  Pope. 

3.  In  la\c:  (a)  The  assertion  or  statement  of  a 
partv  to  a  suit  or  other  proceeding,  civil  or 
crinunal,  ivhieh  he  undertakes  to  prove.  (6) 
The  plaintiff's  trrst  pleading  in  a  testamentary 
cause,  (f)  In  eccles.  suits,  any  pleading  subse- 
quent to  the  first — Defensive  allegation,  in  Eng- 
land, tliv  III  ■  I  -  of  propoiindinj;  circumstances  of  defense 
by.,  f  lie  spiritual  courts.  The  defendant  is  en- 

X\i'  1  tilt's  answer  upon  oath  to  his  allegation, 

an.i  :  ruceed  to  proofs  as  wcU  as  his  antagonist. 

allegel  y.a-!>;j';,  v.  f.:  pret.  and  pp.  alleged,  ppr. 
allet/ing."  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alledge,  alleage, 
alleadge.  <  HE."  aleggen,  alegen,  <  AF.  aleger, 
alegie'r,  aligier  (<  Law  L.  adlegiare),  in  form  = 
OF.  esligier  (<  JJXi.  *eilitigare,  clear  at  law,  <  L. 
ex,  out,  +  Utigare,  sue  at  law:  see  litigate),  but 
in  sense  taken  as=  OF.  alleguer,  F.  alUguer  (a 
restored  form  for  earlier  OF.  dleier,  alaier,  de- 
clare on  oath,  >  ME.  aleije,  alhi/e,  alaye:  see 
aH«i/3)  =  Sp.  alegar ^Vt.  Pg.  allegar  =  lt.  al- 
legare,  <  L.  allegare,  adlegare,  send,  depute, 
relate,  mention,  adduce,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  legare,  send : 
see  legate.'i  1.  To  declare  before  a  court; 
plead  at  law ;  hence,  in  general,  to  produce  as 
an  argument,  plea,  or  excuse ;  cite  or  quote  in 
confirmation:  as,  to  allege  exculpatory  facts; 
to  allege  the  authority  of  a  couit. 

He  [Tlirasj-niachus],  amongst  other  arts  which  he  alleges 
In  evidence  of  his  views,  cites  that  of  government. 

De  Quincey,  Plato. 

2.  To  pronounce  with  positiveness ;  declare; 
affirm;  assert:  as,  to  allege  a  fact. 

In  many  alleged  jases,  indeed,  of  haunted  houses  and 
the  like,  a  detailed  revelation  of  names  and  places  might 
expose  the  narrator  to  legal  action. 

II.  y.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  73. 
=Syn.  1.  Addiire,  .-llleije,  Ait^gn,  etc.  (see  adduce),  bring 
forward,  aver,  asseverate,  .ualntain,  say,  insist,  plead,  pro- 
duce, cite. 
allege'-t,  f-  t.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  alledge,  alege, 

<  ME.  aleggen,  ale<ieii,<  OF. alleger,  aleger,  alegier 
=  Pr.  aleujar  =  It.  alleggiare,  <  LL.  alleniare. 
lighten,  alleviate :  see  aUeriate  a.nd  allere.  Cf. 
abridge,  abbreviate.  The  sense  and  the  ME. 
forms  mixed  with  those  of  allay^.'\  To  alle- 
viate; lighten ;  mitigate;  allsj. 

allegeable  (a-lej'a-bl),  a.  [i  allege^  + -able. "l 
('a|)alili-  of  IJeing  alleged  or  aflinued. 

allegeance't,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.  also  alledgc- 
ance,  allegeuunce,  <  ME.  alUiiiuiince,  <  allcgen, 
alegen,  cite,  assert:  see  allrgc^  a.nl-a>ice.~\  The 
act  of  alleging;  allegation. 

allegeance'-'t,  «-  [ME.,  also  allsgiance,  alege- 
aunii ,  <  OF.  alegcancc,  mod.  allegeanee,  allevia- 
tion, <  aleger,  alleviate:  see  allege^  and  -uncf.] 
Alleviation. 

allegeance-'t,  ».     An  old  spelling  of  allegiance. 

allegementt  (ii-lej'ment), «.  [<  allege^  +  -mc«^] 
A--'rU'iu;  allegation. 

alleger  (a-lej'ir),  ?i.    One  who  alleges. 

Alleghany  vine.    Same  as  Adlumia  cirrhosa. 

allegiance  (a-le'jans),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
alt' gi, inn;  alleageancc,  etc.,  <  'ME.alegeaiince,  < 
«- (pre li.xcdappiir.  by  confusion  with  aHet/eai/et'-', 
q.  v.)  +  legcaiince,  <  OF.  liganee,  ligeanee  = 
Pr.  liganxn,  <  ML.  ligiantia,  also  ligantia  (as  if 
connected  with  L.  ligari;  ppr.  <!(/««(<-)»,  bind), 

<  {i>/iiM,  OF.  lige,  liege,  >  ML.  lieric,  lege,  E.  liege, 
u.  v.  The  mo<l.  F.  nllegeancc  m  this  sense  is 
from  the  E.  word.]  1.  The  tie  or  obligation  of 
a  subject  or  citizen  to  his  sovereign  or  govem- 
nient ;  the  duty  of  fidelity  to  a  king,  government, 

OTHtate.  r.\,-rvcit(/.enowelialleKtancet I' the  government 

uii'l-  i-lMirri.     Satural  tiT  iinjAifil  ollffianrf  it\ 

th.i'  !,irh  one  owci*  to  the  nation  of  which  he  is 

■  r.  />  II  ornuhject  fujlonganlif  n-iitalnHHiich 


nil 
I" 


In  I' 
111 


lor 
tl. 
In   . 
Ih< 


'-•III  uriv  exprcHj*  pronilhc.  BxjtreHM 
I  loll  wliichnrocf  (iIh  frnniailrxjircHH 
'v.      Litral  or  timjmrnn/  alU'f/itin 


I  111'  gnvenifrien*  or  Htate  imiler  or 
I  I  Mil-  rnlt4-d  S(ai4-K  thi;  panunouiit 
I  .1^  lieeli  dedcled  to  he  due  Ut  the 
i  I  not  t/i  the  governuientof  the 
h  III   In  domiciled. 

■    ♦'    ■    iMV  man  to  nnotli'T  to 
1  ;  Ihi-  iH.ri.l  l»  .  Lit.  .1 

III   the    Ofllll.        IImTI.:..'. 

■  .  Ilii-  loril.  «l 

till-  himl  foi  »lii<  I'  III' 

.  mill  Willi  III-  li.o    1    III 

.  .    ,|i,lv  ,■>■■   I    .       ■    .     ,„ 


I.,  I  ii^i. 

III!  e*rll< 

mark  llio 


146 

substitution  of  a  personal  dependence  on  the  king  as  lord 
for  the  older  relation  of  the  freeman  to  the  king  of  his 
race.  •!•  H.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  v. 

It  being  a  certain  position  in  law,  that  allegiance  and 
protection  are  reciprocal,  the  one  ceasing  when  the  other 
is  withdrawn.  Jefferson,  -Autobiog.,  p.  12. 

Hence  —  2.  Observance  of  obligation  in  gen- 
eral ;  fidelity  to  any  person  or  thing ;  devotion. 
That  I  [BoUngbroke]  did  pluck  allegiance  from  men's 

heai'ts, 
Fond  shouts  and  salutations  from  their  mouths. 
Even  in  the  presence  of  the  crowned  king. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 
Love,  all  the  faith  and  all  the  allegiance  then. 

Pupe,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  23.'>. 
=  SyiL  Allegiance,  Loyalty,  Fealty.  Allegiance  is  the  most 
formal  and  official  of  these  words;  it  is  a  matter  of  prin- 
ciple, and  applies  especially  to  conduct ;  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance covers  conduct  only.  Loyalty  is  a  matter  of  both 
principle  and  sentiment,  conduct  and  feeling:  it  implies 
enthusiasm  and  devotion,  and  hence  is  most  frequently 
chosen  for  figurative  uses:  as,  loyalty  to  a  lover,  husband, 
family,  clan,  friends,  old  traditions,  religion.  Neither  alle. 
glance  nor  loyalty  is  confined  to  its  original  meaning  of  the 
obligation  due  from  a  subject  to  a  prince.  Fealty  has 
escaped  less  completely  from  this  earliest  sense,  but  has 
a  permissible  use  in  the  sense  of  fidelity  under  obligation 
of  various  kinds. 

Our  people  quarrel  with  obedience ; 
Swearing  allegiance,  and  the  love  of  soul. 
To  stranger  blood,  to  foreign  royalty. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  1. 

A  man  who  could  command  the  unswerving  loyalty  of 

honest  and  impulsive  Dick  Steele  could  not  have  been  a 

coward  or  a  backbiter.        Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  429. 

Nor  did  he  doubt  her  more. 

But  i-ested  in  her  fealty,  till  he  crown'd 

A  happy  life  with  a  fair  death.     Tennyson,  Geraint. 

allegiant  (a-le'jant),  a.  and  v.  [Assumed 
from  allegiaiice,  after  analogy  of  adjectives  in 
-ant  having  associated  nouns  in  -ance :  see  -hhA 
and  -ance.']    I.  a.   Loyal. 

For  your  great  graces 
Heaped  upon  me.  poor  undeserver,  I 
Can  nothing  render  but  alleqiant  thanks. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

II.  « .  One  who  owes  or  renders  allegiance ; 
a  native. 

strangers  shall  have  the  same  personal  rights  as  the  al- 
legiants.  N.  A.  Ret.,  CXLII.  12,%. 

allegoric  (al-e-gor'ik),  a.      Same  as  allegorical. 

allegorical  (al-e-gor'i-kal),  a.  [<L.  allegoricii.'i 
(<  Gr.  a'/.?.Tiyoi>iKu(;,  <.a?.h/}opia,  allegory:  see  al- 
legory) +  -a?.]  (Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to 
allegory;  of  the  nature  of  allegory ;  figurative; 
describing  by  resemblances. 

His  strong  allegoi-ical  bent  .  .  .  was  heightened  by 
analysis  of  the  Arthurian  legends. 

Sled  man,  Vict.  Poets,  i>.  17*;. 
Allegorical  interpretation,  the  drawing  of  a  spiritual 
or  figurative  meaning  from  what  is  apparently  historical : 
thus,  St.  Paul  (Koni.  ix,  7,  S)  gives  an  allegurical  internre. 
tation  of  the  history  of  free-horn  Isaac  ami  slave-born  Ish- 
mael.  — Allegorical  pictures,  pictures  representing  alle- 
goriial  suliji'it.s. 

allegorically  (al-c-gor'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  al- 
legorical manner;  by  way  of  allegory. 

allegoricalness  (al-e-gor'i-kal-nes),  ».  The 
Miuuity  of  being  allegorical. 

ailegorisation,  allegorise,  etc.   See  allcgori:a- 

tiini,  ete. 

allegorist  (al'e-go-rist),  n.     [=F.  alUgoriste.  < 
nUiiiorixir.  allegori/.o :  see  allegorize.']    One  who 
iilli  gori/.e.s;  a  writer  of  allegory, 
allegorister  (ar  o-go-ris'ter),  «.    [<  allegorist  + 
-()■'. J     An  allegorist.     [Rare.] 

Ill  a  lengthened  allegory,  the  grouiul  is  often  »hlft<d  ; 
the  allegiiritler  tires  of  his  allegory,  and  at  length  means 
what  he  savs,  ami  nothing  more. 

/,  ir Israeli,  Amen,  of  l.lt,,  II.  Ml. 

allegorization  (al  e-gor-i-za'shon),  «.  [<«//(- 
gori:(-  +  -atiiin.]  The  act  of  tiimiug  into  alle- 
gory; allegorical  treatment.  Also  spelled  ullc- 
gorisatitiii. 

allegorize  (al'o-go-ri/.),  i'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  allr- 
gori;i(l,  jipr.  allegorizing.  [<  OF.  allfgori.ier, 
ino<l.  F.  alU'goriKir.  <  L.  allegorizan;  <  (Jr.  I'Mt/- 
yopLiv,  speak  so  as  to  iiiijily  something  else :  see 
allegory  and  -izc]  I.  trans.  1.  To  turn  inio 
allegory;  narrate  in  allegory;  treat  allegnri- 
eallv:  as,  to  allegorize  the  liistory  of  ii])eoiile. — 
2.  'I'o  uiiilersluiid  in  nil  allegorical  sense;  iii- 
terpiet  nllegorieally:  as,  when  a  jiUHHage  in  nii 
inilliorniiiy  be  understood  either  literally  or  lig- 
iinilively,  he  who  gives  it  a  figurative  HeiiHe  «/- 
ligorizes  it. 

An  Blchoinliit  ilinll  .  .  .  allcgorUe  tho  ncrlnluro  lUilt, 
mill  llic  nacred  niyatvrivs  thereof.  Into  tho  pnllonoiilirr » 

hlone.  ' *'■ 

If  we  might  allrgiirile  U  Itlle  opera  "TnnnhllM»er'|,  wi 
;iv  Hint  II  lypllleil  prcilwly  that  lonBlng  a(l"r  \. 
I '  r  111  r  I  il  hir  name  of  I  harls,  » lileli  relireKinl «  I  In- 
I  in  wtili-li  iiiiiilern  Nhonld  Himid  to  ancient  art. 

I.MCfU.  study  WIniloKii,  p  22), 

II.  intrauK.  To  uhp  allegory:  as,  a  man  iniiy 
alUi/iirisc  to  please  Iiih  fancy. 


allenarly 

He  allegorizeth  upon  the  sacrifices. 

Fulke,  Against  Allen,  p.  22.t. 

Also  spelled  allegorise. 

allegorizer  (al'e-go-ri"zer),  n.  One  who  alle- 
gorizes ;  one  who  speaks  in  allegory  or  expoimds 
allegorically.     Also  spelled  allegoriser. 

allegory  (al'f-go-ri),  n. ;  pi.  allegories  (-riz). 
[<  F.  allegoric  =  &p.  alegoria  =  Pg.  It.  allcgoria, 
<  L.  allegoria.  <  Gr.  a'/.'/.rp,  opia,  desciijrtion  of  one 
thing  tmder  the  image  of  another,  <  a'/.'/'.T/yopeiv, 
speak  so  as  to  imply  something  else,  <  d/.P.of, 
other  (see  alio-),  +  a^opeien',  speak,  <  ayopa,  a 
place  of  assembly,  market-place :  see  agora.  Cf. 
category.]  1.  A  figurative  treatment  of  a  sub- 
ject not  expressly  mentioned,  imder  the  guise 
of  another  having  analogous  properties  or  cir- 
cumstances; usually,  a  sentence,  discourse,  or 
narrative  ostensibly  relating  to  material  things 
or  circumstances,  but  intended  as  an  exposition 
of  others  of  a  more  spiritual  or  recondite  na- 
ture having  some  perceptible  analogy  or  figura- 
tive resemblance  to  the  former. 

The  moment  our  discourse  rises  above  the  ground  line 

of  familiar  facts,  and  is  influenced  Ijy  passion  or  exalted 

by  thought,  it  clothes  itself  in  images.   .   .   .   Hence,  good 

writing  and  brilliant  discoiu-se  are  perpetual  allegories. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  32. 

2.  A  metliod  of  speaking  or  writing  character- 
ized by  this  kind  of  figurative  treatment. 

Metaphor  asserts  or  supposes  that  one  thing  is  anotlier, 
as  "  Judah  is  a  lion's  whelp  "  ;  but  allegory  never  affirms 
that  one  thing  is  another. 

T.  II.  Home,  Introd.  to  Study  of  Holy  Script.,  II.  40fi. 

3.  In  painting  and  seulj).,  a  figurative  repre- 
sentation in  which  the  meaning  is  conveyed 
symbolically.  =  Syn. 
l'  Simile,  Metaphor, 
Comparison,  etc.  See 
simile. 

allegoryt  (al'e-go- 

ri),  I'.  /.  To  em- 
jjloy  allegory ;  alle- 
gorize. 

I  am  notignorantthat 
.'^oiiie  do  allegon/ Ollthis 
lilaii-.  Altp.  Whitgi/t, 
liefcnse,  p.  .'i71. 

allegretto    (iil-lii- 

grct'to),  a.  and  h. 
[It.,  dim.  of  allcqro: 
see  allegro.]  t.  a. 
In  mui-ic,  quicker  in 
time  than  andante, 
but  not  so  quick  as 
alleijro. 

II.  n.  A  move- 
ment in  such  time. 


Allcp.r>       I  '      '   :        h. 

Cithedr.il  of  Wuriiib,  13th  century. 

The  beast  with  four  heads  symbolizes 

■•■"-•  Viollet.le-Duc's 


._  /     ,    1      /  \  I  11*^  uciisi  Willi  lour  iicii 

allegro     (al-Ia  gro),     the    Four    Gospels.     (V 

a.  and  n.  [It.,  brisk,  ""'"•  ''"=  '•A«l'i'«'>"=' 
sprightly,  elieerful  (=  F.  alligrc,  OF.  alegre, 
>  E.  aleger,  (j.  v.),  <  L.  (j^ncer,  n?ncn's,  brisk, 
sprightly,  cheerful:  see  alacrious  and  alacrity.] 

1.  a.  In  niu.tic,  brisk  or  rapid. 

II.  n.  A  brisk  movement;  a  sprightly  part  or 
strain,  tho  quickest  except  presto. 

alleluia  (al-e-lij'ya),  intcrj.    Same  as  halleluiah. 

alleluia  (al-e-16'ya),  n.  1.  Same  as  halUhiiah. 
—  2.  [=F.  alleluia  =  Hy>.  alcluyah=:\t.  alleluja, 
<  ML.  alleluia  :  so  calleit  because  it  blossoms  be- 
tween Easter  and  Whitsuntide,  when  psalms 
ending  with  halleluiah  or  alleluia  are  sung  in 
the  ehiii'elies.]  A  name  given  in  Europe  to  tho 
wood-sorrel,  <).ralis  Aceto.iclla. 

alleluiatic  (al-(}-lo-yat'ik),  a.  Same  as  hallc- 
hliiilif.  • 

allemande  (al-e-moiid'),  n.  [F.,  prop.  fem.  of 
.\Ui niauil,  (ienuau:  soeAlniain,  Alemannic]  1. 
In  niu.sic,  the  first  movement  after  the  prelude 
in  a  suite.  I.lkc  the  include,  it  Is  sometimes  aliseiit. 
It  is  In  4  time,  a  rather  fast  andante,  and  consists  of  two 
strains,  rarli  repeated,  and  generally  of  equal  length, 

2.  Atieniian  dance  in  J  time,  reseinbling  the 
older  styl(^  of  waltz,  and  often  so  called. —  3.  A 
lieriiian  national  dance  in  lively  i  time. — 4. 
.A  ligure  ill  daiieiiig. 

Allezuannic,  <i.  innl  n.    See  Alemannic. 

allemontite  (nl-e-mon'tit).  n.  [<  Allemont  o: 
.Ml<niiin<l,  a  village  of  ls6re,  France,  -(-  -ite'^.] 
A  iiiinenil  of  a  tin-white  color  and  motiiUie 
luster,  eontiiining  arsenic  and  antimony.  Also 
en  lied  <ir.ienirat  itntimnny. 

alien'  (nren),  «.  [K.  dial.;  origin  obscure.'] 
I  iniNS-lnnd  ri'eeiitly  broken  U]i  ( 1  lalliuell);  uii- 
iiielosed  land  thai  has  been  tilled  and  left  to 
run  tl)  feed  for  kIioo])  (Moor).     [Prov.  Eng.] 

allen'-'l,  ».     See  allan". 

allenarly  (a-len'ilr-li),  ailv.  or  a.  [The  recog- 
iiizeil  legal  fonn  of  thi^  more  reg.  altanerly, 
formerly  also  allanerlii .  alunerlir,  <  all  +  anrrly. 


UBed  in  Scotch  eonveyanciug.     Thus,  where  lands 
are  conveyed  to  a  father.  "  fur  his  lite-rent  use  allenarly, 


aUenarly  147 

only  <  ane,  one  :  see  ancrli/.    Cf.  ME.  all-oneli,  alleviator  (a-le'vi-a-tor),  n.    One  who  or  that 
alle-oiieli,  all-anhj,  only,  lit.'all  only:  see  all  and    wliicli  alleviates,  lightens,  or  mitigates. 
onlu^   Only;  solely;  merely:  a  technical  word  alleviatory  (a-le'vi-a-to-ri),  a.     Fitted  to  alle- 

"•■     ■■     ■  '    = '-'•-    viate  ;  having  the  quality  of  alleviating. 

allex  (al'eks),  «.  [L.,  also  hallex,  NL.  hallux: 
see  hallux.']  Same  as  hallux.  [Bare.] 
alleyi  (;il'i),  «.  [<  ME.  alei,  alcy,  <  OF.  alee 
(S.  (illn),  a  going,  gallery,  passage,  <  aler,  alter 
(V.  alter),  go,  var.  of  an  earlier  after  =  Pr.  amir 
=  Cat.  anar  =  Sp.  Pg.  andar  =  It.  andare,  dial. 
aiiare,  go;  of  uncertain  origin:  either  (1)  <  L. 
annare,  adnare,  swim  to,  toward,  or  along;  in 
Cicero  once  used  in  sense  of '  come  to,  approach' ; 
<  ad,  to,  +  narc,  swim  (see  natation);  or  (2) 
ult.  <  ML.  "aiuiitare  for  L.  aditare  (cf.  ML.  arv- 
ditus  for  L.  adiliis,  and  ML.  renderc  for  L.  red'- 
dere :  see  adit  and  render),  go  to  or  approach 
often,  treq.  of  adire,  pp.  aditus,  go  to,  <  ad,  to, 
+  ire,  go:  see  adit.l  A  passage;  especially,  a 
narrow  passage.  («)  A  passage  in  a  building,  giviuR 
access  from  one  part  to  another ;  also  sometimes  used  fur 
aisle.  (&)  A  long,  narrow  inclosure  with  a  smooth  wooden 
floor  for  playing  at  howls,  skittles,  etc.  (c)  A  walk,  inclosed 
with  hedges  or  shrubbery,  in  a  garden  :  as,  "yonder  alleys 
green,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv."(;26. 

So  long  about  the  aleys  is  he  goen. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  1080. 

id)  A  narrow  passage  or  way  in  a  town,  as  distinct  from 
a  public  street,  (e)  In  a  printing-office,  the  space  between 
two  rows  of  composing-stands,  in  which  compositors  work 
at  the  cases  on  the  stands. 
alley^  (al'i).  "•  [Said  to  be  a  contr.  of  alabas- 
ter, from  which  alleys  are  said  to  have  been 
made.]  A  choice  taw  or  large  playing-marble. 
Also  spelled  aUy. 

a.     Laid  out  as  an  alley,  or 


the  force  of  the  expression  is  that  the  father's  right  is  re- 
stricted to  a  mere  life-rent,  or  at  best  to  a  Bduciary  fee, 
even  in  circumstances  where,  but  for  the  word  allenarly, 
the  father  would  have  been  unlimited  Har. 

aller^  (al'er),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  alter,  <  AS. 
air :  see  alderl.]    Same  as  aldcr^.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

aller-t,  «•     See  alderS. 

aller-float  (al'er-flot),  «.  [<  allcr^^  dial,  form 
of  ulder'^,  +  float.]  A  local  English  name  of 
a  large  trout  of  the  common  species,  given 
from  the  fact  that  it  hides  luider  the  roots  of 
the  alder,  or  is  in  season  when  the  alder  is 
budding.     Also  called  aller-trout. 

allerion  (a-le'ri-on),  w.  [More  correctly  ate- 
rion,  <  OF.  alerion,  aleiron  (F.  alerion),  <  ML. 
alario{n-),  in  her.  a  little  eagle 
without  beak  or  claws,  in  form  sug- 
gesting L.  alarius,  <  ala,  a  wing 
(see  aisle),  but  prob.  of  other  ori- 
gin ;  perhaps  ult.  <  MHG.  adelar, 
G.  adler,  an  eagle.]  In  her. :  (a)  A 
bearing  representing  an  eagle  or 
"""'""•  eaglet  displayed  -without  feet  or 
beak.  (6)  More  rarely,  an  eagle  heraldically 
represented,  but  complete.     Boutell. 

aller-trout  (al'er-trout),  n.   Same  a,s,aller-float. 

allette,  ".     See  alette. 

allevet, «.  '•  [Early  mod.  E.  spelled  aleive ;  <  OF. 

atleoer,  alever,  <.ii.  allevare,  adlevare,  lift  up,     

raise,  lighten,  alleviate,  <  ad,  to,  +  leoare,  lift  alleycd  (al'id), 
up,  lighten:  see  alleviate,  and  cf.  relieve.]     To     with  alleys, 
alleviate;  relieve.     Siirrei/. 

allevementt,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  aleavement;  < 
allcre  +  -merit.]  The  act  of  alleviating  or  re- 
lieving; alle-viation. 

alleviate  (a-le'vi-at),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  allevi- 
ated, ppr.  alleviating.  [<  LL.  alleviatus,  pp.  of 
alleviare,  adleviare,  for  L.  allevare,  adlevare, 
lighten,  alleviate,  <  ad,  to,  +  levare,  lift  up, 
lighten,  <  levis,  light,  not  hea-vy :  see  levity.  Cf . 
allege^  and  alleve.]  1.  To  make  Ught,  in  a  fig- 
urative sense ;  remove  in  part ;  lessen,  miti- 
gate, or  make  easier  to  be  endured:  as,  to  al- 
leviate sorrow,  pain,  care,  punishment,  burdens, 
etc. :  opposed  to  aggravate. 


TJntrinmied,  undressed,  neglected  now 
Was  alleyed  walk  and  orchard  bough. 

Scott,  Rokeby,  ii.  17. 

alley-taw  (al'i-ta),  n.  [<  alley'^  +  taic"^.]  An  al- 
ley; a  large  playing-marble.  Sometimes  writ- 
ten alley-tor,  as  vulgarly  pronounced. 

After  inquiring  whether  he  had  won  any  alley-tors  or 
commoneys  lately,  he  made  use  of  this  expression. 

Dickens,  Pickwick. 

alleyway  (al'i-wa),  n.  A  short  alley;  a  lane 
or  narrow  passage  of  small  extent,  as  between 
two  houses. 

By  substantial  walls  of  adobe,  with  narrow  alleyways 
running  lietween.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXV.  81. 

Excellent  medicines  to  alleviate  those  evils  which  we  All-father  (al'ta'ther),  n.     l<all,  orig.  gen.  p!., 
bring  upon  ourselves.  Bentley.     ^  father;  after  Icel.  Alfiidhr.]     The  Father  of 

The  darkest  complexion  is  not  a  little  alleviated  by  a       ■■•^  .    .      ,,       ™  .-, ,. 

black  hood.  Addison. 

The  little  apples  which  it  [the  nebbak-tree]  bears  are 
slightly  acid  and  excellent  for  allematinq  thirst. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  69. 


all :  a  name  originally  of  Odin,  now  sometimes 
applied  to  Jupiter  and  to  God. 

And  I  told  of  the  good  All-father 
Who  cares  for  us  here  below. 
„    „  ,        ,  ,  i,  -i    J  Lowell,  First  Snowfall. 

8.  To  represent  as  less ;  lessen  the  magnitude     „  .     .  ,.,  „  ,,.  ro  -j  *    i  i 

or  heinousness  of ;  extenuate :  applied  tS  moral  all-&red  (al-fird')  a      [Said  to  be  a  euphemism 
conduct :  as,  to  alleviate  an  offense.     [Rare.]       io\  hell-fired,  and  hence  defmed  as  'infernal  ' 
'  ,  ,  ,  .  but  prob.  to  be  taken  at  its  face  value :  <  a«  + 

He  allemates  his  fault  by  an  excuse.  Johmo^i.       .^.^  ^  _^^2,  all  intensifying  the  merely  rhetori- 

=Syii.  Alleviate,  Relieve    Mit, gate,  Assuage   Allay  di-        j  ^     -,     Tremendous:  as,  an  all-fired  noise ; 
minish,  soften,  abate,  qualify,  reduce.   Seeallayl.   Where     J^<»' ./'">■  J    „„  , .„  -;„^  ,  „„„^       cn^U^^  1 
these  words  are  applied  to  pain,  etc.,  aifei'mte  is  to  lighten     he  was  in  an  a«(-r!rec(  rage.      LOOUoq.J 
somewhat,  and  especially  in  a  soothing  way;  relieve  and  all-fOUrS  (al-forz'),  V.     A  game  of  cards  played 
allay  go  turtherthan  alleviate,  removijig  in  large  measure     |jy  from  two  to  six  persons  with  hands  of  six 


or  altogether.  Mitigate  is  to  make  mild,  less  severe;  per- 
haps it  stands  midway  between  alterinle  and  relieve.  As- 
suage is  to  calm  down,  and  that  idra  itiid'Tliesall  its  uses; 
allay  conveys  similarly  the  idea  of  jnittinf;  to  rest. 

To  alleviate  the  congestion  of  the  optic  nerve  and  retina, 
the  artificial  leech  should  be  applied  several  times  at  in- 
tervals of  a  few  days,  but  should  then  be  desisted  from  if 
no  benefit  results.  J.  S.  Wells,  Dis.  of  Eye,  p.  383. 

It  [electricity]  has  relieved  the  paroxysms  of  angina 
pectoris.  Quaiii,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  430. 

In  the  advance  of  civilisation,  there  is  a  constant  ten- 
dency to  mitigate  the  severity  of  penal  codes. 

Lccky,  Rationalism,  I.  337. 
Foment  the  bruises,  and  the  pains  assuage. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  I.  2003. 

ftlle'Viation  (a-le-vi-a'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  altevia- 
tio{n-),  L.  allevatio{n-),  <  allevare,  lighten  :  see 
alleviate.]    1.  The  act  of  alleviating,  (a)  The  act 

^  of  removing  in  part,  lessening,  mitigating,  or  making 
easier  to  be  endured  ;  as,  the  alleviation  of  taxes,  (b)  The 
act  of  making  less  by  representation ;  extenuation :  as, 
'* alleviations  of  faults,"  .South. 


cards  each,  dealt  from  a  full  pack,  the  top  one 
of  the  remaining  cards  being  turned  as  the 
trump,  and  the  cards  ranking  as  in  whist.  It  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  four  chances  of  which  it  consists, 
for  each  of  which  a  point  is  scored.  These  chances  are  the 
securing  of  hirih,  or  the  aciS  of  trumps  or  next  best  trump 
out;  of  low,  or  the  deuce  of  trumps  or  next  lowest  trump 
out;  of  jack,  or  the  knave  of  trumps;  of  game,  or  tricks 
containing  cards  which  will  make  the  largest  sum  when 
added  together,  an  ace  being  counted  as  four,  a  king  as 
three,  a  queen  as  two,  a  jack  as  one,  and  a  ten-spot  as  ten, 
the  other  cards  not  counting.  The  player  who  has  all  these 
is  said  to  have  all-.fours.  Also  called  old  sledge,  seveii-up, 
and  hiqh-low-jack. 

allgodd  (al'gud),  n.  An  old  name  of  the  plant 
Good  Henry,  or  English  mercury,  Chenopodium 
Bonus-Henriciis. 

all-hail  (al-hal'),  V.  t.  [See  hail^,  n.]  To  sa- 
lute or  address  with  the  exclamation  all  hail! 
[Rare.] 

Who  all-hailed  me,  Thane  of  Cawdor. 

.Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  5. 

Same  as  All- 


2.  That  which  lessens,  mitigates,  or  makes  more    .ni.nn.^.ni    aii -holl/MK^^   ptp 
tolerable  :  as,  the  sympathy  of  a  friend  is  an  al-  AU-hallont.  AU-hallondt.  etc. 

kmatton  of  grief.  AU-hallow  (al-hal'6),  n.     See  All-hallows. 

I  have  not  wanted  such  alleviations  of  life  as  friendship   A  IThnllnwp'pn  fal-hal'o-en),  «.    [For  Althalloiv- 

even  :  but  see  Atl-hattoics.]    See  All-hallows  and 

RaUoire'en. 
AUhallowmas  (al-hal'o-mas),  n.      [<  ME.  aU 

halowmesse,  alhalwemesse,  <  AS.  ealra  hdlgena 

mwsse-da;g,  all  saints'  mass-day:    see  All-hal- 

Imvs.]     Allhallo%v-tide. 
AU-hallownt  (Al-hal'on),  n.     [Also  corruptly 

AUhalloii,   -hotlon,   -hollan,  -holland,  <  ME.  al 

halowen,  <  AS.  ealle  halgan,  all  saints :  see  All- 


could  supply.  Joh7ison. 

His  sister  was  waiting  in  a  state  of  wondering  alarm, 
which  was  not  without  its  alleviations. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  8. 
=  SyTl.  Mitigation,  palliation,  relief. 

alleviative  (a-le'vi-a-tiv),  a.  and  n.     [<  alleviate 

+  -ive.]    I.  a.  Tending  to  alleviate  or  mitigate. 

II.  n.   That  which  alleviates  or  mitigates : 

as,  "some  cheeving  alleviative,"  Corah's  Doom 

(1672),  p.  176. 


alliance 

hallows.]  Sa,me  as  All-hallows All-hallown  sum- 
mer, formerly  the  name  in  England  of  a  season  of  fine 
weather  in  the  late  autumn,  corresponding  to  St.  Martin's 
summer  m  France  and  to  Indian  summer  in  the  United 
States.     N.  E.  L. 

Farewell,  the  latter  spring !  Farewell,  AU-hallown  sum- 
mer! Nhak.,  1  Uen.  IV.,  L  2. 

All-hallows,  AU-hallow  (al-hal' 6z, -6),  m. 
[Prop.  All-hallows,  pi.,  but  in  coTa\>.  All-hallow 
(sc.  day,  eve,  mass,  summer,  tide);  in  c-arly mod.  E. 
and  dial,  also  All-hallown,  -hdllnii,  -Imltan,  -lioU 
lon,  -hollan,  -holland,  etc. ;  <  MK.  at  hiilowes,  ear- 
lier al  halowen,  <  AS.  ealle  halgan,  all  hallows, 
i.  e.,  all  saints  (see  all  and  hallow'^,  n.),  usually 
in  gen.  pi.  ealra  hdlgena,  ME.  aire  (or  alte)  ha- 
lowene,  halewune,  etc.,  (day,  tide,  feast,  etc.)  of 
all  hallows.  The  term,  -n,  eoiTuptly  -nd,  thus 
represents  the  AS.  pi.  suffix  -an,  and  in  comp. 
the  gen.  pi.  -ena,  the  latter,  ME.  -enc,  being 
appar.  merged  in  e'en  in  Allhallowe'en,  q.  v.] 

1.  All  saints.  It  was  formerly  common  to 
dedicate  a  church  to  All-hallows. —  2.  All  Saints' 
day,  the  1st  of  November:  a  feast  dedicated  to 
all  the  saints  in  general.  See  All  Saints'  day, 
under  saint. 

AUhalloW-tide  (al-hal'o-tJd),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  Allhallown-tide,  Alhallon-tyd,  AlUiolton^ 
tide,  etc. :  see  All-hallows,  All-hallown,  and  tide.] 
The  time  near  All  Saints'  day,  November  1. 
Also  called  Hallow-tide. 

Apples,  pears,  hawthorn-quicks,  oaks,  set  them  at  All- 
holion-tide,  and  command  them  to  prosper;  set  them  at 
Candlemas,  and  intreat  them  to  grow. 

Ray,  Eng.  Proverbs  (1678),  p.  360. 

allheal  (al'hel),  n.     [<  all  -I-  heaU.    Cf.  panacea 
and  Panax.]     The  name  of  a  plant,  cat's  vale- 
rian, Valeriana  officinalis.    The  clown's  allheal, 
or  clown's  woimdwort,  is  Stachys  palustris. 
alliable  (a-li'a-bl),  a.     [<  aHj/1  -f-  -able.]    Capa- 
ble of  forming  or  of  entering  into  an  alliance. 
alliaceous  (al-i-a'shius),  a.     [<  L.  allium,  gar- 
lie,  + -aceous.     See  ^Hi«w.]     1.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  properties  of  the  genus  Allium, 
which  includes  the  onion  and  garlic. —  2.  Hav- 
ing the  peculiar  smell  or  taste  of  the  onion: 
applied  specifically  to  minerals  which  contain 
arsenic  and  emit  a  garlic-like  odor  when  heated 
on  charcoal  before  the  blowpipe, 
alliance  (a-li'ans),  n.     [<  ME.  aliance,  aliaurux, 
<  OF.  aliance',' <.  >IL.  alligantia,  <  alligare  (OF. 
alier),  ally,  bind  to:  see  allij'^  and  -ance.]     1. 
The  state  of  being  allied  or  connected;  the  re- 
lation between  parties  allied  or  connected.    Spe- 
cifically— (rt)  Marriage,  or  tlie  relation  or  union  brought 
about  between  families  through  marriage. 
And  great  alliances  but  useless  prove 
To  one  that  comes  herself  from  mighty  Jove. 

Dryden,  Helen  to  Paris,  1.  55. 
(6)  Connection  by  kindred.    [Rare.] 

For  my  father's  sake,  .  .  . 
And  for  alliance'  sake. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5. 

(c)  Union  between  nations,  contracted  by  compact,  treaty, 
or  league.  Such  alliance  may  be  defensive,  that  is,  an 
agi'eement  to  defend  each  other  when  attacked  ;  or  offen- 
sive, that  is,  an  agreement  to  make  a  combined  attack  on 
another  nation;  or  it  may  be  both  offensive  and  defensive. 

An  alliance  was  accordingly  formed  by  Austria  with 
England  and  Holland  against  France. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  126. 

(d)  Any  joining  of  efforts  or  interests  by  persons,  families, 
states,  or  organizations :  as,  an  alliance  between  church 
and  state. 

An  intimate  alliance  was  formed  between  the  Arian 
kings  and  the  Arian  clergy.        Buckle,  Civilization,  II.  ii. 

Lydgate  .  •  .  had  .  .  .  the  conviction  that  the  medical 
profession  .  .  .  ottered  the  most  direct  alliance  between 
intellectual  conquest  and  the  social  good. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  1. 159. 

2.  The  compact  or  treaty  which  is  the  instru- 
ment of  allying  or  confederating:  as,  to  draw 
■apau.  alliance, — 3.  The  aggregate  of  persons  or 
parties  allied. 

Therefore,  let  our  alliance  be  combin'd. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  1. 

4.  In  hot.,  a  grade  intermediate  between  class 
and  order:  the  equivalent  in  Lindley's  classifi- 
cation of  the  more  recent  term  cohort. —  5.  In 
zool. ,  a  natural  group  of  related  families ;  a  su- 
perfamily  or  suborder — Arms  of  alliance,  in  her., 
arms  which  are  obtained  tliruugh  matrimonial  alliances. 
— Evangelical  Alliance.  See  evangelical. —  Holy  Alli- 
ance. See  holy.^Sya.  Alliance,  League,  Confederacy, 
Coalition,  relationship,  affinity,  combination,  federation, 
copartnership.  The  first  four  words  have  been  used  with- 
out distinction  to  express  the  union  or  cooperation  of 
two  or  more  persons,  organizations,  of  states.  Alliance  is 
the  most  general  term.  Often  a  confederacy  and  some- 
times a  league  between  states  means  a  closer  union 
than  an  alliance.  Alliance  is  rarely  used  of  a  combination 
for  evil :  but  the  other  words  are  often  soused,  confederacy 
having  specifically  such  a  meaning  in  law.  Alliance  alone 
is  used  of  the  union  of  families  by  marriage.  Coalition  is 
often  used  of  the  temporary  cooperation  of  persons,  par- 
ties, or  states  that  are  ordinarily  opposed. 


alliance 

Atiianceij  at  once  oflfenst\  e  and  defensive,  have  one  of 
the  uaiial  and  more  important  characteristics  of  confeder- 
ations. n«jfc(rj/,  Ilitrod.  to  Inter.  Law,  J  103. 
We  most  resolve  to  incorporate  into  om-  plan  those  in- 
gredient*  "''-■  ''  '"  ""  ^^  considered  as  forming  the  chanic- 
teristii  .  -000  a  l-^a;nie  and  a  government; 
wemnst                        rliorit.v  of  the  union  to  the  persons 
oft?-,                             .ly  |»ri*.per  objects  of  government. 
A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  15. 
1  stood  r  the  level 
01  a  lu:.  .  ;K.r.:  d  ciy}\federaci/,  and  give  thanks 
To  you  that  chokd  it.  Shale.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 
The  utility  of  a cnifederaci/,  as  well  to  suppress  faction, 
a;;d  t'  j.Miard  the  internal  imnnuillity  of  states,  as  to  in- 
crei^'^  their  external  force  .-uid  security,  is  in  reiUity  not  a 
ne^»  i  '■':i.                             A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  9. 
'                        of  nearly  all  Europe,  which  resisted  and 
fii                        .  tile  (Jrand  ^Monarcli.  are  among  the  most 

rio ■  - ipies  of  measiires  for  preserving  the  balance 

of  power  which  history  records. 

WooUey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  44. 

alliance  (a-U'ans),  r.  t.  [<  alliance,  ».]  To 
tiuiie  t'V  eoniederacv;  join  in  alliance;  ally. 
[Raio.]" 

It  |sin]  is  allianced  to  none  but  wretched,  forlorn,  and 
apostate  spirits.  Cudtcorth,  Senuous,  p.  t)2. 

allianti  (a-li'ant),  «.  and  a.     [<  F.  aJliant,  OF. 

alianl.  ppr.  of  alicr,  ally:  see  ally^,  «■.]     I.  n. 

An  ally:   as,  "ulliaiits,  electors,  princes,  and 

states,"  Wotton,  KcUquias,  p.  532. 
H.  a.  Akin ;  united ;   confederated.     Sir  T. 

More. 
allice,  allis  (al'is),  «.     [Var.  of  earlier  aUoKe.s 

for  atone.  <  F.alose,  "a  shad  (fish)"  (Cotgrave): 

see  JloKO.']    An  English  name  of  a  species  of 

shad.  .Ud.iii  nili/tiris.     See  Alosa. 

aUice-shad,  allis-shad  (al'is-shad'),  "•    Same 

us  iillirc. 

alliciatet,  allicitet  (a-lish'i-at,  a-lis'it),  v.  t. 
[Irri-i;.  <  L.  tillireri;  allure:  see  allect.']  To  at- 
tract:  alliuo;  entice. 

alliciency  (a-iish'eu-si),  «.  I8ee  alHcient.']  The 
power  of  attracting;  attraction.     [Rare.] 

The  magnetical  allicieiici/  of  tlie  earth.     Sir  T.  Browne. 

allicient   (a-lish'ent),  a.  and    11.     [<  L.  ulli- 
ciV  »( ^).s,  jipr.  oi  ailietre,  allure:  see  ailed.']    I, 
((.  Kiiticing;  attracting.     [Rare.] 
H.t  II.  That  which  attracts. 

alllgartaf,  «.   -Vn  old  form  of  alligator.   Ji.  Jon- 

Sfpn . 

alligatet  (al'i-gat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  alligatus,  pp.  of 
altiijare,  adligure,  bind  to,<  arf,  to,  +  ligare,  bind. 
Cf.  «//yl,  I'.,  and  allay-.']  To  bind;  attach; 
unite  by  some  tie. 

luatincts  altigated  to  tlieir  nature. 

Sir  31.  llale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  375. 

God's  waies  are  not  as  mans,  neither  ia  he  bound  to 
means,  or  alligated  to  number. 

R.  Perrot,  Iacol)'8  Vowe  (1627),  App.,  p.  14. 

alligation  (al-i-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  alli(iatio{n-),  a 
Ijiiidiiig  to,  a  band,  <«//(■(/«)•£ ;  see  alligatc]  1. 
The  act  of  binding;  the  state  of  being  bound 
or  united.  [Rare.] — 2.  The  name  of  several 
rules  or  processes  in  practical  arithmetic  (see 
l)elow)  for  ascertaining  the  rehitioiis  l)etween 
the  proportions  and  prices  of  the  ingredients  of 
a  mi.xtiire  ami  the  cost  of  the  mi.xturo  it,self  ppr 
unit  of  weiglit  or  volume.     Also  called  the  rule 

of  mixtures.-  jiiiigatlon  alternate,  an  arithmetical 
pnicem  UM-d  lna.HC<'i-taiiiitik'  llicprupitrtifniHfd  ingredients 
of  Klven  price  which  will  produce  a  ndxiurc  nf  given  cost. 
Ttie  iiropoiition  Is  in.ictennlnale,  and  the  rule  id  ailigu- 
tli.n  Klveii  only  iiartlcniar  srdntlons.— Alligation  me- 
dial, tlie  oiKTutiim  by  wbicli  the  cost  of  a  mixture  Is 
found  when  the  prices  and  proportions  of  the  inKredieuta 

■rr  kIvcii. 

alligator  (ul'i-ga-tor),  w.  [A  Latin-looking 
(NT,.  I  iichiptatiiui  of  i'^arly  mod.  K.  alligat/r,  at- 
till"  '  '  '  '  '"■  iihijiirto,  utagarli),  also  simply 
'"■'  •  '  liii//irlo.  lit.  the  lizard:  rl,  the, 

^  '  ,  ,  /'/.'/(/rf«,  <  L. /«c<?rf«.v,  lizard:  see 

lizuTii.  i  no  prop.  Hp.  namo  is  caiman  or  la- 
fiarlo  <1i>  liiilia.i;  I'g.  caimOo.  The  lO.  form  lias 
jfivnn  rixo  to  NL.,  !•'.,  nndPg.  altii/alur,  ami  Sp. 
ntiiiml.ii.]  1.  Any  ini-inber  of  tlio  family  ^(//i. 
gati.riiltr,  f.raom'-  American  membcrof  tho  Vro- 
eodilirla;  un  Am.  rican  crocodile. 


alliteration 

sembling  a  pear  in  shape.    Also  called  avocado- 
pear.     See  aroriido. 

tor-ter'a-pin),  H.  1. 
A  name  of  thecommou  sna  pplng-turtle  of  Amer- 


148 

in  the  upper  jaw,  into  which  the  long  teeth  of  the  under 

jaw  tit.  and  feet  much  less  webbed.    Their  habits  are  less 

aquatic.     They  frequent  swamps  and  marshes,  and  may     ^yy-" '  .    '~""T  """"/*"■ 

lie  seen  basking  on  the  dry  ground  during  tlie  day  in  the   alUgatOr-terrapin  (al  I-gii- 

heat  of  the  sun.     Tliey  are  most  active  during  the  night. 

The  largest  of  them  attain  tile  length  of  17  or  Is  feet.  They 

live  on  iish,  and  sometimes  catch  liogs  on  the  shore,  or  dogs 

wliicli  ;u-e  swimming.   In  winter  tliey  InuTow  in  the  mud  of 

swamps  and  marshes,  lying  torpid  till  spring.   The  female 

lays  a  great  number  of  eggs,  which  are  deposited  in  tlie 

sand,  and  left  to  be  hatched  by  the  heat  of  the  sun.    The 

alligators  are  distributed  over  tropical  America,  and  some 

are  old  world,  as  the  Chinese  alligator,  A.  sinensis.  Among 


f 


-.S7^f9^ 


AlIigatOT'terrapm  {Clutydra  serfentiMa). 


ica,  Clwhjdra  serpentina.  So  called  from  the  length 
of  the  neck  and  especially  of  the  tail  in  comiiarison  with 
the  small,  thin  shell,  into  which  the  members  cannot  be 
ciiiiijilftcly  ri  tract ed,  the  general  appearance  of  a  saurian 
1  lei  TILT  tInisMiLigcstcd.  It  Is  found  fi'om  Canada  to  Florida, 
and  ucstuaid  to  Louisiana  and  the  ^Missonri.  .-Vlso  called 
all! 'J  a  tor -turtle.  See  Chclydra  and  snappino-turtle. 
2.  The  giantsnappiug-turtle,  J/acroc/ieiy«?acer- 
tina.  See  Alacrocheli/s. 
alligator-tortoise    (al'i-ga-tor-tSr'tis),    n. 

^  ___  ^__^     Same  as  alli</titi>r-terra2>in, 

Hampshire  basin.  Leather  made  from  theekiii  ol  the  alligator-tree  (al'i-ga-tor-tre),  n.  The  sweet- 
alligator  is  widely  used.  gum  tree,  Liquidamhar  Shjraciflita,  of  the  south- 
3.  A  localnameof  the  little  brownfence-lizard,     ern  I'nitod  States. 

Sceloporus  itndtilatus,  common  in  many  parts  of  alligator -turtle  (al'i-ga-tpr-t^r'tl),  n.    1.  Same 
the  United  States. — 4.  A  machine  for  bringing    as  alligatur-tcrrapin. 
the  balls  of  iron  from  a  puddling-furnace  into        The  elongated  tail  of  the  animal  is  very  characteristic. 


Alligator  (AtiigaCor  mijsissij'^ensis). 


the  fossils  of  the  south  of  England  are  remains  of  a  true 
alligator,  A.  hanfonu'iisis,  in  the  Eocene  beds  of  the 


anil 
tor-tui-ttt 


has  . 


.  given  rise  to  the  popular  name,  alUqa- 
Stand.  Nat.  Uixt.,  III.  462. 


compact  form  so  that  they  can  be  handled;  a 
squeezer. —  5.  A  peculiar  form  of  rock-breaker. 

alligator-apple  (al'i-gii-tor-ap'l),  «.     The  fruit 
of  Anoint  iiiilit.^tris,  a  West  Indian  tree. 

alligator-fish  (ari-ga-tor-fisli),  H.     1.  An  ago- 
uoid  iish,  I'odothectis  acipenserinns,  \\-ith  a  com- 
pressed   tapering   body,    about  12    polygonal 
plates  on  the  breast,  9  spines  and  7  rays  in  tlie 
dorsal  fins,  giU-membranes  united  to  "the  isth- 
mus, and  the  lower  jaw  shutting  within  the  u]i-  alligator-wood  (al'i-ga-tor-wiid),  n.    The  wood 
per.    It  is  about  a  foot  in  length,  and  is  coiumoii     "t  •'  mcliaceous  tree,  Guarea  grandifolia,  of  the 
from  Puget  Sound  northward.— 2.   Aaiv  airo-    West  Indies, 
nid;  a  fish  of  the  family  Agonidw  (whieli  see),    allign,  «'.  t.     See  alinc^. 

alligator-forceps  (al'i-gii-tor-for'seps),  n.    A  alline,  allineate,  etc. 
surgical  forceps  with  short  jaws,  having  teeth  alllS;  "•     f^ee  allice. 
throughout  their  length,  and  one  of  them  work-  allisiont  (a-lizli'on),  n. 
iiig  by  a  double  lever.  It  suggests  an  alligator. 


2.  A  similar  fresh-water  ttirtle,  Macrochelys 
laccrtina,  of  the  family  Chelydrida;,  with  very 
long  tail  and  neck,  it  is  found  in  the  I'nited  states 
friini  Florida  to  Texas,  and  up  the  Mississippi  valley  to 
Missouri,  in  muddy  ponds,  bayous,  and  lakelets.  It  at- 
tains a  weight  of  5ft  or  tio  pounds  or  more,  is  esteemed  for 
the  table,  and  is  often  seen  in  the  markets  of  the  eonn- 
trifs  it  inhabits. 


One  of  the  At- 


alligatorid  (al'i-ga-tor'id), 

Uiintiiitiiir. 
Alligatoridae  (al"i-ga-tor'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Allii/ator  +  -ido'.]     A  family  of  saurian  rejitilcs, 

of  tho  order  Crocodilia,  related  to  the  family 

fVocorf/Wrfrt',  andwithsomeaulhorsformingonly  alliterate  (a-lit'e-rat),  v.  f . ;  ]u'et.  and  pp.  allit- 

a  subfamily  (Alliijatoriini)  ot   the  latter;   by 

most  naturalists  now  judged  to  be  distinct.    Tin- 

typical  genus  of  the  family  is  Alliijator ;  other  genera  are 

Caiman  and  Jacare  (which  see), '  According  to  Hu.\lcys 


See  aline^,  etc. 

[<  L.  allisio(n-),  <  aUi- 
diri, aillidtrc,  yip.  <(///.•.■«.<,  iidlisn.-^,  strike  against, 
<  (/(/,  to,  +  la'dcrc,  strike,  hurt  by  striking: 
see  legion.  Cf.  collision,  elision.]  A  striking 
against;  beating;  collision.     [Rare.] 

Islands  .  .  .  severed  from  it  [the  continent!  by  the  bois- 
terous altision  of  the  sea.  H'ootlward. 


\.,   ,;■ 

iir'd,  and  olhi  r  nklnii 

.SViMit.,  It.  and  J.,  V.  1. 

a.    \r.. 
liiri.'. 

■    Hjiecificnlly,  a  (fcmis  of 

I  lan  reptilcH,  tin-  l\  |..  ,.V 

Uk'   1  . 

■' .  order   Croriittiliii,  i,,;. 

IIK  r 

li.l- 

'' .  orrlcr  .*^/Hr»'/.     ,Sce    |/. 

Ilii  l)|.'  of  lb.   1 m  1.  .1. 

L. 

1  f  t :  I    (  till.  '1     '  i'.  H       1  1 

Jn 

./</ 

U>| 

w...  , 

dll'*  III  1 

■»»!ng  !i    1,  . 

'- .  MuX  tiun-  •  titiad,  LHkitiir*  or  piU 

I.  Skull  of  Allik'.ilor.    9,  Skull  of  Americnn  Crocodile. 
(Drawn  from  spccltiiens  In  Am.  Museum  of  Nnt.  Hist.,  New  York.) 

nnnlysis,  the  Attiffatoridtrhnvt^  the  head  short  ami  brcmd  : 
the  teeth  Very  unci|uid,  Ihe  first  and  fnnrlh  of  the  under 
Jaw  biting  into  pits  in  the  njipcr  jaw;  the  prcinaxllln- 
maxillary  Huturif  straight  or  cuiivcx  fdrwiird ;  the  niau- 
dibular  Hyinphysis  not  extending  beyond  the  lUth  toulh, 

tlie  splental  element  not  entering  into  it  :  mid  tin rvl- 

eal  Hcutes  distinct  from  the  ttrgal.   The  (^riKoililiittr  have 

the  head  lunger;  the  teeth  uiii'quiil;  tbi'  llrnt  niaiidlbuhir 

tooth  biting  Into  a  fimsii,  the  fourth  Into  a  gruove,  at  the 

Hide  of  the  upper  Jaw;   the  prcniaxillo'iiiaxillarv  Hiitnre 

Hirnlglit  or  convex  liackwai'd;  the  niiinilibular  hvriiphyHiN 

md  extending  beyonil  the  eighth  tooth,  and  nnl  Involving 

the  Mpleriliil  elenientH;  the  ei-rvlcal  scutcH  sunietiriien  iIIn- 

fillet  from  the  tergal,  soinetlnieR  iiiiiU-d  with  them.    Most 

li^  Ing  Alliftntnridir  ore  eoiiniied  to  Aiiierlcn.     The  Croro- 

itili'tix  were  Hiipposed  to  lie  conlltied  to  tlie  old  wiirl.l 

■  iiitit  the  discovery  of  a  true  erociidll.'  Ill  Anierlra.     In 

ei-iiiTnl  nppearani-u  niid  I'l-onmiiy  Ihe  iiu-mbem  of  tlio 

f  '  •  f  uiillii'H  lire  Hiillli  li'iifly  Htmllar  to  be  ciiiironiidid  In 

iaiiglliige.     Itiith  falilllleH  liidong  to  Ihe  flei-tlmi  id 

r  f'roriHlilia  In  which  tile  liuiinl  iMineii  enter  liitu 

■itliin  <if  the  iifirliil  aperture,  the  contrary  liilnu 

m  till-  Heitliin  Mlllili  InclildeN  the  Onllgetle  eroco. 

t^iiil.  Iliiriiili'  iiiiii'irHrtiM, 

tor-pear  (iil'i-Ki'i-t<>r-par),  H.     Thi-  fruit 
ol  tlio  I'cruoa  gratutima  of  tho  Wo»t  IndieH,  ro- 


cnititl.  p)ir.  allitrralinii.  [<  Mh.  'alliter'dtn.i,  pp. 
of  'allitirarc,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -f  litera,  littera,  let- 
ter: see  literate]  1.  To  begin  with  the  same 
letter  or  sound,  as  two  or  more  words  in  im- 
mediate or  near  succession;  .agree  in  initial 
letter  or  sound ;  make  an  alliteration. 

The  "h"  in  harp  does  not  allitrrale  with  tho  "h"in 
honored.  ,S'.  Lanier,  Sei.  of  Eng.  Verse,  p.  309. 

2.  To  use  alliteration. 
The  whole  body  of  atliteratimj  poets. 

Knciic.  Brit.,  VIII.  411. 

alliterate  (a-lit'e-rat),  «.  [<  alliterate,  v.,  in 
alliisidu  to  literittc,  ».]  Ono  given  to  the  use 
of  alliteration.     [Rare.] 

Even  the  stereolyiicd  similes  of  these  fortunate  allUer- 
otes  tjidcts  before  t'hancerl,  like  "weary  as  water  in  a 
xveir"  or  "glad  as  grass  is  of  the  rain,"  luo  new,  like  na* 
ture,  at  the  thousandth  repetition. 

Loivell,  .Study  Windows,  p.  257. 

alliteration  (a-lit-e-ra'shon),  n.  [=F.  allili'ra- 
tiiiii,  <  .Mb.  filliteratio{n-),i  'iiltitcrare :  see  allit- 
erate, r.]  The  repetition  of  the  same  letlei;  or 
sound  at  tlie  beginning  of  two  or  more  words 
in  close  or  immediate  succostiion;  the  rceur- 
renc(>  of  the  snine  initial  sound  in  the  first  ac- 
cented syllables  of  words;  initial  rime:  as, 
many  »«en,  many  winds. 

.Ipt  alliferaliiin'n  rirtfnl  nid. 

Churcliitl,  Proiihecy  of  Famine,  1.  'J33. 
Verso  In  which  allilrrnllnn  Is  essential,  and  .ither  rimo 
ornaincnfal,  Ik  tho  )irevailing  form  In  Anglo. .Saxon.  Ice- 
landic, old  .Saxmi.     S|uihiien»  arc  found  Inold  High  Her- 
man.    Alliteration  in  these  hiiignages  even  ran  Into  jiroae. 
/•'.  A.  Morel,,  A.-.s.  (Irani,,  8  511(1. 
1'hoilgh  the  word   alliteration  sceiiis  to  have  Iieeii  In- 
vented by  I'ontnnus  In  the  fifteenth  eeiiliiry,  the  lliininns 
were  certainly  aware  that  Ihu  device  was  In  use  ainiuig 
theniM'lves.  TranH.  Amer.  I'hilol.  Ami,,  XV.  61). 

Alliteration  was  a  cliaraeterlstlc  of  oM  Teutonle  poetry 
(Anglo-Saxon  and  Mid. lie  KngllMli,  (lid  Saxon,  li-elandle, 
lie.),  lennlnnl  ilnie.  as  a  regular  fi-atiiT-e.  being  of  later 
llli.nilini-ellnlriiductlnii.  The  lines  were  divided  Into  two 
.-.  illiini.  the  first  having  rcgulavly  Inn  alllt. -rating  syl- 
tihl.-i.  till-  Hi'ciind  one;  but  by  llceuKi-  or  nii-ie  acil.lent 
I..UI  or  liii.l-c  alliterating  sylliibles  nilgbt  iiei-lir.  as  In  tho 
hist  line  of  the  extract  fl-iiiii  I'lei-s  I'liiwiiiiiii.  ■the  alliter- 
ating syllable  was  always  arienti-d.  nil. I  wii t  neces- 
sarily Initial,  as  written;  It  might  follow  an  nnai iited 

pi.  Ilx,  lu  ar-rayt  In  the  extract.    The  vowels,  being  all 


alliteration 

more  or  less  open  and  easy  of  utterance,  might  alliterate 
with  one  another.     In  CluirchiU'3  line  "Apt  alliterati-tn's 
artful  aid,"  given  ahove,  the  initial  vowel-sountli  are  dif- 
ferent (a,  a  or  ft,  a,  a),  though  spelled  with  the  same  letter. 
The  following  is  an  e.\aniple  of  Middle  English  alliteration : 
Hire  robe  was  ful  riche-  of  red  scarlet  engreyned, 
With  ribanes  of  red  gold'  and  of  riche  stones ; 
Hire  arrayo  uie  ravysshed*  such  richesse  saw  I  neverc  ; 
1  had  wondre  what  she  lona-  and  whas  icyf  she  were. 

Pit:rs  PloU'inaii  (B),  li.  15. 
Cliaucer's  verse  is  cast  on  the  Romance  model  with  final 
rime,  but  he  often  uses  alliteration  as  an  additional  orna- 
ment: 

Ther  A'cAyveren  «cAafte3  upon  5c/ieeldes  thykke ; 
He  feeleth  thurgh  the  herte-spon  the  prikke. 
Up  «;)ringen  «/ieres  twenty  foot  on  highto ; 
Out  goon  the  .swerdes  as  the  silver  brighte. 
The  Aelmes  to-Aeweu  and  to-sclu-ede 
Out  6rest  the  ftlood,  with  sferne  sfreemes  reetJe, 
With  mighty  jwaces  the  6ones  thay  to-brest. 
He  (Aurgh  the  tAikkeste  of  the  (Arong  gan  (Arest  (etc.). 
Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1. 1747. 

Such  alliteration  is  much  affected  by  Spenser  and  his  imi- 
tators, and  occurs  with' more  or  less  frequency  in  all  mod- 
ern poetry. 
alliterative  (a-lit'e-ra-tiv),  a.  [<  alliterate  + 
-ice.]  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  allitera- 
tion ;  characterized  by  alliteration. 

A  few  verses,  like  the  pleasantly  aUiterative  one  in 
which  he  [Dryden]  makes  the  spider,  "from  the  silent 
ambush  of  his  den,"  "  feel  far  off  the  trembling  of  his 
thread,"  show  that  he  was  beginning  to  study  the  niceties 
of  verse.  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  40. 

alliteratively  (a-Ut'e-ra-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an 
alliterative  manner ;  ■witH  alliteration. 

Vowels  were  employed  alliteratively  much  less^  often 
than  consonants.  Trans.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  XV.  64. 

alliterativeness  (a-Ut ' e-ra-tiv-nes),  n.    The 
quality  of  being  alliterative. 
alliterator  (a-lit '  e-ra-tgr),  n.    One  who  uses 
alliteration. 
We  all  know  Shakspere's  jokes  on  the  alliteratars. 

S.  Lanier,  Sci.  of  Eng.  Verse,  p.  31'3. 

Allium  (ari-um),  n.  [L.,  more  correctly  alium, 
garUe ;  perhaps  related  to  6r.  dAXdf,  sausage : 
see  aHiiutois.^  The  largest  genus  of  plants  of 
the  natural  order  Liliacece,  of  about  300  species, 
natives,  with  few  exceptions,  of  the  northern 
temperate  zone.  They  are  bulbous  plants,  with  a  pe- 
culiar pungent  odor,  and  bear  their  flowers  in  an  umbel 
at  the  summit  of  a  scape.  Several  species  have  been 
largely  cultivated  for  food  from  very  early  times,  includ- 
ing the  onion  {A.  Cepa\  leek  (^.  Porrum),  shallot  {A.  As- 
caloiticum),  garlic  (.4.  sativum),  chives  {A,  Schcenopra- 
sjim),  rocambole  (A.  ijcurodoprasum),  etc. 

allmouth  (al'mouth),  n.  [<  all  +  month.']  A 
name  of  the  fish  otherwise  kno'svn  as  the  com- 
mon angler,  Lophius  piscatoriiis. 

allness  (iil'nes),  ».  [<.all  +  -ness.'\  Totality; 
entirety;  completeness;  universality. 

The  allness  of  God,  including  his  absolute  spirituality, 
supremacy,  and  eternity.  Jt.  Turnbull. 

The  science  of  the  universal,  having  the  ideas  of  oneness 
and  allness  as  its  two  elements. 

Coleridge,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  339.    (jV.  E.  D.) 

alio-.  [NL.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  d//lo-,  combining  form 
of  aXkog  =:Ij.  alius,  other,  another:  see  alias, 
alien,  and  else.]  An  element  in  compound 
words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  other,  another. 

Allobrogical  (al-o-broj'i-kal),  a.  Aa  epithet 
applied  in  the  se-venteenth  century  to  Presby- 
terians or  Calvinists,  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that 
Geneva,  the  chief  stronghold  of  the  sect,  was 
anciently  a  town  of  the  Allobroges.    M.  M.  D. 

allocate  (al'o-kat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  allocated, 
ppr.  allocating.  [<  ML.  allocatus,  pp.  of  allo- 
care,  allot,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  locare,  place,  <  lociis,  a 
place :  see  locus.  Alloc-ate  is  a  doublet  of  allow'^, 
q.  v.]  1.  To  assign  or  allot;  set  apart  for  a 
particular  purpose ;  distribute :  as,  to  allocate 
shares  in  a  public  company. 

The  court  is  empowered  to  seize  upon  and  allocate,  for 
the  immediate  maintenance  of  such  child  or  children,  any 
smu  not  exceeding  a  third  of  the  whole  fortune. 

Burke,  Popery  Laws. 
He  [Wolseley]  can  inspire  his  subordinates,  he  can  allo- 
cate them  to  duties  in  the  fulfilment  of  which  they  earn 
credit  and  contribute  to  the  success  of  him  their  master. 
Arcft.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  Some  Continents,  p.  11'2. 

2.  To  fix  the  place  of ;  locate ;  localize.  [Rare.] 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  heritors  to  allocate  the  churchyard. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  637. 

allocation  (al-o-ka'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  alloca- 
tiii{n-),  <.  allociire :  see  allocate.]  1.  The  act  of 
allocating,  allotting,  or  assigning;  allotment; 
assignment;  apportionment:  as,  the  allocation 
of  shares  in  a  public  company. 

Under  a  juster  alh'cation  of  his  rank,  as  the  general 

lather  of  prose  composition,  Herodotus  is  nearly  related 

to  all  literatiu'e  whatsoever,  modern  not  less  than  ancient. 

De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

2t.  An  allowance  made  upon  accounts  in  the 
exchequer. —  3.  The  act  of  locating  or  fixing  in 
place;  the  state  of  being  located  or  fixed;  dis- 
position; arrangement. 


From  an  imperi.^1  Roman  bronze 
coin  in  the  British  Museum. 


149 

How  easy  it  is  to  bear  in  mind  or  to  map  such  an  alio- 
cation  of  lines,  so  that  when  produced  from  an  luiknown 
body  the  existence  of  either  [sodium  or  magnesium]  can 
be  detected  by  such  spectral  examination. 

J.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  4.^>. 

allocatur  (al-o-ka"t6r),  n.  [ML.,  it  is  allowed, 
:!d  por.s.  sing."  jjres.  ind.  pass,  of  allocare:  see 
allocate.]  In  laio,  the  allowance  of  something 
by  a  Judge  or  court:  commoidy  used  to  signify 
the  indor.sement  of  a  document,  by  which  the 
judge  certifies  that  it  is  approved  by  him. 
allocMria  (al-o-ld'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dWor, 
other,  +  x'^'p,  liand.]  "  Inpathol.,  the  confusion 
of  sensations  in  the  two  sides  of  the  body,  as 
when  a  patient  with  locomotor  ataxia  locates 
in  the  right  leg  a  touch  on  the  left  leg.  -Also 
spelled  alloeheiria. 
allochroic  (al-o-kro'ik),  a.  [<Gr.  aXkdxpoot:,  of 
another  color:  see  allochroous.]  Changeable 
in  color.  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 
allochroite  (al-o-kro'it),  n.  [<  Gr.  iXkdxpoo^, 
of  another  color  (see  allochroous),  +  -ite'^.]  A 
massive,  fine-grained  variety  of  iron  garnet. 
This  name  is  said  to  have  been  given  to  it  as  expressive  of 
its  changes  of  color  before  the  blowpipe. 
allochromatic  (al^o-kro-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
dXXof,  other,  -t-  ;i'p<J/za(r-),'eolor.]  Pertaining  to 
change  of  color. 
allochroous  (a-lok'ro-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  aMdxpooc, 
changed  in  color,  <  a/lAoc,  other,  +  ,tpo(d,  ,Y/:ida, 
color.]  Of  various  colors:  generally  applied 
to  minerals. 

allocution  (al-o-ku'shon),  n.  [<  L.  allocutio(ii-), 
adlocutio(n-),  (,  aUoqui'j adloqui,  pp.  allocutus,  ad- 
locutus,  speak  to,<.ad, 
to,  -I-  loqui,  speak :  see 
locution,  loquacious.] 
1.  A  speaking  to; 
an  address,  especial- 
ly a  formal  address. 
Also  written  adlocu- 
tion. — 2.  Specifical- 
ly—  (n)  In  llom.  an- 
tiq.,  a  formal  address 
by  a  general-in-chief 
or  imperator  to  his 
Allocution.  soldiers.  Such  scenes 

were  often  repre- 
sented in  art  on 
medals  and  reliefs.  (6)  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch., 
a  public  address  by  the  pope  to  his  clergy,  or 
to  the  church  generally. 

Scarcely  a  year  of  his  pontificate  passed  without  his 
having  to  pronounce  an  allocution  on  the  oppression  of 
the  church  in  some  country  or  other. 

Card,  Wiseman,  Last  Four  Popes,  Greg.  XVI. 

allod  (al'od),  n.    A  short  form  of  allodium. 

allodgementt  (a-loj'ment),  n.  [Also  -nritten 
alodgement,  and  alloijiament  after  ML.  allogia- 
meiitum.  (It.  alloggiamen  to),  a  lodging,  <  allogiare 
(It.  alloggiare),  lodge,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  logiare  (It.  log- 
giare),  lodge,  <  logia  (It.  loggia),  a  lodge :  see 
lodge.]     Lodging;  in  plm-al,  soldiers'  quarters. 

The  alloaiaments  of  the  garrison  are  uniforme. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23, 1644. 

allodia,  n.    Plural  of  allodium. 

allodial  (a-16'di-al),  a.  and n.  [=P.  Pg.  allodial, 
<  ML.  (iIUhHiiUs,'  <.  (ilhidium:  see  allodium.]  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  allodium  or  freehold;  fi-ee  of 
rent  or  service;  held  independently  of  a  lord 
paramount:  opposed  to /cwda^  In  the  United  .states 
all  lands  are  deemed  allodial  in  the  owner  of  the  fee,  but 
subject,  nevertheless,  to  the  ultimate  ownership  or  domin- 
ion of  the  state.  In  England  there  are  no  allodial  lands, 
all  being  held  of  the  crown. 

The  lands  thus  presented  to  these  [Teutonic]  warriors 
[as  rewards  for  fidelity  and  courage)  were  called  allodial ; 
that  is,  their  tenure  involved  no  obligation  of  service 
whatever.  Stilli,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  130. 

The  allodial  tenure,  which  is  believed  to  have  been 
originally  the  tenme  of  freemen,  became  in  the  Middle 
Ages  the  tenure  of  serfs. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  341. 

II.  n.  1.  Property  held  allodially. 

The  contested  territory  which  lay  between  the  Danube 
and  the  Xaab,  with  the  town  of  Neubm'g  and  the  allodials, 
were  adjudged,  etc.  Coxe,  House  of  Austria,  xxii. 

2.  An  allodialist. 
allodialism  (a-16'di-al-izm),  n.     [<  allodial  + 
-ism.]     The  allodial  system.     See  allodial. 

In  order  to  illustrate  and  ex-plain  feudalism,  I  shall  first 
illustrate  its  negation,  allodialism. 

Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  75. 

allodialist  (a-lo'di-al-ist),  n.  [<  allodial  +  -ist.] 
One  who  owns  land  aUodiaUy. 

Insulated  allodialists  are  of  very  little  importance  .  .  . 
as  compared  with  tlie  organic  groups  of  agriculturists, 
which  represi-ntcdtheprinntivedemocracy,but were  .  .  . 
incorporated  into  the  feudal  state. 

"  N.  A.  Ben..  CXXTIT.  153. 


allomorpbite 

allodiality  (a-lo-di-al'i-ti),  n.  [<  allodial  +  -ity, 
aftijr  F.  allodialite.]  The  state  or  quality  of 
beint,'  licicl  in  allodial  tenure. 

allodially{;i-16'di-al-i),  adv.  In  an  allodial  man- 
ner; in  allodial  tenure;  as  a  freeholder. 

allodian  (a-lo'di-an),  a.  [<  allodium  +  -an.] 
Allodial.     [Kare.] 

allodiary  (a-lo'di-a-ri),  n. ;  pi.  allodiaries  (-riz). 
[<  ML.  atlodiarius,'<.  allodium :  see  allodium  and 
-ari/.]     An  allodialist. 

allodification  (a-lod"i-fl-ka'8hon),  n.  [<  allo- 
dium +  -Jication.]  The  conversion  of  feudal 
into  allodial  or  freehold  tenure. 

allodium  (a-16'di-um),  11.;  pi.  allodia  (-a).  [ML., 
also  spelled  alodium,  alodum,  alodis,  a'iodes,  also 
alaudium,  alaudum,  alaudcs,  >  It.  Pg.  allodia  = 
Sj).  aludio  =  Pr.  alodi,  also  alor,  alo,  =  OF.  aleu, 
al(  utt,  iiIimI,  (diiilc,^ltj(lii ,  iiltiiid,  iilicu,  alku,allicu, 
alUict,  ultucuf  (Ko([\ieioTl),  ¥.  alleu.  The  origin 
of  ML.  allodium  is  disputed;  prob.  <  OHG.  *alod, 
*all6d,  i.  e.,  entire  property,  <  al,  all,  all,  +  od, 
ot,  property,  estate,  wealth  (in  adj.  odag,  otag, 
wealthy,  happy),  =  OS.  6d,  estate,  wealth,  = 
AS.  edd,  wealth,  happiness,  =  leel.  audhr, 
wealth.  In  this  ■view  the  similarity  of  allodium 
in  foi-m  and  sense  to  OHG.  ttodal  (=  odal)  = 
OS.  odhil  =  Icel.  odhal,  a  patrimonial  estate,  is 
accidental.]  Freehold  estate;  land  which  is 
the  absolute  property  of  the  O'wner ;  real  estate 
held  in  absolute  independence,  without  being 
subject  to  any  rent,  sei'vice,  or  acknowledgment 
to  a  superior.  It  is  thus  opposed  to/ewd^.  some- 
times used,  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  of  land  which  was 
alienable  and  inheritable,  even  though  held  of  a  superior 
lord.    Also  written  allod,  alody. 

The  allod  in  some  form  or  other  is  probably  as  old  as 
the  institution  of  individual  landed  i>roperty.  and  we  may 
regard  it  as  equivalent  to  or  directly  descended  from  the 
share  which  each  man  took  in  the  appropriated  portion 
of  the  domain  of  the  group  to  which  he  belonged  —  tribe, 
joint-family,  village  community,  or  nascent  city. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  339. 

alloeogenesis  (al-e-6-jen'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a'A'Aolog,  of  another  sort  (see  allceosis),  +  yevcat^, 
generation.]  A  term  used  by  Haeckel  to  de- 
note a  mode  of  reproduction  supposed  to  char- 
acterize the  (ierijoniidce,  but  subsequently  de- 
termined to  be  due  to  an  error  of  observation. 
[Disused.] 

allceorgan  (al-e-6r'gan),  )(.  [<  Gr.  aX>j)loq,  of 
another  sort  (see  allceosis),  +  bpyavov,  organ.] 
Same  as  alloplast.    Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  842. 

allceosis  (al-e-6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aUoiuaic,  a 
change,  alteration,  <  aV.owvv,  change,  <  dAXoiof, 
of  different  kind,  <  aX'Aoc,  other,  different :  see 
alio-.]     In  med.,  a  constitutional  change. 

alloeotic  (al-e-ot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/.'/.oiu-iK6(,  fit 
for  changing,  <  aX'/oiuroc,  changed,  changeable, 
verbal  adj.  of  d/./Uwoi'i':  see  all(rosis.]  lamed., 
capable  of  causing  allceosis  or  constitutional 
change. 

allogamy  (a-log'a-mi).  n.  [<Gr.  a/.?Mc,  other,  -t- 
-■jufua,  <  yd/ioQ,  marriage.]  Cross-fertilization 
in  plants;  fecimdation  of  the  ovules  of  one 
flower  by  pollen  from  another  of  the  same 
species.  Distinguished  from  autogamy,  or  self-fertiliza- 
tion, in  which  the  ovules  are  fecundated  by  pollen  from 
the  same  flower. 

allogeneity  (al"o-je-ne'i-ti),  n.  [<  allogeneous 
+  -ity.]  Difference  of  nature.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

allogeneous  (al-o-je'ne-us),  a.  [< Gr.  a'/.?.oyevK, 
of  another  kind  or  race,  <  a'A/.og,  other,  +  jffor, 
kind.]     Of  a  different  kind  or  nature.    [Rare.] 

allogiamentt,  ».     See  allodgement. 

allograph  (al'o-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  dAAof,  other,  + 
ypd<i>£iv,  -write.]  In  law,  a  deed  not  -written  by 
any  of  the  parties  to  its  execution:  opposed 
to  autogrnph. 

allomet,  »■    -An  old  form  of  alum. 

allomerism  (a-lom'e-rizm),  «.  [<  allomerous  + 
-ism.]  In  chem.,  the  property  of  retaining  a 
constant  crystalline  form  while  the  chemical 
constituents  present  or  their  proportions  vary. 

allomerous  (a-lom'e-rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d//.oc,  other, 
-I-  /«pof,  part.]  In.  chem.,  characterized  by  al- 
lomerism. Applied  to  bodies,  as  certain  crystals,  which 
possess  the  property  of  retaining  the  same  form,  though 
the  constituents  or  their  proportions  vary. 

allomorphic  (al-o-mor'fik),  a.  [<  Gr.  iXkoiwp- 
ipog,  of  strange  shape  (<  Q/.?iOf,  other,  -I-  iu)p<pii, 
form),  -t-  -(c]  Pertaining  to  or  possessing  the 
qualities  of  allomorphism. 

allomorphism  (al-o-mor'fizm),  «.  [As  allomor- 
phic +  -ism.]  The  property  possessed  by  cer- 
tain substances  of  assuming  a  different  form 
while  remaining  unchanged  in  constitution. 

allomorphite  (al-o-m6r'fit),  n.  [As  allomor- 
phic +  -itt-.]  In  mineral.,  a  variety  of  barite, 
or  hca%'y-spar,  having  the  form  and  cleavage  of 
anhydrite. 


wa;. 
con-- 


all-one 
all-one  (al'wun').  a.    [<  aU  +  one.    Cf.  all  one, 
under  all  ode,}    Being  all  and  yet  one:    an 
epithet  of  God.     [Kai-e.] 

St^.  u  ti.^  ■  ■  -i  -a:  ill.  ;;i  rive  pi-inciple  of  existence 
ir  consciousness,  no 
.  >ul<.i  1)0  hiinself  uii- 
:iew  ser.,  XLIX  151. 

aUonget  .-..mj'),  .-.  i.  L<  f  •  "'(f'S"-  eflie' 
aloiiM,;  ':„r/!er,  alungier,  lengthen,  =  It.  o?- 
lonqare.  aVunf/are,  <  ML.  'allotigaie,  *allon- 
giare,  <  L.  ad,  to,"  +  ML.  Vongare,  longiare 
(>  OF.  Jongkr.  ioigncr),  make  long,  <  L.  7mi<7HS, 
>  OF.  lono,  lung,  long:  see  longl  and  allonge. 
n.]  To  liake  a  pass  or  thrust  with  a  rapier; 
lunge. 

allonge  (a-lnnj'),  n.  [<  F.  aJlonge,  OF.  alonge, 
lengthening,  extension. <<(?oH3er;  seeallonge,  r.. 
and  abbrev.  liuit/e.']  It.  A  pass  or  thrust  \Tith 
a  sword  or  rapier:  a  lunge.— 2t.  A  long  rein, 
when  a  horse  is  trotted  in  the  hand.  Bailey. 
— 3.  (Pron.asF.,a-16nzh'.)  A  slip  of  paper  at- 
tached to  a  bill  of  exchange  or  other  negotiable 
note,  to  receive  indoreements  when  the  back 
of  the  )>iU  will  hold  no  more ;  a  rider.  In  Great 
Britain. where  bills. i(  exchange  niuat  be  written  on  staiupeil 
paper,  the  allonge  is  eonsidereil  part  of  the  document,  and 
di«.<  not  re<iuire  to  be  stamped.— Allonge  Wig,  a  name 
given  to  the  lanje  and  flowing  periwig  of  the  time  of 
L..ui»  XIV. 

allonym  (al'o-nim),  n.  [=  F.  alloiii/me,  <  Gr. 
ii//o..  other,  +  bi-o/ui,  .^olie  bvvfia,  name:  see 
oiii/m.]  A  name  other  than  the  true  one;  an 
alias;  a  pseudon\-m.     [Rare.] 

allonymous  (a-lon'i-mus).  a.  [As  allonym  + 
-««*.  Ct.anonymous.'i  Bearing  a  feigned  name: 
as.  an  rtH"ni/»ioK«  publication.     [Rare.] 

alloot  '  ii-lo').     An  old  form  of  halloo. 

allopath  (al'o-path),  «.  [=  F.  atlopatlie;  a  re- 
verse t'ormatiou  <  allopathy,  F.  allopathic:  see 
allopathy.]  An  allopathist;  one  who  favors  or 
iiractisj'S  allojiathy. 

allopathetic  (al  ■  o-pa-thet'ik),  a.  [<  allopathy, 
■.\ftiT  /lathttic.  q-'wi  Pertaining  to  allopathy. 
[Ran-.] 

allopathetically  (al 'o-pa-thet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
a  iiiamior  ciiiiformabk'  to  allopathy. 

allopathic  (al-o-path'ik).  a.  Pertaining  to  al- 
lopathy.    A  rare  (Mjuivalent  is  hctcropathic. 

Tliere  are  only  three  imaginable  methods  of  employing 
medicines  against  disease,  and  these  are  denominated 
antipathic,  honio-'opathic,  and  altopnthie. 

Pereira,  Materia  Medica. 

allopathist  (a-lop'a-thist),  H.  [<  allopathy  + 
-i»(.J  (Jne  who  practises  medicine  according 
to  the  principles  and  rules  of  allopathv ;  an  al- 
lopath. 

allopathy  (a-lop'a-thi),  n.  [=F.  allopath i(:= 
ti.  allopathic  (llahnemann),  with  a  forced  mod. 
sense  (in  form  like  6r.  a'//.o:7a6eia,  the  state  of 
an  (I'/Jo-aDrK,  <  a'//o-a0iir,  having  influence  on 
anotherjingrainmar,  transitive,  non-reflexive), 
<  I  jr.  «>//)<•,  other,  different,  -f-  TrnOoc,  suffering, 
feeling,  condition:  m-i-  jiathoa.  Cf.  hoinroinilhy.] 
In  med.,  a  therapeutic  method  characterize  d  by 
the  use  of  agents  producing  effect.s  different  from 
the  B\Tnptom8  of  the  disease  treated.  See  home- 
opnlliy.  The  name  is  incorrectly  applleel,  in  distinction 
from  A'o/i/>o;xf//i//,  to  the  traditional  school  (also  called  the 
"  Fi-gnhir  "  Mr  "old  "  schr»ol)  of  medicine,  which  oppo.ses  the 
liono'-iiathic  theory.     .'Sometimes  called  /ii-tiToj/tifliit, 

allophanate  (a-lofii-mit),  «.  [<  allophanic  + 
■"'-'.]     A  salt  of  allophanic  acid. 

allophane  Oiro-fan),  ».  [<  Or.  iO.'/oifiaviir,  ap- 
|ioHrin«  olhiTwisi',  <  ti'/'/nr,  other.  -1-  -(tKivi/r,  ap- 
|i<'iirin(»,  ^  •^inioUai,  appear.]  A  mineral  of  a 
pnlc-blne,  and  Hometimes  of  a  green  or  brown, 
color.  It  i-  ;■,  !;•,  .!i.MiIi,:nte  of  alumininm,  ocr-ui-ring  in 
nil'  I    '.r  rcnifonn  ma>iscs.  uimI  received 

It-  < if  appearance  under  the  )plowpij)e, 

alio;'  iii'ik),  a.     [<  <ir.  ii//o.;.«i7/r: 

«'  •  ii'l  -ir.]    Pertaining  to  anything 

»'  '- e'llor or ajipearance:  uH,allo- 


".  [<  L.  allojthyliiM,  <  (ir. 
'  I-  tribe,  <  !i'//iir,  other,  4- 
'' .  I     An  alien  ;  one  of  an- 


150 

allophytoid  (a-lof 'i-toid), «.  [<  Gr.  o/;iof,  other, 
-t-  pi'701-,  plant,  -t-  eUoi,  form.]  An  abnormal 
form  of  buds,  with  fleshy  scales  becoming  de- 
tached and  forming  new  plants,  as  the  bulblets 
of  the  tiger-lily,  offshoots  from  bulbs^  etc.  [Not 
tised.  ] 

alloplast  (al'o-plast).  n.  [<  Gr.  a?.?.of,  other,  4- 
-/.aaroc.  verbal  adj.  of  -/.acaeiv.  form,  mold.]  In 
Haeckel's  terminology  of  morphology,  an  idor- 
gan  composed  of  two  or  more  different  tissues: 
the  opposite  of  homoplast.  The  allophists  include, 
as  suVidiWsions.  idomeres,  autimeres,  aud  nietameres.  Also 
called  tilUf'iraaii. 

alloposid  (a-lop'6-sid).  n.    One  of  the  Allopiosi- 

dn. 
Alloposidae  (al-o-pos'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL..<  Allopo- 
*«,s  +  -iVte.]  -\  family  of  octopod  cephalopods, 
represented  by  the  genus  Alloposus.  It  is  charac- 
terized by  an  ovoid  flnless  body.  taperin.s  arms  connected 
by  a  moderate  web,  and  a  mantle  unitetl  directly  to  the 
head,  imt  only  by  a  large  dorsal  commissiire,  but  also  by 
a  median  ventral  and  two  lateral  loiiL'itudinal  commis- 
sures which  run  from  its  inner  surface  to  the  basal  parts 
of  the  siphon. 

Alloposus  (a-lop'o-sus),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a?,?^f, 
different,  various,  +  -dao^,  of  a  eertain  (indefi- 
nite) quantity  or  magnitude,  here  equiv.  to  '  in- 
definite.'] A  genus  of  cuttlefishes.  t\-pical  of 
the  family  Alloposida;  in  which  the  body  is  very 
soft,  and  consequently  somewhat  indefinite  or 
variable  in  form. 

alloquial  (a-16'kwi-al),  a.  [As  alloquy  +  -al, 
after  enlloquial.'\  Of  the  nattu'e  of  address; 
pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  the  act  of 
talking  to  others,  as  distinguished  from  con- 
versLug  with  them.     [Bare.] 

There  are  no  such  people  endured  or  ever  heard  of  in 
France  as  alloquial  wits ;  people  who  talk  to,  but  not  with, 
a  circle.  -De  Quinceti,  Style,  i. 

allociuialism  (a-16'kwi-al-izm),  n.  [<  alloquial 
+  -ism.]  A  phrase  or  manner  of  speech  used 
in  addressing.     A'.  E.  D. 

alloquyt  (al'o-lnvi),  n.  [<  L.  alloqtiium,  adlo- 
qiiiuni,  <  alloqui,  adloqui,  speak  to,  address: 
see  allocution.  Cf.  colloquy,  ifoliloquy,  and  oh- 
loquy.]  The  act  of  speaking  to  another  or 
others;  an  address. 

Allorhina  (al-o-ri'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aHo(, 
other.  +  pit;,  piv,  nose.]  A  genus  of  lamelli- 
corn  beetles  (ticarabrnda-),  belonging  to  the 
tribe  Cctoniiui,  readily  tlistiuguished  by  the 
fact  that  the  epimera  of  the  mesothorax  are 
visible  from  aljove  as  a  triangularpiecebetweeu 
the  prothorax  and  the  elj^ra,  a  character  of 
rare  occurrence  in  Coleoptcra.  I'he  scutcllum  is 
covered  by  a  prolongation  of  the  base  of  the  prothorax. 
Tlie  best-known  si)ecies  is  .^1.  nitida  (Linntcus),  very  com- 
mon in  the  more  southern  Linited  States.  It  is  a  green 
velvety  insect,  neiu-ly  an  inch  long,  of  nearly squiu-e  form, 
somewhat  pointed  in  front,  with  the  sides  of  the  thorax 


aiio 


all' 
;•■ 

nil 

In. 
Ar    . 

Tor 

1 
»tr   I.... 

n 

.\llr,|.:' 


that  ••Ur/. 


l-ii-liri-iin),  n.  and  n.      [<  ollo- 

1.  "   <  if  another  race;  foreign; 

ilir'nlly  applied  to  tlios'- 

■  •!  ,\sia  which  arc  n<tn. 

,  and  nru  al«u  called 

.^  Ibol.pinr  show  ty|K1l  wMih 

.  tiio  Arvioi  merit. 
ilni.  Cllltiite    II.  !M.), 

i 'If  mco. 

' .      Hii  rue  D«  fill-'i'hi/Uan. 

iiiifrr  nii..}.h)flie  iK't'iilatlon  In 
7'.'  ^m<TiV.i„.  IX.  lOf.. 


.^Ih'rfit'i.i  tiift.l.i. 

a,  Inrva :  *,  piipn  :  c,  male  l>cetle  :  it,  f.  f,  f.  mnndlble.  nntennn. 

Icf[,  and  maxillary  paljiuH  of  Inrva. 

and  elytra  usually  brownish-yellow.  It  fcedn  upon  tin' 
Nip  of  woumleil  trees,  but  In  ilrv  HUmmers  II  not  riu-ily 
:itiiH  kii  eotlon-bcdis  and  rip.'  fruit  of  all  sort",  tliuK  ilolng 

lib  rabic  damage.     Its   larva  fi'cils  upon  graiu.  rooln, 

I  i»  .liaract.rlzcd  by  the  numeronx  short  and  still  hairs 

"iili  vtlibh  It   Is  covered,  ami  by  means  of  which   It  Is 

111!',  "ben   pla I  uiion  Its  back,  to  uiovo  forward  or 

bi.'  k»io.l  ullh  eonsldi'rnbli'  viloi-llv. 
allot  fa-lot'),  V.  t.;  jiret.  an«l  !>]>.  allotted,  ppr. 
idlnllin'g,  [Kiirly  mod.  K.  also  atol,  <  <  »K.  nlolri; 
nllolir  \V.  allntir),<  a,  to,  +  /«/<■;■.  lolir,  ilividi' 
by  lot,  <  lot,  l.il,  nilonlcd  from  Tent.:  him'  /,./.) 
1.  To  rlivi<lc  or  diHiribule  as  by  lol ;  diBlribule 
or  parcel  out;  apportion:  an,  to  allot  Bhnn-H  in 


allotropy 

a  public  company. — 2.  To  grant;  assign;  ap- 
propriate :  as,  to  allot  a  sum  of  money  for  some 
specific  ptirpose. 

There  is  an  endless  variety  of  personal  force  and  char- 
acter sccvired  through  the  proportion  of  powers  which 
creative  wisdom  allvts.  I'roitrc.ssia:  Orthodoxy,  p.  18. 

One  of  the  largest  wigwams  wiis  allotted  to  the  .Tesuit 
missionaries.  Bancro,ft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  186. 

3.  To  appoint ;  destine ;  set  apart. 

Happier  the  man  whom  favourable  stars 
Allot  thee  for  his  lovelv  bedfellow  ! 

Shttk.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  5. 

All  its  allotted  length  of  days 
The  flower  ripens  in  its  place. 

Tennttson,  Choric  Song. 
=  S3m.  I>is'p>'>ise,  Distribute,  etc.     See  dinpenge. 

allotheism  (al'o-the-izm),  n.  [<  Gr.  aA/.of,  other, 
-I-  t)e6i;  god,  +  -ism.]  The  worship  of  other  or 
strange  gods.     y.  E.  D. 

AUotheria  (al-o-the'ri-a),  »i.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a//o(-,  other,  +  litjpiov,  a  wild  beast.]  An  order 
of  American  Jurassic  mammals  proposed  by 
Marsh  iu  1880  for  the  genera  P/o</irt«/rtx,  Vtena- 
codon,  and  possibly  some  others,  having  an 
inflected  angle  of  the  lower  .iaw,  no  mylohyoid 
groove,  specialized  premolars  and  molars,  no 
canines,  and  teeth  below  the  normal  number : 
contrasted  with  Pantotheria. 

allotherian  (al-o-the'ri-an),  H.  One  of  the  Al- 
lotlit  rill. 

allotment  (a-lot'ment).  H.  1.  The  act  of  allot- 
ting: distribution  as  by  lot. —  2.  That  which  is 
allotted;  a  share,  part,  or  portion  granted  or 
distributed;  that  which  is  assigned  by  lot  or  by 
the  act  of  God. 

The  allotments  of  God  and  nature.  L'E»tranr}e. 

3.  A  place  or  piece  of  groimd  appropriated  by 
lot  or  assignment. 

\  vineyard  and  an  allotment  for  olives.  Broome. 

Allotment  certlflcate,  or  letter  of  allotment,  a  docu- 
ment issued  to  an  applicant  for  shares  iu  a  company  or 
imblic  loan,  announcitig  the  number  of  shares  aUotteii  or 
assigneti  to  such  applicant,  and  the  anumnls  aud  line- 
datcs  of  the  calls,  or  dilferent  payments  tti  be  nuide  on  the 
same,  etc.— Allotment  note,  or  allotment  ticket,  a 
document  signed  by  a  seaman  authorizing  his  employers 
to  pay  periodically  a  jtart  ot  his  wages  while  on  a  voyage 
to  sfinie  other  jierson,  as  to  his  wife  or  parents. — Allot- 
ment of  goods,  iu  com.,  the  division  of  a  ship's  cargo 
iiitti  sevcrid  parts,  which  are  to  be  purchased  by  different 
pels.  .ns.  each  person's  share  being  assigned  by  lot. —  Allot- 
ment of  land,  the  a.ssignmcnt  of  ]>ortions  of  ground  to 
claimants  <in  the  division  and  indosine  of  commons  and 
waste  lands.  — Allotment  system,  a  practice  sometimes 
followed  iu  Englanil  of  dividing  a  Held  or  llclds  into  lots 
or  garden-plots,  to  be  let  out  to  agricultural  laborers  aud 
other  cottagers  for  cultivation  on  their  own  account. 

allotriophagy  (a-lot-ri-of'a-,ii),  «.  [=F.  n/?o- 
triiqiliaijii;  <  (ir.  I'Mi'irpinc,  belonging  to  ano- 
ther (see  allotriou,s),  +  -^ayia,  <  ipa-jtlv,  eat.]  In 
pathol.,  a  depraved  appetite  for  eating  sub- 
stances of  a  non-alimentary  or  noxious  charac- 
ter, as  in  many  anemic  sind  hvsterical  persons. 

allotrious  (a-lnt'ri-us),  a.  [^Gr.  a'A'/.iiTpior,  be- 
longing to  anotlier,  <  iMoc,  other:  see  »//«-.] 

Hcloiigiiig  to  another;  alien Allotrious  factor, 

in  iiiiitli.,  in  the  algorism  of  connnon  measure  of  two  alge- 
braic expressions,  the  factor  from  which  a  remainder  or 
«|Uotient  unist  be  freed  in  oriier  to  make  it  an  integral  and 
irreducible  function. 

allotrope  (al'o-trtip),  n.  [<  Gr.  aMoTpoiror,  iu 
aiMillnr  manner:  see  allotropy.]  One  of  the 
forms  in  which  an  element  having  the  jiroperty 
of  all(dro])y  exists;  thus,  the  diamond  is  an  allo- 
tropr  111'  carbon. 

allotropic  (al-o-tro])'ik),  a.  Relating  to  or 
cliaractcrized  by  allotropy. 

,Sul])hur  and  phosphorus  (both,  in  snukll  iiroportions, 
4>sseiitial  eonstitnents  of  organic  matter)  have  allotropic 
nioilllb'iilions.  ;/.  Hpenerr,  I'rin.  of  Hlol.,  S  1. 

allotropical  (al-o-trop'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  allo- 
tropic. 

allotropically  (al-o-lrop'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
allolropic  niaiincr;  witli  •■luiiigo  of  physical 
iiripprrlics,  lint  wilhout  change  of  substance. 

allotropicity  (al"o-lro-pis'i-1i),  n.  [iallotrome 
+  -if.v.J  'I'lio  i|ualily  or  cn|iacily  of  iissuining 
dilTerent  ))hysicnl  )vr(ipcrlii'S  wliilo  reniaining 
111!'  sHini'  in  snlistance,      Srii  alUdriqiy. 

allotropism  (a-lot'ro-pizin),i7.  [\>t  allotropy  + 
-ivw.J     AMolropical  variation;  allolropy. 

.Altotropifim  being  InterpiTtableassoim-cliange  of  molee- 
nlar  arrangement,  this  frei|uency  of  its  occurrence  among 
the  eontpouents  of  organic  maticr  is  signilluant  as  Imply- 
ing n  further  kiml  of  niolecniar  mobllilv. 

/;.  .Silencer,  I'rin.  of  Biol.,  {  1. 

allotropize  (a-lot'ro-piz),  »■.  t.;  pret.  and  ])p. 
alliitropi :rd,  p|)r.  idlidropi.ing.  [.As  allotropy  + 
'  "c.  1     To  render  allot ropic, 

allotropy  (a-lot'ro-pl),  «.  [=F.  allolropie,  <  (Ir. 
ii'//ii7iiii7Tiri,  variety,  <  ('i>./(ir/)0!rn(;,  in  another 
way,  <    (i/',?,of,  other,  -I-  rpdwot,    way,    miinncT, 


allotropy 

guise:  see /rope]  The  property  which  certain 
chemical  elements  have  of  existing  in  two  or 
more  distinct  forms,  each  having  certain  char- 
acteristics peculiar  to  itself.  The  element  cai-bon, 
for  instiince.  exists  nearly  pure  in  three  totally  distinct 
furnis  —  tlio  diamond,  graphite,  and  charcoal. 

allottable  (a-lot'a-bl),  «.  l<.  allot  + -able.']  Ca- 
pable of  being  allotted. 

allottee  (al-o-te'),  n.  [<  allot  +  -eel.]  One  to 
whom  something  is  allotted,  as  a  plot  of  ground, 
shares  of  stock,  or  the  like. 

The  allotinent  of  gardens,  which  yield  a  partial  support 
to  the  (tUdttee,  is  another  means  of  cheap  labor.     Mayhew. 

allotter  (a-lot'6r),  n.  One  who  allots  or  appor- 
tions.    i\'.  E.  D. 

allotteryt  (a-lot'e-ri),  H.  [<  allot  +  -ery,  after 
lottery,  q.  v.]  Allotment;  what  is  allotted  or 
assigned  to  use. 

(iive  me  the  poor  alloUery  my  father  left  me  by  testa- 
ment. Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i,  1. 

all-over  (al-6'v6r),  n.  [See  all  over,  under  all, 
adv.}  The  trade-name  of  a  gilt  button  washed 
or  plated  on  both  the  upper  and  under  sides, 
as  distinguished  from  a  top,  which  is  plated  or 
washed  ou  the  upper  side  only.     De  Colange. 

all-overisll  (al-o'ver-ish),  a.  [<  all  over  +  -jsftl.] 
Affecting  the  whole  sy,stem ;  extending  all  over 
one :  as,  an  all-overish  feeling  of  sickness.  [Col- 
loq.] 

all-overisliness  (al-d'v6r-ish-nes),  n.  A  perva- 
sive feeling  of  uneasiness  produced  by  appre- 
hension or  indisposition;  general  discomfort; 
malaise.     [Colloq.] 

Our  sense  of  all-overishness  when  our  friend  approaches 
the  edge  of  a  precipice  is  clearly  only  a  step  or  two  re- 
moved from  the  apprehension  or  the  actual  representa- 
tion of  a  fall.  Mind,  IX.  421. 

allowl  (a-lou'),  V.  [<  ME.  alowen,  alouen,  <  OF. 
aloiier,  aloer,  aliier,  aloier,  assign,  allot,  place 
(mod.  P.  allouer,  assign,  allow,  grant),  <  ML. 
allocare,  assign,  etc.:  see  allocate.  Already  iii 
OF.  confused  in  sense  and  form  with  another 
verb,  the  source  of  allow^,  approve,  the  two 
being  regarded  in  E.  as  one  word ;  the  separa- 
tion is  merely  formal.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  grant, 
give,  or  yield;  assign;  afford:  as,  to  allow  a 
free  passage. 

I  am  told  the  gardner  is  annually  alowed  2000  scudi  for 
the  keeping  of  it.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  29,  1644. 

Envy  ought,  in  strict  truth,  to  have  no  place  whatever 
aUiiwed  it  in  the  heart  of  man.  Cotton,  Lacon. 

2.  To  admit;  concede;  confess;  own;  acknow- 
ledge: as,  to  allow  the  right  of  private  judg- 
ment ;  he  allowed  that  he  was  wrong ;  he  allowed 
it  might  be  so. 

The  pow'r  of  music  all  our  hearts  allow. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  382. 
The  ruin'd  spendthrift,  now  no  longer  proud. 
Claimed  kindred  there,  and  had  his  claims  allowed. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil. 
They'll  not  allow  our  friend  Miss  Vermillion  to  be  hand- 
some. Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  ii.  2. 
A  bright  morning  so  early  in  the  year,  she  allowed, 
would  generally  turn  to  rain. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  61. 

3.  To  abate  or  deduct ;  take  into  account ;  set 
apart:  as,  to  allow  so  much  for  loss;  to  allow 
a  sum  for  tare  or  leakage. 

The  schedule  of  tai'es  annexed  is  the  tare  to  be  allowed 
in  all  cases  where  the  invoice  tare  is  not  adopted. 

Circ.  of  Sec.  of  U.  S.  Treasury,  July  14,  1862. 

4.  To  grant  permission  to ;  permit :  as,  to  allow 
a  son  to  be  absent. 

No  person  was  allowed  to  open  a  trade  or  to  commence 
a  manufacture  .  .  .  unless  he  had  first  served  his  appren- 
ticeship. Froude,  Sketches,  p.  170. 
Farewell,  for  longer  speech  is  not  alloiv'd. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

5t.  To  grant  special  license  or  indulgence  to. 

There  is  no  slander  in  an  allowed  fool.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 
6t.  To  invest ;  intrust. 

Thou  Shalt  be  met  with  thanks, 
Allowed  with  absolute  power. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  2. 

7.  To  assert,  declare,  say;  or,  of  mental  asser- 
tion, to  mean,  purpose,  intend,  or,  simply,  think : 
the  concessive  sense  presented  assertively. 
[Colloq.,  United  States.] 

He  said  he  allowed  to  work  it  out. 

Howells,  Subm'ban  Sketches,  p.  58. 

"  I  'loto'd  maybe  dat  I  might  ax  yo"  fiu"  ter  butt  'gin  de 
tree,  and  shake  'em  down.  Sis  Cow,"  sez  Brer  Rabbit, 
eezee.  J.  C.  Harris,  Uncle  Eemus,  p.  48. 

Brer  Tarrypin  he  say  wich  he  wern't  gwine  nowhar 
akasely.  Den  Brer  Rabbit  he  'loio  he  wuz  on  his  way  to 
Miss  Meadows.  J .  C.  Harris,  t'ncle  Remus,  p.  50. 

=  Syn.  Allow,  Permit,  Con.vnt  to,  Sanrtion,  Suffer,  Tift- 
t^rtite.  Allow  andpermit  are  often  u.sed  synonymously;  but 
permit  strictly  denotes  a  formal  or  implied  assent:  allow, 
the  absence  of  an  intent,  or  even  only  of  an  attempt,  to 


151 

hinder.  Consent  to  is  formally  to  permit  that  which  one 
ha.s  the  power  and  generally  some  disposition  to  prevent ; 
it  implies  the  assHmi>tion  of  responsiliility  for  lilat  whicll 
is  thus  allowed.  Sanction  has  a  secondary  sense  of  per- 
mittint,'  with  expressed  or  implied  approbation ;  as,  I  can- 
not sanction  such  a  course.  Suffer  is  still  more  passive 
or  reluctant  than  allow,  and  may  imply  that  one  docs  not 
prevent  something,  though  it  is  contrary  to  one's  feelings, 
judgment,  or  sense  of  right.  To  tolerate  is  to  bear  with 
something  unpleiisant ;  as,  I  would  not  tolerate  such  im- 
pertinence. Many  things  are  tolerated,  or  suffered,  or  even 
alloived,  that  arc  not  permitted,  and  many  are  permitted 
that  are  not  really  conxented  to,  much  less  sanctioned. 

Ami  when  the  Queen  petition'd  for  his  leave 

To  see  the  hunt,  allow'd  it  easily. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

For  crimes  ai'e  but  permitted,  not  decreed. 

Dryden,  Cyra.  and  Iph.,  1.  47.5. 
Scourge  the  bad  revolting  stars. 
That  have  consented,  unto  Henry's  death  ! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

Constantine  certainly  sanctioned  what  are  called  pious 

uses.  //.  Binney,  Vidal  versus  City  of  Phila. 

Jesus  answering  said  unto  him,  Suffer  it  to  be  so  now  : 

for  thus  it  becometh  us  to  fulfil  all  righteousness. 

Mat.  iii.  15. 
They  cannot  understand  the  complex  feeling  that  finds 
relief  in  sarcasm  and  allegory,  that  tolerates  the  frivolous 
and  the  vain  as  an  ironic  reading  of  the  lesson  of  life. 

Shorthouse,  Little  Schoolmaster  Mark,  p.  49. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  abatement,  conces- 
sion, or  provision :  followed  by  for :  as,  to  al- 
low for  the  tare. 

Allowing  still /or  the  different  ways  of  making  it. 

Addison. 
2.  To  permit;  admit:  -with  of:  as,  "o/ this 
allow,"  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  (eho.). 

Thou  Shalt  hold  the  opinion  of  Pythagoras,  ere  I  will 
allow  of  thy  wits.  Shak.,  "I.  N.,  iv.  2. 

The  Court,  which  is  the  best  and  surest  judge  of  writ- 
ing, has  generally  allowed  of  verse ;  and  in  the  town  it  lias 
found  favourers  of  wit  and  quality. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Ess.  on  Dram.  Poesy. 

allcw^t  (a-lou'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  alouen,  almoen,  < 
OF.  alouer,  praise,  later  allouer,  <  L.  allaudare, 
adlaudare,  praise,  <  ad,  to,  +  laudare,  praise: 
see  laud,  v. ;  cf.  OF.  locr,  louer,  approve,  <  L. 
laudare.  Early  confused  in  sense  and  form 
■with  alloiv^,  q.  v.  Doublet,  allaud.']  To  praise 
or  commend;  approve,  justify,  or  sanction. 

Ye  allow  the  deeds  of  yoxu-  fathers.  Luke  xi.  48. 

That  same  framing  of  his  stile,  to  an  old  rustick  lan- 
guage, I  dare  not  alowe.    Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 

If  your  grace  allow  me  for  a  preacher,  I  would  desire 
your  grace  to  give  me  leave  to  discharge  my  conscience. 
Latinier,  3d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI. 

allowable^  (a-lou'a-bl),  a.  [<  «//oi('l  -t-  -able, 
after  F.  allouable,  <  ML.  allocabiUs,  <  allocare  : 
see  allocate.]  Proper  to  be  or  capable  of  being 
allowed  or  permitted;  not  forbidden;  legiti- 
mate; permissible:  as,  a  certain  degree  of  free- 
dom is  allowable  among  friends. 

In  actions  of  this  sort,  the  light  of  nature  alone  may 
discover  that  which  is  in  the  sight  of  God  allowable. 

Hooker. 

allO'Wable^t  (a-lou'a-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  allowable, 
alowable,  <  alowen,  praise :  see  allow^  and  -able. 
Mixed  ■with  «WoH'oW('i.]  Praiseworthy;  lauda- 
ble ;  worthy  of  sanction  or  approval ;  satisfac- 
tory; acceptable. 
Custom  had  made  it  not  only  excusable  but  alloicable. 
Sp.  Sanderson,  Sermons,  Ad.  Mag.,  ii.  §  8.     (iV.  E.  D.) 

allo'wableness  (a-lou'a-bl-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  allowable;  exemption  from  prohibi- 
tion ;  freedom  from  impropriety ;  lawfulness. 

I  cannot  think  myself  engaged  .  .  .  to  discourse  of  lots, 
as  to  tlieir  nature,  use,  an(i  allowableness ;  and  that  not 
only  in  matters  of  moment  and  business,  but  also  of  re- 
creation. South,  Sermons,  I.  viii. 

allo'wably  (a-lou'a-bU),  adv.    In  an  allowable 

manner;  with  propriety. 
allcwancei  (a-lou'ans),  «.      [<  ME.  alouance, 

alowans,  <  OP.  alouance,  <  alouer:  see  allow'^ 

and-awee.]     1.  Sanction;  approval;  tolerance: 

as,  the  allowance  of  slavery. 
See  what  allowance  vice  finds  in  the  respectable  and 

well-conditioned  class.  Emerson,  Conduct  of  Life. 

2.  Admission  or  acceptance;  a  conceding  or 
granting:  as,  the  allowance  of  a  claim. 

Or  what  if  I  were  to  allow  —  would  it  not  be  a  singular 
alloimnce  >  —  ihAt  our  furniture  should  be  more  complex 
than  the  Arabs  in  proportion  as  we  are  morally  and  in- 
tellectually his  superior'?  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  40. 

3.  Allotment;  apportionment;  a  definite  sum 
or  quantity  set  apart  or  granted,  such  as  ali- 
mony: as,  an  allowance  by  a  husband  to  a  wife; 
an  alloivance  of  grog  or  tobacco  to  a  seaman ; 
an  allowance  of  pocket-money. 

And  his  [Jehoiachin's]  allowance  was  a  continual  allow- 
aiice  given  him  of  the  king,  a  daily  rate  for  everyday,  all 
the  days  of  liis  life.  2  Ki.  xxv.  30. 

4.  Specifically,  in  law,  an  extra  sum  awarded 
besides  regular  costs  to  the  successful  party 


alloy 

in  a  difficult  case. —  5.  A  deduction:  as,  the 
allowances  made  in  commerce  for  tare,  break- 
ages, etc. — 6.  An  abatement  or  addition  on 
account  of  some  extenuating,  qualifying,  en- 
hancing, or  other  circumstance:  as,  to  make 
allowances  for  a  person's  youth  or  inexperience ; 
allowance  for  difference  of  time ;  allowance  for 
shrinkage  of  values,  etc. 

But  even  these  nionstrosities  are  interesting  and  in- 
structive; nay,  many  of  them,  if  we  can  but  make  allow, 
ance  for  different  ways  of  thought  and  language,  contain 
germs  of  truth  and  rays  of  light. 

Max  Mailer,  India,  p.  108. 
The  saints  and  demi-gods  whom  history  worships  we 
arc  constrained  to  accept  with  a  grain  of  allowance. 

Emerson,  Essays,  Istser.,  p.  268. 

7.  In  minting,  a  permissible  deviation  in  the 
fineness  and  weight  of  coins,  owing  to  the  dif- 
ficulty of  securing  exact  conformity  to  the 
standard  prescribed  by  law.  in  the  United  states 
the  allowance  for  the  fineness  of  gold  coins  is  .001,  and  for 
weight  a  (juarter  of  a  grain  to  each  one-dollar  piece ;  in 
silver  coins  the  allowance  for  fineness  is  .003,  and  for  weight 
U  grains  to  each  coin.  In  the  gold  coinage  of  France  the 
allowance  for  both  lineness  and  weight  is  .002,  and  of  Eng- 
liind  .002  for  fineness  and  two  grains  in  eaili  soVf.i-(;ign  for 
weight.  Also  called  remedy  and  toleraiirr  (whirh  see), — 
Barrack  allowance.  See  iarract.— Compassionate 
allowance.  See  compassionate. 
allo'Wancel  (a-lou'ans),  «>.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  al- 
lowanced, ppr.  allowancing.  [<  allowance'^,  n.] 
To  put  upon  allowance ;  limit  to  a  certain  fixed 
periodic  amount  of  anything:  as,  to  allowance 
a  spendthrift;  distress  compelled  the  captain 
of  the  ship  to  allowance  his  crew. 

You  have  had  as  much  as  you  can  eat,  you're  asked 
if  you  want  any  more,  and  you  answer  "No."  Then  don't 
you  ever  go  and  say  you  were  allowanced,  mind  that. 

Dickens,  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  xxxvi. 

allo'wance^  (a-lou'ans),  n.     [<  ME.  allowauncc, 

<  OF.  alouance,  <  alouer:  see  allow'^  and  -ance. 
Mixed  with  aKojooncel.]  It.  Praise;  commen- 
dation. 

It  is  not  the  allowance  or  applause  of  men  that  I  seek. 
Bp.  Hall,  Hard  Texts,  p.  259. 

2.  Sanction ;  approbation ;  authorization :  as,  a 
judge's  allowance  of  a  compromise  or  settle- 
ment of  a  case  by  the  parties  interested. 

You  sent  a  large  commission 
To  Gregory  de  Cassalis  to  conclude. 
Without  the  king's  will,  or  the  state's  alloivance, 
A  league  between  his  highness  and  FeiTara. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ut  2. 
3t.  Reputation. 

His  bark  is  stoutly  timber' d,  and  his  pilot 
Of  very  expert  and  approv'd  allowance. 

Shak.,  OtheUo,  ii.  1. 

allowedly  (a-lou'ed-U),  adv.    Admittedly. 

Lord  Lyttleton  is  allowedly  the  author  of  these  dialogues. 
ShenJitone,  Works,  III.  cli. 

allower  (a-lou'er),  n.  One  who  allows,  per- 
mits, grants,  or  authorizes. 

alloxan  (a-lok'san),  H.  l<.all(antoin)  -(-  ox{alic) 
■h  -an:  so  named  because  it  contains  the  ele- 
ments of  allantoin  and  oxalic  acid.]  One  of 
the  products  (C4H2N2O4)  of  the  decomposi- 
tion of  uric  acid  by  nitric  acid,  when  treated  with 
alkalis  it  produces  alloxanic  acid.  In  contact  with  am- 
monia it  produces  purpurate  of  ammonia,  identical  with 
raurexid.  which  with  various  mordants  produces  reds  and 
purples  on  silk  and  wool.  This  was  much  used  in  1855 
and  1856,  but  was  soon  superseded  by  aniline  colors. 

alloxanate  (a-lok'sa-nat),  n.  [<  alloxanic  + 
-rt/fi.]  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  alloxanic 
acid  and  a  base. 

alloxanic  (al-ok-san'ik),  0.  [<  alloxan  +  -j'c] 
Pertaining  to  or  produced  from  alloxan:  as, 
alloxanic  acid — Alloxanic  acid,  a  strong  crjstalline 
dibasic  acid  produced  by  the  action  of  alkalis  on  alloxan. 
Ou  boiling,  its  salts  decompose  into  urea  and  mesoxalates. 

alloxantin  (al-ok-san'tin),  n.  [<  aUoxan(t-)  -¥■ 
-('«2.]  A  white  crystalline  substance  (C3H4N4O7 
+  3H2O)  obtained  when  alloxan  is  brought  into 
contact  with  reducing  agents.  Oxidizing  agents 
reconvert  it  into  alloxan.     Also  called  uroxin. 

alloy  (a-loi'),  V.     [<  F.  aloyer,  earlier  allayer, 

<  OF.  aleier,  alter,  <.  L.  alligare,  combine:  see 
allay^  (of  which  alloy  is  the  recent  form,  based 
on  mod.  P.)  and  otf/yl.  The  sense  has  been 
influenced  by  the  erroneous  etymology  from  F. 
a  loi:  see  alloy,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  "mix  (two 
or  more  metals)  so  as  to  form  a  compoimd,  with- 
out reference  to  the  relative  value  of  the  metals 
mixed. 

When  we  wish  to  alloy  three  or  more  metals,  we  often 
experience  difliculties,  either  because  one  of  the  metals  is 
more  oxidisable,  ordenser.  or  more  fusible  than  the  others, 
or  because  there  is  no  direct  affinity  between  two  of  the 
metals.  Ure.  Diet.,  I.  92. 

2.  To  reduce  to  a  desired  standard  or  quality  by 
mixing  ■with  a  less  valuable  metal :  as,  to  alloy 
gold  or  silver  vpith  copper. — 3.  Figuratively, 
to  debase  or  reduce  in  character  or  condition  by 


aUoy  152 

admixture;  impair  by  the  intrusion  of  a  base  All-souls  (al'solz),  n.    Same  as  AU  Souls'  day 
or  alien  element;   contaminate;   modify:  as,     (wiiieli  see,  under  «o«0. 


external  prosperitj-  alloyed  by  domestic  trials 

But  to  alloi/  much  oi  this  (rejoicing],  the  French  Beete 
rides  in  our  Channel!,  ours  nut  daring  to  uiterpose. 

£Klyn,  Diary,  June  24,  160O. 

n.  intrans.  To  enter  into  combination,  as 
one  metal  with  another. 

One  metal  Joes  not  alloy  indifferently  with  every  other 

metal  but  is  governed  in  this  respect  by  peculiar  affinities. 

'  Cre,  Diet.,  I.  91. 

Formerly  \NTitten  allay. 
alloy  (a-loi'),  w-  [<  F.  aloi,  earlier  aloy,  <  OF. 
aUi.  AP.  aley.  alay,  >  E.  allay^,  n.  The  sense 
has  been  influenced  bythe  erroneous  etymoloey 
from  F.  a  loi.  to  law,  as  if  'that  which  is  brought 
to  the  legal  standard.']     1.  An  artificial  com 


allspice  (al'spis),  «.  l<nll  +  spice:  so  called 
because  supposed  to  combine  the  flavor  of  cin- 
namon, nutmeg,  and  cloves.]  The  fruit  of 
£uyen  ia  Pime»  ta,  a  tree  of  the  West  Indies.  See 
pimento,  Carolina  allspice  is  the  sweet-shrub,  Calycau- 
thus  jioridus.  Japan  allspice  is  a  common  name  for  the 
allied  slimb  of  Japan,  Chimonanthus  J'raffrnns.  Wild 
alhpicc  is  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  aromatic  Lindera 
l:iii:iii.i  of  the  United  States. 

allubescencet,  allubescencyt  (al-u-bes'ens, 
-en-si),  n.  [Also  adlubtsceiice :  <  L.  adlubcs- 
ceii{t~)s,  alliiliesce)t(t-)s,  ppr.  of  adliibescere,  allit- 
hescere,  be  pleasing  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  lubere,  libere, 
please.  Cf.  ad  libitum.']  1.  Pleasantness. — 2. 
Willingness;  compliance. 


adlmlcre,  play  with. 


poi^d  o?two'OT~"more''me'tkls  combined' while  allude  (a-liid'),  v?,  pret.  and  pp.  alluded,  ppr. 
m  a  state  of  fusion,  as  of  copper  and  tin,  which     alludiiuj.      [<  L.  alludere, 


form  bronze,  or  of  lead  and  antimony,  which  form 
t\'pe-metal.  The  alloys  are  numerous,  as  the  brasses, 
bronzes,  solders,  tjT)e-,  i;uu-,  and  bell-metals,  etc.,  and  are 
of  [.-reat  impiirtance  in  the  practical  arts.  There  are  many 
varieties  of  these  alloys,  the  character  of  each  being  de- 
termined by  the  proportions  of  its  constituents.  An  arti- 
ficial metallic  mbiturecontainingquicksUver  is  termed  an 
aiiuU'iam  (which  see). 

2.  -An  inferior  metal  mixed  with  one  of  greater 
value.  The  ^'uld  and  silver  coins  of  the  United  States 
are  of  the  stand.ard  fineness  of  900  parts  of  fine  metal  and 
100  parts  of  copper  alloy,  of  which  in  the  case  of  gold  not 
more  than  one  tenth  may  be  silver.  In  the  case  of  silver 
coins  the  alloy  is  wholly  of  copper.  Hence  these  coins  are 
said  to  be  900'  line.  See  alloyage. 
The  British  standard  for  gold  coin  is  22  parts  pure  gold 


jest,  speak  sportively,  <  ad,  to,  +  ludere]  play.]  ^|}jj^^^  (a-lur'er), 
I.t  trans.  1.  To  play  with  or  make  game  of . — 
2.  To  compare. 

To  free  niyselfe  from  the  imputation  of  partiality,  lie 
at  last  allude  her  to  a  waterman.  John  Taylor, 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  an  allusion;  refer 
casually  or  indirectly:  with  to  (formerly  also 
unto). 

Tliese  speeches  ...  do  seem  to  allude  unto  such  min- 
isterial garments  as  were  then  in  use.  Hooker. 

He  alludes  to  enterprizes  which  he  cannot  reveal  but 
with  the  hazard  of  his  life.         Steele,  Spectator,  No.  510. 

2t.  Topim;  have  a  punning  reference. =syn.  1. 

.Iihert,  Jlcter,  .illude,  etc.     Sec  adivrl. 


and  2  parts  alloy,  and  for  silver,  222  parts  pure"  silver  to  allumt,  «.     An  old  spelling  of  alum. 
IS  p^rU  of  alloy.  i7re,  Diet.,  I.  90.   .ii,,_„4..t.,  - 


18  parts  of  alloy. 

St.  Standard;  quality;  fineness. 

My  I>ord  of  Northumberland,  .  .  .  whose  education  of 
his  Sonne,  I  beare,  has  ben  of  another  streine  and  alloy 
then  that  we  have  mentioned. 

Evelyn,  Letter  to  Edward  Thurland. 

4.  Figuratively,  admixture,  as  of  good  with 
evil ;  a  deleterious  mixtm-e  or  element ;  taint : 
as,  no  earthly  happiness  is  without  alloy. 

The  friendship  of  high  and  sanctified  spirits  loses  no- 
thing by  death  but  its  alloy.  Ji.  Hall. 

Formerly  \vritten  allay. 
D'Arcetz'8,  "Newton's,  Rose's  fUalWe  alloy  of  bis- 
muth. S.  e  xkM;.— Wood's  fusible  alloy,  an  alloy 
composed  of  13  parts  of  bismuth,  8  of  lead,  4  i.f  tin,  :i  n! 
cadmium.  It  has  a  brilliant  luster,  which  does  not  tar- 
nish rcailily,  and  melts  between  150"  and  160  F.     iroiA:- 

Mhop  lieeeipt*'. 

alloyage  (a-Ioi'aj),  »i.  [<  alloy  + -age.'\  The 
practice-  or  process  of  alloj-ing  metals;  specifi- 
cally, in  minting,  the  practice  of  adding  to  the 
precious  metals  a  small  proportion  of  a  baser 
one,  to  harden  them,  with  the  object  of  produ- 
cing a  clear  impression  when  the  coins  are 
struck,  and  of  preventing  or  lessening  abrasion 
wliili-  thoy  are  in  circulation.     See  alloy,  n.,  2. 

alloy-balance  (a-loi'bal"ans),  «.  A  balance 
for  weighing  metals  whicli  are  to  be  combined 
in  decimal  proportions.  In  Robert's  alloy-balance 
the  ifjint  lit  Busjteiisiun  is  movable,  and  is  adjusted  to  the 
point  at  which  the  arms  of  the  balance  bear  to  one  an- 
other tlie  i>n,i»ortion  of  the  metals  to  be  weighed,  as  fur 
example  17  [hjt  cent,  of  tin  to  8.'!  of  copper.  The  beam  r.f 
the  balance  is  then  brought  to  the  position  of  e4(uilibriniii 
by  mean.'!  o(  a  weight  suspended  from  a  continuation  cf 
the  (thort  arm  of  the  balance  ;  and  when  the  balance  is  so 
Ofljustotl  any  (pmiitity  of  copper  put  in  the  short-arm  scale 
will  be  balanced  by  the  re<|Ui8ite  proportion  of  tin  in  the 
oUmt  ■•(■ale,  that  Is,  in  tlie  supposed  case,  17  per  cent,  of 
Ih.   t.,t:il  weight  of  the  two. 

allozodid  (nl-o-zo'oid),  n.  [<  Gr.  aX/tof,  other, 
-^  ,(,w((S;/r,  like  an  animal :  aeezooid.']  In-oo/., 
an  niiiinul  bud  or  zoijid  separated  Ijy  gemma- 
tion from  the  organism  by  which  it  is  produced, 
and  (lifTering  from  it  in  character:  the  opposite 
of  uozoHid. 

all-roond  fal'round),  a.  [<  all,  adv.,  +  round, 
o'li.]  All!''  lo  do  many  things  wc-ll;  many- 
Hiil'  '  •  ''     (if  doing  anything;    versatile; 

n<.t  ,t  loo  specialized. 

I-  IiiMierto  to  give  a  good  «/i.ro«nrfcdu- 

r«(i.,:,  \:i:.  I  ', im:  witli  as  nuuiy  exigencies  of  the  day 

iw  i».««iii|. .  l,;ir.U  Omtlon,  Harvard,  Nov.  b,  Umu. 


allumette  (al-u-mef),  «.  [F.,  a  match,  <  al- 
luniir,  light,  kindle:  see  allumine.'\  A  match 
for  lighting. 

alluminatet  (a-li'mi-nat),  v.  t.  [<  ML.  *alhi- 
niinatus,  pp.  of  "alluminare:  see  alluminc.']  To 
ilhuninate,  as  manuscripts.     Bailey. 

alluminet  (a-lu'miu),  r.  t.  [<  OF.  alluminer  for 
alumcr,  \aterallumer,  lighten,  Idndle,  =Pr.  alum- 
nar,  alumenar  =  Sp.  alumbrar  =  Pg.  alumiar, 
allumiar  =  It.  alluniare,  alluminarc,  <  ML.  "al- 
luminarc,  set  light  to,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  luminare, 
light,  <  lumen  (lumin-),  light:  see  luminous,  limn, 
and  cf.  illumine,  illuminate.']  To  illmninate; 
enlighten. 

allumiliort  (a-lu'mi-nor),  «.  [MK.  h/mnour,  etc. 
(see  limner),  <  Al'\  alluminour,  OF.  alumincor, 
later  allumineur,  <  ML.  as  if  *alluminator,  equiv. 
to  illuminator,  <  "alluminare,  eiitiiv.  to  illumi- 
nare:  see  allumine,  illumine.]  An  illimiinator 
of  manuscripts. 


allu'Tion 

He  sailed  for  England,  taking  with  him  five  of  the  na- 
tives whom  he  had  decoyed.      Bancro.f1,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  91. 

It  is  not  the  kn.avery  of  the  leaders  so  much  as  the  hon- 
esty of  the  followers  they  may  seduce,  that  gives  them 
power  for  evil.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  109. 

allure^t  (a-lui''),  «■    \i  allure'^,  v.]   Alltirement. 

allure-t,  "•     Same  as  alure. 

allurement  (a-liir'ment),  n.  [<  allure^  +  -ment.'] 

1.  The  act  of  alluring  or  attracting. 

Adam  by  his  wife  sa(( lire mc;i/  fell.   .V/Z(oh,  P.  R.,ii.  134. 

2.  That  which  alhu'es;  any  real  or  apparent 
good  held  forth  or  operating  as  a  motive  to 
action;  a  temptation;  an  enticement:  as,  the 
alluremen  ts  of  pleasure  or  of  honor. 

Let  your  Scholer  be  neuer  afraide,  to  aske  you  any 
dout,  but  vse  discretlie  the  best  allurements  ye  can,toen- 
corage  him  to  the  same.  .,4.'ic/)rtw.Tbe.Scholemaster,  p.  28. 

3.  Attractiveness;  fascination;  charm. 
.     One  who  or  that  which 

allures. 

Money,  the  sweet  ailurer  of  oiu"  hopes, 
Ebbs  out  in  oceans,  and  comes  in  by  drops. 

Dnjdeo,  Prol.  to  Prophetess,  1.  U. 

alluringly   (a-Uir'ing-li),  adr.     In  an  alluring 

mauner;  enticingly. 
alluringness  (a-lur'ing-nes),  n.     The  quality  of 

being  alluring  or  fascinating. 
allusion  (a-Ui'zhon),  H.     [<  F.  allunion,  <  L.  a7/i(- 

sio{n-),  adlusio(n-),  plaj-ing  or  sporting  with,  < 

alludere,  pp.  allusus:  see  allude.]     If.  A  play 

upon  words ;  a  pim. 
The  allusion  holds  in  the  e.xchange. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  2. 

[Said  by  Holofernes  with  reference  to  the  jest  about  the 

moon's  being  no  more  than  a  month  old  when  Adam  was 

fivescore.] 

2t.  A  symbolical  reference  or  comparison;  a 

metaphor. 
Virtue,  to  borrow  the  Christian  allu.tion,  is  militant  here. 

and  \';u^ious  nutowiu-d  accidents  contribute  to  its  being 

often  overborne.  Butler,  Anal.  Kelig.,  i.  07. 

3.  A  passing  or  casual  reference;  a  slight  or 
incidental  mention  of  something,  either  directly 
or  by  implication;  a  hint  or  reference  used 
by  way  of  illustration,  suggestion,  or  insinu- 
ation:" as,  a  classical  allusion;  an  allusion  to 
a  person's  misconduct. 

\\'e  have  here  an  elaborate  treatise  on  Government,  from 
which,  but  for  two  or  three  passing  allusions,  it  wtuild 
not  appear  that  the  author  was  aware  that  any  govern- 
ments actually  existed  among  men. 

Macaulay,  ilill  on  Govermnent. 

The  delicacy  of  touch,  the  circuitous  alhtsivn.  with  which 
[Sydney]  Smith  refers  to  things  couunotdy  received  as  vnl- 
is  a  study  for  all  who  wish  to  master  the  refinements 


of  expression.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  155. 
Hefore  the  invention  of  printing,  certain  persons  called  „ii„   •_.    /     i,-,/ ,:,.\    ,,       r/ T      oc,  ;f  o^ii,,,,!,.,,,,   / 
llmninors  made  it  a  trade  to  paint  the  initial  kItc.-K  of  allusive  (a-lu  siy),  a.      [<  L.  as  if  'alhisirus,  < 
■        "          pp.  <il  alludere:  see  allude.]     If 


manuscripts  in  all  sorts  of  colours, 
silver  and  gold. 


All 
.(.■ , 
alls. 

Ilr 
/•• 

tlo 

/' 


all 


•".I  in 


'  men.  whor'on»lderod  that  he 
oiiit,-«l  his  precise  knowledge 
r.  rrllorles. 
I'inlrle  Kxiierlcnces,  p.  192. 

Same  as  .III  6'aiiifV 

'lint). 

A    niiino  given   in  Great 

■  1  ■■    difTereiit    pInntH:    (a) 

:t  -riiiill  iihint  found  in 

■  I :   ('.)  the  knof-gra»H, 

■  ,    (<■;    I  hinopodium    Jioty- 

woste  places;  (rf)  Iltuliold 


and  to  gild  them  «  ill 
Barclay,  Diet,  (l.yia). 

all-ups  (al'ups),  H.  A  mixture  of  all  qualities 
of  coal,  excepting  fine  slack,  raised  from  one 
seam.     Gresley.     [Leicestershire,  Eng.] 

allurancet  (a-lur'ans),  «.  [<  allure'^  +  -anee.] 
Allm'enient. 

allurantt  (a-liii''aut),  a.  [<  allure'^  +  -««(i.] 
Alluring;  enticing.     li.  Jonson. 

allure^  (a-lfir'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  allured,  ppr. 
allurinij."  [Karly  mod.  E.  alure,  ulewre,  <  ME. 
aluren,  <  AF.  alurcr,  OF.  alurer,  aleurrcr,  aler- 
rer,  attract,  allure,  <  a,  to,  +  lurer,  lure:  see 
lure.]  1.  To  tempt  by  the  offer  of  some  good, 
real  or  ajiparent;  invite  by  something  flatter- 
ing or  acce|)tal)le ;  draw  or  "try  to  draw  by  some 
])roposed  pleasuni  or  advantage:  as,  rewards 
allure  men  to  brave  danger. 

Allur'd  to  brighter  worlds,  and  led  the  way. 

(joldsmith,  Des.  \11.,  I.  170. 

2.  To  attract;  fascinate;  charm. 

she  show'd  him  favours  to  allure  his  eye. 

Shak.,  Pass.  I'llg,,  iv. 

Sleeking  Iter  soft  allurinri  locks. 

Millon,  lomu»,  1.  882. 

=  Syn,  Allure,  Lure,  Kntiee,  Decay,  .Seduce,  attract,  in- 
vite, coax,  engage,  prevail  on.  The  llrst  live  wor-ils  Im- 
ply the  exercise  of  strong  but  subtle  inlluenccs  over  the 
mind  or  senses.  .l//iir<^.  lure,  to  attract  by  a  lure  or  bjilt, 
lo  draw  by  apjieallng  to  the  hope  of  gain  or  the  love  of 
ph  usiire,  differ  but  lllllc ;  the  tornnr,  however,  seems 
lo  Imply  a  more  diHnlte  object  Ihnn  lure,  whiih  nialns 
IK  rliaos  n  llllle  more  of  the  original  meaning,  though 

It  !■*  less  often  used.  Entice  expresses  mi>st  of  skill, 
mblb  Iv,  Mattery,  or  (air  speech.  Drcoij  Is  lo  lead  Into 
a  no.  by  false  a|i|>earances:  Mils  word  Is  llie  one  most 
.  .<hon..jily  iiseil  III  H  physical  sense.  Seduce,  to  lead  astray, 
g'  ii'Tally  from  rectitude,  hut  Boinotlmcs  from  liilcresi  .n 
llolh, 

\ .  .laiiger  could  not  daunt,  so  neither  eoiihl  amblll.in 
''  ■/■  blm,  l.diiwer,  .Sermons,  Int.,  p.  \ll. 


",      A  term  luw-d  In  InvcrnK 
lie  a  liev.  r.ige  coiniioHcd  of 
.'!.<  liqiiom  iiii.<(ed  togolber. 


■■  1.  anly  luret  Ihe  full  grown  ehll.l.        //;;roM,  (lliiour. 

lb  'bxitli  not  only  sIk.w  Ihe  way,  bill  gtlleth  so  sweete 

a  |,i..<|,ect  liil.i  the  why,  as  will  lulier  any  man  to  enter 

I11I.1  II.  .ViV  /'.  .Siiluen,  Apol.  for  I'oelrle. 


iillusus.  pp.  of  alludere:  see  allude.]  If.  Pun- 
ning.—  2t.  Metaphorical. 

poetry  is  triply  divided  into  narrative,  representative  or 
dramatic,  and  allusive  or  parabolical. 

liacon.  .\dvancement  of  Learning,  IT.  4. 
3.  Having  reference  to  something  not  fully 
exi)ressed;  containing,  full  of,  or  characterized 
by  allusions. 

I'lie  allusive  but  not  inappropriate  pseudonym  of  Caa- 
•sjindra.  11'.  li.  Grey,  Misc.  Essays,  Istscr.,  p.  1. 

Allusive  arms,  in  her.     See  arm-. 
allusively  (a-lfi'siv-li),  adr.    If.  Sj-mbolically; 
by  way  "(  eoiii]mrison  or  ligiire. — 2.   In  an  al- 
lusive luamier;  liy  way  of  allusion ;  by  sugges- 
tion, iiii|ilicalion,  or  insinuation, 
allusi'veness  (a-lu'siv-nes),  n.     The  quality  of 
being  allusive. 
The  multifarious  allusircness  of  the  prophetical  style. 
Dr.  H.  More,  Seven  Churches,  Ix. 

allusory  (a-lu'so-ri),  a.  [<  L,  as  if  'allusorius, 
<  (itluxn.i,  pp.  of  alludere :  see  allude.]    Allusive. 

Expressions  .  .  .  Ilguralive  and  allusorji. 

Wurburton,  Sermons,  II.  100. 

alluvia,  «.     T'lnral  of  alluvium. 

alluvial  (a-lu'vi-al),  ti.  [<  L.  alhivius,  adluvius, 
alluvial  (sce((//Hi'iH»»).  +  -"/.]  Of.  ))erlaining  to, 
or  conqiosed  of  alhivium:  as,  »//«i')(i/ dejiosits; 
allurial  soil.  Alluvial  formations,  in  o...'.,  recent 
deposits.  In  valle.V8  or  in  plains,  ol  the  ibtrlliis  of  neigh. 
Inning  elevations,  broiigbl  d.iwti  .-bielly  ti>  tln^  action  of 
water.  .M.ist  river-iihiins,  as  Ibose  of  Ibc  Mississippi,  aro 
alluvial,  having  bei^ii  ilepositcd  from  Ibi^  waters  of  a  river, 
a  bike, or  an  arm  of  the  sea,     .See  alluvium. 

The  win.lliigs  of  the  stream  In  large  alluvial  flats  aro 
most  numerous  where  the  current  Is  excicdiiigly  slow. 

Dana,  Ue.dogy,  p.  041. 

alluvian  (a-lu'vi-an),  a.  Siinie  as  allunal. 
[Unn:] 

alluvio  Oi-lii'vi-o),  ".     [L,]     Siiiiie  as  (///hi'ioh. 

alluvion (ii-lii'vi-on),  H.  [<  1''.  iillurion,  alluvion, 
ii.^i'nlion,  <  L,  alhirii>{n-),  a<llurii>{n-),  an  over- 
<lnwing,  inundalion,  <  alluere,  ailluere,  flow  to, 
wmhIi  upon,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  lucre,  wash,  =  (Ir,  'Ankw, 
huhIi:  see  lare^M\i\li>liiin.\     1,  I''oi'inevly  —  (rt) 


alluvion 

The  wash  of  the  sea  against  the  shore,  or  of  a 
river  against  its  banks,  {b)  The  material  de- 
posited by  seas  or  rivers ;  allu\'ium  (which  see). 

2_  In  modern  legal  use,  an  increase  of  land 

on  a  shoi-e  or  a  river-bank  by  the  action  of 
water,  as  by  a  current  or  by  waves,  whether 
from  natural  or  from  artificial  causes.    If  the  .ad- 


153 

especially  in  Egypt,  to  a  girl  whose  occupation 
is  to  amuse  company  in  the  houses  of  the 
wealthy  or  to  sing  dirges  at  funerals ;  a  sing- 
ing girl,  of  a  liiglier  class  than  the  ghawazeo  or 
dancing-girls  of  Egypt,  with  whom  the  almas 
are  sometimes  confounded.  See  (jliawaeee  and 
!/li(i::ii/<li.     Also  spelled  alme  and  iilmch. 


dition  has  been  fc'iadual  and  iniiaini.til.k-,  the  owner  of  almacantart,   almacantarathf, 


iliiiKaiitlar. 
almadia  (al-ma-de'ii),  «.     [<  F.  almadie,  <  Ar. 
(il-iii(t'(lii/ali,  <  al,  the,  +  ma'diyah,  ferry-boat,  < 
ma'diij,  a  passage,  <  'aday,  pass  or  cross  over.] 

1.  A  river-boat  used  in  India,  shaped  like  a 
shuttle,  about  80  feet  long  and  6  or  7  broad. — 

2.  A  small  African  canoe  made  of  the  bark  of 


the  land  thus  auj^niented  has  a  ri;;iit  to  the  alluvial  eaiil 
hut  if  the  addition  has  l)een  suddLii  atid  considerable,  by 
the  common  law  the  alluvion  is  the  property  of  the  sov- 
ereign or  state,  liy  the  law  of  Scotland,  however,  it  re- 
mains the  projierty  of  the  person  of  whose  lands  it  origi- 
nally formed  part.  If  witnesses  could  see  from  time  to  time 
that  progress  bad  been  made,  though  they  could  not  per- 
ceive the  progress  while  the  process  was  going  on,  the 
change  is  deeiiied  gradu.il  within  the  rule. 

alluviOUS  (a-lu'vi-us),  a.      [<  L.  dlluvins,  allu- 
vial: see  aliavium.']    Same  as  alluvial.    [Rare.] 

aliuviuni  (a-lu'vi-um),  11.;  pi.  alluvia  (-a).    [L., 

prop,  neut'.'  of  alluvius,  adluvius,  alluvial,  <  al-  Almagest  (al'ma-jest),  n, 
lucre,  adluere,Hovf  to,  washupon:  see  allumon.']  '      "      '  ' '" 

A  deposit,  usually  of  mingled  sand  and  mud, 
re  stilting  from  the  action  of  fluviatile  cturents: 
applied  by  geologists  to  the  most  recent  sedi- 
mentary deposits,  especially  such  as  ocetu-  in 
the  valleys  of  large  rivers :  opposed  to  diluvium 
(which  see).  Alluviun  (which  see)  was  formerly  used 
lor  both  marine  and  fresh-water  deposits,  but  allumum 
has  taken  its  place,  although  generally  used  only  lor  flu- 
viatile deposits. 

allwhere  (al'hwar),  adv.    [<  ME.  alwhere;  <  all 
+  ii'ftere,]     Everywhere.     [Rare.] 
I  follow  allwhere  for  thy  sake. 

Lowell,  To  the  Muse. 

allwhither  (arhwiTH"er),  adv.  [<all  +  whither.'] 

In  every  direction.     S.  Taijlor,  Deukalion,  IV. 

iii.  153.     (N.  E.  D.) 
allyl  (a-li')!  '"• )  P''et.  and  pp.  (Ulicd,  ppr.  allying. 


Same  as 


almoin 

A  yearly  calendar  showing  the  correspondence 
between  the  days  of  the  week  and  the  days  of 
the  month,  the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun  and 
moon,  the  changes  of  the  moon  and  of  the  tides, 
and  other  astronomical  data,  and  usually  also 
the  ecclesiastical  fasts  and  feasts,  chronological 
information,  etc.  Many  annual  publications  called 
almanacs  are  largely  exten<led  by  the  inscitinn  nf  liiMt<jri- 
cal,  political,  statistical,  and  other  current  inlui  nialion,  as 
supplemental  to  the  calendar.— Nautical  almanac,  an 
almanac  for  the  use  of  navigators  ancl  astronomers,  in 
which  are  given  the  ephemerides  of  all  the  bodies  of  the 
solar  system,  places  of  the  fixed  stars,  predictions  of  as- 
tronomical plienomena,  and  the  angular  distances  of  the 
moon  from  the  sun,  planets,  and  fixed  stars.  Nautical  al- 
manacs are  published  by  the  governments  of  Great  Britain, 
the  I  iiited  .states,  and  most  other  maritime  powers. 

trees.    Soineof  the  larger  square-sterned  boats  almandert  (al-man'der),  n.      [ME.  almander, 

of  the  negroes  are  also  thus  designated.  almaunder,  <  OF.  almandicr,  mod.  amandter  (cf. 

Also  written  almadie,  almady.  Sp.  almendro,  ML.  amondalanus),  an  almond- 

[<  ME.  almaqest  al-    t'T^Be,  <  almande,  almond :    see  almond.]      An 

,iia</(^tc,  <  OF.  and  ML.  almaqeste,  <  Ar.'  al-ma-    almond-tree.     Chaucer;   Wyclif. 

jisil,  <  al,  the  (see  al-'i),  +  Gr.  HEj'.irr//,  fem.  of  almandll\  almandine  (al  man-din),  m.     [<  F, 

ficyiaro;,  greatest,  superl.  ot  /ieyar,  great :  see 


mega-.]  The  greatest  work  on  astronomy  be- 
fore Copernicus,  written  in  the  second  century 
A.  D.  by  the  Alexandrian  astronomer  Ptole- 
my. Its  proper  title  is  "Mathematical  Composition"; 
but  it  was  called  Almagest,  or  the  greatest,  to  distinguish 
it  from  other  books  by  the  same  author. 

Cross,  and  character,  and  talisman, 
And  almatjest,  and  altar. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,Ti.  17. 

almagra  (al-ma'gra),  n.  [<  Sp.  almagra,  alma- 
gre  =  Pg.  almagre,  <  Ar.  al-magltrah,  red  ocher.] 
A  fine  deep-red  ocher,  with  an  admixture  of 


almandine;  <  LL.  alamandina,  a  corruption  of 
alahandina  :  see  alahandine.]  Precious  or  no- 
ble garnet,  a  beautiful  mineral  of  a  red  color, 
of  various  shades,  sometimes  tinged  with  yel- 
low or  blue,  it  is  commoidy  translucent,  sometimes 
transparent,  and  usually  crystallizes  in  the  rhombic  dode- 
cahedron.    Also  called  alrruindite.     See  garnet. 

Almaynet,  «•  and  n.     Same  as  Almain. 

alme,  almeh  (al'me),  n.    See  alma. 

almena  (al-me'na),  n.  [Sp.  almena  =  Pg. 
amcia,  a  two-pound  weight,  prob.  <  Ar.  al,  the, 
-t-  menu,  a  measure,  a  two-pound  weight.]  A 
weight  of  about  a  kilogram,  or  21^  pounds,  used 
in  the  East  Indies. 


purple,  used  in  India  for  staining  the  person    almeriet.'  almeryt,'  n.    Variant  forms  of  ambry. 

It  is  also  sometimes  used  as  a  paint,  and  for  polishing  sil-  '^^•^^'^^^'t  aiiixci  j  r,  j 

ver  and  glass,  under  the  name  of  I,idian  red.  almesset,  "•     An  old  form  of  alms. 


l<im'.'alyen,  alien,  <  OF.  alier,F.alHer,  combine,  Almaint  (al'man),  a.  and  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  almicantaratht,  n. _iia.me  aa  almiicantar. 


mix-,  alloy;  in  another  form  OF.  aleier,  allayer, 
mod.  F.  aloyer,  mix,  alloy  (>  E.  allay'^  and  alloy, 
q.  v.);  <  L.  alligare,  adUgare,  bind  to,  <  ad,  to, 
+  ligare,  bind.  Cf.  alU'gate  and  alliance.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  unite  by  marriage,  treaty,  league, 
or  confederacy;  connect  by  formal  agreement : 
generally  used  in  the  passive  or  with  reflexive 
pronouns. 

Salamis  .  .  .  revolted,  and  allied  itself  to  Megara. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  476. 

2.  To  bind  together;  connect,  as  by  resem- 
blance or  friendship. 

Ah,  madam,  true  wit  is  more  nearly  allied  to  good-na- 
tui-e  than  your  ladyship  is  aware  of. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  ii.  2. 

No  fossil  form  allied  to  Ampbioxus  is  known. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  108. 

II.  intrans.  To  join  or  unite;  enter  into  al- 
liance. 

allyi  (a-li',  often  al'i),  n. ;  pi.  allies  (a-liz',  often 
al'iz).  [<  ME.  alic,  ally,  esp.  kinsman,  <  OF.  alie, 
<alier,F.  allier,  ally :  seertH(/l,t'.]  1.  One  united 
or  associated  with  another  by  kinship,  treaty, 
or  league ;  a  confederate ;  more  particularly,  a 
sovereign  or  state  connected  with  another  by 
league  offensive  and  defensive,  or  a  subject  or 
citizen  of  such  sovereign  or  state. 

England  .  .  .  and  France  entered  the  war  as  allies. 

J.  McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  .vwii. 

2.  An  auxiliary ;  an  associate  or  friend. 

^^^lat  did  not  a  little  contribute  to  leave  him  thus  with- 
out an  albi  was,  that  if  there  were  any  one  post  more 
untenable  than  the  rest,  he  would  be  sure  to  throw  himself 
into  it.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy. 


also  J/»i«^",  Almaigne,  Alman,  and  in  sense  II.,  almightt,  «•      [<  ME.  almigiit,  almyght,  almyst, 
2,  alman,  almond,  <  ME.  Almayn,  Almaun,  n.,  a    ainiilit,  <  AS.  a'lmiht,  almighty,  <  wl-,  al,  all,  + 
German,  <  OF.  Aleman,  P.  AUemand,  German, 
<  L.  Alemanni,  Alamanni:  see  Alemannic]     I. 
a,  German. 

Almain  ritters  with  their  horsemen's  staves. 

Marlowe,  Faustus,  i. 
Almain  stone-ware  vessels. 

Jour.  Archesol.  Ass.,  XXX.  131. 

II.  K.  1.  A  German. 

He  sweats  not  to  overthrow  your  Almain. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  kind  of  dance. — 3.  A  kind  of  dance-music 

in  slow  time. 
Almain-rivet  (al'man-riv'st),  n.  [<  Almain  + 
rivet.]  In  milit.  antiq.,  one  of  a  series  of  rivets 
or  short  pieces  of  metal 
sliding  in  slot-holes  form- 
ed in  overlapping  plates 
of  armor,  replacing  the 
common  appliance  of 
riveting  to  straps  of  lea- 
ther or  similar  material : 
first  used  by  the  Germans 
about  1450.  The  term  Al- 
main-rivets  came  afterward  to 
be  applied  to  suits  of  armor 
constructed  in  this  manner. 
Also  spelled  Almayne-riiet,  Al- 
man-riret. 

alma  mater  (al'mii  ma'- 
ter).  [L. :  alma,  fein.  of  almus,  fostering,  cher- 
ishing, benign,  <  alere,  nourish,  foster  (see  «/(■ 
ment  and  alumnus) ;  moter  =  E.  mother.]     ^  "-  — 


3.  In  .^007.,  an  animal  more  or  less  closely  re-    by"  students  to   the  university  or  coUege  in 
lated  to  another  in  respect  to  morphological    which  they  have  been  tramed. 


characters,  and  placed  in  the  same  alliance 
(which  seo).  =5yu.  Associate,  Friend,  Companion,  etc. 
See  associate. 

ally^t,  n.     A  former  spelling  of  alley^. 

ally3,  n.     See  alley^. 

allyl  (al'il),  n.  [<'L.  all(ium),  garlic,  +  -yl,  <  Gr. 
v?.ri,  matter.]  An  organic  radical,  C3H5,  which 
does  not  exist  in  the  free  state.  At  the  moment 
of  its  liberation  two  molecules  combine  to  form  diallyl, 
CijHio,  a  pungent  ethereal  liquid.  Also  spelled  aliyle. — 
Allyl  sulphid,  (i':iHr,)S,  the  oil  of  garlic,  which  gives  to 
onions  and  garlic  tlieir  peculiar  smell  and  taste. 

allylamine  (a-lira-imn),  n.  [<  allyl  +  amine.] 
A  mobile  liquid,  iSiHo(C3H5),  having  a  sharp, 
bm-ning  taste,  produced  by  the  action  of  potash 
on  allyl  eyanate.     It  may  be  regarded  as  am 


almilit,  <  AS.  almiht,  almighty,  <  eel-, 
miht,  might.]     Almighty. 
Blessed  be  God,  Father  almiiiht. 

Primer  Hen.  VIII.    (X  E.  D.) 

almightily  (al-mi'ti-li),  adv.  In  an  almighty 
manner;  with  almighty  power :  sometimes  used 
vulgarly  as  'an  expletive :  as,  I  was  almightily 
angry.     [Rare.] 

almightiness  (al-mi'ti-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  almighty;  omnipotence ;  infinite  or  bound- 
less power:  as,  "the  force  of  his  almightiness," 
Jer.  Taylor. 

God  .  .  .  made  them  promises  binding  the  strength  of 
his  .UmiiMiTiess  with  covenants  sworn  to  everlastingly. 
L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  106. 

almighty  pll-mi'ti),  a.  [<  ME.  almighty,  aU 
myglity,  almisii,  almihti,  <  AS.  ealmihtig,  eallmih- 
tig,celmihtig,celmeahtig  {=0S.  almahtig,  alamali- 
tig,  ahimalitii;  =  OHG.  almahtig,  alamahtig),  < 
eal.  call,  all,  -I-  militig,  mighty:  see  all, adv.,  and 
mighty.]  1.  Possessing  all  power;  omnipotent; 
of 'unlimited  might ;  of  boundless  sufficiency. 
Him  the  Almighty  Power 
Hurl'd  headlong  flaming  from  the  ethereal  sky. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  i.  41. 

2.  Great;  extreme;  overpowering.     [CoUoq.] 

Poor  .-U-oar  can  not  live,  and  can  not  die, — so  that  he  is 
in  an  almighty  fix.  De  Quincey. 

Almiglrty  dollar,  a  phrase  forcibly  .-xx.f.ssive  of  the 
jjower  of  money:  first  used  by  WashinL'tun  Imjtiu'  in  "A 
Creole  Village,"  published  in  1837.— "me  Almighty,  the 
omnipotent  God. 

_  _  By  t/ic  ^imi^A!!/,  who  shall  bless  thee.        Gen.  xlix.  25. 

ally,  fostering  mother:  in  modern  use,^applied  almightyship  (al-mi'ti-ship),  n.     l<almighty  + 

,    ^^   i-   ii *„         „„ii„..„  ,^     -ship.]    The  state  or  quality  of  being  almighty; 

omnipotence.     Cowley. 
Benjamin  Woodbridge  was  the  eldest  son  of  our  alma  almiciui   (al-me'ke),   n.     The  native   name    of 
"'"*  ""'"''"  ""'"    ''""   "  "      Sulcnodon  ctibanus,  an  insectivorous  mammal 


Tassetof  ri.itos.  Alyiuiin-r 
Annor,  I5tli  century. 


Liter- 


matcr.  Peirce,  Hist,  of  Harv.  Univ.,  App.,  p.  67. 

Almant  (al'man),  a.  and  n.     Same  as  Almain. 

almanac  (al'ma-nak).  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  alma- 
nack; almauacl'i,  <  ME.  almenaJc  =  F.  almanach 
—  Sp.  almanac,  almanaque  =  Pg.  almanach,  al- 
manac =  It.  almauacco  =  D.  almanak  =  G.  alma- 
nack (>  Pol.  almanach)  =  Sw.  almanach  —Dan. 
almanak;  <  ML.  almanac,  almanach  (Roger  Ba- 
con, A.  D.  12C7);  aijpar.  <  Ar.  al,  the,  +  "ma- 
ndkh,  almanaque,  calendario,"  so  given  in  the 
Arabic-Castilian  "  Vocabulista  "  of  Pedro  de 
Alcala  (a.  D.  1505),  who  also  gives  "manah, 
relax  del  sol,"  i.  e.,  sun-dial.  The  word,  used,  it 
by  Arabic  astronomers  in  Spain  as 


peculiar  to  Cuba,  belonging  to  the  family  Sok- 
nodontidw.  The  animal  is  about  11  inches  long,  with 
a  tail  7i  inches  in  length.  It  strikingly  resembles  an 
opossum"  in  general  appearance,  though  belonging  to 
an  entirely  different  order  of  mammals.  The  abuiqui  is 
the  largest  of  American  Insectivora,  and  one  of  the  rarest 
of  American  mammals.  It  is  nocturnal  in  habits  and 
lives  under  ground  in  caves.  There  is  a  similar  Haytian 
animal,  Soleiwdon  paradoxus,  called  agouta  (which  see). 
See  .Si/lrnodon. 
almlrah  (al-me'rii),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind. 
almdri,  <  Pg.  almario,ar)nario,  ili. armarium,  a 
closet,  chest,  >  E.  ambry,  q.  v.]  A  kind  of  cup- 
board used  in  India ;  an  armoire  or  wardrobe ;  a 
chest  of  drawers.    Also  written  almyra,  almura. 


appears,     .  .        _  cnesi  01  u 

moniain  which  one  hydrogen  atom  is  replaced    early  as  the  12th  or  13th  century,  is  not  found     ,  Opp  almoner^ 

by  allyl.  elsewhere  as  Arabic,  and  must  be  of  foreign    ^\^f^;  almoTm     a  -mc'in")  n 

■'   ■    '        ~         -  -  presumptively  of  Greek,  origin;  without  proof  almomt-almoiptjaimcm^^jt, 

from  records,  it  has  bee.n  identified  with  L. 
manachus 01-  manacvs,  also  cited  as  Gr.  *iirjvaxoQ, 
*/jdvaxoc,  a  false  reading  in  Vitruvius  for  L. 
mena'us.,  a  circle  on  a  sun-dial  showing  the 
months  or  signs  of  the  zodiac,  <  Gr.  /iT/valoQ, 
monthly,  <  //'/i'  =  I'-  menais,  month :  see  month.] 


aliyle,  n.     See  allyl. 

allylie  (a-lil'ik),  a.  [<  allyl  +  -ic]  Of  or  be- 
longing to  allyl:  as.  an  allylie  sulphid. 

alma,  almab.  (al'ma),  «.  [<  Ai-.  'almah,  learned, 
knowing  (with  ref.  to  their  instruction  in  music 
and  dancing),  <  'alama,  know.  Cf.  alim,  alem.] 
The  name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  East,  and 


[Early  mod. 
E.  also  almone,  allmone,  ME.  almoyn,  alms, 
alms-chest,  <  -AF.  *almoin,  *almoign,  OF.  al- 
mone, almosne,  later  aumdne:  see  alms,  and 
cf.  almoner^.]  1.  Alms. — 2.  -An  alms-chest. — 
Frank  almoin,  literally,  free  alms ;  a  perpetual  tenure  by 
free  gift  of  charity :  usually  written  as  one  word,  jrankal- 
moin  (which  see). 


almond 

almond  (a'mond  or  al'mond),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  amd'ml,  <  ME.  almonde,  almunde,  al- 
mouiule,  almaunde,  almande,  etc.,  <  OF.  almande, 
earlier  aUmande,  alemandre,  alemandle,  also 
amande,  mod.  F.  amande  =  PT.  amando!a=  Sp. 
almendra  =  Pg.  amendoa  =  lt.  mandorla,  man- 
dola  (the  at-  for  orig.  a-,  in  E.,  OF.,  and  Sp.,  be- 
ing due  prob.  to  confusion  with  the  Ar.  art.,  or 
perhaps  with  the  word  Atmain,  German)  =  D. 
amaiidel  =  OKH.  mandala,  MHG.  G.  mandel  = 
Dan.  Sw.  tnandel  =  U\iss.  mindalina,  dim.,  <  ML. 
amaitdola,  a  corruption  (through  'amingdala)  of 
L.  amygdala,  <  6r.  auvySa/.i],  af^iyda'Aov,  an  al- 
mond: see  amygdala.']  1.  The  stone  or  kernel 
of  the  firuit  of  Prunits  (AmygdaUis)  communis, 
the  almond-tree  (which  see).  There  are  two  kinds, 
the  sweet  aud  the  hitter.  Sweet  almonds  are  a  favorite 
nut.  Xhev  are  the  source  of  almond-oil,  and  an  emulsion 
made  from  them  is  used  in  medicine.  The  best,  from 
Malaga,  are  known  as  Jordan  almonds.  Bitter  almonds 
are  smaller,  and  yield,  besides  almondK>il  aud  an  azottzed 
substance  called  e/nuifin  (foiind  also  in  sweet  almonds),  a 
hitler  crystalline  principle  called  amygdalin,  which  when 
mixed  with  emulsin  is  decomposed,  producing  hydrocyanic 
acid  and  bitter-almond  oil. 

2.  Anything  shaped  like  an  almond;  an  orna- 
ment in  the  shape  of  an  almond ;  speeilieally,  a 
piece  of  rock-crystal  used  in  adorning  branched 
candlesticks — AfWcan  almonds,  the  seeds  of  the  pro- 
teaceuus  shrub  ^raJ^t-tt/z/i  ttti:U(tti/oliuni,of  southern  Africa. 
—  Almond  of  the  throat,  a  tonsQ  or  amyj;<iala. — Coun- 
tr>'  almonds,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  fruit  of  the 
llji-st  Indian  tree  T'  rininalia  Catappa,— JaySL  almonds, 
tlie  fruit  of  Canarium  commune. 

almond-cake  (a'mond-kak),  «.  The  cake  left 
after  e-xprcssing  the  oil  from  almonds.  Its 
powder  is  used  as  soap  in  washing  the  hands. 

almond-eyed  (ii'mond-id),  a.  Having  almond- 
shaped  eyes,  as  the  Chinese  and  others  of  the 
Mongolian  race. 

almond-furnace  (al'mond-fer'nas),  n.  [Prob. 
for  Alinaiii  or  Alman  furnace;  i  Almoin,  Ger- 
man (see  Almoin),  +  furnace.']  A  furnace  in 
which  the  slags  of  litharge  left  in  refining  sil- 
ver are  reduced  to  lead  by  being  heated  with 
cliarcoiil. 

almond-oil  (a'mpnd-oil),  «.  A  bland,  fixed  oil 
obtained  from  almonds  by  pressure,  and  used 
in  medicine  as  a  demulcent.  — Bitter-almond  oil, 
a  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the  residual  cake  of  bitter  al- 
monds after  the  almond-oil  has  been  e.\pressed,  and  due 
to  decomposition  of  the  amygdalin  and  emulsin  of  the 
seeds. 

almond-paste  (ii'mond-past),  n.  A  cosmetic 
ciiiiipiiscd  of  bitter  almonds,  white  of  egg,  rose- 
water,  aud  rectified  spirit,  used  to  soften  the 
skin  and  prevent  chapping. 
almond-tree  (ii'inond-tre),  «.  A  species  of 
I'ruiiii.f,  r.  communis,  producing  the  almond. 
The  leaves  and  (lowers 
=^  •-^'^*^  resemble  those  of  the 
j^'/CJz^.^  peach,  but  the  fnlit  is 
mure  compressed,  witll 
a  thin,  tough,  and  fi- 
brous deciduous  husk 
when  ripe,  and  the  shell 
thinner  nntl  more  fra- 
gile. The  tree  is  culti- 
vated for  ita  nuts  in  the 
region  bordering  the 
Meiliterraneaii,  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  to  n  limited 
extent  in  the  southern 
I'liited  States;  else- 
where It  is  grown  for 
onianient,  on  account 
of  its  large  early  flow- 
ers. Theconimonyfow'/'r- 
iw}  ahnoud  is  u  dwarf 
double-flowered  species 
from  RilMla,  /*.  nana.  The  tropical  Terminalia  Catapjta, 
ft  til."  Kojft  Indies,  Is  also  calleu  ahnond-trec. 

almoner',    almner    (al'mon-dr,    iim'ntr),    n. 

[t^rly  mod.  K.  almoner,  almoner,  almner,  amc- 

nrr,  amnir,  <  ME.  anioner,  amenir,  curlier  an- 

moner,  auinener,  awmenrr,  etc.,  <  OK.  aumoncr, 

aiimiinicr,    almonnier,  mod.    F.    aum6nier^Vr. 

nh„„;iirr,    filmnnirr    (.ML.    reflex    abnonarius, 

S|i.  timosncro,  almoner,  =  Pg. 

■,  i.^iiiolciro,   a   liegging  friar, 

'.    -lire,    -nrio,    <    Amj.    rUemo- 

'  'iriliHiribiiler,  somi-liinrN  also 

"    '  :ilniM    (of.    <jF.    itlmimnere,    al- 

iniin-lniiiiirr,  <  ML.  ctccmoKi/na- 

f  iilini),  <  \Aj,  eUemoDi/nti,  nlins: 

7  (of  which  almoner^  is  a  <lou- 

.    iiiid   rtfnw.]     A   diHpiiiHcr   of 

■  "■     :i  jpcrHoii  I'liarjfed 

III  oflli'iiil  diilv. 

■  'I  III  iiionaittrrif'* 

luired  lo  di» 

ii.rii,  usually 

.   Tiff' TWnrd 

lorila. 

Ilidv 


Almoml  '  PruHus  c^mm 


monhi 

tiir,  a 


|i 


(TIV. 


('■'/  ilhni> 


"1  t)i<  r<  iltll  WM 


154 

regularly  a  cardinal  or  other  high  prelate ;  since  the  Revo- 
lution this  post  has  been  alternately  restoredand  aliolished. 
In  England  there  is  a  lord  aiiitoiu'r,  or  lord  liwli  almoiier, 
an  ecclesiastical  officer,  generally  a  bishop,  who  formerly 
had  the  forfeiture  of  all  deodands  and  the  goods  of  all 
suicides,  which  he  had  to  distribute  to  the  poor.  He  now 
distributes  tivice  a  year  the  sovereign's  bount.K,  which  con- 
sists in  giving  a  silver  penny  each  to  as  many  poor  persons 
as  the  sovereign  is  years  of  age.  There  is  also  a  mtb-al- 
moncr,  and  a  hereditaiT  rfrand  ahnoner.  The  office  of  the 
latter  is  now  almost  a  sinecure. 

almoner^t,  "■     [<  ME.  alner  (for  *almner),  aw- 
mer,  oumencr,  awmener,  <  OF.  aumoniere,  almos- 
niere,  F.  aumdniere  (sometimes  used 
in  tliis  form  in  E.)  =  Pi\  almosnera 
(ML.   reflex    almonaria,   almoncrio) 
=  Pg.  esmoleira,  ahns-box,  <  ML. 
eleemosynaria,  an  akns-purse,  alms- 
box,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  bursa,  purse,  arce^^ 
box),  fem.  of  eleemosynarius :  see  <iZ- 
moner"^,  and  cf.  almonry,  of  which 
a?mo«f)'2  is  a  doublet.]    l.Analms- 
purse. —  2.  In  general,  a  purse,  es- 
pecially a  large  purse,  or  pouch,  usually  (from 
the  twelfth  century  vmtil  the  fifteenth)  hnug 
from  the  girdle.      It  was  closed  either  by  cords  drawn 
through  the  hem,  or  in  a  casing,  or  by  a  clasp.    It  took  to 
a  great  extent  the  place  of  a  pocket. 
almonership   (al'mon-er-ship),  n.     The  office 
or  position  of  almoner. 
almonry  (al'mgn-ri),  n.;  pi.  almonries  (-riz). 
[<  late  ME.  alniosncrye,  <  OF.  "almosnerie,  au- 
mos)ierie,  P.  aumdnerie  =  Pr.  almonaria  (ML.  re- 
flex almonaria,  olmonarium),  <  ML.  eleemosyna- 
ria, an  almshouse,  the  residence  or  office  of 
an  almoner,  also  an  alms-purse  or  alms-box  (in 
this  sense  the  source  of  almoner"),  prop.  adi. 
fem.  of  eleemosynarius :  see  almoner^,  almoner-, 
and  eleemosynary.  A  different  word  from  ambry, 
with  which,  through  the  forms  almery,  amhiry, 
it  has  been  in  part  confused:  see  ambry.]     Tlie 
place  where  an  almoner  resides  or  where  alms 
are  distributed,     in  monasteries  it  is  situated  near  the 
church  or  at  the  gate-house ;  sometimes  it  is  a  separate 
building,  as  the  almonry  at  Canterbury,  and  sometimes 
it  contains  lodgings  for  choristers  attached  to  the  church. 
almost  (al'most),  adv.     [Colloq.  or  dial,  omost, 
^mosf,   dial,   also   ommost,   oniast,    Sc.    amaist, 
'moist,  <  ME.  almost,  almoost,  almestf,  almasle, 
<  AS.  almil'st,  ealnuest,  mostly  all,  nearly  all,  < 
al,  eal,  E.  all,  -t-  mast,  E.  most',  adv.]    It.  Nearly 
all ;  for  the  most  part ;  mostly.     [In  this  sense 
almost  all  is  now  used.] 

These  giuers  were  almost  Northmen. 

Aschain,  The  Scholemastcr,  p.  133, 

2.  Very  nearly;  well-nigh;  all  but. 

I  almost  wish 
He  be  not  dead,  although  my  wrongs  are  great. 

.■ih,-ll,-ii.  The  Ccnci,  iii.  2. 

Almost  never,  hardly  ever.— Almost  no,  almost  none, 

scarcely  any. 

almoust,  »■  [=  Sc.  awmous,  <  ME.  almouse,  al- 
mou's,  ohnus,  <  leel.  almusa,  67in«Srt  =  Sw.  almosa 
=  Dan.  ahiiissi  =A>i.  wlniesse,  E.  alms;  see  alms, 
of  which  alniiHis,  Sc.  awmous,  represents  the 
Scand.  form.]     An  old  form  of  alms. 

alms  (iim/,),  n.  sing.,  sometimes  used  as  pi.  [< 
ME.  atmes,  almis,  ahmsse,  olmisse,  clmcs,  elmessr, 
(clmesse,  «'/mis.sc,<  AS.  a'lmesse,  a-lmysse{m  coinp. 
(clmes-,  almes-)  =  Oii.  alamOsnaz=  OFnea.  iil- 
missr  =  1>.  aalmoes=OHG.  olamuosan,  olamos<ni. 
MHG.  almuosen,  G.  rt/)iiosc«  =  Icel.  almn.vo,  iit- 
musa  =  H\v.  almosa  =  Dan.  almissc  =  (.>F.  ol- 
mosnc,  aumosuc,  F.  aumdnc  (see  almoin,  almoign) 
=  Pr.  olmosna  =  Sp.  limosna  =  Pe.  esmolo  =  It. 
/imo.«(H«  =  OBulg.  (i/mK.-ZiiHO  =  Bolicm.  rt/m«.-/m« 
=  Vol.  jalmuclinti  =  Hung.  (domi;sna,  <  ML.  'ol- 
mosina,  climosina,  LL.  eleemosyna,  altns,  <  Gr. 
c?^!liw(!vv>/,  pity,  compassion,  alms,  <  iAci//iuv, 
pitiful,  merciful,  compassionate,  <  fh:n(,  jiity, 
mercy,  compassion.  See  almoner^,  almoner", 
and  clecmosynory.]  1.  The  act  of  relieving 
the  needy;  cliari'talih'  aid;  ministration  to  Iho 
poor:  as,  to  give  money  in  alms. 

Wlien  Ihon  docHl  n/»iji,  let  not  thy  left  hand  know  what 

thy  right  hand  doelli.  Mat.  vl.  :i. 

2.  That  which  is  given  lo  the  poor  or  needy;  a 

charitable  dole;  anything  liestowed  in  charity. 

Enoch  Hcl  himself. 

Scorning  an  almM,  to  work  whendiy  to  live. 

Tennynnn,  Klloch  Anii-ll. 

'I'o  Ncalter  from  our  iilnindanco  orcft«(oiinl  ntWM  Is  not 
enoln-ll.  Channinfl,  Workll,  IV.  2111. 

K'-aiionablo  almB,  In  h'n'j.  law,  a  part  of  tin*  ri*tnte  of 
1  11  I.  III.  |,.i«oii  allritt<d  lo  the  jioor.  Tenure  by 
Iff"  iiliiiH,  III  f'.tigland,  an  cerJeilaHtlcal  teiiiin'  of  liiiid 
t  !  I'  Ibe  poMieiiHiir  WAN  formerly  bound  t4)  pray  for 
M  ,1  ,,t  ihe  donor,  whether  dead  or  alive;  traiikal 

II.'  ;■!  "■  M.li  Kce). 

almH-bag  (iim/'tiag),  »i.  A  bag  of  Hiiine  flno 
mull  rial  uHdd  for  collecting  alms  during  divine 
HiTviei'. 


almucantar 

alms-basin  (iimz'ba'sn),  H.     A  basin  or  dish  of 
metal  used  to  receive  the  alms-bags  to  be  laid 


Alms.basin  decor-itti 


amel.  13th  century. 


upon  the  altar.  .Sometimes  the  alms  was  received  di- 
rectly ill  the  biisin.  without  use  of  the  bag.  See  almg-ba<7. 
Also  called  aliits-di^h. 

alms-box  (iimz'boks),  n.     Same  as  alms-chest. 
alms-chest  (amz'chest),  «.    A  chest  or  box  fast- 
ened to  the  wall,  as  of  a  church,  to  receive  offer- 
ings for  the  poor  or  for  any  religious  purpose. 
alms-deed   (amz'ded),  n.   "[<ME.  almes-dede, 
nlmissr-dcde,  etc.]     An  act  of  charity;  a  char- 
itable deed.     Acts  ix.  36. 
alms-dish  (iimz'dish),  «.     [<  ME.  almcs-disshe.] 

Same  as  olms-basin. 
alms-drink  (amz'dringk),  n.     The  leavings  of 
drink,  such  as  might  be  given  away  in  alms. 
•2d  Serv.   Lepidus  is  high-coloured. 
Isf  Serv.  They  have  made  him  drink  alms-drink. 

Shah.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  7. 

alms-fee  (iimz'fe),  n.  [<  AS.  a-lmes-feoh,  <  <eI- 
nusse,  ahus,  ■\-  feoh,  money:  see  fee.]  An  an- 
nual tux  of  one  penny  on  every  heartli,  collected 
in  England  and  Ireland  and  sent  to  Rome,  from 
the  beginning  of  the  tenth  century  imtil  it  was 
abolished  by  Henry  VHI.  Also  called  Eoine- 
scot  or  Rome-fee,  and  Fetor's  pence. 

lie  lEdmund),  towai-il  the  middle  of  the  tenth  century, 
strictly  commands  payment  of  tithe,  .  .  .  &\\A  alms-fee. 
Kemltle,  Saxons  in  Eng.,  ii.  10. 

alms-folk  (iimz'fok),  ji.  pi.  Persons  supported 
by  alms. 

alins-gate  (iimz'gat),  ».  That  gate  of  religions 
or  groat  houses  at  which  alms  were  distributed 
to  tlie  ]ioor. 

almsgiver(!imz'giv"er),n.   One  who  gives  alms. 

almsgiving  (iimz'giv''ing),  n.  The  act  of  giving 
alms. 

almshouse  (amz'hous),  u.  [<  ME.  almesshowse.] 
A  house  appropriated  for  the  use  of  the  poor 
who  are  suiiported  by  tlio  jiublie  or  by  a  rev- 
enue derived  from  private  endowment;  a  poor- 
house.  In  the  United  States  almshouse  and  poorhouse 
are  synonymous,  meaning  only  a  house  for  the  common 
residence  of  the  publicly  supported  paupers  of  a  town  or 
cimiity.  In  Great  Britain  almshouses  are  generally  a 
iinmber  of  small  dwellings  built  together,  siipiiortcd  by 
private  endowment,  for  the  use  of  respectable  persons 
reduced  to  poverty,  buildings  for  public  paupers  being 
called  intrkhoiises  or  poorhouses, 

almsman  (liiuz'man),  «.;  id.  olm.<!men  (-men). 
I  <  MK.  almesman,  iiimesnion,  etc.]     1.  A  person 
supported  by  charity  or  public  provision. 
Even  bees,  the  little  a(»i»wi<in  of  spring  bowers. 

Keats,  Isabella,  st.  13. 

2.  A  charitable  person;  a  dispenser  of  alms. 
liccon.     [Hare.] 

The  altosiitan  of  other  men's  sympathies. 

Lonii,feltow,  Hyperion,  Iv,  7. 

alms-pot  (iimz'pot),  n.  A  sort  of  box  carried 
liv  lii'ggai'S,  and  pcrliajis  succeeding  the  clack- 
dish  (vvliidi  see)  in  point  of  liiiie.  ll  was  some- 
times a  cylllidiiciil  wooden  pot  witli  a  slit  in  the  lid,  some- 
times a  more  carefully  miule  vesselof  iievvter.  I'litll  very 
recently  beggars  lii  Loiiilon  carried  such  jiots  fiuitened  to 
their  walst-bclts, 

almucantar,  almucanter  (nl-mu-kan'tilr,  -t6r), 

».  [,\lsci  writli'ii  (lima-,  iihineantar,  -er,  formerly 
alsi)«((Hi(Vi«(rtr(/f/i,etc.,  }>IV,.  iihnyl:<uitero {Chan- 
cer),  <  y.ahnueantoratlis,  iilmurdnlarol.olmican- 
larot  =  S]).  aimieiinlorat,  olniiiutnUiradas^Vf^. 
(us  ML.),  <  Mli.  (ilmivanlaralh,  iilniuriintorolli, 
<  Ar.  ol-muiianlordl,  <  ol,  tlie,  +  niu<ionl(trdt,  pi. 
of  mui/onlaroli,  a  sun-dial,  <  ijoiilorah,  a  bridge, 
an  iiri'h.]  1.  In  aslron.,  a  small  circle  ol'  the 
spliore  parallel  to  tlio  liorizon;  acirde  or  iiaral- 
li'l  iif  altitude.  When  two  Hlnrsareon  tliesame  ainiu 
iiiiiliir  lliry  Imvf  the  siiliie  iilliliide, 
2.  An  iiHtrniKiniical  iiiHlriiment  (inventod  by 
H.  ('.  Clmriiller)  I'lmsistiiig  of  a  telescope  pro- 
viileil  with  liorizoiitiil  wires  and  moiintnl  upon 
a  liox  tliiiiting  upon  mercury.  The  lloiit  Is  llrst 
turned  rounil  so  us  to  point  tin-  telescope  east  of  the  mn- 


almucantar 

ridian,  and  the  time  of  rising  of  a  star  over  the  wires  is 
noted ;  the  teleauope  is  then  pointed  to  west  of  tlie  nieiicl- 
ian,  and  tlie  time  of  descending  of  a  star  is  noted.  In  tilis 
way,  if  the  positions  of  the  stars  are  linown,  the  correction 
of  a  tiniei)iei:i-  and  the  latitude  may  be  determined;  on 
the  other  liami,  ii  these  are  known,  either  tlie  right  ascen- 
sions or  tile  dei-linalioiis  of  the  stars  may  be  determined. 
The  instriiMH-nt  is  of  great  value  on  account  of  its  having 
fewer  instruHieiilal  errors  than  a  meridian  circle. 

almucantar-staff  (al-mu-kan'tiir-staf),  n.  An 
mstramout,  having  an  arc  of  15°,  formerly 
used  to  take  observations  of  the  sun  about  the 
time  of  its  rising  or  setting,  to  find  its  ampli- 
tude, and  from  this  the  variation  of  the  com- 
pass. 

almucanter,  «.     See  almucantar. 

almuce,  ".     Same  as  amice^. 

almud,  almude  (al-mod'),  n.  [Sp.  almud,  Pg. 
aimude,  <  Ai-.  al-mudd,  adry  measure,  a  'bushel.' 
Cf .  Heb.  mad,  a  measure.]  A  variable  measure 
for  liquids  and  grain  in  Spain  and  Portugal, 
ranging  for  liquids  from  3*^  to  5|  English  gal- 
lons, and  for  grain  from  3*  to  11  pints. 

allUUg  (al'mug),  II.  [Heb.  pi.  'almiig,  a  var.  of 
algiim  :  see  aUjinn.']  The  wood  of  a  tree  brought 
from  Opliir  by  the  ships  of  Hiram  and  servants 
of  Solomon,  wrought  into  the  ornaments  and 
musical  instruments  of  the  temple,  esteemed 
for  its  beauty  of  grain  or  for  its  agreeable  odor ; 
probably  a  sandal-wood  of  India. 

almund  (al'mund),  «.  [Ct  almudf]  A  Turk- 
ish measure  of  capacity,  equal  to  1.151  imperial 
gallons.     Morf/an,  V.  S.  Tariff. 

almura,  «.     See  almirah. 

almuryt  (al'mu-ri),  n.  [ME.,  <  Ar.  al-mu'ri,  <  al, 
the,  +  mitr'l,  indicator,  <  ra'ay,  see.]  A  pointer 
forming  a  part  of  an  astrolabe. 

Thin  almury  is  cleped  the  denticle  of  Capricorne  or  elles 
the  kalkuler. "  Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  i.  §  23. 

almiltent,  «•  [Corrupt for  almuta:  (as  in  OF.), 
<  Al-.  al-iim'taz,  <  al,  the,  +  mu'taz,  prevailing, 
i'azz,  be  powerful.]  In  astral.,  the  prevailing 
or  ruling  planet  in  the  horoscope. 

almyra,  «.     See  almirah. 

alnage  (al'naj),  «.  [<  late  ME.  aulnage,  <  OP. 
auliiage  (F.  duiiage),  <  aulner,  auner,  measure  by 
the  ell,  <  able,  aitne,  ell:  see  aiiiie  and  eK.]  A 
measuring  by  the  ell ;  specifically,  official  in- 
spection and  measurement  of  woolen  cloth  for 
the  pm'pose  of  laying  duties  on  it.  Also  spelled 

alenage,  uliiage Alnage  duties,  duties  formerly  paid 

in  England  on  woolen  cloths  at  so  much  per  ell. 

The  duties  of  subsidy  and  aleimiie  of  all  woUen  raanu- 
facto"  for  the  co^  of  York  and  Lancaster. 

Record  Soc.  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  XI.  54. 

alnager  (al'na-jer),  V.  [<  late  ME.  aulneger,  < 
OF.  auliicgeor,<  aulnage:  seealnage.'i  A  royal 
officer  who  examined  cloth,  and  afSied  a  seal 
in  guaranty  of  its  quality  or  measure.  The 
office  existed  until  the  reign  of  William  III. 
Also  written  aulnager,  ulnager. 

The  officer  whose  business  it  was  to  examine  into  the 
assize  of  woolen  cloths  was  called  the  alnarier, 

Archibald  Brown,  Law  Diet.,  p.  20. 

alnagership  (al'na-jer-ship),  n.  The  office  or 
position  of  alnager. 

Execution  of  the  office  of  deputy  aXnagership  by  the  re- 
lators -Sowerby  and  Brooks. 

Record  Soc.  Lancashire  and'Cheshire,  XI.  68. 

alnaschaTism  (al-nas'kar-izm),  n.  [<  Alnaschar 
(see  def. )  +  -ism.}  Conduct  or  an  action  like 
that  of  Alnaschar,  the  hero  of  a  story  in  the 
Arabian  Nights;  anticipation  of  future  gran- 
deur during  a  day-dream  or  reverie. 

AVith  maternal  alnascharigm.  she  had,  in  her  reveries, 
thrown  back  her  head  with  disdain,  as  she  repulsed  the 
family  advances  of  some  wealthy  but  low-born  heiress. 

J/ws  Edneivorth,  Vivian,  i. 

alnightt  (al'nit),  n.  [<.al,  all,  +  night.']  A 
great  cake  of  wax  with  a  wick  in  the  midst, 
intended  to  bui'n  all  night.     Bacon. 

Alnus  (al'nus),  n.  [L.,  alder:  see  alder'^.']  A 
genus  of  shrubs  and  small  trees,  natural  order 
Ciipuliferie,  growing  in  moist  places  in  northern 
temperate  or  colder  regions.  There  are  about  15 
species,  of  which  half  are  American.  The  wood  is  light 
and  soft,  but  close-grained  and  compact,  enduring  lung 
under  water,  valuable  for  cabinet-work,  and  making  an 
excellent  ch.arcoal  for  gunpowder.  The  bark  is  used  for 
tanning  aTul  dyeing,  and  as  a  remedy  in  medicine.  Several 
sjiefies  are  cultivated  for  ornament.     See  alder^. 

alodgementt,  «.     See  alloilgcmcnt. 

alody  (al'o-di),  «.  [<  ML.  alludium.']  Same  as 
allodium. 

aloe  (al'o),  n.  [<  ME.  aloe,  also,  and  earlier 
always,  in  pi.  foi-m  aloes,  alowes,  allowes,  ear- 
lier aloen,  <  AS.  aliiwan,  alcwan,  alwan,  pi.  of 
vm.used  sing.  *aluwe,  *alire  =  D.  aloe  =  G.  aloe 
=  Sw.  aloe  =T)a,n.  aloe  =  F.  aloes,  earlier  written 
aloes,  OP.  otoe=Pr.  aloa,  aloe,  ahes,  aloeu  =  H\). 
Pg.  It.  aloe  =  Russ.  aloe=  Pol.  aloes,  <  L.  aloe. 


155 

ML.  also  aloes,  alues,  alua  (>  AS.  "aluwe,  "alwe, 
above),  <  Gr.  iMi/,  the  aloe,  i.  e.,  I»rop.,  a  plant 
of  the  genus  Aloe,  and  the  drug  prepared  there- 
from, but  used  also,  by  confusion,  in  tlie  Sep- 
tuagint  and  tlio  New  Testament  (and  hence  in 
the  LL.  (Vulgate)  andmod.  languages)  to  trans- 


Aloi'  vulgaris,  with  flower  entire  and  cut  longlttidinally. 

late  the  Heb.  akhdlim,  akhdloth,  of  which  the 
proper  representative  is  Gr.  aya/.lox<>v,  NL. 
agallochum,  E.  agaltoch,  q.  v.,  the  fragrant 
resin  or  wood  which  was  called  in  later  Gr. 
^v?.a?.6r/,  whence  in  NL.  (transposed)  aloexylon, 
and  (translated)  lignum  aloes,  F.  hois  d' aloes, 
lit.  wood  of  the  aloe,  in  E.  tvood-aloes  and 
aloes-mood.  The  form  aloes,  as  sing.,  is  due  to 
the  ML.  sing,  aloes,  and  in  part,  perhaps,  to  the 
L.  gen.  aloes  in  lignum  aloes,  E.  ligii-aJoes,  q.  v. 
In  the  earliest  E.  (AS.)  use  the  reference  is 
usually  to  the  agallochum,  but  it  is  often  diffi- 
cult to  tell  which  meaning  is  intended,  and 
even  in  modern  writers  the  difference  is  often 
ignored.]  The  common  name  of  the  plants  of 
the  genus  Aloe.  They  are  natives  of  warm  climates 
of  the  old  world,  and  are  especially  abundant  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Africa.  Among  the  Slohammedans  the  aloe  is 
a  symbolic  plant,  especially  in  Egypt,  and  every  one  who 
retui-ns  from  a  pilgi'image  to  Mecca  hangs  it  over  his  street- 
door,  as  a  token  that  he  has  performed  the  journey.  In 
Africa  the  leaves  of  some  species  of  aloe  are  made  into 
ropes,  fishing-lines,  bow-strings,  and  hammocks.  Several 
species  yield  aloes,  the  well-known  bitter  purgative  medi- 
cine. The  American  aloe  is  the  centtu-y-plant,  Agave 
Americana,  and  the  false  aloe  is  A.  Virginica.  See  Agave. 
Many  species  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  growing  readily 
on  very  dry  soil.    See  aloes. 

Aloe  (al'o-e),  ".  [NL. :  see  a?oe.]  A  genus  of 
liliaceous  plants,  including  trees,  shrubs,  and  a 
few  perennial  herbs,  with  thick  fleshy  leaves, 
usually  spinosely  toothed  and  rosulate  at  the 
summit  of  the  caudex.     See  aloe. 

aloedarium  (al"o-e-da'ri-um),  M.  [NL.:  see 
below.]     Same  as  dloedary. 

aloedary  (al-o-e'da-ri),  n.  [<  NL.  aloedarium,  < 
Gr.  a?.oii&ifiiov,  <  a'Aoii,  aloe.]  A  compoimd  jjur- 
gative  medicine  of  which  aloes  is  a  chief  ingre- 
dient. 

aloes  (al'oz),  n.  sing,  or  2>l.  (pl.  of  aloe,  used  also 
as  sing.).  [See«/oe.]  1 .  A  drug,  the  inspissated 
juice  of  several  species  of  aloe,  it  is  obtained 
from  the  leaves,  sometimes  by  cutting  them  across,  when 
the  resinous  juice  exudes  and  is  evaporated  into  a  firm 
consistence,  sometimes  by  pressing  the  juice  and  mucilage 
out  together,  and  in  other  cases  by  dissolving  the  juice 
out  of  the  cut  leaves  by  boiling  and  then  evaporating  to  a 
proper  consistency.  Several  kinds  are  known  in  commerce. 
Socotrine  aloes,  also  called  East  Indian  or  Zanzibar  aloes, 
the  produce  mainly  of  varieties  of  A .  Perryi,  comes  chiefly 
from  Red  Sea  ports  and  Aden.  Barbados  and  Curai;oa 
aloes  are  produced  in  the  West  Indies  from  A.  vulgaris, 
which  has  been  introduced  from  the  Mediterranean.  Cape 
and  Natal  aloes  are  obtained  probably  from  A./erox,  and 
form  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  supply.  The  name 
hepatic  aloes  is  applied  to  any  opaque  and  liver-colored 
variety  of  the  drug.  The  extract  of  aloes  when  treated 
with  nitric  acid  gives  rise  to  various  yellow  and  brown  pro- 
ducts, which  by  the  aid  of  mordants  can  be  fixed  to  silk 
and  wool ;  but 'they  are  seldom  used  in  dyeing. 
2.  The  fragi'ant  resin  or  wood  of  the  agallochum ; 
lign-aloes;  aloes- wood;  wood-aloes:  the  usual 
meaning  in  the  Bible.  See  agallochum — Fetid, 
oatiaUine,  or  horse  aloes,  a  coarse,  impure  preparation 
of  aloes.     U.  S.  Ilispematnrj). 

aloes-wood  (al'oz-wiid), «.    Same  as  agallochum. 

aloetic  (al-6-et'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  aloeticus, 
<  L.  aloe:  see  aloe.']  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  ob- 
tained from  the  aloe  or  aloes:  partaking  of  the 
qualities,  or  consisting  chiefly,  of  aloes. 

II.  11.  A  medicine  or  preparation  consisting 
chieflv  of  aloes. 

aloetical  (al-o-et'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  aloeUc. 

aloetin  (a-16'e-tin),  ii.     Same  as  aloin. 

aloe-tree  (al'6-tre),  n.  The  plant  furnishing 
the  drug  aloes  (which  see).    See  aloe. 


alone 

The  bittrenesse  ol  the  aloe  tre  distroyeth  the  swittenesse 
of  the  hony.  Karl  Riiiers,  Dictes,  p.  (is.    (N.  E.  V.) 

3\oi%  {■A-ViiV),  prep.  jihr.  &»  adv.  s,^(li  prep.  [< 
ME.  aloft,  a  loft,  o  loft  (ace),  alofte,  a  lofte,  o 
liiftc  (dat.),  in  fuller  form  on  the  loft,  on  the 
lofte,  iime  the  lofte,  <  Icel.  a  lopt  (ace.  of  motion), 
a  lopti  (dat.  of  position),  on  high,  aloft,  lit.  in 
the  air:  «=AS.  an,  on,  ME.  a,  o,  on,  in,  on, 
to;  lopt  (pron.  loft)  =  AS.  lyft,  ME.  lyft,  luft,  lift 
(E.  lift),  the  air,  the  sky,  wpper  floor,  loft:  see 
<o/<  and /(/(l,  the  air.]  I.  odr.  1.  On  high;  in 
or  into  the  air;  high  above  the  ground:  as,  the 
eagle  soars  aloft. 

Then  will  I  raise  aloft  the  milk-white  rose 

With  whose  sweet  sinell  the  air  shall  be  perfum'd. 

Sliak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

2.  Naut.,  in  or  into  the  top;  at  the  masthead, 
or  on  the  higher  yards  or  rigging;  hence,  on 
the  upper  part,  as  of  a  building. 

There's  a  sweet  little  cherub  that  sits  up  aloft. 
To  keep  watch  for  the  life  of  poor  Jack. 

Dibdin,  Poor  Jack. 

Il.t  prep.  On  the  top  or  surface  of;  above. 

Now  I  breathe  again 
Aloft  the  flood.  Sliak.,  K.  John,  iv.  2. 

Alogi  (al'o-ji),  n.  pl.  [ML. :  see  Alogian.]  The 
Alogians.     See  Alogian. 

Alogian  (a-16' ji-an),  n.  [<  ML.  Alogus,  pl.  Alogi, 
<  Gr.  aZoyof,  wittout  logos :  see  alogy.]  One  of 
a  sect  which  arose  toward  the  close  of  the  sec- 
ond century,  and  which  denied  the  divinity  of 
Jesus  Christ  as  the  Logos,  or  "Word"  (John  i. 
1),  and  the  authenticity  of  St.  John's  writings, 
which  they  ascribed  to  the  Gnostic  Cerinthus. 

alogic  (a-loj'ik),  a.     Same  as  alogical. 

alogical  (a-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  ?,o-yi- 
Kiif,  reasonable:  see  alogy B,nd.  logic]  Without 
logic  or  reason;  illogical. 

There  is  an  immanent  teleology  in  his  [Julius  Bahnsen's] 
universe ;  but  it  is  not  merely  alogical,  but  anti-logical, 
and  even  anti-causal.     G.  S.  JIall,  German  Culture,  p.  43. 

alogismt  (al'o-jism),  71.  [<  alogy  +  -ism.]  .An 
illogical  or  irrational  statement. 

alogotrophy  (al-o-got'ro-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  ahiyor, 
without  reckoning,  incommensurable  (see  alo- 
gy), +  arpoipoc,  ill-fed:  see  atrophy.]  Unequal 
nutrition  of  different  parts  of  the  body,  espe- 
cially of  the  bones. 

alogyt  (al'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  alogia,  <  Gr.  a/.oyia,  < 
d>.o)of,  without  reason,  tmreasoning,  unreason- 
able, <  a-  priv.  +  'liyoc,  speech,  reason,  reckon- 
ing, proportion,  also  Logos,  the  Word:  see  lo- 
gos.]    Unreasonableness;  absurdity. 

The  error  .  .  .  and  alogti  in  this  opinion  is  worse  than 
in  the  last.  Sir  T.  Broiime,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  108. 

aloin  (al'o-in),  n.    [<  aloe  +  -in-.]   A  crystalline 
bitter  principle  obtained  from  aloes  in  pale- 
yellow  prismatic  needles,  grouped  in  stars.    It 
is  found  to  differ  in  constitution  according  to  the  material 
from  which  it  is  obtained,  Socotrine  aloes  yielding  socff^oin 
(C15H11JO7),  Cape  aloes  nataloin  (C16H18O7),  and  Barba- 
dos aloes  barbaloin  (C17H20O7).    It  is  an  active  cathartic. 
Also  called  aloetin. 
alomancy  (al'o-man-si),  n.   S&xae a,shalomancy. 
Alombrado,  n.     See  Alumhrado. 
alondet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.    A  Middle  English 
form  of  aland^. 
alone  (a-16n'),  a.  and  adv.      [<  ME.  alone,  al 
on,  usually  separated,  al  one  (=  G.  allein  =  D. 
allccn  —  Dan.  aleiie) :  al,  E.  all,  adv.;  one,  orig. 
a  dissyllable,  <  AS.  ana,  alone,  weak  inflection 
of  an,  one:   see  all  and  one.     The  pronuncia- 
tion given  to  one  in  al-one,   at-oiie,  oii-ly,  is 
strictly   regttlar;    the  pronunciation    "wun" 
given  to  the  simple  word  is  a  comparatively 
mod.  corruption.     In  mod.  dial,  or  eoUoq.  use 
abbrev.  lone,  as  an  attributive.     In  most  in- 
stances alone  may  be  construed  equally  well  as 
adj.  or  adv. ;  no  separation  is  here  made.]     1. 
Apart  from  another  or  others ;  single  or  singly ; 
solitary  or  solitarily ;  vrithout  the  aid  or  com- 
pany of  another:  applied  to  a  person  or  thing: 
as,  to  be  or  remain  alone;  to  walk  alone. 
It  is  not  good  that  the  man  should  be  alone.  Gen.  ii.  18. 
He  rode  all  uuarmed,  and  he  rode  all  alone. 

Scott,  Young  Lochinvar. 
Concert  fires  people  to  a  certain  firry  of  performance 
they  can  rarely  reach  alone. 

Emerson,  Society  and  Solitude. 
2.  Only ;  to  the  exclusion  of  other  persons  or 
things  ;  sole  or  solely:  as,  he  alone  remained. 
In  this  sense  alone  is  sometimes  used  attributively  before 
a  noun. 
Man  shall  not  live  by  bread  aloTie.  Luke  iv.  4. 

It  is  not  to  rulers  and  statesmen  aloiui  that  the  science 
of  government  is  important  and  usefuL  It  is  equally  in- 
dispensable for  every  American  citizen. 

Story,  Misc.  Writings,  p.  624. 

Even  one  alone  verse  sometimes  makes  a  perfect  poeme. 

B.  Jomon,  Timber. 

The  universal  soul  is  the  aUme  creator  ol  the  useful  and 

beautiful.  Emerson,  Art. 


alone 

St.  'Without  a  parallel;   above  or  beyond  all 
others;  unique. 
To  her,  whose  worth  makes  other  worthies  nothing ; 
She  is  aUnte.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii  i. 

1  am  alone  the  villain  of  the  earth. 

Shot.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  6. 
4t.  Devoid;  destitute. 

For  bothe  a  wydowe  was  she  and  altone 
Of  ony  Irend  to  whom  she  dorst  hire  mone. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  9S. 
To  let  alone.  See  W.«=Syn.  ^to;x!,  Oni;/.  The  attribu- 
tive u-<-  of  alone  is  now  very  rare.  In  the  Bible  and  earUer 
English  alone  is  often  used  Jur  the  adverb  only,  but  it  is 
now  becoming  restricted  to  its  o»-n  sense  of  solitary,  un- 
accompanied by  other  persons  or  things. 
Who  can  forgive  sins  but  God  alone?  Luke  v.  21. 

Not  aione  at  Ephesus,  but  almost  throughout  all  Asia. 

Acts  six.  26. 
Id  each  of  these  examples  only  would  now  be  considered 
better,  though  not  alont  for  not  only  is  in  common  use. 
Altme  means  tmaccompanied:  as,  he  stood  alone.  Only  ap- 
plies to  that  of  which  there  is  no  other :  as,  an  only  son ; 
adverbially,  only  this. 
And  I  only  am  escaped  alone  to  tell  thee.         Job  1.  15. 
alonelyt  (a-16n'li),  adv.  and  a.     [<  ME.  aloonhj, 
ahjnly,  usually  separated,  «/  onJy,  all  only,  al 
onli,  al  oonly,  etc.:  al,  all,  adv.;  only,  adv.    Cf. 
alone,  allenarhj.  In  mod.  use  abbrev.  lonely,  esp. 
as  attrib.  adj.]    I.  adv.  Only;  merely;  singly. 
This  said  spirit  was  not  given  alonely  unto  him,  but 
unto  all  his  heirs  and  posterity.  Latimer. 

Farewell  with  him  [the  medical  attendant]  all  that  made 
sickness  pompous — the  spell  that  hushed  the  household, 
.  .  .  the  sole  and  single  eye  of  distemper  alonely  fixed 
upon  itself.  Lamb,  £lia,  p.  311. 

H,  a.  Exclusive;  sole;  only. 
The  alonely  rule  of  the  land  rested  in  the  queen. 

Fabyan,  Chron.,  an.  1328. 

aloneness  (a-16n'nes),  n.     The  state  of  being 
alone  or  without  company. 
Watching  over  his  aloneness. 

J.  Leyye,  Life  of  Confucius,  p.  44. 

alongl  (a-16ng'),  prep,  and  adv.  [<  ME.  along, 
along,  earlier  anlong,  also  (by  confusion  with 
the  early  forms  of  endlong,  q.  v.)  andelong,  en- 
delong,  endlong,  etc.,  <  AS.  andlang,  along  (= 
OFries.  ondling,  ondliiiga,  ondlenge  =  Q.  entlang, 
along),  <  and-,  over  against,  away  toward,  + 
laug,  long:  see  and-,  n-5,  and  long^.  Orig.  (in 
AS.)  an  adj.,  'stretching  long  or  far  awav,' 
applied,  as  found,  only  to  periods  of  time, '  the 
livelong'  day  or  night,  but  prob.  also  to  space; 
then  used  adverbially  with  dependent  gen., 
aftenvard  taken  as  (Urect  obj.  of  along  as  a 
prep.,  the  prep,  implied  in  the  orig.  gen.  being 
subsequently  expressed  by  on,  upon,  by,  with, 
thus  giving  along  the  construction  of  an  adv. 
Qiute  different  from  along^,  owing  to,  q.  v.]  I. 
prej).  Through  or  by  the  length  of;  from  one 
end  to  or  toward  the  other  of;  lengthwise  or  in 
a  longitudinal  direction  through,  over,  or  by  the 
side  of:  implying  motion  or  direction:  as,  to 
walk  along  a  river  or  highway. 

And  the  messages  that  (fo  alont;  my  nervea  do  not  con- 
sist In  any  continuous  action. 

»'.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  258. 

n.  adv.  1.  By  the  length;  lengthwise;  paral- 
lel to  or  in  a  line  with  the  length. 

Some  laid  alony. 
And  hound  with  burning  wires,  on  spokes  of  wheels  arc 
hung.  Dryden. 

2.  In  VL  line,  or  with  a  progressive  motion; 
onward :  as,  lot  ua  walk  along. 

A  flrcbrand  carried  along  Icaveth  a  train. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

3.  In  company;  together. 

lie  to  England  shall  [go]  alono  with  you. 

&hal!.,  Hamlet,  ill.  3. 

The  qnecn  took  her  leave  of  .Say's  Court,  liuving  brought 

rnnfiialMii  alont/  with  her,  and  leaving  doubt  and  appre- 

•"■   '  -  '    'A.  Scott,  Kenllworth,  I.  xv. 

''  '  Ih  often  used  absolutely  In  ccmini'tri  t.neefh 

■''  -tj»te»:  as,  1  was  not  alony.i  —  AH  along. 

along''!  ^n-lAng').  prep.     [Also  abbrov.  long  (see 

/„„„  :  ^  \i  I-;  „(,„„,,  ,i,y„fi^  <  jji^  gclang  (=0.S.  gc- 

'  'I),  ndj.,  belonging,  dfpeiidiiig 

I,  or  lit,  at),  lit.  in  lino  with, 

'■  'I'l  "^  g<:-,  goiiiTaliziiig  prtlix, 

*  ■■  gi-,'a-0,  and  fo/ii/l.     Cf.  In - 

'"  ■;  on  account  of:  with  of,  for- 

11.'  ' 

I  >ienn  ii  WW  alrinii  \yar.  long], 

l.ul  »>,l  1  i.„i  grust  sir .  t  I ,  VH  nniung. 

f'h,i,i.rr,  Veonmn'ii Talc,  I.  877. 
-nfaalnnor'  u,  tliii«  hannU'd. 

I  ....I  otyiinllty,  n.»>H, 
All  n/'.ii?  "/ tt ,  fjcott. 


IThU  It 
it  tnmii>,,  ■ 


^  llnlinppliiil 

wItm  and  women. 

* ■■■'  ■"  ifnti/j 


Mm).  V.  2. 
'    itil'l  tt4  USO 
littl'  '  tal  upoccli,] 


166 

alongshore  (a-16ng'shdr),  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 
[<  alongl  +  i?iorfi.]  By  the  shore  or  coast; 
lengthwise  of  the  shore  and  near  it. 

I  see  .  .  .  California  quartz.moimtains  dumped  down 

in  >'ew  York  to  be  replied  architecturally  along-shore  from 

Canada  to  Cuba,  and  thence  westward  to  California  again. 

Emerson,  Civilization. 

alongshoreman  (a-16ng'sh6r-man),  n.;  pi. 
aloiii/slionnien  (-men).  [<  alongshore  +  man.'] 
A  laborer  employed  about  docks  or  wharves 
and  in  the  loading  and  imloading  of  vessels. 
Commonly  shortened  to  'longshoreman. 

alongside  (a-16ng'sid),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and 
prep.    [<  albng^  +  sirffl.]     I.  adv.  Along  or  by 
the  side;  at  or  to  the  side  of  anything,  as  a 
ship:  as,  to  be  alongside  of  the  wall. 
Several  large  boats  came  alonrrside. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p,  IS. 

II.  prej).  Beside;  by  the  side  of:  as,  the  ves- 
sel lay  alongside  the  wharf. 

We  first  tested  this  case  by  laying  it  alongside  the  his- 
toric facts  in  the  case. 

S.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  46. 

alongstt  (a-longsf),  7>re^.  [ME.  alongest,  in 
loiiges;  <  along''-  +  -est,  -st,  after  amongst  fi'om 
among,against  lroniagain,etc.]  Along;  through 
or  by  the  length  of. 

The  Turks  did  keep  straight  watch  and  ward  in  all  their 
parts  atongst  the  sea-coast.  Knotles,  Hist.  Turks. 

aloof  (a-lof).  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 
[Earl V  mod.  E.  aloofe,  aloufe,  a  loofe,  a  liif;  <  a3, 
on,  +  loof,  <  D.  loef,  loof,  luff;  cf.  D.  te'loef,  to 
loof,  i.  e.,  to  windward;  loef  houden,  Ut.  hold 
loof,  keep  to  the  windward:  cf.  the  E.  phrase 
to  hold  aloof.  See  /oo/2,  liiff^.l  I.  adt:  At  a 
distance,  but  within  view;  intentionally  re- 
maining apart,  literally  or  figuratively;  ■with- 
drawn. 

It  is  necessary  the  Queen  join,  for  if  she  stand  aloof 
there  will  be  still  suspicions.  Suckling. 

Aloof  he  sits 
And  sullen,  and  has  pitched  his  tents  apart. 

M,  Arnold,  Sohrab  and  Rustum. 
Thy  smile  and  frown  are  not  aloof 
I-Yom  one  another ; 
Each  to  each  is  dearest  brother. 

Tennyson,  Madeline. 

H,  2)rep.  At  or  to  a  distance  from;  away  or 
apart  from.     [Rare.] 

The  great  luminary, 
Aloiifihc  \nilgar  constellations  thick. 
That  from  his  lordly  eye  keep  distance  due, 
Dispenses  light  from  far.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  577. 

aloofness  (a-lof'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
aloof,  or  of  keeping  at  a  distance  ;  indifference. 

X'nfaithfulness  and  aloofness  of  such  as  have  been  gi-eat* 
est  friends.  D.  Rogers,  Naanian,  p.  93, 

By  the  waiy  independence  and  aloofness  of  liis  [the  In- 
dian'sj  dim  forest  life  he  preserves  his  intercourse  with 
liis  native  gods. 

Thoreau,  Concord  and  Mcrrimac  Kivcrs,  p.  50, 

alopecia  (al-o-pe'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  F.  alopecir,  < 
L.  alopecia,  <  Gr.  aAuTrcKia,  a  disease  like  tlic 
mango  of  foxes,  in  which  the  hau-  falls  off,  < 
aA(j-7/f  (d/'.<jn-t/<-), a  fox,  possibly  akin  to  L.  ri(il;)c,s', 
&  tax:  seo  J'tiljits.]  Baldness;  loss  of  hair.  Also 
written  aloixcy.  —  Alopecia,  areata  (NL.  areaiiu,  hav- 
ing areas  or  sjinls).  ailisrji.-.(-  nf  tlic  hjiiiy  rtgi'iiisof  the  skin, 
characterized  by  tlir  jipiM-jiiain  c  nf  om-or  more  bidil  sjjots, 
extending  themselves  witli  ruuiutiiig  uutliiies,  atid  sonie- 
tinicH  by  coalescence  j)roducing  complete  balilncss.  The 
bald  spot  lias  a  center  which  is  naked  and  smooth,  sur- 
rounded by  a  peripheral  zone,  scaly  and  presenting  nu- 
merous broken  slutrt  hairs.  It  is  by  some  considcreil  dm- 
to  a  vegetable  pariLslte,  and  by  others  to  nervous  <ltsturb- 
ance.  Also  callcil  arra  Ct-lsi,  or  simply  area. —  Alopecia 
pltyrodea  ( N  L.  I'itynnlrs.  lu-an-llke),  a  disease  of  the  ltuir> 
|t:irt.H  of  the  Hkiti.iliafiieterized  by  a  progressive  redu<tiiin 
in  the  li-ngtli,  si/.f.  and  nutiilirr  of  the  hiilrs,  attended  with 
an  abundant  fiii-rurjicnius  inrunnilati<jn  on  the  surfiice  of 
the  skin.  — Alopecia  ungulimi(L.  um/UM,  unuil),  falling 
orfot  thiMiaiU. 

alopecian  (al-o-iiG'si-an),  n.  A  shark  of  the 
fiiinily  Jloperi'iiliv.     .S'ic  ,/.  liichardson. 

Alopecias  (al-o-jie'si-ns),  w.  [NL.,  <  Or.  a'/.u- 
-iKKir,  till'  tlireslicr-slmrk,  <  h'/.i.mij^,  a  fox,  also  a 
kind  of  shark.]     Same  as  Alopias. 

alopeciid  (al-o-]>6'Hi-i(l),  «.  A  fox-»hark ;  a 
.■-hiirk  111'  '''O  family  Jlojirriidw. 

Alopeciidae  (ul-r>-p(''-si'i-do),  7i.pl.  [NL.,  < Alo- 
viriiri  +  -ida:']     Sumo  us  Alopiida: 

alopecist  (al'6-i)e-Hi»l),  )i.  [<  alojiecin  +  -int.'] 
Oil''  who  uiidcrtakoB  to  cure  or  jireveut  bald- 
Mi- '.     .V.  ]■:.  ]). 

alopocoid  (nl-o-po'koid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Or.  •oAu- 
-  ,'"nti,r,  coiifr.  ii'/i.miKiu'itir,  fox-like,  <  n/tdnrj/f, 
fox.  +  rMiir,  fiinn.]  I,  a.  ]'Vix-liUi' ;  vulpiiu': 
njililii'd  (oagrouimr  Kcriesof  cariiivoroiiHiiiaiii- 
TMiil  i.r  wliii'li  till!  ciimiiioii  fox  is  the  tyjie,  as 
iliHtnu'iiiHlicd  from  the  thoiiid  Hcrius,  wllich  in- 
cluiJi'H  tilt)  dogH  and  wolves. 


alp 

H.  II.  One  of  the  alopocoid  or'mlpine  series 
of  canine  quadrupeds:  as,  "  alojiccoids,  or  vul- 
pine forms,"  ir.  M.  Flower,  Encyo.  Brit.,  XV. 
438. 
Alopecurus  (al"o-pe-ku'rus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a'/M)~tKuvi)oq,  a  kind  of  grass,  <  aXu-jJi,  fox,  -I- 
oiph,  tad.]  Foxtail-grass,  a  genus  of  grasses, 
natives  of  temperate  and  cold  regions.  A.  pra- 
teims  is  a  valuable  fodder-grass ;  some  of  the  other  species 
are  not  only  worthless,  but  troublesome  as  weeds.  See 
foxTinl-grass. 

alopecy  (al'o-pe-si),  n.    Same  as  alopecia. 
Alopias  (a-l6'pi-as),  n.     [NL.,  shortened  from 
Alopecias,  q.  v.]     A  genus  of  selachians,  con- 


Thresher-shark  (Aloftas  ?'«//«). 


taining  the  shark  known  as  the  sea-ape,  sea-fox, 
fox-shark,  or  thresher,  Alopias  vulpes,  and  giv- 
ing name  to  the  family  AlopiidoB.  Also  called 
Alopecias. 

The  thresher-shark,  Alopias  vulpes,  is  readily  recognized 
by  its  extraordinarily  long  tail,  which  forms  over  half  the 
length  of  the  whole  animal.  It  is  distributed  in  both  At- 
lantic mid  I'acific  oceans.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  111.  80. 

Alopiidse  (al-o-pi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  shortened 
trova  Alopcciidw ;  also  ■nritten  J?op)«rfrt' ;  <  Alo- 
2>ias  +  -idee,  -ada:.']  A  family  of  anarthrous 
selachians,  represented  by  the  genus  Alopias. 

Alosa  (a-lo'sS),  n.  [L.,  also  alaiisa,  >  F.  alose, 
>  E.  allice,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  of  the  fam- 
ily Clupeidm,  including  the  shad  (which  see). 
AJso  written  Alausa. 

alose^  (a-16s'),  n.    A  member  of  the  genus  JZosa. 

alose'-'t,  V.  t.  [<  OF.  aloser,  <«--!-  los,  praise:  see 
«-H  anil  ?().sY'-.]     To  praise.     Chaucer. 

alouate,  alouatte  (al'o-at),  n.  [Prob.  a  F. 
form  of  a  native  name.]  A  name  given  by 
French  naturalists,  as  Buffou,  to  the  red  howl- 
ing monkey  of  Guiana,  afterward  known  as  My- 
cetes seniculus  (Illiger) ;  hence  used  as  a  general 
name,  like  hurleur,  for  the  South  Ajnerican 
howlers.     See  cut  under  hotvlcr. 

alouatta  (al-6-at'a),  11.     Same  as  alouate. 

alouchi,  alucM  (a-lo'chi),  n.  [Native  name.] 
A  resin  obtained  from  Idea  heterophylla,  a  tree 
of  Madagascar.  It  is  thought  to  have  some  me- 
dicinal jiroperties.     See  acouehi-resin. 

aloud  {!i-!oud'),^)-f7>.  phr.  as  adv.  [ME.  aloud, 
a  loudc;  <  a^  -f  loud.  Cf.  alow^,  ahigh.']  1. 
With  a  loud  voice  or  great  noise;  louiliy. 

Cry  aloud,  spare  not.  Is.  Iviii.  1. 

2.  Audibly;  with  the  natural  tone  of  the  voice 
as  distinguished  from  whispering:  as,  he  has  a 
sovorc  cold  and  can  hardly  sjieak  aloud. 
k  I'outrance  (it  16-trous').    See  (1  outrancc. 
alowl  (ii-io'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.      [ME,  alow, 
alowc,  idougli,  alogh,  alog;  <  a*  -1-  lou~.     Cf.  6c- 
low  and  ahigh.']     In  or  to  a  low  place,  or  a  lower 
part;  below;  down:  opposed  to  a/o/Y. 
Sometimes  aloft  he  layil,  sometimes  alow,  .  .  . 
So  doubtfully,  that  hardly  one  could  know 
AMietlier  more  wary  were  to  give  or  ward  the  blow. 
Spen-ier,  V.  <.).,  VI.  vlli.  13. 
After  donliling  Point  PInos,  we  bore  up,  set  studding- 
sails  alow  and  aloft,  and  were  walking  oh  at  the  rate  of 
eight  or  nine  knots. 

B.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  97. 

alow-  (a-lou'),  adv.  [<  o3  -I-  low^,  fire :  see  louy>.] 
Alire ;  in  a  flame.     [Scotch.]  -  To  gang  alow,  to 

tjike  lire,  or  lie  set  on  tire ;  blazi- ;  be  ImrneiL 

That  discreet  man  Cardinal  Benton  is  e'en  to  gang  ahnre 
this  blessed  day  if  wo  dinna  stop  it.  '  Tennant. 

alp'  (nllO.  ".  [<  ME.  alpe.  In  Norfolk  (Eng- 
lainl)  the  buUlinch  is  called  hlood-olph,  nml  the 
green  grosbeak  grcim-olf,  where  oljih,  ulf,  may 
be  the  same  as  alj);  cf.  oiiphe  and  the  other 
forms  of  elf,  (|.  v.  Possililv  a  humorous  use, 
with  II  similar  alliisiiin  to  lliiit  in  hullfuieh,  of 
MK.  (///»,  ilji,  <  AS.  rip,  yip,  nil  cli'iihaiit,  <  L. 
eliphas:  see  elephant. ]  An  old  local  name  for 
the  bullfinch,  I'yrrhula  vulgaris. 

Aljies,  fynehefl,  and  wodewales. 

Itoni.  of  the  Rose,  1,  (158. 

alp'-'  (nl|>),  n.  [Sing,  from  jil.  alps,  <  L.  alpcs, 
hiK'i  iiioimlniiis,  specifically  thiise  of  Switzer- 
liiiiil;  sniil  to  be  ol  Collie  origin  :  cf.  (iael.  nip, 
Ir.  «(7y),  a  high  mniinlMiii;  ho  OIKJ. ,(//(»)(,  .tlpi, 
MllO.d.  ,//;»■»,  the  Al|.K,Mll(i.  «//)(■,  ((.(Swiss) 
"///r,  a  mountain  intstiiri'.  I  1.  Ahigh  niuiiii- 
talii;  specifically,  any  nne  of  the  higher  Swiss 
inounliiiiiH,  and,  as  a  jimiier  name  in  tin'  jiliinil, 
thu  grrat  mountain-ranges  in  Switzerland  and 


alp 

neighboring  countries,  comprising  the  loftiest 
mountains  in  Europe. 

Nor  breath  of  vernal  air  from  snowy  Alp. 

ililtnn,  S.  A.,  1.  028. 
Hills  peep  o'er  hills,  and  Alps  on  Alps  arise. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  2^2. 

2.  In  Switzerland,  a  pasture  on  the  side  of  a 
mountain. 
alpaca  (al-pak'a),  11,     [Formerly  also  alpae.o,  < 
Sp.  alpaca,  alpaco,  <  Ar.  al,  the  (see  al-'^),  + 
Peruv.  jjaco,  native  name  of  the  animal.]     1. 


Alpaca,  orPaco  (.^HChenia paces). 

A  mammal,  the  Auchenia  pacos,  a  native  of  the 
Andes,  especially  of  the  mountains  of  Chili  and 
Peru.  It  is  so  closely  allied  to  the  llama  that  by  some 
it  is  regarded  rather  as  a  smaller  variety  than  as  a  distinct 
species.  It  has  been  domesticated,  and  remains  also  in  a 
wild  state.  In  form  and  size  it  approaches  the  sheep,  but 
has  a  longer  neck.  It  is  valued  chiefly  for  its  long,  soft, 
and  silky  wool,  which  is  straighter  than  that  of  the  sheep, 
and  very  strong.  The  fiber  is  small,  very  soft,  pliable, 
and  elastic,  and  is  woven  into  fabrics  of  great  beauty.  The 
animal's  rtesh  is  wholesome. 

2.  A  fabric  manufactured  from  the  hair  or  wool 
of  the  alpaca,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  or  made 
in  imitation  of  this,  used  for  clothing  in  warm 
climates,  for  coat-linings,  and  very  largely  for 
umbrellas.  The  material  sold  under  the  name  of  alpaca 
for  women's  dresses  and  other  clothing  contains  now  little 
if  any  alpaca-wool ;  it  is  a  fabric  of  cotton  and  wool,  with 
a  hard  and  somewliat  shining  surface,  generally,  though 
not  always,  dyed  black. 

alpent  (al'pen),  a.  [For  alpine,  prob.  after  G. 
alpen,  as  below.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Alps ; 
alpine:  as,  "  the  Alpen  snow,"  J.  Flctchei: 

alpenglow  (al'pen-glo),  11.  [<  G.  fl7/)en  (gen. 
pi.  of  aljio:  see  alp^),  of  the  Alps,  +  E.  glow.'] 
The  glow  upon  the  Alps;  a  peculiar  reflection 
of  sunlight  from  their  snowy  heights,  after  the 
sun  has  disappeared  to  the  valleys,  or  just  be- 
fore daybreak ;  the  last  or  first  rays  of  the  sun 
among  the  Alps,  easting  a  rich  purple  tint, 
an  effect  sometimes  heightened  by  a  certain 
amount  of  humidity  in  the  atmosphere. 
The  evening  alpen-glow  was  very  fine. 

Tyndall,  Frag,  of  Science,  p.  282. 

alpenhorn  (al'pen-hom),  n.  [G.,  <  alpen  (see 
alpenglow)  +  horn  =  E.  horn.']  A  long,  power- 
ful horn,  curving  ui>  and  widening  toward  its 
extremity,  formerly  used  on  the  Alps  to  convey 
signals  and  to  sound  the  charge  in  battle,  but 
now  employed  only  by  cowherds.  Also  called 
alp-horn. 

alpenstock  (al'pen-stok),  «.  [G.,  <  alpen  (see 
alpenglow)  +  stock,  stick,  =  E.  stoclc,  q.  v.]  A 
long,  stout  staff  pointed  with  iron,  originally 
used  by  the  Alpine  mountaineers,  and  now  gen- 
erally adopted  by  mountain-climbers. 

alpestrian  (al-pes'tri-an),  n.  [<  ML.  alpestris, 
<  L.  alpes:  see  alp^.]     An  alpine  climber. 

It  luos  become  a  proverb  with  alpestriait)i  that  impracti- 
cable means  unattenipted.     Macmillanti  Matj.,  VIII.  393. 

alpestrine  (al-pes'trin),  a.  [<  ML.  alpestris, 
suitable  for  pasturage,  prop,  pertaining  to  alpes 
or  moimtains:  see  alp^.]  1.  Pertaining  or 
peculiar  to  the  Alps,  or  other  moimtainous  re- 
gions: as,  "  alpestrine  diseases,"  Dana.  [Bare.] 
—  2.  In  hot.,  growing  on  moimtains  below  the 
alpine  region,  that  is,  below  the  limit  of  tree- 
growth  as  determined  by  cold. 

alpha  (al'fa),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aXda,  <  the  Phen. 
name  repr.  by  Heb.  'dlepli  (=  Ar.  'alif),  name 
of  the  first  letter,  meaning  an  ox:  see  al.]  1. 
The  first  letter  in  the  Greek  alphabet  (A,  a),  an- 
swering to  A.  Hence  —  2.  The  first;  the  begin- 
ning: as  in  the  phrase  "alplia  and  omega,"  the 
beginning  and  the  end,  the  first  and  the  last,  ome- 
ga being  the  last  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet. 
I  am  Alpha  and  Omega,  the  beginning  and  the  ending, 
saith  the  Lord.  Rev.  i.  8. 

3.   As  a  classifier:   (a)  In  astron.,  the   chief 
star  of  a  constellation.     (6)  In  clicm.,  the  fii'st 


c 



Q 

. 

F 
J 
L 
0 
P 



H 
X 
Y 
Z 







Letters  in  which  the  Continental  dif- 
fers from  the  Morse  Alphabet. 


157 

of  two  or  more  isomerous  modifications  of  the 
same  organic  compound,  as  alpha-naphtliol,  in 
iUstin(ttion  from  heta-naphthol.  (e)  Innat,  hist., 
tlio  first  subspecies,  etc. 

alphabet  (al'fa-bot),  «.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. 
(earlier  expreissed  by  a-6-c,  q.  v.);  =  D.  alfa- 
het  =  G.  alpliabct  =  Sw.  Dan.  alfahet  =  P.  al- 
phabet =  Sp.  Pg.  alfahcto,  Pg.  also  alphahetii, 
=  It.  alfahcto  =  Kuss.  alfdbetii  =  Pol.  alfahet, 
etc.,  <  LL.  alphabctum  (earlier  alpha  et  beta), 
<  Gr.  a?jpdjir/Tu(:,  <  aXiJia  +  [h'/ra,  the  names  of  the 
first  two  letters  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  corre- 
sponding to  a  and  h  :  see  alpha  and  beta.  Cf. 
a-b-c,  abecedarian,  a,nd  futhorlc]  1.  The  letters 
of  a  language  arranged  in  the  customary  order ; 
the  series  of  letters  or  characters  which  form 
the  elements  of  written  language.  See  the 
articles  on  the  different  letters,  A,  B,  C,  etc. — 
2.  Any  series  of  characters  intended  to  be  used 
in  writing  instead  of  the  usual  letters,  as  the 
series  of  dashes,  dots,  etc.,  used  in  the  trans- 
mission of  telegi'aijhic  messages. — 3.  First  ele- 
ments; simplest  rudiments:  as,  not  to  know 
the  alphabet  of  a  science. 

In  the  conditions  of  the  Eternal  life,  this  genius  had 
been  obliged  to  set  itself  to  learninu^  tlit-  nlphahet  of  Spir- 
itual truth.  E.  S.  Phdpx.  Ikj.rnd  the  Gates. 
Alphabet-blocks,  toy  blocks  of  wood,  having  a  letter 
or  letters  of  the  alphabet  printed  on  each.— Epistolo- 
graphic  alphabet.  S:ee  ejnstolographw. —Moise  alpha- 
bet (from    its    inven- 
tor. Professor  8.  F.  B. 
Morse),  in  teleg.,  a  sys- 
tem  of    symbols,  con- 
sisting of    dashes  and 
dots,    to    be    used    in 
ttlegraphic     messages 
where     Morse's     self- 
recording    instrument, 
called  the  indicator,  is 
employed.      (See  nidi- 
cator.)     The  dash  and 
dot  are  combined  indif- 
ferent ways  to  indicate 
the    different    letters: 
thus,  one  dot  (.)  means 
E  ;  a  dash  (— ),  T  ;  a  dot 
and  a  dash  (. — ),  A  ;  a 
dash    and    three    dots 
(—...).  B;  etc.    The 
same    system    can    be 
used  with  instruments 
employing  a  raajinetic 
needle  (see  telegrapli), 
a  right  hand  deflection 
of    the   needle    corre- 
sponding  to  a  dash  and 
a  left-hand   to  a  dot. 
The  Continental  alpha- 
bet,  which  is  used   in 
Europe,    difl'ers    fi-um 
tlie  Morse  in  the  forma- 
tion of  several  letters.    Military  signaling  is  often  eflected 
on  the  same  principle  by  long  or  short  wavings  of  a  flag, 
or  by  sun-flashes  by  Tueans  of  a  heliostat,  etc.,  the  long 
meaning  a  dash  and  the  short  a  dot. 
alphabet  (al'fa-bet),  V.  t.    [<  alphabet,  n.]   To 
an'ange  in  the  order  of  an  alphabet;  mark  by 
tlie  letters  of  the  alphabet. 
alphabetarian  (al  '■^  f  a  -be  -  ta '  ri  -  an),  n.   [<  NL. 
alphabctarius  (see  below)  +  -an.     Cf.  abeceda- 
rian.]   A  learner  of  the  alphabet;  a  beginner. 
alphabetaryt  (al'fa-bet-a-ri),  a.     [<  NL.  rt^ 
plmbetarius,  <   'LL." aljihal/etum :   see  alphabet 
and -ary.]    Alphabetic;  rudimentary. 
alphabetic  (al-fa-bet'ik),  a.     [<  F.  alphabetique 
=  Sp.  alfabetico  =  Pg.  alfabetico,  alphahetico  = 
It.  alfabetico,  <  NL.  alphabcticus,  <  LL.  alpha- 
.  betiim :  see  alphabet.]     Pertaining  to  an  alpha- 
bet;  expressed  by  an  alphabet;  in  the  order 
of  the  alphabet,  or  in  the  order  of  the  letters  as 
customarily  arranged. 

Either  of  the  Egyptian  or  of  some  other  analogous  his- 
tory of  a;^A«6i'^'<-  development  the  Phenicians  inherited 
the  results,  and  their  alphabet  was  a  simple  scheme  of 
twenty-two  cliaracters,  the  names  of  which  .  .  .  began 
respectively  witli  the  sound  which  each  represented. 

Whit  net/.  Oriental  and  Ling.  Studies,  p.  194. 

alphabetical  (al-fa-bet'i-kal),  a.  Of  the  nature 
of  an  alphabet;  similar  to  an  alphabet;  in  the 
order  of  the  alphabet.     See  alphabetic. 

According  to  Grimm,  the  alphabetical  arrangement  not 
only  facilitates  reference,  but  makes  tlie  author's  work 
quicker  and  surer.  Eiinic.  Brit.,  VIZ.  Isl. 

alphabetically  (al-fa-bet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
alphabetical  manner  or  order ;  by  the  use  of  an 
alphabet ;  in  the  customary  order  of  the  letters : 
as,  to  arrange  a  catalogue  alphabeticaily . 

From  the  times  of  the  earliest  known  monuments  the 
hieroglyphic  writers  possessed  a  sufficient  number  of  true 
lettei-s  to  enable  them  to  write  alphabcticalhi. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  68. 

alphabetics  (al-fa-bet'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  alpha- 
betic :  see  -ics.]  The  science  of  the  use  and 
development  of  alphabetic  ■writing.     Ellis. 

alphabetism  (al'fa-bet-izm),  «.  [<  alphabet  + 
-ism.]     The  use  of  an  alphabet  as  a  stage  in 


A 



N 

" 

B 



0 

€ 

P 

D 



Q 



E 

- 

li 



F 



s 

... 

G 



T 



11 



U 



I 

-. 

r 



J 

._ 

w 



K 
L 
31 



X 
Y 
Z 





Red  Shrimp  {Alpheus  rubrr). 


Morse  Alphabet. 


alpigene 

the  development  of  written  language ;  notation 
by  means  of  an  aljihabet. 

It  must,  however,  be  acknowledged  that  the  idea  of 
alpliabetism  may  not  improbably  have  been  suggested  Ui 
the  Persians  by  their  acquaintance  with  the  Phoenician 
alphabet,  which,  as  early  as  the  Sth  century  B.  c,  was 
used  in  tile  valley  of  the  Euphrates  concurrently  with  the 
cuneiform  writing.        Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  L  00. 

From  this  [ideography]  men  have  passed  to  phonetic 
writing,  first,  apiiurently,  in  the  form  of  syllabism,  in 
which  each  syllable  of  a  word  i.s  regarded  as  an  indepen- 
dent whole  and  represented  by  a  single  sign ;  then  from 
this  to  alphahetism,  in  which  the  syllable  is  no  longer  de- 
noted by  an  indivisible  symbol,  but  is  resolved  into  vowel 
and  consonant,  each  with  its  own  accepted  sign. 

Eneijc.  Brit.,  I.  602. 

alphabetize  (al'fa-bet-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pj). 
(ilpliuhelized,  \)itv."alphabeti:ing.  [<  alj^habet  + 
-ize.]     1.  To  aiTange  alphabetically. 

The  volume  is  of  great  value  for  its  carefully  prepared 
alphabetized  list  of  scientific  and  technical  periodicals  of 
all  nations.  A-nier.  Jour.  o.f  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXX.  247. 

2.  To  express  by  alphabetic  characters. 

Alpheidse  (al-fe'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Alpheus  + 
-iiiw.]  In  zoOI.,  a  family  of  shrimps,  of  which 
the  genus  Alpheus  is  the  tyjie.  Other  genera  of 
this  family  are  Caridina,  I'ontonia,  andAthanas. 

alphenic  (al-fen'ik),  n.     [<  F.  alphenic,  alfenic, 

<  Sp.   alfefiique  =  Pg.   alfenim,  <  Ar.  al-fdnid, 

<  al,  the,  +  fdnid,  <  Pers.  fanid,  pdnul,  sugar, 
sugar-candy,  >  ML.  penidium,  P.  penide,  G. 
penid-:ucker,  panis-sucker,  Dan.  pande-sukker 
(as  if  from  pimde,  a  pan).]  In  med.,  white 
barley-sugar.  It  is  used  as  a  remedy  for 
colds. 

Alpheus  (al-fe'us),  11.  [NL.,  <  L.  Alpheus,  <  Gr. 
'A'A(j>ci6q,  the  chief  river  in  the  Peloponnesus, 
now  Rufia.]  In 
zool.,  a  genus  of 
macrm-ous  deea- 
podous  crusta- 
ceans, the  tyjjo 
of  the  family  .5?- 
pheidce.  A.  ruber 
(the  red  shrimji) 
and  A.  affinis  are 
examples. 

Alphitobius  (al- 
fi-to'bi-us),    H. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a74i- 
Tov,  barley-meal,  meal,  +  fiioc,  life.]     A  genus 
of  beetles,  of  the  family  Tenebrionidce. 

The  larvse  of  Tenebrio  and  Alphituliiiis  have  been  reared 
in  zoological  gardens  as  food  for  amphibians  and  insectiv- 
orous birds.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  352. 

alphitomancyt  (al'fi-to-man'''si),  «.    [<  F.  al- 

jihitomantie  ((jotgrave),  <  Gr.  a?.<piT6/iavTtc,  one 
who  divines  from  barley-meal,  <  a?i(piTov,  barley- 
meal  (prob.  related  to  a'/jjior,  a  duU-white  lep- 
rosy :  see  alphus),  +  fidi'rif,  a  di%'iner,  /javreia, 
divination :  see  Mantis.]  Di'vination  by  means 
of  barley-meal. 

alphitomorphous  (aP^'fi-to-mor'fus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
HAipiTov,  barley-meal,  +  /Jop<pr/,  form.]  Appear- 
ing like  barley-meal:  applied  to  some  micro- 
scopic fungi  parasitic  on  plants.   Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

alphonsin  (al-fon'sin),  n.  A  surgical  instru- 
ment for  extracting  btdlets  from  wounds:  so 
named  in  1552  from  its  inventor,  Alphonso 
Ferri  of  Naples.  It  consists  of  three  arms,  which 
dose  when  a  ring  encircling  the  haft  is  pushed  forward. 

Alphonsine  (al-fon'sin),  a.  [<  NL.  Aljihon.iinus, 
Alfonsinus,  <  ML.  (NT-..)  Alphonsus,  Alfonsus  (= 
Sp.  Alfonso,  formerly  also  Alphonso,  =  Pg.  Af- 
fonso  =  It.  Alfonso  =  F.  Alphonse),  <  6.  Alfons, 
a  common  personal  name.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  any  person  of  the  name  of  Alphonso Al- 
phonsine tables,  astronomical  tables  compiled  under 
the  patronage  of  Alfonso  X.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
completed  in  the  year  of  his  accession,  1252,  and  first 
Tuiiited  in  14S3. 

alp-horn  (alp'hom),  n.     Same  as  alpenhorn. 

alphost,  n.     Same  as  alphus. 

alphosis  (al-fo'sis),  «.  [i  alphus  +  -osis.] 
In  patliol.,  whiteness,  or  the  process  of  turning 
white,  as  of  the  sMn  in  an  albino. 

alph'US  (al'fus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  a/.(p6c,  -vitiligo, 
orig.  white,  =  L.  albus,  white  :  see  alb^  ]  In 
jiathol.,  a  name  formerly  given  to  certain 
forms  of  psoriasis,  leprosy  (lepra  arabum),  and 
vitiligo. 

alpia  (al'pi-a),  n.     Same  as  alpist. 

alpieut,  ".  [<^  F.  alpiou,  <  It.  al  piii,  for  the 
more,  for  most:  al,  contr.  of  a  it,  to  the  {a,  <  L. 
Ofif,  to ;  il,  <  L.  ille,  that) ;  piii,  <  L.  pAus,  more.] 
In  the  game  of  ba.^set,  a  mark  put  on  a  card  to 
indicate  that  the  player  doubles  his  stake  after 
winning.     X.  E.  D. 

alpigene  (al'pi-jen),  a.  [<  L.  alpes,  alps  (see 
alp^),  +  -genus,  produced:  see  -genous.]  Pro- 
duced or  growing  in  alpine  regions.     [Bare.] 


alpine 

alpine  (al'pin  or  -pin),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  alpin,  < 
L.  alpinus,  <  alpes :  see  «/p2.]  I.  a.  Of,  per- 
taining to.  or  conneeted  with  tie  Alps  (then 
written  with  a  capital),  or  any  lofty  mountain; 
verv  high ;  elevated.  Specifically  applied  to  plants 
KTuwing  and  animals  li\-illg  on  mountains  above  the  forest 
limits,  that  is,  above  the  line  where  the  climate  becomes 
too  cold  for  trees  to  t-tow. 

>"or  past  the  Alpine  siunmits  of  great  pain 
Lieth  thine  Italy.  if-  Temj  Cooke.  Beyond. 

n.  1.  A  French  fabric  having  a  silk  warp  and 
mfrino-wool  filling. 
alpinery  (al'pin-ri),  n.  l<  alpine  + -ry :  see 
-tnj.  -ry.]  A  place  in  a  garden  or  pleasure- 
ground  specially  adapted  for  the  cultivation  of 
alpine  plants. 

alpinist  (al'pin-ist),  H.     [=  F.  alpitiiste;  <  al- 

pine  +  -isf.]   An  alpine  climber;  an  alpestrian. 

The  disagreeable  effects  resulting  from  the  rarefaction 

of  the  atmosphere  at  great  heights,  and  which  overtake 

alpiniutt  in  Switzerland.  The  American,  \^I.  T5. 

alpist  (al'pist),  n.  1<F. aIpiste,<Sp.l'g. alpiste, 
Pg.  also  alpista  ;  supposed  to  be  derived  from 
the  language  of  the  Guanehes,  the  original  in- 
habitants of  the  Canary  islands.]  1.  The  seed 
of  the  canary-grass,  riiolaris  canariensis,  used 
for  feeding  birds,  especially  canaries;  canary- 
seed. — 2.  The  seed  of  various  species  of  Alo- 
pecurus,  or  foxtail-grass,  also  used  for  feeding 
birds. 
•Uso  called  aJpia. 

alqnier  (al'ker),  H.  [F.,  <  Pg.  alqueire,  a  dry 
measure,  <  Ar.  al,  the,  -I-  hayl,  a  measure,  laydl, 
a  measurer,  prop,  of  grain.]  A  dry  as  well  as 
liquid  measure  used  in  Portugal,  containing 
from  .3  to  4  Winchester  gallons. 

alqaifore  (al'ki-for),  n.     Same  as  alquifou. 

alquifou  (al'ki-fo),  ;;.  [<  Fr.  alquifoiix,  arqui- 
joux,  <  Sp.  alquifol.  Cat.  alcofol,  <  Ar.  al-koh'l,  a 
fine  powder:  see  alcoliol.'i  A  sort  of  lead  ore 
found  in  Cornwall,  England,  used  by  potters  to 
give  a  glazing  to  their  wares,  and  called  potter's 
ore.     Other  forms  are  alquifore,  arquifoux. 

already  (al-red'i),  o.  and ((f/c.  [<  JIE.  n/ (vi/)/ ;  a}, 
adv.,  all,  quite;  redy,  ready:  see  ready.']  I.t  «. 
1.  [Predicate  adj.  in  phr.  all  ready.]  All  pre- 
pared; quite  ready:  regularly  written  aHrearfy. 
—  2.  Existing  at  the  specified  time;  present. 
[IJare  attributive  use.] 

Lrird  Uobart  and  Lord  Kitzwilliam  are  both  to  be  earls 
t*j-niorrow;  the  former,  of  lUickingham,  the  latter  by  his 
alrtady  title.  Walpole.  U-tters  (174(1),  I.  150. 

n.  adv.  By  this  (or  that)  time;  previously 
to  or  at  some  specified  time,  or  the  time  pres- 
ent to  thought;  thus  early ;  even  then,  or  even 
now :  as,  he  has  done  it  already ;  the  house  is 
full  already. 

1  have  loBt  so  much  time  already, 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  140. 

The  KnKlish  mlnlatere  could  not  wish  to  see  a  war  with 
II<»llatKt  adrled  to  that  in  which  they  were  atread;/  engaged 
with  France.  Macaulaxj,  Lord  (jlive. 

al-root  (al'ret),  n.  [<  o?l  (<  Hind,  dl,  a  name 
(Dmmon  to  several  plants,  Morinda  citrifoUa 
and  allied  species)  +  root^.]  The  root  of  Afo- 
rinda  citrijhlia,  an  East  Indian  plant,  which 
furnishes  a  permanent  red  dye. 
alruna  (al-ro'nji),  »/.;  pi.  alrunw  (-ne).  [ML., 
alHo  alrauna,  <  OHG.  alruna  (MHG.  alrune,  G. 
nlraiin,  alriin,  mandrake  (alraun-hildcr,  man- 
druko  images),  =  D.  alruin  =  Hw.  ulrun,  alruna 
=  iJiin.  alrune),  umndrake;  appar.,a8  in  popu- 
lar npiirehension,  <  al-  (=  E.  all)  +  rnna,  Goth. 
riina.  etcmy.ttery,  the  mandrake  being  au  ob- 
ject of  suporstitiou:  see  rune  and  inundrakc.J 
1.  A  prophetess  iimong  the  ancient  Germans, 
regnrifcd  as  Bimiliir  to  the  druidess  among  the 
I  imiN, — 2.  .\  Hrnull  imugo  carved  from  the  root 
'     ■  ■  liMkes,  rcprcHontingrudely 

•  rally  the  female,     such 
[.■.ii«<  b.il.l  liinU  ill  the  rini-icnt 
p- opIt-H,  thi'  woniliip  of  them 
-I  I  •Ttiilii  HtiperHtltious  riti'H. 
I  .':  to  reprciienl  ft-niatc  niUKi- 

*1B»,  "  /.    An  old  form  of  oteo  and  o«. 

' "•  then  the  lowly  plaync, 

'tu  lor  thy  llocko  and  tlicc. 

Hjietuifr,  Hhcp.  Cftl.,  July. 
Alt  l.nK.  Mi.wrclyflnrt.  tb  lyiiu  wo  toKblorc*. 

/•..r»  /•/«ir»nnii(U),  Iv.  IB.',, 

AlMCe  cram.     '^'un.    :      ■hrlrinr. 

AlWkti.ii  ,„1„,    f<ML.  .//wndif/ 

"^' ,  '  .  i:ii.Ha:  (Mill!.  /;/- 

iTifc  liitwoen  Franco 

'O'ltlipiiont,  <  il-  (= 

I  '       '  '^.  i|.  v. ;  (ic- 

/       ;        Ilia.  rUiw, 

■•  '  I    .  I    n  .iii'i'l  +  mu, 

ft  ««ftt,  pU.  11,  iwttl..ii,..„t  (O.  taU),  <  ollG.  oil- 


158 

sen,  MHG.  G.  s!teen=E.  sit.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  province  of  Alsace,  taken  from 
Germany  by  France  in  1648,  in  greater  part 
ceded  to  the  new  German  empire  in  1871,  and 
now  incorporated  in  the  imperial  territory  of 
Elsass-IiOthringen. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Al- 
satia,  formerly  a  cant  name  (from  Alsace  being 
a  debatable  groimd  or  scene  of  frequent  con- 
tests) for  Whitefriars,  a  district  in  London  be- 
tween the  Thames  and  Fleet  street,  and  ad- 
joining the  Temple,  which  possessed  certain 
privileges  of  sanctuary  derived  from  the  eon- 
vent  of  the  Carmelites,  or  White  Friars,  fotmd- 
ed  there  in  1241.  The  locality  became  the  resort  of 
libertines  and  rascals  of  every  description,  whose  abuses 
and  outr-ages,  and  especially  the  riot  in  the  reign  of 
Chjirles  II.,  led  in  1607  to  the  abolition  of  the  privilege 
and  the  dispersion  of  the  .ilsatians.  The  term  Alsalia  has 
in  recent  times  been  applied  offensively  to  the  English 
Stock  Exchange,  because  of  the  supposed  questionable 
ch.aracter  of  some  of  its  proceedings. 

n.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Alsace 
in  Germany. —  2.  Formerly,  an  inhabitant  of 
Alsatia  or  Whitefriars,  a  part  of  London ;  hence, 
a  Bohemian  (in  the  slang  sense)  or  adventurer. 

He  spurr'd  to  London,  and  left  a  thousand  curses  be- 
hind him.  Here  he  struck  up  with  sharpers,  scourers, 
and  Ahatiam.  Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  491. 

al  segno  (al  sa'nyo).  [It.,  to  the  sign :  al  for  a  il, 
to  the;  segno,  <  L.  sifpium,  sign:  see  sign.]  In 
music,  to  the  sign:  a  direction  to  the  performer 
that  he  must  retm-n  to  that  portion  of  the  piece 
marked  with  the  sign  -S-,  and  conclude  with 
the  first  double  bar  which  follows,  or  go  on  to 
the  word  Fine,  or  the  pause  '^. 

alsinaceous  (al-si-na'shius),  a.  [<  Alsine,  the 
name  of  a  caryophyllaceous  genus  that  is  now 
combined  with  Arenaria,  +  -aceous.]  Relating 
to  or  resembling  the  chickweed. 

also  (al'so),  adv.  and  conj.  [<  ME.  also,  al  so, 
al  swo,  alswa,  <  AS.  eahwd,  eal  swd,  just  so,  like- 
wise (=G.  also,  thus) :  eal,  adv.,  all,  just,  quite ; 
swd,  so:   see  all  and  so.     Doublet,  nsl,  q.  v.] 

1.  </(/(■.  1.  Wholly  so ;  quite  so;  so. 

Also  he  endede  his  lyfe. 

.Early  fimj.  Poems  (ed.  Furnivall). 

2.  In  like  manner;  likewise. 

As  the  blame  of  ill-succeeding  things 
Shall  light  on  you,  so  light  the  harmes  also. 

Old  Play. 
Thus,  also,  do  authors  beget  authors. 

Iruiny,  Sketch-Book,  p.  100. 

3.  In  addition;  too;  further. 

God  do  so  and  more  also:  for  thou  shalt  surely  die. 

1  Sam.  .\iv.  44. 
In  fact,  Mr.  Emerson  himself,  besides  being  a  poet  and 
a  ])hilo8opber,  was  also  a  plain  Concord  citizen. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  iv. 

II.  conj.  As ;  so.    See  as. 

This  ye  knowen  also  wel  as  I. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  730. 
Also  mote  I  thee  [thrive]. 

Chaucer,  I'rol.  to  Merchant's  Tale. 

AlsopUla  (al-sof 'i-lji),  n.  [<  Gr.  a?,ao(,  a  grove, 
-t-  oi/nr,  loWng;  from  the  habitat  of  the  plant.] 
A  genus  of  troijieal  arborescent  ferns,  often 
becomiMg  magnificent  trees,  distinguished  from 
allied  genera  (Cyatlica,  etc.)  by  ha^^ngasiMglo 
naked  sorus  on  each  veinlet.  A.  crcrha  of 
Norfolk  island  rises  to  the  height  of  80  feet. 

Alstonia  bark  (nl-sio'iii-ii  biirk).    [NL.  .11- 

.•iliimii,  named  aflcr  ]>r.  Alston  of  Edinburgh.] 
The  bark  of  un  aiiocynaeeous  tree,  .tlstonia 
scholaris,  of  troi)ical  Asia,  Africa,  and  Aus- 
tralia, a  powerful  bitter,  recommended  as  a 
valuable  antiperiodic  and  tonic.  Also  called 
ditti. 

alstonite  (ill'ston-it),  n.     Same  as  hroniHtt. 

alswat,  '"'''•     A  iMidillii  English  form  of  at^o. 

alt  (all ),  ((.  [<  11.  (till)  (see  alto)  =  Sp.  Pg.  alto 
=  Pr.  all  =  OF.  alt,  halt,  haul,  mod.  F.  haut,  high 
(seo  haui/hl,  hauiilily,  liauthoy),  <  L.  alius,  high, 
deep,  lit.  increased,  grown  (pp.  of  aUrc,  grow), 
IMob.  ult.  =  AS.  iilil,  (did,  E.  old:  see  old,  unit 
ef.  all.  Cf.  Iiaui/lil.]  In  mu.yic,  iiii  ablirevialion 
of  alio,  high:  niiii'li  iihcmI  in  <-oiii|ioiiiiil  words, 
as  all-horn,  all-clarinet,  in  alt,  "al'l  "'  H"'  noUs 
I'oiiiprliii'd  In  the  llrHt  octave  above  lln'  Inbli'  Kliitt:  ii». 
(J  III  nit,  A  in  alt.  The  lioleH  more  timii  iin  mtavi'  abine 
tbih  Klulf  are  snid  to  be  in  allissimo.—'lo  be  In  alt,  to  be 
huuiility,  dlKnilled,  etc. 

"•'nine,  prlthrc  be  a  llltlo  loM  in  alt,"  criod  Lionel, 
"and  annwer  a  nam  when  he  nhraks  to  you." 

,i;i»»  llurney,  ramilla,  II.  r.. 

alt.    An  abbreviation  of  altitude. 

Altaian  (al-la'yiin),  a.     Haino  as  Altaic. 

Altaic  (iil-ta'ik),"«.  [<  Altni,  Kukh.  Altai,  name 
of  III'  iiilainHin  AkIu,  perlinjPH  from  Tatar  «/(.VH, 
gol.l  1  Miihn).  Cf.  (//^ii.|  I'erlaiiiing  to  the  Al- 
tai, a  \aHl  raiigi!  of  niounlaiuH  e.vtendinK  in  au 
ooHturly  direction  through  a  cousiderablo  por- 


altar 

tion  of  Asia,  and  forming  part  of  the  boundary 
between  the  Kussian  and  Chinese  dominions. 
—  Altaic  family  of  languages,  a  family  of  languages 
occupying  portions  of  nL>rthcrii  and  eastern  Eurojpe,  and 
nearly  the  whole  of  northern  and  central  Asia,  together 
with  some  other  regions,  and  divided  into  five  branches, 
the  Ugrian  or  Finno-Hungarian,  Samoyed,  Turkish,  Mon- 
golian, and  Tunguse.  Also  called  Scythian,  Ural-Altaic, 
Tataric,  and  Turanian. 

altaite  (al-ta'it),  ?;.  l<.  Altai  (see  Altaic)  + 
-ite'~.]  A  mineral  found  originally  in  the  Altai 
moimtains,  and  now  also  in  California,  Colo- 
rado, and  Chili ;  a  telluride  of  lead. 

altambour  (al-tam-bor'),  n.  [Amodified  spell- 
ing of  OSp.  atambor,  prob.  for  *al-taml>or,  <  Ar. 
al,  the,  +  tanibur,  tambour:  see  tambour  and 
tabor.]      A  large  Spanish  or  Moorish  drum. 

altar  (al'tSr).  n.  [The  spelling  has  been 
changed  to  bring  it  nearer  the  L. ;  <  ME.  aUer, 
more  commonly  autcr,  <  OF.  alter,  also  outer 
(F.  autel),  <  L.  allure,  an  altar,  lit.  a  high 
place,  <  alius,  high:  see  alt.]  1.  An  elevated 
place  or  structure,  a  block  of  stone,  or  any  ob- 
ject of  appropriate  form,  on  which  sacrifices 
are  offered  or  incense  is  burned  to  a  deity. 
The  earliest  altars  were  tm-f  mounds,  large  flat-topped 
stones,  or  other  rude  elevations,  natural  or  artificial ;  but 
when  temples  came  to  be  built  altars  were  generally  made 
of  hewn  stone,  marble,  or  metal,  and  became  more  and 
more  ornate.  Greek  and  Koinan  altars  were  round,  trian. 
gtilar,  or  squ-are  in  plan,  often  elaborately  adorned  with 
sculpture,  and  bearing  inscriptions.  Sometimes,  as  at 
Pergamon,  the  altiu"  was  a  struc- 
ture of  vast  size  and  complex 
plan,  and  was  in  itself  au  art 
monument  of  the  highest  impor- 
tance. In  the  Jewish  worship 
two  altars  were  used:  the  altar 
of  burnt-ofl'ering,  which  stood  at 
the  entrance  to  the  tabernacle, 
and  aftirward  occupied  a  cori'c- 
spoiiding  ]K>sition  in  the  temple, 
and  the  altar  of  incense,  which 
stood  in  the  holy  place.  Both 
were  made  of  shittiju-wood,  the 
foruier  Iteing  overlaid  with  brass, 
the  latter  witli  gold. 
2.  In  most  Chris- 
tian churches, 
the  communion- 
table. In  the 
primitive  church  it 
was  of  wood,  sub- 
sequently of  stone, 
marble,  or  bronze. 


Greek  Altar. 
.,  ■  ,_     ■  c        From  the  Street  of  Tombs,  Assos.  ex- 

sometimes  wUh  rich    plored  by  the  Archaeological  Institute  of 
architectural    orna-    America  in  1884. 
ments,    sculptures, 

and  painting.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  altar  Is 
the  t;tble,  since  the  early  ages  of  the  church  either  of  stone 
or  iarliiiling  u  lilock  of  stone  (the  altar-stone),  upon  which 
the  priest  consecrates  tlic  eiicharist.  The  altar.stone  is  con- 


AiKicnt  Mfch  Altar  of  Notre  Ilnme,  Pnris.  nlh  century. 
iViolIct-lc-Diic's  "Illct.  lie  I'Arcliilcctiiic.") 

secrated  by  the  biHhop  or  a  specially  licensed  abbot,  who 
iiaolnlH  It  with  chrism,  anil  often  seals  11)1  certain  reltcB 
In  a  small  cavity  made  for  Ibc  purpose;  the  coiiHccratlon 
rrnaiiTmln  virtue  until  i-Klicr  Ibc  stone  or  the  seal  Is  broken. 
3.  The  steps  at  the  sides  of  a  praving-tloek. — 
Family  altar,  Ibc  pnntice  or  the  pbiceof  family  worHhIp 
or  ilevottoim.  High  altor,  the  chief  or  iirlnrijial  altar  In 
a  catbi'dral  or  otbi-r  cbnrcb  hiiving  more  tliiin  one  altar. 
It  Klands  beyoiiil  the  choir  at  tlie  end  of  the  Niuictaary  or 
clmncel  opposite  ibc  front  or  the  main  entrnai-e,  anil  nsli. 
ally  has  Iieblnil  It  a  Hcreeli,  rcreilcm,  or  iImhhi'I.  ho  lis  to 
iiiiikn  It,  even  when  there  Is  iiii  anibalalorv  witli  chitpels 
or  any  other  teatule  behlnil  It,  Ww  chief  oiiject  on  which 
the  eye  rents  on  entel-Ing  the  rhnrrh.  \.vm^^Y^n■  side  altars 
often  stand  in  rbapels  or  agiiliiHl  (be  iillliirs  of  the  nave. 
Hee  cut  under  ritf/ici/ra/.-  PrlvUegea  altar,  In  tlio /feni. 
Calh.  Ch.,  un  altnr  to  which  are  auuched  certain  Indnl- 


Altar-bread  Box. 


altar 

gences,  as  the  liberty  of  celebratinp;  votive  masses  even  on 
feast-dnys,  tlie  benefit  of  siiuls  in  purgatory,  or  various 
privik'^^fs  personal  to  the  individual  visitint^  it. 
altarage  (al'tar-aj),  >i.  [<  ME.  awteraiie,  <  OF. 
autcrcKjc:  SOG  altar  and  -(/(/c]  1.  Ofjeriugs 
mado  upon  an  altar  or  to  a  church. —  2.  The 
honorarium  or  stipend  received  by  a  priest  from 
offerings  and  gifts  on  account  of  services  at  the 
altar.  Sometimes  called  siuall  tithes  and  altar- 
dues. 

All  these  [eurates]  lyve  upon  bare  Attaraffi'H,  as  they 
tearnie  them,  whieli  Godknoweth  are  very  small,  and  wen; 
wont  to  lyve  upon  the  gayne  of  Masses,  Dirges,  .Shryvings, 
and  soche  lyke  truniiierye. 
Sir  II.  .Sidnt'if,  .State  Papers,  in  O'Curry's  Anc.  Irish,  1. 112. 

3.  In  Scotland,  formerly,  an  endowment  granted 
for  the  saying  of  masses  for  deceased  friends 
at  a  particular  altar. 
altar-board  (al'tar-bord),  n.  In  the  Coptic 
Ch.,  a  movable  wooden  panel,  carved  with  a 
cross  in  the  center  and  with  sacred  letters  and 
devices  around  it.  it  rests  in  a  recess  on  the  top  of 
the  stone  altar,  and  supports  the  chalice  and  paten  during 
the  mass :  a  reversal  of  the  Western  rule,  for  which  see 
altar,  2,  and  altar-slab.  A.  J.  Butler,  Coptic  Churches, 
II.  i.  3-6. 

altar-bread  (al'tiir-bred),  n.  Bread  prepared 
for  the  eucharist.  Unleavened  bread  is  required  for 
this  purpose  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  and  is  used  in  many  Anglican 
churches,  in  which  either  leavened  or 
unleavened  bread  is  permitted.  In  both 
the  latter  is  made  into  small  thin  disks 
or  wafers,  called  severally  altar-hri'ath, 
usually  stamped  with  some  emblem,  as 
the  cross  or  crucifl-X,  or  I.  II.  S.  In  tti-' 
former  church,  after  consecration,  tli 
altar-bread  is  called  host  (see  host),  an. 
the  wafers  are  of  two  sizes,  the  larger  f  ui 
the  priest,  the  smaller  for  the  people. 
The  Greek  Chiu-ch  uses  leavened  bread 
especially  made  for  the  purpose.  See 
oblate,  u.,  1. 

altar-card  (al'tar-kard),  11.  A  printed  copy  of 
certain  portions  of  the  mass,  which  the  priest 
cannot  conveniently  readfrom  the  missal.  Altar- 
cards  are  placed  at  the  center  and  at  each  end  of  the  altar. 
They  are  of  modern  introduction,  and  are  not  essential  to 
the  service. 

altar-carpet  (artar-kar"pet),M.  1.  The  carpet 
covering  the  raised  floor  in  front  of  the  altar, 
and  generally  the  altar-steps  as  well. — 2. 
Rarely,  a  covering  for  the  altar. 

altar-cavity  (al'tar-kav"i-ti),  n.  A  niche  or 
chamber  in  the  body  of  an  altar,  designed  to 
contain  relies.  This  was  called  sepnlchrum  in  the  Latin 
Church,  thalassa  or  thalasitidion  in  the  Greek  Church,  and 
seems  to  have  existed  universally  as  late  as  the  fifteenth 
century.  The  Coptic  churches  of  Egypt  still  have  altar- 
cavities.  A.  J.  Butler,  Coptic  Churches,  II.  i.  See  C07t- 
fessivnary. 

altar-cllime  (al'tar-chlm),  n.  A  set  of  three 
small  bells  mounted  in  a  stand,  and  used  for 
ringing  by  hand  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
service. 

altar-clotb  (al'tar-kloth),  n.  [<  ME.  alter-,  aw- 
ter-cloth  :  see  altar  and  c?of/j.]  A  cover  for  an 
altar  in  a  Christian  chui'oh.  It  is  a  general  term, 
and  includes  the  close  case  of  linen  which  was  used  in  the 
middle  ages  and  removed  only  for  washing  the  altar, 
the  later  cerecloth  (which  see),  and  the  temporary  cover- 
ings, whether  of  white  linen,  or  of  rich  stuff,  or  of  em- 
broidery. The  different  coverings  for  the  altar  have  difter- 
ent  names.     .See  antependmm,  frontal,  and  sapcr/rontal. 

altar-cross  (al'tar-kros),  11.  A  fixed  or  mova- 
ble cross,  standing  upon  an  altar. 

altar-curtain  (al'tar-ker'tan),  11.  A  hanging 
suspended  from  rods  at  tlte  sides  of  ancient 
ciboria,  or  altar-canopies,  or  at  the  back  and 
sides  of  an  altar.     See  cut  under  altar,  2. 

altar-cushion  (artar-kush"on),  II.  A  small 
cushion  laid  upon  aii  altar  to "support  the  ser- 
vice-book. 

altar-desk  (al'tar-desk),  n.  A  small  desk  used 
like  an  altar-cusliion. 

altar-dues  (al'tar-diiz),  n.  pi.  Same  as  altar- 
age, 2. 

altar-fire  (S.l'tar-fir),  «.  A  ceremonial  fire  on 
an  altar. 

altar-frontal  (al'tar-ftun'tal),  11.  The  orna- 
mental front,  usually  movable,  of  the  altar  in 
a  Christian  chm-ch.  it  is  sometimes  of  wood,  richly 
carved  and  gilded,  or  with  painted  panels,  or  incrusted 
with  enamels  or  glass.  Wlien  it  is  of  stuff  it  is  called 
antcpendium,  and  its  color  is  usujilly  changed  to  corre- 
spond with  the  church  festivals  and  seasons. 

altar-herse  (al'tar-hers),  11.  A  term  sometimes 
used  to  describe  the  frame  on  which  a  tem- 
porary canopy  was  erected  over  an  altar  on 
special  solemnities  and  festivals  of  the  highest 
rank.     Lee,  Eccles.  Terms. 

altarist  (al'tar-ist),  H.  [<  altar  +  -ist.']  In  old 
law :  (a)  An  appellation  given  to  the  priest  to 
whom  the  altarage  belonged.  (6)  A  chaplain. 
Also  called  altar-thane. 


159 

altar-lantern  (Al'tar-lan'tern),  n.  A  term  oc- 
casionally found  in  old  records  describing  the 
lanterns  which  were  used  in  lieu  of  simple  wax 
tapers  for  an  altar,  when  erected  temporarily 
and  out  of  doors.  On  the  continent  of  Europe  they 
are  found  in  the  sacristies  of  many  churches,  and  are 
frei|uently  used,  carried  on  either  side  of  the  crucifix,  at 
fuTierals  and  solcnin  i)rocessionsof  the  blessed  sacrament, 
in  tlm.sc  divisinhs  of  the  church  which  practise  reservation 
of  the  hi.ly  cm  liarist.     Lee,  Eccles.  Terms. 

altar-ledge  (al'tar-lo,]),  n.  A  step  or  ledge  be- 
hind the  altar  of  a  church  and  raised  slightly 
above  it,  to  receive  ceremonial  lights,  flowers, 
or  other  ornaments  or  symbols.  Sometimes  there 
are  two  or  more  steps  or  ledges.  In  modern  usage  often 
called  retahle,  thougli  the  retable  is  more  properly  higher, 
and  in  itself  an  iniijortant  architectural  or  decorative  fea- 
ture. See  retable.  Also  termed,  but  incorrectly,  super- 
altar. 

altar-light  (al'tar-lit),  II.  A  light  placed  upon 
or  near  an  altar,'and  having  a  symbolical  mean- 
ing. In  the  Roman  Catholic  Chm-ch  the  lights  are  often 
set  upon  the  altar  itself;  in  the  Church  of  England  they 
always  stand  on  an  altar-ledge  behind  or  beside  the  altar. 

altarpiece  (al'tar-pes),  n.  A  decorative  screen, 
retable,  or  reredos  placed  behind  an  altar,  con- 
sidered especially  as  a  work  of  art.  in  churches 
of  the  Renaissance  period  it  is  more  usually  a  painting  of 
a  sacred  subject,  but  in  those  of  the  early  middle  ages  it 
is  frequently  of  embossed  silver  or  of  rich  gold  and  en- 
ameled work  set  with  jewels,  as  the  famous  I'ala  d'Oro  of 
St.  Mark's  in  Venice. 

As  the  altar  stood  free  in  the  choir,  and  the  altar-piece 
was  to  be  seen  from  behind  as  well  as  from  before,  both 
sides  were  to  be  covered  with  painting. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  142. 

altar-protector  (artar-pro-tek"tor),  n.  The 
name  given  to  a  covering  of  green  cloth,  baize, 
or  velvet,  which,  exactly  fitting  the  top  of  the 
altar,  is  placed  on  it  at  all  times  when  the  altar 
is  not  being  used,  to  protect  the  sacred  linen 
from  dust  and  defilement.     Lee,  Eccles.  Terms. 

altar-rail  (al'tar-ral),  II.  A  low  rail  or  barrier 
running  transversely  to  the  main  axis  of  the 
church  and  separating  the  sanctuary  from  those 
portions  of  the  church  that  are  in  front  of  it. 
Also  called  covtmunian-rail,  as  communicants  kneel  at 
this  rail  to  receive  the  eucharist. 

altar-screen  (al'tar-skren),  II.  In  arch. :  (a) 
A  partition  of  stoiie,  wood,  or  metal,  in  early 
medieval  tisage  represented  by  curtains,  behind 
and  at  the  sides  of  the  high  altar,  and  separat- 
ing the  choir  from  the  east  end  of  the  build- 
ing,    (h)  A  reredos  or  retable. 

altar-Side  (al'tiir-sid),  u.  That  part  of  an  altar 
which  faces  the  congregation. 

altar-slab  (al'tar-slab),  11.  The  top,  or  a  por- 
tion of  the  top,  of  a  Christian  altar;  the  altar 
proper,  or  mensa.  it  is  the  consecrated  and  there- 
fore the  essential  part,  and  is  always  in  Western  churches 
a  single  stone.  In  some  Eastern  churches  the  slab  has  a 
drain  for  water ;  a  few  such  instances  are  found  in  west- 
ern Europe,  and  all  are  probably  traditional  of  an  ancient 
custom  of  washing  the  altar  on  set  occasions. 

altar-stairs  (al'tar-starz),  n.  pi.  Steps  or  stairs 
leading  up  to  an  altar. 

The  great  world's  altar-stairs, 
That  slope  thro'  darkness  up  to  God. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Iv. 

altar-stole  (al'tiir-stol),  n.  A  medieval  orna- 
ment shaped  like  the  ends  of  a  stole,  hanging 
down  in  front  of  the  altar-cloth.  Lee,  Eccles. 
Terms. 

altar-stone  (al'tar-ston),  «.  [<  ME.  awterstone : 
see  altar  and  sto«e.]  -in  altar-slab ;  the  con- 
secrated slab  or  block  of  stope  constituting  an 
altar.     See  altar,  2. 

altar-table  (artar-ta"bl),«.  1.  In  a  Christian 
church,  the  top  or  the  consecrated  portion  of 
an  altar;  the  altar  proper,  or  mensa. — 2.  A 
name  for  one  of  the  wooden  tables  which  were 
substituted  for  the  old  altars  in  England  in  the 
seventeenth  centtiry,  and  used  for  the  commu- 
nion where  the  old  altars  had  been  destroyed  by 
the  Roundheads.  At  first  this  table  was  placed  by  the 
reformers  against  the  eastern  wall  in  the  position  of  the 
old  stone  altar.  This  position  gave  umbrage  to  the  Puri- 
tans, who  held  that  it  was  characteristic  of  the  Church  of 
Rome.  Cromwell  therefore  caused  the  altar-tiible  to  be 
removed  to  the  middle  of  the  chancel,  and  to  be  surrounded 
with  seats  for  the  communicants.  At  the  restoriltion  it 
was  almost  universally  replaced  in  its  ancient  position. 
When  used  it  is  covered  with  a  white  linen  cloth. 

altar-thane  (al'tiir-than),  ?;.     Same  as  altarist. 

altar-tomb  (al'tiir-tom),  «.  A  raised  tomb,  or 
monument  covering  a  tomb,  of  rectangular 
plan  and  covered  by  a  flat  slab  or  table,  and 
presenting  a  general  resemblance  to  an  altar. 
It  may  be  free  aiul  exposed  on  all  four  sides,  or  applied 
against  or  engai^ed  in  a  wall ;  in  the  latter  case  there  is 
often  an  architectural  canopy  or  niche  raised  above  it. 
The  top  often  supports  one  or  more  recumbent  figures  iu 
sculpture.    See  cut  in  next  column. 

altarwise  (al'tar-wiz),  adv.  [<  altar  +  -Kise.'] 
In  the  usual  position  of  a  chureh-altar,  that  is, 


alterage 

■with  ends  toward  the  north  and  south  and  front 
toward  the  west. 
Was  our  communion  table  placed  altar-udseS 

Evelyn,  Diary,  March  2'2, 1678. 

altazimuth  (alt-az'i-muth),  ».  [Contr.  of  al- 
titudv-a:iiuuth.']  An  astronomical  instrument 
for  determining  the  altitudes  and  the  azimuths 
of  heavenly  bodies.  The  telescope  of  the  altazinmth 
is  capable  of  being  moved  horizontally  to  anypoint  of  the 
compass,  as  well  as  vertically,  and  there  are  horizontal  and 
vertical  circles.    A  theodolite  is  a  jjortablc  altazimuth. 


Altar-tomb  of  Philip  the  Bold,  Duke  of  Burgundy.  Dijon. 

alter  (al'ter),  V.  [<  ML.  alterare,  make  other, 
<  L.  alter,  other,  <  al-  (seen  in  alius,  other, 
alienns,  of  another,  etc.:  see  alias,  alien,  etc.) 
+  compar. suffix -fer  =  E.  -therm  other,  whether, 
etc.,  and  -ter  in  after,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  some  change  in ;  make  different  in  some 
particular;  cause  to  vary  in  some  degree,  'with- 
out an  entire  change. 

My  covenant  will  I  not  break,  nor  alter  the  thing  that  is 
gone  out  of  my  lips.  Ps.  Ixxxix.  34. 

These  things  are  to  be  regretted,  but  not  to  be  altered 
until  liberality  of  sentiment  is  more  universal. 

Wasfiington,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  443. 

There  are  speeches,  some  speeches  of  Demosthenes  par- 
ticularly, in  which  it  would  be  impossible  to  alter  a  word 
without  altenny  it  for  the  worse.  Macaulay,  Historj'. 

2.  To  change  entirely  or  materially;  convert 
into  another  form  or  state :  as,  to  alter  a  cloak 
into  a  coat;  to  alter  an  opinion. 

She  promised  that  no  force, 
Persuasion,  no,  nor  death  could  alter  her. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

3.  To  castrate,  emasculate,  or  spay,  as  an  ani- 
mal.    [United  States.] — 4t.  To  exchange. 

She  that  would  alter  services  with  thee. 

Shak.,  T.  >'.,  iL  5. 

5t.  To  agitate:  as,  "altered  and  moved  in- 
wardly," Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  l.=Syn.  1  and 
2.  Alter,  Chaneie,  modify,  transform,  transmute.  In  gen- 
eral rtZter  is  to  change  partially, while  chanrje  is  more  com- 
monly to  substitute  one  thing  for  another,  or  to  make  a 
material  difference  in  a  thing. 

I  woo  thee  not  with  gifts. 
Sequel  of  guerdon  could  not  alter  me 
To  fairer.  Tennyson,  (Enone. 

One  who  brings 
A  mind  not  to  be  changed  by  place  or  time. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  253. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  different  in  some 
respect;  vary;  change. 

The  law  of  the  Medes  and  Persians,  which  altereth  not. 

Dan.  vi.  8. 
Love  alters  not  with  his  [Time's]  brief  hours  and  weeks. 
Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxvl 
To  alter  for  the  better  is  no  shame. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iv.  915. 
In  a  day's  wandering,  you  would  pass  many  a  hill,  wood, 
and  water-course,  each  perpetually  altering  in  aspect  as 
the  sun  shone  out  or  was  overcast. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxiii. 
alterability  (al"ter-a-bil'i-ti),  n.   [<  alterable  ;  = 
F.  alterabilite.']     The  quality  of  being  alterable ; 
susceptibility  to  change. 

The  degree  of  alterability  of  the  nutritive  liquid  should 
always  be  taken  into  account  in  experiments. 

Science,  III.  520. 
alterable  (al'ter-a-bl),  a.     l<alter-h-able:  =  'B'. 
alterable.']     Capable  of  being  altered,  varied,  or 
made  different. 

A  diminished  proportion  of  caustic  soda  and  sulphides 
is  found  in  the'liquors,  the  total  caustic  lime  being  alter- 
able at  pleasiu-e.  _  (7re,  Diet.,  IV.  53. 

alterableness  (al'ter-a-bl-nes),  w.  The  quality 
of  being  alterable  or  of  admitting  alteration ; 
variableness. 

alterably  (al'ter-a-bli),  adv.  In  an  alterable 
manner  ;  so  as  to  be  altered  or  varied. 

alteraget  (al'ter-aj),  «.  [<  L.  altor,  a  foster- 
father  (<  alere,  nourish:  see  aliment,  n.),  + 
-aye.']  The  nourishing  or  fostering  of  a  child. 
Sir  J.  Davies. 


alterant 


160 


alterant  (al'ter-ant),  «.  and  h.     [<  ML.  alter-  altera  (al'tern,  formerly  al-tern'),  a.     [<  L.  al- 


anyt-)s.  ppr.  of  dherare,  alter:  see  aUer.^ 
Producing  alteration;  effecting  change. 

Whether  the  body  be  alterant  or  altered. 

Bacon,  >at.  Ilist 


I.  a. 


n.  n. 


Int.  to  ix. 
1.  An  alterative.— 2.  Specifically,  in 


dyeing,  any  substance  employed  to  modify  or 
change  a  color. 

This  last  etfett  (of  modification]  may,  however,  be  pro- 
duced tiv  a  variety  of  matters  besides  those  which  are  of 
the  .  ;irthv  or  metallic  kinds,  and  indeed  by  everything 
t  "f  flxiiiL'.  but  of  merely  varying,  the  shades  of 
•jurini  matters.     Tliese,  therefore.  I  think  it 
_:■  to  designate,  not  as  mordants  or  bases,  but  as 

^E.'&incroft,  Phllos.  of  Perm.  Colom^  (ed.  1813),  I.  S44. 
alteratet  (al'ter-at),  r.  t.     [<  ilL.  alterahts,  pp. 

of  (tlurare :  see  alter.^    To  alter, 
alteratet  (al'ter-at),  a.     [<  ML.  aUeratus:  see 

the  verb.]     Altered;  changed. 
alteration   (al-te-ra'shou),   n.      [<  ML.  altera 


tenuis,  alternate,  reciiirocal,  <  alter,  other:  see 
alter.^     If.  Acting  by  turns;  alternate. 
Tlie  greater  [light]  to  have  rule  by  day, 
The  less  by  night,  a(tovi.  Milton   P.  L.,  ™,  34S. 

2.  In  cnistal.,  exhibiting  on  two  parts,  an  up- 
per and'  a  lower,  faces  which  alternate  among 
themselves,  but  which,  when  the  two  parts  are 
compared,  eon-espond  with  each  other.-Altem 
l)ase  in  trigon.,  a  term  used  in  distinction  from  the  true 
biise.'  Thus,  in  obUque  triangles,  tlie  true  b.ise  is  the  sum 
of  the  sides,  in  n-hich  case  the  difterence  of  the  sides  is  the 
altern  liase;  or  inversely,  when  the  true  base  is  the  differ- 
ence of  the  sides,  the  sum  of  the  sides  is  the  altern  liaxe. 
alternacy  (al-ter'na-si),  II.  l<  alternate:  see 
-aey.'\  The  state  or  quality  of  being  alternate ; 
occurrence  or  performance  by  turns.    [Rare.] 

The  alternacy  of  rhymes  in  a  stanza  gives  a  variety  that 
may  support  the  poet,  without  the  aid  of  music,  to  a 
greater  length.  Mll/urd. 

Numerous  elisions,  which  prevent  the  softening  alter- 
nacy of  vowels  and  consonants.    M'alpvle,  Letters,  IV.  549. 


tio{n-),  <  alterare,  yp.  diteratiis :  see  <i/ter.]     1.  alternalt  (al-ter'nal),  a.     [<  L.  alterniis:  see 


The  act  of  altering;  the  making  of  any  change ; 
passage  from  one  form  or  state  to  another. 

-ippius  Claudius  admitted  to  the  senate  the  sons  of  those 
who  had  l>ecn  slaves ;  by  which,  and  succeeding  alteration.-., 
that  council  degenerated  into  a  most  comipt  body,   Suift. 

2.  A  change  effected ;  a  change  of  form  or  state, 
especially  one  which  does  not  affect  the  identity 
of  the  subject. 

Love  is  not  love 
Which  alters  when  it  alteration  finds, 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  c.^\i. 

3.  In  mineral.,  the  change  by  which  one  mineral 
substance  is  converted  into  another,  either  (1) 
with  or  (2)  without  change  of  chemical  compo- 
sition; as,  for  example,  (1)  the  change  of  the 
oxid  of  copper,  cuprite,  to  the  carbonate,  mala- 
chite ;  or  (2)  of  brookite  to  rutile,  both  being 
forms  of  titanium  dioxid.  See  paramorpliism 
and  pseiidomorphism. 

alterative  (al'tfer-a-tiv),  a.  and  n.     [<  ML.  ah 


(illeni.'\     Alternate. 
alternallyt  (al-ter'nal-i),  a(li\    Alternately. 
Their  men  obeyed 
Alternally  both  generals'  commands. 

May,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  iv. 

alternant  (al-t§r'nant),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  iiUer- 
nan{t-)s.  ppr.  of  alicniare,  alternate:  see  alter- 
nate, i'.]  I.  <'.  Alternating;  specifically, in (/c«/., 
composed  of  alternate  layers,  as  some  rocks. 

II.  II.  In  math.,  a  determinant  all  the  ele- 
ments of  each  row  (or  column)  of  which  are 
ftmctions  of  one  variable  different  from  that  of 
any  other  row  (or  column),  while  the  elements 
of  any  one  column  (or  row)  are  like  functions 
of  the"  different  variables.  Such,  for  example,  is 
sin  X,  cos  X,  1 
sin  y,  cos  ?/,  1 
sin  z,  cos  z,  1. 
Double  alternant,  a  determinant  which  is  an  alternant 
witli  respect  t'  >  t  u  n  sets  of  variables,  both  rimniug  through 

^ _^ ^^  _  the  rows  or  tiir.aii:li  tlie  colimms. 

leraiirus.'<  alteratiis,  pp.  of  alterare:  see  alter.']  Altemanthera  (al-ter-nan'the-rii),  n.     [NL.,  < 


I.  a.  Causing  alteration  ;  ha^-ing  the  power  or 
tendency  to  alter;  especially,  in  mod.,  having 
the  power  to  restore  the  healthy  functions  of 
the  body. 

n.  "•'  One  of  a  group  of  medicines  the  physi- 
ological action  of  which  is  somewhat  obscure, 


L.  ((/^cniH;;,  alternate  (see  «/to-H).  +  NL.nH  W«'rn, 
anther.]  A  genus  of  dwarf  tufted  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Amaraiitacco' :  so  called  from  the 
stamens  being  alternately  fertile  and  barren. 
Tliey  have  opposite  leaves  and  snuill  tribracteate  Mowers 
arranged  in  heads.  Seveial  siJci  irs arc  ni'own  in  gardens 
for  the  sake  of  their  richly  cnlm  ,-d  I'.ili: 


but  which   seem  to  modify  the  processes  ot  alternat(al-ter-na'),  h.    [1-\,<  h.  a  I  tern  are:  see 


gro\vth  and  repair  in  the  various  tissues.  The 
most  important  are  the  compounds  of  mercury, 
iodine,  and  arsenic. 

altercate  (al'ter-kiit),  f.  i. ;  pret.  and  \>\i.  alter- 
cated, ppr.  altercatinij.  [<  L.  altcrcatii.s,  pp.  of 
altercuri,  dispute,  <  alter,  another;  from  the 
notion  of  speaking  alternately.]  To  contend 
in  words;  tiispute  with  zeal,  heat,  or  anger; 
viTanclc 


iiltirniile,  c]  Rotation  ;  specilically,  in  dipln. 
iiiaeij,  a  practice  in  acconliiiu'e  with  which 
several  states,  in  order  to  preserve  tho  equality 
between  them,  take  each  in  tm-n  the  first  place, 
as,  for  example,  in  the  signing  of  treaties. 

Ily  the  alternat  is  intended  the  practice,  sometimes 
adopted  in  signing  conventions,  of  alternating  in  the  order 
of  pri<»rity  of  signature,  according  to  some  fixed  rule,  so 
as  to  cut  otf  iiuestions  of  rank. 

WimUi-n,  Intnid.  to  Inter  Law,  note  to  %'M. 


altercation  (al-t6r-ka'shon),  «.      [<ME.  «//cr  ^     ,  ,,^.       -.    ^  ,       w   /    -^n 

niiion,  <  OF.  altercation,"<  L.  altcrcatioOi-),  a  alternate  (al'ter-nat,  formerly  til-ler  nat),  r. 
dispute,  <  altereari,  pp.  altcrcatiw,  dis|)Ute:  see 
allirmtc.]     1.  The  act   of  altercating;   warm 
contention  in  words;  tiispute  carried  on  with 
heat  or  anger;  controversy;  wrangle. 

The  alterration  was  lone,  and  was  not  brought  to  a  con- 
cliulon  Batl&faetory  to  either  party. 

Mttcaulay,  BUt.  Eng.,  vl. 


dll' 
of  u 


TIiln  very  nniertalnty,  producinK  continual  altercation* 
ftnd  war«,  xiroduced  great  statesmen  and  warriors. 

J.  AdamK,  Works.  IV.  52. 

2.  In  Rom.  lair,  tho  method  of  proceeding  on 
tho  trial  of  a  cause  in  court  by  question  and 

anMWir.  ColqullOUn. =Byn.  »'ranyle,  Jlrnul,  ulc.  .See 
'iiitirrrf,  II. 
altered^'il'l' id). /I.  n.  Changed;  different.  Spe- 
Mii'taniorphdsed  :  ap|ilii-d  to  a  rock 
if  niiiierajs  have  Iircn  clmnged  by 
,'K'ntIy  to  ItH  foniiiitioii  or  deito- 
M'>nly  rcrnlcred  biirdcr  :oid  more 
itinii,  \N'hen  Hiifteninj.' <'f  cryHtid- 
■  !■  ii^nally  Hi-conipJiiilt 'I  l>v  jiydra- 
-.  it.r,  (h)  Ini«i/..i-.>/..  applied 
•  i:h  .■   bait   been   «Ii:i1il-.  'I    rltblT 

11  a  ganii-t  nltcrtd  t.r  chloilie 
■  1'  ir.-.     (c)  rnntrated. 

fL.:  n/'T,  other,  Hi'criiul; 
!,</».]     .Sec.oM    ■  ■         M- 


alt< 

r./.. 
oil, 
,.b. 

Mil'    ' 

alUr    I 

(•<. 

Mil- 

alt<r;t 
I. 

..f  p. 

> 

f^n'l- 


dollble. 
:i"  ban  full  l"'--^'  ' 
iiltliih  vlcvroy  Htieii4^\elclt.(liK 

■in).  [Ij.:  allir,  oflier 
•  ■.]  Another  nnd  the 
liinlbir. 

(<  Ml..  allfhl.,(l-)H.  < 
I     Til'  Htnto  or  quality 

r,l.        '  '■      -.      ' 

itUrlly) 
,  .\ul4u  oil  .^l^aiu^l>,ll,  II.  30r>. 


jiret.  and  \i]i.alterii(ited,  ])]>!.  alteriiiiliiijj.  [<L. 
iilternatii.y.  p)i.  of  alternare,  do  by  turns,  <  «//cr- 
«H,s,  alternate,  recii>rocal:  see<///cra.]    I.  traiin. 

1.  To  door  perform  by  turns,  or  in  succession. 
Who,  in  their  course, 

Melodious  liyinns  about  the  sovran  throne 
Altcrnutr  all  night  long.  Miltiin,  V.  L.,  v.  ll.'.7. 

2.  To  cause  to  succeed  or  follow  one  another 
in  time  or  place  reciprocally;  interchange  re- 
ciprocally. 

The  most  high  Cod  .  .  .  alteriiaten  the  diBpositlon  of 
good  ami  evil.  C  'irni;  Sermons. 

Altrrnntiwi  worry  with  quiet  i]ualn)H, 
Bravado  with  subnilssiveness. 

Iliiiirnliiii,  King  nnd  llook,  I.  53. 

II.  intrann.  1.  To  follow  one  another  in  time 
or   place  reciprocally:    generally  followed    by 
MJi7/i ;  us,  the  Hood  and  lOib  tides  alternate  ouo 
with  the  olher. 
Kage,  sliaiue,  and  grief  alternate  In  hl»  breont. 

,/.  rhitiiiii,  Ulenhelm,  v.  :i:il). 
I'nle  Want  alternated 
Witli  Plenty's  golden  smile. 

Whittier,  The  F..\lle». 

2.  To  pass  from  one  state,  action,  or  pliiec  to 
;i  second,  back  to  the  first,  and  so  on  iiidili 
iiiloly:  used  with  liilween,  and  sonieliiiieH  Willi 
Jroiii :  as,  lie(//^'CH/(f(.'(';r/«(r«ho|ieaiidilespiiir, 
or  from  one  extreme  lo  niiollier;  tlie  eoimlry 
allernalis  lirtween  wooils  iiiiil  open  fleliJH.  Alter- 
nating function,  in  ;iio(/i.,  a  (iinitloli  of  wveral  varliiblcs 
"lilrli  .III  the  liiti-rclmime  of  iiiiy  two  of  them  eliaiiui«  ll« 
I  II  liilt  iiiil  IlK  nbnollite  value.  TIlUK,  (x -(/)'»  "H  all'T- 
i     '1.!.'  film  Hon. 

.alternate  (al-fi'T'niVt),  n.  and  n.  [<  L.  nllerna- 
l"-.  jiii.  of  iilternnrc:  see  alternate,  i'.]  I.  n. 
1.  lieing  by  turns;  followiTiR  each  the  oilier, 
reciirringly,  in  huccchhIoii  of  time  or  place; 
lience,  reci|irocal, 


Alternate  Leaves. 


Alternate  Angles. 


alternation 

And  bid  alternate  passions  fall  and  rise. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  375. 
Billows  of  alternate  hope  and  despair. 

D.  Webster,  Kunker  Hill  Monument,  June  IT,  1S25. 
Two  detestable  manners,  the  indigenous  and  the  im- 
ported, were  now  in  a  state  of  alternate  coiirtict  and  amal- 
gamation. Mticitulay,  Drydeii. 
Specifically,  in  bot.:  (a)  Placed  at  unequal  heights  upon  the 
axis:  jis,  alternate  leaves,  which  are 
solitary  at  the  nodes,  in  distinction 
from  opposite  or  vertieillate.  (b)  tlp- 
posite  ^l  the  intervals  bet  ween  organs: 
;is.  jietals  which  are  alternate  with 
sepals,  or  stamens  with  petals. 
2.  Belonging  to  a  series  be- 
tween the  two  members  of 
every  pair  in  which  a  member 
of  another  series  intervenes; 
having  one  intervening  be- 
tween the  two  of  each  pair; 
every  second  :  as,  to  read  only 
the  alternate  lines;  the  odd 
niunbers  form  one  series  of 
alternate  ntmierals,  the  even  numbers  another. 
— 3.  Consisting  of  alternating  parts  or  mem- 
bers; proceeding  by  alternation:  as,  an  <il- 
teriiate  series;  alternate  riming;  alternate  in-o- 
portion.  —Alligation  alternate.  -See  altiyation.—Al- 
temate  angles,  in  iieom.,  the  internal  angles  made  by 
two  Hues  witli  a  third,  on 
oiqiosite  sides  of  it.  If  the 
two  lines  are  parallel,  the 
alternate  angles  are  equal. 
Thus,  if  the  parallels  AB,  CD 
be  cut  by  the  line  EF,  the 
angles  AGH,  GHD  are  al- 
ternate angles,  as  are  also 
the  angles   r.lJH    and  GHC. 

—  Alternate  crystalliza- 
tion. See  <'rii.<tnjti:iiti<in.^ 
Alternate  generation,  («) 
In  -'111./.,  a  term  first  used  by 
Steenstrup  to  signify  the  pro- 
ductii;iu  of  animals  which  are  unlike  their  parents,  but  of 
whicli  certain  later  generations  alternately  reeuiTing  ex- 
hibit a  likeness  to  those  parents  ;  or,  a  mode  of  reproduc- 
tion in  which  more  than  one  generation,  counted  from  a 
given  progenitor,  must  pass  before  the  ai»pearanee  of  de- 
scendants resembling  that  progenitor.  It  isdefinedbydweil 
Jis  consisting  in  a  series  of  imiiviilnals  which  secan  to  repre- 
sent two  species  alternate]}'  i  I'liroiluccd,  Huxley  defines  it 
as  an  alternation  of  asexual  \\  it  h  sexual  generation,  in  which 
the  products  of  one  process  dilfer  from  those  of  the  other. 
According  to  AUman,  the  intercalation  of  a  proper  sexual 
reproduction  is  necessary  to  constitute  true  alternate 
generation,  ('>)  In  eryptiiijainic  bot.,  the  passageof  a  plant 
through  a  succession  of  unlike  generations  before  the  ini- 
tial form  is  reproduced,  I'sually  the  succession  is  one 
in  which  one  sexually  iiroduced  form  alternates  with  an- 
other produced  asexually.  The  alternation  of  those  sex- 
ually ]iroduced  may  be  with  those  partheiiogenctically 
proiluced  {hetfroyenetis  or  li'lrrii;ia)ny,  wliich  see),  or  w  itli 
those  produced  by  budding  {iin-tiini'nenis).—  Alternate 
numbers,  units  such  that  the  luodnctof  any  twn  has  its 
sign  changed  by  reversal  of  the  order  of  the  faetol's:  as, 
niii=  inn.  'I'he  square  of  any  such  number  vanishes, 
—Alternate  proportion,  the  equal  proportion  that  siib- 
si^ts  lit-lweeii  the  alternate  members  of  the  pairs  of  a 
series  1.1  iiroiiorlionals.  I'lins,  if  n  :  b::e  -.d,  then  by  alter- 
nate pr..ii.irtioii  .1  -.e-.-.b  ;(/,— Alternate  quarters,  in 
her.,  quarters  diagonally  opposite  t.i  each  other,  as  the  tlrst 
and  fourth  quarters,  and  the  second  and  third.  They  have 
iisn;illy  th.-  same  charges, 

II.  ".  1.  That  which  happens  by  turns  with 
something  else ;  Wcissilude.     [Rare.] 

Kais'd  in  pleasure,  or  repos'd  in  ease, 
(Grateful  alternates  of  substantial  peace. 

Pi-ior,  Solomon,  i. 

2.  In  political  conventions  and  some  other  rep- 
resentative bodies,  one  authorized  to  take  the 
))lace  of  another  in  his  absence;  a  substitute. 
[United  States.] 
alternately  (al-ter'nat-li),  adv.  111  an  all  ernal  e 
iiiniiiier.  (,()  In  reciprocal  succession  ;  by  turns,  s..  that 
eai  li  is  SMciae.hiil  by  that  which  it  succcciIb.  in  the  same 
way  as  night  follows  day  and  day  follows  night,  (b)  With 
the  oniis.si.Hi  or  intervention  of  one  between  ea.'h  two  :  as, 
read  the  lines  nlleniatelii :  in  French  piosoily  inah'  anil  fe- 
male rlin.'s  occur  in  couplets  alttrnalely.  ('■)  In  tier.,  ae- 
conllng  1.1  alternate  quarters  (which  sc,  iiii.ler  .(/(cninfe). 

—  Alternately  pinnate,  In  Vif.a  lerm  applied  lo  a  pin 

nat.'  leaf  when  iTle  ballels  on  one  Bide  of  the  petiole  lU'e 
II. it  .itipiisite  to  those  upon  the  oilier  side. 

alternatenes8(al-ter'iiijt-iie8),  «.  The  state  or 
(|iiiilily  ol'  being  nlterniito,  or  of  preceding  and 
following  by  turns.       , 

alternater,  alternator  (!l^tl'•r-na-ler^,  «.     A 

ilyiiiiiiiii-ileelrie  iiiaeliiiie  wliieli  iiroiluces  an 
iilloriintiiig  ciirreiil. 
alternation  (nl-ti'r-nii'shon),  «.  [<  L.  allenia- 
liii{n-),  <  iilteniare,  ]i|i.  allernatn.i:  net' alternate, 
I'.]  1.  The  net  of  iillerniiliiig,  or  tho  stale  of 
being  alleriinle;  llie  recipnn-iil  sueeeswion  of 
lliings  in  lime  or  place,  or  of  states  or  nclions; 
llie  iict  ot  I'lillowiiig  soinetliiiig  and  being  in 
turn  followed  by  it :  ns,  tlie  nlternatinn  of  day 
anil  niptlit,  cold  and  heiit,  siininier  and  winter. 

llie  nitirnntiiin  of  uncultivated  and  ciiUivatid  pliiiim, 
Willi  Blattered  villages.  OJniiiomn,  Merv,  xl. 

llie  law  of  nature  la  atlernalion  for  evermore. 

Kmersiin,  Ki  lendslilp. 


alternation 
2.  Passage  hack  and  forth;  repeated  transition ; 
the  action  of  going  from  one  state,  condition, 
or  point  to  another,  and  back  again,  indefinitely : 
as  alternation  between  states  of  mind  or  be- 
tween places ;  his  alternations  from  one  point 
to  the  other  were  very  ti'equent. — 3.  In  miitli. : 
(«)  The  <liffereut  changes  or  alterations  of  order 
in  numbers.  More  commonly  called  permuta- 
tion, (h)  Alternate  proportion  (which  see,  un- 
der alternate,  o.)-— 4.  In  church  ritual,  the  say- 
ing or  reading  of  parts  of  a  service  by  minister 
and  congregation  alternately — Alternation  of 
generation,  •'^•^■l-  nUcniale  fjeiwratiDu,  uiultT  alternate,  a. 
alternative  (al-ter'nd-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=  F. 
alternatire,  n.,  alternatif,  -ive,  a.,  <  ML.  altcrna- 
tivus,  <  L.  alternare,  pp.  alternatus :  see  alter- 
nate, !).]  I.  a.  1.  Of  two  things,  such  that  only 
one  can  be  selected  or  only  one  is  possible, 
etc. ;  mutually  exclusive. 

To  arrive  at  the  best  compromise  in  any  case  implies 
correct  conceptions  of  the  alternative  results  of  this  or 
tliat  course.  H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  lOS. 

The  conscience  of  manltind,  and  the  voice  alilie  of  phi- 
losophy and  of  religion,  reject  with  equal  horror  his  |J.  S. 
Mill's]  alternative  solution  of  the  origin  of  evil,  th.at  the 
Creator  of  the  world  is  either  the  author  of  evil  or  the 
slave  of  it.  Edinburgh  Rev. 

2.  Affording  a  choice  between  two  things,  or 
a  possibility  of  one  thing  out  of  two ;  given  or 
offered  for  selection,  as  against  something  else : 
as,  an  alternative  proposition ;  he  presented  an 
oZierreafJi'e  statement. — Sf.  Alternate;  recipro- 
cal. Holland. — 4.  In  hot.,  having  the  parts  of 
the  inner  whorl  alternate  with  the  outer:  ap- 
plied to  the  estivation  or  arrangement  of  the 
parts  of  the  perianth  in  the  bud — Alternative 
demand,  a  rei|Ufst  for  either,  Init  not  both,  of  two  things. 
—Alternative  judgment  or  inference,  in  lo(jic,  a  judg- 
ment or  inference  which  judges  or  infers  that  one  or  the 
other  of  two  facts  is  true.  Same  as  disjunctive  judgment  or 
ij\ference. 

n.  n.  1.  A  choice  between  two  things;  a 
possibility  of  one  of  two  things. —  2.  One  of 
two  things  of  which  either  is  possible  or  may 
be  chosen,  in  strictness  the  word  cannot  be  applied 
to  more  than  two  things ;  when  one  thing  only  is  possible, 
there  is  said  to  be  no  alternative. 

Between- these  alternatives  there  is  no  middle  ground. 

Crancli. 

The  stages  of  mental  assent  and  dissent  are  almost  in- 
numerable ;  but  the  alternatives  of  action  proposed  by 
«ie  Christian  faith  are  two  only. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Eight,  p.  142. 

3.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  an  arrangement  by 
which  the  pope  nominates  to  vacant  benefices 
only  in  alternate  months,  at  other  times  leav- 
ing the  nomination  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese 
or  to  the  regular  patron.  The  month  counted 
is  that  in  which  the  benefice  becomes  vacant. 

alternatively  (al-ter'na-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  al- 
ternative manner ;  in  a  manner  that  admits  the 
choice  or  possibility  of  one  out  of  two  things. 

alternativeness  (al-ter'na-tiv-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  alternative. 

alternityt  (al-ter'ni-ti),  n.     [<  ML.  alternitas, 
<  L.  altcrnus,  altern:  see  alter n.']     Succession 
by  turns ;  alternation. 
The  alteniity  and  vicissitude  of  rest. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  1. 

alternize  (al'ter-niz),  v.  t.      [<  altern  +  -i:e.'] 
To    cause   to   follow  alternately;    alternate. 
[Rare.] 
A  tete-i»-tete,  altemized  with  a  trio  by  my  son. 

Mme.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  VII.  355. 

Althaea  (al-the'a),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aWaia,  wild 
mallow,  marsh-mallow ;  perhaps  related  to  dA- 
Baivetv,  heal,  and  to  Skt-yardh,  thrive.]  1.  A 
genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Malva- 
eecE,  including  the  hollyhock,  A.  rosea,  and  the 
marsh-mallow,  A.  officinalis. — 2.  [i.e.]  A  com- 
mon name  of  the  Hibiscus  Sijriacus,  cultivated 
in  gardens.  Also  called  shrubby  althcea  and 
rose  of  Sharon. 

althein  (al-the'in),  n.  [<  Althcsa  +  -in^.l  A 
white  crystallizable  substance,  formula  C4Hg 
N2O3,  contained  in  the  root  of  the  marsh-mal- 
low, AWnea  officinalis,  and  of  asparagus:  iden- 
tical with  aspuragin  (which  see). 

althert,  a.     Same  as  alder^. 

Althing  (al'ting),  n.  [Icel.,  formerly  altlnngi, 
the  general  assembly,  <  allr,  all,  +  thing, 
court:  see  all  and  thing. 1  The  general  assem- 
Ijly  or  parliament  of  Iceland. 

Althingman  (al'ting-man),  n. ;  pi.  Althingmen 
(-men).  [<  Althing  -f-  »nn«.]  A  member  of  the 
Althing  or  parliament  of  Iceland. 

alt-horn  (alt'horn),  n.  [<  alt  +  horn:  see  alt.l 
A  nuisicul  instrument  of  the  sax-horn  class, 
often  used  in  place  of  or  with  the  French  horn 
in  military  bands. 

n 


161 

although  (al-THo'),  conj.  [ME.  al  though,  al 
tliah,  etc.;  <  all,  adv.,  in  the  sense  of  'even,' 
+  though:  se^ all,  adv.,  and  though.  Cf.  albe- 
it.'] Admitting  that ;  in  spite  of  the  fact  that ; 
notwithstaridiiig  (that) ;  tlioiigli.  -Syn.  AWmmih, 
Tlmiiiih,  Nnl,i;lhxl„i„l,ii,,.  Ik'twc.n  nlll,uu„l,  mid  lh<ui,,h 
tlicciioice  is  often  determined  by  tlie  iliylluM.  Xntivilh- 
standing  lays  more  stress  than  the  others  upon  the  adver- 
sative idea  implied  in  concessive  clauses. 

Although  I  have  cast  them  far  off  among  the  heathen, 

and  although  I  have  scattered  them  among  the  coiuitries, 

yet  will  I  be  to  tliem  as  a  little  sanctuary  in  the  countries 

where  they  shall  come.  Ezek.  xi.  10. 

A  separable  spite, 

Which  though  it  alter  not  love's  sole  effect, 

Yet  doth  it  steal  sweet  hours  from  love's  delight. 

Shah.,  Sonnets,  xxxvi. 
Come,  come,  Sir  Peter,  you  love  her,  notwithstanding 
your  tempera  don't  exactly  agree. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  2. 

[This  use  of  notunthstanding  is  commonly  regai'ded  as  too 
elliptical ;  it  is,  therefore,  not  so  common  as  formerly. 
See  notwithstanding.] 

Altica  (al'ti-ka),  ».    See  Haltica. 

alticomous  (al-tik'o-mus),  a.  [<  LL.  alticomus, 
having  leaves  high  up,  or  on  the  top,  <  L.  altus, 
high,  -I-  coma,  head  of  hair,  foliage:  seecowal.] 
In  hot.,  having  leaves  on  the  higher  parts  only. 
Slid.  Soc.  Lex. 

altify  (al'ti-fi),  J).  «.  [<L.  o?«MS,high,-l--/2/.  Cf. 
magnify.']     To  heighten ;  raise  aloft.     [Rare.] 

Every  country  is  given  to  magnify  —  not  to  say  altify  — 
their  own  things  therein.  Fuller,  Worthies,  I.  234. 

altiloquence  (al-til'o-kwens),  n.  [<  altiloquent; 
=  Sp.  altilocuencia  =  Vg! altiloquencia.]  Lofty 
speech;  pompous  language. 

altiloquent  (al-til'o-kwent),  a.  [=  Sp.  altilo- 
cuente  =  Pg.  aUiloquente,  <  L.  alius,  high,  -1-  lo- 
qucn{t-)s,  speaking,  ppr.  of  loqui,  speak.  Cf. 
LL.  altiloquus,  in  same  sense.]  High-sound- 
ing ;  pompous  in  language. 

altimeter  (al-tim'e-ter),  H.  [=  F.  altimetre,  < 
L.  altus,  high,  -t-  metrum,  <  Gr.  ficrpov,  measirre.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  altitudes,  as  a 
quadrant,  sextant,  or  theodolite. 

altimetry  (al-tim'e-tri),  n.  [(.altimeter;  =F. 
altimetrie.]  The  art  of  ascertaining  altitudes  by 
means  of  an  altimeter,  and  by  trigonometrical 
methods. 

altin  (al'tin),  )(.  [F.  altine,  <  Buss,  altuinu,  a 
denomination  of  money.  Cf.  Bulg.  altUn,  Serv. 
aldum,  Tm'k.  altin,  gold.]  A  Russian  money  of 
account,  equal  to  three  copecks. 

Altinares  (al-ti-na'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  altrts. 
high,  deep,  -f  nares,  nostrils.]  In  Sundevall's 
system  of  ornithology :  (o)  A  group  of  birds  cor- 
responding to  the  family  Corvidee  of  authors  in 
general,  and  consisting  of  the  crows,  jays,  and 
nut-crackers,  (b)  One  of  the  two  series  into 
which  he  divides  the  cohort  Coccyges,  the  other 
being  Humilinares.    See  Zygodactyli. 

altincar  (al-ting'kiir),  n.  [<  Pa.  al-tinMr,  <  al, 
the,  -f-  tinkar,  Pers'.'  Hind,  tinkar,  Malay  tingkal, 

<  Skt.  tanlcana :  see  lineal.]     Crude  borax,  em- 

Sloyed  in  refining  metals ;  tincal  (which  see). 
tiscope  (al'ti-skop),  n.  [<  L.  altus,  high,  -1- 
Gr.  dKo-aElv,  look  at:  see  scope.]  An  instrument 
consisting  of  an  arrangement  of  lenses  and  mir- 
rors in  a  telescopic  tube,  extensible  vertically, 
by  means  of  which  it  is  possible  to  look  over  ob- 
jects intervening  between  the  observer  and  the 
object  to  be  seen.  When  the  sections  of  the  tube  are 
extended,  the  view  is  received  upon  an  upper  mirror  placed 
at  an  angle  of  45°,  and  reflected  thence  down  the  tube  to 
a  lower  mirror,  where  it  is  seen  by  the  observer. 

altisonant  (al-tis'o-nant),  a.  [<  L.  altus,  high, 
-1-  sonan(t-)s,  ppr.  otsonare,  sound:  see  sound^.] 
High-soimding ;  lofty  or  pompous,  as  language  : 
as,  " altisonant -phmses,"  Evelyn,  Sylva  (To  the 
Reader). 

altisonous  (al-tis'o-nus),  a.  [<  L.  altisonus, 
high-soimding,  <  alius,  high,  +  sonare,  sound: 
see  sound').]     Same  as  altisonant. 

altissimo  (al-tis'i-mo),  a.  [It.,  superl.  of  alto, 
high:  see  alt.]  A  musical  term  used  in  the 
phrase  in  altissimo,  literally  in  the  highest,  that 
is,  in  the  second  octave  above  the  treble  staff, 
beginning  with  G.     See  alt. 

altitonant  (al-tit'o-nant),  a.  [<L.  altiionan(t-)s, 

<  alius,  high,  +  tohanlt-)s,  ppr.  of  tonare,  thun- 
der.] Thundering  from  on  high ;  high-thunder- 
ing.    [Bare  and  poetical.] 

Altitonant, 
Imperial-croivn'd,  and  thunder-armed  Jove. 

Middleton,  World  Tost  at  Tennis. 

altitude  (al'ti-tiid),  11.  [<  ME.  altitude,  <  L.  alti- 
tudo,  height,  <  altus,  high:  see  aU.]  1.  Space 
extended  upward;  height;  the  degree  or  amoimt 
of  elevation  of  an  object  above  its  foundation, 
the  ground,  or  a  given  level;  the  amount  or 


Altrices 

distance  by  which  one  object  is  higher  than  an- 
other :  as,  the  altitude  of  a  mountain  or  a  cloud. 

—  2.  The  elevation  of  a  point,  star,  or  other 
object  above  the  horizon,  mea.sured  by  the 
arc  of  a  vertical  intercepted  between  such  point 
and  the  horizon.  Altitude  is  either  apiiarentuvtrue. 
Apparent  altitude  is  that  which  appears  by  oljservations 
made  at  any  place  on  the  surface  uf  the  earth  ;  true  atti- 
tude, that  which  resvilts  by  correcting  the  apijarent  for 
refraction,  parallax,  and  dip  of  the  horizon.  (The  words 
altitude  and  eh^vutimi  in  geodesy  are  somewhat  confused, 
but  it  is  preferable  to  use  altiti/ke  for  angular  height,  ele- 
vation for  linear  height.]    Often  abbreviated  to  alt. 

From  henncs-forthward,  I  wol  clepe  the  heyhte  of  any 
thing  tiiat  is  taken  by  thy  rewle  [an  astrolabe],  the  alti- 
tude, with-owte  mo  wordes.  C'ltaucer,  Astrolabe. 

3.  An  elevation  or  height;  anything  extending 
far  upward. 

The  altitudes  which  are  simnounted  only  for  the  charms 
of  outlook  they  otter.       D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together. 

4.  Highest  point  or  degree;  full  elevation. 

He  did  it  to  please  his  mother,  ami  to  be  partly  proud ; 
which  he  is,  even  to  the  altitude  of  his  virtue. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  1. 

5.  Elevation  of  spirit;  haughty  air:  in  this 
sense  generally  used  in  the  plural.    [Archaic] 

From  the  nature  of  their  conversation,  there  was  no 
room  tor  altitudes.    Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,V.  23;^. 

If  we  would  see  him  in  his  altitudes,  we  must  go  back 
to  the  House  of  Commons ;  .  .  .  there  he  cuts  and  slashes 
at  another  rate.  Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  258. 

Accessible  altitude,  the  altitude  of  an  object  to  the 
iiase  of  which  one  can  hav.e  access,  so  as  to  measure  the 
distance  between  it  and  tlie  station  from  which  the  alti- 
tude is  to  be  measured.— Altitude  and  azimuth  circle. 
See  cire/e.— Altitude  or  elevation  of  the  pole,  the  arc 
of  the  meridian  intercepted  between  the  pole  and  the 
horizon.  It  is  equal  to  the  latitude  of  the  place. —  Circle 
or  parallel  of  altitude.  See  f(?/;/i<i-n/i^(r.— Inacces- 
sible altitude,  tlie  ultitude  of  an  objeet  uhose  l»ase  can- 
not lie  apiii<iiielied.— Meridian  altitude  of  a  star,  an 
arc  of  the  meridian  lietueen  tlie  horizon  and  a  star  on  the 
meridian.— Parallax  of  altitude,  iyee  parallax. — Re- 
fraction of  altitude,  an  arc  of  a  vertical  circle,  by  which 
the  true  altitude  of  a  heavenly  body  is  in  appearance  in- 
creased, on  account  of  refraction. 
altitudinal  (al-ti-tii'di-nal),  a.  [<  L.  altitudo 
(altitudin-)  +  -al:  see  altitude.]  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  height ;  in  nat.  hist.,  having  refer- 
ence to  elevation  above  the  sea-level:  as,  an 
altitudinal  zone  of  vegetation.     See  zmie. 

Two  ferns,  a  species  of  Gleichenia  and  the  hroad-fronded 
Dipteris  horsfleldi  —  here  at  its  lowest  altitudinal  limit — 
profusely  covered  the  ground. 

H.  0.  Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  78. 

altitudinarian  (al"ti-tii-di-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  altitudo  (altitudin-),  altitude :  see  altitude.] 
I.  a.  Aspiring.     Coleridge.     [Rare.] 

II.  n.  One  who  aspires;  one  given  to  lofti- 
ness in  thought  or  speech. 

altivolant(al-tiv'o-laut),f/.[<L.«»/™/a«(^)s(cf. 
oquiv.'//(u'o/«s,  high-flying),  <a?f»s,high,-f  I'otorp, 
ppr.  vokin{t-)s,  fly:  see  volant.]     High-fljTng. 

altol  (al'to),  a.  and  n.  [It.,  high  :  see  alt.]  I. 
a.  Literally,  high:  an  element  in  terms  relating 
to  music  and  art :  as,  alto-ripieno,  alto-rilievo. 

—  Alto  clef,  alto  fagotto,  alto  viola,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
II.  n.  [So  called  from  being  higher  than  the 

tenor,  to  which  in  old  music  the  melody  was 
assigned.]     In  music :  (a)  Same  as  contralto, 
(b)  The  instrument  called  in  England  the  tenor 
violin,  and  by  the  Italians  the  violu. 
alto-t,  adv.  phr.     See  all,  adv.,  1. 
altogether  (al-to-gcTH'er),  adv.     [<  ME.  alto- 
gedere,  altogidere,  etc.,  <  al,  adv.,  all,  +  togedere, 
together:  see  all,  adv.,  and  together.]    Wholly; 
entirely;  completely;  quite. 
Every  man  at  his  best  state  is  altogether  vanity. 

Ps.  xxxLx.  5. 
He  [Temple]  began  to  make  preparations  for  retiring  al- 
together from  business.      Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

alto-relievo  (al'to-re-le'vo),  n.    An.  Anglicized 

form  of  alto-rilievo. 

alto-rilievo  (al'to-re-lya'vo),  n.  [It.:  alto, 
high  (see  (/?0)  rilievo,  leliet:  see  relief.]  High 
relief;  in  sculp.,  a  foi'm  of  relief  in  which  the 
figures  or  other  objects  represented  stand  out 
very  boldly  from  the  background.  More  or  less 
important  portions  of  the  design  may  even  be  carved  en- 
tirely in  the  round.  .\n  alto-rilievo,  or  a  work  in  alto- 
rilievo,  is  a  relief  sculptured  in  this  form.  See  cut  on  next 
page.     See  bas-relief  and  7nezzo-riiievo. 

Altrices  (al-tri'sez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L.  altrix, 
fem.  of  altor,  a  nourisher,  nurse,  <  alere,  nour- 
ish: see  aliment,  n.]  In  ornith.,  one  of  the  pri- 
mary divisions  of  the  class  Ares,  or  birds,  in 
some  systems,  as  that  of  Eonap.irte,  it  includes  those  birds 
which  are  hatched  in  a  weak  and  usually  naked  condition, 
and  require  to  be  fed  for  some  time  in  the  nest  by  the  pa- 
rents :  opposed  to  PrcBcoces,  or  those  birds  which  run  about 
as  soon  as  they  are  hatched.  Xot  in  use  as  the  name  of  a 
subclass  of  A  ve-s,  but  recognized  as  a  collective  term  for 
birds  having  the  above-given  characters,  as  nearly  all  land- 
birds,  and  some  water-birds,  as  the  Herodio/tes  and  Stegano- 
podes.  Nearly  equivalent  to  Sundevall's  term  Psitopcedes 
or  Gymnopoedes.    Also  called  Heterophagi. 


altricial 

altridal  (al-tris'ial),  «.  [<  AUrices.']  Being 
one  of  or  belongiog  to  the  Altrices;  having  the 
nature  of  AUrices  ;  heterophagous. 


Allu-IlilCiU. 

Hexmes,  Emydtce,  and  Orpbeus :  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples- 

altropathy  (al-trop'a-thi),  n.  [<L.  «;ter,  an- 
other, +  Gr.  --adia,  (  -aBoi,  suffering.]  Feel- 
ing for  others ;  sympathy. 

Better  still  to  convey  the  altruistic  conception,  and  in 
more  natural  contrast  witli  autopathy,  there  might  in  like 
manner  be  substituted  for  sympathy  the  allied  expression 
altrftf>athy,  which,  to  a  certain  extent,  would  come  to  the 
aid  (.f  the  stronger  term  philanthropy, 

L.  A  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  II.  371. 

altruism  (al'tro-izm),  «.  [<  F.  ultruisme,  <  It. 
altrui,  another,  other  people  (=  Pr.  altnti  = 
OF.  altrui,  F.  autrui),  prop,  the  objective  ease, 
sing,  and  pi.,  of  altrn,  other  (=  OF.  altre,  F. 
autre),  <  L.  alter,  other:  see  alter.  In  the  col- 
loquial Latin  of  later  times,  alttr,  like  many 
other  pronominal  words,  was  strengthened  by 
the  addition  of  hie,  this;  hence  dat.  "alteri-huic, 
eontr.  to  "altruic,  altrui,  which  became  the  com- 
mon objective  case.]  A  term  first  employed  by 
the  French  philosopher  Comte  to  denote  the 
benevolent  instincts  and  emotions  in  general, 
or  action  prompted  by  them:  the  opposite  of 
egoiam. 

If  we  define  altruurm  aa  being  all  action  which,  in  the 
normal  course  tif  tiling,  benellta  others  instead  of  hene- 
fltiUK  self,  then,  from  the  ilawn  of  life,  altruijtm  has  been 
no  less  essential  than  egoism. 

//.  Siieiicrr,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  Ih. 

altruist  (al'trS-ist),  n.  [<  F.  altruistc,  as  altru- 
imic,  altruism,  +  -i»te,  -igt.]  One  who  practises 
altruism;  a  person  devoted  to  the  welfare  of 
others:  opposed  to  egoist. 

altruistic  (al-trO-is'tik),  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  altruism;  regardful  of  others;  having 
regard  to  the  well-being  or  best  interests  of 
others:  oppo.sed  to  egoistic. 

(tnly  In  the  comparatively  rare  cases  where  the  an()ny- 
motifl  l>eiiefai;tioii  is  from  one  who  can  ill  afford  the  money 
or  the  lalMjiir  rt-ijnired,  does  generosity  rise  to  that  high- 
est fonri  In  which  attruutir  gratification  out-balances  ego- 
Utlc  gratillcation.  //.  SpPHrcr,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  &2S. 

altruistically  (al-trfi-is'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
altruistic  inaiiMcr;  for  the  benefit  of  another; 
b(?ncvolcntly;  unsclflMhlv.     H.  Spencer. 

alturet^al'tir),  n.  [<  It.'  altura,  height,  <  alto, 
liilfh  :  Hr-o  «/f.]     Height ;  altitude.    .V.  E.  D. 

aluchi,  ".     See  alourlii. 

Alucita  fd-lM'Hi-tii),  11.      [NL.,  <  LL.  (cited  as 

L.)iili"'' '■  't.]     A  gfuiiH  of  feutherwings 

or  pbir  r:Lmily  l'ti;riiphori<la\  having 

'h'    v.  1  I  into  six   lobi'S  or  feiitlicrH, 

•  iijMX  and  cilint<'d  along  the  edge. 

'•"if  Kiirope  and  Aincricu  cxx>audH 


'  'i-<16),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Alucita 

■  ■■uiiijrH  or  plnmi'-tnotlm;   a 

i  from  till- grnuH  ,l^(ci/«, 

•  •IimI  into  feathery  lobes. 

/lo;  i(/<i'  (wblcli  SCO).    Heo  cut 


Alula  (Uic  shaded  part  in  the  figure). 


fnilili,    "I    I 

hftviiii'  '  I  ' 
AIno  . 
tindiT  , 

alni-o 

1. 


[NI<.,  Hftld  by  OpHnor  to 
t..v  liiiza  0470)  from   ll. 
'"  '   r.  //"V  (a  kiml  of  owlj  in 

Ari»t..U";  lull  rniliiT  a  variiition  (>  Hp.  n/i/roii) 
of  1,1,.  nlucun,  n  <lifT.  reniliti|.r  of  uluom.  Hald  by 
'^rvi'  "ilnr  nntiii  I'qniv.  t'l  m/hM,  an 

'"*'■  ,.  tiluruJi)  tiupar.  ]i.  nlocro,  at- 

l"^''".  ■'■  ■•,  i>ii  owl,  a  ■lunce,  dolt;  cf.  It. 


162 

dial,  locco.  loucch,  a  dtmce,  Sp.  loco,  a  madman, 
loco,  adj.,  =  Pg.  louco,  Pr.  locoit,  mad.]  1.  The 
specific  name  of  a  kind  of  owl.  Strix  or  sSi/niium 
aluco,  the  European  tawny  owl. — 2.  [cfy).]  A 
name  of  a  genus  of  owls,  now  usually  appUed 
to  the  genus  of  barn-owls  taken  as  typical  of 
the  family  J/HCOHf(/<E.  The  common  barn-owl  of 
the  old  world  is  Aluco  Jlammeus  ;  that  of  Amer- 
ica is  A.  pratiiicola.  See  cut  under  hani-owl. — 
3.  [(■«/).]  A  genus  of  gastropods.  Liiil;  1807. 
Aluconids  (al-u-kou'l-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alu- 
(■(((H-)  -I-  -/f?<r.]  A  family  of  owls,  consisting  of 
those  known  as  barn-owls.  See  ham-owl.  They 
differ  from  all  others  in  having  the  sternum  entire  and 
simply  emarginate  behind,  with  the  furculum  ankylosed 
to  its  keel,  the  middle  claw  somewhat  pectinate,  and  the 
facial  disk  complete  and  triangular.  The  family  consists 
i.f  the  genera  Aluco  and  PhodJhm.  See  Siriffid(e. 
Aluconinae  (al  u-ko-ni'ne),  «.  111.  [NL.,  <  Alu- 
<•'_<(«-)  +  -(■««•.]  The  J/uconirfo',  as  a  subfamily 
of  Strigida;. 
aludel  (al'u-del),  «.  [<  OF.  aludel,  alutel,  <  Sp. 
aludel,  <  Ar.  al-utMl,  <  al,  the,  +  ufhal,  prob. 
for  itiidl,  pi.  of  athhi,  utensU,  apparatus.]  In 
(•/(p?H.,  a  name  given  to  one  of  a  number  of  pear- 
shaped  glasses  or  earthen  pots,  used  in  subli- 
mation, resembling  somewhat  the  ancient  alem- 
bic, and  open  at  both  ends  so  that  they  can  be 
fitted  together  in  a  series.  The  name  has  also  been 
given  to  any  prolonged  chimney  or  tube  of  glass  or  earth- 
enw  are  consisting  uf  more  than  one  piece. 
aludel-fumace'  (al'ti-del-fer'nas),  ji.  A  fur- 
nace for  the  reduction  of  mercurial  ores,  it  con- 
sists of  a  cylindrical  shaft  divided  by  an  arch  into  two 
chambers,  the  lower  serving  as  a  furnace  and  the  upper 
recei\ing  the  ore.  The  mercurial  vapors  from  the  latter 
pass  through  rows  of  ahulels,  in  which  it  is  condensed  and 
whence  it  is  delivered  into  a  reservoir. 
alula  (al'ii-la),  n.;  pi.  alulw  (-le).  [NL.,  dim.  of 
o/fl,  wing:  see  aisic]    1   In  o™!7?i.,  the  winglet, 

bastard  mng, 
or  ala  spuria 
of  a  bird;  the 
packet  of  small 
feathers  which 
grows  upon 
the  so-called 
thumb  of  a 
bird's  wing. 
The  feathers  are  rather  stiff,  resembling  primaries  to  stiine 
extent,  but  always  smaller,  and  contribute  to  the  smooth- 
ness and  evenness  of  the  border  of  the  wing. 
2.  In  entom. :  (a)  The  small  membranous  ap- 
pendage or  scale  situated  at  the  base  of  each 
wing  of  many  dipterous  insects,  above  the  hal- 
teres  or  poisers.  (i)  A  similar  appendage  be- 
neath each  elj'tron  of  some  water-beetles.  Also 
called  alulct  and  cucilleron. 

In  certain  water  beetles  (Dytiscida;)  a  pair  of  alulce,  or 
winglets,  are  developed  al  the  inner  angle  of  the  elytra. 
Enx-nc  Brit.,  VI.  127. 

alular  (al'ii-lar),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an 
alula. 

alulet  (al'u-let),  «.  [<  alula  + -et."]  Inciitom., 
same  as  alula,  2. 

alum  {al'um),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  often  «?/«»(, 
alciii,  ah/Ill,  <  ME.  alutn,  atom,  < OF.  alum,  mod.  F. 
alun  =  MHG.  ah'ni,  G.  alatin  (>  Pol.  alun  (barred 
/),  Sloven,  aluu  =  Kuss.  galunxi  =  Lith.  aluiia.s), 
<  L.  alumcn,  alum;  of  unknown  origin.]  The 
general  name  of  a  class  of  double  siil))hatos 
formed  by  tlie  union  of  aluminiv.  iron,  chro- 
.iniiini,  or  maiigancso  sulphate  with  the  sul- 
jiliate  of  some  other  metal,  commonly  an  alka- 
line metal  or  ammonium.  Connnon  or  jmtash  alum 
has  the  formula  A1..,<S04):,  +  KoSDj  -f  2411.jO.  It  Is  iim- 
diiced  by  mixing  concentrated  siilutlons  of  noIaKsium 
sulphate  and  crude  aluminium  suliihatc.  The  ilouble 
salt  at  itnce  crystallizes  in  octahedrons.  Alum  Is  hoIuIpIc 
In  water,  has  a  swcctish-sour  taste,  reddens  lit  tuns,  nntl 
Is  n  powerful  astringent.  In  medicine  It  Is  used  Inlcr- 
nally  as  an  astringent,  externally  im  a  styptic  ap|illeil  to 
severed  blood-vessels.  In  the  arts  It  is  used  as  a  mor- 
dant In  dyeing,  and  extensively  In  oilier  ways.  When 
inlxeil  In  small  amount  with  inferior  grades  of  llonr,  it  Is 
said  U>  whiten  them  in  the  process  of  briad making,  but 
ItJi  elfcct  on  the  systeni  In  Injurious.  Alum  Bliale,  an. 
other  name  for  alum  iilalc,  including  espii  iaily  lis  more 
slialy  varieties. -Alum  slate,  a  variety  of  day  hiale  con- 
taining more  or  less  carbonaceous  material  (n-inalns  of 
seaweeds  etc.),  with  whiih  Is  imsoclaleil  an  easllv  de- 
composeil  and  fre(|Uenlly  occurring  compound  of  sulphur 
and  Iron  (miircaslle).  The  decomposition  of  this  sub 
stance  gives    rise  la  an  elll'iri'scenee  of  alum,   usually 

potash  alum,  which  Is  a  < iponnd  of  i)otasHluln  sutphate 

nndal Inliim  sulphate.-  BumtaJlun,nlmn  from  «hlch 

tip-  water  of  (  rystalllzatlon  has  been  driven  olf  by  heal. 
Al  i.  railed  tlririt  alinii,  aluntrn  rxjncratiiin.— Concetl- 
Iratod  alum,  norimil  alundninm  sulphale,  Al-.^sci,),. 
v^iii-  b  Is  prepared  on  tt  large  scale  by  tn-atlng  ronste.l  .iHy 
vifli  oll,,f  vllrlol.and  c  rysliilllzlng  out  the  sulphale  form- 
•'■I-  It  Is  largely  tiscil  In  dveing.  Also  called  ftatrul  'ilutn. 
Cubic  alum,  or  basic  alum,  the  mineral  alum  Htom- 
Karth  of  alum.  See  rnrfli.  Roman  alum,  a  variety 
'I  I  .lash  abiiii  )irepiireil  from  (be  nilnerid  alum  slone,  of 
S|>'  '  0(1  value  to  dyers,  ninei'  It  loritnlns  no  soluble  Iron 
Bull"      Also  called  rr>c*.afiij/i  and  r'trhf-aium. 


aluminium 

alum  (al'tun),  r.  t.  [<  alum,  h.]  To  steep  in 
or  impregnate  with  a  solution  of  alimi. 

For  silk  dyeing  anotta  is  largely  used,  yielding  bright 
lustrous  shades ;  by  aluminij  the  silk  is  considered  to  take 
the  dye  better.    O'Seilt,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  j).  ti7 

alum-battery  (al'um-bat  "e-ri),  n.  A  galvanic 
battery  emplopng  a  solution  of  alum  as  the 
exciting  liquid. 

Alumbrado  (ii-lom-brii'do).  It.  [Sp.,  formerly 
uloDibrado,  pp.  of  alumlirar,  formerly  alomhrur, 
enlighten,  illmninate,  <  ML.  "allumiiiarc:  see 
allumiuc,  and  cf.  illuminate,  Illuminati.'i  One 
of  a  sect  of  Illuminati,  or  Perfectionists,  which 
existed  in  Spain  in  the  sixteenth  century,  but 
was  stippressed  by  the  Inquisition.  Also  spelled 
Alombnido. 

alum-earth  (al'um-erth),  u.  A  massive  variety 
of  alum-stone  (which  see). 

alumiu,  alumine  (al'ii-min),  u.  Same  as  alu- 
mina. 

aliuuiua  (a-Wmi-na),  n.  [NL,,  <  L.  aluincii 
(alumin-):  see  alum.}  The  oxid  of  aluminium,  ^ 
AloOs,  the  most  abundant  of  the  earths.  It  is 
wiifely  diffused  over  the  globe  iti  the  shape  of  clay,  loam, 
and  other  similar  substances;  corundum,  in  its  varieties 
adamantine  spar,  the  ruby,  and  sapphire,  is  alumina  nearly 
pure  and  crystallized.  In  these  forms  alumina  is,  next  to 
the  diamond,  the  hiu-dest  substance  known.  Its  great  value 
in  the  arts  deitends  on  its  aflinity  for  vegetable  coloring 
mattei-s  and  anim.-U  fiber.  It  forms  the  base  of  the  lakes 
in  dyeing,  and  acts  also  as  a  mordant.  Ignited  with  silica 
it  is  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  pot- 
tery and  porcelain-ware,  crucibles,  mortar,  and  cements. 

aluminate  (a-lii'mi-nat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
alumiiiated,yi\iT.  alumiiiating.  [<  L.  aluminatus, 
pj).  adj.,  <  alumen  (alumin-):  see  alum.']  To 
treat  or  impregnate  mth  alum ;  specifically,  in 
printing  engravings,  to  wash  (the  paper)  with 
alum-water  to  prevent  the  nmning  of  the  lines. 

aluminate  (a-lii'mi-nat),  h.  [<  alumina  +  -rt/fl.] 
A  salt  in  which  alumina  acts  toward  the  stronger 
bases  as  an  acid.  Sodium  almninate  is  used  as 
a  mordant.  The  mineral  spinel  is  a  magnesiimi 
ahmiinate. 

aluminic  (al-ii-min'ik),  a.  [<  aluminium  +  -tc] 
Kclating  to  or  containing  ahiminium. 

aluminiferous  (a-lii-mi-nif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L,  alu- 
mcn (ali(min-),  aliun,  +  /i»)t</=E.  fcorl.]  Con- 
taining or  jdelding  alum,  alumina,  or  alumin- 
ium. 

aluminiform  (al-u-min'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  alu- 
iiKii  (iilnmin-),  alum,  +  -foriniK,<.  forma,  fornx.'] 
Ha\-ing  the  form  of  alum,  alumina,  or  alumin- 
ium. 

aluminite  (a-lfi'mi-nit),  n.  [<  alumina  -t-  -itc".] 
llydii-ms  sulphate  otahuuinium,  a  mineral  that 
occurs  ill  small  roundish  or  renifonn  masses. 
Its  color  is  snow-white  or  yellowish-white. 

aluminium  (al-ii-miu'i-tim),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  alu- 
mine, >  E.  alumin),  <  L.  alumeii  (-inin-),  alum  (see 
alum),  +  -ium,  as  in  sodium,  potassium,  etc.;  first 
proi>osed  by  Davy  in  the  form  aluminm  and 
then  iiluininum.  It  was  discovered  bv  W'iihlor.] 
Chemical  sJ^nbol  Al;  atomic  weigfit  1!7.1.  A 
metal  of  silver-white  color  and  brilliant  luster, 
about  as  hard  as  zinc,  very  malh'able  and  dtic- 
tile,  highly  sonorous,  and  a  good  conductor  of 
heat  and  electricity.  Its  most  remarkable  character 
is  its  low  speclllc  gravity  (2.fai),  which  is  about  one  third 
that  t>f  iron  and  less  than  that  of  marble.  It  does  not 
tarnish  In  the  air,  and  even  in  a  molten  state  <locs  not 
oxiilize;  its  mclting-jioint  is  somewhat  lower  than  that  of 
silver.  Aluminium  in  combination  with  oxygen  (A!oO;i) 
forms  the  common  earth  nlnmiint,  whiih  exists  In  nature 
as  the  mineral  corniulnm,  of  which  the  ruby,  saiuihire, 
and  emery  are  varieties;  the  hydrated  sesquioxltl  exists  as 
the  minerals  diaspore,  gibbsitc,  and  bauxite.  Alumina 
also  enters  into  the  composition  of  a  very  large  nimibcr  of 
mim'rals,  the  most  important  of  which  arc  the  feldspars. 
I''nnn  the  decompositi<Mi  of  these,  <-lay  (kaolin,  etc.)  1b 
proilnceil,  which  is  essentially  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alu- 
mlnlnin.  Among  other  im]auiant  minerals  containing 
aluminium  are  tlie  silicates  andaltislte,  cyaiiite,  llbrolite, 
topaz,  and  all  of  the  zeolites;  the  Iluorlile  of  aluminium 
ami  sodium,  cryolite,  from  which  the  inelal  Is  reillioed  ; 
the  oxld  of  aluminium  and  magnesium,  s])lncl;  the  siil- 
jiliales  ahimlnlti',  alum-stone,  the  alums,  etc. ;  the  phos- 
pbiil«'s  tnriiuolse,  lazullti!,  etc.  ;  the  carbonate  dawsmiito, 
and  many  idhers.  It  is  estimated  that  In  Its  various  cimi- 
lioiinds  aluminium  forms  alxuit  one  twelfth  of  the  crust 
of  lln^  earth.  In  conse)|ucnce  of  its  very  low  speclllc 
gravity,  freedom  from  tarnish,  mtn-poisom)Us  ipialitles, 
and  ease  of  working,  alnmtnlum  Is  a  valuable  metal.  The 
UH(>  or  alurnlntnm  has  cxtcntled  with  the  rapid  decrease, 
through  Improved  proeesscH  In  the  cost  of  si^paratlng  it 
from  the  conililmilionH  In  wtilch  It  occurs  In  nature.  It 
is  used  especially  for  ldl.^slt'al  apparidus  and  other  artU 
cles  In  which  lightness  aiid  great  strength  arc  neecssarv. 
'I  he  cap  of  the  Washington  nionunieMl,  which  forms  the 
tip  of  Its  llghtnlng-rod,  is  a  pyramlibil  mass  of  ainnilnium 
weighing  KMlonnces-  Also  writlen  iilinininnti.  Alumin- 
ium bronze,  an  alloy  of  II  parts  of  eopjier  with  I  of 
alumhdiim-  It  resemiilcs  gold  hi  hiBli^r  and  c(dor,  and 
is  nseil  jis  a  cheap  hiillatlon  uf  that  metal.  I'nllki'  gidil, 
however.  It  gradnallv  laridsbeH  on  ex]ioBUre  to  the  air. 
It  Is  much  used  In  elieap  Jewelry  ariil  ornamental  work, 
and  also  for  a  great  variety  «,f  Indnstrlal  jmrposes,  espe- 
cially for  bearings  In  nun  blue  ry     Aluminium  Bllver,  » 


aluminium 


163 


compound  formed  by  the  addition  o(  a  small  amount  of  alveary    (al've-a-ri),    n.;    pi.    alvearies    (-riz). 

'"       -■'«■-'--- •  •■''■■•' j-,.  ij_  ai-i;garium,' a,  beehive,  prop,  any  bulging 

vessel,  <  alveus,  a  hollow  vessel,  a  beehive,  etc. : 
see  alveus.'}  1.  A  beehive,  or  something  re- 
sembling a  beehive. —  2+.  The  meatus  externus, 
or  oxhirnal  canal,  of  the  ear.  See  ear. 
alveated  (al'vO-a-tod),  a.  [<  L.  ahwatus, 
hollowed  out  like  a  trough  or  tray,  <  alveus,  a 
trough,  tray,  a  beehive:  see  alveus,  and  cf. 
alreary.']     Formed  or  vaulted  like  a  beehive. 


silver  til  uluniinium.  It  is  said  that  3  per  cent,  of  silver 
is  sufflcient  to  give  U>  uluniinium  the  color  and  Ijrillianey 
of  pure  silver,  over  which  it  has  the  great  ailvautuKe  of 
not  being  tarnished  by  sulphureted  hydrogen.— Alumin- 
ium solder,  an  alloy  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and,  for  soft 
s(»ldL-r,  a  little  zinc  :  used  in  soldering  aluminium  bronze. 

Same  as  alumi- 


aluminose  (a-lu'mi-nos) 

IIOKX. 

aluminous  (a-lu'mi-nus),  a.     [<L.  alumimosus, 

<.  alumen  {-min-),  alum:   see  alum.}     Pertain-     ^^     

ing  to,  containing,  or  having  the  properties  of  aivei,  «.""  Plural  of  alveus. 

alum  or  alumina:   as,   aluminous  minerals  or  alveolar  (al-ve'o-lar  or  al've-6-lar),  a. 


waters. 

aluminum  (a-lu'mi-num),  n.  Same  as  alumin- 
ium. 

alumish  (al'um-ish),  a.  [<alum  + -ishX.']  Hav- 
ing the  nature  of  alum ;  somewhat  resembling 
alum. 

alumna  (a-lum'na),  n. ;  pi.  alumnce  (-ne).  [L., 
a  foster-daughter,  fem.  of  alumnus:  see  alum- 
nus.'] A  female  pupil  or  graduate  of  any  edu- 
cational institution. 

alumnal  (a-lum'nal),  a.  Belonging  or  pertain- 
ing to  alumni  or  alumnse. 

At  the  request  of  the  Alumnal  Association  of  Colleges, 
arrangements  have  been  made  whereby  college  graduates 
can  avail  themselves  of  advanced  courses  of  study. 

Education,  IV.  550. 

alumni,  «.     Plural  of  alumnus. 

alumniate  (a-lum'ni-at),  n.  [Irreg.  <  alumnus 
+  -ute'i.']     The  period  of  pupilage.     N.  E.  D. 

alumnus  (a-lum'nus),  n. ;  pi.  alumni  (-ni).  [L. 
alumnus,  fem.  alumna,  a  nursling,  foster-child, 
pupil,  disciple,  orig.  ppr.  pass,  (-umnus  =  Gr. 
-dfievog)  of  alere,  nourish,  niu'se,  foster:  see 
aliment.  Cf.  alma  mater.']  A  pupil;  one  edu- 
cated at  a  school,  seminary,  college,  or  vmiver- 
sity ;  specifically,  a  graduate  of  any  such  insti- 
tution. 

alum-rock  (al'mn-rok),  n.  Same  as  alum- 
sUine. 

alum-root  (al'um-rot),  n.  A  name  given  to  the 
astringent  root  of  several  plants,  as  Heuchera 
Americana  and  Geranium  maculatum. 

alum-stone  (al'imi-ston),  ?(.  The  subsidphate 
of  alumina  and  potash ;  a  mineral  of  a  grayish- 
or  yellowish-whate  color,  often  containing  sil- 
ica as  an  impurity,  first  found  at  Tolf a  in  Italy. 
Also  called  alum-rock  and  ahinite. 

alunite  (al'u-nit),  %.  [<  F.  alun,  alum,  -1-  -ite^.] 
Same  as  alum-stone. 

alunogen  (a-lii'no-jen),  n.  [<  F.  alun,  alum,  4- 
-gen,  producing:  "see  -gen.]  Native  aluminium 
sulphate,  occurring  in  fine  capillary  fibers,  and 
consisting  of  36.05  parts  of  sulphuric  acid,  15.40 
of  ahunina,  and  48.55  of  water,     it  is  found  in  vol 


[<L. 


ali'colus,  a  small  hollow  or  cavity,  a  tray,  trough, 
basin,  dim.  of  «;iiC!(.s .-  see  alveus.]  Containing 
or  pertaining  to  a  socket,  cell,  or  pit.  An  equiv- 
alent form  is  ahwolary Alveolar  arch,  the  arch 

formed  by  the  alveolar  liurder  of  cither  the  ujiper  or  the 
lower  jaw. — Alveolar  artery.  («)  7/i/(T("or,  the  inferior 
dental,  a  branch  of  tlie  internal  niaxillai-y  artery  supply- 
ing the  lower  jaw.  ((/)  .s//y..  ,■/,,,-,  a  hianrli  of  the  internal 
maxillary  artery  supplying:  tlif  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  and 
adjacent  structures.— Alveolar  border,  the  border  of 
either  jaw  e')ntaininu  tlie  tooth-sockets  (alveoli). — Alveo- 
lar cancer,  either  alveolar  carcinoma  or  alveolar  Siu-coina. 
— Alveolar  carcinoma,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to 
colloid  carcinoma  (ramer)  in  which  the  colloid  infiltration 
has  rendered  the  alveolar  structure  very  evident  U>  the 
naked  eye, — Alveolar  ectasia.  See  emphy^emu. — Alve- 
olar forceps,  forceps,  of  various  shapes,  for  removing 
jtarts  of  the  alveolar  process,  or  fragments  of  roots  under 
the  .alve(jlar  ridge. — Alveolar  index.  See  craniomrtn/. 
—Alveolar  membrane,  the  dental  periosteum.— Alve- 
olar nerves,  the  dental  branches  of  the  maxillary  nerves. 
—  Alveolar  passages,  the  passages  into  which  the  respi- 
ratory briini  hial  tubes  enlar-ge.  They  are  thickly  set  with 
air-cells  (alvi(.li),  and  give  off  and  terminate  in  the  in- 
fundihula  or  air-sacs. — Alveolar  polBt,  the  point  at  the 
edge  of  the  upper  jaw  between  the  middle  incisors. — Alve- 
olar processes,  the  processes  of  the  maxillary  i)ones 
containing  the  sockets  of  the  teeth. — Alveolar  sarcoma, 
a  sarcoma  (cancer)  in  which  the  cells  approach  in  charac- 
ter epithelial  cells,  and  are  gathered  in  groups  separated 
liy  coiuiective  tissue. — Alveolar  vein,  a  vein  accompany- 
ing an  alveolar  artery. 

alveolariform  (al-ve-o-lar'i-form),  a.  [<  NL. 
alveolaris  (<  alreolus,  a  cell  in  a  honeycomb: 
see  alveolus)  +  L.  forma,  shape.]  Having  the 
form  of  the  cells  of  a  honeycomb.     N.  E.  D. 

alveolary  (al-ve'o-la-ri  or  al've-o-la-ri),  a. 
Same  as  alveolar. 

alveolate  (al-ve'o-lat  or  al've-0-lat),  a.  [<  L. 
ahvohitus,  hoUowed  out  like  a  'little  tray,  <  al- 
veolus: see  alveolus.]     Same  as  alveolated. 

alveolated  (al-ve'o-la-ted  or  al've-o-la-ted),  a. 
[As  alveolate  +  -f(/2.]  Deeply  pitted  so  as  to 
resemble  a  honeycomb;  having  angular  cavi- 
ties (alveoli)  separated  by  thin  partitions,  as 
the  receptacle  of  some  compound  flowers. 

The  fibrous  stroma  is  not  so  much  alveolated  as  inter- 
spersed with  small  fusiform  cell-nests. 

Zieijler,  Pathol.  Anat.  (trans.),  i.  §  173. 


canic  solfataras,  in  clays,  in  feldspathic  rocks  containing  alVCOlatiOU  (al-ve-o-la'shon),  n.  The  state  or 
pyrites,  and  as  an  efflorescence  on  the  walls  of  mines  and  condition  of  having  sockets  or  pits  ;  a  strue- 
quarries.    Also  called /iffl/r^if  and /««(/i<!)--a(«m.  tui-e  resembling  that  of  the  honeycomb.     See 

aluret  (al'fir),  ».     [<  ME.  alure,  alour,  alur,  aler     ^^^  ^^^^^  ruminant. 

%W-a^:;  ^:^:7:  ^f%^l&  -  ..„..o«  is  the  same  in  both  cas^.^^  ^^^^^  ^^^ 
'^^^^S^^^'^S^  I  ^We  (al'^),^«^  ^^  as  alveolus. 

building.  alveoliform  (al-ve'o-li-form  or  al-ve-ol'i-form), 

a.     [<Ij.  alveolus  +  forma,  torm.]    Having  the 
form  of  an  alveolus,  or  a  small  cell  or  socket. 


The  new  alure  between  the  king's  chamber  and  the  said 
chapel.  Brayley,  Houses  of  Pari.,  p.  127. 

3.  A  covered  passage ;  a  cloister. 

The  sides  of  every  street  were  covered  with  fresh  alures 
of  marble,  or  cloisters.    T.  Warton,  Eng.  Poetry,  II.  xxiii. 

4.  In  medieval  milit.  arch.,  a  footway  on  the 
summit  of  a  wall  or  rampart,  behind  the  battle- 
ments ;  also,  the  passageway  within  the  hoard- 
ing or  brattieing. 

alusia  (a-lu'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr.  alvaig, 
distress,  anguish,  <  aXvem  or  dlveiv,  be  frantic, 
wander:  see  hallucination.]     Hallucination 


Alveolina  (al-vf-o-li'na),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  alveolus 
(see  alveolus)  +  '-ina.']  The  typical  genus  of 
foraminifers  of  the  suMamiiy  Alveolinin(B.  D'Or- 
hiqny,  1826. 

Al'veolininse  (al-ve"o-li-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alveolina  +  -ime.]  A  subfamily  of  imperforate 
foraminifers,  family  MiUolidw,  having  the  test 
globular,  elliptical,  or  fusiform,  the  chamber- 
lets  of  which  in  the  recent  species  are  often 
subdivided. 


aluta  (a-lii'ta),  n.     [L.  (so.  pellis,  skin),  a  kind  alveolite  (al-ve'6-lit),  m.    [<NL.  Alveolites.']    A 
of  soft  leather,  perhaps  prepared  by  means  of    fossil  polyp  of  tte  genus  Alveolites. 
alum;  ct.  alumen,  sXuva:  see  alum.]     A  species  Alveolites  (al-ve-6-li'tez),  ».     [NL.,  <  L.  aiueo- 
of   leather-stone,  soft,  pliable,  and  not  lami-     /««,  a  small  cavity,  + -ito:  see -ife2.]    A  genus 
nated.  of  fossil  polyps,  from  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary 

alutaceous  (al-ii-ta'shius),  a.     [ilAj.  alutacius,     strata,  founded  by  Lamarck  in  1806. 
<L.  aluta:  see  aluta.]     Having  the  quality  or  alveolocondylean  (al-ve'o-lo-kon-dil'e-an),  a. 
color  of  tawed  leather;  leathery,  as  the  leaves     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  alveolus  and  condyle, 
of  I'runus  latirocerasus.  —Alveolocondylean  plane.    See  crayiiometry. 

alutationt  (al-u-ta'shon),  n.     [<  L.  aluta,  soft  alveolodental  (al-ve  'o-lo-den'tal),  a.    Per- 
leather  (see  aluta),  +"-ation.]     The  tanning  or    taining  to  the  teeth  and  their  sockets — AlveO' 


dressing  of  leather. 
alva  marina  (al'va  ma-ri'na).  [An errorfor  L. 
xdea  marina,  sea-sedge:  ulva,  sedge,  perhaps  con- 
nected with  ad-ol-escere,  grow  (see  adolescent) ; 
marina,  fem.  of  marinus,  of  or  belonging  to  the 
sea :  see  marine.]  Sea-sedge :  an  article  of  com- 
merce, consisting  of  dried  grass-wrack  {Zostera 
marina),  used  for  stuffing  mattresses,  etc. 


lodental  canal,  the  canal  in  the  upper  and  in  the  lower 
jaw,  through  which  pass  the  dental  vessels  and  nerves. 
alveolosubnasal  (al-ve"6-16-sub-na'zal),  a.  In 
craniom.,  pertaining  to  the  alveolar  and  sub- 
nasal  points  of  the  skull — Alveolosubnasal  prog- 
nathism, the  prognathism  measured  by  the  angle  be- 
tween the  line  joining  the  alveolar  and  subiiasal  points 
and  the  alveolocondylean  plane.  .See  these  terms  and 
cranUirnetril, 


alvearium  (al-ve-a'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  alvearia  (-a),  alveolus  (al-ve'6-lus),  n. ;  pi.  alveoli  (-li).    [NL. 
[L.]     Same  as  alveary.  "       application  of  L.  alveolus,  a  small  hollow  or 


Alysia 

cavity,  dim.  of  alveus,  a  tray,  trough,  basin :  see 
alveus.]    In  general,  any  little  cell,  pit,  cavity, 
fossa,  or  socket,  as  one  of  the  cells  of  a  honey- 
comb, etc.     Also  called  alveole. 
Although  these  organs  (of  the  torpedo  and  other  electric 

llslies]  diller  greatly  from  one  another  in  positioi 

they  all  agree  ill  being  composed  of  almoli  of  various  forms, 
which  are  bounded  by  connective  tissue,  and  filled  with 
a  jelly-like  substance. 

Gvjenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  500, 

Speciflcally,  in  zoul. :  (a)  The  socket  of  a  tooth ;  the  pit  in 
a  jaw-bone  in  which  a  tooth  is  inserted. 

Kach  almotuH  serves  as  the  socket  of  a  long  tooth,  som€* 
what  like  the  incisor  of  a  rodent. 

lluxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  492. 
{b)  An  air-cell ;  one  of  the  compartments,  about  one  hun- 
dredtll  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  line  the  infundibuta 
and  alveolar  passages  of  the  lungs,  (c)  One  of  the  jjits  or 
compartments  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  second 
stomach  of  a  ruminant ;  a  cell  of  "  honeycomb  "  tripe. 
.See  cut  under  ruminant,  (d)  A  certain  vacant  space  in 
the  sarcode  of  a  radiolarian,  either  within  or  without  the 
capstile,  Pascoe.  {e)  A  cell  or  j/it  in  certain  fossils,  as  in 
an  alveolite.  if)  One  of  the  ultimate  follicles  of  a  race- 
mose gland.  See  acinua,  2  (6).  (£/)  One  of  the  five  hollow 
cuneate  calcareous  dentigerous  pieces  which  enter  into 
the  composition  of  the  complex  dentary  apparatus  or  oral 
skeleton  of  a  sea-urchin.  See  lantern  of  AriMotle  (under 
lantern), auil  cuts  imder  clypeatttrid  and  Echinaidea. 

Alveopora  (al-ve-o-pd'ra),  n.  [NL.,<  L.  alveus, 
belly,  -I-  porus,  a  pore :  see  alveus  and  pore,] 
The  typical  genus  of  A  Iveoporince. 

Alveoporinae  (al-ve-6-po-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Alveopora  -I-  -inw.]  A  subfamily  of  perforate 
madreporarian  corals,  of  the  family  Foritidfe, 
tj-pified by  the  genus  Alveopora.     See  I'oritidec. 

alveus  (al've-us),  n. ;  pi.  alvei  (-i).  [L.,  a  hollow 
vessel,  basket,  trough,  hold  of  a  vessel,  beehive, 
bath-tub,  channel  of  a  river,  etc.,  <  alvus,  the 
belly,  the  stomach,  bowels,  womb,  etc.]  In 
anat. :  (a)  A  tube  or  canal  through  which  some 
fluid  flo%vs ;  especially,  the  larger  part  of  such 
a  tube,  as  the  duct  conveying  the  chyle  to  the 
subclavian  vein.  Specifically  —  (1)  The  utricle 
of  the  membranous  labyrinth  of  the  ear.  (2) 
The  combined  utricle  and  saccule  of  the  ear  as 
seen  in  birds,  (h)  The  superficial  ventricular 
layer  of  medullary  substance  in  the  brain  cover- 
ing the  hippocampus  major. 

alvine  (al'vin,  -vin),  a.  [=  F.  alvin,  <  L.  alvus, 
the  belly.]  Belonging  to  the  belly  or  intestines ; 
relating  to  or  consisting  of  intestinal  excre- 
ments  Alvine  concretion,  a  calculus  formed  in  the 

stomachor  intestines.— Alvine  dejections,  alvine  evac- 
uations, discharges  from  the  bowels ;  feces.  [The  word 
is  now  scarcely  used,  except  in  these  or  similar  phrases.] 

alway  (al'wa),  adv.  [<  ME.  alway,  ahvayc,  alle- 
waye,  al  tvey,  alle  wey,  al  tcei,  earlier  ahie  wei,  < 
AS.  ealne  loeg,  sometimes  contr.  to  ealneg,  all 
the  time,  lit.  all  the  way:  ealne,  ace.  of  eal,  call, 
all;  wey,  ace.  of  loeg,  way.  Now  superseded 
by  always,  q.  v.  Cf.  algate,  and  It.  tutta  via  = 
Sp.  todas  vias,  always;  from  L.  iota,  fem.  of 
to<«s,  all,  and  iJa,  way.]  Same  as  atwo^s ;  now 
only  used  poetically. 
Mephibosheth  .  .  .  shall  eat  bread  alway  at  my  table. 

2  Sam.  ix.  10. 
Hard  by  a  poplar  shook  alway. 
All  silver-green  with  gnarled  bark. 

Tennyson,  Mariana. 

always  (al'waz),  adv.  [<  ME.  alwayes,  alwaies, 
alleweyes,  alle  weis,  alles  weis,  an  adverbial  gen., 
appar.  orig.  distrilD.,  as  distinguished  from  the 
comprehensive  aco.  form,  but  the  distinction 
was  soon  lost:  see  alivay.]  1.  All  the  time; 
throughout  all  time ;  uninterruptedly;  continu- 
ally; perpetually;  ever:  as,  God  is  always  the 
same. 

Ev'n  in  heaven  his  [Mammon's]  looks  and  thoughts 

Were  always  downward  bent.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  6S1. 

Once  a  poet,  always  a  poet.    0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  xv. 

2.  Every  time ;  at  all  recurring  times ;  as  often 

as  occasion  arises:  as,  he  always  comes  home 

on  Saturday. 

You  abrays  end  ere  you  begin.     Shah.,'1.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 

Alydinse  (al-i-di'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Alydtis  -I- 
-inte.]  A  subfamily  of  Coreidee,  typified  by  the 
genus  Alydus,  containing  insects  of  moderately 
narrow  foi-m,  with  a  somewhat  conical  head 
contracted  behind  the  eyes,  the  last  antennal 
joint  enlarged,  and  the  hind  femora  spinous 
and  thickened  toward  the  end.  Species  of  such 
genera  as  Alydus,  TolUus,  and  Megalotomxts  are  numer- 
ous in  most  parts  of  America.  Also  wTitten  Alydina.  See 
Coreidce. 

Alydus  (al'i-dus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  het- 
eropterous  insects,  of  the  family  Coreidw,  typi- 
cal of  the  subfamily  Alydina;. 

alynedt,  ;'•  a.  [ME.  (occurs  once),  <  L.  allinere, 
adlinere,  besmear,  <  ad,  to,  +  linere,  smear:  see 
liniment.]     Anointed. 

Alysia  (a-lis'i-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d^vat;,  a  chain, 
prob.  for  *a?.vai';,  <  a?.vToc,  continuous,  unbroken. 


Alysia  164 

<a-  priv.  +  ?-m-o?.  verbal  adj.  of  7.iecv,  loose.]  amacratic   (am-a-krat'ik),    a.      [I^op. 
1   A  "enusofhTmenopterous  insects,  belonging    cratic,  <  Gr.  a/<a,  together  (akin  to  h.  same),  + 
to  the  -series  P'uphora  or  SpiciiUfera,  and  to  the     updroc,  power,  akin  to  E.  hard.]    bame  as  0)?ja- 


hama- 


U^yBraconid<E {the Ichneumoiiesadsciti).  The    sthenic.     Sir  J.  Herschel 
species,  as  A.  manducator,  are  parasitic  in  the  amadavat   (3™'?(-.";>:X^t_).' 


larvse  oiE  other  insects.— 2.  A  genus  of  scopeUne 
fishes. — 3.  A  genns  of  lepidopterous  insects. 

alysm  (al'izm),  n.  [<  Gr.  almsjio^,  angnish, 
diiquiet.  esp.  of  sick  pei-sons,  <  lO.vciv  or  a'/.iuv, 
wander  in  mind,  be  ill  at  ease,  distraught,  weary, 
=  L.  alu-cinari.  wander  in  mind:  see  haliuciyia- 
11011.]  In  pathol.,  restlessness  or  disquiet  ex- 
hibited by  a  sick  person. 

alysson  (a-lis  on),  n.  [li.:  see  Alys-ium.]  A 
plant  of  the  geniis  Alyssum.  Also  spelled  alison, 
alls-son. 

Alyssum  (a-lis'um),  n.  [Nli.  alyssum,  L.  alys- 
son (Pliny),  <  Gr.  a'/.i-caov,  a  plant  used  to  check 
hiccup;  refei-red  to  Hieiv,  to  hiccup,  or  other- 
wise to  neut.  of  a/.iwoof,  curing  (cauiue)  mad- 
ness, <  a- priv. -I- /.icffa,  madness.]  1.  A  genus 
"    "  natural  order  Cruciferce,  containing 


of  plants,  .  _ 

several  white-  or  yellow-flowered  species,  much  amadelphous  (am-a-del'fus),  a.    [Prop.  *hama- 

employed  for  decorating  rockwork.     A.  man-    delphous,  <  Gr.  afiii,  together,  4-  ddeAipdc,  bro- 


timuin,' known  as  sweet  alyssum,  is  much  cultivated  in 
gardens,  liaving  white  and  fragrant  honey-scented  flowers, 
of  which  bees  are  very  foad.  The  rock-alyssum  or  gold- 
dust,  .i.aazaliU,  has  dense  clusters  of  bright-yellow  flow- 
ers, appearing  in  early  spring. 
2.  ['.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 
Alytes  (al'i-tez),  n.  [KL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  aTiiruK, 
a  police  officer  at  the  Olympic  games;  more 
prob.  <  Gr.  a/iTof ,  continuous,  unbroken,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  chain  of  eggs  the  frog  carries  about 


amalgamate 

[In  such  use  the  imperative  of  the  verb  would  easily  be 
confused  with  the  imperative  phrase  or  adverb  amain, 
hence,  to  let  go  or  strike  ajnaiit.    See  amain^.] 
3.  To  lower ;  abate. 

H.  intratis.  To  lower  the  topsaU  or  one's 
flag,  in  token  of  j-ielding ;  yield ;  sun-ender. 

amaist  (a-miist'),  adv.  [=  E.  almost,  dial. 
amost.]   "Almost.     [Scotch.] 

amaldar  (am'al-dar).  n.  [<  Hind.  Pers.  omal- 
ddr,  a  manager,  agent,  governor  of  a  district, 
collector  of  revenue,  <  Ar.  'amal,  work,  busi- 
ness, affairs,  collection  of  revenue,  etc.,  +  Pers. 
ddr,  (in  comp.)  one  who  holds,  possesses,  man- 
ages, etc.]  In  India,  a  governor  of  a  province 
under  the  Mohammedan  rule.  Also  written 
amildar. 

Tippu  had  been  a  merchant  as  well  as  a  prince ;  and 
during  his  reign  he  filled  his  warehouses  with  a  vast  va- 
riety of  goods,  which  the  Amildars,  or  governors  of  prov- 
inces, were  expected  to  sell  to  the  richer  inhabitants  at 
prices  far  in  excess  of  their  real  v.ilue. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  413. 

Other  forms  are  niM<faiw(  and  Atna.lfit.a.Ti  (a-mal'fi-tan),  a.  [<  iLL.  Avialfita- 
nus,  <  Amalfi,  in  Italy.]  Pertaining  to  Amalfi, 
a  seaport  town  of  Italy.  -Also  spelled  Amalphi- 
/an. —Amalfltan  code  (ilL-  tabula  Amaljitana),  the 
oldest  existing  code  of  nijiritime  law,  compiled  about  the 
time  of  the  first  crusade  by  the  authorities  of  Amalfl,  which 
city  then  possessed  considerable  commerce  and  mai'itime 
power. 

'    n.     [<  ME,  amalgamc. 


n.      [Ar    E.   Ind. 

name,  appearing  in  various  other  forms,  nma- 
darad,  amadurad  (sometimes  Latinized  as  ama- 
darada-a),  aradavai,  and  sometimes  amnndahal. 
Orig.  brought  to  Europe  fi-om  Amadabid  in 
Guzerat.  Of.  Amadina,  amandara.]  A  small 
conirostral  granivorous  tinch-like  bird,  of  the 
order  Passeres,  suborder  Osciiws,  family  Plocci- 
da;  subfamily  Spermcstina- :  the  Estrilda  aman- 
dava,  a  native  of  India,  and  one  of  the  common- 
est exotic  cage-birds.  It  is  imported  into  Europe  and 
the  United  States  in  large  numbers,  and  is  sometimes  called 
strawberry-finch  by  the  dealers.  It  forms  the  type  of  one 
of  the  numerous  subgenera  or  sectious  of  the  large  genus 
Estrilda,  which  contains  species  of  small  size  and  gener- 
ally brilliant  or  varied  colors,  belonging  to  the  same  family 
as  "the  weavers  and  whidah-birds.  It  is  about  5  inches 
long,  with  a  coral-red  beak,  and  red-and-black  plumage 
spotted  with  peai-ly  white. 
taduvad< 


delph      ,  ,    .       _ 

ther :  see  -adelphia.]     Li^ang  in  society  or  in 

flocks  :  gregarious.     Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 
Amadina  (am-a-di'na),  «.    [i^h.,<  amad(arat)      ^^^^^^ 
-H -/««.]    Agenusof  smalleomrostralbu'ds,of  amalgam  (a-mal'gam) 


Narec-frog  {Alytes  obsfetricarts). 


the  family  Ploceidw,  subfamily  Spermestinee.  It 
includes  many  species  of  Asia,  Africa,  etc.  The  species  are 
mostly  of  Inight  or  variegated  colors,  having  thick  conical 
lulls  adapted  to  their  granivorous  habits.  Some  are  com- 
mon cage-birds  and  fine  songsters. 
amadou  (am'a-do),  n.  [F.,  <  amadouer,  coax, 
cajole,  a  word  of  disputed  origin ;  perhaps  < 
Dan.  made,  feed  (=Icel.  and  Sw.  mala,  feed), 
<mad,  food,  =  Sw.  mff<  =  Icel.  matr  =  'E.  meat, 
food.  Cf.  L.  esca,  (1)  food,  (2)  bait,  in  ML.  also 
(3)  tinder,  >  It.  esca,  in  same  senses,  =  Sp.  yesca, 
tinder,  fuel,  incitement,  =  OF.  eche,  esche,  mod. 
F.  Mic,  aiche,  bait;  It.  adcscare,h3M,  aUure,  en- 
tice, inveigle.  Cf.  also  the  E.  phrase  to  coax  a 
fire  (thatdoesnot  bum  readily).]  Asoftspongy 
substance,  consisting  of  the  more  solid  portion 
of  a  fungus  (Polyporus  fomentarins  and  other 
species  found  growing  on  forest-trees),  steeped 
in  a  solution  of  saltpeter.  Amadou  has  been  suc- 
cessfully employed  in  surgery  .is  a  styptic,  and  in  the  form 
of  punk  iti  is  used  as  a  port-flre  (which  see).  Also  called 
black-match,  pyroteehnicalspontfc,  and  German  tinder, 

amaduvade  (am"a-d6-vad'),  n.    Same  as  ama- 
ilitnit,     ]'.  L.  Sclatcr. 


(cf.  A/.trrv,  a  chain):  see  Alysia.]     A  genus  of  amafroset,  n.     [<  OF.  amafrosc  (Cotgrave)  for 
aaurous^amphibians,  or  trdlless  batrachians,     ''"""'■;'«'  tor  ^»aurose,<  m.am.ntrosisqj.] 
of  the  fi^miljDiscoeilossida:,  sometimes  made  the    An  old  lorm  ot  atnanrosts.    ^ylveste  .  -Bndey 
typo  of  a  fimily  Alytidw.    A.  obstetricansU  the  amah(am'a).  «.   [Anglo-Ind.,<Pg.r<«m,anurse, 
uurse-frog  or  accoucheur-toad  of  Europe. 


In  Atytei  obsletricann,  the  female  lays  a  chain  ot  eggs, 
which  the  male  twines  round  his  thighs  until  the  young 
b-.iv,;  the  eggs.  Paxcoe,  Zool.  Class.,  p.  lil.'i. 


alytid  (al'i-tid),  n.     One  of  the  Alytidw. 

Alytidse  (a-lit'i-de),  «.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Alytes  + 
■idn.]  An  artificial  family  of  salient  amphi- 
liiaiis,  characterized  by  GUuther  as  " Runina 
with  webbed  toes,  with  the  processes  of  sacral 
vertebnp  dilated,  and  with  parotoids."    It  con- 

f  I>ij'e'>'ilnsiiidtF {  AhjteA),  I'elubatidtC  {Scaphi- 
'"innlhidir  (lleleiojutrun). 

am  The  first  person  singular,  present  ama,in 


t.-ii.-,e,  iudicative  mood  of  the  verb  to  be. 
am-.     See  ambi-. 

A  M.   -Aji  abbre\nation  of  several  Latin  phrases 
inii,mmon  use:  («)  Otartium  mai/istrr.  Master 
of  ^VrtH.     M.  A,,  which  represents  tlio  English 
rondi-riug,  is  now  more  usual  in  England,  but  in 
a  purely  Latin  idiom  the  form  A,  M.  is  still  pre- 
ferable,    (b)  Of  anno  mundi,  in  tin'  yar  of  the 
world:  used  in  some  systems  of  clironulngy.    («) 
'"  ■    '    y-ridiem,  before  noon :  us,  the  party  will 
I  A.  M.  (also  written  A.  M.  or  a.  m.). 
■  used  a,s  synonymous  with  mornin;/ 
■' :  us,  I  arrived  here  this  A.  M.  (pro- 
'  in),thatis,  thisraomingorforiMioon. 
[L.,  inoro  correctly  hama,  < 
r-liufket,  n  pail,  >  nam,  i\.  v.] 
I'M  church,  a  large  vchscI  in 
1  ■liiiriHt  wa.s  mixed  lieforo 
•  'vlicn  ronsecmled  iintil 
•  smcIh  forBcrvir'i'  nltlie 
iimjmlln,  2,  and  crm  I. 
riicUl    In    the   wcaltbbr 
,1  In  lithen.     No  niKclnM  ii 
II  hittiia. 
■IK  II.     r=  P.   amnhililr 
iinml)ilila(l-)t,  <  iimabilin, 
i  r,  lovo :  Hce  amor,    A  dilT. 
,  from  amioMUiy,  <|.  v.] 
olity. 

akc  ttinatriUty.  Jtr,  Tafttttr. 


In  tlio  dialects  of  southern  India,  Telugu,  etc., 
amma  means  'mother,'  and  is  aflixed  to  the 
names  of  women  in  general,  as  a  respect  ful 
term  of  address :  see  amma.]  1.  A  nurse ;  espe- 
cially, awet-nur.se. —  2.  A  lady's-maid;  a  maid- 
servant. [A  word  in  general  use  among  Euro- 
peans in  India  and  the  East.] 

If  la  man  setting  up  housekeeping  is]  married, an  .Amah 
or  female  servant  is  rci|uired  in  addition  |to  the  servants 
already  enumerated],  while  an  establislnnent  including  a 
number  of  children  rcijuircs  at  least  two  more. 

\V.  /■'.  Mayers,  Treaty  I'orls  of  China  and  Japan,  p.  •.;4. 

1  (a-maii'),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.     [<  «3  -I- 


Seo  6c.     »«'"«',  force :  see  main'^.]    With  force,  strength 


iiiahitim  (also  as  JIL.),  <  OF.  amalijame,  mod.  F. 
amalyamc  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  amahjama  =  ML.  amal- 
gama,  sometimes  algamala,  supposed  to  be  a 
perversion  (perhaps  through  Ar.,  with  Ar.  art. 
aV)  of  L.  malagma,  <  Gr.  /idkay/ja,  an  emollient, 
poultice,  any  soft  mass,  <  fia?Maaeiv,  soften,  < 
/ia?.aii6^,  soft,  akin  to  L.  mollis,  soft :  see  violt, 
moUify,  emollient,  etc.]  1.  A  compound  of 
mercury  or  quicksilver  -with  another  metal; 
any  metallic  alloy  of  which  mercury  forms  an 
essential  constituent  part.  Amalgams  are  used  for 
a  great  variety  of  purp<»ses,  as  feu-  eohl-tinning,  water- 
gilding,  and  water-silvering,  for  coating  the  zinc  plates  of 
a  battery,  and  for  the  protection  of  metals  fnmi  oxidation. 
A  native  amalgam  of  mercury  and  silver  is  found  in  iso- 
metric crystals  in  the  mines  of  Obermoschel  in  Bavaria,  and 
in  liungary,  Norway,  Sweden,  Chili,  etc. 
2.  Figm-atively,  a  mixture  or  compound  of  dif- 
ferent things Amalgam  gilding,  a  method  of  gild- 
ing in  which  the  metal  to  be  coated  is  rtrst  cleaned,  then 
rubbed  with  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  mercury,  and  covered 
with  a  film  of  an  amalgam  of  1  part  of  gold  with  8  parts 
of  mercury.  Heat  volatilizes  the  mercury  and  leaves  the 
gold  adhering  to  the  surface.—  Amalgam  retort,  an  iron 
retort  having  a  convex  lid,  luted  at  the  edges,  and  held 
b.v  a  key  or  wedge  pressed  lietwecn  its  crown  and  the 
bail.— Amalgam  silvering,  a  process  similar  to  tliat  of 
amalgam  gilding  (\\Iiirli  .s,e).  in  which  is  used  ai>  anuU- 
gam  of  1  jiart  <if  .silvrr  with  s  parts  of  mercury.— Amal- 
gam varnish,  an  amalgam  consisting  of  1  part  of  nier- 
cvn\v,  1  of  Itisniuth,  and  4  of  tin,  mixed  with  white  of  eggs 
«>!•  w  ilh  varnish. 

amalgamt  (a-mal'gam),  V.  [<ME.  amahjomen; 
from  the  noun.]  \.  trans.  To  mix,  as  metals, 
by  amalgamation ;  amalgamate. 

Some  three  ounces  .  .  .  of  *^old,  f  (inm/f/rtHwr  with  some 
six  of  Mercury.  B.  Jomun,  Alchemist  (UMO),  ii.  ». 

II.  in  trans.  To  become  amalgamated. 

l^nicksilver  easily  ainat'rams  with  metals. 

llayle,  Works,  1.  (138. 

amalgama  (a-mal'ga-mS.),  n,  [ML. :  see  amal- 
gam, H.]     Same  as  amalgam. 

They  have  divided  this  their  avialtjama  into  a  number 
of  .  .  .  republics.  liurke,  Kev.  in  France. 


or  violence;  violently;  furiously;  suddenly;  al  amalgamable  (a-marga-ma-bl),   a,      [iamal 


ama 
i.r, 


wiird,    ii 
LoTnblcM 
Ko  rnU«  ' 


full  speed ;  hastily. 

[He]  Qomes  on  amain,  speed  In  his  look. 

Milton,  8,  A.,  1,  1304. 

The  Boul  strives  amain  to  live  and  work  through  all 
tilings,  Kmersan,  Comi>cnsatiim. 

Smote  amain  the  hollow  oak-trei>. 

Lun-il'ell<nr,  Hiawatha,  xvil. 

To  let  go  or  strike  amain  («««/.),  to  lot  fall  or  lower 

(|nlckly  or  Rmldciily:  but  see  ffmrti/*-. 
amain'-'t  (a-man'),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
iimayne,  limcyne,  <  Ol'.  iimrner,  mod.  F.  amrner, 
bring  to,  conduct,  induce  ;  naut.,  haul:  amrner 
les  voiles,  strike  sail,  amrmr  jmrilton,  or  simjily 
amencr,  striko  flag,  surrender;  <  n-  (<  L.  ad,  li>) 
+  miner,  lead,  con<liict,  <  LL,  minare,  drive,  L. 
deponent  minari,  (hn'aten,  menace:  hoc  mrnaer. 
Ct,  amenable,]  I.  trans,  1.  To  lead ;  conduct; 
iniiniigc. 

lliat  hlH  mnlcatymnyhave  theniwi/iiiii.'/ofthoinattoni. 
(^ni.teil  In  .SVrj;;",  Ilccl.  .Mem.,  II.  418.    (A'.  K.  !>■) 

2.  To  lower  (a  sail),  OHpei'ially  the  toi>Hail. 

II<'  called  to  III  to  amnine  our  unlleli,  which  wc  eollld 
not  well  (loo,  II.  Ilaukinn,  Voyude  to  .South  Sea. 

Whin  you  let  nnythhiK  ■hiwnc  Into  the  llowlc,  lowering 
It  by  ib  i;rrc«.  they  nay,  Amniue ;  and  being  downc,  Strike. 
.  .  .  vs  ben  you  would  lower  a  yanl  so  fa«l  lu  you  can, 
they  I  all  Amiiine. 

.■imilli,  scaman'i  Oram.,  vll.  S3,  Ix.  40.    (AT.  K.  I>.) 


gain  +   -able.]      Capable  ot  amalgamating  or 
of  being  amalgamated. 

Silver  modified  by  distilled  water  Is  brought  back  again 
tn  {hfaiiiahinmable  state  by  contact  for  a  snort  time  with 
rai ■  spring  water.  Urc,  Hict,,  IV.  802. 

amalgamate  (a-nial'ga-infil ),  r. ;  ))rct .  and  pp. 
amaliianialed,  ppr.  anialijantaiing.  [<  ML. 
ainidganiatiis,  pp.  of  amalgamare,  <  amalgama, 
anuilgani:  see  amalgam,  n,]  I.  trans,  1.  To 
mix  or  alloy  (a  inelal)  with  quicksilver.  Soo 
amalgamation.  The  z.lne  plates  used  In  tin-  voltaic 
battery  are  always  anutlgamated  by  innnersing  them  in 
mcreury,  fi<r  Ity  this  meanh  a  Hurfaee  of  pure  zinc  is  In 
etfcct  obtained,  ami,  when  the  chrult  is  ttpi-n,  the  wasto 
lauHi'd  by  the  lt>eal  cnrrctits  or  local  action  (due  to  Im- 
pnritii'S  in  the  zinc)  Is  i»revcnted. 
2.  In  general,  to  mix  so  as  to  make  a  com- 
]MHind;  blend;  unite;  combine. 

Ingratitude  i»  indi'cd  their  four  cardinal  virtues  coui- 
pai  till  anil  an\ahjamated  Intoone.      ISnrkc,  l!ev.  In  Krancc. 

What  wc.nid  be  the  elTeet  on  the  Inlillectual  state  of 
Kurope.  at  the  present  day,  were  all  nations  and  trilies 
amtil'jnmated  Into  one  vast  empire,  speaking  the  same 
tongue?  Krerett,  Orations,  p.  ;U. 

Amalgamated  soclotlos  "r  companlOB,  two  or  more 

►...li-tlcs  or  Jcilnl  Kb"  I,  I  "iiipiiuic  niiilc'il  l^nr  lb.'  pi lo- 

tliin  of  their  common  interests  umlir  one  general  manage- 
nicnt. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  form  an  amalgam;  blend 
with  iiiiolhcr  metal,  as  cpiicksilver.     Honoe — 


amalgamate 

2.  To  combine,  luiite,  or  coalosoe,  generally: 
as,  two  organs  or  parts  amalgamate  as  the  re- 
sult of  growth. 

amalgamate  (a-mal'ga-mat),  a.  [<  ML.  amal- 
gamatus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  United  or  amal- 
gamated. 

amalgamation  (a-mal-ga-ma'shon),  «.  [<  amal- 
gdiiiKtc;  (!.]  1.  The  act  or  operation  of  com- 
pounding mereuiy  with  another  metal.  Specift- 
cally,  a  process  by  which  the  precious  metals  are  sepa- 
rated Ironi  the  rocls  through  whicli  they  are  distributed 
in  line  particles,  by  talking  advarits^je  of  their  affinity  for 
quicksilver.  This  is  done  by  pulverizing  the  rock  and 
bringing  it  in  contact  with  that  metal,  by  the  aid  of  suit- 
able machinery.  The  amalgam  thus  produced  is  after- 
ward retorted,  the  quicksilver  being  distilled  off  and  the 
precious  metal  left  behind. 

2.  The  mixing  or  blending  of  different  things, 
especially  of  races ;  the  result  of  such  mixing  or 
blending;  interfusion,  as  of  diverse  elements. 

Early  in  the  fourteenth  century  the  aiiuilgamatwn  of 
the  races  was  all  but  complete.    Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

3.  Consolidation ;  specifically,  the  union  of  two 
or  more  incorporated  societies  or  joint-stock 
companies  into  one  concern  or  under  one  gen- 
eral direction. 

amalgamative  (a-mal'g.a-ma-tiv),  a.  [<  amal- 
gamate + -ive.']  Tending  to  araalRaraate;  char- 
acterized by  a  tendency  to  amalgamate. 

amalgamatizet  (a-mal'ga-ma-tiz),  V.  t.  [<  ML. 
amaUiama(t-)  + -ize.']    To  amalgamate.   Bacon. 

amalgamator  (a-mal'ga-ma-tor),  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  amalgamates ;  one  who  performs 
or  promotes  any  process  of  amalgamation.  Spe- 
cifically— (a)  One  who  is  in  favor  of  or  takes  part  in  amal- 
gamating or  combining  two  or  more  business  concerns, 
(i)  In  amalgamating  operations,  a  machine  used  to  bring 
the  pLwdcred  ore  into  close  contact  with  tlie  mercury. 

amalgamet,  n.  and  v.  A  former  spelling  of 
amuUjani. 

amalgamist  (a-mal'ga-mist),  n.  [<  amalgam  + 
-ist]  One  skilled  in'  amalgamating  ores;  an 
amalgamator. 

A  most  famous  mining  expert,  chemist,  and  amalgamist. 
J.  A.  Robinson,  in  Hamilton's  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  65. 

amalgamizet  (a-mal'ga-miz),  V.  t.  [<  amalgam 
+  -L-e.]     To  amalgamate. 

Amalphitan,  «.    See  Amalfitan. 

amaltas(a-martas),  jj.  [E.  Ind.]  The  common 
name  in  India  of  the  tree  Cassia  Fistula,  which 
is  in  general  cultivation  there  for  ornament  and 
shade.     See  cut  under  Cassia. 

Amaltheidse  (am-al-the'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NXi.,  < 
Amaltheus  +  -ida;.~\  A  family  of  tetrabranchi- 
ate  cephalopods,  typified  by  the  genus  Amal- 
theus. The  species  are  extinct,  and  flourished 
during  the  Secondary  epoch. 

Amaltheus  (a-mal'thf-us),  H.  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  cephalopods,  typical  of  the  family  Amalthe- 
idm. 

aman  (am'an),  «.  [Name  in  Aleppo.]  A  blue 
cotton  cloth  imijorted  from  the  Levant,  made 
chiefly  at  Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey. 

amandlf  (a-mand'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  amandare,  send 
forth  or  away,  remove,  <  a  for  ah,  off,  +  mandare, 
order:  see  mandate.']     To  send  off;  dismiss. 

A  court  of  equity  which  would  rather  amand  the  plain- 
tUf  to  his  remedy  at  common  law. 

Wytlie,  Decisions,  p.  86.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

amand^  (a-mand'),  n.  [Sc,  <  F.  amende,  a 
fine-:  see  amende.]  In  Scots  law,  a  fine  or  pen- 
alty; formerly  also  a  sum  required  from  the  de- 
fender in  a  suit  as  a  security  against  delay  or 
evasion. 

amandava  (a-man'da-vii),  w.  [NL.,  <  amadavat, 
q.  v.]  In  ornith.,  the  specific  name  of  the 
amadavat,  Fringilla  amandava  (Liunteus),  now 
Estrilda  amandava,  used  by  Bonaparte  in  1850 
as  a  generic  name  of  that  section  of  the  genus 
of  which  the  amadavat  is  the  type. 

amandin  (am'an-din),  n.  [<  F.  amande,  al- 
mond (see  almond),  +  -in^.]  1 .  An  albuminous 
substance  contained  in  sweet  almonds. —  2.  A 
kind  of  paste  or  cold  cream  for  chapped  hands, 
prepared  from  almonds.  In  this  sense  also 
spelled  amandine. 

amang  (a-mang'),  prep.  Among.  [Scotch  and 
north.  Eng.  dial.] 

amanitin  (a-man'i-tin),  n.  [<  Gr.  a/iavlrai,  pi., 
a  sort  of  fungi,  -I-  -in".]  An  organic  base  or 
alkaloid,  one  of  the  poisonous  principles  of 
certain  mushrooms,  as  Agaricus  muscarius  and 
A.  hulbosus. 

amanuensis  (a-man-u-en'sis),  n. ;  pi.  amanuen- 
ses (-sez).  [L.  amanuensis  (<  a  manu  +  -ensis: 
see  -ese),  taking  the  place  of  a  manu  servus,  a 
secretary :  a  for  ab,  from,  of,  often  used,  as  here, 
in  designations  of  office ;  manu,  abl.  of  manus, 
hand  (see  manual);  servus,  servant  (see  serf, 


165 

servant).]  A  person  whose  employment  is  to 
write  what  another  dictates,  or  to  copy  what 
has  been  written  by  another. 

I  had  not  that  happy  leisure :  no  am.anuaiuiin,  no  assist- 
ants, liurton,  Anat.  of  Mel.  (To  the  Reader). 

Amara  (am'a-rii),  71.  [NL.,  fem.  (cf.  Amarus, 
m.,  a  genus  of  hemipterous  insects),  said  to  bo  < 
Gr.  d-priv.  +  -y/  */'ap,  redupl.  /lapfxaipttv,  shino.] 


Ground-beetle  {Atnara  obesa). 
a,  larva  :  d,  under  side  of  one  of  the  middle  joints ;  f,  the  head  be- 
neath :/,  leg  :  g,  anal  cerci  and  proleg  from  side  ;  *,  pupa  ;  c,  beetle  : 
/;,  h,  natural  sizes. 

A  genus  of  Carabidm,  or  ground-beetles,  of  the 
subfamily  Harpalina-,  more  readily  distin- 
guished by  their  general  appearance  than  by 
conspicuous  struetui'al  characters.  A  vast  num- 
ber of  species,  mainly  of  the  arctic  and  temperate  zones, 
constitute  this  genus.  They  are  all  of  medium  size,  more 
or  less  oblong-oval  in  form,  and  mostly  bronze-colored, 
rarely  brown  or  black  with  a  greenish  tinge.  They  are  to 
be  found  under  moss,  stones,  clods,  etc.  In  the  imago 
state  they  are  partly  herbivorous,  while  their  larvaj  jire 
strictly  carnivorous,  those  of  A.  obesa  feeding  on  locusts' 
eggs. 
amaracus  (a-mar'a-kns),  n.  [L.,  also  amara- 
cum  (>ME.  amarac),  <  Gr.  a/idpaKo^,  also  aftapa- 
Kov,  a  certain  plant.  The  Greek  species  was  prob. 
a  bulbous  plant ;  the  foreign,  called  Persian  or 
Egyptian,  answers  to  marjoram.]     Marjoram. 

And  at  their  feet  the  crocus  brake  like  Are, 

Violet,  amaracifs,  and  asphodel, 

Lotos  and  lilies.  Tennyson,  (Enone. 

amarant  (am'a-rant),  n.     See  amaranth. 

Amarantaceae  (am'a-ran-ta'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
fem.  pi.  of  amarantaceus:  see  amarantaccous.] 
A  natural  order  of  apetalous  herbaceous  weedy 
plants,  with  inconspicuous,  mostly  searious- 
braeted,  flowers.  They  are  of  little  or  no  value,  though 
some  species  are  cultivated  on  account  of  the  bright-col- 
ored bracts  of  tlie  <U'nsely  clustered  blooms,  chiefly  of  the 
genera  Ainarantus,  ti>>ini'hn'nu,  Iresine,  and  Alternan- 
thera.     Also  written  Amaninthace(e. 

amarantaceous  (am  "a-ran-ta'shius),  a.  [<  NIj. 
amarantaceus,  <  L.  dmarantus:  see  amaranth 
and  -aceous.]  In  bat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Amarantacem.    Also  written  amaranthaceous. 

In  1856  Dunker  described  .  .  .  four  species  from  Blank- 
enburg  .  .  .  which  he  believed  to  belong  to  .  .  .  tlie 
Polygonaccie.  Zenker  had  divined  that  they  might  be 
amarantaceous. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Amer.  Jom-.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XJCVII.  294. 

amaranth  (am'a-ranth),  n.  [More  correctly 
amarant,  <  ME.  amaraunt,  <  L.  amarantus  (often 
■svritten  amaranthus,  simulating  Gr.  aiJ0of,  a 
flower),  <  Gr.  a/iapavro^,  amarant,  prop,  an 
adj.,  unfading,  <  a-  priv.  +  /xapalveiv,  wither, 
fade,  akin  to  L.  mori,  Skt.  ■\/  mar,  die:  see  mor- 
tal. Cf.  ambrosia  and  amrita.  The  flower  is  so 
called  because  when  picked  it  does  not  ■wither.] 

1.  An  imaginary  flower  supposed  never  to  fade : 
used  chiefly  in  poetry. 

Immortal  amarant,  a  flower  which  once 
In  Paradise  fast  by  the  tree  of  life 
Began  to  bloom  ;  but  soon,  for  man's  offence. 
To  heaven  removed,  where  first  it  grew. 

Milton,  P.  L,  iii.  353. 

2.  (a)  A  plant  of  the  genus  Amarantus  (which 
see),  (b)  Tlie  globe-amaranth,  Gomphrcna  glo- 
losa,  of  the  same  natural  order. —  3.  A  name 
given  to  mixtm'es  of  coloring  matters  of  which 
the  chief  constituent  is  magenta  (which  see). 

Amaranthaceae  (am'a-rau-tha'se-e),  n.  pi. 
Same  as  Amarantaceai. 


Amaryllis 

amaranthaceous    (am"a-ran-tha'sluu8),    a. 

Same  as  amarantaceous. 
amaranth-feathers  (ara'a-ranth-feTH'^erz),  n. 
A  name  given  to  Humea  clegans,  an  Australian 
composite  plant,  with  drooping  panicles  of 
small  reddish  flowers.  It  is  sometimes  culti- 
vated. 
amaranthine  (am-a-ran'thin),  a.  [More  cor- 
rectly amarantine,  <fGr.  apapavrivor,  (.  a/idpavrot;, 
amaranth:  see  omar«/iWi.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  amaranth;  consisting  of,  containing,  or 
resembUng  amaranth. 

Those  happy  souls  who  dwell 
In  yellow  meads  of  Asphodel, 
Or  Amaranthiti£  bow'rs. 

Pope,  .St.  Cecilia's  Day,  1.  76. 

2.  Never-fading,  like  the  amaranth  of  the  poets ; 
imperishable. 

The  only  amaranthine  flow'r  on  earth 
Is  virtue ;  th'  only  lasting  treasiu'e,  truth. 

Cmvper,  Task,  iii. 

3.  Of  a  purplish  color. 
Also  written  amarantine. 

amaranthoid (am-a-ran'thoid),  a.  [<  amaranth 
+  -aid.]    Resembling  or  allietl  to  the  amaranth. 

Amaranthus  (am-a-ran'thus),  n.  See  Ama- 
rantus. 

amarantine  (am-a-ran'tin),  a.  Q&e amaranthine. 

Amarantus  (am-a-ran'tus),  «.  [L. :  see  ama- 
ra nf  It.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natm'al  order  ^ma- 
rantace(e,  including  several  long-cultivated  gar- 
den-plants, as  the  cockscomb  (A.  cristatus), 
prince's-feather  {A.  hypochondriacus),  love-lies- 
bleeding  (A.  caudaius),  etc.  Several  dwarf 
forms  of  A.  mclancholicus,  with  variegated  or 
distinctly  colored  leaves,  are  favorite  bedding- 
plants.     Also  written  Amaranthus. 

amargOSO-bark  (a-miir-go'so-bark),  n.  [<  Sp. 
amargoso,  bitter  (<  amargo,  bitter,  <  L.  amarus, 
bitter),  +  bark"^.]  The  bark  of  the  goatbush, 
Castcla  erecta,  a  simarubaceous  shrub  of  the 
lower  Kio  Grande  valley  in  Texas  and  of  north- 
em  Mexico.  It  is  intensely  bitter,  and  is  used  by  the 
Mexicans  as  an  astringent,  a  tonic,  and  a  febrifuge.  The 
plant  is  stitf  and  thorny,  and  is  an  excellent  hedge-plant. 

amarin  (am'a-rin),  n.  [<  L.  amarus,  bitter,  -I- 
-in".]  An  organic  base,  C2iHis^2>  isomeric 
with  hydrobenzamide,  from  which  it  is  pre- 
pared. It  exerts  a  poisonous  effect  on  animals, 
and  forms  salts  with  acids. 

amaritudet  (a-mar'i-tud),  n.  [<  L.  amaritudo, 
bitterness,  <  amarus,  bitter.]     Bitterness. 

What  amaritnde  or  acrimony  is  deprehended  in  choler, 
it  acquires  from  a  commixture  of  melancholy,  or  external 
malign  bodies.  Harvey,  Consumption. 

amaryllid  (am-a-ril'id),  H.     In  bot.,  one  of  the 

Amariillidacem. 

Amaryllidaceae  (am-a-ril-i-da'sf-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Amaryllis  (-id-)  -\-  -acea;.]  A  natural 
order  of  monocotyledonous  plants,  resembling 
the  Liliacea;,  but  having  an  inferior  ovary,  it 
includes  many  well-known  ornamental  plants,  the  amaryl- 
iis,  narcissus  (with  the  daffodil  and  jonquil),  snowdrop 
(Galantftus),  pancratium,  agave,  etc.  The  bulbs  of  some 
are  poisonous,  especially  those  of  IJemanthus  toxicarius 
and  some  allied  species,  in  the  juice  of  which  the  Hotten- 
tots are  said  to  dip  their  arrow-heads.  The  bulbs  of  Nar. 
cissus  poeticus  and  some  other  species  are  emetic.  Species 
of  agave  are  valualjle  as  fiber-plants. 
amaryllidaceous  (am-a-ril-i-da'shius),  a.  [< 
AiiKiryllis  {-id) -i- -aceous.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Amaryllidacece. 
amaryllideOUS  (am-a-ril'i-de-us),  a.  [<  amaryl- 
lid +  -eons,  <  L.  -eus.]  Relating  to  or  having 
the  nature  of  an  amaryllid,  or  a  plant  of  the  or- 
der AmaryllidacecB ;  amaryllidaceous. 
Amaryllis  (am-a-ril'is),  ».  [NL.,  <  L.  Amaryl- 
lis, name  of  a  shepherdess  in  VirgU,  <  Gr. 
'\fiapv7.2.iQ,  the  same 
ly^-^  V,    /*  in  Theocritus,   prob. 

f   S' ~^      '  (withfem.  dim.  term.) 

fv-^^  *,  ■     <  n/mpiaanv,  sparkle, 

kV^W^'/.  _.     twinkle,    glance,     as 

the  eye,  >  duapvyij,  a 
sparkling,  t-ninkling, 
glancing.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  bulbous  plants, 
natural  order  Ama- 
rijllidacece,  with  large, 
bright-colored,  Uly- 
shaped  flowers  upon 
a  stout  scape.  Tlie 
belladonna  lily,  A.  Bella- 
dt:>nna,  from  southern  Af- 
rica, now  regarded  as  the 
only  species,  is  well  known 
and  has  long  been  in  cidtivation.  Many  species  once 
placed  in  this  genus  are  now  referred  to  other  genera,  those 
of  the  old  world  to  Crininii.  Litforis,  Britytjimgia,  Nerine, 
etc.,  the  American  to  Zepli>/raattie.s  and  Sprekelia. 
2.  [I.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus. —  3.  In  eoiil., 
a  genus  of  crustaceans. 


Belladonna  Lily 
{AtnaryUis  Belladonna). 


amass 

amass  (a-mas'),  V.  /.  [<  F.  amasser,  <  ML. 
amasaare.  <  L.  ad,  to.  +  ma^a,  mass,  heap,  >  F. 
masse,  >  E.  mass-,  q.  v.]  To  collect  into  a  mass 
or  heap;  bring  together  a  great  amoimt,  quan- 
tity, or  number  of:  as,  to  amass  a  fortune. 

In  his  j^outh  Comte  was  aii  insatiable  reader,  and  be- 
fore he  began  the  work  ot  constructing  the  Positive  Phi- 
losophy he  had  ama-ixd  vast  stores  of  learning  in  almost 
every  department  of  knowledge. 

J.  FMe,  Cos.  Phil.,  1. 136. 

amassf  (a-mas'),  «•     [<  OF,  amasse,  F,  amas; 

from  the  verb.]     An  assemblage,  a  heap,  or 

an  accumulation, 
ITiis  pillar  is  nothing  in  effect  but  a  medley  or  an  amasse 

of  all  the  precedent  ornaments.      Wotton,  Keliquia;,  p.  25. 
amassable  (a-mas'a-bl),  a.     [<  amass  +  -able.'\ 

Capable  of  being  amassed, 
amasser  (a-mas'er),  n.    One  who  amasses  or 

accumulates, 
amassette  (am-a-sef),  n.      [F.  (dim.  form),  < 

rtm</.<.vpr,  amass,  collect:  see  amass,  i. 2     An  in- 

striunent,  usually  of  horn,  like  a  palette-knife 

or  spatula,  with"  which  in  the  preparation  of 

f)igments  the  colors  tised  in  painting  are  col- 
ected  and  scraped  together  on  the  stone  during 
the  process  of  grinding  them  with  the  muller. 
Also  written  ama::ette. 

amassment  (a-mas'ment),  n.   The  act  of  amass- 
ing ;  a  heap  collected ;  a  great  quantity  or  num- 
ber brought  together;  an  accumulation. 
An  amassment  of  imaginar}'  conceptions. 

Glanvilie,  Seep.  Sci.,  xiii. 

Amasta  (a-mas'ta),  ».  pL  [XL.,  neut,  pi,  of 
ainaslus,  <  Gr.  auaaroc,  without  breasts,  <  a- 
priv,  -I-  fiaaroc,  breast.]  Nippleless  mammals: 
a  term  applied  to  the  monotremes  or  eloaeal 
oviparous  mammals,  which,  though  provided 
with  mammary  glands,  have  no  nipples. 
amastbenic  (am-as-then'ik),  a.  [Prop.  "Iiama- 
slliiiiic,  <  (jr.  ci/!;a," together,  +  adcvoc,  strength.] 
Uniting  the  chemical  rays  of  light  in  a  focus : 
said  of  a  lens.  Also  am'acratic. 
amateH  (a-maf),  v.  t.  [<  a-  (expletive)  + 
mate^,  r.]  To  accompany;  entertain  as  a  com- 
panion ;  be  a  fellow  or  mate  to. 

A  lovely  bevy  of  faire  Ladies  sate, 

(;oin-tc<l  of  many  a  jolly  I'aramoure, 

The  which  them  did  in  modest  wise  amate. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  :i4. 

amate-t  (a-maf),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  amateii,  <  OF. 
amatir,  daiint,  subdue,  enfeeble,  etc.  (=  It.  am- 
matlirc),  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  matii;  mater  (in  same 
senses  as  amatir),  >  E,  tnatc,  enfeeble:  see 
mate^.'i  To  terrify;  perplex;  daunt;  subdue. 
Tpon  the  wall  the  Pagans  old  and  young 
Stood  Inish'd  and  still,  anuited  and  aniaz'd. 

Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xi.  12. 
My  lord,  hath  love  aniated  him  whose  thoughts 
Have  ever  been  heroical  and  brave? 

Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 

amaterialistic  (a-ma-te'ri-a-lis'tik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a-  priv.  («-!«)  -1-  materialistic.']  Oppo.sed  to 
materialism,  or  to  materialistic  philo.sophy. 

It  in  intensely  amaterialistic  for  us  to  speak  of  the  ta- 
ble (that  is,  of  any  table)  as  if  it  had  some  objective  exist- 
ence, independent  of  a  cognizing  nwnd, 

./.  Fiske,  in  N.  A.  Rev.,  C.XXVI.  33. 
amateur  (am'a-tur  or  am-a-tiir',  often  as  F,, 
the  word  being  of  recent  introduction  —  about 
17m J  —  am-a-t6r' ),  n,  and  a.  [F,,  =  Pr,  aiiiatour 
=  Sp.  I'g,  amarhr  =  It,  amatiire,  a  lover,  an 
arauti'iir,  <  L.  amatorcm,  ace.  of  amator,  lover, 
<  amare,  pp,  amatus,  love :  see  amor.]  I.  «, 
1.  One  who  admires;  an  admirer;  a  lover, 

8he  remained  an  impassioned  amateur  of  musical  ge- 
nlu«  In  otlieni.  Ilowells,  A  Sloilcrn  Instance. 

2.'  f>ne  who  has  an  especial  love  for  any  art, 
Rtudy,  or  piirnuit,  but  doos  not  pracliso  it. —  3, 
MoHt  commonly,  one  wlio  cultivates  any  study 
or  ,in  from  luslo  or  attachiMcMt,  without  piir- 
lirofcsHioMully  or  with  a  view  to  gain: 
•  il  of  one  wtio  pursues  astudy  or  an  art 
!'■  I    kilfiil,  or  non-|)r()l'csHional 

*'  lly,  in  Hportini/  mill  titltletirji, 

01  iiivor  coini)etcd  in  a  iniiti'li 

0|'  rii-rs,  or  for  a  stake,  or  for  imlilji- 

"•'  I'  giito-money,  or  under  ii  falHc 

1"  I  II  profcHHional  for  a  prize,  and 

'"'  .'lit  or  purHiii'd  athlelicexerciHcs 

B»^.,..  :.,„.t. 

H.  "  to  or  having  the  charmtcr 

o'  ""  ""  ,  iimiitcar  work;  an  amulmr 

piitniit. 

amatenrlnh  /am-n-tflr'lHh  or  am-a-t/T'luh),  «. 
['  "  -'«'i'.|     Pertaining  to  or  lOinriic 

''■'  atniilenr;   having  the  fiinllH  or 

'''•li ft  an   amateur  or  a  nori-prof<"<- 

■ionnl. 

A  niiidswrndlnK.  amnl^uriih  w«y 

IMtktn:  Our  Muliul  friiMid. 


166 

Thev  said  it  (a  book]  was  amateurish,  that  it  was  in  a 
falsetto  key.  The  Centimj,  XXVI.  285. 

amateurislmess  (am-a-tur'-  or  am-a-ter'ish- 
nes),  ».     The  quality  of  being  amateurish. 

amateurism  (am'a-tiir-izm  or  aui-a-ter'iziu), 
n.  [<  amateur  -t-  -ism.]  The  practice  of  any 
art,  occupation,  game,  etc,  as  a  pastime  or  an 
accomplishment,  and  not  as  a  profession ;  the 
quality  of  being  an  amateur. 

amateurship  (am'a-tur-  or  am-a-ter'ship).  v. 
[<  amateur  +  -shi}).^  The  character  or  position 
of  an  amateur. 

Wearied  with  the  frigid  pleasures  (so  he  called  them)  of 
mere  amateurship.       De  Quince}/,  Murder  as  a  Fiue  Art. 

amatito  (am-.a-te'to),  II.  [Prop.  *amatita,  <  It. 
air.atita,  lead  or  chalk  for  pencils,  prop,  hema- 
tite, <  L.  hcematites,  hematite  :  see  hematitf.] 
A  pigment  of  a  deep-red  color  prepared  from 
hematite,  and  formerly  much  used  in  fresco- 
painting.     A  udsley. 

amative  (am'a-tiv),  a.  [=  It.  amativo,  <  L,  as 
if  *amativus,  i  amarc,  pp.  amattts,  love:  see 
amor.]  Full  of  love;  amorous;  amatory;  dis- 
posed or  disposing  to  love. 

amativeness  (am'a-tiv-nes),  n.  The  propen- 
sity to  love,  or  to  the  gratification  of  the  sex- 
ual passions.  The  term  is  used  by  phrenologists  to 
designate  the  supposed  localization  of  this  propensity  in 
the  hind  part  of  the  lirain.     .See  cut  under /'/(rt>/u»/(i;;w. 

amatorial  (am-a-to'ri-al),  a.     [<  L.  amaiorius 
(see  amatory)  +  -at.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  love 
or  lovers;  amatory:  as,  amatorial  \evses. 
Tales  of  love  and  cliivalry,  amatorial  sonnets. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 
A  small  quantity  of  passion,  dexterously  meted  out, 
may  be  imiple  to  inspire  an  amatorial  poet. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Ame'i.  of  Lit.,  I.  356. 

Amatorial  muscles,  the  oblique  muscles  of  the  eye :  so 
called  from  their  fancied  importance  in  ogling. 
amatorially  (am-a-to'ri-al-i),  adv.     In  an  ama- 
torial manner ;  by  way  of  love. 
amatorian  (um-a-t6'ri-an),  a.     Pertaining  to 
love;  amatorial.     [Rare,] 
Horace's  lusory  or  amatorian  odes. 

Johnson,  Lives ,of  Poets  (Edmund  Smith). 

amatorio  (ii-ma-to'ri-o),  «.;  pi.  amatorii  (-e). 
[It.,  <  L,  amatorius:  see  amatdry.]  A  deco- 
rated vase,  dish,  bowl,  or  plate,  intended  or 
suitable  for  a  love-gift;  specifically,  a  piece. of 
majolica  painted  with  the  portrait  of  a  lady 
and  bearing  a  complimentary  inscription, 

amatorioust  (am-a-to'ri-us),  a.  [<  L,  amato- 
rius :  see  amatory.]     Pertaining  to  love. 

The  vain,  amatorious  poem  of  Sir  Tiiilip  Sidney's  "  \v- 
cadia."  Miltun,  Eikouoklastes. 

amatory  (am'a-to-ri),  a.  [<L.  amatorius,  per- 
taining to  love  or  a  lover,  <  amator,  a  lover:  see 
amateur.  Cf.  amorous.]  Pertaining  to,  ])rii- 
ducing,  or  supposed  to  produce  love;  expres- 
sive of  love;  amatorial:  as,  nwn^ory  poems. 
She  could  repay  each  amatorij  look  yon  lent 
With  interest.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  02. 

=  Syn.   ^^'c  amorous. 

amaurosis  (am-a-ro'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiini- 
l>unii:,<,imai'jn'ir,  dim,  dark, < a- intensive  +  finviA-. 
dark.]  A  partial  or  total  loss  of  sight  inde- 
pendent of  any  discoveralilo  lesion  in  the  eye 
itself:  formerlv  and  still  sotnetimes  called  i/ut- 
ta  sercna ;  by  Milton  "a  drop  serene,"  P.  L., 
iii.  i'). 

amaurotic  (am-&-rot'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
alTci'Icd  with  amaurosis. 

amausite  (ii-ma'sil ),  h.     Hnmo  ns  vetrosilrx. 

amayt  (a-nia'),  r.  t.  and  i.  [<  ME,  amayrii,  < 
(JF.  amaier,  ttmtter,  forms  iiarallol  to  the  usual 
OF,  csmaier,  rsmarr  =  Pr.  c,vmoiV/)'= If .  .imiKjare, 
<  L.  ex,  out  (here  ])rivative),  -i-  ML.  'mitijare,  < 
OlIG,  matjiin,  hiivci  jiower,  =  K.  may,  r.  Cf. 
dismay.]    To  dismay;  confound;  bo  dismayed. 

whereof  he  dradde  mid  waH  amai/ed, 

(/ower,  t'onf.  Aminit. 

(.'ounsayllen  the  of  tliat  thou  art  amayett. 

rimuccr,  Iridlus,  I.  nis. 

amaze  (a-maz'),  r. ;  )iret.  and  jip.  amii:ed,  jijir. 
nma::iii(i.  [<  ME.  ama.sen,  found  only  in  |M'. 
amasvii ;  also  liima.ivil,  in  sanie  Hcnse;  <  a-,  K. 
n-'  (or  hi-,  E.  he-'),  +  ma.sen,  confuse,  perplex, 
>E.  nmcf,  q.  v,]  I.  trans.  1.  Toeonfoinid  with 
fear,  Hudilen  Hiirprise,  or  wonder;  confuse; 
perplex. 

'I'bey  hIuiII  lie  afrnld  ;  .  .  ,  tlicy  ninill  \vc  nmajeit  one  at. 
another.  Ihii.  xlil.  H. 

1.4-t  Illy  blown,  doubly  redoubled. 
Full  like  ammina  tlinnder  on  (hr  eiuiine 
of  lliy  iidverite  pernlciomi  enemy. 

.S'Aii;^.,  RIell.  II.,  I.  S. 
I  ill  the  Kreiit  iilover'n  bilniaii  wblHtle  nmajril 
M>  I  henrt.  and  gbineing  round  the  wnjite  Hlie  fcnr'il 
In  i-verv  ujivi-rtng  bmkc  iiii  iiinbinieade. 

Tennyaon.  Ueralnl 


Amazon 

2.  To  strike  with  astonishment,  sm-prise,  or 
wonder;  astonish;  sm-prise:  as,  you  amaze  me; 
I  was  ama:ed  to  find  htm  there. 

The  beauty  and  magnificence  of  the  buildings  erected 
by  the  sovereigns  of  Hindostan  amazed  even  travellers 
who  had  seen  St.  Peter's.  Maeatilay,  Lord  Clive. 

Then  down  into  the  vale  he  gazed. 
And  held  his  breath,  as  if  amazed 
By  all  its  wondrous  loveliness. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  104. 
=Syn.  Surprise,  Astonish,  etc.  (see  surprise) ;  to  confound, 
staj^er,  stupefy,  duinfound. 
II,t  intrans.    To  wonder;  be  amazed. 
Madam,  amaze  not ;  see  his  majesty 
Keturn'd  with  glory  from  the  Holy  Land. 

Peek,  Edward  I.,  i.  1. 
Amaze  not,  man  of  God,  if  in  the  spirit 
Thou'rt  brought  from  Jewry  unto  Nineveh. 
Greene  aiui  Lod[je,  Look.  Glass  for  L.  and  E.,  p.  IID. 

amaze  (a-maz'),  «.  [(.amaze,  v.]  Astonish- 
ment; confusion;  perplexity  arising  from  fear, 
surprise,  or  wonder;  amazement:  used  chiefly 
in  poetry. 

Now  of  my  own  accord  such  other  trial 

I  mean  to  show  you  of  my  strength,  yet  greater, 

As  with  amaze  shall  strike  all  who  behold. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1645. 
It  fills  me  with  amaze 
To  see  thee,  Porphyro !  Keats,  Eve  of  St,  Agaea 

amazedly  (a-ma'zed-li),  adv.  With  amaze- 
ment ;  in  a  manner  that  indicates  astonishment 
or  bewilderment. 

I  speak  ariuizedly ;  and  it  becomes 

My  marvel,  and  my  message.     Shak.,  W.  T.,  v.  1. 

amazedness  (a-ma'zed-nes),  H,  The  state  of 
being  amazed  or  confounded  with  fear,  sur- 
prise, or  wonder;  astonishment;  great  won- 
der. 

.\ftcr  a  little  a»jazc(i«<?«s,  we  were  all  commanded  out 
of  the  cliamlier.  SItak.,  W.  T,,  v.  2. 

amazefult  (a-maz'ful),  a.  Full  of  amazement ; 
calculated  to  produce  amazement. 

Thy  just  amies 
Shine  with  amaze/ull  terror. 

Mar.ston,  Rophonisba,  i.  1. 

amazement  (a-maz'ment),  II.  1.  The  state  of 
being  amazed;  astonisliment ;  confusion  or  per 
plexity  from  a  sudden  impression  of  suqirise, 
or  sui-priso  mingled  with  alarm. 

They  were  filled  with  wonder  and  amazement  at  that 
which  had  happened  unto  him.  Acts  iii.  10. 

His  words  impression  left 
Of  much  amazement  to  the  infernal  crew. 

Milton,  V.  R,,i.  107. 

2t.  Infatuation;  madness,     Webster. 

amazette  (am-a-zof),  «.     Same  as  amasxette. 

Amazilia  (am-a-zil'i-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  amazili, 
ajiplied  by  the  French  ornithologist  Lesson  in 
l.'^'JG  to  a  species  of  humming-bird,  and  in  183;2, 
in  pi.,  to  a  group  ot  hununing-birds.  Other 
NL.  forms  are  amasilius,  amazilicu,i,  amiizillix, 
amazillia,  aiiiizilis  (a  mere  misprint),  dim.  aiu<t- 
zieiila,  amasiliculu^:  all  being  names  ot  hvnn- 
ming-birds.  The  name  amazili  is  prob.  of  S. 
Ainer.  origin,  perhaps  connected  with  the  name 
of  till'  AniiizDu  river;  cf.  umiizoifi,  12.]  A  genus 
of  liiiniming-birds,  of  the  family  Trorliilida;  em- 
bracing about  -4  species,  of  large  size,  found 
from  the  Mexican  border  of  the  United  States 
to  Peru,  and  mostly  of  green  and  chestnut 
coloration.  The  bill  i.s  about 
JUS  long  lis  tile  heiid,  nearly 
striiiglil.  anil  broad,  witlilaneet- 
slijipcil  tip;  the  nostrils  are  ex. 
posi'd  and  scaled;  the  wings 
are  long  anil  ]iointed  ;  the  tail  is 
even  or  slightly  forked;  ami  tlie 
tarsi  are  feathered.  1'lle  two 
species  found  in  the  I'ntted 
State's  are  A.  /uscoeaudala  and 
.( .  ri-rrinhmtris.  .See  cut  under 
Inninoio'/ltiril. 

amazingly  (a-ma'zing-li), 
adr.  Ill  an  amazing  man- 
ner or  degree;  in  n  man- 
ner to  excite  astonish- 
ment, or  to  perplex,  con- 
I'oiind,  or  terrify ;  woniler- 
tully;  exceedingly. 

If  we  arise  t^i  the  world  of 
spirits,  our  knowledge  of  them 
must  be  amazhi'ihl  Inipcrfeet. 
Walls,  Logic. 

Amazon'  (am'a-zon),  11. 
[.Ml'),  .tmazoiies,  .■imy.'io- 
urs,  )>1.;  <  L.  .■tmii:iiu,  < 
<ir.  !\//oC'Ji',  a  foreign  name 
of  unknown  nieiiTiing;  ac- 
cording to  (iri'ck  writers, 

<  'i-  )iriv.,  without,  -t-  /'oC"!'.  a  breast;  a  iioim- 
lar  I'lyniology,  uccoinpnnicd  by,  and  iloubtlegs 


Stiitiie  111  ttie  Vntlcnn,  p«r. 
linp*  n  fopy  "f  Oip  lyi'C  of 
PliT.llnn. 


Amazon 

originating,  the  statement  that  the  right  breast 
was  removed  in  order  that  it  miglit  not  interfere 
with  the  use  of  the  l)ow  and  javelin.]  1.  In 
Gr.  legend,  one  of  a  race  of  women  who  dwelt 
on  the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea  and  in  the  Cau- 
casus mountains.  They  formed  a  state  from  which 
men  were  exchideil,  devoted  themselves  to  war  and  hunt- 
ing, and  were  often  in  contlict  witli  tlie  Greeks  in  tlie 
heroic  age.  The  Amazons  and  tlicir  contests  were  a  fa- 
vorite theme  in  Grecian  art  and  story. 
2.  [cap.  or  /.  c]  A  warlike  or  masculine  wo- 
man ;  hence,  a  quarrelsome  woman ;  a  virago. 

Him  [Abb^  Lcfevre],  for  want  of  a  better,  they  snspend 
there :  in  the  pale  morning  light :  over  the  top  of  all 
Paris,  which  swims  in  one's  failing  eyes  :  —  a  horrible  end  ! 
Nay,  the  rope  broke,  as  French  ropes  often  did ;  or  el.se 
an  amaztm  cut  it.  Carlyte,  French  Kev.,  I.  vii.  5. 

amazon^  (am'a-zon),  «.  [<  NL.  Amazona,  a 
genus  of  birds :  so  called  from  the  great  river 
Amazon,  Pg.  Bio  das  Amazonas,  Sp.  Rio  de  las 
Amazonas,  F.  le  fleiive  des  Amazones,  G.  der 
Amazonenfluss,  etc.,  lit.  the  river  of  the  Ama- 
zons, in  allusion  to  the  supposed  female  war- 
riors said  to  have  been  seen  on  its  banks  by  the 
Spaniards.]  1.  A  general  book-name  of  any 
South  American  parrot  of  the  genus  Chrijsotis, 
of  which  there  are  numerous  species.  P.  L. 
Sclater. — 2.  A  name  of  sundry  humming-birds : 
as,  the  royal  amazon,  Bellatrix  regina. 

Amazon-ant  (am'a-zon-ant),  n.  The  Formica 
rufeseens,  a  species  of  ant  which  robs  the  nests 
of  other  species,  carrying  off  the  neuters  when 
in  the  larva  or  pupa  stage  to  its  own  nests, 
where  they  are  brought  up  along  with  its  own 
larvfB  by  neuters  stolen  before. 

Amazonian^  (am-a-z6'ni-au),  a.     [<  L.  Amazo- 
nius,  <  Gr.  'AfiaZdveio^,  'AftaCdvioc,  <  'AfiaC,uv,  Ama- 
zon.]    1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  an  Ama- 
zon :  in  the  following  extract,  beardless. 
Our  then  dictator, 
Whom  with  all  praise  I  point  at,  saw  him  fight. 
When  with  his  Amazonian  chin  he  drove 
The  bristled  lips  before  him.  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. 

2.  Bold;  of  masculine  manners;  warlike;  quar- 
relsome :  applied  to  women. 

How  ill-beseeming  is  it  in  thy  sex 
To  triumph,  like  an  Amazonian  trull, 
l^pon  their  woes  whom  fortune  captivates  ! 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

Amazonian^  (am-a-zo'ni-an),  a.     [=  Pg.   Sp. 

Amazoniano  ov  Amazonio ;'<.  Amazon,  the  river; 

in  form  like  Amazonian'^.2     Belonging  to  the 

river  Amazon,  in   South  America,  or  to  the 

country  lying  on  that  river Amazonian  stone, 

or  Amazon  stone,  a  beautiful  green  feldspar  found  in 
rolled  masses  near  the  Amazon  river;  also  found  in  .Si- 
beria and  Colorado.     It  belongs  to  the  species  niicroclin 
(which  see). 
amb-.     See  ambi-. 

ambage  (am'baj),  n._;  pi.  ambages  (am'ba-jez, 
or,  as  Latin,  am-ba'jez).  [<  ME.  ambages,  <  OF. 
ambages,  ambagis,  <  L.  ambages  (usually  plur.), 
a  going  around,  circumlocution,  ambiguity,  < 
ambi-,  around  (see  ambi-),  +  agere,  drive,  move : 
see  agent.  Cf.  ambiguous.  In  mod.  use  the 
pi.  is  often  treated  as  mere  L.]  A  winding  or 
roundabout  way ;  hence  —  (a)  Circumlocution; 
equivocation;  obscurity  or  ambiguity  of  speech. 
With  ambai/eti, 
That  is  to  seyn,  with  dowble  wordes  slye. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  89G. 
They  gave  those  complex  ideas  names,  that  they  might 
the  more  easily  record  and  discourse  of  things  they  were 
daily  conversant  in,  without  long  ambages  and  circumlo- 
cution. Locke. 
Lay  by  these  ambages;  what  seeks  the  Moor? 

Lust's  Dominion,  iii.  4. 

(ft)  Circuitous  or  devious  ways ;  secret  acts. 

The  other  cost  me  so  many  strains,  and  traps,  and  am- 
bages to  introduce.  Sun'/t,  Tale  of  a  Tub. 

ambaginous  (am-baj'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  ambago 
(-agin-),  with  same  sense  and  origin  as  ambages : 
see  ambage.']     Same  as  ambagious. 

ambagious  (am-ba'jus),  a.  [<  L.  ambagiosus,  < 
ambages :  see  ambage  and  -ous. ]  1 .  Circumlocu- 
tory; tedious. — 2.  Winding;  devious.    [Rare.] 

ambagitory  (am-baj'i-to-ri),  a.  [Irreg.  <  am- 
bage +  -it-ory.]  Circumlocutory;  roundabout; 
ambagious.     [Rare.] 

Partaking  of  what  scholars  call  the  periphrastic  and  atn- 
bagitory.  Scott,  Waverley,  xxiv. 

amban  (am'ban),  H.  [Manchu;  lit.,  governor.] 
The  title  of  the  representatives  of  China  in  Mon- 
golia and  Turkistan. 

In  the  time  of  the  Chinese,  before  Yakub  Beg's  sway, 
Yangi  .Shahr  held  a  garrison  of  six  thousand  men,  and  was 
the  residence  of  the  amban  or  governor. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  8. 

ambaree,  «.    See  ambari. 

ambari  (am'ba-ri),  n.     [Also  written  nmbarie, 

ambaree,  repr.  Hind,  amhdri,  also  amdri  =  Pers. 

amdri,  <  Ar.  'amdri;  at.  'amdra,  an  edifice,  < 


167 

'nmara,  build,  cultivate.]     In  India,  a  covered 

liowdah.     i'uli:  and  Burnell. 
ambarvalia  (am-biir-va'li-a),  n.  pi.     [L.,  neut. 
pi.  of  (iinbamalis,  that  goes  aroimd  the  fields, 

<  ambi-,  around,  +  arvum,  a  cultivated  field.] 
In  Jtom.  antuj.,  a  festival  of  which  the  object 
was  to  invoke  the  favor  of  the  gods  toward  the 
fertility  of  the  fields.  It  was  celebrateil  in  May  by 
the  fanners  imlividually,  and  consisted  in  tiie  sacrifice  of 
a  pig,  a  sheep,  and  a  bull,  which  were  first  led  around  the 
growing  crops,  ami  in  ccremoniid  daiirinu  :ttid  singing.  It 
was  distinct  from  the  rites  sob  innized  at  the  sami;  time 
by  the  priests  called  the  Arval  lirothers. 

ambary  (am'ba-ri),  w.  [Prob.  a  native  name.] 
An  East  Indian  plant,  Hibiscus  cannabinus. 
See  Hibiscus. 

ambash  (am'bash),  n.  [Appar.  native  name.] 
The  pith-tree  of  the  Nile,  Herminiera  Elapliro- 
xylon,  a  leguminous  tree  with  very  light  wood. 

ambassadet  (am-ba-sad'),  n.    [Also  cmbassade; 

<  F.ambassade:  see  ambassador  and  embassy.] 
An  embassy. 

Wlien  you  disgrac'd  me  in  my  ainbansade, 
Then  I  degraded  you  from  being  king. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  X 

ambassador,  embassador  (am-,  em-bas'a-dor), 
n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ambassadour,  embassa- 
dour,  etc.,  <  ME.  ambassadour,  ambassatour, 
ambassator,  ambaxadour,  eta.,  embassadour, 
etc.,  the  forms  being  very  numerous,  varying 
initially  am-,  cm.-,  im-,  en-,  in-,  and  finally -artor, 
-adour,  -ator,  -atour,  -Hour,  -etore,  etc. ;  <  OF. 
ambassadeur,  also  ambaxadetir,  and  embassadeur 
(mod.  F.  ambassadeur),  <  OSp.  ambaxador,  mod. 
Sp.  e?«fta/ador  =  Pg.  embaixador  =  It.  ambascia- 
tore,  -dore  =  Pr.  ambassador  =  OF.  ambasseur, 
ambaseor,  ambaxctir,  <  ML.  *ambactiator,  am- 
haxiaUir,  nmbasciator,  ambassiator,  ambasiator, 
ambaciator,  anibas.'iator,  ambasator,  ambasitor, 
etc.,  an  ambassador,  <  *ambactiare,  ambasciare, 
etc.,  go  on  a  mission:  see  further  under  em- 
bassy.] 1.  A  diplomatic  agent  of  the  highest 
rank,  employed  to  represent  officially  one  prince 
or  state  at  the  court  or  to  the  government  of 
another.  Diplomatic  agents  are  divided  into  three  gen- 
eral classes :  (1)  ambassadors,  legates,  and  nuncios  ;  (2)  en- 
voys and  ministers  plenipotentiarg  (including  ministers 
resident);  (3)  charges  d'affaires.  Ambassadors  represent 
the  person  of  their  sovereigns,  as  well  as  the  state  from 
which  they  come,  and  are  entitled  to  ask  an  audience  at 
any  time  with  the  chief  of  the  state  to  which  they  are  ac- 
credited ;  to  rank  next  to  the  blood  royal;  to  exemption 
from  local  jurisdiction  for  themselves  and  their  house- 
holds ;  to  exemption  from  imposts  and  duties,  immunity 
of  person,  free  exercise  of  religious  worship,  etc.  The 
United  .States  sent  and  received  no  ambassadors  till 
1893,  but  only  ministers  of  the  second  rank,  who  were 
often  popnlai'ly  called  ambassadors.  The  nuncios  of 
the  pope  who  are  not  cardinals,  and  the  legati  a  latere 
and  de  latere,  cardinals  in  rank,  represent  the  papal  see 
in  its  ecclesiastical  capacity  mainly,  and  bear  the  rank  of 
ambassadors.  Envoys,  ministers,  and  ministers  plenipo- 
tentiary are  held  to  represent,  not  the  person  of  the  sov- 
ereign, but  the  state  from  which  they  are  sent,  and  they 
are  accredited  to  the  sovereign  of  the  state  to  which  they 
are  sent.  This  is  the  ordinary  class  of  diplomatic  repre- 
sentatives between  less  important  states,  or  between 
greater  and  smaller  states.  Ministers  resident  accredited 
to  the  sovereign  enjoy  a  rank  similar  to  that  of  envoys. 
Charges  d'affaires  are  resident  agents  of  their  govern- 
ments, and  are  provided  with  credentials  to  the  minister 
of  foreign  affairs,  with  which  officer  at  the  present  day, 
however,  both  ambassadors  and  ministers  have  to  deal  al- 
most exclusively  in  their  official  relations.  See  minister. 
Hence — 2.  In  general,  any  diplomatic  agent 
of  high  rank ;  an  agent  or  a  representative  of 
another  on  any  mission. —  3.  A  thing  sent  as 
expressive  of  the  sentiments  of  the  sender. 
We  have  receiv'd  your  letters,  full  of  love ; 
Your  favours,  the  embassadors  of  love. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  -2. 
[The  spelling  embassador  is  less  common,  though  emlmsstj, 
andnotamftassi/,  is  now  always  written.]— Ambassadors' 
Act,  an  English  statute  of  1708  (7  Anne,  c.  12,  ss.  3-(>),  sug- 
gested by  an  attempted  arrest  of  the  Russian  ambassador. 
It  declares  that  any  process  against  foreign  ambassadors 
or  ministers,  or  their  goods  and  chattels,  shall  be  alto- 
gether void.  The  act  is,  however,  only  declaratory  of  a 
principle  that  has  always  existeil  in  intern.ational  law. 

ambassadorial  (am-bas-a-do'ri-al),  a.  [<  am- 
bassador ;=¥.  ambassadorial.]  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  an  ambassador.  Also  written  embassa- 
dorial. 

The  foreign  affairs  were  conducted  by  a  separate  de- 
partment, called  the  ambassadorial  office.         Brougham. 

ambassadorship  (am-bas'a-dor-ship),  n.     [< 
ambassador  +  -ship.]    The  office  of  ambassador. 
His  occupatiuii  of  tlie  ambassadorship  has  widened  and 
deepened  and  lidghteiied  its  meaning, 

Boston  Daily  Advertiser,  April  9,  1SS5. 

ambassadress  (am-bas'a-dres),  n.  [<  ambassa- 
dor -1-  -cs'.b' .'  with  obsolete  parallel  forms  ambas- 
sadricc,  ambas-^airicc,  after  P.  ambassadrice,  and 
ambassadrix,  amhassatrix,  after  ML.  ambassia- 
trix,  NL.  ambassatrix,  fem.  of  ambassiator.]  1. 
The  ■wife  of  an  ambassador. — 2.  A  female  am- 
bassador. 


amber 

Well,  my  ambassadress,  what  must  we  treat  of? 
Come  you  to  menace  War,  and  proud  Defiance? 

Howe,  Fair  Penitent,  1. 
Also  wi'itten  embassadress. 

ambassadryt,  «.  [Also  embassadry,  ME.  atn- 
bassadrie,  i'tc:  see  ambassador  and -ry.]  Same 
as  embassy. 

ambassaget  (am'ba-saj),  n.  [Also  embassage; 
a,  modiljcation  of  ambassade,  emba.<isade,  with 
suffix  -age  for  -adc.]     Same  as  embassy. 

ambassiatet,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME.  also 
ambiissate,  ambasset,  cmba.iset,  eta.,  <  ML.  am- 
bassiata,  ambasiata,  ambasciata,  ambassata,  etc., 
whence  the  doublet  ambassade,  q.  v.]  1.  The 
business  of  an  am))assador. — 2.  An  embassy. 
—  3.  An  araVjassador.     N.  E.  D. 

Ambassidae  (am-bas'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<^m- 
bassis  +  -idm.]  A  family  of  percoid  fishes :  sy- 
nonymous ■with  Bogodidai. 

Ambassis  (am-bas'is),  n.  [NL.,  erroneously 
for  Ambasis,  <  Gr.  afijiaat^,  poet,  contr.  form  of 
avdpaaic,  ascent :  see  anabasis.]  A  genus  of 
percoid  fishes,  giving  name  to  the  family  Am- 
bassidm. 

ambassyt,  ri.     An  old  fonn  of  embassy. 

ambe  (am'be),  n.  [<  Ionic  Gr.  a/j/??/  =  Gr.  afijitjv, 
ridge,  a  slight  elevation,  aldn  to  b/i^aUg,  navel, 
boss:  see  omphalic.]  1.  In  ayiat.,  a  superficial 
eminence  on  a  bone. —  2.  In  surg.,  an  old  and 
now  obsolete  mechanical  contrivance  for  re- 
ducing dislocations  of  the  shoulder,  said  to  have 
been  invented  by  Hijjpocrates. 
Also  ■written  ambi. 

amber  If  (am'ber),  «.  [Not  used  in  ME.  except 
in  ML.  iormambra;  <  AS.  amber,  ambicr,  ambur, 
ombar,  ombor,  orig.  ■with  a  long  vowel,  amber, 
(1)  a  vessel  (with  one  handle  ?),  a  pail,  bucket, 
pitcher,  urn;  (2)  a  liquid  measure;  (3)  a  dry 
measure  of  four  busliels  (=  OS.  embar,  ember, 
m»inr=  OD.  eemer,  D.  emmer  =  OHG.  einbar, 
einpar,  eimbar,  cimpar,  MHG.  einber,  eimber,  G. 
eimer,  a  pail,  a  bucket  —  orig.  a  vessel  with  one 
handle  ?) ;  as  if  <  ait  (=  OS.  en  —  D.  een  =  G.  ein, 
<  OHG.  ein),  one,  +  -ber,  <  beran,  E.  bear'^ ;  cf . 
OHG.  zwibar,  zubar,  MHG.  zuber,  zober,  G.  zu- 
ber,  a  tub  (with  two  handles),  <  OHG.  zwi-  (= AS. 
twi-),  two,  +  -bar  =  AS.  -ber.  But  as  the  AS. 
and  other  forms  are  glossed  by  the  various  Latin 
names  amphora,  lagena,  urceus,  cadus,  batus, 
situla,  hydria,  etc.,  the  sense  'one-handled'  does 
not  seem  to  be  original,  and  the  spelUng  may 
have  been  corrupted  to  suit  the  popular  etymol- 
ogy, the  real  source  being  then  L.  amphora,  a 
too-handled  vessel:  see  amphora.  The  OHG. 
ein-bar,  so  developed  as  'one-handled,'  would 
naturally  be  followed  by  zwi-bar,  'two-han- 
dled.'] 1.  A  vessel  with  one  handle ;  a  pail;  a 
bucket;  a  pitcher. —  2.  An  old  English  measure 
of  4  bushels. 

amber^  (am'ber),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  amber,  aum- 
bcr,  amhyr,  aumbyr,  awmyr,  ambre,  aumbre,  < 
OF.  ambre,  F.  ambre  =  Pr.  ambra  =  Sp.  Pg. 
ambar,  Pg.  also  ambre,  =  It.  ambra  =  D.  amber 
=  Sw.  Dan.  ambra  =  G.  amber,  ambra  =  Euss. 
ambra  =  ML.  ambra,  also  ambre,  ambrum,  am- 
ber, ambar,  <  Ar.  'anbar,  ambergris — the  orig. 
sense,  the  name  being  extended  in  Europe  to 
the  partly  similar  resin  amber,  2.]  I.  n.  If. 
Ambergris  (which  see). 
You  that  smell  of  amber  at  my  charge.      Beau,  and  Fl. 

2.  A  mineralized  pale-yellow,  sometimes  red- 
dish or  bro^wnish,  resin  of  extinct  pine-trees, 
occurring  in  beds  of  lignite  and  in  allu\'ial  soUs, 
but  found  in  greatest  abundance  on  the  shores 
of  the  Baltic,  between  Konigsberg  and  Memel, 
where  it  is  thrown  up  by  the  sea.  it  is  a  hard, 
translucent,  brittle  substiince,  having  a  specific  gravity  of 
1.07.  It  is  without  taste  or  smell,  except  when  heated :  it 
then  emits  a  fragrant  odor.  Its  most  remarkable  quality 
is  its  capability  of  becoming  negatively  electric  by  fric- 
tion; indeed,  the  word  electricity  is  derived  from  tlie 
Greek  for  amber,  ^Acxxpor.  It  sometimes  contains  remains 
of  extinct  species  of  insects.  It  yields  Ity  distillation  an 
enipyreuniatic  oil  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  hydrocarbons 
and  succinic  acid.  It  is  now  used  chiefly  for  the  mouth- 
pieces of  pipes  and  for  beads,  and  in  the  arts  for  amber 
varnish.  In  mineralogy  it  is  called  succinite.  .Axtificial 
amber  is  for  the  most  part  colophony. 

3.  In  the  English  versions  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment (Ezek.  i.  4,  27  ;  viii.  2)  used  to  translate 
the  Hebrew  word  chashtnal,  a  shining  metal, 
rendered  in  the  Septuagint  elehtron,  and  in  the 
Vulgate  electrum.  See  eleetrum. —  4.  Liquid- 
ambar.— Add  of  amber.  Same  as  succinic  acid.— 
Black  amber,  jet.  — Fat  amber,  a  valuable  opaque  am- 
ber, in  color  resembling  a  lemon. —  Oil  of  amber,  a  vola- 
tile oil  distilled  from  amber.  AVheii  pure  it  is  a  colorless 
limpid  liquid  having  a  strong  acid  odor  and  burning 
taste.  It  is  somewhat  used  in  medicine  as  a  stimulant 
and  antispasmodic. —  Sweet  amber,  a  popular  name  of  a 
Em'opean  species  of  St.  John's  wort,  Hypericum  AndrostB- 
mum. — Wllite  amber,  spennaceti. 


amber 
U.  a.  1.  Consisting  of  or  resembling  amber; 
of  the  color  of  amber. 

■ftliat  time  the  amber  morn 
Forth  Etishes  from  beneath  a  low -hung  cloud. 

Temiysun,  Ode  to  Memory. 

2t.  Having  the  odor  of  ambergris. 

.\n  amber  scent  of  odorous  perhmie 
Her  harbinger.  Jlilton,  S.  A.,  1.  720. 

Amber  bronze,  a  decorative  finish  for  iron  surfaces.— 
Amber  cement.  See  crmeni.—AxabeT  varnish,  amber 
heated  <vith  linseed-  or  tmt-oil.  and  tliinned,  when  cool. 
with  turpentine.  It  is  verj-  insoluble,  hard,  tough,  and  of 
a  permanent  color,  which  is  generally  too  yellow  for  work 
in  delicate  tints.  It  dries  very  slowly,  and  forms  an  ex- 
cellent addition  to  copal  varnishes,  making  them  much 
hanler  and  more  durable. 
amber^  (am'ber),  r.  t.  It-  To  scent  or  flavor 
■with  amber  or  ambergris. 

Be  sure 
The  wines  be  lusty,  high,  and  full  o£  spirit. 
And  amber'd  alL 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Citstom  of  Coimtry,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  make  amber-colored.  X.  E.  D. —  3.  To 
inclose  in  amber.  X.  E.  D. 
amber-fish  (am'ber-fish),  n.  [<  amber^  +  /.s/i.] 
A  fish  of  the  family  Carangidte  and  genus  Seri- 
ota.  There  are  several  species.  They  have  a  fusiform 
contour,  but  with  the  snout  more  or  less  decurved.    The 


Ambcr.fish  iSertcIa  dorsah's). 
tFrom  Report  of  i;.  S.  Fish  Coromission,  j8&4.) 

color  is  generally  blackish,  with  dark  or  blackish  bands 
encroaching  npon  the  doreal  and  anal  fins.  The  spinous 
dor«al  fin  is  well  developed.  .Some  of  the  species  are  es- 
teemed as  food.  They  vary  from  about  a  foot  to  4  or  5 
feet  in  length.  Species  are  found  in  almost  all  tropical 
and  warm  waters,  and  at  least  six  occur  along  the  coasts 
of  the  I'nitcd  states. 
ambergris  (am'ber-gres),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
amber-greece,  -griese,  -grise,  -grease,  etc.,  and 
transposed  grisamber,  q.  v. ;  late  ME.  imber- 
gres:  <  F.  a'mbrc  gris,  that  is,  gray  amber  {am- 
ber"^. 1),  thus  distinguished  from  ambre  jaiiiie, 
yellow  amber  (amber^,  2) :  ambrc,  like  E.  amber-, 
brig,  used  »vith  the  sense  of  'ambergris';  gris, 
gray,  <  OHG.  gris,  G.  greis,  gray.]  A  morbid 
secretion  of  the  liver  or  intestines  of  the  sper- 
maceti whale,  the  Caiodon  {Physetcr)  macroceph- 
alus;  a  solid,  opaque,  ash-colored,  inflammable 
substance,  lighter  than  water,  of  a  consistence 
like  that  of  wax,  and  having  when  heated  a 
fragrant  odor.  Itsoftensinthc  heat  of  the  hand,  melts 
below  212'  F.  into  a  kind  of  yellow  resin,  and  is  highly  solu- 
ble in  alcohol.  It  is  usually  found  floating  on  the  surface 
of  the  ocean,  or  cast  u|K)u  the  shore  in  regions  frequented 
by  whales,  as  on  the  coasts  of  the  Bahama  islands,  some- 
times In  masses  of  from  (10  to  22.S  pounds  in  weight.  In 
this  substance  are  fouuil  the  beaks  of  the  cnttleflsh,  on 
which  Ihi-  whale  Is  known  to  feed.  It  is  highly  valued  a.s 
a  material  for  i>erfutjiery,  and  was  formerly  used  in  medi- 
cine as  an  aphrodisiac  and  for  spicing  wines.  Sometimes 
written  ain'terfiruie  or  amb^rijreoM. 

Of  omatnentB  .  .  .  they  [the  women  of  El-iledinahj 
have  a  vast  variety,  .  .  .  and  they  delight  in  strong  per- 
fumes, —  musk,  civet,  aiiOterrirU,  attar  of  rose,  oil  of  ja». 
mine,  aloe-wocHl,  and  extract  of  cinnamon. 

71.  F.  Iltirlim,  El-Medlnah,  p.  282. 

Amtter^riM  is  A  sort  of  l>ezoar,  fomid  in  the  alimentary 

canal  of  the  cachalot,  and  seemingly  derived  from  the  fatty 

matter  rontaln<;d  In  the  Cephaloporla  upon  which  the  Ce- 

1.1. -uri  fi-.d».  Iluxb;i,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  'M\. 

amber-seed  (am'btr-sed),  «.     The  seed  of  Ui- 
bincus  AltelmoKchus,  a  plant  cultivated  in  most 
warm  countries.     Tliese  seeds  have  a  musky  odor,  and 
>p''rf  utile  pomatum.    Tlie  Arabs  mix  them 

AUo  calle<l  rnwik-nred  and  iimbrette. 

iiri'l)i'r-tr6),  n.     The  English  name 

I'l  11)11,  a  genus  of  African  Bhriibs 

■  n    liiives,    whicli   when    liruised 

■t  (..li)r. 

unbH-acet  (amz'as),  n.     [<  ME. 

"«,  '  I  iK.  ambcsns,  amb)::as  (!•'. 

inbes  ((.  L.  ambn,  both)  +  as,  ace: 

I  nrr.'\    The  double  ncc,  the  lowcHt 

■  .  ill  luck,  misfortune.    AIho 


ar**  oft'-n  u^'-'i  u 
with  Ib'lr  ■'.«■• 

amber-tree ' ; 
f,..    '■ 

ei' 

am' 

rt 


I'll 
"I" 


I  bad  rallwr  ho  In  lb: 


■  I  nlleU  with  nmV*i». 
..ii.<-<T,  .Man  of  Ijiw  »  Tale,  1.  2(i. 
i  liolce  than  lliniw  nmtt-af  Icr 
.SA/i*,.  Air«  Well,  II  X 
' .  Is  wllllnu.  ]ual  as  siKikM"  t.  i>, 
I  verse  iifi^Mi  ft  lucky  tlirnu  of 
-ix'slc'-a  of  hardy  nx'taphoror 


ambl   .'■.).<. 
ambi-.    I     I,. 

limb',  iini-,  fin 


Ng  my  l;'"iks,  Isl  ■••  r.,  p.  IM. 
'Mii-  ns  auihp, 
'"•'"  .  iipiK'nrinK  alito  iib  amlK-, 
1"  ul,.  uIho  ftM  a  prcji.,  urn,  an. 


168 

around,  =  Gr.  ofupi  (see  amplii-)  =  Skt.  abhi 
(for  'ambhi),  in  comp.  abhitas,  on  both  sides,  = 
AS.  ymbe,  ymb,  embe,  emb,  ME.  unibe,  iim-,  Sc. 
«»(-,  =  OS.  H»i6i=  OFries.  umbe=OI>.  D.  om  = 
OHG.  unipi,  iimbi,  MHG.  wmfce,  G.  urn  =  Icel. 
unib.  mil,  around,  on  both  sides  (see  urn-);  akin 
to  L.  ambo  =  Gr.  a/i<pu,  both.]  A  prefi-x  of 
Latin  origin,  meaning  around,  round  about, 
on  both  sides:  equivalent  to  anq>hi-,  of  Greek 
origin. 

ambidentate  (am-bi-den'tat),  a.  [<  LL.  ambi- 
tkns  {-(lent-),  having  (as  noun,  a  sheep  having) 
teeth  in  both  jaws  (<  L.  ambi-,  on  both  sides, 
-1-  dens  (dent-)  =  E.  tooth :  see  dental),  +  -atc.2 
Having  teeth  in  both  jaws:  appUed  by  Dew- 
hurst  to  certain  Cetacea,  as  porpoises  and  dol- 
phins.    [Rare.] 

ambidexter  (am-bi-deks'ter),  fl.  and  «.  [ML., 
<  L.  ambi-,  around,  on  both  sides,  +  dexter,  the 
right  hand :  see  dexter.  Cf .  equiv.  Gr.  a/npiSc^wc, 
of  the  same  ultimate  origin.]  I.  a.  1.  Able 
to  use  both  hands  with  equal  ease ;  ambidex- 
trous.—  2.  Double-dealing;  deceitfid;  tricky. 
=  Syn.  1.  Ambuiextcr,  Amphickiral.     See  aiiipltichiral. 

II.  w.  1.  A  person  who  uses  both  hands  \vith 
equal  facility.  Sir  T.  Browne. — 2.  A  double- 
dealer  ;  one  equally  ready  to  act  on  either  side 
in  a  dispute.  Burton. — 3.  In  law,  a  juror  who 
takes  money  from  both  parties  for  gi^'ing  his 
verdict. 

ambidexterity  (am"bi-deks-ter'i-ti),  n.  [<  ani- 
hi,l.  xUr  +  -itij,  after  dextcrity.~\  "1 .  The  faculty 
vi  using  both  hands  ^\■ith  equal  facility. 

Ignorant  1  was  of  the  human  frame,  and  of  its  latent 
powers,  as  regarded  speed,  force,  and  ambidexterity. 

Dc  Quincfit, 

2.  Double-dealing ;  duplicity. 

That  intricate  net  of  general  misery,  spun  out  of  his 
own  crafty  ambidexterity. 

J.  D'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  412. 

3.  In  law,  the  taking  of  money  by  a  juror  from 
both  parties  for  a  verdict. 

ambidextral  (am-bi-deks'tral),  a.  [<  ambidex- 
ter +  -«/.]  Placed  on  either  side  of  a  given 
thing  indifferently :  as,  "the  ambidextral  ndjec- 
tive,"  J'arlc.     [Rare.] 

ambidextrous  (am-bi-deks'trus),  a.  [<  ambi- 
dexter + -oiis,  attev  dexterous.]  1.  Ha\'iug  the 
faculty  of  using  both  hands  with  equal  ease 
and  dexterity ;  hence,  skilful;  facile. 

Nature  is  prolific  and  ambidextrous. 

O.  II'.  Hvlmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  420. 

2.  Practising  or  siding  with  both  parties; 
double-dealing ;  deceitful. 

Shuflling  and  ambidextrous  dealings. 

Sir  It.  L' Extra ii:i,: 
Edward  Gosynhyll  .  .  .  mending  his  ambidextrous  pen 
for  "The  Praise  of  all  Women." 

/.  D  Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  SO.'i. 

ambidextrously  (am-lii-deks'tms-li).  adv.  1. 
Willi  liuth  huiiils;  with  tbo  dexterity  of  one 
who  can  use  both  hands  o<iually  well. —  2.  In 
a  (loiiblo-dealing  way;  cunningly.  • 

ambidextrousness  (am-bi-deks'tms-nes),  n. 
.Same  as  ambidexterity,  1,  2. 

ambiens  (am'bi-euz),  fl.  used  as  )i. ;  pi.  ambi- 
entcs  (am-bi-en'tcz).  [L.,  ppr.  ot  amliire :  see 
ambieut.l  In  ornitlt..  a  muscle  of  the  leg  of  cer- 
tain birds:  so  called  from  the  way  in  which  it 
winds  about  the  limb  in  passing  from  the  hip 
to  tho  foot.  It  is  the  nmacle  fl^rnu■rly  known  as  the 
grarilis  muscle  of  birds  ;  but  its  identity  wiUi  the  mam- 
malian gracilis  is  <|ue»tionablc.  Most  birds,  as  the  entire 
order  Vansarrs.  have  no  ambiens.  The  presence  or  ab. 
sence  of  the  muscle  has  lately  been  made  a  basis  of  the 
division  of  birds  into  two  primary  series  in  (larrod's  I'bi.s 
slllculion,  blrils  having  it  being  termed  llnmatii'iiiiialir, 
tliose  lacking  it  Aiwmatot/omate.     Si-e  these  words. 

The  nm Wcnjj  arises  from  tho  pelvis  abinit  (be  aceliibn- 
llmi,  and  imsseB  along  the  Inner  siile  of  the  thigh  ;  lis  ten 
don  runs  over  the  convexity  ot  the  knee  to  the  outer  slile, 
and  ends  by  connecting  with  Ihc  flexor  dlgllorum  iierforn- 
tus.  .  .  .  whenthlsarrangementobtalns,  theresultlsthnt 
when  a  liinl  goes  to  roost,  and  squats  on  its  piTcb.  Ibi' 
toes  automalleally  clasp  the  jierch  by  the  strain  upon  Ibi' 
amln'eiis  that  ensues  as  soon  iw  the  leg  Is  bent  npon  tlie 
thigh,  and  Ihe  tarsus  upoi]  the  leg.  the  weight  ot  the  bird 
tliiis  holding  It  fiutt  upon  its  iierch. 

Cues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Illnls,  |i.  111::. 

ambient (ain'bi-enl),  fl.  and  ».  [<  Ia  amlii<v(l-)s, 
]ipr.  ot  ambire,  go  arouiidj  <  ami)-,  around  (hoc 
ambi-),  +  ire,  go,  =  Or.  livat,  go,  =  Kkt.  ainl 
Zcnd-v/i,  ^o:  see  f/o.]  I.  a.  1.  Hurrtiundin^;; 
lUcompaHHiiig  on  all  Hidi»;  invcHling:  applie.l 
fo  iiiirifonn  lluidH  or  dilTuKiblo  HubHtunccH. 
Wlio»e  perliinien  llirough  Ihe  ambient  air  dl(Iu«e 
Such  mitlve  ar.imatl.s.  fVimi,  Ti.li.  N. 

Ilint  inndb-s  ami  llgliU  burn  dim  and  blue  at  Ihe  appn 
rlilori  ,,f  spirits  may  bo  true.  If  the  nmhienl  air  be  full  of 
suliiburous  splrlls.  .ViV  T.  Ilruirne,  Vlilg.  Err. 

2.   Moving  round;  elnlinif  about.     N.  E.  1). 


Ainbigenal  Hyperlxjla. 

rt,    a,   liyperbola :     *.    A 

asymptotes. 


ambilevous 

II.  ».  1.  That  which  encompasses  on  all  .sides, 
as  a  sphere  or  the  atmosphere.     [Rare.] 

.\ir  being  a  perpetual  ambient. 

Wotton,  Elem.  Archit.,  p.  7. 

2t.  A  canvasser,  a  suitor,  or  an  aspirant.     -V. 

E.  1). 

ambientes,  «.    Plural  of  ambiens. 
ambifarious  (am-bi-fa'ri-us),  fl.     [<  LL.  ambi- 

farius,   lia\'ing  two   sides  or  meanings,  <  L. 

ambi-,  on  both  sides,  +  -fa-rius,  <  fari,  speak. 

Cf.  bifarious,  multifarious.}     Double,   or  that 

may  be  taken  both  ways.     Blottnt.     [Rare.] 
ambigen,  ambigene  (,am'hi-jen.  -jen).  a.    [< 

NL.  ambigiiius,  of  two  kinds,  <  L.  ambi-,  both, 

+  -genus,  -born :  see  -gen,  -genous.']     Same  as 

ambigenal. 
ambigenal  (am-bij'e-nal),  fl.     [As  ambigen  + 

-fl?.]     Of  two  kinds :  tised  only  in  the  Newtonian 

phrase  ambigenal  hyperbola,  a  hj-perbola  of  the 

third  order,  having  one  of  its 

infinite  legs  falling  within 

an    angle    formed    by    the 

asymptotes,  and  the  other 

without. 
ambigenous  (am-bij'e-nus), 

fl.  [<  NL.  ambigenus :  see 
ambigen  and  -ous.]  Of  two 
kinds:  in  bot.,  applied  to  a 
calyx  with  several  series  of 
sepals,  of  which  the  inner 
are  more  or  less  petaloid. 
ambigut  (am'bi-gu),  n.     [F., 

<  iimbigu,  ambiguous,  <  L. 
ambiguus :  see  ambiguous.^ 
An  entertainment  or  feast 
consisting,  not  of  regular 
com-ses,  but  of  a  medley  of  dishes  set  on  the 
table  together. 

ambiguity  (am-bi-gii'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  ambiguities 
(-tiz).  [<  ME.  ambiguite  (rare),  <  L.  ambigui- 
ta{t-)s,  <  ambiguus:  see  ambiguous.}  1.  The 
state  of  being  ambiguous ;  doubtfulness  or  tm- 
certainty,  particularly  of  signification. 
The  words  are  of  single  meaning  without  any  ambinuitu. 

^oul),. 
If  we  would  keep  our  conclusions  free  fl'om  ainbifjuity, 
we  must  reserve  the  tel-ni  we  employ  to  signify  absolute 
rectitude  solely  for  this  purpose. 

//.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  r)10. 

2.  An  equivocal  or  ambiguous  expression. 

Let  our  author,  therefore,  come  out  of  his  mists  and 
ambiffuities,  or  give  us  some  better  authority  for  his  un- 
reiusoiiable  doubts.  Dryden,  To  Duchess  of  York. 

ambiguous  (am-big'il-us),  a.     [<  L.  ambiguus, 
going  about,  ehaugeable,  doubtful,  nncertaiu, 

<  ambigere,  go  about,  wander,  doubt,  <  ambi-, 
arouini,  +  agere,  drive,  move:  see  agent.}  1. 
t)f  doubtful  oruucortain  nature ;  wanting  clear- 
ness or  definileness;  diflicult  to  comprehend  or 
tlistinguish ;  indistinct;  obsctu'o. 

Even  the  most  dextrous  distances  of  the  obi  nnistei-s 
.  .  .  ai'e  ambiyuaus.  Jiushin,  Mod.  Painters,  I.  il.  2. 

Stratified  I'ocks  of  ambii/uvus  character. 

.lti(r.7,i.»..H,'silur.  Syst.,  p.  41S.    (iV.  K  D.y 

2.  Of  doubtful  puiiiort ;  open  to  various  inter- 
l)rotation8;  having  a  double  meaniug;  equivo- 
cal. 

What  have  been  thy  answers,  what  but  dark, 
Ambiffuous,  and  with  double  sense  deluding? 

Milton,  1'.  K.,  1.  4;),'.. 
lie  was  recalled  by  the  Duchess,  whose   letters  hati 
been  uniformly  so  ainfnyuous  that  he  eonfesseil  he  was 
quite  unal>lu  to  divine  their  meaning. 

Miilley,  Dutch  Kepublic,  II.  2:1. 

3.  Wavering;  undecided;  liositating:  as,  "am- 
biquous  in  all  their  doings,"  Milton,  Kikouo- 
klnslcs  (ir>4!l),  p.  239.     [Karo  or  obsolete.] 

Tb'  nintnyuous  god,  who  ruled  her  lah'ring  breast, 
Iti  these  'mysterious  wi>rds  his  mind  exprcst.    Dryden. 

4.  Using  obscure  or  equivocal  language. 

What  niutterest  thou  with  thine  auibiyuous  mouth? 

Swinburne,  Atalantil,  1.  IfiOO. 

~  Syn,  2.  K'luivoeat,  etc.  (sec  obseure),  itideterminate,  In- 
clellnlle.  IndlHtlnct,  not  clear,  not  |)laln,  amphibolous,  ilu- 
liluiiH,  Mtgne,  enigmatical,  dark,  blind. 
ambiguously  (iuu-big't"i-us-li),  adr.     In  an  am- 
Iiiguiiiis  ninnncr;  willi  diiulill'ul  incaniiig. 
W  by  play  .  .  .   into  (be  de\  il's  hands 
liy  ilealing  so  ambiyuousty^ 

llrtnrniny,  Jling  and  Book,  I.  321. 
ambigUOUSnessCaui-big'u-UN-TK-s).  n.  Thequal- 
ilyid  hoiiig  niiiliiguous;  nniliiguity;  olwcurily. 
ambilevoust  (am-lii-lo'vus),  a.  [<  L.  ambi-,on 
liidli  MiU'H,  +  brviis  (=(ir.  hiior,  for  */la(fiif), 
lifl.  Cf.  ambidexter.}  Unulilo  fo  use  oitbor 
liaud  wit li facility:  Ili('o|i|iosiloof  fl«i^i(/exfro««. 
llfai-c] 

Someat'i'ilsdalenhatbexpreHHed;  tbat  is,  anitntemus,  or 
b'fl  bandi'd  on  bothsliles:  such  as  with  agility  ami  vigour 
have  not  the  use  ot  either. 

Sir  T.  Itrowne,  Viilg.  I'.iT..  p.  IHO 


ambilogy 

ambilogyt  (am-bil'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  ambi-,  on 
botli  sides,  +  Gr.  -Aoyia,  <  Myeiv,  speak:  see 
-oloyij.  More  correctly  ampliilogy .'^  Words  or 
speech  of  doubtful  meaning. 

ambiloqUOUSt  (am-biro-k\™s),  «.  [<  ML.  am- 
biUK/iiK-t,  <  L.  ambi-,  around,  on  both  sides,  + 
locjiii,  speak.]     Using  ambiguous  exjjressions. 

ambiloquyt  (am-bil'o-kwi),  m.  l<Mh.  amhilo- 
quus:  see  above.  CJf.  soliloquy,  colloquy,  etc.] 
Auiljiguous  or  doubtful  language. 

ambiparous  (am-bip'a-ms),  a.  [<  Nil.  ambi- 
Miriis,  <  L.  ambi-,  on  both  sides,  +  parere,  pro- 
duce.] In  bot.,  producing  two  kinds,  as  wlien 
a  bud  contains  the  rudiments  of  both  flowers 
and  leaves. 

ambit  (am'bit),  n.     [<  L.  ambitus,  circuit,  <  am- 

birc,  pp.  ambitus,  go  about:  see  ambient.']     1. 

Compass  or  circuit;  circumference;  boundary: 

as,  the  ambit  of  a  fortification  or  of  a  country. 

rrodigious  Hailstones  whose  ambit  reaches  five,  six, 

seven  Inches.  Qoad,  Celestial  Bodies,  i.  3. 

Within  the  ambit  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Burgundy. 

Sir  F.  Palijrave,  Norm,  and  Eng.,  I.  240. 

2.  Extent;  sphere;  scope. 

The  ambit  of  words  which  a  language  possesses. 

Saturdaij  Rev.,  Nov.  19,  1859. 

[In  all  senses  technical,  rare,  or  obsolete.] 
ambition  (am-bish'on),  n.  [<  ME.  ambicion, 
-cioiiii,  <  OF.  (and  F")  ambition  =  Sp.  ambicion 
=  Pg.  ambiqdo  =  It.  ambizione,  <  L.  ambitio{n-), 
ambition,  a  striving  for  favor,  lit.  a  going 
about,  as  of  a  candidate  soliciting  votes,  <  am- 
bire,  pp.  ambitus,  go  about,  solicit  votes:  see 
ambient.]  If.  The  act  of  going  about  to  soU- 
eit  or  obtain  an  oflice  or  other  object  of  desire ; 
a  canvassing.  j  ^^  ^^^  ^j,^^^  ^.^^ 

Used  no  ambition  to  commend  my  deeds. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  247. 

2.  An  eager  or  inordinate  desire  for  some  ob- 
ject that  confers  distinction,   as  preferment, 
political  power,  or  literary  fame;  desire  to  dis- 
tinguish one's  self  from  other  men :  often  used 
in  a  good  sense :  as,  ambition  to  be  good. 
Cromwell,  I  charge  thee,  fling  away  ambition; 
By  that  sin  fell  the  angels.     Shak.,  Hen.  VIH.,  iii.  2. 
This  their  inhuman  act  having  successful  and  unsus- 
pected passage,  it  emboldeneth  Sejanus  to  fm-ther  aTul 
more  insolent  projects,  even  the  amlntion  of  the  empire. 
B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  Arg. 
I  hope  America  will  come  to  have  its  pride  in  being  a 
nation  of  servants,  and  not  of  the  served.     How  can  men 
have  any  other  ambition  where  the  reason  has  not  suffered 
a  disastrous  eclipse?  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  422. 

Hence  —  3.    The   object  of  ambitious  desire. 
ambition  (am-bish'on),  v.  t.     [From  the  noun.] 
To  seek  after  ambitiously  or  eagerly ;  aspire  to ; 
be  ambitious  of.     [Rare  or  colloq.] 

Every  noble  youth  who  sighed  for  distinction,  ambi- 
tioned  the  notice  of  the  Lady  Arabella. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  III.  274. 
This  nobleman  [Lonl  Chesterfield],  however,  failed  to 
attain  that  place  among  the  most  eminent  statesmen  of 
his  country,  which  he  ambitioiwd. 

Wingrove  Cooke,  Hist,  of  Party,  IT.  100. 

ambitionist  (am-bish'on-ist),  n.     [/  ambition  + 

-ist.]     An  ambitious  person;  one  devoted  to 

self-aggrandizement.     [Rare.] 

Napoleon  .  .  .  became  a  selfish  ambitionist  and  quack. 

Carlyle,  Misc.,  IV.  140. 

ambitionless  (am-bisb'on-les),  a.     [<  ambition 

+  -less.]  Devoid  of  ambition. 
ambitious  (am-bish'us),  a.  [<  ME.  ambitious, 
-cious,  <  OP.  *ambitios,  later  ambitieux  =  Sp. 
Pg.  ambicioso  =  It.  amhi::ioso,  <  L.  ambitiosus,  < 
ambitioin-) :  see  ambition  and  -ous.]  1.  Charac- 
terized by  or  possessing  ambition ;  eagerly  or 
inordinately  desirous  of  obtaining  power,  su- 
periority, or  distinction. 

No  toil,  no  hardship  can  restrain 
Ambitious  man,  inur'd  to  pain. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Horace,  i.  35. 

2.  Strongly  desirous ;  eager:  witli  o/ (formerly 
for)  or  an  infinitive. 

Trajan,  a  prince  ambitious  o/ glory. 

Arbuthnot,  Auc.  Coins. 
I  am  ambitious  for  a  motley  coat. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 
Ambitioiis  to  win 
From  me  some  plume.       Milton,  T.  L.,  vi.  160. 

3.  Springing  from  or  indicating  ambition. 
.Should  a  President  consent  to  be  a  candidate  for  a  thir-d 

election,  I  trust  he  would  be  rejected,  on  this  demonstra- 
tion of  ambitious  views.  Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  05. 
Hence — 4.  Showy;  pretentious:  as,  an  ambi- 
tious style ;  ambitious  ornament. 

Hood  an  ass  with  reverend  purple, 
So  you  can  hide  his  two  ambitious  ears. 
And  lie  shall  pass  for  a  cathedriil  doctor. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone.  i.  1. 

ambitiously  (am-bish'us-li),  adv.  In  an  am- 
bitious manner. 


169 

ambitiousness  (am-bish'us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  ambitious;  ambition. 

anibitudef  (am'bi-lud),  «.  [<  L.  ambitudo,  < 
((»(6j(H6',  a  going  roimd:  seo  ambit.]  Circuity; 
compass;  circumference.     [Kare.] 

ambitus  (am'bi-tus),  M. ;  pi.  ambitus.  [L. :  see 
ambit.]  1.  A  going  round;  a  circuit;  the  cir- 
cumference, peripheiy,  edge,  or  border  of  a 
thing,  as  of  a  leaf  or  the  valve  of  a  shell. — 2t. 
In  arch.,  an  open  space  sm-rounding  a  building 
or  a  monument. — 3.  In  antiq.,  an  open  space 
about  a  house  separating  it  from  adjoining 
dwellings,  and  representing  the  ancient  sacred 
precinct  around  a  family  hearth.  In  Rome  the 
width  of  the  ambitus  was  fixed  by  law  at  2|  feet. 
—  4.  In  ancient  Rome,  the  act  of  canvassing 
for  public  office  or  honors.  See  ambition,  1. — 
5.  In  logic,  the  extension  of  a  term. 

amble  (am'bl),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  ambled,  ppr. 
ambling.  [<  ME.  amblcn,  <  OF.  amhhr,  go  ^.^i  an 
easy  pace,  <  L.  ambulare,  walk:  gee  ambulatr.] 

1.  To  move  with  the  peculiar  pace  of  a  horse 
when  it  first  lifts  the  two  legs  on  one  side,  and 
then  the  two  on  the  other;  hence,  to  move 
easily  and  gently,  without  hard  shocks. 

Your  wit  ambles  well ;  it  goes  easily. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 

An  abbot  on  an  ambling  pad. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  .Shalott,  ii. 

2.  To  ride  an  ambling  horse;  ride  at  an  easy 
pace.  N.  E.  D. — 3.  Figuratively,  to  move  af- 
fectedly. 

Frequent  in  park,  with  lady  at  his  side. 
Ambling  and  prattling  scandal  as  he  goes. 

Cowper,  Task,  ii. 

amble  (am'bl),  n.  [<  ME.  amble,  <  OF.  amble ; 
from  the  verb.]  A  peculiar  gait  of  a  horse  or 
like  animal,  in  which  both  legs  on  one  side  are 
moved  at  the  same  time ;  hence,  easy  motion ; 
gentle  pace.    Also  called  jjace  (which  see). 

A  mule  well  broken  to  a  pleasant  and  accommodating 
amble.  Scott. 

ambler  (am'bler),  n.  One  who  ambles;  espe- 
cially, a  horse  which  ambles ;  a  pacer. 

Amblicephalus,  n.     See  Amblycephalus,  1. 

ambligon,  a.     See  amblygon. 

amblingly  (am'bling-li),  adv.  With  an  ambling 
gait. 

Ambloctonidae  (am-blok-ton'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Ambloctonus  +  -idm.]  A  family  of  fossil  car- 
nivorous mammals,  of  the  Eocene  age,  belonging 
to  the  suborder  Creodonta,  tyjiified  by  the  genus 
Ambloctonus,  having  the  last  upper  molar  longi- 
tudinal, the  lower  molars  with  little-developed 
inner  tubercle,  and  the  last  of  these  carnassial. 

Ambloctonus  (am-blok'to-nus),  n.  [NL.,  ir- 
reg.  <  Gr.  ajiji/ii%,  blunt  (toothed),  +  uTtivetv, 
kill,  slay.]  The  typical  genus  of  Ambloctoni- 
dm,  established  by  Cope  in  187.5  upon  remains 
from  the  New  Mexican  Eocene  (Wahsatchbeds). 
A.  sinosus  was  a  large  stout  carnivore,  of  about 
the  size  of  a  jaguar. 

Amblodon  (am'blo-don),  n.  [NL.  (Rafinesque, 
1820),  <  Gr.  <2/i/J^i'f,  blunt,  +  bdovg  =  E.  tooth.] 
A  genus  of  scisenoid  fishes:  synonymous  with 
Haplodinotiis  (which  see). 

Amblonyx  (am-blon'iks),  n.  [NL. ;  more  cor- 
rectly 'amblyonyx;  <  Gr.  d/ifi?.vc,  blunt,  +  ovif, 
a  nail:  see  onyx.]  A  genus  of  gigantic  ani- 
mals, named  by  Hitchcock  in  1858,  formerly 
supposed  to  be  birds,  now  believed  to  be  dino- 
saurian  reptiles,  known  by  their  footprints  in 
the  Triassic  formation  of  the  Connecticut  val- 
ley. 

Ambloplites  (am-blop-li'tez),  n.  [NL.  (Rafi- 
nesque, 18l!0),<Gr. aiijiU'Q, duU, blunt,  -f- otvAitt];, 
heavy-ai-med :  see  hoplite.]  A  genus  of  fishes, 
of  the  family  Centrarchidw,  having  villiform 
pterygoid  teeth  and  numerous  anal  spines.  A. 
rupestris  is  a  species  called  rock-bass,  resembling  the 
black-bass,  but  having  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  more  de- 
veloped and  the  body  shorter  and  deeper.  Also  written 
Amblyoplitcs.     See  cut  under  rock-bass. 

amblOSiS  (am-bl6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiijiTMcuc, 
abortion,  <  afiftXdeiv (in  coring.),  aft(3V<TK€iv,  cause 
abortion,  <  afijSliig,  duU,  blunt,  weak."]  Miscar- 
riage; abortion. 

amblotic  (am-blot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  a/i/iTiu- 
tik6;,  fit  to  produce  abortion,  <  afifPMau:,  abor- 
tion: see  amblosis.]  1.  a.  Ha^^ng  the  power 
to  cause  abortion. 

II.  H.  In  med.,  anything  causing  or  designed 
to  cause  abortion ;  an  abortifacient. 

amblyaphia  (am-bli-a'fi-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  kji- 
(iXug,  dull,  +  aipli,  touching,  touch,  <  aTrrav, 
fasten,  mid.  aiTTeadai,  touch.]  In patliol.,  dull- 
ness of  the  sense  of  touch ;  insensibility  of  the 
skin;  physical  apathy. 


Tiger-beetle  {j'imblychittt  cylindri- 
/ormis),  slightly  magni^ed. 


Amblyopsidae 

Amblycephalus  (am-bli-sef'a-lus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a\i[i'Avr,  Ijluut,  -1-  neipaAi/,  head.]  1 .  In  herpet., 
the  blunthoads,  a  genus  of  colubriform  serpents 
founded  by  Kiihl  in 
1827,  considered  by 
.some  an  nlii'i-riint 
form  of  Jtipsadi- 
dai.  A.  l>oa  inhabits 
Java,  Borneo,  and 
neighboring  islands. 
Also  written  Avibliee- 
phalus. 

2.  In  cntom.,  a  ge- 
nus of  homopter- 
ous  hemipterous 
insects,  family  Cer- 
cojridm:  a  name 
preoccupied  in  her- 
petology.  A.inter- 
riiptus,  a  kind  of 
hop-fi'og  or  froth- 
fly,  injures  hops. 

Amblychila    (am- 
bli-ki'la), »?.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  a/l'fi?ivc,  blunt, 
obtuse,  +  x"''^-°(i 
lip.]  A  genus  of 
Cicindelidn;  or  ti- 
ger-beetles, peculiar  to  North  America.  Its  dis- 
tinguishing characters  are  its  small  eyes,  separate  posterior 
coxse,  and  tile  widely  inflexed  margin  of  the  wing-covers. 
A  single  species  represents  this  genus,  A.  ejjliiulri/ormis 
(Say),  wliich,  from  its  large  size,  neai-Iy  cylindrical  form, 
and  somber  dark-brown  color,  is  the  most  striking  mem- 
ber of  its  family.  It  occurs  in  Kansas,  Colorado,  New 
Mexico,  and  Arizona.  It  is  nocturnal,  hiding  during  the 
day  in  deep  holes,  generally  on  sloping  ground,  and  is 
known  to  feed  on  locusts.  Also  spelled  Aviblycheila. 
Say,  1834. 

Amblycorypha  (am-bli-kor'i-fa),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  iiLtjiAvq,  blunt,  +  Kopv<pfi,  head,  top :  see 
corypheus.]  A  genus  of  katydids,  of  the  family 
Locustida;,  having  oblong  elytra  and  a  curved 
ovipositor.  There  are  several  United  States 
species,  as  A.  rotundifolia,  A.  oblongifoUa,  A. 
cattdata,  etc. 
amblygon  (am'bU-gon),  a,  andm.  [<  Gr.  a/ij3?,v- 
yuvioq,  obtuse-angled,  <  afipy^hc,  dull,  obtuse,  + 
yoivia,  angle.]  I.  a.  Obtuse-angled;  amblyg- 
onal.    Also  spelled  ambligon. 

The  Buildings  Ambligon 
May  more  receive  than  Mansions  Oxygon, 
(Because  th'  acute  and  the  rect-Angles  too 
Stride  not  so  wide  as  obtuse  Angles  doe). 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas  (1621),  p.  290. 

II.  n.  In  (/com.,  an  obtuse-angled  triangle;  a 
triangle  having  one  angle  greater  than  ninety 
degrees. 

amblygonal  (am-bUg'o-nal),  a.  [<  amblygon  + 
-ah]  Obtuse-angled;  having  the  form  of  an 
amblygon. 

amblygonite  (am-bMg'o-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  afipiv- 
■yoivioQ,  obtuse-angled  (see  amblygon),  +  -ite^.]  A 
mineral,  generally  massive,  rarely  in  trielinic 
crystals.  It  is  a  phosphate  of  ahuninium  and  lithium 
containing  fiuoriu,  and  in  color  is  greenish-white,  yellow- 
ish-white, or  of  other  light  shade.  It  is  found  in  Europe 
at  Chnrsdoif,  near  Penig.  Saxony,  in  the  Vnited  States  at 
Heliruii,  Maine,  and  elsewhere- 

amblyocarpous  (am"bli-6-kar'pu8),  a.  [<  NL. 
amblyoearpus,  <  Gr.  afi(}?.vg,  blunt,  dulled,  faint, 
weak,  +  KopTrdf,  fruit :  see  carpel.]  In  io<.,  hav- 
ing the  seeds  entirely  or  mostly  abortive:  ap- 
plied to  fruit. 

amblyopia  (am-bli-o'pi-a),  n.  [NL., <  Gr.  aufiTiv- 
OTvia,  dim-sightedness,  <  a^iji'Avu7i6^,  dim-sighted, 

<  a/ij^lvQ,  dull,  dim,  +  uip  {inr-),  eye,  sight.  Cf. 
Amblyopsis.]  In  pathol.,  dullness  or  obscurity 
of  vision,  without  any  apparent  defect  of  the 
organs  of  sight :  the  first  stage  of  amaurosis. 
Also  amblyopy — Amblyopia  ex  anopsia,  amblyopia 
arising  from  not  using  the  eyes. 

amblyopic  (am-bli-op'ik),  a.  [<  amblyopia  + 
-ic]  Relating  or  pertaining  to  amblyopia  ;  af- 
flicted with  amblyopia. 

Amblyopidae(am-bli-op'i-de),K.^?.  [NL.,irreg. 

<  Amblyopsis  +  -ida:]     Same  as  Amblyopsidce. 
Amblyopina  (am"bli-6-pi'na),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Amblyojms  +  -ina.]  The  second  group  of  Gobi- 
«(?(!;  in  Giinther's  system  of  classification:  equiv- 
alent to  the  subfamily  Amblyopinw. 

Amblyopinae  (am  bli-6-pi'ne),  j;.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amblyopus  +  -inw.]  A  subfamily  of  fishes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Amblyopus.  Vheyhave  the 
two  dorsal  tins  united  iu  one,  and  11  abdominal  and  17 
caudal  vertebrre. 

Amblyoplites  (am-bU-op-li'tez),  n.  The  more 
correct  form  of  Ambloplites  (which  see). 

amblyopsid  (am-bli-op'sid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Amhlyopsidw. 

Amblyopsidae  (am-bli-op'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amblyopsis  +  -idee.]     A  family  of  haplomous 


Amblyopsidse 

fishes  in  which  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw  is 
entirelv  formed  by  the  premaxillaries,  which 
are  scarcely  protractile,  and  in  which  the  anus 
is  jugular.  Five  species  are  known, generally  arranged 
in  three  genera,  from  the  fresh  water*  of  the  United  .States, 
the  largest  and  best-known  lieing  the  blind-flsh  of  the 
MamlDoth  and  other  caves.    See  Amtilijopsui.    Also  called 

Amblyopsis  (am-bli-op'sis),  «.  [XL.  (J.  K. 
De  Kav,  1S42),  <  Gr.  iu,J/.tf,  dull,  faint,  dim,  + 
oxitic,  countenance,  sight,  related  to  uf,  eye :  see 
optic.  Cf .  amblyopia.  ]  1 .  A  genus  of  fishes  repre- 


170 

amblystomid  (am-blis'to-mid),  n.  An  amphi- 
bian of  the  family  AmbUistomidfe. 

Amblystomidae  '(am-b'lis-tom'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[XL..  <  Amblysioma  +  -iila:.']  A  family  of  am- 
phibians of  which  Amblysioma  is  the  typical 
genus.  They  are  salamanders  with  the  palatines  not 
prolonged  overthe  parasphenoid  and  bearing  teeth  behind, 
parasphenoid  toothless,  vertebrae  opisthocoelian,  aiid  a  pe- 
culiar arrangement  of  the  hyoid  apparatus,  ilost  of  the 
species  are  Xorth  American. 

ambo  (am'bo),  «. ;  pi.  ambos  or  amboiies  (am'- 
boz,  am-bo'nez).  [<  ML.  ambo,  <  Gr.  a/i,3ui; 
any  slight  elevation,  a  boss,  stage,  pulpit:  see 
anibe.l  1.  In  early  Christian  churches  and 
basUicas,  a  raised  desk  or  pulpit  from  which  cer- 
tain parts  of  the  service  were  read  or  chanted 


Blind-fish  ^Antblycfsis  spelaus,. 

sented  by  the  blind-fish  (A.spelwtis)  of  the  Mam- 
moth Cave  of  Kentucky,  and  tj-pical  of  the  fam- 
ily Amblyopsidw. —  2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans. 

amblyopsoid  (am-bli-op'soid),  a.  and  «.    [<  Am- 
blyopsis +  -oiV/.]     I.  a.  Having  the  characters 
of  the  Amblyopsidw. 
n.  >i-  An  amblyopsid. 

Amblyopus  (am-bli-6'pus),  n.  [XL.  (Valen- 
ciennes, 1837),  <  Gr.  a/ii/xurroq,  dim-sighted: 
see  amblyopia.']  1.  A  genus  of  fishes,  of  the 
family  Gobiida,  typical  of  the  subfamily  ^»«fc?i/- 
opinte. — 2.  A  genus  of  orthopterous  insects. 
Saussurr,  1878. 

amblyopy  (am'bli-6-pi),  n.    Same  as  amblyopia. 

Amblypoda  (am-blip'o-da),  n.pl.  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
au,i>.i(,  blunt.  duU,  4-  zoic; (-06-)  =  E.  foot.]  A 
suborder  of  Eocene  mammals  belonging  to  the 
Subungulata,  or  many-toed  hoofed  quadrupeds, 
of  elephantine  proportions  and  structure  of  the 
limbs.  The  ft»re  feet  were  5-toed  and  the  hind  feet  4- 
toed.  Tlie  skull  hail  a  remarkably  small  brain-case,  enor- 
mous flaring  processes  in  three  pairs,  no  upper  incisors, 
three  pairs  of  lower  incisors,  and  a  pair  of  Iiuge  upper 
canines,  jirojecting  alongside  a  llange-like  jdate  of  the 
lowei  jaw.  The  molars  were  6  in  number  on  each  side, 
above  and  below.  The  genera  composing  this  group  are 
CiiHafherium,  Diiiocfra--<,  Tinoceras,  Lox^^lophodon,  etc\ 
The  term  Ditu>c^rata  is  nearly  synonymous.  These  huge 
mammals  were  extinct  before  the  .Miocene  era,  and  their 
fossil  remains  have  been  found  mostly  in  the  Eocene  beds 
of  -North  .\nierica. 

Amblypodia  (ara-bli-p6'di-a),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
a/iJAir;,  blunt,  dull,  +  iroif '(-otS-)  =E.foot,  + 
-ia.]    A  genus  of  lyctenid  butterflies. 

Amblypterus  (am-blip'te-rus),  ».  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
au.j/if,  iliill.  blunt,  +  rrrepdv,  wing  (>  vrifivi, 
wing,  fin).  =  E./(«f/ifc.]  1.  A  genus  of  ganoid 
fi.iihes  with  hcterocereal  tail.  The  species  are 
found  only  in  a  fossil  state,  and  aro  character- 
istic of  the  coal  formation.  Agassi;:^  1833. —  2. 
A  genus  of  birds,  founded  by  Gould  in  1837,  but 
preoccupied  in  ichthyology  by  the  preceding 
genus,  and  therefore  not  in  use.  It  was  based 
uiKin  aretnarkablu  South  .'Vnierican  gonliiucker,  of  the  fam- 
ily t'ajTiinuhnii'i-,  now  known  iis  KlftitUre}Aus  anomahut. 

Amblyrhynchus  (am-bli-riug'kus),  n.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  ii/t.i'/.ir,  blunt,  +  I'liyxoCtf^^out,']  1.  Ageuus 
of  iguaniil  lizards  cliaracteristie  of  the  Galapa- 
gos islands  ■  so  called  from  the  very  blunt  snout. 
There  are  two  remarkable  species,  a  maiine  one,  A.  cnV- 
talttji,  with  t^omprcHsed  t^iil  and  partially  webbed  toes,  and 
A.  lUinarli,  a  land-lizard,  with  cylin<lric  tall  and  unwebbc«l 
toe*. 

2.  In  omith. :  (a)  A  genus  of  South  American 
Ictcridw,  or  blackbirds.  [Not  in  use.]  (b)  A 
genuM  of  phalaropcs.  Thomas  Xultall,  1834. 
[Not  in  u.ie.] 

AmblysomuB  fam-bli-so'muH),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
iiji.O.i',,  blunt,  (lull,  dim,  +  aCi/ia,  body.]  A 
genuH  of  gold-moles  or  Capo  moles  of  southern 
Africa,  of  tlio  family  Clirymchloridiilrr,  distiu- 
gni  '     '   ■  'liiyHochloriH  b.v  liaving  only  2 

ni'  I  jaw  iiisteuil  of  :i.     ('luitcorhloris 

of  L  -yiioiivtn  more  fri'iiuently  used. 

Amblystoma  (aiu-blis'to-mji),  11.  [NL.,  <(ir. 
Ay,,)>..  i.|i|.,t,  'lull. -f  (Tr<5//aJ  mouth.]  An  cx- 
t''  •   o  orluili'il  batrnc'hiaiiH, 

1"  'Miitioim  wliii'li  theyun- 

•'<■■  ruiiiily  Amhlystomiiltr. 

'a  ■  'Itry  repreiMMit  the  fornierly 

r"  !   p'lirie  f,I».-'|.«  nre  |cfto«  II  lis 

«/'■'■ 
Vt 

••' 

Uli'l 

1 

•rii 
»t  ' 
•ni 


^sA-'i^ilfS  d!''i^?2.'*4*£^  Tl 


riJ 


thfl  Urval  stAto  of  AnMyufnma ;  but  It 

•  III   11.  ,1    .lal.-   tlitiMiKlioill   lir.  ,  mill   U 


fai^     ,  /^Hii.  I  1.  ,.,  p.  !:• 

amblyntome  (am'blUstom),  n.     Samu  aa  an 

lAjfJttomid. 


Amtx}. 
Northern  Tribune  of  the  Church  of  S.  Ivlaria  in  Ara  Coeli.  Rome. 

and  sermons  were  preached,  it  was  often  an  ob- 
lotig  inclosure  with  steps  at  both  ends,  and  was  geliel-ally 
richly  decorated.  It  was  very  common  to  place  two  ambos 
in  a  church,  from  one  of  which  w'as  read  the  gospel,  and 
from  the  other  the  epistle.  A  tall  ornamented  pillar  for 
holding  the  paschal  candle  is  sometimes  associated  with 
the  ambo. 

From  these  walls  projected  amboiies,  or  pulpits  with 
desks,  also  of  marble,  ascended  by  steps. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  nh. 

2.  In  anat.,  a  circumferential  fibroeartilage ; 
a  fibrocartilaginous  ring  surrounding  an  articu- 
lar cavity,  as  the  glenoid  fossa  of  the  scapula 
and  the  cotyloid  fossa  of  the  umominato  bone. 
Also  written  ambon. 

ambodextert  (am-bo-deks'ter),  a.  and  n.  Same 
its  (imhidcxtcr. 

ambolic  (am-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  *aiijio7.iK6(;^  contr. 
from  uraj1(i/.ini'i(;,  taken  in  lit.  sense  <  avajiti/.l/ 
(pod.  ti/iJii'/i/),  that  which  is  thrown  up  or 
around:  soo  atiabolc]  Having  the  power  of 
producing  abortion;  abortifacient. 

ambon  (aiu'bon),  n.     See  ambo. 

ambosexous  (am-bo-sek'sus),  a.  [<  L.  ambo, 
both,  -f-  sc.riis,  sex.]  Having  both  sexes;  bi- 
sexual; liei-iiut]>lirodite.     [Kare  or  obsolete.] 

Amboyna  wood,    f^'c  iCmhoocn-wood. 

Amboynese  (am-boi-nes'  or  -nez'),  n.  siiia.  and 
pi.  l<.  .Iiiih(iy)i(i  + -esc]  A  native  or  1  lie  lui- 
tivcs  of  Amboyna,  tlio  most  important  of  tho 
Molucciis  or  Si)ic('  Islands. 

ambreada  (uiii-bre-ii'dil),  n.  [=F.  nmbrAidc, 
<  Pg.  aiithrriida,  iiditious  amber,  iiniii.  fcm. 
pj).  of  amhrcar,  i)frfumc  wilh  amber,  \  (imfccc, 
nsnallv  timbar,  umln'r:  see  amber-.]  A  kitid 
of  artificial  amber  manufactured  for  the  trade 
with  .Africa. 

ambreic  (iim-bro'ik),  «.  [<  ambrein  +  -ir.]  In 
(■hem.,  formed  by  digi'sting  ambrein  in  uitrii' 
acid  :  as,  ambreic  acid. 

ambrein  (am'brc-in),)i.  [<F.ambr<finr.K  amine, 
amber:  see  amber-  and  -in-.]  A  pi'culiar  fiil  I y 
BubHtaiicoobliiiiicdl'ioiu  umbergrisbytligi'stin^ 
it  in  lir)t  iilcoliol.  It  is  cryslalline,  is  of  11  bril- 
liiiiil  while  (•olor,  anil  has  an  agreeable  odor. 

ambrette  (am-bnl'),  «.  [F.,  dim.  of  amhre, 
ninbir.]  1.  ^ciiamher-.iee(l. — 2.  A  kind  of  pear 
uilh  an  odor  of  ambi-rgris  or  musk.     A'.  I:.  1>. 

ambrite  (uiu'bril),  n.  [=(\.amtiril;  <  NIj.  am- 
lini,  1;.  amber-,  +  -He-.]  A  fossil  resin  occur- 
riiii;  ill  large  maHses  in  Auckland,  New  Zealiilid. 

I   iiloiilii'ul  wilh   till'  resin  of  llie   llammara 

iiiislriitis,  II  jiiiio  now  growing iibiinilaiilly  Ihcri', 

ambroloffy  (am-bror<)-ji),  w.  (<NIj.  amhrii, 
nriibcr,  -r  (Ir.  -^iyla,(.  '/.i)iiv,  speak:  seo -«'"(/;/. ] 
Tho  natural  history  of  umber.     Kyd.  .Sue.  Lex. 


ambrotype 

ambroset  (am'broz),  n.  [<  ME.  ambrose,  in  def. 
-  (OF.  ambroise,  F.  ambroisie,  sometimes  am- 
brosie),  <  L.  ambrosia,  ambrosia,  also  the  name 
of  several  plants :  see  anibrosia.]  1.  Ambrosia. 
[Rare.] 
At  first,  ambroge  itself  was  not  sweeter. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  iii.  2. 
2.  An  early  English  name  of  the  Jerusalem  oak, 
Chenopodiiim  Botrys,  and  also  of  the  wood-sage, 
Teiicrium  •'<eorodonia. 

ambrosia  (am-bro'zia),  H.  [L.,  <  Gr.  a/j)3poala, 
the  food  of  the  gods,  conferring  immortality, 
fem.  of  adj.  6fiSp6aiO(^  a  lengthened  form  of 
a/j^poTo;,  also  ajipoToq,  immortal,  <  a-  priv.  + 
*HPot6(,  j3poT6<;,  older  form  /Jop-ug,  mortal,  akin 
to  L.  vior{t-)s,  death  (L.  im-mort-al-i^  =  Gr. 
d-ujpor-oc),  and  7)iori,  die:  see  mortal.  Cf.  Skt. 
amrita,  immortal,  also  the  drink  of  the  gods 
(see  amrita),  =Gr.  a/j^porog.]  1.  In  Or.  legend, 
a  celestial  substance,  capable  of  imparting  im- 
mortality, commonly  represented  as  the  food 
of  the  gods,  but  sometimes  as  their  drink,  and 
also  as  a  richly  perfumed  unguent ;  hence,  in 
literature,  anything  comparable  in  character 
to  either  of  these  conceptions. 

His  dewy  locks  distiU'd  amhroHia.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  67. 
2.  [coi>.]  A  genus  of  widely  distributed  coarse 
annual  weeds,  of  the  natural  order  Compositor, 
chiefly  American,  and  generally  known  as  rag- 
leeed.'  A.  artemisia^folia  is  also  called  Roman 
icormifood  or  hogieeed. 

ambrosiac  (am-bro'zi-ak).  a.  [<  L.  ambrosia- 
eus,  <  ambrosia  :  see  ambrosia.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  having  the  qualities  of  ambrosia;  per- 
fumed; sweet-smelling:  as,  "rtwfcrosiac odours," 
-B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iv.  3  (song). 

Shrill  strain'd  arts-men,  whose  ambrosiac  quills, 
Whiles  they  desert's  encoiniuns  sweet  rehearse, 
The  world  with  wonder  and  amazement  tills. 

Ford,  Fame's  Alemorial. 

ambrosiaceous  (am-bro-zi-a'shius),  a.  [<  .(»(- 
brosia  +  -aceoiis.]  In  bot.,  allied  to  the  genus 
Ambrosia. 
ambrosial  (am-bro'zial),  (I.  [<  ambrosia  +  -ah] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  ambrosia;  partaking  of  the 
nature  or  qualities  of  ambrosia:  anointed  or 
fragrant  with  ambrosia;  hence,  delighting  the 
taste  or  smell;  delicious;  fragrant;  sweet- 
smelling:  as,  o»i6roi'in7  dews. 

As  the  sunset 
Threw  the  long  shadows  of  trees  o'er  the  broad  ambrosial 
meadows.  Lowtjcllow,  Evangeline,  i.  4. 

Swcet  after  showers,  ambrosial  air. 

Tennyson,  In  Menioriam,  Ixxxvi. 

Thou  too  .  .  .  mayest  become  a  Political  I'ower:  and 

with  the  shakings  of  thy  horse-hair  wig,  shake  iirincipal- 

ities  and  dynasties,  like  a  very  .love  with  liis  ambrosial 

curls.  Carlylc,  French  Hev.,  I.  iii.  1. 

ambrosially  (am-bro'zial-i),  adr.     In  an  am- 
brosial nuinuor;  with  an  ambrosial  odor. 
A  fruit  of  pure  Hesperian  gold. 
That  smelt  ambrosially.        Trnnysoit,  (Knone. 

ambrosian't  (am-bro'zian),  a.  [<  ambrosia  + 
-an.]  ( )f  or  jiertaining  to  ambrosia;  fragrant ; 
ambrosial.     B.  Jonson. 

Most  (ii«/»ro.si'rt»-lipped  ci'eature. 

.Viififdf.oi,  Wurt,  JIaster-l'onstable,  iv.  •>. 

Ambrosian-  (am-bro'zian),  a.  [<  LL.  Ambro- 
sianus,  <  Ambrosias,  Ambrose,  <  Gr.  afiitp6aio(, 
iinmortiil,  divine:  see  ambrosia.]  Of,  jiertain- 
ing to,  or  instituted  Viy  St.  Ambrose,  bishop  of 
Milan  in  tho  fourth  century.  Ambrosian  chant, 
a  niiido  of  sinning  or  chanting  inlrodni'cit  bj' St.  AnitiioKe 
in  the  cathedral  church  at  Milan  about  ,'iS'l.  Little  is 
ccitalnly  known  of  its  nature.— Ambrosian  Library, 
a  fiiniouH  library  and  collection  of  antiquities  at  Milan, 
fotmilril  by  t'ardinal  Itorroinco  in  H'lOll.—- Ambrosian 
office  or  ritual,  a  formnla  of  worship  named  fl-om  St,  Am- 
brose, and  long  used  In  the  churoh  of  Milan  In  placo  of 
(be  Koitiail  liiiiss. 

ambrosino  (nm-bro-zo'no),  n.  [It.,  from  the  fig- 
ure of  St.  .\iiibrose  on  tho  coin  :  see  iiliovo.]    A 


silver  Amliroilno  nf  Mll.in,  Hrillsh  Mimeiiin.     (Size  of  the  orlKinnl.) 

silver  coin,  weighing  iiliout  4.")  grains,  issued  by 
I  he  ri'iuiblie  of  Milan  A.  I).  ]iW-ll!lll,  and  bear- 
ing Iheefligy  of  Atiibrose,  the  jmlron  saint  of 
tliii  lily,  'liio  niitiie  was  also  iipplied  to  II  rare 
.MihiiicHe  gold  cfiin  of  I  ho  saiiio  tieriod. 

ambrotype  (am 'liro-tip),/).    [<(1r.  <V'/''/""'"'.'(*""' 

umliriisia),  immortal,  +  Timx:,  imiiression:  sco 
type.]     \nphotog,,  a  pii'lKre  miido  by  applying 


ambrotype 

a  dark  backing  to  the  face  of  a  thin  negative 

on  KlaSS.  Tlie  iieuativc,  ns  seen  from  hehind,  thus  np- 
peiira  us  H  jiositive  Mt::iiii»t  the  hiirkiim.  the  lights  liehiK 
formed  by  the  opaiiiie  ]K.rti.ins,  and  the  shadows  liy  the 
baekirig  seen  thvoutcli  the  more  or  less  transparent  por- 
tions. /  1.    •    \        rx 

ambry  (am'bn),  «. ;  pi.  ambncs  (-bnz).  [In 
actual  modern  speech  only  in  north.  E.  dial. 
aitmry,  otherwise  only  a  historical  word,  spelled 
mop.  amliri/,  but  archaistieally  in  various  forms 
of  the  earlier  amberij,  as  ambreij,  aumbry,  aum- 
brie  (with  excrescent  b  as  in  number,  slumber), 
earlier  amric,  aumrye,  aumrie,  aumeri/,  awmcry, 
almcri/,  almari/,  almarie,  also  armorie,  <  ME.  amc- 
rie,  almarie,  also  armarie,  <  OF.  almarie,  arma- 
rie,  later  almaire,  aumaire,  aumoire,  armaire, 
armoire  =  Pr.  armari  =  Sp.  armario  =  Pg.  al- 
mario  (>  Hind,  almdri,  >  Anglo-Ind.  almirah,  q. 
V.)  =  It.  armario,  armadio  =  G.  aimer  =  Bohem. 
annara,  almara  =  Pol.  almaryja,  olmaryja  = 
Serv.  ormar,  ormaii  =  Sloven,  almara,  ormar. 


171 

tor)  of  cchinoderms.— Ambulacral  vesicle,  a  sac  situ- 
ated upon  tlie  alioral  face  of  an  anibulaeral  ossicle.  -  Am- 
bulacral  vessels,  the  water-vascular  channels  of  the  am- 
Imlacra.     .See  cut  under  ^cAi/tou/ta. 

Another  niarkeil  peculiarity  of  the  Echinoderm  type  is 
the  general,  it  not  universal,  presence  of  a  system  of  fn;i- 
bulai-.rnl  rcxKcls,  consisting  of  a  circular  canal  around  the 
mouth,  whence  canals  nsually  arise  and  follow  the  middle 
line  of  each  of  the  ambulacral  metaineres. 

lluxletj,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  64. 
Circiunoral  ambulacral  vessel,  that  into  which  a  ra- 
dial eamd  of  the  anil>ulurlal  system  of  vessels  ojiens  at 
its  oral  en.l.— Radial  ambulacral  vessels,  those  which 


radiate  fi-f,m  tl 
the  Kulbt. 

Ambulacraria  (am"bu-lak-ra'ri-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  ambulacrum  +  -aria.1  1.  A  branch  or 
subkiugdom  o£  animals,  constituted  by  the  Jichi- 
nodcrmata  and  Eiitcropneusta,  and  divided  into 
Badiata  and  ISiUitendia,  the  latter  represented 
by  the  genus  .Ba/«"«(//'«s«s  alone.  Mctsclmikoff. 
—  2t.  \l.  c]     The  coronal  ambulacra  of  sea-ur- 


amburbial 

ambulant  (am'bu-lant),  a.  [=  F.  ambulant,  < 
L.  am.bulan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  ambulare,  walk,  go 
about:  see  ambulate.']  1.  Walking;  moving 
from  place  to  place ;  shifting. 

Sold  it  for  400  francs  to  an  ambulant  picture  dealer. 

Tlie  Aiiwrican,  VI,  250. 

A  mbulant  tobacconists  crying  their  goods. 

li.  F.  Jlurtun,  Kl-.Medinah,  p.  260. 

2.  In  her.,  walking:  said  of  a  beast  used  as  a 
bearing. —  3.  In  patliul.,  shifting  about  from 
place  to  place ;  ambulatory :  as,  ambulant  edema. 


entral  or  circular  vessel  which  surrounds  ambulate   (ain'bu-liXt),  V 


chins. 
omara,  <  L.  armarium  (ML.  also  corruptly  aU  Ambulacrata  (am"bu-lak-ra'ta),  n.  pi.     [NL., 
marram).  "' closet,  chest,  or  safe  for  food,  cloth-     neut.  pi.  of  ambulacratus,<.  ambulacrum.]     A 
ing,  money,  implements,  tools,  etc.,  <  arma,     term  applied  by  E.  R.  Lankester  to  a  branch  of 

implements,  tools,  arms:   see  arnfi,  arms,  and     eehinoilerms  consisting  of  the  Holothuroidca,     

cf.  armory'^.  Through  the  form  aimer*/ the  word  i'f/iJHo/V/ea,  and  ^«teroidea,  or  sea-cucumbers,  ambulative  (am'bu-la-tiv),  a.  [<  ambidate  + 
was  confused  with  almonry,  a  place  for  distrib-  sea-urchins,  and  starfishes,  as  collectively  dis-  .joc.]  Having  a  tendency  to  walk  or  advance 
uting  alms,  and  is  sometimes  found  in  that     tinguished  from  the  crinoids  or   Tentaculata    walking.  '  [Rare.] 


i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  am- 
bulatcd,  ppr.  ambulating.  [<  L.  ambulatus,  pp. 
of  ambulare,  walk,  go  about,  perhaps  for  *am- 
bibulare,  <  'ambibulus,  <  ambi-,  about  (see  ambi-), 
+  *-bidus,  perhaps  connected  with  bitere,  betere, 
go:  see  arbiter.  The  older  E.  form  is  amble, 
q.  v.]  To  walk  or  move  about,  or  from  jjlace 
to  place. 

Now  Morpheus  .  .  . 

Amused  with  dreams  man's  ambulatinff  soul. 

Dr.  tt'olcot  (Peter  Pindar). 

ambulation  (am-bu-la'shon),  n.     [<  L.  amlmla- 

lio(>i-),  <  ambulare,' walk:  see  ambulate.']     The 
act  of  ambulating  or  walking  about. 


sense.]    1.  A  place  for  keeping  things;  a  store-     (wliicli  see) 

house,    storeroom,    closet,   pantry,   cupboard,  ambulacriform  (am-bii-lak'ri-form),  a. 


Ambry,  Romsey  Church, 
Hampshire.  England. 


pres3,'safe,  locker,  chest.  Specifically — (a)  A 
place  for  keeping  victuals ;  a  pantry,  cupboard, 
or  meat-safe. 

llir.  Will  not  any  fool  take  me  for  a  wise  man  now,  seeing 
me  draw  out  of  the  pit  of  my  treasury  this  little  god  with 
his  belly  full  of  gold  ? 

Spun.  And  this,  full  of  the  same  meat,  out  of  my  am- 
Iry!  Massinger,  Virgin-Martyr,  ii.  3. 

(6)  In  ancient  churches,  a  niche  or  recess, 
fitted  with  a  door,  in  the  wall  near  the  altar,  in 
which  the  sacred  utensils 
were  deposited,  in  the 
larger  ehurclies  and  cathedrals 
ambries  were  very  numerous, 
were  used  for  various  pur- 
.!lj.  ^^^^^^HuiN  im^  poses,  and  were  sometimes 
'^ '  ilBi^^^Bill'  '  1  large  enough  to   be  what  we 

^■^  WmmmBMim'  'i.  ■  should  now  call  closets,  the 
"^  ■  (    :  '    ■      doors    and   other    parts   that 

were  seen  being  usually  richly 
carved.  Ambries  are  still  used 
in  Roman  Catholic  churches 
as  depositories  for  the  conse- 
crated oils.  They  are  some- 
times made  portable,  in  the 
form  of  a  chest  or  cupboard, 
which  is  hung  near  the  altar. 

ic)  A  place  for  keeping  books;  a  library. —  2. 
Same  as  almonry.     [Erroneous  use :  see  etym.] 

ambs-acet,  n.     See  ambes-ace. 

ambulacra,  «.     Plura,l  of  ambulacrum'. 

ambulacra!  (am-bu-la'kral),  a.  [<  amhulacrum 
+  -((/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  ambulacrum,  or 
to  the  ambulacra,  of  an  echinoderm — Ambula- 
cral face,  ambulacral  aspect,  that  surface  of  an 
echinoderm  which  hears  the  ambulacra  ;  corresponding  in 
a  starfish  to  the  oral  a-'^ive',  that  upon  which  the  creature 
creeps.— Ambulacral  groove,  a  furrow  which  marks  the 
course  of  an  amljulacrum. 

[In  a  starfish]  a  deep  fuiTow,  the  ambulacral  groove, 
occupies  the  middle  of  the  oral  surface  of  each  ray,  and  is 
nearly  filled  by  contractile  sucker-like  pedicels,  .  .  .  ap- 
parently arranged  in  four  longitudinal  series. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  475. 

Ambulacral  metameres,  the  divisions  of  the  body  of 
an  echinoderm  as  nnirked  or  determined  by  the  ambula- 
cral system,  as  the  five  fingers  or  rays  of  a  starfish.  See 
extract  umler  ambulacral  vessels  and  cut  under  Astropfiy- 
<cm.— Ambulacral  nerve,  a  nerve  which  is  In  relation 
with  the  ambulacra. 

When  the  suckers  of  an  ambulacrum  [of  a  starfish]  are 
.  .  .  cut  away,  a  longitudinal  ridge  is  seen  to  lie  at  the 
bottom  of  the  groove  between  their  bases.  This  ridge  is 
the  ambulacral  lui-ve.  Followed  to  the  apex  of  the  ray,  it 
ends  upon  the  eye  and  its  tentacle ;  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion, it  reaches  the  oral  disk. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  478. 

Ambulacral  neural  canal,  a  tube  of  which  the  ambu- 
lacral nerve  formstheouter  wall.— Ambulacral  Ossicle, 
one  of  a  double  row  of  small  hard  pieces  which  come  to- 
gether in  the  ambulacral  groove,  extending  from  its  sides 
to  its  middle  line.  Also  called  vertebral  ossicle.  See  cut 
under  4s(eriiite.— Ambulacral  plate,  one  of  those  coro- 
nal plates  of  a  sea-urchin  which  are  perforated  to  form 
partof  an  ambulacrum.     See  cut  under  ambulacrum. 

In  the  ordinary  Echinus  or  sea-urchin  ...  of  these 
plates  there  are  twenty  principal  longitudinal  series,  con- 
stituting the  great  mass  of  the  corona;  and  ten  single 
plates,  which  form  a  ring  around  its  aboral  or  apical  nnir- 
gin.  The  twenty  series  of  longitudinal  plates  are  disposed 
in  ten  double  series  — five  ambulacral  and  five  interambu- 
lacral.  .  .  .  Each  ambidacral  plate  is  subdivided  by  a 
greater  or  less  number  of  sutures  .  .  .  into  a  correspond- 
mg  number  of  minor  plates,  .  .  .  called  pore  plates. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  486. 

Ambulacral  sac,  in  echinoderms,  that  portion  of  the  va- 
soperit'tn-  ;il  s:ic  of  the  embryo  which  lays  the  foundation 
for  the  wlinli;  system  of  the  ambulacral  vessels.  See  vnsn- 
peritoneal  and  Holottiuroidea. — Ambulacral  system, 
the  water-vascular  system  (which  see,  under  water-vascu- 


[<L. 
the 


ambulacrum  +  forma,  form.]     Possessing 
form  or  appearance  of  an  ambulacrum. 
ambulacrum  (am-bii-la'krum),  «. ;  pi.  ambula- 
cra (-kra).     [NL.  use  of  L.  ambulacrum,  a  walk, 

B 


A,  three  ambulacral  plates  of  Echinus  sphara,  showing  sutures 
of  the  pore-plates  of  which  each  ambulacral  plate  is  composed.  B.  a 
portion  of  the  extent  of  the  petaloid  ambulacrum  of  a  clypeastroid. 

alley,  <  ambulare:  see  ambulate.]  In  zoiil.,  a 
row,  series,  or  other  set  of  perforations  in  the 
shell  of  an  echinoderm,  as  a  sea-urchin  or  star- 
fish, through  which  are  protruded  and  with- 
drawn the  tube-feet  or  pedicels.  Each  such  row 
or  set  of  holes  usually  forms  a  narrow  grooved  line  from 
base  to  .apex  of  a  sea-urchin,  and  from  the  center  to  the 
end  of  each  ray  of  a  starfish,  along  the  oral  aspect  of  the 
body.  Each  set  or  radiating  series  of  perforations  is  an 
amblilacrum,  the  several  rows  together  being  the  ambula- 
cra. The  usual  definition  of  ambulacra  as  the  perforated 
spaces  through  which  the  tube-feet  are  protruded  leaves 
a  doubt  whether  an  ambulacrum  is  not  one  such  perforated 
space.  Ambulacra  is  sometimes  used  for  the  tube-feet 
themselves,  collectively ;  in  which  case  it  properly  signifies 
several  sets  or  series  of  tube-feet,  not  several  tube-feet  of 
any  single  row  or  series. 

The  ambulacra  present  important  variations  in  the  tlu-ee 
divisions  of  the  Echinidea.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  489. 
ambulance  (am'bu-lans),  n.  [<  F.  ambulance 
(formerly  hdpital  am'bulant,  walking  hospital), 
iambulant,  walking,  shifting:  see  ambulant.] 
1.  A  hospital  establishment  which  accompanies 
an  army  in  its  movements  in  the  field  for  the 
purpose  of  providing  speedy  assistance  to  sol- 
diers wounded  in  battle.— 2.  A  two- or  four- 


United  States  Army  Ambulance. 


ambulator  (am'bii-la-tor),  n.  [L.,  a  walker, 
lounger,  peddler,  <  ambulare,  walk:  see  ambu- 
late.] 1.  One  who  walks  about. —  2.  .An  odom- 
eter (which  see). — 3.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  original  form  of  the  velocipede.  See 
velocipede. 

Ambulatores  (am'bu-Ia-to'rez),  B.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  L.  ambulator:  see  ambulator.]  1.  In 
Sundevall's  classification  of  birds,  a  group  of 
corvine  birds.  Also  called  Corriformes  and  Coli- 
omorphce.—  2't.  Illiger's  name  (1811)  of  a  group 
of  birds  inexactly  equivalent  to  Insessores,  or 
to  the  Linnean  Fasseres. 

ambulatorial  (am"bu-la-t6'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  am- 
bulatorius  +  -td.]     Ambulatory. 

ambulatory  (am'bu-la-to-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
ambulatorius,  <  ambulator :  see  ambulator.]  I. 
«.  1.  Having  the  power  or  faculty  of  walking ; 
formed  or  adapted  for  walking :  as,  an  ambida- 
tory  animal.  Specifically- («)  In  ornith.,  gressorial : 
opposed  to  saltatory,  saltatorial,  or  leaping,  and  applied 
to  tlie  feet  or  gait  of  certain  birds  or  to  the  birds  them- 
selves ;  most  fre(iuently  to  the  mode  of  progression  by 
moving  the  feet  one  after  the  other,  instead  of  both  to- 
gether. As  applied  to  the  structure  of  the  feet,  avibtda- 
tory  is  sometimes  opposed  to  scansorial,  that  is,  to  the 
zygodactyl  modification  of  the  feet,  (b)  In  crustaceans 
insects,  etc.,  performing  the  office  of  locomotion  :  applied 
to  those  legs  or  feet  of  an  animal  by  means  of  which  it 
walks,  as  distinguished  from  those  limbs  which  are  mod- 
ified, as  swiinmerets,  chelipeds,  or  maxillipeds.  See  cut 
under  endopodCte. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  walk;  happening  or  ob- 
tained during  a  walk.     [Rare.] 

The  princes  of  whom  his  majesty  had  an  ambulatory 
view  in  his  travels.  Wotton. 

3.  Accustomed  to  move  from  place  to  place; 
not  stationary:  as,  an  ambulatory  court. 

The  priesthood  .  .  .  before  was  very  ambulatory,  and 
dispersed  into  all  families.  Jcr.  Taylor. 

He  had  been,  I  imagine,  an  ambulatory  quack  doctor, 
for  there  was  no  town  in  England,  nor  any  country  in 
Europe,  of  which  he  could  not  give  a  very  particular  ac- 
comit,  Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  37- 

4.  In  law,  not  fixed;  capable  of  being  al- 
tered :  as,  a  will  is  ambulatory  until  the  death 
of  the  testator ;  the  return  of  a  sheriff  is  am- 
btdatory  until  it  is  filed. —  5.  In  med. :  (a)  Shift- 
ing ;  ambulant :  applied  to  certain  morbid  af- 
fections when  they  skip  or  shift  from  one  place 
to  another.  (6)  Permitting  the  patient  to  be 
about :  applied  to  typhoid  fever  when  it  does 
not  compel  the  patient  to  take  to  his  bed. 

II.  «. ;  pi.  ambulatories  (-riz).  Any  part  of  a 
building  intended  for  walking,  as  the  aisles  of 
a  chnrch,  particularly  those  surrounding  the 
choir  and  apse,  or  the"  cloisters  of  a  monastery ; 
any  portico  or  corridor. 

The  inscription  upon  Wilson's  gravestone  in  the  eastern 
ambulatory  of  the  little  cloisters  of  Westminster  Abbey  is 
now  very  much  effaced.  N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  455. 

A  broad  ambulatoru  extends  round  the  south  and  east 
ends  of  the  church.    J.  M.  Xeale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  230. 


wheeled  wagon  constructed  for  conveying  sick  ambulet  (am'Ml),  r  ).  [<  L.  a_m6«7are ;  see 
or  wounded  persons.  Ambulance-wagons  are  con-  <'»Me  and  ambulate.]  To  move  from  place  to 
structed  to  run  very  easily,  and  are  designed  to  carry  one     place.  „.,-  ,  .,  r/T 

or  two  tiers  of  stretchers.     Some  forms  are  fitted  with  ambulomancy     (am  bu-lo-man'Sl),     re.       [S   L. 
».— *->,!„    „„.    „»,„,.    ^jiiifufifiyg^  ^^\]^  (^gpe  ambulate),  +  Gi\  fcavTeia, 


water-tank  medicine-chest,  operating-table,  and  other 
conveniences.  City  hospital  ambulances  are  light  four- 
wheeled  wai'ons,  furnished  with  one  or  two  beds,  surgical 
appliances,  restoratives,  etc.— Ambulance-COt,  a  folding 
cot  designed  to  be  carried  in  an  aiiibiilanie  and  to  be 
used  as  a  bed  in  a  hospital.— Ambulance-Stretcher,  a 
stretcher  provided  with  casters  and  made  to  fit  into  an 
ambulance. 


di\'ination.]  Divination  by  walking.  [Rare.] 
amburbial  (am-ber'bi-al).  a.  [< L.  amburbialis, 
only  in  amburbiales  hostice,  the  victims  for  cer- 
tain sacrifices,  which  were  led  around  the  city 
of  Rome,  <  amb-  for  ambi-,  arovmd  (see  ambi-), 


amburbial 

+  urbs,  city:  see  iirban.'i  Encompassing  or 
surrounding  a  city.     [Kare.] 

ambury  (am'be-ri),  ».     Same  as  anbury. 

ambuscade  (am-bus-kad'),  n.  [Formerly  also 
imbuscade  (and,  after  Sp.  or  It.,  ambuscado, 
emboscata,  imboscaia),  <  F.  embuscade,  <  It.  im- 
boscata  =  Sp.  Pg.  cmboscada  =  OF.  cmbiiehee,  < 
ML.  *imboscata,  an  ambush,  prop.  pp.  fem.  of 
imftoscarc,  set  in  ambush:  see  a»ibiish,v.'\  1.  A 
lying  in  Tvait  and  concealment  for  the  purpose 
of  attacking  by  surprise ;  an  ambush. 

To  draw  you  into  the  i)alpable  ambuscade  of  his  ready- 
made  joke. 

Sheridan,  quot.  by  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Eev.,  II.  317. 

Till  the  jzreat  plover's  human  whistle  amazed 
Her  heart,  and  glancing  round  the  waste  she  fear'd 
In  every  wavering  brake  an  amtnticade. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

2.  A  secret  station  in  which  troops  lie  con- 
cealed with  a  view  to  attacking  suddenly  and 
by  surprise;  an  ambush. — 3.  A  body  of  troops 
lying  in  ambush. 

ambuscade  (am-bus-kad'),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
amhu.icaded,  ppr.  ambuscading.  [<  ambuscade, 
n.]  I.  trans.  To  attack  from  a  concealed  posi- 
tion. 

n.  intrans.  To  lie  in  ambush:  as,  "ambus- 
cading ways,"  CarlyU,  Sart.  Besart.,  ii.  4. 

ambuscado  (am-bus-ki'do),  n.  [See  ambuscade, 
«.]     An  ambuscade. 

They  were  adroit  in  executing  a  thousand  stratagems, 
amhu/<cadof£,  and  evolutions.        Irving,  Granada,  p.  44tj. 

ambnscadot  (am-bus-ka'do),  V.  t.  [<  ambusca- 
d't.  II.']     To  post  in  ambush.     Sir  T.  Herbert. 

ambush  (ara'biish),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
embusli,  <  ME.  embiisshen,  enbusshen,  enhuschen, 
enbussen  (also  abusclien,  abiissen,  and  by  apher- 
esis  biisse,  early  mod.  E.  bush),  <  OF.  cnbuscher, 
embuseher,  embui.<isicr,  later  cmhuchcr  (mod.  F. 
cmbusquer,  after  Sp.  orIt.)  =  Sp.  Pg.  emboscar 
=  It.  imboscare,  <  ML.  emboscarc,  prop,  imbos- 
care,  set  in  ambush,  <  L.  in,  in,  +  ML.  boscus, 
wood,  bush:  see  bu.ih^,  and  cf.  ambu.wade.']  I. 
trans.  1.  To  post  or  place  in  concealment  for 
the  purpose  ot  attacking  by  siu-prise. 

The  subtil  Turk,  having  ambushed  a  thousand  horse, 
.  .  .  charged  the  Persians.    Sir  T,  Herbert,  Trav.,  p.  281. 

It  seemed  as  if  his  placid  old  face  were  only  a  mask  be- 
hind which  a  merry  Cupid  had  ambushed  himself,  peeping 
out  all  the  while.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  s.'>. 

2.  To  ambuscade ;  waylay ;  attack  unexpected- 
ly and  from  a  hidden  position. 

The  Tekk*;  warrioi-s  outside,  however,  got  notice  of  the 
intended  visit,  and  amhwthed  their  Kuclian  invaders  so 
successfully  that  not  a  man  escaped,  sixty  being  killed 
and  forty  made  prisoners.  O'Donovan,  Merv,  xiv. 

H.  intrans.  To  lie  in  wait  for  the  purpose  of 
attacking  by  surprise.     [Rare] 

Hie  .  .  .  snake  that  amimsh'd  for  his  prey. 

John  TrumbuU,  tr.  of  Georgics,  iv. 

ambush  (am'bush),  n.  [<  late  ME.  ambushc, 
enbwmhc,  <  OF.  embusche,  cmbosche,  F.  embtichc  ; 
from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  or  state  of  lying 
concealed  for  the  purpo.so  of  attacking  by  sur- 
prise; a  lying  in  wait ;  the  act  of  attacking  uu- 
expcctcdly  from  a  concealed  position. 

Heaven,  whoHc  high  walls  fear  no  assault,  or  siege, 
Or  ambwih  from  the  deep.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  HU. 

An  amhiuh  is  neither  an  "  attack  "  nor  a  *'  sunuise,"  in 
mllltar)-  languaue;  it  is  something  more  eu<l(len  ami  uii- 
eipecled  than  either.  Farrow,  Jill.  Encyc,  p.  42. 

2.  A  secret  or  concealed  station  where  troops 
Uo  in  wait  to  attack  unaware.H. 

The  enemy,  Intending  to  draw  the  Knglish  furtlier  into 
Ihelr  ambuMh,  turned  away  at  an  easy  i>ace. 

Sir.f.  Hay  ward. 

8.  The  troops  posted  in  a  concealed  place  for 
attacking  l>y  surprise.     [Rare.] 
And  the  atnhuih  arose  quickly  out  of  their  place. 

Jo»h.  vlll.  Ill 

ainbnshment  (am'tnish-ment),  «.     [Early  mod. 

E.    il  '•  I  <i''iii.ihmfnt    and   tmbuMlimtnl,   <  ME. 

'■'"'  .  rnhif.Hyemcnt,  (.  OF.  rmbusfht-mt-nt 

('  '"M.  <  .MIj.  imboHcnmcnluni,  <  ini- 

""  '  I  rhir,  net  in  ambiiHli:    mi'I' 

""''  Am  iirnliiiHli,  in  any  of  its 

"•■''  :   lu' Ihod  of  forming  an  (ini- 

bUMll. 

Hut  Sttihrmm  rtniri\  tttxamhwihmtnt  lo  cnme  ntKiiil  b.  • 
'»"  '  ■'  2«:hr.)n.  xlil.  i  ; 

*  i>  t<»  nkulk.  If)  lay  ambuahmr,il.. 

«''  ^  '  11.  ,  ,,.  ii,..  u'Imt,'  Hi.  .  hnlleiigiT 

•*•  I   ■  I  llcn.ljl|., 

•■  '  'h. 

M  ■'      .  ,\n  i'i '.'-ft,  p.  U1. 

In  amtnuhmfiil  lie 
I  ntll  I  romo  (.r  Mnd  for  yon  myiu>lf 

tjrtnu,  AlphonRUH,  II. 


172 

A  wolf  is  a  beast  that  is  apt  to  hover  about  in  Indian 
ambitshmeni,  cranng  the  offals  of  the  deer  the  savages 
kill.  Cooper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  v. 

ambustiont  (am-bus'tion),  n.  [<  L.  ambus- 
iio(n-),  a  burn,  <  (imhurcrc,  pp.  ambustus,  bum, 
consume,  lit.  burn  around,  scorch,  <  amb-,  am- 
bi-,  around  (see  ambi-),  +  urere,  burn :  see  adure. 
Cf.  combustion.}     A  burn  or  scald.     Vockeram. 

ameba,  amebean,  etc.    See  amaba,  etc. 

ameer,  amir  (a-mer'),  «.  [Also  written,  as  a 
historical  Saracen  title,  emir,  q.  v. :  Pei-s.  Hind. 
amir,  <  Ar.  amir,  a  commander,  ruler,  chief,  no- 
bleman, prince,  <  amara  =  Chal.  amar  =  Heb. 
dmar,  tell,  order,  command.  The  same  word 
occurs  in  amirni,  now  admiral,  q.  v.]  A  prince, 
lord,  or  nobleman;  a  chief,  governor,  or  one 
having  command ;  specifically,  the  title  of  the 
dominant  ruler  of  Afghanistan. 

ameership,  amirship  (a-mer'ship),  n.  [< ameer 
+  -ship.']     The  office  or  dignity  of  ameer. 

The  faithful  ally  of  England,  owing  his  amirship  to  her 
armies.  The  Ameriean,  IV,  277. 

Ameiva  (a-mi'va),  n.  [NL.,  from  a  native 
name.]  A  genus  of  small,  inoffensive  lizards, 
the  tj-pe  of  the  family  Ameividw,  order  Laccrti- 
lia.  They  are  rather  pretty  animals,  with  a  long  whip-like 
tail,  and  peculiiu-ly  elongated  toes  on  the  hind  feet.  The 
tail  is  covered  with  a  series  of  scales  arranged  in  rings, 
the  ventral  shields  are  broad  and  smooth,  the  teeth  are 
trilobate  and  compressed,  and  the  feet  are  5-toed,  The 
general  color  is  dark  olive  speckled  with  black  on  the 
nape  of  the  neck ;  on  the  sides  are  rows  or  bands  of 
white  spots  edged  with  black.  There  are  many  species, 
occurring  from  Patagonia  to  California  and  Pennsylvania. 
The  abundant. -I,  dorsali.^  of  Jamaica  is  a  characteristic 
example. 

Ameividae  (a-mi'vi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ameiva 
+  -(■(?(('.]  A  family  of  lizards,  of  the  di%nsion 
I'issilinijuia  of  the  order  Lacertilia,  named  from 
the  genus  J»(e/(a,  peculiar  to  America.  The  old 
name  Teidee,  or  Teiidce,  is  an  inexact  synonym.  The  prin- 
cipal genera  are  Teius,  Ameiva,  and  Crocodilurus.  The 
tegnexin  monitor,  Teius  teguexin,  is  a  characteristic  and 
well-known  species. 

amelt  (am'el),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ammel, 
ammell  (rarely  esmai/lc,  after  MF.),  <  ME.  amill, 
ameUe,amaU,  aum(tiil,<  AF.  *amal,  *(imitil,  OF. 
csmal,  csmail,  later  email,  mod.  F.  email  =  Pr. 
esmaut,  esmalt  =  Sp.  Pg.  esmalte  =  lt.  smallo,< 
ML.  smaltum,  enamel,  prob.  <  Tent,  'smalt,  any- 
thing melted,  0H6.  MHG.  smah,  G.  sehmdic 
=  OD.  smalt,  melted  grease  or  butter,  <  Teut. 
'smeltan,  OHG.  smel;:an,  MHG.  smcl::en.  G. 
schmchen  =  AS.  ^smeltan  =  Sw.  smiilta  =  Dan. 
smelte,  melt,  dissolve:  see  smelf^.  In  mod.  use 
only  in  comp.  enamel,  q.  v.]  Enamel  (which 
see). 

Heav'ns  richest  diamonds,  set  on  ammel  white. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  x. 
Gardens  of  delight 
^Vllose  aviviell  beds  perfume  the  skie. 

ir.  Lisle,  tr.  of  Uu  Bartas,  i.  Si.    (.V.  K.  I).) 

amelt  (am'el),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  am- 
meU;  ammell,  <  ME.  amelen,  amiicn ;  from  the 
noun.]     To  enamel. 

I  ammell  as  a  goldesmythe  dothehis  worke, 

I'alsgrair,  p.  42,^.     (.V.  /■.'.  D.) 

amel-COrn  (am'el-kom),  n.  [Formerly  also 
ami  ll-corn,  timil-corn  ;  <  G.  amelkorn  (or  1).  amel- 
koren),  <  MHG.  umel,  amer,  OHG.  amar,  aniel- 
corn  (later  associated,  as  in  G.  amelmehl,  D. 
ameldonk,  starcli,  with  L.  amijlnm,  starch:  see 
ftmyP),  +  korn  =  1).  koren  =  E.  corn^.]  The 
seeds  of  a  grass,  Triticum  dicorrum.  ri'scinbling 
spelt,  but  bearing  only  two  grains  in  Ihi'  licad, 
cultivated  in  Switzerland  for  tlie  niaiinliicture 
of  starch. 

ameledt  (am'cld),  ;).  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ammeird,  ammiUcd,  <  ME.  ameled,  amilcd :  ]>]). 
ot  amel,  v.]     Enameled. 

AcliillcH'  anris,  enlightened  all  with  stars. 

And  rirbly  ttmelVd.  (Vuljiniaii,  Hind,  xvl.  12:{. 

amelett,  "•  [<.  OV^.ameleite,  mod.  omclctle:  see 
omelet.']     A  former  spelling  of  omelet. 

ameli,  «.     I'lural  of  ametus. 

amelia  (a-meri-ji),  m.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ('/-  j)riv.  -t- 
fo'/nr,  a  limb.]  In  tcratol.,  absence  <il  liiiibs. 
See  amrlus. 

ameliorable  (a-me'lyo-ni-bl),  «.  [<  ML.  as  if 
'innrliiirohilis,  <  ametiorare :  K<"0  ameliiirafr .] 
(!ii|mlili'  of  lii'iiig  iimelioratcd, 

ameliorate  (a-ine'lyo-nU),  r. ;  pret.  and  )ip. 
o meliorated,  pjir.  amelioratinti.  [<  MIj.  ami  ho- 
rolii.i,  pp.  (if  nmetioriire  (>  OF.  nmeillorir,  V. 
iiiiii'linrer  =  I'r.  amilorar  =  It.  ammitiliorarr), 
1"  '■■•riic  iM'lter,  improve,  <  L.  nd,  to,  +  \j\,.  un  ■ 
li'irnrr,  make  licller,  inelioralo:  sec  meliorali .] 
I.  lr<inM.  To  make  better,  or  more  lolenible, 
SfttiMfactory,  prosperouH,  etc. ;  improve;  melio- 
rate. 


amen 

In  ever>'  human  being  there  is  a  wish  to  ameliorate  his 
own  condition.  Maeaulaij,  Hist.  Eng,,  iii 

Let  it  be  sufficient  that  you  have  in  some  slight  degree 
ameliorated  mankind,  and  do  not  think  that  amelioration 
a  matter  of  small  importance. 

Lecky,  Europ,  Morals,  I.  266. 

=  Syn.  Amend,  Improve,  Better,  etc.     See  a??ie?irf. 

II.  intrans.  To  grow  better;  meliorate. 

[Man]  may  have  been  temporarily  driven  out  of  the 
country  [southern  England]  by  the  returning  cold  periods, 
but  would  find  his  way  back  as  the  climate  ameliorated. 
Geikie,  Geol.  Sketches,  p.  4.^1. 

amelioration  (a-me-lyo-ra'shon),  «.  [=  F. 
amelioration  ;  from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of 
ameliorating,  or  the  state  of  being  ameliorated; 
a  making  or  becoming  better;  improvement; 
melioration. 

Remark  the  unceasing  effort  throughout  nature  at 
somewhat  better  than  the  actual  creatiu-es :  amelioration 
in  natiu'e,  which  alone  permits  and  authorizes  ameltora. 
tion  in  mankind.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  298. 

Tlie  October  politician  is  so  full  of  charity  and  good- 
nature, that  he  supposes  that  these  very  robbers  and  mur- 
derers themselves  are  in  course  of  ntnetioration. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace, 

2.  A  thing  wherein  improvement  is  realized ; 
au  improvement.     N.  E.  D. 

The  buildings,  draius,  enclosures,  and  other  ameliora- 
tions which  they  may  either  make  or  maintain. 

.lilam  .imith.  Wealth  of  Nations  (ed,  186(1),  p,  24S. 

ameliorative  (a-me'lyo-ra-tiv),  a.  [<  amelio- 
rate 4-  -ifc.]  Producing,  or  having  a  tendency 
to  produce,  amelioration  or  amendment:  as, 
ameliorative  medicines. 

ameliorator  (a-me'lyo-ra-tor),  n.  [<  amelio- 
rate -(-  -or.]  One  who  or  that  which  amelio- 
rates. 

Our  indefatigable  naturalist  [Darwin]  says  that  this  de- 
spised earth-worm  is  nothing  less  than  an  ameliorator  on 
the  surface  of  the  globe.  J'op.  Sei.  Mo.,  XX.  S9!>. 

amelus  (am'e-lus),  n. ;  pi.  ameli  (-Ii).  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  (i-  priv.  +  /ji^oc,  a  limb.  Cf.  amelia.]  In 
teratol.,  a  monster  in  which  the  limbs  are  en- 
tirely wanting,  or  are  replaced  by  wart-like 
stumps. 

amen  (a'men',  in  ritual  speech  often  and  in 
singing  always  ii'meu'),  adv.  or  interj.  and  n. 
[<  ME.  amen,  AS.  amen  =  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  amen 
=  F.  Sp.  Pg.  amen  =  It.  amen,  ammenne,  <  LL. 
amen,  Cir.  ii/i'/'',  <  Heb.  amen,  lirm,  true,  faithful : 
as  a  noun,  certainty,  truth;  as  an  adv.,  cer- 
tainly, verily,  surely,  in  affirmation  or  ap})roval 
of  what  has  been  said  by  another;  <  dman, 
strengthen,  support,  confirm;  cf.  Ar.  dmin, 
trusted,  confided  in.]  I.  adv.  or  interj.  1. 
^'(■rily;  tridy:  retained  in  the  Bible  from  the 
original. 

All  the  promises  of  God  in  him  [Christ]  are  yea,  ami  in 
him  Amen.  2  Cor.  i.  20. 

The  reader  may  see  great  reason  why  we  also  say  Amen, 
Amen,  and  durst  not  translate  it, 

Rheimt  N.  T.,  John  vlii.  84,  note. 

Amen.  Amen,  I  say  to  thee,  Except  a  man  be  born  again, 
he  cannot  see  the  kingdom  of  God, 

Kheims  N.  T.,  .Tohn  iii,  2. 

2.  It  is  so;  after  a  prayer  or  wish,  be  it  so:  a 
concluding  formula  iised  as  a  solemn  expres- 
sion of  concurrence  in  a  formal  statement  or 
confession  of  faith,  or  in  a  prayer  or  wish. 

I  believe  in  the  Holy  Ghost;  the  holy  Catholic  Church; 
thi'conimunioti  of  saints;  the  forgiveness  of  sins;  the  res- 
urrection of  the  body;  and  the  life  everlasting,     .imen. 

Apostles'  Creed. 

One  cried  "God  bless  U8!"and '*.4»i*'n,'"  the  other.  .  .  . 

Hut  wherefore  could  not  I  pronounce  anient 

1  had  most  need  of  blessing,  and  amen 

Stuck  in  my  throat,  Shak.,  Macbeth,  il,  2. 

3.  A  mere  concluding  formula. 

And  were  continually  in  the  temple,  praising  and  bless- 
ing Gn.l,     .Imen,  Luke  xxiv.  f.;i  (end  of  the  book). 

II.  ".  1.  Ho  who  is  tnie  and  faithful:  re- 
tained in  the  Bible  from  the  original,  as  a  title 
iif  ChriHt. 


'riicHc  things  salth  the 
liess. 


Amen,  the  faithful  and  (rue  wit* 
liev.  ill.  14. 


2.  An  cvprossion  of  concurrence  or  assent ;  an 
assertion  of  beUef. 

Kalse  doctrine  strangled  by  its  own  nmen 

Mrs.  Browning,  Casu  Guldi  WlridoWN,  1,  UO. 

3.  The  concluding  word  or  act;  end;  conclu- 
sion. 

That  such  an  act  as  this  should  be  the  amen  of  mv  life. 
Il/i.  Hall,  Conlcmiilallons,  II.  B6. 

amen  (a'men'),  f.  f.      [<  amen,  adv.]     1.  To 
ni I il'v  solemnly;  sayami'iito;  ai)prove. 

Is  there  a  bishop  on  the  bcnrli  that  has  not  ameii'd  the 
humbug  In  his  lawn  sleeves,  ami  called  u  blcNHlng  over  iho 
kneeliiiK  pair  of  jierJurcrHV       Thackeray,  Newcomes,  Ivll. 


amen 
2,  To  say  the  last  word  to  ;  end ;  finish. 

This  very  evening  have  I  amen'd  the  volume. 

.Southey,  Letters  (1812),  II.  281. 
[Bare  in  both  uses.] 
amenability  (a-me-na-'bil'i-ti),  n.      [<  amena- 
ble :  SCO  -bititi/'.]     Ainenableuess. 

Tliere  whs  ;il)out  him  a  high  spirit  and  awttuUUty  to 
the  point  of  liorior  which  years  of  a  dog's  life  had  not 
lirolsen.  It  U-  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  237. 

amenable  (a-me'na-bl),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  amcanahle,  amaiiiahle,  and  corruptly  ames- 
nablc,  <  F.  as  if  *amenablc,  <  amener,  bring  or 
lead,  fetch  in  or  to:  see  amain'^  and  -able.}  1. 
Liable  to  make  answer  or  defense ;  answerable ; 
accountable ;  responsible :  said  of  persons. 

The  sovereign  of  this  country  is  not  a  inenable  to  any  form 
of  trial  known  to  the  laws.  Junius,  Pref.  to  Letters. 

We  nuist  hold  a  man  amenable  to  reason  for  the  choice 
of  his  daily  craft  or  profession.    Emerson,  Spiritual  Laws. 

2.  Under  subjection  or  subordination;  liable 
or  exposed,  as  to  authority,  control,  claim,  or 
application:  said  of  persons  or  things :  as,  per- 
sons or  offenses  amenable  to  the  law ;  amenable 
to  criticism. 

The  same  witness  ...  is  amenable  to  the  same  imputa- 
tion of  uncandid  .  .  .  quotation. 

E.  Mellor,  Priesthood,  p.  312.    (W.  E.  D.) 

3.  Disposed  or  ready  to  answer,  yield,  or  sub- 
mit, as  to  influence  or  advice ;  submissive. 

Sterling  .  .  .  always  was  amenable  enough  to  counsel. 

Carlyle. 

amenableness  (a-me'na-bl-nes),  n.     The  state 
of  being  amenable ;  liability  to  answer ;  dispo- 
sition to  respond  to;  tractableness. 
amenably  (a-me'na-bli),  adv.     In  an  amenable 
manner. 

amenaget,  v-  t.  [<  OF.  amenager,  earlier  ames- 
nagier,  govern,  rule,  order,  <  a  (L.  ad,  to)  + 
menage,  mcsnage,  F.  menage,  household:  see 
manage.}  To  bring  into  a  state  of  subordina- 
tion; manage. 

With  her,  whoso  will  raging  Furor  tame, 
Must  first  begin,  and  well  her  amenaye. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  11. 

amenancet,  n.  [<  OF.  amenance,  conducting,  < 
amener,  bring  or  lead  to,  conduct :  see  amenable 
and  amaiH-.]  Mien  or  carriage ;  conduct;  be- 
havior. 

With  grave  speech  and  comply  mnenance. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  xi.  :i. 

amend  (a-mend'),  v.  [<  ME.  amenden,  <  OP. 
(tmender',' covvQcX,  amend,  better,  recompense, 
make  amends  for,  mod.  F.  amender=  Pr.  emen^ 
dar  =  It.  ammendare,  <  L.  emenddre,  free  from 
fault,  correct,  <  e  for  ex,  out  of,  +  menda  or  men- 
dum,  a  fault,  defect,  blemish  (in  the  body),  a 
fault,  mistake,  error  (in  writing,  etc.),  =  Skt. 
mindd,  a  personal  defect,  prob.  connected  with 
L.  minor,  less:  see  minor,  minish,  etc.  Abbr. 
mend;  doublet,  emend,  directly  from  the  L. :  see 
mend,  emend.'i  I.  trans.  1.  To  fi'ee  from  faults; 
make  better,  or  more  con-ect  or  proper ;  change 
for  the  better ;  correct ;  improve ;  reform. 

Amend  your  ways  and  your  doings,  audi  will  cause  you 
to  dwell  in  this  place.  Jer.  vii.  3. 

Thou  hearest  thy  faults  told  thee,  amet^  them,  amend 
them.  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

It  does  not  require  much  prescience  to  see  that,  whether 
England  does  so  or  not,  the  Americans  will  ere  long  adopt 
an  amev/ied  spelling. 

J.  A.  H.  Murray,  9th  Ann.  Addr.  to  Philol.  Soc. 

2.  To  make  a  change  or  changes  in  the  form 
of,  as  a  bill  or  motion,  or  a  constitution ; 
properly,  to  improve  in  expression  or  detail, 
but  by  usage  to  alter  either  in  construction, 
purport,  or  principle. — 3.  To  repair;  mend. 
[Now  rare.] — 4t.  To  heal  or  recover  (the  sick) ; 
cm'e  (a  disease).  =  Syn.  Amend,  Improve,  Better, 
Emend,  Meml,  Correct,  RectiJ'y,  He/orm,  Atneliorate. 
Ameiul  is  generally  to  bring  into  a  more  perfect  state  by 
the  removal  of  defects:  as,  to  amend  a  record  or  one's 
manner  of  life.  Improve  and  better  are  the  only  words 
in  the  list  that  do  not  necessarily  imply  something  previ- 
ously  wrong;  they  may  mean  the  heightening  of  excel- 
lence :  as,  to  improve  land  or  one's  penmanship.  Better 
is  also  used  in  the  sense  of  surpass.  Correct  and  rectify 
are,  by  derivation,  to  make  right ;  they  are  the  most  abso- 
lute, as  denoting  the  bringing  of  a  thing  from  an  imper- 
fect state  into  conformity  with  some  standard  or  rule : 
as,  to  correct  proof ;  to  rectify  an  error  in  accounts.  To 
mend  is  to  repair  or  restore  that  which  has  become  ini- 
paii-ed :  as,  to  mend  a  shoe,  a  bridge,  etc.  Applied  to  things 
other  than  physical,  it  may  be  equivalent  to  amend :  as, 
to  mend  one's  manners.  Emend  has  especially  the  lim- 
ited meaning  of  restoring  or  attempting  to  restore  the 
text  of  books.  Re.form  is  to  form  over  agJiin  for  the  bet- 
ter, either  by  returning  the  thing  to  its  previous  state  or 
b)  bringing  it  up  to  a  new  one ;  or  it  may  be  to  remove 
by  reform :  as,  to  reform  the  laws ;  to  reform  abuses. 
Ameliorate  is  not  commonly  applied  to  persons  and  things, 
but  to  condition  and  kindred  abstractions ;  it  expresses 
painstaking  effort  followed  by  some  measure  of  success: 
as,  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  poor. 


173 

.She  begged  him  forthwith  to  amend  his  ways,  for  the 
sake  of  his  name  and  fame. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  380. 

The  weeds  of  a  field,  which  if  destroyed  and  consumed 
upon  the  place  whore  they  gl-ow,  enrich  and  improve  it 
more  than  if  none  had  ever  sprung  there.  S\(nft. 

.Striving  to  better,  oft  we  mar  what's  well. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 
Tile  villainy  you  teach  me  I  will  execute,  and  it  shall  go 
hard  but  I  will  better  the  instructions. 

Slmk.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  1. 
The  text  should  be  emended  so  as  to  read  "  tetragonns 
sine  vituperio,"  a  square  without  a  fault,  which  I  have  no 
doubt  may  be  found  in  some  Latin  Aristotle. 

N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  I.  65. 
He  that  lacks  time  to  mourn  lacks  time  to  me/ul  ; 
Eternity  mourns  that. 

Sir  II.  Taylor,  Philip  Van  Artevelde,  I.,  i.  4. 
There  are  certain  defects  of  taste  which  correct  them- 
selves by  their*  own  extravagance. 

Lowell,  Study  'Windows,  p.  401. 
Refomi'd  my  will,  and  rectify'd  my  thought. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Introd.  to  Immortal,  of  Soul. 
Some  men,  from  a  false  persuasion  that  they  cannot  re- 
form their  lives  and  root  out  their  old  vicious  habits, 
never  so  much  as  attempt,  endeavour,  or  go  about  it. 

South. 
It  is  a  cheering  thought  throughout  life,  that  something 
can  be  done  to  n  meliorate  the  condition  of  those  wlio  have 
been  subject  to  tlie  hard  usages  of  the  world. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  470. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  or  become  better  by 
reformation,  or  by  rectifying  something  -wrong 
in  manners  or  morals. 

Anything  that's  mended  is  but  patched:  virtue  that 
transgresses  is  but  patched  with  sin ;  and  sin  that  amends 
is  but  patched  with  virtue.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

2.  To  become  better  (in  health) ;  recover  from 
illness. 

Then  enquired  he  of  them  the  hour  when  he  began  to 
amend.  And  they  said  unto  him,  Yesterday  at  the  sev- 
enth hour  the  fever  left  him.  John  iv.  62. 

amend  (a-mend'),  ti.  [Sing,  of  amends,  q.  v.] 
Compensation:  generally  used  in  the  plural. 
See  amends. 

And  so  to  Finland's  sorrow 
The  sweet  amend  is  made. 

Whittier,  Conquest  of  Finland. 

amendable  (a-men'da-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  amend- 
able, <  OF.  amendable,' <.  L.  emendabilis,  <  cmen- 
dare,  correct :  see  amend,  v.,  and  cf .  emendable.~\ 
Capable  of  being  amended  or  corrected:  as,  an 
amendable  -wiit  or  error. 

amendatory  (a-men'da-to-ri),  a.  [<  amend  + 
-at-orij,  like  emendatorij,  '<  LL.  cmendatorius, 
corrective.]  Supplying  or  containing  amend- 
ment; corrective. 

I  presume  this  is  an  omission  by  mere  oversight,  and  I 
recommend  that  it  be  supplied  by  an  amendatory  or  sup. 
plemental  act.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  1S4. 

amende  (a-mend';  F.  pron.  a-mond'), )(.  [F., 
a  fine,  a  penalty,  amends:  see  amends.}  1.  A 
pecuniary  punishment  or  fine. — 2.  A  recanta- 
tion or  reparation — Amende  honorable,  in  anc. 
French  law,  a  public  confession  and  apology  made,  under 
certain  hmniliating  conditions,  by  persons  convicted  of 
offenses  .against  law,  morality,  or  religion.  It  is  thus  de- 
fined by  Cotgrave :  "A  most  ignominious  punishment  in- 
flicted upon  an  extream  offender,  who  must  go  through 
the  streets  barefoot  and  bareheaded  (with  a  burning  link 
in  his  hand)  unto  the  seat  of  justice,  or  some  such  publick 
place,  and  there  confess  his  offence,  and  ask  forgiveness  of 
the  party  he  hath  wronged."  It  w:is  abolished  in  1791,  re- 
introduced in  cases  of  sacrilege  in  1826,  and  finally  .abro- 
gated in  1830.  The  phrase  now  signifies  any  open  apology 
and  reparation  to  an  injured  person  for  improper  language 
or  treatment. 

She  was  condemned  to  make  the  amende  honorable,  that 
is,  to  confess  her  delinquency,  at  the  end  of  a  public  re- 
ligious procession,  with  a  lighted  taper  in  her  hand,  and 
to  be  imprisonedduringthe  pleasureof  the  King  of  France. 
Miss  Strickland,  Queens  of  Eng.,  Henrietta  Maria. 

amender  (a-men'der),  n.    One  who  amends. 
We  find  this  digester  of  codes,  amender  of  laws,  .  .  . 
permitting  .  .  .  one  of  the  most  atrocious  acts  of  oppres- 
sion. Brougham. 
amendfult  (a-mend'ful),  a.     [<  amend  +  -full 
FuU  of  amendment  or  improvement. 

Your  most  amemlful  and  unmatched  fortunes. 

Fletcher  (and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  iii.  1. 

amendment  (a-mend'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  amende- 
mcn  ?,  <  OF.  aniendcment,<  amender:  see  amend,  v., 
and  -men  t.']  1 .  The  act  of  freeing  from  faults ; 
the  act  of  making  better,  or  of  changing  for  the 
better;  correction;  improvement;  reformation: 
as,  "amendment  of  Ufe,"  Hooker. 

Her  works  are  so  perfect  that  there  is  no  place  for 
amendmmts.  ^«;'.  Creation. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming  better,  or  the  state  of 
having  become  better;  specifically,  recovery 
of  health. 

Your  honom-'s  pLayers,  hearing  your  amendment. 
Are  come  to  play  a  pleasant  comedy. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.  2. 

3.  In  deliberative  assemblies,  an  alteration  pro- 
posed to  bo  made  in  the  draft  of  a  bill,  or  in  the 


ament 

terms  of  a  motion  under  discussion.  Any  such  al- 
teration is  termed  an  amendment,  even  when  its  effect  is 
entirely  to  reverse  the  sense  of  the  original  bill  or  mo- 
tion. 

4.  An  alteration  of  a  legislative  or  deliberative 
act  or  in  a  constitution ;  a  change  made  in  a 
law,  citlier  by  way  of  correction  or  addition. 
Aniendineiitsto  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  may 
be  proiioscd  by  a  majority  of  two  thirds  of  both  houses  of 
Congress,  or  by  a  convention  summoned  by  Congress  on 
the  application  of  the  legislatures  of  two  thirds  of  the 
States,  and  enacted  by  tlieir  ratification  by  the  legisla- 
tures of  three  fourths  of  the  States,  or  by  conventions  in 
three  fourths  of  them,  as  Congress  may  determine. 

5.  In  law,  the  correction  of  an  error  in  a  writ, 
record,  or  other  judicial  document. —  6t.  Com- 
pensation; reparation.  CVmMcer,  Reeve's  Tale. 
=  Syn.  1.  Emendation,  betterment.— 2.  Reform,  etc.  See 
reformation. 

amendment-monger  (a  -  mend '  ment  -  mung  "- 
ger),  n.  One  who  makes  a  business  of  suggest- 
ing and  urging  constitutional  amendments:  a 
term  especially  applied  in  United  States  history 
to  the  Anti-Federalists. 

amends  (a-mendz'),  n.  pi.  [<  ME.  amendes, 
amcndis,  always  in  plural,  <  OF.  a?nendes,  pi.  of 
amende,  a  penalty,  a  fine,  mulct,  mod.  F.  amende 
(ML.  amenda),  <  amender:  see  amend,  v.}  1. 
Compensation  for  a  loss  or  injury ;  recompense ; 
satisfaction ;  equivalent. 

Yet  thus  far  fortune  niaketh  us  amends. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  7. 

Finding  amends  for  want  and  obscurity  in  books  and 
thoughts.  Emerson,  Burns. 

2t.  Becovery  of  health;  amendment. 

Now,  Lord  be  thanked  for  my  good  amends ! 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  2. 

amendsfult  (a-mendz'ful),  a.  [< amends  +  -ful.'] 
Making  amends ;  gi-ving  satisfaction.  Chap- 
man. 

amene  (a-men'),  a.  [<  ME.  amene,  <  OF.  "amene 
(in  adv.  amenement),  <  L.  amcenus,  pleasant, 
connected  with  amare,  love :  see  amiable,  amor, 
amour.']     Pleasant;  agreeable.     [Bare.] 

The  amene  delta  of  the  lovely  Niger. 

R.  F.  Burton,  Abbeokuta,  I.  i. 

amenity  (a-men'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  amenities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  ainen'kr,<  'L."amainita{t-)s,<.  amcenus,  pleas- 
ant: see  amene.2  1.  The  quality  of  being 
pleasant  or  agi'eeable  in  situation,  prospect, 
climate,  temper,  disposition,  manners,  etc. ; 
pleasantness;  pleasingness ;  an  affable  manner. 
After  .  .  .  discovering  places  which  were  so  full  of 
amenity  that  melancholy  itself  could  not  but  change  its 
humor  as  it  gazed,  the  followers  of  Calvin  planted  them- 
selves on  the  banks  of  the  river  May. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  V.  S.,  I.  55. 

Roman  childishness  seems  to  me  so  intultivelyconnectcd 
with  Roman  amenity,  urbanity,  and  general  gracefulness, 
that,  for  myself,  I  should  be  sorry  to  lay  a  tax  on  it,  lest 
these  other  commodities  should  also  cease  to  come  to 
rnaiket.  U.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  115. 

2.  That  which  is  agreeable  or  pleasing. 

The  suburbs  are  large,  the  prospects  sweete,  mth  other 
amenities,  not  omitting  the  flower  gardens. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  17,  1671. 

Amenity  damages,  in  Great  Britain,  damages  given  for 
the  defacement  of  grounds,  especially  around  dwelling- 
liuuses,  or  for  annoyance  or  loss  of  amenity,  caused  by  the 
building  of  u  railway,  constniction  of  public  "works,  etc. 

amenorrhea,  amenorrhoea  (a-men-o-re'a),  n. 

[NL.  amenorrhcea,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  /i^,  month 

(pi.  fjf/vec,  menses),  +  poia,  a  flow,  <  peZv,  flow.] 

A  suppression  of  menses,  especially  from  other 

causes  than  age  or  pregnancy. 
amenorrheal,  amenorrhceal  (a-men-o-re'al), 

a.     Pertaining  to  or  produced  'by  amenorrhea: 

as,  antenorrheal  insanity. 
amenorrheic,  amenorrlioeic   (a-men-o-re'ik), 

a.     [<  amenorrhea.}     Same  as  amenorrheal. 
a  mensa  et  thoro  (a  men'sa  et  tho'ro).    [L. :  a 

for  oil,  from ;  mensa,  abl.  of  mensa,  table ;  et,  and: 

thoro,  abl.  of  thorns  (*prop. 

torus),  bed:     see    torus.} 

From  board  and  bed:  in 

late,  a  phrase  descriptive  of 

a  kind  of  divorce  in  which 

the  husband  continties  to 

maintain  the  wife,  and  the 

marriage-bond  is  not  dis- 
solved :    now    superseded 

by  a   decree   of  judicial 

separation. 
ament  (am'ent),  «.     [<  L. 

amentum,  a  str.ip  or  thong, 

esp.  on  missile  weapons; 

also,  rarely,  a  shoe-string; 

<  oil.  apere,  bind,  fasten, 

>  L.  aptus,  apt:  see  apt.} 

In  hot.,  a  kind  of  inflorescence  consisting  of 

unisexual  apetalous    flowers  gro^wirg  in  the 


Aincnts. 


Willow  {Salix  /ra£ilis), 
with  separate  flowers,  male 
(upper  fl^rc)  and  female 
(lower  figure). 


ament 

axils  cf  scales  or  bracts  ranged  along  a  stalk 
or  axis ;  a  catkin.  The  true  anient  or  catkin  is  artic- 
ulated wi:i  :i  and  is  deciduous;  it  is  well  seen 
in  the  in:^.  tlie  birch,  willow,  and  poplar,  and 
in  the  £:a  rescence  of  tiie  oak,  walnut,  and 
hazeL     Also  vxiUv.:;  ani-Tiitiim. 

amenta,  «.     Plural  of  amentum. 

Amentaceae  (am-en-ta'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  L. 
amentum:  see  anient  and  -acca:'\  A  general 
term  for  plants  -nrhoso  flowers  are  arranged  in 
an  ament  or  catkin,  formerly  considered,  under 
variotis  limitations,  as  forming  a  natural  group, 
but  separated  by  later  botanists  into  several  dif- 
ferent orders,  "as  Cupuliferie,  Salicace(B,  Plata- 
nactce,  Myricacecs,  etc. 

amentaceous  (am-en-ta'shins),  a.  [<  NL.  amen- 
taceus:  see  «/Men{  and -aoeoits.]  In  hot.:  (a) 
Consisting  of  or  resembling  an  ament :  as,  an 
amentaceous  inflorescence,  (ft)  Bearing  aments : 
as,  amentaceous  plants. 

amental  (a-men'tal),  a.  l<  ament  +  -aL2  Per- 
taining to  or  having  aments  or  catkins. 

amentia  (a-men'shia),  n.  [L.^  -want  of  reason, 
<.amen{t-)s,  oat  oione'smmd,  id  for  ab,  from,+ 
men(t-)s,  mind:  see  mental.  Ct.  dementia.']  Im- 
becility of  mind;  idiocy  or  dotage.  Formerly 
sometimes  called  amenty. 

amentiferous  (am-en-tif'e-ms),  a.  [<  L.  amen- 
tum (see  ament)  +  ferre  =  E.  ftcorl.]  Beariug 
catkins.     X  E.  D. 

amentiform  (a-men'ti-form),  a.  [<  L.  amen- 
tum (see  ament)  +  f&rma,  form.]  In  tht  form 
of  an  ament  or  catkin. 

amentum  (a-men'tum),  «.;  pi.  amenta  (-ta). 
[L.;  see  ament.~\  1.  Same  as  anient. —  2.  An- 
cientlv,  a  strap  secured  to  the  shaft  of  a  javelin, 
to  aid  the  thrower  in  gi%Tng  it  force  and  aim. 

amentyt  (a-men'ti),  «.     See  amentia. 

amenuset,  r.     The  earlier  form  of  aminish. 

amerce  (a-mers'),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  amerced, 
ppr.  amercing.  [<  JIE.  amereen,  amercien,  <  AF. 
amereier,  fine,  miilct,  first  as  pp.  in  the  phrase 
csire  amercie,  which  is  due  to  the  earlier  phrase 
Mire  a  merci,  be  at  the  mercy  of,  i.  e.,  as  to 
the  amount  of  the  fine:  see  tncrcy.]  1.  To 
pimish  by  an  arbitrary  or  discretionary  fine  : 
as,  the  eotirt  amerced  the  defendant  in  the  sum 
of  .J  100. 

But  I'll  amerce  you  with  so  strong  a  flue, 
That  you  shall  all  repent  the  loss  of  mine. 

.Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  punish  by  inflicting  a  penalty  of  any 
kind,  as  by  depriving  of  some  right  or  privilege, 
or  entailing  some  loss  upon. 

Millions  of  spirits  for  his  fault  atnerced 

Of  heaven.  Mitton,  P.  L.,  i.  009. 

Shall  be  by  hira  ameargt  with  penance  dew. 

Sfienser,  Sonnets,  Ixx. 

amerceable  (a-mtr'sa-bl),  a.  [< amerce  +  -ahlc.'] 
Liatjh;  to  amercemeiit.     Also  written  amercia- 

hlr. 

amercement  (a-mfers'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  amerce- 
ment, auursenient,  ame'rciment,  ?  AF.  amerci- 
ment,  amerchiement  (>  ML.  amerciamentum,  >E. 
amerciament),  <  amereier,  amerce:  see  amerce.'] 
1.  The  act  of  amercing,  or  the  state  of  being 
amerced. — 2.  In  law,  a  pecuniary  penalty  in- 
flicted on  an  offender  at  the  discretion  of  the 
court.  It  dllfera  from  nfiiw,  in  that  the  latter  is,  or  was 
(iriidnally,  a  ftjted  and  certain  sum  prescrilifd  by  statute 
fnr  an  olleujc,  while  an  amercement  is  arbitrary.  The 
IUhi«  or  assessment  of  the  amount  of  an  amercement 
U  calltnl  a/rrnnt-nt. 

They  likewise  laid  amerccinenU  of  seventy,  fifty,  or 
thirty  iHjunds  of  tobacco,  as  the  cause  was,  on  every  law 
caw  throughout  the  country.    Beverley,  Virginia,  1.  H  03. 
(HeJ  niut4;  in  ml»er>',  eyed  my  masters  hero 
Motionless  till  the  autlioritative  word 
Pronounced  amercement. 

llrowninff,  Ring  anil  Hook,  I.  236. 

'I  "nirrciament. 
Ai  ' '  >yal,  in  fireat  llritntn,  a  penalty  imposed 

'■'  nii.'li'tiuranor  In  his  oiili «-. 

amercer  ■  i-m'  I's.'  i),  n.     One  who  aincrccH. 

amerci.ablc!  (.t-uir  i '-  i-a-bl),  a.  Same  u»  amcrce- 
nl''' . 

amerciament  (n-mftr'ni-n-ment),  n.     Hume  uh 

OKi •   r,  '  " 

Ajii'  -Miir'i-ltan),  a,   and  n.      [=  F. 

-I  ~y:  I'l;.  It."jmcr<ca«'<  =  r).  Jmiri- 

*"•  rh,a.,  =  (-i.  yimrrtkaner,  n., 

.'  I  i;in.  Amerikanirr,  n.,  Anuri- 

i"  '.  '"  nkiin,  n.,  Amrril:ini!,l:,  n., 

^  '    tiniririi,  ho  iinimil   tr"ni 

■  [  .  I,atini7,<'il  fonii  <if  .Innrii/u 

^'  I.  «.   1.   I'iTtiiinin({t'>tti"  wOHtem 

li'  "-Irri-'inK  to  or  "itualcd  ill  either 

^orlii  ..  r, ;  OH.  the  Amazon  mid 

othor.l  -2.  Ill  nmore  roHtricli'd 

MDM,  jrt.irt K  ,.,  i„„  United  Htati'H:  a»,  uu 


174 

American  citizen — American  alcomoque,  leather, 
organ,  etc.  See  the  nouns. — American  aloe.  seej;/<i(>', 
— American  bowls.  Sameas  ;nijt\/(w*.s-.— American  In- 
dians. See  /;irfm/i.— American  party,  in  C  S.  hiet..  a 
politic.lI  party  which  came  into  proininence  in  1S53.  Its 
fundamental  principle  w*as  that  the  government  of  the 
countiy  should  be  in  the  hands  of  native  citizens.  At  first 
it  was  oi-ganized  as  a  secret,  oath-bound  fraternity ;  and 
from  their  professions  of  ignorance  in  regard  to  it,  its 
members  received  the  name  of  Know-nothings.  Ignor- 
ing the  slavery  question,  it  gained  control  of  the  govern- 
ments of  several  Northern  and  Southern  States  in  1854  and 
lSo5,  and  nominated  a  presidential  ticket  in  1S56;  but  it 
disappeared  about  1859,  its  Xorthern  adherents  becoming 
Republicans,  while  most  of  its  Southern  members  joined 
the  short-lived  Constitutional  Union  party.  An  antima- 
sonic  party  of  the  same  name  appeared  in  1S75,  but  gained 
very  few  votes.    See  Xative  American  party,  helow. 

It  appeared  in  this,  as  in  most  other  Free  States,  that 
the  decline  or  dissolution  of  the  American,  or  Fillniore, 
iiarty  inured  mainly  to  the  benefit  of  the  triumphant 
Democracy.  H.  Greeley,  Amer.  Confiict,  I.  300. 

American  plan,  the  method  of  hotel  management  com- 
mon in  the  United  States,  which  is  based  upon  the  pay- 
ment by  guests  of  a  fi.\ed  sum  per  diem  covering  all  ordi- 
nary charges  for  room,  food,  and  attendance.  See  Euro- 
pean plan,  uniiev European. — American  system,  a  name 
originally  used  for  the  principle  of  jn-otection  by  means 
of  high  tariff  duties  in  the  United  States,  as  intended  to 
countervail  the  unfavorable  commercial  regulations  of 
European  countries,  or  to  promote  American  as  against 
European  interests. — Native  American  party,  in  U.  S. 
hiJit.,  an  organization  Dased  on  hnstilit}'  t"  ttie  participa- 
tion of  foreign  immigrants  in  Anii-iiraii  politics,  and  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  formed  about  1S42.  In  1844 
it  carried  the  city  elections  of  New  York  and  Philadel- 
piiia,  and  elected  a  number  of  Congressmen.  It  gained 
no  further  successes,  and  disappeared  within  a  few  years, 
after  occasioning  destructive  riots  against  Roman  Cath- 
olics in  Philadelphia  and  other  places. 

H.  n.  Anativeoraninhabitant  of  the  western 
hemisphere,  or,  specifically,  of  North  America: 
originally  applied  to  the  aboriginal  races  dis- 
covered by  the  Europeans,  but  now  to  the  de- 
scendants of  Europeans  born  in  America,  and, 
in  the  most  restricted  or  popular  sense,  to  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States. 
Americanism  (a-mer'i-kan-izm),  n.  [K.  Ameri- 
can +  -ism.]  1.  Devotion  to  or  preference  for 
the  United  States  and  their  institutions ;  prefer- 
ence for  whatever  is  American  in  this  sense; 
the  exhibition  of  such  preference. — 2.  The  con- 
dition of  being  a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 

Great-grandfathers  of  those  living  Americans,  whose 
Americanism  did  not  begin  within  tlie  last  half  centmj . 
The  Century,  XX\'I1.  678. 

3.  A  custom,  trait,  or  thing  peculiar  to  Amer- 
ica or  Americans;  in  general,  any  distinctive 
characteristic  of  American  life,  thought,  litera- 
ture, etc. 

I  hate  this  shallow  Americanism  which  hopes  to  get 
rich  by  credit,  to  get  knowledge  by  raps  on  midnight 
tallies,  to  learn  the  economy  of  the  mind  by  phrenology, 
or  skill  without  study.  Emerson,  Success. 

4.  A  word,  a  phrase,  or  an  idiom  of  the  Eng- 
lish language  which  is  now  peculiar  to  or  has 
originated  in  the  United  States. 

Many  so-called  Americaniitms  are  good  old  English. 

Davies,  Sup.  Kng.  Gloss. 

Americanist  (a-mer'i-kun-ist),  n.  [<  American 
+  -int :  =  y.  Americanuitc  =  Sp.  Pg.  America- 
nista.]  One  devoted  to  the  study  of  subjects 
specially  relating  to  America. 

As  distinguished  from  an  Aniericun,  an  j)Tn<-n'caHiV(  is 
a  iierson  of  any  nation  wlio  iirominently  interests  himself 
in  the  study  "f  siilijects  relating  to  .\nierlca. 

Tlie  American,  VII.  0. 

Americanization (a-mer^i-kan-i-za'shon),  «. 
[<  .imeriniiiK-c  +  -ation.]  Tlie  act  or  process 
of  Americanizing,  or  of  being  Americanized. 

It  has  conic  Ut  lie  the  custom  to  characterize  na  an 
Americanizatinn  the  dreaded  overgrowth  and  pernientioii 
by  realism  of  European  (■ivili/.ation,  and  the  rapidly  grow- 
ing pri-poiideranco  of  manufacturing  industry. 

l'op.,Sci.Mo.,y.wi.:mu. 


Americanize  (a-mor'i-kan-iz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  Americanized,  \t\>T.  Amcricnnizinij.  [<  Ameri- 
can +  -trc]     1.  To  render  Amerioan  in  ohm 


acter;  assimilato  lo  the  customs  and  institu- 
tions of  the  United  States. 

It  Is  notorious  tluit,  In  the  I'nitcd  Stales,  the  descen- 
dants of  llie  iniiiiigrant  Irish  lose  their  Celtic  asiieet,  ami 
become  Americitnizetl.        //.  .^jH'ncer,  J'rill.  of  Jtiol.,  ft  8". 

'Ilio  lino  of  argniiient  lias  been  adopted  by  the  right 
honourable  getitleinitn  opposite  with  regard  (o  what  he 
teriiis  umrricanizin'l  the  institutions  of  the  country. 

iilnttntiinc. 

2.  To  naturalize  in  the  United  Statos.    [Hiiro.] 
Americomania  (ii-incr'i-ko-ma'ni-ll),  n.    [< 
Inn  rim  +  maniti.]      A   craze  for  whatever  is 
-Ainericaii.      [Uurc^] 

Tliolr  Americoviauin  he  scums  to  consider  n  crlniiiml 
)i.r.«y.  MuntMy  Hen.,  XXVII.  627.    (A'.  K.  I'  i 

amoriBtic  dim-e-rJH'tik),  a.  [<flr.  (i-  ])riv.  + 
/i'i'ic-it/i^,  iliviileVi,  divlHildo,  verbal  ndj.  of  fifpi- 
C"i',  divide,  <  /liiioc,  n  Jiiirt.!     In  roo/.,  not  di- 


ametrometer 

vided  into  parts ;  unsegmented :  distinguished 
both  from  eumeristic  &nd  dynmeristie:  as,  "«»«- 
eristic  flukes,"  £.  B.  Lankester,  Encyo.  Brit., 
Xn.  555. 

amest,  «.    Same  as  amice. 

ames-acet,  "•    See  amhes-ace. 

amesst,  »•     Same  as  amice. 

AmetaDola  (am-e-tab'o-lii),  n.  ph  [NX/.,  <  Gr. 
a/;f7a,jo/,of,  unchangeable :  seeamctaiiolous.]  In 
:odl.,  insects  which  do  not  undergo  metamor- 
phosis. In  Macleay's  system  of  classification,  a  term 
borrowed  from  W.  E.  Leacli  to  designate  a  subclass  of  In- 
5ec(a  by  which  the  ni.\Tiapodous,  tlnsaiiuroiis.  and  anoplu- 
rous  ''insects"  should  be  collecti\il.\  ci.'iitrastcd  with  tlie 
true  insects,  which  undergo  metaniorpliosis.  Myriapods 
being  excluded  from  the  class  Insccta,  and  lice  iieing  lo- 
cated with  insects  that  are  not  thorouulily  anietabokius, 
Ametabola  is  by  some  authors  restricted  to  tlie  coilem- 
bolous  and  thysanurous  insects.  The  term  is  correlated 
with  Eemimetahola  and  with  Mctabola, 

M'Leay  has  formed  them  [MjTiapoda]  into  two  orders, 
Chilopoda  and  Chilognatha,  raising  them,  together  witli 
the  two  other  orders^  Thysanura  and  Anoplura  (or  Para- 
sita,  Latr.),  and  certain  annulated  vermes,  into  a  distinct 
class,  to  which  he  applied  the  name  of  Ametabola,  wliicli 
Leach  had  proposed  only  for  the  spring-tailed  insects  and 
lice.       J.  0.  Wetitxeood,  in  Cuvier's  R^gne  Animal  (trans.X 

(1849,  p.  483. 

ametabolian  (a-met-a-bo'li-an),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  In  :ool.,  relating  or  pertaining  to  the  Amc- 

taiiola. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Ametabola. 
ametabolic  (a-met-a-bol'ik),  a.      [<  Gr.  ajicra- 
jio'Aog,  unchangeable  (see  ametabolous) ;  or  s  «-l8 
-f-  metabolic]      Not  subject  to  metamorphosis. ' 
Applied  to  those  insects,  such  as  lice,  wliich  do  not  pos- 
sess wings  when  perfect,  and  which  do  not,  therefore,  pass 
througli  any  well-marked  metamorphosis. 

ametabolous  (am-e-tab'o-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/ic- 
Tojio'Xog,  unchangeable,  <  a-  priv.  +  nerajioAoc, 
changeable:  see  Mctabola.]  Ametabolic ;  not 
subject  to  metamorphosis. 

In  the  series  of  ametabolous  insects  there  are  some  with 
masticatory,  others  with  suctorial,  mouths. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  .^0.5. 

ametallous  (a-met'al-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
Iji^TuXAov,  mine  (taken  as  'metal':  see  metal), 
+  -ous.]     Non-metallic.     X.  JC.  D.     [Bare.] 

ametbodical  (am-e-thod'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  li- 
priv.  (((-18)  -1-  methodical,  q.  v.  Of.  Gv.  aiii- 
(/o[?o(;,  without  method.]  Unmethodical;  irreg- 
ular; without  order.     Bailey.     [Kare.] 

amethodistt  (a-meth'o-dist),  n.  [<Gr.  (7- priv. 
((1-18)  -f-  methodist,  q.  v. ;  or  tlirectly  <  Gr.  aui- 
Oodo(,  without  method  (<  a-  priv.  +  /jWoior, 
method),  -f-  -isi.]  One,  especially  a  physician, 
who  follows  no  regular  method;  a  quack:  as, 
"empiricall  amctliodistis,"  Whitlock,  Manners  of 
English,  p.  89. 

amethyst  (am'e-tliist),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  nj»r- 
thist,  amitist,  a'matist  (also  amatcs,  amatite,':).  < 
ME.  amatist,  amctist,  -iste,  <  OF.  amatistc,  ame- 
tistc,  mod.  F.  amctliystc  =  Pr.  ametliysta  =  Sp. 
amatista,  amctista.  -to  =  Pg.  ametht/sta,  avie- 
tista,  -to  =  It.  amatista  =  D.  ametist,  -tliist,  -tliyst 
=  G.  amethyst  =  Sw.  ametist  =  Dan.  amctyst,  < 
L.  amcthystus,  <  Gr.  afilBvaToc,  the  precious 
stone  amethyst,  also  the  name  of  a  j)lant,  lioth 
so  called  because  supposed  to  be  reinciiial 
againstdrunkenness, <au^tfi'(TTof,  adj.,  notdriink- 
(>ii,  <  (i-  priv.  +  *ueOvaTO^,  verbal  adj.  of  /idliiiv, 
bo  drunken,  <  fiwv,  strong  drink,  =  E.  mead^,  q. 
v.]  1.  A  violet-blue  or  purple  variety  of  quartz, 
the  color  being  perhaps  duo  to  the  presence  of 
peroxid  of  iron,  it  generally  occurs  crystallized  ill 
six-sided  prisms  or  pyramids;  also  in  roiled  fragments, 
coniiioacd  of  imperfect  prlsnintie  ervsttils.  Its  fracture  is 
conetuiidal  or  splinti-ry.  It  is  wroiiglit  into  various  articles 
of  jewelry.  The  finest  amethysts  come  from  India,  Ceylon, 
and  Hrazll. 

2.  hi  her.,  the  color  inirplo  ■when  described  in 
blazoning  a  nobleman's  escutcheon.  See  tinc- 
ture.—  3.  The  name  of  a  limnming-bird,  Calli- 
phlox  nnuthystino.  Oriental  amethyst,  a  lare  vlo- 
Ict-coloird  geiu.  a  variety  of  Mliiminu  or  (drniidiini.  of  ex- 
lianiiliiiMiy  brilliiiiicy  aliil  lieaiily;  anielhystiiie  sapphire. 

amethystine  (am-e-lhis'tin),  a.  [<  L.  ame- 
tliyxtinus,  <  Gr.  d/i'ilH'aTimr,  <  iijillhvrnr,  niiic- 
lliyst:  see  amethyst.]  \.  rertiiiiiing  to  or  re- 
senililing  nniothyst;  of  llio  color  of  anietliyKt; 
Jiurple ;  violet.  Anciently  npplled  to  n  gariiii'iit  of  tho 
color  of  amethyHt,  as  distiiigiilslied  from  the  Tyriaii  and 
hyacinthine  purple. 

Trembling  water-drops. 
That  gllninier  with  nil  amclhi/stine  light. 

ilryanl,  winter  Piece. 

2.  Composed  of  amothyBt;  as,  an  amethystine 
cup. 
ametrometer  (aiii-e-trora'o-t6r),  n.    [<  Gr. 

!iiiiTfii}i,  in-egulnr  (<o-jiriv.  + ///r^oi',  nieasuro), 
T  fiiTjiiiv,  nieasure.]  An  iiistniiiient  used  in 
tile  diagnosis  of  aiiictropiii,  coiiNiHiing  of  two 
lani)iH   arranged   iqion   a   bar,  anil   capable  of 


ametrometer 

adjustment  to  test  the  degree  of  refraction  in 
the  patient's  sight. 

ametropia  (am-e-tro'pi-ii),  )!.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iific- 
7/)o<;,  irref,'iiliir,  +  iJr/'  (""■-),  eye.]  A  condition 
of  the  eye  which  is  abnormal  witli  respect  to 
refraction:  the  opposite  of  ewmfim/i/n.  Itoom- 
jirises  myopia,  hypermetropia,  presbyopia,  and 
astigmatism.     See  these  words. 

ametropic  (am-e-trop'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
produced  by  ametropia. 

ametrous  (a-me'trus),  «.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
^vrpa,  uterus :  see  )Hff(n.r.]  In  (erato?.,  without 
a  uterus.     Hyd.  Hoc.  Lex. 

amevet,  ('•     same  as  (OKOi'el. 

amgarn  (am'gara),  n.  [W.  amgarn,  aferi-ule.] 
In  arclucol.,  a  l^ind  of  celt  supposed  to  have 
served  as  the  ferrule  of  a  spear-shaft.  Such  celts 
commonly  have  a  looj)  on  one  side,  and  in  some  instances 
a  rint:  has  been  found  jiassing  through  the  loop. 

Amharic  (am-har'ilv),  n.  [<  Amhara,  the  cen- 
tral division  of  Abyssinia.]  The  modem  culti- 
vated language  of  Abyssinia. 

Amharic  .  .  .  has  been  since  A.  1).  1300  the  language 
of  the  Court  and  Nobles  [of  Abyssinia]. 

R.  S.  Oust,  Slod.  Langs,  of  Africa,  p.  88. 

Amherstia  (am-hers'ti-ii),  11.  [NL.,  named  in 
honor  of  Countess  Amherst,  a  zealous  promoter 
of  botany.]  A  leguminous  arboreous  genus  of 
Burmese  plants,  of  a  single  species,  A.  nobilis, 
with  very  large  flowers,  bright  vermilion  spot- 
ted with  yellow,  in  long  pendulous  racemes. 
The  flowers  are  considered  sacred,  and  are  laid  as  an 
offering  before  the  shrines  of  Buddha. 

Amia  (am'i-a),  ?s.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/xia,  a  kind  of 
tunny  (see  ilef.);  applied  by  Linniieus  to  an 
American  genus.]  1.  A  genus  of  ganoid  fishes, 
typical  of  the  family  Amiidce,  Amia  calva  being 
the  only  extant  species.  It  inhabits  the  fresh  waters 
of  Nurtli  America,  and  is  known  as  the  bowfln,  dogfish, 
miuliisli,  lawyer,  brindle,  grindle,  and  John  A.  Grindle. 
The  ll.sli  known  as  amia  to  the  ancients  was  a  very  differ- 
ent one.  Also  called  AmufHiH.  See  cut  under  Amiido!. 
2.  A  genus  of  aeanthopterygian  fishes:  synony- 
mous with  Apogon.    Gronovius. 

amiability  (a"mi-a-biri-ti),  n.  [<  amiable :  see 
-hilitij.  Of.  OP.  amiabi'ete.]  1.  The  quality  of 
being  amiable ;  excellence  of  disposition ;  amia- 
bleness. 

Suetonius  mentions,  as  an  instance  of  the  amiabilit;/  of 
Titus,  that  he  was  accustomed  to  jest  with  the  i)eople 
during  the  combats  of  the  gladiators. 

Lfcky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  304. 

2.  Lovableness;  amability.     N.  Ji.  D. 
amiable  (a'mi-a-bl),  a.  [<  ME.  nmiiihlc,  nmyable, 
aimidble,  (.  OF.  aimiable,  amiable,  miiiaule,  ami- 
able, lovely,  friendly,  <  LL.  ainicabilis  (>  E. 
amicable),  friendly,  <  L.  amicare,  make  friendly, 

<  amicus,  a  friend,  prop,  an  adj.,  friendly,  loving, 

<  amare,  love:  see  amor,  amour,  etc.  The  sense 
'lovable,  lovely'  is  due  to  a  confusion  with  F. 
aimable,  OF.  amable,  <  L.  amabilis,  lovable,  love- 
ly, <  amare,  as  above.]  1.  Friendly;  kindly; 
amicable. 

Lay  an  amiable  siege  to  the  honesty  of  this  Ford's  wife, 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2. 

That  foreign  eccentricity  to  which  their  nation  is  so 
amiable.  Ilowells,  A  Foregone  Conclusion,  p.  72. 

2.  Exciting  or  tending  to  excite  love  or  delight ; 
lovable;  lovely;  beautiful;  delightful;  pleas- 
ing. 

How  amiable  are  tliy  tabernacles,  O  Lord.    Ps.  Ixxxiv.  1. 

No  company  can  be  more  amiable  than  that  of  men  of 
sense  who  are  soldiers.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  152. 

I  found  my  wife  and  daughter  well,  the  latter  grown 
quite  a  woman,  with  many  amiable  accomplishments  ac- 
quired in  my  absence.  Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  314. 

3.  Specifically,  possessing  or  exhibiting  agree- 
able moral  qualities,  as  sweetness  of  temper, 
kind-heartedness,  and  the  like;  having  an  ex- 
cellent disposition :  as,  an  amiable  gitl;  an  ami- 
able  disposition. 

This  [word]  and  "lovely  "have  been  so  far  differentiated 
that  amiable  never  expresses  now  any  other  than  moral 
loveliness;  which  in  "lovely"  is  seldom  or  never  implied. 

Abp.  Trench. 
He  is  so  amiable  that  you  will  love  him,  if  ever  you  be- 
come  acquainted  with  him. 

Jefferson,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  II.  353. 
His  [Fox's]  private  friends  .  .  .  maintained  that  ...  if 
he  was  misled,  he  "was  misled  by  aiiiiable  feelings,  by  a 
desire  to  serve  his  friends  and  by  anxious  tenderness  for 
his  children.  Macaulay,  Lord  Holland. 

=  Syn.  Enga^ring,  benignant,  sweet-tempered,  kind-heart- 
ed, lovfly  in  cliaracter. 
amiableness  (a'mi-a-bl-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  amiable;  loveliness;  amiability. 
amiably  (a'mi-a-bli),  adv.  1.  In  an  amiable 
manner;  in  a  manner  to  excite  or  attract  love. 
—  2t.  Pleasingly;  delightfully.     [Rare.] 

The  palaces  rise  so  amiably. 

sir  T.  Ilerbert,  Travels,  p.  129. 


175 

They  [the  parables]  are  amiably  perspicuous,  vigorous, 
and  bright.  lilacktvall,  Sacred  Classics,  I.  380. 

Amiadse  (a-mi'a-de),  n.  pi.     Same  as  Amiidce. 
amiant,  amianth  (am'i-ant,  -anth),  n.     [Prop. 

umiunt,  <  MK.   amyaunt,  <  OF.   'amiantc,  mod. 

F.  amiaiilc,  <  L.   amiuntus,  <  6r.  afiiavro^:  see 

amianti(.'<.'\     Same  as  amiantus. 

amiantiform,  amianthiform  (am-i-an'ti-,  -thi- 
form),  a.  [<  NL.  amiuntus,  -thus,  +  L.  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  or  likeness  of  ami- 
antus. 

amiantine,  amianthine  (am-i-an'tin,  -thin),  a. 
[<  amiant,  -anth,  +  -t«el.]  Relating  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  amiantus. 

amiantoid,  amianthoid  (am-i-an'toid,  -thoid), 
a.  [<  amiant,  -anth,  +  -ok/.]  Resembling  ami- 
antus in  form. 

amiantoidal,  amianthoidal  (am"i-an-toi'-, 
-xhoi'dal),  o.  [<.  amiiiiitoid  +  -al.l  Same  as 
amiantoid. 

amiantus,  amianthus  (am-i-an'tus,  -thus),  n. 
[The  form  amianthus  is  recent  and  erroneous, 
simulating  Gr.  avdog,  a  flower  (ef.  amaranth); 
L.  amiantus,  <Gr.  a/iiavToc,  undefiled,  unsoile^; 
6  afilavTo^  'Aitioc,  a  greenish  stone  like  asbestos 
(Dioseorides);  <.a-  priv.  +  /uavrdr;,  stained,  de- 
filed, verbal  adj.  of  jiiaiveiv,  stain,  defile:  see 
miasm.']  1.  Flexible  asbestos,  earth-flax,  or 
mountain-flax;  a  mineral  somewhat  resem- 
bling flax,  and  usually  grayish-  or  greenish- 
white  in  color.  It  is  composed  of  delicate  filaments, 
very  flexible  and  somewhat  elastic,  often  long  and  resem- 
bling tiireads  of  silk.  It  is  incombustible,  and  has  been 
wrought  into  cloth  and  paper  with  the  aid  of  flax,  which  is 
afterward  removed  by  a  red  heat.  It  is  also  employed  for 
lamp-wicks  and  for  filling  gas-grates,  the  fibers  remain- 
ing red-hot  without  being  consumed.  It  is  a  finer  form 
of  the  variety  of  h»jrnblende  called  asbestos  (which  see). 
The  name  is  also  sometimes  extended  to  include  the  soft, 
silky,  and  inelastic  form  of  serpentine  called  chrysotile. 

Much  amber  full  of  insects,  and  divers  things  of  woven 
amianthus.  Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23, 1640. 

Serpentine  .  .  .  also  delicately  fibrous,  and  then  called 
amianthus  or  chrysotile. 

Dana,  Manual  of  Geol.  (ed.  1862),  p.  01. 

Hence  —  2.  Thread  or  fabrics  made  from  the 
mineral  amiantus. 
Also  sometimes  called  amiant,  amianth. 

Amiatus  (am-i-a'tus),  «.     Same  as  Amia,  1. 

amicability  (am'''i-ka-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  amicable  : 
see  -bility,  and  cf.  amiabUity.'}  The  quality  of 
being  amicable ;  amicableness. 

amicable  (am'i-ka-bl),  a.  [<  L.  amicabilis, 
friendly ;  whence  also  OF.  aimiable,  >  E.  ami- 
able, q.  v.]  Characterized  by  or  exhibiting 
friendliness,  peaeeableness,  or  harmony ;  friend- 
ly ;  peaceable ;  harmonious  in  social  or  other 
relations. 

Plato  and  TuUy,  it  should  seem,  thought  truth  could 
never  be  examined  with  more  advantage  than  amidst  the 
amicable  opposition  of  well-regulated  converse. 

Sir  T.  Fitz-Osborne,  Letters. 

By  amicable  collisions  they  have  worn  down  their  as- 
perities and  sharp  angles. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  54. 

Amicable  action,  in  law,  an  action  commenced  and 
prosecuted  according  to  a  mutual  understanding,  for  the 
purpose  of  oljtaining  a  decision  of  the  courts  on  some 
matter  of  law.— Amicable  compounder.  See  com- 
pounder.—liimca.Xi\e  numbers,  in  anth.,  any  pair  of 
numbers  each  of  which  is  equal  to  the  sum  of  the  ali- 
quot p.arts  of  the  other,  that  is,  is  equal  to  the  sura  of  all 
the  numbers  which  will  divide  the  other  without  remain- 
der: as,  284(l  +  2-f4-t-5-|-10-fll  +  20-t-22-t-44-f  65-f  no 
[the  aliquot  parts  of  2201  =  284)  and  '220  (1  -f  2  -(-  4-f  71+142 
[the  aliquot  parts  of  2S4]=  220).  The  next  higher  pan-  of 
amicable  numbers  is  17,296  and  18,416.  =  S3T1.  Amicabh\ 
Friendhi,  kind,  neighborly,  cordial.  AmiaibU  is  often  so 
weak  as' to  be  almost  negative ;  friendly  is  positive.  Ami- 
cable simply  notes  freedom  from  hard  feeling,  disagree- 
ment, or  (piarrel ;  hence  we  speak  of  an  amicable  action 
at  law,  amicable  relations  between  families  and  between 
states.  Friendly  implies  a  degree  of  active  interest.  All 
nations  should  be  on  amieable  terms;  few  are  enough  alike 
to  be  really  friendlv.  A  micable  also  implies  close  relation 
or  contact  \  friendly  feelings  may  exist  toward  those  of 
whom  we  have  only  heard. 

Enter  each  mild,  each  amicable  guest. 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  301. 

It  is  in  the  time  of  trouble  .  .  .  that  the  warmth  of  the 
friendlv  heart  and  the  support  of  the  .friendly  hand  ac- 
quire increased  value  and  demand  additional  gratitude, 

Bp.  Mant. 

amicableness  (am'i-ka-bl-nes),  n.  [<  amicable 
+  -ncss.']  The  quality  of  being  amicable, 
peaceable,  friendly,  or  disposed  to  peace ;  a 
disposition  to  preserve  peace  and  friendship; 
friendliness. 

Give  not  over  your  amicableness  for  that ;  their  policie 
is  no  warrant  against  your  dutie. 

J.  Saltmarsh,  Smoke  in  the  Temple  (1646),  p.  54. 

amicably  (am'i-ka-bli),  adv.  In  an  amicable 
or  friendly  manner;  with  harmony;  without 
controversy. 


.  Amice  around  the  neck. 
,  Amice  worn  as  a  hood. 


amid 

I  could  wish  to  see  the  disturbances  of  Europe  once 
more  amicably  adjusted. 

Croldsmitti,  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixxxv. 

amicalt  (am'i-kal),  a.  [=F.  amical,i  L.  amicalis 
(post-classical),  friendly,  <  amicus,  friend:  see 
amiable.']    Friendly;  amicable. 

An  amical  call  to  repentance. 

W.  Watson,  in  Athen.  Oxon.,  iii. 

amice^  (am'ls), );.  [Early  mod.  E.  amice,  amyce, 
amis,  ames,  amisse,  amys,  amysse,  amessc,  <  ME. 
amyse,  an  altered  form  (perhaps  by  confusion 
with  amisse,  E.  amice-)  of  earlier  amyt,  E. 
amif^,  <  OF.  amit,  mod.  F.  amict=  Sp.  amito  = 
Pg.  amicto  =  It.  amitto,  ammitto,  amice,  <  L. 
amicttis,  a  mantle,  cloak,  ML.  an  amice,  lit.  that 
which  is  thrown  or  wrapped  around  one,  <  ami- 
cire,  pp.  amictus,  throw  around,  wrap  around, 
(.am-,  ambi-,  around,  +jacere,  throw:  seeje<l.] 
If.  A  loose  'wrap  or  cloak. 

A  palmer's  amice  wrapped  him  round, 
With  a  wrought  Spanish  baldriek  bound. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.  M.,  ii.  19, 

2.  In  the  Horn.  Cath.  Ch.  and  in  many  Angli- 
can churches,  an  oblong  piece  of  linen,  large 
enough  to  cover  the  slioulders,  worn  with  the 
upper  edge  fastened  roimd  the  neck,  under  the 
alb,  whenever  the 
latter  vestment  is 
used.  Formerly  it 
was  drawn  over  the 
head  until  the  more 
solemn  parts  of  the 
mass  were  reached, 
when  it  was  turned 
down ;  this  custom  is 
still  partially  observed 
by  friars  not  wearing 
the  clerical  cap  or  bi- 
retta.  It  is  usually 
embroidered  with  a  large  cross,  and  formerly  had  an  ap- 
parel of  orphrey-work,  which  on  being  turned  down  served 
as  an  ornamental  collar.  It  symbolizes  the  helmet  of  sal- 
vation. See  amictus. 
Also  written  amict. 
amice^  (am'is),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  amice,  amise, 
amis,  amess,  ames,  amys,  aynos,  ammes,  aminas, 
etc.,  and  (after  ML.,  Sp.,  etc.)  almuce,  <  ME, 
amisse,  <  OF.  aumusse,  mod.  F. 
aumuce,  o««i».S'.se=  Pr.  almussa 
=  Sp.  almucio=J'g.  mursa=lt. 
(obs.)  Tnoeza,  in  ML.  almussa, 
almussia,  almucia,  almicia,  al- 
mussum,  almutia,  ahnntium,  ar- 
mtitia,  a  cape,  hood,  amice;  cf. 
dim.  Pr.  aimucela  =  OPg.  al- 
mucella,  almocella  =  Sp.  almo- 
cela,  OSp.  almucella,  almogala, 
with  diff.  term.  OF.  aumucette 
=  Sp.  muceta  =  It.  mozzetta; 
also  (<  ML.  almutia,  armutia) 
in  Teut. :  OHG.  almuz,  armuz, 
MHG.  mutze,  miitzc,  G.  miitze, 
OD.  almutse,  amutse,  mutse,  D. 
muts,  Sc.  mutch,  a  cap,  hood: 
see  mutch.  The  ult.  origin  is 
doubtful ;  al-  may  be  the  .Ar.  ar- 
ticle. For  the  different  senses, 
cf.  copl,  cape^,  cope'^,  ult.  of  the 
same  origin.]  A  furred  hood 
having  long  ends  hanging  down 
the  front  of  the  dress,  something  like  the  stole, 
worn  by  the  clergy  from  the  thirteenth  to  the 
fifteenth  century  for  warmth  when  officiating 
in  the  church  during  inclement  weather,  it  is 
still  carried,  thrown  over  the  left  arm,  as  a  part  of  the 
ceremonial  costume  by  the  canons  of  certain  cathedral 
churches  in  the  north  of  France,  Tlie  hood  has  become  a 
pocket  for  the  breviary.  Also  wTitten  almuce,  aumuce. 
amict  (am'ikt),  n.  Same  as  amice\ 
amictus  (a-mik'tus),  n. ;  pi.  amictus.  [L. :  see 
awfcfi.]  1.  InJ?om.rt«/(fy.,  any  upper  garment, 
such  as  a  mantle  or  cloak:  a  general  term,  in- 
cluding the  toga  and  all  garments  other  than 
those  worn  next  to  the  body. —  2.  Eccles.,  the 
name  given  on  the  continent  of  Europe  and 
sometimes  in  England  to  the  amice.  See  am- 
ice^, 2. — 3.  [cap^  Inzool.,  a  genus  of  dipter- 
ous insects. 

amicus  curiae  (a-mi'kus  ku'ri-e).  [L,,  a  friend 
of  the  court:  amicus,  a  friend;  curia,  gen,  of 
curia,  court:  see  amy  and  curia.]  In  latr,  a 
friend  of  the  court;  a  person  in  court  who,  as 
a  friend  and  not  in  virtue  of  any  interest  or 
employment  in  the  cause,  inforins  the  judge 
of  an  error  he  has  noticed,  or  makes  a  sugges- 
tion in  aid  of  the  duty  of  the  court. 
amid  (a-mid'),  pre]),  phr.  a,s  adv.  andjirep.  [< 
ME.  aiiiidde,  amydde,  amidden,  earlier  on  midde, 
on  midden,  <  AS.  on-middan,  on  middan:  on,  E. 
«3,  in;  middan,  dat.  (in  def.  inflection)  of  midde, 
adj.,  mid,  middle:  see  mid,  adj.;  mid,  prep.,  is 


Priest  wearing  the 
Amice.  (From  a  se- 
pulchral brass.) 


Same  as  AmiidcB.     C, 


amid 
a  clipped  form  of  amid.^   I.t  adv.  In  the  middle ; 

in  the  midst. 

Amid  betweene  the  violent  Eobber  .  .  .  and  the  micli- 
ln<'  theele  .  .  .  standeth  the  crafty  cutpurse. 

Lambarde,  Eirenarcha,  ji.  274.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

n.  prep.  In  the  midst  or  middle  of;  sur- 
TOtmded  or  encompassed  by;  mingled  -svith; 
among.     See  amidst. 

Then  answering  from  the  sandy  shore, 
Hall-drowned  amid  the  breakers'  roar. 
According  chorus  rose.    Scott,  ilarmion,  iu  11. 
=Syn.  Amid.  Amonff,  etc     See  among. 

amid-,  amido-.  Combioiog  forms  of  amide 
(which  see;. 

AmiilaR  (am'i-de),  n.  pi. 
L.  Bonaparte. 

amidan  (am'i-dan),  n.  [<  Amidw  (for  Amiidx) 
+  -<?«.]  A  fish  of  the  family  J»M'i<i<E;  anamiid. 
Sir  J.  Bichardson. 

amidated (am'i-dft-ted),  a.  Containingan  amide 
group  or  radical :  as,  amidated  fatty  acids. 

amide  (am'id  or  -id),  n.  [<  amO»onia)  +  -irffl.] 
A  chemical  compound  produced  by  the  substi- 
tution for  one  ormore  of  the  hydrogen  atoms  of 
ammonia  of  an  acid  radical:  as,  aeetamide,  CH3 
CO.XHo,  in  which  one  hydrogen  atom  of  am- 
monia, Iv'Hs,  has  been  replaced  by  the  acetic 
acid  radical  CH3CO.  Amides  are  primary,  secondarj-, 
or  tertiar)-,  according  as  one,  two,  or  three  hydrogen  atoms 
have  been  so  replaced.  They  are  white  crjstalline  solids, 
often  capable  of  combining  with  both  acids  and  bases.  See 
amine. 

amidic  (a-mid'ik),  a.  l<  amide +  -ic.']  JncJiem., 
relating  to  or  derived  from  an  amide  or  amides : 
as.  amidic  acid. 

amiHiTi,  amidine  (am'i-din),  n.  [<  amide  + 
-i«2.]  The  general  name  of  a  class  of  organic 
bodies  containing  the  group  O.NH.NHo.  The 
amidins  are  mono-aeid  bases  which  are  quite 
unstable  in  the  free  state. 

amido-.     See  amid-. 

amido-acid  (am'i-do-as'id),  71.  An  acid  con- 
tainiuj,'  tlie  amido-group  NH2,  as  amido-oxalic 
or  oxatuie  acid,  NH2C2O2OH. 

amidogen  (a-mid'6-jen),  n.  [<  amide  +  -gen, 
producing:  ace -gen, -geiioits.'\  A  hypothetical 
radical  I'omposed  of  two  equivalents  of  hydro- 
gen and  one  of  nitrogen,  NH2.  It  has  not  been  iso- 
lated, but  may  be  traced  in  the  compounds  called  amides 
and  amines.  Tlius.  aeetamide  is  a  compouiui  of  the  radi- 
cal acetyl  and  amidogen,  and  potassamine  of  potassium 
anil  aniii|"»i:en. 

amidships  (a-mid'ships),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [< 
amid  +  .fliipj -with  adv.  gen.  suffix  -.?.]  1.  In  or 
toward  the  middle  of  a  ship,  or  tliat  part  which 
is  midway  between  the  stem  and  the  stem. 

In  the  wlialer,  the  boat-steerers  .  .  .  keep  by  themselves 
In  the  waist,  sleep  amidjihipg,  and  eat  by  themselves. 

R.  11.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  37. 

2.  In  the  middle  line  of  a  ship;  over  and  in 
line  with  the  keel:  as,  to  put  the  helm  amid- 
ships. 

amidst  (a-midsf),  prep.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
amid'st,  amidest,  amiddcst,  an  extended  form 
(with  excrescent  -t  as  in  amongst,  against,  etc.) 
of  ME.  amiddvs,  amyddcs,  amids  (also  imyddcs, 
emiddes,  i  myddes,  in  myddes),  <  amidde,  E.  amid, 
■¥  adv.  gen.  suffix  -cs,  -s:  see  amid.'i  In  the 
midst  or  center  of;  among;  surrounded  by;  in 
the  course  or  progress  of.     See  amid. 

Thou  slialt  flourish  in  immortal  youth, 
I'nhurt  amtdjft  the  wars  of  clcmenta.     Adduion,  Cato. 
How  oft  amidxt 
Thick  clouds  and  dark  doth  heavcn'H  all-ruling  Sire 
dvxjflo  to  reside.  Stilton,  V.  I..,  ii.  '2<i;i. 

Ilad  James  lM'*rn  brought  up  amidnt  the  adulation  and 

fiayctv  of  a  court,  we  Hliould  never,  In  all  jirobability, 
i«»e  hail  such  a  i>o<;m  as  the  (iunlr. 

Jrvinff,  Sketch- Ilook,  p.  109. 

amidulin  (a-mid'u-lin),  n.  [<  F.  amidon, 
Hianlj,  +  dim.  -uh  +  -I'n^.]     Starch  rendered 

Bullllilr   liV  lioililll,'. 

amidwardt  Oi-mlcl'wiird),  adv.  and  prep.     [< 
nmid  +  -ir(/r</.]     Towanithe  center  or  middle 
r  M-<  '.f  a  »lii|i. 

'  '.  n.     A  fish  of  the  family  Ami- 
'  a. 
...1  \-i\v),u.pl,  [NI.i.,<  .'lmi«-)--irf(r.] 
A  fariiily  of  cyclognnoid  flxhes,  typilled  by  the 


line 

amii'1 
Amiid 


ItewUn.  m  MfKirit>)  i/lmta  eaft^). 

Kt^OK  Amia.    n...  t^,  i,„i,  ,1  rhuracton  »rr  an  oblong 
bo>l7.  thntl  rounrtod  iin„iit,  ntimnrnua  (10  to  12)  linnchi- 


176 

ostegal  rays,  the  development  of  a  sublingual  bone  be- 
tween the  rami  of  the  lower  jaw,  the  possession  of  cycloid 
scales,  a  long  soft  dorsal  tin,  the  subequal  extent  of  the 
abdominal  and  caudal  parts  of  the  vertebral  column,  and 
the  absence  of  pseudobranchiie.  It  is  an  archaic  type  rep- 
resented now  by  a  single  living  species,  Amia  caiva,  the 
bowfln  or  mudfish,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  North 
America.     Also  WTitten  Amiad<p,  Amidce,  AmioidoE, 

amil-cornt,  «•     See  amel-corn. 

amildar  (am'il-dar),  n.     See  amaldar. 

amimia  (a-mim'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 
/iifiof,  a  mimic:  see  mime,  mimic.^  Loss  of  the 
power  of  pantomimic  expression,  due  to  a  cere- 
bral lesion. 

amine  (am'in),  n.  [<  a)n(monia)  +  -ine^.'i  A 
chemical  compound  produced  by  the  substitu- 
tion of  a  basic  atom  or  radical  for  one  or  more 
of  the  hydrogen  atoms  of  ammonia,  as  potas- 
samine  ("NH2K),  ethylamine  (C2H5NH0).  The 
amines  are  all  strongly  basic  in  their  character. 
See  amide. 

aminisht,  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  amynysshe,  <  ME. 
amynusshen,  amcnyslie,  earlier  amcniisen,  amc- 
nuysen,  <  AF.  amenvser,  OF.  amenuisier,  amc- 
ntiiser,  lessen,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  -I-  menuisier, 
lessen:  see  minish,  diminish.']  I.  trans.  To 
make  less ;  lessen. 

II.  intrans.  To  grow  less;  decrease. 

amioid  (am'i-oid),  a.  and  )(.     [<  Amia  +  -Oiri.] 
I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of  the  Amiida:. 
II.  «.  An  amiid. 

Amioidse  (am-i-oi'de),  n.  ph     Same  as  Amiida:. 

amir,  ».     See  ameer. 

amiralt  (am'i-ral),  H.  An  old  spelling  of  ad- 
miral. 

amir  ship,  n.     See  ameership. 

amist,  "•     A  former  spelling  of  amice. 

amiss  (a-mis'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  a.  [< 
ME.  amisse,  amysse,  a  my.'ise,  a  mys,  o  mys,  also 
on  mys,  of  mys,  earliest  form  a  mis  (=  Icel.  a 
mis,  a  miss):  a,  o,  on,  E.  a^;  mis,  E.  miss'^. 
fault;  cf.  ME.  mis,  adv.,  amiss.  See  jhi'ssI  ami 
iHi's-l.]  I.  adv.  Away  from  the  mark;  out  of 
the  way;  out  of  the  proper  course  or  order;  iu 
a  faulty  manner;  wrongly;  in  a  manner  con- 
trary to  propriety,  truth,  law,  or  morality. 
Ye  ask,  and  receive  not,  because  ye  ask  amiss.  Jas.  iv.  3. 

Wo  read  atniM,  if  we  imagine  that  the  fiery  persecution 
which  raged  against  Christ  had  burned  itself  out  in  the 
act  of  the  crucifixion.  De  Quincey,  Essenes,  i. 

H,  a.  Improper;  wrong;  faulty:  used  only 
in  the  predicate :  as,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  ask 
advice. 

There's  somewhat  in  this  world  amins 
Shall  be  unriddled  by  and  by. 

TcnnyHon,  Miller's  Daughter, 

Much  I  find  amiss, 
Blameworthy,  punishable  in  this  freak 
Of  thine.  Uruwniwj,  King  and  Book,  II.  '202. 

There  is  something  ami.^s  in  one  who  has  to  grope  for 
his  theme  and  cannot  adjust  himself  to  his  period. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  :!01. 
Not  amiss,  ]m.ssable  or  suitable;  fair;  not  so  bad  after 
all :  a  phrase  used  to  express  approval,  but  not  in  a  wry 
cmiihatic  way.     [CoUoq.J 
She's  a  miss,  she  is;  and  yet  she  aii't  flT/iw«— eh? 

J}iclrnx. 

To  come  amiss,  to  be  unwelcome;  be  not  wan(f<l ;  be 
out  of  the  jirnper  place  or  time. 
Neyther  lU-ligion  cumtnftk  amijise. 

.-isctiam.  The  Scholemastcr. 
To  take  amiss,  to  be  offended  at 

My  brother  was  jiassionate,  and  had  often  beaten  me, 
which  1  t(Mjk  extremely  ainiss. 

Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  .'{0. 

amiSSt  (it-mis'),  n.  [<late  ME.  amissr.  <  hk.s-.s', 
«.,  (|.  v.,  by  coiifusion  witli  amiss,  adr.]  Fault : 
wrong:  as,  "some  great  amiss,"  Shak.,  Hamlet, 
iv.  5. 

A  wonuvn  laden  with  aflHctions, 
Big  with  trne  sorrow,  and  religious  pcnlt^Mico 
i-'or  hvr  amiss.     Vha}mutn,  Kcveltge  for  lloimur,  v.  'i. 

amissibility  (ii-mis-i-l>iri-ti),  ».  [<  amissihir  : 
Ki-ii  -liilili/.}  'I'lie  capability  m-  ])o»Hil>ility  uf 
being  lost.     [Kare.J 

Nollonsot  popular  rlghta,  and  the  (imwWdUift/ ot  sov. 
ereign  imwcr  lur  misconduct,  wen'  broachi-d. 

//.!'/./ 1,1,  Hist.  1.11.  (llh  cd.),  11.  f''-'". 

amissible  (ii-i"'»'i-'j').  «•    [^  L^-  am>.iitiiiiii.s,  < 

ami.ssit.H,  pp.' of  amitlirr,  lose:  see  nmiC''.]  <'a- 
pnlih'  of  being,  or  liable  to  be,  lost.     [Hare.  J 

amis8ing(ii-niiH'ing),  a.  fl'rop.  a  ])hr.,  a  mi.is- 
iiii)  ui'-^  limit  mi.tsing,  vrrluil  11.  of  miss'^) ;  as  if  a 
\<\>r.>ii  'amiss,  \.'\     Mi.Msing;  wanting. 

amissiont  (u-miHh'on),  II.  [<  L.  ami*nio(n-),  < 
inni.-.'<iiH,yi^,otamili<re,  lose:  seortwiif^.]    Loms. 

.1  ini,w\i,n  of  their  church  incmlK-rhhlp. 

Dr.  II.  Miirr,  Hcven  Churches,  III. 

amit't,  II.     An  old  form  of  aynicA. 
amit-'t  Oi-mit'),  V.  t.  or  t.     [<  Ij.  amitterr,  Iohc, 
let  i;ii,  HiMiil  iiwuy,  <  a  fnr  ii/i,  from  (hoc  at)-),  + 


Ammobium 

viittere,  send.  Cf.  admit,  commit,  permit,  remit, 
etc.]     To  lose :  rarely  with  of. 

We  desire  no  records  of  such  enormities ;  sins  should  be 
accounted  new,  that  so  they  may  be  esteemed  monstrous 
They  amit  of  monstrosity,  .is  they  fall  from  their  rarity. 

iSi'r  T.  Browne. 

amity  (am'i-ti),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  amitie,  < 
OF.  amitie,"amistie,  amistcd,  amistet=:  Sp.  amis- 
ta(i=Pg.  am i-«(/e  =  It.  amista,  <.lsU-i.  *amici- 
ip{t-)s,  fi-ieudship,  <  L.  amicus,  friendly,  afriend: 
see  amiable.'i  Friendship,  in  a  general  sense; 
harmony;  good  understanding,  especially  be- 
tween nations ;  political  friendship:  as,  a  treaty 
of  amity  and  commerce. 

Great  Britain  was  in  league  and  amiti/  with  all  tlie 
world.  Sir  J.  JJavics,  Ireland. 

These  appearances  and  sounds  which  imply  amity  or 
enmity  in  those  around,  become  symbolic  of  happiness  and 
miserj-.  S.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  620. 

I  much  prefer  the  company  of  ploughboys  and  tin-ped- 
dlers to  the  silken  and  perfumed  amity  which  celebrates 
its  days  of  encounter  by  a  frivolous  display. 

£merson.  Friendship. 

=Syn.  Friendliness,  kindness,  good  will,  affection,  har- 
mony. 

Amiunis  (um-i-fi'rus),  n.  [NL.,  not  curtailed, 
i.  c.,  with  the  tail  not  notched,  baving  the  tail 
even  or  square ;  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -t-  fieiovpog,  cur- 
tailed, curtal,  <  /lelui;  less  (compar.  of  fUKpdc, 
little),  -I-  oi'pa,  taU.]  A  large  genus  of  Silurida; 
containing  many  of  the  commonest  American 
species  of  catfishes,  homed  pouts  or  bullheads, 
such  as  A.  vebulostlS.  There  are  some  1.";  species, 
among  them  .-i.  niyrican^,  the  great-lake  cat,  and  A.  pon- 
derosns,  the  Mississippi  cat,  sometimes  weiglung  upwani 
of  100  pounds.  Also  WTitten  Ameiurm,  as  originally  by 
Rafines(iue,  1S20.     See  cut  under  catfish. 

Amizilis  (am-i-zil'is),  n.  An  erroneous  form 
of  Ania^ilia.    S.  P.  Lesson. 

amlett,  «•     An  old  form  of  oi«f ?ef. 

ammal  (am'ji),  ji.  [JIL.,  a  spiritual  mother, 
ablicss,  <  Qt.'  afifia,  also  au/ja;,  a  mother,  esp.  in 
a  convent,  prob.  <  Syriae  ama,  a  mother;  in  the 
general  sense  of  'mother'  or  'nurse'  are  foimd 
ML.  amma,  Sp.  Pg.  ama  (>  Auglo-Ind.  amah, 
q.  v.),  OHG.  amma,  ama,  MIIG.  G.  ammc,  Dan. 
ammc,  Sw.  amma,  nurse,  led.  amma,  grand- 
mother; supposed  to  be  of  infantile  origin,  like 
mamma,  q.  v.]  In  the  Gr.  and  iSyriac  churches, 
an  abbess  or  spiritual  mother. 

amma-  (am'ii),  n.  [NL.,  prop.  *hamma,  <  Gr. 
ait/ta,  a  tie,  knot,  <  u--fn',  tie,  fasten,  bind.] 
A  girillo  or  truss  used  in  ruptures. 

amman  (am'an),  n.  [<  G.  ammann,  amtmann, 
<  MHG.  amman,  amhtman,  ambetman,  <  OHG. 
ambiihtman  (=  OS.  ambalitman  =  AS.  ambiht- 
man,  ONorth.  cmbilit-,  cmbclii-maii,  -mon),  <  am- 
hahti,  amiialit,  MIIG.  ambet,  ammct,  G.  amt 
=  tioth.  audbahti,  sor\dce,  office  (see  aiiliassi/, 
amba.^••sador,  and  amt),  -h  OHG.  MHG.  man,  G. 
mann  =  E.  man.~\  Iu  several  of  the  German 
cantons  of  Switzerland,  an  executive  and  judi- 
cial officer.  This  title  is  given  to  the  chief  olllciul  of 
a  (ilslri.t  or  of  a  connnune,  but  is  being  rejilaccd  by 
jor.-^id>'iit.     .Vlso  written  ammant. 

Ammanite  (am'an-it),  n.  [<  Amman,  a  proper 
name  {tiroammaii),  -h  -itc-.^  Amemlierof  one 
of  the  two  jiartios  into  which  the  Swiss  Meu- 
nonitos  separated  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
They  were  also  called  Ujiland  Mennonites.  See 
Mrnnonite. 

ammeter  (nm'e-ter),  «.  [Contr.  of  amperome- 
tcr,  <  ampere  -i-  Gr.  /lirpov,  a  measure,]  An  iii- 
stniinent  for  measuring  or  estimating  in  am- 
peres the  strength  of  electric  currents;  an  am- 
jiere-nietor.     See  cut  under  ampcre-mcter. 

rracticully  it  is  generally  jirefcrrcd  to  use  galvanome- 
ters t>pcciaUv  constructed  for  this  purpose,  and  gratliuited 
beforehand  In  amperes  by  the  maker;  such  galvanometers 
are  called  amprremetrrs  <>r  ammeters. 

()in>ted  iu  U.  IS.  I'rcscatt's  llyinim.  Elect.,  p.  785. 

Ammi  (niu'i),  n.  [L.,  also  ammium,  <  Or. 
<'i/i,»/,  an  African  plant,  Cnrum  Coplirum  (DIob- 
coridcs);  the  name  is  prob.  of  Egypt,  origin.] 
A  genus  of  umbelliferous  plants,  natives  of 
tlie  Meditcrrani'iin  region,  and  li;iving1]ie  lialtit 
of  the  oiirrol,  but  witli  llie  <iiiti'r  pidals  of  llio 
mnlii'l  very  largo.  It  is  soiui'timcs  culled 
liishiiji'.s-iievd. 

ammiralf,  n.    An  old  siiellinij  of  admiral. 

ammite  (nm'it),  n.  [<Gr.  a/i/iiTi/c  or  a/i/itnc, 
NiiiMlslnn<\  <  il/i/iof,  also  ('if fnr,  sand,  related  to 
I'ifiilliii;,  sainl,  and  both  |ii'ob.  to  i/w/i/ior  and 
j/tifidti»:,  saixi.]  An  old  iniiicralogical  iiiinie  for 
riicHldiin  oroiiliti",  and  fur  all  IlioHe  sainlstones 
whi(di,  like  oolite,  are  composed  of  rounded  and 
loosely  eomjiacted  grains.  See  oiilile.  Also 
wrillon  liammilc. 

Ammobium  (a-iii6'bi-uni),  «.  \t<]i.,  <  Or.  iffof, 
sand,  H-  jiior,  life.]     A  small  genus  of  composite 


Anunobium 

plants  from  Australia,  frequently  cultivated 
for  the  showy-colored  scarious  bracts  that  sur- 
round the  flower-head,  which  become  diy  and 

.  persistent. 

ammocete,  «.     See  ammocoete. 

ammochryse  (am'o-kiis),  n.  [<  L.  ammochry- 
sus,  <  Ur.  aftfi6xpvmi,  a  precious  stone  resem- 
bling san<l  veined  witli  gold,  <  a/j/mr,  sand  (see 
animile),  +  ;fpti(T(5f,  gold  :  see  chrysolite,  etc.]  A 
soft  yellow  stone,  found  in  Germany,  consisting 
of  glossy  yellow  j)articles.  Avnien  rulibedor  ground 
it  has  liccii'ust'd  to  strew  over  fresh  writing  to  prevent 
blotting'. 

ammocoete,  ammocete  (am'o-set),  n.    A  fish 

of  the  genus  Ammocaitcs. 
Ammoccetes  (am-o-s6'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a/i//of,  sand  (see  am  mite),  +  Koirr/,  abed,  <  kci- 
adat,  lie.]  A  generic  name  of  a  myzont  or  lam- 
prey-like fish.  (a)  The  young  or  larval  stage  of  the 
petroniyzoiitids,  or  lampreys,  characterizeil  by  the  want  of 
eyes  and  by  a  semicircular  mouth.  During  the  period  of 
tiiis  staue  tlie  animal  lives  in  the  sand  of  river-beds. 

This  siiHiile  lamprey  larva  .  .  .  was  generally  described 
as  a  peciiMar  form  of  flsh  under  the  name  of  Aramoc(xtes. 
Hy  a  fm'ther  metamorphosis  this  blind  and  toothless  Am- 
iiwcates  is  transformed  into  the  lamprey  with  eyes  and 
teeth.  Uaeckd,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  104. 

(h)  A  genus  of  which  the  Amitwcoetes  branchialis  is  the 
young,  whicll  is  distinguished  from  Petromyzon  by  the 
(iitTerentiation  of  the  discal  and  peripheral  teeth  and  the 
crL-.^ct-ntifiinn  dentated  lingual  teeth  of  tlxe  adult. 

ammocoetid  (am-o-se'tid),  n.  One  of  the  Am- 
iiiiiartiilir  ,■•  an  ammocoete. 

AmmoccBtidae  (am-o-se'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amiiiocu-tes  +  -idee.']'  The  family  name  applied 
to  the  young  of  the  retromyzoHtidm  before  it 
was  ascertained  that  they  represented  only  a 
larval  stage  in  the  growth  of  those  fishes.  See 
Ammoccetes. 

ammoccetiform  (am-o-se'ti-f6rm),  a.  [<  Nli. 
Amiiuicirli's  +  L.  forma,  form.]  Having  the 
form  of  an  ammocoete ;  having  the  character 
of  a  larval  lamprey. 

ammocoetoid    (am-o-se'toid),  a.  and  n.     I.  a. 
Having  the  character  of  the  Ammoccetes,  or  lar- 
vae of  the  lamprey ;  ammoccetiform. 
II,  ?(.  An  ammocoetid. 

Ammocrypta  (am-o-krip'ta),  n.  [NL.,  <  6r.  a^- 
/iof,  sand,  +  /cpi'-TOf,  hidden,  verbal  adj.  of  Kpv- 
■KTCiv,  hide.]  A  genus  of  percoid  fishes  known 
as  sand-divers,  of  the  subfamily  Etheostomi- 
nee,  or  darters.  These  fishes  have  a  long  subcylin- 
dric  pellucid  body,  naked  with  the  exception  of  the  caudal 
peduncle  and  the  lateral  line,  which  latter  is  complete;  the 
nioutli  large,  with  vomerine  teeth ;  head  scaleless ;  anal 
spine  single,  and  high  dorsal  fins  equal  to  the  anal.  A. 
beaai  inhabits  the  lower  Mississippi.     See  sand-diver. 

Ammodramus  (a-mod'ra-mus),  n.  Same  as 
Ammodromus.     Swainson,  1827. 

Ammodromus  (a-mod'ro-mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aufioq,  sand  (see  ammite),  +  -dpo/io;,  running 
(ef.  ajiiiMponoi;,  a  sandy  place  for  racing,  <  d|U/iof 
+  dpd/ioi,  a  race),  <  Spa/tciv,  run.]  1.  A  genus  of 
birds,  of  the  family  Fringillidce,  suborder  Osci- 
nes,  order  Passeres,  embracing  such  species  as 
A.  caudacutus,  the  sharp-tailed  finch,  and  A.ma- 
ritimiis,  the  seaside  finch.  They  are  small  spotted 
and  streal<ed  sparrows,  with  rather  slender  bill,  chiefly 
inhabiting  the  marshes  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United 
.States.  Also  frequently  written  Ammodramus,  as  origi- 
nally by  Swainson,  1S27. 

2.  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects.  Guerin, 
1838. 

ammodyte  (am'o-dit),  «.  [<  Ammodytes.']  1. 
One  of  the  Ammodytidec. —  2.  A  name  used  in 
books  for  the  sand-natter,  a  serpent  of  southern 
Europe. 

Ammodytes  (am-o-di'tez),  ».  [L.,  <  Gr.  aft/io- 
Sbrri;,  a  sand-burrower,  a  kind  of  serpent,  < 
a/iuoc,  sand  (see  ammite),  +  dvTTjq,  a  diver,  < 
Sijuv,  dive,  sink  into,  enter.]  1.  A  genus  of 
fishes,  of  the  iamiXy  Ammodytidec ;  the  sand-eel 
or  sand-lance  (which  see). —  2.  lnherpet.,  sand- 
natters,  a  genus  of  eolubrif  orm  serpents,  usually 
called  Eryx  (which  see).    Bonaparte,  1831. 

ammodjrtid  (am-o-di'tid),  «.  One  of  the  Am- 
ininlytidiv. 

Ammodytidse  (am-o-dit'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ammodytes  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  anacanthine 
teleooephalous  fishes,  with  an  elongated  body 


(  From  a  late  bronze  in  the 
British  Museum.) 


Sand-lance  [AtnmoitytfS  a 


shaped  like  a  parallelogram.  Its  technical  charac- 
ters are  a  dorsolateral  line,  conical  head  with  terminal 
mouth  and  protractile  jaws,  postmedian  anus,  narrow 
suborbitals,  enlarged  suboperculum ,  widely  cleft  branchial 
apertures,  lamelliforra  pseudobranchise,  a  long  dorsal  fin, 
a  long  suti-postmedian  anal  fin  with  articulated  rays,  and 
the  absence  of  ventral  fins.  The  species  are  of  small  size, 
12 


177 

generally  about  6  inches  long  ;  they  associate  in  large 
schools,  cliietly  in  the  northern  seas,  and  are  important 
as  bait  for  other  ttsiies.  They  are  known  chiefly  as  sand- 
lances,  or  lances,  from  tiieir  haliit  of  "  diving  "  into  and  liv- 
ing in  sandy  beaches  and  ocean-bottoms.     See  tiami-lance. 

Ammodytina  (am"9-di-ti'n!i),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ammodytes,  I,  -|-  -inn.]  In  Giinther's  system  of 
classification,  the  sand-lances,  or  Ammodytidtr, 
as  the  fourth  stibfamily  of  Ophidiidai.  Also 
wi'itten  A  in mody  tina:. 

Ammodytini  (am'o-di-ti'ni),  re.  ^j?.  Same  as 
Ammodytina,     Bonaparte,  1837. 

ammodytoid   (am-o-di'toid),   a.  and  n.     I.  a. 
Having  tlio  diaraeter  of  the  Ammodytida;. 
II.  •".  An  ammodytid. 

Ammodytoidea  (am  "o-di-toi'de-a),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Ammodytes,  1,  +  -oidca.]  The  ammodytids, 
rated  as  a  superfamily  of  fishes. 

Ammon  (am'on),  n.  [L.,  also  Hammon,  <  Gr. 
"A/ifio}v  =  Ileb.  Anion,  <  Egypt.  Amiin,  Amen, 
he  who  is  hidden  or  concealed,]  The  Greek 
and  Roman  conception  of  the  Egjrptian  deity 
Amen  (literally,  'hidden'),  called  Amen-Ka, 
the  sun-god,  chief  of 
the  Theban  divine  triad. 
Amen  was  always  represented 
in  human  form,  and  was  of  a 
much  higher  order  than  the 
ram-headed  divinity,  the  god 
of  life,  worshiped  especially  at 
the  famous  oracuhar  sanctuary 
of  the  Libyan  oasis  of  j\jnnion 
(now  Siwah).  The  latter  type 
was  confused  by  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  with  that  of  Ainen-Ra, 
and  was  adopted  by  them'  as 
Zeus-Ammon  or  Jupiter-Am- 
mon,  but  in  art  was  generally 
idealized  so  that  only  the  horns, 
sometimes  with  the  eais,  of  the 
ram  were  retained,  springing 
from  a  human  head. 

Ammonacea  (am-o-na'- 
se-a),  n.  2)1.  [NL.,  as 
Ammonea  +  -acea.]  De 
Blainville's  name  (18'25) 
of  ammonites  as  the 
fourth  family  of  Polythalamacea.  it  included  most 
of  the  tetrabranchiate  cephalopods,  and  is  synonymous 
with  Ammonea  of  Lamarck. 

Ammonea  (am-o-ne'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
ammoneus,  <  L.  Amnion,  with  ref.  to  Ammonites, 
q.  v.]  1.  In  Lamarck's  classification  (1812), 
the  seventh  family  of  polythalamous  testaceous 
cephalopods,  including  most  of  the  Tetrabran- 
chiata,  naving  an  involute  shell  with  sinuous 
partitions  between  the  chambers.  The  group 
has  been  adopted  with  various  modifications  and  ratings 
in  the  scale  of  classification  under  the  names  Ammona- 
cea, Ammonitcr',  Ainiiionitea,  Ammoniteee,  Ammonitidce, 
Ammonitoidea,  Aminunoidea. 

2.  Now,  an  extinct  order  of  the  class  Cephalo- 
poda, including  cephalopods  intermediate  be- 
tween Dil)r(iiichiatei  and  Tetrabranchiata.  The 
animal  was  inclosed  in  the  last  chamber  of  a  multilocular 
shell  iirotected  by  one  or  two  operculiform  pieces  forming 
an  aptychus  ;  the  shell  had  a  smooth  ovoid  chamber  with- 
out an  external  scar  and  contiiining  a  siphonal  ctecum 
which  did  not  touch  the  internal  wall;  the  sutural  or 
peripheral  contour  of  the  partitions  between  the  cham- 
bers of  the  old  shell  were  more  or  less  sinuous.  The  form 
varied  from  a  straight  cone  to  almost  every  kind  of  con- 
volution. "The  species  abounded  in  past  geological  ages, 
but  became  extinct  at  the  end  of  the  Cretaceous  epoch  or 
beginning  of  the  Tertiary  period. 
ammonia  (a-mo'ni-a),  ».  [NL.  (Bergmami, 
1782),  <  L.  (sal)  ammoniacum:  see  ammoniac] 

1 .  The  modem  name  of  the  volatile  alkali,  NH3, 
formerly  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
more  fixed  alkalis,  it  is  a  colorless  gas,  very  sol- 
uble in  water,  having  a  pungent  and  suffocating  smell, 
and  a  transient  alkaline  etfect  on  vegetable  colors.  It  can 
be  liquefied  Ijy  pressure  and  frozen  by  a  mixture  of  solid 
carbonic  acid  and  ether  in  a  vacuimi.  Its  density  is  only 
about  half  that  of  atmospheric  air.  It  is  a  strong  base, 
and  forms  a  great  number  of  salts  which  are  isomorphous 
with  those  of  potassium  and  exhibit  a  close  analogy  to 
them.  It  is  found  in  minute  quantity  in  air,  and  is  a 
natural  product  of  the  decay  of  animal  substances.  It  is 
procured  artificially  by  the  destructive  distillation  of  ni- 
trogenous organic  matters,  such  as  bones,  hair,  horns,  and 
hoofs,  and  is  lai-gely  obtained  as  a  by-product  in  the  manu- 
facture of  illuminating  gas  from  coal.  Ammonia  is  used 
very  largely  in  medicine  and  the  arts,  chiefly  in  solution 
in  water  under  the  name  of  liquid  ammonia,  aqueotus 
ammonia,  or  spirits  of  hartshorn.  (See  aqaa  ammoniii-, 
under  aqua.)  Among  the  more  important  salts  of  am- 
monia is  ammonium  chlorid,  or  sal  ammoniac,  NH4CI, 
which  formerly  was  the  source  from  which  all  ammonium 
salts  were  prtpared.  It  is  largely  used  in  dyeing,  and  in 
soldering  and  tinning.  At  present  ammonium  sulphate. 
(NH4)oS04,  is  the  sfarting-point  for  the  manufacture  of 
ammoiiium  salts,  being  made  in  large  quantity  from  gas- 
liquor.  It  is  also  used  as  a  fertilizer.  There  are  several 
ammoTiium  carbonates.  The  commercial  article,  called 
sal  mlnlile,  is  a  mixture  of  hydrogen-amnioniiun  carbonate 
and  amiiiotuum  carbamate.    See  ammoniinn. 

2.  leap.]  In  zool.:  (a)  An  old  quasi-generic 
name  of  Spirnla.  Breyn,  1732.  (ft)  A  genus  of 
arachnidaiis.  Koch,  1835.— Ammonlaore process, 
a  process,  jiartly  eberaieal  and  partly  electrical,  for  sepa- 


ammoniflcatlon 

rating  copper  and  silver  from  their  ores  with  the  aid  of 
ammoniaeal  salts. 
ammoniac  (a-mo'ni-ak),  a.  and  re.  [Early  mod. 
E.  animoniack,  also  armoniack,  <  ME.  amoniak, 
ammonyeik,  also,  and  earlier,  armoniak,  armo- 
nyak,  armonyac,  adj.,  in  sal  orsalt  armoniak,  sal 
ammoniac;  as  a  noun,  gum  ammoniac;  <  OF. 
ammoniac,  armoniac,  <  L.  ammoniacus  or  harn- 
moniacus,  <  Gr.  "'A/i/iomiaKiii;,  belonging  to  Am- 
mon (Libyan,  African),  L.  sal  Ammoniacum  or 
Uammoniaciim,  Gr.  neut.  'Afi/iorviaKov,  salt  of  Am- 
mon, so  called,  it  is  supposed,  because  origi- 
nally prepared  from  the  dimg  of  camels  near 
the  temple  of  Ammon ;  L.  ammoniacum  or  ham- 
moniacum,  Gr.  a/i/ionnandv,  gum  ammoniac,  the 
juice  of  a  plant  of  northern  Africa,  tradition- 
ally located  near  the  temple  of  Ammon;  <  Am- 
mon, Gr.  ".\/i/iuv,  Ammon :  see  Amnion.  The 
ME.  form  armoniak,  <JF.  armoniac,  ML.  eir- 
moniacum,  indicates  confusion  with  Gr.  ap- 
/Mvia,  a  I'astciiiing  or  joining,  from  the  use  of 
gum  ammoniac  as  a  cement,  or  of  sal  ammo- 
niac in  the  joining  of  metals.]  I,  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  Ammon,  or  to  his  shrine  in  Libya : 
only  in  the  phrases,  or  quasi-compounds,  gum 
ammoniac  and  .seil  ammoniac.  See  etymology, 
and  definitions  below. — 2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
havingthe  properties  of  ammonia ;  ammoniaeal. 
— Gum  ammomac,  or  ammoniac  gum,  a  gum-resin 
composed  of  tears,  internally  white  and  externally  yellow, 
brought  in  large  masses  from  Persia  and  western  India; 
an  exudation  from  an  umbelliferous  plant,  the  Dorema 
Ammoniacum,  when  punctured  artificially  or  by  insects. 
It  has  a  fetid  smell,  and  a  nauseous  sweet  taste,  followed  by 
a  bitter  one.  It  is  inflammable,  and  soluble  in  water  and 
spirit  of  wine  ;  and  it  is  used  as  an  expectorant,  and  as  a 
stimulant  in  certain  plasters.  The  so-called  gum  ammoniac 
from  Morocco  (which  is  witlt  little  doubt  the  ammoniacum 
of  the  ancients)  is  of  uncertain  origin,  but  is  probably  ob- 
tained from  some  species  of  Etifofftinum.  Also  called 
ammoniac  and  ammoniacum. —  Sal  ammoniac,  ammo- 
nium chlorid,  also  called  muriate  of  auuiunna,  a  salt  of  a 
sharp,  acrid  taste,  much  used  in  the  arts  and  in  pharmacy. 
See  ammonia,  1. 

II.  11.  Same  as  gum  ammoniac.  See  above. 
ammoniaeal  (am-o-ni'a-kal),  a.  [<  ammmiiae 
+  -eil.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  using  ammonia; 
ammoniac — Ammoniaeal  cochineal.  See  cochineal. 
— Ammoniaeal  engine,  an  en-ine  in  which  the  motive 
powerisv:i|nirnt'aniniiinia,exp;uidedbyIu-at.— Ammonia- 
eal gas,  ammonia  in  its  i>urest  form,  that  is,  in  the  form 
of  vapor.— Ammoniaeal  liquor,  or  gas-liquor,  a  pro- 
duet  of  the  distillation  of  co;il  in  gas-works.  It  contains 
ammonia,  and  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  ammonia- 
eal salts  and  as  a  fertilizer. —Ammoniaeal  salt,  a  salt 
formed  by  the  union  of  ammonia  with  an  acid,  without 
the  elimination  of  hydrogen ;  differing  in  this  from  metal- 
lic salts,  which  are  formed  by  the  substitution  of  the  metal 
for  the  hydrogen  of  the  acid. 

ammoniaco-.     Combining  form  of  ammoniac  or 

ammoniiical. 

ammoniacum  (am-6-ni'a-kum),  n.  Same  as 
gum  ammoniac  (which  see,  under  ammoniac,  a.). 

ammonialum  (a-mo-ni-al'um),  re.  [<  ammonia 
+  alum{iniuin).]  Ammonia  alum:  a  hydrosul- 
phate  of  aluminium  and  ammonia,  found  in  thin 
fibrous  layers  in  brown-coal  at  Tschermlg  in 
Bohemia,  in  France  this  salt  is  manufactured  and  used 
in  place  of  potash  alum.     Also  called  tschcrmigite. 

ammonia-meter  (a-m6'ni-a-me"t^r),  n.  An  ap- 
paratus invented  by  Griffii  for  ascertaining  the 
percentage  of  ammonia  in  solutions. 

Ammonian  (a-mo'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  'Ammonia- 
nus,  <  Ammonius,  a  proper  name,  <  Ammon  :  see 
Amnion.]  1.  Pertaining  to  Ammon,  or  to  his 
temple  in  the  oasis  of  Siwah  in  Libya. — 2. 
Relating  to  Ammonius,  surnamed  Saccas,  of 
Alexandria,  who  lived  early  in  the  third  century, 
and  is  often  called  the  founder  of  the  Neo- 
platonie  school  of  philosophy,  his  most  distin- 
guished pupil  being  Plotinus. 

ammoniate  (a-mo'ni-at),  re.  [<  ammonia + 
-ate^.]  1.  Ammonia  combined  with  a  metallic 
oxid. —  2.  A  trade-name  for  any  organic  nitro- 
genous material  which  maybe  used  as  a  source 
of  ammonia,  particularly  in  fertilizers,  as  dried 
blood,  fish-scrap,  etc. 

ammoniated  (a-mo'ni-a-ted),  a.  {_<.  ammo- 
niate.]    Combined  with  ammonia. 

ammonia  (a-mon'ik),  ei.  [(.ammonia  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  ammonia :  as, 
amnionic  chlorid. 

ammoniemia,  ammonixmia  (a-mo-ni-e'mi-a), 

7i.  [NL.,  <  ammonium  -I-  Gr.  ai/ia,  blood.]  .A 
morbid  contlition  characterized  by  the  presence 
of  ammonium  carbonate  in  the  blood, 
ammonification  (a-moni-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [< 
ammonia  -f  -tication.]  The  act  of  impregnat- 
ing with  ammonia,  as  for  fertilization,  or  the 
state  of  being  so  imi^regnated. 

Ammonification  [of  the  soil  of  Japan]  can  be  performed 
oidy  to  a  depth  of  (iO  centimeters. 

Sci.  Amer.  Sup.,  XXII.  8789. 


variaits. 


Ammonites  sfinasus. 


anunomo- 

ammonio-.     Combining  form  of  ammonium. 
ammonite  (am'on-it),  >i.      [<  XL.  Ammonites, 
with  ref.  to  the  E.  name  coniii  Ammonis,  horn  of 
Ammon :    so    called 
from    their    resem- 
blance   to    a    ram's 
horn:     see     Ammoii 
and  -ite-.~i     One  of 
the  fossil   shells  of 
an  extensive   genus 
(Ammonites)   of    ex- 
tinct cephalopodous 
moUusks        (cuttle- 
fishes), of  the  family 
Ammonitidie,    coiled 
in  a  plane  spiral,  and 
chambered      within 
like  the  shell  of  the 
existing  nautilus,  to 
which   the    ammon- 
ites     were      allied. 
Tliese  shells  have  a  nacre- 
ous lining  and  a  porcelan- 
ous  layer  externally,  and 
are  smooth  or  rugose,  the 
ridges  straight,  crooked, 
orundulated,  and  in  some 
cases  armed  with  project- 
ing spines  or  tubercles. 
The  species  already  described  number  about  500,  and  range 
from  the  Lias  to  the  Chalk  fonnatious,  inclusive.    They 
vary  in  size  from  mere  specks  to  3  or  4  feet  in  diameter. 
Also  written  hammonite.     Sometimes  called  snakmtone, 
amnwn-xtone,   and  formerly  cornu  Ammonis  (Amnion's 
horn). 
Ammonites  (am-o-ni'tez),  n.     [NL. :  see  am- 
monite.]     The   leading  genus  of  ammonites, 
named  in  this  form  by  Breyn  in  1732,  better  es- 
tablished by  Bruguifere  in  1789,  giving  name  to 
the  family  AmmoniiilUe.     The  name  has  been  used 
with  great 'latitude  of  deflnitiun,  but  is  now  much  re- 
stricted.   Some  40  or  more  generic  names  have  been  given 
to  the  cephabipods  which  were  formerly  referred  to  Am- 
7nonit''.f.     .M^o  written  Hammonit€.t.     See  ammonife. 
ammonitid  (a-mon'i-tid),  H.     An  ammonite;  a 

cephalopod  of  the  family  Ammonitid(e. 
Ammonitidae  (am-o-nit'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ammonites  +  -idtv.l  A  numerous  family  of 
e.rtinct  tetrabranehiate  cephalopods  (cuttle- 
fishes), of  which  the  well-known  ammonite  is 
the  type.  Verj'  different  limits  have  been  assigned  to 
the  fannly.  It  includes  the  genera  Goniatites.  Ceratitvy. 
Ammonitid,  Scnphitejt.  iiamiten.  and  others.  They  ai'e  the 
most  characteristic  nioUusks  of  the  Secondary  rocks.  See 
niiiiii'iiiil^. 

ammonitiferoUS  (am"6-ni-tif 'e-ms),  a.  [<  am- 
monite +  L.  ferre  =  fe.  heaA.]  Bearing  am- 
monites; containing  the  remains  of  ammon- 
ites :  as.  ammonitiferous  rocks. 

Ammonitoidea  (a-mon-i-toi'do-ii),  n.  pi.   [NL., 

<  Ammanitci  +  -oiflea.']  Asuperifarailyof  tetra- 
branchiato  cephalopods,  including  those  which 
have  an  external  shell  of  two  principal  layers, 
with  an  initial  smooth  chamber  and  the  siphonal 
cavity  extending  forward.  It  includes  most  of 
the  order  Ammonea, 

ammonium  (a-m6'ni-um),n.  [NL.  (Bcrzelius, 
IKOrt),  <  ammonia  +  -um.']  A  name  given  to 
the  hypothetical  base  (NH4)  of  ammonia,  anal- 
ogous to  a  metal,  as  potassium,  it  has  not  been 
lfolAt«d.  If  mercury  at  the  negative  pole  of  a  galvanic 
battery  is  placed  in  contact  witii  a  solution  of  anunonia 
or  ammonium  clilorid,  and  the  circuit  is  completed,  tlie 
m&Mt  swells  l^,  many  times  its  former  volume,  and  an 
amalgam  Is  formed  which,  at  the  teniperature  of  70'  or 
HO'  F.,  ts  of  the  consistence  of  butler,  but  at  the  freezing- 
point  Is  a  firm  and  crystallized  mass.  This  amalgam  is 
tupp«med  to  be  fonncd  by  the  metallic  base  annnonium, 
and  Is  the  nearest  approach  tu  Its  isolation,  fin  the  cessa- 
tion of  the  current  the  aniatgam  ilecomiioses  into  mercury, 
ammonia,  and  byrlrogen,  the  two  latter  escaping  as  gas  in 
IheproiKtrtlonHexiireRsed  by  their  atomic  weights,  namely, 
H  and  MI;..  — Ammonltun  baees.  cr,miM,nrjiis  repre. 
t«ntlnx  on,-  or  more  molecules  of  niiimoiiiu[ii  hydrate-,  in 
which  miiiiafoiiilc  or  polyatrimic  radicals  rcjilace  the  whole 
or  part  'if  til'  liv'lri,gi.n,  aa  Bouli  in  tetretliyl-ammoniuin 
l',"!!'!",  S(''...l|..)il. 

ammoniuret  'nm-o-ni'u-rot),  n.  [<  ammonia  + 
-itrrt.]  In  elif-m.,  one  of  certain  Hupposedcom- 
poiiiiil«  of  ammonia  and  a  pure  metal,  or  an 
'iTi'l  "f  n  in'tal. 

ammonioreted,  ammoniuretted  (am-o-ni'ii- 

ri'i  'Ij,  a.      [<  atninoninri  I.]     (.lombincd  with 
mntnotiiii  or  Hmmoiiiiim. 
ammoDold  (nm'ii-noid),  n.     Ono  of  the  Ammo- 
uoiftra. 

Ammonoidea  fam-o-noi'df-ll),  ".  ;''.      [NL.,  < 
.Immonr.i    -f   -t,),!,,!.]      An   ordinal    name   ap- 
iiuili'.ri  to  the  .tmmonra. 
'  :i"'''i  lii),  n.     [NL.,  fi'm.  of  nm- 
"/■/ii/oiM.)      1.  A  Hiniill  gonuB 
■  "M  the  Kiiiidy  BhoroM  of  Eu- 
i'li;  tlie  HOB-reed.     A.arun- 
•<■«  r''"l,   matwec'l,   or    sea- 
l'"ieii,  niid  Is  exlfrislvely  rm- 
'   ai.  I  viiicrlcA  for  |,reacrvlng  ttio  shoroa 


Painted-wing  Digger-  or  Sand-wasp 
[Amrnophila  ptctipennis),  natural 
size. 


iilu'd  l>y 
Ammophil.-i ' 


./. 
t'- 
1,1" 


178 

from  inroads  of  the  sea,  as  it  serves  to  bind  down  the  sand 

by  its  long  matted  rhizomes.     It  is  also  manufactured  into 

door-mats  and  floor-brushes,  and  in  the  Hebrides  into  ropes, 

mats,  bags,  and  hats. 

2.  In  en  torn.,  a  genus  of  long-bodied  fossorial 

aculeate    hymenopterous    insect",    commonly 

called     sand-wasps, 

belonging     to     the 

family  Spliegidw.    A. 

pictipennis    (Walsh) 

is  an  example.     See 

di(igcr-Hasp. 

ammopliilous  (a- 
mof'i-lus).  ((.  [<NL. 
ammopiiilus,  <  Gr.  a/i- 
fio(,  sand  (see  am- 
mite),  +  ipi^M^,  lov- 
ing.] Sand-loving: 
applied  in  :oiH.  to 
members  of  the  ge- 
nus Ammophila,  2. 

AmmotT3mane  (am-o-trip'a-ne),  n.  [NL.,  < Gr. 
a/ifio(,  sand  (see  «/«/H(7c),+ rpi'n-ai'oji,  borer:  see 
trepan.]  A  genus  of  chsetopodous  annelids,  of 
the  family  Opheliida:     liathke. 

ammunition  (am-u-nish'on),  «.  [<  F.  ammii- 
tioH,  (iiiionitivn  (l(3th  century),  a  corruption  of 
muiiiiioii,  the  prefix  a-  perhaps  arising  out  of  la 
munition  understood  as  I'amKnition :  see  muni- 
tion.] Military  stores  or  provisions  for  attack 
or  defense ;  in  modern  usage,  only  the  materials 
which  are  used  in  the  ilischarge  of  firearms  and 
ordnance  of  all  kinds,  as  powder,  balls,  bombs, 

various  kinds  of  shot,  etc Ammunltlon-bread, 

-shoes, -stockings,  etc,  such  as  are  rt'ntiuctid  for  by  the 
government,  and  distributed  to  soKliers.  -  Fixed  aminu- 
nition,  ammunition  the  materials  of  wlticli  are  cuiiliiiied 
ill  cartridges  or  otherwise  t'.'  facilitate  the  loading  "f  fire- 
arms or  ordnance.  Sec  ca;7j-u/'7''.— MetaUic  ammuni- 
tion, fixed  ammunition  for  small  arms,  and  for  machine- 
guns  and  rapid-filing  guns  of  small  caliber.  iiiclo.';ed  in 
brass  or  copper  cartridge-cases. —  Stand  of  ammimition, 
a  single  charge  or  load  of  fixed  ammunition  for  a  smooth- 
bore field-piece  or  other  cannon. 

ammunition  (am-u-nish'on),  V.  t.  [<  ammuni- 
tion, II.]     To  supjiiy  with  ammimition. 

ammunition-chest  (am-u-nish'on-chest),  n.  A 
chest  or  box  in  which  the  fixed  ammunition  for 
field-cannon  is  packed.  Oneammnniti'in-chest  is  car- 
ried on  the  limber  of  tile  gun-carriage,aiul  three  are  carried 
on  the  caiss'.n,  one  on  the  limber  aU'i  two  on  the  body. 

ammunition-hoist  (am-u-nish'on-hoist),  ». 
In  a  man-of-war,  the  apparatus  by  which  the 
ammunition  is  hoisted  from  the  magazines  to 
the  turret,  or  other  place,  where  it  is  required 
for  use  in  the  guns. 

amnemonic  (am-ne-mon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
-h /ivT//ioviii6^,  mnemonic;  ef.  afivr/fjuv,  forgetful.] 
Not  mnemonic ;  characterized  by  loss  of  mem- 
ory. 

amnesia  (am-no'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  a/ivr/aia,  < 
(i-jiriv.  -i-  /ivi/ni-,  only  in  comp.,  remembering, 
<  /u/ivi/aK€iv,  remind,  in  mid.  and  pass,  remem- 
ber, /wHaBai,  remember,  =  L.  meminisse,  remem- 
ber: see  mnemonie,  memory,  remember,  etc.  Cf. 
amnestij.]  1.  In  /)«?/io/.,  loss  of  memory;  spe- 
cifically, aniofliid  condition  in  which  the  patient 
is  unable  to  recall  a  word  that  is  wanted,  or. 
perhaps,  unilerstand  it  when  spoken:  a  ciiinimin 
form  of  apha8ia(\vhich  see). — 2.  [(■«;>.]  lii.-ooV., 
a  genus  of  coleoiitcrous  insects.     G.  II.  Horn, 

1S7().  -Amnesia  acustica  (see  nmuKtic),  loss  of  mem- 
ory for  spoken  wiiiils;  wini-ileafness. 

amnesic  (am-iiO'Kik),  «.  l<.amnesia  +  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  or  cliarncterized  by  amnesia  or  loss 
of  memory:  as,  «wi;u sic  aphasia. 

amnestic  (am-nes'tik),  «.  [<  Gr.  a/iv^aria,  for- 
getfulness :  sio  amnruli/  and  amnesia.]  Causing 
amnesia  or  loss  of  memory. 

amnesty  (ati/nes-ti),  n.;  pi.  amnesties  (-tiz). 
[<  1*".  amneslie,  <  L.  amne.stia,  <  Gr.  aiivi/aria,  for- 
getfulnesH.  esp.  of  wrong,  <  a/iv^aroc,  forgotten, 
forgetful, v  (i-jiriv.  +  /ii/ivi/aKciv,  /ivantlai,  remem- 
ber: SCO  amnesiii.]  A  forgetting  or  (ivcrhiiik- 
ing;  an  act  of  olilivimi;  Hpecifically,  a  gcnenil 
pardon  orcondilimial  olTerof  imrdmi  of  otTciisoH 
or  of  a  clasH  <<(  nfTiiisoH  against  n  guverument, 
or  the  )iroclaiiiii,ti(iii  of  niicIi  pardini. 

All  peace  ImjiheH  itiitiifitUi.  or  oblivion  of  ixut  siibjecta 
rif  disiuit^',  whether  the  Hiiine  is  expressly  melitloii'-d  in 
tlie  terms  of  the  treaty,  or  ii'it. 

\\imiiir\i,  liitrod.  to  Int<'r,  Law.  |  168. 
■    Syn.  AhnftUition,  etc.     .Si'c  partton.  «. 

amnesty  (am'ties-li),  r.  t.\  iiret.  and  pp.  am- 
iiiKliiil,  ppr.  amne.ili/in;!.  [(amnesty,  n.]  To 
grant  itii  nmiicHty  to;  pardon. 

Krnnce  has,  linklly.  little  to  trouble  Iter  Iwyonil  the 
•  inestloll  of  avnvKtyinjl  the  t*omnilinlst«. 

The  Salion,  XXII.  .I'-ll, 

The  fugitive  manshiyer  Is  nmnrntiril,  not  011  the  dealli 
of  the  king,  but  Ull  the  death  of  the  high  liriest 

KMj/e.  //ri(..  XVIII.  f.lo 


amnion 

amnia,  «.     Plural  of  amnion, 

amnic't  (am'nik),  a.  [<  L.  amnictts,  <  amnis,  a 
river,  akin  to  Skt.  ap,  water.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  river;  fluvial;  fluviatile. 

amnic-  (am'nik),  a.  [<  amnion  -h  -ic]  Same 
as  (iiiiiiiotie. 

Amnicola  (am-nik'o-la),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  amni- 
eola,  that  grows  in  or  by  a  river,  <  amnis,  a 
river,  +  -cola,  <  colere,  dwell.]  A  genus  of 
fresh-water  tasnioglossate  mollusks,  of  the 
family  Eissoidiv,  or  made  the  tj'pe  of  Amnico- 
lidiv.  There  are  several  species,  of  small  size,  generally 
di.stiibnted  tliri'ughout  the  fnited  States. 

amnicolid  (am-nik'o-lid),  «.  A  gastropod  of 
the  family  Aninicolidte. 

Amnicolidse  (am-ni-kol'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amiiieola  -1-  -ida:]  A  family  of  tfenioglossate 
gastropods,  t\-pified  by  the  genus  Amnienln. 
The  liistinctioii  from  Jiisi^oiiia'  is  not  well  marked,  but 
numerous  small  species  inhabiting  fresh  and  brackish 
water  liave  been  referred  to  this  family. 

Amnicolinae  (am-nik-o-li'ne),  «.  i>l.  [NL.,  < 
Amiiieola  -I-  -iHrF.]  A  subfamily  of  Hissoidee,  or 
of  Amnieolida;  t\"pifiedby  Amnicola.  Tiie  animal 
has  a  fiat  foot  witliout  lateral  sinuses;  the  rachidian  teeth 
liave  basal  denticles  on  the  anterior  surface  behind  the 
lateral  margins ;  the  shell  varies  from  a  turreted  to  a 
globular  f'-riii ;  and  the  opercnluni  is  subspiral.  The  sub- 
family ill,  lu'ies  many  small  fresll-water  species,  of  wlii,  h 
a  hu'ge  number  inhabit  the  streams  and  poolsof  thel'nitci 
States. 

amnicoline  (am-nik'o-lin),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL. 
amiiieiiliuus,  (Amnicola,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Inhabit- 
ing rivers,  as  an  amnicolid;  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Aiiinicolina?;  amnicoloid. 

II.  ».  A  gastropod  of  the  subfamily  ^mnico- 
linie :  an  amnicolid. 

amnicolistt  (am-nik'o-list),  H.  [<  L.  atnnicohi, 
one  who  dwells  by  a  river  (see  Amnie<ila),  + 
-ist.]  One  who  dwells  by  a  river  or  upon  its 
banks.     Bailey. 

amnicoloid  (am-nik'o-loid),  a.  [<  Amnicola  + 
-oid.]  Like  an  amnicolid;  pertaining  or  re- 
lated to  the  Amnieolida;. 

amnigenoust  (am-nij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  amni- 
11(1111,  born  ill  a  river  (as  fish)  or  of  a  river-god, 

<  iiiiiiiis,  a  river,  +  -(/eniis,  -born,  <  -y/  *ijcn,  bear.] 
Kivcr-born ;  born  on  or  near  a  river.     liailey. 

amnion  (am'ni-on),  n. ;  pi.  omnia  (-a).  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  iifiviov,  the  membrane  around  the  fetus  (also 
called  a/iveioc  ,|(r(ji'),  also  the  bowl  in  which  the 
blood  of  victims  was  caught  at  the  sacrifices; 

<  ii/tf/ir,  a  lamb:  see  aijnns.]  1.  In  aniit.  and 
rerteliratc  :ool.,  one  of  the  fetal  appendages ; 
the  innermost  one  of  the  membranes  which 
envelop  the  embryo  of  the  higher  vertelirates, 
as  mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles;  the  lining 
membrane  of  a  shut  sac,  familiarly  called  the 
"bag  of  waters,"  in  which  the  fetus  iscontained. 
All  amnion  is  developed  in  those  vertebrates  only  which 
have  a  fully  formed  allant^iis ;  hence  it  is  absent  in  the 
/flitliiiii/'sida,  or  fishes  and  amphibians,  but  present  in  all 
.Saiiriiiisiitii,  or  reptiles  anil  birds,  and  in  .ViiiiniKilin. 
The  ainiiion  is  formed,  at  a  very  early  period  in  the  life 
of  file  embryo,  by  a  diii'licalioii  of  the  epiblast,  or  external 
bliLsfotlerinic  nieinbi;iiie,  wliicli,  carrying  wifli  it  a  layer 
of  mesoblast  from  the  ^oiiiatoplenral  division  of  the  latter, 
rises  on  all  sides  about  the  embryo,  the  folded  edges  com- 
ing together  over  the  back  of  the  embryo,  and  there  coa- 
lescing to  form  a  shut  sac  in  which  the  embryo  is  inclosed. 
Fnim  this  mode  of  growth,  it  is  obvious  that  what  «  as  the 
outer  side  of  the  amniotic  folds  becomes  the  inner  side  of 
the  sac  when  it  has  shut,  so  that  the  epiblastic  layer  is  in- 
t^-rnal,  the  inesoblastic  external ;  the  jiroccss  of  Inversion 
being  coiiiparalde  to  that  by  which,  in  the  ciuje  of  the- 
|)rimiti\e  fraie  of  the  embryo,  a  layer  of  epiblast  is  con- 
verted iiit^i  the  lining  of  the  spinal  canal.  Only  that  fold 
of  membrane  which  is  next  the  body  of  the  embryo  com- 
poses the  amnion  prop, 
er,  the  other  or  outer 
fohl  In  contact  with  lh» 
enveloping  primitive 
chorion  (vitelline  mem- 
brane or  yolk-sac)cither 
disappearing  or  fakiiifr 
pari  ill  the  foniiiifioii  of 
the  piTiiiuiieiif  chorion. 
As  long  as  fills  outer 
fold  is  rccoglii/able  as- 
n  nienibrane,  It  bears 
the  name  i\t  /ahr  am- 
lliini.  The  shut  sac  of 
Iheaiiinlon  contains  tlio 
ll'inor  iimiiii,  a  bland, 
albunif  lions,  Herons  finhl 
In  which  the  fetus  is  Im- 
mersed. Ill  nartnrlflon, 
rilpllirc  of  file  sac  is  fol- 
lowc'l  by  file  "bursfiuif 
of  file  wafers."  Some- 
times a  |i'ii-fl'iii  of  tlio 
sac  iidbcrcs  fo  the  head 
of  fill'  'liibi,  fiftliig  like 
a  skiitl-ean;  siii-b  an  In- 
fant is  said,  ill  the  Inn- 
gllage  of  nildwives,  whf> 
comnionly  regard  the 
circuiiiHtanee  as  a  good 
nmeil,fo  be  "born  wltU 
a   caul."    Tlume   vcrft^- 


Am 


Vertclimte  Umbryo  (chick,  5tli  'Iny  of 
inciilNillonliStinwitii,  Am,  lli<?  incl:>«liii; 
aiiinl'tn :  n,  it,  rti'limcnth  "f  'tnlcrloi 
nn'l  |>,i%tcrlor  lliiilw.  or  linil,.l'iitK;  i. 
a,  1.  firM.  ncc'niil,  .iii'l  thlff  rcrf^lir.il 
»'-l>  Ir-. ;  irt,  vr*klc  "f  the  thiol  veil. 
t'l'  !■  :  A,  rye  :  i,  vlMTCrnl  nrchcB  nint 
'I'O'.  .    .1//.  nlliiTtloln,  bnngln^'  hy 

vcalclo. 


iniiblliciil 


amnion 


179 


brates  winch  possess  an  amnion  ai-e  termed  Ajmnonatn ;  Amoebffi  (a-mo'be),  n.  pi.     fNL.,  pi.  of  Amcf.^ 

those  which  do  not.  Anattinumnta:  terms  coincident  re-      i..  -.,,,-.7     \i,„ ]„^  *„       u-   i    *i  t 

spcctively  witli  Allantoidea  and  AitaUmiUndea.  In.ooL,  the  order  to  which  the  genu.s  Am 


2.  In  e«to(«.,  a  membrane  which  suiTounds  the     belon^'s.  _        .. 

larva  of  many  insects,  as  the  millepeds  (lulidw),  Amoebaea  (am-e-be  a),  n.  pi 


Ainmha.'] 
mccba 


[NL.,  neut.  pi. 


for  some  time  after  they  are  hatched  from  the 
egg.  It  is  regarded  by  some  as  the  analogue 
of  the  amnion  of  a  vertebrate. 

In  many  insects  and  in  the  higher  vertebrates,  the  em- 
bryo aciinires  a  .special  ijrotective  envelope,  the  amnion, 
which  is  thrown  ulf  at  birth.    JIttzlei/,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  67. 

3.  A  reflected  portion  of  a  membrane,  in  ascid- 
iaus,  which  lines  the  inner  wall  of  the  ovisac, 
and  forms  a  kind  of  amniotic  investment  of  the 
embryo. 

It  is  the  cavity  left  between  this  amnion  and  the  inner 
Iieniiaphere  of  the  blastoderm  which  becomes  the  parental 
blood-sinus.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  533. 

4.  In  hot.,  a  name  formerly  given  to  the  fluid 
contents  of  the  embryo  sac. 

Sometimes  eiToneously  ■wi-itten  amnios. 
False  amnion,  the  part  of  the  orit;inal  amnionic  mem- 
brane left  lining  the  chorion  after  the  amnionic  sac  proper 
is  funned  by  a  diijilication  and  inversion  of  a  part  of  the 
original  membrane.  It  disappears  either  by  absorption 
or  by  taking  part  in  the  development  of  the  chorion. 
Also  called  n'.^tcuta  .serosa. 

Amnionata  (am"m-o-na'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.; 
prop.  "Aiiiniata  or  Amniota;  <  amnion  +  -ato.] 
A  name  given  by  Haeckel  to  those  vertebrates 
which  have  an  amnion,  it  corresponds  to  Allayi- 
toidea,  and  is  coextensive  with  Mammalia  and  Saurop- 
sida  of  Huxley,  or  mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles,  the  am- 
phibians and  rtshes  being  termed  Anamnionata  (which  see). 
Also  called  Amniota. 

amnionic  (am-ni-on'ik),  a. 


of  L.  amwhii'Uf!,  alternate:  see  amocbcan''-.']  The 
name  given  by  Ehrenberg  to  the  amoabiforra 
organisms  wliich  he  placed  in  his  Polyijastrica. 

amoebaeum  (am-e-be'nm),  n.;  pi.  ammbaia  (-a). 
[L.,  ncut.  oi  amaibams,  <  Gr.  a/wiftaioc,  recipro- 
cal, alternate,  <  a/iot/??;,  change,  alternation :  see 
ainaba.']  A  poem  in  which  persons  are  repre- 
sented as  speaking  alternately,  as  in  the  third 
and  seventh  eclogues  of  Virgil. 

amoeba-movement  (a-me'ba-mov"ment),  n.  A 
movement  of  naked  membraneless  protoplasmic 
bodies,  consisting  of  rapid  changes  in  e-xternal 
contour,  extension  and  contraction,  and  a  creep- 
ing about  as  if  flowing.  See  amatboid  move- 
ments, under  timmbokl,  a. 

amoeban  (a-me'ljan),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
aino-bas;  amccbous. 

Amoebea  (am-e-be'ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Amceba, 
q.  v.]  An  order  of  llhizopoda,  of  which  the 
genus  Amceba  is  the  type.     See  Amoeha. 

amoebean^  (am-e-be'au),  a.  [<  L.  am(eb(eus,<.GT. 
a/ioilJaiog:  see  amoebo'tun.']    Alternately  answer- 
ing or  responsive;   of  the  nature  of  an  amoe- 
bfetun  (which  see).     Also  spelled  amebean. 
Anuebean  verses  and  the  custom  of  vying  ...  by  turns. 

J.  Warton. 
Erelong  the  pastoral  and  town  idyls  of  Theocritus,  with 
their  amcebean  dialogue  and  elegant  occasional  songs,  won 
the  ear  of  both  the  fashionable  and  critical  worlds. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  207. 


[The  proper  form  ,         „  ,        _.,_,.         ,.,    , 

would  he'*amniac:  <' amnion  (amni-on)  + -ic  amoebean- (am-e-be  an),  a.  \_<  Amabea  + -an.} 
-      ~-  ■    ■  .  „f  <■  1,0  „„(-,,,„  „f    Ot  or  relatmg  to  the  xlOTflsftm. 


{-(ic).']     Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of 
an  amnion ;  amniotic. 

In  a  number  of  Insects  belonging  to  different  orders  of 
the  class,  an  amnionic  investment  is  developed  from  the 
extra-neural  part  of  the  blastoderm. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  220. 

amnionless  (am'ni-on-les),  a.  [<.  amnion + 
-less.}     Having  no  amnion  ;  anamniotic. 

amnios  (am'ni-os),  n.  [=  P.  amnios.}  An  er- 
roneous form  for  amnion. 

Amniota  (am-ni-o'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
"amniotus,  <  Gr.  as  if  'a/iviaru^,  <  a/iviov,  am- 
nion.]    Same  as  Amnionata. 

amniotic  (am-ni-ot'ik),  a.  [As  Amniota  +  -ic  ; 
=  F.amniotique.}  1.  Pertaining  to  the  amnion ; 
contained  in  the  amnion :  as,  the  amniotic  fluid. 
— 2.  Possessing  an  amnion;  belonging  to  the 
Amnionata,  as  a  mammal,  bird,  or  reptile.  See 
Amnionata. 

Also  amnio. 
Amniotic  cavity,  the  hollow  of  the  amnion,  containing 
the  amniutic  liciuid  and  the  fetns. — Amniotic  folds. 
See  nmnioH.— Amniotic  liquid,  amniotic  fluid,  or 
liquor  amnii,  tlie  liiiuid  in  which  the  fetus  is  suspL-ndicl 
by  the  umbilical  cord,  iiee  amnion. —  Amniotic  sac.  (ft) 
The  amnion,  invested  externally  by  the  chorion ;  the  lin- 
ing of  the  "bag  of  waters."  (b)  In  bot.,  the  embryo-sac. 
[No  longer  used.) 

amock,  a.  or  adv.     See  amuck, 


Amoebidae  (a-me'bi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Amasba 
+ -idw.}  The  tyi^ioal  family  of  the  Amceba;, 
Amabina,  or  Ammboidea,  mainly  represented 
by  the  genus  Amwba,  as  distinguished  from 
such  amoeboids  as  are  members  of  Diff^gia  and 
Arcella,  or  such  other  rhizopods  as  the  sun-ani- 
malcules, as  Actinophnjs  sol,  etc. 
amoebiform  (a-me'bi-f6rm),  a.  and  n.  [<  owo-- 
ba  +  -form.}  I.  a.  .Amoeba-like;  undergoing 
frequent  changes  of  shape,  like  an  amtsba;  re- 
lated to  the  amoebas. 

The  corpuscle,  in  fact,  has  an  inherent  contractility,  like 
one  of  those  low  organisms,  known  as  an  Amoeba,  whence 
its  motions  are  frequently  called  amoebi/orm. 

Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  177. 
II.  n.  An  amceba,  or  an  animal  or  corpuscle 
of  amoeban  character.     See  amceba,  3. 
Other  genera  of  the  ama^biforms. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  192. 

Amoebina  (am-e-bi'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Amaba 
+  -ina.}     See  Amoeboidea. 

amoebodont  (a-me'bo-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  a/ioip^, 
change,  alternation,  +  odoix  (b6ovT-)  =  'E.  tooth.} 
A  term  descriptive  of  a  form  of  lophodont  denti- 
tion in  which  the  crests  or  folds  of  the  crowns 
of  the  molar  teeth  are  alternate:  opposed  to 
antiodont. 


amoeba  (a-me'bil),   n. ;    pi.    amcebas,    amcebce  amoeboid  (a-me'boid),  a.  and  m.     [<  amceba  + 
(-baz,  -be).     [NLl'.,  <   Gr.   aftoilir/,  change,  ex- 
change, <  aueijieiv,  change,  exchange,  akin  to 
L.  movere,>E.  move,  q.  \.}     1.    [cap.}   A  ge- 
nus of  microscopic  rhizopodous  Protozoa,  of 
which  A.  diffluens,  common  in  all  fresh-water 
ponds  and  ditches,  is  the  type.    It  exists  as  a  mass 
of  protoplasm,  and  moves  about  and  grasps  particles  of 
food,  etc.,  by  means  of  pseudopodia,  or  flnger-like  pro- 
cesses, which  it  forms  by  protruding  portions  of  its  body. 
From  thus  continually  altering  its  shape  it  received  its  for- 
mer name  of  proteus  animalcule.     Within  the  body  are 
usually  found  a  nucleus  and  nucleolus,  and  certain  clear 
spaces,  termed  contractile  vesicles,  from  their  exhibiting 
rhythmical  movements  of    contraction    and  dilatation. 
There  is  no  distinct  mouth,  and  food  seized  by  means  of 
the  pseudopodia  is  engulfed  within  the  soft  sarcode-body 
and  by  any  portion  of  its 
surface,    the    apertures 
by   which    the    food    is 
taken  in  closing  up  im- 
mediately after    its   re- 
ception.     Reproduction 
takes   place    in    several 
ways,  but  chielly  by  fis- 
sion, whereby  an  amceba 
simply  divides  into  two 
portions,  each  of  which 
becomes  a  distinct  ani- 
malcule.    Several   other 

species  have  been  described ;  but  there  is  reason  to  think 
that  some  of  these,  at  least,  may  be  early  forms  of  other 
and  more  complex  animals,  or  even  of  plants.  The  term 
appears  to  have  been  first  used  by  Ehrenberg  in  1830,  as 
the  name  of  a  genus  of  his  Polifrrastrica. 
2.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Amceba. —  3.  Any 


AmoebK  (much  magBilied). 


aid.}     I,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling 
an  amffiba:  as,  amoeboid  masses. 

It  is  not  uncommon  for  portions  of  the  protoplasmic 
substance  to  pass  into  au  ama'boid  condition. 

IC.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  335. 

Tlie  blood.corpuscles  of  Solen  legumen,  .  .  .  besides 

colorless  amoeboid  forms,  comprise  a  vast  number  of  oval 

ones,  deeply  stained  by  haemoglobin. 

J?.  R.  Lankester,  Pref.  toGegenbaur'sComp.  Anat,  p.  10. 

Amoeboid  cell.  See  ce!!.— Amoeboid  movements,  con- 
stant changes  of  shape  of  an  amceba  or  other  single-celled 
organism,  as  an  ovum,  a  cytode,  or  a  formative  cell  of  any 
of  the  higher  animals ;  especially,  such  movements  as  are 
exhibited,  for  example,  by  the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood 
of  man,  the  resemblance  of  such  objects  to  an  amoeba  be- 
ing striking,  and  their  morphological  characters  being 
nearly  identical. 

II.  n.  An  amoebiform  organism;  one  of  the 
Amoebidie. 

Amoeboidea  (am-e-boi'de-a),  m.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amceba  +  -oidea.}  An.  order  of  amosbiform 
rhizopodous  Protozoa,  of  which  the  genus  Amoe- 
ba, of  the  family  Amabidce,  is  the  type.  This 
order  is  practically  distinguished  from  Monera  by  tlie 
presence  of  a  nucleus,  and  from  the  Foramini/era  and 
Radiolaria  by  the  absence  of  a  complete  calcareous  or  si- 
licious  shell.  The  terms  Ammboidea,  Amcebina,  Amaebcsa, 
and  Amabm'(see  Anmbce)  are  more  or  less  nearly  synony- 
mous ;  but  the  definition  of  the  groups  of  amccbiform  ani- 
mals varies  with  almost  every  leading  WTiter.   See  amoeba. 

amoebous  (a-me'bus),  a.  [<  amceba  + -ons.} 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Amceba  :  resem- 
bling an  amoeba  in  structure.     Also  amoeban. 


single  cell  or  corpuscle  of  one  of  the  higher  amoebula  (a-me'bu-lil),  «. ;  pi.  amoebidw  (-le). 
animals;   a  cell  regarded  as  itself  an  animal,     [NL.,  dim.  of  amtEfea.]     A  little  amoeba.     E.  B. 
and  an  individual  of  the  morphological  grade     Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  840. 
of    development   of    an    amoeboid    organism,  amoenomania  (a-me-no-ma'ni-a),  n.    [NL.,<L. 
[Bare.]  amointis,  pleasant  (see  amene),  +  mania,  <  Gr. 


among 

navia,  mania.]     A  form  of  mania  in  which  the 
hallucinations  are  of  an  agreeable  nature. 

amoindert,  v.  t.  [<  F.  amoindrir,  lessen,  <  a,  to, 
+  moindre,  <  L.  minor,  less.]  To  lessen  or  di- 
minish.    Donne. 

amok  (a-mok'),  a.  or  adv.    See  amuck. 

amole  (a-mo'le),  J!.  [Mex.]  1.  A  Mexican  name 
foi-  tluf  roots  of  various  species  of  plants  which 
have  detergent  properties  and  are  used  as  a 
substitute  for  soap. — 2.  The  name  of  several 
plants  which  fm'nish  these  roots,  in  New  Mexico 
and  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico  the  most  coninion  species 
is  the  lechnguilla.  Agave  Ift'i-acnntlta.  In  Califrjiina  the 
name  is  given  especially  U>  Cldi>r>tri<tlam  poineritlianum, 
a  liliaceous  jibint  liaviiig  large  bulbs  coated  with  coarse 
lii'iwn  liln  j.s,  <<i  wliicti  inattressesaremade.  ^eemap-^iiant. 

amolisht,  '■•  t-  l<.  <-*!''.  amoliss-,  stem  of  certain 
parts  of  amolir,  <  L.  amoliri,  remove  with  an 
effort,  <  a  for  ab,  away,  +  moliri,  exert  one's 
self  upon,  move,  <  moles,  a  heavy  mass:  see 
mole^.  Ci.  demolish.}  To  remove  forcibly ;  put 
away  with  an  effort.     [Rare.] 

amolitiont,  n.  [<  L.  amolitio{n-),  <  amoliri,  pp. 
amolitus,  remove:  see  amolish.}  A  putting 
away;  removal.     [Rare.] 

amoUisht,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  amoUsshcn,  <  OF.  amo- 
liss-, stem  of  certain  parts  of  amolir,  F.  amol- 
lir,  soften,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  -f-  moUr,  <  L.  mol- 
lire,  soften,  <  mollis,  soft :  see  moll,  mollify.} 
To  soften  ;  mollify ;  mitigate. 

amollishmentt  (a-mol'ish-ment),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten amoUshment,  <  P.  amollisscment :  see  amol- 
lish  and -ment.}  Softening;  mitigation.  Donne. 
(N.  E.  D.) 

Amomum  (a-mo'mimi),  n.  [L.,  also  amomon,  < 
Gr.  afiu/jov,  applied  to  an  Eastern  spice-plant; 
origin  uncertain.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natm'al 
order  Scitaminca',  belonging  to  tropical  regions 
of  the  old  world,  and  allied  to  the  ginger-plant. 
They  iire  herbaceous,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  large 
sheathing  leaves,  and  aie  remarkable  for  the  pungency 
and  aromatic  properties  of  their  seeds.  Several  species 
yield  the  cardamoms  and  grains  of  paradise  of  commerce. 

amonestet,  t'-  t.     An  old  form  of  admonish. 

among  (a-mimg'),  2»'<^P-  and  adv.,  orig.  prep, 
phr.  [lii  early  mod.  E.  in  two  mixed  forms: 
(1)  among,  <  ME.  among,  amonge,  amang, 
amange,  <  AS.  dmang  (rare  and  late),  oontr.  of 
usual  o«/Ha«(7,  prep.;  (2)  cmong,<ME.  emong, 
emonge,  emang,  imonij,  ijmong  (cnmong,  inmong), 
<  AS  gemang  (=  OFries.  mong),  prep. ;  both  on- 
mang  and  gemang  are  contractions  of  the  fuU 
form  ongemang,  prep.,  originally  separated,  on 
gemang  (orig.  followed  by  gen.),  lit.  in  (the) 
crowd  or  company  (of):  on,  prep.,  on,  in  (see 
a-3);  (/er«a)i(/,  a  crowd,  assembly:  see  weHi?  and 
mingle.  Cf.  the  extended  form  amongst.}  I. 
prep.  1.  In  or  into  the  midst  of ;  in  association 
or  connection  with :  as,  he  fell  among  thieves ; 
one  among  this  people. 

A  practice  there  is  among  us  to  determine  doubtful 
matters  by  the  opening  of  a  book. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 
I  stood 
Among  them,  but  not  of  them. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  113. 
She  dwelt  among  the  untrodden  ways 
Beside  the  springs  of  Dove.     Wordsworth,  Lucy. 

2.  In  the  number  of ;  of  or  out  of. 

My  beloved  is  .  .  .  the  chiefest  among  ten  thousand. 

Cant.  V.  10. 
Blessed  art  thou  among  women.  Luke  i.  28. 

The  years  during  which  Bacon  held  the  Great  Seal  were 
among  .  .  .  the  most  shameful  in  English  history.  Every- 
thing at  home  and  abroad  was  mismanaged. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

3.  By  the  joint  action  or  consent  of;  with  the 
common  aid  or  knowledge  of:  as,  settle  it  awoHf; 
yourselves;  the  mischief  was  done  among  you. 

You  have,  among  you,  kiUed  a  sweet  and  innocent  lady. 
Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  i. 

4.  To  each  of;  by  or  for  distribution  to:  as, 
he  gave  five  dollars  to  be  divided  among  them. 

What  are  they  [five  loaves  and  two  fishes]  among  so 
many'.'  John  vl.  9. 

5t.  In  the  circumstances  of ;  during  the  time 
or  term  of;   in  the  course  of. 

I  never  went  to  anyplace  aiHon^  all  my  life  .  .  .  which 
I  had  before  .  .  .  thought  of. 

Baxter,  in  TuUoch  s  Eng,  Puritanism,  p.  306.   (A'.  £.  D.) 

Il.t  adv.  1.  Together  (with  something). 
Do3ttur,  temper  well  thi  tonge, 
(fc  vse  not  monny  tallis  [many  tales] ; 
For  lessynggis  [leasings]  wyll  lepe  out  amonge. 
That  oftyn  brewis  baliys  [bales,  mischiefs]. 
Th£  Good  Wyfe  wold  a  Pulgremaae,  1.  S5.    (E.  E.  T.  S., 
[extra  ser.  VIII.,  1.  41.) 
2.  At  intervals ;  here  and  there. 

They  [the  fowles]  sate  amonge 
Upon  my  chambre  roofe  witboute. 
Upon  the  tyles  over  al  aboute. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  I.  598. 


among 
3  Between  whiles ;  at  intervals;  from  time  to 
tiine;  now  and  then.— 4.  During  the  time; 
meanwhile.  =Syn.  Amid,  In  the  midst  o/,  Amony,  Be- 
ttietn  Bfi''-!'  Th-  midst  U  the  middle  place;  hence 
amid  or  ■  »liould  be  used  where  a  person  or 

thinj;  is  j-  .ich  is,  or  may  be  imagined  to  be, 

centTil    ■  "'>■  ^^  ex-pressions  between  which 

lo   ■' '  i;..uiiisinthesingwlar,oraplural  noun 

,,,;  icU  is  \-irtually  one:  as,  "Lo,  I  see  four 

m,,,!  1 .  wi  t/ii  midst  o/the  fire"  (Dan.  iii.  25); 

amid  Uj-  -.vjv.  -.  "Bv  derivation  amomi  suggest*  a  min- 
cUd"-  it  may  be  properly  used  with  collective  nouns:  as, 
he  (fisappeared  imon-zthecrowd.  Bftwefii  is  nearly  equiv- 
alent et»-molnL'iiallv  io  6v  timin,  so  applnng  only  to  two; 
anuin'!  refers  to  more  th.in  two;  it  is  therefore  improper 
to  say  either  om..>)i;7  them  both,  or  tieticeeii  the  three.  Be- 
ttcixi  is  the  same  as  bettKen. 

Placd  far  amid  the  melancholy  main. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  i.  30. 

Where  two  or  three  arc  gathered  together  in  my  name, 

there  am  I  in  the  midst  o/  them.  M.it.  xviii.  20. 

He  passes  to  be  king  among  the  dead. 

TennijMn,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

The  question  hath  bin  all  this  while  bftmen  them  t>vo. 
Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  vi. 

What  is  there  now  that  can  stand  betwixt  me  and  fe- 
licity? Beau,  and  Fl.,  ^yoman-Hatcr,  v.  4. 

amongst  (a-mungsf),  i)rep.  [An  extension 
(with  excrescent  -t  as  in  against,  amidst,  whilst, 
etc.)  of  SIE.  amonges,  an  adverbial  gen.  form  of 
among.']    Same  as  among. 

A  son,  who  is  the  theme  of  honour's  tongue ; 
Amongst  a  grove  the  very  sti-aiglitest  plant. 

Shah:,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

amontillado  (a-mon-til-ya'do),  «.  A  name 
given  to  sherry  which  has  little  sweetness,  and 
is  light  in  color  and  body  rather  than  dark  and 
rich.     See  sherry. 

amor  (a'mor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  amor  (with  ac- 
cent on  first  syllable,  later  accented  and  pron. 
as  F.  amour:' see  amour),  <  ME.  amour,  amur 
(accented  on  first  syllable,  earlier  on  the  sec- 
ond), <  OF.  amor,  amur,  amour,  mod.  F.  amours 
Sp.  Pg.  amor  =  It.  amore,  <  L.  amor,  ace.  amo- 
rem,  love;  personified,  Love,  Cupid,*  Eros;  < 
amare,  love,  perhaps  orig.  *camare  (cf.  carus, 
orig.  'camrus,  lo^^ng,  loved,  dear)  =  Skt.  ■/'•""', 
love  (cf.  kdma,  n.,  love).  Cf.  amiable,  amity, 
amour,  etc.]  If.  Love;  affection;  friendship; 
especially,  love  toward  one  of  the  opposite  se.\ : 
now  only  in  the  form  amour  (which  see). —  2. 
[cap.']  [L.]  In  Rom.  myth.,  the  god  of  love; 
Cupid. 

amoradot  (am-o-ra'do),  «.  [<  Sp.  cnamorado 
(with  prefi^x  en-  ignored  in  the  transfer;  cf. 
equiv.  ML.  amoratus)  (=It.  innamoralo,  <  ML. 
inamoratus:  see  inamorato),  pp.  of  cnumorar,  < 
ML.  inamornre,  inspire  love,  <  L.  in,  in,  +  amor, 
love:  see  UHior.]     A  lover. 

Mark  Antony  was  both  a  courageous  soldier  and  a  pas- 
sionate amorado. 

Christ.  Itetig.'s  Appeal  to  Bar  of  Jieason,  p.  r»5, 

amorcet  (a-mdrs'),  n.    [<  F.  amorce,  bait,  prim- 
ing. <  i)F.  amors,  pp.  of  amordrc,  <  L.  admor- 
dere,  bite,  gnaw  at,  <  ad,  to,  +  mordere,  bite : 
Hee  mordant,  mor.ie,  morsel.     Cf.  E.  bait  as  re- 
lated to  bite.]     Priming ;  the  name  commonly 
given  to  the   finer-grained  powder  u.sed   for 
priming  the  musket  or  harquebuso,  and  which 
was  carried  in  a  separate  liom  (see  morsing- 
hnrn) ;  also,  the  priming  of  a  single  charge. 
amorean  (am-o-re'an),  ».     [<  Jleb.  'amoraim, 
I'iiiliiTM,  expounders.]      One  of  the  later  Tal- 
mudic  doctors;  one  of  those  compilers  of  the 
Uemnra  who  lived  subsequent  to  the  close  of 
the  Mishna. 
amorett,  amorettet  (am'o-ret,  am-o-ret'),  n.   [< 
.\II'..    iiinori/li;   <   OF.   ainorete,   athouretc,  -cttc 
(mod.   F.   amourette  (>  E.   amouretir),   amour, 
=  It.  amori  llo.  a  little  love  or  eiipid),  dim.  of 
iinini-.  V.  (iiitiiur  =  It.  amore,  love:   sec  amor 
ir.]   1 .  A  irweetheart ;  an  amorous  girl ; 
oiir. 
\\  li'  ft  (imitTi-in  no  more  can  »lilne, 
All''  -I'-lla  owim  ihe'H  not  divini\ 

T.  Warton,  Happho'H  Advice. 
3.  A  lovo-Unot. 

'■'•iiuht  claii  In  dlk  wu  he, 

Hut  Mr.  In  Mounw  &  In  fluiirrtten, 

I'alntcd  alio  with  amorette*. 

Hum.  o/  the  Rote,  1.  mi. 

3.  A  !'■  I'ive-8ong. 

I""  "■  ■  i/Mnntii.  hU  pMUjrnlii  nml  hu 

"■>'■  liU  Aii.nryllU.  Ilriiiroh^l. 

4.  r;  II  »light  amour. —  6. 
/•'  •  lovfvglancoR. 

liicrclngiimoretM, 

'in. ,,.    )  riKr  I'M'  '.II  and  Krlnr  nungny. 
6.  Aoiipid;  ft  liltlr  If.ve.     Han  amorcllo. 
AIro  written  amnurotlt. 


180 

amoretto  (am-o-ret'to),  n. ;  pi.  amoretti  (-ti). 
[It.:  see  amoret.]  1".  A  person  enamored;  a 
lover. 

The  amoretto  was  wont  to  take  his  stand  at  one  place 
where  sat  his  mistress. 

Gayton,  Notes  on  Don  QuLxote,  p.  47. 

2.  A  little  love ;  a  cupid. 

\  painting  in  which  amoretti  are  plentiful. 

J.  A.  Si/monds,  Greek  Poets,  p.  335.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

amorevoloust  (am-o-rev'o-lus),  a.  [<  It.  amo- 
rerole,  lo\Tng,  <  amore,  love:  see  amor.]  Lov- 
ing; kind;  charitable.     [Rare.] 

He  would  leave  it  to  the  Princesse  to  show  her  cordial 
and  atnorevolous  atfection. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  p.  161. 

amorino  (am-o-re'no),  h.;  pi.  amorini  (-ni). 
[It.,  dim.  oi amore,  love,  cupid:  see  amor.]  A 
little  love ;  a  cupid.  Applied  to  figures  common  in 
Roman  decorative  art,  and  in  Renaissance  and  modem 
styles  which  are  imitative  of  Roman  art ;  also  to  merely 
decorative  representations  of  children  in  works  of  art 
amorist  (am'o-rist),  n.  {_<  amor  +  -ist.]  A 
lover ;  a  gallant ;  an  inamorato.  Also  written 
amourist. 

Justle  that  skipping  feeble  amorist 
Out  of  yoiu"  loves  seat. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  ii.  1. 

Our  gay  amourists  then  could  not  always  compose  if 
they  could  write  their  billets-doux. 

/.  D'lsraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  IL  168. 

a-morningst  (a-mor'ningz),  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 
[<  o3  +  iiiorniiigs,  adverbial  gen.  of  morning. 
Cf.  adays.]     In  the  morning;  every  morning. 

Such  pleasant  walks  into  the  woods 
A-mornings. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Noble  Gentleman,  ii.  1. 

amorosa  (am-o-ro'sa),  H.  [It.,  fem.  of  amoroso: 
see  amoroso.]    An  amorous  or  wanton  woman. 

I  took  them  for  amorosas,  and  violatoi's  of  the  bounds 
of  modesty.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  191. 

amoroso  (am-o-ro'so),  a.  and  «.  [It.,  <  ML. 
amorosus:  see  amorous.]  I.  a.  In  »hm«(C,  amo- 
rous; tender:  descriptive  of  passages  to  be  ren- 
dered in  a  manner  expressive  of  love. 

II.  ".;  pi.  amorosi  (-si).  A  man  enamored; 
a  lover ;  a  gallant. 

It  is  a  gibe  which  an  heathen  puts  upon  an  amoroso, 
that  wastes  his  whole  time  in  dalliance  upon  his  mistress, 
viz.,  that  love  is  an  idle  man's  business. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  p.  12.'i. 

amorous  (am'or-us),  a.  [< ME.  amorous,  ainorus, 
amcrous,  amerus,  <  OF.  amorous,  amoros,  F. 
amoureux  =  Pr.  amoros  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  amoro.'io, 
<  ML.  amorosus,  full  of  love,  <  L.  amor,  love: 
see  amor  and  amiable.]  1.  Inclined  to  love: 
ha'ving  a  propensity  to  love ;  sexually  attracted : 
loving;  fond:  as,  an  nmocOHS  disposition. 

Our  fine  musician  groweth  dimtroi/v. 

Hhak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  1. 

A  prince  I  was,  blue-eyed,  and  fair  in  face. 
Of  temper  amorous  as  the  llrst  of  May. 

Tenni/son,  Princess,  i. 

2.  In  love;  enamored:    usually  with  of,  for- 
merly sometimes  ■with  on. 

In  a  gondola  were  seen  together 
Lorenzo  and  his  anwrous  Jessica. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  11.  8. 

Sure,  my  brother  [^amorous  on  Hero. 

Uliak.,  Much  Ado,  Ii.  1. 

So  amorous  is  Nature  o/  whatever  she  produces. 

Vriiden,  tr.  of  Dufresiioy. 

3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  love;  produced  by 
or  indicating  love ;  conveying  or  breat  hing  love. 

Tlie  spirit  of  love  and  amonms  iiellgbt. 

Jl/i;((ill,  1'.  1,.,  viil.  -177. 

with  tender  lilllet-doux  he  llght.i  llii!  pyre, 

And  breathes  three  amorous  siglm  to  riitHc  the  fire. 

Pnpe,  11.  ot  the  L.,  ii.  4'2. 

=  8yn.  I.'iviiig,  teniliT,  passionate,  ardent,  amatory. 
amorously  (uni'or-us-li),  adr.     In  iin  amorous 
manner;  fondly';'  lovingly. 

With  twisted  mital  amorously  Imiilemh'il. 

Shak.,  Lover'a  Complaint,  1.  2or>. 

amorousness   (am'or-us-nos),  «.     The  quality 

III  Ipiiiig  iimorous,  or  inclined  to  love  or  to  sex- 

iml  |)liiiHure;  fondiicNs;  lovingness. 

Amorpha  (a-mor'fii),  )i.     [NL.,  fem.  of  amor- 

jdiua,  irregular  ;  stSe  amorphous.]     A  genus  of 

I'guminouH  plaiils  of  the  United  Htales,  hoi 

lirnis  known  as  false  indigo  or  lead-iiianl.     Ih. 
H  of  modi  rate  bIzc.  having  pinnate  liavij. 
di'li«e  iliiHUr»of  bliii'  vioht  llowem,  whii  h  aic 


►l" 


I  il  (rolii  liavliig  only  the  ntnndanl  or  vexlllmii.  thi' 
iir  pil.iU  being  wliiillv  abucnt  (whence  the  name). 
"  IndlKo.  A.  .truliriMi,  la  oiTiuihinnlly  rillllvated 

I  I  iineiil.    A  ("ami i  o(  lnill«o  In  nalil  tohave  been 

II  '!•   (rum  II  111  Cnriilinn  In  early  llimiij  henie  iin  com- 
lii'iii  name.     .Mmi  called  tmnlard  or  u-ild  tndign. 

amorphic  (ii-m6r'fik),  «.     Hame  a«  amorphoun. 


amortization 

More  seldom  they  [inorganic  elements]  appear  as  crys- 
tals or  crystalline  forms,  or  also  as  amorjjhic  masses  in 
the  cell  membrane  or  cell  contents. 

Behrens,  Micros,  in  Botany  (trans.),  v. 

amorphism  (a-mor'fizm),  «.  [<.amorj)hous  + 
-ism.]  1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  amor- 
phous or  without  shape;  specifically,  absence 
of  crystallization;  want  of  Aystalline  struc- 
ture, even  in  the  minutest  particles,  as  in  glass, 
opal,  etc. —  2.  The  anarchic,  commimistie  sys- 
tem proposed  by  the  Russian  Bakunin;  univer- 
sal and  absolute  anarchy;  nihilism;  extreme 
communism. 

Wlien  we  penetrate  to  the  lowest  stratum  of  revolu- 
tioiiiu-y  Socialism,  we  meet  Bakunin.  It  is  impossible  to 
go  further,  for  he  is  the  apostle  of  universal  destruction, 
of  absolute  Anarchism ;  or,  as  he  himself  terms  his  doc- 
trine, of  Ainorphi.^m. 

Orpen.  tr.  of  Laveleye's  Socialism,  p.  192. 

amorphotae  (am-or-fo'te),  «.  2>l.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
afiopifwroi;  not  formed,  <  a-  priv.  +  */iop<puT6g  (cf . 
Hop(fiuTiK6c),  verbal  adj.  of  fiopipdeiv,  form,  <  fiop^i/, 
form.]  In  astron.,  stars  not  formed  into  any 
constellation,  and  therefore  not  constituting  a 
portion  of  an}'  symmetrical  figure. 

amorphous  (a-mor'fus),  fl.  [<  NL.  amorphus,  < 
Gt.  a/jopij>oc,  without  form,  shapeless,  misshapen, 
<  a- priv.  +  iiopi^ii,  shape,  form.]  1.  Having  no 
determinate  form;  of  irregidar  shape. 

He  was  supremely  happy,  perched  like  an  amorphous 
bundle  on  the  high  stool. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  4. 

2.  Having  no  regular  structure;  speoificnlly. 
not  crystallized,  even  in  the  minutest  particles : 
as,  glass  and  opal  are  amorphous. — 3.  Of  no 
particular  kind  or  character ;  formless ;  charac- 
terless; heterogeneous;  unorganized. 

Scientific  treatises  .  .  .  are  not  seldom  rude  and  amor- 
phous in  style.  Hare. 

An  existing  stupendous  political  order  of  tilings  ...  by 
no  means  to  be  exchanged  for  any  quantity  of  amorphous 
matter  in  the  form  of  universal  law. 

B.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  301. 

4.  Characterized  by  amorphism;  founded  on 
the  principles  of  amorphism ;  nihilistic ;  anar- 
chic. 
Also  amorphic. 

amorphously  (a-m6r'fus-li),  adv.  In  an  amor- 
phous mauner. 

amorphousness  (a-m6r'fus-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  ;imorphous;  shapelessness. 

AmorpllOZOa  (a-m6r-fo-z6'ii),  ».;j/.  [NL.,<Gr. 
apopipoi',  without  form  (see  amorphous),  +  Cv<w, 
animal.]  De  Blaiu'ville's  name  of  the  sponges 
and  their  allies:  so  called  from  the  absence  of 
regular  organic  structure  in  their  parts.  Now 
only  an  inexact  synonjan  of  Protozoa. 

amorphozoic  (a-mor-fo-zo'ik),  a.  [<  Amorpho- 
.-()(/.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Amorpho::oa. 

amorphozoous  (a-mor-fo-zo'us),  a.  Same  as 
amorjiho::oie. 

amorphv  (a-mOr'fi), «.  [< Gr.  a)iop^ia,  shapeless- 
ness, <  ai/o/ii^oc,  shapeless :  see  amorphous.]  Ir- 
regularity of  form ;  shapelessness;  wantof  defl- 
niteness.     [Rare.] 

His  epidemical  diseases  being  fastidlosity,  amoi^>hii.  and 
oscitation.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub. 

amorrO'Wt  (a-mor'o),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  [<  ME. 
amorotrc,  amorewe,  a-morwe,  earlier  on  morwen, 
on  moreen,  <  AS.  on  viorgen,  on  morgcnne:  on, 
prep.,E.  (|3;  )«()jv/fn,  morrow.  Ct.  a-momings.'] 
On  the  morrow ;  to-morrow. 

A-inorwe,  whan  the  day  bignn  to  sprynge, 
Upros  our  lioste. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  823. 

amort  (a-mfirf),  fl.  [Atenn  due  to  the  phrase 
oil  (iiiiorl  (as  if  from  all,  adv.,  and  amort),  aoor- 
rupt  ioii  of  alnmort,  <  F.  tt  lo  mort :  see  alamort.] 
Lifeless;  sjiiritless;  depressed:  usually  in  the 
jihrase  all  amort. 
How  fares  my  Kate?    What,  sweeting,  all  amort  f 

.s'/i(i»-,,  T.  of  llie.S.,  Iv.  3. 
I  am  all  amort,  as  If  I  had  lain 
Three  days  in  my  grave  iilreaily. 

Massinger,  rai'llanient  of  l/ive,  Iv.  fi. 
She  danced  along  with  vague,  reganiless  eyes, 
.   .  .  all  amort. 
Keats,  Eve  ot  St.  Agnes,  st.  8. 

His  BcnsitivcncBS  idled,  now  amort, 

Allvo  now.  Browning,  Sordollo,  vl. 

amortisation,    amortise.     See   amortisation, 

omi>rti::r. 

amortization,  amortisation   (a-mftr-ti-za'- 

hliiin),  ".  |<  ML.  omiirli.'!<ilii)(u-),  adinorlica- 
li(i{ii-),  iomiirlisori\(i(hii(irti:<irc:  seoflfHiir/i-c.] 
1.  The  act  of  alieTialing  liiiiils  or  tenements  to 
a  corporation  in  niorliiinin.  in  old  Kiincli  law,  hi 
lers  of  ainnrtl/iitlnii  iniiM  l.r  gtiiMli'd  only  by  tin-  king, 
and  ltil|ipoHrd  an  liidiliiiitly  or  a  tax  lu  he  paid  by  tlli^  I'or- 
poratiiiii  hnldliig  111  inortniaiii.  'I'lie  term  wan  oft^^n  iiiied 
ho  llif  tax  alone. 


amortization  181 

2.  Extinction,  as  of  debt,  especially  by  a  sink- 
ing-fvmd ;  a  payment  toward  such  extinction. 
Also  <iilmortizntiou,  amortizement. 
amortize,  amortise  (a-mOr'tiz),  v. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  amortized,  -.w(l,  ppr.  amortizing,  -simj.  [< 
ME.  amortiseii,  -liseii,  -cxcii,  <  AP.  amortizer, 
-ei/ser  {=  Sji.  aniortizar  =  ML.  amortisare,  ad- 
mortizurc),  <  amortiz-,  OF.  amortiss-,  stem  of 
certain  parts  of  amortir,  deaden,  quench,  abol- 
ish, extiujjuish,  redeem,  or  buy  out,  as  a  rent- 
charge,  alienate  in  mortmain ;  P.  amortir,  dead- 
en, slacken,  reduce,  redeem,  liquidate,  =  Pr. 
amortir  =  OCat.  amortir  =  It.  ammortirc,  <  L.  as  amount  (a-momif),  n. 


if  'admortirc,  <  ad,  to,  +  iiior{t-)s,  death:  see 
mortal.  Cf.  mortmain.]  I.  trans.  1+.  To  make 
dead;  deade»;  destroy. 

The  guile  werkes  that  iiieii  doii  whil  thei  ben  in  gode 
lyfe  ben  al  anwrtised  by  sin  folowiiif;. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

3.  In  law,  to  alienate  in  mortmain,  that  is,  to 
convey  to  a  corporation,  sole  or  aggregate,  ec- 
clesiastical or  temporal,  and  their  successors. 
See  mortmain. — 3.  To  extinguish,  as  a  debt,  by 
means  of  a  sinking-fund. 
Il.t  intrans.  To  droop;  hang  as  dead. 

With  this  rayne  went  the  sayle  atiwrtyssyivje  and  hang- 
ing lievy.  Caxton,  Ovid's  Jletani.,  xi.  1!).    (A',  i".  D.) 

amortizement,    amortisement    (a-m6r'tiz- 

meut),  /(.  [i  P.  aniortisscmcnt.  a  subduing, 
bringing  to  an  end,  in  arch,  a  finishing  (ML. 
amortisamentum,  admortizamentum),  <  amortir 


Amortizement  of  Buttress  (13th  century).  Apsidal  Chapel. 
Cathedral  of  Amiens. 

(-iss-):  see  amortize  and -ment.]  1.  The  crown- 
ing member  of  an  edifice;  the  architectural 
ornament  or  feature  that  terminates  a  facade, 
a  ridged  or  pointed  roof,  a  gable,  a  buttress, 
etc.     VioUet-le-Duc. — 2.  Same  as  amortization. 

a-mor'Wet,  prep.  phr.  ae  adv.  A  Middle  English 
fonn  of  amorrow. 

amotion  (a-mo'shon),  )i.  [<  L.  amotio{n-),  < 
amovere,  pp.  amotiis,  remove:  see  amove".']  1. 
Reinioval;  ejection;  ejectment  from  possession 
or  office,  as  of  an  officer  of  a  coi-poratiou. 

The  cause  of  his  ntnotion  is  twice  mentioned  Ijy  the  Ox- 
ford anti(iHary.  T.  Warttm,  Life  of  Sir  T.  Pope,  p.  2,'jl. 
2.  Motion  away  from;  a  mo-ving  away;  re- 
moval.    [Rare  in  both  uses.] 

amount  (a-mounf),  V.  [<  ME.  amounten, 
amioiten,  niount  up  to,  come  up  to,  signify,  < 
OF.  amounter,  amunter,  amonter,  amount  to,  < 
amimt,  amont,  adv.,  uphill,  upward,  prop.  prep, 
phr.  a  mojit,  toward  or  to  a  mountain  or  heap 
(ef.  E.  adown),  <  L.  ad  montem  :  ad,  to ;  montcm 


Il.t  trans.  1.  To  ascend;  climb;  mount. — 

2.  To  rise  in  number,  quantity,  or  value,  so  as 
to  reach  or  be  equal  to ;  come  to. 

'i'lie  soni  amounted  v  tlionsand  pounde. 

Caxlon,  ('liron.  uf  Eng.,  ccv.  186.      (A'.  £.  D.) 

3.  To  be  equivalent  to ;  mean;  signify. 

Tell  me,  niaydc  chaste, 
"What  avuyunteth  this'i' 

Lytimus  Dine,  1471.    (A^.  E.  D.) 

4.  To  cause  to  rise  ;  raise  or  elevate. 
Here  no  Papists  were  arraigned  to  anwuitl  it  to  a  Popish 

miiadc.  Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  ix.  110.    (A'.  Ji.  P.) 

[Moilern;  (.amount,  v.] 
1.  The  Slim  total  of  two  or  more  smns  or  (pian- 
tities;  the  aggi'egato :  as,  the  amount  oi  7  and  9 
is  16;  the  amount  of  the  day's  sales. — 2.  A 
quantity  or  sum  ■viewed  as  a  whole. 

It  is  \vA  often  that  a  single  fault  can  produce  any  vast 
amotutf  of  evil,  Ve  (Quince;/,  Style,  i. 

3.  The  full  effect,  value,  or  import ;  the  simi  or 
total :  as,  the  evidence,  in  amount,  comes  to 
this. 

Often  contracted  to  amt. 
amour  (a-mor'),  n.     [<  mod.  P.  amour  (with  P. 
pron.  and  accent),  taking  the  place  of  earlier 
E.  amour,  amor  (with  accent  on  fii'st  syllable), 

<  ME.  amour,  aniur,  <  OF.  amur,  amour,  love: 
see  amor,  and  cf.  paramour.]  If.  Love;  affec- 
tion; friendship. — 2t.  Love  toward  one  of  the 
opposite  sex. — 3.  A  love-affair;  love-making; 
especially,  an  illicit  love-affair;  an  intrigue. — 
Amour  propre  (a-mor  propr).  self-esteem  ;  self-respect : 
sometimes  used  in  an  unfavorable  sense,  meaning  self-love, 
pride,  conceit,  vanity,  egotism :  a  French  phrase  now  in 
common  use. 

Doubtless  in  nearly  every  field  of  inquiry  emotion  is  a 
perturbing  intruder :  mostly  there  is  some  prec  .ception, 
and  some  amour  propre  that  resists  disproof  of  it. 

//.  Spencer,  Stutly  of  Sociol.,  p.  74. 
These  words  were  uttered  with  so  much  coldness,  that 
Mr.  Effingham's  amour  propre  was  deeply  wounded. 

J.  E.  Cooke,  Virginia  Comedians,  I.  xii. 

amourettet,  «■    See  amoret. 
amourist,  n.     See  amorist. 
amovability  (a-Mi<i-v|i-bil'i-ti),  ».     [<  amovahle : 
see  -biliti/.]     Capability  of  being  removed,  as 
from  an  office.     [Rare.] 

Let  us  retain  anwcahiliti/  on  the  concurrence  of  the 
executive  and  legislative  branches. 

Jcferson,  'Works,  IV.  288. 

amO'Vable  (a-mo'va-bl),  a.     [<  atnove^  +  -able; 

also  amovihle,  after  P.  amovible'.]    Removable. 

[Rare.] 
amO'yalt  (a-mo'val),  «.     [<  amove"^  +  -al.     Cf. 

removal,  <  removed]     Total  removal. 

Amoml  of  .  .  .  insuflerable  nuisances. 

Evebjn,  .Sylva,  p.  342. 

amovelf  (a-mov'),  v.  t.     [Early  mod.  E.  amoove, 

<  ME.  amoeven,  ameven,  <  OF.  amover,  amouvoir, 

<  L.  admoverc,  move  to,  bring  to,  apply,  incite, 

<  ad,  to,  +  movere,  move:  see  a-H  and  move.] 
To  move;  stir;  excite;  affect. 

And  when  she  say  thise  poetical  Muses  aprochen  aboute 
my  bed  and  enditynge  wordes  to  my  wepynges,  she  was  a 
lytel  amoced  and  glowede  with  cruwel  eyen. 

Ctiau^er,  Boethius,  i.  prose  1. 

She  nought  ameved 
Neither  in  word,  or  chere,  or  countenance. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  442. 
At  all  these  cries  my  heart  was  sore  anwved. 

Greene,  Poems,  p.  l.SG.     (A'.  E.  D.) 

amove^t  (a-mov'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  amoved, 
ppr.  amoving.  [<  late  ME.  amoven,  <  AP. 
amoever,  <  L.  amovere,  remove,  <  a  for  ab,  from, 
-1-  movere,  move:  see  a-l*  and  move.]  To  re- 
move, especially  from  a  post  or  station. 
She  well  pleased  was  thence  to  aniuce  him  farre. 

Spenjier,  F.  Q.,  II.  ri.  37. 
Coroners      .  .  may  be  o»]ofe(?  for  reasonable  cause. ' 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Hist.  Plac.  Cor.,  ii.  3. 


aec.  of  mon{t-)s,  mountain  :  see  tnount,  monn-  amO'Vible  (a-mo'vi-bl),  a.     [P. :  see  amovable.] 

Same  as  ((«(«r(/6/f.     [Rare.] 

ampac  (am'pak).  n.  An  East  Indian  tree,  a 
species  of  Xantlwxiilum,  producing  a  highly 
odoriferous  resin.  Its  leaves  are  used  to  medi- 
cate baths. 

amparo  (am-pa'ro),  «.  [Sp.  and  Pg.,  defense, 
protection,  <  Sp.  Pg.  amparar,  defend,  =  Pr. 
amparar  =  P.  emparer,  refl.  seize  upon,  secure, 
z=  It.  imparare,  learn,  acquire,  <  ML.  as  if  *im- 
parare,  <  L.  ('",  into,  toward,  +  parare,  furnish.] 
A  document  protecting  a  claimant  of  land  till 
properly  authorized  papers  can  be  issued.  Texas 
Law  Report. 

ampassy  (am'pa-si),  n.  [A  corruption  of  and 
perse:  see  anqicrsand.]  A  form  still  used  for 
ampersand  iu  parts  of  England. 


tain.  Cf.  avale.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  go  up; 
rise ;  ascend ;  mount. 

When  the  larke  doth  fjTst  amounte  on  high. 

Peachani,  Uarderi  of  Elotiuence,  p.  106. 

So  up  he  rose,  and  thence  amoitnted  streight. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  54. 

2.  To  reach  or  be  equal  (to)  in  number,  quan- 
tity, or  value;  come  (to)  as  a  whole. 

Thy  substance,  valued  at  the  highest  rate, 
Cannot  amount  unto  a  hundred  marks. 

Shale,  C.  of  E.,  1.  1. 

3.  To  rise,  reach,  or  extend,  in  effect,  sub- 
stance, influence,  etc. ;  be  eqiuvalent  or  tanta- 
mount iu  force  or  significance  :  as,  his  answer 
amounted  almost  to  a  threat. 

The  errors  of  young  men  are  the  ruin  of  business;  hut 


the  errors  of  aged  menaniount  buttothis,  thatmoremfeht  ^^'pgjj^je  (am-pel'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Ampelis 


have  been  done  or  sooner. 

His  love  of  mischief  and  of  dark  and  crooked  ways 
amounted  almost  to  madness.      Macaulay,  Hist,  Eng.,  vi. 


+  -/(/(('.]     In  ornith.,  a  family  name  variously 
used,     (a)  A  fannly  founded  by  Swainson  in  1831,  having 


ampere 

no  characters  by  which  it  can  be  defined,  but  containing  a 
miscellaneous  gi'oup  of  dentirostral  insessorial  birds  from 
variotis  parts  of  the  world,  and  divided  irit^j  the  subfami- 
lies LniitrUtiiinfP,  Piprinte,  Ampelinft,  I'achycepltalimi', 
etc.  (h)  A  family  of  dentirostral  Inxexsuren,  supposed  to 
be  I'clat'-d  tu  tlT-  shrikes  and  llycatchers,  and  including 
the  siiM'.niiilir-  f>ir,iiiiin//'ii,it/>i'i>Jt"'rinw,Gy'ni7ioderiruje, 

.'llii/"hu'f  ,    r>i>nn:r,    ;ilid    l'<irj,>ir.j,lullin(E.    '(c)  A   family 

of  hirtls  i,f,tiictt(l  1,1  i\ii^  Aiitpcliiiit'  jiroper  with  the /'ft- 
loffoiiyiliiia',  and  placed  between  Tyrannidce  ami  Colin- 
ykhr.     See  waxri'lny,  Jionihiit'iltida^. 

Ampelidese  (am-pe-lid'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NIj.,  fom. 
pi.  of  aniju lidius :  see  amjielidrons.]  The  naiiic 
given  by  Knnfli  and  others  to  the  natui'al  order 
of  plants  called  Vitacew  (which  see). 

ampelideous  (am-pe-lid'e-us),  a.  [<  NL.  am- 
pelideus,  <.  Gr.  a/zTre'Aig  (-«'-),  a  'vine,  dim.  of  Hpire- 
Aof,  a  vine:  see  Ampeli.i.']  In  hot.,  relating  or 
belonging  to  tho  Ampelidea;  or  vine  family;  re- 
sembling the  vine. 

Ampelinae  (am-pc-li'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ampelis 
+  -inte.]  A  subfamily  of  birds,  of  the  family 
Ampetidce,  or  chatterers.  It  is  sometimes  taken  as 
eipMV.'ilcnt  to  Ani/'t'lida'  (c)  (which  sec),  and  sometimes  re- 
stricted to  the  siimli-  goms  Ampelljt. 

Ampelio  (am-pe'li-6),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/xjreViuv, 
a  kind  of  singing  bird,  also  called  a/nrc'/i^:  see 
Ampelis.]  A  genus  of  cotingino  birds  of  South 
America,  established  I)y  C!abanis  in  1845,  made 
by  Sundevall  the  tjqie  of  his  family  Ampelio- 
nin(r.  A.  melanocephala  is  an  example.  Also 
written  Ampelion. 

Ampelioninae  (am-pel''''i-9-ni'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Ampelio{n-)  +  -ina;.]  In  Sundevall's  classifi- 
cation of  birds,  the  second  family  of  his  fourth 
cohort  {Fi/cnnspidea')  of  scutelliplantar  oscine 
passeres.  It  Luntains  such  genera  as  Ampelio,  Pliiba- 
lura,  Cotinga,  Plnit>>t"iiia,  Cephalopterun,  etc.,  and  inexact- 
ly corresponds  to  a  subfamily  Cotimjince  of  some  authors. 

Ampelis  (am'pe-Us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aiJ'rzeWK;,  a 
kind  of  singing  bird,  also  called  ifi-t'/.iuv,  prob. 
from  its  haunting  vines,  <  a/j-e'/.og,  a  'vine.]  A 
genus  of  oscine  passerine  birds,  type  of  a  sup- 
posed subfamily  Anqielina:,  or  of  an  alleged 
family  Ampelidoe.  it  contains  three  species,  theCaro- 
lina  waxwing  {A.  cedroruin),  the  Bohemian  waxwing  i,A. 
riarndus),  and  the  Japanese  KiWwm^i^A.jjhoenicopterus)', 
the  birds  are  also  called  chatterers.  A  synonym  ()f  Am- 
peli-i  is  Bumbjicilla.  The  name  was  formerly  applied,  with 
great  latitude,  to  many  birds  properly  belonging  to  vari- 
ous other  families ;  but  it  is  now  restricted  to  the  three  here 
named.    See  u-axwinfi. 

ampelite  (am'pe-lit),  n.  [<  L.  ampelitis,  <  Gr. 
d|U-£/,ir(f  (se. }//),  a  kind  of  bituminous  earth  used 
to  sprinkle  vines  in  order  to  keep  off  insects, 

<  ajnre'Aoi;,  a  'vine.]  A  species  of  black  earth 
abounding  in  pvrites:  so  named  from  having 
been  used  to  kill  insects  on  vines.  The  name 
is  also  applied  to  cannel-coal  and  to  some  kinds 
of  schist. 

ampelitic  (am-pe-lit'ik),  a.  [<  ampelite  +  -ic.] 
In  mineral.,  pertaining  to  or  resembling  ampe- 
lite. 

Ampeloglypter  (am''''pe-lo-glip'ter),  M.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  u/i-e'/oc,  a  grape-'vine,  -I-  }Av7T-i/p,  a  chisel, 
<  y/.vipeiv,  carve,  cut.]  A  genus 
of  beetles,  of  the  family  Cureu- 
lionidw,  established  by  Le  Conte 
for  three  North  American  spe- 
cies formerly  included  in  the 
genus  Baris.  They  live,  in  the  lar- 
val state,  in  the  young  canes  of  cul- 
tivated or  wild  grape-vines  and  the 
Virginia  creeper,  causing  swellings 
in  the  shape  of  elongate  knobs.  The 
most  abiuulant  species,  A.  iiesostriit 
(Le  Contel.  the  grape-vine  gall-beetle,  is 
a  small,  highly  polished,  elongate  in- 
sect of  uniform  light  yellowish-brown 

color.  The  el>-tra  are  gently  undulated  by  broad  trans- 
verse impressions. 

ampelography  (am-pe-log'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
a/i-f/'of,  vine,  +  -ypaifia,  <  ypaotiv,  ■write.]  The 
scientifie  description  of  the  vine.  Syd.  Soc. 
Lex. 

Ampelopsis  (am -pe- lop 'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aft-eAoc,  vine,  +  otf'if,  appearance:  see  optic.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Vitacea;  scarcely 
distinguishable  from  Vitis  (and  uniteil  with  it 
by  Beutham  and  Hooker),  except  in  having  no 
conspicuous  tUsk  at  the  base  of  the  ovary,  ^i. 
qinnqucfolia  is  the  well-known  Virginia  creeper,  sometimes 
called  .\nierican  i\'y.  and  eiToneously  woodbine.  It  has 
digitate  leaves,  climbs  by  clinging  tendrils,  and  is  fre- 
(luently  cultivated  for  covering  walls  and  arbors.  The 
Japiinese  .4.  tricuspidata,  with  simple  leaves,  is  used  for 
the  same  purpose. 

amper  (am'per),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  am- 
por,  <  ME.  *ampre  (not  found),  <  AS.  amprc, 
ompre,  earliest  spelling  ampree,  omprw,  a 
tumor  or  swelling.]     A  tumor:  also,  a  defect. 

amperage  (am-per'aj),  H.  The  strength  of  an 
electrical  current  measured  in  amperes. 

ampere  (am-par').  n.  [A  designation  adopted 
by  the  Electric  Congress  at  Paris  in  1881 ;  F.  a»i- 


V>^ 


Grape-vine  Gall- 
beetle  <  ^  mpelo- 
glypter  sesostris^. 
Vertical  line  shows 
natural  size. 


one  ohm^'iiTbetwe'.^nThrtwo  endVof  which  the  unit  dif-  AjnpWaster  (am'fi-as-ter),  «.    [Nl,.,  <  Gr.  ajKpi,  AmpMbiotica  (am  'fi-bi-ot'i-ki>), 
'.      :.,.  ...„..„i.  i=  „,oin>s.inp.i.    As  defined     .,„„„„, i   +  nnrhn   a.  stnr.l      1.   A  ffenus  of  star-     <  (Jr.  du6i,j'/of,  ampbibious,  +   te 


ampere 
vere,  <  Ampere,  name  of  a  French  electrician 
(Andr^  Marie  Ampere,  died  1836).  Cf.  ohm  and 
rolt.}  The  unit  employed  in  measuring  the 
strength  of  an  electrical  current.  It  is  the  car- 
rent  which  flo»s  throuu-h  a  conductor  whose  resistance  i^s 

m  and  between  the  two  ends  of  which 
lerence  of  Oftentials.  one  volt,  is  maintained 
by  the  Interaat.oiial  Electrical  Congress  of  IsSS  and  by  a 
United  States  statute  of  1S94,  it  U  one  tenth  of  the  unit  of 
current  of  the  ceutimeter-grani-second  system  of  electro- 
masnetic  units  and  is  represented  in  practice  by  the  an- 
vaiTin"  current  which,  when  passed  through  a  standard 
s.,luli.  n  ff  nitrate  of  sUver  in  water,  deposits  sliver  at  the 
rule  of  O.OJlllS  of  a  gram  per  second. 

ampere-hour  (am-par'our),  n.  In  c/cc<.,  a  unit 
of  quantity,  the  electricity  transferred  by  a 
current  of  one  ampere  in  one  hour-.  It  is  equal 
to  3,600  coulombs. 

ampere-meter  (am-pSr'me'ter),  «.  In  elect, 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the  strength  of 
an  electric  current  in  am- 

Seres.  Several  forms  have  been 
evised,  i^me  of  » liich  are  essen- 
tially tralvanometers  specially 
constructed  for  tliis  purpose. 
Another  form  (see  the  cut)  con- 
sists of  a  hollow  coil  of  wire  tra- 
versed by  the  current  to  be  mea- 
sured, which  according  to  its 
stren;rth  draws  within  itself  a 
core  supported  by  a  spring  and 
having  an  index  attached  to  it ; 
the  scale  is  so  graduated  that  the 
strength  of  the  current  is  given 
dir.-ctly  in  amperes.  .-Uso  called 
'!  Ill  in'f'T.  a  itii-eT'  nn-^ter. 

Ampere's   theory.       See 

th'i.nj. 
ampere-tums      (am-par'- 

ifernz' ),  n.  pi.     A  measure 

of  the  magnetizing  power, 

or  magnetomotive  force,  of 

a  cuiTcnt  of  electricity  in 

a  condueting-coil,  equal  to 

the  product  of  a  number 

of  turns  in  the  coil  by  the 

current  (in  amperes)  pass- 
ing through  it. 
Amperian(am-pe'ri-an),  a. 

Komting   to  Andr6  Marie 

Ampere,  or  to  his  theories. 

—  Amperian  currents,  i  n  elect. , 
the  h\p-'thetical  electrical  cur- 
rents liv  which  Ampere  explained 
the  iir.iperties  of  a  luaunct.    See  Ampirei  theory,  ondcr 

amperemeter  (am-jie-rom'e-ter),  n.  [iampcre 
+  ■o-meter.'\     Same  as  ampcre-mctcr. 

ampersand (am'per-sand),  n.  [AXso amperzand, 
ampm-and,  ampcrse-and,  ampiLssyand,  (impussij- 
and,  appersi-aiid,  amperccd,  etc.,  also  simply 
ampassij,  etc.,  various  corruptions  of  and  per  se 

—  and  (that  is,  '&  by  itself —  ajirf').]  A  name 
formerly  in  use  for  the  character  &■  or  &  (also 
called  short  and),  which  is  formed  by  combin- 
ing the  letters  of  the  Latin  ct,  and,  and  which 
is  commonly  placed  at  the  end  of  the  alphabet 
ill  primers. 

ampery  (am'per-i),  a.     [<  ampcr  +  -yl.J     1. 

C'ovi-reJ  with  pimiiles. — 2.  Weak:  unhealthy; 

beginning  to  deca}'.     [Prov.  Eng.J 
amphacanthid  (um-fa-kan'thid),  n.    A  fish  of 

III'-  iMiiiily  .liniiliiiciinthidw. 

Ampbacanthidse  (am-fa-knn'thi-du),  w.  pi. 
[Sh.,  <.  JiiiplKicanthus -f -ilia:}  In  ichth.,  a 
fiiinily  nam"-  synonjTnous  with  Sitjuuidw  (which 


182 

lation,  intermediate  between  synarthrosis  and 
diarthrosis,  permitting  slight  motion  by  inter- 
vention of  fibrocartilage,  as  between  the  bodies 
of  vertebras  or  in  the  pubic  andsacro-iliac  artic- 
ulations. 


iiro'iuid,  +  aa'rrjp,  a  star.]  1.  A  genus  of 
fishes,  of  the  family  Goniasteridie.  A.  imlgni^  ia 
a  beautiful  Californian  species  with  short  flat  arms,  flat 
disk,  and  regularly  arranged  spines  and  tessellated  plates. 
2.  [/.  c]  In  embri/ol.,  a  formation  in  a  matur- 
iu"  ovum  of  a  fusiform  ligure  radiated  at  either 
end,  thus  resembling  two  stars  joined  together, 
whence  the  name. 

ampMbala,  «■     Plural  of  am]>hibalum. 

amphibali,  «.     Plm-al  of  anqihibalus. 

amphibalum  (am-fib'a-lum),  n. ;  pi.  amphihala 
(-Ui).     i^ame  as  am phibalus. 

amphibalus  (am-fib'a-lus),  «.;  pi.  amphibali 
(-li).  [ML.,  <  Gr.  a/J'<l>lf3o'/j)s,  adj.,  put  around 
(cf.  a/iifil,i'/.?i/ja,  a  cloak),  <  a/j(j>l,  around,  -t-  iiu'/- 
'/.scv,  throw.]  An  ecclesiastical  vestment,  not 
imlike  the  casula  or  chasuble,  peculiar  to  the 
Gallican  church  of  the  eighth  and  ninth  cen- 
turies. 

Amphibamus  (am-fib'a-mus),  n.    [NL.,  irreg.  < 


amphibolid 

-ology.'i  A  discourse  or  treatise  on  amphibious 
animals;  the  department  of  natural  history 
which  treats  of  tlje  Amj^hibia. 

amphibion  (am-fib'i-on),  ».-,  pi.  amphibia  (-ii). 
\NL..  =  (imphibinm,  q.v.]    Same  as  a/nphibiiim. 

-----  ■  •-     n.pl.     [NL., 

[^(jij/of,  amphibious,  +  term.  -ut-(k-iii;.'\ 
in  rod7.,inGegenbaur's  system  of  classification, 
one  of  two  subdi^^sious  (the  other  being  Cor- 
rodentia)  of  the  Fscudoncuroptcra.  The  Amiihi- 
biotica  are  composed  of  the  ilay-flies,  dragon-flies,  and  re- 
lated forms.  This  suborder  is,  therefore,  approximaUly 
ciiuivalent  to  the  Plccoptem  (J'erikhr),  Aiimitln  i  Kyheinc^ 
rida),  md  Odoimta  (Agrioiddir,  ^tJsclinida:  Lilj.llidid.e) 
of  other  authors,  generally  considered  as  suborders  of  a 
conventional  order  yeiiroptem, 

amphibious  (am-fib'i-us),  a.  [<  NL.  amphibius, 
<  Gr.  (!/;(f",i(of,  living  a  double  life,  <  ap^i,  on 
both  sides,  +  i^loc,  life.  Cf.  amphibiu.']  1.  Liv- 
ing both  on  land  and  in  water;  habitually  al- 
tHrnating  between  land  and  water. 

2.  Of  orpertainingtothc.l»y)7(i6/o;  amphibian. 
The  most  conipktcl>  'i/iii/''"''"""''  animals  are  those  which 
do  not  undergo  comiilete  nictamorphusis.  or  which  jjossesa 
lungs  and  gills  sinmltaneously,  being  thus  capable  of  both 
aerial  and  atiuatic  respiration.  Amplitbtouti  is,  however, 
rare  in  this  sense,  amphibian  being  the  usual  technical 
term  in  zoology. 

3.  Of  a  mixed  nature;  partaking  of  two  na- 
tures: as,  sai  amphibiotin  hreed. 

A  floating  island,  an  a  lit phibious  spot 
Unsound,  of  spongy  texture. 

]i'ordsivorth,  Prelude,  iiL 


Gr.  au<pl,  around,  +  liaiveiv,  go ;  cf .  deriv.  lif/ua, 
Dor.  fiapa,  a  step.]     A  genus  of  stegoeephalous 
amphibians,  of  stout,  lizard-like  form,  from  the 
Carboniferous  formations  of  Illinois.     E.  D. 
Cope,  1865. 
amphibia  (am-fib'i-S),  «.  pi.     [NL.,  pi.  of  am- 
pltibium,  q.  v.  (also  of  amphibion),  neut.  of  am- 
phibius, <   Gr.  ip-piM,  ^^•ing  a  double  life:  amphibiously  (am-fib'i-us-li),  arfi^ 
see  amphibious.^    1.  In  popular  language,  am-       ■  *^  • 
mals  living  both  on  laud  and  in  the  water ;  those 
which  voluntarily  and  habitually  enter  that  ele- 
ment, though  not  able  to  breathe  imder  water, 
such  as  frogs,  turtles,  crocodiles,  seals,  wal- 
ruses, otters,  beavers,  hippopotami,  etc. —  2. 
[cap.  ]  In  ro67. ,  a  name  variously  used,   (a)  lu  the 
I.iiiuean  system  (1766),  the  third  class  of  ytni'maKil,  includ- 
ing all  lieptilia,  Batrachia,  and  various  fishes  and  flsh-like 
vertebrates.   It  was  divided  into  three  orders  :  (Ijjreptiles 
furnished  with 
Draco,  Lacerta 
by  the  mouth  (Crot' 


Not  in  free  and  common  socage,  but  in  this  amphibious 
subordinate  class  of  villein  socage. 

Blackstoiic,  Com.,  II.  vi. 

In  an  am- 
phibious manner. 

amphibiousness  (am-fib'i-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  amphibious;  ability  to  live  in 
two  flVments;  participation  in  two  natiu-es. 

amphibium(am-fib'i-um),  ». ;  pi.  ampliibia  (-a). 
[NL.  (also  written  ampliibion,  <  Gr.  iuiifiihov), 
sing,  of  amphibia,  q.  v.]  An  amphibious  ani- 
mal; one  of  the  Amj^iibia.  Sir  T.Brow»e,^e\igio 
Modici,  i.  34. 


feet  and  breathing  by  the  mouth  (rcvdnfo,   amphiblastlc  (am-fi-blas'tik),   C.      [<.  Qt.  ap^i, 
.  Nana);  (2)  footless  serpents,  also  bi-eatlmig  ,    , ,     j  j       +  jaaardc,  a  genu.]     In  cmbryoL, 

(Crotalus,  ISua,  Coluber,  Ajifiuis,  Amphis-  r    i  +     «-  -     ■    --        •  ■  ■  ■ 


Ampere-meter. 


bmia,  Ciecilia);  (:i)  flnned  swimmers  (A'antes  pinnati), 
breathing  by  lateral  l)ranchia^orgills,  comprising  14  genera 
of  flshcs  anil  fish-like  vertebrates,  as  tlie  Mnrsiimhianchia 
andSyi«7.(i.  (b) In Cuviers  system  (ISIT),  a  tribe  of  cmiliv- 
orous  mammals,  intervening  between  Carnaria  and  Ma i:\-u- 
piata,  containing  the  seals  and  walruses,  or  pinniped  Cur- 
niwra  ;  thus  exactly  equivalent  to  the  J'imu/irdia  of  mnd- 
crii  naturalists.  Cnvier  had  earlier  (about  17'.'!')  placetl  the 
Ain/jlnliia  next  to  the  Celnn-n,  both  comprisilig  niuiiiiiials 
with  feet  adapted  fur  swimming,  as  distillglli^hcd  from 
those  with  claws  or  Willi  li""fs.  (c)  A  classof  iclitliyopsidaii 
vertebrates,  corresiiniicliiig  to  the  order  i'(i(rni7i/,i  of  llron- 
giiiart  andCuvier,  conlaiiiiiig  animals  that  breathe  both  in 
the  water  and  in  the  air  at  the  same  or  atdilfcrent  periods 
of  their  lives,  and  have  either  permanent  gills  or  gills  later 
superseded  by  lungs,  or  gills  and  lungs  simultaneously. 
The  gills  are  usually  external.  Respiration  is  also  usually 
elfected  to  some  extent  by  the  skin.  Limbs  are  either  pres- 
ent or  absent,  and  there  are  no  fins  in  the  adult.  The  Am- 
phibia undergo  metamorphosis,  the  larval  foniis  being 
more  or  less  tlsli-like,  the  adult  developing  limbs.  Tliey 
are  anamniotic  and  anallautoic,  oviparous,  luid  cold- 
blooded. The  heart  has  two  auricles  and  one  ventricle. 
The  skull  is  dicondylian,  with  an  unossifled  basi-occipital 
and  a  parasphcnoid.    The  ,lm/Vo(iirt  have  been  very  gener 


a  term  applied  to  those  lioloblastic  eggs  which, 
by  unequal  segmentation  of  the  vitellus  (yolk), 
jiroduco  an  amphigastrula  (which  see)  in  ger- 
minating.    Haeckel. 

amphiblastula  (am-fi-blas'tu-ia),  «. ;  pi.  am- 
phihliistiiliv  (-le).  [NL.,  <  amph'i{c!/tulii)  +  blas- 
lidd.]  In  (inbri/ol.,  the  vesicular  morula  or 
mulberry-like  mass  which  is  formed  from  that 
stage  in"  the  development  of  a  holoblastic  egg 
of  uneiiual  segmentation  known  as  an  amphi- 
cytuhi,  following  upon  the  stage  called  an  am- 
p'h'iiiKiriila.  The  liiiman  egg  is  an  example. 
hieo  ipistrulation.     Jlaccl^cl. 

Amphibola  (am-fib'o-lil),  n.  [NL.,  fern,  of  LL. 
(iiiipliibtilu.< :  see  am'pluboU\'\  A  genus  of  pul- 
iiioniite  gastropods  with  an 
operculum  and  without  ten- 
tacles, constituting  the  fami- 
ly .Imphiholida':  synoujTuous 
with  .linpnlliiccra. 


ally  called /infrnW.m,  after  Cuvier ;  but  the  latter  term  is  Amphlbolae    (am-fib  o-le),    w. 

jil.     [Nlj.,  fern.  pi.  of  LL.  (OH- 


uow  usually  restricted  to  an  order  Batrachia  of  the  class 
Amphibia.  The  Amphibia  include  all  the  animals  I'om- 
moiily  called  frogs,  toads,  newts,  efts,  tritons,  salamiuiders, 
sirens,  axolotis,  etc.  lly  some  they  are  divided  into  Aniira 
and  Urodela,  the  tailless  and  tailed  Amphibia.  A  more 
elaborate  ilivision  is  into  four  orders  :  (1)  Ophiomoruha  or 
Oymmiphiona.  including  only  the  family  CiTciliida':  (2) 
l^rodcla  :  (:<)Balriirhia  ;  (4)  the  fossil  Labyrinthiidunlia. 

amphibial  (am-fib'i-iil),  a.     [As  amphibious  + 
-III.]     Saiiie  as  ampliihian. 
of  fishes  rcmarkalile  for  the  development  of  a  amphibian  (um-fib'i-an),  ii.  an<l  »i.     [As  am- 

"        "  '— -   --       phihitiiis  + -an.'i     I.  rt. 'Of  or  pertaining  to  ara- 

jihibia  in  any  sense  ;  specilically,  iicrlaining  to 
the  class  Amphibia.     Soo  amphibious,  '2. 
II.  n.  An  animal  of  the  class  Amphibia. 

Amphibichthyidae  (am"ii-bik-thi'i-do),  n.  fd. 

I  XL.,  <  .Iniphibiihthiis  +  -idir.]  A  family  of  dip- 
iioUH  lislios,  ty|iilioil  by  the  genus  .Imphibiih- 
fhi/s:  syiKinvmous  with  J.ipiihisircnida:    Ilnipj 


Amfhibola  atistra- 


Amphacanthus  (am-fa-kan'thus),  n.  [NL., 
]irop.  'amplmicanthus,  (.  Or.  u//^',  on  both  sides 
(dee  «my//ii-), -t- (knuWa,  spine. ]    A  generic  name 


Bpino  along  the  inner  as  well  as  the  outer  mar 
gin  of  Ih"  ventral  fins:  identical  with  Siyanus 
fwhii'li  SCO). 

amphanthinm  (am-fan'thi-um), «. ;  pi.  amphan- 
thi'i  ''!..,<  Gr.  ('ipip',  about  (m-e  nmphi-), 

+  ■'  .  I     III  hoi.,  a  term  proposed  for 

a  "1.  ..riido  (,f  inlloreHceuce. 

amphi-.    j,t':,  NL.,  etc.,  <  Or.  a/t^i-,  prefix,  upfl, 


em.  _ 
iihiboliis  :  see  amphibolr.']     In 
Nitzsch's  classification  (182!)), 
a  group  of  birds  represented 
by  the   family   Miisophiiijida; 
the  )ilaiitain-eaters  or  liiracous.     [Not  in  nse.J 
amphibole  (am'fi-bol),  n.     [<   LL.  nmphibohis, 
ambiguous,  <Gr.  n/iipijioAor,  doubtful,  eiiuivocal, 

<  iui>;iiiUuAtiv,  doubt,  be  uncertain,  throw  around, 

<  n/(i^/,  iiround,  on  both  sides,  -I-  /W/l/tni',  throw.] 
A  name  given  by  Ilaiiy  1o  hornblende,  from  its 
ii'sciiibhinciilo  liugite,  for  which  it  may  readily 
111'  iiiisliikcii :  now  used  as  a  general  term  to 
iiieliiile    all    the   varieties   of   which    common 


.     IK.,  NL.,  etc.,  <0r.  o;/^/-,  Ti 
pr<-ii.,-rL.  'tmhi-.  etc.:  Bco  (imfci-.]     A  jircflx  Amphitlchthys   (aiii-li-bik'this),   n.       [NL-,  < 
"'  ' '  Milling  on  both  Bides,  on  all     v,v.  d//^(/</or,  amphibious,  -1-   i,r"'ri   fl»l'.]     The 

"id.  ■!  Ill,,, lit:  cogiinto  with  and     lypicalgentiHof.lw/'/(i')i(/i'/iyi('"'.' synonymous 

••'I"  ..- of  Latin  origin.  \\\S\\  l.<)iid(>sir(n.     Ilotp/. 

Amp  am-fl-nrk'tos),  n.    [NL.]    Same  amphibiolite  (ain-fib'i-o-lit),   n.     [<  Gr.  aptpl- 

('•",  iimphiliioiis,  +  '/illii'r,  a,  stone.]     Tho  fossil 


ami' 

(ir 
-♦- 
Mr 

to  I' 

amphlarthro 


iir-thro'dl-al),  ".  [< 
'I'd  (<  I'l/illix)!',  a  joint, 
with  ri'f.  to  iiiiiphior- 
'  to  iiinpliiartlirirHiH,or 
Ifiii.l  .1  nrticiilatioii. 
INL., 


hornbliiiih-  is  one.     Hee  hornblende.— AmjM- 

bolo  ffranlte,  samo  us  humblrnde   ijranite  (which   see, 

Hiidc  1  .iniiiil,). 

amphiboli  (am-fib'o-li),  h.  pi.  [NL.,  1>1.  of  LL. 
iiiiiphiboUiH  :  nee  (imphibnlc.'i  A  general  name 
for  birds  of  zygodactyl  form  with  the  toes  di- 
rected forward  and  backward  in  pairs,  that  is, 
two  forward  and  two  Imckward.  Hy  Illlger (isill 
loiiMdiTeil  a«  a  fiunily,  but  now  abandoncil  iwall  nrtllleial 

flollli. 

MiiininsOf  an  ampliibian.     Craig,  il»7.  amphibolic'  (am-fi-bol'iU),  ft.     \<  amphibolii  + 

ainphibiolith  (am-flb'i-o-lith),  n.     Saraoasrtw-     -".I      cf  I  ho  nature  of  amphiboly;   amphib- 

philniilllr.  '  olollw. 

amphibiologlcal  (am-flli'i-o-loj'i-kal),  n.  [<  amphibolic^  (ain-fi-bol'ik),  n,  [<  amphibole  + 
a II, phdiintoyij  +  -ical.]  Pertaining  to  amphibi-  -".  |  In  (idiirrr//.,  perl aiiiing  to,  resiunbling,  or 
ojiii^v.  '  eiiiitiiiiiing  amphibole, 

'■  -      '  -     .     -.-  [<  Or.  n/'-   amphibolid  (am-lib'o-lid),  m. 

the  (iiuMy  Amphibolida: 


"'■•  '""■."  .,  iirtieula-  ampbibiology  (am-ftb-i-ol'o-ji),  n, 

lion:  Kciirlhri.i.u.l     In  ,ju«/.,iikiiiilor«rticu-    ^/^Jof,  ampliibiou8,  + -/l«)ia,'<  ?./)£iv.  gpoak:  nee 


A  gastropod  of 


Amphibolidae  183 

AmphibolidaB  (am-fi-bol'i-de),  n.  pi     [NL.,  <  amphicarpic  (am-fi-kar'pik) 

■liiipliihold  +  -((/«'.]      A  family  of  basomma-     pliicariiints. 

topliorous  pulmouate  gastropods.    The  technical  amphicarpous  (am-fi-kUr'pus),  a.      [<  NL.  ((w 
-     -  -'   -'    "■'  '-  "  =—'  ■'— "  ■■'• — -"  ' •     jj/titYO'/zH.'.',  with  fruit  of  two  kinds  (cf.  Gr.  a//i|if 


amphidromical 
a.     Same  as  am-  amphictyonic   (am-fik-ti-on 'ik),  a, 


haiMcturs  lUi;  a  short,  thick  spiral  shell  closed  by  an 
opLiculum,  the  whorls  sliouUlered,  and  \i\\\s  present, 
thmitih  rudimentary.  Tlic  species  live  in  marshes  where 
thi-  water  is  l)racl<ish,  and  have  hut  partially  aerial  respi- 
ration;  Hhv  are  confined  to  Now  Zealand.     Also  called 

amphiboliferous  (am"fi-b6-lif 'e-rus),  a.   [<  am- 

philioic  +  -i-fcrous.'i      Bearing  or  containing 

amphibole. 

Arnvhiboliferous  andesite  and  dolerite. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  749. 

ampMboline  (am-fib'o-lin),  a.  [<  amphibole  + 
-iH<i.]     In  mineral.,  resembling  amphibole. 

ampMbolite  (am-fib'6-lit),  «.  [<  Gr.  afiffio'Aor, 
doubtful  (see  amphibole),  +  -ite-.']  A  rock  be- 
longing to  the  class  of  the  crystalline  schists, 
and  consisting  largely  of  green  hornblende, 


,  with  fruit  all  round),  <  Gr. 


Kapiroc 

sides,  around,  +  Kap-Kor,  fruit.]  In  bot.,  pro 
ducing  two  classes  of  fruit,  differing  either  in 
form  or  in  time  of  ripening. 

amphicentric  (am-fi-son'trik),  a,  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
afc^i,  on  both  sides,  +  nivT/iov,  point,  center.]  In 
anat.,  coming  together,  as  into  a  center,  on  both 
sides:  applied  to  a  bipolar  rete  mirabile,  that 
is,  one  which  is  gathered  again  into  and  gives 
oil  a  vessel  similar  to  that  one  which  breaks  up 
to  fonn  the  rote :  opposed  to  monocentric. 

Amphicentrum  (am-fi-sen'trum),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  anipi,  on  both  sides,  +  Kcvrpov,  spine:  see 
center.^  A  genus  of  fossil  ganoid  fishes  of  the 
Carboniferous  strata,  without  abdominal  fins._ 


.    [<  Gr. 

apipiKTvovmi'ir,  pertaining  to  the  amphictyons.] 
Pertaining  to  an  amphictyony,  particularly  to 
that  of  Delphi, 
on  both  amphictyony  (am-fik'ti-on-i),  n.;  pi.  amphicly- 


together  with  quartz  or  feldspar,  or  both.     It  amphichiral  (am-fi-ki'ral),  a.     [<  Gr.  a/<0 


is  always  more  or  less  distinctly  in  beds  like 
gneiss. 
amphibological  (am"fi-bo-loj'i-kal),  a.     [<  am- 
phiboloii!/.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  amphibology; 
of  doubtful  meaning ;  ambiguous. 

A  fourth  insinuates  with  a  pleasing  compliment,  a  sweet 

smile,  ingratiates  himself  with  an  amphihological  speech. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  674. 

amphibologically  (anl"fi-bo-loj'i-kal-i),  adv. 
With  a  doubtful  meaning. 

amphibologism  (am-ti-boro-jizm),  11.  [<  am- 
phibotoijii  +  -ism.^  An  amphibolous  construc- 
tion or  phrase.     K.  E.  D. 

amphibology  (am-fi-bol'o-ji),  n.;  pi.  amphi- 
bologies (-jiz).  [<  LL.  amphibologia,  <  LGr. 
*d/i<pilioXoyia,  <  Gr.  uftipiiio'/.og,  doubtful,  ambig- 
uous (see  amphibole),  +  -'Aoyia,  <  Mytw,  speak: 
sea -olofj!/.']  1.  The  use  of  ambiguous  phrases 
or  statements. —  2.  In  logic,  a  sentence  which 
is  ambiguous  from  uncertainty  with  regard  to 
its  construction,  but  not  from  uncertainty  with 
regard  to  the  meaning  of  the  words  forming  it. 
A  good  example  of  amplut)ology  is  the  answer  of  the  oracle 
to  Pyrrhus:  "Aio  te  Romanos  vincere  posse."  Here  te 
and  Roinanos  may  either  of  them  be  the  suljject  or  object 
of  vinct'ir  posae,  and  the  sense  maybe  either,  you  can  con- 
quer the  Jioinaiis,  or,  the  Bottuiiis  can  conquer  you.  The 
English  language  seldom  admits  of  amphibology.  For  an 
English  examjile,  see  second  extract  under  amphibolous. — 
Fallacy  of  amphibology.    See  .fallacy. 


around,  on  both  sides,  +  x^'P:  hand.]  Undis- 
tinguishable  as  to  right  and  loft;  transform- 
able into  its  own  perversion.  Also  spelled  am- 
phicheiral.  —  Syn.Ambidi'Xter.  Amphichiral.  Ambidex- 
ter refers  to  eciual  facility  in  using  the  two  hands ;  amphi- 
chiral refers  to  the  geometrical  similarity  of  the  two  sides. 
To  be  amphichiral  does  not  imply  being  synmietrical,  how- 
ever, but  only  tlie  possiljility  of  being  Itrougjit  into  two 
forms,  one  of  which  is  the  perversion  or  looliing-glass  im- 
age of  the  otlier. 


oiiies  {-\v.).  [<  Gr.  apt^ituruovia  (or  -vtia),  <  d/i- 
(^iht'vqvec^,  amphictyons.]  In  Grc.  hist.,  a  league 
of  peoples  inhabiting  neighboring  territories  or 
drawn  together  by  community  of  origin  or  in- 
terests, for  mutual  protection  and  the  guardian- 
ship in  common  of  a  central  sanctuary  and  its 
rites.  There  were  several  such  confederations,  but  the 
name  is  specially  appropriated  to  the  most  famous  of  them, 
that  of  lJei[thi.  This  was  comjiosed  of  twelve  tribes,  and  its 
deputies  met  twice  each  year,  alternately  at  Delphi  and 
at  Thermopyla:.  Its  origin  dates  baclc  to  the  beginnings 
of  Grecian  history,  and  it  survived  the  independence  of 
Greece.  It  exercisecl  paramount  antluirity  over  the  famous 
iH-acular  sanctuary  of  the  pytliian  A]tollo  and  over  the  sur- 
rounding region,  and  conducted  the  I'ytliian  games;  aodit 
constituted,  though  in  an  im[ierfect  way,  a  national  con- 
gi'ess  of  the  many  comparatively  small  and  often  opposed 
states  into  which  Greece  was  divided. 

amphicurtous  (am-fi-ker'tus),  a.  See  amphi- 
ci/i'tous. 

amphicyon  (am-fis'i-on),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  dfupl,  on 
both  sides,  +  kijuv,  dbg,  =  E.  hound,  q.  v.]  A 
large  fossil  carnivorous  quadruped,  whose  teeth 
combine  the  characters  of  those  of  the  dogs 
(Canidw)  and  of  the  bears  ( Ursida).  It  occurs 
principally  in  the  Miocene  Tertiary  formation. 


amphichroic  (am-fi-kro'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  a,u<p!,  on  amphicjnrtous  (am-fl-ser'tus),  a.     [<  Gr.  a/xfi 


both  sides,  +  xp'^'^t  complexion,  color.]  Ha^^ng 
a  double  action  upon  colors  used  as  tests  in 
chemistry.  Erroneously  written  amphicroitic. 
N.  JE.  1). 

amphichromatic  (am'S-kro-mafik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
d//^/,  on  both  sides,  +  ;i'p(j^a"(r-),  color:  see  chro- 
matic.'] Reacting  both  as  an  acid  and  as  an 
alkali  upon  colors  used  as  chemical  tests. 

Amphicoelia  (am-fi-se'li-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d/i(piKoiMn;  hollow  all  round:  see  amphiccelous.'] 
1.  In  Owen's  classification  of  reptiles,  a  sub- 
order of  Crocodilia,  including  the  extinct  croco- 
diles which  have  amphiccelous  vertebrte,  as 
members  of  the  genus  Teleosatiriis. —  2.  [Used 
as  a  singular.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  moUusks. 
James  Mall,  1867. 

amphiccelian  (am-fi-se'li-an),  a.  Amphicce- 
lous; having  amphiccelous  vertebra;  pertain- 
ing to  the  Amphiecelid. 


amphiboloid  (am-fib'6-loid),  a.      [<  amphibole  Amphicoelias  (am-fi-se'li-as),   n.     [NL.,  <  Gr, 


aij<piKoi>.or,  hollow  all  round:  see  aviphicoelous.} 


-¥'-oid.']     In  mineral.,  having  the  appearance 
of  amphibole. 
amphibolostylous  (am-fib"o-16-sti'lus),  a.    [< 

NL.  amphibolosti/lus,  <  Gr.  ap<pi lh'/-0(,  doubtful, 
-t-  arv'/.og,  coliunn  (style).]  In  bot.,  having  the 
style  not  apparent,,  Syd.  Soc.  Lex  amphicceloUS  (am-fi-se'lus),  a.     [<  NL.  amphi- 


KvpTog,  eui'ved  on  each  side  like  the  moon  in  its 
3d  quarter,  gibbous,  <  d/j(pl,  on  both  sides,  +  Kvp- 
t6^,  cui-ved:  see  curve]  Curved  on  both  sides; 
gibbous.  Also  written  amphicurtous.  N.  E.  D. 
amphicytula  (am-fi-sit'u-lii),  n. ;  pi.  amphicy- 
tuke  (-le).  [NL.,<a»y;///-+  ci/tula,  NL.  dim.  of 
Gr.  Kirof,  a  hollow.]  In  cmbryol.,  the  parent- 
cell  (-cytula)  which  results  from  that  stage  in 
the  development  of  a  holoblastic  egg  known  as 
an  amphimonerula,  by  the  re-formation  of  a  nu- 
cleus, and  which  passes  by  total  but  unequal 
segmentation  of  the  vitellus  (yolk)  to  the  succes- 
sive stages  known  as  amphimorida,  amphiblas- 
tula,  and  amphigastrula.  See  these  words.  The 
human  egg  is  an  example.  This  is  the  usual  form  of  egg 
iTi  mannnals  and  sundry  other  animals.    See  gaslrulatioti. 

amphidt,  amphidet  (am'fid,  -fid),  a.  [< Gr.  ap^^i, 
both,  +  -id-.]  A  term  applied  by  Berzelius  to 
the  salts  of  those  acids  which  contain  oxygen, 
to  distinguish  them  from  the  haloid  salts.  The 
amphid  salts  were  regarded  as  compounds  of  two  oxida, 
one  electro-positive,  the  other  electro-negative.^ 


amphibolous  (am-fib'6-lus),  a.  _ 
bolus,  <  Gr.  ap(jiij3o'iioc,  ambiguous:  see  amphi- 
bole.] Ambiguous ;  equivocal :  now  used  only 
in  logic  as  applied  to  a  sentence  susceptible  of 
two  meanings.     [Rare.] 

Never  [was]  there  such  an  amphibolous  quarrel — both 
parties  declaring  themselves  for  the  king. 

Howell  (!),  England's  Tears. 


A  genus  of  fossil  dinosaurian  reptiles  with  am-  Amphidesma  (am-fi-des'ma),   n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
"  '      "  '  ap<fii,   on  both  sides,   +  iccp6c_,  a  band,  <  6civ, 

bind.]  A  genus  of  lamelHbranchiates,  con- 
taining bivalve  mollusks  of  rounded  form  with 
large  siphons,  a  long  tongue-shaped  foot,  and 
a  double  ligament,  one  internal  and  one  exter- 
nal :  a  spionym  of  Scmele.     Lamarck,  1818. 


phiccelian  vertebrae.  A.  altus  was  a  huge  species  sup- 
posed to  have  been  able  to  browse  on  tree-tops  30  feet  high. 
A.fraqillimus,  another  species,  is  supposed  to  have  ex- 
ceeded ^4.  altus  in  length.     E.  D.  Cope,  1877. 


celus,  <  Gr.  diupinoiloq,  hollow  all  round,  hollow  at 

n.    A  bivalve 

see  caaac.  J   in  amii  anu  roo,.,  noiioweu  at  uolu  ---ifj,],  onlie  family  Amphidesmidce. 
ends:  said  of  vertebra,    he  centra  or  bodies  of  ^  j^desmidae  (am-fi-des'mi-de),  n.pl.    [NL., 
T.^t^Z'^ttZT'na  a^  ;f  o?  Z  ^xS  ct-c^o^c^  5Ii:^     <  Alphidcsma  + -i^tr.]      A  family  of  bivalve 
(SoJa«r'<7<y"i!rforfc,;,f»i,.).andofsomebirdsofthe  moUusks,  of  which  the  genus  Amphidesma  is 

ceous  period,  as  of  the  genus  Ichthyorni^  (Odontotorma-).       the  type :  a  synonym  of  Hemclido:.^ 


An  amphibolous  sentence  is  one  that  is  capable  of  two   Ajnphicoma  (am-fik'o-ma),  n,      [NL.,  <  Gr.  dfi-  amphldiarthrodial  (am"fi-dl-ar-thr6'di-al),  a, 
meanings,  not  from  the  double  sense  of  any  of  the  words,      j,;..^,„„   „;ti,   i,„;,.  all"  ..^iVti  '    ...  ,,_.,_,  «.  .,       ,-   ,■■-.     ^. 


but  froni' its  admitting  a  double  construction;  as,  .  .  . 
"The  duke  yet  lives  that  Henry  shall  depose." 

Whately,  Logic,  iii.  t  10. 

Amphibolura  (am"fi-bo-lTi'ra),  «.  [NL.  (Ca- 
banis,  1847),  <  Gr.  d/j0;/'fo/loc,"doubtful,  ambig- 
uous (see  amphibole),  +  oiipd,  tail.]  In  ornitli., 
the  corrected  orthography  of  Phibalura  (which 
see).     [Not  in  use.] 

amphiboly  (am-fib'o-li),  m. ;  pi.  amphibolies 
(-liz).  [<  L.  ampliibolia,  <  Gr.  dfiij>i,ioXia,  am- 
biguity, <^dp<j>ijio'/.oi:,  ambiguous:  fiee amphibole.] 
1.  The  use  of  ambiguities;  quibbling. — 2.  In 
logic,  ambiguity  in  the  meaning  of  a  proposi- 
tion, arising  either  from  an  uncertain  syntax  or 
from  a  figure  of  speech — Transcendental  amphi- 
boly, in  the  Kantian  philosophy,  tlic  confusing  "i  root  cp- 
tions  which  exist  in  the  understanding  a  iJiiori  (categories) 
with  those  which  are  derived  from  experience. 

amphibrach  (am'fi-brak),  n.  [< h.amphibraehi/s, 
sometimes  amphibrachtis,  <  Gr.  dfi(j)l(3paxi%,  short 
on  both  sides,  <  du(pl,  on  both  sides,  +  (ipaxic, 


^(/co/iof,  with  hair  all  round,  <  dp(pi,  around,  + 
Kdpr/,  hair.]  A  genus  of  lamellicom  beetles,  of 
the  family  Scaraba-idtC.  The  mandibles  in  this  genus 
are  without  teeth  on  the  inner  edge,  the  claveola  of  tlie 
antenna;  are  globular,  and  tlie  legs  are  ordinary. 

Amphicondyla  (am-fi-kon'di-la),  n.pl  [NL., 
<  Gr.  dfi(j>i,  on  both  sides,  +  KdvdvAoc,  a  knuckle, 
mod.  condyle.]  A  name  given  to  the  Mamma- 
lia, vrith  reference  to  the  pair  of  occipital  con- 
dyles which  vertebrates  of  tliis  class  possess 
in  connection  with  an  ossified  basioccipital : 
opposed  to  MoHOCondijla  (which  see). 

Amphictene  (am-fik'to-ne),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dp<fi,  around,  +  ktck;  {ktcv-),  a  comb.]  A  genus 
of  tubicolous  woi-ms,  order  Cephalobranchia, 
class  Annelida,  tj-pe  of  the  family  Amphicteni- 
dw :  equivalent  to  Pcciinaria. 

Amphictenidae  (am-fik-ten'i-de),  n.pl  [NL.,  < 
Amphictene  +  -ida:.]  A  family  of  polyeha3tous 
cephalobranchiate  annelids,  represented  by  the 
genus  Amphictene  or  Fectinaria. 


short.]     In  pros.,  a  foot  of  three  syllables,  the  amphictyon  (am-fik  ti-on),  n.      [<•  L.  ampinc 


middle  one  long,  the  fii'st  and  last  short:  as. 

habere,  in  Latin:  the  opposite  of  amphimacer. 
amphibrachys  (am-fib'ra-kis),  ».    [L.:  see 

above.  ]     Same  as  amphibrach. 
Amphibrya  (am-fib'ri-ii), ».  pi   [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

oiamphibryus  :  see  amphibrijons.]     In  fcot,  the 

endogens:  a  term  used  by  Endlicher. 
amphibryous  (am-fib'ri-us),  a.     [<  NL.  amphi- 

bri/us,  <  Gr.  ducpl,  around,  -i-  jipveiv,  swell,  gi'ow.] 

In  bot.,  growing  by  additions  to  all  parts  of  the 

periphery.     A.  Gray. 


tyoncs,  <(iY.  dutpinTvuv  (Demosthenes),  common- 
ly in  pi.  dp<piKThoveg,  more  correctly-  dpipiKTiovec, 
lit.  dwellers  around,  neighbors,  <  auipi,  around, 
-i-  *KTioveg  (only  in  this  word  and  TzeptKriovec,  of 
same  sense),  pi.  of  *mW,  ppr.,<  V  *«"'->  dwell 
( >  KTi^eiv,  people,  establish,  foimd),  =  Skt.  V 
ksM,  dwell,  inhabit.]  In  Gr.  hist,  a  deputy  to 
an  amphictyonic  council,  especially  the  Del- 
phic :  most  commonly  used  in  the  plural  for  the 
council  itself,  or  the  body  of  deputies  (often 
■with  a  capital). 


[<'NL.  ampliidiarthrosis,  after  arthrodial]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  amphidiarthrosis. 
amphidiarthrosis  (am"fi-di-ar-thr6'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  dp(;,i,  on  both  sides,  +  didpBpuatg, 
articulation,  diarthrosis.]  In  anal,  a  mode  of 
articulation  which  partakes  of  the  nature  of 
both  diarthrosis  and  amphiarthrosis,  admitting 
of  fi'ee  movement  in  several  directions.  A  fa- 
miliar example  is  the  articulation  of  the  lower  jaw  with 
the  rest  of  the  human  skull,  which  permits  an  up-and-down 
motion,  as  in  opening  and  shutting  the  mouth,  and  also  a 
rotatory  motion  from  side  to  side  and  forward  and  back- 
ward.    .Also  called  double  arthrodia. 

^  ^""^  amphidisk,  amphidisc  (am'fi-disk),  n.    [<  NL. 

S^^}^^  anqjhidiscus,  <  Gr.  dp<pi,  at  both  ends,  +  dlmoc, 
a  round  plate:  see  disk.]  In  sool,  one  of  the 
spicules,  resembling  two  toothed  wheels  united 
by  an  axle,  which  sun'ound  the  reproductive 
gemmules  of  Spongilla.  Also  written  aynphi- 
discus. 

amphidromia  (am-fi-di'o'mi-a),  n.  pi  [<  Gr.  dp- 
<pidji6pia,  pi.  (see  def.),  <  au^iSpopoQ,  running 
aroimd,  <  dp^i,  around,  +  -Spopog,  running,  < 
Spapcii),  run :  see  Dramas,  dromedary,  etc.]  In 
ancient  Athens,  a  family  festival  in  honor  of 
the  birth  of  a  child,  it  was  held  in  the  evening,  when 
the  child  was  about  a  week  old.  The  guests  brought  small 
presents  and  were  entertained  at  a  repast.  The  cliild  was 
presented  to  the  company  and  carried  about  the  family 
hearth  by  two  women,  and  at  this  time  received  its  name, 
to  which  the  guests  were  witnesses.  The  door  of  the 
house  was  dec<-trated  with  olive-branches  for  a  boy,  and 
with  tufts  nf  w.iol  for  a  girl. 

amphidromical  (am-fi-drom'i-kal),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  amphidromia. 


Lower  side  of  branch. 


or  accessory  leaves. 


amphidromical 

At  the  amphidromical  feasts,  on  the  fifth  day  after  the 
child  was  born,  presents  were  sent  from  friends,  of  poly- 
puses and  cuttlefishes.      Sir  T.  Browne^  Garden  of  C>TUS. 

amphidura  (am-fi-du'ia),  n.  A  corruption  of 
aiiiphitliyra. 

Amphigaea  (am-fi-je'a),  «.  [NL.,  <  6r.  aucpi, 
implvmg  doubt,  +  jc'o,  J?,  the  earth,  a  land  or 
country r]     In  soogeog.,  the  Amphigean  realm. 

amphigam  (am'fi-gam),  «.  [=  F.  amphigame, 
<^L.  iiiiiphigamiis:  see  amphigamous.^  In.De 
CandoUe's  classification  of  plants,  one  of  the 
group  of  crj-ptogams,  including  the  lichens, 
mngi,  and  aigje,  in  which  sexual  organs  were 
unknown. 

ampMgamons  (am-fig'a-mus),  a.  [<  KL.  ara- 
pliitj'iiii'M.  <  Ur.  ou^i,  implying  doubt,  +  yajio;, 
marri;iiri>.]  In  Imt.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  am- 
phitrams:  tliallogcnous. 

amphigastria  (am-fi-gas'tri-a),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  afUfii,  around,  +  yaarijp,  stomach:  see  gas- 
tric.'} The  peculiar  stipule- 
like  accessory  leaves  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  stem  of  some 
scale-mosses  and  other  Hepa- 
tioi: 

amphigastrula  (am-fi-gas'- 

tro-lii),  II. ;  pi.  (unphigaxtruJw 
(-le)i  [XL.,  <  aiiiplii-  +  gas- 
trula.}  In  embryol..  that  form 
of  metagastrula  (which  see) 
which  results  from  unequal 
cleavage  or  segmentation  of 
the  \ntellus  (yolk). 
amplligean  (am-fi-je'an),  a. 
[<  tir.  (i/ioi,  around,  +  j?;, 
the  earth:  see  geography, 
etc.]  1.  E.\tending  around  the  earth :  in  hot., 
applied  to  genera  or  species  that  are  found 
around  the  globe  in  appro.\imately  the  same  lati- 
tude.— 2.  [crt/>.]  [<  XL.  Jmp/i((/(ra -t- -OH.]  In 
zofigeiig.,  a  term  applied  to  the  temperate  South 
American  realm  as  one  of  the  prime  zoologi- 
cal division.s  of  the  eartli's  land-surface,  with 
reference  to  its  equivocal  or  ambiguous  zoologi- 
cal character.  Togetherwiththe  Dendroaeanortrnpi- 
cal  -\nieriL-au  realm,  it  composes  the  Xeotropical  region 
of  S.lr.l.r. 

amphigen  (am'fi-jeu),  ».  [<  Gr.  a/iifii,  around,  -I- 
-yevi/c,  <  y/  'yet;  produce:  see  -gen.  Cf.  aiiiphi- 
gene.'i  1.  In  6o^.,  a  thallogen  :  a  name  applied 
by  Brongniart  to  those  cryptogams  (the  algie, 
fungi,  and  lichens)  which  increase  by  develop- 
ment of  cellular  tissue  in  all  directions,  and  not 
at  the  summit  of  a  distinct  axis. —  2t.  In  cliciii.. 
an  element,  like  oxygen,  capable  of  forming 
with  other  elements  acid  and  basic  compounds. 

amphigene  (am'a-.ien),  «.  [<  Gr.  <i//xpiyevi/r,  of 
both  kinds,  of  doubtful  kind,  <  I'l/iipi,  both,  -l- 
ytvor,  kind  (see  genus):  named  with  allusion  to 
its  supjioscd  cleavage  iu  two  directions.]  Same 
as  Unci  I'-. 

amphigenous  (am-fij'e-nus), a.  [Asamphige)i  + 
-OM«.]  1.  In  6()?.,  growing  all  around  an  object: 
applied  to  fungi  which  are  not  restricted  to  any 

Particular  part  of  the  surface  of  the  host.— Sf. 
a  chem.,  of  the  nature  of  amphigen. 
Also  written  (imphogcnmis. 
Amphigenous  reaction,  in  chem.,  a  reaction  which  ex- 
hll.li^  I...1I,  :i.  I.I  .-iTid  alkaUne  cliaractere. 

Amphlgnathodon  (am-fig-nath'o-don),  )i. 
[Nr..,<  (ir.  aiiipi,  on  both  sides,  -I-  ]valhir,  jaw, 
-I-  oifoi  r  (w)ojT-)  =  K.  tmilh.']  A  jjeculiar  genus 
of  arciferous  anurous  batraehians,  having  teeth 
in  both  jaws,  dilated  i)roces8es  of  the  sacrum, 
a  brood-pouch,  and  the  general  aspect  of  the 
tree-frogs  ;  the  typo  of  a  family  .tiiipliignallio- 
(limUilii  (whirli  see).  ./.  guciithni  is  an  arbo- 
fenl  -1 1-^  '.f  the  tropieal  Andean  region, 

amphi5Iiathodontid(ain-lig-nalh-o-don'tid),H. 
Oiii'  ot  IIh'    hiiiihigiiiillKnlontida:. 

AmphliniathqaoritidaB  (am-fig-nnth-o-don'ti- 
"''  '  i'.y  .liiipliignnthoiliiii(l-)  + -iiln:'] 

A  I  ^r..'i^  batraehians, typified  by Iho 

kii'iwu  gonUH,  Amphignatliiidiin 


(■■ 

ami 


lui-fi-gon'ik),  o.    Hamo  an  aniphig- 

amphlKonoUB  fftm.fl(f'fi.nuB),  n.     [<  Or.  nx  if 

■""■"  l-'.th  HidcH,  -»-  -;....,.   finli. 

>'"  i.-i..      Cf.  Gr.  ..»,.,„  , 

"■•  ,  -JO',, olTK|)ring.J    Tran  - 

'III.  cliiiriiclcrH  of  both  pa- 
■n[>hig*fny. 

*'Dii!  „,     \Ak  nmphifinnnui 

'^  'ion:  i'amo|{en<'HiH:  Ihi- 

"I;!  i  1, 

'"■■;•  ■, 


IDI' 

re  1 


184, 

amphigoric  (am-fi-gor'ik),  a.  [<  F.  amphigou- 
rique,  <  lunphigouri :  see  amphigory.~}  Of,  re- 
lating to,  or  consisting  of  amphigory;  absurd; 
nonsensical. 

amphigory  (am'fi-go-ri),  «.;  pi.  ampliigorics 
(-riz).  [Modified  from  F.  amphigoiiri,  of  un- 
certain origin;  appar.  a  factitious  word,  based 
on  Gr.  afioi,  on  both  sides.]  A  meaningless 
rigmarole,  as  of  nonsense-verses  or  the  like ;  a 
nonsensical  parody. 

Amphileptus(am-fi-lep'tus),»!.  [XL.,<6r.  a/i^ii, 
on  both  siiles,  +  '/.e-rog,  small,  fine,  delicate.]  A 
genus  of  eiliate  infusoriaus,  of  the  family  Tra- 
clieloccrciilm,  having  numerous  contractile  vac- 
uoles in  two  longitudinal  series.  A.  <ii:jas,  one  of 
the  largest  known  infusoriaus,  has  a  lengtliened  com- 
pressed form  with  a  long  neck,  and  the  mouth  near  the 
base  of  the  proboscis. 

ampMlogism  (am-fil'o-jizm),  n.  [<  amphilogy 
+  -/,•-■)«.]     A  circumlocution.     N.  E.  D. 

amphilogy  (am-fil'o-ji),  n.;  pi.  ampMlogics 
(-jiz).  [<  Gr.  auipi?.oyia,  doubt,  debate,  <  aiiOi- 
y.oyoc,  imcertain,  <  a/iipi,  on  both  sides,  +  '/.iyciv, 
speak:  see  -ology.}    Ambiguity;  amphibology. 

amphimacer  (am-fim'a-ser),  H.  [<  L.  ampfii- 
iiKicnis,  <  Gr.  afiiplfiaKpoc,  long  on  both  sides,  < 
auifii,  on  both  sides,  -f- /ia/cp(if,  long:  see  macron. 
Cf.  amphibrach.']  In  pros.,  a  foot  of  three  syl- 
lables, the  middle  one  short  and  the  others 
long,  as  in  Latin  cdstitds:  the  opposite  of  am- 
phibrach. 

Amphimonadidse  (am"fi-m6-nad'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Aiii/iliimoiias  +  -iihc.']  A  family  of  na- 
ked, free-swimming  or  sedentary,  billagellate 
infusoriaus,  typified  by  the  genus  Aiiijihimini'di:. 
When  sedentary  they  are  attached  liy  a  prul. .ligation  of 
the  posterior  e-Vtremity  or  by  a  cauiliil  filament.  The 
two  flagella  are  terminal  and  of  equal  size ;  there  is  no 
distinct  oral  aperture,  food  being  taken  in  at  any  point  of 
the  peripliery  of  the  body. 

Amphimonas  (am-fi-mon'as),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
uiiipi,  on  both  sides,  +  fiova^  {iiovaS-),  one,  a 
tmit:  see  monad.']  The  typical  genus  of  Am- 
phimonadida". 

amphimoneruIa(am''fi-m6-ner'6-l!i), ».;  pi.  am- 
pliinuiiicridiv  (-le).  [NL.,  i  amphi-  '+  mnncrula.] 
In  embryol.,  the  moncrula-stage  of  a  holoblastic 
egg  which  undergoes  unequal  segmentation  or 
cleavage  of  the  vitellus  (yolk),  and  becomes 
successively  an  amphieytula,  araphimorula, 
amphiblastula,  and  amphigastrula  (see  these 
words).  It  is  a  cytode  which  includes  formative  yolk 
at  one  pole  and  nutritive  yolk  at  the  other ;  the  two  being, 
however,  iiidistinguisliable,  and  both  undergoing  totjll 
thougli  iiiieqiial  segmentation.    See  tfo^itrulatitm. 

amphimorph  (am'fi-morf),  «.  A  flamingo,  as 
a  nienilier  of  the  Aiiiphimorphw. 

Amphimorphae(am-h-ni6r'fe),n.j)/.  [NL.,<Gr. 
I'ifiijii,  on  both  sides,  +  /'o/)f>//,  form.]  In  Huxley's 
system  of  classification,  a  sujicrfamily  of  des- 
mognathous  carinato  birds:  so  called  because" 
intermediate  between  the  anserine  birds  and  the 
storks.  It  contains  only  the  llamingos,  Phirnicopipriiiir 
(which  see).  Sec  cut  under y/rt»«ii.7o.  'I'he  term  is  aiologi- 
cally  cqiiivab-nt  to  t)doiiti>;iloss(t!  of  Xitzsch,  of  prior  date. 

amphimorphic  (am-fi-m6r'fik),  a.  [AnAmphi- 
morpliir  -\-  -ic]  IlaNTiig  the  character  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  .Imphimiirphw. 

amphimorula  (am-li-mor'o-lii),  n. ;  pi.  aiiiphi- 
moriilic  (-le).  [XL.,  <  amphi-  +  morula.]  l:i 
embryol.,  the  inonila,  or  miilbeiTV-like  mass, 
which  results  from  the  total  but  unequal  seg- 
mental ion  of  the  vitellus  (yolk)  in  that  stage  iu 
the  development  of  a  hiiloblastie  egg  known  as 
an  amphicydila;  a  solid  and  generally  ghibular 
mass  of  cleavage-cells  which  are  not  all  alik<', 
Further  stages  of  development  are  the  anipliltdiuitida  and 
theaniphlgiiHtriila.  'riiehiimallcggisaiii-xumplc. 

Amphineura  (am-fi-nu'ril),  n,  ;)/.  [NL,,  <  (ir, 
11/11,11,  ariiiinil,  -I-  iMymr,  sinew,  nerve.]  A  class 
or  ])hyliini  of  I't  rmis  constituted  by  the  genera 
Ncomenia  anil  Chirlodernia,  together  with  the 
Chilonida;  the  latter  being  removed  from  the 
Mollusca  and  assoeiated  with  the  genera  named 
on  account  of  the  Hiiiiilarity  in  the  nervous 
systiin,      //.  inn  Ihiriiig,  1H7H. 

Amphinome  (iini-iiii'iViiie), n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  i//'<>/, 

uround,  -f-  ro//;/,  a  ti'eiling,  <  viinnlhi,  feed,  pas- 
ture, act,]  A  genus  of  eliii'tiiiHidous  woniis, 
giving  naino  to  the  family  .liiijihiin>mi<la'.  Also 
urillcn  .Im/ihiiiDmii. 
AinphinomesB  (iim-(i-n6'm0-6),  n.  pi.  [NL.J 
.Siiiiin  as  .liiiphinomida: 
I'clicate  bninchiir  which  arc  .  .  .  arhnroiicont  ...  In 

(Im  .\mjihimoiir,r.    <Ji-;tritt»llir,  I'limp.  Alint.(tranil.),  p.  l.'U,. 

Amphinomidse  (am-fl-nom'i-de).  »■  ;''•  [N''-. 
'  fmphinomc  +  -iilic]  A  family  of  marine 
l'"i,iiiotory  pcilycliii'toiiH  anneliils,  of  the  ordi'r 
('hfi'ltinoila,  liaving  several  posloral  segment s 
includod  in  thu  bea<l. 


amphlpodous 

amphiozid   (am-fi-ok'sid),  n.      An   animal  of 

the  ftun'iW  Amphioxiikc ;  a  branchiostomid. 

Amphioxidae  (am-fi-ok'si-de),  H.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Am- 
ph  ioxii.s  -I-  -iilir.  ]  The  only  known  family  of  lep- 
tocardians  or  acranial  vertebrates,  taking  name 
from  the  genus  Amphioxiis :  a  synonym  of 
Branchiij:<tomidir  (which  see). 

AmphiOXini  (am"fi-ok-si'ni),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphioxiis  +  -ini.]     Same  as  Ampliioxidce. 

AmphiOXUS  (am-fi-ok'sus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apipi, 
at  both  ends,  -I-  o;ir,  sharp:  see  oxygen.]  The 
lancelets,  the  typical  genus  of  the  family  Jwi- 
jihioxida;  whose  body  is  compressed  and  tapers 
to  a  point  at  each  end:  a  synonjTn  of  Branchi- 
o.itoma  (which  see).  See  also  cut  under  lance- 
let. 

amphipneust  (am'fip-nust),  «.  l<.  Amphi- 
pneii-stti.]     One  of  the  Amjyhijmeusta. 

Amphipneusta  (am-fip-niis'til),  «.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  afiipl,  in  both  ways,  -1-  '-I'nwroc,  verbal  adj. 
of  -veil',  breathe:  see  pneumatic.]  A  former 
name  of  a  suborder  of  tailed  Amphibia,  which  re- 
tain their  gills  through  life.  As  constituted  by  Jler- 
rein.  tlicurnnit  inrluded.  however,  the  larval  forms  of  some 
aiiipliiiiiaiis  «  hirh  uiuieigo  metaniorphosis.    See  Urudela. 

Amphipneustea  (am-fip-ims'te-ji), «. pi.  [NL. : 
see  Amphipneusta.]   A  name  use3  by  Wiegmann 
for  the  Onchidiida:  (which  see), 
amphipnoid   (am-fip'noid),   n.     A  fish  of  the 

family  .liiijihipuoidw. 
Amphipnoidse  (am-fip-noi'de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Amphijinons  +  -ida\]  A  family  of  symbrau- 
clliate  fishes.  The  technical  characters  ai-e  a  craiiiuin 
abbreviated  behind,  branchial  apparatus  partly  beliiiid 
the  cranium,  a  scapular  arcli  not  directly  connected  with 
tile  skull,  and  a  double  vascular  lung-like  sac  eommiiiii- 
eating  with  the  branchial  cavity.  Only  one  species  is 
known,  the  cucliia  or  .iniphijmous  citchia.  It  is  a  com- 
mon East  Indian  fish,  of  a  sluggish  nature,  and  amphibious 
in  its  mode  of  life.  It  has  a  very  long  eel-like  form. 
Amphipnoina  (am-fip-no-i'na),  ".  J>?.  [NL.,  < 
Aiiijihipnous  +  -inn.]  The  Aniphijinoidm,  as  a 
subfamily  of  Symbriitichiida',  having  the  vent 
in  the  posterior  half  of  the  skull,  and  the  scap- 
ular arch  not  attached  to  the  skidl.  GiiiUlier. 
Also  written  Amphipnoina'. 
Amphipnous  (am-fip'no-us),  ».  [NL.,<Gr.  api^i, 
on  liotli  sides,  -I-  --vdur,  breathing,  <  Trvav, 
breathe.]  A  genus  of  eel-like  fishes  distin- 
guished by  a  lung-like  i-espiratory  apparatus 
which  enables  the  fish  to  breathe  air  directly 
as  well  as  through  the  medium  of  water.  It  is 
the  type  of  the  family  Amphipnoidiv. 
amphipod  (am'fi-pod"),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  am- 
jihipus  (-pod-),  having  feet  in  both  directions, 
<  (ir.  (1/'J>',  on  both  sides,  -t-  ttovi;  (~oi'i-)  =  E. 
foot,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Same  as  amphipodons. 
II.  II.  .Anamphipodan;  one  of  t  ho .  ( ))y )/uj)orf«. 
Amphipoda  (am-lip'o-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  ueut. 
pi.  of  aiiipJiijin.i  (-j)od-),  liaving  feet  in  both  di- 
rections :  see  amphipod.]  In 
zoiil.,  an  order  of  sessile-eyed 
(edriophlhalmous)  erustaeean 
arthropods:  sometimes,  as  by 
Dana,  united  with  l.iojioda  in  an 
(irdor  Chori.itopoda.  The  order  is 
dislMigwislud  from  lAhvr  Kilnitjilithnl- 
mill  li>  liaving  the  abiloiiiinal  region 
Well  de^'clopcil.  and  by  elfccting  res- 
piration liy  iiiciins  of  nicmbranoiis  vesi- 
cles altaclii'd  to  the  bases  of  the  lllo- 
r.aeic  liinlia.  The  bodies  of  the  animals 
are  compressed  laterally  and  curved 
loiigitndlmilly;  sonie  of' the  legs  are 
directed  forward,  the  rest  backward 
(wlienee  the  name).  The  thorax  haa  tl 
or  7  scgiiiciits.  the  iibdoiiicn  7,  Tlio 
tail  Is  natatory  or  Miltiitorial.  The  4 
anterior  locomotive  liiiilis  (namely, 
from  the  sccmid  to  the  fifth  tlionic'ie 
lliiib  inclusive)  lire  directed  forward, 
the  :i  posterior  backwiird.  The  bitter 
are  called  jH'rriopmia,  iiiiil  lire  tlic  :i 
ainhlilatxjry  limbs;  belilnd  tlient,  and 
striHigly  contrasted  with  lliein,  are  ,'t 
pairs  of  fringed  appendages,  culled  ph't'}>i>,ltt,  which  are  the 
true  nwlmmlng-iii'gans.  The  body  ends  behind  In  a  vari- 
oimly  slmiicd  tclsoii.  The  eyes  are  scKsile,  and  Konietlmcs 
riidlmciilaiy.  Kroni  i  to  nbontll  fiimllles  of  the  order,  the 
most  exli'iisivcof  which  is  t lie  f^iiiinnun'ilif,  are  recognized 
by  ilUlerent  iiulliors.  The  little  iiniiniils  known  as  siiiid. 
hoppers,  Himd-llciis,  and  Hhorejumpers  are  membcrH  of 
tills  iiicbi-,  tlic  various  foriiiM  of  which  llilialilt  both  fresh 
and  salt  water. 

amphipodal  (ani-fiit'o-dnl),  a.     [<  amphipod  + 

of.  j      Sjiiiie  ns  a  III  jili'i  potions. 

amphipodan  (aiii-rqi'o-iliin),  a.  and  n.     [<  am- 

jihipod  +  -an.]     I.  ii.  Same  as  amphipoitoiis. 

11.   ».  An  aniphipiiil ;  one  of  the  .(myi/i/yjor/n, 

amphlpodiform  {aiii-li-pinri-forni),  n.      [<  mn- 

pliijuiil  -i-  -i-fio'iii.]     Ii'esenililiiig  a  sand-hiippcr 

111  fiiriii ;  fornied  like  an  amphipod.     h'irby  and 

,V/ir,ic,,    IHL'H, 

amphipodous  (am-fip'o-dus),  a.  [<  amphipod 
+  -ous.]     Having  feet  in  beth  directions;  spe- 


.■I'Mfhilhttf.  one  of 
the  .-/m/Ai/oiAt. 
r.  ri>struiil ;  /,  tcl- 
Mni :  Itf,  lalmim  :  *r, 
l.r.iiiclii.e;  .ix,  onste- 
i;lle%;r///3,  ,17/" 
Bill  and 
tiientii. 


I4tti    seg. 


ampliipodous 

cifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Amphipoda. 
Equivalent  forms  are  amphipod,  amphipodal, 
amphij}od(in. 

Amphiporidae  (am-fi-por'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ampliipiiriw  +  -jrfa;.]  Injoo/.,  afamilyof rhyn- 
ehocmlous  turbellarians  or  nemerteans  Jiaving 
tbi'  proboscis  armed  with  stylets,  which  are 
wanting  in  the  other  Rhynchocmla.  Also  called 
Etuiphi. 

Amphiporus  (am-fip'o-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aijuj>i, 
on  both  sides,  +  ■KOfior,  passage,  pore.]  A  genus 
of  nemerteans,  typical  of  the  family  Amphi- 
poridcc  (which  see).  A.  iactijlorua  is  a  European 
spucifs,  .S  or  4  inches  long,  found  under  stones  from  the 
Niiith  Sea  to  the  Mediterranean. 

amphiprostylar  (am"fi-prd-sti'lar),  a.  Same 
as  (iniphijiriistijle. 

amphiprostyle  (am-fi-pro'stil),  o.  [<  li.am- 
}iliipnit,ii/l<)s,<.Gv.  afiifiLir puaTvloQ,  having  a  pro- 
style at  both  ends,  <  a/i^/,  on  both  sides,  +  -prf- 
(Tni^.oi;,  prostyle :  senprostifle.']  Literally,  having 
columns  both  in  front  and  behind.    lu  areA.,.ap- 


185  ampuitiieatrical 

sluggish  and  mostly  nocturtuil,  of  snal«elil(e  aspect  from  worms,  of  which  the  genus  Amphistovium  is  the 
the  aliseiice  of  lin.lis,  an. I  alile  to  move  either  backward  or  lyp,..  Other  genera  are  Diplostoimmi  and  Gas- 
forw.ml  ^  ^     ^.,    ....  ,       rxir  trodisrils. 

Amphisbaema  (am-fis-be  ni-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  amphistomoid  (am-fis'to-moid),  «.  [<  Amphi- 
<  Amph,.ibana.}  A  sviperfamily  group  of  lacer-  ^tmnam  +  -o«/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  family 
tiliaiis:  a  synonym  of  ^)»y)/ii.s-6«n(«(fo.  Amphistomkhc ;  amphislomous. 

amphisbaenian  (am-fis-bo  ui-anj,  a.  and  n.     [<  amphistomous  (am-lis'to-mus),  a.     [<  NL.  am- 

""  pluHtiimua,  <  Gr.  aiK^ioToiioc^,  with  double  mouth, 
<  "/"f"i  ou  both  sides,  +  crrd/ia,  mouth :  see  .stoma.] 
Ilaving  a  mouth-liko  orifice  at  either  end  of  the 
body,  by  which  to  adhere  to  the  intestines  of 
animals,  as  some  trematode  parasitic  worms; 


a.  and  n. 
(impliisbwiia  +  -iaii.']    I.  a.   Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  amphisbiena,  or  to  the  Ampliishwnuida. 
II.  11.  Same  as  iintphislKcna,  1. 
amphisbsenic  (am-lis-lie'nik),  a.      l<  amphis- 
bcciia  +  -!<;.]     Like  tlic  amphisbaana;  moving 
backward  or  forward   with   equal   ease.     An 
equivalent  form  is  (uiiphisbwnous. 

Yolted  to  it  l>y  an  amphisbcenic  snake. 

Shelley,  Prom.  XJntjound,  iii.  4. 

amphisbsenid  (am-fis-be'nid),  n.     A  lizard  of 

fh<;  family  Aniphisbamdfe. 
Amphisbsenidae  (am-fis-be'ni-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Aiiijihinhana  +  -iilo:']  The  typical  family  of 
the  group  Amjihisbiciiuida.  It  embraces  slugyisli 
and  nujstly  noetinn;d  ?^iiake-lil<e  lizards,  sncll  as  tliose  of 
the  genus  Atupli ' 


am]ihistomoid. 
Amphistomum  (am-fis'to-mum), ».  [NL., neut. 
of  (iniphistiiniu.1,  with  double  mouth :  see  mnphis- 
toiiKiK.s.  ]  A  genu.s  of  trematode  parasitic  worms, 
typical  of  the  family  Amphistomidre. 
amphistylic  (am-fi-sti'lik),  a.     [<  Gr.  ap<pi,  on 
both  sides,  +  crvlor,  a  pillar:  see  slijU:'^.']     Hav- 
ing pillars  on  both  sides :  ajiplied  in  rooV.  to  the 
skulls  of  sharks,  which  have  su{)portB  for  both 
the  upper  and  lower  ujaudibular  arches,  llttxley. 
.      :/„.„„,  which  are  limbless  and  are  thus  amphitheater,    amphitheatre  (am-fi-the'a- 
distinguished  from  the  c/„:n,^Hte  (which  see)                      ter),  »i.     [The  latter  spelling  is  now  usualm 
Amphisbsenoida    (am"hs-be-noi   da,   )i.  pi.     England,  after  the  F.,  though  formerly  m«i>7(i- 
\)iU.,<.Ampkisbicna  +  -oida.^    Oneot  themajor      -  ■="  °   —  ■  ■•■      ■ 


divisions  of  existing  Lacertilia  (lizards),  difier- 
iug  from  all  others  e.xcept  the  Cliamaileonida  in 
the  absence  of  a  columella  and  of  an  interor- 
bital  septum  of  the  skull.  The  position  of  the  quad- 
rate bone  is  peculiar;  the  skull  in  general  resembles  that 
of  an  ophidian ;  the  vertebrie  are  procoelous,  and  have 
neither  zygantrum  nor  zygosphene ;  there  is  no  sacrum ; 
and  all  but  one  or  two  of  the  precaudal  vertebra;  bear 
ribs.  The  bodies  of  these  lizards  are  completely  snake- 
like. All  the  representatives  of  the  group  are  limbless, 
excepting  members  of  the  genus  Chirotes,  which  have  a 
pair  of  small  pectoral  limbs.  The  tail  is  extremely  short, 
so  that  tile  vent  is  near  the  end  of  the  body.  The  integu- 
ment is  not  scaly. 


theater;  ef.  P.  amphitheatre  =  Pg.  amphitheatro 
=  Sp.  It.  anfiteatro  =  D.  G.  aiDphitheater  =  Dan. 
amfiteater,  <  L.  amphithcatrum,  <  Gr.  a/2(pi6ea- 
Tpov,  prop.  neut.  of  apij>i6caTpoi,  having  a  theater 


Plan  of  Amphiprostyle  Temple. 

plied  to  a  structure  having  the  plan  of  an  ancient  Greek 
or  Roman  rectangular  temple  with  a  portico  at  e.aeh  end  or 
in  both  front  and  rear,  but  no  columns  on  the  sidesor  flanks. 

Amphipyleae  (am-fi-pil'e-e),  n.  p>h    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

a/iipiTTv'Aoc,  with  two  entrances,  <  afi<pi,  on  both 

sides,  +  TTiAr/,  a  gate,  entrance.]     A  division  of 

Phwodaria  (which  see),  containing  those  phseo- 

darians  which  have  pseudopodal  openings  at  Amphisbaenoldaea  (am'fis-be-noi'de-a),  n.  pi. 

the  opposite  poles  of  the  central  capsule:  dis-  game  as  Amphisba-iioida. 

tinguisbed  from  Monopylece.    Eaeckel  amphisbaenous   (am-fis-be'nus),   a.     Same  as 

amphipylean  (am"fi-pi-le'an),  a.     Of  or  per-  amphislnenic. 

taining  to  the  Amphipylem.  amphiscian  (am-fish'i-an),  n.     One  of  the  am- 

Amphirhina(am-fi-ri'ua),re.2''-    [NL.,  neut.  pi.  phiscii. 

of  uiiiphirhiniis:  see  ainphirhine.']    A  prime  di-  amphiscii  (am-fish'i-i),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  i//- 

vision  of  the  skulled  vertebra,tes,  ov  Cramota,  ii,iaKior,  id.   aiKjiiBKioi,  throwing  a  shadow  both 

shadow. 


including  all  except  the  Monorhina  (which  see) ; 
the  double-breathers.  It  is  a  term  expressive  rather 
of  an  evolutionary  series  of  animals  than  of  a  definite  zoo- 
logical division. 
amphirhine  (am'fi-rin),  a.  [<  NL.  amphirhi- 
nns,  <  Gr.  a/xipi,  on  both  sides,  +  p/f,  piv,  nose.] 
Double-nostriled:  specifically  said  of  the  Am- 
phirhina. 

Should  jaws  be  absent,  the  Cephalaspidje  would  approach 
the  Marsipobranchii  more  nearly  than  any  of  the  other 
amptiirhine  fishes  do.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  129. 

amphisarca  (am-fi-silr'ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  afi^i, 
on  both  sides,  +  oap^  (aapK-),  flesh.]  Any  hard- 
rinded  fruit  having  a  succulent  interior  and  a 
erustaeeous  or  woody  exterior,  as  the  gourd. 
[Rare.] 

amphisaurid  (am-fi-sa'rid),  n.  A  dinosaurian 
reptile  of  the  ia.Tin\y  Amphisaurida:. 

Amphisauridae  (am-fi-sa'ri-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 


fianior,  pi.   afiipioKioi,  throwing  a 

ways,  <  au((ii,  on  both  sides,  +  iT/cid, 

Cf.  aiitiscii.']     In  gcog.,  the  inhabitants  of  the 

intertropical  regions,  whose  shadows  at  noon 

are  east  in  one  part  of  the  year  to  the  north  and 

in  the  other  part  to  the  south,  according  as  the 

sun  is  in  the  southern  or  the  northern  signs. 

amphisient,  a.  [For  amphiscien  =  E.  amphis- 
cian, as  adj.]  In  her.,  double;  having  two 
heads. 

Amphisile  (am-fis'i-le),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  u,u<pi  or 
dpipti;,  around ;  it  is  uncertain  what  the  last  two 
syllables  were  intended  to  represent.]  A  genus 
of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Ainphisilidw, 
formerly  referred  to  the  sea-snipes,  Fistulariidce 
or  Aulostomida;,  and  by  Giinther  to  the  Centris- 
eid(C. 

amphisilid  (am-fis'i-lid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily .liiipliisiUdce, 


Remains  of  Amphitheater  of  Aries.  France. 

(semicircular  structure)  on  both  sides,  <  ap^l, 
aroimd,  +  Ocarpov,  a  place  for  seeing  shows, 
a  theater:  see  aniphi-  and  theater.']  1.  In  anc. 
liam.  arch.,  an  edifice  devoted  to  the  exhibition 
of  gladiatorial  contests  and  the  combats  of  wild 
beasts,  such  edifices  were  elliptical  in  form,  and  con- 
sisted of  a  central  area  or  arena,  sulTOUiided  by  a  wall, 
from  which,  sloping  upward  and  outward,  were  rows  of 
seats  for  the  spectators.    The  earliest  amphitheaters  were 


~^. 


iiiiphifiaiinis  +  -«?«;.]      A  family  of  dinosau-  Amphisilidae   (am-fi-sil'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 


nan  reptiles:  now  superseded  hy  Auchisaurida;. 
AmphisaurUS (am-fi-sa'rus), «.   [NL.,<Gr.  dpijii, 
on  both  sides,  +  aavpor,  lizard.]  A  genus  of  dino- 
sam'ian  reptiles  with  amphicoelous  vertebrse. 
The  name  is  now  superseded  by  Anchisaurus, 
and  is  a  synonym  of  ileiiadactylus  of  Hitchcock. 
amphisbaena  (am-fis-be'nii),  h.     [Early  mod.  E. 
aiiiphibeiw,  ME.  corruptly  alphibciia,  =0P.  am- 
phisbeiiie,  mod.  F.  amphisbeiie  =  Sp.  anfisbena, 
anfisibena  =  Pg.  amphisbena  =  It.  anfisbena,  an- 
fesibena,  <  L.  amphisbcena,  <  Gr.   apijiiajiaiva,  a 
kind  of  serpent  believed  to  move  with  either 
end  foremost,  <  dp^i^,  at  both  ends,  a  form 
of  apipi  (see  amphi-),  +  fiaivtiv,  go,  =  L.  venire, 
come,  =  E.  come.']     1.  A  fabulous  venomous 
serpent  supposed  to  have  a  head  at  each  end 
and  to  be  able  to  move  in  either  direction. 
Complicated  monsters  head  and  tall, 
Scorpion,  and  asp,  and  ainpiiishtvna  dire, 
Cerastes  horn'd,  hydras,  and  elops  drear, 
And  dipsas.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  524. 

Two  vipers  of  one  breed — an  ampliishcena. 
Each  end  a  sting.        Tennyson,  Queen  Slary,  iii.  4. 

2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  lizards  distin- 
guished by  the 
obtuseness  of 
the  head  and 
tail,  typical  of 
the  family  Am- 
phisbeenida:  The 
species,  inhabiting 
tropical  South 
America  and  the 
West     Indies,    are  Amphisbana/uU^mosa, 


Amphisile  +  -idm.]  A  family  of  hemibranchi- 
ate  fishes.  The  body  is  much  compressed,  and  is  armed 
with  bony  plates  connate  with  the  vertebrie  and  spinous 
pi-ocesses ;  the  tail  is  deflected  downward  by  the  extension 
of  the  armature  behind.  Fishes  of  this  family  have  an 
elongated  tubitorm  snout,  abdominal  ventrals  with  a  spine 


Remains  of  Amphitheater  of  Ximes.  France. 

made  of  wood ;  the  first  built  of  stone  date  from  the  time 
of  Augustus.  The  Colosseum  or  llavian  amphitheater  at 
Rome  was  the  largest  of  all  the  ancient  amphitheatei-s, 
being  capable  of  containing  from  80,000  to  90,000  persons. 
Those  at  Nimes  and  Verona  are  among  the  best  examples 
remaining.  The  dimensions  of  the  latter  are  505^  by  403 
feet,  with  a  height  of  100  feet. 

2.  AnythiBg  resembling  an  amphitheater  in 
form,  as  an  oval  or  circular  building  with  seats 
rising  behind  and  above  each  other  around  a 
central  open  space,  or  a  natiu'al  area  sur- 
rounded by  rising  ground;  in  hort.,  a  sloping 
arrangement  of  shrubs  and  trees. 

He  surveys  all  the  Wonders  in  this  immense  Amphi- 
theatre that  lie  between  both  the  Poles  of  Heaven. 

Adduon,  Spectator,  Ko.  315. 

_ ^  __.. 3.  The  uppermost  gallery  of  a  modern  theater. 

tinctly  seeirthrough  it.    The  habits  of  ttie  family  are  un-  amphitheatral  (am-fi-the'a-tral),  a.      [<  L.  am- 
known.    Several  species  inhabit  the  high  seas.  ^         phitliidtinlis,  <.  amphitheairum,    amphitheater: 

amphismela  (am-fis-me'la),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  dp-    gee  (onjiliitlieater.]     Same  as  ampliitheatrical. 
(pic,  on  both  sides,  +  pi/?.?/,  a  surgical  instrument,  amphitheatre,  ".     See  amphitheater. 
a  probe.]     A  double-edged  surgical  knife.  amphitheatric  (am  C-the-at'rik),  o.     Same  as 

amphispermium(am-fi-sper'mi-um),«.;  pl.ffJH-     umphitheatrical 
phispirmia  (-a).    [NL.,  <  Gr.  du<bi,  on  both  sides,  amphitheatrical  (am'fi-the-at'ri-kal),  a.    [<  L. 
-l-n-.',.y«,  seed.]   In6of.,atermproposedforan     amphithcatricus,  <  amphittieatrum  :   see  amphi- 
iiidcliisoent  one-seeded,  pericarpj  an  achenium.     theater.]     1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling 

an  amphitheater. 

The  first  impressioii  on  seeing  the  .  .  .  great  amphi- 
thentrical  depressions  is,  that  they  have  been  hollowed 
out,  like  other  valleys,  by  the  action  of  water. 

Dancin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  II.  225. 


Amphisile  scutata. 

and  several  rays,  and  a  dorsal  fln  crowded  ont  of  place  by 
the  extension  of  the  dermal  ai-mature.  It  is  a  most  re- 
markable type,  and  exceptional  among  fishes  on  account 
of  the  peculiar  development  of  the  skeleton  as  a  sort  of 
shell  around  the  body.  The  body  is  almost  transparent, 
and  the  organs,  especially  the  air-bladder,  can  be  dis- 


amphistome  (am'fi-stom),  n.  [<  NL.  Amphl- 
stomuin.]  An  animal  of  the  gemis  Amphisto- 
mum or  family  Amphistomidee. 

amphistomid  (am-fis'to-mid),  n.     One  of  the 

Anijiliistiimiilir. 

Amphistomidae  (am-fi-stom'i-de), «.;)?.  [NL.,< 
AmphisUimum  +  -td(8.]    A  family  of  trematode 


2.  Taking  place  or  exhibited  in  an  amphithe- 
ater: as,  amphitheatrical  GorAe&ts. 


ampMtheatrically 

amphitheatrically  lam  fi-thf-at'ri-kal-i),  adv. 
In  au  ampkitheaiiieal  manner  or  form. 

amphithect  (am'li-thekt),  a.  [<  Gr.  au^idijKTog, 
sharpened  on  both  sides,  two-edged,  <  a/ioi,  on 
both  sides,  +  dnitTo^,  verbal  adj.  of  %fn', 
sharpen.]  In  morphol.,  having  the  fundamen- 
tal form  of  an  irregular  pyramid;  having  a  fig- 
ure whose  base  is  a  polygon  of  unequal  sides. 
Haeckel. 

In  the  highest  and  most  complicated  group,  the  Hete- 
rostaura,  the  basal  polygon  is  no  longer  regular  but  oni- 
phithect.  .  .  .  Ctenophores  furnish  examples  of  eight- 
sided  amphithect  p>Tamids.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVl.  S14. 

amphithere  (am'fi-ther),  n.  A  fossil  animal  of 
the  genus  Amphitherium. 

AmpMtheria  (am-fi-the'ri-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  Amphitherium.'^  A  group  of  mammals,  rep- 
resented bv  the  genus  Amphitherium. 

ampUtheriid  ( am-fi-the'ri-id),  n.  A  fossil  ani- 
mal ot  thi-  family  Amphitheriidte. 

Amphitheriidae  "(am  ti-the-ri'i-de),  n.  pi  [NL., 

<  Amphitluriiim  +  -lAr.]  A  family  of  fossil 
mammals,  containing  the  genus  Amphitherium, 
referred  bv  Owen  to  the  I)i!<ectirora. 

Amphitherium  (am-fi-the'ri-um),  n.  [KL. 
(De  Bhuuville),  <  Gr.  afupi,  on  both  sides  (here 
implying  doubt),  +  dr/pi"^,  a  wild  beast,  <  tt'/p, 
a  wild  beast,  =  E.  deer,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  small 
insectivorous  mammals  from  the  Lower  Oolite, 
with  polyprotodont  dentition,  but  of  uncertain 
affinities.  The  genus  is  known  only  by  several  nian- 
diliular  rami,  about  an  inch  long,  containing  16  teeth. 

Amphithoe  (am-fith'6-e),  n.  [XL.,<  Gr.  a/ip!,  on 
both  sides,  -t-  fodf  (fem.  0oi),  active,  quick,  < 
tlietv,  run.]  A 
genus  of  amphi- 
podous  edrioph- 
thalmous  crus- 
taceans, of  the 
family  Corophi- 

idw.  The  body  is 
compressed  and 
curved,  and  is  com- 
posed of  16  distinct 
segments  or  so- 
mites, the  head, 
fonned  of  7  anterior 
coalesced  segments, 
counting  as  one. 
There  are  7  free  tho- 
racic segments,  each  with  a  pair  of  appendages.  6  abdomi- 
nal segments,  and  a  small  telson.  The  appendages  of  the 
first  '.i  abdominal  segments  are  many-jointed  bristly  rtla- 
ments,  while  the  3  posterior  are  styliform  and  servo  as 
props  when  the  animal  leaps.  The  name  is  sometimes 
written,  incorrectly,  Ampithon  or  Amphitoe.  See  cut  under 
Aiit/ihiifiKla. 
amphithura  (am-fi-thii'ra),  n.  Same  as  amphi- 
thijrit. 

amphithyra  (am-fith'i-ra),  n.  [ML.,  <  LGr.  a/i- 
ftihi)a,  pi.,  a/iipiOvpov,  sing.,  neut.  of  Gr.  a/i(pi- 
Ci'pof,  with  a  door  on  both  sides,  in  LGr.  being 
on  both  sides  of  the  door,  <  a/npi,  on  both  sides, 
+  Oiifia  =  E.  door.'i  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  a  veil  or 
curtain  within  the  icouostasis.  When  drawn  across 
It  closes  the  opening  left  by  the  dwarf  folding  doors  of 
the  Iconrjstaiis,  ami  entirely  hides  the  altar  and  the  cele- 
brant from  the  view  of  anyone  not  in  the  sanctuary.  Sev- 
eral times  dnrlng  the  service  the  curtain  is  drawn  hack  to 
allow  the  priest  to  come  forwanl  and  read  certain  pr»r- 
tlons  o(  the  service  while  standing  in  front  of  the  folding 
doors.  As  ttie  iconostasis  was  for  many  centuries  mucji 
more  r.pen  in  construction  than  at  present,  the  ami>hi- 
thyra  in  i-arly  times  fomie'l  almost  as  important  a  part  of 
the  barrier  ifetween  the  sanctuary  and  the  rest  of  the 
church  as  the  ieomfstasls  it«elf.  Erroneously  written  am- 
phidura.    .See  iconoittaint. 

amphitoky  (nm-fit'o-ki),  n.  [<  Gr.  'niKJitToKia, 
<  '//o?i,  nil  Indh  siiles,  +  -riHor,  producing,  < 
ri«riir,  TiMii;  produce,  bring  forth.]  The  pro- 
duction in  parllionogenesis  of  both  male  and 
fcinalf  formx.     Si/d.  Snc.  Lex. 

Amphitrite  (nm-il-tri'te),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Wiiifi- 
T,rr»,.  ill  myth,  the  iiamoof  a  Hca-nymph,  a  Js'e- 
r<    '     "  '  '  i'l,  wlio  wttH  the  wifo  of  rosi-idon 

(^'  "iiiji  'hoo  (imphi-)  +  Tiiiri),  fom.  of 

T/'  /'/;  of  obscure  application,     (,'f. 

8kt.  irilu,  iinim;  of  a  Vedic  deity,  and  hco  7W- 
ton,]     1.   \  t'<M,nM  (if  marine  jiolycliiftouH  tii- 


186 

amphitropous  (am-fit'ro-pus),  a.  [<  NL.  am- 
phitropus,  <  Gr.  a/i^i,  aroimd, -I-  -rpoTof,  <  TpcTretv, 
turn.]  In  hot.: 
(«)  Having  the 
hiluia  lateral  and 
intermediate  be- 
tween the  ehalaza 
and  miei'opyle; 
half-anatropous ; 
lieterotropous: 
applied  to  an 
ovule  or  seed,  (b) 
Having  the  embryo  curved  or  coiled,  as  in  all 
campylotropous  seeds:  so  used  by  Richard. 
amphitryon  (am-fit'ri-on),  ».  [<  F.  amphitn/oii, 
a  host,  entertainer,  in  ref.  to  Amphitryon  in 
Moliere's  comedy  of  that  name,  who  gives  a 
gi-eat  dinner;  <  L.  Amphitryon,  <  Gr.  'A/i(fit- 
Tpiuv,  in  myth,  the  husband  of  Alcmena  and 
foster-father  of  Hercules.]  1.  A  host;  an  en- 
tertainer. 

My  noble  amphitryon  made  rae  sit  down. 

Lady  Herbert,  tr.  of  HUbner's  Kound  the  World,  II.  521. 


amphoteric 

=  It.  anfora,  <  L.  amphora:  see  amphora.'\     1. 
A  two-handled  vessel :  same  as  amphora,  1. 

This  is  an  am/er,  or  a  vessel  that  sum  men  clepen  a  tan- 
kard. Wticli/,  Zach.  V.  6  (Oxf.). 
2.  A  liquid  measure:  same  as  amphora,  2. 
amphora   (am'fo-ra),  «.;   pi.  amphoric  (-re). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  aui^optii;,  a  short  form  of  earlier  a^iipi- 


AmphitTopous  Seeds. 
1,  base  of  plantain-seed  ;  s,  section  of 
same,  showing  a  straight  embryo,  its  radi- 
cle next  the  micropyle  :  3,  an  ovule :  a, 
hilum ;  i>,  micropyle. 


[NL.]    Ill  zool.,  a  genus  of  erusta- 
[<  Gr.  afKpl,  in  both 


Amfhithci. 
li~Xll^,  the  appendage  of  the  second- 
fourteenth  somite  ;  r,  rostrum  ;  /,  telson  ; 
OS,  oostegite. 


bi' 


llio  fiiinily  Trrihdliild'  anil 


or'i 
Tl. 

•  '■•".    They  an;  easily  ri-rogni/eil  by 

■li^I,o«ed  ill  the  form  of  11  irowii. 

I  t  with  thi-iii  slight,  rcgii- 

.  Iilerl  together  by  milr'll^  ex- 

2.   A  i- 

amphltr 

I'l    ■ 

el 

ciiH.     Ite  llaini,  IHM.'i. 
■  kill,  )i.  pi.    (Nli.,  ni'iil. 
1    'i»«',  on  both  mIiIch,  + 
TlKiMo  larvii'  of  jioly- 

1  hnv"  both  dor»Bl  Hiid 

phitrvjniiiji. 

.  .'-iml),  a.     Uame  a«  am- 

2.    leap.'] 
ceans. 

amphitype  (am'fi-tip),  n.  _ 
ways,  +  Tv-o(,  impression,  type.]  A  photo- 
graphic process,  deseribeti  by  Sir  John  Her- 
schel,  by  which  were  produced  pictures  that 
were  simultaneously  positive  and  negative. 

Amphiuma  (am-ti-ii'ma),  n.  [NL.,  a  perver- 
sion of  "amphipneuma,  <  Gr.  a,«^',  on  both  sides, 
+  TTvevua,  breath.]  A  genus  of  tailed  amphib- 
ians with  both  gills  and  lungs,  and  therefore 
capable  of  breathing  in  botli  air  and  water, 
typical  of  the  family  Ampliiumida^.  The  genus  is 
sometimes  placed  in  the  family  Cryptobranchiidfe,  with 
Mcnopoina  and  Siebotdia.  Species  occur  in  North  Amer- 
ica, as  the  Amphiuma  meaiui,  which  sometimes  attains  a 
length  of  3  feet,  and  is  called  Conyo  snake. 

amphiumid  (am-fi-ii'mid),  n.  One  of  the  Am- 
pliiiimidw. 

Amphiumidae  (am-fi-ti'mi-de),  n.  pK  [NTj.,  < 
Amphiuma  +  -irfrt'.]  A  family  of  gradient  or 
tailed  Amphibia,  typified  by  the  genus  Amphi- 
uma, connecting  the  salamanders  with  the  ciB- 
cilians.  They  have  no  eyelids  ;  teeth  011  the  outer  an- 
terior margin  of  the  palatines ;  no  dentigerous  plates  oil 
the  parasphenoid ;  a  sphenoid  bone ;  consolidated  iire- 
niaxillaries ;  tlie  vestibular  wail  ossified  internally;  and 
ampliiro'liaii  verteiirai.  It  is  a  small  family  of  large  sala- 
man.ler-like  amphibians,  the  type  of_ which  is  common  in 
.\iiK'rican  waters. 

Amphiura  (am-fi-ii'rii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/i(pi,  on 
both  sides,  -1-  oipd,  tail.  ]  A  genus  of  sand-stars, 
tyjiical  of  the  family  Amphiurida:.  A.  sqiiamata, 
also  named  Ophiocoma  ncglecta,  is  a  common 
British  species. 

amphiund  (am-fi-ti'rid),  n.  One  of  the  Amphi- 
urid<v. 

Amphiuridse  (am-fi-u'ri-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Am- 
pltiura  +  -idle.']  A  family  of  sand-stars  with 
simple  arras.  It  belongs  to  the  order  Ophiuridea  and 
class  .SVc/^'Tm/it,  and  contains,  besides  Amphiura,  such  gen- 
era ;is  Otdiio/'/inli-^,  (ifdiiitclii,  and  llcmipholix. 

amphivorOUS  (am-fiv'o-nis),  a.  [<  Gr.  n/iipl,  on 
liolh  sidos,  +  Ij.  roriirc,  devour,]  Eating  both 
iiiiiiiial  and  vcjrctable  food. 

Amphizoa  (itni-ti-zo'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d//i^/, 
on  both  sides,  -I-  f^ovj  an  animal.]  A  genus  of 
adeiiliagoiis  Coleoptera,  or  beetles,  typical  ot 
the  family  .fmphi:oidn:     Le  Coule,  }H!y'i. 

amphizoid  (am'fi-zoid),  n.  One  of  the  Amphi- 
~oid<r. 

Ajnphizoidae  (am-fi-zoi'de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Am- 
plii::iiti  +  -/(/«■.]  A  family  of  adciiliagous  Vokop- 
trra,  or  bectlfs,  of  nqimtic  habits.  The  inetasler- 
nnin  has  a  very  sliort  luitci  cauI  jiicce;  the  suture  Is  indis- 
tinct, anil  is  not  iinilonu.il  hcyunii  the  cnxiu. 

amphodarch  (mn'lVi-dilrk),  n.  KGr.  o/;^oAi()- 
X'K  (lint  ill  iiiildi'll  iiiid  Scott),  < d//^iIoi>,  a  rinid 
that  leads  iiioiiiid  a  iiliico  or  lilock  of  liiiildiiigH, 
liciico  a  block  of  liiiildiiigs,  a  (|iiarlcror  n  town 
(<  a/i(pi,  around,  -I-  I'Mr,  way),  +  -"PX'K,  ruler,  < 
apx'^v,  rule.]  A  ruler  over  a  quarter  of  a  town. 
X  1:.  l>. 

amphogenous  (am-foj'c-nU8),  a.  Same  bh  nm- 
phnjiiious. 

Amphomcea  (am-fo-nio'll),  «.  vl.  ||NL,,<lir. 
'i//'."',  on  both  Hides,  -H  o//o««;,  old  Attic  ii//«(of,  lil<"', 
iiliko:  Hie  homrii-,  homaii-.]  A  term  iipjiliiil  by 
!•;.  I{.  Laiil(<'s(<d-  to  llie  cliitons,  coiiHidrrccI  iih  11 
"Hcpanito  nrrtiiiic  griule"  of  guHlropodoiiH  timl- 
liinkH,  and  as  hucIi  diHiiiiguiHiied  from  Corhlidrs, 
which  are  llic  remaining  (iiiiKpiiiiielrical)  lias- 
lf'.,.„da. 

ampbort,  amphoret  (iimTor,  -for),  n.  [<  Mlv 
(I'lijihorc,  iniilurc,  nm/i  r  (iiIho  a8  L.  amphora),  < 
Ol-'.  nmphorh,  'am/o'rc,  amfouro  =  Pg.  amphora 


Amphora;. 

a.  Thasian  type  :  *,  Cnidian  type ;  c,  Khodian  type  :  J,  a  Roman 

form. 

ipopeic,  a  jar  with  two  handles,  <  a/i^i,  on  both 
sides,  -t-  ^opei'f,  a  bearer,  <  (j>epeiv,  bear,  carry 
(cf.  ipopei'Civ,  (popelv,  bear),  =  E.  bear^.  See  am- 
phor,  and  cf.  amfterl.]  1.  iVmong  the  Greeks 
and  Romans,  a  vessel,  usually  tall  and  slender, 
having  two  handles  or  ears,  a  narrow  neck,  and 
generally  a  sharp-pointed  base  for  insertion  into 
a  stand  or  into  the  groimd :  usedf  or  holding  wine, 
oil,  honey,  grain,  etc.  Ampliorre  were  commonly 
made  of  llard-liaked  clay,  uiiglazed  ;  but  Homer  mentions 
ampin  ir.-e  of  gold ;  the  Egyptians  had  tliem  of  bronze ;  and 
vessels  of  tliis  form  have  been  found  in  marble,  alabaster, 
glass,  and  silver.  The  stopper  of  a  wiue-ftUed  amphora  was 


Decorat 


Italy. 


covered  with  pitch  or  gypsnin,  and  among  the  Romans 
tile  title  of  the  wine  was  marked  on  tlic  outside,  the  date 
of  tile  vintage  being  indicated  by  the  names  td  the  consuls 
then  in  olUce.  .Ampliorrc  with  painted  decmation,  having 
lids,  and  provided  with  bases  cnaMiiip  tbciii  to  stand  in- 
dependently, served  cominolily  as  oinanients  among  the 
ilrecks,  and  were  given  as  prizes  at  some  puldic  games, 
much  as  cups  are  now  given  as  jirizes  in  racing  and  athletic 
sports.  The  ranathenaic  amphora;  were  large  vases  of  this 
class,  bearing  ilesigns  relating  to  the  worship  of  Athena, 
and,  filled  with  oil  from  tlie  sacred  olives,  were  given  at 
Athens  as  prizes  to  the  victm-s  in  the  Pamitheiiaic  games, 

2.  Aliiiuidnioastiroof  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 
Tlie  Urcek  amidiora  wa-s  probably  equal  to  24j  liters,  and 
the  Komaii  amphora  to  2.')}  liters  111  earlier  and  to  2(3  liters 
III  later  limes. 

3.  In  hot.,  the  permanent  basal  portion  of  a 
py.xidiuni. — 4.  [cap.]  [NL.]  ln.-o«7. :  («)  A 
genus  of  I'obpiastriia.  KhrDdirrij.  (h)  A  genus 
of  colioplcrous  insects.  /ro//«A<OH.— Bacchic 
amphora.    .Si'c  llnnhie. 

amphoral  (am'fo-ral),  a.  [<  L.  amphoralis,  < 
amphora.}  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  an 
iiiiiiiliora. 

amphoret,  "•     See  nmphor. 

amphoric  (nin-ror'iU),  ",  [<  amphora  +  -ic.'] 
Ivrsciiililiiig  lilt"  sound  iiindc  by  blo\ving  across 
llie  nioutli  of  a  fliisU:  npiilicil  to  certain  souiids 
olitiiiiied  in  aiiscullntioii  and  percussion  of  llic 
clii'sl  I  as,  amphoric  rcspinitioii ;  (iniphoric.  reso- 
niini'i';  nii  amphoric  yoicc,  wliisjicr,  or  cough. 

All  llie  Konnds  called  anildlorli-  have  a  liiol ■  less  ninsi- 

cal  onallly.  iiiid  nsinilly  Indicate  a  cavKy  lllled  with  air. 

ampnoricity  (nni-fo-riK'i-li),  «.  [<  amphoric  + 
-ill/.]  The  quality  or  condilion  of  being  am- 
plioric. 

amphorophony  (mn-fo-rof 'o-ni),  n.  [<  L. 
iiiiiphiira,  iir.  iiiiifHipfir,  a  .jni',  +  <!<uvlj,  voice, 
Hoiiiiii,]  Anijihoric  vocal  resoiiaiic.o;  an  abiior- 
iiial  Hoiind  of  the  voice,  noticed  in  aiisculliilioii 
of  the  chi'sl,  marked  by  a  iiiiiKical  (iiinlity,  niid 
f'oiiiKl  in  coniii'i'lioii  willi  cavilii'S  in  the  lungs 
orwilli  |>iii'iiiiiolliornx.     Siv  amjihoric. 

amphoteric  (mn-fo-lir'ik),  a.  r<  Gr.  iiptpdrcpot, 
UHiially  in  pi.,  a/i<^Tii«>i,  both  of  two  (L.  uter- 


amphoteric 


187 


aue)  a  compar.  form  of  a/j<l)u  =  L.  ambo,  both:  amplexifoliate  (am-plek-si-fo'li-at),  a.    [<  NL 


see  ■«»( 6i-. ]  Partly  the  one  and  partly  tho  other ; 
neutral.  Smart  (1849) — Amphoteric  reaction,  in 
r/ifiii.,  a  li-actioii  iippeariii-^  butli  acid  ami  alkaliiio  in  its 
, ■fleet  nil  eulors  uso(l_  as  tests. 

amphotis  (am-fo'tis),  n. ;  pi.  amphotides  (am- 
fol'i-tlez).      [<  Gr.  afiipuTu:  or  aiKJiuric,  <  a//^/,  on 
both  sides,  +  uh;  {iiT-)  =  E.  eafl.]    1 .  In  Or.  an- 
tiq.,  a  covering  of  leather  or  woolen  stuff  worn 
over  the  oars  by  boxers.— 2.  [coj).]    [NL.]    In 
zoijl.,  a  fjouus  of  coleopterous  insects. 
Ampitboe  (am-pith'6-e),  ii.     See  Ampliithoi'. 
ample  (am'pl),  n.     [^late  ME.  aiiq)lc,  <  F.  ample, 
<  L.  amplus,  prob.  <  «;«-  for  amhi-,  around  (see 
ambir-),  +  -plus  tor  *-pulus,  full,  =  E.  fidl^:  cf. 
L.  pleims,  full,  and  see  ^tt//l  and  plentij.l     1. 
Large  in  dimensions ;  of  great  size,  extent,  ca- 
pacity, or  bulk;  wide;  spacious;  extended. 
All  tlie  people  in  tliat  ample  lions 
Did  to  that  image  bowe  tlieir  hnmble  knee. 

Sprnsi-r,  F.  Q.,  III.  xi.  49. 

Of  deeper  too  and  aiiijibr  II Is, 

Which,  as  in  mirrors,  stiewM  the  woods. 

Dryden,  To  Mis.  Anne  Killigrew,  1.  112. 
Her  waist  is  ampler  than  her  life, 
For  life  is  but  a  span. 

O.  ir.  ffolmen.  My  Aunt. 

2.  Large  in  kind  or  degi'ee ;  having  full  scope 
or  extent;  copious;  um-estricted ;  unrestrained: 
as,  an  ample  narrative;  to  give  ample  praise, 
I  >r  do  ample  justice. 

Were  I  alone  to  pass  the  difficulties, 
And  had  as  ample  power  as  I  have  will. 

Shale,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2. 
The  noble  and  rich  may  diffuse  their  ample  charities. 

Steele,  GuarcUan,  No.  174. 
To  hiiu  we  grant  our  amplest  powers  to  sit 
Judge  of  all  present,  past,  and  future  wit. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  ii.  375. 

3.  Fully  sufficient  for  any  puri^ose,  or  for  the 
purpose  specified;' abundant;  liberal;  plenti- 
ful: as,  ample  provision  tor  the  table. 

An  ample  number  of  horses  had  been  purchased  in  Eng- 
land with  the  public  money.       Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  .\iv. 

Give  ample  room  and  verge  enough 

The  characters  of  Hell  to  trace. 

Gray,  The  Bard,  ii.  1. 
=S3m.  Ample,  Copious,  Plenteous,  spacious,  roomy,  ex- 
tensive, extended,  wide,  capacious,  abundant,  sutficient, 
full,  enough,  unrestricted,  plenary,  unstinted.  (See  lists 
under  abundant  and  large.)  Ample,  in  its  more  common 
uses,  has  reference  to  the  sutficiency 
every  need;  copious  carries  with  it  the 
ingness  of  the  soiu-ce;  while  plenteous  usually 


aiiiplcxifoliatus,  <  L.  ampkxus,  embracing, 
fuHum,  leaf:  see  amjilcx  a,nd  foliate.}  In  bot., 
having  leaves  which  clasp  the  stem.  N.  E.  D, 
ampliatet  (am'pli-at),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ampliatus, 
jip.  of  am])liur<\  enlarge,  <  rtn(j3/«.s,  ample :  see 
ample.~\  To  make  greater  or  more  ample;  on- 
largo;  extend. 

To  maintain  and  ampliate  the  external  possessions  of 
your  empire.  Udall,  I'ref.  to  the  Kynt'es  iMaiestee. 

ampliate  (am'pli-at),  a.  [<  L.  ampliatus,  pp.: 
see  the  verb.]  Eidarged;  dilated;  in  lui/ic, 
enlarged  in  scope  by  a  modifying  term.  See 
ampUa tian ,  a niplia live. 

ampliation  (am-pli-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ampUa- 
tioXn-),  <  ampliare:  see  ampliate,  «>.]  1.  En- 
largement; amplification.     [Rare.] 

Odious  matters  admit  not  of  an  ampliation,  but  ought  to 
be  restrained  and  interpreted  in  the  mildest  sense. 

Aylige,  Parergon,  p.  157. 

2.  In  Horn,  law,  a  delaying  to  pass  sentence; 
a  postponement  of  a  decision  in  order  to  obtain 
fm'ther  evidence. — 3.  In  Itiyic,  such  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  verb  of  a  proposition  as  makes  the 
subject  denote  objects  which  without  such  modi- 
fication it  would  not  denote,  especially  things 
existing  in  the  past  and  future.  Thus,  in  the  prop- 
osition, "Some  man  may  lie  Antichrist,"  the  modal  auxil- 
iary may  enlarges  the  breadth  of  iitaii,  and  makesit  apply 
to  future  men  as  well  as  to  tlioso  who  now  exist. 
ampliative  (am'pli-a-tiv),  «.  [<  ampliate  + 
-ive.~\  Enlarging;  increasing;  synthetic.  Ap- 
plied—(«)  In  lo(]ic,  to  a  modal  expression  causing  an  am- 
pliation (see  a/nij!ia(ioH,  3);  thus,  the  word  may  in  "Some 
man  may  be  Antichrist"  is  an  ampliative  term.  (It)  In  the 
Kantian  2>liiloxoplni,  to  a  jinl:jment  whose  predicate  is  not 
contained  in  the  dcliiiitioii  of  thesubject:  more  commonly 
termed  by  Kant  asj/Hf  A.  fi.jiiilnnient.  ["Ampliative  judg- 
ment"  in  this  sense  is  Arcliljisbop  Thomson's  translation  of 
Kant's  word  Erweiteriim/surtlieil,  translated  by  Prof.  Max 
MUUer  "expanding  judgment."] 

No  subject,  perhaps,  in  modern  speculation  has  excited 
an  intenser  interest  or  more  vehement  controversy  than 
Kant's  famous  distinction  of  analytic  and  synthetic  judg- 
ments, or,  as  I  tliink  theymightwith  far  less  nf  ambiguity 
be  denominated,  explicative  and  ampliative  jinl;;nieiit.<. 

Sir  II'.  Ilainiltuil. 

amplificatet  (am'pli-fi-kat),  V.  t.     [<  L.  ampli- 

fcutits,  pp.  of   amplijicare,  amplify:  see  am- 

plifi/.l     To  enlarge  or  extend;  amplify. 

of  the  supply  for  amplification (am"pli-fi-ka'shon),H.  l<li.ampli- 

.;'u?uany"ind™ltes    featiH,,-),  <  amplificare,jT;>.  ampnficalus^  am- 


plify:  see  anijilify.']  1.  The  act  of  amplifying 
or  enlarging  in  dimensions;  enlargement;  ex- 
tension. 


largeness  of  quantity  in  actual  possession :  as,  ampl< 
stores  or  resources ;  a  cojjtows  supply  of  materials ;  a-plen- 
teoue  harvest. 

By  their  [the  philosophers']  long  career  of  heroic  defeat, 

they  have  furnished  us  with  a  concrete  demonstration, 

ahnost  superfluously  ample,  of  the  relativity  of  human 

knowledge.  J.  Flske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  26. 

It  [the  Union]  has  been  to  us  all  a  copious  fountain  of 

national,  social,  and  personal  happiness.  B.  Webster. 

Like  over-ripen'd  corn. 

Hanging  the  head  at  Ceres'  plenteous  load. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

amplectt  (am-plekf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  amplecti,  em- 
brace, wind  around,  <  am-  for  ambi-,  around 
(see  ambi-),  -t-  ptlectere,  -weave,  plait,  fold,  akin 
to  jMcare,  fold,  =  Gr.  irMKew,  weave :  see  plait 
and  pill.']     To  embrace  ;  clasp.  spending  decrease  of  breadth  (extension),  as 

amplectant  (am-plek'tant),  a.  [More  eoiTectly  the  expansion  of  "plane  tiiangle"  into  "plane 
*amplcctent,  <  L.  am2)lecteii{t-)s,-p^v.  of  ampjlecti,  triangle  having  the  sum  of  its  angles  equal  to 
embrace,  clasp,  wind  around :  seeamplect.  The  tworightangles,"  which  is  equivalent  to  it  with 
term,  -ant  instead  of  -ent  is  prob.  due  to  the  L.  respect  to  extension. — ^4.  In  micros.,  increase 
freq.  form  amplexari,  ppr.  amplexan(t-)s :  see  of  the  visual  area,  as  distinguished  from  wm(7«j- 
amplcx.']    Embracing;  clasping;  specifically,  in     /,'(;n«oH,  (which  see). 

bot,   twining   about   stems  or  clasping   leaf-  amplificative  (am'pli-fi-ka-tiv),  a.     [<  ampiUfi- 
stalks:  as,  am^ptecteni  petioles  or  tendrils.  cate  +  -ive.'\     SeiTing  or  tending  to  amplify; 

ampleness  (am'pl-nes),  M.     The  state  or  quality     amplifieatory;  ampliative. 
of  being  ample;  largeness;  sufficiency;  abun-  amplificator  (am'pli-fi-ka-tgr),  n.      [L.,  <  am- 

■' plificarc,   pp.   amplificatits,  "amplify:    see  ani- 

pltj'y.']     An  amplifier;  one  who  or  that  which 


Amplification  of  the  visible  figure  of  a  known  object. 

Reid,  Inq.  into  the  Huiuan  Mind. 

Specifically — 2.  In  rlict.,  expansion  for  rhetori- 
cal pm-poses  of  a  narrative,  description,  argu- 
ment, or  other  discourse;  acliscourse  or  passage 
so  expanded;  an  addition  made  in  expanding. 

The  first  expression  in  which  he  [Dante]  clothes  his 
thoughts  is  always  so  energetic  and  comprehensive  that 
amplification  would  only  injure  the  effect. 

Macaulay,  Dante. 

3.  In  logic,  an  increase  in  the  logical  depth 
(comprehension)  of  a  term  -without  any  corre- 


dance. 
amplest  (am-pleks'),  ('.  t.     [<  L.  amplexus,  pp. 

(or  amplexari,  freq.)  of  amplecti,  embrace:  see 

amplect.']     To  emlorace ;  clasp. 
amplexationt  (am-plek-sa'shon),  n.     [<  L.  as 

if  'am]}h'.ratio{n-),  <  amplexari,  pp.  amplexatus : 

see  amplex.']     An  embrace. 

An  humble  amplexation  of  those  sacred  feet. 

Bp.  Hall,  The  Resm-rection. 


enlarges  or  makes  more  ample. 

It  [the  microphone]  is  really  .an  ampUficator  of  mechani- 
cal vibrations  of  weak  intensity  which  it  changes  into  un- 
dulatory  currents.  Greer,  Diet,  of  Electricity,  p.  107. 

amplifieatory  (am'pli-fik-a-to-ii),  a.  [<  amjyli- 
Jicatc  -f-  -oJ'i/.]  Serving  to  amplify  or  enlarge; 
amjilifieative 


amplexicaudate  (am-plek-si-ka'dat),  a.     [<  amplifier  (am'pli-fi-er),«.  1.  One  who  amplifies 
NL.  amplexicaudutns,  <  L.  amplexus,  embracing,     ^j,  oujaro-es. 


+  Cauda,  tail :  see  amplex  and  caudate.]  Having 
the  tail  entirely  enveloped  in 
the  interfemoral  membrane: 
saidof  certain  bats. 
amplexicaul  (am-plek'si-kal), 
0.  [<  NL.  amplexicaulis,  <  L. 
amplexus,  embracing,  +  caulis, 
a  stem :  see  amplex  and  ca  idis.] 
In  bot.,  nearly  surrounding  or 
embracing  the   stem,    as  tho         ,    .     , , 

*  c  1  Amplexicaul  Leaves 

Dase  of  some  leaves.  (/«»/«  Htunium). 


That  great  citie  Home,  whereof  they  [Romulus  and  Ee- 

mus]  were  the  first  am;(J</iura.     ,„,.,,,  ^     .       ..  „ 

Bp.  Bale,  English  Votaries,  u.  3. 

There  are  amplifiers  who  can  extend  half  a  dozen  thin 
thoughts  over  a  whole  folio. 

Art  o/ Sinking  m  Poetry,  p.  89. 

2.  A  lens  placed  in  the  tube  of  a  microscope 
between  the  object-glass  and  the  eyepiece. 
See  microscope. 

The  AmidlUcr  is  an  achromatic  concavo-convex  lens  of 
small  diameter.  IF.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  8'2. 


amplitude 

amplify  (am'pli-fi),  v. ;  met.  and  pp.  amplified, 
ppr.  amplifijiiif/.  [<  ME.  amplifyeH,  amplifien, 
<OF.  (and  F.)  amplifier  =zVv.  Sp.  Pg.  amplifiear 
=  It.  amplificare,  <  L.  amjdificare,  enlarge  (cf. 
amplifieus,  splendid),  <  amjdus,  large,  +facere, 
make:  see  ample  and  -fi/.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  large  or  larger  in  volume,  extent,  capa- 
city, amount,  importance,  etc. ;  enlarge  or  make 
more  ample. 

All  concaves  ...  do  amplify  the  sound  at  the  coming 
out.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  140. 

"Troilus  and  Crcssida"  was  written  by  a  Lombard  au- 
thor, but  much  amplified  by  our  English  translator. 

Dnjden,  Pl-ef.  to  Fables. 

2.  To  expand  in  stating  or  describing;  treat 
copiously,  so  as  to  present  in  every  point  of 
view  and  in  the  strongest  lights. 

I  would  not  willingly  seem  to  flatter  the  present  [age] 
by  amplifying  the  diligence  and  true  judgment  of  those 
servitours  who  have  laboured  in  the  vineyard. 

Sir  J.  Davies. 

=  Syn.  To  expand,  develop,  extend,  dilate,  magnify. 

II.  iiitrans.  If.  To  grow  or  become  ample  or 
more  ample. 

strait  was  the  way  at  first,  withouten  light. 
But  further  in  did  further  amplify. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  x.  186. 

2.  To  discourse  more  at  length ;  speak  largely 
or  copiously ;  be  diffuse  in  argument  or  descrip- 
tion ;  expatiate  ;  dilate  :  commonly  -with  on  or 
upon  before  an  object:  as,  to  amplify  on  the 
several  topics  of  discourse. 

You  will  find  him 
A  sharp  and  subtle  knave ;  give  him  but  hints, 
Ajid  he  will  amplify. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  2. 

When  you  affect  to  amplify  on  the  foi-mer  branches  of 

a  discourse,  you  will  often  lay  a  necessity  on  yoiu-self  of 

contracting  the  latter.  Watts,  Logic. 

Ampligulares  (am"pli-gu-la'rez),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  L.  amplus,  large,  +  (/ula,  throat:  see  ample 
and  gula,  gular.]  In  Sundevall's  classification 
of  birds,  a  cohort  of  Anisodactyli,  of  an  order 
ViiJucrcs,  composed  of  the  families  TrogonidwoT 
trogoiis,  Caprimulgidce  or  goatsuckers,  and  Cyp- 
svlidw  or  swifts:  synonjTnous  with  Hiantes,  2. 

Amplipalates  (am^pli-pa-la'tez),  «.pZ.     [NL., 

<  L.  amplus,  large,  -\- palatum,  palate:  see  am- 
ple and  palate.]  In  Simdevall's  classification 
of  birds,  a  group  of  fringilliue  oseine  Passeres, 
consisting  of  the  grosbeaks  and  typical  finches. 

amplitude  (am'pli-tud),  «.  [<  L.  amplitudo,  < 
amplus,  large:  see  airiple  ani -tude.]  1.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  ample  in  size ;  c.- 
tension  in  space,  especially  breadth  or  width ; 
largeness ;  extent. 

It  is  in  the  power  of  princes  and  estates  to  add  ampli- 
tude .and  greatness  to  their  kingdoms. 

Bacon,  Essays,  xxxii. 

The  cathedral  of  Lincoln  ...  is  a  magnificent  struc- 
ture, proportionable  to  the  amplitude  of  the  diocese. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Lincolnshire. 

2.  The  state  of  being  ample  in  amount;  breadth 
in  a  figurative  sense ;  fullness ;  abundance ; 
copiousness. 

It  is  in  those  things  .  .  .  that  the  amiMlude  of  the  Di- 
vine benignity  is  perceived. 

Paley,  Nat.  Theol.  (ed.  1S79),  p.  412.     (iV.  E.  D.) 

3.  Largeness  of  mind ;  extent  of  mental  ca- 
pacity or  of  intellectual  power;  breadth  of 
thought. 

If  our  times  are  sterile  in  genius,  we  must  cheer  us  with 
books  of  rich  and  believing  men  who  had  atmosphere  and 
amplitxide  about  them.  Emerson,  Books. 

4.  In  matli. :  (a)  In  algebra,  a  positive  real 
number  multiplied  by  a  root  of  unity.  The 
positive  real  number  is  said  to  be  the  ampli- 
tude of  the  product.  (6)  In  elliptic  integrals, 
the  limit  of  integi-ation  when  the  integral  is 
expressed  in  the  usual  trigonometric  form. —  5. 
In  astron.,  the  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted 
between  the  east  or  west  point  and  the  center 
of  the  sun  or  of  a  star  at  its  rising  or  setting. 
At  the  rising  of  a  star  its  amplitude  is  eastern  or  ortive ; 
at  the  setting  it  is  western,  occiduous  or  occasive.  It  is 
also  northern  or  southern  when  north  or  south  of  the 
equator.  Tlie  amplitude  of  a  fixed  star  remains  neai'ly 
the  same  all  the  year  round.  The  sun  at  the  solstices  is 
at  its  maximum  amplitude,  and  at  the  equinoxes  it  has 
no  amplitude.— Amplitude  compass,  an  azimuth  com- 
pass whose  zeros  of  ;;rudiuition  are  at  the  east  and  west 
points,  to  facilitate  tlie  reading  of  the  amplitudes  of  ce- 
lestial bodies.— Amplitude  of  a  simple  oscillation  or 
■Vlhration,  properly,  the  distance  from  the  middle  to 
the  extremity  of  an  oscillation ;  but  the  term  is  usually 
applied  to  the  distance  from  one  extremity  of  the  swing 
to  the  other.— Amplitude  of  the  range  of  a  projec- 
tile, the  horizontal  line  subtending  the  patli  of  a  liody 
thrown,  or  the  line  which  nie;isures  the  distance  it  has 
moved;  the  range,— Hyperbolic  or  Gudermannian 
amplitude  of  any  quantity  «,  the  angle  vbose  tan- 
gent is  the  hyperbolic  sine  of  !(.— Magnetical  ampli- 
tude, the  ai-c  of  the  horizon  between  the  sun  or  a  star  at 
rising  or  settmg  and  the  east  or  westjjoint  of  the  horizon. 


amplitude 

as  determined  by  the  compass.  The  difference  Iietneen 
this  and  the  true  amplitude  is  the  declination  of  the  com- 
pass. 

amply  (am'pli).  adv.  In  an  ample  manner; 
largely;  liberally;  fully;  sufficiently;  copi- 
ously ;  abundantly. 

The  details  of  the  rapid  propagation  o£  Western  mon- 
achism  have  been  amply  treated  by  many  historians,  and 
the  causes  of  its  success  are  sulficieiitly  manifest. 

Lecki/,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  194. 

ampoUosity,  ".     See  ampullosity. 

ampongue  (am-pong'),  ».  [F.  speUiug  of  na- 
tive Uiime.J  A  native  name  of  the  avahi  or 
wooUv  lemur  of  Madagascar. 

ampolt  (am'pul),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  am- 
pulle,  ampoule,  ampell,  ample,  <  ilE.  ampuUc, 
ampoule,  ampolle,  ampole,  partly  <  AS.  ampulla, 
ampolla,  amjHlla,  a  bottle,  Hask,  vial  (=  OHG. 
ampulla,  MHG.  (impullc,  ampel,  G.  ampel,  a  lamp, 
=  leel.  ampli,  hompull,  a  jug,  =  Dan.  ampel,  a 
hanging  flower-pot),  and  partly  <  OF.  ampule, 
ampoule,  F.  ampoule  =  Sp.  ampolla,  a  bottle, 
bubble,  blister,  =  Pg.  ampulla,  ampulla,  a»i- 
polla,'ampolha,  a  bubble,  blister,  =  It.  ampolla, 
<  L.  ampulla,  a  bottle,  flask,  etc. :  see  ampulla, 
which  has  superseded  the  older  foi-m.]  Same 
as  ampulla,  2  (b). 

Ampules  (am'pii-leks),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  am-  for 
aiiibi-  (1)  +  pulex,  a  flea.]  A  genus  of  digger- 
wasps,  of  the  family  Spltegidw,  giving  name  to 
the  Ampulicidw.    A.  sibiriea  is  an  example. 

Ampulicidx  (am-pu-lis'i-de),  n.  j*'-  [^L-,  < 
Ampulex  (-ic-)  +  -irfn".]  A  famil}'  of  fossorial 
hymenopterous  insects,  named  from  the  genus 
Ampulex. 

ampulla  (am-pul'a),  V. ;  pi.  ampulla  (-§).  [L., 
a  swelling  vessel  with  two  handles,  prob.  an. 
accom.  form  of  'nmpholla,  dim.  of  amphora :  see 
amphora.']  1.  In  Earn,  antiq.,  a  bottle  with  a 
narrow  neck  and  a  body  more  or  less  nearly 
globular  in  shape,  usuallj-  made  of  glass  or 
earthenware,  rarely  of  more  valuable  mate- 
rials, and  used,  like  the  Greek  aryballos,  bom- 
bylios,  etc.,  for  carrying  oil  for  anointing  the 
body  and  for  many  other  purposes. —  2.  Eecles. : 
(a)  In  the  Horn.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  cruet,  regularly 
made  of  transparent  glass,  for  holding  the  wine 
and  water  used  at  the  altar.  See  ama.  Also 
written  amula.  (b)  A  vessel  for  holding  the 
consecrated  oil  or  chrism  used  in  various  church 
rites  and  at  the  coronation  of  kings.  The  ampulla 
used  at  cororiatiuns  iti  Kii^'land  is  in  tlit-  foi-ni  of  an  ea^le, 
of  pure  sold,  richly  oiiaseii.  The  faniuua  ampulla  fur. 
merly  used  in  Krunce,  kejtt  at  Khcims,  and  reputed  to  ha\'o 
tieen  brought  from  heaven  by  a  dove  for  the  baptism  t)f 
Clon4  I.,  was  broken  at  the  Revolution ;  but  a  portion  of 
It--*  oil  is  said  to  have  been  i)rc8en"eil  and  to  have  been 
used  at  the  coronation  of  Charles  X.     Foi'inerly  ampul. 

'ti.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  small  bottle-shaped 


I.ea'len  Ampulla  in  the  MuMum  al  York,  Eni^land. 
(From  Uie  "  Journ.il  of  the  Urituh  Arch.xologic-il  Association.") 

flask,  often  of  glass,  sometimes  of  lead,  used  by 
travelers,  and  especially  by  pilgrims.  Some- 
times these  were  used  as  pifgriius'  signs  (wliiih 
Hee,  under  i/i7(/)-im). — 4.  lu  aual.:  (a)  The  di- 
lated part  of  the  mem- 
branous Heiuiciicular 

i'"'    '        ■'     '  ■"■•    (b)  l*Arf.. /«„>,>»,/„, 

I'  lit  of  a  I"  """' 

L' 
I.. 

II.- 

y 

t' 

Hit 

kI. 

111.  .,-    : 

or    iiiui 

of  nittn' 

dr.  <•. 

l\> 

l> 

III 

of 

I). 

m».  I.-    ■.. 


188 

on  each  side.  [Little  used  in  this  sense.]  (d) 
In  hydroid  polyjis,  the  ca^'ity  of  a  vesicular 
marginal  body  "connected  by  a  canal  with  the 
gastrovascular  system,  (e)  In  echinoderms, 
one  of  the  diverticula  of  the  branched  ambula- 
eral  canals ;  a  sort  of  Poliau  vesicle  of  the  am- 
bulacral  suckers — Ampulla  of  Vater,  in  anal.,  the 
sac-like  space  in  the  wall  of  the  duodemun,  into  wliich 
open  tlie  common  bile-duct  and  the  pancreatic  duct. 
ampullaceous  (am-pu-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  am- 
pullaec us,  i  ampulla :  see  amjtulla.']  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  like  an  ampulla ;  bottle-shaped ; 
inflated — Ampullaceous  sac,  one  of  the  hollow  cili- 
ated or  monad-line<l  chambers  of  many  sponges.  See  cuts 
imder  ciliate  and  Pori/era. 

Thus  is  formed  one  of  the  characteristic  ampullaceous 
sacs.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  501). 

Ampullacera  (am-pu-las'e-ra),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
ampulla  (see  ampulla)  +  Gr.  /ctpac,  honi.]  Same 
as  Anijihihold.     Qnoij  and  Gaimard,  1832. 

Ampullaceridse  (am-pul-a-ser'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Aiiijiullaeera  +  -ida;.]  Same  as  Amphi- 
bolhla:     Trosehel,  1845. 

ampullae,  ".     Plural  of  ampulla. 

ampullar  (am-pul'iir).  «.     Same  as  fl»yjKHnn/. 

Ampullaria  (am-p'ii-la'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  ain- 
pullarius,  iem.  of  L.  adj.:  see  n«y)«//(()v/.]  A 
genus  of  shell-bearing  gastropods,  typical  of 
the  tsaaily  Ampullariido'.    Lamarel;  1801. 

AmpuUariacea  (am-pu-la-ri-a'se-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Ampullaria  +  -0060.1  A  faiiiily  of  gas- 
tropods :  spionymous  mth  Ampullariida: 

ampullariid  (am-pu-lar'i-id),  n.  A  gastropod 
of  the  family  AnipuHariido!. 

Ampullariidae  (am-pul-a-ri'i-de),  «.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Ampullaria  +  -/(/«•.]     A  family  of  tienioglos- 

sate  gastropods 
having  a  lung- 
like  sac  in  addi- 
tion to  the  gills, 
the  muzzle  pro- 
duced into  two 
long  attenuate 
or  tentacle-like 
processes,  the 
true  tentacles 
elongated,  and 
the  eyes  pedun- 
culated. The  shells  are  subglobular,  conic,  or  discoidal 
in  form,  and  have  entire  ai>ertures  which  are  closed  by  con- 
centric opercula.  Tile  species  are  nunierous,  and  arc  chielly 
found  in  the  fresh  waters  of  tropical  and  .siilitropicil  coun- 
tries, many  of  them  being  known  a.s  applc-sliclls  and  idol- 
shclls.  Also  Awpullanad<e,  AmpuUuyiaeea,  and  Ampul- 
luriitir. 

Ampullariinse  (am-pu-la-ri-i'ne),  n.pl.     [NL., 

<  Ampullaria  +  -(««'.]  The  Ampullariida'  rated 
as  a  subfamily.  Also  written  Ampullariua-. 
Sn-iiin.<im,  1840. 

ampuUary  (am'pul-a-ri),  a.  [<  L.  ampullarius. 
n.,  a  tlask-makcr,  prop,  adj.,  <  ampulla,  a  llask: 
see  amjiulla.']  Resembling  an  ampulla;  globu- 
lar.    Also  ampullar. 

ampullate  (ani-])urat),  a.     [<ML.  <imjiullatu.i. 

<  L.  aiiiiiiilln  :  nee  ampulla.]  1.  Having  flic 
cliarncter  of  an  ampulla;  ampuUary. — 2.  Fur- 
iiislicd  witli  an  ampulla. 

ampulliform  (ani-pul'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  ampulla 
+  -i-fiirm.]  Sliai)od  like  an  ampulla;  llask- 
shajied;  l)\ilgiiig;  tlilatcd. 

ampulling-cloth  (am-pul'ing-kloth),  n.  [So 
calk^tl  hern  use  in  lOiigland  the  oil  was  iiueieiidy 


Apple-  or  Idol-shell  [AiMfiutlaria  carta- 

liculata).  South  America. 

c,  operculum  ;  s,  siphon. 


amuck 

of  amputarc,  cut  off  aroimd,  lop  off,  esp.  plants, 
prime,  <  «H(-  for  ambi-,  aroimd,  +  putare,  lop, 
prune,  cleanse,  <  puUw,  pure,  clean,  akin  to 
purus,  pure :  see pwfcaud  pure.]  If.  To  prune, 
as  branches  or  twigs  of  trees  or  vines. — 2.  To 
cut  off,  as  a  limb  or  other  part  of  an  animal 
body;  cut  away  the  whole  or  a  part  of  (more 
commonly  the  latter) :  as,  to  amputate  the  leg 
below  the  knee. 

amputation  (am-pii-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ampu- 
tatiij(ii-),  <  amputare,  amputate:  see  aiiijiutate.] 
The  act  of  amputating;  especially,  the  opera- 
tion of  cutting  off  a  limb  or  other  part  of  tlie 
body,  or  a  jiortion  of  it. 

amputational  (am-pii-ta'shpn-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  caused  by  amputation. 

amputator  (am'pu-ta-tor),  ».  [<  L.  as  if  *am- 
putiitiir,  <  amputare:  see  amputate.]  One  who 
araimtates. 

ampyx  (am'piks),  ». ;  pi.  ampyxes,  ampycen  (-ez, 
-pi-sez).  [<  Gr.  aii~v^  (d//:^y^-),  prob.  eonuectecl 
■ftith  lii'iirrri'/iTof,  ai'd-ri;^of,  that  may  be  ojjeii- 
ed  (folded  back),  <  avanTvaativ,  fold  back,  un- 
fold, opeu,  <  ava,  up,  back,  +  -rvaceiv  {-y/  "-m 
or  *-ri'v,  found  in  ^vKnCeiv,  wrap  up,  cover, 
~Tvx'l,  a  fold),  fold,  wrap ;  the  same  element 
occurs  in  diptych  auapolicy-.]  1.  In  Gr.  autiq.: 
(fl)  A  general  term  for  a  band  or  fillet  or  other 
female  head-dress  worn  encircling  the  head, 
particularly  when  made  of  metal,  or  bearing  in 


kept  in  an  ampulla;  <  ampul  + 


/I  -I-  .■/()//(.] 


V.nA*  of  two  iflfniclrciilar  C.in.-ili, 
wllh  their  retfi«ctlve  AmptilUr. 

"'^.  iiK  in  Utricularin  (wliicti 

III    VrrmrH,   11  tonniiinl 

at   seiniiiiil   dilctg.     i '' ) 

■  1   tlie  I'DiitriK'tilo  mnin- 

I   theMiniiii'M  of  the  pulliiil 

(e)  III  I  I'rtnin  iIiicUh,  one 

i  'lilntntioiis  of  the  tmoheal 

iiith.    Sfi'  li/m)innum.  Thero 

"inpullii,  or  ihoni  iniiy  bo  one 


In  tho  Jiom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  clolli  with  which  to 
wipe  away  I  he  oil  used  in  administering  the 
sacratnenl  of  e.vtri'nie  unction. 
ampullinula  (ani-pu-lin'u-lip,  «.;  ])1.  ampulliii- 
ula-  (-le).  [.NL.,  <  L.  ampulla  +  -in-a  +  dim. 
-ula.]  A  stage  in  Ihi'  ■■vdhition  of  llie  Carum- 
npiniyiiv  when  tho  lateral  amimlhe  are  first 
fonned. 

Tills  BtaKO  .  ,  .  wopropoBotocallthDylmpHHiHMjfl,  lie- 
can«e  the  name  protosponghe,  as  defliied  by  ilaeckel,  .  .  . 
is  not  applicable  to  such  an  ailvanccd  form  as  this. 

Ilj(iat,  I'roc.  ItoBt.  .Sue.  Nat.  lll»l.,  .X.XIIl.  S-. 

ampullositv  (am-ini-hm'i-ti),  n.  [<  It.  anipol- 
tiisild.  <  ML.  'ampullimtii(t-)a,  turgiditv,  bom- 
bast, <  am)iulli).tu.i :  see  ampullous.]  Inflated 
laiiiniage;  bomliast ;  turgidity.  BoinetiineH 
written  ampolbmiti/. 

IlldHt  ever  toiicli  Hllch  (impnUfmt]l 

Ah  the  iiian'H  own  bubble  lliis  Hpeecli],  let  nlono  ItH  spite? 
Ilruiriiin'i,  Itlng  and  Hook,  II.  :{'Jii. 

ampulloust  (am-iniruH),  a.  [=  I(.  ampulloso, 
Mlj.  ampulto.iu.i,  tnrifid,  inllntcd,  <  L.  am- 
pulla, n  IIiiMk,  (Ig.  swelling  words,  iMiiiiliaKl.] 
l'."Mstfiil;  vainnlorioiiH ;  inflated  or  lurgiil  in 
I  Mi;'iiiigi-.     .V.  !■:.  J). 

amputate  Oim'iiO-tfit),  v.  t,-  pret.  and  pp.  am- 
jiulnlrd,  p|.r.  ampulalini/.     [<  L.  amputatun,  ](p. 


Examples  of  Greek  Head-dresses  ^  Ampyxes). 

front  an  ornament  of  metal,  (b)  A  head-band 
for  horses;  also,  an  ornamental  jdate  of  metal 
covering  the  front  of  a  horse's  head. —  2.  [NL.] 
A  species  of  trilobite  or  fossil  crustacean,  found 
cliierty  in  Lower  Silurian  strata. 

amrita  (am-rit'a),  H.  [Also  Anglicized  am- 
recta;  Skt.  amrita  (vowel  jv)  (=  Gr.  aujipovn^ 
=  L.  immort-ali.i :  see  ambrosia  and  immortid), 
<  »-  pi'iv.  -I-  mrita,  dead,  <  t/  mar,  die.]  In 
Hindu  mijth.,  tho  ambrosia  of  the  gods;  the 
beverage  of  immortality,  tliat  resulted  from  the 
clnirning  of  tho  ocean  by  the  gods  and  demons. 

amryt,  «.     A  variant  of  ambry. 

amsel,  "•     See  am:cl. 

amshaspand  (am-shas'pand),  n.  [Pers..  im- 
mortal holy  one.]  In  Ziiroastrianism,  one  of 
six  e.\a,lted  angelic  beings  f(U-ming  tlie  train 
of  Almra-mazda,  or  Ormiizd,  the  gooil  divinity 
of  the  Persians.  Against  them  stand  aiTayed 
in  deadly  strife  six  devs  or  malignant  spirits, 
followers  of  Aliriman,  the  s|)irit  of  evil. 

It  was  easy  to  foresee  that  the  amshnspomh  of  the 
Persian  system  would  be  (puded  as  the  nearest  parallel  to 
the  archa'ngels  of  the  Holy  .Scriptures. 

Hani  wick,  Christ  and  Dther  blasters,  p.  6(12. 

Arastel  porcelain,  pottery.     See  porcelain, 

piillrry. 

amt  (unit),  ».  [Dan.  Norw.  amt,  an  nilministr.o- 
live  district,  <  G.  amt,  a  distrii't,  coiinly,  juris- 
diction, s]iecial  senses  derived  from  the  orig. 
oneof'sei'vice, office, '  =  Dan. <w/<((/c,  Hw.embele 
=  Norw.  dial,  cmbwtte  =  Icol.  cmbtvtti,  service, 
oflice,  =  Goth,  aiidlialiti  =  AS.  ambilit.  amluht, 
service:  seeambassadc,  etc.,  and  r  (»/»(.«)/.]  Tho 
largest  territorial  ailniiiiistralive  division  of 
Denmark  and  Norway:  as,  tliiw;m/ivf  .Mu'rslms. 
Each  of  these  two  countrii'S  is  diviiled  into  18 
amt.i. 

amt.     A  contraction  of  amount. 

amtman  (aint'uian),  «. ;  ]il.  amtmcu  (-men). 
[<  Dun.  Norw.  amtmand,  <  auit  (see  iiliovc)  + 
uianil  =  Sw.  man  =  E.  man.]  The  chief  execu- 
tivi'  iillleer  of  an  amt. 

amuck  (|i-miik'),  a.  or  adv.  [First  used  in  Pg. 
form,  amouri).  aniuco.  as  a  noun,  a  frenzied  Ma- 
lii.v;  afterward  amuck,  amock,  aniiil:,  almost  ex- 
clusively in  I  lie  )iliraserH«rnH «('/.■  .■  <  Miihiy  amoij, 
adj.,  "engaging  tiirionsly  in  Inittle,  attacking 
wiili  desiii'i'iite  i-esolutioii,  riisliing  in  a  state  of 
frenzy  to  llie  commission  of  iiidiscrimiiiato 
murder:  iipnlied  to  iiny  iiniiniil  in  a  state  of 
vii'ioiiH  rage"  (MaiHileii,  Miiliiy  Diet.).]  Liler- 
iillv,  in  It  state  of  mnnlerons  frenzy;  indiscrim- 
inntely  Hhiuglilering  or  Uilling:  n  term  used  in 
till'  lOnsterii  Areliipi'lngo.  m  i;m.'ll.><h  fonncrly  us  a 
riMiih,  Imt  now  urily  iim  lui  iid(rc(lvi-  or  (|iinKl-adverh  In  the 
pliiiiMe  til  run  auiueli.    \UiiwvHWnamuck,awuk,  —  ToruQ 


amucK 

amnclc.  M  To  rush  alwut  frantically,  attacking  all  who 
come  in'  the  way.    See  extract. 

Iji  Maluluir  Iho  ])erson8  of  Rajas  were  sacred.  ...  To 
shed  tile  lilciod  of  a  Kaja  was  regarded  as  a  heinous  sin, 
and  would  lie  followed  hy  a  terrible  revenge.  ...  If  the 
Zamorin  [emperor  of  Calicut]  was  killed,  his  sulijects 
devoted  three  days  to  revenge  ;  they  ran  aiiiuk,  us  it  was 
called,  killing  all  they  met  until  they  were  killed  them- 
selves, if  the  Kaja  of  Cochin  were  killed,  his  suljjects  ran 
amok  for  the  rest  of  their  lives. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  120. 

Hence  — (f>)  To  proceed  in  a  blind,  headstrong  manner, 
careless  of  consequences,  which  are  most  likely  to  be  dis- 
astrous. 

Satire's  my  weapon,  but  I'm  too  discreet 
To  run  a-muck,  and  tilt  at  all  I  meet. 

Pope,  Im.  of  Horace,  Sat.  i.  69. 
(Sometimes  written  in  two  words,  and  treated  as  a  noun 
with  the  iiidetinite  article. 

Ami  runs  an  Indian  muek  at  all  he  meets. 

Dnjden,  Hind  and  Panther,  iii.  11S8.1 

amula  (am'u-lii),  K. ;  pi.  amulas,  amulm  (-laz, 
-le).  [ML./cliin.  of  L.  OOTa:  see  OMfl.]  Same 
as  ampulla,  2  (a). 

The  archdeacon  who  follows  taking  their  amulas  of 
wine  and  pouring  them  into  a  larger  vessel. 

Ene>ie.  Brit.,  XVI.  609. 

amule  (am'ul),  n.     Same  as  «mi/?2. 
amulet  (am'u-let),  n.    [Formerly  also  amulette, 
Into  ME.  amalette,  amlette,  <  F.  amulette  =  Sp. 
I'jl-  It.  umuleto  =  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw. 
«»(»/('<=  Kuss.  amidctii,  etc.,ih. 
(I  III  iilrtiim  (iu  Pliny),  a  word  of  un- 
known origin.]     Some  object  su- 
perstitiously  worn  as  a  remedy 
for  or  preservative  against  dis- 
i-ase,  bad  luck,  accidents,  witch- 
craft,  etc.    Amulets  have  been  used 
from  ancient  times,  and  are  still  worn 
in  many  parts  of  the  world.     They  con- 
sist of  certain  stones,  or  plants,  or  of 
bits  of  metal,  parchment,  or  paper,  with 
or  without  mystic  characters  or  words. 
The  gospels  and  saints'  relics  have  been 
used  in  this  way.     The  Mohammedans 
use  diminutive  copies  of  the  Koran  hung 
around  the    neck.     From   the  heathen       Amulets :  i  from 
and  the  Jews  the  custom   passed  into    the    Vatican;    2. 
the  primitive  Christian  church,  where  it    from  a  private  col- 
was  long  maintained  in  spite  of  the  de-     lection, 
crees  of  ecclesiastical  councils  and  the 
protests  of  the  more  intelligent  clergy.     Amulets  of  va- 
rious forms  have  been  found  in  the  catacombs,  many  of 
them  inscribed  with  the  word  ichthys,  fish,  because  this 
represented  the  initials  of   the  Greek  words  for  Jesus 
Christ,  Son  of  God,  Saviour.    (See  ichthys.)   They  were  sus- 
peiidL-d  from  the  neck  or  affixed  to  some  part  of  the  body. 
Sec  pltiihieterfi,  3.  =Syil.  Amulet,  Talisman.     An  amulet 
is  supposed  to  exert  a  constant  protecting  power,  ward- 
ing otf  evil ;  a  taUsrnun,  to  produce  under  special  condi- 
tions desired  results  for  the  owner. 
amuletict  (am-ii-let'ik),  a.     [<  amulet  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  possessing  tbe  virtues  of  an 
amulet:  as,  ajKijtefi'c  medicines. 
aman   (am'un),  «.     [Hind,   and  Bang,  aman, 
diiiun,  winter  rice,  sown  in  July  and  August, 
and  reaped  in  December.]     Same  as  aghaiice. 
amurcosityt  (am-er-kos'i-ti),  n.     [^<  amiircous  : 
sen-o.s(7i/.]  The  quality  of  being  amurcous.  Ash. 
amUTCOUSt  (a-mer'kus),a.  [<  L.  amurca,  another 
form  of  ainurga,<.  6r.  a/idpyr/,  usually  a/«5p)Tzr, 
the  watery  part  that  runs  out  when  olives  are 
pressed,  <  uficpyeiv,  press,  squeeze,  prob.  akin  to 
afie'Ayen;  milk,  =  E.   milk,  q.  v.]     Full  of  dregs 
or  lees ;  foul.     Ash. 
am'USable  (a-mii'za-bl),  a.     liF.amusaUe:  see 
amuse  and  -able.}  "  Capable  of  being  amused. 

Trying  to  amuse  a  man  who  was  not  amusable. 

Mrs.  Gaske-U,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  v. 

He  was  otherwise  not  a  very  amusable  person,  and  off 
his  own  ground  he  was  not  conversable. 

Howells,  A  Modern  Instance,  xxii. 


189 


amygdaloid 


It  would  he  amming  to  make  a  digest  of  the  irrational  amyctic  (a-mik'tik),  a.     [<  Gr.  a/iVKTiK6c,  lacer- 
'■•■'•  •— '  "••■""°  •■"""  '-"■"■■'  '—  *•-'■  """^■■„,„..nt.     .^j_|„j,^  <  A/ilinmiv,  lacerate,  scratch,  tear.]     Ex- 

(•.(iria)int<;  irritating.     N.  E.  D. 
amyelencephalic  (a-mi''''e-len-se-farik  or  -sef- 

ii-li)c),  <i.     S;iiii(!  its  amyelcncephalous. 

amyelencephalous    (a-mi"e-lcn-sef'a-lus),    a. 

[<  NL.  aiin/i liHccphatns,  without  spinal  cord 
and  brain,  <  Gr.  aiwe'lor,  without  marrow,  + 
iyKitjia'Aor,  brain:  see  o-l8  and  myelencephaUm.} 
In  teratoL,  having  neither  brain  nor  spinal  cord ; 
wanting  the  iiiyoloneephalon. 

amyeli,  ".     Plural  of  amyelus. 

amyelia  (am-i-eriji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a/i/t^c: 
scu  aiiii/eluus.}  Congenital  absence  of  the  spi- 
nal cord. 


laws  which  liad  critics  have  framed  for  the  government 
of  poets.  Macaulaii,  Moore's  Byron. 

While  the  nation  groaned  under  oppression  .  .  .  ITciii- 
Iilel  amused  himself  by  writing  memoirs  and  tying  up 
apricots.  Maeaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

=  Syn.  3.  Amum,  Divert,  Entertain,  Betjuile,  o'ccupy, 
please,  enliven.  A'muse  may  imply  merely  the  prevention 
of  the  tedium  of  idleness  or  emptiness  of  mind ;  as,  I  can 
amtise  myself  by  looking  out  at  the  window ;  or  it  may 
suggest  a  stronger  interest:  as.  I  was  greatly  amused  liy 
their  tricks.  Divert  is  to  turn  tin-  attciitiun  a.side,  and  (in 
the  use  considered  here)  to  something  liulit  or  niiitliiiil. 
Entertain  is  to  engage  and  sustain  the  attention  liy  sonie- 
thiug  of  a  pleasing  and  perhaps  instriutivf  rliitnirtir,  as 
conversation;  hence  the  general  name  <  titirtniinnent  for 
lectures,  exhibitions,  etc.,  designed  to  interest  in  this  way. 
'Whatever  amiLies  serves  to  kill  time,  to  lull  the  faculties 


and  banish  rellcction;  it  may  be  solitary,  sedentary,  and  amvelotrODhv  (a-mi-e-lot'ro-fi),  7i.      [<  Gr. 
lifeless:    wlialcver  diverts  causes  mirth   and   provokes     „„*^^j^_    mnvr-nwlpss  («po  nmi/Hnw,)    +  -TiioAia 
laughter;  it  will  be  active,  lively,  and  tumultuous:  what-     auve/MC,  marrowlcss  (see  amyeious),  -r    yjoipm, 
■        ■       ..        .  -     <  Tp%iv,  nourish.]    Atrophy  of  tlio  spinal  cord. 


ever  enterfitiin^  acts  on  the  senses  and  awakens  the  under- 
standing ;  it  must  be  rational  and  is  mostly  social. "  Crabh. 
ISetiuile  is,  figuratively,  to  cheat  one  out  of  weariness,  of 
dull  time,  etc.  The  word  is  as  often  thus  applied  to  the 
thing  as  to  the  person :  as,  to  beguile  a  weary  hour ;  to  be- 
guile one  of  his  cares. 
I  am  careful  ...  to  amuse  you  by  the  account  of  all  I 


amyelous  (a-mi'c-lus),  a.  l<  NL.  amyelus,  < 
(ir.  a/ii'c'/.or,  maiTowless,  <  a-  priv.  +  five'Adr, 
marrow:  see  myelon.']  Without  spinal  mar- 
row :  in  teratol.,  applied  to  a  fetus  which  lacks 

.  .  .  ,_ ^  .  the  spinal  cord. 

hadu  Montagu,  Letters,  I.  110.    {N.  E.  D.)  amyelus  (a-mi'e-lus),  M. ;  pi.  amyeli  (-11).  [NL. : 

see  amyelous.']     In  teratol.,  a  monster  charac- 
terized by  the  absence  of  the  spinal  cord. 

amyencephalous  (a-mi-on-sef 'a-lus),  a.  A  con- 
traction of  umycleiicephulous. 

amygdalt  (a-mig'dal),  n.  [<  ME.  amyijdel,  AS. 
aiiiyijdal,  aii  almond,  <  L.  amyr/dala  :  see  amyg- 
dala.']    1.  An  almond. —  2.  A  tonsil. 


The  stage  its  ancient  fury  thus  let  fall, 
And  comedy  diverted  without  gall. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iii.  777. 

There  is  so  much  virtue  in  eight  volumes  of  Spectators 
.  .  .  that  they  are  not  improper  to  lie  in  parlours  or  sum 
mer-houses,  to  entertain  our  thoughts  in  any  moments  ol 
leisiu-e.  Watts. 

The  reason  of  idleness  and  of  crime  is  the  deferring  of 


our  hopes.    Whilst  we  are  waiting,  we  beguile  the  time  amvedala  (a-mig'da-la),  n.;  pi.  amyadalw  (-\e). 

with  iokes    with  »,eer,    with  ent.ino-    and  with  crimes.  j.^J'S^^  allUOnd  ;    SlL.  and  NL.,   a  toVlSil  :    SCO  «{- 

mond.]  1.  An  almond. —  2.  A  tonsil. —  3.  A 
small  rounded  lobule  of  the  cerebellum  on  its 
under  side. — 4.  A  small  mass  of  gray  matter  in 
front  of  the  end  of  the  descending  comu  of  the 
lateral  ventricle  of  the  brain.  Also  called  the 
amygdaloid  nucleus. —  5.  leap.]  In  ;:odl.:  (a) 
A  genus  of  eehinoderms.  (It)  A  genus  of  mol- 
lusks. 
amygdalaceous  (a^mig-da-la'shius),  a.  [<  L. 
amygdalaceus,  similar  to  the  almond-tree,  < 
amygdala,  aXvaonA:  see  almond.]  Akin  to  the 
almond:  as,  amygdalaceous  ■pla.v.is. 


with  jokes,  with  sleep,  with  eating,  and  with  crimes. 

Emerson,  Nominalist  and  Kealist. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  muse;  meditate. 

Or  in  some  pathless  wilderness  amusing. 
Plucking  the  mossy  bark  of  some  old  tree. 

Lee,  Lucius  Junius  Brutus. 

amusee  (a-mu-ze'),  «.  [<  amuse  +  -eel.]  The 
person  amused.     Carlyle.     [Bare.] 

amusement  (a-miiz'ment),  >i.  [<  F.  amuscmcn  t  : 
see  amu.'iean'A-men.t.]  '  If.  Absorbing  thought ; 
meditation;  musing;  reverie. 

Here  I  .  .  .  fell  into  a  strong  and  deep_  amusement,  re- 
volving in  my  mind,  with  great  perplexity,  the  amazing 
change  of  our  affairs.  Bp.  Fleetwood,  Pref.  to  Lay  Baptism. 


2.  Tlie  State  of  being  amused;  mental  enjoy-  amygdalae,  «.     Plural  of  amygdala. 


ment  or  diversion;   moderate  mirth  or  merri 
ment  due  to  an  external  cause. 

Among  the  means  tow.ards  a  higher  civilization,  I  un- 
hesitatingly assert  that  the  deliberate  cultivation  of  pub- 
lic amusetnent  is  a  principal  one. 

Jevons,  Social  Reform,  p.  7. 

3.  That  which  amuses,  detains,  or  engages  the 
mind ;  jjastime ;  entertainment :  as,  to  provide 
children  with  amusements. 

During  his  confinement,  his  amusement  was  to  give  poi- 
son to  cats  and  dogs,  and  see  them  expire  by  slower  or 
quicker  torments.  Pope. 

=  Syn.  3.  Entertaininant,  Diversion,  etc.  (see  pastime), 
sport. 

amuser  (a-mu'zer),  n.  One  who  amuses;  one 
who  provides  diversion. 

amusette  (am-u-zef ),  n.  [F.  (dim.  of  'amtise),  a 
light  gun,  a  toy,  amusement,  <  amuser,  amuse.] 
A  light  field-cannon,  invented  by  Marshal  Saxe, 
designed  for  outpost  service.     Larousse. 

amusingly  (a-mu'zing-li),  adv.  In  an  amusing 
manner. 


amygdala'te  (a-mig'da-lat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
amygdala,  almond,  +  -atel.]  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to,  resembling,  or  made  of  almonds. 

II.  n.  1.  Aii   emulsion  made  of    almonds; 
milk  of  almonds. — 2.  A  salt  of  amygdaUc  acid. 

amygdalic  (am-ig-dal'ik),  a.  [<  L.  amygdala, 
almond, -I- -(c]  Derived  from  almonds — Amyg- 
dalic acid,  an  acid  (CjoHo^Oxa)  obtained  from  bitter  al- 
monds. 

amygdaliferous  (a-mig-da-lif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
amygdala,  almond,  +  ferre  =  E.  heart-.]  Pro- 
ducing almonds  ;  almond-bearing:  sometimes 
used  as  nearly  synonynious  with  amygdaloidal, 
that  is,  of  a  rock  containing  amygdules. 

amygdalin  (a-mig'da-lin),  H.  [<  L.  amygdala, 
almond,  -(-  -in".]  A  crystalline  principle  (C20 
H27NO11  +  3H2O)  existing  in  bitter  almonds, 
and  in  the  leaves,  etc.,  of  species  of  the  genus 
I'runus  and  of  some  of  its  near  allies.  It  was  the 
earliest  known  of  the  numerous  glucoside  bodies  existing 
in  plants.  Its  aqueous  solution,  mixed  with  emulsin,  is  de- 
composed, yielding  hydrocyanic  acid  and  bitter-almond  oiL 


amusive  (a-mu'ziv),  «.    l<  amuse +  -ive.]    Hav-  amygdaline  (a-mig'da-lin),  er.     [<  L.  amygda- 
ing  power  to  amuse  or  entertain  the  mind;  af-     linus,  <  Gr.  hfivyialivo^,  <  ajivySaAjj,  almond:  see 


amuse  (a-mtiz'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  amused,  ppr. 
amusing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  amuze,  ammuse, 
ammuze;  <  F.  amuser,  <  a-  (L.  ad,  to)  +  OF. 
muscr,  stare,  gaze  fixedly,  >  E.   muse^,  q.  v.] 

1.  trans.  If.  To  cause  to  muse ;  absorb  or  en- 
gage in  meditation;  occupy  or  engage  wholly; 
bewilder;  puzzle. 

People  stood  amused  between  these  two  forms  of  ser- 
vice. Fuller. 
Amuse  not  thyself  about  the  riddles  of  future  things. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  13. 

2.  To  keep  in  expectation,  as  by  flattery,  plau- 
sible pretenses,  and  the  like ;  delude ;  "keep  in 
play. 

He  amused  his  followers  with  idle  promises.     John.wn. 
Bishop  Henry  .  .  .  amused  her  with  dubious  answers, 
and  kept  her  in  suspense  for  some  days. 

Su\ft,  Kiug  Stephen. 

3.  To  fix  the  attention  of  agreeably ;  engage 
the  fancy  of;  cause  to  feel  cheerful  or  merry; 
entertain;  divert:  as,  to  amune  an  audience 
■with  anecdotes  or  tricks,  or  children  with  toys. 

A  group  of  mountaineer  children  amusing  themselves 
with  pushing  stones  from  the  top. 

W.  Crili'in.  Tour  of  the  Lakes. 


fordmg  amusement  or  entertainment.    [Rare.]     almond.] 
A  grave  proficient  in  amusive  feats  almoud. 

Of  puppetry.  Wordsworth,  Excursion,  v.     brain. 

amusively  (a-mu'ziv-li),  adv.    In  an  amusive  amygdalitis  (a-mig-da-li'tis) 
manner. 
amusiveness  (a-mu'ziv-nes),  n.     The  quahty 


Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
Pertaining  to  the  amygdala  of  the 


^  «.      [NL.,<ML. 

amygdala,  tonsil  (see  amygdala,  2),  +  -itis.]    In- 

_       flammation  of  the  tonsils. 

of  being  amusive,  or  of  "bemg  fitted  VafEord  amygdaloid  (a-mig'da-loid),  a.  and  »j.     [<  Gr 
amusement.  auv^du/,/,  almond  (see  almond),  +  £(dof,_form._] 

a'myt,  n.     [<  ME.  amy,  ami,  <  OP.  (and  mod.  F.) 
ami,  m.,  amie,  f.,  <  L.  amicus,  m.,  amica,  f.,  a 


friend:  see  amiable,  amor.  So  the  fem.  per- 
sonal name  Ami),  which  is,  however,  partly 
<  F.  Aimec,  <  L.  amata,  fem.  of  amatus,  beloved, 
pp.  of  amare,  love.]     A  friend. 

"  Thou  hel  amu,  thou  pardoner,"  he  seyde. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  32. 

Amyclaean (am-i-kle'an),  a.  [< L.  Amyclwus,  Gr. 
'A//i)/i/.a(0<;,  <  L.  Amyclw,  Gr.  'AavK/.ai.]  Of  orper- 
taining  to  Amyclte,  an  ancient  town  of  Laconia, 
Greece,  or  to  a  town  of  the  same  name  in  La- 
tium,  or  to  the  inhabitants  of  either.  According 
to  one  tradition  the  inhabitants  of  the  former  city,  or  ac- 
cordiu"  to  .another  those  of  the  latter,  were  so  frequently 
alarnieTl  by  false  rumors  of  invasion  that  a  law  was  made 
prohibiting  all  mention  of  the  subject.  The  result  was 
that  when  the  invasion  came  no  alarm  was  given,  and  the 
city  was  taken;  hence  the  phrase  Ainiieleean  silence. — 
Amyclaean  brothers,  Castor  and  Pollux,  twin  sons  of 
Zeus  and  Leda.  born,  according  to  one  form  of  the  legend, 
at  AmycUe  in  Laconia. 


I.  a.  1.  Al- 
mond-shaped. 
— 2.  Pertaining 
to  or  resem- 
bling amvgda- 
loid.— 3.  "  Per- 
taining to  the 
amygdalifi;  ton- 

silar.— Amygda- 
loid       nucleus. 

See  ainitgdala.  4. — 

Amygdaloid  tu- 
bercle, a  iiroini- 
nence  in  the  roof 
of  the  terminal  por- 
tion of  the  descending  comu  of  the  lateral  ventricle  of  the 
brain,  formed  by  the  amygdaloid  nucleus. 

II.  n.  The  name  given  by  geologists  to  igne- 
ous rocks  or  lavas  of  various  composition,  o£ 
which  the  most  ob%'ious  external  feature  is 
that  they  have  an  amygdaloidal  sti'ucture.  (See 
amygdaloidal.)    The  basalts  are  the  rocks  which  are 


An  Amygdaloid  (Diabase^  with  calcite 
nodules  or  amygdules. 


amygdaloid 

most  liable  to  be  fomid  possessing  an  amygdaloidal  struc- 
ture, and  especially  those  older  basalts  frequently  called 

mfliifh  '/r.     Also  called  matidlestone. 
amygdaloidal  (a-mig-da-loi'dal),  a.     Same  as 

amyivi'il'iid :    speeifieally,   in  geol.,   having  a 

cellular  or  vesicular  sti-ueture:  said  of  lava, 

whether  of  modem  or  ancient  origin,  in  which 

spherical  or  almond-shaped  (whence  the  name) 

cavities  were  formed  by  the  expansion  of  steam 

contained  in  the  rocks  at  the  time  of  its  con- 
solidation, and  which  have  later  become  fiUed 

with  varions  minerals,  especially  quartz,  cal- 

cite,  or  the  zeolites.    The  rock  having  this  character  is 

called  an  amyndalovi,  and  the  cavities  themselves,  as  thus 

lilled  by  the  "percolation  of  heated  water  through  the 

body  of  thi;  rock,  are  called  amyydules. 
amygdalotomy  (a-mig-da-lot'o-mi),  n.     [<  6r. 

a/ivyid'/Ji,  an  almond  (tonsil),  +  tou>j,  a  cutting, 

<  TCfivcm,  Tofie'iv,  cut.]     The  cutting  of  the  ton- 
sils: excision  of  a  portion  of  a  tonsil. 
Amygdalos  (a-mig'da-lus),  n.    [XL.,  <  L.  ami/ff- 

dalun.    <   Gt.    aui-jia'/.oc,    an   almond-tree:   see 

amygdalaJ]    A  genus  of  plants,  the  almonds, 

properly  included  in  the  genus  Fniiius  (which 

sec  I. 
amygdule   (a-mig'dul),   «.      [<  amygd(ala)  +  ,  ,     .     ,        .,,,.., 

-till  ]     One  of  the  crystalline  nodules  found  in  amylolysiS  (ain-i-lol  i-sis),  h. 

amygdaloid  (which  see). 
amyPt  (am'il),  n.     [<  L.  amyhim,  starch,  <  Gr. 

a/iv'/ov  (sc.   a'f.ivfiov,  meal:    see  Aleiirites),  fine 

meal,  a  cake  of  such  meal,  starch,  prop.  neut. 

of  afiv/.oi,  not  ground  at  the  mill,  <  a-  priv.  + 

Itv'/Ji,  mill,  =L.  mola,  mill:  see  milt^  and  meal'^.'] 

Starch ;  fine  flour. 

Of  wheat  is  made  amijl. 
B.  (Jooye,  tr.  of  Heresbach's  Husb. 


,  p.  27  b.    (X  E.  D.) 

amyl^  (am'il),  n.  [Formerly  amijle,  <  L.  a»n(j/- 
lum),  tir.  au{v>.ov),  starch,  +  -yl,  <  Gr.  vAjj, 
matter.]  A  hypothetical  radical  (C5H11)  be- 
lieved to  exist  in  many  compounds,  as  amylie 


190 

of  granulosa  which  is  soluble  in  water;  soluble 
starch, 
amylogenic  (a-mil-o-jen'ik),  a.    Pertaining  to 
or  composed  of  amylogen:  as,  an  amylogenic 
bodv.     See  ainyloplast. 
't^'\'  amyloid  (am'i-loid),  a.  and  n.     [<  Gr.  afiv?Mv 
^_,1^     (L-  (imyliim),  starch,  +  fMof,  form.]     I,  a.  Re- 
sembling amylum,  or  starch — Amyloid  corpus- 
cles, corpora  amyl.<u:ea  (which  see,  under  a.rj/ii*).— Amy- 
loid degeneration  or  infiltration,  inpailwl..  lardaceous 
disease  iwhicli  see,  under  ((m(a«otto-).— Amyloid  sub- 
Stance,  lardocein  (which  see). 

II,  H.  In  hot.,  a  semi-gelatinous  substance, 
analogous  to  starch,  met  with  in  some  seeds, 
and  becoming  yellow  in  water  after  having  been 
colored  blue  by  iodine  (Lindley) ;  a  member  of 
the  cellulose  group  of  vegetalile  organic  com- 
pounds, comprising  cellulose,  starch,  gum,  the 
sugars,  etc. 
amyloidal  (am-i-loi'dal),  a.  Having  the  con- 
stitution of  or  resembling  an  amyloid. 

\Mienever  proteid  substances  or  fats,  or  amyloidal  mat- 
ters, are  being  converted  into  the  more  highly  oxidated 
waste  products — urea,  carbonic  acid,  and  water — heat  is 
necessarily  evolved. 

Buxleij  and  Toumans,  Physiol.,  §  157. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  auv- 
?.ov,  starch,  +  '/.vaiq,  solution,  <  'Aveiv,  dissolve.] 
The  digestion  of  starch,  or  its  conversion  into 
sugar. 
amylolytic  (am"i-lo-lit'ik),  o.  [<  amylolysiS, 
after  Gr.  adj.  XtTKOf,  <  7,vew,  dissolve.]  Per- 
taining to  amylolysiS ;  dissolving  starch:  as, 
the  amylolytic  ferment  of  the  pancreas. 

It  has  been  known  for  the  last  five  years  that  the  main 
product  of  the  ainylohitic  action  of  saliva  is  maltose. 

Science,  V.  139. 


amylometer  (am-i-lom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  afiv- 
'/.ov,  starch,  +  fiirpov,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  testing  the  amount  of  starch  in  any 
substance. 


alcohol,  etc.     it  cannot  exist  in  the  free  state,  two  „„„i„„i-„4.   ,„„,/;  is  „is-,fN    „       rf  fir    n„„5n,. 
-       ■  the  moment  of  its  liberation  combining  to  amyloplast  (am  1-lo-plast),  n.     [<  Gr.   ajJvAov 

-  ■     ■■  "       ■        starch, -(--/aarof,  verbal  adj.  of  7r/la(7(T«i',  form.] 

A  starch-formbig  corpuscle  or  granule,  fovind 
within  the  protoplasm  of  vegetable-cells.  These 
granules  are  colorless  or  but  faintly  tinged  with  yellow, 
and  are  the  points  around  which  starch  accumulates.  They 
are  also  cJiUed  leucopla-^tids  or  aniylo;n'nic  bodies. 


molecules  at  

fonn  the  substance  decane,  CjpHoo,  a  double  amy]  mole 
cule.  Aniyl  compounds  enter  into  the  constitution  of  ar- 
tlHcial  essences  of  fruits.  They  were  fli'st  otitained  from 
spirit  distilled  after  the  fermentation  of  starchy  materials. 
Also  written  a mufe.— Hydrate  of  amyl,  same  a.s  amytic 
alcohol  (which  see,  under  n/c/iuO.  — Nitrite  Of  amyl, 
CjH  1 1  X()>,  an  amber-colored  tluid  with  an  ethereal  f riuty 
odor  and  aromatic  taste.  Its  principal  i)liysiological  ctfcct 
in  nuj^Icrale  doses  is  the  pai-alysis  of  the  vasomotor  nerves 
throughout  the  Iwdy,  with  consequent  relaxation  of  tlie 
arterioles  and  lowering  of  the  pressure  of  tlie  blood.  Thera- 
peutically it  is  used  when  this  effect  seems  desirable,  as  in 
angina  pectoris,  in  the  onset  of  epileptic  attacks,  ischemic 
megrims,  etc.  It  is  generally  inhaled  througli  the  nostrils, 
b  to  10  drops  being  applied  to  them  on  a  cloth. 
amylaceous  (am-i-lii'shius),  a.  [<  L.  amylum, 
starch,  -I-  -accoiis.']  Composed  of  or  resembling 
stanli;  starchy. 

amylamine  (ara-il-am'in),  n.  [<  amyl"  +  am- 
iiii .]  An  organic  base  produced  by  treating 
amyl  cyanate  with  caustic  potash.  There  are 
three  aniylamines  known,  which  are  regarded  as  anniio- 
nias  til  which  1,  2,  and  3  atoms  of  hydrogen  are  respec- 
tively replaced  by  1,  2,  and  3  molecules  of  the  radical  amyl. 
The  fiinnulas  of  these  bodies,  therefore,  are  >"Ho(tv,Hi  1), 
Nll(C.-,lln>j,  andN(C5Hii)3- 
amylate  (am'i-Iat),  n.  [<  a)«;/(l  +  -akl.]  A 
eoinjioiiiid  of  starch  with  a  base. 
amyl-COm  (am'il-kom),  n.    An  erroneous 

iiii:  fit  (i/iirl-ffirn, 

amylet,  "-     Former  spelling  of  nmj/^. 
amylene  fam'i-len),  «.     [<  amyl-  +  -oie.l     A 
liyilriMurlKin  (CVHiq)  obtained  by  the  dehydra- 
tion of  umylic  alcohol  by  means  of  zinc  chlorid, 
etc.     Amylene  is  a  light,  lim 
■  faint  odor.    At  ordinary  teiii. 

orat«-ii.      It  TK,iuu-iuM;g  anesthetic  properties,  and  has  been 
tried  an  a  mibntllute  for  chloroform,  but  iinsucceasfully, 


amylopsin  (am-i-lop'sin),  II.  [<  Gr.  auvlov,  fine 
meal,  starch,  -I-  b^'ir,  appearance,  +  -in-.']  A 
name  which  has  been  given  to  the  amylolytic 
ferment  of  the  pancreas.     See  amylolysiS. 

amylose  (am'i-16s),  n.  [<  aniyft  +  -osc.']  One 
of  the  three  groups  into  which  the  carbohy- 
drates are  divided,  the  others  being  glucose 
and  saccharose.  The  principal  members  of  this  group 
are  starch,  dextrin,  cellulose,  and  natural  gum.  They 
have  the  formula  CcHioOs,  or  some  multiple  of  it. 

amylvim  (am'i-lum),  n.  pj.,<  Gr.  afiv'/.ov:  see 
«mi//l.]     Starch. 

amyosthenia  (a-mi-o-sthe'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(1-  jiriv.  +  /lix  (,'"'0-),  inuscle,  +  cdivo^,  strength.] 
In  patliol.,  a  want  of  muscular  strength,  or  a  de- 
ficiency of  the  power  of  mtiscular  contraction. 

amyosthenic  (a-mi-o-sthen'ik),  n.  [<  amyosthe- 
nia +  -»■.]  In  iiicd.ja,  tlrug  that  lessens  muscu- 
lar notion, 
np^.ll.  amyotrophic  (a-mi-o-trof'ik),  a.  [<  amyotro- 
jihy.]  (Jonuected  with  or  jicrtaining  to  muscu- 
lar atrophy.- Amyotrophic  lateral  sclerosis,  scle- 
rosis of  the  lateral  columns  of  the  spinal  cord,  in  whicli  the 
degenerative  changes  extend  to  the  cells  of  the  anterior 
coMMia.  involving  degeneration  of  the  motor  nerves  and 

__ _        atiojiliv  of  tile  iiiilsclcH. 

pid'  colorle.18  liquid  having  amyotrophy  (am-i-ot'ro-fi),  n.     [<  NL.  'amyo- 

ijieratures  It  speedily  cvap-      trojiliia,  <  (jr.  «- priv.  +  uiic  (//uo-),  muscle,  -I- 

-r/)oV>(a,  <  T/jf'0£(i',  nourish.]    In  pa Wio^,  atrophy 

of  the  muscles. 


it  luui  proved  to  be  extremely  dangerous.  /        /•        \  ry    ri-     a   .    ..     ».»»*; 

TJ,,.f.i„    amyous   (am'i-us),  a.     [<   Gr.   a»i'oc  wanting 

^ '■"'"""    '     ■-  ■   priv. -1- //!"(■  (/ii'O-),  muscle.] 

.V.  A".  /). 


amyllc  fa-mil'lk),  «.     [<  amiil-  +  -if.'] 
iiii-  ti.  :,ii  ■.  I ;  derived  from  tlio  radical  amyl 


an- 

amyztli(a-mist'li),  H.  [Native  name.]  A  name 
of  one  of  the  large  otaries  or  eared  seals  of  the 
Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  probably  Eur 
metopias  stcllcri  or  Zalophus  gillesjnei. 

amzel  (am'zel),  «.  [<  OD.  amsel  or  G.  amsel  = 
E.  oil -(I,  q.  v.]  1.  A  name  of  the  ouzel  or 
blackbird  of  Europe,  Turdiis  mcriila  or  Mertila 
vulgaris.  Montagu. — 2.  A  name  of  the  ring- 
ouzel  of  Europe,  Tardus  torquatus  or  Merula 
iorquata.  Hay. 
Also  spelled  amsel. 

an^,  a  (an,  a,  or  an,  a).  r<  ME.  an,  before  a  vowel, 
occasionally  before  a  consonant ;  n,  before  a  con- 
sonant (see"o'-)  I  <  AS.  an,  an,  with  the  reg.  adj. 
declension  in  sing,  and  pi.  (pi.  aiie,  some,  cer- 
tain), and  the  same  word  as  an,  one,  its  use  as 
an  indef.  art.  being  comparatively  rare.  Wlien 
so  used,  it  was  without  emphasis,  and  became  in 
ME.  short  in  quantity  (hence  E.  short  an,  a), 
while  the  numeral  an,  retaining  its  emphasis 
and  quantity,  developed  reg.  into  E.  one,  pro- 
nounced on  "(as  in  only,  al-onc,  at-one),  in  mod. 
times  corrupted  to  won  and  finally  to  wim :  see 
onc.'\  The  indefinite  article.  As  between  the  two 
forms  of  this  word,  the  general  rule  is  tliat  an  be  used 
before  an  initial  vowel-sound  of  the  following  word,  and  a 
before  an  initial  consonant-sound ;  thus,  an  eagle,  an  an- 
swer, also  a  n  hour  (the  h  being  silent) ;  and  a  bird,  o  youth, 
a  wonder,  also  a  use,  a  eulogy,  a  one  (these  three  words 
being  pronounced  as  if  they  began  with  y  or  w).  But  on 
is  still  sometimes  used  before  a  consonant-sound,  espe- 
cially before  the  we,ak  consonant  h ;  and  in  written  style, 
and  ill  more  formal  spoken  style,  an  is  by  many  (especially 
in  Enghin.l)  required  before  the  initial  h  of  a  wholly  un- 
accented syllable,  as  if  such  an  h  were  altogether  silent: 
thus,  an  hotel,  but  a  hostess;  aiihistorian,  but  a  history; 
an  hypothesis,  but  a  hypothetical.  In  colloquial  speech, 
and  increasingly  in  writing,  a  is  used  in  all  these  cases 
alike.  As  by  its  derivation,  so  also  in  meaning,  an  or  a 
is  a  weaker  or  less  distinct  one.  (1)  In  certain  phrases, 
and  with  certain  nouns,  it  still  has  neaily  the  value  ol 
one:  thus,  two  of  n  trade :  they  were  both  of  a  size ;  a 
hundred,  a  thousand,  a  million.  (2)  Usually,  as  the  indefi- 
nite article  proper,  it  points  out,  in  a  loose  way,  an  indi- 
vidual as  one  ol  a  class  containing  more  of  the  same  kind : 
thus,  give  me  a  pint  of  milk ;  he  ate  an  apple ;  they  built 
a  house ;  we  see  a  man ;  the  earth  has  a  moon ;  our  sun  is  a 
fixed  star.  (3)  Hence,  before  a  proper  noun,  it  implies  ex- 
tension of  the  name  or  character  of  the  individual  to  a, 
class :  thus,  he  is  a  Cicero  in  eloquence ;  they  built  up  a 
new  England  in  America— that  is,  a  person  like  Ciceio,  a 
coniitry  like  England.  (4)  A  is  used,  apparently,  before 
a  plural  noun,  if  J'ew  or  many  (now  only  yreat  many,  or 
(]ond  many)  stands  between ;  thus,  a  J'ew  apples,  a  yreat 
imniu  soldiers;  but  the  plural  noun  is  here  historically  a 
genitive  partitive  dependent  on/eu\  many.  (.1)  It  is  used 
distriliutively,  or  with  the  meaning  of  each  or  rfrry,  in 
such  phr.ascs  as  two  dollars  a  piece,  tliree  times  a  day, 
five  cents  an  ounce;  but  a  or  an  is  here  historically  a 
preposition.  See  a^.  An  or  a  always  precctles  the  noim 
to  which  it  belongs,  and  in  general  also  any  olher  adjeclivo 
word  (pialifying  the  same  noun;  but  7rhat  and  .fneli  come 
before  it;  thus,  7(7in(  a  shame!  jiucfc  a  beauty ;  and  so  also 
any  aiijective  preceded  byAoie,  or  so,  or  as,  or  (00:  thus, 
hoii<  great  a  calamity,  .to  r.are  a  case,  as  gooil  a  man,  too 
early  n  death.  Many  o  is  a  phrase  of  peculiar  meaning. 
See  many. 

an''^  (an,  an),  rnnj.  [A  reduced  form  of  and, 
existing  from  tlio  earliest  ME.  period,  and  often 
then  so  written j  but  in  mod.  literature  an  for 
and  copulative  is  admitted  only  in  representa- 
tions of  dialectal  or  'vulgar'  speech,  and  is  then 
usually  jirintcd  an'.  In  conversation,  however, 
thmigfi  not  in  formal  speech,  the  d  is  generally 
driipiied,  especially  before  a  word  beginning 
witli  a  consonant,  and  the  vowel  maybe  woak- 
encd  to  the  point  of  vanishing.  An'  for  and,  if, 
is  arcluiio  in  literature,  and  is  generally  printed 
an,  in  distinction  from  and  copulative.]  I,  Co- 
ordinate use:  And;  same  as  ««</,  A. 

(lood  1»,  quath  .loseph,  to  dreme  of  win  [wine]; 
llellnessc  an  bllsse  is  therin. 

(rcnrvfi'j*  and  Elodu*,  1.  2067. 

An'  makes  him  quite  forget  his  labor  an  his  toil. 

Ittirnit,  Cotte-r's  Saturday  Night* 


as. 


muscle,  <  I 
iiig  in  nius 


Want- 


^^'.'^'..'^r}^':^t;!1,r,f^r,'^?r  Amyraldlsm  (a...  - .  -  ral '  dizm),  ,..     [<  Amyrnl- 

das,  a  Latinized  fonn  of  F.  Amyraull,  .imyrant 


h  . 

%''.  ■'  '■■      '     ri  mil) li'  alcohol  is  produced. 
amyllferoUB  (am-i-lifc-ruH),  a.     [<  L.  amylum, 
Rtnnli,  -f  lirrr  =  E.   fo«rl.]      Starch-bearing; 
pr'Mliiciiii;  stlireji.      }f.  ]•;.  1). 

unyllD,  amyline  (um'i-lin),  n.  [<  amyl'^  +  -in*, 
-i'""-'.  I  The  InHoluble  portion  of  starch  which 
i'onHtiliil<'M  the  outer  covering  of  the  Htarcli- 

(fmili-  •      '  ■■■■  '         "  :'.,m.. 

amylo  f.nn  of  amy/',  \M\\n  amy- 

/"'",  ■^'  .//fc. 

amylodcxlriQiiiiii  i-lo-deks'trin),  n.  [<.^,. amy- 
him, -till  I,,  +  ilrrlrin.]  An  intermediate  iiro- 
ilmt  olit  uioil  i,|  t),,,  i.onverHJon  of  htiirch  inl<i 

Ktirnir.       It    I.  „,l,i  ,1,    1,1   „„ifr  find  color.  I   yellow   by 

I.kIIii-       lia  ,  I i„ro  |„„|   retatlonn  to  ntlitr  ile 

'onij-.ai'i-.-    ;  -  ,reh  nri   not  yel  liiidemlofKl. 

amylogen  n)     n.     [<  Gr.   i'iin,?.nv  (L. 

amylum),  ntnr' 1,,  +  ■•,rvln:  soo-^en.]    That  part 


II.  Conditional  use:  If;  same  as  and,  B. 

And  nivjtc  kymo  the  kyng  for  cosyii.  nii  she  wolde 

y'lVrs  Vlowmnn  (H),  11. 


132. 


(Moise -•(m.vrrti/n.]  Tlie  doctrine  of  universal 
grace,  as  o'xplainod  by  the  French  Protestant 
theologian  Amyraldusor  Amyraut  (l.MMi-KilM). 
He  taught  that  (lod  de»lle«  the  liap|ilne»»  of  all  iiiin,  and 
that  none  are  excluded  by  ii  illyhie  dcclee.  but  that  nolle 
can  obtain  salvation  without  fiiltli  In  Christ ;  that  (iod  re- 
fimes  to  none  the  iMiwer  of  billevlng,  though  he  does  not 
grant  to  nil  Ills  nHsliilalice  to  Improve  tills  power. 

Amyraldist  (niii-i-ral'diHt),  n.  One  who  ho- 
liives  ill  Aiiiyialdisin,  or  tlio  doctrine  of  uni- 
vorsiil  grace. 

amyrln  (arn'i-rln),  n.  [<  NL.  Anii/riii,  a  genus 
•  i(  tropir'ul  tri'cH  and  HliriiliK,  yielding  reninriiiH 
]ir'idiii'ts.  I  A  cryKtallino  resin,  C,„llni|t),  ob- 
tained from  the  gum  eleini  «(  Mexico. 

amy-root(ii'mi-rilt),  (I.  [<(;mv,  iiiiliveiiume(f), 
+  rootl.]  The  root  of  the  Indian  homii,  Jpo- 
rynum  cannabinum. 


An  thou  Wert  my  father,  as  thou  art  but  my  brother. 
lleuu.  and  Fl.,  Custom  of  the  (Country,  I.  1. 


An  I  may  hide  my  face 


let  mc  jilay  Tlilshy  too. 

.S/oi*.,  M.  N.  D.,  I.  2. 


Why,  fin'  you  were  to  go  now  to  CloilIIall,  I  am  certain 
the  old  lady  wouldn't  know  you. 

.Shnidan,  The  Klyals,  111.  4. 

an''*t,  prep.  [ME.  an,  <  AH.  an,  the  orig.  form  of 
tlio  usual  AS.,  MF„,  and  mod.  E.  on;  as  a  ^ircfix 
an-,  usiiallv  on-;  in  reduced  form,  fl,  iirelix  a-: 
see  on,  iin-\  «••,  r;-'-'.]  An  curlier  form  of  on,  re- 
tained until  the  lust  century  in  certain  iihrases, 
as  an  iilgr,  an  1  nd,  innv  only  on  edge,  on  enil;  in 
present  UKo  only  as  an  un'folt  prefix  fill-  or  re- 
duced fl-.     See  All-',  fl--'. 

an-'.  [<  ME.  an-,  <  AS.  an-,  orig.  form  of  flii-j 
in  mod.  E.  reg.  011-,  or  reduced  a-:  see  oii-l  and 
a-'^,  and  cf.  flii-'-!.]    A  prelix  of  Anglo-Saxon  ori 


an- 

gin,  tho  same  as  on-1  and  a-2,  oeoun-ing  un- 
felt  in  anciit,  anon,  mum,  an(H)ealX,  an(n)eal'^, 
etc.,  anil  with  accent  in  niivii  (but  in  this  and 
some  other  words  xJerhaps  originally  and-:  see 
an2). 

an-'^.  [<  ME.  an-,  and-,  <  AS.  and-:  see  and-  and 
a-5,"and  cf.  o«-l.]  A  prefix  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin,  a  reduced  form  of  and-  (which  see),  oc- 
cuiTuig  unfelt  in  answer. 

aii-3.  [<  ME.  and  OF.  a-,  later  restored  to  an-, 
<  h'.an-,  assimilatedform  of  of/-before  n;  but  in 
classical  L.  this  assimilation  was  not  prevalent. 
In  ME.  and  AP.  an-  often  represents  other  L. 
prefixes,  in-,  ex-,  ob-,  etc.,  also  ad-  unassimi- 
lated:  see  anoint,  annoy,  ancheson  =  enchcason, 
etc.]  A  prefix  of  Latin  origin,  usually  au  as- 
similation of  ad-  before  «-,  as  in  annex,  an- 
nul, announce,  etc.,  but  sometimes  represent- 
ing Latin  in-,  as  in  anoint,  annoy. 

an-*.  [<  L.  OH-,  orig.  ((»(/>/-:  seeamlii-.']  Aprefi:x 
of  Latin  origin,  a  reduced  form  of  ambi-,  oc- 
curring (unfelt  in  English)  in  aneile,  ancipital, 
anfractuous,  etc. 

an-5.  [<  Gr.  av-,  the  fuller  form  of  a-  priv.,  pre- 
•  served  before  a  vowel :  see  a-^^.  The  nasal  is 
also  lost  in  the  cognate  leel.  «-  for  un-:  see 
«)(-!.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  the  fuller 
form  of  a-  privative  (a-l8)  preserved  before  a 
vowel,  as  in  anarchy,  anarthrous,  anecdote, 
anomaly,  etc. 

an-8.  [<  Gr.  av-,  elided  form  of  ava-  before  a 
vowel:  see  ana-.']  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin, 
the  form  of  ana-  before  a  vowel,  as  iu  anode. 

-an.  [<  ME.  -an,  reg.  -ain,  -cin,  -en,  <  OF.  -ain, 
-ein,  or  before  i,  -en,  mod.  F.  -ain,  -en,  fern,  -aine, 
-e«ne,  =  Sp.  It.  Pg.  -ano,  fem.  -ana,  <  L.  -anus, 
fem.  -ana,  neut.  -dnum,  parallel  to  -cnus,  -inns, 
-inns,  -onus,  -unus,  being  -nu-s  (—  Gr.  -I'o-f) 
preceded  by  various  vowels;  =  AS.  -en,  E.  -en, 
suffix  of  adjectives  and  pp.  suffix:  see  -e/il  and 
-cn^,  and  cf.  -in^,  -inei.  With  an  additional 
vowel,  the  suffix  appears  in  L.  as  -dneus,  in  E. 
aocom.  as  -aneous,  q.  v.,  or  disguised  m.  foreign, 
q.  V.  The  reg.  ME.  form  of  this  suffix  remains 
in  do-en,  ciU:en,  etc.,  captain,  chieftain,  chap- 
lain, ritlain,  etc.,  disguised  in  sovereiijn  (jiTOi^. 
sovercn);  but  in  mod.  E.,  in  many  words,  -an 
has  taken  the  place  of  the  older -aJH,  -en,  as  in 
human,  and  is  the  reg.  form  in  words  of  recent 
introduction,  varying  with  -ane  in  some  words, 
chiefly  dissyllables,  as  in  mundane,  usually  dif- 
ferentiated from  forms  in  -an,  as  in  humane, 
urbane,  etc.,  beside  human,  urban,  etc.]  A  suf- 
fix of  Latin  origin,  forming  adjectives  which 
are  or  may  be  also  used  as  nouns.  It  expresses 
various  adjective  relations,  being  used  especially  with 
proper  names  to  form  local  or  patrial  adjectives  or  uouns, 
aa Roman,  Italian,  Grecian,  American,  Fijian,  etc.;  terms 
indicating  party,  sect,  or  system,  as  Arian,  Lutheran, 
We»leyan,  Mohamtnedan,  Copernican,  Linnean,  etc.,  so  in 
Episcopalian,  Presbyterian,  Unitarian,  ^ic,  and  in  zool- 
ogy, to  form  adjectives  and  nouns  from  names  of  classes  or 
orders,  as  nuimnialian,  reptilian,  etc.  As  an  English  for- 
mative it  is  confined  chiefly  to  words  which  may  be  made 
to  assume  a  Latin  type,  having  here  also  the  euphonic 
variant  -ian,  especially  in  proper  adjectives,  as  in  Bar- 
vxinian,  Johnsonian,  etc. 
anal  (an'a  or  a'nii),  n.  pi.  [<  -ana,  q.  v.]  A 
general  term  for  books  recording  miscellane- 
ous sayings,  anecdotes,  and  gossip  about  a  par- 
ticular person  or  subject ;  the  sayings  and  anec- 
dotes themselves.     See  -ana. 

But,  all  his  vast  heart  sherris-warm'd, 
He  flash'd  his  random  speeches  ; 

Ere  days,  that  deal  in  afia,  swarm'd 
His  literary  leeches. 

Tennyson,  Will  Waterproof. 


101 


anabolic 


ing-flsh  of  India,  about  8  inches  long,  which  is  enabled  by 
the  peculiar  modification  of  the  brancliial  apparalut  tu 
live  a  long  time  out  of  water,  to  proceed  some  distance  on 
dry  larui,  and  to  climb  trees  for  a  distance  of  about  0  or  7 
feet,     .^ee  cliinhin'/-J"ih. 

Anabasidae  (an-a-bas'i-de),  n.pl.     [NL.jirreg. 
<  Anal/as  +  -id(C.]     Same  as  Anabantidw. 
sometimes  used  as  an  independent  word,  ana.  anabasis  (a-nab'a-sis),  «.;  pi.  anabases  (-sez). 

[L.,  <  Gr.  avdfiaaic,  a  going  up,  an  ascent,  <  ava- 
jjaiveiv,  goup:  see  Anabas.  Ci.  basis.}  1.  A 
going  nil,  especially  a  military  advance:   op- 


to  a  collection  of  sayings  of  Sealiger,  of  John- 
son, etc.,  or  of  anecdotes  or  gossip  coucerniiig 
them;  also  sometimes  appended  to  common 
nouns,  as  boxiana  (annals  of  pugilism);  more 
recently  extended  to  all  the  literature  of  a  sub- 
ject, as  Americana,  Sliaksperiana,  etc.     Hence 


See  ana^. 

anabamous  (an-ab'a-mus),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  ava, 
upward,  +  [iaivuv,  go:  see  Anabas,  anabasis.} 
In  ichth.,  a  term  applied  to  certain  fishes  which 
are  said  to  be  able  to  climb  trees  for  a  short 
distauiM'.     See  Anabas. 

anabantid  (an-a-ban'tid),  m,  A  fish  of  the 
family  Anabantida;. 

Anabantidae  (an-a-ban'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anabas  {-ban  t-)  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  tyjiified  by  the  genus  Anabas, 
to  which  various  limits  have  been  assigned. 
(a)  After  the  Cuvierian  system  of  classiflcation,  a  family 
characterized  by  the  division  of  the  superior  pharyngeal  ■ 


posed  to  eatabasis.  .Specifically,  the  title  of  a  worlc 
in  which  Xenopbou  narrates  the  experiences  of  the  Greek 
mercenaries  of  Cyrus  the  Younger  in  his  attempt  in  401 
B.C.  to  dethrone  his  lirother.Artaxerxes  II.,  king  of  Persia. 
Hence — 2.  Any  military  expedition :  as,  "the 
anabasis  oi  Napoleon,"  De  Qnincey ;  "General 
Sherman's  great  anabasis,"  Spectator,  Dec.  31, 
1864. — 3t.  The  course  of  a  disease  from  tho 
commencemen.t  to  the  climax.  ./.  lliomas. 
anabasse  (an-a-bas'),  «.  [F.]  A  coarse  kind 
of  lilauketing  iuade  in  France  and  the  Nether- 
lauds  for  the  African  market. 


into  sm<all  irregular  lamelUo,  more  or  less  numerous,  and  .  ^■^     r< 

cells  containing  water,  which  thus  flows  upon  anabata  (an-ab'a-tii),  «.     [^ML.;  m  form  like  (jr. 
s  the  gills  wliile  the  fish  is  out  of  water.    It     avafiaTdc,  verbal  acli.  of  avaSaivc/v,  go  up  (see 


intercepting 
and  moistens  ..  _  ^, 

includes  tlie  ophiocephalids  as  well  as  the  anabantid: 
proper,  the  osphromenids,  and  the  helostomids.  {h) 
Among  later  autliors,  a  family  characterized  by  a  com- 
pressed oblong  body,  moderate  ctenoid  scales,  and  a  su- 
perbranchial  organ  in  a  cavity  accessory  to  the  gill-cham- 
ber. It  includes  the  osphromenids  and  the  helostomids 
as  well  as  the  typical  anahantids.  (c)  By  Cope  the  fam- 
ily was  limited  to  Labyrinthici  with  the  second  epipba-  ,  ,  -, 
ryngeals  suppressed,  the  tli-st  superior  branchihyals  with  AnabateS  (an-ab'a-tez),  11.  [NL.,  <  Crr.  ai'apa- 
three  laminw,  and  the  second  and  third  developed^    Also     ^^  Qjjg  ^jj^,  mounts,  <  avajiaivetv,  mount,  go  up : 


Anabas) ;  in  sense  like  ML.  *anabola  (corrupt- 
ly analabus),  anaboladium,  anabolarium,  a  cope 
(see  abolla).']  Eccles.,  a  hooded  cope,  usually 
worn  in  outdoor  processions,  frequently  larger 
and  longer  than  tho  closed  cope.  Lee,  Eccles. 
Terms. 


written  Anabatida;,  and  sometimes  Anaba^dte.    See  cut 
under  Anabas. 

anabantoid  (au-a-ban'toid),  a.  and  n.      [< 
Anabas  {-hani-)  +-oid.]    I.  a.  Having  the  char- 
acters of  the  Anabantida;,  or  fishes  with  laby- 
rinthiform  pharjnigeals. 
II.  n.   An  anabantid. 

anabaptism  (an-a-bap'tizm),  n.  [<  LL.  anabap- 
tismns  (Augustine),  <  LGr.  *avaiiaTTTicrfi6c,  ava- 
jiiiKTiatia,  rebaptism,  <  Gr.  'avajiaiTTLKCiv,  dip  re- 
peatedly. LGr.  baptize  again:  see  anabajiti-e.} 

1.  A  second  baptism;  rebaptism.     N.  E.  D. — 

2.  [cap.}  The  doctrine  or  practices  of  the  Ana- 
baptists, 


see  Anabas,  and  cf.  andabata.}  A  genus  of  birds 
established  by  Temminck  in  1820  upon  A.  ritfi- 
caudus,  a  synallaxine  bii-d  of  South  America. 
Tlie  name  was  subsequently  applied  by  authors  to  various 
liirdsiit  thr  same  group.  Nearly  sj-nonymous  with  Si/7i«i- 
/«,,..( "inrli  see). 

Anabatidael  (an-a-bat'i-de),  n.pl.  pSTL.,  <  Ana- 
bates  +  -idee.']  In  ornitli.,  a  family  of  birds 
named  by  Bonaparte,  1849.  The  name  was  adoptea 
by  Gray  for  the  South  American  creepei-s  commonly  called 
Drii'lriu'^iliiptidce,  including  such  leading  genera  as  Far- 
variu-^,  .^rL:riirus,  Oxyrfiamptius,  Dendrocolaptes,  etc.:  by 
Cray  made  to-  cover  also  the  nuthatches.  The  group  so 
composed  is  incapable  of  definition,  and  the  term  is  little 
used. 


Anabaptist  (an-a-bap'tist),  n.     [< NL.  anabap-  Anabatidae^ (an-a-bat'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., irreg. < 

tista,  <  Gr.  as  if  *avajiaKTiaTiK,  <  avafiaTTTitluv,  re-  Anabas  +  -id<e.]    In  ichth.,  same  as  Anabantidie. 

baptize:   see  anabaptism.]     One  who  believes  Anabatinae  (_an"a-ba-ti'ne),  n.p/.     [NL.,  <J««- 
in  rebaptism ;    specifically,  one  of  a  class  of 


Chriiy;ians  who  hold  baptism  in  infancy  to  be 
invalid,  and  require  adults  who  have  received 
it  to  be  baptized  on  joining  their  communion. 
Tlie  name  is  best  known  historically  as  apiilied  to  the  fol- 
lowers of  Thomas  Miiuzer,  a  Icailcmf  tlic  peasants' war  in 
Germany,  who  was  killed  in  battle  in  l.'^.'i,  and  to  those  of 
John  Matthias  and  John  Bockold,  or  John  of  Leyden,  who 
coniiuitteti  great  excesses  while  attempting  to  establish  a 
socialistic  kingdom  of  New  Zion  or  Mount  Zion  at  Miinster 
in  Westphalia,  and  were  defeated  in  l.'isa,  their  leaders 
being  killed  and  hung  up  in  iron  cages,  which  are  still 
preserved  in  that  city.  The  name  has  also  been  applied  to 
bodies  of  very  different  character  in  other  respects,  prob- 
ably always  in  an  opprobrious  sense,  since  believers  iu  the 
sole  validity  of  adult  baptism  refuse  to  regard  it  as  re- 
baptism iu  the  case  of  persons  who  had  received  the  rite  in 
infancy.  It  is  now  most  frequently  used  of  the  Mennon- 
ites.    See  Mennonite. 

Over  his  bow'd  sliouldt-r 
ScowI'd  that  world-hated  and  worldhatiiit;  beast, 
A  haggard  Anabaptist.      Tennyson,  i;neeii  -Mary,  ii.  2. 

anabaptistic  (an"a-bap-tis'tik),  a.     _ 
list  +  -ic]     Of  or'relating  to  the  Anabaptists 
or  to  their  doctrines. 

anabaptistical  (an"a-bap-tis'ti-kal),  a.  Same 
as  anabaptistic. 

anabaptistically  (an"a-bap-tis'ti-kal-i),  adv. 
In  conformity  with  anabaptistic  doctrine  or 
practice. 

anabaptistryt  (an-a-bap'tis-tri),  ».  [<  Anabap- 
tist +  -ry  for  -ery.]     Same  as  anabaptism. 


bates  +  -(■««■.]  A  subfamily  of  birds  named  by 
Swainson  in  1837:  a  synonym  of  Synallaxinie 
(which  see). 

anabiosis  (an"a-bi-6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ava- 
/Jiticd),  come  to  lite  again:  see  anabiotic]  Re- 
animation;  resuscitation;  recovery  after  sus- 
pended animation.     [Rare.] 

anabiotic  (an"a-bI-ot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avajSideiv, 
come  to  life  again,  <  ava,  again,  -t-  (iuieiv,  live  (> 
iSiuTindc,  adj.),  <  fiiot,  life.]  In  med.,  reviving; 
acting  as  a  stimulant. 

Anablepina  (an"a-ble-pi'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anablcps  +  -ina.]  In  Giiuther's  classification 
of  fishes,  a  division  of  carnivorous  eyprino- 
donts  ha-i'ing  aU  the  teeth  pointed  and  the 
sexes  differentiated,  the  anal  fin  of  the  male 
being  modified  into  an  intromittent  organ. 
The  group  includes  the  genus  Anableps  and 
several  other  genera. 
[<Anaba2^-  Anableps  (an'a-bleps),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iva- 
V  *;„*„  jj/i-n-eiv,  look  up,  >  ava,  up,  +  p.i-jTtiv,  look.] 
A  genus  of  cj'prinodont  fishes  unique  among 
vertebrates  on  account  of  the  division  of  the 
cornea  into  upper  and  lower  halves  by  a  dark 


Anabaptistry  was  suppressed  in  Miinster. 

E.  Pagit,  Heresiography,  p.  9. 


ana".  [<  Gr.  ava,  prep.,  at  (so  much  each) :  see 
ana-.]  A  word  used  in  medical  prescriptions 
in  a  distributive  sense,  as  in  Greek,  to  indi- 
cate an  equal  quantity  of  each :  often  written 

da,  earlier  and  more  correctly  da,  where  the  anabaptize  (an"a-bap-tiz'),  v.  t. 
mark  above  the  fii'st  a,  according  to  general     anabaptized,'jipr'.  anahapti^ing 
medieval  practice,  represented  the  omission  ' '~'  '"■       ""  " 

of  n.     See  tilde. 


ana",  n. 


See  a«»al. 


ana-.  [<  L.  ana-,  <  Gr.  ava-,  prefix,  ava,  prep.,  up, 
upon,  hence  along,  throughout ;  distributively, 

'at  (so much  each)  (see  ana^) ;  in  comp.,  up,  up- 
ward, throughout,  back,  again,  =  Goth,  ana  = 


;  pret.  and  pp. 
[i'H'L.anabap- 
tizare,  <  Gr.'  avapai^Tl^cn;  dip  repeatedly,  LCJr. 
baptize  again,  <  ava,  again,  +  flaTrrlCm',  dip, 
baptize:  see  baptize.]  To  rebaptize;  baptize 
again;  rechristen;  rename. 

Some  called  their  profound  ignorances  new  lights ;  they 
were  better  anabaptized  into  the  appellation  of  extin- 
guishers. Whiilocti,  Manners  of  Eng.,  p.  160. 


AS.  an,  on,  E.  on:  see  ohS,  Ofi-l,  oh.]      A  pre-  Anabas  (an'a-bas),  n.     [NL.,<  Gr.  ava/Jdc:  (ava- 


fix  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  up,  upon,  along, 
throughout,  back,  again,  etc.,  as  in  anabasis. 
-ana.  [L.  -una,  neut.  pi.  of  -anus,  a  common 
adj.  suflix,  used,  for  example,  to  form  adjec- 
tives from  proper  names,  as  Ciceronianus,  Cice- 
ronian, from  Cicero{n-),  Cicero:  see  -an.]  A 
suffix  of  Latin  origin,  in  modem  use  with  a  eu- 
phonic variant,  -i-ana,  to  form  collective  plu- 
rals, as  Scaligerana,  Johnsoniana,  etc.,  appUed 


liavT-),  second  aorist  part,  of  ava)iaivetv,  go  up, 
mount,  climb,  <  ava,  up,  +  [iaivew,  go,=L.  venire, 
come,  =  E.  come,  q. 
v.]  Ageiiusof  acan- 
thopterygian  fishes, 
tyiie  of  the  family 
Anabantidie  (which 
see).  Anabas  scandens 
climUng-isSxi^'-aiasscaKJsnsi.     is  the  celebrated  climb- 


Four-eyes  [.4nat'Ufs  utraofitthnltnus). 

horizontal  stripe  of  the  conjunctiva,  and  the 
development  of  two  pupils  to  each  orbit,  so 
that  the  fish  appears  to  have  four  eyes,  one 
pair  looking  upward  and  the  other  pair  side- 
wise.  There  are  several  species  of  the  genus,  the  prin- 
cipal one  being  A.  tctraoplithatmus,  known  as  the  four- 
eyes,  inhabiting  the  sandy  shores  of  tropical  .\merican  seas. 

anabole  (an-ab'o-le),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avajioAij, 
what  is  thrown'  up,  <  avajiaA'kciv,  throw  up,  < 
ava,  up,  -1-  /3d/lX£(i>,  throw.]  A  throwing  up ; 
specifically,  in  med.,  an  evacuation  upward; 
an  act  by  which  certain  matters  are  ejected 
by  the  liiouth,  including  spitting,  expectora- 
tion, regurgitation,  and  vomiting. 

anabolic  (an-a-bol'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avajio/.r/,  a 
throwing  up,  rising  up,  -f-  -ic]  Characterized 
by  or  e.xhibiting  anabolism;  pertaining  to  an- 
abolism  iu  general ;  assimilative;  construetive- 
Iv  metabolic. 


org; 
lUc: 
ces; - : 


anabolic 

TbU  aspect  uf  DrT'toplasm  is  of  constantly  increasing 
importance,  sime  'for  the  cliemist  all  Junctions  alike  can 
only  be  viewed  in  ter:iis  of  those  specific  anabolic  or  kata- 
bolic  changes  which  to  the  physiologist,  on  the  other 
hand,  seem  mere  accompaniments  of  them. 

Encyc,  Bnt.,  XTX  829. 

anabolism  (an-ab'o-lizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  ava;io/Jj, 
a  throwing  up,  rising  up,  +  -ism.']  Assimila- 
tion: antegrade  metamorphosis;  eonstnietive 
metabolism,  or  ascending  metabolic  processes 
by  which  a  substance  is  transformed  into  an- 
other which  is  morr"  complex  or  more  highly 
1  ffetic.  It  is  one  kind  of 
.Mn  is  the  other.  The  pro- 
I'tioii  and  storing  up  of  en- 
, .i  ^L  ircc  vr  niamlt'Sted  in  retrograde  meta- 
morphosis. The  conversion  of  the  nutritive  elements  of 
the  food  into  the  tissues  of  a  Uring  organism  is  a  familiar 
example. 

Anabms  (an-ab'rus),  n.  [NIj.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv. 
+  aJpor,  graceful,  pretty,  delicate.]  A  genus 
of  wingless  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Locustidce.  It  contains  several  North  American  species 
known  as  western  crickets  or  stone-crickets,  such  as  A. 
simplex,  a  large,  dark-colored,  nomadic  species,  sometimes 
appearing  in  v.ist  nunil>ers  on  the  plains  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

anacahuite-wood  (an'a-ka-hwe'te-wud),  n. 
[<  aiiacahitite,  Me.x.  name.  +  icoo<71.]  The 
wood  of  a  boragiuaeeous  shrub,  Cordia  Bois- 
sieri,  obtained  from  Tampico,  Mexico.  It  is 
reputed  to  bo  a  remedy  for  consumption. 

anacalypsis  (an'a-ka-iij)'sis),  «.;  pi.  anacalyp- 
ses  (-sez).  [NL.,"  <  Or.  avaKa>.viI>i(,  an  uncover- 
ing. <  avaKa'/.i-7tiv,  uncover,  unveil,  <  ava,  back, 
+  Ka'/.i-ruv,  cover.  Cf.  apocalypse.']  An  tin- 
veiling;   a  revcaliug ;  revelation.     [Rare.] 

anacamptic  (an-a-kamp'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avoKdfi- 
~rtiv,  bend  back.  <:  ava,  back,  +  Ka/i-Tciv,  bend,  > 
Kau-Timc,  liable  to  bend.]  Reflecting  or  re- 
fleeted.  —Anacamptic  sounds,  sounds  produced  by  re- 
flection, as  echoes. 

anacamptically  (an-a-kamp'ti-kal-i),  adv.  By 
retlcction :  ;is,  echoes  are  sounds  anacampUcalbj 
returiifil.     Lli"'"^-] 

anacampticst  (an-a-kamp'tiks),  n.  [PI.  of 
anacnmiifir:  .see -I'cs.]  1.  That  part  of  optics 
which  treat.s  of  reflection:  now  called  ca(o;j/Wcs 
(which  see). —  2.  The  theoiy  of  reflected  sound. 

anacanth  (an'a-kanth),  H.  [<  Gr.  avoKavOor, 
without  a  spine,  <  av-  priv.  -I-  iinavda,  spine, 
thorn:  see  aiantUa.]  A  fish  of  the  order  or 
suborder  Aiiacanthini. 

Anacanthi  (au-a-kan'thi),  11.  pi.  Same  as  Ana- 
rnnthiiii. 

anacantMne  (an-a-kan'thin),  a.  [<  KL.  ana- 
rdittliiiiiis :  see  below.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
till-  Anaiuiitliini ;  anacanthous. 

Anacanthini  (an'a-kan-thi'ni),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  aiiacanthinus :  see  anacanth  and  -iiii.] 
A  group  of  teleostean  fishes  to  which  various 
limits  have  been  assigned  by  ichthyologists. 
It  is  now  usually  rated  Jis  an  order  or  a  suborder,  char- 
acterized by  the  spineless  vertical  and  ventral  flns,  the 
latter  Jugular  or  thoracic  when  jjrescnt,  and  the  air-blad- 
der. 11  developed,  with  no  pneumatic  duct.  The  group 
containH  many  erlilde  (Ishes  of  the  greatest  economic  im- 

Eortance,  as  the  cod,  hake,  haddock,  whiting,  cusk,  bur- 
Dt,  etc.,  among  the  gadoids,  anil  the  halibut,  turbot,  sole, 
plaice,  rtounder,  etc.,  among  tho  pleuronectids.  It  is  di- 
Tldeil  by  (jiMither  into  A.  j}leuroniictoidf:i,  characterized 
by  having  the  two  slcles  of  the  head  unsymmetrical,  and 
comprising  the  tlatlUhes  of  the  family  I'leuronectidd', 
and  .A.  nadmiUi,  having  the  head  symmetrical,  lly  later 
writern  it  ban  been  restricted  to  the  forms  manifesting  Iti- 
lateral  Aynniii-try,  Hy  Cope  anil  (iill  it  has  been  further 
llmit'-d  to  tboHi;  types  which  have  the  hypercoracoid  im- 
perforate and  tlie  foramen  between  the  hypercoracoid  and 
the  hy|KK-omi:oid.  It  thus  includes  the  families  Gaditl(B 
nnij  M'lTuriitir.  AIho  .\narttnthi. 
anacanthous  (aii-a-kan'lhus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ava- 
»ui^'  ■    '' SI :  Hi-e  «Hnc/«fA.]     1.  Spineless. 

—  i!  ly,  JTi  ichlli.,  having  the  charac- 

t<T.  iiiiacanths;  pertaining  to  tho 

order  111  -MiM.nlir  .Inacanthini. 
anacard    an'M  kiLnl),  n.     [=F.  anacardc,  <NIj. 
flu  ■I-  .Inacardium.]     Tho  casbew- 

nn  111  tlif)  Anacardium  occidcntale. 

f^'  ■■        \,  /•;.  I). 

All  ir-di-ii'BO-o),  M.J)?.  [JJL., 

<  I     A  natural   order   of 

I>"'  I  ]ilanlH,  with  alt«mut<^ 

\i'a-  panicles,  and  the  fruit 

»  "'  '  I  ilrnix).    Til' 

■bf  I  I,  ri'DUionfi,  II 

II*'  u  inii  riu'I'iri 

CI' 

f 
A- 

'*■'  ., 

ana'  ,r-<li-ii  iliiuii), o.  (<NIi. 

'"  '  ariliariii;,']     In  b»(.,  ru- 

laiiiin  ..,  iM  i.oijjnii.- I.,  ihc /IndcarmoCTd. 


Fniit  of  Anacardi- 
um occidcntale.  cut 
vcrticaUy. 


192 

anacardic  (an-a-kar'dik),  a.  [<  anacard  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  tlie  shell  of  the  cashew-nut — Ana- 
cardic acid,  C44Hfi407.  an  acid  of  an  aromatic  and  burn- 
ing Ilavor,  derived  from  the  pericarps  of  the  cashew-nut. 
It  is  white  and  crj-stalline. 

Anacardium  (an-a-kar'di-um),  H.  [NL.,<Gr. 
(hu,  according  to,  "hence  resembling,  +  KapSia, 
heart:  see  cardiac]  A  genus 
of  shrubs  and  trees,  natural 
order  Anacardiacew,  natives  of 
tropical  America.  They  bear  a 
kidney-shaped  drupe  at  the  summit  of 
a  rtcsliy  receptacle,  the  thickened  disk 
and  peduncle  of  the  flower.  In  the 
cisliew-tree,  A.  occidentalt\  the  prin- 
cipal species,  this  receptacle  resem- 
bles a  pear  in  shape  and  size,  and  is 
edible,  having  an  agreeable  acid 
though  somewhat  astringent  flavor. 
The  drupes  are  roasted,  and  the  ker- 
nels, having  their  intense  acridity 
thus  destroyed,  become  the  pleasant 
and  wholesome  cashew-nuts.  The  tree 
yields  a  gum  hanng  qualities  like 
those  of  gum  arabic,  imported  from 
South  America  under  the  name  of 
acamt. 

anacatharsis  (an  "  a-ka  -thar  '- 
sis),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  uvamdapat^,  a  clearing 
away,  <  avanadaiptiv,  clear  away,  <  liva,  up,  away, 
+  KaOaipciv,  cleanse:  see  catharsis,  cathartic] 
In  mcd.:  (a)  Purgation  upward.  (6)  Cough 
attended  by  expectoration. 

anacathartic  (an"a-ka-thar'tik),  a.  and  «.  [< 
Gr.  avaKat)apTiK6(,  promoting  vomiting,  <  avoKa- 
daipeiv,  clear  away,  cleanse:  see  anacatharsis.] 
I.  a,  'bxmcd.,  tlirowing  upward;  cleansing  by 
exciting  discharges  from  the  mouth  or  nose,  as 
vomiting,  expectoration,  etc. 

II,  H.  One  of  a  class  of  medicines  which  ex- 
cite discharges  by  the  mouth  or  nose,  as  expec- 
torants, emetics,  sternutatories,  and  mastiea- 
tories. 

anacephalaeosis(au-a-sef'a-le-6'sis),  n.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  avaKEQa/Mtumr,  ^  avaKi:(^a'Mu6Eiv,  sum  up,  as 
an  argument,  <  iivd,  up,  +  Ke^aTMidciv,  sum  up, 
bring  under  heads,  <  Ke(j)d'Aaiov,  one  of  the  heads 
of  a  discoui'se,  prop.  neut.  of  Keipa'kaioQ,  pertain- 
ing to  the  head,  <  K£<paA)'j,  the  head :  see  ce])halic] 
In  rhet.,  a  summing  up;  recapitulation  of  the 
principal  heads  of  a  discourse;  recapitulation 
in  general. 
anachorett  (an-ak'o-ret),  n.  The  unconj^racted 
form  of  anchoret. 

An  Knglishman,  so  madly  devout,  that  he  had  wilfully 
nmred  up  himself  as  an  anachoret,  the  worst  of  all  pris- 
oners. BjK  Hall,  Epistles,  i.  6. 

anachoreticalt  (an-ak-o-ret'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
di'a.iu/w/roiof,  disposed  to  retire,  LGr.  pertaining 
to  an  anchoret :  see  anchoret.]  Relating  to  or 
resembling  an  anachoret  or  anchoret. 

anachorism  (a-nak'o-rizm),  )i.  [<  Gr.  ava,  back, 
-¥  ,\upa,  or  Aw/'T,  country,  -I- -(>»!.•  formed  in 
imitation  of  (inachrdiiism.]  Sometliing  incon- 
sistent witli  or  not  suited  to  the  character  of 
the  coimtry  to  which  it  is  referred.     [Rare.] 

Tliere  is  a  sort  of  opinions,  anachronisms  at  once  and 
dUrtc/tonVnix,  foreign  both  to  the  age  and  the  country, 
that  nniintain  a  feeble  and  buzzing  existence,  scarce  to  be 
called  life.  Luwlt,  liiglow  Papers,  2il  ser.,  p.  7I>. 

An  old  form  of 


anachoritet  (an-ak'6-rit) 

anrhfirt't. 

anachronic,    anachronical    (an  -  a  -  kron '  ik, 

-i-kal),  a.    [As  anurhronisnt  -t-  -ic.    Cf.  clininic] 
Same  as  anuchronoii.-i. 

In  our  last  IJiiieral  Convention  ...  It  happened  ome 
that  a  member,  anachronic,  moved  a  resolution  having  tin- 
old  firebrand  smell  about  it,  tho  old  clatter  of  the  rack 
and  chains.       Munjnn  l)ix,  Am.  Church  Kev.,  .\LII.  I.Jl. 

anachronically   (nn-ii-kron'i-kal-i),    ailr.      Hy 

nnni'iiriiiiisiii;  wniiigly  with  respect  to  date, 
anachronism  (an-ak'ron-izra),  H..  [=  V.  ana- 
chninismc,  <  dr.  uvaxiiovin/iur,,  <  avaxpoviitiv,  re- 
fer to  a  wrong  time,  only  in  pass.  dva,xpowiiaOai, 
be  an  unaclironisin,  <  (tvii,  back,  apainst,  + 
Xp6voc,t'\me:  nee  chronic]  An  error  in  n^spect 
to  dates;  any  error  wliiih  implies  tho  niispla- 
"cing  of  persons  or  events  in  tinio;  lience,  aiiy- 
tliing  foreign  to  or  out  of  keei)ing  with  a  speci- 
fied time.  Thu«,  Sluikspere  makes  Hector  quote  ArU- 
lolli-,  who  lived  nittiiyeentnrlcs  after  the  osiinmcd  dale  of 
Mil  tor.  AnachroidsMis  may  be  mado  In  reganl  to  mode 
■1  lliought,  nlyle  of  writing,  and  tho  like,  us  well  a«  In 
1'  v:nrd  l<i  events. 

Ihe  fnnioiiri  annchrnninn  (of  Virgil]  In  making  .t;nea« 
Old  Dido  cont4tiii|mrBrioa.  Dnjdm,  Kjile  I'oelry. 

■flnw  fur  wo  nbjnre,  on  nionstrotiR  moral  anachnin\Mm», 
the  iiorodles  anil  lani|ioonii  utlrlbuled  to  Homer. 

I)c  t^uinrcji,  lloinrr.  111. 
•  d   wbnl  lIKi'    Is  It  to  nvold  n  ulllglo  nnncAriniMrii, 
'be  wb'-ii'  pliiy  Im  iini'  tiiittclimniitui,  the  M'nlbncnts 
I  I'liroava  <>t  \'eriaUles  in  the  ciiirip  of  AulU? 

ilacautay,  Mooro'i  Ilyron. 


anaconda 

anachronist  (an-ak'ron-ist),  n.  [As  anachron- 
ism +  -ist.]  One  who  commits  an  anachron- 
ism.    Vc  <,hiinccii. 

anachronistic,  anachronistical  (an-ak-ro-nis'- 
tik,  -ti-kal),  a.  [<  anachronist.]  Same  as  ana- 
cJironous. 

anachronize  (an-ak'ron-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
anachroni:ed,  ppr.  anachronizing.  [<  Gr.  ava- 
XpoviCctv,  refer  to  a  wrong  time:  see  anachron- 
ism.] To  refer  to  an  erroneous  date  or  period ; 
misplace  chronologically. 

anachronous  (an-ak'ron-us),  a.  [As  anachron- 
ism +  -ous,  as  if  directly  <  Gr.  ava,  back,  + 
Xfiuvoi;,  time  :  see  anachriinisni.]  Erroneous  in 
date;  containing  an  anachronism;  out  of  date. 
Equivalent  forms  are  anachronic,  anachronical, 
an(i<'Iironis1ic,  and  anachronistical. 

anachronously  (an-ak'ron-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
anachronous  manner;  without  regard  to  cor- 
rect chronology. 

anaclasis  (an-ak'la-sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avaK>.a- 
c(f,  a  bending  back,  recurvatui-e,  reflection  of 
light  or  of  sound,  <  avaK'Aav,  bend  back,  break 
off,  <  lii'ii,  back,  +  k'/mv,  break  off,  deflect.]  In 
pros.,  the  substitution  of  a  ditrochee  for  an 
Ionic  a  majori,  so  that  the  second  and  third  of 
the  four  syllables  interchange  lengths.  ^^^liIe 
the  constituent  parts  are  otherwise  unaltered,  the  rhyth- 
niic  movement  is  by  this  irregularity  partially  deranged 
or  broken  up. 

anaclastic  (an-a-klas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dvdioWoTof, 
reflected,  verbal  adj.  of  avaK?.av:  see  anaclasis.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  prodticed  by  the  refraction 
of  light. —  2.  Bending  back;  refracted. — 3.  In 
pros.,  modified  or  characterized  by  anaclasis. — 
Anaclastic  curves,  the  apparent  curves  at  the  bottom  of 
a  vessel  of  water,  caused  by  the  refraction  of  light.-  Ana- 
clastic glass  or  vial,  a  gluss  with  a  narrow  mouth  and 
a  wide  ciinve.\  bottom  of  sueh  thinness  that  when  a  little 
air  is  sucked  out  it  springs  inward  with  a  smart  crackling 
sound,  and  when  air  is  blown  in  it  springs  outward  into  its 
former  shape  with  a  like  noise. 

anaclastics  (an-a-klas'tiks),  11.  [PI.  of  ana- 
claslic:  see -/CO.]     Same  as  diojytrics. 

anaclisis  (an-ak'li-sis),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avoKAiaic, 
a  reclining,  <  avaK?,!veiv,  lean  one  thing  against 
another,  in  pass.  dvanXivecOai,  recline, <  ai'd,  back, 
+  K/iveiv,  lean:  see  clinic  and  Ican^.]  In  mcd., 
the  jiarticular  attitude  taken  by  a  sick  person 
in  bed,  which  affords  important  indications  in 
some  cases ;  decubitus. 

anaccenosis  (an'si-se-no'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dvanoivuaii;,  communication,  <  dvanoivovv,  com- 
municate, make  common,  <  di'ii,  throughout, 
+  Koivovp,  niako  common,  <  koiv6(:,  common :  see 
ccnobilc]  In  rhct.,  a  figure  consisting  in  ap- 
pealing; to  one's  opponent  for  his  opinion  on 
the  point  in  debate. 

anacolutha,  ».     Plural  of  anacoluthon. 

anacoluthia  (an'a-ko-lii'thi-ii),  )i.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
iivuKu/.ovllia,  inconsequence,  <  di'«M)Aor('of,  incon- 
sequent: see  anacoluthon.]  AVaut  of  grammat- 
ical seciuence  or  coherence;  tho  passing  from 
one  construction  to  another  in  the  sanio  sen- 
tence. For  examples,  see  anacoluthon.  Also 
spelled  anakoluthia  and  anakolouthia. 

Atiahiliithia  requires  length  or  strength,  length  of  sen- 
tence or  strength  of  passion.       Jour,  oj'  J'niloL,  Vll.  17.'). 

anacoluthic  (an^'a-ko-lu'thik),  a.  [<  anacolu- 
thon +  -ic]  In  {irain.  and  rhct.,  Tranting  se- 
(liience;  containing  an  nnacoluthon:  as,  an 
aniicohithic  clanso  or  sentence.  Also  speUeil 
iniohohifhic  and  anakolouthic 

anacoluthically  (an'a-ko-lu'thi-kal-i),  a<lr. 
[<  andcriliilhif  +  -at  + -///'-.]  Innn  ainicolutliie 
manner.  A'.  ]'..  II.  Also  spelled  anakohithicdili/ 
and  dndkoloulhicallij. 

anacoluthon  (an'a-ko-lii'thon),  n.;  pi.  anaco- 
hithd  (-tliii).  [NL.,<Gr.  (iwiMi^oiitfoii,  neut.  of  (ira- 
mAovOui;,  inconsequent  (tho  Gr.  noun  is  dvaKu'Xtn'- 
Oia:  seo  anacoluthia),  <  dv-  priv.  +  ilwUoi'('of,  fol- 
lowing, >  K.  dcoli/tc,  q.  v.]  In  ijroni.  and  rh<l., 
an  instnncfi  of  anacnlutliia;  aconstrtietioncliar- 
aet<'ri/.ed  by  a  want  of  grammat  ieal  sciiueneo. 
For  example ;  "And  be  charged  him  to  tell  no  man:  Iiut 
go  and  shew  thyself  In  the  priest."  l.uke  v.  14.  "  He  that 
eurselh  father  or  mother,  let  him  die  the  death."  Milt. 
XV.  4.  Ah  li  llgnre  of  speech  U  has  propriety  and  force 
only  so  fur  us  it  suggests  that  the  clnolion  of  the  speaker 
Is  HO  great  as  to  make  blln  forget  Imw  he  began  his  Hen. 
tence,  us  In  the  fnllnwing  exiinqileH  : 

"If  tlion  becHt  he— Hut,  t),  how  fall'n  !  how  changed  I" 

ilfiVfim,  r.  r,.,  1.84. 

"  lint  —  nil  I  —  lllm  I  the  first  groat  Martyr  In  this  great 
eaUHc  !  .  .  .  how  shall  I  struggle  with  the  emotloiiH  that 
Mtttle  the  ntterallce  of  thy  mime  !"  I),  Wctnttfir,  Sjicech  at 
Hunker  lllll. 

Mho  s|M'lh'd  nnakdinlhon  and  dndkolduthon. 
anaconda  (nu-a-konMiO,  «.     [In  till)  IHth  con- 
liiry   also  siielled    andcinulo,   dnocondo ;    men- 


I  anaconda 

tioned  by  Ray  (16S)3)  in  the  form  auacandaia, 
as  if  tlio  native  name  in  Ceylon  ;  but  tiio  word 
J  has  not  been  traced  in  Singhalese  or  elsewhere.] 
1.  A  very  large  serj)ent  of  Ceylon,  a  kind  of 
python,  variously  idontilied  as  I'ljthon  rvticu- 
fatiis,  or  P.  molurus,  or  i'.  tigris  ;  hence,  some  In- 
dian species  of  that  genus.  Also  ctxXledpimbeva 
and  rod<-sii(ikc.—2.  Used  mistakenly  by  Dau- 
din  as  the  speciiio  name  of  a  large  serpent 
of  South  America,  l>i>a  murina  (Linnaeus),  B. 
■anaeoiido  (Daiidiu),  now  generally  known  as 
Eutuxtcs  murinus ;  hence,  some  large  South 
American  boa,  python,  or  rock-snake.  In 
soul,  tlie  name  is  becoming  limited  to  the  liu- 
nectes  murinus. — 3.  In  popular  language,  any 
enormous  serpent  which  is  not  venomous,  but 
wliich  envelops  and  crushes  its  prey  in  its 
folds ;  any  of  the  numerous  species  of  the  fam- 
ilies Biikhe  and  Pythunidw  ;  any  boa  constrictor. 
Anacondas  lU-e  found  in  tlie  tropical  countries  of  l>oth 
hemispheres,  and  are  generally  blotched  with  black, 
brown,  and  yellow.  Some  are  said  to  attain  a  length  of 
upward  of  30  feet,  but  they  are  usually  found  of  a  length 
between  12  and  iO  feet.  They  are  not  venomous,  but  possess 
great  constricting  powers,  the  larger  specimens  being  able 
to  crusli  and  swallow  such  quadrupeds  as  the  tiger  and 
jagual'.  One  of  the  species  found  in  Brazil  is  there  called 
gucuriu  or  aucuriuha.  The  name  has  been  populai'ly  ap- 
plied to  all  the  larger  and  more  powerful  snakes.  The 
orthography  of  the  word  has  settled  into  anaconda. 

anacosta  (an-a-kos'ta),  ?j.  [Sp.]  A  woolen  fab- 
ric made  in  Holland  and  exported  to  Spain. 

Anacreontic  (an-ak-re-on'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Anacreonticus,  <  Aniicreon,  <  Gr.  'AvaKpiuv,  a 
Greek  poet.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  after 
the  manner  of  Anacreon,  a  Greek  poet  of  the 
sLxth  century  B.  c,  whose  odes  and  epigrams 
were  celebrated  for  theii-  ease  and  grace.  They 
were  devoted  to  the  praise  of  love  and  wine. 
Hence — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  praise  of  love 
and  wine ;  convivial ;  amatory. 

Constantinople  had  given  him  a  taste  for  Anacreontic 
singing  and  female  society  of  the  questionable  kind. 

B.  F.  Burton,  El-.Medinah,  p.  8S. 

n. »!.[?.  c.]  l=F.  anacr^ontique.'i  Apoemby 
Anacreon,  or  composed  in  the  manner  of  Ana- 
creon ;  a  little  poem  in  prai^se  of  love  and  wine. 
Formerly  sometimes  written  aiiacreontique. 

To  the  miscellanies  [of  Cowleyl  succeed  the  anacreon- 
tiijucy.  Johnson,  Cowley. 

anacrotic  (an-a-krot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ava,  up,  + 
Ki)urui;,  striking,  clapping :  ef .  avanpoTelv,  lift  up 
and  clap  (the  hands).]  Displaying  or  relating 
to  anacroti.sm. 

anacrotism  (a-nak'ro-tizm),  n.  [<  anacrotic  + 
-ism.'i  The  secondary  oscillation  occurring  in 
the  ascending  portion  of  a  sphygmogi-aphic  or 
pulse-reeoriling  tracing.     See  spkijijnioijrajyh. 

anacrusis  (an-a-kro'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avaapov- 
ciQ,  <  avanpobeu',  strike  back,  push  back,  check 
(in  music,  strike  up,  begin),  <  uvd  -f-  Kpoi'nv, 
strike.]  In  pros.,  an  upward  beat  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  verse,  consisting  of  either  one  or  two 
unaccented  syllables,  regarded  as  separate  from 
and  introductory  to  the  remainder  of  the  verse. 

anacrustic  (an-a-krus'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avaapov- 
arinoc  (fitted  for  checking),  vrith  ref.  to  anacrv^ 
«(■«.]     Characterized  by  anacrusis. 

anacusis  (an-a-ku'sis),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv. 
+  ciKovau;,  hearing,  <  ciKoiciv,  hear:  see  acoustic.^ 
Deafness  from  nervous  lesion. 

anadem (an'a-dem),  H.  [< L.  anadema,  <  Gr.  ava- 
ir/ua,  a  liead-band  or  tillet,  <  avaSdv,  bind  up, 
wreathe,  crown,  <  ami,  up,  +  itiv,  bind.  Cf.  dia- 
dem.'] A  band,  fillet,  garland,  or  ^\Teath  worn 
on  the  head:  as,  "wreaths  and  anadems,"  Tenny- 
son, Palace  of  Art.  Also  soelled  ««fl(?e»jt';  as, 
"garlands,  anadcnws,  and  wreaths,"  Drayton, 
Muses'  Elysium,  v.     [Rare.] 

anadiplosiS  (au'a-di-plo'sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ava- 
dlK'Auiyi(;,  repetition,  <  avafh~/iX)vv,  make  double 
(used  only  in  pass.),  <  avd,  again,  +  6nrh>iv, 
make  double,  <  (5ct/,6o(,-,  double :  see  diploe  and 
dipJmna.']  A  figure  in  rhetoric  and  poetry,  con- 
sisting in  the  reiietition  at  the  beginning  of  a 
line  or  clause  of  the  last  word  or  words  preced- 
ing, as  in  the  following  examples : 

"For  the  Ix>nl  thy  God  bringeth  thee  into  a  good  land, 
a  Imul  of  brooks  of  water."    Deut.  viii.  7. 

**  The  Spirit  itself  bearetli  witness  with  our  spirit,  that  we 
are  the  children  of  God  :  And  if  children,  thfc.i  heirs;  hcirfi 
of  God,  and  joint-heirs  -with  Christ."    Kom.  viii.  16,  17. 

anadrom  (an'a-drom),  n.  [<  Gr.  avaHpopo^,  run- 
ning up,  applied  to  fish  ascending  rivers,  <  di'a- 
ipaiiuv,  run  up,<  ava,  up,  +  ilpaiieii',  run:  see 
drometiarii.']  An  anadromous  fish ;  one  wliich 
ascends  rivers  from  the  sea  to  spawn. 

anadromous  (a-nad'ro-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  dvaSpo,uor : 
see  anadrom.']  Ascending.  Applied— (a)  In  2o6(., 
to  fishes  which  pass  from  the  sea  to  fresh  water  to  spawn. 
13 


193 

The  movements  of  anadromous  fishes  in  our  Atlantic 
rivers.  Science,  VI.  4'JU. 

(/')  In  hot.,  to  ferns  whose  lowest  secondary  branches  ori- 
ginate on  the  antcrioi-  s\tlr  of  tlie  pinna'. 

Anaemaria,  anaematosis,  ansemia,  etc.    See 

Aiiiinanii,  etc. 

Anaeretes  (a-uer'e-tez),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  dvaiphrjq, 
a  destroyer,  murderer,  <  dvaipeiv,  take  away,  de- 
stroy, <  ara,  up,  +  oi/jtir,  take.  Ct.imareta.]  A 
genus  of  South  American  tyrant  flycatchers, 
of  the  family  Ti/rannidw.  dne  of  the  species  is  A.  ul- 
hocristatu^,  a  small  bird  striped  with  black  and  white,  and 
liaving  a  plunu(^orn  over  each  eye.  Also  less  correctly 
written  Anairctes. 

anaeretic  (an-e-ret'ik),  n.  [<  Gr.  avaiperiKdc,  tak- 
ing away,  destructive,  K.  dvcuphr/r,  a  destroyer: 
see  Anairctes.']     In  mcd.,  anything  tending  to 

destroy  tissue — Animal  anseretics,  tlie  gastric  juice 
and  vaccine  lympli.     S/iil.  ,Soc.  Lex. 

anaerobe  (an-ii'e-rob),  n.    One  of  the  anaerobia. 

anaerobia  (an-a-e-ro'bi-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  anac'robius':  see  anaerohious.  First  used 
by  Pasteur,  in  F.  pi.,  anaerobies.']  A  name 
given  to  bacteria  which  live  without  free  oxy- 
gen, in  distinction  from  aerobia  (which  see). 

anaerobian  (an-a-e-ro'bi-an),  a.  Relating  to 
or  characteristic  of  anaerobia;  anaerobious. 

anaerobic  (an-a-e-rob'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  anaerobia. 

anaerobiosis  (an-a"e-ro-bi-6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  av-  priv.  +  a//p  (dep-),  air,  +  (iiuaig,  way  of 
life,  <  [iiikiv,  live,  <  /J/of,  life.  Cf.  aerohiosis.'] 
Life  in  an  atmosphere  which  does  not  contain 
oxygen. 

anaerobiotic  (an-a"e-rd-bi-ot'ik),  a.  Same  as 
anaiirohioiis. 

It  is  just  tlie  anae'rohiotic  plants  which  are  most  higlily 
endowed  with  the  property  of  exciting  fermentation. 

Enctjc.  Brit.,  XIX.  61. 

anaerobious  (au-a-e-ro'bi-us),  a.  [<  NL.  anae- 
robius,  <  Gr.  dv-  priv.  -I-  drjp  (dep-),  air,  +  /3/of, 
life.]  Capable  of  living  in  an  atmosphere 
\vithout  oxygen. 

anaerophyte  (au-a'e-ro-fit),  n.  [<  Gr.  di>-priv. 
-1-  d?/p  (dep-),  air,  +  ijivTov,  a  plant.  Cf.  aero- 
p>lujte.']  in  bot.,  a  lilant  which  does  not  need 
a  cUrect  su]i]fly  of  air.     N.  E.  I). 

anaesthesia  ( au-es-the'si-a),  n.  [< Gr.  dvaw&naia, 
insensibility,  stupor,  <  dvaiafh/ro^,  insensible, 
not  feeling:  see  anesthetic.']  Loss  of  the  sense 
of  touch,  as  from  paralysis  or  extreme  cold; 
diminution  or  loss  of  the  physical  sense  of 
feeling;  specifically,  a  state  of  insensibility, 
especially  to  pain,  produced  by  inhaling  an  an- 
esthetic, as  chloroform  or  ether,  or  by  the  ap- 
plication of  other  anesthetic  agents.  Also  an- 
esthesia, anmsthesis,  anesthesis Anaesthesia  do- 
lorosa, a  condition  in  which,  though  tiie  sense  of  touch 
is  lost,  great  psiin  is  still  felt  in  the  affected  part. 

anaesthesis  (an-es-the'sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  dv-  priv. 
+  aiaHr/aic,  feeling.  Cf.  ancesthesia.]  Same  as 
anasthesia. 

anaesthetic,  etc.    See  anesthetic,  etc. 

anaetiological(au-e"ti-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<Gr. 
di'-priv.  (((-18)  +  wtiohxjicaJ,  q.  v.]  Not  a?tio- 
logioal;  having  no  known  natiu'al  cause  or  rea- 
son for  being;  dysteleological. 

anagennesis  (an-a-je-ne'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dvayevvtjai^,  regeneration,  <  dvayevvdv,  regener- 
ate, <  dfd,  again,  +  yevvdv,  generate.]  Repara- 
tion or  reproduction  of  tissue ;  regeneration  of 
structure. 

anaglyph  (an'a-glif),  n.  [<  L.  anaglyplium,  < 
Gr.  dvdy'/-V(jiov,  embossed  work,  neut.  of  dvdy  '/.vipor 
(sometimes avdy'AvKTog,  > L.  anaglyptus — Pliny), 
embossed  in  low  relief,  <  dfd,  up,  +  ylv(jieiv,  cut 
out,  hollow  out,  engrave:  see  glyph.]  Any 
carving  or  art-work  in  relief,  as  distinguished 
from  engraved  incised  work,  or  intaglio.  Tlie 
term  is  most  generally  .applied  to  works  in  precious  metal 
or  to  gems,  but  it  is  also  applied  to  ordinary  reliefs  in 
stone,  etc.     Also  called  ana/jhipton. 

anaglyphic  (an-a-glif 'ik),  a.  [<  anaglyph  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  anaglyphs  or  to  the  art  of  decora- 
tion in  relief :  OTpTposed  to  diaglyjihic.  Also  ana- 
glyptic. 

anaglyphical  (an-a-gli£'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  atia- 
i/li/phic.    Also  anualyptical. 

anaglyphies  (an-.a-glif 'iks),  n.  The  art  of  dec- 
orating in  relief.    Also  anaglypfics. 

anaglyphy (an-ag'li-fi),K.  lianaglyph  + -y.]  1. 
The  art  of  sculpturing  in  relief,  or  of  carving 
or  embossing  ornaments  in.  relief. —  2.  Work 
thus  executed. 

anaglyptic  (an-a-glip'tik),  a.  [<  LL.  anaglyp- 
ticus,  <  Gr.  *dvay'kvTT-iK6(;,  <  dvdy'Xx<7VTor^,  wrought 
in  low  relief:  see  anaglyph.]  Same  as  ana- 
gli/ph  ir. 

anaglyptical  (an-a-glip'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
anaglyphical. 


anagram 

anaglyptics  (an-a-glip'tiks),  n.    Same  as  ana- 

glyphirs. 

anaglyptograph  (an-a-glip'to-graf),  «.  [<Gr. 
dvdy'/.vTTToi,  anaglyptic  (sec  (iniiglyph),  +  ypdipeiv, 
write,  engrave.]  An  instrument  for  making  a 
medallion-engraving  of  an  object  in  relief,  as  a 
medal  or  a  cameo.     Ji.  H.  Knight. 

anaglyptographic  (an-a-glip-to-graf'ik),  a.  [< 
anagliiplogra/ili  +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  ana- 
glyptography — Anaglyptographic  engraving,  a 
process  of  engraving  (jn  an  rtrhiii;.'  ground  whnh  t'ivi-s  toa 
subject  the  apjiearanrc  of  being  raised  ironi  the  .surface  of 
the  print,  as  if  crnbosserl.  It  is  freijuently  employed  in  the 
representation  of  coins,  medals,  bas-reliefs,  etc. 

anaglyptography  (an"a-glip-tog'ra-fi),  n.  [< 
anaglyptograj'li.]  The  art  of  copying  works  in 
relief ;  aiiaglyjitographic  engraving. 

anaglypton  (an-.a-glip'ton),  «.  [<  L.  anaglyj)- 
tuni,  in  pi.  aniighipta,  <  Gr.  dvdy'/.vKTov,  neut.  of 
d)'u)/i'-ror  (Pliny):  see  anaglyph.]  Same  as 
anaglyph. 

anagnorisis  (an-ag-nor'i-sis),  n.  [NL.,<Gr. 
dvayv6pirn(j,  recognition,  in  tragedy  recognition 
as  leading  to  the  denouement,  <  dvayvupiiew, 
recognize,  esp.  in  tragedy,  <  dvd,  again,  + 
yvupiCeiv,  make  known,  gain  knowledge  of,  < 
'yvuipoc  (not  used,  =  L.  *gndrns,  in  comp.  igno- 
rare,  know  not,  ignore ;  ef .  gnurus,  knowing),  < 
yiyvuGneiV  =  ^.  Inotv,  q.  v.]  1.  Recognition. — 
2.  The  unraveling  of  a  plot  in  dramatic  action ; 
denouement;  clearing  up. 

anagnost  (an'ag-nost),  n.  [<  L.  anagnostes,  < 
Gr.  dvayv(jnrr/c,  &  reader,  K.  dvayiyvioaKeLV,  read, 
recognize,  know  again,  <  dvd,  again,  +  yiyvo'OKeiv 
=  E.  know,  q.  v.]  A  reader;  a  prelector;  one 
employed  to  read  aloud  ;  the  reader  of  the  les- 
sons in  church.     N.  M.  I). 

anagnostiant  (an-ag-nos'tian),  n.  Same  as 
anagnost. 

anagoge  (an-a-go'je),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvayuyii, 
in  senses  defined  below,  lit.  a  bringing  up,  < 
dvdyeiv,  bring  up,  lead  up,  <  dvd,  up,  +  dyeiv, 
lead,  diive :  see  agent,  act,  etc.]  1.  In  med., 
an  upward  rejection,  as  the  rejection  of  blood 
from  the  lungs  by  the  mouth;  anabole. —  2t. 
Sjjiritual  enlightenment;  elevation  to  spirit- 
ualinsight.  Phillips.— 3.  The  spiritual  meaning 
or  application  of  words;  especially,  the  appli- 
cation of  the  types  and  allegories  of  the  Old 
to  subjects  of  the  New  Testament.     Also  ana- 

(l"Oy- 

anagogetical  (an"a-go-jet'i-kal),  a.  [<  ana- 
goge +  -et-ical.]  Pertaining  to  anagoge  or  spir- 
itual elevation ;  mysteiious ;  anagogical. 

anagogic  (an-a-goj'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<Gr.  dvayL>- 
yiKo^,  mystical,  <  dvayuyii:  see  anagoge.]  I.  a. 
Same  as  anagogical. 

II.  ".  A  mystical  or  spiritual  interpretation, 
especially  of  Scripture. 

The  notes  upon  that  constitution  say.  that  the  Misna 
Torall  was  composed  out  of  the  cabalistics  and  anaijoijics 
of  the  Jews,  or  some  allegorical  interpretations  pretended 
to  be  derived  from  Moses. 

L.  Addison,  State  of  the  Jews,  p.  248. 

anagogical  (an-a-goj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  anagoge;  mysterious;  elevated;  spiritual. 
In  the  older  writers  o'li  Biblical  interpretation,  applied  to 
one  of  the  four  senses  of  Scriptiu'e,  the  others  being  the 
literal,  the  allegorical,  and  the  tropical.  The  anagogical 
sense  is  a  spiritual  sense  relating  to  the  eternal  glory  of 
the  believer,  up  to  whicli  its  teachings  are  supposed  to 
lead  :  thus,  the  rest  of  the  Sabbath,  in  an  aiiagojical  sense, 
signifies  the  repose  of  the  saints  in  heaven. 

We  cannot  apply  them  [prophecies]  to  Mm,  but  by  a 
mystical,  anagoyical  e.vplication. 

.South,  Sermons,  VIII.  161. 

The  work  [the  Divina  Commedia]  is  to  be  interpreted  in 
a  literal,  allegorical,  moral,  and  anagogical  sense,  a  mode 
then  commonly  employed  with  the  Scriptures. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  34. 

analogically  (an-a-goj'i-kal-i),  adr.  In  an  ana- 
gogical or  mystical  sense ;  with  religious  eleva- 
tion. 

anagogy  (an'a-go-ji),  n.  [As  anagoge,  with 
suffix  assimilated  to  the  more  common  suiEx 
-y.]     Same  as  anagoge. 

an£(gram  (an'a-gram),  ji.  [<  F.  anagramme,  < 
'Nh.  anagramma,  used,  in  imitation  of  program- 
ma,  E.  program,  etc.,  ioranagrammatismiis,  <  Gr. 
dvaypappariapd^,  an  anagram,  <  dvaypaiupariCciv, 
transpose  the  letters  of  a  word  so  as  to  form 
another,  <  ard,  here  used  in  a  distributi%'e  sense, 
+  ypdupa(T-),  a  letter:  see  granfi,  grammar.] 

1 .  A  transposition  of  the  letters  of  a  word  or 
sentence,  to  forma  new  word  or  sentence :  thus, 
Galenus  is  an  anagram  of  angeliis.  Dr.  Bumey's 
anagram  of  lluratio  X'lsvit  is  one  of  the  happiest,  Honor 
est  a  Xilo  (Honoris  from  the  Nile). 

2.  A  word  formed  by  reading  the  letters  of  one 
or  more  words  backward ;  a  palindrome :  thus, 
evil  is  an  anagram  of  live. 


anagram 
anagram  (an'a-gram),  c.  f.   i<  anagram,  n.'i   To 

form  into  an  anagram. 
anagrammatic  (an  a-gra-mat  ik),  a.     i\^L.- 
^mlgramMait')  +  -iC.J    Pertaimng  to  or  form- 
ing an  anagram ^Anagrammatic  mnltlpllcation, 

mali?..  thai  form  of  maltipUcation  iu  which  the  order 
of  the  letters  Is  indifferent.  , .    ,    ,. 

anagrammatical  (an'a-gra-mat  i-kal),  a. 
Same  as  anagrammatic. 

We  cannot  leave  the  author's  name  in  that  obscurity 
which  the  anagrammatical  title  seems  intended  to  throw 
over  it  .  .  .  Merliii  i5  only  the  representative  of  DrMil- 
ncr.         Sou(Af;y,  Quarterly  Kev.,  XiAUI.  o.    (y.  i..  D.) 

anagrammatically  (an'a-gra-mat'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  the  maimer  of  an  anagram. 

anagrammatise,  r.    See  anagrammatize. 

anagrammatism  (an-a-gram'a-tizm),  «.  [<  * . 
anagrammatisme,  <  XL.  anagrammatismus,  <  (jr. 
iv<r,f>auuariau6c,  transposition  of  letters:  see 
anagram.']  The  act  or  practice  of  making  ana- 
grams. . 

anagrammatist  (an-a-gram  a-tist),  n.  L<  ^L. 
(i,fi<i,amiiH!yt-)  +  -is'i.'i    A  maker  of  anagrams. 

anagrammatize  (an-a-gram'a-tiz),  v.;  pret. 
and  pp.  anagrammati:ed,  ppr.  anagrammatisnig. 
[=F  anagrammatiser,  <Gi. ava-) pd/jfiaTiCetv:  see 
anagram.']  I.  trans.  To  transpose,  as  the  let- 
ters of  a  word,  so  as  to  form  an  anagram. 
Within  this  circle  is  Jehovah's  name, 
Forviard,  and  backward,  anariramatiu'd. 

Marlowe,  Faustus,  i.  4. 

Others  anarrrammatize  it  from  Eva  (Eve)  into  Vx,  be- 
cause they  say  she  was  the  cause  of  our  woe. 

W.  Auxlin,  Hiec  Homo,  p.  182. 

n.  intrans.  To  make  anagrams. 
Also  spelled  anagrammatize. 

anagrapnt  (au'a-graf),  «.  [<  Gr.  avaypa^n,  a 
writing  out,  register,  <  avayficu^uv,  write  out, 
regi-ster,  engrave,  inscribe,  <  ava,  up,  -1-  ypa(petv, 
engrave,  write.]  1.  An  inventory.  Blount. — 
2.  A  prescription  or  recipe.     Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

anagua  (an-a'gwji),  n.  [Mex.  Sp.]  A  name 
given  in  Texas  to  a  low  boraginaceous  tree, 
Ehretia  eUiptica ;  the  knockaway.  Also  spelled 
anaqua. 

an^fra.Ti  (an'a-kan),  n.  The  native  name  of  a 
small  Brazilian  macaw,  Ara  gerera,  about  18 
inches  long,  mostly  of  greenish  coloration,  with 
black  biU  and  feet. 

anak-el-ard  (an'ak-el-ard'),  «■  [Ar.  'andq  nl- 
nrdli  [ar;),  the  badger,  lit.  kid  of  the  earth: 


194 


analogium 


shrikes,  of  the  family  J rta»!irf<r,  established  by  Analgidae  (a-nal'ji-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Analges 


Swainson  in  1831.  A.  sanguinokiitus,  of  Java, 
Sumatra,  and  Borneo,  is  the  leading  species. 

analcite  (a-nal'sit),  n.  [<  Gr.  iva/.KK,  ava'/M^, 
without  strength,  feeble  (see  Analcipus),  + 
-ite2.]  A  zeolitie  mineral,  a  hydrous  silicate  of 
aluminium  and  sodium,  generally  foimd  crys- 
taUized  in  trapezohedral  crystals,  but  also  mas- 
sive. It  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  trap-rocks,  espe- 
cially in  the  cavities  of  aniygdaloids.  It  melts  under  the 
blowpipe  into  a  semi-transparent  gl.^s.  The  name  has  ref- 
erence to  its  weak  electric  power  when  heated  or  rubbed. 
Also  called  analclm,  anatcime, 

analect  (an'a-lekt),  «.  [<  'ifUanalectus,  <  Gr. 
dva'ACK-og,  select,  verbal  adj.  of  ava'Aiiav,  gather 
up,  <  dva,  up,  +  Acyeiv,  pick  up,  =  L.  legere, 
gather,  read:  see  legend,  lection.']  A  small 
piece  selected  from  a  literaiy  work ;  an  extract ; 
a  literary  fragment:  usually  in  plui-al,  analects 
or  analecta  (which  see) — Analects  of  Confucius, 
a  name  given  to  a  collection  of  such  sayings  of  tlie  Chinese 
sage  Confucius  as  his  disciples,  long  .ifter  his  death,  could 
recall. 

analecta  (an-a-lek'ta),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 


■¥  -idle.]  A  family  of  parasitic  atracheate  aca- 
rines,  typified  by  the  genus  Analges.  The  skeleton 
is  compo'sed  of  sclerites  in  the  soft  skin ;  the  mandibles 
are  chelate ;  the  legs  are  S,  each  ii-jointed,  the  fii-st  pair 
being  borue  on  the  anterior  margin  of  the  body.  The 
species  live  on  the  hairs  of  mammals  and  the  feathers  of 
birds. 
anallagmatic  (an"al-ag-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  t'i>/a;,ua(7-),  that  which  is  given  or  taken 
in  exchange,  <  a/./.daoEiv,  exchange,  <  a/?.or, 
other.]  Having  the  property  of  not  being 
changed  in  form  by  inversion :  applied  to  curves 
and  to  the  surfaces  of  solids,  such  as  the  sphere, 
which  have  the  property  of  being  their  own  in- 
verse. Anallanmatic  curi'es  and  surfaces  are  quartic 
curves  and  surfaces  wliich  have 
nodes  on  the  absolute.    See  bicir- 

ciilar  qitartie.—  Anallagmatic 

checker,  a  square  composed  of 
equal  SiHiares  in  two  colors,  so 
disposed  that  any  pair  of  columns 
have  like-colored  squares  in  as 
many  rows  as  any  otlier  pair  of 

colunms  luive,  and  any  pair  u'f  rows  have  the  same  luim- 

lier  of  like  -.qiKires  in  a  single  colmuii. 


Anallagmatic  Checkers- 


anakctiis:  see  analect.]  Selected  passages  from  anallantoic  (an-al-an-to'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dv-priv, 

the  writings  of  an  author  or  of  different  authors;     (o-lS)  +  alhuitoic]     Ha^■ing  no  allantois. 

a  title  for  a  collection  of  choice  extracts.     See  Anallantoidea(an-al-an-toi'de-a),  n.jil.    [NL., 


analect. 

analectic  (an-a-lek'tik),  a.  [<  analect  +  -ic] 
Relating  to  analects,  collections,  or  selections; 
made  up  of  selections:  as,  an  analectic  maga- 
zine. 

analemmat  (an-a-lem'a),  n.  [<  L.  analemma, 
a  sun-dial  which  showed  the  latitude  and  meri- 
dian of  a  place,  <  Gr.  dvd?-7!/i/ia,  a  sun-dial,  a  sling 
for  a  wounded  ai-m,  a  wall  for  undei-propping, 
any  support,  <  dva'/.aujldveiv,  take  up,  <  dva,  up, 


<Gr. (h'-priv.  +  d'/.'/.avToct^//^ :  seeollantois,allan- 
toid.]  Those  vertebrates  which  have  no  allan- 
tois;  the  Ichthyopsida,  or  amphibians  and 
fishes:  sjTioujTuous  with  ^iwiMiMtoMate,  and  op- 
posed to  Allantoidea. 
anallantoidean  (an-al-an-toi'de-an),  a.  and  li. 
[<Anallaiitoidea  +  -an.]  I.  a.  liavingnoallan- 
toisj  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anallantoidca. 
II.  n.  One  oi  the  Anallantoidca. 


in  solving  astronomical  problems. — 4.  A  tabu- 
lated scale,  usually  drawn  in  the  form  of  the 
figiu-e  8,  depicted  across  the  torrid  zone  on  a 
terrestrial  globe,  to  show  the  sun's  declination 
and  the  equation  of  time  on  any  day  of  the  year, 
analepsia  (au-a-lep'si-a),  n.     [NL.]     Same  as 

«««^,  kMl  «/,  the;  ardU  {ar;),  Pers.  arz,  earth,  ^^(^f^^^^),  „.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  dva- 

L^";1■J,„,VV\"?:  ":::v^?,'V.T.^,    «f.      rr,,  .loser    >.#'r,  a  taking  up,  recovery,  <-ira^.c/;,«m,.,  take 

up,  get  back,  recover  one's  breath:  see  ana- 
lemma.]  Jnmed.:  (o)  Recovery  of  strength  after 
disease,  (b)  A  kind  of  sympathetic  epilepsy 
from  gastric  disturbance.  Also  called  analcjisia 
and  anideiisy. 

sy  (an'a-lep-si),  n.  [<  NL.  analepsia, 
equiv.  to  analepsis,  q.  v.]  1.  Same  as  analep- 
sis. —  2.  Reparation  or  amendment 


_     analoga,  n.    Plural  of  analogon. 
+  '?Mul?<n'€w,?.aiMv,  take.    Ci.  lemma,  dilemma.]  analogalt  (an-al'o-gal),  a.     [<L.  analogtis  (see 
1.  A  form  of  sun-dial,  now  disused. — 2.  In    analogou^^:)  +  -al.]     Analogous.     Sir  M.  Hale, 
geoni.,  an  orthogi-aphic  projection  of  the  sphere  analogia,  ».    Plural  of  analogiinn,  analogion. 
on  the  plane  oiE  the  meridian,  the  eye  being  analogic  (an-a-loj'ik),  «.     Same  as  analogical. 
supposed  to  be  at  an  infinite  distance,  and  in  analogical  (an-a-loj'i-kal),  a.     l<h.analogicus, 
the  east  or  west  point  of  the  horizon.     Hence     <   Qr.  dva'/a^. iko^,   proportionate,    analogous,  < 
— 3. -Aji  instrument  of  wood  or  brass  on  which  a     ui'ii/ojoc:   see  analogous.]     1.   Founded  on  or 
projection  of  this  nature  isdrawii,formerlyused     involving  analogy:  as,  an  analogical  argiuaerxt. 


Ian  ,^ 
anakolouthia,  anakoluthia,  etc.    [In  closer 

imitation  of  the  Greek.]     See  anacolutliia,  etc. 
anal  (a'nal),  ti.  and  n.     [<  NL.  anulis,  <  L.  fl«»-s-  .- 

8cennK-v.l    I.  «.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  anus. 

— 2.  Situated  at  or  near  the  anus;  aboral:  the 

opposite  of  o(rt/.— 3.  Ventral  and  median,  as  ."'ailnB'l'Van'a-leD-si^    n 

the  fin  of  a  fish,  without  reference  to  its  posi-  analepsy  (an  a  lep  si;,  n 

tion  with  respect  to  the  anus :  the  opposite  of 

dorsal. 
In  zoology  its  abbreviation  is  a. 

Anal  armature,  an  appeud^igc  in  insects,  the  modified 

and  aiqiiriJaged  terminal  abdominal  scKnients,  such  as 

the  itliig,  the  ovipositor,  etc.  — Anal  dilator,  1"  sur:i., 

an  Injtrumcnt  tor  disteniling  the  sphiint.-r  "t  the  anus 

to  iiermit  an  examination  of  the  rectino— Anal  fln.  In  ,       ,  .,  .  r/n      ■      i  j. 

tUhcn,  the  median  ventral  unpaired  lln  :  thi-  or'posi'e  of  analeptic  (an-a-lep  tlk),  a.      [<  CtI-.  avaAr/:TTlKd(, 

'■'"'"'"■'■"  restorative,  <  ■<iwi/',c/i;"f,  restitution,  recovery: 
sec  analciisis.]  Restoring;  invigorating;  giv- 
ing st.-ength  after  disease:  as,  an  analeptic 
medicine. 

Analges  (a-nal'jez),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvaT^yf/c, 
not  feeling  jiain,  insensible,  <  "i-  priv.  -t-  A/t/m;, 
I.ain.]  A  genus  of  mites  foimded  by  Nitzsch, 
type  of  tlie  family  -•/«(('(/«/«'. 


The  African,  from  the  absence  of  books  and  teaching, 
had  no  principle  of  analepsti  in  his  intellectual  furnishing 
by  whicll  a  word,  once  become  obscure  from  a  real  or  sup- 
posed loss  of  parts  or  meaning,  can  be  repaired,  amended, 
or  restored  to  its  original  form. 

Traiu.  Amer.  J'liilnl.  Ass.,  XVI.,  App-,  p.  XJCXii- 


durtai  fill.  See  cut  under /in- —  Anal  forceps,  in  Insects, 
a  pin.i  r  like  anal  armature.  — Anal  gland.  (")  In  birds, 
till-  nr..p>Klal  oil-gland  or  el.-eodcichon.  Unjenlianr.  |Kale.| 
('<)  In  riiammaU.  any  glandular  organ  situated  near  or  con- 
nect.^d  with  the  anus,  such  as  those  existing  in  the  il/ii»- 
tWii/ir  They  reach  their  greatest  development  in  the 
•kunki,  and  their  sccn-tinn  is  the  i  ause  of  the  fetid  odor 
of  lhi-«e  animals— Anal  legs,  in  enUnn.,  legs  on  the 
po«l<-rlor  Kgments  of  iirtain  Insect  larva',  as  In  many 
ratvrplllan.  -Anal  orlflce,  the  anus.— Anal  plate,  ol 
anal  HOntf   m  //- ii/- /'./..  tlte  hist  ventral  pliite 


/. .  till!  hist  ventral  pliite  or  seuti 
wli  .  ■tiately  In  front  of  the  anus 

[1  or  cul-de-sac  above  tlie  anu.K  of 

[i)in    the  anal  glands.— Anal  re- 

.•Iv  which  gives  exit  to  llic  ntusc 

/•.uns.- Anal  spurs,  I"  »i  Trurits, 

of  nldilnentary  bind  llniiiH.— 
"f  the  twn  Kiiiall  pointed  or- 
1  xlremlly  o(  nrtaln  urlhro- 

Anal  aapporter,  a  pad,  re- 
•  liiina,  lur  i>ii|i|n<rUnK  thu  anus  In  cuutt  of  pro- 


We  have  words  which  are  proper  and  not  analo;ncal. 

Rcid,  Inq.  into  Human  Mind,  vii. 

2.  Having  analogy,  resemblance,  or  relation; 
analogous. 

There  is  placed  the  minerals  between  the  inaiiinmte  and 
vegetable  provinces,  i>articipating  something  «  ho /ii.'iJCai  to 
either.  Sir  .M'.  Hale,  Urig.  of  Mankind. 

3.  In  l)iol.,  of  or  pertaining  to  physiological, 
functional,  or  adaptative  analogy :  liaviiig  phys- 
iological without  morphological  likeness:  dis- 
tinguished from  homological. 

analogically  (an-a-loj'i-kal-i),  eidv.  1.  By 
analogy;  from  a  similarity  of  relations. 

A  prince  isajwioizicaHvstyledapilot,  being  to  the  state 
as  a  pilot  is  to  the  vessel. 

Bp.  Berkeley,  Minute  rhilosophcr,  Iv.  S  21. 

We  argue  analonically  from  what  is  within  us  to  what 
is  external  to  us.     J.  11.  yeteman,  Grain,  of  Assent,  p.  03. 

2.  In  Itiol.,  functionally  as  distinguished  from 
structurally ;  in  a  physiological  as  distinguished 
from  an  anatomical  way  or  manner:  contrasted 
with  homologicalhj. 

Birds  .  .  .  are  anativiically  related  only  according  to 
the  sum  of  unlike  charnctera  employed  for  similar  pur- 
poses. CiiKca,  Key  to  N.  A.  IHnls,  ji.  (18. 

analogicalness(an-a-loj'i-kal-nes),  h.  The  qual- 
ity ut  being  analogical;  fitness  to  be  used  by 
wiiv  of  analogy. 

analogion  (an-a-16'ji-on),  H.;  pi.  analogia  (-ii). 
Same  ns  analogium. 

analogise,  e.     See  an(dogi;c. 


"i"oi  analgesia  (an-al-je'si-ii),  «.      [NL.,  <Gr.  dva?.-  analogismt  (»-ii»l'>vjizm),  H.    [<Qr  dvn-Aoyie,,i6(, 
■nnai  .^    _  __ .    ,     _ •",■... ,'.'i,^«.,...    ,..,;,, I, ,uu    i..f      m  i'o,iT«n  of  ronKmiiiur.  iiroiiorriniinl  eiilculiition. 


po. 

lb 

(loi< 

«( 

tl. 

An 

»• 

I' 

•«-ni^l 

ana; 

I'l 

B  I 

of     In..      |, 

H'mMi.'i. 

analclm, 

tliullrih  . 


1,1  „],iu    „„  nnal  fln. 
iiH  aidac/t, 

|<  UiiHH.  nnn/nriJ,  abrenst- 

1     A  kerchief  linving  on  it 

;   111.' cTOHH,  the  iiiHtnimiiils 

o      ' ".  or  till!  like,  worn  by  nuns  in 


analdme  (a-nursim),  n. 


Hnmu  ii« 
leiii  cor- 


Analdpns  'n-nfir»|.jmg),  n.    [Nl. 

ri  ,nHt'/t'i,'  or&i'*''^'^".  (-^I'^-K 

wi'  iiriv.  +  «/«/;,  -irenKlh. 

■•-  -,    -..._/■.■,(.]    A  genua  of  HwuUow- 


r/nia,  painlessness,  < "ui'd^)7/ror,  paiulesH  (cf. 
'dvn'/}>/r,  ]iainless),  <  111'-  ]iriv.  -I-  (i/)rn',  feel  pain, 
<  d'/.yvr,  pain.]  In  pallial.,  the  incapacity  of 
feeling  pain  in  a  jnirt,  although  the  tactile  Henso 
may  be  more  or  less  preserved.  Also  calleil 
analgia, 

analgesic  (an-al-jes'ik).  a.  and  u.  [<  analgesia 
+  -ic;  according  to  Gr.  analogies,  the  form 
shoiilil  \n^  analgetic,  <i,  v.]     Same  as  nnalgelic. 

analgetic  (an-al-jet'ik),  a.  and  h.  [<Gr.  <'ir.l>- 
jvr.ii,  paiiilesH  (see  analgesia),  +  -ic.  Cf.  an- 
algesic.] I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characterizeil 
by  imiilgeHia ;  inHeiiKiblc. 

Tho  skin  |of  a  hyiinoll/.ed  patleiill  l»  wimewhal  uiwif- 
qriic,  with  moro  or  less  nnii'Hlfn'Hla. 

(/.  S.  Hull,  Herman  I'ullimj,  p.  III. 

II.  n.  In  med.,  iiio-tliing  which  removoH  pain, 
an.algia  (a-n«l'ji-ii),   ».      (NL.,  <  <ir.  nw/jvi, 

|.     r°.-MK:  HOI'  anafgesia.]     Same  as  analgesia. 
aiialgid  (a-iial'jidi,  »'•    -^  ""l"  ^t  tho  family 

.liiiilgida. 


ourse  of  reasoning,  iiroportional  calculation, 

<  dvn?o}i^eatlai,  calculate,  consider  ;  inllnenced 
by  (■n'(i/to)of  (see  analogous),  but  latlicr  ilirectly 
<Vir<i,  through,  -t-  '/o)i^ccikii,  count,  reckon,  con- 
sider, <  ^(ijof,  count,  reckoning,  ratio,  etc.:  see 
higiis,  logic,  etc.]  1.  In  logic,  an  argniiuMit 
from  the  cause  to  the  elTect :  an  a  jiriori  argu- 
mi'nt. —  2.  Investigation  of  things  by  their 
iiniilogies;  reasoning  from  analogy. — 3.  In 
mill.,  iliugiiosis  by  analogy. 

analogist  (n-naro-jist),  II.     [<.  analogij  + -ist."] 

<Jiio  wlio  employs  or  argues  from  analogy. 

Man  Is  an  niin/oi/i'iir,  andBludleB  lelalions  In  uU  objects. 
F.mermm,  Misc.,  p.  ;i(l. 

analogistlc  (a-nal-o-.iis'tik),  a.     Relating  to  or 

eiinsisliiig  ill  analogy, 
analogium  (»n-a-lo'ji-uin\  ».;  )il.  analogia  {-h). 

I  Ml,.,  <  .\Ilir.  <i'ra/(i)(or,  a  )iulivit,  rcniling-jh^sK, 

<  (ir.  dt'ii'/iy nihil,  rend  tlirongh,  mid.  of  dvii'Al- 
;in':  see  f(H((/(c/,  and  i-t'. /((■/(  )■».]  1.  liccles.,  » 
reading-desk,  L'spucinlly  a  movable  one:  some- 


analogium 

times  applied  to  an  umlio  or  a  pulpit;.— 2.  The 
inolosure  of  the  tomb  of  a  saint.     Du  Caiigc. 

Also  writtou  amtluyion, 
analogize  (ii-nal'o-jiz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  anal- 
<Hli:cil,  ppf.  analogi::hi(j.  [<  analoijy  +  -i:e. 
The  Cir.  uvaAoyii^eaHai  agi'ees  in  form,  but  not  in 
sense:  soertH«/()|ir(.«m.]  I.  trans.  To  explain  by- 
analogy;  exhibit  resemblance  between. 

II.  Intrans.  To  make  use  of  analogy;  bo 
analogous. 

Also  spelled  analogize, 
analogon  (a-nal'o-gon),  H.;  pi.  analoga  (-ga). 
[<  Gr.  avd'Ao-jOV,  adj.,  neut.  of  avaloyu(:,  analo- 
gous :  see  analogous.]   An  analogue ;  something 
analogous.     Coleridge. 

Even  the  other  element  of  the  Jewish  systeui,  the  ele- 
ment of  prophecy,  is  not  without  its  aimli"ii',i  anions'  the 
heathen.  G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  I'Inistianity,  i. 

analogous  (a-nal'o-gus),  rt.  [<  L.  analogus,  < 
Gr.  iii'u>.o)oc,  iw^fording  to  a  due  /'.o/of  or  ratio, 
proportionate,  conformable,  analogous,  <  avd, 
throughout,  according  to  (see  ana-),  +  'A6)or, 
ratio,  proportion:  see  logos  and  logic.']  1.  In 
general,  having  analogy;  correspontling  (to 
something  else)  in  some  particular  or  partic- 
ulars, while  differing  in  others ;  bearing  some 
resemblance  or  proportion :  sometimes  loosely 
usi'il  for  siniihtr.  'I'lms.  there  is  something  in  tlie  e.\- 
cTvisL'  of  the  mind  ((/i*r/'../-o/s  to  tliat  of  the  body  ;  animal 
organs,  as  tlie  wing  of  a  bird  and  that  of  a  bat,  which  per- 
form the  same  function,  though  different  in  structure,  are 
analogous.     See  4,  below. 

The  effect  of  historical  reading  is  analogous,  in  many 
respects,  to  that  produced  by  foreign  travel. 

Macatday,  On  History. 

Specifically  —  2.  In  c/iem.,  closely  alike,  butdif- 
fering  in  some  degree  as  to  each  of  the  more 
prominent  characters. — 3.  In  bot.,  resembling 
in  form  but  not  in  plan  of  structure.  Thus,  the 
spur  of  a  larlispur  is  anatof/uus  to  one  of  tlie  five  spurs  of 
a  columliine,  Imt  tliey  are  not  homologous,  for  the  one  is 
a  sepal  and  the  'ittn-r  a  petal.  A.  Gray. 
4.  In  biiil.,  siiiiihir  physiologically  but  not  an- 
atomically; like  in  function  but  not  in  struc- 
ture: the  opposite  of /(OwotojroHS.  Seeanalogi/, 
5. —  5.  In  logic,  from  Alberttis  Magnus  down  to 
modern  writers,  applied  to  terms  which  are  ho- 
monymous or  equivocal  in  a  special  way,  name- 
ly, those  in  which  the  identity  of  soimd  is  not 
accidental,  but  is  based  upon  a  trope  or  upon 
some  other  reason. 

A  term  is  aimiofioiis  whose  single  signification  applies 
with  equal  propriety  to  more  than  one  object :  <as,  tlie 
leg  of  the  table,  the  leg  of  the  animal.  Whatchi. 

In  all  senses  used  with  to,  sometimes  with. 
-  Syn.  Correspondent,  similar,  like. 
analogously  (a-nal'o-gus-li),  adv.     In  an  anal- 
ogous manner. 

analogue  (an'a-log),  n.  [<  F.  analogue,  adj.  and 
n.,  <  L.  analogus,  adj.,  analogous:  see  analo- 
gous.] 1.  In  general,  something  having  anal- 
ogy to  something  else ;  an  object  having  some 
agreement  or  correspondence  in  relations,  func- 
tions, or  structure  with  another  object. 

The  mechanical  law,  that  action  and  reaction  are  equal, 

has  its  moral  analogue.    H.  Speiwer,  Social  Statics,  p.  253. 

It  fcynicisni]  is  the  intellectual  analogue  of  the  truffle; 

and  though  it  may  be  very  well  in  giving  a  relish  to  thought 

for  certain  palates,  it  cannot  supply  the  substance  of  it. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  1:J7. 

Specifically — 2.  In  philol.,  a  word  correspond- 
ing with  another;  an  analogous  term. — 3.  In 
zool.  and  bot.,  an  animal  or  a  plant  corresponding 
in  some  special  and  essential  attributes  or  rela- 
tions to  a  member  of  another  group  or  region, 
BO  that  it  is  a  representative  or  counterpart. — 
4.  In  biol.,  an  organ  in  one  species  or  group 
having  the  same  function  as  an  organ  of  differ- 
ent structure  and  origin  in  another  species  or 
group.  Tlie  difference  between  homologue  and  anrtlogue 
may  be  illustrated  by  the  relation  between  the  wing  of  a 
bird  and  that  of  a  butterfly :  as  the  two  differ  totally  in 
anatomical  structure,  they  cannot  be  said  to  be  homo- 
logaes,  Itut  they  are  analogues,  since  both  serve  for  flight. 
See  anatogg,  h. 

analogy  (a-nal'o-ji),  n. ;  pi.  analogies  (-jiz).  [< 
F.  (iii((l(jgir,  <  L.  anrdogia,  <  Gr.  dva'Aoyia,  equal- 
ity of  ratios,  proportion,  analogy,  <  dvd'Aoyof;, 
analogous:  see  analogous.]  1.  In  math.,  an 
equation  between  ratios.  This  use  is  obsolete  ex- 
cept in  a  few  phrases,  as  Xapier's  analogies,  which  are  four 
impiirtant  fornmlas  of  spherical  trigonometry. 
2.  An  agreement,  likeness,  or  proportion  be- 
tween the  relations  of  things  to  one  another; 
hence,  often,  agreement  or  likeness  of  things 
themselves.  Analogy  strictly  denotes  only  a  partial 
smiilarity,  as  in  some  special  circumstances  or  effects 
predicable  of  two  or  more  tilings  in  otlier  respects  essen- 
tially dilferent:  thus,  when  we  say  that  \^■^T\\\n^ enlightens 
the  mind,  we  recognize  an  analogt/  between  learning  and 
light,  the  former  being  to  the  ninid  wliat  the  latter  is  to 
the  eye,  enabling  it  to  discover  things  before  hidden.  [We 


195 

say  that  there  ia  an  analogy  between  things,  and  that  one 
thing  has  analogy  to  or  tvith  another.] 

Intuitive  perceptions  in  spiritual  beings  may,  perhaps, 
hold  Home  analogy  unto  vision. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  ill.  15. 

That  there  is  a  real  analogy  between  an  individual  or- 
ganism and  a  social  organism,  becomes  undeniable  when 
certain  necessities  determining  structure  are  seen  to  gov- 
ern them  in  common.    //.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  3."J0. 

In  philosophy,  analogy  does  not  consist  in  the  equality 
of  two  quantities,  but  of  two  qualitative  relations. 

Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Keason  (tr.  by  Max  Miiller). 

Specifically — 3.  In  logic,  a  form  of  reasoning 
In  which,  from  the  similarity  of  two  or  more 
things  in  certain  particulars,  their  similarity  in 
other  i^articulars  is  inferred.  Thus,  the  earth  and 
Mal'S  are  both  planets,  nearly  equidistant  from  the  sun, 
not  ditt'ering  greatly  in  density,  having  similar  distribu- 
tions <if  seas  and  continents,  alike  in  conditions  of  hu- 
midity, temperature,  seasons,  day  and  night,  etc. ;  but  the 
earth  also  sui)itorts  organic  life ;  hence  Mars  (probalily) 
supports  organic  life  —  is  an  argument  from  analogy.  See 
imltiction. 

4.  In  gram.,  conformity  to  the  spii-it,  structure, 
or  general  rules  of  a  language ;  similarity  as 
respects  any  of  the  characteristics  of  a  lan- 
guage, as  derivation,  inflection,  spelling,  pro- 
nunciation, etc. —  5.  Inbiol.,  resemblance  with- 
out affinity ;  physiological  or  adaptive  likeness 
between  things  morphologically  or  structurally 
unlike  :  the  opposite  of  hoiimlot/i/.  'i  ims,  tli,  iv  is 
an  analogy  between  tlie  wing  of  a  ]>ird  and  tliat  oi  a  hntd  l- 
tty,  both  being  adai)ted  to  the  same  physiological  imrpo^i- 
of  flight,  but  there  is  no  morphological  relation  between 
them.  Analogy  rests  upon  mere  functional  (that  is, 
physiological)  niodirtcations  ;  homology  is  grounded  upon 
structiu'al (that  is,  morphological)  identity  or  unity.  Anal- 
ogy is  tlie  correlative  of  physiology,  homology  of  morphol- 
ogy ;  but  the  two  may  be  coincident,  as  when  structures 
identical  in  morphology  are  used  for  the  same  ]inri">se.'i 
and  are  therefore  physiologically  identical. —  Analogy  of 
faith,  in  theiil.,  the  correspondence  of  the  several  parts  of 
revelation  with  one  another. 

analptaabet,  analphabete  (an-al'fa-bet,  -bet), 

a.  and  ».  [<  ML.  analphabetus,  <  Gr.  avaAtpd/iT/TOf;, 
not  kjiowing  one's  A  B  C,  <  dv-  priv.  +  dA-^dfiriTo^, 
the  A  B  C,  alphabet:  see  o/jj/i«&e;.]  I.  a.  Not 
knowing  the  alphabet ;  illiterate. 

II.  n.  One  who  does  not  know  the  alphabet; 
one  who  cannot  read. 

As  late  as  the  census  of  1861  it  was  found  that  [in  Italy] 
in  a  population  of  21,777,331  there  were  no  less  than  16,- 
999,701  analphabetes,  or  persons  absolutely  destitute  of  in- 
struction, absolutely  unable  to  read. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  460. 

analphabetic  (an-al-fa-bet'ik),  a.  Not  know- 
ing tlie  uliihabet ;  illiterate ;  unable  to  read. 

analysable,  analyse,  etc.    See  cmalyzablc,  etc. 

analyset,  »•  [Also  written  analise,  <  P.  ana- 
lyse, <  ML.  analysis:  see  analysis,  analyze.] 
Analysis. 

The  analyse  of  it  [a  tractate]  "may  be  spared,  since  it  is 
in  many  haiids.     Bp.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  104. 

analysis  (a-nal'i-sis),  n.  [Formerly  analyse,  < 
F.  analyse=Vg.  analyse  or  analysis  =  Sp.  andlisis 
=  It.  analisi,  <  ML.  analysis,  <  Gr.  dvd'Avaic,  a  dis- 
solving, resolution  of  a  whole  into  its  parts,  so- 
lution of  a  iJi'oblem,  analysis,  lit.  a  loosing,  < 
dvaAieiv,  resolve  into  its  elements,  analyze,  lit. 
loosen,  undo,  <  dvd,  back,  -t-  y^iv,  loosen:  see 
loosen.]  1.  The  resolution  or  separation  of 
anything  which  is  compound,  as  a  conception, 
a  sentence,  a  material  substance,  or  an  event, 
into  its  constituent  elements  or  into  its  causes ; 
decomposition. 

In  the  deductive  syllogism  we  proceed  by  analysis  — 
that  is,  by  decomposing  a  whole  into  its  parts. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

In  the  associationalist  psychology,  the  analysis  of  an 
idea  is  the  discovery  of  the  different  kinds  of  elementary 
sensations  which  are  associated  together  to  produce  the 
idea.  3fill. 

Analysis  is  real,  as  when  a  chemist  separates  two  sub- 
stances. Logical,  as  when  we  consider  the  properties  of 
the  sides  and  angles  of  a  triangle  separately,  though  we 
cannot  think  of  a  triangle  without  sides  and  angles. 

Fleming,  Vocab.  of  Phil. 

The  analysis  of  a  material  object  consists  in  breaking  it 
up  into  t;hose  other  material  objects  which  are  its  elements, 
ami  it  is  only  when  we  know  something  of  the  properties  of 
these  elements  as  they  exist  separately  that  we  regard  an 
analysis  of  the  whole  as  satisfactory.  Mind,  IX.  80. 

2.  The  regressive  scientific  method  of  discov- 
ery; research  into  causes;  induction. —  3.  In 
math. :  (a)  Originally,  and  still  frequently,  a 
regressive  method,  said  to  have  been  invented 
by  Plato,  which  first  assumes  the  conclusion 
and  gradually  leads  back  to  the  premises.  The 
thirteentli  book  of  Euclid's  Elements  has  tlie  following 
deflnition,  which  is  not  supposed  to  be  by  Euclid,  but 
wnich  is  ancient,  and  perhaps  by  Eudoxus:  Analysis  is  the 
proceeding  from  the  tiling  sought,  as  conceded,  by  conse- 
quences to  some  conceded  truth :  synthesis  is  the  pro- 
ceeding from  the  conceded  by  consequences  to  the  truth 
sought.  According  to  Pappus,  analysis  is  of  two  kinds: 
theoretical,  so  called  because  used  in  research  into  truth, 
and  problemat ie ,  so  called  because  used  in  the  solution  of 
problems.    In  the  former,  the  proposition  to  be  proved  ia 


analytic 

assumed  as  true,  and  consequences  are  drawn  from  it  until 
something  conceded  is  reached,  which  if  it  is  true  involves 
the  truth  of  the  thing  sought,  the  demonstration  corre- 
sponding to  the  analysis ;  in  the  latter,  the  construction 
sought  is  assumed  as  already  krmwn,  and  consequences 
are  deduced  from  it  until  something  given  is  reached. 
(6)  Algebraical  reasoning,  in  wliich  unknown 
quantities  are  operated  upon  in  order  to  find 
their  values.  }'icta.  (c)  The  treatment  of 
problems  by  a  consideration  of  infinitesimals, 
or  something  equivalent,  especiallj'  by  the  dif- 
ferential calcidus  (including  the  integral  cal- 
culus, the  calculus  of  variations,  etc.):  often 
called  infinitesimal  anahj.sis.  This  is  the  com- 
mon meaning  of  the  word  in  modern  times, 
lleuee  —  (d)  The  discussion  of  a  problem  by 
means  of  algebra  (in  the  sense  of  a  system  of 
symbols  with  rules  of  transfoimation),  in  oppo- 
sition to  a  geometrical  discussion  of  it,  that  is, 
a  discussion  resting  directly  upon  the  imagina- 
tion of  space :  thus,  analytical  geometry  is  the 
treatment  of  geometrical  problems  by  analy- 
sis.—  4.  A  syllabus  or  synopsis  of  the  contents 
of  a  book  or  discoiu'se,  or  of  the  principles 
of  a  science.— Analysis  of  a  plant,  an  examina- 
tion of  its  structure  and  chaiacters  as  a  jireliminary  Ut 
its  determination.  — Chemical  analysis,  Dlophantlne 
analysis,  etc.  s.-,  tli.-  adjc.tii.,.-  Fluxional  analy- 
sis. Sec  iihtliiul ../  jjii.n':iiix,  luid.  r  jhi.riijii.  Gasomet- 
ric  analysis,  harmonic -analysis,  etc.  See  tlie  adjec- 
tives.—Qualitative  analysis,  in  chem.,  tiie  detection 
of  the  ci»nstitucnls  ot  a  <onii>ound  body,  in  diatinctiol* 
from  quantitative  analysis,  or  the  determination  of  the 
amounts  and  proportions  of  the  constituents. —  Spectrum 
analysis,  ^ee  spectrum.  =Syn.  Assay,  Analysis.  Seea«- 
sag. 
analyst  (an'a-list),  n.  [=  F.  analyste  =  Pg. 
an<ilysla  =  Sp.  It.  analista ;  formed  from  the 
verb  analyze,  as  if  from  a  verlj  in  -ize :  see  -ist, 
-ize.]  One  who  analyzes  or  who  is  versed  in 
analysis,  in  any  application  of  that  word. 

The  uiutti/.^t  lias  not  very  many  resoui-ces  at  his  disposal 
for  separating  an  intimate  mixture  of  several  bodies. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  203. 

analytic,  analytical  (an-a-lit'ik,-i-kal),  a.  and 
(in  the  first  form)  n.  [<  ML.  analylicus,  <  Gr. 
avaAvTiKo^, analytic,  <  avd'Avroc,  dissoluble,  verbal 
adj.  of  dva7ibeiv,  dissolve,  resolve,  analyze :  see 
analysis.]  I.  a.  1.  Relating  to,  of  the  nature 
of,  or  operating  by  analysis:  ojiposed  to  syn- 
thetic, syntlietical :  as,  an  analytic  mode  of 
thought. 

His  [Webster's]  mind  was  analytical  rather  than  con- 
structive, and  his  restlessness  of  life  was  indicative  of  a 
certain  instability  of  temper. 

//.  F.  Scitdder,  Xoah  Webster,  iv. 

2.  In  the  A'«»i  i(aK/o(/»c,  expUcatory;  invol'ving 
a  mere  analysis  or  explication  of  knowledge, 
and  not  any  material  addition  to  it. 

In  all  judgme!its  in  which  there  is  a  relation  between 
subject  and  predicate  (I  speak  of  athnnative  judgments 
only,  the  application  to  negative  ones  beuig  easy),  that  re- 
lation can  be  of  two  kinds.  Either  the  predicate  B  be- 
longs to  the  subject  A  as  something  contained  (though 
covertly)  in  the  concept  A;  or  Biles  outside  i>f  the  sphere 
of  the  concept  A,  though  someilow  connected  with  it.  In  the 
former  case  I  call  the  judgment  analytical ;  in  the  latter, 
synthetical.  ^«a/j//jc(i^  judgments  (affirmative)  are  there- 
fore those  in  which  the  connection  of  the  predicate  witli 
the  subject  is  conceived  through  identity,  while  others  in 
wliich  that  connection  is  conceived  without  identity  may 
be  called  synthetical. 

Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Reason  (tr.  by  Max  Miiller). 

3.  In  philol.,  deficient  in  inflections,  and  em- 
ploying iustctiil  jiartieles  and  auxiliary  -words  to 
express  mmlitii-ations  of  meaning  and  to  show 
the  relations  of  words  in  a  sentence :  as,  an 

analytic  language.— Analytical  chemistry,  a  meth- 
od of  physical  research  in  which  compound  substances  are 
resolved  into  their  elements. — AncLl3^ical  definition. 
See (/yinid'cm.— Analy^iceil  geometry,  c e.iiiutiy  treated 
by  means  of  ordinary  algcliiu,  ^^ith  a  refei-Liue.  direct  or 
indirect,  to  a  system  of  coordinates.  See  coordinate.  In 
ordinary  rectangular  coordinates,  for  example,  there  is 
just  one  point  of  space  for  every  set  of  values  of  the  three 
variables,  x,  y,  z.  If,  now,  an  equation  is  assumed  be- 
tween these  variables,  some  of  the  sets  of  otherwise  pos- 
sible values  will  be  excluded,  and  thus  some  of  the  points 
of  space  will  be  debarred  to  us,  and  we  shall  be  restricted 
to  a  certain  "locus  "  or  place;  and  since  the  number  of 
independent  variables  is,  in  consequence  of  the  equation, 
reduced  by  one,  the  number  of  dimensions  of  the  locus 
at  any  one  point  w-ill  be  one  less  than  that  of  space,  so 
that  the  locus  will  be  a  surface.  By  the  use  of  such  equa- 
tions of  loci  every  problem  of  geometry  is  reduced  to  a 
problem  of  algebra,  and  the  whole  doctrine  of  geometry 
is  mathematically  identified  with  the  algebra  of  three 
variables.  Thus,  to  discover  that,  when  four  equations 
subsist  between  three  unknown  quantities,  they  can  be 
satisfied  simultaneously,  amounts  to  discovering  that, 
when  a  certain  geometrical  relation  subsists  between  four 
surfaces,  they  meet  in  a  common  point.  The  idea  of  ana- 
lytical geometry  is  exclusively  due  to  the  genius  of  Des- 
cartes (l.'.Hil-lo.-iol.  who  published  his  Geometric,  contain- 
ing illustrations  of  the  new-  method,  in  1636. — Analyti- 
cal jurisprudence,  a  theory  and  system  of  jurisprudence 
wrought  out  neither  by  inquiring  for  ethical  principles 
or  the  dictates  of  the  sentiment  of  justice,  nor  for  the 
rules  which  may  be  actually  in  force,  but  by  analyzing, 
classifying,  and  comparing  various  legal  conceptions.  The 
best  known  of  the  analytical  jurists  are  Bentham  and 


analytic 

Austin.— Analytical  key,  in  hot.,  an  arrangement  of  the 
prominent  cliaractei-s  of  a  group  of  orders,  or  of  genera, 
etc  ,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  facilitate  the  determination 
of  plants.— Analytical  mecUaniCS,  the  science  of  me- 
chanics treated  I'V  the  infinitesimal  calcuhts.— Analytic 
function.  ■■«e  'loirti.ui.— Analytic  method,  in  hou;  a 
metnoi  which  proceeds  regressively  or  inductively  from 
known  particulars  to  the  recognition  of  general  principles, 
in  opposition  to  the  ft/nllutlic  melhod,  which  advances 
from  principles  to  particulars.  ,       ,     ^ 

n.  n.  (only  in  the  lirst  form).  1.  One  of  the 
maiii  divisions  of  logic,  which  treats  of  the 
criteria  for  distinguishing  good  and  bad  argu- 
ments — 2.  .\nalysis  in  the  mathematical  sense. 
[Rare.]  —  The  new  analjrtic  of  logical  forms,  a  logi- 
cal scheme  of  sylliigism  by  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  b.ascd  upon 
the  doctrine  of 'the  quantification  of  the  predicate.  See 
qttantijication. 

analytically  (an-a-lit'i-kal-i),  (irfc.  1.  In  an 
aualvtical  manner;  by  an  analytic  method ;  by 
means  of  analysis. —  2.  To  or  "toward  anah-tic 
methods:  as,  "persons  analyticany  inclined," 
H.  Spencer. 

analytics  (an-a-lit'iks),  n.  pi  [The  pi.  form 
with  ref.  to  ^Vri'stotle's  treatises  on  logic,  called 
rd  dia'/.vTiKii.  neut.  pi.  of  ava'/.vriKo^,  analytic: 
see  analytic.']  1.  The  name  given  by  Aristotle 
Vo  the  whole  of  his  logical  investigations  -v-iewed 
as  the  analysis  of  thought ;  specifically,  the 
name  of  two  of  his  logical  treatises,  the  Prior 
and  the  Posterior  Analytics,  the  former  of  which 
deals  with  the  doctrine  of  the  syllogism,  and 
the  latter  with  proof,  definition,  division,  and 
the  knowledge  of  principles. — 2.  Same  as 
analytic,  2. 

analyzable,  analysable  (an'a-li-za-bl),  a.  [< 
aiialy:'-.  <(««/'/«.  +  -<ihle.'\  Capable  of  being 
analvzf-d. 

analyzableness,  analysableness  (an'a-U-zii- 

hl-nes ).  ».  'Die  statf  t.r  quality  ol  being  analyz- 
ablf. 

analyzation,  analysation  (an-a-U-za'shon),  n. 

[<  analyse,  analyse,  +  -alion.2  The  act  of  ana- 
lyzing. 

analyze,  analyse  (an'a-li^;),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 

pp.  analyzed,  analysed,  ppr.  analy:infi.  analys- 
intj.  [Xow  usually  spelled  analyse  in  England, 
but  formerly  there",  as  still  in  the  United  States, 
spelled  regularly  analyse  (as  in  Johnson's  Dic- 
tionary), in  the"  17th  century  also  anali:c,  <  F. 
analyser  =  Pr.  Pg.  analysur  =  Sp.  unoli:ar  =  It. 
analizzarc,  analyze;  from  the  noun,  F.  analyse, 
E.  obs.  analyse,  analysis,  the  term,  conform- 
ing to  -ise,  as  also  in  paralyze,  q.  v. :  see  analy- 
sis and  -ize."]  1.  To  take  to  pieces;  resolve 
into  elements ;  separate,  as  a  compound  into  its 
parts;  ascertain  the  constituents  or  causes  of; 
ascertain  the  characters  or  structure  of,  as  a 
plant:  as,  to  analyze  a  mineral,  a  sentence,  or 
an  argument ;  to  analyze  light  by  separating  it 
into  its  prismatic  constituents. 

But  do  what  we  will,  there  remains  in  all  deeply  agree- 

able  impressions  a  charming  something  we  cannot  anat;i:'\ 

II.  JaniffK,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  244. 

The  anali/zing  prism  is  fitted  Into  the  Ijody  [of  the  ini- 
CToscojK")  alHive  the  Wenham  prism,  in  such  a  manner 
that,  when  its  fitting  is  drawn  out,  ...  it  is  completely 
out  of  the  way  of  the  light-rays. 

ir.  S.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  f  68. 

Hence  —  2.  To  examine  critically,  so  as  to  bring 
out  the  essential  elements  or  give  the  essence 
of:  as,  to  analyze  a  jioem. —  3.  In  math.,  to 
siilirait  (a  problem)  to  treatment  by  algebra, 
and  CMpecially  by  the  calculus. 

analyzer,  analyser  (an'a-li-zer),  n.    1.  One 

will)  or  tlial  which  analyzes,  or  lias  the  power  of 
aiialyxing. 

Fire  is  the  great  an^Iuzcr  In  the  worhl,  and  the  product 

.i-h'  V  /lunhmU,  .Sermiins  on  Living  Suhjects. 

inn  of  Hclcncel  we  do  not  iiieitn  the  mere 

in-  rHjOra/MiO/zcrof  coniiHmnd'*,  or  lahel- 

II.  Sjt^nrer,  K<lueatl(»ii,  p,  !)3. 

-  2.  In  optics,  tlie  part  of  a  polari- 

1...  ivoM   the    light   after   polari- 

■^   its  properlieH:    nsnnlly  a 

•  III    from  a  doubly  refra<'tiiig 

V  '    I,  iw.,  Inatniinenlii.  whether  of  the  same  or  of  dif. 

»•'■     ■       'I       ■■ 1    -lioy  are  called  r.  «t.. .  I  iv,  I  v   rill' 

'  I  ''>*fr" ;  and   It       ■  '..  r 

Af'  '  I  III  name  of 

,.j.,Alijiinttnle,  V"l..ii  ..:.   ...  ,..  J. 

Anaincne,  ".  and  n.    (jeo  Annameac. 
an.imesite         ^  mh'-  -nit),  n.     [<  Or.  nvAiirnm:, 
I' '  ;.iin,  +  iiinnv,  miililli'i,  4- 

ri  by  litholo({int!<  lo  llniM' 
ir-ti  nri'  of  HO  line  a  1<\- 
ti  iTyMlalH  caniMil  Ih;  dis- 

tii  .1  I'.yi'.     Hco  hntall. 

Anamiti  Hutw  nn  Ani'umrsr. 

ananiiii    i .  -tt),  «.    t^I'-.  <  ••r.  'ii"- 

lifiiii^,  u  recuUiiiy  lu  luiiid,  <  iiva/u/iviiaktiv,  re<;iill 


196 

to  mind,  <  avd,  again,  +  /ii/ivi/aKetv,  call  to  mind: 
see  mnemonic.  Cf.  amnesia.J  1.  In  psychol., 
the  act  or  process  of  reproduction  in  memory; 
reminiscence. — 2.  In  rlut.,  a  figure  which  con- 
sists in  calling  to  remembrance  so'nething  over- 
looked.—  3.  la  Platonic  pliilos.,  the  vague  rec- 
ollection of  a  state  of  existence  preceding  the 
present  Ufe.  Is.  Taylor. — 4.  In»ieri.,theaceoimt 
given  by  a  patient  or  his  friends  of  the  history 
of  his  case  up  to  the  time  when  he  is  placed  im- 
der  the  care  of  a  physician. 

anamnestic  (an-am-nes'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  6r. 
(irn«iv;crr/\of,  able  to  recall  to  mind,  <  ava/ivriarof, 
that  may  be  recalled,  <  avaniui-iiaKnv:  see  anam- 
nesis.']  "I.  a.  Aiiling  the  memory. 

II,  n.   The   art   of  recollection  or  reminis- 
cence.    Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Ananmia  (an-am'ni-a),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  anamnius,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  +  aiiviov,  amnion.] 
In  zool.,  those  vertebrates,  as  fishes  and  am- 
phibians, which  are  destitute  of  an  amniotic 
sac:  opposed  to  Amnionata  (which  see). 

Anamniata  (an-am-ni-a'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  as 
Ananmia  +  -ata.']  The  more  correct  form  of 
Ananinioiiata. 

Anamnionata  (au-arn'rii-o-na'ta),  n.})l.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  lir-pviv.  -f-  aiivior,  amnion,  + -ata ;  more 
correctly  J«»»i«'«'((.]  Vertebrates  which  have 
no  amnion,  as  the  Icl>tliyo})sida :  synonymous 
wHth  Anallantoidea,  and  opposed  to  Amnionata. 
Also  wi-itteu  Anamniota. 

anamnionic  (an-am-ni-on'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  auviov,  amnion,  +  -ic;  the  more  correct 
foi-m  would  be  *anamniac.'}  Same  as  anatn- 
niotic. 

Anamniota  (an-am-ni-o'ta),  n.  2)1.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
<ii'-  priv.  -I-  auviov,  amnion,  +  -urug:  see  -ote.'\ 
Same  as  Anamnionata. 

anamniotic  (an-am-ni-ot'ik),  a.  [As  Anarnni- 
ota  +  -ft".]  Without  amnion:  as,  fishes  and 
amphibians  are  anamniotic  vertebrates.  An 
equivalent  fonn  is  anamnionic. 

anamorphism  (an-a-mor'fizm),  n.  [<  anamor- 
j}liiisis  +  -/.siH.]    Same  as  anamorphosis,  2  and  3. 

anamorphoscope  (an-a-m6r'fo-sk6p),  n.  [<  Gr. 
(h'aiwpOuGtc  {see  anamorphosis)  +  nKOTveiv,  view.] 
An  optical  toy  consisting  of  a  vertical  cylindri- 


anantbotts 


Anamorphoscope. 

cal  mirror  which  gives  a  correct  image  of  a 
distorted  jiicture  drawn  at  the  base  on  a  phiiic 
at  riglit  angles  to  tlie  axis  of  the  mirror.     Sec 

antini'irpliosis. 

anamorphose  (iin-a^m6r'f6s),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  anantoriihiisrd,  ]'>]n:anamorphosin(j.  [(.ana- 
morphosis.'] To  n'pi-i'sent  by  anuniorpliosis; 
distort  into  a  innnslrous  jirojection.     .\.  1'..  J), 

anamorphosis  (nn-a-mdr'fo-sis  or  an'n-mor- 
fo'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avu/iiiiiipuair,  a  forniing 
anew,  <  iivaiioiiifx'itiv,  fonn  anew,  transfonn,  < 
iwa,  again,  +  /idixpAeiv,  form,  <  poii(pi/,  a  fcirni :  see 
worpholiiyy.]  1.  In  pcrspic,  a  metlioil  of  draw- 
ing wliicli'gives  a  ilistoitcil  iinnge  of  llie  object 
rcpn^sented  wlioii  it  is  vie\ve<l  directly  or  nciirly 
so,  l)ut  a  natuiiil  image  wlien  it  is  viewed  from  a 
certain  point,  is  relied ed  by  a  curved  niiiTor, 
or  is  seen  througli  a  polylieilron. —  2.  In  hoi.,  nn 
anomnlouK  or  inonstrons  development  of  iiiiy 
partof  aplnnt,  owing  1  o  sonn' iiniisuiLl  condition 
alTcctinggniwIli,  Ml  Hint  il  presents  nn  iippi'ar- 
ance  altogether  unlike  the  typical  form,  as 
when  tlio  calyx  of  a  rose  UHsunies  the  form  of  a 

leaf.     Mihens  are  so  Ihihle  to  lhl«  c  lumge  of  fonn  li 

I llllrntlnnH  of  rlimalr,   Hull.   elc.   Hull  some  varieties 

lm\e  I n  plui  i-d  ill  lliicc  or  four  dllfeniil  giiicla. 

3.  In  c««V.Hnd  /«»/., the  gradual  cliaiige  of  fonn, 
generally  nHci'inling,  Iriiced  in  a  gi'onp  of  iini- 
innlH  or  plants  tlii'  nieinberH  of  which  Hiicceed 
•  ;ii  h  other  in  point  of  lime,  riius.  Ihciarllir  iiic m 
11  •■(  any  group  olimrviil  In  llie  lower  giMiliigleiil  toriiin 
1  iiri-  liy  miiiie  said  to  he  nf  a  lower  type  than,  ami  In 

I  I  of  d>'>el.,pinent  Inferior  lo.  Ilielr  analognm  In  iiioie 
I       lit  ■Irnlii  '<!  among  living  fnrnia',  hut  Ihln  lian  lieeii 

in.verte.l.  Kpieliilly  liy  o|i|ioneiitii  of  llarnlnlmii 

In  sonHcH  2  aud  3  uIko  called  anamorphism. 


Anamorphosis. 

anamorphosy  (an-a-iu6r'fo-si),  n.  Same  as 
anamiirphiisis.     Imp.  Vict. 

anamorphous  (an-a-m6r'fus),  a.  [As  anamor- 
phosis +  -ous,  after  amor2>hous.]  Distorted; 
out  of  shape.     A'.  E.  1). 

anan  (a-nan'),  adr.  aud  intcrj.,  orig.  prop.  jdir. 
[<  ME'.'  anan,  amen,  originally  with  long  a  (a), 
andn ;  aXso  anon,  anoon,  anonc:  see  ohoh.]  I.t 
adc.  At  once ;  immediately ;  anon. 

Go  to,  little  blnshet,  for  this,  mian, 

You'll  steal  forth  a  laugh  in  the  shade  of  your  fan. 

B  .Jontton,  Entertainments. 

II.  inter).  An  interrogative  particle  signify- 
ing that  one  has  not  heard  or  comprehended 
what  has  been  said.     [Eng.] 

Uast.  Well,  what  say  you  to  a  friend  who  would  take  the 
bitter  bargain  olf  your  handV 
Tuny.  Anan!        &'i)?(/»niif A,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

[In  this  sense  formerly,  and  still  dialectally,  much  used  in 
rciilyingto  quotiDTisnr  commands,  to  gain  a  slight  delay, 
though  originally  iiiiiil,\ing  "I  will  attend  to  youatonce"; 
lience,  witli  an  iMtcrrogatlve  tone,  it  eame  to  imjily  that 
the  question  or  command  was  not  understood.  It  is  the 
same  word  as  anon.] 

ananat  (an-an'ii),  «.  [See  ananas.']  A  pine- 
aiijile. 

ananas  (an-an'as),  n.  [Formerly  also  anana  = 
F.  and  It.  ananas,  <  Sp.  ananas,  also  anana,  Pg. 
ananaz,  the  pineap^de,  <  Braz.  (Tnpi)  ananas, 
anassa,  or  nanas,  first  mentioned  as  Peniv., 
nanas.]  1.  A  native  name  in  tropical  America 
of  the  pineapple,  and  of  other  [ilants  resem- 
bling it.  The  wild  ananas  of  the  'NVest  Indii's  is 
liriinulia  Pinijiiin. —  2.  [(■«;).]  [NL.]  A  small 
gonus  of  tropical  plants,  belonging  to  tlie  nat- 
ural order  Uromeliacca:  A.  satira  prodtices  tho 
liinea|iple.     Also  called  Anana-ssa. 

Ananchytes  (an-ang-ki'tez),  n.  [NL. ;  forma- 
tion iiiniar.  irrcg.  and  not  obv'ous.]  A  ge- 
nus of  fossil  ]ietalostiehous  sea-urchius,  of  the 
family  Spatanip- 
dir,  found  in  the 
t'retaceous  for- 
mation. They  m 
eiille.l  ill  the  si.m 
of  l^imlaliil  "sill  ]i 
lierds"  crowns"  iiinl 
"fnlry  loaves,"  ami 
are  eH]iecially  ehiir- 
aetcristic  of  tho 
I'pper  Chalk.  They 
have  a  raised  helinet- 
llke  fonn,  simple anihnlacra,  traiisversed  mouth,  nn  oblonsr 

olltlel. 

Ananchytinse  (an-ang-ki-li'ne\  »i.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

.Inanrhiili  s  +  -?«((■.]  A  siibfnniily  of  sea-urchins, 
of  the  laniily  SpoUuKiida-,  lyiiilicdby  the  genus 
.-/H(/H(7(.i//i.f,  containing  miiny  fossil  and  a  few 
Hiirviving  forms. 

anandrous  (an-nn'drus),  a.  [<  NL.  anandrus, 
<(lr.  I'lvdvAiui,;  wilhont  .'i  man,  <  or-  jiriv.  +  iii'//i) 
(in'r^-),  a  iiinii,  a  inale,  in  mod.  bol.  a  stamen.] 
in  /»(f.,  without  stiimens:  npjilied  lo  female 
(lowers.  Also  formerly  aiiplicil  to  I'ryplogamio 
plants,  because  they  were  suiiposed  to  have  no 
mall'  organs. 

anantherous  (an-nn'thcr-us),  a.  f<  NL.  anan- 
iliiiK.'/,  <  (ir.  Ill-  jiriv.  +  Nlj.  anihira,  antlicr.] 
Ill  hill.,  ilestilnte  of  mil  hers. 

ananthous  (!iii-an'tliiiH\  a.  |<  (!r.  nvuvfl/'/c,  < 
oi.  |inv.  +  in>lli>(,  a  llower,  +  -ous.]  Destitute 
III'  ll'iwers. 


1 


'm 

i 

*^0j 

;  9 

,/ 

n.,„.lolr>. 

A,(>7/atus. 

a,  .-*.  ItitifrcHttitlis 

anapaest 

anapaest,  anapaestic,  etc.  Same  as  anapest, 
etc.,  with  Latin  <v  retained. 

anapaganize  (an-a-pa'gau-iz),  v.  t.  [<  Gr.  im, 
afjaiu  (see  <iiia-},  +  pa<jam:e,  q.  v.]  To  make 
pa^an  asain ;  repaganize.     Southcij.     [Rare.] 

anaipeiratic  (an''a-pi-rat'ik),  a.  [Prop.  *ana.- 
jiiniltc,  <  Ur.  avaTTupandai,  try  again,  do  again, 
e.xercise,  <  ava,  again,  +  Tveipav,  attempt,  try : 
see  pirate,  piratic.']  Arising  from  too  long  or 
too  fi'equent  exercise:  applied  to  a  kind  of  pa- 
ralysis produced  by  the  habitual  use  of  certain 
muscles  in  the  same  way  for  a  long  time,  such 
as  writers'  palsy,  telegraphers'  paralysis,  etc. 

anapest, ".  [Infiistian  amipcs,  an  apex,  and  apes, 
a  iKipes,  corrupted  from  of  Naples.]  Of  Naples : 
applied  to  fustian  produced  there. 

anapest,  anapaest  (an'a-pest),  n.  [<  L.  a»a- 
pastKs,  <  (ir.  avdircuBToc,  prop,  a  verbal  adj., 
struck  back,  rebounding,  because  the  foot  is  the 
reverse  of  a  dactyl  (L.  dactyJus  repercussiis,  anti- 
dacti/Ius),  (.avayraiciv,  strike  back  or  again, <  avd, 
back,  +  Tzatetv,  strike,  =  L.  pavire,  strike:  see 
pan.]  In  pros.,  a  foot  consisting  of  three 
syllables,  the  first  two  short  or  unaccented, 
the  last  long  or  accented:  the  reverse  of  the 
dactid. 

anapestic,  anapaestic  (an-a-pes'tik),  a.  and  h. 
[<  anapest,  anapeest,  +  -ic]  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  anapest;  consisting 
of  auapests. 

II.  )».  The  anapestic  measure ;  an  anapestic 
verse.  The  following  is  an  example  of  anapes- 
tics: 

"  And  tlie  sheen  of  their  spears  was  like  stars  on  the  sea 
Where  tlie  blue  waves  roll  nightly  o'er  deep  Galilee." 

Byron,  Descent  of  Sennacherib. 

anapestical,  anapaestical  (an-a-pes'ti-kal),  a. 

Same  as  anapestic.     [Rare.] 
anapestically,  anapaestically  (an-a-pes'ti- 

kal-i),  iidi'.     In  anapestic  rhythm. 
anaphalantiasis  (au-a-fal-an-ti'a-sis),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  ava<pa'kavTiaai(;,  baldness  in  front,  <  ava, 
up,  +  (pd'Aavdoc,  "^a/lai'TOf,  bald  in  fi'ont.]  In 
piithol.,  the  falling  out  of  the  eyebrows. 

anaphora  (an-af '6-ra),  n. ;  pi.  anapkorm  (-re). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  dvaipopd,  a  coming  up,  ascension,  a 
bringing  up,  a  reference,  recourse,  an  offering, 

<  dvatpipfiv,  bring  up,  bring  back,  refer,  pom* 
forth,  offer,  etc.,  <  dm,  up,  back,  +  4iipeiv,  earr}', 
bear,  =  E.  bear^.]  1.  In  rhet.,  a  figm-e  con- 
sisting in  the  repetition  of  the  same  word  or 
words  at  the  beginning  of  two  or  more  succeed- 
ing verses,  clauses,  or  sentences:  as,  "  Where 
is  the  wise  ?  wiiere  is  the  scribe  ?  where  is  the  dis- 
puter  of  this  world?"  lCor.i.20. — 2.  Inastron., 
the  oblique  ascension  of  a  star. — 3.  In  liturgies, 
the  more  solemn  part  of  the  eueharistie  service : 
probably  so  called  from  the  oblation  which  oc- 
curs m  it.  Tlie  anaphora  begins  witli  tlie  Sursum  Corda, 
and  includes  all  that  follows,  that  is,  the  preface,  conse- 
cration, invent  oblation,  communion,  thanlcsgiving,  etc.  In 
some  of  the  more  ancient  forms  it  is  preceded  by  a  bene- 
diction. 

anaphrodisia  (an-af-ro-diz'i-a),  n.    [NL.,< 

Gr.  di'a(ppo6tala,  <  draippoSiTo;,  without  venereal 
desire,  <  dv-  priv.  +  'A^potS/r;?,  Venus.]  The  ab- 
sence of  sexual  power  or  appetite  ;  impotence. 

anaphrodisiac  (an-af-ro-diz'i-ak),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Gr.  dv-  priv.  +  dij>poi)inian(it;,  venereal :  see  aph- 
rodisiac.] I.  a.  Tending  to  diminish  sexual 
desire ;  pertaining  to  anaphrodisia,  or  to  anaph- 
rodisiacs. 

II.  n.  That  which  dulls  or  diminishes  sexual 
appetite,  as  a  drug,  bathing,  etc.;  an  antaph- 
rodisiac. 

anaphroditic  (an-af-ro-dit'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dva- 
(^pudiToi; :  see  anaphrodisia.]  Agamogenetic  ; 
asexually  produced. 

anaphroditous  (an-af-ro-di'tus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
dm<j)pijdirog :  see  anaphrodisia.]  Without  sex- 
ual appetite.     Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

anaplastic  (an-a-plas'tik),  a.  [As  anaplasty  + 
-ic.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  performed  by,  or  used 
in  the  operation  of  anaplasty  :  as,  an  anaplas- 
tic instrument. 

anaplasty  (an'a-plas-ti),  n.  [<  Gr.  avdn'AaoTOi;, 
that  may  be  formed  anew,  verbal  adj.  of  dva- 
TTAdaauv,  form  anew,  remodel,  <  dvd,  again,  + 
7rAd(j(T«ii,  mold,  form :  s&e pAastic]  ln.snrrj.,t)ie 
repairing  of  superficial  lesions,  or  solutions  of 
continuity,  by  the  employment  of  adjacent 
healthy  structure,  as  by  transplanting  a  neigh- 
boring portion  of  skin.  Noses,  etc.,  are  thus 
restored. 

anaplerosis  (an"a-ple-r6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dvu-'/  ;i,i,.,Gir,  <  dmn-'Aj/povv,  fill  up,  <  dvd,  up,  + 
Tclnpoiw,  fill,  <  ir'Arjpri^,  full,  akin  to  L.  plenns,  full : 
see  plenty.]     The  addition  of  what  is  lacking; 


197 

specifically,  in  med.,  the  filling  up  of  a  deficiency 
caused  by  loss  of  substance,  as  in  wounds. 

anaplerotic  (au"a-2ile-rot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
anapleroticus,  <  Gr.  "dvaTT'/.i/puTindf,  fit  for  filling 
up,  <.  dvair'/r/poiiv,  fill  up,  restore:  see  anaple- 
rosis.] I.  a.  In  med.,  filling  up;  promoting 
granulation  of  wounds  or  ulcers. 

II.  n.  A  substance  or  application  which  pro- 
motes the  granulation  of  wounds  or  ulcers. 

Anaplotherium,  «.  Erroneous  form  of  Ano- 
plotheritini.     Jlrande. 

anapnograph  (an-ap'no-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  dva- 
TTvot/,  respiration  (<  avairvdv,  take  breath,  <  dvd, 
again,  -t-  -vnv,  breathe),  +  ypd(j>i:iv,  write.]  An 
instrument  for  registering  the  movements  and 
amount  of  expiration  and  inspiration.    N.  E.  1). 

anapnometer  (an-ap-nom'e-ter),  H.  [<  Gr.  dva- 
TTvoij,  respiration  (see  anapnograph),  -(-  pcrpov, 
a  measirre.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
force  of  respiration  ;  a  spirometer.     N.  E.  D. 

anapodictic  (an-ap-o-dik'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ava^vd- 
(5f;«rof,  not  demonstrable,  <  av-  priv.  -t-  dvodii- 
lirdc,  demonstrable :  see  apodictic]  Incapable 
of  being  demonstrated  by  argument. 

anapophysial  (an-ap-o-fiz'i-al),  a.  [<  anapophy- 
.s(s.]  h'elatiug  or  pertaining  to  an  auapophysis. 

anapophysis  (an-a-i)of 'i-sis),  n.;  pi.  anapopjhyses 
(-sez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (im,  back,  +  anofvai^,  an  off- 
shoot, process  of  a  bone,  <  diroiphtiv,  put  forth, 
in  pass,  grow  as  an  offshoot,  <  d-6,  from,  off 
(see  apto-),  -f  fveiv,  produce,  in  pass,  grow :  see 
Xihysic]  In  anat.,  a  small  backward  projecting 
process  on  the  neural  arch  of  a  vertebra,  be- 
tween the  jirezygaijophysis  and  the  diapophj-- 
SIS.  It  is  developed  especially  in  the  posterior  dorsal  and 
lumbar  regions  of  the  spine.  Also  called  an  accessory 
process.     See  cut  under  lumbar. 

Anaptomorphidae  (an-ap-to-mor'fi-de),  n.  2)7. 
lNh.,i  Anaptoniorj)ltus  + -idee.]  A  family  of 
extinct  Eocene  lemm'oid  mammals  of  North 
America,  with  two  premola,rs  and  a  dental  for- 
mula like  that  of  the  liigher  apes. 

The  most  evident  lemuroids  yet  found  in  North  Amer- 
ica belong  to  the  family  of  the  Anaptomorphidce. 

Cope,  Amer.  Naturalist  (18S5),  p.  4tj:i. 

Anaptomorphus  (an-ap-to-m6r'fus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  dv-  priv.  +  aKTCw,  fasten,  +  popijii),  form.] 
The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Anuptomor- 
piiidce,  founded  on  the  jaw  of  a  small  species, 
A .  (em  ulus.  A.  homunciilus  is  another  species,  found  in 
the  Wahsatch  beds  of  Wyoming.  The  lacrymal  foramen 
is  external,  and  the  symphysis  of  the  jaw  is  unossified. 

As  far  as  dental  characters  go,  Anaptoraorphus  conies 
closer  to  man  than  any  of  the  existing  Primates. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  V.  493. 

anaptotic  (an-ap-tot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dvd,  back, 
again,  +  drrTuTor,  indeclinable  :  see  aptote.]  In 
philol.,  becoming  again  iminliected:  applied  to 
languages  wliieh  have  a  tendency  to  lose  or  haye 
already  lost  the  use  of  inflections. 
anaptychus  (an-ap'ti-kus),  «.;  pi.  anaptychi 
(-ki).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dvdTTTvxoi;,  var.  of  dvdTrTVKTO^, 
that  may  be  opened,  verbal  adj.  of  dvaTT-vcaciv, 
open,  uiifold,  <  dvd,  back,  +  itrvaaetv,  fold.]  One 
of  the  heart-shaped  plates  divided  by  a  suture 
foimd  in  some  fossil  cephalopods,  as  goniatites 
and  ammonites.  See  apiychiis. 
anarch  (an'iirk),  n.  [Foimed  after  the  analogy 
of  monarch;  <  Gr.  dvapxog,  without  a  head  or 
chief:  see  einarehy.]  A  promoter  of  anarchy; 
one  who  excites  revolt  against  all  government 
or  authority;  an  anarchist. 

Him  thus  tlie  anarch  old, 
With  faltering  speech  and  visage  incomposed, 
Answerd.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  988. 

"  A  torpedo,"  cried  Zero,  brightening,  '*  a  torpedo  in  the 
Thames  1  Superb,  dear  fellow  ! "  I  recognize  in  you  the 
mai-ks  of  an  acconiplislled  anarch." 

It.  L.  ,'iteveyison.  The  Dynamiter,  p.  305. 

anarchal,  anarchial  (a-niir'kal,  -ki-al),  a.  [< 
Gr.  uvapxoc,  without  a  head  or  chief:  see  a»- 
archy.]  Ungoverned ;  lawless ;  anarchical. 
[Rare.] 

We  are  in  the  habit  of  calling  those  bodies  of  men  an- 
archal which  are  in  a  state  of  etfervescence. 

Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations,  I.  135. 

anarchic  (a-niir'kik),  a.  l<  anarchy  -^■  -ie.]  1. 
Of,  pertaining  to,  proceeding  from,  or  dictated 
by  anarchy;  without  rule  or  government;  in 
confusion.     An  equivalent  form  is  anarchical. 

Jlr.  Arnold  i.s  impatient  with  the  unregulated  and,  as 
he  thinks,  annirhir  state  of  our  society  ;  and  everjwhere 
displays  a  longing  for  more  administrative  and  control- 
ling agencies.  H.  .'Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  231. 

2.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  theory  of  so- 
ciety called  anarchy ;  founded  on  anarchy  or 
anarchism.     See  anarchy,  2. 

Not  only  is  he  [Bakunin]  the  father  of  Nihili.sm  in  Rus- 
sia, but  he  has  been  the  apostle  of  International  Anarctiic 


Anarhynchus 

Socialism  throughout  tlie  south  of  Europe,  and  U  is  the 
substance  of  his  d<ictrines  that  we  meet  in  those  of  the 
I'aris  Revolution  of  the  istli  of  March. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  Laveleye's  Socialism,  p.  196. 

anarchical  (a-nar'ki-kal),  a.  Same  as  anar- 
chic, 1. 

anarchism  (an'ar-kizm),  n.  [<  anarchy  + 
-ism.]  1.  Confusion;  disorder;  anarchy. — 2. 
The  doctrines  of  the  anarchists ;  the  anarchic 
and  socialistic  scheme  of  society  proposed  by 
Proudhon.     See  anarchy,  2. 

anarchist  (an'iir-kist),  n.  [<  anarchy  +  -ist ;  = 
P.  anareliisle.]  1.  Properly,  one  who  advocates 
anarchy  or  the  absence  of  government  as  a 
political  ideal ;  a  believer  in  an  anarchic  theory 
of  society;  especially,  an  adherent  of  the  social 
theory  of  Proudhon.  See  anarchy,  2. — 2.  In 
popular  use,  one  who  seeks  to  overturn  by  vio- 
lence all  constituted  forms  and  institutions  of 
society  and  government,  all  law  and  order,  and 
all  rights  of  property,  with  no  pirrpose  of  es- 
tablishing any  other  system  of  order  in  the 
place  of  that  destroyed ;  especially,  such  a  per- 
son when  actuated  by  mere  lust  of  plimder. — 3. 
Any  person  who  promotes  disorder  or  excites 
revolt  against  an  established  rule,  law,  or  cus- 
tom.    See  anarch  and  nihilist. 

anarchistic  (an-ar-kis'tik),  a.  [<  anarchist  + 
-ic.]  Pertaining  to,  having  the  characteristics 
of,  or  advocating  anarchism. 

Secret  conspirators  and  anarchistic  agitators. 

Apple-ton's  Ann.  Cyc,  1884,  p.  357. 

anarchize  (an'ar-kiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
nrchi'ed,  ppr.  anarchicing.  [<  ajjareliy  +  -ize.] 
To  put  into  a  state  of  anarchy  or  confusion ; 
reduce  to  anarchy  ;  throw  into  confusion. 

anarchy  (an'ar-ki),  n.  [<  F.  anarchic,  <  Gr.  dv- 
apx'a,  lack  of  a  niler  or  of  government^  anarchy, 

<  dvapxoi;,  without  a  ruler  or  chief,  <  av-  priv.  + 
apxd^,  a  ruler,  dpx^i,  rule,  government,  <  dpxciv, 
nile,  be  first:  see  arcl(-.  Cf.  monarchy.]  1. 
Absence  or  insufficiency  of  government ;  a  state 
of  society  in  which  there  is  no  capable  supreme 
power,  and  in  which  the  several  functions  of  the 
state  are  perf onned  badly  or  not  at  aU ;  social 
and  political  confusion. 

It  seemed  Itut  too  likely  tilat  England  -would  fall  under 
the  most  odious  and  degrading  of  all  kinds  of  government, 
.  .  .  uniting  all  the  evils  of  despotism  to  all  the  evils  of 
anarchy.  M^caulay. 

Specifically — 2.  A  social  theoiy  which  regards 
the  tmion  of  order  with  the  absence  of  all  direct 
government  of  man  by  man  as  the  political 
ideal ;  absolute  individual  liberty.  The  most  noted 
expounder  of  this  theory  was  Pierre  Joseph  Proudhon 
(1809-1865),  whose  views  have  been  adopted,  with  various 
modifications,  by  many  agitators. 

Proudhon  .  .  .  said  that  "the  true  form  of  the  state  is 
anarchy,"  .  .  .  meaning  by  anarchy,  of  course,  not  positive 
disorder,  but  the  absence  of  any  supreme  ruler,  whether 
king  or  convention.  Rac,  Contemp.  Socialism,  p.  141. 

3.  Confusion  in  general. 

The  late  beauteous  prospect  presents  one  scene  of  an- 
archy and  wild  uproar,  as  though  old  Chaos  had  resumed 
his  reign,  and  was  hurling  back  into  one  vast  turmoil  the 
conflicting  elements  of  nature. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  185. 
=  Syn.  -Anarchy,  Chaos.  Anarchy  is  an  absence  of  gov- 
ernment ;  chaos  is  an  absence  of  order. 

anarcotin,  anarcotine  (a-nar'ko-tin),  n.  [< 
Gr.  a- priv.  (a-18)  -(-  narcotic  +  -in"^,  -ine^.]  A 
name  proposed  for  narcotine,  because  of  its 
apparent  freedom  from  narcotic  properties. 

anarota  (an-ar'e-ta),  «.     [ML.,  prop.  *anwreta, 

<  Gr.  dvaipin/c,  destroyer,  murderer:  see  Anw- 
retes.]  In  astrol.,  the  lord  of  the  eighth  house; 
the  killing  planet. 

The  length  of  time  wliich  the  apheta  and  anareta,  as 
posited  in  each  respective  figure  of  a  nativity,  will  be  in 
forming  a  conjunction,  or  coming  together  in  the  same 
point  of  the  heavens,  is  the  precise  length  of  the  native's 
life.  .Sibley,  Astrology. 

anaretic  (an-a-ret'ik\  a.  [VTOp.'aneeretic,  <  Gr. 
dvatpeTiKOr,  destructive,  with  ref.  to  anareta,  q. 
v.]  In  os^ro/.,  desti-uctive;  killing:  with  refer- 
ence to  the  anareta. 

The  anaretic  or  killing  places  are  the  places  of  Satm'u 
and  Mars,  which  kill  .according  to  the  direction  of  the 
hyleg  to  the  succeeding  signs.  Sibtey,  Astrology. 

anaretical  (an-a-ret'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  anaretic. 
.^ihleii. 

Anarhynchus  (an-a-ring'kus),  n.  [NX,.,  <  Gr. 
am,  up,  back,  +  pvyx^rt  snout,  bill.]  A  remark- 
able genus  of  plovers,  differing  from  all  other 
birds  in  having  the  end  of  the  bill  bent  sidewise 
and  upward,  but  otherwise  quite  lilce  ordinary 
plovers.  A.  frontalis,  the  only  species,  is  a  na- 
tive of  New  Zealand.  Also  spelled  Anarrhyn- 
chns.  Qiioy  and  Gaiinard,  1833,  See  cut  under 
plm'cr. 


Anamaclna; 

AnamacinSB  (an-ar-na-si'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
AiidnnHiis  +  -iHff.]  A  subfamily  of  toothed 
cetaceans,  of  the  family  Ziphiida:  It  is  distin- 
guishe.1  £rom  Ziphiirue  by  the  trreatly  developed  incurved 
lateral  crests  of  the  maiillar}-  bone.  It  contains  the  spe- 
cies commotily  referred  to  the  genus  Hyi>eroodon,  wiiich 
is  a  =vn.jin-r.i  of  Anarnaciii. 

Anarnacns  (an-ar'na-kus),  ».  [XL.,  <  ananial; 
given  as  a  native  name  of  a  kind  of  porpoise.] 
A  genus  of  toothed  cetaceans,  giving  name  to 
the  subfamily  ^narnacintE.-  synonymous  -with 
Ilyperoiidon. 

anarrhexis  (an-a-rek'sis),  n.  P«li.,  <  Gr.  avap- 
lir,;ic.  a  breaking  up,  <  avapprrjvimai,  break  up, 
break  through,  <  (iid,  up,  +  pTiyvi-vat,  break, 
akin  to  E.  break,  q.  v.]  lu  surg.,  the  rebreak- 
ing of  a  united  fracture. 

anarrMcliadid  (an-a-rik'a-did),  h.  A  fish  of 
the  familv  AnarrhicfKulidii. 

Anarrhichadidae  (an"a-ri-kad'i-de),  n.  ph 

[XL..  <  Antirrliirha-'i  {-chad-)  +  -«?<€.]  A  family 
of  bliunioid  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Anar- 
rliichai^. 

Anarrhichadini  (an-a-iik-a-di'ni),  n.  pi.  [Nli. , 
<  AnarrUichas  {-eltad-j  +  -i/ii.]  A  subfamily  of 
blennioid  fishes,  same  as  the  family  J«arW(ic/io- 
ilidip.     Boniipartc. 

AnarrMclias  (an-ar'i-kas),  h.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avafy- 
piXacHai,  clamber  up  with  hands  and  feet,  <  ava, 
up,  +  appixaadai  (only  in  comp.),  clamber.]  A 
genus  of  blennioid  fiilms.  typical  of  the  famUy 


^rrv- 


Anarrhichadidte,  containing  A.  liipm,  the  com- 
mon wolf-fish  (which  see),  and  several  closely 
related  species.  Also  written  Anarhichas,  Anur- 
rli  ii-iis.  A  no  rh  iais. 

Anarrhynchus,  «.    See  Anarhyudius. 

anarthria  (an-Ur'thri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avap- 
Opia,  lit.  absence  of  joiiits,  used  only  in  fig.  sensei 
want  of  strength,  <  Gr.  avapOpoc,  without  joints, 
not  articulated,  inarticulate:  see  luuirtlirous.i 
1.  Absence  of  joints  or  of  jointed  limbs. —  2. 
Inability  to  articulate  distinctlyin  speaking,  de- 
pendent on  a  central  nervous  defect,  but  not  in- 
volving paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  articulation. 

anarthnc (an-ar'thrik),  a.  l<.fniiirtliri(i  +  -ic.J 
I'irtaining  to  anarthria;  sufTering  from  sinar- 
lliri:i. 

Anarthropoda(an-iir-throp'o-dii),  n.])l.    [NL.j 

<  lir.  til-  priv.  +  apOpov,  a  joint,  +  n-oir  (-o(i-) 
=  'E.  foot.  See  Arlliroiinda.]  In  rooV.,  in  some 
systems  of  classification,  one  of  two  jtrime  di- 
visions {Arthropoda  being  the  other)  of  the  An- 
nulom  or  ringed  animals,  namely,  those  wliich 
have  no  articulated  appendages  or  jointed 
limbs,  such  as  the  Annelida  and  the  Ot:]>hijrca. 
It  i.H  conteriniiinus  with  thegc  two  cIa.S9C3,  together  Willi  the 
Clxrlottnatltn  (Sarfltta).  The  term  i«  not  now  current,  Ar- 
throjfuia  )>ejnt;  ranked  aa  a  sultkintfdoni,  includinKcrusta* 
ueariH.  niyriiipods,  arachnids,  and  insects,  and  all  anar- 
thro|«od<iuH  r)ni£e<l  animals  being  contrasted  with  them 
under  the  name  lVr7/i«#. 

anarttaropodons  (an-iir-throp'o-dus),  a.  Of  or 
piiiiiiiiing  111  the  Anitrlhro]io()a ;  hence,  with- 
iiiit  articiiliili  d  limbs. 

anarthrotiafan-iir'thrus),  a.    [<  NL.  «Hnr//ir««, 

<  (Jr.  iniijillpnr,  without  joints,  without  urtieiJa- 
tion^  without  the  article,  <  or-  priv.  +  iipOimv, 
n  joint,  in  grain,  the  article:  see  arlliritisj  etc.] 
1.  In  :iiol.:  («)  Without  joints;  nut  jointed; 
inarlii-iilated.  (6)IIiivingniiarti<iilii1<d  limbs; 
niiMril.i'.fioildijK. —  2.  In  r/c"//!.,  willioiil  the  art  i- 
<1'  poiMally  to  Greek  nouns  so  used 


An 
h 

(li 

ri  ■ 

d. 

m  ' 
tr. 

U'l' 


"I- 
|i 

th' 


'■     |L.  rtiifW  (onn/-)  =  Or.  v^ra, 

■  ',rr,i.  Dor.  \'nnna,-=  Lilli. «(//«'«  = 

-    MIKi.  ant  (pi.  i nti),  ,nl,  (J. 

1 1 :.  inrd,  rndr,  a  duck,  MK. 

ii|iliere8is  driiKr,  K.  drnl;i  : 

■\  K' mis  of  iiulmipi'il  lainclliros- 

'  IiIpIh.  typieal  of  the  faiiiily  Aiin- 

iiilnoua  Willi    <       ■    '  '    .. 

.      hrlt    IlIlN    Ir'  , 

flllll  hn......  J 


f'Hltt'l  ,-,/ 

AoaiW  '  <L.]    A  goniiRof  hemip- 

t«roMi  insi  il8,  o(  till  Kroup  CV/rdiue.corilolnliig 


198 

such  species  as  the  common  squash-bug,  A. 
Iristis. 

anasarca  (an-a-sar'ka),  n.  [ML.  and  NL.,  < 
Gr.  ava,  up,  through  "(see  ana-),  +  adpica,  ace. 
of  ffdpj,  flesh.]  1.  In  paihoL,  f.  wide-spread 
edema  or  dropsical  affection  of  the  skin  and 
subcutaneous  connective  tissue. — 2.  In  hot., 
the  condition  of  plants  when  the  tissues  be- 
come gorged  with  fluid  in  very  wet  weather. 

anasarcoUS  (an-a-sar'kus),  a.  [<  anasarca  + 
-oiis.]  Belonging  to  or  affected  by  anasarca  or 
dropsy;  dropsical. 

anaseismic  (au-a-sis'mik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avaaeiaua, 
avaGcwuoc,  a  shaking  up  and  down,  <  di>aaf/'f(i', 
shake  up  and  down,  <  di  d,  up,  -I-  miciv,  shake,  > 
ffcfffuof,  a  shaking:  see  ««o-andse(S»(Jc.]  Char- 
acterized by  upward  movement:  applied  to 
earthquakes,  or  to  earthquake-shocks.  Milne, 
Earthquakes,  p.  11. 

Anaspidea  (an-as-pid'e-ii),  n. pi.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  di>- 
priv.  +  do-/f  (<'iG-i6-),  a  shield.]  One  of  three 
divisions  of  the  teetibranchiate  gastropods,  cor- 
related with  ('(phalnspidea  and  Xotaspidea.  It 
includes  the  families  Apl;ii<iidiv  and  Oxyiimdo'. 

anastaltict  (an-a-stal'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  amara/.ri- 
KOg,  fitted  for  checking,  <  avaaTtAWtiv,  cheek, 
keep  back,  send  back,  <  di-d,  back,  -I-  btD^^civ, 
send.]     In  )«erf.,  astringent ;  styptic. 

anastate (an'a-stat),«.  [<  Gr. di'd(;rarof,made to 
rise  up,  verbal  adj.  of  avic-aaBai,  rise  up,  <  ava, 
up,  -1-  laTaaOai,  stand.]  The  material  result  of 
anabolism ;  a  siibstanee  resulting  from  or  char- 
acterized by  anabolic  processes ;  any  substance 
which  is  evolved  from  one  simpler  than  itself, 
with  absorption  of  energy.     See  anaholinni. 

The  substances  or  mesostates  appearinK  in  the  former 
(series  of  anal)olic  processes]  we  may  speak  of  as  arm- 
states,  those  of  the  latter  we  may  call  katastates. 

it.  Fost-i;  EntTc  Brit.,  XIX.  19. 

anastatic  (an-a-stat'ik),  a.  [(  Gr.  di'dirrarof, 
made  to  rise  up,  verbal  adj .  of  aviaraaBai,  rise  up 
(see anastate),  +  -ic ;  c{.static.'\  Raised;  consist- 
ing of  or  furnished  with  raised  characters :  as, 

o«a«(«^/c  plates.- Anastatic  printing  "r  engraving, 

a  mode  of  obtaining  a  facsimile  of  any  printed  pa;;f  or  en- 
graving by  moistening  the  print  with  dilute  phosphoric 
acid  and  transferring  the  ink  from  the  impression  to  a 
plate  of  zinc.  The  plate  is  then  subjected  to  the  action  of 
an  acid,  which  etches  or  eats  away  the  surface  in  all  por- 
tions not  protected  by  the  ink,  so  that  the  portions  thus 
protected  are  left  in  relief  and  prints  can  readily  be  taken 
from  tliom.  Also  called  zincntjraphy. 
Anastatica  (an-a-stat'i-kii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.di'd- 
aTuTor,  made  to  rise  up ;  cf .  avamaai^,  a  making  to 

rise  up,  resiu-- 
rection:seo«»- 
a.itatic.'l  Age- 
nus  of  plants, 
of  the  natural 
order  CruHfc- 
reP.  .iJIierocftun- 
tiiiii,  the  rose  of 
.leiicho,  is  found 
mar  the  Dead  Sea 
and  in  the  deserts 
of  Arabia  I'l-tnea, 
Kgypt,  and  south- 
ern I'ersia.  It  is 
remiirkahlefortlie 
power  the  dried 
plant  has  of  ab- 
sorbing water  and 
appearing  to  re- 
vive when  placed 
in  it,  whence  the 
connniin  name  of 
rfmirrfction-plant.  This  name  has  reference  also  to  the 
popular  belief  that  the  jilaiit  blooms  at  t'hristnuis  and 
remains  expamled  till  Kaster.  The  plants  aregiithered  to 
lie  HI  lit  III  .liinsiili-ni,  where  they  are  sold  to  pilgrims. 

anastigmatic  (afi-ns-tig-n'mi 'iU),  ".    |  <  <"(-''  + 

((sliiiiiialir.]     Not  aHlignialic  :  applied  to  a  lens. 

Anastomatinse (a-na8"to-ma-ti'iie),  n.  III.  [NL., 
<  .tiias/onnis  (-mat-)  +  -inti:']  A  siibi'iimily  of 
birds,  of  the  family  Ciconiida;  or  storks,  form- 
ed for  till'  roeeption  of  the  geniiH  Anaslonin.i. 
Unnojiarfe,  IH.IO. 

anastome  (au'a-stom),  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus 
,//ir/.s7o///H.v. 

Anastominse  (a-uas-to-nii'ne),  n.  pi.  [Nli.,  < 
Aiiasloiniis  +  -imr.'^  Kamo  as  Ananlomalinw. 
Iliiii'iiiarli,  1H4<». 

anastomize  (u-nas'to-miz),  v.  i.;  prot.  and  |ip. 
inia.iliimmil,  p|ir.  anaslonii:ilt(J.  \Ai<(inaiil<i>n<isr 
+  -irc]     Snino  as  imaslomosr.     I  Wiire.] 

anastomOSant  (n-iins-lo-mo'zanl), '/.     [K.,  ppr. 
or>/Hu/(f»Mii/,<ir'f',  aiiaHtomoHe:  see  below,]    Aiiiis- 
•  ••mo'iing;    iiiiaHtoinotie.     <S'i/'/.  .S'<«'.  /.rx.,  IH7!». 
1 

iinose  (n-nns'to-mo/,),  r, ;  jirel.  and  jip. 

■  'iHOHiit,  ppr.  antiHtoniosinff.     [<  K.  anaftttt- 

II''  I  r,  <.  iiiiiisliiniom,  iiiiaHtoniosiN:   see  iinitslo- 

uiii.iis.]    I,  iiilritnu.  To  coiniiiiinicule  or  unite 

l«y  iiiiiuitomimis;  intercommunicute,  inosculate, 


Rose  of  Jericho 

{.■tHattatUa  fftfrcthutttma), 

t,  tile  livitiK  pl.int :  3,  the  nl.int  withered  ; 

3,  the  %iin)c  expanded  Ijy  moisture. 


anathema 

or  run  into  one  another:  said  chiefly  of  vessels 
conveying  fluid,  as  blood  or  l}^nph,  as  when 
arteries  imite  with  one  another  or  with  veins. 

The  ribbing  of  the  leaf,  and  the  anantomo/fiiifr  net-work 
of  its  vessels.  Js.  Taylor, 

In  some  species  they  branch  and  arui9ti>mose. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  500. 

II.  trans.  To  connect  by  anastomosis.  N. 
E.  D. 

anastomosis  (a-nas-to-mo'sis),  ».  [NL.  (>P. 
iniastonio.se),  <  Gr.  avaard/iuaif;,  an  opening,  out- 
let, discharge,  sharpening  of  the  appetite,  <  ava- 
cTo/i6en',  open,  discharge,  as  one  sea  into  an- 
other, furnish  with  a  mouth,  sharpen  the  appe- 
tite, <  aid,  again,  -I-  crofioew,  furnish  with  a 
mouth,  <  (7rd(ua,  mouth :  see*/omo.]  1.  In  co67. 
and  anat.,  the  imion,  intercommunication,  or 
ino.^'iulation  of  vessels  of  any  system  with  one 
another,  or  with  vessels  of  another  system,  as 
the  arteries,  veins,  and  l^Tuphatics.  In  sur- 
gery, after  ligation  of  an  artery,  collateral  cir- 
culation is  established  Ity  arterial  anastomimis. 
Hence  —  2.  The  interlacing  or  network  of  any 
branched  system,  as  the  veins  of  leaves  or 
the  ner^^u•es  of  insects'  wings.  See  cut  under 
Tenaiion. 

anastomotic  (a-nas-to-mot'ik),  a,  and  n.  r<  NL. 
anastomoticus,  <  Gr.  avaarofiuTiKd^,  lit.  pertalr^ing 
to  opening,  fit  for  sharpening,  <  avaaro/ideiv, 
open:  see  anastomosis.  In  the  first  sense  for- 
merly also  anastomatie,  after  Gr.oTo/;arai(5f,  per- 
taining to  the  mouth.]  I,  a.  If.  In  w (■(?.,  hav- 
ing the  quality  of  remoWng  obstructions,  as 
from  the  blood-vessels. — 2.  Pertaining  to  or 
exhibiting  anastomosis. 

In  the  fonner  [Spataniiuj<],  a  distinct  anastomotic  trunk 
connects  the  intestinal  vessels  with  the  circular  ainbula- 
cral  vessel.  Iluj^lt-ii,  .\nat.  Invert.,  p.  495. 

II.j  H.  One  of  a  class  of  medicines  formerly 
supposed  to  have  the  power  of  opening  the 
mouths  of  blood-vessels  and  promoting  circu- 
lation, such  as  cathartics,  deobstruents,  and  su- 
iloritii-s. 
Anastomus  (a-nas'to-mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  uv& 
-¥  a-iiau,  mouth:  see  anastomosis.']  1.  In  or- 
nith.,  a  genus  of  storks,  of  the  family  Vieoniida; 
and  subfamily  .■f»«.v/OH«(/(H<T'.  The  name  is  derived 
from  the  form  of  the  beak,  the  inamlililes  si-paraling  su  :uj 
to  leave  an  interval  heween  them,  and  coming  tugether 
again  or  anastomosing  at  the  tip.  There  are  two  very  dis- 
tinct species,  the  East  Indian  A.  onculann  and  the  African 
A.  taiiiftlifterus.  Tho  former  is  white  \\'ith  black  winga 
and  tiiil,  the  latter  black.  Also  called  Apri-lirontra,  CIteiiO' 
r/taiiipliit.i,  JIiaii.<:,  Iliatur,  and  Rliiiiu'iiiH'Imnma. 

2.  In  ('('/(//(.,  a  genus  of  <!)'a//»o«irf(i'.    G.  Ciivier, 
1S17.     [Xot  in  use.] 
anastrophe  (a-nas'tro-fe),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  di-o- 
nrpui^ij,  a  turning  back,  <  avaarpltpeiv,  turn  back, 

<  di'd,  back,  +  arpe^civ,  turn.  Of.  stroplie.'\  In 
rliet.  and  pram.,  an  inversion  of  the  usual  or- 
der of  words:  as,  "echoed  the  hills"  for  "tho 
hills  echoed." 

anastrous  (a-nas'trus),  a.  [<  Gr.  oinaroof, 
without  stars,  <  dti-  priv.  +  aarpov,  star.]     Not 

constituting  a  constellation.  — Anastrous  sign,  a 
sign  of  the  zodiac,  not  a  constellation  ciirrcspunding  to 
such  a  sign. 
anatase  fan'a-tas),  «.      [So  named  from   tho 
length  of  its  crystals:  <  Gr.  drdronif.  extension, 

<  di'iirfvrd)',  extend,  <  iii'd,  back,  +  tiii'iiv,  stretch 
(>  rdmi;,  tension):  se(>  tend,  tension. 1  One  of 
the  three  forms  of  nativii  titanium  dioxid ;  octa- 
heilrile.  In  color  It  is  indigo-blue,  redillsh-lirnwn,  and 
vriliiw  :  it  is  usually  crystallized  in  acute,  elongated,  pyra- 
midal iiclalicili'iins. 

anathemt,  ".     Obsolete  form  of  anathema. 

anathema  (a-nath'e-niil),  ».;  pi.  nnalhenias,  an- 
altieinala  (-miiz,  aii-ii-theiu'a-til').  [LL.  anatliiS- 
nla,  <  (ir.  didWf7/n(inflieSoptungiiitand  file  New 
Test  anient  and  hence  in  eccles.Gr.  and  L,),  any- 
I  liing  (1(1  voted  to  evil,  an  iicciirsed  thing,  a  curse ; 
esp.orrxeonimmiicatioii,  an  ac('ursi>d  orexconi- 
iiiiinlcnli'it  iiersoii ;  in  classical  Greek  simply 
'iinytliliig  olTered  ti)>  or  dedicated,'  lioing  an- 
other form  of  the  i'ogulardi'dW///in,  a  votive  olTer- 
iiig'set  up  in  a  temple,  esp.  as  an  ornnnient, 
hence  also  an  oriiaiiient,  ii  delight  (>  LL.  ana- 
thi'ina,  an  offering,  a  gift),  lit.  'that  which  is 
set  up';  <  di'(ir((Vni/,sel  lip,  iledii^ate,  (dlVr,  <  di'd, 
up,  -H  rity/ro/,  ptit,  plnco,  srI  :  see  r/»f/-iiiiil  theme, 
Tlie  forms  of  nnnllirma  are  thus  liisliiigiiished: 
iinnlliema,  when  the  dcdicalion  is  cariiinl  out 
liy  the  preservation  of  the  objiict  as  a  )iioiis  of- 
f'criiig  (Luke  xxi.  fi) ;  iinalhima,yf\\en  il  lins  in 
view  the  deslrilclioii  of  tin'  olijoi't  lis  iieciirsed 
(.losli.  vii.  Ili).  A  relic  of  llie  runner  mid  origi- 
nal sense  of  the  word  is  found  in  the  iiiiiillie- 
miila  of  the  inidillc  iigcs,  which  were  gifts  iiiid 
oriimiii'nts  beHtnweii  ii|ion  llio  clniri'li  and  con- 


anathema 

secrated  to  the  worship  of  God.  The  principal 
Eiij,'lish  uses,  however,  are  derived  from  the 
form  iiniilhciiKi.']  1.  A  person  or  thing  held  to 
1)0  jiccuised  or  devoted  to  damnation  or  destruc- 
tion. 

The  Jewish  nation  was  an  anathema  destined  to  de- 
struction. .St.  Paul  .  .  .  says  he  could  wish  to  save  them 
from  it,  and  to  become  an  anathema,  and  to  be  destroyed 
himself.  Locke,  Paraphrase  of  Rora.  ix.  3. 

It  is  God's  will,  the  Holy  Father's  will. 
And  Piiilip's  will,  and  mine,  that  he  should  burn. 
lie  is  pronounced  anatheina. 

Teaniimn,  Queen  Mary,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  curse  or  denunciation  pronounced  with 
leligious  solemnity  by  ecclesiastical  author- 
ity, involving  e.xeommunication.  This  species  of 
exconimiinicatiun  was  practised  in  the  ancient  churches 
against  iricinri'-^iljli'  irifindi  is.  clmivhi's  were  warned  not 
to  receive  them.  iii;i^ist!atus  aii.l  ]tiiv;ite  persons  were  ad- 
monishiMliiottoliarli'ii-or  in:uiit;iiii  tluin,  and  priests  were 
enjoined  not  to  converse  wiHi  thi'in  or  attend  their  fu- 
nerals. Also  called  jwrfi'ffrtn/  anuffiema.  The  formula, 
"which  if  anybody  deny  let  liiin  lie  anathema,"  is  com- 
monly added  to  the  decrees  of  ecclesiastical  councils,  and 
especially  to  the  doctrinal  canons  of  ecumenical  councils. 
It  is  denietl  by  some  theologians  that  the  idea  of  a  curse 
properly  belongs  to  the  anathema  as  used  in  tlie  Christian 
church.    See  excoimnunication. 

In  pronouncing  anathema  against  wilful  heretics,  the 
Church  does  but  declare  that  they  are  excluded  from  her 
coimnunion,  and  that  they  must,  if  they  continue  obsti- 
nate, perish  eternally.  Cath.  Diet, 

Hence  —  3.  Any  imprecation  of  divine  punish- 
ment; a  curse;  an  execration. 
She  fled  to  London,  followed  by  the  anathemas  of  both. 
Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 
Drawing  his  falchion  and  uttering  a  thousand  anathe- 
wan,  he  strode  down  to  the  scene  of  combat. 

Irvimj,  Knickerbocker,  p.  382. 

4.  Anything  devoted  to  religious  uses Abjura- 

tory  anathema,  the  act  of  a  convert  who  anathematizes 
the  lieresy  which  he  abjures.— Anathema  maranatha 
(mar-an-a'tha,  prop-  ma-ran"a-tha'),  [LL.  (Vulgate)  ana- 
thema, Maran  atha,  <  Gr.  at-afle^a,  iiapav  add,  prop,  sepa- 
rated by  a  period,  being  the  end  of  a  sentence,  Gr.  ^tw  avd- 
0€fia,  LL.  sit  anathema,  let  llim  be  anathema,  followed  by 
anotlier  sentence,  Mapdc  a9a,  <  .Syr.  nidran'  ethd',  lit.  the 
Lord  hath  come,  here  used  appar.  <as  a  solemn  formula  of 
conllrmation,  like  amen,  q.  v.J  A  phrase,  properly  two 
separate  words  (see  etymology),  occurring  in  the  following 
passage,  where  it  is  popularly  regarded  (and  hence  some- 
times elsewhere  used)  as  an  intenser  form  of  anathema. 

If  any  man  love  not  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  let  him  be 
Anathema  Maran-atha.  [Revised  version,  "let  him  be 
anathema.    Maran  atha."]  1  Cor.  xvi.  22. 

=  Syn.  2and3.     Curse,  Execration,  etc.     See  malediction. 

anathematic  (a-nath-f-mat'ik),  a.  [<  ML.  ana- 
ihciiialicus,  <  LL.  anathema,  a  curse ;  the  Gr. 
avatieuaniioi,  better  avad-qfiaTiKO^,  means  only 
'  pertaining  to  votive  offerings ' :  see  anathema.l 

■  Pertaining  to  or  liavingthe  natm-e  of  an  anath- 
ema. 

anathematical  (a-nath-f-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  aiKttlwiiiatic. 

anathematically  (a-nath-f-mat'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  the  maimer  of  an  anathema;  as  or  by  means 
of  anathemas. 

anathematisation,  anathematise,  etc.     See 

<imilhrniiiti~(ition,  etc. 
anathematism  (a-nath'e-ma-tizm),  «.  [<  MGr. 
avaOcitaTiafiOQ,  <  Gr.  avaOefiaTii^eiv:  see  anathema- 
tize.'] The  act  of  anathematizing ;  an  exeom- 
municatory  curse  or  denunciation ;  hence,  a  de- 
cree of  a  council  ending  with  the  words,  "let 
him  be  anathema."     See  anathema.     [Bare.] 

We  find  a  law  of  Justinian  forbidding  aimthematisms  to 
be  pronounced  against  the  Jewish  Hellenists. 

^Jfr.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1839),  XIII.  540. 

anathematization  (a-nath''''e-mat-i-za'shon),  H. 
[<  ML.  auatheiiutti~atio(ii-),  <  LL.  anathemati- 
zare,  -p-p.  *aii(ithcm(tti~(itiis;  anathematize:  see 
anathematize.']  The  act  of  anathematizing  or 
denouncing  as  accursed ;  ■  excommimioation. 
Also  spelled  anathematisation. 

Prohibiting  the  .  .  .  anathematization  of  persons  de- 
ceased in  the  peace  of  the  church. 

Barrow,  The  Pope's  Supremacy. 

anathematize  (a-nath'f-ma-tiz),  v. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  anathematized,  ppr.  anathematizing.  [= 
F.  anathematise);  <  LL.  anatheyyiatizare,  <  Gr. 
avade/iaTiCeiv,  devote  to  evil,  excommunicate, 
curse,  <  avaije/ia:  see  anathe>na.'\  I.  trans.  To 
pronounce  an  anathema  against;  denounce; 
curse. 

The  priests  continued  to  exorcise  the  possessed,  to  prose- 
cute witches,  and  to  anathematise  as  infidels  all  who 
questioned  the  crime.  Lechj,  Rationalism,  I.  115. 

At  length  his  words  found  vent,  and  for  three  days  he 
(William  the  Testy]  kept  up  a  constant  discharge,  anath- 
ematizing the  Yankees,  man,  woman,  and  child. 

Irviwr,  Knickerbocker,  p.  222. 

II.  intrans.  To  pronounce  anathemas;  curse. 

Well  may  mankind  shriek,  inarticulately  anatheniatiz- 

ini}  as  they  can.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  III.  i.  6. 

Also  spelled  anathematise. 


199 

anathematizer  (a-nath'e-ma-ti-zfer),  n.  One 
wild  anathematizes.  Also  spelled  anathema- 
ti.^fr. 

anatheme  (an'a-them),  n.  [<  OF.  anatheme 
(Cotgrave),  <  LL.  anathema  or  anathema:  see 
anathema.]  Same  as  anathema,  in  any  sense. 
[Rare.  ] 

Your  holy  father  of  Rome  hath  smitten  with  his  tliun- 
derliolt  of  excommunications  and  anatliemes  .  .  .  most 
of  the  orthodox  churclies  of  the  world. 

Sheldon,  Miracles  (1616),  p.  129. 

Anatidae  (a-nat'i-de),  n.  pi.  [>rrj.,  <  Anas 
{.\nat-),  a  duck,  -t-  -iilte.']  A  family  of  birds 
corresponding  to  the  Linnean  genera  Anas  and 
Mergus,  and  conterminous  with  the  order  Anse- 
res  or  LamelUrostres,  exclusive  of  the  flamingos ; 
a  family  of  palmiped,  lamellirostral,  natatorial 
birds,  containing  the  ducks,  geese,  swans,  and 
mergansers ;  the  Chenomorphw  of  Huxley.  They 
are  commonly  divided  into  5  subfamilies :  Cy;rnina;,  the 
swans;  Anserime,  the  geese  :  Anatince,  the  river  or  fresh- 
water ducks;  Fulif7ulinie,  tlie  sea-ducks;  and  Merf/imp, 
the  mergansers.  'I'liere  are  upward  of  175  species,  repre- 
senting about  70  modern  genera  or  subgenera,  of  all  parts 
of  the  world,  and  commonly  called  collectively  loild  .fowl 
or  ioater:fowl.  A  distinctive  character  is  the  lamellate  or 
toothed  bill,  invested  with  a  tough  coriaceous  integument 
hardened  at  the  end  into  a  more  or  less  distinct  nail, 
wiience  the  AnatideB  are  sometimes  called  Ungnirostres. 
The  technical  characters  are  :  short  legs,  more  or  less  pos- 
terior, buried  beyond  the  knees  in  the  common  integument, 
and  feathered  nearly  or  quite  to  tlie  sulf  rjlgo  ;  tarsi  scutel- 
late  or  reticulate,  or  botli;  feet  palmate  and  4-toed;  hallux 
free,  simple  or  lobed;  desinognatbous  palate;  sessile  oval 
basipterygoid  facets;  the  ;inL'l<-  "f  the  mandible  produced 
and  recurved;  oil-gland  prtsrnt;  two  carotids;  the  tongue 
large  and  fleshy,  with  a  gi'eatly  developed  glossohyal  bone 
and  lateral  processes  corresponding  to  the  laraellje  of  the 
bill :  and  the  trachea  sometimes  folded  in  an  excavation 
of  the  breast-bone. 

Anatifa  (a-nat'i-fa),  n.  [NL.,  contr.  from  ana- 
tifera,  fem.  of  anatiferus :  see  anatiferous.']  A 
genus  of  thoracic  or  ordinary  cirripeds,  of  the 
family  Lepadidce,  established  by  Brugui^re ; 
barnacles,  goose-mussels,  or  tree-geese.  The 
name  is  derived  from  some  fancied  resemblance  of  the 
Lepas  anati/era  to  a  bird,  whence  arose  the  vulgar  error 
that  the  barnacle-goose,  Anas  or  Anser  bernicla,  was  pro- 
duced from  this  cirriped,  which  was  supposed  to  turn  into 
the  bird  when  it  dropped  from  the  tree  upon  which  it 
was  fabled  to  grow.    [Disused.]    See  Lepadidce,  Lepas. 

anatifer  (a-nat'i-fer),  n.  [<  NL.  anatifer,  ana- 
tiferus: see  anatiferous.']  A  barnacle;  a  goose- 
mussel  or  tree-goose ;  a  member  of  the  genus 
Anatifa. 

anatiferous  (an-a-tif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  anatifer, 
anatiferus,  <  L.  anas  {(inat-),  a  duck  (see  Anas), 
+  -fer,  (.ferre  =  E.  fteorl.]  Producing  geese; 
that  is,  producing  the  cirripeds  formerly  called 
tree-geese  or  goose-mussels,  which  adhere  to 
submerged  wood  or  stone,  but  were  fonnerly 
supposed  to  grow  on  trees,  and  then  to  drop  off 
into  the  water  and  tm'n  into  geese :  an  epithet 
of  the  barnacle,  Lepas  anatif era,  and  of  the  trees 
upon  which  it  was  supposed  to  grow.  See  Ana- 
tifa, Lepas. 

Anatiferous  trees,  whose  corruption  breaks  forth  into 
barnacles.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.  (1646),  p.  133. 

Anatina  (an-a-ti'na),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L.  ana- 
tinus,  of  orpeTtainiiigtothednck:  seeanat'mc.] 
A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  typical  of  the 
family  Anatinidce.    Lamarck,  1809. 

Anatinse^  (an-a-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anas 
(Anat-)  +  -ina;  .-'see  Anas."]  A  subfamily  of  ana- 
tine  birds,  of  thet&vaWy  Anatidce,  including  the 
fresh-water  ducks  or  river-ducks,  typified  by  the 
restricted  genus  Anas.  They  are  separated  from  the 
Fuligulinae,  orsea-ducks,  by  having  the  hallux  simple,  not 
lobed.  The  name  Anatince  has  occasionally  been  used  to 
distinguish  the  "ducks,"  collectively,  from  other  .inatida; 
as  the  swans,  geese,  and  mergansers ;  in  this  use  it  includes 
the  FuliguUiue.  The  A7iatince  proper  include  the  mal- 
lard (Anas  boschas),  the  wild  original  of  domestic  ducks, 
and  many  other  species,  as  the  widgeon,  gadwall,  pintail, 
shoveler,  wood-duck,  and  the  various  kinds  of  teal.  See 
cuts  under  Clinvli-lnsyius,  mallard,  and  widgeon. 

Anatinae'-^  (an-a-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.;  cf. 
Anatina.]  In  conch.,  a  group  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks related  to  the  clams,  now  restricted  to 
the  family  Anatinidw  (which  see).     Lamarclc. 

anatine  (an'a-tin),  a.  [<  L.  anatinus,  of  the 
duck,  <  anas"{anut-),  a  duck:  see  Anas.']  Re- 
sembling a  duck ;  duck-like ;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Anatinw  or  to  the  Anatidie. 

anatinid  (a-nat'i-nid),  n.  Abivalve  mollusk  of 
the  family  Anatinidce. 

Anatinidae  (an-a-tin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ana- 
tina +  -idee.]  Lantera-shells,  a  family  of  sipho- 
niate  lamellibraneh  mollusks,  typified  by  the 
genus  Anatina,  to  which  various  limits  have 
been  assigned.  As  generally  used,  it  embraces  forms 
which  have  the  niantle-niargins  united,  the  long  siphons 
partly  united,  the  gills  single  on  each  side,  and  the  small 
loot  compresseil.  The  shell  is  somewhat  inequivalve,  thin, 
and  nacreous  inside ;  tiiere  is  an  external  ligament  and 
an  internal  cartilage  fitting  into  the  pit  of  the  hinge,  and 


anatomize 

generally  an  ossicle  is  developed  (whence  the  family  is 
sometimes  called  Osteodesmacea).  Species  are  numerous 
in  the  present  seas,  iiut  were  still  more  so  in  the  ancient, 
especially  during  the  Jurassic  epoch.  See  cut  under  Pho- 
ladomyia. 

anatocism  (a-nat'o-sizm),  n.  [< L.  anatocismus, 
<  Gr.  iimT0Kirj/i6;,  <C  dvd,  again,  +  tokH^civ,  lend 
on  interest,  <  rdKor,  interest,  produce,  <  tIktciv, 
second  aor.  Teneiv,  produce,  bear.]  Compound 
interest;  the  taking  of  compound  interest,  or 
the  contract  by  which  such  interest  is  secured. 
[Rare.] 

Anatoideae  (an-a-toi'de-e),  n./;?.  [NL.,  <  Anas 
(Anal-)  -H  -oidctv.]  A  superfamily  of  birds, 
the  duck  tribe  in  the  broadest  sense,  con'e- 
sponding  to  the  LamelUrostres  of  some  writers, 
the  Anscres,  tJnguiroslres,  or  IJermorhijnchi  of 
others  ;  tlio  Chcnomorpha:  of  Huxley. 

Anatolian  (an-a-to'li-an),  a.  [<  Anatolia,  <  Gr. 
avaTo'ki],  a  rising,  esp.  of  the  sun,  the  east.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Anatolia,  that  is,  Asia  Minor, 
or  the  greater  part  of  it  on  the  west  and  north- 
west. 

Bismarck  "would  not  sacrifice  one  Pomeranian  soldier" 
for  the  sake  of  the  Sultan,  or  the  Sultan  one  Anatolian 
Turk  for  liisniarck.  Contemporary  Rev.,  XLVIII.  687. 

Anatolian  pottery,  pottery  made  in  Anatolia.  The  name 
is  given  by  dealers  and  collectors  to  a  iiottery  of  .soft  paste 
with  a  white  glaze,  supposed  to  be  from  the  factories  of 
Kutahia  or  Kutayeh,  in  Asia  .Minor.  The  pieces  are  gen- 
erally  small ;  the  decoration  is  in  bright  coloi-s,  similar  to 
Diimascus  or  Rhodian  ware,  but  coarser,  and  the  glaze  is 
less  adherent  to  the  surface. 

Anatolic  (an-a-tol'ik),  a.  [<  MGr.  'AvaT0?.iK6;, 
pertaining  to  'Avaro'Aia,  Anatolia  (ef.  Gr.  avara'Ai- 
k6c,  eastern),<.  avaro'/J/,  the  east:  see  Anatolian.'] 
Same  as  Anatolian.  Amer.  Jour,  of  Archwol., 
II.  124. 

anatomic  (an-a-tom'ik),  a.  Same  as  anatomi- 
cfd. 

anatomical  (an-a-tom'i-kal),  a.  [<  L.  anatomi- 
cits,  <  Gr.  ai'aTOfithidc,  <  dvaTO/ir/  ^  LGr.  avaro/iia, 
anatomy:  see  anatomy.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  anatomy ;  according  to  the  principles  of  anat- 
omy ;  relating  to  the  parts  of  the  body  when  dis- 
sected or  separated. — 2.  Structural  or  mor- 
phological, as  distinguished  from  functional  or 
physiological :  as,  anatomical  characters. 

anatomically  (an-a-tom'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
anatomical  manner;  as  regards  structure;  by 
means  of  anatomy  or  dissection. 

anatomico-physiblogical  (an-a-tom'i-k6-fiz"i- 
o-loj'i-kal),  o.  Relating  both  to  anatomy  and 
to  physiology. 

anatomiet,  ».     A  former  spelling  of  anatomy. 

anatomileSS  (a-nat 'o-mi-les),  a.  \_<.  anatomy 
+  -less.]  Structm'eless ;  improperly  foi-med; 
amorphous,  as  if  anatomically  imnatirral,  or 
constructed  without  regard  to  anatomy. 

Ugly  goblins,  and  formless  monsters,  anatomiless  and 
rigid.     Raskin,  Stones  of  Venice,  II.  vi.  §  14.     (A'.  M.  D.) 

anatomisation,  anatomise,  etc.  See  anatomi- 
zation, etc. 

anatomism  (a-nat 'o-mizm),  )!.  [<  F.  anato- 
misme:  see  anatomy  and  -.ism.]  1.  -Anatomical 
analysis;  organization  with  reference  to  ana- 
tomical structure ;  exhibition  of  anatomical  de- 
tails or  features,  as  in  painting  or  statuary. — 3. 
Anatomical  structure  regarded  as  a  basis  of  bio- 
logical phenomena ;  anatomy  considered  as  the 
foundation  of  the  phenomena  of  life  exhibited 
by  organized  bodies. — 3.  The  doctrine  that 
anatomical  structure  aecoimts  for  all  manifes- 
tations of  natality ;  anatomical  materialism,  as 
opposed  to  animism. 

anatomist  (a-nat'o-mist),  n.  [^(.'F.  anatomiste : 
see  anatomy  and  -ist.]  One  who  is  versed  in 
anatomy ;  one  skilled  in  the  art  of  dissection. 

anatomization  (a-nat '■'o-mi-za'shon),  n.     [< 
anatomize  +  -ation.]     1.  Same  as  anatomy,  1. 
—  2.  Figuratively,  analysis;  minute  examina- 
tion.—  3t.  Anatomical  structirre. 
Also  spelled  anatomisation. 

anatomize  (a-nat'o-miz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
anatomized,  ppr.  anatomizing.  [<F.  anatomiser: 
see  anatomy  and -izc]  I.  trans.  1.  To  dissect, 
as  a  plant  or  an  animal,  for  the  purpose  of 
showing  the  position,  structure,  and  relation 
of  the  parts;  display  the  anatomj-  of. — 2.  Fig- 
uratively, to  analyze  or  examine  minutely ;  con- 
sider point  by  point. 

My  purpose  and  endeavour  is,  in  the  following  discourse 
to  anatomize  this  humour  of  melancholy,  through  all  its 
parts  and  species. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.  (To  the  Reader),  p.  76. 
In  her  the  painter  had  anatomized 
Time's  ruin.  Shak.,  Lucrece,  1-  1450. 

3t.  In  chcm.,  to  make  an  analysis  of. 

II.  intrans.  To  practise  the  art  of  dissection; 
pursue  anatomy  as  an  employment,  a  science, 
or  an  art.     [Rare.] 


anatomize 

He  [Keatsl  no  doabt  penned  many  a  stanza  when  he 
shoold  have  been  anatoinizinff. 

LoiceH,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  SOS. 

Also  spelled  anatomise. 
anatomizer  (a-nat'd-mi-zer),  H.  One  who  dis- 
sects or  anatomizes ;  adissecter;  an  anatomist ; 
an  analyst.  Also  spelled  anatomiser. 
anatomy  (a-nat'o-mi),  n.;  pi.  anatomies  (-miz). 
[Early  mod.  E. 'also  anatomic,  <  F.  anatomie 
=  Sp."  anatomia  =  Pg.  It.  anatomia, <  LL.  anato- 
vua,  anatomy,  <  LGr,  avaro/zia,  in  classical  Gr. 
avoToufjj  a  cutting  up,  dissection,  <  avaTtuvEiVj  cut 
up,  cut  open,  <  ava^  up,  +  riuveiv,  second  aor.  ra- 
udv,  cut,  >ro"J7,  MGr.  rou/a,  a  cutting, rouoc,  a  cut, 
a  section,  tome:  see  tome.  Hence,  by  misunder- 
standing, an  atomy,  a  skeleton :  see  atomy'^,^  1 . 
Dissection;  the  act  or  art  of  dissecting  organ- 
ized bodies  with  reference  to  their  structure ; 
the  practice  of  anatomizing;  auatomization. 
— 2.  That  which  is  learned  from  tlissection; 
the  science  of  the  bodily  stnicture  of  animals 
and  plants;  the  doctrines  of  organization  de- 
rived from  structure.  See  histolofftj,  organ- 
ography, organology,  morphology,  zootomy,  phy- 
totomy,  anthropotomy. — 3.  Anatomical  struc- 
ture or  organization ;  the  formation  and  disposi- 
tion of  the  parts  of  an  organized  body.  Hence 
— 4.  The  structure  of  any  inanimate  body,  as 
a  machine;  the  structure  of  a  thing,  with  ref- 
erence to  its  parts.  [Rare.]  —  5.  A  treatise 
on  anatomical  science  or  art ;  anatomical  de- 
scription or  history;  a  manual  of  dissection. — 
6.  Figuratively,  any  analysis  or  minute  ex- 
amination of  the  parts  or  properties  of  a  thing, 
material,  critical,  or  moral. — 7t.  That  which  is 
dissected  or  results  from  dissection ;  a  dissected 
body,  part,  or  organ. — 8.  A  subject  of  or  for 
dissection ;  that  which  is  or  appears  to  be 
ready  or  fit  for  dissecting:  in  various  obsolete, 
coUo'quial,  or  figurative  uses.  Specifically— (a)  A 
corpse  prof-tired  or  prepared  for  dissection.  (6)  An  ana- 
tomical model ;  a  model  of  a  dissected  body,  as  in  plaster, 
wax,  or  papier  inach^,  displaying  the  structure  and  posi- 
tion of  parts  or  organs ;  an  anat^tmical  cast  or  waxwork. 
(e)  The  solid  or  bony  framework  of  a  body ;  a  skeleton. 

Tlie  anatomy  of  a  little  child  ...  is  accounted  a  greater 
rarity  than  the  skeleton  of  a  man  in  full  stature.    Fuller. 
(d)  A  much  emaciated  person  or  otlier  living  being;  one 
almost  reduced  to  a  skeleton.     [Now  only  jocose.] 
Tliey  brought  one  Pinch,  a  hungry,  lean-fac'd  villain, 
A  mere  anatomy,  a  mountebank.     Sfiak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 
Passion  and  the  vows  I  owe  to  you 
Have  changed  me  to  a  lean  anatomy. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  ii.  1. 

ie)  Of  persons,  the  body  or  any  part  of  it;  the  jihysique, 
as  if  a  mere  anatomical  structure.  (J)  A  mummy ;  a 
corpse,  dried  and  shriveled.  (;/)  Fitjuratively,  the  with- 
ered, lifeless  form  of  anything  material  or  immateiial  ; 
meanlni:less  form;  shadow  without  substance.  —  Anat- 
omy Act,  an  Tnu'li-sh  statute  of  1832(2  and  8  \Vm.  IV..  c.  ?.'>) 
regulatini;  slIi'xiU  of  anatomy  and  the  practice  of  dissec- 
tion.—Animal  anatomy,  the  anatomy  of  animals  as  dis- 
tingui.'^lic'lfniiii  that  of  plants;  zootomy  and  ant  I  in 'j.ot"niy 
a9dijiiin;;in^li'-'d  from  iibytot.imy. —Artificial  anatomy, 
a  term  ^ini-tiint-s  appiic'I  to  the  art  of  niakin;;  anatomical 
m*i<iel».  — Avian  anatomy,  the  dissection  of  birds;  orni- 
thoU»my.  — Clastic  anatomy,  the  art  (invented  by  Au- 
zotiv,  \v^)<'i  making  manikins  or  anatomical  models  in 
papier  maehe  reprcHt-nling  the  natural  apiK-arance  of  nil 
the  partH  In  separate  pieces,  which  can  be  joined  as  a  whole 
and  taken  apart,— Comparative  anatomy.  («)  The  in- 
veiitluittion  or  study  of  the  anatomy  of  anlniulK  in  its  spe- 
cial relation  to  human  structure,  or  as  exhibiting  the  rela- 
tion of  the  human  type  to  the  types  of  lower  orders.  (/*)  A 
roMiiinbeniive  account  of  the  anatomy  of  living  organ- 
(■*ni!t  lower  than  man,  or  of  any  one  group  alone.  jOhso- 
h;»:fnt.  I  (r)  Thu  examination  and  comparison  of  the 
structure  of  all  animals.  Including  man,  with  reference  to 
mor|»hoh»gy,  fir«an(dogy,  and  taxonomy  ;  anatomy  in  gen- 
eral. —  DeaCTlptive  anatomy,  an  account  of  parts  and 
orgnn4of  the  Imdy  with  special  regard  to  their  stnicture, 
{»oftlti..n,  or  relations,  but  without  regard  to  their  mor- 

phol'.-i flit:  oppr»Hite  of  roHi/>«r(ff/re  rtm//- 

*">."  lily  anthrifjiotomy,  In  its  medl- 

efti  Alwj  called  njn-rinl  iinftfonii/. 

^'•'  I  ■    Ti'li  of  dcHcrliitlvi;  anatomy 

'logy,  or  the  ntnicture  and 

I'  ■*  of  the  body,  wllbout  n-- 

.'  I>art4t  and  orgauK  r(ini|i'><rd 

•  my,  the  anatomy  <>f  piul-^  mvl 

<  ik*'d  eve.  ami  hiiinMi'd  \v  llhoiit 

•   littnguhbf.l  (loin  bi- 

"/.     Minute  anat- 

''■'■    •  \\  itt  parti  "I  iptlmii- 


200 

bodies  are  constnicted :  sometimes  used  with  a  sliade  of 
criticism,  as  being  "ideal "  ratlier  than  actual  or  practical 
anatomy. 

anatopism  (a-nat'o-pizm),  ?i.  [<  Gr.  avci,  back, 
+  roTof,  a  place,  +  -wm.]  Faiilty  or  incongru- 
ous arrangement;  specifically,  in' art,  an  in- 
harmonious grouping  of  objects. 

ana,treptic  (au-a-trep'tik),  a.  [<  6r.  avaTpt-n-Ti- 
Koc,  refuting,  overtiu'ning,  <  avaTpi-en;  refute, 
overturn,  <  aid,  up,  -1-  rpiTveiv,  turn.]  Refuting; 
defeating :  applied  to  certain  dialogues  of  Plato. 

anatripsis  (an-a-trip'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iiva- 
Tpixln^,  rubbing,  <  avarpijien;  nib,  chafe,  <  ava, 
agaiu,  +  rpi.ieiv,  rub.]  In  mcd.,  friction  em- 
ployed as  a  remedy  for  disease. 

anatripsology  (an 'a-trip-sol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr. 
avdrpt^'iQ,  rubbing,  +  -'/.oyia,  <  /J} en\  speak :  see 
-ologi/.l  1.  In  )««?.,  the  science  of  friction  as  a 
remedy. — 2.  A  treatise  on  friction.    Diinfflison. 

anatron  (an'a-tron),  n.  [=  F.  anatrnn,  <  Bj). 
(Vicitron,  <  At.  aii-natrun,  <  al,  the,  +  iialrun,  na- 
tron: see  natron.']  1.  Glass-gall  or  sandiver, 
a  scum  which  rises  upon  melted  glass  in  the 
furnace.  It  consists  of  fused  salts,  chiefly  sulphates  and 
chlorids  of  the  alkalis,  which  have  not  combined  with 
silica  to  form  glass. 

2.  The  salt  which  collects  on  the  walls  of 
vaults ;  saltpeter. 

anatropal  (a-nat'ro-pal),  a.    Same  as  anatro- 

JXIII.9. 

anatropous  (a-nat'ro-pus),  a.  [<  NL.  nnatro- 
pus,  <  Gr.  (iid,  up,  +•'  Tpe-ctv,  turn  :  see  trope.'] 
Inverted :  in  bot.,  applied  to  the  reversed  o^Tile, 


MUM  tu  Un  k>t>«f  >n.«l«(,  or  pliii  uiK.ii  which  oriiuiUod 


X,  Anatropous  Ovule  of  Magnolia.  2.  Section  of  same.  3,  Section 
of  Seetl  of  M.i^nolia.  <i,  raphe  :  l>,  micropylc  ;  c,  chal.iza  ;  j[,  hilum  ; 
e,  fleshy  coat  of  seed  inclosing  the  raphe ;  _/,  ijony  testa ;  jt'.  albu. 
men,  inclosing  the  embryo  above.     (Magnilicd.J 

having  the  hilum  close  to  the  mieropyle,  and 
the  chalaza  at  the  opposite  end.  An  equiva- 
lent form  is  anatropal. 

anatto  (a-nat'6),  n.     Same  as  arnotto. 

Anaxagorean  (an-aks-ag-o-ro'an),  a.  and  >i. 
[<  h.  Anaxugoras,  Gr.  ^Xva^ay6pa^.]  I.  a.  Re- 
lating or  pertaining  to  the  person  or  the  doc- 
trines of  Anaxagoras,  a  celebrated  (ircck  phi- 
losopher, born  at  Clazoiuena>,  near  Smyrna, 
about  500  B.  C.  Ana.\aj:(iias  taught  the  ctcrrdly  of 
matter,  and  a.scribed  the  iu*igiliof  the  world  aiiti  the  onh-r 
of  nature  to  the  operation  of  an  eternal  self-existing  ])rin- 
ciph'    which  he  termed  »(t»A- (i-oOs),  niiml  or  intelligence. 

II.  n.  A  follower  of  Anaxagoras. 
Anaxagorizet  (an-aks-ag'o-nz),   !•.  I.     [<  An- 
ajiKftirax  +  -i:i:]     To  favor  the  principles  of 
Anaxagoras.      Ciithrorth. 
Anaximandrian  (an-aks-i-man'dri-an),  a.  and 
II.     [<  Jj.  AiKi.riiiiiindir,   <ir.  '.Vrai/Mdi'iS/ior.]     I, 
a.  Of  or  pcrlaining  to  tlie  (ireek  iihilosophor 
Anaxiinandcr  of  Miletus  (sixth  century  U.  C), 
or  to  liis  doctrines. 
II.  II,  A  follower  of  Anaxinianilor. 
Anaxonia(!in-ak-s6'ni-ii),   H.   ;)/.       [NIj,,  <  Or. 
I'lv-  priv.  +  oir,)!',  axle,  axis:  sec  iirli;  a.rin.']    Or- 
ganic  forms,  animal  or  vegetable,  having  no 
axes,  and  consi'iiiicntly  wholly  irregular  in  fig- 
ure: tlif?  o])posit(!  of  y/x««m  (which  see).     See 
cut  under  »M(a'6(f. 

Annroniit  -  forniH  (leHtltiito  of  axes,  anil  connetniently 

wholly  Irregular  Inform, €•.//.,  Anxchicnntl  miiny.Hpongert. 

il'liri/e.  /;ri7.,  .\VI.  »l;i. 

anazoturia  (an-az-<i-tfi'ri-ii),  n.     [NL.,  <  (ir.  nv- 

priv.  +  u::iiti\  q.  v.,  -t-  tir.  oi'yioi',    urino.]      In 

iiiiii.,  n  condition  of  the  urino  cliaraolerized  by 

marked  diminution  in  its  nitrogonouH  oonHtitu- 

"llls. 

anbury  (un'ber-i),  H.       [Cliiefly  K,  diiil. ;  also 

V.  lilli'ii  fiiihirri/,  by  asHiniilalion  iniibiirij,  willi 

;'  rtlirtie  n,  iiinilirrri/,  by  nttparent  extension 

/,  niiiilrhrrrji,  in  eiirlii'sl  recoriled  Icirrii 

I  Klorio);  of  nncerlaiii  origin,  but   per- 

ir.  'iiniihrrrii,  <  AS.  /iiifir,  piiiiiful  (ns  in 

■',  }',.  'anifiiait,  fii/niiil,  tj.  v.,  and  ftiiifsrla. 

V  \viiv\),  +  birir,  K.  Iiirrij^,  lraiinf<Trnil 

to  pimplo  ur  tiunnr.     Hardly  lin  oxtou8ion  of 


ancestrally 

amper,  q.  v.]  1.  A  swelling,  full  of  blooil  and 
soft  to  the  touch,  peculiar  to  horses  and  cattle. 
—  2.  Club-root,  a  sort  of  gall  or  excrescence  in 
some  plants  of  the  natural  order  CV«c(/'cr(r,  and 
chiefly  in  the  tm'nip,  produced  by  a  pimeture 
made  by  the  o\'ipositor  of  an  insect  for  the  de- 
position of  its  eggs.     [Eug.] 

-ance.  [<  ilE.  -ance,  -aiincc,  <  OF.  -aiice,  repr. 
both  L.  -aiit-ia  and-cnt-ia,  forming  nouns  from 
ppr.  adjectives  in  -aii(t-)>i,  -cn{t-)s:  see  -fiw/l, 
-ent.  In  later  F.  and  E.  many  noiuis  in -n/iff,  <  L. 
-en  tin,  were  changed  to  -encc,  in  nearer  accord 
with  the  L.  Nouns  of  recent  formation  have  . 
-ancc  <  -antia,  and  -ence  <  -cntia.  Extended 
-ancij,  q.  v.]  A  suiSx  of  Latin  origin,  forming 
nouns  from  adjectives  in  -ant,  or  directly  from 
verbs,  as  significance,  defiance,  juirreyance,  etc. ; 
also  used  with  native  English  verbs,  as  in  ahid- 
ancc,  forbearance,  furtherance,  hindrance,  rid- 
dance, etc. 

Anceidae  (an-se'i-de),  n.})!.  [NL.,  <  Anceiis  + 
-ida:]  A  family  of  isopods,  nameil  from  the 
genus  Ancciis.     See  Gnathiidcv  and  I'lani^idee. 

Ancerata  (an-ser'a-ta),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  improp. 
tor  *acerata,<.  Gr.  fii'-  (before  a  consonant  proj). 
(!-)  priv.,  ^vithout,  +  i<ipai;,  a  horn:  see  Accra.'] 
In  Blj-th's  classification  of  mammals,  a  term 
proposed  to  distinguish  the  camels  and  llamas 
from  the  other  ruminant  Artiodacfyla.  The  dis- 
tinction is  a  good  one,  and  has  been  recentl)'  insisted  upon, 
as  the  structure  of  these  animals  is  now  better  known.  The 
term  is  precisely  equivalentto  Tytopuda  or  Plialangiftrada 
(wliieh  see),  but  it  is  not  in  use. 

ancestor  (an'ses-tor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  un-^ 
ccflor,  ancestour,  ancestcr,  anncestor,  etc.,  <ME. 
aiiccstrc,  annscstre,  anccisour,  aunccssour,  etc. 
(also,  without  s,  aiicetrc,  auncetre,  anceter,  an- 
cetor,  auiiscttcr,  etc.,  >  mod.  dial,  anceter,  anster), 

<  OF.  .ancestre,  and  anccsor,  anceiisor,  anceisur, 
ances.ior,  etc.,  commoidy  in  pi.  ancentres  (Cot- 
grave),  mod.  F.  ancetres  =  Pr.  anccssor,  <  L. 
antecessor,  a  foregoer,  in  pi.  an  advance-guard, 
in  LL.  a  predecessor  in  office,  a  teacher  or 
professorof  law,  eccles.  a  forerunner  (>  E.  ante- 
cessor); <  aiitecederc,  pp.  anteccssiii;  go  before, 

<  ante,   before,  +  cederc,   go:   see  antecedent.] 

1.  One  from  whom  a  person  is  descended  in 
the  line  of  either  father  or  mother:  a  fore- 
father; a  progenitor. — 2.  In  Ian;  one,  wlicthcr 
a  progenitor  or  a  collateral  relative,  who  has 
preceded  another  in  the  course  of  inhi-ritaucc: 
one  from  whom  an  inheritance  is  tlerived:  the 
correlative  of  licir  :  sometimes  used  sjiecifically 
of  the  immediate  progenitor. — 3.  In  biol.,  ac- 
cording to  the  theory  of  evohitiou,  the  hyjio- 
thctical  form  or  stock,  of  an  iMrlicr  and  pre- 
sumably lower  tj-pe,  from  which  uuy  organized 
being  is  inferred  to  have  been  directly  or  in- 
directly developed. 

The  lirst  and  simplest  plants  hail  no  ancestors;  they 

arose  by  spontaneous  generation  or  special  creation. 

6'«c/(.s,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  S4(). 

Collateral  ancestors.    See  euUati-ral. 
ancestorial  (an-ses-to'ri-al),  a.     [<  ancestor  + 

-itil.]     Ancestral:  as,   "liis    ancestorial  seat,"' 

droll ,  Hist.  Greece,  I.  xiv.     [Rare.] 
ancestorially  (an-ses-to'ri-al-i),  adv.    In  an  an- 

cislorial  manner;  with   regard  to  ancestors. 

Si/diiei/  Siiiilh.     [Rare.] 
ancestor -worship  (nn'ses-tor-wCr*  ship),  n. 

Tlic  worsliip  of  ancestors. 

.■IfMV'.vf(o--(/'(o>7i(/»,  the  woisliip  of  father,  grandfather, 
and  great-grantlfathcr,  has  among  the  Ilindns  a  most 
ehihiirate  liturgy  and  ritual,  of  wliieh  the  (iUtlines  are 
givi-ii  ill  the  law-hooks,  and  with  special  fulness  in  the 
Bonk  (if  \'islinn.         Mainr,  Early  Law  ami  (.'UKtom.p.  fi;*). 

ancestral  (an-sea'tral),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
anceslrcl,  ancestrell,  aiinceslri  II,  <  OF.  anecstrcl, 

<  unci  sire,  ancestor:  see  ancrslor  »n{\  -al.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  ancestors  or  jirogeni  tors;  descend- 
ing or  claimed  from  ancestors  :  as,  an  ancestral 
eslate;  ancestral  trees;  a  king  on  his  ancestral 
throne. 

Tenure  hy  homage  aurmlrnl  was  merely  tenancy-lu- 
chief  by  jimuemtirial  prcacription  In  tlie  faniily. 

C  //.  J'far.snn,  ICarly  anil  Midtlle  Ages  of  Ivng.,  xwiv. 

2.  In  hiol.,  of  or  |ierluining  to  an  ancestor; 
being  an  earlier,  ami  prisiimalily  lower  or  more 
genenilized,  lyjie  from  wliicli  later  more  siie- 
cializcd  forms  of  organized  beings  uro  asserted 
to  hiive  been  evolveil. 

Tht)  eominon  ileiteentof  nM  the  ('lialk  SpongcH  from  a. 
nhiule  aiiietlral  form,  the  olvuilnm,  can  he  jiidumI  with 
eeilalnly.  Ilanhl.  j;v„l,  „t  Man  (truii.s.),  I.  117. 

HoniaKO  .ancoatral.   See  Iminntie. 
ancestrally  (au-Kes'tral-i),    adv.     With  refer- 
ence to  anceslry ;  as  regards  descent. 

AncrtlriiUii,  yellow. ratlhr  is  a  neiir  relation  of  Ihi'  iint- 
ty  little  blue  vvrunira*. 

(i.  Alien,  Colin  Clout's  Calendar,  |).  U6. 


ancestrei 

ancestrelt,  "•     See  ancestral. 
ancestress  (an'ses-tres),  H.     [<  ancestor  +  -ess.'] 
A  I'emalo  ancestor.     [Rare.] 

This  atiri'atrciia  is  u  liiiiy,  or  rather  tlie  ghost  of  a  laily. 
Varlyle,  Misc.  Ess.,  II.  274. 

ancestrial  (au-scs'tri-al),  a.  Same  as  ancestral. 

S.  /■;.  1>. 
ancestry  (au'ses-tri),  n.  [<  ME.  ancestry,  un- 
ccs'rie,  aiincestric,  anoistrij,  etc.,  also,  without «, 
amxtry,  auncctrij,  auncctrie,  annsetre,  <  OP.  an- 
ccserie,  ancesscrie,  i.  unccssor,  ancestor :  see  an- 
cestor.] 1.  A  series  or  line  of  ancestors  or 
progenitors ;  lineage,  or  those  who  compose  a 
j)receiiing  Hue  of  natural  descent. 
Headless  statues  of  his  ancestry. 

Miu-aulay,  Hist.  Eng,,  iii. 
That  senior  posterity  whieh  was  such  for  Homer,  but 
fur  U3  lias  long  ago  become  a  worshipful  aiicentry. 

De  Quiiicey,  Homer,  i. 

Hence  —  2.  Descent  from  a  line  of  honorable 
ancestors;  high  birth. 

Title  and  aiwe^tr^t  render  a  good  man  more  illustrious, 
but  a  bad  man  more  conspicuous.  Addison. 

3.  In  hiol.,  the  series  of  ancestors  or  ancestral 
types  tlirough  wliich  an  organized  being  may 
have  come  to  be  what  it  is  in  the  process  of 
evolution. 

ancetryt,  "•  A  Middle  English  form  of  ancestry. 
Chancer. 

AnceUS  (an-se'us),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  iso- 
pods,  based  by  Risso  in  1816  upon  the  male 
form  of  an  isopod  the  female  of  whieh  Leach 
called  Prawija  (which  see).  See  Chiathia.  Also 
written  Ancwus. 

anchesont,  v.     An  earlier  form  of  cncliesnn. 

AnchilopllUS  (ang-kil'o-fus),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(i}\i,  near,  +  'Aoipo^,  crest.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
perissodactyl  ungulate  quadrupeds,  of  the  ta,m- 
i\y  Lophiodontkla',  related  to  the  Tariiriche.  Gcr- 
rais,  1852. 

anchilops  (ang'ki-lops),  n.  [NL.,  <  6r.  ayxl- 
/(ji/',  a  sore  at  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye 
(Galenus),  as  if  from  ayxi,  near;  appar.  a  cor- 
ruption of  aij'i'Aui/',  segilops :  see  (egilops.]  In 
pathol.,  an  abscess  in  the  inner  angle  of  the 
eye,  superficial  to  the  lacrymal  sac.  When  such 
an  abscess  opens  at  tho  inner  angle  it  is  called 
irijihijis. 

anchippodontid  (ang-kip-o-don'tid),  n.  A 
liooled  mammal  of  i'heis.m.Wy Anchippodontidw. 

Anchippodontidae  (ang-kip-o-don'ti-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  C Anchippodus  (-odont-j  +  -ida:]  A  fam- 
ily of  fossil  perissodactyl  ungulate  mammals. 
It  i^  related  to  the  older  forms  of  the  Pcri^sudactyla,  but 
differs  from  them  in  having  the  incisor  teeth  in  part 
gliriform,  the  outer  ones  having  persistent  pulps  and 
gi'owing  continuously  in  a  circular  direction,  like  those  of 
r..diiits. 

Ancbippodontoidea  (ang-ldp'o-don-toi'de-a), 
n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Anchippodus  (-odiint-)  +  -oidca.~\ 
A  superfamily  group  of  perissodactyl  quadru- 
peds, by  which  the  family  Anchippodontidw  is 
singularly  contrasted  with  all  other  perissodac- 
tyls  collectively. 

Alichippodus  (ang-kip'o-dus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Anfhippns  +  Gr.  oiioi'f  {bfiovr-)  =  E.  tooth.']  A 
genus  of  fossil  perissodactyls,  the  type  of  the 
family  Ancliippinliuitidw  and  superfamily  An- 
chippodontoidca  :  synonymous  with  Trogosus  of 
Lfiii.y. 

Anchippus  (aug-kip'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayxi, 
near,  +  i/r-of,  horse.]  A  genus  of  fossil  horses, 
of  the  latmly  Anchitkeriidw  (which  see). 

anchisaurid  (ang-ki-sa'rid),  n.  A  dinosaur  of 
the  family  Ancliisaurida:. 

Anchisauridae  (ang-ki-sa'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
A}ie]iisanrus  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  theropod 
(.liu'jsaurian  reptiles,  rex>resented  by  the  genus 
Ancliisanrus,  The  family  includes  several  genera  of  the 
Ti-iassic  perioil,  the  members  of  which  had  amphiccelous 
vertubr.T,  slender  i)ubes,  pentadactyl  fore  feet,  and  tri- 
dactyl  hind  feet.     Formerly  called  Amphisamidee. 

Anchisaurus  (ang-ki-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayxt,  near,  -I-  aahpoc,  a  lizard.]  The  typical  ge- 
nus of  the  family  Ancliisaurida'.  Also  called 
Amphisaurus,  a  name  preoccupied  for  a  differ- 
ent genus. 

anchithere  (ang'ki-ther),  n.  [<  Anchitlierium.] 
An  animal  of  the  genus  Anchitlierium. 

The  horse  can  even  boast  a  pedigree  in  this  quarter  of 
the  world,  in  a  riglit  line,  through  a  slender  three-toed  an- 
cestry, as  far  back  as  the  anchitliere  of  the  eocene  period. 

Edinburgh  liev. 

anohitheriid  (ang-ki-the'ri-id),  n.  A  hoofed 
mammal  of  the  familv  Anchitheriidce. 

Anchitheriid8e(aug"ki-the-rri-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<.  Aiichiili-rinm  +  -ida:]  '  A  family  of  fossil 
perissodactyl  uugnlate  mammals,  it  shares  the 
ungulate  charactei-s  ol  the  Equidce,  or  horses,  but  diffei-s 


201 

from  them  in  having  the  ulna  complete,  moderately  devel- 
oped, and  more  or  less  distinct  fromtlic  railius;  the  llbula 
complete,  thuugli  ankylc.sid  wilji  tho  tibia;  the  orliit  ol 
the  eye  incouii.l.i,-  bdiinil ;  tlie  u))per  molar  teeth  marl<ed 
by  a  deep  .iiitiiior  (;i""Ve  riciilc  ]  iiig  from  the  middle  of 
the  inner  side  and  ending  in  l:iii  i.il  i.i  ;muIics,  and  a  pos- 
terior grorjve  reentei-ing  from  i  li-  p.  .-n  mmt  wall ;  and  tiie 
lower  nudars  marker!  by  a  \  -lujuil  ^luovc  reentering 
from  the  older  wall,  and  two  V-sliaped  grooves  reentering 
from  the  iiiiirr  wall,  tlie  crowns  thus  iiaving  W-shaped 
ridges.  I'esiihs  tin-  typicalgcnus  AnchWicHnm, iha  fam- 
ily ((iiifjnns  the  [Immhippia,  J'arahij/pwf,  and  Anchippug 
of  l.ri.ly. 

anchitherioid  (ang-ki-tlie'ri-oid),  a.  [<  Anchi- 
theriiim  -t-  -oiil.]  Kelating  or  belonging  to  or 
resembling  the  genus  Anchilheriwn. 

The  oidy  genus  of  animals  of  which  we  possess  a  satis- 
factory .  .  .  ancestral  history  is  the  genus  Equus,  the  de- 
velopment of  which  in  the  course  of  the  Tertiary  epoch 
from  an  Anctdtherwid  ancestor,  through  the  form  of  Hip- 
parion,  appears  to  admit  of  no  doubt. 

Iluilty,  Encyc.  Brit.,  11.  49. 

Anchitlierium  (ang-ki-the'ri-um),  n.     [NL.,  < 


Gr. 


anchor 

(except  Tyzack's  anchor,  wliich  has  only  one  arm,  pivoteci 
on  a  bifurcation  of  the  shank  and  arranged  to  swing  be- 
tween I  lie  Iw  1 1  parts)  are  loon- or  less  rlos.ly  rc-latcd  to  the 
forms  illllstniti  .1,  The  aii.di.ir  is  said  to  Ire  u-m-khill  when 
it  is  susirrrrrlerl  vr'itirally  fir.m  the  catheail  nearly  to  be  let 
go ;  apeak  wlien  the  cable  is  drawn  in  so  tight  as  to  bring 
it  directly  under  the  ship  ;  atrip  or  aweir/h  when  it  is  just 
drawn  out  of  the  ground  in  a  perpendicular  direction  ; 
anil  awasli  when  the  stock  is  hove  up  to  the  surface  of  the 
water. 

2.  Any  similar  device  for  holding  fast  or  check- 
ing tlie  motion  of  a  movable  object. 

That  part  of  the  apparatus  |in  the  curricle]  which  fell  to 
the  grounil  to  assist  in  stopjiing  the  carriage  was  called 
the  aiwhiir.  This  was  made  of  wood  and  iron,  or  iron 
alone,  fixed  to  the  axle-tree  by  two  couplings  on  each  side. 
K.  M.  Stratum,  World  on  Wheels,  p.  360. 
Specifically— (a)  The  apparatus  at  the  opposite  end  of  the 
field  from  the  engine  of  a  steam-plow,  to  which  pulleys 
are  lixeil,  rruinil  which  the  endless  band  or  rope  that  moves 
the  plow  passes.  (/<)  The  device  by  which  the  extremities 
of  the  chains  or  wire  ropes  of  a  suspension-bridge  .are  se- 
cured.    .See  anchiirayei. 


"),V', 


near,  +  Oiipiov,  a  wild  beast.]     A  ge-    3.  Figuratively,  that  which  gives  .stability  or 


security ;  that  on  which  dependence  is  placed. 
Which  hope  we  have  as  an  anctior  of  tlie  soul,  both  sure 
and  stedfast.  Heb.  vL  1!). 

4.  In  arch. :  {a)  A  naiSe  for  the  arrow-head  or 
tongue  ornament  used  especially  in  tho  so- 
called  egg-and-dart  molding.  (//)  A  metallic 
clamp,  sometimes  of  fanciful  design,  fastened 


nus  of  extinct  perissodactyl  or  odd-toed  hoofed 
mammals,  found  in  the  Upper  Eqcene  and  Lower 
Miocene  of  Europe  and  the  United  States.  It 
was  a  kind  of  horse  about  tlie  size  of  a  small  pony,  and  had 
three  functionally  developed  toes.  By  some  naturalists 
it  is  referred  to  the  same  family  as  the  modern  limse, 
Bquida:  ;  but  by  others  it  is  placed  with  PalKiiltieriiim  in 
tlie  family  Palcnotlicriidw.  It  is  also,  with  greater  exact- 
ness, made  the  type  of  a  distinct  family,  AnchUfieriidce 
(which  see).  A  species  is  A.  atireliaiwwie.  Synonymous 
with  Hipparitlierium. 
anchori  (ang'kor),  n.  [The  spelling  has  been 
changed  to  make  it  look  like  anchora,  a  cor- 
rupt mod.  spelling  of  L.  aticora;  prop,  anker, 
in  early  mod.  E.  reg.  anlrr,  also  anchor,  ankor, 
ancour,  etc.,<  ME.  reg.  fl«to-(alsoflHi're,  ancre, 
after  OF.  ancre),  <.  AS.  ancor,  anccr,  oncer— 'D. 
anker  =  OHG.  anc^iar,  MHG.  G.  anker  (>  Pol. 
ankier)  =  Icel.  iikkcri  =  Sw.  ankar  =  Dan.  anker 
=  OF.  and  F.  ancre  =  Sp.  ancla,  diicora  =  Pg. 
ancora  =  lt.  aiicora,  <  L.  ancora  (in  mod.  spell- 
ing corruptly  anchora,  >  E.  anchor^,  prob.  by     on  the  outside  of  a  vcall  to  the  end  of  a  tie-rod 


Medieval  Tie-rod  Anchors. 
iFroin  VioIIet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  I' Architecture.") 


confusion  with  anker'",  later  a)ic//o/-2,  where  tho 
"restored"  spelling  has  an  actual  Gr.  basis)  = 
OBulg.  anHkyiira,  aniikira  =  '&uss.  yakori=  Lith. 
■inkoras  =  Lett,  eukuris  =  Alban.  ankiire,  <  Gr. 
aynvpa,  an  anchor,  a  hook,  connected  with  ayKo^, 
a  bend,  ayKv'Aoc,  crooked,  cm-ved,  L.  aui/idus,  an 
angle,  a  comer:  see  anijle^,  angle^,  ankle,  aiiky- 


or  strap  connecting  it  with  an  opposite  -wall  to- 
prevent  bulging. —  5.  In  sooL:  (a)  Some  ap- 
pendage or  arrangement  of  parts  by  whieh  a 
parasite  fastens  itself  upon  its  host. 

A  powerful  anchor,  try  which  the  parasite  is  moored  tr; 
its  hapless  prey.     P.  II.  Gvsse,  JIarine  Zorjl.  (IS.'io),  I.  114. 

(6)    Something    shaped   like    an   anchor;    an 


lose,  etc.]     1.  A  device  for  securing  a  vessel  to     ancora.    See  ancoral-.—6.  An  iron  plate  placed 


Common  Anchor, 


the  ground  imder  water  by  means  of  a  cable. 
Anchors  are  generally 
made  of  iron,  and  con- 
sist of  a  strong  shank 
a,  at  one  extremity  of 
which  is  the  crown  f, 
from  which  branch  out 
two  arms  b  b,  curved  in- 
ward, and  each  termi- 
nating in  a  broad  palm 
or  fluke  d  tl,  the  sharp 
extremity  of  which  is 
the  peak  or  bill.  At  tho 
other  end  of  the  shank 
is  the  stock  e  e,  a  trans- 
verse piece,  behind  which  is  a  shackle  or  ring,  to  which  a  ca- 
ble may  be  attached.  Tlie  principal  use  of  the  stock,  whicli 
in  nearly  all  anchors  is  now  made  of  iron  and  is  placed  at 
right  angles  to  the  curved  arms  b  b,  is  to  cause  tlie  arms  to 
fall  so  that  one  of  the  flukes  shall  enter  the  ground.  Accord- 
ing to  their  various  forms  and  uses,  anchors  are  called  star- 
hoar  d-hoiver.,  port-bower,  sheet,  spare,  stream,  kt'dt/e,  and 
grap7iel  or  boat  anchors.  Those  carried  by  men-of-war  are 
the  starboard-  andport- 
bo  wers,  on  the  starboard 
and  port  bows  respec- 
tively; the  sheet,  on 
eitlier  side  of  the  ship 
further  aft ;  and  the 
spare  anchor,  which  is 
usually  in  the  liold. 
These  are  all  of  eciual 
or  nearly  equal  size  and 
weight.  To  these  are 
added  for  various  pur- 
poses the  stream  and 
ked[/e  anchors,  whicli 
are  smaller  and  of  va- 
rious sizes.  Many  im- 
provements and  novelties  in  the  shape  and  construction  of 
anchors  have  been  introduced  in  recent  times.  The  prin- 
cipal names  connected  with  these  alteratirms  are  those  of 
Lieut,  llodixers,  whointvoduced  the hoUoir-xh(i)}kfd anchor, 
with  the  view  of  increasing  the  strength  without  adding 
to  the  weight ;  Mr.  Porter,  who  made  the  arms  and  Hukes 
movable  by  pivoting  them  to  the  shank  instead  of  fixing 
them  immovably,  causing  the  anchor  to  take  a  readier  and 

firmer    hold,    and 


in  the  back  part  of  a  coke-oven  before  it  is 

charged  with  coal.     See  anchor-oven Anchor 

and  collar,  an  upper  hinge  used  for  heavy  gates.  Tlie 
anchor  is  embedded  in  the  adjacent  masonry,  and  the  col- 
lar is  secured  to  it  by  a  clevis.  Through  the  collar  passes 
the  heel-post  i-f  thi^  ^att.— Anchor  escapement.  See 
escapement.^ X\,  single  anchor,  hnviim  Miily  "ue  anchor 
down.— Floating  or  sea  anchor,  an  apparatus  variously 
constructed,  designed  to  lie  sunk  below  the  swell  of  the 
sea  where  there  is  no  anchorage,  to  prevent  a  vessel  from 
drifting.— Foul  anchor.  See  Joid,  a.— Mooring  an- 
chor, a  large,  heavy  mass,  usually  of  iron,  placed  at  the 
bottom  of  a  harbor  or  roadstead,  for  the  purpose  of  fixing- 
a  buoy,  or  of  atlording  safe  and  convenient  anchorage  to- 
vessels.  In  the  lat- 
ter case  a  floating 
buoy,  to  which  a 
ship  may  be  easily 
and  speedily  at- 
tached by  a  cable, 
is  fastent-d  tdit  by 
a  chain.— Mush- 
room anchor,  an 
anchor  with  a  sau- 
cer-shaped head 
on  acentral  shank, 
used  for  niouring.- 


Mushroom  Anchor. 


Trotman's  Anchor. 


proved  Porter's  in- 
vention ;  and  M. 
ilartin,  whose  an- 
chor is  of  veiy  pccu- 
Martin's  Anchor.  liar  form, and  is  con- 

structeii  so  as  to  be 
self-canting,  the  arms  revolving  through  an  angle  of  30° 
eitherway.andthe  sharp  points  of  the  flukes  being  always 
ready  to  enter  tlie  ground.     Of  the  many  other  forms,  all 


Nuts  of  an  anchor,  two  projection* 
welded  on  the  shank  to  secure  the  stock  in  place.— To- 
hack  an  anchor  (nai/t.),  U>  lay  down  a  small  anchor 
ahead  of  a  large  one,  tlie  cable  of  the  small  one  being 
fastened  to  the  crown  of  the  large  one  to  prevent  it  from 
coming  home.— To  cast  anchor,  to  let  ntn  the  cathead 
stopper,  thus  releasing  the  anchor  from  the  eath-ad.  and 
permitting  it  to  sink  to  the  bottom.— To  cat  the  anchor, 
to  draw  the  anchor  perpendicularly  up  to  the  i  athead 
by  a  strong  tackle  called  the  cat.— To  drag  anchor,  to- 
draw  or  trail  it  along  the  bottom  when  luosiiie'l.  ••v  wlien 
the  anchor  will  not  hold:  said  of  a  ship.  — To  fish  the 
anchor,  to  hoist  the  flukes  of  an  anchor  to  the  top  of  the 
gunwale  by  an  appliance  called  a  Jish,  in  order  to  stow  it 
after  it  has  been  catted.— To  lie  at  anchor,  or  ride  at 
anchor,  said  of  a  vessel  wlien  kept  at  some  paiticular  spot 
by  her  anchor.  — To  shoe  an  anchor,  to  secure  to  the 
flukes  broad,  triangular  jdeces  of  plank  to  give  better 
holding  in  soft  buttom.— To  sweep  for  an  anchor.to- 
drag  the  bottom  with  the  biLilit  uf  a  rope  to  find  a  lost 
anchor.— To  weigh  anchor,  tu  heave  or  raise  the  anchor 

ivnirlinfrHipdnno-pr     "^^  anchors  from  the  ground;  free  a  vessel  from  anchorage 

of7ou"fnr the  ca'     i"  preparation  for  sailing. 

ble ;  3lr.  Trotman,  anchor^  (ang'kor),  V.     [Early  mod.  E.  rofr.  an- 

who  has  further  im-  Jcefj  <  ME.  ankr'en,  ancrcn,  <  AS.  ^an<:rian  =  D. 
ankeren  =G.  anl-ern  =  Sw.  ankra  =:  T>im.  an- 
Icre:  of,  F.  <7«crer  =  Sp.  anclar,  ancorar —  'P^. 
ancorar  =  It.  ancorare,  <  ML.  ancorare;  fi-om 
the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fix  or  seoure  in  a 
particular  pluce  by  means  of  an  anchor;  place 
at  anchor^  us,  to  anchor  a  ship. — 2.  Figura- 
tively, to  fix  or  fasten  j  afl&x  firmly. 


aacQor 


Let  us  anchor  our  hopes  . 


.  upon  his  goodness. 
South,  Sermons,  vm.  141. 


The  w.iter-Ul.v  starts  and  sUdes 
I  pon  the  level  in  little  puffs  of  wind, 
Tho  aiu-/n>r'il  to  the  bottom. 

Tenmimn,  Princess,  iv. 

n.  intra )is.  1.  To  cast  anchor ;  come  to  an- 
chor; lie  or  ride  at  anchor:  as,  the  ship  an- 
chored outside  the  bar. 

Von'  tall  anchoring  bark.  ShaJr.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 
2.  Fignratively,  to  keep  hold  or  be  firmly  fixed 
in  any  way. 

Gladiv  we  would  anchor,  but  the  anchorage  is  quick, 
sand.    '  Rmergon,  Experience. 

anchor-f  (ang'kor),  n.  [The  spelling  has  been 
changed  to  make  it  more  like  anchoret,  and 
orig.  'aiichoreta  (e£.  anchor'^);  prop,  anker,  in 
early  mod.  E.  reg.  anker,  <  JIE.  reg.  anker,  an- 
kre,  ancre,  an  anchoret  or  anchoress,  monk  or 
nun.  <  AS.  ancra,  also,  rarely,  ancer,  ancor  (in 
comp.  ancer-,  ancor-,  once  unacor-),  m.,  an  an- 
choret, also  perhaps  *  ancre,  f.,  an  anchoress,  = 
OS.  enkoro  =  OHG.  einchoro,  anchoret,  spelled 
as  it  from  OS.  en  =  OHG.  ein,  one  (cf.  monk, 
ult.  <  Gr.  "uiof,  one),  but  all  coiTuptions  of  ML. 
"anchoreta,  anachorita,  LL.  anacliuretu,  whence 
the  later  E.  forms  anchoret  and  ancliorite,  q.  v.] 
An  anchoret ;  a  hermit. 

An  anchors  cheer  in  prison  be  my  scope : 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii,  il 

anclior-'t,  ".     Erroneous  spelling  of  ankerS. 
anchorablet  U'ng'l'Sr-a-bl),  a.      [<   anchor^  + 

-libit.}    Fit  for  anchorage.     [Kare.] 
The  sea  everywhere  twenty  leagues  from  land  anchor- 

ahk.  Sir  T.  HerbrrI,  Travels,  p.  40. 

Anchoraceracea  (angljor-a-se-ra'se-a),  n.  pL 
[XL.,  <  Aiichoracera  (<  L.  dncora,  itnprop.  ««- 
chiira,  anchor  (see  anchor^,  n.),  +  Gr.  Kipac, 
horn)  -(-  -acea-l  In  MUne-Edwards's  system  of 
classification,  a  tribe  of  parasitic  entomostra- 
cous  crustaceans,  which  anchor  or  fasten  them- 
selves to  their  host  by  means  of  hooked  lateral 
appendages  of  the  head.  The  name  is  appro.x- 
imately  eiiuivalcnt  to  one  of  the  divisions  of 
f.trnirdiiUa  (which  see). 
anchorage^  (ang'kor-aj),  «.  [<  anchor^  -)-  -aijc; 
suggested  by  F.  rtHoraV/f,  <  OHcrc]  1.  Anchor- 
ing-ground;  a  place  where  a  ship  anchors  or 
can  anchor;  a  customary  place  for  anchoring. 
'ITie  fleet  returned  to  its  former  aiu-horwif. 

Southrti,  Life  of  Nelson,  II.  102. 
Early  in  the  morning  we  weighed  anchor  and  steamed 
up  the  bay  to  the  nian-<if-waj*  aiichoraffe. 

Lad;/  Braxnt'ii,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  iv. 

Hence — 2.  That  to  which  anything  is  fastened: 
as,  the  anchorutje  of  the  cables  of  a  suspension- 
bridge. 


Anchorage  of  a  Cable  of  ihc  l-.-i-it  kivcr  tin  ti.'c.  New  York. 
.4,  tu!vperuton<able;  H,  iinchor-plate. 

3.  The  anchor  and  all  tlie  necessary  tacklo  for 
ancliorin^'.     [Kare.] 

'\\\'  i.nrk.  that  hath  dincharg'd  her  fraught, 
Kftiirn-  Willi  iinciniiH  lading  In  the  buy 
Kf'Tr-  u  ),.?.■  ■  at  Ilmt  Hhe  wi.'Igh'd  Iht  anchorage. 

.SVi/iH-.,  Tit.  And.,  I.  2. 

It'iiild  fall  un,  all  our  itnrhoraqf  were 

III  I'Mi  wander  in  a  wllil  »i  ji.      ll'd/fmi. 

4.  A  iliity  itii|ioHi'il  rill  ships  for  anchoring  in  a 

hnrVirvrt  Min'lirinnjc-iliies, 

wine  a  ]MM>r  one,  lioldH  almi  the 
It.  CnrfW,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 


an'  1 

II.    [<  anchor''^  +  -atif.'i 

'\'i 

iiiii'fiorcl. 

AncLui.. .- 

.'  kor-ii-.Mto-niii'HC-jj),  n. 

;./.    INI,.      1, 

'""■"'1.    iniprop.   tinchorii,  nn- 

rnor.  +  '  ir. 

til.  +  ■iicea.'\     In  Milni- 

K<h- 

iMHifli'nlion,  it  triln'  of 

lilir 
lie. 

,^  i-niHtnci'HnH,  or  flHli- 

■f   Ihe   Li  riillnitli  n 

will 

'hiiUr.     Ill,   ,,„.,  Ir, 

of  11 

fiKleli '111  llii'lr  boat 

b> 

.ku  all'  liore. 

ancli"! 

'.     tn  ;i>dt.,  fixed  M  if 

niK   : . 

202 

anchor-ball  (ang'kpr-bal),  n.  A  pyi'otechnieal 
combustible  attached  to  a  grapnel  for  the  pur- 
pose of  setting  fire  to  ships.  Smyth,  Sailor's 
Word-book. 

anchor-bolt  (ang'kpr-bolt),  n.  A  bolt  having 
the  end  of  its  shank  bent  or  splayed,  to  pre- 
vent it  from  being  drawn  out. 

anchor-buoy  (ang'kor-boi),  n.  A  buoy  used  to 
mark  the  position  of  an  anchor  when  on  the 
bottom. 

anchor-chock  (ang'kor-chok),  n.  1.  A  piece 
inserted  into  a  wooden  anchor-stock  where  it 
has  become  worn  or  defective. — 2.  A  piece  of 
wood  or  iron  on  which  an  anchor  rests  when  it 
is  stowed. 

anchor-drag  (ang'kor-drag),  n.  Same  as  ilrmi- 
shirt. 

anchored  (ang'kgrd),  j).  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  reg. 
ankered,  ankond ;  <  anchor^,  anker'^,  +  -ed-.} 
1.  Held  by  an  anchor. —  2.  Shaped 
like  an  anchor ;  fluked  ;  forked. 

.Shooting  her  anchored  tongue. 
Threatening  her  venomed  teeth. 
Dr.  U.  .More,  Song  of  the  Soul,  II.  ii.  29. 

3.  In  her.,  an  epithet  applied  to  a 
^crosL"^      cross  whose  extremities  are  turned 

back  like  the  flukes  of  an  anchor. 
Equivalent  forms  are  ancree,  ancred,  anehri/. 
Anchorella  (aug-ko-rera),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  L. 
anciini,  improp.  anchora,  anchor:  see  anchor'^.'] 
A  genus  of  fish-lice,  small  parasitic  crustaceans, 
of  the  family  Leriiarij)odid<e  and  order  Lirnaoi- 
dea :  so  called  from  the  appendages  by  which, 
like  other  lemfeans,  the  animal  fastens  itself  on 
its  host.  There  are  several  species,  parasitic  npun  fishes. 
The  genus  is  sunietimcs  made  the  type  of  a  family  .-lii- 

.■l„„-elli,l,f. 

Anchorellidae  (aug-ko-rel'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anchorella,  +  -idiv.]  A  family  of  lerna^au 
crustaceans,  or  fish-lice,  typified  by  the  genus 
Anchitrclla.  Al.so  sjiollcd  Anchorell'ada: 
anchoress,  anchoritess  (aug'kor-es,  -i-tcs),  «. 
[Early  mod.  E.  reg.  ankrcss,  ancress,  <  ME. 
ankresse,  ankrisse,  ankres :  see  anchor'^,  anker^, 
and  -ess.}  A  female  anchoret. 
She  is  no  anchoresg,  she  dwells  not  alone. 

Latimer,  4th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.  (1549). 
Prga.  his  sister,  an  Avehoritess,  led  a  solitary  life. 

Fuller,  Church  Hist.,  ii.  00. 

anchoret,  anchorite  (ang'ko-ret,  -rit), «.  [Ear- 
ly mod.  E.  ancliorct,  -ete,  -it,  usually  -He,  also 
anaehuret,  etc.,  <  ME.  ancorite,  <  OF.  anacho- 
retc,  mod.  F.  anachorcte,  <  LL.  anachoreta, 
ML.  also  anachorita,  <  Gr.  avaxoip'/Ti/r,  a  re- 
cluse, lit.  one  retired,  <  araxuf^i",  retire.  <  (ii'ci, 
back,  -)-  x"l>t'''',  withdraw,  make  room,  <  X"!'"',', 
room,  space.  The  form  anchoret  has  taken  the 
place  of  the  earlier  anchor",  anker-,  q.  v.]  A 
hermit;  areeluso;  one  who  retires  from  society 
into  a  desert  or  solitary  place,  to  avoid  the 
temptations  of  the  wurld  ami  to  devote  himself 
to  contemplation  and  religious  exercises.  Also 
anachoret. 
Macariiis,  the  great  Egyptian  anchoret. 

Ahf>.  i'HKfier,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit. 
To  an  ordinary  layman  the  life  of  the  anefiortte  might 
appear  in  the  highest  degree  opposed  to  that  of  the  Teacher 
who  began  Uis  mission  in  a  marriage  feiist. 

Leckij,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  Ill, 
=  Syn.  Monk,  Hermit,  Anelmret.  In  the  classittcatioii 
of  religious  ascetics,  iiionkf  are  those  who  adopt  a  se. 
eluded  habit  of  life,  lilit  tlwell  more  or  less  in  ciiiiimiiiii. 
ties;  IicrinitH,  or  eremitefi,  those  who  withitraw  to  desert 
places,  but  'lo  not  'leny  themselves  shelter  or  occupatioii ; 
and  aite/torets,  those  most  excessive  in  their  inisterilies, 
whii  irhiids'^  the  most  abwolute  solitude,  and  subject  thelii- 
^rlM-s  t'l  tlie  gr'-utest  privations. 

anchoretiC  (nng-ko-ret'ik),  a.  [<  anchoret  + 
-((•,  after  aniichorrticat,  q.  v.]  Pertaining  to  nii 
iinclioret,  or  to  his  mode  of  life.  Eqiiiviilent 
I'liriiis  lire  aiirhorelical,  anehnrilic,  anchorilical. 

anchoretical  (nng-liii-ret'i-kal),  a.  [<  ancho- 
ri  tie.  I     Siiiiie  US  anclnirctic. 

anchoretish  (niig'ko-ret-ish),  a.     [(.anchoret  + 

-i.s/il.)     or  iir  pertiiining  to  an  anchoret,  or  lo 

his  mode  of  life;  aiichoretic.     Also  anchorilish. 

sixty  years  of  rellglmis  ri'verle   anil   aiietniritinh   self- 

ilelil.'il.  I>e  (Jiiiiieeji,  Allloblngraphlcal  .Mketellen,  I.   l:il 

anchoretism  (ang'ko-rel-izm),  w.  [<  anchiirrt 
+  -ism.}  The  slate  of  being  secluded  from  the 
world;  till'  condllion  of  nn  anchoret.  Also 
writleii  aiichiiritinm. 

anchor-gate  (iiiig'koi-giil),  ».  ,\  kind  of  henvy 
tMli-  iiHeil  ill  llie  loeks  of  enniilK,  liaving  fur  its 
iipp'r  bearing  a  collar  anchored  In  tlio  adjii- 
' '  III.  iDiisonry. 

anchor-hold  (ang'k(n--lir)lil),  «,  1,  The  hold  of 
nil  Kiii'liiir  ii|ioii  the  griiiiiid. —  2.  Finn  hold  in 
a  li^'iiriiliv  HOUMo;  ground  of  expectation  or 
triiHl;  security. 


anchovy 

The  one  and  only  assurance  and  fast  anchor-hold  of  our 
souls'  health.  Camden. 

anchor-hoy  (ang'kor-hoi),  n.  A  small  vessel 
or  lighter  fitted  with  capstans,  etc.,  used  for 
handling  and  transporting  anchors  and  chains 
about  a  harbor.     Also  called  chain-boat. 

anchor-ice  (ang'kor-is),  H.  Ice  that  is  formed 
on  and  incrusts  the  bottom  of  a  lake  or  river 
in-shore ;  ground-ice. 

anchorite,  «.     See  anchoret. 

anchoritess,".   {_<anchorite  +  -ess.']  SeeancAor- 

anchoritic,  anchoritical,  etc.     See  anchoreUc, 

etc. 
anchorless  (ang'kor-les),  a.    [<  anchor'^  +  -less.} 
Being  without  an  anchor;  hence,  drifting;  un- 
stable. 

My  homeless,  anctiorless,  unsupported  mind. 

Charlolle  Bronte,  Villette,  vi. 

anchor-lift  (ang'kor-lif t),  «.  A  giipping  device 
for  lifting  a  pole  or  pile  which  has  been  driven 
into  the  mud  to  serve  as  an  anchor  for  a  dredge- 
boat. 

anchor-lining  (ang'kor-li"ning),  n.  Sheathing 
fasteueil  to  the  sides  of  a  vessel,  or  to  stan- 
chions imder  the  fore-channel,  to  prevent  injury 
to  the  vessel  by  the  bill  of  the  anchor  when  it 
is  fished  or  haided  up.     See  bill-board. 

anchor-oven  (ang'kor-uv'n),  II.  A  coke-oven, 
so  named  from  a  wrought-iron  plate  called  an 
anchor  which  is  placed  at  the  rear  of  the  oven 
before  it  is  charged  with  coal.  At  the  end  of  the 
heat  the  nnclior  is  embedded  in  coke,  and  wlien  withdrawn 
by  nio;iiis  i.f  a  winch  takes  all  the  coke  with  it. 

anchor-plate  (ang'kor-plat),  «.  1.  A  heavy 
metal  plate  to  which  is  secured  the  extremity 
of  a  cable  of  a  suspension-bridge.  See  cut 
under  anchorage. — 2.  In  aiiil.,  one  of  the  cal- 
careous plates  to  which  the  anchors  or  ancora) 
are  attached,  as  in  members  of  the  genus  ifi/- 
napla.     See  ancora^. 

anchor-ring  (ang'kor-riug),  H.  1.  The  ring  or 
shackle  of  an  anchor  to  which  the  cable  is  bent. 
—  2.  A  geometrical  surface  generated  by  tho 
revolution  of  a  circle  about  an  axis  lying  in  its 
plane,  Init  e.xtcrior  to  it. 

anchor-rocket  (ang'kor-rok'et),  «.  A  rocket 
fitted  with  an  anchor-liead  consisting  of  two  or 
more  flukes.  With  a  line  attacheil  to  the  rocket-stick 
it  is  used  for  life-saving  purposes,  and  may  be  fired  either 
over  a  stranded  vessel  or  beyond  a  bar  on  which  the  water 
is  breaking.  The  best  rocket  of  this  class  is  the  Uerman 
rocket,  which  has  an  anchor-head  of  four  palmate  flukes 
jilaccd  at  riglit  angles  to  each  other. 

anchor-shackle  (ang'kor-shak'l),  n.  Naut., 
the  bow  or  clo\'is,  with  two  eyes  and  a  screw- 
bolt,  or  bolt  and  key, 
which  is  used  for  se- 
curing a  cable  to  the 
ring  of  tho  anchor. 
Also  tised  for  coupling 
lengths  of  cliain-cable. 
/•;.  //.  Knii/ht. 

anchor-shot  (ang'kor- 

shot),  «.  A  projectile 
made  with  anus  or 
dukes  and  ha\-ing  a  rope  or  chain  attached,  de- 
signed to  be  fired  from  a  moi-tar  in  order  to 
establish  communication  between  the  shore 
and  a  vessel  or  wreck,  or  between  vessels.  It 
is  useil  iiriiiii|inlly  in  thi'  life-saving  service. 

anchor-stock (aiig'kor-stok),  ".  A'»«/.,  abeam 
(if  wood  (ir  iron  ]il;u-eil  at  the  upjier  eiiil  of  the 
sliaiik  of  an  anchor  transversely  to  the  plnne  of 
the  arms.  (See  cuts  under  anchor.)  lis  use  Is  to 
cause  Ibe  ancbcir  when  bl  go  In  lie  on  Ibe  bollom  In  such 
a  posilinn  Unit  the  jicak  or  sbaip  pninl  of  the  arm  will 
Iniiclralc  Ibe  gnniiid  ami  take  a  firm  hold.  Anchor- 
Btock  fashion,  a  pi'enliar  way  of  planking  Ihi'  milsiilc  of 
a  sliip  wllh  |ilaiik»lliat  are  widest  in  tlie  middle  and  liiiicr 
I'lwuril  ibe  riiilH,  Homcwiml,  like  an  anchor-stock.  — An- 
chor-atock  planking.    See  planlrinri. 

anchor-tripper  (ang'knr-trip"f'r\  n.  A  device 
f'lr  liip|iiiig  or  easting  loose  a  ship's  anchor. 

anchor-watch  (nng'kor-woch),  u.  AVn/f.,  a  sub- 
division of  the  watch  kejit  eonsliintly  on  deck 
during  the  time  n  ship  lies  at  single  anchor,  to 
be  ill  readiiieKS  to  hoist  jib-  or  stiiy.sails  in  order 
lo  keep  llie  sliip  eleiir  of  lii'r  lUH'lior,  or  tii  veer 
more  enble,  or  to  let  go  a  second  anchor  in  case 
she  should  drive  or  part  from  her  first  one.  Also 
enlled  harbor-watch. 

anchor-well (nng'kor-wel),  )i.    J^V;H^,aeylindri- 

'"il  1 ess  in  the  forward  end  of  the  overhniig- 

ing  ileek  id'  llie  lirst   miiiiitiir-linill   ves.sels,  in 
wliieli  tile  iiiieliiirs  Were  eniried  to  protect  them 

mill  tl liiiin  frimi  tlie  enemy's  sliiit,  as  well  an 

t  o  en  use  llie  vessels  to  ride  more  easily  at  anchor. 

ancho'vy  (an-dio'vi),  «.;  pi.  anchovies  (-vi/.). 
[Formerly  also  anchovic  and  anchova,  oarlioi 


Anchor-sliackli's. 


anchovy 

anchoveye,  anehovcijes,  a>ichocc  =  D.  anynvis  = 
G  aiiscliorc  =  Sw.  ansjocis  =  Dan.  uiisjos  = 
f'  iiiiclidis  (>  Kuss.  anchousu  =  Pol.  aiiczus),  < 
It'  dial,  iiiiciora,  ancioa,  aiiciua,  anchioa,  It.  ac- 
ci'uqn  =  Sp.  (iiiclinra,  anchna  =  Pg.  auchova,  cii- 
cftowf,  ancliDVv;  of  imcertain  origin ;  cf.  Basque 
anclioi'ii,  (iiiclioa,  anchua,  anchovy,  periiaps  ro- 
latpd  to  Basque  a«fc««,  dry,  lience  lit.  a  dried 
or  pickled  fish,  anchovy.  Diez  refers  the  Kom. 
forms  ult.  to  Gr.  a<l,vr/,  commonly  supposed  to  be 
the  anchovy  or  sardine.]    An  abdominal  mal- 


203 


Anchovy  [Stofefhorits  ettcrasichotus). 


aeopterygious  fish,  of  the  genus  Stolepliorus  or 
Eimraulis,  family  StoJephorida'.  The  species  are 
all  of  diminutive  size,  and  inlK.l.itants  of  most  tropical 
and  temperate  seas.  Only  one  spedes,  S.emrasrcholvs 
is  known  upon  tlie  F.uropean  coasts,  but  futeen  approaeli 
those  of  the  I'nited  St^.tes.  The  cominnii  anrh..v,v  of  Km- 
T„pe,S.  .nicramclwlus.  esteemed  for  its  neh  un.l  peeu  lar 
Havor,  is  not  much  larger  than  the  middle  Hngel.  It  is 
cau"ht  in  vast  numbers  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  pick- 
led "for  exportation.  A  sauce  held  in  much  esteem  is 
made  from  anchovies  by  pounding  them  in  water,  sini- 
mering  the  mixture  for  a  short  time,  adding  a  little 
cayenne  pepper,  and  straining  the  whole  through  a  hair 
sieve.— Anchovy  paste,  a  preparation  of  anchovy  and 
various  clupeids  (sprats,  etc.). 

anchovy-pear  (an-cho'vi-par),  n.  The  fruit  of 
Grids  cauUflora,  a  myrtaceous  tree  growing  m 
Jamaica.  It  is  large,  and  contains  generally  a  single 
seed  protected  by  a  stony  covering.  It  is  pickled  and 
eaten  like  the  mango. 

anchry  (ang'kri),  a.  [Bad  spelling  of  anery, 
<  F.  ancree,  <  amrer,  anchor:  see  anchor^,  v.  and 
n.]     In  her.,  same  as  anchored,  3. 

AnchUSa  (ang-kti'sa),  n.  [L.,<  Gr.  ayxovaa, 
Attic  f )  xovaa,  alkanet.]  A  genus  of  herbaceous 
plants,  chiefly  perennial,  of  the  natural  order 
Bornqinacece.  There  are  30  species,  rough,  hairy  herbs, 
natives  of  Europe  and  western  Asia.  The  more  common 
species  of  Europe  is  the  bugloss  or  common  alkanet,  A. 
officinalis.  A.  Italica  is  cultivated  for  ornament.  See  al- 
'     lcnm>t  and  Alkanna.  . 

anchusic  (ang-ku'sik),  a.  [<  anchusm  +  -ic.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  anchusin:  as,  anchusic  acid. 
anchusin  (ang'ku-sin),  «.  [<  Anclmsa  +  -Wi^.] 
A  red  coloring  matter  obtained  from  Alkanna 
(Anchusa)  tinctoria.  It  is  amorphous,  with  a  resin- 
ous fracture,  and  when  heated  emits  violet  vapors,  which 
are  extremely  suffocating. 

anchyloblepharon,  «■    See  ankyloblepharon. 

anchylose,  anchylosis,  etc.    See  aiikylose,  etc. 

Anchylostoma  (ang-ki-los'to-ma),  n.  [NL., 
prop.  A  ncylostoma,<  Gr.  djKi'^c,  crooked,  curved, 
+  arofia,  mouth.]     Same  as  Dochmiiis,  2. 

anciencyt  (an'shen-si),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aiinciencic,  etc.,  for  earlier  ancienty,  q.  v.]  An- 
cientness;  antiquity. 

ancientl  (an'slient),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  antient  (a  spelling  but  recently  obsolete, 
after  pafe»<,  etc.,  or  with  ref.  to  the  orig.  L.), 
<  ME.  auncient,  auncyent,  aunciant,  etc.  (with 
excrescent  -t,  as  in  tyrant,  etc. :  see  -anfi),  ear- 
lier auHcien,  auncian,  <  OF.  ancien,  mod.  P;^""- 
C!e»=Pr.  ancian  =  Sp.  anciano  =  Pg.  anciao  = 
It.  amiano,  <  ML.  antianus,  ancianus,  former, 
old,  ancient,  prop.  *anteanus,  with  term,  -anus 
(E.  -an,  -en),  <  L.  ante,  before,  whence  also  an- 
ticus,  antiqiius,  former,  ancient,  antique:  see 
antic,  antiaue,  and  ante-.']  I.  a.  1.  Existent 
or  occurring  in  time  long  past,  usually  in  re- 
mote ages;  belonging  to  or  associated  with  an- 
tiquity ;  old,  as  opposed  to  modern  :  as,  ancient 
authors;  anc(e«<  records.  As  specifically  applied  to 
history,  ancient  usually  refers  to  times  and  events  prior  to 
the  downfall  of  the  Western  Roman  Empire,  A.  D.  476,  and 
is  opposed  to  mediccul.  which  is  applied  to  the  period  from 
about  the  fifth  century  to  the  end  of  the  fifteenth,  when 
modern  liistory  begins,  and  to  modern,  which  is  sometimes 
used  of  the  whole  period  since  the  fifth  century.  In  other 
uses  it  coiiynonly  has  no  exact  reference  to  time. 

We  lost  a  great  number  of  ancient  authors  by  the  con- 
quest of  Egypt  by  the  Saracens,  which  deprived  Europe 
of  the  use  of  the  papyrus. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  6i. 

The  voice  I  hear  this  passing  night  was  heard 
In  ancient  days  by  emperor  and  clown. 

Keats,  Ode  to  Nightingale. 

His  [Milton's]  language  even  has  caught  the  accent  of 
the  aiicient  world.  Lowell,  New  Princeton  Rev.,  I.  164. 
2.  Having  lasted  from  a  remote  period ;  hav- 
ing been  of  long  duration  ;  of  great  age ;  very 
old:  as,  an  ancient  city;  an  ancient  forest:  gen- 
erally, but  not  always,  applied  to  things. 


I  do  love  these  ancient  ruins. 
We  never  tread  upon  them  but  we  set 
Our  foot  upon  some  reverend  history. 

Webster,  Duchess  of  Malfl,  v.  li. 
The  Oovernor  was  an  ancient  gentleman  of  gi'eate  cour- 
age,  of  y  order  of  St.  .Tago.     Evelyn,  Diary,  Feb.  10,  Mi.'iT. 
3.  Specifically,  in  law,  of  more  than  20  or  30 
years'  duration:  said  of  anything  whose  con- 
tinued existence  for  such  a  period  is  taken  into 
consideration  in  aid  of  defective  proof  by  rea- 
son of  lapse  of  memory,  or  absence  of  wit- 
nesses, or  loss  of  documentary  evidence:  as, 
an  aMCJcwi boimdary.— 4.  Past;  former. 
If  I  longer  stay, 
We  shall  begin  our  ancient  bickerings. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
Know'st  thou  Amoret? 
Hath  not  some  newer  love  forc'd  thee  forget 
Thy  ancient  faith  1  ... 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iv.  4. 

5.  In  her.,  formerly  worn;  now  out  of  date  or 
obsolete:  thus,  France  ancient  is  azure  sem6e 
with  fleurs-de-lys  or,  while  France  modern  is 
azure,  3  fleurs-de-lys,  or  2  and  1 — Ancient  de- 
mesne See  ilemesne.'=SYn..  Ancient,  Old,  Antiqnc,  An- 
tiquated. (Ild-f„fhiunfd,  quaint,  Obsoletr,  Ohwlescent,  by- 
gone. Ani-i.'Kl  and  <ild  are  generally  applied  only  to 
things  subjc.t  to  i  baiige.  Old  may  ajiply  t"  things  which 
have  li>ng  exihteil  and  still  exist,  while  ancient  may  apply 
to  thin-s  of  ccpial  age  which  ha^e  ceased  to  exist:  as,  old 
laws,  um-i.'id  republics.  Ancient  properly  refers  to  a 
higher  degree  of  age  than  old :  as,  old  times,  a  ncient  times ; 
old  institutions,  ancient  institutions.  An  o/iMookhig  iii.in 
is  one  who  seems  advanced  in  years,  while  an  unririd- 
looking  man  is  one  who  seems  to  have  survived  fiDin  a 
past  age.  Antique  is  applied  either  to  a  thing  «liic  h  has 
come  down  from  antiquity  or  to  that  which  is  made  m 
imitation  of  ancient  style;  thus,  anrieid  binding  isbiriding 
done  by  the  ancients,  while  antiqu.'  I.nidmg  is  an  muta- 
tion of  the  ancient  style.  Antiquui'd.  like  anti'pi,;  may 
apply  to  a  style  or  fashion,  but  it  properly  means  too  old; 
it  is  a  disparaging  word  applied  to  ideas,  laws,  customs, 
dress  etc.,  which  are  out  of  date  or  outgrown:  as,  anti- 
quated Laws  should  be  repealed;  his  head  was  full  of  an- 
tiquated notions.  Old-fashioned  is  a  milder  word,  noting 
that  which  has  gone  out  of  fashion,  but  may  still  be  thought 
of  as  pleasing.  Quaint  is  old-fashioned  with  a  pleasing 
oddity :  as,  a  quaint  garb,  a  quaint  manner  of  speech,  a 
quaint  face.  Obsolete  is  applied  to  that  which  has  gone 
completely  out  of  use :  as,  an  obsolete  word,  idea,  law.  Ol>- 
solescent  is  applied  to  that  which  is  in  process  of  becoming 
obsolete.  Ancient  and  antique  are  opposed  to  modern: 
old  to  new,  voung,  or  fresh  ;  antiquated  to  permanent  or 
established;" old-fashioned  to  new-fashimuid ;  obsolete  to 
current  or  jn-esent.    Aged,  Elderly,  Old,  etc.    See  aged. 


ancillary 

I  beheld  till  the  thrones  were  cast  down,  and  the  An- 
cient of  dam  did  sit,  whose  garment  was  white  as  snow. 

Dan.  vu.  9. 

CouncU  Of  Ancients,  in  French  hist.,  the  upper  cham- 
ber of  the  Freneli  legislature  (Corps  LSgislatif)  under  the 
lonstitutioM  of  IT'.ir),  consisting  of  260  members,  each  at 
h-ist  forty  years  old.  See  Cwiia  LiUjislatif,  under  cori>s2, 
ancient'^t  (iin'shent),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
antient,  ancifcnt,  auncient,  anntient,  and  even 
antesUjn,  corrupt  fonns  of  cn.-iign,  in  simulation 
of  ancient^:  see  ensign.]  1.  A  flag,  banner, 
or  standard;  an  ensign;  especially,  the  flag  or 
streamer  of  a  ship. 

Ten  times  more  dishonourable  ragged  than  an  old-faced 
[that  is,  patched)  amimt.  Shak.,  1  lien.  IV.,  iv.  2. 

I  made  all  the  sail  I  could,  and  in  h.alf  an  hour  she  spied 
mo.  then  hung  out  her  ancient,  and  discharged  a  gun. 

Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  i.  8. 


In  these  nooks  the  busy  outsider's  ancient  times  are  only 
old;  his  old  times  are  still  new. 


;»  aic  01.111  lie". 

T.  Hardy,  Far  from  the  Madding  Crowd 

His  singular  dress  and  obsolete  language  confounded  the 

baker,  to  whom  he  offered  an  ancient  medal  of  Decius  as 

the  current  coin  of  the  empu-e.  .-r...-,-,.,. 

I.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  160. 

He  was  shown  an  old  worm-eaten  coffer,  which  had 
long  held  papers,  untouched  by  tlie  incurious  generations, 
of  Moutaigne.  /.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  73. 

While  Beddoes'  language  seems  to  possess  all  the  ele- 
ments of  the  Shaksperian,  there  is  no  trace  of  the  con- 
sciously antique  in  it.        Ainer.  Jour.  ofPltiiot.,  IV.  450. 

I  was  ushered  into  a  little  misshapen  back-room,  having 
at  least  nine  corners.  It  was  lighted  by  a  skylight,  fur- 
nished with  antiquated  leathern  chairs,  and  ornamented 
with  the  portrait  of  a  fat  pig.  ,    „     ,  „ 

Irving,  Boars  Head  Tavern. 

Somewhat  back  from  the  village  street 
Stands  the  old-fashioned  country  seat. 

Longfellow,  Old  Clock  on  the  Stairs. 
We  might  picture  to  ourselves  some  knot  of  speculators, 
debating  with  calculating  brow  over  the  quaint  bindmg 
and  illuminated  margin  of  an  obsolete  author. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  31. 
Evidence  of  it  [the  disappearance  of  words  from  the  lan- 
guage! is  to  be  seen  in  the  obsolete  and  obsolescent  material 
found  recorded  on  almost  every  page  of  our  dictionaries. 
Whitney,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  »b. 
II.  n.  1.  One  who  lived  in  former  ages;  a  per- 
son belonging  to  an  early  period  of  the  world  s 
history:  generally  used  in  the  plural. 

We  meet  with  more  raillery  among  the  moderns,  but 
more  good  sense  among  the  «n«'«7i(s. 

''  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  249. 

2  A  very  old  man  ;  hence,  an  elder  or  person 
of  influence ;  a  governor  or  ruler,  political  or 
ecclesiastical. 

Long  since  that  white-haired  ancient  slept 

*  Bryant,  Old  Man  s  Counsel. 

The  Lord  will  enter  into  judgment  with  the  atu:ientBol 
his  people.  '*■  '"•  "■ 

*^f     A  SGHlOl*. 

In  Christianity  they  were  his  ancients.  Hooker. 

4  In  the  Inns  of  Court  and  Chancery  in  Lon- 
don one  who  has  a  certain  standing  or  senior- 
itv  thus,  in  Gray's  Inn,  the  society  consists  of 
benchers  ancients,  barristers,  and  students  un- 
der the  bar,  the  ancients  being  the  oldest  bar- 
risters.  Wharton. 

Wlien  he  was  Auncient  in  Inne  of  Courte,  certaine  yong 
lentlemen  were  brought  before  him,  to  be  coiTected  for 
certaine  misorders.  Aseham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  62. 
Ancient  of  days,  the  Supreme  Beuig,  in  reference  to  lus 
existence  from  eternity. 


2.  The  bearer  of  a  flag;  a  standard-bearer;  an 
ensign. 

A  ncient,  let  your  colours  fly ;  but  have  a  great  care  of 
the  butchers'  hooks  at  Whitechapel ;  they  have  been  the 
death  of  many  a  fair  ancient. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  v.  2. 

This  is  Othello's  ancient,  as  I  take  it. 

.Vhak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

anciently  (an' stent -li),  adv.  1.  In  ancient 
times;  in  times  long  since  past;  of  yore:  as, 
Persia  was  anciently  a  powerful  empire. 

The  colewort  is  not  an  enemy  (though  that  were  an- 
cii-ntly  received)  to  the  vine  only ;  bui  a  is  an  enemy  to 
any  other  plant.  Bacou,  Ival.  Hist.,  §  480. 

2.  In  or  from  a  relatively  dislaut  period;  in 
former  times;  from  of  old;  formerly;  remotely: 
as,  to  maintain  rights  anciently  secured  or  en- 
.ioyed. 

With  what  arms 
We  mean  to  hold  what  aticiently  we  claim. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  723. 

ancientness  (an'shent-nes),  n.    The  state  or 
quality  of  being  ancient;  antiquity.    Dryden. 
High-priest  whose  temple  was  the  woods,  he  felt 
Their  melancholy  grandeur,  and  the  awe 
Their  ancientness  and  solitude  beget. 

R.  H.  Stoddard,  Dead  Master. 

ancientry  (an'shent-ri),  «.  [<  ancienf^  +  -ry.] 
1.  Ancientness;  antiquity;  qualities  peculiar 
to  that  which  is  old.— 2t.  Old  people:  as, 
"  wi-onging  the  ancientry,"  Shak.,  W.  T.,  ui.  3. 
— 3t.  .Ancient  lineage  ;  dignity  of  birth. 

His  father  being  a  gentleman  of  more  a7icientry  ttmn 
estate.  Fuller,  Worthies,  Durham. 

4.  Something  belonging  or  relating  to  ancient 
times. 

Thev  [the  last  lines]  contain  not  one  word  of  ancientry. 
West,  Letter  to  Gray. 

ancientyt  (an'shen-ti),  n.  [Eariy  mod.  E.  aun- 
cientie,  ancientie,  <  ME.  anciente,  aunciente,  < 
AF.  anciente,  OF.  ancienneie  =  Pr.  ancianetat  = 
Sp  ancianidad  =  lt.  andanitit,  an:ianitade,  an- 
^ianitate,  on  ML.  type  *antianita(t-)s,  <  antianus, 
ancient :  see  ancient]  and  -ty.]  Age ;  antiqmty ; 
ancientness ;  seniority. 

Is  not  the  forenamed  council  of  ancienty  above  a  thou- 
sand years  ago';   Dr.  Martin,  Marriage  of  Priests,  sig.  I.  2h. 

ancile  (an-si'le),  n.;  pi.  ancilia  (an-sil'i-a).  [L., 
an  oval  shield  having  a  semicircular  notch  at 
each  end;  perhaps <  an-  for  ambi-,  on  both  sides 
(cf.  anfractuous  and  see  ambi-),  +  -cite,  ult.  < 
■J  *skdl,  *slcar,  cut:  see  shear.]  The  sacred 
shield  of  Mars,  said  to  have  fallen  from  heaven 
in  the  reign  of  Numa,  and  declared  by  the 
diviners  to  be  the  palladium  of  Rome  so  long  as 
it  should  be  kept  in  the  city.  With  eleven  other 
ancilia  made  in  imitation  of  the  original,  it  was  given  into 
the  custody  of  the  Salii,  or  priests  of  Mars,  who  carried  it 
annually  in  solemn  procession  through  Rome  during  the 
festival  of  Mai-s  in  the  beginning  of  March. 

Ancilia  (an-sil'a),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  ancilia :  see  «ii- 
ciltc.]    A  genus  of  mollusks.     See  Ancillina;. 

ancillary  (an'si-la-ri),  «.  [<  L.  ancillarisj  <  an- 
cilia, a  maid-servant :  see  ancille.]  Serving  as 
an  aid,  adjunct,  or  accessory;  subservient; 
auxiliary;  supplementary. 

The  hero  sees  that  the  event  is  ancillary :  it  must  follow 
jjjjy  Emerson,  Character. 

In  an  ancitlaru  work,  "  The  Study  of  Sociology,"  I  have 
described  the  various  perversions  produced  in  men's  judg- 
ments by  their  emotions. 

H.  Spemer,  Prm.  of  Sociol.,  §  434. 

Ancillary  administration,  in  late,  a  local  and  subordi- 
nate administration  of  such  part  of  the  assets  of  a  dece- 
dent as  are  found  within  a  state  other  than  that  of  his 
domicile  and  which  the  law  of  the  state  where  they  are 
found  requires  to  be  collected  under  its  authority  in  order 
that  they  miiv  be  applied  first  to  satisfy  the  claims  of  ite 
own  citizens,  instead  of  requiring  the  latter  to  resort  to 
the  jurisdiction  of  principal  administration  to  obtain  pay- 
ment; the  surplus,  after  satisfying  such  claims,  being  re- 
mitted to  the  place  of  principal  administration.— Ancil- 
lary letters,  letters  testamentary  or  of  admmistratlon 
for  the  purposes  of  ancillary  administration,  granted  usu- 
ally to  the  executor  or  administrator  who  has  been  ap- 
pointed in  the  place  of  principal  administration. 


ancille 
ancille,  aiicelle,  ancile,  <  OF. 


204 


ancoral  (ang'ko-rii),  H. ;  pi.  ancorw  (-re).     [L., 
an  anchor:    see  'anchoA.'\      In  zooh,  one   of 
the  anchor-shaped  calcareous 
spicules  which  are  attached  ^ 

to  and  protrude  from  the  flat 
perforated  calcareous  plates 
in  the  integument  of  echino- 
derms  of  the  genus  Synapta. 
Thev  are  used  in  locomotion. 


ancillet,  n-    fME. 

anctlle,  ancele.  <  L.  aiialla,  a  maid-serrant,  dun. 

of  ancuta,  a  maid-serrant,  fem.  of  anculus,  a 

mau-serrant.  <  OL.  ^anciis,  a  servant,  as  in  the 

L.  proper  name  Aitciis  Martins;  cf.  ancus,  ap- 
plied to  one  with  a  stiff,  crooked  arm:  see 

aiui!'^.]     A  maid-servant.     Chaucer. 
Ancillinae  (an-si-li'ne),  «.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Ancilla 

+  -iii'e  1    A  subfamily  of  mollusks,  of  the  fam-  .  - ,     >        j 

ilv  OUcidce,  tvi)ified  by  the  genus  Ancilla.  The  ancora-t     (ang-ko   ra),    adv. 

h«ia  U  c.jm..;alea,  the  eves  are  absent,  tlie  tentacles  are 

...  > -.  .r%    :uui  the  foot  is  much  enlargeil ;  the  shell  is 

:  the  sutures  are  mostly  covered  with  a  cal- 

Ht-tween  20  and  30  linng  species  are  known, 

;i  .  ;  ,,  ,.,.  ,  .,,3  i.tssil  ones.    Also  called  Aitcillariiuv. 
ancipital  (an-sip'i-tal),  a.      [As  ancipitoiw  + 

-<i!.f    1.  Same  as  aiicipifoiis,  1.— 2.   In  :ool. 

and  bot..  two-edged — Ancipital  stem,  a  compressed 

stem,  with  two  opposite  thin  or  wiUL'-margined  edges,  as 

in  i.tle-evetl  srass  (.S't-un/jr/ia/?/!). 

ancipitate  i  an-sip'i-tat),  a.     [As  aneipitous  + 

-at' .]     Same  as  aiicipilal,  2. 
ancipitOUS  (an-sip'i-tus),  fl.     [<  L.  anceps  (an- 


[It.,  =  F.  encore,  again:  see  en- 
(•(»■(.]  Again:  formerly  used 
like  encore  (which  see). 

ancorse,  «.     Plural  of  ancora. 

ancoral  (ang'ko-ral),  a.  [<  L. 
ancorali.s,  <  ancora,  anchor: 
see  anchor^.']  Relating  to 
or  resembling  au  anchor,  in 
shape  or  use :  iu  MoL,  specifi- 
cally applied  to  the  anchors 
or  aneorffi  of  members  of  the 


^ .         .  ,-,   it,  /y-      \c        semis  i^i/napta. 

cipi'-).  two-headed,  double,  doubtftd  (<  an-  tor  Ancorin'a    (ang-ko-ri'nii),    n. 


aiiihi;  on  both  sides  (seeomfci-),  +  caput,  head 
see  capilal),  +  -<>««.]  1.  Doubtful  or  double; 
ambiguous;  double-faced  or  double-formed. — 
2.  Same  as  ancipital,  2. 
Ancistrodon  (an-sis'tro-don),  «.  [KL. :  so 
called  from  the  hooked  fangs;  <  Gr.  a> wcrrpor,  a 
fish-hook  (<a}»iof,  a  hook,  bend:  see  anc/lcS),  + 
Moif  (o(ioiT-)=E.  tooth.']  A  genus  of  venomous 
serpents,  with  hooked  fangs,  belonging  to  the 
family  Crotalidte  of  the  suborder  Solenoglypha  : 
by  some  authors  placed  under  Trigonocephalus. 
The  genus  contains  the  well-known  copperhead  of  North 
America,  AncistTodon  contorlrix,  and  the  water-moccasin.  » 

A.  pucinr\i9.    See  cut  under  copperhead.    Also  wTitten  auCree, 
AnkUtrodori. 

ancle,  ».    See  ankle. 

ancomet  (an'kum),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  uncome 
(cf.  Se.  oncome,  an  attack  of  disease,  income, 
any  bodilv  infiiinity  not  apparently  proceeding 
from  an  external  cause),  <  ME.  onkome,  a  swell- 
ing, as  on  the  arm,  earlier  JIE.  oncome,  oucume, 
an  unexpected  exnl,  <  uncomen,  onciimcn,  <  AS. 
oncumen,  pp.  of  imcuman,  come  upon,  happen, 
<  on,  on,  +  cuman,  come:  see  come,  oncome,  in- 
come.'] A  small  iuilammatory  swelling  arising 
suildi-nly. 

ancon  (ang'kon),  n.;  pi.  ancones  (ang-ko'nez). 
[<  L.  ancon,  <  Gr.  ayKuv,  the  bend  of  the  arm,  akin 


Ancora:. 


[NL.]  A  genus  of  fibrous 
sponges,  typical  of  the  family 
■incorinid'a-  j''-  >™,""^    synapta. 

^IILUI  tntiuL.  ...       showing  four  ancone  or 

AnCOrUUdSB      (ang-ko-rm     l-    anchors l a,  .i).  B.asin- 

<  Ancorina  gif  "«"« i«x>t'<i  i" its 


perforated  plate,  d. 


de),  «.  pi.     [NL, 
-1-  -i(?(r.]     A  family  of  Fibro- 
spongia;  tyjiified  by  the  genus  Ancorina. 
ancoristt(ang'ko-rist), ».  [AneiToneousformof 
««cAore<oraHcAore6'6'withaecom.  term,  -isf:  see 
anchor^,  anchoret.]     An  anchoret  or  anchoress. 
A  woman  lately  turned  an  aitcorlnt. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  Yorkshire. 

ancred  (ang'krii,  ang'kerd),  a.  [F. 
aiierec,  pji.  fem.  of  ancrcr,  anchor:  see  anchor^, 
r.  and  n.]     In  hi  r.,  same  as  anchored,  3. 

-ancy.  A  modem  extension  of  -ance,  in  imita- 
tion of  the  original  Latin  -ant-i-a,  and  perhaps 
also  of  -acij :  see  -ance  and  -ci/,  and  cf.  -ence, 
-encij.     The  two  forms  seldom  differ  in  force. 

ancylid  (an'si-lid),  n.  Agastropod  of  the  fam- 
ily AneiilkhT. 

Ancylidae  (an-sil'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ancijliis 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  pulmonale  gastropods, 
tyi)ifiedby  the  genus  Anci/lus,  and distingidshcii 
by  their  patelliform  shell.  The  species  are  in- 
habitants of  the  fresh  waters  of  various  coun- 
tries, and  are  known  as  river-limpets. 


to  ayKoc,  a  bend,  aynvpa,  anchor:  see  anchor^,  Ancylinae  (an-si-li'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  KAnci/lus 
■  ""     "    '  ■    "       '  "  + -iiKi:]     The  ancylids,  considered  as  a  sub- 

family of  Limneci'dec,  and  characterized  by 
the  flattened  and  limpet-like  instead  of  spiral 
shell. 
Ancyloceras  (an-si-los'e-ras),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
u)Mi>.of,  crooked,  curved,  +  Kipat;  {Kepar-),  a 
horn.]    A  genus  of  fossil  tetrabranehiato  ceph- 


anyle^.]  1.  In  anat.,  the  olecranon;  the  upper 
end  of  the  ulna;  the  elbow.  See  cut  imder 
forearm. —  2.  In  «i-c/i.,  any  projection  designed 
to  support  a  cornice  or  other  structural  feature, 
a.s  a  console  or  a  corbel.  The  projections  cut  upon 
keystones  of  arches  to  support  busts  or  other  ornaments 
are  Kometiines  called  a^icotu^.  See  cuts  under  cantaliver, 
etjiuiA^,  and  CitrWl.     [Kare.] 

Also  wTJtten  ancone. 
3.  The  name  of  a  celebrated  breed  of  sheep, 
originated  in  Massachusetts  in  1791  from  a  ram 
having  a  long  body  and  short,  crooked  legs,  and 
therefore  unable  to  leap  fences.  It  was  also 
kiiiiwn  as  the  otter  breed,  and  is  now  extinct. 

anconad  fang'ko-nad),  rt.  [<  ancon  +  -ad^.] 
Tinvard  I  he  ancon  or  elbow. 

anconal  (ang'ko-nal),  a.  [<  ancon  +  -al.]  1. 
I'irtnining  to  t lie  ancon  or  elbow. —  2.  Being 
on  the  same  side  of  the  axis  of  the  fore  limb  as 
the  elbow:  as,  the  uneonul  aspect  of  the  hand, 
tliut  i.s,  the  back  of  the  hand:  con-espondiiig  to 
Totular  as  a|>pli<'d  to  the  hind  liml). 

K<|uivulent  forms  aro  unconeal  and  anct>nc- 

ancone  ^nnL''k6n),  n.    Same  as  ancon,  1  and  2. 

ancon'  I'ne-al),  «.     Hame  as  anronal. 

Al.  r,f  the  humerus,  "I  "'»"'■.  the  uiecni- 

hultl  i  ^i^utthei'lecrunonorheatlof  theulna. 

Ttio  Internal  condyle  U  prominent,  tho  atifi'mal  /otma 
•mull.  W.  li.  J'loxcer,  Onteology,  xv. 


cyiocfras  sfim'ffrrufti. 


anconci,  ». 
an'-onooin 

I'liirul  of  anconeus. 
:"i"4;f')'Tu-u»),  a.   Same  n»  anconal. 

Kiv.ri   1.. 
Bni'.iii  ..I 
n  xrr 

r  II  neon. 

Ml),  n.;  pi.  nnconei  (-1). 
'  '    inirftn.]     A  name  oni-e 

"Ml-r-lcH    utta<'he<)    to    tin- 

w  usually  reKtrir'iirl  i,, 
■  from  the  back  pnrt  nf 

til. 

1    the  liimieniN,  and  iri- 

.ili'cniiioii  and  uppi'r 
il'ai-i^  of  the  ulnu. 

xritnen.-i. 

'.      ['C  Gr.  iiyiujuntMt',, 
.1',  a  biinl,  curvi-j  tilt' 

"f  the  ulna. 
Ilini;  of  nnehor^. 


alopods,  of  tho  family  Ammonitida;  or  made 
the  typo  of  a  special  family  Anei/locrratidw. 
(Jne  of  thes<>  ammonites,  Anei/locera.f  e<illoricn- 
xis,  iicciiis  in  the  Kelloway  rocks,  England. 

ancyloceratid  (mi"Hi-lo-ser'a-ti<l),  n.  A  ceph- 
iilo|Hpd  of  Iho  laniily  .Inei/loceratiiln: 

Ancyloceratidae  (an  si-'l6-se-rat'i-d6),  n.  ;)/. 
[NL.,  <  .Incjiiuieriis(-rat-)  +  -idai.]  Afamilyot 
fossil  eephalopods,  typified  by  the  genua  Ancij- 
loecras. 

ancylonjele  (an'si-lo-mo'le),  «.;  pi.  anei/lnme- 
lie{-]r).  I  NL.,  <  (ir.ii}M)/o/;//?j/,Bciirved  probe, 
<  fijM  >(i<;  crooked,  +  /"/?»/,  a  surgical  jn-obe.  J 
A  curveil  jirobe  usod  by  surgeons.  Also  spelled 
nnki/loniile. 

Ancylostoma  (an-si-los'to-mil),  Ji.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
o;M>or,  crookiMl,  curvetl,  +  OTi/ia,  nioiilh.] 
Same  as  Dorhmiun,  '1. 

ancylotheriid(aii'Ki-l6-the'ri-i(l),  n.  An  eden- 
\:>\r  iiiniiiiiinl  of  the  fniiiilv  AnnjMhrriida: 

Ancylotheriidae  (nn  si-lo-tlie-ri'i-<le),  «.  pi. 

|N'L.,  <  .liivi/lolhirinm  +  -ida.]  A  family  of 
cilcntate  maminuls,  typified  by  the  geniiH/lnri/- 
liillii  riuni.  It  I*  known  only  from  frngincntu  of  n  «k«li'- 
t"<.     "in. I  tri  I'rrtiiiry  di-po^ilH  in  r.uropc,  iiiifl  In  nnppnKcd 

'■■  '      I    l,il..l  I"  III.'  fii t  jmM;:..|iM».  ..r  Mitniiliilir. 

AneylotheriUin  (an'si-lo  Ihc'ri-uni),  n.  [NL., 
<iir  ;  Ki.>.n(|  crooked,  curved,  +  "'/("Ot',  a  wild 
beiid.j  A  genim  ol^  large  extinct  edentate 
mjiiiiiiial*,  typical  of  the  family  Ancylothcriida: 


and 
ancylotome,  ancylotomus  (an-sil'o-tom,  an- 

si-lot'o-mus),  II.     Smur  ■.m  :inkidotome. 

Ancylus  (an'si-lus),  n.  [NLl,  <  Gr.  a}KvAo(, 
crooked,  etuwed:  see  «n(//c3.]     1.   A  genus  of 

ptdmonate  gastropods,  typical  of  the  family 
Ancylidev.  The  species  are  fiuvlatile,  and  are  calld 
river-limpets,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  shell  to  ;i 
patella  or  limpet.  There  are  upward  of  50  living  species. 
They  live  in  ponds  and  brooks,  adhering  to  stones  and 
atinatic  plants. 
2.  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects. 

Ancyrene  (an'si-ren),  a.  [<  L.  Aneyra,  Gr.  '!\;  - 
Kvpa,  a  town  iu  Galatia,  now  Angora  (see  An- 
gora); cf.  Gr.  a-)Ki'pa,  an  anchor,  a  hook.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  AncjTa,  a  city  of  ancient  Gala- 
tia, where  a  synod  was  held  about  A.  D.  314,  at 
which  the  Ancyrene  canons,  twenty-five  in  num- 
ber, were  passed.  Synods  of  Semi-Arians  were 
also  held  there  A.  D.'358  and  375.    Also  written 

Ancyrun Ancyrene  Inscription  (commonly  known 

as  the  Mviiinmntuin  Ainiiranuin),  a  highly  iniportant 
document  for  Konian  history,  consisting  of  an  inscription 
in  both  Greek  an. I  L:iliii  upon  a  immber  of  marble  slabs 
fixed  to  the  walls  ..f  the  temple  of  Augustus  and  the  god- 
dess Roma  (Rome  ])ersonitieii)  at  Aneyra.  The  inscription 
is  a  copy  of  the  statement  of  his  acts  and  policy  prepared 
by  the  Emperor  .\ugustus  himself,  which  stjitement  is 
often  called  the  political  testament  of  Augustus.  This 
inscription  was  discovered  by  Angler  de  Bnsbecii  in  15,'i4, 
but  was  lirst  adequately  copied  by  Georges  Perrot  in  lsti4. 

ancyroid  (an-si'roid),  a.  [<  Gr.  a)  Kvpoetfif/c,  an- 
chor-shaped, <  ayKi'pa,^  anchor,  +  eMof,  form.] 
Anchor-shaped;  specifically,  in  anat.,  curved 
or  bent  like  the  fluke  of  au  anchor:  applied  («) 
to  the  coracoid  process  of  the  .sliouUler-blado 
(see  cut  under  scapula),  and  (6)  to  the  cornua 
of  the  lateral  ventricle  of  the  brain.  Also  writ- 
ten ankyroid. 

and  (and,  tmacceiited  and :  see  «rn2),  cotij. 
[<  ME.  and,  ant,  an,  sometimes  a,  <  AS.  and. 
Olid,  rarely  end  (in  AS.  and  ME.  usually  ex- 
pressed by  the  alibrev.  symbol  or  ligaltn-e  1,  later 
&=  (mod."&),  for  L.  et,  and),  =  OS.  enili,  rarely 
fH,  =  OFries.  anda,  ande,  and,  an,  rarely  o»(/, 
also  ende,  enda,  end,  en,  mod.  Fries,  an,  an,  en, 
in,  enda,  indc  =  0D.  ondc,  ende,'D.  fn=OHG. 
anti,  enti,  inii,  unta,  unti,  endi,  indi,  nndi,  MHG. 
j(H(?c,  und,  nnt,G.und,  and,  =  Icel.  CHAj.andif, in 
case  that,  even,  even  if,  and  then,  and  yet,  and 
so  (appar.  the  same  word,  with  conditional  or 
disjimctive  force;  tho  Sc.and.  equiv.  to  'and'  is 
Icel.  auk  =  Sw.  och,  ock  =  Dan.  og  =  AS.  cdc,  E. 
eke;  not  found  as  con,i.  in  GotJi.,  where  the 
ordinary  copula  is ./((/i),  coig.,  orig.  a  prep.,  AS. 
and,  ())/(/ (i-are  in  this  form,  but  extremely  com- 
mon iu  tlic>  reduced  form  on,  on,  being  thus 
merged  with  orig.  an,  on:  see  below),  before, 
besides,  with,  =  ()S.  ant,  unto,  until,  =  OFries. 
anda,ande,  and,  an,  alsof  n(^«,  ende,  end, en,  in, on, 
=  OIIG.  (7n?  =  Goth.  anil,  on,  upon,  unto,  along, 
over,  etc. ;  this  prep,  being  also  ecumiKm  as  a 
prefi.x,  AS.  and-,  an-,  ond-,  on-  (see  ami-),  and  ap- 
pearing also  in  the  reduced  form  an,  on  (merged 
with  orig.  an,  on  =  Goth.  «nrt  =  Gr.  I'ln'i,  etc.: 
see  on),  and  with  a  close  vowel  in  AS.  6th  (for 
"onth)  =  OS.  tint  (also  iu  comp.  «n-,  as  in  tinte, 
unto,  niiluo  (=  ME.  and  E.  niilo),  and  in  iintat, 
jinthiit  for  uiit  tliiit)  =  OFries.  nnd,  out,  tinto, 
=  OlIG.  unt  (in  comp.  '««-<',  un-),  unto,  =  Icel. 
«H-,  WHH~,  unst,  nnih,  until,  =  Golli.  nnd,  unto, 
until,  as  far  as,  up  to  (also  in  comp.  uiite,  un- 
til), most  of  these  forms  being  also  used  con- 
junctionally.  Tho  Tent,  prejiositions  and  pre- 
fixes containing  a  radical  n  lendiMl  to  melt  into 
one  allot lier  both  as  to  form  and  siiise.  Tliero 
apjiear  to  have  been  orig.  two  forms  of  and, 
iiiimely,  {a)  AS.  and,  ond,  OS.  ani,  Goth,  and, 
anda-,  Teut.  'anda-,  and  (h)  AS.  enil,  OS.  endi, 
etc.,  Teut.  'audi-,  the  latter  being  =  L.  ante,  be- 
fore,=:Gr.  i'ivti,  against. =  Skt.  anti,  overagainst, 
near,  reliitcd  with  antii,  end.  =  (loth,  aiiileis  = 
AS.  (»(/(',  K.  iiid :  see  end,  ami  vS. andiron.  See 
and-,  an--,  on--,  ante-,  iinli-,  jirefixes  nil.  iden- 
tical. For  the  transition  from  tho  prep,  and, 
before,  besides,  witli,  to  tlie  eoii.j.  and.  ef.  tho 
prep,  with  in  such  eoiistniclions  as  "Tho  pas- 
sengers, irilh  all  Imt  three  of  the  crew,  were 
saved,"  where  iiHf/ may  be  substituted  (or  nith. 
l''roiu  the  earliest  M  K.  period  iliid  lias  also  ex- 


isti'd  iu  the  reduced  form  an:  see  an'-.]  A, 
Coiirdinate  u.ie.  1.  Connective:  A  word  con- 
necting a  word,  phrase,  <diiuse,  or  sentence  with 
thatw'lii(di  ])recedes  it :  a  colorless  )iarticle  wit h- 
oiil  an  exact  .synonym  in  Knglish,  but  expressed 
approximately  by  'with,  along  with,  togellier 
Willi,  besides,  lll.so,  niori'over,'  the  elements 
eoiiiK  cled  bi'iiig  grammatically  coordinate. 

In  our  ItiHl.  conllifl  four  of  IiIh  five  witHWcnt  linUlngoir, 
nmt  now  Is  llie  wliole  inali  governed  with  one, 

.s'/iii*..  Much  Ad.).  1.  I. 


and 

We  have  been  up  and  down  to  seek  him. 

,S7in/r.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 
His  fame  and  fate  siiall  be 
An  echo  and  a  light  unto  eterjiity. 

Sht'Unjj  Adonais,  1.  S. 
Along  the  heath  and  near  his  favourite  tree. 

Gray,  Elegy,  1.  110. 
When  many  words,  phrases,  clauses,  or  sentences  are  con- 
nected, tile  connective  is  now  generally  omitted  hefore 
all  except  the  last,  unless  retained  for  rhetorical  effect. 
The  connected  elements  are  sometimes  identical,  express- 
ing continuous  repetition,  either  definitely,  as,  to  walk 
two  and  two ;  or  iudellnitely,  as,  for  ever  ami  ever,  to  wait 
years  ami  years. 

To-morrow,  and  to-raoiTow,  and  to-morrow, 
Creeps  in  this  petty  pace  from  day  to  day, 
To  the  last  syllable  of  recorded  time. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  b. 

The  repetition  often  implies  a  difference  of  quality  under 
the  same  name:  as,  there  are  deacons  and  deacons  (that 
is,  according  to  the  proverb,  "  There's  odds  in  deacons"): 
there  .are  novels  and  novels  (that  is,  all  sorts  of  novels). 
To  make  the  comiection  distinctly  inclusive,  the  term  both 
precedes  the  first  member:  as,  both  in  England  and  in 
France.  For  this,  by  a  Latinism,  and  .  .  .  and  has  been 
sometimes  used  in  poetry  (Latin  and  French  et  .  .  .  et). 
Thrones  and  civil  and  divine. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas. 

2.  Introduetive :  in  continuation  of  a  previous 
sentence  expressed,  implied,  or  understood. 

And  the  Lord  spake  unto  Moses.  Num.  i.  1. 

And  he  said  unto  Moses.  Ex.  xxiv.  1. 

In  this  use,  especially  in  continuation  of  the  statement 
implied  by  assent  to  a  previous  question.  The  continua- 
tion may  mark  surprise,  incredulity,  indignation,  etc. :  as, 
And  shall  I  see  him  .again?  Atut  you  dare  thus  address 
me? 

And  do  you  now  put  on  your  best  attire, 
Ami  do  you  now  cull  out  a  holiday. 
And  do  you  now  strew  flowers  in  his  way, 
That  comes  in  triumph  over  Pompey"s  blood  ? 

Shak.,  J.  C.,  i.  1. 

Alas!  tint/ did  my  Saviour  bleed?  Watts. 

3.  Adverbial:  Also;  even.  [Rare;  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Latin  ct  in  like  use.] 

He  that  hatith  me,  hatith  and  [also,  Purv.]  my  fadir. 

Wyelif,  John  .\v.  23  (Oxf.  ed.). 

Not  oonly  he  brak  the  saboth,  but  and  [but,  Purv.]  he 
seide  his  fadir  God.  Wyelif,  John  v.  18. 

Hence,  btit  and,  and  also:  common  in  the  old 
ballads. 

And  they  hae  chased  in  gtide  green-wood 
The  buck  but  and  the  rae. 

Rose  the  Bed,  and  White  Lilly, 

Child's  Ballads,  in.  180. 

She  brought  to  him  her  beauty  and  truth, 
But  and  broad  earldoms  three. 

Lowell,  Singing  Leaves. 

B.  Conditional  use.  [In  this  use  not  foimd 
in  AS.,  but  very  common  in  ME. ;  cf.  Icel.  cnda 
and  MHO.  iindc  in  similar  use:  a  development 
of  the  coordinate  use;  ef.  so,  adv.  fconj.,  mark- 
ing continuation,  with  so,  conditional  conj.,  if. 
This  and,  though  identical  with  the  coordi- 
nate, has  been  looked  upon  as  a  different  word, 
and  in  modern  editions  is  often  artificially 
discriminated  by  being  printed  an:  see  an^.J 
If;  supposing  that:  as,  «Md  you  please.  [Com- 
mon in  the  older  literature,  but  in  actual  speech 
now  only  dialectal.] 

For,  ami  I  sholde  rekenen  every  vice 
Whicli  tliat  she  hath,  yw-is  I  were  to  nice. 

Chaueer,  Prol.  to  Squire's  Tale,  1. 15. 

Disadvantage  ys,  that  now  childern  of  gramer-scole  con- 
neth  no  more  Frenschthan  can  here  lift  [their  left]  heele, 
&  that  is  harm  for  ham  [them]  i-  a  (if  they]  scholle  passe 
the  se,  &  tranayle  in  strange  londes. 

Trevisa,  tr.  of  Higden,  Polychron.,  I.  l.\i.K. 
And  I  suffer  this,  may  I  go  graze. 

Fletcher,  Woman's  Prize,  i.  3. 

Often  -with  added  if  (whence  mod.  dial,  an  if, 
nif,  if).     Hence,  but  and  if,  but  if. 

But  and  (/'that  servant  say.  Luke  xii.  45. 

and-,  [<  ME.  and-,  ond-,  an-,  on-,  AS.  and-,  ond-, 
often  reduced  co  an-,  on-  =  OS.  ant-  =OFries. 
and-, ond-, an-,  ofi-  =  I).  o»(-  =  OHG.MHG.  ant-, 
ent-,  G.  ant-,  ent-  (fmjj- before/)  =  Goth,  and-, 
anda-  =  L.  ante-  =  Gr.  avri-,  orig.  meaning  'be- 
fore' or  'against,'  being  the  prep,  and  (AS.  and 
=  Goth.  and,  etc.)  asprofix;  see  and,  an-",  ante-, 
anti—l  A  prefix  in  Middle  English  and  Anglo- 
Saxon,  rejjresented  in  modern  English  by  an- 
in  answer,  a-  in  aionfj^,  and  (mixed  with  original 
an-)  by  on-  in  onset,  etc. 

andabata,  andabate  (au-dab'a-ta,  an'da-bat), 
H. ;  pi.  andabdtte,  andabates  (-te,  -bats).  [L. 
andabata  (see  def.),  appar.  a  corrupt  form  for 
'anabafa,  <  Gr.  avajiartK,  a  'rider,  lit.  one  who 
mounts,  <  avajiaiveiv,  go  up,  mount :  see  Anabas, 
anabasis.li  In  Horn,  antiq.,  a  gladiator  who 
fought  blindfolded  by  wearing  a  helmet  with- 
out ope.iiugs  for  the  eyes;  hence,  in  modern 
application,  one  who  contends  or  acts  as  if 
blindfolded. 


205 

With  what  eyes  do  these  owls  and  hMnd  a7idafiates  look 
upon  tile  Holy  Scriptures.  Jieeon,  Works,  I.  331. 

andabatismi  (an-dab'a-tizm),  H.  [<  L.  antla- 
buta  +  -isiii.^  Tlie  iiractico  of  lighting  blindly 
like  an  amlabata ;  blind  contention. 

Andalusian  (an-da-lu'ziau),  a.  and  n.  [<  An- 
dalusia, Sji.  .lyx/a/Mrm,"  <' Sp.  Anilalu!,  an  An- 
dalusian, )irob.  ult.  <  L.  i'andalii,  the  Vandals: 
see  J'anildl.'l  I.  a.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to 
Andalusia,  a  largo  division  of  southern  Spain, 
or  to  its  inliabitauts. 

II.  n.  1.  An  iuliabitant  of  Andalusia  in 
Spain. — 2.  A  variety  of  fowl  of  the  Spanish 
type,  of  medium  size. 

andalusite  (an-da-lu'sit),  n.  [<  Andalusia  + 
-ite-.'i  A  mineral  of  a  gray,  green,  bluish,  flesh, 
or  rose-red  color,  consisting  of  anhydrous  sili- 
cate of  aluminium,  sometimes  found  crystal- 
lized in  four-sided  rhombic  jirisms.  its  composi- 
tion is  the  same  as  that  of  cyanite  and  flbrolite.  It  was 
first  discovered  in  Andalusia.  Chiastolite  (which  see),  or 
niacle,  is  an  impure  variety,  showing  a  peculiar  tessellated 
appeaiaiirt^  in  tlie  cross-section. 

Aildamanese  (an"da-man-es'  or  -ez'),  o.  and  v. 
[<  Andaman  +  -esc]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Andaman  islands,  or  to  their  inhabitants. 

II.  n.  sing,  or  ]>l.  A  native  or  the  natives  of 
the  .Ajidaman  islands,  situated  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  bay  of  Bengal.  The  Andamanese  are  ro- 
bust and  vigorous,  resembling  negroes,  but  of  small  stature, 
and  are  still  in  a  state  of  savagery. 

andante  (au-dan'te),  a.  and  n.  [It.,  Ut.  walk- 
ing, pjir.  of  aiirfarc,  walk,  go:  see  aHeyl.]  I.  n 
In  muxic,  moving  with  a  moderate,  even,  grace- 
ful progression. 

II.  It.  A  movement  or  piece  composed  in  an- 
dante time :  as,  the  andante  in  Beethoven's  fifth 
symphony. 

andantino  (an-dan-te'no),  a.  and  n.  [It.,  dim. 
of  andantr,  q.  v.]  I,  a.  In  music,  somewhat 
slower  than  andante. 

II.  n.  Properly,  a  movement  somewhat  slower 
than  andante,  but  more  frequently  a  movement 
not  quite  so  slow  as  andante. 

andarac  (an'da-rak),  «.     Same  as  sandarac. 

andaze  (an'da-ze),  n.  [Turk,  andaze,  endaze,  < 
At.  Iiindd:e,  an  ell.]  A  Turkish  cloth  mea- 
sui-e  equal  to  27  (or  according  to  Kedhouse  25) 
incites.     Morgan,  V.  S.  Tariff. 

Andean  (an'de-an),  a.  [(.Andes:  said  to  be 
named  from  Peruv.  anti,  copper,  or  metal  in 
general.]  Pertaining  to  the  Andes,  a  great 
system  of  mountains  extending  along  the  Pa- 
cific coast  of  South  America,  and  sometimes  re- 
garded as  including  the  highlands  of  Central 
America  and  Mexico. 

Andersch's  ganglion.    See  ganglion. 

Anderson  battery.    See  battery. 

andesin,  andesine  (an'de-zin),  n.  [<  Andes  -I- 
-in'^.]  A  tricliuic  feldspar,  intermediate  be- 
tween the  soda  feldspar  albite  and  the  lime 
feldspar  anoi-thite,  and  consequently  contain- 
ing both  soda  and  lime.  It  was  originally  obtained 
from  the  Andes,  but  has  since  been  found  in  the  Vosges 
and  otlier  localities,     iice /eldsjjar. 

andesite  (an'de-zit),  n.  [<  Andes  -t-  -jfcS.]  a 
volcanic  rock  of  wide-spread  occm'rence,  espe- 
cially in  the  Cordilleran  region  of  North  Amer- 
ica. It  consists  essentially  of  a  mixture  of  a  tricliuic 
feldspar  with  either  hornblende  or  augite.  Those  varieties 
containing  the  former  are  called  hornblende  andesite,  the 
latter  augite  andesite.  There  are  also  varieties  of  andesite 
which  contain  a  considerable  percentage  of  quartz.  The 
line  of  separation  between  the  basalts  and  rocks  called  by 
many  lithologists  andesite  cannot  be  sharply  drawn.  See 
basalt. 

andesitic  (an-de-zit'ik),  a.  [<  andesite  +  -ic.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  containing  andesite. 

Andigena  (an-dij'e-uii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Andes  + 
L.  -i/i.nus,  -born:  see  -gen,  -genous.}  A  genus 
of  toucans,  family  Manipliastida;  embracing 
several  Andean  species.    J.  Goulil,  1850. 

Andine  (an'din  or  -din),  a.  [<  NL.  Andiniis,  < 
Andes.']  Oforpertainingto  the  Andes;  Andean. 
Andine  plants  are  especially  those  of  the  high  alpine 
regions  of  the  Andes. 

Andira  (an-di'ra),  n.  [NL.,  from  native  name.] 
A  genus  of  leguminous  trees,  of  about  20  spe- 
cies, natives  of  tropical  America.  They  have  pin- 
nate leaves,  and  bear  a  profusion  of  showy  flowers,  followed 
by  fleshy  one-seeded  pods.  The  timber  is  used  for  build- 
ing. A.  inermis,  the  angelin-  or  cabbage-tree  of  the  West 
Indies,  furnishes  the  worm-bark,  which  has  strong  nar- 
cotic iiro])erties  and  was  formerly  used  in  medicine  as  a 
verniil'il'.:''. 

andira-gnaca  (an-de'ra-gwa'ka),K.  [S.  Amer.] 
The  native  name  in  South  America  of  the  vam- 
pire-bat, Vampyrus  spectrum.  See  I'hi/Uostomi- 
da:  Vduijiiirn.?.  '  Also  written  andira-guacu. 

andiron  (aud'i-irii),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  andi- 
ron, andi/ron.  aundyron,  aundyern,  andyar  (also 
with   aspirate    handern,    handiron,    handyron. 


Ancient  Andirons,  from  Cobham.  Kent, 
England. 


Andrea  Ferrara 

mod.  E.  handiron,  simulating  hatid;  also  land- 
yron,  after  P.  laniiier),  <  ME.  andyron,  earlier 
aundiren,  anndyrne,  aundyre  (the  termination 
being  popularly  associated  with  ME.  iron,  iren, 
yron,  i/ri-n,  yre,  E.  iron ;  cf.  ME.  brandiren,  brotid- 
iroit,  lirondyre,  <  AS.  brand-isen,  andiron,  =  U. 
brundijzcr,  an  andiron,  also  a  branding-iron,  lit. 
'brand-iron';  cf.  also  AS.  brand-rod,  andiron, 
lit.  'brand-rod'),  <  OP.  andier,  endier,  later, 
by  inclusion  of  tlie  art.  le,  V,  landier,  mod. 
P.  landier,  dial,  andier,  andain,  andi,  in  ML. 
with  fluctuating  term,  anderius,  anderia,  an- 
dcra,  andrca,  andcda,  andcdus,  andegula,  an- 
gcdula,  more  commonly  andena,  andenus,  the 
fluctuation  showing  that  the  word  was  of  un- 
known and  hence  pro)),  either  of  Celtic  or  Tent, 
origin,  perhaps  <  Tout,  "andja-,  Goth.  andeis  = 
OHG.  enti,  MIIG.  G.  cnde  =  ASi.  ende,E.  end, 
the  reason  of  the  name  being  reflected  in  the 
mod.  popular  adaptation  end-iron,  q.  v.  End 
is  prob.  connected  in  its  origin  with  the  conj. 
and  and  the  prefix  and-,  which  would  thus  be 
brought  into  remote  relation  with  the  first  syl- 
lable of  andiron :  see  and,  and-,  end.  But  and- 
iron has  nothing  to  do,  etymologically,  with 
hand  or  brand,  or,  e.xcept  veiy  remotely,  if  at 

all,  with  end.] 
One  of  a  pair  of 
metallic  stands 
used  to  support 
wood  burned 
on  an  open 
hearth,  it  con- 
sists of  a  horizon- 
tal iron  bar  raised 
on  short  legs,  with 
an  upright  stand- 
ard in  front.  Usu- 
ally the  standard  is 
sumiounted  by  a 
knob  or  other  de- 
vice, and  it  is  some- 
times elaborately 
ornamented  and 
often  sheathed 
with  brass-  or  silver-work.  The  standards,  before  the  gen- 
eral adoption  of  grate-fires,  were  often  made  very  high; 
those  for  kitchen  use  had  brackets  for  holding  the  roast- 
ing-spit  and  hooks  upon  which  kettles  couM  be  InniL',  and 
sometimes  fl.at  or  bracket-shaped  tops  for  holding  dishes; 
others  were  artistically  forged  in  wrought-iron,  or  had  the 
whole  upright  piece  carved  in  bronze  or  some  other  costly 
material.  Seldom  used  in  the  singular.  Also  called /re- 
dd,*/. 

Her  andirons 
(I  had  forgot  them)  were  two  winking  Cupids 
Of  silver,  each  on  one  foot  standing,  nicely 
Depending  on  their  brands.      Sliak.,  Cymbellne,  u.  4. 
The  brazen  amiirons  vfeW  brightened,  so  that  the  cheer- 
ful fire  may  see  its  face  in  them. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I.  1G5. 

Andorran  (an-dor'ran),  a.  and  n.  [<  Andorra  + 
-an.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Andon'a. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  .Andorra, 
a  small  republic,  semi-independent  since  Char- 
lemagne, situated  in  the  eastern  Pyrenees,  be- 
tween the  French  department  of  Ari^ge'  and 
the  Spanish  pro\'inee  of  Lerida.  it  is  under  the 
joint  protection  of  France  and  the  Bishop  of  Urgel,  in  Cata- 
lonia, Spain. 

andr-.    See  andro-. 

andra  (an'dril),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
A  species  of  gazel  found  in  northern  Africa, 
Gazella  ruficollis  (the  Antilope  rujicollis  of 
Smith),  related  to  the  common  Egyptian  spe- 
cies, G.  dorcas. 

andradite  (an'dra-dit),  H.  [After  the  Portu- 
guese mineralogist  d'Andradn.]  A  variety  of 
common  garnet  containLng  calciimi  and  iron. 
See  garnet^. 

andranatomy  (an-dra-nat'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
dvr/p  (ai'dp-),  a  man,  +  avaToui/,  dissection:  see 
anatomy.]  The  dissection  of 
the  human  body,  particularly 
that  of  the  male ;  human  anat- 
omy ;  anthropotomy ;  androt- 
omv.  Hooper,  Med.  Diet., 
1811.     [Rare.] 

Andreaea  (an-dre-e'ii),  n. 
[NL.,  named  after  G.  R.  An- 
drea:, a  German  botanist.  An- 
drete  was  orig.  gen.  of  LL.  An- 
dreas, Andrew.  See  Andreiv.] 
A  genus  of  mosses  constitut- 
ing the  natural  order  Andre- 
a:aceiF.  intermediate  between 
the  SphagnaceiF  and  the  Brya- 
cca;  or  true  mosses,  it  is  distin- 
guished by  tlie  longitudinal  dehiscence 
of  tliecapsult-  into  four  valves;  other- 
wise it  closely  resemiiles  the  genus 
frriinmia. 

Andrea  Ferrara  (an'dre-a  fe-ra'ra),  n.  A 
sword  or  sword-blade  of  a  kind  greatly  es- 


^ndr^'na  alpestris. 
Fructiferous  branch 
and  dehiscent  capsule 
w-ith  its  apophysis  (a). 
(From  Le  Maout  and 
Decaisne's  "  Traite 
general  de  Bota- 
niqne."} 


Andrea  Ferrara 

teemed  in  Scotland  toward  the  end  of  the  six- 
teenth eenturv  and  later.  The  blades  are  commonly 
marked  aXI»KEA  on  one  side  and  KAKARA  or  FEKARA 
on  the  other,  with  other  devices.  The  swords  known  b,v 
this  iijjr.-  ..::.  n-'  the  Scotch  Highlanders  were  buskel- 
hilt-  ij.     :^ee  ciat/tnore.    It  is  now  asserte<l  by 

Ita!;  -t  these  w-ere  made  at  Belluno in  Venetia 

l,v  t  I.  and  Gianantonio  Ferara.  and  that  the 

si'ifn  I'::-  p~  ;i  :  geographical,  but  derived  from  the  occupa- 
tion. [Compare  It.  Jerrajo,  a  cutler,  an  ironmonger,  =  E. 
farrier,  <  L.  ferrarius,  a  blacksmith :  see  farrier.]  Some- 
tiraes  called '.(jiuireir. 

^ndrena  (an-dre'na),  n.  [XL.:  see  Antlire- 
nus.'\  A  genus  of  solitary  bees,  typical  of  the 
family  Andrenidw  (which  see).  It  is  of  large  ex- 
tent, including  nearly  '200  European  species.  Its  members 
burrow  in  the  ground  to  the  depth  of  several  inches,  and 
are  among  the  earliest  insects  abroad  in  the  spring.  A. 
ricina  is  a  characteristic  example.     Meiitta  is  a  s>7ionym. 

Ajidxenetae  (an-dren'e-te),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  as 
Aiiilrtiui  +  -et-w.']  In  Latreille's  classification 
of  bees,  the  tirst  section  of  Mellifera,  or  Aiitlio- 
phila.  corresponding  to  the  modem  family  An- 
drenidtr:  opposed  to  Apia riee. 

andrenid  (an'dre-nid),  n.  A  solitary  bee,  of  the 
family  .Indrenidce. 

Andrenidae  (an-dren'i-de),  n.  1)1.  [NXi.,  <  An- 
dreiiii  +  -icte.]  A  family  of  aculeate  melliferous 
hymenopterous  insects;  the  solitarj'  bees.  The 
m'entuni  or  chin  is  elongate  and  the  tongue  short,  the  labium 
and  tenuinal  maxillary  lobes  not  being  lengthened  into  a 
proboscLs.  The  labium  is  either  hastate  or  cordate,  on 
which  accoujit  some  authors  divide  the  family  into  two 
groups,  AcutUiwjueg  and  Obtu^-ilingiie^.  These  bees  con- 
sist of  only  males  and  females:  the  latter  collect  pollen, 
the  trochanters  and  femora  of  the  hind  legs  being  usuall,\' 
adapted  for  this  purpose.  All  the  species  are  solitary',  and 
most  of  them  burrow  in  the  ground,  though  S(une  live  in 
the  interstices  of  walls.  The  cells  are  provisioned  with 
pollen  or  honey,  in  the  midst  of  which  the  female  deposits 
her  eggs.  The  genera  and  species  of  the  family  arc  nu- 
mtT'His. 

Andienoides  fan-dre-noi'dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Andrtiia  +  -okhs.}  In  Latreille's  system  of 
classification,  a  division  of  Apiariw ;  a  group 
of  solitary  bees,  including  the  carpenter-bees 
of  the  genus  Xijlovopri,  and  corresponding  to  a 
portion  of  the  modem  family  Apidw. 

andreolite  (an'dre-6-lIt),  «.  [<  Andreas  (=  E. 
Aiulriir),  a  mining  locality  in  the  Harz  moun- 
tains, -I-  -lit'-,  <  Gr.  /(fef,  a  stone.]  A  name  of 
the  mineral  commonly  called  harmotome  or 
cross-stone.     .See  harmotome. 

Andrew  (an'dro),  II.  [<  Andrew,  a  common 
pirsoual  name,  <  ME.  Andrcii  ^  Bret.  Andrcn, 
Andreo,  <  OF.  Andreu,  mod.  F.  Andricu,  Andre 
=  1't.  Andrioii,  Aiidre  =  tip.  Andres ^Vg.  Andre 
=  It.  Andrea  =  D.  G.  Dan.  Andreas  =  Sw.  Dan. 
Anders,  <  LL.  Andreas,  <  Gr.  'Avipiac;,  a  personal 
name,  equiv.  to  avdpeioc,  manly,  strong,  cou- 
rageous, <  avijp  (iivdp-),  a  man.  The  iiume  An- 
drew is  thus  nearly  equiv.  in  meaning  to 
Charhs.']  A  broadsword :  an  English  eiiuiva- 
Icnt  of  .Indrea  Ferrara  (which  see).  ~st.  An- 
drew's cross.  Seerroa.*.— St.  Andrew's  day.  See  i/ay. 

-andria.    See  -androus. 

andro-.  [L.,  etc.,  andro-,  before  a  vowel  aitdr-, 
<  Gr.  uv(\po-,  di'J/>-,  combining  form  of  avi/p 
(avtp-,  'avp-,  avip-),  a  man,  L.  rir,  as  opposed 
to  a  woman,  to  a  youth,  or  to  a  god  (sometimes, 
esp.  in  later  usage,  equiv.  to,  but  usually  distin- 
guished from,  ai^liiuTToc,  L.  homo,  a  man,  a  hu- 
man being,  a  person);  specifically,  u  husband, 
Bometirnes  merely  a  male.]  An  element  in 
njiiiiy  compoimd  words  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing man,  and  hence  masculine,  male ;  espe- 
cially, in  hill,  (also  terminally,  -androus,  -under, 
-andrifi),  with  reference  to  the  male  organs  or 
Htntnens  of  a  fiower.     See  -androus. 

androcephalous  (an-dro-scfa-lus),  a.      [<  Gr. 
'ni„i  (.11^.-),  11  Irian,  +  kr^i/i/,' head.]      Ilaving 
»  liiitnun  liiiid :  said  of  a  monster  such  as  u 
Hphin.x,  an  Assyrian  bull,  etc. 
fjion  u  fJaulUli  (join,  an  itiulrfKfphalotui  liorae. 

Jour.  Ari^htftil.  Aim.,  V.  'JI. 

androctonfd  fan-drok'to-nid),  n.  A  scorpion 
"f  '  lii'Iriirlonldee. 


As'L 
<  .1 

of 

liir  -ii    , 

Aniiroclfiiii 


:iii  •irok-ton'i-do),  n.  p?.  [NIj., 
+  -"/(»■.]  A  faiiillv  of  KcorpioiiK, 
•  •Tjiiiiidea,  lypilifM  by  the  i^i'iitis 
I'l '  liniiicterized  by  the  triaii(^ii- 
'•  rriiiin. 
'  ■■ii:'f6-nuB),  n.  [NL.,  <(lr. 
'  I'li'f/li  (iiiAp-),  man,  + 
if  Hi'orpionK,  typical  of 

•    Ml.,,,.     /V(»nuriMiHHynonv- 

inoii.fl. 

androdlrprlons  'i.i.-.b.Mli.fi'HhinH),  n.     [<  Gr. 

"iim.]     In  h»^, having 

ly  iipiiM  one  plant  ami 

'"■'  'I'  r  of  till    Humi'  Mpi'clcH, 

''"'  If  fonn  with  only  fomale 

llou 


206 

andrCBCium   (an-dre'shi-um),  «. ;  pi.  andrmcia 

(-a !.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ai-ijp  (av6p-),  a  man,  male,  -I- 
o/Mf,  a  house,  =  L,  lieus,  >  E.  inch;  a  \-illage.] 
In  feof. ,  the  male  organs  of  a  fiower ;  the  assem- 
blage of  stamens. 

androgynal  (au-droj'i-nal),  a.  bame  as  an- 
drogiiiiiius. 

androgynally  (an-droj'i-nal-i),  adv.    With  the 
sexual  organs  of  both  sexes ;  as  a  hermaphro- 
dite.    [Rare.] 
No  reall  or  new  transexion ,  but  were  a  ndroijyiia  lly  borne. 
Sir  T.  Brou-ne,  Vulg.  ElT.,  iii.  IT. 

androgyne  (an'di-o-jin), «.  [=  F. androgiine,i'L. 
andniijijniis,  masc,  androgijne,  fem.,  <  Gr.  avdpu- 
;  vvoQ,  a  man-woman,  a  hermaphrodite,  an  ef- 
feminate man:  see  androijynous.']  1.  A  her- 
maphrodite. 

Plato  .  .  .  tells  a  story  how  that  at  first  there  were 
tlxree  kinds  of  men,  that  is,  male,  female,  and  a  third  mixt 
species  of  the  other  two,  called,  for  that  reason,  aiuiro- 
ijynes.  Chilmead. 

2.  An  effeminate  man.     [Rare.] 

What  shall  I  say  of  these  vile  and  stinking  aiuiroffynet!, 
that  is  to  say,  these  men-women,  with  their  curled  locks, 
their  crisped  and  frizzled  hair?  IIarmar,tr.  of  Beza,  p.  173. 

3.  An  androgsTious  plant. — 4.  A  eunuch. 
[Rare.] 

androgyneity (an"dro-gi-ne'i.-ti),  n.  [As  andro- 
ijyiiou.-i  +  -c-ity.'\  Andi'ogyny ;  bisexuality;  her- 
maphroditism. 

androgynia  (an-dro-jin'i-a),  n.  [NL. :  see  an- 
tiroijijiiy.']     Same  as  androgyny. 

androgynism  (an-droj'i-uizm),  «.  [As  andro- 
ijyiioiis  +  -(.s/H.]  In  hot.,  a  monoecious  condi- 
tion in  a  plant  normally  dioecious. 

androgynos  (an-tlroj'i-nos),  n.  [Repr.  Gr.  iw- 
(Spii;  i-rof :  see  androgyne.'}  A  hermaphrodite ; 
an  androgyne. 

An  aiutroiiuiios  was  born  at  Antiochia  ad  Mseaudrum, 
when  Antipater  was  archon  at  .\theus. 

Aiiwr.  Jour.  Philol.,  VI.  2. 

androgjniOUS  (an-droj'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  andro- 
i/yinis,  <  Gr.  uvi^poyvvor:,  both  male  and  female, 
common  to  man  and  woman,  <  avr/p  (dixip-),  a 
man,  -I-  }vvi/,  a  woman,  akin  to  E.  queen,  quean, 
q.  V.  ]  1.  Having  two  sexes ;  being  both  male 
and  female ;  of  the  nature  of  a  hermaphrodite; 
hermaphroditical. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  vase  is  an  aiuiroiiyiwus  fig- 
ure. Vat,  of  Vases  in  Brit.  Museum,  II.  148. 

(a)  In  hot. :  (1)  Having  male  and  female  flowers  in  the 
same  inflorescence,  as  in  some  species  of  Carex.  (:i)  In 
mosses,  having  antheridia  and  archegonia  in  the  same  in- 
volucre. (6)  In  zool.,  uniting  the  charactersof  both  sexes : 
having  the  paits  of  both  sexes  ;  being  of  both  sexes  :  her- 
maphrodite. The  androgynous  condition  is  a  very  com- 
mon one  in  invertebrate  animals.  The  two  sexes  may 
coexist  at  the  same  time  in  one  individual,  which  impreg- 
nates itself,  as  a  snail ;  or  two  such  individuals  may  im- 
pregnate each  other,  as  earthworms;  or  one  individual 
may  be  male  and  female  at  dilferent  times,  develojiing 
first  the  product  of  the  one  sex  and  then  that  of  the  other. 
2.  Having  or  partaking  of  the  mental  charac- 
teristics of  both  sexes. 

The  truth  is,  a  great  mind  must  be  androgynout. 

Coleridge. 
.•\lso  androgynal. 
androgyny  (an-droj'i-ni),  n.  [Erroneously 
writton  andnigeny  (Paseoe);  <  NL.  androgynia, 
<  \j.aiidrogynus:  »<io  androgynous.'}  The  state 
of  being  androgynous;  union  of  sexes  in  one 
individual ;  hennaphroditisra. 

Instances  of  «/i(/,v,7)/i(i/  .  .  .  dejiend  upon  an  excessive 
developineiil  of  this  structure. 

TmlclH  Cti,-.  •,/  .inal.  1111,1  I'hiju.,  IV.  M2r>.     (.V.  K.  ll.) 

android,  androides  (an'droid,  an-droi'de/.),  n. 
[<  Gr.  (li'i!/)ot7il;/r,  lik(t  a  man,  <  iivi/p  (ilrrSp-),  a 
man,  +  thhi;,  form.]  An  automaton  resembling 
11  liunian  being  in  shap(>  and  motions. 

If  till-  human  figure  and  lu'tioim  be  represented,  the  iiii 
toniaton  has  HMtnetiinert  been  called  speelully  an  tiiitlrui 
flcM.  Kixepr.  Brit.,  III.  14'J. 

andromania  (an-dro-ma'ni-R),  ?i.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avdpoiiauiii,  <  iin'/p  (/n'fl/i-),  miiti,  -f  /lavia,  mad- 
ness.]    Nyinpliomania  (which  see). 

andromed  (nn'dro-nu'd),  H.  [<  .Indroinedii.}  A 
initi'iir  wliiili  proceeds,  or  a  system  of  iiieteorK 
wliiili  appiiirs  to  radiate,  from  a  point  in  the 
cciiiHlelliitioii  Andrnincila. 

Andromeda  (iiM-drom'e-dH),  n.  [L.,  <  Or.  'Ai- 
•V"""''/i  in  myth,  daughter  Of  CepnouH,  king  of 
Ethiopia,  bound  to  a  rock  in  order  tn  he  di- 
■•Irojed  liy  a  sea-nionHtei',  but  resciieil  by  I'er- 
■I'us;  after  death  pliieeil  iis  a  constelliition  in 
llio  heavens.]  1.  A  ncirtliiTn  conKtelliition, 
Hurrouudi'd  liy  I'egasus,  CaHsiopeia,  I'erHeiiM, 
I'i^eoH,  Arii'H,  etc,  KUppoHod  to  reprcHi'nt  the 
li-uio  of  a  woman  cliaini'il.  The  coiistellalion 
'■'■til  ,iii(|  three  Htars  of  tlii'  sei'imil  mngiiitmle, 
of  wliiohthe  brightest  is  Alpheratz.— 2.   [NL.J 


Andropogon 

A  genus  of  plants,  natm-al  order  Ericacecr.    The 

species  are  hardy  shrubs,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia,   and 
North  Ajnerica.    They  are  more  or  less  narcotic,  and  sev- 


The  Constellation  -A  ndromeda.  including  its  stars  down  to  sth  mapii- 
tude,  according  to  Heis ;  the  figure  from  Ptolemy's  description. 

eral  .are  known  to  be  poisonous  to  sheep  and  goats,  as  .4. 
Mariana  (the  stagger-bush  of  America),  A.  poli/olia ,m\A  -t. 
ovali.falia.    A.  iforibniida  and  others  are  sometimes  culti- 
vated for  ornament. 
andromonoecious  (an"dro-mo-ne'shius),  a.     [< 
Gr.  ar>tp  (af(5^)-),  male,  +  nionaeioiis,  q.  v.]     In 
hot.,  having  hermaphrodite  and  male  llowers 
upon  the  same  plant,  but  with  no  female  flow- 
ers.    Jjiinriii. 
andromorphous    (au-dro-m6r'fus),    a.      [<  Gr. 
avi\)uuupif(u;,    of    man's    i'orm   or   figure,  \  avr/p 
(liirfp-),  a  man,  -I-  fopipii,  form.]     Shaped  like  a 
man ;  of  masculine  fonn  or  aspect :  as,  an  an- 
dromorphous woman. 
anilron  (an'dron),  n.     [L.,  <  Gr.  avdpiiv,  <  aviip 

(ai'rfp-),  a  man.]     Same  as  andronitis. 
andronitis  (an-dro-ni'tis),  H.     [Gr.   iwdpuvirif, 
also  avApuv,  <  avi/p  (ai'dp-),  man.  Cf.  gynwceum.} 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  the  portion  of  a  house  appropri- 
ated especially  to  males,  includiugdiniug-room, 
library,  sitting-rooms,  etc. 
andropetalotlS   (an-dro-pet'a-lus),   a.      [<  (ir. 
iii'i/p  (iivdp-),  a  man,  in  mod.  bot.  a  stamen,  + 
viraAov,  a  leaf,  in  mod.  bot.  ii  petal.]     In  hot., 
an  epithet  applied  to  double  flowers  produced 
by  the  conversion  of  stamens  into  petals,  as  in 
the  garden  ranunculus. 
androphagi,  n.     Plural  of  androphagus. 
androphagOUS  (nn-drof 'a-gus),  a.      i<  I5r.  avfipo- 
^u)of,  inau-cating,  <  iiri/p  (ui'ti/)-),  a  man.  -t-  <pa- 
yciv,  eat.    Cf.  anthnijiojiliagons.}     Man-eating; 
pertaining  to  or  addicted  to  cannibalism;  an- 
thropophagous.    [Rare.] 
androphagus  (an-ilrof'a-gus),  «.;  pi.  andropha- 
gi (-.ji).     [NL.,  <  Gr.  (inVjo^ujof:  see  androiiha- 
goii.i.}     A  man-enter;  a  cannibal.     [Rare.] 
androphonomania   (an'dro-fon-o-ma'ui-ji),   n. 
[NL.,   <   Gr.    <n(l(K)c4orof,    man-slaying    (<  any)- 
(lii'iSp-),  man.  +  "(liivt-n;  kill,  slay),  +  /lavia,  mad- 
ness.]   A  mania  for  committing  murder;  homi- 
cidal insanity. 
androphore  (an'dro-for),  n.     [<Gr.  ai7//<  (avi^p-), 
a  man,  a  male,  in  mod.  bot.  a  stamen,  +  -ipopo^, 
<  piptii'  =  E.  hear'^.}    1.  In  hot.,  a  stamineal  col- 
umn, usually  formed  by  a  union  of  the  lilaments, 

as  in  the  Malra- 
cew  and  in  many 
genera  of  I.egu- 
miuosn: — 2.  In 
!:(iiil.,  the  branch 
of  a  gonoblas- 
tidium  of  a  liy- 
drozoan  which 
bears  male  gono- 
]iliiiies;  a  gen- 
erative bud  or 
niedusil'onii  zo- 
oid  ill  wliicli  the 
male  elements 
only  are  developed,  as  distinguislied  from  a 
gyiiophore  or  female  goiiopliore.  See  gyno- 
jilhire.  iiiid  I'lit  \ini\i'y  giiiiiitilaslidiuni. 
androphorous  (an-di-of'o-rus),  a.  [<  Or.  nvi/p 
(avi\)-),  ;i  inilli,  +  -ifii'ipor,  <  liipiiv  =  E.  heiir^ .  j  In 
llyitro:iiii,  benriiig  male  elements,  as  an  andro- 
phore; lieiiig  male,  iis  a  niedusil'orm  zoiiid, 
Andropogon  (im-ilro-po'gon),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
1117/(1  (nvi'tp-),  a  iMiiii,  -I-  -I'.vuv,  beard,  the  male 
flowers  often  iiiiving  pliiiiiohe  lieaiils:  see  pii- 
gon.}    A  large  genus  of  glasses,  mostly  natives 

of  wai-m  countries.    Several  h| les  are  ixtenslvely 

cnltjxalf'd  In  India,  esjieclMlly  in  Ceylon  and  Singapore, 
lor  tbi'lr  easentlul  oils,  wlilili  form  the  grass. oils  of  curn- 
ineree.  A.  Nardim  ylelil»  tlie  litronellnoll ;  tbi'  lemon- 
grasH,  A.  riVriifn/i,  yields  the  lemon  grass  oil,  also  known 
as  oil  of  verhena  or  Iiidiim  niellsHii-oll.    .-I,  Settw limit hus of 


Tubular  Androphore  and  section  of 
(lower  of  Matva  sylvtstrii. 


Andropogon 

central  ami  northern  India  is  the  source  of  what  is  known 
as  rusa-oil,  or  oil  of  ginger-grass  or  of  geranium.  Thcso 
(ii!;i  uri'  nmrli  esteemed  in  India  for  external  applieation 
ill  rlu-iiiiiatism,  but  in  Europe  and  America  tlxey  are  used 
almost  f.vcluaively  by  suap-rualiers  aiui  perfumers.  The 
rusaoii  is  used  in  Turliey  for  the  adulteration  of  attar  of 
idses.  Tile  cuscus  of  India  is  tlie  long,  fibrous,  fragrant 
root  of  A.  mitricatua,  which  is  woven  into  screens,  orna- 
lueutal  basliets,  and  other  articles.  There  are  about  20 
species  in  tlie  United  .States,  (•ommonly  Isnown  as  broom- 
./ra.vx  or  broom-sedge,  mostly  tall  perennial  grasses,  with 
toiiKb,  wiry  stems,  of  little  value. 
androsphinx  (an'dro-sfinKks),  n.  [<  Gr.  avSpo- 
nipqi,  a  sphinx  with  tho  bust  of  a  man,  <  iivi/p 
(iii'(V-),  a  man,  +  cipiyi,  a  sphinx.]  In  anc.  Ef/ypt. 
sculp.,  a  man-sphinx ;  a  sphinx  having  the  body 


Androsphinx  of  Thothmes  I!I.  (15th  century  B.  c), 
Bimlak  Miibeuni,  Cairo. 

of  a  lion  with  a  human  head  and  masculine  at- 
tributes, as  distinguished  from  one  with  the 
head  of  a  ram  (criosphinx),  or  of  a  hawk  (hiera- 
cosphinx).  See  sphinx. 
androspore  (an'dro-spor),  n.  [<  NL.  andro- 
sporus,  <  Gr.  av?'/p  (av6p-),  a  man,  male,  +  aivSpnr, 
seed,  <  OTrc/pcfT',  sow.  see  .^/iot  and  s;)en«.]  In 
hot.,  the  peculiar  migi'atory  aiitheridium  ocem'- 
ring  in  the  suborder  iKiliKjonica'  of  Algoc,  which 
attaches  itself  near  or  upon  an  oogonium  and 
becomes  a  miniature  plant,  developing  anther- 
ozoids. 

These  autherozoids  are  not  the  immediate  product  of 
the  sperm-cells  of  the  same  or  of  another  filament,  hut  are 
developed  within  a  body  termed  an  androspore. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  255. 

androtomous  (an-drot'6-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
tlmtiiiitiis,  <  Gr.  avi/p  {av(Sp-),  a  man,  in  mod.  bot. 
a  stamen,  -t-  -to/joq,  <  Tt/ivciv,  Tcifinv,  cut.  Cf.  an- 
drotomij.l  In  hot.,  characterized  by  having 
the  stamens  divided  into  two  or  more  parts  by 
chorisis.     Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

androtomy  (an-drot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aw/p 
(av6p-),  a  man,  +  rofit'/,  a  cutting,  <  rc/iveiv,  TUfieiv, 
cut.  Ct.  anatomy.']  Human  anatomy ;  anthro- 
potomy  as  distinguished  from  zootomy ;  the  dis- 
section of  the  human  body.     [Rare.  ] 

-androus.  [<  NL.  -andrus,  <  Gr.  -avSpog,  term, 
of  adjectives  compounded  with  aviip  (avSp-),  a 
man,  a  male:  see  andro-.l  In  hot.,  a  termina- 
tion meaning  having  male  organs  or  stamens, 
as  in  monandrous,  diandrous,  triandrous,  2>ohj- 
androus,  etc.,  having  one,  two,  three,  or  many 
stamens,  and  gynandrous,  having  stamens  situ- 
ated on  the  pistil.  The  corresponding  English  noun 
ends  in  -aniler,  as  in  monander,  etc.,  and  the  New  Latin 
class  name  in  -andria,  as  in  Monandria,  etc. 

ane  (an),  a.  and  m.  Scotch  and  northern  Eng- 
lish form  of  one. 

-ane.  [<  L.  -anus,  reg.  repr.  by  E.  -an,  in  older 
words  by  -ain,  -en:  see  -a«.]  1.  A  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  the  same  as  -an,  as  in  mundane, 
ultramuntime,  etc.  in  some  cases  it  serves,  with  a  dif- 
ference «.tf  accent,  to  differentiate  words  in  -ane,  as  ger- 
7tuiit'\  humane,  urbane,  from  doublets  in  -an,  as  gcrrnan, 
human,  nrban. 

2.  In  cliem.,  a  termination  denoting  that  the 
hydrocarbon  the  name  of  which  ends  with  it 
belongs  to  the  parafEn  series  having  the  general 
formula  Cnllou-fo:  as,  methane,  CH4:  ethane, 
CoH.. 

aneal^  (a-nel'),i;.  t.  The  earlier  and  historically 
cori'eet  form  of  anneal"^. 

aneal-t  (a-nel'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  slso  an- 
neal, aneel,  <  late  ME.  anele,  earlier  aneliet;,  ene- 
lien,  <  AS.  *aneUan  or  *onelian  (the  AS.  'one- 
Urn  usually  cited  is  incorrect  in  form  and  un- 
authorized), <  an,  on,  on,  +  *eUan  (>ME.  elicn), 
oil,  <  clc,  oil:  see  oil,  and'  cf.  anoil.]  To  anoint ; 
especially,  to  administer  extreme  unction  to. 
Also  spelled  anele. 

He  was  housled  and  aneled,  and  had  all  that  a  Christian 
man  ought  to  have.  Morte  d' Arthur.,  iii.  175. 


207 

anear  (a-ner'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  anAprep.  K 
«■*  +  near;  of  mod.  formation,  after  afar.]  I. 
adv.  1.  Near  (in  place) :  opposed  to  a/ar. 

Darlv-brow'd  sophist,  come  not  anear. 

Tennyson,  Poet's  Mind. 
2.  Nearly;  almost. 
II.  jn-ej).  Near. 

Mueli  more  is  needed,  90  that  at  last  the  measure  of 
misery  anear  us  nuiy  be  correctly  tal<en.  Is.  Taylor. 

Anear  some  river's  bank. 

J.  D.  Long,  jEneid,  ix.  889.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

[Poetic  in  all  senses.] 

anear  (a-ner'),  v.  t.  [<  anear,  adv.]  To  come 
near;  approach.     Mrs.  Browning.     [Poetical.] 

aneath  (a-neth'),  pre}),  and  adv.  [<  o-  +  neath  ; 
cf.  beneath,  and  tho  analogy  of  afore,  before, 
aliitit,  behind.]    Beneath.     [Chiefly  poetical.] 

anecdotage  (an'ek-do-taj),  n.  [<  anecdote  + 
-age.]  1.  Anecdotescollectively;  matter  of  the 
natui'e  of  anecdotes.     [Rare.] 

We  infer  the  increasing  barbarism  of  the  Roman  mind 
from  the  quality  of  tlie  persona!  notices  and  portraitures 
exliibited  throughout  these  biograpliical  records  [History 
of  tlie  Cffisars].  Tlie  wliole  may  be  described  by  one 
word — anecdotage.         Dc  iiuineeg,  Philos.  of  Rom.  Hist. 

2.  [Humorously  taken  as  anecdote  +  age,  with 
a  fm-ther  allusion  to  dotage.]  Old  age  charac- 
terized by  senile  garrulousness  and  fondness  for 
telling  anecdotes.  [CoUoq.] 
anecdotal  (an'ek-do-tal),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
consisting  of  anecdotes. 

Conversation,  argmnentative  or  declamatory,  narrative 
or  anecdotal.  Prof.  Wilson. 

anecdotarian  (an'''ek-d9-ta'ri-an),  n.      [<  anec- 
dote +  -ariun.]     One  who  deals  in  or  retails 
anecdotes;  an  anecdotist.     [Rare.] 
Our  ordinary  anecdotarlans  make  use  of  libels. 

Roger  North,  Exanien,  p.  644. 

anecdote  (an'ek-dot),  n.  [<  P,  anecdote,  first  iu 
pi.  anecdotes,  ML.  anecdota,  <  Gr.  aveKiora,  pi., 
things  unpublished,  applied  by  Procopius  to 
his  memoirs  of  Justinian,  which  consisted 
chiefly  of  gossip  about  the  private  life  of  the 
court;  prop.  neut.  pi.  of  avf/ctSorof,  unpublished, 
not  given  out,  <  Gr.  iiv-  priv.  +  fKtSorof,  given 
out,  verbal  adj.  of  iaiitiovai,  give  out,  publish,  < 
cK,  out  (=  L.  ex:  see  ex-),  +  iiSovai,  give,  =  L. 
dare,  give:  see  dose  and  date.]  1.  pi.  Secret 
history;  facts  relating  to  secret  or  private 
affairs,  as  of  governments  or  of  individuals: 
often  used  (commonly  in  the  form  anecdota) 
as  the  title  of  works  treating  of  such  matters. 
—  2.  A  short  narrative  of  a  particular  or  de- 
tached incident  or  occurrence  of  an  interest- 
ing nature;  a  biographical  incident;  a  sin- 
gle passage  of  private  life.=syn.  Aneatote,  storg. 
An  anecdote  is  the  relation  of  an  interesting  or  amusing 
incident,  generally  of  a  private  nature,  and  is  always  re- 
ported as  true.  A  storg  may  be  true  or  fictitious,  and  gen- 
erally has  reference  to  a  series  of  incidents  so  arranged 
and  related  as  to  lie  entertaining. 

anecdotic,  anecdotical  (an-ek-dot'ik,  -i-kal),  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to  anecdotes;  consisting  of  or  of 
the  nature  of  anecdotes ;  anecdotal. 

Anecdotical  tr.aditions,  whose  authority  is  unknown. 

Bolingbroke,  Letter  to  Pope. 

He  has  had  rather  an  anecdotic  history,  .  .  .  lazy  as 

he  is.  George  Eliot,  Baniel  Deronda,  sxxv. 

It  is  at  least  no  fallacy  to  say  that  childhood  — or  the 

later  memory  of  childhood — must  borrow  from  such  a 

background  [the  old  world]  a  kind  of  anecdotical  wealth. 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Tr.ans.  Sketches,  p.  10. 

2.  Given  to  relating  anecdotes. 

He  silenced  him  without  mercy  when  he  attempted  to 
be  anecdotic.  Savage,  R.  Medlicott,  iii.  6. 

anecdotically  (an-ek-dot'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an- 
ecdotes; by  means  of  anecdote. 

anecdotist  (an'ek-do-tist),  n.  [<  anecdote  -t- 
-ist.]  One  who  teUs  or  is  in  the  habit  of  telling 
anecdotes. 

anechinoplacid  (an-e-ki-no-plas'id),  a.  [<  Gr. 
av-  priv.  (an-^)  -h  cchinoplacid,  q.  v.]  Having 
no  circlet  of  spines  on  the  madreporic  plate,  as 
a  starfish :  opposed  to  echiyioplacid.  Often  ab- 
breviated to  (/. 

anelacet,  anelast,  «•    See  aiilace. 

anelet,  r.  t.     See  aneoP.  ^,r,      ■ 

anelectric  (au-e-lek'tnk),  a.  and  n.  [<Gr.  ai'- 
priv.  (f(H-5)  +  eiectric.]  I.  a.  Having  no  elec- 
tric properties;  non-electric. 

II.  n.  1.  A  name  early  given  to  a  substance 
(e.  g'.,  a  metal)  which  apparently  does  not  be- 
come electrified  by  friction  when  held  in  the 
hand.  This  was  afterward  proved  to  he  due  to  the  con- 
ductivity of  the  substance,  the  electricity  generated  iiass- 
ing  otr  immediately  to  the  ground. 
Hence  —  2.  A  conductor,  in  distinction  from  a 
non-conductor  or  insulator. 

anelectrode  (an-e-lek'trod),  n.  [<  Gr.  ava,  up 
(a)(-6),  +  electrode,  q.  v.    Cf.  anode.]    The  posi- 


auemochora 

tive  pole,  or  anode,  of  a  galvanic  battery.    See 

electrode. 

anelectrotonic  (an-e-lek-tro-ton'ik),  a.  [<  an- 
electrolonus  +  -ic]  '  Pertaining  to  anelectroto- 
nus. 

anelectrotonus  (an-e-lek-trot'o-nus),  n.  [<  Gr. 
dv-  priv.  +  i//.tKTpov,  amber  (implying  electric. 
q.  v.),  +  rcivof,  strain:  see  tone.]  The  peculiar 
condition  of  a  nerve  (or  muscle)  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  anode  of  a  constant  electric  cur- 
rent passing  through  a  portion  of  it.  The  irrita- 
bility isdiminislied,  the  electrical  potentials  are  increased, 
and  the  conductivity  for  nervous  impulses  is  diminished. 
The  wave  of  lowered  potential  which  attends  a  nervoii-s 
impulse  and  gives  rise  to  currents  of  action  diminishes  in 
going  from  a  region  of  greater  to  one  of  less  anelectroto- 
nus, and  increases  iu  going  in  the  opposite  direction.  The 
nervous  impulse  itself  presumably  behaves  in  the  same 
way. 

Anelytropidae  (an"e-Ii-trop'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anelytrops  (-trop-)  +  -idw.]  An  African  fam- 
ily of  anelytropoid  eriglossato  lacertilians, 
typified  by  tho  genus  Anelytrops,  having  the 
clavicles  undilated  proximally,  the  premaxiUary 
single,  no  arches,  and  no  osteodermal  plates. 

anelytropoid  (an-e-lit'ro-poid),  a.  In  zoiit., 
having  the  characters  of,  or  pertaining  to,  the 
A  nehjtropoiden. 

Anelytropoidea  (an-e-lit-ro-poi'de-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  AiteUjtrops  (-trap-)  +  -oidea.]  A  super- 
family  of  eriglossate  lacertilians,  represented 
by  the  family  A  nelytropidce,  having  the  vertebrfe 
concavo-convex,  the  clavicles  undilated  proxi- 
mally, and  no  postorbital  or  posttrontal  squamo- 
sal arches.     T.  Gill,  Smithsonian  Rep.,  1885. 

Anelytrops  (an-el'i-trops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  i'AvTpov,  shard  (see  elytruni),  -t-  ijij),  dip, 
face  (appearance ) .  ]  A  genus  of  lizards,  typical 
of  the  family  Anelytropidie. 

anelytrOUS  (an-el'i-trus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avi:?.VTpoc, 
unsharded  (of  bees,  wasps,  etc.),  <  ai>-  priv.  + 
eWvTpov,  shard:  see  elytrum.]  In  entom.,  having 
no  elytra  ;  having  all  the  wings  membranous. 

Anemaria,  Anaemaria  (an-e-ma'ri-ii),  n.  pi. 

[NL.  (prop.  Aiia'niaria),  <  Gr.  avai/ioc,  bloodless 
(see  anemia),  +  -aria.]  In  Haeckel's  vocabu- 
lary of  phytogeny,  an  evolutionary  series  of  me- 
tazoie  animals  which  have  two  primary  germ- 
layers  and  an  intestinal  cavity,  but  which  are 
bloodless  and  devoid  of  a  developed  ca;loma,  or 
body-cavity,  it  is  a  series  of  gastiieads,  of  which  the 
type  is  the  gastraea  or  gastrula-form,  including  the  sponges, 
accelomatous  worms,  and  zoophytes.  It  stands  inter- 
mediate between  the  Protozoa  and  an  evolutionary  se- 
ries which  begins  with  the  ccelomatous  worms  and  ends 
with  the  vertebrates.  See  Heemataria,  and  cut  under  gas- 
trula. 

anematosis,  anaematosis  (a-ne-ma-to'sis),  n. 

[NL.  (prop.  (in(Vmiitosis),<.  Gr.  iivaiyaTo^,  blood- 
less (<  dv-  priv.  +  a'liia,  blood),  +  -osis.]  In 
pathol. :  {a)  General  anemia,  or  the  morbid 
processes  which  lead  to  it;  the  failure  to  pro- 
duce the  normal  quantity  of  blood,  of  normal 
quality.  (6)  Imperfect  oxidation  of  venous 
into  arterial  blood,  (c)  Idiopathic  anemia. 
anemia,  anaemia  (a-ne'mi-a),  n.    [NL._(prop. 

anwmia),  <  Gr.  dvaifiia,  want  of  blood,  <  avai/io(, 
wanting  blood,  <  dv-  priv.  +  a'{fiu,  blood :  see 
words  in  hema-.]  In  pathol.,  a  deficiency  of 
blood  in  a  living  body — General  anemia,  either  a 
diminished  quantity  of  blood  (as  immediately  after  hemor- 
rhages, when  it  is  called  oligemia  and  is  the  opposite  of 
plethora)  or  a  diminution  in  some  important  constituent 
of  the  blood,  especially  hemoglobin.  It  then  presents 
itself  in  tlie  forms  of  oligocythemia,  acliroiocythemia,  mi- 
crocythemia,  and  hydremia,  simply  or  combined.  See 
these  words.— Idiopathic  anemia,  a  disease  character- 
ized by  anemia  advancing  without  interruption  to  a  fatal 
issue,  without  evident  cause,  and  associated  with  fever 
and  such  symptoms  as  would  lesult  from  anemia  however 
produced,  as  palpitation,  dyspncea,  fainting  fits,  dropsy, 
etc.  It  is  more  common  in  women  than  in  men,  and  most 
frequent  between  20  and  40  yeai'S  of  age.  Also  called  essen- 
tial malignant  or  febrile  anemia,  progressive  pernicioiis 
anemia,  and  anematosis. — Local  anemia,  or  ischemia, 
a  diminished  supply  of  blood  iu  any  organ.  It  is  con- 
trasted with  hgper/'niia. 

anemic,  anaemic  (a-nem'ik),  a.  [<  anemia,  anec- 
mia,  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  affected  with  ane- 
mia; deficient  in  blood  ;  bloodless:  a,s,  anemic 
symptoms;  an  flHCWfC  patient. 

anemied,  anaemied  (a-ne'mid),  a.    [<  anemia, 

anainiii,  +  -cd-.]    Deprived  of  blood. 
The  structure  itself  is  ancemied.  Cop[an<i. 

anemo-.  [NI-i.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  ive/io-,  combining 
form  of  avciior,  wind:  see  anemone.]  An  ele- 
mentin  compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing wind. 

anemochord  (a-nem'o-kord),  n.  [=  F.  anemo- 
corde,  <  Gr.  iiveuoc,  wind.  +  ,vop(!i7,  a  string,  chord, 
cord.]  A  species  of  harpsichord  in  which  the 
strings  were  moved  by  the  wind;  an  seolian 
harp.     N.  E.  D. 


anemocracy 

anemocracy  (an-e-mok'ra-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  avefio^, 
■wind.  +  -Mja-io.  government,  <  Kpa-eiv,  govern: 
sec  -cracyj]  A  govemment  by  tie  wind.  Syd- 
ney Smith.     [Humorous.]  , 

anemogram  (a-nem'o-gram),  II.  [<  Gr.  aveuof, 
wind.  +  jauua,  a  writing,  <  jpadfti',  write.]  A 
recorl  of  the  pressure  or  velocity  of  the  wind, 
automatioallv  marked  by  an  anemograph. 

anemograph"  (a-nem'o-graf),  H.  [=  F.  aiwmo- 
grapht,  <  Or.  aifuor.  wind,  +  ypaoar,  write.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  and  recording 
either  the  velocity  or  the  direction  of  the  wind, 
or  both. 

anemographic  (an'e-mo-graf 'ik),  a.  [<  anano- 
graph  +  -if.]  Pertaining  to,  or  obtained  by 
means  of.  an  anemograph. 

anemography  (an-e-mog'ra-fi),  h.  [=  F.  ane- 
moiirajiiiH  :  see  anemograph.']  1.  A  description 
of  "the  winds.— 2.  The  art  of  measuring  and 
recording  the  direction,  velocity,  and  force  of 
the  wind. 

anemological  (an'e-mo-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<<"«'- 
iiKihi'Pi.]     Pertaining  to  anemologj-.     3.  h.  1). 

anemblogy  (an-e-mol'o-ji),  H.  [=  F.  anemolo- 
yie,  <  Gr.  aifuo?,  wind,  +  -'/.o-jia,  <  /j:y€iv,  speak: 
see  -oUgij.]  The  literature  and  science  of  the 
wini<. 

anemometer  (an-e-mom'e-ter),  n.  [=  i.  ane- 
momitre,  <  Gr.  avcfio^,  wind,  +  fiirfm;  measui'e: 
see  uicter.l     An  m- 


208 

hortensis),  the  pasque-flower  (.4 .  Piihalilla),  and  other  still 
more  ornamental  species  fruiu  Japan  and  India.  The 
wood-anemone,  A .  nemorosa ,  is  a  well-known  vernal  flower 
of  the  woods.  There 
are  about  70  species, 
mostl)-  belonging  to 
the  cool  climates  of 
tlie  northern  hemi- 
sphere. 01  the  16 
North  American  spe- 
cies, about  lialf  a  doz- 
en are  also  found  in 
the  .\ndes  or  in  the  old 
world. 

3.  In  ro67.,  a  sea- 
anemone  (which 
see).  —  Plumose 
anemone,   in   :o.il., 

ArtUivluliu    diiiiilliu.i. 

—  Snake  -  locked 
anemone,   in    zuul., 

Stt'iai-titt  I'idtiata. 

anemonic  (an-e- 
mon'ik),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  ane- 
mones, or  to  the 
genus  Anemone; 
obtained  from 
anemoutn  :  as, 
anemonic  acid,  an  acid  obtained  by  the  action 
of  baryta  upon  anemonin. 

anemonin,  anemonine  (a-nem'o-nin),  v.  [< 
aiiemiiiic  +  -/»-.]  A  crystalline  substance  ex- 
tracted from  some  species  of  the  genus  ^«f»ioHe. 

anemony  (a-uem'o-ni),  n. ;  pi.  anemonica  (-uiz). 
Same  as  anemone,  1. 


Coiiiiiioii  Wood-Aneinone  {Anf*ncr>ie 
ttemorosa  ] . 


pressui'e   of   the  anemophilous  (au-e-mof'i-lus),  a.     [<  Gr.  avt- 
nd;  a  wind-gage,    /vof,  wind, +  <<(> of,  loving.]    Wind-lo\ing:  said 


Casella's  Anemometer. 


mometer,    designed     for 
measuring   tlie   velocity 
of  air-currents  in  mines 
ami    ventilating    shafts, 
consists  of  a  wind-wheel 
attaclied  to  a  counting  ar- 
rangement.     Anemome- 
ters  fop   indicating    ve- 
locity    are      comnu)idy 
formed  of  plane  surfaces 
or  ilrams  cxiJosed  to  the  wind,  and  so  arranged  as  to  yield  to 
its  pressure  and  indicate  the  amount  by  their  movements. 
JjindA'g  an^;mom^tfr  consi.sts  of  a  glass 
tuhe  bent  into  the  form  of  an  inverted     »v> 
siphon,  graduated,  partly  tilled  with 
water,  and  mounted  as  a  weathercock. 
To  one  of  its  opeu  ends  a  metallic  irylinder 
of  the  same  bore  as  the  tube  is  attachid  at 
right  angles.     The  pressure  of  the  wind 
blowing  into  this  causes  the  water  to  sink 
in  one  arm  of  the  tube  and  to  rise  in  the 
other,  and  the  dilfeience  of  level  of  the  two 
columns  of  w.ater,  which  is  measured  by 
the  amount  of  fall  plus  the  amount  of  rise, 
as  shown  by  the  graduated  .scales,  gives  the 
force  or  pressure  of  the  wind.     By  the  use 
of  meclianieal  or  electrical  appliances  ane- 
mometers may  be  made  to  record  as  well  as 
measure  variations  in  the  velocity  and  pres- 
sure of  the  wind.  When  they  record  the  ve- 
locity or  direction,  or  both,  they  are  some- 
lime^  calleil  aiieino<rraitttM ;  when  they  indi- 
cate the  direction  only,  they  are  called  an- 
rift(iti-ui>€ji :  when  they  automati- 
cally  record  velocity,  direction,         , 
antl  pressure,  they  are  called  ane-    vi 
iiujifirtofrra/ih^    or     ancmometro-        l.inds'&  Anemometer. 

anemometric  (an'e-mo-met'rik),  a.  [<  anemom- 
ttrij  -t-  -(>■.]  Pertaining  to  an  anemometer,  or 
to  .■iiiiinciinctry. 

anemometrical  (an'e-mo-raet'ri-kal),  a.   Same 


stnunent  for  indi- 
cating the  velocity 
or 

winJl ,  „  „        ,    , , 

CmeUa's  portable  ane-  of  flowers  which  are  dependent  upon  the  wind 
for  conveying  the  poUen  to  the  stigma  in  fer- 
tilization. Anemophilous  flowers,  as  a  rule,  are  small, 
uncolored,  and  inconspicuous,  and  do  not  secrete  honey, 
but  produce  a  great  abundance  of  pollen.  The  flowers  of 
the  grasses,  sedges,  pine-trees,  etc.,  are  examples. 

The  amount  of  pollen  produced  by  aiicmofhUvus  plants, 
and  the  distance  ti>  which  it  is  often  transported  by  the 
wind,  are  both  surprisingly  great. 

Darivin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilisation,  p.  405. 

anemoscope  (a-nem'o-skop),  «.  [=  F.  ancmo- 
sciijic,  <  Gr.  di'fuof,  wind,  +  a/iOTcir,  view,  ex- 
amine.] Any  device  for  showing  the  direction 
of  the  mnd. 

anemosis  (an-e-mo'sis),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  urriiur, 
the  wiiid,-t-  -osis.]  lu  hot.,  the  condition  of  be- 
ing wind-shaken  ;  a  condition  of  the  timber  of 
exogenous  trees,  in  which  the  annual  layers 
are  separated  from  one  another  by  the  action, 
it  is  supposed,  of  strong  gales.  .Many,  however, 
doubt  that  this  condition  is  due  to  wind,  and  believe  it 
slii>uld  be  referred  lather  to  frost  cu'  lightning. 

anemotrophy,  anaemotrophy  (an-c-mot'ro-fi), 

II.  L<  tJr.  inuiiinr,  witliiiut  blood  (see  anemia), 
+  r/ioip//,  nourishment.  <  Tjiiipav,  nourish.]  In 
patliol.,  a  delicient  formation  of  blood. 

anencephali,  «■     Plural  of  anencephalus. 

anencephalia  (an-on-se-lTi'li-ii),  n.  [NL.,  < 
iiiiriii; phdlu.'i,  witliout  a  brain:  seo  anencepha- 
hu-i.]  In  terutol.,  absence  of  the  brain  or  cn- 
cophalon.     Also  anencephahj. 

(Juite  recently  U-boib'lf  has  odcred  a  new  explanation 
of  AmnceiilMiia  and  .-Vcrania.  He  thinks  these  are  ilue  t«i 
the  pripiluction  of  an  alirjonually  sharp  cranial  flexure  in 
the  embryo.  Xii':i!cr,  I'atbol.  Anal,  (trans.),  i.  §  7 

anencephalic  (an-on-sc-fal'ik  or  -sof'n-liki,  a. 
[As  aiiiiu-ipUalous  +  -le.]  Same  as  anenceph- 
aloiis. 

anencephaloid  (an-cn-sef'a-loid),  a.  [As  ancn- 
eriiholiiiis  +  -oiii.]  Partially  or  somewhat  an- 
eiic<'|ihalous.      .*>'//(/.  I'^oc.  Le.T, 


anerythropsia 

2t.  In  the  end;  at   the  last;  lastly.— 3t.  To 
the  end  ;  straight  on  ;  continuously. 
IHe]  would  ride  a  hundred  miles  an  end  to  enjoy  it. 

liichardson,  Clarissa,  VII.  '220.  (X.  E.  D.) 
Most  an-end*,  almost  continuously ;  almost  always ; 
mostly. 

Knew  him  !   I  was  a  great  Companion  of  his,  I  was  with 
him  most  an  end. 

Biinimn.  I'ilgrim's  Progress  (1678),  ii.  115.     (iV.  Ji.  D.) 

anent,  anenst  (a-nenf,  a-nenst')>  prep,  and 
adv.,  orig.  prep.  phr.  [<  JIE.  aiicnt,  also  annul, 
anont,  onont,  onoiid ;  witli  added  adverbial  suf- 
fix -e,  anentc;  with  added  adverbial  gen.  suf- 
fix-es,  -is,  anentfs,  uncntiii,  anemptis,  etc.,  contr. 
aticns,  anence ;  -withexcTescent -t,  ancnist,  anenst 
(cf.  again,  against,  among,  amongst);  earlier 
ME.  onefent,  onerent  (with  excrescent  -t),  <  AS. 
on-efen,' on-efn,  on-emn  (=OS.  /«  fWiflH  =  MHG. 
enebe)!,  neben,  nebent,  G.  neben),  prep.,  beside, 
prop.  prep,  phr.,  on  efcn,  lit.  '  on  even,'  on  a 
level  (with) :  on,  E.  on';  efen,  E.  r cc/il,  q. y.  Cf. 
aforncns,  forenenst.  Fonnerly  in  reg.  literary 
use,  but  iiow  chiefly  dialectal.]  I.  prep.  1. 
In  a  line  with ;  side  by  side  with ;  on  a  level 
with.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2t.  In  front  of ;  fronting; 
before  ;  opposite ;  over  against. 

The  king  lay  into  Galstoun, 

That  is  rycht  ewyn  [even]  anent  Lowdoun. 

Harbour,  Bruce,  vi.  123. 
And  right  anetist  him  a  dog  snarling. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 
St.  Against;  toward. 

Wylde  Bestes  .  .  .  that  slen  [slay]  and  devo\iren  .alle 
that  comen  aiwy7ites  hem.    MandcvUlc,  p.  2i)S.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

4.  In  respect  of  or  regard  to;  as  to;  concern- 
ing; about:  sometimes  with  as.  [Still  in  use 
in  Scotch  legal  and  ecclesiastical  phraseology, 
whence  also  in  literary  English.] 

lie  [.lesus]  was  an  alien,  ag  amntig  his  godhede. 

Wijeli/,  .Select  Works  (ed.  Arnold),  I.  S3. 

I  cainiot  but  pass  you  my  judgment  anent  those  six 
considerations  which  you  ottered  to  invalidate  those  au- 
thorities that  I  so  much  reverence. 

A'lii^  Cliarles  I.,  To  A.  Henderson. 

Some  little  compunction  anent  the  Excise. 

Harham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  279. 

II.  adr.  On  the  oUiersido;  in  an  opposite 
phu'c  or  situation.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Anentera  (an-cn'te-rii),  n.  pi.  [NL..  neut.  pi. 
of  aiienteriis:  seo  anenterou.'.:']  A  name  applied 
by  Ehrenbergtoaclassof  intusorians  having  no 
intestinal  canal,  though  supposed  to  have  sev- 
eral stomachs  (whence  the  alternative  name 
I'lili/iliislrica). 

aneilterous  (an-en'te-rus),  (I.  [<  NL.  anenterns, 
<tir.  I'lr-  priv.  -f-  h'Tcpa,  intpstincs:  see  enteric.] 

1.  Having  no  enteron  or  alimentary  canal ;  not 
eutcrate:  as,  «Hc»<('r«».s  parasites. 

Such  species  have  no  intestines,  no  anus,  and  are  said 
to  be  anenleroxm.  Owen,  Couip.  Anat.,  ]).  24. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anentera. 
-aneous.     [Aecom.  of  L.  -dn-c-it.t,  a  compound 

siillix,  <  -(in-  +  -c-iis,  as  in  extrdncii.'f,  misc^l- 
IdiiiKs,  snbterrdiKiis.  etc. :  seo  -an  and  -enns. 
This  suffix  occurs  di.'^giiiscd  in  fan  iijii,  <  ML. 
foraneiis.]  A  compound  ad,jectivo  sullLx  of 
Latin  origin,  as  in  eontt-mporancous,  cxtrancom, 
miseellancoiis,  subterraneous,  etc. 
anepigraphous  (an-e-pig/ni-fus),  n.      r<Gr. 


without  inscription,  <   «r 
seo  epigraph.] 


priv.  + 
Without 


anemometrograph    (an'e-mo-met'ro-graf),   n. 
[<<ir.  uvi/mr,  wind,  -(- ///t/joi»,  measure,  -i-  y/iaipeiv, 
write.]    An  instrument  desigiieil  to  measure 
and  remrd  the 
of  til-  wind 

anemometrographic 

(/.     <  )i  (ir  pirtniniiig  to  an  anemometrograph.       miiiiv  Hi' the  brain 

ancmomctry  (un-e-mom'e-tTi),  «.    [=  F.  and-  anencephalous  (an-en-scf'a-lus),  a.    [<  NL. 
■iniinomclcr  +  -!/.]     Iho  process    „,„.,„.,.i,/,„7„.,   <  Gr.  ai'f)M^Ja/.of,  wilhimt  brain, 

::i:  the  pressure  or  vilocity  of  the     <  „,,.  ,„.iv.  +  lyiilihaM,  Virain :  seo  eneiphaUm.] 

1^  <d' an  anemometer.  In  "       ' 

ail  rii'n-iie;  as  a  L.  xvord,  an-G-mo'-    ^,^ 


i-iyjHKfii,  inscription : 
inscription  or  title. 
The  aiiepiijraplwus  coins  of  Ilaliartus  and  Thebes. 

Sutnig.  Cliron.,  ;id  ser.,  I.  2.'ir». 

anepiploic  (an-ep-i-pl6'ik\  a.  [<  Gr.  rir- priv. 
(iiii-^')  +  ejiiplodn,  q.  v.]  Having  no  epiploBn 
or  great  omentum.     Si/d.  Soc.  J,ex. 

anepithymia  (an-ep-i-thim'i-ii),  n.    [NTj.,  <  Or. 

lir-  priv.  -I-  i-illriiitt,  desire,  <  i  fr(Hii//cn',  set  one's 
heart  upon  a  thing,  d(>sire,  <  iirl,  upon,  -t-  thi/i6c, 
mind.]     In  pathol.,  loss  of  normal  appetite,  as 

, ,     ,       .,  ..  -     for  food  or  drink. 

lerittiil.,  having  no  eiiceijlialon;   without  a  Anergates  (an-er-ga'l6z),  n.     [NL.,  <  Or.  <iw- 
An  e(iuivalent  form  \n  anencephalic.  |ii-iv.  +  I'/ijiirz/c,  a  worker:  see  civ/ii/d.  j     A  go- 

"    '     '  '  tod 

nou- 


le  velocity,  direction,  and  pressiu-o  anencephalotrophia    (an-en-sefft-lo-tro'fi-it), 

n.     INL.,  <  <fr.  nv-  ju'lv.  +  iyKitjmMii:,  the  brain, 
graphic  (an 'e-mo-met-ro-graf  ik),      +  -^„„„^^  noin  ishmeiit,  <  T/)%ir,  noutish.]     At- 


,,  .   ',        ,.         .         f  ..  T      f  Ml  .1111.  ^M  I     ,11111  ,  .11..  III.    .".... / I  II  1  1  .        I       ,/.;  <ti  1/,^,     ,1,      ,,  ,-.  I*.    1    .      ...  .      ,    .  ;,....,.   I 

I-..  pn.ii.iHtliiiloilliereg.  fi.lorm  anencephalus   (an-en-sefa-lus),  v.\    pi.  '("'"-  nusolanls,  the  speciesof  which  are  rejiresen 

III,'  moHifH,  which  IM  Mtill  occasion-     ,;phali(-\\).      [Mi.,  <  Gr.'aifjMV"^"?",  without  „„lv  l,v  males  and  lemales,  there  l)eing  no  n 

'  III-  HpellinK  now  Kcnerally  fol-     i,,..!,,,.  ^,.,.  „,irncrphalons.]     In  teralnl.,  a  mon-  (,.,■,;  ,„•'  «<>ik.'rs,  whence  the  name. 


iinemnnr.  =  H[).  ani'mnna  = 
l>,  anrmoon  =  G.  I)iin.  «»<- 
'  (ir.  m't/iuri/,  the  wind- 
iMil  (=  ^J.  amma,  lireiith, 
■  \\'\\  sec  aitiinn  mid  i//ir- 
iiron)-!!!!^  HiiULx.]  1.  A 
•  tinne.  AIko  hpelled  atii  m- 
,1  A  1  I.  Iv  dislrlbntiMl 
T    ■         .   .  I  lie  wiiid-llow- 


(tih 
hier  wliieh  is  dcslitiiti'  of  brain. 

anencephaly  (an-cn-sef'ii-li),  «.  Same  lis  OH- 
<  nil phiilia. 

an-end  (nn-end').  ;»IV7).  phr.  as  adr.  [<  M 1'^  an- 
emic,an  crnle,  altlicMMiil,  tolliiM'iid:  rtii,<)«,  E.o«  ; 
ende,Vj.r)id.]   1.  Oiieml;  in  an  upright  posit  ion. 

Make  .  .  .  each  pnrlliiibir  lialn-  to  ulaiid  <iii  rii-' 

.Slink:,  llandet,  1.  ;;iic..: :) 
Spcclflcally— (n)  Ifaiil.,  in  the  po.llbui  ipf  a  maul  win  n  ii 

Iii'iidbiilar  I"  the  deck.     The  topiuanU  are  said  I. 

;../  wli.ii  IhiUled  up  I"  their  usual  ntntlolin.   ('<)  In 
'Ilia  of  nuyibhig,  iu>  a  |dle,  that  la  driven  In  the 
■ I  .1.  I.i.rll. 


[<  F.  ancroide, 
liiiuiil  (in  class.JJlr. 


aneroid  (an'e-roid),  <i.  mid 

<  (ir.  ■'/-  priv.  +  viiitiir,  wet. 

r(;/w(;,<  nun;  ]\i)\\),+  (JAir.form:  Sec-o/J.  )  I,  (7. 
Dispensing  with  lliiid;  of  a  liaronieler,  dispens- 
ing with  11  lliiid,  as  (iiiicksilver,  whiiii  is  em- 
ployed in  an  ordinary  barometer.— Aneroid  ba- 
rometer.   Sec  hnromeler. 

II.   n.    An  aneroid  barometer. 

anerythropsia  (an-er-i-thidii'si-jp,  n.     [NL., 

<  lir.  Ill-  jiriv.  +  'V''"/"",'i  rod,  -I-  oV"f.  a  view.] 
Iniiliilily  to  ilistingiiish  the  color  rod: 
of  color-blindness. 


a  form 


anes 

anes  (anz),  a(i«.  [(.ME.  anes:  see  once.']  Once. 
[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

anes-errand  (anz'er'and),  adv.  [Also,  cor- 
ruptly, ciul's-crraiid,  in  simulation  of  end,  pur- 
pose; <  ancii,  here  in  the  sense  of  'only,  sole' 
(see  once  and  onJij),  +  errand,  q.  v.]  Of  sot  pur- 
pose ;  entirely  on  pui'pose ;  e.xpressly.  [Scotch.] 

anesiS  (an'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avcac^,  remis- 
sion, <  avihai,  remit,  send  back,  <  ava,  back,  + 
ui'af,  send.]  1.  In  yjffWiO^.,  remission  or  abate- 
ment of  the  symptoms  of  a  disease.  Dunglison. 
—  2.  In  mmic:  (a)  The  progression  from  a 
high  sound  to  one  lower  in  pitch,  {b)  The  tun- 
ing of  strings  to  a  lower  pitch :  opposed  to 
c]iit(wis.     Stainer  and  Barrett. 

anesthesia,  «.     See  aiKcsthcsia. 

anesthesiant,   anaesthesiant   (an-es-the'si- 
ant),  a.  and  «.     [<  anwfithcsia  +  -ant^.]     I.  a. 
ProducLug  anaesthesia. 
II.  n.  An  anesthetic. 

anesthesis  (an -es- the 'sis),  n.  Same  as  anws- 
ttiiaiii. 

anesthetic,  anaesthetic  (an-es-thet'ik),  a.  and 

•«.  [<  Gr.  avaiat)tjTO(;,  insensible,  not  feeling,  < 
(h'-  priv.  +  aladr/Toc,  sensible,  perceptible;  ef. 
a'laSifTiKoc,  sensitive,  perceptive :  see  an-o  and  es- 
thetic.'] I.  a.  1.  Producing  temporary  loss  or 
impairment  of  feeling  or  sensation ;  jiroducing 
anaistiiesia. — -2.  Of  or  belonging  to  anaesthesia; 
characterized  by  auEesthesia,  or  physical  insen- 
sibility: as,  anestlietio  effects Anesthetic  re- 
frigerator, ail  apparatus  for  producing  local  anaesthesia 
hy  ttie  application  of  aJiarcotic  spray. 

II.  n.  A  substance  capable  of  producing  an- 
fiesthesia.  The  anesthetics  almost  exclusively  used  for 
the  production  of  general  ansesthesia  are  ether,  chloro- 
form, and  nitrous  oxid  (laughing-gas).  Local  aniesthesia 
is  often  produced  by  freezing  the  part  with  ether  spray, 
or,  ill  mucous  membrane,  tiy  the  application  of  cocaine. 

anesthetically,  ansesthetically  (an-es-thet'i- 
kal-i),  (/</('.  In  an  anesthetic  manner;  bymeans 
of  anesthetics. 

anesthetisation,  anesthetise.    See  ayiestheti- 

^ation,  anestlietize. 

anesthetist,  anaesthetist  (an-es'thf-tist),  «. 
[<  anesthetic  +  -ist.]  One  who  administers  an- 
esthetics. 

The  itme.-^tltrfi.^t  .  .  .  ought  always  to  be  provided  with 
a  pair  nf  ton^aie  ftirceps.  Tlu'riq'^iilir  Wazette,  IX.  5S. 

anesthetization,  ansesthetization  (an-es- 
thet-i-za'shgn),  n.  [_<.  anestheti;:e  + -ation.] 
The  process  of  rendering  insensible,  especially 
to  pain,  by  means  of  anesthetics;  the  act  or 
operation  of  applying  anesthetics.  Also  spelled 
anesthetisation,  aneesthetisation. 

All  physiologists,  whenever  it  is  possible,  try  to  anses- 
thetize  their  victim.  .  .  .  When  the  antEsttietizatimi  is 
completed,  the  animal  does  not  suffer,  and  all  the  ex- 
periments afterward  made  upon  it  are  without  cruelty. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  766. 

anesthetize,  anaesthetize  (an-es'the-tiz),  v.  t.; 
pret.  and  pp.  ancstheti;:ed,  ancesthetized,  ppr. 
anesthetizing,  aii<vsthcii:in(j.  [<  anesthetic  + 
-izc.]  To  bring  under  the  influence  of  an  anes- 
thetic agent,  as  chloroform,  a  freezing-mixture, 
etc. ;  render  insensible,  especially  to  pain. 
Also  spelled  anesthetise  and  ancesthetise. 

anett  (an'et),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  annet,  en- 
net,  <  ME.  anete,  <  OF.  anet,  also  aneth,  <  L. 
anetlium,  <  Gr.  avrfiov,  later  Attic  aviaov,  anise, 
dill:  see  anise.]  The  common  diU,  Carmn  (or 
Anethum)  graveolens. 

anethene  (an'e-then),  «.  [<  L.  anethum,  anise 
(see  anet),  +  -ene.]  The  most  volatile  part 
(C'loHig)  of  the  essence  of  oil  of  dill. 

anethol  (an'e-thol), )(.  [<  L.  anethum,  anise  (see 
anet),  +  -ol.]  The  cliief  constituent  (Cj^gHiaO) 
of  the  essential  oils  of  anise  and  fennel.  It  exists 
in  two  forms,  one  a  solid  at  onlinary  temperature  (anise- 
camphor  or  solid  anethol),  the  other  a  liquid  (liquid  ane- 
thol). 

anetic  (a-net'ik),  a.  [<  L.  aneticus,  <  Gr.  averi- 
KOg,  fitted  to  relax,  <  averof,  relaxed,  verbal  adj. 
of  avihat,  relax,  remit,  send 
back,  <  ava,  back,  +  levai,  send.] 
In  med.,  relieving  or  assuaging 
pain;  anodj-ne. 

aneuch  (a-niich'),  «.,  adv.,  or  n. 
[A\aoeiieuch,  eneugh  ='E.eiiough, 
q.  v.]     Enough.     [Scotch.] 

aneurism  (an'u-rizm),  n.  [The 
term.,  prop,  -ysni,  conforms  to 
the  common  -ism ;  <  NL.  an- 
eurisma  (for  *ancurijsma),  <  Gr. 
avei'pvG/ia,  an  aneurism,  <  avevpv- 
veiv,^  widen,  dilate,  <  am,  up, 
+  eitphveiv,  widen,  <  ri'prf,  wide, 
=  Skt.  uru,  large,  wide :  see 
eurii-.]  In  pathol.,  a  localized  dilatation  of  an 
artery,  due  to  the  pressure  of  the  blood  acting 
14 


Aneurism  of  the 
Carotid  Artery,  a. 
seat  of  the  aneurism. 


209 

on  a  part  weakened  by  accident  or  disease. — 
Arteriovenoufl  aneurism,  an  aneurism  which  opens 
into  a  vein.--  Dissecting  aneurism,  an  aueurisin  which 
forces  its  way  lietween  the  middle  and  external  coats  of 
an  artery,  separating  one  from  tile  other. 

aneurismal  (an-u-riz'mal),  a.  [<  aneurism  + 
-id.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  an- 
eurism; affected  with  aneurism:  as,  an  a«e«ris- 
niat  tumor.— Aneurismal  varix,  the  condition  pro- 
duced by  the  formation  of  an  opening  between  an  artery 
and  a  vein,  so  that  the  arterial  blood  passes  into  the  vein, 
and  the  latter  is  dilated  into  a  sac. 

aneurismally  (an-ii-iiz'mal-i),  adv.  In  the 
maunerof  an  aneurism;  like  an  aneurism:  as, 
aneurismalli/  dilated. 

aneurismatic  (an  "  u  -  riz  -  mat '  ik),  a.  [<  NL. 
uncurisma{t-),  aneurism,  +  -ic]  Characterized 
or  affected  by  anem-ism.    N.  E.  D. 

anew  (a-nti'),  jn-ejy.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  late  ME. 
anewe,  earlier  anew,  of  new,  of  newe:  of,  B.  a*, 
of;  newe,  new;  cf.  of  old.  Cf.  L.  de  novo, 
oontr.  demio,  anew:  de,  of,  from;  novo,  abl. 
neut.  of  novus  =  E.  new.  So  afresh.]  As  a  new 
or  a  repeated  act;  by  way  of  renewal;  in  a 
new  form  or  manner ;  over  again ;  once  more ; 
afresh :  always  implying  some  prior  act  of  the 
same  kind:  as,  to  arm  anew;  to  build  a  house 
anew  from  the  foundation. 

Each  day  the  world  is  born  anew 
For  him  who  takes  it  rightly. 

■Lowell,  Gold  Egg. 

As  our  case  is  new,  so  we  must  think  aneiv,  and  act 

anew,  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  327. 

anfractt,  «.  [<  L.  anfractus,  a  bending,  turn- 
ing, <  anfractus,  bending,  winding,  crooked,  pp. 
of  an  otherwise  unused  verb  *anfringere,  bend 
around,  <  an-  for  ombi-,  around  (see  anibi-  and 
an-i),  +  fningere,  break:  see  fracture  and  fra- 
gile. Ct.  infringe.]  A  winding  or  turning ;  sinu- 
osity. 

anfractuose  (an-frak'tu-6s),  a.  [<  L.  anfractto- 
osus :  see  anfractuous.]  In  bot.,  twisted  or  sinu- 
ous, as  the  anther  of  a  cucumber. 

anfractuosity  (an-ftak-tii-os'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  an- 
fractuDsitics  (-tiz).  [=  F.  anfractuosite :  see 
anfractuous  and -ity.]  1.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  anfractuous,  or  full  of  windings  and 
turnings. 
The  an/ractxwsities  of  his  intellect  and  temper. 

Macaulay,  Samuel  Johnson. 

2.  In  anatl,  specifically,  one  of  the  sulci  or  fis- 
sures of  the  brain,  separating  the  gyri  or  con- 
volutions.    See  cut  under  cerebral. 

The  principal  anfractuosities  sink  .  .  .  into  the  sub- 
stance of  the  hemisphere. 

Todd's  Cyc.  Anat.  and  Phys.,  III.  383.    (N.  E.  D.) 

anfractuous  (an-frak'tii-us),  a.  [<  F.  anfractu- 
eux,  <  L.  anfractuosus,  round  about,  winding,  < 
anfractus,  a  bending,  a  winding:  see  anfract.] 
"Winding ;  fuU  of  windings  and  turnings ;  sinu- 
ous. 

The  anfraelnoiis  passages  of  the  brain. 

Dr.  Julni  Smith,  Portrait  of  Old  Age,  p.  217. 

anfractuousness  (an-frak'tu-us-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  anfractuous. 

anfracturet  (an-frak'tur),  n.  [<  L.  anfractus 
(see  anfract)  +  -ure,'sitter  fracture,  q.  v.]  A 
mazy  winding.     Bailey. 

angariatet  (ang-gii'ri-at),  v.  t.  [<  LL.  angari- 
atus,  pp.  of  anijariare,  demand  something  as 
angaria,  e.^act  villeinage,  compel,  constrain, 
ML.  also  give  transportation,  <  angaria,  post- 
service,  transportation-service,  any  service  to 
a  lord,  villeinage,  ML.  fig.  trouble,  <  Gr.  ajja- 
pda,  post-service,  <  ayyapog,  a  mounted  eoiirier, 
such  as  were  kept  at  regidar  stations  through- 
out Persia  for  carrying  the  royal  despatches; 
an  OPers.  word :  see  angel]  To  exact  forced 
service  from  ;  impress  to  labor  or  service. 

angariationt  (ang-ga-ri-a'shon),  n.  [<ML. 
anga>-ia.tio{n-),  business,  difficulty,  <  LL.  an- 
ganare  :  see  angariate.]   1.  Labor;  effort;  toil. 

The  earth  yields  us  fruit,  .  .  .  not  witliout  much  cost 

and  angariation,  requiring  both  our  hiboiir  and  patience. 

Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  43. 

2.  The  exaction  of  forced  service ;  impress- 
ment to  labor  or  service.    Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 

angeio-.    See  angio-. 

angekok  (an'ge-kok),  n.  [Eskimo.]  A  diviner 
or  sorcerer  among  the  Greenlanders. 

A  fact  of  psychological  interest,  as  it  shows  that  civil- 
ized or  savage  wonder-workers  f  onii  a  single  family,  is  that 
the  angekoks  believe  firmly  in  their  own  powei-s. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  126. 

angel  (an'jel),  n.  [<  ME.  (a)  angel,  angele,  aun- 
gel,  aungele,  -elle,  with  soft  or  assibilated  g  (< 
OF.  angele,  angle,  aingle,  later  abbrev.  ange, 
mod.  F.  ange  =  Pr.  Sp.  angel  =  Pg.  anjo  =  It.  an- 


angel-bed 

gclo),  mixed  with  (ft)  angel,  angle,  engel,  engle, 
aingel,  cengle,  with  hard  g,  <  AS.  engel,  pi.  cnglas, 
=  OS.  engil  =  Oi'ries.  angel,  engel  =  D.  LG.  en- 
gel =  OHG.  augil,  engil,  MHG.  G.  engel  =  leel. 
engill  =  Sw.  angel,  engel  =  Dan.  engel  =  W.  an- 
gel =  Gael.  Ir.  aingeal;  <  LL.  angelns  =  Goth. 
aggilus  =  OBulg.  anugelu,  angelu  =  Bohem.  an- 
del  =  'Po\.  angiol,  aniol  (barred  I)  =  Buss,  angelu, 
angel,  <  Gr.  ayyOMq,  in  the  Septuagint,  New 
Testament,  and  eccles.  writers  an  angel,  in  the 
Septuagint  translating  Heb.  nial'dk,  messenger, 
in  full  mal'dk  Yehowdh,  messenger  of  Jehovah  ; 
in  class.  Gr.  a  messenger,  one  who  tells  or 
announces,  connected  with  ayyi'/.'/.eiv,  bear  a 
message,  bring  news,  announce,  report^  whence 
eomp.  evayye'/.oc,  bringing  good  news,  evayyc'/.iov, 
a  reward  for  good  news,  good  news,  eccles.  the 
gospel,  evangel:  see  evangel.  Cf.  OPers.  (in 
Gr.)  ayyapof,  a  post-courier  (see  angariate) ;  Skt. 
angiras,  name  of  a  legendary  superhuman  race.] 

1.  In  theol.,  one  of  an  order  of  spiritual  beings, 
attendants  and  messengers  of  God,  usually  spo- 
ken of  as  employed  by  him  in  ordering  the 
affairs  of  the  universe,  and  particularly  of  man- 
kind. They  are  commonly  regarded  as  bodiless  intelli- 
gences, but  in  the  Bible  are  frequently  represented  as 
appearing  to  sight  in  human  form,  and  speaking  and  act- 
ing as  men. 

Angels  are  bright  still,  though  the  brightest  fell. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
O  you  that  speak  the  language  of  angels,  and  should  in- 
deed be  angels  amongst  us. 

Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  33. 

Hence — (a)  In  a  sense  restricted  by  the  context,  one  of 
the  fallen  or  rebellious  spirits,  the  devil  or  one  of  his  at- 
tendants, said  to  have  been  originally  among  the  angels  of 
God. 

They  had  a  king  over  them,  which  is  the  angel  of  the 
bottomless  pit.  Bev.  ix.  11. 

{b)  An  attendiint  or  guardian  spirit ;  a  genius,  (c)  A  per- 
son, especially  a  woman,  having  qualities  such  as  are 
ascribed  to  angels,  as  beauty,  brightness,  innocence,  and 
unusual  graciousness  of  maimer  or  kindliness  of  heart. 

Sir,  as  I  have  a  soul  she  is  an  angel. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  L 
For  beauty  of  body  a  very  angel;   for  endo\vnient  of 
mind  of  incredible  and  rare  hopes. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  27, 1658. 

2.  A  human  being  regarded  as  a  messenger 
of  God ;  one  having  a  divine  commission ;  hence, 
in  the  early  Christian  church,  the  pastor  or 
bishop  of  the  church  in  a  particular  city; 
among  the  Irvingites,  a  bishop. 

Unto  the  angel  of  the  church  in  Smyrna  write.  Eev.  it  8. 

3.  A  messenger.     [Poetical.] 

The  dear  good  angel  of  the  Spring, 
The  nightingale.    JS.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  2. 

The  God  who  knew  my  wrongs,  and  made 
Our  speedy  act  the  angel  of  his  wrath, 
Seems,  and  but  seems,  to  have  abandoned  us. 

Shelley,  The  Cenci,  v.  3. 

4.  A  conventional  figure  accepted  as  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  spiritual  beings  called  angels, 

having  a  human  form 
endowed  with  the 
highest  attributes  of 
beauty,  clothed  in 
long  flowing  robes, 
and  furnished  with 
wings  attached  be- 
hind the  shoidders. 
—  5.  [Orig.  o«(/e/-no- 
ilc,  being  a  new  issue 
of  the  noble,  bear- 
ing a  figure  of  the 
archangel  Michael 
defeating  the  dra^ 
gon.  Cf.  angclet, 
angelot.]  An  Eng- 
lish gold  coin,  origi- 
nally of  the  value  of 
6«.8rf.  sterling,  after- 
ward of  8s.  and  lOi'., 
fiist  struck  by  Ed- 
ward IV.  in  1465,  last 
by  Charles  I.  in  1034. 

How  do  you,  sir?  Can  you 

lend  a  man  an  angel  f 

I  hejir  you  let  out  money. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject, 

[iii.  2. 

There's  half  .an  angd  wrong'd  in  your  account; 
Methinks  I  am  all  angel,  that  I  bear  it 
Without  more  ruftliug.     Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  v.  3. 

Destroying  angels,  the  name  given  in  the  early  history 
of  the  Miiiiiiiin  rhurcli  to  persons  believed  to  have  been 
employed  li.\-  tlie  ilurmuns  to  assassinate  obnoxious  per- 
sons. See  jjanitc. 
angel-bedt  (an'jel-bed),  «.  [<  angel  (of  indefi- 
nite application)  -1-  bed.]  An  open  bed  with- 
out bed-posts.     Phillips.  Diet.  (1706). 


Reverse. 

Angel  of  E.ivvard  IV.,  British  Mu- 
seum.    ( Size  of  the  original- ) 


angeleen 

angeleen,  "-    Se<-  <i/i</</i/i. 

angelet  tan'jel-ct  i,  «.  [Late  JIE.  angelett,  < 
OP.  angelet,  dim.  of  anyele.  <  LL.  atigehis,  angel. 
Cf.  angelot.^  It.  An  English  gold  coin,  first 
issued  bj-  Edward  IV.,  of  the  value  of  half  an 


Reverec. 

( Size  of  the  original. ) 


-2.  AHttle 


Angcl-tish 
{Squatina  angeius). 


ObTerse. 
Ai^elet  of  Henry  \^I-.  British  Museum. 

angel.     See  angeJ,  5,  and  angelot. 
angel  or  child  angel.     [Eare.] 

me  arnieUt  sprang  forth,  fluttering  its  rudiments  of 
pinioiii.  Lamb,  Tlie  Child  .\iigel. 

angel-flsh  (an'jel-fish),  n.  [<  angel  +  fsJi  ; 
with  allusion  in  sense  1  to  its  wing-like  pec- 
toral fins,  and  in  the  other  senses  to  their 
beauty.]  1.  A  plagiostomous  fish,  Hquatina 
angelus,  of  the  family  Squati- 
nida.  it  is  from  6  to  8  feet  long, 
has  a  flat,  roundish  head,  terminal 
mnuth,  and  teeth  broad  at  the  base, 
but  slender  and  sharp  above.  Tlie 
pectoral  hns are  very  large,  extending 
horizontally  forward  from  the  base. 
It  is  found  on  the  southern  coasts 
of  Britain,  and  on  tlie  coasts  of  the 
United  Slates  from  Cape  Cod  to 
ilorida.  .Also  calle*l  j/wiiJc-Ji^h  and 
JiddU-juh.   See  cut  under  ^f/uatina, 

2.  A  ehaetodontoid  fish,  Fo- 
maeanthus  ciliahs,  having  a 
strong  spine  at  the  angle 
of  the  preoperculum,  14  dor- 
sal spines,  and  a  brownish 
color  with  crescentiform 
lighter  markings  on  each 
Bcale,  the  chin,  borders,  and 
spines  of  the  operculum  and 
preoperculum  bright  blue,  and  the  fins  blue 
and  yellow,  it  is  a  beautiful  flsh,  common  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  appearing  rarely  along  the  southern  coast  of 
the  United  States.    Its  flesh  is  very  savory. 

3.  An  ephippioid  fish,  Chatodipterus  faber,  of 
a  greenish  color  with  blackish  vertical  bands, 
and  with  the  third  spine  elongated.  It  is  com- 
mon along  the  southern  coast  of  the  United  States,  where 
It  is  regarded  as  an  excellent  food-fish,  and  is  known 
as  the  j'vrif!/,  the  northern  name  of  a  ditferent  llsh.  See 
also  cut  under  Chwlodipterm: 

4.  A  general  name  for  any  species  of  fish  of 
tho  fiimilies  ChwtodontidiB  and  Ephippiidce. 

angel-goldt  (an'jel-gold),   ;).     [<  angeJ,  5,  -I- 

f«/'/.  ]  The  name  of  gold  pieces  presented  by 
ngli.sh  sovereigns  to  those  whom  they  touclieil 
for  tUo  cure  of  king's  evHl.  At  first,  the  coin  called 
awifl  was  presented  ;  at  a  later  period,  a  gold  medalet  or 
touchiftece.    See  arv/el,  G,  and  touchpiece. 

Tlie  other  chaplaine  kneeling,  and  having  071^*?^  gold 
■trung  on  white  ribbon  on  his  arme,  delivers  them  one  by 
one  to  his  Majestic,  who  puts  them  about  the  necks  of 
thi'  tourh'.d  as  they  iiiisae,        Evehjn,  Diary,  July  (i,  lUUO. 

angelhood  (an'.iel-hiid),  n.  [<  angel  +  -hood.'] 
T fi<-  Htato  or  condition  of  an  angel ;  the  an- 
>."lio  nature  or  character.  Mr.H.  ISrowning. 
angelic^  (an-jel'ik),  rt.  [<  ME.  augclylc,  ann- 
gctfikc,  <  OF.  angeliquc,  F.  angdliquc,  <  LL.  an- 
gclicue,  <  Gr.  ay/ehK6c,  <  a>7f>.of,  tucssenger,  an- 
gel: Hceangel.]  Of,beloiiging  to,  or  like  an  an- 
gel ;  suitable  to  the  nature  or  ofiico  of  an  angel. 
Here,  happy  creature,  fair  ungflU  Eve. 

Miltun,  P.  I,.,  V.  74. 
Anprellc  hymn,  the  hymn  sung  by  the  angelH  after  the 
■  h'  birth  <if  C'hrlHt  (Luk<'  II.  M),  used  in 
■  u'l'i  In  the  earlier  part  of  the  service, 
•tir.  hiargeii  fonii  known  as  tlieOlorlu 
III  Advent  and  I.i'nt)  aftiT  tlie  introit 
1.  fh..  collect,  epistle,  niid  g'ispel.     It 

■  in  II.,    (Irst  prny.  r  I I,  ..f  IMwaril 

I,,'  part 

11  till  111 ; 

■  ■  ■■    ,     1:  nl.Klltu. 

!■•  r  t.,  tlie  tieas'jii.     It  N  111-'  used  111 

.'  bmiU  and  compline.  — Angelic  BOlu- 


".    [<.  nngilirii.']    Of,  por- 

I  I'roin  the  jiluiit  angelica. 

I  ■'    iiiolinbiistc  fteld,  iV,'1h"i'. 

.  t'-j  which  U  found  In  an 

...r/iji),  oil  of  cnnioiiiili-,  mill 

11.  [.MI..,  Hc. /irr/io,  feiii. 
i  ■  ^Hciw/iif/c/icl):  with  «1- 
it;i('iil  virtiiOH  iiohhukh- 
I    1.  («,,,.]   (\l.]  a 

-    11  |iliiiilH  fouml  in  tlio 

northern  ,,|h  „,mI  in  Now  Zfu- 

Infifl. — 2     ,  iKiiiie  i.f  the  ninrc  com- 

mon upocieg  Uluugmg  to  the  closely  allied  gon- 


an^'.. 

I;ili, 
Al,, 


ancelit^ 

oM.I,.  -I. 


210 

era  Angelica  and  Archangelica.  The  wild  angelica  of 
England  is  Angelica  sj/dv.sfris.  The  garden  angelica  of 
Europe  is  Arcfuiwi'^lua  oj/icinalis.  a  native  of  the  banks 
of  rivers  and  wet  dilclies  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe, 
where  it  is  also  cultivated  for  its  strong  and  agreeable 
aromatic  odor.  The  tender  stalks  when  candied  form  an 
excellent  sweetmeat.  The  great  angelica  of  the  United 
States  is  Archanr/dica  atropurpurea. 

3.  leap.]  The  name  of  a  kind  of  sweet  white 
wine  made  in  California. 

angelical  (an-jel'i-kal),  a.  [=  Sp.  angclieaJ,  < 
XL.  aii-gelicalis :  see  angelic^  and  -al.]  Same 
as  angelic^. 

Others  more  mild, 
Retreated  in  a  silent  valley,  sing 
With  notes  anyelical  to  many  a  harp. 

Hilton,  P.  L,  ii.  648. 

angelically  (an-jel'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  angelic 
manner:  like  an  angel. 

angelicalness  (an-jel'i-kal-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  angelic  ;  the  nature  or  character  of 
an  angel ;  excellence  more  than  human. 

Angelicals  (an-jcl'i-kalz),  n.  pi.  [<  NL.  angcli- 
cules,  pl.,<  L,1j.  angilk'tiii,  fern,  angelica :  seeoii- 
gelic'^,  angelical.]  The  name  adopted  by  an 
order  of  nuns  following  the  rtile  of  St.  Augus- 
tine, founded  at  Milan  about  1530  by  Luigia  di 
Torelli,  Countess  of  Guastalla.  Each  nun  prefixes 
to  her  family  name  tluit  of  a  patron  saint,  and  to  that  tlie 
word  .4 /i,'7t'/iVa,  which  when  uttered  reminds  lier  of  the 
purity  of" the  angels. 

AngeUcan  (an-jel'i-kan),  a.  and  n.  [Ult.  <  LL. 
angeliciis  (see  angelic^) -i- -an.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  the  works  of  the  monk  Fra 
AngeUco  (Giovanni  da  Fiesole),  a  celebrated 
religious  painter,  who  was  born  in  Tuscany  in 
1387,  and  died  at  Rome  in  1455. 

If  you  want  to  paint  ...  in  the  Greek  school,  .  .  ,  you 
cannot  design  coloured  windows,  nor  ^  11  (/c/toa?!  paradises. 
liusknn.  Lectures  on  Art,  p.  197. 
II.  H.  One  of  the  .Ajigelici. 

angelicate  (an-jel'i-kat),».  [<angelic^  +  -ate''-.] 
A  salt  of  angelic  acid. 

angelica-tree  (an-jel'i-ka-tre),  n.  [<  angelica 
(with  allusion  to  its  medical  uses)  -t-  tree.]  1. 
The  American  name  of  Aralia  spinosa,  uatm'al 
order  Araliacea'.  it  is  aprickly,  small,  siinple-stemmed 
tree,  from  S  to  12  feet  high.  .\ii  infusicin  of  its  berries  in 
wine  or  spirits  is  used  for  relieving  rheuiiiatic  jiains  and 
violent  colic.  It  is  common  in  cultivation.  Also  called 
Hercules' -chtb. 

2.  An  allied  araliaceous  shrub,  Sciadophyllum 
Broicnci,  of  Jamaica. 

Angelici  (an-jel'i-si),  n.  pi.  [LL.,  pi.  of  angcli- 
CH.1 :  see  angcUc'^.]  A  sect  of  the  third  cen- 
tury, said  to  have  worshiped  angels. 

angelicize  (an-jel'i-siz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
gelici:t(l,  ppr.  angelici:ing.  [<  angelic^  4-  -i;c.] 
To  make  angelic  or  like  an  angel.   [Rare.] 

angeliCO  (au-jel'i-ko),  n.  [Cf. It.  angelica,  angel- 
ic, Sp.(;Hr/f/iV'o,  a  little  angel :  seeangcUca.]  An 
uinbcUilerous  plant  of  North  America,  Ligusti- 
cum  actwifolium,  resembling  the  lovage.  Also 
called  nondo. 

angelifyt  (an-jel'i-fi),  v.  t.     [<  LL.  angelificarc, 
<  luigihis,  angel,  +  L.  -Jicare,  <  facen;  make.] 
To  make  like  an  angel. 
The  soul  .  .  .  refined  and  anctelijicd. 

Farindun,  Sermons  (1647),  p.  .^.^. 

angelin  (an'je-lin),  n.  [Also  written  angeleen, 
ami,  us  I'g..  angelim,  <  NL.  Angelina  (a  genus 
of  plants),  <  'angelinu.f,  <  LL.  angelus :  see  an- 
gel.] The  coniiiiiiii  name  of  several  tinilier- 
trees  of  tropical  America  belonging  to  the  ge- 
nus Andira  (w)iioli  see).  The  angelin-trce  of 
Jamaica,  fiirnisliing  worm-bark,  is  .1.  incrmli. 

angelique  (an-je-lek'),  n.  [<  V.angeliiine:  see 
iiiii/rhcd.]  1.  The  wood  of  a  leguminous  tree, 
J)ic(tri/ne(i  I'draensix,  exiiortod  from  French 
(iniaiia.  It  is  hard  and  ilurable,  and  valiiiiblt? 
for  Hlii|i-tiniber. —  2t.  A  kind  of  guitar,  t'ejii/.i, 
Diarv,  .lune'j:!,  KiliO. 

angelistt  (nii'.jel-ist),  «.  [<  angel  +  -int.]  One 
who  held  heretical  or  peculiar  opinions  con- 
cerning angels.     .V.  JC.  l). 

angelize  (an'jel-i/,),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  angrl- 
i~i(l,  |i|ir.  angi li::ing.   [  <  angel  +  -i:i'.]    To  inakc 
an  angel  of;  raise  to  the  state  of  an  angel. 
Iiavlil  alone,  whom  with  heav'n's  lovo  surprlz'd, 
To  praise  thee  there  thou  now  hast  angrlii'd. 

Stilwutcr,  tr.  of  1)11  llartas. 

angel-light  (un'jel-lit),  «.  An  outer  upper 
light  ill  u  (leiiiendipiiliir  window,  next  li>  I  he 
siiriiigingof  the  ardi  :  iiroliably  a  ciirniplion  of 
(Digti-lighl,  ns  tliese  liglits  are  triangular  in 
Hlmpe,  and  are,  moreover,  in  one  hoiihc,  at  the 
angles  of  the  window.  Kncyc.  Itrit.  Hee  cut 
\nu\,  r  hiiliiinnt-lijiht. 

angelolatry  (rm-jel-ora-tri),  n,  [<  Or.  a)-)f/or 
+  /nrpcia,  service,  worship,  <  ?,aTptietv,  serve, 
womhip,]    The  worship  of  angels. 


auger 

angelology  (an-jel-ol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  ayyc?.o^, 
angel,  +  -/oj/a,  <  '/i}en;  speak:  see  -ology.] 
The  doctrine  of  angels ;  that  portion  of  theology 
which  treats  of  angelic  beings ;  a  discoiu-se  on 
angels. 

The  magic  of  the  Moslem  world  is  in  part  adopted  from 
Jewish  anijelology  and  demonology. 

E.  IS.  Tijlur,  Encye.  Brit.,  XV.  203. 
Tlie  same  vast  mythology  commanded  the  general  con- 
sent :  the  same  angelolo<jii,  demonology. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  xiv. 
There  was  an  anrjetologif,  .and  a  worship  of  angels,  on 
which  the  Apostle  animadverts  with  severity. 

G.  P.  Fi.-ihcr,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  xi. 

angelophany  (an-jel-of 'a-ni),  «.;  pi.  angcloplia- 
nies  (-niz).  [<  Gr.  ojjf/.of,  angel,  -1-  -(pavla,  < 
(faiveiv,  show,  ifaii'ea0ai,  appear.  Cf.  tltcophany, 
epiphany.]  The  \-isible.  manifestation  of  aa 
angel  or  angels  to  man. 

If  God  seeks  to  commune  more  fully  with  a  man,  hia 
messenger  appears  and  speaks  to  him.  '  The  narratives  of 
such  aividophanics  vary  in  detail.         Prof.  W.  Ji.  Sinith. 

angelophone  (an'jel-o-fon),  «.  [<  Gr.  ayjAoc, 
angel,  -(-  pui'v,  voice.]  The  harmonium  or  par- 
lor-organ.    [Eng. ;  rare.] 

angelot  (au'je-lot;  F.  pron.  anzh'16),  n.  [< 
OF.  angelot,  a  young  or  little  angel  (=  Sp.  ange- 
lote),  dim.  of  aiigelc,  <  LL.  angelus,  angel.  Cf. 
angeli't,  with  diff.  dim.  suffix ,  and  see  angel,  5.] 

1.  The  name  of  a  French  gold  coin,  weighing: 
from  97.L'2  to  87.96  grains,  first  issued  in  1340 
by  Philip  VI.  On  its  obverse  is  an  angel  (whence  the 
name  of  the  coin)  holding  a  cross  and  shield  ;  on  its  re- 
vei-se  a  cross,  ornamented. 

2.  The  name  of  a  gold  coin,  weighing  about  35- 
grains,  struck  in  France  by  Henry  VI.  of  Engr 


Obveree.  Reverse. 

Angelot  of  Heury  VI..  Briti^  Museum.    (Size  of  the  origttial.} 

land  for  xise  in  his  French  dominions.  On  its  ob- 
verse is  an  angel  holding  the  escutcheons  of  England  and 
Vraiu'e. 

3t.  A  small  rich  sort  of  cheese  made  in  Nor- 
mandy, said  to  have  been  stamped  with  a  figm-e 
of  the  coin. —  4.  An  instrument  of  music  some- 
what resembling  a  lute. 

angel's-eyes  (an'.ielz-5z),  «.  A  name  given  to 
tlie  s|H'oawell  of  Europe,  Veronica  Chaniadrys. 

angel-shot  (an'jel-shot),  n.  [Cf.  F.  angc,  an 
angel,  also  an  angel-sliot;  in  allusion  to  the 
"wings"  or  segments  as  they  appear  during  the 
flight  of  the  projectile.]  A  kind  of  chain-shot, 
formed  of  the  two  halves  or  four  qiuirters  of  a 
hollow  ball,  which  ;ire  attached  by  chains  to  a 
central  disk  inside  the  ball,  and,  when  fired, 
spread  a]iart.     See  eluiin-xhiit. 

angel's-trumpets  (an'jelz-tnim'pets),  M.  pi. 
The  large  trmnpet-sliapod  flowers  of  the  Datura 
.tnareolrn.i,  a  shi-ubby  solanaceous  plant  from 
South  America. 

angelus  (an'je-lus),  n.  [NL.,  from  the  opening 
wimls,  " .ingeln^-  Domini  niintiavit  Mariiv"; 
LL.  (iiiiiclus,  angel:  see  angil.]  In  the  Horn, 
(nth.  Ch. :  (a)  A  devotion  in  memory  of  the  an- 
nunciation to  the  Virgin  Mary,  by  the  angel 
liabriel,  of  the  incarnation  of  the  Son  of  God. 
It  consists  of  three  scriptural  texts  dcsiribiiig  the  niys. 
tery,  recited  alternately  with  the  angelic  siilututinn,  "  Hail 
Mary  1"  (Ave  Maria),  and  fnll.iwcd  by  a  versicle  and  re- 
spunsc  with  prayer.  (/,)  Tile  bell  toiled  in  the  morn- 
ing, at  noon,  and  in  the  evening,  to  indicate  to 
the  laillifiil  the  time  when  the  angelus  is  to  bo 
recited. 

Anon  from  the  belfry 
.Softly  the  AngeluH  sounded. 

Loihi/rllow,  Evangeline,  I. 

angel-waterf  (rin',iel-wa*ter),  n.  [ianpcl  (for 
aiigiticd,  i|.  V.)  -I-  wilier.]  A  mixture  originally 
eiintaiiiing  angelica  as  its  jiriiicipal  ingredient, 
afterward  made  of  rosi'-water,  inaiige-flowor 
water,  niyrtle-water,  musk,  ambergris,  and  va- 
rious Hjiices,  used  as  a  ]ierl'nme  and  cosmetic  in 
(he  Noveiitcenth  century. 

1  met  the  prettiest  crciitiirc  In  New  Stirlng  ()ardi-ii !  .  .  . 
nn-jti  triilri-  was  (lie  worst  scent  about  llcr. 

tSedtr;/,  Itcllainira,  i.  1. 

angely-wood,  ».     See  angili-wood. 

anger'  inng'ger),  n.  [<ME.  anger,  grief,  pain, 
Inmlile,  afiliction,  vexation,  sorrow,  also  wrath, 
<  leel.  nngr,  masc,  now  neut.  (cf.  iinyiir,  fom. 
pi.),  grief,  sorrow,  straits,  unxioty,  =  Sw.  dn- 


anger 

ger  =  Dan.  anger,  oompnnction,  penitence,  re- 
gret; cf.  OFries.  anyst,  onijost  =  OHG.  an- 
gust,  MHG.  aiujcst,  G.  angst,  anxiety,  anguish, 
jfear,  used  ailjectively,  anxious,  afraid  (>  Dan. 
angst,  u.,  fear;  adj.,  anxious,  afraid;  the  Icel. 
angist,  anguish,  oceuiTing  esp.  in  theological 
■vvritors,  and  resting  on  the  ult.  related  L.  an- 
(fustiii,  >  E.  anguish,  q.  v.),  with  different  for- 
niativo  from  tlie  same  root  which  appears  in 
leel.  oiigr,  narrow,  strait,  =  AS.  angc,  ongc, 
rog.  with  umlaut  lenge,  engc,  narrow,  strait, 
also  anxious,  troubled  (cf.  in  comp.  angsum, 
narrow,  strait,  anxious,  aiigsumncs,  and  aiigncs, 
anxiety;  and  cf.  angnagl,  E.  agnail,  q.  v.),  = 
OS.  cngi  =  OHG.  ungi,  ciigi,  MHG.  en(/e,  G.  eng 
=  Goth.  aggtcKS,  narrow,  strait,  =Gr.  eyyi'g,  also 
u)Xi,  adv.,  near,  close,  =  Skt.  W^hu,  narrow, 
strait,  1/  ""'''  t)e  narrow  or  distressing,  the  root 
appearing  also  in  Gr.  ayxcii'  =  L.  angerc,  com- 
press, strangle,  choke  (>  L.  angina,  compres- 
sion, anxiety,  angor,  anguish,  anxiety,  angustus, 
narrow,  strait,  aiLiins,  anxious,  etc.:  see  angor 
=zangcr^,  angiist,  anguiah,  anxious,  etc.),  and  be- 
ing widely  extended  in  Slavic:  OBulg.  an^ulcu, 
narrow,  Russ.  u:i,  narrow,  u:ina,  a  strait,  defile, 
etc.,  OBulg.  vcitzati  =  Bohem.  va:ati  =  Russ. 
t'l/azati,  etc.,  bind,  tie.]  If.  Grief;  trouble; 
distress;  anguish. 

For  the  deth  of  whiche  childe  the  atif/er  and  sorow  was 
niuche  the  more.  Caxtoii,  Jason,  76b.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  A  revengeful  passion  or  emotion  directed 
against  one  who  inflicts  a  real  or  supposed 
wrong;  ''uneasiness  or  discomposure  of  mind 
upon  the  receipt  of  any  injury,  with  a  present 
pm'pose  of  revenge,"  Locke;  wrath;  ire. 

While  therefore  the  true  end  of  sudden  anger  is  self- 
defence,  the  true  end  of  resentment  is  the  execution  of 
justice  against  offenders. 

H.  N.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  40. 
The  war-storm  shakes  the  solid  hills 
Beneath  its  tread  of  anger.      Whittier,  Our  River. 

3.  An  individual  fit  of  anger ;  an  expression  of 
anger,  as  a  threat:  in  this  sense  it  maybe  used 
in  the  pliu'al. 

Thro'  light  and  sh.adnw  tliou  dost  range, 
Sudden  glances,  swtet  ;iiid  strange, 
Delicious  spites  and  d:nli?i^^  angers, 
And  airy  forms  of  flitting  change. 

Tennyson,  Madeline. 

4.  Pain  or  smart,  as  of  a  sore  or  swelling.  This 
sense  is  still  retained  by  the  adjective.  See  angry,  8. 
[Obsolete  ur  dialectal.] 

I  made  the  experiment,  setting  the  moxa  where  the 
first  violence  of  my  pain  began,  and  where  the  greatest 
anger  and  soreness  still  continued.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

=  Syn.  Anger,  Vexation,  Indignation,  Resentment,  Wrath, 
Ire,  Choler,  Rage,  Fury,  passion,  displeasure,  dudgeon, 
irritation,  gall,  bile,  spleen.  Vexation  is  the  least  forcibl6 
of  these  words,  expressing  the  annoyance  and  impatient 
chafing  of  one  whose  mood  has  been  crossed,  whose  expec- 
tations have  not  been  realized,  etc.  Indignation  may  be 
the  most  high-minded  and  unselfish;  it  is  intense  feeling 
in  view  of  grossly  unworthy  conduct,  whether  toward 
one's  self  or  toward  others.  The  other  words  denote  al- 
most exclusively  feeling  excited  by  the  sense  of  personal 
injury.  Anger  is  a  sudden  violent  feeling  of  displeasure 
over  "injury.'disobedience,  etc.,  accompanied  by  a  retalia- 
tory impulse ;  it  easily  becomes  excessive,  and  its  manifes- 
tation is  generally  accompanied  by  a  loss  of  self-control. 
Resentment  is  the  broadest  in  its  meaning,  denoting  the  in- 
stinctive and  proper  recoil  of  feeling  when  one  is  injured, 
and  often  a  deep  and  bitter  Virooding  over  past  wrongs,  with 
a  consequent  hatred  and  settled  desire  for  vengeance ;  it 
is,  in  the  latter  sense,  the  coolest  and  most  permanent  of 
these  feelings.  Wrath  and  ire  express  sudden  feeling  of 
great  power,  and  are  often  associated  with  the  notion  of 
the  superiority  of  the  person :  as,  the  wrath  of  Jove,  the 
iVe  of  Achilles.  They  are  often  the  result  of  wounded 
pride.  Ire  is  poetic.  Wrath  has  also  an  exalted  sense, 
expressive  of  a  lofty  indign.ation  visiting  justice  npon 
^vrong-doing.  Rage  is  an  out)>urst  of  anger,  with  little 
or  no  self-control ;  fury  is  even  more  violent  than  rage, 
rising  almost  to  madness.  The  chief  characteristic  of 
choler  is  quickness  to  rise;  it  is  irascibility,  easily  break- 
ing into  a  high  degree  of  resentful  feeling. 

AVhite  was  her  cheek;  sharp  breaths  of  anger  putf'd 

Her  fairy  nostril  out.        Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

One  who  fails  in  some  simple  mechanical  action  feels 
vexation  at  his  own  inability  —  a  vexation  arising  quite 
apart  from  any  importance  of  the  end  missed. 

H.  Spencer,  Px-in.  of  Psychol.,  §  517. 

Burning  mth  indignation,  and  rendered  sullen  by  de- 
spair, .  .  .  they  refused  to  ask  their  lives  at  the  hands  of 
an  insiilting  foe,  and  prefen'cd  death  to  submission. 

Irving,  Indian  Character. 

AVlien  the  injury  he  resented  was  a  personal  one,  he 
apologized  frankly  for  his  anger,  if  it  had  transgressed  the 
bounds  of  Christian  indignation;  but,  when  he  was  indig- 
nant with  falsehood,  injustice,  or  cowai-dly  wrong  done  to 
another,  it  was  terrible  to  see  his  whole  face  knit  itself  to- 
gether with  ivrath.      S.  A.  Brooke,  F.  W.  Robertson,  II.  ii. 

To  be  angry  about  trifles  is  mean  and  childish ;  to  rage 
aud  be  furious  is  brutish;  and  to  maintain  perpetual 
wrath  is  akin  to  the  practice  and  temper  of  devils;  but  to 
prevent  and  suppress  rising  resentment  is  wise  and  glori- 
0U8,  is  manly  and  divine.  Watts. 

Mad  ire,  and  wrathful  fury,  makes  me  weep. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  'VI.,  iv,  3. 


211 

He's  rash,  and  very  sudden  in  choler,  nnd  haply  may 
strike  at  you.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

For  blind  with  rage  she  mias'd  the  plank,  and  roU'd 
In  the  river.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

Beware  the/«r,v  of  a  patient  man. 

Dryiien,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  i.  1005. 

angferl  (ang'g6r),  V.  [<  ME.  angren,  angeren, 
pain,  trouble^  vex,  <  Icel.  angra=  Sw.  dngra  = 
Dan.  angrc,  m  similar  sense;  from  the  noun.] 
I.  trans.  If.  Togi-ieve;  trouble;  distress;  afQiet. 
—  2t.  To  make  painful;  cause  to  smart;  in- 
flame ;  irritate :  as,  to  anger  an  ulcer.  Bacon. 
— 3.  To  excite  to  anger  or  wrath ;  rouse  resent- 
ment in. 

There  were  some  late  taxes  and  impositions  introduced, 
which  rather  angered  than  grieved  the  people. 

Clarendon. 

The  lips  of  yoimg  orangs  and  chimpanzees  are  protrud- 
ed, sometimes  to  a  wonderful  degree.  .  .  .  They  act  thus, 
not  only  when  slightly  angered,  sulky,  or  disappointed, 
but  when  alarmed  at  anything. 

Darwin,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  140. 
=Syil.  To  irritate,  chafe,  provoke,  vex,  enrage,  exasperate, 
infuriate. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  angry.     [Rare.] 

"When  neebors  anger  at  a  plea. 
And  just  as  wud  as  wud  can  be. 
How  easy  can  the  barley  bree 
Cement  the  quarrel ! 

Burns,  Scotch  Drink. 

anger^t,  «.     An  occasional  spelling  of  angor. 

angerly  (ang'ger-li),  a.  [<  anger'^  +  -hj'^;  = 
Icel.  angrligr,  sad.  The  adv.  is  much  older : 
see  angerly,  adv.']  Ineliued  to  anger.  Byron. 
[Now  poetic] 

angerly  (ang'ger-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  angerUche, 
angerly,  angrely,  <  anger  +  -Uclie,  -ly2.  Cf.  an- 
grily.'] In  an  angry  manner;  angrily.  [Now 
poetic] 

Nay,  do  not  look  angerly. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 

If  my  lips  should  dare  to  kiss 
Thy  taper  fingers  amorously. 
Again  thou  Jdushest  angerly. 

Tennyson,  Madeline. 
angernesst  (ang'ger-nes),  n.     [ME. ;  cf.  angri- 
ness.]     The  state  of  being  angry. 
Hail,  innocent  of  angerness. 
MS.  cited  by  T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 

Angevin,  Angevine  (an'je-vin,  -vin),  a.  [F. 
(cf.  ML.  Andecavensis),  <  Anjou,  <  L.  Andecavi,  a 
Gallic  tribe,  also  called  Andes.]  Pertaining  to 
Anjou,  a  former  western  province  of  France: 
specifically  applied  (a)  to  the  royal  family  of 
England  reigning  from  1154  to  1485,  the  Plan- 
tagenets,  descendants  of  Geoffrey  V. ,  Count  of 
Anjou,  and  Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry  I.  of 
England;  (J)  to  the  i^eriod  of  English  history 
from  1154  to  the  death  of  Richard  II.  in  1399,  or, 
according  to  others,  to  the  loss  of  Normandy, 
Anjou,  Maine,  etc.,  in  11204.  The  contending 
houses  of  York  and  Lancaster  were  both  of  the 
Angevin  race.—  Angevin  architecture,  the  architec- 
tm-e  of  Anjou ;  specifically,  the  school  of  medieval  archi- 
tecture developed  in  the  province  of  Anjou.  It  is  charac- 
terized especially  by  the  system  of  vaulting  in  which  the 
vault  over  each  bay  is  so  nnich  raised  in  the  middle  as 
practically  to  constitute  a  low  dome. 

angica-'WOOd  (an-je'ka-wud),  «.  Same  as  can- 
jica-wood. 

angiectasia  (an"ji-ek-ta'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayjeiof,  a  vessel,  +  inraoir,  extension,  <  eicreiveiv 
=  h.  exteii-d-ere,  extend:  see  extend,]  Enlarge- 
ment of  the  capillaries  and  other  small  blood- 
vessels of  some  portions  of  the  body. 

angiectasis  (an-ji-ek'ta-sis),  n.  Same  as  an- 
giectasia. 

angienchyma  (an-ji-eng'M-mii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayytiov,  vessel,  +  eyxviLa,  infusion:  see  paren- 
chi/ma.]     In  hot.,  vascular  tissue  in  general. 

angiitis  (an-ji-i'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ayyelov,  a 
vessel,  +  -itis.  ]   Inflammation  of  a  blood-vessel. 

angili-'WOOd  (an'ji-li-wiid),  «.  [<  Tamil  angili 
+  E.  wuod^.]  The  timber  of  a  large  evergreen 
tree  of  southern  India,  Artocarpushirsuta,  which 
is  considered  nearly  equal  to  teak  in  ship-build- 
ing and  for  other  purposes.  -Also  spelled  an- 
gely-wood.     See  Artocdrpus. 

angina  (an-ji'na,  or,  more  correctly,  an' ji-na), « . 
[NL.,  <  L.  angina,  quinsy,  lit.  strangUng,  chok- 
ing (cf.  Gr.  ayx^ivii,  strangling),  <  angere  (=Gr. 
ay^Eiv),  strangle,  choke :  see  anger'i-  and  angor.] 
1.  Inpathol.,  any  inflammatory  affection  of  the 
throat  or  fauces,'  as  quinsy,  severe  sore  throat, 
croup,  mumps,  etc— 2.  Angina  pectoris  (which 

see,  below) Angina  Ludovici,  .acute  suppur.ativein- 

flannuation  of  the  connective  tissue  about  tlic  submaxil- 
lary glanil  :  so  called  from  a  German  physician  named 
Ludwig  (Latin  Ludovicus),  who  first  fully  described  it. — 
Angina  maligna  (malignant  angina),  primary  gangrene 
of  the  pharyngeal  nmcous  membrane,  originating  inde- 
pendently of  any  other  disease,  such  as  diphtheria  or  scar- 
let fever.    Also  called  angina  gangrenosa,  cynanche  ma- 


angioscope 

ligna,  and  pittrid  sore  throat. — Angina  pectoris  (spasm 
of  the  chest),  a  disease  characterized  by  paroxysms  of  ex- 
tremely acute  constricting  pain,  felt  generally  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  sternum  ami  extruding  over  the  chest  and 
down  the  arm.  The  paLliobigy  is  oliscure,  but  in  a  large 
number  of  cases  there  seems  to  be  sr)me  form  of  weakness 
of  the  heart,  combined  with  a  liability  to  attacks  of  gen- 
eral arterial  spasm. 

anginal  (an'ji-nal),  a.     Pertaining  to  angina. 

anginoid  (an'ji-'noid),  a.  [<  angina  +  -oid.] 
Kosembling  angina. 

anginose  (an'ji-nos),  a.  [<  angina  +  -ose.] 
Pertaining  to  angina,  or  to  angina  pectoris. — 
Anginose  scarlatina,  sciirlatina  in  which  the  intlamma- 
tinti  of  the  throat  is  severe. 

anginous  (an'ji-nus),  a.    Same  as  anginose. 

angio-.  [NL.  angio-,  <  Gr.  ayyeio-,  combining 
foi'ra  of  dyycior,  a  case,  a  capsule,  a  vessel  of 
the  body,  a  vessel  of  any  kind,  <  ayyo^,  a  vessel.] 
An  element  of  many  scientific  compound  words, 
signifying  vessel,  usually  with  reference  to  the 
vessels  of  the  body.     Less  jjroperly  angeio-. 

angiocarpian  (an"ji-o-kar'pi-an),  n.  [As  angio- 
c((/'/;oH,s-  +  -ian.]     An  angioearpous  plant. 

angiocarpous  (anfji-o-kar'pus),  a.  [<NL.  an- 
giocarjms,  <  Gr.  ayyelov,  a  capsule,  a  case,  a 
vessel  of  the  body,  a  vessel  of  any  kind  (<  ayyoc, 
a  vessel  of  any  kind),  -I-  Kapn-6;,  fruit.]  In  hot. : 
(a)  Having  a  fruit  inclosed  within  a  distinct 
covering,  as  the  filbert  within  its  husk.  (6) 
Having  the  receptacle  closed,  as  in  gastromy- 
cetous  fungi,  or  opening  only  by  a  pore,  as  iii. 
pyrenomycetous  fungi  and  some  lichens. 

angiocholitis  (an'''ji-9-ko-li'tis),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
u))i'iov,  a  vessel,  +  A'o/"/,  gall,  +  -itis.]  Inflam- 
mation of  the  gall-duets. 

angiograph.  (an'ji-o-graf),  n.  [<Gr.  ayyelov,  a 
vessel,  +  -ypdipo^,  <'  ypd<peiv,  wi-ite.]  A  form  of 
sphygmograph  devised  by  Landois. 

angiography  (an-ji-og'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayyelov^ 
a  vessel,  +  -ypaipia,  <  ypaijitiv,  WTite,  describe.] 
1.  In  anat.,  a  description  of  the  blood-vessels 
and  lymphatics. — 2.  A  description  of  the  im- 
plements, vessels,  weights,  measures,  etc.,  in 
use  in  any  country.     [Rare.] 

angioleucitis  (an"ji-o-lii-si'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ayyelov,  a  vessel,  +  ievKdg,  white,  +  -itis.]  In- 
flammation of  the  lymphatic  vessels. 

angiology  (an-ji-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayyelov,  a 
vessel,  + -/oy/a,  < /■.£;«»',  speak:  see  -ology.] 
That  portion  of  anatomy  aud  physiology 
which  deals  with  the  blood-vessels  and  lym- 
phatics. 

angioma (an-ji-o'mii),  n .;  -pLangiomata  (-raa-ta,). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ayye'iov,  a  vessel,  +  -oma.]  Atumor 
produced  by  the  enlargement  or  new  formation 
of  blood-vessels. 

angiomatous (an-ji-om'a-tus),  a.  [<angioma(,t-) 
+  -ous.]  Characterized  by  or  pertaining  to  an- 
gioma. 

angiomonospermous  (an  "  ji  -  o  -  mon  -  6  -  sper  '- 

mus),  a.  [<  NL.  angiomonospermus,  <  Gr.  ay- 
yelov, a  vessel,  +  puvo^,  alone  (see  mono-),  + 
aTrepfia,  seed:  see  sperm.]  In  hot.,  producing 
one  seed  onlj'  in  a  pod.     jV.  E.  D. 

angioneurosiS  (an"ji-9-nTi-r6'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ay-jelov,  a  vessel,  +  vevpov,  a  nerve,  +  -osis.] 
In  patlwl.,  morbid  vaso-motor  action,  brought 
on  independently  of  any  perceptible  lesion, 
whether  this  involves  an.abnoi-mal  temporary 
or  lasting  contraction  of  the  vessels  of  the  part 
(angiospasm)  or  a  relaxation  (angioparesis). 
■rhe  term  is  not  always  restricted  to  functional  affections, 
but  is  also  sometimes  applied  to  cases  in  which  there  is  a 
gross  or  evident  lesion  of  the  nerves,  spinal  cord,  or  brain, 
which  produces  these  vaso-motor  disturbances. 

angioneurotic  (an"ji-o-nii-rot'ik),  a.  [See  an- 
gioncurosis.]  Dependent  on  or  pertaining  to 
the  innervation  of  the  blood-vessels. 

angioparalysis  (an"ji-o-pa-rari-sis),  n.  [NL.. 
<  Gr.  ayyelov,  a  vessel,  +  Tvapa'/.vaic,  paralysis.] 
Paralysis  of  the  muscular  coat  of  the  blood- 
vessels. 

angioparesis  (anji-o-par'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a)}E(oi',  a  vessel,  +  -apecic,  paralysis:  see  pare- 
sis.] Partial  paralysis  of  the  muscular  layer 
of  the  walls  of  blood-vessels. 

angiosarcoma  (anji-o-sar-kd'ma),  n.;  pi.  an- 
giosarcomata  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,<Gr.  ayyelov,  aves- 
sel,  +  aapKuua,  sarcoma.]  A  sarcoma,  or  tumor, 
in  which  the  blood-vessels  assume  importance 
from  their  number,  size,  and  relation  to  the 

structure  of  the  tumor Angiosarcoma  myxoma- 

todes,  a  sarcoma,  or  tumor,  in  which  the  walls  of  the 
vessels  and  the  tissue  immediately  surrounding  them  un- 
dergo mucous  degeneration.  To  this  form  the  name  cylin- 
droma is  often  applied. 

angioscope  (an'ji-o-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  ayyelov,  a 
vessel,  +  OKo^elv,  \'iew,  examine.]  An  instru- 
ment for  examining  the  capillary  vessels  of  ani- 
mals and  plants. 


angiosis 

angiosis  (aa-ji-o'sis),  n.     pfL.,  <  Gr.  aYyelov,  a 

vessel.  +  -osis.'i    Any  disease  of  a  blood-Tessel. 
angiospasm  (an'ji-6-spazm),  n.     [<  Gr.  ayjeiov 

a  vessel,  +  a-acua,  c-acuoi,  spasm.]     Spasm  of 

the  muicular  wall  of  a  blood-vessel, 
angiospenn  (an'ji-o-sperm),  n.      [<  Nli.  angio- 

spermus,  <  Gr.  a-jjeiov,  a  vessel,  +  a-cpua,  seed. 

Cf.   Gr.  cva-.yaooTTtpiioi,  also  cva-jyeioa-epuaTog, 

angiospermous  {<.iv,  in,  eto.).]    Aplantwhose 

seeds  are  contained  in  a  protecting  seed-vessel. 

The  term  anaiosi^rms  is  applied  to  tlie  larger  of  the  two 

divisions  ot  esogens,  in  distinction  from  the  riymnotperim 

(Conifera,  Cycadacia,  etc.).  the  smaller  division,  in  which 

Ihe  ovules  and  seeds  are  naked. 

angiospennal  (an'ji-o-sper'mal),  a.    Same  as 

ai(iii<j.<ptri>:oiig. 
angiospennatous  (an'ji-o-sper'ma-tus),  a. 

Samo  as  niKiiospeniioiis. 
Angiospermia  (an' ji-o-sp^r'mi-a),  n.  pJ.   [NL., 

<  angiospenn  us:  see  angiospenn.']     In  6o<.,  the 

second  order  of  the  Ldnnean  class  Dkhjnamia, 

having  numerous  seeds  inclosed  in  an  obvious 

seed-vessel,  as  in  Z>i(7ito?i«.  The  corresponding  Gym-  Angle^  (ang'gl),  «.     [In  mod.  use  only  as  a  his- 


212 

qeJen  =  G.  angeln  =  Dan.  angle ;  from  the  noun.] 

1.  in  trans.  1.  To  fish  with  an  angle,  or  with 
hook  and  line. 

"When  the  weather 
Serves  to  anfjte  in  the  brook, 
I  will  bring  "a  silver  hook. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iv.  2. 
The  lawyer  in  the  pauses  of  the  storm 
Went  angling  down  the  Saco. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 

2.  To  try  by  artful  means  to  catch  or  win  over 
a  person"  or  "thing,  or  to  elicit  an  opinion:  com- 
monly with  for. 

By  this  face, 
Tliis  seeming  brow  of  justice,  did  he  win 
The  hearts  of  all  that  he  did  angle  for. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  fish  (a  stream).— 2t.  To  fish 
for  or  try  to  catch,  as  with  an  angle  or  hook. 

He  angled  the  people's  hearts.  .Si')'  P.  Sidiuy. 

3t.  To  lure  or  entice,  as  with  bait. 

You  have  amjled  me  on  with  much  pleasure  to  the 
thatch'd  house.  /.  ir«((on,  Complete  Angler,  i. 


Twrpfrinia  of  the  same  chjss  included  genera  with  ache- 
niumlike  divisions  of  the  pericarp,  as  in  the  Labiata, 
which  were  mistaken  for  naked  seeds. 

angiospermous  (an'ji-a-sper'mus),  a.  [<  NL. 
angiospermus :  see  angiospenn.']  Havingseeds 
inclosed  in  a  seed-vessel,  as  the  poppy,  the  rose, 
and  most  flowering  plants:  opposed  to  gijmno- 
spermous,  or  naked-seeded.  Equivalent  forms 
are  anqiospermal  and  angiospennatous. 

angiosporous  (an'ji-os'po-rus),«.  [<  'Nh.angio- 
siii/ru.f,  <  Gr.  ay,dov,  a  vessel,  +  aivdpo^,  a  seed: 
see  spore.']  In  bat.,  having  the  spores  inclosed 
in  a  hollow  receptacle :  applied  to  such  fungi 
as  LiiCDperiion. 

Angiostomata (an  ji-o-sto'ma-tii), n.ph  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  angiostumatus :  see  angiostomatous.] 
1.  A  suborder  of  ophidians,  comprising  serpents 
in  which  the  mouth  is  not  dilatable,  and  which 
are  provided  with  anal  spiu's.  There  are  two 
families,  C>/iiidrop/iifte  and  Uropeltida:. —  2.  In 
conch.,  an  artificial  group  of  univalve  gastro 


torieal  term ;  <  L.  Anglus,  usually  iu  pi.  Angii 
(first  in  Tacitus),  repr.  the  OTeut.  form  fouud 
in  AS.  Angle,  Ongle,  jEnglc,  reg.  Engle,  pi.  (iu 
comp.  Angel-,  Ongel-),  the  people  of  Angel,  An- 
gol,  Angul,  Ongul'i=:Ice\.  Ongull),  a  district  of 
what  is  now  Schleswig-Holstein,  said  to  be  so 
named  from  angel,  angul,  ongul,  a  hook,  in  ref. 
to  its  shape:  seeanglc'^.  Kence  Anglo-,  Anglo- 
Saxon,  English,  q.  v.]  One  of  a  Teutonic  tribe 
which  in  the  earliest  period  of  its  recorded  his- 
tory dwelt  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  district 
now  called  Angeln,  iu  Schles-n-ig-Holsteiu,  and 
which  in  the  fifth  century  and  later,  accom- 
panied by  kindred  tribes,  the  Saxons,  Jutes, 
and  Frisians,  crossed  over  to  Britain  and  colo- 
nized the  greater  part  of  it.  Tlie  .Angles  were  the 
most  numerous  of  these  settlers,  and  founded  the  three 
kingdoms  of  East  Anglia,  ilercia,  and  Northumbria.  From 
them  the  entire  country  derived  its  name  Enffland,  the 
"land  of  the  Angles."  See  Anglian,  Anglo-Saxon,  and 
Eiiyjlinh. 


pods  whose  shell  has  a  narrow  or  contracted  angleS  (ang  gl), «.  [<  JVIE.  angle  a,  ngel  some- 
aperture,  as  cassidids,  strombids,  conids,  oli-  times  angule,  <  OF.  angle  =  Pr.  angle  =  Sp.  Pg. 
vids,  cvt^ncids,  and  others.     Also  «Titten,  cor-     "«!?«'«>  It-  angolo,  <  L.  angulus,  a  comer,  an 

rivu,  v^, i^ic.vi^,  ^         ..,,_,/_,  n■ntr^a     iwnl-,      r,T,cT     *nnfiilu>!    {of.    nnrus,    bent, 

ctirved, 
connected  with  ayiMv,  the  bend  of  the  arm, 
the  elbow  (see  ancon),  ayKOc,  a  glen,  dell  (prop, 
a  bend,  hollow),  iyKuc,  a  hook,  barb,  angle,  = 
L.  uncus,  bent,  curved,  a  hook  (see  micous); 
all  appar.  <  ■\/  *ank;  bend  (apjioaring  also  in 
Gr.  ajM'/ra,  >  L.  ancora,  >  E.  anhcr'^,  anchor'^), 
Skt.y/ (inch,  bend,  and  prob.  connected  with  tho 
Teut.  group  represented  by  anglc'^ :  see  angle''-.] 
1.  The  difference  in  direction  of  two  intersect- 
ing lines ;  the  space  included  between  two  in- 
tersecting lines ;  the  figure  orin-ojection  formed 
by  the  meetiug  of  two  lines ;  a  corner.  In  gemn., 
a  'jAmw  anu'le  is  one  formed  by  two  lines,  straight  or  curveii, 
which  meet  in  a  plane  ;  a  recliliiwar  angle,  one  fornu-d  by 
two  straight  lines.  The  point  where  the  lines  meet  is 
called  the  vertex  of  the  angle,  or  the  angular  point .  and 
the  lines  which  contain  tho  angle  are  called  its  siden  < 


anqulo.  It.  annolo,  <  L.   ant/ulus, 
raptly;  Angystomata,  and  originaUy  Angyosto-    angle,   prob.   ovig.   "anculus   (cf.  ancu.^, 
nZt-iy  De^lainviUe,  1818.,  \  T:^^r}^l''']:!^:  i'iS.!!^'^:^ 'h?. 

angiostomatous  (an"  ji-o-sto  ma-tus),a.  [<iNij. 
angiostomatus,  <  Gr.  ayyclov,  a  vessel,  jar  (but 
L.  angere,  compress,  is  appar.  intended),  -t- 
aT6pa(r-),  mouth.]  1.  Having  a  narrow,  that 
is,  not  dilatable,  mouth :  said  specifically  of 
serpents  of  the  suborder  ^Inj/ioA-tomata.— 2.  In 
conch.,  having  a  narrow  mouth  or  opening,  as 
the  shell  in  Oliva  and  Conus. 
angiostomous  (an'ji-os'to-mus),  o.  [<  NL.  an- 
gii)slomu-f,  equiv.  to  angiostomatus :  see  angio- 
utoinatou.f.]  Same  as  angiostomatous. 
angiotomy  (an-ji-ot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  a^yelov,  a 
vi-.--<l,  -1-  rop^,  a  cutting,  <  -e/tveiv,  rapciv,  cut.  Cf . 
anatomy.]  In  anat.,  dissection  of  the  lym- 
phatics and  blood-vessels. 
anglel  (ang'gl),  «.  [<  ME.  angle,  angel,  angil,  < 
AS.  angel,  angul,  ongul,  a  hook,  fish-hook  (=0S. 
angul  =  OD.  angel,  anghel,  a  hook,  fish-hook, 
sting,  a^vn,  beard  (of  grain),  P.  tingcl  =  LG. 
angel,  a  hook,  =OHG.  angul,  MHG.  G.  angel,  a 
hook,  fish-hook,  sting,  point,  hinge  (cf.OD.  han- 
gcl,  hanghi'l,  hengcl,  a  hook,  a  hinge,  D.  hrngel, 
an  angling-rod,  G.  tUal.  hdiigel,  u  liook,  car, 
joint,  thcHC  forms  and  senses  being  in  part  those 
of  a  different  word,  cognate  with  E.  hinge :  see 
hinge,  hang),  =  lce\.  iingnll,  a  hook,  =Dan.  Sw. 
angel,  a  hook),  with  formative  -el,  -nl,  <  tini/a, 
onga  (rare,  and  only  in  glosses),  a  sting,  =<)I1G. 
angi),  a.  sting,  hinge,  MIKr.  angi;  a  lisli-liook, 

hinge,  =  led.  angi,  ii  sting,  Hi)iiie,  prickle,  = 

Norw.  angc,  angje,  a  prong,  lag,  tooth.  Tho  ear- 

lioHt  notion  Hpcms  to  liavo  been  'i)ointed,'  but 

til  ■  involved  tho  notion  of  Mient,' per- 

il lilTin  lit  source;  cf.  (Ir.  (i)Ki'?.nr, 

^'  I.  iiir\id,  =  L.n»f/"'"'<  for  """''«'«*, 

a  '  ;  <ir.  oyxor,  a  hook,  barb,  aiigU', 

£=  I  ■  hook;  bent,  curvi'il :  sec  .Ini/le'^, 

angli'K  "iii.iiloHis,  uncoux.]     1.   A  fisliing-liook: 

often  in  Inter  nno  extended  to  inclinlc  the  lino 

or  tackle,  iind  even  tho  rod.     [Now  rare] 


e'  (ang-gU    «.      L^Mi;..  anO'e,  «';f«'!  ««»"- ^      fc^^.'-T.ymagnitude'of  tire'ili'.gle  .T.t.s  not-aepcnVf np.m 
A.'^.  angel,  angul,  ongul,  a  hook,  hsh-hook  (=Ub.     jhc  length  of  the  lines  which  form  it,  but  merely  i>n  their 

relative  positions.     It  is  mea.snred  by  the  length  of  a  circu- 
lar arc  ol  unit  radius  having  for  its  center  tho  vertex  of 


Oivo  ine  mine  an^/ff  —  wo'U  to  the  river. 

Hhak.,  A.  and  C. 


11.  r.. 


2».  Ono  who  or  that  which  catches  by  strata- 
(fom  or  deceit. 

A  woman  In  liytltrrr  than  dmith,  ...  for  ulin  )•  a  very 
amjU,  hir  ticrt  !<  «  ncll.     CotirdaU,  tr.  o(  tWi-int.  vll.  ai. 

3f.   [  I'rom  the  VPfl).]     The  not  of  angling. 
angle'  'nng'Kl),  r.;  )irot.  and  pp.  anglrtl,  ]>]ir. 
angling.    [<  Jato  ME.  tingle,  OD.  angclrn,  D.  hcn- 


A,  C.  B,  Angle  of 
Crushing. 


the  andlc,  or  point  of  Intoniicllon  of  tho  nlden.  Tlini,  tlio 
angli-  KKA,  (Ik.  1,  Ih  mcuiiuied  liy  ;I2  ilcKri'cii  of  llie  clr- 
cumfi  rence,  or  tlie  arc  Al'.  Aiignliir  miigiiltiidia  are  aino 
ejpreMid  In  ipiiidranln  of  four  to  Ihe  rlrculnferenre,  In 
hiiMrn  of  «lx  to  the  i|uadrant.  In  texagrnmat  ilrnrrrt  of  im 
lo  the  iiniiilrant,  (rarely)  In  renlmimal  driirrr»»l  KW  tii  Ihe 
'iiindrant,  etc.  The  arc  whone  length  U  ii|iuil  to  the  rn 
•  lluii  mibtendii  an  angle  of  W  I"'  4<'.H  nearly,  lln  oretl- 
■  ^illy,  the  nieamireof  nn  angle  !■  the  logarltlini  of  the  miliar- 
III 'iile  ratio  made  by  the  two  Klileii  with  the  two  tiingeiitji 

Im  till-  nliiuiliite  llit^'meclliig  at  tile  villi  X.     Allgleii  I elve 

illlli  rent  linine*,  niTordlng  to  their  nntgnltiKh',  their  con- 
atruetloD,  their  poaltlun,  otv.     When  uno  ilratght  line  In- 


angle 

tersects  another  so  as  to  make  the  four  angles  so  formed 
equal,  these  angles  are  called  right  angles,  and  each  is 
measured  by  an  arc  equal  to  one  fourth  of  a  circumfer- 
ence, or  90  degrees.  Thus,  ACU,  tig.  2,  is  a  right  angle. 
An  angle  which  is  less  than  a  right 
angle  is  acute,  as  ACE.  An  ob- 
tuse angle  is  one  which  is  greater 
than  a  right  angle,  as  ECB.  Acute 
and  obtimG  angles  arc  lioth  called 
oblique,  in  opposition  to  right  an- 
gles. A  curvilinear  angle  is  lornu-d 
by  the  meeting  of  the  tangents  to 
two  curved  lines  at  their  point  of 
intersection.  Adjacent  or  contiiin- 
OH.*  angles  are  such  as  have  one  leg 
common  to  both  angles,  both  to- 
gether being  equal  to  two  right  angles.  Thus,  in  tig.  2, 
ACE  and  ECB  are  adjacent  angles.  Conjugate  angles  are 
two  angles  having  a  common  vertex  and  common  legs, 
one  being  concave,  the  other  convex.  A  straight  angle  is 
an  angle  of  180°.  A  reflex  angle  is  the  same  as  a  convex 
angle.  (SeeconJHi;a(ea('i,'7(<'S,  above.)  Exterior,  external,  nr 
outward  angles  are  the  angles  of  any  rectilinear  tignre  » ith- 
out  it,  made  by  producing  one  of  the  sides  at  each  vertex, 
the  angles  foriued  within  the  figure  being  called  interior 
angles.  Wlien  one  line  intersects  a  pair  of  lines  in  a  plane, 
of  the  eight  angles  so  formed,  those  which  are  between 
the  pair  are  called  interior,  those  without  exterior.  Of 
the  interior  angles,  a  pair  for  different  sides  of  the  inter- 
secting line,  and  at  dilferent  intersected  lines,  are  called 
alternate  (which  see).  See  radian. 
Hence  —  2.  An  angular  projection;  a  project- 
ing corner :  as,  the  n«(7?c.s  of  a  building. —  3.  In 
astroL,  tho  1st,  4th,  7tli,  or 
10th  house. —  4.  In  uiiat.,  same 
&sangulus. —  5.  In/fcc,  acharge 
representing  a  narrow  band 
or  ribbon  bent  in  an  angle. 
[Rare.]— Angle  of  action,  in  gear- 
ing, the  angle  of  revolution  during 
which  a  tooth  remains  in  contact — 
Angle  of  commutation.  See  ami- 
j»»^;  fool.— Angle  of 

Two  Angles  saltire-  contact.  See  con- 
wise  inKrlaced.  at  («,•(.  — Angle  Of  the 
each  end  an  annulet.  ^^nHvlPQ  s,.,.  criini*- 
(From  Berry's  •■  Diet.  COnayieS.  Mt  i  ram 
of  Heraldry.")  olmd;/.  —  Angle    01 

crushing,  in  physics, 
the  angle  which  the  fractured  surface  of 
a  crushed  pillar  makes  with  the  axis  of 
the  pillar.  It  is  constant  for  any  given 
material.— Angle  Of  curvature,  the 
angle  which  measures  the  rate  of  diver- 
gence of  a  curve  from  a  tangent  to  it  at 
a  given  point.  It  is  the  angle  included 
between  the  tangent  and  an  intinitesimal  poitiou  of  the 
curve.  — Angle  of  defense,  in  .fori.,  the  angle  formed  by 
the  meotiiit;  ol  the  line  of  defense  with  the  line  of  the  tlank; 
the  aimle  fornicil  by  iirodncing  the  faces  of  the  liiistion.— 
Angle  of  departure,  in  ordnance,  the  angle  wliiih  a  line 
Iiassiiig  tluough  the  sights  of  a  gnn  and  the  tiirijit  makes 
witli  the  tangent  to  the  trajectory  of  the  projei  tile  as  it 
haves  the  gun.  This  angle  differs  from  the  angle  of  eleva- 
tion in  consequence  of  the  muzzle  being  thrown  up  when 
the  gun  is  ilis.hnrged,  and,  when  there  is  windage,  because 
of  therelionnd  of  tlic  shot  from  the  sides  of  the  bore  near 
the  muzzle.— Angle  of  depression.  See  dcin-esnon.— 
Angleof  descent,  in  ordiKinn-.  the  angle  which  a  tangent 
to  iTic  trajectory  of  the  projectile  iiiakcswith  the  horizontal 
plane  passing  through  the  point  of  Ihst  graze  or  the  point 
of  impact.  — Angle  of  direction,  in  merh..  nn  angle  con- 
tained by  the  lines  of  direction  of  two  conapiiing  forces.— 
Angle  of  divergence,  in  Imt.,  the  angle  between  two 
Bilceessive  leaves  on  the  same  stem.  It  is  exjiressed  as  a 
fraction  of  the  circumference  of  the  stem,  which  is  sup- 
iiiised  to  be  a  circle— Angle  Of  draft,  for  vehicles  or 
lieavv  liodies,  the  angle  winch  the  line  of  direction  of  tho 
jiulliiig  force  makes  w  itil  tlu'  plane  over  which  the  body  is 
drawn. —Angle  of  elevation,  Incidence,  Inclination, 
polarization,  position,  reflection,  and  refraction. 
See  eleration,  etc.  — Angle  Of  repose,  the  greati  st  angle 
of  obliquity  of  pressure  hetween  two  planes  which  is  con- 
sistent with  stability,  as  of  a  weight  upon  an  inclined 
plane :  ifji  tangent  is  the  coefllcient  of  friction.  .Soino- 
times  called  the  angle  of  .friction.  Specifically,  in  arch., 
tlie  angle  at  which  the  voussoil-s  of  an  arch  cease  to  have 
any  tendency  to  slip,  or  to  exert  any  thrnst  on  the  nlmt- 
ment.  Kondelefs  experiments  with  well-wronght  sur- 
faces give  angles  ranging  from  'JS'  to  :h\\  Alleles  Of 
Segond.  Sec  craniometry. —  Angle  Of  Bight,  in  ord- 
nance, the  angle  between  a  liiu-  drawn  throngli  the  axis  of 
the  bore  and  a  line  drawn  from  the  rear  of  tile  ba.se-rlng 
to  the  swell  of  the  muzzle  or  to  the  top  of  the  sight- 
Angle  Of  the  JaW,  in  anot.,  the  point  atwhich  the  viTtl- 
ealluiulcr  edge  of  the  ramus  meets  the  horizonlal  Inferior 
bonier.  Angle  Of  weather,  the  angle  at  which  the  sail 
of  a  wiiidmiiris  set.- Basilar  angle.  See  crnniooictni.— 

Carpal  angle.  .See  cnroo/.  Characteristic  angle  of 
a  curve.   See  r//iir(ic(cri.«fiV.- Chord  of  an  angle,    .seo 

ehnril.  Clearance  angle,  tn  ordnance,  tin-  angle  which  a 
straight  line,  passing  Ibrongli  the  topsof  the  tiingent-Hcale, 
dispart  sight,  and  nnizzle-notch,  makes  with  a  line  iiarill- 
Id  to  the  axis  of  the  piece.  It  varies  with  the  posillon  of 
thcdispiirt-sightand  tho  taper  of  thegini.  CoracOBcap- 
ular  angle.  See  rornciwro/m/or.— Coronotaclal  angle 
of  Oratlolet.    See  cmiiioooiri/.- Cranial  angle.    .se« 

rrrt»iiio;o'/ri/.— Critical  angle,  in  oitlicH,  the  IjmltlllK 
angle  of  liieldence  whl.h  separates  the  totally  nllccled 
rays  from  those  which  (at  lea.st  jiartially)  escape  into  air. 
7Vii7.  Light,  §  117.-  Dead  angle,  the  simce  between  a 
fortttlcatlon  and  the  nearest  iiidiit  which  can  be  reached 
liy  the  lire  of  Its  defenders.  Within  this  space  an  assail- 
lint  Is  safe,  as  the  missiles  from  the  fortltlciitlon  pass  over 
his  head.  Also  called  iicnd  tpiicc.  Dihedral  angle. 
See  ./i7i,.,/rn(  EcccntHc  angle,  .see  .rc.oifnV.  FacUl 
angle,  frontal  angle,  scc  cmniomriry.    Oonal  angle. 

See  ariinl.-  Hour  angle,  in  antr<m.,tho  angli  Oct  ween  tho 
ineiidian  of  a  star  and  tlie  nierldliin  of  tlie  zenith,  mea- 
sured from  the  latter  toward  the  west,  and  lisiuilly  express- 
III  In  hoinii  and  fractions  of  an  hour.  Motaraclal  angle, 
nasobaaal  angle,  occipital  angle,  parietal  angle,  see 


Spherical  Angle. 


angle 

craniometry.— Olfactory  angle.  See  fi(/ac(on/.— Optic 
angle.  Sue  n/)^'c.  —  Position  angle,  in  astmn.,  the  in- 
cliii.itiun  tif  any  short  line,  as  tile  line  hetween  the  two 
cfiinpnnents  nf  a  ilnuhie  star  to  the  meriilian.— Reenter- 
ing "I'  reentrant  angle,  an  angle  of  which  the  apex  re- 
cedes witii  reierenee  to  the  point  of  view  from  which  it  is 
considered ;  in  a  polygon,  an  angle  the  sides  of  whicli,  if 
produced,  wonkl  cut  the  polygon.  — Solid  angle,  an  angle 
which  is  made  by  more  than  two  plane  angles  meeting 
in  one  point,  and  not  lying  in  the  same  plane,  as  the  an- 
gle of  a  cube.  A  solid  angle  of  a  cone  is  measured  by  the 
area  of  the  segment  cut  off  liy  the  cone  on  the  surface 
of  the  sphere  of  unit  radius,  having 
its  center  at  the  vertex  of  the  cone. 
—  Sphenoidal  angle.  See  cmniome- 
fn/.— Spherical  angle,  an  angle  on 
the  surface  of  a  sphere  contained  be- 
tween tlie  arcs  of  two  great  circles. 
Thus,  if  AE  and  CE  be  ares  of  great 
circles  intersecting  each  other  at  the 
point  E,  the  angle  AEC  is  the  spherical 
angle  which  they  make  one  with  the 
other,  and  it  is  equal  to  the  angle  of 
inclination  formed  by  the  planes  of  the  great  circles  AB 
;iti.i  cit.  the  angle  is  measured  by  the  angle  fonued  by 
tlie  taii^^cnts  of  the  two  arcs  at  their  pttint  of  intersection. 
—  Trlsectlon  of  the  angle.  See  (risccfio;!.— Vertical 
angle.    See  vertical. 

angle-bar  (•ang'gl-biir),  n.  1.  In  carp.,  a  verti- 
cal bar  placed  at  the  angles  or  lines  of  interseo- 
tiou  of  the  faces  of  a  polygonal  window  or  bay- 
window. —  2.  Same  as  angle-iron. 

angle-bead  (ang'gl-bed),  «.  A  round  angle- 
staff;  a  plaster-bead  or  staff-bead. 

angle-beam  (ang'gl-bem),  «.  A  beam,  usually 
of  iron,  of  which  a  portion  or  flange  is  set  at  an 
angle  with  the  main  portion. 

angle-bevel  (ang'gl-bev"el),  n.  Same  as  bevel- 
sfjuare. 

angle-block  (ang'gl-blok),  n.  1.  In  bridge-  and 
roiif-buihling,  a  block,  generally  of  metal,  placed 
at  the  junction  of  a  brace  or  strut  with  a  chord 
or  beam,  when  the  two  are  inclined  to  each 
other.  It  forms  an  abutment  for  the  enil  of  the  brace 
or  strut,  and  the  tension-rods  usually  pass  through  it. 

2.  A  swivel  dock-block,  used  to  change  the  di- 
rection of  a  rope  when  hoisting,  etc. 
angle-brace  (ang'gl-bras),  n.  In  carp. :  (a)  A 
piece  of  timber  having  its  two  ends  fixed  to 
the  two  pieces  forming  adja- 
cent members  in  a  system  of 
framing,  and  subtending  the 
angle  formed  by  their  junction. 
When  it  is  fi.\ed  between  the  opposite 
angles  of  a  quadrangular  frame,  it  is 
called  a  diagonal  brace  or  diagonal 
tie,  and  when  placed  near  a  comer 
(o),  ,an  angle-tie.  (J)  An  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  rectangu- 
lar crank-frame,  like  the  car- 
penter's brace  (see  braced,  but  usually  much 
stronger,  carrying  a  parallel  tool-spindle  which 
ends  in  a  pad  (a)  or  bit-socket  of  the  ordinary 
form,  and  carries  a  small  bevel-wheel  gearing 
into  a  second  wheel  on  the  axis  of  a  winch- 


Plan  of  an  Angle-Capital. 


«,    Angle-tie. 
6,  Diagonal  brace. 


213 

of  a  portico,  having  volutes  on  both  front  and 
flank,  with  the  volutes  whicli  would  come  to- 
gether at  the  angle  of  the  entablature  combined 
and   turned  outward  on 
the  line  of  the  diagonal 
between    the   planes   of 
the  frieze  on  front  and 
flank. — 2.  In  Roman  and 
modern  Ionic  arch.,  the 
capital  of  a  similarly  sit- 
uated    eoluimi,     having 
four   volutes,    of    which 
each  is  on  a  diagonal  of 
the  abacus  of  the  capital. 

angle-chuck       ( ang  'gl- 

ohuk),  «.  An  L-shaped  casting,  ora  short  length 
of  angle-iron,  liaving  its  outer  face  planed,  and 
both  sides  provided  with  slots  for  bolts.  One  "V- 
face  is  brilted  to  the  face-plate  of  a  lathe  or  to  the  table 
of  a  drilling-  or  planing-machinc,  and  to  the  other  is  fas- 
tened the  piece  of  work  which  is  to  be  drilled  or  shaped. 
See  cliiirki. 

angled  (ang'gld),  a.  [<  angles  +  .erf2.]  Hav- 
ing angles.  Specifically,  in  her.,  broken  in  an  angular 
direction  :  said  of  tlie  boiuuKary  of  an  ordinary  or  of  any 
other  line  usually  straight.     See  beveled. 

angle-float  (ang'gl-flot),  «.  A  float  or  plaster- 
er's trowel  made  to  fit  any  internal  angle  in 
the  walls  of  a  room. 

angle-iron  (ang'gl-i"ern),  n.  A  rolled  or  wrought 
bar  of  iron  in  the  form  of  an  angle,  used  in  iron 
constructions.  Angle-irons  are  made  with  sections  in 
the  form  of  right  angles,  with  equal  or  unequal  sides ;  in 
the  shape  of  double  angles,  when  they  are  called  channel- 
irom :  and  in  the  form  of  the  letters  T,  I,  and  Z,  from 
which  they  take  the  names  of  T-,  /-,  and  Z-irons.  They 
are  used  for  joining  piece  to  piece  in  every  kind  of  iron- 
work, as  well  as  for  forming  component  parts  and  principal 
members  (as  the  ribs  of  ships,  the  V-girders  of  bridges  aud 
floors)  in  all  iron  structures.    Also  called  annle-bar. 

angle-meter  (aug'gl-me"ter),  n.  [<  angle's  + 
meter",  q.  v.  See  angulometer.']  Any  instru- 
ment used  for  measuring  angles;  particularly, 
an  instrument  employed  by  geologists  for  mea- 
suring the  dip  of  strata ;  a  clinometer. 

angle-modillion  (ang'gl-mo-dil"yon),  n.  [< 
aiigh'3  +  iiiodillion.]  A  modillion  or  carved 
bracket  placed  beneatli  an  angle  of  a  cornice  in 
the  direction  of  its  diagonal,  or  of  the  line  of 
its  mitering. 

angle-plane  (ang'gl-plan),  «.  In  carp.,  a  plane 
whoso  bit  reaches  into  a  reentering  angle. 

angle-pod  (ang'gl-pod),  «.  The  name  of  an 
asclepiadaceous  vine,  Gonolobus  Icevis,  of  the 
southern  United  States. 

angler  (ang'gler),)i.  [=0D.  anglwler  (D.henge- 
laar)  =  G.  angler  =  Dan.  angler;  <  anglc^,  v.,  + 
-e?'!.]     1.  One  who  angles;  a  fisher  with  rod 


Boring  Angle-brace. 

handle,  by  which  motion  is  communicated  to 
the  dliil.  This  tool  is  chiefly  used  for  boring  holes  in 
positions,  as  corners,  where  the  ordinary  brace  cannot  be 
conveiiientl\'  a p]. lied.  For  heavy  work  it  is  usually  mount- 
ed in  an  <.rdinai\  drill-frame.     Also  called  corner-drill. 

angle-bracket  (ang'gl-brak"et),  n.  A  bracket 
placed  at  the  vertex  of  an  interior  or  exterior 
angle,  and  not  at  right  angles  to  the  sides. 

angle-brick  (ang'gl-brik),  «.  A  brick  molded 
to  tit  any  angle  other  than  a  right  angle,  or  used 
to  ornament  a  quoin. 

angle-capital  (ang'gl-kap"i-tal),  H.  1.  Jn  Gre- 
cian Ionic  arch.,  a  capital  on  the  comer  column 


Angle-Capital,  north  porch  of  the  Erechtheum,  Athens. 
1.  internal  angle;  2,  external  angle. 


Angler  {.Lophins piscatorius). 

and  line. —  2.  The  fish  Lophius  piscatorius,  the 
typical  representative  of  the  family  Lophiidie 
(which  see).  The  name  was  introduced  by  Pennant  in 
place  of  the  earlier  names /(*"A('7i;/-.^'(w/ and  7Vo(7/i«A,  in  allu- 
sion to  its  attracting  small  fish,  which  are  its  prey,  by  the 
movement  of  certain  filaments  attached  to  the  head  and 
utouth.     It  is  found  on  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  America. 

angle-rafter  (ang'gl-raf  "ter),  n .  A  rafter  placed 
at  the  jimetion  of  the  inclined  planes  foi-ming 
a  hipped  roof.  Also  called  hip-rafter,  and  some- 
times piend-rafter.     See  hijA,  4. 

angler-fish  (ang'gler-fish),  n.  A  fish  with  ce- 
phalic spines  modified  for  attracting  other 
fishes,  or  resembling  a  fishing-pole  and  line  with 
bait;  any  fisli  of  the  order  Pediculati. 

Angles,  ".  I>!.    See  Angle^. 

angle-shades  (aug'gl'-shadz),  n.  A  British 
moth,  the  Phlogophora  meticnlosa. 

anglesite (ang'gle-sit),  n.  [< Anglesea,  Anglesey, 
<  AS.  Angle-icg  (=  Icel.  Ongulsey),  lit.  .Angle's 
island,  so  called  after  it  was  conquered  by  the 
Angles;  formerly  called  Mona;  <  Angles,  gen. 
of  Angel  (see  Angle"),  +  eg,  ig,  island:  see  ait, 
ey^,  and  island.']  A  sulphate  of  lead  occurring 
in  prismatic  crystals,  commonly  transparent 
and  colorless,  with  brilliant  adamantine  luster 
and  light  shades  of  yellow,  green,  blue,  and 
gray.  It  occurs  also  in  massive  forms  with  granular 
structure.  The  crystals  ale  often  found  in  cavities  of  the 
lead  sulphid  galena,  from  the  decomposition  of  which  they 
have  been  formed. 

angle-splice  (ang'gl-splis),  n.  A  splice  in  the 
angle  of  a  rail-head  or  -foot, 


Anglicize 

angle-staff  (ang'gl-staf),  n.  In  building,  a  ver- 
tical woorlen  strip  placed  at  a  projecting  or 
salient  angle  in  an  interior,  to  preserve  the 
corner,  and  to  serve  as  a  guide  by  which  to  float 
the  plaster  when  flush  with  it.  When  prominent 
it  is  generally  made  ornamental,  and  when  rounded  it 
is  called  an  aiujle-head  or  ntajf-bead. 

anglett,  «.     EiToneous  foi-m  of  aglet. 

angle-tie  (aug'gl-tl)   n.    See  angle-brace  (a). 

angletwitch  (ang'gl-twich),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also 
coiTuptly  angletouch,  <  ME.  anglclwitchc,  anglc- 
twachc,  <  AS.  angeltwicca,  -twccca,  -twwcca, 
-twiecc,  <  angel,  a  hook,  angle,  +  'iwicca,  <  twic- 
cian,  twitch,  tweak:  see  angle^  and  twitch, 
tweak.  Cf.  E.  dial,  twachel,  a  dew-worm ;  an- 
gledog,  a  large  earthworm.]  An  angleworm; 
an  earthworm.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

anglewise  (ang'gl-wiz),  adv.  [<  angleS  +  wi'se^.] 
After  the  manner  of  an  angle ;  angularly. 

angleworm  (ang'gl-wenn),  n.  [<  angle'^  + 
ivorm.']  A  worm  used  for  bait  in  angling;  an 
earthworm. 

Anglian  (ang'gli-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  AngUa, 
the  region  inhabited  by  the  Angles,  in  a  wider 
sense  England  (<  L.  Angli,  .Angles:  neeAiigle^), 
+  -an.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Angles, 
or  to  East  Anglia. 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  tribe  of  the  Angles. 

Anglic (ang'glik), a.  [< ML. Anglicus,<'Li. Angli, 
the  Angles:  see  Angle".]  Same  as  Annlian. 
[Rare.] 

Anglican  (ang'gU-kan),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  Anr- 
glicatius,  <  ^^jigTicHS,' pertaining  to  the  Angles 
or  to  England:  see  Anglic]  I.  a.  English. 
Specifically — (a)  Of  or  pertaining  to  England 
ecclesiastically;  pertaining  to  or  connected 
with  the  Church  of  England. 

Many  members  of  the  Papal  communion  have  main- 
tained the  validity  of  Anglican  orders. 

Gladstone,  Church  Principles,  p.  228.    (JV^.  E.  D.) 

(b)  High-church ;  pertaining  to  or  characteris- 
tic of  the  high-church  jiarty  of  the  Church  of 
England — Anglican  Church,  (n)  The  church  of  Eng- 
land, especially  as  maintaining  a  Catholic  character  in  in- 
dependence of  the  pope  :  usually  applied,  therefore,  to  the 
Church  of  England  since  the  Befomiation.  This  designa- 
tion occurs,  however,  in  a  provision  of  Magna  Charta, 
"  that  the  Anglican  Church  be  free  "(quod  Anglicana  cede- 
sia  libera  sit). 

The  sober  Pi'inciples  and  old  establishment  of  the  An- 
glicans Church. 

Fell,  Hammond's  Life,  in  his  Works,  I.  12.    (.AT.  E.  D.) 

(b)  In  a  more  comprehensive  sense,  the  Church  of  England 
and  the  churches  in  other  countries  in  full  accord  with  it 
as  to  doctrine  and  church  organization  ;  that  is,  the  Church 
of  Ireland  (disestablished  1869),  the  Episcopal  Church  in 
Scotland,  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 
States,  and  the  churches  founded  by  the  Church  of  England 
in  the  British  colonies  or  elsewhere.    Sec  episcopal. 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, or  of  a  church  in  full  agreement  with  it. 
— 2.  One  who  upholds  the  system  or  teachings 
of  the  Church  of  England ;  especially,  one  who 
emphasizes  the  authority  of  that  church;  a 
high-ehui'chman. 

Anglicanism  (aug'gli-kan-izm),  n.  [<  A7igli- 
can  +  -ism.]  The  principles  of  the  Anglican 
Chm'ch  or  of  Anglicans. 

Anglic^  (ang'gli-se),  adv.  [ML.,  adv.,  <Angli- 
CHS,  English  :  see  Anglic]  In  English ;  in  the 
Eiijjlisli  language. 

Anglicifyt  i  ang-glis'i-fi),  V.  t.  [<  ML.  Anglicus 
(fiee  Anglic)  -\-  -/)/,  <  L.  -ficare,  <  facere,  make.] 
To  make  Englisli ;  Anglicize.     [Rare.] 

Anglicisation,  Anglicise.    See  Anglicization, 

Anglicize. 
Anglicism  (ang'gli-sizm),  n.     [<  ML.  Anglicus 
(see  Anglic)  +  -ism.]     1.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  English  ;  that  which  is  peculiar  to 
England  in  speech,  manner,  or  principle. 

If  Addison's  langUiige  had  been  less  idiomatical  it 
would  have  lost  something  of  its  genuine  Anglicism. 

Johnson,  Addison. 

She  [England]  has  a  conviction  that  whatever  good  there 
is  in  us  is  wholly  English,  when  the  truth  is  that  we  are 
worth  nothing  except  so  far  as  we  have  disinfected  our- 
selves of  Anglicvim.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  SO. 

2.  An  idiom  of  the  English  language. —  3.  A 
word  or  an  expression  used  particularly  in  Eng- 
land, and  not  in  use,  or  in  good  use,  in  the 
United  States. 

Anglicization  (ang"gli-si-za'shon),  «.  [<  An- 
glicize +  -ation.]  The  act  or  process  of  making 
English  in  form  or  character,  or  of  becoming 
Ant'lieized.     Also  s])e\\eA  Anglicisation. 

Anglicize  (ang'gli-siz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
Anglicized,  ppr.  Anglicizing.  [<  ML.  Anglicus 
(see  Anglic)  +  -izc]  To  make  English;  render 
conformable  to  English  modes  or  usages.  Also 
spelled  Anglicise.     [Often  without  a  capital.] 


Anglicize 

The  last  persons  who  bear  any  likeness  to  the  tarn- 
anone  are  the  Gennans,  irith  their  honest,  heavy  laces 
comically  anglicised  by  leg-ol-mutton  whiskers. 

Jloirellf,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 

AngMcation  (ang'gli-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  J"- 
gtifi/:  see  -tictitioii.']  The  act  of  making  Eng- 
lish, or  of  bringing  into  eouformitj-  with  English 
mo.ies  and  ideas. 

Angliform  (ang'gli-form),  a.  [<  L.  Jngh, 
Angles,  English  (see  Angle^),  +  forma,  form.] 
Resembling  English  in  form:  as,  ''the  Angli- 
iorm  dialects  of  the  Continent,"  J.  A.  H.  Mur- 
'ray.  Encvc.  Brit.,  VHI.  391. 

Anglify  I'ang'gU-fi),  v.  1. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Angli- 
fied,  ppr.  AnyUfi/ing.  [<  L.  Anglus,  sing,  of 
Angli  (see  Angk'i),  +  -,-y,  <  L.  -Jicare,  <facere, 
make.]  To  make  English;  Anglicize;  espe- 
cially, to  adopt  into  the  Englisli  language  and 
make  a  part  of  it:  as,  to  AngUfij  French  words, 
that  is,  to  give  them  an  English  form  in  orthog- 
raphy, inflection,  or  pronunciation.     [Kare.] 

The  shops  [in  JIauritius]  were  all  French :  indeed,  I 
should  think  that  Calais  or  Boulogne  was  much  more 
Aii'Hined.  Danrin,  Voya^;e  of  Beagle,  II.  2S2. 

angling  (ang'gling),  H.  n'erbal  n.  of  aiiglel,  c] 
The  act  or  art  of  fishing  with  a  rod  and  line; 
rod-fishing. 

We  may  say  of  anffling  as  Dr.  Botcler  said  of  strawber- 
ries :  "  Doubtless  God  could  have  made  a  better  berry,  but 
doubtless  God  never  did;"  and  so,  if  I  miglit  be  judge, 
God  never  did  make  a  more  calm,  quiet,  innocent  recrea- 
tion than  angling.  I.  Walton,  Complete  .\ngler,  i.  6. 

Anglish  (ang'glish),  a.  and  n.  [<  AngJe'^  + 
-i«Al.  The  AS.  JCnglisc,  orig.  'Aiiglisc,  having 
become  E.  English  with  much  altered  meaning, 
the  term  Anglish  has  been  occasionally  used  by 
recent  ^rriters  in  the  original  seuseof  'English': 
see  English.']  I.  a.  Anglian;  Anglo-Saxon; 
English. 

n.  H.  The  Anglo-Saxon  or  earliest  English 
language.     Haldeiiian. 

Anglo-.  [First  in  ML.  A  nglo-Saxones  (see  Anglo- 
iSiuon)-  the  combining  form  of  L.  Angliis,  pi. 
Angli,  the  Angles,  the  'English,'  extended  to 
include  the  modern  English:  sqc  Angle".']  An 
element  in  many  compound  words,  meaning 
Angles  or  English,  connected  with  England: 
as,  -l;i,</''»-.\mericau  ;  jHi/Zo-Indian. 

Anglo-^ American  (aug  "gl6-a-mer'i-kan),  a.  and 
n.  l.a.  1.  Belonging  or  relating  to,  or  connect- 
ed with,  England  and  Ameiica  or  the  UihI<  d 
States,  or  with  the  people  of  both:  as,  Ani/lit- 
American  commerce;  Anglo-.lmiricini  relations. 
—  2.  Pertaining  to  the  English  who  have  settled 
in  America,  especially  in  the  United  States,  or 
have  become  American  citizens:  as,  the  Anglo- 
American  population  of  New  York. 

n.  «•  -^  native  or  descendant  of  a  native  of 
England  who  has  settled  in  America  or  has  be- 
iiiiiii'  ill]  .\iniriean  (United  States)  citizen. 

Anglo-Catholic  (ang-gl6-kath'o-lik),  a.  and  «. 

1.  a.  1.  (.'atholie  according  to  the  teachings  of 
the  Church  of  England.  The  Church  of  KiiKlimd 
ninintaiu-H  that  it  iMCutlidlic  in  the  same  sense  uiid  iin  the 
same  uFMUnds  as  thoi^e  on  which  the  Greek  Church  clainiH 
to  Ih;  Catholic,  namely:  (1)  as  havitig  retiiiiicd  its  organ- 
Iz^ttion  in  continuous  succession  from  the  earliest  Christian 
centtiries  ill  accordance  with  primitive  canons;  (2)  as  re- 
celviittf  the  doctrinal  decisions  of  the  councils  acknow- 
b^dKed  as  ecumenical  by  both  the  Greek  and  the  Latin 
Church ;  and  <:{>  as  having  canonical  jurisdiction  in  the 
countries  in  which  it  exists. 

2.  Laying  especial  stress  on  the  Catholic  char- 
acter of  t  lie  Church  of  England;  liigh-chiircli. 
Applicil  t'>  that  party  in  the  Anglican  cliiirch  wliicli  in 
doctrine  anil  rercnioniea  most  closely  apiiroximates  to  tlic 
Knnrno  Ciitliolic  Church,  srtmctimcH  called  the  ritualuttif, 
fii'ili.itr  i'lfirifitr  nfilion  of  tlie  church. 

n.  N.  A  member  of  the  Church  of  England, 

or  of  finy  Ant'linnn  church;  cHpecially,  one  who 

' '     'miHc  character  of  tlie  Angli- 

Mif  tcnn  has  been  applied  cspe- 

iM  II  i.r  Ihe  Hi'veiiteirilli  ciMitnry, 

■1    iiiid  .IiTeniy  IjiUmi,  and  in 

ih.  rents  of  the  llyfi.r.l  niove- 

:  ;i  J'almer,  J.  II.  Newinun,  Ke- 

I'l  •  later  to  the  rvvlvem  of  niiclunt  ritual. 

Any.  f-i-Tn  'nng'glo-kn-thol'i-sizm),  ;i. 

TK  a  111,'licnn  Church  rcgiirdcd 

O"  '  Hipli'w  of  Aiiglo-Calliolies. 

Anglo-Daiii.Hh  n,.---|,,-ibi'nisli),  n.  I'erlnin- 
iiji.'  I'l  III'    1  iii'li  ii   |);iiiiH,  or  tlio  Danes  who 


Ant; 

II.  i 


i,'l''i-froncli'),  n.  nnd  n.    I. 
-  .'  iK'h;  pertaining  to  the  laii- 
iitye  «<>  I'lilii'l. 

n.  ".  Tliiit  form  of  Old  Freneli  bronght  Into 
Knglatol  l.v  ilie  N.,nniiMH  and  InlcrcoMiiTiifrom 
Kmiioe.  i,i,,i  llir  rcK.  |,i,rnlt>lydivoloiM'd;  Anglo- 
Nonuan. 


214 

Anglogaea  (ang-glo-je'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Anglo-  + 
Ov.  ;a(o,  earth,  eoimtry.]  In  :oogcog.,  the  An- 
glogiaean  realm;  Nearctie  America  or  Areta- 
merica.    G^ill. 

Anglogaean  (ang-glo-je'an),  a.  In  zoogeog.,  a 
term  applied  by  GUI  to  one  of  the  nine  realms  or 
prime  divisions  of  the  earth's  land-sm'face,  in- 
cluding North  America  as  far  southward  as 
about  to  the  present  Mexican  boundary  in  the 
lowlamls,  and  to  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  in 
the  liighlands:  synonymous  viiXh.  Arctami;rican 
or  Xcarctic. 

Anglo-Indian  (ang-glo-in'di-an\  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  1.  Connected  with  both  England  and  India; 
combining  English  and  Indian  characteristics : 
as,  Anglo-Indian  trade;  Anglo-Indian  words. — 
2.  Relating  to  or  connected  with  those  parts 
of  India  which  belong  to  tireat  Britain  or  are 
under  British  protection:  as,  the  Anglo-Indian 
empire. —  3.  Kelating  or  pertaining  to  the  An- 
glo-Indians: as,  .J«f//o-/HrfioH  housekeeping. 

H.  «.  One  of  the  English  race  bom  or  resi- 
dent in  the  East  Indies. 

Anglo-Irish,  (ang-glo-i'rish),  fl.  and  H.  I.  a.  1. 
Connected  with  both  England  and  Ireland  ;  re- 
lating to  both  these  countries  or  to  then-  in- 
habitants.— 2.  Pertaining  to  the  English  who 
have  settled  in  Ireland,  or  to  their  descendants. 
—  3.  Of  English  parentage  on  one  side  and  of 
Irish  on  the  other. 

II.  n.  jil.  1.  English  people  born  or  resident 
in  Ireland. —  2.  Descendants  of  parents  Eng- 
lish on  one  side  and  Irish  on  the  other. 

Anglomant  (ang'gl6-mau).  ?i.;  pi.  Anglomen 
(-men).  [<  F.  anglomane,  (.  anglomanic,  Anglo- 
mania ;  in  Jefferson's  use  (def.  2)  as  if  <  Anglo- 
+  man.]  1.  An  Anglomaniac. —  2.  A  partizan 
of  English  interests  in  America. 

It  will  be  of  great  consequence  to  B^rauce  and  England 

to  have  .\merica  governed  by  a  Galloman  or  an  Anfilomftn. 

Jefferson,  Works  (IS59).  II.  317.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

Anglomania  (ang-glo-ma'ni-ii),  «.  [=  F.  ««- 
glumanit  ;  <  Anglo-  +  Gr.  /lavia,  madness:  see 
mania.]  An  excessive  or  undue  attachment 
to,  respect  for,  or  imitation  of  that  which  is 
English  or  peculiar  to  England,  as  English  in- 
stitutions, manners,  and  customs. 

Anglomaniac  (ang-gl6-ma'ni-ak),  n.  [<  Aiiglo- 
+  maniiic,  after  Anglomania.]  One  who  is  pos- 
sessed liy  a  m.inia  for  all  that  is  English. 

Anglo-Norman  (ang-gl6-u6r'man),  a.  and  n. 

1.  <(.  1.  Pertaining  to  both  England  and  Nor- 
mandy, or  to  their  inhaliitants. — 2.  Pertaining 
to  the  Normans  who  settled  in  England  after 
the  conquest  in  106G.— 3.  Of  both  English  and 
NoiTuan  descent. 

II,  n.  1.  One  of  the  Normans  who  settled  in 
England  after  its  conquest  by  William  of  Nor- 
mandy in  lOliG,  or  one  of  the  descendants  of 
such  a  settler.  The  tei-m  is  seldom  applied  to  any 
descendants  of  the  Nnrnians  of  a  time  later  than  the 
twelfth  century ;  after  that  time  they  are  called  Knglinh. 

2.  The  Norman  dialect  of  Old  French  as  spo- 
ken and  separately  developed  in  England. 

Anglophobe  (ang'gl6-f6b),  H.  [<  F.  iinglo- 
/'liiihi.  <  .\iiglo-,  English,  +  Gr.  <Sio,^eh\  fear.] 
( inc  wlici  hates  or  fears  England  or  the  English. 
.Also  called  .[nglo]ihol>int. 

Anglophobia  (iing-glo-fo'bi-ii),  n.  [<  Anglo-  + 
Gr.  -poiiid,  fear:  see  Phohnn.]  Ati  intctise 
liatred  or  fear  of  England,  or  of  whatever  le 
English. 

Anglophobic  (ang-gl6-fo'bik),  a.  [<  Anglo- 
liliiiliia  +  -II-.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
liv  Aiigliipliiibia. 

Anglophobist  (ang'glo-fo-bist),  n.  [<  Anglo- 
jihol/c  +  -ist.]  Same  as  Anglo/ihohe  :  as,  "a 
bitter  Anglopholii.it,"  JI.  Cabot  Loili/c,  Webster, 
p.  L'lw. 

Anglo-Saxon  (ang-gl6-sak'son),  n.  and  a.  [< 
.ML.  .liiglii-.Saxonvs,  more  correctly  written  .1h- 
glosaxoncs,  pi.,  also  Angli  Saponin  or  Angli  <•( 
Saxoncs,  rarely  Saxontu  Angli.  The  terin  fre- 
quently occurs  in  the  charters  of  Alfred  and 
his  successors  (chielly  in  the  gen.  pi.  willi  nx) 
a.s  the  general  name  of  their  pi'o]ilc,  nil  the 
Tculonic  Iribesin  I'.iiglaiid;  but  it  is  soiiicliiiieK 
conliiicd  to  the  iieople  south  of  the  lluiiilM'r. 
The  same  tenn  is  used  liy  foreign  idironiciers 
and  writers  in  Latin  from  the  Hlh  to  the  TJIh 
century,  in  tlie  same  iiieuning  as  by  Alfred.  In 
the  Latin  cliiiiters  the  giii.  pl.  viiries  f|-oni  .(»- 
ijliiyaxonnm  (lieKiilcs  .Inglornm  Saxiiniim  nnd 
Ini/loriim  rt  Snxonnni)  tliroiigli  the  half  AS. 
hii/nlMaxnniim  to  tin-  wholly  AS.  Anguha.rnn, 
Ilie  AS.  foniiM  (in  the  Anglo-Saxon  cliarter.s) 
\»-\\\tl  Angulsurnn,  -mixuna,  -siaxna,  ■Hrf.rna,  -srx- 
Mrt,  and  Ongulnaxna,  gen.  |(l.  of  ' AnguUraxan 


Anglo-Saxon 

(corresponding  to  TTcst-scaxan,  Edst-Hcaxan, 
Si'tih-seaxan,  -seaxe,  Middel-.sea.rc,  Eald-seaxan, 
West-,  East-,  South-,  Middle-,  01d-Sa.\ous), 
<  Angul,  Ongol.  orig.  the  name  of  the  district 
from  which  the  Angles  came,  in  comp.  the  com- 
bining form  of  Angh;  Engic,  pl.,  the  Angles  (so 
also  in  Angel-,  Ongel-,  Ongol-ei/nn,  also  Angel- 
thcod,  Angel-folc,  the  Angle  (Anglo-Saxon)  peo- 
ple, Angel-cijning,  their  king,  Angel-cijrice,  the 
Angle  (Anglo-Saxon)  church,  Angel-theow,  a 
man's  name,  lit.  Angle-servant),-!-  Sea.ran,  Sax- 
ons :  see  Angle'^  and  Saxon.  In  the  Lat  in  charters 
the  country  is  sometimes  called  Anglosaxonia  or 
Angulsaxonia,  as  well  as  Saxonia.  The  ML.  An- 
glosaxones  is  a  true  compoimd,  following  such 
forms  as  L.  Si/roj^hwnix,  <  Gr.  ^rpo^oivii,  a  Syro- 
phenician,  i.  e.,  a  SjTian  Phenician;  L.  Indo- 
.■iCjithnf:,  <  Gr.  'IviSoah-vdoc,  an  Indian  Scythian;  L. 
liido.-ici/thia,  <  Gr.  'Ivdoani'ftia,  Indoscythia;  L. 
Gallogrecci,  the  Gallic  or  Cialatian  Greeks,  Gal- 
lohispani,  the  Gallic  Hispanians,  the  Gauls  of 
Spain,  etc.,  the  form  in  -o-  being  the  crude  form 
or  stem  of  the  first  element,  which  stands  in  a 
quasi-adjective  relation  to  the  second :  see  -«-. 
Cf.  D.  Angehakser,  n.,  -saksisch,  a.,  Sw.  Angel- 
sachsare,  n.,  Angehachsisl;  a.,  Dan.  Angclsach- 
scr,  n.,  Angclsac'hsifik,  a.,  based  on  the  G.  Angel- 
sachse,  pl.  -en,  n.,  Angchdchsisch,  a.;  all  mod.] 
I.  n.  1.  (a)  Literally,  one  of  the  Angle  or 'Eng- 
lish' Saxons;  sometimes  restricted  to  the  Sa.x- 
ons  who  dwelt  chiefly  in  the  southern  districts 
(Wessex,  Essex,  Sussex,  Middlesex — names 
which  contain  a  form  of  Saxon  —  ami  Kent)  of 
the  country  which  came  to  be  known,  from  a 
kindred  tribe,  as  the  land  of  the  Angles,  Engla 
land,  uovf  England,  but  usually  e:(tended  to  the 
whole  people  or  nation  formed  by  the  aggre- 
gation of  the  Angles,  Saxons,  and  other  early 
Teutonic  settlers  in  Britain,  or  the  whole  people 
of  England  before  the  conquest.  (6)  pl.  The 
English  race;  all  persons  in  Great  TJritain  and 
Ireland,  in  the  United  States,  and  in  their  de- 
pendencies, who  belong,  actually  or  nominally, 
nearly  or  remotely,  to  the  Teutonic  stock  of 
England;  in  the  widest  use,  all  English-speak- 
ing or  English-appearing  people. —  2.  [The  adj. 
used  absolutely.]  The  language  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons;  Saxon;  the  earliest  form  of  the  Eng- 
lish language,  constituting,  with  Old  Saxon, 
Old  Friesic,  and  other  dialects,  the  Old  Low 
German  group,  belonging  to  the  so-called  West 
Germanic  division  of  the  Teutonic  speech.  The 
Urst  Anglo-Saxon  dialect  to  receive  literary  cultivation 
was  that  of  tlie  Angles  (Anglo-Saxon  jEngle,  Kngle):  llcnuo 
the  name  ,flngUfic,  Knglixc,  that  is,  Angliith,  was  after- 
ward applied  to  all  the  dialects,  and  particularly  to  the 
jirevailing  one,  West  Saxon  ;  it  is  the  origin  of  the  mune 
F.iuili.sh  as  applied  to  the  modern  mixed  language.  (Seo 
.■iii'iliah  and  Kiitfli.^li.)  -A  Middle  Latin  name  for  the  lan- 
guage was  lliiiiiia  .^axonira,  or  lingua  Saxouum  or  Anglo- 
s(i.ri'iiiini.  'rile  .Anglo-Saxon  language,  in  the  widest  use  of 
the  nainc,  consisted  of  several  dialects;  the  Northern  or 
.Anglian  grouji,  including  the  Did  Northumbrian  and  the 
Midland  or  Mercian  dialects,  and  the  Southern  or  Saxon 
group,  including  the  A\'est  Saxon  anil  the  Kentish.  The 
Kentish  remains  are  scanty,  the  .Mercian  scantier  still  and 
doulitful,  while  the  Old  Ndrtlinmhrian  remains  are  ciui- 
8id<Tuble.  The  great  bulk  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  literature 
is  West  Saxon,  the  two  terms  being  practically  synony- 
inous  cxccjit  when  expressly  distinguished  as  generic  and 
specific.  In  the  Old  or  .Middle  English  period  the  Mid- 
land dialect  became  conspicuous,  and  it  is  to  it  that  tho 
fiinn  of  modern  English  is  cbielly  due.  In  this  dictionary 
.!/e//.i  .s'o.rioi  (abbreviated  AS.)  includes  the  wliole  lan- 
guage (but  chielly  West  .Saxon,  the  Old  Northumbrian  and 
Kentish  being  discriminated  when  necessary)  from  tho 
niiililli'of  the  fifth  century,  or  rather  from  the  seventh  cen- 
tniy.  when  the  llrst  contemi)orary  recorils  begin,  to  tho 
miiiille  or  end  of  tile  twelfth  century  ;  the  langunge  from 
the  conquest  (10(111)  to  the  end  of  this  period  being  'lute 
Anglo-Saxon.'    Seo  English. 

Several  of  the  English  scholars  who  are  most  active  in 
the  sillily  of  early  Eiiigllsh  wage  war  on  -liio/e-No.riin. 
They  iitlack  the  word.  .  .  .  They  are  still  more  hostile  to 
the  suggestion  which  goes  with  the  word,  that  the  speech 
called  .{nght-.Siixoii  is  ililferclit  from  modern  English,  smia 
to  deserve  a  se]iarate  name-  They  siiy  Ihere  has  been  but 
one  H|)cech  spoken  in  E.ngland  by  the  Teutonic  tribes  and 
their  descenilants  frnni  Ca'iliiHin  to  Ti-nn.\  son.  .  .  .  This 
classic  .lii'/'i'-.'iii.ronililfers  from  our  I'.nglish  In  phonology, 
...  in  vocabulary,  .  .  .  |in|  intlections.  ...  in  the  deri- 
vation of  wnrds,  .  .  .  [inl  syntax.  .  .  .  [iiij  vcrsltleatlon  |seo 

f<//iVi'rafi'ioi|,  .  .  .  land  iii|  the den  of  tlionglit.  .  -  .    I'liu 

former  is  a  synthetic  lierman  siieeeh,  w  itii  lis  ow  n  periods 
ol  early  Irregular  iilium,  classic  mil  I  vat  Ion,  decline  and  fall 
Into  dialects  ;  the  latter  an  analytic  mixed  speech  of  llo- 
niiinic  cultivation,  vvlth  nther  lierioi  Is  of  growth,  nnd  chissic 
ri-gnlnrlty  and  progress.  And  a  chaiis  separates  the  two 
binuuiige's.  It  Is  only  when  attenllon  Is  ilirccted  to  the 
history  of  i-tymoliigiciil  roinis  that  unity  can  be  plausibly 
I'hiiiili'd  for  them.  .  .  .  lint  while  the  liiipiirliinie  lit  these 
forilis  In  tracing  the  descent  nf  languages  Is  pmlmbly  not 
iivciralcd,  their  weight  In  estalillshliig  Idcntily  or  ninil. 
larlty  may  easily  he.  .  .  .  The  proposed  use  of  <'/«/ /'.'iio/i«A 
|ln  place  of  .ii'ighi-.tnxim]  dues  not  iMslingiilsli,  but  con. 
founds  all  the  periods  of  ,1  ov/e  .SVrnoi  mid  the  two  curly 
periods  of  ICngllsh.  .  .  .  The  rciisotm  urged  fur  this  no- 
nienehiliire  arc  In  great  nart  scntlnientiil.  H  is  thought 
til  niagnify  the  Kllgllsll  langlnige  and  raie  to  represent 


Anglo-Saxon 

them  as  Low  German,  iKiviiiK  an  unlirukciiliisf  c.i-y  piiviillcl 
with  that  at  thL-  llish  German,  and  n.,rl„„i:  t  ';""«;•' 
more  famous  career  t..  a  more  venerable  amiciuit.\.  l.ut 
Americans  are  taught  to  believe  in  mLxe.1  races,  and  it 
mairnilles  the  Englisli  most  in  our  eyes  to  represent  it  in 
the  ohl  fasliimi,  as  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  great 
laiiKuaKcs,  th.t  bearers  of  the  best  cultivation  of  the  leu- 

^°'"F^ll^Ma'ct^"r^.  Amer.  Philol.  Ass.,  IV.  97-105. 
II  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anglo-Sax- 
ons :'as,  tlie  A nijlo-.Saxoii. kings ;  the  Aiu/lo-Saxon 
language.— 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  language 
of  the  Anglo-Saxons;  belonging  to,  derived 
from,  or  having  the  form  or  si)irit  of  that  lan- 
guage: as,  the  A)i(ilo-Sa.vou  elements  of  mod- 
ern English;  the  proportion  of  Anr/lu-Snxon 
words  in  the  Bible  or  Shakspere;  an  Atiglo- 
Saxon  style,  as  contrasted  with  a  Latin  style.— 
3  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of  Anglo- 
Saxons,  or  the  EngUsh-speaking  race :  as,  An- 
glo-Saxon enterprise;  the  political  genius  ot 
the  Anqlo-Saxon  race. 
Anglo-Saxondom  (ang-glo-sak  son-dum),  n. 
U  Aiu/lo-Sdxoii  +  -lioiii.^  The  Anglo-haxon 
domain;  the  whole  body  of  Anglo-Saxons,  in 
sense  1  (6).  ,         ,.,  ^  ., 

Anglo-Saxonic  (ang'glo-sak-son  ik),  a.  [< 
ML.  Aitylumxon iciis,  < Aiirjlosaxones :  see  Anglo- 
Saxon.^  Of  Anglo-Saxon  character  or  quality; 
Anglo-Saxon  in  origin  or  seeming. 
Anglo-Saxonism  (ang-glo-sak 'son-izm),  n. 
[<  Aiii/lo-Saxon  +  -isiii.~\  1.  A  characteristic  or 
peculiarity  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race.— 2.  A 
word,  phi-ase,  idiom,  or  peculiarity  of  speech 
belonging  to  Anglo-Saxon,  or  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin  or  type.— 3.  The  state  of  being  Anglo- 
Saxon  in  the  widest  sense ;  that  which  consti- 
tutes the  Anglo-Saxon  or  English  character  m 
the  aggregate  ;  the  feeling  of  pride  m  being 
Anglo-Saxon.  . 

angnailt,  '»•    The  more  correct  form  ot  agnail. 

See  agnail  and  hangnail. 
angola  (ang-go'la),  n.    A  common  but  coiTupt 
form  of  aniiora. 

Angola  cat,  pea,  seed,  weed.  &ee  the  nouns 
-angon  (ang^'on),  n.  [ML.  ango,  <  UGr.ayyuv.^ 
The  heavy  barbed  javelm  of  the  Franks.  It  is 
descriljed  as  being  not  very  long,  but  lieavy,  and  used  as 
much  to  drag  down  the  enemy's  shield,  when  fixed  in  it 
bv  its  barbs,  as  to  inflict  wounds;  in  this  respect  resein- 
bling  the  pilum  (which  see).  It  was  also  used  as  a  pike 
or  lance  in  close  combat. 
;angor  (ang'gor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
gour  and  (by  confusion  with  anger^)  anger, 
<  late  ME.  angure,  <  OF.  angor,  angour,  <  L. 
anqor,  ace.  angorem,  anguish,  trouble,  Ut.  a 
strangling,  <  anoere  (=Gr.  ayxeiv),  compress, 
thi-ottle,  strangle,  stifle,  distress,  toi-ment, 
trouble:  see  anguish,  angust,  and  anger'l^.  In 
the  medical  sense  angor  is  nearly  synonymous 
with  the  kindred  aiiyJHa.]  It.  Anguish ;  mtense 
bodily  or  mental  pain. 

For  man  is  laden  with  ten  thousand  languors ; 
All  other  creatures  onely  feele  the  angors 
Of  few  diseases.  „,_    ^     ■      ,  ««•» 

Sylociter,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas  (ed.  Grosart),  The  Fiu'ies,  1. 607. 
Whose  voices,  angers,  and  terrors,  and  sometimes  howl- 
ings,  he  said  he  often  heard.  . 

Abi).  Ussher,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  p.  175. 

2.  In  med.,  extreme  anxiety,  accompanied  with 
painful  constriction  at  the  epigastrium,  and 
often  with  palpitation  and  oppression.  Dungli- 
son.  . 

;angora  (ang-go'ra),  n.  [<  Angora  (Turk.  An- 
ghur),mod.iou]iotGr."AyKvpa,'L.Ancyra,a,to-wn 
in  Asia  Minor,  giving  name  to  the  cat  and  the 
goat  so  caUed:  see  also  Ancyrene.  The  name 
coincides  with  Gr.  ayKvpa,  L.  ancora,  a  hook,  an 
anchor:  see  ancUor\']  A  Ught  cloth  made  of 
Angora  wool,  and  used  for  coats  and  cloaks. 
The  angora  of  commei-ce  does  not  now  contain  Angora 
wool,  but  is  made  of  mohair  and  sill!.  Erroneously  but 
commonly  written  angola. 

Angora  cat,  goat,  wool.    See  the  nouns. 

Angostura  bark.  [<  Angostura,  a  town  m  Ven- 
ezuela, on  the  Orinoco;  lit.  a  nan-ow  pass;  < 
Sp.  angostura  (=  Pg.  angustura),  narrowness,  a 
nan-ow  pass,  <  angosto  (=  Pg.  angusto),  narrow, 
<  L.  anguslKS,  narrow:  see  angust  and  anguish.'] 
See  hark^. 

angrily  (ang'gri-li),  adv.  [ME.  angrily,  angryly, 
-liche ;  <  angry  +  -ly".  Cf .  angerly,  adv.]  In  an 
angry  manner;  with  indications  of  resentment. 
Rashly  and  anariltl  I  promised  ;  but  cunningly  and  pa- 
tiently will  I  per'fonn.  C.  Kingdey,  The  Heroes. 

angriness  (ang'gri-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  angry. 

Such  an  anqriness  ot  humour  that  we  take  fire  at  every- 
thing. Dr.  H.  More,  Whole  Duty  of  Man,  §  22. 

2.  Inflammation  and  pain  of  a  sore  or  swell- 
ing.    [Obsolescent.] 


215 


angry  (ang'gri),  a.  [ME.  angry,  earlier  an- 
ilrnrh;  <  »»(/rcl  +  -i/l.]  It.  ("ausiiig  gnef  or 
trouble;  troublesome;  vexatious;  trying. 

God  had  provideil  a  severe  and  angry  education  to 
chasten  the  frowardness  of  a  young  spirit. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons,  III.  167. 

2t.  Feeling  grief  or  trouble ;  grieved;  troubled; 
vexed.— 3.  Feeling  or  showing  anger  or  re- 
sentment (wilh  or  at  a  person,  at  or  ahout  a 
thing):  said  of  persons. 
Gciii  is  angry  joilh  the  wicked  every  day.  Ps.  vii.  11. 
Rather  be  glad  to  amend  your  ill  living  than  to  be  an,gry 
when  you  are  warned  or  told  of  your  fault. 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough, 
llow  he  fell 
From  heaven  they  fabled,  thrown  by  angry  Jove 
.Sheer  o'er  the  cry.stal  battlements. 

union,  P.  L.,  i.  741. 

4.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  anger; 
wrathful:  as,  an  angry  look  or  mood;  angry 
words  ;  an  angry  reply. 

Often  a  man's  own  angry  pride 
Is  cap  and  bells  for  a  fool. 

Tennyson,  Maiul,  vl. 

5.  Bearing  the  marks  of  anger;  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  being  in  anger ;  frowning ;  fierce : 
as,  an  angry  countenance ;  angry  billows. 

And  with  my  knife  scratch  out  the  angry  eyes 
Of  all  the  Greeks  that  are  thine  enemies. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1469. 

From  the  far  corner  of  the  building,  near  the  ground, 
anarii  putts  of  steam  shone  snow-white  in  the  moon  and 
vaiiished.  R.  L.  Stevenson,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  54. 

6.  Having  the  color  of  the  face  of  one  who  is 

in  anger;  red.     [Rare.] 

Sweet  rose,  whose  hue  angry  and  brave. 

Herbert,  Virtue. 

7.  Sharp;  keen;  vigorous.     [Rare.] 
I  never  ate  with  angrier  appetite. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

8.  In  med.,  inflamed,  as  a  sore;  exhibiting  in- 
flammation. 

This  serum,  being  accompanied  by  the  thinner  parts  of 
the  blood,  grows  red  and  angry.  Wiseman,  Surgery. 

=  Svn   3    4   5    Indignant,  iucensed,  passionate,  resent- 
ful, irritated,  wrathful,  irate,  hot,  raging,  furious,  stormy, 
chcjleric,  inflamed,  tumultuous. 
anguiCUlse  (ang-gwik'u-le),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  fern, 
pi. ;  cf .  L.  anquiculus,  m.,  a  small  serpent,  dim. 
of  anguis,  a  serpent :  see  Anguis.]    -An  old  name 
of  the  small  nematoid  worms,  as  those  of  the 
family  Anguillwlida;,  found  in  sour  paste,  -vine- 
gar, etc.,  and  commonly  called  vinegar-eels.    It 
was  not  used  as  a  zoological  name. 
anguicular  (ang-gwik'n-lar),  a.    Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  aiiguiculoe.  ,     „  ,,      ,      ., 
anguid  (aug'gwid),  n.    A  lizard  of  the  family 

Anquida:  . 

Anguidae  (ang'gwl-de),  n. pi.  p^.,<.Angms  + 
-idcc.  ]  A  family  of  lacertihans,  typified  by  the 
cenus  Anquis.  It  is  closely  related  to  the  Scineidce, 
tnd  contains  a  number  of  feeble,  fragile,  and  harmless  apo- 
dal and  snake-like  Uzards,  living  in  holes  or  under  stones, 
and  feeding  on  insects  or  worms.  The  technical  charac- 
ters are  •  an  esquamate  tongue  whose  anterior  portion  is 
retractile,  clavicles  uudilated  proximally,  postorbital  and 
BOStfrontal  arches  present,  and  temporal  fossa-  roofed  over, 
and  the  body  furnished  with  osteodermal  {ilates  having 
irregularly  branching  or  radiating  channels. 
Anguifer  (ang'gwi-fer),  n.  [L.,  serpent-bear- 
ing, <  anguis,  a  serpent  (see  Anguis),  +  Jerre  = 
E  6e«j-l.]  In  a.s(TO».,  a  northern  consteUatiou 
pictured  by  a  man  holding  a  serpent;  Serpen- 
tarius,  or  Ophiuchus.  See  out  under  Ophiuchus. 
anguiform  (ang'gwi-form),  a.  [<  NL.  (ingm- 
fm-mis,  <  L.  anguis,  a  snake  (see  Anguu^),  +. for- 
ma, form.]  Snaky;  sei-pentine;  like  a  snake: 
said  both  of  shape  and  of  movement:  as,  an 
anguiform  motion;  an  anguiform  myrmvod-, 
"the  anguiform  Chilognathans,"  Kirby,  Habits 
of  Animals  (1835),  p.  68  ,      tot 

Anguiformes  (ang-gwi-for  mez),  «.p?.  LJNL., 
pi  of  anguiformis:  see  anguijorm.]  In  La- 
treille's  system  of  classification,  a  group  ot 
chilognath  myriapods,  correspondmg  to  the 
familv  Iulid(e  of  Westwood. 
AngVlilla  (ang-gwil'a),  n.  [L.,  an  eel  (cf.  Gr. 
I7K  an  eel)rdim.  of  angu,..  a  serpent:  see 


anguish 

fins,  but  by  recent  authors  restricted  to  the 
common  eel,  A.  vulgaris,  and  closely  related 
species,  its  species  are  very  diversely  estimated,  some 
authors  recognizing  about  50,  others  only  4,  the  Arctogajan 
A.  mdgaris,  the  Indian  A.  mannorata  and  A.  nmia,  and 
the  itcKMni:  A .  megaloKtoma. 

anguillid  (ang-gwil'id),  n.  A  fish  of  thefarmly 
AiKiuiUida;  as  an  eel. 

Anguillidae  (ang-gwil'i-do),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
gnilla  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  apodal  fishes,  exem- 
plified by  the  genus  AngitilUi ;  the  tyiiical  eels. 
Various  limits  have  been  assigned  to  it  by  ichtliyol.jgists. 
As  now  restricted,  the  Anguillida:  arc  characterized  by 
the  presence  of  pectoral  flns,  remoteness  of  the  dorsal  «n 
from  the  head,  confluence  of  the  dorsal  and  anal  tins  with 
the  caudal,  presence  of  sm.all  elliptical  obluiucly  set  scales, 
discrete  latci-al  nostrils,  tongue  free  in  front,  slender  re- 
duced  pterygoid  bones,  elongated  jaws,  and  moilerat«ly 
broad  cthmovonierine  region.  In  this  sense  the  family 
contains  only  the  genus  .4>i.'/"''!«- 

anguilliform  (ang-gwil'i-form),  a.  [<  NIj.  an- 
qudliformis,  <  L.  anguilla,  an  eel,  +  forma, 
form.]  1.  Ha-ving  the  form  of  an  eel  or  of  a 
serpent ;  resembling  an  eel  or  a  serpent.  Spe- 
cifically—2.  In  ichth.,  having  the  zoological 
character  of  an  eel ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  An^ 
quiUiformes. 
Anguilliformes  (ang-gwil-i-for'mez),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  pi.  of  anguilUformis :  see  anguilliform.] 
In  Cuvier's  classification  of  fishes,  the  only 
recognized  family  of  Malacopterygii  apodes,  in- 
cluding fishes  with  an  elongated  form,  a  thick 
and  soft  skin,  few  bones,  no  cajca,  and  in  most 
cases  a  swim-bladder  which  is  often  of  singu- 
lar shape.  It  has  been  disintegrated  into  many 
families,  and  even  different  orders. 
Anguillina  (ang-gwi-U'na),  «.  pi.  [NL-,  < 
Anquilla  +  -ina.]  In  Giinther's  classification 
of  fishes,  a  group  of  Mura'nidw platychista;  with 
the  giU-openuigs  separated  by  an  interspace, 
pectoral  fins  present,  nostrils  superior  or  lat- 
eral, tongue  free,  and  the  end  of  the  taU  sur- 
roimded  by  the  fin. 

anguillous  (ang-gwil'us),  a.  [<  L.  anguilla,  an 
eel, -f -oH.v.]  Likeanee_l;anguillifonn.  [Rare.] 
Anguillula  (ang-gwil'u-la),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of 
L.  anguilla,  an  eel.]  A  genus  of  nematoid 
worms  or  nemathelminths,  typical  of  the  family 
Anguillulidw  (which  see).  The  common  vinegar-oel 
is  A.  aceti;  that  of  sour  paste,  A.  ghitinom ;  that  of 
blit'hted  wheat,  A.  tritici.  See  cut  under  Xematoidea. 
anguillule  (ang-gwil'a),  n.  [<  Anguillida,  q.  v.] 
One  of  the  anguiculas  or  Anguillididw ;  any  simi- 
lar eel-like  creature  of  small  size. 
Anguillulidae  (ang-gwi-lii'li-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
An<iuiUula+  -ida.]  Afamilyof  fi-ee,tha*is,not 
parasitic,  nematoid  worms,  including  the  minute 
creatm-es  known  as  vinegar-eels.  The  family  is  re- 
lated to  the  Gordiidm,  or  horsehair  worms,  and  contains 
many  genera,  ot  which  the  best  known  is  Anguillula. 

Anguinae  (ang-gwi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anguis 
-f  -inir.]  The  slow-worms,  or  Anguidw,  ratedas 
a  subfamily  of  Hcincida. 

anguine  (ang'gwin),  a.  [<  L.  anguineus,  <  an- 
guis, a  snake :  see  Anguis.]  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  a  snake;  snake-like:  as,  "the  an- 
qiiine  or  snake-Uke  reptiles,"  Owen,  Comp.  Anat. 
—Anguine  lizard,  a  snake-lizard  of  South  Africa,  Cha- 
rnicsa  ura  u  nniiina.     See  ChamaMura. 

anguineal  (ang-gwin'e-al),  a.  [<  L.  angimmia 
(see  anguine)  +  -al]  Resembling  or  pertammg 
to  a  snake  or  snakes — Anguineal  hyperbola,  a 
term  applied  by  Newton  to  a  hj-pcrbolic  curve  of  the  thil'd 
order  having  one  asymptote  and  three  inflections. 

anguineOUS  (ang-gwin'e-us),  a.  [<  L.  angut- 
ncus:  see  anguine.]     Same  a,s  anguineal. 

Anguinidae  (ang-gwin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anguis  +  -in-  +  -idle.]     Same  as  AnguidM. 

angiiiped,  anguipede  (ang'gwi-ped,  -ped),  «. 
and  u.  [<  L.  anguipes,  <  anguis  (see  Angui.i),  a 
serpent,  +  2)es  (ped-)  =  E.  foot]  I.  a.  Hav- 
ing feet  or  legs  in  the  form  of  serpents:  ap- 
plied to  such  conceptions  as  the  serpent-footed 
giants  of  Greek  mythology. 


Common  Eel  {AKi^uui^  ;  »/,^',/ro  ,. 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  1884.) 

Anquis  ]  A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  fam- 
ily Inquillida::  a  name  sometimes  given  com- 
prehensively to  the  apodal  fishes  with  pectoral 


A  winged  anquipede  giant.  „     „ 

A.  S.  ilurran,  Greek  Sculpture,  II.  305,  note. 

n.  n.  An  individual  fabled  to  have  serpents' 

bodies  and  heads  in  the  place  of  legs. 

Anguis  (ang'g^is),  n.  [L.,  a  serpent,  a  snake, 
lit.  a  throttler,  a  constrictor  (see  constrictor),  < 
angere,  throttle,  choke:  see  anger'^  and  angor.] 
A  genus  of  scincoid  lizards,  typical  of  the  family 
Angu  ida;  represented  by  the  slow-woi-m  or  blind- 
worm  of  Europe,  Anguis  fragilis,  as  the  best- 
known  species.  These  lizards  are  perfectly  harmless, 
though  popularly  thought  to  be  dangerous.  'They  have 
been  supposed  to  be  blind,  from  the  smallness  of  the  eyes. 
The  body  is  very  brittle,  and  the  tail  readily  breaks  oil. 
There  are  apparently  no  limbs,  so  that  the  animal  resem- 
bles a  small  snake  or  worm. 

anguish  (ang'gwish),  n.  [<  ME.  anguish,  atir- 
guyshe,  angwishe,  angwisclie,   etc.,  earher  an- 


anguish 

ffuise,  anguis,  anguine,  angoise,  angus,  etc.,  < 
OF.  anguisse,  angoisse,  mod.  F.  angoisse  =  Pr. 
angoissa  =  OSp.  angoxa  (Sp.  Pg.  angitstia)  = 
It.  angoscia,  anguish,  <  L.  angustia,  straitaess, 
narrowness,  in  class.  L.  usually  in  pi.  angiis- 
tice,  a  defile,  strait,  fig.  straits,  distress,  diffi- 
culty, scareitv,  want,  poverty,  <  angusttts,  strait, 
narrow,  difficult  (cf .  Goth,  aggicus  =  AS.  ange, 
enge,  etc.,  strait,  narrow).  <  angere  =  GT.  ayxeiv, 
choke,  strangle,  stifle :  see  angiist,  angor,  and 
aH<7«  1.]  1.  Excruciating  or  agonizing  pain  of 
either  body  or  mind ;  acute  suffering  or  distress. 

But  they  hearkened  not  unto  Moses  for  anguish  of  spirit, 
and  for  cruel  bondage.  Ex.  vi.  9. 

\Mien  pain  and  anmiish  wring  the  brow, 
A  ministering  angel  thou.     Scolt,  Marmion,  vt  30. 

In  the  sternest  of  his  [Achilles'sJ  acts,  we  read  only  the 
anffuieh  of  his  grief.  De  Quinceii,  Homer,  iiL 

2.  An  overwhelming  emotion.     [Rare.] 

He  cried  in  an  onynisA  of  delight  and  gratitude. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 
=  Syn.  Affony,  Angtiifh,  Panp,  etc.  See  affony  and  ffrief. 
anguish  (aug'gwish),  v.  t.  [<SIE.  anguyschen, 
aiKjicishen,  earlier  anguisen,  anguissen,  <  OF. 
aiigoisser,  anguisser=Vi.  angoissar=Sp.  Pg.  an- 
gustiar=zlt.  aiigosciare ;  from  the  noun.]  To 
distress  with  excruciating  pain  or  giief. 

I  wisli  thou  hadst  not  alighted  so  liastily  and  rougMy; 
it  hath  shaken  down  a  sheaf  of  thy  hair ;  take  heed  thou 
sit  not  upon  it,  lest  it  anffuish  thee. 

Landor,  Leofric  and  Godiva,  p.  61. 

angnished  (ang'g^^■isht),  p.  a.     [Early  mod.  E. 
also  imguisht,  <  "SiE.  angicislied.']     Affected  by 
anguish;  expressing  or  caused  by  anguish. 
On  thy  cold  forehead  starts  the  an{ruuihed  dew. 

Coleridge,  Death  of  Cliatterton. 

anguishonst,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.,  and  mod.  dial., 
<  ME.  anguishous,  aiigwisshous,  earlier  anguys- 
soK^,  angici^sous,  cinguisii.se,  angussus,  <  OF.  aii- 
guissus,  angus.'ius,  later  angoissciix  (Cotgrave)  = 
Pr.  angoissos  =  Sp.  Pg.  angustioso  =  It.  atigosci- 
oso,  <  ilJj.  artgustiosu-SfKlj.  angustia  :  see  anguish 
and-o««.]  Full  of  anguish ;  attended  with  an- 
^.'ui.sh.     Chaucer. 

angular  (ang'gu-lar),  a.  [<  L.  angularis,  <  an- 
gulus,  an  augle:  sec  nngk^.']  1.  Having  an 
angle  or  angles ;  having  comers;  pointed:  as, 
an  angular  figure ;  an  angular  piece  of  rock ; 
a/Iff uter  writing  (that  is,  with  the  turns  sharply 
pointed  instead  of  curved). — 2.  Consisting  of 
an  angle;  forming  an  angle:  as,  an  angular 
point. — 3.  Mea.sured  by  an  angle;  subtending 
an  angle ;  haWng  a  divergence  expressed  in  de- 
grees, minutci,  an<l  .seconds:  as,  angular  dis- 
tance; angular  velocity. — 4.  Of  persons:  (a) 
Having  or  exhibiting  protuberances  of  joint  or 
limb ;  acting  or  mo\'iug  awkwardly  or  as  if  in 
angles, 
lie  is  angular  in  his  movements,  and  rather  tall. 

F.  M.  Crawford,  Paul  Patoff,  viii. 

(A)  Stiff  in  manner;  cranky;  crotchety;  un- 
bending.--Angular  advance  of  an  eccentric,  tiie 

anKl'-  whicll  niea.suj-es  the  arc  descriljeit  ijy  the  center  of 
the  et-centric  in  moving  from  its  position  at  a  half  stroke 
t«)  th.^C  whicll  it  occupies  at  the  conunenccmcnt  of  the 
stroke  of  the  piston.  -Angular  aperture  of  lenses. 

Jk-e  fl/^rfur^.— Angular  artery,  in  aunt.,  the  facial  :ir- 
ler>'  which  pajisca  near  tiic  angle  <jf  the  jaw,  ami  llnally 
near  liie  inner  angle  of  the  eye  ;  especially,  this  latter  por- 
tion of  its  course.—  Angular  belting,  hclting  having  a 
tr;ii.'^'.iil.il  ..'-ctinii  and  used  with  a  gro<ived  iiulley.     It  Is 
.-lUHf-  of  its  great  adhesion,  where  a  narrow 
Iralde  traction  Is  desired.     The  lleavier  Itelta 
tre  made  by  fastening  Idocks  of  Icattier  rir 
niat^;rlal,  slmpe<l  like  truncated  pyramids, 
'-■  of  a  strong  carrier. belt. —  Angular  bone, 

•  I  at  t,r  nc'ir  IIm-  angle  of  the  niandible  of 

•  -  Angular  capital,  an  Incorrect  term 
'  ■  Angular  chain-belt,  "chain  lilted  to 
'  -I  pulley.      In  some  forms  flat  links 

I'hcr,  which  bears  againnt  the  sides  of 

'  M  tbiTc  are  long  links  with  wooden 

til.  Ill,  whose  ends  form  the  hearing 


ti  o       Aii>;.il.ir    gyruH. 
.•».>■  //r ..     AiiKulir  In- 

tTV.l]B.     1   .  •!. 


ADgulor  Gearlr>if. 

'1  of  the  cipint'ir  wtibh 
I  fif  di;cl)natlon   pnsnllig 

'Ilii-y  are  meantirfil  by 
ii  and  clock.  Angular 
'.(  any  !»ody  which  iiii.\-  - 
•  \  point ;  as.  the  awnii'tr 
t  :  HO  railed  bccnuic  him  b 

f  'ilitiiliM-d  between  llni-N 
'ii-  su«  <  t^^lvo  ponllbiliH  of 
oHcUlallOn.  H<"  "•eilln 
.M  driiuinfi,  that  kind  of 
'  III!  hM'h  of  the  prini'lpHl 
iM  |,l,  I,,,.    iiiMl  II..  t..f..r.' 


216 

in  the  representation,  the  horizontal  lines  of  both  con- 
verge to  vanishing-points.  Also  called  oblique  perspective. 
— Angular  processes,  in  anat.,  the  orbital  processes  of 
the  frontal  boue  near  tlic  aiiiiles  of  the  eye.  The  external 
angular  process  is  si mutiiiRS  culled  the  jugal  proccus.  See 
cut  under  jil-i(f(.~  Angular  sections,  that  part  of  mathe- 
matics which  treats  of  the  division  of  ang'es  into  equal 
parts. — Angular  vein,  in  (tnat.,  the  p.art  of  tlie  facial 
vein  which  accompanies  the  angular  artery.— Angular 
velocity,  in  meeh.,  the  angle  which  a  line  perpendicular 
to  the  axis  of  rotation  sweeps  through  in  a  given  unit  of 
time :  the  speed  or  rate  of  revolution  of  a  revolving  body: 
usually  ex-pressed  in  circular  measure  (which  see,  under 
nH'a.^'r're). 

angularity  (ang-gu-lar'j-ti),  n.;  pi.  angularities 
(-tiz).  [<.  angular +  -ity,'\  The  quality  of  being 
angular  in  any  sense ;  an  angular  detail  or 
characteristic. 

No  doubt  there  are  a  few  men  who  can  look  beyond  the 

husk  or  shell  of  a  fellow-being — his  angularities,  awk. 

wardness,  or  eccentricity-*  to  the  hidden  qualities  within. 

IT.  Matthews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  142. 

angularly  (ang'gu-lar-li),  adv.  In  an  angular 
manner;  with  angles  or  comers. 

angularness  (ang'gu-lar-nes),  «.  The  quality 
lit  being  angular. 

angulate  (ang'gu-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
gulated,  ppr.  angulating.  [<  L.  angulatus,  made 
angular  (cf.  LL.  angulare,  make  angular),  <  aii- 
gulus,  angle:  see  angle^.']  To  make  angular  or 
angulate. 

angulate  (ang'gu-lat),  a.  [<  L.  angulatus:  see 
the  verb.]  Formed  with  angles  or  corners;  of 
an  angular  form;  angled;  cornered:  as,  angu- 
late stems,  leaves,  petioles,  etc. 

angulated  (ang'gu-la-ted),  p.  a.  Same  as  an- 
gulate, a.:  as,  "angulated  fore-wings,"  H.  0. 
Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  274. 

angulately  (ang'gu-lat-li),  adv.  In  an  angulate 
manner;  with  angles  or  comers. 

angulation  (ang-giVlii'shon),  n.  [<  angulate.2 
A  formation  of  angles;  the  state  of  being  an- 
gulated. 

angulatO-gibbOUS  (ang-gu-la-to-gib'us),  a.  [< 
L.  angulatus,  angulate,  +  LL.  gibbosus,  gib- 
bous.] Gibbous  with  an  angulate  tendency. 
X.  K.  IK 

angulato-sinuous  (ang-gli-la-to-sin'u-us),  a. 
[<L.  angulatus,  angulate,  +  sinuosus,  sinuous.] 
Sinuous  or  winding  with  the  curves  angled. 
X  E.  I). 

anguli,  n.     Plural  of  angulus. 

anguliferous  (ang-gii-Uf 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  angu- 
lus, an  angle,  +  ferrc='E:  fefarl.]  In  conch., 
having  the  last  whorl  angulated.     Craig,  1847. 

angulinerved  (ang'gii-U-ufervd),  a.  [<  L.  an- 
i/nhis,  all  angle,  -t-  iiervum,  nerve,  +  -erf'-.]  In 
bot.,  having  nerves  which  diverge  at  an  angle 
from  the  midner\'e,  often  branching  repeatedly 
by  subdivision,  as  in  most  exogenous  plants; 
fciillicr- veined:  applied  to  leaves. 

Angulirostres  (ang"gii-li-ros'trez),  n.  pi. 
[ML.,  <  L.  unquUts,  tin  angle,  +  rostrum,  beak.] 
In  Blyth'.s  clas.siliciitiiin"  of  birds  (]84i))j  a 
suporfauiily  group  of  his  Halcyoidvs,  including 
the  todies  and  .iaciiraars,  or  the  two  families 
Todida;  and  (Inlbulida'. 

angulo-dentate  (ang"gu-16-den'tat),  a.  [<  L. 
iiiigiihi.^,  angle,  -I-  itcntatus,  toothed:  800  den- 
I'lti .]     Angularly  toothed. 

angulometer  (ang-gu-lom'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  an- 
;/"'«■<,  angle,  -f  Gr.  /ii-f>ov,  measure.]  An  iii- 
slriiment  for  measuring  external  angles;  a 
goniometer.  It  has  various  forms.  See  cut 
uiiilcr  gonionieler. 

angulose  (ang'gil-los),  a.  [<  L.  angulosii^,  < 
iiiiiiulns,  an  angle.]  Full  of  angles;  angu- 
loi'is. 

angulosity  (ang-gu-los'i-ti),  M.  ;  pi.  angulosilies 
(-liz).  [<  angulose  +  -itil.']  The  state  or  ijual- 
ity  of  being  atigiilotis  or  angular;  angulanly. 

anguloso-gibbous  (ang-gu-lo-so-gib'ug),  a. 
Siiiiio  iis  (niiiiitiitii-gihlious, 

anguloUB  (uMg'gii-'lus),  a.  [=F.  anguleux,  for- 
inirly  iingli  u.r,  =  It.  iingiilo.iii,  <  L.  anguliisus, 
full  of  angles:  see  angnbisr.']  Angular;  hav- 
ing conierH;  hooked;  fonning  an  angle. 

Held  together  by  hooks  and  iin'Hit"us  involutions. 

(ilanrille,  Sce|i.  .Hcl,,  vll.  37. 

angulus  (nng'gu-luH),  H.;  pi.  angHli  (-li).  [Ij.  : 
HOC  angh'^.']  1.  In  anal.,  an  angle:  usril  in 
phra»e»  like  angulus  oris,  the  corner  of  the 
iiiMiith;  angulus  inandibulir,  tlio  angle  of  tlio 
iiiiiiidible  or  lower  jiiw-bon(<;  angulus  cnsia;  the 

■  aiiL'ii.  of  li  rib. — i.  [ea],.']  [NL.]  A  genuH  of 
iiK'llii^kH. 

aneusti  (ang-gust'^,  o.  [<  P.  angwiUi  (Cotgrave), 
<  L.  iDigustus,  Hirait,  narrow,  eoiitriirteil,  Hinall, 
(.antfrrr,  coinpn-HH,  Htriiiiglo ;  Her  anguish,  angitr, 
iiioi  (in^rrl.  I     iNurrow  ;  Btruil.     Burton. 


anhidrosis 

angnstatet  (ang-gus'tSt),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
aiii/ustated,  ppr.  angusttiting.  [<L.  angustatux, 
pp.  of  angustare,  straiten,  narrow,  <  angustiis, 
narrow  :  see  angust.'\  To  make  narrow ;  strait- 
en ;  contract. 

angustate  (ang-gus'tiit),  a.  [<  L.  angust^itus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb.]     NaiTowed;  straitened. 

angustation  (ang-gus-ta'shon),  n.  [<  angus- 
tate.] Theactof  making  angustate  or  narrow; 
a  straitening  or  narrowing  down. 

angusticlave  (ang-gus'ti-klav),  «.  [<  L.  an- 
(justielavius,  adj.,  wearing  a  narrow  purple 
stripe,  <  angustus,  narrow,  -I-  clavus,  a  naU,  a 
knob,  a  purple  stripe  on  the  timie :  see  clavus.'] 
A  narrow  piu-ple  .stripe  or  band  reaching  from 
the  shoulder  to  the  bottom  of  the  tunic  on  each 
side,  worn  regularly  by  members  of  the  Koman 
equestrian  order,  and  sometimes  by  those  of  in- 
ferior rank  who  had  the  means  to  provide  it. 
It  was  woven  in  the  fabric,  and  is  rarely  indi- 
cated in  sculpture. 

angustifoliate  (ang-gus-ti-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  NL. 
angustifiiliatus,  <  h. angustus,  navrov.', -hfoliatiis, 
leaved,  <  folium,  leaf:  see  folio.]  In  hot.,  nar- 
row-leaved. 

angustirostrate  (ang-gus-ti-ros'trat),  a.  [<  NL. 
angustirostratus,  <  L.  angustus,  narrow,  +  ros- 
tratu.'),  beaked,  <  rostrum,  beak.]  In  cotil.,  hav- 
ing a  narrow,  slender,  or  (especially)  com- 
pressed beak:  opposed  to  latirostrate. 

AngUStura  bark.  See  Angostura  barl;  under 
bark-. 

angwantibo  (ang-gwan-te'bo),  n.  [Native 
name.]  The  slow  lemur  of  Old  Calabar,  Arc- 
tocebus  calabarcnsis,  of  the  subfamily  Nyctice- 
binw,  related  to  the  potto,  and  by  some  referred 
to  the  genus  Perodicticus.  The  tail  is  rudimentary ; 
the  inner  digits  of  both  feet  are  opposable  as  tliunitis.  the 
index  digit  is  rudimentary,  and  the  second  digit  of  the- 
hind  foot  terminates  in  a  claw,  the  rest  of  the  digits  hav- 
ing Hat  nails.  The  pelage  is  thick  and  woolly,  of  a  brown- 
i.sll  ciiliir.  paler  or  whitish  below. 

anhangt  (an-hang'),  1'.  t.  [<  ME.  anhangcn, 
anhongen,  no  pret.,  pj).  anhanged,  a  weak  verb; 
mixed  with  anhon,  pret.  anhcng,  anhong,  an- 
hungc,  pp.  anhungen,  anhongc,  a  strong  verb;< 
AS.  "anhon,  "onhOn  (Bosworth),  perhaps  for  n- 
hon,  a  strong  verb,  hang,  <  an,  on,  on  (or  a-),  + 
/loH,  hang:  see  hang.]    To  hang. 

lie  bad  to  take  him,  and  anhaiig  him  fast. 

Chauerr,  Doctor's  Tale,  1.  269. 

anharmonlc  (an-hiir-mon'ik),  ((.  [=F.  anhar- 
miini(]iie :  <  Gr.  ai'-priv.(o«-5)  -\-  harmonic,  q.v.] 
Not  harmonic;  in  geom.,  a  term  aiijtlied  by 
Chasles  to  an  important  kind  of  ratio  introduced 
into  geometry  by  Mobius.  Ifa.a-,!/,  frarefourv.aluea- 
of  a  iinidiincnsional  variable  (for  instance,  tlie  positions- 
of  four  (loints  on  a  line),  then  [  (r — a):{x — I/)]  x  [(t/—b): 
(.1/ — a)  ]  IS  called  the  anluinnonie  ralw  of  the  four  values. 
The  intersections  of  a  plane  pencil  of  four  lines  witli  a  trans* 
versal  have  the  same  anhaniinnic  ratio,  liowever  the  trans. 
versat  may  be  situated  ;  and  this  ratio  is  calleii  the  auhar- 
mimic  ratio  of  the  pencil.  Anharinonic  ratios  arc  always- 
preserved  inorthograjillic  projections,  liy  means  of  these 
ratios,  metrical  luoi^.-rtics  arc  dclliied  as  projective  prop, 
ert  ics  lift  heal  isoliite.  or  conic  titinllnity.  fivval>solnte,n.,'2. 
If  from  tlic  intersection  of  two  lines  tangents  are  drawn  to 
the  absolute,  the  logarithm  of  the  anhamionic  ratio  of  the 
pencil  so  formed  multiplied  by  ji^ — 2  is  the  angle  of  the 
first  two  lines.  .So,  the  logarithm  of  the  anharinonic  ratio 
of  two  points,  together  with  tlic  intcrsi'diiuis  of  theircon- 
iicitiiig  line  witli  the  absolute,  when  niiiltiplicd  by  a  con- 
.sfaiit,  gives  ilie  distance  of  these  points.— AnharnioniC' 
property,  in  o-'oo.,  a  iirojierty  that  is  connected  with  an 
iiiiliaiiiiniiic  ratio. 

anhelation  (an-hc-lii'shon),  n.  [=  F.  anhela- 
lion,  <  L.  anhelatio{n-),  a  diflictilly  of  lireathing, 
panting,  asthma,  <nH/i(7")V',  ]i)i.  anhelatus :  seo 
anhile.]  1.  Shortness  of  breiith;  a  jmnting; 
dilliciilt  respiration;  astliina. —  2.  Kager  desire 
or  asjiiration.     [Karo  in  both  senses.] 

These  .  .  .  nnhclations  of  divine  siuils  after  the  adora- 
ble  object  of  their  love.  Uluiu^ille,  .Sermons,  p.  :ii:i. 

anhelet,  »'.  >•  [Early  mod.  E.  anheale,  <  ME. 
anhclen,  aniUn,  <  OF.  aneler,  anheler,  =  Pr. 
anrliir  =  Sp.  Pg.  anhelnr  =  It .  anelare,  <  L.  an- 
helare,  breathe  with  dilliculty,  pant,  iig.  pant 
for,  pursue  cageiiy ;  <  an-  for  anibi-,  around, 
<in  both  sides,  -(-  -helare,  in  eomii.,  for  holare, 
breathe,  ('f.  i.rlialr  iuu\  inhale.]  To  pant,  esjie- 
eially  witli  eager  desire  and  anxiety. 

With  inost  fervent  destri- they  (ih/icit/c  .  .  .  for  the  fruit 
..f  oiirconvoiallnii.  Latimer,  2d  Sermon  before  i'oiiv. 

anheloset  (an-ho'los),  a.  [As  anhelous  +  -ose.] 
SiiMM'  US  anhelous. 

anholoust  (an-he'luH),  a.  [<  L.  nnhelus,  pant- 
ing, out  of  bri'nth,  <  anhi'larc,  pant  :  see  an- 
hile.]  Oulot  broatli  ;  pnnlitig;  breathing  with 
diffleiilty. 

anhidrOBis  (an-Iii-ibi>'sis),  n.  [NL..  <  Gr.  di'i- 
■V'.",  willioiit  |H'rK|iiriitioii  (<  oi'- priv.  -(-  iil^iur, 
sweat,  akin  to  \i. sweat),  +  -osis.]   Dudcione.y  or 


anhidrosis 

absence  of  perspiration.      Also  written  ani- 
dronifi. 

anhidrotic  (an-hi-drot'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  anlii- 
drosis:  soe -otic]  I.  a.  Tencliiig  or  fitted  to 
cheek  perspiration. 

II.  n.   Any  medicinal  agent  which  cheeks 
perspiration. 

anMma  (an'hi-mii),  n.  [Braz. ;  Sp.  anliina.  Cf. 
aniitma.']  1.  A  Brazilian  name  of  the  kamiehi 
or  horned  screamer,  I'alamcdca  cornuta.  See 
I'alamr(lca.—2.  leap.]  [NL.]  The  typical  ge- 
nus of  tlie  family  Aiihinwlw.     Jlrissoii,  17C0. 

Anhimidae  (an-him'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
hiiiKi  +  -idd-.]  A  family  of  birds,  the  horned 
sfreamers :  synonymous  with  Palamcdeidw. 

Anhimoideae  (an-iii-moi'de-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Aidiiiiia  +  -oidecB.']  A  group  of  birds,  referred 
by  some  as  a  superfamily  to  the  order  Chcno- 
morphcv,  by  others  considered  as  forming  an 
order  by  itself.  It  is  conterminous  with  the 
family  Anhimida;.    See  Palamedeidw. 

anhinga  (an-hing'gii),  n.  [S.  Amer.  name.] 
1.  Tlie  American  .snake-bird,  darter,  or  water- 
tm-key,  riotus  anhinga  ;  a  totipalmate  natato- 


217 

anhydro-.  In  clwm.,  the  combining  form  of  an- 
li'/(lrofis. 

anhydrous  (an-hi'drus),  a.  [<  Gr.  awdpor,  with- 
out water,  <  iiv-  priv.  +  iidup  (!«5p-),  water.] 
Destitute  of  water;  specifically,  in  citem.,  des- 
titute of  tho  water  of  crystallization  (which 
see,  under  water) :  as,  anhydrous  salts. 

ani  (a'ne),  »(.  [Braz.  name:  " A)ii  Brasilien- 
sium,"  Marcgravo,  Johnston,  Willughby  aiid 
Ray.]     A  bird  of  the  genus  Crotophaga,  sub- 


American  Snake-bird  {P/otus  an/ctng-a). 

rial  bird,  of  the  family  Plotidw  and  order  Ste- 
ganopodes.  it  is  related  to  the  cormorants,  and  inhabits 
swamps  of  tlie  warmer  parts  of  America,  from  the  Soutlx 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast  of  the  United  States.  See  darter. 
Pint  us. 

2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  birds :  a  synonym 
of  Plotus.     Brisson,  1760. 

anhistOUS  (an-his'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  oj)-  priv.  -t- 
IcTOQ,  a  web,  mod.  tissue.]  In  anat.,  having 
no  recognizable  structure;  plasmic  or  sarco- 
dous,  as  the  sarcode  of  a  cell  or  the  plasma  of 
the  blood. 

anhungeredt  (an-hung'gerd),  a.  Same  as  ahun- 
gercd. 

anhydrate  (an-hi'drat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
hiidriitcd,  ppr.  anhydrating.  [<  anhydrous  + 
-alv-.]  To  remove  water  fi-om,  especially  from 
a  substance  naturally  containing  it ;  dehydrate. 

It  [glycerin]  is  used  like  alcohol  as  an  anhydrating  me- 
dium in  the  study  of  protoplasm. 

Poulsen,  Bot.  Micro-uheni.  (trans.),  p.  27. 

anhydration  (an-M-dra'shon),  n.  [<  anhy- 
drate.] Removal  of  water  from  anything; 
dehydration. 

anhydremia,  anhydraemia  Can-hi-dre'mi-S), ». 

[NL.,  prop,  aiihydricmia,  <  Gr.  ar«!pof,  without 
water  (<  dv-  priv.  +  iiup  (idp-),  water),  -1-  aiiia, 
blood.]  A  concentrated  state  of  the  blood,  due 
to  loss  of  water. 

anhydrid,  anhydride  (an-hi'drid,  -drid  or 
-drid),  n.  [<  Gr.  avviipog,  without  water,  -I-  -id, 
-ide.]  One  of  a  class  of  chemical  compounds 
which  may  be  regarded  as  made  up  of  one  or 
more  molecules  of  water  in  which  the  whole  of 
the  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  negative  or  acid 
radicals  (which  may  themselves  contain  hydi-o- 
gen).  The  correspondinjj  acids  represent  one  or  more 
moK'clik'S  of  water  in  which  the  same  r.idicals  replace  one 
half  of  the  hydrogen.  Thus,  water  heiniz  H..<>,  siiliiliuric  an- 
hydrid is  SO;j  (or  SOoO),  representiiiu'  ll._.ii  in  wlii,  h  H._.  is 
replaced  by  the  bivalent  radical  SO-i ;  ^\liile  snljtliiiiic  acid 
is  H.jS(J4  (or  HoSOoOo),  representinj;  211.20  in  which  two 
hydroj;cn  atoms  are  replaced  by  .SOo  .and  two  remain. 
They  are  more  precisely  called  acid  anhydnds.  The  ba- 
sic aiiby. iritis,  in  which  the  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  posi- 
tive or  liasic  radirnls.  are  commonly  called  im'taUic  oxids. 

anhydrite  (an-hi'drit),  «.  [<NL.  anhydrite,s,  < 
6r.  avvdpo^,  without  water  (see  anhydrous),  -t- 
4tes:  see  -ite'^.]  Anhydrous  sulphate  of  cal- 
cium. It  is  found  in  the  salt-mines  of  Austria-Hung.ary, 
and  in  the  Harz  mountains,  also  in  geodes  in  limestone  at 
Lockport,  N.  v.,  and  in  extensive  hedsin  Nova  Scotia.  Itis 
usually  granular  in  structm-e,  sometimes  crystalline  with 
cleavage  in  three  rectangular  directions.  Its  color  is  white 
or  grayish-white,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  blue;  also  red. 
The  vulpinite  of  Italy  is  the  only  variety  used  in  the  arts. 


Groove-billed  Ani  {Crotophaga  sulcirostris). 

family  Crotophagina;,  and  family  Cuculida;,  in- 
habiting the  warmer  parts  of  America.  There 
are  several  species,  two  of  them  inhabiting  the  United 
States.  The  black  ani,  Crotophaga  ani,  is  about  a  foot 
long,  entirely  black,  with  violet,  steel-blue,  and  bronze  re- 
flections ;  the  iris  is  brown  ;  the  feathers  of  the  head  and 
neck  are  lanceolate  ;  the  crest  of  the  bill  is  smooth  or  with 
few  wrinkles ;  and  the  eulmen  is  regularly  curved.  It  is 
called  in  the  West  Indies  the  black  witch  and  savanna 
blaclcbird,  and  is  known  to  the  French  of  Cayenne  as  bmU- 
de-setun.  It  occurs  from  Florida  southward.  Another 
species,  C.  sulcirostris,  the  groove-billed  ani,  is  found  in 
tropical  America  and  northward  to  Texas.  Its  bill  has 
three  distinct  grooves,  pjirallel  with  the  curved  eulmen. 
All  are  gregarious  in  habit,  and  nest  in  bushes,  several 
individuals  sometimes  using  one  large  nest  in  common  ; 
they  lay  plain  greenish  eggs,  covered  with  a  white  chalky 
substance.  See  Crotophaga. 
anicut,  ".     See  annicut. 

anidiomatic,  anidiomatical  (an-id'-'i-o-mafik, 

-i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  iiv-  priv.  (rt«-5)  -t-  idiomatic, 
-rt?.]  Contrary  to  the  idiom  or  analogies  of  a 
language;  not  idiomatic.     [Rare.] 

You  would  not  say  "two  times"  ;  it  is  anidiomatical. 
Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations,  II.  278. 

anidrosis  (an-i-dro'sis),  n.    Same  as  anhidrosis. 

Aniella  (an-i-el'il),  n.  [NL.  (J.  E.  Gray).]  A 
genus  of  lizards.typical  of  the  family  Aniellidw. 
Its  distinguishing  features  arc  a  ijody  without  limbs,  and  a 
nasal  shield  entering  into  the  labial  margin.  A.  pvlctira 
is  an  elegant  Califoniian  species. 

aniellid  (an-i-el'id),  n.  A  Uzard  of  the  family 
AuieUida:. 

Aniellidae  (an-i-el'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Aniella 
+  -ida\]  A  family  of  eriglossate  lizards,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Aniella. 

anielloid  (an-i-el'oid),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Anielloidea. 

Anielloldea  (uu"i-e-loi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL..  < 
Aniella  +  -oidea.]  A  superifamily  of  eriglos- 
sate lacertiliaus  (lizards),  represented  by  the 
single  family  ^-1 /((>///(/((',  ha\dng concavo-convex 
vertebrce,  clavicles  not  dilated  posteriorly,  no 
postorbital  or  postfrontal  squamosal  arches,  no 
interorbital  septum,  and  no  cranial  columella. 

anientt,  ".  t.  [<ME.  anientcn.  (more  commonly 
anientishen,  etc.:  see  anientish),  <  OF.  anienter, 
anaienter,  anicntir,  avcanter  (F.  aneantir  —  Pv. 
anientar  =  It.  auuicutare),  destroy,  reduce  to 
nothing,  <  a  (L.  ad,  to)  -I-  nient,  neant,  F.  neaut 
=  Pr.  neien,  nieii  =  lt.  neente,  niente,  nothing,  < 
ML.  *neen{tr-)s  or  *necen(t-)s,  lit.  not  being,  < 
ne,  not,  or  nee,  not,  nor,  -h  e)!{t-)s,  being:  see 
ens,  entity.]  1.  To  reduce  to  nothing  or  no- 
thingness; bring  to  naught;  frustrate.  Piers 
Plowman. —  2.  In  Zaw,  to  "abrogate;  make  null. 
Bourier. 

anientisht,  v.t.  [<  ME .  anientishen,  anentisehen, 
annentiscken,  etc.,  earlier  ««ien((sen,  anyentisen, 

<  OF.  anicn  tiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of  anien  tir, 
anienter:  see  anient  and  -ish'^.]  To  reduce  to 
nothing;  annihilate. 

Ire,  coveitise,  and  hastifness,  .  .  .  which  three  things 
ye  han  nat  anientisscd  [var.  amntysched]  or  destroyed. 

Chancer,  Tale  of  Jlelibeus. 

anigh  (a-ni'),  prep.  phr.  as  adi\  and  prep.   [Mod., 

<  a-i -i^' nigh,  after  anear,  afar,  etc.]  I.  adv. 
Nigh;  near;  close  by. 

II.  prep.  Nigh;  near. 
anightt  (.a-nif),  i-))-q5.    phr.   as    adr.     [<  ME. 
amjght,  d'nyght,  <  AS.  on  niht:  see  a3  and  night.] 
At  night ;  in  the  night-time  ;  by  night. 

I  broke  my  sword  upon  a  stone,  and  hid  him  take  that, 
for  coming  anijIU  to  Jane  Smile. 

Shale.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 


amma 

anightst  (a-nits'),  adv.  [Equiv.  to  anight,  but 
witii  nilv.  gen.  suifix  as  in  AS.  nihtes,  E.  nights, 
adv. :  see  nights.  Similarly,  o'  nights,  of  niglits, 
where  in  popular ajjjH'eliension «»///( (sis plural.] 
By  night ;  nightly :  used  of  repeated  or  habitual 
acts. 

The  turnkey  now  his  flock  returning  sees, 
L>uly  let  out  anights  to  steal  for  fees. 

Swift,  Morning. 

anil  (au'il),  n.  [Early mod.  E.  aniU,  anill,  ancle, 
<  F.  auil,<.  Pg.  «ni7  =  Sp.  aiiil  (formerly  also 
aiiir),  <  Ar.  an-nil,  <  at,  the,  -I-  nil,  Pers.  Hind. 
nil,  <  Skt.  nili,  indigo,  indigo-plant,  inila,  dark 
blue.  CL  lilac]  1.  A  somewhat  woody  legu- 
minous plant.  Indigo/era  Anil,  from  whoso 
leaves  and  stalks  the  West  Indian  indigo  is 
made,  it  is  a  connnon  species  in  Mexico  and  tropical 
America,  and  is  a  larger  plant  than  the  Asiatic  /.  tinctoriu, 
which  is  the  species  ordinarily  cultivated  for  tlie  produc- 
tion of  indigo. 
2.  Indigo.     [In  this  sense  nearly  obsolete.] 

anile  (an'il  or  -il),  a.  [<  L.  anilis,  <  anus,  an  old 
woman.]  Old-womanish ;  imbecile :  as,  "puerile 
or  anile  ideas,"  Walpole,  Catalogue  of  Engrav- 
ers. 

A  general  revolt  against  authority,  even  in  matters  of 
opinion,  is  a  childish  or  anUe  superstition,  not  to  be  ex- 
cused by  the  pretext  that  it  is  only  due  to  the  love  of  free- 
dom cherished  in  excess. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  198. 

anilia  (a-nil'i-a),  n.  [ianil  +  -ia.]  Same  as 
an  iline. 

anilic  (a-nil'ik),  «.  [<rtH// -H -fc]  Pertaining 
to  or  derived  from  anil:  as,  anilic  aeid. 

anilide  (an'i-lid  or  -liil),  II.  [<  anil{ine)  +  -ide.] 
Same  as phenyliimide. 

aniline  (an'i-lin),  n.  and«.  [<  anil  (with  refer- 
ence to  the  brilliant  violet  and  indigo  dyes 
which,  with  others,  are  prepared  from  aniline) 
-f-  -jneS.]  I.  n.  Amidobenzol,  CgH5NH2,  a 
substance  which  fm'nishes  a  number  of  bril- 
liant dyes.  It  was  dis(  ovcrcd  in  isa;  liy  rnverdorlicn, 
as  a  product  of  the  ilistiil;iti(iij  .,f  imli-n,  and  called  )iy 
him  crystallin.  It  did  not  aciiuin?  conniiclcial  iiiiliortance 
until  1856,  when  the  purjile  dye  mauve  was  prepared  from 
it  by  Perkin.  It  is  found  in  small  quantities  in  coal-tar, 
but  the  aniline  of  commerce  is  obtained  from  benzol, 
another  product  of  coal-tar,  consisting  of  hydrogen  and 
carbon,  Cf^Hp.  Benzol  when  acted  on  by  nitric  acid 
produces  nitrobenzol  ;  and  this  latter  substance  when 
treated  with  nascent  hydrogen,  usually  generated  by  the 
action  of  acetic  acid  iipnn  ir<jn  filings  or  scraps,  produces 
aniline,  wliich  is  an  oily  liquid,  colorless  when  pure,  some- 
what heavier  than  water,  having  a  peculiar  vinous  smell 
ami  a  burning  tiiste.  It  is  a  strong  base,  and  yields  well- 
characterized  salts.  When  acted  on  by  arsenic  acid, 
potassium  bichromate,  stannic  chlorid,  etc.,  aniline  pro- 
duces a  great  variety  of  compounds  of  very  beautiful  col- 
ors, known  by  the  names  of  aniline  purple,  aniline  green, 
violet,  magenta,  etc.     Also  called  anilia, 

II,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  aniline: 
as,  aniline  colors.  — Aniline  oil,  a  by-product  of  the 
manufacture  of  aniline,  cimtaiiiiim  aniline,  toluidine,  and 
a  number  of  other  oruanic  iia>.s  <.l  the  aromatic  series.  It 
is  used  as  a  solvent  for  ruljbcr,  copal,  etc.— Aniline  pen- 
cil, a  mixtm-e  of  aniline,  graphite,  and  kaolin,  used  for 
copying,  markiug  in  permanent  color,  and  transferring 
writing  or  designs. 

anility  (a-niri-ti),  n.  [<L.  anilita(t-)s,  <  anilis  : 
see  anile.]  'The  state  of  being  anile;  the  old 
age  of  a  woman ;  womanish  dotage  :  as,  "marks 
of  anility,"  Sterne,  Sermons,  xxi. 

anilia  (a-nil'a),  n.  [<  «»//,  q.  v.]  A  com- 
mercial term  for  West  Indian  indigo,  derived 
from  the  name  of  the  plant  from  which  it  is 
prepared.     See  anil. 

anima  (an'i-ma),  «.;  pi.  animrE  (-me).  [L..  a 
current  of  air,  wind,  air,  breath,  the  vital  prin- 
ciple, life,  soul:  sometimes  equiv.  to  anitnus, 
mind  (see  animus,  and  ef.  Gr.  aveuog,  wind) ; 
both  from  root  seen  in  Skt.  y/an,  breathe,  repr. 
in  Tent,  by  Goth,  nsanan,  breathe  out,  expire; 
cf.  Icel.  auda  =  Sw.  andas  =  Dan.  aande, 
breathe,  leel.owfZ,  breath,  life,  soul,  =  Sw.  anda, 
ande  =  Dan.  aande,  breath  (>  Se.  aiind,  aind, 
aynd,  breath,  breathe) ;  also  Icel.  audi,  breath, 
spirit,  a  spirit,  =  Dan.  aaud,  spirit,  soul,  a  spirit, 
ghost,  =OHG.rtHf()  =  OS.  ««rfo=AS.  nnda.  zeal, 
indignation,  anger,  en\-y:  for  the  change  of 
sense,  cf.  auinius  and  animosity.]  Soul;  vital 
principle ;  the  intelligent  principle  supposed  to 
preside  over  \'ital  actions :  anciently  applied 
to  the  active  principle  of  a  drug,  as  if  this  were 
its  sotil — Anima  bruta,  the  soul  of  brutes;  the  soul 
of  animals  other  than  ni;ui ;  the  principle  of  brute  in- 
telligence and  vitality.— Anima  humana,  the  human 
soul;  the  principle  of  Ininian  intelligence  and  vitality. — 
Anima  mundi,  the  soul  oi  the  world  ;  an  ethereal  essence 
or  spirit  supposed  to  t'e  diltnscd  through  the  universe,  or- 
ganizing and  acting  throughout  the  whole  and  in  all  its 
different  parts. 

The  doctrine  of  the  anima  mundi,  as  held  by  the  Stoics 
and  Stratonicians,  is  closely  allied  to  pantheism ;  while 
according  to  others  this  soul  of  the  universe  is  altogether 
intermediate  between  the  Creator  and  Ills  works. 

Fleming. 


animability 

animability  (an'i-ma-bU'i-ti),  n.  [<  animabje : 
see  -bility.']  Capacity  of  animation ;  capability 
of  being  animated. 

in  niiimahit'ilti  of  body  is  acquired  (il  we  may  coin  a 
woni).     ir.  Tayl'ur,  Monthly  Kev.,  LXXlV.  393.  (.V.  E.  D.) 

animablet  (an'i-ma-bl),  a.  [<  L.  animabilis  (a 
doubtful  reading),  <  animare,  animate :  see  ani- 
mate, r.]     Susceptible  of  animation. 

animadversalt  (ani-mad-ver'sal),  n.  [<  L. 
animadicrsusi^p.otanimadvertere:  seeanimacl- 
rert)  +  -al.J  That  whieli  has  the  power  of  per- 
ceiving ;  a  percipient.     [Bare.] 

That  lively  inward  animadrersal :  it  is  the  soul  itself: 
lor  I  caniiot  conceive  the  body  doth  animadvert. 

l}r.  H.  ilore,  Song  of  the  Soul,  p.  422,  note. 

animadversioa  (an'i-mad-ver'shon),  H.  [<  L. 
animadcersio{n-),  the  perception  of  an  object, 
consideration,  attention,  reproach,punishment, 
(.aiiimaihertere,  pp.  animadrersug :  see  animad- 
vert.] It.  The  act  or  faculty  of  observing  or 
noticing;  observation;  perception. 

The  sonl  is  the  sole  percipient  which  hath  animadver- 
tion  and  sense.  Glanvilte,  Seep.  Sci. 

2.  The  act  of  criticizing;  criticism;  censure; 
reproof. 

He  dismissed  their  commissioners  with  severe  and  sharp 
aiiiniadrersions.  Clarendon. 

We  must  answer  it,  .  .  .  with  such  animadversion  on 
its  doctrines  as  they  deserve. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7, 1834. 

=  Syn.  2.  Remark,  comment,  reprobation,  reprehension. 

animadversive  (an'i-mad-ver'siv),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  animadversus,  yv-  of  animadveriere:  see 
animadi'crt.'i  I.  a.  Having  the  power  of  per- 
ceiving; percipient:  as,  "the  animadversive 
faculty,"  Coleridge. 
II.  »■  A  percipient  agent.     JNT.  E.  D. 

animadversiveness  (an'i-mad-ver'siv-nes),  H. 

The  iiower  of  animadverting.  Bailey. 
ajuiucidvert  (an  i-mad-vert'),  "•  «•  L^  ^-  «'"- 
madrrrUre,  regard,  observe,  notice,  apprehend, 
censure,  punish;  byerasisfora«i»i»»(  adcertere, 
in  same  senses,  lit",  turn  the  mind  to :  animum, 
Siccot  animus,  the  mind  (see  aH«»iK.s);  advertere, 
turn  to:  see  advert.'\  If.  To  take  cognizance 
or  notice. — 2.  To  comment  critically;  make 
remarks  by  way  of  criticism  or  censiu'e;  pass 
fitrictures  or  criticisms. 

A  man  of  a  most  animadverting  humour ; 
Who,  to  endear  himself  unto  his  lord. 
Will  tell  him,  you  and  I,  or  any  of  us. 
That  here  are  met,  arc  all  pernicious  spirits. 

B.  Joruon,  Magnetick  Lady,  ii.  1. 

I  wish,  sir,  you  would  do  us  the  favour  to  animadvert 
frequently  upon  the  false  taste  the  town  is  in.         Steele. 

Tile  (gentleman  from  Lowell  animadverted  somewhat, 
last  evenni^,  on  the  delays  attending  tlie  publication  of 
the  reports  of  decisions.        ii.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  374. 

=  Syn.  2.  Of  animadvert  upon :  To  comment  upon,  criti- 
cize, di.napprove,  reprehend,  blame,  censure. 
animadverter  (au'I-mad-vtr'tcr),  n.  One  who 
animadverts  or  makes  remarks  by  way  of  cen- 
sure. 
animae,  «.  Plural  of  anima. 
animal  (an'i-mal),  a.  and  n.  [First  in  16th  cen- 
tury; (")  animal  {anymal,  nuimall)  =  F.  Sp. 
Pg.  animal  =  It.  animaU;  adj.,  <  L.  animalis, 
animate,  living  (also  aerial,  consisting  of  air), 
<  anima,  a  cun-cnt  of  air,  wind,  air,  breath,  the 
vital  prinriplc,  life,  soul:  see  anima;  (b)  ani- 
mal, n.,  =  F.  animal  =  Sp.  Pg.  animal  =  It. 
animate,  <  L.  animal,  rarely  animalc,  a  living 
being,  an  animal  in  the  widest  sense,  but  some- 
times restricted  to  a  brute  or  beast;  hence,  in 
contempt,  a  human  being;  orig.  ncut.  of  ani- 
ii>  ■'  '■  :i-<  above.  In  mod.  use  animal,  a., 
iti-,'  is  inseparably  mi.xod  with  njii- 
nr  1  ;ittnbutively  in  the  sense  of 'por- 

tuiiiitig  U>  imimals.']  I.  a.  If.  Pertaining  to 
donMntlon,  Hfo  animal tpiril.^, below.  —  2t.  Hav- 
ii.    '  iiiinnte. —  3.  I*i'rl«iningto the 

II  I   lit  of  a  living  being,  as  dis- 

'  tlio  intclU'ctnal,  rational,  or 

';  "(  tiian,  pertaining  to  IboHC  parts 
;  '■  w  liii-h  he  Bhures  with  inferior  ani- 
laaJM. 

(liH«l  hnmotir,  fninkncM,  BcncrtHilty,  actlvo  courngo, 

"■>■■ "'v.  bti.,ynncy  of  temper,  arc  the  imual  and 

J':  ' ''inpgiiiimcnlfl  of  n  vtuorou*  auinuil  t4'm. 

I  hfekii,  Kuripp,  Morula,  II.  l.'K. 

'  •'  of  nil  jKiwer.     llefiiro  a  kouI 
Kiimat  nlrenKth  of  A  Nnpolron 

J.  y.  Clarke.  HelfCulliire,  p   ;i77. 

4.  Of.  pcrtnintnir  t^,  or  dnrivoil  from  animals. 

I  ,  I'.t.    I  '  ,.  I  ■  .rrn  of  'Mri' 

.  t  Ih'  round 

*'  f  I..  1  ■  r  I  idnnii  now 

*"""0  //iijif.  i/,  Ajiul    Invert,  p.  WJ. 


218 
Animal  anseretics.  See  a/xpiv^v.— Animal  charcoal 

Same  as  6on<:-6(a<-fc~  Animal  economy,  till-  physioloprical 
coui-se  of  events  in  tlie  life  of  an  aniiii;il ;  the  sequence  of 
cause  and  effect  observed  in  the  vital  aeti\  ities  of  animals ; 
the  order  of  animated  nature.— Animal  electricity,  elec- 
tricity generated  in  animal  bodies,  as.  in  lar^'eiiuautities,  in 
the  electric  eel,  the  torpedo,  and  Mulaptcmroti,  or.  in  small 
quantities,  in  nervous,  musculiu",  and  other  tissues. — Ani- 
mal food,  flesh  or  any  other  part  of  an  animal  which  is 
e.aten.— Animal  force.  Sec /orc«.— Animal  fimction, 
any  vital  activity  or  pliysiological  process  performed  in  ani- 
mal economy ;  aiij-  organic  property  or  chaiacter  of  animals. 
Such  functions  niay  be  grouped  in  a  tew  broad  classes ;  (1) 
Mentality,  including  all  activities  of  the  mind  as  distin- 
guished from  those  of  the  body,  such  as  instinct,  reason, 
intellection,  ideation,  etc.  {i)  Sensibility,  or  feeling;  the 
capability  of  responding  automatically  to  external  stimiUi ; 
irritability ;  innervation :  common  to  all  animals  in  a  high 
degi'ee  as  "compared  with  plants.  (3)  Locomotion,  usual  in 
animals,  but  miusual  in  plants.  (4)  Nutrition,  involvingin- 
terstitial  growth  and  waste  and  repair  :  common  to  plants 
and  animals,  but  usually  differently  effected  in  the  two, 
and  with  different  material.  (i>)  Kepniduetion,  or  genera- 
tion, a  process  whereby  gi-owth  is  devoted  to  the  forma- 
tion of  separate  indi\iduals.  Functions  shared  by  all  or- 
ganized beings  are  called  organic  or  vegetative  functions; 
no  functions  .are  peculiar  to  animals  except  those  of  men- 
tality. Other  lesser  categories  of  functions  are  sometimes 
named:  as,  the  digestive  function;  the  sexual  function; 
the  function  of  circulation,  of  respiration ;  the  function 
of  the  liver,  or  of  any  part  or  organ,  that  is.  the  speiial  part 
which  it  takes  in  the  animal  economy.— Animal  heat,  the 
temperature  maintained  during  life  in  an  animal  body,  and 
requisite  for  its  physiological  functions.  It  varies  from 
a  degree  not  appreciably  different  from  that  of  the  ele- 
ment in  which  the  anim.-U  lives  to  one  much  higher,  the 
latter  being  the  case  with  the  higher  animals.  Difference 
in  degl-ee  of  animal  heat  is  the  ground  of  a  division  of  the 
higher  animals  into  warm-blooded  and  cold-blooded,  or 
Htenmtotkerma  and  Hceinatocn/a.  In  the  former  a  very 
sensibly  elevated  temperature  is  maintained.  It  is  highest 
in  birds,  mounting  sometimes  to  112'  F.  In  mammals  a 
usual  range  is  from  06°  to  104°  F.  lu  man  the  meau 
normal  temperature  is  about  911°,  any  considerable  devia. 
tion  from  which  is  inconsistent  with  health.  Animal 
heat  is  simply  a  case  of  chemical  combustion ;  an  analo- 
gous process  goes  on  in  plants.  It  is  an  index  of  the 
molecular  motion  of  the  body,  anil  a  measure  of  the  work 
done  by  an  animal  in  its  vital  activities. — Animal  Idng- 
dom,  all  animals  collectively;  Aniinalia:  oneof  the  three 
grand  divisionsof  the  realm  of  natiu'e(i//i/>t'rii//n  imturef), 
the  other  two  comprising  plants  and  minerals  respectively. 
For  scientific  purposes  it  has  been  divided  into  cl.asses,  or- 
ders, families,  genera,  species,  and  groups  (with  interme- 
diate divisions  often  formed  by  prctixiiig  sub-  or  super-  t<i 
these  words),  whereby  the  elas--iticatit  >ii  and  registration  of 
animals  are  facilitated.  Examples  <  it  the  primary  divisions 
are  the  following;  (1)  The  Liiinean  system (1706)  diviiled 
animals  into  6  classes:  I.  Maiinwilia  ;  II.  Ave^ ;  III.  Am- 
phibia: IV.  Pisces;  V.  Imecta;  VI.  Vermes.  (2)  The  sys- 
tem of  Cnvier(1817)proposed4  subUinpdoms  and  20  classes : 
I.  Vertebrata  {Mammalia,  Aves,  Reptilia,  Pisces);ll.  Mol- 
lu.<cu  (Cepluitojun/a,  Pteropoda,  Gasteropoda,  Acephaltt, 
linirhiiipmla,  Virrhopoda);  III.  Articulata  (Annelides, 
Cruslun-a,  Trilohita,  Araehnida,  Tnsecta);  IV.  Radiata 
(Kfliiniuternmta,  Entnzna,  Acalepha,  Polilpi,  In/usoria). 
(:i)  The  system  of  Owen  (1860)  separated  the  Protozoa  from 
Aniumliii  proper  as  a  separate  kingdom,  the  latter  being 
then  divided  into  snbkiugdom  I.,  Invertelmita.  with  3 
provinces,  Radiata,  Articulata,  Mollmca  ;  and  subkingdom 
II.,  Vertebrata.  (4)  In  1S09  Uuxley  arranged  the  animal 
kingdom  in  the  S  jiiimary  groups  Vertebrata,  Mollusca, 
Motluscoida,  Caienterata.  Annulosa,  Annuloida,  Infu- 
soria, Protozoa.  No  twii  authorities  agree  upon  the  lead- 
ing divisions  of  the  animal  kingdom,  but  a  system  like 
the  folliming  is  now  i[uite  generally  accepted:  Subking- 
dom A  (Willi  one  phylum).  Protozoa:  class  I..  JUiizoimla  ; 
class  11.,  Ureoarinida :  class  III.,  JnJ'usoria.  Subking. 
dom  li,  Metazoa.  Phylum  1,  Ca-lentcrata :  class  IV., 
Siiiniqiozou ,  class  v.,  Ili/drozoa;  class  VI.,  Aetinozoa  : 
class  VII.,  Ctenozoa.  I'iiylum  i,  Kchimdermata:  class 
VIII.,  Crinoidni:  class  IX.,  Asteroidea;  class  X.,  Echinoi- 
dea ;  class  XI.,  llolothuroidea.  I'iiylum  3,  I'ermeji:  class 
XII.,  Plathelminthes;  class  XIII.,  Nemathelmintlos ; 
class  .KIV.  (le.pliyrea;  class  XV.,  Annelida;  cla.s8  -WI., 
Roti/cra.  i'liylinn  4,  Arthropoda:  e\i\mWU., Crustacea  : 
class  XVIII.,  Araehnida;  cla.s3  XI.X.,  Mi/riapoda;  class 
XX..,  Imecta.  I'iiylum  ."i,  Molluscoulea ;  class  -XXl.,  Polii- 
zoa;  class  .VXII.,  Uraehinpoda.  riiylnm  «,  Mollusca: 
class  X.XIII.,  Aeephata:  cla.ss  -XXIV.,  J'tcropoda :  class 
XX\'.,  Gasteropoda;  cLa-ss  X.WI.,  Cephalopntla.  I'byllim 
7,  Vertein'ata:  class  -XXVII.,  Tunieata :  class  X.XVIIl., 
Leplticardia  :  class  -XXI.K.,  Marsiitohranchii :  class  .\.\.V., 
Elasnuibranchii :  class  .\XXI.,  Pisces;  class  XXXH., 
Amphilda  :  a.\.^iX\\\U.,Revtitia:  clnssXXXIV., /liv«; 
cla-ss  -XX.XV.,  Mamuuilia.  Three  remarkable  genera.  Ih- 
riieuia,  fiaiiitia,  and  Jlatanoglossus,  are  severally  regardeil 
by  many  aiiUiors  as  types  of  classes.— Animal  magnet- 
ism, mechanics,  etc.  See  llu'  nouns.—  Animal  power, 
the  unit  of  jiiiwcr  In  men  and  nnimnis,  as  )m//i  ;:">/.  r. 
horse.pinrer,  etc.  rsiiallv  expressed  In  fuotponnds,  .'^ee 
Aor«r-;«o(ter.- Animal  spirits.  ('0  According  to  tin- d. .e 
trllieof  (jalen.niodille.l  bv  Descarles,  dubtlle  and  alln..i.t 
Incorporeal  parts  of  the  living  bo.ly,  which  Jiellelrate  the 

pores  of  the  nerves  and  pass  belw i  the  brain  and  the 

periphery,  ac'ting  as  the  ageiilH  of  volition  and  sensation. 
Alsc)  In  the  slllglllar,  animal  spirit,  equivalent  to  nervous 
force  or  action,  (b)  In  modern  use,  exuberance  of  heallll 
and  life:  natural  buoyancy;  chcerfulnciui,  Biilinntloii,  gai- 
ety, and  good  linnior. 

Animal  spirits  conslltute  the  power  of  the  nrcscnl,  and 
their  foiila  aro  like  the  strinlnre  of  a  pyramid. 

Euicrson.  .Soelely  and  Solitude. 

II.  «.  1.  AHcnIii'iit  liviiigbcing;  anindividn- 
ul,  iirgani/.iMt.niiiiiiiilcd,  and  Nenticnt  ]i"rlioii  nf 
inaltcr;  in  emit.,  oin>  of  lh(^  .Inimalia  ;  a  mem- 
ber of  till'  animal  Itiiigdnm,  as  diHlingiiislKMl 
from  a  vegi-lable  or  a  mineral.  The  dlsilm  llmi 
li..ni  the  jailer  In  sullliieiil.  i.insl.ling  In  orgaiilirall..ii. 
Iiilemtltlal  nutrition,  vllallly,  and  animation;  built  Ulin 
poulblo  tu  draw  any  line  between  all  vcgotablet  and  all 


Animalia 

animals.  Any  criteria  which  ni.ay  be  diagnostic  in  most 
instances  fail  of  applicability  to  the  lowest  forms  of  ani-  | 
mal  and  veget.-ible  life  ;  and  no  delinition  which  has  been 
attempted  has  been  entirely  successful.  Jlost  animals  are 
locomotoiy  as  well  as  motile  ;  most  plants  are  lixcd.  .Most 
animals  c.vhibit  distinct  active  and  apparently  conscious 
or  voluntary  niovemeiits  in  response  to  irritation,  me- 
chanical or  other;  most  plants  do  not.  Most  animals 
feed  upon  other  animals  or  upon  plants,  that  is  to  s.ay, 
upon  oi'ganic  matter;  most  plants,  upon  inorganic  sub- 
stances. Most  animals  have  no  cellulose  in  their  eomiio- 
sition,  nitrogenous  compounds  prevailing  ;  while  cellulose 
is  highly  cliaracteristic  of  plants.  Most  animals  inhale 
oxygen  and  exhale  carbon  dioxid,  the  reverse  of  the 
usual  process  in  plants;  and  few  animals  have  chloropliyl, 
which  is  so  generally  present  in  plants.  Animals  have  usu- 
ally a  digestive  cavity  and  a  nervous  system,  and  are  capa- 
ble of  certain  m.anifestations  of  consciousness,  sentiency, 
and  volition,  which  can  be  attributed  to  plants  only  by 
great  latitude  in  the  use  of  the  terms.    See  also  extract. 

Ordinary  rtnimrt?.^  .  .  .  not  only  possess  conspicuous  lo- 
comotive activity,  but  their  parts  readil>  alter  their  form 
or  position  when  irritated.  Their  nutiiiiient,  consisting 
of  other  animals  and  of  plants,  is  taken  in  the  solid  form 
into  a  digestive  cavity.  .  .  .  Traced  down  to  their  lowest 
terms,  the  series  of  plant  forms  gradually  lose  more  and 
more  of  their  distinctive  vegetable  featm-es,  while  the 
series  of  animal  forms  part  with  more  and  more  of  their 
distinctive  luiinial  characters,  and  the  two  series  converge 
t<i  a  common  term.  .  .  .  The  most  characteristic  morpho- 
logical peculiarity, of  the  aniural  is  the  absence  of  any 
such  cellulose  investment  [of  the  cells  as  plants  possess]. 
The  most  characteristic  physiological  peculiarity  of  the 
animal  is  its  want  of  power  to  manufacture  protein  out  of 
simpler  compounds.         Iluxlcii,  .\nat.  Invert.,  pp.  43-17. 

2.  An  inferior  or  in'ational  sentient  being,  in 
contradistinction  to  man;  a  brute;  a  beast:  as, 
men  anil  ((«(■«/ ((/s. —  3.  A  contemptuous  term  for 
a  human  being  in  whom  the  animal  nattu'e  has 
the  ascendancy — Aggregate  animals.  See  angrc- 
^I'c— Animals' "Protection  Acts,  English  statutes  of 
1849  (12  and  l:i  Viet.,  e.  Vi).  I,s,"i4  (li  and  IS  Vict.,  c.  60), 
and  1861  (24  and  25  Vict.,  c.  !)",  sections  40,  41),  for  pre 
venting  cruelty  to  animals.—  Compound  animals.  See 
compound^. 

animal-clutch  (an'i-mal-kluch),  H.  A  device 
for  griiijiiug  animals  b'y  the  leg  while  slaugh- 
tering tliom. 

animalcula  (au-i-marki"i-la),  n.  2>l.  [NL. :  see 
(tuimatciihoii.}  1.  Plimil  'of  animalcidum. —  2. 
[cap.~\  A  loose  s\-nou>Tn  of  Infusirria. 

anlmalculae  (an-i-marku-le),  «.  pi.  All  incor- 
rect form  of  animalcula,  of  which  it  is  assumed 
to  be  the  plural.  See  animalculum  and  aiii- 
ni(dcuh'. 

animalcular  (tm-i-marku-lar),  a.     [<  animal- 
cull   +  -<()■.  1     1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  animal- 
cules.—  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  physiologi- 
cal doctrine  of  animalctilism. 
An  ('(iiiivalcnt  tonii  is  animalculinc. 

animalcule  (an-i-markul),  H.  [  =  F.  animalcule, 
<  NL.  animalculunt,  q.  v.]  If.  Any  little  animal, 
as  a  mouse,  insect,  etc. — 2.  A  ininule  or  micro- 
scopic animal,  netirly  or  quite  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye,  as  an  infusorian  or  rotifer;  an  aiii- 
maleiiliim:  as,  the  }H'll-animatculr,  ii  cilinte  in- 
fusorian of  the  family  I'orticcllida' :  wheol-owi- 
malcuh;  a  rotifer;  bear-«Hi»»(/('K/(',  a  minute 
arachnidan  of  the  order  .Ircti.ica.  See  cuts  un- 
der .Ircli.ica,  Hiilifira,  and  I'orticcUa.  Proteua 
animalcule,  a  fonner  ii.iine  ef  owo'^ii.- Seminal  ani- 
malcule, a  spermatozoon  (which  sec). 

animalculine  (an-i-mal'ku-lin),  a.  Same  as 
aiiiuiiilfulnr. 

animalculism  (nu-i-markii-lizm),  «.  [<  ani- 
iiKilcuIr  +  -ism.']  1.  The  theory  that  aiiimal- 
euleseiniseilisease. —  2.  The  doctriiio  or  thooi'ji 
of  ineasenient  in  the  male;  spermism;  sper- 
inatisiM.  See  incancmcnl. 
.Mso  e;ille<l  itnimali.''-m. 

animalculist  (an-i-markii-lisl),  ".  [<  animal- 
cule +  -i.nV.]  1.  A  special  sliident  of  animal- 
cules; one  versed  in  the  study  of  aniniiileiiles, 
—  2.  An  adherent  of  animalculism  or  the  physi- 
ological tlii'ory  of  incasement  in  the  male;  a 
spermist .     See  incai^cmrnt. 

animalculum  (an-i-miirkii-luin),  «.;  i>\.  animal- 
culii  (-lii).  INL.,  a  little  animal,  dim.  of  L.  ani- 
miil,  till  iiiiiiiial:  si'e  nuimal.]     An  aninialcnle. 

animal-flower  (an'i-ni|il-floti"eri,  ».  A  zoij- 
iiliylc  or  iiliytozoiin ;  a  riiilialed  animal  resem- 
lili'ng  or  likeneil  to  a  (lower,  as  many  of  the 
Aclino;<ia:  a  term  especiiilly  ap]ilied  to  sea- 
anemones,  but  also  extended  to  various  other 
zoiipliytes  which  at  one  end  are  fixed  as  if 
rooted,  and  at  the  other  are  expanded  like  a 
tlowcr. 

animalhood  (an'i-inal-lnid),  ».  [<  animal  + 
-liinul.]  The  state  or  condition  of  any  animal 
oilier  tlian  man;  iinimality  as  distinguishi'd 
from  humanity.     [Hare.] 

A  creature  nInioHt  lapsed  from  linnianlty  Into  nuimal- 
h,„„l.  Reader,  Nov.,  ISIU,  p.  r.:)7.    (,V.  E.  I>.) 

Animalia  (an-i-mil'li-il),  «.  ;*/,  [L.,  pi.  of  "hi- 
miil :  SCO  animal.]    Animals  as  a  grand  division 


Animalia 

of  nature;  the  animal  kingdom  (which  see, 
under  iiiiimal). 

animalic  (au-i-mal'ik),  a.  [<  animal  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  animals.     [Rare.] 

animaliculture  (an-i-mal-i-kul'tm-),  «.  [<  L. 
aniiiutJ,  animal,  +  cultura,  culture.]  The  rais- 
in',' and  r-are  of  animals  as  a  branch  of  indus- 
trv ;  stock-raising.     [Rare.] 

animalisation,  animalise.    See  animalization, 

animalisht  (an'i-mal-ish),  a.  [<  animal  +  -ish'^.'] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like  an  animal,  especially 
an  irrational  animal ;  brutish.     [Rare.] 

I'lie  world  hatli  no  blood  nor  bruins,  nor  any  aiiimalL'<h 
or  lunn-ine  form.  Cudimrth,  Intellectual  System. 

animalism  (an'i-mal-izm),  n.  [<  animal  + 
-ism.']  1.  The  state  of  a  mere  animal;  the 
state  of  being  actuated  by  sensual  appetites 
only,  and  not  by  intellectual  or  moral  forces; 
sensuality. —  2.  The  exercise  of  animal  facul- 
ties; animal  activity. —  3.  Amere  animal;  spe- 
cifically, a  human  being  dominated  by  animal 
qualities  and  passions.     [Rare.] 

Girls,  Hetairaij  curious  in  their  art, 
Hired  ani}iutlu/m:i,  vile  as  those  that  made 
The  mulberry-faced  Dictator's  orgies  worse 
Thau  aught  they  fable  of  the  quiet  Gods. 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

4.  In  physioL,  same  as  animalcuUsm. 
animaiist  (an'i-mal-ist),  n.     [<  animal  +  -ist.'\ 

1.  A  sensualist. —  2.  In  jihysiol.,  an  animal- 
culist. — 3.  In  art,  an  artist  who  devotes  his 
chief  energies  to  the  representation  of  animals, 
as  distinguished  from  one  who  represents  the 
human  figure,  landscapes,  etc. ;  an  animal- 
painter  or  animal-sculptor. 

Fifty  years  ago  he  [Barye]  brought  envy  and  malice  on 

his  head  through  the  erection  in  the  Avenue  des  Feuil- 

lants  in  the  Tuilleries  gardens  of  his  colossal  liroiize  lion 

and  serpent.     It  was  then  the  sneer  of  animali-^t  bt-gan. 

The  Cfiittinj,  .\X.\I.  484. 

animalistic  (an'i-ma-Us'tik),  a.  [<  animaiist 
+  -/c]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  ani- 
malism ;  sensual. 

animality  (an-i-mal'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  animalitS; 
<  animal  +  -itij.']  1.  The  state  of  being  an  ani- 
mal; animal  existence  or  nature  in  man;  the 
animal  as  opposed  to  the  spiritual  side  of  hu- 
man nature. 

Another  condition  which  tends  to  produce  social  pro- 
gress is  the  perpetual  struggle  between  the  essential  at- 
tributes of  humanity  and  those  of  mere  animality. 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  132. 

2.  In  physiol.,  the  aggi'egate  of  those  vital  phe- 
uomeua  which  characterize  animals.  See  vege- 
tality. 

We  find  it  convenient  to  treat  of  the  laws  of  Animaliti/ 
in  the  abstract,  expecting  to  find  these  ideals  realized 
(within  due  limits)  in  every  particular  organism. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  iv.  §  42. 

Animalivora  (an"i-ma^liv'o-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  animalivorus :  see  animalivorous.~\ 
In  ::odl..  a  name  given  to  the  carnivorous  and 
insectivorous  bats,  as  distinguished  from  the 
frugivorous  species.  The  term,  in  its  application  to 
bats,  or  Chiroptera,  is  an  alternative  synonym  of  Insecti- 
j'"j((,  which  is  preoccupied  in,  and  oftener  employed  for, 
aiKttiier  group  of  mammals. 

animalivorous  (an"i-ma-liv'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
aiiimalironi.s,  <  L.  animal,  animal,  +  vorare, 
devour.]  Animal-eating;  carnivorous;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Animalivora. 

animalization  (an-i-mal-i-za'shou),  «.  [<  ani- 
malize  +  -ation.']  1.  The  act  of  making  into 
an  animal,  or  of  endowing  with  animal  attri- 
butes ;  the  act  of  representing  (a  higher  being) 
under  the  form  of  an  animal,  as  bearing  its 
characteristic  part,  or  as  having  its  lower  in- 
stincts and  tastes. 

In  the  theology  of  both  the  Babylonians  and  Egyptians 
there  is  abundant  evidence  .  .  .  of  .  .  .  the  deification  of 
animals,  and  the  converse  animalisation  of  Gods. 

Huxley,  Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  493. 

2.  The  process  of  rendering  or  of  becoming  ani- 
mal or  degraded  in  life  or  habits  ;  the  state  of 
being  under  the  influence  of  animal  instincts 
and  passions ;  brutalization ;  sensualization. 

The  illusion  of  tile  greatest-happiness  principle  would 
eventually  lead  the  world  Itack  t(j  tinunalization. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  182. 

3.  Conversion  into  animal  matter  by  the  pro- 
cess of  assimilation. 

The  alimentary  canal,  in  which  the  conversion  and  ani- 
malization of  the  food  takes  place.       Owen,  Comp.  Anat. 

4.  The  process  of  giving  to  vegetable  fiber  the 
appearance  and  quality  of  animal  fiber.  See 
animalize. 

The  present  view  of  animalization  is,  that  it  is  not  pos- 
sible to  animalize  a  fabric  in  any  other  way  than  by  actu- 
ally depositing  upon  it  the  animal  matter  in  question. 

O'Neill,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  66. 


219 

5.  Population  by  animals;  the  iHimber  and 
kind  of  animals  in  a  given  place  or  region. 

What  the  French  call  the  animalization  of  the  depart- 
ments. Jour.  Roil.  Arjric.  Soc,  I.  414.    {N.  Ji.  D.) 

Also  spoiled  aiiimalisatio}i. 
animalize  (an'i-Mial-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ani- 
iiializcd,  ppr.  animali:in(j.  [=  F.  animaliscr ; 
(.  animal  + -ize.]  1.  To  make  into  an  animal ; 
epdow  with  (ho  attributes  of  an  animal ;  repre- 
sent in  animal  form:  as,  the  Egyptians  ani- 
malized  their  deities. — 2.  To  give  an  animal 
character  or  appearance  to ;  especially,  to  ren- 
der animal  in  natru-e  or  habits ;  brutalize  ;  sen- 
sualize ;  excite  the  animal  passions  of. 

If  a  man  lives  for  the  table,  .  .  .  the  eye  grows  dull, 

the  gait  heavy,  the  voice  takes  a  coarse  animalizcd  sound. 

Bashnell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  176. 

3.  To  convert  into  animal  matter  by  the  pro- 
cess of  assimilation  ;  assimilate,  as  food. 

Something  secreted  in  the  coats  of  the  stomach,  which 
.  .  .  a/i('/«rt^i><;.v  ilie  food,  or  assimilates  it. 

J.  Hunter,  in  Philos.  Trans.,  LXII.  4.54.    (A".  E.  D.) 

4.  To  give,  as  to  vegetable  fiber,  some  of  the 
characteristics  of  animal  fiber,  as  when  cot- 
ton is  so  treated  with  albumin  or  casein,  or  a 
strong  solution  of  caustic  soda,  that  the  fiber 
shrinks,  becomes  stronger,  and  is  made  capa- 
ble of  absorbing  aniline  dyes. 

Also  spelled  animalise. 

animally  (an'i-mal-i),  adv.  If.  Psychically; 
in  the  manner  of  the  anima;  with  respect  to  the 
anima  bruta,  or  to  animal  spirits.  Cudworth. — 
2.  Physically,  corporeally,  bodily,  as  opposed 
to  mentally  or  intellectually. 

animalness  (an'i-mal-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  an  animal ;  animality. 

animantt  (an'i-mant),  a.  [<  L.  animan(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  aH«Ha/T,  animate:  see  animate,  v.]  Possess- 
ing or  conferring  the  properties  of  life  and  soul ; 
quickening.     Cudwurtli.     [Rare.] 

animaryt  (an'i-ma-ri),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  soul ;  psychical. 

'Tls  brought  to  a  right  animary  temper  and  harmony. 
Bp.  Parker,  Platonick  Philos.,  p.  44. 

animastic  (an-i-mas'tik),  n.  and  a.  [<  ML. 
animasticiis,  <  L.  anima,  soul,  breath,  life:  see 
anima.]  I.f  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  soul ;  psy- 
chology. 

The  other  schoolmen  .  .  .  carefullyexplained  that  these 
operations  were  not  in  their  own  nature  proposed  to  the 
logician;  for,  as  such,  they  belonged  to  Animastic,  as  they 
called  it,  or  Psychology. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Lectures  on  Logic,  I.  ii. 

II,  fl.  Psychic;  spiritual;  relating  to  soul: 
the  opposite  of  material  or  materialistic. 
animasticalf    (an-i-mas'ti-kal),   a.      Same   as 

animiistic. 
animate  (an'i-mat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  animated, 
ppr.  animating.  [<  L.  animatus,  pp.  of  animare, 
fill  with  breath,  quicken,  encourage,  animate, 
<  anima,  breath:  see  a«(«(a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
give  natural  life  to ;  quicken ;  make  aUve :  as, 
the  soul  animates  the  body. 

Communicating  male  and  female  light ; 
Wluch  two  great  sexes  animate  the  world. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  151. 

But  it  was  as  impossible  to  put  life  into  the  old  institu- 
tions as  to  animate  the  skeletons  which  are  imbedded  in 
the  depths  of  primeval  strata. 

Macaulay,  Sir  James  Mackintosh. 

2.  To  affect  with  an  appearance  of  life;  in- 
spire or  actuate  as  if  with  life ;  bring  into  ac- 
tion or  movement. 

But  none,  ah,  none  can  aninMte  the  lyre. 
And  the  mute  strings  with  vocal  souls  inspire. 

Bryden. 

3.  To  move  or  actuate  the  mind  of;  incite  to 

mental  action ;  prompt. 

This  view  .  .  .  animates  me  to  create  my  own  world 
through  the  purification  of  my  soul.        Emerson,  Nature. 

4.  To  give  spirit  or  vigor  to;  infuse  courage, 
joy,  or  other  enlivening  passion  into;  stimulate: 
as,  to  animate  dispirited  troops. 

The  perfectibility  of  the  human  mind,  the  animatiiig 
theory  of  the  eloquent  De  Stael,  consists  in  the  mass  of 
our  ideas.     /.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  315. 

Animated  by  this  unlooked-for  victory,  our  valiant  he- 
roes sprang  ashore  in  triumph,  [and]  took  possession  of 
the  soil  as  conquerors.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  97. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  vivify.— 3.  To  revive,  invigorate.— 4.  To  en- 
liven, stimulate,  inspirit,  exhilarate,  cheer,  gladden,  im- 
pel, urge  on,  prompt,  incite. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  enlivened  or  exhila- 
rated ;  rouse  one's  self.     [Rare.] 

Mr.  Arnott,  animating  at  this  speech,  glided  behind  her 
chair.  Miss  Burney,  Cecilia,  i,  6. 

animate  (an'i-mat), a.  [ill.  animatus. -p^.:  see 
the  verb.]  1.  Alive;  possessing  animal  life: 
as,  "creatures  animate,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  112. 


animation 

No  animate  creature  is  so  far  down  in  the  scale  that  it 
does  not  illustrate  some  phase  of  mind  which  has  a  bear- 
ing upon  the  problem  of  higher  beings. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  267. 
His  eye,  voice,  gesture,  and  whole  frame  animate  with 
the  living  vigor  of  heart-felt  religion. 

Bamroft,  Hist.  V.  S.,  I.  290. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  life ;  resembling 
that  which  is  alive ;  lively. 

After  marching  for  about  two  miles  at  a  very  slow  rate, 
the  enemy's  Hags,  which  had  been  visible  since  leaving  the 
zeriba,  suddenly  became  animate,  and  a  large  force  of 
Arabs,  distant  some  500  to  700  yards,  sprang  up,  and  ad- 
vanced as  if  to  attack  tlie  left  leading  corner  of  the  sijuare. 
Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  155. 

3.  Pertaining  to  living  things:   as,  "animate 
diseases,"  Kirhyand  Spence,  Entomol.    [Rare.] 

animated  (an'i-ma-ted),  p.  a.  X.  Endowed  with 
animal  life :  as,  the  various  classes  of  animated 
beings. 

"  Infancy,"  said  Cfderidge,  "presents  body  and  spirit  in 
unity  :  the  body  is  all  aninutted."  Emerson,  Domestic  Lite. 

2.  Lively;  vigorous;  full  of  life,  action,  spirit; 
indicating  or  representing  animation:  as,  an 
animated  discourse;  an  animated  picture. 
On  the  report  there  was  an  animated  debate. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiv. 
Can  storied  urn  or  animated  bust 
Back  to  its  mansion  call  the  fleeting  breath? 

Gray,  Elegy. 

animatedly  (an'i-ma-ted-li),  adv.     In  an  ani- 
mated way;  with  animation. 
animateness  (an'i-mat-nes),  n.     The  state  of 
being  animate  or  animated. 
animater  (an'i-ma-ter),  n.    One  who  animates 

or  gives  Ufe. 

animatingly  (an'i-ma-ting-U),  adv.  So  as  to 
animate  or  excite  feeling. 
animation  (an-i-ma'shon),  n.  [<  L.  animatio{n-), 
a  quickening,  animating,  <  animare:  see  ani- 
mate, v.]  The  act  of  animating  or  the  state  of 
being  animated,  (a)  The  act  of  infusing  animal  life, 
or  the  state  of  being  animated  or  having  life. 

Wherein,  although  they  attaine  not  the  indubitable 
requisites  of  Animation,  yet  they  have  neere  affinity. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  1. 

Scarce  has  the  gray  dawn  streaked  the  sky,  and  the 
earliest  cock  crowed  from  the  cottages  of  the  hillside, 
when  the  suburbs  give  signs  of  reviving  animation. 

Irving,  Alhambra,  p.  137. 
(6)  Livehness ;  briskness ;  the  state  of  being  full  of  spirit 
and  vigor  ;  as,  he  recited  the  story  with  great  animation. 

Fox  in  conversation  never  flagged ;  his  animation  and 
variety  were  inexhaustible.  A.  11'.  Chambers. 

The  veteran  warrior,  with  nearly  a  century  of  years 
upon  his  head,  had  all  the  fU'e  and  animation  of  youth  at 
the  prospects  of  a  foray.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  108. 

(c)  The  appearance  of  activity  or  life :  as,  the  animation 
of  a  picture  or  statue,    id)  Attribution  of  life  to. 

Any  general  theory  of  life  must,  if  logically  pursued, 
lead  to  the  animation  of  all  forms  of  matter, 

L.  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  Sociol.,  I.  351. 
Suspended  animation,  a  temporary  cessation  of  ani- 
mation ;  especially,  asphy.xia.  =Syn.  (a)  Life,  existence,  vi- 
tality. (0)  Animation,  Life,  Liveliness,  Vivacity,  Spirit, 
Sj/righthness,  Gaiety,  buoyancy,  cheerfulness,  energy, 
ardor.  The  first  four  words  indicate,  by  derivation,  a 
full  possession  of  the  faculties  of  life  ;  therefore  they  are 
the  opposite  of  deadness  or  of  any  semblance  of  lifeless- 
ness.  The  same  idea  appears  in  the  next  two  under  the 
notion  of  the  possession  of  the  breath  of  life.  Animatimi 
applies  broadly  to  manner,  looks,  .and  language :  as,  ani- 
mation of  countenance  ;  he  spoke  with  animation ;  it  im- 
plies, perhaps,  more  warmth  of  feeling  than  the  others. 
Li.fe  is  not  expressive  of  feeling,  but  of  full  vital  force  and 
any  form  of  its  manifestation  :  as,  his  words  were  instinct 
with  life;  his  delivery  lacked  li.fe.  Liveliness  is  primarily 
suggestive  of  the  energetic  exercise  of  the  powers  of  life  in 
alertness  of  mind,  freshness  of  interest,  etc.  Vivacity  ap- 
plies especially  to  conversation,  but  is  used  also  of  manner 
and  looks ;  it  belongs  mostly  to  externals.  Spirit  is  vari- 
ously compounded  of  courage,  vigor,  firmness,  enthusiasm, 
and  zeal,  according  to  the  connection ;  it  implies  the  best 
qualities  of  the  manly  man  in  action.  Sprightliness  is 
vivacity  with  mirth  or  gaiety ;  it  is  lighter  than  spirit. 
Gaiety  is  the  overflow  of  animal  spirits  in  talk  and  laugh- 
ter promoted  by  social  intercourse,  festivity,  dancing,  etc. 
See  mirth,  hilarity,  gladness,  happiness. 

At  the  very  mention  of  such  a  study,  the  eyes  of  the 
prince  sparkled  with  animation. 

Irving,  Alhambra,  p.  239. 
The  king's  a  bawcock,  and  a  heart  of  gold, 
A  lad  oi  li.fe,  an  imp  of  fame.    Shafc.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1. 

His  [Steele's]  personages  are  drawni  with  dramatic  spirit, 
and  with  a  liveline^':s  and  airy  facility  that  blind  the  reader 
to  his  defects  of  style.     Chambers's  Cyc.  Eng.  Lit.,  I.  621. 

The  delight  of  opening  a  new  pursuit,  or  a  new  course 
of  reading,  imparts  the  vivacity  and  novelty  of  youth  even 
to  old  age.     /.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  316. 
I  will  attend  her  here. 
And  woo  her  with  some  spirit  when  she  comes. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  L 

Perhaps  no  kind  of  superiority  is  more  flattering  or  al- 
luring than  that  which  is  conferred  by  the  powers  of  con- 
versation, by  extemporaneous  sprightliness  of  fancy,  co- 
piousness of  language,  and  fertility  of  sentiment. 

Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  101. 

Like  our   Touchstone,  but  infinitely  richer,  this   new 
ideal  pei-sonage  [Mascarille]  still  delights  by  the  fertility 
of  his  expedients  and  his  perpetual  and  vigorous  gaiety. 
I.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  410. 


animative 

animative  (an'I-ma-ttr),  a.  [<  animate  +  -ire.] 
Having  the  power  of  giving  life  or  spirit. 

animator  (an'i-ma-tor),  II.  [L.,  <  animare  :  see 
animate,  r.]  One  who  or  that  which  animates 
or  gives  life ;  one  who  enlivens  or  inspires.  Sir 
T.  Broicne,  Vulg.  Err. 

anime  (an'i-me),  H.  [Sometimes  accented  like 
equiv.  F.  anime.  on  the  fancy  that  it  is  so  called 
because  often  •'anime"  (<  L.  animatiis:  see  ani- 
mate, a.)  or  "aUve"  with  insects;  but  E.  prop. 
anime  =  F.  anime  (Cotgrave),  now  anime,  Sp. 
Pg.  anime  (NL.  anime,  animi,  also  anijmum),  ap- 
plied in  the  middle  of  the  ICth  century,  and 
prob.  earlier,  to  a  gum  brought  from  the  East 
by  the  Portuguese;  afterward  applied  to  a 
similar  product  from  the  West  Indies.  The 
word,  which  has  not  been  found  native  in  the 
East  or  elsewhere,  is  said  by  Ray  and  others 
to  be  a  Portuguese  corruption  of  amincea,  Gr. 
a/uvaia  (Dioscorides),  a  resinous  gum,  this  name 
being  appar.  an  adj.  (sc.  auvpva,  myrrh),  re- 
ferring to  a  people  of  Arabia  bordering  on  the 
Eed  Sea,  from  whom  the  gum  was  obtained. 
Elemi  is  a  different  word.]  1.  The  name  of 
various  resins,  also  known  in  pharmacy  as  elemi 
(which  see). —  2.  A  kind  of  copal,  the  produce 
principally  of  a  leguminous  tree,  Trachylohium 
Harnemannianum,  of  Zanzibar.  Tlie  best  is  that 
dug  from  the  groUDd  at  the  base  of  the  trees,  or  that 
found  in  a  semi-fossil  state  in  localities  where  the  tree  is 
now  extinct. 

3.  The  produce  of  a  very  nearly  allied  tree  of 
tropical  America,  Hi/mena-a  Cmtrharil,  known 
in  the  West  Indies  as  the  locust-tree.  It  makes 
a  fine  varnish,  and,  as  it  bums  with  a  very  fragrant  smell, 
is  used  in  scenting  pastilles. 

4.  Indian  copal,  produced  by  Valeria  Indica. 
See  Vateria. 

Sometimes  called  gum  anime. 

animin,  animine  (an'i-min),  n.  [<  anim(al)  + 
-in'-.]  In  chem..  an  organic  base  obtained  fi'om 
bone-oil.     JTatts. 

animism  (au'i-mizm),  «.  [=F.  animisme;  <  L. 
anima,  soul  (see  anima),  +  -i>m.]  1.  The  hy- 
pothesis, original  •\\-ith  Pythagoras  and  Plato, 
of  a  force  (anima  munili,  or  soul  of  the  world) 
immaterial  but  inseparable  from  matter,  and 
giving  to  matter  its  form  and  movements. — 2. 
The  theory  of  vital  action  and  of  disease  pro- 
pounded by  the  German  chemist  G.  E.  Stahl 
(1660-1734);  the  theory  that  the  soul  (anima) 
is  the  vital  principle,  the  source  of  both  tlio 
normal  and  the  abnormal  phenomena  of  life. 
In  Stahl's  theorj'  the  soul  is  regarded  as  tile  principle  iif 
life,  and,  in  its  normal  action,  of  liealth ;  tile  Ijody  being 
supiKised  to  be  incapable  of  self-movement,  and  not  only 
originally  formed  by  the  soul,  but  also  set  in  motion  and 
governed  by  it.  Hence  it  was  inferred  that  the  source  of 
disease  is  in  some  hindrance  to  the  full  and  free  activity 
of  the  soul,  and  that  medical  treatment  should  be  confined 
to  an  attempt  to  remove  such  hindrances  from  it. 
3.  The  general  conception  of  or  the  belief  in 
souls  ami  other  spiritual  beings;  the  explana- 
tion of  all  the  phenomena  in  nature  not  duo  to 
obvious  material  causes  by  attributing  tliem  to 
spiritual  agency.  Among  the  beliefs  most  characteris- 
tic of  animism  is  that  of  a  human  niiparitiunal  soul,  that 
Is,  of  a  vital  and  animating  principle  rcsiiling  in  the  body; 
but  di.stinia  from  it,  bearing  its  form  and  apjiearance,  but 
wunthig  iu  inat».Tial  and  solid  substance.  At  an  early  stage 
In  the  ileveloitinent  of  pbiio.soiiby  and  religion  events  are 
(rei|uently  u.>,<:ril)ed  to  agencies  analogous  to  humun  souls, 
or  tij  the  .spirits  of  tlie  deceased. 

Spiritual  pliilosophy  has  influenced  every  province  of 
human  thought;  and  the  history  of  nnimwm,  once  clearly 
traced,  would  record  the  development,  not  of  religion 
only,  but  of  pidlos'fphy,  science,  and  literalun\ 

/ww;/c.  /Int.,  11.  r.7. 

'Hic  theory  of  AnimUm  illvldcs  Into  two  great  dogmas, 

fonnlng  (lartA  of  one  consistent  doctrine;  first,  concern- 

hi.'  •■  ■■   'i-.idual  (;reatures,  capable  of  continued  ex- 

Inl'  i":i(li  or  <lestrnctlon  of  the  body;  Mxond. 

ci'i  pititH,  upward  to  till-  rank  of  powerful 

dm.  /•;.  II.  Ti/lur,  I'riiii.  (  iilture,  I.  .W.'i. 

animlst  (an'i-mist),  n.  [<  L.  anima,  soul  (woe 
aiiiin'i),+  -int.']  One  who  maintains  animism 
in  any  '■!'  i^^  h'-timch. 

anlmlitf';  -n-i-iniH'tik),  a.  Of,  pertnining  to, 
' '  '  foiirnli'd  on  aniniixin  in  any  nciiso. 

[""■igin  obscure;  iiiThn])!*  lepr. 
<  "',  the,  +  moilar,  pivot,  linpic, 
■  fniidament ;  rf.  wmtainrar,  mii- 
I.  'Inn  iiir,  turn  rniiiid :  hv<'  mndir.] 
mtliM.l  of  correcting  llie  Huiipom'ii 

'"• f   birtti  of  a  jierson.     AIho 

""luimoflar. 
'I.  I  =  !■■. «Himruj(Col grave) 

■■.  '   Ij.dHIWI'MM/l.full  of  <'nur- 

:.   |iro\id,  <  aninnm,  coiiriiifo, 
ii/niM.]     Full  of  Hjiirit;  hot; 


220 


AnisobrancUa 


am 

y\i 

til' 
rf.i 

In  llflinl., 

nnlivitv   1 

V.  ■ 

ani: 


ftf 

"I" 

VI'Ih  t,..    i,t. 

animoBity 

'-ti/.i.     (< 


animositc,  animosity,  =  Pr.  antmosifnf  =  Sp.  ani- 
mosidad,  valor,  =  Pg.  animo!<idadt  =  It.  (/«(- 
mosita,  animositadc,  animnsitate,  courage,  ani- 
mosity, <  L.  animosita{t-)i.  corn-age,  spirit,  ve- 
hemence, in  eecles.  L.  also  wrath,  enmity,  <  ani- 
mosus:  see  animose.']  If.  Animation;  courage ; 
spiritedness. 

Cato,  before  he  durst  give  the  fatal  stroke,  spent  part 
of  the  night  in  reading  the  Immortality  of  Plato,  thereby 
contirming  his  wavering  hand  unto  the  aainwgi^i  of  that 
attempt.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Urn-Buriul,  iv. 

2.  Active  enmity;  hatred  or  iU-will  which  man- 
ifests itself  in  active  opposition. 

Xo  sooner  did  the  duke  receive  this  appeal  from  the 
wife  of  his  enemy,  than  he  generously  forgot  all  feeling 
of  animosity,  and  det«rmined  to  go  in  person  to  his  suc- 
cor. Irving,  Granada,  p.  46. 

Supposing  no  anijnosity  is  felt,  the  hurting  another  by 
accident  arouses  a  genuine  feeUng  of  regret  in  all  adults 

save  the  very  brutal.  H.  Spencer,  Priu.  of  Psychol.,  §  529.  anisate  (an'i-sat),  a. 
=  Syn.  2.  Aniiitosity.  Ill-will,  Enmity,  Malice,  Hostility,  sembling  anise 
Hatred,  Hate,  Malevolence,  Maliynity,  Hancor,  tirttdye. 
Spite.  These  words  differ  from  those  described  under 
acrimony,  anyer,  and  antipathy  (which  see)  in  that  they 
represent  deeper  feelings  or  more  permanent  passions. 
Ill-will  may  represent  the  minimum  of  feeling,  being  a 
willing  or  wishing  of  ill  to  another,  generally  without 
disposition  to  be  active  in  bringing  the  evil  about.  £«- 
mity  is  a  somewhat  stronger  feeling,  and  it  often  gratifies 
itself  in  trifling  and  cowai-dly  ways.  Animosity  is  more 
intense  than  enmity;  it  is  avowed  and  active,  and  what 
it  does  is  more  serious  than  the  covert  attacks  of  enmity 
or  the  liasty  attacks  of  spite.  Malice  is  pure  badness  of 
heart,  delighting  in  harm  to  others  for  its  own  sake.  Hos- 
tility is  less  passionate  than  animosity,  but  not  less  avowed 
or  active,  being  a  state  of  mind  inclining  one  to  aggressive 
warfare.  Hatred  and  hate  are  the  general  words  to  cover 
all  these  feelings ;  they  may  also  be  ultimate,  expressing 
the  concentration  of  the  whole  nature  in  an  intense  ill- 
will.  Malevolence  is  more  casual  and  temporary  than  mal- 
ice, arising  upon  occasion  furnished,  and  chjiracterized 
by  a  wish  that  evil  may  befall  amilber  rather  than  by  an 
intention  to  injure.  Midi'initu  is  malice  intensified;  it  is 
hatred  in  its  aspect  of  destructiveness  or  desire  to  strike 
at  the  most  vital  interests  of  another.  Rancor  is  hatred 
or  malice  turned  sour  or  bitter;  it  is  implacable  in  its 
vindictiveness.  A  ynidne  is  a  feeling  of  sullen  ill-will  or 
enmity,  caused  by  a.  trilling  wrong,  and  likely  to  be  ap- 
peased when  it  has  spent  itself  in  a  similar  return  against 
the  offender.  Spite  is  sudden,  resentful,  and  generally 
quite  as  well  pleased  to  mortify  as  to  damage  another ;  it 
may  be  as  strong  .as  malice  or  as  weak  as  pique. 

The  personal  animosiiy  of  a  most  ingenious  man  was 
the  real  cause  of  the  utter  destruction  of  Warburton's 
critical  reputation.  /.  D  Israeli,  Lit.  Quar.,  p.  397. 

That  thereby  he  may  gather 
The  ground  of  your  ill.mll,  and  so  remove  it. 

S/m/r.,Itich.  III.,  i.  3. 

No  place  is  so  propitious  to  the  formation  rithcr  of 
close  friendships  or  of  deadly  enmitiis  as  an  liidianian. 

Macaulay,  \\  airen  lla.stings. 

And  malice  in  all  critics  reigns  so  high, 
That  for  small  errors  they  whole  plays  decry. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Tyrannic  Love,  1.  3. 
As  long  as  truth  in  the  statement  of  fact,  and  logic  in 
the  inference  from  oljserved  fact,  are  respected,  there  need 
be  no  hostility  between  evolutionist  and  theologian. 

Ji.  It.  Lankester,  Begenernlion,  p.  C9. 
Tempt  not  too  much  the  hatred  of  my  spirit, 
For  I  a^n  sick  when  I  do  look  on  thee. 

S/mA-.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  i. 
For  thou  art  so  possess'd  with  murderous  hate, 
That  gainst  thyself  thou  stick'st  not  to  conspire. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  x. 


ana-),  +  Uvai,  go,  =  L.  ire  =  Skt.  ■/  ',  go :  see 
iterate  and  j/o.]  In  elect.,  a  term  applied  by 
Faraday  to  that  element  of  an  electrolyte  which 
in  electrochemical  decompositions  appears  at 
the  positive  pole,  or  anode,  as  oxygen  or  chlo- 
rine. It  is  usually  termed  the  electronegative  ingredient 
of  a  compound.    See  anode,  cation. 

aniridia  (an-i-rid'i-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ur- priv. 
-t-  lpi(  ('p"?-),  iris.]  In  jiatlml.,  absence  of  the 
iris  of  the  eye,  or  an  impcrfectiuu  of  the  iris 
amounting  to  a  loss  of  fimction. 

anisandrous  (an-i-san'drus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aviaoc, 
imequal  (see  aniso-),  -1-  dw)p(ai'(5/)-),  male:  see 
-onrfcoiM.]     Same  as  ani.iostemonon>:. 

anisanthous  (an-i-san'thtis),  a.  [<  Gr.  avino;, 
tiueiiual  (see  aniso-),  +  ai'tloc,  flower.]  In  hot., 
having  perianths  of  different  foi-ms.  Si/d.  Soc. 
Lex. 

[<  anise  +  -nfel.]     Re- 


anise  (au'is),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  anis,  an- 
nis,  <  IIE.  niK^v*,  anei/s,  annes,  <  OF.  (and  mod. 
F.)  anis  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  anis  —  J),  anijs  =  Dan.  Sw. 
anis  =  IMTTG.  anis,  enis,  G.  anis  (>  Serv.  ani:li, 
ane:h.  Sloven.  janc:h),  <  L.  anisnm,  also  spelled 
ancsitm  and  anethum  (>  F.  ancth,  >  E.  anet,  q. 
v.),  =  Russ.  anisu  =  Bulg.  Serv.  anason  =  Ar. 
Turk,  anisun,  anise,  <  Gr.  a m/Oov  or  arn/dov,  Ion. 
av!/mv  or  aii'Tjmi',  later  Attic  aviaov  or  amnaov, 
anise,  dill.]  An  annual  umbelliferous  plant, 
Pimpinella  Anisum.  It  is  indigenous  in  Egypt,  and  is 
cultivated  in  Spain  and  Malta,  whence  the  seed  is  exported. 


Anise  {Pimfinelta  ytttisutn). 
a,  base,  and  h,  top  of  pL-inl :  c,  fruit ;  rf,  section  of  a  carpel. 


Anise-seeds  have  an  aromatic  smell  and  a  pleasant  warm 
taste;  they  arc  Largely  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
coriUals.  When  distilled  with  water  they  yield  a  yidatile, 
fragrant,  s>Tupvoil,  which  separates  when  cooled  into  two 
portions,  a  lieb't  oil  and  a  solid  caniidior.     Star-anise,  or 

Chinese  anise,  iiiicimn  nuixattim--  Wild  anise-tree 

of  Mnrida.  lUicnttn  Fliiridaniim,     Sec  llticiiim. 
anise-camphor  (an'is-kam'for),  n.    A  liipiid  or 
oiysliUlino  substance,  CiqIIjoO,  found  in  the 
oils  of  anise,  fennel,  star-amse,  and  tarragon. 
The  political  reigns  of  terror  have  been  reigns  of  mad-     Also  called  fl»c»io?.  ,. 

ne8sand";XmVv,-atotal  perversion  of  opinion ;  snci-  aniSeed,    aniSC-seed    (an'l-sed,    an'  s-sed)     •• 
cty  is  upside  dowi'i,  and  its  best  men  are  thought  loo  liad      [1  he  lir.st  liirin  cy-'"   ' " ■—'■' 


The  deadly  energy  [of  magic  verses]  existing  solely  in 
the  woriis  of  the  imprecation  and  the  mnlerotrncc  of  the 
reciter,  which  was  supposed  to  render  them  elfectiial  at 
any  distance. 

T.  /■'.  TItiselton  Dyer,  Folk-lore  of  .Shak.,  p.  r.os. 


tolive. '  limcrsiin,  Coimigf 

He  who  has  sunk  deepest  in  treason  Is  generally  pos- 
sessed by  a  double  measure  of  rancor  against  the  loyal  mid 
the  faithful.  Ue  (Juincey,  Essencs,  ii. 

I  will  teed  fat  the  ancient  gmdije  I  bear  lilni. 

.S7m*-.,  M.  of  v.,  I.  :t. 
liidow  nn^,  there,  is  the  village,  and  looks  how  tiulet  and 

HTiiall ! 
And  yet  bubbles  o'er  like  a  city,  with  gossip,  scandal,  atol 
Hjiitti.  Tennyson,  .Maud,  iv.  :'. 

animus  (an'i-mus),  H.  [Ij.,  Ilio  mind,  in  a  gicul 
variety  of  meanings:  the  rational  soul  in  ninn, 
intellect,  consciousness,  will,  intentinii,  niur- 
ngc,  spirit,  sensibility,  feeling,  iiassioii,  pridi', 
volienience,  wrath,  etc.,  the  breath,  life,  soul 
(cf.  Gr.  rim/or,  wind:  see  anemone),  closely  re- 
lated to  anima,  which  is  a  fein.  form:  see  ani 
ma.']     Intention;  purpose;  H])irit;  temper;  es 


contv.  from  the  second.]    1.  The 


1  (if  the  anise.     See  «»/«'. —  2.   Sec  ani.-^iile. 

anise-tree  (an'is-tro),  v.    See  ani.ic  and  I  llieinm. 

anisette  (!iu-i-set'),  H.  [r.,<f7HW,  anise,  -f  dim. 
-cttc]  A  cordial  or  liqueur  ]ire)mred  from  the 
seed  of  the  anise.     Sonietiiiies  called  ani.'<('rd. 

It  often  hapiH'lls  that  a  glass  of  water,  llavored  with  ft 
little  anisette,  is  the  order  over  which  lie  jthe  lasagnone] 
sits  a  whole  evening.  Ilowells,  Venellnn  Lite,  xx. 

anisic  (a-nis'ik),  a.  [<Ij.  anisum.  niiise,  -I-  -ir.] 
I'erluiiiiiigto  or  derived  from  anise.  Aiietiuiv- 
iilent  form  is  </«(.«)/('.-  Anisic  acid,  i'sII,mI':i.  an 
aiid  oblaini'il  from  aniseed  bv  Ibc  arli.m  of  oxidizing  sub. 
slaiiees.  U  Is  ciyslalllzahle  and  volatile,  ami  forms  salts 
«liii  b  crysl.Tlli/e  reailily. 

aniso-.     [_Tlie  combining  form  of  Gr.  iiivnoc,  un- 
III-  priv.  -I-  (TOf,  equal.]     An  element 


i|iial,  <  I 
in  compoiiii 
uiie(|Uul. 


priv.  -t- 
il  words 


of  Greek  origin,  signifying 


pecially,  hostile  si)irit  or  angry  temper ;   am-  Anisobranchia   (a-ni-so-brang'ki-ii),   ii.  pi 


'a It  I  TooH'i-ti),   n.;    pi.   anlmotitim 
MK.  animi).iilc,  <  OF.   animotiU,   F. 


nio.sity:  as,  the  animuM  with  which  n  book 
written. 

with  the  ani'miM  nnil  ini  iloiilit  with  the  flendlub  looks 
of  a  inurilerer.  /"  (Jiiincry,  .Murder  as  n  I'Ine  An 

Tlinl  arllile,  ns  was  to  1 xpecled.  Is  severely  hostile  I.. 

till'  new  virHliin  ;  but  ll«  lieclllhir  niii'iniK  is  such  as  goes 
liir  to  deprive  It  of  value  as  a  crillial  Jllilgment. 

Sinetccnth  Centurji,  W.  fll. 

anion  (an'i-on),  n.    [<  Gr.  uviiv,  nout.  of  lii'iiji', 
going  up,  jipr.  of  m'lirtii,  go  up,  <  ''ii'<i.  up  (hoc 


[M,..<  (ir.  ,'n'imr,  unequal,  +  /^/"'JV'".  gi'ls-]  1" 
<iegeiibniir's  system  of  eliiHsilieiition,  a  siqier- 
I'limily  of  gnslriipdils,  of  I  lie  series  t'liiiisliinrura, 
iiieliiding  !i  iMiiiibe.'  of  l'(lnll^  colleetively  dis- 
tinguiHheil  from  the  y.i'uqnliranrliia  (which  see), 
trading  genera  of  the  /Wo«ii'>mMi'/M./nri'  I'iilrlln.Troehut, 
l.illorina.  I'yrlostnmil,  Itismm.  fnludina,  and  Turritella. 

In  the  /l»iWirniir/im  (be  left  gill  Is  snittUer,  and  tho 
right  one  more  largely  developed. 

lleyenhaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  387. 


Anisobranchiata 


Aniaobranclliata  (ii-ni'so-brang-M-a'ta),  n.pl. 
[Nil.,  iieut.  pi.  of  anisobranchiatus :  see  amso- 
branchiatc]    Same  as  Amsobranchia. 

anisobranchiate  (a-m-s6-brang'ki-at),  a.  [< 
NL  aniKobnuwhiatus,  asAnisobninchia  +  -atus.] 
Haviug  uuoqual  gills;  specifically,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Aiiimibranchia. 

anisobryOUS  (an-i-sob'ri-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  amaoc 
unequal,  +  jiprnv,  lit.  a  gi'owth,  <  ppveiv,  swell, 
grow.]     Same  as  anisodi/namous. 

anisocercal  (a-ni-s6-ser'kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  iv^aoc, 
uiiiHiual,  +  KipKog,  tail:  see  an-6  and  isocercal.] 
Not  isocercal.  _       ,  ,^.,, 

anisodactyl,  auisodactyle  (a-m-so-dak  til),  «. 
and  K.  [<  NL.  uiiisodactiilus,  unequal-toed, <  Ur. 
dwdof,  unequal,  +  MutiAo^,  a  finger  or  toe:  see 
anisD-  and  diictyl.]  I.  a.  Same  as  amsodactijlous. 
n  ».  1.  One  of  an  order  of  birds  in  the 
classification  of  Temminek,  including  those 
insessorial  species  the  toes  of  which  are  of 
imequal  length,  as  the  nuthatch.— 2.  One  of 
the  AnisodacUjla. 

Anisodactyla  (a-m-so-dak'ti-la),  n.  pi.     [Nii., 
neat.  pi.  of  aiiisodactyhis :  see  aiiisoductijLS    in 
the  zoological  system  of  Cuvier,  one  of  four 
divisions  of  pachydermatous  quadi-upeds,  lu- 
cluding  those  which  have  several  unsymmetri- 
cal  hoofs.     The  term  is  loosely  synonymous  with  I'c- 
rissodacti/la,  hut  as  originaUy  Intended  it  excluded  tlie 
solidungiUate  pei-issodactyls,  as  the  horse,  and  incUlded 
some  ArtiodaoUjla,  as  tlie  hippopotamus,  as  well  as  all  the 
Probomdea,  or  elephants,  mastodons,   and  mammoths. 
It  is  an  artificial  group,  not  now  in  use. 
anisodactyle,  <(■  and  n.     See  anisodactyl. 
Anisodactyli  (a-ni-s6-dak'ti-li),  n.  pi.      [NL., 
■pX.  ot  anisodactiilus :  see  anisodactyl.^     In  Sun- 
devall's  classification  of  birds,  the  second  series 
of  an  order  Volucres,  consisting  of  the  five  co- 
horts Ccenomorphw,  AmpUyidares,  LomjiUnfjuff, 
ov  Mcllisugce,  Syndactylm,  a.nd  Pcristeroidea;.  See 
these  words.     By  Sclater,  In  1S80,  the  term  is  used  as  a 
suborder  of  Picarice,  including  twelve  families,  the  Colu- 
dai  AUfdinidit  niicerotidte,  Ufnipidte.Irrisoridw.ileropi- 
die,  il'iiiiiitiilit;  Tudid,f.  Caraciidce,  leptosomidce,  Podar- 
aid<r,  and  Slenti'niithidiv. 
anisodactylic  (a-ni"s6-dak-til'ik),  a.     [<  aniso- 
dacfi/l  +  -ic]     Same  as_  an isodactylo us. 
anisodactylous  (a-ni-s6-dak'ti-lus),  a.     [<  NL. 
aiiisiHiwIjiliis:  see  anisodactyl.']    Unequal-toed; 
having  tlie  toes  unlike,      (a)  In  mammals,  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Anisodactyla:  pexissodactyl ;  pachyderma- 
tous. See  cut  under  perissodactyl.    (i>)  In  oriiith.,  of  or  per- 
taining to  tlie  anisodactyls,  or  Animdacfyli.     Equivalent 
forms  are  anisodactiil,  anisodactyle,  and  anisodactylic. 
aniSOdont  (a-ni's6-dont),  a.     [<  Gr.  avimc,  un- 
equal, +  odoi'f  {biovT-)  =  E.  tooth.l    In  herpetoL, 
having  teeth  of  unequal  size:   applied  to  the 
dentition  of  those  serpents  in  which  the  teeth 
are  unequal  in  length  and  irregular  in  set,  with 
wide  interspaces,  especially  in  the  lower  jaw. 
anisodynamous  (a-m-s6-di'na-mus),  a.     [<  Gr. 
dvfffoc,  unequal,  +  &'vvamq,  power:  see  dynamic.} 
In  bot.,  a  term  suggested  by  Cassini  as  a  sub- 
stitute iov  monocoti/lednnous,  on  the  supposition 
that  the  single  cotyledon  results  fi-om  imequal 
development  on  the  two  sides  of  the  axis  of  the 
embryo.    An  equivalent  form  suggested  by  him 
was  anisobryous,  but  neither  term  was   ever 
adopted. 

anisognathous  (an-i-sog'na-thus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aviaoc,  uueciual,  +  yvddo(,  jaw.]  In  cool.,  hav- 
ing the  molar  teeth  unlike  in  the  two  jaws  :  op- 
posed to  isof/natlious. 

anisogynOUS  (an-i-soj'i-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aviao;, 
unequal,  +  yvv?/,  a  female.]  In  bot.,  having  the 
carpels  not  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals. 
jV.  E.  D. 

anisoic  (an-i-s6'ik),  a.  [In-eg.  equiv.  of  anmc] 
Same  as  anisic. 
anisomeric  (a-ni-s6-mer'ik),  a.  [As  anisomc- 
roiis  +  -ic.']  In  chem.,  not  composed  of  the 
same  proportions  of  the  same  elements. 
anisomerOUS  (an-i-som'e-rus),  «.  [<  NL.  ani- 
somerus,  <  Gr.  avimg,  unequal,  +  ficpoi,  part.] 

1.  In  bot.,  unsymmetrical:  applied  to  flowers 
which  have  not  the  same  number  of  parts  in 
each  circle. 

(When)  the  number  of  parts  in  each  whorl  is  ...  un- 
equal, as  in  Rue,  ...  the  flower  is  anisomerous. 

R.  Bentley,  Botany,  p.  343. 

2.  In  odontoj).,  having  the  transverse  ridges  of 
successive  molar  teeth  increasing  in  number  by 
more  than  one,  as  in  the  mastodons. 

anisometric  (a-ni-so-met'rik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ovmof, 
unetpial,  +  phpov,  measure.]  Of  unequal  mea- 
surement; a  term  applied  to  crystals  whi^.h 
are  developed  dissimilarly  in  the  three  axial 
directions. 

anisometropia  (a-ni"R0-me-tr6'pi-a),  «.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  uvfaof,  unequal,  +  fiirpov,  measure,  +  iJi/', 


221 

eye.]  Inequality  of  the  eyes  with  respect  to  re- 
fractive power. 

anisometropic  (a-ni"86-me-trop'ik),  a.  [<  ani- 
sonwtroiiia  + -ic]  "Unequally  refractive;  af- 
fected with  anisometropia. 

Anisonema  (a-ni-so-ne'mii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dwaof,  iine(iual,  +  vfjpa,  a  thread,  <  vieiv,  spin.] 
A  genus  of  thecamonadine  infusorians,  typical 
o£  tho  family  Anisonemidw. 

Anisonemidae  (a-ni-so-nem'i-de),  n.  ]>l.  [NL., 
<  Anisonema  +  -idu:.]  A  family  of  ovate  or 
elongate  infusorians  inhabiting  salt  and  fresh 
water.  Tlicy  are  free-swimming  or  temporarily  adlier- 
ent  animalcules  witll  two  Hagella,  the  anterior  one  of 
whicli  is  loconiotory  or  vibratile  and  called  the  tractcllum, 
tlie  posterior  one,  called  the  r/ubertiacnlum,  l)eiiig  traileii 
inactively  or  used  for  steering.  The  oral  aperture  is  dis- 
tinct, in  most  cases  associated  with  a  tubular  pharynx. 
The  cndoplasm  is  transparent  and  granular.    Saville  Kent. 

anisopetalous  (a-ni-so-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
uwoof,  uuoqual,  +  ■Kira^Mv,  leaf,  mod.  petal.] 
In  bot.,  having  unequal  petals. 

anisophyllous  (a-ni-so-fil'us),  a.  [<  NL.  aniso- 
plii/llns,  <  Gr.  aviaoc,  unequal,  +  <pvUov  =  L. 
foiinm,  loaf:  see  folio.]  In  bot.,  having  the 
leaves  of  a.  pair  imequal. 

Anisopleura  (a-ni-so-plo'rii),  ?t.  pZ.  pStL.  < 
Gr.  ai-iaor,  unequal,  +  nf^evpa,  the  side.]  A 
prime  division  of  gastropods,  containing  those 
which  are  not  bilaterally  symmetrical,  as  are 
all  Gastropoda  excepting  the  chitons,  etc. :  con- 
trasted with  Isopleura. 

The  twisted  or  straight  character  of  the  visceral  nervous 
loop  gives  a  foundation  for  a  division  of  the  Anisopleura 
into  two  groups,  to  which  the  names  Streptoneura  and 
Euthyneura  have  been  applied.  To  the  former  belong  the 
great  majority  of  the  aquatic  and  some  of  the  terrestrial 
species,  while  the  latter  contains  only  the  opisthobranchs 
and  pulmouifers.  Stand.  Nat.  Ihst.,  I.  294. 

anisopleural  (a-ni-so-plo '  ral),  a.  [As  Aniso- 
pleura +  -al.]  Unequal-sided;  having bUateral 
asymmetry;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Anisoplcnra.  . 

anisopleurous  (a-ni-s6-plo'rus),  a.  [As  Aniso- 
pleura +  -ous.]     Same  as  anisopleural. 

Euthyneurous  niiisoideurous  Gastropoda,  probably  de- 
rived from  ancestral  forms  similar  to  the  palliate  Opistho- 
branchia  by  adaptation  to  a  terrestrial  life. 

J        I  ^,^  ^  t„,iJ-fs;«-,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  660. 

anisopogonous  (a-ni-s6-pog'o-nus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aviaog,  unequal,  +  -rrCjyuv,  beard.]  In  ornitli., 
unequally  webbed:  said  of  feathers  one  web 
or  vane  of  which  is  markedly  different  from 
the  other  in  size  or  shape,  or  both:  opposed  to 
isopogonous.  , 

Anisops  (a-ni'sops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avtao^,  un- 
equal, +  oil,  ui),  face  (appearance).]  A  genus 
of  aquatic  beteropterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Notoncc.tid<e,  or  back-swimmers,  having  a  slen- 
der form  and  the  fom'th  joint  of  the  antennje 
longer  than  the  third.  A.  platycnemis  is  a  com- 
mon North  American  species.  _ 

anisopterous  (an-i-sop'te-ms),  a.  [<  Gr.  avtaoc, 
unequal,  +  Trrepov,  a  wing.]  With  unequal 
wings:  applied  to  flowers,  fruits,  etc. 

Anisopteryx  (an-i-sop'te-riks),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ammg,  unequal,  +  ^ripvi,  wing.]  A  genus  ot 
geometrid  moths,  the  larvaj  of  which  are  known 
as  canker-worms.  Two  well-known  species  are  A. 
vernata.  the  spring  canker-worm,  and  A.  pometana,  the 
fall  canker-worm,  both  of  which  occur  in  gi-eater  or  less 
abundance  from  Maine  to  Texas ;  they  feed  upon  the  leaves 
of  the  apple,  pear,  plum,  cherry,  elm,  hnden,  and  m.any 
other  trees.     See  cut  under  canker-toorm. 

Anisorhamphus  (a-ni^so-ram'fus),  ».  m..,  < 
Gr.unrr,,,,  unequal, +  pa/i(?io<r,  beak,  bill.]  Same 
as  Jiltyneliops. 


ankle 


Green-striped  Maple-wonn  {Anisota  ruiicunda). 
I  larva  :*.  pupa :  <r.  female  moth.     (,\ll  natural  size.) 


anisostemonous  (a-ni-so-stem'o-nus),  a.    [< 

(Jr.  antm<:,  unequal,  +  ari/puv,  a  thread  (or^pa, 
a  stamen:  see  stamen).]  In-  bot.,  having  the 
stamens  fewer  in  number  than  the  petals  or 
lobes  of  the  corolla :  applied  to  flowers,  as  in 
the  order  Labiatcc.  An  equivalent  word  is  ani- 
sandrous. 

aniSOSthenic  (a-ni-s6-sthen'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dw- 
ouaUtv//c,  <  dvioof,  unequal,  +  atievoc,  strength.] 
Of  unequal  strength.    N.  E.  D. 

Anisota  (au-i-so'tii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avtaoc,  un- 
equal, +  ovi:  ((ijT-)  =  E.  ec«-l.]  A  genus  of  moths, 
family  Bombycida:,  established  by  Hiibner  in 
1816.  The  larvcc  feed  commonly  upon  the  oak,  hut  A. 
rubicmula  (Fal)ricius)  is  often  injurious  to  the  soft  maple. 
They  undergo  transformation  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground  to  naked  pupa;.    See  cut  ill  preceding  column. 

anisotropal  (an-i-sot'ro-pal),  a.  Same  as  ani- 
sotropic. 

anisotrope  (a-ni'so-trop),  a.  [<  Gr.  awnof 
unequal,  +  rpoiroc,  a  tm-uiug,  <  rpcKCiv,  turn.] 
Same  as  anisotropic. 

anisotropic  (a-ni-s6-trop'ik),  a.  [As  anisotrope 
-1-  -ic.]  1.  Not  having  the  same  properties  in 
all  directions;  not  isotropic;  jeolotropic.  All 
crystals  except  those  of  the  isometric  system 
are  anisotropic  with  respect  to  light. 

Starch  gi-ains  behave  like  double  refracting  crystals,  and 
we  assume,  therefore,  that  they  consist  of .  .  .  amsotrojnc 
substances.      Behrem,  Micros,  in  Botany  (trans.),  p.  360. 

2.  In  bot.,  a  term  applied  by  Sachs  to  organs 
which  respond  differently  or  unequally  to  ex- 
ternal influences. 

Equivalent  forms  are  anisotropal,  anisotrope, 
and  anisotropous. 

anisotropous   (ani-sot'ro-pus),   a.      Same   as 

anisotropic Anisotropous  disk.  See  striated  muscle, 

under  striated. 

anisotropy  (an-i-sot'ro-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  avino^,  un- 
equal, +  -Tponia,  <  TpeTTsiv,  turn.]  The  quality 
of  being  anisotropic. 

anitrogenous  (an-i-troj'e-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (a-18)  +  nitrogenous,  q.  v.]  Notcontaming 
or  supplying  nitrogen ;  not  nitrogenous. 

aniuina(an-i-u'ma),  n.  [Seean/rma.]  Aname 
of  the  homed  screamer,  Palamedea  cornuta. 

anjeela  (an-je'la),  n.  [A  native  name  in  Cey- 
lon.] A  sort  of 'ifioating  house,  supported  upon 
two  large  canoes,  connected  by  planks.  Itia 
used  by  the  Singhalese  both  as  a  dwelling  and  as  a  means 
of  ti:iiisp>irt:itiyn.  . 

Anion  (oii-zho'),  n.  [F.,  <  Anjou,  a  province  of 
France:  see  Angeiiin.]  A  slightly  sparklmg 
wine  of  western  France,  manufactured  m  a 
region  of  which  Chalonnes-sm--Lou-e,  near  An- 
gers, is  the  center. 

ankerH,  «•     A  former  spelling  of  anchor^. 

anker^t,  n.     A  former  spelling  of  anchor^. 

ankerS  (ang'ker),  n.  [=  F.  ancre  =  Russ.  an- 
Af)«,  aukerok,  <  D.  G.  Dan.  anker  =  Sw.  ankare, 
a  liquid  measm-e,  prob.  orig.  a  vat  or  keg;  cf. 
ML.  aneeria,  ancheria,  a  small  vat  or  keg; 
origin  obscure.]  A  liquid  measm-e  formerly 
used  in  England,  and  still  common  throughout 
Germany,  Russia,  and  Denmark,  ha%-ing  a  ca- 
pacity varying  in  different  places  from  9  to  10^ 
gallons.  In  Scotland  it  was  equal  to  20  Scotch 
pints.     Also  spelled  anchor. 

ankerite  (ang'ker-it),  «.  [After  Prof.  Anker,  ot 
Griitz,  +  -ife^.]  A  crystallized  variety  of  dolo- 
mite containing  much  iron.  It  consists  of  carbon- 
ates of  calcium,  iron,  magnesium,  and  manganese,  and  ia 
much  prized  as  an  ore  of  iron  for  smelting  and  as  a  flux. 
It  occurs  with  carbonate  of  iron  at  the  Stjiiau  mines  and 
elsewhere.  ,  -■    t     n 

ankh  (ank),  H.  [Egypt.,  kfe  or  soul.]  In  Egyp- 
tian art,  the  emblem  of  endm-ing  life,  or  sjTn- 
bol  of  generation,  generally  represented  as  held 
in  the  hand  of  a  deity,  and  often 
conferred  upon  royal  favorites.  It 
is  the  crux  ansata  (which  see,  under 
crux). 
ankle  (ang'kl),  n.  [(a)  Also  writ- 
ten ancle,  <  ME.  ankle,  ancle,  ankel, 
ankil,  ankyl  (a  corresponding  AS. 
foi-m  not  recorded)  =  OFries.  an- 
kel  =  'D.  f HJ-d=OHG.  anchal,  encliil, 
m.,  anchala,  enchila,  f.,  MHG.  G. 
enkel  =  Icel.  okkla.  okli  =  Sw.  Dan.  ^nkh.  carried 
rtiiA-f?,-  (fc)  also  with  added  term.  E.  by      EKyptian 

'   '  '     ^,'  .  ,.  ,.  ,  y  nfc.    gods.      iFroma 

dial,  anclej,  anclitt,  ancley,  <  ME.  an-  las-reiief.) 
cUc,  anclou-c,  <  AS.  ancleow,  oncleow, 
ancleo  =  OFries.  onklef=  OD.  aenklauwe,  D.  an. 
klaauw,  enklaanw  =  OHG.  anchlao  (rare)  (the 
term,  being  due,  perhaps,  to  a  simulation  of  AS. 
cleo,  usually  clawu  =  OFTies.  klerc  =  'D.  klaauw, 
a  claw) ;  w-ith  fonnative  -I,  -el,  from  a  simple 
base  presei-ved  in  OHG.  encha,  einka,  leg,  ankle, 
MHG.  anke,  ankle  (>  F.  hanehe,  E.  haunch,  q. 


▼.) ;  prob.  related  to  L.  aiigulus,  an  angle,  and 
Gr.  a-jKi'/^,  bent:  see  angle^,  angleS,  and  an- 
Icylose.']  1.  The  joint  which  connects  the  foot 
•with  the  leg.—  2.  By  extension,  the  slender  part 
of  the  leg  between  the  calf  and  the  ankle-joint. 
Also  spelled  ancle. 

ankle-bone  (ang'kl-bon),  «.  The  bone  of  the 
ankle:  the  astragalus  or  huckle-bone. 

ankle-boot  (ang'kl-bot),  «.  1.  Acoveiing  for 
the  ankle  of  a  horse,  designed  to  prevent  inter- 
fering. See  interfere. — 2.  A  boot  reaching  a 
little  above  a  person's  ankle. 

ankle-clonns  (aug'kl-klo^nus),  n.  The  clonic 
spasm  of  the  caif-nmscles  evoked  in  certain 
cases  by  a  sudden  bending  of  the  foot  upward 
toward  the  ankle,  to  snch  an  extent  as  to  render 
the  tendon  of  Achilles  very  tense. 

ankled  (ang'kld),  rt.  [_<  ankle  +  -ed^."]  Having 
ankles:  used  in  composition:  as,  weU-owAVfrf. 

ankle-deep  (ang'kl-dep),  a.  1.  Sunk  in  water, 
mud,  or  the  like,  up  to  the  ankles. — 2.  Of  a 
depth  sufficient  to  reach  or  come  up  to  the  top 
of  the  ankle. 

ankle-jack  (ang'kl-jak),  n.  A  kind  of  boot 
reaching  above  the  ankle. 

He  [Captain  Cuttle]  put  on  an  unparalleled  pair  of  an- 
tk-jacH.  Dickem,  Dombey  and  Son,  .\v. 

ankle-jerk  (ang'kl-j6rk),  «.  The  contraction  of 
the  muscles  of  the  calf  caused  by  striking  the 
tendon  of  Achilles  just  above  the  heel  or  sud- 
denly stretching  it.     Also  called  ankle-reflex. 

ankle-joint  (ang'kl-joint),  n.  1.  In  ordinary 
language,  same  as  ankle,  1. —  2.  In  zodl.  and 
anat.,  the  tarsal  joint,  (a)  In  mammals,  the 
tlbiotarsal  articulation.  (b)  In  other  verte- 
brates, the  mediotarsal  articulation.  See  tar- 
sal, tarsus. 

ankle-reflex  (ang'kl-re^'fleks),  «.  Same  as  an- 
kle-Jerk. 

anklet  (ang'klet),  «.  \_<  ankle  +  i^m. -et.']  1.  A 
little  ankle. — 2.  An  ornament  for  the  ankle, 
corresponding  to  the  bracelet  for  the  wrist  or 
forearm. — 3.  A  support  or  brace  for  the  leg,  in- 
tended to  stiffen  the  ankle-joint  and  prevent  the 
imkle  from  turning  to  one  side. — 4.  An  exten- 
sion of  the  top  of  a  boot  or  shoe,  designed  some- 
times for  protection  to  a  weak  ankle,  some- 
times merely  for  ornament. —  5.  A  fetter  or 
shackle  for  the  ankles. 

To  every  bench,  as  a  fixture,  there  was  a  chain  witli 
heavy  anJcUU.  ■  L.  'Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  152. 

ankle-tie  (ang'kl-ti),  «.  A  kind  of  slipper  with 
straps  buttoning  around  the  ankle. 

ankus,  ankush  (ang'kus,  -kush),  n.  [Hind. 
ankii.'i,  Pers.  unijuzh,  <  Skt.  unkiK'u.']  In  India, 
an  elephant-goad  combining  a  sharp  hook  and 
a  straight  point  or  spike.  Such  goads  are  often 
elaborately  ornatnented;  tliey  are  a  favorite  subject  for  the 
rich  enamel  of  Jcypore,  and  are  sometimes  set  with  precious 
stones.  "It  forms  part  of  the  khillat  or  'dress  of  honor' 
l^vcn  by  the  Maharaja  of  Jeypore."  Jacohn  and  HeJidtey, 
Jeyporc  Knamc:ls. 

ankyloblepharon  (ang"ki-16-blef 'a-ron),  11. 
[NL.,<Gr.  d^Ki'Mr,  crooked  (sea  ankylo.iis),  + 
jfu^jiov,  eyelid.]  In  pathnl.,  union,  more  or 
!eg8  extensive,  of  the  edges  of  the  eyelids.  Im- 
propfrly  spelled  ancliytublejiliaron. 

ankylose  (ang'ki-lOs),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  anki/- 
I'l.siil,  |>t)r.  aiiki/losiii!/.  [<  ankijlosis,  q.  v.]  I, 
irany.  To  fix  immovably,  as  a  joint ;  stiffen. 

n.  intran.i.  In  o.tjfo/.,  to  tiecomo  consolidated, 
VLH  one  bone  with  another  or  a  tooth  with  a  jaw ; 
become  (irmly  united  bone  to  bone ;  grow  to- 
gether, n.s  two  or  more  bones;  effect  bonj'  union 
or  ankylosis. 

In  III':  .ilr.tiiu  ttie  pelvis  Is  oxtronicly  nuliiftentar)',  be- 
inn  cnnip'M.'-l,  111  tile  liugong,  of  two  slender,  elongated 

Ininosi ,11  li      Hjrle, 

placed  end  t^t  ijid,  and 
romnmnly  ankylimnq  to- 

([.•th.T. 

W.  li.  Flmcer,  OHteolngy, 

Ip.  ■an. 
The  lowCT  Ini-liKin  of 

■Time  itj«*».ii-*  nf  «iirt:WR 
.  .  ,  1m.  ..in.'  'li,k,il„„-,l 
lolb.!)iiw 

»■.  //  n 
Brll...XV 

Iinprop.  , , .    -J,.  M- 
»■'!  iini  lii/liinr. 

ankyloHis   (unK-ki- 

Io'hIh),     n.        [III,. 
prop«r!y  nnrUifUmi^ 
«f  ri'  '* 
Or. 

enlii^-  

<  aymf'i'it',  • 
hf<nt\,  <  ", 
crooked,    bout    (if. 


Aniace. 

(From  Viollet- 

le-Duc's  "  Diet. 

du  Mobilicr 

fran^ais.") 


222 

aynoc,  a  bend),  =  L.  anguhis,  angle  (cf.  ancus, 
bent);  closely  related  to  E.  angle''-:  see  angled 
and  ankle.']  1.  In  anat.  and  :ool.,  the  consoli- 
dation or  fusion  of  two  or  more  bones  in  one, 
or  the  union  of  the  different  part*  of  a  bone; 
bony  imion  ;  synosteosis :  as,  the  ankylosis  of 
the  cranial  bones  one  with  another;  the  anky- 
losis of  the  different  elements  of  the  temporal 
bone;  the  ankylosis  of  an  epiphysis  with  the 
shaft  of  a  bone. — 2.  In  pathol.,  stiffness  and 
immovability  of  a  joint;  morbid  adhesion  of 
the  articular  ends  of  contiguous  bones. 

He  moves  along  stiffly  ...  as  the  man  who.  as  we  are 
told  in  tlie  Philosophical  Ti-ansactions,  was  atUicted  with 
ail  universal  anchi/lo.n.f.  Goldsmith,  Criticisms. 

Improperly  spelled  anchylosis. 
ankylotic  (ang-ki-lot'ik),  a.     [<  ankylosis  :  see 

-otic.]     Pertaining  to  ankylosis.     Improperly 

spelled  anchylotic. 
ankylotome  (ang-kil'o-tom),  n.    [<  NL.  anky- 

lotomus,  <  Gr.  ayKvAoq,  crooked  (see  ankylosis), 

+  Tofij],  a  cutting,  <  ri/jveiv,  rafielv,  cut :  see  tome.] 

1 .  A  surgical  instrument  for  oper- 
ating on  adhesions  or  contractions, 
especially  of  the  tongue. —  2.  A 
curved  knife  or  bistoury. 

Equivalent  forms  are  ancylotome, 

anki/lolomus,  ancylotomus. 
ankylotomus     (ang-ki-lot'o-mus), 

n. ;    pi.   ankylotomi   (-mi).     [NL.] 

Same  as  ankylotome.   Also  written 

ancylotomus. 
ankyroid  (an-M'roid),  a.     Same  as 

aiici/roiil. 

anlacet,  anelacet  (an'las,  -e-las),  n. 
[<  ME.  anlas,  analasse,  aniace,  ane- 
lace,  in  Latinized  form  anelacius, 
anelatiiis,  OW.  anglas;  of  uncer- 
tain origin.]  A  dagger  or  short 
sword,  very  broad  and  thin  at  the 
hilt  and  tapering  to  a  point,  used 
from  the  twelfth  to  the  fifteenth 
century.    Also  spelled  anelas. 

An  anlas  and  a  gipser  al  of  silli 
Heng  at  his  girdel. 
Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  357. 
His  harp  in  sillcen  scarf  was  slung, 
And  by  his  side  an  aniace  hung. 

Scott,  Rokeby,  v.  15. 

anlaut  (an'lout),  «.     [G.,  <  an,  on  (=  E.  on, 

<(.  v.),  marking  the  beginning,  -I-  laut,  a  sound, 

<  laiit,  adj.,  loud,  =  E.  loud,  q.  v.  Cf.  auslaut, 
inlaiit,  and  nmlaut.']  In  philol.,  the  initial 
sound  of  a  word. 

anlet  (an'let),  11.     [<  OF.  anelet,  dim.  of  anel,  a 

ring:  see  annulet.']     In  her.,  same  as  annulet. 

Also  written  andlet,  aunlet. 
annt,  ".     [For  annat,  annct,  appar.  with  direct 

rcf.  to  L.  annus,  a  year:  see  annat,  annate.] 

Same  as  annat. 
anna^  (an'il),  n.    [Anglo-Ind.,  also  spelled  ana, 

<  Hind,  and.]  In  India,  the  sixteenth  part  of  a 
rupee,  or  about  :i  cents.  Under  Queen  Vii-toria, 
coins  of  the  value  of  2  annas  (^silver),  worth  2j(/.,  lialf  an 
aiiiia  (copi)er),  etc.,  have  been  issued. 

anna^  (an'ji),  n.  [S.  Amer.]  The  Indian  name 
of  a  South  American  skunk.     I)e  la  Vega. 

annabergite  (an'a-lHrg-it),  ti.  [<  Annaherg, 
a  town  ill  Sa.xoiiy,  +  -itc^.]  A  hydrous  ar- 
seiiiato  of  nickel,  a  massive  or  earthy  mineral 
of  an  ajiple-green  color,  often  resulting  from 
the  alteration  of  arsenides  of  nickel. 

annal  (an'al).  «.  [In  sense  1,  a  sing,  made 
from  pi.  annah,  <j.  v.  In  sen.se  2,  <  ML.  anna- 
lis  (sc.  missa),  also  neut.  nnnale,  a  mass,  <  L. 
an«n/i.v,  yearly.  L'(.  annual.]  1.  A  register  or 
record  of  the  events  of  a  year:  chiefly  used  in 
the  plural.  See  annals. 
A  last  year's  anital. 

Warburton,  Causes  of  Prodigies,  p.  Ml. 

2.  Same  as  annual,  «.,  1. 

annalist  (iin'nl-ist),  w.  l< annal  +  -i.it ;  =F.  an- 
nalisle.]     A  writer  of  annals. 

The  monks  .  .  .  were  the  only  annaliMx  during  thi»i4i 
ages.  //ume,  Illsl.  Kng.,  I, 

(Jrcgoryof  Tours  was  succeeded  as  an  amittH/il  by  the 
still  frrhfer  KredegarlUB.        Lrck-)/,  Knrop.  MomlM,  II.  'J4. 

annalistic  (an-a-lis'tlk),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
iliuiai'tcrlBtic  of  an  annalist. 

Wiltti'ii  In  a  stlir  nitJifilixtir  inethod. 
."-ii- '.'.  r.  l.rwiM.  I'redlblllly  of  Karly  lt<iin.  Hist.,  J.  r.n 

annalizet  (un'iil-iz),  ti.  f.     [(.annal  +  -i::r.']    To 
record  in  annuls,  or  oh  in  annals.     [Hare.] 
The  mlracli',  denervlng  a  Haronlus  In  nnnatisr  It. 

.S'/irWiin,  Mlmcli'S,  p.  xa. 

annals  (nn'alz),  n.  III.  fFonnerlv  annates,  <  V. 
tniniitet,  jil.j  <  L.  annates  (hc.  lihri,  books),  n 
yearly  record,  pi.  otannalis,  yearly  (In  LL.  also 


annealing 

annualis,  >  E.  annual,  q.  v.),  <  annus,  a  circuit, 
periodical  return,  hence  a  year,  prob.  orig. 
*acnus  (cf.  Umbrian  pcrckuem  =  L.  perenncm: 
see  perennial),  and  identical  with  cinus  (orig. 
*acnus),  a  ring  {'>dnulus,  also  ■m-itten  auiiulus, 
a  ring:  see  annulus),  perhaps  <  i/  *"f,  bend, 
nasalized  *««e  in  angulus  (for  *anciilus),  angle, 
etc.:  see  angles.]  i_  j^  history  or  relation  of 
events  recorded  year  by  year,  or  connected  by 
the  order  of  their  occurrence.  Hence  —  2.  Any 
formal  account  of  events,  discoveries,  transac- 
tions of  learned  societies,  etc. —  3.  Historical 
records  generally. 

The  Tour  de  Constance  tat  Aignes-JIortes]  .  .  .  served 
for  yeai's  as  a  prison,  .  .  .  and  tiic  o;f»rt/«  of  these  dread- 
ful chambers  during  the  first  half  of  tlie  last  century  were 
written  in  tears  of  blood. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  1T7. 

=  Syn.  lli^tortf,  Chromcle,  etc.  See  historic,  also  list  un- 
der cfirunidf. 

Annamese  (an-a-mes'  or  -mez'),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Annam  (said  tolae  <  Chinese  aii,  peace,  peace- 
ful, -t-  nam,  south)  -1-  -ese.]  1.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Annam,  its  people,  or  its  language. 

II.  n.  1.  sing,  or  pi.  A  native  or  the  natives 
of  Annam ;  an  inhabitant  or  the  inhabitants  of 
Annam,  a  feudatory  dependency  of  China  till 
1883,  when  France  established  a  protectorate 
over  it.  Annam  occupies  the  ea.stern  portion  of  the 
Indo-Cliinese  peninsula,  having  Cliina  proper  on  the  north 
and  Siam  on  tlie  west. 

2.  The  language  spoken  in  Annam.    it  is  mono- 
syllabic, and  allied  to  the  Chinese,    .\nnaniese  literature 
is  written  in  Clunese  charactei-s,  used  phonetically. 
Also  spelled  Anamese. 

Annamite  (an'a-mit),  «.  and  n.  [<  Annam  -t- 
-ite-.]  Same  as  Annamese.  Also  spelled  Ana- 
mite. 

annat,  annate  (an'at,  an'at),  ».  [Early  mod. 
E.  annat,  annet,  usually  in  pi.,  <  F.  aiinate,  < 
ML.  annata,  neut.  pi.  of  annatus,  a  year  old,  < 
L.  «««H4',  ayear:  see  «««<(/,'.■.]  1.  pi.  The  first 
friuts,  consisting  of  a  yeai''s  revenue,  or  a 
specified  portion  of  a  year's  revenue,  paid  to 
the  pope  b.v  a  bishop,  an  abbot,  or  other  ec- 
clesiastic, on  his  appointment  to  a  new  see  or 
benefice.  The  place  of  annats  is  now  supplied,  in  the 
main,  hy  "Peter's  pence."  In  England,  in  1534,  they 
were  vested  in  the  king,  and  in  the  reign  of  Qneeu  Anne 
they  were  restored  to  the  church,  and  appropriated  to  tiie 
augmentation  of  poor  livings  of  the  Church  of  F.ngland, 
forming  what  is  known  as  "Queen  Anne's  bounty." 

Next  year  the  annatcK  or  fii-st-fruits  of  benefices,  a  con- 
stant source  of  discord  between  the  nations  of  r.urope  and 
tlieir  spiritual  chief,  were  taken  away  I13*  act  of  i'arlia- 
ment.  Ilatlanu 

2.  In  Scots  law.  the  portion  of  stipend  payable 
for  the  half  year  after  the  dealli  of  a  clergy- 
man of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  to  which  his 
family  or  nearest  of  kin  have  right. 

Tile  annat  due  to  the  executors  of  deceased  ininistcre  is 
declared  to  be  half  a  year's  rent  over  what  is  due  to  the 
defunct  for  his  ineuinbency,  to  wit :  if  he  survive  Whit- 
sunday, the  half  of  that  year  is  due  for  his  incumbency,  ami 
the  other  half  for  the  annat;  and  if  he  survive  Miehael- 
mits,  the  whole  year  is  due  for  his  incumbency,  and  the 
half  of  tile  next  year  for  the  annat,  and  the  executors  need 
not  til  conllrm  it.  Pari.,  2d  Sess.,  iii.,  KUh  an.  Car.  II. 

annatto  (a-nat'6),  )!.     Same  as  arnotto. 

anneaU  (a-nel'),  v.  t.  [Now  spelled  in  imita- 
tiiin  of  L.  words  in  ann-;  ju'op.,  as  in  early  mod. 
Fi.,  lineal,  <  MK.  nnchn,  onilen,  inllame,  heat, 
melt,  burn,  <  AS.  nnfflan,  onirlaii,  liurii,  <  nii, 
on.  on,  -t-  (7'/(j«,  burn,  set  on  fire,  <  dl,  also  «'/, 
fire,  a  burning  (a  rare  word ;  cf.  alt'et) ;  ef.  <7'/('(/, 
fire,  =  OS.  eia=  Icel.  eldr  =  Sw.  eld  =  Dan.  )/(/, 
fire  (the  vowel  short,  though  orig.  long).  The 
luirticular  sense  'enamel' iiiay  liave  lieen  de- 
rived in  part  from  OF.  neclir,  niili r.  later  nel- 
ler,  varnish,  enuinel,  ovig.  ]iaiiit  in  liliick  ujum 
gold  or  silver,  <  ML.  nigilUin ,  lilacken,  enamel 
in  black,  <  nigellitm,  abliick  eniiiiiel  (>E.  niello, 
({.  v.),  <  LL.  nigellu.i,  blackish,  dim.  of  L.  nigcr, 
black:  see  negro.]  If.  Originally,  to  set  on 
fire;  kinille. — 2t.  To  lieat,  lire,  bake,  or  fuse, 
lis  glass,  earthenware,  ores,  etc. —  3.  To  heat, 
lis  glass,  eartlienware,  or  metals,  in  order  to  fix 
colors;  enamel. — 4.  Tii  treat,  as  glass,  eartlien- 
ware, or  metals,  by  heating  ami  giiuliially  cool- 
ing, HO  as  to  touglieii  them  and  remove  their 
brittlencHS. 

anneal'-'t,  r.  t.     Same  as  ancal^. 

annealer  (a-ne'ler),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
iinnenls. 

annealing  (a-ne'ling),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
unraling ;  verbal  n.  of  anneal',]  1.  The  pro- 
cess or  art  of  treating  siibstances  by  meaiiN  of 
lieat,  so  lis  to  remove  tlieir  lirillleness  anil  at 
tlie  same  time  render  tliiin  lough  and  more  or 
less  elastic.  In  general,  these  results  are  obtatiicd  by 
healliig  to  a  high  temperature  and  then  cooling  very  gradii- 


annealing 

ally.  All  plassware,  china,  etc.,  which  i.s  to  he  suhjected 
to  fjrt'iit  olKiiiges  of  temperature  sliould  he  thus  treated. 
Tile  worlting  of  ii'on  and  steel  l)y  liuninierinf^r,  belldint;, 
rt^l^n'_^  drawing,  etc.,  tends  to  harden  tlirin  and  make 
tlieiii  l-rittle,  ami  the  original  properties  are  restored  liy 
aiun:dhig.  Steel  plates  and  dies  for  hanli-note  printing 
;iiid  tile  like  are  annealed  in  a  close  box  with  iron  filings  or 
tuijiiugs,  lime,  or  other  substances,  and  are  thus  freed 
from  earhon  and  reduced  to  pure  soft  iron,  in  which  state 
they  will  readily  take,  under  pressure,  the  finest  engrav- 
ing from  a  hardened  plate  or  die.  They  are  tlien  hardened 
.again  to  tlie  degree  necessary  for  their  use  in  jirinting. 
Steel  for  engraving  dies  is  commonly  annealed  by  lieating 
it  to  a  liriglit  clK-rry-red  color,  and  cooling  it  gradually  in 
a  bed  of  charcoal. 

2.  Hume  as  tempering. — 3.  A  founders' term  for 
the  slow  trcMtmont  of  the  clay  or  loam  cores  for 
castiiif,'s,  wliirli,  after  having  teen  dried,  are 
buriu'il  or  baked,  and  then  are  slowly  cooled. 

annealing-arch,  (a-ne'ling-arch),  n.  The  oven 
in  which  glassware  is  annealed:  called  in  some 
cases  a  leer,  in  plate-glass  manufacture,  the  anneal- 
ing-arch is  called  a  car(^uaise;  the  front  door,  tlie  throat ; 
the  back  door,  the  f/ueulette  (little  tliroat);  the  lieating- 
fiirnaee,  a  lisar. 

annealing-box  (a-ne'ling-boks),  n.  A  box  in 
Avhieli  articles  are  placed  in  order  to  be  sub- 
joi-tt'd  to  the  action  of  the  annealing-oven  or 
-t'iiniaee. 

annealing-color  (a-ne'ling-kul"or),  n.  The 
color  acquired  by  steel  in  the  process  of  tem- 
pering or  exjiosure  to  progressive  heat. 

annealing-furnace  (a-ne'ling-fer"nas),  71.  A 
furnace  in  which  articles  to  be  annealed  are 
heated. 

annealing-oven  (a-ne'ling-uv'''n),  n.  An  an- 
nealing-arch. 

annealing-pot  (a-ne'ling-pot),  «.  A  closed  pot 
in  which  are  placed  articles  to  be  annealed  or 
subjected  to  the  heat  of  a  furnace.  Tliey  are 
thus  inclosed  to  prevent  the  formation  of  an 
oxid  upon  their  surfaces. 

annectt  (a-nekf),  r.  t.  [<  L.  annectere,  adnec- 
tere,  tie  or  bend  to  :  see  annex,  r.]  To  connect 
or  join.     Sir  T.  Elyot. 

It  is  united  to  it  by  golden  rings  at  every  comer,  the 
like  rings  being  annected  to  the  ephod. 

Whinton,  tr.  of  Josephus,  III.  7. 

annectent  (a-nek'tent),  a.  [<  L.  annecten(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  annectere  :'  see  annex,  v.]  Annexing; 
connecting  or  joining  one  thing  with  another. 
Chiefly  a  zoological  term,  applied  to  those  animals  or 
groups  of  animals  which  link  two  or  more  varieties,  fami- 
lies, classes,  etc.,  together. 

It  appears  probable  that  they  \Gasterotricha]  form  an 

anftec(en(  group  between  the  Rotifera  and  the  Turbellaria. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  171. 

Annectent  gyrus.    See  gynis. 
Annelata  (an-e-la'ta),  n.  pi.      Same  as  Annel- 

lata. 
annelid,  annelide  (an'e-lid),  n.  and  a.  I. «.  One 

of  the  AnnelUla  ov  Annelides.    Also  anneloid. 

II,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Annelida  or 
Annelides. 

Also  aniiclidan,  annelidian. 
Annelida  (a-uel'i-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (with  single 
I  after  F.  annclcs,  pp.  pi.,  ringed),  prop.  Annel- 
lida,  <  L.  annellus,  more  correctly  dnellus,  dim. 
of  dniilus,  a  ring  (see  annulus),  +  -ida.'\  1.  The 
annelids  or  Annelides,  a  class  of  invertebrate 
animals,  of  the  phylum  Fermes,  sometimes  called 
the  class  of  red-blooded  worms.  The  body  is  com- 
posed of  numerous  (up  to  some  400)  segments,  somites, 
or  raetameres,  and  limbs  are  wanting,  or,  if  present,  are 
rudimentary  and  consist  of  the  cilia  or  setse  known  as  para- 
podia.  A  vascular  system  with  red  blood  is  usually  pres- 
ent ;  the  integument  is  soft,  and  composed  of  many  layers, 
the  surface  being  mostly  ciliate  or  setose ;  tlie  head  is 
wanting  or  rudimentary,  and  in  the  latter  case  consists 
of  a  prostomium  which  may  be  cirriferous  or  tenta- 
culiferous.  The  Annelida  are  the  "worms,"  properly  so 
called,  of  which  the  common  earthworm,  lobworm,  and 
leech  are  characteristic  examples.  jMost  of  the  species 
are  aquatic  and  marine.  The  class  is  diilerently  limited 
by  dilierent  authors,  the  principal  variation  aiuniig  later 
writers,  however,  being  in  excluding  or  iiKlmling  the  Ge- 
vhyrea.  Excluding  these,  as  is  done  by  tlie  above  deflni- 
tion,  the  Annelida  have  been  divided  into  four  orders : 
(1)_  tlimdinea,  Di^cophova,  or  Suctoria,  the  leeches ;  (2) 
Oligochceta.  Abranchia,  Terricolfe,  etc.,  the  earthworms 
and  their  immediate  allies ;  (3)  Chcetopoda,  Polychceta, 
ErrantiM,  etc.,  the  free  sea-worms;  and  (4)  Ceiihalo- 
branchia,  Tubicolce,  etc.,  the  tubicolous  sea-worms.  An- 
other scheme  divides  Annelida  into  four  subclasses :  (1) 
Archiannelida,  composed  of  the  genus  Polyqordius  and  its 
allies ;  (2)  Chati,p,„!a ,  including (2),  (3),  and  (4)of  the  forego- 
ing schedule  ;  (:n  llini.Uii.-at)V  Dineophora ;  and  (4)  Entero- 
jmeusta,  consisting' i  if  the  #'nus  Balanorilossus,  which  some 
authorities  class  with  tin-  aseidialls  or  C?u,rdata. 
Z.  In  Huxley's  system  (1S77),  a  superordinal 
division  iiiehiding  the  Folycluvta.  Utiguchwta,  Hi- 
rudinea,  and  Gephyrea,  with  the  ilyzostomata 
doubtftilly  added  thereto:  a  group  the  mem- 
bers of  which  resemble  one  another  generally 
in  the  segmentation  of  the  body  indicated  at 
least  by  the  serially  multiganglionate  nervous 
centers  (wanting  in  most  Gephiirea).  in  the 


223 

presence  of  cilia  and  segmental  organs,  and  in 
the  nature  of  the  larva;,  which  are  set  free  when 
the  embryos  hatch. 

annelidan  (a-iiel'i-dan),  n.  and  a.  [<  Annelida 
+  -an.]     Same  as  annelid. 

annelide,  n.  and  «.     See  annelid. 

Annelides  (a-uel'i-dez),  «.  j't.  [NL.  (F.  pi.): 
see  Annetidii.']  1.  Ked-blooded  worms.  Lu- 
marck. — 2.  Invertebrate  animals  that  have  re<l 
blood;  the  lirst  class  of  artieuhited  animals, 
di^^ded  into  Tuhicola;,  Vorsiiirancliiald,  and 
Abranchia.  Cuvier,  1817. — 3.  In  Milne-Ed- 
wards's  classification,  a  similar  group  of  worms, 
divided  into  Suctoria,  Terricolm,  Tubieola;,  and 
Errantes. —  4.  In  Gegenbaur's  system,  a  prime 
division  of  Annulata  (itself  a  class  of  Vermes), 
composed  of  two  groups,  Oligochwta  and  Climto- 
poda. — 5.  A  .synonym,  more  or  less  exact,  of 
Annelida  (which  see). 

annelidian  (an-e-lid'i-an),  n.  and  a.  Same  as 
annelid. 

annelidous  (a-nel'i-dus),  a.  [<  Annelida  + 
-ous.}  Relating  to  or  resembling  an  annelid. 
Also  anneloid. 

The  mud  in  many  places  was  thrown  up  by  numbers  of 
some  kind  of  worm,  or  anrwlidous  animal. 

Darumi,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  I.  84. 

annelism  (an'e-lizm),  n.  [As  annel{id)  +  -ism.  ] 
In  ^007.,  annelidan  or  ringed  structure  or  con- 
dition. 

The  gi'eat  band-worm  is  ...  of  this  low  type  of  amiet- 
iffm.  Bartwig,  The  Sea,  xii. 

Annellata  (an-e-la'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  annellatns,  <  L.  annellus,  anellus,  dim.  of  an- 
nus, anus,  a  ring:  see  anmilus.']  A  synonym  of 
the  Annelides  of  Cuvier  (see  Annelides,  2).  Owen, 
1843.    Also  written  Annelata. 

anneloid  (an'e-loid),  a.  and  n.     [As  annel{id) 
+  -oJ(/.]     I.  a.  Same  as  annelidous. 
II.  «.  Same  as  annelid. 

annet-*-  (an'et),  «.  [E.  tlial.,  also  vrritten  an- 
nett;  origin  uncertain.]  The  kittiwake  gull, 
Larus  tridactylus  or  Bissa  tridactyla.  See  kitti- 
loake.     [Local  British.] 

annet^t,  n.     Same  as  annat. 

annex  (a-neks'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  annexed 
(also  annext),  ppr.  annexing.  [<  ME.  annexen, 
anexen,  <  F.  annexcr,  <  ML.  annexare,  freq.  form 
of  L.  annectere,  adnectcre,  pp.  annexus,  adnexus, 
tie  or  bind  to,  join,  <  ad,  to,  +  nectere,  bind,  akin 
to  Skt.  v^'HaA,  bind.  Ci.  connect.~\  1.  To  attach 
at  the  end ;  subjoin ;  afiix :  as,  to  annex  a  codicil 
to  a  will.  In  law,  it  implies  physical  connection,  which, 
however,  is  often  dispensed  with  when  not  reasonably 
practicable. 

2.  To  unite,  as  a  smaller  thing  to  a  greater; 
join ;  make  an  integral  part  of :  as,  to  annex  a 
conquered  province  to  a  kingdom. 

It  is  an  invariable  maxim,  that  every  acquisition  of  for- 
eign territory  is  at  the  absolute  disposal  of  the  king ;  and 
unless  he  annex  it  to  the  realm,  it  is  no  part  of  it. 

A.  Hamilton,  Works,  II.  (jij. 
For  next  to  Death  is  Sleepe  to  be  compared ; 
Therefore  his  house  is  unto  his  annext. 

Speiuer,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  25. 

3.  To  attach,  especially  as  an  attribute,  a  con- 
dition, or  a  consequence :  as,  to  annex  a  penalty 
to  a  prohibition. 

Next  to  soiTow  still  I  may  anmx  such  accidents  as  pro- 
cure fear.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  221. 

Industry  hath  annexed  thereto  the  fairest  fruits  and  the 
richest  rewards.  Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  xviii. 

I  desii'e  no  stronger  proof  that  an  opinion  must  be  false, 
than  to  find  very  great  absurdities  annexed  to  it. 

Swift,  Sent,  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  alan,  ii. 
The  Book  Amiexed,  a  book  containing  the  alterations 
of  the  American  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  proposed  by  a 
committee  of  the  General  Convention  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  appointed  in  1880  and  reporting  in  1883. 
This  book  was  described  as  the  "book  which  is  annexed 
as  a  schedule"  to  the  report.  Some  of  the  changes  pro- 
posed became  part  of  the  Prayer-Book  in  1886 ;  others  re- 
mained for  further  consideration  or  ratification.  =SyiL 
Add,  Affix,  Attach.  See  add  and  list  under  affix. 
annex  (a-neks'  or  an'eks),  n.  [<  F.  annexe. 
something  added,  esp.  a  subsidiary  build- 
ing, particularly  to  a  church,  <  ML.  annexa  (sc. 
ecclesia),  fern,  of  L.  annexus:  see  annex,  r.] 
Something  annexed ;  specifically,  a  subsidiary 
building  connected  with  an  industrial  exhibi- 
tion; hence,  any  similar  arrangement  for  the 
purpose  of  providing  additional  accommoda- 
tion, or  for  carrying  out  some  object  subordi- 
nate to  the  main  and  original  object.  Also 
spelled  annexe. 

To  which  I  add  these  two  annexes. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons. 

annexaryt  (an'eks-a-ri),  n.  [<  annex  +  -an/.] 
An  addition;  a  supermrmerary.    Sir  E.Sandys. 

annexation  (an-eks-a'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  annex- 
atio(u-).  <  annexare,  pp.  annexatus,  annex:  see 


annihilationism 

annex,  v.']  1.  The  act  of  annexing  or  uniting 
at  the  end ;  tlie  act  of  adding,  as  a  smaller  thing 
to  a  greater;  tlie  act  of  connecting;  conjimc- 
tion  ;  addition :  as,  the  annexation  of  Texas  to 
the  United  States. — 2.  That  which  is  annexed 
or  added. 

Pre-eminent  among  them  [Roman  conquests]  stand  the 
annexat tojt.'<  of  I'ompeius  in  Syria,  of  the  elder  Ciesar  ia 
(iaul,  of  the  younger  Ciesar  in  Egypt. 

E.  A.  Freenuin,  Ainer.  Lects.,  p.  329. 

3.  In  law :  (a)  Tlie  attachment  of  chattels  to  a 
freehold,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  them  the 
character  of  fixtures.  (/.*)  In  Scots  law,  the  ap- 
propriating of  cliurch  lands  to  the  crown,  or 
the  union  of  lands  lying  at  a  distance  from  the 
kirk  to  which  they  belong  to  the  kirk  which  is 
nearest  to  them. 

annexational  (an-eks-a'shon-al),  a.  [<  annex- 
atio}i  +  -al.'\  Relating  to  annexation ;  in  favor 
of  annexation. 

Tlie  strong  annexational  fever  which  now  rages. 

The  Nation,  April  8,  1889,  p.  267. 

annexationist  (an-eks-a'shon-ist),  n.  [<  an- 
nexation +  -is*.']  One  who  is  in  favor  of  or  ad- 
vocates annexation,  especially  of  territory ;  one 
who  aids  the  policy  of  annexing,  or  of  being 
annexed. 

The  unconditional  annexationists  .  .  .  now  urged  im- 
mediate appeal  to  the  people. 

Westminster  Rev.,  XIX.  346. 

annexe,  ».    See  annex. 

annexion  (a-nek'shon),  n.  [Formerly  also 
annection,  adnexion;  =  F.  annexion,  <  L.  annex- 
io{n-),  adnexio{n-),  a  binding  to,  <  annectere, 
adnectere,  bind  to :  see  annex,  t'.]  The  act  of 
annexing,  or  the  thing  annexed;  annexation j 
addition.     [Rare.] 

The  Kentish  kingdome  became  a  prey  Ut  many  usurpers, 
and  gave  occasion  to  Ceadwalla,  the  West  Saxon,  to  seeke 
the  annexion  thereof  to  his  own  kingdome. 

Speed,  Hist.  Great  Brit.,  VII.  216. 

annexionist  (a-nek'shon-ist),  n.  [<  annexion 
+  -ist.]     An  annexationist.     Sumner.     [Rare.] 

annexment  (a-neks'ment),  «.  The  act  of  an- 
nexing, or  that  which  is  annexed:  as,  "each 
small  annexment,"  Shale,  Hamlet,  iii.  3.   [Rare.] 

annicut  (an'i-kut),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  repr.  Ca- 
narese  anelcattu,  'Tamil  anaikattu  (cerebral  /), 
dam-building,  <  Canarese  ane,  Tamil  anai,  a. 
dam,  dike,  +  kattu  (cerebral  t),  a  binding,  bond, 
etc. :  see  catamaran .]  In  the  Madras  Presi- 
dency, a  dam.     Also  spelled  anient. 

anniHilable  (a-ni'M-la-bl),  a.    [=  F.  annihilnhle, 
<  LL.  as  if  *annihilabilis,  iannihilnre,  annihi- 
late :  see  annihilate.']     Capable  of  being  anni- 
hilated. 
Matter  annihilabte  by  the  power  of  God. 

Clarke,  Nat.  and  Rev.  Religion,  Pref. 

annihilate  (a-ni'hi-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
nihilated, ppr.  annihilating.  [<  LL.  annihilatus, 
pp.  of  annihilare,  adnihilare,  bring  to  nothing 
(a  word  first  used  by  Jerome),  <  L.  ad,  to,  -I- 
nihiJ,  nothing:  see  nihil.]  1.  To  reduce  to 
nothing;  deprive  of  existence;  cause  to  cease 
to  be. 
It  is  impossible  for  any  body  to  be  utterly  annihilated. 

Bacon,  Nat-  Hist.,  §  100. 
In  every  moment  of  joy,  pain  is  annihilated. 

Mary,  Fuller,  Woman  hi  19th  Cent.,  p.  185. 

2.  To  destroy  the  form  or  peculiar  distinctive 
properties  of,  so  that  the  specific  thing  na 
longer  exists:  as,  to  annihilate  a  forest  by  cut^ 
ting  and  caiTying  away  the  trees;  to  annihilate 
an  army;  to  annihilate  a  house  by  demolishing 
the  struettire ;  also,  to  destroj"  or  eradicate,  as  a 
property  or  an  attribute  of  a  thing.  =  Syii.  .innvl, 

ytdh'/u.  etc.     See  nentrnlize. 

annihilate  (a-ni'hi-lat),  a.  [<  LL.  annildlatus, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]     Annihilated.     [Rare.] 

Can  these  also  be  wholly  annihilate? 

Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Ded. 

annihilation  (a-ni-hi-la'shon),  «.  [=  F.  anni- 
hilution  ;  from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of  anni- 
hilating or  of  reducing  to  nothing  or  non-exist- 
ence, or  the  state  of  being  reduced  to  nothing. 
He  tells  us  that  our  souls  are  naturally  mortal.  Anni- 
hilation is  the  fate  of  the  greater  part  of  mankind. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 
I  cannot  imagine  my  own  annihilation,  hut  I  can  con- 
ceive it,  and  many  persons  in  England  now  affirm  their 
belief  in  their  own  future  annihilation. 

Mira}-t,  Nature  and  Thouglit,  p.  48. 

2.  The  act  of  destroying  the  form  of  a  thing  or 
the  combination  of  parts  which  constitute  it,  or 
the  state  of  being  so  destroyed:  as,  the  annihi- 
lation of  a  corporation. 
annihilationism  (a-ni-hi-la'shon-izm),  n.  [< 
annihilation  -¥■  -ism.]  1.  The  denial  of  exist- 
ence after  death ;  the  denial  of  immortality. — 


annlhilationism 

2  In  theol,  the  doctrine  that  for  the  incor- 
rigiblT  wicked  future  punishment  will  end  in 
annilulation.  See  aniiiliilationixt. 
annihilationist  (a-ni-hi-la'shon-ist),  ;i.  [<  an- 
nihilation +  -lif.]  1.  One  who  denies  the  ex 
istence 


i>24 

nuisance;  prob.  confused  with  ME.  anoicn,  an- 
noy: see  nuisance]  In  hue,  a.  nuisance;  any 
injurv  done  to  a  place  by  encroachment,  or  by 
puttiJttg  anything  thereon  that  may  breed  iu- 
feetiou. 


of  the  soul  after  death ;  one  who  denies  annominate  (a-nom'i-nat),  v.  t.    [Another  form 


immortaUty.  Specifically  — 2.  In  theoL,  one 
who  believes  that  annihilation  is  the  fmal  doom 
of  the  incorrigibly  wicked.  Annihilationists  are  of 
two  classes  ■  those  who  believe  that  annihilation  will  lie 
intuited  by  God  as  a  peculiar  doom  upon  the  wicked,  and 
th.>se  who  believe  that  immortality  is  not  a  natural  attri- 
bute of  man,  but  is  conferred  by  G.)d  on  those  who  thiough 
faith  become  partakers  of  the  divine  nature 

annihilative  (a-ni'hi-la-tiv).  a.  [<  annihilate 
-r  ./.».]     Tfudiug  to  annihilate;  destructive. 

annihiiator  (a-ni'hi-la-tor),  n.    [<  annihilate,  !•.] 

1.  Une  who  or  that  which  auiululates. —  2. 
hi  math.,  an  operator  which  reduces  a  given 
kind  of  expression  to  zero — Fire-annihilator.  a 
fire-extinjruisher.  .,  .,    . 

annihilatory  (a-ni'hi-la-to-n),  a.  Annihilat- 
ing :  tending  to  annihilate  or  destroy. 

annite  (an'it).  ».  [<  Cape  Ann  +  -ite^.]  A  va- 
riety of  the  iron  mica  lepidomeSane,  oceurrmg 
in  the  gi-anite  of  Cape  Ann,  Massachusetts. 

anniversarily  (an-i-ver'sa-ri-li),  adi:  In  an 
annivLTsarv  manner ;  at  recurring  annual  peri- 
ods.   [Kaio.]  .        r/T 

anniversary  (an-i-ver'sa-n),  a.  and  H.  [<  h.  an- 
nifernaiiu.s,  returning  yearly,  <  annus,  a  year 
(see  annals),  +  vertere,  tui-n:  see  rerse.']  I.  a. 
Eeturning  with  the  revolution  of  the  year;  an- 
nual; yearly:  as,  &n  anuiiersary  fea.st. 

Tlie  heaven  whirled  about  with  admirable  celerity,  most 
constantly  anishins;  its  anniverKary  vicissitudes.  Hay. 
Anniversary  day.  («)  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  day  on 
which  an  ollicc  is  yearly  performed  for  the  soul  of  a  de- 
ceased person,  or  on  which  the  martyrdom  of  a  saint  is 
yearly  celebrated.  ('»)  In  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
commemoration-day,  an  occasion  upon  which  deglees  are 
conferred  since  the  disuse  of  the  acts.     See  act.  «.,  5. 

n.  1.;  ]pl.  anniversaries  i-riz).  [<ME.  ««««- 
versarie,  <  ML.  anniversariutn,  neut.  n.,  also  an- 
niversaria,  fem.  n.,  prop.  adj.,<  L.  anniversarius  : 
see  the  adj.]  1.  The  annually  recurring  date 
of  some  past  event ;  more  generally,  a  day  set 
apart  in  each  year  for  some  commemorative  ob- 
servance; a  day  for  the  annual  celebration  of 
some  notable  event,  public  or  private. 

The  primitive  Christians  met  at  the  place  of  their  lllie 
early  niartvrs'J  martyrdom,  ...  to  observe  the  aiiiiiver- 
tary  of  their  sulfcrings.  Stilhnyjleel. 

2.  In  the  Horn.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  yearly  commem- 
oration of  the  day  of  a  person's  death,  by  a 
mass  offered  for  his  soul,  or  such  commemo- 
ration of  his  death  daily  for  a  year. 


of  at/nominate,  q.  v.]      To  name;   especially, 
give  a  punning  or  alliterative  name  to.    [Rare.  ] 

How  then  shall  these  chaptei-s  be  aiinominatctl^ 

Southey,  Doctor,  \iii.  §  1. 

annomination  (a-nom-i-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  an- 
nominatio{n-),  adnoniinatio{n-),  for  *a(iijnomi- 
natio{n-),  usually  afinominatio{n-):  seeapnomi- 
nati(>n.'\  1.  The  use  in  juxtaposition  of  words 
nearly  alike  in  sound,  but  of  different  mean- 
ings; a  paronomasia. —  2.  Alliteration,  or  the 
use  of  two  or  more  words  in  succession  begin- 
ning with  the  same  letter  or  sound.  See  agnom- 
ination, 

Geraldus  Cambrensis  speaks  of  annomination,  which  he 
describes  to  be  what  we  call  alliteration,  as  the  favourite 
rhetorical  figure  both  of  the  Welsh  and  English  in  his 
time.  Tyrwhitt,  Chaucer,  iii.  §  1,  note. 

Annomination  plays  an  important  r61e  in  their  sen- 
tence-relation [parasynthetic  compounds],  especially  in  the 
first  staire  of  transfer  to  a  simple  active  signification. 

Amir.  Jour,  of  Phitol.,  II.  198. 

anno  mundi  (an'6  mun'di).  [L. :  anno,  abl. 
of  annus,  year  (see  annals) ;  mundi,  gen.  of  mun- 
(/««,  world:  see  mundane.']  In  the  year  of  the 
world :  used  in  dating  events  when  reckoned 
from  the  estimated  era  of  the  creation,  as  nar- 
rated in  Genesis  i.  Usually  abbreviated  A.  M. : 
as,  the  Noachian  deluge  is  said  to  have  oc- 


annoy 

WTio  model  nations,  publish  laws,  annojinat 
Or  life  or  death.  Prior,  Hymn  of  lallimachiu. 

=  Syn.  1.  Declare,  Annmince,  Proclaim,  PublUli,  Promul- 
gate;  to 'make  known,  communicate,  advertise,  report 
To  tU'ctare  is  to  make  clear,  so  that  there  will  be  no  mis- 
take, to  many  or  to  few :  as,  to  declare  war.  To  anjwunct 
is  to  make  known,  in  a  formal  or  official  way,  to  many  or 
to  few  ;  it  is  the  only  one  of  these  words  that  sometimea 
h.is  the  meaning  of  making  known  the  approach  or  futnro 
appearance  of :  a-s,  to  announ4;e  a  new  book.  To  j/roetaim 
is  to  announi-e  to  all,  with  an  endeavor  to  force  it  upon 
general  knowledge  :  when  war  has  been  declared,  it  is  of- 
ten proelaiiited  ;  so,  also,  it  is  usual  to  proclaim  a  block- 
ade. To  jmhlistt  is  to  make  public :  as,  to  puOtifih  the  bans. 
It  may  tte  urallyor  in  print,  or  it  maybe  to  satisfy  a  legal 
requirenient :  as,  to  jnihli.-jh  a  law.  To  promulyate  is  to 
publish  what  is  of  concern  to  many,  but  hitherto  has  been 
known  to  few  :  as,  to  promvltjatc  an  opinion,  to  promul- 
ijate  the  gospel,  or  officially  to  promulgate  a  law  or  edict. 
This,  then,  is  the  message  which  we  have  he.ard  of  him, 
and  declare  unto  you.  1  John  i.  5. 

A  heated  pulpiteer. 
Not  preaching  simple  Christ  to  simple  men, 
Announced  the  coming  doom.    Tennyson,  SeaDrcama, 

The  heralds  blew 
Proclaiming  his  the  prize,  who  wore  the  sleeve 
Of  scarlet.  '  l^nnyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

Tell  it  not  in  Oath,  publish  it  not  in  the  streets  of  .\ske- 
lon.  2  Sam.  i.  20. 

A  formula  for  instituting  a  combined  government  ol 
these  States  had  been  promulgated. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  139. 

announcement  (a-nouns'ment),  n.  [<  announce 
+  -mcnt.  after  F.  annoncement.']  The  act  of 
announcing  or  giving  notice ;  that  which  is  an- 
nounced or  made  kuo^vn;  proclamation;  pub- 
lication; notification. 

announcer  (a-noun'ser),  n.  One  who  announces 
ives  notice;  a  proclaimer. 


curredA.M.  (or  A.M.)  1656 (Archbishop  Usher's  ^.^^  ^^jg  coilditje   (au'o  <"r'bis  kon'di-te;. 

[L. ;  lit.,  in  the  year  of  the  city  founded:  (iHno, 
abl.  of  annus,  a  year  (see  annals);  urbis,  gen. 
of  urhs,  a  city  (see  nrban);  condita:,  gen.  of  con- 
dita.  fcm.  of  conditus,  pp.  of  condere,  set  up, 
establish,  found.]  In  the  year  from  the  found- 
ing of  the  city,  that  is,  of  Rome,  in  753  B.  c. 
according  to  the  usually  adopted  chronology: 
used  with  some  ordinal  number  to  indicate  a 
Latin  date.  Abbreviated  A.  V.  C. 
annoy  (a-noi'),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  anoy,  anoye, 
also  eniioii  and  abbr.  noy,  <  ME.  anoye,  anuy, 
anui/c,  (iiiui,  discomfort,  vexation,  weariness, 
ennui,  <  OF.  anoi,  anni,  enoi,  cnui,  later  ennuy, 
annoy,  vexation,  grief,  tcdiousness,  mod.  P. 
ennui  (>  E.  ennui,  q.  v.)  =  Pr.  enoi,  cnuoi  =  Sp. 
enojo  =  Pg.  anojo,  nojo  =  It.  annojo,  nojo  =01t 
nojo,  orig.  (Milanese  dial.)  inodio,  <  L.  in  adio, 
lit.  in  hatred,  a  phrase  used  in  certain  common 
idiomatic  expressions,  as  in  odio  esse,  bo  liate- 
ful  (est  mihi  in  odio,  it  is  offensive  to  me),  in  odio 


elironology). 

annotate  (an'o-tat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  anno- 
tated, ppr.  annotating.  [<  L.  annotatu.i,  pp.  of 
annotare,  adnotare,  put  a  note  to,  write  down, 
<  ad,  to,  +  notarc,  note,  mark,  <  nota,  a  note : 
see  note,  v.']  I.  trans.  To  comment  upon ;  re- 
mark upon  in  notes:  as,  to  annotate  the  works 
of  Bacon. 

II.  intrans.  To  act  as  an  annotator ;  make 
annotations  or  notes. 

Give  me  leave  to  annotate  on  the  words  thus. 

J.  Hive,  Orations,  p.  26. 

annotation  (an-o-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  annota- 
ti<i(n-),  adnotaiio'in-),  <  annotare,  adnotare:  see 
annotate.}  1.  The  act  of  annotating  or  of  mak- 
ing notes. —  2.  A  remark,  note,  or  comment 
on  some  passage  of  a  book  or  other  writing: 
as,  annotations  on  the  Scriptures. —  3t.  The  fii'st 
sjTnjitoms  of  the  approach  of  a  febrile  paroxysm 
in  intermittent  fever.  :=  Sjm.  Comment,  etc.  See  re- 
imtrlf. 


Annicertarg  is  an  office  in  the  Romish  Church,  cele-  _.:,„„1„4..  „•  x,  /„„  -  .^'cbro,  iafi  ,i  r<  nnnn 
brated  not  only  once  a  year,  but  which  ought  to  be  said  annotatiomstt  (an-o-ta  shou-ist),  n.  L^  «"'">- 
daily  through  the  year  (or  the  soul  of  the  deceased. 

Aylijfe,  Parergon, 


3.  The  act  of  celebrating  a  day  on  its  annual  re- 
currence; a  yearly  commemoration,  or  (rarely) 
something  done  or  prepared  for  such  commem- 
oration. 

lionii.-  had  never  seen  Mrs.  Dniry,  whom  he  has  made 

iiiiriiortal  in  his  admirable  annieermries.  Dryden. 

aimiverse(an'i-ver.-i), ".   [ShortforaHMifcraan/, 

as  if  <  L.  anni  versm,  the  turning  of  tlie  year; 

but  this  phrase  does  not  occur  in  use,  and  ver 

^     :  ..      ..,1. ..^.1      I_      tl.n      lit'        ctfi-rtan     in      t-iiiriii  ti  i  r    ' 


taliiiii  +  -ist.]  An  annotator. 
annotator  (an'o-ta-tor),  H.  [<  L.  annotator, 
adnotator,  <  an  notarc  j  adnotare  :  »ve  annotate.'] 
A  writer  of  annotations  or  notes;  a  commen- 
tator ;  a  scholiast. 

The  observation  of  faults  and  beauties  is  one  of  the  du- 
ties i>f  an  (i/iiiri(n("r,  which  some  of  .Shakspere's  editors 
have  attempted.      Jolmson,  Prop,  for  Printing  Shaksperc. 

annotatory  (a-no'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *«»- 
nolatorius,  <  annotator:  tiee annotator.]  Relat- 
ing to  or  containing  annotations. 


sm  is  not  used  in  the  lit.  sense  'a  turning.']  annotine  (an'o-tin), «.  and  ».     [<  !-• 


f 


Same  as  anniversary. 

Anil  on  their  |the  Trlnltysl  sacred  anniverae  decreed 
To  slanip  their  Image  on  the  prinnlsd  seed. 

Dryden,  Jirltannin  Redlvlva,  1.  29, 

annodated(an'o-da-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  annodatns, 
pp.  of  iinniidare',  form  into  a  knot,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
noilus  =  E.  knot:  see  node.]  In 
her.,  ciirvod  in  the  form  of  an  H,  or 
twiatcd  or  wrapped  around  any- 
thing, »H  a  serpent  around  a  stau. 
Oonornlly  used  as  synonymous 
•A-ith  lioiri:d-eml)i)wed,  imcrajtpcd, 
and  niiirrd.  " — ^ 

anno    Domini   (an'o   dora'i-ni).      A  ■^•i'tm  fxn- 
[.Ml,.:  L.  «««(»,  aid.  of  ohhim,  year   ",',';!;,','';',;'i',""i!'i' 

I  ^ii-  II  nnalnj;  |,|,.  /Domini,  gen.  of   ■■"• "■•■iiyi 

;i"  'fMi«,  ilio   Lord,    L.    dinninuH,   gut,. 
1.  .  ••  r:    M«>e   dominant,   dominir.] 
Ill  tiir  yoiir  of  tlie   Lord;    in  the  year  of  the 
CliriHtiiiii  1  rii.     I 'iirnmoiilv  abbreviated  .1.  I).: 
iiM.  Ih.'  Iiatil..  of  Hunker  Aill  was  fouglit  A.  I), 
(nr  A.  I>. )  177.'). 
anno  hejira  Inn'C)  hej'i-ro).     [ML.]     In  till, 
vcnrof  III'   h.-iira,  ..r  fliglit  of  Mohiiiiimed  from 
M<<<  I     \    h.  r,j^,,  fn,iii  wliirh  lln'  MohnTnmi- 
dnnx  ro. 1(1,1,  tlniriiinc.  Coiiiinouly  nbbroviated 
.1.  //,     Sor  hrjtra. 
annoiaancet  (n-noi'sr^ns),  ».     [A  mmi.  Rpelling 
of  oldur  anoiiiance,  anoitauncc,  <  ME.  noisanoo, 


ininotinus : 
lie  veiir  old. 


.  .  ,    iiiiiiiilimius.]     I.  II.  in  oniilh. 

II.   "■   A  bird  wliich  is  one  year  old,  or  whicli 
lias  moiled  once. 

annotinOUS  (a-not'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  annolinu.1, 
of  last  year,  <  annu.'i,  a  year:  see  annal.'i.]  In 
hot.,  one  year  old,  as  liranches  of  the  last  year. 

annotto  (a-not'o),  ».     Same  as  arnotto. 

announce  (a-nouns'),  v.  t.;  Jiret.  and  ]>]>.  an- 
niiunced,  jipr.  announcing.  [<  late  JI E.  onounce, 
<  OF.  anoncer,  aiioncier,  anuncier,  mod.  F.  (/»- 
noneer  =  Pr.  Pg.  aiinnnciar  =  Sji.  anunciar  = 
It.  annun;:iarc,  <,  L.  annunciarc,  pr(i|i.  «»»"«- 
tiarc,  adnuntiure,  make  known,  ]iiiicliiiin,  an- 
nounce, <  ad,  to,  +  nunciarc,  prop,  nunliarc, 
report,  give  a  mesHage,  <  nunlius,  a  iiiesKenger: 
Hce  nuncio.  VS.  dennuncc,  enounce,  pronounce, 
renounce]  1.  To  make  known  fonnally;  pro- 
claim or  make  public;  publish;  give  imtiiM!  of: 
as,  the  birth  of  CliriHt  was  announced  by  iin  an- 
^,,.1._2.  To  stale  or  intimate  the  apjiroiidi,  ar- 
rival, or  presence  of. 

I  beg  your  pardon,  iilr,  but  I  llmnght  yon  would  not 
ehoone  Sir  Peler  Ui  come  up  without  cimininidiif;  lillii 

,s7.f  rw/nn,  .Schoid  (or  .Senndnl,  Iv    :i. 
Announced  by  all  llie  triimpel«<i(  llic  "ky. 
An1vi-«  the  «no».  EmrTmin.  Snow  Bloriii. 

3.  To  make  known,  indicate,  or  make  manifest 
to  the  mind  or  sensirH.— 4.  To  prouounee  ;  de- 
clare by  judicial  sentenco. 


ful(f ,  . 

venire,  become  hateful:  in  =  E.  in  ;  odio,  abl.  of 
odium,  hatred:  see  in  and  odium.]  1.  A  dis- 
ttu-bed  state  of  feeling  arising  from  displeasing 
acts  or  unpleasant  circumstances;  discomfort; 
vexation;  trouble;  annoyance. 

Worac  than  Tantalus'  is  her  annoy. 

Shall.,  Venus  and  Adiuiis,  I.  699. 
As  thou  wert constant  in  our  ills,  be  joyous  in  our  joy; 
For  cold,  and  stilf,  and  still  are  they,  who  wrought  thy 
walls  .oiiii.i/.  Macaulay,  Ivry. 

2.  A  thing  or  circumstance  that  causes  ilia- 
comtort ;  an  annoyance. 

Good  angels  guard  thee  from  the  boar's  annoy. 

Shak.,  lllch.  111.,  v.  S. 
I  Now  chhlly  poetic ;  the  common  word  in  prose  is  annoy- 
line,:} 

annoy  (, a-noi'),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  anoy, 
iini'i/r,  inioie,  <  ME.  (inoiini,  anoicn,  aunyen, 
aiiuien,  iinyen,  anucn,  <  OF.  anoicr,  enoier,  antt- 
iir,  enuier,  later  ennuyer,  aiinov,  vex,  weary, 
irk,  mod.  F.  ennuyer  (see  ennuye)  =  Pr.  cnoiar, 
enuiar=  Sp.  Pg.  ('»<yVir,  Pg.  also  ((«()>()•=  It. 
nojare,  unnojare,OU.  inodiarc;  from  the  noun.] 
I.t  inlriins.  1.  To  be  hateful  or  Iroiiblesomo: 
followed  by  1(1.-2.  I  By  omission  of  relli'xivo 
pronoun. J  "To  bo  troubled,  disquieted,  ve.\ed. 
If  Ihat  thou  aiwie  nat  or  forthenke  nat  of  al  thi  (ortuno. 
Chaucer,  Hoethlns,  il.  prosu  4. 

II.  Iran.1.  To  be  hateful,  troublesome,  or 
vexatious  to;  trouble,  disquiet,  disturb,  vex, 
molest,  liarnss,  plague ;  irk,  wenry,  bore,  espe- 
cially by  repeated  acts:  as,  to  iinniiy  a  person 
by  |ierp'i'liial  i|iiestioning;  In  ininoy  the  eiu'tny 
by  raids:  in  the  passive,  followed  by  «/ or  i/fcuut, 
formerly  by  of. 

It  bigan  to "nilovc  tlio  piiple  on  lie  wele  and  trauid. 

Wyclit.  Num.  .vxl.  .((I'urv.). 

Agahmt  tho  Capitol  I  met  a  lion. 
Who  glnr'd  upon  me,  and  went  surly  by 
Without  annoying  nie.  .SVmAr.,  J.  C,  I.  3. 

lie  determined  not  yel  to  illHTiilsii  them,  bill  merely  to 
hnnibl.' and  nnnov  them.  .Miicaulaii.  III"!.  Kng.,  iv. 

Syn.  Miilml,  Plague,  etc.  (nee  (<-.«.■),  tronlile,  disturb, 
dlngulot,  vex,  Irrltati',  fret,  emljurraiis,  perplex. 


annoyance 

annoyance  (a-noi'ans),  n.    [<  ME.  anoyance 
(rare)/  Vb\  hioiance,  anidance,<anoicr^nmer, 
annoy:  see  annoy,  v.,  and  -ance.']     1.  The  act 
of  annoying ;  vexation ;  molestation. 
Formidable  means  of  aniwijance. 

Macaulay,  Hallam  s  Const.  Hist. 

2.  The  state  of  being  annoyed;  a  feeling  of 
trouble,  ve.xation,  or  anger,  occasioned  by  un- 
welcome or  injurious  acts  or  events. 

A  caivU-ss  step  leading  to  accident,  or  some  bungling 
manipulation,  causes  self-condemnation  with  its  accom- 
panying feeling  of  annoyance  though  no  one  is  by. 

H.  Spetmr,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  517. 

3.  That  which  annoys,  troubles,  or  molests. 

A  grain,  a  dust,  a  gnat,  a  wandering  hair. 
Ally  aitiwyanec  in  that  precious  sense  ! 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  1. 
The  .  .  .  exercise  of  industry  .  .  .  temperetli  allaiiHoi/- 
ances.  Barrow,  .Sermons,  III.  xix. 

Jury  of  annoyance,  a  jury  appointed  to  report  upon 
public  nuisances.    N.E.D.    [Eng.]  =Syn.  1.  Molestation, 
vexation.  — 2.  Discomfort,  plague. 
annoyancer  (a-noi'an-ser),  n.    An  annoyer. 
Liimb.     [Rare.] 
annoyer  (a-noi'er),  n.    One  who  annoys, 
annoyfult '  (a-noi'fid),   a.     [<   ME.   anoyful,  < 
anoye:  see  annoy,  ».]     Giving  trouble ;  incom- 
moding; molesting. 
annoyingly  (a-noi'ing-li),  adv.     In  an  annoy- 
ing manner. 

The  Times  and  other  papers  commented  annoyingly  on 
'Dog  Tear  "em,"  .as  Mr.  '"'^  '         '         "'"'  "^ 


from  his  satirical  temper  and  speech. 

li.  J.  Hinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  133. 

annoyingness  (a-noi'ing-nes),  «.     [<  annoying 
+  -ncss.'\    The  quality  of  being  annoying ;  vexa- 

tiousness. 
annoyment   (a-noi'ment),   n.      [<  ME.  annoy- 

meiit,  <  OF.  dkoiemeni:  see  annoy  and  -ment.'] 

Annoyanee. 
annoyoust  (a-noi'us),  a.     [<  ME.  anoyous,  anoi- 
annoyiis,   aunuyous,   etc.,  <  OF.  anoioits, 


225 

where  the  winters  are  severe.  Winter  annuals,  frequent 
in  warm  regions  with  dry  summers,  germinate  from  tlie 
seed  under  the  rains  of  autumn,  grow  through  tlie  winter, 
and  die  after  i)erfeeting  seed  in  the  spring. 
4.  A  literary  production  published  annually; 
especially,  an  illustrated  work  issued  near 
Christmas  of  each  year.  The  name  is  more  espe- 
cially applied  to  certain  publications  handsomely  bound, 
illustrated  with  plates,  and  containing  prose  tales,  poems, 
etc.,  which  were  formerly  very  popular,  but  are  now  no 
longer  issued.  The  lirst  one  published  in  London  appeared 
in  1S22,  anil  the  last  in  1866. 

annualist  (an'u-al-ist), re.  [<  annual,  «.,  +  -ist.'\ 
An  editor  of,  or  a  writer  for,  an  annual,  or  a 
publication  issued  annually.    Lamb. 

annually  (an'u-al-i),  adv.  Yearly;  each  year; 
returning  every  year ;  year  by  year. 

annuary  (an'u-a-ri),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  annuaire, 
<  ML.  "annuarius  (neut.  annuarium,  an  anni- 
versary), <  L.  annus,  a  year.  See  annual.'\  I.t 
a.  Annual. 

Supply  anew 
With  annuary  cloaks  the  wandering  Jew. 

John  Hall,  Poems,  I.  10. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  annuarics  (-riz).  1.  -Aji  annual 
publication. 

That  standard  [of  the  French  meter]  is  declared,  in  the 
Annuary  of  the  Bureau  des  Longitudes,  to  be  equal  to 
39.37079  British  imperial  standard  inches. 

Sir  J.  Herschel,  Pop.  Lects.,  p.  440. 

2t.  A  priest  who  says  annual  masses ;  an  an- 
nueler. 
has  been  long  nicknamed  annuelert,  n.     [ME.  annueler,  <  ML.  anmiala- 


rius,  <.  auHualc,  an  anniversary  mass:  see  an- 
nual, »(.]  A  priest  employed  in  saying  annuals 
for  the  dead.  Chaucer. 
annuent  (an'u-ent),  a.  [<  L.  annuen{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  annucrc,  a'd'nuerc,  nod  to,  <  ad,  to,  -f-  nuere 
(only  in  comp.),  nod,  =  Gr.  vEveiv,  nod.]  1. 
Nodding,  as  if  vsdth  the  purpose  of  signifying 
assent  or  consent.  Smart  (1849).  [Eai-e.]  —  2. 
Serving  to  bend  the  head  forward:  specifically 
^    . ,  o       applied  to  the  muscles  used  in  nodding. 

anows,  a>miem,  enums,  mod.  i) .  ennuyeux  =  Pr.  annuitant  (a-nii'i-tant),  n.     [<  annuity  +  -ant.-] 

enoios  =  Sp   Pg.  enojoso  =  It.  annojoso :  see  an-    ^      ^^    receives,  or  is  entitled  to  receive,  an 

)iO(/,  H.,  and -OHS.]     Troublesome;  annoying.        f^^miity 
annoyouslyt (a-noi'us-li),  «ffr.    lU-E.anoyously.-  annuity' (a-nu'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  annuities  (-tiz).     [< 

<anuijy()u.^  + -ly^.]    Annoyingly;  vexatiously.  *^^'"'^^^"        •■  .'  K  ^„ 


Annular  Gear, 
wheel. 


OUS, 


s,  mod.  F. 


Chaucer,  Boethius, 

annuaire  (an-a-ar'),  »•  [F-]  Sameasare»«a>-i/,  l. 

annual  (an'u-kl),  a.  and  re.  [<  ME.  annual,  usu- 
ally aHH«ei,  <  Of.  anuel,  annuel,  F.  annuel  =  Pr. 
Pg.  (j»HHrti  =  Sp.  auual=lt.  annuale,<Mlj.  annu- 
alis,  yearly,  LL.  a  year  old,  the  regidar  L.  adj. 
being  annalis,  <  L.  annus,  a  year:  see  annals.] 

1.  a.  1.  Of,  for,  or  pertaining  to  a  year;  year- 
ly :  as,  the  annual  growth  of  a  tree ;  annual 
profits;  the  annual  motion  of  the  earth. 

A  thousand  pound  a  year,  annual  support, 

Out  of  his  grace  he  adds.     Shak.,  lien.  VIII.,  ii.  3. 

2.  Kelating  to  a  year,  or  to  the  events  or  trans- 
actions of  a  year:  as,  an  annual  report. — 3. 
Lasting  or  continuing  only  one  year,  or  one 
season  of  the  year ;  coming  to  an  end  individu- 
ally within  the  year:  as,  annual  plants  or  in- 
sects. 

An  annual  herb  flowers  in  the  first  year,  and  dies,  root 
and  all,  after  ripening  its  seed. 

A.  G-ray,  Botany  (ed.  1870),  p.  21. 

4.  Occurring  or  retiuTiing  once  a  year;  hap- 
pening or  coming  at  yearly  intervals:  as,  an 
annual  feast  or  celebration. 

Whose  annual  wound  in  Lebanon  allured 
The  Syrian  damsels  to  lament  his  fate. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  447. 
Annual  assay,  conference,  epact,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
— Annual  income,  the  sum  of  annual  receipts.  — Annual 
rent, in  .S.-ofx  la "■,  a  yearly  profit  due  to  a  creditor  by  "ay 
of  interest  fur  a  given  sum  of  money ;  interest:  so  called  I>e- 
cause  when,  l>eforc  the  Reformation,  it  was  illegal  to  lend 
money  at  interest,  the  illegality  was  evaded  by  a  stipula- 
tion on  the  part  of  tlie  lender  for  a  certain  rent  yearly  from 
land.— Annual  value  of  a  piece  of  property,  that  which 
it  is  worth  for  a  year's  use.  It  includes  what  ought  to 
be  received,  whether  it  is  actually  received  or  not,  and 
amounts  to  the  excess  thereof  above  deducted  costs  or  ex- 
penses. 

II.  «.  1 .  [<  ME.  annuel,  n.,<  OF.  annuel,  <  ML. 
ariiuale,  prop.  neut.  of  annualis,  a. :  see  above, 
and  cf.  annueler.]  A  mass  said  for  a  deceased 
person,  either  daily  during  a  year  from  the  day 
of  his  death,  or  on  the  recurrence  of  the  day  for 
a  number  of  years ;  an  anniversary  mass ;  also 


niiitee,  "annuyte,  <  OF.  annuite,  mod.  F. 
annuite,  <  ML.  annuita(t-)s,  an  annuity  (cf.  L. 
annua,  an  annuity,  neut.  pi. ),  <  L.  an  n  uus,  yearly, 
<  an»«s,  a  year,  iieei  annual.]  A  periodical  pay- 
ment of  money,  amounting  to  a  fixed  sum  in  each 
year,  the  moneys  paid  being  either  a  gift  or  in 
consideration  of  a  gross  sum  received.  When  the 
payment  is  continued  for  a  certain  period,  as  10,  20,  or  100 
years,  it  is  called  a  certain  annuity ;  when  it  continues 
for  an  uncertain  period,  a  contingent  annuity ;  when  the 
period  is  determined  by  the  duration  of  one  or  more  lives, 
a  life  annuitu.  A  deferred  or  reversimiary  annuity  is  one 
that  does  not  begin  till  after  a  certain  period  or  number  of 
years,  or  till  the  decease  of  a  person,  or  some  other  future 
event.  An  annuity  in  possession  is  one  which  has  already 
begun.  Governments  often  raise  money  upon  annuities ; 
that  is,  for  a  certain  sum  advanced,  the  government  con- 
tracts to  pay  a  speciflc  sum  for  life,  or  for  a  term  of  years. 
—Annuity  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1813  (63  Geo.  III., 
c.  141)  which  required  the  registration  of  all  instruments 
granting  iinrinities,  and  regulated  such  grants.— To  grant 
an  annuity,  U>  make  a  formal  contractor  testamentary 
provision  to  pav  an  annuity. 
annul  (a-nul'),  ».  t;  pret.  and  pp.  annulled, 
ppr.  annulling.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  adnul,  < 
ME.  annuUen,  anwllcn,  admillen,  <  OF.  anuller, 
adnuller,  mod.  F.  annuler  —  Pr.  Pg.  annullar 
=  Sp.  anular  =  It.  annullare,  <  L.  annullarc, 
adnullare,  biing  to  nothing,  <  ad,  to,  -f-  nullus, 
none,  nullum,  nothing:  see  null.]  1.  To  re- 
duee  to  nothing ;  annihilate  ;  obliterate. 

Light,  the  prime  work  of  God,  to  me  is  extinct, 

And  all  her  various  objects  of  delight 

Annulld.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  72. 

2.  To  make  void  or  null;  nullify;  abrogate; 
abolish;  do  away  with:  usedespeeially  of  laws, 
decrees,  edicts,  decisions  of  eom-ts,  or  other 
established  rules,  usages,  and  the  like. 

Do  they  mean  to  invalidate,  annul,  or  call  into  ques- 
tion .  .  .  that  great  body  of  our  statute  law  ?  .  .  .to  an- 
nul laws  of  inesttaable  value  to  our  liberties? 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

The  burgesses  now  annulled  the  former  election  of  gov- 
ernor and  council.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  172. 
=  Syn.  2.  Abolish,  Repeal,  etc.  (see  abolishy,  Nulli/y, 
Annihilate,  etc.  (see  neutralize) 
void,  supersede 


;  retract,  declare  null  and 


the  fee  paid  for  it'.     Also  called  oreren?.— 2.  A  annular  (an'ii-lar),  a.     [=  F.  annulaire  =  Pg. 
yearly  payment  or  allowance;  specifically,  in     «H)i!(Wnr  =  Sp.  antdar  =  It.  anulare,  <  L.  annu- 


Seotlaud,  quit-rent;  ground-rent.  Also  called 
ground-annual. — 3.  A  plant  or  an  animal  whose 
natural  term  of  life  is  one  year  or  one  season ; 
especially,  any  plant  which  grows  from  seed, 
blooms,  perfects  its  fniit,  and  dies  in  the  course 
of  the  same  year.  Annuals,  however,  may  be  carried 
over  two  or  more  years  by  preventing  them  from  fruiting, 
as  is  frequently  done  with  the  mignoiiette.  Many  species 
that  are  perennials  in  wai'm  climates  are  only  annuals 
15 


laris,  prop,  amdaris,  relating  to  a  ring.  <  an- 
nulus,  prop,  dnuhis,  a  ring:  see  annulus.]  1. 
Having  the  form  of  a  ring;  pertaining  to  a 
ring. —  2.  In  sodl.  and  anat.,  of  or  pertaining 
to  ringed  or  ring-like  structure  or  form ;  annu- 
late ;  annidoid  ;  annulose — Annular  auger,  an 
au-'cr  used  for  cutting  an  annnhar  channel.  The  simplest 
form  is  a  tube  with  a  seriated  edge,  which  is  kept  centered 
by  a  point  projecting  from  a  movable  plug  within,  and  of 


annulation 

the  size  of,  the  bore  of  the  tube.  —  Annular  bit,  a  boring- 
Ijit  which  cuts  an  annular  channel  witliout  ivmoving  the 
untouched  center.  It  is  used  in  cutting  large  holes,  and 
in  the  formation  of  circular  blanks,  as  lor  wads,  buttons, 
etc.— Annular  borer,  a  tube  which  serves  a.s  a  rock-  or 
earth-boring  tool,  making  an  annular  cutting,  and  leaving 
a  column  of  rock  or  earth  in  the  nii<ldle.  It  is  u.sually 
armed  at  the  boring  extremity  with  diamonds.  Sec  dia- 
moiui  drill,  under  i/n((.— Annular  duct,  or  annular 
vessel,  in  t"<t.,  a  cylindrical  tube  of  delicate  vascular 
tissue,  sti-engthencd  at  intervals  on  the  inner  side  by  a 
deposit  of  material  in  the  form  of  rings,  called  annular 
marK/i£/.^.  — Annular  eclipse,  in  astron.,  an  eclipse  of  the 
sun  in  which  a  ixu-tion  r,f  its  surface  is  visible  in  the  form 
of  a  ring  surrounding  the  tl.ark  body  of  the  moon.  This 
occurs  when  the  moon  is  too  remote  from  the  earth  to 
cover  the  sun  completely,  and  at  the  moment  when  the 
centers  of  both  sun  and  moon  are  nearly  in  a  line  with  the 
point  OR  the  raith's  siii-Iare  where  tli.-  -ibs.  rvrr  stands. — 
Annular  engine,  ■  >r  annular-cylinder  engine,  a  direct- 
action  inarin.;.nginc,  having  twueoiK  etitiii  c.vjinders;  the 
annular  space  between  them  is  fitted  with  a  piston,  which 
is  attached  to  a  T-  sliaped  cross-head  by  two  piston-rods. 
The  cross-head  is  formed  by  two  plates,  with  a  space  be- 
tween them  in  which  the  connecting-rod  vibrates,  and  its 
lower  end  slides  within  the  inner  cylinder  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  crank.— Annular  finger,  the  ring-finger. 
Then  calling  for  a  Bason  and  a  Pin 
He  pricks  his  annular  Jinyer,  and  lets  fall 
Three  drops  of  blood.  J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  v.  50. 
Annular  gear-wheel,  a  gear-wheel  in  which  the  teeth 
are  on  the  inside  of  an  annulus  or  ring,  while  its  pinion 
works  within  its  pitch-circle,  turning  in 
the  same  direction.— Annular  liga- 
ment, in  anat.  :  {a)  The  general  liga- 
mentous envelop  which  surrounds  the 
wrist  or  ankle,  and  is  perforated  for  the 
passage  of  tendons,  vessels,  and  nerves. 
lb)  The  orbicular  ligament  which  holds 
the  upper  end  of  the  radius  in  the  sig- 
moid cavity  of  the  ulna. — Annular 
markings.  See  anntilar  duct,  atfove. — 
Annular  micrometer,  a  circular  mi- 
crometer, or  ring-miciiinifter.  See  inirrometer. — Annu- 
lar pan,  the  hori/iMit.d  ring-shaped  pan  of  certain  tonus 
of  aiii!ii;;aniatois;nid  .nr.iushers.—Anmilar  process  or 
protuberance  of  the  brain,  an  old  name  of  the  pons 
Varolii;  still  in  use  in  the  b.nn /"(«■<•«// wk/kc..  — Annular 
saw,  a  cutting-tool  formed  (rf  a  tube  will]  a  senat.  d  end. 
It  is  used  for  cutting  button-blanks.— Annular  vault,  in 
arch.,  a  barrel  \anlt  covering  a  space  of  which  the  plan  is 
formed  by  two  enm  entiic  circles,  or  any  portion  of  such 
a  space. — Annular  vessel.  See  annular  duct,  above. 
annularity  (an-u-lar'i-ti), «.  [<  annular  +  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  condition  of  tseing  annular,  or 
ring-shaped. 

annularly  (an'u-liir-li),  adt:  In  the  manner  or 
form  of  a  ring. 

annulary  (an'fi-la-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  annula- 
rlus,  more  correctly  amdarius,  pertaining  to  a 
ring,  <  dnulus,  a  ring:  see  annulus.]  I.  a.  1. 
Having  the  form  of  a  ling. 

Because  continual  respiration  is  necessary,  the  wind- 
pipe is  made  with  ((/iji  ('/(//■'/ cartilages,  that  the  sides  of  it 
may  not  flag  and  fall  toM,.ther. 

Hay,  On  the  Creation,  p.  270. 

2.  Bearing  a  ring:  specifically  said  of  the  ring- 
finger. 

II.  «•;  pi.  annularies  (-riz).  The  fourth  Sin- 
ger, or  ring-finger. 

The  thumb  and  annulary  crossed. 
Labarte,  Arts  of  Mid.  Ages  (trans.),  p.  144.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

Annulata  (an-ii-la'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of.  h.annulatus':  Bee'annulute.]  1.  Asj-nonjTU 
of  Annelides,  Annelida,  Annellata,  Annulosa,  and 
AmpUsbiEnoida.—2.  In  Gegenbaur's  system  of 
classification,  a  prime  division  of  Vermes,  di- 
vided into  two  main  groups,  Eirudinea  (leeches) 
and  Annelides,  the  latter  comprising  the  two 
groups  of  the  Oligochwta  and  the  Cliatopoda. 

annulate  (an'u-lat),  a.  [<  L.  anmdaius,  prop. 
dnulatus,  ringed,  '<  dnulus,  a  ring:  see  annulus.] 

1.  Furnished  with  rings,  or  circles  like  rings: 
having  belts.  Specifically  —  2.  In  6o;.,  protided 
with  an  annulus  or  ^\ith  annuli :  applied  to  a 
capsule,  stem,  or  root  encircled  by  elevated 
rings  or  bands.  See  cut  under  anmdus. —  3.  In 
licr.,  appUed  to  any  bearing,  such  as  a  cross, 
whose  extremities  end  in  annulets  or  rings,  or 
which  is  fretted  or  interlaced  with  an  annulet. 
See  cut  under  angle,  5.  Equivalent  forms  are 
anmdettee,  annuletty. — 4.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Annulata  in  either  sense  of  that  word. — 5. 
In  entom.,  having  rings  or  encii-ciing  bauds  of 
color,  or  lia\ing  raised  rings. 

annulated  (an'u-la-ted),  a.  1.  Furnished  vrith 
rings;  annulate!  Specifically — 2.  Inroo?., hav- 
ing or  consisting  of  a  ring  or  rings ;  composed 
of  a  series  of  ringed  segments,  as  a  wonn ;  an- 
nelid; annuloid. —  3.  In  arch.,  furnished  -nith 
a  projecting  annular  band  or  bands — Annu- 
lated columns,  columns  standing  free  or  grouped  in 
clusters  and  surrounded  in  one  or  more  places  with  pro- 
jecting rings  or  bauds :  a  form  usual  in  some  styles  of 
Pointed  architecture. 

annulation  (an-u-la'shon),  n.  [<  annulate  + 
-ion.]    1.  A  circular  or  ring-like  formation. — 

2.  The  act  of  forming  rings;  the  act  of  becom- 
ing a  ring. 


annolation 

A  sketch  of  the  liJe  of  a  nebiila  not  thus  hroken  up,  of 
its  rotation,  annulation,  and  final  spheration  into  a  nebu- 
lous orb.  The  American,  \  II.  152. 
3.  The  state  of  being  annulate  or  annulated. 
aniiulet  (an'u-let),  H.  [Formerly  also  amiu- 
lette,anu1et{and  anlet,<OF.  aniieUt,  anelet.  dim. 
of  anel,  <  L.  anellus,  dim.),  <  L-  anmilus,  prop. 
diiulus,  a  ring  (see  annuhis),  +  -c<.]    A  little 

ring. 

Plack'd  the  grass 
There  growing  longest  by  the  meadow's  edge, 
And  into  many  a  listless  annulet, 
\ow  over,  now  beneath  her  marriage  ring, 
Wove  and  unwove  it.  Tennysmt,  Geraint. 

Specificallv— (a)  In  arch.,  a  small  projecting  member, 
drcnlar  in  plan  and  usually  square  or  angular  in  section  ; 


226 

aimulose  (an'ii-los),  o.  [<  NL.  anmilosus,  <  L. 
aniiuliis,  dnidiis,  a  ring:  see  aiiiiulKS.}  Fur- 
nished with  rings ;  composed  of  rings  :  as,  an- 
uulose  animals. 

annulus  (an'u-lus),  n. ;  pi.  aniiuti  (-li).  [L., 
prop,  ihiulus,  a  ring,  esp.  a  finger- .-ing,  a  signet- 
ring,  in  form  dim,  of  the  rare  aiiun,  a  i-ing,  prob. 
orig.  *ncnus  and  identical  \vith  aiiiiits,  a  ch-cuit, 
periodical  return,  a  year:  see  annals.'}  1.  A 
ring-like  space  or  area  contained  between  the 
circumferences  of  two  concentric  circles. — 2. 
In  anat.,  a  ring-like  part,  opening,  etc. :  used 
in  Latin  phrased.  (See  below.)  —  3.  \'a.hot.:{a) 
The  elastic  ring  which  sun'ounds  the  spore- 
case  of  most  ferns,  (fc)  In  mosses,  an  elastic 
ring  of  cells  l.^-ing  between  the  lid  and  the 
base  of  the  peristome  or  orifice  of  the  capsule. 


Annulets  of  the  Doric  Capital. 
A.  A.  annulets,  shown  enlarged  in  lower  figure. 

eapecially,  one  of  the  fillets  or  bands  which  encircle 
the  lower  part  of  the  Doric  capital  above  the  necking: 
bat  annulet  is  often  indiscriminately  used  as  synonymous 
with  list,  lislel,  cincture,  fillet,  tenia,  etc.  (b)  In  her.,  aring 
borne  as  a  charge.  It  is  also  the  mark  of  cadency  which 
the  fifth  brother  of  a  family  ought  to  bear  on  his  coat  of 
arms.  Also  called  anlet.  See  cadency. 
(c)  In  decorative  art,  a  name  given  to 
a  band  encircling  a  vase  ur  a  similar 
object,  whether  solidly  painted,  or  in 
engobe,  or  composed  of  simple  figures 
placed  close  to  each  other.  Compare 
/nV.'.-l. 

annnlett^e,  annuletty  (an 'u- 
let-a',  an'u-let-i),  a.  [<  F. 
'annulette,  <  'anmiUtte:  see  an- 
nulet.}    In  her.,  same  as  annu- 

Itlte    3  Heraldic  Annulet. 

annuli'.  ".     Plural  of  annuUs.      "^ThS^"?'"' 

annulism  (an'u-lizm),  n.    [<  L. 
itnnulu.s,  a  ring  (see  annulus),  +  -isni.}      The 
quality  of  being  annulated,  annulose,  or  anneli- 
dan;  ringed  structure :  specifically  said  in  .-007. 
of  an  annelid,  anniilate,  or  annulose  animal. 

Here  [among  Sipitnculidie]  radiisin  sets  and  annulism 
apriears.  Ji.  Furbeg,  Hist.  Brit,  .starfish  (1841),  p.  243. 

annullable  (a-nul'a-bl),  a.  [<  annul  +  -rtifc.] 
Ca|iitblc  of  being  annulled.  C'olcriilge.  [Rare.] 
annulment  (a-nul'ment),  n.  [<  late  ME. 
aniilUiiiint,  <  OF.  ' anul'lcmcnt :  see  annul  and 
-ment.}  The  act  of  annulling;  spceifieally,  the 
act  of  making  void  retrospectively  as  well  as 
prospectively:  as,  the  annulment  of  a  marriage 
(a,«  distinguished  from  the  granting  of  a  divorce). 
annuloid  (an'u-loid),  rt.  and  n.  j<  L.  annulus, 
a  ring  (see  annulus),  +  -fiid.']  I.  a.  1.  Ring- 
like.—  2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  the 
Jn»mtotdrt._  Annuloid  series,  a  term  applieil  by  Hux- 
ley t**  a  gradutioii  nf  atiiiiiul  forms  presented  by  tin-  Tri- 
ehoMcolicfA  and  Annelida  as  these  are  defined  by  the  same 
author. 

II.  ".  One  of  the  Annuloula. 
Annuloida  (an-u-loi'dil),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  an- 
nulus, more  correctly  dnulus,  a  ring  {sue  annu- 
lus), +  -oida.}  A  name  applicil  by  Huxley 
(ISG'J)  to  a  siibkingdoin  of  animals,  consisting 
of  the  Ncoleciila  ami  /;'cliin<i(Urnialfi,  an  associa- 
tion Hiibs(;()iiciilly  modified  by  tile  sumo  author. 
AIm'1  called  Kchinozoa.  [Disused.] 
AnnuloBa  (an-u-lo'sa),  «.  jil.  [NL.,  nout.  pi. 
of  aniiutiiHUs:  see  annulose.']  1.  In  some  sys- 
t«inM  of  zoliloificiil  ilassification,  a  tonn  ai)plied 
to  invi    •   '  nirnuls  which   c.xliibit  unnid- 

ism  '"  :i|ipro.\iniHtely  Hyiionyinotis 

with  t:,        11,   .irtieidalii,  or  tlio  moilern 

Vermm  together  with  Arthro])oda,  but  used 
with  great  and  vnrving  latitiido  of  Hignilli'a- 
tion.  — 2.  A  nnitic.  given  by  Huxley  (IHfiO;  to 
%  Kubkint'dnii  of  animals  consintrng  of  the 
'"■"'""'  '  '  '  ^fi/riapoda,  Insrcia,  Cliri- 
'■  '.  ur  iniHtHceanH,  Hi)idiTs, 

'■  .  true  wonns,  una  Borru' 

'■'  ._•  tilt-  \*'nnlform  membern  "f 

*'  [r>iiJi  with  ArthrojuMla  {wlibh 


annnlosan    hu  < 

-<lil.)       Dill-  I.I    llH 


I'.'Bftll),     I: 

.Innuitisa. 


[<  Annulosa  + 


a,  sporangia  of  a  fern,  showing  the  annulus  closed  and  open  ;  *, 
detached  aimulusof  Amo^iBryumarspirittum);  f, a  tUDgus {A£'a. 
ricus)  with  annulus.  a  .    {a  and  *  greatly  magnified.) 

(c)  In  fungi,  the  slender  membrane  surroimd- 
ing  the  stem  in  some  agarics  after  the  cap  has 
expanded. — 4.  In  eool.:  (a)  A  thin  chitinous 
ring  which  encircles  the  mantle  in  the  Tetra- 
branckiata,  connecting  chitinous  patches  of  the 
mantle  into  which  the  shell-muscles  are  in- 
serted. (6)  In  entom.,  a  narrow  encircling  band, 
generally  of  color ;  sometimes  a  raised  ring. 
—  5.  In  astron.,  the  ring  of  light  seen  about 
the  edge  of  the  moon  in  an  annidar  eclipse  of 
the  sun.     See  annular  eclipse,  under  annular. 

The  sun  [at  the  time  of  an  amiular  eclipse]  will  present 
the  appearance  of  an  annulus  or  ring  of  light  arouiui  the 
moon.  Newcomb  and  Holden,  Astron.,  p.  173. 

Annulus  abdominalls  or  Ingiiinalls,  in  anat.,  the  ab- 
dominal ring.  See  a'«/ii/iii/ifi(.— Annulus  et  baculum, 
the  ring  and  pastunil  stalf ,  eniblenis  "i  ipiscupul  authority, 
the  delivery  of  wliich  by  a  prince  or  by  the  pope  was  the 
ancient  mode  of  investiture  with  bishoprics. — AnnulUB 
cuiails,  the  ciliary  muscle.— Annulus  cruralls  Inter- 
nUB  (internal  crural  riii^O,  in  anat.,  the  weak  spot  bekiw 
Poupart's  liganitiit.  lietwcrn  the  femoral  vessels  and  Giin- 
bernat's  ligament,  throuu'li  which  a  femoral  hernia  forces 
its  way.— AnnulUB  duplex,  in  ii'om.  antiq.,  a  double  ring 
given  to  a  soblii  r  fm-  bravery.  Double  gold  rings  of  the 
Roman  epoch  exist  in  c.jllections,  some  of  them  engraved 
with  tokens  of  vit-tury.  —  Annulus  ovalls,  in  hu7nan 
anat.,  the  raised  rim  or  margin  tif  the  fossa  ovalis  of  the 
heart. — Annulus  piBCatorls,  eL-c^tw.,  same  in^  fisherman  s 
ring  (which  sei',  under  /i»7iiT//iiiH).— AnnulUB  tendino- 

BUB,  in  anat.,  the  llbnius  ring  ari>und  tin-  i-dgt-  vd  tlie  tytn- 
panum. — Annulus  tympailicus,  in  auat.,  the  ring-lil<e 
ossification  from  which  is  formeti  the  tympanic  portion 
of  tile  temijoral  bone. 

annumeratet  (a-nii'me-rat), !'.  t.  [<  L.  annume- 
ratus,  pp.  of  annumerare,adnumerare,  count  to, 
add  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  numerarc,  cotmt,  number: 
see  numerate  and  number,  v.}  To  add,  as  to  a 
number  previously  given;  unite,  as  to  some- 
thing before  mentioned.     [Rare.] 

There  are  omissions  of  other  kinds  which  will  deserve  to 
be  annunieratcd  to  these.      Wotlaston,  Kelig.  of  Nat.,  §  i. 

annumerationt  (a-nii-me-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  an- 
numer<iliii{n-),  adnumeratio(n-),  <  itnnunu rare : 
see  annumeratc,']  The  act  of  annumerating ; 
addition.     [Rare.] 

Annvincladet  (a-nun'si-ad),  n.  [Also .Iniineiada, 
Aninitiliiiili;  .Innoiieiade  (after  F.  Anmineiade, 
fonnorly  Animriitib ,  Sp.  Anunciada),  iilso  Aii- 
nunciata  (prop.  E.  form  'Annunciate),  <  It.  an- 
nun:iata,  formerly  annuntiata  (<  ML.  annun- 
eintii),  the  annunciation  (o  the  Virgin  Mary, 
and  hence  ii  iiiinie  of  the  Virgin  herself;  ]iiii|i. 
feni.  pj).  of  aiinun:inre,  <  L.  annunliavf ,  an- 
nounce :  SCO  anniiuure.']  Literally,  the  Annun- 
ciate, that  is,  the  Virgin  Mary  as  receiver  of 
the  annunciation;  also,  the  annunciation  to 
the  Virgin:  used  as  a  designation  of  various 
orders.     Heti  annunciation. 

annunciate  (a-nun'si-iit).  r.  t.;  iirct.  anil  pp. 
annuneialed,  p])r.  annnncititini/.  [<  ME.  f/Hni/H- 
ciat,  anitncidt,  ]ip.,  <  Ij.  annunciatus,  prop,  an- 
inintiatuti,  pi>.  of  annuntiare:  Hi'C  announce.} 
To  bring  tidings  of;  announce.     |  Ran'.  ] 

Ix-t  my  ilcalh  be  thus  nnnunriatrd. 

lip.  Hull.  Corniptlonsdf  (•li,..f  l!..niiv 

They  do  not  no  properly  alllriu.  as  nnnuneinic  H, 

l.ainli,  InipiTftwt  .synipnthlen, 

annunciatet  (ii-nun't;i-iit),  pp.  or  «.  [Hei^  the 
verb.]     Announced;  declared  (beforehand). 


anocathartic 

annunciation  (a-nun-si-a'shon),  H.  [<  ME.  an- 
nunciacion.-cioun,  annoncyacyon,<.OY.  annon- 
ciation,  <  L.  annunciatio{n-),  prop,  annuntia- 
tio{n-),  adnuntiaiio(n-),  (.annuntiare,  announce: 
see  annunciate,  announce.'}  1.  The  act  of  an- 
notmcing;  proclamation;  promulgation:  as, 
the  annunciation  of  a  peace  ;  "the  annunciation 
of  the  gospel,"  Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  573. 

With  the  complete  establisliment  of  the  new  religion 
[Cliristianity]  and  the  annunciation  of  her  circle  of  dog- 
mas arises  an  activity,  great  and  intense,  within  the  strict 
limits  she  has  set.  Jour.  Spec.  Fhilos.,  XIX.  49. 

Specifically — 2.  The  annotmcement  to  Mary, 
by  the  angel  Gabriel,  of  the  incarnation  of 
Christ. —  3.  leap.}  Eccles.,  the  festival  insti- 
tuted by  the  church  in  memory  of  the  announee- 
ment  to  Mary  that  she  shoidd  bring  forth  a  son 
who  should  be  the  Messiah.  It  is  solemnized 
on  the  25th  of  March.  — Order  of  the  Annimcla- 
tion.  {a)  Xlie  highest  order  of  knighthood  {Ordine  supremo 
dell'  Annumiata:  see  Annunciade)  of  the  ducal  house  of 
Savoy,  now  the  royal  house  of  Italy,  dating  under  its  pres- 
ent name  from  151S,  when  it  superseded  the  Order  of  the 
Collar,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Coimt  -A-madeus  VI. 
of  Savoy  in  1362,  but  proliably  older.  The  medal  of  the 
order  bears  a  representation  of  the  annunciation  ;  its  col- 
lar is  decorated  with  alternate  golden  knots  and  enameled  ' 
roses,  the  latter  bearing  the  lettere  F.  E.  R.  T.,  making 
the  Latin  word  .fert  (he  bears),  an  ancient  motto  of  the 
house  of  Savoy,  but  variously  otherwise  interpreted.  The 
king  is  the  grand  m.aster  of  the  order.  See  knot  of  Savoy, 
under  knot,  ip)  An  order  of  nuns  founded  about  1500  at 
Boiu'ges,  France,  by  Queen  Jeanne  of  Valois.  after  her  di- 
vorce fi'om  Louis  XII.  (r)  An  order  of  nuns  foiuided  about 
1604  at  Genoa,  Italy,  by  Maria  Vittoria  Fornari. 
annunciative  (a-ntm'gi-a-tiv),  a.  [(annunciate 
+  -ire.}  Ha\'ing  the  character  of  an  annuncia- 
tion ;  making  an  announcement. 


.\n  annunciative  but  an  exhortatory  style. 

Gentleman's  CaUitig.  v. 


-  13. 


annunciator  (a-nun'si-a-tor),  n.  [L.,  prop,  an- 
nuntiator,  adn untiutor,  (annuntiare :  eeeannuti- 
date,  v.,  announce.}  One  who  or  that  which  an- 
nounces; an  annoimcer.  Specifically- (a)  An  ofll- 
cer  of  the  Greek  Church  whose  duty  it  was  to  inform  the 
people  of  the  festivals  which  were  to  be  celebrated.  (/»)  A 
mechanical,  hydraulic,  pneumatic,  or  electrical  signaling 
appai-atus;  an  indicator;  a  c;Ul.  In  the  mechanical  .an- 
nunciators the  imlling  of  a  wire  causes  a  bell  to  ring  and 
aword  or  number  to  lie  displayed  which  indicates  whence 
the  signal  comes.  In  the  hydraulic  systems  a  column  of 
water  is  used  to  convey  an  impulse  which  gives  the  signal. 
In  pneumatic  annunciators  pressure  on  a  bulb  or  button 
sends  througll  a  pipe  a  pulf  of  air  by  which  a  bell  is  rung 
and  a  number  displayed.  In  the  electrical  systems  the 
sign.als  are  given  by  closing  an  electrical  circuit  by  some 
suitable  mejuis.  See  cut  under  indicator,  (c)  The  dial  or 
board  on  which  the  signals  are  displayed. 

annunciatory  (a-ntm'gi-a-to-ri),  a.  Making 
known ;  giving  public  notice. 

annus  deliberandi  (an'us  de-lib-e-ran'di).  [L., 
year  of  deliberating:  annus,  yeaif  (see  annals); 
deliberandi,  gen.  gerimd  of  delibcrare :  see  delib- 
erate.} In  Scots  law,  a  year  allowed  for  the  heir 
to  deliberate  as  to  entering  upon  the  estate. 

annus  mirabilis  (an'us  mi-rab'i-lis).  [L. ;  an- 
nus, year  (see  annals) ;  mirabilis.  wonderful :  see 
marvel,  mirabili.i.}  A  wonderful  year,  specifi- 
cally ai>plied  in  English  history,  as  in  Dryden's  poem  of 
this"  title,  to  the  year  lUliti,  which  is  memorable  for  the 
great  fire  of  I.ondon,  for  a  victory  of  the  British  arms  over 
the  liiilch,  etc. 

ano-.  [<  Crr.  (ii(j,  upward,  <  ara,  up,  etc.:  see 
ana-.}  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  signif  jing  up- 
ward. 

Anoa  (an'o-S.),  n.  [Native  name.]  1.  [NL.] 
A  genus  of  bovine  ruminant  quadrupeds  of 
Celebes,  originally  taken  for  antelopes  (see 
anoine),  represented  by  the  sapi-outan  or  "  cow 
of  the  woods,"  Anoa  ilcprc.isicurnis,  which  is  a 
kind  of  small  wild  buffalo,  having  straight  low 
horns,  thick  at  the  base  and  set  in  line  with  the 
forehead.  Ham.  Smith.— 2.  [/.  c]  The  Eng- 
lish inline  of  tlio  same  animal.     ]'.  I..  Sclater. 

Anobiidae  (an-o-bi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  .Inobium 
+  -iilii:}  A  family  of  beetles,  luimed  from  the 
gotiiis  .tnobium.     Seii  I'tinidtr. 

Anobium  (a-n6'bi-unil,  )i.  [NL.,<  Gr.  Jiu, up- 
ward (hut  lier(>  with  the  sense  of  its  original,  derf, 
up,  in  comp.  back,  again :  see  ana-),  +  jiiw;,  life: 
s^'^^  biolotl!/.}  A  genus  of  penlamerous  coleop- 
terous insects,  of  the  family  /'/iH/i/d,  having  an 
elongall^  siibcyliiidric  form,  1  l-joiiitcd  antcnme  ■ 
inserted  just  before  the  eyes,  and  deeply  exca- 
vated mi'tastenmm.  'the  genus  conlains  the  small 
duikeoliiredlieetliM,  idioiltalourdiof  an  inch  long,  wliich 
arc  known  by  the  name  of  "dfathwatch"  from  the  tick- 
ing noise  they  make.     See  death. watch. 

anocarpous  (an-o-kiir'ims),  a.  [<  NIj.  anocar- 
jiiis, <  ( Ir.  ini.i,  upward,  +  Ari/iiri'ic  fruit.]  In  hot., 
fnictifyiiig  on  llu'  upjier  surface  of  the  frond: 
said  nf  ferns. 

anocathartic  (an'o-kii-thilr'tik),  n.  [<0r.  avti, 
\\\<v.'iirA,  +  KaOapriKfii,  purging:  see  cathartic.} 
Emetic.     A'.  K.  1). 


anococcygeal 


227 


anococcygeal  (a"ii6-kok-sij'e-al),  a.    [<  L.  nvus    A  name  of  the  Cohaia  aperea,  the  guiuea-pig  or 
+  NL.(-('c<7/j-(0()(r(/r7-)  +  -e-f(V'.]"Pertainingtothe    domestic  cavy:    originally,  with  F.  Cuvier,  a 
amis  and  to  the  coccyx:  in  anat.,  specifically    generic  name  of  the  eavies,  and  a  synonym  of 
applied  to  a  ligament  connecting  the  tip  of  the     ( ■(irin. 
coccyx  with  the  external  sphincter  of  the  anus,  anoetic  (an-o-ot'ik).  a.     [<  Gr.  avitjTo^,  mcon- 

anodal  (an'o-dal),  «.  \i  (uiode  + -al.'l  Of  or  ceivablo  (<  a- priv.  4- iw/Tiif,  perceptible), + -«c; 
pertaining  to  tile  anode  or  positive  pole  of  a  see  (/-iSand  noetic.']  Unthinkable;  Inconcoiv- 
voltaic  current.  able :  opposed  to  Huilic  (which  see).     Ferrier. 

Insteiut  of  rathodal  openint'  contractions  being  the  last  anogenlc  (an-o-jen'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  a™,  upward, 
of  nil  to  iippear,  they  may  precede  the  anodal  opening     +  -)fi'i/r,  produced  (see  -f/e»),  +  -Jc]     In  bot., 
-i"-  -f''"""-'  M'^'li'^""-'.  '•  SS--     growing  upward  or  inward. 


contractions. 


anode  (an'od),  M.     [<Gr.  dTO(!of,awayup,  <arf;,  anoiet,  anoifult,  anoioust.     Former  spellings 
up,  +  wWf,  way.     Cf.  cathode]     The  positive     ^^  aniKii/,  etc. 
pole  of  a  voltaic  current;  that  pole  at  which  anoilt  (a-noil'),  r.  /.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  anno*/, 


the  current  enters  an  electrolytic  cell :  opposed 
to  cathode,  the  point  at  which  it  departs,  i-'ura- 
d(ty,  1832. 

anodicl  (a-nod'ik),fl.  [<Gr.di'o(Sof,awayup(see 
anode), +-ic.'i  1 .  Proceeding  upward;  ascending. 
An  anodic  course  of  nervous  influence.  Dr.  3L  llall. 
2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  anode. 

anodic^  (a-nod'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  axodof,  having  no 
way,  impassable  (<  df-priv.  +  oiSdf,  way),  +  -ic] 
Styptic ;  anastaltic :  applied  to  medicines. 

Anodon  (an'o-don),  ".  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  *av6d(jv, 
for  the  usual'di'ofioi'Taf  or  av66ov(;  (gen.  av66ovToq), 
without  teeth,  <  av-  priv.  +  oiovQ  (bdovr-)  =  E. 
tooth,  q.  v.]  1.  SameasJHodofite.  Oken, 1815. 
—  2.  In  herpet.,  a  genus  of  African  serpents,  of 
thet&mxly  Dasj/peltidwov  Rhachiodoittid(C,whiah 
have  no  grooved  maxillary  teeth.  Sir  Andrew 
Smith,  1829.  Also  called  Diodon,  Rhachiodon, 
aDdDasypcltis.—3.  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects.— 4.  [;.o.]  [<a«odortf.]  Afresh 


anniile,"cnoil,  <  ME.  anuylcn  (with  an-  for  en-  as 
in  the  notionally  associated  anoint,  perhaps 
influenced  by  the  native  verb  anele,  aural",  q. 
v.),  enoylen,  <  OF.  e««i7er,  later  enliniler,  to  oil, 
<  ML.  inoleare,  anoint  with  oil,  <  L.  in,  on,  + 
olenni,  oil :  see  oil,  and  cf.  aneal^.]  To  anoint 
with  oil;  specifically,  to  administer  extreme 
unction  to. 

L'liililren  were  also  christened  and  men  houseled  and 
auiwUed.  Holitinhed,  Chron.,  II.  302.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

Pope  Innocentius  I.,  in  his  Epistle  i.,  ch.  8,  saith  that 
not  only  priests,  but  laymen  in  cases  of  their  own  and 
others'  necessities,  may  anoile.     Bp.  Hall.  Works,  IX,  SO. 

anoine  (an'o-in),  a.  and  n.  [<  Anoa  +  -inc'^.~\ 
I.  a.  In  ^olil.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus 
Anoa,  formerly  regarded  as  a  division  of  the 
genus  Antilope,  and  called  the  anoine  group. 

II.  n.  pi.  The  name  given  by  Hamilton  Smith 
to  a  group  of  so-called  antelopes,  typified  by  the 
genus  Anoa  (which  see). 

[Early  mod.  E.  also  ««- 


water  mussel' of  the'g'enis  J«orfo«to  (which  anoint  (a-noinf),  r.  f  [Early  mod.  E.  also  r, 
see).-5.  [/.  c]  A  snake  of  the  genus  Dasypel-  »<.»»U  <>noynte,enoynt,  alsoabbrev.  noint  {und 
L.\s._th^  rouiu  anodon,  Vosypein.  scalre^        T^^J^"^l^  l!:^^\rT'"::/'2 


anodont  (an'o-dont),  «.  l<AnodoHt(i.']  A  mus- 
sel of  the  genus  Anodonta  :  an  anodon. 

Anodonta  (an-o-don'ta),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avoSov- 
Toc,  without  teeth:  see  Anodon.]  A  genus  of 
asiphonate  lamellibranchiate  moUusks,  or  bi- 


River-mussel  [Anodonta /ragilts     N orth  Carolina 

valves,  of  the  family  Unionidee,  in  which  the 

hinge-teeth  are  rudimentary  or  null.   The  species 

are  very  numerous,  and  are  among  those  called  fresh-water 

mussels  or  river-mussels.     Many  species  are  found  in  the 

I'nited  States ;  A.  cygnea,  the  swan-mussel,  is  a  common  anointed  (a-noin'ted), 

British  species.     A\so  cMeA  Anodon  and  Anvdonten.  Tho  T.nrrt'a'aTmlntBd  sr 


....  ,-  v"- 

ten  (present  forms  due  to  the  pp.  and  pret. 
anoynt,  enoynt,  from  the  OF.  pp.),  present  also 
enoyne,  <  OF.  enoindre,  enuingdre,  pp.  enoint,  <  L. 
iHKH(7f;T,prop.  inunguere,  pp.  inunctns,  anoint,  < 
iH,  on, -I-  ((Ht/Hei'f,  MH</f)-(',  smear:  see  unguent, 
unction,  oint,  and  ointment.]  1.  To  pom-  oil 
upon ;  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil  or  any  unctu- 
ous substance ;  hence,  to  smear  vrith  any  liquid. 

My  head  with  oil  thou  didst  not  mioint.      Luke  vii.  4C. 

The  bees  do  anoint  their  hives  with  the  juice  of  the  bit- 
terest weeds,  against  the  greediness  of  other  beasts. 

Ford.  Line  of  Life, 

2.  To  consecrate,  especially  a  king,  priest,  or 
prophet,  by  unction,  or  the  use  of  oil. 

Thou  Shalt  anoint  it  [the  altar]  to  sanctify  it, 

Ex.  xxix.  36, 
I  would  not  see  .  .  .  thy  fierce  sister 
In  his  anointed  flesh  stick  boarish  fangs, 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7, 

3t.  To  serve  as  an  ointment  for ;  lubricate. 

And  fragrant  oils  the  stiffened  limbs  anoint. 

Dryden,  tr,  of  Virgil, 

anointt.     Obsolete  past  participle   of  anoint. 
Chaucer. 

n.   A  consecrated  one. — 

The  Lord's 'anointed,  speciflcally,  the  Messiah;  by  ex- 


Anomaliped  Foot 
of  Kingfisher, 


Anodontidae    (an-6-don'ti-de),    n.  111.      [NL.,  <     t'ensioiiT'i  khig,  or  one  ruling  by  di'vme  right, 
Anodon,  2,+  -jfte.]'  A  family  of  serpents,  named  anointer  (a-noin'ter),  n.     One  who  anoints. 


by  Sir  Andrew  Smith  from  the  genus  Anodon 
See  Dasypeltidw. 
anodyne  (an'o-din),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  anodin,  anodine,  <  F.  anodin,  anodyii  =  Pg. 
aiiodyno  =  Sp.  It.  anodino,  <  L.  anodynus,  ano- 
dyno's,  a.,  anodynon,  n.,  <  Gr.  amdvvoQ,  fi'eeing 
fi'om  pain  (tpap/iaKov  avuSvvov,  L.  medicanientii 


anointment  (a-noint'ment),  n.  [<  anoint  + 
-inent.]  The  act  of  anointing,  or  the  state  of 
being  anointed ;  consecration. 

That  sovran  lord,  who,  in  the  discharge  of  his  holy 
anuintinent  from  God  the  Father,  which  made  him  su- 
preme bishop  of  our  souls,  was  so  humble  as  to  say,  Who 
made  me  a  judge  or  a  divider  over  you  ? 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humble  Remonst, 


anodynuni,  a  drug  to  relieve  pain),  <  d.--  priv.  +  ^  Un'o\),  v.    Same  as  anoK. 

o6vyii,  dial.  t(!w7,  pam.]     I.  a.  Having  power  to  ^^^^jj  (an'o-li),  n.     A  lizard  of  the  genus  Anolis 


relieve  pain;  hence,  sootliing  to  the  feelings.       (-vyhieh  see) 

lit]  is,  of  any  outward  application  I  would  venture  to  .!l-i,-.„    rn-ri6'li-an1     a 
recommend,  the  most  a«oc;,v)K  and  safe,  anoiian    ^a-no  11  anj. 


Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv,  2S, 
The  anodyne  draught  of  oblivion.  Burke. 

II,  n.  A  medicine  or  drug  which  relieves  pain, 
as  an  opiate  or  a  narcotic  ;  hence,  figuratively, 
anything  that  allays  mental  pain  or  distress. 
Mirth  and  opium,  ratafia  and  tears, 
The  daily  anodyiw,  and  nightly  draught, 
To  kill  those  foes  to  fair  ones,  time  and  thought. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  ii.  111, 

His  quiet  animal  nature  acted  as  a  pleasing  anodyne  to 

my  .  .  .  aiixie^',      O.  11',  Holmes,  Old  Vol,  of  Life,  p,  43, 

anodjrnous  (a-nod'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  anodynus: 
see  anodyne  and  -ous.]  Having  the  qualities  of 
an  anodyne. 

Anoes  (a-no'e-e),  n.  p>l.  [NL.,  <  Anoii.3  +  -ea:.] 
A  term  used  by  Coues  (1862)  to  distinguish  the 
noddies  as  a  group  of  terns,  typified  by  the  genus 
Anoiis,  from  the  other  terns,  or  Sternea:.  See 
cut  under  Anoiis. 


anoema  (an-o-e'ma),  n.    [NL.,  >  F.  ano^me;  cf. 
Gr.  dw?)/iuv,  witholit  understanding,  <  d- priv. -t-      _.     _.     _, 
vArifia,  perception,  understanding,  <  voelv,  per-  AnollUS  (a-no'li-us),  n, 
ceive,  think,  <  I'dof,  perception,  mind:  see  nous.]     lis,  1.     Cnvier,  1817, 


^ ,,        and  n.     [See  Anolis.] 

I.  aTBeionging  to  the  group  of  lizards  typified 

by  the  genus  Anolis. 
II.  n.  A  lizard  of  the  genus  Anolis. 
Anoliidae  (an-6-H'i-de),  «.  pi.      [NL.,  <  Anolis, 

Anolius,  +  -Ida;.]    A  family  of  lizards,  named 

from  the  genus  Anolis  or  Anolius. 
Anolis  (an'6-lis),  n.    [Formerly  also  annolis;  as 

an  individual  name,  now  usually  anoli;  NL. 

Anolis,  also  Anolius  (Cuvier),  after  F.  anolis, 

<  anoli,  anoalli,  native  name  in  the  Antilles.] 

1.  A  genus  of  pleurodont  lacertilians,  usually 
referred  to  the  family  Iguanida-,  consisting  of 
small  American  lizards  which  have  palatal  as 
well  as  maxillary  teeth,  toes  somewhat  like 
those  of  the  gecko,  an  inflatable  thi'oat,  and 
colors  changeable  as  in  the  chameleon,  which 
in  some  respects  they  represent  in  America. 
Tlie  green  anoli,  Analis  principalis,  inhabits  tiie  southern 
United  States,  and  others  are  found  in  the  warmer  parts 
of  America, 

2.  [?.  c]  A  lizard  of  the  genus  Anolis ;  an  anoli. 
■  [NL.]     Same  as  J »o- 


Anomalops 

anomal  (a-no'mal),  n.  [<  OF.  anomal  (Cot- 
grave),  <  LL.  an'omalus:  see  anomalous.]  In 
gram.,  an  anomalous  verb  or  word.     [Kare.] 

Anomala  (a-nom'a-la),  w.  [NL.,  (1,  2)  fem. 
sing.,  (o)  ne'ut,  ^\."oi  \jh.  anomalus :  Eta  anom- 
alous.] 1.  A  genus  of  lamellicom  beetles,  of 
the  family  Hcarabwidce,  having  9-jointed  anten- 
nae and  margined  elytra.  There  are  several  species, 
sucli  as  the  Huropean  A.  vitis  and  the  American  A.  luci- 
coin,  injurious  to  the  grape, 

2.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  of  the  family 
CorbiculidiE :  synonymous  with  Egeta. — 3. 
[Used  as  a  plural.]  A  group  of  decajtod  crus- 
taceans, including  the  llip/iidw  and  J'ugurida:: 
an  inexact  synonym  of  Anomura. 

Anomalae  (a-nom'a-le),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi. 
of  \i\j.  (luonialus:  see  anomalous.]  In  ornith., 
in  Gloger's  arrangement  of  birds  (1834),  a  sub- 
order of  passerine  birds,  embracing  those  which 
are  devoid  of  an  apparatus  for  song.  It  in- 
cluded what  later  writers  have  called  Picariai. 

anomali,  ".     Plural  of  anomalus. 

Anomalldae  (an-o-mal'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ano- 
mtilii,  1,  -t-  -/(■/«'.]  A  family  of  coleopterous  in- 
sects, named  from  the  genus  Anomala. 

anomalifloroUS  (a-uom"a-li-fl6'rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
anomalijlorns,  <  LL.  anoinalus,  irregular,  -1-  L. 
Jlos  (Jlor-),  flower.]  In  bot.,  having  irregular 
flowers. 

anomaliped  (a-nom'a-li-ped),  a.  and  )i.  [<  LL. 
anomalus  (see  anomalous)  +  1j.  pes  (ped-)  =  'E,. 
,foot.]  In  ornith.:  I.  a.  Syndactylous ;  having 
the  middle  toe  united  to  the 
exterior  by  three  phalanges, 
and  to  the  interior  by  one  only. 
The  kingfisher  is  an  example. 
II.  «.  A  syndactylous  bird ; 
a  bird  whose  middle  toe  is 
united  to  the  exterior  by  three 
phalanges,  and  to  the  interior 
by  one  only. 

anomalipod  (a-nom'a-li-pod), 
a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  anmnalus  +  Gr.  Troif  (irod-) 
=  E.  foot.  Cf.  anomaliped.]  Same  as  anoma- 
liped. 

anomalism  (a-nom'a-lizm),  n.  [<  anomalous  + 
-ism.]  An  anomaly;  a  de\'iation  from  rule; 
an  irregularity,  or  instance  of  departure  from 
usual  and  connect  order.     [Rare.] 

The  anomaliinns  in  words  have  been  so  many  that  some 
have  gone  so  far  as  to  allow  no  analogy  either  in  the 
Greek  or  Latin  tongue.  Hooker,  Eccles,  Polity,  p,  30. 

anomalist  (a-nom'a-list),  n.  [<  anomalous  + 
-ist.]  In  Gr.  philoL,  one  who  believes  in  the 
conventional  or  arbitrary  origin  of  language : 
opposed  to  analoyisi,  or  one  who  argues  for  its 
natural  origin.     Farrar. 

anomalistic  (a-nom-a-lis'tik),  a.  [<  anomalist 
+  -ic]  1.  Of  "or  pertaining  to  an  anomaly,  or 
to  the  auomalists. — 2.  In  os(toh.,  pertaining  to 
the  anomaly  or  angular  distance  of  a  planet  from 

its  perihelion Anomalistic  montli.    See  month.— 

Anomalistic  revolution,  the  period  in  which  a  planet 
orsatillitigHisthrniij;]!  tin.- complete  cycles  of  its  changes 
of  anomaly,  or  fmm  any  point  in  its  eUiptic  orbit  to  the 
same  agaiii.— Anomalistic  year,  the  time  (365  days,  6 
hours,  13  minutes,  ami  48  seconds)  in  which  the  earth 
passes  through  her  orbit,  which,  on  account  of  the  preces- 
sion of  the  equinoxes,  is  25  miuutes  and  2,3  seconds  longer 
than  the  tropical  year, 

anomalistical  (a-nom-a-Us'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
anomalistic. 

anomalistically  (a-nom-a-lis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  anomalistic  manner. 
anomalocephalus  (a-nom"a-16-sef'a-lus),  n. ; 
pi.  anomalocephnU  (-li).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  di'f^a/tof, 
irregular  (see  anomalous),  +  ne^a/ri,  head.]  One 
whose  head  is  deformed. 

Anomalogonatae  (a-nom"a-16-gon'a-te),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  fem.  pi.  of  anonialogonatus :  see  anomalo- 
gonatous.]  In  GaiTod's  system  of  classification, 
a  primary  division  of  birds  containing  those 
which  liave  no  ambiens.  See  Homalogonatie. 
anomalogonatous  (a-nom"a-16-gon'a-tus),  a. 
[<  NL.  unomalogonatus,  <  Gr.  avufia?.o(,  iiTCgular 
(see  anomalous),  +  lovv  =  E.  knee.]  Abnor- 
mally kneed;  having  no  ambiens  muscle ;  spe- 
cifically, pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Ano- 
ma  logo  no  tic.  Ga  rrod. 
anomalopid  (a-nom-a-lop'id),  n.     A  fish  of  the 

faiuil V  -/ n(inialoj)ida: 
Anom'alopidae  (a-nom-a-lop'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Anomalops  +  -ida?.]  A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  tj-pified  by  the  genus  Anomalops. 
Only  one  species,  represented  on  the  next  page,  is  known ; 
it  inlialMts  rather  deep  water  in  the  Pacific  ocean, 
AJlomalops  (a-nom'a-lops),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  di«j- 
fia'Aof,  irregular  (see  anomalous),  +  iJip  (utt-), 
eye.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family 
Anomalopido' :  so  called  from  the  remarkable 


Anomalops 

structure  manifested  by  a  glandular  phospho- 
i-escent  organ  below  the  eye.     Kner,  1868. 


anomalous  (a-nom'a-lus),  a.  [<  LL.  anomalus, 
anomalos.  <  (Jr.  ai'o//a/of,  irregular,  uneven,  < 
av-  priv.  +  ufta/xii,  even,  <  ouo^,  same,  common, 
=  E.  same:  see  homo-  and  same.^  Deviating 
from  a  general  iiile,  method,  or  analogy ;  irreg- 
ular; abnormal:  as,  an  anomuJous  character; 
an  anomalous  pronunciation. 

Though  in  Sparta  kingship  had  surrived  under  an  anoma- 
loug  form,  yet  the  joint  representatives  of  the  primitive 
king  .  .  .  liad  hecome  little  more  than  members  of  the 
governing  oligarchy.      H.  Speticer,  Prin.  of  SocioL,  §  485. 

The  Qunin  attaches  much  importance  to  prayer,  a  fact 
which  is  st'nieniiat  anomalous  in  a  system  of  religion  so 
essentially  fatalistic.  Faiths  of  the  VTorW,  p.  324. 

.Anomalous  chords,  in  inuisic,  chords  which  contain  ex- 
treme sharp  or  extreme  flat  intervals.  =  Syn.  Unusual, 
singular,  peculiar,  odd,  exceptional,  unaccountable.  See 
irrttjidar, 

anomalously  (a-nom'a-lus-li),  adv.  In  au 
anomalous  manner;  irregularly;  in  a  manner 


228 

There  are  in  human  nature,  and  more  especially  in  the 
exercise  of  the  benevolent  .iffections,  inequalities,  incon- 
sistencies, and  anomalies,  of  which  theorists  do  not  always 
take  account.  Leekij,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  305. 

2.  In  astron.,  an  angular  quantity  defining  the 
position  of  a  point  in  a  planetary  nrbit,  taken  to 
increase  in  the  direction  of  planetary  motion. 
In  ancient  astronomy  it  was  reckoned  from  apogee;  in  early 
modern  astronomy,  from  aphelion,  except  in  coraetary  or- 
bits ;  but  since  Gauss,  from  perihelion. 

3.  In  music,  a  small  deviation  from  a  perfect 
interval  in  tuning  instruments  with  fi.xed  notes ; 
a  temperament.- Eccentric  anomaly  (anomatia  ec- 
centn,  Kepler),  the  arc  between  the  major  axis  and  the 
peipeiidiciUar  to  it  through  the  planet  on  the  circle  cir- 
cumscribing the  orbit;  now  usually  defined  by  the  equa- 
tion »c  =  u  —  c  sin  M,  where  w  is  the  mean,  u  the  eccen- 
tric anomaly,  and  «  the  eccentricity.— Mean  anomaly 
the  angular  quantity  whose  i-atio  to  SW  is  as  the  tinie 
since  the  planet  left  perihelion  to  the  period  of  revo- 
lution.—Optical  anomaly,  in  crystal.,  a  term  applied 
to  those  optical  phenomena,  observed  in  many  crystals 
which  are  at  variance  with  what  would  be  expected 
from  the  geometrical  fonn  of  the  crystals:  for  exam- 
ple, the  double  refraction  occasionally  observed  in  the 
diamond,  which,  like  all  isometric  crystals,  should  be 
Jfptropic- Thermic  anomaly,  a  name  given  by  Dove  to 
the  dltference  between  the  mean  temperatm'e  of  a  place 
on  the  earth's  surface  and  the  normal  temperature  of  its 
parallel.— True  anomaly,    (a)  In  anc.  aaron.,  the  arc 


planet, 

Anomean,  Anomeanism. 

moeanism. 


anon 

genus  Din/nodon,  and  the  latter  the  genera  Mynchosaunu 
and  Oudrnodim. 

2.  In  Cope's  system,  a  division  of  theromorphoua 
reptiles  (see  Thcromorpha),  containing  those 
which  have  several  sacral  vertebrae,  and  the 
vertebra?  not  notochordal:  contrasted  with 
Pebjcosauria  (which  see). 
Anomoean,  Anomean  (an-6-me'an),  n.  [<Gr. 
avouoioc^,  tinlike,  <  at-  priv.'-t-  i//wof,  like:  see 
liomav-,  liomco-.']  One  of  au  e.xtreme  sect  of 
Arians  in  the  fourth  century,  who  held  that 
the  Son  is  of  an  essence  not  even  similar  to  that 
of  the  Father  (whence  their  name),  while  the 
more  moderate  Arians  held  that  the  essence  o£ 
the  Son  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Father,  though 
not  identical  with  it.  Also  called  Aetiaii,  Eu- 
(loxiaii,  and  EioiomUin. 

Anomceanism,  Anomeanism  (an-6-me'an- 

izm),  «.    [<  Anomaaii  +  -ism.']    The' doctrines 
of  the  Anomceans. 

Denying  alike  the  homoousian  .and  tlie  homoiousian 
theory,  he  [EunomiusJ  was  dialcctically  jirobably  the 
ablest  and  most  consistent  defender  of  Anvina-anism,  or 
the  doctrine  according  to  which  the  Son  is  essentially  or 
substantially  different  from  the  Father. 

EneiK.  Brit.,  VIII.  667. 

:Gr. 
regu- 


diflferent  from  the  common  rule,  method,  or  anomeomery  (an-6-me-om'e-ri),  n.     [<  Gr.  as 

analogy.  if  *<'vo/Miouip£ia,<avo/imofiep!J;,  consisting  of'im- 

Yet,  somewhat  atwmaloxtsljt,  as  it  seems,  habitual  ve-     like  parts,  not  homogeneous,  (.  av-  priv.  +  ouot- 


it  seems,  habitual  ve- 
racity generally  goes  with  inclination  to  doubt  evidence. 
U.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  117. 

anomalousneSS  (a-nom'a-lus-nes),  H.  [<aKO»(fl- 
lou.i  +  -/«>>.]  The  quality  or  condition  of  being 
anorialous. 


(which  see), 
One^special  sympathy  worth  noting  because  of  itsanoin-  Anomia    (a-no'mi-ii). 


tl^Jnf^.Zl},^l  }'^  "??"<="*  Pl»ce  of  the  center  of  anomorhomboid  (an'o-mo-rom'bo  d),  n.  r< 
the  epicycle  and  that  of  apogee.  (6)  In  mod.  as(ro«.,  the  avounc  h-rcimUv  4- rhnmhnl^  r,  -,.1  A „;,.,., 
angle  at  the  sun  between  perUielion  and  the  place  of  a     "'"/"^f'  ineguiai,  -r  > liomboid,  q.  v.J     Anirrc 

"' *  larrhomboidal  mass,  as  some  crystals. 

s^MOTOffian,  Jho-  ^iiOiDOrhomboidal    (an'o-mo-rom-boi'dal),    a. 
[<  aiKimorhomhoid  +  -a/.]"  Resembling  an  ano- 
morhomboid;    consisting  of  irregular   rhom- 
boids. 
Anomoura,  anomoural,  etc  See  Anomnra,  etc. 

anomphalous  (a-nom'fa-lus),  (I.      [<  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  o/Kpa'/.oc,  navel.]"     Ha-\Tng  no   navel; 

_^.    „„^^  ^^  i^.,ri.    without  an  umbilicus. 

the  -Ajiaximantlrian  principle  of  homeomerv  Anomura  (an-o-mu'ra),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
'—^-^         '  •     oi  oiiomurus :  see  aii'omurous.']    A  suborder  of 


ofWC,  consisting  of  like  parts:  see  aii-H  and 
homeomeri/.]  In  the  hist,  of  phil.,  the  Italic 
form  of  the  doctrine  of  atoms,  which  rejected 


alQu»neit9,  is  sympathy  in  yawning. 

U.  Sjtenc>'r,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  511. 
anomalure  fa-nom'a-lui'),  n.     [<  Aiiomiilurus.] 

An  animal  of  the  genus  Anomalurus. 
anomalurid    (a-nom-a-lu'rid),    n.      A   rodent 

mtimmal  of  the  family  Aiiomaluridce. 

Anomaluridae  (a-nom-a-lu'ri-de),  >i.  pi.  [XL., 
<  Aiiomdliinis  +'  -(>/«>.]"  A  remarkable  family 
of  flj'ing  rodents  of  Africa;  the  scale-tailed 
squirrels.  Ihey  have  a  parachute  like  that  of  the  true 
(lying  squirrels,  but  less  extensive,  and  tlie  under  side 
of  the  tail  is  provided  with  a  aeries  of  imbricated  scales 


[NL.,  irreg.   <  Gr. 


dyo/ioioc,  imlike,  dissimilar,  <  av-  priv.  +  u/joioc, 
similar:  see /io/«a?o-,7(oweo-.]  If.  SameasTcre- 
braMa.—  2.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  t™i- 
cal  of  the  family  Anomiida;  found  attached  to 
oysters  and  other  shells.  The  shape  of  its  species 
depends  more  or  less  upon  tlie  surface  to  which  they  are 
affixed.  The  saddle-shell,  Anomia  ejiliijipiinn.  i,s  well 
known.  There  are  numerous  species,  both  fossil  and  re- 
cent, the  former  going  back  to  the  Oolite,  the  latter  foiin.l 
in  e^ery  sea. 

anomiid  (au-o-mi'id),  h.    A  bivalve  moUusk  of 

__^__  „„...,„.     the  family  ^«o«i HWrt'. 

Tliey  have  no  postorbital  processes7a  large  a'irteorbitai  AnomiidaeCan-o-mi'i-de),  M.  J)?.    [NJj.,<  Anomia 

+  -«te.]  A  family  of  asiphonato  lamellibran- 
chiate  mollusks,  typified 
by  the  genus  ^How/a.  The 
typical  species  have  thin,  tm- 
equal,  irregular  valves,  the  flat- 
test of  wliii-h  is  deeply  notched 
for  the  passage  of  a  muscle  to  a 
calcareous  or  chitinous  plate  by 
wliieh  the  shell  adheres  to  other 
slulls. 

anomite  (an'o-mit),  n.  [< 
Gr.  avniior,  without  law 
(see  anomo-),  -h  -i7r3.]  1. 
A  sub.specios  of  the  mica 
called  hiulitc  (which  see), 
distinguished  by  certain  optical  properties.—  anomyt  (an'o-mi), 

2.  A  fossil  of  tlio  genus  .(Honiito;  an  extinct       "  ' 

species  of  the  Anomiida'  or  some  similar  shell. 

anomo-.  [Combining  fonn  of  Greek  dm/ioc,  < 
(1- priv.  +  iw/or,  law :  sec  iiomc.']  Au  eleinent 
in  conipouiid  worils  of  Greek  origin,  meaning 
iri'cfXulai-,  unusual. 

Anomobranchiata  (an'o-mo-brang-ki-a'tji),  v. 
pi.  [Nlj.,  neut.  pi.  of  auomohraiichialus:  sec 
anomobniiicliialo.']  A  group  of  crustaceans: 
svnoujnnous  with  Stomalopotla  (wliich  see). 
It  Includes  Mt/sirUe,  .Si/iiilliil,r,  the  opfjHsiiMi-shrliniis 
nmntls-shrlnips,  etc.     .'fee  cut  uiidir  .sViiiVdV/ir 

anomobranchiate    (uir'o-nio-bnmg'ki-at),    «. 

[< NL. (iiiiiiii<ihriincliialiis,\ (ir.  iwu/iar,  iri-egiilar, 
+  jipayxid,  gills.]  Having  the  bruuchiiu  anom- 
alous or  irregular ;  sjiocifically,  of  or  pertaining 
to  tho  .■Iniimiihrancliiala. 

anomocarpous  (an  o-mo-kiir'puH),  n.  [<  NL. 
aniinitii'iiriiii.i,  <  (Jr.  <'ivi)/ior,  irregular,  +  Ka/iKi'ir, 
fniil.]     Ill '»»/.,  licHring  unusual  fniil.   A'.  /C.J). 

anoraodont  (an'ri-mo 


/./, 


AHfimia  arfurus. 

,iiiuscul.ir  iinprcs.sions. 


Scale.UUed  Squirrel  [AHomalurut/ulgciu). 

foramen,  the  molars  and  premolars  together  4  on  each  side 
o(  each  Jaw,  and  IB  ribs,  that  is,  3  or  4  more  than  are  found 
in  Sciuriilcp.  The  aiiiinal.i  bear  some  resemblance  to  mem- 
tien  lit  the  kciiuh  Oalropitheciu,  but  have  a  huig  hairy  tail 
free  from  the  Interfeliioral  meiiibrane.  Several  species  an- 
ile^' rlli  *  '  '  ■  '  ■■  ■  -■  .  -  -  - 
ft 

WiT 

r<:.l 

I 

Wl, 


of   : 

tr< 

with 


.1. /riMcri  from  Fernamlo  Vi>,nuil  A. /uliienx 
'I ;  the  latter  is  about.  14  inclics  in  length, 
-)it  half  OS  much  more,  and  uf  a  brlght- 

itures  known  as  Hcalctallcd  Squirrels, 

I  iniily  Anomaluridae,  maybe  described 

■nth  rllinblng-lrons;-  the  under  side 

•  liiniJHlied  .  .  .  with  a  b.-Hcs  of  larue 

h,  wlien  prcHsed  against  the  trunk  of  a 

'^  the  name  piiriH'«e  as  those  Instrunieiitu 

*lii..li  k  man  cllmlM  up  a  tvlegrafili  jiole. 

HIaiul.  Xul.  Hint.,  V.  131. 
"•>l"-i-  '        m-ii-liVnis),  w.     [NL.,  <Gr. 
"■  Chiti    anomalous),   +    nvpn, 

JJ'  :"id  only  geiiuH  of  fh(^  fain- 

tly .(,....,..,..,,„/„       lfalf:rhouHc,  1H.12. 
anomalUH    :iri..,„'a.l,iH),  n. ;  pi.  anomali  (-li). 
niahis:   Hoo   anomalous,']       In 
'■  Hlip,  nn  inch  in  If^ngtli,  fri'- 
■  lifiii'nth  the  miiHi'lo  Hint 
iimI  till'   wing  of  the  uoho 
■■ri.f  ulii'iiiio  nuNi). 
ii),  ». ;  pi.  anomalirs  (-li/.). 
.  oi'u/jn/Ki,  irregiiliirity,  iin- 
,  iiiii'vrn:  Hi'o  finomalouN.'] 
lio  I'otninoii  nilu  or  analogy  ; 
"■ill  ur  irrugular. 


[M 
nnnt.,  n 

riiifiitiv 

lif: 

(h 

anomaly 

[<  K.  „: 

II  V>' 

1.    ! 

KOIlr 


I.I,. 

fnil^ 


illn 


iloiit ),  a.  anil  ii.  K  .Imo- 
modmitiii.]  I,  a.  I'erlaiiiing  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  llio  .Inomodonlia. 
II.  H.  Oiii'  of  th('  Aiiomodoutia. 
Anomodontla(»n''o-nir>-don'slil-il),  n.pl.  [NL., 
< I ; r.  .iroHor,  irregular,  +  wlofr (oiioi'V-) =1';.  Inolh.] 
1.  Ill  (Owen's  Hy«lciii  of  clasgiflcnilon  (IHliO),  an 
Older  of  fo.ssil  Vr-llt  ilcs.      it,  tedmleal  eliala.l.r.  are 

hi'  ..licnve  verl.liiie,  fplfureale  anlirhir  trillikl  Mm,  i Ilnu- 

■111  iH.hlopiible  nylnpliyKU.  llM'd  l,yiii|mnli'  peillele,  u  (oia- 
"■  n  jMirhlnle.  an<l  the  t.  elli  elllier  uanlllig  or  lllnlled  lo 
11  1  ilr  of  Krenl  tanks.  The  order  Includes  the  two  groiijls 
I'i'Unodunlia  ani\ Cryptodontia,  UiofunuoruoutaliiliiKtliu 


podophthalmous  decapodous  crustaceans,  inter- 
mediate between  the  maerm-ous  and  the  bra- 
chyurous  groups,  and  embracing  forms,  such 
as  the  hcrmit-erabs,  which  have  the  tail  soft 
and  unfitted  for  swimming  or  otherwise  anom- 
alous. Tlie  section  is  purely  artilieial,  anil  authors  are 
not  agreed  upon  its  liinitatioli.  Families  usually  ranged 
under  it  are  such  .as  Pairuridm,  Hippida;,  Jianinultr,  l)o- 
ripijidif,  etc. ;  the  first  of  these  includes  the  well-known 
hermit-crabs.     Also  spelled  Anomoura. 

anomural  (an-o-mu'ral),  a.  [As  anomurous  + 
-'(^]  Irregidar  in  the  character  of  the  tail  or 
abdomen;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anomura: 
as,  anomural  crustaceans.  Equivalent  forms 
are  anomoural,  anomuran,  anomouran,  anomti^ 
roKs,  anomourous. 

anomuran  (an-o-mti'ran),  a.  and  n.  [As  ano- 
«/ » )■» H.s-  4-  -a « . ]     I.  (I.  'Hame  as  anomural. 

II.  ".  One  of  the  Anomura;  an  anomtu'ous 
crab,  as  a  hermit-crab. 
Also  spelled  anomouran. 

anomurous  (an-o-mfi'ms),  a.  [<  NL.  anoniu- 
nw,  <  (ir.  ('ivn/mc.  irregular,  +  oiyiri,  tail.]  Same 
as  anomural.    Also  spelled  anomourous. 

On  the  same  island  is  found  another  most  remarkable 
and  very  largo  terrestrial  Anomourous  Crustacean. 

i'uci/c.  Brit.,  VI.  042. 

.     .  ,,        [<  Gr.  dvo/i/a,  lawlessness, 

<im>/ioc,  lawless:  see  anomo-.]  A  violation  of 
law,  especially  of  divine  law;  lawlessness. 

Tlio  delights  of  the  body  betray  us,  through  our  over- 
indulgence to  them,  and  lead  us  captive  to  aiionui  and  dis- 
ohediencc.  i/lunrille. 

anon  (a-non'),  adv.  and  inter}.,  orig.  prep.  phr. 
[<  ME.  anon,  anoon,  ouon,  onoon,  also  anan,  onan, 
and  with  dat.  term,  anone,  onane,  etc.  (cf.  equiv. 
ME. /)(  oon,  in  «Hz=()ll(i.  MUG.  in  ein),  <  AS. 
on  (In  (ace),  on  dne  (dat.),  in  one.  together, 
straightway:  on,  E.  on;  an,  E.  one.'  Cf.  anon, 
a  mod.  dial,  form  of  «»()«.]  If.  In  one  and  tho 
snnie  direction;  straight  on.— 2.  Siraiglitway ; 
forthwilh  ;  on  the  instant;  iinniedialely. 

The  Haine  is  ho  that  Iieiu-oth  tin'  word,  and  anon  with 
Joy  reeelveth  It.  .Mat.  xlll.  20. 

Ilcncp,  like  other  words  of  the   same   literal 
nicaning,  ]iiissiiig  into  —  3.  tjuickly;  soon;  in 
a  sliort  I  iiiie  ;  by  and  by. 
Such  good  men  m  ho  which  Is  niioH  to  be  Interred. 

C.  Mather,  Sl.ag,  Chris.,  Iv.  7 
4.  At  another  timo  ;  again  ;  now  again. 

SoinetlineH  ho  tl'ota,  .  .  .  njiioi  lie  rears  upright. 

.S7(fiA-.,  \'enim  and  Adonis,  I.  '279. 

The  varyliiif  liglit<i  and  shadows  of  her  leinper,  now  so 
mirthful,  and  oriioii  so  sad  with  niyslerious  gloom. 

lltiu'tlinrne,  Mariiie  Ii'aun,  Ix. 

8.  AHarcspouso, 8aineas«««H.-  Evorandanon, 

from  tlnu!  to  time  ;  now  and  then  ;  time  after  tlinc. 
A  poiineet-box,  which  rvrr  and  anon 
Ilu  gave  his  nose,  and  touk't  away  again. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  I.  il. 


anon. 

anon.  An  abbrevi.ition  of  annnymous. 
Anona  (a-no'uii),  ».  [NL.,  said  to  be  from 
mcnoita,  the  Malay  name.]  A  Renus  of  trees  or 
shrubs,  type  of  the 
natural  oi'der  A  nona- 
ce/e,  of  about  50  spe- 
cies, which  are,  with 
two  or  three  excep- 
tions, nativesof  tropi- 
cal AJneriea.  A.  squa- 
tnma  (sweut-sop)  g:rows  in 
the  West  Indian  islands, 
and  yields  an  edible  fruit 
liavinj^  a  thiek,  sweet,  lus- 
cious pulp.  A.  vniricata 
(sour-sop)  is  cultivated  in 
the  West  and  East  Indies ; 
it  produces  a  large  pear- 
sh;i])fd  fruit,  of  a  greenish 
color,  containing  an  agree- 
able slightly  acid  pulp. 
The  genus  produces  other 
edible  fruits,  as  the  com- 
TheSour-sop  [Am^yui  >finruala).  mon  custard-apple  or  bul- 
lock's-heart,  from  A.  reti- 
culata, and  the  cherimoyer  of  Peru,  from  A.  Cherimolia. 
Anonaceae  (an-o-na'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anona 
+  -acrip.]  A  natural  order  of  tropical  or  sub- 
tropical trees  and  bushes,  with  trimerous  flow- 
ers, indefinite  stamens,  and  nrmierous  carpels, 
allied  to  the  magnolias,  and  sometimes  abound- 
ing in  a  powerful  aromatic  secretion.  The  Ethi- 
opian pepper,  sour-sop,  sweet-sop,  and  custard-apple  are 
yielded  by  these  trees.  The  wood  in  some  genera  is  ex- 
tremely elastic  and  occasionally  intensely  liitter.  Asiiiiina 
is  almost  the  only  genus  representing  the  order  in  the 
United  .States. 
anonaceous  (an-o-na'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  anona- 
ceus :  see  Anona  and  -aceou,<i.'\  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Anonacew. 

anonad  (au'o-nad),  «.     A  plant  of  the  natural 
order  Anonacca;.     Lindley. 
anon-rightt,  adv.     [ME.  anon  right,  etc.,  also 
right  anon  :  see  anon  and  right,  adv.']     Imme- 
diately; at  once.    Chaucer. 
anonychia   (an-o-nik'i-ii),  «.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  4-  oi'if  {hvvx-),  nail:  see  onyx.]     In  tera- 
tol.,  absence  of  the  naUs. 
anonym  (au'o-nim),  n.     [<  F.  anonyme,  <  NL. 
anonymus  (L.   anonymos,  as  designation  of  a 
certain  plant),  <  Gr.  avuvv/io^,  nameless,  anony- 
mous :  see  anonymous,  andcf.  onym,  pseudonym, 
synonym.']  1 .  An  anonymous  book  or  pamphlet. 
— 2.  -Aji  anonymous  person. 

The  Origin  of  Species  .  .  .  makes  an  epoch,  as  the  ex- 
pression of  his  [Darwin's]  thorough  adhesion  ...  to  the 
doctrine  of  Development  —  and  not  the  adhesion  of  an 
anonym  like  the  author  of  the  "Vestiges." 

George  Eliot,  in  Cross's  Life,  II.  ix. 

3.  In  ro67.,  a  mere  name ;  a  name  resting  upon 
no  diagnosis  or  other  recognized  basis.  Coues, 
The  Auk,  I.  321.  [Rare.] 
Also  spelled  anonyme. 
anonyma  (a-non'i-ma),  n.  [NL.,  fern,  ot  anony- 
mus :  see  anonymous.]  In  anat.,  the  innominate 
artery. 

The  arteries  arise  from  the  arch  of  the  aorta,  as  in  man, 
by  an  anowjma,  a  left  carotid,  and  left  subclavian. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  3S0. 

anonymal    (a-non'i-mal),    a.      Anonymous. 

[Rare.] 

anonyme,  «.    See  anonym. 
anonymity  (an-o-nim'i-ti),  n.     [As  anonym  + 

-ity.  ]     The  state  or  quality  of  being  anonymous 

or  without  a  name,  or  of  not  declaring  one's 

name ;  anonymousness. 

A  doughty  antagonist  in  a  work  of  anmiymity,  who 
proved  to  be  Alexander  Hamilton. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  474. 

If  anonymity  adds  to  the  importance  of  journalism, 
secrecy  does  so  still  more,  for  it  is  more  impressive  to  the 
imagination.  Rae,  Contemporary  Socialism,  p.  268. 

anonymosity  (a-non-i-mos'j-ti),  n.  [Improp. 
<  iinoiiymoiis:  see  -oaity.]  The  state  of  being 
anonj-mous.     [Rare.] 

anonymous  (a-non'i-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  anony- 
mus, <  Gr.  avuvvfio^,  nameless,  <  av-  priv.  + 
ovofia,  ^olie  ovvua,  name:  see  onym.]  1.  Want- 
ing a  name ;  not  named  and  determined,  as  an 
animal  not  assigned  to  any  species.  [Rare  or 
technical.] 

These  animalcules  serve  also  for  food  to  another  aywnri- 
vtom  insect  of  the  waters.  Ka]i. 

2.  Without  any  name  acknowledged,  as  that 
of  author,  contributor,  or  the  like :  as,  an  anony- 
mous pamphlet;  an  anonymous  subscription. 

Among  the  manuscripts  of  the  Eii-lish  .state  Paper  Of- 
(ice  are  three  atwnyi7wns  tracts  rchilinu  to  the  same  pe- 
riod as  that  covered  by  the  Amcricun  writings  of  Captain 
John  Smith  and  of  George  Percy. 

M.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  .\mer.  Lit.,  I.  41. 

3.  Of  vmknown  name ;  whose  name  is  withheld : 
as,  an  anonymous  author. 


229 


anormal 


„  Tl""  «'";";™o«''  person  who  is  always  saying  the  ^yisest  anoplotheriid  (an-op-16-the'ri-id),  «.     A  rumi- 

and  most  delightful  things  just  as  you  are  on  the  point  of  „.,  ,ft  ,,,.,,„,„..i  .,+■  n,„  f„',„;i„    t.    ,i„,i„.-i 

saying  them y<,urself.     Itdrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  263.  a t.ili i*i" -/.- j "    '/^'^/'^""Aly  4noplother%ulw. 
Often  abbreviated  to  anon.  """  "  ~ 

anonymously  (a-non'i-mus-li) 


adv.    In  an 

anciuymons  manner;  without  a  name. 
anonymousness   (a-nou'i-mus-nes),   n.     The 
state  i>r  ((iiaiity  of  being  anonymous. 

anonymuncule  (a-non-i-mun'kiil),  «.  [<  NL. 
anonymus  -f  dim.  -uii-culus :  see  anonym  and 
-uncle.]     A  petty  anonymous  writer. 

Anon3^(an'o-iiiks),H.  [NL.,<Gr.  ai'-priv.-l-owf, 
nail:  see OH//J-.]  1.  \n  mammal. ,sa,vaea,fiAonyx. 
— 2.  A  genus  of  crustaceans.     Kroyer,  1838. 

Anopheles  (a-nof'e-lez),  n.  [NL.  (Meigen, 
1818),  <  Gr.  ai'uipelljc,  useless.]  A  genus  of  true 
mosquitos  (dipterous  family  Culicida),  distin- 


Anoplotheriidse  {an-op"lo-the-ri'i-de),  n.  2)1. 
[NL.,  <  Anojilotlurium  ■(- -ida:]'  Afanulyof  fos- 
sil ruminant  quadrupeds,  of  the  order  Artiodao- 
tyla,  formed  for  the  reception  of  the  genus 
Aniijihitliirium,  to  which  Eurythcrium  has  been 
addeil  liy  ( {(.rvais.  Excluding  Dirholmne  as  the  type 
of  a.hlluniit  family,  the  .iHo/^if/nriiV/.c  are  characterized 
by  tlH-.-.Miiparativc  ilnib.nnltvof  the  tc.tli  and  tlie  propor- 
tionate l.riflbs  of  tlie  lore  and  liind  limbs,  the  latter  being 
like  those  of  ordinary  walking  riuadrupeds. 

anoplotherioid  (aii-op-16-the'ri-oid),  a.  and  n. 
i<  Anojilolhcrium  +  -oid.']    I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Anoplotheriid<e ;  resembling  the  an- 
oplothere. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Anoplotheriida;,  or  an  ani- 


guishedfromtiietvpiealgenusCwtoby'tiielong    .™^1  res't-^bling  the  anoplothere.   _ 

palpi  at  the  female.    The  n,osquitos  of  this  genus  are  AnoplotheriOldea  (an-op"lp-the-n-oi'de-a),  n 


)Squitosot  thisge 

the  true  secondary  hosts  of  the  causiitive  orKaiiisins  of 
malaria,  which  undergo  their  sexual  development  only  in 
the  stomach  of  an  anoplieles.  From  this  fact  it  results 
that  these  mos(|uitos  convey  the  disease  from  malarial 
patients  to  healthy  individuals. 

anophthalmi,  ".     Plural  of  anophfhalmus,  1. 

anophthalmia  (an-of-tharmi-ji),  n.    I'" 
aiKijililhitlmus.]   In  ^cra/o?.,  congenital  absence 
of  tlie  o>-eball. 


1)1.  [Nh.,<Anoiilofhcriuin+-oid-ea.]  A  super- 
family  group  of  fossil  i-urainants,  by  which  the 
AnoplothcriidcB  and  iJicliobunidiB  are  together 
contrasted  with  the  Oreodontidw,  being  distin- 
guished by  having  the  teeth  of  both  jaws  near- 

[NL  ■  see    'yi'Vito  continuous  and  uniform  in  size.   Gill. 

,1  absence  -Aioplotherium  (an-op-lo-the'ri-um),  n.    [NL., 

_. ,^ ^..  '  '  <  Gr.  amTz'/oc,  imarmed,  +  6r/pioi>,  wild  beast.] 

anophthaimus  (an-of-thal'mus),  n. ;  pi.  anonk-  The  tyijical  genus  of  the  family  AnoploihcriidtB, 
..r_7..-  /  _  ^,  .-..XT  ,  „  ,,',._'  r  .  . -I  contammg  the  anoplothere,  A.  commune,  dis- 
covered in  the  Middle  Eocene  formation  of  the 
Paris  basin.  The  animal  was  about  4k  feet  long,  with 
a  tail  of  about  the  same  length.  It  has  also  been  found 
in  the  corresponding  Eocene  strata  of  Great  Britain.  It 
was  named  by  Cuvier  from  the  fact  that  its  horns  never 
sprouted.     Erroneously  written  Anaplotherium. 


thalmi  (^-mi).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avo^Oaliio^,  without 
eyes,  <  av-  priv.,  without,  +  ocl>da?^/i6(,  eye:  see 
ophthalmia.]  1.  Apersonexhibitinganophthal- 
mia  on  one  or  both  sides. — 2.  [cap.]  A  genus 
of  adephagous  beetles,  of  the  family  Carabida; 

so  named  from  being  eyeless.    It  contains  about   .-       ,         ,  ,-,-v 

50  species  of  blind  cave-beetles,  mostly  European,  tliougli  AnoplUra  (an-o-plo  ra),  «.  pi.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  duo- 


several  are  found  in  the  caves  of  the  Ohio  valley,  such  as 
A.  tcllkttinpfi  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  in  Kentucky. 

Anophjrta  (an-o-fi'ta),  n.  p>l..  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ava, 
upward  (<  ava  up),  +  ^vtov,  a  plant,  <  (fii'eiv,  pro- 
duce, pass.  (pfeaUai,  grow.]  In  Endlieher's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  section  of  cryptogamie 
plants,  comprising  the  Hepaticee  (liverworts) 
and  Musci  (mosses). 

anophyte  (an'o-fit),  n.  A  member  of  the  Ano- 
phyta. 

anopia  (an-o'pi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av-  priv.  -t- 
utp  (un--),  eye.]  In  teratol.,  absence  or  a  rudi- 
mentary condition  of  the  eyes,  attendant  on 


7r;iof,  unarmed,  -t-  oipa,  taO.]  An  aberrant  or- 
der of  degraded  parasitic  hemipterous  insects, 
or  lice :  synonymous  with  ilidlojihaga  and  Pedi- 
culina  in  some  uses  of  these  terms.  They  are  ap- 
terous and  ametabolous,  w  ith  a  uiandil mlate  or  haustellate 
mouth.  As  a  major  group,  Anoplura  is  divisible  into  two 
suborders  :  (1)  the  Haustellata,  which  have  the  mouth  pro- 
duced into  a  tleshy  sucking  proboscis  armed  with  hooks, 
within  which  are  two  sharp  stylets  inclosed  in  a  chitinous 
sheath ;  and  (-2)  Mandibulata,  in  which  the  mouth  is  pro- 
vided with  mandibles.  The  former  includes  the  lice 
proper,  as  those  which  are  parasitic  on  man,  Pediculus 
capitis,  P.  vestimenii,  and  Phthirius pubis ;  the  latter  are 
chiefly  bird-lice,  living  among  feathers.  See  louse,  Pedi- 
etdiita,  and  Mnllophaya. 


arrested  development  of  the  craniofacial  axis,  anopluriform  (an-o-plo'ri-form),  a.    [<  Anoplu- 
Anopla  (an-op'lil),  )!.  J)?.     [NL.,<  Gr.  avoir'loi;,    ra  + -form.]    Like  or  related  to  the  ^«o/jZHr«; 
unarmed,  <  av-  priv.  -f-  bir/.ov,  a  shield,  pi.  u7i-?,a,     louse-like. 

ai-ms.]    A  tUvision  of  nemertean  worms  ha\'ing  anopsyH  (an'op-si),  n.    [<  NL.  anopsia,  <  Gr.  av- 
the  proboscis  unarmed,  whence  the  name:  con-    priv.  +  oVxf,  sight:  see  optic]     Want  of  sight 
trasted  JLt\Enopla  (which  see).     The  Anopia  in-         Aristotle,  who  computeth  the  time  of  their  anop^j  or 
elude  most  of  the  larger  and  better-known  nemerteans.         invision  by  that  of  their  gestation. 
Anoplognathidse  (an-op-log-nath'i-de),  n.  pi.  Sr  r.  BroMine,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  174. 

[NL.,  <  Anoplognathus  +  -idm.]  In  Macleay's  anopsy^  (an'op-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  hva,  upward,  + 
system,  of  classification,  a  family  of  scarabceoid  6i/)(f,  sight:  see  oiMc.]  In  pathol.,  upward  stra- 
lamellicorn  beetles,  forming  together  with  Me-    bismus. 

lolonthidw  the  Latreillean  group  Phyllophaga.  anorchism  (an-6r'kizm),  n.  [As  anorchous  + 
The  clypeus  is  thickened  in  front,  and  constitutes,  either     -ism.]      Absence  of  testes. 


alone  or  with  tlie  labrum,  a  vertical  triangular  sui-fac 
the  point  of  which  is  applied  to  the  nientum. 

Anoplognathus  (an-op-log'na-thus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  di'OTrAof,  unarmed,  -I-  yvddoc,  jaw.]  A  genus 
of  lamellicorn  beetles,  of  the  family  Scaraba-- 
ida;,  sometimes  gi^'iag  name  to  a  family  Ano- 
plognathidce.  It  comprises  large  bronzed  bee- 
tles of  Australia. 

anoplonemertean  (an-op^lo-ne-mer'te-an),  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Anoplonemertini. 

Anoplonemertini  (an-op  "lo-nem-er-ti'ni),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  dioT/of,  unai'med,  -t-  NL.  yemertini, 
q.  v.]  A  division  otSetnertea,  containing  those 
nemertean  worms  which  have  the  proboscis 
unarmed  and  the  mouth  behind  the  ganglia: 


■•] 

anorchous  (an-6r'kus),  a.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
''PX'C,  testis.]     HaWng  no  testes. 

anorectOUS  (an-o-rek'tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avSpexrog, 
without  appetite,  <  dv-  priv.  -1-  opcKrur,  verbal 
adj.  of  bpiyeiv,  long  for,  desire:  see  orexis.] 
Without  appetite. 

anorexia  (an-o-rek'si-a),  n.  [NL. ,  <  Gr.  avopc^ia, 
want  of  appetite,  <  uvopcKToc,  without  appetite : 
see  anorectOUS.]     Want  of  appetite. 

anorexy  (an'o-rek-si),  n.     Same  as  anorexia. 

anorgana  (an-6r'ga-na),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avdp- 
)uior,  without  instruiaents,  <  dv-  priv.  -I-  ofi>a- 
rov,  instrument,  organ.]  Inorganic  objects  or 
bodies. 


distinguished fi-omfi^onioncmer«HJ.     Thegroup  aporfanic  (an-6r-gan'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  , 
•■■■--■--•  ■■    •       '  ~jla:o)iemer-     (""-^i  +  crganic]     Notorgamc;i: 


pnv. 

is  (Mvidedinto  Schiao7wm.ertini  and  Pala!0)Jemef-    ^""-">  -^^''rganic.j     i\otorgamc;  inorganic. 
fi„j  anorganism  (an-or'ga-nizm),  «.    [<Gr.  or- priv. 

Ano'plopoma  (an-op-lo-po'mii),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.     '^""fi'K  <"'9<""S-»'-T  An  inorganic  or  inani- 
di'oT/of,  unarmed, +-6J/<a,  a  lid,  operculum.]    A    ™ate  body. 

genus  of  fishes,  representing  the  family  Anoplo-        The  characteristic  phenomena  observed  in  organisms 
pomidie,  differing  from  most  of  its  relatives  in     '""  "o'  observed  in  anoryanisms.  6.  H.  Leu-es. 

the  absence  of  opercular  spines,  whence  the  anorganognosy  (an-6r-ga-nog'no-si),  n.     [< 
name.     It  contains  the  species  known  as  the     NL.  anorgana,  q.  v.,  -I-  Gr.  ■^■vijciQ,  knowledge.] 


candle-fish  or  beshow.     See  candle-fish,  2 
anoplopomid  (un-op-lo-pom'id),  n.    A  fish  of 

the  family  Anoploiiomidee. 
Anoplopomidae  (an-op-lo-pom'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  short  for  * Anopilopomatidm,  <  Anoplopo- 
ma(t-)  +  -idw.]    A  family  of  acanthoptcrygian 
fishes,  containing  only  the  genus  AiKiiilnjinmtt, 


Scientific  knowledge  or  study  of  anorganisms 
or  inorganic  objects. 

anorganography(an-6r-ga-nog'ra-fi),  n.  [< 
NL.  anorgana,  q.  v..  +  Gr.  ->po(J('d',  <  )pd4iciv, 
write.]  A  description  of  anorganisms  or  in- 
organic bodies;  a  treatise  on  any  phenomena 
of  inorganic  natui-e. 


and  related  to  the  Chiridxc.  The  only  known  anorganology  (an-6r-ga-nol'6-ji),  n.  [<  NL. 
species  is  the  Anoplopoma  gimhria,  of  the  west  anorgana,  (|.  v.,  -1-  Gr.  -'/.nyia,  <  ?.eyciv,  speak:  see 
coast  of  North  America.  -ology.]     Tlie  science  of  inorganic  bodies,  in- 

anoplothere  (an-op'lo-ther),  n.     An  animal  of    eluding  geology,  mineralogy,  meteorology,  etc. 
the  genus  Anoplotherlum  or  family  Anojdotheri-  anormal  (a-nor'mal),  a.  [=  F.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg."  anor- 

idee Cervine  anoplothere,  the  Dichobune  cervinum.     "l"h  <  ML.  anorm'dlus,  also  anormalis,  a  perver- 

See Bichobune.  sion  (taken  as  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -|-  L.  norma,  rule; 


anormal 

of.  abnormal}  of  LL.  anomalm,  <  Gr.  aviijia'/JK, 
irregnlar:  see  anomalous.']  Not  according  to 
rule:  abnormal;  aberrant;  anomalous;  mon- 
strous. 

anorthic  (an-6r'thik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
o/y?df,  straight,  right  (see  ortlio-),  +  -ic]  1. 
Without  right  angles. — 2.  In  mineral,  having 
xmequal  oblique  axes;  trielinic:  as,  anorthic 
feldspar. 

anortnite  (an-6r'thit),  n.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
6p66(,  straight  (see  ortho-),  +  -ite'^.]  A  tricUuic 
line  feldspar,  found  in  small  transparent  crys- 
tals on  Mount  Vesuvius,  and  existing  also  as  a 
constituent  of  some  rocks.     See  feldspar. 

anorthitic  (an-6r-thit'ik),  a.  ["<  anorthite  + 
-If.]  Pertaining  to  or  containing  anorthite: 
as,  o?iO)Wn7ie  lavas. 

anorthopia  (an-6r-th6'pi-S),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +  op06;,  straight  (see  ortho-),  +  M  (<jt-), 
eye,  face.]  In  pathol.,  obliquity  of  vision; 
squinting.     JN".  E.  D. 

anorthoscope  (an-6r'tho-sk6p),  n.  [<  Gr.  av- 
priv.  -t-  o/^f,  straight  (see  ortho-),  +  am-eh; 
view.]  An  instrument  for  producing  a  peculiar 
kind  of  optical  illusion  by  means  of  two  disks 
rotating  rapidly  one  behind  the  other.  The  pos- 
terior disk  is  transparent,  and  has  certain  distorted  figures 
painted  upon  it ;  the  anterior  is  opaque,  but  pierced  witli 
a  number  of  narrow  slits,  through  which  the  figures  on 
the  posterior  disli  are  viewed.  The  effect  depends  on 
tile  persistence  of  impressions  on  the  retina,  tlie  instru- 
ment being  in  principle  the  same  as  the  zoetrope. 

AD0rthura(an-6r-thii'ra),  H.  [NL.,<Gr.  anopBo;, 
erect  (< dia,  up,  +  bp66^,  right),  +  oi'pa,  tail.]  A 
genus  of  very  short-tailed  %vrens,  of  the  family 
TroglodytidcE :  a  name  proposed  as  a  substitute 
for  Troglodytes  (which  see). 

anosmia  (an-os'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avoafioc, 
also  avnduof,  without  smell,  <  av-  priv.  +  oa/ip, 
older  form  oiJu^,  smell,  <  o^eiv,  to  smell,  akin  to 
L.  odor,  smell:  see  odor.]  Inpathol.,  a  loss  of 
the  sense  of  smell. 

anosphresy  (an-os'frf-si),  «.  [<  Gr.  av-  priv.  + 
iappt/ai^,  smell,  <  oaipaiveaBai,  to  smell,  catch 
scent  of.]     Same  as  anosmia. 

Anostoma  (an-os'to-ma),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  niu,  up, 
+  crdua,  mouth.]  A  genus  of  pulmoiiate  gas- 
tropods, of  the  family  HcUcida;  ha\-ing  the  last 
whorl  of  the  shell  turned  up  toward  the  spin'. 
Thetypeis  J.riH(7eHs(Linn8eus).    Fischer,  1807. 

Anostomatinx  (an-os'to-ma-ti'ne),  w.  pi. 
[XL.,  irreg.  <  Anostomus  (-mat-)  (the  tyiueal 
genus)  +  -inw.]  A  subfamily  of  fishes,  of  the 
family  Characinidie.  The  technical  cliaractere  are  an 
adipose  fin,  teeth  in  Ijoth  jaws  well  developed,  dorsal  fin 
uhort,  gill-openings  rather  narrow  (the  gill-niernbranes 
being  attached  to  the  isthmus),  ami  nasal  openings  re- 
mote from  each  other.  They  are  mostly  .small  species 
from  Hrazil  and  Guiana.     Also  written  AnoHtoutitut;. 

another  fa-nulH't'r),  a.  and  pron.  [<  ME. 
another,  usually  >\Titten  an  othrr :  orig.  and 
still  prop,  two  words,  an  other,  not  differing 
in  grammatical  status  from  the  definite  cor- 
relative the  other;  in  AS.  simply  other:  see 
onl  and  other'^.  The  uses  are  simply  those  of 
other  with  an  preceding.  The  pronomiiuil  uses 
are  not  divided  from  the  adjective  uses.]  1. 
A  second,  a  further,  an  additional ;  one  more, 
one  further:  with  a  noun  expressed  or  luider- 
Htood.     («)  Of  the  same  series. 

Another  yet? — A  seventh? — I'll  see  no  more. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 
('•The  vulgar  txt  guoque,  'you're  another,'  which  (s  part 
of  the  niaiig  of  the  streets,  is,  as  might  be  expected,  not 
m'Klem."  Dame*,  Sup.  Eng.  (Jloss. 
HtiUtrr.  If  It  were  an  other  but  thou,  it  were  a  knauc. 
M..Mrrt/.  Ye  are  an  other  your  nelfe,  sir,  the  lorde  us 
b'.ih  Till...  i:,lalt,  Roister  Dolster,  111.  :,. 

"V  nil',  friend,"  cries  Partridge:  "I  did  niit 

"»e(ii,  .  loth  ;  I  only  said  your  conclusion  wjls 

k  I 

•'\ou  :,:■■  '''I'^'/irr," cries  the  sergeant,  "an* you  come  to 
that ;  no  more  a  sciiultur  than  youmelf." 

Fieltlinif,  Tom  .Iitucs,  ix.  0.1 

('')  ''  :ii"   kind,  nature,  or  character, 

'h''  'it  in  .Hubstanco:  used  by  way  of 

COIll|>:iriH',|i, 

Ami  like  another  Helen,  flr'd  anollier  Tniy. 

hrntUn,  Alexander's  Feiut,  I.  12.^. 
S,  A  ilifTif'  lit,  ili-i  imt  fwitli  a  noun  cxpri'SHcd  or 

'""''•'■"•'""'   :  '-1 1  illy,  of  pftrHoiiH,  a  different 

V!'^'  '•.  tiny  one  i-lne.     (o)  IJIh- 

'"'  '  iir  personality,  or  non- 

idci-:.-  ..i .oiu  . 

llB  Winks  ui<l  liini-  bU  lim  anothrr  w»y. 

stuiJr.,  Venus  anil  Ailimls,  1.  W). 
uol  have  done  the  feat  at  another  Imiir 
Hmrrton,  roumgi'. 
'  not  givr  In  another.  f«n.  xlll.  >< 

(fc)  <>/  n  ilifTiToni  I.iimI.  nntiiri',  or  ctninictcr, 
(hniitfh  til.,  mtrni'  n,  «nl,Mtanc<':  iiao<l  liy  way  of 
Bontnwt :  an,  ho  lias  bccooio  another  niuu. 


Ti 

III  ft 

>i 


230 

[Another  always  implies  a  series  of  two  or  more,  starting 
with  one,  which  is  often  necessarily  expressed  :  as,  he  tried 
one,  and  then  another;  he  went  one  way,  and  I  went  an- 
other; they  went  out  one  after  another. 

'Tis  one  tiling  for  a  soldier  to  gather  laurels, — and  'tis 
ano(Aer  to  scatter  cypress.   Sterne,  Tristrain  Shandy,  \i.  32. 
Tlie  public  mind  was  then  reposing  from  one  great  effort 
and  collecting  strength  for  another. 

Macaiday,  Lord  Bacon.] 
One  another,  originally  a  mere  collocation  of  one  (as 
subject)  with  another  (as  object),  now  regarded  as  a  com- 
pound prouoim. 

The  bishop  and  the  Duke  of  Gloster's  men  .  .  . 

Do  pelt  so  fast  at  one  another's  pate 

That  many  have  their  giddv  brains  knocked  out. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
This  is  my  commandment,  that  ye  love  oiu  another. 

John  XV.  12. 
Bear  ye  one  another's  burdens.  Gal.  n.  2. 

That  is :  Bear  ye  (each  otie  of  you)  another's  burdens.  So 
eaeh  other  (which  see,  under  each). 

another-gainest,  a.  Same  as  another-gates. 
Sir  J'.  SiiliKi/. 

another-gatest(a-nuTH'er-gats),  a.  [Orig.  gen., 
'of  another  gate,'  of  another  way  or  fashion: 
see  another  and  gate-,  and  gait.  The  last  sylla- 
ble came  to  be  shortened,  another-gets,  whence 
by  eiToneous  understandingaH()Wie)'-<7ra«,  -ghcss, 
-gitess,  and  by  erroneous  "coreection"  (see  ex- 
tract fi'om  Landor)  another-gnise.  The  isolated 
fonnawottpr-f/aines,  if  not  a  misprint  for  OHo//iff- 
gnites,  shows  confusion  with  another-hins,  q.  v.] 
Of  another  kind;  of  a  different  sort :  as,  ''««- 
other-gates  adventure,"  S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I. 
iii.  428. 

another-gtiesst  (a-nuTH'er-ges),  a.  [A  corrup- 
tion of  uiwtlier-gates,  q.  v.]  Same  as  another- 
gates. 

The  truth  ou't  is,  she's  anotherghess  Morsel  than  old 
Bromia.  Dryden,  Amphitryon,  iii. 

No,  no,  another-guess  lover  than  I :  there  he  stands. 

Goldsmith,  Good-Natured  ilan,  ii. 

Burke  uses  the  word  another.guess,  in  which  expression 

are  both  vulgarity  and  ignorance.  The  real  term  is  a  iwther- 

guise;  there  is  nothing  of  guessing.  Landor. 

[See  etymology,  above.] 
anothef-gTliset(a-nuTH'er-giz),  a.    [An  errone- 
ous "correction"  of  aiiother-guess,  assimied  to 
be  for  another  +  guise,  but  really  a  corruption  of 
another-gates,  q.  v.]     Same  as  another-gates. 
another-kins,  a.    [Orig.  gen.,  '  of  another  kind ' : 
see  another  and  kind,  and  cf.  another-gates.']    Of 
another  kind;  of  a  different  sort.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
anotta,  anotto  (a-not'ii,  -6),  n.  Same  asarnotto. 
Anoura,  anouran,  etc.    See  Anura,  etc. 
Anoiis  (au'o-us),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  upoor,  contr. 
liroir,  silly,  without  tmderstandiug,  <  a-  priv.  + 
viiof,  contr.  voSf, mind, understanding:  seeiioH.v.] 
A  genus  of  longipennine 
natatorial  birds,  the  nod- 
dy terns  or  noddies,  of  the 
subfamily   Stirninii-   and 
family  Larithv :    synonymous  with 
Gavia.      it  is  the  type  of  a  grouji  .ln<"<i. 
distinguished  from  other  terns  in  having  tlu- 
tail  graduated  instead  of  forked,  by  the  pal- 
mation  of  the  toes  being  very  ample,  anti  by 
other  characters.    There  are  several  species, 
found  upon  all  warm  and  tropical  seas.  They 
are  of  a  sooty-brown  or  blackish  color,  witii 
white  on  the  top  of  the  head.    The  best-known  species  is 
A.  stolidait.    .Sec  niiddii. 

anoxemia, anoxaemia (nn-ok-s6'mi-|i),  n.  [NL., 

strictly  <(«<).iv(7«(>f,  <  (ir.  iif-  priv.  +  ox(ijgin)  + 
(ir.  oii/fi,  liliKiil,]  Dcfii'ifiK'V  of  oxygon  in  the 
blond.      Also  aini.ri/hf mill,  aiiiu't/hffiiiiii. 

anoxyhemia,  anoxyhaemia  (an-ok-si-he'mi-ii), 

n.     Same  as  anoxemia. 
ans.    An  abbreviation  of  answer,  n. 
ansa  (an'sii),  «.:  pi.  ansa:  (-so).     [L.]     1.  In 

arehd'ol.,  alliUliilo,  IIS  of  a  VUSO.     Hmnze  ami  lerni- 

i-otta  vase-liundles  arc  often  found  curioiiHl)'  ornununtiil. 

or  bearing  Inscriptions  or 

stamps,  while  the  objects 

to  which  they  belonged, 

being  of  thinner  or  less 

diinilile  substance,  have 

IRTJshed. 

2.  i>l.  In  astnin.,  the 
part  H  of  Sattirn's  ring 
which  are  to  bo  seen 
on  lai'h  side  of  tho 
phiiicl  when  viewed 
through  a  tcloscopo: 
HO  oallcd  bncauso 
they  a|i]ii'ar  like  liiin. 
dli'H  to  tlic  body  of 
tho    iilanct.— 3.    In 

illial.,  II  lliojH'd  IKTVO 

111  Ioo|i-|{ki'  ncrv- 
1111.,  sirucliire.    Anun 

VIcllHBenil,     III     anal.. 

".i.nil    sllinll  .Inillds  of     |)„n„  Anvi.orllnndlcof  .  V.w.- 

the  I  crvlcal  synipatnotlc       Gi^ccKomiiii  work  from  Pompeii 


Noddy  Tcm 

{Mrtoux  stoli. 
dut). 


ans'wer 

cord  which  sometimes  pass  in  front  of  and  form  loops 
around  the  subclavian  artery.— Ansa  hypoglossl,  in 
anat.,  a  loop  formed  from  tin-  ili-M-indciis  lijpuglossi  and 
a  communieans  nerve  deri\i-il  Ironi  tlu-  sfcoiid  ami  third 
cervical  nerves. — Ansa  lenticularis,  in  atmt.,  a  fascicu- 
lus of  white  nerve-tissue  which  passes  from  the  median 
part  of  the  crusta  of  the  brain  under  the  thalamus  to  reach 
the  lenticul.ar  nucleus. 
ansar,  ansarian  (an'siir,  an-sa'ri-an),  n.  [< 
Ar.  an-nd(;ir,  <  al,  the,  +  iid<;ir,  auxiliary.]  A 
helper;  an  auxiliary;  specifically,  one  of  those 
inhabitants  of  Medina  who  befriended  Moham- 
med when  he  lied  thither  from  Mecca,  A  D. 
622. 

As  for  those  who  led  the  way,  the  first  of  the  ^lohadjera 
andthe.i«.iar.«,  .  .  .  God  is  well  pleased  with  them ;  .  .  , 
He  hath  made  ready  for  them  gardens  ...  to  abide  ill 
for  aye.         Rodieelt,  tr.  of  the  Koran,  sura  tx.,  verse  101. 

ansate,  ansated  (an'sat,  -sa-ted),  a.  [<  L.  an- 
satiis,  furnished  with  a  handle  (<  ansa,  a  handle), 
+  -ed'~.]  Ha^dng  a  handle  or  handles,  or  some- 
thing in  the  form  of  a  handle. 

ansation  (an-sa'shon),  H  [<  ansate  +  -ion.] 
The  art  of  making  handles,  or  of  fitting  them 
to  utensils.     Jour.  Brit.  Archavi.  Ass.,  XV.  69. 

anse  (ans),  «.  [=  F.  anse,  <  L.  ansa.]  An  ansa 
(which  see) ;  specifically,  in  old  ordnance,  one 
of  the  curved  handles  of  a  cannon. 

Anser  (an'ser),  n.  [L.,  a  goose,  orig.  *hanser, 
=  G.  gans  =  AS.  gos,  E.  goose,  q.  v.]  1.  A  genus 
of  lamellirostral  palmiped  birds  ;  the  geese. 
The  name  is  used  with  varying  latitude,  sometimes  as 
contenninous  with  the  modern  sutifaniily  .ln.\erinti\  imt 
oftener  of  late  restricted  to  the  typical  .sjiciies  rcseinliling 
the  domestic  goose,  such  as  the  An.^er  eitiereus  or  .Inser 
albifroJis  of  Europe.     See  goose. 

2.  In  astron.,  a  small  star  in  the  Milky  Way, 
between  the  Swan  and  the  Eagle. 

Anseranas  (an-ser-a'nas),  n.  [NL.  (Lesson, 
1828),  <  L.  anser,  goose,  +  anas,  duck:  see  An- 
ser and  Anas.]  A  genus  of  geese,  ha^'ing  the 
feet  semipalmate.  There  is  but  one  species, 
the  Australian  swan-goose,  Anseranas  melano- 
leuca. 

anserated  (an'se-ra-ted),  a.  In  her.,  having 
the  extremities  (divided  and  finished  with  the 
heads  of  lions,  eagles,  serpents,  etc. : 
applied  to  crosses.     Also  gringoU. 

Anseres  (an'se-rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  L.  anser:  see  Jiisfr.]  1.  In  the 
Linuean  system  (1"<>0),  the  tliird  or- 
der of  Ijirds,  including  all  "wafer- 
birds,"  or  palmipeds,  and  etiuivalcnt 
to  the  series  Xatatores  of  modern  naturalists. 
—  2.  An  order  or  suborder  of  birds  correspond- 
ing to  the  Lamcllirostres  of  Cuvior,  or  to  tho 
(VifHoiHoiyi/trt"  of  Huxley:  in  this  sense  of  nearly 
the  same  extent  as  the  family  Anatida;  or  lamel- 
lirostral birds  exclusive  of  the  flamingos. 

Anseridae  (an-ser'i-de),  «.  j>l.  [NL.,  <  Anser 
+ -idir.]  The  geese;  the  subfamily  Jhswikk 
raised  to  tho  rank  of  a  family. 

Anseriformes  (an  se-ri-f6r'mez),  «.  ))/.  [NL., 
<  L.  ansir,  goose,  + 'forma,  shape.]  In  Gnrrod's 
classification,  a  series  of  birds  ai>proxiimitcly 
equivalent  to  the  Linuean  Anseres.  See  An- 
seres, 1. 

Anserinae  (au-se-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anser  + 
-ina\]  1.  A  group  of  lamellirostral  palmiped 
birds,  more  or  loss  exactly  oiiuiv.ilont  to  ./«- 
seres,  2. —  2.  A  subfamily  of  tiio  family  .inati- 
da;  including  the  geeso  as  distinguished  from 
ducks,  swans,  or  mergansers. 

anserine  (an'so-rin),  a.  [<  L.  anscrinus,  <  iiii.scr, 
agoDso:  soo  J  «.«(')•.]  1.  Relating  to  or  resem- 
bling a  gooso,  or  the  skin  of  a  goose :  sometimes 
niipliod  to  tho  skin  when  roughened  by  cold 
or  iliscase  (goose-llosh). 

No  anserine  skin  would  rise  thereat, 
It's  the  cold  that  makes  him  shiver. 

y/iim(,  Tlie  Fonto. 

lleiu'o  —  2.  Stupid  as  a  goose;  foolisli;  silly. — 

3.  .S])eoifically,  in  ornith.,  resembling  a  goose 
or  duck  so  dosoly  as  to  be  included  in  tho  fam- 
ily Anatida';  being  ono  of  tho  .Inatida:  The 
anserine  birds,  terhnically,  are  not  only  geese  and  goose- 
like  HperleH,  but  sHaim.  ducks,  incrgausers,  etc. 

anseroUB  (nn'se-rus),  a.     [<  Ij.  an.ser,  a  goose, 

+  -"».■,.]     Same  us  anserine,  ]   and  2.     Sydney 

Smith. 
anslalghtt  (iin'sliit),  h.    An  incorrect  form  (per- 

liM|is  a  niispiint)  of  onslaught.     It  ooctirs  only 

in  the  passage  quoted, 

I  ilo  reineiuber  yet  that  anslaighf;  thou  wast  beaten 
And  lled'sl  before  the  butler. 

Fletcher,  Monsieur  Thomas.  II.  'L 

answer  (I'ln'si'r),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  an- 
sinnri;  <  ME.  answer,  anstrar,  aiisirerr,  miswnre, 
andsirere,  andstvarc,  cti;.,  <  AS.  andswaru,  and- 
twaru,  t.  (=  OS,  antswOr,  m,,=OFrio8.  ondser. 


answer 

f.,  answer,  =Icel.  andsvar,  annsvar,  neut.,  an- 
swer, response,  decision,  =  Sw.  Dan.  ansvar, 
responsibility,  foi-merly  answer),  <a«f/-,  against, 
in  reply,  +  'swaru,  f.  (=  Icel.  svar,  usually 
in  pi.  uDor,  neut.,  answer,  =  Sw.  Dan.  svar, 
answer),  <  'swaraii  (only  in  weak  present  swe- 
riiiii),  prot.  sicOi;  swear,  =  Icel.  svara,  answer, 
respond,  =  Sw.  scara  =  Dan.  scare,  answer,  re- 
spond, =  Goth,  swarau,  swear,  prob.  orig.  'af- 
firm, assert,'  with  the  subsequent  implication, 
lost  in  the  verb  except  in  Seand.,  of  *  assert  in 
reply':  seeo/irf-, oii-^, andsioea;-.  'H.enca answer, 
r.]  1.  A  reply,  response,  or  rejoinder,  spoken  or 
written,  to  a  question  (e.xpressed  or  implied), 
request,  appeal,  prayer,  call,  petition,  demand, 
challenge,  objection,  argument,  addi'ess,  letter, 
or  to  anything  said  or  written. 

A  soft  answer  turneth  awiiy  wrath.  Prov.  xv.  1. 

I  called  him,  but  he  gave  me  no  aivnver.         Cant.  v.  6. 

Bacon  returned  a  shuttling  answer  to  the  Earl's  question. 
Macaiday,  Lord  Bacon. 
In  particular — (a)  A  reply  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation; 
a  statement  made  in  defense  or  justiHcation  of  one's  self, 
witti  regard  to  a  cltar^'e  or  an  accusation  ;  a  defense  ;  spe- 
citically.  in  lair,  a  pleading  on  the  part  of  the  defendant, 
responding  to  the  iilaiiitilf's  claim  on  questions  of  fact; 
correlative  to  ilfin  u  rrer,  which  raises  only  questions  of  law. 
The  word  as  used  in  equity  nearly,  and  as  used  in  recent 
codes  of  procedure  closely,  corresponds  to  the  common- 
law  plea,  (b)  The  solution  of  a  problem  ;  the  result  of  a 
mathematical  operation ;  a  statement  made  in  response  to 
a  question  set  for  examination  :  implying  correctness,  un- 
less qualified. 

2.  A  reply  or  response  in  act ;  an  act  or  motion 
in  return  or  in  consequence,  either  as  a  mere 
result  due  to  obedience,  consent,  or  sympathy, 
or  as  a  hostile  procedure  in  retaliation  or  re- 
prisal. 

If  your  father's  highness 

1)0  not 

Sweeten  the  bitter  mock  you  sent  his  majesty, 
He'll  call  you  to  so  hot  an  answer  of  it, 
That  caves  and  womby  vaultages  of  PYance 
Shall  cliide  your  trespass,  and  return  your  mock 
In  second  accent  of  his  ordnance. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  4. 
And  so  extort  from  us  that 
Which  we  have  done,  whose  answer  would  be  death 
Drawn  on  with  torture.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  4. 

Specifically — (a)  Iwfeming,  the  return  hit. 

I  had  a  pass  with  Irim,  rapier,  scabbard,  and  all,  .  .  . 
and  on  the  answer,  he  pays  you  as  surely  as  your  feet  hit 
the  ground.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

(&)  \n  .fugue. tnitsic,  the  enunciation  of  the  subject  or  theme 
by  the  second  voice. 

Often  abbre'vaate'd  to  ans.  and  a. 
=  Syn.  Keply,  rejoinder,  replication,  response,  retort,  de- 
fense. 
ans'Virer (an'ser),!'.  [Earlymod. E.  afeo answeare, 
aunswer,  <  ME.  answeren,  answaren,  andswereii, 
andswaren,  onsweren,  onswaren,  ondsweren,  ond- 
swaren,  <  AS.  andswarian,  andswerian,  ondsica- 
rian,  andswerian  (pret.  andswarode)  =  OFries. 
ondswera,  onswcra,  onsera  =  lQ.e\.  andsvara,  ann- 
svara,  mod.  an:a  =  Sw.  ansrara  =  Dan.  ansrnre, 
answer,  account  for;  fromthenoun.]  l.intrans. 

1 .  To  make  answer ;  speak  or  write  in  reply  to  a 
question  (expressed  or  implied),  request,  ap- 
peal, petition,  prayer,  call,  demand,  challenge, 
address,  argument,  letter,  or  ansfthing  said  or 
■written ;  reply ;  respond :  used  with  to,  or  ab- 
solutely. 

Is  thy  news  good,  or  bad?    Answer  to  that. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  5. 
Lives  he? 
Wilt  thou  not  answer,  man? 

S/mfc.A.  andC.,iv.4. 
In  particular — (a)  To  reply  to  a  charge  or  an  accusa- 
tion ;  make  a  statement  in  defense  or  justification  of  one's 
self,  with  regard  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation  ;  specificaUy, 
in  law,  to  interpose  a  pleading  responsive  to  plaiiitift's 
allegations  of  fact :  sometimes  used  to  include  also  the 
intei-posing  of  a  demmTer :  formerly  sometimes  with  with. 
Well  hast  thou  ansu'ered  with  him,  Kadogan. 

Greene. 
(6)  To  give  a  solution  of  a  problem:  find  the  result;  give 
an  answer,  as  to  a  question  set  for  examin,ation :  as,  he 
answered  correctly  in  most  instances. 

2.  To  reply  or  respond  in  act;  act  or  move  in 
response ;  do  something  in  return  for  or  in  con- 
sequence of  some  speech,  act,  or  movement 
from  another  source. 

Now  play  him  me,  Patroclus, 
Arming  to  answer  in  a  night  alarm. 

Shak.,!:.  andC,  i.  3. 
Oct.  Mark  Antony,  shall  we  give  sign  of  battle? 
Ant.  No,  Ca'sar,  we  ^vill  answer  on  their  charge. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  V.  1. 
Those  who  till  a  spot  of  earth  scarcely  longer  than  is 
wanted  for  a  grave,  have  deserved  that  the  sun  should 
ahine  upon  its  sod  till  violets  answer. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  17. 
Do  the  strings  answer  to  thy  noble  hand?  Dniden. 

3.  Tospeakinbehalf  of  another;  declare  one's 
self  responsible  or  accountable,  or  give  assur- 
ance or  guaranty,  for  another ;  be  responsible  or 


231 

accountable :  used  with  for,  rarely  absolutely : 
as,  I  will  answer  for  his  safety;  I  am  satisfied, 
but  I  cannot  ansxoer  for  my  partner. 

00  with  my,  friend  Moses,  and  represent  Premium,  and 
then,  I'll  answer  /or  it,  you'll  see  your  nephew  in  all  his 
glory.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

4.  To  act  or  suffer  in  consequence  of  responsi- 
bility; meet  the  consequences:  with /oc,  rarely 
absolutely. 

Let  his  neck  answer /or  it,  if  there  is  any  martial  law. 
Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  8. 

Every  faculty  which  is  a  receiver  of  pleasure  has  an 
equal  penalty  put  on  its  abuse.  It  is  to  answer  /or  its 
moderation  witli  its  life.  Kmersmi,  Compensation. 

5.  To  meet,  satisfy,  or  fulfil  one's  wishes,  ex- 
pectations, or  requirements;  be  of  service: 
with  /())•  ,•  absolutely,  to  serve  the  ptirpose ; 
attain  the  end;  suit;  serve  or  do  (well  or  ill, 
etc.). 

Long  metre  answers.for  a  common  song, 
But  common  metre  does  not  a^tswer  long. 

O.  ir.  Holmes,  A  Modest  Request. 

6.  To  conform,  correspond;  be  similar, equiva- 
lent, proportionate,  or  correlative  in  character, 
quality,  or  condition :  with  to. 

As  in  water  face  ansivereth  to  face,  so  the  heart  of  man 
to  man.  Prov.  xxvii.  19. 

Siz.ar,  a  word  still  used  in  Cambridge,  answers  to  a  servi- 
tor in  Oxford.  Swi/t. 
In  thoughts  which  answer  to  my  own.   Whittier,  FoUen. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  make  answer  to;  speak  or 
write  in  reply  to ;  reply  or  respond  to. 

So  spake  the  apostate  angel,  though  in  pain  ;  .  .  . 
And  him  thus  ansiver'd  soon  his  bold  compeer. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  125. 
In  particular — (a)  To  reply  to  a  charge  or  an  accusation 
by ;  make  a  statement  to,  or  in  reply  to,  in  defense  or 
justification  of  one's  self  with  regard  to  a  charge  or  an  ac- 
cusation. 

I  will  .  .  . 
Send  him  to  answer  thee,  or  any  man. 
For  anything  he  shall  be  charg'd  withal. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
(6)  To  solve ;  find  the  result  of ;  give  an  answer  to,  as  to 
a  question  set  for  examination :  as,  he  answered  every 
question. 

2.  To  say  or  offer  in  reply,  or  in  reply  to ;  ut- 
ter, or  enunciate  to,  by  way  of  response. 

1  will  .  .  .  watch  to  see  what  he  will  say  unto  me,  and 
what  I  shall  answer  when  I  am  reproved.  Hab.  ii.  1. 

That  ye  may  have  somewhat  to  answer  them  which 
glory  in  appearance.  2  Cor.  v.  12. 

3.  To  reply  or  respond  to  in  act;  act  or  move 
in  response  to  or  in  consequence  of:  either  as  a 
mere  result,  in  obedience  to  or  sympathy  with, 
or  as  a  hostile  act  in  retaliation  or  reprisal 
against :  as,  to  answer  prayer ;  to  answer  a  sum- 
mons ;  to  answer  a  signal,  as  a  ring  at  the  door : 
hence,  to  answer  the  bell,  or  the  door;  to  answer 
the  helm  (said  of  a  ship  when  she  obeys  her 
rudder). 

Blofjd  hath  bought  blood,  and  blows  have  ansiver'd 
blows.  Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  2. 

The  woman  had  left  us  to  answer  the  bell. 

11'.  Collins,  Ai-madale,  III.  205. 

4t.  To  be  responsible  for;  be  accountable  for. 
Ansicer  ray  life  my  judgment, 
Thy  youngest  daughter  does  not  love  thee  least. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

5.  To  act  or  suffer  in  consequence  of  respon- 
sibility for;  meet  the  consequences  of ;  atone 
for ;  make  amends  for ;  make  satisfaction  for. 

And  do  him  right,  that,  answering  one  foul  wrong, 
Lives  not  to  act  another.  Shak.,  M.  for  51.,  ii.  2. 

If- it  were  so,  it  was  a  grievous  fault, 

And  grievously  hath  Ca;sar  answer'd  it  [orig.  answered/or 
it].  Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 

6.  To  meet,  satisfy,  or  fulfil  one's  wishes,  ex- 
pectations, or  requirements  with  regard  to ; 
satisfy  (a  claim);  repay  (an  expense);  serve 
(the  purpose) ;  accomplish  (the  end) ;  serve ; 
suit. 

This  proud  king ;  who  studies,  day  and  night, 
To  answe}-  all  the  debt  he  owes  unto  you. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 

My  returns  will  be  sufficient  to  ansuvr  my  expense  and 

hazard.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  174. 

But,  come,  get  to  your  pulpit,  Mr.  Auctioneer ;  here's 

an  old  gouty  chair  of  my  father's  will  answer  the  purpose. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

7.  To  conform  to;  correspond  to;  be  similar, 
equivalent,  proportionate,  or  correlative  to  in 
quality,  attributes,  position,  etc. 

Your  mind's  pureness  answers 
Your  outward  beauties. 

ilassinger.  The  Renegade,  iv.  3  • 
The  windows  answering  each  other,  we  could  just  dis- 
cern the  glowing  horizon  through  them. 

W.  Gilpin,  Tour  to  Lakes. 

8.  To  meet  or  confront.     [Rare.] 

Thou  wert  better  in  a  grave,  than  to  answer  with  thy 
uncovered  body  this  extremity  of  the  skies. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 


ant 

anS'Werable  (an's^r-a-bl),  a.   [<  answer  +  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  answered;  admitting  of  a 
satisfactory  reply. 

Unanswerable  is  a  boastful  word.    His  best  reasons  are 

answerable ;  his  worst  are  not  worthy  of  being  answered. 

Jeremy  Collier,  Moral  Subjects. 

2.  Liable  to  give  an  account  or  to  be  called  to 
account ;  responsible ;  amenable :  as,  an  agent 
is  answerable  to  his  pi-incipal. 

Will  any  man  argue  that  ...  he  cannot  be  justly  pun- 
ished, but  is  answerable  only  to  God?  Swi/t. 
She's  to  be  answerable  for  its  forthcoming. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoojjs  t^>  Conquer,  iv. 

3.  Correspondent;  similar;  agreeing;  In  con- 
fonnity;  suitable;  proportionate;  eon-elative; 
equal.     [Obsolescent.] 

It  was  Ijut  such  a  likeness  as  an  imperfect  glass  doth 
give  —  aiinwerable  enough  in  some  features,  but  erring  in 
others.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

A  faire  dining-roome,  and  the  rest  of  y  lodgings  answer, 
able,  with  a  pretty  chappell.    Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  31, 1654. 

This  revelation  .  .  .  was  answerable  to  that  of  the 
apostle  to  the  Thessalonians.  Milton. 

His  Sentiments  are  every  vfa.y answerable  to  his  Charac- 
ter. Addison,  Spectator,  No.  303. 

ans'werableness  (an'ser-a-bl-nes),  «.  1.  Capa- 
bility of  being  answered. —  2.  'The  quality  of 
being  answerable  or  responsible;  liability  to 
be  called  to  account;  responsibility. — 3.  The 
quality  of  being  answerable  or  conformable; 
adaptability ;  agreement. 

The  correspondency  and  ansicerableness  which  is  be- 
tween this  bridegroom  and  his  spouse. 

tlarmar,  tr.  of  Beza,  p.  196. 

ans'werably  (an'ser-a-bli),   adv.     In  due  pi'O- 
jjortion,  correspondence,  or  conformity;  pro- 
portionately ;  suitably. 
Continents  have  rivers  answerably  larger  than  islands. 

Brerewood. 

answerer  (an'ser-er),  n.  One  who  answers; 
in  school  disputations,  the  respondent,  that  is, 
one  who  takes  the  initiative  by  propounding 
a  thesis  which  he  undertakes  to  maintain  and 
defend  against  the  objections  of  the  opponents. 
See  respondent. 

The  Answerer  is  of  opinion,  there  is  nothing  to  be  done, 
no  satisfaction  to  be  had  in  matters  of  religion,  without 
dispute;  that  is  iiis  only  receipt,  his  nostrum  for  attain- 
ing a  true  belief.    Dryden,  Def.  of  Duchess  of  York's  Paper. 

answeringly  (an'ser-ing-li),  adv.  So  as  to  an- 
swer; correspondingly. 

answer-jobber t  (an'ser-job'er),  n.  One  who 
makes  a  business  of  writing  answers.  [Rare.] 
What  disgusts  me  from  having  anything  to  do  with  this 
race  of  ansioer-jobbers,  is,  that  they  have  no  sort  of  con- 
science in  their  dealing.  Swi/t,  Barrier  Treaty. 

answerless  (an'ser-les),  a.  [<  ansiver  +  -less.] 
1.  Without  an  answer;  ha'sdng  no  answer  to 
give. —  2.  Unanswered:  as,  answerless  prayers. 
— 3.  Containing  no  sufficient  or  satisfactory 
answer;  offering  no  substantial  reply,  while 
professing  to  do  so. 

Here  is  an  answerless  answer,  without  confessing  or  d© 
nying  either  proposition.  Abp.  Bramhatl,  II.  627 

4.  Incapable  of  being  answered;   unanswer 
able :  as,  an  answerless  question,  argument,  etc. 

answerlessly  (an'ser-les-ii),  adv.     In  an  an 
swerless  manner ;  with  an  insufficient  answer. 
Answered  indeeil ;  but,  as  he  said,  .  .  .  answerles.Hy. 
Bp.  Hall,  Married  Clergy. 

antl  (ant),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  ante,  ampte.  <  ME. 
anitc,  amete,  <  AS.  aimete,  wniette  (also  *einete,  > 
ME.  eniete,  emette,  emet,  E.  emmet,  q.  v.)  =  OHG. 
dmei:a,  MH6.  ameize,  G.  ameise  (MHG.  also* 
enieze,G,emse),aTit.  Of  uncertain  origin;  per- 
haps <  AS.  d-,  E.  o-l  (also  found  accented  in 
AS.  d-cumba,  E.  oaknin),  +  ^nia-tan  (in  deriv. 
mettan,  (cut,  engrave,  hence)  paint,  depict;  cf. 
jweferc,  a  stone-cutter,  and  G.sfein-me^:',  a  stone- 
cutter) =  OHG.  mei:an,  MHG.  meizen,  =  Icel. 
meita,  cut.  The  lit.  sense  would  then  be  'the 
cutter  or  biter  off ' ;  unless  the  term  be  taken 
passively,  in  a  sense  like  that  of  Gr.  Hto/iov  or 
L.  insectum,  insect,  lit.  'cut  in.'  The  G.  form 
is  commonly  referred  (through  MHG.  emeze,  G. 
emse)  to  G.  emsUj,  MHG.  emzic,  OHG.  emizzig, 
emaszifi,  industrious,  assiduous,  which  agrees 
formally,  but  not  in  sense,  with  AS.  annetig, 
emtig,  E.  emptij,  q.  v.  See  mire"^  and  pismire.] 
An  emmet ;  a  h\inenopterous  insect  of  the  fam- 
ily Formicida'  and  the  Linnean  genus  Formica, 
now  divided  into  several  genera.  Ants  live  in 
communities,  and  the  internal  economy  of  their  nest  or 
hillock  presents  an  extraordinary  example  of  the  results 
of  combined  industry.  Each  community  comprises  males 
with  four  wings,  females  much  larger  than  the  males 
and  possessing  ivings  during  the  pairing  season  only,  and 
barren  females,  called  neuters,  workers,  or  nirrses,  desti- 
tute of  wings.  The  females  lay  their  eggs  in  parcels  oi 
sLx  or  more.  Tlie  males  and  females  desert  the  nest  and 
copulate  soon  after  becoming  pelf ect ;  but  the  latter  are 


ant 

"bruueht  back  bjr  the  workers,  or  else  found  new  colonies, 
with  or  withont  help.  The  male,  like  the  drone-bee,  be- 
comes useless  after  impregnating  the  female.  The  grubs 
spin  a  cocoon,  and  become  pupae,  which  resemble  bariey- 
coros,  and  are  popularly  taken  for  eggs.  Under  the  names 
of  ants'  brood,  anW  eiins,  they  are  an  article  of  import  in 
some  northern  countries  for  making  formic  acid ;  a  solu- 
tion of  them  in  water  is  used  for  ^^nBgar  in  Xorway.  Tlie 
young  grubs  are  fed  by  the  females  and  by  the  nurses,  who 
also  construct  the  streets  and  galleries  of  the  colony, 
and  in  general  perfonn  all  the  work  of  the  community. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  ants,  called  from  the  operations 
they  perform  mining-ants,  carpentei-s,  masons,  etc.  The 
favorite  food  of  ants  is  honey,  particularly  the  honey-dew 
excreted  byaphids:  but  they  also  live  on  fruits,  hisects 
and  their  larv.-e,  ami  dead  birds  and  mammals.  They  are 
torpid  in  winter.  Tliose  of  the  same  or  different  species 
engage  in  pitched  battles,  and  capture  slaves  or  take  larva; 
from  other  nests.  Some  species  havestings,  others  squirt 
out  an  irritant  fluid  (formic  acid).  See  cut  under  Aita. 
The  name  ant,  or  ichit':  ant,  is  also  given  to  insects  of  the 
neuropterous  genus  T'^rmr^g.     See  termite. 

ant-t,  conj.    An  old  form  of  and. 

ant'H,  "•    A  former  speUing  of  aunt. 

an'tl  (ant  or  ant).  A  colloquial  contraction  of 
are  n't,  are  not,  and  of  am  not,  and  vrith  greater 
license  also  of  is  not.  In  the  second  pronun- 
ciation also  written  ain't  or  aint. 

an't-  (ant).  A  dialectal  reduction  of  ha'n't,  a 
contraction  of  hare  not  and  has  not.  Also  writ- 
ten ain't,  aint,  Uke  hain't,  liaint. 

an't''t  (ant).  A  colloquial  contraction  of  an  it, 
if  it.     See  an^,  and. 

ant-.  The  form  of  anti-  before  vowels  in 
words  taken  from  or  formed  according  to  the 
Greek,  as  in  antagonist.  In  words  formed  in 
English,  anti-  usually  remains  unchanged  be- 
fore a  vowel,  as  in  anti-episcopal,  etc. 

-anf^.  [< itE.  -ant,  -aunt,  <  OF.  -ant,  repr.  both 
L.  -an{t-)s  and  -en{t-)s,  aec.  -ant-em,  -ent-em, 
suflix  of  ppr.  (=  AS.  -ende,  ME.  -end,  -and,  -ant, 
later  and  mod.  E.  -ing'^,  by  confusion  with  -ing'^, 
suffix  of  verbal  nouns),  as  in  E.  affiant,  <  ME. 
afia(it)nt,  <  OF.  afiant,  <  ML.  affidan{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  affiddre;  E.  tenant,  <  JIE.  tena{u)nt,  <  OF. 
tenant,  <  L.  tenen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  tenere.  In  later 
F.  and  E.  many  words  in  -ant,  <  L.  -en{t-)s, 
were  changed  to  -ent,  to  accord  with  the  L., 
as  in  apparant,  now  apparent,  after  L.  appa- 
ren(t-)s;  some  waver  between  the  -ant  and  -en  t, 
as  dependant,  dependent,  q.  v.  Words  of  re- 
cent introduction  have  -ant,<.  L.  -an{t-)s,  and 
-ent,  <  L.  -en(t-)s.  With  adjectives  in  -ant,  -ent, 
go  nouns  in  -ance,  -encc,  q.  v.]  A  suffix  of  ad- 
jectives, and  of  nouns  originally  ad,ieetives, 
primarily  (in  the  original  Latin)  a  present  par- 
ticiple suffix,  cognate  with  the  original  form 
(AS.  -ende)  of  English  -ing^,  as  in  dominant, 
ruling,  regnant,  reigning,  radiant,  beaming,  etc. 
See  -ent. 

-ant^.  [-are  +  excrescent  -t,  the  -nt  arising  from 
-H</,  a  dissimilated  gemination  of  «.]  A  cor- 
ruption of  -an,  of  vaiious  origin,  as  in  pageant, 
peasant,  pheasant,  truant,  tyrant.  See  these 
words. 

anta^  (an'ta),  n.;  pi.  antes  (-te).  [L.,  a  termi- 
iiiil  pilasterj  <  ante,  before:  seeoiite-.]  In ard(., 
a    pilaster,  es- 

f>ccially  a  pi- 
aster in  cer- 
tain positions, 
as  one  of  a  pair 
on  either  side 
of  a  doonvay, 
or  one  standing 
op|io»it()  a  pil- 
lar; Hpei-ifical- 
ly,  the  pilaster 
used  in  (ireok 
and  Komiiu  ar- 
cliit<-<>tiiro  to 
t<;nninate  one 
of  tho  side 
wnllH  of  11 
building  when 
lliOH"!   are  jiro- 


lonijc'l   1) 
tiK'  f...<- 
i-nd  V.  I'i 

tiro   ' 


■V.,I1.| 

ii   Ml. 


anta 

Tl.. 

An,. 

antacid 

nvTi,  at;n. 
tkirrnp.,  [t. 
in  tho  gtoiiiui^h. 


AnU. 

•  '  .11  of  Pofllcn  In  Anlli. 
1  liMinnii*  A.A.tint^; 
I'lllnra:  II,  |irr.n4ri«;  C, 


f^p.  Pg.  antn,  <  Bra/.,  tinlo.) 
tiiiino  of  tho  common  or 
I  ii<i  iinwricanuH. 

•  tirl    «.       (<    Or.  nvT-  iOT 

.   +    iiii,l.~\     I.    n.    In 
1  a  renii'dy  (or  acidity 


232 

II.  a.   Counteracting  acidity. 
Also  wiitten  anti-acid. 

antacrid  (ant-ak'rid),  a.  [<  Or.  avr-  for  avri, 
against  (see  anti-),  -i- acrid.]  Having  power  to 
correct  an  acrid  comlition  of  the  secretions. 

antadiform  (ant-ad'i-form),  a.  [<  Gr.  ai-r-  for 
(iiTi,  opposite  (see  anti-),  4-  L.  ad,  toward,  -1- 
forma,  form.]  In  ichth.,  having  an  inversely 
similar  contoiu-  of  the  dorsal  and  inferior  out- 
lines, so  that  if  the  body,  exclusive  of  the  head, 
could  be  simply  folded  lengthwise,  the  two  mar- 
gins would  be  found  to  be  nearly  coincident : 
exemplified  in  the  black-bass,  wrasses,  and 
many  other  species.     Gill. 

antae,  ".    Pliu'al  of  anta^. 

antagoget  (ant-a-go'je),  n.  A  short  form  of  an- 
titnaijoge. 

antagohisation,  antagonise.  See  antagoni:a- 
tion,  anttigoni;:e. 

antagonism  (an-tag'o-nizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  dirajij- 
vKTfia,  <  ai'7a-}Dvi^£(Ttfai,  antagonize:  see  antago- 
nize.] 1.  The  state  of  being  mutually  op- 
posed ;  mutual  resistance  or  opposition  of  two 
forces  in  action ;  contrariety  of  things  or  prin- 
ciples. 

Among  inferior  types  of  creatures  antagonum  habitu- 
ally implies  combat,  with  all  its  struggles  and  pains. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  498. 

2.  The  act  of  antagonizing ;  opposition. 
And,  toppling  over  all  antagonism. 
So  wa.\'d  in  pride,  that  I  believed  myself 
Vnconquerable.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

antagonist  (an-tag'o-nist),  «.  and  a.      [<  LL. 

antagonista,  <  Gr.  avTayuina-t/^,  an  opponent, 
competitor,  <  avrayuviCeadai,  struggle  against, 
antagonize:  see  antagonise.]  I.  n.  1.  One  who 
contends  with  another  in  combat  or  in  argu- 
ment; an  opponent ;  a  competitor;  an  adver- 
sary. 

Antagonist  of  heaven's  Almighty  King. 

Miltun,  P.  L.,  X.  387. 
Where  you  find  your  a;i(rt(70«(*(  beginning  to  grow  warm, 
put  an  eud  to  the  dispute  by  some  genteel  badinage. 

Clitster field,  Letters. 
Ti-ade,  as  all  men  know,  is  the  antagonist  of  war. 

Emerson,  War. 

2.  In  anat.,  a  muscle  which  acts  in  opposition 
to  another  :  as,  a  flexor,  which  bends  a  part,  is 
the  antagonist  of  an  extensor,  which  extends  it. 
=  Syn.  1.  Adversary,  Antagonist,  Opponent,  etc.  (see  flt^- 
vtrsarg),  opposer,  rival,  assailant. 

II.  o.  Counteracting;  opposing;  combating: 
as,  antagonist  forces;  an  antagonist  muscle. 
The  flexors  and  extensors  of  a  limb,  as  also  tile  abductors 
and  adductors,  have  to  each  other  the  relation  of  antago- 
nist muscles. 

We  find  a  decisive  struggle  beginning  between  the  an- 
tagonist tendencies  which  had  grown  up  in  the  midst  of 
this  [Aryan]  civilization.  J.  Fiskt,  Amer.  Polit.  Ideas,  p.  l'2*i. 

antagonistic  (an-tag-o-nis'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  an- 
tagonist + -ic]  I.  n.  Contending  against;  act- 
ing in  opposition;  mutually  opposing;  opposite. 

Tlieir  valours  arc  nut  yet  so  combatant, 
Or  truly  antagonistic,  as  to  tight. 

Ii-  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  4. 
Tliosc  who  exercise  power  and  those  subject  to  its  exer- 
cise,—  the  rulers  and  the  ruled, —  stand  in  anlajionistic  re. 
lations  to  each  other.  Calhoun,  \\  orks,  I.  V2. 

II,  n.  Soinrtliing  that  acts  in  an  antagonis- 
tic manner;  spccilically,  a  muscle  who.so  ac- 
tion counteracts  that  of  another. 

In  anatomy  tilose  muscles  are  termed  ff7i(n.70«i*fi««  which 
are  oiiposed  to  othci's  in  their  action,  as  tlic  extensors  to 
the  IlcMirs,  etc.  Brandc  and  Cor. 

antagonistical  (an-tag-o-nis'ti-kal),  a.    Same 

as  ttntagintisfic. 
antagonistically  (an-tag-o-nis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In 

an  antajionistic  manner;  as  an  antagonist. 
antagonization(an-taK"o-ni-za'shon),  H.    [<(JH- 
Uigoiii-c  + -iilion.]    Antagonism.    Also  siiellod 
antagonisation. 

This  (luestion  of  antagonization  could  be  settled  In  a 
manner  aiisolutely  llnul. 

llnwMa,  t'niliscovcrcd  Country,  p.  iin. 

antagonize  (an  -  tag  '  o  -  niz),  V. ;  pret.  anil  ]>]t. 
antagonized,  ppr.  tintagoni:ing.  [<  Gr.  (Irrojij- 
vi^tnhai,  struggle  against,  <  avri,  against,  +  (i)(J- 
vliecOat,  struggle  :  see  agonize.]  I,  trans.  To 
act  in  opposition  to;  oppose;  coimteract;  hin- 
der. 

I'linrave  and  convex  IrnseH  antagnnixr,  and.  If  of  equal 
refractive  power,  neutralize  eacli  other. 

/,<•  Conlf,  HlKhl,  p.  .ri. 
Ill  tho  rabbit  a  fatal  done  of  ntrychnia  might  bo  •»  an- 
tagoniied  hy  a  done  of  chloral  an  to  Fnve  life. 

Viinin,  Med.  Illcl.,  p.  r.n. 

II.  intrans.  To  act  antagonistically  or  in  op- 
p'l'.iiion.     fUnro.] 

AWii  Npollcil  antagonise. 
antagonyt  (un-tng'i^-ni),   ».     [<    Gr.  avrayux'la, 
ndvcrnlty,  ojipoaitlon,  <  avri,  againdt,  +  ayuvia. 


Antarctalian 

a  struggle :  see  agony.]    Antagonism  ;   oppo- 
sition. 

The  incommimicable  antagony  that  is  between  Christ 
.and  Belial.  Milton,  Divorce,  i.  8. 

antal  (an'tal),  «.  [=  F.  G.  antal,  <  Russ.  an- 
talii,  Little  Euss.  and  Pol.  antal,  Pol.  also 
antalek  (barred  /),  <  Hmig.  untalag.]  A  wine- 
measure  used  in  the  Tokay  district  of  Hungary, 
equal  to  14.3  gallons. 

antalgic  (an-tal'jik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for 
avTi,  against  (see  anti-),  -I-  a'//)o^,  pain.]  I.  a. 
Alleviating  pain ;  anodiiTie.     [Rare.] 

II.  )(.  A  medicine  or  an  application  fitted  or 
tciuling  to  alleviate  pain;  an  anodjTie. 

antalkali  (ant-al'ka-li  or -Ii),  «.;  pi.  antalkalis 
or  antalkalies  (-liz  or  -liz).  [<  Gr.  avr-  for  avri, 
against  (see  anti-),  +  alkali,  q.  v.]  A  sub- 
stance which  neutralizes  an  alkali,  and  is  used 
medicinally  to  counteract  an  alkaline  tendency 
in  the  sy.stem. 

antalkaline  (ant-al'ka-lin  or  -lin),  a.  and  n.    [< 
antalkali  -)-  -(«fi.]     I.  o.  Having  the  property 
of  neutralizing  alkalis. 
II.  n.  Same  as  antalkali. 

antambulacral  (ant-am-bii-la'kral),  a.  [<  Gr. 
aiT-  for  inn,  against  (see  anti-),  -^-  anihidacral, 
q.  v.]  In  echinoderms,  situated  ojipositc  the 
ambulacral  surface,  or  away  from  the  ambu- 
lacra: opposed  to  ambulacral -■  as,  an  antam- 
bulacral row  of  spines.  See  cut  under  Asteri- 
i(hr. 

antanaclasis  (ant-an-ak'la-sis),  >!.  [NL.,<  Gr. 
arravaK/.aan;  reflection  of  light  or  sound,  use 
of  a  word  in  an  altered  sense,  lit.  a  bending 
back  against,  <  dvTavaK'Aav,  bend  back  against, 
reflect,  <  avri,  against,  -t-  dm/cAni',  bend  back: 
see  anaclasis.]  1.  In  rhet.,  a  figm-e  which  con- 
sists in  repeating  the  same  word  in  a  difl'erent 
sense:  as,  while  we  lire,  let  ns  lire;  learn  some 
criift  when  young,  that  when  old  you  may  live 
without  craft. — 2.  Li  gram.,  a  repetition,  after 
a  long  parenthesis,  of  a  word  or  words  preced- 
ing it:  as,  shall  that  heart  (which  has  been 
thought  to  be  the  seat  of  emotion,  and  which  is 
tho  center  of  the  body's  Ufe),  shall  that  heart, 
etc. 

antanagoget  (anf'an-a-go'je),  n.  [NL,,  <  Gr. 
(iiT- for  avri,  against,  +  avayu)!/,  a  taking  up: 
.see  anagoge.]  In  rhet..  a  figtu'e  which  consists 
in  replying  to  an  adversary  b.v  recrimination,  as 
when,  the  accusation  made  by  one  jiarty  being 
unanswerable,  the  accused  person  charges  his 
accuser  with  the  same  or  some  other  crime. 
Siinielinies  shortened  to  antagoge. 

antapllTodisiac  (ant"af-ro-diz'i-ak).  a.  and  n. 
[<  tir.  <ii'7-  for  avTi.  against,  +  cn^podiainnd^,  vene- 
real: see  «p7(rO(?i6i(((!.]  I.  a.  Haring  the  prop- 
erty of  extinguishing  or  lessening  tho  sexual 
appetite;  anaphrodisiac ;  antivcnereal. 

ll.  n.  A  medicine  or  an  apjilication  that  ex- 
tinguishes or  lessens  tho  sexual  appetite;  an 
anaphrodisiac. 
Also  written  anti-aphrodisiac. 

antaphroditic  (ant"af-ro-dit'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Gr.  I'nT-  for  diT/j  against, -I-  'AippoMri/,  Xenua: 
see  .(y)/i)v>(/i7c.]  1.  </.  1.  Having  power  to  miti- 
gate ()!■  cm-e  venereal  disease,  as  a  drug. — 2. 
Same  as  antaphrodisiac. 

II.  n.  1.  A  drug  which  mitigates  or  cures 
venereal  disease. —  2.  Same  as  antaiihrodisiac. 

antapoplectic  (ant"ap-o-jilek'tik),  (I.  [<  Gr. 
lirr-  fiir  liiTi,  against,  -t-  airon?,t/KTiK6;,  apoplec- 
tic :  see  ajioplectic]  Efficacious  against  apo- 
jilexy. 

antarchism  (ant'iir-kizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  avr-  for 
avri,  against,  +  apx'i,  goveruniont,  -t-  -ism.  Cf. 
uniirchisni.]  Op])osition  to  all  government  or 
reslrainl  oi' individuals  by  law.     [Rare.] 

antarchist  (ant'iir-kisi),  n.  [<  antarchism  + 
-ist.]  ( iiie  Willi  o]iii(ises  all  social  government 
or  colli  i-.il  iif  imliviiluals  by  law.      |Kiire.  | 

antarchistic  (aiil-iir-kis'tik),  a.  [<  antarchism.] 
Oppuseil  tu  all  government.    [Rare.] 

antarchistical  (ant-iir-kis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
unliircliislic. 

Antarctalia  (ant-iirk-to'li-ll),  n.  [NL.,<  LL. 
aiitiiriticiis,  antarctic,  -t-  (ir.  Afin,  an  assem- 
blage (with  an  iiileiiiled  alliisinn  In  d/r,  sea). 
Cf.  .irctiilid.]  In  ziiiigritg.,  the  iinlantic  ninrine 
realm;  that  zoological  ilivision  of  the  southern 
waters  of  the  globe  which  c<>rn'S]ii)nils  to  the 
northern  ilivision  called  Arctalia,  and  covers 
tlin  iintipoilul  ocean  up  to  the  isoerymo  of  44°. 
Hill. 

Antarctalian  (ant-iirk-til'li-an),  u.  [<,  .\ntarc- 
IiiIki  +  -an.]  Of  or  jiertiiining  to  Antarctalia : 
UH,  the  .intarctalian  (o,\n\a,.     Gill. 


antarctic 

antarctic  (aut-ark'tik),  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
antartU;  <  ME.  antartik,  <  OF.  antartique  =  It. 
antarlim,  <  I A j.  antarcticus,  southern,  <  Gi:  av- 
TapKTiKur,  sontln'i-n,  <  avr-  for  avrt,  against,  oppo- 
site to,  4-  li/wr/Kuf,  iiorthem,  arctic:  see  arclic.'i 
Opposite  to  the  north  or  arctic  pole ;  relating 
to  the  south  i)ole  or  to  the  region  near  it :  as, 
the  uiitiirdic  pole,  cmTent,  or  ocean — Antarc- 
tic circle,  a  circle  parallel  to  the  equator  and  distant 
from  the  south  pole  23°  28',  which  is  the  amount  of  the 
obliiiuityof  the  ecliptic.  This  circle  separates  the  south 
temperate  from  the  south  frigid  or  antarctic  zone,  aud 
forrus  the  southern  hounilary  of  the  region  within  which 
the  sun  is  alway:*  above  the  horizon  at  noon  and  below 
it  at  midnight,  or  would  be  so  were  it  not  for  refraction, 
p:iiall;i\.  and  the  apparent  magnitude  of  the  sun's  disk. 

Antares  (an-ta'rez),  n.  [<  Gr.  !4vTa/)7/f  (Ptolemy ), 
<  avTi,  against,  corresponding  to,  similar,  -I- 
"ApK,  Ares,  Mars:  so  called  because  this  star 
resembles  in  color  the  planet  Mars.  See  Ares.'\ 
A  red  star  of  the  iii'st  magnitude,  the  middle 
(ine  of  three  in  the  body  of  the  Scorpion ;  a  Scor- 
pU.     .See  cut  under  Scorpio. 

antarthritic  (ant-iir-thrit'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  6r. 
ui'--  for  iivtI,  against,  +  apBpiTiKdc,  gouty:-  see 
iiiilii-itic.']    I.  a.  Cui'ing  or  alleviating  gout. 
II.  )(.  A  remedy  for  the  gout. 
Alsii  m-itten  anti-arthritic. 

antasthmatic  (ant-ast-mat'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  Gr. 
HIT-  for  avTi,  against,  +  iiad/iaTiKoi,  asthmatic: 
see  asthmatic.^    I,  a.  Having  the  property  of 
relieving  asthma,  as  a  medicine. 
II.  II.  A  remedy  for  asthma. 
Also  written  anti-asthmatic. 

antatrophic  (ant-a-trof 'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  a  vt- 
foniiTi, against, -t-iirpo^/a, atrophy:  see atrophij.'] 
I.  a.  Efficacious  against  atrophy  or  wasting. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  used  for  the  cure  of  atro- 
phy or  wasting. 

ant-bear  (aut'bar),  n.  1.  The  great  or  maned 
ant-eater  of    South    America,   Myrmecoj)haga 


SCf^MU 


Ant'beaTiAfyrmeco/>hii£'aji(tafa 


jubata;  the  tamanoir.  —  2.  The  aardvark, 
ground-pig,  or  Cape  ant-eater  of  Africa,  Oryc- 
teropus  capensis.     See  ant-eater,  (a)  (2). 

ant-bird  (ant'berd),  ?«.  1.  An  ant-thrush  (which 
see) or  ant-eater;  an  ant-catcher. —  2.  i>l.  Spe- 
cifically, the  American  ant-thrushes,  of  the  fam- 
ily Formicariidw. 

ant-catcher  (ant'kach''''er),  n.  A  name  of  the 
ant-bird  or  ant-thrush  of  both  hemispheres ;  any 
ant-bird.   See  ant-thrush,  Pittidw,  Formicariidw. 

ant-cow  (ant'koti),  n.  An  aphid,  plant-louse, 
or  some  similar  insect,  kept  and  tended  by  ants 
for  the  sake  of  the  sweet  fluid  which  is  secreted 
in  its  body  and  used  as  food  by  the  ants. 

antel  (an'tf),  «.  [Appar.  <  L.  ante,  before,  the 
ante  being  put  before  the  players.]  In  the 
game  of  poker,  the  stake  or  bet  deposited  in 
the  pool  by  each  player  before  drawing  new 
cards  ;  also,  the  receptacle  for  the  stakes. 

ante'^  (an'tf),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  anteed,  ppr. 
anteing.  [See  ante^,  ?«.]  In  the  game  of  poker, 
to  deposit  stakes  in  the  pool  or  common  recep- 
tacle for  them :  commonly  used  in  the  phrase 
to  ante  up. 

ante^  (an'te),  a.  [<  F.  ent^,  pp.  of  enter,  in- 
graft, <  MIJ.  impotarc,  ingraft,  imp.]  In  her., 
ingrafted:  said  of  one  color  or  metal  broken 
into  another  by  means  of  dovetailed,  nebul6, 
embattled,  or  ragul^  edges.     Also  entc. 

ante-.  [<  L.  atits-,  OL.  antid-,  prefix,  L.  ante,  OL. 
anti,  prep,  and  adv.,  before,  in  place  or  time, 
=  Gr.  (1VTI-,  civtI,  against,  opposite  to,  etc.,  = 
Skt.  anti,  over  against,  =  Goth.  OS.  AS.,  etc., 
and-:  see  and,  and-,  and  anti-.'\  A  prefix  of 
Latin  origin,  originally  only  in  compounds  or 
derivatives  taken  from  the  Latin  or  formed 
from  Latin  elements,  Sisin  antecessor,  untepenuJ- 
timate,  antemeridian,  etc.,  but  now  a  familiar 
English  formative,  meaning  before,  either  in 
place  or  in  time.  It  forms— (n)  compouml  nouns,  with 
the  accent  on  the  prefix,  in  which  nntf-  has  the  attributive 
force  of  fore,  anterior,  as  in  antet:hanthci;  anfrronvi,  ante- 
date, etc. ;  {h)  compound  adjectives,  with  the  accent  on  the 
radical  element,  in  which  ante-  retains  its  original  prepo- 


233 

sitional  force,  before,  governing  the  noun  expressed  or 
understood,  as  in  antemundane,  antediluvian,  antemeri- 
dian, etc.  Such  compuninls.  wbi'tluT  having  an  adjective 
termination,  as  in  the  cxiunplcs  jn^t  ciicil,  or  latking  it, 
as  in  ante-war,  are  in  fact  i>irp.i^itii.n:d  jilirasfs  like  the 
Latin  ante  helium,  ante  mortem  (which  are  also  used  as 
Eiiglisli  adjectives).    Compare  anti-. 

ante-act  (an'te-akt),  H.  [<  ante-  +  act.']  A 
lireectliug  act. '  Bailey. 

anteal  (an'te-al),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before:  see 
»«/(-.]     Being  before  or  in  front.     [Bare.] 

ant-eater  (ant '  e  '■'  ter),  n.  An  animal  that 
feeds  upon  ants:  a  name  applied  to  several 
mammals  and  birds.  ,Speciflcally--(«)  In  Mammalia : 
(1)  jjl.  The  South  American  edentate  tjuadrupeds  of  llie 
suborder  Vei-indituniia  and  family  Mynaecf/phat/idai,  of 
which  there  are  three  genej-a  .'inil  several  Hi>ecie8,  having 
a  slender  elongated  head,  perfectly  toothless  jaws,  and  a 
very  long  extensile  tongue,  which  is  covered  with  viscid 
saliva,  by  means  of  which  the  insects  are  caught.  The 
principal  species  are  the  ant-bear  or  tamanoir,  or  the  great 
or  maned  ant-eater,  M>tni>en>idnt;ifi  jubata;  the  collared 
ant-eater  or  tamandu,  Mf/,i>iern/ditnfa  tamandua  or  Ta- 
mandua  himttataor  tri  radact ithi ;  and  the  little  or  two-toed 
ant-eater,  Cyelotfiitnis  didarhihta,  an  arboreal  species  with 
a  prehensile  tail.  (-J)  The  African  aardvark,  ground-pig, 
or  ant-bear,  Orjieteiopua  eapenma,  with  probably  another 
species,  O.  cethiopirwt,  of  the  family  Ortteferopudidn'  and 
suborder  i^t)(/it'j/r/ft.  Both  are  also  known  as  Cape  ant- 
eaters.  See  cut  under  aardvark.  C^)  pi.  Tlie  ]>angolins 
or  scaly  ant-eaters,  of  the  family  Manidtr  ;ind  suliorder 
Squamata,  including  some  six  <n-  eiulit  .spcrii-s  of  Asia  and 
Africa,  of  the  genera  Maiiis,  PhoUdottia,  and  Sin  uts-ia.  See 
cut  under  2innai'lin.  (4)  pi.  The  Australian  marsupials 
of  the  genus  MnniH'eohius,  as  M./aseiatus.  (5)  The  mono- 
trematous  maunnal  Eehidna  hystrix,  known  as  the  acu- 
leated  «u-  purcn])ine  ant-eater,  and  other  species  of  the 
genus  Eehidna.  See  cut  under  Echidiiid(S.  (b)  In  omith., 
an  ant-bird,  ant-ratcher.  or  ant-thrush.  See  ant-thrunh. — 
King  of  the  ant-eaters,  a  South  American  bird  of  the 
family  Furn'ir^nnd^e  iiTjtl  genus  Grallaria;  the  Grallana 
r>:r  nv  O.  yaria,  fonnerly  Tvrdus  rex. 

ante  bellum  (an'te  bel'um).  [L. :  ante,  before  ; 
hellam,  ace.  of  bellum,  war:  see  ante-  and  hel- 
Ueose.'}  Before  the  war:  often  used  (joined  by 
a  hyphen)  attributively. 

antebrachia,  «.    Plural  of  antebracliium. 

antebrachial  (un-te-bra'ki-al),  a.  [i  antebrachi- 
iiin -\- -al.']  1.  In  (f»rt^,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
forearm. —  2.  In  Ghiroptcra,  situated  in  front 
of  the  axis  of  the  fore  limb:  applied  to  the 
volar  membrane  which  extends  from  the  head 
to  the  'wi-ist  and  forms  a  small  part  of  tlie 
general  expansion  of  the  wing.  W.  H.  Flmccr. 
Usually,  but  less  coiTCctly,  written  antibra- 
chial. 

antebrachium  (an-te-bra'ki-um),  n. ;  pi.  ante- 
liriii'hid  (-ii).  [NL.,  i  L. ant/;,  before  (see  ante.-), 
+  braciunm,  the  arm:  see  brachial.']  The  fore- 
arm, from  the  elbow  to  the  ■wrist.  Less  cor- 
rectly -m'itten  antihrachiuni. 

antecedaneous  (nn'te-sr-da'ne-us),  a.  l<.ante- 
ccde  +  -ancons,  after  succedaneous,  q.  v.]  An- 
tecedent ;  having  priority  in  time.     [Rare.] 

Capable  of  anteeedaneous  proof. 

Barrow,  Sermons,  II.  xxix. 

antecede  (an-te-sed'),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  ante- 
ceded,  ppr.  anteceding.  [<  L.  antecedere,  go  be- 
fore, precede,  in  space  or  time,  <  ante,  before 
(see  ante-), +ccdere,  go:  see  cede.]  To  go  be- 
fore in  time,  and  sometimes  in  place,  rank,  or 
logical  order;  precede. 

It  seems  consonant  to  reason  that  the  fabric  of  the 
world  did  not  long  antecede  its  motion. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  i.  82. 

Primarily  certain  individual  claims,  and  secondarily  the 
social  welfare  furthered  by  enforcing  such  claims,  furnish 
a  warrant  for  law,  antecedinij  political  authority  and  its 
enactments.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  634. 

antecedence  (an-te-se'dens),  n.  l='F.  antece- 
dence, <ant(Wiknt:  see  antecedent.]  1.  The  act 
of  going  before,  or  state  of  being  before,  in 
time,  place,  rank,  or  logical  order;  precedence. 

Meanwhile,  if  we  are  really  to  think  of  freedom  as  abso- 
lute and  perfect  in  nnm  — a  perfect  freedom  from  the  neces- 
sity of  any  aiiteeedence—vie  ought  logically  to  think  of  it 
as  free  from  all  influence  of  God  or  DeWl,  as  Will,  that  is, 
in  which  the  Omnipresent  is  not  present  and  the  Onniipii- 
tent  has  no  power.  llaudslet/.  Body  and  Will,  p.  7. 

2.  In  astron.,  an  apparent  motion  of  a  planet 
from  east  to  west,  or  contrary  to  the  order  of 
the  signs  of  the  zodiac.  =  Syn.  1.  Precedence,  etc. 
iite  prinritn. 
antecedency  (an-te-se'den-si),  n.  The  quahty 
or  condition  of  being  antecedent. 

Unity  is  before  any  multiplied  number,    wndcli  antece- 

denni  oi  unity  .  .  .  he  [Dionysiusjapplieth  unto  the  Deity. 

Fotherby,  AtheomastLx,  p.  308. 

There  is  always  and  everywhere  an  antecedency  of  the 
conception  to  the  expression. 

WIdtnep,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  p.  137. 

antecedent  (an-te-se'dent),  a.  and  «.  [=  F. 
antecedent,  <.'L.  anteceden(t-)s,  ppr,  of  antecedere, 
go  before:  see  antecede.]  I.  a.  Being  before 
in  time,  place,  rank,  or  logical  order ;  prior ;  an- 
terior: as,  an  event  antecedent  to  the  deluge. 


antecessor 

There  is  a  sense  of  right  and  wrong  in  our  nature,  ante- 
cedent to  and  indepenilent  of  experiences  of  utility. 

A.  Ii.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  354. 

Antecedent  signs,  in  patlwl.,  the  precursory  symptoms 
of  adisease.—  Antecedent  cause,  in  paihol.,  the  exciting 
cause  of  a  disease.— Antecedent  probability,  the  proba- 
bility of  a  supposition  or  liyjinili.  -i^  .lr:i\\n  from  reason- 
ing or  analogy,  previtjus  to  any  oI.hi  i  vation  in-  evidence 
wliich  is  considered  iis  giving  ii  a  posteriori  j>robability. 
See  antecedently,  2. —  Antecedent  will,  in  ni'taph.,  the 
will  to  do  something  on  condition  that  something  else  is 
done.  =SjTl.  Hee  preHoun. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which  goes  before 
in  time  or  place. 

He's  everything  indeed,  .  .  . 

My  antecedent  or  my  gentleman-usher. 

Manninger,  City  Madam,  ii,  2. 
Variations  in  the  functional  conditions  of  the  parents 
are  the  antecedents  of  those  greater  unlikenesses  which 
theii"  brothers  and  sistera  exhibit. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  86. 
2.  In  gram. :  (a)  The  notin  to  which  a  relative 
pronoun  refers :  as,  Solomon  was  the  pirince  who 
built  the  temple,  where  the  word  prince  is  the 
antecedent  of  who.  {}>)  Formerly,  the  noun  to 
which  a  following  pronoun  refers,  and  whose 
repetition  is  avoided  by  the  use  of  the  pronoun. 
—  3.  In  logic :  (a)  That  member  of  a  conditional 
proposition  of  the  form,  "If  A  is,  then  B  is," 
which  states,  as  a  hypothesis,  the  condition  of 
the  truth  of  what  is  expressed  in  the  other  mem- 
ber, termed  the  consequent :  in  the  piroposition 
given  the  antecedent  is  "if  A  is."  The  whole 
proposition  amounts  to  the  .statement  that  all  possible 
cases  of  the  truth  of  the  antecedent  are  included  among 
the  possible  cases  of  the  truth  of  the  consequent.     (f)j 

The  premise  of  a  consequence,  or  syllogism 
in  the  first  figure  with  the  major  premise  sup- 
pressed. Thus,  the  argument,  "A  syllogism  has  never 
existed  in  sensu,  therefore  it  does.not  exist  ui  intelleetu," 
is  a  consequence,  its  premise  is  the  antecedent,  and  its  con- 
clusion the  consequent,  (c)  An  event  upon  which 
another  event  follows.  So  used  particularly  by 
nominalists.  An  inearinhlr  anteredent,  with  J.  S.  Mill,  is 
an  event  upon  whicli  another  follows  according  to  an  in- 
variable rule  or  uniformity  <.f  nature.  It  does  not,  there- 
fore, mean  (as  might  be  supposed)  an  event  of  a  kind 
which  antecedes  every  occun'ence  of  another  kind  of 
event.  Thus,  lightning  is  not  an  invariable  antecedent  of 
thunder,  for  thunder  does  not  always  follow  it;  and  this 
although  lightning  antecedes  thunder  whenever  thunder 
is  beard. 

4.  In  math.,  the  first  of  two  terms  of  a  ratio,  or 
that  which  is  compared  with  the  other.  Thus, 
if  the  ratio  is  that  of  2  to  3,  or  of  a  to  b,  2  or  a 
is  the  antecedent. — 5.  In  ■mu.'iic,  a  passage  pro- 
posed to  be  answered  as  the  subject  of  a  fugue. 
— 6.  pZ.  The  earlier  events  or  circumstances 
of  one's  life ;  one's  origin,  previous  course,  asso- 
ciations, conduct,  or  avowed  principles. 

We  have  learned  lately  to  speak  of  men's  antecedents : 
the  phrase  is  newly  come  up  ;  and  it  is  common  to  say,  "if 
we  would  know  what  a  man  really  now  is,  we- must  know 
his  antecedents,"  that  is,  what  he  has  been  in  past  time. 

-Ahp.  Trench. 

antecedental  (an'^'tf-sf-den'tal),  a.  Relating  to 
what  is  antecedent  or  goes  before Anteceden- 
tal method,  a  branch  of  general  geometrical  proportion, 
or  universal  comparison  of  ratios. 

antecedently  (an-te-se'dent-li),  adv.  1.  Pre- 
■viously ;  at  a  time  preceding. 

We  consider  him  antecedently  to  his  creation,  w-hile  he 
yet  lay  in  the  baiTen  womb  of  nothing,  and  only  in  the 
number  of  possibilities.  South. 

2.  In  advance  of  an)'  observation  of  the  effects 
of  a  given  hypothesis;  on  a  priori  grounds. 

We  are  clearly  proceeding  on  the  assumption  that  there 
is  some  fixed  relation  of  cause  and  effect,  in  virtue  of  which 
the  means  we  adopt  may  be  a  niecedently  expected  to  bring 
about  the  end  we  are  in  pursuit  of. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  81. 

The  known  facts  as  to  the  periodicity  of  sun-spots,  and 
the  sympathy  between  them  and  the  prominences,  make 
it  antecedently  probable  that  a  coiTespondiug  variation 
will  be  foxmd  in  the  corona.    C.  A.  Young,  The  Sun,  p.  230. 

antecessi've  (an-tf-ses'iv),  a.  [<L.  as  if  *ante- 
ccssirus,<.  antecessus,  pp.  of  antecedere:  see  an^ 
tecede.]     Antecedent.     [Rare.] 

antecessor  (an-tf-ses'or),  «.    [<. 'JltiE.  anteces- 
sour,  <  L.  antecessor,  foregoer,  teacher  or  pro- 
fessor of  law,  predecessor  in  office  (the  original 
of  ancestor,  q.  v.),  <  antecedere,  go  before,  pp. 
antecessus;   see   antecede.]     1.  One  who  goes 
before ;  a  predecessor.     [Now  rare.] 
A  venerable  regard  not  inferior  to  any  of  his  antecessors. 
}Vood,  Atheu.  Oxon. 
Much  higher  than  any  of  its  antecessors.  Carlyle. 

2.  A  title  given  among  the  Romans — (o)  to 
the  soldiers  who  preceded  an  army  and  made 
aU  necessary  aiTangements  as  to  camping,  siip- 
plies,  the  scouting  ser^-iee,  etc.;  (b)  imder  the 
later  empire,  to  professors  of  ci-vil  law  in  the 
public  schools. — 3t.  In  lau;  an  ancestor:  a 
predecessor;  one  who  possessed  certain  land 
before  the  present  possessor  or  holder. 


antecessor 

The  arUeeei&rr  was  most  comiiionlyhe  that  possessed  the 
lands  in  King  Edwards  time  before  the  Conquest. 

Brady,  Glossary. 

The  King's  most  noble  progenitors,  and  the  antecessorg 
of  the  nobles  of  this  realm.   ■  ^    ,^ 

B.  W.  Dimn,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  m.,  note. 

The  places  (in  Domesday]  which  speak  of  the  antecessor 
and  of  the  rights  derived  from  Iiini  to  the  present  owner 
are  endless.  E.  J.  Freeman,  Norman  Conquest,  V.  n. 
antechamber  (an'te-eham'ber),  H.  l<ant€-  + 
chamher.^  A  ehamber  or  an  apartment  thi-ough 
which  access  is  had  to  a  principal  apartment, 
and  in  which  persons  wait  for  audience.  For- 
merly also  speUed  antichamber. 

They  both  were  cast  into  the  dungeon's  gloom, 
That  dismal  anteeJiamber  of  the  tomb. 

Lonafeltoic,  Torquemada. 

antechapel  (an'te-ehap'el),  n.  [<ante-  +  cho}>- 
</.]  An  apartment,  vestibule,  porch,  or  the  like, 
before  the  entrance  to  a  chapel ;  the  narthex  of 
a  chapel. 

AntecMnomys  (an-te-ld'no-mis),  H.  [NL. 
(KrefftJ.  <  aitt-  for  (niti-  +  Echiiiomys,  q.  v.]  A 
genus  of  very  small  insectivorous  marsupials, 
of  the  family  Diisi/Krida:  A.  lani'jera,  inhabiting 
central  portions  of  .Australia,  is  about  3  inches  long  and  of 
a  mouse-gray  color  above  and  white  below.  Its  tail  is 
aljout  i  inches  long,  and  tufted  at  the  tip.  \  naked  space 
surrounds  the  teats,  but  there  is  no  distinct  pouch. 

antecioir  (an'te-kwir),  H.  [<  ante-  +  choir.'] 
In  <trch.,  a  space,  more  or  less  inclosed,  in  front 
of  the  choir  of  a  church ;  a  portion  of  the  nave 
adjoining  the  choir-screen  and  separated  from 
the  rest  of  the  nave  by  a  railing.  Also  called 
fiiri-rliiiir.     Aiiilshi/. 

antechurch  (an'te'-ehereh),  w.  [<  ante-  + 
i-hiticli.]     Same  as  )iarthex. 

antecians,  antoecians  (an-te'shianz),  n.pl   [< 

NL.  (iiitari,  pi.  of  aiitaciis,  <  Gr.  avromoi;,  li\Tng 
on  the  corresponding  parallel  of  latitude  in  the 
opposite  hemisphere,  <  avri,  opposite,  +  oUor,,  a 
dwelling.]  In  geog.,  persons  or  communities 
liring  on  corresponding  parallels  of  latitude,  ou 
opposite  sides  of  the  equator,  and  on  the  same 
meridian.  Rarely  used  in  the  singular.  Also 
called  nntceei. 

anteconimunion  (au'te-ko-mun'yon),  a.  and  ii. 
I.  ».  Bifore  communion:  as,  the  nnteci>mmu- 
nitnt  service. 

TT  «.  That  part  of  the  commiuiion  office  in 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  which  precedes 
the  communion  ser\*ice  proper,  and  is  said  on 
Sundays  and  other  holy  days  though  there  be  no 
communion.  According  to  tile  English  ruliric^  it  e.\- 
tends  to  the  end  of  the  prayer  for  Christ's  church  militant; 
according  to  the  American,  to  the  end  of  the  gospel;  the 
s.-rvi..-  ciiTu-lnding  in  either  case  witli  the  blessing. 

antecoxal  (an-tf-kok'sal),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  Ijefore, 
-\-  NL.  coxa,  q.  v.]  In  entom.,  situated  in  front 
of  a  co.xa  :  applied  to  a  piece  of  the  metaster- 
num.     See  Cicindelhlie. 

antecursor  (an-te-ker'sor),  n.  [L.,  a  forerun- 
uei',  <  nntecurrere,  rim  before,  (.ante,  before,  + 
currcre,  pp.  cursiis,  run:  see  current  and  caitrsc. 
Cf.  precursor.']  One  who  runs  before;  a  forc- 
ninnor;  aharbinger.    lilount :  liailci/ ;  Johnson. 

antecUTVature  (an-te-ker'va-tOr),  n.  [<  antr- 
+  riirniliiri:]  A  beniling  forward ;  speciiically, 
in  iiiilhol.,  a  slight  antefleetiou  of  the  uterus. 

antedate  (an'te-dat),  II.  [<ante-  +  date^,n.]  1. 
A  |iriorilate ;  a  date  antecedent  to  another,  or  to 
the  tnii-  or  actual  date  of  a  document  or  event. 
—  2t.  Anticipation. 

Why  hath  not  my  soul  these  apprehenHions,  these  prc- 
BAKcn,  theHe  chanKefl,  those  antedates,  those  Jealousies. 
thoKe  suspicions  of  a  sin,  as  well  as  my  tindy  of  a  sicl^ncss'.' 

Dunne,  Devotion,  ,\. 

antedate  fan'te-<lat),  v.  t.;  pret.  ami  pp.  antc- 
duliil,Yyr.  ante.dating.  \<.ante- +  dnle'^,1;.]  \. 
To  date  before  the  tnie  time;  give  nn  earlier 
date  to  than  the  real  one:  thus,  to  anicdnic  a 
deed  or  bond  is  to  give  to  it  a  date  anterior  to 

th'-  •-■■   '     '  H-  e.xocution. 

I     .  .  f-HiiHeil  .  .  .  wnrrnnls  toberifi- 
'"'  iti-rrst  liilght  Im;  charged  from  sucb 

'In'-  '     '       liii,'  ■,!  li.iyaieiil.         .V. /I. /(fr.,  C.X.MII.  ;ttl. 

2.  Ti.  be  of  older  date  than  ;  precede  in  time. 

^^  or  two  of  the  later  lirophetii, 

^b'  '  /  ^tll  written  history  Known  at 

tie  •  riilury. 

"'  h.-l'  I    ,  .,.  „/  (New  York),  Nr.v,  If.,  IWB. 

3.  To  nnticipnte :  r<;ili/,i.  or  give  cfloet  to  fsome- 
jlil        ;,.,,!  -  actual  OP  proper  liiiio. 

I.tTb-iM.-.  or  uueM  wliiit  fif 
Itnll  unlock,  any  iiiore  tbioi 
f  n  pemon  wnom  lio  Nhall  f<  • 
Kmerniin,  IIUt«ir>. 

antiiUi.M  vi.ti     Hi  r,  ,11-lii'vi-al),  a.      Hamo  iih 

-i,.i,,/,.„^  ,„„. 

antediluvian  (mi'tv-dl-lfi'vi-an),  n.  ond  «.  [< 
I...  imlr,  iNjfore,  +  dilurium,  ilelugc:   iieo  </i/i«- 


23-t 

I'htm  a.nA  deluge.]  I.  a.  1.  E.xisting  before  the 
flood  (the  Noaehian  deluge)  recorded  in  Gene- 
sis ;  relating  to  the  times  or  events  before  the 
Noaehian  deluge :  as,  the  antcdiluriun  patri- 
archs :  by  extension,  applied  to  ihe  time  pre- 
ceding any  great  Hood  or  inundation,  as  that 
which  is  said  to  have  occurred  in  China  in  the 
time  of  Yao,  2298  B.  c. — 2.  Belonging  to  very 
ancient  times  ;  antiquated ;  primitive ;  rude ; 
simple:  as,  antedilurian  ideas. 

The  whole  system  of  travelling  accommodations  was  bar- 
barous and  antediluvian.         De  Quineey,  Works,  II.  1G3. 

H.  n.  1.  One  who  lived  before  the  deluge. 

The  longe\*ity  of  the  antediluvians.  Bentletj. 

Hence,  humorously — 2.  One  who  is  very  old 

or  very  antiquated  in  manners  or  notions;  an 

old  fogy. 

antedorsal  (au-tf-dor'sal),  a.  [<  ante-  +  dor- 
sal.] In  ichth.,  situated  in  front  of  the  dorsal 
fin:  as,  an  «iiffrfoi'.s((/ plate. 
antefactt  (au'te-fakt),  n.  [<  L.  ante,  before,  + 
factum,  a  thing  done:  see /<«'(.]  An  act,  espe- 
cially a  rite  or  ceremony,  which  precedes  or 
prefigures  an  event:  opposed  to  post/act. 

There  is  a  proper  sacrifice  in  the  Lord's  supper,  to  ex- 
hibit Christ's  death  iu  the  post-fact,  as  there  was  a  sacri- 
fice to  prefigure,  in  the  old  law,  the  ante-fact. 

Copie  o/llie  Proceedings  of  some  2>irille«  (1641),  p.  2. 

antefix  (an'te-fiks),  n. ;  pi.  antefixcs,  L.  antefixa 
(-fik-sez,  an-te-lik'sa).  [<  L.  antefixum,  in  pi. 
antefixa,  neut!  of  aiiie/iju*,. fastened  before,  < 


ub 

te 


Upper  figure,  fr«m  the  P.irthenon,  partly  restored :  A.  antefix  ;  A', 
false  antefix:  C.  acrotermni  pedest.tl ;  A  imbrices  protecting  the 
joints.    Lower  figure  :  E.  antefix  in  terra  cotta,  Berlin  Museum. 

ante,  before,  +  fixns,  pp.  of  figcre,  fasten:  see 
fix.]  In  class,  arch.,  an  upright  ornament, 
generally  of  marble  or  teiTa  cotta,  jilaced  at 
the  eaves  of  a  tiled  roof,  at  the  end  of  the  last 
imbrex  or  tile  of  each  ridge  of  tiling,  to  conceal 
the  joining  of  the  tiles.  AntelVves  were  also  ..ften 
placcil  at  the  junction  of  the  imbrices  along  the  ridge  of  a 
roof,  forming  a  cresting.  In  some  Roman  exainplcs  the 
antetlxes  were  so  disposed  and  combined  w itll  watcl-cban- 
ncls  as  to  serve  as  gargoyles. 
anteflected  (an-te-flek'ted),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  be- 
fore, +  thctcre,  bend,  +  -ed-.]     Same  as  oiifc- 

flcrrd.    " 

anteflection  (an-te-flek'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ante, 
before,  +  ficxio(n-j,  bending,  flection:  see  flee- 
tion.]  A  bending  forward,  as  of  any  organ  of 
the  body.  The  term  is  specially  uscil  in  relation  lo  the 
uterus,  when  this  organ  is  bent  forward  at  the  line  of 
Juiu-tion  of  its  body  and  cervix.     Quain.  Med.  Diet. 

anteflexedtaii'te-tlekst),  ti.  [<L.  ante,  before, 
+  Jhxus,  lii'iit,  -t-  -III-.]  Bent  forward;  exhibit- 
ing aiilediM-tioii :  said  ol'  tlie  utenm.  Anequiva- 
li'iil  IciriM  is  inilcfirclrd. 

antefurca  (aii-tO-fer'kii),  »i. ;  pi.  antcfurea'  (-se). 
[NL.,  <  L.  ante,  liefore,  +fiirca,  >  AS.  fore,  E. 
/«)■/.■,  q.  v.]  In  entom.,  the  anterior  forked  or 
ilotible  iiiiodiina  wliich  projects  from  the  ster- 
nal wall  into  the  cavity  of  a  tlioracic  soinito  of 
ail  insect. 

ant-egg  (iiiit'eg),  «.  1.  Theeggof  nn  ant.— 2. 
Ill  popular  language,  the  larva  or  pupa  of  an 
ant;  one  of  the  eliiiigaled  wliilisli  bodie»  whieli 
ants    when   disturbed    may   lie   seen    cnrryiiig 

aliout.     Such  liirv r  ant-eggs  are  a  favorite  food  of 

manv  wild  blnls,  and  are  extensively  used  In  Kurciii'  for 
feeding  young  poultry  and  ganie-blrdH,  and  also  for  mak- 
ing formic  iietd.  Also  called  iiiif-ieorMi,  antirnrl,  and 
anI'H  lirood. 

antegrade  (an'tc-griid),  n.  f<  Tj.  ante,  before, 
+  ijradus,  Htep;  ef.  antegrcdi,  go  before,  pre- 
ecde.]     I'rogri'HHive  :  ojipOMcil  to  retrograde. 

antejuramentum   (an'ie-jii-rn-meii'iuin),    «.; 

|il.  anil  luraminto  (-\ii).  \M\i.,<  Ij.  ante,  before, 
+  liiranientum,  nn  initli.  <  ./»r«i'»',  KWeiir:  Hee 
.iori/.]  Ill  /""•,  an  onlli  laUeii  in  anciciil  tiine» 
by  iioth  I  lie  aceiiHcr  iiiid  I  lie  accUHeil  lief  ore  any 
trial  or  purgattou.     The  nccimvr  swure  Hint  he  would 


ante  mortem 

prosecute,  and  the  accused  had  to  swear  on  the  day  of       . 
ordeal  that  he  was  innocent.     M'liarfon.  ' 

antelocation  (an  te-lo-ka'shou),  H.  In  jiathol., 
a  displacement  forward:  applieil  to  displace- 
ments of  the  uterus  when  the  whole  organ  is 
can'ied  forward,  as  by  distention  of  the  rectum 
or  a  post-uterine  hematocele. 

antelope  (an'tf-lop),  ».  [Earl)'  mod.  E.  also 
ant  Hope,  antalopc,  antclojipc,  <  ME.  antelope, 
antijllope,  antlop,  <  OF.  antclop,  also  antelu, 
mod.  F.  antilope  =  Sp.  nntilope  =  Pg.  aniilope 
=  D.  antilope  =  Dan.  antilope  =  G.  aniilope  (NL. 
antilojie,  Pallas,  c.  1775),  an  antelope,  <  ML.  an- 
talopus,  anthaloj)us  (also  tedopus,  calopiis,  and 
tatula),  <  LGr.  avOu?.orji  (-»--),  a  word  of  Gr.  ap- 
pearance but  prob.  of  foreign  origin,  applied 
to  a  half-mythical  animal  located,  in  the  early 
aecoimts,  ou  the  banks  of  tlie  Euphrates,  and 
describecl  as  very  savage  and  fleet,  and  having 
long  saw-like  horns  ■with  which  it  could  cut 
down  trees.  This  is  the  animal  that  figures  iu 
the  peculiar  fauna  of  heraldry;  the  present 
zoological  application  is  recent.  See  gazel.] 
1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Antilope  or  sub- 
family Antilopiner;  especially,  the  sasin  or 
common  Indian  antelope,  Antilope  cerricaiira. 
See  Antilope,  Antilopinev,  and  cut  under  sa.^i». 
— 2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  saiga,  and 
to  the  eabrit  or  pronghorn.  See  these  words; 
fdso  Antilocapra  and  Antilocaprida: — 3.  [c('j>.] 
(Prou.  an -tel '  o-pe.)  Sometimes  incorrectly 
used  for  -J"/i7((y)('.  — Blue  antelope.  Same  as  Wauio- 
I'ok.  —  Goitered  antelope.    Sjime  as  dzeren. 

antelopian  (an-te-16'pi-an),  a.    Same  as  ante- 

lopini  . 

Antelopidse  (an-te-lop'i-de),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
AiitiliipiiUc. 

Antelopinse,  «.  pi.     Same  as  Antilopina;. 

antelopine  (an'te-16-pin),  a.  [<  antelope  + 
-;«<l.]  Pertaining  to  the  antelope.  An  equiv- 
alent form  is  anteloj>ian. 

antelucan  (an-te-lii'kan),  a.  [<  L.  antclucanus, 
<  ante,  before,  +  lux \luc-),  light:  see  lucid.^ 
OceuiTing  before  daylight ;  precedingthe  dawn. 
Specifically  applied  to  assemblies  of  Christians  held  in  ail- 
cieiil  times  before  daylight,  at  first  t<>  escape  pei-sccution, 
and  afterward  from  motives  of  devotion  or  convenience. 

This  practice  of  .  .  .  antelucan  worship,  possibly  hav- 
ing reference  to  the  ineffable  mystery  of  the  resurrection. 
De  Quinceif,  Essenes,  i. 

ante  lucem  (an'te  lii'sem).  [L. :  ante,  before; 
liicrni,  ace.  of  lux,  liglit:  see  ante-  and  lucid.] 
Before  the  liglit,  that  is.  before  diiylireak. 

antemeridian  (au'^te-me-rid'i-an),  a.  [<  L.  an- 
il nil  riiliauus,  before  midday,  {  ante,  before,  + 
nieridies,  rmi\i\i\y:  see  <(«f('-and  meridian.]  Pre- 
coiliug  noon;  pertaining  to  Ihe  forenoon. 

ante  meridiem  (au'it"^  nie-vid'i-ini).    [L. :  see 

(inlcnii  ridiiin.]  Before  iiiidilay  :  applied  to  the 
time  between  luidniglil  ami  the  following  noon. 
K'egidarly  abbreviated  to  A.  M. 

antemetic  (ant-e-met'ik),  (/.  and  n.    [<  Gr.  lii'ri, 
against,  -I-  (//tT^Kti;,  emetic:  sec  emetic]     I.  a. 
Kestraiuiug  or  allaying  vomiting, 
II.  ".  A  medicine  which  checks  vomiting. 
.Also  written  onti-inielic. 

ante  mortem  (an'te  mor'tem).  [Ij.  :  ante,  be- 
fore; mortem,  aev.  of  woi'*,  death :  see  fiiifc- and 
mortal.  Cf.  post  mortem.]  Before  death:  often 
used  attributively  (with a liyjiheu)  in  the. sense  of 
existing  or  occurring  I  lef  ( ire  or  just  I  )ef  ore  death : 
as,  an  ante-mortem  statement  or  confession. 


AntcTnural,  Coucy.le'ChAteAu,  AI«Mc.  l-'rnnce.  ( I-roni  Vl<illcl-le-r?uc't 

"  Did.  de  rArelillcclutc") 

vf,  ouler  court,  or  eiplanade ;    /I,  castle  i  C,  town  l   A  ca^tle-niuat  ; 

S,  antcniural. 


antemundane 

antemundane  (an-tt>-mim'dan),  n.  [<  h.antc, 
before,  +  munclus,  the  world:  see  a»te-  and 
mumlaiw.']  Existing  or  occurring  before  the 
creation  of  the  world. 

The  supreme,  great,  antemundane  Father ! 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  V.  93. 

antemural  (an-te-mu'ral),  n.  [<  L.  antemurcdc, 
an  outwork,  <  ante,  before,  +  murus,  a  wall: 
see  ante-  and  mural.']  In  medieval  fort.,  an  ad- 
vanced work  defending  the  approaeli  to  a  for- 
tified place ;  a  barbaean  (which  see).  The  term 
is  sometimes  applied  to  an  exterior  wall  of  a 
castle  or  fortress.     See  cut  on  preceding  page. 

antenarial  (an-tf-na'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  be- 
fore, -I-  iiares,  nostrils.]  Situated  in  front  of 
the  nostrils.     TV.  H.  Flower. 

antenatal  (an-te-na'tal),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
-I-  natalin,  pertaining  to  birth:  see  ante-  and  na- 
tal] Happening  or  being  before  birth ;  per- 
taining or  relating  to  times,  oceiuTences,  or 
conditions  previous  to  birth. 

And  many  an  antenatal  tomb 
^\^lere  butterflies  dream  of  the  life  to  come. 

Sfieltey,  Sensitive  Plant,  ii. 

Some  said  that  he  was  mad ;  others  believed 

That  memories  of  an  antenatal  life 

Made  this  where  now  he  dwelt  a  penal  hell. 

Shelley,  Prince  Athanase. 
There  has  been  plenty  of  theorising  as  to  the  nature  of 
the  life  to  come.  Ijut  the  possibility  of  an  antenatal  exist- 
ence gets  far  less  attention  and  far  less  credit. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XX.  340. 

antenatedt  (an'te-na-ted),  a.  [<  L.  ante  natus 
(see  ante-nati)  +'  -erf^.]  Born  or  in  existence 
before  the  time  spoken  of. 

Something  of  the  Evangelical  relish  was  in  them,  ante- 
nated,  and  in  being,  before  the  Gospels  were  written. 

Bi>.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  48.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

ante-nati  (an-te-na'ti),  n.  pi.  [ML. ,  in  L.  prop, 
written  apart,  ante  nati:  ante,  before;  nati,  pi. 
of  natus,  born,  pp.  of  nasci,  be  born:  see  ante-, 
natal,  and  nascent.]  Those  born  before  a  cer- 
tain time :  specifically,  in  Eng.  laiv,  applied  to 
Scotsmen  born  before  the  accession  of  James 
I.  to  the  English  throne  (1603),  who  on  this  ac- 
count were  considered  aliens.  The  post-nati,  or 
those  born  after  tlie  accession,  claimed  the  rights  of  na- 
tives of  England.  In  the  United  .States  the  term  is  ap- 
plied to  those  born  in  the  colonies  prior  to  the  Declaration 
of  Independence. 
antenave  (an'te-nav),  n.  [<  ante-  +  nave.]  In 
arch.,  same  as  narthex. 

ante-Nicene  (an-te-ni'sen),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  be- 
fore, +  Niccenus,  Nicene,  <  Nictea,  <  Gr.  Ntn.aia, 
Nice,  a  city  of  Bithynia  in  Aaia  Minor.]  An- 
terior to  the  fii'st  general  council  held  at  Nice 
(Nicaea),  in  the  year  325:  as,  ante-Nicene  faith. 
See  jVicene.— Ante-Nicene  fathers.  See  .father. 
antenna  (an-ten'a),  n. ;  pi.  antennm  (-e).  [NL. 
application  of  li.'anlenna,  also  antemna,  a  sail- 
yard;  possibly  a  corruption,  through  nautical 
iise,  of  a  form  (ef .  the  perf .  part.  pass.  avaTeTa/ji- 
vog,  spread  out)  of  Gr.  avareiveiv,  poet,  avreiyeiv, 
stretch  out,  spread  out,  <  ava,  back,  +  reiveiv, 
stretch.]  1.  One  of  the  lateral  articulated  ap- 
pendages occuiTing  in  pairs  on  that  segment  of 
the  head  of  an  arthi-opod  animal,  as  an  insect, 
which  immediately  precedes  the  mouth  or  man- 
dibular segment;  a  feeler  or  'horn.'  They  vary 
greatly  in  size,  shape,  and  function.  The  appendages  of 
the  head,  proceeding  forward  from  the  mouth-pai-ts,  are : 
(1)  antennae,  (2)  antennulae,  (3)  ophthalmites  or  eye-stallis. 
(a)  pi.  In  Crustacea:  (1)  Properly,  the  posterior  one  of  the 
two  pairs  of  feelers  or  horns  borne  upon  the  liead  of  most 
crustaceans,  as  crabs  and  loi>3ters,  as  distinguished  from  tlie 
anterior  pair,  or  antennulie.  Fl-om  their  relative  size  they 
are  known  as  the  long  feelers,  in  distinction  from  the  an- 
tenimlffi,  or  short  feelers,  ^^^len  fully  developed,  the  an- 
teimte  consist  of  a  number  of  parts,  which,  beginning  witli 
the  base,  are  named  the  basicerite,  the  scaphocerite,  tlie 
ischwc^rite,  the  inerocerite,  the  carpocente,  and  tlie  (ter- 
minal) procerite.  The  last  may  consist  of  a  long  filament 
with  many  articu- 
lations, sometimes 
exceeding  the 

whole  length  of 
the  animal's  body. 
See  cuts  under 
Cypriji,  Cythereidce, 
and  Linitietis.  (2) 
Loosely,  either  one 
of  the  two  pairs  of 
horns  or  feelers, 
that  is,  either  the 
antennte  proper  or 
the  antennulie.  (6) 
In  Aractinida,  or 
spiders,  scorpions, 
etc.,  a  chelicere; 
one  of  the  pair  of 
chelate  or  subche- 
late  appendages  of 
the  head,  situated 
between  and  mor- 
phologically in 
front  of  the  large 
hooked  or  pincer- 


235 


antependium 


lilte  appendages  known  as  pedipalps.    They  are  adapted  antennats  (an-ten'at),   a.     [<  NL.  antennatus, 
for  seizing  and  tearing,  and  sometimes  convey  a  poison-      ^  antenna  fj.  v.]     Having  antennsB. 
duct.    Tlrcy  are  homologous  with  the  feelers  of  crustiv  ^ntenniferOUS  (an-te-nU'e-ras),  a.      [<  NL.  an- 
tenna +  ij._/(7Te  =  E.  heari.]    Bearing  antennae; 


ceans  and  insects,  and  are  supposed,  in  some  cases 
least,  to  represent  antennulie  as  well  as  antenna)  proper. 
See  cuts  under  cheticera  and  ncorpion.  ((.')  In  Inser.ta  and 
Miiriapoda,  a  horn  or  feeler;  one  of  tlie  pair  of  jointed 
flexible  sensitive  appendages  of  the  head,  morphologically 
situated  between  the  mouth-parts  and  the  eyes,  tinmgli 
generally  .appearing  in  tlie  adult  between  or  before  the 
eyes.  Tliese  characteristic  organs  are  usually  fllamentons 
with  many  articulations,  and  arc  very  diverse  in  form; 
some  of  the  terms  used  in  describing  their  shapes  are  flli- 
fonn,  denticulate,  bipinnatc,  clavate,  geniculate.  In  Cu. 
leoptera,  divisions  have  lieen  founded  upon  the  shapes 
of  the  antennie,  as  lamellicom,  davicorn,  longicom,  etc. 
These  org.ans  are  almost  universally  present  in  some  form 
or  other,  tlioilgli  occ^asionally  rudimentary  and  inconspicu- 
ous, in  which  cases  the  insects  are  termed  acerous,  as  dis- 
tinguislicd  from  dicerous.  The  parts  of  a  well-formed 
antenna  usually  recognized  are  the  pedicel,  scape,  and 
fiagellnm  or  claveola,  the  last  usually  composing  most  of 
the  length  of  the  organ.  See  Hymenoptera,  Insecta. 
2.  An  analogous  organ  on  the  heads  of  other 
animals,  as  a  feeler  or  tentacle,  like  the  eye- 
stalk  of  a  snail. — 3. 2]l.  Projecting  horns  of  iron 
or  bronze  found  on  some  ancient  helmets,  per 


aiiteiniary,  as  a  segment  of  the  head, 
antenniform  (an-ten'i-f 6rm),  a.    [<  NL.  antenna 
+  L.  J'ormu,  iorm.]     Shaped  like  an  antenna; 
resembling  an  antenna  in  any  way. 

Tlie  cement  ducts  can  be  traced  to  the  disks  of  the  aii- 
tenni/rtrnt  organs.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  2y0. 

antennula  (an-ten'u-la),  «.;  pi.  antemmlw  (-le). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  antenna,  q.  v.]  1.  A  little  an- 
tenna.—  2.  A  filiform  appendage  of  an  anten- 
na, asin  some  crustaceans. —  3.  Theappendage 
of  the  segment  or  somite  of  the  head  of  an  ar- 
thropod in  advance  of  that  bearing  the  anten- 
na) proper;  one  of  the  anterior  of  the  two  pairs 
of  feelers  of  the  head  of  a  crustacean.  Com- 
monly called  the  short  feeler.  See  cuts  under 
Copepoda,  Cyclops,  and  Cythereidce. 
Also  antcnmde. 

antennulary  (an-ten'u-la-ri),  a.    Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  an  antennula ;  beai'ing  antennulsB :  as,  the 
anteniiulanj  somite  of  the  head  of  a  crustacean. 
[<  antennMte,  q.  v.] 


haps  serving  only  as  ornaments,  or  as  badges,  or 

in  some  cases  to  stop  a  blow  from  glancing  down-  ^ 

ward  and  striking  the  shoulder.— Decussate,  de-  antennule  (an-ten  ul),  n. 
flexed,  deformed,  etc.,  antennae.    See  the  adjectives.      Same  as  antenmda. 

antennal  (an-ten'al),  a.    [<  antenna  +  -al.]   Of  antenumber  (an'te-num-ber),K.  [<amte-+imm- 
or  pertaining  to  antennae;  bearing  antenna);     bcr.]     A  number  one  less  than  a  given  number - 


antennary. 
antennariid  (an-te-na'ri-id),  n. 
family  Antennariidw. 


A  fish  of  the 


used,  in  the  case  of  objects  aiTanged  in  periods 
(as,  for  example,  days  are  in  weeks),  to  express 
the  fact  that  the  number  of  objects  in  a  period 
is  one  less  than  the  number  which,  in  counting 
the  objects,  falls  upon  an  object  corresponding 
to  the  first :  thus,  7  is  the  antenumber  of  the  oc- 
tave.    [Bare.] 

It  is  to  be  considered,  that  whatsoever  virtue  is  in  num. 
bers  for  conducing  to  consent  of  notes,  is  rather  to  be  aa- 
cribed  to  the  ante-number  than  to  the  entire  number;  as 
namely,  that  the  sound  returneth  after  six  or  after  twelve 
[i.  e.,  tones  or  semitones] ;  so  that  the  seventh  or  the  thir- 
teenth is  not  the  matter,  but  the  sixth  or  the  twelfth  ;  and 
the  seventh  and  thirteenth  are  but  the  limits  and  Ijoun- 
daries  of  the  return.  Bacon,  Sylva  Sylvanum,  §  106. 

antenuptial (an-tf-nup'shal), o.  [< LL.  antemip- 
tialis,  <  L.  ante,  before,  +  niiptialis,  nuptial:  see 
ante-a,ndmiptial.]    Occurring, existing, ordone 
before  marriage ;  coming  before  marriage ;  pre- 
ceding marriage:  as,  a,nantcnuptiala,gTeejnent; 
Antennariidee  (an-ten-a-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,     antenuptial  children. 
<.  Antemiarins-^--idcc.]  "A  f amily  of  pedieulate  anteocular  (an-te-ok'u-liir),  a.     In  entom.,  in 
fishes  with  elongate  geniculate  false  arms  or    front  of  the  eyes. 

pseuilobraehia,   provided  with   three  distinct  anteoperculum  (an"te-o-per'ku-lum),  m.    [NL., 
bones  (actinosts),  typified  by  the  genus  Anten-    <  L.  ante,  before,  +  operculum :  see  opercidum.] 
naritts.    They  have  a  compressed  but  tumid  body ;  the     la  icMh.,  s&vae  AS  preoperculum.     [Kare.] 
mouth  opens  upward ;  the  brancliial  apertures  open  in  the  anteorbital    (an-te-6r'bi-tal),    a.       [<    L.    ante, 
lower  axils  of  tlie  pectoral  flns;  there  ai-e  no_  pseudo-     i^pfove,  +  orbit,  q.'v.]    Situated  in  front  of  the 


Antennariiis  ficfus. 


branchise ;  and  the  dorsal  flns  are  represented  by  (1)  at 
least  one  frontal  or  superior  rostral  spine  or  filament,  and 
(2)  an  oblong  soft  dorsal.  The  pectoral  members  are  dis- 
tinctly geniculated  or  provided  with  an  elbow-like  joint. 
Tliey  are  cliicfly  inliabitants  of  tropical  seas,  and  the  t.vpi- 
oal  species  are  often  called  frog-  or  toad-fishes. 

Antennariinae  (an-ten"a-ri-i'ne),  n.  x>l-    [NL., 
<  Antennarius  +  -ina:.]    A  subfamily  of  pedieu- 
late fishes,  of  the  i&mi\y  Antennariida;,  with  the 
head  compressed,  a  rostral  spine  or  tentacle  a 
well  as 

developed  soft  dorsal  fin.  Four  genera  are  known, 
the  chief  of  which  is  Antennarius.  The  t>-pical  species 
are  mostly  found  in  coral-gi-oves,  where  they  lurk  partially 
concealed,  but  one  of  the  best  known,  Pterophryne  hutriii, 
inhabits  the  sargassum-weed  of  the  open  seas,  and  makes 
in  it  a  nest  for  its  young. 

antennariine  (an-te-na'ri-tn),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  Anfennariinte. 
II    n.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily  Antennariino'. 


eyes.  Also  aw^ocftita?.-— Anteorbital  foramen,  in 
mammalian  anat.,  an  orifice  in  the  cheek-bone,  in  front 
of  the  orbit,  transmitting  the  superior  maxillary  division 
of  the  trifacial  nerve,  and  in  some  ca-ses,  as  among  ro- 
dents, the  masseter  muscle.  It  corresponds  to  the  suborlii- 
tal  foramen  of  human  anatomy.  It  is  frequently  a  forma- 
tion  so  large  and  variable  as  to  afford  zoological  characters, 
as  is  the  case  in  the  iJodentia.— Anteorbital  process,  in 
niamnialian  anat.,  a  spur  of  the  liiiiital  t'^ne  on  the  an- 

m.resseu,  a,  i^,.x...  o^'"-  "'  .^^.^--.^  <.o     terior  and  upper  portion  of  the  margin  uf  the  orbit. 

two  other  robust  spines,  and  a  well-  antepagment  (an-te-pag  ment),  n.  [<  L.  ante- 
^        '  paymentum,  also  antipagmentum,  anything  ap- 

plied for  ornament,  <o«fe  (a)i(i),  before,  +  pag- 
mentum,  anything  joined  or  fastened,  <pangere, 
older  form  pagcre,  fasten:  see  ])act.]  A  term 
used  by  Vitruvius  to  designate  decorative  mold- 
ings enriching  the  jambs  and  head  of  a  doorway 
or  window.  To  such  a  feature  the  term  archi- 
trave is  now  commonly  applied. 


antennarioid  (an-te-na'ri-oid),  «.  and  a.     [<  antepagmentum  (an«te-pag-men'tnm),  n  ;  pi 


Antennarius  -h  -old.]   I.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Antennariidw ;  an  antennariid. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Antennariida: 
Antennarius  (an-te-na'ri-us),  ».    [NL.,  <  anten- 
na, q.  v.,  in  allusion  to  the  antenna-like  foremost 
dorsal  spine.]  A  genus  of  pedieulate  fishes,  typi- 


antcpagmenfa  (-t;i).     Same  as  antepagment. 
antepaschal  (an-te-pas'kal),  a.    [<  ante-  +  pas- 
chal.]   Pertaining  to  the  time  preceding  the 
Jewish  Passover,  or  preceding  Easter. 

Tlie  dispute  was  very  early  in  the  church  concerning 
the  observation  of  Easter ;  one  point  whereof  was,  con- 
cerning the  ending  of  the  antepaschal  fast. 

R.  Nelson,  Festivals  and  Fasts,  p.  445. 


calof  thefamily^«teKHarJirfa',usedwithvarious  antepastt  (an'te-past),  «.     [<L.  ante,  before,  + 
limits,  but  primaiily  embracing  numerous  trop-  «•..,•  -     ,  .         ,        .  . 

ical  species. 

antennary  (an-ten'a-ri  or  an'te-na-n),  a.  [< 
NOi.  anlennarius,<an'tenna,  q.v.]  1.  Of,  pertam- 
ing  to,  or  of  the  natm'e  of  an  antenna :  as,  an  «M- 
tennaryneive.  Specifically— 2.  In f«?()»i., bear- 
ing antenna) :  applied  to  that  segment  of  the 
head  of  insects  which  bears  the  autennse — An-  antepectus  (an-te-pek'tus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.onte, 
tennary  somite,  the  segment  uf  tlieheadof  an  arthropod     })efore,  +  pectus,  breast.]     "In  entom.,  the  fore 


pastas,  food,  <  pascere,  f  eed :  see  of  te-  and  pastel, 
pastor,  pasture.]  A  foretaste;  something  taken 
before  a  meal  to  stimulate  the  appetite.  [Rare.] 
Were  we  to  e.xpect  our  bliss  only  in  the  satiating  our 
appetites,  it  might  be  reasonable,  by  frequent  antepasts, 
to  excite  our  gust  for  that  profuse  perpetual  meal. 

Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 


Antennae. 
I.  I.  filiform  antenna:  of  c 


icujo  firefly  of 
Brazil  i^Pyropkortis  luntinoslts)  \  2.  den- 
ticulate antenna ;  3,  bipinnale  ;  4,  lamelli- 
com;  5, clavate;  6,  geniculate;  7,  antenna 
and  antennula  of  a  crustacean. 


which  iTears  the  antenna?.— Antennary  Sternum,  tlie 
median  infeiior  piece  of  the  antenn<ary  somite. — Anten- 
nary sternite,  in  crustaceans,  the  epistoma  (which  see). 
See  cuts  under  Brachvura  and  Cyclops. 
Antennata  (an-te-na'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  antennatus:  see  antennaie.]  A  group  of 
annelids,  approximately  corresponding  to  the 
order  Cha-topoda  (which  see). 


breast;  the  under  side  of  the  prothoraxi 
antependium  (an-te-pen'di-um),  «.;  pi.  ante- 
pendia  (-a).  [ML.,'  <  L.  ante,  before,  +  pen- 
(ff)-f,  hang:  sea  ante- aud^  pendant.]  The  hang- 
ing by  which  the  fi-ont  of  an  altar  is  covered; 
one  of  the  kinds  of  frontal.  It  is  frequently  made 
of  silk  or  velvet,  and  ornamented  with  embroidery. 


antependinm 

I  saw  the  antependium  of  the  altar  designed  for  the 

famous  chapel  of  St.  Lorenzo.      SmMett,  Travels,  x-wiu. 

A  young  woman  who  would  get  up  at  five  o'clock  in  the 

morning  to  embroider  an  antependium,  and  neglect  the 

housekeeping.    JlUi  Braddon,  Hostages  to  Fortune,  p.  3. 

antepenult  (an  te-pf-ntilt'),  n.  A  shortened 
and  very  common  form  of  antepenuUima. 

antepenultima  (an-tf-pe-ntil'ti-mii),  n.  [L., 
also  spelled aii^fiXEHK^rtmaCscsy/taftfl,  syllable), 
the  svUable  before  the  penult,  <  ante,  before,  + 
/«rH«?rtma.  penult:  see  ante- anA penuU.'^  The 
last  svllabie  but  two  of  a  word,  as  syl  in  moiw- 
fn/llabk. 

antepenultimate  (an''te-pe-nul'ti-mat),  a.  and 
n.  l<.  antepenultima  +  ^tei^.  Cf.  ■ultimate.']  I. 
a.  1.  Immediately  preceding  that  one  of  a  se- 
ries which  is  next  to  the  last  one;  being  the 
third  from  the  last  of  a  series:  as,  the  ante- 
penultimate joint  of  a  Emb.— 2.  Pertaining  to 
the  last  syllable  but  two. 
n.  n.  The  antepenultima. 

antephialtic  (ant-ef-i-al'tik),  a.  and  «.  [<  Gr. 
avri,  against,  +  c6id/-iig,  nightmare:  see  anti- 
and  epbialtes.'i  I,  a.  Tending  to  prevent 
nightmare. 

n.  n.  That  -which  prevents  or  is  a  remedy 
for  nightmare. 
Also  written  anti-ephialtic. 

antepileptic  (ant-ep-i-lep'tik),  a.  and  n.    [<  Gr. 
avTi,  against,  +  c77t'A!/-riK6c,  epileptie  :  see  anli- 
and  epileptic.']    I.    a.    Alleviating   or  cui'ing 
epilepsy. 
n.  «.  A  remedy  for  epUepsy. 
.\l50  written  anti-epileptic. 

antepileptical  (ant-ep-i-lep'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
uiil>.iiil<ptic. 

anteponet  (an-te-p6n'),  t-'-  *■  [^  L-  anteponere, 
set  before.  <  ante,  before,  +  ponere,  set,  place: 
see  ante- a.nA  position.]    To  set  before.    Bailey. 

anteport  (an'te-port),  «.     [<  L.  ante,  before,  + 
porta,  agate.]    1.  An  outer  gate  or  door. —  2.  A 
hanging  before  a  door. 
Also  written  antiport. 

anteportico  (an'te-por'ti-ko),  H.  {_<  ante- + 
portieo,  q.  v.]  An  outer  porch  or  portico. 
[Kare.] 

anteposition  (an'tf-po-zish'on),  n.  [<  ante-  + 
position.  Ct.  antepone.]  1.  In  ,7r«)H.,  the  pla- 
cing of  a  word  before  another  word  which,  by  or- 
dinary- rules,  it  ought  to  follow. —  2.  lu  hot.,  the 
non-alternation  of  the  members  of  contiguous 
circles  in  a  flower,  the  corresponding  parts  be- 
ing opposite  to  each  other:  otherwise  called 
superposition. 

anteprandial  (an-te-pran'di-al),  rt.  [<  L.  ante, 
befure,  -H  jiriindium,  a  late  breakfast,  a  meal 
taken  early  in  the  day:  see  ante-  and  prandial.] 
Relating  to  the  time  before  dinner;  occurring 
before  dinner. 

antepredicament (an*te-pre-(lik'a-ment),  n.  [< 
Ml.,,  aiilijiradicamentum,  <  L.  ante,  tiefore,  + 
LL.  prcedicamentum,  category.]  In  loyic,  a  doe- 
trine  subservient  to  knowledge  of  the  predica- 
ments. The  Antepredicamentg  is  a  title  ^iven  l>y  Al- 
bertiiH  Mai^^us  and  all  later  lui,ricians  to  the  doctrine  of 
the  Hrat  pai-t  of  Aristotle's  book  on  the  Categories.  These 
uiU;predicamcnts  are  seven,  viz.,  three  definitions,  two 
dlvi.-iionH,  and  two  rules.  The  definitions  are  of  equivn- 
cal.^,  univocalH,  and  denominatives.  The  divisions  are  of 
thinifs  said  int^i  terms  and  propositiofis  and  tlie  eight 
nKxlft  of  inhereuce.  The  nlies  are  tlie  dictum  de  omni 
tt  uullo  (Hee  dictum),  and  ttiat  which  atlirniH  tinit  the  dif- 
ferences of  ditferent  genera  are  different.  Tlie  word  hud 
iHjen  previously  applied,  in  tlie  plural,  as  a  name  fur  I'or- 
phyry's  Introduftion  t^>  Aristotle's  *,'ateg<tric»  anil  the 
d'Mlrifw  of  \\\f  jiredicatdits  therein  contidried. 

antepretonic(an'te-pre-ton'ik),  H.  [(.ante-  ■^■ 
priliiiiii:.]  Pertaining  to  or  contained  in  the 
gyllable  before  the  pretonic  syllable. 

Tlie  ant^/trrtrmic  open  syllable  may  have  either  a  heavy 
or  a  Il;;hl,  v,,w.:l.  Amer.  Jour,  fliilol.,  V.  4II1I. 

anteprostate  fan-te-pros'tat),  n.     [<  ante-  -f- 

f.rii'im, ,]    l,yingin  front  of  the  proBtate  gland. 

anteproHtatic  (an-te-pros-tat'ik),  rt.     Hame  an 

ant*  j-rii^fiih  . 

anterior 'iiri-tr'ri-or),  a.  [Ij.,compar.  adj.,  as  if 
from  'null  run,  <  inilr,  before,  i't.  jioslrrior,  ex- 
Irri''  xuiiir)i>r,  inferior.]    l.Ofplacr; 

for-  nioro  to  the  front:  tlii"  opponilo 

ot  I  2.  Of  time:  goiiiK   before;   jm- 

C6'l  •  i|<rit  ;   jirior;  earlier. 

!'■'  "iiitplr  |(ower  anterior  Xt*  all  action  ,ir 

roiwttu  li'ih.  Hmernnn,  Ruayn,  l«t  ser.,  p.  '.^i:. 

3.  In  :oiil.  and  sniii,,  nearer  the  Iiond,  nH  up- 

I"""   '  ■  '  ■■|ihaliil.  «H  oppoMcil  lociiii- 

d»l  :  :  I.,  iibonil :  IIimh,  IIh-  liead 

'"  '"  k,  whidi  Im  itMelf  untrrior 

'"•he  If  — 4.   In /ir/nirinrtii'if.,  hIIii- 

■t*-*'  in   i  nHpoet  Jo  Hint  Bid''  of  tin- 
body  on  winch  m  l\u,  fnco  ;  ventral,  aH  oppoHed 


236 

to  dorsal :  hemal.  as  opposed  to  neural :  as;  the 
anterior  pillars  of  the  pharynx;  the  anterior 
walls  of  the  beUy;  the  anterior  pillars  of  the 
spinal  cord. 

The  two  pai-ts  into  which  the  ii'is  diviotje  the  eye  are 
called  the  anterior  and  posterior  chambers, 

Brewster,  Optics,  p.  28S.    (X.  E.  D.) 

5.  In  ioi.,  in  axillary  inflorescence,  noting  the 
side  most  distant  from  the  axis  and  nearest 
the  subtending  leaf  or  bract:  as,  the  anterior 
side  of  a  flower:  otherwise  called  inferior  or 
hirer.  [In  all  its  senses  usually  followed  by  to 
before  an  object.]  =Syn.  2.  See  previous. 
anteriority  (an-te-ri-or'i-ti),  n.  [<  ML.  auteri- 
orita(t-)s,  <  L.  anterior:  see  anterior.]  The 
state  of  being  anterior,  in  advance,  or  in  front ; 
the  state  of  being  before  in  time  or  situation ; 
priority. 

Our  poet  could  not  have  seen  the  prophecy  of  Isaiah, 
because  he  lived  100  or  150  years  before  that  propiiet ;  and 
this  anteriority  of  time  makes  this  passage  the  more  ob- 
servable.        '  Pope,  Iliad,  xix.  93,  note. 

anteriorly  (an-te'ri-or-li),  adr.  In  an  anterior 
manner;  before,  in  time  or  place;  previously, 
in  time ;  in  front,  in  place.     See  anterior. 

The  hemispheres  [of  the  brain-cavity  of  a  species  of  Co- 
ryphodon]  contract  anteriorly  into  the  very  stout  pedun- 
cles of  the  olfactory  lobes.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XII.  124. 

anterolateral  (an"te-r6-lat'e-ral),  a.     [<  L. 

"antenis  (see  anterior)  +  laieraUf.;  lateral:  see 
lateral.]  Situated  or  directed  anteriorly  and 
to  the  side.  Huxley — Anterolateral  groove,  a 
name  sometimes  applied  to  the  line  aioii',;  the  spinal  curd 
where  the  anterior  roots  of  the  spinal  nerves  emerge. 
anteroom  (an'te-rom),  H.  [<.  ante- +  room.]  A 
smaller  room  before  a  chief  apartment,  to  which 
access  is  had  through  it ;  especially,  a  waiting- 
room  used  for  the  temporary  reception  of  visi- 
tors, etc. ;  an  antechamber. 

His  ante-rooms  were  thronged  with  clients  of  all  sorts. 
Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (1870),  VI.  iiU. 

anteroparietal  (an"te-r6-pa-ri'e-tal),  a.  [<  L. 
*anteriis  (see  anterior)  +  tL.  parietalis,  parie- 
tal: see  parietal.]  Anterior  parietal:  applied 
to  one  of  the  g^Ti  of  the  brain.     See  gyrus. 

anteroposterior  (an  te-ro-pos-te'ri-or),  a.  [< 
L.  "antenis  (see  anterior)  +  posterior,  behind: 
see  pimterior.]  Belatiug  to  the  direction  from 
front  to  back  or  from  head  to  tail;  cephalocau- 
dal.— Anteroposterior  symmetry,  in  zoM.,  the  view 
that  the  anterior  and  iiosterinr  limbs  of  vertebrates  are 
reversed  or  synimetriLal  repetitions  of  each  other,  like 
right  and  left  limbs,  and  tlKTcfore  not  serially  homolo- 
gous, or  parts  of  a  series  facing  all  in  one  <lirection, 
but  antitypical  homologues  or  antitypes;  antitropy  as  op- 
posed Xci  syntropy,  in  viewing  intermembral  homologies. 
See  iatermeyidiral. 

antesolarium  (an'''te-s6-la'ri-um),  n.;  pi.  ante- 
.<<()litria  (-ii).  [ML.,  <  IJ.  ante,  before,  -4-  solari- 
um :  see  solarium.]  A  portico,  veranda,  or 
other  iirojeeting  structure  in  front  of  the  solars 
or  apartments  of  a  medieval  dwelling-house. 
Aiidsley. 

antestaturet  (an'te-stat-fir),  h.  [<  F.  anlesla- 
(H)'('  =  Sp.  antestatiira,  <  t.  ante,  before,  -I-  .ilii- 
tura,  a  standing:  see  ■•itature.]  hi  fort.,  a  small 
intreiichnicnt  or  work  formed  hastily  of  pali- 
sades or  sacks  of  earth,  for  the  defense  of  a  jiost, 
(ir  (d  works  jiart  of  which  have  been  captured. 

antesternum  (an'te-ster-nmn),  H. ;  pi.  «H^- 
slerua  (-nii).  [NL.,'<  L.  ante,  before,  -I-  NL. 
sternum:  see  sternum.]  In  eiiloin.,  tlie  center 
of  tlio  antcpcM'tiis;  the  foi'<'  part  of  the  middle 
of  till'  hri-ustplat(!  of  insects. 

antestomach  (an'te-stuin-ak),  H.  [<  ante-  + 
stomach.]  In  birds,  some  distensible  jiortion 
of  the  gullet  (not  a  proper  crop)  in  which  food 
is  first  lodged. 

In  binls  there  is  no  miuitleation  or  eommlnntlon  of  the 
meat  In  the  mouth,  but  It  Is  imniediotely  swallowed  Into 
n  kind  of  anteitotnach,  which  I  have  observed  In  piscivorous 
birds.  Hail- 

ante-SUppert  (an'te-sup-fr),  n.  [<  ante-  -t-  siip- 
pi  r.  I  A  cciiirsi'  ilispluycil  but  not  |i»rtakon  of, 
ill  .'iiiticiiiution  of  siippi'r.     A.  JC.  I). 

antetemple  (an'te-tem-iil),  «.  [<  ante-  +  lem- 
jdi .  ]     Tlie  |iorcli  or  vestibule  before  the  temple 

at  .lerUHalem,  The  lerill  Ims  lieell  ll«ed  t"  diHlKliale 
the  iiarlhex  or  veslllmle  of  early  t'lirlnthin  i  hiinlnii.  and 
It  ha.1  been  applied  to  the  nave  of  a  ■  biireli  rigardecl  an 
lilaeed  before  the  ehalleil  or  Hanetllary  and  ollUlde  of  its 
pale.  Its  nw  as  designating  the  proimoHof  n  elasslcal  leiii- 
ple  Ih  not  1^1  be  roniini'lldeil. 
antetype(aii'le-tip),  n.  [Ah  \t  ante-  +  type;  but 
prop.  «;ififi/;(r,  <i.  V,]  A  protolyjie;  apriinilivi' 
or  I'arly  type  wlicnce  Houie  later  form  tias  been 
ibrived.    Hee  antitype. 

I  h.-  nnlflui'et  iiienrboiillirous  llinesnf  the  modnni  king 
.  1  •!.  Slanil.  Sal.  Hint.,  II.  h7. 

antcvenient  (nn-te-ve'nient),  a.  [<  L.  anlr- 
renie.n(t-)a,   ppr.   of  antvvenire,  come  before,  < 


anthemion 

ante,  before,  -t-  venire  =  Gt.  (Saiveiv  z=  E.  pome] 
Preceding ;  coming  before.     Lamb. 

ante'Version  (au-te-ver'shon),  n.  [<  L.  antever- 
sio(n-),  a  putting  before,  <  antevcrtere,  pp.  ante- 
rersus:  see  antevert.]  A  turning  forward;  spe- 
cifically, inpatliol.,  a  displacement  of  the  uterus 
in  which  the  fundus,  or  broad  upper  portion,  is 
turned  toward  the  pubes,  while  the  cervix  or 
neck  is  tilted  up  toward  the  sacrum :  opposed 
to  retroversion. 

ante'7ert  (an-tf-v^rt'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  anterertere, 
precede,  anticipate,  place  before,  <  ante,  before, 
+  vertere,  turn:  see  verse.]  It.  To  prevent; 
avert. 

To  antevert  some  great  danger  to  the  public,  .  .  .  we 
may  and  must  disclose  our  knowledge  of  a  close  wicked- 
ness. Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience  (1C54),  p.  421. 
2.  To  tip  or  turn  forward;  displace  in  a  forward 
direction,  as  the  uterus. 

anteverted  (an-tf-ver'ted),  p.  a.  Tipped  for- 
ward; exhibiting  anteversion:  said  of  the 
uterus. 

anth-.  [<  Gr.  avd-,  assimilated  form  of  avT-  for 
Qir/-  before  the  aspirate.]  The  form  of  the 
prefix  ant-  before  the  aspirate  h  in  words  taken 
from  or  formed  according  to  the  Greek.  In 
words  formed  in  English  anti-  usually  remains 
unchanged  before  the  aspirate,  as  in  antiliyp- 
nolie.  antiliystcric,  etc. 

anthela  (an-the'la), }(. ;  pi.  n)i(7(c?o,'(-le).  [NL., 
<  Ur.  avtii/'/.t],  the  (lowny  plume  of  the  reed  (L. 
panicula),  <  avdciv,  bloom:  see  anther.]  In  hot., 
a  foi'm  of  cymose  inflorescence,  either  unilateral 
and  sickle-shaped  or  bilateral  and  fan-shaped, 
the  lateral  axes  overtopping  the  central,  as  in 
./linens  ti'nuis. 

anthelia,  «.     Plui-al  of  anthelion. 

anthelices,  «•     Plural  of  anthelij:. 

anthelicine  (ant-hel'-  or  an-theri-sin),  a.  [< 
antliilix  (-((•-)  -I-  -(H<i.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
autiholix  of  the  ear:  as,  the  anthelicine  fossa. 

anthelion  (ant -he'-  or  an-the'li-on),  n. ;  pi.  ant- 
lielia  (-ii).  [XL.,  <  Gr.  avOif/iov,  neut.  of  avOii- 
'/lac  (withaiT-  changed  to  ur(?- before  the  rough 
breathing),  later  form  of  avriflioc,  opposite  to 
the  sun,  <  av--  for  avTi,  opposite  to,  +  ijho^, 
the  Sim:  see  helio-.  Cf.  aphelion  and  perihe- 
lion.] A  solar  phenomenon  consisting  of  one 
or  more  faint  luminous  rings  around  tlie  shadow 
of  the  head  of  an  observer  when  projected  at 
no  groat  distance  by  the  sun  wlieii  it  is  near 
the  horizon  on  a  cloud,  fog-tiauk,  grass  covered 
with  dew,  or  other  moist  surface.  It  is  some- 
times observed  in  alpine  and  polar  regions,  and 
is  due  to  diffraction  of  light. 

antheltx  (ant'he-  or  an'the-liks),  «.;  pi.  anthcl- 
iecs  (aut-hcl'- or  au-theri-sez).  [<  Gr.  in^f'AiS, 
the  inner  cm-vature  of  the  ear.  <  art)-,  air-  for 
diT(,  opposite  to,  +  fA(f,  helix:  see /i<'?/.r.]  Same 
as  aniihilix. 

anthelminttlic  (an-thel-min'thik),  a.  and  n. 
Suiiir  ns  iiiithiimintie. 

anthelmintic  (au-thel-min'tils),  a.  and  «.  [< 
XL.  anthehninticum,  <  (Jr.  <u'&-,  avT-  for  iiv-i, 
against,  -1-  e^/ii»c  (t'/.iiwO-).  a  wonn,  es^).  a  tape- 
worm, a  maw- worm;  of  uncertain  origin.]  I. 
II.  In  med.,  destroying  or  expelling  intestinal 
worms. 

II.  n.  Avennifuge;  a  drug  used  for  destroy- 
ing ami  expelling  intestinal  worms. 

anthem  (an'them),  n.  [Karly  mod.  E.  also  an- 
thyin  :  occasionally  spoiled  anihymne  (sinnilat- 
ing  hymn),  also  anlheme,  aniemne;  <  MK.  an- 
ient, antim,  antym,  antemr,  antempne,  antejihnr, 
antefnc,  <  AS.  ante/en,  <  ML.  initifona,  anti- 
phiinii,  an  luilheni,  an  aiiti|ihoii:  see  anti- 
phiiii.]  Originiilly,  a  liynin  sung  in  nlteniute 
jmrts;  in  iiiodcrn  usage,  ii  jiieee  of  sacred  music 
set  to  words  usually  Inken  from  the  I'salms  or 
other  jiarts  of  the  Sci'ipluies;  a  developed  mo- 
tet, Tliere  arc  four  klluls  :  (o)  aiitltems/or  a  ilouhlc  choir, 
ill  which  the  choirs  sing  auliphonally  ;  [h) /tilt  anthems, 
wliii-h  consist  of  a  chorus  only,  or  of  tt  cIku-iih  iiiiiI  verses, 
III  which  tile  chorus  occupies  the  i>rilieipal  pliu-c,  and  the 
vei-ses  (iisiiallv  si-t  to  immie  in  four  parts  iilul  sung  by  a 
part  of  tile  cllolr)  are  subordinate;  {r)  verse  anthems.  111 
which  snIoH,  duets,  and  trios  are  the  iiroiiiiiu'lit  fefitures, 
the  ehoriiH  being  subordinate;  and  (>/)  solo  anthems,  in 
which  a  single  voice  Is  the  prominent  feature.  The  an- 
them iniiy  or  may  not  have  an  iicroiiipanimcnt  for  the  or- 
gan, or  for  any  numtier  of  Iiistrunicnls.  It  has  reached  its 
lil^lli-st  devi'lopniellt  In  I'.llgliuid. 

anthemtan'them),  r.  ^  [(.iinthem.n.]  To  eele- 
linili'  or  salute  with  an  ant  hem  or  song.  [Used 
only  in  poetry.] 

Sweet  birds  anthcmin<t  the  morn. 

Keats,  Fancy. 

anthemion  (an-the'ini-on),  n. ;  pi.  antheniiit  (-ii ). 
|<  (ir.  itrlliiiinv,  II  llowi'i',  a  Mower  ornament,  < 
intAif,  flower:  see  anther.]    In  art  and  archri'ot,: 


anthemion 

(«)  A  characteristic  palmette  oriionoyaiiekle  or- 
nament, varying  in  detail,  Ijut  constant  in  type, 
of  very  frequent  occurrence  both  in  single  ex- 
amples and  in  series,  in  vase-painting,  in  arehi- 
tectm'al  sculpture,  in  jewelry  and  dress-fabrics, 
and  in  all  other  decorative  work  of  Greek  origin 
from  very  early  times,  and  later  in  ornament  de- 
rived from  the  Greek.  This  ornament  in  its  original 
sliape  was  bolTowed  l>y  Greelt  artists  from  the  Orient,  and 
was  i>n)l':ibly  first  adopted  iiy  the  Tonians.  It  was  mui:ll 
Hsi:d  iijiixi  ante  lives,  Ijnili  .sciiliitiirrdandinterra-cotta.and 
in  tile  eiiiiipDsitidii  (il  arrnteiia,  particularly  those  of  tile 
tall  and  slender  Greek  iiuieiai  slabs,  (ft)  Any  Con- 
ventionalized flower  or  foliage  ornament,  as 
those  common  in  Oriental  embroidery  or  Per- 
sian porcelain. 


Antlicniia. 
tf,  from  a  Greek  vase ;  b,  from  the  acroterium  of  an  Attic  stele. 

aBthemion-frieze  (an-the'mi-ou-frez),  n.  Same 
as  iiiithcmioii-ttKililiiKj. 

anthemion-molding  (an-the'ini-on-m61"ding), 
n.  In  Gr.  art,  a  molding  or  frieze  ornamented 
with  a  series  of  anthemia,  usually  in  graceful 

'il 


'msjL 


Antheridia. 
a,  branch  of  Fucus,  with  antheridia, 
one  separated  and  antherozoids  escap- 
ing ;  b,  antheridia  of  a  moss  surrounded 
by  paraphyses.  (Both  highly  magni- 
fied.) 


Anthemion-moldine.— Frieze  of  the  Erechtheum. 

alternation  of  two  forms.  Sometimes  the  effect  is 
diversified  by  the  introduction  of  flowers  or  tendrils  more 
literally  expressed,  and  occasionally  birds  are  represented 
perching  on  the  tendrils,  as  in  examples  at  Athens  and  Ar- 
gos.  The  most  elegant  examples  of  anthemion-molding  are 
those  beneath  the  capitals  of  the  north  porch  coUimns,  and 
forming  one  of  the  friezes,  of  the  Erechthenm  at  Athens. 
Anthemis  (an'the-mis),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  avOefilg,  a 
flower,  also  an  herb  like  our  camomile  (Dios- 
corides),  iavdoq,  a  flower:  see  anther.']  A  large 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Comjwsitce,  tribe 
Anthemidew.  a.  Cotula  is  the  mayweed  or  stinking 
camomile  ;  A.  nobills  is  the  common  camomile  of  Europe 
and  of  gardens  elsewhere.  The  flowers  contain  a  bitter 
principle,  which  has  tonic  properties,  and  yield  an  essen- 
tial oil  having  an  aromatic  fragrance.  They  are  conse- 
quently much  used  as  a  light  tonic,  and  also  as  a  fomen- 
tation or  poultice. 

anthemorrhagic  (ant^hem-o-raj'lk),  a.     [<  Gr. 

avd-^  avT-  for  uvt'i,  against,  +  aif/oppaytKdg,  hemor- 
rhagic: see  hemorrhagic.']  Tending  to  check 
hemorrhage ;  hemastatic.  Also  anthwmorrhagic 
and  antihemorrharfic. 

anthemwise  (an'them-wiz),  adv.  [<  anthem 
+  wise'^.]  In  the  manner  of  an  antiphonal 
anthem ;  alter- 
nately. 

Several  quires, 
placed  one  over 
against  another,  and 
taking  the  voice  by 
catches,  anthein- 
vfise,  give  great 
pleasure. 

Bacon,  Masques. 

anthemy     (an'- 

the-mi),  n. ;  pi. 
anthem  ies{-Tmz). 
[K.  Gr.  avdtfiiovj 
equivalent  to 
avdoc^  a  flower: 
see  ayither.]  In 
hot.,  a  term  pro- 
posed for  any 
form  of  flower- 
duster. 

anther        (an'- 

ther),  «.  [<NL. 
anthera,  anther, 


Anthers. 
a,  anther  of  Aquiicg^ia,  opening;  b, 
same,  expanded  ;  c,  versatile  anther  of 
Lilium  ;  d,  anther  of  Btrberis,  opening 
by  valves ;  e,  anther  of  Solanum,  opening 
bjr  terminal  pores;  f,  sigmoid  anther  of 
Ecbatinnt.     (All  magnified.) 


237 

<  Gr.  avUtip/ir,  flowery,  blooming,  <  avddv,  bloom, 

<  iluffof,  a  blossom,  a  Mower,  =  Skt.  midlius, 
herb.]  In  bot.,  the  essential  polliniferous  part 
of  a  stamen,  generally  raised  upon  the  extremi- 
ty of  a  filament,  it  is  usnally  a  double  sac  formed  l)y 
two  simple  or  bilocellate  cells,  flUed  with  pollen,  and  eacli 
cell  opening  at  maturity  i)y  a  slit,  pore,  or  valve.  The  an- 
ther is  variously  attaelied  to  (he  summit  of  a  filament,  or 
may  be  sessile.  'J'liroretieally  it  is  homologous  to  the 
lilade  of  a  leaf,  tlie  tuf,  liaives  of  which  are  represented 
Ity  tile  cells,  the  mid-vein  liy  the  connective,  and  the  pa- 
reneliynia  by  the  pollen.— Adnate  anther,  cruciate 

anther,  etc.     See  the  adjectives. 

antheral  (an'thfer-al),  a.  [<  anther  +  -al.1  Per- 
taining to  an  anther  or  to  anthers. 

anther-dust  (an'ther-dust),  n.  The  dust  or  pol- 
len of  an  anther. 

antherid  (an'ther-id),  n.   Same  as  antheridium. 

antheridia,  «.     Plural  of  antheridium. 

antheridia!  (an-the-rid'i-al),  a.  [<  antheridium 
+  -ul.']  In  bot.,  of  or  pertaining  to  an  anthe- 
ridium. 

The  Aiitheridial  disk  springinff  from  the  leaf  fonn. 

S.  Ji.  tierrick,  Plant  Life,  p.  96. 

antheridian  (an-the-rid'i-an),  a.     Same  as  an- 

thrridial. 
antheridium  (an-the-rid'i-um),   n. ;  pi.  anthe- 
ridia (-ii).    [NL.,  <  anthera,  anther,  +  Gr.  dim. 
-idiov.']    In  hot.,  the 
organ    in    crypto- 
gamic  plants  which 
answers  to  the  an- 
ther in  the  phaner- 
ogamic   series,     it 
assumes  various  forms 
and    positions    in    the 
different  groups.     Also 
called  ani/ifn'id. 

antheriferous  (an- 

the-rif'e-rus),  a.  [< 
Nil.  anthera  +  L. 
ferre  =  E.  ftfarl.] 
In  bot. :  (a)  Pro- 
ducing anthers. 
(6)  Supporting  an- 
thers, as  the  iila- 
ments. 

antheriform  (an'- 
ther-i-form),  a.     [<  NL.  anthera  +  L.  forma, 
form.]     Having  the  form  of  an  anther. 

antherogenous  (an-the-roj'e-nus),  a.  [<  NL. 
antherogeims,  <  anthera  +  L.  -genus,  producing: 
see  -gciious.']  In  bot.,  resulting  from  the  trans- 
formation of  anthers,  as  the  additional  petals  in 
many  double  flowers  :  also  applied  to  a  double 
flower  resulting  from  such  transformation. 

antheroid  (an'ther-oid),  a.  {<.  anther  + -old.'] 
Resembling  an  anther. 

antherozoid  (an'ther-o-zo'id),  n.  [<  NL.  an- 
thera, anther,  -H  soijidcs,  zooid:  see  anther  and 
;ro(V«Z.]  In  bot.,  the  minute  body  produced  in 
the  antheridium  of  cryptogams  by  which  the 
female  organs  are  fertilized.  The  antherozoids 
are  slender  spiral  tln-eads,  with  a  somewhat  thicliened 
apex,  which  are  produced  in  the  antheridial  cells ;  when 
mature  they  burst  the  cell  and  move  freely  about.  See 
cut  under  antheridium. 

anthesis  (an-the'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avdrjaig,  the 
full  bloom  of  a  flower,  <  avBelv,  bloom:  see 
anther.']  The  period  or  act  of  expansion  in 
flowers. 

I  thereupon  carefxdly  inspected  both  these  trees  fginl<- 
go],  and  found  that  anthesis  was  so  nearly  synchronous  in 
the  two  sexes  that  I  was  able  on  the  5th  to  pronounce 
them  ready  for  fertilization.  Science,  V.  495. 

Anthesteria  (an-thes-te'ri-a),  «.  pi.  [Gr.  'AvBs- 
ari/pta,  the  feast  of  flowers,  in  the  month  of  'Av- 
hearripiuv:  see  Anthesterion.']  In  Gr.  antiq.,th.e 
festival  of  flowers,  the  third  in  order  of  the 
Attic  feasts  in  honor  of  Dionystis.  The  observance 
lasted  for  three  days,  about  the  middle  of  the  month  of 
Anthesterion  (or  toward  the  1st  ol  our  March),  and  cele- 
brated the  opening  of  spring  and  the  ripening  of  the  wine 
of  the  previous  season.  Tlie  people  wore  garlands  of  the 
brilliant  anemones  which  deck  the  Attic  plain  at  that  sea- 
son, and  certain  mystic  ceremonies  and  sacrifices  were 
performed  by  priestesses  in  the  guise  of  bacchantes. 

Anthesterion  (an-thes-te'ri-on),  n.  [Gr.  'Av- 
UcaTt/piui;  the  time  of  flowers,  <  avdoc  (stem  axfe-, 
orig.  (ivdea-),  a  flower,  +  term.  -T7ipi-i)v.']  The 
eighth  month  of  the  ancient  Attic  year,  con- 
taining twenty-nine  days,  and  coiTesponding 
to  the  last  part  of  February  and  the  beginning 
of  March. 

anthicid  (an'thi-sid),  n.  A  beetle  of  the  family 
Aiitliieidu;. 

Anthicidse  (an-tliis'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  AntM- 
ciis  +  -idii'.]  A  family  of  heteromerous  beetles, 
corresponding  to  the  Anthicides  of  Latreille  or 
the  old  genus  A^O^OJ»-S.  Theyhave  the  anterior coxal 
cavities  open  behind;  the  head  strongly  constricted  at 
base,  and  suddenly  narrowed  behind ;  no  lateral  suture 


anthoclinium 

of  the  thorax ;  perfect  tarsi,  witli  distinct  claws ;  normal 
eyes :  the  prothorax  at  base  narrower  than  the  elytra ;  and 

tile  liiml  coxaj  not  •"■•.  y  are  beetles  mostly 

of  small  size,  genert  ers,  though  some  spe- 

cies inhabit  sandy  p  . 

Anthicus  (an'thi-kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avdiKOi;, 
lilio  a  flower,  <  avthc,  a  flower:  see  anther.']  A 
genus  of  heteromerous  beetles,  typical  of  the 
family  Anthicida;,  having  the  thorax  unarmed. 
It  contains  Anthicus  fuscus  and  many  other  mi- 
nute species. 

Anthidae  (an'thi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Anthus  + 
-i(kc.]  The  Anthinai  (which  see),  rated  as  a 
family. 

ant-hill  (ant'hil),  n.  [<  ME.  amcte-hull.  <  AS. 
wmet-hijll,  cemett-hyll :  see ant^,  emmet,  and hilV-.'] 
A  mound  or  hillock  of  earth,  leaves,  twigs,  and 
other  substances,  formed  by  a  colony  of  ants 
for  or  in  the  process  of  constructing  their  habi- 
tation. The  ant-hills  erected  by  the  termites,  or  white 
ants,  are  amcnig  the  most  extraordinary  examples  of  insect 
architecture.  They  are  in  the  form  of  pyramids  tir  cones 
of  eartli,  sometimes  10  or  12  feet  higll,  baked  in  the  sun  to 
remarkable  hardness  and  consistency.  See  termite. —  Ant- 
hill grass,  a  name  given  to  a  species  of  fescue-gra-ss.  Fen- 
tt/ea  .'<)fleatica,  from  its  frequent  occurrence  on  ant-hills. 

ant-hillock  (ant'hil"ok),  Ji.     Same  as  ant-hill. 

Anthinse  (an-thi'ne),  «.  2>l-  [NL.,  <  Anthus  + 
■inm.]  A  subfamily  of  oseine  passerine  birds; 
one  of  two  divisions  of  the  family  Motacillidte, 
orwagtails:  sometimesmade  a,  family Anthida;. 
The  group  consists  of  the  pipits,  or  titlarks,  chiefly  of  the 
genus  Anthus,  with  which  the  subfamily  is  nearly  con- 
terminous. Anthinm  differ  from  other  MutnriUidce  in  h.av- 
ing  the  tail  shorter  than  the  wing,  with  broader  feathers, 
the  t:asi  relatively  sliorter,  the  lateral  toes  longer,  and 
tlir  liiml  claw  lengthened  and  straightened.  Four  or  five 
pi  iiniries  usually  compose  the  point  of  the  wing,  and  the 
I  i>lni;ui,.n  is  streaky.  There  are  about  50  species,  found  in 
most  parts  of  the  world.     .See  Anthus. 

anthine^  (an'thin),  a.  [<  L.  ayithinus,  <  Gr.  av- 
Ikvur,  jjcrtaining  to  a  flower,  <  avdog,  a  flower.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  flower. 

anthine- (an'thin),  0.  [<  AntlmuE.]  Inornith., 
of  or  ])ertaining  to  the  Anthince,  or  pipits. 

anthotsian  (an-tho'bi-an),  n.  [<  NL.  Anthobii 
+  -an.]  A  beetle  of  the  group  Anthobii  (which 
see):  so  called  from  living  on  flowers  and  leaves. 

Anthobii  (an-tho'bi-i),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  an- 
thobius,  a.,  <  Gr.  avOor,  a  flower,  +  jliog,  life.]  In 
some  systems  of  classification  (as  LatreUle's),  a 
gi-oup  of  scarabseoid  lameUicom  beetles,  closely 
related  to  the  Hoplides,  but  having  the  two  di- 
visions of  the  labium  produced  beyond  the 
mentum,  the  elytra  with  rounded  tips  divaricat- 
ing from  each  other,  and  the  antennas  9-  or  10- 
jointed,  the  last  3  joints  constituting  the  clave- 
ola.  There  are  several  genera  and  many  species,  chiefly  of 
warm  enuntries,  living  upon  flowers  and  leaves. 

Anthobranchia  (an-tho-brang'ki-a),  )(.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avOog,  a  flower,  +  jipayxM,  gills.]  A 
suborder  of  nudibranchiate  gastropods,  with 
the  branchise  arranged  in  a  rosette  about  the 
anus,  whence  the  name.  It  includes  the  family 
Dori.did(e  and  related  forms.  .Also  called  Py- 
gobranehia. 

anthobranchiate  (an-tho-brang'ki-at),  a.  andn. 
[<  Anthobranchia  +  -ate'^.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  Anthobranchia. 
II.   H.   A  member  of  the  suborder  Antho- 
branchia. 

anthocarpous  (an-tho-kar'pus),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
thocarpus,  <  Gr.  avBog,  a  flower,  -t-  Kap-n-dr,  fruit: 
see  carpel.]  In  bot.,  characterized  by  thickened 
floral  envelops:  applied  to  certain  fruits,  in- 
stances of  anthocaipous  fruits  are  the  checkerberry  witli 
a  fleshy  calyx,  the  berry  of  the  yew  with  a  cup-like  disk, 
and  the  strawberrj'  with  fleshy  torus.  The  epithet  is  also 
applied  to  such  multiple  fruits  as  the  mulberry  and  pine- 
apple, which  are  dense  forms  of  inflorescence  with  the 
fleshy  floral  envelops  matted  together  about  the  ovaries, 
and  to  till'  li'j'.  the  colli' of  the  pine,  etc. 

Anthochaera  (an-tlio-ke'ra),  K.  [NL.,  irreg.  < 
Gr.  avUog,  a  flower,  +  x^'P^'^i  delight.]  A  ge- 
nus of  honey-birds,  of  the  family  Meliphagidm 
and  subfaniUy  MtUphaginee,  based  upon  the 
mottled  honey-eater  or  brush  wattle-bird  of 
Australia  {A.  carunculuta  or  A.  mclUrora),  de- 
scribed as  specially  fond  of  the  banksias,  upon 
the  blossoms  of  which  it  feeds.  It  has  a  peculiar- cry, 
resembling  the  syl- 
lables pooffwaruck, 
its  native  name. 
Viftors  and  Hors- 
/cW,  1826.  Formerly 
also  called  Crcadion. 

anthoclinium  Tfxx-nvnv  'y 

(an-tho-klin'i-  "-^vvi  llTOTc' ii 

um),  JI. ;  pi.  an- 
thoclinia  (-a). 
\mj.,<Gv.avek, 
a  flower,  +  K/ivri, 

abed:   see  clinic,  section  of  Head  or  Sunflo»cr. 

etc.  J       In    bot.,    a  «.  receptacle,  or  anthoclinium. 


anthocltnium 

name  for  a  receptacle  of  inflorescence,  such  as 
that  of  Compositce. 

Anthocorinae  (an-thok-o-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anthocoris  +  -iiia.']  A  subfamily  of  bugs,  of 
the  fauiilv  CimicUhv,  containing  chiefly  minute, 
narrowlv' oral,  and  narrow-headed  species  of 
a  shining-black  or  dull-brown  color,  marked 
w-ith  white. 

Anthocoris  (an-thok'o-ris),  «.  [Nil.,  <  Gr.  ai- 
(tof,  a  flower.  +  ndpic,  a  bug.]  A  genus  of  hct- 
eropterous  insects,  of  the  famUy  Lijgcvidfe.  or 
giving  name  to  a  subfamily  Antliocoriii<v  of  the 
family  t'imiddte,  having  the  autennje  filiform. 
It  contains  small  black  bugs  with  reddish  and 
white  marks.     See  cut  imder  floicer-bug. 

anthocyan  (an-tho-si'an).  H.  Same  as  antho- 
cyiiitiii. 

anthocyanin,  anthocyanine  (an-tho-si'a-nin), 

H.  [<  Gr.  iiiHoc,  a  flower,  +  aioiw,  blue.  +  -in". 
cif.  cyanin.'^  The  dissolved  coloring  matter  in 
blue  flowers. 

ailtllodiUin(an-th6'di-um),  n.\  -pi.  anihodia  (,-a). 
fXL.,  <  (Jr.  aiOilidr/i;:  see  anthoid.}  The  head,  or 
so-called  compound  flower,  of  Camjiosihc. 

anthogenesis  (an-tho-jen'e-sis),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avtior,  a  flower,  +  -jivecif,  production.]  A  mode 
of  reproduction  occurring  in  some  of  the  plant- 
lice,  or  PA  (/<<);»/(  MiVia.  in  which  there  intervenes 
a  form  furnishing  male  and  female  pupte  from 
which  sexual  individuals  arise.  Paume,  Zool. 
Class.,  p.  264. 

anthography  (an-thog'ra-fi),  h.  [<  Gr.  avdo(, 
a  flower.  +  --.paipia,  <  ■•,pa(pen',  write.]  That 
braueh  of  botany  which  treats  of  flowers;  a 
description  of  flowers. 

anthoid  (an'thoid).  <i.  [<  Gr.  "avBociSr/^,  contr. 
avffudr/i;,  like  a  flower,  <  ai'Oui;,  a  flower,  +  eldug, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  flower;  resem- 
bling a  flower. 

antholeucin,  antholeucine  (an-tho-lu'sin),  «. 

[<  Gr.  aMjc,  a  flower,  +  /.fixof,  white,  +  -in-.] 
The  dissolved  coloring  matter  in  white  flowers. 

antholite  (an'tho-lit),  ».  [<  Gr.  avlhc,  a  flower, 
-I-  //flof.  a  stone!]  In  (jeoh,  an  impression  on 
rocks,  as  on  the  shales  of  the  coal-measures, 
resembling,  or  supposed  to  resemble,  a  flower. 

anthological^  (an-tho-loj'i-kal),  o.  [<  antholu- 
(///l.]  Pertaining  to'an  anthology;  consisting 
of  beautiful  extracts,  especially  from  the  poets., 

anthological'-t  (au-tho-loj'i-kal),  «.  [<^(intlwl- 
<"/i/'-. )     Treating  of  flowers. 

anthologist  (an-thol'o-jist),  n.  [<  nntJioloyy'^ 
+  -ist.]     The  compiler  of  an  anthology. 

anthology^  (au-thol'o-ji),  «.  ;  pi.  anthologies 
(-jiz).  [<  Gr.  iivth'/ji}  ill,  LGr.  also  avfh/.6} lov,  a 
flower-gathering,  and  hence  a  collection  of  small 
poems,  <  av0o'/.6yocj  gathering  flowers,  <  avtior^  a 
flower,  +  '/.iyeiv  =  L.  legcrc,  gather,  read:  see 
lectiim,  legend,  etc.,  and  cf.  antlinlogy-.']  1.  A 
collection  of  flowers;    a  garland.     [Kare.]  — 

2.  A  collection  of  poems,  epigrams,  and  fugitive 
pieces  by  various  authors.  Tlie  immi;  was  origi- 
nally given  to  Greek  L-ollectiims  of  this  nature,  and  is 
henre  applied  \m  any  literary  collection  8{niilarly  made. 

3.  In  the  O-r.  ('Ii.,  a  selection  from  several  of 
the  official  service-books  of  such  parts  of  the 
Her\iccs  as  are  most  needed  by  the  laity. 

anthology^t  (an-thol'o-ji),  H.  [<  Gr.  avdur,  a 
flowi-r,  +  -'/oyia,  <  Myciv,  speak:  see  -olagy.']  A 
tn-utisH  on  flowers. 

antholysis  (an-thol'i-sis),  H.  [NL.,<Gr.  nvOor, 
a  tlowi-r, -I-  '/iair  a  breaking  U]),  a  loosening,  < 
/.i.eiv.  loosen.]  In  Iml.,  a  retrograde  metamor- 
phoHJH  of  the  organ.s  of  a  flower,  as  of  carpels 
into  staiiicris,  stamens  into  ])etals,  etc. 

anthomania  (an-tho-raa'ni-ji),  (1.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
&Mi:,,  a  (lower,  +  fuivia,  mania:  see  innnid.]  An 
©xtnivagnnt  fondness  for  flowers. 

Anthomedusa  (an'tho-mo-du'sji).  «.  fNL..  < 
Ur.  «>''''r,,  a  (lower,  +  S'L.  ntrdn.sa^  (|.  v. J  The 
tyjiiciil  genus  of  the  family  Anthinniilit.sidw. 

anthomeduaid  (an'tho-me-du'sid),  n.  An 
aciili|,h  ..r  il)c  family  Anthilmiduxidtr. 

Anthomedusidffi  (un'tho-mO-dii'si-do),  h.  pi. 
[.Nl..,  Aii'linniuduHa  +  -iilii.']  In  r«»7.,  a  fam- 
ily '  '■  '  '  'iitn  (which  see)  whoso  me- 
dn 


238 

any  circular  muscles,  the  tentacles  being  con- 
sequently non-retractile.  Kepmductive  organs  are 
present  uu  all  the  numerous  complete  septa ;  accessory 
tentacles  are  wanting. 
Anthomyia  (an-tho-mi'i-a),  H.  [NL.  (Meigen. 
1S26;  improp.  J«//((W«.vn,l)esvoid7-,  1830,  earlier 
in  a  perverted  form.  Anthoiny^ii,  Fallen.  1810), 
<  Gr.  aiSoc,  a  flower,  +  /Jvia,  a  fly,  akin  to  L.  miis- 
ca,  a  fly:  see  Miisca.}   A  genus  of  dipterous  in- 


anthotaxis 

1.  In  entoni.,  flower-lo\"i!ig,  as  a  bee. —  2.  Of  op 
pertaining  to  the  Antlmpliila. 
Anthophora  (an-thofo-rij),  H.    [NL.,  fem.  sing, 
(in  sense  2  neut.  pi.)  of  anthophorus :  see  antho- 


Tumip-fly  i^Anihomyia  radtcum).     (Cross  shOM-s natural  size.) 
a,  Iar\-a:  t,  pupa,  natural  size:  c,  pupa,  enlaiiged.    (After  Curtis.) 

sects,  typical  of  the  family  Anthomyidiv :  less 
commonly  in  the  perverted  form  Anthomyia.  it 
includes  numerous  species;  the  larvae  of  some  feed  upon 
garden  vegetaldes.  A.  brassica  is  the  cahhage-fly  ;  A.  tri- 
hmcidata  and  A.  radtcum  are  turniiJ-flies ;  A.  tubt-rova  at- 
taclis  potatoes. 

Anthomyidae  (an-tho-mi'i-de),  h.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Anthomyia  +  -ida: :  also  in  the  perverted  form 
Anthomyzidw  {Anthi>my:ides,  Latreille).]  In 
some  systems  of  classification,  a  familj'  of 
dipterous  insects,  corresponding  more  or  less 
exactly  to  the  Anthoniyzides  of  Latreille :  some- 
times merged  in  Mu.fciilo'. 

Anthomyza  (an-tho-mi'  zH),  n.  [NL..  a  per- 
verted form  for -fH(/iOH(y«(.]  1.  In  (•«<((»(.:  (a) 
Savae.  as  Anthomyia.  Fallen,  ISIO.  (t)  A  genus 
of  lepidopterous  insects.  Swainson,  1833. —  2. 
In  orniih.,  a  genus  of  meliphagine  birds,  whose 
tj-pe  is  A.  eceruleocephala  of  New  Zealand, 
named  by  Swainson  in  1837.  The  name,  being 
preoccupied  in  entomologj',  was  changed  to  An- 
thornis  by  G.  E.  Gray  in  1840. 

Anthomyzidae  (un-tho-mi'zi-de),  ii.  pi.    [NL., 

<  .liithiiniy-a,  1.  +  -idw.]    Same  as  Anthomyidw. 
Anthomyzides  (an-tho-mi'zi-dez),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

prop.  F.  pL,  equiv.  to  Anthoniy^ida.j  In  La- 
treille's  system  of  classification,  a  subtribe  of 
Muscides,  corresponding  closely  to  Anthomy- 
idiC.  It  is  composed  of  species  having  the  ajipearance 
of  conmion  tlies,  with  4-jointed  alidoinen,  non-vibratile 
wings,  and  short  antennae  ending  in  a  long  or  linear  joint, 
with  the  seta  mostly  plunnise. 
Anthonomus  (an-thon'o-mus),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
'uvlhvufiui;,  feeding  on  flowers  (foiuul  in  passive 
sense  avdovouoc  (proparoxj-tone),  having  its 
flowers  fed  on) ;  cf.  iivlhvoiidv,  feed  on  flowers, 

<  iwHoi;,  a  flower,  +  vificiv,  mid.  viinaOai,  feed, 
graze.]  A  genus  of  I'urcnliiinida;  or  snout- 
lieetles,  comprising  numerous  species  of  rather 
small  size,  distributed  over  all  parts  of  the 
globe  except  the  arctic  regions.  A  few  live  in  the 
huval  statu  in  the  galls  niaile  by  homopterous,  dipterous, 


Anthophore.  (From  Gray'i 
"  Genera  of  Plants  of  the 
United  States." 

Section  of  the  flower  of 
Si/fuf  Pfftnsy/vamtu,  en- 
l.irf^ed,   showing   the  antho. 

tihure  la)  within  the  calyx, 
«nrinj7  the  petals,  stamens, 
and  ovary. 


Tl. 

»hM. 

nip*       1  lo'  tl 

Ury  IfilyfM,   I'lit 

rtil/ji. 


Ihiy  are  witlioiil  olnlitlin.  nlili 

t<  ntfM'lefi,  ifoniKlN  on  tl lilt  I- 

;illd    nionlly   4    llldlnl    ,    n,,!- 
,    tlir^c  ini-dllnir    I'tid    <    ■nl  tlii 

•    not   Invenlcil   I.)  i  lilili ^ 

>  1  itioKtly  on  the  orillnnry  nlilncii 
I'Moiially  illrectly  from  the  hydro- 


Anthomorphldn  rnii-tho-inAr'fl-de),  »,  pi. 

[Nl.  ,  -"  •  In'hiimiiTpliii  (f)'(<  fir.  hiikn:,  a  flower, 


+ 
•n'l 


"/</.]  A  family  of  III /III- 
levejnpfil  iniiHciilur  HVHt<'in 
'iiiractilu  teutacles  without 


Apple.curculio(.^M/At>#r,>/«Mj^«rtrfri^iWw»). 
a,  natural  size ;   b,  lateral  view :   c,  donnl  view. 

or  hymeiioplerous  Insects;  others  live  lietwein  the  nn- 
oiielieil  leaves  of  various  trees;  while  the  niiijority  Infest 
the  (mil  or  secil-poils  of  Jilanls.  The  llpple  curculio,  .1. 
fjutiilrittihhuti  (.Say),  Is  it  familiar  exanil>le,  and  Is  illstin 
giilshetl  hy  the  four  sonii-whal  prominent  tuin-rcles  on  its 
elytra,  nnil  hy  Its  hiilentale  anterior  femora.  Tin-  hirvii  ol 
Anllionimiiunrv  more  arched  dontally  than  most  olln-r  riii 
•  iilloiild  larvie;  thev  imdtTgo  transformation  wllhin  ttir 
f  mil  or  plant  they  In'f.sl ;  ami  they  ilo  not  ■■nirr  tin- ground 
Anthophila(Hii-thof'i-Iil).  M.  /«/.  [NL.,  neut.))!. 
otaiilhuidiiliiM:  xrcanlhiiiihiliin.i.]  In  Lulreillc's 
Hyslcm  of  chiSHiliciitiiJii,  the  inellifiTous  lieu- 
lenl<!  Iiyinenoptcroiis  itiscM-ls;  tlie  lieeH;  a  syn- 
onym of  Millijrrii  (wliicli  Hcc).  It  is  commonly 
ili\'ideil  into  the  two  fiiinilies  A]>i)l(f  ami  .\ndrr- 

li'dil  , 

anthophilous   (an-lhofl-ltiB),  a.       [<   NIj,  an- 
Ihophtltu,  <  Gr.  avUu(,  u  llowor,  +  ^l>o(,  loving.] 


Mason  bee     -1  nthfifliora  s/OHsa).  and  tube  constructed  by  the  bee. 

phore.]  1.  Agenusof  bees,  of  the  family -Jjx'rfo'; 
one  of  several  genera  which  collect  pollen  by 
means  of  the  liind  tibia?,  and  which  are  known 
as  mason-bees.  -J.  s;)0"s«  is  an  example.  See 
mason-bcc. — 2.  [?.  c]  Plm'al  of  a«//ioj)/i»r«)H. 
anthophore  (an'tho-for),  «.  [<  NIj.  anthopho- 
riiin,  prop.  neut.  of  anthDjihorii.i,  <  Gr.  av6o(fi6poc, 
bearing  flowers,  <  drWof,  a  flower,  +  -<p6poc,  bear- 
ing, <  ipepeiv  =  E.  ?)c«rl.]  In  hot.,  a  form  of  floral 
stipe,  produced  by  the 
elongation  of  the  inter- 
node  between  the  calyx 
and  the  corolla,  and  bear- 
ing the  corolla,  stamens, 
and  pistil,  as  in  the  catch- 
fly  (t<ilenc).  Also  called 
anthophorum. 

anthophorous  (an-thof'o- 

rus).  </.  [<NL.  (iH?/ioyi//o- 
rus,  <  Gr.  av6o(p6poc,  bear- 
ing flowers:  see  antho- 
jihiirc  and  -o«.s-.]  Bearing 
flowers. 

anthophorum  (au-thof'o- 

rum),  H.;  pi.  anthojihora 
(-ra).  [NL.]  SameasoM- 
thoithnrc. 

antnophyllite     (an-tho- 

firil),  n.  [<  NL.  antho- 
jiliyllnni,  a  clove  (witli  al- 
lusion to  the  color),  <  Gr. 
avSof,  a  flower,  +  (fivXAov,  leaf,  =  L.  folinni :  see 
Julio.]  A  mineral,  allied  to  auiphibole  or  horn- 
blende, oi'curring  in  radiating  columnar  aggre- 
gates.    It  is  ovthorhombie  in  crystallization. 

anthophyllitic  (an  fho-ti-lit'ik),  «.  [<anllio- 
l>hyllilr  +  -(('.]  Pertaining  to  anthophyllite,  or 
containing  it. 

Anthophysa  (an-tho-fi'za),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
Hur,  a  flower,  -I-  tjivaa,  a  breath,  bubble.]  A  genus 
of  pantostomatons  infusorians,  of  the  grou)>  /)('- 
maatiga,  containing  billagelliile  monads  which 
are  united  in  colonies  of  several  zoiiids. 

Anthoptilidse  (an-thop-til'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  .iiilhtijililiin  -h  -ida:]  A  family  of  spicatcous 
pennatuloid  polyps  without  rachiiil  pimniles, 
with  poIjTis  sessile  on  both  sidi's  of  tlie  riichis 
in  distinct  rows,  and  witlioiit  cells. 

Anthoptilon  (an-tlKiji'li-lon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
iiriiu.-.  tlower,  +  -ti'/iiv,  feiilher,  wing.]  A  genus 
(d  iiiily]is,  re]iresou(ing  the  family  .Intliojitilida: 

antnorism  (an'tho-rizm),  »,  [<f  NL.  anlharis- 
innn,  <  (ir.  iivthpinpvr,  cdiiiiter-tlennition,  <  iivlki- 
piZeiv,  make  a  counter-ileliiiition,  <  itvO-,  i'iit-  for 
"it/,  against,  counter  to,  -Hi'^kC"!',  limit,  bound, 
ili'hne:  seeHoW-(i».J  In  rliil.,n  ileseription  or 
liednit  ion  contrary  to  thnt  which  has  liceii  given 
liy  (Pile's  o)i|)oni>iit. 

anthorismus  (an-tho-riz'mus),  H.  Same  as  aii- 
tliitristn. 

anthosiderite  (an-tho-sid'e-rit),  II.  [<  (ir.  (irHof, 
n  flower,  -i-  nnh/pirr/r,  of  iron:  see  Kidrrilc]  A 
niitive  silicate  of  iron,  of  an  ocherous-yellow 
color,  inclining  to  yellowish-brown,  ami  Iniving 
:\  (iliious  nnliated  slriicture,  founil  in  Miiizil. 

Anthosoma  (nn-llio-so'inii),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr.  iiiHiif, 
n  (lower,  +  nulla,  ii  body. )  A  genus  of  siplio- 
nostoinons  jiarnsitic  cniNtaceans,  giving  mime 
111  »  fiiniily  .Inlliiisiiniido'.  A  species,  .1.  mnithi, 
\^  fiiunii  uiion  sluirks. 

Anthoaomidse  (an-lho-so'mi-de),  H.  J)^     [NL., 

<  .Inlhi/.Hiinia  +  -Ida.]  A  family  of  Hijilionosto- 
moiiM  luirnsilic  crustaceiuiH,  lyjiilied  by  (he  ge- 
nus .\iithiisnina. 

anthotaxi8(nn-tho-(ak'8i8),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.ni'Woc, 
11  tlower,  +  Taiic,  order,  <  Tooffcir, arrange,  order: 


anthotaxis 

see  tactic.']  In  bot.,  the  arrangement  of  flowers 
on  the  axis  of  growth:  same  as  inflorescence. 

anthotaxy  (an'tho-tak-si),  ".  Same  as  antho- 
taxis. 

anthoxanthin,  anthoxanthine  (an-tho-zan  - 

thin),  n.  [<  Gr.  avUoc,  a  flower,  +  favedf,  yellow 
(see  xaittliin),  +  -ra^.]  The  yellow  or  orange 
coloring  matter  of  yellow  flowers  and  fruit,  a 
modification  of  ehlorophyl. 

Anthozoa  (au-tho-z6'ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
avOuc,  a  tlower,  +  COov,  pi.  Cv«,  an  animal :  see 
soon.']  The  flower-animals,  or  animal-flowers ; 
a  former  class  or  large  group  of  zoophytes,  in- 
exactly cciuivalent  to  the  modern  class  Acti- 
no::oil  (which  see).  By  some,  who  have  inchlded  the 
Polyzoa  under  zoophytes,  Anthozoa  has  been  made  the 
other  and  prime  division  of  zoopliytes,  .and  has  been  di- 
vided into  Hydnmta,  Astcroida,  and  llelmnthciida.  The 
Anthozoa  liave  aLso  lieen  divi<ied  inti»  Actiniulte,  Zoan- 
thulif,  XeniuUv,  Ak!ionii<lie,  r''tumtuUdce,  Tuhiporidce, 
Cari/ophijUidfe,  and  Gor;yoniuke. 

antiiozoan  (au-tho-z6'an),  a.  and  n.     [<  Antho- 
:oa  +  -an.\    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Anthozoa  ;  anthozoic. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Anthozoa;  an  anthozoon. 

anthozoic  (an-tho-zo'ik),  a.  [<  Anthozoa  +  -ic.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anthozoa ;  zoophytic. 

anthozooid  (an-tho-zo'oid),  ».  [<  Anthozoa  + 
-oiel.  Cf.  zoditl.~\  An  individual  polyp  of  a 
polypi  dora ;  an  actinozoon  of  the  compoimd  Ac- 
tinozoa,  formed  by  budding  in  a  zoanthodeme  ; 


Anthozof^ids. 
End  of  a  branch  of  red  coral  of  commerce.  Corailium  ruln-um, 
with  three  anthozo5ids,  ^.  B.  C.  in  different  degrees  of  expansion : 
*,  mouth  ;  a,  that  part  of  the  coenosarc  which  rises  into  a  cup  around 
the  base  of  each  anthozooid. 

one  of  the  individual  zooids  borne  upon  the 
coenosarc  of  the  compound  Zoantharia.  Thus,  in 
a  piece  of  coral  each  of  the  numerous  little  animalswhich 
build  up  the  coral  mass  is  an  anthozooid. 

anthozoon  (an-tho-z6'on),  «. ;  pi.  anthozoa  (-a). 
[NL.,  sing,  of  Anthozoa.]  One  of  the  Anthozoa. 

anthracene  (an'thra-seu),  n.  [<  anthrax  (an- 
thrac-),  coal,  +  -ene.]  Ahydrocarbon  (C14H10) 
found  in  coal-tar,  and  extracted  from  the  last 
portion  of  the  distillate  from  this  substance 
by  chilling  and  pressure,  it  is  purified  by  redis- 
tillation, and  forms  white  crystalline  laminfe  which  melt 
at  415°  F.  It  is  of  Kreat  commercial  value,  being  the  base 
frolii  which  artificial  alizarin  is  prepared.  See  alizarin. 
Alan  written  ftnthracln. 

anthraceniferous  (an"thra-se-ni£'e-rus),  a. 
[<  anthracene  +  -i-ferous.]  Containing  or  yield- 
ing anthracene. 

By  whatever  means  the  crude  anthraceniferous  mass 
has  been  obtained,  it  must  be  submitted  to  a  process  of 
purification.  Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  72. 

anthraces,  ».     Plural  of  anthrax. 

anthracic  (an-thras'ik),  a.  [<  anthrax  (anthrac-) 
+  -ic]   Of  or  pertaining  to  the  disease  anthrax. 

Anthracidse  (an-thras'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
thrax (Anthrac-)  +  -ida:.]  A  family  of  dipterous 
insects,  of  the  old  group  Tani/stomata,  contain- 
ing the  genera  Anthrax,  Lomatia,  Bomiylius, 
etc. :  now  called  Bomhi/liidm  (which  see). 

anthraciferous  (an-thra-sif'e-rus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
ivdpaf  (avdpaK-)  for  anthracite,  q.  v.,  +  L.  ferre 
=  E.  iearl.]  Yielding  anthracite:  applied  to 
geological  strata. 

anthracin  (an'thra-sin),  n.  [<  anthrax  {an- 
thrac-) +  -j«2.]    Same  as  anthracene. 

anthracite  (au'thra-sit),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  av- 
(IpaniTr/c,  a  kind  of  precious  stone,  fem.  avOpaaiTic, 
a  kind  of  coal;  prop,  adj.,  coal-like;  <  avBpai 
(avdpan-),  a  (burning)  coal,  charcoal,  stone-coal: 
see  antnrax.]  I.  «.  A  variety  of  mineral  coal 
(see  coal)  containing  but  little  hydrogen,  and 
therefore  burning  almost  without  flame,  it  is 
nearly  pure  carbon,  containing  usually  over  90  and  some- 
times as  much  as  95  per  cent,  of  that  substance.  It  is 
hard  (hence  often  called  hard  coal  in  distinction  from  soft 
or  bituminous  coal),  breaks  with  a  conchoidal  fracture, 
and  has  a  deep-black  color  and  brillijint  luster.  It  occurs 
in  large  quantity  in  eastern  Pennsylvania,  where  it  is  ex- 
tensively mined,  and  is  almost  the  exclusive  fuel  used  in 
the  large  cities  and  manufactories  of  New  York  and  New 
England.  It  also  occurs  in  the  South  Wales  coal-fields 
in  large  quantities,  and  in  many  other  localities,  but  is 


239 

nowhere  of  so  much  practical  importance  aa  in  the  eastern 
fniteil  States, 

II.  a.  Coal-black:  as,  the  anthracite  hawk, 
Vnil>itin<i(i  anthracina. 
anthracitic  (an-thra-sit'ik),  a.      [<  anthracite 
+  -ic]     Pertainingto,  having  the  nature  of,  or 
resembling  anthracite. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  these  (igneous)  rticks  the  coal 
has  been  altered  into  an  anthracitic  material. 

lluxtey,  Physiography,  xiv. 

anthracitous  (an'thr,vsi-tuR),  a.  [<  anthracite 
-1-  -()».«.]  Containing  or  characterized  by  an- 
thracite.    X.  IC.  J). 

anthracnose  (an-thrak'nos),  n.  [F.,  prop,  "an- 
thraeonosc,  <  Gr.  avdpa^,  a  carbuncle  (see  an- 
thrax), +  rdffof,  disease.]  A  disease  of  grape- 
vines which  affects  the  leaves,  the  young  stems, 
and  the  green  berries,  and  is  caused  by  a  fun- 
gus, Sphaceloma  ampeliniim. 

anthracoid  (an'thra-koid),  a.  [<  Gr.  avdpa^ 
(avdpriK-)  (see  anthrax)  +  tiiSof,  form.]  1.  Re- 
sembling or  of  the  nature  of  anthrax. — 2.  Re- 
sembling the  precious  stone  carbuncle. 

anthracokali  (an"thra-k6-ka'li),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr. 
av6pa^  (avdpaK-),  coal,  +  NL.  cali,  kali :  see 
kali,  alkali.]  A  pharmaceutical  preparation 
made  by  adding  porphyrized  anthracite  to  a 
boiling  solution  of  caustic  potash.  Sulphur  is 
sometimes  added  with  tlie  coal.  It  is  used  both  internally 
and  externally  in  cases  of  scrofula,  rheumatism,  and  cer- 
tain herpetic  affections. 

anthracolite  (an-thrak'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  avOpa^ 
(avdpaK-),  coal,  +  ?ii6o;,  stone.  Cf.  anthracite.] 
Same  as  anthraconite. 

anthracomancy  (an'thra-ko-man'si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avBpa^  (avHpoK-),  a  coal,  +  pavrcia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  means  of  burning  coals. 

anthracometer  (an-thra-kom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
av6pa^  (ni'OpaK-),  charcoal  (carbon),  +  /lirpov, 
measure .]  An  instrimient  for  ascertaining  the 
quantity  of  carbonic  acid  present  in  any  gaseous 
mi.xtui'e. 

anthracometric  (an"thra-ko-met'rik),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  anthracometer,  or  to  its  use. 

anthraconite  (an-thrak'o-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  dr- 
BpaKuv,  a  heap  of  charcoal,  hot  embers  (<  av6pa^, 
charcoal),  +  -ite-.]  The  name  given  to  varie- 
ties of  calcareous  spar  (caleite),  darkly  colored 
by  the  presence  of  carbonaceous  matter. 

Anthracosaurus(an"thra-ko-sa'rus),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  av6pa^  (avdpaK-),  coal,  +  navpof,  a  lizard: 
see  saurian.]  A  genus  of  extinct  amphibians, 
of  the  order  Labyrinthodon  ta,  discovered  in  the 
Carboniferous  strata  of  Scotland.  The  head 
measured  18  inches  in  length.     Huxley,  1863. 

anthraCOSiS  (an-thra-ko'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
6pa^  (avdpaK-),  coaX,  +-osis.]  A  pulmonary  affec- 
tion produced  by  the  inhalation  of  coal-dust, 
as  by  colliers.  The  particles,  taken  into  the  tissues  of 
the  lungs,  are  apt  to  jiroduce  more  or  less  infiammation 
in  tlie  form  of  bronchitis  or  dilfusc  pneumonitis. 

anthracothere  (an'thra-ko-ther),  )i.  An  ani- 
mal of  the  genus  Anthracotlicrium  and  family 
Anthracotheriida;. 

anthracotberiid  (an'thra-ko-the'ri-id),  n.  A 
hoofed  mammal  of  the  family  Anthracotheriida;. 

Anthracotheriidse  (an"thra-ko-the-ri'i-<le),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Anthracotherium  -I-  -idee.]  A  fam- 
ily of  fossil  omnivorous  artiodactyl  mammals, 
related  to  the  existent  pigs  and  peccaries.  It 
contains  two  subfamilies,  Hyopotaminw  and 
Anthracotheriime  (which  see). 

Anthracotheriinae  (an"thra-ko-the-ri-i'ne),  n. 
pi.  l'iih.,<  Anthracotheriitm'+  -inw.]  The  typi- 
cal subfamily  of  the  A  n  th  raeothpriidm.  It  differs 
from  the  otiier  subfamilyHi/nj«)^i  in  imp  in  having  the  four 
upper  premolars  all  ditferentiatcd  from  the  true  molars, 
and  each  witli  a  conical  crown  and  a  small  inner  lobe.  It 
contains  the  genera  Anthracotherium  (Cuvier)  and  £lo- 
therium  (Pomel),  and  i)erhaps  others. 

Anthr acotherioidea  (an"thra-ko-the-ri-oi'- 
de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Anthracotherium  +  -oidea.] 
a'  s'uperfamily  group  foimded  by  Gill,  1872,  for 
the  reception  of  the  family  Anthracotheriidte. 

Anthracotherium  (an"thra-ko-the'ri-um),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avdpaS  (avdpaK-),  coal,  +  Br/piov,  a  wild 
beast,  <  d^p,  a  wild  beast.]  The  tyjncal  genus 
of  the  AnthracothcriintT  and  Anthracotheriida' 
(which  see) :  so  called  from  having  been  found 
in  the  Miocene  anthracite  or  lignite  of  Tuscany. 
The  extinct  .  .  .  Anthracotherium  .  .  .  had  the  t>*pical 
dental  formula  [of  artiodactylsl,  and  this  is  preserved  in 
the  existing  representative  of  the  non-ruminant  artiodac- 
tyles,  the  hog.  Owen,  Comp.  Anat.,  III.  343. 

anthraquinone  (an"thra-kwi-n6n'),  «•  [<  ""- 
thra(cenr)  -1-  quinone.]  A  product  (C14H8O2) 
obtained  from  anthracene  by  the  action  of  oxi- 
dizing agents.    From  it  alizarin  is  prepared. 

anthrax  (an'thraks),  n. ;  pi.  anthraces  (an'thra- 
sez).     [<  L.  anthrax,  a  virulent  ulcer,  carbuii- 


.■Inr/ir, 
Beetle  and  pupa,  magnified. 


anthropogenic 

cle,  also  cinnabar,  <  Gr.  avdpa^,  a  (burning)  coaL 
a  precious  stone,  a  virulent  ulcer ;  origin  tinoer- 
tain.]  1.  In  jiathol.,  a  carbuncle  of  any  sort. 
See  phrases  below. — 2.  [_caj>.]  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  dipterous  insects,  giving  name  to  a  family 
Antliracidw  (which  see):  now  jjlaced  in iioMi//- 
liida!, — 3.  Litlianthrax,  or  pit-  or  stone-coal. — 
Mali^ant  anthrax,  a  dc.-^tiuctive  infectious  disease  of 
l)ruti's,  and  sniiniinicsnf  man,  wliich  is  associated  with  and 
sccnistn  depend  lip, .u  tin-  presence  in  the  blood  and  tissues 
of  aminutc  organism,  /lai-ifh'.^aiiffirari^.  Alsocallrd  xjite- 
nic/evcr,  carbuncnlar/ri'-r  rarhini-i-',  ittali-nnntl  pjislate, 
wool-Horters' diaeane,  churhnn,  iiutzhraiol. —  Symptomatic 
anthrax,  an  infectious  and  usually  fatal  disease,  not  un- 
common in  cattle.  It  is  diaracterized  by  hemorrhage  into 
the  sul)cut,aneous  and  intermuscular  areolar  tissues  of  the 
limbs,  and  exliibita  a 
bacillus  distinct  from 
the  Uacillu^  anthracit. 
Also  called  uuarter- 
evil,  quarter-ill,  black- 
Ifff,  black  quarter,  black 
i^jiaitl  h(:,<i<hj  uiurrain, 
ril,i,,l,l,i-,ind. 

Anthrenus  (an- 
thre'nu8),n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avdpr/vTi,  a 
hornet,  wasp;  of. 
avdpjjduv,  a  hornet, 
Tevdpt/VT/,  TcvdpySuVf 
a  hornet,  orig.  any  buzzing  insect;  cf.  drone. 
See  Ayidrenidw.']  A  notable  genus  of  beetles, 
of  the  family  Vermestidce,  certain  species  of 
which  are  well  known  as  museum  pests.  Such 
are  A.  varius  (Fabricius)  and  A.  museeorum,  small  gray 
species  spotted  with  brown,  which  do  great  injury  to  col- 
lections of  nattu-al  history.  A.  ftcrophularice,  a  larger  spe- 
cies, black,  red,  and  white,  is  known  as  the  carpet-beetle 
and  buffalo-bug,  and  is  very  destructive  to  carpets  and 
other  woolen  fabrics.  See  cut  under  carpet-beetle. 
anthribid  (an'thri-bid),  «.  A  beetle  of  the 
family  Anthribidie. 
Anthfibidse  (an-thrib'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
thribwi  +  -id(e.]  A  family  of  rhynchophorous 
Coleoptera,  typified  by  the  genus  Anthribus. 
These  snout-beetles  have  a  strong  fold  on  the  inner  face 
of  each  elytron,  the  pygidium  in  both  sexes  undivided  and 
normal,  the  last  spiracle  uncovered,  the  tibia;  not  serrate, 
and  tlie  straight  antennae  with  10  or  11  joints. 
Anthribus  (an'thri-bus),  H.  [NL.  (Geoffroy, 
1764),  also  Anthribidiis a,nd Aiithotrihidu^,  appar. 
<  Gr.  avOoQ,  a  flower;  the  second  element  is  not 
clear.]  A  genus  of  rhynchophorous  beetles, 
giving  name  to  the  family  Anthribidce. 
anthropic  (an-throp'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  av6p<jmtK6(, 
of  man,  human,  <  avdpu-oc,  a  man,  a  human  be- 
ing; perhaps  for  "avdpuyroc,  lit.  having  a  human 
face  or  appearance,  <  avr)p  (avdp-),  a  man,  +  Cnjj 
(uT-),  face,  countenance,  eye:  see  andro-  and 
optic]  Belonging  to  man;  manlike;  sprung 
from  man ;  human. 

If  we  leave  the  region  of  formulas  and  go  back  to  the 
practical  effect  of  religion  on  human  conduct,  we  must 
be  driven  to  the  conclusion  that  the  future  of  religion  is 
to  be,  not  only  what  every  real  religion  has  ever  been, 
anthropomorphic,  but  frankly  anthropic. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  451. 

anthropical  (an-throp'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
thropic. 

Antnropida(an-throp'i-da),  n.j)Z.  [NL.]  Same 
as  Anthrojioidea. 

Anthropidse  (an-throp'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dvdpciTToc,  a  man,  a  human  being,  -1-  -ida.]  The 
human  race,  zoologically  rated  as  a  family  of 
the  superfamily  Anthropoidea ;  the  Hominidce 
(which  see).  The  family  contains  the  single 
genus  and  species  man  (Honio  sapiens). 

anthropo-.  [<  Gr.  avdpu^oc,  a  man,  a  human  be- 
ing: see  anthropic]  The  first  element  of  many 
compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  man. 

anthropobiology  (an"thro-p6-bi-ol'o-ji),  n. 
[<  Gr.  avBpuiroQ,  man,  +  biology.]  Anthropol- 
ogy; the  biology  of  man;  the  life-history  of 
man,  in  a  broad  sense. 

To  this  extensive  study,  the  old  anthropology,  ...  we 
may  apply  the  term  Anthropo-biolocry,  or  the  biologj-  of 
man.  Srnithsonmn  Rep.,  18S1,  p.  499. 

anthropocentric  (an"thro-po-sen'trik),  a.  [< 
Gr.  mvpuTvog,  man,  +  Kevrpov,  center,  -(-  -ic] 
Regarding  man  as  the  central  fact  of  creation ; 
assuming  man  to  be  the  final  aim  and  end  of 
creation. 

anthropogenesis  (an'thro-po-jen'e-sis),  w. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  avdpu'oc,  man,  +  yiveai^,  genera- 
tion.] The  genesis,  origination,  or  evolution  of 
man :  applied  both  to  the  development  of  the 
individual  (ontogenesis)  and  the  development 
of  the  race  (phylogenesis).  Also  called  anthro- 
poqony,  anthropogeny. 

anthropogenetic  (an'thro-po-je-net'ik),  a.  [< 
anthropogenesis.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  anthro- 
pogenesis. 

anthropogenic  (an"thro-po-jen'ik).  a.  [<  an- 
thropogeny.  ]    Of  or  pertaining  to  authropogeny. 


antliropogenist 

anthropogenist  (an-thro-poj'e-nist),  n.  [<  an- 
thrupoiitiiij  +  -ist.']  An  adherent  of  modern 
biolo^eal  doetiines  respecting  anthropogeny. 

anthropogeny  (an-thro-poj'e-ni),  n.     [As  if 

<  Gr.  'aifpuTo;.  iveta,  <  av6p:j-o-,  tvi/^,  bom  of  man, 

<  av6pu~o(,  man,  +  yivo^,  birth.]  1.  Same  as 
anthropogenesis. — 2.  The  siim  of  human  know- 
ledge concerning  the  development  of  man. 
Also  called  anthropogony. 

In  this  mighty  '-war  of  culture,"  aflfecting  as  it  does 
the  whole  historj'  of  the  World,  and  in  which  we  may  well 
deem  it  an  honour  to  take  part,  no  better  ally  than  Anthro- 


240 

anthropolite  (an-throp'o-Ut),  n.  {=¥.anthro- 
■polifhe,  <  Gr.  ai'6pu~oc,  man,  +  ?./6of,  a  stone.] 
A  petrifaction  of  the  human  body  or  skeleton, 
or  of  parts  of  the  body,  produced  by  the  in- 
crusting  action  of  calcareous  waters,  and  there- 
fore not  a  true  fossil. 

antiropolithic  (an'thro-po-lith'ik),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  authropol'ites ;  characterized  by 
the  presence  of  jietrified  himian  remaius. 

This  much,  however,  is  certain,  that  the  true  develop- 
ment of  human  culture  dates  only  from  the  Aiithrupn- 
«"i'c  Epoch.  Haeckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  l(i. 

jxweni/ can,  it  seems  to  me,  be  brought  to  the  assistance  of  „«4.v«-,„_i«,^« /„    //at    -       -   ,    .  / .,  \  ,-. 

imigfUng truth.  anthropologic  (an"thro-po-loj'ik),  o.      [<(7«- 

//a€fie;,  EvoL  of  Man  (trans.),  Pref.,  p.  x.\iii.     thniiuiloyy  +  -ic :  =F.  aiithropologique.']     Of  or 
antllTOpoglot   (an'thro-po-glot),   n.     [<   Gr.     Pertaining  to  anthropology;  of  the  nature  of 
avOpo~o'//.i^7roc,  ai'dpuin6y7jxao^,    having    man's     anthropology. 

tOTXSueXai-OpuTToc,  man, +  r/"ffTa  =  Attic  y'/.ur-a.       .  S"''''  subtle  ayithropolofficmsiom  as  the  Ode  on  the  In- 
thelon^e :  see  gloss,  qlottis.-]    An  animal  which     ""'i"™'^  "^  '""'•'rtf  t^-  Si"ff-*<J,  Misc.,  I.  219. 

has  a  tongue  resembling  that  of  man,  as  the  antiropological  (an"thro-po-loj'i-kal),  a.    Per- 
parrot.  taimng  or  relatmg  to  anthropologj-,  or  the  nat- 

anthropogony   (an-thro-pog'o-ni),  ».      [<  Gr.     ^al  liistory  of  man:  as,  OH«)rojw%icnZ  facts; 
aitlpa-oyovia,  the  begetting  of  inen,  the  origin  of     thoA}itliro2>oJoflical  Society, 
men,  <ui*p(,K7oc,  man, +  ->oTOf,  <■/»;«',  produce,  anthropologist  (an-thro-pol'o-jtst),  n.     [<  a«- 
Ct.  theogomj.']     1.  Qame  &s  anthropogenesis.  fliropohgi/ + -ist.]  One  who  studies  or  is  versed 

The  word  anfAropo^oni/,  used  first  by  Josephus,  means     ™  J'Hthropology.  _       ,,.  ..^  ,     „ 

.  .  .  only  "  the  generation  of  man."  anthropology  (an-thro-pol'o-jOi  »•     [=F.  a«- 

Haeclcd,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  459.     thropologie,  <  Gr.  as  if  *avdpu7To'Aoyia,  a  speaking 
2.  Same  as  anthropogeny,  2.  of  man,  <  avOpuiroMyog,  speaking  of  man,  <  avdpo}- 

anthropography  (an-thro-pog'ra-fi),  H.  [=P.  ^o(,  man,  +  ?Jyew,  speak:  see -ology.^  1.  The 
aiithropograjihie,  <.Gr.  aitlpu-og  + -ypaipia,  <.ypa- 
^n;  write,  describe.  C'f.  Gr.  m'6pu-oypd(poc,  a 
painter  of  ifien,  a  portrait-painter.]  A  descrip- 
tion of  man  or  of  the  human  race ;  more  par- 
ticularly, that  branch  of  anthropology  which 
treats  of  the  actual  distribution  of  the  varieties 
of  the  human  race,  as  distinguished  by  physical 
character,  institutions,  and  customs,  including 
language.  See  ethnography. 
anthropoid  (an'thro-poid),  a.  and  h.  [<  Gr. 
avdpuKocMic,  like  a  man,  in  human  shape,  < 
ai'Spurrof,  a  man,  +  fWof,  form,  shape.]  I.  a.  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  superfamily  Anihro- 
poidea ;  man-like ;  human  or  simian  in  a  zoo- 
logical sense :  applied  to  all  monkeys  as  well  as 
to  man,  as  distinguished  from  the  lemuroid  or 
prosimian  Primates. —  2.  More  speeifieally,  re- 
sembling man,  or  man-like,  as  one  of  the  higher 
monkeys  or  apes,  as  distinguished  from  lower 
monkeys:  applied  to  the  apes  of  the  family 
SimiifUe,  as  restricted  to  include  only  the  go"- 
rilla,  chimpanzee,  orang,  and  gibbon,  these  be- 
ing commonly  known  as  the  anthropoid  apes. 

The  gorilla  is  now  generally  regarded  as  the  most  human 
of  the  anthropoid  apes.  U.  A.  yicholsmn, 

U.  11,  An  anthropoid  animal;  one  of  the 
higher  monkeys;  au  ape. 

Chronolosically  this  (called  by  French  archaeologists  the 
Epoch  of  Robcnhausen)  is  regarded  as  the  first  epoch  of 
the  appearance  of  man  on  the  globe,  the  previous  imple- 
ment usiiii;  .'inimals  being  probably  anthroimids. 

Science,  IV.  438. 

anthropoidal  (an-thro-poi'dal),  a.     Of  anthro- 

[loiil  nature  or  structure.     W.  E.  D. 
Anthropoidea  (an-tliro-poi'de-ii),  n.  pi.    [NL. : 

see  anthropoid.]       la' :ool.,  biio  of  two  sulj-  .-Iv''- 

orders,  the  other  being  Lcmuroiden,  into  which  '*"'''i'" 

the  order  Primates  has  been  divided.    The  group 

contains  man  anrl  monkeys,  as  distinguished  from  the 

lemun.    Their  zoological  characters  are  :  a  cerebrum  with 

\Xa  p<j»terior  lobe  much  developed  and  wholly  or  mostly 

covering  the  cerebelluiri ;  a  lacrynial  foramen  within  the 

orbit;  an  orbit  completed  by  siitnre  o(  the  malar  and  ali- 

sphenoid  bones;  cars  rounded,  wilha  dLstinet  lobule:  and. 

In  the  firiinle,  strh'tly  pectoral  teat.<.  undivided  uterus, 

and  an  Imperforate  clltorin.     Also  written  Anlhriipiiia. 
Anthropoidesfau-thro-poi'dez),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 


alogy  deals  with  questions  relating  to  anthropomorphito  (air  thrd-po-mor'fit),  H.  and 
o°eSs'S'^nd'?;;'e^^L1r"'""'     "■     t<  ^L.  ,,««,n>po«..r,,/.7».  \,i.,  <  Gr.;<;V(J,«™- 

pi.,  heretics  wlio  believed  m  a  <>od 


science  of  man  or  of  mankind,  it  includes  the 
study  of  man's  agreement  with  aud  divergence  from  other 
animals;  of  his  physical  structure  and  intellectual  nature  ; 
of  the  various  tribes  of  men  with  reference  to  tlicir  origin,' 
customs,  etc.;  and  of  the  general  physical  and  nieiitai 
development  of  the  human  race.  Ant"liiopul..My  thus  in- 
cludes physiology,  psychology,  sociology,  ilhii(ii,i-y,  etc., 
putting  under  contribution  all  sciences  «  hidi  have  man 
for  their  object.  By  .some  it  has  been  divided  into  — (a) 
zottUnncal  anthrijpolDfjfi,  a\  bich  investigates  man's  relations 
to  the  brute  creation;  ili)J,:-;ci-i/ftieeanthrojtolori>i,orethnol- 
op;/,  which  describes  the  divisions  and  groups  of  mankind  ; 
(c)  riciieral  anthroiiohujii,  or,  as  M.  Broca  calls  it,  "the  biol- 
ogy of  the  human  race."    As  a  department  of  systematic 

theology,  anthropot         "  '" 

the  origin,  nature 

especially  to  the  doctrines  ot  sm  ana  tree  agency. 
2.  A  treatise  on  the  science  of  man. — 3t.  An- 
thropomorphism (which  see). 
anthropomancy  (an'thro-po-man'''si),  H.   [=F. 

(Uithroponiancic,  <  (xr.  avdpurror,  man,  +  fiavreia, 
dirination.  C'f.  necromancy.']  Divination  by 
inspecting  tlie  entrails  of  a  human  being, 
anthropometer  (an-thro-pom'e-ter),  H.  [<  an- 
tUropomctnj.  Vt.  geometer.]  One  who  studies 
or  practises  anthropometry. 

As  he  stands  before  us  now,  man  is  an  animal  ...  ex- 
hibiting in  his  adult  form  those  cliaraetciistics  which  en- 
gage the  attention  of  the  anatomist,  the  ptiysinl,,i;ist,  antl 
the  anthropometer.  .S'//ii(/iso«m;i  Jiej'i.,  Issl,  p,  499. 

anthropometric  (an"thrr>-po-met'rik),  a.    [< 

anthrupomctiy  +  -ic]  Pertaining  or  relating 
to  tlie  proportions  of  the  human  body;  relating 
to  antliropometry. 

tlver  a  hundred  anthropometric  observations  were  taken 
on  indiviiluals  of  all  ages  and  both  sexes.    Seicnec,  III.  UiS. 

anthropometrical   (an"thro-po-mot'ri-kal),    a 
[<  iinllirii/iiijiii iri(-  +  -al.] 
mi  trii 


anthropomorphous 

The  treatment  he  has  received  — either  from  his  fellow- 
beings  or  from  a  power  which  he  is  prone  to  think  of  on- 
throponiorphicallii.        11.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  51s. 

anthropomorphism  (an'thro-po-mor'fizm),  «. 

lA^  (inthropoDiorjihous  +  -ism.]  '  1.  The  ascrip- 
tion of  human  attriljutes  to  supernatural  or 
di-mie  beings;  in  tlieol.,  the  conception  or  rep- 
resentation of  God  with  human  qualities  and 
affections,  or  in  a  human  shape.  Anthropomor- 
phism is  founded  in  man's  inability  to  conceive  beings 
above  himself  otherwise  than  in  his  own  likeness.  It  de- 
termines the  growth  and  form  of  all  human  religions,  from 
the  lowest  up  to  the  highest :  as  where  the  Scriptures  speak 
of  the  eye,  the  ear,  and  the  hand  of  God,  of  his  seeing  an.l 
hearing,  of  his  remembering  and  forgetting,  of  his  makine 
man  in  liis  own  image,  etc. 

Although  Milton  was  undoubtedly  a  high  Arian  in  his 
mature  life,  he  does,  in  the  necessity  of  poetry,  give  a 
greater  objectivity  to  the  Father  and  the  Son  than  lie 
would  have  justified  in  argument.  He  was  wise  in  adopt- 
ing the  strong  anthropomorphism  of  the  Hebrew  Sirip- 
tures  at  once.  Coleridge,  Table-Talk,  p.  293. 

2.  The  conception  of  animals,  plants,  or  nature 
in  general,  by  analogy  with  man:  commonly 
impIjTng  an  imscientific  use  of  such  analogy. 

Descartes  .  .  .  deserted  the  old  moderate  view  which 
atflrmed  that  between  the  highest  psychical  powei's  of  man 
ami  brutes  there  is  a  certain  natural  likeness  and  analogy, 
and  gave  rise  to  the  notion  that  animals  are  nothing  but 
wonderfully  complex  machines  —  an  error  naturally  re- 
sulting in  the  opposite  one  now  so  prevalent— the  error, 
namely,  that  there  is  a  subst.antial  identity  between  the 
brute  soul  and  the  soul  of  man  —  biological  anthropomor- 
phism. .Mieart. 

anthropomorphist  (an'thro-po-m6r'fist),   H. 

[As  antltropomorphous  +  -i.-ii.]  One  who  attrib- 
utes human  form  or  qualities  to  beings  other 
than  man;  especially,  one  who  in  thoxight  or 
speech  invests  the  Deity  with  human  form  and 
attiibutes;  an  anthropomorphite. 

\Vliat  anthropomorphists  we  are  in  this,  that  we  cannot 
let  moral  distinctions  be,  but  must  mould  them  into  human 
shape!  Emerson,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI,  414. 


pupi^irat. 

of  human  form,  <  avt)pu-6/wpij>or,  anthrojionior- 
phous:  see  anthropomorphou.f.]  I.  n.  One  whu 
believes  that  the  Supremo  Being  exists  in  hu- 
man form,  with  human  attributes  and  passions ; 
an  anthropomorphist;  sjiecitically,  one  of  an 
ancient  religious  sect  who  heUl  such  views.  See 
Audian. 

Though  few  profess  themselves  anthropomorphites.  yet 
we  may  llnd  many  amongst  the  ignorant  of  that  ojiinion. 

Loeke. 
=  S3T1.  Anthropomorphite,  Anthropomorphi.<it.     The  for- 
mer is  projierlyone  who  attributes  a  huunin  body  to  God, 
tile  latter  one  who  attributes  to  him  huniaii  passions. 
II.  a.  Anthroporaorphitic. 
anthropomorphitic,      anthropomorphitical 

(an  thri       '       


ipometrically  (an  "thro-po-mct'ri-k.;il-i), 
III  an  uiithriiponietric  manner;  by  means 


ail 

of  antliropiiiiiefry. 

anthropometry  (an-thro-pom'e-tri),  «.  [=  F. 
iinlliropdiiiiirir,  <  Gr.  iivOpuiroe,  man,  +  -/irrpia  < 
/iiTpoi;  measure.]  The  measurement  of  the 
human  Innly :  flic  dcjiartment  of  tlic  science  of 
andinipology  which  relates  to  the  proportions 
of  tho  human  liody,  either  in  imliWduals  or  in 
trilies  .•ind  y; 


po-mor-lit'ik, -i-k.;)l),  </.    1<LL'.  uiilhro 
jioiniirphiticiis,  <  antliropo'morphila;    authropo- 
morpliitcs:  see  nnthropumorphilc]     Pertaining 
„  „^„  »*„...,,    „.     *"  '"'  eliarncterized  by  anthroiiomoiiiliism. 
Same  aa'anihropi,-  anthropomorphitisni       (an"thr6-po-m6r'ii- 
li/.in).   II.     [<   until ropomiirpliite  +  -ism.]     Tho 
doctrines  of  anthropomorphites;  anthropomor- 
phism. 
anthropomorphize  (an''thrri-po-m6r'fiz),  r.  t.; 

prcl.  ;ind  pp.  iiiillinipDiiiorjiliizid,  jipr.  anlhropo- 
niorplii::inii.  [An  anthropomorjihoiis  +  -i.:e.]  To 
invest  with  human  qtuilitios. 

The  I'ehusgian  Zeus  became  the  head  of  the  new  Olym- 
pus, and  a  completely  anthrouonKirphized  god. 

The  Nation,  .Sept.  2;t,  1869,  p.  266. 


m^H.^oiii^r,  like  a  man:  see  anlhroiioid.]     1.  Anthropomorpha  (an*thr6-p6-m6r'fil),   >i.  /./. 


In  ornith.,  a  geuu.'i  of  cranes,  of  llio  family 
Oruidw,  based  by  Vit^illot  in  ]«1G  upon  the  Nii- 
inidiiin  enino  or  domoisollo,  A.  vinjo.    it  is  some 


Even  with  Homer  tho  age  of  Creation  has  ceased,  the 
age  of  criticism  aud  scepticism  lias  begun.  At  any  rate, 
the  gods  have  strayed  far  away  from  the  region  to  which 
by  nature  they  belong.  They  have  become  niithropomor- 
/''"-'"'■  Kearji,  i'rim.  lii'lief,  p.  165. 


tl; 
til 

ni, 

tie 
tl,. 
fit 
(I. 

2 
II 


wilii  .liiiliriiiinul. 

anthropolatry  ' 

nnlhrnji 
dliip,  < 
vi'-.'  • 
m. 
b.- 

pn. 

tlito 


fifl 
inno 


tlii.t  Hpccies;  Konietiriies  extended  ti 

,1.  tTetrnptrr!lx)]iilriidi»niM  or  stanlrii- 

M'  -I  marie  to  cover  the  iTown-eralies  of 

'ibich  W'e).     The  KynonvmH  of  An- 

V(H«(UarriTe,  17ir,),  ,S',.7M(.Moeh. 

i   Ic,  about  1818),  and  I'hUoretuimiin 

1  iinil.]  In  zoiil.,  n  nnmo  given  Ijy 
anthropoid  nppH:  Hynonyrnous 

-(hro-pol'a-tri),  n.     [=  P. 

'.  m'tliHjtru'fjaTiirin,  miin-wor- 

11,  +  /nr^irin,  worKlilp,  Hcr- 

itliilalrfi.]    Tilt)  wornhip  of 

divine  hoiiom  to  ii  hnninii 

th''  early  Clirlfitlant  upon  tie- 

charged  nn<in  Ihi'  rbil^ 


(  V  f  I                                   I  -      ,.               ,                    -     -    -    ,                    ••     -              ,  '  ....-    p.-"...    .I,..,    otitijvii   1.11     It,,  11,    II  oiii   III,-   ii-uioil   III  wiliCIl 

[M..,  iieiil.  ).!.  ot  anihropomorphus ;  moanthro-  by  naluro  they  belong.    They  have  become  «»f/,r.v.omo,-. 

poiiiin-phiiiix.]     A  group  (if  antliropoid  iipos,  the  I'hi.-rd.                                       Keari/,  i'rim.  liclief,  p.  165. 

si.Miiins,  c.p.ivakMit  to  the  family  ,>•/;«<»/«•.    Sec  anthropomorphology  (nn'thro-po-iiK'^r-fol'- 

-'1'tjl.I^ VI    /      j'iu   -      -      A  »ci  ^          r,  '.'-.i')i  "■      l'^  Gr.  <ii'(;/>i,iT(i(/o/i^fior    of  human  form 

anthropomorphic (annhro-po-mflrfik),n.    [Ah  ,Heo   itiilhropomorjihon.i),    +    -h,ya,    <    mnu, 

anthropomorplion..  +  -,c.]      I.  relalingto.ir  speak :  soo -o/o,,/]     Thi«  use  of  authropotnor^ 

cnaractenzed   hy  niithropomorpliism:    ns,   an-  iilije  lnniiiuice.     N  J'J  ]> 


nn<in  I  hi' 
iitrlirl.t,     The  word,  I 


1'  "Mlploymont  by  llin  A|hiIII 

-  lo«  rlirlnllana  ut  the  fourth  iilid 
I  the  dorlrlrie  of  the  perfect  liu 


characterized   by  niithropomorpliism:    ns,   an- 
thropomorphic conceptions  of  Deity. 

We  everywhere  sec  fading  away  the  anthrojmmorjihir 
conception  of  the  l;llknowii  I'ailHe. 

//.  .'^prneer,  I'rin.  ot  lllid.,  i  111. 
The  curiously  anthrojnniuirfihie  idea  of  stoiieH  being  liiis 
bnndii  and  wives,  and  even  having  children,  la  famlllnr  lo 
tho  HJians  lu  It  is  to  the  Peruvians  and  the  l.nppK. 

i:.  II.  Tiilor,  I'rim.  Ciilttire.  II,  119 
2.  npRcmbliiigiiinn  ;  iipproinliingniiin  inlype; 
iiiillinipiijil:  aM,  iiiitliropnniiirphir  H]ifH. 
anthropomorphical  dm  'thro  -  pO  -  ml'ir'fi  -  kal ), 
".  <  »r  mil  liropoiii()r|)lilc  character  or  tendency. 
I  Kar.!.] 
anthropomorphlcally  (nn  '  thro- po-int)r' fi- 
lial i),  mil-.  In  an  niilliropoinorphlc  uiuniier ; 
in  or  UM  of  the  liiiriiitii  form. 


....  .  anthropomor- 

phic liingiuige.     N.  IC.  ]). 
anthr(>pomorphosis  (nii'tliro-iio-mAr-fo'siR  or 

-iiinr'rii-sis),  II.  :  pi.  iinthropomorphoscs  (-sez). 
(<  tlr.  as  if  'uvlljit.iTtinopiJii.inie,  <  ni'tipu-^Tninipi^iniv, 
clothoinliiiiiiiin  torni,  <  iiyllpoiTTii/iiipijnir,  in  liunuin 
I'drm :  see  anlhnipoiiiorphoii.^:  \  Transformation 
inln  liiiiiiiiii  sliiipe.      Itiiriiiii-ilouhl. 

anthropomorphotheist  (im'tliro-po-mAr-fo- 

lli(^'isl),  n.  [<  tJr.  avlfponi'i/nipipnr,  of  liunian 
I'lirm,  +  Ihi'ir,  flod,  -I-  -isl :  HCiUinthropomorphous 
and  Ihcisl.]  One  who  conceives  God  us  having 
liiinmn  attributes.  Couca,  Uuddliist  Catechism, 
p.  .^(i. 
anthropomorphous    (aii"tliro-|iri-mftr'fuH),    a. 

I<  .Ml.  iinlhriipoiiiiiriihii.i,  <  (Jr.  arllpuTTii/iofnlmi;,  of 
humiiii   I'drni,  <  iifllpi.mnr,  man,  -I-  /iiipijii/,  form.] 


antbropomorphous 

Anthropomoi-phic  ;  anthropoid  in  form :  as,  an 
anthropomorphous  ape.     Huxley. 

anthroponomical  (an  "  thro  -  po  - nom '  i  -  kal),  a. 
[<  anthroiiononni  +  -ical.']  Concerned  with  the 
laws  whit'h  regulate  hnman  action.     jV.  E.  D. 

anthroponomy  (an-thro-pon'o-mi),  n.  [=  F. 
anthropoitomic, <  Gr.  avOiJuvo^,  man,  +  v6fm^,  law : 
see  iwiiic'^.J  The  science  of  the  laws  which  gov- 
ern human  action. 

anthropopathic  (an"thro-po-path'ik),  a.  [< 
aiitliropopatlii/  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  anthro- 
popathy ;  possessing  or  subject  to  human  pas- 
sions. 

anthropopathical  (an"thr9-po-path'i-kal),  a. 
Slime  as  antlirdpopathic. 

anthropopathically  (an"thro-p9-path'i-kal-i), 
adc.  In  an  anthropopathic  manner;  as  pos- 
sessing human  passions. 

anthropopathism  (an-thro-pop'a-thizm),  n.  [< 
anthropapntliy  +  -ism.']  1.  The  ascription  of 
human  passions  to  supernatural  beings,  espe- 
cially to  the  Supreme  Being.  Also  called  an- 
thropopathy. — 2.  An  expression  containing  or 
implying  such  ascription. 

Like  the  Chaldee  paraphrasts,  he  [Abu  Said]  resolves  on- 
thropopathisms.  employs  euphemisms,  and  makes  several 
minor  alterations. 
T.  II.  Home,  Introd.  to  Study  of  Holy  Scriptures,  II.  79. 

anthropopathite  (an-thro-pop'a-thit),  n.  l<.an- 
thropopathy  +  -jte2.]  A  believer  in  anthropop- 
athism;  one  who  ascribes  human  passions  to 
the  Deity. 

Man  so  habitually  ascribes  to  his  deities  human  shape, 
human  passions,  human  nature,  that  we  may  declare  hira 
an  Anthropomorpllite,  an  Anthropopathite,  and  (to  com- 
plete the  series)  an  Authropophysite. 

K  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  224. 

anthropopathy  (an-thro-pop'a-thi),  n.  [=  F. 
anthropopathic,  <  Gr.  avhpuTvoTradtia,  humanity, 
<  avdpuTroKa6>/(;,  with  human  feelings,  <  ai'Spuiro?, 
man,  +  jrdSof,  feeling,  affection,  suffering:  see 
pathos.]     Same  as  anthropopathism,  1. 

In  its  recoil  from  the  gross  anthropopathy  of  the  vulgar 
notions,  it  falls  into  the  vacuum  of  absolute  apathy.  Hare, 

anthropophagi,  n.    Plural  of  anthropophagus. 
anthropophagic  (an"thro-po-faj'ik),  a.     [<  Gr. 

*aiill)L>7Toij>a-)  /mif  (implied  in  adv.  avBpuKcxjiayiKUf), 

K.  avdpuKO(pdyoq:  see  anthropophagtis.]    Relating 

to  or  practising  cannibalism, 
anthropophagical  (an'''thr6-po-faj'i-kal),  a. 

Same  as  (intliropophagic. 

anthropophaginian  (an-thro-pof-a-jin'i-an), ». 
[<  anthropophagus,  q.  v.,  +  -in^idn.]  A  man- 
eater;  a  cannibal.     [Humorous.] 

He'll  speak  like  an  Anthropophaginian  unto  thee. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  5. 

anthropophagism  (an-thro-pof 'a-jizm),  «.  [As 
anthnipophagous  +  -ism.]  The  practice  or 
custom  of  eating  human  flesh;  cannibalism. 
J\\  E.  D.     [Rare.] 

anthxopophagist  (an-thro-pof'a-jist),  n.  [As 
anthropophagous  +  -i^t.]  One  who  eats  human 
flesh;  a  cannibal.     2f.  E.  D.     [Rare.] 

anthropophagistic  (an-thro-pof-a-jis'tik),  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  the  anthro- 
pophagi; cannibalistic.     Southey. 

Evidences  of  [the  prehistoric  cave-men's]  occasional  lit- 
tle anthropophagistic  failings,  in  the  shape  of  scraped  and 
chipped  human  bones,  ,  .  .  are  not  infrequent. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  205. 

anthropophagite  (an  -  thro  -  pof '  a  -  jit),  ».  [As 
anthropophagous  +  ^te'^.]  A  man-eater;  a  can- 
nibal. 

I  should  naturally  have  killed  my  lion,  tempted  the  ap- 
petite of  the  anthropophagite,  and  brought  home  a  little 
negro  boy.  T.  B.  Aldrieh,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  178. 

anthropophagizet  (an-thro-pof'a-jiz),  v.  i.  [As 
anthropophagous  +  -i:e.]  To  feed  on  human 
flesh;  practise  cannibalism.  Cockeram ;  Blount. 
[Rare.] 

anthropophagous  (an-thro-pof 'a-gus),  a.  [< 
L.  anthnijiiipliagus,  <  Gr.  avdpunotjxiyoc:,  man-eat- 
ing: see  aitthropophngus.]  Man-eating;  homi- 
nivorous;  feeding  on  human  flesh. 

anthropophagUS  (an-thro-pof 'a-gus),  n. ;  pi.  an- 
thropophagi (-ji).  [L.,  <  Gr.  avdpuiro^ayo^,  man- 
eating,  <  dvSpuTrof,  man,  +  ipayelv,  eat.]  A  man- 
eater  ;  a  cannibal ;  a  person  who  eats  human 
flesh.    Commonly  in  the  plural. 

The  Cannibals  that  each  other  eat, 
The  Anthropophagi.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

anthropophagy  (an-thro-pof 'a-ji),  «.  [=  F. 
anthrojiophagie,  <  Gr.  avdpuirotpayia,  <  avdpujvo- 
^dyof,  man-eating:  see  anthropophag%is.]  The 
eating  of  men;  the  act  or  practice  of  eating 
human  flesh ;  cannibalism. 
The  anthvf'pophagg  of  Diuniedes  his  horses. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 
16 


241 

The  extent  to  which  anthropophagy  has  been  carried 
among  some  nations  is,  no  doul)t,  mainly  duo  to  the  in- 
dulgence of  the  appetite  once  aroused. 

Eiteyc.  Brit.,  IV.  808. 

anthropophobia  (an'thro-po-fo'bi-ii),  n.  [<  Gr. 
ai'tipuKoi;,  man,  -t-  -foftia,  <  ipojieiv,  fear.]  Aver- 
sion to  man ;  dread  of  meeting  persons. 

He  has  anthropophobia,  being  afraid  to  meet  any  one 
about  the  house.  Alien,  and  Neurol.,  VI.  144. 

anthropophuism  (an-thro-pof'u-izm),  n. 
[Prop,  'aiitliropophyism,  <  Or.  avdpuirexpviic,  of 
man's  nature  (<  avilpomur,  man,  +  ^Iw),  nature,  < 
ijivEiv,  produce,  in  pass,  gi'ow),  +  -ism.]  That 
conception  of  the  gods  which  attributes  to  them 
the  possession  of  functions  and  desires  similar 
to  those  of  human  beings. 

The  Jupiter  of  Homer  is  to  be  regarded  ...  as  the  re- 
ceptacle and  butt  of  the  principal  parts  of  such  earthly, 
sensual,  and  appetitive  elements  as,  at  the  time  of  Homer, 
anthropophuism  had  oI)tnided  into  the  sphere  of  deity. 

Gladstone,  .Studies  in  Homer,  II.  174. 

anthropophuistic  (an-thro-pof-u-is'tik),  a. 
[As  anthropophuism  +  -ist-ic]  Relating  to  or 
characterized  by  anthropophuism. 

That  introduction  of  the  female  principle  int4>  the 
sphere  of  deity,  which  the  Greeks  seem  to  have  adopted, 
after  their  anthropophuistic  manner,  with  a  view  to  the 
family  order  among  the  Immortals. 

Gladstone,  Studies  in  Homer,  II.  51. 

anthropophysite  (an-thro-pof'i-sit),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpuTcog,  man,  4-  (f>vai^,  nature,  +  -ite^.]  One 
who  ascribes  a  human  nature  to  the  gods. 
E.  B.  Tylor. 

Anthropopithecus  (an'''thro-po-pi-the'kus),  «. 
[Nil.,  <  Gr.  m'UpuTTo^,  man,  -t-  irim/Kog,  ape:  see 
Pithccus.]  A  genus  of  anthropoid  apes,  of  the 
family  tiimiidw  and  subfamily  Simiincv,  con- 
taining only  the  chimpanzee :  proposed  by  De 
Blainville  as  a  substitute  for  Troglodytes  (Geof- 
frey), preoccupied  in  ornithology.  JBoth  these 
names  are  antedated  by  Mimetes  (Leach,  1819). 

anthroposcopy  (an-thro-pos'ko-pi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpuTToi^,  man,  -f-  -cKOTTta,  <  ckotteiv,  view.]  The 
art  of  discovering  or  judging  of  character,  pas- 
sions, and  inclinations  from  the  lineaments  of 
the  body.     Craig. 

anthroposophist  (an''thro-pos'o-fist),  n.  [< 
anthruposophy  +  -ist.]  One  furnished  with  the 
wisdom  of  men.     Eingsley.     {N.  E.  D.) 

anthropOSOphy  (an-thro-pos'o-fl),  n,  [<  Gr. 
avdpuvoq,  man,  +  aoipia,  wisdom,  <  ao(p6^,  wise. 
Cf.  theosophy.]  Knowledge  of  the  nature  of 
man ;  acquaintance  with  man's  structiu'e  and 
functions,  comprehending  anatomy  and  physi- 
ology. 

anthropotomical  (an"thro-p6-tom'i-kal),  a. 
[As  anthropotoniy  +  -ic^al.]  Pertaining  to 
anthropotomy,  or  the  dissection  of  the  human 
body. 

anthropotomist  (an-thro-pot'o-mist),  n.  [As 
anthropotomy  -1-  -ist.]  An  anatomist  of  the 
human  body.     Owen. 

anthropotomy  (an-thi'o-pot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
avdpuTto^,  a  man,  -I-  TOfiri,  a  cutting,  <  repveiv, 
ra/iclv,  cut.  Cf.  anatomy.]  The  anatomy  or 
dissection  of  the  human  body ;  human  anatomy. 

The  OS  innoniinatura  is  represented  throughout  life  in 
most  reptiles  by  three  distinct  bones,  answering  to  the 
iliac,  ischial,  and  pubic  portions  iu  anthropotomy. 

Owen,  Comp.  Anat. 

anthropurgic  (an-thro-per'jik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avdpu- 
TTovpyot;,  making  men,  <  avdpuiroi;,  man,  +  Ipyov 
=  E.  jvoi-k,  n.]  Pertaining  to  or  influenced  by 
the  exercise  of  human  power;  operated  on  by 
man:  opposed  to  physiurgic  (which  see) — An- 
thropurgic somatology,  "the  science  of  bodies,  so  far 
as  man  ...  is  able  to  operate  upon  them."  Quoted  in 
Bentham's  Works,  Int.,  p.  16. 

Anthura  (an-thii'ra),  «.  [KL.,  <  Gr.  avBoc,  a 
flower,  -t-  ol'pil,  tail.']  A  genus  of  isopods,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Anthuridw.    Leach,  1813. 

Anthuridse  (au-thii'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  An- 
thura +  -idcE.]  A  family  of  isopods,  typified  by 
the  genus  Anthura,  in  which  the  body  is  slen- 
der and  vermifoi'm,  the  antennss  are  short  and 
4-jointed,  and  the  plates  of  the  swimmeret  form 
a  kind  of  capsule. 

Anthurium  (an-thu'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
6og,  a,  flower,  +  oipd,  a  tail.]  A  large  genus  of 
tropical  American  plants,  natural  order  Ara- 
cem,  growing  epiphytically  on  forest-trees.  The 
nowers  are  arranged  on  a  tlesliy  spike,  rising  out  of  a  green 
or  often  richly  colored  spathe.  Its  species  are  extensively 
cultivated  as  ornamental  plants  in  greenhouses. 

Anthus  (an'thus),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  afOoc,  masc,  a 
small  bird,  prob.  the  yellow  wagtail  (tr.  florus  by 
Gaza),  appar. <  avdoc,  neut. ,  a  flower. ]  A  genus  of 
oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Motacillida: 
and  subfamily  Anthina;  the  pipits  or  titlarks. 


antiaditis 

There  are  numerous  species,  much  resembling  one  an- 
other, all  being  small,  brown,  spotted  and  streaked  birds, 
with  slender  bill  and  lengtliened  hind  claw,  and  the  point 
of  the  wing  formeil,  in  the  typical  species,  l»y  the  first  four 
primaries.  They  are  of  terrestrial  habits,  in  this  and  some 
other  respects  resembling  barks.  The  best-known  EtU"0- 
pean  species  are  A.  pratenvis,  the  meadow-pipit;  A,  Q/r- 


Pipit,  or  Titlark  (Anthus  ludcviciaHMs). 

boreus,  the  tree-pipit ;  A.  aquaticus,  the  rock-pipit ;  and  A. 
richardi.  Jhe  most  abundant  North  American  pipit  is 
A.  ludovicianus,  very  generally  distributed  throughout  the 
easteni  portions  of  the  continent.  The  Missouri  pipit,  also 
called  skylark,  is  A.  iqrraguei,  common  on  the  western 
prairies,  especially  in  Dakota,  and  belongs  to  a  subgenus 
Neocorys.  There  are  several  South  American  species,  of 
the  subgenera  Notiocori/s  and  Pediocorys. 

anthypnotic  (ant-hip-  or  an-thip-not'ik),  a. 
[<  Gr.  as  if  *av0mvuTiK6^.  See  antihypnotic] 
Same  as  antihypnotic. 

anthypochondriac  (ant'tip-  or  an-thip-6-kon'- 
th-i-ak),  a.  [<  Gr.  as  if  * av6vwoxovSptaK6i;.  See 
antihypochondriac]  Same  as  antihypochon- 
driac. 

anthypophora  (ant-hi-  or  an-thi-pof'o-ra),  n. 
[L.,  <  Gr.  avthirmfopa,  <  avd-,  diT-  for  avri,  against, 
-t-  vTToipopa,  a  putting  forward  by  way  of  excuse, 
an  objection,  <  v-rro<ptpeiv,  hold  out,  bring  under, 
<  vtt6,  under,  -I-  ipipeiv,  bear,  eaiTy,  =E.  iear^.] 
In  rhet.,  a  figure  which  consists  in  anticipating 
and  refuting  objections  which  might  be  ad- 
vanced by  an  opponent.  .Also  written  antihy- 
pophora. 

anthysteric  (ant-his-  or  an-this-ter'ik),  a.  and 
H.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *av(hiaTEpiK6(.  See  antihysteric.] 
Same  as  antihysteric. 

anti-.  [<  L.,  etc.,  anti-,  <  Gr.  avri-,  prefix,  avri, 
prep.,  over  against,  opposite  to,  against,  op- 
posed to,  answering  to,  counter,  equal  to,  ^ 
Skt.  anti,  over  against,  =L.  ante,  in  comp.  ante-, 
rarely  anti-,  before,  =  Goth.  OS.  AS.,  etc.,  and-: 
see  further  under  ante-  and  and-.  In  a  few  words 
anti-  represents  L.  ante,  anti-,  as  in  anticipate, 
antibrachial.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin:  origi- 
nally only  in  compoimds  or  derivatives  taken 
from  the  Greek  or  formed  of  Greek  elements, 
as  in  antipathy,  antinomy,  etc.  (the  earliest  ex- 
ample in  English  being  antichrist,  which  see), 
but  now  a  familiar  English  formative,  meaning 
primarily  against,  opposed  to.  It  forms  —  (l)  Com- 
pound nouns  (with  the  accent  on  the  prefix),  in  which  anti- 
has  the  attributive  force  of  opposed  to,  opponent,  oppo- 
site, counter,  as  iu  antichrist,  antipope,  antichortts,  an- 
ticyclo-ne,  antipole,  etc.  (2)  Compound  adjectives  (with 
the  accent  on  the  radical  element),  in  which  anti-  retains 
its  original  prepositional  force,  against,  opposed  to, 
governing  the  noun  expressed  or  implied,  as  In  anti- 
christiati,  antipapal,  anticlerical,  etc.  Such  compound 
adjectives  adopt  an  adjective  termination,  a3  in  the  ex- 
amples just  cited,  or  omit  it,  as  in  antichurch,  antisla- 
very,  antiprohibition,  antirent,  when  it  does  not  exist  or  is 
not  readily  formed.  This  mixture  of  adjective  and  sub- 
stantive forms  makes  easy  the  development,  from  the 
compound  adjectives,  of  abstract  nouns  like  antislarery, 
antiprohibition,  etc.  In  form  these  compound  adjectives, 
like  antichristian,  anticlerical,  anti.Socinian,  are  thus, 
strictly,  made  up  of  anti-  with  a  noun  and  an  adjective 
termination,  as  ajiti-  -f  Christ  -4-  -ian,  anti-  +  cleric  -f  -al, 
anti-  -f  Socin(-iu) -^  -ian,  etc.;  but  in  effect  they  are  often 
equivalent  to,  and  for  brevity  they  may  be  marked  as, 
anti-  -(-  Christian,  anti-  -)-  clerical,  etc.  These  compounds 
are  especially  applied  to  persons  or  pai-ties  opposed  in 
opinion  or  practice  to  other  persons  or  parties,  or  to 
things ;  in  medicine,  to  remedies  producing  or  intended  to 
produce  an  effect  or  condition  opposite  to  or  in  correction 
or  prevention  of  that  implied  in  the  simple  word,  as  anti- 
corrosive,  antipyretic,  anti/at,  etc.  In  the  etymologies 
following,  anti-  is  treated  as  a  mere  English  formative, 
and  is  not  referred  to  the  Greek,  except  when  obviously 
taken,  in  connection  with  the  radical  element,  directly 
from  the  Greek. 

anti-acid  (an-ti-as'id),  H.  and  a.  Same  as  ant- 
acid. 

antiadest  (an-tS'a-dez),  n.  pi.  [<  Gr.  avridde^,  pi. 
of  diTfOf,  a  tonsil,  esp.  when  swelled,  <  avrioc, 
opposite,  <  avri,  against :  see  anti-.]  The  ton- 
sils. 

antiaditisf  (an-ti-a-di'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av- 
7(ii<lfc-,  tonsils  (see  above),  +  -itis.]  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  tonsils;  tonsilitis. 


antix 

antiae  (an'ti-e),  «.  pi.  \^..  <  lAj.  antia,  the 
hair  growing  on  the  forehead,  forelock,  <  L.  «n  te, 
before:  see  ant€-.'\ 
In  ornith.,  exten- 
sions of  the  feathers 
on  the  upper  mandi- 
ble on  either  side  of 
the  base  of  the  eul- 
men.  Also  called 
frontal  points, 

aJlti-albUinOSe(an"-  ^nti^.    <■,  culmen. 

ti-al-ba'mos),  n.    [<  ,     ^     ^  ^. 

anti-  +  albumien)  +  -o««.]  A  product  of  the 
digestive  action  of  trypsin  on  an  albuminoid. 
Further  digestion  converts  it  into  antipeptone. 

anti-anarchic  (an'ti-a-niir'kik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
anarchic.']  Opposed  to  anarchy  or  confusion: 
as  "your  antianarchic  Gii-ondins,"  Carhjle, 
French  Rev.,  III.  iv.  2.     [Rare,] 

anti-aphrodisiac  (an"ti-af-r9-diz'i-ak),  a.  and 
n.     Same  as  antaphrodisiac. 

antiar,antjar(an'ti-ar),n.  [Javanese.]  l.The 
upas-tree  of  Java.— 2.  One  of  the  arrow-poi- 
sons of  Java  and  the  adjacent  islands.  It  is 
called  in  full  upaf-antiar,  and  the  active  ingredient  seems 
to  be  a  mun  resin  exuding  from  incisions  made  in  the  Anti- 
arii  toxicaria.  Introduced  through  tlie  stomach  or  through 
a  wound,  it  is  a  violent  poison,  producing  gieat  prostration, 
convulsive  movements,  cardiac  paralysis,  and  death. 

antiarin,  antiarine  (an 


242 

Mng :  see  tasilica.'i  Opposed  to  royal  state  and 
power. 

antibilious  (an-ti-bil'yus).  a.  [<  atiti-  +  bil- 
«>((.<.]  Counteractive  of  bilious  complaints:  as, 
anli!iili<>u.<:yil\s. 

antibiotic  (an  ti-bi-ot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dvn',  against, 
+  ,iiLi7iKu(;,  of  or  pertaining  to  life,  <  fiiovv,  live, 
<  j/of,  life.]  Opposed  to  a  belief  in  the  pres- 
ence or  possibility  of  life.     N.  E.  D. 

antibrachial,  antibrachimn.  Beoantelracliiat, 

(Uitrlirachium. 
Antiburgher  (an'ti-ber-ger),  n.  [<  anti-  + 
Bunjhcr,  q.  v.,  in  the  special  sense  of  a  seeeder 
who  approved  of  the  burgess  oath.]  A  mem- 
ber of  one  of  the  two  sections  into  which 
the  Scotch  Secession  Church  was  split  in  1747, 
by  a  controversy  on  the  lawfulness  of  accept- 
ing a  clause  in  "the  oath  required  to  be  taken 
by  burgesses  declaratory  of  "their  profession 
and  allowance  of  the  true  religion  professed 
within  the  realm  and  authorized  by  the  laws 
thereof."  The  Antiburghers  denied  that  this  oath  could 
be  taken  consistently  with  the  principles  of  the  church, 


antichrist 

4.  A  grotesque  pageant;  apiece  of  mimunery; 
a  ridiculous  interlude ;  a  mask. 

Not  long  since 
I  saw  in  Brussels,  at  my  being  there, 
Tlie  Duke  of  Brabant  welcome  the  Archbishop 
Of  Mentz  with  rare  conceit,  even  on  a  sudden, 
Perform'd  by  knights  and  ladies  of  his  court, 
In  nature  of  au  antic.       Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  iii.  2. 

We  cannot  feast  your  eyes  with  masks  and  revels 
Or  courtly  and'cs.   JSeaii.  o«<J/7,,  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  1, 

5.  A  buffoon;  a  clown;  a  meiTy-andrew. 

And  point  like  antics  at  liis  triple  crown. 

]Hartotct\  Faustus,  iii.  1. 

Fear  not,  my  lord ;  we  can  contain  ourselves, 
Were  he  the  veriest  antic  in  tlie  world. 

Sliak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 

antict  (an'tik),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  anticked,  ppr. 
iinlickinii.  [i  antic,  a.']  1,  trans.  To  make  an- 
tic or  grotesque. 

The  wild  disguise  hath  almost 
Anticli'd  us  all.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  7. 

II.   intrans.  To  perform  antics ;  play  tricks; 
cut  capers. 


while  the  Burghers  affirmed  its  compatibility.   The  result  antica,  ".     Plural  of  OH «(■!/»!. 


was  that  the  church  was  rent  in  two,  each  section  estal 
lishing  a  communion  of  its  own,  known  respectively  as  the 
General  Associate  .Synod,  or  Antiburghers,  and  the  Asso- 
ciate Synod,  or  Burghers.  They  were  reunited  in  1S20, 
after  seventy-three  years  of  separation,  thus  constituting 
the  United  Secession  Church, 
and 


„ ,  . ,_^'ti-a-rin),  «      l<  aiitiar  ^^^^^  (an'tik),  a. 

+   -in-.]     The   active  pnnciple   (Cx^MQO^s.y     reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  spelled  oh^cA",  (("((cfre,  <;«- 

ti/te,  nnf(^A-e,  and  later  n/i/igi/e  (with  accent  on 


2H2O)  of  antiar,  the  upas-poison.    Also  -writ- 
ten anthiarine. 
AntiariS  (an-ti-a'ris),  n.     [NL.,  <  antiar,  q.  v.] 
Au  arboreous  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 


Flowerine  branch  of  the  Upas-tree  (Antt^tris  toxicaria). 


Urticacew,  suborder  Artocarpcw,  of  the  East  In- 
dies and  Malayan  archipelago.  It  includes  the 
famous  upas-tree,  A.  tozicaria,  one  of  the  largest  trees  in 
the  forests  of  Java,  the  (Miisonous  ipialities  of  which  have 
lieen  greatly  exaggerated.  It  is  harndess  except  when  it 
has  been  recently  felled  or  when  the  bark  has  been  ex- 
tensively wounded,  in  whicli  ca.se8  the  effluvium  causes  a 
severe  cutaneous  enipti<»n.  .Sacks  are  made  of  the  bark  of 
A.  itmoria  by  soakhig  anil  beating  the  trunk  till  the  bark 
U  loosened  and  can  be  removed  wlude. 
anti-arthritic  (an'ti-Ur-thrit'ik),  a.  and  «. 
Siiiri'-  :iH  initfirlhritic. 

anti-asthmatic  (an'ti-ast-mat'ik),  a.  and  n. 

Sjifnc  an  anta.ttltmittic. 
anti-attrition  (an'ti-a-trish'on),  a.     Same  as 

anlilrirtinn. 

antibabylonianism  (an'ti-bab-i-16'ni-an-izm), 

II.     [<  anti-  +  Jliilii/ionian  +  -ism.]      Denuncia- 
tion of  the  Churcli  of  Korae  as  being  the  Babylon 
of  the  ApoculypHo  (Rov.  xvii.).     [Rare.] 
Our  lloanergeii  with  Ills  tlircatx  of  doom, 
Anil  loild-luiiK'd  antiljahyltnnaiiUimi. 

Tcuujix'in,  Sea  Dreams. 

antlbacchic  fan-ti-l)ak'ik),  «.     [<  antiliucchiiis 
+  .ir,]    (ViiL-iKting  of  or  of  the  nature  of  an 

1  .V.  jc.  V. 

iMi  ti-l)a-ki'u8),  n. ;  y\.antihaccbii 

r.  ''itTiiiaKX"H<  *>  I'VTi,  against,  op- 

"•<  V  '"•:,  a  imcchiiiH:  hoi'  luirrliins.] 

it     1  lliroii  HyUttbloH,  llio  firHl  two 

■lo  Hhort.     The  metrical  Id  us  is 

'H  In  timhir^  in  Ijilln,  or  ffnniif- 

I  Iii  the  liacMut.  In  which  the 

.   biNl  (\«fi  nto  tnng,  but  nlu> 

oiliiua  »llh  It. 

l,-t))'H-nl),a.    [<avli-  + 
111    III    iho    theory  Ihnl 
•  '  kii»«!il  liy  Iho  pnnenco  of 

lilli'Icria. 

antibaHllican  (nn'ti-bn-zil'i-knn),  a. 
avTi,  a^jaiuHt,  +  liaaOuk/n,  roydl,  <  /J<W( 


anticachectic  (an"ti-ka-kek'tik),  a.  and  n.     [< 
anti-  +  cachectic]      I.   a.   Efficacious  against 
cachexia,  or  a  disordered  bodily  condition. 
II.  n.  In  vied.,  a  remedy  for  cachexia. 
,    .      ^,      antical  (an-ti'kal),  a.     Same  as  anticons. 
[Introduced  in  the  anticardiac  (au-ti-kiir'di-ak),  a.     [<  anticardi- 

""' '- '"  ""      um.     Cf.    cardiac]     Of   or  pertaining  to  the 

anticLU-clium. 

anticardium  (an-ti-kar'di-um),  n. ;  pi.  aniicar- 
dia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avTinapSiov,  <  aiTi,  over 
against,  +  Kapiia,  heart :  see  cardiac]  The  hol- 
low at  the  bottom  of  the  sternum;  the  epigas- 
trium: also  called  scrobicidus  cordis,  or,  more 
commonly,  the  pit  of  the  stomach. 

anticarniVorOUS  (an"ti-k!ir-niv'o-rus),  a.  [< 
anti-  -t-  cariiiroroiis.]  Opposed  to  feeding  on 
Hesh;  vegetarian. 

anticatarrhal  (an*ti-ka-tar'al'),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
catarrhd!.]     Efficacious  against  catarrh. 

anticausodic  (au"ti-ka-sod'ik),  a.  Same  as 
anticdii.'iotic. 

anticausotic  (an"ti-ka-sot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri, 
against,  +  * KavauriKd^,  <  KavauccrBai,  be  in  a  burn- 
ing fever  (E.  also  an ticaiisodic,  <  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  Kavauih/r,  feverish,  <  Kavaog  +  f«Sof,  form),  < 
Kavaoc,  a  (burning)  bilious  fever,  <  Kaieiv,  bum: 
see  canstic]  Efficacious  against  au  inilamma- 
tory  fever. 

anticaustic  (an-ti-kas'tik),  n.  [<  anti-  -t-  caus- 
tic] A  caustic  curve  produced  by  refraction; 
a  diacaustic. 

antichambert,  «.     An  old  form  of  antcchamhcr. 

anticheir  (an'ti-kir),  n.  [Prop.  *a»tichir,  Hit. 
iivrixnn  (sc.  fdnTvTioc,  finger),  the  thumb,  <  imi, 
over  against,  +  x^'P,  tiie  hand.]  The  thumb, 
as  ojijiosod  to  the  rest  of  the  hand.     [Rare.] 

antichlor  (an'ti-klor),  n.  [<  anti-  -I-  chlor{inc), 
q.  v.]  In  bleaching,  any  substance  or  means 
employed  to  remove  or  neutralize  the  injtirious 
effects  of  the  free  chlorine  left  in  cotton,  linen, 
or  paper  which  has  been  bleached  by  means  of 
alkaline  hypochlorites,  as  chlorid  of  lime,  etc. 
The  neutral  and  acid  sodium  suljibilcs  wen-  llrst  used, but 
they  arc  now  superseded  by  sodium  byin.siiliiliitc  or  thio- 
suliihite,  which  is  both  cheaper  and  nimv  crili  lui.ius.  This 
antichliir  forms,  wltli  the  chlorine  in  the  cloth,  etc.,  sodi- 
um sulphate  and  chlorate,  which  arc  easily  removed  by  ^ 
wa.ibing. 


the  fii'st  syllable),  <  F.  adHg'Mf,  ancient,  stale, 
=  Pr.  antic  =  Sp.  antigwo  =  Pg.  antigo  =  It. 
antico,  ancient,  old,  <  L.  antiquus,  fonncr,  ear- 
lier, ancient,  old,  <  ante,  before:  see  ante-,  and 
cf.  ancient^.  In  the  17th  century  the  spell- 
ing antiejue,  vphich  then  first  became  common, 
was  gradually  restricted  to  the  literal  sense, 
with  the  accent  and  pronunciation  changed  in 
immediate  dependence  on  the  F.,  while  antick, 
antic  was  retained  in  the  deflected  sense:  see 
antique]  I.  a.  If.  Belonging  to  former  times; 
ancient;  antique. 

The  famous  warriors  of  the  anticke  world 

Us'd  trophees  to  erect  in  stately  wize. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  Ixix. 

2t.  Having  existed  for  a  long  time;  old;  aged. 
—  3t.  Proper  to  former  times;  antiquated;  old- 
fashioned. 
Vertue  is  thought  an  antick  piece  of  formality. 

Bp.  Bumtt,  Kochester,  p.  170.    (JV.  K.  D.) 

4.  Fantastic,  grotesque,  odd,  strange,  or  ludi- 
crous, in  form,  dress,  gesture,  or  posture. 

Grullesca,  a  kind  of  rugged  unpolished  painters  worke, 
anticke  worke.  Florio. 

How  strange  or  odd  soe'er  I  bear  myself. 
As  I,  perchance,  hereafter  shall  think  meet 
To  put  au  antic  disposition  on.     Shak.,  Hamlet,  I.  f>. 
The  antic  postures  of  a  merry-andrew.  Addison. 

A  fourth  [Indian)  would  fondly  kiss  and  paw  bis  com- 
panions, and  snear  in  their  faces,  with  a  countenance 
more  antic  than  any  in  a  Dutch  doll. 

J!ererle;i,  Virginia,  li.  II  IS. 

The  antic  and  sjiiry  pinnacles  that  closed  the  strait  were 

all  of  white  nuirble.  Jllackieoods  Mag.,  XX.'CII.  lisit, 

II.  ".  It.  A  man  of  ancient  times;  an  ancient; 

in  plural,  the  ancients. 

Tlie  soles  were  tied  to  the  upper  parte  with  latehets,  as 
Is  iiainted  of  the  Antiken. 

T.  .v.,  tr.  of  (;oni|Ue5t  W.  India,  p.  170.    (.V.  K.  I>.) 

Shall  there  be  gallows  standing  in  England  when  Ihou 

art  king,  and  resolution  thus  fobbed,  as  it  Is,  witli  tlic  rusty 

curli  of  old  Fatbi-r  Aniiek  the  law?    Shak.,  1  lien.  IV.,  1.  i 

2.  In  «r^  antic  work;  a  composition  consisting  antichloristic  (an"ti-klo-ris'tik),   a.     [<   «>iH- 


ari' 

III-     '  1. 

{lONI'd   t' 
n  j/ro  , 
]■■ 

1 

III 
*'■ 

an' 

I 


r<  c 


Or. 


of  fantasliir  figures  of 
men,  animals,  foliage, 
and  ilowers  incongru- 
ously combined  or  run 
togetlier;  a  fantiistic, 
grotesque,  or  fanciful 
figure.  The  thrill  Is  applied 
to  certain  ancient  sculptures, 
etc.,  and  toHuchllgurcsiui  Ra- 
pbai-rs  arabeHi|iieH ;  and  In 
nribltcctnre  to  llgurcB  of  grif- 
fins, sphlnxeH,  cenlaiirH,  etc., 
Introiluci-il  as  oriianienla. 
A  worko  of  rich  entayle  and 

curious  mould, 
Woven  with  niidcti-naliilwyld 

ymaucry. 
Six-nufT,  K.  (}.,  II.  vll.  4. 

3,  A  groloHque,  fantas- 
\w,  oilil.  Hi  range,  or  lu- 
iliiToiiH  gCNlun^  or  |)oh- 
turc;  a  fantaHtic  trick; 
a  (liece  of  buffoonery; 
a  <ii]i('r. 

Two  ni  In  of  nmnnem  roiild  the  Vonlll  put  on  ; 

And  fliiilglll  with  anlirt  an  Ibe  Inilblll  bird 

That  wrlllies  and  chatlers  In  her  wiry  cage. 

H'onttuwrtA,  Bucunilon,  vl 


Anlk.  Anil^n*  rmhrilrrtl.  iilli 
century,  (rroin  V(ii1lBi-lc.l)itt'» 
••  Diet,  lie  I'Archltecture." ) 


7(/ii)'.  I     or  or  pertaining  to  an  antichlor. 

antichresis  (an-ti-kro'.sis),  »i.  [MIj.,  <  MOr. 
iiiTn7"/'"f,  reciprocal  usage,  <  liiTi,  against,  in 
return,  -I-  ,v/"/'"r, "sage,  <  \pi;Mini,  use]  In  civil 
tair,  nil  agreement  by  wliich  the  ilcbtor  gives 
li  is  credit  or  the  use  of  land  or  (lornierly)  slaves, 
in  order  thereby  to  pay  the  interest  and  jirinci- 
iml  of  liis  debt. 

antichrist  (im'ti-krist),  v.  [The  spelling  has 
hcii  iilliToil  toliriiig  it  nearer  the  Ltitiii  form; 
<  jMI;.  <inli<-ri.il,  ((«/(rn.s7.  sometimes  coidr.  an- 
cri.tl,  <  AS.  untecri.it,  <  Llj.  anlichristu.s,  <  (}r. 
luTi'iyi""'!";,  antichrist,  <  avri,  against,  +  X^i/nnii;, 
Christ:  seo  anti-  and  (7in.s7.]  An  o)i)ionent  of 
Christ ;  ajiorsoti  or  power  ant  agonistic  to  Christ. 
LMost  commonly  with  a  capital.] 

As  ye  have  heard  that.  n>i(i>/in'.«f  shall  come,  even  now 
are  Ib'cre  niaiiv  iiii'i>AriJ''».  -  •  -  He  is  iin(i>/iW»r,  that  dc- 
iililh  llic  Fatlu-r  and  the  Son.  I  John  II.  18,  ■-".! 

I'he  word  occurs  In  the  Scrlidiires  only  In  the  KplsMes  of 
,lohn;  biltthe  same  person  or  jiowcr  Is  elsewhere  rclcned 
loCJ  Thes.  II.  I  12;  1  'I'lni.  Iv,  1  ;i ;  2  I'et.  II.  1).  InliT- 
pretiTH  of  Scripture  dlllcr  In  tlieir  nnderslanding  of  these 
ri'frrences.  Some  suppose  Iberii  to  l-clille  to  a  lawless  but 
liiipi'rnonal  power,  a  spIrM  opiiosiil  to  I'brlHtlanlty  ;  sonio 
to  a  historic  iiersonageoripotrnlatc,  iis  Caligula,  Titus,  the 
pope,  or  Llltller;  sonie  to  a  great  liower  for  evil  yet  to  bo 


antichrist 

manifested  and  gathered  abnvit  a  central  personal  agency. 
Boman  Catholic  writers  commonly  interpret  the  word  ge- 
Derically  of  any  adversary  of  Christ  and  of  the  authority 
of  the  church,  liut  specifically  as  the  last  and  gi-eatest  per- 
secutor of  the  Christian  church  at  the  end  of  the  world. 
The  name  has  also  been  applied  to  the  pretenders  to  the 
niessiahship,  or  false  Christs  (.Mat.  .\xiv.  24),  who  have 
arisen  at  various  periods,  as  being  antagonistic  to  the 
tnie  Christ.  Of  these  as  nniny  as  si.xty-four  have  been 
reckoned,  including  some  of  little  importance,  and  also 
some,  as  Mohammed,  who  cannot  properly  be  classed 
among  them. 

antichristian  (an-ti-kris'tian),  a.  and  «.  [<  ML. 

antichristianus,  <  LGr.  avTixpiariavd^,  <  avTlxp((r- 
Toij:  see  iintichrist.  Cf.  Christian.']  1.  a.  1.  Of 
or  pertaiuiug  to  Antichrist. 

They  are  equally  mad  who  say  Bishops  are  so  Jure  Divino 
that  they  must  be  continued,  and  they  who  say  they  are  so 
Antiehi-iatian  that  they  must  be  put  away. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  28. 

2.  Antagonistic  to  or  opposing  the  Cliristian 
religion. 

Babel  and  Babylon  its  successor  remain  in  the  subse- 
quent Biblical  literature  as  types  of  the  God-defying  and 
antichristian  systems  that  have  succeeded  each  other  from 
the  time  of  Nimrod  to  this  day. 

Dawson,  Origin  of  World,  p.  20(3. 

II.  n.  One  opposed  to  the  Christian  religion. 
antichristianism  (an-ti-kris'tian-izm),  n.      [< 
tiittifliri.siUin  +  -ism.1    Opposition  to  Christian- 
ity ;  conduct  or  belief  opposed  to  Christianity. 

Have  we  not  seen  many  whose  opinions  have  fastened 
upon  one  another  the  braufl  of  antichruitianism  ? 

Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

antichristiailityt(an"ti-kris-ti-an'i-ti),  n.  Same 
as  aiitii'lni.stidiiism. 

antichristianize  (an-ti-kris'tian-iz),  V.  i.  [< 
anUchristian  +  -ize.']  To  antagonize  Christian- 
ity.    [Rare.] 

antichronlcal  (an-ti-kron'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  oit/, 
ii|,'ainst,  instead  of,  +  xp'^^oc,  time  (see  chronic), 
+  -al.  Cf.  Gr.  avTixpovia,  the  use  of  one  tense 
foranother:  see  antichronism.']  Deviating  from 
the  proper  order  of  time;  erroneously  dated. 
[Rare.] 

antichronically  (an-ti-kron'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
autiohronical  manner.     [Rare.] 

antichTOnism  (an-tik'ro-nizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  avn- 
Xpoviaiioi;,  the  use  of  one  tense  for  another,  < 
avri,  against,  instead  of,  -I-  ;fp(irof,  time,  tense : 
see  chronic.']  Deviation  from  the  true  order 
of  time ;  anachronism.      [Rare.] 

Our  chronologies  are,  by  transcribing,  interpolation,  mis- 
printing, and  creeping  in  of  antichronisms,  now  and  then 
strangely  disordered.        Selden,  Drayton's  Polyolbion,  iv. 

antichtllOIl  (an-tik'thon),  n.;  pi.  antichthones 
(-tho-nez).  [<  L.  antichthones,  ^1.,  <  Gr.  av- 
TixBoveg,  pl.^  the  people  of  an  opposite  hemi- 
sphere, <  avTtxSuv,  sing.,  an  opposite  hemi- 
sphere :  in  the  Pythagorean  system  of  the  uni- 
verse, ain-ixSuv  (se.  yrj),  an  opposite  or  counter 
earth ;  <  avri,  against,  opposite  to,  +  x^^^^'t  the 
ground,  the  earth :  seechthonic.  Ct.  autochthon.] 

1.  In  Pythagorean  astronomy,  an  imaginary  in- 
visible planet  continually  opposing  the  earth 
and  eclipsing  the  central  tire,  round  which  it 
■was  supposed  to  revolve,  in  common  with  the 
earth,  moon,  sun,  certain  planets,  and  the  fixed 
Btars. 

Of  the  sacred  fire,  the  hearth  of  the  universe,  with  suns 
and  planets  and  the  earth's  double  antichthon  revolving 
round  it,  the  whole  enclosed  in  a  crystal  globe  with  no- 
thing outside,  .  .  .  we  find  no  mention  in  these  verses  [of 
Hierocles).  ir.  A'.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  268. 

2.  pi.  The  inhabitants  of  an  opposite  hemi- 
sphere. 

anticipant  (an-tis'i-pant),  a.  [<  L.  antici- 
pan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  anticipare,  anticipate :  see  an- 
ticipate.] Anticipating;  antioipative :  in  jya- 
thoJ.,  appUed  to  periodic  diseases  whose  at- 
tacks occur  at  decreasing  intervals. 

The  first  pangs 
Of  wakening  guilt,  anticipant  of  hell. 

Southey,  The  Rose. 

anticipate  (an-tis'i-pat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 
ticipated, ppr.  anticipating.  [<  L.  anticipatus, 
pp.  of  anticipare,  take  in  advance  or  before  the 
time,  anticipate,  <  anti,  an  old  form  of  ante, 
before  (see  ante-),  +  -cipare,  <  cupcre,  take ;  cf. 
antecapere,  take  before,  anticipate,  <  ante  + 
capere.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  seize  or  take  before- 
hand.—  2.  To  be  before  in  doing  something; 
take  action  in  advance  of;  precede,  prevent, 
or  preclude  by  prior  action. 

Here  art  thou  in  appointment  fresh  and  fair. 
Anticipating  time.  Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  iv.  5. 

Time,  thou  anticipat'st  my  dread  exploits. 

Shale.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

I  was  determined  ...  to  anticipate  their  fiu-y,  by  first 

tailing  Into  a  passion  myself.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xiv. 


243 

3.  To  take,  do,  use,  etc. ,  before  the  proper  time ; 
precipitate,  as  an  action  or  event:  as,  the  ad- 
vocate has  anticipated  that  part  of  his  argu- 
ment. 

The  revenues  of  the  next  year  had  been  anticipated. 

Macaulay,  Nugent's  Hampden. 

4.  To  realize  beforehand ;  foretaste  or  foresee ; 
have  a  view  or  impression  of  beforehand;  look 
forward  to;  expect:  as,  I  never  anfict^jaterf  such 
a  disaster;  to  anticipate  the  pleasures  of  an 
entertainment. 

I  would  not  anticipate  the  relish  of  any  happiness,  nor 
feel  the  weight  of  any  misery,  before  it  actually  arrives. 
Addison,  .Spectator,  No.  7. 
A  reign  of  terror  began,  of  terror  heightened  by  mys- 
tery ;  for  even  that  which  was  endured  was  less  horrible 
than  that  which  was  anticipated. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

5t.  To  occupy  the  attention  of  before  the 
proper  time. 

■I  shall  not  anticipate  the  reader  with  farther  descrip- 
tions of  this  kind.  Swift. 
=  S3m.  2.  To  get  the  start  of,  forestall.  —  4.  To  'orecast, 
count  upon,  prepare  one's  self  for,  calculate  upon. 

II,  intrans.  To  treat  of  something,  as  in  a 
narrative,  before  the  proper  time. 
anticipatedlyt,  anticipatelyt  (an-tis'i-pa-ted- 
li,  -pat-li),  adv.     By  anticipation. 

It  may  well  he  deemed  a  singular  mark  of  favor  that  our 
Lord  did  intend  to  bestow  upon  all  pastors,  that  he  did 
anticipatety  promise  to  Peter. 

Barrow,  The  Pope's  Supremacy. 

anticipation  (an-tis-i-pa'shon),  n.  [<L.  n«/«'/- 
X/atio(n-),  apreconception,  anticipation, <  foiftcJ- 
^ace,  anticipate :  see  anticipate.]  1.  The  act  of 
being  before  another  in  doing  something ;  the 
act  of  taking  up,  placing,  or  considering  some- 
thing beforehand,  before  the  proper  time,  or 
out  of  the  natua'al  order;  prior  action. —  2. 
Foretaste;  realization  in  advance;  previous 
view  or  impression  of  what  is  to  happen  after- 
ward; exjiectatiou;  hope:  as,  the  anticipation 
.of  the  joys  of  heaven. 

The  remembrance  of  past,  or  the  antieipation  of  future 
good  or  evil,  could  give  me  neither  pk-a.^un-  nor  pain. 

Beatti.-,  Truth,  I.  ii.  §3. 

3.  Pi-e-vious  notion ;  preconceived  opinion,  pro- 
duced in  the  mind  before  the  truth  is  known; 
slight  previous  impression ;  forecast. 

AVliat  nation  is  there,  that  witliout  any  teaching,  have 
not  a  kind  of  anticipation,  or  preconceived  notion  of  a 
Deity?  Derham. 

Many  men  give  themselves  up  to  the  first  anticipations 
of  their  minds.       Locke,  Conduct  of  Understanding,  §  25. 

4.  In  logic,  the  term  used  since  Cicero  (Latin  an- 
ticipatio)  to  translate  the  "prolepsis"  (irpoTiTripig) 
of  the  Epicureans  and  Stoics.  It  denotes  any  general 
notion  considered  as  resulting  from  the  action  of  memory 
upon  experiences  more  or  less  similar.  Such  a  notion  is 
called  an  anticipation  because,  once  possessed,  it  is  called 
up  in  its  entirety  by  a  mere  suggestion.  It  thus  acquaints 
us  with  what  has  not  yet  been  perceived,  by  a  reference 
to  past  perceptions.  Hence,  with  later  philosophers,  the 
word  denotes  knowledge  drawn  from  the  mind,  indepen- 
dently of  experience ;  the  knowledge  of  axioms  or  first 
principles.  With  Bacon  an  anticipation  of  nature  is  a 
hasty  generalization  or  hypothesis :  opposed  to  an  inter- 
pretation of  nature.  In  Kiint's  philosophy,  anticipation 
is  the  a  priori  knowledge  that  every  sensation  must  have 
degrees  of  intensive  quantity. 

5.  In  med.,  the  occm-rence  in  the  human  body 
of  any  phenomenon,  morbid  or  natural,  before 
theusxial  time. — 6.  In  music,  the  introduction 
into  a  chord  of  one  or  more  of  the  component 
notes  of  the  chord  which  follows,  producing  a 
passing  discord.— 7.  In  rhet.,  prolepsis.  =  Syn. 
2.  Antepast,  preconception,  expectation,  prevision,  fore- 
sight, presentiment. 

anticipative  (an-tis'i-pa-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
*anticij>ativus :  see  anticipate  and  -ive.]  Antici- 
pating or  tending  to  anticipate ;  containing  an- 
ticipation. 

anticipatively  (an-tis'i-pa-tiv-li),  adv.  By  an- 
ticipation. 

The  name  of  his  Majesty  defamed,  the  honour  of  Parlia- 
ment depraved,  the  writings  of  both  depravedly,  antici- 
patively, counterfeitly  imprinted. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  Pref. 

anticipator  (an-tis'i-pa-tor),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
'anticipator:  see  anticipate  and  -or.]  One  who 
antioipate.s. 

anticipatory  (an-tis'i-pft-to-ri),   a.     [<   antici- 
pate +  -orij.]     Pertaining  to,  maiiifesting,  or 
expressi^ng  anticipation ;  anticipative. 
Prophecy  being  an  anticipatory  history. 

Dr.  II.  More,  Seven  Churches,  Pref. 
It  is  very  true  that  the  anticipatory  conditional  has  to 
do  with  practical  matters  chiefly.  ■         _,    ^      ^ 

Amer.  Jour.  Phllol.,  IV.  427,  foot-note. 

anticivism  (an-ti-siv'izm),  n.  [<  F.  anticiiisme  : 
see  anti-  .<ind  civistn.]  Opposition  or  hostility 
to  the  state  or  condition  of  citizenship,  or  to 
republicanism;  bad  citizenship.     [Bare.] 


anticonvulsive 

Woe  to  him  who  is  guilty  of  plotting,  of  anticivijun, 
royalism,  etc.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  ill.  2. 

anticlastic  (an-ti-klas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  as  if  •av- 
Tin'MinTmic,  <  iivrmXav,  bend  back,  <  avri,  back,  + 
Kkav,  break  (verbal  adj.  K'/.aaTo^).]  An  epithet 
descriptive  of  the  curvature  of  a  surface,  such 
as  that  of  a  saddle  or  the  inner  surface  of  an 
anchor-ring,  which  intersects  its  tangent-plane 
at  the  point  of  contact,  and  bends  away  from 
it,  partly  on  one  side  of  it  and  partly  on  the 
other,  and  has  thus  in  some  of  its  normal  sec- 
tions curvatur'^  -  3ppositely  directed  to  those  in 
others.  Opposeu  tosynclastic  surfaces,  which  are  illus- 
trated by  the  surface  of  a  sphere  or  of  the  outer  portion 
of  the  anchor-ring. 

An  interesting  case  of  equilibrium  is  suggested  by  what 
are  called  rocking  stones,  where  .  .  .  the  lower  surface  of 
a  loose  mass  of  rock  is  worn  into  a  convex  or  concave,  or 
anticlastic  form,  wliile  the  bed  of  rock  on  which  it  rests  in 
equilibrium  may  be  convex  or  concave,  or  of  an  anticlastic 
form.  TttoiHSon  and  Tait,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  §  566. 

Anticlastic  stress,  two  simple  ben<ling  stresses  of  equal 
amounts  in  i>p]»oHiti-  directions  round  two  sets  of  parallel 
straight  lines  perpendicular  to  one  another  in  the  plane  of 
the  plate ;  its  ettect  would  be  iniiform  anticlastic  curvatui'e. 
Thomson  and  Tait,  Nat.  Phil.,  I.  §  638. 

anticlimax  (an'ti-kli-maks),  TO.  [<  Gr.  avri,  op- 
posite to,  +  K'Ai/ia^,  a  climax :  see  climax.]  A 
figure  or  fault  of  style,  consistinpf  in  an  abrapt 
descent  fi'om  stronger  to  weaker  exjjressions,  or 
from  the  mention  of  more  important  to  that  of 
less  important  things:  opposed  to  climax. 

anticlinal  (an-ti-kU'nal),«.  and n.  [As anticline 
+  -at.]  I.  a.  Inclining  in  opposite  directions 
from  a  central  axis:  applied  to  stratified  rocks 
when  they  incline  or  dip  from  a  central  un- 
stratified  mass,   or  when  in  consequence  of 


AxU 


Section  of  Anticlinal  Fold. 

crust-movements  they  have  been  folded  or 
pressed  together  so  that  they  dip  each  way  from 
a  central  plane,  which  indicates  the  line  parallel 
to  which  the  folding  has  taken  place :  opposed  to 
synclinal.  Occasionally  anticUnic  and  anticlin- 
ical — Anticlinal  line,  or  anticlinal  axis,  in  rieol.,  the 

ridge  of  a  wave-like  curve  from  which  the  strata  dip  on 
either  side,  as  from  the  ridge  of  a  house. 

II.  n.  In  geol.,  an  anticlinal  line  or  axis,  or 
an  anticlinal  fold;  an  anticlinal  aiTangement 
of  strata :  opposed  to  synclinal. 

Among  the  old  rocks  of  Wales  and  other  parts  of  west- 
ern Britain,  it  is  not  uncommon  to  find  the  beds  thrown 
into  a  succession  of  sharp  anticlinals  and  synclinals. 

Huxley,  Physiog.,  p.  214. 

anticline  (an'ti-klin),  M.  [<  Gr.  avri,  opposite,  + 
n'Aiviiv,  incline.  Cf.  Gr.  avriiMveiv,  bend  again.] 
Same  as  anliclinal.  [Rare.] 
anticlinic,  anticlinical  (an-ti-klin'ik,  -i-kal),  a. 
Same  as  anticlinal.  [Bare.] 
anticly  (an'tik-U),  adv.  In  an  antic  manner; 
with  odd  postures  and  gesticulations;  gro- 
tesquely.    [Bare.] 

Scambling,  out-facing,  fashion-monging  boys. 
That  lie,  and  cog,  and  flout,  deprave  and  slander, 
Go  anticly,  and  show  outward  hideousness. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 

antic-mask  (an'tik-mask),  n.  A  mask  of  antics ; 
an  antimask  (which  see). 

Our  request  is,  we  may  be  admitted,  if  not  for  a  mask, 
for  an  antic-niash.  B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  .\ugurs. 

anticnemion  (an-tik-ne'mi-on),  n. ;  pi.  antic- 
ncmia  (-ii).  [<  Gr.  avTiKviiumv,  the  shin,  <  avri, 
opposite  to,  +  livi'/u!/,  the  part  of  the  leg  between 
the  knee  and  the  ankle,  by  medical  writers  con- 
fined to  the  tibia.]  The  anterior  edge  of  the 
tibia;  the  shin.     [Rare.] 

anticness  (an'tik-nes),  n.  {<.  antic  + -ness.] 
The  quality  or  contlition  of  being  antic ;  gro- 
tesqueness;  oddness,  as  of  appearance. 

A  port  of  humorous  anticness  in  carriage. 

Ford,  Fancies,  iv.  2. 

anticonstitutional  (an"ti-kon-sti-tu'shon-al), 
a.  [<  anti-  +  constitution  +  -al.]  Opposed  to 
or  conflicting  with  the  constitution,  as  of  a 
state ;  unconstitutional.     [Bare.] 

Anticoiistit  utional  dependency  of  the  two  houses  of  par- 
liament on  the  crouTi.  Bolingbroke,  On  Parties,  xix. 

anticontagious  (an'ti-kon-ta'jus),  a.  [<  anti- 
-t-  contagious.]  Counteracting  or  destroying 
contagion. 

anticonvulsive  (an'ti-kon-vul'siv),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  convulmve.]    Efficacious  against  convulsions. 


Aobcous  Anthers. 
Flowcrof  the  grape-vine : 
a,  a.   anthers,   turned   to- 
ward the  pistil,  d. 


anticorrosive 

anticorrosive  (an'ti-kg-ro'siv),  n.  [<  anti-  + 
corrosive.^  Something  used  to  prevent  or  rem- 
edy corrosion. 

Zinc  has  been  sliown  ...  to  be  an  excellent  anti-eor- 
rofice  .  .  .  where  decomposed  grease,  or  fatty  acid,  is  the 
destroj-ing  agent.  Workshop  Heceipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  44. 

anticosmetic  (an''ti-koz-met'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
cosmeti<:'\  Acting  against  or  counteracting  the 
effects  of  cosmetics. 

I  would  have  him  apply  his  anticogmetic  wash  to  the 
painted  face  of  female  beauty. 

Lord  Lyitellon.  Misc.  Works,  II.  123. 

anticourt  (an'ti-kort),  a.  l<anti-  +  coiirt.^  Op- 
posed to  the  court:  as.  "the  anticourt  party," 
Sir  J.  Seresby,  Memoirs,  p.  153.     [Rare.] 

anticourtier  (an'ti-kor-tier),  H.  [<  anti-  -t-  cour- 
tier.'] One  who  opposes  the  court,  or  the  acts  of 
a  monarch.     [Bare.] 

anticons  (an-ti'kus),  a.  [<  L.  antieus,  that  is  in 
front.  <  ante,  before :  see  ante-,  and  cf.  antic,  an- 
tique.] In  bot. :  (a)  Facing 
anteriorly,  away  from  the 
axis  of  the  plant,  (fc)  Turn- 
ed inward  and  facing  the 
axis  of  the  flower:  applied 
to  anthers,  and  equivalent 
to  intrurse.    i'Aiso  antical. 

anticreator  (an'ti-kre-a'- 
tor),  ».  [<  anti-  +  creator.] 
A  creator  of  something  of 
no  value.     [Bare.] 

Let  hiju  ask  the  author  of  those  toothless  satires  who 
was  the  maker,  or  rather  the  anticreator,  of  that  universal 
foolerj-.  Milton,  Apul.  for  Smectymnuus. 

anticum  (an-ti'kum),  n.;  pi.  antica  (-ka).  [L., 
neut.  of  antieus,  that  is  in  front :  see  anticous.] 
In  arch.,  an  unnecessary  name  for  the  front  of 
a  building,  as  distinguished  from  j>osticum,  the 
rear  of  a  building,  etc.  The  name  has  been  pro- 
posed, but  without  justification,  for  the  pronaos  or  for  a 
front  porrh.     [Rare.) 

anticyclone  (au'ti-si-kl6n),  n.  [<  anti-  +  cy- 
clone.] A  meteorological  phenomenon  present- 
ing some  features  which  are  the  opposites  of 
those  of  a  cyclone.  It  consists  of  a  high  barometric 
pressure  over  a  limited  region,  the  pressure  being  highest 
in  the  center,  with  light  winds  flowing  outward  from  the 
center,  and  not  inward  as  in  the  cyclone,  accompanied 
with  great  cold  in  winter  and  with  great  heat  in  summer. 
See  cyclone. 

Anticyclones  .  .  .  are  now  known,  by  numerous  statisti- 
cal averages,  to  be  characterized  by  clear  weather,  cold  in 
winter,  warm  in  summer,  with  weak  outflowing  right- 
handed  spiral  winds  at  the  surface. 

Amer.  Mett:or.  Jour.,  III.  117. 

The  cyclone  and  the  anticyclone  are  properly  to  be  re- 
garded as  counterparts,  belonging  to  one  and  the  same 
great  atmospheric  disturbance.  Kncyc.  Hrit.,  III.  34. 

anticyclonic  (an'ti-si-klon'ik),  a.  [<  anticy- 
clone +  -ic]  In  meteorol.,  of,  pertaining  to,  or  of 
the  nature  of  an  anticyclone ;  characterized  by 
high  barometric  pressure  and  an  outward  flow 
of  light  winds  from  a  center. 

Any  region  of  relatively  low  pressure  is  called  cyclonic, 
anrl  any  region  of  relatively  high  pressure,  anticyclonic. 

Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  940. 

anticyclonically  (an'ti-si-klon'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
ail  aiitii-yilonic  manner;  as  an  anticyclone. 

To  circulate  anticyclonically  around  the  axis  of  maxi- 
mum pressure.  Sature,  XXX.  4(1. 

antidactyl  (an'ti-dak-til),  «.  [<  L.  antidacty- 
Iwi,  <  Gr.  uvTiAaKTv/Mc,  <  iivri,  opposite  to,  -I-  '!«/>- 
rv'jir,  dactyl:  eee  dacti/l.]  A  dactyl  reversed; 
an  anapest;  a  metrical  foot  consisting  of  two 
short  syllables  followed  by  a  long  one,  as  the 
Latin  ociilon.     See  anaixKt. 

antidemocratic  (an'ti-dem-o-krat'ik),  a.  [< 
anii-  +  ill  iHiicratic]  1.  Omiosing  democracy 
or  poymlar  government.  —  2.  In  the  United 
States,  o|,|,(jsidor  contrary  to  the  jirinciples  of 
the  Iionvirnitic  party, 
antidemocratical   (an'ti-dom-o-krat'i-kal),  a. 

^■'"  '   '  niiicratic. 

An'  1  inite(Hn'ti-dik-o-ma'ri-an-it),  n. 

I  'iiiinita;  <  Or.  livriAiKor,  ojipo- 

"'  iHt,  +  AiK!),  suit  or  action, 

I'/dVi,  L.  Maria,  Mary.]     One 
ivliich  originated  in  Arabia 
I  tlio  fiiiirtli  <'(nturj",  wiio  de- 
virginity  of  ,\Inry,  holding 
■  :i\  wife  ijf  .IriHi'iili,  and  liml 
r  the  birth  of  Jchuh.    AIno 


rij.- 

of  II  <   I 

in  the  I. 

tir 

rli 

.•nil.. I  A 
Antidon 


tor. 

:r-IUl  I 

antldoroi 


r'koii),  n.    [NL.,  <  Or.  'Iit/, 

•    /wee  auti-),  +   »'o/;«oc,  u 

Tin  iipjilied  l)y  Htinileviill 

\  lit  giizel  of  Africa,  I'm- 

irhorr. 

n),  n.     [MOr.  fii  "Mu/joi',  < 


Or.  ui-r.,  iigHii.Bl,  f  i',u,uv,  a  (fifl.  I   In  the  Or,  Ch., 


244 

bread  forming  part  of  the  holy  loaf,  blessed  in 
the  prothesis,  but  not  saeramentally  consecrat- 
ed, and  distributed  at  the  close  of  the  service 
to  those  who  have  not  communicated,  a  similar 
practice  has  prevailed  at  times  in  the  We-tern  Church,  the 
liread  bearing  the  name  of  blessed  bread.    See  eulo'jia. 

antidotal  (an'ti-do-tal),  a.  [<  antidote  +  -ah] 
Pertaining  to  antidotes  ;  having  the  quality  of 
an  antidote ;  proof  against  poison  or  anything 
hurtful. 

.Animals  that  can  innoxiously  digest  these  poisons  be- 
come antidotal  to  the  poison  digested. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 
Snake  poison  and  antidotal  remedies. 

The  American,  VI.  205. 

antidotally  (au'ti-do-tal-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  an  antidote ;  by  way  of  antidote. 

antidotarium  (an"ti-do-ta'ri-um),  «. ;  pi.  anti- 
dotaria  (-a).  [ML.,  neut.  (also  masc.  antidota- 
rius  (sc.  liber,  book),  a  treatise  on  antidotes) 
of  antidotarius,  <.  h.  antidotum :  see  antidote.] 
X.  A  treatise  on  antidotes;  a  pharmacopoeia. — 
2.  A  place  where  medicines  are  prepared ;  a  dis- 
pensatory.   Also  called  antidotary, 

antidotary  (an-ti-do'ta-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML. 
antidotarius:  see  antidotarium.]  I.f  a.  Same 
as  antidotal. 

II.  ". ;  pi.  antidotaries  (-riz).    Same  as  anti- 
dotarium, 2. 

antidote  (an'ti-dot),  )i.  [<  F.  antidote,  <  L.  anti- 
dotum, also  antidotus,  <  Gr.  avridorov  (sc.  (pdp/ia- 
Kov,  drug),  neut.,  also  d^riiSoTof  (sc.  66cig,  dose), 
fern.,  an  antidote,  prop,  an  adj.,  <  ain-i,  against, 
+  fSorof,  given,  verbal  adj.  of  ii66vai,  give,  =  L. 
dare,  give:  see  da(e.]  1.  A  medicine  adapted 
to  counteract  the  effects  of  poison  or  an  at- 
tack of  disease. 

Trust  not  the  physician ; 
His  antidotes  are  poison.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Whatever  prevents  or  tends  to  prevent  or 
counteract  injurious  influences  or  effects, 
whether  physical  or  mental;  a  counteracting 
power  or  influence  of  any  kind. 

My  death  and  life. 
My  bane  and  antidote,  are  both  before  me  : 
This  in  a  moment  brings  me  to  an  end ; 
But  this  informs  me  I  shall  never  die. 

Addison,  Cato,  v.  1. 
One  passionate  belief  is  an  antidote  to  another. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  86. 
=  Syn.  Remedy,  cure,  counteractive,  corrective. 
antidote  (an'ti-dot),  v.  t.  [<  antidote,  «.]  To 
furnish  with  preservatives;  preserve  by  anti- 
dotes; serve  as  an  antidote  to;  counteract. 
[Rare.] 

Fill  us  with  great  ideas,  full  of  heaven, 
And  antidote  the  pestilential  earth. 

Younrt,  Night  Thoughts,  ix. 

antidotical  (an-ti-dot'i-kal),  a.  [<  antidote.] 
iSiTvnng  as  an  antidote;  antidotal.     [Rare.] 

antidotically  (an-ti-dot'i-kal-i),  adv.  By  way 
ofantiilote;  antidotally.     [Sare.] 

antidotism  (an'ti-do-tizm),  n.  [<  antidote  + 
-ism.]     The  giving  of  antidotes. 

antidromal  (an-tid'ro-mal),  a.  In  bot.,  charac- 
trrized  by  antidromy. 

antidromous  (an-tid'ro-mus),  a.  [<NL.  nH?i- 
dromuii,  <  Gr.  as  if  "avridpo^o^  (cf.  avruSpnfidv, 
run  in  a  contrary  direction),  <  avri,  against,  4- 
Afiaiuiv,  nm.]     Same  as  antidromal. 

antidromy  (an-tid'ro-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  as  if  *i'ir- 
Ti^imiiiu,  <  'I'lvTlApo/ioi;:  »eoantidromi>u.-^.]  ]nbot., 
a  cliaiigo  in  the  direction  of  the  spiral  in  tlie 
anaiigi'inent  of  tlie  leaves  upon  the  brandies 
of  H  stem,  or  on  the  successive  axes  of  a  sjTii- 
jioilial  Ktrm.     Also  valU'ilhcterodriimy. 

antidysenteric  (iin"ti-dis-en-ter'ik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  anti-  +  ily.itnlcric]       I.  a.  Of   use  against 
dysentery. 
II.  H.  A  remedy  for  dysentery. 

antidysuric  (an'ti-di-su'rik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
dysuric]  Useful  in  relieving  or  counteracting 
dysurv. 

anti-einetic  (an'ti-e-met'ik),  a.  and  n.  Same 
as  iinti  mttie. 

antientt,  antientryt,  etc.    Former  spellings  of 

iinni  nt,  iincti  nlry,  etc. 
anti-enthusiastic     (an'ti-en-thu-zi-as'tik),   a. 

[<  anti-  +  riitlni.tia.stic]      Opposed  to  entbiisi- 

asin ;  as,  "the  aniicnthusiaslic  poet's  method," 

■'^hiil'lrshurii. 
anti-ephialtic  (an'ti-ef-i-al'tik),  '/.  and  n. 

Saiiii'  iiM  mill /ihiallir. 
anti-epileptic  (an'ti-ep-i-lep'tik),  n.  and  ". 

Siiliii'  iiH  ilnlrpilijitic. 

anti-episcopal  (an'ti-tVpis'ko-pal),  n.  [<".;i'i- 
+  rpincojiiif.]     (Jpposed  to  episcopacy. 

Mild  I  grjilllleil  their  (iii'i>;/Mrn;«/ (action  nt  flml 
1  b.'llovu  tlii-y  would  then  liavu  found  no  colourntile  iic 
ecMlljr  uf  mining  ui  >nny.  Hikon  Basitikr,  l>. 


Antigaster 

anti-evangelical  (an"ti-e-van-jel'i-kal),  a.  [< 
anti-  -¥■  evanyelical.]  Opposed  to  evangelical 
principles. 

antiface  (an'ti-fas),  n.  [<  Gr.  avri,  opposite,  -t- 
face.]  An  opposite  face;  a  face  of  a  totally 
different  kind.     Ji.  Jonson. 

antifat  (an'ti-fat),  a.  and  n.     [<  anti-  +fat.'\ 
I.  a.  Useful  in  preventing  or  coimteraeting  the 
formation  of  fat,  or  in  lessening  the  amotmt  of  it. 
II.  n.  Any  substance  which  prevents  or  re- 
duces fatness. 

antifebrile  (an-ti-feb'ril  or  -fe'brill,  a.  and  n. 
[<.  anti-  +  febrile.]  I.  a.  HaWng  the  property 
of  abating  fever;  opposing  or  tending  to  cure 
fever;  antipyretic. 

H.  n.  An  antipyretic  (which  see). 

antifebrine  (an-ti-feb'rin), «.  Acetanilide :  em- 
ployed in  medicine  as  an  antipyretic. 

antifederal,  Anti-Federal  (an-ti-fed'e-ral),  a. 
[(.anti-  -{•  fedtrnl.]     Opposed  to  federalism,  or 

to  a  federal  constitution  or  party Anti-Federal 

party,  in  r.  S.  hist.,  the  party  w-liich  opposed  the  adop- 
tion and  ratification  of  the  Constitution  of  the  l' nited  States, 
and  which,  failing  in  this,  strongly  favored  the  strict  con- 
struction  of  the  Cimstitution.  Its  fundamental  principle 
was  oppositiun  to  tlie  strengthening  of  the  national  gov- 
ernment at  the  expense  of  the  States.  After  the  close  of 
Washington's  first  administration  (17E»3)  the  name  Anti- 
Federal  soon  went  out  of  use,  Republican,  and  afterward 
Democratic  Republican  (now  usually  Democratic  alone), 
taking  its  place.     Also  calle<i  Aiiti-Federnlist  ^larty. 

antifederalism,  Anti-Federalism  (an-ti-fed'- 
e-ral-izm),  H.  [<.  anti-  +  federal  -h  -ism.]  Op- 
position to  federalism;  specifically,  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Anti-Feder.al  partv. 

antifederalist,  Anti-Federalist  (an-ti-fed'e- 
ral-ist),  ».  [<  anti-  +  federal  +  -ist]  One  oj)- 
pbsed  to  federalism;  a  member  of  the  Anti- 
Federal  party.     See  antifederal. 

In  the  course  of  this  discussion  the  Anti-Federnlists 
urged  the  following  as  their  chief  objections  to  adopting 
the  new  Constitution  :  States  would  be  consolidated,  and 
their  sovereignty  crushed  ;  personal  liberty  would  be  en- 
dangered, since  no  security  wiis  furnished  for  freedom  of 
speech  and  the  liberty  of  the  press,  nor  assurance  adequate 
against  arbitrary  arrest  or  forcilile  seizure  and  the  denial 
of  jury  trials  in  civil  cases ;  standing  armies,  too,  were 
placed  under  too  little  restraint.  Making  the  President 
re-eligible  indettnitely  was  too  much  like  giving  a  life  ten- 
ure t«i  the  executive  oftice.        Scttuuler,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  55. 

Anti-Federalist  party.      .Same  as  Anti-Federal  party 

(which  sec,  uiuler  anii/ederal). 

antiferment  (an-ti-f^r'ment),  n.  [<  anti-  + 
ferment.]  A  substance  or  agent  having  the 
projierty  of  preventing  or  coimteraeting  fer- 
mentation. 

antifermentative  (an"ti-ft''r-men'ta-tiv),  a.  and 
«.    [<««//-  -i-  fermcntatirc.]    I.  a.  Preventing 
or  titled  to  prevent  fermentation. 
II,  H.  Same  as  antiferment. 

antifouling  (an-ti-foul'ing),  a.  [<  anti-  +  foul- 
ini/,]  Adapted  to  prevent  or  counteract  fouling. 
Applied  to  any  preparation  or  contrivance  intended  to  jiro- 
vciit  the  formation  or  accumulation  of  extraneous  matter, 
as  iKirnacles,  seaweed,  etc.,  on  the  immersed  portion  of 
ships,  tir  luted  for  removing  such  formations,  or  the  scales 
from  the  interior  of  steam-ijoilers,  powder  from  the  bores 
of  guns,  etc. 

antifriction  (an-ti-frik'shon),  a.  and  n.  [<  anti- 
+  friction.]  I,  a.  Preventing  friction;  spe- 
cifically, in  mccli.,  overcoming  or  reducing  that 
resistance  to  motion  which  arises  from  friction. 
Antifriction  bearing,  a  bearing  in  which  rolling  fric- 
tion is  substituted  for  tliatof  slitling  contact;  any  form  of 
ln'iiring  specially  dcsiLriifd  to  reduce  friction.  AntiiTflc- 
tlou  block,  a  pnllcyhlock  with  untifiiclion  wheels  or 
roller  bearings.  — Antifriction  box,  the  box  which  con. 
tains  tlic  rollers  or  balls  of  an  antifriction  bearing.  —  Antl- 
Mctlon  compositions,  lubricating  compounds  of  oils, 
fats,  or  greases,  usually  combined,  where  the  pressure  is 
great,  with  certain  metallic  or  mineral  substiiiiccH,  as 
plunibngo,  sulphur,  talc,  steatite,  etc.  —  AntlfWctlon 
metals,  alloys  which  otfer  little  fiictlonal  rcsistimei'  to 
bodies  sliding  over  them,  and  which  are  used  in  nmehlnery 
for  bearings.  They  are  iirincipally  compounds  of  copper, 
antimony,  and  tin  ;  zinc  or  lend,  or  both,  are  somctllnus 
milled,  and  less  freitucntly,  or  in  smaller  quantities,  varU 
oils  oilier  substances. 

II.  n.  Anytliing  that  prevents  friction;  a 
hilirieniil. 

antigalactic  (an-ti-ga-lak'tik),  a.  and  m.  [<  Or. 
iivTi,  iiiiiiinst,  -\-  )ri/la  (jn/lasr-),  milk:  see  (lalac- 
'"'.  I  I.  <i.  In  »H<v/.,  opposed  to  the  secretion  of 
milk,  or  to  diseases  caused  by  the  milk.  Dun- 
ilHsnn. 

II.  n.  Anything  tending  to  diminish  tho  so- 
erotion  of  milk. 

anti-Qallican  (an-ti-gal'i-kan),  a.  and  w.  [< 
'!»/;- -t-  llalliran,  Frencli:  see  (Sallican.]  I.  a. 
lloslile  to  Franco  or  the  French,  or  to  anything 
I'leticli ;  specifically,  oi>|ioKcd  to  tlie  Gallican 
ehiircli.     See  (lalliran. 

II.  ".  Oni' wlio  is  hostile  to  the  French,  or  to 
llio  ( inliicjiii  cliiirch. 

Antigaster  (an'li-gas-ter),  H.  [NL.,  <Gr.  (Iit/, 
apiinst,  +  yairri^^^,  stomach.]     A  generic  name 


Antigaster 
proposed  by  Walsh  for  certam  parasitic  /?;//- 
mdii'l'lrni,  of  the  family  ( ■halcidida',  whicli  bend 
the  iibiloriioii  back  over  the  thorax.  ,1.  miraliUis 
(VV;ilsli)  is  i,iir;isitic'  in  Uil-  esinsnt  one  cif  the  katydids,  ;»//• 
crm-entntm  retiiierm.  Syuonymuus  with  Eupelimis  (wliicli 
Bee). 

antigeny  (an- 
tij'o-iii),  II.  [< 
Gr.iii'T(,agauist, 
opposite,  +  )'- 
vuc,  race,  stock, 
sex.]  Sexual  di- 
inorphisin.  iV(.s- 

COf. 

Antignana  (au- 

te-nyJi' nii).  "• 
A  white  liud  a 
red  wine,  made 
in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Tri- 
este. 

antigorite  (an- 
tig'o-rit),  II.  [< 
Aittiijorio  (see 
def.)  +  -ite^.] 
A  variety  of  ser- 
pentine, of  a 
green  color  and 
a  thin  lamellar 
structure,  f  omid 
in  the  Antigorio 
valley  in  Pied- 
mont. 
antigraph  (an'- 

ti-gi-af),   II.      [< 
antiara 


245 


Antilopinse 


anti-induction  (an"ti-in-duk'shon),  (I.  Pre- 
vcntiiit;  (jr  c-uiinteraeting  electrical  induction: 
>is,iiiili-iiiiliiclMiii  devices  in  telephony. 

anti-Jacobin,  Anti-Jacobin  (an-ti-jak'o-bin), 

«.  and  n.     Opposed  to,  or  one  who  is  opposed  to, 

the  Jacobins.     See  Jacobin. 
anti-Jacobinism  (an-ti-jak'6-bin-izm),  n.     The 

principles  iuHl  practices  of  the  anti-Jacobins. 
anti-LeCOmpton(an"ti-le-komp'ton),«.  In  U.S. 

hi.'il.,  ojiposed  to  the  admission  of  Kansas  under 


the  temporal  hone  in  a  slieath  formed  by  an  extension  of 
tlic  exteniiil  auditory  meatus. 
antiloemic  (an-ti-le'mik),  n.    [<  Or.  avri, against, 
+   '/.oiiiikt'ir,    pestilential,  <    '/mij6c,    pestilence, 
plague.]     A  remedy  used  in  the  prevention  and 
cure  of  the  plague.     Sometimes  written  anli- 
loimic. 
antilogarithm  (an-ti-log'a-rithm),  n.     [<  anli- 
+  liiiliirilliiii.]     In  math.:  {a)  The  complement 
of  tlio  logarithm  of  any  sine,  tangent,  or  s('cant 
.     ,.      c  n     .1     f      •      up  to  that  of  90  degrees.    [Rare.]    (/<)  Ascom- 

the  iiroslavery  constitution  framed  by  the  tern-  ,„o,jiy  „sgj^  tjjQ  number  corresponding  to  any 
torial  convention  held  at  Lecompton  in  1H.)I:  logarithm.  Thus,  aceordin);  to  the  connnon  system, 
ajiplieil  to  a  luiiiority  of  the  Democratic  Jiarty.  jf^j  j,  j|,j.  antiloKaritlim  of  2,  hecause  2  is  tlie  logarithm  of 
antileKOmena(an"ti-le-gom'e-na),  n.pl.  [<Gr.  um;  itisili-nolc-d  tlms;  hic -'2,  log. -'a,  whieli  may  he  read : 
,hT,>f,.i«n«,  things  spoken  against,  neut.  pi.  ■■TI_,.M,nnd,nM..  the  lo^^  2,"  "the  nun.her  to  U,e  U«.  a 
of  m'n/n,,;nn,og,  ppr.  pass,  of  avrMyeiv,  speak  antllogarithmiC  an-ti-log-a-nth  mik)  a 
against,  dispute :  see antiloqij.-]  Literally,  things     Pertaining  to  ant,  uganf hms,    Antilogarithm  c 

s^okenkgainst;  specifically,  thx,se  books  of  tiie  t^s^,,';-,:,;:?:;;,:;:,,;:';,::^;;;:,^:;:;utf;  i^;';;;;;;;,;  in  lilt 

New  Testament  whose  inspiration  was  not  uni-  ,„„|j,  ,,f  ,|,j,  ,.,i,i^, 

versally  acknowledged  by  the  early  church,  al-  antilogous  (an-til'o-gus),  a.     [<  Gr.  avTikoyoi;, 

though  they  were  ultimately  admitted  into  the  contradictory:  see  antilogy.']     In  elect.,  an  epi- 

canon.    These  are  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews,  the  Epis.  ^jjgi;  applied  to  that  pole  of  a  crystal  which  is 

ties  of  James  and  Jude,  the  Second  Epistle  of  I'eter,  the  jjeeative  while  being  electrified  by  heat,  and 

See.Mul  and  Third  Epistles  of  John,  and  the  Revelation.  „ff„,„„„,   wl,;lo  ««.^lir,<,  la  Tinaitive.     See  nvro- 
rliey  are  classed  by  Roman  Catholic  theologians  a.s  ilr.u- 


Katydid-egg  Parasite  {.Antigaster 

ttiirabilis). 

A,  male :  B.  female.     (Vertical  line  and 

cross  show  natural  sizes. ) 


Unimtmnu-ol  (which  see). 
antilibration  (an"ti-li-bra'shon),  n.      [<  anti- 

-t-  lihnilioii.  q.  v.]   The  act  of  counterbalancing, 

or  the  state  of  being  counterbalanced,  as  two 

members  of  a  sentence ;  equipoise. 

HavinK  enjoyed  his  artful  antithesis  and  solemn  antiii- 

hnillon  of  cadences.  De  Qui-ncey,  Whiggism. 

antilithic  (an-ti-lith'ik),  a.  and  «.     [<  Gr.  avri, 

against,  +  hdrnd^,  of  stone,  <  /j'fef,  stone.]     I. 

a.  In  mech,  tending  to  prevent  the  formation 

of  urinary  calculus,  or  stone  in  the  bladder. 
II.  «.    A  medicine  that  tends  to  prevent  the 

foi-mation  of  urinary  calculi. 


ML 
phum,<.GT.  avri- 

ffi.^S'^'i"°'ui.l?:^'^;  ^  AntiUean  (an-ti-l.'aii),«.    Of  or  pertaining  to 


spondiilg  to;'coimter,  +  ,,S,..  writeO_^  A  copy     J^^ntiUes,  a^ame^s^l,- gwen^^o^^  ^  Antilope  (an^ii;6,>.),^ .. 


pi.   antUobia 


«Haf.,  the  tragus,  or  that  part  of  the  external  ear 
which  is  opposite  the  lobe.  See  cut  under  car. 
Antilocapra  (an"ti-lo-ka'pra),  II.  [NL.,  contr. 
iov*aiitilopocapra,i  antilope,  antelope,  +  L.  w- 
pra,  a  goat.]  A  genus  of  ruminants  peculiar 
to  North  America,  constituting  the  family  An- 
tilocapridw,  and  containing  only  the  eabrit, 
pronghorn,  or  so-called  American  antelope, 
A ntilocapra  americana.  See  An  tilocapridcc.  The 
members  of  this  genus  have  no  larmiers,  or  metatarsal 
glands,  as  in  Cemido!,  but  have  a  system  of  eleven  odor- 


or  counterpart  of  a  writing,  as  of  a  deed, 
antieraohv  (an-tig'ra-fi),  H.     \¥ or 'antiijraplie,     <-'eptea.  ..-,-,,.        ^ 

<  gT  a™?,),  I  defeiidant's    answer;    also  antllobium   (an-ti-lo'bi-um)    «  .   _ 

antigropelos  (an-ti-gi-op'e-los,  -16z),  n.  sing,  or 
pi.  [Orig.  a  proprietary  name,  formed,  it  is  said, 

<  Gr.  avri,  against,  +  vyim,  moist  (see  hyijro-),  + 
ff)?;((5c, clay,  mud;  ef.L.j)4iH«,  amarsh:  aee palu- 
dal.] Spatterdashes ;  long  riding-  or  walking- 
boots  for  wet  weather. 

Her  brother  had  on  his  antigropelos,  the  utmost  ap- 
proach he  possessed  to  a  hunting  equipment. 

Geurge  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  I.  vii. 

antiguggler  (an-ti-gug'ler),  «_.  [<anti-  +  <JU(I- 
tjlr.]  A  small  tube  inserted  into  the  mouth  ot 
a  bottle  or  carboy  to  admit  air  while  the  Mquid 
is  running  out,  and  thereby  prevent  guggling 
or  splashing  of  corrosive  liquid.  E.  H.  Knight. 
antibelix(an'ti-he-liks),«.;  pl.anUheUces{an-ti- 
hel'i-sez).  [<anti-  + helix.  See  anthelix,-whi(ih 
is  the  same  word  compoimded  in  Greek  f  a.shion.] 
The  inner  curved  ridge  of  the  piima  of  the  ear. 
Also  aiithelix.  See  cut  imder  ear. 
antihemorrhagic  (an"ti-hem-o-raj'ik),  a.  Same 
as  aiitiieinorrhogie. 

antihyloist  (an-ti-hi'16-ist),  Ji.  {<  anti- +  hylo- 
igt.]  One  opposed  to  the  doctrines  of  the  hylo- 
ists.     See  hi/loist. 

antihypnotic  (an"ti-Up-not'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  hypnotic.  See  an  thypnotic,  which  is  the  same 
word  compounded  in  Greek  fashion.]  Counter- 
acting sleep ;  tending  to  prevent  sleep  or  leth- 
argy.    Also  aiithi/pnotic. 

antinypochondriac  (an''ti-hip-6-kon'dri-ak),  a. 
[<  aufi-+  hypochondriac.  See  anthijpochondnac, 
which  is  tlie  same  word  compounded  in  Greek 
fashion.]  Counteracting  or  tending  to  cure 
hypochondriac  affections  and  depression  of 
sjiirits.  Also  anthypochondriac. 
antihypophora  (an"ti-hi-pof'6-ra),  H.  [<  anti- 
■¥  L.  hypiiphora,  <  Gr.  iiroipopa,  an  objection. 
See  aii'thi/pophora,  which  is  the  same  word 
compoimded  in  Greek  fashion.]  In  rhet.,  same 
as  antlnipiipliora. 

antihysteric   (an"ti-his-ter'ik),  a.    and   n.     [< 
((«/(■-  -1-  hysteric.     See  aiiV     ■■" 
same  word  compounded 
I.  a.  Preventing  or  curing  hysteria 
II.  «.  A  remedy  for  hysteria. 
Also  anthi/.^tcric. 
anti-icteric"(an"ti-ik-ter'ik),  «.     [<  Gr.  ivri, 
against,  +  ikti:pik6(,  <  Urcpoi;.  the  jaimdice.]     In 
med.,  a  remedy  for  jaundice.     Dimglison. 
anti-incrustator  (an-ti-in'kms-ta-torj,   n.      A 
mechanical,  chemical,  or  electrical  appliance 
for  preventing  the  formation  of  scales  in  steam- 
boilers. 


Pronghorn  {AtttHocafra  (. 

iferous  sebaceous  cutaneous  glands.  They  have  small 
hoofs  no  false  hoofs,  slender  limbs,  a  comparatively  shol  t 
and  stout  neck,  erect,  pointed  ears,  large  l"iuul  eyes  sit- 
uated directly  beneath  the  base  of  the  'wms,  eUremely 
short  tail,  and  a  harsh,  stiff,  brittle  pelage  devoid  ot  felting 

antilocaprid  (an''ti-io-kap'rid),  n.  An  antelope 
of  the  family  J"^/'"W7*nrf«'. 

■Q^TlfP^ifM.^  the  ^ilocap^^i^^'^^rf'A'f^Jo^-^^i 
junded  m   Greek   fashion.]     \  Antilocajna-r    (mi.j     .t^  i.a^ix^j  ^   ^ 


quaih-upeds  framed  for  the  reception  of  the 
genus  Antilocapra,  containing  the  so-called 
.American  antelope.  It  is  chai-acteiized  by  forked 
hollow  horns  supported  upon  a  long  bony  core  or  osseous 
process  .if  the  frontal  bone,  as  in  the  cattle  or  true  hollow- 
homed  ruminants,  yet  deciduous,  being  periodically  shed 
and  renewed  like  the  antlers  of  deer.  These  singlllar 
horns  are  composed  of  agglutinated  hairs  hardening  into 
solid  corneous  tissue,  and  when  sprouting  resemble  the 
skin-covered  knobs  upon  the  head  of  the  giraffe.  There 
are  several  remarkable  osteological  pecuharities  of  the 
skull  among  them  the  inclosure  of  the  styloid  process  of 


afterward,  while  cooling,  is  positive.    See  pyro- 

electriciti/. 

antilogy  (an-til'o-ji),  n. ;  pi.  antilogies  (-jiz).  [< 
(ir.  iiiTi'Auyia,  contradiction,  <  oiriXoj'OC,  contra- 
dictory, <  avTi'Aiysiv,  contradict,  speak  against, 
<  avri,  against,  +  Uynv,  speak,  say.]  Self- 
contradiction;  contradiction  or  inconsistency 
between  different  statements  by  the  same  per- 
son or  different  parts  of  the  same  thing. 

Philosophy  w.as  thus  again  reconciled  with  nature ;  con- 
sciousness was  not  a  bundle  of  antilogies;  certainty  and 
knowledge  were  not  evicted  from  man.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 
In  these  anlilogies  and  apologies,  however,  a  difference 
might  be  perceived  :  and  some  of  the  advocates  of  Henry 
appeared  less  anxious  to  attack  Rome  than  to  defend 
their  prince.  R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Elig.,  vi. 

[NL.:  see aHfc/o^(c.] 
1 .  A g^us  of  Ail tllo'piiue  (which  see).    Tlie  term 
has  been  used  with  such  latitude  in  its  application  to  the 
wliide  of  the  group  Antilopince,  and,  when  restricted,  has 
been  cniplovcd  in  so  many  different  senses,  that  it  has  lost 
whatever  exact  meaning  it  may  have  possessed  originally, 
and  has  become  a  loose,  fluctuating  sjiionym  of  the  sub- 
family name  Aiitilnpiniv.     Even  in  early  usage  it  appears 
to  have  been  applieil  to  several  different  small  gazel-like 
antelopes.     It  is  now  commonly  restricted  to  the  sasin  or 
Indian  antelope,  A  ntilope  cermcapra.   See  cut  under  sns^n. 
2t  (an'ti-lop).  [/.  c]  Obsolete  (English)  spell- 
ing of  antclojie. 
Antilopidae  (an-ti-lop'i-de),  «.  pi.     [NL.,  <  An- 
tilope  +  -/rf<F.]     A  family  of  mminants;  the 
antelopes:  sometimes  used  as  a  synonym  of 
AntilopiiKT.     Also  -written  Antelopiidce. 
Antilopinae  (an"ti-16-pi'ne),  ".  pi.     [NL.,  <  An- 
tilope +  -ina:]     A  subfamily  of  old-world  and 
chiefly  Afi-ican  ruminants,   the   antelopes,   a 
gi'oup  belonging  to  the  family  Bovidce.    They  dif- 
fer from  cattle  in  their  smaller  size,  more  lithe  and  grace- 
ful form,  slenderer  legs,  which  are  comparatively  longer 
in  the  shank,  and  longer  neck,  with  slenderer  vertebra;, 
itldifting  the  head.     The  Antilopince  shade  directly  into 
the  sheep  and  goats  (Oviiue  and  Caprinte),  being  separable 
from  them  by  no  technical  character ;  but  the  horns  usu- 
ally differ  from  the  forms  presented  by  goats  and  sheep, 
though  they  are  so  diverse  as  to  be  definable  by  no  com- 
mon character.     Antilopince  are    specially  numerous  in 
species  and  individuals  in  Africa,  of  which  continent  they 
are  the  most  characteristic  animals.     Upward  of  60  Afri- 
can species  have  been  described ;  there  are  many  others 
in  Asia,  and  a  few  in  Europe.     Some  75  species  are  recog- 
nized by  naturalists,  but  probably  the  number  cf  genuine 
species 'is  less  than  this.  Several  hmidred  different  names, 
generic,  specific,  and  vernacular,  have  been  applied  to 
these  animals;  and  no  authors  except  mere  compilers  are 
agreed  upon  the  division  of  the  group.     The  antelopes 
present  the  utmost  diversity  of  stature,  form,  and  general 
appearaiu  c,  ranging  from  the  smallest  and  most  delicate 
gazcis,  bteiidi.iks,  and  springboks  to  the  bulky  eland,  nyl- 
ghau or  hartlieest,  as  large  as  a  cow,  horse,  or  stag,  and 
hicludc  the  siuL-'iilaily  misshapen  gnu  (Connochates  rimi). 
The  Kocky  Muuiit;iin  goat.  Haplocenis  montanns,  relnted 
tot  lie  Alpine  cbaniois,  Jiiipicapra  (raf/ws,  and  the  goral,  ^Ve- 
wi'i-hr^hi.^  ■/"i-iil,  another  goat-like  antelope,  are  also  placed 
in  this  subfamily.     The  bubaline  or  bovine  antelopes  in- 
clinlc  the  hurtbeest  (Alcetaptius  caama),  bleshok  (A.  albi- 
/■n.«»i   ami  bontebok  (A.  pygargus).     Four-horned  ante- 
lopes iielmr-;  to  the  genus  tetraceros.     The  philantomba 
and  coiiuetoon  antelopes,  the  blauwbok,  duyker,  etc.,  are 
plaeeil  in  the  genus  Ceplialophus.     The  steiiiboks  are  spe- 
cies of  yeotraaus;  the  singsing,  kobus,  leche.  Ixdior,  etc., 
are  of  the  genera  Cercicapra,  Kobus,  and  their  immediate 
allies     The  gazels  .are  a  large  group,  constituting  the  genus 
Gaziila  (or  Dorcaii)  and  others ;  they  include  the  springbok 
(Aiitiilurcasenchore).  and  are  Indian,  Arabian,  and  Syrian, 
aswelhis.ifrican.   The  sable  or  equine  antelopes  constitute 
the  genus  Ilipputragv-i.     The  addax  is  Addax  nasomacula- 
tus.   There  are  several  species  of  Oryx,  as  0.  leiieurux.   The 
nylghau  is  Bnsdaphus  traoocamelm.     The  harnessed  ante- 
lopes (so  called  from  the  stripes  on  the  sides),  or  the  boseh- 
hoks.  are  species  of  Tragdaptitis.  as  T.  scriptus,  T.  sijlmti- 
ciis     The  koodoo  is  a  large  antelope  with  twisted  horns 
tStrerisireros  kiuhi).     The  eland  is  Oreai  canna.     The  so- 
called  saiga  antelope  is  the  type  of  a.difterent  family, 
Sai'iidie  (which  see);  the  American  antelope  also  belongs 
to  :i  different  family,  Antitocapridce  (which  see).    .See  cuts 
under  addax.  Hand,  gazd,  gnu,  and  Haplvcerus.     Also 
written  Antelopime. 


antilopme 

antilopine  (an-tiro-pin),  a.  [<  NL.  antilo- 
piiius:  see  A>itUopin(e.~\  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  genus  Antilope,  or  to  the  group  Antilopina: ; 
pertaining  or  related  to  an  antelope.  Speciflcally 
applied  by  some  writers  to  a  particular  group  of  antelopes 
reprL-senteJ  by  the  sasin  {Antilope  cervicapra),  as  distiu- 
pui^li-^J  ir.  ini  other  divisions  of  A  ntilopiiue  (which  see). 
antiloquistt  (an-tiro-knist),  n.     [<  aiitiloquy''- 

+  -(>;.]     A  contradictor. 
antilOQUylf  (an-tU'o-kwi),  n. ;  pi.  antiloquies 
(-kwiz).   [< LL.  antiloquium,  contradiction,  < Gr. 
airi,  against,  +  L.  loqui,  speak.   Cf.  aiitiloquy-.'] 
Contradiction. 
antiloqny-t  (au-tiro-kwl),  n.;  pi.  antiloquies 
(-kwiz).    [<  LL.  antiloquium,  L.  anteloquiuni,  the 
right  of  speaking  before  another,  also  a  proem, 
preface,  <  ante,  before,  +  loqui,  speak.]     1.  A 
preface ;  a  proem.   Boucher. —  2.  A  stage-play- 
er's cue.     Cockeram. 
antiluetic  (an'ti-lu-et'lk),  a.     [<  anti-  +  lues, 
a.  v.,  -f-  -el-ic.']     Same  as  antisyphilitic. 
antilyssic  (an-ti-lis'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  /.icaa,  rabies,  -I-  -ic]     Tending  to  prevent, 
alle\iate,  or  cure  rabies. 
antilytic  (an-ti-lit'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  avtikAc,   <  /.ivdf,  verbal  adj.  of  Ahew,  loose. 
Ct.faralytic.'i     Same  as  antiparalytic,  (5). 
antimacassar  (an"ti-ma-kas'ar),  «.      [<  anti 


246 

When  these  aies  are  not  differentiated  in  any  way,  all 
aiitimeres  are  alike,  and  are  parts  arran-jed  around  the 
long  prime  axis  like  the  spokes  and  fellies  of  a  wheel 
.•u-ound  the  axis  of  the  hub  :  a  disposition  preserved  with 
much  accuracy  in  many  of  the  Jiadiata,  among  which,  for 
example,  the  arms  of  a  starfish,  the  tentacles  of  a  sea- 
anemone  or  coral-animalcule,  or  the  rov  s  of  ambulacra  of 
a  sea-urchin  are  antinieres.  Oftener,  however,  the  trans- 
verse axes  are  differentiated,  some  being  shorter,  others 
longer,  giving  rise  to  sides,  as  right  and  left,  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  longer  transverse  axes,  in  which  case  ri^-ht 
and  left  parts  .are  antimeres.  This  constitutes  bilate'ral 
symmetry.  Parts  which  may  be  perceived  to  correspond 
at  opposite  poles  of  the  other  (sliorter)  transverse  axes 
constituting  dorsahdominal  symmetry,  are  also  antimeres '; 
but  this  condition  is  obscm-e.  Likewise,  again,  parts  alon*' 
the  primary  longitudinal  axis,  or  at  its  poles,  which  may 
be  observed  or  be  conceived  to  constitute  anteroposterior 
sj-nnnetry,  are  essentially  antimeric;  but  this  condition 
like  dorsahdominal  symmetry,  is  obscure,  while  the  serial 
succession  of  like  parts    •  - 

of  a  worm,  crustacean,  or  insect,  ana  the  double  rings  of 


antimony 

— Antlmonle  acid,  H-SbOj  -i-  2H2O,  a  white  powder  for 

nierly  used  in  medicine. 

antimonide  (an'ti-mo-nid  or  -nid),  n.  [<  ariti- 
mony  +  -ide.'}  A  compound  of  antimony  an<l 
a  more  positive  element  or  metal.  Also  called 
aiitimoniinct. 

antimoniferous  (an'ti-mo-nif  e-rus),  a.  [<  aii- 
tinioiiij  +  L.  fcn-e  =  E.  bearl.J  Containing  or 
supply itig  antimony:  as,  antimoniferous  ores. 

antimonious  (an-ti-mo'ni-us),  a.  [<  aniimoni/ 
+  -ous.]  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or  coii- 
taining  antimony.  Antimonous  is  a  variant 
—Antimonious  acid,  SHSbOo  +  8H.,0,  a  weak  acid,  of 
which  only  the  soda  salt  has  been  obtained  in  a  crj'stalline 
conditinn. 

antimonite   (an'ti-mo-uit),   n.     [<  antimony  + 


a  vertebrate,  is  so  marked  that  antimeres  of  this  kind  are 
not  called  antinieres,  but  metamerei ;  such  are  the  ordi- 
narj'  segments,  somites,  arthromeres,  or  diarthromeres  of 
any  articulate  or  vertebrate  animal.  Antimere  is  there- 
fore practically  restricted  to  such  radiating  and  bilateral 
parts  as  are  more  or  less  symmetrical  with  one  another 

^lee  L'udiph'ural. 

antimeria  (an-ti-me'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oit/ 
against,  opposite,  +  /icpoc,  a  part.]  In  t/ram.', 
a  form  of  enallage  in  which  one  part  of  speech 
is  substituted  for  another.     F.  A.  March. 


the  quality  of  being  antimeric. 


-f-  macassar,  for  Macassar  oil.  "See  oi7.]  An  a-ltimeric  (an-ti-mer'ik),  a.  [<  antimere  +  -ic] 
ornamental  covering  for  the  backs  and  arms  P^  °^'  Ki'taining  to  an  antimere  or  to  antimer- 
of  chairs,  sofas,  couches,  etc.,  to  keep  them  *^™  '  situated  in  any  transverse  axis  of  a  body 
from  being  soiled  by  oil  from  the  hair ;  a  tidv.  ^°'^  symmetrical  with  something  else  in  the 
anti-machine  (an-' ti-ma-shen'),  «.  {<.  anti-  o* V '^'l'^  "^  ^I^^  same  axis.  Bee  antimere. 
+  machine]  In  U.  S.  politics,  opposed  to  the  antimerism  (an-tim'e-rizm),  H.  [<  antimere  + 
exclusive  management  of  party  politics  by  an      '■""  ^     '^'  *'        '  ''"' 

organized  body  of  irresponsible  politicians;  in- 
dependent.    See  machine. 

antimagistraticalt  (an'ti-maj-is-trat'i-kal),  a. 

Samt'  as  initioDii/istrical. 
antimagistricalt  (an'ti-ma-jis'tri-kal),  a.      [< 

aiiti-  +  L.  magislcr,  a  ruler:   see  magistrate.} 

tlppiiscd  to  the  oiBee  of  magistrate.    South. 
antimaniacal  (au'ti-ma-ni'a-kal),  a.     [<  anti- 

+  maniacal.]     Effective  against  mania. 

_  With  respect  to  vomits,  it  may  seem  almost  heretical  to 

impeach  their  antivuiniacal  virtues.  Battle,  Madness. 

Antimarian  (an-ti-ma'ri-an),  n.     Same  as  An- 

tifliconttirianite. 
antimask  (an'ti-mask),  71.  [<  atiti-  +  mask.'] 
A  seeonilary  or  lesser  mask,  of  a  ludicrous  char- 
actei-,  introduced  between  the  acts  of  a  serious 
mask  by  way  of  lightening  it ;  a  ludicrous  in- 
terlude.    Also  antic-mask  and  antimasque. 

Let  anliinankg  not  be  long ;  they  have  been  commonly 
of  fools,  satyrs,  baboons,  wild  men,  antiques,  beasts,  spir- 
its, witches,  Ethiops,  pigmies,  turquets,  nymphs,  rustics. 
cupids,  statues  moving,  and  the  like.  As  for  angels,  it 
Is  not  comical  enough  to  put  them  in  antimasks. 

Bacon,  Masques  and  Triumphs. 
On  the  Scene  he  thrusts  out  first  an  Antimasque  of  two 
bugbears,  N<jvclty  and  Perturbation. 

Milttm,  Kikonoklastes,  xx. 


moni(  iini )  +  -urct.]    Same  as  antimonide'. 

antimoniureted,  antimoniuretted  (an-ti-mo- 

ni'u-ret-ed),  o.  l<antiw<ininret+  -e<l-.]  Com- 
bined with  antimony:  as,  antimoniuretedhydio- 
gen. 

antimonopolist  (an^ti-mo-nop'o-list),  n.  [< 
anti-  +  monopoly  +  -ist.]  '  One  who  is  opposed 
to  monopolies:  one  who  desires  to  restrict  the 
power  and  influence  of  great  corporations,  as 
tending  to  monopoly. 

antimonopoly  (an'ti-mo-nop'o-li),  a.  and  n. 
Opposed  to  monopolies';  the  principle  of  op- 
position to  monopoly. 

The  main  purpose  of  the  anti-monopnlv  movement  is  to 
resist  public  corruption  and  corporate  aggression 

A'.  A.  Jtee.,  UXLin.  87. 


an  antimere 
See  antimere. 

antimesmerist  (an-ti-mez'me-rist),  H.  [<  anti- 
+  mesmerism  +  -ist.]  One  who  is  opposed  to 
or  does  not  believe  in  mesmerism.  Proc.  Soe. 
Psy.  Pes. 

antimetabole  (an"ti-me-tab'o-le),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
avnfieTa,3o/.i/,  <  avri,  against,  counter,  -f-  //fra,JoA;), 
mutation:  see  metabola.]  In  rhet.,  a  figure  in 
which  the  same  words  or  ideas  are  repeated  in 
inverse  order.  Xlie  following  are  examples:  "A  wit 
with  dunces,  and  a  dunce  with  wits,"  Pope;  "Be  wisely 
worldly.  Imt  not  worldly  wise,"  Quarlci. 

antimetathesis  (an"ti-me-tath'e-sis),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  avri[icTadi:ai^,  counter-transposition,  <  uvtI, 
against,  counter,  +  /leTddeatc,  transjiosition : 
see  metathesis.]  A  rhetorical  figure  resulting 
from  a  reverted  arrangement  in  the  last  clause 
of  a  sentence  of  the  two  principal  vrords  of  the 
clause  preceding;  inversion  of  the  monibcrsof 
an  antithesis:  as,  "A  poem  is  a  speaking  pic- 
turo  ;  a  picture  a  mute  poem,"  Crabbe. 

antimeter  (an-tim'e-tfer),  n.  [<Gr.  avri,  against, 
-1-  /tt-pov,  a  measure.]  An  ojitical  instruiii(>nt 
for  measuiiug  small  angles.     [Not  now  used.] 

antiminsion  (an-tj-min'si-on),  «.;    -p],  antimin- 

AT.f,-™,„«„ /„     «  ~-/     \  r^      .■    1  f''«(-a)-     [<'^if'i:i'"ri/iivamv:  aeeantimensium.] 

Antimason  (an-ti-ma'sn),  n.     [<  anti- -^■  mason,     Hamo  as  antinicnsium. 
for  trecmason,  q.  v.]     One  hostile  to  masoniy  antimnemonic  (aii'ti-no-mon'ik),  a.  and  n.     r< 
or  freemasonry;  specifically,  a  member  of  the     anii-  +  mnewonir.]     I.  ,(.  Injurious  to  the  mem- 


r'aLm^rtr^tir^ZiJ^??^;!^  -^«^°^"«  (-'"--^--).  -  '[<  -«-«^  + 


Antiiimsonic  party. 
Antimasonic  (an'ti-ma-son'ik),  a.    [<  Antima- 
son + -ic]    Ojiposed  to  freemasonrj' Antima- 
sonic party,  in  fc.  .v.  /»>(.,  a  political  party  which  i>i  ii;i- 

nated  In  .New  Vork  .State  about  ls27,  in  the  excitcnunt 

caiued  by  the  HuppoHed  liiunler  of  William  Morgan,  of 

BaU-ivla.  .Sew  Vork,  In  IH'.'ti,  by  freemasons,  to  prevent  a 

throal.ned  public  (lUclosiiru  of  the  secretsi  of  their  order. 

The  movemenl  spread  to  aimiii  other  .States,  and  a  nationai 

party  wan  organized,  but  within  about  ten  yeara  It  disap- 

I»ared.  moHt  of  the  Alitlma.sons  becoming  Whiga.     Its 

charn.  t.  ri-ii.    t-n.'t  was  that  freelniiBons  ought  to  be  ex- 

t'"-'  'I' ofhce,  because  they  would  neces.sarlly 

"■'^  itloin  to  the  society  more  than  their  obl|. 

f"''  Its  principles  were  revived  In  tt  so- 

<:''"'  '      " oi  party"  organized  In  1875. 

antimasonry  (an-ti-ma'sn-ri),  «.      [<  anti-  + 

masonry,  tnrfni masonry,  q.  v.]     Oriiiosition  to 

freemaHonry;  ill  part iciilur,  (ho  priiici[des  and  antimonate  (an'ti-mo-niit),  «. 

.See  Anlitna- 


oiv;  lending  to  impair  memory. 

II.  n.  ^Vllatevc•r  is  hurtful  to  or  weakens  the 
mciiiory.     ( 'olcridi/c. 

antimoharchic  (aii'ti-mo-niir'kik),  a.     [<nn«- 

-t-  inoiKirchic;  =  F.  antimonarchiquc.]    Same  as 

anIiniiiiKircliical.     lip.  Benson. 

antimonarchical  (an"ti-mo-nar'ki-kal),  a.     [< 

anli-+  monarcliiciil.]     Ojiiibsed  to  monarchy  or 

'y  gdvcriiiiii'iit. 


kino 


antimonarchist  (an-ti-mon'jir-kist),  n.     [<  an- 
ti- +  monarchist.]     An  o]>])o'uont  of  raonarcliy. 

Monday,  a  terrible  raging  wind  happened,  which  ilid 
much  hurt.  Uennla  Bond,  a  great  (lliveriaii  and  aniiinon- 
archint,  dieil  on  that  day;  and  then  the  devil  took  liond 
for  (lllver's  appearance.  Lijc  :i/ A.  Il'uoif  (1S4S),  p.  S2. 


(lolley  of  thi;  Aiitimaaonic  party. 
Hon  tr. 

antimasqne,  n.    Soe  antimatk. 

antlmonHitUn  diii-ti-inpn'Mi-um),  v.;  pi.  anti- 
iu'i,.^„t '■;,,.  [MI,.  ( .\IGr.  ow//iiiU(oi'),  <  (ir.iivTi, 
in  plaoii  of  fH. ..  „nti.),  +  L.  mmsa,  table,  in  the 
np'-cial  Ml.,  .'o,,.,.  „f  <(.o„„„„„i„„.,„|,],.  ij     1,1 

>'!'..  H     •.M.onUod  cloth  on  which  the 
'  I ocl  in  iiiaccH  whoro  thorn  ih 

It  lnke«  the  placr  of  th.  r„,r|. 
.r.h.     Th.  '. 

r    lli'll  l/i  a  u. 

Aluo  V.  I       . 

11  '  n,   n,      [<  lir.  ijiTj,  ii),Mui.'.l, 

i     In  biol,,  a  Ht'i^iont  or  iliviHion 

reef  Ion  iif  oneof  tlm  HOCOIl 

'■1,  111!  of  which  11  ro  (itriglil 

iry   ur   longitudinal  axJH. 


thrt  fir. 

Pllol.     ill 

no  ' 

•bt 

antln.  ■ 

+  I. 

of  I  I  . 

d«ry  or  1  r 
angloM    1 


,  ,,  [<  antimony  -t- 
-alrK\  S.iiiio  lis  aiilimoniatc. 
antimonial  (nn-tl-mo'iii-iil),  «.  and  H.  [Kanti- 
moni/  +  -iil.]  J,  a.  I'crtaining  to  antimony,  or 
parlaking  of  its  (jualitioK;  composed  of  iinli- 
raony,  or  containing  antimony  as  a  iirineiiiul 
ingreilieiit.  Antimonial  silver.  .See  .iVnrr.-  Anti- 
monial wine,  in  /..../,  a  solution  of  tartar  emetic  In 
sherry  wine. 

II.  n.  A  iinimnition  of  antiinonv;  a  niedi- 
ciiie  iiiwliioliiiiiliirioiiyiHapriiii'ipallngreilii'nt. 

antimoniate  (an-ti-nio'iii-at),  n.  [<antimonii  + 
-"'''.]  A  suit  of  antiinonic  acid.  AlHowrlllen 
iinlimonale. 

antimoniated(an-ti-ni6'ni-ii-ted),<i.  Coinbiiied 
or  iiM|iregiiati'd  with  antimony;  mixed  or  pn-- 
1  :.i-..l  witli  aiitiniony:  i\n,  antimimialril  hirtur. 

aiitimonic  (an-ti-mon'ik),  a.  [<,  aniimoni/ + 
-".  I     I'ertuining  to  or  di'rivod  from  antimony. 


-oM.s-.]     Same  as  antimonious. 
antimony   (an'ti-mo-ni),  n.     [<  late  ME.  anti- 
mony =  OF.  antimonie.  mod.  F.  antimoine  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  untimonio  =  Sw.  Dan.  G.  antimonium  = 
Russ.  antimoniya  =  Pol.   antymonium,  etc.,  < 
ML.  antimonium,  antimony,  a  word  of  iinknown 
origin,  simulating  a  Gr.  apjiearauce,  perhaps  a 
perversion,  through  such  simulation  (antimo- 
nium, <  'atimoninm,  <    "atimoilium,  <  *athimo- 
dium  ?),  of  the  Ar.  name  (with  art.  al- '?)  cthmad, 
othmod,  uthmud,  earlier  ithniid.  antimony,  which 
is  in  turn  perhai)S  an  accommodation  ("through 
'isthimmid  f)  of  Gr.  arififuiU,  one  of  the  stems  of 
crri/i/ic  {oTt/i/ii-,  ari/wc-,  cTi/iftii'i-),  also  crri//(  and 
<n-i/?(  ('(TTi^i?),  >  L.  stimmi,  stibi,  and  stibium, 
antimony,  the  Gr.  name  itself  being  appar.  of 
foreign  or  Eastern  origin :   sec  .itibium.     False 
etyinologies  formerly  current  are :  (1)  <  F'.  anti- 
moine, <  Gv.  riiT/,  against,  -I-   moinc,  a  monk, 
as  if  'monk's  bane';  (2)  <  Gr.  ,'mi.  against,  -1- 
/'(irof,  alone,  as  if  never  found  alone ;  (;i)  <  Gr. 
iwri,  instead  of,  -I-  L.  minium,  red  lead,  "be- 
cause women  used  it  instead  of  red  lead"  as 
an  eye-paint.]     Chemical  symbol,  Sb   (Latin 
stibinm) ;   atomic  weight    1120.      A  metal  of  a 
white  color  and  bright  luster  which  does  not 
readily  tarnish,  having  a  s]iecilic  gra\-ity  of  6.7, 
crystallizing  in  the  rhonibohedral  system,  and 
in  the  mass  oriUnarilv  showing  a  crystalline 
stnictnre  and  highly  perfect  cleavage,    it  con- 
ducts both  heat  and  cicctrii'ity  with  some  readiness  hut 
less  perfectly  than  the  true  metals,  anil  dilfera  from  them 
also  ill  being  lirittle  like  luscnic.    It  melts  at  r.W  V  (SOB* 
K),  and  volatilizes  slowly  at  a  red  heat;  when  melted  in 
the  air  it  oxidizes  readily,  forming  antimony  trioxid  ,Sb..O., 
Antimony  occurs  uncombined  in  iinture  to  a  liinllcd" ex- 
tent, usually  in  granular  or  foliated  inassea,  ofti^n  with  a 
botiyohlal  or  reniform  surface.     JIanv  compomi<ls  of  nntl- 
mony  are  found  in  nature,  the  moat  important  of  them 
being  the  snlpliid,  .'^b.jS.,,  called  gray  aiitilnony,  anllmony. 
glance  orstibnite.     Dyscr.isite  isacompound  of  antimony 
and  silver.     There  are  also  a  number  of  minerals  contain- 
lug  antimony,  sulphur,  ami  had  (like  Jnincsonitc),  or  anti- 
mony, sulphur, and  silver  (like  i.vnii-gyiite  in-  ruby  sIIvit) 
or  antimony,  »ul|ihur,  and  copper(like  telrahcdrit'e).     The 
oxisniplilil  keiincslte  or  red  antimony  ami  ihe  o\ids  cer- 
vaiilile  anil  stibiconitc  (aliliinony  ochci)  are  also  Impor- 
tant minirals.      Antimony   has  few  uses  in  the  arts;   It 
enters,  however,  into  a  number  of  very  viiluable  alloys'  an 
type-melal,  iicwter,  Hrilannia  metal,  and  llabbllt  metal 
and  Is  used  in  medicine.     Tartar  emetic  Is  the  larlriite  of 
aiillnnuiy  and  potassium.      .lames's  Jiowder  Is  ii  mixture 
of  .1x1.1  of  aiillm.iny  ami  phosiihali'  of  lime.-    Antimony 
vermilion,  a  sulphl.l    ..r  anlnnoiiv  siing.sle.l   but   iiiver 

H1..1I  as  a  pigment  -  Argentine  flowers  of  antimony 
Ihe  iiir..\i.i  of  uiiiiiii..ny.  Arsenical  antimony.  See 
iitlrinniiiiii...  Black  antimony,  iiiiiini.ini..u»  sulplii.l. 
Butter  of  antimony^  s. ,  /.i,(^,  1  Cenise  of  anti- 
mony, .s.e  .-, ;■..„•,  Diaphoretic  antimony,  a  pnjia- 
ration  chlelly  consisting  ..f  {...lasslum  aiitlinoiilati',  inado 
by  exposing  the  neutral  antiin..nliil..  I.,  lli.^  a.tlon  ot  ciir- 
b.inli-n.d.l  gas,  .ir  by  .lellagrallng  imir  nntiin.my  with 
|".laji»liiiii  nitrate.  It  Is  usi.il  In  lb.'  nianiifa.tiir.'  of 
•iiaiii.  Is.  ami  was  f.irmeily  admlnlsl.n  .1  us  a  liiiill.lne  - 

OloBs  Of  antimony.    See  .,//.,»».     Red  antimony  ore. 

an  ..slnul|.bl.l  ..f  iuilini..liv.      .Sam.' as  krrw,;ilr.      WhltO 

antUnony,"rantlmony  White,  natlv.aiillmoiiv  hi. ixld 
f'b.jii.,.  yellow  antimony,  ..i  antimony  yellow,  a 
pr.-paratl..n  ..f  Ih.'  ..xl.U  ..r  l.s.l  ami  antimony,  .,f  a  ileep 
yell.,we.ilor,  llsi'.l  In  .-naiiHl  an. I  p..n'i.|alii-palntliig.  It 
"  ..(  varl.iuB  tints,  an.l  llie  brilliancy  of  the  biluhtcr  huoi 
Is  n.it  allectod  by  foul  air. 


antimony-blende 
antimony-blende    (an'ti-mo-ni-blend"),  n. 

SiuiiL'  us  l;irnunitc. 
antimony-bloom  (an'ti-mo-ni-blom"),  «•  Same 

as  riilentiniti'. 

antimony-glance  (an'ti-mo-ni-glans"),  »•  Same 

as  sflhiulc. 

antimoralist  (an-ti-mor'al-ist),  n.  [<  anti-  + 
moriilint.]  An  enemy  to  or  opponent  of  moral- 
ity,    lip.  Warbnitoii. 

antimycotic  (an-ti-mi-kot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ovtI, 
against,  -I-  /jmriC,  a  fungus,  +  -ot-ic]  Destruc- 
tive to  microscopic  vegetable  organisms,  or  pre- 
venting  their  development,  as  carbolic  acid. 

antinatural   (an-ti-uat'ur-al),   a.      [<  anti-  + 
natural.]     Opposed  to  nature  or  to  common 
sense;  non-natui-al. 
This  happy  ami  antinatural  way  of  tliinking. 

Martinus  Scriblerus,  v. 

anti-Nebraska  (an'ti-ne-bras'ka),  a.  In  U.  S. 
hist.,  opposed  to  the  act  of  1854  for  the  or- 
ganization of  Kansas  and  Nebraska  as  terri- 
tories, because  of  its  abrogatiou  of  the  law 
of  1820  (the  Missouri  compromise)  prohibiting 
slavery  in  new  territories  formed  in  that  re- 
gion  Anti-Nebraska  men,  the  members  of  the  coali- 
tion of  Whij!S,  Demcierats,  ami  Freesoilers  opposed  to  the 
aliove-ineiitioneJ  bill :  afterward  merged  in  the  Repub- 
lican party. 

antinephritic  (an"ti-nef-rit'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
nephritic]  In  med.,  counteracting  inflamma- 
tion of  the  kidneys. 

antinial  (an-tin'i-al),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
+  Iviov,  the  nape  of  the  neck:  see  inioii.]  In 
aiiat.,  opposite  the  occiput:  applied  to  the 
space  between  the  eyebrows. 

antinode  (an'ti-nod),  «.  [<  anti-  +  node.']  A 
point  of  a  vibrating  string  where  the  amplitude 
of  vibration  is  greatest.  It  is  at  the  middle  of  a 
loop  or  ventral  segment,  and  hall-way  between  two  adja- 
cent  nodes.     See  node. 

antinomian  (an-ti-no'ml-an),  a.  and«.  [<  ML. 
antinomi,  antinomians,  <"  Gr.  as  if  'avrivo/xoc, 
against  the  law :  see  antinomy.]  I.  a.  1.  Deny- 
ing the  obligatoriness  of  the  moral  law,  as  if 
emancipated  from  it  by  the  gospel. —  2.  Of  or 
pertoining  to  the  antinomians. 

II.  n.  In  theol.,  one  who  maintains  that  Chris- 
tians are  freed  from  the  moral  law  as  set 
forth  in  the  Old  Testament  by  the  new  dispen- 
sation of  grace  as  set  forth  in  the  gospel;  an 
opponent  of  legalism  in  morals.  Antinomianism 
has  e.\isted  in  three  forms  :  in  the  early  chui-ch,  as  a  species 
of  Gnosticism,  in  the  doctrine  that  sin  is  an  incident  of  the 
body,  and  that  a  regenerate  soul  cannot  sin ;  later,  in  the 
Reformation,  as  a  reaction  against  the  doctrine  of  good 
works  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  in  the  antagonistic 
doctrine  that  man  is  saved  by  faith  alone,  regardless  of  his 


247 

3.  In  mctaph.,  according  to  Kant,  an  unavoid- 
able contradiction  into  which  reason  falls  when 
it  applies  to  the  transcendent  and  absolute  the 
a  priori  conceptions  of  the  understanding  (cat- 
egories: see  category,  1),  which  are  valid  only 
within  the  limits  of  pos.sible  e.xperienco.  There 
are  fouruntinr)niirs  of  tlic  pure  leason,  according  to  Kant, 
relating  (1)  to  the  limits  of  the  uidversein  space  and  time, 
(•2)  to  the  existence  of  atoms  or  the  infinite  divisibility  of 
matter,  (.'!)  to  freedom,  and  (4)  to  the  cosmological  argu- 
ment for  a  God. 

Antiochian  (an-ti-6'ki-au),  a.  [<  Ij.  Antiochius, 
also  Aiitiocheus,  <  Gr.  'Avndxetoc,  pertaining  to 
'AvTiox'K,  L.  Antiiicliiis,  the  name  of  a  philoso- 
pher and  of  several  Syrian  kings,  or  to  'AvTtiixeca, 
L.  Antiochia,  also  Aiitiockva,  the  name  of  sev- 
eral cities,  particularly  Antioeh  in  Syria  (now 
called  Antakia),  founded  by  Seleuous  Nicator, 
301  B.  c,  and  named  after  his  father  iVntioehus. 
The  name  Avrioxoc:  means  '  resistant,  holding 
out  against,'  <  iivTixei-i',  resist,  hold  out  against,< 
itvTi,  against,  +  cxew,  hold,  >  o;i;of,  holding.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  Antiochus  of  Ascalon  (died  about 
68  B.  c),  the  foimdcr  of  a  sect  of  eclectic  plii- 
losophers  who  sought  to  imite  the  philosophy  of 
Plato  with  many  of  the  doctrines  of  Aristotle 
and  the  Stoics. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  city 
of  Antioeh — Antiochian  epoch,  the  name  given  to 
two  chronological  <  i  as  riiiplny.d  in  Syria;  (rt)  The  Cesa- 
rean era  of  Antioeh,  ( ohiiih  nuprating  the  victory  of  Phar- 
salia,  fixed  by  the  Greeks  in  the  autumn  of  49  B.  c,  and 
by  the  Syrians  in  the  autumn  of  48  B.  0.  ((-)  The  mundane 
eraof  Antioeh,  September,  .=i49.3  B.C.,  employed  by  theSyrian 
Cliristians  as  the  date  of  the  creation  of  the  world. 

Antiochianism  (an-ti-6'ki-an-izm),  n.  [<  An- 
tiocltian  +  -ism.]  The  name  given  to  a  school 
of  theology  which  existed  in  the  fourth  and 
tifth  centuries:  so  called  because  propagated 
chiefly  by  the  ehiu-eh  at  Antioeh,  and  also  to 
distinguish  it  from  Alexandrianism.  It  aimed  at 
a  middle  course  between  the  rigorously  literal  and  the  al- 
leg(jriral  interpretation  of  the  Scriptures. 

antiodont  (an'ti-o-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  oppo- 
site to,  -i-  odoif  (MovT-)  =  E.  tooth.]  Having 
a  kind  of  lophodont  dentition  in  which  the  folds 
or  ridges  of  the  molar  crowns  are  opposite :  op- 
posed to  amcebodont. 

antiopelmous  (an"ti-o-pel'mus;,  a.  [<  Gr. 
aiTf'of,  set  against,  +  ne'kiia,  the  sole.]  In 
ornith.,  having  an  aiTangement  of  the  flexor 
tendons  of  the  toes  by  which  the  flexor  per- 
forans  supplies  the  third  toe  only,  while  the 
flexor  hallucis  splits  into  tkree  tendons,  pass- 
ing to  the  first,  second,  and  fourth  toes. 

The  synpelmous,  the  heteropelnious,  and  the  antiopel- 
mous arrangements  are  entirely  peculiar  to  the  present 
order  [Picarim].  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  IV.  369. 


antipathy 

Turn  now  to  che  reverse  of  tlie  medal,  and  there  we  shall 
find  the  antipart  of  this  divine  truth. 

Bp.  Warburton,  Sermons,  U. 

Antipasch  (an'ti-pask),  n.  [<  anti-''+  pascli.'] 
Low  Sunday;  the  Sunday  after  Easter  day. 

Antipathacea  (an'ti-pa-tha'se-il),  n.  pi.  LNL-, 
<.  Antipalhes  -(-  -area.]  A  auhordcv 6t  A ctiniaria, 
composed  of  the  families  Antipathi<t<e  and  Ge- 
rardiidw,  having  the  polyps  connected  by  a 
coenenchyma  secreting  a  solid  sclerObase  or 
horny  skeletal  axis,  and  their  tentacles  simple, 
conical,  and  6  to  24  in  number.      '  .     . 

Antipatharia  (an"ti-pa-tha'ri-!i);  n.  pr.  [NL., 
<  Antipalhes  +  -aria.]  A  synoiiym  (^f  Noleroba- 
.lira,  as  an  order  of  sclerobasic  corals  having  the 
coralliitn  external  and  not  calcareous. 

antipatharian  (an"ti-pa-tha'i'i-an),io.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  liaving  the  characterfeof  the  Antipa- 
tharia. 

Antipathes  (an-tip'a-thez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avn- 
TTafll/r,  of  opposite  feelings  or. properties:  see 
anlipatliji.]  A  genus  of  corajs,  typical  of  the 
family  Antipathidw  (which  see).  The  species 
are  known  as  sea-whips.  4-  columnaris  is  an 
example.  _    ,    .  i  • 

antipathetic  (an"ti-pa-thet'ik),  a.  [<  antipa- 
thij,  on  t)i>e  of  patluiiiq,  q.  v.]  Having  a  nat- 
tiral  antipathy,  coiitrariety,  or  constitutional 
aversion:  with  to.         ,^ 

Hence  I  think  its  [Greek  specnlation's)  intluence  on  the 
whole  was  dogmatic,  and  a/nfi/iKllu'tic  fo  skepticism. 

J.  dnrn,  [-'.\enings  with  .skeptics,  I.  282. 


Op- 


life  ;  finally,  as  a  phase  of  extreme  Calvinism,  in  Engli.sli 
Puritan  theology,  in  the  doctrine  that  the  sins  of  the  elect 
are  so  transferred  to  Christ  that  they  become  his  trans- 
gressions and  cease  to  be  the  transgressions  of  the  actual 
sinner.  The  chief  exponent  of  the  second  form  of  anti- 
nomianism was  John  Agricola  (Germany,  1492-1566) ;  the 
chief  exponent  of  the  third,  Tobias  Crisp,  I).  D.  (England, 
1600-1642).     (Often  with  a  capital.) 


obedience  to  or  disobedience  of  the  moral  law  .as  a  rule  of  antl-OTgastiC  (an"  ti-6r-gas  '  tik),  a.      [<   anfl- 

-t-  orijastic]     Tentling  to  allay  excitement  or 
venereal  desire. 

antipapal  (an-ti-pa'pal),  a.     [<  anti-  -t-  papdL] 
Opposed  to  the  pope  or  to  popery.  ;.',, 

He  charges  strictly  his  son  after  him  to  persevere  in  that 
antipapal  schism.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxvii, 

antinomianism  (an-ti-no'mi-an-izm),  n.    l<  an-  antipapistical  (an"ti-pa-pis'ti-kal),  a.    [<  antir 
'      '     •■    -  "■     '"'—  -^       '-  -'  '^'-~       *  +  papistical.]     Antipapal.     Jori'in.  ■'• 

antiparabema  (an-ti-par-a-be'ma),  K.;  pi.  a««- 
parabcmata  {,-T:aa.-ia).  [MGv.*av-itrapdi3?ifza:  see 
anti-  and  parabema.]  One  of  two  chapels  at  the 
angles  of  the  west  front  of  some  Byzantine 
churches,  found  especially  in  Armenian  ex- 
amples, and  corresponding  to  the  parabemata 
of  the  apsidal  end.  J.  M.  Xeale. 
antiparallel  (an -ti -par 'a -lei),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  +  i)arallcl.]  I.  a.  Running  parallel  but 
in  a  contrary  direction.     Hanu/iond. 

II,  n.  In  geom.,  one  of   two  or  more  lines 

■which  make  equal  angles  with  two  other  lines, 

but  in'oontrary  order, 


tinomian  +  -ism.]     The  tenets  of  the  antino- 
mians.    See  antinomian,  n. 

antinomic  (an-ti-nom'ik),  a.  If.  Antinomian. 
—  2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  an- 
tinomy; containing  antinomies;  involving  a 
conflict  of  laws. 

antinomical  (an-ti-nom'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  an- 
tinomic. 

Kant  holds  that  reason  is  in  itself  antinomical. 

Caird,  Philos.  Kant,  p.  590. 

antinomist  (an-tin'o-mist),  n.  [<  antinomy  + 
-ist.]     An  antinomian. 

Great  offenders  this  way  are  the  libertines  and  antino- 
mists,  who  quite  cancel  the  whole  law  of  God  under  the 
pretence  of  Christian  liberty. 

Bp.  Sander.-ion,  Sermons  ad  Pop.  (1674),  p.  298. 

antinomy  (an-tin'o-mi),?!.;  pi.  antinomies (-miz). 
[<  L.  antinomia,  a  contradiction  between  laws, 
<  Gr.  avTLvojiia,  an  ambiguity  in  the  law,  <  *avTi- 
vofioq,  against  the  law  (cf.  ML.  antinomi:  see 
antinomian),  (.  avri,  against,  +  vd/ioi;,  law:  see 
name.]  1.  The  opposition  of  one  law,  rule,  or 
principle  to  another. 

It  should  be  noticed  that  the  Westminster  Confession 
expressly  teaches  the  freedom  of  will  as  well  as  foreordina- 
tion,  and  leaves  the  solution  of  the  apparent  antinomy  to 
scientific  theology.    Schaff,  Christ  and  Christianity,  p.  162. 

2.  Any  law,  rule,  or  principle  opposed  to  an- 
other. 

If  God  once  willed  adultery  should  be  sinful,  all  his 
omnipotence  will  not  allow  him  to  will  the  allowance  that 


Thus,  supposing  AB  and 
AC  any  two  lines,  and  FC 
and  FE  two  other  lines 
cutting  the  first  so  as  to 
make  the 'angle  .\BC  equal 
to  the  angle  .\EF,  and  the 
angle  ACB  equal  to  the  angle  ADE ;  then  FC  and  FE  are 
antiparallcls  with  respeijt  to  AB  and  AC  ;  .al-so  these  latter 
are  antiparalKls  witli  respect  to  the  two  former. 
antiparalytic  (an"ti-par-a-lit'ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  +  jjarali/tic]  I.  a.  In  med. :  (a)  Effective 
against  paralysis.  [Rare.]  (i)  An  epithet 
applied  to  the  secretion  of  the  submaxillary 
gland  on  one  side  when  the  chorda  tympani  on 
the  other  side  has  been  cut  so  as  to  produce  a 
paralytic  secretion  on  that  side.  In  this  sense 
also  called  antilytic. 

f  (/. ,  a  remedy  for  paralysis.  [Rare.] 


II. 'i.Inm  .        .         .  _  - 

his  holiest  people  miglit,  by  his  own  niifi/iom;/ or  counter-  nntinnralvtical  (an"ti-par-a-lit'i-kal),  a.   Same 

statute,  live  unreproved.  3/ i«o»,  Divorce,  ii.  3.  •*""*"•' '"iL,:,,^^  ^       "  " 

,       ^  i  .  J,,      as  antiparalitic. 

Hunnhty,  poverty,  meanness,  and  wretchedness  are  dl- 4.;„„i4. /oTi''+i  r,Q,.f^    «       T^ /7H/r- 4-  n/ir/ T     The 

recta,.(momie«  to  the  lusts  of  the  flesh.  antipart  (an  ti-part),  n.    \,^anti- f  part.\    ine 
Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar,  i.  §  4.      counterpart.      [Kare.J 


antipathetical   (an"ti-pa-thet'i-kal),  o. 
posed  in  nature  or  disposition :  with  to. 

The  soil  is  .  .  .  antipathetical  to  all  venomous  crea- 
tures. Howell,  Vocal  Forest. 

antipathic  (an-ti-path'ik),(/.  [<  KL.  antipathi- 
cus:  see  antipathy  iini\-ic.]  1.  Relating  to  an- 
tipathy; opposite;  unlike;  adverse. — 2.  Excit- 
ing antipathy.     [Rare.] 

Every  one  seems  to  have  his  antipathic  animal. 

Kingdey,  Life,  p.  41. 

Antipathidse  (an-ti-path'i-de),  n.pl.      [NL.,  < 
Antipatiies  +  -ida;.]    A  family  of   sclerobasic 
corals';  the  black  corals,  corresponding  to  the 
old  genus  Antipathes.     They  have  a  branched  fibrous 
axis  ,and  a  soft  friable  coenenchyma,  which  peels  off  after 
death,  leaving  the  axial  ccenosarc  looking  like  a  dry  stick, 
antipathise,  v.     See  antipathize. 
antipathist  (an-tip'a-thist),  n.     [<  antipathy  + 
^int.]    A  person  or  thing  having  an  antipathy 
.  Ito  another,  or  being  the  direct  opposite  of  an- 
other.    [Rare.]  ,;:  ■ 
Sole  positive  of  night !:          ';  ■--  <  1' 
Antipathist  of  light. 

Culeridije,  Sibylline  ^.eav^s,  II.  281. 

antipathize  (an-tip'a-thiz),  t'..;  -pyet.  and  pp. 
antipathized,  ppr.  antipathUin{i,_  [<.  antipathy 
+ -ize.]  I.  intrans.  To  t'eel  antipathy  or  aver- 
sion; entertain  or  show  a.  feeling,  disposition, 
or  opinion  characterized  by  opposition  or  con- 

'/trariety:  the  opposite  of  s^«yja?7(i>e.  [Rare.] 
I'  I;must  say  I  syn»pathise  with  Milverton  and  antipa- 

i"(ftwre  ■.  .  .  with  Lo9-d  Lytton. 

.     i     I    i"  .  ^. //c^^w,  Casirair  ilaremma, p.  39. 

,  ,  II.  trans.  To  affect  with  antipathy  or  hostil- 
ity of  feeling ;  render  antipathetic.     [Rare.] 
Also  spelled  antipathise. 

antipathoust  (an-tip'a-thus),  a,  [<  Gr.  avrnra- 
(l>K,  of  Opposite  feeling  (see  antipathy),  -\-  -ous.] 
Having  a  natural  contrariety;  antipathetic. 

Still  she  extends  her  hand. 
As  if  she  saw  something  antipathowt 
Unto  her  virtuous  life. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  iii.  2. 

antipathy  (an-tip'a-thi),  n. ;  pi.  antipathies 
(-thiz).  [=  P.  antipathic,  <  Gr.  avri-ddeia,  <  dv- 
TiTTdtir/g,  'of  opposite  feeling,  <  avri,  against,  -f- 
TTQ^of,  feeling,. <  ~a6cii>,  suffer,  feel.]  1.  Natu- 
ral aversion;  instinctive  contrariety  or  oppo- 
sition in  feeling;  an  aversion  felt  at  the  pres- 
ence or  thought  of  a  particular  object;  distaste; 
disgust;  repugnance. 

No  contraries  hold  more  antipathy 

Than  I  and  such  a  knave.  Shaf^.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 

Their  natural  antipathy  of  temperament  made  resent- 
ment an  easy  passage  to  hatred. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  4. 

A  rival  is  the  bitterest  enemy,  as  antipathy  is  rather  be- 
tween likes  than  unlikes. 

J.  R.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  122. 

2t.  A  contrariety  in  the  properties  or  affections 
of  matter,  as  of  oil  and  water.  Bacon. —  3.  An 
object  of  natm-al  aversion  or  settled  dislike. 

Let  him  be  to  thee  an  antipathy, 

A  thing  thy  nature  sweats  at  and  turns  backward. 

Beau,  anil  Ft.,  Thierry  and  Tlieodoret,  i.  1. 
=  Syn.  Hatred,  Di^^like,  Antipathy,  Digfjast,  Avertion,  Re- 
luctance, Repugnance,     Hatred  is  the  deepest  and  most 


antipathy 

permanent  of  these  feelings ;  it  i5  rarely  used  except  of  per- 
sons. Vislike  is  the  most  general  word,  and  depends  upon 
the  connection  for  its  streni,tb ;  it  is  opposed  to  likiwj  or 
foiuir  ■    '     ^thi/  expresses  most  of  constitutional 

feell  :  volition  :  the  tiirkey-cock  has  an  antip- 

athu  i:  manypeople  havean  intensea/jfi'^Hi- 

thiji:'  .-!.  ----^.  i.i-^.  toads.  In  figurative  use,  nHti'i^n^A.uisa 
dishke  tajt  seems  constitutional  toward  persons,  things, 
eon(iui.t.  etc. ;  hence  it  involves  a  dislike  for  which  some- 
times  no  good  reason  can  be  given.  ^«(i>atAi/ is  opposed 
primarily  to  rt/mpalhii.  but  often  to  mere  likinff.  I)is<jmt 
is  the  loathing,  first  of  physical  taste,  then  of  esthetic 
taste,  then  of  spiritual  taste  or  moral  feehng.  .-frersioH  is 
a  fixed  disposition  to  avoid  somethhig  wliich  displeases. 
disturbs,  or  annoys :  as,  quiet  people  have  an  a  fertrion  to 
noise.  It  is  a  dislike,  settled  and  generally  strong.  A'- 
tuctanct  and  Tepwiiiance  by  derivation  imply  a  natural 
struggle,  as  of  hesitation  or  recoil;  with  reluctance  it  is 
simply  the  will  holding  back  in  dislike  of  some  proposed 
act,  while  with  repugnance  it  is  a  greater  resistance  or 
one  accompanied  with  greater  feeling,  and  generally  in 
regard  to  an  act,  course,  idea,  etc.,  rarely  to  persons  or 
things.    See  animosity. 

While  with  perfidious  hatred  they  pursued 

The  sojourners  of  Goshen.         Milton^  P.  L.,  i.  SOS. 

The  hint  malevolent,  the  look  oblique, 
The  obvious  satire,  or  implied  dixlike. 

Hannah  More,  Sensibility. 

Sir  Lancelot  leant,  in  half  disguit 
At  loTe,  life,  all  things,  on  the  window  ledge. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

Cowper  speaks  of  some  one  havitig  "much  the  same 
averirion  to  a  Papist  that  some  people  have  to  a  cat, — 
rather  an  antipathy  than  a  reasonable  dinlikc." 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  99. 

Reluctance  against  God  and  his  just  yoke, 

I^id  on  our  necks.  Milton,   P.  L.,  x.  1045. 

It  is  no  argument  against  death  that  life  in  full  energy 
has  a  repufTnance  to  it.    Mauddey,  Body  and  Will,  p.  323. 

antipatriarch  (an-ti-pa'tri-Urk),  «.  [<  anti-  + 
jiatriarcli.]  Ecdes.,  one  who  claims  the  office 
and  exercises  the  functions  of  patriarch  in  op- 
position to  the  canonical  occupant  of  the  see. 

The  Patriarch  resides  at  Damascus,  the  Latin  Antipatri- 
arch at  .\k-pp*i.  J.  M.  Scale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  12.">. 

antipatriotic  (an'ti-pa-tri-  or  -pat-ri-ot'ik),  a. 
l<.  and- +  patriotic.}  Antagonistic  to  patriots 
or  patriotism,  or  to  one's  oountrj'. 

These  antipatriotic  prejudices  are  the  abortions  of  folly 
impregnated  by  faction. 

Johnson,  Taxation  no  Tyranny,  p.  157. 

antipeduncnlar  (an  ti-pe-tlung'ku-lar),  fl.  [< 
anii-  +  jie(lunciita>\]  In  hot.,  opposite  to  or 
away  from  a  peduncle. 

The  antipeduncular  pole  of  the  ovary.  T.  Gill. 

antipeptone  (an-ti-pep'ton),  n.  [<  anti-  +  pep- 
(«/«.]  Une  of  the  products  of  the  digestion  of 
proteidii  by  the  pancreatic  fluid;  one  of  the 
peptones  into  which  an  albuminoid  body  is  re- 
solved by  the  action  of  pepsin  or  tripsin. 

antiperiodic  fan'ti-pe-ri-od'ik),  «.  and  «.  [< 
anil-  +  periodic.']  I.  a.  In  nwil.,  curative  of 
diseases  exhibiting  periodicity,  especially  of 
intermittent  fever. 

n.  n.  In  med.,  a  remedy  for  periodic  diseases, 
capfoiHlly  for  intermittent  fever. 

antiperistalsis  (an'ti-per-i-stal'sis),  n.     [NL., 

<  iinii-  +  peristal.tis.'\  Inverted  peristaltic  ac- 
tion of  the  intestines  by  which  their  contents 
are  carried  upward. 

antiperistaltic  (an'ti-per-i-stal'tik),  a.  [<  an- 
ti- +  iirri.ittiltic.j  In  mcd. :  («)  Opposed  to  or 
checking  peristaltic  motion,  {b)  Pertaining  to 
or  exhiliiting  antiperistalsis. 

antiperistasis   (an'ti-pe-ris'ta-sis),  n.      [NL., 

<  *  fr.  (ivTi'tfiinraatq,  a  surrounding  so  as  to  com- 
press, a  reciprocal  replacement,  <  avrnrciiiiara- 
ciiiti,  surround,  compass,  <  iivri,  against,  +  Tttpti- 
a-aniJni,  TrciiitjTf/viii,  stand  around  (>  ne/iiaTaair,  a 
standing  around), <  rrcfji,  around, -t-  inTiwHat,  ar^- 
w,  stand.  J  1.  Antagonism  of  natural  qualities, 
as  of  light  and  darkness,  heat  and  colil ;  spccili- 
cally,  opfi'i-iti.iii  (if  contrary  (juatities  by  which 
one  '  iiitcnHilietf,  or  the  intensiiica- 
*■*""                           '1-     Thu«,  (M'linUile  heat  in  exciteil  in 

qiljcki.  ;   iiiii  it  111  colli  water,  and  cold  iipplteil 

to  the  huiiiuii  body  may,  by  reaction,  Incri  lui'  il«  bent. 

All  that  I  fear  U  fynlbin'ii  prcnenco,  wlil.  h,  wllb  the 

cold  nt  hi-r  rhn*llty.  ra»tctli  mlch  nn  antiptrKfo.,,  i,b<,ut 

Uw  place,  Oiat  no  heat  of  lldnc  will  tarr)  »lll.  ih.  luitlml. 

fl.  .lonmn,  t'yntlilaii  It.  v.  Is,  v.  ;j, 

2.   In  rhrl.,  B  figure  consiHting  in  grnntint'  what 
Bti  opponent  xtnUs  as  fact,  but  denying  his  in- 
fcrctii-o  thcrifrrim. 
antlperistatfr  'nn'tipor-l-Btafik),  a.    [<  nnti- 

I'TimIiixi  (cr  Or.  -rrpinrnTtnir,  pcri- 
"'"''''•I     '  ■  iiiilipcriHlnHiH. 

antipestil'  ti-jicH-d-len'Mml),    n. 

[<  nnfi- -'  I     Kflleni'iiiiiH  ngniuHttlji' 

pla^ieor  iMip,oriigainHt  infection. 

Antiputilmttai  tuifiunUL  to  anoint  tlip  nnflHN  wllh. 

Ilartty,  Tin  I'Iikiio. 


Section  of  Antipet- 
alous  Flower  of  the 
Buckthorn,  a,  a,  a, 
stamens :  *.  l>,  ti,  pet. 


248 

antipetalous  (an-ti-pet'a-lus),  a.     [<  Gv.' avTi, 
against,  -t-  -ira'/m;  leaf,  mod.  petal.]     In  hot., 
a  term  descriptive  of  stamens 
which  stand  opposite  to  petals. 

antipUogistian  (an  ti-ilo-,iis'- 
tian),  «.  [<  anti-  +  pkhnjis- 
tiaii.']  An  opponent  of  the  old 
chemical  theory  as  to  the  ex- 
istence of  a  substance  called 
phlogiston. 

antipnlogistic  (an "  ti  -  flo  -  jis  '- 
tik),  a.  and  «.     l<.  anti- +  phlo- 
gistic]   I.  a.  1.  In  chem.,  op- 
posed to  the  theorv  of  phlogis-    ^'  'nsened  upon"the 
i  /      1   ■    1  \      *  S  _.  ■       throat  of  the  calyx. 

ton  (which  see) :  as,  the  anti- 
phlogistic system. — 2.  In  med.,  counteracting 
inflammation  or  a  feverish  state  of  the  system: 
as.  ontiphlooistic  remedies  or  treatment."— Anti- 
phlogistic theory,  a  theory  of  cr.iiiliustiun  first  ad- 
vanced by  Lavoisier,  who  held  that  in  cointmstion,  in- 
stead of  phlogiston  escaping,  according  to  the  theory  of 
Stahl,  there  was  a  combination  with  oxygen.  The  anti- 
phlogistic  theorj'  of  combustion,  modified  and  enlarged,  is 
the  one  now  universally  accepted. 

II.  H.  Any  medicine  or  application  which 
tends  to  check  or  allay  inflammation. 

antiphon,  antiphone  (an'tl-fon  or  -fon),  «. 
[The  earlier  E.  tonus  produced  mod.  anthem, 
q.  V. ;  <  ML.  aniiphona  (fern,  sing.),  <  Gr.  diT/- 
^(jva  (neut.  pi.),  usuaUy  avriipuvov  (sing.),  an- 
them, prop.  neut.  of  arrlijxM'oc,  sounding  in  an- 
swer, <  avTi,  in  return,  +  (puvi),  voice :  see  jtho- 
netic,  and  ct.  anthem.]  1.  A  psalm,  hymn,  or 
prayer  sung  responsively  or  by  alternation  of 
two  choirs,  as  in  the  English  cathedral  service. 
—  2.  In  the  liturgy  or  mass  of  both  the  East- 
ern and  Western  chirrches,  as  well  as  in  the 
day-hours  and  other  offices,  a  series  of  verses 
from  the  Psalms  or  other  parts  of  Scripture, 
either  in  their  original  sequence  or  combined 
from  various  passages,  sung  as  a  prelude  or 
conclusion  to  some  part  of  the  service,  it  is 
sometimes  especially  limited  to  the  verse  sung  before  or 
alter  the  psalms  of  the  olfice,  the  tones  of  which  are  deter, 
mined  by  the  musical  mode,  according  to  the  Gregorian 
chant,  of  their  respective  antiphons.  (See  chant  and  mode.) 
Litui'giologists  retain  a  more  extended  use  of  the  word, 
making  it  include  various  brief  responsories  as  well  as 
longer  chants. 

3.  A  scriptural  passage  or  original  composition 
simg  as  an  independent  part  of  the  ser\ice,  anil 
set  to  more  elaborate  music  ;  an  anthem. — 4. 
An  echo  or  a  response.     [Rare.] 

The  great  synod  .  .  .  that  is  to  meet  nt  Hamborough 
to  me  sounds  like  an  antiphone  to  the  other  malign  con- 
junction at  I'olen.  Sir  U.  Wollon,  Kcliiiuiie,  p.  370. 
To  double  an  antiphon.    See  double. 

antiphona,  ".     Plural  of  antiphonon. 

antiphonal  (an-tif'6-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  anti- 
jihon  + -al.]  1.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  marked  by 
antiphony  or  responsive  singing;  antiphonary. 

He  (Calvin)  thought  .  .  .  that  the  practice  of  anfi>/ioii«; 
chanting  was  superstitious. 

T.  n'nrton,  Hist.  Kng.  Poetr)-,  III.  1(14. 

n.  «.  A  book  of  antiphons  or  anthems;  an 

antiplionarv. 
antiphonally  (an-tif'o-nal-i),  adv.    In  an  an- 

tiplioiiiil  Tuauncr;  responsively. 
antiphonar  (an-tif'6-nar),  n.    Same  as  anfip/io- 

II  an/. 
antiphonary  (an  -  tif '  6  -  ml  -  ri),  «.  and  a.  [< 
iML.  antijihonariiini,  <  antiphona :  see  antiphon.] 
I.  n. ;  pi.  antiphonarics  (-riz).  A  book  of  an- 
tiphons. As  originally  compiled  by  Pope  Gregory  the 
(Jreat,  it  contained  whatever  wiLssllngantiphonidly  in  tin- 
mass  and  otliccs  of  the  Latin  Church.  Tlie  liliirgiciil  ini- 
tlpllons,  however,  that  is,  those  proper  to  the  niii-HS.  Imve 
long  been  published  in  a  Hcparute  book  called  tln','/rfi(/(i«/. 
The  rcHpollBories  of  the  ofilre  were  also  anciently  pilbliKlied 
by  theniHidvea  in  the  responsorial,  but  now,  along  Willi  the 
itntiplioiis  jiroper,  that  is.  tliosr  a.HSociateil  with  the  i>saliiis 
of  the  tiltii)',  iiiiikr  lip  the  present  antiphonary. 
II.  II.   Aiiliiihomil. 

Great  attention  seems  to  have  been  paid  to  the  antipho- 
narii  songs.  A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  21. 

antiphone,  «.     See  antijihnn. 
antiphonertOm-lil"o-ncr),H.  KMK.  antiphonerr 
(also  iinj'i  niirr,  ainfi  iiiire).  <  ML.  aniiiihomiriiim  : 
see  aniiphiniarii.]     A  book  of  antlioms  or  anti- 
Jihons;  an  antiphoiinry. 

lie  Alma  Knli-niptorlK  lierile  synge. 
Ah  I'ldldren  Irriied  her  antiphoncre. 

Cliaucrr,  I'rlori'M'N  Talc,  I.  (17. 

antiphonetic  (an'ti-fiVnefik).  a.     f<<lr.  as  if 

'iivTii^i'riTiniir,  <  iiiTiipi.ivi ly,  ciirrosponil  in  Hoiiiid, 
<ai'ni^(ji'or,corTeHpoiiiliiigoriiiiHweriiiKiiiHoiitiil: 
Hce  antiphon,  anti-,  and  /ihonrtic.]  OorrcHpomi- 
iiig  In  sound;  hoinopbonous:  applied  to  wordH 
wliich  rime. 

Mi.ore  and  Tom  Campbell  IlielnllelveN  admit  "splliacli" 
U  iKriecUy  antiplioiot,,'  i,,  '■lirrniwirli." 

liarhaut,  InguhUby  Leftelids,  I.  Ill, 


antipode 

antiphonic  (an-ti-fou'ik).  o.  [<Gr.  *(iiT(^(jwKof 
(foimd  only  in  adv.  avTi(j>uviKur),  <  aiTiijiuviir:  see 
antiphon.]  Pertaining  to  or  marked  by  an- 
tiphony. 

antiphonical  (au-ti-fon'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  an^ 
lijilionii-. 

antiphonon  (an-tif'o-non),   v.;    pi.   antiphona 
(-uii).     [Gr. :  seeaH(y;Ao«.]    Same  asrtK<(;v/(0». 
In  the  Basiliaii  and  Chrysostoinic  Liturgies,  the  Introit 
is  divided  into  three  antijihona. 

J.  M.  yealc,  E.isterii  Church,  i.  364. 

antiphony  (an-tif'o-ni),  «.;  pi.  antiphonics{-juz). 
[An  extended  foi-m  of  antiphon,  <  Gr.  as  if  *<iiT(- 
^uw'a.  a.  si/mphoiii/.]  1.  Alternate  or  respon- 
sive singing,  in  which  a  choir  is  divided  into 
two,  each  part  singing  alternate  verses  of  the 
psalm  or  anthem:  opposed  to  honiophony,  2. 
In  rc»ponsorial  singing,  on  the  contrary,  one  singer  alter- 
nates with  the  whole  choir,  as  in  the  chanting  of  respon* 
series.     See  respoiusory. 

2.  A  psalm  or  an  anthem  so  chanted. 

These  are  the  pretty  resjx  iiisories.  t  liese  are  the  dear  an- 
tiphonicg  that  so  bewitched  of  late  our  prelates  and  their 
chaplains  with  the  goodly  echo  they  made. 

Milton,  Areopagitica. 

3.  A  composition  of  several  verses  taken  from 
different  psalms  and  set  to  music. 

antiphotogenic  (an  ti-fo-to-.ien'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  photof/enic]  Preventing  the  chemical  action 
of  light,  as  in  photography;  rendering  light 
non-actinic  by  excluding  the  chemical  rays. 

I  do  not  fix  the  telescope  to  the  (.lijcrti\e.  liitt  merely 
unite  the  two  by  means  of  an  antiptiotoioiiU-  tiilie  of  red 
cl'ith.  Sci.  Amer.  Sujip.,  XXIII.  <J1!)9. 

antiphrasis(an-tif'ra-sis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ain-iippa- 
Off,  <  iirriippdieit',  express  by  antithesis  or  nega- 
tion, <  aiTi,  against,  -I-  ippaCen;  speak,  >  (piidai^, 
way  of  speaking,  >  E.  phrase.]  Li  rhet.,  the 
use  of  a  word  in  a  sense  opposite  to  its  proper 
meaning,  or  when  its  opposite  should  have 
been  used ;  irony,  used  either  in  sarcasm  or  in 
humor. 

You  now  find  no  cause  to  repent  that  you  never  dipt 
your  hands  in  the  bloody  high  courts  of  justice,  so  called 
only  by  antiphraifis.  South. 

antiphrastic  (an-ti-fras'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  "liirf- 
(^paariKiji;  (in  adv.  (iiTK^pairriKiJ^),  <  dvriippa^atv,  ex- 
press by  antithesis:  see  antijihrasis.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  antiphrasis. 

antiphrastical  (an-ti-fi-as'ti-kal),  «.    Same  as 

in/lipJn'tistic. 

antiphrastically  (an-ti-fras'ti-kal-i),  adv.    In 

tlio  niaiiiu'r  of  antiphrasis;  by  antiphrasis. 
antiphthisic  (an-ti-tiz'ik),  ((."and   n.      [<  anti- 

+  jilitliisic.]     I.  a.  Tending  to  check  phthisis 

or  consumption. 
II.  n.  A  medicine  intended  to  check  phthisis. 

,Y.  /•.'.  I). 
antiphysici,  antiphysicali  (an-ti-fiz'ik,  -i-kal), 

a.      [<  (ir.  liiTf,  against,  +  ipivir,  nature  (lidj. 

ipvniKiii;).]     Coutrarv  to  nature;  unnatural. 

antiphysic-,  antiphysical-  (an-t  i-iiz'ik,  -i-kal), 

(/.  [<  Gr.  I'mi,  against,  +  (funu,  brcatli,  winil  in 
tlie  stomach.]  In  med.,  relieving  flatulence; 
ciirminative. 

antiplastic  (an-ti-plas'tik),  o.  [<  Gr.  airi, 
against,  +  T/airrfMx;,  <  T7?.afTTui;,  verbal  adj.  of 
TT/.iiaaen;  mold,  form.]  1.  Diminishing  plasti- 
city.—  2.  In  med.,  unfavorable  to  healing;  pre- 
venting or  diecking  the  process  of  granulation. 
—  3.   Impoverishing  the  blood. 

antipodt,  '(.     An  obsolete  form  of  antipode. 

antipodal  (nn-tip'o-dal),  a.    [<antii)0(le  +  -ah] 
1.    Pertaining  or  relating  to  tlie   antiiiodes; 
situiiltMl  on  or  belonging  to  opiiosite  Bides  of 
tile  globe. 
The  mingling  of  antipodal  races. 

G.  I'.  Lathfitp,  Spanish  Visias,  \).  lo-l. 
Hence  —  2.  At  the  opposite  end  or  extreme; 
diametrically  ojiposile. 

A  place  HO  nittipndal  to  New  Engliind  ways  and  Ideas  as 

wiiH  Vicksbulg  ill  that  day.  The  Cfiiluni,  ,\.\III.  1(13. 

A  liorseniali  clatters  over  the  loose  plankH  of  the  bridge. 

while  bis  onlijuiilal  shadow  glides  Hlleiitlv  over  the  liilr- 

rored  liililge  below.  I.onvll,  Fireside  Travels,  ji.  111. 

Also  iintipndic,  anli/iodical. 
Antipodal  cells.  In  Iml.,  the  two  ccIIh  which  are  formed 
by  Hie  iinclil  lit  the  base  of  the  emliryoniil  sue  and  op. 
IMihilc  to  till'  niirlei  wliicli.  after  fertllb.ation,  become  the 
oospore.  Antipodal  heresy,  the  heresy  of  the  nlitlpo- 
illBtH.  See  oiif.;, ,../..«(. 
_Tlie  poHitlve  iisHertion.  with  iiiiligiiant  coimnent,  that 
Virgil  I  ItlHlinp  of  .Sal/biirgl  was  ilepiiseil  for  antipodal 
hcr.»ii.  I'rof.  !>,■  Monian,  N.  anil  If,,  dill  Her.,  ,\ll.  r.:t. 

antipode  (nn'ti-p('>d),  h.  ;  ]il.  anliju/des  (-podz), 
iiiunlly  as  Lai  in  «»/(;>o(/(.«(an-lip  o-dez).  [Kor- 
mcrlyalMOfiiiffyim/.  rarely  «»^/»w,'  i  L.  antipodes, 
jil.:  wi'  antijiodis.]  1.  One  of  tlic  antipodes, 
or  thoHc  who  dwell  iiii  iip)i(iKite  sides  of  (lie 
globe. — 2.  One  who  or  lliiil  which  is  in  opposi- 
tion to  or  over  against  another. 


antipode 


249 


In  tale  or  history  your  beggar  is  ever  the  just  aJKipm^c  antiptOSiS  (an -tip -to 'sis),  n.       [L.,  <  Gr.  avri- 


to  your  king.  Laii^b,  Decay  of  Beggars, 

Balance-loving  Nature 
Made  all  things  in  j)airs, 
To  every  foot  Its  unlipode. 

ajnif-rson.  Merlin,  ii. 

antipodean  (an-tip-o-de'an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
tlio  antipodes ;  antipodal. 

antipodes  (an-tip'o-dez),  n.  pi.  [L.  (in  ME.  as 
L.),  <  Or.  iivTiTTOdcg,  pi.  of  avriirovg,  with  feet  op- 
posite, <  aiin,  opposite,  +  Troi-c,  pi-  TrdiiEf,  =  E. 
foot.']     1.  Persons  li\ang  at  diametrically  op 


TTTwoii;,  <  iivTi,  against,  +  rcTuai^,  falling,  case, 
<  nivmv,  fall.]  In  gram.,  the  use  of  one  case 
for  another. 

antiputrefactive  (au"ti-pu-tre-fak'tiv),  n.  [< 
aiiti-  +  pHficfdctirc]  Counteracting  or  pre- 
venting imtref action:  antiseptic. 

antiputrescent  (an"ti-pii-tres'ent),  a.  [<  anti- 
+  jiutrcsrciit.]     Same  as  antiputrefactive. 

antipylc  (an-ti-pi'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avri,  against, 
-I-  -im\  pus,  +  -I'c]     Preventing  or  restraining 


Dosite  points  of  the  globe,  so  that  their  feet  are     suppurat^ion. 

Sf'.?»yfow«rd  each  other:  i^ersons  who  live  antipyretic  (an"ti-pi-ret'ik),  a.  and  «.    _  [<  Gr, 


directed  toward  each  other ;  persons  who  live 
on  the  side  of  the  globe  opposite  to  others. 

Your  Aniiixides  are  a  good  rascally  sort  of  topsie  turvy 
Fellows  —  If  I  liad  a  Bumper  Id  stand  upon  my  Head  and 
drink  a  Health  to  'em.    Coiujrem,  Way  of  the  World,  iv.  10. 

2.  Two  places  on  the  surface  of  the  globe  dia- 


avrij  against,  +  ttv/ictuc,  fever:  see^^iyrcttc]  I. 
a.  m  med.,  serving  as  a  preventive  of  or  rem- 
edy for  pyrexia  or  fever ;  depressing  an  abnor- 
mally high  temperature:  as,  the  new  antipy- 
retic alkaloid. 
II.  H.  A  remedy  for  fever;  an  antifebrile. 


"?.^'!;l?"y '^P?.°fli°!.^?.l^".'  T'J:^Z  antipyrin,  antipyrine  (a.ai-pi'rin),  n.    [As 


or  region  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  globe. 
3.  Figuratively,  things  opposed  to  each  other: 
as  a  singular,  anything  (liaiiietrically  adverse 
or  opposed  to  another  thing  belonging  to  the 
same  general  order;  a  contrary.  In  the  latter 
sense  sometimes  used  in  the  singular  form  an- 
tipode (which  see). 

Can  there  be  a  greater  contrariety  unto  Christ's  judg- 
ment, a  more  perfect  antipodes  to  all  that  hath  hitherto 
been  gospel?  Hammond,  Sermons, 

Minds,  the  antipodes  of  each  other  in  temper  and  endow- 
ment, alike  feel  the  force  of  his  [Dante'sl  attraction, 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p,  39. 

antipodic  (an-ti-pod'ik),  a.     Same  as  antipodal. 
Itiixkiii. 
antipodical  (an-ti-pod'i-kal),  a.     [<  antipode  + 

-ic-al]     Same  as  antipodal. 

Nor  ai-e  the  inhabitants  of  the  Antipodical  Paradise 
less  worthy  of  oui-  admiration. 

Blackumd's  Mag.,  XXII.  602, 

antipodism  (an-tip'o-dizm),  }(.  [<  antipode  + 
-).«»(.]     The  state  of  being  antipodal. 

antipodist  (an-tip'o-dist),  n.  [<  antipode  + 
-isJ.J  A  believer  iii  the  antipodes,  at  the  time 
when  such  belief  was  heresy,  on  account  of  the 
orthodox  supposition  that  the  whole  surface  of 
the  earth  was  a  flat  expanse. 

Some  have  maintained  that  the  a;i(i>orfK(  [Virgil,  bishop 
of  Salzburg]  was  a  different  person  from  the  canonized 
bishop.  Prof.  De  Morgan,  N,  and  Q.,  6th  ser. ,  XII,  63. 

antipoint  (an'ti-point),  n.  [<  anti-  +  x>oint.~\ 
One  of  a  pair  of  foci,  real  or  imaginary,  to  a 
plane  curve,  so  related  to  another  pair  that  if 


antipyr{i  lie)  -t-  -in'-,  -inc'^.']  The  commercial 
name  of  dimethyloxy-quiuizin,  CiiH]^2N20)  a 
complex  body  belonging  to  the  aromatic  series. 
It  crystallizes  in  brilliant  scales,  which  dissolve  readily  in 
water.     It  is  a  valuable  antiijyrctic, 

antiquaria,  «.     Plural  of  antiquaritim. 

antiquarian  (an-ti-kwa'ri-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  L. 
antiquarius  (see  antiquary')  +  -an.]  I.  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  antiquaries  or  to  antiquarianism ; 
connected  with  the  study  of  antiquities,  particu- 
larly of  such  as  are  comparatively  modem,  and 
of  such  as  have  interest  rather  as  curiosities 
than  for  their  inherent  or  archaeological  impor- 
tance :  as,  an  antiquarian  museum. 

The  question  whether  Greece  did  or  did  not  borrow  from 
this  or  that  barbarian  people  some  rude  germs  of  art  which 
in  Greece  alone  were  taught  to  grow  into  flowers  and  fruit 
has  little  more  than  an  antitiuarian  interest. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer,  Lects,,  p,  259, 

2.  An  epithet  applied  to  a  size  of  drawing- 
paper,  53  X  31  or  52  X  29  inches. 

IL  n.  Same  as  antiquary,  1  and  2. 
antiCLUarianism  (an-ti-kwa'ri-an-izm),  n.      [< 
antiquarian   +   -ism.]      1.    The   character  or 
tastes  of  an  antiquary. 

I  have  the  seeds  of  anti<niarianimii  in  me, 

Bp.  Hard,  Letter  to  Warburton. 

2.  Antiquarian  research.  It  includes  the  study  of 
the  past  through  relics  of  all  kinds,  but  denotes  especially 
the  study  of  times  which  are  neither  very  ancient  nor  of 
great  general  interest,  and  the  collection  of  bric-k-brac 
and  mere  curiosities.  It  implies  taste  for  old  things 
merely  because  they  are  old,  independently  of  any  artis- 
tic or  historic  value  that  they  may  possess,  =  Syn.  Arche- 
ology, Aitthjuarianinm.     See  archceology. 


a  quadrilateral  be  drawn  having  the  two  foci  of  antiquarium  (an  -  ti  -  kwa '  ri  -  um),  n. ;  pi.  anti- 

each  pair  at  opposite  angles,  the  opposite  sides  •„  / -^-n      txtt     4.  „«  t    „.,<.■„,.„«.■..„.  „„„ 

will  meet  at  the  circular  points  at  infinity,  and 

consequently  be  tangent  to  the  curve, 
antipoison  (an'ti-poi-zn),  n.    [<  anti-  +  jwison.] 

An  antidote  for  a  poison;   a  counter-poison: 

as,  "poisons  afford  antipoisons," Sir  T.  Browne, 

Christ.  Mor.,  xxviii.  1. 
antipole  (an'ti-p61),  n.    [<  anti-  +  pole".]    The 

opposite  pole ;  anything  diametrically  opposed 

to  another. 


That  antipole  of  all  enthusiasm,  called  "  a  man  of  the 
world."  Qeorge  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xl. 


antipope  (an'ti-pop),  )^.    l<  anti- +  pope.]     One 

who  usurps  or  is  elected  to  the  papal  office  in 

opposition  to  a  pope  held  to  be  canonieally 

chosen.     There  have  been  about  thirty  antipopes,  the 

last  of  whom  was  Feli.x  V,  (Duke  Amadeus  VIII,  of  Savoy), 

elCLtwl  by  the  Council  of  Basle  in  1439, 
antiport,  «.     See  anteport. 
antiprimer  (an-ti-pri'mer),  «.      [<  anti-  +  pri- 
mer'-.]   An  apparatus  designed  to  prevent  the 

priming  or  foaming  of  steam  in  a  boiler,  that  is, 

the  escape  of  spray  or  water  with  the  steam. 
antiprism  (an'ti-prizm),  n.      [<  anti-  +  prism.] 

An  auxiliary  prism;  part  of  a  compoimd  prism 

placed  with  its  refractive  edge  in  a  reversed  po-  antiquate  (an'ti-kwat),  v. 

sition.     A  prism  of  carbon  disulphid  is  sometimes  used     tiquated,  ppr.  antiquaiing. 

in  spectrum  analysis,  consisting  of  a  glass  core  with  sides        "        -•  ^ —  2.-11.. 

made  of  two  antiprisms. 
antiprostate  (an-ti-pros'tat),  n.     [<  anti-  + 

prostate,   n.]     One   of  the  two  small  glands 

(Cowper's  glands)  situated  before  the  prostate 

gland  in  man  and  many  other  mammals.     See 

prostate. 

antiprostatic  (an"ti-pros-tat'ik),  a.      [<  anti- 
prostate  +  -ic.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  anti- 
prostates. 
antipruritic  (an''tl-pro-rit'ik),  a.      [<  anti-  + 

piruritie.]     Tending  to  relieve  ifehing. 
antipsoric  (an-tip-sor'ik),  a.  and  «.      [<  Gr. 

avri,  against,  +  ■ijiuptKdg,  pertaining  to  the  itch, 

<  iptjpa,  the  itch.]     I.  a.  Efficacious  in  curing 

the  itch. 
II.  n.  A  remedy  for  the  itch. 


quafia  (-a).  [NL., neut.  of  L.  antiquarius :  see 
antiquary.  Cf.  aquarium.]  A  repository  of  an- 
tiquities.    N.  E.  D. 

antiquary  (an'ti-kwa-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  anti- 
quarius, pertaining  to  antiquity,  an  antiquary, 
ML.  also  a  copier  of  old  books,  <  antiquus, 
antique,  ancient:  see  antique  Sind.  -ary.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  antiquity ;  ancient ;  antiquarian. 
Instructed  by  the  antiquary  times. 
He  must,  he  is,  he  cannot  but  be  wise, 

SAa*-,,  T,  and  C,,ii.  3, 

II.  ". ;  pi.  antiquaries  (-riz).     1.  One  versed 

in  the  knowledge  of  ancient  things ;  a  student 

or  coUeetor  of  antiquities:  sometimes  used  in 

the  sense  of  arclMologist.     See  antiquarianism. 

With  sharpen'd  sight  pale  antiquaries  pore, 

Th'  inscription  value,  but  the  rust  adore. 

Pope,  Ep.  to  Addison,  1,  35, 
"The  simple  antiquary  is  not  a  historian,  but  it  is  always 
a  gain  when  the  historian  is  an  antiquary. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects,,  p,  208. 

2.  A  dealer  in  old  books,  coins,  objects  of  art, 
and  similar  articles.  In  this  and  the  preceding 
sense  also  antiquarian.— Z\.  An  official  custo- 
dian of  antiquities.  This  title  was  bestowed  by  Henry 
VIII.  upon  Leiand,  his  chaplain  and  librarian,  1533, 

'  ■     " "        '. ;  pret.  and  pp.  an- 

_.  _ _^         ^     lili.antiquatusy'pp. 

ot  antiq'uare,  restore  to  its  ancient  condition,  in 
LL.  make  old,  <  antiqnus,  ancient:  see  antique.] 


antiquity 

2.  Advanced  in  years ;  rendered  incapable  by 

age;  superannuated. 

old  .Tanet,  for  so  he  Understood  his  antiqvMted  atten- 
dant was  denominated,  Scott,  Waverley,  II,  1. 
-Syn,  .Ancient,  f/ld,  A7itique,  etc.     See  ancicnO. 

antiquatedness  (an'ti-kwa-ted-nes),  n.  [<  an- 
tiquated -I-  -ness.]  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing antiquated,  obsolete,  or  old-fashioned. 

antiquatenesst  (an'ti-kwat-nes),  n.  [<  anti- 
quate +  -iiisn.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
antiquated  or  obsolete. 

antiquation  (an-ti-kwa'shon),  n.  [<  L.  antiqua- 
tio{H-),  <.  antiquare :  nee  antiquate,  v.]  1.  The 
act  of  antiquatiug,  or  the  state  of  being  anti- 
quated. 

Which  must  no  change  nor  antiquation  know. 

J.  Beaunwnt,  Psyche,  xv,  164, 

2.  In  Roman  law,  repeal,  as  of  a  law ;  abroga- 
tion. 

antique  (an-tek'),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  an- 
tike,  antyke,  anticke,  antick,  later  antique,  with 
accent  on  the  first  syllable  ;  in  the  17th  century 
the  forms  were  gradually  discriminated,  antick, 
antic  being  restricted  to  the  sense  of  '  fantas- 
tic,' etc.  (see  antic),  while  antique,  with  accent 
shifted  in  immediate  dependence  on  the  F.,  was 
restricted  to  the  lit.  sense ;  <  F.  antique,  ancient, 
old,  <  L.  antiquus,  anticus,  former,  earlier,  an- 
cient, old,  <  ante,  before:  see  ante-  and  antic] 

1.  a.  1.  Having  existed  in  ancient  times ;  be- 
longing to  or  having  come  down  from  antiquity ; 
ancient :  often  specifically  referring  to  Greece 
and  Rome  :  as,  an  antique  statue. 

The  seals  ,  .  .  which  we  know  to  be  antique.    Dryden. 
My  copper-lamps,  at  any  rate. 
For  being  true  antique,  I  bought. 

Prior,  Alma,  iii, 

2.  Belonging  to  former  times,  as  contrasted 
with  modem ;  having  the  form  and  character- 
istics of  an  earlier  day  ;  of  old  fashion :  as,  an 
antique  robe. 

O  good  old  man  ;  how  well  in  thee  appears 
The  constant  service  of  the  antique  world, 
When  service  sweat  for  duty,  not  for  meed ! 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  3. 
All  the  antique  fashions  of  the  street  were  dear  to  him  ; 
even  such  as  were  characterized  by  a  rudeness  that  would 
naturally  have  annoyed  his  fastidious  senses, 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xi. 

3t.  Fantastic;  fanciful;  odd;  wild;  antic.  See 

antic,  4. 

What  fashion 'd  hats,  or  ruffs,  or  suits  next  year 

Our  giddy-headed  antique  youth  will  wear.       Donn£. 

4.  In  ho<ikhindiiii/,  embossed  without  gold. — 
Antique  crown,  in  iter.,  a  bearing  representing  a  simple 
crown  composfd  of  a  circular  barul  with  rays  simply 
pointed  and  of  indefinite  number.  It 
is  always  or,  that  is,  of  gold.  Also 
called  Eastern  crtiw7i,— Antique 
type.  See  II,,  3.  =  Syn,  Ancient,  Old, 
Antique,  etc.     i^ee  ancient. 

II.  n.  1.  The  style  or  man- 
ner of  ancient  times,  specifi- 
cally of  Greek  and  Roman  an- 
tiquity: used  especially  of  art. 
In  this  sense  used  only  in  the  singular,  and  preceded  by 
the  definite  article  :  as,  fond  of  the  antique;  copied  from 
ttie  antique, 

2.  Any  relic  of  antiquity ;  specifically,  an  ex- 
ample of  (Jreek  or  Roman  art,  especially  in 
sculpture. 

To  collect  books  and  antiques,  to  found  professorships, 
to  patronize  men  of  learning,  became  almost  universal 
fashions  among  the  great.  Macaulay,  Machiavelli. 

3.  The  name  given  by  American  type-founders 
to  a  style  of  type  of  thick  and  bold  face,  of  the 
regular  Roman  model,  in  which  all  lines  are  of 
equal  or  nearly  equal  thickness :  called  Egyp- 
tian by  British  type-founders.  The  type  used  for 
title-words  in  this  dictionary  is  condensed  antique. 

antiqued  (an-tekf),  a.  In  bookbinding,  finished 
in  antique  style. 

antiquely  (an-tek'li),  adv.  In  an  antique  man- 
ner. 

antiqueness  (an-tek'nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  antique,  or  of  appearing  to  be  of  ancient 
origin  and  workmanship. 


Antique  Crow 
(From  Berry's 
of  Heraldry. 


'Diet. 

■) 


To  make  old  or  obsolete;  make  old  and  useless  antiquist  (an-te'kist  or  an'ti-kwist),  n.     [<  an- 
by  substituting  something  newer  and  better.  -  ,     ,      . 

The  growth  of  Christianity  .  .  .  might  reasonably  in- 
troduce new  laws  and  antiquate  or  abrogate  some  old 
ones.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Hist.  Common  Law  of  Eng, 

Huge  charts  which  subsequent  discoveries  have  anti- 
quated. Lamb,  Elia,  p.  9. 
antiquate  (an'ti-kwat),  a.  Same  as  antiquated, 
p.  <i. 
antiquated  (an'ti-kwa-ted).  p.  a.  1.  Grown 
old;  obsolete  or  obsolescent;  ill  adapted  to 
present  use;  old-fashioned:  said  of  things :  as, 
an  antiquated  law. 

Is  it  possible  that  the  present  age  can  be  pleased  with 
that  antiquated  dialect  ?  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xviii. 


tique  (or  L.  antiquus)  +  -ist.]  1.  An  anti- 
quary: as,  "theoretic  antiquists,"  Pinkerton. 
[Rare.]  —  2.  A  collector  of  antiques. 
antiquitarian  (an-tik-wi-ta'ri-an),  «.  [<  an- 
tiquity +  -arian.]  An  admirer  of  antiquity; 
an  antiquary.     [Rare.] 

I  shall  distinguish  such  as  I  esteem  to  be  the  hinderers 
of  reformation  into  three  sorts:  — 1,  Antiquitarian^  (for 
so  I  had  rather  call  them  than  antiquaries,  whose  labours 
are  useful  and  laud.ahle) ;  2,  Libertines  ;  3,  Politicians, 

Milton,  Reformation,  i. 

antiquity  (an-tik'wi-ti),  n.;  pi.  antiquities  (-tiz). 
[<  }lE.antiquytee,  antiquite,  <  OF.  antiquity,  an- 
tiquiteit,  mod.  F.  antiquite  =  Pr.   antiquital  = 


antiquity 

Sp.  (intigiiedad  =  Pg-  aniiguidade  =  It.  antichiU'i, 

<  L.  aiitiquita{t-)s,  <  aiitiquits :  see  aiitique.'i  1. 
The  quality  of  being  aueient ;  aueientness; 
great  age:  as,  a  familj'  of  gieat  antiquity. 

TMs  ring  is  valuable  tor  its  anliijuity.  Johnson. 

Is  not  your  voice  broken  ?  your  wind  short !  .  .  .  and 
every  part  about  you  blasted  with  aiiliiiuiti/  / 

Shal:.,  -2  Hen.  IT.,  i.  2, 

2.  Ancient  times;  former  ages;  times  long 
since  past:  as,  Demosthenes  was  the  most  elo- 
quent orator  of  antiquity. 

Jior  even  so  remotely  among  the  mossy  centuries  did  it 

pause,  but  strayed  onward  iJito  that  gray  antiquity  oi 

which  there  is  no  token  left  save  its  cavernous  tombs,  etc. 

Baicthorne,  Marble  Faun. 

3.  The  ancients  eolleetively;  the  people  of  an- 
cient times. 

He  lives  with  nn/i'/wiVi/ and  posterity;  with  antimtitii, 
in  the  sweet  communion  of  studious  retirement ;  and  with 
posterity,  in  the  generous  aspirings  after  future  renown. 
Jrving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  29. 

That  such  pillars  were  raised  by  Seth  all  anliquiln  has 
avowed.  Sir  IT.  Raleigh. 

4.  An  old  person.     [Humorous.] 

You  are  a  shrewd  antiquity,  neighbour  Clench. 

B.  Jonson. 

5.  That  which  is  ancient,  or  belongs  to  old  or 
ancient  times;  something  left  by  or  peculiar 
to  the  ancients:  generally  in  the  plural:  as, 
Greek  or  Egyptian  antiquities. 

The  lectiu-es  will  have  for  a  common  object  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  the  country.     Everett,  Orations,  II.  111. 

antirabic  (an-ti-rab'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  +  rabics.'i 
Pertaining  to  the  prevention  of  rabies  or  hy- 
drophobia. 

The  Russian  antiratnc  inoculation  institution  [in  Odessa]. 

Science,  IX.  18(j. 

antiracer  (an-ti-ra'ser),  M.  [<  anti-  +  race^  + 
-erl.]  A  device  for  preventing  the  racing  of 
the  screw  of  a  marine  propeller  when  the  vessel 
pit<'hes  so  as  to  throw  it  out  of  the  water. 

antirachitic  (an'ti-ra-kit'ik),  «.  [<  anti-  + 
racliitic.]     Tending  to  cure  rachitis  or  rickets. 

antiremonstrant  (an'ti-rf-mon'strant),  «.    [< 

anti-  +  rciiKiiistrant.']  One  opposed  to  remon- 
strance or  to  those  who  remonstrate.  Specifi- 
cally (with  a  capital),  one  of  that  party  in  the  Dutch  Cal- 
Wnistic  Church  which  opposed  the  Remonstrants  or  Ar- 
minians.  Tliey  are  also  called  CoHn(cr-remo7w(ran(*.  See 
r-  ni'<ii..trtttit. 

antirent(an-ti-rent'),  a.  l<  anti- +  renf]  Op- 
posed to  the  payment  of  rent;  opposed,  on 
theoretical  grounds,  to  the  exaction  of  rent 
for  land,  etc.:  as,  antinnt  doctrines — Antirent 
party,  a  social  and  political  organization  whidi  resisted 
(ISIO  to  about  1S>4!))  tlie  collection  of  rent  on  certain  great 
iiiiiiiiirial  estates  in  tile  .State  of  New  York. 

antirenter  (au-ti-reu't6r),  «.  [<  antirent  +  -<rl.] 
A  person  opposed  to  the  payment  of  rent ;  spe- 
citii-ally.  a  member  of  tlie  Antirent  party. 

Antirrllinuni  (an-ti-ri'num),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
a\rri,  corresijonding  to,  like,  +  /«'f,  piv,  nose.] 
A  genus  of  herbs,  natural  order  Scroiiliulariacnc, 
natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  old  world  aud 
North  America.  The  flowers  of  mcut  of  the  sjiecies 
bear  a  resemblance  to  an  unimal'a  snout ;  hence  the  name. 
Tlie  snapdragon,  A.  majux.  Is  a  fanitliar  garden-plant, 
with  showy  flowers,  from  the  .Mediterranean.  The  llexi- 
can  A.  mitnntnili'wleA  is  al*)  frequently  cultivated. 

antisabbatarian  (an'ti-sab-a-ta'ri-an),  H.  [< 
anil-  +  siilihatdriiin.']  One  who  denies  the  per- 
petual oljlination  of  the  sabbath  law,  niuiutain- 
ing  that  it  was  part  of  the  ceremonial,  not  of  tlie 
moral  law,  and  was  abolished  by  Christ ;  hence. 
one  who  opposes  strictness  in  the  observance 
of  the  salibatli:  tlie  oiipogite  of  mlitiatnrian. 
Hen  mihlialarian,  Habhnth. 

antiscian  (aii-tish'ian),  n.  [<  L.  antiscii,  <  Gr. 
iii-rmiuiji,  pi.  of  iivriuMiir,  with  oiiposito  shadows, 

<  avri,  opposite,  +  <T«<i,  shadow.  f'f.  iimjiliis- 
ciVin.]  A  (lerson  whose  shadow  at  noon  is  east 
in  a  ilireetion  I'ontrary  to  that  of  an  inliabitaut 
of  the  other  side  of  the  oi|uator  living  upon  tho 
Hiimo  meridian.     Hee  antecium. 

antiscU  (aii-ti»h'i-i),  n.  pt.     [L. :  see  antiscian.'] 

*n'  ti-skol'ik),  n.   [<  Gr.  <ii'r/,  aRainst, 

■*  ''Tu\:  Him  ticnlex.]     Anthelmintic. 

s,,,l.  ,v.,.  /,,/. 

antiscorbutic  (mrti-Hkdp-bu'tik),  a,  and  «.  [< 
iinli-  +  nciirliulir.]  J,  a.  In  in/v/.,eounteraclinK 
Hcnrvy, 

n.  n.  A  remedy  for  scurvy,  an  lemon-juice, 
ri(>e  fruits,  i(e. 
antl(icoTbntIcalfun'ti-»ltAr-bu'tl-kftl),n.  Same 

1.-  'ir, 

ant  vl  fftii.ii-iikrip'tnr-iil),  a.     [<  anti- 

"*  ATilnKoiiiHtle  to  the  j)rin- 

CK  c.f  Heripliire,  or  to  the  ae- 

ce]'  1 1  |,t iiroM  a-*  liiHliiretl. 


250 

antiscripturism  (an-ti-skrip'tur-izm),  n.  [< 
(iiiti-  -i-  scrijttKre  -t-  -iVm.]  Opposition  to  the 
Scriptures.      [Rare.] 

antiscripturist  (an-ti-skrip'tur-ist),  n.  [<  anti- 
-¥■  fi-ripture  +  -i.^t.'i  One  who  denies  the  truth 
of  Scripture ;  one  who  does  not  accept  revela- 
tion: as.  "'atheists  and  antiscri2>tnri><ts," Boyle, 
Stylo  of  Holy  Scriptures,  p.  4.     [Rare.] 

Anti-Semite  (an  ti-sem'it),  n.  One  who  seeks 
by  political  or  other  means  to  lessen  the  com- 
mercial, political,  orsocial  influence  of  the  Jews. 
The  name  is  given  especially  to  those  who  have  partici- 
pated in  the  agitation  against  the  Jews  in  Germany,  Rus- 
si:i.  ami  Austria  which  began  about  1878. 

Anti-Semitic  (,;iu  ti-se-mit'ik),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Anti-Semites. 

Anti-Semitism  (an  ti-sem'it-izm),  n.  The  agi- 
tation conducted  by  the  Anti-Semites  or  its 
motives;   antagonism  to  the  Jews. 

antisepalous  (au-ti-sep'a-lus),  a.     [<  anti-  + 


Antisepalous  ¥\owsi  of  .4lchemitta  vulgaris. 

a.  stamens,  alternating  with  the  petals  [*)  and  opposite 

to  the  sepals  \c). 

sepal  -(-  -ous.'\  In  hot.,  standing  opposite  to 
sepals:  applied  to  stamens. 

antisepsis  (an-ti-sep'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avri, 
against,  -1-  o'/i/"f,  putrefaction :  see  septic.'\  The 
more  or  less  complete  e.xelusion  of  living  micro- 
organisms from  those  bodies  or  substances  in 
which  they  produce  disease,  putrefaction,  or 
fermentation.  Such  organisms  may  be  destroyed,  as 
by  heat  or  germicides,  or  excluded,  as  by  coverings  or  clean- 
liness, or  their  activity  and  multiplication  may  be  restricted, 
as  by  the  application  of  antiseptic  substances  or  of  cold. 

antiseptic  (an-ti-sep'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  liiW, 
at;aiiist,  -V  miTTTiKui;,  septic:  see  septic.}  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  antisepsis ;  inimical  to  the  growth 
and  acti\'ity  of  the  micro-organisms  of  disease, 
putrefaction,  or  fermentation.- Antiseptic  var- 
nish, in  paint'uvj,  a  glazing  used  to  protect  siidi  vegetable 
or  animal  colors  as  are  likely  to  fade  \>y  cxiiosiirc  to  the  air. 
II.  H.  Anything  which  destroys  the  micro- 
organisms of  disease,  putrefaction,  or  fermen- 
tation, or  which  restricts  their  growth  ami  mul- 
tiplication. .Substances  used  for  this  purpose  are  cor- 
rosive sublimate,  chlorinated  lime,  carbolic  acid,  sulphur- 
ous acid.  etc.     See  tUsin/eetant  and  ffermieide. 

antiseptically  (an-ti-sep'ti-k.il-i),  adv.     In  an 
aiitisoptie  manner;  by  the  application  of  anti- 
septics. 
Lister  has  operated  antisejitically. 

T.  Bryant,  Surgery,  p.  767. 

antisepticise,  r.  t.     See  antisepticize. 

antisepticist  (an-ti-sep'ti-sist),  «.  [<  antiseptic 
+  -isl.]     A  lieliever  in  antiseptic  treatment. 

antisepticize  (an-ti-sep'ti-siz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and 
jip.  niilisrptici:<d,  jipr.  nntise]>tici:ititi.  [ianti- 
,tcj>lic  +  -i;e.}  To  treat  with  aiitisoptie  agents; 
apply  antiseptics  to.     Also  spellcil  itnlincplifisc. 

antiseption  (an-ti-sep'shon),  «.  [Irreg.  <  anti- 
s( iitie  -t-  -ifin.']     Antisepsis. 

antislavery  (nn-ti-shl've-ri),  a.  and  H.    [<  anti- 
+  sliiririi.]    I,  a.  (Jiiposcd  to  slavery:  as,  an 
anlislan rii  man;  the  antislafcry  agitation. 
II.  ".  <  iiiiiosition  to  slavery. 

antislaveryism  (iin-ti-sla've-ii-izm),  n.  [<  an- 
tislavrnj  +  -ism.]  Ojiposition  to  slavery;  the 
doctrines  of  tlie  antislavery  party.     [Rare.] 

antisocial  (an-ti-so'shal),  a.  [<  anti-  +  .•uncial.] 
1.  Averse  or  antagonistic  to  sociality  or  social 
intercourse. —  2.  <)p|iosed  to  social  oriler,  or 
tlie  |iriiiei|.les  on  wliieli  society  is  constidid'd. 

antiSOCialist  (un-ti-sO'shal-ist),  a.  [<  anti-  + 
.vicialist.]  Opposed  to  tlie  doctrines  and  jirac- 
tic(!S  of  socialism.   ./.  <S'.  Mill, 

antispadix  (an-ti-spu'diks),  «.  [<anli-  +  spa- 
di.r.  I  A  speeiiilized  group  of  four  ti'iilacles  on 
the  right  sidr' of  some  male  eeplialopods,  as  the 
iiaiitilus,  tlirei'  of  them  having  their  slii'aths 
united  ami  the  fourth  stamliiig  alone.  The 
stnii;tiire  is  opposite  to  thespadix;  bonce  tin' 
name. 

Ihise  four  tentacles  may  bo  called  tho  nii/i.»j«n/i.r. 

A'.  /(.  I.ankfuter,  Ivinyc.  Hril.,  -Wl.  r.Tl 

antispasis  (an-liH'pa-Hi«).  n.  [<  <lr.  liiTin-nnir, 
<  (JirKTTor,  draw  in  the  contrary  direction,  <i'nTi, 
colli riiry,  +  nmiv,  draw.]  In  pathiil.,  a  revul- 
sion of  'fluids  from  one  part  of  tho  body  to  an- 
other.    [Itare.] 

antispasmodic  (an'li-spnz-mod'ik),  a.  nnd  h. 
I  '  <(ii(i-  +  siiiismiiilii\\  I.  ((.  In  mrd.,  eunilive 
of  Hpamu;  chocking  or  eiiring  couvulsiouH. 


antitheist 

II.  «.  Inmed.,  a  remedy  for  spasm  or  convul- 
sions, as  ether,  ehlorofonn,  the  bromides,  etc. 

antispast  (an'ti-spast),  n.  [<  L.  antisjiaslus,  < 
Gr.  (ir-/CT-oo70f,  verbal  adj.  of  ai'Tia^rav,  di'aw  in 
the  contrary  direction :  see  antispasis.']  IiKtiic. 
pros.,  a  tetrasyllabie  foot,  in  which  the  fii-st  and 
last  syllables  are  short  and  the  middle  syllables 
long,  "as  Clytemnestrd.  It  is  a  combination  of 
an  iambus  and  a  trochee. 

antispastic  (an-ti-spas'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr. 
afTta-aariKuc,  able  to  di'aw  back,  <  (iiT/a-affrof : 
see  antisjiast.]  I.  a.  1.  Inmtrf. :  (nf)  Causing  a 
revulsion  of  fluids  or  hiunors.  (i)  Counteract- 
ing spasm;  antispasmodic. —  2.  Containing  or 
consisting  of  antispasts:  as,  anantispasticverse. 
II.  H.  In  nied. :  (r/f)  A  medicine  supposed  to 
act  by  causing  a  revulsion  of  the  humors,  {h) 
A  remedy  that  counteracts  spasm ;  an  antispas- 
modic. 

antispastust  (an-ti-spas'tus),  n.  [L.]  Same 
as  (iiitispast.     [Rare.] 

antisplenetic  (an  ti-splf-net'ik),  a.  [<  anti- 
-¥  sj}h»etic.]  Acting  as  a  remedy  in  diseases 
of  the  spleen. 

antistasis  (au-tis'ta-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avri- 
cranii;,  a  counter-plea,  set-off,  opposition,  <  avOi- 
CTaaOat,  avTtarrjvni,  withstand,  <  hit/,  against,  -t- 
inraatiai,  or^iin/,  stand.]  In  rlict.,  the  justifica- 
tion of  an  action  by  the  argument  that  if  it 
had  been  omitted  something  worse  would  have 
happened. 

antistes  (an-tis'tez),  «.;  pi.  antistites  {-ti-tez). 
[L. ,  an  overseer,  a  high  priest ;  prop.  adj. ,  stand- 
ing before;  <  antistare, also  antestarc,  stand  be- 
fore, <  ante,  before  (see  ante-),  +  stare,  stand.] 
A  chief  priest  or  prelate.     [Rare.] 

Unless  they  had  as  many  antistites  as  presbyters. 

Miltini,  Prclatical  Episcopacy. 

antistrophal  (an-tis'tro-fal),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  aiitistrophe. 

antistrophe  (aii-tis'tro-fe),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  avri- 
aTimi>'/,  lit.  a  tm'ning  about,  <  riiT/trr/jj'^cd',  turn 
about,  <  tier/,  against,  +  nri>t(pen',  turn.  Cf. 
strophe.]  1.  A  part  of  an  ancient  Greek  choral 
ode  corresponding  to  the  strophe,  which  im- 
mediately precedes  it,  and  identical  with  it  in 
meter.  It  was  sung  by  the  chorus  when  returning  fntiu 
left  to  right,  they  having  previously  sung  the  stroi)lie 
when  moving  from  right  to  left.  Tile  strophe,  antistrophe, 
and  epode  (the  last  sung  by  the  chorus  standing  still),  in 
this  setiuelice,  were  the  three  divisions  of  a  larger  clxu'al 
pa.ssage,  which  in  its  turn  was  treateil  as  a  unit  aild  might 
be  used  once  or  repeated  a  number  of  times.  This  stinc. 
tiire  was  occasionally  iniitatcil  in  Latin,  and  has  sometimes 
been  used  in  modern  poetry. 

2.  In  rhet. :  (a)  The  reciprocal  conversion  of  the 
same  words  in  consecutive  clauses  or  sentences: 
as,  the  master  of  the  servant,  the  servant  of 
the  ma,ster.  (h)  The  turning  of  an  adversary's 
]ilea  against  him:  as,  had  1  killeil  him  as  you 
report,  1  had  not  stayed  to  bury  him. 

antistrophic  (an-ti-strof 'ik),  ((.  [<  Gr.  ai'Ti- 
(Tr/io^J/Mvc,  <  i)vTia7i)u(p?/:  see  antistrophe,}  Relat- 
ing to  antisfroplic. 

antistrophically  (an-ti-strof'i-kal-i),  adr.  In 
inverse  onlei     by  antistrophe. 

antistrophon  (an-tis'tro-fon),  n.  [<  Gr.  liiTi- 
ar-iKjidi  (neut.  -oi),  turned  opposite  ways,  < 
rivTtaTi>i:(pciv :  see  aiitistroiilie.]  In  rhet.,  tlio  turn- 
ing of  an  argument  against  tho  one  who  ad- 
vnneon  it. 

antistrumatic  (an"ti-strd-iiiat'ik),  </.  [<  anti- 
+  .■ilrniiiitlic.]     Same  as  iiiitislrunious. 

antistrumous  (an-ti-strii'mus),  0.  [<  tiiili- 
+  siniiiii'iis.]  Ill  »((•(/.,  useful  as  a  remedy  for 
serot'iiloiis  disorders. 

antisyphilitic  (anti-sif-i-Ut'ik),  a.  [<  niifi- 
+  siiphililic.]  Ill  »«'(/.,  eflicaeious  against  syphi- 
lis, or  venereal   poison.     Also  ealled  aniilurtic. 

Antitactesian-ti-tak'tez),  ».;  \>\..\ntit(teta(-[e). 
[(ir.  in'ri'i'iKTiK,  nherelic  (secdef.),  <  inntTanniiv, 
oppose,  resist,  <  imi,  against,  +  ninntiv,  set  in 
order,  range,  arrange:  see  anti-  and  laetie.] 
One  of  those  Gnostics  who  professed  to  o|i|iose 
the  will  and  eommiinds  of  the  Creator,  Demi- 
urge, or  second  Maker  (the  evil  one),  and, 
assuiniiig  that  it  was  the  latter  who  gave  tho 
ileealogne,  held  that  the  moral  law  was  not  obli- 
gatory, iind  showed  llieir  eontenipl  tor  it  by 
purposely  Iraiisgi'essiiig  its  eommandments:  a 
name  given  by  Clenii'iil  <>(  Alexandria. 

antithalian  (an- ti  -tha'  li-an),  ".  [<  anti-  + 
Thalia,  the  muse  of  comedy:  see  Thatiti.]  Op- 
)ioseil  to  (uiif  or  festivity.   \\.  Ji,  l>.     [Rare.] 

antitholBm  (an'ti-the-i/.m),  n.  [<.anti-+  the- 
ism.]    np|ioHition  to  theism.     [Rare.] 

antitholBt  (an'ti-Ihe  isl ),  n.  [<  anti-  +  theist.] 
.\n  o|i|ionent  of  Iheihiii ;  one  wlio  denies  the  ex- 
istence of  a  personal  God.     [Rare.] 


antitheist 

The  verilict  of  the  jitheist  c»ii  tlie  doctrine  of  a  God  is 
only  tliiit  it  is  lint  provt-n.  It  is  not  tlmt  it  is  disproven. 
He  is  Imt  an  atlieist.    lie  is  not  an  antitheist. 

Chalmers,  Nat.  Theol.,  I.  fjS. 

antitheistic  (an"ti-the-is'tik),  a.     [<  antitheist 
+  -to.]     Antagonistic  to  theism.     [Rare.] 
Tliat  strange  Ijurst  of  antitheistic  frenzy. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  700. 

antitheistical  (an"ti-the-is'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
Kiilillii'islic.     [Rare.] 

antitheistically  (an"ti-the-is'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  niitillieistic  manner.     [Rare.] 

antithenar  (au-tith'e-niir),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iivrl, 
oppcisitii  to,  +  Bivap,  the  part  of  the  liand  be- 
tween the  thumb  and  forefinger.]  In  aiiat.:  (a) 
A  muscle  which  extends  the  thuml),  or  opposes 
it  to  the  hand,  (b)  The  adductor  muscle  of  the 
great  toe. 

antithesis  (an-tith'e-sis),  •«. ;  pi.  antitheses 
(-sez).  [L.,  <  Gr.  avTidcair,  opposition  (cf.  avri- 
(kro^,  opposed,  antithetic),  <  uvTiTiOtvai,  oppose, 
sot  against,  <  auri,  against,  +  TtBivai,  place,  set, 
yttcm^:  see  anti-  and  thesis.'}  1.  Opposition; 
contrast. 

The  opposition  of  ideas  and  sensations  is  exliibited  to 
lis  in  the  antithesis  of  tlieory  and  fact. 

Whewdt,  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas,  I.  4. 

2.  That  which  is  opposed  or  contrasted,  as  one 
of  two  opposite  judgments  or  propositions :  in 
this  sense  opposed  to  thesis  (which  see).  Spe- 
cifically—  3.  In  rhct.,  a  figure  consisting  in 
bringing  contrary  ideas  or  terms  into  close  op- 
position; a  contrast  or  an  opposition  of  words 
or  sentiments :  as,  "  When  our  vices  leare  us,  we 
flatter  ourselves  we  leave  them  ";  "  The  prodigal 
robs  his  lieir,  the  miser  robs  himself"  ;  "Excess 
of  ceremony  shows  want  of  breeding." 
antithet  (an'ti-thet),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrWerov,  an  an- 
tithesis, neut.  ot  uvTideTor,  opposed,  antithetic: 
SCO  iiiililliesis.'i  An  antithetical  statement  or 
expression;  an  iustance  of  autithesis.  [Rare.] 
It  is  sometimes  true  .  .  .  tliat  sunshine  comes  after 
storm,  .  .  .  but  not  always :  not  even  often.  Equally 
true  is  the  popular  antithet,  that  misfortunes  never  come 
single.  Kimfsley,  Two  Years  Ago,  x.xvi. 

antithetic  (an-ti-thet'ik),  a.  and  «.  [=  P.  an- 
tithetiqttej  <  Gr.  avTideTindg,  contrasting,  anti- 
thetic, <  avTideTog,  opposed,  <  avTntOivai:  see  an- 
tithesis-l    I,  a.  Same  as  antithetical. 

II.  n.  1.  A  direct  opposite. — 2.  j)^  The 
doctrine!  of  contrasts.  N.  E.  D. 
antithetical  (an-ti-thet'i-kal),  a.  [As  antithetic 
+  -((/.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
antithesis ;  directly  opposed  or  contrasted :  as, 
these  conceptions  are  antithetical. 

The  two  great  and  antithrticat  intellects  which  New 
England  produced  in  the  eigliteentli  century  were  Jona- 
than Edwards  and  Benjamin  Franklin. 

G.  S.  Merriani,  S.  Bowles,  I.  6. 
2.  Containing  or  abounding  in  antithesis ;  char- 
acterized by  or  making  use  of  antithesis. 

His  [Macaulay's]  works  overflow  with  antithetical  forms 
of  expression.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Kev.,  I.  29. 

antithetically  (an-ti-thet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
antithetical  manner;  by  means  of  antithesis. 

antitoxin  (an"ti-toks'in),  n.  [<  anti-  +  toxin.] 
A  substance  which  neutralizes  the  action  of 
a  toxin  or  poisonous  ptomaine ;  specifically,  a 
substance  developed  in  the  body  of  an  animal 
by  inoculation  with  the  germs  of  diiihtheria, 
which  enables  it  to  tolerate  this  poison. 

anti-trade  (au'ti-trad),  n.  [<  anti-  +  trade 
(wind).]  A  name  given  to  any  of  the  upper 
tropical  winds  which  move  northward  or  south- 
ward in  the  same  manner  as  the  trade-winds, 
but  above  them  and  in  the  opposite  direction. 
These  great  aerial  currents  descenil  to  the  surface,  after 
they  have  passed  the  limits  of  the  trade-winds,  and  form 
the  southwest  or  west -southwest  winds  of  the  nuith  tem- 
perate, and  the  northwest  or  west-northwest  winds  of  the 
south  temperate  zone. 

antitragi,  n.     Plural  of  antitragus. 

antitragic  (an-ti-traj'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  antitragi- 
eiis.  i|.  v.]     Pertaining  to  the  antitragus. 

antitragicus  (an-ti-tra,i'i-kus),  «.;  pi.  antitra- 
gici  (-si).  [NL.,<  antitragns,  q.  v.]  In  anat., 
a  muscle  of  the  pinna  of  the  ear,  situated  upon 
the  antitragus. 

antitragus  (an-tit'ra-gus),  re. ;  pi.  antitragi  (-ji). 
[NL.,  <.  Gr.  av-irpayo^,  <  di<T/,  opposite  to,  4- 
rpdyog,  tragus:  see  tragus.]  In  anat.,  the  pro- 
cess of  the  external  ear,  opposite  to  the  tragus, 
and  l)ehind  the  ear-passage.    See  cut  under  ear. 

antitrinitarian  (an"ti-trin-i-ta'ri-an),  a.  and  n. 
[<  anli-  +  triiiitarian.]  I.  a.  Opposing  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity. 

II.  n.   One  who  denies  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity,  or  the  existence  of  three  persons  in 
the  Godhead. 
Also  wTitten  Antitrinitarian,  Anti-Trinitarian. 


251 
antitrinitarianism  (an"ti-trin-i-ta'ri-aii-izm), 

«.  [<  iiiitilniiiliirian  +  -/.sw.]  Denial  of  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity.  Also  written  Antitrini- 
tarianism, Anti-Triiiitariitnism. 

antitrochanter  (an"ti-tro-kan'ter),  JI.  [(.anti- 
+  triiclitinlir.]  In  anal.,  iin  articular  facet  on 
the  ilium  against  which  the  trochanter  major 
of  the  femur  abuts,  and  with  which  it  fonus  a 
joint,  as  in  l)irds.     See  cut  under  sacrarinm. 

antitrochanteric  (an'ti-tro-kan-tor'ik),  a.  Of 
or  [H'riaiiiing  lo  the  antitrochanter. 

antitropal  (au-tit'ro-pal),  a.     Same  as  antitro- 

jlllllS. 

antitrope  (an'ti-trop),  n.  [=  F.  antitropc,  < 
NL.  anlitriipus,  <  Gr.  uxTt,  against,  +  -rponor,  < 
Tpiweiv,  turn.]  A  part  or  an  organ  of  the  body 
set  over  against  another,  as  one  of  a  jjair;  a 
sjTnmetrieal  antimere:  thus,  the  right  and  left 
hands  are  antitropes  to  each  other.  Also  called 
aniili/pp. 

antitropic  (au-ti-trop'ik),  a.  [As  antitrope  + 
-ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  antitrope,  or  to 
antitropy;  symmetrically  related  in  position; 
reversely  repeated,  so  as  to  fonn  a  jjair. 

antitropous  (an-tit'ro-pus),  a.  [<  NL.  antilro- 
2)us :  see  an  tilrupc.]  In  btiL,  having  the  radicle 
pointing  directly  away  from  the  hilum  of  the 
seed,  as  in  all  orthotropous  seeds:  applied  to 
emlwyos.     An  eqiuvalent  form  is  antitropal. 

antitropy  (au-tit'ro-pi),  n.  [<  antitrope  +  -i/:'.] 
The  character  of  an  antitrope ;  the  state,  qual- 
ity, or  condition  of  being  antitropic ;  reversed 
repetition  of  a  part  or  an  organ. 

antitypal  (an'ti-ti-pal),  a.  [<  antitype  +  -ah] 
Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  antitype. 

How  am  I  to  extricate  my  antitypal  characters,  when 
their  living  types  have  not  yet  extricated  themselves? 

Kingsley,  Yeast,  Epil. 
We  still  see  remaining  an  antitypal  sketch  of  a  wing 
adapted  for  flight  in  the  scaly  flapper  of  the  penguin. 

A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  24. 

antitype  (an'ti-tip),  «.  [<  Gr.  avrirvTrov,  neut. 
of  oiTirt'-of,  corresponding,  as  the  stamp  to  the 
die,  <  avTi,  against,  corresjionding  to,  -t-  Tcirof,  a 
model,  type:  see  type.]  1.  That  which  is  pre- 
figured or  I'epresented  by  a  type,  and  there- 
fore is  correlative  withit ;  particulaiiy,  in  theol., 
that  which  in  the  gosj^el  is  foreshadowed  by  and 
answers  to  some  person,  character,  action,  in- 
stitution, or  event  in  the  Old  Testament. 

It  is  this  previous  design,  and  this  preordained  connec- 
tion (together,  of  course,  with  the  resemblance),  which  con- 
stitute the  relation  of  type  and  antitype. 

Fairbairn,  Typology,  I.  46. 

He  [Melchizedek]  brought  forth  bread  and  wine,  .  .  . 
imitating  the  antitype,  or  the  substance,  Christ  himself. 

Jer  Taylor. 
2.  In  hioL,  same  as  antitrope. 
antitypic  (an-ti-tip'ik),  a.    Same  as  aniiii/pical. 

A  series  of  antitj/ine  groups.  Cape. 

antitypical  (an-ti-tip'i-kal),  a.  [<  antitype  + 
-ical.  Cf.  typical.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  an  antitype. 

The  writer  [of  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews]  recognizes  the 
typical,  or  rather  antitypical,  character  of  the  Tabernacle 
and  its  services,  as  reflecting  the  archetype  seen  by  Moses 
in  the  Mount.  Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Church,  I.  §  100. 

antitypically  (an-ti-tip'i-kal-i),  adv.  By  way 
of  antitype;  as  an  antitype. 

antitypOUSt  (an-tit'i-pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrirvTro^, 
resisting:  see  antiti/pi/.]  Characterized  by  an- 
titypy ;  resisting  force ;  solid. 

antitypy  (an-tit'i-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  avriTvn-ia,  the 
resistance  of  a  hard  body,  <  avTirvrroc,  resisting, 
<  iivTi,  against,  +  -ru-of,  <  ri'i^Teiv,  strike.  Cf. 
antitype^  \n  metaph.,  the  absolute  impenetra- 
bility of  matter. 

antivaccinationist  (an'ti-vak-si-na'shon-ist), 
H.  One  who  is  opposed  to  the  practice  of  vac- 
cination ;  specifically,  a  member  or  an  adher- 
ent of  the  Anti-Vaccination  Society  of  Great 
Britain. 

antivaccinist  (an-ti-vak'sin-ist),  n.  [<  anti- 
+  raccinisl.]  One  who  is  opposed  to  vaccina- 
tion.     Imp.  Diet. 

antivariolous  (an"ti-va-ri'o-lus),  a.  [<  anii- 
+  variolous.]  Preventing  the  contagion  of 
smallpox., 

antivela,  n.    Plm-al  of  antivelum. 

antivelar  (an-ti-ve'lar),  a.  [<  antivelum  -f-  -ar.] 
Pertaining  to  the  antivelum. 

antivelum  (an-ti-ve'hmi),  «.;  pi.  antivela  (-1S). 
[NL.,  <  anti-  +  velum.]  The  pedal  velum  of 
eephalopods.     See  extract. 

Since,  then,  in  the  gastropods  the  intestine  turns  to  the 
cerebral  side,  we  have  the  velum  formed  on  that  side ; 
whereas,  in  the  eephalopods,  the  flexure  being  on  the  op- 
posite side,  we  have  what  we  may  call  the  antivelum  on 
the  pedal  side. 

J.  F.  make,  Ann.  M.ag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6th  ser.,  IV. 


antler-moth 

antivenereal  (an"ti-ve-ne're-al),  a.  [<  anti' 
-I-  vinrrriil,]  Coimteracting  venereal  poison; 
useful  as  a  remedy  in  venereal  disease. 

antizymic  (an-ti-zim'ik),  a.  [<  anti-  +  symic] 
Tending  to  jjreveut  fermentation  or  jjutrefac- 
tion;  aiilizymotic;  antiseptic. 

antizymotic  (an  "  ti  -  zi  -  mot '  ik),  a.  and  n.  [< 
anti-  +  .:yiniilic.]  I.  a.  Preventing  or  check- 
ing fermentation  or  zymosis;  antizymic. 

II.  n.  That  which  prevents  fermentation,  as 
in  brewing;  a  preventive  of  or  remedy  for  zy- 
motic disease. 

antjar,  ".     See  antiar. 

ant-king  (ant'king),  re.  A  name  of  the  South 
American  ant-thrushes  of  the  genus  Oral- 
laria. 

antler  (ant'ler),  re.  [Formerly  auntler,  antlier, 
coiTuptly  ankler  (Cotgi'avo),  <  ME.  auntelere, 
hanntelere,<  OF.  anioillier,\ateT  andoiller  (and 
andouiller,  endouillcr),  jjrob.  <  ML.  "antocula- 
ris  (sc.  ramus),  the  branch  or  tine  of  a  stag's 
horn  before  the  eye,  <  L.  ante,  before,  +  oculus, 
eye :  see  ante-  and  ocular,  and  cf.  antocular.]  1. 
Originally,  the  first  tine  or  branch  of  the  horns 
of  a  deer. — 2.  Any  of  the  principal  tines  or 
branches  of  a  deer's  horns :  with  a  descriptive 
prefi.x  or  epithet.  (See  below. )  —  3.  Now,  when 
used  absolutely,  one  of  the  solid  deciduous 
horns  of  the  Ccrvida;  or  deer  family,  which 
are  periodically  shed  and  renewed,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  permanent  hollow  horns 
of  other  rimiinants.  Antlers  are  of  all  shapes  and 
sizes,  from  the  short  simple  spikes  of  some  species  to  the 
enormous  branched  or  palmate  antlers  of  the  stag,  elk, 
or  moose.  They  are  secondary  sexual  organs,  developed 
in  connection  with  the  rut,  and  generally  only  in  the 
male  sex;  in  some  Cervidee,  as  reindeer,  in  both  sexes. 
They  consist  of  a  modification  of  true  bone,  and  are  there- 
fore radically  different  from  the  cuticular  or  epidennal 
structures(horns)of  other  ruminants.  During  gi-owth  they 
are  covered  with  a  modified  periosteal  and  epidermal  tis- 
sue, abounding  in  blood-vessels,  and  furry  outside ;  this  is 


stag's  Antler  in  successive  years. 
a,  brow-antler ;  *,  bez-antler ;  c,  antler  royal :  d,  sur.royal,  or  crown- 
antler. 

thevelvet,  affordinga  copious  supply  ofblood  to  the  rapidly 
enlarging  osseous  tissue.  When  the  antlers  are  full-grown 
the  vascular  activity  of  the  velvet  ceases,  a  result  mechan- 
ically facilitated  by  the  development  of  the  boss  or  bur  at 
the  root  of  the  beam,  which  to  some  extent  strangulates 
the  blood-vessels.  The  velvet  then  withers  and  shrivels, 
and  peels  off  in  shreds,  or  is  nibbed  o(f  by  the  animaL 
The  horns  of  the  American  prongbuck  are  antlers,  inas- 
much  as  they  are  deciduous  and  grow  in  the  manner  just 
described  ;  but  they  are  cuticular  structures,  and  otherwise 
like  the  horns  of  cattle.  In  forestry,  the  tines  of  much- 
branched  antlers,  as  those  of  the  stag,  have  special  names. 
In  the  first  year  the  stag  has  only  frontal  protuberances, 
called  bassets;  in  the  second,  a  simple  stem  or  snag,  called 
spike  in  the  case  of  American  deer;  in  the  third,  a  longer 
stem  with  one  branch,  the  hrow-antler ;  in  the  fourth, 
the  bez-,  bes-,  or  bay-antler ;  in  the  fifth,  the  antler  royal 
is  actiuired ;  after  which  the  ends  of  the  stag's  horns 
become  more  or  less  palmate,  developing  the  croum  or 
sur-royal,  whence  more  or  fewer  points  diverge  in  sub- 
sequent years.  The  total  number  of  '  points,*  counting  all 
the  tines,  may  be  ten.  The  main  stem  of  a  branched  ant- 
ler is  the  bea  in  ;  the  branches,  exclusive  of  the  mere  points  - 
of  the  palmated  part,  are  the  tines.  The  order  of  branch- 
ing is  dilferent  in  different  species :  in  some  the  division 
is  dichotomous  throughout,  as  in  the  mule-deer  of  Amer- 
ica. In  general,  the  tines  are  offsets  of  a  main  beam.  The 
reindeer  is  remarkable  for  the  great  size  of  the  brow- 
antler,  which  is  also  usually  much  larger  on  one  side  than 
on  the  other.  The  most  palmate  antlers  are  those  of  the 
European  elk  and  of  the  American  moose. 
4.  Same  as  antler-moth. 
antlered  (ant'lerd),  a.  1.  Having  antlers; 
solid-horned:  as,  the  antlered  ruminants,  dis- 
tinguished from  the  homed  ruminants. — 2. 
Decorated  with  antlers. 

Once  more  the  merry  voices  sound 
Within  the  antlered  hall. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Island  Hunting-Song. 

antler-moth  (ant'l^r-moth),  n.  A  European 
species  of  noctuid  moth,  Charceas  (or  Cerapte- 
rys)  graminis.  The  lar\a?  are  very  destructive,  some- 
times destroying  the  herbage  of  whole  meadows.  Also 
called  antler. 


antlia 

antlia  (ant'li-a),  n. ;  pi.  antliw  (-e).  [li.,  a  ma- 
chine to  di-awiip  water,  a  pump,  <  6r.  avr'/.ia,  the 
hold  of  a  ship,  bilge-water,  <  aiT/xig,  the  hold  of  a 
ship,  bilge-water,  a  bucket,  <  ava,  up,  -t-  *T'/-attv, 
hold,  Uf t,  =  L. *f?a- iu pp.  ilatus,  latiis,  associated 
with /erre,  bear:  seeablatire.'\  The  spiral  tongue 
or  proboscis  of  lepidopterous  insects,  by  which 
they  pump  up  the  juices  of  plants,  it  consists  of 
the  greaiiy  eloiijiratcd  maxillie,  wlucli  form  a  long  bipar- 
tite suctorial  tul-'C.  "When  coiled  up  it  forms  a  flat  spiral, 
lifce  the  spriiu  of  a  watch-  See  cut  under  hau^teUum. — 
ATit-lia  Plieuinatica,  in  astron.,  the  Air-pump,  a  con- 
stellation in  the  southern  hemisphere,  situated  between 
Hydra  and  Argo  Navis. 

Antliata  (aut-li-a'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
antliatus:  see  antUaie.'i  A  synonym  ot  Diptera : 
a  name  given  by  Fabricius  to  the  dipterous  in- 
sects, from  their  feeding,  like  the  common  fly, 
by  means  of  a  sucker  or  antlia.  The  name  is  no 
longer  in  use,  the  lenxi  antlia  being  now  applied  exclusively 
t<.i  the  spir.ll  hailstellate  proboscis  of  lepidopterous  insects. 

antliate  iaut'li-at),  «.  [<  NL.  antliatus,  <  L. 
antli'j.'i    Furnished  with  an  antlia. 

ant-lion  (ant'li  on),  n.  A  neuropterous  insect 
of  the  section  Planipennia,  family  Mijrmeleon- 
tidw.  and  genus  Myrmeleon,  as,  for  example, 
M.  formicarius.  Tlie  name  is  specifically  given  to  tlie 
larva,  which  has  attracted  more  notice  than  the  perfect 
insect,  on  account  of  the  ingenuity  displayed  by  it  in 


Ant-lioD  {.VyrnuttoH  farmicariiu].    Perfect  insect  and  larva. 

preparing;  a  kind  of  pitfall  for  the  destruction  of  insects 
(chiefly  ants).  It  digs  a  funnel-shaped  hole  in  the  driest 
and  finest  -sand  it  can  find,  working  inside  the  hole  and 
throwing  up  the  particles  of  sand  with  its  head.  Svhen 
the  pit  is  deep  enough,  and  the  sides  are  quite  smooth  and 
sloping,  the  ant-lion  bnries  itself  at  the  bottom  with 
only  its  formidable  mandibles  projecting,  and  waits  for 
its  prey.  The  moment  a  victim  falls  in,  the  larva  seizes 
it  with  its  mandibles  and  sucks  its  juices. 

antocolar  (ant-ok'u-lar),  o.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
+  ocuUis,  eye.  Cf.  antler.']  Situated  in  front 
of  the  eye ;  anteocular. 

antceci  (an-te'si),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avrotnot, 
I>1.  of  aiToiKOf:  see  antecianx.]  Same  as  ante- 
rui/t.'y. 

antoecians,  ".  ]>l-     See  anteeians. 

antonomasia  (an-ton-o-ma'zia),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
dvTovofiaaia,  <  avrovo/idlletVj  call  by  another  name, 
<  avri,  instead  of,  +  mo/jaCeiv,  name,  <  bm/id, 
name,  =  L.  nomen  =  E.  name.']  In  rhet.,  the 
substitution  of  an  epithet,  or  of  the  appellative 
of  some  office,  dignity,  profession,  science,  or 
trade,  for  the  true  name  of  a  jierson,  as  when 
his  majesty  is  used  for  a  king,  liis  lordship  for  a 
nobleman,  or  the  philosopher  for  Aristotle ;  con- 
versely, the  use  of  a  proper  noun  in  the  place  of 
a  common  noun :  as,  a  Cato  for  a  man  of  severe 
gravity,  or  a  Solomon  for  a  wise  man. 

antonomastic  (an-ton-o-mas'tik),  a.  [<  an- 
Umomasia,  after  Gr.  ora/zaffTociir. ]  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  marked  by  antonomasia. 

antonomastical  (an-ton-o-mas'ti-kal),  a.  Same 

Hs  flntinitimoslit'. 

antonomastically  (an-ton-o-ma.s'ti-kal-i),  adr. 
I5y  niciiiH  or  iu  the  manner  of  the  figure  an- 
Ujuoiiiahia, 

antonym  (an'to-nim),  n.  [<  Gr.  'avT6m/ioc  (cf. 
UU7C.J11UUI,  a  pronoun),  <  atn-i,  against,  +  bvofia, 
dial,  ivvfia  =  K.  name:  see  onym.]  A  counter- 
term  ;  tin  opposite;  an  antithetical  word:  the 
oppoHitf  of  sijnonym :  as,  life  is  the  antonj-m  of 
ac'ilh, 

antorbltal  (ajil-Or'bi-tal),  a.  [<  L.  ante,  before, 
+  orhila,  orUit.]     Same  as  ante-orbital. 

Tbr  iin",ri,iinl,  or  lateral  cllmLoliIal,  proccMo  of  the 
|.Hi.i..r.lliil  .  runliiin.  lluzUy,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  l:i:i. 

AntoBiandrlan  Om-to-gi-anMri-nn),  n.  [<  anl- 
(or  nuti-  -f-  II  iiinilrian.']  A  namiianplied  totlie 
OTthfxlin  I. iitli.niiiM  who  opposed  the  doctrines 
of  flMiuiMl.  I      S.  .■  iisiandrian. 

antozone  i.  ■■/  ni,  n.  f<  ont-  for  <iii<i-  + 
<i:ont.j  \  ■.  ■  ...  formirlv  believed  to  bo 
•  mwlifi  .,„,  vvIiohV  .liicf  ncc'nliar- 

'^y  '"  "  with  ozone  and  reiliicMS 

"   '"  ri.     It  has  been  tiroved  to 

*"•  '  ll/Ja. 

anto:-        ■  Mit),n.  \<anto::onr  +  .lt,^.'] 

^.  ;o  or  Iluor-Hpar,   found  iii 

L.    It  en)it<«  II  Ktroritf  ■'dor.  at  oiii- 

^'"  Ut  ontoKiiii',  but  iln(x  shoim  to 

*ntr.4,  .  ..f  'intrum. 


252 

antral  (an'tral),  a.  [<  antrum  +  -al.]  Of  or 
pertaiuing  to  an  antrum  or  sinus;  cavernous, 
as  a  bone, 
antref  (an'ter),  «.  [Prop,  ariter  (orig.  printed 
antar  in  first  extract),  <  F.  antre,  <  L.  antrum,  < 
Gr.  drrpor,  a  cave.  Ct.  antrum.]  A  cavern;  a 
cave. 
Antres  vast,  and  deserts  idle.  Skak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

A  vein  of  gold,  .  .  . 
With  all  its  lines  abrupt  and  angular, 
Out-shooting  sometimes,  like  a  meteor-star. 
Through  a  vast  antre.  Eeatu,  Endymion,  ii. 

antritis  (an-ti-i'tis),  «.  [NL.,  <  antrum  (see 
def.)  +  -ifis.]  Inpathol.,  inflammation  of  the  an- 
trum of  the  upper  maxillary  bone.    See  an  trum. 

antrOTSe  (an-trors'),  a.  [<  NL.  antrorsus,  <  L. 
*antero-  (appar.  base  of  anterior,  <.  ante,  be- 
fore) +  versus,  turned,  <  vertere,  tiirn.  Cf.  in- 
trorse,  retrorse,  etc.]  In  iot.  and  zool.,  bent 
or  directed  forward  or  upward :  especially,  iu 
ornitli.,  applied  to  the  bristly  feathers  which  fill 
the  nasal  fossae  of  such  birds  as  crows  and  jays. 

antrorsely  (an-trors'U),  adv.  Forward;  iu  a 
forward  direction;  anteriorly. 

antrorsiform  (an-tror'si-form),  a.  [<  NL.  an- 
trorsus, forward,  +  L.  forma,  form.]  In  ichth., 
ha\'ing  that  form  which  results  from  a  regular 
increase  in  the  height  of  the  body  forward  to 
the  head,  as  in  the  gurnard,  toad-iSsh,  etc.  T. 
Gill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  (1884),  p.  357.  See 
cut  under  toad-fish. 

Antrostomus  (an-tros'to-mus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ai'7/joi',  a  cavern,  -I-  cT6fia,  mouth.]  A  genus 
of  fissirostral  and  setirostral  non-passerine  in- 
sessorial    birds,  of  the  family  Caprimulgidw. 


Chuck-will's-widow  ^Antroslotnus  carolinftisis 


named  from  the  cavernous  mouth,  garnished 
with  long  rietal  vibrissas.  Tlie  nostrils  are  oval  « itii 
a  raised  run,  but  not  tubular:  tlie  wings  are  short  ami 
rounded  ;  the  tail  is  long  and  rounded  ;  the  tarsus  is  .short 
and  feathered,  the  middle  claw  pectinate  ;  the  irfunnige  is 
very  lax  and  mottled ;  and  the  eggs  are  usually  marliled. 
The  type  of  the  genus  is  the  Carolinian  chuck-wiirs-widnw 
(.4.  caroliiwmfis),  and  the  genus  is  usually  made  to  include 
all  the  true  niglit-jars  or  goatsuckers  of  America,  sncli  a-s 
the  whippoorwill  {A.  voci/eru^),  the  poor-will  (A.  nut- 
fattt),  and  otlicrs  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America  related 
to  and  reseinbling  the  old-world  species  of  Capriniubjus 
proper.     Ji:lui  Guultl,  1838. 

Antrozous  (an-tro-zo'us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  3i'- 
T/iov,  a  cave,  caveni,  -I-  Cv"'',  animal:  seezoon.] 
A  remarkable  genus  of  bats,  of  the  family  (V.s- 
perlilionidw  and  subfamily  I'lecotina:  They  have 
separate  ears,  a  rudimentary  nose-leaf,  and  the  incisors 
and  premolars  lioth  only  one  on  each  side  abtive  and  two 
on  each  siile  below.  A.  jiattidim,  the  only  species,  is  a  c< mi- 
nion but  uf  California  and  Arizona,    llammn  .\Ufn,  1S(>'J. 

antrum  (an'lrum),  n.;  pi.  antra  (-trjl).  [NL., 
<  L.  antrum,  <  Gr.  iivT(>ot\  a  cave.]  A  name  of 
various  cavities  in  the  body,  but  when  used 
alone  signifviug  the  antrum  lliglimoriunum 
(cavity  of  idglimore,  also  called  .sinus  maxil- 
laris),  a  cavity  in  the  KU)ierior  miixillaiy  bone, 
liiieil  with  iiiiicons  iiienibrane  and  cominimi- 
caling  with  lljo  middle  meatus  of  the  nose. — 

Antrum  bUCClnOSUm,  tlie  eoeldea  of  the  ear:  HO  called 
from  its  ri'seiiililiiiiee  to  a  whelk,  a  sliell  of  tile  gellim 
Jltn-finniii.  Antl^m  pylori,  a  sniall  liilalatlon  of  tlio 
stoniiob  at  its  p>l'>rie  ,  ml.  v\1ho  called  Ifnttrr  fift-di'-»ar. 
antrustion  (iin-trns'li-on),  n.  [F.,  <  ML.  an- 
truslni{n-),  iiidb.  <  OlIG.  an,  on,  in,  -I-  Irost, 
protection,  iiclii,  also  a  iirotector,  =  K.  Iru.sl, 
q.  v.]  One  of  certain  vassals  wlio,  early  in  the 
seveiitli  cciitui-y,  enjoyed  the  protection  ef  the 
Fninkisli  kings  und  liecumi' llii'ir  <'(impiifii(inH 
in  the  palace  and  in  the  lield.  TheanlniKlliuiiieor 
renponded  u>  tile  Anglo-Saxon  royal  tlianeH,  niid  formed 
one  of  the  earliest  eliutHes  of  I'Veliell  nobility. 

Tile  military  nervlec  of  the  ll'ranklah]  ehlefn  was  jiald 
for  by  tlieiii  (ttie  kliigsl  in  grantJi  of  land.  .  .  .  Tlie'.e 
grantecH  (iimialty  the  eouipanloiiH  of  the  king,  under  ttn- 

name  of /IfirnMrMiru))  .  .  .  I anio  possessed  of  vast  do 

niiitiis  and  I'orresiHtnding  power. 

.SVi/W,  .Mtild.  Mml.  Illsl  ,  Hi 

antrustionahip  (an-tniM'ti-nn-ship).  n.  The 
ollioo  or  state  of  an  aiitniHlicJii :  as,  thoFronk 
antruitionsMii,"  Encijc.  Ilril.,  IX.  121. 


anuria 

ant-shrike  (ant'shrik),  n.  A  passerine  bird  of 
the  family  i'ormieariida'  (which  see)  and  sub- 
family Thamnophilina ;  a  South  American  bush- 
shrike. 

ant's-WOod(antz'wud),  H.  A  West  Indian  name 
of  a  sajicilaceous  shrub,  Bumclia  cuneata. 

ant-thrush  (ant'thiush),  «.  1.  A  South  Ameri- 
can passerine  bird,  or  ant-bird,  of  the  family 
Formicariida;  or,  in  a  more  restricted  sense,  of 
the  stibfamily  Formieariina-  (which  see). — 2. 
A  breve;  an  East  Indian  bird  of  the  family 
Pittida;  hav-ing  little  relation  with  the  fore- 
going; in  the  plural,  the  breves  or  pittas.  See 
Pittida-. —  3.  Originally,  as  used  by  the  transla- 
tors of  Cu^ier,  a  species  of  either  of  the  fore- 
going families,  and  also  of  others ;  any  bird  of 
the  indeterminate  genus  Myothera  of  Illiger. 
Hence  the  name  has  usually  had  no  more  exact  significa- 
tion than  ajtt-bird,  or  ant-catctier,  or  ant-cater,  as  applied 
to  a  bird. 

ant-tree  (ant'tre),  ii.  A  name  given  to  species 
of  I'riphiris,  a  polygonaceous  genus  of  trees 
of  tropical  America,  the  fistulous  branches  of 
whicli  ser\'e  for  the  habitation  of  ants. 

ant-wart  (ant'wart),  n.     Same  as  ant-egg,  2. 

ant-worm  (ant'werm),  n.     Same  as  ant-egg,  2. 

ant-wren  (ant'ren),  n.  A  South  American  pas- 
serine bird,  of  the  family  Formicariida'  (which 
see)  and  subfamily  for»iim'onH(i'.  See  cut  un- 
der Formicivora. 

Anubis  (a-nii'bis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Avov^t^,  < 
Egj-pt.  Anepu  or  Anup,  Coptic  Anob  or  Anottb.] 

1.  An  Egj'ptian  deit.y,  represented  with  the 
head  of  a  dog  or  jackal,  and  identified  by  the 
later  Greeks  and  Romans  with  their  Hermes  or 
Mercury. —  2.  Jncool.:  (a)  A  generic  name  of 
the  f ennec  of  Bruce,  A  nubis  scrda,  a  kind  of  f o.x, 
the  Canis  :erda  of  Gmelin,  the  Fcnnecus  eoaren- 
sis  of  some  authors,  supposed  to  be  the  animal 
taken  for  a  jackal  in  certain  Egyptian  hiero- 
gljljhs.  (i)  [/.c]  The  specific  name  of  a  very 
large  kind  of  baboon,  the  Cynocephalus  anubis 
of  western  Africa. 

Anural  (a-nil'ra),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  sing,  of  anu- 
(■«.v,  tailless:  seeanurous.]  1 .  A  genus  of  very 
short-tailed  WTen-like  birds  of  India,  generally 
referred  to  the  genus  Tesia.     Hodgson,  1841. — 

2.  A  genus  of  leaf-nosed  bats,  of  the  family 
Phi/Uostomatidcc. 

Also  -ivritten  Anoura. 
Anura-  (a-nii'ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
anurus,  tailless:  see  anurous.]  An  order  of 
Amphibia,  the  Ba- 
triichitt  salicntia,  or 
batrachians  prop- 
er, as  frogs  and 
toads;  salient  o\'ip- 
arous  amphibi- 
ans, tailless  when 
adult,  provided 
with  well-devel- 
oped legs,  breath- 
ing air  by  lungs, 
and  undergoing 
complete  metamor- 
pliosis  from  the 
tadpole  state,  in 
wliich  they  are 
tniled  and  limbless, 
and  breathe  water 
by  gills.  Called  .-1)1  iim 
inilistiiiction  from  f/ro- 
(iela,  and  Tlieriomortiha 
in  contrast  to  Jelitlnto- 
luiiri'hn.  The  vertcbno 
lire  diversiform  and 
from  7  to  10  in  nunibcr. 
The  .-tiini-rt  have  a  well- 
formed  sternum,  and  a 
pectoral  and  a  pelvic 
arch.  TlicHkiii  is  nuked, 
anil  KcrvcM  to  some  ex- 
tent as  an  organ  of  res- 
iilnition ;  it  is  shed  lu 
in  seiiienls.  Small  vari- 
ously disposed  teeth  are 
usually  ]ireHelit;  llio 
tongue  is  jiresent  (In 
I'lit  (ill  AtitoHtia).  There 
ry  hoinogeneouH  group. 


vm 


Skull  nf  Vma  {Kttna  fsctilento). 
A.  from  nlxivc  ;  H,  from  hclow  ;  x,  the 
p.-irnfiphciioi(l ;  v,  llic  Rirdlc-bonc  nr  os- 
cn-cciiitiirc;  Z,  tlie  tcmimmni.isluiil ; 
/,  /',  /*///,  exits  of  olfnctory,  tnn<Miii- 
nat,  nnd  vnifus  nerves;  /t"(J,  ritoci  ipital ; 
/■>.  /'.I.  fnilil.il  ;iii<l  pariclJil;  A"ri.  \y,\. 
n;iI;  .Vt.  ni.ixltl.i;  PI.  p.iliilal ;  Pftx, 
|>rrin;t»ill.i  ;  /V,  ptcryunlil ;  /"rr,  pni- 
i>llr;  cy,  ipiiiilrtitojuiful ;  Ve,yn\c  uf 
llic  voiiier*. 


I*ftajirro;/loKm).  or  npparoiitly  :il 

iin- niiwfinl  of  f>00  HpiTies  of  tlilH 

ftT  will,  li  Momci  i;iO  K't'tHTii  luiil  fntin  r»  t<)  Ufi  fninilii'M  iiro 
nilu|itcil  by  dilRTcnt  luitliors.  'I'lii*  typlful  fronKiuc  of  llio 
fiiiiilly  liauuiir :  thf  tri'('-frii(r»  lU'i'  ihjiuUr ;  tlir  iiKuU, 
llii/i'nit{tr :  ami  (he  iiffloHmil  .Surhmin  iuiu\  In  tin'  lypc  of  ft 
fiiinlly  Pijiiihr.  AIho  vvrittni  Atnnirn.  See  riit«  inuU'P 
"iiii-HtiTniiin,  liaun,  iind  trtnjmrt^mtntoiil. 

anuran  (a-nu'raTi),  «.  [<  Aaum'^  +  -an.']  One 
"t  Mm'  Anura.     AIho  wTiItcn  nnournn. 

anuresifl(nii-n-r6'HiH),H.  (Nh.]  SiiniruHffHMrm. 

anuria  (M-nu'ri-jt),  ».  fNIi.,  <  (Jr.  uv-  priv.  -t 
orpfn;  nriiin.]  AbHoiico  of  iiiicliirit  ion,  wlictlior 
from  HiipjircHHion  or  from  rotoutiou  of  uriue. 
Also  called  anuresis,  anury. 


Anurida 

Anurida  (a-nu'ri-da),  H.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  av- 
priv.  +ovpd,  tail,  +-irfn.]  A  geuus  of  Collcm- 
Dola,  typical  of  the  family  Anuridkla:  A.  mari- 
tima  is  a  species  found  under  stones  on  the  sea- 
coast. 

Anurididae  (an-u-rid'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Amt- 
ridti  +  -(i/(C.]  A  family  of  apterous  ametabo- 
lous  collembolous  insects,  typified  by  the  genus 
Anurida,  related  to  I'oduridx  and  often  merged 
in  that  family. 

Anurosorex  (au"u-ro-s6'reks),  n.  [NL.,  <  anu- 
rus,  tailless,  +  L.  sorex,  shrew:  see  anurous  and 
iSorcj.]  A  genus  of  terrestrial  shrews,  of  the 
family  Soricidie,  with  26  white  teeth,  very  small 
ears,  and  rudimentary  tail.  It  contains  a  mole- 
like species  from  Tibet,  A.  squamipes. 

anurous  (a-nu'rus),  a.  [<  NL.  anurus,  tailless, 
<  Gr.  ai)-  priv.  -I-  ovpd,  a  tail.]  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Anura.  Also  writ- 
ten anourous. 

anury  (an'u-ri),  H.     Same  as  anuria. 

anus  (a'nus),  n.  [L.,  prob.  orig.  the  same  as 
anus,  annus,  a  ring:  aeeanmdus.']  The  termina- 
tion of  the  digestive  tube  or  alimentary  canal ; 
the  end  of  the  enteron  of  any  animal ;  the  ori- 
fice through  which  the  refuse  of  digestion  is 
voided.  The  anus  is  usually  on  a  part  of  the  body  away 
from  the  mouth,  but  it  is  sometimes  coincident  with  the 
latter.  It  is  usually  a  circular  orifice,  provided  with  a 
sphincterial  arrangement  by  which  it  may  be  shut ;  but  it 
is  sometimes  a  cleft  or  chink,  the  direction  of  the  axis  of 
which  distinguishes  zoological  groups :  thus,  it  Is  longi- 
tudinal in  turtles,  and  transverse  in  lizards  and  snakes. 
In  many  vertebrates  and  other  animals  the  anus  serves 
for  the  discharge  of  the  excretion  of  the  kidneys  and  of 
the  products  of  the  generative  organs,  as  well  as  of  the 
refuse  of  digestion.    See  nnat, 

•anus.  [L.,  a  common  adj.  suffix,  whence  E. 
-an :  see  -on.]  A  sufiix  of  Latin  adjectives  and 
nouns  thence  derived :  common  in  New  Latin 
names,  especially  specific  names. 

anvil  (an'vil),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  anvil,  anvill, 
anvile,  anvild,  andvile,  anvelde,  anfeeld,  andfelde, 
etc.,  <  ME.  andvell,  anvylde,  anveld,  anvylt,  an- 
velt,  anfeld,  anfelt,  anefeld,  anefelt,  etc.,  <  AS. 
anfilt,  anfilte,  onfdte,  earliest  form  onfilii,  =  OD. 
(dial.)  aenvilte  =  OIIG.  anafaU,  these,  the  ap- 
par. orig.  forms,  appearing  with  variations  in 
OD.  aenbilt,  ambilt  (OFlem.  also  aenbikkt),  aeit- 
belt,  aenbeld,  aenbeeld,  aembeld,  mod.  D.  aan- 
becld,  aambeld  =  Flem.  aenbeeld,  aembeeld  (ap- 
par. simulating  D.  Flem.  beelden,  form)  =  LG. 
anebelte,  auebolte,  ambult,  ambolt  (>  Dan.  am- 
bolt)  =  OHG.  anabolz  (appar.  simulating  the 
synonymous  OHG.  anabo:,  MHG.  ancbo:,  G.  am- 
boss,  an  anvil,  a  different  word,  <  OHG.  ana-, 
G.  an-  (=  AS.  an-,  on-,  E.  on),  +  bocan  =  AS. 
bedtan,  E.  beat),  an  anvil ;  perhaps  <  AS.  mi-, 
on-,  E.  on,  +  -jilt,  -filte,  -filti,  reduced  from  an 
orig.  type  *-faldithi,  with  formative  *-thi,  -th,  < 
*faldan,  fealdan,  =  Goth,  falthan  =  OHG.  fal- 
dan,falian,  MHG.  G.  fidtcii,  told  (with  a  secon- 
dary form  in  OHG.  fdhcn,  MHG.  G.falzen,told, 
groove,  join;  ef.  G.  falz-amboss,  a  copper- 
smith's anvil) ;  being  thus  lit.  that  on  which 
metals  are  'folded,'  bent,  or  welded  under  the 
hammer :  see  rt»-l,  on-'^,  and  fold^.  A  similar 
reduction  of  form  occurs  in  AS.  fylt,  <  feal- 
deth,  foldeth,  hylt.  Melt,  hilt,  <  healdetli,  holdeth, 
and  also  in  AS.  felt,  E.  feW^,  and  AS.  hilt,  E. 
hilt,  if,  as  is  supposed,  they  are  derived  respec- 
tively from  fealdan,  fold,  and  healdan,  hold;  so 
AS.  fjeftt/nto,  <  "gasunditha,  health,  !«((;»<  =  Goth. 
inwinditha,  wickedness.]  1.  An  iron  block 
with  a  smooth  face,  usually  of  steel,  on  which 
metals  are  hammered  and  shaped.  The  black- 
smith's anvil  commonly  has  a  conical  or  pointed  horizontal 
projection  called  a  beak  or  horn,  for  working  curved  or 
annular  pieces,  and  holes  for  the  insertion  of  different 
sizes  and  shapes  of  cutters,  swages,  etc.  The  gold-beater's 
anvil  is  for  the  first  hammering  a  simple  block  of  steel,  and 
for  the  second  a  block  of  marble.  Anvils  for  steam-ham- 
mers are  called  aninl-blocks,  and  are  of  iron  faced  with 
steel,  and  supported  on  wooden  piling. 

2.  Figuratively,  anything  on  which  blows  are 
struck. 

The  anvil  of  my  sword.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

3.  In  anat.,  one  of  the  small  bones  of  the  ear, 
the  incus  (which  see).  See  cuts  under  ear^  and 
tympanic. — 4.  In  firearms,  the  resisting  cone, 
plate,  or  bar  against  which  the  fulminate  in  a 
metallic  cartridge  is  exploded.  Wilhelm,  Mil. 
Diet. —  5.  Milit.,  a  small  pennon  on  the  end  of  a 

lance.    Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc To  be  on  the  an'vil, 

to  be  in  a  state  of  discussion,  formation,  or  preparation, 
as  when  a  scheme  or  measure  is  forming,  but  not  matured. 

Several  members,  .  .  .  knowing  what  u'as  on  the  anvil, 
went  to  the  clergy  and  desired  their  judgment.         Swift. 

an'vil  (an''vil),  i\  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  anviled  or  an- 
villrd,  ppr.  anviling  or  anrilling.  [<  anvil,  »».] 
To  form  or  shape  on  an  anvil.     [Rare.] 


253 

Armor,  anvilVd  in  the  shop 
Of  passive  fortitude. 

Flefchfir(and  .Mttntiinyer]),  Lover's  Progress,  iv. 

anvil-block  (an'vil-blok),  n.  [=  D.  aanhcelds- 
hlok  =  Flem.  acmhccldblolc]  The  metal  block 
or  anvil  ujion  which  a  steam-hammer  falls. 

an'Vil-CUpper  (an'vil-kup"t'r),  n.  A  machine  for 
making  the  inner  cup  or  case  of  a  cartridge, 
which  contains  the  fulminate. 

anvil-dross  (an'vil-dros),  «.     Proto.xid  of  iron. 

anvil-'vise  (an'vil -vis),  n.  A  compound  tool 
consisting  of  a  vise  of  which  one  jaw  forms  an 
anvil. 

anzietude  (ang-zi'e-tud),  m.  [<  LL.  anxietudo, 
equiv.  to  the  usual  dnxietas :  see  anxiety.']  Anx- 
iety.    [Rare.] 

anxiety  (ang-zi'e-ti),  B.;  pi.  anxieties  (-tiz).  [< 
F.  anxit'te  (Cotgrave),  <  L.  anxieta{l-)s,  <  anxius, 
anxious:  see  anxious.]  1.  The  apprehension 
caused  by  danger,  misf  ortime,  or  error ;  concern 
or  solicitude  respecting  some  event,  future  or 
uncertain ;  disturbance,  uneasiness  of  mind,  or 
care,  occasioned  by  trouble. 

To  be  happy  is  not  only  to  be  freed  from  the  pains  and 
diseases  of  the  body,  but  from  anxiety  and  vexation  of 
spirit.  '  Titlotson. 

2.  In  pathol.,  a  state  of  restlessness  and  agita- 
tion, with  general  indisposition,  and  a  distress- 
ing sense  of  oppression  at  the  epigastrium.  =Syn. 

1.  Care,  Concern,  Solicitude,  etc.  (see  care),  foreboding, 
uneasiness,  disquiet,  inquietude,  restlessness,  apprehen- 
sion, fear,  misgiving,  worry. 

anxious  (angk'shus),  a.  [<  L.  anxius,  anxious, 
solicitous,  distressed,  troubled,  <  angere,  dis- 
tress, trouble,  choke :  see  anguish,  angor,  and  an- 
ger^.] 1.  Full  of  anxiety  or  solicitude ;  greatly 
troubled  or  solicitous,  especially  about  some- 
thing future  or  unknown ;  being  in  painful  sus- 
pense :  applied  to  persons. 

Eternal  troubles  haunt  thy  aTixious  mind, 
Whose  cause  and  cure  thou  never  hop'st  to  find. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucian,  iii.  268. 

Anxioue  and  trembling  for  the  birth  of  Fate. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,ii.  142. 

2.  Attended  with,  proceeding  from,  or  mani- 
festing solicitude  or  uneasiness :  applied  to 
things:  as,  a«x(0««  forebodings;  anxious laibov. 

His  pensive  cheek  upon  his  hand  reclin'd. 
And  anxious  thoughts  revolving  in  his  mind. 

DryiJUn. 

A  small,  neat  volume  of  only  eighty-seven  pages,  .  .  . 
with  a  modest  and  somewhat  anxious  dedication. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  35. 

3.  Earnestly  desirous  or  solicitous:  as,  anxious 
to  please:  a«xiO!/«to  do  right,  ^iniiotts  is  followed 
by  for  or  aoout  before  the  object  of  solicitude.  The  for- 
mer is  generally  used  when  the  thing  is  something  desired 
to  happen  or  be  done  ;  the  latter  of  a  person,  creature,  or 
situation:  as,  anxious  for  his  release;  anxious  about  his 
health  or  about  him.  =8301.  1.  Careful,  uneasy,  unquiet, 
restless,  troubled,  disturbed,  apprehensive. 

anxiously  (angk'shus-li),  adv.      In  an  anxious 

manner;  solicitously;  'with paiofrd uncertainty; 

carefully ;  'with  solicitude. 
anxiousness  (angk'shus-nes),  n.     [<  anxious  + 

-ness.]     The  state  or  quality  of  being  anxious  ; 

great  solicitude ;  anxiety. 

She  returns  [to  her  cards]  with  no  little  anxioufiiess. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  79. 

any  (en'i),  a.  anipron.  [The  pron.  is  that  of  the 
early  mod.  E.  eny :  <  ME.  any,  anie,  ani,_eny, 
enie,  eni  (also  contr.  ei,  eie,  an,  ceie),  <  AS.  eenig, 
modified  form  of  *dnig  (which  reappears  in 
ME.  ony,  E.  dial,  and  Sc.  ony,  =  OS.  enig, 
enag  =  OFries.  enig,  enich,  ienig.  eng,  ang,  any, 
=  D.  eenig,  any,  only,  sole,  =  OHG.  einag,  MHG. 
einec,  eineg,  G.  einig,  one,  only,  sole),  <  an,  one, 
+  -ig,  E.  -t/l :  see  one  and  -y>-.  Any  is  thus  an 
adj.  deriv.  of  one,  or  rather  of  its  weakened 
form  fl«,  a,  in  an  indeterminate  unitary  or, 
in  pliu'al,  partitive  use.  The  emphatic  sense 
'only'  coexists  in  D.  with  the  indeterminate, 
and  is  the  only  sense  in  G.]  I.  a.  In  the  sin- 
gular, one,  a  or  an,  some ;  in  the  plural,  some : 
indeterminately  distributed,  implying  unlim- 
ited choice  as  to  the  particular  unit,  number, 
or  quantity,  and  hence  subordinately  as  to  qual- 
ity, whichever,  of  whatever  quantity  or  kind ; 
an  indeterminate  unit  or  number  of  units  out 
of  many  or  all.  The  indeterminate  sense  grows  out  of 
its  use  in  interrogative  and  conditional  sentences  :  as,  has 
he  any  friend  to  speak  for  him?  is  there  any  proof  of 
that?  if  you  have  any  witnesses,  produce  them. 

'Who  wiU  shew  us  any  good  ?  Ps.  iv.  6. 

If  there  be  any  in  this  assembly,  any  dear  friend  of 
Ctesar's  to  him  I  say,  that  Brutus'  love  to  Cfesar  was  no 
less  than  his.  Shak. ,  J.  C. ,  iii.  2. 

[In  affirmative  sentences,  any,  being  indeterminate  in  ap- 
plication, in  effect  has  reference  to  every  unit  of  the  sort 
mentioned,  and  thus  may  be  nearly  equivalent  to  every: 


anything 

as,  any  schoolboy  would  know  that ;  any  attempt  to  evade 
the  law  will  be  resisted  :  so  in  any\ioAy,  anyimn,  onything, 
etc. 

It  sutllces  me  to  s.iy,  in  general,  .  .  .  that  men  here,  as 
elsewhere,  are  indisposed  to  innovation,  and  prefer  any 
antiquity,  any  usage,  any  livery  productive  of  ease  or 
profit,  U)  the  unproductive  service  of  thought. 

EnierKon,  Literary  Ethics. 

'When  any  is  preceded  by  a  negative,  expressed  or  implied, 
the  two  arc  together  etjuivalent  to  an  emphatic  negative, 
*  none  at  all," '  not  even  one ' :  as,  there  has  never  been  any 
doubt  about  that. 
Neither  knoweth  any  man  the  Father,  save  the  Son. 

Mat.  xi.  27. 

It  cannot  in  any  sense  be  called  a  form  of  solar  energy. 
Dawson,  Nat.  and  the  Uible,  p.  130.] 

H,  pron.  [By  omission  of  the  noun,  which  is 
usually  expressed  in  an  adjacent  clause,  or  is 
implied  in  the  context.]  In  the  singular,  one, 
some;  in  the  plural,  some:  indeterminately 
distributed  in  the  same  uses  as  the  adjective, 
and  used  absolutely  or  followed  by  of  in  parti- 
tive construction :  with  reference  to  persons, 
any  one,  anybody;  in  the  plural,  any  per- 
sons. 

Who  is  here  so  rude,  that  would  not  be  a  Roman  ?  If 
any,  speak  ;  for  him  have  I  offended.    Stiak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 
I  have  not  seen  you  lately  at  any  of  the  places  I  visit. 
Steele,  Spectator,  No.  348. 

[In  this  sense  it  might  formerly  have  a  possessive. 

Yet  the  brave  Courtier  .  .  . 

Doth  loath  such  base  condition,  to  backbite 

Aniee  good  name  for  envie  or  despite. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale.] 

any  (en'i),  adv.  [<  ME.  any,  eny,  ony  ;  prop,  the 
instr.  case  of  the  adj.]  In  any  degree ;  to  any 
extent ;  at  all :  especially  used  ■with  compara- 
tives, as  any  better,  any  worse,  any  more,  any 
less,  any  sooner,  any  later,  atry  longer,  etc. 

A  patrician  could  not  be  tribune  at  Rome,  any  more 

than  a  peer  can  be  chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  in  England. 

E.  A,  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  SOL 

Also,  in  negative  and  inteiTogative  sentences,  used  abso- 
lutely:  as,  it  didn't  rain  any  here;  did  it  hurt  him  any? 
[Colloq.l 

anybody  (en'i-bod"i),  pron.  [<  any  +  body, 
person.]  1 .  Any  person ;  any  one :  as,  hasan^- 
body  been  here  ?  I  have  not  seen  anybody ;  any- 
body can  do  that. — 2.  Any  one  in  general;  a 
person  of  any  sort;  an  ordinary  person,  as 
opposed  in  slight  contempt  to  a  somebody :  in 
this  use  with  a  plural:  as,  two  or  three  any- 
bodies.—  3.  Any  one  in  particular ;  a  person  of 
some  consequence  or  importance,  as  opposed 
to  a  nobody:  in  direct  or  indirect  interroga- 
tions: as,  is  lie  anybody?  everybody  who  is 
anybody  was  present. 

anyho'W  (en'i-hou),  adv.  [<  any,  adv.,  +  how,  in 
indef.  sense.  Ci.  somehow,  nohow.']  1.  In  any 
way  or  manner  whatever ;  howsoever. 

They  form  an  endless  throng  of  laws,  connecting  every 
one  substance  in  creation  with  every  other,  and  different 
from  each  pair  anyhow  taken.  Whewell. 

2.  [Continuatively,  as  a  conj.]  In  any  case ;  at 
any  rate;  at  all  events;  however  that  maybe;  , 
however:  as,  anyhow,  he  failed  to  appear;  any- 
how, I  don't  believe  it  can  be  done. 
anything  (en'i-thing),  ])ron.  [<  ME.  anything, 
enything,  onything,  usually  'written  apart,  any 
thing,  eny  thing,  <  AS.  ienig  thing :  see  any  and 
thing.  In  mod.  use  still  'written  apart  when  the 
stress  is  on  (/h'h(/.]  A  thing,  indefinitely;  some- 
thing or  other,  no  matter  what:  opposed  to 
nothing :  as,  have  you  anything  to  eat?  I  do  not 
see  anything;  give  me  anything. 

It  is  the  proper  thing  to  say  any  thing,  when  men  have  all 
things  in  their  power.  Dryden,  Ded.  of  the  Medal. 

[From  its  indeterminate  signification,  anything  is  often 
used  colloquially  in  comparisons,  as  emphatically  com- 
prehensive of  whatever  simile  may  suggest  itself  or  be 
appropriate,  especially  in  the  comparative  phrases  as... 
as  anything,  like  anything,  equivalent  to  'exceedingly,* 
'greatly.' 

O  my  dear  father  and  mother,  I  fear  your  girl  will  grow 
as  proud  as  anything.  Richardson,  Pamela,  II.  57. 

His  bosom  throbb'd  with  agony,  he  cried  like  anything. 
Barhani,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  11.  135.] 

anything  (en'i-thing),  adv.  [<  ME.  anything, 
enything.  onything,  onythynge,  <  AS.  eenige  thinga, 
earliest  form  wngi  thinga,  lit.  by  any  of  things: 
wnige,  instr.  of  ^nig.  any;  thinga,  gen.  pi.  of 
thing,  thing,  the  noun  being  taken  later  as  instr. 
or  ace.,  vrith  agreeing  adj.]  Any  whit;  in  any 
degree ;  to  any  extent ;  at  all. 

'Will  the  ladies  be  anything  familiar  with  me,  think  you* 
B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iv.  L 

If  anytlling,  if  in  any  degree :  if  at  all ;  if  there  is  any 
difference  ;  as,  ;/  anything,  he  is  a  little  better  to-day. 

//  anything,  we  were  comparatively  deficient  in  these 
respects-  H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  4*2d. 


anytMngarian 

anythillgarian  (en  i-tMng-a'ri-an),  n.  [<  any- 
thing +  -arian,  q.  r.  Cf.  nothingarian.']  One 
who  is  'anything'  in  belief;  one  who  professes 
no  particular  creed;  an  indifferentist,  espe- 
eiallv  in  relisfious  doctrine, 
anytiingarianism  (en'i-thing-a'ri-an-izm),  n. 
[<  anjtl'.tnijarian  +  -ism.']  The  holdiiig  and  ad- 
vocacv  of  no  particular  creed;  indiflferentism. 
anyway  (en'i-wa),  adr.  l<  any  +  icdij.]  1.  In 
any  way  or  manner;  anyhow. 

These  foure  are  all  that  nil;/  watj  ileale  in  that  consider- 
ation of  mens  manners.    Sir  P.  Sidnti/,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 
How  should  I  soothe  you  anyioay. 
Who  ""»»  tlie  brother  of  jour  youth? 

Tennyson,  To  J.  S. 

2.  [Continoatively,  as  a  eonj.]  In  any  case; 
at  any  rate ;  at  all  events ;  anyhow. 

I  think  she  was  a  little  frightened  at  first ;  but  anyrniy, 
I  got  to  know  who  she  is.      If.  Black,  White  Heather,  xiv. 

anyways  (en'i-waz),  adv.  [<  any  +  ways,  adv. 
geu.  of  way.  as  in  always,  but  prob.  suggested 
\>y  anywise.  C(.  noways  sjidnoifise.]  1.  In  any 
wayormanner;  anyhow. —  2.  [Continuatively, 
as  a  conj.]  In  any  case;  at  any  rate;  at  all 
events;  anyhow.     [CoUoq.  in  both  senses.] 

anywhatt,  /"(>».  [<  any  +  what,  indef.  Cf. 
sniiirwiiiit.]     Anrthing. 

anywhen   (en'i-hwen),   adt'.      [<  any  +  when. 
Cf .  anywhere,  anyhow.]     At  any  time ;  ever : 
as,  "anywhere  or  anywhen,"  De  Quincey.     [Dia- 
lectal or  rare.] 
There  if  anywhere,  and  now  if  anywhen. 

R.  BoKwurlh  Smith,  Carthage,  p.  333. 

anywhere   (en'i-hwar),   adr.     [<  any  -(-  where. 

( '(.  sfinu  irhcre,  nowhere.]    In,  at,  or  to  any  place : 

as.  to  be  or  to  go  anywhere. 
anywhither    (en'i-hwiTH'er),  adv.     [<  any  + 

whither.     Ct  anywhere.]    In  any  direction ;  to 

any  place. 
Inveiu'le  .  .  .  men  anyichither.  Bamnp,  Works,  I. 

anywise  (en'i-wiz),  adr.     [<ME.  anywise,  anigc 

wise,  in  full  form  in  or  on  any  icisc,  <  AS.  on 

ienige  wisan,  in  any  manner:  see  on,  any,  and 

icise^,  and  cf.  otherwise,  nowise.]     In  any  way 

or  manner;  to  any  degree. 

Neither  can  a  man  be  a  tnie  friend,  or  a  good  neigllbor, 

or  (iHi/irij«!  a  good  relative,  without  industry. 

Barrow,  .Sermons,  III.  xix. 

Aonian  (a-6'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Aonius,  <  Aonia,<. 
Gr.  'Aovia',  a  name  for  Boeotia  in  Greece.]  Per- 
taining to  Aonia,  an  ancient  mj'thological  and 
poetical  name  of  Boeotia,  or  to  the  Muses,  who 
were  supposed  to  dwell  there;  lience,  pertain- 
ing to  the  Muses;  poetical Aonian  fount,  the 

fountain  Aganippe,  on  a  slope  of  Muiint  Hflit'uii,  the 
"Aonian  mount,"  sacred  to  the  Muses,  hence  callt-il  the 
"Aonian  maids." 
Aonyz  (ij-on'ik,s),  n.  [XL.  (Lesson,  1827),  prop. 
Anonyr,  <  Gr.  iiv-  priv.  +  bm^,  nail,  daw.]  \ 
genus  of  otters,  including  species  witli  tlie  claws 
rudimentary  or  obsolete,  and  the  digits  much 
webbed,  a.  lalmuli  is  an  African  species;  .1.  lri,li,niix 
(s<jnietiuies  made  type  of  a  genus  Le/ilmnix)  iiihaliit.s  .lava, 
Homen.  and  Sumatra;  A.  iiuiiyitnta  is  found  in  India. 
Alwi  written  Antmyx. 

aor.    An  abbreviation  of  aorist. 

aorist  (a'o-rist),  h.  and  a.  [<Gr.  aiptaro^  (sc. 
Xixmir,  time,  tense),  the  aorist  tense,  <  aipiirroc, 
indefiiiito,  unbounded,  (.  a-  priv.  -f-  upinric,  de- 
finable, verbal  adj.  of  ipiieiv,  bound,  define :  see 
horizon.]  I.  n.  In  f/ram.,  a  tense  of  tlie  Greek 
verl)  expressing  action  (in  the  indicative,  past 
action)  without  further  liniitafioii  or  implicii- 
tioMj  hen<-i-,  also,  a  tense  of  like  form  or  like 
nigniiicatiouinotherlanguuges,  as  the  Sanskrit, 
llicrc  ai  (■  hi  Creek  twn  a<»rUtH.  usually  cjdied  the  (Irst  an<] 
■t'cond  ;  theyditlcr  in  fonii.  but  M<»t  in  meaning. 

II.  a.  1.  Indefinite  with  respect  to  time. —  2. 
Perf.Tiniii:'  or  similar  to  the  aorist. 

'I'  'iv.-  [iresent,  or  rather  «oriW,  participle 

In   '  ii:,'!'. -Saxon,  iuit  a  modern  fonu. 

J'.  M'trnh,  lA-cturcH  on  I'-ng.  Ijing.,  p.  Olft. 

aoristic  fii-n-ris' tik),  n.  [<  fir.  iioiiifiTini'ir,  < 
<i..,,//7roc:  '■•■•■  <//,,,  7.]  Pertaining  to  an  aorist 
'"■  i'l'li  fr  inrleterminate  as  to  time. 

aoristlcal  ,-kal),  a.    Same  as  aoristic. 

aoriatlcaliy  ■  .  I'^'ii-feftl-'). '"''•  lu  the  man- 
n<T  of  an  fton.*t. 

'"  ■       •  ' In.    r   I  ■      ',         bide  the 

"•■<'  i.tl.ally 
"I'  ,  i"yed 

aorta  ^ft-r'':.  .  „  ;  i.l.  oorZ/rf-fo).     (NMj..<(Jr. 

nttftrii,  n<^  rniHO.  lift.  pnBH.  iinpmOat, 

ri«ft.     '  I  [„  ftnnt.f  tin*  mniii  trunk  of 

'h*'    "'  linif  fr'nii  tin*  I'ft   vcn- 

tri'  1  ■  \  invr  iiiti'riali/''l  l>lfHHl 

t"  "  -i>  i*x(.'<'|*t  tho  )>iii|{H,  iind 


254 

giving  rise,  directly  or  indirectly,  to  all  the  ar- 
teries of  the  body  'except  the  pulmonary.  The 
name  is  chiefly  given  to  such  an  artery  in  those  hi-^her  ver- 
tebrates -which  have  a  completely  four-diambered  heart. 
The  aoi"ta  comniunly  gives  off  immediately  the  great  vessels 
of  the  head,  neck,  and  anterior  limbs,  and  »^nds  by  forking 
to  snpply  the  posterior  limbs.  In  the  embryo  it  commimi- 
cates  with  the  pulmonary  artery  by  a  duct  (ductus  arte- 
riosus), wliich  is  normally  closed  at  birth.  In  man  the 
aorta  is  di\ided  into  ascending,  transverse,  and  dencendimj 
portions.  The  ascendiiuj  aorta  rises  and  then  curves  over 
to  the  left,  forming  the  transverse  portion  or  arch  of  the 
aorta,  whence  spring  the  innominate  and  left  carotid  and 
left  subclavian  arteries ;  it  then  <lescenils  upon  and  a  little 
to  the  left  of  the  bodies  of  the  vei-tehr:e,  forming  the  (/('wcm/- 
ing  aorta,  divided  into  the  th,<racic  aorta  above  the  dia- 
phragm and  the  abdominal  aurta  below  it :  it  ends  usually 
opposite  the  fourth  lumbar  vertebra  by  bifurcatiiii:  into  the 
right  and  left  common  iliac  arteries.  Thethora.  i.  bnnuhes 
arenumerous,  but  small  and  chiefly  intercostal ;  thi-alidom- 
inal  branches  are  the  cteliac,  superior  and  inferior  mesen- 
teric, renal,  suprarenal,  spermatic,  and  others.  The  aorta 
is  provided  at  its  beginning  with  three  semilunar  valves, 
which  prevent  regurgitation  of  blood  into  the  heart.  See 
aortic,  and  cuts  vuider  circulation,  embryo,  heart,  thorax. 

—  Cardiac  aorta.  See  extract  below.— Definitive  aor- 
ta, the  aorta  :xs  defined  aliove. — Primitive  aortse,  the 
first  and  paired  main  arteries  of  the  embryo,  connected 
with  the  omphalomesenteric  vessels.     See  e.\tract. 

The  heart  of  the  vertebrate  embryo  is  at  first  a  simple 
tube,  the  anterior  end  of  which  passes  into  a  cardiac  aor- 
tic trunk,  while  the  posterior  end  is  continuous  with  the 
great  veins  which  bring  back  blood  from  the  unibilical 
vesicle.  The  cardiac  aorta  immediately  di\ides  into  two 
branches,  each  of  which  ascentts,  in  the  tirst  \iseeral  arch, 
in  the  form  of  a  forwurdly  cimve.x  aortic  arcli,  to  tlie  under 
side  of  the  rudimeiitaiy  .spinal  column,  and  then  runs 
parallel  with  its  fellow  to  the  hinder  part  i.>f  the  body  as 
a. primitive  subvertel.iral  aorta.  The  two  primitive  aorta} 
soon  coalesce,  in  the  gieater  part  of  their  length,  into  one 
trunk,  the  definitive  subverte)»ral  aorta,  but  the  aortic 
arches,  separated  by  the  alimentary  tract,  remain  distinct. 
Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  90. 

aortal  (a-6r'tal),  a.  [<  aoria  +  -aW]  Same  as 
tit>rt/r.     [Rare.] 

aortic  (a-6r'tik),  a.  [<  aorta  +  -/c]  Belong- 
ing or  pertaining  to  the  aorta.— Aortic  arch,  {a) 
The  permanent  arch  of  the  aorta.  See  aorta,  (b)  (kiie  of 
the  five  or  more  pairs  of  arterial  arches  of  the  embryo  of 
a  vertebrate,  formed  by  forkings  of  the  primitive  cardiac 
aorta,  and  reuniting  to  form  the  primitive  and  finally  the 
defirntivc  sub\ertebral  aorta,  or  at-uta  proper.  There  is  a 
I»air  of  such  aortic  arches  to  each  pair  of  visceral  arches  of 
the  neck.  In  the  higher  vertebrates  the  two  anterior  pairs 
disappear;  the  third  pair  is  modified  into  the  carotid  ar- 
teries supplying  the  head;  the  fourth  pair  lieeomes  the 
arteries  supplying  the  anterior  limbs  and  tlic  permanent 
arch  of  the  aorta  — in  man,  the  innominate  ami  right  sub- 
clavian  on  the  right  side,  and  the  left  subclavian  and 
arch  of  the  aorta  on  the  left  ;  in  the  fifth  pair  in  man 
the  right  side  is  obliterated,  and  tlic  left  forms  the  per- 
manent pulmonary  artery,  tlie  descemling  aorta,  and  the 
ductus  arteriosus,  which  is  tlic 
communication  between  the  fifth 
and  the  fourth  arches.  In  branchi- 
ate vertebrates  most  of  the.se 
arches  are  permanent,  becoming 
the  blood-vessels  of  the  gills.— 
Aortic  bulb,  the  enlargement  at 
the  beL;iiiniii'4  of  the  cardiac  aorta. 

—  Aortic  compressor,  in  mrtf., 
an  inslruinetit,  useil  in  cases  of 
arnpntatioTi  at  the  hip-joint,  for 
compressing  the  aorta,  in  order  to 
limit  the  fiow  of  blood  from  it  t<5 
the  divided  femoral  artery.      Aor- 

tic  orifice,  aortic  aperture,  of 

the  .liaphra;,'m,  the  hole  ..t  Ihc 
diaphragm,  between  its  right  and 
left  pilhii-s,  through  which  the  aor- 
ta pjusscs  from  the  thorax  into  the 
nhdomcn ;  it  also  gives  transit  to 
the  thoracic  duct,  and  usually  toan 
azygous  vein. —Aortic  valves,  the 
three  semilunar  valves  at  the  ori- 
gin of  the  aorta  from  the  left  ven- 
tricle of  the  heart,  guarding  the 
oritli-e  and  prevenlinif  regurgita- 
tion into    the   veidilcle.-- Aortic 

vestibule,  tin-  i>art  of  the  left  ventricle  ndjohdng  the 
root  of  the  aorta. 

aortitis  (a-or-ti'tis),  w.  [Nil.,  <  (Kirtti  4-  -itis.'] 
Ill  mnt.,  iiitlainination  of  tli<'  iiorta. 

aCUdad  (ii'<''-'la<l),  ».  [Al.sd  </Mf/f/f/ (flu- spelling 
(loudad  being  F.),  repr.  the  Moorish  iiaiiip  ott- 
dad.]     The  >vild  sheep  of  Barbnry ;  a  runumiut 


Apanteles 

of  the  subfamily  Oritur  and  family  Boi'ida*,  in- 
habiting northern  Africa,  it  is  of  a  light-brownish 
color,  with  very  large  horns  curving  outward  and  back- 
ward, and  a  profusion  of  long  hair  hanging  from  the  throat 
and  breast  and  almost  reaching  the  giound  between  the 
fore  legs.  A  full-grown  individual  stands  about  3  feet 
high  at  the  withers,  and  its  horns  sometimes  attain  a 
length  of  2  feet.  The  animal  is  common,  is  often  kept  in 
confinement,  and  readily  breeds  in  that  state.  The  aou- 
dad  is  also  known  as  the  bearded  aryali  ami  ruffed  mou- 
jlon  ;  it  is  the  kebxh  of  the  Arabs,  the  inoujion  li  manchettes 
of  the  French,  and  the  Oris  tra;ttlaphm  (Desmarest)  or 
Aiiimotraf/us  tragelaphu.'<  of  naturalists. 

aoul  (ii'ol),  n.  [Russ.  aidii^  a  village  (of  the 
Caucasians).]  Among  the  people  of  the  Cau- 
casus, a  village  or  a  village  community ;  hence, 
a  Tatar  camp  or  encampment. 

The  ((OK?  consisted  of  about  twenty  tents,  all  constructed 
on  the  same  model,  and  scattered  aliout  in  sporadic  fash- 
ion without  the  least  regard  to  symmetry. 

D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  330. 

S,  outrance  (a  o-trous').  [F. :  see  outrage.'^ 
To  excess  or  to  the  utmost ;  -with  extreme  ve- 
hemence; without  limitation  or  reserve:  as, 
to  fight  a  outrance.  Often,  incorrectly,  d.  Pottr- 
trance. 

ap(ap),  )K  [W.  (7;),<0W.  wapj  moiX.W.  ?»«?),  son, 
orig.  ^maqid  ^Iv.  mac,  son:  see  ntac.^  Son:  a 
word  occmTiug  in  Welsh  jiedigrees  and  as  a  pre- 
fix in  surnames,  equivalent  to  aud  coguate  -with 
J/rt('(whichsee),  asin  Welsh  (Irulf'ifddap  Oirahij 
Griffith,  son  of  Owen,  Aprinfs,  Apthomas,  etc. : 
in  the  Anglicized  forms  of  Welsh  names  often 
reduced  to  P-  or  B-,  as  in  Prcccc,  Price  (Ap- 
Rhys,  Ap-Rice),  Powell  (Ap-Howell),  lievan 
(Ap-Evan),  Btnccn  (Ap-Owen),  etc. 

ap-^.  Assimilated  form,  in  Latin,  etc.,  of  ad- 
before  p,  as  in  approbation,  appellate,  etc. ;  in 
older  English  words  a  **restored"  form  of  Mid- 
dle English  and  Old  French  a-,  the  regular  re- 
duced fonn  of  Latin  ap-,  as  in  appeal,  appear^ 
approve,  etc. 

ap--.  The  form  of  apo-  before  a  vowel,  as  in  ap- 
mjoije,  apaiithntptf,  etc. 

apace  (a-pas'),  j>r(p.  phr.  as  adv.  [ME.  apace, 
ti])aas,  apa.%  a  pas,  lit.  at  pace;  in  pregnant 
sense,  at  a  good  pace,  with  a  quick  pace;  <  «3 
-\- 2Kicc.'\     If.  At  a  footpace;  leisurely. 

Vp  ry.sitb  fresshe  Canacee  hirselue, 

As  rtnly  and  bryght  as  doth  the  yonge  sonne.  .  .  . 

And  forth  she  walkcth  esily  a  pas, 

Arrayed  after  the  lusty  seson  sote  [sweet] 

Lyghtly,  for  to  pleye  and  walke  on  fote. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  S88. 

2.   At    a  quick    pace;   with  speed;  quickly; 

swiftly;  speedily;  fast. 

lie  cometh  to  hym  apaan.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  4li5. 

Great  weeds  do  grow  apace.  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  4. 

Within  the  twilight  chamber  spreads  ajmee 
The  shadow  of  white  Death.       SheUey,  -Adonais,  viii. 

name 
foxa. 


r>i;»(jTnm  of  primitive 
Aortic  Arclics  id  ni.iiu- 
iual>,  hlnlA,  and  rcpUlCN. 

a.  common  trunk  of 
pnrnitivc  fiort.-i,  dividinK 
lino  two  br-inchci,  *,  o, 
wlilch  give  off  llic  arches 
1-5  on  cuch  siilc,  ctnliiig 
ill  r,  f,  two  vessels  unitltig 
lu  form  (f,  the  ilcs<: ending 
or  tloHuil  norta. 


AfUMlad  (^fnma/r.n-in  tm^rl.ifhut). 


Apache-plume  (a-pach'e-pldm'''),   "•     A  II 
given  in  New  Mexico  to  the  FaUucia  parttt, 
a  low  rosaceous  shrub  with  long  plumose  car- 
].els. 

a  paesi  (ii  pii-a'ze).  [It.:  a,  to,  with,  <  L.  ad, 
to;  jnie.s-i,  pi.  of  ]}(ie.<;e,  country,  land:  see  pais, 
peasant.'}  With  landscapes:  applied  to  tapes- 
tries, especially  of  Italian  make,  majolica,  and 
otlier  ol>jeets  decorated  with  lan<lscnpes. 

apagoge  (a])-a-g6'je),  H.  [NL.,  <  (Jr.  (JTajw)//, 
a  leading  awav,  <  nT7(i;e/r,  lead  away,  <  n:T?i, 
away,  +  ayir,  drive,  lead:  see /rr/,  «.]  1,  In 
hnjic :  {ai)  Abduction  (whicli  see).  CO  The 
demonstration  of  a  i>ro]»osition  by  the  refutation 
of  its  opposite  (from  Aristotle's  //  (/(,■  to  ai^vvaTov 
uTTayu)//,  reduction  to  the  impossible):  com- 
monly called  indirect  i>n>of. —  2.  In  math.,  a 
]»rogress  or  jtassafje  from  one  ])roposi1ion  to 
nnother,  wln-n  the  first,  having'  been  tlemon- 
slrnletl,  is  enqiloyeti  in  ])rovinj.j  tlie  next. 

apagOgic  (a]»-a-f;oj'ik),  a.  [<  apaijoifc  +  -/r.] 
Of  llie  nature  of  or  ]>ertainiug  to  a]>agogo.  {a) 
Proving  indirectly,  by  showing;  Ihe  alisnrdity 
or  iiniiossiliility  of  (lie  contrary:  as,  nn  <ipa- 
ifiKfic  demonstration,  (h)  losing  mathematical 
apH^oge. 

The  iijHf ionic  geometry  of  the  (Jreeks. 

Encjie.  lirit..  XV.  020. 

apagogical  (ap-a-goj'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  apa- 

ffotfic. 

apagynous  (a-paj'i-uus),  a.  [Irrog.  <  Or.  drraf, 
on'M'.  -(-  -}  !•)•//,  woman.]  In  hut.,  same  as  mono- 
i-tnpnu.s.      [Ts^ot  used.] 

Apalachian,  a.     See  Appalachian. 

Apaloderma  (ap'a-lo-der'mii),  n.  See  il(fp(do- 
thrnni. 

apanage,  ».      See  apfxinaffc. 

Apanteles  (a-imirte-Ie/).».    [NL.,  <0r.  a-jiriv. 

+  7TiivTt:>i/r,  nil  conqtletc.  ])erfect,  <  rrr/i',  TTfii',  all. 


Apanteles 

+  tIIo(;,  end,  completion,  <  Tc'Atlv,  complete  :  see 
teleology.'^  A  genus  of  parasitic  lJi/mvnoj)tera, 
family  Braconidce,  separated  by  Forster  from 


Afanteles  aietia,m\\c\ien\aT^eA. 
a  male  fiy:  i,  head  of  larva  :  r.  jaw  of  larva  ;  d,  cocoon  ;  e.  section 
'  of  antenna. 

Microgaster  (Latreille).  its  species  infest  various 
lepidopterous  larvte,  and  form  egg-lilce  cocoons,  eitlier 
singly  or  in  masses,  attaclied  to  the  bodies  of  their  vic- 
tims. A.  aleticp  (Riley)  preys  on  the  cotton-worm. 
apanthropy  (a-pan'thro-pi),  «.  [<  Gr.  airav- 
Bi>u-ia,  <  d-andpuTTo^,  unsocial,  <  aire},  from,  + 
see  anthrojiic.'i    An  aversion  to 


265 

The  determination  of  social  morality  is  apart  from  the 
aasignnieiit  of  motives  for  individual  morality,  and  leaves 
untouched  the  cultivation  of  individual  jjerfcction. 

F.  I'oUoclc,  liitrod.  to  W.  K.  Olilford's  Lectures. 

(f?)  Absolutely :  as,  jesting  apart,  what  do  you 
think  of  it?  —  2.  In  pieces,  or  to  pieces;  asun- 
der: as,  to  take  a  watch  apart. 

As  if  a  strong  hand  rent  apart 

The  veils  of  sense  from  soul  and  heart. 

Whittier,  The  l*reacher. 

apartlf  (a-parf),  V.  t.  [<  apart^,  adv.']  1.  To 
put  apart ;  set  aside. —  2.  To  depart  from ; 
(piit. 
apart^t  (a-piirt'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [Early 
mod.  E.  "a  parte,  ME.  in  fuller  form  apartij, 
apartic  ;  <  «■*  +  part  or  party.  Cf.  apart^,] 
In  part ;  partly. 
That  causeth  me  a  2>artf  to  be  hevy  in  my  herte. 

Caxtun,  Ilcyiiard  (Arber),  p.  '2:..    (^V.  E.  D.) 

a  parte  ante  (a  piir'te  an'te).  [ML. :  L.  a  for 
nb,  from;  parte,  abl.  of  par(t-)s,  part;  ante, 
before :  see  ante-.]  Literally,  from  the  part 
before :  used  with  reference  to  that  part  of  (all) 
time  which,  at  a  given  instant,  has  elapsed. 

a  parte  post  (a  piir'te  post).  [ML. :  L.  a  for 
ab,  from;  parte,  abl.  otpar(t-)s,  part;  post,  af- 
ter :  see  post-.]  Literally,  from  the  part  after: 
used  with  reference  to  that  part  of  (all)  time 
which  follows  a  given  instant. 

aparthrodial  (aji-iir-thro'di-al),  a.  [<  apar- 
tlirosis.  Cf.  arthrudial.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
aparthrosis. 


di^pwjrof",  man  ^      _  ^  .t^x.^^v^^.o. 

the  company  of  men;  a  love  of  solitude;  in  aparthrOsisCap-ar-thro'sis),  «.;  pi.  aparthroses 
morbid  psyclwl,  a  species  of  melancholy  mark-  (.gez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dir<5,  from,  -t-  apdpuaig,  ar- 
ed  by  a  ilislike  of  society.  ticulatiou,  <  apSpoi',  a  .ioint.]     1.  In  »!»■»/.,  dis- 

&par,apara(ap  iir,  ap  a-ra),re.   [S.Amer.]  The     articulation.— 2.  In  ajmi.,  diarthrosis. 
mataco;  the  tolypeutme  or  three-banded  arma-  apartment  (a-part'meut),  n.      [<  F.  apparte- 

inent,  <  It.  appartamento,  a  room,  an  apart- 
ment, <  appartarc,  also  spelled  apartare,  sepa- 
rate, withdraw,  <  nparic,  apart:  %ee  apart.]  1. 
A  room  in  a  building;  a  division  in  a  house 
separated  from  others  by  partitions. —  2.  ]il.  A 
suite  or  set  of  rooms;  specifically,  a  suite  of 
rooms  assigned  to  the  use  of  a  particidar  per- 
son, party,  or  family. — 3.  A  flat  (which  see). 
—  4t.  A  compartment. 

apartmental  (a-pilrt-men'tal),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  apartment  or  to  apartments. 
apartment-house  (a-piirt' ment-hous),  «.  A 
building  divided  into  separate  suites  of  rooms, 
intended  for  residence,  but  commonly  without 
facilities  for  cooking,  and  in  this  respect  dif- 
ferent from  a  flat,  though  the  two  words  are 
often  used  interchangeably  (see  flat^):  also 
distinguished  from  tenement-house  (which  see). 
The  state  of  being 
apart ; 


'''y/i,,a»i,4*!t 


Wf^ 


Apar,  or  three-banded  Armadillo  {  Tolypeutes  tricinctus). 


dillo  of  South  America  {Dasypus  or  Tolypeutes 
tricinctus),  a  small  species  capable  of  rolling  it- 
self up  into  a  complete  ball,     it  is  also  notable  for  apartness  (a-part'nes),  n. 
walking  on  the  tips  of  the  fore  claws,  the  two  outer  toes     i,,„,.^  .   .iinnfrioaa 
beins  much  reduced,  while  the  third  is  greatly  developed,      '^^M  i ,  aiooiuess. 


Theiv  are  other  species  of  Tolypeutes  (which  see).  apart^t  (a-par'tl),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.      Same  as 

aparejo  (a-pa-ra'ho),  n.     [Sp.,  a  pack-saddle;  a    apart-. 
particular  use  of  aparejo,  preparation,  harness,  apasst,  i'-  »•     [ME.  apassen,  <  OF.  apasser,  <  a- 
gear,  tackle,  pi.  aparejos,  apparatus:  see  ap-     (<  h.  ad,  to)  -f  jw^scr,  pass.]    To  pass  on;  pass 
parel.]    A  kind  of  Mexican  saddle  formed  of    by ;  pass  away.     Chaucer. 
leather  cushions  stuffed  with  hay,  used  in  the  apastron   (ap-as'tron),    n. ;  pi.   apastra  (-trii). 
western  United  States.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-6,  from,  -f  aarpov,  star:  see  as- 

aparithmesis  (ap-ilr-ith-me'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ted.]  In  astron.,  that  part  m  the  orbit  of  a 
ttTvapld/iTimg,  <  airapSfielv,  count  off,  count  over,  double  star  where  it  is  furthest  from  its  pri- 
<  dird,  off,  +  apifffieiv,  count,  <  apid/idg,  number :     mary.  rr      y  <-. 

see   arithmetic]     1.  In  rhet.,  enumeration  of  Apatela  (ap-a-te'lii),  n.     [?>lL.,  <  Gr.  on-ariyAof, 
parts  or  particulars.— 2.  In  loyic,  division  by    guileful,  wily,  <  dirdr;?,  guile,  deceit.]     A  genus 


parts. 

apartl  (a-parf),  ado.  or  a.  [<  ME.  apart,  <  OF. 
a  part,  mod.  F.  a  part  =  'PT.  a  part  =  Sp.  Pg. 
aparte  =  It.  a  parte,  <  L.  ad  partem  :  ad,  to,  at ; 
partem,  ace.  of  par{t-)s,  part,  side.  Apart  is 
thus  orig.  a  prep.  phr.  like  E.  aside,  ahead,  etc., 
and  may  like  these  have  a  quasi-adj.  construc- 
tion. Ct.apart'^.]  1.  To  or  at  one  side;  aside; 
separately;  by  itself;  in  distinction  (from) ;  in- 
dependently (of) ;  ad,iectively,  separate,  (ff)  In 
place,  motion,  or  position. 

Lay  thy  bow  of  pearl  apart, 
And  thy  crystal  shining  quiver. 

B.  Joitjiun,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3, 


of  noctuid  moths,  containing  such  species  as  the 
North  American  A.  ohlinita.  This  moth  expands 
about  IJ  inches,  and  has  gray  fore  wings  dotted  with 
blackish,  and  white  hind  wings  with  small  dark  spots. 
The  caterpillar  is  about  IJ  inches  long,  black,  marked 
with  red  and  yellow  ;  it  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  apple, 
peach,  raspberry,  strawberry,  grape,  willow,  and  other 
vegetation. 

Apatelae  (ap-a-te'le),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Ajya- 
teld.]  A  groiip  of  moths,  named  from  the  ge- 
nus Apatela. 

apatelite  (a-pat'e-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  aixarriUi:,  il- 
lusive, deceitful  (see  Apatela),  +  -ite^.]  A 
hydrous  sulphate  of  ii-on,  foimd  in  clay,  in 
small  friable  yellow  nodules,  at  Auteuil,  Paris, 


Artabasus  .  .  .  went  amongst   the  Persians  in  their  apathetic    (ap-a-thet'ik),   a.      [<   apathy     after 

'•         pathetic]     Characterized  by  apathy;  having 

or  exhibiting  little  or  no  emotion;  devoid  of 
strong  feeling  or  passion;  insensible. 
Better  the  narrow  brain,  the  stony  heart. 
The  staring  eye  glazed  o'er  with  sapless  days. 
The  long  mechanic  pacings  to  and  fro, 
The  set  gray  life,  and  apathetic  end. 

Tennyson,  Love  and  Duty. 

=Syn   Passionless,  unmoved,  unfeeling,  indifferent. 
apathetical  (ap-a-thet'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  apa- 

thetic 
apathetically  (ap-a-thet'i-kal-i),  adv.     In  an 

apathetic  manner. 
apathist  (ap'a-thist),  n.    [<  apathy  +  -ist.]   One 

affected  with'  apathy;  one  who  is  destitute  of 


Apatomls 

or  does  not  exhibit  feeling;  specifically,  an  ad- 
herent of  the  moral  philosophy  of  the  Stoics. 
See  stoicism.     [Kare.] 

Methinks  it  becomes  not  a  dull  Apatfiist  to  object  that 
we  should  be  disquieted  with  perpetual  feares  if  any  par. 
eel  of  <mr  happiness  should  not  be  lock'd  up  within  our 
own  Breasts.  Bp.  Parker,  Platonick  Philos.,  p.  i:i. 

apathistical  (ap-a-this'ti-kal),  a.  [<  apathist  + 
-ic-al.]     Like  an  apathist ;  apathetic.     [Rare.] 

Fontenello  was  of  a  good-humored  and  apatiiutical  dis- 
position. W.  Seward,  Anecdotes,  V.  2.'>2. 

apathy  (ap'a-thi),  n.  [<  L.  apathia,  <  Gr.  tma- 
Sua,  insensibility,  <  imaOiic,  insensible,  impas- 
sive, <  (i-  priv.  +  ■Katiur,  sulTeriiig,  sensation,  < 
Trafetv,  suiier,  feel.]  Want  of  feeling ;  absence 
or  suppression  of  passion,  emotion,  or  excite- 
ment; insensibility;  indifference. 

As  the  passions  are  the  sju'ings  of  most  of  our  actions, 
a  state  of  apatliy  haa  come  to  signify  a  sort  of  moral  iner- 
tia—  the  absence  of  all  activity  or  energy.  Fleming. 

Blessed,  thrice  and  nine  times  blessed  he  the  good  St. 
Nicholas,  if  I  have  indeed  escaped  that  apatliy  which 
chilis  the  sympathies  of  age  and  i)aralyzes  every  glow  of 
enthusiasm.  Irviwj,  Knickerbocker,  p.  294. 

=  Syn.  Indifference,  Innenttibility,  /injtasxilAlity,  Apathy, 
Stoicism,  Unconcern,  Phtef/m,  Calmness,  torpor,  coldness, 
coolness,  unfeelingness,  lethargy,  imnudiility.  (.See  list 
under  indifference.)  Itidifference  denotes  altsence  of  feel- 
ing, passion,  or  desire  toward  a  particular  object :  as,  in- 
difference to  pain  or  ridicule.  Aj^athy  commonly  implies 
ageneral  wantof  feeling,  a  complete  indifference  in  regard 
to  anything,  due  to  want  of  interest  or  attention,  as  in  the 
case  of  a  repressed  or  sluggish  intellect,  or  of  extreme  ill- 
ness or  atllictiou.  Insensibility  and  impassibility  suggest 
the  lack  of  capacity  for  feeling,  or  an  absence  of  suscepti- 
bility, being  qualities  rather  than  states  of  mind.  Indif- 
ference arising  from  impassibility  relates  more  particu- 
larly to  internal,  tliat  arising  from  insensibility  to  external, 
impressions;  the  former  is,  moreover,  more  profound  and 
radical  tlian  the  latter.  Indifference  may  be  an  entirely 
proper  state  under  the  circumstances ;  insensibility  aud 
impassibility  are  always  at  least  to  be  pitied ;  unconcern 
is  always  and  indifference  sometimes  blameworthy,  as  cold 
and  selfish.  Stoicism  is  a  studied  suppression  of  feeling, 
or  the  concealment  especially  of  painful  feeling  by  force 
of  will.  Unconcern  is  absence  of  solicitude.  (See  care.) 
Pkleym  is  most  suggestive  of  physical  temperament ;  it  is 
a  constitutional  dullness  or  sluggishness,  an  incapability 
of  being  aroused  by  anything.  Calmness  is  a  tranquillity 
resulting  from  the  mastery  of  the  will  over  passions  and 
feelings  that  perhaps  are  strong  and  keen,  and  hence  is 
always  commendable. 

With  the  instinct  of  long  habit  he  turned  and  faced  the 
battery  of  eyes  with  the  same  cold  indifference  with  which 
he  had  for  years  encountered  the  half-hidden  sneers  of 
man.  Bret  Ilarte,  Argonauts,  p.  1*26. 

Unbelief  might  result  from  the  insensibility  engendered 
by  a  profligate  life. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  139. 

I  threw  myself  on  my  bed,  .  ,  .  resisting  no  longer,  but 
awaiting  my  fate  with  the  apathy  of  despair. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  146. 

The  victors  set  fire  to  the  wig>vam3  and  the  fort.  .  .  . 
This  last  outrage  overcame  even  the  stoicisjn  of  the  sav- 
age. Irviny,  Sketch-Book,  p.  370. 

Still  less  respectable  appears  this  extreme  concern  for 
those  of  our  own  blood  which  goes  along  with  the  uncon- 
cern for  those  of  other  blood,  when  we  observe  its  meth- 
ods. //.  Spencer,  Sins  of  Legislators,  ii. 

One  likes  in  a  companion  a  phlegm  which  it  is  a  triumph 
to  disturb.  Emerson,  Clubs. 

Sir,  'tis  fit 
You  make  strong  party,  or  defend  yourself 
By  calmness,  or  by  absence  ;  all's  in  anger. 

SAat.,  Cor.,  iii.  2. 

apatite  (ap'a-tit),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-^aTJ],  illusion, 
deceit,  -f-  -iti^,  apatite  having  been  often  mis- 
taken for  other  minerals.]  Native  calcium 
phosphate  with  calcium  iluorid  or  ehlorid,  gen- 
erally crystallized  in  hexagonal  prisms,  which 
are  sometimes  low  or  even  tabular,  some- 
times elongated,  and  occasionally  of  great  size. 
It  varies  in  color  from  white  to  green  or  blue,  rarely  to  yel- 
low or  reddish.  Apatite  occurs  in  metalliferous  veins  and 
in  metamorphic  and  granitic  rocks.  In  Canada  and  in 
Norway  extensive  deposits  of  it  are  mined  for  tlie  sake  of 
its  phosphates,  which  are  useful  as  fertilizers. 

Apatornis  (ap-a-tor'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  airarri, 
deceit,  +  6pi';f,'bird.]  A  genus  of  extinct  Cre- 
taceous birds  found  in  western  Kansas.  As  de- 
scribed by  ilarsh  (1S73),  they  are  related  to  Iclithyornis,  to 
which  they  were  first  referred.  A.  celer,  the  typical  spe- 
cies, was  of  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon. 


lodgings,  admonishing  and  exhorting  them,  sometime 
aparts,  and  otherwlule  altogethers. 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  v. 

Death  walks  apart  from  Fear  to-day ! 

Whittier,  Summer  by  the  Lakeside. 

Thou  livest  still. 
Apart  from  every  earthly  fear  and  ill. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  408. 

(6)  In  purpose,  use,  character,  etc. :  as,  to  set 
apart,  or  lay  apart,  for  a  special  purpose. 

The  Lord  hath  set  apart  him  that  is  godly  for  himself. 

Ps.  iv.  3. 

((■)  In  thought;  in  mental  analysis:  as,  to  con- 
sider one  statement  apart  from  others;  apart 
from  a  slight  error,  the  answer  is  right. 


Eyed  Emperor  {Afatura  eeltis,  Boisduval). 
h,  larva,  dorsal  view :  c,  pupa,  dorsal  view;  e,  male  butterfly,  wi 
partial  outline  of  female.    (Natural  size.)    [See  page  256.] 


Apatura 

Apatura  (ap-a-tu'ra),  n.  [KL.,  <  Gr.  'ATzaroipr) 
(also  '\-aTovpoi,  -roi'pia),  an  epithet  of  Aphrodite, 
as  presiding  at  the  festival  called  Apaturia.] 
A  genus  of  dinmal  lepidopterous  insects,  be- 
longuig  to  the  family  Symphalidce,  containing 
many  beautiful  butterflies,  remarkable  for  their 
iridescent  colors.  The  purple  emperor,  A.  irU,  is  a 
gorgeous  British  species,  one  of  the  luost  beautiful  of  the 
tritie,  with  dark  win^s  glancing  in  certain  lights  into  rich 
purplish-hlue.  It  is  also  called  the  purple  high  Bier  from 
its  habit  of  mounting  to  great  elevations.    [See  cut.  p.  255.] 

Apaturia  ^ap-a-tu'ri-a),  n.pJ.  [LL.,<  Gr.  iVTa- 
Tovfita  (^see  def .) ;  the  origin  was  unknown  to  an- 
cient writers,  the  word  being  crudely  explained 
from  inrarn,  deceit,  with  a  story  to  suit ;  prob. 
<  (i-  copulative  (a-i9)  +  Oparpia  (see  phyatria) 
in  some  form  assimilated  to  rraTiip  =  'E.  father, 
or  perhaps  +  Trari/p  (in  comp.  -Tdrup)  itself.] 
In  Gr.  hist.,  an  annual  festival  held  in  states 
of  Ionian  origin.  At  Athens  it  was  celebrated  in  the 
month  of  Pyanepsion  (Xovember-Deceraber),  and  was  a 
reunion  of  the  phratrioe  or  clans,  or  of  all  of  the  same  kin, 
in  which  matters  of  common  interest  were  settled,  and 
children  bom  within  the  year  were  formally  received  and 
registered.  The  festival  lasted  three  days,  and  was  ob- 
served by  feasting,  sacrifices,  and  other  formalities. 

apaum^e,  ".     See  appaumee. 

apayt,  appayt  (a-pa'),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  apayen, 

apuien,  etc.,  <  OF.  apaier,  apayer,  apaer  =  Pr. 

apagar,  apaiar,  appease,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  pacare, 

pacify,  <  pax  (pac-),  peace :  see  a-H  and  pay, 

and  cf.  appease.']     1.  To  pay;  satisfy;  content. 

sin  ne'er  gives  a  fee ; 

He  gratia  comes,  and  thou  art  wel\-appai/'d, 

Aa  well  to  hear  as  grant  what  he  hath  said. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  914. 

2.  To  requite ;  repay. 

Appay  his  wTong  with  timely  vengeance.  Quarles. 

ape  (ap),  H.  [<  HE.  ape,  <  AS.  ap«  =  Fries,  apa 
=  D. aap (pi.  apen)='LG.  aj)c=OliG.  affo,  MHG. 
affe,  G.  a^'e=Icel.  a7H  =  Sw.  apa  =  Van.  abe,  ape ; 
not  a  native  Teut.  word,  but  prob.  (like  Ir.  Gael. 
ap,  apa,  W.  ab,  epa,  OBohem.  op,  mod.  Bohem. 
opice,  Sloven,  opica.  Upper  borbian  vopica, 
(5Ru83.  opica,  Russ.  o6ej("jaH«)borrowed  in  very 
early  times  (appar.  with  loss  of  orig.  initial  Jc) 
from  the  East ;  cf .  Gr.  k/'/ttoc,  also  i^fiiioc,  Ke:—o( 
(see  Cebii.s),  Skt.  kapi,  ape.  The  Skt.  name  is 
naually  referred  to  Skt.  t/  *kap,  Kamp,  tremble.] 
1.  A  monkey;  a  quadrumanous  animal ;  some 
animal  of  the  old  order  Quadrumana ;  a  member 
of  one  of  the  modern  families  Simiidw,  Cynopi- 
thecidiE,  and  Cebidce,  especially  one  which  at- 
tracts attention  by  mimiekiug  man. —  2.  More 
specifically,  a  tailless  monkey ;  a  monkey  ^vith 
a  very  short  tail;  amagot,  macaque, orpig-tailed 
baboon :  as,  the  Barbary  ape  {Iiiiiug  ccaudatitis) ; 
the  Celebes  black  ape  (Cynopithcciis  niger). — 

3.  Technically,  a  man-like  monkey;  a  simian 
proper,  or  a  meml)er  of  the  mo<iem  family 
Simiidic,  forming  a  kind  of  connecting  link  be- 
tween man  and  the  lower  animals,  and  hence 
termed  anthropoid  (which  see).  Tliese  apes  are 
catarrhinc  simians  without  clieek-pouehea  or  developed 
tail,  and  having  a  dental  formula  identical  with  that  of 
man.  The  species  are  few,  being  only  the  gorilla,  cliim- 
panzee,  orangs,  and  gihlmns. 

4.  An  imitator;  a  mimic. 

O  sleep,  thou  apf  of  death.         Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  2. 
If  he  be  gla/l,  she  triumphs  ;  if  he  stir, 
.She  moves  his  way,  in  all  tilings  his  sweet  ape  ;  .  .  . 
liimself  divinely  varied  without  chaiige. 

Chitjnuan,  (leritleman  tJshcr,  iv.  1. 

6.  A  mischievous  or  silly  mimic ;  hence,  a  fool ; 
a  dupe. 

Thiu  she  makcth  Absolon  hir  njie. 

Cluiucrr,  .Miller's  Tale,  1.  20.'i. 
Iloyn,  aprj,  braggart*,  Jocks,  milks'ips  ! 

Sttak.,  Much  A<lo,  V.  1. 
Bajbnrv  npe.  the  tallleua[H;  ormagotof  Barliary.  Macn- 
^"'  /'I'/i/jf /-/-fii/f/zifiM,  a  mt-nilKT  ol  tlie  fuinily 

'"^'  s'l  Hiiltfuniily  Ctiiinititltrriutr.    Though  t>e- 

loll.  uiii;  (livishin  of  the  caturrhine  monkeys 


ItiH 

II..  . 


\^*l>.^tJ  Ap.T{/«INHr  fftuiiatui). 

I  th»  y^hnnr.r  ttll<    :,,„      I.    „„li,l.I..    r  .r    II.    Ir,l.  lllg.Ii. 


.1, 
Mill 


■  dy 


256 

living  representative  of  its  tribe  within  European  limits. 
— To  lead  apes  In  hell,  the  employment  jocularly  as- 
signed to  old  maids  in  tlie  next  world. 

I  must  dance  barefoot  on  her  wedding-day, 
And,  for  your  love  to  her,  lead  ape^  in  hell. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iL  1. 
To  put  an  ape  in  one's  hoodt,  to  p. ay  a  trick  upon 
one;  dupe  one.  C/ini(ivr.— To  say  an  ape's  patemos- 
tert,  to  chatter  with  cold. 
ape  (ap),  i\  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aped,  ppr.  aping. 
[<  ape,  «.]  To  imitate  servilely;  mimic,  as  an 
ape  imitates  human  actions. 

Curse  on  the  stripling !    How  he  apeg  his  sire ! 
Ambitiously  sententious.  Addison,  Cato,  i.  2. 

I  regret 
That  I  should  ape  the  ways  of  pride. 

Bryant,  The  Yellow  Violet. 
=  Syn.  Mimic,  etc.  See  imitate. 
apeak  (a-pek'),  prep.  j'hr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [For- 
merly also  apeeh ;  <  flS  +  peah,  a  point ;  after  F. 
«  pic,  vertically.]  Xaut.,  in  a  nearly  vertical 
position  or  relation ;  pointing  upward,  or  in  an 
up-and-down  direction.  An  anchor  is  said  to  be 
a^feak,  and  a  ship  to  lie  hore  apeak,  when  the  cable  and 
ship  are  brought,  by  the  tightening  of  the  former,  as  nearly 
into  a  perpendicular  line  with  the  anchor  as  may  be  with- 
out breaking  it  from  the  ground.  A  yard  or  gaff  is  apeak 
when  it  hangs  obliquely  to  the  mast.  Oars  are  apeak  when 
their  blades  are  held  obliquely  upward,  as  in  a  boat  with 
iin  awning,  while  the  crew  are  awaiting  the  order  to 
"give  w;iy." 
ape-baboon    (ap'ba-bon*),   n.      A   macaque 

(which  see).      Tf.  Swainson. 
ape-bearer  (ap'bar'er),  n.     A  strolling  buffoon 
with  an  ape.     [Rare.] 
I  know  this  man  well :  he  hath  been  since  an  ajte-bearer. 

Shak.,  \V.  T.,  iv.  2. 

Apedicellata  (a-ped''i-se-la'ta),  n.  pi  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  +  NL.  pedicellm,  pedicel,  +  -ata.'] 
An  order  of  echinoderms  in  Cuvier's  system  of 
classification.  See  Gephyrea. 
apedom  (ap'dum),  n.  [<  ape  +  -dom.'\  The 
state  of  being  an  ape,  or  of  being  apish. 
Tills  early  condition  of  apedom. 

De  Quinceij,  Works,  XIV.  8.'). 

apehood  (ap'hud),  n.  [<  ape  +  -hood.']  Same 
as  apedom. 

There's  a  dog-faced  dwarf 
That  gets  to  godship  somehow,  yet  retains 
His  apehood.  Browning. 

apeiret,  "•    A  Middle  EngUsh  speUing  of  appair. 

apelet  (ap'let),  n.  [<  ape  +  -let.]  A  young  or 
little  ape:  as,  "her  apelet  plajdng  about  her," 
Spectator.     [Rare.] 

apellous  (a-pel'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -t-  L. 
jiclli.i,  a  skin.]     Destitute  of  skin. 

ape-man  (ap'man),  »i.  A  name  given  to  a  hy- 
pothetical ape-like  man,  or  speechless  primi- 
tive man,  intermediate  in  character  between 
the  highest  anthropoid  apes  and  human  beings, 
and  conjectured  by  Haeckel  to  have  been  the 
jirogcnitor  of  the  human  race.     See  Alaliis. 

Apennine  (ap'c-nin),  a.  [<  L.  Jpcnninufi,  also 
JppetininuSjApeniiiKs  (se.  mons,  mountain),  an 
adj.  formed,  perhaps,  from  a  Celtic  word  seen 
in  Bret.  pcn)i  =  'W.  pen  =  Ir.  i(;««  =  Gael.  hrinn, 
a  head,  height,  mountain:  see /»'h3.]  Aiqiella- 
tive  of  or  pertaining  to  a  chain  of  niountains 
which  extends  throughout  Italy  from  the  Mari- 
time -Mps  to  the  southern  extremity  of  tho  pe- 
nin.siila. 

apepsia  (a-pop'siii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  hirc^iia,  < 
ii-i  rrriic,  undigested,  <  li- priv.  +  n-fTTTiir,  digested, 
I'Odkcci,  <  ntTTTeii',  digest,  cook:  see  iirjitir.] 
I )i'rcctivo  digestion;  indigestion;  dyspepsia. 

apepsy  (a-pep'si),  «.     Same  as  apepsia. 

aper  (a'jier),  71.     One  who  apes. 

aperQU  (a-i)er-su'),  M.  [F.,  glance,  sketch,  oul- 
line,  <  aper^ii,  ]>\i.  of  apcrcrroir,  perceivi',  de- 
scry, discover:  see  apprrcrire.]  1.  A  first  vii'W ; 
a  liaNty  glance;  a  nipid  survey. —  2.  A  sum- 
mary exposition;  a  brief  outline;  a  sketch. 

Twenty  imgcH  sulllcc  to  linpiirt  the  elenienls  of  Chinese 
writing  ;  and  a  short  aprr\-u  of  the  literary  lilHlory  ot  tin: 
rountry  is  iidiled  to  th.:  voluiiii'.  Seirnef,  III.  7<H). 

3.  A  detached  view;  iin  isolated  pen'e]ition  of 
or  insight  into  a  subject,  as  iuto  a  system  of 
lihilosdpliy. 

At  bent  llegellsm  can  bo  apprehended  only  by  aprrtru, 
and  those  who  try  l*)  explain  lis  bottom  »eerel«  have  not 
got  It.  (I.  S.  Halt,  (lenniin  Ciillure.  p.  Ifo. 

aperea  (»p-n-ro'ii).  n.  [NL.]  A  niimo  of  tho 
ifstli'HS  cjivy,  t'tina  apcri'ii. 

aperient  (a-pe'rl-ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  aprri- 
ni(l-)H,  jijif.  of  apcrirr,  open,  uncover  (cipjiimi'd 
Id  oprrirr,  close,  cover,  in  comp.  ro-npirirr, 
cover,  >  nit.  K.  cover,  q.  v.),  <  «  for  <ili,  off, 
iiway  (operirr,  <  «-  for  tib,  to),  -I-  -pcrirc,  )>rt>li. 
i'loiiYlciil  witli  -prrirr  in  i(>m}irrirr,  nHi'iTtiilii,  re- 
I'irirc,  llnd,  bi'ing  tlie  fnriii  in  cciinp.  of  piirirc, 
piirire,  got,  prodm-e,  bring  forth:  Heo  jiarent. 


aperture 

Cf.  apert.]  I.  a.  In  med.,  gently  purgative; 
having  the  quality  of  opening  the  bowels;  lax- 
ative; deobstruent. 

n.  «.  A  medicine  which  gently  opens  the 
bowels ;  a  laxative. 
Also  aperitive. 

aperiodic  (a-pe-ri-od'ik),  a.  [< Gr.  d- priv.  (a-i8) 
-I-  periodic]     Without  periodicity. 

An  intermediate  stage  called  the  a^norftc  state  is  pass- 
ed through.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  X.  50. 
Aperiodic  galvanometer.    See  palmnometer. 

aperispermic  (a-per-i-sper'mik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (d-'**)  +  perispcrm  +  -ic]  In  bot.,  a  term 
descriptive  of  a  seed  that  contains  no  albumen 
(perisperm) ;  exalbuminous. 

aperispermous  (a-per-i-sp^r'mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (((-!*)  +  perigperm  +  -oun.]  In  bot.,  same 
as  apcrisperittic. 

aperitive  (a-per'i-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly  also 
ap/ieritive,  operative,  after  F.ajj^nh/=  It.  aperi- 
tiro,  <  ML.  aperitivus;  f uUer  f orm  of  apertive, 
q.  v.]     Same  as  aperient. 

A  per  set.     [L. ;  of.  .J-  per  se :  see  ampersand.] 

1.  .1  by  itself;  a  as  a  letter  or  word. —  2.  A 
person  or  thing  of  preeminent  excellence;  Al. 
Chaucer. 

Behold  me,  Baldwin,  A  per  se  of  ray  age, 

Lord  Richard  Nevill,  earle  by  marriage 

Of  Warwick.  Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  371. 

apertt  (a-p^rt'),  a.  [<  ME.  apert,  aperte,  <  OF. 
U2>ert,  <  L.  apertiis,  pp.  of  aperire,  open :  see 
aperient.]  Open;  evident;  undisguised:  as, 
"apert  confessions,"  Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p. 
358. 

The  proceedings  may  be  apert,  and  ingenuous,  and  can- 
did, and  avowable.  Donne,  Devotions. 

apertt  (a-p6rt'),  adv.   [<  ME.  aperte,  apert;  from 

the  adj.]     Openly.     Chancer. 
apertiont  (a-p^r'shon),  n.     [<  L.  apertio(n-),  < 

aperire,  pp.  apertus,  open:    see  aperient.]     1. 

The  act  of  opening ;  the  state  of  being  opened. 

[Rare.] 
Either  by  ruption  or  apertion.  Wiseman,  Surgery. 

2.  An  opening;  a  gap;  an  aperture;  a  pas- 
sage. 

Apertions,  under  which  terra  I  do  comprehend  doors, 
windows,  staircases  —  in  short,  all  inlets  or  outlets. 

Sir  H.  Wotton,  Remains,  p.  3a, 

Apertirostra  (a-p6r-ti-ros'trii),  71.  [NL..  <  L. 
iipertus,  open  (see  apert),  -f  rostrum,  beak.] 
Same  as  Anastomus,  1.    Vand  dc  Patte. 

aperti'vet  (a-per'tiv),  a.  [<  F.  apertif,  <  ML. 
^apcrtivu.'!,  <  L.  apertus, 'pp.  of  aperire:  see  apert 
and  -;■)'(■.]     1.  Open;  manifest. — 2.  Aperient. 

apertlyt  (a-pert'li),  adv.     Ojienly. 

In  all  their  discourses  of  him  [Richard  III.l  they  never 
directly  nor  indirectly,  covertly  or  ai>ertlit,  insinuate  tliis 
deformity.  Sir  O.  Buck,  Hist.  Rich.  III.,  p.  71). 

apertnesst  (a-p^rt'nes),  n.  Openness;  frank- 
ness. 

apertometer  (ap-^r-tom'e-t^r),  n.  [Irre^.  <  ap- 
crt{iirv)  +  Gr.  /itTpov,  a  measure.]  An  mstni- 
nitnt  used  to  measure  the  angular  apertm'o  of 
the  object-glass  of  a  microscope. 

Trof.  -\blie  has  also  made  an  important  contribution  to 
the  practical  part  of  this  iniiuiry  liy  tho  Invention  of  an 
aiirrlometer.        \V.  H.  Cavjtentrr,  Micros.,  Appendix,  p.  SfiO. 

apertort  (a-per'tor),  71.  [L.,  an  opener,  a  be- 
ginner, <  (ijierire,  pp,  apertus,  open:  see  aprvi- 
(ut.]  In  (;«((/.,  tliat  which  opens;  specifically, 
H  muscle  tlint  raises  the  upper  eyelid. 
apertural  (aj/er-tur-al),  a.  [<  apirturc  +  -al.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  cir  containing  apertures. 
[Rare.] 
'I'lir  inferior  or  apertural  side. 

K.  It.  LaukeKter,  Klicyc.  lirit.,  XIX.  .S47. 

aperture  (ap'er-tur),  «.  [<  L.  apcrtura,  an  open- 
ing, <  aiicrtu.1,  pp.  of  a]icrire,  open :  see  apert 
and  (i)<erient.]  If.  The  act  of  opening  out  or 
unfoliling. 

Miidc  .  .  .  iltmcult  by  llie  ii^.,'r(Hri-  and  dissolution  of 
dlnllllcUons. 

./(■r.  Taylor,  Worthy  I'omniunicant,  Int.,  p.  8. 

2,  An  0])ening;  a  hole,  orilico,  gap,  cleft,  or 
chasm ;  a  passage  or  perforation ;  any  direct 
way  for  ingresH  or  egress. 

An  ajierlure  between  the  moiintiilns. 

ir.  (I'itpin,  Tour  to  Lukes, 

3.  In  genm.,  tho  siiace  betw(>en  two  intersect- 
ing right  lines, — 4,  In  optics,  tho  diameter  of 
Hie  exposed  ]iart  of  the  object-glass  in  a  telo- 
Hcopo  or  other  optical  insirmnent.  The  aper- 
ture of  11  mliToHrniie  Is  often  exiiresHrd  In  degreeM  ;  and  In 
tills  ease  it.  is  e.'illerl  the  annular  iiperllire.  that  Is,  tho 
angular  bnaillli  n(  the  liencll  of  llglil  wlibli  llie  liiKtru- 
nieiil  tranHiiiiis  from  the  oliject  or  point.  vii'«ed  ;  iih,  a 
nileroseope  of  iiHi"  aprriurr.  Abdominal  aportures. 
See  attitomcn,  1.-  Aperture-Higbt  (ns  of  n  rillr).  iiiioMier 
name  fur  tile  u]ten  /ie(f(/.Ki;//if.  — Branchial  aperture. 
Hee  hraue.hiai. 


apertured 

apertured  (ap'6r-turd),  a.  [<  aperture  +  -Cfi2.] 
Provicit'd with au aperture;  perforated.  [Bare.] 

Each  Jlalf  of  the  coupling  is  aperturc(f  near  its  free  end. 
Set.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  XLVIH.  18, 

apery  (a'pe-ri),  ". ;  pi.  aperies  (-riz).  [<  ape  +• 
-07/.]  1.' A  collection  of  apes;  a  place  where 
apes  are  kept. —  2.  The  qualities  or  tricks  of 
apes ;  the  practice  of  apiug ;  imitation. 

I  saw  tliere  many  wumen,  dressed  without  regai'd  to  the 
season  or  tlle  demands  of  tlie  plaee,  in  apery,  or,  as  it 
looked,  in  nioekery,  of  European  fashions. 

Maty.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  14.5. 

apes-on-horseback  (aps'on-hors'bak),  n.  The 
uame  of  a  variety  of  the  common  Eiu'opeau 
daisy,  B<  llis  jxroitiia. 

Apetalae  (a-pot'a-lo),  ".  lil.  [NL.  (so.  plantce), 
fern.  pi.  6f  apctaliiH,  without  petals :  see  apeta- 
lous.~\  Plants  destitute  of  petals  ;  in  the  natu- 
ral system  of  botany,  a  division  of  dicotyledo- 
nous plants  in  which  the  corolla,  and  often 
tlie  calyx  as  well,  is  absent.  Tliey  are  also  called 
Iiiojinj'lftir,  and  arc  divided  into  the  MomcMaintiflca!,  in 
wliicii  tlie  corolla  alone  isaliseiit,  .as  in  the  elm,  nettle,  etc., 
.uiil  Uie  Achldiiiinl'-'i;  ill  wliich  the  caly.x  and  the  corolla 
are  liotli  absent,  as  in  the  willow,  oak,  ete. 

apetalous  (a-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  aijetalus, 
without  petals,  <  tJr.  a-  priv.  +  TriraTiov,  a  leaf, 
in  mod.  bot.  a  petal:  s&e petal.']  In  hot.,  hav- 
ing no  petals  or  corolla;  pertaining  to  the 
Apetnl<e. 

apetalousness  (a-pet'a-lus-nes),  n.  [<  apeta- 
liiHS  +  -»(■«■*•.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
;ipe  talons. 


i;57 

Ions  as  or  longer  than  the  diseoidal  part  of  the  siihcosta, 
anil  the  frontal  lohes  are  absent  or  are  not  separated  from 
the  verte.v. 

Aphanapteryx  (af-a-niip'te-riks),  n.  [NL.,  < 
tir.  I'lip'u'i/r,  unseen,  obscure  (see  aphanite),  + 
TTtyu'f,  a  wing.J  A  genus  of  recently  extinct 
birds  which  formerly  iiihaliifrd  .Mauritius.  They 
were  of  ralline  allinitict,  lori;;-liilled,  [iicapahle  of  flight 
and  otlierwi,He  al.nornial,  the  tibia  was  aliont  .'i  inches 
long,  llie  liill  nearly  ,as  Inri^-,  and  the  tarsus  :S  inches.     A 

panitju^-  .)f  the  living  bird  exists,  and  many  of  the  bones  nnTiolPTin  i-qf  o  leV'ai  a"!   .» 
have  b:,n  discovered  and  described.  apueiexia  (at-C-lCK  Sl-a;,  n 


aphanasia  (af-a-na'si-il),  n.     [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr. 

i"P<iiwK,  unseen,  obscurd  (see  aphanite),  +  -asia, 
as  in  aphasia,  etc.]  Obscurement,  as  of  know- 
ledge; a  state  of  obscuration.     [Rare.] 

Apollonins  of  'I'yana  foresaw  even  the  gi-eat  aphanasia, 
the  llfteen  hundred  years'  eclipse  of  common  sense  a?id 
'eason.  Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XXII.  7SS. 

Aphaneri  (a-fan'e-ri),  n. ])l.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv. 
-F^irai'fyjfif,  manifest:  see  Phaneri.']  A  tenn  ap- 
plied by  M,-xggi  to  some  exceedingly  minute  or- 
ganisms found  in  water,  and  made  visible  under 
the  microscope  only  by  the  use  of  various  hard- 
ening and  coloring  reagents :  contrasted  with 
Phaneri,  such  as  bacteria. 
The  Aphaneri  are  thought  to  be  harmless. 

Stitithsonian  Rep.,  18S1,  p.  418. 

aphanesite  (a-fan'e-sit),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  atpavr/^, 
unseen,  obscm-e, -)- -jte2.  Cf.  aphanite.']  A  min- 
eral, an  arseniate  of  copper,  so  named  from 
the  difficulty  of  recognizing  it  by  its  crystals : 
same  as  clinoclase. 

2>l.      [NL. 


apheretic 

aphasiac  (a-fa'zi-ak),  re.    [<  aphasia  +  -ac]    A 
persciii  affected  with  aphasia ;  an  aphasic. 
aphasic  (a-fa'zik),  a.  and  n.     [<  aphasia  +  -tc] 
I.  a.  Of,  i)ertaining  to,  or  resembling  aphasia; 
suffering  from  aphasia. 
II.  n.  A  person  affected  with  aphasia. 
He  [the  le(-turerj  spoke  ne.xt  of  the  frequent  retention  of 
some  ri'curring  utterance  by  aphaitks,  such  as  "Come  uii- 
' "  Po2>.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  176. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  atpe'A^^, 


to  me.' 


even,  smooth,  jilain  (see  Aphel'mus),+  e^ic,  con 

dition,  habit:  see  hectic]    Absence  of  mind; 

reverie. 
aphelia,  n.     Plural  of  aphelion. 
aphelian  (a-fe'li-an),  a.     [<  aphcli(on)  +  -an.] 

Pertaining  to  the  aphelion;  furthest  from  the 

sun. 
Aphelinus  (af-e-li'nus),  «.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  d^fX^f, 

smooth,  simple,  plain,  also  lit.  not  stony,  <  d- 


^-Wy. 


apex  (a'peks),  re. ;  pi.  apices  (ap'i-sez)  or  apexes    ,^f^^^  ^^^    (af-a-mp  te-ra),  m, 
(a'pok-sez).    [<  L.  o^Jcx  (o^w-),  point,  tip,  sum-     "°"     '"     "*  ^.,  .«„„.,*      .. .  . 
mit,  perhaps  <  apere,  fit  to,  fasten  to  :  see  apt.] 
1 .  The  tip,  point,  or  summit  of  anything. 


-    -         ,  .         „    <a)lu 

bot.:  (1)  The  end  furtliest  from  the  point  of  attachment  or 
base  of  an  organ,  (i)  An  early  name  for  an  anther,  (b) 
The  nucleus,  or  first  whorl,  of  a  univalve  shell,  (c)  In 
<ieoin.,  the  angular  point  of  a  cone  or  conic  section ;  the 
angular  point  of  a  triangle  opposite  the  base. 
The  stars  are  the  apexes  of  wliat  wonderful  triangles ! 

Thorean,  Walden,  p.  13. 
((0  In  ;icol.,  the  top  of  an  anticlinal  fold  of  strata,  [Penn- 
sylvania coal-mines.]  [This  term  as  used  in  the  U.  S.  Ke- 
visud  statutes  has  been  the  occasion  of  nmch  litigation. 
It  is  supposed  to  mean  something  nearly  equivalent  to 
oxUcrop  (which  see) ;  but  precisely  in  what  it  differs  from 
outcrop  h.as  not  been,  neitlier  does  it  seem  capable  of  be- 
ing, distinctly  made  out.]  (e)  In  mitiiiiri,  the  landing- 
point  at  the  top  of  a  slope,   [Pennsylvania'  coal-mines,] 


neut.  pi.  of  aphanipterus :  see  aphanipterous.] 
An  aberrant  order  of  dipterous  insects,  the 
fleas  and  chigoes,  degraded  by  parasitism.  The 
abdomen  is  lujt  ilistinot  from  the  thorax  (which  is  pro- 
vided with  abortive  wings  in  the  form  of  a  pair  of  mi- 
nute scales) ;  the  mouth  is  haustellate,  consisting  of  two 
long  mandibles,  a  slender  labrum,  sheathing  labial  palps, 
and  two  long  maxillary  palps ;  the  antennaj  are  small ;  the 
hinder  legs  ai'e  saltatorial;  the  larva;  are  worm-like;  and 
the  pupaj  are  inactive.  The  order  is  coextensive  with  the 
single  family  PiiUcidce,  or  fleas  and  chigoes.  .See  PiiUcidce 
and  cut  nnder  eliigoe.  Also  called  Aphanaptera,  Sicctoria, 
and  Sii:hu„ni,l,rn. 

aphanipterous  (af-a-nip'te-rus),  a.    [<  NL. 
aphanipterus,  <  Gr.  afavt/c,  indistinct,  obsem-e 
(see  aphanite),  +  nrcpdp,  a  wing,  =  E.  feather, 
v.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aphaniptera 


j^  .  .      . -,        characterized  by  indistinct  or  abortive  wings. 

^.  In  Eom.  anticj.,  a  symbolic  ornament  which  aphanistic  (af-.a-nis'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  itpavi/c,  in- 
distinct (see  aphatiite),  4-  -ist-ic.]  In  mineral., 
indistinct :  as,  aphanistic  crystallization. 
aphanite  (af 'a-nit), «.  [<  Gr.  a(fiavrjQ,  indistinct, 
unseen,  obscure  (<  d-  priv.  +  tpavoq,  apparent, 
conspicuous,  <  (ftalvsii;  show,  <j>aivca6at,  appear : 
see  Janet/),  +  -ite~.  See  apjhanesite.]  A  very 
tine-grained  variety  of  diorite  (which  see),  or 
one  in  which  the  component  minerals,  chiefly 


the  flamens  and  some  other  priests  were  re- 
quired by  law  to  wear,  it  consisted  of  a  small  cone 
of  olive-wood  surrounded  with  a  lock  of  wool,  and  was  se- 
cured on  the  head  by  fillets  or  adjusted  to  a  cap.— Apex 
Of  the  heart,  the  lower  pointed  portion  of  the  he.art. 

apex-beat  (a'peks-bet),  re.  The  pulsation  of 
tlie  chest-walls  over  the  apex  of  the  heart. 

aph-.  [Gr.  d^-,  assimilation  of  d--  for  d;ro-  be- 
fore the  aspirate.]  Assimilation  of  ap-  for  apo- 
before  the  aspirate,  as  in  apheresis,  aphelion, 
etc. 

aphacia   (a-fa'si-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
tpmoQ,  lentil,  takeii  for  'lens':  see  lens.]  In  tera 
tol.,  absence  of  the 
eye.     Also  written  ajihakia. 

aphacic  (a-fas'ik),  a.  [<  aphacia  +  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  aphacia ;  lacking  the  crystalline  lens. 
Also  written  aphakic. 

aphacous  (a-fa'kus),  a.  [<  aphacia  +  -ous.] 
Same  as  aphacic.     Also  written  aphakous. 

aphseresis,  aphaeretic,  ete.    See  apheresis,  etc. 

aphaereton  (a-fer'e-ton),  re.  [<  Gv.  aipaifieTdv, 
neut.  of  a<f>aipeT6(,  taken  away,  verbal  adj.  of 


aphanitic 

.  the  nature  of  ajihanite, 

rystaliine  lens  from  the  aphanitism  (a-f.an'i-tizm),  re.     [<  aphanite  + 
'    '■  -ism.]    The  condition  of  being  ajAanitic;  cryp- 

tocrystallization. 
Aphanoptera  (af-a-nop'te-ra),  n.pl.     Same  as 

Aphaniptera. 
aphanozygOUS  (af-a-noz'i-gus),  a.     [<  Gr.  a^a- 
v>](,  indistinct  (see  aphanite),  +  (vydv  {^='L.jngum 
=  E.  ijolce)  for  (vyu/ia,  cheek-bone.]    Having  the 
cheek-bones  invisible  when  the  skull  is  \'iewed 

_  _  from  above.     M.  E.  D. 

'.ijiaipeiv,  ta!ke'  away :  see  aphefesisX'A  part  of  A-pharyngea  (af-a-rin'je-a),  re.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 


a  matrix  or  square  array  of  symbols,  compris- 
ing the  whole  of  certain  rows  and  certain  col- 
umns and  omitting  the  rest.     See  matrix. 


bl 

t>2 

l>:i 

«4     as 
h      65 

Ol 

C3 

<^3 
d3 

('4       Co 
('4       % 

fl 

/3 

«.a 
/3 

«4        Co 
.fi       .fb 

!73 
*3 

m       95 

hi     ha 

Aphaereton 

(,7 


be 
"•'a 


/e     /?     fa 


-  priv.  -1- 
Inability 


aphagia  (a-fa'ji-a),  re.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

-tiajta,  <  -^aj'of,  < '^aydv,  eat,  devour.] 

to  swallow. 
aphakia,  aphakic,  ete.    See  aphacia,  etc. 
Aphalara  (a-fal'a-rii),  re.     [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  +  (jtd- 

'Aapoi;  part  of  a  helinet.]     The  typical  genus  of 

Aphalarime.     Forster,  184S. 
Aphalarinae  (a-fal-a-ri'ne),  re.  pi.      [NL.,  < 

Aphalara  +  -ina;.]     'A  subfamily  of  phytoph- 

thirian  insects,  of  the  family  Psi/llida;,  typified 

by  the  genus  Aphalara.     The  petiolus  cubiti  is  as 
17 


pnv.  +  ipapi'^i,  tlu'oat  (pharynx).]  A  divi- 
sion of  planarians  or  rhabdocoelous  turbella- 
rians,  containing  such  as  have  no  pharynx,  and 
are  thus  distinguished  from  the  Pharyngea. 

apharyngeal  (af-a-rin'je-al),  a.  Having  no 
pharynx:  specifically  said  of  the  Aphartjntjeu. 

aphasia  (a-f  a'zia),  re.  [NL. ,  <  Gr.  aipaiyia,  speech- 
lessness, <  atpaTo^,  not  uttered,  <  a-  priv.  -I- 
^ariif,  uttered,  spoken,  verbal  adj.  of  oavat  = 
ti.  fari,  speak,  say:  see  fable,  fate,  etijthemism, 
etc.]  In  pathnl.,  the  impairment  or  abolition 
of  the  faculty  of  using  and  understanding  writ- 
ten and  spoken  language,  independently  of  any 
failure  of  the  intellectual  processes  or  any  dis- 
ease or  paralysis  of  the  vocal  organs.  Ataxic 
aphasia,  when  uncomplicated,  is  inability  to  express 
one's  ideas  in  spoken  words,  wliile  the  patient  understands 
perfectly  wliat  is  said  to  him,  and  reads  and  writes.  The 
name  amnesic  aphasia  has  Ijeen  applied  to  cases  where 
the  patient  is  unable  to  recall  the  word  which  he  wants, 
though  able  to  speak  it  wlien  found.  Senior;/  aphasia  is 
where  the  patient  fails  to  comprehend  spoken  or  written 
words ;  it  comprises  word-deafness  and  word-blindness. 
Aphasia,  especially  ataxic  aphasia,  seems  to  depend  in 
most  cases  on  a  lesion  of  the  inferior  frontal  convolution, 
almost  always  on  the  left  side  of  the  brain.  See  agraphia, 
alalia,  alexia,  anarthria,  and  aphonia. 


Aphetinits  ntytitaspidis.    ( Cross  shows  natural  size. ) 

priv.  +  i^eXkev^,  stony  ground.]  A  genus  of 
minute  parasitic  hymenopterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Chalcididie.  its  species  infest  either  plant- 
lice  or  bark-lice,  particularly  the  scale-beai-ing  species 
(Diaspina).  A.  niJitilas/ndis  (Le  Baron)  infests  the  com- 
mon mussel-shell  bark-louse  of  the  apple-tree. 

aphelion  (a-fe'li-on),  «. ;  pi.  aphelia  (-a).  [For- 
merly also  apheiium,  <  NL.  aphelion,  earlier 
and  more  prop,  apheiium,  fonned  by  Kepler 
after  apogmtem,  apogcum  (see  apogee),  <  Gr.  as 
if  "Jujiif/Mv,  <  dn-d,  from,  +  ij'/.ioc,  the  sun.]  That 
point  of  a  planet's  or  of  a  comet's  orbit  which 
is  most  distant  from  the  sun :  opposed  to  peri- 
helion. 

apheliotropic  (a-fe'''li-o-trop'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d^ 
for  dn-- for  u-d,  from,-!- ^2(of,  sun  (see  aphelion), 
+ -TpoTTiKd^,  <.  rpe~eiv,  turn.]  In  hot.,  turning 
away  from  the  light :  applied  to  shoots  or  other 
parts  of  plants:  opposed  to  heliotropic. 

Apheliotropic  movements  are  comparatively  rare  in  a 
well-marked  degree,  excepting  the  sub-aerial  roots. 

Darurin,  Movement  in  Plants,  p.  564. 

apheliotropically  (a-fe"li-o-trop'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  a  direction  away  from  the  sun. 

apheliotropism  (a-fe-li-ot'ro-pizm),  re.  [<  aphe- 
liotropic +  -ism.]  In  bot.,  a  tendency  to  turn 
away  from  the  sun  or  the  light:  opposed  to 
heliotropism  (which  see).     Darwin. 


having  quadri- 
tuberculate  lower  molars,  the  fourth  lower 
molar  without  internal  cusp,  and  the  cusps 
opposite.  A.  insidiosus,  the  type-speeies,  is 
from  the  Wahsateh  beds  of  New  Mexico.  Cope, 
1875. 

aphemia  (a-fe'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
<p'/fii/,  a  voice,  speech,  fame  (=  L.  fama,  >  E. 
fame,  q.  v.),  <  (pavai,  speak.  Cf.  aphasia.]  In 
pathol.,  aphasia,  in  its  general  sense;  specifi- 
cally—  («)  ataxic  aphasia ;  (?0  anarthria.  See 
aphasia  and  anarthria,  2. 

aphemlc  (a-fem'ik),  a.  [<  aphemia  +  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  aphemia ;  character- 
ized by  or  suffering  from  aphemia. 

aphengescope  (a-fen'jes-kop),  «.  [<  Gr.  deiejT^f , 
without  li^ht,  obscm-e  (<  d-  priv.  -1-  ^it;  jof,  light, 
akin  to  i^dof,  tpiJc,  light),  +  aKoirelv,  view.]  A 
modification  of  the  magic  lantern  for  exhibiting 
opaque  objects. 

apneresis,  aphseresis  (a-fer'e-sis),  re.  [<  L. 
apharesis,  <  Gr.  aoaipccig,  a  taking  away,  <  atpat- 
pe'a;  take  away,  <  arro,  away,  -f  aipeia,  take.]  1. 
In  gram.,  the  omission  of  a  letter  or  an  unac- 
cented syllable  from  the  beginning  of  a  word. 
E.xamples  in  English  are  rournl,  adv.,  for  around,  vantage 
for  advantage,  squire  for  etiquire,  'mid  for  aittid,  'pon  for 
upoti,  etc.  The  most  eomniou  form  of  apheresis  is  that 
called  aphesis  (which  see). 

2t.  In  med. :  (a)  The  removal  of  anything  nox- 
ious, (h)  Large  and  injurious  extraction  of 
blood. — 3t.  Insiirg.,  amputation. 

apheretic,  aphxretic  (af-e-ret'ik),  a.    [<  Gr. 

aiftaipsTiKiJt:,  <  (KftaipsTOg,  verbal  adj.  of  aipaipsir: 
see  ajihercsis.]  In  gram.,  characterized  by 
apheresis;  shortened  bj'  the  omission  of  the 
first  syllable:  thus,  rantage  is  the  apheretic 
form  of  advantage. 


apheretically 

apheretically  (af-e-ret'i-kal-i),  adr.  After  the 
maimer  of  an  apheresis :  by  omitting  the  first 
syllable.    Also  spelled  apJuFretimllt/. 

aphesis  (af'e-sis).  n.  [Nli..  <  Gr.  a^fmf,  a  let- 
ting go.  let  go,  let  loose,  <  iuptivat,  let  go,  send 
off,  <  a-o.  off,  +  iivai,  send.]  The  gradual  and 
unintentlonatl  removal  of  a  short  unaccented 
vowel  at  the  beginning  of  a  word;  a  special 
form  of  apheresis,  as  in  squire  for  esquire,  down 
for  fidotoi,  etc.     J.  A.  H.  Murrai/.     (X  E.  D.) 

apheta  (af 'e-ta).  n.  [ML.,  <  Gr.  a6iTriu  one  who 
lets  go.  hence  one  who  lets  go  a  military  engine, 
and,  according  to  Du  Cange,  one  who  starts 
the  chariots  in  a  race  (cf.  aqierripia,  the  starting- 
place,  ilGr.  aiisTodvfMvoiKrr/c,  one  who  opened 
the  barriers  to  start  the  racing-chariots),  hence 
In  astrology  the  planet  which  starts  a  human 
being  in  his  career,  <  a^froc,  let  off,  let  loose, 
verbal  adj.  of  aiiicvai,  let  off:  see  aphesis.'}  In 
ttSlrol„  the  planet  dominating  the  life  of  the 
native :  the  planet  which  is  lord  of  the  house 
that  rules  the  matter  inquired  after ;  the  proro- 
gator,  significator,  or  hyleg. 

Tlie  aphetic  place  is  the  situation  of  the  Apheta,  Hyleg, 
prorogator,  significator,  or  giver  of  life,  for  they  all  have 
the  same  meaning.  Sibl<nj,  Astrology,  p.  i;&. 

apheter  (af'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  inperi/p,  equiv.  to 
aoiri/c,  one  who  lets  off  a  military  engine:  see 
aplieta.}  That  which  loosens  or  sets  free. 
[Rare.] 

This  katastate  is,  as  it  were,  the  fuse  or  trigger  whose 
action  fires  the  massive  charge  of  the  muscular  gun,  and 
might  receive  the  name  of  apheter. 

M.  Foster,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  20. 

apheticl  (a-fet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  tt<pc-cK6c,  <  aiperoc. 
let  loose,  set  free:  see  aphesis  and  apheta.'] 
Produced  by  or  resulting  from  aphesis. 

aphetic-  (a-fet'ik),  a.  [<  apheta  +  -fc]  Same 
as  iijilii  tieal. 

aphetical  (a-fet'i-kal),  a.  [<  aphetic^  +  -«/.] 
fu  ii.'ifrol.,  pertaining  to  the  apheta,  or  planet 
significative  of  lite — Aphetical  places  (ti  an.-iliition 
of  tJreek  towoi  a<i>tTiKoi),  the  pla<>-',s  in  \vhi<'h  thf  apheta 
may  he  fnmul.  The  rules  given  in  Ptolemy  s  •'  Tetral>it>los'" 
(iii.  1")  are  intricate  and  vague. 

aphetlcally^  (a-fet'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  aphetic 
manner. 

aphetically2  (a-fet  'i-kal-i),  adr.  In  the  manner 
(ir  ]M>sitic)n  of  the  apheta. 

aphetisiU  (af'e-tizm),  II.  [<  aphetic'^  +  -wm.] 
Am  aphetized  form  of  a  word;  a  form  resulting 
from  the  loss  of  a  weak  initial  vowel,  as  dowu 
for  (idmcn. 

aphetize  (af'e-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aplietized, 
ppr.  ti]iheti:iu(/.  [<  aphetic^  +  -i'se.]  To  render 
aplietic;  shorten  by  aphesis. 

aphid  (af'id),  n.  [<  aphis  (ajihid-).']  An  aphid- 
ian;  a  plant-louse;  a  member  of  the  genus 
.l]lhi^<  or  family  Aphididw  (which  see).  In  the 
plural,  the  plant-lice:  a  general  or  indetermi- 
nate term  for  the  members  (n)  of  the  genus 
Aphis,  {l>)  of  the  family  Aphididw,  or  (c)  of  the 
suborder  I'hi/tophlhiria. 

Aphides  (af 'i-dez),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Aphis, 
•  {.  v.]     Same  as  Aphididee. 

aphidian(a-fid'i-an),  w.andrt.  liAphis(.iphid-) 
+  -/</«.]  I.  II.  An  insect  of  the  family  Aphidi- 
dir :  an  aphid ;  a  7)lant-louse. 

n.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  genus  Aphis  or  to 
the  family  Aphididte. 

aphidid  (af'i-did),  n.    One  of  the  Aphididm;  an 

apliis. 

1  If  r-'iicHica  larva  actually  feeds  upon  the  aphididn. 

Scirncf,  VII.  :t04. 

Aphididae  (a-fid'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  .Iphis 
(.Iplii(l-)  +  -irf«'.]  A  family  of  heniipterous  in- 
sects, of  the  Hubiirder  I'hiilnjiUthirin ;  the  true 
pli' ■  ''  lypilieil  by  the  genus  .//<//M, and  lis 

di-  I  Inim  Uie  false  pluiit-lii'i',  or  I'siil- 

li'l  I-  pliytophtliiriiin  insects.    Thiy 

nr-  .  ■  u'fjtatlon,   living  on  (lie  juices  of 

pi  '  I  k,  and  alH(,  prodticlng  a  great  va- 

rl- '  t  every  jilant  has  lice  peculiar  l« 

i'    '  "f  w'idch  live  upon  it.    Tile  genera 

ar  .. ,.  cut«  untier  Aftliiii.     Also  called 

Apli  i-Ui  «.  /''.      [NIj.,  pi.  of  Ojihidius 

*"  I'-it'iiate  u  K''nus  of  hymenopler- 

"  •  .l/ihi.i  (.Iphid-),  c|.  v.]     In  J^a- 

•>■■  111  "f  clasHification,   the   second 

f'l'  .111   hemiptiTouH    insectK, 

'■'■  I  lice.   iiiexiKtly  ('(piiva- 

h  Miilv  .{jihiilidn,  iiicludiiig 

•  '"  TiiiH  fhriiiK,  etc.,  ns  well  as 
""  '  ■■  planl-lice,  mid  cxclniling 
II  ^icIm.     [Not  in  use.] 

Hph    '  '.     (''  uphill    +   -iouD.] 

•  '■  ...i..r.   ,,f  npliidH. 
Aphidlp;  >..  1,1.  |NI,. ,110111 


258 

group  of  insects  more  or  less  exactly  corre- 
sponding to  Latreille's  Aphidiplimii  ( which  see). 
They  are  small  beetles  with  rounded  l'...lits.  strong  wings, 
hard  elytra,  securiform  maxillary  palps,  and  clavate  an- 
tenme.     See  C^iccinellidce. 

Aphidiphagi  (af-i-dif'a-.ii).  n. pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  iijihidiphagus :  see  aphidiphaijcnis.']  In  La- 
treUle's  system  of  classification,  the  second 
family  of  trimerous  Coleoptera,  consisting  of  the 
old  genus  Coeeinella,  and  corresponding  to  the 
modern  family  Coeeiiiellida' ;  the  lady-birds; 
small  beetles  which  habitually  feed  upon  aphids. 
[Not  in  use.] 

apUdiphagOUS  (af-i-dif'a-gus),  a.  [<NL.  ajthi- 
dijihiK/iis,  <  Aphis  (Ajihid-)  +  (jr.  -^ojof,  <  ifafeii; 
eat.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aphidiphat/a  ; 
hence,  preying  upon  or  devoming  aphids. 

aphidivorOUS  (af-i-div'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  Ajihis 
(Aphid-)  +  L.  vorare,  devour.]  Same  as  aphi- 
dijjhaipms. 

aphilanthropy  (af-i-lan'thro-pi),  «.  [<  Gr. 
a<j>u.avtffj(j-oc.  not  loving  man,  <  a-  priv.  +  (f>i/.av- 
6pu-o(,  loving  man :  seejih  ilan  thropiij.']  1 .  Want 
of  philanthropy;  lack  of  benevolence.  [Rare.] 
—  2.  Inpatiiol.,  preference  of  solitude  to  soci- 
ety, the  first  stage  of  melancholia. 

Aphis  (a'fis),  n.  [NL.  (LiunEeus),  the  sing,  per- 
haps from  the  pi.  aphides  (see  -id-),  which  may 
have  been  taken  (if  so,  prop,  aphides,  but  now 
treated  as  aphides)  from  Gr.   difudti^,   pi.  of 


Geranium  Plant-louse  [Aphis  pelargonii't:  the  apterous  agamoge- 
netic  form,  magniliea ;  appendages  of  only  one  side  shown. 

iKfiudiie,  unsparing.  la\'ish  (as  if  in  allusion  to 
their  extreme  prolificness  or  voracity),  <  a-  priv. 
-I-  itieiScaBni,  spare.]  1.  A  genus  of  small  plant- 
sucking  insects,  of  the  faxaiiy  Apliididiv  and  or- 
der Homoptera.  Tliey  multiply  liypartlKiiogencsis and 
very  r.apidly.  From  a  ]iairof  lione>  tiiln-s.  near  tlir-emlof 
the  alidomen,  they  emit  a  sa<<liariue  Iluid,  known  aslioney- 


1.1. 


Applc-trcc  Plant-louse  i^Afhis  malt).    (Cross and  small  litlurc  show- 
natural  sizes. ) 

dew  and  aphis-sugar,  which  is  greedily  dev<uired  hy  anis. 
They  are  very  destructive  to  tender  plants,  upon  which 
they  congregate  in  enormous  niunhers. 
2.  [/.  c]  A  ])lant-louse.  [In  this  sense  the 
plural  (//)/i(V?(.s(af 'i-dez)  is  used.]  Woolly  aphis. 
s,-,-  ;;,-,n,,„,„„. 

aphis-lion  (u'fis-li''on),  v.  A  name  rorllic  liirva 
of  a  laec-wiiigeil  lly  of  the  family  Uemcrnhiiilie. 

aphis-BVlgar  (n'lis-slnigiir),  II.  Honey-dew.  a 
secretion  peculiar  lo  insects  of  (ho genua  .tjihis, 
vojilcil  from  their  anal  sipliuiieles. 

aphlaston  (ii-llas'ton),  (I.  [Gr.  iV/.aiTToii.]  Same 
as  iijtlnsiti \ 

aphlogistic  (af-lo-jis'tik),  rt.  [<  Gr.  tiifiMyinTw:, 
not  iuUummable,  <,  I'l-  priv.  +  ^>.o) iffrrfr,  inllam- 
inable:  seoiihlonisloii,]  Kliimeless.  Aphlogistic 
lamp,  a  lamp  in  u'iiiiii  a  coil  of  pialiniiln  wire  exlemling 
aliovi-  the  wick  is  ke|d  constantly  red-hot  liy  Ihi'  slow  eoni- 
hunlion  of  ali'oliid  vapor,  lieated  lirst  liy  Ihe  Mame  of  the 
wirk.  lint  after  this  is  extlngldshetl  hy  the  incHiideseent 
win 

aphnology  (uf-norri-.ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  li^i'or,  usu- 
ally iio(iw„  revenue,  riclies,  wealth,  alinmhince 
(cf.  Hkt.  a/iiias,  income,  )(roperly;  akin  to  L. 
»/«w,    weallli.    eopiii,    plenty,    etc.),  +  ->o; '",  < 

//jiii',    spi'uk:    see    -olniii/.]     The    scien if 

wealth;  a  treatiKC  on  the  science  of  wealth; 
jdiitology.     [Hare.] 

'Iln-  litli'  ought  to  have  hocn  A)ihnolntiii,    Aphiion.  or 
ntilii  lion.  ,'\pre>»e>  wealth  In  Ihe  largest  senao  uf  general 

Jilrundnnee  and  well  lieing.  .Sir./.  Ilrrmliil. 

AphodiidSB  (nf-o-di'i-ile).  w.  id.  [NL.,  <  Aiihn. 
hii'i  -f  . !,/«■.]     A  family  of  beetles,  named  by 


hidiphiif/iiuii,]    A     .Miieluny  in  1811)  from  tlie  genus  Aphodius. 


aphorism 

Aphodius  (a-fo'di-us).  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  tirjodof, 
excrement,  evacuation,  and  lit.  departure,  < 
a-6,  from,  away,  +  dtSo;;,  way.]  A  genus  of 
scarabfeoid  lamellicorn  beetles,  related  to  the 
dung-beetles  of  the  genus  (leotriipes,  sometimes 
gi%-ing  name  to  a  family  .ijiliiidiida:  i(s  species 
are  mostlj-  small,  Iiuvinu  stiiatr  el>tra,  concealed  meta- 
thoracic  epimera,  tootlu-d  li-unt  tilii;e  and  spurred  hind 
tibia;,  and  Vl-jointed  antenna'.  Over  aO  North  .\merican 
species  are  dcsrribeti.  iiuluding  several  introduced  from 
Europe,  such  as  the  comparatively  large  black  .l./mgor. 

Aphododeridse   (af'o-do-der'i-de),  11.  pi.     See 

Ajdirriiiid<rida\ 

Aphododerus  (af-o-dod'e-rus),  n.  See  Aphre- 
doilrnis. 

aphonia  (a-fo'ni-ji),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aijiuvia, 
speechlessness,  <  diurof,  speechless,  voiceless: 
see  ajihiiiious.l  In  pathoh,  loss  of  voice  through 
a  morbid  condition  of  the  larjTix  or  its  immedi- 
ate innervation;  dumbness;  speechlessness. 
It  is  a  condition  in  wliich  one  wants  to  speak  and  knows 
how  to  do  so,  but  cannot  produce  a  vocal  sound,  though 
lie  may  whisper.     Also  aplionii. 

aphonic  (a-fon'ik),  rt.  and  ii.     [<  aphouia  +  -I'c] 

1,  (I.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  b.v  apho- 
nia:  speechless;  dumb. 

II.  ".  A  person  affected  with  aphonia. 

aphonous  (af'o-nus),  rt.  [<  Gr.  aijiuva^,  voice- 
less, <  d-priv.  +  (puvi/,  voice:  8eej^Ao«(c.]  Des- 
titute of  voice;  voiceless. 

aphony  (af'o-ni),  «.     Same  as  aphonia. 

aphoria  (a-fo'ri-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  at^pio.  ste- 
rility, dearth,  <  a^poc,  not  bearing.  <  u-  priv.  + 
po/ji«;,  bearing,  <  ^tpEd)  =  E.  Ziearl.]  Sterility; 
unfriiitfulness. 

aphorism  (af'o-rizm),  H.  [=  F.  aphorisnir.  < 
Gr.  a^popin/joc,  a  definition,  a  short  jiithy  sen- 
tence, <  n^fri^en;  define,  mark  off,  <  tiTo,  off,  + 
opi^eiv,  di'S'ide,  bound,  <  bpoc,  a,  boundary:  see 
horizon.]  1.  A  definition  or  concise  statement 
of  a  principle. 

The  aphorLfm  .  .  .  formulated  hy  I.innnens  in  regard 
to  plants.  Qttatrcfa(it'ti.  Human  Species  (trans.),  p.  .',0. 

2.  A  precept  or  rule  expressed  in  few  words:  a 
detached  sentence  containing  some  important 
truth  :  as,  the  aphorisms  of  Hippocrates,  or  of 
the  civil  law. 

The  three  ancient  commentators  on  Hippocrates  .  .  . 
liave  given  the  same  ilefinition  of  an  aphnn'sni,  I.  t\,  "a 
succinct  saying,  comprehending  a  complete  statement," 
or  a  saying  poor  in  expressitm.  but  ridi  in  sentiment. 

Ftfuiinij. 
"Syn.  Aphorism,  Axiom,  Maxim,  Prt'cpt,  Dictum,  Apo- 
thciim,  .^aiiiiiff,  Adagi',  Provfrb,  Tnti-nm,  Hjiu-ont,  Sair,  all 
coiu-ni-  in  exja-essing  a  pithy  general  proposition.  nsua1l.\  in  ' 
one  sliort  sentence;  but  tlie  longer  the  form  tile  less  ap- 
l»li,'abl(-  dotliese  names  becuiie.  All  aphori.tm  is  a  truth, 
pointedly  set  fortli,  relating  rather  to  speculative  piiiici- 
ples,  eiliirs,  or  seit-ncc  than  to  practical  matters,  and  form- 
ing a  brief  and  excellent  statement  of  a  dtadrine:  thus, 
"Moderation  is  tlie  silken  string  riinning  through  the 
peaii-chain  of  all  virtues,"  and  "  Maladies  are  curetl  hy 
nature,  not  by  remedies,"  are  ajihvriKmn.  "Life  is  short,  ■ 
and  art  is  long,"  is  from  the  tirst  npUm-i.-on  of  Hippocrates. 
An  axiom  is  a  self-evident  tinlli.  and  is  Ibilcfore  used  as  a 
lia-sis  for  reasoning.  "A  straiglit  line  is  tlie  siioiti'st  ,iis- 
tance  between  two  ptdiits  "  is  one  of  the  itxiomn  of  inathe- 
inatics  ;  "The  gl'eatcr  good  is  to  be  chosen  before  the  less" 
is  an  axiom  of  morals.  The  number  of  axioms  is  neces. 
sarily  limited ;  (d  aphorisms,  maxims,  etc.,  imlimitctl.  .V 
maxim  is  a  truth  wliich,  wliilc  not  so  delinite  and  neces- 
sarily true  as  an  axiom,  yet  equally  acceptahle  to  the 
niimi,  refers  rather  to  imictical  than  to  alistract  triitb. 
stating  one  of  the  fumlamental  rules  of  conduct,  civil 
government,  laisiness  i»(dicy.  and  the  like  :  as,  it  is  a  sound 
iiiaxioi  tliat  one  slioiild  risk  in  s])eciilation  no  more  tlian 
he  can  adnrd  to  lose.  It  snggcst.s  a  Icsstni  more  pointt-tlly 
ami  directly  than  aphorism,  and  differs  from  pirtrj'l  in 
that  a  pi;',','pl  is  a  direct  injnm-tion,  whereas  a  inaxno  is 
a  mere  statement  of  a  Iriitli  from  wbicli  a  pin-rpl  nni.\  be 

deduced.     It  would  lie  a  yn pt  to  siiy,  "  In  speculation 

risk  no  more  than  you  can  atford  to  lose."  A  dirtiiui  is 
md  a  pn'rrpt,  lint  an  opinion  given  witll  ailtliority,  as 
from  superior  knowledge  ;  as,  a  ttirtam  of  the  critics  :  ai/iV. 
lain  of  t'arlyles.  An  aptilhciioi,  in  common  matters  wliat 
an  apliorii^m  is  in  higher,  is  esseliliall>  a  terse  luupiisitiou 
that  makes  a  vivid  impression  on  the  mind:  tlms,  "  In  llie 
adversity  of  our  best  friends  wc  always  find  something 
that  doth  not  displease  ns  "  ;  this  is  called  liy  llean  Swift 
a  maxiin,  but  Is  more  properly  an  apothrirm.  "Heaven 
helps  those  that  help  themselves,"  and 

"He  who  lights  and  runs  away 

May  live  to  fight  anotlier  day" 

(Holdtliiilh,  Art  of  Poetry). 

M-oajiolhcftmn.  A  wrt i/tn,/ is  a  lower  graile  of  rt/Md/i,Y;*j,,-  each 
is  liki'ly  to' be  foiiml  associated  with  the  mimcof  Ihe  author  : 
as.  U\v  aiHitttt'fiuiM  a{  iSnerates  :  i\  saiiiiol  nt  Poor  Iticlninl. 
Kach  is  a  felicitous  exnrcssi<iii  cnireni  f<ir  its  own  sake, 
but  deriving  additional  populiirily  from  llie  iclcbrily  of 
its  antlior.  "  Herein  is  tlial  natiiioi  trn,-.  line  sowclii.and 
anotlier  reapetli,"  .liihn  iv.  .'17 ;  "'i'hi'  lilllc  and  short  »rii/- 
tn'/«of  wise  and  excellent  men  are  of  great  taine,  like  tlie 
dust  of  gobi  or  the  least  sparks  of  I  lie  diamond."  ■rillolmii. 
.Xdaitr  and  proi^rtt  are  habitiinl  sayings,  geiierall.v  of  long 
slanding,  emIuKlytng  the  common  sense  of  mankind  on 
ordinary  subjects.  'I'hc  athni,'  is  oflcn  the  inor,'  veiier- 
able  b.v' age  ami  the  more  dignilled  In  its  charactir:  as, 
"  Ni'cessity  knows  no  law.'"  A  Haiiinii  may  easil>'  lii'colne 
an  ailaiic  Provrrli  as  used  in  the  Ilible  is  often  a  miiiiiol : 
as.  "  I'tiysiclan,  heal  thystdf,"  liiike  iv. '.!;(;  Iiut  in  the  mod- 


aphorism 


259 


em  sense  proverb  often  appears  in  scime  concrete  flgura-  Aphriza    (af  ri-zil),  )).      [NL.  (Audubon,  1839), 

'"'' "  """''"  °""''  "'"     a  false  foriuatioii',  <  Gr.  d^pof,  foam,  +  iaciv.  O'/v, 

live.]  A  genus  of  plover-like  birds,  of  the  fam- 
ily Aphrizida;,  related  to  the  oyster-catchers  and 
turnstones,  having  feet  with  fotu'  toes  like  the 
latter,  and  the  general  appearance  and  cluuiKes 
of  plumage  of  the  sandpipers.  It  contains 
only  tli(i  surf-bird,  A.  virgata.     See  surf-bird. 

Aphrizidse  (af-riz'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aphri:<i 
-f  -id(V.'\  A  family  of  birds,  intennediate  be- 
tween Cli/ir(idriid(v  and  Hwiiiritopadidcc.  The 
typical  genus  is  Apliriza.     Cones,  1884. 

Apnrizinae  (af-ri-zi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aphrhn 
+  -(««■.]  A  subfamily  of  birds,  containing  the 
genus  Ajihriza;  the  sfirf-birds. 

aphrizite  (iif'ri-zit),  «.  [<  Gr.  at^piZetv,  foatn, 
be  foamy  (<  ii<j}i)ur,  foam),  +  -itc-.']  A  variety 
of  blaclc  tourmalin. 

Aphrodisia   (af-ro-diz'i-ii),   w.   j)l.     [L.,  <  Gr. 
'A(Pim)iaia,  neut.  pi.  of  'AfpoSlaiog,  pertaining  to 
Ajihrodite,  <  !\^/;o(i/r;/:  see  Aphrodite.']    A  festi- 
val in  honor  of  Aphrodite  or  Venus  periodical- 
ly celebrated  in  various  localities  of  ancient 
Greece.     Tliose  of  Paphos  in  Cyprus,  of  Cyth- 
era,  and  of  Corinth  were  the  most  famous, 
ins  is  a  sort  of  metre,  tlie  law  of  which  aphrodisiaC  (af-ro-diz'i-ak),  a.  and  >i.      [<  Gr. 
of  tliesisan.ljuititlK-sis.    Wlien  hegets     ammihrnaKoa  venereal,  <  'A<ppo6latoc,  pertainingto 
?rt(C  Hietri.- into  a  siiittiKL- Hi  tivo  or  si\       ."'  ,.       '  ^  .,  .      p.   '     ^r  -' ^     .    .        .P.    .. 


tive  and  "homely  form:  a.?,  "Too  many  cuol<s  spoil  the 
broth";  "Every  tub  must  stand  on  its  own  bottom."  A 
truiiim  Is  a  truth  too  obvious  to  need  exjilanation  or  proof ; 
it  is  a  word  of  relative  application ;  wliat  would  be  a  tru- 
ism to  one  migllt  be  an  axiviii  or  an  aplwrUin  to  another. 
A  byword  is  a  cant  term  or  phrase,  in  every  one's  mouth 
like  a  proverb,  but  applied  in  disparagement.  Saiv  is  a 
contemptuous  term  for  an  expression  that  is  more  com- 
mon than  wise,  or  for  a  trite  or  foolish  saying  reiterated 
to  wearisonieness. 

aphorismt  (af'o-rizm),  V.  i.  [<  aphorism,  «.] 
Same  as  aphorize.     [Kare.] 

There  is  no  art  that  hath  been  more  cankereil  in  Iier 
principles,  more  soiled  and  slubbered  with  aphorismiiuj 
pedantry,  than  the  art  of  policy. 

Millon,  Ref.  in  England,  p.  33. 

aphorismatic    (af'o-riz-mat'ik),    a.      [<  ai)ho- 
r  is  III  +  -atic]     Same  as  <iphorismic. 
aphorismer   (af '6-riz-mer),  '/(.     One  who  ex- 
presses himself  iii  aphorisms.     [Rare.] 
The  tribe  of  apiiorisiincr^  and  politicasters. 

Milton,  Ref.  in  England,  p.  56. 

aphorismic  (af-o-riz'mik),  a.  [<  aphorism  + 
-/(■•]  Kolating  to  aphorisms;  having  the  form 
of  an  aphorism;  containing  aphorisms.  An 
eqtiivalent  form  is  aphorismatic. 

The  style  of  Junius 
is  a  sort  of  balance 


out  of  tills  aw/torwjrtic  metre  inio  a  siiiitiicc  HI  uvc- ui  si.v       .■  ■  ,        ,.     ''y,,  .      p.   '     -tr"  '     ^„;,  ..„,/,•/.,  l 

lines  long,  nothingcan  exceed  tl.eslov.-idiTiess  of  ti.eEng-     AiArodito,  <  'A^poSiTij,  Venus:  see  Aphrodite.] 
lisb.  Coleridge,  Table-Talk,  p.  264, 


aphorist  (af '6-rist),  n.    [<  aphor-ism  +  -ist.]    A 
^vriter  of  apliorisms. 

He  took  this  occasion  of  farther  clearing  and  justifying 
what  he  bad  written  against  the  a/;/iori'.s(s.  ,         ,.    .  '"    ,'7   „„   .,.-,,     ,, 

/(.  A'dsoii,  Life  of  Bp.  Bull,  p.  246.   aphrodlSiacalt  (af"ro-di-zi'a-kal),  a. 

aphoristic  (af-o-ris'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  CKpopurriKOf;, 
fit  for  defining,  sententious,  KiKfiopi^eiv:  see  apho- 
rism.'] Having  the  character  of  aphorisms;  re- 
semliling  aphorisms;  in  the  form  of  an  apho- 
rism ;  stated  in  short,  unconnected  sentences ; 
abounding  in  aphorisms.  An  aphuristie  sti/le  is  one 
which  is  fragmentary  in  its  outward  form,  but  methodical 
in  its  reasoning. 
The  method  of  the  book  is  aphoristic.  De  Quincey. 

The  Sanscrit  law-books  are  sometimes  in  aplioristic  prose, 
sometimes  in  verse,  sometimes  in  a  mixture  of  both. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  10. 

aphoristical  (af-o-ris'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  apho- 

rislie. 

aphoristically  (af-o-ris'ti-kal-i),  adv.    In  or  by 
aphorisms;  briefly  and  pithily. 

These  being  carried  down,  seldom  miss  a  cure,  as  Hip- 
pocrates doth  likewise  aphorist icallij  tell  us.  Harvey. 

aphorize  (af 'o-riz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  apho- 
rized, ppr.  aphorizing.      [<  Gr.   a<popiCeiv:    see 

aphorism.]    To  utter  aphorisms;  write  or  speak 

in  aphorisms;   especially,  make  an  excessive 

use  of  aphorisms.     Coleridge. 
aphract  (af 'rakt),  a.     [<  Gr.  a<i>paKToc,  old  Attie 

afapKTOc,  unf enced,  imlortiiied,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  (ppaK- 

t6(,  verbal  adj.  of  (ppdeaciv,  fence  in,  fortify.] 

Open;  imdef ended  or  imguarded.    [Rare.] 

We  find  the  war  galley  of  the  Pbccnieians  represented 
on  the  walls  of  the  palaces  unearthed  by  Layai-d  and  his 
followers  in  Assyrian  discovery.  .  .  .  Tlie  vessel  repre- 
sented is  a  bireme  war  galley  which  is  aptiract,  that  is  to 
say,  has  the  upper  tier  of  rowers  unprotected  and  exposed 
to' view.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXI.  806. 

aphredoderid  (af-re-dod'e-rid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 

family  Aphredoderidie. 
Aphredoderidse  (af  "re-do-der'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 

<  Aph  redoderus  +  -idw.]   A  family  of  teleoceph- 

alous  fishes  having  the  vent  in  the  neck  or 

breast,  the  ventral  fins  post-thoracic  and  with  Aphroditidae  (af-ro- 

about  V  rays,  but  vvithout  spines,  and  a  short     dit'i-de),  n.^d.  [NL., 

dorsal  tin  of  3  or  4  spines  in  front.     In  Giinthers 

system  of  classification,  the  family  represents  a  primary 

group  of  Acantliopterygii,  characterized  by  the  developed 

dorsal  and  anal  fins  and  the  position  of  the  vent  in  front 

of  the  ventrals.    Two  species,  called  pirate  or  pirate-perch, 

are  known  to  inhabit  the  fresh  waters  of  North  America. 

A  ISO  Aphododeridce. 
Aphredoderus  (af-re-dod'e-rus),  )).    [NL.  (Le- 

sueur,  in   Cuvier  and  Valenciennes,  1833);   a 

coiTupt  form,  afterward  given  as  Aphrodedcrus 

(Agassiz),  as  if  <  Gr.  aippuSi/c,  foamy  (<  aippA;, 

foam,  -I-  ciihc,  form),  +  dep'i,  neck,  throat,  later 

as  Aphododerus  (Jordan,  1877)  in  allusion  to  the 

position  of  the  vent,  <  (ujioioi;,  departure,  evacu- 
ation, excrement  (<  ii-o,  off,  -I-  orfof,  way),  -I- 

Hipri,  neck,  throat.]    The  typical  genus  of  fishes 

of  the  family  Aphredoderidm.     Also  Aphodode- 
rus. 
aphrite  (afrit),  n.    [<  Gr.  aijipd^,  foam,  froth,  -I- 

-ite^.]     A  subvariety  of  calcium  carbonate  or 


I.*  a.  Exciting  venereal  desire ;  increasing  the 
appetite  for  sexual  pleasures;  hence,  erotic; 
sensual. 

II.  II.   .Any  drug  or  preparation  which  ex- 
cites sexual  desire. 

Same  as 
iphrodixiiie 
aphrodisian  (af-ro-diz'i-an),  a.    [<  Gr.  'Aippodi- 
aiOQ:    see   ujihrodisiuc.]   "  (jiven   M\>  to  sexual 
pleasures;  devoted  to  sensual  love. 

They  showed  me  the  state  nursery  for  the  children  of 
those  apltrodisian  dames,  theil"  favourites. 

C.  lieade,  Cloister  and  Hearth,  Ivi. 

Aphrodite  (af-ro-di'te),  n.  [<  Gr.  'AifipoSiTy,  the 
goddess  of  love',  Venus;  traditionally  said  to 
mean  'foam-born,'  <  aipp6i;,  foam,  the  second  ele- 
ment -Ht:)  being  unexplained.]  1.  The  Greek 
goddess  of  love  and  beauty,  identified  by  tlie 
Romans  with  their  Venus,  who  was  originally 
a  deity  of  much  less  importance.  By  one  legend 
she  is  fabled  (as  Aphrodite  Anadyotiwiie)  to  have  sprung 
from  the  foam  of  tlie  sea.  She  was  the  pel'soniflcation  of 
female  grace,  and  from  her  prototype,  the  Phenician  As- 
tarte,  represented  tlie  re- 
productive and  germinal 
powers  of  nature. 

2.  [NL.]Inroo7.:(fl) 
A  genus  of  eh»topo- 
dous  annelids,  typi- 
cal of  the  f  amily  Jjj/i- 
i'oditid(e{whic]i  see). 
The  species  are  known  .as 
sea-mice ;  the  common 
sea-mouse  is  A.  acideata. 
Also  written  Aphroditn. 
See  sea-moUf!e.      (^)    A 

genus  of  lepidopter- 
ous  insects.  Hiibiier, 
1816.  (o)  A  genus 
of  bivalve  moUusks. 
Also  written  Aphro- 
dita.     Isaac  Lea. — 

3.  [I.  c.]  A  variety 
of  meerschaum.  It 
is  a  hydrous  silicate 
ofmagnesium. 


Copy  of  the  Cnuliaii  Statue  by 
Praxiteles,  Vatican  Museum. 


<Aphrodite,'i{a),+ 

-idw.]     A  family  of 

free  marine  ehffitop- 

odous  annelids,  of  which  the  genus  Aphrodite  is 

the  tyije.     There  are  numerous  other  genera. 

Also  'Aphroditacea,  Aphroditm. 

Another  tj^ie  altogetlier  is  sho\vn  by  the  scale-bearing 
annelids,  Aphrodilidic ;  the  upper  parapodia,  or  false  feet, 
carry  large  scales,  which  lie  over  the  back  of  the  animal 
.and  form  an  imbricated  covering,  serving  the  double  pur- 
pose of  protection  and  respiration. 
^  '  Stand.  Nat.  nist.,  I.  230. 

Aphrophora  (af-rof'o-rii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a(ppo- 
tp6poi;,  foam-bearing,  <  aippoc,  foam,  -t-  -<p6poc,  < 
fipuv  =  E.  bear''-.]  A  genus  of  homopterous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  Cercopida; :  so  calledbecause 
the  larva  is  enveloped  in  the  frothy  or  foamy 
substance  known  as  cuckoo-spit.  The  genus  is 
closely  related  to  Pti/cliis,  and  species  were  for- 


calcite,  popularly  known  a.sJoam,  earth-Joam,  or  ^^'Xophorida  (af^ro-for'i-da),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
/oa)B-si3«r,  occurring  m  small  masses,  sohd,  or  -^^X"^"."  +  -ida.]  Same" as  Aphrophoriiio'. 
tender  and  friable,  it  is  composed  of  lamellre  or  a  '•i,_„Ui,«^iT,.D /nf  "vn  fn  in'iip'i  w  nl  TNT^  < 
scales  of  a  pearly  luster,  and  has  varieties  whicli  shade  Aphrophorinse  (at  lo-to-n  ne^  H.  pt.^  L«i^-.  ^ 
insensibly  into  argentine. 


Aphrophora  +  -itue.']    '  In  entom.,   the  froth- 


apiary 

bearing  hoppers;  a  subfamily  or  other  division 
of  the  great  family  Cercujiidte,  reiiresented  by 
the  genera  Aphrophora,  Lcjiyriinia,  Ptijelus,  and 
many  others,  and  containing  a  great  many  spe- 
cies of  medium  or  small  size,  very  generally 
distributed  over  tlie  world,  and  especially  af- 
fecting pines  and  willows. 

aphrosiderite  (af-ro-sid'e-rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  aipp6i, 
foam,  +  crii'ii/piir,  iron,  -t-  '-ite'-.]  A  ferruginous 
chloritic  mineral  occuiTing  in  soft  dark-green 
scales. 

aphtha  (af'thii),  »(.j  pi.  aphthie(-the).  [NL.,  <  L. 
aphtha;  pi.,  <  Gr.  aijiOai,  pi.  of  uipda,  an  ei-uption, 
ulceration,  <  anniv,  set  on  fire,  inflame.]  In 
pathol.,a,nevu\>iUin;  an  ulceration :  used  espe- 
cially in  the  plural  to  denote  small  round  ulcers, 
sometimes  becoming  confluent,  and  said  in  some 
cases  to  be  preceded  by  vesicles  which  break. 
They  occur  upon  the  tonmic.  gums,  iusiile  of  the  lips,  and 
palate.  WTien  M'/i-"dii-„i'i  ri,ii  ilinluim  albicans)  is  found 
in  tliese ulcers,  tin-  di.^rai,r  i»ialli  .1 //,,-ii.</i,  or  iiiilk-tliruxh. 
Also  nyjf/iffl.— Aphthae  eplzobticae,  foot-and-mouth  dis- 
ease (which  see,  under /ooO- 

aphthalose  (af'tha-los),  n.  [As  aphth{it)al{itcy 
+  -ose.]     Same  as  aplithitalite. 

Aphthartodocetse  (af-thar"t6-d9-8e'te),  11.  pi. 
[<  LUr.  "AijiUaproihsf/Tiii,  <  Gr.  aipdaproc,  uncor- 
rupted,  incoiTuptible  (<  a-  priv.  -(-  (fBaprdg,  verbal 
adj.  of  ijideipEtv,  destroy,  ruin,  corrupt),  -f-  (hneiv, 
think.  Cf.  DoeefiE.]  A  Monophysite  sect  which 
existed  from  the  sixth  to  the  ninth  century,  or 
later.  They  held  that  the  body  of  Christ  was  incorruptible 
even  before  the  resurrection,  and  that  he  suffered  death 
only  in  a  phantasmal  appearance.  From  this  they  are 
sometimes  called  PliantaKlaatu,  a  name  more  properly  be- 
longing to  the  Docetje  (which  see),  who  denied  even  the 
reality  of  Christ's  body. 

Aphthartodocetism  (af-thar"t6-do-se'tizm),  H. 
The  doctrines  of  the  Aphthartodocetas. 

Justinian  liimself  laijsed  into  heresy,  by  accepting  the 
doctrine  that  the  earthly  body  of  Christ  was  incorrui)tible, 
insensible  to  the  weaknesses  of  the  flesh,  a  doctrine  which 
liad  been  advanced  by  Julian,  bishop  of  Halicarnassus, 
and  went  by  the  name  of  Aphthartodocetistn. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  796. 

aphthitalite  (af-thit'a-lit),  «.  [<  Gr.  aipeivog, 
imclianging,  unchangeable  (<  a-  priv.  +  ififfird;, 
verbal  adj.  of  (fiBiciv,  commonly  ipBiven',  destroy, 
change),  +  a?ir,  salt,  -I-  'Ai6o^,  a  stone.]  A  na- 
tive potassium  sulphate  found  on  Motmt  Ve- 
suvius in  deUeate  crystallizations.  Also  called 
aphthalose  and  Vesuvius-salt. 

aphthoid(af'thoid),  o.  [^(.aphtha  + -aid.]  Re- 
sembling an  aphtha  or  aphthse. 

aphthong  (af 'thong),  II.  [<  Gr.  aipdoy-yoc,  voice- 
less, <  a-  priv.  +  <jidi)))oi;,  voice,  sound,  <  (pdh/jc- 
nUai,  sound.]  A  letter  or  combination  of  let- 
ters which  in  the  customary  prontmciation  of  a 
word  has  no  sound.     [Rare.] 

aphthous  (af'thus),  a.  [=  F.  aphtheux,  <  NL. 
iijihtliosus,  <  aphtha,  q.  v.]  1.  Injiatliol.,  of  the 
nature  of  or  characterized  by  aphthae. — 2.  In 
lint.,  appearing  as  it  covered  -with  aphthae. 

Aphyllae  (a-fil'e),  n.  pA.  [NL.,  fern.  pi.  (se. 
plan  tee)  of  aphyllus,  leafless :  see  aphyllous.]  A 
section  of  cryptogamic  plants  without  leaves, 
comiirising  lichens,  fungi,  and  algse.  Same  as 
llnilliiipns.'     [Ned  used.] 

aphyliose  (a-lil'os),  a.     Same  as  aphyllous. 

aphyllous  (a-fil'us),  a.  [<  NL.  aphyllus,  <  Gr. 
u:.:i/'/,m:,  leafless,  <  li-  priv.  -t-  ipi'/'/Mv  =  L.  folium, 
a  leaf.]  In  hot.,  destitute  of  leaves:  applied 
to  flowering  plants  that  are  natm'ally  leafless, 
as  most  Cactacece,  and  to  thallogenous  crypto- 
gams. 

aphylly  (a-fil'i),  «.  [<  NL.  *aphijllia,  <  Gr.  as  if 
''(ipi'/./.m,  <  api'/,/ Of,  leafless:  see  aphyllous.]  In 
hot.,  the  state  of  being  aphyllous;  an  entire 
suppression  of  leaves,  as  ordinarily  oecvu's  in 
most  Cactacea',  etc. 

apian  (a'pi-an),  a.  [<  L.  apianus,  of  bees,  < 
apis,  a  bee:  see  Apis^.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
bees. 

Apiariae  (a-pi-a'ri-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.  of 
L.  apiariiis:  see  apiarian.]  In  LatreUle's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  division  of  melliferous 
aculeate  hjTnenopterous  insects:  opposed  to 
Andrcnetce,  and  con-esponding  to  the  modern 
family  Apida  (which  see). 

apiarian  (a-pi-a'ri-an).  ff.  and  n.     [<  L.  apia- 
rius,  relating  to  bees,  a  bee-keeper,  <  apis,  a  bee : 
see  Apis''.]    I.  a.  Relating  to  bees,  or  to  bee- 
keeping. 
II.  n.  A  bee-keeper;  an  apiarist. 

apiarist  (a'pi-a-rist),  «.  [<  apiary  + -ist.]  One 
who  keeps  an  apiary ;  one  who  keeps  bees,  or 
studies  the  nature  of  bees;  a  bee-keeper  or  bee- 
master. 

apiary  (a'pi-a-ri),  «. ;  i>l.  apiaries  (-riz).  [<  L. 
upiarium,  a  bee-house,  beehive,  neut.  of  apia- 


apiary 

rius,  relating  to  bees:  see  apiarkin.'j    A  place 
where  bees  are  kept :  a  stand  or  shed  for  bees ; 
a  bee-house  containing  a  number  of  beehives. 
apiaster  (a'pl-as-ter),  II.     [XL.,  <  LL.  apiastra, 
the  bee-eater,  a  bird  commonly  called  merops; 

<  apis,  a  bee,  +  -aster.']  In  oniitli.,  an  old  name 
of  the  bee-eater;  in  1760  made  by  Brisson  a 
generic  name  for  the  bee-eaters ;  now  the  spe- 
cific name  of  the  European  bee-eatei',  iltiopt; 
apiaxter.     See  cut  under  bee-eater. 

apical  (ap'i-kal),  a.  [<  L.  apex  (apic-),  apex,  + 
-«/.]  Kelating  to  the  apex  or  top ;  belonging 
to  the  pointed  end  of  a  cone-shaped  body. — 
Apical  celL  (i)  In  bot,  the  sin'_'l<:'  cell  which  in  most 
of  the  hiiiher  en"ptogams  constitutes  tlie  growing-point 
{puTurtum  ir€0-'taiii/nij<).  (b)  In  zool.,  a  cell  at  the  apex  of 
the  se;^meiited  ovum  of  some  embryos,  a^  sponges:  the 
opposite  of  bnjiat  celt. 

apically  lap'i-kal-i),  adv.    At  the  apex  or  tip. 

apicated  lap'i-lia-ted),  a.  [<  NL.  apicatus  (cf. 
L.  apicatus,  adorned  with  an  apex  or  priest's 
cap),  <  apex  (ajiic-):  see  apexsmA  -ofe'i.]  Hav- 
itis  a  conspicuous  apex. 

apices,  "•     Plural  of  apex. 

Apician  (a-pis'ian),  a.  [<  L.  Jpiciaiius,  <  Api- 
ciit-i.]  RefeiTing  to  or  resembling  Apieius,  a 
celebrated  Roman  epicure  in  the  time  of  Tibe- 
rius ;  hence,  relating  to  the  skilful  preparation 
of  delicate  \'iands;  dainty  in  regard  to  food. 

apicifixed  (ap'i-si-fikst),  a.  [<  L.  apex  (apk-), 
apex,  +  Jixiis,  fixed,  -t-  -Cf/2.]  in  hot.,  attached 
by  the  apex,  as  an  anther  (in  some  cases)  to  the 
tilaincnt. 

apicillary  (ap-i-sil'a-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  as  if  'ajn- 
t(7/"<.  dim.  of  L.  (ijirx  (apic-),  apex,  +  -ary.'] 
Situiitfd  at  or  near  the  ape.x. 

apickabackt,  apickbackt,  adr.    Sameaspkk- 

Itltilrt:. 

apiculate  (a-pik'u-lat),  a.     [<  NL.  apiculatus, 

<  a/iiciilus,  q.  v.]  fu  liot.,  tipped  with  a  short 
and  abrupt  point :  applied  to  a  leaf  or  any 
other  part  which  is  smhlenly  terminated  bj'  a 
distimt  point  or  apieulus. 

apicalated  (a-pik'u-la-ted),  a.  Same  as  apicti- 
liile. 

apicnli,  «.     Plural  of  apieulus. 

apicoltnre  (a'pi-kul-tur),  «.  [<  L.  apis,  a  bee, 
+  eultura,  culture.  Of.  agriculture.']  The  rear- 
in;;  of  bees. 

apiculturist  (a'pi-kul-tur-ist),  n.  [<  apiculture 
+  -ist.]  One  who  engages  in  apiculture,  or  the 
lincding.  care,  and  improvement  of  bees. 

apieulus  (a-pik'u-lus),  ii.;  pi.  apicitii  (-13).  [NL., 
dim.  of  L.  a/icx  (aitie-),  a  point :  see  Ojiex.]  In 
bot.,  a  small  point  formed  by  the  projection  of 
the  midrib  beyond  its  leaf. 

Apidx'  (ap'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  A/iisi  +-(rfrc.] 
A  family  of  melliferous  or  anthophilous  acu- 
leate hymeuopteroos  insects;  the  typical  bees, 


HoncyBce  (^fit  mrlH/Ica),  typical  of  AfiJa. 
1,  queen  ;  a,  neuter  worker ;  3.  drone.    ( Slightly  reduced.) 

with  the  mouth-parts  short  and  stout,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  other  bees,  or  Andrcnicla; 
which  liavo  a  long  trunk.    The  (amlly  contaliw  Am« 
H\\''  hlv'  li.-i'H).  HntnhuH  (the  liiimhlehees),  and  many  iitlier 
'  '    •^.  Ifi'HhhrH  tt  nuinljerof  Holitaryonea,  iw 
i"  iiter-hees),  eti*.     See  tx^f,  Apinl,  and 
i">ra  anil  carjifiitcr-ttex. 
Apida;-  jii.i-lu),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Apus  +  -idw.'] 

>Hiiii'  an  .liiodiila: 
apiecp     ■  •  ■    '     iirrp.  phr.anadv.     [Early  mod. 


M' 


iil'icr,  a  pure,  a  piece,  a  jiecr, 

I).  «•';  y/ew,  piece;  the  prep.  («•') 

'•••I  in  iioiiularapprohenKion  with  Ihe 

I  M\i\  tlie  noun  extenileil  in  meaning: 

'■  iiiiri.]     Koreach  piece,  article, 

:  f'd'cach;  f.)iiiiOi;  each:  as, 

.  -    ■  'liir  apiece;  there  is  an  oraugo 

apiece. 

.Neither  hare  two  coaU  apitct.  I.tikc  Ix.  ;!. 

In  rnnii^(_  prny,  liow  many  men  ajiirr^- 
ll»v.  J. ,11  ii,,,  i„.,.,|  the  death  oft 

f'uril,  Itrokrn  Heart,  I.  2. 
apiecest   u-p6'»o«),  adv.    [<  «»  +  pieccii.']    In  or 

'.II    |lll'<->    H. 

VI  '  riiBl"  llehn^w; 

/  '..  1,1111.    I  r.iieh  Ijiwyor,  II.  1 

*Plln  I     Ii.  nndiiH.  iinntlpy.  + -III".  1 

■> '■'  ''"<tHii<'>!  ontAini'd  from  I  ommou 


260 

parsley  by  boiling  it  in  water.     The  filtered 
solution,  on  cooling,  deposits  apiin. 
apikedt,  «■     [ME.,  <  a-  -t-  piked,  pijked,  trimmed, 
lit.  picked:  see  a-i  and /)iA-e,  jh'cA-.]     Trimmed; 
cleaned  from  dirt. 

Ful  fressh  and  newe  here  gei-e  apike^  .was. 

Chaucer,  Ge"..  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  305. 

apilary  (a-pil'a-ri),  a.  [<  Gr.  11-  priv.  -f-  -Ooc, 
a  cA'j,  +  -anj.']  Characterized  by  abnormal 
suppression  of  the  galea  or  upper  lip :  applied 
by  Morren  to  the  flowers  of  certain  bilabiate 
plants,  as  Calceolaria. 

apinoid  (ap'i-noid),  «.  [<  Gr.  (iTrivt'i^,  without 
dirt  (<a-  priv.  +  iriVof.  dirt),  +  elSoc,  form:  see 
-(/«/.]  Free  from  dirt:  sometimes  applied  to 
scirrhous  cancer,  from  the  cleanliness  of  the 
surface  of  a  section. 

Apiocrinldse  (ap  i-o-krin'i-de),  ?(.  pi.  [XL.,  < 
Apiocriiius  +  -id(C.'\  The  pear-encrinites,  con- 
sidered as  a  family  of  crinoids,  tj-])ified  by  the 
genus  Apiocriii  us.  The  same  or  a  similar  group 
is  variously  called  Apiocrinidca,  Apiocrinitidea, 
and  Apiocrinoidca. 

apiocrinite  (ap-i-ok'ri-nit),  n.  [<  Apioerinus 
+ -ite-.']  A  pear-encrinite ;  a  member  of  the 
genus  Apioerinus. 

Apioerinus  (ap-i-ok'ri-uns),  )i.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d-;- 
01;  a  pear,  +  Kpivov,  a  lily:  see  criiioid.']  A 
genus  of  braehiate  fossil  crinoids,  or  encri- 
nites;  the  pear-encrinites,  or  pjTiform  stone- 
lilies,  of  the  famil}'  Encriitidm  and  order  ('(■(- 
noiclea.  Oneof  thespeeiesis.J.  )'o^«Hf/«.v.  They 
occur  in  the  Cretaceous  and  Oolite  formations. 
Originally  written  Apiocrinites. 

apioid  (ap'i-oid),  II.  [<  Gr.  a-ioeidi/^,  pear- 
shaped,  <  a-iov,  a  pear,  +  t'uhr,  form.]  A  plane 
curve  so  drawn  that  the  distance  of  any  point 
in  it  from  a  given  fixed  point,  increased  by  a 
constant,  positive,  and  proper  fraction  of  its 
distance  from  another  given  fixed  point,  gives 
a  positive  constant.  It  is  that  one  of  a  pair 
of  Cartesian  ovals  which  is  within  the  other. 
See  Cartesiau. 

apiol  (ap'i-ol),  II.  [<  L.  apium,  parsley,  +  -ol.'\ 
An  organic  substance,  forming  long,  wliiti', 
brittle,  needle-like  crystals,  extracted  by  distill- 
ing parsley-seeds  with  water.  It  melts  at  KiP 
F.,  and  boils  at  about  572°  F.  It  is  used  as  an 
oniiiiinagogue.    Also  caMeAparstey-cuiiiplior. 

apiologist  (a-pi-ol'o-jist),  II.  One  versed  in 
ajiiology. 

apiology  (a-pi-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  L.  api.i,  a  bee  (see 
.l/j/,si),  -I-  Gr.-?-0}ia,<.  ?.f)«i',  speak:  nee  -oloiji/.'] 
A  systematic  or  scientific  study  of  bees. 

ApiomerinaB  (ap"i-o-me-ri'ne),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ajiiiimrrus  +  -(»«•.]  A  subfamily  of  hotcroii- 
lerous  insects,  of  the  family  Heduviida;  ty])ilicil 
by  the  genus  Apiuiiwrus.  It  is  a  large  groiij)  in 
America,  with  several  species  peculiar  to  the 
United  States. 

Apiomerus  (ap"i-o-me'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ii-iov,  a  pear,  +  la/pd^,  thigh.]  A  genus  of 
heteropterous  insects,  of  the  family  Heduviida!, 
tjTJical  of  a  subfamily  Jjdome- 
riiia:  A.  crassipes  (Uhler)  is 
a  species  widely  distributed 
in  the  United  States. 

Apion  (ap'i-on),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  uT(o;<,  a  pear.]  A  genus  of 
weevils,  of  the  fainily  Cuiru- 
lioiiida;  tlielarvie  of  which  are 
siiei'ially  injurious  to  clover. 

Apioninae  (ap  i-o-ni'ne),  II.  pi. 
[\L.,  <  Apidii  +  -/«(('.]  Ill  eii- 
liilil.,  a  Kiibfaiiiily  of  j'liynchophorous beetles,  of 
the  family  Curniliiiiiitliv  or  wei^vils,  tyiiifieii  liy 
the  genus  Anion,  anil  cliiiriicteriziMl  by  straight 
antonnip,  a  lateral  fold  on  the  inner  siirl'iico  of 
the  elytra,  a  horizontal  pygidiiim,  and  an  alido- 
men  iiliko  in  both  se.'ces.  The  spocics  are  most- 
ly very  sniall. 

Apios  (ap'i-os),  H.  [NL.,  so  ealled  from  the 
shape  of  the  tubers;  <  Or.  a^inr,  a  iicar,  also  a 
pear-tree;  cf.  diriov,  a  pear,  umnr,  a  kiml  <il' 
oupliorbia,  jiorhaps  the  Biin-Hpurgo.]  A  Norlli 
American  genus  of  leguminous  cliiiitiiiig  plants, 
producing  edible  tiilirrsoii  iiinlergroiiiid  hliools. 
I'he  only  ,t|H'eif.s.  ,1.  titlifiiiMO,  in  a  unlive  ••(  Ihe  Alluiillr 
.MlaleH,  and  in  eulled  finniiiit-nut  or  li'ild  litan ;  Itn  lllliei-H, 
though  IM1II1IT01IM,  are  niiiall. 

Apis^  (a'liis),  w.  [I,.,  a  bee;  porhnpH  =  dr. 
ijizir,  n  giiiit;  cf.  CIIKi.  imlii,  iiiipi,  a  swariii  nf 
Im'CH,  MIKl.  iiiih,  iiniiie,  <1.  iiiinir,  n  bee.]  A 
KcnuH  of  iiH'llireriiiiH  or  iiiitli»)iliil(iiiH  iiciili'iile 
liymcnopteriiiiM  iiiHi'dH,  (lie  tyiie  of  Hie  fiiiiiily 
.\jinhr  and    of  (lie  siibordiT    jfrllifrra  or  .hi- 

lliiilihila  ;   the  hivel s.    Mim  uemm  wiw  for ily 

'•»  \l,'niilv<'   with  tlieiti-  i,'riiii|i»,  hut  Ih  now  liy  RtleeeKHive 


aplanogamete 

detachments  of  other  genera  limited  to  the  hive-bee  (Apit 

mettijica)  .ind  its  immediate  relatives.    See  bee,  and  cut 

under  Afiuhri. 
Apis2  (a'pis),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  'A-ic,  <  Egypt.  Hapi, 

lit.  "hidden.']     The  sacred  bull  of  the  ancient 

Egyptians,  to  which 

divine    honors  were 

paid.    Tile  ipull  sought 

nut  liy  the  priests  fur  this 

purpi'se  was  required  to 

be  l)hiei<  with  a  triangular 

wliite  spot    on  tlie  fore- 
head, and  witli  numerous 

otlier   marks    vvliieh    de- 

note<i  the  true  Apis. 
apish  (a'pish),  a.     [< 

apc  +  -isli^.]  Ha\'ing 


Apis. 


^fhimfrits  criitsiftt 


the    qualities     of    an     Mummy  in  the  collection  of  the  New 
r.       ,.         ,   ,       .  ^ork  Hibtorical  Society. 

ape ;  mchued  to  im- 
itate in  a  servUe  manner;  hence,  foolishly  fop- 
pish, affected,  or  trifling  :  as,  apish  manners. 

.\  kinde  of  birds  as  it  were  of  an  apUti  kinde,  ready  to 
imitate  what  they  see  done. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Camden's  Britannia  (1037),  p.  543. 

apishamore  (a-pish'a-mor),  M.  [Origin  not  as- 
certained.] In  the  western  United  States,  a  sad- 
dle-blanket made  of  the  skin  of  a  buffalo-calf. 

apishly  (ii'pish-li),  adr.  In  an  api.sh  manner ; 
with  sill}'  imitation ;  foppishly. 

Sin  is  so  api;<hltf  crafty,  as  to  liide  itself  under  the  eol- 
oui"s  and  masks  of  goodness  and  lionesty. 

Ji-r.  Taiftor,  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  If). 

apishness  (a'pish-nes),  H.  [<  aiiisli  + -ness.] 
The  quality  of  being  apish ;  mimicry ;  foppery : 
as,  "the  apishness  of  foreign  manners,"  liar- 
burton,  Sermons. 

We  were  notboi'u  to  revel  in  tliertpiV/ii«'.t«  of  ridiculous 
expense  of  time.  Font,  Line  of  Life. 

Apistes  (a-pis'tez),  ».  [NL.,  also  Apisius,  < 
Gr.  fl-«Trof,  not  to  be  trusted,  incredible,  <  a- 
priv.  +  mcTo^,  to  be  trusted,  verbal  adj.  of 
weldeii',  prevail  upon,  in  pass.  TreiOtnthi,  believe.] 
A  genus  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  subfamily  Apis- 
tiiia: 

Apistinse  (ap-is-ti'ne),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Apistes 
-i-  -ilia:]  A  subfamily  of  lishes,  of  the  family 
Sriiriia-nida;  exemplified  by  the  genus  Apistc.i, 
having  the  vertebra?  typical  in  numlier(10  ab- 
dominal and  H  caudal),  and  the  dorsal  flu  com- 
mencing on  the  nape  or  head.  They  are  char- 
acteristic of  the  Iiido-I'acific  region. 

apitpatt  (a-pit'pat),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  «■* 
+  pitjHit.  L"l.  jiil-ii-jiat.]  With  quick  beating 
or  palpitation;  pit-a-pat. 

Weleoine,  my  bully,  my  buck ;  agad,  my  heart  is  (jjoiie 
apitpat  for  you.  Ciniiirei-e,  t)ld  tiatehelor,  li.  2. 

apivorous(a-piv'o-riis),  a.  [<  L.  apis,  a  bee,  -t- 
ninire,  devour.]    Bee-eating;  feeding  on  bees. 

aplacental  (ap-la-sen'tal),  ((.  [<  NL.  aplacen- 
tiilis,  <  (ir.  (i-priv.  (((-IS)  -f  jilariiitii.  q.  v.]  Hav- 
ing no  jilacenta;  imjilacental:  a)ii)lied  to  those 
mammals  in  \vhich  no  placenta  is  developed  dur- 
inggestation.  The  aplaeeutal  mammals  eomprisethe 
Miiitiitrvttinta  ami  Miirsnjiinliii,  the  two  lowest  ordel'S  of 
mammals,  iiu-ludiug  the  diiek-nuile,  iioreupiiie  ant-eater, 
kangaroo,  etc.  The  y<mng  are  born  at  a  muell  more  imma- 
ture stJlge  of  fetal  ilevelnpmeiit  t  liiiii  ill  tile  placental  mam- 
mals, and  are  so  helpless  tb:it  tln-y  are  unable  even  to  suck, 
and  111  most  eases  have  t.i  be  llxed  liy  the  mother  herself 
iipuii  lb,'  lijils.  while  the  milk  is  forced  iiilo  their  tnoutlia 
h\  a  iiiiiM  Ic  w  liicb  is  sprejld  over  the  iiiai ar,\  gland. 

Aplacentalia  (ap  la-sen-ta'li-ii),  )(.  pi.  [NL., 
luiit .  pi.  of  ajdaceiitalis :  see  aplacental.]  Same 
lis  linplaceiiffilifi. 

Aplacentaria  (np'Ia-sen-ta'ri-ii),  Ji.  pi.  [NL., 
iieiit.  pi.  (iT  iipliieeiiiariiis,  <  (ir.  (i-  ))riv.  (((-18) 
+  pliii-i  iitii,  q.  \.  C(.  ajilacenlai.]  Same  lis /»(- 
pliiri  iilidiil. 

aplanatic  (ap-Ia-nat'ik),  a.  [Prop,  aplanetic, 
'  Gr.  I'lrr'Auri/Tiir,  not  wandering,  <  a-  ]>riv.  -t- 
ir^iiiii/T<ii;,  wandering:  see  planet.]  Witlionl 
aberration  :  in  optics,  a)>plii<(l  to  a  lens  or  com- 
bination of  lenses,  as  in  a  lelesroiie,  which 
brings  |mrallel  rays  to  a  focus  williont  spli(>rical 
or  chronintic  nbcrration — Aplanatic  line,  a  Oar- 
lexlaii  oval  :  so  called  hecauso  it  is  the  seetioii  of  a  Rllr- 
fiici-  rcfiactiug  light  from  one  fuciiB  to  another  without 

librniilion, 

aplanatically  (ap-lii-nat'i-kal-i),  (((/c  In  an 
aplaiiiilic  manner;  as  regards  ii]ihinatism,  or 
Hie  absonci'  of  spherical  aberration. 

aplanatism(ii-lilan'a-li/.m),  «.  [<  nplanat-ic-i- 
-ism.]  Ill  iiplics.  Hie  condition  of  being  free 
firiiii  stiliirienl  iiliorriilion. 

aplanetic  (np-lii-ii<t  'ik),  a.     Same  as  aphinalic. 

aplanogamete  I  ap"la-iir)-gam'e-te),  «.  [<  Gr.  (!- 
priv.  +  -/lii'or,  wanilering,  roaming,  +  )aiiiTf/, 
a  wifi>:  see  ((-•*♦  (mil /i/(("i)(;(;»(('(.]  In  hot.,  a 
''onjugatitig  cell  ol'tlie  ('oiijiiipiUr,  ill  distinction 
from  till'  pliiniiiianirli  (llic  ciliiilcd  iinil  niobilu 
zoipHporo)  of  the  /oiispiircii:.     Sei^  iiamr.te. 


aplasia 

aplasia  (a-pla'si-a),  «.  [NL  <  Gr.  «- priv.  + 
-Aiiaii;  formation,  <  irAaanav,  form,  mold.J  JJo- 
fective  or  arrested  development  in  a  tissue  or 
an  organ 


261 

portions  of  the  lungs,  especially  that  condition 
of  lobular  distribution  which  results  from  bron- 
chitis. It  is  chiefly  confined  to  infancy  and  early 
childhood. 


anlastic  (a-plas'tik),  a.     [<  Gr.  awAaarog,  not  Apneumona    (ap-nu'mo-na),   n.   pi.      [NL., 


capable  of  being  molded  (<  u-  priv.  +  Tr/.aaroc. 
molded),  +  -ic:  see  «-l**  and  jHasiic.']  Not 
])lastie ;  not  easily  molded. 
aplatisseur  (a-pla-te-ser'),  ".  [P-,  <  ajjlatir 
{(ipl(iiiss-),  crush,  flatten,  <  u  (L.  ud)  +  plat, 
flat.]  A  mill  for  crushing  grain  to  be  used  as 
food  for  cattle. 


Apieuri  (a-plo'ri),  n.  ^il.     [NL.,  pi.  oiapleurus,  Apneumones  (ap-nu'mo-nez),  n.  2)1.     Same  as 


<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  ir/cii/j«,  rib.]  A  name  proposed 
by  Owen  for  a  suborder  of  ribless  plectogna- 
thous  fishes,  consisting  of  the  families  Ostra- 
ciiiiitiAe  and  GijmiKidontidce. 

aplite, »».     See  'liapUte. 

aplo-.  Improper  form  of  liaplo-,  adopted  in  some 
zoological  and  botanical  names.     See  liiiplo-. 

Aplodes,  II.     See  Haplodcs. 

aplomb  (a-pl6ii'),  «.  [F.,  self-possession,  assur- 
ance, lit.  perpendicularity,  <  a  plomh,  perpen- 
dicular, plumb:  a  (<  L.  ad),  to ;  plomh,  plumb, 
plummet :  see  plumb.']    Self-possession  spring 


apocopate 

simulating  the  book  of  Revelation  in  the  New 
Testament. —  2.  Given  to  the  explanation  or 
application  of  prophecy. 

As  if  (foraooth)  there  cuulil  not  be  so  much  as  a  tew 
houses  flreil,  .  .  .  but  that  some  apocalyptic  ignoramus  or 
other  must  preseutly  finil.  and  pick  it  out  of  some  abused, 
martyred  proplieey  of  £zel(iel,  Daniel,  or  the  Eevelation. 
.South,  .Sennons,  V.  f)7. 
Apocalyptic  number,  tlie  number  666,  spolten  of  in  Rev. 
xiii.  IS. 
II.  n.  Same  as  apocalijptist, 

Tlie  divine  aj'acabiptlc.  Lifjhtfoot,  ^lise.,  p.  107. 

apocalyptical  (a-pok-a-lip'ti-kal),  a.     Same  as 

apfji-ali/jdic. 
apocalyptically  (a-pok-a-lip'ti-kal-i),  adv.     In 
an  apocalyptic  manner;  in,  or  in  relation  to, 
,  „..^v.^..^s-v— "/.     the  Apocalypse;  by  revelation        _ 
lung  (Kvcvim,   breath).]  apocalypticism  (a-pok-a-ipti -sizm),  «.     [< 


neut.  111.  ttl  aimvumoii:  a'co  a.jmcumonous.']  An 
order  of  holothuriaiis;  one  of  two  orders  into 
which  the  class  lloinlhiiiuidca  is  divisible  (the 
other  being  JJipiiciiniDiia  or  Pneumouophoru). 
They  have  no  origans  of  respilatlon,  nor  Ouvierian  nrt;aus. 
The  order  coiitaiiistlioschulothni'ianswhieliaiv  bcriuuiili- 
roilite,  as  fti/iiajila.  It  i»  divisible  into  two  taniilies,  Si/- 
iwptidir  aTul  Omimtlalildri'.     See  cut  uniler  Sijiiapta. 


AiiHCniiiona. 

apneumonous  (aprnii'mo-nus),  o.  [<  NL.  aji- 
neumoii,<  Gr.  a-mveipuv,  without  lungs  (breath), 
<  a-  priv.  +  nvevpuv,  lung  (vvtvpa,  breath).] 
Having  no  respiratory  organs;  specifically, 
pertaining  to  or  resemljling  the  Apiicumoiia. 

Apneusta  (ap-niis'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
apneustiis,  <  Gr.  awi'tvoToc,  without  breath,  <  o- 
priv.  +  *jri'£DCT(Jf,  verbal  adj.  of  tvvuv,  breathe.] 
A  suborder  of  opisthobranchiate  gastropods: 
a  synonym  of  Abranchia  oT  Dermatopnoa  (which 
see).     See  also  Sacoglossa. 


ing  from  perfect  confidence  in  one's  self;  as-  apnoea  (ap-ne'a),  ".     [NL.,  <  Gr.  amwa,  want 


sm'ance 

The  staple  flgiu-e  in  novels  is  the  man  of  aplomb,  who 
sits  anions  the  young  aspirants  and  desperates,  quite 
sure  add  compact,  and,  never  sharing  their  affections  or 
debilities,  hurls  his  word  like  a  bullet  when  occasion  re- 
quires, knows  his  way,  and  carries  his  points. 

Emerson,  Letters  and  .Social  Aims,  p.  72. 

aplome,  ».     See  haplome. 
Aplopappus,  n.     See  Haplopappiis. 
aplostemonous, 


aplotomy,  « 


aplustre  (ap-lus'tre),  «. 


^  o.     See  haplostemonous. 
See  haplotomn. 


[L.,  also  aplustrum, 
chiefly  in  pi.  aplus- 
iria  or  aplustra  ;  LL. 
also  amphistre; (.Gr. 
CKpTiaaTov,  the  charac- 


Aplustre  of  an  ancient  Greek  Ship. 


Sing. 


aT?.i> 


Cf.  acrostoliuin.'i 
The  ornament  rising 
above  the  stern  of 
ancient  ships.  Though 
varying  nuich  in  design, 
these  ornaments  were 
iiften  very  graceful,  par- 
ticularly in  Greek  ex- 
amples. A  usual  form 
was  a  sheaf  or  pUune  of 
volutes,  variously  com- 
bined. The  aplustre  rose 
immediately  behind  the 

steersman,  and  is  often  represented  as  supporting  a  flag. 

As  a  conspicuous  part  of  the  ship,  it  was  often  removed  as 

a  trophy  by  captors.    Also  called  aphlaston. 
About  two  hours  later  Arrius  stood  under  the  aplustre 

of  the  galley.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  141. 

Aplysia  (ap-lis'i-ii),  «.  [NL.;  cf.  L.  aphisia:, 
pl.,<Gr.  aTz'Avmai,  pi.,  prop,  gen,  ■-*"  -■■- 
o/af  cirdyyoQ, 
a  sponge,  so 
named  from 
its  dii'ty-gray 
color,  <  Gr. 
airlvcia,  filthi- 
ness,  <  ajvAv- 
Toc,  unwash- 
ed, <  a- priv.  + 
jrXurdf,  verbal 

adj.  of  Tlvvew,  wash.]  A  genus  of  gastropodous 
mollusks,  the  sea-hares,  having  an  oval  oblong 
form  with  four  tentacles,  and  somewhat  resem- 
bling slugs.  Its  numerous  species  are  remarkable  for 
the  function  of  secreting  a  fluid  of  violet  color  (due  to  the 
presence  of  iodine),  which  they  dischai'ge  when  molested. 
One  of  the  best  known  is  A.  depilans,  the  depilatory  sea- 
hare,  so  called  because  it  was  supposed  that  the  fluid  _  it 
discharged  was  capable  of  removing  hair  or  pi'eventing  its 
growth.  Also  written  Laplysia,  by  an  original  mistake 
(Linna3us,  ]7t>7),  followed  by  many  writers. 

aplysiid  (ap-Us'i-id),  «.  .A  gastropod  of  the 
niraily  Aphisiidce. 

Aplysiid8e'(ap-U-si'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aphj- 
sia  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  teetibranehiate  gas- 
tropods, of  which  the  genus  Aplysia  is  the  type, 
having  the  shell  rudimentary  or  wanting.  Be- 
sides Aplysia,  there  are  several  other  genera,  as  DolabcUa 
and  Notarch  tw,  and  the  species  are  numerous.  Also  incor- 
rectly written  AplysiaJfe  and  Aplysidce.  The  same  group 
is  also  named  Aplysiacca,  .\phisiana,  and  Aplysiancc. 


of  wind,  <  (iirroof,  without  wind,  breathless,  <  o- 
priv.  +  Tvvehi,  blow,  breathe.]  In  pathol.,  par- 
tial privation  or  suspension  of  respiration ;  want 
of  breath.  Speciflcally,  it  denotes  the  inhibition  of  res- 
piration by  the  presence  "f  an  alununially  great  quantity 
of  o.\ygen  in  the  blood.  It  is  alsn  inipropeily  used  by  some 
to  denote  the  opposite  coTidition,  tliat  uf  asphyxia. 
apnoeal  (ap-ne'al),  «.  Characterized  by  apncea. 
apnoeic  (ap-ne'ik),  a.  Same  as  apnoeal. 
apo-.  [L.,  etc.,  02>0-,<  Gr.oTo-, prefix, oTrrf, prep., 
=  L.  06  =  Skt.  apa  =  AS.  of,  E.  of,  off,  etc. :  see 
all-  and  of,  off.  Before  a  vowel  the  prefix  be- 
comes ap-,  Gr.  (iir-;  before  the  rough  breathing, 
a2)h-,  Gr.  cuj)-.']  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing off,  fi'om,  away  from  (in  respect  to  place, 

.  ■   .  ^.     •  ,      „     time,  or  origin). 

tenstic  ornaments  of  apobates   (a-pob'a-tez),  «.;  pi.  apobata;  (,-te). 

the  stem  ot  a  ship_.  ^^^._  ^-g^-iariK,  lit.'  one  who  dismounts,  <  airo- 
liaiveiv,  step  off  from,  dismount,  <  cnrd,  off,  + 
fialveiv,  verbal  adj.  /ferof,  step,  go.]  In  Or. 
antlq.,  a  wan-ior  who  rode  into  action  on  a 
chariot,  standing  beside  the  charioteer,  and 
leaped  off  and  on,  according  to  the  exigencies 
of  the  fight,  while  the  chariot  was  in  motion. 
This  method  of  fight- 
ing was  a  tradition  in 
Greece  from  tlie  heroic 
age,  but  in  historic 
times  the  practice  was 
preserved  only  in  Beeo- 
tia  and  in  Athens,  par- 
ticularly as  a  feature  of 
the  P.anathenaic  pro- 
cession in  the  latter 
state. 

In  the  Theseion 
[frieze]  .  .  .  tlieie  are 
ligures  to  be  found  re- 
sembling in  form,  atti- 
tude, armour,  and  dress 
the  apobatie,  who  leap 
on  to  their  chariots  in 
the  Parthenon  frieze. 
A.  S.  Murray,  Greek 
[Sculpture,  I.  244. 

apoblast  (ap'o- 
blast),  H.  [<  Gr. 
aird,  off,  +  ji'AaaTdQ, 

germ.]  In  hiol.,  a  so-called  directive  corpuscle ; 
a  Ismail  temporary  body  formed  in  an  unim- 
pregnated  ovTim  as  a  result  of  cell-division. 
See  extract. 

Resting  on  the  dividing  upper  sphere  are  the  eight- 
shaped  "directive  corpuscles,"  better  called  "prajseminal 
outcast  cells  111'  apoblasts,"  since  they  are  the  result  of  a 
cell-division  wliicli  affects  the  egg-cell  before  it  is  impreg- 
nated, and  are  mere  refuse  destined  to  disappear. 

.B.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  637. 

apocalypse  (a-pok'a-lips),  n.  [<  ME.  apocalipsc, 
-bjps,  etc.,  abbr.  "pocalijps,  <  L.  apocaUjpsis, 
<  Gr.  a-JOKuAvpi;,  an  rmcovering,  revelation,  < 
aTroKaXvTrTuv,  uncover,  reveal,  <  d-i',  from,  _+ 
KaXuJrreir,  cover.]  Eevelation ;  diseoveiy ;  dis- 
speeifically  (with  a  capital  letter),  a 


apocar- 
In  bat.. 


Iruit 
of   Thatic- 
fifrrtonoides 
(nic-anemone). 

(Gray's  "  Genera  of 
Plants  uf  U.S.") 


( 
trittf. 


Apobates. —  Frieze  of  the  Parthenon, 
British  Museum. 


Depilatory  Sea-hare  [Aplysia  depila 


closure;  specifically  (wntli  a 

title  of  the  last  book  of  the  New  Testament, 

usually  called  the  book  of  Revelation,  and  in  ,    _,  , 

the  English  version  the  Revelation  of  St.  John  apochromatism  (ap-o-kro  ma-tizm),  n 


apocahjpi'iK  +  -/.vw.]  1.  lii  Ihtol.,  the  doctrine  of 
the  second  coming  and  personal  reign  of  Christ 
upon  the  earth:  so  called  from  its  supposed 
justification  in  the  Apocalypse  or  Revelation 
of  St.  John.     See  millenarianism. 

The  old  Christian  eschatology  is  set  aside ;  no  one  has 
dealt  such  deadly  blows  to  Clii'liasm  and  Christian  apoca- 
lypticism as  Orig'en.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  842. 

2.    Excessive   fondness   for  interpreting  the 

prophecies  of  the  Apocalypse;    tendency  to 

theorize  over-confidently  as  to  the  events  of  the 

last  days,  on  the  ground  of  a  favorite  individual 

or  polemical  explanation  of  the  Apocalypse. 
apocalyptist  (a-pok-a-lip'tist),  ».     [As  apocu- 

lijpt  +  -ist.']     1'.  The  writer  of  the  Apocah-pse. 

—  2.  An  interpreter  of  the  Apocalypse. 

Also  apdcalijptic. 
apocarpous  (ap-o-kar'pus),  a.     [<NL. 

pus,  <  Gr.  a-6,  from,  +  Kapirdc;,  fruit.] 

having  the  carpels  of  the  gy- 

ncecium  separate.    Applied  to  an 

ovary  or  a  fruit  composed  of  one  or 

more  simple  and  distinct  pistils,  as 

in  the  Ranunculacece  and  many  Bo- 

sacciv. 

apocatastasis  (ap'o-ka-tas'ta- 

sis),  It.  [<  Gr.  arroKaTaaracir^ 
the  period  of  a  star,  return, 
restoration,  <  airoKadiardvai,  re- 
store, return,  reestablish,  < 
inrdj  from,  +  KadtGTdi>at,  estab- 
lish,< Kara,  down,  +  lardvai,  se4, 
cause  to  stand,  =  L.  stare,  stand.]  ReestabUsh- 
ment;  full  restoration;  final  restitution.  Used 
s]iecitically  to  denote  —  («t)  In  astron.,  the  i>eriodic  circu- 
lation of  ti  planet,  as  bringing  it  back  to  the  point  from 
which  it  had  set  out.  (h)  In  wed.,  the  restoration  which 
is  indicated  by  the  cessation  or  subsiding  of  an  abscess  or  a 
tumor,  (c)  In  theol,  the  final  restitution  of  all  things,  in 
«  hich  all  the  wicked  of  all  time  will  be  fully  restored  to  the 
favor  of  God.  , The  doctrine  of  such  a  restitution,  founded 
I  111  Acts  iii.  21  aiid  other  passages  of  Scripture,  has  appeared 
in  the  Christian  cliurch  at  difl'erent  times  during  the  past 
seventeen  centuries,  and  forms  an  important  feature  of 
the  creeil  of  modern  Universalists.  See  restitution.  Also 
-lirlliii  aj'iihiifaslasis. 

apocatharsis  (ap"o-ka-thar'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
I  Ir.  aTTOKaUaimiq,  that  which  is  cleared  off,  <  inTo- 
ktiUaipeiv,  clear  off,  cleanse,  <  oto,  off,  +  Kadai- 
,11 IV,  cleanse:  see  cathartic]  In  tned.,  same  as 
I  iiiliarsis.     Dunglison. 

apooathartic  (ap'''o-ka-thar'tik),  a.  and  n.     [< 
Gr.  d-oKadapTiKoc,  clearing  off,  cleansing,  <  a:ro- 
Kadaipetv,  clear  off:  see   apocatharsis.]     I.   a. 
Same  as  cathartic,  1. 
II.  II.   A  cathartic. 

apociromatic  (ap"o-ki'o-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
(iTTO,  from,  +  ;t'pw//a(r-),  color,  +  -ic]  Axi  epi- 
thet descriptive  of  an  improved  form  of  lens 
devised  by  Professor  Abbe  of  Jena,  constructed 
of  new  kinds  of  glass  which  allow  of  a  more 
perfect  correction  of  chromatic  and  spherical 
aberration  than  has  hitherto  been  possible.  The 
kinds  of  glass  employed  are  chiefly  remarkable  in  that 
ttieir  dispersion  for  different  parts  of  the  spectrum  is  near- 
ly proportional :  hence  a  lens  constructed  of  them  is  not 
subject  to  the  limitation  of  an  ordinary  achromatic  lens  of 
being  strictly  achromatic  for  two  colors  only.  Another  de- 
fect of  ordinary  lenses,  that  their  spherical  aberration  is 
not  corrected  for  all  rays,  is  also  largely  overcome. 

The  elimination  of  these  errors  realizes  an  achromatism 
of  higher  order  than  h.is  hitherto  been  attained.  The  ob- 
jectives of  this  system  may  be  therefore  distinguished  from 
achromatic  lenses  in  the  old  sense  of  the  word  by  the  term 
apockromatisin,  and  may  be  called  apochromatic  objectives. 
Jour.  May.  Micros.  Soc,  Feb.,  1»B7,  p.  23. 

[<  apo- 


tVio  rii-innp  chromat-ic  +  -ism.]      The  condition  of  being 

IS  also  nauieo  ..-i/xi/.s-i^crd,  .-i/j('/.s(<t««,  ami  .i/yK/.i((t'tt*:.  tutr  a-'iviuc.  ......  .  *.  « •  i  i-  o        -t -^ 

apneumatic   (ap-nu-mat'ik),  «.     [<  Gr.  iTn-a'-  apocalypt  (a-pok'a-lipt),«._[<6r.asif' aTo™-     apochromatic.     See  abo^e.  .         ,     „ 

'^  - -^  ^      -  .'!■.'-■       .  -       "'        ■"^  „j-..  .1.,..    /  A ■,:.^-^„.  reveal:  see  apocopate  (a-pok'o-pat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 

apocopated,  ppr.  apocopating.  [<  apocope  + 
-ate'i.]  In  gram.,  to  cut  off  or  drop  the  last 
letter  or  syllable  of  (a  word). 


parol;,  not  blown  through  (<  o-  priv.  +  irrei 
pa{T-),  breath,  blowing),  +  -ic :  see  «-18  and 
jmeumatic]  Uninflated;  collapsed:  applied 
to  the  lungs. 
apneumatosis  (ap-nu-ma-to'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  awehparof,  not  blown  through  (see  apneu- 
jnatie),  +  -osis.]     An  uninflated  condition  of 


AimTTji;,  a  re'vealer,  <  aTroKa'AviTTew, 
apocah/iise,  and  cf.  apocalyptist.]      The  author 
of  the 'Apocalypse.     Coleridge.     [Rare.] 
apocalyptic  (a-pok-a-lip'tik),  a.  and  n.     [<  Gr. 


d-oK.aAv77TiKoc,<arTOKa/.inTTetv:    see  apocalypse.]  apocopate,  apocopated  (a-pok'6-pat, -pa-ted), 
I.  a.  1.  Containing  or  pertaining  to  an  apoca 


lypse  or  revelation ;  speeifieally,  relating  to  or 


)i.  a.    Cut  oil:  applied  —  (a)  in  jjrnwi.,  to  a  word 
from  which  the  last  letter  or  syllable  has  been 


apocopate 

cut  off.  or  to  the  part  thus  removed ;  (b)  In 
math.,  to  a  series  of  quotients  constituting  a 
continuant,  when  the  first  or  last  member  of  the 
series  is  cut  off. 
apocope  (a-pok'o-pe),  H.  [L.,  <  Gr.  a-oKoTT;/,  a 
cuttiug  off,  <  a^roiiOTZTSiv,  cut  off,  <  d-o,  off,  + 
ndrrria']  cut]  1.  In  gram.,  the  cutting  off  or 
omission  of  the  last  letter  or  syllable  of  a  word, 
as  in  til'  for  the,  i'  for  in. —  2.  In  iurg.,  a  wound 
with  loss  of  substance ;  ablation ;  amputation. 
— 3.  [cfy>.]  [XL.]  In  ^oiil.,  a  genus  of  plec- 
tospondylous  fishes,  of  the  family  Ci/prinida. 
It  contains  several  species  of  western  North 
America,  such  as  J.  couesi.    E.  D.  Cope,  1871. 

apocrenic  (ap-o-kren'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-6,  from, 
+  Kpiivn.  a  spring,  +  -ic.'\  Obtained  from 
springs:  use<l  only  in  the  following  phrase. 
— Apocrenic  acid,  an  uncr>'stallizaljle  brnwn  jnimmy 
acitl,  soluble  in  water,  existing  in  certain  mineral  springs, 
anil  in  the  ve;:etable  mold  of  soil  together  with  crenic 
acid,  from  which  it  is  formed  by  oxidation. 

Apocreos  (a-pok'rf-os),  n.  [LGr.  a-onpeuf,  a 
season  of  fasting;  of.  aizoKpeoiv,  abstain  from 
flesh,  <  Gr.  d-o,  from,  +  xptaf,  flesh.]  In  the  Gr. 
Ch.:  (a)  Sexagesima  Sunday:  so  called  be- 
cause abstinence  from  flesh  begins  from  that 
day.  (J)  The  week  preceding  Se.xagesima,  in 
some  respects  analogous  to  the  carnival  of 
western  Eiuope. 

apocrisary  (a-pok'ri-sa-ri),  )>.;  pi.  apocrisaries 
(-rizi.     .Same  as  apocrisianj. 

apocrisiary  (ap-o-kris'i-a-ri),  «.;  pi.  apocrisid- 
riis  (-riz).  [<  LL.  apocrisiarius,  also  apocrisd- 
riiig,  <  Gr.  d-uKpiaiq,  an  answer,  <  d-oKjiheatiai, 
answer,  mid.  of  a-oKpiveiv,  separate,  distin- 
guish, <  QTo,  from,  +  Hpiveiv,  separate,  dis- 
tinguish, =  L.  cerncre,  separate,  distinguish : 
see  critic  and  crisis.'}  Formerly,  the  title  of  va- 
rious diplomatic  or  ministerial  ofiieers;  espe- 
cially—  (a)  of  the  representatives  of  the  see  of 


262 

graphic  books,  such  as  the  ApocaljTse  of  Baruch  and  the 
Assumption  of  Moses.  The  name  Apoerypiia  is  also  occa- 
sionally made  to  embrace  the  Antilegomcna  of  the  Xew 
Testament.  The  Greek  Church  makes  no  distinction  among 
the  books  contained  in  the  Septuagint.  In  the  Anglican 
and  Lutheran  churches,  the  Apocrypha  are  read  for  ex- 
ample of  life  and  instruction  of  manners,  ^ut  not  for  the 
establishing  of  any  doctrine.  See  antile;ioinena  and  deu- 
ttToon/onical. 
apocryphal  (a-pok'ri-lal),  o.  and  «.  [<  NL. 
(ipncryphalis,  K  LL.  apocrypha  :  see  apocri/jiha.] 
I.  a.  1.  Of  doubtful  authorship,  authenticity, 
or  inspiration ;  spm-ious;  fictitious;  false. 

The  apocrt/phal  relics  of  saints  and  apostles  which  then 
burdened  the  shrines  of  Greek  churches. 

Tick-mrr,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  1S5. 

Specifically  — 2.  Eccks.:  (o)  Of  doubtful  sanc- 
tion; imeanouical;  ha-\-ing  no  ecclesiastical 
authority. 


apodictic 


saith  that  all  wTltings  not  canonical  are 
Hooker. 


.Terome  . 
apocrifpftal. 

(6)  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Apocrypha:  as 
Apocryphal  wi-iters,"  Addison. 

II.  ".  A  writing  not  canonical;  a  book  or 
passage  of  uncertain  source,  authority,  or 
credit.     [Bare.] 

Nicephorus  and  .\nastasius,  .  .  .  because  they  were 
interpolated  and  corrupted,  did  rank  these  epistles  in  the 
immber  of  apocn/phats.     Hanmer,  Eccles.  Antiq.,  p,  419. 

apocryphalist  (a-pok'ri-fal-ist),  n.     [<  apocrti- 

jiliiil  +  -ist.l    An  advocate  of  the  canouicity  of 

the  Apocrj-pha. 
apocryphally  (.i-pok'ri-fal-i),  adv.    In  an  ujioo- 

ryphal    manner;     uncertainly;     equivocally; 

doubt  full  V. 


thurians,  containing  the  families  Synaptidw  and  MoU 
padiida;  the  last  of  which  constitutes  his  suborder  Pneu- 
monuphorn.  (»)  In  Macleay's  system  of  classittcation,  a 
division  of  Aiimfida,  including  those  which  have  no  feet 
or  distinct  head  :  opposed  to  Pulypoda.  It  is  divided  into 
three gi-oups,  the  Lumbricina.  Semertirta.  ainl  Hintdinea, 
or  the  eartliwt)rms,  nenierteans,  and  leeches.  {// )  An  order 
of  Amphiljia,  same  as  Gi/miwpln'ona  or  Ophimn'irpha,  con- 
stituted by  tile  family  Caciliidw  alone.  (0  A  group  of 
degi-adert  parasitic  cinipeds,  having  a  vermiform  body, 
a  suctorial  mouth,  no  thoracic  or  abdominal  limbs  (and 
consequently  no  cirri),  and  a  rudimentary  peduncle  repre- 
sented by  two  separate  threads  bearing  the  characteristic 
antenniform  organs.  There  is  but  one  genus,  Protcole- 
pa^  (which  see). 

apodal  (ap'o-dal),  a.  [<  apod  or  Apoda  +  -al.l 
Having  no  feet,  or  supposed  to  have  none  ;  foot- 
less: applied  specifically  in  -oo7.  to  members 
of  the  several  groups  called  Apoda  or  Apudcs, 
especially  to  the  fishes  so  called. 
apodan  (ap'o-dan),  H.  [<  Apoda.']  One  of  the 
Apoihi  or  Apodt's. 
^jjp  apodeictic,  etc.     See  apodictic,  etc. 

apodeipnon  (ap-6-dip'non),  V.  [<  Gr.  InroSet- 
TTvov,  the  after-supper  service,  <  d-6,  off,  +  ScU 
■TTvov,  the  evening  meal.j  See  complin. 
apodema  (a-pod  e-mii),  n. ;  pi.  apodemata  (ap- 
o-dem'a-tS).  [NL.,  <!(3r.  a-:Tu,  from,  off,  -1-  difim;, 
body,  frame.]  A  name  given  to  the  plates  of 
chitin  wliich  pass  inward  from  the  integuments 
of  crustaceans,  and  divide  as  well  as  support 
their  internal  organs.  Also  apodeme. 
apodemal  (a-pod'e-mal),  a.  Having  th<f  char- 
acter of  an  apodema :  as,  an  apodemal  parti- 
tion; an  apodemal  chamber.  .Also  apodema- 
toiis. 


apodemata,  ".     Plural  of  apodema. 


apocryphalness(a-pok'ri-fal-nes),  n.     [<  apoc-  ^J^"^^^^it',:V    ^'^"V  "'  upouvma. 
r,iphal  +  -ntss.}     The  state  or  quality  of  being  apodematous  (ap-o  -dem   a-tus),  a.     Same  i 
•    ■  -  ■  -    „t;,;it,.  ^     apodrmal. 


apoer\-phal  or  of  uncertain  authenticity. 
apocryphicalt  (ap-o-krif'i-kal), 
pha  +  -ic-al.'] 
Ch.  of  Rome. 


Rome  and  other  chief  sees  at  Constantinople ;  Apocynacea  (a-pos-i-na'se-e),  n.   id.     [NL,,  < 


ap-6-krif'i-kal),  a.     [<'rt,w<r«- ^P°4e™e  (ap'o-dem)  «.     oame  as  ajjoaem 

Ap6crj'phal.-  %>.  bIhI,  6oi.  it  a?oderm  (ap'o-derm),  ».     [<  NL    apoder 

'■  '  Gr.   ii-ndfptm,  a  hide  stri)>ped  off,  <   airoi 


(b)  of  the  papal  representatives  at  the  court  of 
Charlemagne  and  his  successors,  until  the  title 
was  given  to  an  imperial  officer,  after  which 
the  fonner  were  called  legates  or  nuncios, 

apocmstict  (ap-o-krus'tik),  a.  and  «.  [<  Gr. 
u-iiKjimr;7iKor,  able  to  drive  off,  repellent,  <  d-u- 
Kpoii7Tor,  di-iven  off,  verbal  adj.  of  d-onpoicw, 
beat  off,  di'ive  8ff,  <  d-6,  off,  +  Kpoieiv,  beat, 
strike.]  I,  a.  In  med.,  repelling;  astringent. 
II.  ».  .Vii  astringent  and  repellent  medicine. 

apocrypha  (a-pok'ri-f  a),  «.  jjl.,  also  used  as  sinij. 
[Ill  .^1L,  as  a  quasi-adj.,  in  lit.  sense ;  <  LL.  Ojio- 
crypha, ueut.  pi.  (sc.  scripta)  oiapocrypltHs,<.  Gr. 
oTOK^iOof  (iieut.  pi.  d-i'jKpvi^a,  sc.  'jpduuara  or 
J3i3>.ia),  hidden,  concealed,  obscure,  recondite. 


Iptifi/iiKiii  +  -acea'.]  A  natural  order  of  dicoty- 
ledonous plants,  ha\'ing  for  its  tyjje  the  genus 
Apocynum,  or  dogbane,  it  is  very  nearly  allied  to 
the  order  AsHtpiadacfw,  from  which,  however,  it  is  distin- 
guished by  the  fact  that  its  stamens  arc  free  from  the 
style  and  stigma,  and  its  anthei-s  contain  granular  pollen. 
The  species  are  largely  trojiical,  and  have  a  milky  juice 
that  is  often  acrid  and  s<iinetimes  very  poisonous".  In- 
dia-rubber is  obtained  from  several  species  in  Africa,  India, 
and  South  America.  The  order  furnishes  woods  that  are 
used  for  carving  and  furniture,  several  fiber-plants,  barks 
valuable  in  medicine,  and  some  edible  fruits.  It  includes 
the  ordeal-tree  of  Madagascar  (^Cerbem  TnntjhinS,  the 
milk-tree  of  Demcrara,  the  cream-fruit  vt  Sierra  Leojie, 
and  the  periwinkle  (lYncn),  oleander  (AViikw  oleander). 
Cape  jasmine  (Jtlnttichoitjierinuin),  and  plants  of  the  ge- 
nus Atiamanda  which  arc  cultivated  in  gardens  and  green* 

llOU; 


hard  to  understand;   in  eccles.  iise,  of  ^^Tit-  apocynaceous  (a-pos-i-na'shius),   a.      [<  NL. 


ings,  anonymous,  of  unknown  or  undetermined 
authorship  or  authority,  unrecognized,  unca- 
nonical.  spurious,  pseudo- ;  <  d-riKpi':T-in',  hide 
away,  conceal,  obscure,  <  ««<,  away,  +  Kpirmi; 
hide,  conceal:  sue  apo-nnA  crypt.]  1.  Awi-it- 
ing  or  statement  of  doubtful  authorship  or  au- 
thenticity-: formerly  used,  in  the  i)redicate,  as  a 
quasi-adjective. 

The  writyngc  is  ./l^wcrt/iAa  whanne  the  auctor  therof  is 
uiknowe. 

Trtvita,  tr.  of  Uigdeii's  Polychron.,  V.  105.    (.V.  E.  V.) 

That.  .  .  Kings  enjoy'd  their  frowns  by  Klght  descend- 
tn((  to  them  from  Adam,  that  we  think  not  only  Apocrypha, 
but  aUo  utterly  impoHsiblc. 

Locke,  Governincnt,  It.  i.  II.    (.V.  K.  1).) 

Specifically  —  2.  Eccles.:  («)  A  name  given  in 
the  early  church  to  various  writings  ot  uncer- 
tain origin  and  authority,  regarded  by  gome 
ns  iiis|)irird,  but  rejected  by  most  authorities  or 

■  k.,  were  cither  worksacknowlcdged 

I.-,  but  not  cstablisbeil  as  canonical, 

absolutely  rejectcil  by  the  church. 

\'')  li  ition  ot  fourteen  books  sub- 

JO'i"  i..,iii.-al  books  of  the  OldTosta- 

' iH.ri/.eil  v<THion  of  tlie  Bibh;,  as 

I,  l)iit  now  generally  omitted. 

•'      II.  l.r.w  Ilil.l,,,  but  arc  found  with 

'    '  '■ -ittcrcd  IhrifUuh  the  .Sep. 

I  ihcllbn'iHla nl.     They 

Mm  h\  I-.  1  i,ir<l  jind  Koiirtli 
'  oihI  Kzra  or 
ihir.WlKdoni 
iM.b  I.  inl»lii, 


.1  II,.' 

■■    two 

'.   and 

Iblr.l 

■rial  or 

I'lrnoti. 

I'HCIlclrpl- 


apocynaceus :  see  Apocynacea;.']    Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Apocynacew. 

apocyneous  (ap-o-sin'e-us),  a.  [<  NL.  apocy- 
iiiiis,  <  .  Ipocipium,  q.  v.]  Same  as  apocynaceous. 
Iliiiiiir. 

apocynin  (a-pos'i-niu),  «.  l<.  Apocynum  +  -in".] 
A  liitter  principle  derived  from  dogbane,  Apocy- 
num raunahinum. 

Apocynum  (a-pos'i-num),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  apocu- 
non,  dogbane  {Aconitum  lyeoctonum,  I..innH'us), 
<  Gr.  d-OHwov,  a  jdant,  Cynaiiclnis  ercctiis,  <  d-d, 
from,  away,  +  kiwii  (m'i-),  a  dug,  =  E.  hound.] 
Dogbane,  a  genus  of  perennial  herbs,  tyiie 
of  the  natural  order  Ajiocynun a-  (which  see), 
and  including  three  species,  of  which  two,  .1. 
undroxa-mifoUum  and  J.  cannaliinnni,  iiro  North 
American.  The  common  name  of  the  latter  is  liidimi 
hemp,  fmni  the  u.sc  of  its  llbrous  itiut  extremely  (t)Ugh  bark 
by  the  .American  Inrlians  for  making  nets,  etc'. 

apod,  apode  {ap'od,  -6d),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL. 
ajius  (iiptid-),  <  Gr.  <'nriwc  (dn-oil-),  footless,  <  d- 
jiiiv,  -t-  iroi r  (n-mi-)  =  E. /ooi,]  I.  a.  Footless ; 
a]ioda1. 

II.  H.  An  apodal  or  apodous  nninuil ;  nn  ani- 
mal without  feet,  or  supposed  to  liave  none;  a 
meinl)er  of  one  of  the  Bcverul  groups  called 
Apoda  or  .tpodes, 

Apoda  (uii'o-djl),  H.  1)1.  [NL.,  nout.  jil.  of  npus 
(</;«((/-), <  Gr.  (in-oif  (oToii-),  footless:  see  apod.] 
In  zoiil.,  a  name  given  to  variouHgioiipM  i<(  aiii- 
mals.  (a)  As  used  by  Arl»lollc,  tlu'  llihd  dlvlnl.ui  of 
y.nolokn,  or  alr-brcalhiiig  aninuils  which  bring  forth  their 
younualive.  It  Included  the  whales.  This  i>robably  origi- 
nal u«i'  of  the  won!  Htm  lingers  in  mouu-  syitteniH.  .Her  (/»). 
{h)  7'hime  tilacenlal  niammaN  whli'h  have  no  feet,  a*  dls- 
llliKuUheil  from  (be  prdi.lii  (which  »ee).  (<■)  In  iehlh., 
%iuiw  nn  AtHftleji.  (,/)  III  cuvlerV  Hyi«(4-ni  of  clawiMlcalliui. 
Ilie  Hcconil  oriler  of  ecliliioilcrni<i,  coiilranted  with  I'eili. 
ertlnta.  It  In  n  heterogi'iii-nnn  groiiii,  cuiiHlitMiig  of  the 
following  g.-ncm:  MuljHulin,  Minimi,  I'riaputtm,  t.ithntlrr 
»"-'.  SijihuurtiluM,  liourltul,  Thillitjmeulfj  ;  the  llrsf  a  holo. 
'Iiiiiiun,  the  necoinl  n  codcnbTate,  the  rent  ui-pliyreatip*. 
I' )  \*  Ith  Van  iler  Uneven,  uii  order  of  echllioiieriiiii.  See 
''>)''i(/r«a,    (/)  In  Claua'a  urraiiKcment,  on  onlor  of  liolo- 


Same  as  apodema. 

ma,  < 

TTodipetv, 
skill,  ilay,  <  li-o,  =  E.  off,  +  dtpcir,  skin,  flay,  = 
E.  too'i.  Ct.dcrm.]  One  of  the  egg-membranes 
of  the  mites  called  trombiiliids,  developed  only 
under  special  conditions. 

apoderma  (ap-6-der'ma),  n.  ;  pi.  apodcrmata 
(-ma-tii).     [NL.]     Same  as  opodcrm. 

Apodes  (ap'o-dez),  n.  ]il.  [NL.,  masc.  pi.  of 
(I2IUS  (apod-):  see  apod.]  1.  An  order  of  fishes 
to  Avliieh  very  different  limits  have  been  as- 
signed, (a)  In  the  chlssitication  of  Linnwus  (IT.'iS),  a 
group  of  osseous  fishes  without  ventral  fins  and  com- 
prising a  heterogeneous  assemblage  of  rcpresentati\cs  of 
\arious  moilcrn  orders,  (b)  In  liloch  and  Schneider  s  sys- 
tem (IsoU,  some  one  of  several  orders  of  fishes,  the  name 
being  icpcatcd  under  several  so-called  classes  which  were 
itistiiigiiislu'd  by  the  nuinher  of  fins.  As  thus  used,  the 
word  w:is  a  descriptive  rather  than  a  distimtive  leriii. 
(c)  In  Cuvier's  system,  a  section  of  the  malacopterygians, 
the  name  being  apjilied  adjectively  to  such  f.inns  as  are 
destitute  of  ventr;il  fins.  The  true  eels.  s\  nibranchiate 
eels,  Giftnnomtti,  typical  (>;(Ai(/i(n'(/c(i,  and  Annittuhitoidea 
were  refeiTed  to  this  group.  (lA  Uy  various  later  w liters 
the  name  was  used  as  a  distinctive  ordinal  name.  Ity  T. 
Mliller  the  Ophidtoidea  ami  Atnuimliftoidca  were  eliiiii- 
nateil.  liy  Gill,  in  ISIU.  the  order  was  restricted  to  the 
typical  and  syiiilirancbialc  eels,  and  later  (18S4)  to  the 
true  eels,  or  Ichost  llslics  with  the  interniaxilhu'ies  atro- 
phied or  lost,  the  siipcrmaxillarics  lateral,  and  the  body 
aiiguilliform  ami  destitute  of  ventral  fins.  These  char- 
acters are  correlated  with  various  others  which  justify 
the  isolation.  The  principal  families  are  the  .■iiitjuillidee, 
Ot'hiehthtiidir,  and  .Muytritidtr, 

2.  In  De  Blainville's  system  of  classification, 

a  ilivisiiui  of  liis  Enlomo^ooiia :  the  apodal,  as 
distiiigiiislied  from  the  cluv^toiiod,  eiitoniozoans. 
It  inclmlcs  the  Icecbcs.  and  is  approximately  eijiiivalciil 
to  til''  //i/'/<//n.(rof  moilern  naturalists,  hut  contains  many 
intct.tiiial  worins. 

Apodia  (a-pod'i-ii),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aTouc 
(lizud-),  without  feet:  see  apod.]  In  Gegen- 
baur's  system  of  dassiticiition,  one  of  two 
diWsioiis  of  lliilothiintitlii  ((lie  other  being /•,'((- 
jiodiii),  eslablislied  for  tlie  rece))tioii  of  the 
geiiiiM  Ki/iiiipio  Mild  allied  loriiis. 

apodictic,  apodeictic  (np-o-dili'iik,  -(lik'(ik),rt. 

anil  n.  [<  u.  iijKidKiii'ii.s;  i  (ir.  d-iidrikTiixde,  do- 
moiistrative,  deiiioiisl rating, <(in-o(!i7Kroi,',deniou- 
strali'il,  yerluil  adj.  of  «-o(5((M'ii'n(,  demonstrate, 
]ioiiil  (lilt,  show,  <  li.To,  from,  +  ikiKrirni,  ]ioiut 
out,  sliinv,  =  L,  dicerc,  any:  see  diction.]     I, /(. 

1.  Di'iiKinslrative;  iiiciiiitestable  because  de- 
monstratcil  «r  demonstrable;  of  the  nature  of 
necessary  )iriiof. 

The  Hrgiinientation  is  from  a  sliiillKiide.  therefore  not 
ajHtflictick,  or  of  evident  dclnoilHlnitlon. 

Dr.  .1.  ItobitiKoil,  Hiuloxa  (I«r,S),  p.  23, 

There  Is  one  cimnicter  which  will  be  coiiHiilered  (feci, 
slve,  and  that  Is  the  aiiodiefie  certainty  beluiiKiiiK  to 
inatheinal  leal  conclimloiiH. 

(.'.  //.  l.euvM,  I'rohs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  t  202. 

2.  In  lof/ir,  a  term  dcHcriptive  of  a  form  of 
jiidgiiioiil  ill  which  tlie  I'oiiiic'ctioii  of  Hiibjeot 
anil  pieilieale  is  asserted  to  be  necessary:  as- 
Hcrling   its  own   neuessity.     Thus,  "Two  spheres 


apodictic 


whose  centers  are  distant  from  each  other  by  less  than  the 
sum  <»f  their  railii  must  intersect  "  would  be  an  apodictic 
jud^'meiit.  Such  judt^inetits  may  be  false.  This  use  of  the 
word  appears  to  hav.-  nri-iiiated  with  Kant. 

II.  «•  Th*)  logieul  (l(M.-triiie  of  demonstration 
and  of  science. 

Apodictic,  we  may  assume,  is  in  like  manner  the  formal 
stutly  of  what  c(uistitutes  knowledge  strictly  so  called, 
the  nature  of  ttie  principles  on  which  knowledge  l-ests, 
the  special  marks  distinguishing  it,  and  tlie  method  by 
wliitli  kll"^vlcd^'c  is  framed. 

n.  .l./.im.v.oi,  Eneye.  Brit.,  XIV.  786. 

apodictical,    apodeictical   (ap-o-dik'ti-kal, 

-ilik'H-l<nl),  (t.     Saiuo  as  ((/KKlictic,  apodcirJk: 

apodictically,  apodeictically  (ap  -  6  -  dik '  ti  - 
kal-i,  -dik'ti-kal-i),  adr.  1.  Demonstratively; 
so  as  to  be  evident  beyond  contradiction. 

Kant's  marvellous  acuteness  did  not  prevent  his  tran- 
sccniieutal  from  being  apodeictically  resolved  into  absolute 
idealism.  Sir  W.  Hamilton, 

.il>udiclirn(bi,  \ve  should  say,  if  a  is  the  cause  of  3,  then 
all  -V  wliiLii  possesses  a  i>ossesses  /3  ;  thus  reasoning  from 
eau^c  to  causiitiim.    li.  Adaimton,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  789. 

2.  By,  or  in  the  manner  of,  an  apodictic  judg- 
ment.    See  ajKidictic,  2. 

apodid  (a-pod'id),  It.  A  member  of  the  family 
JlKnlitla\ 

Apodidse  (a-pod'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  JjM(.s 
( . Ipod-)  +  -(■(/(('.]  A  family  of  phyllopod  crusta- 
ceans, constituted  by  the  genera  Apus,  Lcpidu- 
riis,  etc.  Sometimes  called  Apidte,  Apusidce. 
See  cut  under  Apus. 

apodiozist  (ap"o-di-ok'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  LGr. 
n-mhuiir,  e.xpulsion,  <  anodiaaeiv,  chase  away,  < 
i;-o,  away,  4-  r^iuKetv,  chase,  pursue.]  In  rhet., 
ri-ii-etiiin  of  an  argument,  with  professed  scorn 
or  impatience,  as  irrelevant. 

apodixis,  apodeizis  (ap-6-dik'sis,  -dik'sis),  «. 

[<  L.  itpodixis,  <  Cxr.  dirdSci^if:,  demonstration, 
proof,  <  drrodeiKvivai,  demonstrate:  see  apodic- 
tic.']    Full  demonstration ;  absolute  proof. 

Tins  nui^lit  taste  of  a  desjierate  will,  if  he  had  not  after- 
wards given  an  ir/1'ifli.ri.^.  in  tlie  battle,  uprm  what  platform 
he  bad  projected  and  raised  tliat  bojie. 

Sir  «.  Buch;  Hist.  Rich.  HI.,  p.  60. 

apodon  (ap'o-don),  n.     An  improper  form  of 

apodosis  ( a-pod'o-sis),  II.  [L.,  <  Gr.  aTroSom^,  a 
giving  back,  retm-n,  answering  clause,  <  airodi- 
I'imai,  give  back,  <  a.;(-(i,  from,  away,  +  SiSovai, 
give,  =  L.  (to/-c,  give.  Cf.  dose]  1.  In  (/ram., 
the  conehuling  part  of  a  conditional  sentence ; 
the  consequent  which  results  from  or  is  depen- 
dent on  the  protasis,  or  condition ;  the  conclu- 
sion. Thus,  in  the  sentence,  If  it  rains,  I  shall  not  go,  the 
first  clause  is  the  prut(n'is,  the  second  the  apodosis.  When 
the  prota.sis  is  iidrodnced  i>y  sncli  cumlitional  eoiijnnctions 
as  nolir',llixt,i,iil'ni:i.  Iliouoii,  iillloni.ili.  the  apodo.sis  |iredi- 
cates  s<.imethiiig  ojiposite  to  wliat  nii^ht  have  tieen  looked 
for :  as.  Although  we  were  few  in  mnnbers  (protatfis),  we 
overthrew  the  enemy  (apodosis).  By  some  grammarians 
the  term  is  not  restricted  to  conditional  sentences,  but  is 
extended  to  otliei-s  siniiiarly  constructed  :  thus,  in  a  simile 
the  apodosis  is  tlie  application  or  latter  part. 
2.  In  the  Cti:  CIi.,  the  last  day  of  a  church  festi- 
val when  prolonged  throughout  several  days. 
It  is  sometimes  coincident  with  or  later  than  the  octave, 
but  generally  eiirlier. 

apodoiis(ap'o-dus),  o.  l<,  apod  + -Oils.']  Foot- 
less ;  apodal. 

apodyterium  (ap"o-di-te'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  apodij- 
trria  (-ii).  [Ij..  <  Gr.  d~u^vTi/pioVj  <  (iTTodreadaij 
undress  one's  self,  mid.  of  inro6i'e/v,  strip,  un- 
dress, <  0-6  +  di'cii;  get  into,  put  on.]  An 
apartment  in  Greek  and  Roman  baths,  or  in 
the  palffistra,  etc.,  where  the  bathers  or  those 
taking  part  in  gjonnastic  exercises  undressed 
and  dressed. 

apogaeumf,  apogeumf,  apogseont,  apogeont 
(ap-o-.je'um, -on),  li.  [ML.,NL. :  see  apof/ee.] 
Original  forms  of  apogee. 

Thy  sun  in  his  apogteon  placed. 

Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  ii.  67. 

It  is  not  yet  agreed  in  what  time,  precisely,  the  apogeuin 

alis(dveth  one  degree.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

apogamic  (ap-o-gam'ik),  a.  Same  as  apoga- 
moiis. 

The  .author  could  not  detect  any  act  of  impregnation  [in 
a  parasite  on  the  olive],  and  believes  that  reproduction  is 
npn,i,ijiii<\  Jimr.  Roy.  Micros.  Soc,  iA  ser.,  VI.  298. 

apogamous  (a-pog'a-mus),  a.  [<  NL.  apoga- 
iiius,  <  (_;r.  ajTO,  away  from,  +  ya/ioc,  marriage.] 
In  hot.,  of  the  nature  of  or  characterized  by 
apogamy. 

De  Bary  thinks  that  in  forms  where  obgonia  are  found 
without  male  poUinodia  they  must  be  considered  as  repre- 
senting a  distinct  wpoganwii.i  species. 

Smithsonian  Rep.,  1881,  p.  403. 

apogamously  (a-pog'a-mus-li),  adv.  In  an 
apogamous  manner ;  by  apogamy. 

Those  [spores]  which  are  formed  probably  or  actually 
without  a  sexual  process  —  in  a  word,  apogamously  —  but 


263 

which  may  be  considered  ...  to  be  homologous  with 
those  which  are  actually  sexually  produced. 

Uncyc,  IJrit,,  XX.  4.11. 

apogamy  (a-pog'a-mi),  n.  [<  NL.  apoijamia,  < 
iipogiuniw:  see  apogamous.]  In  hoi. :  (a)  Gener- 
ally, the  absence  of  sexual  reproductive  power, 
the  plant  perpetuating  itself  only  by  vegetative 
means,  as  buds,  bidbs,  etc.  (/;)  In  the  liiglier 
cryptogams,  th(^  immediate  dev('lo|)meut  of  the 
perfect  |)hint  from  the  prothallus  without  the 
usual  intervention  of  sexual  organs. 

apogeal  (aji-o-je'al),  a.  [As  apogee  +  -al.]  Re- 
lating or  pertaining  to  apogee;  in  apogee;  be- 
ing furthest  fi'om  the  earth. 

Simultancimsly  the  apogeal  side  [of  the  moon]  was  turn- 
ed from  the  influence  of  both  bodies  [earth  and  sun]. 

Wiiichell,  World-Life,  p.  381. 

apogean  (ap-0-,j6'an),  n.  [As  apogee  +  -an.] 
Pertaining  to  or  connected  with  the  apogee : 
as,  apogean  (neap)  tides,  wldch  occur  when  the 
moon  has  passed  her  apogee.     Also  apogeic. 

apogee  (ap'o-je),  «.  [<  ML.  NL.  apogwiim,  apo- 
gciim,  iipogwoii,  apogeon,  <  Gr.  inruyaiov,  imiyciov 
(sc.  didaTi//ia,  distance),  a  planet's  greatest  dis- 
tance from  the  earth,  neut.  of  dttdyaio^,  a-!^i))tm<;, 
from  the  land,  from  the  earth  (>  L.  apogeus,  from 
the  land),  <  otto,  from,  +  yfi,  poet,  yala,  earth, 
land:  see  geography,  etu.]  1.  That  point  in  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  or  other  heaveidy  body  which 
is  at  the  greatest  distance  from  the  earth  ;  espe- 
cially, that  partioidar  point  of  the  moon's  orbit. 
The  ancients  regarded  the  earth  as  fixed  in  the  center  of 
the  universe,  and  accordingly  assigned  to  the  sun,  with  the 
planets,  an  apogee ;  but  now  that  the  sun  is  recognized  as 
the  center  of  our  system,  the  tevms perihelion  and  aphelion 
are  employed  to  denote  the  least  and  greatest  distance  of 
the  planets  from  that  orb.  Strictly,  therefore,  the  sun  is 
in  its  apogee  wiien  the  earth  is  in  its  aphelion.  In  the 
Ptolemaic  astronomy,  the  mean  apogee  of  the  epicycle  is 
the  point  of  the  epicycle  furthest  from  the  center  of  the 
e(piaut ;  the  true  apogee  of  the  epicycle  is  titat  point  of  it 
furthest  from  the  earth  ;  and  the  Jij:ed  ajtogee  of  the  epi- 
cycle is  that  point  of  it  furthest  from  the  center  of  the 
eeeentrie. 

2.  Figm'atively,  the  highest  or  most  distant 
point ;  climax ;  culmination. 

It  [Bruges]  had  by  no  means  reached  its  apogee,  but  was 
to  culminate  with  Venice.     Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  37. 

apogeic  (ap-o-je'ik),  a.  [As  apogee  +  -ic] 
Same  as  apogean. 

apogeotropic  ( ap 'o - je - 6 - troj) ' ik),  a.  [<  NL. 
upogwotropiciis,  <  Gr.  aTrdyaiog,  divdyeio;,  from  the 
earth,  +  -TpoTrmdr,  turning:  see  apogee  and 
trojnc]  In  bot,  characterized  by  apogeotro- 
pism;  shooting  upward;  inclined  to  turn  away 
from  the  groimd. 

Tlie  sheath-like  cotyledons,  whilst  young,  are  strongly 
n/H't!>'oli;>pic.  Darwin,  Movement  in  Plants,  p.  499. 

apOgeotropism(ap"o-je-ot'ro-pizm),  H.  [As 
apogeotropic  +  -ism.]  A  tendency  to  turn  or 
bend  in  opposition  to  gravity,  or  upward  and 
away  from  the  earth,  as  opposed  to  geotropism 
(which  see) :  said  of  stems  or  other  parts  of 
plants.     Darwin. 

apogiatura (a-poj-a-to'ra),».  See appoggiatura. 

Apogon  (a-p6'gon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  muyon; 
beardless,  <  li-priv.  +  Truyuv,  beard.]  1.  A  ge- 
nus of  acanthopterygian  tishes,  typical  of  the 
Apogonina.  Lacepede,  ViW2.  Also  called  J«ii«. 
—  2.  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects.     Halidaij. 

apogonid  (ap-o-gon'id),  n.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily AjKx/iiiiitlir':  a  chilodijjterid. 

Apogonidae  lap-o-gon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Apo- 
ijon  +  -ida\]  A  family  of  acanthopterygian 
fishes:  same  as  Cliilodipteridw  and  Apogonina. 

Apogonina  (ap"o-go-ni'na),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ajio- 
i/on  +  -ilia.]  in  Giintlier's  classification  of 
'fishes,  the  fifth  group  of  Percidcc,  having  the 
cleft  of  the  mouth  oblique  or  approaching  the 
vertical  line,  and  two  dorsal  fins.  It  contains  fishes 
which  inhabit  the  sea  or  fresh  waters  and  possess  decidu- 
ous scales  which  are  generally  of  large  size. 

apograph  (ap'o-gi'af),  «.  [<  Gr.  d-oypailioc,  also 
neut.  aTT6ypaipoi>,  a  copy,  <  cnrdypaifioi,  copied,  < 
dTToypa<)iuv,  copy,  transcribe,  write  off,  _<  d:T6,  off, 
+  ypdijieiv,  write.]     A  copy  or  transcript. 

These  (Hebrew  manuscripts]  have  been  divided  into  two 
classes,  autographs  and  apographs.  The  former,  written 
by  the  original  authors  themselves,  have  long  ago  perished. 
The  latter,  taken  from  the  autogi-aphs  and  nuiltiplied  by 
repeated  transcription,  exist  in  considerable  numbers. 
T.  11.  Home,  Introd.  to  .Study  of  Holy  Scriptures,  II.  88. 

apohyal  (ap-o-hi'iil),  «.  [<  Gr.  and,  from,  +  hy- 
(rtirf)  +  -al.]  lii  oriiith.,  an  element  of  the 
hyoideau  arch,  borne  upon  the  basihyal  and 
bearing  the  ceratohyal:  now  usually  called  the 
eeratobraneliiiil. 

apoioUS  (a-poi'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-ow(,  without 
quality  or  attribute,  <  a-  priv.  +  -o'w^,  of  what 
nature  or  sort.]  Having  no  active  qualities ; 
neutral,  as  water  or  starch. 


Apollo 

apojove  (ap'o-jov),  n.  [=  F.  apojove,  <  NL. 
ajiojorinm,  <  Gr.  uTrti,  from,  +  L.  Jov-,  Jovis, 
Jove,  Jupiter:  see  .Tore.]  That  jioint  in  the 
orbit  of  a  satellite  of  Juijiter  which  is  f  tu-thest 
from  I  lie  jiUtnet.    Airy. 

apokatastasis,  n.    See  apocatastasis. 

apolar  (a-ijo'liir),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  (a-18)  +  po- 
lar.] Having  no  pole :  in  «««<.,  applied  to  those 
nerve-cells  which  are  not  known  to  liave,  or  are 
supposed  not  to  have,  any  radiating  process. 

Itesults  of  observation  positively  prove  the  existence  of 
two  fibres  in  the  case  of  cells  which  had  previously  l>een 
regarded  as  iniipolar  and  apolar.      Beale,  Bioplasm,  g  243. 

apolaustic  (ap-o-las'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  nrro- 
VMvcTiKdc^,  agreeable,  <  dTro/avoTdc,  enjoyable,  < 
diro'lai:eiv,  enjoy,  appar.  <  a— 6,  oil,  +  *'/M.ieiv,  a 
verb  not  used.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  taste  or 
enjoyment ;  agreeable. 

Pei'baps  for  brevity  and  distinctness'  sake  we  may  call 
the  first  its  apolaustic  and  the  second  its  dynanue  char- 
acter. Mind,  XII.  63. 

II.  n.  The  philo.sophy  of  taste.  Sir  W.  Ham- 
ilton. 
Apolemia  (ap-o-le'mi-a),  «.  [NL. ;  formation 
uncertain.]  A  genus  of  physophorous  tiipho- 
nophora,  or  oceanic  hydroids,  founded  by  Esch- 
scholtz  in  1829.  it  is  sometimes  referred  to  the  family 
Agatmidie,  sometimes  made  type  of  a  family  Aixitemiidie. 
.i.  oraria  is  a  dieecious  species  inhabiting  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Apolemiadae  (ap"o-le-mi'a-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.] 

Same  as  Apoleiniidiv. 

Apolemiidae  (ap"o-le-mi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Apolemia  +  -ida;.]  A  family  of  physophorous 
siphonophores,  typified  by  the  genus  Apolemia. 

Apolites  (ap-o-li'tez),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr. 
dnoXiTiK,  a  non-citizen,  exile,  <  u-  priv.  + 
noXiTTjCj  a  citizen:  see  politic]  1.  Same  as 
Pitangus.  Siindevall,  1830. — 2.  A  genus  of 
Coleoptera.     Laporte. 

ApoUinarian  (a-pol-i-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
ApolUnaris,  <  Apollo,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Appellative 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  votive  games  instituted 
at  Rome  in  honor  of  Apollo,  212  B.  c,  in  order 
to  conciliate  his  favor  in  the  war  against  the 
Carthaginians,  and  to  obtain  fi-om  him  protec- 
tion for  the  republic. 

II.  n.  One  of  a  religious  sect  deri\'ing  their 
name  from  ApolUnaris  the  Younger,  bishop  of 
Laodicea,  in  the  fourth  century.  ApolUnaris  de- 
nied the  proper  humanity  of  Christ,  attributing  to  him  a 
bunum  body  and  a  human  soul,  or  vital  principle,  but 
teaching  that  the  Divine  Reason,  or  Logos,  took  in  him  the 
place  which  in  man  is  occupied  Ity  the  rational  principle. 
Later  the  sect  maintained  that  even  the  body  of  Christ 
was  of  one  substance  with  his  divinity,  that  he  was  in- 
carnate from  eternity,  and  that  his  divinity  suffered  on 
the  cross.  After  breaking  up  into  different  sects,  the 
ApoUinarians  were  finally  merged  in  the  ilonophysites. 
Also  ealleil  ApiMinarist. 

Apollinarianism  (a-pol-i-na'ri-an-izm),  n.  [< 
ApoUinarian  +  -isiii.]  The  doctrines  of  the 
ApolUnarians. 

Hefele  himself  ...  is  compelled  to  admit  that  Nesto- 
rius  accurately  held  the  duality  of  the  two  natures  and  the 
integrity  of  each,  [and]  was  equally  explioitly  ojtposed  to 
Arianism  and  ApollinaHanisin.     Unryc.  Brit,,  X\'II.  356. 

Apollinarist  (a-pol-i-na'rist),  H.  [<  IIL.  Apol- 
linarista,<.A]ioliiiiaris:  see  Apiollinarian.]  Same 
as  ApoUinarian. 
Apolline(a-pol'in),  a.  [<  L.  Apollineus,  <  Apol- 
lo {ApoUiii-}:  see  A2>ollo.]  Related  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  myths  or  eultus  of  Apollo. 

Even  in  Apolline  oracles,  such  as  the  Delphic,  the  artifi- 
cial method  was  employed  along  with  that  by  inspiration. 
Encyc.  Bri(.,  XVII.  808. 

ApoUinic  (ap-o-lin'lk),  a.  Same  as  Apolliyie : 
as,  "  .iiiolliiiic  (Delphic)  religion,"  Encyc.  lirit., 
XX.  360. 

Apollino  (a-pol-le'no),  h.  [It.]  A  statue  of 
Apollo  in  the  Tribuna  at  Florence,  in  which  the 
god  is  represented  as  a  youth  at  rest  in  an  easy 
and  gracefid  leaning  attitude,  with  the  right  ai-m 
thrown  over  the  head,  it  is  a  copy  of  an  original  of 
the  fourth  century  B.  e.,  and  is  the  type  of  a  series  of  such 
representations. 

Apollo  (a-pol'o),  n.  [L.,<  Gr.  'A-d'/Juv,  ApoUo ; 
a  name  derived  by  the  Greeks  from  d-o?Jvvai, 
destroy  (see  ApoUyon) ;  but  the  origin  is  uncer- 
tain.] 1.  In  Gr.  and  later  in  Rom.  myth.,  one 
of  the  great  Olympian  gods,  the  son  of  Zeus 
(Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona),  representing  the 
light-  and  life-gi\'ing  influence,  as  well  as  the 
deadly  power,  of  the  sun,  and  often  identified 
^vith  the  sun-god,  Helios.  He  was  the  leader  of  the 
5Iuses,  god  of  music,  poetry,  and  healing,  and  patron  of 
these  arts ;  a  mighty  protector  from  evil,  all-seeing,  and 
hence  the  master  of  prophecy ;  also  the  destroyer  of  the 
un]ust  and  insolent,  and  ruler  of  pestilence.  In  art  he 
w.as  represented  in  the  full  m.ajesty  of  youthful  manhood, 
in  mostof  bis  attributions  unclothed  or  but  lightly  draped, 
and  usually  characterized  by  the  bow  and  arrows,  the  lau- 
rel, the  lyre,  the  oracular  tripod,  the  serpent,  or  the  dol- 


Apollo 


264 


phijQ. 

granted 

locally  ani 

each  had  its  p;trticular  t\pe  in  "art  and  literature 


He  was  the  father  of  _Esoulapius.  to  whom  he  anolnpi<!t.  Cn-nnrn-iist1    ..       r_  T^    «„„;„^,<.»« 

his  art  of  healing.     Apollo  was  honoreil    both  ^.poiogisi  (.a  poi  o-jist),  H.      [=  i- .  npotogiste 

ind  generally,  under  many  speiial  titles,  of  which     'V """.''.'/•  J      1.  Une  Who  speaks  or  wntes  in  < 


de- 
teuse  ot  anything ;  one  who  cliampions  a  per- 
son or  a  cause,  whether  in  pnblic  address  or  bv 
literarj'  means;  one  who  makes  an  apology-  or 
defense. 

There  is  one  diflicult  duty  of  an  liistorian,  which  is  too 
often  passed  over  by  the  party-writer :  it  is  to  pause  when- 
ever he  feels  himself  wanning  with  the  passions  of  the 
multitude,  or  becoming  the  blind  apolunixt  of  arbitrary 
power.  /.  DUrofli,  Curios',  (.f  Lit.,  IV.  3!X). 

Specifically— 2.  Eccks.,  a  defender  of  Chris- 
tianity ;  in  particular,  one  of  the  authors  of  the 
early  Christian  apologies. 
apologize  (a-pol'o-jiz),  c:  pret.  and  pp.  apoln- 
(Ji^eil,  ppr.  apnh>iji~i)i(j.  [<  apoloiiy  +  -(>.]  I 
uttrans.  1.  To  make  an  apology  or  defense: 
speak  or  write  in  favor  of  some   person 


^r^^^:^^T^:^^Z?J^J^  aponeurology  (ap^o-nu-rol'o-ji) 


an  apology  or  e.xcuso ;  acknowledge  or  express 
regret  for  a  fault :  followed  by  for  ':  as,  he  apolo- 
tfceil  for  his  delay  in  repMng'. 

n.t  trans.  To  make  or  write  an  apologv  for 
defend. 


cipophyge 

apomecometer  (apo-mf-kom'e-ter).  H.  [<  Gr. 
"-0,  friim.  away,  +  iuikoc.  length,  a  long  dis- 
tance, +  itirpor.  measure.]  An  instrument  used 
m  measui-ing  heights,  constructed.on  the  same 
principle  as  the  sextant. 

apomecometry  (ap"6-me-kom'e-tri),  II.  [.A.S 
<ij,>,ii,(,n,i,(t(r  +  -//.]  ■  The  art  of  measuring  ele- 
vations and  distances. 

apomorphine  (ap-6-m6r'fin),  «.    [<  Gr.  a-<i 

from,  +  iiiorpliia  +  -/»(2.]  An  artificial  alka- 
loid, C17H17XO2.  prepared  fi-om  morphine 
'Ihe  hyilroc-hloiate  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  iiowei-ful 
emetic.  It  is  usually  administered  hypodermioiilly.  Also 
(as  New  Latin)  afiotmir/ihiiia.  afiomor/jhia,  cmctmnmphUi 

aponeurography  (ap  o-nii-rog'ra-fi).  «.    [<  Gr.' 

<i-i,ri,iH.ir7ir.  aponeurosis.  +  -)pa<pM,  <  ■)pdipav, 
write.  lUscribe.]  A  description  of  aponeu- 
roses. 

«.     [<Gr.  a-o- 


.  .  were  ajxtlo 
Dr.  G.  Beiiitoii, 


Central  fieure  of  the  western  pediment  of  tlie  Temple  of  Zeus 
at  Olyinpta ;  5t>i  century  B.  C. 

Apullo  Cit/iarceilm  (Apollo  who  sings  to  the  aceompani 
ment  of  the  lyre),  eipiivalent  to  Aimllo  Slumgetes,  the 
conductor  of  the  Muses;  .-I/k.Wo  Hamuetimos  (the  Lizard- 
kiUer),  etc.— Apollo  Belvedere,  a  celebrated  antique 
statue  of  .\pollo  now  preserved  in  the  Belvedere  gallen-  of 
the  Vatican  palace  at  Knme,  and  esteemed  one  of  the 
noblest  artistic  representations  of  the  human  form  It 
was  iliscovered  at  I'orto  d.\nzio,  Italy,  among  the  ruins 
of  ancient  Antium,  near  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century 
—  DeUan  Apollo,  the  .\pollo  of  the  central  Hellenic 
sanctuary  .)f  Delos.  The  statue  held  a  bow  in  one  hanil 
ami  tigures  cjf  the  three  Graces  in  the  other.  — Delphlnlan 
Apollo,  AiHjIlo  of  the  dolphin  ;  .^j.i.llo  :is  the  protector  of 
sailors,  navigation,  and  the  marine:  idintihed  with  tlie 
IJelphian  Apoll,,,  or  Apollo  of  Delphi  (Pythian  Apollo).- 
PnoeDUS  Apollo,  AjhiIIo  .as  the  god  of  radiant  light.— 
Pythian  Apollo,  the  Apollo  of  Delphi,  or  the  Pythian 
sanctuary;  .Vpollo  .-is  the  slayer  of  the  monster  Python 
whom  he  supplanted  on  Parnassus. 
2.  [1.  c]  In  01  torn.,  a  butterfly,  PapiJio  apollu. 
Apollonian  (ap-o-16'ni-an),  a.  [<Gr.  ^-o//ci- 
i"«,  .-i.l.i.,  also  proper  name,  <  '.\-6/>.ur,  Apollo.] 
1.  Tos.scssiug  the  traits  or  attributes  of  Apollo. 
—2.  De\ised  by  or  named  after  ApoUonius  of 
Perga,  an  ancient  Greek  geometer,  celebrated 
for  hi.s  original  investigations  in  conic  sections. 
He  flourished  under  Ptolemy  Philopator,  •2-22- 
20o  B.  c — Apollonian  parabola,  hyperbola,  ellipse, 


the  ordinary 
AiKjIlotiins. 


,  \\llu.-,c  tliree 


are  dui-  I. 


Apollonic  (ap-o-lon'ik),  a.     Same  as  ApoUo- 

ApolIonius'B  problem.    See  problem. 

Apollyon  (.;i-|>ol'ioii),  11.  [LL.,<  Gr.  ;\7roX/.iW, 
prop.  :tdj.  iiTTu'/'/iui;  destroying,  ppr.  of  nTro/- 
/Mii',  usually  a-o».ivai,  destroy  ulterlv,  <  <i-6, 
from,  +  u//iim.  destroy.]  The  destroyer:  a 
name  given  (only  In  Rev.  ix.  11)  to  the  angel  of 
the  bottomless  jjit,  answering  to  the  Hebrew 
.ilitttlflon. 

apologetic  (a-pol-o-jet'ik),  a.  and  11.  [<  LL. 
iipo/,,,/,  heuif,  <  Gr.  azo'/o) rfTiKdr,  fit  for  a  defense, 
<  a-o/oyeintlai,  speak  in  defense,  <  ii-ii,  from, 
away,  +  '/oyciatliu,  speak,  <  /u)of,  sjicecli,  < 
/*;"!•,  speak:  see  iipolo;i;i.]  I.  n.  1.  Of,  per- 
fuming to,  or  containing  a  defense;  defend- 
ing by  wiird.i  or  uigiimcnts;  said  or  written  in 
ilefeiiHe:  as,  an  iipolor/rlir  essay. — 2.  Making 
apology  or  excuse;  manifesting  regret  tor  or 
exciisiiig  Horae  fault,  failure,  deficiency,  imper- 
iccluMi,  i-Uu,  in  oriif's  own  conduct  or  that  of 
luioili.r:  in,  an  npolo/pUr  reply;  an  apolngctic 
"" Apologetic  fathers,    xcc  .fniliT. 


n. 

It  I 


"gy ;  u  defense.     [Rare.] 


r..lc  an  niDilnflrltr  to  Ihe  mob  oil  Ije. 
y(i<f/.T  S'irlh,  Liamiii,  p.  ;)05. 

apologetical   (a-pol-o-jefi-kal),   (I.      Same   as 

O/.O/O,/.   /,,, 

apologetically  (n-pol-o.jct'i-kul-i),  „dr.    In  an 
j'l'"'"'-" '"■  "'i'uii't;  l.y  wayoif  defense  or  ex- 

apol<)g0tiC8  (i!-|.o|.o.iet'ikli),  n.    [PI.  ottipnh,,,,/. 

''■  "''■'■  '  '     '      ■'■■'I,  ni-ut.  pi.  of  iipoloii,- 

Tliaf  branch  of  iloiuoij. 

iiivo   theology  which  is 

iikIh  and  doftMiHc  of 


:Mrilc«  f'hrJNtilinUy.  nji  the 

iiinnkitiil.  nunhint  (lu>  At- 

'  liiial  niKl  I  hrUtialilly.  p.  4. 

apologlBC,  apologiser.     See  apologUc,  apolo- 


Therefore  the  Christians,  in  his  time 
ffuni  by  Plinie  the  second. 

Also  spelled  apolo</ise. 
apologizer  (a-pol'o-ji-zer),  n.  One  who  apolo- 
gizes ;  one  who  makes  apologies  or  excuses. 
Also  spelled  (ipolof/iscr. 
apologue  (ap'o-log),  H.  [<  r.  (ipologiir,  <  L. 
(ipoloi/ii.s,  <  Gr.  (i-o/ojof,  a  story,  talc,  faVile.  < 
a-6.  from,  +  ?ii£n>,  speak,  >.6)oc,  speech.]  A 
story  or  relation  of  fictitious  events  intended 
to  convey  useful  truths  ;  a  moral  fable  :  an  alle- 
gory. An  apiiliuiio'  ditt'ers  from  a  imralib-  in  that  the 
latter  is  drawn  from  events  which  occur  anion"  man- 
kind, and  IS  therefoie  sii|. ported  by  probability,  while  the 
former  ina.\  be  founded  ..n  supposed  acti<uis  of  brutes  or 
inanimnte  things,  and  therefore  does  not  require  to  be 
su]ip.irl,-d  by  iJiobability.  .Esop's  fables  are  good  exam- 
ples of  aptiliiL'iies. 
apologuert  (ap'o-log-er).  II.  l<npolo(iiic  +  -fil.] 
<  )iie  who  writes  apologues  ;  a  fabler.  Burton. 
apology  (.a-poro-.ji),  II. ;  pi.  iipolorpcs  i-jiz).  [= 
l'\  (ijio/oi/ic,  <  LL.  ajioloi/io,  <  (ir.  airoAoyia.  a 
speech  in  defense,  <  aTvolo-^Eindai,  speak  in  de- 
fense: see  apoloffctic,  and  cf.  (ipoloi/iir.]  1. 
Something  said  or  written  in  defense,  vindica- 
tion, or  excuse;  specifically,  a  defense  or  justi- 
fication of  a  doctrine,  system,  course  of  con- 
duct, etc.,  against  objections  or  criticisms. 

I  shall  neither  trouble  the  reader  nor  invsclf  with  any 
apulnijn  for  publishing  these  sermons.  '        Tillutsun. 

Bishop  Watson's  " Apoluijii  tor  the  Bible"  is  a  good  book 
with  a  bad  title.  ^  ji„)i 

2.  An  excuse,  usually  accompanied  bv  an  ex- 
pression ot  regret,  for  some  faull . 

Ajmlat/u's  only  account  for  what  they  ilo  not  alter. 

3.  That  which  imperfectly  ser\'es  a  given  pur- 
pose; a  temporary  substitute ;  a  makeshift. 

He  wears  a  wisp  of  black  silk  roiiml  his  neck,  without 
any  stilfener,  as  an  aimkigij  tor  u  neckerchief.  iJickeim. 
4t.  An  apologue. 

A  pretty  n/folvmi  of  a  league  that  was  made  betwixt  the 
wolves  and  the  slieej). 

Toptell,  l'imrI''ootc(l  Beasts,  p.  B"8.  (N.  E.  D.) 
=  Syn.  2.  Ajtuloiiji,  Jixcune,  Pica.  Aimliuiii  has  in  this 
sen.se  the  force  of  ail  ailmission  that  one  has  lieeu,  at  l.-ast 
seemingly,  in  the  wrong;  it  therefore  jileaiis  any  e.itinii- 
atiiig  cireiimstaiiccs,  or,  more  often,  oilers  a  frank  aeknow . 
ledgnient  as  the  best  that  can  be  done  toward  making 
matters  right.  Exnui'  mav  mean  a  defense,  or  an  e.vpla- 
nntioii  simply  :  a.s,  his  rzriiK,-  was  ipiite  siiincient ;  or  it  mav 
be  n  mere  attempt  at  jiislilleatioli :  as,  it  wiis  only  an  rj- 
riiHc:  or  it  may  be  a  begging  to  be  releaseil  from  a  claim  : 
as,  "they  all  with  one  consent  began  to  make  cj-cii*.-.' 
Luke  .\lv.  IK,  A  iilf-n  consists,  according  lo  the  occasion, 
of  an  appeal  for  lenieniy,  or  of  jiistillcatory  or  exclilputorv 
argument  or  persuasion. 

Our  nuglish  Martyrologcrcijiinled  It  n  siillleient  «;».f(i.;i, 
for  what  meanness  might  be  finind  In  Ihe  llrst  edition  of 
his  "Acts  and  .Moiiuinents,  ■  that  It  was  "hastily  nislied 
up  In  nlioiit  fourteen  monllis." 

C.  .Mnlher,  Intlod.  to  Slag.  Chris. 
Weakness  Is  thy  /•i-nitr. 
Ami  I  believe  II,  .Wi7/iii>,  .S.  A,,  I.  S'JD. 

Hellenic  art  and  philosophy  were  and  numlii  ail  iincoii- 
neliMis  /lira  tor  hiimanlly  in  Its  own  right. 

/■'mill'  It/  llif  H'ltrlil.  p.  ;«ii, 
apolytilcion  (ap  o-li-tik'l-on),  11. ;  pl.npohilil.iii 
(-'<>).      I.Mlir.    "To/iir/ft/or,  <f  Gr.  orro/rr/iior,   rlis- 


verpuaii:,  aponeurosis,  + -/".o; /a,  < /tj fa',  speak: 
see  -oloip/.^  1.  The  anatomy  of  aponeuroses.' 
—  2.  A  treatise  on  aponeuroses, 
aponeurosis  (aji  o-nfi-r6'.sis),  W. ;  pi.  aiionen- 
)-(w('.s(-sez).  [XL.,  <  Gr.  a-oveipam^  (Galen), 
the  end  of  a  muscle  where  it  becomes  tendon,  < 
u-mrvpoiaHai,  become  a  tendon,  <  oto,  from,  + 
i'frY)oi'  =  L.  iirrrns,  sinew,  tendon,  nerve:  see 
iitrri-  ami  nciirn/gid.']  Intinat..  any  fascia  or  fas- 
cial structure ;  especially,  the  teiidon  of  a  mus- 
cle when  broad,  tliiii.  tiat,  and  of  a  glistening 
whitish  color,  or  the  expansion  of  a  tendon  cov- 
ering more  or  less  of  the  muscle,  or  a  broad,  thin, 
whiti.sh  ligament.  The  mime  was  given  to  these  struc- 
tures when  tiiey  were  siijiposed  to  be  e.xpansioiis  of  nerves 
any  h.ard  whiti^li  tissue  being  then  considered  nervous, 
111  present  usage  njniii.iiniyix  is  nearly  synonymous  with 
pi.m,!,  but  IS  olteuer  applied  to  Uie  faseia-like  tendons  of 
muscles:  as,  the  aponeurimx  of  the  oblique  muscle  of  the 
alidnmcn. 

aponeurosy  (ap-o-nu'ro-si),  «.;  pi.  apotieiiro.sie/1 

(-sizi.     Same  as  (i/ioiiriiro.<ti.'i. 

aponeurotic  (ap  o-nu-rot'ik),  a.  [<  npoiiciiro- 
Kis:  sec  -olir.]  Having  the  nature  of  an  apo- 
neurosis: relating  to  the  thin  and  expansive 
sheath  of  a  muscle  ;   fascial;  tendinous. 

aponeurotomy  (a]i  o-nt"i-rot'o-mi).  «.  [<  Gr. 
o-oncpuair.  aponeurosis,  +  r'ofii/,  a  cutting.  < 
rf//i'(vr, -(;//(7i',  cut.  V{.  una  torn  11.']  1,  In  «««f,, 
dissection  of  the  aponeuroses. — 2.  In  siiri/.. 
section  of  ai>oneuroscs. 

apoop  (a-piip'),  jiirp.  jilir.  as  oth:  or  a.  [<  »:!  + 
jioop.]    On  the  poop;  astern. 

she  .  .  .  coubl  get  along  very  nearly  as  fast  with  the 
w mil  ahcatl,  as  when  it  was  ii-jmop. 

Irrintj,  Knickerbocker,  p.  iMi, 
apopemptic  (ap-o-|iemp'tik),  a.     [<  Gr.  nvo-,/,- 
-riKor.  vulcclictory.  <  n-o-iii-en;  send  off,  dis- 
miss, <  ,)-,,.  off,  -I-  -ifiTTuv.  send.]     Valedictory. 
apopetalous   (.ip-o-pet'a-lus),   a.     [<  NL.  opo- 
IHlohis,  <  (ir.  0-0,  fi-om,'+  -f-o/oi',  leaf,  in  mod. 
bol.  petal.]     In   hot.,  having  the  corolla  com- 
jioscil  of  several  ilisliiict  jietals  :   eipiiyalent  to 
the  iiiore  coiiimon  term  poli/prtoloun. 
apophantic  (ap-o-fan'tili),'«.     [<  Gr.  «To.;me7/- 
Aoc,  cU'claraloi-y,  <  a;Tii<piiirin;  declare.     Ct'.iipo- 
7)/(((,s/.v.]    Containing  or  consisting  of  a  declara- 
tion, statement,  or  iiro]iositi(>ii ;  declaratory. 
apophasis  (a-iiofa-sis).  H.     [LL..  <  Gr.  n-nijx'iri., 
a  negation,  di'iiial,  <  iiTTinpiivai,  deny,  <  ii;7o,  from, 
oir,  +  ^or<»  =  L.    /■,;,•;,  say.]     lii  rliit..  denial 
of  an  intention  to  sjieaU  of  sonieUiiiig  which 
is   iit   the   same    time   hinted   or    insinuated; 
paralipsis  (which  see). 
apophlegmatict   (aii«o-fleg-mat'ik),  <i.  and  n. 
[<  (ir.  oToi,./j; //or/Mil  (Galen);  i-t'.  a-tiip'/  i-j  /lariCtii; 
promole  llio  discharge  of  ]ihlegm  ormucus:  see 
(ipoplilii/iiiiili.yiii.]      1.  „.   ],,    „„:,/.,   having  tlie 
(|ualily  of  excil  iiig  discliarges  of  phlegm  or  mu- 
cus from  Ihe  inonlli  or  iioslrils. 

II.  ".  Anything  which  promotes  the  dis- 
cliarge  of  pidcgiii  or  mucus;  an  expectorant. 
apophlegmatismf  (ap-o-lleg'nializm),  n.  {< 
L\j.  iipiiphtiiininti.vnio.-^,  <  Gr.  o-oi,Vi  j  Hor»T//oi,  < 
ii-ii,i</i\ii,iriiiin\  promoictlu'ilischargc  of  phlegm 
or  mucus,  <  ,i-„,  from.  +  iji'/iyiia.  jililrgm,  imi- 
eUH.]  1,  Sometliing  which  excites  discharges 
of  phlegm.— 2.  Th.>  iiili..n  of  apophloginatic 
iiK'diciiii 


mii" nf";i-o>''l!l,'  ^1 'b:'';i";.' '";:rr':  '••:;'••;•!■'•'>"'  apophthegm,  apophthegmatic.  etc.  See  „po. 


adj.  of  aTO/ir/i',  loose  from,  let  go,  dlsiiiiHs,  < 
iiz6,  from,  +  '/iew,  loosi-.]  In  fho  f.'r.  Cli.,  a 
disiiilHsnl  hymn. 
Apomatostbma  ( n-p6-mn-f os'fo-mll),  «.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Gr.  II-  jirlv.  -t-  -I'.iii'oiT--),  ii  lii'l,  +  nmno, 
moulh.]  A  suborder  of  )ioctlnibniiicliiiili>  iir 
cliiiobraiichiafe  iiiolliisks,  coiiiposeil  of  Ihe 
fiimilioH  Iiivolulii,  iolutiirra,  anil  Coroiuilii. 
.\liiil.r,  18:i().  Also  written  Apomiutwtia.  Fv- 
ni.iwc,  1811». 


//"  oni,  ote. 

apophyge  (a-p.d'i-.je),   ».    (NL.  (cf.  F.  iipo- 

pliitiji ,  Z  Ii.  opoplijii/i.i),  <  Gr.  imoifivyi/,  lit.  an  es- 
cii|ie,  (.imnpif-jiir,  lice  away,  esi'iipo,  <  iiiri'i,  from, 
tiwiiy,  +  ,j,ii'-)in;  lloe,  |  Iii  iiicli.:  (»)  That  part 
of  11  I'olumn  of  one  of  Ihe  more  ornate  orders 
which  is  moldnl  into  a  concave  swce]i  whoi'c 
(he  shiil'l  s|iriiigs  rnim  the  biise  or  (crmiiinles 
in  Ihe  cnpital,  Soriiclimes  ciilled  the  snipi  or 
HpriiKi  of  Ihe  column.     Sec  oiilrr.     (Ii)  The  hid- 


apophyge 

low  or  seotia  beneatli  tho  echinus  of  the  Doric 
capital,  oocurring  in  some  archaic  examples, 
ami  relinquislied  as  tho  style  advanced.  Also 
called  nvoitltysis  and  conge. 

apophyllite  (a-pof'i-lit  or  ap-o-fil'it),  n.  [So 
uiunod  bcH'.ausG  of  its  tendency  to  exfoliate  (ef. 
Gr.  cnro<l>vX'Aiien',  strip  of  its  leaves),  <  Gr.  aivd, 
off,  from,  +  (jtlMov  (=  Ij.fiilium,  a  leaf)  +  -itc^.^ 
A  mineral  allied  to  the  zeolites,  occurring  in 
laminated  masses  or  in  tetragonal  crystals,  and 
having  a  strong  pearly  luster  on  the  sm-face  of 
perfect  cleavage,  parallel  to  which  it  separates 
readily  into  thiu  laminre.  It  exfoliates  also  under 
the  lilowpipe.  From  its  peculiar  luster  it  is  sometimes 
ealietl  irhthifophthalinite,  that  is,  fish-eye  stone.  It  is  a 
liydiMtt'il  silicate  of  calcium  and  potassium,  containing  also 
suiuf  lliioriii. 

apophyllous  (ap-o-fil'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  a.7r6,  off, 
from,  +  ipiiAlov  =  t^.  folium,  a  leaf.]  In  hot.,  hav- 
ing distinct  leaves ;  eleutherophyllous :  applied 
to  a  perianth  with  distinct  sepals  and  petals : 
opposed  to  gamoplujUous. 

apophysary  (a-pof'i-sa-ri),  a.  [<  apophysis  + 
-ar!i.'\  Having  the  character  of  an  apophysis 
or  outgrowth ;  apophysial. 

In  Magas  the  apophiisary  system  Is  composed  of  an 
elevated  longitudinal  septum  reaching  from  one  valve  to 
the  other.  Jlncyc.  Brit.,  IV.  190. 

apophysate  (a-pof'i-sat),  a.  [<  apophysis  + 
-0/(1.]     In  hot.,  having  an  apophysis. 

apophyses,  n.     Plm'al  of  apophysis. 

apophysial  (ap-o-fiz'i-al),  a.  [<  apophysis  + 
-a/.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  apo- 
physis ;  growing  out  from,  as  an  apophysis. 

apophysis  (a-pof'i-sis),  n. ;  pi.  apophyses  (-sez). 
[<  Gr.  uTTOipvaic,  an  offshoot,  the  process  of  abone, 
<  a-oij>i'catiai,  grow  as  an  offshoot,  <  a-6,  off,  from, 
-(-  (jiveadai,  grow,  >  (jihaig,  growth:  see  jjhysic.^ 
1.  \i\  anat.:  {a)  Any  process  of  bone ;  an  out- 
growth of  bone ;  a  mere  projection  or  protuber- 
ance, which  has  no  independent  ossiiic  center, 
and  is  thus  distinguished  from  an  ejiiphysis 
(which  see);  specifically,  any  process  of  a  ver- 
tebra, whether  it  has  such  a  center,  and  thus  is 
epiphysial  in  nature,  or  not :  in  the  former  ease, 
a  vertebral  apophysis  is  called  autogenous  or 
cmhifiendns :  in  the  latter,  exogenous.  The  princi- 
pal \'crtcIjrLil  apojiliyses  ai'e  distinguished  &saiiajin/>fi>tsi.-:, 
diajiofih/i^-i\\  I'/m/inpkiinis,  heniapophi/sis,  ht/juipoiiltit^is, 
i/n'fai'ii/>h!/.'.'i\\  ni'tirapiJ2Jh!fgiti,  parai'Oj)li>jt,-is,  ph'ttrajioplnj. 
.MS,  and  ?i/;;n;«);)/ii/s«.  See  these  words,  (b)  A  process 
or  outgrowth  of  some  organ  of  the  body,  as  the 
brain:  as,  apojihysis  cerebri,  the  pituitary  body. 
See  cut  under  brain,  (c)  In  chitons,  a  process 
of  one  of  the  plates,  inserted  into  the  mantle. 
—  2.  In  hot.,  a  swelling  under  the  base  of  the 
theea  or  spore-case  of  some  mosses,  as  in  species 
oi  Spldclniunt.  See  cut  luider  Andrea'a. —  3.  In 
geul.,  a  term  applied  to  the  arms  which  often 
extend  outward  in  a  horizontal  direction  from 
the  main  mass  or  dike  of  an  intrusive  igneous 

rock. — 4.  In  arch.,  same  as  apophyge Artliro- 

dial  apophysis.    See  arthmiial. 

apoplectic  (ap-o-plek'tik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  apo- 
}ihrlicus,  <  Gr.  uTroTr'AriKTiKu;,  apoplectic,  <  a~6- 
-'/.ipiTnq,  disabled  by  a  stroke :  see  apoplexy.1 
I.  a.  1 .  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  apo- 
plexy ;  affected  with  apoplexy :  as,  an  apo- 
plectic fit;  an  apoplectic  patient. — 2.  Predis- 
posed or  tending  to  apoplexy :  as,  an  apoplectic 
person;  an  n^)optec<Jc  habit  of  body. —  Sf.  Serv- 
ing to  cure  apoplexy:  as,  "apoplectic  balsam," 
Addison,  Travels,  Italy. 

II.  n.  A  person  affected  with  or  predisposed 
to  apoplexy. 

,apoplectical  (ap-o-plek'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
apopli'Ctir. 

apoplectiform  (ap-o-plek'ti-form),  a.  [<  L.  apo- 
plcctus,  apopkcticus  (see  apoplectic),  +  forma, 
form.]  Resembling  apoplexy;  of  the  natiu'e  of 
apoplexy. 

In  the  gravest  forms  of  specific  cerebral  disease,  an  apo- 
plectiform seizure  followed  by  fatal  coma  may  usher  in 
the  attack  with  no  premonitory  s>Tnptoras. 

E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  63. 

apoplezt  (ap'o-pleks),  «.  [<  L.  apoplexis,  <  Gr. 
aTT07T'A7!^i(;,  var.  of  airoTzlri^ia :  see  apoplexy.'] 
Apoplexy. 

Repletions,  apoplex,  intestate  death. 

Dryden,  Jxivenal,  Sat.  i. 

How  does  his  apoptez? 
Is  that  strong  on  him  still  ? 

B.  Jonson,  The  Fox,  i.  1. 

apoplezedt  (ap'o-plekst),  a.  [<  apoplcx  +  -e(J2.] 
Affected  with  apoplexy  or  paralysis. 

Sense,  sure,  you  have, 
Else  could  you  not  have  motion  ;  but,  sure,  that  sense 
Isapnplrr.il.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 


265 

apoplexioust  (ap-o-plek'shus),  a.  [<  apoplexy 
+  -ous.]  Consisting  in  or  having  the  character 
of  apoplexy:  as,  "  ajiojile.iKiK.i  and  other  con- 
generous diseases,"  Arbuthnot. 

apoplexy  (ap'o-plek-si),  11.  [<  ME.  apoplexie 
(and  abbrev.  ^mplexie),  <  P.  apoplexie^  <  L.  apo- 
plexia,  <  Gr.  avonlyi^ia,  apoplexy,  <  airoTr'Az/nToq, 
disabled  by  a  stroke,  stricken  with  apoplexy, 
verbal  adj.  of  awoTrXf/aaciv,  disable  by  a  stroke, 

<  uTTu,  off,  from,  -t-  ir'Ai/aaeiv,  strike.]  In  )iatliol., 
a  sudden  loss  or  impairment  of  consciousness 
and  voluntary  motion,  caused  by  tho  rupture 
of  a  blood-vessel  in  the  brain,  an  embolism, 
or  other  cerebral  shock.  [Sometimes  incor- 
rectly used  to  denote  hemorrhage  into  tho  tis- 
sues of  any  organ.] 

apora,  /'.     Plural  of  aporon. 

aporeme  (ap'o-rem),  11.  [<  Gr.  airdprjim,  a  mat- 
ter of  doubt  (also  with  Aristotle  a  dialectical 
syllogism  of  contradiction),  <  arropeiv,  be  in 
doubt:  see  aporctic.i  An  argument  to  show 
that  a  question  presents  a  doubt  or  difficulty. 

aporetic  (ap-o-ret'ik),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly 
aporctiquc,  <  F.  aporetique  (Cotgrave),  <  Gr. 
aiTopTiTiiiAr,  inclined  to  doubt,  <  diropeif,  be  in 
doubt,  <  a-nnpor,  in  doubt,  at  a  loss :  see  aporia.] 
I.t  a.  Inclined  to  doubt  or  to  raise  objections. 
II.  n.  A  skeptic ;  one  who  believes  that  per- 
fect certainty  is  unattainable,  and  finds  in 
every  object  of  thought  insoluble  difficulties. 

aporetical  (ap-o-ret'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  aporetic. 

aporia  (a-po'ri-'a),  n. ;  pi.  aporice  (-e).  [LL.,  < 
Gr.  anopia,  difficulty,  doubt,  puzzle,  <  oTropof,  in 
doubt,  doubtful,  at  a  loss,  lit.  impassable,  witli- 
out  passage,  <  a-  priv.  -t-  Trdpoc,  way,  passage : 
see /J"/t2.]  1.  In  Wie/.,  a  professed  doubt  where 
to  begin  or  what  to  say  on  account  of  the  va- 
riety of  matter. —  2.  An  equality  of  reasons 
for  and  against  a  given  proposition. — 3.  In 
patliol.,  febrile  anxiety  ;  uneasiness. 
Also  apory. 

aporimet,  aporimt  (ap'o-rim),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  TTupi/ioi:,  finding  a  way,  able  to  provide,  < 
TTupor,  way,  passage :  see  porc'^,  and  ef.  aporia. ] 
Same  as  aporon. 

Aporobranchia  (ap"o-r6-brang'ki-ii),  11.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a-KopoQ,  without  passage  (see  «2^o- 
ria),+  jipdyxta,gi\\s,.']  1.  In  Latreille's  system 
of  classification,  an  order  of  Arachnida  having 
no  apparent  respiratory  apparatus,  by  which 
the  i'^™o;y()«((/((,' alone  were  distinguished  from 
other  araehnidans:  synonymous  with  Fodoso- 
mata  of  Leach's  system. —  2.  In  De  Blainville's 
system  of  classification,  an  order  of  his  Para- 
ccphalophora,  containing  the  pteropods,  which 
are  divided  into  the  Thecosomata  and  Gymno- 
somatii.     Also  Aporohranchiata. 

aporobranchian  (ap"o-r6-brang'ki-an),  a.  and 
n.     I.  (/.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Aporobranchia. 
II.  H.  One  oi  the  Aporobranchia. 

Aporohranchiata  (ap"o-r6-brang-ki-a'ta),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  as  Ajiorobranchia  +  -ate.]  Same  as^jjo- 
r()hranciii<i,  '2. 

aporobranchiate  (ap"o-r6-brang'ki-at),  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Aporobranchiata. 

aporont  (ap'o-ron),  11. ;  pi.  ajiora  (-ra).     [NL., 

<  Gr.  aTTopov,  ueut.  of  airopoi:  doubtful,  difficult: 
see  aporia.]  A  very  difficult  or  insoluble 
problem.     Also  called  aporime. 

Aporopoda  (ap-o-rop'o-dii),  n.  1)1.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
anopoi;,  without  passage  (see  aporia),  +  ttocc 
(jToc!-)  =  E.  foot.']  In  Latreille's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  prime  division  of  his  Coiuhjiopa,  by 
which  the  crustaceans,  araehnidans,  and  luyria- 
pods  are  collectively  contrasted  with  llexapoiht, 
or  insects  proper.  It  was  defined  as  "insects"  with 
more  than  six  feet  and  destitute  of  wings.  Savigny  also 
uses  the  name.  It  is  synonymous  with  the  Hyperhexapoda 
of  Westw'ood. 

Aporosa  (ap-o-ro'sii),  m.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  apo- 
rosHS,  not  porous  (see  aporose) ;  cf.  Gr.  oTopof, 
without  passage :  see  aporia.]  A  group  of  corals 
of  the  sclerodermic  section,  having  the  coral- 
lum  or  calcareous  cup  solid,  and  not  perforated 
with  minute  apertures.  Edwards  and  Maime, 
1850. 

aporose  (ap'o-ros),  a.  [<  Nil.  apnrosus,  <  Gr.  o- 
priv.  -I-  'N'L.' porosus,  porous,  <  L.  porus,  pore: 
see  2)ore".]  1.  Not  porous. —  2.  Belonging  to 
the  group  of  corals  called  Aporosa;  eporose. 

In  the  simple  aporose  corals  the  calcification  of  the  base 

and  side  w.alla  of  the  body  gives  rise  to  the  cup,  or  theca. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  146. 

aporrhaid  (ap-o-ra'id),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the 
family  AporrliaidcB. 


Spout-shell  (.Mfar- 
■hais  pts-pelicani). 


apostasy 

Aporrhaidae  (ap-o-ra'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ap- 
orrhais  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  entobranchiato 
tajnioglossato  gastropods,  of 
which  there  are  few  living  spe- 
cies. Its  members  are  characterized 
by  a  fiat  foot,  a  broad  muzzle,  elongate 
tentacles,  eyes  on  the  outer  sides  of  the 
tentacles,  teetii  in  seven  longitudinal 
rows,  a  turreted  shell  with  the  aper- 
ture more  or  less  produced  in  front, 

;irid  an  alati-  outer  lip. 

Aporrhais  (ap-0-.ra'is), ».  [NL., 
in  form  <  Gr.  u-n-oppaiq,  a  vari- 
ous reading  for  aiuoppoiq,  a  kind 
of  shell-fish:  see  hemorrhoid.] 
A  genus  of  gastropods  with 
effuse  channel-like  lip-spines, 
represented  by  tho  pelican's- 
foot  or  spout-shell  (which  see) 
of  northern  Europe,  and  typ- 
ical of  the  family  Aporrhaida;. 

aport  (a-porf ),  prep.phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3  -I-  port*.] 
Kaut.,  to  or  on  the  port  side  of  a  ship,  as  in  the 
phrase  hard  aport.  Hard  apart;  as  a  command,  in- 
structs the  lielmsman  to  turn  the  tiller  to  the  left  or  port 
side  of  the  sliip,  thus  causing  the  ship  to  swerve  to  the 
right  or  starboard. 

apory  (ap'o-ri),  ».  [i'iSL,.  aporia  :  Bee  aporia.] 
Same  as  aporia. 

aposaturn  (ap'o-sat--em),  n.  [Also,  as  NL., 
ajid.idlurnium,  <  Gr.  qtto,  from,  -f-  L.  Saturnus, 
Saturn.  Cf.  apojove.]  The  point  in  the  orbit 
of  any  one  of  the  satellites  of  Saturn  most  re- 
mote from  the  planet.     Airy. 

aposepalous  (ap-o-sep'a^lus),  a.  [<  NL.  ajio- 
scpalus,  <  Gr.  otto,  from,  +  NL.  sepalum,  sepal.] 
In  bof.,  having  a  calyx  composed  of  distinct 
sepals  _;  polysepalous. 

aposepidin  (ap-o-sep'i-din),  11.  [<  Gr.  ajrci,  away, 
+  cijirciv,  make  rotten  (see  septic),  +  -id  +  -iifi.] 
Same  as  leucin. 

apOsiopesis(ap"9-si-o-pe'sis),  H.  [L.,<Gr. 
a7T0(jiio-i/Gir,  <  dnotyiuirdv,  become  silent,  <  airo, 
off,  from,  H-  aiuirav,  be  silent.]  In  rhet.,  sud- 
den reticence ;  the  suppression  by  a  speaker  or 
writer  of  something  which  he  seemed  to  be 
about  to  say ;  the  sudden  termination  of  a  dis- 
course before  it  is  really  finished.  The  word  is 
also  applied  to  the  act  of  speaking  of  a  thing  while  pre- 
tending to  say  nothing  about  it,  or  of  aggravating  what 
one  pretends  to  conceal  by  uttering  a  part  and  leaving  the 
remainder  to  he  understood;  as,  his  character  is  such  —  but 
it  is  better  I  should  not  speak  of  that. 

aposiopestic  (ap"o-si-o-pes'tik),  a.  [For  apo- 
siopctic,  in  iiTeg.  imitation  of  apomopesis.] 
Same  as  aposiopctic.     [Rare.] 

That  interjection  of  surprise  .  .  .  with  the  apoifiopeittic 

break  after  it,  mai-ked  thus,  Z ds. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  27. 

aposiopetic  (ap"o-si-9-pet'ik),  a.  [<  aposiopc- 
sis  {-pet-)  +  -ic,  after  LGr.  ciutviitiko^,  taciturn.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  aposiopesis. 

apositia  (ap-o-sit'i-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  atroatria, 

<  dTToaiToc,  abstaining  from  food,  <  a-6,  away, 
from,  -I-  civor,  food.]  A  loathing  of  food.  Dnn- 
glison. 

aposporous  (a-pos'po-rus),  a.   [<  NL.  ajJosporus, 

<  Gr.  (irrd,  from,  away,  -1-  c-6poc,  seed:  see  spore.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characterized  by  apospory. 

In  the  apo^jjoroas  Ferns  and  Mosses  and  in  the  Chara- 
cc-c  tile  oopliore  is  developed  as  a  bud  from  the  sporo- 
phore.  -  Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  431. 

apospory  (a-pos'po-ri),  n.  [<  NL.  *aposporia,  < 
apos2>ortis:  see  apospwrous.]  In  the  higher 
cryptogams,  the  production  of  the  prothallus 
immediately  from  the  sporangium  without  the 
ordinary  intervention  of  spores,  or  from  the 
leaf  itself,  without  either  sporangium  or  spore. 

apostacy,  ».     See  apostasy. 

apOStasis  (a-pos'ta-sis),  n.  [<.  Gv.  d~6aTaatc, 
in  mod.  a  suppurative  inflammation,  a  transi- 
tion from  one  disease  to  another,  lit.  a  stand- 
ing away  from:  see  ajiustasy.]  1.  hioldmed.: 
(a)  The  termination  or  crisis  of  a  disease  by 
some  secretion  or  critical  discharge,  in  opposi- 
tion to  metastasis,  or  the  termination  by  trans- 
fer to  some  other  part.  (6)  An  apostem  or 
abscess,  (c)  The  throwing  off  or  sejjaration  of 
exfoliated  or  fi'actured  bones. —  2.  In  bot.,  a. 
term  proposed  by  Engelmann  for  the  separa- 
tion of  floral  whorls  or  of  parts  from  each  other 
by  tho  unusual  elongation  of  the  internodes. 

apostasy  (a-pos'ta-si),  ". ;  pi.  apostasies  (-siz). 
[<  ME.  aposiasic,  (  F.  apostasie,  <  LL.  apostasia, 

<  Gr.  diroaraaia,  late  form  for  a-oaraaii;,  a  stand- 
ing away  from,  a  defection,  revolt,  departure, 
distance,  etc.,  in  mod.  a  suppm-ative  inflam- 
mation (see  aposta.sis).  <  a^icraaBai,  (iTrocrijiai, 
stand  away  from,  <  a-u,  away,  off,  -I-  laraadai, 
arijvat,  stand:  see  stasis.]    1.  An  abandonment 


apostasy 

of  what  one  has  professed;  a  total  desertion 
of,  or  departure  from,  one's  faith,  principles, 
or  party. — 2.  In  theol.,  a  total  abandonment  of 
the  Christian  faith. 

It  is  a  mistake  ...  to  brand  as  apostact/  smy  kind  of 
i...rfsy  or  schism,  however  criminal  or  absurd,  which  still 
iiasiuiies  to  itself  the  Christiau  uame.  Cath,  Diet. 

3.  In  Som.  Catli.  cedes,  laic:  («)  A  persistent 
rejection  of  ecclesiastical  authority  by  a  mem- 
ber of  the  church.  (6)  An  abandonment  mth- 
out  permission  of  the  religrioiis  order  of  which 
one  is  a  member,  (c)  A  renunciation  of  the 
clerical  profession  by  one  who  has  received 
major  orders. — 4.  In  med.,  same  as  apostasis. 
Also  spelled  apostacy. 
apostate  (a-pos'tat),  ».  and  a.  [<ME.  apostate 
^l.so,  asui  AS.,  apostata.  <LL.),  <  OF.  apostate, 
F.  aposlat,  <  LL.  apostata,  <  Gr.  a-oararTi^,  a  de- 
serter, rebel,  apostate,  <  a^iaraa&ai,  a-oemjvai, 
stand  off,  desert :  see  ajmstasi/.']  I.  n.  1.  One 
who  is  guilty  of  apostasj' ;  one  who  has  forsaken 
the  church,  sect,  party,  profession,  or  opinion 
to  which  he  before  adhered  (used  in  reproach) ; 
a  renegade;  a  pervert. 

He  [the  Earl  of  Stratford]  .  .  .  felt  towai'ds  those  whom 
he  bad  deserted  that  peculiar  malignity  which  has,  iu  all 
a;:e5,  been  characteristic  of  ajxuftateg. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 
2.  In  the  Rn/n.  Cath.  Ch..  one  who,  without 
obtaining  a  formal  dispensation,  forsakes  a 
religious  order  of  which  he  has  made  profession. 
=  Syn.  yeopliijtf,  Concert,  Proselyte,  etc.  See  convert,  anil 
list  under  retutjade. 

n,  a.  Unfaithfid  to  religious  creed,  or  to 
moral  or  political  principle ;  traitorous  to  alle- 
giance; false;  renegade:  as,  "the  apostate 
lords."  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 
apostatet  (a-pos'tat),  v.  i.  [<  apostate,  «.]  To 
apostatize. 

Had  i'eter  been  truly  inspired  by  God,  .  .  .  he  would 
nut  have  apogtated  from  his  purpose.  Fuller. 

apostatical  (ai>-os-tat'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  ii-jronraTi- 
liiir,  rebellious,  <  iiiroararr/g :  see  apostate.']  Apos- 
tate ;  guilty  of  or  ehai'acterized  by  apostasy. 

.Kn  hereticall  and  ajwxtaticall  church.  lip.  llall. 

An  assembly  of  prelates,  convened  by  Archbishop  Usher 
in  Vric.  declared  that  the  reliKiun  of  Papists  is  supersti- 
tious and  idolatrous ;  their  faith  and  iloctrines  erroneous 
and  heretical ;  their  Church,  in  respect  to  both,  apoittatx- 
'•«'■  Lecky.  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  vi. 

apostatize  (a-pos'tS-tiz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
apostatized,  ppr.  apostatisitig.  [<  ML.  aposta- 
ti:arc,  <  LL.  apostata,  apostate:  see  apostate 
and  -ice.]  To  abandon  one's  profession  or 
chtu-ch ;  forsake  one's  principles ;  retrograde 
from  one's  faith;  withdraw  from  one's  party. 
Also  spelled  apostatise. 

He  a/mtatiztit  from  his  old  faith  in  facts,  took  to  believ- 
ing in  semblances.  Carli/le. 

The  English  certainly  were  not  converted  to  Clu-istian- 
itv :  fljd  the  Britons  apostatize  to  heathendom? 

h.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lccts.,  p.  131. 
apostazis  (ap-os-tak'sis),  «.  [<  Gr.  uTrdaraiig, 
<  a-o<rra:;eiv,  drip,  distil,  <  nro,  away,  from,  + 
oro^eir,  drip.]  1,  In /««?,,  the  defluxion  of  any 
fluid,  as  of  blood  from  theno.se. — 2.  In  hot.,  an 
abniirraal  disiliarge  of  the  juices  of  plants,  as 
the  guinraiug  of  the  ]>luin. 

apostemt,  apostemet  (ap'os-tem,  -tem),  «. 

[lO.irly  mod.  il.  also  apostom  anil  apostumc 
(whence  by  further  corruption  iiiijioslumc,  ini- 
posthumc,  after  OF.  cinposlu>nr),<.'i\¥j.  apostenic, 
apDstym,  <  OF.  aposlemc  and  ajiosluiiir,  <  L.  iipo- 
steniu,  <  Or.  a-iiaTriiia,  distance,  inter\'al,  an  ab- 
8ceH.i,  <  (upinTaallai,  li-oaTi/vai,  stand  olT,  <  a-('i,  off, 
+  iirraaOai,  arf/viii,  stand:  see  stasis.]  An  ab- 
sceHs;  a  swelling  fdled  with  imriilcnt  matter. 
Also  KjiiDilc.matc,  and,  corruptly,  aj/ostume,  apos- 
ffiniw.  itupostumc,  iuiposlhume. 

apostematef  (a-pos'te-mat;,  r.  i,  [<ML.  "apo- 
Hlcui'ilus,  pp.  of  'aposicniari,  <  L.  ajiostcma  :  see 
OjiO'itini.]  To  form  into  an  iibscess;  swell  and 
nil  with  jiiis. 

apostematet  fa-pos'tf-miit),  a.  and  H,  r<  ML. 
npiiHi.malu-,  |,|,.:  hco  the  verli.J  I.  a.  Formed 
into  an  npo^itcin;  fcMlering. 

H,    H.     >iu, ':,i  llpllHtCm. 

"  '  .  iilnlonii,  pricking  ache*,  sir, 

'''■:  Iroittlfllf 

i"o  (ami  othrrn),  The  Widow,  Iv.  'j. 
apostemationt  .  iiim-le-mrt'slion),  «.  [<  OF. 
"/""'""'"'"",'  Ml,.  apoiilrmali'o(.n-),  <  'inuislr. 
miiri,]iy.  'iifnist,  ,i,,ii,in:  m-v  apimlrmalc.r.)  The 
formnlion'.rnrj  iq.iiHtcm;  the  proceHHof  gallnr- 
InK  111'',  iin  iibioiH^.     Al«o,  eomiptly,  iiiiposlhu- 


apostfrn^*"" 

Hi' 

nb 
apoHtemet,  >' 


'>-«lpm'n-tii»),  n.    f  <  L.  a/in. 
+  -oils.]      I'ertjiining  to  an 
'■  nature  of  nn  B|i<iMtcin. 
■  a/HMlrni. 


266 

a  posteriori  (a  pos-te-ri-6'ri).  [ML, :  L.  a  for 
at,  from ;  jwsteriori,  abl,  of  2>osterior,  neut.  pos- 
terius,  compar.  of  posterus,  after,  subsequent: 
see  jjosterior.'j  Literally,  from  the  latter  or 
subsequent;  hence,  in  logic,  tiym  a  conse- 
quent to  its  antecedent,  or  from  an  effect  to  its 
cause:  used  of  reasoning  which  follows  this 
order,  formerly  called  dcmoustralio  quia,  or  im- 
perfect demonstration.  The  phrase  is  also  used  ad- 
jectively :  as,  a  posteriori  reasoning.  As  applied  by  Kant 
and  all  modern  wr-iters  to  knowledge,  it  is  equivalent  to 
.from  experience,  or  empirical ;  and  it  is  opposed  by  him 
to  a  priori,  that  is,  from  the  intellect  independently  of  all 
experience.    See  a  priori. 

Inversely,  the  elaborate  Homeric  use  of  Cretan  tradi- 
tional fables  furnishes  an  a  posteriori  argument  that  Ho- 
mer did  seek  this  island.  De  Quincnj,  Homer,  i. 

aposterioristic  (a-pos-te  ri-o-ris'tik),  a.  [<  a 
posteriori  + -ist-ic]  1.  Empirical;  inductive. 
—  2.  Ha\'ing  a  somewhat  empirical  or  induc- 
tive character.     [Rare.] 

aposthumet,  ".     A  corrupt  form  of  aposteni. 

apostil,  apostille  (a-pos'til),  «.  [<  F.  apostille: 
see  piistil.~i  A  marginal  note  or  annotation; 
a  comment. 

He  scrawled  apostUles  on  the  margins  to  prove  that  he 
had  read  with  attention.    Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  249. 

apostil  (a-pos'til),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  apostiled, 
apostiUed,  ppr.  apostilinfi,  apostiUing.  [<  F. 
upostiller :  from  the  noim.]  To  annotate  by 
marginal  observations  or  comments. 

apostille,  «.     See  apostil. 

apostle  (a-pos'l),  n.  [Early  mod.  E,  also  by 
apheresis  postlc,  <  ME.  apostle,  apostcl,  aposiell, 
apostill,  etc.,  and  by  apheresis  postlc,  postcl,  < 
AS.  (ipostol  =  OFries.  apostol,  apostcl  =  D.  G. 
Sw.  Dan.  apostel.  the  JIE.  form  being  luLKed 
with  OF.  apostle,  later  apostre,  mod.  F.  apotre, 
=  Pr.  apotro  =  Sp.  apostol  —  Pg.  It.  apostolo,  < 
LL.  apostolus,  an  apostle,  also  a  notice  sent  to 
a  higher  tribunal  or  judge  (def.  4),  =  Goth. 
iijKiuslaulus,  (ipaustulus=  Russ.  apostolu  =  Pol. 
apostol  (barred  /),  etc.,  an  apostle,  <  Gr.  li-o- 
(T-o/of,  a  messenger,  ambassador,  envoy,  eccles. 
an  apostle,  a  book  of  lessons  from  the  apostolic 
epistles  (def.  3),  lit.  one  who  is  sent  away,  < 
a-!TuaTi'/.'/eir,  send  away,  send  off,  esp.  on  a  mis- 
sion, <  I'i-d,  off,  away,  +  aTt'/.'/eiv,  send.]  1.  A 
person  sent  to  execute  some  important  business : 
among  the  Jews  of  the  Christian  epoch,  a  title 
borne  Ijy  persons  sent  ou  foreign  missions,  es])e- 
cially  by  those  commissioned  to  collect  the 
temple  tribiite;  specifically  adopted  by  Christ 
as  the  official  title  of  twelve  of  his  disciples 
chosen  and  sent  forth  to  preach  the  gospel  to 
the  world  (Luke  vi.  13);  afterward  ajiplied  in 
the  New  Testament  to  others  who  performed 
apostolic  functions,  as  Paid  and  Barnabas,  and 
once  to  Christ  himself  (lleb.  iii.  1).  in  the  creek 
Church  this  title  is  given  "not  only  to  the  Twelve,  but  to 
the  Seventy  Disciples,  and  to  other  Apostolic  men  wlu» 
were  the  companions  of  the  Apostles  properly  so  called." 
(,/.  .1/.  Xrale.)  In  later  usage  the  title  has  been  given  to 
the  Hrst  Christian  missionaries  in  any  part  of  the  world, 
and  to  the  iiioneers  of  any  great  moral  reform :  jls,  St. 
Augustine,  the  apostle  of  the  English;  St,  Boniface,  the 
apostle  of  Germany  ;  St.  Francis  Xavier,  the  ajMtslte  of  the 
Indies;  John  Eliot,  the  w^xw^^e  to  the  Indians;  Theobald 
.Mat  hew,  the  aiiosllt'of  teniperancc. 

2,  In  the  Mormon  Ch..  Ww.  title  of  an  official 
whose  duty  it  is  to  lie  a  special  witness  of  the 
name  of  Christ,  to  build  up  and  preside  over  the 
chtu'ch,  and  to  administer  in  all  its  ordinances. 
There  are  twelve  of  these  ollleials,  w  bo  l-aiik  next  aftel  the 
jiresidrnt  and  bis  two  assistants,  and  mnstitnte  a  Tresid- 
ing  High  Council  charged  with  the  penal  regulation  *>i  (he 
aliairs  of  the  church  and  the  settlement  of  inipi)rliiiil 
matters. 

3.  In  the  liturgy  of  the  early  church,  and  in 
the  modern  Greek  Church,  the  lesson  from  the 
epistles,  usually  taken  from  the  writings  of 
St.  Paul ;  also,  a  biioU  contaiitiiig  those  lessons, 
printed  in  tho  order  in  wliieli  lliey  are  to  be 
read. — 4.  In  taw,  a  brief  statoiiunt  of  a  ease 
sent  by  a  court  whence  an  appeal  has  been 
taken  to  a  superior  eoinl.  This  «en»e  belonged  to 
the  l.iitln  ajutsttihis  aniong  the  Itonian  Jiirlnts,  and  was 
coTnmonly  used  until  a  late  date  in  the  trlbunaln  of  (he 
Roman  Catholic  Clinrcb. 

6.  ,\iiiil,,  a  knighlhead  or  bolhird-tiinber  wliero 
hawsers  and  heavy  ropes  are  belayed.  Acts  of 
the  Apostles,    sie  n'r     Apostles' Creed.an  early  eun. 

fcHHiun  of  faith,  of  universal  iireepduiee  in  (he  clirJHtliin 
ehnreli,  preserved  in  NuliNtantlally  Its  iirenent  form  from 
tlnr  close  of  the  fourth  century,  I. lit  In  Its  preeliie  wording 
from  about  A,  I',  MKl.  Apostles' gems,  In  ClirlHtliiri  syni. 
botimri,  various  gems  jmTgind  lo  tlie  twelve  apostles  ae. 
e'ording  to  tlie  twelve  fMiindllllotiN  of  the  New  Jenisaleni 
fUev,  XJI.  H,  in.  ai).  Thlls,  to  ,St.  I'eter  wan  anslulied  Jas- 
Imt;  lo  St.  Andrew,  saplililre;  anil  so  on  acrnrdlng  to  (be 
■Td.  r  of  their  eiilllng  (\lnl.  \.  ::.  ;i.  I),  ixeepl  (luil  M(. 
I  li'iMiasand  St.  Matdieu  liiterr-luiiige,  and  \1ii((lilas  lakes 
tie-  plnei'  of  .liidas.  ApoStlSS*  Ointment,  all  oinlnieiit 
'  'riiierly  used  whlili  uiis  sitpisiscil  lo  derive  Ks  vlrlnes 
Mi^fly  Ironi  Ulo  (net  that  It  wan  loiniKMcd  of  twelve  Inifru- 


Aiiostlc-Spoons. 


apostolic 

dients  (resins,  gums,  wa.v,  oil,  vinegar,  verdigris,  etc.),  cor- 
responding in  number  to  the  apostles. 

apostle-mug  (a-pos'l-mug),  n.  A  mug  deco- 
rated with  figures  of  the  twelve  apostles,  usu- 
ally in  relief,  sometimes  iu  high  relief,  each 
figure  occupying  a  niche  or  compartment. 

apostleship  (a-pos'l-ship),  «.  l<  apostle  + 
-sliip.]     1.  The  office  or  digiuty  of  au  apostle, 

—  2.  The  exercise  of  the  fimctions  of  an  apostle. 

—  Apostleship  of  prayer,  in  the  li'mi.  Cati,,  rh.,  a  de- 
vout union  for  the  proiiiotioii  of  piety  and  good  works 
aniong  the  faithlul.  ami  the  furtlieiance  of  tlie  general  in- 
terests of  the  church,  by  means  of  prayer,  especially  by  de- 
votion to  the  Heart  of  Jesus.  It  was  founded  in  the  Jesuit 
house  of  studies  at  Valo,  diocese  of  Le  Puy,  in  P'rance.  in 
1844,  and  was  approved  by  Pope  Pius  IX.  in"l866,  and  again 
flnally  by  Leo  .XIII.  in  ISTi).  It  numbers  many  inillions 
of  associates  of  every  condition  of  life  throughout  the 
world. 

apostle-spoon  (a-pos'l-spon),  n.  A  spoon  hav- 
ing on  its  handle,  usually  at  the  end,  the  figure 
of  one  of  the  apostles. 

A  set  of  twelve  of  these 
spoons,  or  sometimes  a  small- 
er number,  often  formed  a 
christening  gift  in  the  si.v- 
teeiith  and  seventeenth  cen- 
turies. The  old  apostle- 
spoons  which  still  exist  are 
generally  of  silver  gilt. 
Now,  by  my  faith,  a  fair  high 

standing-cup 
.\nd  two  great  'postle-spoons, 

one  of  them  gilt. 
Mi<lillrl;u.  Chaste  Maid,  iii.  2. 

apostolate   (a-pos'to- 

lat ),  n.  [<  LL.  aposto- 
lalus,  office  of  au  apos- 
tle, <  apostolus,  apostle.] 
1 .  The  dignity  or  office 
of  an  apostle. 

That  the  apostolate  might 
be  successive  and  perpetual, 
Christ  gave  them  [the  apos- 
tles] a  power  of  ordination. 
Jer.  Taylor,  Episcopacy 
[.\sserted,  §  3. 
The  ministry  originally  co- 
incided with  the  aiioKlol'ate. 
Scliail',  Hist,  Christ.  Cbureli, 
[I.  (iO. 
Specifically  —  2.  The  dignity  or  office  of  the 
pope;  the  holder  of  the  apostolic  see:  used  as  a 
title  in  the  early  midiUe  ages,  as  the  title  Holi- 
ness is  employed  at  the  present  time Catholic 

Apostolate,  a  name  adoptetfby  an  ecclesiastical  congre. 
gaiioii  and  certain  pious  societies  founded  by  Vincent 
I'allotti,  a  Konian  priest,  in  18.15.  Such  societies  com- 
prise eoiiiiiniiiiiies  of  secular  priests,  with  lay  brothere 
attachetl,  ■K\oted  to  the  work  of  missions;  communities 
of  reliyions  w.mien,  occupied  with  the  instruction  and 
care  of  poor  girls ;  .■iiul  associations  of  devoted  lay  men 
or  women  of  any  condition,  who  by  their  alms  and  prayers 
share  in  the  above-ineiitioiied  and  other  good  works, 

apostoleSSt,  ".    [<  ME.  apostolc.fse,  apo.stlesse.  af-  ' 
tcrOF.  '(ipostlr.ise,  apostresse;  cf.  JIL.  apostnla, 
IViii. :  see  apostle  and  -ess.']     A  female  apostle. 

Apostolian  (iiii-os-to'li-an),  H.  One  of  a  sect 
<if  iMciinonites  in  the  Netherlands,  founded  in 
the  seventeenth  century  by  Samuel  Apostool, 
a  minister  of  Amsterdam.     Also  Aposloolian, 

apostolic  (ap-os-tol'ik),  a.  and  v.  [=  F.  iiposto- 
liipii;  <  LL.  apostolicus  (ML.  also  apostolicalis), 
<  Ltir.  li -offro/ (Aiif , <  Gr.  n-onTo'/oi;:  see  nposllc] 
I,  ((.  1,  Perlainiug  or  relating  to  or  character- 
istic of  an  apostle,  or  more  especially  of  the 
twelve  apostles;  of  the  aiiostles  or  an  apostle: 
;is,  t  he  apiistolic  age, —  2.  According  to  the  doc- 
trines of  the  apostles  ;  delivered  or  tnnght  by 
the  a)iostles:  as,  apostolic  faith  or  |ii'iictice, 
—  3.  An  epithet  of  the  Christian  church,  sig- 
nifying her  identity  with  the  primilive  diuivli 
of  the  apostles.  See  aposlnlicilt/. — 4.  Pertain- 
ing til  or  conferred  by  the  pope:  as,  ajuislolic 
iirivileges  ;  apostolic  benediction,  — Apostolic 
benediction.    See  lirn.iiirtinii.    Apostolic  Brethren. 

■See  II,,  I  (r),  and  .l;/i<»fo/liO'.  ApOStoUc  CanOns,  eel  lain 
oldllialK'es  and  regulations  belnnging  (o  (be  (list  rell- 
tiiiies  of  the  christian  eliiireb,  and  iiu'orieedy  ascribed 
to  the  a|io«tles.  A  eolliition  of  tliiiii,  containing  llfly 
canons,  Ininslated  froni  the  Greek  by  lilonysins  ICxiguns. 
aiipeared  in  Lallii  about  the  year  MHi,  and  about  lUty 
yeai-s  later  llie  Greek  text,  Willi  llilrly  live  addilional 
eiinons,  making  the  wlnde  nnniber  eighty  live,  was  pnb- 
ll«lie.l  by  John  of  Aniiocli;  they  are  all  eoiomoi.l.vpriiiled 
ill    the    end  of    the  Ajiostolic    Const  illll  ioliK.      AuOStoUO 

church.    See  n/sistolie  »ic.— ApoBtollc  Constitutions, 

a  i-otleetion  of  dliruse  tlislrilctions,  relating  to  the  illltics 
of  clergy  and  laltv,  lo  eecleslasdcal  lilseipline,  and  tocere- 

I les.  divldeil  Into  eight    books,      Cnlike  the  apostolic 

emions,  lliev  seem  lo  liiive  been  praelicJillv  unknown  in 
the  West  iinlll  their  pnbllcatlon  in  the  sixlcenlh  century, 
lliongh  existing  In  ancient  M,SS,  In  sonic  llbriules:  like 

II anons,  they  profess  to  be  the  words  of  the  apostles, 

wrlllen  down  by  Clement  of  Itoiiie.  Controversy  bus  ex- 
Isleil  wllh  regard  to  Iheir  preelsi-  age,  composition,  and 
antliorilallve  c|iarae(el.  They  are  now  geneiiilly  sup- 
poned  bi  be  eonslilerably  later  than  Ibe  lime  of  llie  iipos. 
lies,  bill  to  have  been  In  eviHiiincc,  In  Ibe  miiiii,  by  Hie 
end  of  Ihe  Ihliil  and  llie  beginning  of  the  loMtlh  cell- 
tury.     Apostolic  council.  See  eouneil.     Apostolic  fa- 


apostolic 

tbers.  See  /a(Acr,— Apostolic  king,  a  title  Bianted  by 
the  pope  to  the  kings  of  Uuiinary,  llrst  conferred  on  St. 
Stephen  (A.  I>.  1000),  the  fouiiiier  of  the  rnyul  line  of  Hun- 
gary, for  what  lie  accomplisheil  in  the  spreading  of  Chris- 
tiani'ty.  The  title  was  renewed  by  Clement  XIII.  in  1758, 
in  favor  of  the  Austro- Hungarian  royal  house,  and  was 
abolished  in  1S48,  but  was  reius-nunied  as  aiiostiiUc  majesty 
in  1S51  and  restricted  to  the  emperor  in  his  character  of 
king  ot  Hungary  in  1868.  —  Apostolic  see,  a  name  origi- 
ually  applied  to  certain  churches,  jiaiticularly  to  those  at 
Antioch,  Rome,  and  Ephesus,  because  founded  by  apos- 
tles ;  now,  however,  specially  appropriated  by  the  Church 
of  Rome,  on  the  ground  that  it  was  founded  by  St.  Peter 
and  that  its  popes  arc  bis  successors.— Apostolic  suc- 
cession, !in  uninterrupted  succession  ot  bishops,  and 
through  them  of  priests  and  deacons  (these  three  orders  ot 
ministers  being  called  the  apnstnUe  orderx).  in  the  church, 

by  regular  ordination  from  the  first  apostles  down  to  the  apOStrophicl  (ap-o-strof'ik),  a.  [<  apostrophe"^ 
present  day,  maintained  by  the  Ronian  Catholic,  Greek,  +  ;  •]  j  .;  .^  portainmg  to,  resembling,  or 
Orient.ll,  and  Anglican  cburrbcs  to  be  historical  and  to        c  4,     -'      »  c  j-        i,„ 

he  essential  to  Ibe  trans,nissi..M  of  valid  orders.-  Catho-      of  the  "iltlire  of  au  apostrophe, 
lie  Apostolic  Church,  a  name  adopted  by  the  sect  popu-  apostropmc'-  (ap-o-strof  ik),  a.     [<  apostrophe^ 
larlv  known  as  yriim3i(c.';.    Sec  Irriiifiitf.  + -ic.'\     Iiw/(V(m.,  pfrtaiiiiiig  to  tho  apostrophe. 

II.  n.  [cap.']  1.  A  member  of  one  of  various  apostrophizel  (a-pos'tro-tlz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp. 
sects  (also  called  Apostolicals  or  Jpostohci)  apostrophi~cd,  ppr.  apostrophising.  [<  apostro- 
whieh  professed   to   revive   the  doctrme   and     pi,(.i  +  .j-.^,     (jf.  ml,_  apostrophare,  >  F.  apos- 


267 

ter  or  letters  regularly  sounded  and  written,  and  omitted 
only  in  jioetical  or  colloquial  siieech,  as  in  o'er  for  over, 
don't  for  do  rwt,  etc. ;  or  (c)  of  a  letter  regularly  sounded 
but  not  written,  as  in  the  possessives  cfiureh'rf,/ox'it,  J<tnen'n, 
etc.,  anil  so  formerly  often  in  similar  plurals  now  written 
in  full,  as  churchen,  /oxcit,  Joneses.  The  apostrophe  is  now 
extended  to  all  posaessives  (except  of  pronouns)  as  a  mere 
sign  of  the  case,  as  boy's,  limi's,  etc.,  also  when  the  suffix 
is  omitteii,  as  in  conscience'  sake,  and  in  plural  possessives, 
as  boys',  liuiut' ;  and  it  is  still  used  in  some  unusual  or  pe- 
culiar plurals,  as  many  Z>.  D.'s  and  LL.  D.'s,  a  succession 
of  a's,  four  S>'jv,  etc. 

3.  The  sign  (')  used  for  other  purposes,  espe- 
cially, single  or  double,  as  a  concluding  mark 
of  quotation,  as  in  "  '  Well  done,'  said  he."  See 
quotation-mark 


practice  of  the  apostles,  (a)  One  of  a  sect  which  in 
the  third  and  fourth  centuries  condemned  marriage  and 
individual  ownership  of  property,  (b)  A  member  of  an 
anti-sacerdotal  sect  of  the  twelfth  century,  in  Germany 
and  France,  which  denounced  tlie  corruption  of  the  papal 
hierarchy,  and  rejected  many  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Ro- 
man Church,  (c)  One  of  the  Apostolic  Brethren  of  north- 
ern Italy,  in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  who 
assumed  a  vow  of  poverty,  denounced  the  papacy,  and 
foretold  its  destruction  and  the  inauguration  of  a  new  age 
under  the  dispensation  of  the  Holy  Ghost.     Their  first 


trophcr.]    I.  trans.  In  rhet.,  to  address  by  apoS' 
trophe. 

There  is  a  peculiarity  in  Homer's  manner  of  apostro- 
phizing Eumajus,  and  speaking  of  him  in  the  second  per- 
son. Pope,  Odyssey,  xiv.  41,  note. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  an  apostrophe  or  short 
digressive  address  in  speaking;  speak  in  the 
manner  of  an  apostrophe. 

Also  spelled  apostrophise. 


apothem 

one  of  the  worshipful  cimipaniesof  Ixmdon,  incorporated 
by  royal  charter  in  1017.  It  is  empowered  to  grant  a  li- 
cense to  practise  medicine. — Apothecaries'  Hall,  the 
hall  of  the  corporation  of  apothecaries  of  London,  where 
medicines  are  prepared  and  sold  under  their  direction. — 
Apothecaries'  weight,  the  system  of  weights  formerly 
in  Gn-at  I'.ritain,  :iiid  still  in  the  United  States,  employed 
in  dispensing  drugs,  diltering  only  in  its  subdivisions  frore. 
troy  weight.    The  table  is  as  follows : 

Ouncei.       Drmoit.        Beroplei.  Qralna. 

1  pound  (Its)    =  12     =     98     =     288     =  5760 

1  ounce  (J)                  =      8     =      24     =  480 

1  dram  (3)                                 =        3     =  GO 

1  scruple  (3)                                             =  20 

apothecia,  «.    Plmal  of  apothedum. 

apothecial  (ap-o-the'sial),  a.     [<  apothedum  + 

-((L]    Pertauiiug  or  relating  to  an  apothecium. 

Aiioiliecial  reactions  for  the  most  part  take  yilace  either 

externally  on  the  epithecium  or  internally  on  the  liyrae- 

nial  gelatin.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  559. 

apothecium  (ap-o-the'gium),  n. ;  pi.  apothecia 
(-siii).  [XL.,<  (ir.  a-uHriKii,  a  storehouse :  see 
apoihvc]  In  Ijot.,  the  fruit  of  lichens,  usually 
an  open,  rounded,  shield-  or  dish-shaped  body 
attached  to  the  surface,  as  in  gymnocarpous 
lichens,  or  globular  and  immersed  in  the  sub- 
stance of  the  tliallus,  as  in  the  angiocarpous 
series  of  genera.  An  apothecium  consists  of  an  ex- 
ciple  and  the  included  hymenium.  The  exciple  is  com- 
posed of  a  layer  of  cells  (hypotbeciuni)  with  or  without  an 


leader,  Sagarelli,  was  put  to  death  in  1300;  their  second,  apOStrOphize-  (a-pos'tro-fiz),  V.  i.      [<  apostro- 


Dolciuo,  who  made  war  against  the  papacy,  in  1307 

'2.  A  title  of  bishops  in  early  times,  afterward 

limited  to  primates,  and  finally  to  the  pope. 
apostolical    (ap-os-tori-kal),  a.  and  n.     Same 

as  ((7»k/"/(c.  — Apostolical  notary.    Use  notary. 
apostolically  (ap-os-tol'i-kal-i),  arfu.     In  an 

apostolic  manner. 


phe'i  +  -ize.]  In  gram'.:  {a)  To  omit  a  letter 
or  letters.  (6)  To  mark  such  omission  with 
the  sign  ('). 

apostrophyt,  n.     See  apostrophe^. 

apostumet,  «.     A  corrupt  form  of  apostein. 

Apotactic  (ap-o-tak'tik),  n.   Same  as  Apotactite. 


apostolic  manner.  ^  „.  ,    ,        ,  _,,      Apotactite  (ap-6-tak'tit).«.  [<  ML.  J;wtoc*ite, 

apostohcalness  (ap-^s-tol'i-kal-nes),  «.      The      Y.,  <  LOr.  •xkiaKrlrai,  pi.,  <  Gr.  i7r<ira«rof,  set 


quality  of  being  apostolic,  or  of  being  in  accor 
dance  with  tlie  doctrines  of  the  apostles. 

apostolicism  (ap-os-tol'i-sizm),  K.  [<  apostolic 
+  -ism.~\  The  quality  of  being  apostolic ;  pro- 
fession of  apostolic  principles  or  practices. 

apostolicity  (a-pos-to-lis'i-ti),  n.  [<  apostolic 
+  -itij;  formed  like  publicity,  catholicity,  etc.] 
The  quality  of  being  apostolic ;  one  of  the  four 
qualities  of  the  true  church  as  given  in  the 
Constantiuopolitan  Creed,  A.  D.  381,  namely, 
imity,  sanctity,  catholicity,  apostolicity. 

Apostoline  (a-pos'to-lin),  '«.  [<  ML.  Aposto- 
linus,<.  LL.  apostolus,  apostle.]  A  member  of 
a  religious  congregation  of  men  established 
in  Milan  in  the  fifteenth  century,  and  follow- 
ing the  rule  of  the  Hermits  of  St.  Augustine. 
They  were  also  called  .Ambrosiaiis,  from  the  church  of 
St.  Ambrose  at  their  mother  house,  and  Apostolic  Breth- 
ren of  the  Poor  Life,  whence  they  have  been  sometimes 


apart  for  a  special  use,  specially  appointed, 
verbal  adj.  of  aTvordaaeiv,  set  apart,  assign  spe- 
cially, <  ajrd,  from,  +  rdaauv,  arrange,  ordain :  see 
tactic.']  One  of  a  community  of  ancient  Chris- 
tians who,  iu  imitation  of  the  recorded  acts  of 
certain  of  the  fii'st  followers  of  Christ,  added  to 
the  ascetic  vows  of  the  Encratites,  of  whom  they 
were  a  branch,  a  renunciation  of  all  personal 
property :  probably  the  same  as  the  early  Apos- 
toUcs.  See  Apostolic,  n.,  1  (a). 
apotelesmt  (a-pot'e-lezm),  n.  [<  Gr.  diroTi'Keaiia, 
result,  eft'eet,  event,  the  restdt  of  certain  posi- 
tions of  the  stars  on  hiuuan  destiny,  <  drroTeXuv, 
complete,  accomplish,  <  oTro,  from,  -f-  Te^.elv, 
<  TtXof,  end.]  1.  The  result;  the  sum  and 
substance.  N.  E.  D. — 2.  In  med.,  the  result  or 
termination  of  a  disease. —  3.  In  astrol.,  the 
calculation  of  a  nativity.     Bailey. 


confounded  with  the' -Apostolics.  '(See  Apostolic,  n.,  1(c).)  apotelesmatict  (ap"o-tel-ez-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
They  were  for  a  time  merged  with  the  order  of  Barnabites,  STTore/ eauariKOC,  <  d-iioTileaua:  see  apotelesm.] 
and  were  tinally  suppressed  in  the  seventeenth  century.         u..ui  c/ cu^u,  i  u,,    n  ^  ,  j 

Apostoolian  (ap-os-to'li-an),  n.  See  Apostolian. 

apostrophel  (a-pos'tro-ff ),  n.  JFormerly  als^  apothect  (ap'6-thek),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 

apothecke,  and  corruptly  apothect,  oppatheke. 


Relating  to  astrology;  pertaining  to  the  casting 
of  horoscopes. 


apostrophy  =  &.  apostrophe  =  F.  apostrophe 
Sp.  apostrofe  =  Pg.  apostrophe  =  It.  aj>ostrofe, 
apostrofa,  <  L.  apostrophe,  iGr.  aTroarpoipr/,  a  ttmi- 
ing  away,  <  airoaTp(rj>uv,  turn  away,  <  airii,  away, 
-^  ct7-p£()iMi',  turn.  Ct.  strophe.]  1.  In  Wief.,  a  di- 
gressive address ;  the  interruption  of  the  course 
of  a  speech  or  writing,  in  order  to  addi'ess  brief- 
ly a  person  or  persons  (present  or  absent,  real 
or  imaginary)  individually  or  separately ;  hence, 
any  abrupt  interjeetional  speech.  Originally 
the  term  was  applied  only  to  such  an  address 
made  to  one  present. 

At  the  close  of  his  argument,  he  turned  to  his  client,  in 
an  affecting  ajyostrophe.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  277. 

2.  In  bot.,  the  arrangement  of  ehlorophyl-gran- 


etc,  <  Oir.  apotkeque,  dpoteque,  displaced  in 
later  F.  by  the  boiTOwed  boutique,  a  shop,  <  Pr. 
botica,  later  Imutiga,  a  shop,  =  Sp.  Pg.  botica, 
apothecary's  shop,  Sp.  also  bodega,  a  wine-cel- 
lar, shop,  grocery,  Pg.  bodega,  a  public  house, 
eating-house,  =it.  bottega,  dial,  potega,  putigu, 
a  shop,  =  D.  apotlicck  =  G.  apothckc  =  Dan.  Sw. 
apotliek,  au  apothecary's  shop,  <  L.  apotheca,  a 
repository,  storehouse,  warehouse,  ML.  a  shop, 
store,  <  Gr.  cn^oOr/Ki/,  a  repository,  storehouse,  < 
aiTOTidivat,  put  away,  <  d7r6,  away,  +  Tidhni,  put, 
>  eijKT],  a  case,  box,  chest :  see  a^m-  and  theea.] 
A  shop ;  especiaUy,  a  drug-shop. 
»  in«.«.,  .neairiiMg«meiiuu^^-iiiurui.^j,.-gia.i-  -DotliecarV  (a-poth'e-ka-ri),  «. ;  pi.  apotheca- 
ules  under  the  action  of  direct  simlight  {light-  ^fP^'^^^^^  j-|P,]y  ^^d.  E.  also  by  apheresis 

pothecari/,  pjoticury,   etc.,  <   ME.  apothecarie, 


apostrophe),  and  in  darkness  {dark-apostrophe) : 
in  the  first  case  upon  the  lateral  walls  of  the 
cells,  so  that  their  edges  are  presented  to  the 
light ;  in  the  latter,  upon  the  lateral  and  basal 
cell-walls :  used  in  distinction  from  epistrophe 
(which  see). 
apostrophe-  (a-pos'tro-fe),  n.  [In  form  and 
prou.  confused  with  apostrophe'^;  prop,  "apo- 
stroph  =  G.  apostroph  =  Sw.  Dan.  apostrof=  P. 
apo.itrophe  =  Sp.  apostro/o  =  Pg.  apostropho  = 
It.  apostrofo,  in  E.  first  in  LL.  form  apostrophus, 
<  LL.  apostroph  us,  apostrophes,  <  Gr.  dTT6aTpo(j>oQ, 
the  apostrophe,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  npoauiia,  accent), 
of  turning  away  (elision),  <  airoarptipeiv,  turn 
away:  see  apostrophe'^.]  1.  In  gram.,  the  omis- 
sion of  one  or  more  letters  in  a  word. —  2.  In 
writing  and  printing,  the  sign  (')  used  to  indicate 
such  omission.  The  omission  may  be  (a)  of  a  letter  or 
letters  regularly  written  but  not  sounded,  as  in  ttio'  for 
though,  liv'd  for  lived,  aim'd  for  aimed,  etc. ;  (6)  of  a  let- 


apothicarie,  etc.,  by  apheresis  potecarie,  poti- 
carie,  etc.,  <  OF.  apotecaire,  apoticaire,  mod.  P. 
apothicaire,  =  Sp.  Pg.  boticario.  apothecary,  = 
It.  bottegajo,  a  shopkeeper,  =  D.  G.  Dan.  apo- 
thcker  =  Sw.  apothckare,  <  LL.  apothecarius,  a 
warehouseman,  ML.  a  shopkeeper,  apothecary, 
<  L.  apotheca :  see  apothec]  One  who  prac- 
tises pharmacy;  a  skilled  person  who  prepares 
drugs  for  medicinal  uses  and  keeps  them  for 
sale  ;  a  pharmacist,  in  England  and  Ireland  the 
term  is  now  specifically  applied  to  a  member  of  an  inferior 
branch  of  the  medical  profession,  licensed,  after  examina- 
tion by  the  Apothecaries'  Company,  to  practise  medicine 
as  well  as  to  sell  and  dispense  drugs.  In  Scotland,  how- 
ever, as  in  the  United  States,  an  apothecary  is  simply  a 
piiar'macist  iiualilied  Ity  examination  and  license  to  com- 
pouml  sell,  and  dispense  medicines.  See  druggist.— 
Apothecaries'  Act^  an  English  statute  ot  1815  (55  Geo. 
III.,  c.  Ivti)  regulating  the  business  of  apothecaries,  the 
examination  of  drugs,  etc.— Apothecaries'  Compajiy, 


Apothecia.    (From  Sachs's  "Lehrbuch  der  Botanilc.") 
yl,  vertical  section  of  apothecium  olAnaptychia  ciliaris  [much  en. 
larEcd ) :  r,  cortex  ;  g,  gonidia  ;  OT,  medullary  layer  :  A,  hymenium ;  y. 
subhyinenial  layer  and  exciple.     B,  Usnea  barbata,  and  C,  Slicta 
pubtmnacea,  witti  apothecia,  a. 

additional  subhymenial  layer.  The  hymenium  consists 
of  asci  (otherwise  thecre  or  thekes),  which  are  the  spore- 
bearing  organs,  usually  intermingled  with  slender  erect 
fllaments  (parapbyses). 
apothegm  (ap'o-them),  n.  [First  in  E.  as  apo- 
thegm, but  later  also  written  apophthegm,  =  F. 
apaphthegme=Sp.  apotegma  =  Pg.  apop>htegma, 
apot^gma  =  It.  apotegma,  apoftegma,  <  ML.  *apo- 
thegma,  *apophthepma,  <  Gr.  a-6(j}6r;pa,  a  terse, 
pointed  saying,  <  aiTotj>dirf,eadai,  speak  out  plain- 
ly, <  diro,  from,  +  (p6iyyea6ai,  cry  out,  utter.]  A 
short,  pithy,  instructive  saying;  a  terse  remark, 
conveying  some  important  ti-uth ;  a  sententious 
precept  or  maxim.     Also  spelled  apophthegm. 

Of  [Sir  Richard]  Blackmore's  attainments  in  the  ancient 
tongues,  it  may  be  sufficient  to  say  that  in  his  prose  he 
has  confounded  an  aphorism  with  an  apophtliegm. 

ilacaiday,  Addison. 
=  Syn.  Aphori.tm,  .ixiom,  Maxim,  etc.  See  aphorism. 
apothegmatic  (ap'''o-theg-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
a7T0(pde}uaTiKv(;,  sententious,  <  a-d(*Seyua,  apo- 
thegm.] 1.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  an  apothegm ;  containing  an  apothegm 
or  apothegms;  sententious. — 2.  Given  to  the 
use  of  apothegms. 

Also  spelled  npiophthegmatia. 

apothegmatical  («]>  o-theg-mat'i-kal),  o.  Same 

as  apothcgmjitic.  Also  spelled  apophihegmatical. 

apothegmatist  (ap-o-theg'ma-tist),  )(.     [<  Gr. 

azu<pOs)iia{r-),  apothegm,  ■¥  -ist.]     A  collector 

or  maker  of  apothegms.    Also  spelled  upoph- 

thegmatist. 

apothegmatize  (ap-o-theg'ma-tiz),  r.  i.;   pret. 

and  pp.  apothegmati:ed,  p^pT." apothegmatising. 

[<  Gr.  aiT6(pdey/ia(7-).  apothegm,  -I-  -ise.]  To  utter 

apothegms.      jVIso  spelled  apophthegmatize. 

apothem,  apotheme  (ap'o-them,  -them), «.  [= 

F.  apotheme,  <  NL.  apothema,  <  Gr.  as  if  'arrd- 

deua,  <  avoriBsvai,  set  off,  put  aside,  deposit :  see 

apothesis.]     1.   In  geom.,  a  perpendicular  let 

fall  from  the  center  of  a  regular  polygon  upon 

one  of  its  sides. —  2.  In  pharmaceutics,  the  more 

or  less  completely  insoluble  brownish  substance 


apothem 

deposited  when  vegetable  infusions,  decoctions, 
tinctures,  etc.,  are  subjected  to  prolonged  evap- 
oration by  heat  with  access  of  air.  The  sub- 
stance or"  substances  out  of  which  it  is  in  this 
way  formed  constitute  the  so-called  extractive. 

apothema  (a-poth'e-ma),  n.  [NL. :  see  aj)0- 
tliew.^     Same  as  apothem. 

apotheme,  «.    See  apothem. 

apotheosis  (ap-o-the'o-sis  or  ap'o-the-o'sis), 
H. ;  pi.  apotheoses  (-sez).  [LL.,  <  Gr.  d-oBiuaig, 
a  deification,  <  a-oOeoeiv,  a-oOeoiv,  deify,  <  a~6, 
from,  +  ftiif,  a  god.]  1.  Deifieatiou;  conse- 
cration; specifically,  under  the  Roman  empire, 
the  formal  attribution  of  divine  honors  to  a  de- 
ceased emperor  or  other  member  of  the  imperial 
family. 

A  re^zular  custom  was  introciuced,  that  on  the  decease 
of  everj'  emperor  who  had  neither  lived  nor  died  like  a  ty- 
rant, the  senate,  by  a  solemn  decree,  should  place  him  in 
the  number  of  the  gods ;  and  the  ceremonies  of  his  ajx'- 
thio^ia  were  blended  with  those  of  his  funeral.  Gibbon. 
In  order  to  invest  themselves  with  a  sacred  character, 
the  emperors  adopted  the  religious  device  of  &napotheomx. 
Lecku,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  27ii. 

2.  Figuratively,  excessive  honor  paid  to  any 
great  or  distinguished  person;  the  ascription 
of  extraordinary  virtues  or  superhuman  quali- 
ties to  a  human  being. 

Exerting  Iiimself  in  laudation,  almost  in  apotheosis,  of 
the  republican  heroes  and  mart>Ts. 

Sledman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  399. 

3.  The  personification  and  undue  exaltation  of 
a  virtue,  a  sentiment,  or  an  idea. 

The  apotheexijf  of  chivalrj-,  in  the  person  of  their  apos- 
tle and  patron,  St.  James.      Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  Int. 

apotheosize  (ap-o-the'o-siz  or  ap'o-the-6'siz), 
t:  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  apoilieosi:ed,  ppr.  apotheosh- 
'".'/•  [^  apotheosis  +  -i::e.~\  1.  To  consecrate 
or  exalt  to  the  dignity  of  a  deity;  deify. — 2. 
To  pay  excessive  honor  or  ascribe  superhuman 
qualitif's  to;  glorify;  exalt. 

apotbesis  (a-poth'e-sis),  n.  [NL.  (L.,  in  arch., 
the  same  as  apophyfje),  <  Gr.  a-offcat^,  a  lajiug 
up,  a  putting  back  or  away,  a  storing  up,  a  set- 
ting or  disposition  of  a  dislocated  or  fractiu-ed 
limb,  also  the  same  as  apodi/terinm,  q.  v.,  < 
a-oTiOivai,  put  back  or  away,  <  a-n,  away,  -t- 
TiBivai,  put,  set,  place :  see  apo-  and  thesis.'] 
In  surg.:  («)  The  reduction  of  a  dislocation  or 
fracture.  Hooper,  {b)  The  disposition  proper 
to  be  given  to  a  fractured  limb  after  reduction. 
lJuniili.mil. 

apotome  (a-i)Ot'o-me),  ?(.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aTToroiif/, 
a  cutting  off,  a  piece,  the  larger  segment  of  a 
tone,  <  a-ori/ivtiv,  cut  off,  <  uttu,  off,  -I-  -iuvciv. 
Toutir,  cut.]  1.  In  mn(/i.,  a  term  used  by  Euclid 
to  denote  a  straight  line  which  is  the  ditforeiice 
between  two  straight  lines  that  arc  ruticmal  (in 
Euclid's  sense,  that  is,  are  either  coin  mensur- 
able with  the  unit  line,  or  have  their  squares 
commensurable  with  the  square  on  the  unit 
line)  and  that  are  commensurable  in  power 
only  (that  is,  have  their  squares  commensin-- 
able,  but  aro  tliemselves  incommensurable). 
ArH)t4inie:«  are  of  six  incommensurable  cla.Hses,  To  tlellue 
theiie,  let  o  denote  the  lenj^.'th  of  the  minuend  line,  called 
by  Euclid  the  whole,  and  let  ir  denote  the  leuKtb  of  the 
■ubtrabend  line,  called  by  Euclid  the  ailupted  line  (npow- 
afilio^outjg).  'Hie  apotome  is  o— >r.  It  is  ivjlrxt  a/Mttuinf  if 
oand  |/o-  —  ii- are  commensurable  wKli  the  unit  line.  It 
ia  a  nrconit  itjuilinnf  if  j^o-— ir-  is  coniiiirriMurulih-  with  « 
and  It  in  comtnensurable  with  the  unit  line.  U  is  a  third 
ayolome  If  y^o'-—n''i  la  eommensurable  with  o,  but  neither 
o  nor  IT  Iscommcnsunible  with  the  unit  line.  It  isa.^iirf/i 
apoliiw.'  it  o  Ih  Inconnnensunililewith  |/o-  — rr-,  but  iscom- 
mei^nr:,).!.-  with  the  unit  lino.  It  is  a  /i/th  apotimtc  if 
l/rj---  1,  inconmiensnrable  but  jt  commensurable  willi 
the  Itni'  Ilri-'.      It  Is  a  itixth   ilihilintif  If  tit  itlier  v^o-^^, 

0.  \vr  n  I,  rniiimensuralile  wllli  utilly.  Theyii-»(  aimtiiiiu; 
'■'■""     '■'>...),  III,.  .Ilffcrence  i.t  two  medial  lines,  com- 

■  '\v.T  only,  whose  rertaiiKlo  Is  a  rational 
'I'utuwF  of  a  infilial  linr  is  the  (inference 
^  '  "nimeiisin-able  in  power  only,  whose 

1,  -  ■  I ,  ■, 

2. 

n 

Wl,|. 

It- . 

apotomy  •  ..  mi),  n.     Same  ns  n/io/om^. 

apotropMis         '.  itep'siH),  I,.     [NL,,<  Or.  oir.J. 
'     I   tiimiiiK  iiwiiy,  <  iizoTiilzttv, 
•iii^iriipnuM,']     In  mnl.,  the  rcHO- 
•  rv  tiiiiinr.     [Kiire.J 
«ipoti  \'  ofHilropfiion. 

apotr    [.  ik),  «.     [<.  iiiiolropninu 

■*■■"■  I  '    property  of  an  iipolri). 

P"'""  •  '  |.utei|  power  of  averting 

evil 

■"  M!>r.|  of  the  "Oti.ilwr  luimc,"  In  Hie 

*"'"!'  >' "I  nivi  A  nAliirAliaUr  and  ntjofro- 

p9U  ihar*  Itt.  Knrne.  Dril.,  XV.  670. 


-iienn  muNJcal  flystcm,  the 
liiilt  HfeiiH  or  HCinitoni's  into 
•  |i  or  whole  lone  is  divided. 


tur. 
lilt 


268 

apotropaion  (ap'o-tro-pa'yon;,  n. ;  pi,  aputro- 
piiKi  (-y-i).  [NL.  prop,  ^apotropceum,  -won, 
repr.  Gr.  a-orpo-aiot',  neut.  of  a-orpd-acoi;  avert- 
ing evil,  <  aTTOTfio-i/,  a  tui-ning  away,  averting, 
<  a-oTpiiietv,  turn  away,  avert :  see  upotropous.] 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  any  sign,  sjTubol,  or  amulet  re- 
puted to  have  the  power  of  averting  the  e\'il 
eye  or  of  ser\Tng  in  any  way  as  a  charm  against 
bad  luck,  in  art,  tile  representation  of  an  eye,  us  un 
painted  vases,  was  often  iiitr.uhued  in  this  character ;  and 
figurines  of  comic,  indecem,  ^ir  terrifying  subjects  and  cari- 
catures of  any  other  nature  also  did' duty  as  apotropaia, 

apotropous (a-pot'ro-pus),  a.  [<  NL.  apotropus, 
<Gr.  a-ovporror,  turned  away,  <.  ciTrorpi-cn;  turn 
away,  <  a-6,  away,  +  rpcTtm;  turn.]  In  bot., 
turned  away:  applied  by  Agardh  to  an  auat- 
ropous  ovule  which  when  erect  or  ascending 
has  its  raphe  toward  the  placenta,  or  averse 
from  it  when  pendulous:  opposed  to  epitiopous 
( which  see). 

Apoiist,  n.    See  Apiis. 

apoxyomenos (a-pok-si-om'e-nos),  I).;  pi.  npoxj/- 
oiiieiioi  (-uoi).  [Gr.  aTTo^vd/ievo^,  ppr.  mid.  of 
(i-oiieiv,  scrape  off,  <  nTrii,  off,  +  ^luv,  scrape.] 
In  Gr.  antiq.,  one  using  the  strigil;  one  scrap- 
ing dust  and  perspiration  from  his  body,  as  a 
bather  or  an  athlete.  Famous  representations 
in  art  are  a  statue  by  Polycletus  and  one  by 
Lysippus. 

My  own  impression  of  the  relief  (at  Athens)  of  .I/)o.ri(- 

onwiioi  is  that  the  style  had  been  inHiieneed  by  Praxiteles. 

••1.  .S.  .Vurrati,  Greek  Sculpture,  II.  334,  note. 

apozem  (ap'o-zem),  11.  [<  L.  apo~ema,  <  Gr.  a-6- 
Cf.uo,  a  decoction,  <  ii-oCf(i',  boil  till  the  scum  is 
thrown  off,  <  a-a,  from,  +  Cciv,  boil.]  In  mefl., 
a  decoction  or  aqueous  infusion  of  one  or  more 
medicinal  substances  to  wliieh  other  metUca- 
ments  are  added,  such  as  salts  or  svrups. 
[Rare.] 

apozemical  (ap-o-zem'i-kal),  a.  [<  apo:eiii  + 
-iral.]  Pertainiug  to  or  ha\'ing  the  nature  of 
an  ajiozem.     [Rare.] 

appairt  (a-par'),  V.  [<  ME.  apaircn,  apaijrei), 
ojirireii,  apci/ren,  andbyapheresisj)«(rf«,  pciren, 
reduced  from  aiiipiiiren,  anpaireii,  more  cor- 
rectly empeireii,  whence  later  empair,  mod.  /(«- 
joair,  q.v.]  I.  trans.  To  deface;  damage;  make 
worse;  impair;  bring  into  discredit;  ruin. 

It  is  a  syinie  and  eek  a  gl'et  folye 
To  apcitrt'ii  any  man  or  liym  defame. 

Chiuir.rr,  Prol.  to  Miller's  Tale,  I.  ;i9. 

H.  intrans.  To  degenerate ;  become  weaker; 
grow  worse ;  deteriorate ;  go  to  ruin. 

It  shulde  not  apaiir.  Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  T.'iO. 
appal,  appall  (a-pal'),  c. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aj}- 
jKillid,  ]ipf.  iijiiiiilliiiii.  [Early  mod.  K.  nltioo))- 
jjdiile,  opiiifl,  <  ME.  appaUrn.  dpalleii,  <  OF. 
apallir,  appallir,  to  grow  pale,  also  apaiir,  up- 
palir  (whence,  or  according  to  wliich,  the  later- 
appearing  E.  apjxile,  (1.  v.),  =  It.  appallidire, 
f'ow  pale,  <  L.  ad  (>  It.  a,  F.  a),  to,  -I-  pallidns, 
It.  palliilo,  OF.  pah;  palli;  mod.  F.  pale,  pale: 
see  pall-  and  jKili'^.]  I.t  intrans.  1.  To  grow 
pale  or  become  dim. 

11  ir  liste  nat  appalled  for  to  be. 

Chaucer,  Siiuires  Tale,  1.  ;{.^i7. 

2.  To  become  wetik  in  quality,  or  faint  in 
strength;  fade;  ftiil;  deciiy. 

Therewith  her  urathful  courage  gan  apimll. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  -JO. 
Like  the  Fire,  wliosc!  heat  doth  soon  appale. 

Ti<Jle,  Alba,  ii.,  I'ref.    (.V,  li.  /).) 

3.  To  become  faint-liearted;  lose  courage  or 
resolution  ;  become  dismiiyetl. — 4.  To  becoini' 
weak.  Hat,  stale,  and  insipid;  losetlavorortaste, 
as  fermented  liquor. 

I  np}}ttlle,  as  ilrinke  clothe  <ir  wyne,  when  It  leslth  his 
coltuir,  or  ale  whan  it  hath  staude  longe,  PaUfirave. 

II.  irnns.  If.  To  make  pale;  cause  to  grow 
pule;  lilaiicli. 

'I'he  answer  that  ye  nuule  to  nic,  my  dear,  .  .  . 
Ilath  BO  (tpjiallcd  my  couutenauee. 

H'lialt,  To  his  I/>ve. 

2t.  To  eauHO  to  become  weak  or  to  fail;  weaken; 
reduce. 

Hut  It  were  for  nn  oldc  amialled  |var.  jtallrd]  wight. 

C/nlur«r,  KhlpiinlirH  Tale,  I.  Mrl. 

All  other  thirst  apjmH'd,  Thomson,  Seajtons. 

AeveniH.  being  ^f/z/infffi/ with  age,  ,  ,  .  was  conHtrnineil 
t4i  ket^p  his  chamber.  .S7<oe,  chron.,  The  Uoniiiyiiis. 

3.  To  deprive  of  eournge  orstrenglli  thnnigli 
fpiir;  eiMiso  lo  shrink  with  fear;  ciiiifiiiinil  with 
fear;  dismay;  terrify:    as,  the  sight  appallid 
the  Mtoutest  heart. 
Every  tuAnc  aji/sits  me.  ,Shtik.,  hineheth,  II.  "J. 

IKien  neither  rage  Inttiinie  nor  U'lir  npfull  f 

/•.7»',  hull,  of  llor..  II.  II.  :)0H. 

4t.  To  caiiMC  lo  become  weak,  (lat,  or  hIaIo,  or 
to  loae  tlavor  or  taste,  as  furmontod  liquor. 


apparatus 

W'ine  of  its  own  nature  will  not  congeal  and  freeze; 
only  it  will  lose  the  strength  and  become  appalled  in  ex' 
trcmity  of  olil.  Holland,  tr.  of  I'liny. 

appal,  appall  (a-pal'),  «.  [<  appal,  appall,  c] 
A  state  of  terror;  affright;  dismay;  eonsternti- 
tion.     [Rare.] 

Him  (.AjaxI  viewed  the  Greeks  exulting,  with  appal 
The  ■J'rojaiis.  Cowper,  Iliad,  \\. 

Appalachian  (ap-a-lach'i-au  or  -la'chi-an),  a. 
[Named  from  the  Appalaclles,  an  Indian  tribe.] 
Appellative  of  or  pertaining  to  a  system  of 
mountains  in  eastern  North  America,  extending 
from  Cape  Gasp^,  in  the  province  of  Qiiebc:, 
to  northern  Alabama,  and  dh-ided  into  many 
ranges  bearing  separate  names.  The  whole  system 
hi^  al3{}  been  called  the  AUeghauies,  after  it«  most  exten- 
sive division.  Tlie  name  Appalachian  was  first  applied  by 
the  Siianiards  to  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  system'. 
Also  SLinietimes  spelled  Apalachian,  after  the  Spanish 
orthography.— Appalachian  tea, the  American  name  for 
the  leaves  of  two  plants,  Vilnirnunt  cansinoides  and  /lex 
Cassine,  sometimes  used  a.s  a  substitute  for  Chinese  tea. 

appalet  (a-i>5r),  e.     [Early  mod.  E,  also  apale, 

<  OF.  appidir.  apaiir ;  being  the  same  as  appall, 

<  OF.  apallir,  appallir,  in  closer  association 
with  pale :  see  appal,  pale^,  v.,  and  pall-.']  An 
old  spelling  of  appal, 

appalementt,  ".    [<  apimle  +  -ment.]    An  old 

form  of  appahiient. 
appall,  r.  and  n.     See  apjial. 
appalling  (a-pa'ling),  /).  a.     Causing  or  fitted 

to  cause  dismay  or  horror:   as,  an  appallimj 

accident ;  an  appallimj  sight. 

.\11  the  avenues  of  enquiry  were  painted  with  images  of 

appallin<i  suffering,  and  of  malicious  dremons. 

Lecht,  Eiuop.  Morals,  II.  243. 
appallingly  (a-pa'ling-li),  adv.   In  a  manner  to 

appal  111-  trausii.x  with  fright;  shockingly. 
appalment  (a-pal'ment),  H.     [<  appal  +  '-ment.] 

Tlie  state  of  being  appalled;  depression  occa- 
sioned Ijy  fear;  discouragement  thi'ough  fear. 

Also  spelled  appallment,  and  formerly  apjmle- 

ment.     [Rare.] 
The  fuiiiius  slaughter  of  them  was  a  great  discourage- 

nitiil  and  Hpjiiilenieiit  to  the  rest.     Bacon,  Hen,  \U.,  p.  SS. 

appanage  (ap'a-nSj),  n.  [<  F.  appanaije,  apjie- 
nayc  (Cotgrave),  ajianaije,  now  only  apanage  (> 
E.  also  apanage),  <  OF.  apaner  =  Pr.  apaiiar.  < 
ML.  *app(inare,  apanare,  furnisli  with  liread,  < 
L.  ad,  to.  -I-  )Hinis  (>  F.  pain),  bread.]  1.  Origi- 
ntilly,  in  the  feudal  law  of  France,  that  whii'li 
was  granted  to  the  sons  of  the  sovereign  foi' tlieir 
support,  as  lan<is  and  privileges,  and  whicli  re- 
verted to  the  crowni  on  the  failure  of  male  lieii-s. 
In  Scotland,  at  a  later  date,  appjuuige  was  tlie  patrimniiy 
of  the  king's  eldest  son,  iipun  whose  death  or  sucie.s.sioii 
to  the  throne  it  reverted  to  the  crown.  In  England,  tlie 
<lilcliy  of  ('oinwall  is  soinctinies  regarded  as  an  aitiiauagc  i.f 
the  Prince  of  Wales;  in  adilition,  he  and  other  members 
of  the  royal  family  receive  from  Parliament  allowances 
amounting  to  £iri(i,(X)0  out  of  the  annual  income  derived 
from  the  hcre<litary  crown  lands  surrendered  to  Parliaiueut 
in  the  time  of  William  IV. 

France  could  little  alTonl  to  see  Normandy  separated 
from  its  body,  even  though  it  was  to  form  an  tt2>aiui:ie  of 
one  of  its  own  princes. 

K.  .-I.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conip,  III.  78. 

2.  ■\\niatever  belongs  or  falls  to  one  from  one's 
rank  or  station  in  life. 

"1  prefer  respect  to  admiration,"  said  Flora ;  "  but  I  fear 
that  respect  is  not  the  appamuje  of  such  as  I  am." 

Disraeli,  Coningsby,  iv.  8. 

3.  A  natural  or  necessary  accompaniment ;  an 
endowment  or  attribute. 

Where,  save  the  rugged  road,  we  And 
No  appanage  of  human  kind. 

Wordsieurlh,  Pass  of  Kirkstone, 

4.  A  dependent  territory;  a  iletached  part  of 
tlie  dominidiis  of  a  crown  or  government:  as, 
India  is  now  only  an  appanage  of  Gi-eat  Britain. 

Also  written  apanage,  and  sometimes  appe- 
naip. 
appanagistt  (ap'n-na-jist),  n.    [<  F.  apanagi,ite  : 
scT  iippiiiiitip'  and  -isl.]    A  prince  to  whom  an 
npliaiiiigc  was  gr.-iiiled.     I'enin/  Ci/e.,  II.  14-1. 
apparaget,  "•    [<  Ol'".  aparage,  <  aparer,  ia,  to, 
+  par,  e(|uiil.     Cf.  mod,  F.  parage,  rank,  and  E. 
piiriK/e.]     Noble  extraction;  fiobility;   nink; 
quality,     .Y.  A'.  J). 
apparailet,   ".  ami  r.     A  Middle  English  furm 

iil^<//i/i(;)-(7. 
apparatet  (ap'a-nlt),  h.     Same  as  apjtaratns. 
.■^iit  h  iij'ifiniite  and  order  for  iiuldic  sacrlllces. 

.'<heltloii,  .Miracles,  p,  i7>. 

apparatus  (ap-a-nl'tus),  ».  sing,  and  pt.;  |)l.  also 
I'nrely  iipparalii.ses  (-ez).  [Ij.,  ]il.  apparatus, 
preiniration,  eqiiipnieiit,  gear,  <  ap/ianitns,  |q). 
»(  a)iparare,  nilpariire,  prep.'ii'e,<  «</,  to,  +  para- 
re,  niiike  reiidy,  prcinii'i' :  .^re  jiare  and  prepare.  | 
All  eqiiipmi'iil  (if  tilings  jiriivideil  anil  ndiipleil 
as  nieaiiH  to  Home  end ;  eHpccially,  a  collection, 
combination,  or  set  of  machinery,  tools,  inslni- 


apparatus 

ments,  utensils,  appliances,  or  materials  in- 
tended, adapted,  and  necessary  for  the  accom- 
plishment of  some  pui'pose,  such  as  mechani- 
cal work,  experimenting,  etc. :  as,  chemical, 
philosophical,  or  surgical  appiiriitiin. 

Tdc  wliule  military  apparatun  of  tiii'  uiTluluke  was  put 
in  motiun.  Prcucott,  Feril.  and  Isa.,  ii.  17. 

.Specifically  — (a)  In  physiol.,  a  coUectiun  of  organs  whicli, 
thouf^'h  ililf  erinj?  in  structure,  all  minister  to  the  s<ame  func- 
tion :  as,  the  respiratory  (7yy^ar(/^/.s" ;  the  (ii^^cstive  apjia- 
njtuy.  (If)  ^  collection  of  materials  for  any  lileiary  work  : 
as,  critical  apparatus  for  the  stmly  of  the  (iieek  text  of  the 
New  Testament.  — Apparatus  belli  (l.athi),  materials  of 
war;  .anunnnition ;  iinlitary  .-.tores.  -Apparatus  SCUlp- 
tOriS(New  Latin),  the  .Sculptors  Workshop,  a  constella- 
tion situated  in  that  region  of  the  heavens  which  lies  ini- 
meili.itely  to  the  east  of  the  large  star  Fomalhaut,  or  a 
Piscis  .Vnstralis.  It  harely  rises  above  the  horizon  in  the 
nortiurii  heniisphere. 
apparel  (n-pur'el),  c.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  appareled 
or  ((jipiticllcd,  ppr.  apparelUuj  or  apparelliiifl. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  aparej,  aparrell,  etc.,  <  ME. 
aparailen,  apparailen,  -ai/lcii,  -eilen,  -eijlen,  etc., 
and  by  apheresis  jmrailen,  <  OF.  aparaiUer, 
iipareiller,  P.  appareiller,  dress,  prepare,  =  Pr. 
iilKirelhar  =  fip.  aparejar  =:Vi^.  appareUtitr z=\t. 
(ili/iiircccliiare,  <  L.  as  if  *ii(lii(iriciihire,  make 
I'ciual  or  fit,  <  ad,  to,  +  *parieidn!<  ( >  It.  parecchio 
=  Pg.  purelho  =  Sp.  parejo  =  Pr.  parelh  =  F. 
IKircU,  equal,  like),  dim.  of  par,  equal :  see  par.~\ 
It.  To  make  ready;  prepare;  fit  out;  put  in 
proper  order. 

For  ther  he  wolde  hire  weddying  apparaite. 

Chaueer,  Good  Wonjen,  1.  2473. 

2.  To  dress  or  clothe;  adorn  or  set  off;  deck 
with  ornaments. 

BehoUi,  they  which  are  gorgeously  apparelled,  and  live 
delicately,  are  in  kings"  courts.  Luke  vii.  25. 

It  is  no  greater  charity  to  clothe  his  body,  than  apparel 
the  nakedness  of  his  soul. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  3. 

She  did  apparel  her  apparel,  and  with  the  preciousness 
of  her  body  made  it  most  sumptuous.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Yon  may  liave  trees  apparelled  with  flowers  by  boring 
holes  in  them,  putting  into  them  earth,  and  setting  seeds 
of  violets.  Bacon,  Xat.  Hist.,  §  50-1. 

3.  To  furnish  with  external  apparatus ;  equip : 
as.  ships  appareled  for  sea. 

apparel  (a-par'el),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
(ijKirel,  apurrel,  etc.,  and  parel,  parrell,  etc.,  < 
ME.  aparel,  apparail,  apareil,  and  by  apheresis 
parel,  <  OF.  aparail,  apareil,  aparel.  preparation, 
equipment,  F.  appareil,  preparation,  provision, 
=  Pr.  aparelh  =  Sp.  aparejo  =  Pg.  apparelho 
=  \t.  apparecchio  ;  from  the  verb.]  1+.  Prepa- 
ration ;  the  work  of  preparing  or  providing. — 

2.  Things  prepared  or  provided ;  articles  or 
materials  to  be  used  for  a  given  purpose  ;  ap- 
paratus; equipment.  Specifically- (ut)  The  furni- 
ture, appendages,  or  attachments  of  a  house.  (6)  Xaut., 
the  furnishings  or  equipment  of  a  ship,  as  sails,  rigging, 
anchors,  guns,  etc. 

The  carpenters  were  building  their  magazines  of  cares, 
masts,  (fee.,  for  an  hundred  gallys  and  .ships,  which  have  all 
their  apareil  and  furniture  neere  them. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June,  1645. 

3.  A  person's  outer  clothing  or  vesture ;  rai- 
ment;  e.xtemal  array;  hence,  figuratively,  as- 
pect; guise. 

Costly  thy  habit  as  thy  purse  can  buy, 

But  notexpress'd  in  fancy;  rich,  not  gaudy  : 

For  the  apparel  oft  proclaims  the  man. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

At  publick  devotion  his  resigned  carriage  made  religion 

appear  in  the  natural  apparel  of  simplicity.  Taller. 

4.  Eccles.,  an  ornament  of  the  alb  and  amice, 
found  as  a  simple  fringe  or  colored  stripe  earlier 
than  the  tenth  century, 
most  extensively  em- 
ployed and  elaborate  in 
worlonanship  during  the 
thirteenth  and  f oirrteenth 
centuries,  and  still  used 
in  the  form  of  pieces  of 
lace  sewed  upon  silk.  The 
apparels  of  the  alb  are  either 
oblong  quadrangular  patches 
on  the  wrists  and  on  the  skirt 
before  and  behind,  or  bands 
completely  encircling  the  skirt 
and  wrists.  The  .apparel  of  the 
amice  is  on  the  outside  part, 
which  is  turned  down  like  a 
collar.  It  was  often  inorphrey- 
work  adorned  with  precious 
stones  so  disposed  as  to  form 
sacred  emblems.  =SyTl.  3.  Rai- 
ment, costume,  attire,  clothes, 
garb,  habiliments. 

apparelmentt,  " 


Part  of  the  Apparel  of  the 
Alb  of  Becket,  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Sens.  France.  (From 
Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  du  Mo- 
bilier  frani^ais.") 


[^i'ME.  apparaillement,  opa- 
raijlment,  <  OF.  apareilkmcnt  =  Pt.  aparelliameii, 
aparcllamrn  =  OSp.  aparejamiento  =  Pg.  appa- 
reUiamciito  =  It.  oppari'eeliiiniiiiilii :  see  npparel 
a,ni\-iiient.'\  Equipment;  clothiug;  adornment. 
Chancer,  Boethius. 


269 

apparencet,  apparencyt  (a-par'ens,  -en-si),  «. 
[ME.  iipjiareuce,  apparens,  aparcncc,  -auncc, 
also  apparencie,  <  OF.  aparence,  aparance,  F. 
apparence  =  Pr.  apparencia,  aparensa  =  Sp. 
apariencia  =  Pg.  apparencia  =  It.  ajqnni n.yi,  < 
L.  (ipparentia,  appearance,  in  ML.  also  siniiiln- 
tiou,<((/)/(«)r?(((-).s',  ai)pfir('nt :  siHui/ipareiil.  (Jf. 
appeantiiei  .\  1.  PrcpiiiMl  iofi  ;  inakiiig  ready. 
—  2.  Suiicrlicial  seoiniiig  ;  I'xtcrnal  soriiblaiico; 
appearance:  as,  "  vain  and  gaudy  apparencie*," 
lip.  Wren. 

Outwarcl  apparance  is  no  authentic  instance  of  the  in- 
ward desires.  Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  1.  2. 

3.  The  quality  of  being  apparent  to  the  senses 
or  to  the  mind;  apparentness. — 4.   The  posi- 
tion of  lioing  an  lieir  apparent.     N.  Ji.  I). 
apparent  (|i-|iar'ent),  a.  and  n.      [<  ME.  appa- 
raiit,  -didit,  aparaiit,  also  by  apheresis  2>arent, 

<  OP.  aparant,  -ent,  F.  apparent  =  Pr.  appa- 
rent =  Sp.  aparente  =  Pg.  It.  apparente,  <  L. 
apparen(t-)s,  ppr.  otapjifirvre,  adparere,  come  in 
sight,  appear :  see  (iji/n  nr  ;iud  -ant^.']  I.  a.  1. 
Exposed  to  the  sense  of  sight;  open  to  view; 
capable  of  being  seen,  or  easily  seen;  visible  to 
the  eye ;  within  the  range  of  vision. 

By  some  apparent  sign 
Let  us  have  knowledge  at  the  court  of  guard. 

&'/iafc,lHen.  VI.,ii.  1. 

As  we  rapidly  approached  the  land  the  beauty  of  the 
scenery  became  nmre  fully  apparent. 

Lady  Bra.isey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  T.  ii. 

2.  Capable  of  being  clearly  perceived  or  im- 
derstood;  ob^^ous;  plain  or  clear;  evident:  as, 
the  wisdom  of  the  Creator  is  apparent  in  his 
works. 

At  that  time  Cicero  had  vehement  suspicions  of  Ca3sar, 
but  no  apparent  proof  to  convince  him.  North. 

3.  Having  the  character  of  a  mere  seeming  or 
appearance,  in  distinction  from  what  is  true  or 
real:  as,  the  apparent  motion  of  the  sun;  his 
anger  was  only  appareyit. 

For  the  powers  of  nature,  notwithstanding  their  appa- 
rent magnitude,  are  limited  and  stationary. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  40. 

Culture  inverts  the  vulgar  view  of  nature,  and  brings  the 
mind  to  call  that  apparent  which  it  uses  to  call  real,  and 
that  real  which  it  uses  to  call  visionary.  Emerson,  Nature. 

4t.  Probable;  likely:  as,  " the  three  ap/XM-CH i 
candidates,"  H.  Walpole — Apparent  day,  the  real 

or  true  solar  day,  as  disfiie-,ntislU'd  from  the  mean  day. 
See  rfa!/.— Apparent  declination,  the  declination  of  the 
apparent  place  of  a  star.— Apparent  diameter  of  a 
heavenly  body,  the  angle  whuh  its  diameter  snlitends 
at  the  eye,  tiiat  is,  the  angle  ni.ide  by  lines  ilrawn  from 
the  extremities  of  its  diameter  to  the  eye.  — Apparent 
double  point,  in  nmt/i.,  a  point  on  a  curve  in  space 
which  appears  to  be  double  to  an  eye  placed  at  a  given 
point.— Apparent  easement.  See  eascwicn;.- Appa- 
rent or  intentional  ens.  See  ois.- Apparent  figure, 
the  figure  or  shape  under  which  an  object  appears  when 
seen  at  a  distance.  — Apparent  horizon.  Saiiieasr/..t7,^. 
/(07-(20rt  (which  see,  under  /m'/(jm/().— Apparent  magni- 
tude. See  Htai/jiidofr.— Apparent  noon,  the  instant  at 
which  tlie  center  of  the  sun  crosses  the  nieriilian.  — Ap- 
parent place  of  a  star,  etc.,  the  place  on  the  celestial 
sphere  where  it  would  appear  but  for  refraction  ;  some- 
times the  place  where  it  does  appear. —  Apparent  posi- 
tion, in  optics,  the  position  in  which  an  object  appears  to 
be  when  seen  through  glass,  water,  or  any  other  diitiact- 
ing  medium,  as  distinguisherl  from  its  true  position.  See 
»-e/rac(ton.— Apparent  right  ascension,  tlie  liuht  as- 
cension of  thealiparent  place  of  a  star.  — Apparent  time, 
the  hour-angle  of  the  sun.— Heir  apparent.  Utt:  heir. 
=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Clear,  distinct,  miinifest,  patent,  unmis- 
takiible. — 3.  Ostensible. 
II.+  V.  An  heir  apparent. 

A',  lien.  Draw  thy  sword  in  right.  .  .  . 

Prince.    I'll  draw  it  as  apparent  to  the  crown. 
And  in  that  quarrel  use  it  to  the  death. 

ShaJc.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

apparently  (a-par'ent-li),  adv.     1.  Openly; 
eWdeiitly  to  tie  senses  or  the  intellect. 
I  would  not  spare  my  brother  in  this  cj^e, 
If  he  should  scorn  me  so  apparently. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Seemingly;  in  appearance,  wljether  in  real- 
ity or  not;  as  far  as  one  can  judge:  as,  he  is 
apparently  well ;  only  apparently  friendly. 

The  motions  of  a  w.atch,  apparently  uncaused  by  any- 
thing external,  seem  spontaneous. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  65. 

apparentness  (.a-par'ent-nes),  )(.  The  state  or 
quality  of  beiiig  apparent;  plainness  to  the 
eye  or  to  the  mind;  risibleness;  obviousness. 

apparisht  (a-par'ish),  r.  t.  [Late  ME.  appa- 
rysshe,  <  OF.  apariss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of 
aparir,  aparer,  <  L.  apparere,  appear:  see  ap- 
pear.'] To  appear.  Caxton,  Golden  Legend. 
(N.  E.  D.) 

apparition  (ap-a-rish'on),  n.     [<  P.  apparition, 

<  ML.  ai)p<irili<>{n-),  an  appearance,  epiphany, 
also  attendants,  L.  only  in  sense  of  attendance, 
attendants,  <  apparere,  adparere,  pp.  ap^)aritus, 


appeachment 

adparitus,  appear,  attend,  wait  upon,  serve:  see 
appear,  apparent,  and  apparitor.']  1.  The  act 
of  appearing  or  coming  into  sight ;  appearance ; 
the  state  of  being  visible  ;  visibility. 

When  the  holy  churchman  join'd  our  hands, 
(lur  vows  were  real  then  ;  the  ceremony 
Was  not  in  apparition,  but  in  act. 

Pord,  Perkin  Warbeck,  v.  3. 
Tlio  sinlden  apparition  of  the  Spaniards.  Prescott. 

Louis  XIV.  appeared  [at  Chambord]  on  several  occa- 
sions, and  the  apparition  wiw  characteristically  brilliant. 
//.  .larnes,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  39. 

2.  That  which  appears  or  becomes  visible;  an 
appearance,  especially  of  a  remarkable  or  phe- 
nomenal kind. 

Let  lis  interrogate  the  great  apparition  that  shines  so 
peacefully  around  us.  Emerson,  Nature. 

Miss  Edgeworth  taught  a  contempt  of  falsehood,  no 

less  in  its  most  graceful  than  in  its  meanest  apparitions. 

Mary.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  131. 

Specifically — 3.  A  ghostly  appearance ;  a  spec- 
ter or  phantom  :  now  the  usual  sense  of  the  word. 
Tender  minds  should  not  receive  early  impressions  of 
goblins,  spectres,  apparitions,  wherewith  maids  fright 
them  into  compliance.  Locke. 

4.  In  astron.,  the  first  appearance  of  a  star  or 
other  luminary  after  having  been  obscured: 

opposed  to  occultation circle  of  apparition,  or 

of  perpetual  apparition,  the  bounding  circle  of  that 
part  of  the  heavens  which  is  always  visible;  that  circle 
of  declination  which  is  tangent  to  the  horizon.  =  S3m.  3. 
Specter,  Phantom,  etc.  See  yhost. 
apparitlonal  (ap-a-rish'ou-al),  a.  [<  appari- 
tion +  -al.']  1.  Resembling  an  apparition ;  hav- 
ing the  natm-e  of  a  phantom;  spectral. —  2. 
Capable  of  appearing ;  endowed  with  material- 
izing qualities — Apparitlonal  soul,  a  thin,  unsub- 
stantial human  image  conceived,  in  certain  phases  of 
primitive  thought,  as  the  cause  of  life  and  mind,  capable 
of  quittitig  the  body  for  a  time  or  altogether,  and  so  leav- 
ing it  insensible  or  dead,  and  when  thus  absent  from  it 
appearing  to  other  individuals  asleep  or  awake. 

Closely  allied  .  .  .  to  the  primitive  notion  of  the  appa- 
ritional  soul,  is  the  belief  in  the  soul's  existence  after 
death.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  55. 

That  the  apparitional  human  soul  bears  the  likeness  of 
its  fleshly  body,  is  the  principle  implicitly  accepted  by  all 
who  believe  it  really  and  objectively  present  in  dream  or 
vision.  E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  406. 

apparitor  (a-par'i-tor),  n.  [L.,  a  servant,  esp. 
a  public  servant  (lictor,  scribe,  military  aide, 
priest,  etc.),  < apparere, adparere,  attend,  serve: 
see  apparition.']  1.  In  Itoni.  antiq.,  any  officer 
who  attended  magistrates  and  judges  to  execute 
their  orders. —  2.  Any  officer  of  a  ei'^'il  court, 
or  his  servant  or  attendant. — 3.  Any  one  who 
puts  in  an  appearance ;  an  appearer.     [Rare.] 

The  Higher  Court  ...  in  which  .  .  .  every  Human 
Soul  is  an  apparitor.        C'arlyle,  Past  and  Present,  p.  211. 

4.  Eccles.,  a  messenger  or  an  officer  who  serves 
the  process  of  a  spiritual  court;  the  lowest 
officer  of  an  ecclesiastical  tribunal. 

He  swallowed  all  the  Komau  hierarchy,  from  the  pope 
to  the  apparitor.  Aylijfe,  Parergon. 

When  my  great-grandfather  wished  to  read  the  Bible  to 
his  family,  .  .  .  one  ofthe  children  stood  at  the  door  togive 
notice  if  he  saw  the  apparitor  coming,  who  was  an  officer 
of  the  spiritual  court.  Franklin,  Autobiog.,  pp.  8,  9. 

5.  The  beadle  in  a  university,  who  carries  the 
mace. 

appaum^e  (a-p6-ma'),  a.  [F.,  <  (}  (<  L.  ad,  to) 
-i-  iniume,  the  palm  of  the  hand :  see  palm.']  In 
her.,  open  and  extended  so  as  to  show 
the  palm  with  thumb  and  fingers  at 
fidl  length :  said  of  the  human  hand. 
Also  spelled  apaumee.  \  •" 

appayt,  r.  t.    See  apay.  V' 

appeacht  (a-pech')^.  f.    [Early mod.  ^r^,,„,„, 
L.  also  apeacli,  <  AIL.  apjieclien,  ape-    Appaumee. 
chen  (and  by  apheresis  jicclten,  >  mod. 
E.  peach'^,  q.  v.),  reduced  fiom  earlier e»y;ec/ien, 
whence  the  usual  mod.  form  impeach,  q.  v.     Cf . 
appair,  impair.]     1.  To  impeach. 

He  did,  amongst  many  others,  apifeach  Sir  "William  Stan- 
ley, the  lord  chamberlain.  Bacon,  Hen.  \^I. 
Nor  can'st,  nor  dar'st  thou,  traitor,  on  the  plain 
Appeach  my  honour,  or  thine  own  maintain. 

Drydcn,  Pal.  and  Arc.,  L  300. 

2.  To  censure;  reproach;  accuse;  give  accu- 
satory e'vidence. 

-And  oft  of  error  did  himselfe  appeach. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xi.  40. 

appeachert  (a-pe'cher),  n.  [<  SIE.  apechotcre 
(Prompt.  Parv.),  <  AF.  enpechour,  OF.  empe- 
cheor :  see  appeach  3.nd -er.]    An  accuser. 

appeachmentf  (a-peeh'ment),  V.  [<  appeach 
+ -ment.  Cf.  impeachment.]  Accusation;  im- 
peachment; charge. 

The  duke's  answers  to  his  appeachments,  in  number  thir- 
teen,  I  find  very  diligently  and  civilly  couched. 

Sir  B.  Wotton. 


appeal 

appeal  (a-pel' ),  <■-  [Earlj-  mod.  E.  also  apeal,  and 
appell,  d'pcll,  <  ME.  appelen,  apelen,  <  OF.  apeler. 
F.  appcler  =  Pr.  appelar  =  Sp.  apclar  =  Pg.  ap- 
pellor =  It.  appellare,  <  L.  appelldre,  adpelldre. 
address,  appeal  to,  summon,  accuse,  accost  by 
name,  a  secondary  form  of  appellere,  adpeUere, 
bring  to,  drive  to,"bring  to  land,  <  ad,  to,  +  pel- 
Ure,  drive.  Cf.  expel,  impel,  propel,  repel,  and 
see  repeal.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  call;  summon; 
challenge.     [Bare.] 

Man  to  man  will  I  appeal  the  Nonnan  to  the  lists. 

Scott. 

2.  In  fair;  (fl)  To  remove,  as  a  cause,  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  judge  or  court.  See  apjieal, 
«.,  2  (6). 

Causes  of  any  importance  were  appealed  from  the  Scul- 
dasco  to  the  Gastaldo.  Brougham. 

(6)  Formerly,  to  charge  with  a  crime  before  a 
tribnnal;  accuse;  institute  a  criminal  prosecu- 
tion against  for  some  heinous  offense :  with  of 
before  the  offense  charged:  as.  to  appeal  a  per- 
son o/ felony. 

I  appeal  you  o/ murder.  B.  Jmison. 

In  November,  1817,  William  Aslilord  appealed  Abraham 
Thornton,  to  answer  for  the  alleged  murder  of  appellant's 
sister.  N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XI.  252. 

If  a  Frenchman  appealed  an  Englishman,  the  English- 
man had  the  choice  of  either  mode  of  trial. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  IV.  423. 

3t.  To  address ;  offer  up,  as  an  appeal. 
They  both  uprose  and  tooke  their  ready  way 
Unto  tlie  church,  their  praiers  to  appftf. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ii.  48. 

H,  intram.  1.  To  call  for  aid,  mercy,  sym- 
pathy, or  the  like;  make  an  oai-uest  entreaty, 
or  have  the  effect  of  an  entreaty. 

Against  their  merit  if  this  age  rebel, 
To  future  times  for  justice  they  appeal. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iii.  755. 

The  deepening  expression  of  pain  on  Philip's  face  .  .  . 
made  the  deformity  appeal  more  strongly  to  her  pity. 

George  Eliot,  ifill  on  the  Floss,  v.  1. 

2.  In  Jaw,  to  refer  to  a  superior  ,iudge  or  court 
for  the  decision  of  a  cause  depending  ;  specifi- 
cally, to  refer  a  decision  of  a  lower  court  or 
judge  to  a  higher  one,  for  reexamination  and 
revisal. 

I  apjteal  unto  Caisar.  Acts  xxv.  11. 

3.  To  refer  to  another  person  or  authority  for 
the  decision  of  a  question  controverted,  or  for 
the  corroboration  of  testimony  or  facts ;  in  gen- 
eral, to  refer  to  some  tribunal  explicitly  men- 
tioned or  implied. 

I  appeal  to  tlie  Scriptures  in  the  original. 

Uortley,  Sermons,  I.  i. 
1  appeal  from  your  customs.    I  must  be  myself. 

Emerson,  Self-Reliance. 

4.  To  have  recourse ;  resort  for  proof,  decision, 
or  settlement :  as,  to  appeal  to  force. 

Xot  prevailing  l>y  dispute,  he  appeaU  t<>  a  miracle,  re- 
Btoring  to  eight  a  blind  man  whom  the  Britfins  could  not 
cure.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

[In  all  senses,  with  to  or  unto  before  the  tribunal  wlioso 
Judgement  is  asked,  and/rom  before  that  who.sc  decision  is 
rejected.] 

appeal  (a-pel'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  appcl, 
apiiftl,  apell;  i  IIE.  apeel,  apel,  apclc  (and  by 
iiyhvTOHiH  jieU;  >iiiod.  £.  )ical,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  ajiel, 
F.fl^>7)t7,  appeal;  from  the  verb.]  1.  An  address 
or  invocation;  a  call  for  sjnnpathy,  mercy, 
aid,  or  the  like;  a  supplication;  an  entreaty: 
as,  an  appeal  for  help ;  an  appeal  for  mercy. 

Whenever  yet  was  your  apj/eal  denied  't 

Sliak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  Iv.  1. 

2.  A  proceeding  taken  to  reverse  a  decision 
by  submitting  it  to  the  review  of  a  higher  au- 
thority :  as,  an  appeal  to  the  house  from  a  de- 
cision of  the  chair.  In  law:  (a)  ISornetiines 
ui«-d  in  the  above  general  meaning,  so  as  to 
include  writs  of  error,  certiorari,  etc.  (l>) 
Htri  ''■  "  -I  tnoval  of  u  cause  or  suit  from  a 
lo''  I  r  ti'ilHiiial,  in  order  tliiit  tlie  lat- 

ter nl.  if  it  seems  needful,  reverse 

<"  i<m  of  the  fiiriiier.     In  modem 

u«:'  not  merely  a  pi.-llirdnary  objec- 

•r  ri;vlew  aft.  I  a  .I.  •  iKiiiii  Iuih  been 


rrii-; 
th' 

Wa. 

"!• 
lb. 
lb. 
th.   i 

r; 

lo     . 

hliil 

(n  •  r 

pr-. 

oniir' 

ttl>   b'A    .. 


.It  ha  i«r< 

:■:       tlir     .     .M 


^'  'I. -rived  friiin 

"t  ii.riiinon  law 

'  only  to  brltiK 

■    !■■  ri.r.     'Iliiiiwaii 

"I  IiT::  .'.,  and 

i..al  r..i  ....    .  ■  ■     lnH|.„ii„iid 

i,  till'  l-..iirl  ..I      ■    .|.,ii.     Tlic 

iirls  mill  I"'   ii|.|.'  .I.'.l   I..  III.. 

I.  .1  •<t-.'-     " .1 

'I   ("I    ' 
(.,r    f. 


-1..1-       11)    lb. I 


270 

mode  of  procedure  by  which  such  removal  is 
effected.  (<?)  The  right  of  removal  to  a  higher 
court,  (c)  Formerly,  a  vindictive  action  at  the 
suit  of  a  party  injured  when  the  supposed  crimi- 
nal had  been  previously  acquitted  on  an  indict- 
ment or  pardoned.  The  appellant  raised  an  action 
(which  had  to  be  brought  witliin  a  year)  and  demanded 
tlie  punishment  of  the  accused,  who  had  to  submit  to  a 
fresh  trial  by  jury,  or  demand  a  trial  by  wager  of  battle. 

He  was  threatened  with  an  appeal  of  mm'der  by  the 
widow  of  a  Protestant  clergyman. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxix. 

3.  A  summons  to  answer  to  a  charge ;  a  chal- 
lenge. 

Nor  shall  the  sacred  character  of  king 

Be  urged  to  shield  me  from  thy  bold  appeal. 

Dryden. 

4.  A  call  to  another  to  sanction  or  ■witness ;  a 
reference  to  another  for  proof  or  decision :  as, 
in  an  oath  a  person  makes  an  appeal  to  the 
Deity  for  the  truth  of  his  declaration. —  5.  Re- 
sort or  recourse  for  decision. 

Every  milder  method  is  to  be  tried  before  a  nation  makes 
an  ai)peal  to  arms.  Kent. 

In  the  community  of  nations,  the  first  appeal  is  to  physi- 
cal force.     Macaulay,  I' tilitarian  Theory  of  Government. 

Commission  of  Appeals.    See  comjmmoiii.  =  Syn.  1. 

Petition,  Suit,  etc.  (st'c  prayer),  solicitation,  application. 

appealable  (a-pe'li»-bl),  a.     [<  appeal  +  -able.'] 

1.  Capable  of  being  appealed;  admitting  of 
appeal ;  removable  to  a  Mgher  tribunal  for  de- 
cision. 

Pressure  on  the  bench  to  make  as  many  decisions  as 
possible  in  a  given  time  tends  .  .  .  to  engender  (i/.^^.a/nWc 
decisions  and  prolong  litigation.     The  Century,  ,\XX.  330. 

2.  Liable  to  be  accused  or  called  to  answer 
by  appeal:  apjilied  to  persons:  as,  appealable 
for  manslaughter. — 3.  That  may  be  appealed 
(to).     .V.  E.  D. 

appealantt  (a-pe'lant),  «.  [<  appeal  +  -ant'^. 
Cf.  appellant.]  One  who  appeals;  an  appel- 
lant. 
appealer  (a-pe'ler),  «.  [<  appeal  +-er^.  Cf. 
appellor.]  1.  One  who  appeals,  or  carries  his 
cause  to  a  higher  court. —  2.  An  appellor;  an 
accuser  or  informer. 
I  should  become  an  appealer,  or  every  bishop's  espie. 

Foxe,  Book  of  Martyrs  (Thorpe). 

appealingly  (a-pe'ling-li),  adv.    In  an  appeal- 

iiiK  or  entreating  manner;  beseechingly, 
appealingness  (a-pe'ling-nes),  n.     The  quality 
of  being  appealing,  or  of  awakening  sjTnpathy, 
jiity,  or  the  like. 

Ready  sympathy  .  .  .  made  him  alive  to  a  certain  ap- 
pealinyne^s  in  her  behaviour  towards  him. 

George  Eliot,  Daniel  Deronda,  xxxv. 

appear  (a-per'),  i\  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  apear, 
«/)//((/•  (and bj'apheresis;jt«c,  > mod. dial. pc'«)'), 
<  ME.  apceren,  apercn,  apjiieren,  <  OF.  apcrer, 
apperer  (Roquefort),  aparir,  reg.  inf.  aparcir, 
aparoir  =  Pr.  aparer  =  It.  ajiparire,  apparerc,  < 
L.  apparere,  adparere,  apjiear  <  ad,  to,  +  pa- 
rerc,  appear,  come  in  sight  (a  secondary  form 
ot parere,  produce):  see  apparent  and  parent.] 

1.  To  come  or  be  in  sight;  become  visible  by 
approach  or  by  emerging  from  concealment ;  be 
exposed  to  ^^ew. 

And  tiud  said,  .  .  .  Let  the  dry  land  appear.     Gen.  i.  9. 
The  angel  of  the  I..i)rd  ap})eared  unto  him  in  a  Hanie  of 
Arc  out  of  the  miilst  of  a  bush.  Ex.  iii.  2. 

In  each  cheek  appenrti  a  pretty  dinijile. 

Sha/e.,  Venus  and  .\ilonis,  1.  242. 

2.  To  stand  in  presence,  as  pai-tics  or  advocates 
before  a  court;  make  appearance. 

We  must  all  appear  before  the  judgment  seat  of  Christ. 

2  Cor.  v.  10. 

3.  To  come  or  be  placed  before  the  public; 
come  to  the  notice  of  the  public:  as,. tlie  actor 
appeared  only  once  a  week ;  his  history  ajipeiired 
in  1880. — 4.  To  bo  obvious;  bo  known,  as  n 
subject  of  oliservation  or  compieliension;  be 
clear  or  made  clear  by  evidence. 

it  doth  lii.t  yet  apiunr  »imt  we  uliull  be.      1  .lohn  ill.  2. 

8.  To  seem;  have  a  certain  sjmblanco  or  ap- 
pearance; look:  as,  ho  appeared  to  be  wise;  it 
appcam  to  mo  that  this  is  unsafe ;  ho  appcarn 
very  old. 

'rhiy  dlsllgure  their  faces,  that  they  may  arnirar  unto 
mill  to  fiiHl.  Mat.  vl.  111. 

.Miiiillis  to  the  old  man  ap/irar  no  longer  llinn  weekii  to 
the  yollllg  man,  //.  Spencer,  I'rin,  of  IVyeliol.,  f  111. 

6t.  To  bo  understood;  lie  intelligible:  ns,  "Ho 
I  now  appearf",  Coleirarr.    Appearing  gratis,  in 

r/inncrn/prartiee,  the  iti-l'.if  a  deri-lidiiiit  Iihiiiimiiii:  bin  ii). 
IHiiniMceto  be  elilerid  to  ili.f.-nd  a  suit  wlllioill  wiilliin. 
t"  hi.  m-rvi'd  Willi  a  prorcHH.  ~  Syn.  B.   /.ooA-,  eti-.    Hvt'Hfem. 

appeart  (a-p'''"'),  «•    [,<  appear,  r.]   Appearance. 

II.  r.-  will  I  wiwh  It  III  the  mi.rnlllg'ii  dew, 
«  hi.  h  «be  on  .'i.Ty  little  griim  iliilli  Mrew 
Jii  ullver  drops  iiuiiIiihI  llie  niin'ii  appear. 

Pletrhrr.  Kiiltliful  miephDnlcsK,  V.  4. 


appease 

appearance  (a-per'ans),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
appeeranee,  <"ME.  'apperaunee,  -ens;  the  same 
as  apparenee  (q.  v.),  conformed  to  apjjear.]  1. 
The  act  of  coming  into  sight ;  the  act  of  becom- 
ing visible  to  the  eye :  as,  the  appearance  of  the 
sun  above  the  horizon. —  2t.  The  state  of  be- 
ing in  sight;  visibility.    [Rare.] 

He's  built  a  bower,  made  it  secure, 

Wi'  carbuncle  and  stane ; 
Tho'  travellers  were  never  sae  nigh. 

Appearance  it  had  nane. 

*  Young  Atein,  in  Child's  Ballads,  I.  ISO. 

3.  A  coming  into  presence ;  the  act  of  present- 
ing one's  self:  as,  his  sudden  appearance  sur- 
prised me. 

The  duke  does  greet  yon.  general ; 
And  he  requires  your  haste -post-haste  appearance, 
Even  on  the  instant.  Sluik.,  Othello,  i.  2. 

4.  An  object  as  seen  or  perceived;  a  phenom- 
enon ;  the  immediate  object  of  experience. 

The  term  appearance  is  used  to  denote  not  only  that 
wliich  reveals  itself  to  our  observation  as  existent,  but 
also  to  signify  that  which  only  seems  to  be,  in  contrast  to 
that  which  truly  is.  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Metaph.,  ix. 

Surely,  it  must  be  a  miraculously  active  principle  that 
can  snatch  up  from  transitoriness  and  ol.livi..n  the  v.-iric- 
gated  i>lay  of  tleeting  and  fading  appeaeunee^,  and  cn- 
struct  therefrom  the  world  of  steady  expei-icnce  of  which 
we  have  knowledge.  Mind,  IX.  aoO. 

5.  Something  believed  to  have  a  supernatural 
character;  an  apparition:  as.  an  appearance  in 
the  sky. — 6.  That  which  appears  or  is  obvious; 
outward  show  or  seeming;  semblance  as  apart 
from  reality  or  substance :  as,  there  is  an  ap- 
jiearancc  of  trouble  yonder;  appearances  are 
against  him. 

Judge  not  according  to  the  appearance,        John  vii.  24. 
Men  are  governed  by  opinion :  this  opinion  is  as  much 
influenced  by  appearances  as  by  realities. 

A.  Hamilton,  'Works,  I.  108. 

7.  Outward  look  or  aspect;  mien;  build  and 
eaiTiago;  figure:  as,  a  man  of  noble  appear- 
ance. 

Much  have  I  heard,  .  .  . 
.And  now  am  come  to  see  of  whom  such  noise 
Hath  walk'd  about,  and  each  limb  to  survey, 
If  thy  apiiearance  answer  loud  report. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1090. 

8.  pi.  Indications;  look. 

My  master  heard  me  with  great  appearances  of  uneasi- 
ness in  his  countenance.       Su'i,ft,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  8. 

9.  The  act  of  coming  before  the  public :  the 
act  of  coming  into  public  notice :  as,  he  made 
his  appearance  as  a  historian ;  the  appearance 
of  a  book, —  lOt.  Seeming;  probability;  likeli- 
hood. 

There  is  that  which  halh  no  appearance.  Bacon. 

11.  In  law :  (a)  The  coming  into  court  of  either 
of  the  parties  to  a  suit ;  the  being  present  in 
court  as  a  party  to  a  pending  proceeding;  the 
coming  into  court  of  a  party  summoned  in  a 
process,  either  in  person  or  by  his  attorney, 
usually  expressed  by  a  formal  entry  by  the 
proper  oflicer  to  that  effect ;  the  act  or  proceed- 
ing ))y  which  a  party  jn'oceeded  against  places 
himself  before  the  court  and  siiVmiits  to  its  juris- 
diction, (b)  In  .S'co/.v  law,  the  stating  ot  a  de- 
fense in  a  cause.  Where  n  defender  in  w  ritiiig,  or  liy 
counsel  at  tin-  bar.  states  a  defense,  he  is  said  to  have  ap- 
peared. To  put  in  an  appearance,  to  appear  in  per- 
son. =Syn.  3.  Arrival,  presence.  6.  Guise,  show,  pre- 
tense. ].n-text,  color. —  7.  Air,  look,  manner,  deniennor. 
appearer  (a-jier'tr),  «.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  appears,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 
[Hare.] 

liwlsand  ravens  are  ominous  aitpearers.  anil  i.resignify 
llliliu-kj-  cvelit.s.  .Sir  T,  Urowne,  \'iilg.  Kri..  v.  'JI. 

Spicitically  —  2.  In  lau;  one  who  formally  ap- 
peiii-s  (ill  rinirt,  etc.). 

appearingly  (ii-iier'ing-li),  adv.  Apparently; 
seemingly ;  according  to  all  outward  signs. 
[Rare.] 

A  ll.iurlshiiig  branch  shall  gmw  out  of  his  appearingly 
si-reaml  sapless  root.  Up.  null,  Paraph.  ..f  Isaiah. 

appeasable  (n-pO'za-bl),  a.  [<  appease  +  -able.] 
Cnpnlile  of  being  appeased,  quieted,  calmed,  or 
]iai'ilii'il;   |iliic]ilile. 

Tliclniiiull  ofaniob  n;);)eniinWr'onlyby  .  .  .  liloodshcd. 
a.  I',  l.athrop,  Spnntsh  Vistas,  p.  .10. 

appeasableness  (a-pe'/.a-bl-nes),  n.   The  (lual- 

ily  I.I'  lii-iiig  ii|iiieasiible. 
appease  (n-pez  ),  r.  l.;  ]iret.  anil  pji.  tiiipea.ird, 
ppi'.  ai<iieii.sinii,  |Kiirly  moil.  10.  nlsu  ai>ea,ir, 
dpi  ace  (conformed  to  peace),  ainii.se  (and  by 
apheresis  pease),<,  ME.  ape.sen,  apci.it  n,  npaiscn, 
<  <)l'\  ape.ier,  apcisier,  apaixicr  (F.  apaiser=.  Pr. 
ap<i;iar),  pacify,  bring  to  ))eace,  <  a,  to,  +  pais, 
pi  is,  pes,  moil.  1''.  pai.r,  |ieai'e :  m'c peace,  and  cf. 
ajiaij,  iifiptiij,  of  wliieli  nitpcane  is  thus  a  doublet.] 


appease 

1.  To  bring  to  a  state  of  peace;  pacify;  quiet 
by  allaying  anger,  indignation,  strife,  etc. 

0  Oud  !  if  my  deep  prayers  eannot  appease  thee, 
But  thou  wilt  be  aveug'd  on  my  misdeeds, 
Yet  execute  thy  wrath  ou  me  alone. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  4. 

2.  To  allay ;  calm,  as  an  excited  state  of  feel- 
ing; remove,  as  a  passion  or  violent  emotion. 

'I'iie  signori  .  .  .  earnestly  exhorted  tile  principal  citi- 
zens to  use  their  fiootl  offices  to  soothe  the  people  and  nj)- 
peane  the  general  indignation.     J.  Adamu,  Works,  V.  70. 

The  function  of  official  priests  was  to  appease  the  wrath 
of  God  or  pui'chase  his  favor. 

Theodore  Parker^  Sermons,  Int. 

3.  To  assuage  or  sootlie,  as  bodily  pain;  sati.sfy, 
as  an  appetite  or  desire:  as,  to  iiijjwase  tlie 
smart  of  a  wound,  or  one's  hunger. =syn.  To  sat- 
isfy, hush,  quell  (see  list  under  «iiai/i);  propitiate,  concil- 
iate. 

appeasement  Ca-pez'ment),  n.  [<  appease  + 
-nil  III.  Of.  OF.  (and  F.)  apaiscmeiit,  >  ML.  op- 
ptisameiititm.']  The  act  of  appeasing,  or  the 
state  of  being  appeased,  or  in  peace ;  pacifica- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

For  its  appeasenwnt  and  mitigation. 

Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  223. 

Being  neither  in  number  nor  in  courage  great,  partly  by 
autliority,  partly  by  entreaty,  they  were  reduced  to  some 
good  appfascmeiit.  Sir  J.  Hatiward,  Edw.  VI.,  p.  ri4. 

appeaser  (a-pe'zer),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
appeases  or  pacifies. 

appeasive  (a-pe'ziv),  a.  [<  appease  +  -ive.'] 
Si'r\-ing  or  tending  to  ajjpease  ;  mitigating ; 
quieting. 

appel  (a-pel'),  H.  [F.:  see  appeal,  ii.~\  hifeii- 
eiiiij,  a  smart  stroke  with  the  blade  on  the  sword 
of  an  antagonist  on  the  opposite  side  to  that 
which  he  engaged,  generally  accompanied  with 
a  stamp  of  the  foot,  used  for  the  purpose  of 
procuring  an  openiijg.  Wilheliii,  Mil.  Diet.  See 
feint. 

Appellability  (a-pel-a-bil'i-ti),  H.  [<  appella- 
bte:  see  -biUti/.^  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
appealal-ile. 

appellable  (a-pel'a-bl),  «.  [<  L.  as  if  *appella- 
biliii,  <  appcllare,  appeal:  see  appeal.  Cf.  appeal- 
able.]   Capable  of  being  appealed  ;  appealable. 

appellancy  (a-pel'an-si),  n.  [<  appellant:  see 
-ei/.]     Appeal;  capability  of  appeal.     ToM. 

appellant  (a-pel'ant),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  appelant, 
<  L.  appelldii{t-)s,  ppr.  of  appiellare,  appeal:  see 
appeal,  and  cf.  appealant.'i  I,  a.  Appealing; 
relating  to  appeals ;  appellate. 

The  first  having  an  aj>/>e;^aHf  jurisdiction  over  the  sec- 
ond. Hallain. 

II.  n.  1.  In  law  :  (a)  One  who  apjjeals  or  re- 
moves a  cause  from  a  lower  to  a  liigher  tribu- 
nal. (6t)  One  who  prosecutes  another  for  a 
crime,  such  as  felony  or  treason.— 2.  One  who 
looks  to  any  tribunal  for  corroboration  or  vin- 
dication.— 3t.  One  who  challenges  or  summons 
another  to  single  combat. 

This  is  the  day  appointed  for  the  combat ; 
And  ready  are  the  appellant  and  defendant. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 
Answer  thy  appellant,  .  .  . 
Who  now  defies  thee  thrice  to  single  fight. 

Miltun,  S.  A.,  1.  1220. 

4.  Eccles.,  one  of  the  French  clergy  who,  in 
the  Jausenist  controversy,  rejected  the  bull 
Unigenitus,  issued  in  1713  by  Pope  Clement 
XI.  against  Quesnel's  "  Eeflexions  morales  sru' 
le  Nouveau  Testament,"  and  appealed  to  the 
pope  "better  informed,"  or  to  a  general  coun- 
cil.—  5.  One  who  appeals  or  presents  a  request. 

Each  of  them  is  now  a  humble  and  earnest  appellant 
for  the  laurel.  Sioift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Epist.  Ded. 

appellate  (ap'e-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  appel^ 
lateil,  ppr.  appellathui.  [<  L.  appellatus,  pp. 
of  appcllare,  adilress,  appeal  to,  sue,  accuse, 
accost,  name:  see  appeal.^  To  call  by  a  name ; 
call ;  name ;  entitle.     [Rare.] 

Tlie  vast  Pacific  Ocean,  commonly  .  .  .  a^^pellated  (as  the 
saying  is)  and  annominated  the  South-sea. 

A.  Tueker,  Light  of  Natm-e  (1766),  I.  466.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

appellate  (a-pel'at),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  appellatus, 
pp. :  see  tlic  vi'rb.]  I.  «.  Pertaining  t(ia|)peals; 
haring  cognizance  of  appeals:  as,  an  iippellute 
court. 

Appellate  stands  in  contradistinction  to  original  juris- 
diction, and  as  the  latter  implies  that  the  case  must  cnni- 
mence  in  the  Supreme  Com-t,  so  the  former  impliis  that 
the  case  unist  commence  in  an  Inferior  court,  nut  ha\iiig 
flna;l  jurisdiction  ;  and,  therefore,  liable  to  be  carried  up 
to  a  higher,  for  final  decision.        Calhoun,  Works,  I,  321. 

Il.t  »■  A  person  appealed  or  jiroseeuted  for 
a  prime:  an  appellee. 

appellation  (ap-e-la'shon),  H.  [=  F.  appella- 
tion,<  L.  appellatio{n-),  an  accosting,  an  appeal, 


271 

a  naming,  <  appellare,  accost,  appeal  to,  name: 
see  ajipellate,  v.,  and  apjieal.']  If.  The  act  of 
appealing  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  court  or 
authority;  appeal. 

There  is  such  a  noise  i'  the  court  .  .  .  with  their  several 
voices  of  citations,  appellations,  allegations,  eertilt<  ates, 

etc.  li.Joltsun,  Kpietene. 

2t.  The  act  of  appealing  for  aid,  sympathy,  etc.; 
entreaty. — 3.  The  act  of  naming;  nomencla- 
tm-e. — 4.  The  word  by  which  a  person  or  thing 
is  called  and  known ;  name;  title. —  5.  In  lof/ic, 
the  acceptation  of  a  term  to  denote  an  existing 

tidug — Formal  appellation.  Sec  .fcrmni.  =Syn.  4. 
Beslnnatloii,  etc.  (see  naiiir,  n.),  cognomen,  epithet. 
appellative  (a-pel'a-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  ap- 
pellatif,  <  L.  appellalivns,  <  appcllare,  name, 
call:  see  appeal  and  appillatian.']  I.  a.  X. 
Having  the  character  of  an  appellation ;  serving 
to  name  or  mark  out ;  serving  as  a  distinctive 
denomination ;  denominative :  as,  hydrochloric 
is  a  term  appellative  of  a  certain  acid. —  2.  In 
gram.,  common,  as  applied  to  a  noun;  general; 
denominative  of  a  class :  opposed  to  proper. 

Nor  is  it  likely  he  |St.  Paul)  Wi.nid  gi\e  the  eomnion  ap- 
pellalivr  nnnie  of  *'  Books"  to  tlie  divinely  inspired  writ- 
ings, without  any  other  note  of  distinction. 

Dp.  Bull,  Works,  II.  401. 

II.  ".  1.  In  (jrani.,  a  common  name  in  dis- 
tinction from  a  proper  name;  a  name  standing 
for  a  whole  class :  thus,  the  word  man  is  the 
appellatirc  of  the  whole  human  race,  fou-l  of  all 
winged  animals,  tree  of  all  plants  of  a  particu- 
lar class,  etc. — 2.  Title;  appellation;  nick- 
name. 

There  [in  the  rosary]  also  the  blessed  Virgin  Mary,  after 
many  glorious  appellatives,  is  prayed  to  in  these  words. 
Jer.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  Popery,  p.  21S. 

appellatively  (a-pel'a-tiv-li),  adv.  lu  an  ap- 
pellative manner;  in  "gram.,  according  to  the 
manner  of  appellative  nouns ;  in  a  manner  to 
express  whole  classes  or  species :  as,  the  name 
Hercules  is  sometimes  used  appellatively,  that 
is,  as  a  common  name  to  signify  a  strong  man. 

appellativeness  (.a-pel'a-tiv-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  appellative.     Fuller. 

ap|pellatory  (a-pel'a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  appellato- 
ritis,  <  appellittor,  aii  appellant,  <  appellare,  pp. 
(yi^f/totes,  appeal:  see  appeal.^  Containing  an 
appeal. 

An  appellatorij  libel  ought  to  contain  the  name  of  the 
party  aiipellant.  Aylife,  Parergon. 

appellee  (ap-e-le'),  «.  [<  F.  appele(<.  L.  appel- 
latus), pp.  otappeler:  see  appeal  and  apjjellate.li 
lu  law,  the  person  against  whom  an  appeal  is 
brought ;  the  respondent  in  an  appeal. 

appellor  (a-pel'or),  ?(.  [ME.  apelour,  and  by 
apheresis  pelour,  <  OF.  apelour,  appelour,  ape- 
leur,  earlier  apelcor,  apelor,  <  L.  apjielhitor,  ace. 
appellatorem,  appellant,  <  appellare,  pp.  appel- 
latus, appeal :  see  appeal.']  In  laiv :  (a)  The 
person  who  institutes  an  appeal,  or  prosecutes 
another  for  crime.  [This  term  is  not  now  ap- 
plied to  the  plaintiff  in  appeal  from  a  lower 
court,  he  being  called  the  appellant.']  (b)  One 
who  confesses  a  felony,  and  turns  king's  or 
state's  evidence  against  his  associates.  Whar- 
ton.   ((•)  One  who  challenges  a  jury.    Wharton. 

appenage,  ».     See  appanage. 

append  (a-pend'),  V.  [The  intrans.  use  is  the 
earlier, <  WE.appenden,  apenden,  appenten,  apen- 
ten,  and  by  apheresis  7)fH(7e«,;)eH^f«,<  OP.  apen- 
dre,  appendre,  hang  up,  hang  by,  depend  on,  aji- 
pertain  or  belougto;  in  trans,  use  mod.,<  F. 
appendre,  <  ML.  appendere,  intrans.,  LL.  trans., 
hang,  L.  appendere,  adpendere,a2>pendere,weigh, 
consider,  <  ad,  to,  +  penderc,  intrans.,  hang, 
pendere,  trans.,  hang,  weigh:  see  pendant,  poise, 
and  cf.  depiend,  dlspend,  expend,  .yicnd,  perpend, 
suspend.]     I.t  intrans.  To  belong;  pertain. 

Holy  orisoun  .  .  .  appeiidith  specially  to  penitence. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  hang  or  attach  as  a  proper 
part,  possession,  or  accompaniment,  as  a  pen- 
dant; suspend:  as,  a  seal  fyy«"Hffa?  to  a  record. 

If  aumlets  do  work  .  .  .  upon  those  parts  whei-eunto 
they  are  appended.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  5. 

Conceive  .  .  .  a  pig's  tail  .  .  .  appended  to  the  back  of 
the  head.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  iii. 

2.  To  add,  as  an  accessory  to  the  principal 
thing;  subjoin;  annex. 

One  hundred  passages  from  the  fathers  appended  in  the 
notes.    J.  U.Sewman,  Development  of  Christ.  Doct.,  p.  22. 

To  hunt  out  mediocrity  and  feebleness,  and  append  cor- 
rect dates  to  their  forgotten  effusions,  is  .an  exercise  of 
philanthropy  wiiich  is  Ukelv  to  be  little  appreciated. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  S3. 

—  Syn.  To  join,  superadd,  affix. 


Appendicularia 

appendage  (a-iien'daj),  n.     [<  append  +  ■age.'] 

1.  That  which  is  ai)pended  to  something  as  a 
proper  part  of  it ;  a  sub- 
ordinate attached  part  of 
anything.  specifically  — 
(a)  In  atutt.  and  zool.,  any 
liudi,  member,  or  peripheral 
I>art  of  the  body  liiverging 
from  tlie  axial  trunk  ;  an  aji- 
pcnded  or  appendicular  part. 
See  cut  untler  Appeiulieu- 
laria.  (6)  In  bot.,  any  sub- 
sidiary part  superadded  to 
anotlier  part,  as  hairs  and 
glancls  to  a  stem  or  leaf,  or 
nectaries  and  corona  to  the 
corolla  :  applied  especially  U) 
processes  of  any  kind,  (c) 
Naut.,  a  small  portion  of  a 
vessel  extending  beyond  the 
general  form,  as  shown  Ijy 
the  cross-sections  and  the 
water-sections. 

2.  Something  added  to 
a  principal  or  greater 
thing,  though  not  neces-  Appendages. 

Sary  to  it,  as  a  JJOrticO  ■.  anther  or  tmla  /  =.  flo»cr 
to  a  ImilSR  of  bor.TKe;  3,  stamen  of  Alrl- 

to  a  uouse.  „„„.•  „,  „,  a,  appendages. 

Modesty  is  the  a]}])endarfe 
of  sobriety,  and  is  to  chastity,  to  temperance,  and  to  hu- 
mility, as  the  fringes  are  to  a  gannent. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living. 

In  case  of  a  union,  the  smaller  kingdom  would  be  con- 
sidered only  as  an  appcndaye,  and  sacrificed  to  the  in- 
terests of  the  larger.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  1.  3. 
=  SyTl.  Adjunct,  attachment,  appurtenance,  addition,  con- 
comitant. 

appendance,  appendence  Ca-pen'dans,  -dens), 

H.  [<  F.  ajijiendancc,  <.  appendre:  see  append, 
appendant,  and  -anee.]  1.  The  condition  of 
being  appendant.  [Rare.] — 2+.  Something  an- 
nexed; an  apijendage. 

High  titles,  rich  coats,  long  pedigrees,  large  revenues,. 
.  .  .  the  just  .  .  .  appendances  of  civil  greatness. 

Bp.  HaU,  Remains,  p.  29. 

appendancyt,  appendencyt  (a -pen 'dan -si, 
-den-si),  n.  l<  appendant,  -eitt:  see -0^.]  The 
condition  of  being  appendant. 

Abraham  bought  the  whole  field,  and  by  right  of  appen- 
dency\\3.&  the  cave  with  it.    Spelman,  De  Sepultura,  p.  176. 

appendant,  appendent  (a-pen'dant,  -dent),  a. 
and  n.  [<  F.  appendant,  ppr.  of  dp)p)endre :  see 
ap2>end.]  I.  a.  1.  Hanging  to;  annexed:  at- 
tached; concomitant:  as,  a  seal  appendant  to 
a  paper. — 2.  In  law,  appended  to  something  by 
prescription :  applied  to  a  right  or  privilege 
attached  to  a  principal  inheritance :  thus,  in 
England,  an  advowson,  that  is,  the  right  of  pa- 
tronage or  ijresentation,  is  said  to  be  appien- 
dant  or  annexed  to  the  possession  of  a  manor. 
— Appendant  advowson.  See  advowson,  2.— Common, 
appendant,     see  emnmun,  n.,  4. 

II.  n.  That  which  Vielongs  to  another  thing, 
as  incidental  or  subordinate  to  it ;  an  adjunct ; 
a  dependency. 

appendical  (a-pen'di-kal),  a.  [<  appendix  (-die-} 
-H  -a I.]    Of  the  nature  of  an  appendix.  X.  E.  D. 

appendicatet  (a-pen'di-kat),  V.  t.  [<  appendix 
(-die-)  +  -iiti'^.]  To  append;  add  to:  as,"divers 
things  apinndicated,"  iSir  M.  Hale. 

appendicationt  (a-pen-di-ka'shgn),  n.  [<  nji- 
pendicate  -t-  -ion.]  An  appendage  or  adjunct. 
Sir  M.  Hale. 

appendicatory  (a-pen'di-ka-to-ri),  a.  [<  aji- 
pendicate  +  -org.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  an  appendix.     W.  Taylor. 

appendices,  n.     Plural  of  apjfendix. 

appendicitis  (a-pen'di-si'tis),  n.  [<  L.  ap- 
pendix {-die-)  +  -itis.]  In  pdthol.,  inflamma- 
tionof  the  vermiformaiipendix(  which  see,  under 
ajipendix). 

appendicle  (a-pen'di-kl),  n.  [<  L.  appendicula. 
dim.  of  appendix:  see  ajipendix.']  A  small  ap- 
pendage. 

appendicular  (ap-en-dik'u-lar),  o.     [<  NL.  ap- 

pendicularius,  <L.  appendicula  :  see  appendicle.] 
Having  the  character  of  an  appendicle :  appen- 
diculate:  speeiticall.y,  in  anat.,  opposed  to  o«ff/; 
thus,  the  whole  skeleton  of  a  vertel.irate  is  di- 
vided into  the  axial  and  the  appendicular  skele- 
tons, the  latter  being  that  of  the  limbs  or  appen- 
dages. 

Appendicularia (ap-en-dik-r>la'ri-a). )(.  [XT... 
feiu.  of  apintiiliniliiriiis  :  see  appendicular.]  1. 
Thet\T)icalgenu.softhefamilyJp;)e«(f;'("i(?ar/«7«-. 
A.  fiaheUiim.  is  about  one  fifth  of  an  inch  long,  exclusive 
of  the  tail,  with  an  oval  or  fiask-shaped  body,  and  has  the 
power  of  rapidly  secretin;:  a  mucilaginous'  cuticular  in- 
vestment in  which  it  becomes  incased. 
2.  [/.  0.;  pi.  appendiculariee  (-e).]  A  member 
of  the  above  genus. 

The  simplest  members  of  the  fascidian]  group,  and  those 
the  structure  of  which  is  most  readily  comprehensible, 
are  the  AppendieutarUe  ;  minute  pelagic  organisms,  which 


Appendicularia 

■re  found  in  all  latitudes,  and  are  propelled,  like  tadpoles, 
by  the  flapping  of  a  long  candal  appendage. 

HujrUti,  Anal.  Invert.,  p.  .SIO. 


Aff*ndicMtariaJIatKllum,  ma^tfied. 
1,  the  entire  animal,  with  the  caudal  appendage  Tonratd  in  its 
natural  petition  :  II,  side  view  of  body,  the  appendage  forcibly  bent 
backward  :  A,  bo.ly  :  B,  appendage ;  a,  mouth  ;  t,  ph.ir>nx  ;  c.  an 
atrial  opening:  d,  the  corresponding  stigma  with  its  cilia;  c,  anus; 
/,  rectum  ;  g.  csoph.\gus;  A,  r,  stomach:  i,  testis:  /,  urochord:  m, 
cellular  patch  at  side  of  oral  end  of  body ;  M,  endostyle:  /.ganglion; 
f ,  dilated  sac ;  r,  otocy^ ;  s,  posterior  nerve,  with  r,  its  ganglia ;  ttt, 
eadoderm :  re,  ectoderm. 

Appendicularia  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ri-e),  n.  pi. 

Same  ;is  AfifeiidiculariidiF. 

appendicularian  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ri-an),  n.  [< 
ApiK  iidiriihiria  +  -</«.]  All  aiiiiual  ot'  the  genus 
Ajiptiiiliritliiiiii ;  one  of  tlio  Appnuliculariidir. 

appendicolariid  (ap-eii-*iik-u-la'ri-id),  «.  A 
tiuiiiatf,  or  ;iseidiaii,  of  the  family  Appcndicu- 
titnidtr. 

Appendicnlariidae  (ap-en-<lik*u-la-ri'i-de),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Jpi>endicidaria  +  -idcr.']  Afamily  of 
tiinieates,  or  ascidians,  of  a  low  pi'ade  of  orgaui- 
zatioQ.  permanently  retaining  a  form  and  struo- 
ture  which  fharaetcrize  only  the  embryonic  or 
larval  stage  of  other  ascidians.  They  are  named 
from  their  tadpole-like  .shape  and  lung  tail  or  appendage, 
by  the  vibration  of  which  tjiey  move  about.  The  family 
eorre!*r>'Mid-*  t'»  a  sulwrder  Cope/a/tz  of  some  naturalists,  as 
distiiit'iii^Iit-d  from  Acopa. 

Appendiculata  (ap-en-dik-u-la'ta),  n,  pi. 
[NL.,  neut.  fil.  of  aiijiriidieidatii.i :  seoappcndic- 
ulatf.']  A  iiiime  given  by  K.  li.  Laukester  to 
a  phylum  or  prime  group  of  the  animal  king- 
dom, including  those  forms  which  have  lateral 
locomotive  appendage.s  and  usually  a  segment- 
ed body.  It  is  a  loose  and  inexact  sjnionym  of 
Arlliropoda,  together  with  Uotifcra  and  t'luvtu- 
jindfi.     See  Arthropodn. 

appendiculate  (ap-en-dik'ii-lSt),  a.  [<  XL.  ap- 
pt  iidiriilnlux,  <  L.  iippnidicida  :  see  appeiidiclc] 

1.  I'roWded  with  appendages;  having  the 
character  of  an  appendage  oraj)pendages ;  form- 
ing an  appendicte.  Used  espeeially  in  liotnny,  helm; 
apjdied,  for  instance,  to  leaves,  or  to  organs  appcn<led 
to  leaves,  leaf-stalks,  etc. :  thus,  the  plteber-like  njipen- 
dime  of  tlie  leaf  of  tlie  Xepenthen  dUtillatorUt,  or  pitcher- 
plant,  is  said  tr>  be  appendiculate.  See  cuts  under  ap- 
pendn'K.  anil  tinriilitnu. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of 
the  A]in<ndicidaUi. 

Appenoirostres  fa-pen-di-ros'trez),  n.  pi. 
\\\i..  <iiMt  r.  for  'iipiicndinrinilics,(,  L.  appendix, 
ap|iencli.\,  +  niHttum,  a  beak.]  In  Blyth's  sys- 
tem of  fdassillcation  (1849),  a  gi'oup  of  birds, 
thf!  homiiill.H,  liurcrotidie,  as  distinguished  from 
the  ArridirDHtrrs,  the  hoopoes  or  i'pupidw. 

appendix  (a-pen'diks),  «.;  pi.  appendixes  or 
iippi fiiliii/i  (-dik-scs  or  -di-se/.).  [<  L.  «/<- 
lirtiilir,  r;iroly  nmpendix,  an  appendage,  ai>poii- 
dix,  adiliii'.n.<  nppcndrre,  hang:  see  append.] 
1.  Sr>iii<t|ii!ii;  iip[)endedor  adiled;  an  afijunct, 
c'ineuiiiitaiit,  appendage,  or  accessory. 

^t'nnandy  lM:eame  an  apjteiutix  U>  England. 

Hir  .1/.  Wofe,  Hist.  Common  Law  of  Eng. 

2.    .\ii   addition   appendi'd  to   a 
"I.  nliitlng  to  the  main  work, 
•  "I  1  xphinatory  f>r  slali.slical 
ma  viilue,  but  not  eHSenlial  to 

il'<  id    thus   dilTiTiiiK   from   u 

'"/'/  ii  properly  is  iiili-nded  to  Hiip- 

I'ly  '  :iimI  correct  inaccurucicH, —  3. 

[A-  ),|.  aiijiendiriH.]      In  anal., 

a  pi  M.M,  or  proji-clion,    Heo  the 

I''m  .\  lifioTutlreH  r<Til|ilnlr:(i  (  .1  t..  ,1 


Appendix  < 


272 

process  given  off  from  the  c»cum,  varying  in  man  from 
3  to  fi  inches  in  length,  .'^ee  cut  under  intestine, —  Ap- 
pendix vesicae  (appendage  of  the  bladder),  a  hernia  of 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  Idadder  through  the  muscu- 
lar coat,  =Syil.  2.  Appendix,  Supplement.  See  supplement. 

appendixioUS  (ap-en-dik'shus),  a.  [<  appendix 
+  -i-ouf.  Cf.  ML.  appendicius,  supplementary.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  appendix; 
appeudicatory.     Beniham.     [Rare.] 

appense  (a-pens'),  "•  [<  L-  appensiis,  pp.  of 
uppendere :  see  append.]  Hanging  from  above ; 
specifically,  in  hot.,  pendulous  :  applied  to 
ovules  attached  to  the  sides  or  angles  of  the 
ovary,  and  drooping.     [Rare.] 

appenset  (a-pens'),  f-  i-  [<  OF.  appenser,  ap- 
pend (a  seal),  <  L.  as  if  *o/)j)f«*are,  frcq.  of 
appendere,  pp.  appens-iis,  append:  see  append.] 
To  append  (a  seal). 

We  haue  caused  .  .  .  our  scale  thereunto  to  be  ap- 
pended. Hakluyls  I'oiiaffes,  II.  158.    (A'.  £.  D.) 

appentt,  r.  i.     An  old  form  of  append. 

appentice  (a-pen'tis),  «,  [<  IIE.  "apentiee  (by 
apheresisjjeH?!*,  j)f  «?«■<■,  whence,  b.vcoiTuptioii, 
penthouse,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  apentis,  F.  rt/)pcH;i.-t,<  ML. 
appendicium,  appenditium,  appentice,  <  LL.  fr/7- 
pendiciuni,  an  appendage,  <  appendere,  append : 
see  append,  appendix.]     In  arek.,  any  lean-to 


Appentice. 
Chapter-house  of  the  Cathedral  of  Meaux.  France. 

roof ;  especially,  a  kind  of  open  shed  of  a  sin- 
gle slope  supported  on  posts  or  columns,  or  on 
brackets  let  into  a  wall,  or  otherwise,  to  afford 
protection  from  the  weather  to  a  door,  window, 
night  of  steps,  etc.,  over  which  it  projects  or 
forms  a  hood. 
apperceive  (ap-er-sev'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
(ipiK  rerired,  ppr.  apperceirinij.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  appereeure,  apparceire,  <  ME.  'apercei- 
vcn,  aparceircn,  apurerroi,  <  OF.  apereereir, 
apercecoir,  aparccvoii;  V.aperceruirz^Hip.  aper- 
eihir  =  Vg.  aperceher,i  LL,  'appereipere,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  -t-  pircipere,  perceive :  see  perceive.]  To  bo 
conscious  of  perceiving;  conii)rehend  (what  is 
perceived);  loosely,  to  perceive;  notice:  used 
specilically  of  interii;il  perceirtion  or  self-con- 
sciiiusiicss.     See  iipprrerjitinn. 


apperceivingt  (ap-er-se'ving),  )(.     [ME.  aper- 

. '    "  -  .]     P 

tion.    Chancer. 


ceijvynyc;   verbal  n.   of  apperceive.}    Percep- 


apperception  (ap-er-sep'.'ihon),  H,  [<  NL. 
apijerr('j)liii(ii-)  (Leibnitz),  <  LL.  'appereipere, 
Plt.'appereepln.'t:  tivt} a I'liereeire ami jnreeption.] 
1.  That  act  of  the  mind  by  which  it  lieeoraes 
conscious  of  its  ideas  as  its  own;  perception 
(wliich  see)  with  the  added  eousciousuess  that 
it  is  "  I "  who  perceive. 

It  is  Well  to  make  a  tlistlnt^tion  lietwccn  pcrcepiinn. 
which  is  the  inner  state  of  the  monad,  rcjiresenting  e.xtcr- 
nal  things,  and  appereeption,  whicli  is  consciousness,  or 
the  rellexivc  knowledge  of  this  interior  state,  wlilch  is  not 
given  to  all  souls,  nor  always  to  thu  same  soul. 

Leibnitz,  .Nature  and  Orace,  tr.  by  .N.  Porter,  §  4. 

The  Leibnitzo-Wolttlans  illsttnguishcd  three  acts  In  ttie 
process  of  represcntiitive  cognition  :  (1)  Tin-  act  of  repre- 
senting a  (inc(lhitt*)objcet  to  the  mind  ;  ('J)  the  representa- 
tion, or,  to  speak  more  properly,  reprcsenlamen,  Itself  us 
un  (Inimi^diate  or  vlrarious) object  e.\lilblti'd  to  Ihc  mind  ; 
(.'))  the  act  by  which  the  mlnil  Is  conscious  hnluedlately  of 
the  reiiresentalive  object,  and  through  it  nieiliiiiely  of 
the  remote  object  represt;nted.  They  called  the  llrst  per- 
eeptfull ;  i\\K\aiA,  apprrcepliim  :  tile  second,  Itlca, 

.SVr  ir.  ItamillfH,  Kel(l.  p.  HT7.  note. 

Henco,  byaslight  modilicatioii  —  2.  With  Kant 
and  most  English  writers,  an  act  of  voluntary 
cOHHcioiisntiH.s,  acci>in)iaiiied  with  self-con- 
HciousnesH:  especially  in  tho  phrase  ]mrc  ap- 
perception. 

.My  theory,  like  Kant's.  lays  a/i/iererptimi,  Qngllct*  re- 
(Ic'-tloli,  at  the  basis  of  idillosMphy. 

/M'imn,  I'illl.  of  lirllpctlon,  I.  22«. 

:i.    In  th..  psychology  of  llcrbart  ( 1 770-1  HI  1), 

ilio  •■oalesccnce  of   Ihii   ri'inaindcr   of   a  new 

"lalcd  iilea  with  an  oliler  one,  by  a  iiiodillca- 

'I "M  of  one  or  thi^  other. — 4.  Apprehension; 

I ' 'ognition. 


appetence 

The  recognition  or  apperception  of  these  truths  by  men. 
Mtturiee.     (.V.  I-:.  D.) 

Active  apperception.  See  nedi-.-.— pure  appercep-  t 
tion,  in  the  Kaittiun  i>/iitti.i.,  tile  bare  consciousness  of 
self,  the  mere  "I"  or  "1  tilink."  See  sel/-consciuu.s'ness. 
—  Unity  of  apperception,  that  unity  of  consciousness 
by  virtue  of  wliich  its  contents  Qierceptions,  thoughts, 
etc.)  coexist  for  it;  the  pure  self  or  "I"  to  which  the 
contents  of  one  ami  the  same  niiiid  must  be  referred. 
apperceptive  (ap-er-sep'tiv),  a.  [<  appercep- 
tion, alter  pcrceptire.]  Pertaining  or  relating 
to,  or  of  the  natiu-e  of,  apperception. 

It  is  after  all  nothing  but  our  ap*perceptive  faculties, 
potentially  iilealized.  that  are  made  to  serve  for  the  con- 
sciousness of  a  universal  subject.  Mind,  IX.  3S1. 
Apperceptive  union,  the  uniting  of  one  idea  with  an- 
other li\  a  \ohiiit:iry  act  of  consciousness, 
apperilt  (a-per'il),  )i.    l<  ap-^  +  peril.]    Peril; 
danger;  risk. 
Let  me  stay  at  thine  apperil.            Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  2. 
Is  there  no  law  for  a  woman  that  will  run  upon  a  man 
at  her  own  aj>periU        Middleton,  Michaelmas  Term,  i.  1. 
appersi-andt  (ap'er-si-and'),  m.     Same  as  am- 
persand. 

A  slirivelled  cadaverous  piece  of  deformity  in  the  shape 
of  an  i7j!;ird  or  an  a]'i}ersiand. 

Maeklin,  Man  of  the  World,  iii.  1. 
appertain  (aji-i^r-tan'),  r.   i.      [Early  mod.  E. 
also  ujijitrtane,   apertain,   <    ME.  apperteincn, 
aperteinen,  apcrtenen,  <  OF.  aparlenir,  F.  appar- 
tenir,  <  LL.  appertinerc,  belong  to,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+ /If  )7(Hf)r,  belong,  pertain:  see  pertain.]     To 
belong  or  pertain,  as  a  iiart  (to  the  whole),  a 
member  (to  a  class),  a  possession,  ov  an  attri- 
bute ;  belong  by  association  or  normal  relation. 
Hang  mournful  epitaphs,  and  do  all  rites 
That  appertain  imto  a  burial. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iv.  1. 
The  Father,  to  whom  in  heaven  supreme 
Kingdom,  and  power,  aud  glory  appertaim. 

Hilton,  P.  L.,  vi.  815. 
In  giving  him  to  another,  it  (lovej  still  more  gives  bin! 
to  himself.  .  .  .  lie  does  not  louger  appertain  to  his  fara 
ily  and  society  ;  he  is  somewhat ;  he  is  a  person. 

i'//o  c.so/j,  Kss;iys.  Istscr.,  p.  Kil. 

I  am  much  inclined  to  suspect  th:it  the  fossil  upon  which 

the  genus  Ornithopterus  h;is  Ikcu  founded  appertainK  to 

a  true  ISird.  Iluxleij,  Anat.  VerL,  p.  232 

=  Syn.    i^ic  pertain. 

appertainance  (ap-er-ta'nans),  n.    [<  appertain 

+  -iincc.  Cf. apperlenanceandappiirtenanee.]  1. 

The  quality  or  state  of  appertaining.     [Rare.] 

The  noblest  elevations  of  the  human  mind  have  in  ap- 

pertainanee  their  sands  and  swamps. 

l.aniliir.  Imaginary  Conversations.     (A^  E.  D.) 

2.  A  thing  wliich  appertains;  an  appurtenance, 
appertainment  (ap-ir-tiin'ment),  n.  [<  apper- 
tain +  -mcnt.]  That  which  appertains  or  be- 
longs; an  apjiurtenance  ;  an  external  or  adven- 
titious attribute.     [Rare.] 

We  lay  by 
Our  ap/tertainmenfs.  .Shak.,  T.  anii  C.  ii.  ;l. 

appertenancet,      appertenencet,      apperti- 

nencet,  ".     old  tonus  of  tipjinrtenance. 
appertinentt  (;i-p<r'1i-nent),  a.  and  n.     [Same 
asiipinirti  iiaiit,  :iftcrtlie  L.  appertinen(,t-)s :  see 
tippiirleniiiit.]     I.  <t.  Belonging;  properly  relat- 
ing; appurtenant. 

All  the  other  gifts  appertinent  to  man. 

.Sliak.,  2  Hen,  IV.,  i.  2. 
II.  ".  That  which  appropriately  belongs  to 
something  else ;  an  appurtenance. 

You  kni.w  how  :ipt  <.ur  love  was,  to  accord 

T<i  furnish  him  with  all  appertinentu 

ilelonglng  to  his  honour.  Sliak.,  lien.  V.,  11,  2. 

appetet,  i'.  t.  [ME.  appeten,  <  OF.  appcicr,  < 
L.  appetere,  adpelerc,  strive  after,  try  to  get,  < 
ad,  to,  +  pettre,  seek,  aim  at:  see  petition.] 
To  criive  or  long  for;  covid  ;  desire.     Chaucer. 

appetence,  appetency  (ap'o-tens,  -ten-si),  »i. 

[=  F.  apiii  lenei,  <  L.  aiiprlciiliti'.  <  apii'etcn{t-)s, 
adpelen(l-)s :  see  appelml.]  1 .  The  act  of  seek- 
ing or  craving  after  that  wliicli  satisfies  tho 
affections,  jiassions,  or  tastes;  desire;  inclina- 
tion; ]iropensity. 

1  know  mil  to  what  else  wi'  can  better  liken  the  strong 
ii;7»(.  11. r  of  the  mind  for  liiipniveincnt,  thiui  to  a  hunger 
and  thirst  after  knowledge  and  tnilli. 

liivrrit,  Orations,  II,  277. 

They  had  n  strong  appelenei)  for  reading.  Merivale. 

Specifically  —  2.  Strong  iiiitural  craving  for 
flint  which  gratifws  the  senses;  ;i|ipclite;  ani- 
mal desire:  as,  "lusifnl  appetence,"  Milton,  V. 
L„xi,  01!). 

The  Innate  aversion  to  any  poison  known  to  modern 
eliemlstry  can,  by  persistent  dlsrcganl.  be  turned  Into  a 
morbid  afipelenrii,  vehcinciil  and  persistent  in  proportion 
to  the  virulence  of  the  poison. 

/'o;i.  ,S>|'.  Jlfn.,  XXVIII.  518. 

3.  A  mental  tendency  toward  an  end;  a  voU- 
lion  or  desiro. 

I  hball  occasionally  cin|iloy  the  term  apprlninj  In  tho 
rlgipi-.iUB  slgnlllcatlon.  as  a  genus  compri'bcndliig  iinder  It 
both  (lislrcs  and  volitions.  sir  W.  Ilamilton. 


appetence 

4.  Instinctive  inclination  or  natural  tendency. 
These  lacteals  have  muuths,  and  l)y  animal  selection  or 

apiJi'tcncij  they  absorb  such  part  of  tbc  fluid  as  is  agreeable 
to  tlieir  palate.  -fe'.  J'nrwiii. 

Tlie  present  example  .  .  .  precisely  contradic'ls  llie 
opinion  that  the  parts  of  animals  may  liavc  been  all  fojincd 
liy  wllat  is  calieil  iipi/i'ti'iiey,  i.  e.,  endeavour  ]«i|Ktnafid, 
and  imperceptibly  working  its  ellect  tlu-ough  an  incal- 
culable series  of  generations.  J'ftlei/,  Nat.  Tlieol.,  i.\. 

5.  In  inanimate  things,  material  or  chemical 
uttraction  or  al1inity.=syn.   Sec  appftUe. 

appetent  (ap'e-tent),  a.    [<  L.  nppetcH{t-)s, ppr. 
of  (ippetere,  ui'lpt'lcrc,  strive  after,  try  to  get :  see 
(ippete;  cf.  apprlHr.]     1.  De.siring;  very  desir- 
ous; eagerly  longing. 
Thirsty  anil  appt'tent  after  glory. 

Sir  G.  Buck,  Hist.  Rich.  III.,  p.  00. 

2.  Pertaining  to  desire  or  volition.  Sir  W. 
Jill  III  iUoii. 

appetibilitsr  (ap"e-ti-bil'i-ti),  «.  l=F.  (iiipcli- 
liililc,  <  (ijipctiblc :  see  ajipetibic  and -hility.']  The 
quality  of  exciting  appetite  or  desire ;  attrac- 
tiveness.    [Rare.] 

'['lie  nppcfilntifji  of  the  object.  Bramhalh 

appetible  (ap'e-ti-M),  a.  [=¥.  app6Uhlc,i\j. 
iijipctibitis,  desirable,  <  iippcterc:  see  a2)pcte  and 
-ihlc.']  Exciting  the  appetite ;  -worthy  of  being 
sought  for;  desirable.     [Rare.] 

Power  both  to  slight  the  most  appetible  objects,  and  to 
controul  the  most  unruly  passions. 

Bramhatl,  Against  Hobbes. 

appetite  (ap'e-tit),  n.     [<  ME.  nppetit,  apetite, 

<  OF.  (ippeiit  (F.  appetit),  <  L.  appetitiis,  desire 
for,  <  appctere,  adpetere,  pp.  appetitus,  long  for, 
desire:  see  appete,  appetent.'\  1.  An  innate  or 
acquired  demand  or  propensity  to  satisfy  a 
•vvant ;  desire,  especially  strong  desire ;  inclina- 
tion ;  'wish  to  attain  some  object  or  purpose : 
with/oj-  (formerly  -with  of,  to,  or  an  infinitive) 
or  absolutely. 

.She  dyd  it  not  for  appetite  of  vengeaunce.  ■ 

Latirner,  Sermon  before  Edward  VI. 
If  God  had  given  to  eagles  an  appetite  to  swim. 

Jer.  Taylor, 

As  it  is  best  to  preserve  our  natural  appetites  in  that 

tone  and  degree  of  strength  which  nature  gives  them,  so 

■we  ought  to  beware  of  acipxu'ing  ajipetites  which  nature 

jiever  gave.  Reid,  Active  Powers,  p.  1'28. 

It  is  the  glory  of  God,  indeed,  to  conceal  a  thing,  but 

not  absolutely,  or  for  the  sake  of  concealment.     He  does 

it  only  till  a  mind  and  appetite  for  tlie  truth  is  prepared. 

Bushnell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  j).  l.'iS. 

Specifically  —  2.  A  desire  to  supply  a  bodily 
.  Tvant  or  cra'ving ;  a  desire  for  food  or  di-ink. 
Fairest  fruit,  that  hung  to  the  eye 
Tempting,  stin"'d  in  me  sudden  appetite 
To  pluck  and  eat.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  308. 

Instinct  enables  a  spider  to  entrap  his  prey,  while  apjie- 
ate  only  leads  him  to  devour  it  when  in  his  possession. 

Bowcn. 

3.  Relish  for  food;  the  capacity  of  taking  food 
-with  pleasure. 

"With  liounds  and  horns  go  hunt  an  appetite. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  I.  vi.  114. 

4.  Preference;  taste;  liking:  as,  to  or  accord- 
ing to  one's  appetite,  that  is,  as  one  pleases. 
[Rare.]  —  5.  A  thing  desired.     [Ai-chaic] 

Power  being  the  natural  appetite  of  princes.  Swift. 

The  mountains,  and  the  deep  and  gloomy  wood, 
Tlieir  colours  and  their  forms, 
"Were  then  to  me  an  appetite.  Wordsworth. 

6.  A  tendency  of  an  inanimate  thing  analogous 
to  a  desire. 

The  air  of  itself  hath  little  or  no  appetite  of  ascending. 
Bacon,  Sylva  Sylvarum. 
Canine  appetite.  See  canine.  =  Syn.  Appetence,  appe- 
tency, craving,  longing,  relish,  zest,  passion,  hunger,  thirst, 
lust." 
appetitet  (ap'e-tit),  r.  t.  [<  appetite,  «.]  1. 
To  desire  ;  long  for;  deeply -want. 

A  man  in  his  natural  perfection  is  fierce,  .  .  .  appetit' 
inff  by  generation  to  bring  forth  his  semblable. 

Sir  T.  Elijot,  Tlic  Govemour,  p.  70. 

2.  To  satisfy  the  appetite  or  desire  of. 
appetitiont  (ap-e-tish'on),  n.     [=  F.  appetition, 

<  L.  appetitio(i'i-),  <  ajijicteiT :  see  ap2>etite/\ 
An  act  of  appetite  ;  desire  ;  era-ving. 

We  find  in  animals  an  estimative  or  judicial  faculty,  an 
appetition  or  aversation.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

The  monad  is  a  simple  substance  exercising  perceptive 
and  appetitive  powers,  a  conscious  and  active  existent. 
Tile  "simple  sultstance"  represents  the  objective  aspect, 
and  Ivicomes  the  condition  of  the  perceptions  and  appe- 
titions  which  represent  the  subjective  a.spect. 

Hod<]son,  Phil,  of  Reflection,  ii.  27. 

appetitioust  (ap-e-tish'us),  a.  [<  appetition  + 
-<<".v.]  Pertaining  or  agreeable  to  appetite;  ap- 
petitive; appetizing:  as,  appetitious  liking. 

.ippetitioim,  passable,  and  toothsome. 

Brief  Descr.  of  Fanaticks,  p.  17. 

appetitive  (a-pet'i-tiv  or  ap'e-ti-tiv),  a.     [=F. 
(ijilKtitif,  <  L.  as  if  *appetitivuf;,  <  appetere:  see 
18 


273 

appetite  and  -ive.']     1.  Characterized  by  or  of 
the  nature  of  appetite. 

The  will  is  not  a  bare  appetitive  power  as  that  of  the 
sensual  appetite.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

Pm-e  BiKtutaucity  has  no  alternatives  of  imperative  and 
appetitive.  Ilickok,  Science  of  Mind,  p.  278. 

2.  Aiijictiziiig — The  appetitive  faculty,  the  sura 

ul  all  ..Hi'  l.ii.liii.  i,s  tirw.n.l  eiid.s. 

appetize  (ap'o-Uz),  r.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  appe- 
tizcd,  ppr.  appetizing.  [<  appet(ite)  +  -ize  ;  sug- 
gested by  F.  appetissant,  appetizing.]  To  give 
an  apjiel  ite  to ;  a-waken  a  cra-ving  in  ;  increase 
or  -whot  the  appetite  of:  as,  to  appetize  one  for 
his  food.     [Rare.] 

appetizer  (ap'e-ti-zer),  71.  That  which  excites 
or  whets  the  appetite,  as  a  -walk ;  anything  that 
gives  a  relish  for  food. 

A  glass  of  vodka,  together  with  caviar,  raw  salt  herring, 
pickled  mushrooms,  or  some  such  viand  as  an  ajypettzer 
before  dinner.  1).  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  IftO. 

appetizing  (ap'e-ti-zing),  p.  a.  1.  Exciting  an 
appetite;  giving  a  relish  for  food:  as,  "it  eoiUd 
nothe  Yeryapjjetiziiiff,"  Mrs.  Gasl:ell.  Hence  — 
2.  Stimulating  or  awakening  any  desire  ;  ex- 
citing interest  or  curiosity. 

Jlen  forget  that  he,  too  [Temiyson],  was  once  new,  un- 
hackneyed, appetizinij.  Stednian,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  155. 

Appian  (ap'i-an),  a.  [<  L.  Appianus,  <  Appius, 
a  proper  name.]  Pertaining  to  the  Appii,  an 
ancient  Romati  gens,  or  to  one  of  its  members 
(Appius) — Appian  "Way  (Latin  Via  Appia),  a  cele- 
brated road  running  from  Koine  south  through  Capua  to 
Brundusium  (Brindisi),  begun  by  the  censor  Appius  Clau- 
dius Ca'ens,  312  B.  C.  It  was  almut  .'-ifio  miles  in  length,  from 
14  to  IS  feet  in  breadth,  and,  like  nthcr  Roman  r-Kuis,  was 
paved  with  hard  stone  in  irregular  blocks,  closely  fitted  to- 
gether and  resting  on  a  firm  substructure.  It  was  made 
witli  great  care,  and  exists  in  part  at  the  present  time. 

applanate  (ap'la-nat),  a.  [<  NL.  applanatm, 
<  L.  ltd,  to,  +  })ldiiiis,  flat,  Ijli. planare,  flatten.] 
In  bot.,  flattened  out  or  horizontally  expanded. 


Applanate  thallus  of  iMarcUantia  pelymorpha.    a,  a,  androecia. 

applaud  (a-plad'),  r.  [=  P.  applancKr,  OF. 
aplaiidir  ==  Up.  aplaudir  =  Pg.  applaudir  =  It. 
applaiidire,  applniakrr.  <  L.  apiplaudcre,  LL. 
also  appliideri',  clap  the  hands  together,  ap- 
plaud, <  ad,  to.  H-  pJaiidere,  strike,  elaj).  Cf. 
explode.']  I.  tram:.  1.  To  j'raise  or  show  ap- 
proval of  by  clapping  the  hands,  acclamation,  or 
other  significant  sign. — 2.  To  praise  in  anyway, 
as  by  -words  or  actions ;  commend ;  approve. 
By  the  gods,  I  do  applaud  his  courage. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  ii.  5. 
Can  I  do  him  all  the  mischief  imaginable,  and  that  easily, 
safely,  and  successfully,  and  so  applaud  myself  in  my 
power,  my  wit,  and  my  subtle  contrivances  ? 

South,  Sermons,  III.  113. 
We  applaud  a  sensitive  honesty  which  shudders  at  any- 
thing underhand  or  dishonourable. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  129. 
=  Syn.  Extol,  etc.  (see  praise,  r.),  cheer,  cry  up,  magnify. 
II.  iiitraiis.  1.  To  express  approval  by  clap- 
ping the  hands  or  by  other  similar  means. —  2. 
To  give  praise  ;  express  approval. 

And  there  he  kept  the  justice  of  the  King 
So  ligorously,  yet  mildly,  that  all  hearts 
Api'hnided.  Tennyson.  Geraint. 

applauder  (a-pla'dcr),  n.     One  who  applauds, 
praises,  or  commends. 

Two  hundred  and  eighty  applauders  at  three  shillings  a 
day.  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  IT.  v. 

applause  (a-plaz'),  ».  [=  Sp.  apJau.'iO  =  Pg.  It. 
applauf:o,  <  L.  as  if  'applausiis,  n.,  <  applausii.9, 
pp.  of  apjilaiidere,  applaud;  cf.  ^;?ohs»s,  ap- 
plause, <  ^//((((rfo'f,  applaud.]  1.  A  manifesta- 
tion of  approval  by  sound ;  enthusiastic  appro- 
bation expressed  by  clapping  the  hands,  ac- 
clamation, huzzas,  or  other  means  of  demon- 
stration; popular  laudation. —  2.  Any  e.Kpres- 
sion  of  approbation,  appreciation,  or  delight; 
commendation ;  encouragement ;  approval. 
I  humbly  am  content  with  human  praise  : 
A  goddess's  applatisc  would  envy  raise. 

Dryden,  Helen  to  Paris,  L  126. 
Shall  he  for  whose  applause  I  strove  — 
I  had  such  reverence  for  his  blame  — 
See  with  clear  eye  some  liidden  shame, 
And  I  be  lessen'd  in  his  love  ? 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Ii. 
3t.  An  object  of  approval.     B.  Joiison. 
applauset  (a-plaz'),  >>■  t.     [<  applause,  ».]    To 
applaud ;  approve. 


apple 

And  with  a  general  voice  applaused  his  death 
As  for  a  special  good  to  Christendom. 

Cltapman,  Alphonsns,  ii.  2, 

applausefult  (ji-plaz'ful),  a.  [<  applame  + 
-Jul.']  Abounding  in  plaudits;  laudatory;  man- 
ifesting applause,     [liare.] 

All  France  and  lirltain  ring  with  acclamation, 
And  witii  applausefid  thanks  they  do  rejoice. 

John  Taylor. 

applausiont  (■.i-y\a'y\\on),  n.  Applause, 
applausi-^e  (a-pla'siv),  a.  [<  ML.  applausivus, 
jiropitious,  favorable,  <  h.  applaudere:  see  aj)- 
plaud,  and  e{.  applau.sc  and  jtlausive.]  1.  Ap- 
])lauding ;  containing  api)lause ;  of  the  nature 
of  applause. 

The  soldiers,  as  you  heard,  my  lord, 
Did  fill  the  air  with  their  applaiutim  shouts. 
Dekkerand  WelisterCO,  Weakest  Gocth  to  the  Wall,  v.  1. 

Greet  her  with  applaumre  breath. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  .Sin. 

2t.  Worthy  of  applause.  Cliapman. 
apple  (ap'l),  ".  [<  ME.  apple,  aple,  epple,  ap- 
}iel,  eppel,  appil,  -id,  -i/f,  <  AS.  leppel,  in  comp. 
ivppel-,  <epel-,  appel-,  in  inflection  wppl-,  (ej/U, 
appl-,apl-,  once  eajjl-,z=OVrieH.  a  j>pel(^in  comp.), 
NFries.  aple,  aejih;  norch.  Fries,  apel,  =  I>.  ap- 
j«-/  =  OHG.  apliiil.  iiphol,  apliiil,  iijfnl,  nJJ'nl,  ii.l.l'ul, 
apj'ul,  pi.  ejjjili,  MllCf.  ap/el,  pi.  epfel,  (ipj'ej,  (i. 
apfel,  pi.  dpj'el,  =  Icel.  epli  =  Norw.  dial,  ejile 
=  OS-w.  (epl,  Sw.  djile,  apple  (in  comp.  iippel-) 
=  Dan.  leble  (Goth,  not  recorded),  ajiplo ;  used 
also,  in  connection  with  eije  (in  G.  also  abso- 
lutely), for  the  iJiipil  of  the  eye;  in  AS.  also 
poet,  for  ball  {irenum  aplum,  with  iron  balls) ; 
in  southern  Norway  also  absolutely  tor  jurdeplc 
=  earth-apple,  potato :  a  common  Teut.  word, 
foimd  also  in  Celtic  (Ir.  ablial,  tthlial  =  Gael. 
■ubiiall  =  W.  afal,  OW.  abal  =  Corn.  Bret,  aval 
=  Manx  ooi/l)  and  in  Slavic  (OBiilg.  abluVo, 
i/abliiico,  Buig.  ablaka,  yabluka  =  Sloven,  yabel- 
h>,  yabiMd  =  Serv.  i/ahnka  =  Bohem.  jablo, 
jabiko  =  Pol.  jablkii  (barred  /)  =  Russ.  yabloko 
=  "White  Russ.  yabko),  and  further  in  OPruss. 
loohle  =  'Lit'h.  o/jM(as  =  Lett,  dboh,  apple;  but  in 
all  these  languages  regarded  as  of  foreign  origin. 
The  common  source  of  all  the  fonns  has  been 
sought  in  L.  Abella  (It.  Avella),  a  ton-n  in  Cam- 
pania aboimding  in  fruit-trees  and  nuts  (and 
hence  called  malifera,  apple-bearing,  by  Virgil), 
whence  nux  Abellaiia,  a  filbert  or  hazel-nut  (see 
avelkme),  and,  it  is  supposed, */«o?m)»  Abellaiitivi, 
the  apple  in  particular;  cf.  L.  malum  Persicvm, 
the  Persian  apple,  the  peach  (whence  'E. peacW^-, 
q.  v.).  In  this  view  apple,  like  pear,  jieaeli, 
plum,  quince,  apricot,  cherry,  is  of  L.  (aU  but 
apple  and  pear  being  ult.  of  Gr.)  origin.]  1. 
The  fruit  of  a  rosaceous  tree,  I'yrus  Mains,  a 
native  probably  of  central  Asia.  The  tree  is  now 
cultivated  in  nearly  all  temperate  regions,  in  numerous 
varieties,  and  its  fruit  is  in  universal  use.  It  was  intro- 
duced into  America  from  England  in  1C"29,  by  the  governor 
of  Massachusetts  Bay.  It  is  scarcely  known  in  its  wild 
state,  but  as  an  escape  from  cultivation  its  fruit  becomes 
small,  acid,  and  harsh,  and  is  known  as  the  crab.  The  cul- 
tivated crab-apple  is  the  fruit  of  other  species  of  Pyrus. 
See  crab2. 

2.  The  tree  itself,  Pyrus  Malus. — 3.  A  name 
popularly  given  to  various  fruits  or  trees  hav- 
ing little  or  nothing  in  common  with  the  ap- 
ple. Among  them  are :  .\dam's  apple  (the  lime,  a  va- 
riety of  Citru.s  medica.  and  the  plantain,  Mu.sa  paradi^- 
aca);  the  alligator-apple,  Anona  palustris;  the  balsam- 
apple,  Momordica  Balsanuiia;  the  wild  balsam-apple, 
Echinoc-ystis  lubata;  the  beef-  or  bull-apple,  Sideroxylon 
ruyosuni ;  the  bitter  apple  or  eolocynth,  Citndlus  Colo- 
cynthis;  the  apple  of  Cain.  Arbutus  Vnedo ;  the  cedar- 
apple,  an  excrescence  upon  tlie  juniper  caused  by  a  fungus 
(Gymnosporanyin  ni  macrojnis) ;  the  custard-apple,  species 
of  ^tnoHa,  especially,  in  the  West  Indies,  A.  reticulata,  and, 
in  the  East  Indies,  -4.  .stpianio.^a  ;  the  devil's  or  mandrake 
apple,  Mamlrayora  ojfiriuulis;  the  egg-apple,  or  Jew's  or 
lu3.t\  ap^Ae,  Solan  uni  e.sruliiiluni ;  the  elephant- or  wood- 
apple,  Feronia  ehptiuuhnn  ;  tlie  golden  apide  of  Bengal, 
.■KijleMarineloti^  tlie  k:ing:iroo-a]>ple,Sc'/fl«i()/(  laciniatum; 
the  Kei  apple,  .Aberia  I'apra  ;  the  love-apple  or  tomato, 
Lycopersicnnl  escidcntunl ;  the  manimee-apple,  Mamutea 
Americana;  the  Mayor  Indian  npiile.  Poitoplnjlhrm  ]'el- . 
tatuin;  the  monkey-apple,  Clusia  jlava ;  the  Otalieite 
apple.  Spoiulif's  dutris ;  the  apple  of  Peru,  Aicandra 
physaloides;  the  Pei-sian  apple  (an  early  name  for  the 
peach);  the  pineapple.  Ananas  sativa;  the  poBd-apple, 
Anona  laxtrifolin ;  the  prairie-apple,  the  root  of  I'soralea 
esculenta  ;  the  rose-apple,  species-of  Evyenia.  especially 
E.  Jamhos ;  the  seven-.vear  apple,  Genipa  clusiepfolia ; 
the  star-apple.  Chrysvphylluni  Cainito;  the  sugar-apple, 
Annua  reticulata;  the  thorn-apple.  Datura  Stramoniuni 
and  other  species.  The  wild  apples  of  Queensland  ai-e 
the  drupaceous  fruit  of  a  species  of  O?/. /(/f.  — Adam's 
apple.  See  above,  and  .irfnra.— Apple  Of  discord,  a  cause 
of  envy  and  contention:  in  allusion  to  the  story  in  Greek 
mytbobigy  of  a  golden  apple  thrown  into  an  assembly  of 
the  gods  by  the  goddess  of  discord  (Eris),  bearing  the  in- 
scription, '*  For  the  fairest."  .Aphrodite  O'cnus),  Hera 
(Juno),  and  Pallas  (Minerva)  became  competitors  for  it, 
and  its  adjudication  to  the  first  by  Paris  of  Troy,  selected 
by  Zeus  as  umpire,  so  intlamed  the  jealousy  of  Hera 
aiid  her  hatred  toward  all  the  Trojan  race  that  she  did  not 


apple 


274 


cease  her  machinations  till  Troy  was  destroyed.— Apple 
of  Sodom,  or  Dead  Sea  apple,  (a)  A  fruit  said  to  grow 
on  or  near  the  site  of  the  Biblical  Sodom,  described  by 
JosephiLS  and  other  old  writers  as  externally  of  fair  ap- 
y.,  . -  r,,  •■  i:'  -.T^-.i'i  J  f,.  smoke  and  aalies  when  plucked. 
■  'iipts  have  been  made  to  account 
-uratively,  some  fruitless  thing; 

.    - :..,  ;i  lints  one's  hopes  or   frustrates 

one  »  linsires.— Apple  01  the  Bye.    (a)  The  pupil. 

Dull  people  turn  up  the  palms  of  their  hands  and  the 
applfi  of  their  eyesy  on  beholding  prose  by  a  poet, 

Blactinxxfn  Hay.,  XXII.  374. 
Hence — (6)  Something  very  important,  precious,  or  dear. 

He  kept  him  as  the  apple  of  his  eye.         Deut.  xxxii  10. 

Poor  Bichard  was  to  me  as  an  eldest  son,  the  apple  of 
my  eye.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  rs. 

"Wnter  apple,  an  apple  that  keeps  well  in  winter,  or  does 
in'[  ripen  till  winter. 
apple  (ap'l),  r.  [<  AS.  *wppUan,  used  only  in 
pp.  (fppled,  appled,  formed  like  an  apple;  < 
(Fjipet,  an  apple :  see  the  noun.]  I.  troHS.  To 
give  the  form  of  an  apple  to 

H.  in  trails, 
apple. 


MHG.  apfalter,  apfolter,  affalter  =  Icel.  apaldr 
=  Xorw.  dial,  apald,  apaU,  apal,  apJc=  Sw.  apel 
=  Dan.  ahild.  an  apple-tree  ;  a  word  still  exist- 
ing in  the  E.  place-name  Applalurc  (<  AS. 
Aptilder,  Apolder).  The  same  tenuination  oc- 
curs in  AS.  mapuldcr,  miipuJdor,  mapiddur, 
mapuldern,  a  maple-tree:  see  maplc-iree.2  A 
tree  (Pi/rus  Malus)  bearing  apples.  Its  wood  is 
hard,  durable,  and  fine.gniined,  and  much  used  in  turnery. 
.\pple-trees  are  propagated  by  seeds,  layers,  grafting,  and 
budding. 
appliablet  (a-pli'a-bl),  a.  [<  applji  +  -ahle.  Cf . 
iiliplicahk.l  1.  Capable  of  being  applied ;  appU- 
eable;  pertinent;  suitable. 

All  that  I  have  said  of  .  .  .  heathen  idolatrj-  is  applia- 
ble  to  .  .  .  idolatry  of  another  sort.  South. 

2.  Willingtoapply  one's  self ;  compliant;  dis- 
posed to  listen. 

.\pte  by  goodnes  of  wittc,  and  appliable  by  readines  of 
will,  to  learning.  Aacham,  The  Scholem.oster,  p.  38. 

1.   To  grow  into  the  form  of  an  appliance  (a-pU'ans),  n.      [<  ap])li/  +  -ancc.'] 

1.  The  act  "of  applying,  putting  to  use,  or  car- 
i^-ing  into  practice. 

Tlie  attention  to  fasliion,  the  tasteful  n;););m?icf' of  orna- 
ment  in  each  portion  of  herdress,  were  quite  in  place  with 
her.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xvi. 

2.  Something  applied  as  a  means  to  an  end, 
either  independently  or  subordinately;  that 
which  is  adapted  to  the  accomplishment  of  a 
purpose ;  an  instrumental  means,  aid,  or  ap- 
purtenance :  as,  the  (ippUtinces  of  civilizatiou, 
or  of  a  trade ;  mechanical,  chemical,  or  medi- 
cal appUanccs  (tools,  maeliinery,  apparatus, 
remedies,  etc.);  an  engine  with  its  apj)Uances. 

Diseases,  desperate  gi'own, 
By  desperate  appliance  are  reliev'd. 

Shttk.,  Hamlet,  iv.  3. 
Material  appliances  have  been  lavishly  used ;  arts,  in- 
ventions, and  machines  introduced  from  abroad,  manu- 
factures set  up,  communications  opened,  roads  made, 
canals  dug,  mines  worked,  harboui-s  foi-med. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  1. 1. 


The  cabbage  turnip  is  of  two  kinds ;  one  apples  above 
ground,  the  other  in  it.  C.  Marshall,  Oardening. 


2.  To  gather  apples.     [Rare  in  all  uses.] 

apple-berry  (an'l-ber'i),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Australia  to  the  pleasant  subacid  fruit  of  a 
twiniiiir  shrub,  liillardiera  scandens,  of  the  natu- 
ral order  I'i ttogporcie. 

apple-butter  (ap'l-bufer),  n.  A  sauce  made 
of  ;ipple.s  stewed  in  cider. 

apple-corer  (ap'l-kor'er),  «.  Any  device  for 
riiiiDvint;  tlio  cores  from  apples. 

apple-curculio  (ap'l-ker-kii'li-o),  n.  A  kind  of 
Weevil  which  infests  the  apple.  See  cut  under 
An  thnnoniHS. 

apple-green  (ap'l-gren),  ».  The  light-green 
color  of  certain  apples,  as  the  greening. 

apple-headed  (ap'1-hed'ed),  a.  Having  a  head 
that  is  rouml  on  top,  between  the  ears,  Instead 
of  tiat:  said  of  dogs 

apple  ■ 


ipple-jack  (ap'l-jak),  n.     [<  apple  +  iack,  used  X^.^^^^l^iLf  l52  ^^t,>nUcSr"vJ?^.^?o ''"'"^ ' 


apple-john  (ap'l-jon),  n.  [<  apple  +  John,  so 
called,  it  is  said,  because  it  is  ripe  about  St. 
John's  ilay.  Cf.  jenneting.']  A  kind  of  apple, 
eon.siilcred  to  be  in  perfection  when  shriveled 
and  withered. 

I  am  withered  like  an  old  api>le.John. 

ShaL,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iu.  3. 
apple-mint  (ap'1-mint),  n.    A  European  plant, 

a  si»(iis  of  Mentha,  M.  rotundij'iilia. 
apple-mose  (ap'l-mos),  «.     A  dish  made  with 

ilic  pulp  of  stewed  apples  and  other  ingredients. 

-V.  /;.  /*.      [Rare.] 
apple-moth  (ap'l-m6th),  n.     The  Torlrix  pomo- 

uiinii,  a  lipidopterous  insect,  the  larvio  of  which 

livi-  iii  ap[iles. 
apple-parer  (ap'l-par'fer),  n.    A  machine  for 

parini,' aiii.les. 
apple-pie  Oip'l-pi'),  n.     1.  A  pie  made  of  apples  applicableness  (ap'li-ka-bl-nes),  Ji.    The  qual- 
variuiisly  preimred,  inclosed  in  or  covered  with    ''.v  "1  Iniug  applicable ;  fitness  to  be  applied, 
paste,  ami  baked. —  2.  An  English  name  for  applicably  (ap'li-ka-bli),  «d».      In  an  applica- 
a  species  of  willow-herb,  Epilohium  hirsulum.     ''''•  niauiier;  fittingly. 

Apple-pie  bed,  a  l)cd  niadc  up,  as  a  ].iactical  joke.  applicanCVt  (ai)'li-kan-si),  «.      [<  applicant,  in 

i-il     ill    till!    (iii.l.ll..     ....  *  ji'"i  I  I  -1 

ling,  sense  ajiplymg':  see  apjiii/  and  -dnci/.J 
'I'lic  slate  of  Vicing  applicable.  1h.  TaiiUir. 
applicant  (ap'li-kant),  ».  [<  L.  iippl'ican{t-)!!, 
jipr.  of  tijijilican;  apply:  see  apply.]  One  who 
applies:  one  who  makes  request;  a  petitioner; 
a  candidate.  , 


blv:  see  -hilitij.']  The  (juaUty  of  being  appli 
cable,  or  fit  to  be  ayjplied ;  capability  of  being 
applied  or  used ;  pertinence. 

He  who  has  read  liis  Aristotle  will  be  apt  to  think  that 
observation  has  on  most  points  of  general  applieahilitii 
said  its  last  word.  Lowell,  Democracy. 

Vrliy  need  I  speak  of  steam,  the  enemy  of  space  and 
time,  with  its  enormous  strength  and  delicate  apptiea- 
hilitii  '  i'mer«on,Work6  and  Bays. 

applicable  (ap'li-ka-bl),  a.  [=  F.  applimUv  = 
It.  applicahilc,  <  L.  applicare :  see  ajipli/,  and  cf. 
appliitbtc.']  Capalile  of  being  applied ;'  fit  to  be 
applied;  ha\-iiig  relevance;  suitable;  appro- 
priate ;  pertinent :  as,  this  obseiration  is  appli- 
calik  to  the  case  under  consideration. 

The  use  of  logic,  although  potentially  n;j;);iVnfcff  to  every 
matter,  is  always  actually  manifested  liy  special  reference 
to  suuLc  one.  Sir  W.  Ihimilton,  Logic,  iii. 


Willi  <ii)<.  of  the  sheets  iloubled  upwanl  in  the  miditU 
tliJit.  whllt!  the  bed  appears  as  usual  from  the  outside,  it 
pf  Vi'Mt-i  one  from  glutting  his  legs  down:  so  called  from 
III-  M'l'leturnover,  a  kind  of  pie  In  which  the  crust  is 
'■;■■  '  "T  f'.Ided  over  iw>  as  to  inclose  the  apples. ~Ap- 
I  ■  !--r,  an  expression  used  in  familiar  eonversa. 

ptrrffct  order:  as,  everj'thing  in  the  house 
"r  ontrr. 


The  njmlicant  for  a  cup  of  water  declares  Idmscif  to  be 

the  .Messias.  Pluintrcr. 

V.  t.     {<lj.applicatii.i,\yp. 
■    ^     Toai    " 


iipply. 


1  Kill  jujfi  nt  the  order  which  some  folks  —  though  why 
I  uiu  lure  I  can't  tell  you  — would  call  applrpie. 

Uarham,  Ingoldsby  lAgends,  III.  06.  applicatet  (ap'li-kat),  V.  t, 
apple-scoop  fnp'l-KkOp),  71.      A  scoo|i-Hliaped     of  «y<y(/i.(/)y,  apjily:  see  «;)/</;/.] 
II    • --ii;.  I,;  fill  irii-rly  used  instead  of  a  knife  in        'ibe  act  o(  faith  U  applirnteil  u<  tlu-obji'ct. 

J!p.  Pearson,  Kx|toH.  of  Creed,  ix. 

-lol),  n.     A  Hnail-Hhell  of  the  applicate  (ap'li-kiit),  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  appliraliut, 
I,    .Who  cMcd  idol-shell.    See    pp- :   see  the  verti.]     I.  a.  Applied  or  put 


die. 


Hot  npple-sauco 

iit'li  ami  cooked,    (  IJ.  H.] 

'.  n.    Till'  Himil  which  has 

1!;  oiie  i.f  the  AmpiilUiriidte. 

:ot    fuii'l-Mkwir),    H,       (Cf.    aprtin- 

:  a  kf|it  gallant ;  u  |>ii);e 

viinien.     Miirnton,  What 

\  wittol. 

".     [<  MK.  apprlirr,  nppil- 

"  ' Itrriiir,  \iitfT  oontr.  apli. 

■  Itriiiw not  niithi'iilicaled) 

li  Dan.  iililrlrrr:  not,  an 

'omipliipri  "  of  A.S.  njnil- 

(Ihr    alligoil   'iiiiiirfdir, 

'  .  lie.,,  not    uiitheiiticntcil) 

Ulio.  aphultra,  apholtra,  afftiltra,  affuUra, 


some  use ;  practical ;  concrete. 

Those  aiiptictitr  sciences  which  exti-iul 
"\er  the  I'K-ments. 


[Han 


■:.f' 


apple  1 1 

tr,      ,1 


the  Jiowerof  liiiili 
Is.  Taylor. 

Applicate  number,  n  mnnbir  applied  III  a  I'oiicreli' 
case.  Iltilton.  |  Kare.]  —  Applicate  ordinate,  In  win'/i., 
a  Hlralifht  line  applied  nl  nulit  hiiu'Ii-h  to  tlie  uxIn  of  any 
conic  Hi-rtloii   and  boundi-d  )>y  the  I'lirve.     Iltan.j 

II.  ".  [s  L/.  applicdia  (hc,  lima,  line),  fern, 
of  applicdtun :  kcc  above.]  An  ordinate  to  11 
eoiiio  Hci'tinn.  ( Kllie.] 
application  (np-li-kii'slion),  »i.  [=F.  appUra- 
liiin,  <  1j.  iipptiraliii(ii-),  ii  joining  or  attaching 
one'H  Holf  to,  <  applieiin;  |ip.  applinilii.s :  hcc 
"I'l'hlA  !•  The  act  of  applying  or  imUing  to; 
llpo  net  of  laying  on:  iis,  the  ajiplifiilinn  of 
'  iiMillii-niH  to  a  ilisi'iiHi'd  linili. — i.  The  thing 
'I  n  ini'ilv  applied:  us,  the  jmin  whh  abated  by 
llie  appUiiilion, 


appliqn6 

The  rest  [physicians]  have  worn  me  out 
With  several  applications.        Shale.,  All's  Well,  i.  Z. 

3.  The  act  of  making  request  or  of  soliciting; 
the  request  so  made:  as,  he  made  application 
to  the  Court  of  Chancery. 

One  Sidney  gave  Ids  patronage  to  the  applications  of  a 
poet ;  the  oUier  offered  it  unasked. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Don  Sebastian. 

4.  The  act  of  putting  to  a  special  use  or  pur- 
pose ;  adaptation  to  a  specific  end. 

What  we  buy  in  a  broom,  a  mat,  a  wagon,  a  knife,  is 
some  application  of  good  sense  to  a  common  want. 

Kmersvn,  Compensation. 

5.  The  act  of  fixing  the  mind  on  something ; 
close  attention;  devotion,  as  to  a  ptu'suit;  as- 
siduous effort. 

The  curate,  surprised  to  find  such  instances  of  industry 
and  application  in  a  young  man  who  had  never  met  with 
the  least  encouragement,  asked  him  if  he  did  not  extremely 
regret  the  want  of  a  libenil  eilucation. 

Fieldiny,  Joseph  Andrews. 

6.  The  act  of  applying  a  general  principle, 
law,  or  theory  to  a  particidar  case ;  the  demon- 
stration of  the  relation  of  a  general  principle 
to  an  actual  state  of  things ;  the  testing  of  some- 
thing theoretical  by  applying  it  in  practice. 

He  laid  down  with  clearness  and  accuracy  the  principles 
by  which  the  question  is  to  be  decided,  buthe  diti  not  pur- 
sue them  into  their  detailed  application. 

Sir  a.  C.  Leieis,  Cred.  of  Early  Roman  Hist.,  I.  5. 

7.  In  law,  appropriation;  the  act  of  allotting 
among  several  debts  a  payment  inadequate  to 
satisfy  all.  See  appropriation,  4  (fc). — 8.  In  as- 
tral., "the  approach  of  a  planet  to  any  aspect. 
=  Syn.  3.  KcqufSt,  solicitation,  appeal,  petitiiin.— 6.  h\- 
tlustn/,  .Issi'lnitu,  Application,  etc.    See  assiduity. 

applicationert  (ap-li-kii'shon-er),  II.  [<  appli- 
cation +  -()■!.]  One  who  makes  an  application 
or  appeal.     .Y.  F.  J). 

applicative  (ap'li-kS-tiv),  a.  [=  F.  a2>plicatif, 
<  L.  (ipplicarc:  see  apply,  applicate,  and  -ire.] 
Applying;  applicatory;  practical.    Brainhall. 

applicator  (ap'li-kii-tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  rtj);;K- 
curc,])p.  applicatiiK :  see  apply.]  If.  One  who 
applies. —  2.  A  surgical  instrument  for  apply- 
ing anytliiug,  as  ctmstic  or  a  tent,  to  a  deep- 
seated  part.     E.  II.  I\ni(jht. 

applicatory  (ap'li-ka-to-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  appU- 
ciilc,  r. :  see -(»'!/.]  1.  a.  1.  Consisting  in  or  fit- 
ted for  application  ;  serving  for  application  ; 
practical:  as,  "applicatory  information,"  Up. 
jnihing,  Ecclesiastos.     [Kare.] 

He  therein  [the  Bible]  morning  and  evening  i^ad  a 
chapter,  with  a  little  applicatory  exposition,  before  and 
after  which  lie  made  a  prayer. 

C.  Matlier,  Mag.  Chris.,  iii.  1. 

This  apptieatorji  portion  of  a  sermon,  wherever  it  oc. 

em's,  is  strikingly  indicative  of  the  Intensity  of  preaching. 

A.  Phelps,  Theory  of  rrcacliing,  xxxii. 

2t.  Making  application,  appeal,  or  request. 
N.  IC.  I). 

Il.t  ».  That  which  applies;  a  means  of  put- 
ting to  u.se. 

Faith  is  the  inward  ait/tlicalory  [cit  Christ's  ilcath],  and 
if  there  be  any  outward,  it  must  be  the  sacraments. 

Jcr.  Taylor,  Worthy  Commuincant,  i.  §  4. 

applied  (a-pHd'),  /).  a.  [<  "/)/''.'/  +  -id'.]  Put 
on;  inil  to;  directed;  employed:  said  specifi- 
cally of  a  science  when  its  laws  are  einjiloyed 
and  e.\em]ilifieil  in  dealing  with  concret(>  ]Ihe- 
noinena,  and  in  this  use  distingnislieil  from 
ah.straci  or  Ihcnrvtical — Applied  chemistry,  logic, 
mathematics,  etc.    .Scc  the  nouns.  -  Applied  work. 

Sc,'  itii/ilii[in'. 

appliedlv  (ii-plt'ed-li),  adv.  By  or  in  applica- 
tion.     [Hare.] 

All  supcrKtlllon  whatsoever  rellcctcth  upon  roligion.  It 
is  not  but  in  such  lU'ts  as  be  of  themselves,  or  applirdly, 
acts  of  religion  and  jilety. 

lip.  Mounlaiiu,  Appeal  to  Cojsar,  p.  207. 

applier  (!i-liliV>r),  H.     l.  One  who  applies.— 2. 

A  (liiilal  iiist  runient  for  placing  a  piece  of  II088- 

silk  hilweni  teeth. 
applimentt,  «.     Same  as  applynicnt. 
applique  (aii-li-kii'),  a.     [<  F'.  appliqnt;  pp.  of 

apjiliipirr,  iiut  on,  <  1,.   apjiticare  :  see  apply.] 

1.  In  modern  dress  and  u]iholsterj',  aiijilied Or 
sewed  on,  or  iiroduced  in  this  way.  ihus,  the 
giln|t  or  liattcrn  of  hoIIiiI  or  injilled  luce 'iniiy  be  sewed 
upon  a  new  ground,  or  cndiroidiTcd(low,TS  ina.vln' secured 
(o  iit'W  silk  ;  in  such  a  rasi-  tlie  pnKeili  oi-  ornament  is 
Muid  In  be  o/»/ifi'(/t//    and  tin'  ivbolc  is  a/'/'ti'/tic  norlf. 

2.  More  generally,  said  of  one  nialerial,  as  niet- 
iil,  lisi'd  njioii  another,  in  ornainenliil  work:  as, 
an  I'liaini'led  iVikU.  a pplii/iir  n|)on  a  surl'in'e  of  flli- 
greo,  an  ivory  ligiiro  npjiliiiiir  iijion  a  .lapanese 
lne(|iier,  and  I  lie  like.  |  I  ii  Imtli  HcnseH  iiIkii  used 
as  a  noun.  |  Point  appllqucS.  point  hoc  In  which  the 
di-Nlgn,  after  having  been  Hcpiinitely  made,  has  hecii  ap- 
plied to  the  net  which  forms  the  foundation. 


applot 

applott  (a-plof),  V.  t.  [<  o;i-i  +  ploti,  v.  Cf. 
aUot.'\  1.  Literally,  to  diviilc  into  plots  or 
plats  ;  plot  out.— 2.   To  allot  or  ajjportion. 

applotmentt  (a-plot'ment),  n.  [<  applot  + 
-mciit.  Cf.  allotment.']  A  division  into  plots; 
apportionment. 

applumbaturet  (a-phim'ba-tur),  n.  [<  ML.  ap- 
lilumlialiini,iL.appluinbatus,pTp.otaj>})lumbarc, 
solder  with  lead,  <  ad,  to,  +  plumhare  {pp.plnm- 
batiis,  >  plumbatura,  a  soldering),  <  jdumbum, 
lead :  see  plumb.}  A  joining  or  soldering  with 
lead.     Blount. 

apply  (a-pli'),  r. ;  prot.  and  pp.  applied,  pjir. 
appti/inff.  [<  ME.  apphjrn,  ajiplicu,  aph/eii, 
aplien,  <  OP.  aplier,  mod.  F.  appUiptrr  =  Pi-.  Sjj. 
aplicar  =  Vg.  applicar  =  lt.  ajipUcarc,  <  L.  «;<- 
plicare,  attach  to,  apply,  <  ad,  to,  +  plicare,  fold 
or  lay  together:  see  pit/,  jiticati:]  I.  frnH.s.  1. 
To  lay  on ;  bring  into  physical  proximity  or  con- 
tact: as,  to  apply  the  hand  to  the  breast;  to 
apply  medicaments  to  a  diseased  part  of  the 
body ;  to  apply  a  match  to  powder. 
'Beseech  you,  tenderly  appty  to  her 
Some  remedies  for  life.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

In  the  gardens  of  the  old  JLirques  Spinola  I  saw  huge 
citrons  hanging  on  the  trees,  appli/d  like  our  apricots  to 
the  walls.  Embin,  Diary,  Oct.  17,  1644. 

2.  To  bring  into  contact  with  particulars  or 
with  a  particular  case,  as  a  x^rineiplP;  law,  or 
rule;  bring  to  bear  upon;  put  into  practical 
operation. 

Quintilian  applied  to  general  literature  the  same  prin- 
ciples by  which  he  had  been  accustomed  to  judge  of  the 
declamations  of  his  pupils.    Macciulay,  Athenian  Orators. 

3.  To  use  or  employ  for  a  particular  ease,  or 
devote  to  a  particular  purpose :  as,  to  apply  a 
sum  of  money  to  the  payment  of  a  debt. 

Craft  against  vice  I  must  apply. 
.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2. 

4.  To  connect  or  associate  with,  or  refer  to, 
some  person  or  thing  as  applicable  or  perti- 
nent ;  use  as  suitable  or  relative  ta  some  per- 
son or  thing:  as,  to  apply  the  testimony  to  the 
ease. 

Great  Agamemnon,  Nestor  shall  appln 
Thy  latest  words.  Shak..  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 

I  repeated  the  verses  which  I  formerly  applied  to  him. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

5t.  To  attribute;  refer;  ascribe. — 6.  To  give 
with  earnestness  or  assiduity;  employ  with 
attention;  devote:  as,  "(i/)j)?i/ thine  heart  unto 
instruction,"  Prov.  xxiii.  12. 

Like  Isaac,  with  a  mind  applied 
To  serious  thought  at  ev'ningtide. 

Coioper,  The  Moralizer  Corrected. 

Every  man  is  conscious  to  himself  that  he  thinks,  and 
that  which  his  mind  is  applied  about,  whilst  thinking,  is 
the  ideas  that  are  there.  Locke. 

7t.  To  address  or  dii'eet. 

Sacred  vows  and  mystic  song  applied 

To  grisly  Pluto  and  his  gloomy  bride.  Pope. 

8t.  To  be  busy  about;  devote  one's  self  with  dili- 
gent vigor  to;  ply  (which  see). 

He  is  ever  applying  his  business. 

Latiiiwr,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 
Whose  flying  feet  so  fast  then'  way  applyde, 
That  roimd  ahout  a  cloud  of  dust  did  fly. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  37. 

9t.  To  bend  (the  mind);  reflexively,  to  com- 
ply; conforin;  be  subservient  to. 

Apply 
Yourself  to  me  and  the  consul,  and  be  wise. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  2. 
lOt.  To  visit. 

He  applied  each  place  so  fast. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  xi.  61. 

To  apply  one's  self.  («)  To  give  the  chief  part  of  one's 
time  and  attention ;  dedicate  or  devote  one's  self  (to  a 
thing) :  as.  to  apply  one^s  self  to  the  study  of  botany.  (b\) 
To  make  an  application  or  appeal ;  have  recourse  by  re- 
quest ;  address  one's  self  (to  a  person). 

I  applied  myself  to  him  for  help.  Johnson. 

=Syn.  1.  To  place  (on).— 3.  To  appropriate  (to).— 4.  To 
turn,  bend,  direct. —  6.  Addict,  Devote,  Apply.  See  ad- 
dict. 

II.  intrans.    It.  To  be  in  close  contiguity. — 

2.  To  have  application ;  bo  applicable ;  have 
some  connection,  agreement,  analogy,  or  refer- 
ence :  as,  this  argmuent  aptplics  well  to  the  ease ; 
the  remarks  were  not  meant  to  apply  to  you. 

Of  the  puzzles  of  the  Academy,  there  is  not  one  which 
does  not  apply  as  strongly  to  Deism  as  to  Christianity, 
and  to  Atheism  as  to  Deism. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Ref.  Refuted. 

3.  To  make  application  or  request ;  ask ;  have 
recourse  with  a  view  to  gain  something :  as,  to 
apply  for  an  office,  information,  etc. — 4.  To 
give  attention ;  turn  the  mind. 

I  have  been  too  ill  and  too  dispirited  to  ajyply  to  any- 
thing for  some  weeks  past.       Miss  Carter,  Letters,  II.  60. 


275 

applymentt  (a-pli'ment), n.  [<  apply  +  -mtmt.] 
Application.  "Also  ajipliment. 

Vet  there  are  a  sort  of  <li,si-untr-ntcd  creatures  that  bear 
a  stingless  envy  to  great  ones,  and  these  will  wrest  the  do- 
ings of  any  man  to  their  base,  malicious  appliment. 

Webster,  Ind.  to  Malcontent. 

appoggiato  (ap-po-ja'to),  a.  [It.,  supported,  pp. 
(if  (ijiiKKpiiarc  (=  F.  appmyer),  <  ML.  appoiliarc, 
support,  prop,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  podium,  a  balcony 
( >  It.  poggio  =  F.  pmi,  pmj) :  see  appui,  podium.} 
In  music,  literally,  supported:  marking  notes 
which  are  to  be  performed  so  that  they  shall 
insensibly  glide  and  melt  into  one  another 
without  any  perceptible  break. 

appoggiatu'ra  (ap-poj-a-to'rii),  n.  [It.,  <  appofi- 
giurc,  prop,  lean :  see  appoggiato.']  In  music, 
a  small  additional  note  of  embellishment,  pre- 
ceding the  note  with  which  it  is  connected,  and 
taking  away  from  that  note  a  portion  of  its 
time.    It  is  of  two  kinds ;  (a)  short,  which  is  played  as 


(a)  Written 


Played. 


(6)  Written. 


Played. 


i 


:4?2= 


--^ 


^E 


[In  all  senses  used  with  to.] 


quickly  as  possible,  and  (b)  long,  which  is  given  its  proper 
length,  the  principal  note  being  shortened  accordingly. 
The  long  ajjiioggiatnra  was  especially  used  by  earlier 
pianoforte  composers  to  avoid  the  display  of  passmg  notes 
and  suspensions.  See  acciuccatura.  Sometimes  .spelled 
ajtofn'atiira. 
appoint  (a-poinf),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  by 
apheresispoJB*;  <  ME.  appointen,  apoiuteii,< 
OF.  apointer,  prepare,  settle,  fix,  F.  appointer, 
refer  a  cause,  put  on  a  salary  (cf.  QiF.apoint, 
to  the  point),  =  Pr.  apointar,  apo7itar  =  Sp. 
apuntar  =  It.  appuntare,  <  ML.  appmnctare,  re- 
pair, appoint,  <  L.  a<l,  to,  +  ML.  punctare,  mark 
by  a  point,  <  L.  puncta,  usually  punctum,  a 
point:  see  point.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  make  fast 
or  firm;  found;  establish;  secure. 

"Wlien  he  appointed  the  foundations  of  the  earth. 

Prov.  viii.  29. 

2.  To  constitute,  ordain,  or  fix  by  decree,  or- 
der, or  decision ;  decree  ;  command ;  prescribe. 

Thy  servants  are  ready  to  do  whatsoever  my  lord  the 
king  shall  appoint.  2  Sam.  xv.  16. 

Unto  him  thou  gavest  commandment  to  love  thy  way : 
which  he  transgressed,  and  immediately  thou  appointedst 
death  in  him  and  in  his  generations.  2  Esd.  iii.  7. 

There  be  six  wayes  appointed  by  the  best  learned  men,  for 
the  learning  of  tonges.   Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  92. 

3.  To  allot,  set  apart,  or  designate ;  nominate 
or  authoritatively  assign,  as  for  a  use,  or  to  a 
post  or  oiEee. 

These  were  the  cities  appointed  for  all  the  children  of 
Israel.  Josh-  xx.  9. 

A  ship  was  appointed  them,  which  ship  they  began  im- 
mediately to  fit  up,  and  supply  plentifully  with  all  man- 
ner of  stores  for  a  long  stay.        Beverley,  Virginia,  i.  H  6. 

The  ancient  [Hindu]  law  allowed  the  father  who  had  no 
prospect  of  having  legitimate  sons  to  appoint  or  nominate 
a  daughter  who  should  bear  a  son  to  himself  and  not  to 
her  own  husband.     Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  91. 

4.  To  settle ;  fix,  name,  or  determine  by  au- 
thority or  upon  agreement:  as,  they  appointed 
a  time  and  place  for  the  meeting. —  5.  In  law. 
to-  fix  the  destination  of  (property)  by  desig- 
nating a  person  or  persons  to  take  the  use  of 
an  estate  created  by  a  preceding  deed  or  wUl, 
confei-ring  on  the  appointor  the  power  so  to  do. 
Thus,  a  testator  may  give  a  fund  to 'a  child  for  life,  with 
power  to  appoint  the  fund  to  one  or  more  grandchildren. 
The  donee  of  the  power  is  the  appointor,  and  those  desig- 
■nated  by  the  appointor  to  enjoy  the  fund  are  termed  the 

jippointees. 

6t.  To  point  at  by  way  of  censure;  arraign: 

as,  "  appoint  not  he'avenly  disposition,"  Milton, 

5.  A.,  1.  373. — 7.  To  provide  \\-ith  what  is  re- 
quisite; equip. 

You  may  be  armed  and  appointed  well. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 

SLx  hundred  cavalry,  and  three  thousand  musketeers, 
all  perfectly  appointed,  entered  Antwerp  at  once. 

.Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  566. 
8t.    To  agree  upon ;    decide  upon  or  settle 

definitely. 

She  sat  allone  and  gan  to  caste 
\\1iereon  she  wolde  apoynt  hire  at  the  laste. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  691. 

=  Syn   2   To  prescribe,  establish,  direct.— 3.  To  assign, 
destine,  constitute,  create.— 7.  To  furnish,  supply. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  ordain;  resolve;  determine. 

The  Lord  had  appointed  to  defeat  the  good  counsel  of 
Ahithophel.  2  Sam.  xvii.  14. 

2.  In  lau\  to  exercise  a  power  of  appointment. 


apportion 

appointable  (a-iioin'ta-bl),  a.  [<  appoint  + 
-able]  Capable  of  being  appointed  or  consti- 
tuted ;  subject  to  appointment  or  decision. 

That  external  ceremruiies  were  but  exercises  of  religion, 
aj/pointable  by  superior  powers. 

11.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xvi. 

appoint6  (a-poin-ta'),  a.  [As  if  F.,  in  lit. 
sense  'pointed':  see  appointee.]  In  lier.,  same 
as  aiguise. 

appointee  (a-poin-te'),  n.  [<  appoint  +  -eel, 
after  F.  appilin  to,  pp.  of  ajipoin  ter :  see  appoin  t.] 
1.  A  person  appointed. — 2.  In  tow,  the  person 
who  benefits  by  tht^  execution  of  a  power  of  ap- 
pointment.    See  ajijioint,  5. 

appointer  (a-poin'tir),  n.  One  who  nominates, 
ajjpoiuts,  ordains,  or  settles.     See  appointor. 

appointive  (a-poin'tiv),  a.  [<  api>oint  +  -u'c] 
1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  appointment ;  appoint- 
ing :  as,  the  ajipoin  tire  power  of  the  President. 
—  2.  Dependent  upon  the  exercise  of  the 
power  or  right  to  appoint;  filled  by  ajipoint- 
ment :  opposed  to  dectire :  as,  appoin  tire  offices. 
In  1873,  the  question  whether  the  entire  judiciary  should 
be  appointive  or  elective  was  again  submitted  to  popular 
vote.  A'.  A.  Rev.,  CXLIIl.  203. 

appointment  (a-jioint'ment), «.  [<  ME.  apoynt- 
men  t,  and  by  aijlieresLs  jioyn  tmcn  t,  <  OF.  apointe- 
ment,  F.  appointcmcnt,  decree,  order,  in  pi. 
Balnry,  <  appointer :  see  apqmnt.]  1.  The  act 
of  appointing,  designating,  or  placing  in  office : 
as,  he  erred  by  the  appointment  of  unsuitable 
men. —  2.  An  office  held  by  a  person  appointed : 
as,  a  high  appointment  in  the  civil  service. — 

3.  Stipulation;  engagement;  assignation;  the 
act  of  fixing  by  mutual  agreement:  as,  an  ap- 
pointment to  meet  at  six  o'clock. 

I  shall  be  with  her  ...  by  her  own  appointment. 

Shak.,  11.  \T.  of  W.,  ii.  2. 

4.  Anything  fixed  or  established ;  established 
order  or  constitution ;  decree  ;  ordinance ;  di- 
rection; order;  command:  as,  it  is  our  duty  to 
submit  to  the  divine  appointments. 

Wheat,  salt,  wine,  and  oil,  according  to  i\i&  appointment 
of  the  priests.  Ezra  vi.  9. 

Do  you  not  think  it  was  a  merciful  appointment  that 
our  fathers  did  not  joms  to  the  possession  of  independence, 
...  as  to  a  great  ^hze  dl'awn  in  a  lottei-y? 

ii.  ChoatP,  Addrcses.  p.  67. 

5.  Equipment,  furniture,  outfit,  as  for  a  ship, 
an  army,  a  soldier,  etc. ;  whatever  is  appointed 
for  use  and  management ;  accoutrements :  in 
this  sense  generally  used  in  the  i^lural. 

We'll  set  forth. 
In  best  appointment,  all  our  regiments. 

Shak.,  K.  Jolm,  iL  1. 

The  cavaliers  emulated  their  chief  in  the  richness  of 

their  appointments.  Prescott. 

6.  The  act  of  preparing;  preparation.     [Rare.] 

Your  best  appointment  make  with  speed ; 
To-morrow  you  set  on.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

7t.  -An  allowance  to  a  person ;  a  salary  or  pen- 
sion, as  of  a  public  officer:  properly  used  only 
in  the  plural. 

An  expense  proportioned  to  his  ajtpointments  and  for- 
tune is  necessai-y.  Chesterfield,  llaxlms. 

8.  In  law,  the  act  of  appointing  or  designating 
the  beneficiaiy  who  is  to  take  the  usp  of  an 
estate  creatediinder  a  preceding  deed  or  wiU. 

See  appoint,  5 Council  of  Appointment,  in  the 

government  of  the  State  of  New  York,  from  1777  to  18-21, 
a  council,  consisting  of  the  governor  and  four  senators 
chosen  by  the  .\sstmbly,  in  whom  was  vested  the  right  of 
appointtaent  to  Stat,,-  .^rtiLcs  and  of  removal  from  them. — 
Midnight  appointments,  in  f.  ,s.  jMitics,  appoint- 
ments made  during  the  last  hours  of  an  administration; 
specifically,  those  so  made  by  President  John  .\dams. 

appointor  (a-poin'tor),  n.  [<  appoint  +  -or.] 
In  law,  one  who  has  official  or  legal  power  of 
appointment.     See  appoint,  5. 

apportt  (a-porf),  V.  t.  [<  F.  apporter,  <  L.  ap- 
portarc,  bring  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  portare,  carry: 
see  port^.]     To  bring;  carry;  produce. 

apportert  (a-p6r'ter),  n.  Abriuger  in :  one  who 
imports  anything  into  a  eoimtry ;  an  introducer 
or  procurer. 

Tins  makes  only  the  apportert  themselves,  their  aiders, 
abettors,  and  assistants,  traitors. 

Sir  .V.  Hale,  Hist.  Plac.  Cor.,  xx. 

apportion  (a-p6r'shon),  v.  t.  [<  F.  apportion- 
ner  (Cotgrave),  <  ML.  apportionare,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  portio{n-),  portion,  part:  see  portion.]  To 
di-vide  and  assign  in  Just  proportion  or  accord- 
ing to  some  rule  ;  distribute  proportionally ; 
allot:  as,  to  apportion  undi-vided  rights;  to  ap- 
portion time  among  various  emplopuents. 

Money  was  raised  by  a  forced  loan,  which  was  appor- 
tioned among  the  people  according  to  the  rate  at  which 
they  had  been  respectively  assessed  to  the  last  subsidy. 

Macaulay,  Xugent's  Hampden. 

=  Syn.  Dispense,  Distribtite,  etc.    See  dispeiise. 


apportionate 

apportionatet  (a-p6r'shon-at),    r.   t.     [<  ML. 

aiii-orU'iimtiis.  pp.  of  apportioiiare :  see  appor- 

t/nii.]     To  apportion, 
apportionatenesst  (a-por'shon-at-nes),  «.    [< 

nyfortioiiatt,  a..  +  -ness.'\     The  state  or  quality 

of  being  adapted;  just  proportion. 
niB  ap}M>rtumalenesf  of  it  to  the  end  for  which  it  was 

designed.        llammuiui,  ft-ef.  to  View  of  New  Directoo- 

apportioner  (a-p6r'shon-er),  n.     One  vrho  ap- 

iMjlTi'iliS. 

apportionment  (a-p6r'shgn-ment),  n.  [<  up- 
jHjrtioii  +  -ineiit :  after  F.  iipportionnement,  ML. 
apportioHaiiieiitinii.']  1.  The  aet  of  apportion- 
ins;  a  diriding  into  portions  or  shares;  a  di- 
viding anil  assigning  of  a  just  and  equitable 
portion  to  each  person  interested  or  entitled  to 
partieipate  in  any  claim,  right,  property,  or 
charge. — 2.  In  the  United  States :  (a)  The  ilis- 
tribution  of  representation  in  the  federal  House 
of  Kepresentatives.  and  in  the  houses  of  the  dif- 
ferent State  legislatlU*es.  in  tlie  former  c.ise  .1  fresll 
apiHirli-'tiiiicut  is  made  l>y  Congress  every  tfrn  years,  sliurt- 
Iv alter  till-  C'  'lupleti'-iii  of  tlie  ilecenmal  census  returns.  a(u! 
ill  the  latter  penerally  after  stated  eniuncmtions  made  at 
ditlereut  dates  in  different  States,  or  after  the  federal  cen- 
sus. In  till-  feder.d  apiKirtiounieut.  Congress  determines 
the  proptjrtion  of  representatives  to  population  (one  to 
1*4,182  of  ttie  total  population  of  the  Unite-l  States  uililer 
the  census  of  IWlO.  orSotiiu  all),  and  the  Slate  lesislatnres 
fix  the  lnjundaries  of  the  elective  districts  accordingly. 
|The  principle  of  Icifislative  appLTtioument  accttrdinj;  to 
population  has  been  more  recently  adopted  in  the  other 
American  and  most  European  states,  tlioui'h  in  some  it  is 
uot  yet  very  strictly  applied.l  (J)  The  allotment  of 
direct  taxes  on  the  basis  of  population :  a  Con- 
gressional power  rarely  exercised. 

apposable  (a-p6'za-W>,  n.  [<  npposeX  +  -able.l 
I  "ajiable  of  being  apposed  or  brought  together. 

appose^  (a-poz'),  r.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  apposed, 
ppr.  ajiposiiiij.  [<  F.  ajijiosrr,  to  lay,  put,  or  add 
to,  destinate,  appoint,  repr.  L.  apponerc,  ad- 
jxmtre,  pp.  appositiis,  adjxisitiis  (ef.  apponite), 
put  or  lay  at,  near,  or  by,  apply  to,  add,  <  ad, 
to,  -I-  poncre,  pp.  jxitiilus,  put,  place,  confused 
in  IIL.  and  Rom.  with  paitsarc,  F.  poser,  etc.: 
see  pose-,  and  cf.  compose,  ilepose,  expose,  im- 
pose, jiropose,  repose.]  1.  To  put  or  apply 
(one  thing)  to  or  near  to  (another). 

Atrides  .  .  .  food  sufficient 
Appos'd  before  them,  and  the  jieei-s  apjtos'd  their  liands 
to  iL  Chapman,  Iliad,  ix.  46. 

His  power  having;  vn-ought 
Tlie  king  already  to  apjKfse  his  hand. 
Chaptnan  and  Shirleii,  Chaliot,  A<lniinil  of  France,  i. 

2.  To  bring  near  or  ne.\t,  as  one  thing  to  an- 
other ;  put  side  bj"  side ;  areange  in  juxtaposi- 
tion. 

See  you  how  the  people  stand  in  heaps. 
Each  man  sad  looking  on  liis  ap/fos'd  object? 

l>ekkrr  and  M'l'hster^;),  .Sir  Thomas  Wyat,  p.  37. 

appose-t  (a-p6z'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  apposen,  aposcit, 
(Jr.  aposer,  upjjoser,  with  unaccented  prefix  a- 
foTo-,  jirop.  ME.  oposcn,  opposeii,  <  OF.  opposcr  ; 
SIE.  also  by  apheresis  posen,  mod.  E.  jioseS;  see 
oppose a.n(\  pose'^,  which  are  n(nv  discriminated. 
Appose",  t lioiigh  orig.  a  mere  variat  ion  of  oppose, 
seems  to  have  been  regarded  as  dejicnding  on 
L.  apponerc,  E.  appose'^-,  in  ref.  to  'putting' 
questions 'to'one:  see  rt/(/<»«rl.]  1.  To  oppose 
iu  discussion;  bring  objections  or  difliciiltiis 
before  one  to  be  answered;  examine;  ques- 
tion; pose;  puzzle. 

Tile  preiit  anil  I'erkyn  apjMMed  eythor  other, 

And  I  ttiorw  here  wordcs  awoke,  and  waited  alKiute. 

Pierit  I'liiwman  (li),  vil.  138. 

TJiii  the  people  hym  apiKn<ed  with  a  peny  in  the  temple, 
Wlietlier  tliei  filiiildc  tliiTwIth  worscliip  the  kyiiK  ScHar. 

Piiia  Pliiiruiaii  (II),  i.  47. 

I'd  slttlfiu  In  the  teni|ile,  not  to  gaxe  on 

'it  (he  holme,  .  .  .  lint  to  hear  and  rr/>' 

)ll>.  Hull,  loiiiiniplntlona. 

Spoiili.iilly  — 2.  To  examine  (a  sheriff)  with 

r  I.  II  rii  o  to  (his)  accounts.     Hee  apposer. 

apposen 'li-po'zer),  n.     [(apiiose- +.cri.']   An 

'■■••••;  ,„„,  ,v|,f,gg  duty  It  is  to  put  ipies- 

iilly.  in  England,  a  I'ormiT  ollicir 

I   l)M'liequer  who  I'XHiiiiiii'il  llic 

lis.     The  olBco  was  abolisiiiMl  iu 

I  '.1.1. 

apposite  (np'<;>./,|t),  «.  [<  U.  apponHus,  ailpo. 
Kiliu,  iilni'iol  i„  ur  to,  lit,  Htiitnble,  jip.  of  <//iii«. 
wrr,  aitfii,,,,,,,  ],ii(  or  lay  nl,  near,  or  iiy, 
!»"'    "  'I.  <  ail,  to,  +  poncre,  pliieo  : 

*"  '  ilinn.]     1.  rinccil  iicnr  lo; 

■I"  IviiiK  nidi'  liy  hide,  in  I'.ri- 

>•"  ..1.      Ililio— 2.    Sllilnl.li  ; 

lit;  |.|.lir(ibl.  :     well    ii'lnplxl: 

^ol.  .'irgiiiiii'iit  IN  very  »/>/>o- 

*•''  and  o/ipofilc  uiinv/f'TH,'' 

Jl" •   II'  .1  fM. 


276 

Tile  common  church  office  was  us'd  forthe  King  without 
naming  the  person,  with  some  other,  appogite  to  the  neces- 
sity and  circumstances  of  the  time. 

£tvft/n,  Diary,  June,  "VMiitsunday,  1693. 
^^"hat  influence,  I  say,  would  these  prayers  have,  were 
they  delivered  with  a  due  emphasis,  and  appitxih-  rising- 
and  variation  of  voice  ?  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  147. 

3t.  Apt;  ready  in  speech  or  answer:  said  of 
persons. 

appositely  (ap'o-zit-li),  ode.  In  an  apposite 
manner;  suitably;  fitly;  appropriately;  perti- 
nently. 

appositeness  (ap'o-zit-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  apposite;  fitness;  propriety; 
suitableness. 

appositionl(ap-o-zish'on),  Ji.  [=F. appo$ition= 
I'T.  ajipocicio  =  Sp.  aposicioii  =  Pg.  apposii;ao  = 
It.  apposi-ione.<.l-iL.  appositio{n-).  adpositio(^)i-), 
a  jilaeiugby  ornear,  setting  befoi'e,  application, 

<  L.  apponerc,  pp.  fij>positiis :  see  ajqwse'^,  ap- 
jjosile.']  1.  The  act  of  adding  to  or  together; 
a  setting  to;  application;  a  placing  together ; 
juxtaposition. 

The  apposition  of  new  matter. 

Arbuthnot,  Choice  of  Aliments. 

Placing  in  apposition  the  two  ends  of  a  divided  nerve 
does  not  re-establish  nervous  communication. 

Ji,  Spei>fei\  Priu.  of  Psychol.,  g  'J.'i. 
2.  In  ijram. :  (a)  The  relation  to  a  noun  (or 
pronoun)  of  another  noun,  or  in  some  cases 
of  an  adjective  or  a  clause,  that  is  added  to  it 
by  way  of  explanation  or  characterization. 
Thus,  "  Cicero,  the  famous  uiator,  lived  in  the  Hist  cciituiy 
before  Christ";  "tin  hiiu,  their  second  J't-ocitlrmr,  tlicy 
hung."  In  languages  that  distinguish  cases,  the  noun  iii 
apposition  is  in  the  same  case  as  the  word  to  which  it  is 
apposed.  The  same  term  is  also  used  of  an  adjective  that 
sUinds  to  the  noun  (or  pronoun)  to  which  it  refei-s  in  a 
less  close  relation  than  the  proper  attributive,  being 
addetl  rather  parenthetically,  or  by  way  of  substitute  for 
a  ([iialifying  clause.  Thus,  "They  .sang  Darius,  inrat  and 
^ood  ";  "Truth,  crwihed  to  earth,  shall  rise  agaiii,'*  Rare- 
ly, it  is  applied  to  a  clause,  whether  substantive  or  adjec- 
tive, that  qualities  a  noun  (or  ijnmoun)  in  an  ciiuivalcnt 
manner.  Co\\\\mY<ia1tributiv<'  'd\\i\ predieatiec.  (}j\  The 
relation  of  two  or  more  nouns  (or  a  noun  and 
pronoun)  in  the  same  construction,  under  the 
above  conditions.  Kni'iMs  Trmplars.  Umlit  jiistin-x, 
Paul  the  ti/ios'lli',  my  xon  John's  book  (where  son  is  also 
possessive,  the  sign  of  the  possessive  case  being  required 
only  with  the  final  term),  are  examples  of  nouns  in  apjio- 
sition  ;  "  /  Jesus  have  sent  mine  augel "  (Rev.  .xxii.  Iti)  is 
an  examjde  of  a  pronoun  and  nonn  in  apposition. 
3t.  In  rhet.,  the  addition  of  a  jiarallel  word  or 
phrase  by  way  of  explanation  or  illustration  of 
another.   N.  E.  D — Growth  by  apposition,  in  '•"'.. 

growth  ill  thickness  by  the  repeated  torniatlon  ol  laiiiilue, 
as  of  cellulose  in  tlie  thickening  of  cell-walls  and  of  starch 
ill  tlie  increase  ot  stalcli-granilles. 

apposition-(ap-o-zish'on),  n.  [<0F .apposition, 
yAwoi opposition.  ^eeapposc'-.'\  A pulilic dispu- 
tation or  examination:  nowusedonlyas  a  name 
of  S|piccli  Day  in  Rt.  Paul's  School,  London. 

appositional  (ap-o-zish'on-al),  a.  [<  apposition 
■{■ -(il.\  I.  Pertaining  to  apposition,  especially 
grammatical  ajiposition. —  2.  In  Ixit.,  lying  to- 
gether and  partly  uniting  so  as  to  appear  like 
a  compound  branch :  applied  to  the  branches 
of  algn>. 

appositionally  (ap-o-zish'on-al-i),  adv.  In  np- 
posilidii  ;  ill  an  appositional  way. 

appositive  (a-Jioz'i-tiv),  a.  aiid'H.  [=  F.  ap- 
jHisifif,  <  L.  as  if  *'oppositinis,  <  opnasilits :  see 
ajiposile.']  I,  a.  1.  Apposite;  applicable. —  2. 
In  ,(/?•««(.,  placed  in  apjiositioii;  standing  over 
against  its  .sulijcct  in  tlu^  construction  of  the 
sentence. 
Apjsisitiee  to  the  words  going  Immcdlat^-ly  before. 

Kitiitrlihnll,  Animad.  in  Libros  Novl  Test.,  p.  4'.*. 

II.   "•   In  iiravi.,  a  word  in  aiiposition. 

appositorium  (a-iioz-i-to'ri-mn),  «. ;  III.  iijipo- 
sitoria  (-ii).  [NL.,  <  L.  apposiliis,  pp.  of  appo- 
nerc, adponere,  ])ut  near  or  by :  see  apposite.]  A 
conical  vessel  of  glass  or  oarthenware,  tlic  nar- 
row en<l  of  which  is  jilaccd  in  a  receiver  while 
tlie  larger  end  receives  the  neck  of  a  retorl : 
used  as  a  precanlion  iigainst  tlie  breakiigo  of 
the  receiver  by  I'ontuct  with  the  hot  neck  of  a 
ri'tort  during  distillation. 

apposti,  r.  t.  [<  F.  nppostcr  (Cotgi'ave),  <  It. 
iipposlarc,  <  LIj.  'appositarc,  <L.  apitosiliis:  see 
apposite]  To  jiliicc  or  aiTaiige  witli  a  ptirposu. 
A.  A.  /*. 

appraisal  (n-iini'zal),  ».  r<  appraise  +  -al.] 
Tlio  act  of  nppraiMing;  viiltiatloii;  appriiise- 
nniil  or  esliniatioii  of  value  or  worth. 

appraise  (a-pniz'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  ]^t.  appraisal, 
)ipr.  iippraisiiiii,  [<  ME.  aprai/sni,  'aprcisen, 
also  apriscn  (>mod.  apprisi-,  iijipri;!".  i\.  \.), 
n lid  also  simply /ir«iVii,/irrMr  11. ])rai»c, appraise, 

<  <  )F.  'apreincr,  aprelicr,  iijiri.sicr,  apriscr,  price, 
value,  praise,  <  \i\i.  ajipreliare,  value,  eHtimate, 
appniisi',  purchase,  <  L.  ml,  to,  +  prrlinm  (> 


appreciate 

OF.  preis.  pri.<:),  price :  see  price  and  praise,  and 
cf.  apprise-  and  appreciate.]  If.  To  value; 
prize. 

Hur  enparel  was  apraysut  with  prynces  of  mygte. 

Anturso/  Arlli.,  st,  29. 

2.  To  value  in  cuiTent  money;  officially  set  a 
price  upon ;  estimate  the  value  of :  used  espe- 
cially of  the  action  of  a  person  or  persons  ap- 
pointed for  the  purpose,  under  dii'ection  of  law 
or  by  agi'cement  of  persons  interested :  as,  to 
ajipraise  the  goods  and  estate  of  a  deceased  per- 
son, or  goods  taken  under  a  ilistress  for  rent. 
[See  note  mider  appraiser.] — 3.  To  estimate 
generally,  in  regard  to  quality,  senace,  size, 
weight,  etc. 

Greek  and  Latin  literature  we  shall  examine  only  for  the 
sake  of  appraisiuij  or  deducing  the  sort  of  ideas  which 
they  had  upon  the'subjeet  of  style.  He  Quinceii,  Style,  iii. 
To  get  at  the  full  worth  of  Emerson,  ...  we  must  ap- 
prai.ye  him  for  his  new  and  fniulainental  quality  of  genius, 
not  for  his  mere  literary  accomplishments,  great  as  these 
were.  Tlie  Cenlunj,  X.WII.  927. 

The  sickly  babe,  .  .  . 
"Whom  Enoch  took,  and  handled  .all  his  limbs, 
Apprni.-icd  his  weight,  and  fondled  father-like. 

Tenni/son,  Enoch  Arden. 

appraisement  (a-praz'ment),  n.  [<  appraise  + 
-nient.]  1.  The  act  of  setting  a  value  upon,  un- 
der some  authority  or  appointment ;  ajipraisal. 
It  generally  implies  resort  to  the  judgment  of  a 
disinterested  person. —  2.  The  rate  at  which  a 
thing  is  valued ;  the  value  fixed,  or  valuation ; 
estimation  generally. 

appraiser  (a-pra'zcr),  n.  One  who  appraises, 
or  estimates  worth  of  any  kind,  intellectual, 
moral,  or  material ;  specifically,  a  person  li- 
censed and  sworn  to  estimate  and  fix  the  value 
of  goods  or  estate.  [Appraise,  appraiser,  appraise- 
ment, arc  now  generally  used,  iustGm\o{appi'ize,apprizer, 
appri::fment,  although  the  latter  were  formerly  used  by 
good  English  authors,  as  Hacon  and  Bishop  llall,  and  are 
still  frequently  used  in  the  United  States,] 

apprecationt  (ap-re-ka'shon),  )i.  [<  L.  as  if 
'(ippreriili(i(n-),  <  iqiprccari,  adprecnri.  pp.  aji- 
jireeatus,  pray  to,  atlore,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  preeiiri, 
pray:  see  praij.]  Invocation  of  blessing; 
prayer:  as,  "fei'veut  apprccations,"  Bp.  Hull, 
Kemaiiis,  )>.  404. 

apprecatoryt  (ap're-ka-to-ri),  a.    [<  L.  as  if 
"apjireeiitoriiis,  <  apprecari :  see  apprecation.] 
Of  the  iiatiu'e  of  or  containing  a  jirayer. 
Not  so  much  appreeatonj  as  declaratory. 

lip.  llall,  Cases  of  i-'oiiscience.  iii.  0. 

appreciable  (a-pre'shi-a-bl),  a.  f  =  F.  apprecia- 
tile,  <  L.  as  if  'ajijiretiahilis,  <  appreli<irr :  see 
appreeiiite.]  Capable  of  being  aiiiireciatod,  esti- 
mated, or  perceived  ;  neither  too  small  nor  too 
great  to  be  capable  of  estimation  or  recogni- 
tion; perceptible. 

A  twelfth  part  of  the  labour  of  making  a  plough  is  an 
appreciable  quantity.  J .  .v.  .1/(7/. 

An  odour  which  has  no  appreciable  elfect  on  the  eon- 
sciousuess  of  a  man  has  a  very  marked  eltect  on  the  con- 
sciousness of  a  dog.      //.  S/iencer,  I'riii.  of  Psychol.,  §  79. 

appreciably  (a-iive'shi-a-bli).  adv.  To  a  degree 
llial  iii;iy  be  a]ipreciated  or  estimated;  jieiccp- 
tilily;  by  a  difi'ereiice  that  maybe  remarked; 
noticeably:  as,  he  is  «y)/i/rr/((/)/y/ better. 

The  pulls  of  an  approaching  goods-engilu'  seem  appre- 
ciabhj  more  nninerons  to  the  ear  tliiiii  those  of  a  receding 
one.  .1.  hiiiiiell,  I'rin.  of  Physics,  ji.  41S. 

appreciant  (n-]ire'shi-ant),  a.  [<  L.  appre- 
loin{l-)s,  ji)ir.  of  appret'iare:  see  axipreciute.] 
Ajipreciative.     [Hare  ] 

Such  was  the  man  whom  Henry,  of  desert 
Appreciant  alway,  chose  for  liigncst  trust. 

Sontheij,  Ded.  of  Colloiiniea. 

appreciate  (a-pre'shi-iit),  !'. ;  pret.  and  jip.  aji- 
pneuiliil,  \)\n\  apprcciatimi,  ]<  \i.  opprelialiis, 
]))i.  of  iippn Hare,  value  or  estimate  al  a  price 
( >  It,  apprei/iarc,  iii>pre-.:<ire  =  I'g.  aprei;ar  =  Sp. 
I'r.  apreciar:=V.  apprecier),  <  ad,  to, -I-  pretiiini. 


price:  see  niKv,  nm 
Iniiis.  1.    To  value 


set  a  price  or  value  on; 
estimate  the  coiiinu'rciul  worth  of. —  2.  To  es- 
leeiii  duly;  place  a  sMllicieiilly  high  estimate 
on;  recognize  the  ipialily  or  worth  of:  as,  his 
gi'eat  ability  was  not  appreeiiiled. 

The  Heclarlei  of  a  ]ierMerulcd  religion  are  Keldoni  in  a 
pioper  temper  of  mind  calmly  to  investigate  or  candidly 
to  appreeiotr  the  motives  of  their  cnelnlcs.  thhiion, 

I  nroiiouiicc  that  young  niiiu  happy  who  Is  content  with 
having  acquired  the  skill  which  he  had  aimed  iit,  and 
wallH  willingly  when  the  occiihIoii  of  miikiiig  it  appreciated 
shall  arrive,  linowlng  well  that  It  will  not  loiter. 

Kitievsiin,  HncceHa. 

3.  To  be  fully  coiihcIous  of;  be  aware  of;  tlo- 
(ect ;  perceive  the  nature  or  elfect  of. 

The  eye  appreciates  finer  dittereiices  Ihiin  art  can  expose. 
Kmerson,  Works  and  Days. 

There  In  renson  to  believe  Unit  liiHcels  apprceiate  souudii 
of  extreme  liulleacy.         .1    /,'   ir«//im.  Niit..Selec.,  p.  sua. 


appreciate 

Without  study  of  liis  forms  of  metre  or  his  scheme  of 
colours  Wf  sliall  certainly  fail  to  apprecmte  or  even  to  ap- 
preliund  tliu  gist  or  the  worth  of  a  painter's  or  a  poet's 
design.  Swinburne,  Shaliespeare,  p.  8. 

4.  To  raise  in  value;  advance  the  exchange, 
quotation,  or  price  of:  opposed  to  depreciate. 

Lest  a  sudden  jjeaee  sliould  ajipreciate  the  money. 

G.  Ramsay. 

=  Syn.  Valtt^,  Prize,  Esteem,  Estimate,  Appreciate. 
Value  and  estimate  commonly  imply  a  comparison  witli  a 
standard  of  commercial  worth :  as,  to  value  a  picture  at 
so  much ;  to  estimate  its  value  at  so  nmch.  I'o  prize  is  to 
value  higlily,  generally  for  other  than  pecuniary  l-easons, 
antt  sutigcsting  the  notion  of  rehictance  to  lose.  Thus, 
we  pfize  a  liuoli  for  its  contents  or  associations;  we 
jyrize  a  friend  for  his  affection  for  us.  To  esteem  is  some- 
times simply  to  think :  as,  I  esteein  him  a  scoundrel ; 
sometimes  to  value :  as,  I  esteem  it  lightly ;  sometimes 
to  have  a  high  opinion  of  or  set  a.  high  value  on :  as, 
I  esteem  him  for  his  own  saiie  ;  in  its  highest  sense  it  im- 
plies moral  ai)prol)ation.  E.^iimafiwf  is  an  act  of  compu- 
tation or  judgment,  and  wholly  without  feeling  or  moral 
approbation :  as,  to  estimate  the  size  of  a  room,  the  weight 
of  a  stone,  tlie  literary  excellence  of  a  hook,  the  character 
of  a  person.  (See  esteem,  n.,  for  comparison  of  corre- 
sponding uouns.)  Appi-eciate  is  to  set  a  just  value  on; 
it  implies  tlie  use  of  wise  judgment  or  delicate  percep- 
tion :  as,  lie  appreciated  the  quality  of  the  work.  With 
this  percepti(ui  natui'ally  goes  a  corresponding  intellectual 
vahuUion  ;ind  moral  esteem:  as,  they  knew  how  to  appre- 
ciate his  wortli.  Appreciate  often  implies  also  that  the 
thing  appreciated  is  likely  to  be  overlooked  or  underesti- 
mated. It  is  connnonly  used  of  good  things:  as,  I  muter- 
stood  his  wickedness  ;  I  realized  or  recognized  his  folly  ;  I 
appreciated  his  virtue  or  wisdom.  Compare  such  phrases 
as  an  appreciative  audience,  a  few  appreciative  words,  ap- 
preciation of  merit. 

The  pearls  after  removal  from  the  dead  oysters  are 
'*  classed  "  by  passing  through  a  number  of  small  brass 
cullenders.  .  .  .  Having  been  sized  in  this  way,  they  are 
sorted  as  to  coloui',  weighed,  and  valued. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  447. 

For  so  it  falls  out, 
That  what  we  have  we  prize  not  to  the  worth. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iv.  1. 
Though  men  esteeui  thee  low  of  parentage. 

Milton,  P.  E.,  i.  236. 
The  truth  is,  we  think  lightly  of  Nature's  penny  shows, 
and  estimate  what  we  see  by  the  cost  of  tlie  ticket. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  90. 
It  will  be  soon  enough  to  forget  them  [the  ancients] 
when  we  have  the  learning  and  the  genius  which  will  en- 
able us  to  attend  to  and  appreciate  them. 

TfiorcaU;  Walden,  p.  113. 

II.  iiitratis.  To  rise  in  value ;  become  of  more 
value:  as,  public  securities  appreciated  when 
the  debt  was  funded. 
appreciation  (a-pre-shi-a'shon),  n.  [=  F.  appre- 
ciation; irom  the  verb:  see  appreciate.']  1. 
The  act  of  sotting  a  price  or  money  value  on 
real,  personal,  or  mercantile  effects. — 2.  The 
act  of  estimating  the  qualities  of  things  and 
giving  them  their  due  value ;  clear  perception 
or  recognition  of  the  quality  or  worth  of  any- 
thing; sympathetic  understanding. 

AVhat  sort  of  theory  is  that  which  is  not  based  upon  a 
competent  appreciation  of  well-observed  facts  and  their 
relations'?  Maudsleij,  Body  and  Will,  p.  205. 

Those  who  aim  to  be  Christian  teachers  should  be  fully 
armed  to  contend  for  the  truth,  and  should  have  a  clear 
and  intelligent  appreciation  of  the  weapons  and  tactics 
which  may  be  employed  against  it. 

Daimon,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  16. 

3.  A  rising  in  value  ;  increase  of  value. 
The«y);)rei;io(('ojiof  the  metal  which  is  our  single  stand- 
ard, and  the  consequent  decline  in  prices,  is  one  of  the 
causes  of  [the]  .  .  .  depression  of  trade. 

Fortniohthj  Rev.,  XL.  4S1. 

4.  In  Scots  lato,  the  appraisement  or  valuing  of 
poinded  or  distrained  goods. 

appreciative  (a-pre'shi-a-tiv),  a.  [<  appreciate 
+  -ive ;  =  F.  «/)/"'''''"'''//relatiug  to  valuation.] 
Capable  of  apiireciatiug;  manifesting  due  ap- 
preciation: as,  i\,-ii  appreciative  3MiiJ.enc6. 

A  ride  in  the  Southern  summer  moonlight  being  an  ever- 
enjoyable  romance  to  an  appreciative  nature. 

A.  W.  Tourgee,  Fool's  Errand,  p.  132. 

appreciator  (a-pre'shi-a-tor),  ».  [<  appreciate 
+  -or;  =  F.  dppreciateur.i'  1.  One  who  appre- 
ciates. 

A  discovery  for  which  there  was  no  permanent  appreci- 
<"'"'•  De  Quince:/,  Herodotus. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  determining  the  amount 
of  gluten  contained  in  a  given  quantity  of 
flour. 

appreciatory  (a-pre'shi-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  appre- 
ciate +  -ori/.'i  'Fxpressiv'e  of  admiration;  ap- 
preciative: as,  appreciatorywovds. 

appredicate  (a-pred'i-kat),  ??.  [<  NL.  appra;di- 
calum  (tr.  of  Gr.  TrpomaTr/iopovficvov),  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+  ML.  imedicatum,  predicate.]  The  copula  in 
a  proposition.     See  copula. 

With  Aristotle,  the  predicate  includes  the  copula;  and, 
from  a  hint  by  him,  the  latter  has,  by  subsequent  Greek 
logicians,  been  styled  the  appredicate. 

Sir  \y.  Hamilton.  Logic,  I.  228. 


277  apprehensive 

apprehend (ap-r(>hend'),r.  1<0F. apprchcndrc,  apprehender  (ap-re-hon'der),  m.     1.  One  who 

mod    h  .  a/jprelieuder,  apprehend,  =  Pr.  appri-  si'i/.cs  or  arrests.— 2.  One  who  discerns  or  rec- 

heiidar  =  tip.   aprehender  =  Fg.   apjrrehender,  ugnizcs  mcntallv. 

the  older  Kom.  forms  being  contraetod,  OF.  apprehensibility  (ap-re-hen-si-bil'i-ti),  n.     [< 

apreiidre,  ap/trendre,  mod.  F.  apprciidrc,  learn,  apprehensiOle :  see  -bilU'ii.']     The   capability  of 

eon  (>  E.  appreud,  obs.),  =  Pr.  aprendre  =  tip.  being  understood,  or  the  quality  of  being  ap- 

aprender  =  Pg.  aprciider  —  It.  apprcndere,  <  L.  prehensible. 

apprchendrre,    adprehetidere,    pp.     apprcltensus,  Simplicity  and  pojiular  apprehensibility  will  be  every- 

adprehevsus,  vonir.  appreudcre,  adpreudcre,  pp.  where  aimed  at.     H7i/(Hc.y,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang,,  p. «. 

apprcnaus,  (tdprenmH,  lay  hold  upon,  seize,  un-  apprehensible  (ap-re-hen'si-bl),  a.     [<  LL.  ap- 

"""  " -  1  --   1    ^      .    i.      .          .       .  prdieuniljili.^,  <  L.  appreliensim,i)p.  oi  apprelicn 


derstand,  comprehend,  <  ad,  to,"  -t-  prelicnder 
contr.  ptreudcrc,  seize:  aae  prchi  )iil,  pri:/^,  ap- 
X>rentice,  ami  apprise'^,  and  cf.  conijinlii  nd,  rep- 
rehend.'] I.  irtiiis.  It.  To  lay  liuld  of;  seize 
upon ;  take  possession  of. 

That  I  may  apprehend  that  for  which  also  I  am  appre- 
hended of  Christ  .lesus,  Phil.  iii.  12. 


dere,  apprehend  :  see  apprehend'.]  Capable  of 
being  apprehended  or  understood;  possible  to 
be  conceived  by  tlie  human  intellect. 

It  [Greek  philosophy]  so  educated  the  intellect  and  con- 
science as  to  render  the  Gospel  apprehensible,  and,  in 
many  c:ises,  congenial  to  the  mind. 

G.  1'.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  140. 


^pprc/iedrf  your  places,  he  shall  be  [ready]  soon,  and  at  „_„_„i,-„„;„„  ,         -  i       /  i,      ^  r     n 

all  points.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2.  apprcnension  (ap-re-lien  shon),  re.    [=  F.  apjrre- 


There  is  nothing  but  hath  a  double  handle,  or,  at  least, 
we  have  two  liaiids  to  apprehend  it. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  ii.  §  6. 

2.  To  take  into  custody ;  make  prisoner ;  arrest 
by  legal  warrant  or  authority. 

The  robber  .  .  .  was  apjn'ehended  selling  his  plunder. 
Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  1. 

Hancock  and  Adams,  though  removed  by  their  friends 
from  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  force  sent  to  apprehend 
them,  were  apprised,  too  faithfully,  that  the  work  of  death 
was  begun.  Everett,  Orations,  p.  88. 

3.  To  take  into  the  mind ;  seize  or  grasp  men- 
tally; take  cognizance  of.  (a)  To  perceive;  learn 
by  the  senses.  (It)  To  learu  the  character  or  quality  of; 
become  acquainted  or  familiar  with. 

He  seems  to  hear  a  Heavenly  Friend, 
And  thro'  thii*  veils  to  apprehend 
A  labour  working  to  an  end. 

Tennyson,  Two  Voices. 

(c)  To  imagine,  especially  an  object  of  desire  or  dread ; 
form  a  concrete  conception  of:  frequently  opposed  to 
comprehend  or  attend. 

He  apprehends  a  world  of  figures  here, 
But  not  the  form  of  what  he  should  attend. 

Shale.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 

(d)  To  understand ;  take  an  intelligent  view  of. 
This  yet  I  apprehend  not ;  why  to  those 
Among  whom  God  will  deign  to  dwell  on  earth 
So  many  and  so  various  laws  are  given. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  280. 

4.  To  anticipate ;  expect ;  especially,  to  enter- 
tain suspicion  or  fear  of. 

All  things  apprehending,  nothing  miderstanding. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 
0,  let  my  lady  apprehend  no  fear. 

Shale.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  2. 

A  man  that  apprehends  death  no  more  dreadfully,  but 

as  a  drunken  sleep.  Shale,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  2. 

5.  To  hold  in  opinion;  be  of  opinion  concern- 
ing.    See  extract. 

When  we  would  express  our  opinion  modestly,  instead 
of  saying,  ''This  is  my  opinion,"  or  "This  is  my  judg- 
ment," which  has  the  air  of  dogmaticalness,  we  say,  "I 
conceive  it  to  be  thus  —  I  imagine  or  apprehend  it  to  be 
thus."  Reid,  Intellectual  Powers,  p.  19. 

=  Svn.  2.  To  catch,  arrest,  captui-e. — Z.  Apprehend,  Coni- 
■preheiul ;  to  conceive,  perceive,  see,  know.  '^V/g  appre- 
hend many  truths  which  we  do  not  comprehend.  The  great 
mystery,  for  instance,  of  the  Holy  Trinity  —  we  lay  hold 
upon  it  (ad  prehendo),  we  hang  upon  it,  our  souls  live  by 
it ;  but  we  do  nut  take  it  all  in,  we  do  not  comprehend  it. 
It  belongs  to  the  idea  of  God  that  he  may  he  apprehended 
though  not  eoinprehrudt'l  by  his  reasonable  creatures;  he 
has  made  them  t"  know  Iiini,  tliough  not  to  know  him  all, 
to  apprehend,  thougli  not  to  compreltend  him."  Trench. — 
4.  Tofear,  dre.ad,  anticipate  (with  fear). 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  imagine;  form  a  concrete 
conception  of  anything ;  have  intellectual  per- 
ception ;  catch  the  idea  or  meaning. 

You  apprehend  passing  shrewdly. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 

Put  it  into  his  hand  ;  'tis  only  there 
He  apprehends :  he  has  his  feeling  left. 

B.  Jonson,  The  Fox,  i.  1. 
Men  that  are  in  fault 
Can  sulitly  aj'preltend  when  others  aim 
At  what  they  do  amiss. 

Beait.  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iv.  2. 

To  apprehend  notionally  is  to  have  breadth  of  mind,  but 
to  be  shallow ;  to  apprehend  really  is  to  be  deep,  but  to  be 
narrow-minded.     J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  32. 

2.  To  believe  or  be  of  opinion,  but  without 
positive  certainty:  used  as  a  modest  way  of  in- 
troducing an  opinion:  as,  all  this  is  true,  but 
we  apprehend  it  is  not  to  the  purpose. 

This,  we  apjyrehend,  is  a  mistake. 

Goldsmith,  Versification. 
There  are  sentiments  on  some  subjects  which  I  appre- 
hend might  be  displeasing  to  the  country. 

Jejfersou,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  437. 

3.  To  be  apprehensive  ;  be  in  fear  of  a  future 
evil. 

It  is  worse  to  apprehend  than  to  suffer.  Roive. 


hension,  <  L.  apj)rehcn.sio{n-)j'<  appreherulere,  pp. 
appreUensus:  see  apprehend.]  1.  The  act  of 
seizing  or  taking  hold  of;  prehension:  as,  the 
hand  is  the  organ  of  apprehension.  [Rare.] — 2. 
The  act  of  aiTCsting  or  seizing  by  legal  process ; 
arrest ;  seizm-e :  as,  the  thief,  after  his  aj)pre- 
hension,  escaped. 

The  increase  in  the  number  of  apprehemions  for  drunk- 
enness. Rae,  Cont.  Socialism,  p.  345. 
3.  A  laying  hold  by  the  mind;  mental  grasp; 
the  act  or  faculty  (a)  of  perceiving  anything  by 
the  senses ;  (6)  of  learning  or  becoming  familiar 
with  anything;  (c)  of  forming  an  image  in  the 
imagination  (the  common  meaning  in  English 
for  three  centuries,  and  the  technical  meaning 
in  the  Kantian  theory  of  cognition);  (d)  of 
catching  the  meaning  of  anything  said  or  writ- 
ten; (f)  of  simple  apprehension  (which  see, 
below) ;  (/)  of  attention  to  something  present 
to  the  imagination. 

In  apprehension,  how  like  a  god  !      Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

They  have  happy  wits  and  excellent  apprehensions. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  233. 

To  be  false,  and  to  be  thought  false,  is  all  one  in  respect 
of  men  who  act,  not  according  to  truth,  but  apprehension. 

.South. 

Apprehension  then  is  simply  an  understanding  of  the 
idea  or  fact  which  a  proposition  enunciates. 

J.  II.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  18. 

The  proper  administration  of  outward  things  will  always 
rest  on  a  just  apprehension  of  their  cause  and  origin. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  215. 

Whatever  makes  a  large  impression  upon  the  senses  is, 
other  things  being  equal,  easy  of  apprehension,  even  when 
not  of  comprehension.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  352. 

4.  Anticipation  of  adversity ;  dread  or  fear  of 
coming  e-vil ;  distrust  of  the  future. 

The  sense  of  death  is  most  in  apprehension. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

As  he  was  possessed  of  integrity  and  honour,  I  was  under 
no  apprehemions  from  throwing  him  naked  into  the  am- 
phitheatre of  life.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

Let  a  man  front  the  object  of  his  worst  apprehension, 
and  his  stoutness  will  commonly  make  his  fear  groundless. 
Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  215. 
Simple  apprehension  (ML.,  simplex  apprehensio,  first 
used  lt>  Jtait  IJuriduii.  in  the  fourteenth  century),  in  nomi- 
nalistic  logic,  cuiRciilicm  witlmut  judgment;  the  thinking 
of  a  name  as  distinuuislnd  froni  tlie  tliinking  of  a  propo- 
sition: called  siiftplr  hr.aUM'  a  tcnii  is  simple  compared 
with  a  proposition.—  Synthesis  of  apprehension,  in  the 
Kantian  philosophy,  tliat  opeiati"ii  df  Ibe  mind  Ijy  which 
the  manifold  of  intuition  is  colh  ct<d  inln  definite  images. 
It  is  called  pure  when  the  manifuld  uiierated  upon  is  that 
of  pure  space  and  time.  =  Syn.  3.  Comprehension,  under- 
standing, idea,  notion.— 4.  Alarm,  Apprehension,  Frir/ht, 
etc.  (see  alarm),  disquiet,  dread,  anxiety,  misgiving,  solici- 
tude, nervousness,  tearfulness. 
apprehensive  (ap-re-hen'siv),  «.  1=^.  appre- 
liensif,  anxious,  <  L.  apprehensus,  pp.  of  appre- 
hendcre:  see  apprehend.]  If.  In  the  habit  of 
seizing;  ready  to  catch  or  seize ;  desirous  to  lay 
hold  of :  used  literally  and  figuratively. 

I  shall  be  very  apprehensive  of  any  occasions  wherein  I 
may  do  any  kind  offices.       Lord  Strafford,  Letters,  II.  390. 

2.  Quick  to  learn  or  understand ;  quick  of  ap- 
prehension. 

A  good  sherris-sack  .  .  .  ascends  me  into  the  brain ; .  .  . 
makes  it  apprehensive,  quick,  forgetive,  full  of  nimble 
flery,  and  delectable  shapes.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3.' 

An  understanding  dull'd  by  th'  infelicity 
Of  constant  sorrow  is  not  apprehensive 
In  pregnant  novelty.  Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  iv.  1. 

Is  there  a  surer  way  of  achieving  the  boast  of  Themisto- 
cles,  that  he  knew  how  to  make  a  small  State  a  great  one, 
than  by  making  it  wise,  bright,  knowing,  apprehensive, 
quick-witted,  ingenious,  thoughtful? 

-R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  IIL 

3.  Realizing;  conscious;  cognizant.     [Rare.] 
A  man  that  has  spent  his  younger  years  in  vanity  and 

folly,  and  is,  by  the  grace  of  God,  apprehensive  cf  it. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

4.  In  a  state  of  apprehension  or  fear;  feeling 
alarm ;  fearful. 

The  leading  reformers  .  .  .  hegautohe  apprehensivetoT 
their  lives.  Gladstone,  Church  and  State,  vii. 


apprehensive 

5.  Inclined  to  believe  or  suspect ;  suspicions : 
as,  I  am  apprehensive  that  he  does  not  under- 
stand me. 

He  [the  king]  became  appnhemite  that  his  motives  were 
miicunstrueil,  even  by  his  friends.  Hallam. 

6.  PereeptiTe:  feeling;  sensitive. 
Thoughts,  my  tormentors,  arm'd  with  deadly  stings, 
Mancle  my  apprehemite  tenderest  parts. 

^^  itUton,&.X.,\.62i. 

7.  In  ntetaph.,  relating  to  simple  apprehension. 

It  yields  as  a  corollary  that  judgment,  that  comparison, 
that  the  cognition  of  relativity  is  implied  in  ever)  appre- 
hetuire  act.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Apprehensive  concept,  a  concept  without  judgment.— 
Apprehensive  Imowledge,  the  mere  understanding  of  a 
pr"i-'?iti-.M  vvith'-'ut  assent  or  dissent :  opposed  to  «(/Aftirtrt' 

kiuncU,!  /,-. 

apprehensively  (ap-re-hen'siv-li),  adv.  In  an 
appitluMisive  manner;  with  apprehension. 

apprehensiveness  (ap-rf-hen'siv-nes),  n.  The 
state  (ir  (juality  o£  being  apprehensive,  (a) 
Readiness  to  understand.     (*)  Fearfulness. 

apprendt,  i".  '■  [<  F.  apprendre,  <  L.  apprenderc, 
lay  hold  of:  see  apprehend.']  To  lay  hold  of; 
apprehend. 

apprentice  (a-pren'tis),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
apprentise,  CiASi.  apprentice,  aprentis  (and  by 
apheresis  often  shortened  to  prentice,  2>rentis, 
mod.  E. prentice,  q.  v.),<  OF.  apprentis,  aprentin, 
aprentice  (Kouehi  dial,  apprentiche  =  Pr.  ap- 
prenti::  =  Up.  Pg.  aprendi:,  ML.  apprenticius ; 
mod.  F.  apprenti,  as  if  sing,  of  apprentis  as 
pL),  orig.  nom.  of  aprentif,  apprentif,  a  learner 
of  a  trade,  <  apprendre,  aprendre,  learn,  <  L. 
apprcndfTc,  contr.  from  apprcliendcre,  lay  hold 
of,  understand,  in  IIL.  and  Rom.  also  learn :  see 
apprehend.  ]  1 .  One  who  is  bound  by  indenture 
to  seire  some  particular  individual  or  company 
for  a  specified  time,  in  order  to  leam  some  art, 
trade,  profession,  manufacture,  etc.,  in  which 
his  master  or  masters  become  bound  to  instruct 
him.  Hence  —  2.  A  learner  in  any  depart- 
ment ;  one  only  slightly  versed  in  a  subject ; 
a  novice. —  3.  In  old  English  law,  a  banister  of 
less  than  sixteen  years'  standing.  After  this 
period  he  might  be  called  to  the  rank  of  Ser- 
jeant. —  Parish,  town,  etc. .  apprentice,  a  pei-son  bound 
out  hy  thf  i«roi>er  authurities  of  a  parish,  town,  etc.,  to 
jtrcveiit  his  bfcoming  a  public  charge. 

apprentice  (a-pren'tis),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
prenliccd,  ppr.  apprenticing.  [<  apprentice,  )i.] 
To  bind  to  or  put  under  the  care  of  a  master, 
for  the  purpose  of  instruction  in  some  art, 
trade,  (ir  profession;  indenture. 

apprenticeaget  (a-pren'tis-aj), «.  [Also  spelled 
apprentis(s)age,  (.  V.  appreiitisage,  now  apprcn- 
titsagc,  <  OF.  apprentis:  see  apprentice,  n.,  and 
-a<l'  ■]     Same  as  apprenticeship. 

apprentice-box  (a-pren'tis-boks),  n.  Same  as 
llintl-hiix. 

apprenticehoodt  (a-pren'tis-hiid),  H.  [<  appren- 
liti  +  -hiKiit.]     Apprenticeshij). 

Must  I  not  serve  a  long  apprenticehood 
To  foreign  passages?  Sltak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 

apprenticeship  (a-pren'tis-ship),  H,  [<  apprcn- 
ttci  +  -ship.]  1.  The  ser^ace  or  legal  condi- 
tion of  an  apprentice  ;  the  method  or  process 
of  gaining  knowleilge  of  some  trade,  art,  orpro- 
fession  from  the  in.struction  of  a  master. —  2. 
The  tirm  during  which  one  is  an  apprentice. 

appressed  (a-prcsf),  a.  [<  L.  appressus,  adpres- 
gun  (])p.  of  ajiprimerc,  press  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  pre- 
viere.  press)  -f--«rf2.]     Pres.'ed  closely  against; 


flf 


I 

1). 


a|{ftjii«t  ri. 


appT' 


lyto;  apposed.     A  term  uxed  in  Imtany 

I  to  a  limited  e.xtent  in  geology:  as,  the 

|-^  limy  he  clow^ly  appriKnnl  to  the  racllls. 

I'll,  r-4  when  i:Ii»w-ly  aii|)<i).rd  are  Huld  t^i 

'ii-H  iif  Htrata  are  sitiil  to  lie  ajf/trf^nfd 

•  >r  (tyncliiialH  an-  ilnHcly  fuMi-il  t<i> 

"lipoHlte  corri'spondliig  portluiis  are 

I  111  each  other.     In  IjoUuiy,  ul«o  writ- 

.  -le). 

■■<'),  n.  [<  OF.  aprcsle,  ajiprcst, 
|.i.  piiration,  <  ti/iri.ilir,  iippre.stcr 
make  ready,  <  Ji.  ail,  to,  -I- 
idy:  we ]>rrsl",  and  ff.jiress'^, 
I  ;it  ion  or  provision,  csiieeially 
I  iig  HoMiers. 

Tie-  innklnK  hU  ajypreMU  ...  to  go 
1^1  I'ict*. 
II  hnthtd,  Chron.,  BcotUnd(ir>W),  p.  48. 

Wr'),  n.     [F.,  lit.  a  preparer, 
re:   Hce  appreHl,]    A  nibber 


"  .'loHH  to  HkniH, 

apiiri'.ii  :il).  n.     Humn  an  appraitinl. 

apprjie  .    .-ipi,ri:!e't  (n-jiriz'),  n.     [<  MK.  up 
I  r.  airriJir,  iippruu\  inMtnn  n..i, 

I'  V,  appriM,  |ip,  of  (iprendii,  I 

ap,  ■ ./;..,..,  V.  „.  „,  Umrn,  lnforin,<  h.  apprmut'  n 


278 

apprehendere :  see  apprehend.]  Learning;  in- 
struction; information;  lore. 

apprise^,  apprize^  (a-priz'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  apjirised,  apprized,  ppr.  apprising,  appiri-ing. 
[<  F.  appris,  apprise  (<  L.  ajq^renstis),  pp.  of  ap- 
prendre (<  L.  apprendere),  teaeli,  inform,  learn : 
see  apprise^,  n.]  To  give  notice,  verbal  or  writ- 
ten, to ;  inform ;  advise :  followed  by  of  before 
that  of  which  notice  is  given :  as,  we  wiU  ap- 
prise the  general  of  an  intended  attack;  he 
apprised  his  father  of  what  he  had  done. 

He  had  been  repeatedly  appritted  that  some  of  his 
friends  in  England  meditated  a  deed  of  blood. 

J/acnutoi/,  Hist.  Eng.,JL\i. 

AVe  now  and  then  detect  in  nature  slight  dislocations, 

which  apprize  us  that  this  surface  on  which  we  now  stand 

is  not  ti.ved,  but  sliding.    Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  2S6. 

=  Syn.  Notify,  acquaint,  warn,  tell,  mention  to. 

apprise-,  r.  t.     See  apprize^. 

apprize^,  «.  and  r.     See  apjuise'^. 

apprize-,  apprise-  (a-pnz'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
apprized,  apprised,  ppr.  apprizing,  apprising. 
[<  ME.  aprisen,  <  OF.  apriscr.  aprisicr  (ME.  also 
apraysen,  "apreisen,  mod.  E.  appraise,  <  OF. 
"apreiser,  apretier),  <  LL.  appretiarc,  value,  es- 
timate: see  appreciate,  appraise,  s,nAci.  prize-, 

price,  praise.]    Same  as  appraise To  apprize  a 

heritage,  in  Scots  law,  to  invest  a  creditor  with  thu  herit- 
able estate  of  his  debtor. 

apprizement  (a-priz'ment),  «.  [<  apprize"  + 
-limit.  Of.  appraisement.]  Same  as  aj>praise- 
nient. 

apprizer  (a-pri'zer),  n.  [<  apprize^  +  -erl.] 
Same  as  appraiser. 

approach  (a-proch'),  v.  [<  ME.  aprochen,  ap- 
pruehtn,  <  OF.  aprochier,  P.  approcher  =  Pr. 
apropchar  =  It.  approcciarc,  <  ML.  appropiare, 
come  near  to,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -t-  propiusO  Vr.  pro- 
j)i  =  F.  2>rochc:  see  procliain),  nearer,  compar. 
oi prope,  near.    Cf.  approximate.]     I.  intrans. 

1.  To  come  or  go  near  in  place  or  time;  draw 
near;  advance  nearer ;  come  into  presence. 

He  was  expected  then, 
But  not  approach'd.  Sliak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  4. 

He  .  .  .  made  signs  for  Rip  to  approach  and  assist  him 
with  the  load.  Irmmj,  Sketch-Book,  p.  r>:>. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  draw  near ;  approximate ; 
come  near  in  degree :  with  to :  as,  he  a2>2>roaches 
to  the  character  of  an  able  statesman. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  bring  near ;  advance:  as,  he 
ap2>roached  his  hand  to  the  cup. 

I  .  .  .  approached  my  chair  by  sly  degrees  to  the  Are. 
Goldsmith,  Vicar,  vi. 

Even  .as  a  resolved  general  apjn-oacheji  his  camp  ...  as 
nearly  as  he  can  to  the  besieged  city.  .Scott. 

2.  To  come  or  draw  near  to :  as,  to  a2>proach 
the  gate. — 3.  Figurativolv,  to  come  near  to  in 
quality,  character,  or  conition;  nearly  equal : 
as,  modern  sculpture  does  not  ap2)roach  that  of 
the  Greeks. 

Such  and  so  extraordinary  was  the  embrodery,  that  I 
never  saw  anything  approachimi  it. 

Kmlyn,  Diary,  Nov.  17, 1C84. 

He  was  an  admirable  poet,  and  thought  even  to  have 
approached  Homer.  Sir  \V.  Temple. 

In  proportion  as  nuinkind  approach  complete  adjust- 
ment of  their  natures  to  social  needs,  there  nmst  he  fewer 
and  smaller  opportunities  for  giving  aid. 

II.  .Silencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  DC, 

approach  (a-proch'),  «.  [<  ME.  a;i/»"oc/if  =F. 
apjiroche ;  from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of 
drawing  near ;  a  coining  or  advancing  near. 

Does  my  approach  displease  his  grace?  are  my  eves 
So  hateful  to  him?       Flrlcher,  Wife  tor  a  .Month,  i.  1. 

2.  Access;  opportunity  or  liberty  of  drawing 
near;  nearness:  as,  "llie  iippniaeli  to  kings," 
Jiaeon. —  3.  Nearness  or  close  apjiruximation 
in  quality,  likeness,  or  character. 

Absolute  purity  of  blood,  I  repeat,  will  be  fiiuuil  no. 
where;  but  the  nearest  avproaehrs  to  It  must  lie  Iniiked 
for  among  those  nations  wlmii  have  playi'il  llie  least  llgure 
In  history.  A'.  A.  Freeman,  Anier.  Lccts.,  ]i.  h.s. 

We  can  none  the  less  restore  or  recoiistrufi  Individual 
Old  Aryan  words  witli  a  fair  approach  to  aceurary. 

./.  l-'iskc,  Kvolutliinlsl,  p.  VJil. 

4.  A  passage  or  avenue  by  which  anything  is 
approached;  any  means  of  accesH  or  approxi- 
mation. 

The  approachen  to  tho  ctty  of  Ncv  Orleans,  from  the 
casteni  ijuarter  almi,  will  retjulro  t^i  lie  uxanilneil,  anri 
more  ellectiinlly  uuanled.         Jeffermon,  Works,  VIII.  (M. 

'i'lie  up]iroaeh  by  rail  Is  thrnilgh  the  marsluM  and  Ingiiunn 
which  lie  en  I  llliir  sl<l<'  nl  tin   llhiilu'. 

V.  I).  Hiirnrr,  KouiidalHiul  .lunrniy,  ji   li). 

6.  pt.  In  fort.,  Ihi!  works  llirown  upliy  besii-gerN 
I'l  iirotect  tlieinselveH  in  their  advnneeK  lownnl 
n  fiirlresH.  t'oiiipare  tintpin. —  6.  In  golf  I  he 
play  liy  which  n  |iliiyer  emleavorH  loget  hiH  liiill 
on  to  the  putting-green.- Countor  approncbea, 


approbation 

in  fort.,  works  carried  on  hy  the  besieged  against  those  of 
the  besiegers.  —  Curve  Of  equal  approach,  in  math.,  a  • 
curve  along  which  a  body  descendin:..'  iiy  the  forceof  gravity 
makes  eijual  ajipiuaclies  to  tlu-  horizon  in  equal  portions 
of  time.— Method  of  approaches,  in  algebra,  a  liielhod 
of  resolving  certain  problems  by  assigning  limits  and  mak- 
ing gra»lnal  a]iproxiniations  to  the  correct  answer. —  To 
graft  hy  approach,  in  hort.,  to  inarch.  =  Syn,  1.  Ap- 
proximation, :td\eiit. — 2.  Admittance. 

approachability  (a-pro-cha-biri-ti),  w.  [<fl;)- 
pniiiehahlc  :  see  -hilitij.]  Approaehableness  ; 
affability.     l!ii.il-in. 

approachable  (a-pro'cha-bl),  a.  [(.approach  + 
-able.]  ('apulileof  beingapproached:  accessible. 

approaehableness  (a-pro'cha-bl-nes),  n.  Tile 
state  or  ((uality  of  being  approachable ;  aflfa- 
bility:  friendliness. 

approacher  (a-pro'cher),  n.  One  who  ap- 
proaches or  draws  near. 

approaching  (a-pro'ching),  n.  In  hort.,  the  act  of 
ingrafting  a  sprig  or  shoot  of  one  tree  into  ano- 
ther without  cutting  it  from  the  parent  stuck. 
Also  called  inarching  and  grafting  b;/  approach. 

approachiess  (a-proch'les).  c.  [<  ap2noach  + 
-less.]  "Witliont  approach;  unable  to  be  ap- 
proaelieii;  inueeessible;  forbidding. 

approachment  la-proch'ment),  H.  [<  ap2iroach 
+  -ment.]  The  act  of  approaching;  approach: 
aflSnitv;  resemblance  in  trait  or  character. 
[Rare".] 

Ice  will  not  concrete,  but  in  the  approachment  of  the 
air.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

approbate  (ap'ro-bat),  a.  [<  L.  a2)2^robatus.  pp. : 
see  the  verb.]  If.  Approved.  Sir  T.  Elyot. —  2. 
In  Scots  law,  accepted.     See  the  verb. 

approbate  (ap'ro-biit),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  o;)- 
2irobatcd,  ppr.  approbatinfi,  [<  L.  approbatus, 
pp.  of  approbarc,  assent  to  as  good,  favor,  ap- 
prove: see  n/>/)roi'cl.]  1.  To  express  approba- 
tion of;  manifest  a  liking  for  or  degi'ee  of  satis- 
faction in ;  express  approbation  of  officially,  as 
of  a  person's  fitness  for  a  public  office  or  em- 
ployment ;  approve ;  pass. 

The  cause  of  this  battle  every  man  did  allow  and  appro- 
bate. Hall,  Hen.  VII.,  an.  .'.. 
Mr.  Hutchinson  approbated  the  choice.  J.  Klint. 

2.  To  license:  as,  to  ap2>rohate  a  person  to 
preach;  to  approbate  a  man  to  keep  a  hotel 
or  other  public  house.      [United   States.]  — 

3.  In  Scots  law,  to  approve  or  assent  to  as 
valid:  chieily  in  the  following  phrase Appro- 
bate and  reprobate,  in  Scots  law,  to  attempt  to  take  :i'i 
vantage  of  one  part  of  a  deed  while  rejecting  the  rest:  ;i.s. 
for  example,  wlicre  a  disposition  on  a  death-bed  revokes  a 
previous  licge-poustie  conveyance  to  the  prejudice  of  the 
iieir  at  law,  hut  still  gives  the  estate  past  the  heir.  Tlie 
heir  wlio  iihides  by  the  deed  in  so  far  as  it  revokes  tin 
liegc-iuiu^tic  ik'cd  to  his  prejudice,  while  he  challenges  u 
on  the  bead  of  death-bed,  in  so  far  as  it  defeats  his  iiiteri  -t 
in  the  estate,  is  said  to  approbate  and  reprobate  the  deciL 
Tliis,  however,  is  contrary  to  law,  and  cannot  be  done  ;  lie 
must  elect  lietween  the  two  alternatives ;  hence  in  English 
law  the  act  is  called  election. 

This  is  not  an  ordinary  case  of  election,  but  I  consider 
that  It  is  not  open  to  her  both  to  approbate  and  reprobate 
—  to  take  bencHts  under  the  settlement,  and  by  licr  will 
to  dispose  of  property  which  is  comprised  therein  in  a 
maimer  not  in  accordance  with  its  provisions. 

Wcekhj  Jteporter,  XXXII.  r.Sl. 

approbation  (ap-ro-ba'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  appro- 
bation,  proof,  <  L.  approhiitio(n-),  <  approbarc, 
l^lt.  aiiprobatiis:  see  iijiprore^.]  1.  Tlie  act  of 
approving  or  commending ;  t  he  giving  of  assent 
to  sometliing  as  jiroper  or  praiseworthy;  sanc- 
tion ;  approval ;  commendation. 

The  silent  approbation  of  one's  own  breast. 

Melmoth,  tr.  of  Pliny's  Letters,  I.  8. 

Both  managers  and  authors  of  the  least  merit  laugh  at 
your  pretensions.  The  public  is  their  critic  —  without 
whose  fair  approbation  they  know  no  play  can  rest  on  the 
stage.  .sheriilan,  The  Critic,  I.  1, 

If  the  apnrotiation  of  good  men  bo  an  object  lit  to  tie 
pui-sued,  it  18  lit  Ui  bo  enjoyed. 

I).  Wchslcr,  Speech,  Senate,  May  '27,  1834, 

2.  In  the  Horn.  Calh.  Ch.,  the  offlcial  .iudg- 
mcnt  of  a  bislio])  or  his  r(>presentativo  approv- 
ing the  litness  of  a  priest  for  lieiiring  confes- 
sion. It  is  distinct  from  the  conferring  of  jurisdiction 
or  power  of  utiHolvIng,  tboiigh.  except  In  case  of  danger 
of  ileatll,  necessary  t^i  the  valid  exercise  of  the  latter. 
i^ot!  jurisdicliiin. 

3.  An  ollieinl  sanction  or  license  formerly  re- 
ipiired  in  I'lnghind,  FraiK'C,  etc.,  for  tho  ]iulili- 
cntion  of  a  book  or  other  writing. — 4t.  Con- 
clusive evidence;  proof.  Shale. —  5t.  Proba- 
tion; trial;  novitiate. 

Tills  day  my  sister  should  the  cloister  enter, 

And  there  receive  her  apiirobalion. 

.Shak.,  M.  forM.,  \.  S. 
=  8yn.  1.  Appmlinlion,  Approml,  liking,  commendation: 
sanction,  eonsent,  concurrence.  Approbation  and  r7;i;irei'ni 
are  becoming  separaled  in  meaning,  approbation  being 
used  more  for  the  Inward  feeling,  and  approval  more  for 
the  formal  act. 


approbative 

approbative  (ap'ro-ba-tiv),  a.  [=  F.  appro- 
villi/,  <  L.  as  if  *approbaUeus :  see  apjirohati- 
iind-/(v-.]  Approving;  expressing,  implying,  or 
of  the  uatui'e  of  approbation. 

approbativeness  (ap'ro-ba-tiv-nes),  n.  In 
pliren.,  ambition;  love  of  praise  or  desire  for 
fame;  pride  of  character;  sensitiveness  to  the 
opinions  of  others.     Fowler  and  Wells. 

approbator  (ap'ro-ba-tor),  n.     [L.,  an  approver, 

i  ajiprobarc,  pp.  approbatus,  approve:  see  «p- 

ijroi'el.]     One   who    approves    formally:    as, 

judges  and  approbators,"  Eoclijn,  Letter  ( 1669). 

[Kare.] 

approbatory  (ap'ro-ba-to-ri),  a.     [<  ML.  appro- 
batorius,(.h.  approbator :  see  approbator.^   Hav- 
ing the  nature  of  sanction ;  containing  or  ex- 
pressing approbation. 
Letters  .  .  .  confirmatory  and  approbatory. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  457. 

approclivityt  (ap-ro-kliv'i-ti),  n.  [<  oj)-l  +pro- 
cliriti/.}     Proclivity;  inclination;  tendency. 

appromptif  (a-prompf),  ('.  t.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 
jiTO«(y((«s,  prompt :  see  2)rompt.'\  To  prompt; 
stimulate;  encourage:  as,  "toappromjit owe  ia- 
vention,"  Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 

apprompt^t,  c  f.  [<  A_F.  aprompter,  apromter, 
OF.  enpromter,  F.  emprunter  =  Walloon  epron- 
tcr  =  It.  improniarc,  borrow,  =  Wallaeh.  inpru- 
muta,  give  or  take  in  pledge,  <  LL.  *inprom.u- 
tuare,  <.in promutuum,  in  advance  (>  Wallaeh. 
inprumut,  a  pledge):  L.  in,  in,  iov; promutuum, 
an  advance,  neut.  of  promutuus,  paid  before- 
hand, advanced,  <  pro,  beforehand,  -1-  mutmis, 
lent:  see  mutual.']     To  borrow. 

approof t  (a-prof),  71.  [The  mod.  form  is  re- 
lated to  approve  as  proof  to  prove;  ME.  ap- 
preffe,  apref,  <  OF.  aprove,  apreuve,  proof,  trial, 
<  aprOver,  prove :  see  approve'^,  and  cf.  proof.] 

1.  The  act  of  proving;  trial;   test. —  3.  Ap- 
proval or  approbation. 

lie  was  pleased  a  marriage  feast  to  crown  ' 

Witll  his  great  presence,  and  approof  of  it. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  x.  23. 

approperatet  (a -prop 'e -rat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  ap- 
propcratus,  pp.  of  approperare,  adproperare,  < 
ad,  to,  +  properare,  hasten,  <  properus,  quick, 
speedy,  <  pro,  forward,  +  *-parus,  <  parare, 
make,  prepare :  see  piare,  jirepare.]  To  hasten. 
Cochram ;  Johnson. 

appropinquatet  (ap-ro-ping'kwat),  v.  [<  L. 
apjiropinquatus,  pp.  ot  ajipropiiKjuare,  adpro- 
pniiiuare,  <  ad,  to,  +  propitiipiare,  bring  near,  < 
projiinquus,  near:  see propimpiity.']  I,  intrans. 
To  draw  near ;  approach. 
II.  trans.    To  bring  near.  ' 

appropinquationt  (ap"ro-ping-kwa'shon),  n. 
[<  L.  appropinquatioXn-),  <  appropinquare :  see 
appropinquate.]  1.  The  act  of  coming  into 
near  relation  or  proximity ;  a  drawing  nigh. 

There  are  many  ways  of  our  appropiiuiuatioti  to  God. 
Up.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  90. 

2.  The  act  of  bi-inging  remote  things  near. 
appropinquet  (ap-ro-pingk'),  v.  t.     [<  L.  appro- 

jnnquare :  see  appropinquate.]  To  approach; 
get  nearer  to.     [Eare.  ] 

The  clotted  blood  within  my  hose  ... 

With  mortal  crisis  doth  portend  . 

My  days  to  appropinque  an  end. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  iii.  690. 
appropinquity  (ap-ro-ping'kwi-ti),  11.  [<  ap-1 
+  propinipiitij,  (_[.  y.  Ct.  appropinquate.]  The 
state  of  being  near;  propinquity.  [Bare.] 
appropret,  «'•  t.  [<  ME.  apropren,  appropren,  < 
OF.  aproprier,  P.  approprier  =  Pr.  apropriar  = 
Sp.  fl/jj'opia»'=Pg.  apropiriar  =  lt.  apjiropriare, 
ilSL.appropriare,  appropriate:  seeappropriiitc, 
v.]  1.  To  appropriate;  set  apart  for  a  special 
purpose;  assign;  take  possession  of.  Specifi- 
cally— 2.  Eccles.,  to  annex  to  a  religious  cor- 
poration. 

appropriable  (a-pro'pri-a-bl),  a.  [<  LL.  as  if 
'appropriabi.lis,'<  appropriare :  see  appropriate.] 
Capable  of  being  appropriated,  set  apart,  se- 
questered, or  assigned  exclusively  to  a  par- 
ticular use. 

appropriamentt  (a-pro'pri-a-ment),  n.  [<  LL. 
appropriare:  see  appropriate  2jiA-ment.]  Any- 
thing properly  or  peculiarly  one's  own ;  a  char- 
acteristic. 

If  you  can  neglect 
Your  own  appropriaments,  but  praising  that 
In  others  wherein  you  excel  yourself, 
You  shall  be  much  beloved  here. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  i.  1. 

appropriate  (a-pro'pri-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
appropriated,  ppr.  appropriating.  [<  LL.  appro- 
priatus,  pp.  of  appropriare,  adpropriare,  make 
one's  own,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  proprius,  one's  own : 
see  projter.]     1.  To  take  to  one's  self  in  exelu- 


279 

sion  of  others;  claim  or  use  as  by  an  exclusive 
right:  as,  let  no  man  appropmate  the  use  of  a 
common  benefit. 

To  themselves  approjyriatinfj 
The  Spirit  of  God.  Miltuu,  P.  L.,  xii,  518. 

A  man  is  a  linave  who  faftsely,  but  in  the  panic  of  turti- 
inf:  all  suspicion  from  himself,  charges  you  or  mc  with 
having  appropriated  another  man's  jewel. 

De  Q^iiicey,  Secret  Societies,  ii. 
The  estate  I  so  admired  and  envied  is  my  own.    It  is 
the  nature  of  the  soul  to  appropriate  .all  tilings. 

Emersion,  Compensation. 

2.  In  general,  to  take  for  any  use ;  put  to  use. 

In  solar  liiiht  the  leaves  of  plants  di-rompose  both  car- 
bonic anliyilritlc  and  water,  a pjn-fj'rifi I iii.;f  the  carbon  and 
the  hydrogen  of  each  for  their  own  gr(jwtil  and  nutrition. 
IC.  A.  Miller,  Blem.  of  Chem.,  §  351. 

3.  To  set  apart  for  or  assign  to  a  particular 
purpose  or  use,  in  exclusion  of  all  other  pur- 
poses or  uses:  us,  Congress  a2}propriated  raore 
money  than  was  needed ;  to  apipropriate  a  spot 
of  ground  for  a  garden. 

The  profits  of  that  establishment  [the  Post-office]  had 
been  appropriated  by  Parliament  to  the  Duke  of  Y'ork. 

Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

4.  In  eccles.  law,  to  annex,  as  a  benefice,  to  an 
ecclesiastical  corporation,  for  its  perpetual  use. 

appropriate  (a-pro'pri-at),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  ap- 
p)ropriatus,p\>.:  see  the' verb.]  I.  a.  Set  apart 
for  a  partietUar  use  or  person  ;  hence,  belonging 
peculiarly;  suitable;  fit;  befitting;  proper. 

It  might  be  thought  to  be  rather  a  matter  of  dignity 
than  any  matter  of  diffidence  appropriate  to  liis  own  case. 

Bacon. 
More  appropriate  instances  abound. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  124. 
A  warlike,  a  refined,  an  industrial  society,  each  evokes 
and  requires  its  specific  qualities  and  produces  its  appro- 
priate type.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  165. 
=  Syn.  Apt,  becoming,  in  keeping,  felicitous. 

Il.t  "•  Peculiar  characteristic;  attribute; 
proper  function ;  property. 

The  Bible's  appropriate  being  ...  to  enlighten  the 
eyes  and  make  wise  the  simple. 

Boyle,  Style  of  Holy  Scripture,  p.  44. 

appropriately  (a-pro'pri-at-U),  adv.  In  an  ap- 
l^ropriate  or  proper  manner;  fittingly;  suitably. 

appropriateness  (a-pro'pri-at-nes),  «.  The 
quality  of  being  appropriate  or  suitable;  ap- 
plicability. 

A  hunting-box,  a  park-lodge,  may  have  a  forest  grace 
and  the  beauty  of  appropriateness.     De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

appropriation  (a-pro-pri-a'shon),  n.  [=  F.  ap- 
jjropriation,  <  liL.  appropriatio(n-),  <  appropri- 
are: see  appropriate.]  1.  The  act  of  appropri- 
ating, setting  apart,  or  assigning  to  a  particu- 
lar use  or  person  in  exclusion  of  all  others ;  ap- 
plication to  a  special  use  or  purpose ;  specifical- 
ly, an  act  of  a  legislature  authorizing  money  to 
be  paid  from  the  treasury  for  a  special  use. — 
2.  Anything  appropriated  or  set  apart  for  a 
special  purpose,  as  money. 

The  specific  appropriations  made  by  Congress  for  the 
mints  and  assay  offices  of  the  United  .States  during  the 
fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1886,  amounted  to  §1,169,350. 
Report  of  Sec.  of  the  Treasury,  1886,  I.  167. 

3t.  Acquisition;  addition. 

He  doth  nothing  but  talk  of  his  horse ;  and  he  makes  it 
a  great  appropriation  to  his  own  good  parts  that  he  can 
shoe  him  himself.  Sliak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  2. 

4.  In  law :  (a)  The  annexing  or  setting  apart 
of  a  benefice  to  the  perpetual  use  of  a  spiritual 
corporation,  (b)  The  determining  to  which  of 
several  debts  a  sum  of  money  paid  shall  be  ap- 
plied. If  the  debtor  does  not  designate  the  ai)propria- 
tion,  the  creditor  may;  if  neither  has  done  so,  and  litigation 
arises,  the  court  may  do  it.— Appropriation  bill,  a  legis- 
lative bill  proposing  .appropriations  uf  money  for  some  par- 
ticular purpose,  as  for  carryiny  on  some  department  of  gov- 
ernment. 

appropriative  (a-pro'pri-a-tiv),  a.  [<  appro- 
priate + -ivc]  Appropriating;  making  appro- 
priation; having  the  power,  tendency,  or  capa- 
bility of  appropriating. 

appropria'tor  (a-pro'pri-a-tor),  n.  [<  LL.  as  if 
'approimator,  'i  appropriare,  appropriate.]  1. 
One  who  appropriates  or  takes  to  his  own  use. 
He  knew  very  well  tliat  he  was  the  .  .  .  appropriator  of 
the  money  which  .  .  .  ought  to  have  fallen  to  his  younger 
brother.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  .'cliv. 

2.  In  eccles.  law,  one  who  is  possessed  of  an 
appropriated  benefice.     See  appropriate,  v.,  4. 

approprietaryt  (ap-ro-pri'e-ta-ri),  n.  [Irreg.  < 
appropriate,  after  proprietary.]  Same  as  ap- 
propriator, 2. 

approvable  (a-pro'va-bl),  a.  [<  approve^-  + 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  approved;  meriting 
approbation. 

approvableness  (a-pro'va-bl-nes),  n.  [<  ap- 
provable  +  -iiess.]  The  quality  of  being  ap- 
provable. 


approve 

approval  (a-prii'val),  H.  [<  approoel  +  -al.] 
The  act  of  approving;  approbation;  commen- 
dation; sanction;  ratification. 

A  censor  .  .  .  without  whose  approval  no  capital  sen 
tences  are  to  be  executed.   Sir  W.  Temple,  Heroic  Virtues. 
He  was  tender,  insinuating,  anxious  for  her  ajtproval, 
eager  to  unfold  himself  to  her. 

Mrs.  Otiphant,  Hester,  xxiL 
=Syil.  Apjyrohation,  Approval  (see  approbation),  accept- 
ance, consent,  authorization. 
approvance  (a-pro'vana),  n.  [<  OF.  aprovance,  < 
'aprovcr :  see  approve^  and  -ance.]    The  act  of 
approving;  approbation.     [Ai'chaic] 
The  people  standing  all  about, 
As  in  approvance,  doe  thereto  applaud. 

Spen>ier,  Epithalamion. 

approve!  (a-prov'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  approved 
(rarely  pp.  approven,  after  proven),  ppr.  apprm- 
ing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  approove,  <  ME.  apro- 
ven,  appreoven,  ajircven,  appreven,  <  OF.  aprovcr, 
approver,  approuvir,  appre^tver,  approbcr,  etc., 
F.  approuver  =  J'i.  Sp.  uprobar  =  Pg.  app>rovar= 
It.  approvare,  <  L.  approbarc,  adprobare,  assent 
to  as  good,  approve,  also  show  to  be  good,  con- 
firm, <  ad,  to,  +  probare,  <  probus,  good:  see 
prove.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  make  good;  show  to 
be  real  or  true;  prove;  confirm;  attest;  cor- 
roborate. 

What  damned  error  but  some  sober  brow 
"Will  bless  it,  and  approve  it  with  a  text? 

Sliak.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  2. 
Wouldst  thou  approve  thy  constancy?    Approve 
First  thy  obedience.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  367. 

The  Guardian  Angels  of  Paradise  are  described  as  re- 
turning to  Heaven  upon  tlie  Fall  of  Man,  in  order  to  ap. 
prove  their  Vigilance.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  357. 

2.  To  show ;  prove  to  be ;  demonstrate. 

In  all  things  ye  have  approved  yourselves  to  be  clear  in 
this  matter.  2  Cor.  vii.  11. 

'Tis  an  old  lesson ;  Time  approves  it  true. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  36. 

3.  To  sanction  officially ;  ratify  authoritatively : 
as,  the  decision  of  the  court  martial  was  ajj- 
2>roved. 

And  by  thy  coming  certainly  ajfprove 

The  pledge  of  peace.    Ford,  Honour  Triumphant. 

4.  To  pronounce  good;  think  or  judge  well  of; 
admit  the  propriety  or  excellence  of ;  be  pleased 
with;  commend:  as,  on  trial  the  goods  were 
ajiproved ;  to  approve  the  policy  of  the  admin- 
istration. 

Yet  their  posterity  approve  their  sayings.      Ps.  xlix.  13. 
The  deed  which  closed  the  mortal  course  of  these  sove- 
reigns, I  shall  neither  approve  nor  condemn. 

Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  82. 
She  wore  the  colours  I  approved. 

Tennyson,  The  Lettera. 

5.  To  manifest  as  worthy  of  approval;  com- 
mend :  used  reflexively. 

The  miracles  of  Christianity,  so  far  from  shocking  me, 

approve  themselves  at  once  to  my  intellect  and  my  heart. 

Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  248. 

6.  To  put  to  the  test;  prove  by  trial;  try. 

Nay,  task  me  to  my  word ;  approve  me,  lord. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  L 
A  hundred  knights  with  Palamon  there  came, 
Approv'd  in  fight,  and  men  of  mighty  name. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1299. 

Hence — 7t.  To  convict  upon  trial  or  by  proof. 
He  that  is  approv'd  in  this  offence. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 
Approved  bill  or  note,  in  com.,  a  bill  or  note  drawn  by  a 
solvent,  trustw.irthj  paity,  and  to  which  therefore  no  rea- 
soiiat>le  objecti(»n  i  an  lie  made. 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  show  itself  to  be;  prove  or 
turn  out. —  2.  To  think  or  judge  well  or  favor- 
ably; be  pleased:  usually  -with  of. 

I  showed  you  a  piece  of  black  and  white  stuff,  just  sent 
from  tlie  dyer ;  which  you  were  pleased  to  approve  of  and 
be  my  customer  for.  Sunft. 

approve^  (a-prov'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ap- 
proved, ppr.  approving.  [The  form  approve 
(NL.  approhare,  apptrovare),  confused  with  ap- 
pirove^,  is  a  mod.  error,  due  to  a  misunder- 
standing of  the  earlier  forms;  prop,  approw,  < 
late  ME.  approwe,  aprowe,  ajirouv,  <  OF.  apjroer, 
a]}procr,  approuer,  apprower  (>  ML.  approare, 
appruare,  and  later  apprurare,  apptrovare,  as 
above),  profit,  benefit,  improve,  <  a  (L.  ad),  to, 
+  pro,  pru,  pro\i,  prcu,  earliest  form  prod  ( >  ME. 
pirow),  benefit,  advantage,  profit:  see/iroH-l  and 
prowess.  By  a  change  of  prefix,  approve"  has 
become  improve,  q.  v.  Cf.  appair,  inijiair.]  In 
law,  to  tiu'n  to  one's  own  profit;  augment  the 
value  or  profits  of,  as  of  waste  land,  by  inclos- 
ing and  cultivating;  improve. 

As  long  ivgo  as  the  thirteenth  century  the  statute  of 
Merton  had  authorized  the  lords  of  manors  to  approve. 
that  is,  inclose  for  their  own  profit,  as  much  of  the  waste 
lanti  as  would  leave  enough  uninclosed  for  the  use  of  the 
commoners.  F.  Pollock,  Land  Laws.  p.  173 


approvedly 

approvedly  ia-pro'veil-li),  adr.  In  a  maimer 
t.i  ■~,.<.-A  :i;TToval:  to  an  approved  degree. 

approvenienti  i  a-prov'ment),  ».     [<  approre^ 
+  -meitt.l    It.  Tiieact  of  approving;  approba- 
tion; an  expression  of  assent  or  preference. 
I  did  nothing  without  your  apyroKment.       Bayicard. 

1  am  not  bound 
To  fancy  your  approKments,  but  my  own. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  i.  3. 

2.  In  late,  the  act  of  becoming  an  approver  or 
informer;  the  act  of  a  prisoner  who  confesses, 
and  accuses  his  accomplices;  the  act  of  turn- 
iiiiT  kine's  or  state's  e\4dence. 

approvement-  (a-prov'ment),  n.  [Prop,  ap- 
protcmtnt  (see  approre"),  <  late  ME.  approice- 
ment,  approment,  aproicement,  aproumeiit,  <  OF. 
aproement,  aprouement,  nproirenifH?  (ML.  appro- 
camenta,  appruriamenta,  approfiamcnta,  pi.),  < 
aproer,  etc.,  profit,  benefit,  improve:  see  aji>- 
prore- and-ment.  Now  i/n/iroceHicn?,  q.  v.]  In 
old  £it(ili.sh  luic :  (n)  The  improvement  by  the 
lord  of  a  manor  of  common  or  waste  lands  by 
inclosing  and  converting  them  to  his  own  use. 
(6)  The  profits  of  such  lands. 

approver^  (a-pro'ver),  11.  [ME.  *approiour,  usu- 
ally i>roroui;  only  in  def.  1;  <  approre^  +  -<t1.] 
1.  One  who  approves  or  commends.  —  2.  One 
who  proves  or  offers  to  prove ;  specifically,  iu 
laic,  one  who  confesses  a  felony,  and  gives  evi- 
dence against  liis  accomplice  or  accomplices; 
an  informer  and  accuser;  one  who  turns  king's 
.   or  state's  e\-idence. 

In  the  22  Edw.  Ill,  a  commission  was  issued  to  intjuire 
into  the  practice  ot  torturing  men  by  gaolers  to  compel 
them  to  become  approcerg. 

Stubbt,  Const.  Hist,  III.  288,  note. 

approver^t  (a-prS'vtr),  «.  [Prop,  approwcr 
(see  ajijirmi-),  <  ME.  ajiproicer,  Ujiproiiouy,  ap- 
pruuitur,  <  AF.  aprouour,  OF,*aprocur  (ML.  aj)- 
prouator,  ajj/>ruator,  NL.  approhator),  <  aproer, 
etc.,  profit,  benefit :  see  approve-  and  -er.']  One 
who  manages  a  landed  estate  for  the  owner; 
a  baililT  or  steward  of  a  manor ;  an  agent. 

approvingly  (;i-pro'ving-li),  adv.  in  a  com- 
lutii'latory  manner;  in  such  a  way  as  to  imply 
approval. 

approximal  (a-prok'si-mal),  a.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 
prtijiiii  ■■•:,  ne.\t,-f-  -<d.  i^i.  approximate.']  Close- 
ly joinc  \  ■  in  anat.,  u.sed  with  reference  to  the 
contiguous  surfaces  of  adjoining  teeth. 

approximant  (a-prok'si-mant),  a.  [<  LL.  ap- 
priijiinan(t-)s, ^)\tr. of  appraximare :  seeapproxi- 
malr.'j  Approaching  in  character;  approximat- 
ing.    [Kare.] 

Approrimant  and  conformant  to  the  apostolical  and 
pure  primitive  church.       .Sir  E.  Derinff,  Speeches,  p,  74. 

approximate  (a-prok'si-mat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
apjir'ixtmiitcd,  ppr.  approximatint/.  [<  LL.  ap- 
prnximatiis,  pp.  of  approximare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
proximnre,  come  near,  <  proximus  (ioT*propsi- 

■  «iu«),  superl.  of  pro/;c,  near:  see;)roj-/;H«/f,  and 
ct.  approach.']  I.  trans.  To  carry  or  bring  near; 
advance  closely  upon;   cause  to  approach  in 

,   position,  quality,  character,  condition,  etc. 
To  apjiroximate  tlic  inequality  of  riches  to  tlie  level  of 
nature.  lluike. 

H.  intrnns.  To  come  near;  approach  closely ; 
figuratively,  to  stand  in  intimate  relation;  be 
remarkably  similar. 

It  is  the  teniieiii,-y  of  ever}' domiTiimt  system  .  .  .  toforcc 
ItJi  opforieiilii  int4>  tlie  most  htiHtile  and  ji-iilnus  attitude, 
from  the  appretiensioii  which  tlley  naturally  feel,  lest,  in 
IhoRe  iMiintA  in  wliicli  they  ftpj/roximate  towards  it,  tiiey 
■houlfl  Im:  misinterpreted  and  i»veriMjrne  l»y  itn  autliority. 
J.  II.  .S'^iniian,  Development  of  Clirist.  Doctrine,  Int. 

approximate  (ii-iirok'si-mat), «.  [<  LL.  np/iroxi- 
"■''', 11'.:    •'  till- verb.]     1.  Near  in  position; 

I  lur.     Hpeeincally  — (n)  In  nna(., 

•'■il  in  the  jaw  that  there  is  no 

,  ..-  tlie  teeth  of  man.    (h)  In  hot., 

r  oru'aim  that  utand  near  t/icether. 

-  H-t.r;  veryBirailarf  as,  a  stato- 

'  untie  to  II  falsehood. — 3, 

aeiMiracy  or  correcjInoHs; 

'  I,  or  complete:  um,  an  «/<- 

T"'"-'  ■  iiixi  ma  f«  val  uos. 

"^  'ily  niidc  amnuK  tlio  more  mixed 

-I    IIk!    nitjirttziwnte   purity   of 

'  I .  l-'r-frmtin,  AniiT,  lAii-tit.,  p.  HH. 

^l^;'  formula,  in  math.,  one  w)dc)i 

tly.lnii 


appro 

(ippi- 

ly;  .-l...,,  ly. 
approiiin.itinn 


tlOD,    1 


U'Hi-mnt-li),  "''f-     In  nn 
r;  liy approximation;  nnir- 

'■"ikBi-mii'Mbon),  )i.     [=  1'. 

'li/irDXiniari  :  m'i\  approxi- 

I  upproxiirinting;  adrnw- 

■ili({  near  in  Bpni'e,  poHi- 

II ;  upproai'li;  proximity. 


280 

The  largest  capacity  and  the  most  noble  dispositions  are 
but  au  apprifximation  to  tlie  proper  standard  and  true 
symmetJ-y  of  human  natiu-e.  Is.  Taylor. 

Not  directly,  but  by  successive  approximations,  do  man- 
kind reach  correct  conclusions. 

B.  Spencer,  Prin.  ol  Biol.,  §  147. 

2.  In  math,  andphi/s. :  ((f)  A  contimal  approach 
to  a  true  result ;  tlie  process  by  which  the  value 
of  a  quantity  is  cal<jilated  ^%-ifh  continually  in- 
creasing exactness  without  ever  being  actually 
ascertained.  (6)  A  result  so  obtained ;  a  result 
which  is  not  rigorously  exact,  but  is  so  near  the 
truth  as  to  be  sufficient  for  a  given  purpose. — 
Homer's  metliod>of  approximation  (named  for  its 
inventor,  \V.  O.  Horuer,  died  l^;;? ).  a  method  of  solving  nu- 
merical equations,  the  most  sulK-iit  lt.aturt's  of  whicli  are 
that  each  approximate  value  is  obtained  from  the  lost  tiy 
Taylor's  theorem,  and  that  the  coetficieiits  of  the  devel- 
opment are  calculated  by  a  certain  systematic  procedure. 

approximative  (a-prok'si-ma-tiv),  a.  [=F. 
approximatif,  <  LL.  as  if  *approximatiruf:,  <  ap- 
proximare: see  approximate.]  Approaching; 
coining  near,  as  to  some  state  or  result. 

approximatively  (a-prok'si-ma-tiv-li),  adv.  In 
an  approximative  manner;  approximately. 

appui,  appuy  (ap-we'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  op- 
piiicd,  appuijcd,  ppr.  appuijiiiy.  [<  F.  appuijer. 
OF.  apiiyer,  apouier,  apoier,  =  It.  appot)<jiarc 
(see  appoggiato),  <  ML.  appodiarc,  support, 
prop,  \  L.  ad,  to,  +  podium,  a  support,  a  bal- 
cony, etc.,  >  F.  pui,  2)1(11,  a  hill  (appui/c,  a  bal- 
cony), =  It.  poggio,  a  hill,  bluff,  formerly  also  a 
horse-block,  etc.:  see  podium.]  To  support; 
milit.,  to  post,  as  troops,  at  a  point  of  support. 

appui  (ap-we'),  «.  [F.,  a  support,  prop,  <  ap- 
puijcr,  support:  s&&  appui,  v.]  If.  A  support, 
stay,  or  prop. 

If  u  vine  be  to  climb  trees  that  are  of  any  great  height, 
there  would  be  stays  and  appuiva  set  to  it. 

Uolland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  I.  ;.:w. 
2.  In  the  manage,  a  reciprocal  action  between 
the  mouth  of  the  horse  and  the  hand  of  the 
rider,  the  bit  and  reiu  forming  the  Hue  of  com- 
munication :  thus,  a  horse  with  a  sensitive 
mouth  may  be  said  to  have  a  good  appui,  and 
the  same  may  be  said  of  the  rider  if  his  hand 
is  good — Point  d'appuidiwaiidap-wC'),  point  of  sup- 
port:  basis :  uiUit.,  a  fixeil  point  at  whicli  troops  form,  and 
oil  wiiich  (iperations  are  Ijaseil. 

appulse  (ap'uls  or  a-puls'),  n.  [<  L.  ajipulsus, 
adjiulxus,  drinngto,  a  lainling,  approach,  <  aj>- 
pulsu.s,  adptdsus,  pp.  of  appcllere,  adpellere, 
drive  to,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  jieUerc,  drive :  see  pulse,  and 
ef.  impulse,  repulse.]  1.  The  act  of  striking 
against  or  di'iving  upon  something;  active  or 
energetic  approach.  [Kare.] 
In  all  consonants  there  is  an  appvige  of  the  organs. 

Holder. 

2.  In  aslrnn.,  the  approach  of  any  planet  to  a 
con.junction  with  the  sun  or  a  star. — 3t.  A 
coming  to  land,  as  of  a  vessel :  as,  "the  appulse 
of  thr  ark,"  J.  Brijaut.  Mythol.,  II.  412. 

appulsion  (a-pul'shon),  11.  [<  L.  as  if  'appul- 
sio{n-),<.  ajijndsus:  see  appulse.]  The  act  of 
striking  against ;  collision ;  concussion ;  shock. 

appulsive  (a-pul'siv),  a.  [<  L.  appulsus:  sec 
apjiulsi-  and  -ive.]  Striking  against;  impiu- 
giiifc:  as,  the  a/i/iH/.'-'/rf  influence  of  the  planets. 

appulsively  (a-iml'siv-li),  adr.     By  ajipulsion. 

appurtenance  (a-pi'r'te-uans),  «.  [Also,  less 
commonly,  appertenancc,  appcrtinvncc,  and, 
with  immediate  dependence  on  the  verb,  a)i- 
pertainancc,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  appcrlenauncc,  ap- 
partciiaunce,  but  earlier  and  usually  apjiur- 
tcuaunee,  ajiportciiauuce,  apurtcnauuce,  a)ior- 
tcuaunce,  <  AF.  apurtcuaiire,  OF.  ajiertenaiiee, 
apartenitncc  =  Pr.  aparteiiensa  =  It.  njipurle- 
iien:a,  <  ML.  appcrtenentia,  <  LL.  appertinirr, 
belong  to,  appertain:  see  appertain,  apjiurle- 
nant,  and  -anee.]  1.  The  act,  stut(\  or  fact  of 
appertaining. —  2.  That  which  apjicrtn  ins  or  be- 
longs to  something  else;  sometliing  lu'longing 
to  another  thing  as  jirincipal;  an  adjiiiicl  ;  an 
appendage;  an  accessory:  as,  "appnrtenanevs 
of  majesty,"  Harrow,  Sennons,  III.  xiv. 
Tile  i'ope  wltli  hU  appertinenren  the  I'reliitCH, 

Milton,  AreopaicJth'a,  p.  42, 

UcvolutloilM  upon  reviillltlollH,  each  attended  by  il,s  ap- 

jnirfriiaru^A  of  proscriptions,  and  perMeriitiuiiH,  nint  IchIm, 

Maentiltiti,  llallaln'H  ('onst.  IIIhI. 

3.  Specifically,  in  law,  a  right,  privilege,  or  im- 
jirovoniont  belonging  (o  a  priniipni  iiroperty, 
as  a  right  of  imstnre  in  a  <<iiiiiiioti  allaclicci 
to  an  1  sfate,  oiitlioiiHeR,  gardens,  etc.,  attached 
to  a  luiiMsiiin,  and  llu'  like, 

appurtenancet  (ii-pi'-r'te-nans),  r.  t.  [<  appur- 
!■  nance,  u.]  To  furnish  with  by  way  of  appur- 
liiuinoo;  Hiip[ily  or  equip. 

'I  ill'  liiitldtiius  are  antleiit,  larife,  Htronir,  and  fair,  ninl 
'III"  itrnanrriF  v,\i\\  llie  IleiH^nsiilieM  of  wood,  WftUT,  IIhIi- 
III,',  parlu,  and  mllll.  /(.  (Jartw,  Hurvoy  u(  Cornwall. 


apncoT 

appurtenant  (a-pcr'te-naut),  a.  and  n.  [Also 
written,  less  commonly,  appertincnt;  <  ME. 
appertenant,  apcrtincut,  appurtenaunt,  apurte- 
nant,  etc.,  <  OF.  apertenant,  apartenant,  <.  LL. 
appertinen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  appcrtinerc,  belong  to, 
appertain:  see  appertain  and-o)((l,  and  cf.  ap- 
jiurU  nance.]  I.  a.  Appertaining  or  belonging; 
pertaining ;  incident  or  relating  to,  as  a  legal 
right,  interest,  or  property  subsidiary  to  one 
more  valuable  or  important, 
night  of  way  ,  .  .  appurtenant  to  land, 

Blackstone,  (-'ommentaries,  ii,  3. 
.\  part  (of  land  common  to  a  trilie]  is  allotted  iu  a  spe- 
cial way  to  the  chief,  as  appurtenant   to  his  office,  and 
descends  from  cliief  to  chief  according  to  a  special  rule  of 
succession,  Edinburfjii  Bev. 

Common  appurtenant.    See  common,  71, 

II.  II.  A  thing  appertaining  to  another  more 
important  thing ;  an  appurtenance ;  a  belonging. 

appuy,  ('.  t.     See  appui. 

aprankt  (a-prank'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [< 
a'-i  +  prank.]     In  ostentatious  or  impertinent 
fashion. 
To  set  the  arms  a-gainbo  and  a-prank. 

J.  Bttlu'cr,  Oiiironomia  (1644),  p.  104, 

apraxia  (a-prak'si-ii),  «•  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (nrpa^ia, 
not  doing,  non-action,  <  a-panroq,  not  doing, 
not  to  be  done,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  Trpanrii;,  verbal  adj. 
of  TTpaacea;  do :  sea practiec, praxis.]  In  pathol., 
loss  of  the  knowledge  of  tlio  'uses  of  things. 

apresst,  v.  t.    An  old  form  of  oppre.'is.    Chaucer. 

apricate  (ap'ri-kat),  r.  [<  L.  apricatus,  pp.  of 
aprieuri,  bask  in  the  sim,  <  aprieus,  open  to  tho 
Sim,  sunny,  prob.  <  *apericns,  <  uperire,  open: 
see  aperient,  and  cf.  April.]  I.  intrans.  To 
bask  in  the  sun.     Boyle.     [Rare.] 

W,  trans.  To  expose  to  sunlight.    DeQuincey. 
[Rare.] 

aprication  (ap-ri-ka'shou),  h.  [<  'L.dprica- 
tiii(u-),  <  apricari:  see  apricate.]  The  act  of 
basking  in  the  sun;  exposure  to  sunlight. 
Cockcram.     [Rare.] 

Tlie  lii.xury  and  beiiettt  of  aprication,  or  immersion  in 
tho  sunshine  batll.    0.  H',  Holmes,  Old  ^'ol,  of  Life,  p,  209, 

apricityt  (n-pris'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  aprieitas,  <  apri- 
eus, sunny:  see  apricate.]  The  warmness  of 
the  sun  in  ^^■inter.     i'ockeram. 

apricockt,  »,     An  old  spelling  of  ajyrieot. 

apricot  (a'pri-kot  or  ap'ri-kot),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  aj>ricote,  aprecott,  ahrieot,  ahrieote,  ubri- 
cocl.  etc.,  Mith  term,  after  F.  ahrieot,  also,  and 
earlier,  tijiricock,  iijireeock,  apricnk,  abrccock, 
ahreenk,  etc.  (cf.  D.  ahrikoos,  I)au.  abrikos,  Sw. 
aprikos,  G.  aprikose),  <  Pg.  albricoquc  =  Sp.  al- 
haricoquc,  OSp.  allmrcoque,  albercoque,  etc.,  = 
It.  albercocca,  iilhicocca  (the  forms  in  apr-,  as 
in  E.,  (}.,  etc,  being  due  perhaps  to  a  fancied 
connection  with  L.  <iprieus,  sunny  (so  ex- 
plained by  Minsheu:  ''q[uasi]  in.  aprico  cac- 
tus," ripened  in  a  sunny  })lace) :  see  a)>ricate),  < 
Ai-.  al-biniuq,  al-bunjiiq,  apricot,  <  al,  the,  and 
burqiKj,  <  Gr.  rrpaiKdiaov,  ]il.  TrpaiKuKia  (Dioscori- 
des),  later  -peKdKKia,  IdepmoKKia  (whence  formerly 
in  It.  herriciicche,  pi. — Minsheu),  <  h.  jira'cntpia, 
apricots,  nent.  jil.  o{ pracoiiuus,  a  form  ot  jira;- 
cox,  early  ripe,  precocious,  <  jira;  beforehand, 
+  cof/Hor,  cook :  see  precocious  and  cook^.  The 
vernacular  Ar.  luimo  is  mishmi.ih,  nnishmush,  > 
Pers.  nii.'ihmish;  Jiiml.  khubdni.]     A  roundish, 


Apricot  IPrNHtir  ArmfHtacn), 

jnibi'Hcent,  oraiige-i'oloi'ed  I'riiil,  of  a  riifli  aro- 
nmlic  Ihivor,  tlie  iirodnce  of  a  trre  of  the  plum 
kind,  I'runus  Armeniaeii,  natural  order  lliisaeeai. 
llH  Hjii'i'ln.'  name  Ih  due  to  III!'  Iiellrf  that  It  in  a  native  nl 
Arnienlu,  but  it  is  now  HuiipoHcd  to  lie  of  Chinese  orlglu. 


apricot 

It  grows  wild  in  tlie  Himalayas  ami  Northwestern  Prov- 
inces of  India,  where  its  fruit  is  j,'athered  in  great  tiuanti- 
ties.  It  was  introduced  into  Ensjland  in  lf>-24,  hy  the  garden- 
er of  Henry  V'lII.  The  tree  rises  to  tin-  luii;lit  jif  friini  ir> 
to  20  and  even  30  feet,  and  its  flowers  appear  lietoi'e  its 
leaves.  In  cultivation  it  is  often  iii"i)iv.;ati-tl  by  liudding 
upon  pluiu-stocks.  There  is  a  considiralile  nuoiher  of  va- 
rieties, some  of  them  with  sweet  kernels  wliicli  may  be 
eaten  like  atmomls.  The  wild  apricot  ot  tlie  West  Indies 
is  the  Maminea  Amrrkmm ;  that  of  Guiana,  the  Cvurou- 
jnla  GuitiDi'iuiUi.     Kornierly  also  spelled  apricock. 

April  (a'pi'il),  "•  [<  ME.  Aprile,  Aprille,  etc. 
(AS.  rari'ly  Aprclis),  also  and  earlier  Avcril, 
Averel,  ArcrijUe,  <  OF.  Ai'rill,  F.  Avril  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  Ahril  =  It.  Aprile  =  D.  April  =  MHGI. 
Aprille,  Abrillc,  Abrclle,  Apr  ill,  G.  April  =  Dan. 
Sw.  April,  <  L.  Aprilis  (sc.  mciisis,  month), 
April;  usually,  but  fancifully,  regarded  as  if 
<  'aperiliti,  <  opcrirc,  open,  as  the  month  when 
the  earth  'opens'  to  produce  new  fruits:  see 
aperient.]  The  fourth  month  of  the  year,  con- 
taining thirty  days.  With  poets,  April  is  the  type  of 
inconstancy,  from  the  changeableness  of  its  weather. — 
April  fool.    See/oo(i. 

a  priori  (a  pri-o'ri).  [L.,  from  something  prior 
or  going  before :  a  for  ab,  from ;  p>riori,  abl.  of 
priur,  ueut.  priua,  preceding:  see  2"''or,  «.] 
From  the  former;  from  that  which  precedes; 
hence,  from  antecedent  to  consequent,  from  con- 
dition to  conditioned,  or  from  cause  to  effect. 
Since  the  fourteeiitll  century,  the  phrase  dci)wni>tratio  a 
priori  (Ihst  found  in  Albert  of  Sa.vony,  died  ISao)  has 
been  commonly  employed,  instead  of  the  earlier  e.vpres- 
siou  deiii'iastralni  pntpter  quid,  to  mean  proof  proceeding 
from  causes  or  liist  iirineiples:  opposed  to  (/e//joi(«(ra(io 
a  posteriori,  ov  il'iiitin.-<trulii>  'juia,  which  proceeds  from  ef- 
fect to  cause,  and  simjily  jtroves  the  fact  without  show- 
ing why  it  must  be  <as  it  is.  In  the  eighteenth  century  de- 
nionstratio  a  priori  was  applied  to  reasoning  from  a  given 
notion  to  the  conditions  which  such  notion  involves.  But 
since  Kant,  a  pi-iori,  used  as  an  adjective  and  frequently 
placed  before  the  noun,  has  been  applied  to  cognitions 
which,  though  they  may  come  to  us  in  e.xperience,  have 
their  origin  in  the  nature  of  the  mind,  and  are  independent 
of  experience. 

Demonstration  is  perfect,  when  it  proceedeth  from  the 
proper  cause  to  the  effect,  called  of  the  scholenien,  d 
priore.  BUindeville,  Arte  of  Logicke  (1599),  vi.  19. 

Thus  when  we  argue  from  the  ideas  we  have  of  immen- 
sity, eternity,  necessary  existence,  and  tlie  like,  that  such 
perfections  can  I'eside  but  in  one  being,  and  thence  con- 
clude that  there  can  be  but  one  supreme  God,  .  .  .  this  is 
an  argument  a  priori.  Clarke. 

General  truths,  which  at  the  same  time  bear  the  charac- 
ter of  an  inward  necessity,  must  be  independent  of  experi- 
ence—  clear  and  certain  by  themselves.  They  are  there- 
fore called  a  juriori,  while  that  which  is  simply  taken  from 
experience  is  said  to  be,  in  ordinary  parlance,  known  a 
posteriori  or  empirically  only. 

Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Keason,  tr.  by  Max  Miiller. 

As  used  in  a  psychological  sense,  knowledge  a  posteriori 
is  a  synonym  for  knowledge  empirical,  or  from  experience ; 
and,  const-quently,  is  adventitious  to  the  mind,  as  subse- 
quent to,  and  in  consequence  of,  the  exercise  of  its  facul- 
ties of  observation.  Knowledge  a  pnori,  on  the  contrary, 
called  likewise  native,  pm-e,  or  transcendental  knowledge, 
embraces  those  principles  which,  as  the  condition  of  the 
exercise  of  its  faculties  of  observation  and  thought,  are, 
consequently,  not  tiie  result  of  that  exercise.  True  it  is 
that,  chronologically  considei-ed,  our  a  priori  is  not  ante- 
cedent to  our  a  posteriori  knowledge ;  for  the  internal  con- 
ditions of  experience  can  only  operate  when  an  object  of 
experience  has  been  presented.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

A  priori  philosopher,  a  philosopher  who  believes  in  the 
existence  of  a  priori  cognition  in  the  Kantian  sense  of  the 
term ;  an  apriorist. 
apriorism  (a-pri-6'rizm),  n.  [<  a  priori,  as  adj., 
+  -(.!>■(».]  1.  A  principle  assumed  as  if  known 
a  priori:  used  in  a  depreciatory  sense. 

Unwarrantable  a-priorisms,  .  .  .  pure  unproved  as- 
sumptions. The  American,  VIH.  106. 

2.  A  priori  reasoning,  as  characteristic  of  a 
phase  of  thought  or  of  a  thinker, 
apriorist  (ii-pri-6'rist),  «.  [<.  a  priori,  a,s  adj., 
+  -inf.  ]  One  who  believes  in  the  existence  of 
a  priori  cognition  in  the  Kantian  sense  of  the 
tei-m.     See  a  priori. 

This  will  be  disputed  Ity  the  apriorists. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Jlind,  I.  i.  §  182. 

aprioristic  (a-prl-o-ris'tik),  a.  1.  A  priori. — 
2.  Having  something  of  an  a  priori  character: 
as,  apriori.stic  reasoning  or  tendencies.    [Rare.] 

apriority  (a-pri-or'i-ti),  »(.  [<  a  priori  +  -it)/.'] 
In  j)/((/o«.,  the  character  of  beingunderived  from 
e.xperience,  or  of  being  a  priori. 

Aprocta  (a-prok'ta),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
aproctus  :  see  aproctoiis.]  One  of  two  divisions 
of  the  Turbellaria,  in  which  the  digestive  cavity 
is  cfeeal,  having  no  anal  aperture  :  contrasted 
with  Froctuclia.    See  cut  under  Deiidrococla. 

aproctous  (a-prok'tus),  a.  [<  KL.  aproctus,  < 
Gr.  (i-  pi'iv.  -f  TrpwKTof,  anus.]  Having  no  anus ; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  or  charaeteristie  of 
the  Aprocta. 

The  aproctoxtfi  condition,  which  persists  in  most  of  the 
Platyhelminthes,  is  passed  through  by  these  forms  at  iiu 
early  stage  in  development. 

Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  162. 


281 

apron  (a'prun  or  a'pf'rn),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
iipcrii,  (tjiurii,  earlier  iiupron,  whence,  by  misdi- 
vidiug  a  nnproii.  as  an  apron,  the  loss  of  initial 
n,  as  in  addvr^,  anger,  orange,  ouch,  umpire,  etc., 

<  ME.  uapron,  naprun,  napronne,  naperonn,  < 
OF.  najieron  (F.  napperon),  <  nape,  nappe  (F. 
nappe,  a  cloth,  table-cloth),  <  L.  mnppa,  a 
cloth:  see  napery,  napkin,  and  map.]  1.  A 
piece  of  apparel  made  in  various  ways  for  cov- 
ering the  front  of  the  person  more  or  less  com- 
pletely. It  is  ortliuarily  used  while  at  work  to  keep  the 
clothes  clean  or  protect  them  from  injury,  for  which  pur- 
pose it  is  made  of  cotton  or  linen,  ^  for  blacksmiths, 
shoemakers,  etc.,  of  leather.  Aprons  of  silk  or  other  fine 
material  are  sometimes  worn  by  ladies  as  an  article  of  dress 
or  for  ornament.  -An  apron  is  also  part  of  certain  oflicial 
costumes,  as  that  of  an  English  bishop,  and  that  of  fiee- 
masons  and  of  niembers  of  other  secret  or  friendly  societies. 

2.  Anything  resembling  an  apron  in  shape  or 
use.  (a)  The  leather  covering  used  to  protect  the  lower 
part  of  the  person  while  riding  in  an  open  carriage,  (h)  A 
rectangular  sheet  of  lead  with  a  conical  projection  on  the 
under  side,  used  to  cover  the  vent  in  heavy  guns  and  iield- 
pieces.  Also  called  cap.  (c)  A  platform  or  flooring  of 
plank  at  the  entrance  of  a  dock;  t^e  sill,  (d)  In  carp., 
the  sill  or  lower  part  of  a  window,  (e)  A  strip  of  lea<t 
which  directs  the  drip  of  a  wall  into  a  guttei-.  (.0  A  jdeee 
of  leather  or  hoarding  used  to  conduct  loose  moving  mate- 
rial past  an  opening,  as  grain  in  a  separator.  0/)  .Sheets 
of  lead,  or  flashing,  placed  about  skylights  and  at  the  in- 
tersection of  dormer  windows  with  the  roof,  (h)  The  fat 
skin  covering  the  belly  of  a  goose.  [Provincial.]  (0  In 
zouL,  the  abdomen  of  the  brachyurous  or  short-tailed 
decajtod  crustaceans,  as  crabs :  so  called  because  it  is 
folded  under  and  closely  applied  to  the  thorax.  Its  width 
and  general  shape  often  distinguish  the  sexes. 

3.  in  skip-curp.,  a  piece  of  curved  timber 
placed  in  a  ship  just  above  the  foremost  end 
of  the  keel,  to  join  together  the  several  pieces 
of  the  stem.  Also  called  stomach-piece.  See 
cut  under  stem. — 4.  In  mech.,  the  piece  that 
holds  the  eutting-tool  of  a  plane. —  5.  Any 
de\iee  for  protecting  a  surface  of  earth  from 
the  action  of  moving  water.  Examples  of  such 
devices  are  :  (a)  a  mattress  of  brushwood  and  logs  an- 
chored with  stones,  to  protect  river-banks  from  the  action 
of  the  current ;  {It)  the  planking  or  logs  placed  at  the  base 
of  a  sea-wall,  to  protect  it  from  the  scour  of  the  waves ; 
((■)  the  platform  which  receives  the  water  that  falls  over 
a  dam  or  through  a  sluice. 

apron  (a'prun  or  a'pern),  v.  t.  [<  apron,  ».] 
To  put  an  apron  on ;  furnish  with  an  apron ; 
cover  as  with  an  apron. 

The  cobbler  aproned  and  the  parson  gowned. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  197. 

aproneert  (a-prun-er'),  ».  [i  apron  + -eer.] 
One  who  wears  an  apron ;  a  tradesman  or  shop- 
man; a  mechanic:  as,  " some  surly  a/)ro>iee)'," 
Bp.  Gamlcn,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  238. 

apron-lining  (a'prun-li"ning),  «.  In  joinery, 
the  piece  of  boarding  which  covers  the  rough 
apron-piece  of  a  staircase. 

apron-man  (ii'prun-man),  n.  A  man  who  wears 
an  apron ;  a  laboring  man  or  workman ;  a 
waiter  or  bar-tender. 

You  have  made  good  work, 
You,  and  your  apron-men.  Shah.,  Cor.,  iv.  6. 

apron-piece  (a'pnm-pes),  «.  la  joinery,  a  piece 
of  timber  fixed  into  a  wall  and  projecting  hori- 
zontally, to  support  the  carriage-pieces  and 
joistings  in  the  half-spaces  or  landiii£,'-places 
of  a  staircase.     Also  ^a\led  jntcliinn-jiicce. 

apron-roll  (ii'prun-rol),  n.  In  mach.,  a  roll 
which  gives  motion  to  or  which  supports  a 
traveling  apron. 

The  upward  movement  of  the  drum  prevents  the  skin 
from  being  carried  around  the  inner  apron-roll. 

C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  315. 

apron-squiret,  «•  Same  as  apjyle-squire.  Nashe. 
{N.  E.  ]).) 

apron-string  (a'ljrun-string),  n.  A  string  by 
which  an  apron  is  attached  to  the  person. — 
Apron-string  hold,  in  lair,  a  tenure  of  property  tlir.Mn;li 
one's  wife,  or  during  her  lifetime  alone. — To  be  tied  to  a 
woman's  apron-strings,  to  be  bound  to  her  as  a  child 
is  bonnil  to  its  mother ;  be  unable  to  break  away  from  her 
control  or  iuthunce :  be  kept  subservient  to  her  caprice. 

apropos  (ap-ro-p6'),  adv.,  a.,  and  n.  [<  F.  a pro- 
po.<<,  to  the  purpose :   a,  to,  with  reference  to, 

<  L.  ad,  to ;  propos,  purpose,  <  L.  propositmn, 
a  thing  pi'oposed :  see  purpose  and  jiropose.] 
I.  adr.  1.  To  the  pm-pose;  opportmiely ;  sea- 
sonably.—2.  With  reference  or  regard;  in  re- 
siject :  followed  by  of. 

Suddenly,  and  A  propos  of  nothing,  asking  him  how  it 
wiis  possible  tor  a  man  to  have  three  godmothei-s. 

W.  Black,  Shandon  Bells,  xxxiii. 

3.  With  reference  to  that  (a  tiling  just  men- 
tioned) ;  by  the  way :  used  absolutely,  to  intro- 
duce an  incidental  observation. 

Mr.  Brown  is  now  busy  upon  his  work.  Apropos,  1 
heard  very  lately  that  my  friend  was  the  author  of  that 
flue  little  pamphlet  that  has  so  irretrievably  spoiled  the 
credit  and  sale  of  that  vain  simple  book  of  Weston's. 

Wartmrton,  To  Hurd,  Letter  xvii. 


apse-chapel 

II.  a.   Opportune ;    seasonable :    to  the  pur- 
pose; pei'tinciit;  happy:  as,  an«;>ro^j<M'remark. 

III.  ".  I'crtinency.     [Rare.] 
Aprosmictus  (ap-ros-mik'tus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

a-imnjiiiiTiir,  not  associating,  isolated,  <  a-  priv. 
-I-  "n-/;!^^/*;*^"';,  verbal  adj.  of  ~f}nci/ir/pijnai,  mingle 
with,  associate,  <  rri>6(;,  by,  ■with,  -I-  iuyvi:vai, 
mingle,  mix:  see  mix.]  A  genus  of  parra- 
keets.  It  includes  A.  eri/thropternK,  the  red-winged  par- 
raUeet  of  Australia,  and  A.  scaimlatux,  the  king  palTakeet. 
l;y  Slime  the  name  is  given  to  a  subgenus  of  I'latycercus. 

aprosopia  (ap-ro-so'pi-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  utt/jo- 
auTTor,  -nithout  a  face,  <  u-  priv.  H  TrpoauTrov, 
face.]  In  teratol.,  absence  of  the  greater  part 
of  f  he  face,  due  to  arrested  development  of  the 
muudibulnr  arch. 

aproterodont  (ai)-ro-ter'o-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  h- 
priv.  +  TTimrrpoij,  in  front,  -h  o:hir  (^iidovr-)  =  E. 
tooth.]  In  herpct.,  having  no  front  teeth:  ap- 
plied to  the  dentition  of  serpents  whose  inter- 
maxillaries  are  toothless. 

aps  (aps),  H.  [A  dial,  form  of  «.s/il,  q.  v.]  A 
common  name  for  white-poplar  wood,  used  for 
toys,  etc.     [Eng.] 

apse  (aps),  n.  [<  L.  apsis,  in  the  architectiu'al 
sense,  as  in  definition:  see  apsis.]  1.  In  arch. : 
(a)  Strictly,  any  recess,  or  the  termination 
of  a  biuldiug,  of  semicircular  plan,  covered 
by  a  semicircular  vault  or  semi-dome ;  hence, 
a  similar  feature  of  polygonal  plan.  (/>)  In 
ordinary  use,  the  tennination  of  the  chou-  or 


Apse.—  Duomo  of  Pisa,  Italy. 

sanctuary  of  any  church,  particularly  if  it  pre- 
sents a  superficial  resemblance  to  an  apse  in 
the  stricter  sense,  in  that  it  is  at  least  approxi- 
mately semicircular  in  plan,  and  vaidted  :  com- 
monly equivalent  to  chexet,  and  applied  to  the 
altar  extremity  of  a  church,  even  if  of  rectan- 
gular plan  and  not  vaulted,  and  including  the 
apse-aisles,  chapels,  and  any  other  adjunct  to 
the  ritual  east  end  of  a  church.  The  apse  in  its 
origin  was  a  characteristic  featiu-e  of  the  ancient  Roman 
basilica,  in  which  it  formed  the  raised  tribune  for  the  com-t 
magistrates.  The  throne  of  the  quajstor  or  presiding  judge 
stood  in  the  center  of  the  chord  of  the  arc  of  the  apse. 
When  the  basilicas  became  Christian  churches,  the  throne 
was  replaced  by  the  high  altai",  which  still  occupies  this 
position  in  Latin  churches  of  the  strict  basilica  type,  and 
has  regularly  kept  it  in  Oriental  churches.  Some  types  of 
church  regularly  have  secondary  apses  in  other  positions 
than  at  the  eastern  end,  as  at  the  western  end,  at  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  transepts  or  of  aisles,  etc.  See  cuts  under 
basilica  and  bema.  Also  apsis, 
2.  In  astron.,  same  as  apsis. 
apse-aisle  (aps'il),  ».  An  aisle  which  extends 
aroimd  an  apse,  continuing  the  lateral  aisles 
of  the  choir,  or  choir-aisles. 


Apse. 


Original  plan  of  Notre  Dame  Cathedral,  Paris. 


apse-chapel  (aps'chap'''el),  n.    A  chapel  open- 
ing upon  an  apse  or  apse-aisle. 


apselaphesis 

apselaphesis  tap-sel-a-fe'sis),  II.  pJX,.,  <  Gr. 
a-  priv.  +  \-0.aor,^ic,  feeling,  <  \lni'/.a<l>av,  feel, 
grope,  toueii.  coanected  witn  »!^,  touch,  rub.] 
In  patlioJ.,  diminution  or  loss  of  tactile  sensi- 
bility.  . 

apsidal  (ap'si-dal),  a.  [<  apsi^  {apsid-)  +  -a?.] 
1.  In  (Litron.,  pertaining  to  the  apsides.  See 
api^i". —  2.  In  arch.,  of  or  relating  to  an  apse ; 
of  the  nature  or  form  of  an  apse ;  terminating 
in  an  apse. 

The  prothesis  and  diaconicon  [in  Armenian  churches]  are 

hever  aptidat  on  the  outside,  and  seldom  so  on  the  inside. 

J.  J/.  y<aU,  Eastern  Church,  i.  174. 

Apsidal  chapeL  ip)  a  cliaind  terminating  in  an  apse. 
(b)  An  apsechapel.— Apsidal  surface,  in  math.,  a  sur- 
face related  to  any  other  surface  and  to  any  point  as  Fres- 
nel's  wave-surface  is  related  to  the  quadric  surface  and 
to  its  center;  tliat  is  to  say,  on  each  plane  section  of  an 
original  stirface  through  a  certain  fixed  point  the  radii 
from  that  p->ifit  which  cut  the  section  orthogonally  are 
taken,  an<i  distances  eiiual  to  these  radii  are  measured  otf 
from  the  fixed  point  on  the  perpendicular  to  the  section  ; 
then  the  locus  of  the  extremities  of  these  lines  so  mea- 
sured is  the  apsidal  surface. 
apsidally  (ap'si-dal-i),  adr.  In  the  form  or 
manner  of  an  apse  ;  with  an  apse. 

In  this  difficulty  the  architect  hit  upon  the  happy  ex- 
pedient of  finishing  the  rrad  westwards  aimdalln. 

[I'nn  Hincson,  Handbook  of  Chester  Cathedral,  p.  40. 

apsides,  ».    Pltiral  of  apsis. 

apsidiole  (ap-sid'i-61),  n.  [F.,  commonly  ahsi- 
rliiile,  <  XL.  'apsidiola.  tlim.  of  L.  apsis  (apsid-), 
apse.]  A  small  apse  ;  a  secondary  apse,  as  one 
01  the  apses  on  either  side  of  the  central  or 


Apsidioles.—  St.  Semin,  Toulouse.  lath  centuiy. 

main  apse  in  a  church  of  triapsidal  plan,  or  one 
of  the  apse-chapels  when  these  project  on  the 
exterior  of  the  church,  particularly  if  the  pro- 
jection resembles  an  apse  in  shape.  Also  writ- 
ten almdiole. 

Apsis  (ap'sis),  H.;  pi.  apsides  (ap'si-dez).  [L. 
(pi.  np.iides),  also  ah.^is  (pi.  absidc.i)  and  absida 
(pi.  fihuida:),  a  round  arch  or  vault,  the  circle 
which  a  star  describes  in  its  orbit,  a  bowl,  <  Gr. 
dtfiif  (pi.  ai/iidti),  a  loop,  wheel,  orbit,  etc.,  <  ax- 
Tew,  fasten,  bind:  see  apt.}  X.  In  astron.,  a 
point  in  the  eccentric  orbit  of  a  planet  in  wliich 
It  is  either  furthest  from  or  nearest  to  the  body 
about  whi<-h  it  revolves.  The  hiijhrr  apuig  is  the 
I«*int  furtlicHt  from,  anil  the  linivr  upitit  the  jiomt  nearest 
U>,  the  central  iMj^ly.-  The  linf  nf  ajutidfH  is  the  Ihic  j<»in. 
Ing  the  apittiles.  llicsc  terms  were  originally  applied  to 
circular  orbltfl,  but  are  now  extended  to  ellipses.  Also 
apitf. 

2.  In  arch.,  same  as  apse. —  3.  A  reliquary  or 
case  in  wliich  the  relics  of  saints  arc  kept, 
,.„l„...;..ii  ,  .  ,.  „f  ^  form  imitating  the  curves 
of;.  iiiilt. 

>  ■.  rittcn  absia. 

apsychical  (a|i-si'ki-kal),  a.  [<  Or.  a- priv.  + 
'.1  ("■"'.,  of  the  inindorHoul :  see  a-^^  u\m  jisychi- 
<■«/.]  1.  Not  i>-vidiii'al ;  not  mental  or  spirit- 
iinl. —  2.  Not  irivolviii(^  conHi'ious  iiicntiil  ac- 
tion :  not  eontir.llcd  bv  the  mind. 

apt    lilt),  '(.     [<  V.  apte=  I'r.  aplc  =  H\t.  I'g. 

n/,f/i       I',  i^itn  <  I  

of  ... 
tiv. 


1)11  . 
I 


All  the  men  of  inlKlit, 


,  <  L.  aptiiH,  (It,  (Hied,  inoji.  pp. 

'a-^li'H,  join  (whence  tfio  incep- 

ii'hiH,  reach  after,  try  In  svi/.o), 

h.   llillfl.l         1.     I'..       •      nili^  llio 

or  propir  f'.r  n  ■  .  iiiin  pnr- 
..iiitud;  adapted;  tiuilnlili.. 


.  itronff  uid  apt  for  unr. 
2KI   xiiv. 


In  W....I,.  MMlttonc,  not  the  wiflent,  but  hnrdint,  1..    ,1 
Wklea  If. '<.<(.  ^jeAiiin,  ThDMcholeinaatar,  |.    ; 

N  l.i-.l,„ri.|l 


t»> 


/,..(. 


'If  plotigli,  and  hii.k.  il. 
.  nnuii  of  tho  IHuugh 


282 

The  hands  that  have  grasped  dominion  and  held  it  have 
been  large  and  haid :  those  from  which  it  has  slipped, 
delicate,  and  apt  for  the  lyre  and  the  pencil. 

Louvll,  i'ireside  Travels,  p.  '2.^1. 

2.  Suited  to  its  purpose ;  apposite  ;  pertinent ; 
appropriate;  becoming:  as,  an  (/of  metaphor. 

Such  apt  and  gracious  words, 
That  aged  ears  play  truant  at  his  tales. 
And  younger  hearings  are  quite  ravished. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1. 
Expert 
In  fitting  aptest  words  to  things. 

Tenni/Sftn,  In  Memoriam,  Ixxv. 
^        Ludicrous  yet  apt  citations 
Of  barbarous  law  Latin. 

Wfiittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 

3.  Having  a  tendency ;  naturally  susceptible ; 
liable ;  likely  :  as,  wheat  on  moist  land  is  apt 
to  blast  or  be  winter-killed. 

It  [the  harbor]  is  gay  with  hundre.ls  of  small  boats,  .  .  . 
apt  to  be  painted  green  and  adorned  with  picttu-es. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  135. 

4.  Inclined;  predisposed;  disposed  customa- 
lily ;  prone ;  ready :  as,  one  who  is  too  ajU  to 
slander  others. » 

'Tis  time  my  hard-mouth'd  coursers  to  control, 
Apt  to  run  riot,  and  transgress  the  goal. 

Dryden,  Pythag.  Pllilos.,  1.  669. 
\Vhat  makes  you  thoughtless  in  your  conduct,  and  a^(  to 
nm  into  a  thousand  little  imprudences? 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

5.  Ready;  prompt;  quick;  unusually  intelli- 
gent; expert;  facile:  as,  a  pupil  apt  to  learn; 
an  apt  wit. 

Strong,  supple,  sinew-corded,  apt  at  arms. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 
An  apt  taster  knows  which  wine  has  the  novel  flavor. 
Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  289. 

6.  Prepared;  ready;  willing. 

Live  a  thousand  years, 
I  shall  not  find  myself  so  apt  to  die. 

Sliak.,  J.  C,  iii.  1, 

The  paymaster  and  the  attorney  stood  at  hand  apt  with 

suggestions.  C.  J.  Betlmny,  The  Breton  Mills,  xiv. 

7t.    Capable    of   easy  explanation;    natural; 

credible. 

That  Cassio  loves  her,  I  do  well  believe  it ; 
That  she  loves  him,  'tis  apt,  and  of  great  credit. 

S/i«A-.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 
=  Syn.  1.  Apt,  Fit.  "The  words  apt  luid  yi(  might  t)c 
thniiulit  to  differ  only  in  tliis,  that  the  former  is  of  Latin 
d..ri\;aiun;  but  apt  has  an  active  sense,  and /if  a  passive 
sense,— a  distinction  clearly  shown  by  Sluik'spcie,  when 
the  poisoner  in  the  play  in  Hamlet  says, '  hamis  «/.^  druus 
Jit,'  and  by  Wordsworth :  'Our  hearts  more  apt  to  t;yiu]ia- 
thize  with  heaven,  our  souls  murvjil  tV.r  future  glory.""  //. 
fteed.Kng.  Lit.,  p.  106. — 2.  Meet,  llttiiig.  gcnnanc,  appro- 
priate.—  3  and  4.  Apt,  Liliciti,  IJabU',  Snhji-ct,  prone. 
Apt,  when  used  in  this  sense  of  persons,  indicates  physical 
tendency  or  inward  inclination :  as,  apt  to  cjilch  cold ;  apt 
to  neglect  work;  when  used  of  things,  it  similarly  indi- 
cates natural  tendency :  as,  apt  to  moid.  Liki-lt/  may  sug- 
gest the  same  idea:  as,  he  is  likely  to  do  it;  it  is  likely  to 
rust ;  or  it  may  express  mere  external  probability  or 
chance  :  as,  he  is  likely  to  come  at  any  moment.  Liable 
in  this  connection  is  properly  used  only  of  exposure  to 
evil,  being  practically  equivalent  to  exposed,  or  exposed 
to  the  danger  of:  as,  liable  to  accident ;  liable  to  be  hurt, 
that  is,  exposed  to  the  danger  of  being  hurt;  liable  to 
censure:  in  such  use  it  does  not  express  probability  or 
tendency,  but  merely  the  possibility  of  exposure  or  risk. 
Subjeet  expresses  what  is  likely  to  happen  to  a  pcrs<in  or 
thing,  and  occasionally  does  happen.  Liable  to  disease 
and  t^ubject  to  disease  thus  C(mvey  different  ideas,  The 
things  to  which  we  are  liable  are  determined  more  by 
accident  or  circumstance ;  the  things  to  which  we  are 
Kitbjeet  are  determined  by  nature  and  constitution.  Apt 
to  be  suddenly  ill ;  liable,  but  not  likely,  to  die  before  the 
physician  arrives  ;  sxtbjeet  to  attacks  of  eiiilejisy. 
How  apt  the  poor  are  to  be  proud  ! 

.Shak..  T.  N.,  111.  1. 
It  is  the  duty  of  practical  good  sense  to  bear  in  mind 
that  a  certain  result,  though  not  certain  t"  happen,  it 
tiketi/to  happen,  and  that  no  wise  man  will  put  that  likeli- 
hood out  of  sight.      Ji.  A.  Freeman,  Amir.  I.eets.,  p.  '.il'.;. 
Till  that  hour 
Not  liable  to  fear,  or  lllglit,  or  pain. 

.Wi7(<m,  v.  I,.,  vl.  :»7. 
All  human  things  are  nubjeet  to  decay, 
And  when  fate  summons,  moimrclis  must  obey. 

Dryden,  .Mac  Kleckiioe,  I.  1. 
5.  Clever,  tiriglit,  dexterous. 
aptt  (apt), )'.  t.  [<  Ij.  aptarc,  fit,  adapt,  accom- 
modate, adjust,  <  apttis,  lit,  etc. :  sec  apt,  n.]  To 
prepare  for  a  clcfinite  servii-o;  (It ;  Hiiit  for  an- 
ticipated circumstances;  adapt. 

If  he  be  mine,  he  shall  fcdiow  and  observe  what  I  will 
apt  him  to.  //.  ./tinmm,  Poetiuiler,  I.  I. 

lliat  our  speccli  he  apted  to  necouary  eilineatlnn. 

.ter.  Tniihir. 
He  takes  his  top.snll  down  In  siiih  rough  stonii", 
And  ajitH  his  siitlN  to  airs  iiinre  teiii|iertile. 
chapman  and  .SVii'Wr'V,  Clmliot,  Admiral  of  I'raii..'.  i 

aptablet  (ap'ta-bl),  n.  [<  IJj.  atitabiliH.  <  I,. 
Ojiliirr,  iidiijit:  HOC  apt,  v.,  and  -ablf.'\  (lupublc 
of  lioiiii;  titled  or  adnptod.     Shiriiixid. 

aptatef  (ap'lal),  <-.  I.  (<  Ii.  iiplntn.s,  jip.  of  up- 
liirr,  iidiijit:  HOC  apt,  r.  \     To  inaki'  fit. 

Aptenodytes  (nii'to-no-di'iei',),  «.    [NIi.,  <  fir. 

anri/i',  wingless  (<  a-  priv.  +  nrr/vdi;,  winged,  < 


Apteryx 

7:£Teu6at,  -zr^vat,  fly),  +  i^irrp-.  diver,  <  tUetv, 
dive,  sink.]  A  genus  of  pciif,'iiins,  formerly  co- 
extensive with  the  family  ,Spli(  iii.^cidii;  and  giv- 
ing name  to  a  family  A)itcnodytida;  but  now 
usually  restricted  to  two  large  species,  the  em- 
peror and  king  penguins,  .1.  iiiipcrator  and  A. 
rex,  orA.forstcri  and  A.  poiiuiiiti,  distinguished 
from  all  others  by  their  gi'eat  size  and  long, 
slender,  somewhat  curved  liill.  Both  were  for- 
merly called  the  great  or  Patagonia  pengviin, 
A.  patachoni<:a.  Also  Aptenodi/ta  and  Aptero- 
dijta. 
Aptenodjptidse  (ap"te-no-dit'i-de),  «.;)?.    [>fL., 

<  Aptcitndiihs  +  -ida:~\  A  family  of  birds,  the 
penguins,  named  from  the  genus  Aptenodytes : 
synonjTuous  with  Spheniscida-  (which  see). 

Aptera  (ap'te-ra),  «.  pi.  [NL.  (<  Gr.  a-rrepa, 
animals  without  wings,  d-rrpoi',  the  class  of 
such  animals — Aristotle),  neut.  pi.  of  aptcnis, 

<  Gr.d-rfpof,  wingless:  see  apterous.']  hiiodl., 
a  group  to  which  various  limits  have  been  as- 
signed, (a)  In  the  Lmnean  system  of  cl.issiflcation,  the 
seventh  and  last  order  of  In^eeta,  incliuiiiig  "insects"  with- 
out wings,  that  is,  crustaceans,  arachnidaiis,  niyriapods, 
etc.  In  1795  it  was  divided  by  Latreille  into  seven  or- 
ders: Suctoria,  Thysanura.  Parasita,  Aeephata,  Entomo9- 
traca,  Crustacea,  and  .\fyriapoda.  (6)  In  Latreille"s  system 
of  classification  (1S17),  the  fourth  of  nine  orders  of  Imecta, 
including  "  wingless  forms  without  gnathites,"  and  con- 
taining only  the  fleas ;  the  Suetoria  of  De  Ueer,  the  Sipho- 
naptera  of  Latreille,  the  Aphaniptera  of  Kirby  and  modem 
WTiters.  Used  in  this  sense  also  by  Maclcay  and  others, 
(c)  Loosely  applied  to  sundry  gi'oups  of  wingless  insects 
besides  fleas,  as  to  the  hatistellate  and  inandibulate  lice, 
the  thysanurous  insects,  etc.  ((f)  In  Cegeiibaur's  system  of 
classification,  one  of  the  two  prime  divisions  of  Ilexapoda 
or  Insecta  (tlie  other  being  Pterytjota),  consisting  of  the 
two  orders  Coi^CHifto/a  and  Thysanura,  containing  all  ap- 
terous ametabolous  insects  of  such  forms  as  Pndura  and 
Lipura,  Camiiodea  and  Lepisma,  etc.  The  luune  is  practi- 
cally synonymous  with  Ametabola  (which  see). 

apteral  (ap'te-ral),  a.  [As  ajitcrous  +  -al.]  1. 
Destitute  of  wings, — 2.  In  arch.,  applied  to  a 
temple  or  other  bmlding  which  has  no  columns 
on  the  flanks,  but  may  have  a  portico  at  one  or 
at  each  end :  opposed  to  perijderal,  surrounded 
by  columns.     See  prostyle  and  amphijrrostylc. 

apteran  (ap'te-ran),  n.  [As  apterous  +  -an.] 
A  wingless  insect ;  one  of  the  Aptera. 

apteria,  «.     Plural  of  apterium. 

apterial  (ap-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  apterium  +  -al.] 
In  oniilh.,  pertaining  to  an  apteritun,  or  to  ap- 
teria. 

apterium  (ap-te'ri-um),  »!.;  pi.  apteria  (-ft). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  oTTrcpof,  without  feathers :  seo  ap- 
terous.] In  ornith.,  a  tract  or  space  on  the 
skin  of  a  bird  whore  no  feathers  grow;  au  nn- 
featherod  tract,  in  distinction  from  a  feather- 
tract  or  pteryla  (which  see).  2^iU:sch;  Sunde- 
rall. 

apterous  (ap'te-nxs),  a.  [<  NL.  apterus,  <  Gr. 
a-rtpof,  wingless,  without  feathers,  <  a-  priv. 
+  nrcpiiv,  a  wing,  feather,  =  E.  feather.]  1 .  In 
;:ool.:  (a)  Wingless;  having  no  wings:  applied 
both  to  wingless  insects  belonging  to  winged 
groups,  and  to  the  wingless  stage  of  winged 
insects.  (6)  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Aptera. — 2.  In  hot.,  destitute  of  membra- 
nous expansions,  as  a  stem  or  petiole :  opposed 
to  aldtc. 

Apteryges  (ap-ter'i-jcz),  ?i.  pi  [NL.,  pi.  of 
.Ijitrry.!-. ]  A  superfaniil y  group,  nuule  by  New- 
ton nil  Older,  of  ratit(>  birds,  based  upon  and  in- 
cliiiliiig  only  tho  family  ApterijijidK  (whivh.  see), 

Apterygia  '(!ip4e-rij'i-ii),  n.  'pi.  [NL.,  <  Or. 
o-  ]iriv.  -I-  rrTiiii'}iov,  a  wing,  fin:  see  Pttryi/ia.] 
A  group  of  mollusks,  coiiliiining  all  giislropods 
with  an  iiitromittent  nuilc  organ,  and  contrast- 
ing with  llio  I'lcryqia,  composed  of  the  cephalo- 
pods  and  iitcropods.      Latreille,  182.5. 

apterygian  (ap-te-rij'i-an),  rt.  [<  Gr.  atTTtpvyai;, 
wiiiglcss  (see  J/iterv./), -t-  -ian.]  1.  Wingless! 
apt  on  Ills. —  2.  Porliiiiiing  to  the  genus. ly^/tryj, 
or  to  llic  fiiniily  .Ifitcryiiiihr. 

Apterygidse  (iii>-tc-rij''i-de),  ».  jil.    [NL.,<  .(;)- 

leri/.r  {.Iplrryti-)  +  -iiia:]  A  I'liniily  of  riilite  or 
stnilliioiis  birds,  of  the  siib(.liiss  h'alihr  and 
suborder  or  suiierfaniily  .■tpliri/nes,  constituted 
by  tlio  single  genus  .Iptery.r.  it  Is  chunicleH/ed  by 
the  rudimentary  condition  of 'the  wings  and  tiiil,  -l-toed 
feet,  very  long  Klenilrr  bill  \\  ilh  terininal  nostrils,  and  many 
llllaloinlcid  |)e<'illial'itieM,  iimoiig  tlinii  a  lietlcr  develop- 
in.-iit  of  III.'  iliaplnagm  tliiui  in  iiiiy  other  binl. 

Apteryginse  (iiji  te-ri-ji'ne),  u.  pi.   [NL..  <  .li>- 

l<  nf.r  { .l/iti  n/t/-)  +  -iiitr.]  Tlio  only  subfamily 
■  if  llic  liiiiiily'.//'^)7/.(7iV((r.  (1.  n.  dray,  1K40. 
Apteryx  (nji'te-rik's),  n.  [NL.  (cf.  Gr.  avri- 
lii')(>C,  wingless),  <  Gr.  o-  jiriv.  +  tttI /w( {tTTi/tV)'-), 
II  wing,  <  Trfpil)',  a  wing,  =  K.  feather.]  1.  A 
genus  of  ratito  birds,  constituting  the  family 
.Iplrryiliiltr.  There  inv  »evciul  spc'cicH  or  varieties,  all 
Inhaliltliig  New  Zealand,  uf  which  A.  axMtralin  has  been 


-ipter-i  t 


Apteryx 

longest  and  best  known  1  manttlU  inhabits  Stewart 
Island,  ami -1.  Kiceiii  tin.  ^  nth  IbUiiil  Ml  iiikn  uii  is 
kiwis,  kiwi-kiwis, 
or  kivi-kivis,  from 
tlieir  cry.  Also,  im- 
properly, Afitemtjx 
and  Aptentix. 
2.  [/.p.]  A  bird 
of  this  genus ; 
;i  kiwi  (wliii.-li 
soo). 

aptha   (ap'tha), 
II.     See  aphtha. 

aptitude  (ap'ti- 

tud),   n.      [=F. 

ajititude,  <  ML. 

aptitudo,    <    L. 

aptKS,    apt,    fit: 

see  apt,  a.    Cf. 

attitude,    which 

is  a  doublet .  of 

aptitude.'}        1. 

The      state     or 

quality  of  being 

apt  or  fit  for  or  suited  to  a  purpose,  place,  or 

situation;  fitness;  suitableness. 

Aptitude  .  .  .  for  the  end  to  which  it  was  aimed. 

Decan  of  C'liri^t.  Piety. 

2.  A  natural  tendency  or  aequii-ed  inclination ; 
both  capacity  and  propensity  for  a  certain 
course:  as,  oil  has  an  aptitude  to  burn;  men 
acquire  an  aptitude  to  particular  vices. 

He  that  is  about  children  should  learn  their  uatiu*e  and 
aptitudes.  Locke. 

The  Americans  have  at  all  times  shown  a  remarkable 
aptitude  for  the  sea-faring  life,  and  they  did  not  wait  for 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  to  take  measures  for  the 
construction  of  an  independent  navy. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  .\iv. 

3.  Readiness  in  learning ;  teachableness ; 
quickness  to  understand  and  acquire;  inteUi- 
genee;  talent. 

He  was  a  boy  of  remarkable  aptitude.  Macaulay. 

=  Syn.  Faculty,  Capacity,  etc.     See  pf^nms. 
aptitudinal  (ap-ti-tii'di-nal),  a.     [<  ML.  apti- 
tudo (aptitiidiii-)  +  -al-:  see  aptitude.']     1.  Re- 
lating to  an  aptitude  or  aptitudes. — -2.  Existing 
in  possibility  or  capacity  merely.     [Rare.]  — 
Aptitudinal  relation,  a  ri-lat'i<.in  \\lULh  does  not  require 
the  ciiriehite  t^i  \ist  utiially,  but  only  pntentially;  as,  for 
exaiiiplf,  tlie  rL-hUiun  of  a  d.-sire  to  its  i.>l'ject. 
aptitudinally   (ap-ti-tii'di-nal-i),   adv.     In  an 
aptitudinal  manner;   in  a  way  which  reveals 
aptitude. 
aptly  (apt'li),  adv.     In  an  apt  or  suitable  man- 
ner,   (rt)  With  exact  correspondence  ;  with  fitness ;  justly. 
I  have  forgot  yom*  name  ;  but,  sure,  that  part 
Was  aptty  fitted,  and  naturally  perfonn'd. 

Sliak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 
(t))  .Suitably ;  appropriately :  of  language,  pertinently,  ap- 
positely, or  significantly. 
Irena)us  very  aptly  remarks.  Addison. 

Words  aptly  cuU'd  and  meanings  well  expressed 
Can  ealm  the  soiTows  of  a  wounded  breast. 

Crabbe,  The  Village, 
(c)  Readily ;  quickly ;  cleverly :  as,  to  learn  aptli/. 
aptness  (apt'nes),  H.     The  state  or  quality  of 
being  apt,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 
The  aptness  of  things  to  theil'  end.  Hooker. 

Wliat  should  be  the  aptness  of  birds,  in  comparison  of 
beasts,  to  imitate  speech  may  be  inquired.  Bacon. 

At  his  first  aptness,  the  maternal  love 
Those  rudiments  of  reason  did  improve. 

Drydetl,  Eleonora,  I.  218. 

Aptornis  (ap-tor'nis),  n.  [NL.,  short  for  *(y> 
teruntis,  <  Gr.  a-Tcpog,  wingless  (see  apterous), 
+  upviQ,  a  bird:  see  oniithologi/.']  A  genus  of 
recently  extinct  ralliform  birds,  probably  of 
the  family  Eallidie,  related  to  the  extant  genus 
Ocijdronms.  Its  remains  are  found  in  New  Zealand  with 
those  of  the  moa.  A.  de/ossor  and  A.  otidiformis  are  two 
spt'cies  described  by  Owen  in  1S71. 

aptosochromatism  (ap-t6'''s6-kr6'ma-tizm),  n. 
[<  Gr.  lirrruf  {u-Tur-),  not  falling  off  (cf.  iinTucia, 
stability,  firmness :  see  aptote),  +  chromatism.'] 
In  ornith.,  change  of  color  of  the  plumage  with- 
out loss  or  gain  of  any  leathers.    Coues. 

aptote  (ap'tot),  n.  [<  LL.  aptotum,  only  in  pi. 
aptota,  <  Gr.  aTTi-iroi',  neut.  of  d-ruroc,  without 
ease,  undeelined,  also  as  a-rui;  (a-ruT-),  not  fall- 
ing, <  a-  priv.  -I-  --(jrof,  verbal  adj.  of  Tri-iTTear 
fail,  whence  also  Tr-CiaiQ,  ease,  inflection.]  In 
(jrain.,  a  noun  which  has  no  distinction  of  cases ; 
an  indeclinable  noun. 

aptotic  (ap-tot'ik),  a.  [<  aptote  +  -ic.']  1.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  an  aptote ;  having  no  declen- 
sion.—  2.  Uninflected;  having  no  grammatical 
inflections:  said  of  certain  languages. 

aptychus  (ap'ti-kus),  n. ;  pi.  apttjchi  (-ki). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -f-  ^tvxv,  a  fold,  <  TTTvaauv, 
fold.]  In  Cephatupoda,  a  plate  formed  of  a 
shelly  substance,  found  in  the  terminal  eham- 


283 

ber  of  certain  fossil  moUusks,  as  ammonites, 
and  regarded  by  some  as  an  operculum.  It  was 
iiM-merly  considered  to  be  one  of  the  parts  of  different 
.iiiimals  (tailed  trigonellites,  lepadites,  etc. 

riiL-  Aptiiclii  .  .  .  occupy  the  middle  of  the  posterior 
n:ill  of  Ih.  tirminal  chamber  of  the  Ammonite,  and  have 
ilicir  bast's  towards  its  mouth.  Nothing  is  certainly 
'iiuwn  xs  to  the  nature  of  the  Aptycid  or  Anaptychi. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  451). 

Apulian  (a-pii'li-an),  u.  [<  L.  Apulia,  Appulia, 
+  -<iii.\  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  region  called 
Apulia,  in  soutliern  Italy,  or  to  its  injiabitants. 
hi  Roman  times  Apulia  included  the  re^iion  liclwcen  tiir 
Apennines  and  the  Adriatic,  south  of  llic  f'r.-ntani  ;iim1 
.  ast  of  Sanmium,  and  later  also  the  Messapian  ]iciiinsiil;i. 
Modern  Apulia  comprises  the  provinces  t'oggia,  liari,  and 
l.tcce. 
.\  hill  in  the  midst  of  the  Ajmlian  plain. 

Emyc.  Brit.,  XV.  39. 

Apulian  pottery,  a  name  given  to  the  Italo-Greek  pot- 
triy  biiind  in  Apulia  arnl  southeastern  Italy  generally, 
(specially  to  tlie  vases  with  red  figures  on  a  lustrous  black 
Ki  nund,  some  of  the  most  important  examples  of  which  are 
Iriim.this  region. 
Apus  (a'pus),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aTvovr,  without  feet : 
see  apod,  Apoda,  etc.]  1.  One  of  the  southern 
constellations  form- 
ed in  the  sixteenth 
century,  probably 
by  Petrus  Theodori; 
the  Bird  of  Paradise. 
It  is  situated  south  of  the 
Triangulum  Australe, 
and  its  brightest  star  is 
of  the  fourtli  magnitude. 

2.  A  genus  of  bran- 
chiopodous  or  phyl- 
lopodous  entomos- 
traeous  crustace- 
ans, typical  of  the 
family  Apodidie  or 
A}iusid(e:  named  (in 
the  form  Apous)  by 
Frisch  in  1732.  Like 
nearly  .all  animals  which 
have  been  miscalled  A2J0- 
da  or  Apodes  (footless), 
they  have  feet,  these 
organs  in  the  phyllo- 
pods  ranging  from  11  to 
60  pairs.  The  genus  is 
characterized  by  a  large 
shield-like  cai-apace,  or 
eephalothorax  in  one 
piece,  covering  most  of 
the  animal.  A.  cancri/orynis,  called  the  crab-shelled 
shrimp,  is  2  or  3  inches  long,  and  is  noted  for  its  repeated 
molts  (it  sheds  its  skin  twenty  times  m  two  or  three 
months),  and  for  the  vast  numerical  preponderance  of  the 
females,  the  males  having  been  only  recently  discovered. 

3.  In  ornith. :  (a)  A  genus  of  birds,  of  the  fam- 
ily C!ipi<elid<e,  established  by  Scopoli  in  1777 : 
eqiuvalent  to  Ci/pselus  of  Illiger,  1811.  (6)  [/.  c] 
The  specific  name  of  the  common  swift  of  Eu- 
rope, Cypselm  ajjvs.—^.  II.  c. ;  pi.  api  (a'pi).] 
In  teratol.,  a  monster  destitute  of  posterior 
limbs,  while  the  anterior  are  well  formed. 

Apusidae  (a-pu'si-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Apus 
+  -ida':  so  fonned  to  make  literal  distinction 
from  Apodidie.']     Same  as  Apodida:. 

Apygia  (a-pij'i-a),  '«.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
-I-  TTvyi],  buttock.]  An  order  of  Brachiopoda  : 
a  synonym  of  Arthropomata  (which  see). 

Apyrenaemata  (a-pi-re-ne'ma-ta),  n.  2>l.  [NL. , 
neut.  pi.  oi  afiijrenccmatus :  see  apurenematous.] 
A  division  of  animals  including  those  in  which 
the  blood-corpuscles  are  not  nucleated;  those 
animals  which  have  blood-disks  as  distinguished 
from  nucleated  cells  of  the  blood.  The  term  is 
practically  the  same  in  application  as  Mammalia,  though 
nuclei  have  been  discovered  in  the  form-elements  of  the 
blood  of  a  few  mammals. 

apyrenematous  (a-pi-re-nem'a-tus),  a.  [<  NL. 
apyrena-inatua,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  pijreuannatus : 
see  H-18  and  pijrenematous.]  Not  pyrenema- 
tous;  ha\'ing  blood  which  contains  disks,  or 
non-nucleated  corpuscles,  as  a  mammal. 

apyretic  (ap-i-ret'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  an-ipEToc,  with- 
out fever,  <  d-  priv.  +  nvperog,  fever.  Cf.  apy- 
rexia.]  Without  pvrexia  or  fever:  specifically, 
in  pathol.,  applied'to  those  days  in  which  the 
intermission  of  fever  occurs  in  agues,  and  also 
to  local  affections  which  are  not  accompanied 
with  fever. 

apyrexia  (ap-i-rek'si-il),  w.  [NL.,<  Gr.  a-vpe^ia, 
absenceof  fever,  < airvpenToc.  without  fever,  <  a- 
priv.  -I-  *TTvpeKT6t:,  verbal  adj.  of  -ipiaryciv,  be  in 
a  fever,  <  vvperdg,  fever:  see  pyntic,  and  cf. 
apyretic]  The  absence  or  intermission  of  py- 
rexia or  fever;  the  interval  between  the  parox- 
ysms in  intermittent  fevers.     Also  apyrexij. 

apyrexial  (ap-i-rek'si-al),  a.  [<  apyrexia  +  -al.] 
Relating  to  or  characterized  by  apyrexia;  apy- 
retic. 

apyrexy  (ap'i-rek-si),  n.    Same  as  apyreiAa. 


cih's. — A,  lateral  view, 
the  right  lialf  of  tlie  carapace  cut 
away;  5,  dorsal  view;  x,  stiell-glaad  ; 
y,  caudal  filaments ;  lb,  labrum  ;  cs. 
ceptialostegite.  separated  at  st  from 
the  rest  of^the  carapace,  or  omoste- 
gite  ;  21  to  26,  the  six  simple  somites 
preceded  by  twenty  pedigerous  so- 
mites tiearintj  the  foliaceous  swim- 
mine-feet  ;  1,  eye  ;  //,  antennule  ; 
I^{or  td),  labrum. 


aquage 

apyrotype  (a-pi'ro-tip),  «.  [<  Gr.  aTTvpoc,  with- 
out lire  (see  apyrtnts),  +  type,  q.  v.]  Printing- 
type  produced  without  heat,  as  by  means  of  dies 
and  pressure,  instead  of  by  easting  in  mold,s. 

apsnrous  (a-pi'rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  uTTvpot;,  without 
tire,  <  a-  priv.  -t-  jriyj,  fire,  =  E.  fire :  see  fire  and 
pyre.]  Incombustible,  or  capable  of  sustain- 
ing a  strong  lieat  without  alteration  of  form  or 
properties,  as  asbestos,  mica,  and  talc.  Apyrous 
tjotlies  difier  from  refiaelory  ones  in  remaining  unchanged 
even  under  extreme  heat,  while  the  latter  may  be  altered 
even  though  not  fused  by  fire. 

a(l.     In  phtr.,  an  abbreviation  of  aqua. 

aqua  (a'kwii),  «.  [L.  (>  It.  acqtta  =  Sp.  Pg. 
atjua  =  F.  eau),  =  Goth,  ainea,  river,  =  OHG. 
(iha,  MHG.  ahc  (G.  Aa,  the  name  of  several 
rivers)  =  OS.  n/ia  =  AS.  ed  (for  *eah:  see  ey, 
island),  water,  river,  =  OFries.  it,  e  =  Icel.  a, 
water,  river,  =  Sw.  a  =  Dan.  aa,  a  brook.]  1. 
Water :  a  word  much  used  in  medical  pre- 
scriptions written  in  Latin,  and  in  pharmacy 
generally,  also  in  old  chemistry,  to  denote  a 
solution,  or  menstruum  of  water. —  2.  In  anat., 

some  watery  fluid  or  humor Aqua  ammonlEe,  a 

solution  of  ammonia  gas  in  water,  ha\ine  the  i  in  iiiiral 
properties  of  an  alkali  hydrate.  — Aquse  ductus  et  aquae 
haustus  (conducting  of  water  and  drawing  of  water;,  in 
,sVi.rv  /(*//',  two  servitudes,  the  former  consisting  in  a  right 
nf  (■;iii>iii;<  a  watercourse  through  the  grounds  of  another, 
and  the  latter  of  watering  cattle  at  a  river,  well,  or  pond 
in  the  ground  of  another.  —  Aqua  fortls  (strong  water),  a 
name  given  to  weak  and  impure  nitric  acid.  Double  aqua 
fiiftis  contains  twice  as  much  acid  as  single  aqua  fortis. 

—  Aqua  labjTlnthi,  the  fluid  of  the  labyiinth  of  the 
e;ir;  the  perilymph,  aquula  acustica,  or  liquor  Cotunnii. — 
Aqua  marina.  .See  aquamarine.— kana,  nUrabUis 
(woiiiierful  water),  (a)  A  preparation  of  cloves,  galan;:;il- 
cubebs,  mace,  cardamoms,  nutmegs,  ginger,  and  spirit  of 
wine,  digestetl  twenty-four  hours,  then  distilled.  Johnson. 
(6)  A  carminative  cordial  prepared  from  oil  of  pimento 
(allspice):  also  called  spiritus  pivientoe.  IHinglisoli. — 
Aqua  Morgagni.  Same  as  liquor  Moi-yayiii  (which  see, 
under  ;/7»<.,)  — Aqua  regia  or  aqua  regalis  (royal  wa- 
ter), a  ii;ime  i:i\en  to  a  mivtiire  of  one  part  of  nitric  acid 
a1i<i  three  to  four  parts  of  hydrochloric  acid,  from  its  power 
of  dissolving  gold. — Aqua  Tofana,  a  poisonous  fluid  made 
-about  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  by  a  woman  of 
Palermo  named  Tofana  or  Toffana,  who  confessed  that  no 
fewer  than  600  persons  had  been  killed  with  it.  It  con- 
sisted chiefly,  it  is  supposed,  of  a  strong  solution  of  arsenic 
obtained  liya  bmu'  ttoilingof  itsoxid.   Also  called  af;7/e«a. 

—  Aqua  vitse  twatcr  of  life),  an  old  name  for  alcohol, 
now  familiarly  applici  to  native  distilled  spirits. 

aquaeductus  (a-kwe-duk'tus),  «.  [L. :  fiee  ague- 
duct.]  In  anat.,  a  canal  or  channel  conveying 
a  fluid,  or  supposed  to  do  so.     Also  aqueduclus. 

—  Aqu33ductiis  cochleae,  the  aqueduct  of  the  cochlea, 
a  minute  venous  Lti;omcl  in  the  temporal  bone,  running 
from  the  scalatymjjani  of  the  cochlea  to  a  point  just  below 
the  internal  auditory  meatus.  —  Aquaeductus  Fallopii, 
the  aqueduct  of  Fallopius,  a  channel  thioiii:h  the  tempi  iial 
bone,  leading  from  the  internal  auditory  meatus  and  end- 
ing at  the  styliiii;a>tiiid  foramen,  transmitting  the  facial 
nerve. — Aquaeductus  Sylvil, the  aqiieductof  .Sylvius,  the 
channel  of  communication  between  tlie  third  and  foitith 
ventricles  of  the  brain.  Also  called  He,-  a  trrtio  ad  qvar- 
turn  Dcnfricwiwin.— Aquaeductus  vestlbuli,  a  small  canal 
running  from  the  vestilmle  of  the  ear  to  the  posterior  sur- 
face of  the  petrous  i)nitinn  of  the  temporal  bone.  It  trans- 
mits the  ductus  endolympluiticus. 

aquaemanale  (a"kwe-ma-na'le),  «.;  pi.  aquiE- 
manalia  (-li-a).  [ML.,  also  aquimaiiile,  aquimi- 
nale,  aquiminile,  LL.  aquiminale,  L.  aquirma- 
nalis,  LL.  also  aquiininarium,  <  L.  aqua,  water, 
+  manale,  a  ewer,  neut.  of  manatis,  flowing, 

<  viaiiare,  flow, 
trickle,  tirip.]  1. 
In  Bom.  antiq.,  a 
pitcher  or  vessel 
for  pouring  out 
water,  used  espe- 
cially for  pour- 
ing water  over 
the  hands  into  a 
basin  during  and 
after  meals. — 2. 
The  basin  in 
which,  accord- 
ing to  an  an- 
cient church  cer- 
emony, the  priest 
washed  his  hands 
before  celebrat- 
ing mass. — 3.  A  kind  of  water-ewer  formerly 
used  in  private  houses,  and  frequently  made  in 
grotesque  forms.  The  term  is  now  used  spe- 
cifically in  this  sense. 
aquafortis  (a-kwa-for'tis),  n.    See  aqua  fortis, 

imder  aqua. 
aquafortist  (a-kwa-ftir'tist),  n.     [<  aqua  fortis 
+  -ist.]     One  who  etches  by  means  of  aqua 
fortis.     A'.  E.  D. 

aquage  (a'kwaj),  n.  [<  LL.  aquagitm,  aque- 
(iuet,  <  L.  aqua,  water,  +  agere,\ea,d :  see  agent.'] 
In  leveling  :  (a)  The  course  of  a  mill-stream  be- 
fore it  reaches  the  pond  formed  by  a  dam.  (6) 
Any  watercourse. 


Aquxmanale  of  copper.  14th  century.  It 
is  filled  by  an  opening  al  the  top  of  the 
head ;  the  tail  forms  a  handle. 


aquamanne 

aquamaxine  (atn-a-ma-ren'),  «.  [<  L.  agua 
manna,  sca-water:  see  iiqua,  marine,  and  airiur- 
marhie.}  1.  A  transparent  va- 
riety of  berr!  of  a  bluish  or  sea- 
green  tint,  lised  as  a  gem.  Hence 
—  2.  A  bloish-frreen  color  resem- 
bling that  01  tile  finest  beryl. 

aqtia-meter  va!r«"a-me'ter),  n.  [< 
L.  ^I'jiin,  water,  +  meter.']  Same 
as  imlsometer. 

aqoapnlt  (a'kwa-piUt),  n.  [<  L. 
aqua,  water,  +  -jiult,  as  m  cata- 
pult.]  A  small  portable  force- 
pump. 

aquapunctxtre  (a  -  kwa  -  pungk  '- 
tur),  11.  [<  L.  aqua,  water,  -f-  LL. 
punctura,  puncture.]  A  form  of 
counter-irritation  consisting  in  the  forcible  pro- 
jection of  a  very  fine  stream  of  water  against 
the  skin.  The  stream,  wliich  comes  from  a  powerful 
foix-e-pump,  reddens  and  blisters  the  part  to  which  it  is 
applic-I.  It  is  used  especially  in  neuralgia  and  alfectious 
...I  lii-_  jjiiiutl  curd.     .\Iso  called  douche  jiliforme. 

aquarelle  (ak-wa-rel'),  n.  [F.,  <  It.  acquerella, 
water-color,  liglit  rain,  acquerello,  water-color, 
thin  wine,  dim.  of  aequo  (=F.  eau),  <  L.  aqua, 
water:  see  aqua.]  Water-color  painting,  or  a 
painting  in  water-colors. 

They  IKreuehmea]  despised  it  (water-color)  when  it  was 
called  aquarelle ;  they  bowed  down  to  it  when  it  was  called 
}jeintureA  lafretque.        //amcrtoH,  Graphic  \v\a,  p.  340. 

aquarellist  (ak-wii-rel'ist),  «.  [<  aquareUe  -I- 
-iv(.]  An  artist  who  works  in  water-colors;  a 
water-color  painter. 

aqtiaria,  ".     Plural  of  aquarium. 

aqnarian  (a-kwa'ri-an),  a.  and  h.  [<  h.aquarius, 
pertaining  to  water  (see  Aquariu.s),  +  -an.]  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  aquarium.  [Rare.] 
X.  E.  I). 

n.  ".  {cap.]  [<  ML.  Aquarii,  pi.,  the  Aqua- 
rians, <  L.  aquarius :  see  Aquarius.]  One  who 
used  water  instead  of  wine  in  the  eucharist :  a 
term  applied  to  certain  Christians  in  Africa 
about  the  middle  of  the  thirdcentury,  who,  while 
it  was  still  customary  to  celebrate  the  Lord's 
supper  twice  a  day,  though  emploj-ing  wine  at 
the  evening  eucharist,  substituted  water  for  it 
in  the  morning  in  order  that  the  odor  of  wine 
might  not  betray  them  during  the  day.  They  are 
often  confounded  with  earlier  followers  of  the  ascetic 
Tatian  in  Syria,  called  Hydroparastata;,  or  Watcr-drink- 
era,  and  reckoned  amon:^  the  Encratites,  who  used  water  in 
place  of  wine  at  the  eucharist,  because  they  held  the  latter 
to  be  sinful,  regardiuf  it  as  the  evil  principle  or  blood  of 
till-  d.vil. 

aqoaricalture  (a'kwa-ri-kul'tiir),  n.  [<  L. 
aquarium  +  cultura,  culture.]  The  culture  of 
aquatic  plants  in  aquariums ;  the  management 
of  an  uipiarium. 

aqnarium  fa-kwa'ri-ura),  h.  ;  pi.  aquariums, 
iiqiiurin  (-umz,  -il).  [L.,  a  watering-place  for 
cattle,  neut.  of  aquarius:  see  Aquarius.]  1. 
An  artificial  pond,  cistern^  or  place  in  a  garden 
or  elsewhere  for  cultivating  aquatic  plants. — 
2.  A  vessel  or  series  of  vessels,  constructed 
chiefly  of  glass,  filled  with  either  fresli  or  salt 
watcr^  and  supplied  with  plants,  rocks,  etc., 
in  which  living  acjuatic  animals  are  kept,  jinny 
wiuariuNiH  on  a  lartfe  Hcale  are  nudntalned  in  coinicction 
with  public  parks  or  Kardeiis,  or  as  distinct  institution)*. 
AImj  calleil  wju/ivicarium. 


Aqoarlns  'a-kwA'ri-iiH),  ».   [L.,  n  water-bearer, 
I. no  of  the  nijfti"  '.f  t',(  /oiIIbc  (Or.  lApox^xK,  *■  c. 


284 

water-pourer) ;  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  water, 

<  aqua,  water:  see  aqua.]  1.  A  zodiacal  con- 
stellation, supposed  to  represent  a  man  stand- 
ing with  his  left  hand  extended  upward,  and 
with  his  right  pom-ing  out  of  a  va-ie  a  stream 
of  water  which  flows  into  the  mouth  of  the 
Southern  Fish.  It  contains  no  star  brighter 
than  the  third  magnitude. —  2.  The  Water- 
bearer;  the  eleventh  sign  (marked  riz)  of  the 
zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters  about  the  21st  of 
January:  so  called  from  the  constellation. 

aquarter  (a-kw6r'ter),  jjrp^^.jjAr.  as  adv.  [<  n3 
+  quarter."]  J\'aut.,  on  the  quarter;  43°  abaft 
the  beam. 

a  quartieri  (a  kwiir-tf-a'ri).  [It.:  a  (<  L.  ad), 
to.  witli;  quartieri,  pi.  of  quartiere,  a  quarter, 
compartment;  see  quarter.]  In  cecaw.,  (deco- 
rated) in  compartments:  said  especially  of  any- 
thing circular,  such  as  a  shield,  the  rim  ofa 
round  dish,  or  the  like,  which  is  divided  into 
panels  or  compartments  by  ratliating  lines. 

aquatic  (a-kwat'ik),  a.  and  ii.     [<  L.  aquaticus, 

<  aqua,  water:  see  aqua.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  water;  watery. — 2.  Li\-ing  in  or  fre- 
quentijig  water:  as,  aquatic  auimals;  aquatic 
plants. —  3.  Practised  on  or  in  water:  as,aquatic 
sports.— Aquatic  birds,  in  omitli.,  specilieally,  Ans 
uouatitriv,  the  nienibei-s  of  the  old  orders  Grallatorea  and 
yatatvrcs;  the  wading  and  swimniius  birds,  taken  to- 
getlier. — Aquatic  box,  an  accessory  to  the  microscope, 
generally  in  tlie  form  i.'f  a  sla.^s  cell,  in  wliich  algaj  or  ani- 
malcules are  placed  for  observation. 

II.  «.  1.  A  plant  which  grows  in  water. —  2. 
j>i.  Sports  or  exorcises  practised  on  or  in  water, 
as  rowing  or  swimming. 

aquatical  (a-kwat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  aquatic. 
[Rare.] 

aquatilet  (ak'wa-tO),  a.  and  n.    [=F.  aquatilc, 
\  L.  aquatilis,  living  or  growing  in  or  near  wa- 
ter, <  aqua,  water:  see  aqua.]    I.  a.  Inhabiting 
water. 
The  aquatile  or  water  frog.      Sir  T.  Browne,  Vidg.  Err. 
H,  «.  An  aquatic  animal  or  plant. 

Aquatilia  (ak-wa-til'i-a),  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  L.  tujuatilis,  livong  in  the  water :  see  aquatilc] 
In  Fieber's  system  of  classification,  a  subsec- 
tion of  heteropterous  insects,  including  genuine 
aquatic  species  with  conceiilcd  antenna^,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  those  of  the  section  Litoratia. 

aquatint   (a'kwa-tint),  h.  and  a.     [=F.  aqua- 
tiutc,  (iquu-iinta,  <  It.  acqua  tiiita  lit.  dyed  wa- 
ter: aaiuti,  water  (see  aqua) ;  tiiita,  I'era.  of  tiuli) 
(<  L.  tiiictus),  pp.  of  tiuffcrc,  tifinerc,  <  L.  tingcn; 
tint,  tinge:  sec  tint,  tinqc]     I.  n.  1.  An  etch- 
ing process  by  which  prints  imitating  tlie  broad 
flat  tints  of  India  ink,  bister,  or  sepia  drawings 
aro  produced,    it  was  practised  by  tlie  Abbe  .St.  Non 
in  the  eightecutli  century,  and  was  perfected  by  .lean  Baj)- 
tiste  f.e  Prince  (17;iy-17Sl).   In  the  aiiuatint  process  spaces 
are  bitten,  instead  of  lines  as  in  etcliing  (which  see). 
2.  An  engraving  executed  by  the  aquatint  pro- 
cess. 
Also  aquatinta. 
n.  ''.  Pertaining  to  this  method  of  etching. 

aquatint  (a'kwa-tint),  f.  <.  l<.  aquatint,  n.]  To 
eti'li  ill  aquatint. 

aquatinta  (a'kwii-tin'ta),  n.    Same  asaqtiatint. 

aqurtinter  (a'k\V!i-tin  "tfr),  ».  One  wlio  prac- 
tises tlic  art  of  a(|uatinting. 

aquatinting  (a'kwa-tin  ting),  h.  [Verbal  n. 
(if  aiiiKiliiil.]  The  art  or  process  of  etching 
ill  tlie  acinatint  iiietliod.     See  aquatint. 

aquavivarium  ( it "  k w,i  -  vi  -  va '  ri  -  um),  h.  ;  pi. 

nqumivanii  (-il).  [<  L.  <iqu(i,  water,  +  viva- 
riuiii,  <|.  v.]  f^aiiie  as  aquarium,  '2. 
aqueduct  (ak'we-dukt),  «.  [Karly  mod.  E.  also 
aquaduct; —  F.'aqucduc,  OF.  aquednrt,  <  L. 
aquaduclus,  jirop.  separated,  aqua'  ductus,  a 
conveyance  of  water:  aqua',  gen.  of  aqua,  wa- 
ter; liurlu.i,  conveyance,  liipe,  canal,  <  ducerr, 
lead,  convey:  see  aipia  and  duel.]  1.  A  con- 
duit or  channel  for  conducliug  water  from  one 
place  to  anotlior.  More  particularly  api>llid  to Mriic- 
turen  of  niasonry  and  tunneling  for  the  condiicliim  of 
water  from  liiKlant  itoiin-eH  to  birge  cltlcH  throuuh  tiibniar 
condultN.  Ai|U('diirtH  were  cxteliHlvcly  lined  In  Iln'  Itoiniin 
cniiilri',  and  niuiiy  of  ttiirHi'  ancient  HtrilclureHHtlll  lenialn. 

I'bey  were  coiiHtructcd  of  Hloiie  or  w I,  HonicllnicH  tiili. 

Iieled  throimh  hlllM  aiiil  can  led  over  valleyit  and  livers  on 
airbfH.  iiitich  of  t)M>  labor  iiiion  thcin  being  UHeleHi*ly  ex- 
Txii'li-d.  from  II  mlHtaken  idea  of  the  llei-eHMlty  of  a  per- 
il rlly  levid  eour«i'.  The  ai|Ueilllet  o(  ."(egovlli.  oriilliuilly 
liiilltby  the  Roiiians,  has  lr>ll  arcbi-H.  in  in  some  parts  built 
in  two  tlern  ino  fe<-t  or  more  in  height,  and  Is  an  adnilrabln 
iii.iiiuiiii-nt  id  nnrleiil  engineering.  <ine  of  Hie  mi'"t  re- 
loiirkabb  luiueduclsiif  niodein  llnii'S  Is  that  ol  Miir»i  lllis, 
I"  "III.  b  lily  It  conviys  the  waters  of  the  rivir  Hiininee 
'I'ini  a  illHlaiiie  of  abiiill  M  miles,  of  wbiib  10  nilles  ion- 
111-"!  tiiniii-lH,  anil  a  i-onibli-nible  portion  Is  ti-aveist-d  by 
iM-  ,im..f  vbidih'tsof  great  bi'iglM  and  length.  'I'liis  Hiiui'- 
'I'M  I  ^^||M  built  between  Is.to  and  1H47,  and  sni)[>lleH  water 
III  -'I'  habundaneothAtthurnvlroniof  Mamcllfen,  formerly 


Aquila 


Aqueduct  of  Segovia,  Spain. 

extremely  arid,  have  become  a  garden  from  the  plentiful 
irrigation  which  is  now  possible. 
2.   In  anat..  same  as  aquaductus. 
aqueductus  (ak-we-duk'tus),  H.  [NL.]  luoHof., 

same  as  aquccduetus. 
aqueityt(a-'^^^'.Hi)>"'  [.^aque-ous  +  -itii.]  Tho 
essential  principle  or  quality  of  water ;  wateri- 
ness ;  aqueousuess. 

The  aqlicity, 
Terreity,  luid  siilpliureity 
Shall  run  together  again,  and  all  be  annulled. 

B.  Jonson,  .-Vlchemist,  ii.  1. 

aqueous  (a'kwf-us),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "aqueus,  < 
aqua,  water  :  see  aqua.]  Of  the  nature  of  wa- 
ter; abounding  with  water;  formed  by  water; 

watery:  as,  an  aqueous  solution Aqueous  or 

watery  fusion.  See  /union.—  Aqueous  humor  (of  the 
eye),  the  limpid  watery  Huid  winch  nils  the  space  be- 
tween the  cornea  and  the  crystalline  lens  in  the  eye. 
See  eye. —  AqueoUS  roCkS,  inircot.,  mechanically  formed 
rocks,  composed  of  matter  deposited  by  \\att-r.  .\lso 
called  liediiiuutai-!/  or  strtitifiefl  racks. — Aqueous  tint, 
ill  paintiug,  a.  nearly  colorless  tint.— Aqueous  tissue, 
in  hot.,  epidermal  or  .^uticpidcniial  layers  of  i-dls  Illlcd 
with  clear  sap,  as  in- most  smciilent  plants. —  Aqueous 
vapor,  tile  invisible  vapor  wliich,  taken  from  tile  surface 
of  water  by  evaporation  and  rising  into  the  atmosphere, 
returns  to  the  earth  in  the  form  of  rain,  dew,  juid  snow. 

aqueousness  (ii'kwe-us-ues),  n.  [<  aqueous  + 
-H<  .V.S.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  aqueous 
or  watery ;  wateriness. 

aquetta  (a-kwet'tii),  it.  [It.,  prop,  aequella, 
dim.  of  <irqua,  water :  see  aqua.]  A  celebrated 
Italian  poison,  more  commonly  called  aqua  To- 
faiia  (which  see,  under  aqua). 

aquicultural  (fi-kwe-kurttu--al),  a.  [<  aquicul- 
tiire  +  -«/.]     Pertaining  to  aquiculture. 

By  the  republication  of  these  foreign  papers  the  [Fish 
I'otiimissioii)  Hiilletin  becomes  a  guide  to  tlie  know-ledge 
of  what  is  being  done  in  aquicuUnral  enterprise  in  all 
jiai-ls  of  the  world.  Nature,  XX.'CIII.  :W. 

aquiculture  (a'kwe-kul-tur),  «.  [=  F.  aquicul- 
ture, <  L.  aqua,  water,  +  cultura,  culture.] 
Cultiu'e  of  the  natural  inhabitants  of  water; 
fish-brooding ;  pisciculture. 

aquiferous  (S-kwif 'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  aqua,  water, 

-f-  ft  rn  =  E.  /iciirl.]  Conveying  water Aqtiife- 

roiis  canals,  tlie  channels  whi'cli  traverse  the  foot  or 
ottier  jiart  of  many  inollusks,  as  lamellibranchs  and  odon- 
lopliorcs,  opening  upon  the  surface  by  one  endj  and  at  the 
other  end,  in  some  ciusea,  emptying  into  hlood-sinuses,  thus 
establishing  communication  between  tile  blood  and  tho 
surrounding  water. 

These  aiiu(f'ermts  canals,  as  they  have  been  termed,  ap- 
pear, in  many  cases,  to  open  by  their  inner  ends  into  llio 
blood  sinuses.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  ii.  -nil. 

aquiform  (a'kwi-fOrm),  a.  [<  L.  oi/Hrt.  water, 
-f-  fur  mil,  form.]     In  the  form  of  water ;  liquid. 

Aquila  (ak'wi-lil),  ii.  [L.,  an  eagle,  hence  the 
legionary  stamlard;  prob.  fern,  of  the  rare  adj. 


-f  he  ColiHlelliitlull  Aqtlllil. 

aqidluH,   dark-colored,  dun,  swarthy;    cf.  Or. 
u,V/'i f,  a  mist,  darknoBH.]     1 .   In  oruilh  ,  a  genus 


Aquila 

of  liinls  cstablislipd  by  Brisson  in  1760,  ))ut  nav- 
iiig  no  cliMracters  by  which  it  can  be  oxactly 
(lefiueil.  TIr'  iiamo  lias  been  loosely  applu'il  to  wi^lcs 
iuul  otlitr  larBU  diuniul  niijtorial  birds  wliicti  have  mi  tiii>tli 
of  the  beak.  It  is  now  restiiiti-d  ami  somewhat  detlnitely 
apiilicd  to  eaylcs  having  liu.iled  taisi,  that  is,  having  the 
shank  more  or  less  eoniiilLtely  leathered.  Such  are  the 
golden  eaiiU',  A.  clinisa''tit^;  of  ICuroipe  ami  .North  America  ; 
thesjiotted  eagle,  .1.  /i.ei'w,  of  .\sia  aTi.l  ICuroiie;  the  im- 
perial eagle,  .1.  heliai-a,  of  the  same  region  ;  the  llnssian 
eagle,  .1.  inofiilnik^  etc.     See  cut  nnder  eagle. 

2.  A  northern  constellation  situated  in  the 
Milky  Way,  nearly  south  of  Lyra,  and  contain- 
ing t  ho  bright  star  Altair.  It  has  for  its  outline  the 
figure  of  a  Hying  eagle  carrying  in  its  taloTis  the  boy  An- 
tinous,  the  page  of  tjie emperor  Hadrian.    .See  cut,  p.  2S4. 

3.  [/.  c. ;  111.  aqiiilw  (-le).J  A  reading-desk  in 
the  form  of  ati  eagle. 

aquilatedt  (ak'wi-la-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  aqmlatus, 
adorned  with  eagles'  heads,  <  L.  uquila,  an 
eagle:  see  Aquilu.']  In  her.,  adorned  with  the 
heads  of  eagles:  as,  a  cross  aquilated. 

Aquilegia  (ak-wi-le'ji-a),  ».  [NL.  (ML.  nqiiilc- 
<liii.  iK/iiilcia),  said  to  tie  <  L.  aqiiila,  an  eagle, 
whose  claws  the  spiu's  of  the  petals  are  sup- 
posed to  resemble.  Cf.  L.  Aquilciii,  Gr.  'Aur- 
/j/ia,  Aqiuleia,  a  town  of  Austria  near  the  Adri- 
atic]     A  genus  of   acrid  plants,  natural  or- 


liiRorcscence  of  Aguilegia  -vulgaris  (garden  columbine). 
fi,  flower :  ir,  sanie,  cut  vertically ;  c,  pistils. 

der  RanuHculacece,  widely  distributed  over  the 
temperate  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
The  tlowcrs  have  live  fiat,  elliptical,  colored  sepals,  alter- 
nating with  as  many  spurred  petals;  the  fruit  consi.sts  of 
live  ftillicles  with  numerous  seeds.  Tlie  spinred  iietals 
^vith  incurved  heads  have  been  compared  to  ti\e  pigeons. 
the  sepals  representing  the  wings,  and  to  this  tlic  I'.nglisli 
name  columbine  refers  (from  Latin  athniih'i,  a  iiigeoii). 
Several  species  are  common  iu  cultivation,  and,  as  they  ale 
prone  to  sport  and  hybridize,  the  varieties  of  form  and 
color  are  numerous.  There  are  10  North  American  spe- 
cies, in  some  of  which,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
Mexico,  the  spurs  are  several  inches  in  length. 

Aquilinse  (ak-wi-U'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  AqniUi  + 
-iiiir.  C(.  iKjuiUiie.'i  A  conventional  subfamily 
of  Fah-onirlw,  containing  eagles.  It  has  no  as- 
signable technical  characters.     See  Jqiiihi,  1. 

aquiline  (ak'wi-liu  or  -lin),  a.  [=  F.  aquiliii,  < 
L.  (iqniliitiis,  pertaining  to  an  eagle,  <  aqi<ila, 
an  eagle  :  see  Aq^uila.'i  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  eagle. 

Wlien  mortals  lived 
Of  stronger  wing,  of  aqutlins  ascent. 

Young,  Night  Tlloughts,  i.K.  907. 
2.  Kesembling  an  eagle ;  having  the  character- 
istics of  an  eagle ;   especially,  resembling  an 
eagle's  beak  ;  curving ;  hooked  ;  prominent. 
Terribly  arched  and  aquiline  his  nose. 

Cou'per,  Task,  iii. 
Even  before  objection  was  made  to  his  presence  in  the 
Board  .  .  .  the  U'luiUin-  suul;i  ^tions  of  Mr.  (iakhurst's 
mien  antl  countenance  nnt  iitil\  preniaturely  Muttered  the 
pigeons,  hut  aljsolutelv  n(ra>i..ii,_il  uiuch  uneasiness  among 
the  lish-hawks.  lint  llarle.  Argonauts,  Ji.  l.JU. 

aquilont  (ak'vri-lon),  I).  [<  F.  nqtiilon,  <  L.  aqiii- 
l(iyii-),  the  north  wind,  Boreas;  prob.  <  aquilus, 
dark-colored,  dun,  swarthy  (cf.  Aquila),  with 
allusion  to  the  dark,  stormy  weather  accom- 
paiiving  the  north  wind.]  The  north  wind. 
[Rare.] 

Blow,  villain,  till  thy  sphered  bias  cheek 
Out-swell  the  colic  of  puft'd  Aquilon. 

Shiik.,  T.  and  C,  Iv.  5. 

aquiminale,  aquimanile  (a'kwi-mi-na'le,  -ma- 

iii'le). //.      See  aqHtvmtindle. 

aquiminarium  (a  ■  kwi-mi-na'ri-um),  n.;  pi. 
aqiiiiiiiiiiirii!  (-;i).     Same  as  nqtucmaniilc. 

Aquitanian  (ak-wi-ta'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Aqiiila- 
iiiii,  saitl  to  be  <  Celtic  Aqiti,  name  of  a  people, 
+  Ian,  country.]  Pertaining  to  Aquitania,  one 
of  tlie  great  divisions  of  ancient  Gaul.  Accord- 
ing Ui  Ca;sar,  it  was  bounded  by  the  Garonne,  the  Pyrenees, 


28.5 

and  the  ocean.  Auffnstus  extended  it  as  a  Roman  province 
nortliward  tothe  Loire.  It  afterward  became  the  l''raukish 
and  Krench  duchy  (and  for  .some  time  kiugilnni)  of  Aqiii- 
taiue  (held  as  an  appanage  of  the  English  crown  through 
intermarriage  for  about  yOO  years  before  14.03),  and  tinally, 
greatly  reduced,  the  I'^rench  province  of  Guienne  (a  medie- 
val corruption  of  Aquitaine). 

aquitet,  ''•  f-    An  old  form  of  acquit.    Chaucer. 

Aquitelae  (ak-wi-te'le),  n.  jil.  [NL.,  <  L.  aqua, 
water,  +  Ida,  web.]  A  subdivision  of  spiders,  of 
the  family  Araneidm,  corresponding  to  the  old 
genus  A  ryyroneta  and  to  the  Xai/adcs  of  Walcke- 
naer  or  the  aquatic  TuhiMui  of  Latreille.  It  con- 
tains such  speiries  ;is  the  diving  water-spider,  Ar;ti/ro7ieta 
af/uutiea.  So  called  because  they  spin  their  webs  in  the 
water.     See  lut  under  Argiironeta. 

aquocapsulitis  (a"kw6-cap-su-li'tis),  «.    [NL., 

<  L.  aqua,  water,  fluid,  -f  capsula,  box,  +  -itin: 
see  ai/ua  and  capsule.']  Inflammation  of  the  lin- 
ings of  the  anterior  and  posterior  chambers  of 
tlie  eye. 

aquometer  (a-kwom'e-ter),  n.  [The  analogical 
L.  form  would  be  *aquimeter,  <  aqua,  water,  + 
mctrum,  measure.  Cf.  aquamcter.']  A  steam- 
pump  which  acts  both  by  direct  steam-pressure 
and  by  vacuum,  it  has  two  working  chambers,  into 
wliicli  steam  is  alternately  admitted.  By  the  condensation 
of  the  steam  a  partial  vacuum  is  formed,  to  till  which  water 
rushes  in.  When  the  chamber  is  full  of  water  a  valve 
opens,  and  steam  enters  and  forces  the  water  out  into  a 
pressure-  or  delivery-chamber.  The  steam  condenses  as 
before,  causing  the  inflow  of  a  further  supply  of  water. 
One  chamber  is  filling  while  its  companion  is  discharging, 
tlius  keeping  up  a  continuous  delivery.  See  pulitometer 
and  oacuiun-jjuuip. 

aquose  (ii'kwos),  a.    [=  F.  aqueux  =  Pg.  aquoso, 

<  L.  aquo.'iuti,  <  aqua,  water:  see  aqua.']  Wa- 
tery; abounding  in  water.     [Rare.] 

aquosity  (a-kwos'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  aquosite  =  Pg. 
aquoiidade,  <  LL.  aquositas,  moistness,  <  L. 
aquosus:  see  aquose.]  1.  The  abstract  essen- 
tial qualities  of  water;  wateriness  as  a  quality. 

We  do  not  assume  that  a  something  called  aquontty 
entered  into  and  took  possession  of  the  oxide  of  hydrogen 
as  soon  as  it  was  formed,  and  then  guided  the  aqueous 
particles  to  their  places  in  the  facets  of  the  crystal,  or 
among  the  leaflets  of  the  hoar-frost. 

Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  136. 

Life  is  thus  only  an  abstraction  from  the  properties  of 
living  things,  just  as  aquosity  would  be  an  abstraction 
from  the  properties  of  water.     New PrincetonKev.,  II.  71. 

2.  The  state  of  being  aquose  or  watery ;  moist- 
ure. 

aquula  (ak'wij-lii),  «.  [L.,  also  aquola,  acula, 
a  little  water,  a  little  stream,  dim.  of  aqua, 
water:  see  aqua.]     In  anat.,  a  small  collection 

of  watery  fluid Aquula  acustlca,  the  auditory  fluid, 

the  endolymph  or  perilymph  of  tlie  labyrinth  of  the  ear. 

arl  (iir),  II.  [<  ME.  ar,  pi.  arres,  <  AS.  er,  <  L. 
er,  the  name  of  the  letter  )•;  <  c,  the  usual  as- 
sistant vowel,  +  r:  see  »'.]  The  name  of  the 
letter  II.     Also  formerly  spelled  arrc. 

There  was  an  V.  and  thre  arres  togydre  in  a  sute 
With  letters  other,  of  wliiche  I  shal  reherse. 

J'ol.  Poem  in  Archmologia,  XXIX.  31.    (Halliwell.) 

ar-,  ".     See  aj-fl. 

ar'4,  ar^t,  etc.  Obsolete  forms  of  arc'i,  ere,  or, 
ore,  etc. 

ar-.  The  assimilated  form,  in  Latin,  etc.,  of  ad- 
before  r;  in  older  English  words  a  restored 
form  of  Middle  English  and  Old  French  a-,  the 
regiilar  reduced  form  of  Latin  ar-,  as  in  array, 
arrauqe,  etc. 

-arl.  [ME.  -ar,  occasional  spelling  of  -erl,  -ere.  ] 
A-  suffix  of  nouns  denoting  an  agent ;  a  variant 
of  -(!)■!,  as  in  beijijar,  liar,  formerly  and  properly 
heqijer,  etc. 

-ar2.  [ME.  reg.  -er,  <  OF.  -er,  -der,  -air,  mod.  F. 
-ier,  -aire  =  Sp.  Pg.  -ario  =  It.  -ario,  -ajo,  <  L.  -dr- 
ills, fern,  -dr-ia,  neut.  -dr-iii-ni,  a  common  adj. 
and  noun  suffix,  =  (ioth.  -ar-ei-s  =  OHG.  -dri, 
-ari.  MHG.  -wrc,  -er,  G.  -er  =  AS.  -ere,  E.  -er, 
suffixof  nouns  of  agent:  see-o'l.  The  reg.  OF. 
form  was  -er,  -ier.  >  ME.  -er,  now  restored  to  -ar. 
The  usual  mod.  F.  foi-m  is  -aire.  In  E.  -ar-  as 
an  ad,i.  suffix  appears  as  -ary^,  q.  v.]  A  suffix 
of  Latin  origin,  oceiu'ring  in  some  nouns,  as  in 
bursar,  medlar,  mortar,  ricar,  etc. 

-ar*.  [ME.  reg.  -er,  <  OF.  -er,  -ier,  mod.  F.  -ier, 
-aire  =  Sp.  Pg.  -ar  =  It.  -are,  <  L.  -aris,  neut. 
-are,  equiv.  to  -aWs  (E.  -al),  for  which  it  is  used 
when  I  precedes:  see  -al.  In  E.  -ai-S  also  ap- 
pears as  -anfi,  q.  v.]  A  suffix,  of  Latin  origin, 
(I)  of  ailjectives  (and  of  nouns  tlience  derived), 
being  equivalent  to  -al,  for  which  it  is  used 
when  I  precedes,  as  in  alar,  polar,  reqular,  sin- 
gular, etc.  (see  -al,  and  compare  -ar'^);  (2)  of 
"nouns,  as  in  allar,  collar,  pillar,  scholar,  etc. 
In  these  nouns  and  other  old  words  -ar  is  an  alteration 
(to  suit  the  Latin)  of  the  Middle  English  -er,  from  Old 
French,  or  (as  in  schnlar)  from  Anglo-Saxon. 

ar      In  her.,  a  common  abbreviation  of  argent 


t. 


The  Constellation  Ara. 


arabescLue 

Ara^  (a'rii),  n.     [L.,  au  yltar.]     One  of  the  15 
ancient  southera  constellations;  th<"  Altnr.     it 
is  situated  soutli  of    tlic 
Scorpion.    Itn  two  hri^^ht- 

est  stars  are  of  tliu  third  •'    . 

inagnitudu.  .  -j    ' ,' 

Ara2  (a'rii),  n.     [NL.  -^  ^     ' 

(Brisson)  ;    appar.    a  T"  o 

native  Braz.  name ; 
SCO  def.,  at  end.]  A 
genus  of  American 
birds,  of  the  family 
I'sittacidce,  the  ma- 
caws, of  large  size  and 
gorgeous  coloration, 
with  very  long  cune- 
ate  tail  and  more  or 
less  naked  face;  some- 
times made  tiie  \.x\>e 
of  a  subfamily  Ar'iua; 
contaiiiuig  the  wedge- 
tailed  American  par- 
rots. Leading  species  are  A.  macao,  the  red  and  blue 
macaw  ;  A.  ararauna,  the  blue  and  yellow  macaw ;  and  A. 
/ii/aeintltina,  the  hyacinthine  macaw.  It  is  a  synonym  of 
Alacrurerciu  (Vieillot,  181(j)  and  .Sillaee  (Waglcr,  1830). 
The  related  forms,  arra,  arras,  aracanga,  araracanga, 
ararauna,  and  arara,  are  severally  used  for  species  or 
sections  of  the  genus  Ara. 

Arab  (ar'ab),  v.  and  a.  [<  L.  Arabs,  pi.  Arahes 
(also  Arabus,  pi.  Arabi),  <  Cir.  '(V/iftf,  pi.  "Xiia.-ic^, 
=  Turk.  Arab,  <  Ar.  Arab.]  I.  ii.  1.  A  native 
of  Arabia,  or  a  member  of  the  Arabic  race  (now 
widely  spread  iu  Asia  and  Africa,  and  formerly 
in  southern  Europe);  an  Arabian,  whether  a 
civilized  inhabitant  of  a  city  or  a  dweller  iu 
the  desert,  commonly  knowm  as  a  Bedawi  (see 
Bedouin)  or  nomadic  Ishmaelite. —  2.  A  neg- 
lected outcast  of  the  streets,  pai-ticidarly  an 
outcast  boy  or  girl,  often  styled  a  street  Arab, 
in  allusion  to  the  wandering  Arabs. 

AMien  he  read  about  the  street  Arabs,  and  of  the  doings 

of  the  young  fry  of  thieves,  he  .  .  .  wiped  his  eyes,  and 

said,  "  God  bless  me  !  "  Mrs.  Riddell. 

II.  a.   Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Arabs  or  to 

Arabia ;  Arabic ;  Arabian :  as,  an  Arab  steed. 

The  delicate  Arab  arch  of  lier  feet. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xvi.  1. 

araba^,  arba  (a-ra'ba,  ar'bii),  71.  [Also  aroba, 
=  Biilg.  araba,  Russ.'Vn-feo,  <'  Hind.  Pera.  ardba, 


(From  Lewis's  "Constantinople."  i 

Turk.  Ar.  'arabali,  a  cart,  wheeled  vehicle.]  A 
heavy,  spriugless  wagon,  usually  covered  with  a 
screen  as  shelter  from  the  rays  of  the  sim,  drawn 
by  oxen  or  cows,  and  used  throughout  north- 
western and  central  Asia,  Imlia,  Turkey,  and 
Russia,  wherever  Tatars  have  settled. 

Not  a  single  waggon  is  to  be  found  in  the  district, "and 
the  wooden  arba  is  not  even  known  there. 

Encyc.  Ilrit.,  XII.  3. 

araba-  (ar'a-ba),  II.  [S.  Anier. ;  cf.  rjuariba, 
(juareba,  and  arayuato,  names  applied  to  a  dif- 
ferent species  of  the  same  genus.]  A  howling 
monkey  of  the  South  American  genus  Mycctes, 
Jil.  slraniiiieu.f.     See  howler. 

arabesque  (ar-a-besk'),  </.  and  «.  [Also a rabesk, 
<  F.  arabesque,  <  It.  arabesco  (=  Sp.  Pg.  «)•«- 


Si© 


-.{ 


-A?}^ 


Moorish  Arabesque  — Hall  of  Crowns  Alhambra  Spain 

bescn),  <  Arabo,  Arab  (see  Arab),  +  -eseo :  .see 
-esqiie.    The  arabesque  style  is  so  called  because 


axabesque 

Arabian  artists  brought  it  to  high  perfection, 
and  were  at  one  time  supposed  to  be  its  origi- 
nators.] I.  a.  Ai-abian  or  resembling  the  Ara- 
bian in  stvle;  specifically,  in  art.  relating  to  or 
exhibiting  the  variety  of  ornament  known  as 
arabesque.     See  H. 

Some  cushions  disposed  in  the  Moorish  fashion,  and  or- 
namented irith  aratxique  needle-work,  supplied  the  place 
ct  chairs  in  this  apartment.  Scott,  Kenilnorth,  I.  vi. 

n.  n.  1.  Akindof  ornament  of  a  capricious 
and  fanciful  character,  consisting  of  lines, 
geometrical  figm-es,  fruits,  flowers,  foliage, 
etc.,  variously  combiued  and 
grouped,  and  painted,  inlaid, 
or  wrought  in  low  relief:  used 
especially  for  the  decoration 
of  walls  and  ceilings,  but  also 
for  the  decoration  of  objects 
of  any  nature.  In  the  arabesques 
of  the  Mohauuuedans  anijual  foi-ms 
were  riiridly  excluded,  in  accordance 
witli  the  requirements  of  their  re- 
ligious law;  but  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans, and  the  Renaissance  artists, 
among  them  Raphael  and  his  scholai-s, 
to  whom  arc  due  the  rich  arabesque 
decorations  of  the  loggie  of  the  Vati- 
can, laid  all  the  kingdoms  of  nature 
under  contribution.  The  Greeks  un- 
doubtedly derived  the  idea  of  pictorial 
i»r  plastic  ornament  of  tliis  kind  from 
the  Orient.'d  stulfs,  painted,  woven,  or 
embroidered  with  natural  or  fabulous 
forms  of  plants  and  animals,  which 
were  brouglit  to  them  by  Pheuician 
tradere  from  a  very  early  period. 
2.  In  bool-bindhig,  a  term  used 
in  England  for  impressed  or- 
namental work  on  the  side  of  the  binding,  pro- 
duced by  the  pressure  of  hot  plates  or  rollers 
upon  which  the  pattern  is  engraved. 

Also  spelled  arahfxl: 
arabesque  (ar-a-besk'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ara- 
hesqued,  ppr.  nrahesquing.      [<  arabesque,  «.] 
To  enrich  with  oniament  in  arabesque. 

With  its  vemulioned  initial  letters,  so  prettily  ara- 
txjt'iw'd.  Eclectic  Rev. 

Arabian  (a-ra'bi-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Arabins, 
<  (ir.  'Afin'iior,  <  'lipai/i:  see  Arah.2  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Arabia,  or  to  the  Arabs:  as,  Arabian 
science  or  philosophy — Arabian  bird,  the  pheni.t 
(which  see) ;  hence  used,  like  that,  for  any  unique  or  singu- 
larly excellent  jMirson. 

She  [Imogen]  is  alone  the  Arabian  bird ;  and  I 
Have  lost  the  wager.  Shak.,  C'ynibeline,  i.  7. 

n.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Arabia;  an  Arab. — 
2.  One  of  a  Clu'istian  sect  of  the  third  century 
(commonly  called  Jrabici)  which  sprang  up  in 
Perea,  beyond  the  Jordan,  a  region  often  in- 
cluded in  Arabia.  According  to  Eusebins,  its  niem- 
Ijern  "asserted  that  the  human  .soul,  as  long  as  the  present 
state  of  the  world  existed,  perished  with  the  body,  but  that 
it  wr,uld  be  raised  again  willi  tlie  body  at  the  time  of  the 
resurrection."  The  point  was  discus-sed  with  them  by 
ori;,''-!!,  at  a  council,  with  so  much  force  that  they  were  led 
to  I  li;iiige  their  opinions. 
Arabic  (ar'a-bik),  a.  and  n.  [ME.  AraUk,  n. ;  < 
or.  .trabic,i  L.  Arabicun,  <  Gr.  '.\pa3m6r,  <  '!-\pai,'i, 
Arab:  see./roft.]  I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to /Vrabia, 
or  to  tliR  Araliiiiii  nice  or  language. —  2.  [/.  o.] 
Derived  from  certain  species  of  acacia  growing 


Cinque<ento  Ara- 
t>oque,  Trom  tomb  in 
Church  of  S.  Pietio. 
in-Vlnculo,  Rome. 


Atnlrfr  Ar'hllccliirc 
jp    .\i.„l,:..    ,.,..|    ...1       . 


-  Tr>fnU  rif  the  f'nltfft,  Cnlf,. 


iilfT  f/«"/-'i ;  arable  acid, 

■"'  '   "  -  .ircMtAOture,  a  Kcneral  t*rnn  for 

the  Moli4ioitM.Uai.  ur   MuMUlman,  .Moorish,  or  HorBccri 


286 

styles  of  architecture,  but  applied  especially  to  Egj-ptian 
aiid  Oriental  examples.  This  architecture  shows  in  its 
systems  of  construction  and  ornament  the  profound  in- 
fluence of  Persian  and  Byzjmtine  models,  though,  as  a 
rule,  in  architectural  science  it  falls  far  behind  the  work 
of  the  Byzantine  masters.  The  ovoidoconical  dome  sup- 
ported on  pendentives  is  a  characteristic  feature;  tlie 
buildings  are  usually  square  or  polygonal  in  plan,  seldom 
circular ;  tlie  roofs  are  in  general  flat,  and  supported  by 
arches  resting  on  columns  forming  long  p.-u-allel  aisles, 
and  often  surrounding  a  central  court.  The  arches  are 
very  commonly  of  the  horseshoe  shape  developed  in 
Persia,  and  from  the  beginning  show  the  poiuted  form, 
though  it  is  clear  that  neither  form  wjis  adopted  for  con- 
structive reasons,  and  that  neither  influenced  the  meth- 
ods  of  building,  mncfi  less  revolutionized  the  entire  art  of 
architecture,  as  did  the  adoption  of  the  pointed  arch  in 
western  Europe.  Walls,  particularly  interior  walls,  ceil- 
ings, domes,  spandrels,  etc.,  are  commonly  covered  with 
an  intricate  lacework  of  arabesques,  usually  executed  in 
relief  on  stucco,  and  often  colored  with  at  once  great 
brilliancy  and  gi-eat  delicacy.  The  most  noteworthy  ex- 
amples of  the  style  exist  in  Cairo. —  Arabic  figures  or 
Characters,  the  numeral  characters  1,  '2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 
0,  so  called  as  having  been  introduced  into  European  from 
Arab  use.  They  were  so  introduced  in  the  twelfth  century, 
and  the  work  of  Leonardo  of  Pisa,  published  in  1202,  con- 
tributed much  to  their  dissemination.  They  were  taken 
from  the  Ambie  work  of  Al-Khowarazmi  (see  ahjorimn), 
who  obtained  them  in  India  or  Afghanistan.  The  system 
in  its  complete  form  (with  the  cipher)  certainly  originated 
ill  India;  but  what  the  ultimate  origin  of  the  characters 
was,  whether  they  had  been  previously  known  in  Europe 
without  the  cipher,  and  their  history  among  the  .Arabians, 
are  matters  still  in  dispute. 

II.  H.  The  language  of  the  Arabians;  a  Semitic 
dialect,  belonging  (along  with  the  Himyaritic 
and  Abj'ssinian  languages)  to  the  southern 
branch  of  the  Semitic  family,  and  generally  re- 
garded as  exhibiting  more  ancient  f  eattires  than 
any  other  Semitic  tongue.  It  isthe  lau-uage.if  the 
Koran,  the  sacred  language  of  Islam,  and  possesses  an  im- 
mense  literature,  almost  wholly  Jloslem  and  later  than  tlie 
tinieof  Jlohammed.  JIanyi'tiierlam,oi:igesb:ivel>onii\\ed 
largely  of  its  material,  from  tlie  l\'rsiaii,  Tnrkisli,  Hindu- 
stani, and  Malay  on  the  east  to  tlie  Si>aiiisli  on  tlie  west. 

Arabicalt  (a-rab'i-kal),  a.  [<  Arabic  +  -«/.] 
xVrabian ;  Arabic.     [Rare.] 

Arabicallyt  (a-rab'i-kal-i),  adv.  According  to 
Arabic  usage;  in  Arabic.     X.  E.  D. 

Arabici  (a-rab'i-si),  n.  pi.     See  Arabian,  «.,  2. 

Arabicize  (a-rab'i-siz),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  Arahi- 
cized,  piir.  Arabici:iiif).  [<  Arabic  +  -izc,~\  To 
render  conformable  to  Arabic  usage. 

arability  (ar-a-bil'i-ti),  H.  [<  arable:  see 
-biliti/.']  Capatiilitj'  of  being  cultivated ;  fitness 
for  cultivation. 

A  Domesday  hide,  which  one  of  our  latest  archicologists 
with  good  reason  maintains  is  variable  according  to  the 
arability  or  pasturability  of  the  land. 

The  Satiun,  Aug.  7, 1879,  p.  90. 

arabin,  arabine  (ar'a-bin),  n.  [<  arab-ic  (giun) 
■¥  -ill-.']  A  variety  of  gum,  (C(;Hn,05)2+HoO, 
soluble  in  cold  water;  arable  acid.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal constituent  of  gum  arable,  which  consists  of  salts  of 
arabiii,  and  is  also  contained  in  other  similar  substaiiees. 

arabinose  (ar'a-bi-nos),  II.  [<  arabin  +  -o.w.] 
A  cryslallizabie  sugar,  CpHjoOu,  prepared  by 
the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  arabin. 

arabinosic  (ar  a-bi-no'sik),  «.  [i  arabinose  + 
-/(■.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  arabinose. 

Arabis  (ar'a-bis),  n.  [NL.,  <  (ir.  '.\/'°(^'f.  ^^w- 
bian,  <  'Afiniiia,  Arabia,  of  which  the  more  im- 
portant species  are  natives.]  A  large  genus  of 
plants,  of  the  order  t'ruc.ifcra; ;  wall-  or  rock- 
cress.  The  species  are  mrtstly  of  little  interest  or  im- 
portance ;  a  few  are  cultivated  for  ornament  in  rockwork 
and  tl'iwer-ljorders. 

Axabism  (ar'a-bizm),  ii.  [=  F.  arabi.wie ;  < 
Arab  +  -ism ;'ct.  (Jr. 'Apa/ii^eiv,  take  part  with 
the  Arabs.]  An  idiom  or  a  peculiarity  of  the 
Arabic  language. 

Arabist  (ar'a-bist),  II.  [=  F.  arabi.ile;  <  .Irab 
+  -i.t.  ('(.  Jrabi.sm.']  One  versed  in  the  Araliic 
langnugo,  or  in  Arabian  literature  or  science. 

Arabize  (ar'a-biz),  r.  I.;  jiret.  and  Jip.  .Irabizrd, 
\>\>r.  .tnibi^iiifi.  [<  Arab  +  -/--c.  Cf.  (ir.  '.\^)«/i(- 
letv,  take  ])art  willi  the  Arabs,  <  "Aimiiir,  Arabs; 
see  .(»•(■;/).]  To  render  Arabic  in  character; 
especially,  to  tinge  wiMi  Arabisms. 

These  Arabs  of  the  Sudan  are  not  true  Arahn,  but  t^)  li 
great  extent  merely  Arabized  negroes.       .Science,  IV.  f,;il. 

arable  (ar'a-bl),  n.  [<  F.  arable,  <  I-i.  arabiii.^, 
Hint  can  bo  plowed,  <  ararc,  plow,  =  Or.  (i^iori> 
=  <iolh.  arjan  =  Iccl.  irjii  =  AS.  rrian,  >  K.  rnr, 
]ilow:  SCO  cfo-!'.]  J''il  lor  ]ilowing  or  tillage. 
-  Arable  land,  land  whieh  l»  enllivable  by  meauB  of  the 
plow,  as  distingillsherl  from  grasH-lalid,  wood-land,  coin- 
iiiori  past  lire,  and  waste, 

Aracanese  (ar-a-ka-nuH'  or  -noz'),  a.  and  v.  f  < 
Aniriin  +  -C8i:.'\  I,  a.  Kelating  or  )>ertaiiiing 
to  Aracan  or  to  its  inhabitantH. 

II.  n.  1.  miiii.oTiil.    A  native  or  the  natives 
'•f  Aracan,  a  division  of  Itnniin. —  2.  The  lan- 
ri'iii;!'  Hpoki'M  by  the  inhabitantH  of  Aracan,  u 
ili;ili'ct  of  Hnrraem-. 
.iVlso  Hpellcd  Arakuncse. 


Araceae 

aracanga  (ar-a-kang'ga),  «.  [Braz.:  see.Jra2.] 
A  kind  of  macaw,  I'siitacus  niacao  (Linnajus), 
I',  aracanga  (GmeUn),  now  Aru  inacao ;  the  red 
and  blue  macaw.     Also  araracanga. 

aracari  (ar-a-kii'ri),  n.  [=  Pg.  aracari  (NL. 
Aracariim),  i'rom  a  native  name.]  1.  A  toucan 
of  the  genus  Ptcroglossus,  differing  from  the 


Pteroglossus  aracari. 

true  toucan  in  being  smaller  iu  size,  with  a  less 
developed  beak,  and  in  having  more  brilliant 
and  variegated  plumage.  See  Ptcroglossus  and 
Rhamphastos.  The  aracaris  breed  in  the  hollows  of 
decayed  trees,  which  they  enlarge  by  means  of  their  beak. 
The  prevailing  color  of  their  pliiniage  is  green,  often  varied 
with  s|)aees  or  bands  of  black,  or  of  brilliant  red  and  yel- 
li  )w.  They  are  natives  of  the  warm  jiarts  of  South  A  merica. 
2.  In  ornith.,  the  specific  name  of  one  of  the 
aracaris,  Ptcroglossus  aracari.  It  was  made  a 
generic  name  by  Lesson  in  1828,  and  was  Latin- 
ized as  Aracarius  by  Rafinesque  in  1815. 
Also  spelled  oricari. 
araceif,  »'■  '.  [<  ME.  aracen,  arasen,  also  ara- 
chcn,  <  AF.  araccr,  OF.  aracier,  arachier  (as  if  < 
L.  *abradicarc).  mixed  with  craehicr,  csrachicr 
(mod.  F.  arrachcr)  =  Pr.  arai:ar,  <  L.  exradi- 
care,  eradicarc,  uproot,  eradicate :  see  eradi- 
cate.'] To  pull  uj>  by  the  roots;  pull  away  by 
force ;  tear  violently  away. 

The  children  from  her  arm  they  gonne  arace. 

Cliaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  I.  1047. 

arace-t,  ''.  '.    Same  as  araso^. 

Araceae  (a-ra'so-e),  ii.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arum  + 
-acea;.]  A  jiatiu'al  order  of  monocotyledonous 
plants,  of  which  the  genus  ^no/j  is  the  type. 
The  species  arc  her- 
baceous iierennials, 
mostly  aeanli'sccnt 
from  tuberous  or 
creeping  roots,  but 
in  the  tropics  often 
tall  rooting  climb- 
ers. Theinconspic- 
nons  flowers,  usual- 
ly nionojcious  or  di- 
leclous,  are  crowd- 
ed upon  a  spadix 
surrounded  by  a 
spathe,  with  which 
It  is  sometimes  eon- 
Iliieiit.  The  order 
includes  OS  genel-a 
and  about  l.niil 
species,  abundant 
within  the  tropics, 
but  comparatively 
rare  in  teniperato 
regions.  The  larger 
gein;ra  are  .luf/iu- 
riuiii,        I'ltitmicn. 

droll,  Arimviim,  and  PotJws.  In  temperate  North  Amer- 
ii'a  tllere  are  10  sjieeles,  belonging  Ui  H  genera,  of  which 
the  most  eoninion  is  the  .laek-iii-tbe.pnlpit,  or  Indian  tur- 
■  dp,  .iriHfnini  In'idnittinii.  'I'lii' skunk-enbbnge,  .s'j/j((/>/o. 
cariniHfu'liiliiti,  anililieswect-tlag,  Aciinisraldiium,  are  also 
well-known  representatives  of  tliir  ortler.  The  tuberous 
roots  of  many  species  abound  in  starch,  and  furnish  a 
wliolcHome  food  when  cooked,  or  after  the  acridity  has 
been  removed  bv  wiiHliilig,  as  In  tin?  taro,  i'lthx-nain  inili- 
'/noritiii,  which  is  extensively  ciillivateil  in  Iropii-iil  i-omi- 
tries.  Ilrllish  or  Portland  arrowroot  is  nnunifaeliired 
florii  the  roots  of  Anilil  viariifntiim  (the  wake  robin  or 
enelioo.plid),  the  Hiieelcs  of  wliiih  are  inilives  ebielly  of 
Iroitieal  countries.  A  ]iririelple  of  itel-lrlily  generally  per- 
Mides  the  Araci'ir,  existing  In  ho  slrong  a  degree  in  some 
as  lo  rendi-r  them  dangerous  jioisons,  as  lltrjtfnbachia 
Kcijuimi  id  the  West  Indies  and  Soiilh  America,  which 
receives  Its  popular  name  duiiih-f/nir  from  Hie  fact  that 
when  it  tseliewi'd  the  tongue  becomes  swelled  by  the  acrid 
Juice,  and  the  power  of  speech  Is  destroyed.  Many  Kpeclos 
are  cultivated  In  grcenhoUHcn,  chiefly  as  foliage. plants,  and 


.^. 


■^; 


>^' 


Ciickoo.pint,  or  Wake-robin 

[AritiH  tnacHtatiitn), 

o,  spadix  ;  *,  A,  sliimcns,  or  male  flowers : 

c,  c,  ovaries,  or  icmkiIc  llowers :  d,  sputlie ; 

,  comi. 


Araceae 

the  calla,  Richardia  ^i^thiopica,  is  a  very  common  house- 
plant.     Alsn  called  Aroidem. 

axaceous  (a-ra'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  araccus:  see 
Aracar.]  Portaiuing  to  the  natiu'al  order  of 
plants  Aracetr. 

axachidic  (ar-a-kid'ik),  a.  [<  Arachis{Arachkl-) 
+  -/(•.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  the  earth- 
nut,  Arachis  hypogtea :  as,  arachidic  aeid. 

Aracliis(ar'a-kis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apaxo^,  apanoQ, 
dpanii;,  some  leguminous  plant.]  A  small  genus 
of  leguminous  plants,  natives  of  Brazil.  The 
genus  is  remarkable  in  the  order  fur  its  elongated  pedi- 
cel-like caly.v-tube,  and  for  the  manner  in  which  the 
growing  stipe  of  the  ovary  bends  downward  and,  attain- 
ing a  leiiKth  of  2  or  3  inches,  pushes  the  ovary  into  the 
ground,  where  it  begins  to  enlarge  and  ripen.  The  best- 
known  species  is  A.  hijpogfea,  the  common  peanut  or 
groundnut,  which  is  now  cultivated  in  most  warm  cli- 
mates, and  is  esteemed  a  valuable  article  of  food.  Its  pod 
when  mature  is  oblong,  often  contracted  in  the  middle, 
wrinkled,  of  a  pale-yellow  color,  and  contains  two  seeds  of 
the  size  of  a  hazel-nut,  sweet  in  flavor,  especially  when 


jyii 


S/ia 


Two        Arachnidial 
Mammillas,  or  Spinner- 


Common  Peanut  {Arachis  hypDgaa'), 

a,  a,  flowers;   *,*,  ovaries  on  lengthened  stipes :  r.  f,  forming  fniit ; 

d,  ripe  pod  :  f,  pod  opened,  showing  seeds. 

roasted,  and  yielding  when  pressed  an  oil  not  inferior  to 
that  of  olives.  The  plant  grows  to  the  height  of  1  or  2  feet. 
— Aracllis-oil,  the  oil  ex]ircssed  from  the  seeds  of  ^racAis 
httjK'rufyt,  the  tine  limpid  nut-oil  of  commerce,  used  as  a 
substitute  for  olive -oil,  and  largely  in  soap-making. 

arachnactis  (ar-ak-nak'tis),  •«.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apdxv!/,  a  spider,  +  a/irif,  a  ray.]  A  name  given 
to  the  free-swimming  young  of  the  genus  Ed- 
wardsia  (which  see).  The  term  was  used  as  a  genus 
name  before  the  nature  of  these  organisms  was  deter- 
mined. 

arachnid  (a-rak'nid),  n.  One  of  the  Arachnida; 
an  arachnidan. 

Arachnida  (a-rak'ni-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dpnxvT],  a  spider  (see  Ardnea),  +  -ida.']  In  zoiiL, 
a  class  name  used  with  varying  signification, 
(a)  In  Lamarck's  and  LatreiUe's  systems  of  classification, 
one  of  three  classes  into  which  the  Linnean  liisecta  were 
divided,  the  other  two  being  Crustacea  and  Jiitsecta;  pri- 
marily divided  into  Pulmoiiaria  and  Trachearia.  (6)  In 
LatreiUe's  system,  the  second  class  of  articulated  animals 
with  articulated  legs,  apterous  and  ametabolous.  It  was 
divided  into  two  orders,  Puluwnarla  and  Trachearia,  tlie 
former  containing  the  spiders  and  scorpions,  the  latter  the 
false  scorpions,  harvestmen,  and  mites,  (c)  A  class  of  the 
phylum  Arthropoda,  including  the  spiders,  scorpions,  false 
scorpions,  harvestmen,  and  mites,  with  or  without  the 
bear-animalcules  and  the  Pi/cnofjonida  and  Petitastoiaida. 
They  are  apterous,  ametabolous,  articulate  animals,  with 
articulated  legs.  They  are  decephalized  by  the  blending 
of  the  head  with  the  thorax  as  a  cephalothorax,  normally 
bearing  8  legs,  and  never  more ;  the  antennaj  are  trans- 
formed into  chela  when  present ;  the  abdomen  is  usually 
distinct  but  not  segmented,  or  if  segmented  is  not  dis- 
tinctly separated  from  the  cephalothorax,  aiul  does  not 
bear  limbs,  the  appendages  being  in  the  higher  forms 
transformed  into  spinnerets ;  the  eyes  are  simple  and  gen- 
erally more  than  two  in  number  ;  the  respiratory  appara- 
tus is  pulmonary  or  tracheal,  or  compounded  of  these  two 
forms ;  and  their  mode  of  progression  is  digitigrade.  There 
are  about  4,500  species,  some  of  which  are  fossils  occurring 
in  the  .Silurian  and  Carboniferous.  They  are  now  divided 
into  frojo  six  to  nine  orders.  Huxley  makes  six :  Artlirogas- 
tra,  Araiu'iaa,  Acarina,  Arctuca,  Pi/ciw^foiiida,  pcntasto- 
mida.  Pascoe  makes  nine :  Scorpioilt'a.  <'ii>'JSh-i-i<J,'n,Ac<iri- 
deoj Araneidea, Phataiiffidea,  Pln-iniid<ii . Si\lj>U'iidrii,  Arc- 
tisca,  Pentastomidea  (without  Pijciwijuuida).  iSynonymous 
with  Acrphala,  3,  and  Acera,  2. 

arachnidan  (a-rak'ni-dan),  a.  and  n.  [<  Arach- 
nida +  -««.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Arachnida. 
II.  II.  One  of  the  Ararhnida. 

arachnidia,  «.     Plural  of  arachnidimn. 

arachnidial  (ar-ak-nid'i-al),  a.  [<  arachnidium 
+  -a7.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  arachnidium. 
— Arachnidial  mammilla,  one  of  the  processes  into 
which  the  ducts  of  the  arachnidium  enter;  a  spinneret. 


287 

Their  [the  Rlands'j  ducts  ultimately  enter  the  six  promi- 
nent arachnidial  mamriiillce. 

JIuxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  32'J. 

Arachnidial  papilla,  a  minute  ori- 
Hce  thr(jugli  wliich  the  secretion  of 
an  arachniilium  is  poured  out. 

arachnidium  (ar-ak-nid'i- 
um),  n. ;  pi.  arachnidia  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  dpaxvi^ioVj  a  cob- 
■web,  <  dpaxvri,  a  spider,  -I-  dim. 
-I'diov.]  The  characteristic  or- 
gan of  the  Araneida,  or  true 
spiders ;  the  glandular  ap- 
paratus by  which  the  silky 
threads  lormiug  cobweb  are  ets(J;>i,.S'/>2)ofaSpi 
secreted  and  spun  out.  Num-  triif!^^""  """" 
berless  minute  glands,  provided  with 
separate  ducts,  secrete  the  viscid  material  which  hardens 
into  silk  when  exposed  to  the  air.  The  glands  have  been 
divided  into  five  kinds :  aciniform,  ampuUate,  aggregate, 
tubuliform,  and  tuberous.  Their  ducts  enter  the  arach- 
nidial mammilltp,  and  discharge  through  orifices  in  the 
arachnidial  papilUe. 

arachnitis  (ar-ak-ni'tis),  n.  A  shortened  form 
of  ariu'hnoiditis. 

arachnoid  (a-rak'noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  dpax- 
voEiiiii;,  like  a  cobweb,  <  dpaxvTj,  a  spider's  web, 
a  spider,  -I-  fidof,  fonn.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Arachnida;  arachnidan. — 2.  Like 
or  likened  to  a  cobweb:  applied,  in  anat. —  {a) 
to  the  arachnoid  of  the  brain  (see  II.);  (6)  to 
the  hyaloid  membrane  or  arachnoid  of  the  eye 
(see  II.) — Arachnoid  canal,  ca'vity,  etc.  See  the 
nouns.— Arachnoid  membrane.  Same  as  II.,  2.— 
Arachnoid  timic.    Sanjc  as  Ii.,  s. 

II.  n.  1.  A  kind  of  fossil  madrepore. —  2.  In 
anat.,  the  serous  membrane  enveloping  the 
brain  and  spinal  cord;  the  middle  one  of  the 
three  cerebrospinal  meninges,  between  the 
dura  mater  and  the  pia  mater,  it  was  formerly  re- 
garded as  consisting  of  two  layers,  a  visceral  layer  invest- 
ing the  pia  mater  and  a  reflected  parietal  layer  lining  the 
dura  mater,  the  two  constituting  a  shut  sac,  like  other 
serous  membranes,  inclosing  a  cavity  called  the  arachnoid 
cavity,  containing  a  serous  fluid,  the  arachnoid  fluid ;  but 
the  more  modern  view  regards  the  arachnoid  membrane 
as  a  single  sheet  external  to  the  pia  mater  ami  attached  to 
it,  but  not  following  it  into  the  sulci  and  other  depres- 
sions of  the  brain.  What  was  formerly  called  the  cavity 
of  the  arachnoid  is  now  termed  the  subdural  space.  The 
arachnoid  is  by  some  regarded  as  simply  the  outermost 
layer  of  the  pia  mater.  Also  called  arachnoid  nwmhra-nc, 
aracknoidea,  arachinndeh\  and  arancous  mcmbraiw. 
3.  .An  old  and  disused  name  of  the  hyaline  or 
hyaloidmembrane  within  the  eyeball,  especially 
of  that  portion  of  it  which  contributes  to  form 
the  capsule  oi  the  crystalline  lens. 

arachnoidal  (ar-ak-noi'dal),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  the  arachnoid,  in  any  sense 
of  the  word;  arachnoid. 

arachnoidea,  arachnoides  (ar-ak-noi'df-a, 
-dez),  H.    [NL.]    Hame  as  arachnoid,  n.,  2.  ' 

arachnoiditis  (a-rak-noi-di'tis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
arach  iioidca  +  -itis.']  Inflammation  of  the  arach- 
noid membrane. 

arachnological  (a-rak-no-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  arachnology. 

arachnologist  (ar-ak-nol'o-jist),  n.  [<  arach- 
noloqij  +  -ist.']     One  versed  in  arachnology. 

arachnology  (ar-ak-nol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  dpdxiii, 
a  spider,  +  -7.oyia,  <  yjyeir,  speak :  see  -ology,'] 
The  study  of  the  Arachnida. 

Arachnopoda  (ar-ak-nop'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apaxvii,  a  spider,  +  novc  (Trod-)  =  E./oo?.]  In 
Dana's  system  of  classification,  a  di-vision  of  his 
suborder  Cormostomata  of  Entomostraca.  The 
term  coiTesponds  with  Aranciformia  or  Pycno- 
fjonida  (which  see). 

Arachnothera  (a-rak-no-the'rii),  n.  [NL.,<  Gr. 
dpaxvyj,  a  spider,  +  Sr/pav,  hunt.]  The  typical  ge- 
nus of  birds  of  the  subfamily  Arachnotherinic. 
There  are  numerous  species,  inhabiting  the  Indo-Malayan 
region,  such  as  A.  Ivn^irostris.    Also  Arachnotheres. 

Arachnotheiinae  (a-rak'no-the-ri'ne),  H.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Arachnothera  +  -ina.']  A  subfamily  of 
Nectariniidw,  containing  numerous  species, 
chiefly  East  Intlian  and  Oceanic,  sometimes 
called  spider-catchers,  ha'ving  long  slender 
curved  beaks  like  the  sun-birds  of  the  genera 
Drepanis,  Cinni/ris,  etc. 

arack,  ».    See  arrack. 

aracouchini-resin  (ar"a-k6-she'ni-rez''in),  n. 
Same  as  acouchi-resin. 

aracuan  (ar-a-kwan'),  n.  [Of  S.  Amer.  origin.] 
A  name  of  one  of  the  guans,  Ortalis  aracuan. 
Also  vfritten  araiicuan. 

arad  (ar'ad),  H.  [<  Arum  +  -adT-.']  A  plant  of 
the  natural  order  Aracew.    Lindlcy. 

Aradidae  (a-rad'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aradus 
+  -idw.']  A  family  of  heteropterous  insects, 
characterized  by  their  extremely  depressed 
form  and  brown  or  fuscous  coloration,  and  di- 
vided into  Aradiiue  and  Brachi/rlii/nchinw. 


Arallacex 

The  family  Aradidrv,  which  contains  the  most  depressed 
Ileteroptera  in  existence.  Stand.  Nat.  Uist.,  II.  283. 

Aradinse  (ar-a-di'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Aradus  + 
-inm.J  A  subfamily  of  Aradidw,  having  a  com- 
paratively long  rostrum,  the  sternum  grooved, 
the  end  of  the  abdomen  with  a  thin  cleft  and 
lobate  margin,  and  the  head  with  an  angular 
process  exterior  to  the  antenna;,  it  is  a  large 
gr(ju]i,  gem-rally  distributed  in  America  from  the  arctic 
regions  U>  the  tropics. 

Aradus  (ar'a-dus),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Gr.  apadoc, 
a  rumbling  "(rattling),  var.  of  apafto;,  a  gnash- 
ing, chattering  (rattling);  cf.  dpaSch',  rattle, 
ring,  as  armor:  in  allusion  to  the  loose-armored 
appearance  of  the  insects  of  this  genus.]  A 
genus  of  heteropterous  insects,  typical  of  the 
auM&mily  Aradinw.  A.  crenaius  is  a  large  spe- 
cies of  the  United  States,  half  an  inch  long. 

araeometer,  etc.     See  areometer,  etc. 

araeostyle,  a.     See  areoatyle. 

araeosystyle,  a.    See  areosi/style. 

araeotict,  a.  and  n.    See  arcotic. 

Aragonese  (ar"a-go-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Sp.  Aragon4sj'<  Aratjon.']  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to  Aragon  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

II.  ?(.  siny.  or  pi.  An  inhabitant  or  the  in- 
habitants of  Aragon,  one  of  the  great  divisions 
(formerly  a  kingdom)  of  Spain,  in  the  north- 
eastern part. 

Sometimes  speW^A  AiTagonese. 

aragonite  (ar'a-go-nit),  n.  [<  Aragon,  a  di'vi- 
sion  of  Spain,  +  -lic".']  Calcium  carbonate  crys- 
tallizing in  the  orthorhombic  system,  it  is  iden- 
tical with  calcite  in  chemical  composition,  but  differs  from 
it  in  crystalline  form  and  in  some  of  its  physical  proper- 
ties ;  for  example,  its  specific  gravity  is  2.9,  while  that  of 
calcite  is  2.7.  It  occurs  often  in  transparent  acicular  crys- 
tals, and  also  as  a  deposit  from  waters  carrying  lime.  A 
white  variety,  having  a  delicate  coralloid  form,  is  called 
Jlns/erri  (flower  of  iron),  from  the  fact  of  its  occiurence 
with  iron  ores. 

aragu  (ar'a-go),  n.  [Canarese  aragu,  Telugn 
arak-Jcu,  ult.  <  Skt.  lakshd,  lac :  see  tocl.]  Crude 
sticklac.     See  sticklac. 

araguato  (ar-a-gwa'to),  n.  [S.  Amer. ;  ef .  ara- 
ba'^.}  A  kind  of  howling  monkey  of  South 
America,  of  the  genus  Mycetes,  M.  ursimis,  or 
the  ursine  howler,  it  is  the  largest  of  the  new-world 
monkeys  hitherto  noticed,  its  length  being  nearly  3  feet, 
while  the  tail  reaches  to  even  a  greater  length.  Like 
all  other  members  of  the  family,  it  is  characterized  by 
its  discordant  and  dismal  yells,  which  can  be  heard  at  the 
distance  of  a  mile.  See  cut  under  howler.  Also  called 
guareba,  guariba. 

araignee  (a-ra-nya'),  H.  [F.  araignee,  a  spider, 
formerly  also  a  spider's  web,  <  LL.  "arancata, 
a  spider's  web,  <  L.  aranea,  spider:  see  Arunea.^ 
In  fort. ,  a  kind  of  imderground  work  consisting 
of  several  branches  or  galleries  starting  from 
one  point,  like  a  spider's  web. 

araint,  «•  [Mod.  only  dial.,  alsoarraM,  arrand, 
<  ME.  arain,  arein,  arayne,  etc.,  train,  erayne, 
etc.,  <  OF.  araigne,  aragne,  iraigne,  iragne  = 
Pr.  araiiha,  cranha  =  S'p.araUa=Pg.  aranha=:. 
It.  aragna,  a  spider,  <  L.  aranea,  a  spider,  a 
spider's  web:  see  Aranea.']    A  spider. 

Arainae  (ar-a-i'ne),  n.pil.  [NL.,  <  Ara'^  +  -iim.l 
Same  as  Ariiuc. 

araiset  (a-raz'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  araiseu,  areisen, 
raise  up,  <:  a-  (<  AS.  a-)  +  ruisen,  reisen,  raise: 
see  n-l  and  raise.]     Same  as  raise. 

[A  medicine]  whose  simple  touch 
Is  powerful  to  arai.se  King  Pepin. 

Shale.,  All's  Well,  ii.  1. 

arak,  ».     See  arrack. 

Arakanese,  a.  and  n.    See  Aracanese. 

arake  {Si-vak'),prep.plir.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3  + 
rake.']  Naut.,  on  the  rake ;  inclined  from  the 
perpendicular. 

araki  (ar'a-ki),  «.  ICt.  arki ;  see  arracl:]  An 
Egj-ptian  intoxicating  drink  prepared  from  the 
dibs  or  honey  of  dates;  a  kind  of  arrack.' 

Sly  guardians  and  attendants  .  .  .  used  to  fetch  araki 
in  a  clear  glass  bottle,  without  even  the  decency  of  a  cloth, 
and  the  messenger  twice  returned  from  these  errands  de- 
cidedly drunk.  Jt.  F.  Burton,  El-JIediuah,  p.  487. 

Alalia  (a-ra'li-a),  n.  [NL.;  origin unk-no-wn.] 
A  genus  of  plants  with  smaU  flowers  aiTanged 
in  umbels,  and  succulent  berries,  the  type  of  the 
natural  order  Araliacew. 

Araliaceae  (a-ra-li-a'se-e),  71.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ara- 
liu  +  -ffcen".]  A  natural  order  of  plants  nearly 
related  to  the  VmhcUifcra;,  from  which  they  are 
distinguished  chiefly  by  their  three-  or  more 
celled  fruit,  simple  epigynous  disk,  usually 
valvate  corolla,  and  more  shrubby  habit.  The 
order  is  most  largely  represented  in  warm  and  tropical 
countries,  and  to  it  belongs  the  ivy,  Hedera  Helix.  Gin- 
seng, which  is  highly  esteemed  by  the  Chinese  as  a  stimu- 
lant, is  produced  by  Panax  Schinnenti,  a  plant  found  in 
northern  Asia.  The  ginseng  of  North  America,  Aralia 
qui nque/otia ,  is  less  valued.  .\  species  of  Aralia,  A.  intdi- 
caulis,  is  used  in  North  America  as  a  substitute  for  sarsa- 


Aialiaceae 

parilla.  The  tree  rice-pap«T  of  the  Cliinese,  oUtaineil  only 
Irum  tiii  i-Iau'I  "f  r Tmosa.  is  uisde  from  Ihe  pith  of 
m,,,'  .  ii,  Fntifia i-ajn/rifera.    Tlieunleris 

i-,.t  :  '.  North  .\jiierica  only  by  the  jiemis 

,4,-  ;ire  ei;zht  species,  ami  iiy  a  single 

spt-.  ic.^  ,:  .'  r- :  i  ■,::  the  Pacilic  coast. 
afaliaceons   (a-ra-li-a'shins).  a.     [<  XL.  ara- 
liacats.]     Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  Ara- 
lUif'  If . 

Aramsan,  »■    See  Aramean. 

Aramaic  ^a^-a-ma'ik),  0.  and  n.  [<  LL.  as  if 
■Iriiiii'iicus,  <"Gr.  'A/mfiaia,  LL.  Aranuea.  prop- 
erlv  fern,  of  '.\munior,  L.  Arama'ii^,  adj..  formed 
ou'Heb.  Ardiii,  the  name  friveu  to  tlie  districts 
comprehended  in  .\[esopotamia,  northern  Syria. 
the  region  of  Damascus,  and  eastern  Palestine 
southward  to  Arabia  Petrsea.]  Same  as  Arn- 
meaii. 

The  A  rnmalc  speech  Ijegan  to  extend  itself  beyond  its 
(.riuiiial  limits.  Imae  Taijlor,  The  .\lphabet.  L  ffisi. 

Aramean,  Aramaean  (ar-a-me'an),  o.  aud  ». 

[<  LLi.  .truiiitvii/i,  <  tir.  A/mua/o^-:  see  Ardmaic.'] 
I.  II.  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  northern 
division  of  the  Semitic  family  of  languages  aud 
peoples,  containing  the  Mesopotamian.  the 
SjTian  (extending  over  Palestine  prior  to  the 
C'tuistian  era),  and  the  Xabatean;  Chaldean; 
C'haldaie:  Syrian:  in  distinction  fi-ora  the  west- 
ern or  middle  Semitic  (Pheuician  and  Hebrew) 
and  the  south  Semitic  (Arabic  and  Efhiopic). 

lite  Aramean  alphabet  attained  an  even  wider  exten- 
sion than  the  .-Vraniaie  speech,  and  at  length  extirpated 
all  the  independent  .North  Semitic  scripts. 

Imnc  Tniilar,  The  .Alphabet,  I.  283. 

n.  ".  1.  The  language  of  the  northwestern 
Semites,  proser\'ed  in  the  Biblical  books  of 
Kzra  and  Daniel,  in  the  Targuins.  and  in  the 
Pi-shito  version  of  the  Scriiitures,  togctlier 
with  the  Christian  SjTiac  literature.^ 2.  An 
inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Arama?a  or  Syria. 

The  Ar4titiininin\f^i  .  .  .  have  the  form  "niata." 

.V.  A.  Itee.,  tX.XVIl.  02:). 

Arameanism  (ar-a-me'an-izm),  «.  [<  Aramean 
+  -I'/M.]     Same  as  Arainism. 

Aramidae  (a-ram'i-de),  ".  /'/.  [XL.,  <  Aramus 
+  -i(la.'\  A  family  of  grallatorial  Itirds,  con- 
lined  to  the  warnu-r  parts  of  America,  and  form- 
ing a  connecting  link  between  the  cranes  and 
the  rails,  or  the  gruiform  and  ralliform  birds. 
The  principal  nsteohc.,'ical  and  pti-rylographic  characters 
arc  th'".4e  of  the  cranes,  while  the  dij,'cstivc  system  and 
the  general  habits  and  appearance  are  those  of  the  rails, 
lliere  are  a  pair  of  ca'ca,  a  pair  of  carotid  arteries,  and  a 
jinir'd  \vrinKeal  ninscles.  The  faniily.consists  of  the  single 
;;.iiu--  AfititiftM  (which  see). 

Aramides  (a-ram'i-dez),  II.  [NL.,  <  Aramus  + 
-iilrg.]  A  genus  of  .\imrican  ralliform  birds,  of 
the  family  Italliilir  iu\i\  siiblamily  Udlliim  :  the 
American  crakes,  or  small  rails  with  short  bills. 
'the  sicnns  contains  about  2t»species,  chieHy  of  Central  ami 
Siutli  America:  it  is  sometimes  restricted  to  one  gronpof 
these,  other  names,  as  /'(irzfiiia,  Ciilnritu-ojfg,  and  CrixiMcuji, 
U-iiiL'  used  for  the  rest. 

Aramism  (ar'a-mizm),  H.  [<  Aram-  (in  Ara- 
maic, etc.)  +  -ittiii.]  An  idiom  of  the  Aramean 
or Clialdee  language;  a  Chahlaism.  Also  Jiyi- 
iiu  II  Ilium. 

Aramus (ar'ii-mus),  H.  [XL.;  etym. unknown.] 
The  typical  and  oidy  genus  of  the  family  Arri- 
miila;  containingt  he  courlans,  earaus,  or  crying- 
birds.  'I'hey  arc  abont  'Z  feet  long,  of  chor<datc.br<iwn 
c<dor  Htrcakcri  with  white,  with  short  and  I'ouiHled  wines. 
a  falrat.-lirtt  priniar>'.  n  short  tall  of  \->  feathers,  and  cleft 
t<K's.  'I'lo-  hinil'T  toe  Is  elevated,  and  tile  tai"sns  is  scutcl- 
lat'        '  irid  as  long  ils  the  bill.      The  bill  is  twice 

at  1  mI.  slentler  but  strong,  cmnprcssed.  con- 

tr.i  t  rie  linear  nostrils,  grooved  about  half  its 

leii.  •  danildecnrvcd  hi  the  terminal  portion. 

.1  iiibabjts  I'lorid.'i.  where  it  is  known  iisthe 

liti.  -prcjet,  A.  iti-iitfiiHii-rmi,  the  scolopaccons 

•  "111.  ,  I  i..ii[iii  III  the  warmer  parts  of  Americii,  .Sei; 
..,./r(..., 

Aran<;.T  :i  rfi'in'-ii),  «.    [\,.,  a  spider,  a  spider's 

"' '  .  I :  aisortrrtM/'wji,  rn.,aHpider; 

'  f  "lie   rt/io.t'i'/;,  jioct.  fiin'ixi''>c,  a 

-p  .iiiii'cted  witli  <i,/M(,  a  net.] 

1  i    'il  '.pidi'i'M,  more  or  less  oxaci  ly 

■''  '■'    MI'iillTII  HllpM'falllily  .ffV/;//7////. 

'  has  iH-en  rriliic'-d  to  the  value  of 

ii<-H  or  genera  of  spiders,  and  lias 

v    from   luinie  syslemK,     Arnnrn 

'■  '  I  I'ltisf'-splder.  Is  how  'i'rtinitiriil  ilo. 

,••  I    A  former  group  of  H)iiderH, 
'•■Iwoen  a  iilodem  order  iiiid  a 

.  II.     [(  L.  iiriinin,  n  spider, 

<'ior  reNi'mbiing  the  Hpiilor. 

II.     Hmitf  iiH  urn  III  iihi  It, 

lii ),  II.  III.    (NJ...,  <  Aram II 

irily  niid   siili((roiip  nf  Ihe 

Miinllv  I'lilled  an  ordi  r. 

...   i>H  ifislingtiiHiied  frriiii 

.        r|Miii.s,  and  oIIkt  amolinidniiH: 


>zn^< 


MygaU  camentariiT.  rypical  of  Arattdtta. 
A.  female,  natural  size:  At,  chelicera--: 
11-",  pecHpalpi :  I' ,  i'l ,  maxillary  feet: 
/'•//.  i-Y//  .  thoracic  feet  ;  Cth,  ceph:Uolho- 
rax.  B,  last  joint  of  pedipalpub  of  male, 
mucll  iiiagniAed.    See  cm  under  chelicera. 


288 

practically  syiionNinous  and  eouteraiinous  with 
Vinicroaoiuafa  or  Pulntotrnchearia.  The  spuiei-s 
breathe  bv  two  or  more  puhuoiiary  sues,  combined  or  not 
with  tnicheie.  Tlie  abdomen  is  not  ses:mented,  and  is  dis- 
tinctly separated  from  the  cephalothorax ;  they  have  no 
anteunte,  as  such,  but  a  pair  of  palps ;  th^  have  from  2  to 

8  simple  eyes,  and 
8  legs  of  7  joints 
each.  The  abdomi- 
nal appcndajies  are 
nioditied  into  an 
araclinidiiim  or 
spinneret,  the  ap- 
paratus liy  which 
cobweb,  gossamer, 
and  other  kinds 
of  spider-silk  are 
spun  from  a  se- 
cretion of  ghmdu- 
lar  organs.  There 
are  also  always 
poison-glands  con- 
nected with  the 
mouth-parts.  The 
divisiun  of  the 
Kioup  varies  with 
every  leatiiuj:  wri- 
ter as  to  number 
of  suborders  or 
famiHes  aud  their 
aiTangement.some 
admitting;  but  two 
or  tliree  families,  othere  several  snlmrdei-s  and  uj)ward  of 
twenty  families,  while  the  diversities  of  detail  are  endless. 
A  prime  di\ision  is  into  Dipiu'iuiun/e.%  those  havinp;  two 
puhnonary  sacs  (the  threat  bulk  of  the  order),  and  Tetra- 
jmfumones,  with  foui"  oraccoidiiij;  to  the  nnnilierof  stig- 
mata, those  having  two  pairs(7'c/rrtA7fc?n)oroidy  ouepair 
(Tristictn):  or  according  to  the  number  of  eyes,  whether 
2,  4,  G,  or  8 ;  or,  Anally,  aocordins  to  the  way  in  which  they 
move  about  and  spin  their  webs.  Some  authoi-s  adoi)t 
three  families :  Araneid^,  Lycosidct,  aud  Mygalidce.  Also 
Araneidca,  Araneina. 
Araneidae  (ar-ji-ne'i-de),  v.pJ.  [NL.,  <Ara)iea 
+  -?</'/'.]  The  spiders,  considonnl  as  a  family; 
the  spinning  spiders.  The  group  approaches  more  or 
less  nearly  in  extent  the  order  A  raiieida.  In  some  systems 
the  term  disappears,  being  conterminous  with  the  order, 
wliich  then  is  divided  into  numerous  families  of  other 
names. 

araneidan  (ar-a-ne'i-dan),  n.    [<  Araneidu  + 

-tin.']  One  of  the  Araiieida  ;  any  spider.  Also 
armwul. 

Araneidea  (ar-a-ne-i-de'a),  n.  pL  [NL.]  Same 
as  Annicida. 

araneiform  (a-ra'ne-i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  arauei- 
foriiiis,  <  L.  ///v/«fY/.  a  spider,  •¥  forina,  form.] 
1.  Spider-liko  in  form;  resemlflinp:  a  spider; 
beloni^in^  to  the  Arancidu^  us  distinguished 
from  other  arachnidaus. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  ArdHciJhntiia. 

Araneiformes  (a-ra  ne-i-for'mez),  H.  pi.  [NL., 
lA.  oX  ^mnuijhnnis  :  see  arancifonti,']  Same  as 
Arftiif  ifttrmia. 

Araneiformia  (a-ra'''ne-i-f6r'mi-a),  n.  pi,  [NL., 
nciit.  ]d.  of  aranrijhnui.s:  see  aratiriform.']  A 
group  of  spi<h'r-lik('  marine  animals:  synony- 
mous with  Pt/riH>ff(Hiifl<f  (wiiieh  see).  'Huy  are 
sometimes  plaieil  witli  Ihc  Cnt^taca  in  an  order  or  a  suli- 
class  called  J't'duiinmntd,  sometimes  in  yl/'(ic/n*i(/f/.  some- 
times combined  witli  the  Arrtisca  in  a  subclass  i'sruilii' 
rar/iiia.  and  sunietimes  otherwise  disposed  of.  The\  have 
a  rudimentary  unseginented  abdomen,  a  sueturial  mtmlh. 
and  l  pairs  of  long,  jointed  legs,  but  are  destilnle  of  re- 
spiratiiry  organs.     Scnne  are  parasitic. 

Araneina  (a-rji-ne-i'nji),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arum  a 
+  -i>Ki.]     Same  as  Araurida. 

araneologist  {a-nl-ne-oro-jist),  H.  [<  artuir- 
otntfif  +  -ist.]     One  skilled  in  araneology. 

araneology  (a-ra-ne-oro-ji),  H.  [<  L.  firancd, 
a  spiilec,  +  Or.  ->o;/fl:,<  /'f;rM', speak:  see-o/fj////.] 
That  department  of  entomology  which  relates 
to  siiiders. 

new  to  the  Held  of  Anierfean  am- 
Scivncr.  IV.  'M. 


Araucarla 

nomical  importance  as  a  food-fish. — 2.  Iccp-'] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  maiaeopterygian  abdominal 
tishes,  of  the  family  Osteotflo-'^sida-i,  remarkable 
for  their  size  and  the  mosaic  work  of  their  Iiard 
bony  compound  scales.    -I.  ;fi(i(fs  is  au  example. 

araphorostic,  araphostic,  ^^    See  aryhapliotttic. 

arapunga  i,ar-a-pung'gii).  n.  [S.  Amcr.  native 
name.]  A  South  Aiuerieau  oseiue  passerine 
bird  of  the  family  Cotiiif/idtv  aud  subfamily 
Gifnttioderinw ;  the  bell-bird,  campanero,  or 
averauo,  ClmsniorhffHchus  uirciifi ;  one  of  the 
fruit-erows,  with  a  long  erectile  ttilndar  process 
ou  the  head,  rising  sometimes  to  the  height  of 
several  inches,  it  is  remarkable  lor  its  clear,  far- 
sounding  uote.-^of  a  peculiarly  resonant  or  bell-like  (piality. 
continued  tlu'ougii  the  heat  of  the  day,  when  most  lurds 
are  silent,  and  theret-T.-  v-ri'liiv  heun!  at  a  great  tiist«nce. 


wen 


The  Inets 
araneose  (a-ra'ne-ns).  n 


<  L.  araiifosns,  full 


i.<  i>. 

<  urn 


2. 

iiii 
III' 

araii' 

+ 

arr  r 

-» 

eln 

Clili' 

tb>   I 


li,  lilso  !i  .spider:  see  .Iraiiei/.]  Covered  with 
hairs  erossiiiK  one  miother,  like  Ihe  riiy.s  in  a 
Hpider'H  wel):  iiiiichiioid. 

araneoUS  (a-rii'ne-ns),  II.  [As  ariiiifiisr,  or  iifler 
\i.  iiriiiii'ii.i,  perliiiiiinf;  to  a  spider  or  to  ii  spi- 
der's well,  <  iiriiiiiii,  11  HJiider,  spider's  well :  sei- 
iiriiiiiiisi-.]  It.  Kill!  ol'  roilnvelis.  —  2.  Ii'eseiii- 
blinU  It  eol)wel);  e.vlreinely  lliin  iiiid  delieiile, 
like  s))ider's  silk  or  nossiimer;  eovered  with 
delierite  liin({led  hiiirs  like  eobweli;  nrai'linoid. 
-  Araneoua  membrane.  .s:inie  a»  (mir/non.*.  n.j. 

arangO  (a-ranu'do),  II.  I A  native  inline.]  A 
kind  i>r  liead  made  of  ron^h  earnelian,  generally 
of  n  eylindrieal  slia|)e.  Sneli  InadH,  Iniporled  (tom 
lloniliar.  roii.lllnl.  d  an  ailleleof  tinllli'  with  Atrlia  |iir 
vi.oi.  I.,  (lie  nliolltloli  ol  the  nlavetrade. 

arapaima  (ar-a-pi'inii),  ».  [H.  Amer.  native 
nniiie.]  1.  Tlie  naiiie  nf  (he  largest  known 
I loMh-water  llsh,  .(r<;/«(i/«</  (/»/'/.",  an  inlmliitanl 
'il  Mra/.il  and  Oniaiiii.  said  to  attain  a  leiiKlh  of 
I  '  I'l-et  and  II  wei|;lil  of  ilHI  poiindH.     It  isofeeo- 


.\rapunKa,  or  Campanero  l,Chasinffrhyncht4s  niveus). 

Theliirtt  is  of  abont  tlic  size  of  a  pigeon,  and  tlie  pliiinaife 
of  llu'  adult  is  loire  white.  The  native  name  was  niaile  a 
,urn«-rir  term  b.v  I.e-sson  in  1831.  The  bird  is  nearly  related 
to  the  iinibrella-birds,  Ci'phaloptei'uit, 

arara  (a-rii'rji),  h.  [Braz.  Cf.  Ara^.'\  A  kind 
of  maeaw,  Ara  iiuiracaiia. 

araracanga  (u-rii-ra-kaug'ga),  n.  Same  as 
iiriiniiiijii, 

araramboya  (ar  "a-ram-1)o'yii),  n,  [Braz.]  A 
iiMiuc  (if  I  lie  liojohi  or  dog-headed  boa  of  Brazil, 
Ailihosiiniii  am  ilium. 

ararauna  (ar-a-ra'n|i),  )(.  [Braz.]  The  lilno 
iiiid  yellow  tnaeaw,  Psiltneiin  ararauna  (Lin- 
iiaMis).  now  Ara  ararauna. 

araroba  (ar-ii-ro'liil),  n.     Same  as  chrijsarohin, 

arar-tree  (iii'iir-tie),  «•  The  sandarac-tree  of 
.Moroeeo,  C'atlitrix  qiiadrirahis.  See  sandarac- 
triT. 

arase't  (a-ras'),  r.  t.  [Also  written  arace,  <  OF. 
arascr,  raze,  demolish,  <  a,  to,  -1-  riis,  level: 
see  iiAl  and  rasr,  »■«-(•,  ami  ef.  OY/w.]  1.  To 
raze;  level  with  the  jjionnd. — 2.  To  erase. 

arase-t,  '••  '.     Same  as  o/«('(  1. 

arasene,  ".     Sanie  as  arraxi'iic. 

arastra  (a-ras'trji),  II.     Same  as  arra.slre. 

arationta-ra'.slion),  H.  l<.lA.aratio(ii-),  (.arare, 
lip.  iiraliis,  plow:  see  arable]  Plowing;  til- 
lage.    [Rare.] 

II  would  sullice  to  teaeh  these  four  parts  of  agricuUnre; 
Ilr.st  anjti'iiii,  aud  all  things  beloiigini;  to  it. 

Cmrleji,  Works  (ed,  1710),  II.  "10. 

aratory  (ar'a-to-ri),  n.  [<  Ulj.  iirntoriu.t,  <  L. 
arutiir,  plower,  <  iiriirr,  jtp.  iiratiis,  plow:  see 
iirnhh  ,  ]     Kelatiiig  or  ccMilrihiil  iiig  to  tillage. 

aratrum  terrse  (a-ni 'innn  ti'r'e).    [iMIa,  a 

jilowgate  of  land:  ariilniiii,  n  porlion  of  land 
as  iiiueh  us  eoiild  be  (ilowed  with  one  jilow  (a 
speeial  use  of  Ij.  aratrum,  jilow,  <  ararr,  plow: 
ai'i'  arahir);  Irrra;  gen.  of  L.  Irrra,  land.]  In 
iSnil.i  liiir,  a  jilowgate  of  hind,  eonsisliiig  of 
eight  oxgalls,  beeaiise  aiieienlly  the  plow  was 
drawn  by  eight  oxen. 

Araucan  (a-rii'kan),  ».     Same  as  Arancniiiaii. 

Araucauian  (ar-a-kii'iii-an),  a.  and  h.  [<  Araii- 
riiiiiii,  <  .Irtiiiraiiiis,  llie  Arimeanians,  a  tribe  of 
Indians  inhaliiling  the  soiitliern  parts  of  Chili.] 
I.  ".  ( If  or  perlaiiiiiig  to  Annicania,  a  lerridnw 
in  the  MHillierii  )i;irl  of  Cliili.  mainly  eomprised 
in  I  he  modern  piiivinees  of  Aianeoaiiil  Valdivia. 
II.  //.  A  native  or  an  inhahitant  of  Araii- 
eallia.  The  aliorlnllial  Araueniilaiis  are  a  partlall.v  ilvll- 
i/rd  raee  who  have  lli-ier  In-fli  eoiii|,'icHMl  by  IClllopt'illlH ; 
hill  III  lss;{  the  jKolion  of  thrill  livliiu  on  the  niauiland 
voliiiitarlly  siibiiiilled  to  the  Chilliin  un^'er)lutent. 

Araucaria(ar-a-ka'ii-ii),  «.  |  NIi.,<  Ariiiir(aniii) 
+  -iiriii,  I  A  genus  of  I'oui/ira;  the  re|>reseiita- 
live  iif  I  111'  jiine  in  Ihi'  sent  hern  lieinis)ihere, 
fiiiind  ill  Sun  111  .\iiieriea,  Australia,  and  some  of 
Ihe  ishlllilsiif  the  I'aeilie.  The  »|ieeie»  are  liirce  ever- 
ureeii  trees  with  vnlleiljate  Mjireadinu   hriimlu's  eovered 

Willi  Hiiir,  narrow,  pointed  leaves,  mid  heiirhiK  lari: nes. 

ear'Ii  seale  hnvinit  a  siliyle  larixe  seed.  Tile  H|ieiies  best 
loM.wn  111  enltivalloii  Is  .1.  iiiilnifiilii  (the  chili  iiiiii'  or 
iii"ni<ry  loi/zle).  wliirli  is  i|iilte  hardy.  It  is  a  iiiitiM-  of 
the  iiioiiiitiiins  of  Hoiitlieni  rlilii,  where  It  foinis  \iihI  lor- 
eslfi,  and  ylulds  a  hard,  diinilile  wood.     Its  Heeds  are  eaten 


Araucaria 

when  roasted.  The  Moreton  Bay  pine  of  Australia,  A. 
Cuitninghamii,  supplies  a  valuable  timber  used  in  making 
furniture,  in  Ijouse-  and  boat-buildinj^,  and  in  other  car- 
penter-work. A  species,  A.  excetsa,  abounds  on  Norfolk 
Island,  attaininjr  a  iieiKht  of  200  feet.  See  NorJ'olk  Island 
pine,  under /'/'/)<'. 


I.  Norfolk  Island  Pine  [.-Ira7tcarta  exctlsa).    2.  Cone  of 
Araucaria  Cookii. 

araucarian  (ar-a-ka'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Arau- 
caria +  -«H.]  I.  a.  Related  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  genus  Araucaria. 
II.  H.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Araucaria. 
The  plants  of  which  our  eoal-seams  are  composed  speak 
to  us  of  lands  covered  with  luxuriant  growths  of  tree-fenis 
and  ani'if/n-ians.  Geikie,  Ice  Age,  p.  94. 

araiicarite  (a-ra'ka-rit),  n.  [<  Araucaria  + 
-ite^.'\  The  name  given  to  fragments  of  plants 
found  fossilized  in  strata  of  different  ages,  and 
believed  to  be  related  to  plants  of  the  living 
genus  Araucaria.  Trunks  occur  in  the  coal-measures 
In  the  neighborhood  of  Edinburgh  whicli  have  belonged 
to  immense  coniferous  trees,  referred,  though  with  some 
doubt,  to  this  genus.  The  fruits  and  foliage  found  in  the 
.Secondary  rocks  are  certainly  closely  related  to  the  Aus- 
tralian araucarians. 

araughtt.    Preterit  of  areach. 

arauna  (a-rii'o-a),  ■«.  The  native  name  of  a 
gigantic  spider  of  the  genus  Mi/gulc,  found  on 
the  Abrolhos  islands,  Brazil,  it  preys  on  lizards, 
and  even  on  young  chickens.  It  is  probably  the  bird- 
spider,  Mygale  (Avicularia)  avicutaria,  or  a  related  spe- 
cies- 

arba,  «.     See  araha^. 

arbaccio  (ar-bach'io),  n.  [It.  dial.]  A  coarse 
cloth  made  in  Sardinia  from  the  wool  of  an 
inferior  breed  of  sheep  called  the  Nuoro.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

Arbacia  (ar-ba'si-a),  «.  [NL.]  The  typical 
gentis  of  sea-urehins  of  the  family  Arbaciida;. 
A.  punctulata  and  A.  nigra  are  two  species,  occurring 
respectively  on  the  eastern  and  western  coasts  of  North 
America. 

arbaciid  (ar-bas'i-id),  n.  A  sea-urchin  of  the 
family  Arbaciida: 

Arbaciidae  (ar-ba-si'i-de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arba- 
cia +  -(>/«■.]  A  family  of  desmostichous  or 
endocyclical  echinoids,  or  regular  sea-iu'chins, 
intermediate  in  its  general  characters  between 
Cirlaridm  and  Echinida;  and  ha\ing  median 
ambulaeral  spaces  appearing  as  bare  bands. 
The  family  is  typified  by  the  genus  Arbacia; 
another  genus  is  ('a^loj)leurus. 

arbalest,  arbalester.    See  arbalist,  arbalister. 

arbaUte  (;ir-ba-l:it'),  «.  [P.,  <  OP.  arbaleste: 
see  arl)alisl.~]     Same  as  arbalist,  2. 

arbalist,  arbalest  (ar'ba-list,  -lest), «.  [<  ME. 
arbelaste,  arblast,  arblesi,  etc.  (also  arweblast, 
arowblaste,  as  If  connected  with  arow,  arrow),  < 
OP.  arbaleste,  arbclcstc,  arbalestre,  P.  arbaUtc=z 
Pr.  arbalc.std,  albalcsta,  <  LL.  arciibalista,  arcu- 
hallista:  see  arcubalist.J  1.  A  crossbow  used  in 
Europe  in  the  chase  and  in  war  throughout  the 
middle  ages.  The  bow  was  made  of  steel,  horn,  or  other 
material,  and  was  of  such  great  strength  and  stirtuess  that 
some  mechanical  appliance  was  used  to  bend  it  and  adjust 
the  strijig  to  the  noteli.  The  lighter  arlialists,  used  in  the 
chase,  and  generally  by  horsemen,  required  a  double  hook, 
which  the  arbalister  carried  at  his  girdle.  Heavier  ones 
required  a  kind  of  lever,  or  a  windlass,  or  a  revolving  winch 
witli  a  ratcliet  and  Inng  handle,  to  draw  them  ;  these  ap- 
pliances were  separate  frrnn  the  arbalist,  and  were  carried 
slung  from  the  shoulder  .ir  at  the  belt.  The  short  and 
heavy  arrow  of  the  arbalist  was  called  a  ijuarrel,  from  its 
square  head,  or  more  commonly  a  bolt,  as  distinguished 
from  the  shaft  discharged  l)y  the  longbow.  Sometimes 
stones  (see  stonohow)  .and  leaden  halls  were  used.  The  nns- 
sile  of  the  arbalist  wjis  discharged  with  such  force  as  to 
penetrate  ordinary  armor,  and  the  weapon  was  considered 
so  deadly  as  to  be  prohibited  by  a  council  of  the  church 
except  in  warfare  ag.ainst  infidels.  It  eouhl,  however.  lie 
discharged  only  twice  a  minute.  It  was  used  especially  in 
the  attack  and  defense  of  fortified  places.  For  similar 
weapons  of  other  periods  than  the  European  middle  ages, 
see  crossbow.     Also  arcubalist.  and  formerly  arblast. 

2.  In  her.,  a  crossbow  used  as  a  bearing. 
19 


Arbalister. 
(From  Viollet-lc-Duc's 
"Diet,  clu  Mobilicr  fran- 
5ais.") 


289 

arbalister,  arbalester  (ar'ba-lis-ter,  -Ics-tc-r), 
n.     [<  Jli;.  arbitltiatir,  arbalasUr,  arbla.ster,  etc., 

<  OP.  arbahstier,  <  ML.  arcidialistarius:  see  ar- 
cubalistcr.']  One  armed  with 
the  arVjalist;  a  erossbowman; 
especially,  a  soldier  carrying 
the  arbalist  of  war.  Also 
areuhali.iter. 

arbiter  (iir'bi-ter),  n.  [=  F. 
arbitrc,  <  L.  arbiter,  a  witness, 
judge,  lit.  one  who  goes  to 
see,  <  ar-  for  ad,  to,  4-  bctcre, 
hitere,  come.]  1.  A  person 
chosen  by  the  parties  in  a  con- 
troversy to  decide  their  differ- 
ences; one  who  decides  points 
at  issue ;  an  arbitrator ;  a  ref- 
eree ;  an  umpire. 

The  civilians  make  a  diflference  be- 
tween arbiter  and  arbitrator,  the 
former  being  obliged  to  judge  ac- 
cording to  tlie  customs  of  the  law; 
whereas  the  latter  is  at  liberty  to  use 
his  own  discretion,  and  accommo- 
date the  difference  in  that  manner  which  appears  most  just 
and  equitable.  Wharton. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  a  person  who  has  the 
power  of  judging  and  determining  absolutely  ac- 
cording to  his  own  pleastire ;  one  whose  power 
of  deciding  and  governing  is  not  limited ;  one 
who  has  a  matter  under  his  sole  authority  for 
adjudication. 

Our  plan  best,  I  believe,  combines  wisdom  and  pr,actica- 

bility,  by  providing  a  plurality  of  Counsellors,  but  a  single 

arbitt-r  for  ultiiiiatc  dirisiim.    Jefferson,  Autobiog.,  p.  44. 

The  final  'irbitimf  institutions  is  always  the  conception 

of  riglit  prevailing  at  the  time. 

Hae,  Contemporary  Socialism,  p.  179. 
Arbiterelegantiarum(el-e-gan-shi-!i'rum).  [L.]  A  judge 
of  the  elegancies ;  an  authority  in  matters  of  taste.  =Syn. 
Arbitrator,  umpire,  referee,  judge ;  absolute  ruler,  control- 
ler, governor. 

arbitert  (iir'bi-ter^  V.  t.  [<  arbiter,  ».]  To  act 
as  arbiter  bet  ween ;  judge.     Hall. 

arbitrablet  Car'bi-tra-bl),  a.  [<  Sp.  arbitrable 
=:Pg.  arbitravcl,  <  lii  as  if  *arbitrabilis,  <  arbi- 
iran,  arbitrate:  siee  arbitrate.']  1.  Arbitrary; 
depending  on  the  will.  Spelnian.—  2.  Subject 
to  arbitration ;  subject  to  the  decision  of  an 
arbiter,  cotirt,  judge,  or  other  appointed  author- 
ity; discretionary. 

The  value  of  moneys  is  arbitrable  according  to  the  use 
of  several  kingdoms.      Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  i.  1. 

arbitrage  (ar'bi-traj),  n.  [<  p.  arbitrage,  <  ar- 
bitrer,  arbitrate:  see  arbitrate.']  1.  Arbitra- 
tion. B.  Cobden.  [Rare.] — 2.  The  calculation 
of  the  relative  value  at  the  same  time,  at  two  or 
more  places,  of  stocks,  bonds,  or  funds  of  any 
sort,  including  exchange,  with  a  view  to  taking 
advantage  of  favorable  circumstances  or  differ- 
ences in  payments  or  other  transactions ;  arbi- 
tration of  exchange. 

Artjitrage  proper  is  a  separate,  distinct,  and  well-defined 
business,  with  tliree  main  branches.  Two  of  these,  viz., 
arbitrage  or  arbitration  in  bullion  and  coins,  and  arbitra- 
tion in  bills,  also  called  the  arbitration  of  exchanges,  fall 
within  the  businesses  of  bullion  dealing  and  banking  respec- 
tively. The  third,  arbitrage  in  stocks  and  shares,  is  arbi- 
trage properly  so  called,  and  so  understood,  whenever  the 
word  is  mentioned  without  qualification  among  business 
men,  and  it  is  strictly  a  Stock  Exchange  business. 

Encgc.  Brit.,  II.  311. 

3.  The  business  of  bankers  which  is  founded 
on  calctilations  of  the  temporary  differences  in 
the  price  of  sectu-ities,  and  is  carried  on  through 
a' simultaneous  purchase  in  the  cheaper  and 
sale  in  the  dearer  market. 

arbitrager  (ar'bi-tra-jer),  n.  A  banker  or  a 
broker  who  engages  in  arbitrage  operations. 

arbitrageur  (ar-bi-tra-zher'),  H.  [P.]  Same  as 
arbitrager. 

As  a  rule,  the  arbitrage  properly  known  as  such  is  the 
business  of  an  arhitra<reur,  who  is  almost  always  a  mem- 
ber of  a  Stock  Excbange  or  "Boui-se,"and  his  arbitrations 
with  very  few  exceptions  are  neither  in  bullion  nor  in  bills, 
but  in  Government  and  other  stocks  and  shares. 

Encyr.  Brit.,  II.  311. 

arbitral  (iir'bi-tral),  a.  [<  LL.  arbitralis,  <  L. 
arbiter,  axhitev.]  "Relating  to  arbitration ;  sub- 
ject to  review  and  adjudication — Decree  arbi- 
tral.   Sec  decree. 

arbitrament  (iir-bit'ra-ment),  n.  [<  ME.  arbi- 
trement,  arhitrimeitt,  <  'OF.  arhiirement  =  Pr.  ar- 
bitranieu  =  Sp.  arbitraniiento  =  Pg.  arbitramento, 

<  ML.  arbitrameniuni,  <  L.  arbitrari,  arbitrate: 
see  arbitrate.]  1.  Tlie  power  or  right  to  decide 
for  one's  self  or  for  others;  the  power  of  abso- 
lute and  final  decision. 

Liberty,  anil  Life,  .and  Death  would  soon  .  .  . 

Lie  in  "the  arhitrement  of  those  who  ruled 

The  capital  City.  Wordsworth,  Prelude,  x. 

2.  The  act  of  deciding  a  dispute  as  an  arbiter 
or  arbitrator;  the  act  of  settling  a  claim  or  dis- 


arbitrate 

pute  which  has  been  referred  to  arbitration; 
the  absolute  and  authoritative  settlement  of 
any  matter. 
Want  will  force  him  to  put  it  to  arhitrement. 

Maesinger,  New  Way  to  r,ay  Old  Debts,  ii.  1. 

This  tax  was  regulated  by  a  law  made  on  purpose,  and 

not  left  to  the  arbitrament  of  partial  or  interested  persons. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  V.  7.'J. 

3.  The  decision  or  sentence  pronounced  by  an 
arbiter.  [In  this  sense  award  is  now  more 
common  in  legal  use.] 

T')  discover  the  grouTuls  on  which  .  .  .  usage  bases  its 
arbitratnents,  battles,  not  seldom,  our  utmost  ingenuity  of 
speculation.  F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  31. 

Sometimes  spelled  arbitrement. 
arbitrarily  (ar'bi-tra-ri-li),  adr.     In  an  arbi- 
trary manner;   at  will;  capriciously;  without 
sufficient  reason;   in  an  irz'esponsible  or  des- 
potic way. 

The  Bishop  of  Dunkeld,  who  .  .  .  had  opposed  the  gov- 
ernment. wa.s  arfiitrarily  ejected  from  his  see,  and  a  suc- 
cessor was  appointed.  Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

arbitrariness  (iir'bi-tra-ri-nes),  n.    The  quality 

of  being  arbitraiy. 

Consciousness  is  an  entangled  plexus  which  cannot  be 
cut  into  parts  without  more  or  less  arbitrariness. 

11.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  480. 

arbitrarioust  (iir-bi-tra'ri-us),  a.    [<  L.  arbitra- 

riu.'i:  see  arbitrari/.]    Arbitrary.    Jforris. 

arbitrariouslyt  (ar-bi-tra'ri-us-U),  adv.     Arbi- 
trarily.    Barrow. 

arbitrary  (iir'bi-tra-ri),  a.  [=  F.  arbitraire  = 
Pr.  arbitrari  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  arbitrarii/,<.Ij.  arbitra- 
rius,  of  arbitration,  hence  uncertain,  depending 
on  the  will,  <  arbiter,  arbiter,  umpire:  see  arbi- 
ter.] 1.  Not  regulated  by  fixed  rule  jr  law; 
determinable  as  occasion  arises ;  subject  to  in- 
dividual will  or  judgment;  discretionary. 
Inditferent  things  are  left  arbitrary  to  us. 

Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  277. 

2.  In  law,  properly  determinable  by  the  choice 
or  pleasure  of  a  tribunal,  as  distinguished  from 
that  which  should  be  determined  according  to 
settled  rides  or  the  relative  rights  or  equities 
of  the  parties.  Thus,  whether  the  judge  will  take  and 
state  an  account  himself,  or  refer  it  to  an  auditor,  is  a 
question  resting  in  his  arbitrary  discretion  ;  whether,  also, 
a  particular  person  is  qualified  to  act  as  auditor  is  a  ques- 
tion involving  judicial  or  legal  discretion. 

3.  Uncontrolled  by  law ;  using  or  abusing  un- 
limited power ;  despotic ;  t3Tannical. 

For  sure,  if  Dulness  sees  a  grateful  day, 
'Tis  in  the  shade  of  arbitrary  sway. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  182. 
Could  I  prevail  upon  my  little  tyrant  here  to  be  less  ar- 
bitrary,  I  should  be  the  happiest  man  alive. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  v. 

Arbitrary  power  is  most  easily  established  on  the  ruins 

of  liberty  abused  to  licentiousness,  Washington. 

4.  Not  characterized  by  or  manifesting  any 
oveiTiding  principle ;  fixed,  determined,  or  per- 
formed at  will ;  independent  of  rule  oncontrol. 

A  great  number  of  arbitrary  signs,  various  and  opposite, 
do  constitute  a  language.  If  "such  arbitrai-y  connection  be 
instituted  by  men,  it  is  an  artificial  language;  if  by  the 
Author  of  Natiu-e,  it  is  a  natural  language.    Bp.  Berkeley. 

They  perpetually  sacrifice  nature  and  reason  to  arbi- 
trary canons  of  taste.  Mctcanlay,  Dryden. 

By  an  arbitrarji  proceeding,  I  mean  one  conducted  by 
the  private  opinions  or  feelings  of  the  man  who  attempts 
to  regulate.  Burke. 

5.  Ungoverned  by  reason;  hence,  capricious; 
uncertain;  unreasonable;  varying;  changeful: 
as,  an  nj-iifor/r^  character. 

My  disappointments,  as  a  general  thing,  .  .  .  had  too 
often  been  the  consequence  ot  arbitrary  preconceptions. 
H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  253. 
Arbitrary  COnstaJlt,  in  math.,  a  quantity  which  by  a  dif- 
ferential equation  is  required  to  have  the  same  value  for 
all  values  of  the  variable,  while  this  constant  value  re- 
mains indeterminate.— Arbitrary  discretion.  See  dis- 
cretion.—AlXiitTaxy  function,  \>\  ina'h..  a  quantity  which 
is  required  t»y  a  partial  dittcrcntial  equation  to  remain  un- 
changed as  long  as  certain  variables  remain  unchanged, 
but  which  may  vary  in  any  manner  with  these  variables, 
subject  only  to  the  condition  of  having  differential  coeffi- 
cients with  respect  to  them.— Arbitrary  homon'jmis. 
See  hnmoinnn.  -Syn.  Capricious,  unliniitcd.  in  cspijiisible, 
unc'intridlcd.  tyrannical,  domineering,  imperinns. 
arbitrate  (iir'bi-trat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arbi- 
trated, ppr.  arbitrating.  [<  L.  arhitratus,  pp.  of 
arbitrari  (>  It.  arbitrare  =  Pg.  Sp.  Pr.  arbitrar 
=  F.  arbitrer),  be  a  witness,  act  as  umpire,  < 
arbiter,  utrnpire :  see  arbiter.]  1.  iiitrang.  1.  To 
act  as  an  arbitrator,  or  formal  umpire  between 
contestants;  mediate. 

In  the  disputes  of  kings,  the  weaker  party  often  appealed 
to  the  Pope,  and  thus  gave  him  an  opportunity  to  arlittrate 
or  eonmiand.  Woolsey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  S. 

2.  To  decide ;  determine ;  settle  a  question  or 
rule  otherwise  indeterminate. 

Some  (words)  become  equivocal  by  changing  their  sig- 
nification, and  some  fall  obsolete,  one  cannot  tell  why, 
for  custom  or  caprice  arbit ratels^,  guided  by  no  law. 

/.  Disraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit..  I.  172. 


arbitrate 

H.  trans.  1.  To  give  an  authoritatiTe  deci- 
sion in  regard  to  as  arbitrator ;  decide  or  deter- 
mine. 

Hioas^ts  speculative  their  unsure  hopes  relate ; 
Bat  certain  issue  strokes  must  arbitrate. 

Sruik.,  Macbeth,  v.  4. 

Tliiri_>  :n':;t  be  compared  to  &nA  arbitrated  by  her  [wis- 
doii.  'T  else  they  will  contain  something  of 

njor.  ty.  Barrow,  Works,  I.  vi. 

..... .-iir  Lancelot,  sitting  in  my  place 

£nghair  d  to-morrow,  arbitrate  the  tielti. 

Tennyson,  The  Last  Tournament. 

2.  To  snbmit  to  arbitration ;  settle  by  arbitra- 
tion :  as.  to  arbitratf  a  dispute  regarding  wages. 
arbitrated  (ar'bi-tra-ted),^.  a.  Ascertained  or 
determined  by  arbitrage:  as,  arbitrated  rates; 
arbitrated  par  of  exchiinge. 

Business  men  .  .  .  were  .  .  .  enabled  to  utilize  all  the 
advantages  of  cross  and  arbitrated  exchanges. 

Bahh,  Mines  of  f.  S.,  p.  444. 

arbitration  (ar-bi-tra'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  arbitra- 
cion,  <  OF.  arbitration  =  Pr.  arbitracio,  <  L. 
arhitratio(n-),  <  arbitrari,  arbitrate,  judge:  see 
arbitrate.']  The  hearing  and  determining  of  a 
cause  between  parties  in  controversy  by  a  per- 
son or  persons  chosen  or  agreed  to  by  the  par- 
ties. This  may  be  done  by  one  person,  but  it  is  usual  to 
choose  more  than  one.  Frequently  two  are  nominated. 
one  by  each  party,  the  two  being  authorized  in  turn  to 
agree  upon  a  thirtl,  who  is  called  the  umpire  (or,  in  Scot- 
land, sometimes  tlie  ocentman),  and  who  either  acts  witli 
them  or  is  called  on  to  decide  in  c;»se  the  priniarj'  arbitra- 
tor* differ.  The  determination  of  art)itrators  or  umpires 
is  called  an  aicard.  By  the  common  law  an  award  prop- 
erly made  is  binding;  but  the  ariiitnitors'  autliority  may 
be  revoked  before  award  at  tlie  will  of  either  party.  Per- 
manent tH>ards  of  arbitration  are  sonit-tinies  constituted 
by  legistotive  or  corporate  autliority,  !)ut  the  submission  of 
cases  to  their  decision  is  always  voluntary. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  hope  that  arbitration  and  concilia- 
tion will  tie  the  means  adopted  alike  l>y  nations  and  l>y 
lixUviduals,  to  adjust  all  dilterences. 

N.  A.  Rei:,  CXLII.  613. 

Arbitration,  in  International  Law,  is  one  of  the  recog- 
nize<l  m^-Kles  of  terminating  disputes  between  indepen- 
dent nations.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  313. 
ArMtratlon  bond,  a  bond  by  which  a  party  to  a  dispute 
erikMK''.-*  to  abide  by  the  award  of  arbitrators. — Arbitra- 
tion Of  exchange.  -See  arbitrage,  2.— Geneva  arbitra- 
tion, the  settlement  Ity  arliitnition  of  the  dispute  between 
the  goveninienta  of  the  I'nited  States  and  (Jreat  Britain 
concerning  the  .\labania  claims:  so  called  beeause  the 
iMianI  of  arliitratonj  held  tlieir  sessions  at  Geneva  iu 
.Switz-rlaiid.  See  Alnfxima  claims,  under  c^rtiwl. 
arbitrational  (Ur-bi-tra'shon-al),  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to,  of  the  nature  ofj  or  involving  arbi- 
tration :  as,  arliitratirmal  methods  of  settling 
disputes. —  2.  Resulting  from  arbitration  or  a 
reference  to  arbitrators. 

Arbitrational  settlement  of  the  Alaliama  claims, 

A.  llaijward,  Kthics  of  Peace. 

arbitrative  (ar'bi-trfi-tiv),  a.  [<  arbitrate  + 
-ive.\  Of  the  nature  of  arbitration ;  relating  to 
arbitration ;  having  power  to  arbitrate :  as, "  he 
urt'fd  (A-bitratice  trilimials,"  li.  J.  Jlinton,  Eng. 
iOi'lical  Li'adcrs,  p.  117. 

arbitrator  (Ur'bi-tra-tor),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  arbitratour,  <  ME.  arbitrator,  <  OF.  arbi- 
tratour,  -cur  (earlier  arbitrour,  arbitrcor :  see 
arbilrcr),  <  LL.  arbitrator,  <  arbitrari,  pp.  arbi- 
traliiM,  arbitrate:  see  arbilrate.l  1.  A  person 
who  decides  some  point  at  issue  between  others ; 
ono  who  formally  Lcars  and  decides  a  disputed 
cause  submitted  by  common  consent  of  the  par- 
ties to  arbitration. —  2.  One  who  has  the  power 
of  deciding  or  prescribing  according  to  his  own 
alwolute  pleasure ;  an  absolute  governor,  presi- 
dent, Biit<)(-rat,  or  arbiter.     See  arbiter. 

Though  heaven  be  shut, 
Anil  heaven's  high  Arbitrator  sit  secure. 

Milton,  i:  I,.,  II.  350. 
The  end  crowns  all ; 
And  that  old  common  arbitrator,  Time, 
Will  ..ne  day  end  IL  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  Iv.  ;,. 

"Bvn.  1.  '''M/'i'r/-.  Iti-frree,  etc.     See  jM//'/**,  n. 
armtratorship  fiir'bi-)rii-t«r-8hip),  «.     The 
'        '     r  "f  an  iirljilnitor. 

I  I  lii-lriks),  II. ;  pi.  nrliilratriets 
'.).  [lAj., (I'in. of  arbitrator :  see 
ii,h.i,,ti.,r.\     A  female  arbitrator. 
arbitret,  ".    s.o.  orhiini. 
arbltret,      ■     -^■ .  :iri,lirr. 
arbltremciit,    .     -  ■  .  nrliitrammt. 
arbitrori  ■    i   lo-ii.ri,  «.     [Knrlv  moil.  K.  also 
nrhiln.r,  >nl„i,„„,-,  <  M|.;.  nrliilroiir,  <  OI''.  arbi- 
trour, r,,i.' ,,,   „rhilrfor,<    \.\,.    arbitrator: 

•"X' "  A  M  arbiter  or  arbitrator. 

Tl''  •!  .le.tlny.  .Soiiihni. 

arbltroi..,  .  l.i  •,  ,.  „.  [MK.  «r/;(frr«/ <or/ii- 
'"■  "•■  •■       I     .\  i'    .ill'  itrbiter:  as,  an  arbitrc«/^ 


lie  Mptri'd  It}  fleo 
Hl>  n«llvc  Plu  ipieon  ami  orbdnut 
W  cIUm.  llrvani,  Knlghl'a  EpIUpli. 


290 

arbitrort,  «.     See  arbitrer. 

arbitryt,  "•  [ME.  arbitrie  (earlier  arbitre,  < 
OF.  arbitre),  <  L.  arbitrium,  will,  judgment,  < 
arbiter,  arbiter:  see  arbiter.']  1.  Free  will; 
discretion. —  2.  Arbitration. —  3.  Judgment; 
award. 

arblastt,  «.     Same  as  arbalist. 

arblastert,  «•     Same  as  arbalister. 

Axbogast's  method.    See  method. 

arbori  (ar'bor),  «.  [In  the  derived  sense  for- 
merly arber,  arbre,  <  F.  arbre,  OF.  arbre,  auhre 
=  Pr.  aubre  =  Sp.  arhol  =  Pg.  arvore,  formerly 
arbor  =  It.  albore,  atbero,  arbero,  poet,  arbori; 
a  tree,  beam,  mast,  etc.,  <  L.  arbor  (ace.  iir- 
borem),  earlier  arbos,  a  tree,  and  hence  also  a 
beam,  bar,  mast,  shaft,  oar,  etc.  Cf.  the  simi- 
lar development  of  beam  and  tree.']  1.  Liter- 
ally, a  tree :  used  in  this  sense  chiefly  in  botan- 
ical names. —  2.  In  mech. :  (o)  The  main  support 
or  beam  of  a  machine.  (6)  The  principal  spin- 
dle or  a.xis  of  a  wheel  or  piuiou  commmiieatiug 

motion  to  the  other  moving  parts Arbor  Dianse 

(tree  of  Diana,  that  is,  of  silver:  see  Diana),  in  chein.,  a 
beautiful  arborescent  precipitate  produced  by  silver  in 
mercury.— Arbor  Judse,  in  bm.,  the  Judas-tiec  (which 
see).— Arbor  Satumi  (tree  of  Saturn,  that  is,  of  lead  : 
see  Saturn),  in  chein.,  an  arborescent  precipitate  formed 
when  a  piece  of  zinc  is  put  into  a  solution  of  acetate  of 
lead.— Arbor  vitae.  See  arbor-vit(e. — Expanding  ar- 
bor, in  HU'ch.,  a  mandrel  in  a  lathe  provided  with  tajier 
keys  or  other  devices  for  securing  a  linn  hold,  by  varying 
the  diameter  of  the  piirts  or  surfaces  of  the  mandrel  wiiioh 
bear  against  the  sides  of  the  hollow  or  the  central  hole  of 
the  object  which  is  to  be  operated  upon. 

arbor^,  arbour  (iir'bor),  n.  [In  England  the 
second  form  is  usual.  Early  mod.  E.  arbor,  ar- 
bour, arber,  harbor,  harbour,  harher,  hcrber, 
herbor,  etc.,  <  ME.  erher,  erbere,  hcrber,  hcrbcre, 
<  AF.  erber,  herbcr,  OF.  erbier,  herbier,  a  place 
covered  with  grass  or  herbage,  a  garden  of 
herbs,  <  ML.  herbarium  in  same  sense,  earlier, 
in  LL.,  a  collection  of  dried  herbs :  see  herba- 
rium, of  which  arbor"  is  thus  a  doublet;  and 
cf.  arb,  i/arb,  dial,  forms  of  herb.  The  sense  of 
'orchard,'  andhence  'abowerof  trees,' though 
naturally  developed  from  that  of  'a  gi'ass-jilot' 
(so  orchard  itself,  AS.  injrt-geard,  i.  e.,  wort- 
or  herb-yard ;  cf.  F.  veryer,  an  orchard,  <  L. 
riridarium,  a  garden,  Ut.  a  'greenery'),  led  to 
an  association  of  the  word  on  the  one  hand 
with  harbor,  ME.  herberc,  herberwc,  etc.,  a  shel- 
ter, and  on  the  other  with  L.  arbor,  a  tree. 
Cf.  arboret'^  and  It.  arboraia,  au  arbor  (Florio).] 
It.  A  grass-plot;  a  lawn;  a  green.  [Only  in 
Middle  English.] — 2t.  A  garden  of  herbs  oV  of 
flowering  plants ;  a  flower-bed  or  flower-garden. 
—  3t.  A  collection  of  fruit-trees  ;  an  orchard. 
In  the  garden,  as  I  wcne. 
Was  an  arber  fayre  and  grene, 
And  in  the  arber  was  a  tre. 

Squire  of  Lowe  Deirre,  1.  28. 

4.  A  bower  formed  by  trees,  shrubs,  or  \nnes 
intertwined,  or  trained  over  a  latticework,  so 
as  to  make  a  leafy  roof,  and  usually  (irovided 
with  seats ;  formerly,  any  shaded  walk. 

TImse  hollies  of  themselves  a  simpo 
As  of  an  arbour  took. 

Coleridge,  Three  Graves,  iv.  24. 

arboraceous  (iir-bo-ra'shius),  a.  [<  NL.  arbo- 
raccus,  <  L.  arbor,  a  tree.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  a  tree  or  trees. — 2.  Living 
on  or  among  trees;  living  in  the  forests;  jiei'- 
taining  to  such  a  life. 

Not  like  Papuas  or  Bushmen,  with  arbvraceoun  habits 
and  half-aniiuul  clicks.       Jfrtj-  Mutter,  India,  etc.,  p.  l;i;{. 

arboral  (iir'bo-ral),  a.    [<  arbor'^  +  -rt/.]    Kelat- 

'\nn  Id  trees;  arTioreal.     [Rare.] 
arboraryt  (iir'bo-rn-ri),  a.     [<  L.  arliorariuK,  < 

'//7/<//-,  a  tree.]     belonging  to  trees.     Kailrij. 
arboratort  (iir'bo-ra-tor).  «.     [L.,  a  pruner  of 

trees,  <   'arhorare,    jij).    ^arlioraUts,  <  arbor,   a 

tree.]     Our  who  plants  or  jirunes  trees. 
arbor-chuck  (iii'bor-clmk),  ».     See  rhurkK 
arbor-day  (iir'lior-dn),   «.      |<  arlim-^  +  ilai/^.] 

Ill  Moiiii'  of  till'    Unitcil   States,  a  day  of  each 

year  sot  apart  by  law  for  the  geiieral  jilanting 

of  trees  wlierever  they  ar<^  needed. 

The  Artior-dnp  Idea  .  .  .  hiis  been  formally  adopted 
already  by  Huveiiteen  of  uur  tStAteH. 

I'op.  Sci.  Mu.,  -XXVIII.  (Mil. 

arboreal  (iir-bo're-al),  a.  [<  Ij.  arborcus  (see 
arluirious)  + -at.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  trees. —  2.  Ijiviiig  on  or  among  trees; 
inliabitiiig  or  fre(|iieiitinK  forests. 

arbored' (iir'boril),«.  [<  arbor'^  + -ctf''.]  Fur- 
iiImIhiI  Willi  an  iirlior  or  nxis. 

arborod-fiir'biirii),  «.  \<arl)or''i  + -cd^.']  Pur- 
iiiHlieil  Willi  an  arbor  or  bower. 

arboreous  (iir-bO're-iiH),  «.  [<  L.  arborrtm.  jier- 
taiiiing  to  troes,  <  «r(;iii-,  a  tree.]     1.  I'ertaiiiiiig 


Arborescent  Structure  ia 
native  copper. 


arborize 

or  belonging  to  trees;  lining  on  or  among  trees; 
frequenting  forests;  arboraceous. —  2.  Having 
the  form,  constitution,  and  habits  of  a  tree; 
having  more  or  less  the  character  of  a  tree;  ar- 
borescent.—  3.  Aboumliug  in  trees;  wooded. 

arboresce  (iir-bo-res'),  r.  ).;  pret.  and  pp.  ar- 
boresced,  ppr.  urboi-csciug.  [<  L.  arborescere, 
become  a  tree,<  arbor,  a  tree : 
see  arbor'^  and  -escc.]  To 
become  a  tree  or  like  a  tree; 
put  forth  branches. 

arborescence  (iir-bo-res'eus), 
II.   l<.iirbiiresce>tt:  see -fiice.] 

I.  The  state  of  being  arbor- 
escent.—  2.  Something,  as  a 
mineral  or  a  groupof  crystals, 
having  the  figure  of  a  tree. 

arborescent  (ar-bo-res'ent), 

II.  [<  L.  arboresceit{t-)s.'j>-pT. 
ot  arborescere:  see  arboresce.'] 
Resembling  a  tree ;  tree-like 
in  gro^\-th,  size,  or  appearance;  having  the  na- 
ture and  habits  of  a  tree ;  branching  like  a  tree ; 
denilritic. 

A  vegetation  of  simple  structure,  if  arborescent  in  its 
habit,  might  be  held  sufficiently  to  correspond  with  the 
statement  as  to  the  plants  of  the  third  day. 

Vau'son,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  107. 

By  the  extension  of  the  division  down  the  pedicels 
themselves,  composite  arboreitcenf.  fabrics,  like  those  of 
Zoophytes,  are  produced.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  424. 
arboret^  (ar'bo-ret),  n.  [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree  (see 
arbor^),  -1-  -ct.  Cf.  F.  arbrct  =  It.  alheretto,  for- 
merly alborctto,  a  dwarf  tree.]  A  little  tree ;  a 
shrub. 

Xo  arhorett  with  painted  blossomes  drest 

And  smelling  sweete,  but  there  it  might  be  fownd 
To  bud  out  faire,  and  tlirowe  her  sweete  smels  al  arownd. 
Spenser,  V.  (J.,  II.  vi.  12. 

arboret-t  (iir' bo-ret),  «.  [=  It.  arboreto,  al- 
bereto,  formerly  atboreto,  <  L.  arboretum  (see 
aiboretum);  or  perhaps  regarded  as  a  dim.  of 
arbor-,  a  bower.]  A  place  planted  with  trees 
or  shrubs ;  a  small  gi-ove ;  an  arbor. 

Among  thick-woven  arboretii  and  flowers. 

Milton,  1'.  L.,  ix.  437. 

arboretum  (iir-bo-re'tum),  «. ;  pi.  arborctums, 
arboreta  (-tumz,  -til).  [L.,  a  plantation  of  trees, 
<  arbor,  a  tree,  -f  -ctum,  denoting  place.]  A 
place  in  which  trees  and  shrubs,  especially  rare 
ones,  are  cultivated  for  scientific  or  other  pur- 
poses ;  a.  botanical  tree-garden. 

arboricalt  (iir-bor'i-kal),  a.  [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree, 
+ -ic-iiK]     Relating  to  trees.     Smart. 

arboricole  (Ur-bor'i-kol),  a.  [=  F.  arboricole,  < 
NL.  arliorieola,  <  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  +  colere,  in- 
habit, dwell.]  In  rooV.,  living  in  trees ;  of  ar- 
liorciil  habits. 

arboricoline  (iir-bo-rik'o-lin),  a.  In  bot.,  grow- 
ing ujioii  trees:  apjjlied  to  lichens,  etc. 

arboricolous  (iir-bo-rik'o-lus),  a.    Same  as  ar- 

horicoh . 

arboricultural  (iir"bo-ri-knrtiir-al),  a.  [<  ar- 
liiiricullure  +  -al.]      Itelating  to  arboriculture. 

arboriculture  (iir'bo-ri-kul  ttir),  «.  l=F. arbo- 
riculture, <  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  +  cultiira,  cultiva- 
tion :  see  culture.]  The  cultivation  of  trees; 
the  art  of  planting,  training,  pruning,  and  cul- 
tivaliiig  trees  anil  shrubs. 

arboriculturist  (iir'bq-ri-kurtiir-ist),  II.  [<  ar- 
borirulturc  +  -ist.]  One  who  practises  arbori- 
I'ultiire. 

arboriform  (iir'bo-ri-fArm),  a.  [=  F.  arbori- 
/iiniir.  <  h.  iirtior,  a  tree,  -i-  forma,  form.]  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  tree. 

arboris^  (iii-bor-e-zn'),  II.  [F.,pp.  of  arboriser: 
see  iirhori^r.]  Marked  with  ramifying  lines, 
veins, or  cloudings,  like  the  blanching  of  trees: 
said  of  agates  and  other  seiiii-iirecious  stones, 
(1  nil  of  certain  pori'i'lai  us,  laci|iiers,  enamels,  etc. 

arboristt  (iir'bo-rist),  ».  [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  + 
■isl ;  =  V.  arboriste.  Cf.  arborise.  In  earlier 
use  iissiiciateil  with  arbor-,  hrrbir,  a  garden  of 
herbs;  cf.  herborist.]  A  cultivator  of  trees;  one 
engaged  in  the  culture  of  trees:  as,  "our  cun- 
ning arliorisl.i,"  Krelipi,  Svlva,  -x.wiii. 

arborization  (iir'bo-Vi-za'shon),  ».  [=  F.  ar- 
liori.yiiliou :  <  iirbori:v  +  -iilioii,]  1.  A  growth 
or  an  ap|)eiiniiu'e  reseiMbliiig  the  figure  of  a, 
tree  or  plant,  as  in  rerliiin  iiiiiirrals  or  fossils, 
—  2.  In  jiiithol.,  the  niiiiiliciilioii  of  cajiillary 
vessels  or  veinlets  rendered  couspicuous  by 
diHti'iitioii  and  injection. 

arborize  (iir'lio-riz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  p]>.  iirhor- 
i:iil,  p]ir.  arbori:iu(l.  [<  L.  arbor,  a  tree,  + 
-i."<  ,•  =  F.  arboruier,  only  iii  lip.;  forinerly, 
"to  Htiidy  the  nature,  to  oliserve  the  iirojiertios 
of  trees''  (('otgrave).  CI'.  hirbori.re,  boliiui:e,] 
To  give  a  trcu-liku  appearance  to:   as,  "an  ar- 


arborize 

borized  or  moss-agate,"   WrUjht.    Also  spelled 
arhin'iiif. 
arborolatry  {iir-bo-rol'a-tri),  n.     [<  L.  arhnr,  a 
tree,  +  Ur.  Aarpciu,  worship.]     Tree-worship. 

Few  species  of  worship  have  been  more  common  than 
arltiirolatrif.  S.  llafdjf.  Eastern  Monachism.  i).  21C. 

arboroUS  (iir'ho-rus),  fl.  [<rtW;ocl -f -OH.s\]  Con- 
sislina  of  or  pertaining- to  trees. 

From  nnder  sliady  arborous  roof. 

iI/i«(<»,P.  I,.,v.  137. 

arbor-vine  (iir'bgr-vin),  n.  [<  arhoA  +  vine.'] 
A  species  of  bindweed.  The  Sjxiiiish  arbor- 
ri)iii  of  Jamaica  is  an  ornamental  species  of 
J/HiiiKM,  I.  tubcrosa. 

arbor-vitse  far"bor-vi'te),  n.  [L.,  tree  of  life : 
see  (irbdi-i-  and  vital.]  1.  In  bot.,  a  common 
name  of  certain  species  of  TInija,  a  genus  be- 
longing to  the  natui-al  order  Conifene.  Thuja  oc- 
ci<lr"l<if'fi  is  the  American  or  ctnnmon  urbor-vitie,  exten- 
sively )il;uitc«l  for  ornament  and  for  hedges. 
2.  in  auat.,  the  arborescent  or  foliaoeous  ap- 
pearance of  a  section  of  the  cerebellum  of  the 
higher  vertebrates,  due  to  the  arrangement  of 
the  wliite  and  gray  nerve-tissue  and  their  con- 
trast in  color.  See  cut  under  coiyiis Arbor- 
vitse  uterlnus,  an  arborescent  appearance  presented  by 
the  w;iHs  of  the  canal  of  the  neck  of  the  human  uterns.  be- 
ei'iiiiiiu  indistinct  or  disappearing  .after  the  first  gestation. 

arbour,  «.     See  arbor'^. 

arbrier  (iir'bri-er),  It.  [OF.,  also  arbreait,  ar- 
brvt,  (irbriet,  <  arbrc,  a  tree,  beam:  see  arbor^.] 
The  staff  or  stock  of  the  crossbow. 

arbuscle  (ar'bus-l),  n.  [<  L.  arbitscula,  a  little 
tree,  dim.  of  arbor,  a  tree.]  A  dwarf  tree,  in 
size  between  a  shrub  and  a  tree.     Bradley. 

arbUSCUlar  (iir-bus'ku-lar),  a.  [<  L.  arbuscula : 
see  arbuscule.]  Resembling  an  arbuscule; 
tufted. 

arbuscule  (ar-bus'kiil),  n.  [<  L.  arbuscula,  a 
little  tree :  see  urbu!<de.'\  In  :odl.,  a  tuft  of 
something  like  an  arbuscle,  as  the  tufted  bran- 
chias  of  an  annelid ;  a  tuft  of  cilia. 

arbusta,  ».     Plm-al  of  arbustum. 

arbustivet  (iir-bus'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  arbusttvus,  < 
(uiiKstHiti,  a  plantation  of  trees:  see  arbustum.'] 
Containing  copses  of  trees  or  shrubs;  covered 
with  shrubs;  shrubby. 

arbustum  (iir-bus'tum),  u. ;  pi.  arbustums,  ar- 
busta (-tumz,  -tii).  [L.,  <  arbos,  arbor,  a  tree: 
see  arooj-l.]  A  copse  of  shrubs  or  trees;  an 
orchard  or  arboretum. 

arbute  (ar'btit),  n.  [Fonnerly  also  arbut,  <  L. 
arbutus:  see  arbutus.]  The  strawberry-tree. 
See  arbutus,  3. 

arbutean  (ar-bii'te-an),  a.  [<L.  arbutetts,  per- 
taining to  the  arbutus,  <  arbutus:  see  arbutus.] 
Pertaining  to  the  arbute  or  strawberry-tree. 

arbutin  (ar'bu- 
tin),  «.  [<  arbu- 
tus +  -wi2.]  A 
gluooside     (C24 


strawberry-tree  {Arbutus  Onedc). 


H32O14  +  HoO) 

obtained  trom 
the  bearberry 
{ArctostaphyJos 
Vvd-ursi)  and 
other  plants  of 
the  heath  fami- 
ly. It  forms  tufts 
of  colorless  acicular 
crj'stals  soluble  in 
water  and  having  a 
I'ittcr  taste. 
arbutus  (com- 
monly ar-bu'tus; 
as  a  Latin  word,  ar'bu-tus),  ».  [Formerly  also 
arbute^  arbut  =  F.  arbute  =  It.  arbuto,  <  L.  arbii- 
ttti',  the  wild  strawberry-tree;  prob.  akin  to  ar- 
fcor,  arboSy  a  tree.]  1.  A  i>lant  of  the  genus  Ar- 
butus.—  2.  The  trailing  arbutus  (see  below). — 
8.  [cap,']  A  genus  of  evergi-een  shrubs  or  small 
trees  of  southern  Europe  and  western  North 
America,  natural  order  Ericaecw,  character- 
ized by  a  free  calyx  and  a  many-seeded  berry. 
The  European  A.  Ifiiedo  is  called  the  strawberry-tree  from 
its  bright-scarlet  berries,  and  is  cultivated  for  ornament. 
A.  .Venzi'afii  is  the  picturesque  and  btrikiuu' niadrofto-tree 
of  Oregon  and  Califtunia,  .'^unn-tiines  naehiug  a  height  of 
HOfeetorraore. — Trailing  arbutus,  tin'  Kpiiicearepeiu,  a 
fT  .iiiraiit  eric-aceous  creeper  of  tlie  I'nitcd  States,  lilooming 
in  the  spring,  and  also  known  as  Mnii-fi-nvcr  (which  see). 
arc^  (ark),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ark;  <  ME. 
ark,  arke-y  <  OF.  (and  F.)  arc  =  Pr.  arc  =  Sp.  Pg. 
Xt.  arcOy  <  L.  arc?(.%  arquuSj  a  bow,  are,  arch, 
aMn  to  AS.  earhy  >  E.  arrow,  q.  v.     Doublet, 

^ ^.^^     arc/(i.]    1.  In  geom.,  any  part  of 

^  ^^  ^  a  curved  line,  as  of  a  circle,  espe- 
cially one  which  does  not  include 
a  point  of  inflection  or  cusp,  it  is  by  means  of  ares 
of  a  circle  that  all  angles  are  measui'ed,  the  arc  being  de- 
scribed from  the  angular  point  as  a  center.     In  the  higher 


391 

mathematics  the  word  arc  is  used  to  denote  any  angular 
quantity,  even  when  greater  tlian  a  whole  circle:  as,  an 
arc  of  7r»Q°.    Sec  angle^. 

2.  In  a.sfron.,  a  part  of  a  circle  traversed  by 

the  sun  or  other  heavenly  body  ;  especially,  the 
part  passed  over  by  a  star  between  its  rising 
and  setting. 

The  brighte  sonnc 
'I'he  ark  of  his  artificial  day  hath  ronne 
Tlie  foiu'the  part. 

Chancer,  I'rol.  to  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  2. 

3.  In  arch.y  an  arch.     [Rare.] 

Turn  arcs  of  triumph  to  a  garden-gate. 

Pv/jc,  Aloral  Kssays,  iv.  30. 

Arc  boutant  (F.),  a  flying  buttress.— Arc  douWeau 
(h\),  in  arc/i.,  the  main  rib  or  arcli-l)and  which  crosses  a 
vault  at  riglit  angles  and  sejiaratcs  adjoining  I>ay8  from 
each  other. —  Arc  formeiet  (F.),  the  aich  tv'liich  re- 
ceives the  vaulting 
at  the  side  of  a 
vaulted  bay.— Arc 
Ogive  (F.),  one  of 
tlie  transverse  or 
diagonal  ribs  of 
a  vaulted  bay.— 
Complement    of 

an  arc.     See  rom- 

picuK'iit.  —  Con- 
centric arcs,  ans 
which  belong  to 
circles  having  tin; 
same  center.— Di- 
urnal arc,  the 
apparent  arc  de- 
scribed by  the  sun 
from  its  rising  to 
its  setting  :  some- 
times used  of  stars. 
—Elevating  arc. 
in  (/»».,  a  brass 
scale  divided  into 
degrees  and  frac- 
tions of  a  degree, 
and  fastened  to  the 
breech  of  a  heavy 
gun  for  the  pur- 
pose of  regulating 
the  elevation  of  the 
piece  ;  or  it  is 
sometimes  fixed 
to  the  carriage  un- 
der the  trunnions. 
When  secured  to 
the  gun  itself,  a 
pointer  is  attached 
to  a  ratchet-post  in 
the  rear  of  the 
piece,     and     indi- 


arc-cosecant 

Arcadian  (ar-ka'di-an), «.  and  n.     [<  L.  Arca- 
diuSf  Arr.afUa,<.  Or.  A/jKGfJ/a.]    I,  a.  1,  Of  or  per- 

taiuing  to  Ai-    ^^,.«pe,4g*,..a^ •*,,.-. 
eadia,  a  moun-    K?>t»E5p^7'Mu  :*'J)w.'i. .i%.-  -. 
taiuous  district    l^'      , 'j! ''  ":  , 

of    Greece    in     -.-     W  ; 

the  heart  of  '  ' 
the  Peloponne- 
sus, or  to  its  in- 
habitants, who 
were  a  simple 
pastoral  peo-  .  u 
pie,  fond  of  mu-  \  jfi 
sic  and  danc- 
ing. Hence  — 
2.  Pastoral ; 
rustic;  simple; 
innocent.  —  3. 
Pertaining  to 
or  characteris- 
tic of  the  Acad- 
emy of  the  Ar- 
cadians, an 
Italian  poetical 
(now  also  sci- 
entific) society 
founded  at 
Rome  in  1G90, 


Spain. 


Arcs  in  vaulting,  perspective  and  plan. 
(From  VioIlet-le-l3uc's  "Diet,  de  I'Arclii- 
tecture.") 

A  B.  C  D,  arcs  doubleaux ;  A  D.  C  B. 
arcs  ogives  \  A  C,  B  D,  arcs  formerets. 

■ates  zero  when  the  gun  is  horizontal.— Nocturnal  arc, 
the  arc  de8cril>ed  by  the  sun,  or  other  heavenly  body,  during 
the  night. —  Similar  arcs,  of  unequal  circles,  arcs  which 
contain  the  same  number  of  degrees,  or  are  the  like  part 
or  parts  of  their  respective  circles. — Supplemental  arcs. 
See  mpiXemental.—'^oiXWi  arc,  in  eh<-l.,  w  bi  illinnt  b;inii 
of  light,  having  the  shape  of  an  arc,  furnu-d  by  tlie  pH.ssage 
of  a  powerful  electrical  current  between  two  cartton-points. 
Its  length  varies  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  two  inches, 
or  even  more,  according  to  the  strength  of  the  current. 
Its  heat  is  intense,  and  on  this  account  it  is  used  for  fusing 
very  refractory  substances.  It  is  also  used  for  illuminat- 
ing purposes.     .See  electric  Uoht,  under  electric, 

arc^t,  «.    Obsolete  form  of  nrf-3. 

area  (ar'ka),  «.  [It.,  a  chest,  box,  safe;  in 
eccles.  writers,  the  ark:  see  ark^.]  1.  In  the 
early  church:  (a)  A  chest  for  receiving  offer- 
ings of  money,  (fc)  A  bo.x  or  casket  in  which  the 
eucharist  was  carried,  (c)  A  name  given  by  St. 
Gregory  of  Tours  to  an  altar  composed  of  three 
marble  tablets,  one  resting  horizontally  on  the 
other  two,  which 
stand  upright  on  the 
floor.  Walcott,  Sacred 
ArchiBol. — 2.  [cap.] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of 
asiphonate  lamelli- 
branch  mollusks,  typ- 
ical of  the  family  Ar- 
cidfp  (which  see);  the  ark-shells  proper. 

arcabucero  (Sp.  pron.  ar"ka-bo-tha'r6),    «. 
[Sp.,  =  harquebusier.]   A  musketeer;  a  harque- 
busier. 
Here  in  front  you  can  see  the  very  dint  of  the  bullet 
Fired  point-blank  at  my  heart  by  a  Spanish  arcabucero. 
Longfellow,  Miles  Standish,  i. 

Arcadse  (ar'ka-de),  n.  pi.    See  Arcidm. 

arcade  (iir-kad'),  "•  [<  F.  arcade,  <  It.  areata 
=  Sp.  Pg.  arcada,  <  Ml/,  areata,  an  arcade.  <  L. 
arcus,  are,  bow:  se?  rt)<l,  arch^,  n.]  1.  Prop- 
erly, a  series  of  arches  supported  on  piers  or 
pillars.  The  arcade  is  used  especially  as  a  screen  and  as 
a  support  for  a  wall  or  roof,  but  in  all  architecture  since 
the  Roman  it  is  also  commonly  used  as  au  ornamental 
dressing  to  a  wall.  In  this  form  it  is  known  as  a  bhiul 
arcade  or  an  arcature,  and  is  .also  called  wall-arcade. 
2.  A  simple  arched  opening  in  a  wall.  [Rare.] 
—  3.  A  vault  or  vaulted  place.  [Rare.]— 4. 
Specifically,  in  some  cities,  a  long  arched  pas- 
sageway ;  a  covered  avenue,  especially  one  that 
is  lined" with  shops. 

arcaded  (ar-ka'ded),  a.    Furnished  with  an  ar- 
cade. 


Ark-sliell  {Area  noa),  right  valve. 


the  aim  of  the  members  of  which  was  origi- 
nally to  imitate  classic  simplicity. 
Sometimes  written  Areadie. 
II.  11.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Arca- 
dia.—  2.  A  member  of  the  Academy  of  the  Ar- 
cadians.    See  I. 

Arcadianism  (ar-ka'di-an-izm),  11.  [iAreadian 
-\-  -isDi.]  Rustic  or  pastoral  simplicity,  espe- 
cially as  affected  in  literature ;  specifically,  in 
Italian  literature  about  the  end  of  the  seven- 
teenth centmy,  the  affectation  of  classic  sim- 
plicitv. 

Arcadic  (ar-ka'dik),  a.    [<  L.  Arcadicus,  <  Gr. 

'AltKiii^LKoc.]    Same  as  Arcadian Arcadic  poetry, 

l»ast(jral  poetry. 

arcana,  «.     Plural  of  arcanum. 

arcane  (ar-kan'),  a.  [<  L.  arcanus,  hidden,  < 
arccre,  shut  up,  area,  a  chest.  Of.  arcanum.] 
Hidtlen;  secret.     [Rare.] 

The  luminous  genius  who  had  illustrated  the  demonstra- 
tions of  Euclid  was  penetrating  into  the  arcane  caverns  of 
the  cabalists.  /.  D  Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  U.  294. 

arcanum  (ar-ka'num),  n. ;  pi.  arcana  (-na). 
[L.,  neut.  of  arciinus,  hidden,  closed,  secret: 
see  arcane.]  1.  A  secret;  a  mystery:  gener- 
ally used  in  the  plural :  as,  the  arcana  of  nature. 

The  very  Arcanum  of  pretending  Religion  in  all  Wars 
is.  That  something  may  be  foimd  out  in  which  all  men 
may  have  interest.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  105. 

Inquiries  into  the  arcana  of  the  Godhead.     Wartrtirton. 

The  .\rabs,  with  their  usual  activity,  penetrated  into 
these  arcana  of  wealtli.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  8. 

2.  In  alchemy,  a  supposed  gi-eat  secret  of  na- 
ture, which  was  to  be  discovered  by  alchemi- 
cal means;  the  secret  virtue  of  anything. 
Hence — 3.  A  secret  remedy  reputed  to  be  very 
efficacious;  a  marvelous  elixir The  great  ar- 
canum, the  supposetl  art  of  transmuting  metals. 

He  told  us  stories  of  a  Genoese  jeweller,  who  had  thx 
(jreale  arcanum,  and  had  made  projection  before  himsev- 
erall  times.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  2,  1652. 

arcature  (ar'ka-tur),  n.  IX  ML.  *areatura,  < 
areata:  see  arcade.]  Inarch.:  (a)  An  arcade 
of  small  dimensions,  such  as  a  balustrade, 
formed  by  a  series  of  little  arches.  In  some  me- 
diev.al  churches  open  arcatures  were  introduced  beneath 
the  cornices  of  the  external  walls,  not  only  as  an  ornament, 
but  to  admit  light  above  the  vaulting  to  the  roof-timbers. 


Arcature.  — Cathedral  of  Peterborough,  England. 

(b)  A  blind  arcade,  used  rather  to  decorate  a 
wall-space,  as  beneath  a  row  of  windows  or  a  cor- 
nice, than  to  meet  a  necessity  of  construction, 
arc-cosecant  (ark-ko-se'kant),  «.  In  )Hfl<7(.,  an 
angle  regarded  as  a  function  of  its  cosecant. 


arc-cosine 

arc-cosine  (ark-ko'sin),  n.  In  math.,  an  angle 
regar'leii  as  a  function  of  its  cosine. 

arc-cotangent  liirk-kd-tan'jent),  n.  In  math., 
au  iiii^lo  rosarded  as  a  function  of  its  cotangent. 

Arc""  ■    .  ?i.     [XL.,  dim.  of  ii.  flfca,  a 

1  -■]     A  genus  of  amosboid  pro- 

t'  _  -  ila^-ing  a  kind  of  carapace  or 

sbiii,  tiie  lype  of  a  family  J  rceHirfiF. 


292 

pant.    Foil  arches  are  .irclies  whose  intrados  outlines  form 
a  series  of  subordinate  arcs  called/oiV«,  the  points  of  which 


Arcellidae  (ar-sel'i-de),  ii.pl.  [Nil.,  <  ArctUa  + 
-i</(f.]  A  family  of  Proto:oa,  of  the  order  Anioe- 
boidea,  containing  the  genera  Arcella,  Difflugki, 
etc.,  the  members  of  which  are  inclosed  in  a 
kind  of  test. 
archl  (arch),  H.  [<  ME.  arch,  archc,  <  OF.  arche 
(>  ML.  arehia),  mod.  F.  arche,  an  arch,  fem. 
form  (prob.  by  confusion  Tv-ith  OF.  and  F. 
arche,  ark,  <  L.  area:  see  arch")  of  OF.  and 
P.  are,<  L.  arcus:  see  <ircl.]  If.  In  gcoin., 
any  part  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle  or 
otfier  curve;  an  are.  See  (jrc-l,  1. — 2.  la  arch., 
a  structure  built  of  separate  and  inelastic 
blocks,  assembled  on  a  curved  line  in  such  a 
way  as  to  retain  their  position  when  the  struc- 
ture is  supported,  extraneously  only  at  its  two 
extremities.  The  separate  blocks  which  compose  the 
arch  are  called  rouwoirj  or  arch-nfurun.  The  extreme  ur 
lowest  vou-vsuirs  are  termed  spruuters,  and  the  uppermost 
or  central  kiic.  when  a  sinsle  stone  occujiies  this  position, 
is  called  the  ketitiunf.    The  under  or  concave  face  of  the 


0ge«  Arch. 


Equilateral  Arch. 


Extradosed  Arch. 
;  V.  voussoirs ;  s,  springeis :  r,  impo! 
/.  picft;  *,  keystone;  Ex,  cxtnidos. 


sts;  /n,  intrados: 


assembled  voussoirs  is  called  the  intrados.  and  the  upper 
orconvei  face  the  fxtradog,  at  the  arch.  When  the  curves 
of  the  intrados  and  extrados  are  concentric  or  parallel, 
the  arch  is  said  to  be  extradosed.  The  supports  which 
afford  restini;  and  resistlns  points  to  the  arcli  are  piers  or 
pillar/,  which  receive  the  vertical  pres-sure  of  the  arch, 
and  almiinfnis.  which  resist  its  lateral  thrust,  and  which 
are  pn.perly  portions  of  the  wall  or  other  structure  above 
the  spriiik-ini:  and  abreast  of  the  shoulder  of  the  arch. 
The  upper  part  of  the  pier  upon  which  the  arch  rests 
(technically,  the  point  from  which  it  springs)  is  the  im- 
j/utt.  The  »;«!«  of  an  arch  is  the  distance  between  its 
opix.site  iiEiposts.  The  rise  of  an  arch  is  the  height  of 
the  hiiihest  point  of  its  intrados  above  the  line  of  the 
ImpiwU;  this  p<iint  is  sometimes  called  the  wider  side  of 
the  crown,  the  highest  point  of  llie  extrados  being  tlie 
crotcu.  'ihe  thrust  of  an  arch  is  the  pressure  which  it 
exerts  outward.  This  pressure  is  practically  collected,  so 
far  as  it  is  manifested  as  an  active  force,  at  a  point  which 
cannot  be  exactly  determineil 
theoretically,  but  is  at  about 
one  third  of  the  height  of  the 
rise  of  the  arch.  The  thrust 
must  be  counteracted  by  abut- 
ments or  buttresses.  Arches 
are  designated  in  two  ways: 
Skew  Arch.  First,    in    a   general  muimer, 

...  ,^   .  ,  according  to  their  pr.jperties, 

tnelr  uses,  their  position  In  a  building,  or  their  exclusive 
employmcut  In  a  particular  style  ot  archlUxture.    Thus, 


Semicircular  Arch. 


thrre  are  nrehrs  o/  eri>i{libration,  C'/uiiHiUent  archeji,  arches 

of  .f..^/,.,r  ,r    .(-,.,„  „,„|  reversed  arclies,  Hoiiinn,  Pointed, 

'  •  i.    Second,  they  are  named  »pecillcftlly| 

'iiv.-  the  Intrados  a>wnrneM,  whi-n  tliat 

.  "f  any  of  the  geoinelrlcal  »r,||,|K,  na 

^- _'"•■' '■'  ■  ,  ft/rloidai,  eitij/tical,  parabolical, 


(.. 


rrcloHal  Arch. 


Elliptical  Arch. 

"/*  arehes;  or  from  tlh-  f 
ir  of  the  curve  to  sonn'  f:i 
id    horii''nlii.f  ,tr<l,;    i.r  fri.i 


lltrw^h'M;  Afcb. 


'  Iho  curve,  nn  equitatrrat,  three. 
",  ole.  WlK'n  an  inh  has  om, 
tho  other.  It  Is  said  l<>  Iw  r<ini. 


iu-e  termed  eugps.  A  numeral  is  usually  employed  to  desio-- 
nate  the  number  of  foils,  as  a  tre/oU  arch,  "a  cinnuefuil 
arc/I,  etc. 

3.  Any  place  covered  with  an  arch  or  a  vault 
like  au  arch:  as,  to  pass  through  the  arch  of  a 
bridge.— 4.  Any  curvature  in  the  form  of  an 
arch:  as,  the  arch  of  the  aorta;  the  arch  of  an 
eyebrow,  of  the  foot,  of  the  heavens,  etc. 
Whereon  a  sapphire  throne,  inlaid  with  pure 
Amber,  and  coloiu-s  of  the  shower}'  arch. 

Milton.  P.  L.,  vi.  759. 

5.  In  mining,  a  portion  of  a  lode  left  standino- 
either  as  being  too  poor  for  profitable  working 
or  because  it  is  needed  to  support  the  ad.iacent 
rock.— 6.  Tho  rooting  of  the  lire-chamber  of 
a  furnace,  as  a  reverberatory  or  a  glass-fur- 
nace ;  hence,  sometimes,  the  fii-e-chamber  itself 
-Alveolar  arch,  aortic  arch.  See  the  adjectives  - 
Arcn  of  discharge,  an  extradosed  arch  built  in  the  n)a- 
soni-j-  of  a  ^>  all,  ov.i-  a  doorway  or  any  other  open  or  weak 
place,  to  transfer  pressure  from 
above  to  points  of  assured  sta- 
bibty  on  eitlier  side.  An  arch 
of  discharge  is  generally  distin- 
guishable to  the  eye  from  the 
wall  in  which  it  is  built  mere- 
ly by  the  position  of  its  stones, 
or  at  most  by  a  slight  projec- 
tion beyond  the  wall-surface.— 
Arch  of  the  fauces.  .See 
/uitces.—  Axillary  arches. 
.See  ajiVter.i/.— Back  of  an  arch. 


archaean 

the  Roman  emperors,  and  were  originally  temporarr 
structures,  festooned  and  otherwise  decorated  standing 
at  the  entrance  of  a  city,  or  in  a  street,  that  a  victnrioiu 
general  and  liis  army  might  pass  under  them  in  triuinnh 
At  a  later  period  the  triumphal  arch  became  a  richly 
sculptured,  niiissive,  and  permanent  structure  havin-  an 
archway  passing  through  it,  and  often  a  smaller  arcil  on 
either  side.  The  name  is  at  tlie  present  day  ofteti  -iven 
to  an  arch,  generally  of  wood  decorated  with  tl..\vers 
evergreens,  baimers,  etc.,  erected  on  the  occasion  of  ^..jii,. 
public  celebration  or  rejoicing.  The  great  arch  in  a  eliurdi 
which  gives  access  to  the  choir— the  chancel  arch  — is 
sometimes  so  called.  lu  early  Christian  churches,  a  rep. 
resentjition  of  tlie  Glory  or  Triumph  of  Christ  sometimes 
occupied  a  wall-space  above  this  arch. 

Statues,  and  trophies,  and  triumphal  arcs, 
Gardens,  and  groves,  presented  to  his  eyes. 

Milttut,  V.  R.,  iv.  37. 
Twyer  arch,  an  arched  opening  in  a  smeTting-furnace  to 
admit  the  blast-pipes.— Tymp  arch,  the  aich  above  the 
tymp  in  a  blast-furnace.    See  ti/nip.—  Vascular  i 


;  tj/mp.- 
'K-erat.- 


Vascular  arches. 
Visceral  arches. 


ArcH  of  EHschar^. 

(From  ViolIet-le-Duc's  "Diet. 

de  rArchitecture.") 


See  visceral  arches,  under  r 
See  visceral. 

archi  (iirch),  !'.     [<  o/r/ii,  H.]    I.  trans.  1.  To 
cover  with  a  vault,  or  span  with  an  arch. 

The  proud  river  ...  is  arched  over  with  ...  a  curious 
pile  of  stones.  Ilou-elt 

No  bridge  arched  thy  waters  save  that  where  the  trees 
Stretched  their  long  arms  aboie  thee  and  kissed  in  the 
breeze.  Ji'hillier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook. 

2.  To  throw  into  the  shape  of  au  arch  or  vault: 
curve :  as,  the  horse  archcit  his  neck. 
Fine  devices  of  arching  water  without  spilling. 

Bacon,  Gardens. 
Beneath  our  keel  the  great  sky  arched 
Its  liquid  light  and  azure. 

H.  P.  Spofford,  Poems,  p.  11. 
II.  intrans.  To  form  an  arch  or  arches :  as, 
the  sky  arches  overhead. 

The  nations  of  tho  field  and  wood  .  .  . 
Build  on  the  wave,  or  «rc/i  beneath  the  sand. 


Po/ic,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  102. 

Of  an  arch.   See  ., 7.^7,,- BaTket-hl^mea^^^'^  ^^.^"^^^^^-^.^  ^^- f"'''  '?  Scriptural 

liptlcal  .arch,  oratlnee-centeiV(ll..w-ir..\i  Med  aivh. -'Blind 


I-'lal  Arch. 


arch,  an  arch  of  wliicli  thec.peniii- is  walle.l  up  often  used 
asan  nrc/io/d)sc/mri7f.  .See  cut  under  nrcifHic  —  Bran- 
cnlal  arch.  See  irn/icAiVi/.—  clustered  arch,  a  number 
of  .arched  ribs  springing  from  one  impost,  a  form  usual  in 
medieval  pointed  vaulting.  See  cut  uiid.-r  (ehi.'ilered)  col- 
«/«;;. -Court  of  Arches.  See  foMi(.— Crural  or  in- 
gumal  arch.  See  m,ra(._Flat  arch,  au  arch  of  wliich 
the  intrados  is  straight,  the  voussoirs  being 
wedge-shaped  and  assembled  in  a  horizon- 
tal line:  used  especially  in  brickwork, 
where  the  chai^'e  tci  support  is  not  great.— 
Hemal  arch,  hydrostatic  arch.  Seethe 
adjectives.- Laminated  arch,  a  beam  in 
the  form  of  an  aieli,  eciiistructed  of  several 
,    ,,    ,  thicknesses  of  jilanking  bent  to  shape  and 

bolted  together:  a  form  of  arched  beam.- MandlbtUax 
arch,  mural  arch,  neural  arch,  etc.  See  the  adjec- 
tives.—Oblique  arch.  Same  as  skew  arch  (wliich  see, 
belo\v)._PectOral  arch.  Same  as  pectoral  qirdie  (which 
see,  under i/mf/c).  — Pelvic  arch.  Same  -.m'  inlrlc  .tirdle 
(which  see,  under  </'>(«,  ).-Preoral  arches,  postoral 
arches,    .see  the  adjectives. -Recessed  arch,  one  arch 

within  anotlier.  Sui-li  arches  are  sometimes  called  double 
triple,  etc..  anbes,  anil  .sometimes  compounil  arches.— Re-^ 
versed  arch,  an  inverted  all  h,— Ribbed  arch,  an  arch 
comiiMsrd  of  parallel  rilis  springing  from  piers  or  iin|)..sts. 
--  Rough  arch,  an  arch  formed  of  iu-icks  or  stoms  n.nithly 
dress.  .Ill,  til.  wedge  form.— Round  arch.asemieinular 
arch.  — Skeletal  arches.  Sec  visceral  arches,  under  vi.s. 
ccra(.— Skew  arch,  an  anil  of  which  Ihe  axis  is  not  per- 
pendicular to  it»al.utnicnt.s.-Stmed  arch,  an  arch  ot 
which  the  true  impost  is  higher  than  tho  apparent  im- 


Sliltcd  Arches.— Mo<Iem  Romanesque. 


post,  or  of  which  the  piers  are  In  tact  continued  above 
the  apparent  Imiiost,  so  that  a  porllnn  ..f  the  Intraihw  on 
either  side  Is  vertical.  — Sunnotmted  arch,  a  stilted 
semicircular  arch  ;  a  scniiciieular  ar.h  of  whi.  Ii  tho  rise 
Isgiealer  than  the  radiiis.-Trlumphal  arch,  a  monu- 
mental arch  In  honor  of  an  liiilivi.lmd.  or  In  eoinmeino. 
ration  of  an  event.    Such  an  In  »  weie  llrst  erected  under 


m 

^^ptru£un^>^ 

p-l 

^ 

, 

WKt^Bm''*'  J^HwM 

mK(^u 

'■'   * 

^Jajjlif,- 

Itiiim|itial  Ann.- Arch  of  Contlanllrie,  Rome 


senses,  assibilated  form  of  arc,  ark,  <  AS.  arc, 
care,  ere  (see  orf-2),  merged  with  the  identical 
0¥.  arche,  airche,  <  L.  area,  a  box,  chest :  see  arc'\ 
ark-.'i  1.  A  box  or  chest;  in  plural,  archives. 
The  civile  law  .  .  .  was  laid  up  in  their  arches. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  I.X.  .\Ivi.  349.  (If.  E.  D.) 
2.  The  ark  of  Noah.  [Tho  common  form  in 
Middle  Englisli.]— 3.  Tho  ark  of  the  covenant. 
archf  (iirch),  a.  and  «.  [A  separate  use  of  the 
prefix  areli-,  chief,  which  in  many  compounds 
has  acquired,  from  the  second  member  of  the 
compound,  or  from  the  intention  of  the  user, 
a  more  or  less  derogatory  imjilication.]     J.  a. 

1.  Chief;  principal;  preeminent.     See  arch-. 
The  tyrannous  and  bloody  act  is  done ; 
The  most  arch  decil  of  piteous  massacre 
That  ever  yet  this  land  was  guilty  of. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  S. 

Died  that  arch  rebell  Oliver  Oromwell,  calld  Protector. 

Jireliin,  Diary,  .Sept.  3,  IliS8. 

2.  Ciuining;  sly;  shrewd;  waggish;  mischiev- 
ous for  sport;  roguish:  now  commonly  used  of 
facial  expression:  as,  "so  arch  a  leer,"  Tathr, 
No.  193.  '  ' 

He  had  the  reputation  of  an  arch  lad  at  school.     Sw(ft. 
.So  innocent-n iWi,  so  cunning-simple 
From  beneath  her gatherd  wimple 
Glancing  with  black-beaded  eyes. 

Tennyson,  Lilian. 
The  archest  chin 
Mockery  ever  ambush  d  in  ! 

M.  .-Irnold,  Switzerland. 
Il.t  n.  A  chief;  a  leiulor.     [Rare.] 

,,  .,  The  n.ilile  ilukc  my  master, 

My  worthy  arch  and  patron,  comes  to-night. 

Shnk.,  Lear,  ii.  1. 

arch-.  [<  MK.  arch-,  arche-,  etc.,  <  AS.  arcc^ 
iiUo  erce-  and  «rcc-,  =  P.  (iart.s-  =  onO.  ern., 
MIIG.  (r.  er:-  =  ii\\.  iirke-,  trl:e-=:  Dan.  arke-, 
crhi-=  Boliem.  arri-,  arclii-=  Pol,  arei/-,  archi- 
=  l{uss.  arklii-  (MK.  arehe-  also  partly  <  OP. 
arce-,  arclic-,  mod.  F.  arch-,  arclii-=:T'v.  Sp.  Pg. 
arcc-  (Sp.  sometimes  area-)  =  It.  arcc-,  arci-),<, 
L.  arclii-  (=  (joth.  ark- in  arhiggitiis.  arcliaiigei), 
< Or.  (i/>,V'-i  "I'.X-,  coinliiiiiiig  foVin  of  li/i \<'n;  chief, 
<  I'lpxar,  bo  firsi,  Ingiii.  lend,  rido,  =  Skt.  V  arh, 
be  worthy.]  t'hicf;  iniricipnl:  n  lucfix  much 
used  ill  ciiiiipoKilion  willi  woniK  liotli  of  iiutivo 
and  of  f(in'i),'n  origin.     Sec  arch'^. 

archabbot  (iirch  ab'ot),  «.  [<  arch-  -I-  alilmt.'] 
A  chirl'  nliliiil :  applied  tin  a  spccilic  tille  to  tlie 
Jirml  of  cirf:!!!!  nioniistcrios. 

archaealt  (iir-Ud'ii]),  a.  [<  areha'ii.i  + -al."]  1. 
I'crlainiiig  lo  llio  archnMis,  or  Hiijiposed  internal 
ciiUHO  of  nil  vital  iilicniitnciiii. — 2.  ('iiiiNCil  by 
flic  arclMi'us:  as,  «(77((tv(/clis('iisi's.  t^vvaninrmi. 

archsean  (iir-ko'an),  a.  \<.  (ir.  npxnior,  anciont: 
SCO  arcliiro-.'i  ''f  or  relating  to  the  oldest 
jioriiul  (if  geological  (itnc-  a  name  jiroposed 
iiy  .1.  I),  Ibinu,  iind  now  generally  adojiled,  for 
a  Kcrii's  of  CI•vslallinl^  HcliiNlH  'and  massive 
rocks  lying  undcrneatli  the  most  ancient  foH- 


arclisean 

silif orous  stratified  formations.  This  series  is  still 
callcit  t>y  siinu'  writers  azoic,  because  thus  fur  it  has  not 
been  found  tu  (■i'Ml;tin  any  traces  of  life.  It  also  includes 
an  unileterniineil  iiurtion  of  tlie  roclts  formerly  ilesiixnatiil 
asprliiiiliK,  anil  Ijy  some  writers  is  vaguely  used  to  indi- 
cate crystalline  rocks  of  uncertain  ami  often  ciuite  recent 
age.    See  azoic  and  primitive. 

archaei,  "■     Plural  of  archmis. 

iSJchaeluruS  (ar-ke-lu'rus),  >i.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apx-, 
priiiiit  ivo,  +  ai^ov'poc,  a  eat.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
cats  from  tlie  Miocene  of  North  America,  hav- 
ing 4  upper  premolars,  3  lower  premolars,  and 
2  l"  wor  molars.  A.  dehilis  was  about  as  large 
as  the  puma.     E.  D.  Cope,  1879. 

archseo-.  [<  NL.  archwo-,  <  Gr.  ap^ato-,  stem  of 
apXaio<:,  ancient,  primeval,  <  apx'l,  beginning,  < 
apxav,  be  first,  begin,  lead,  rule.  Of.  nrcfe-.] 
Ancient;  primeval:  the  first  part  of  a  number 
of  compound  scientific  words.  Also  written 
arcltco-,  and,  Ta,Te\y,_archaio-. 

Archseoceti  (ar"ke-6-se'ti),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apxaiog,  ancient,  +  k'/toc,  whale.]  A  suborder 
of  cetaceans,  framed  to  include  all  the  fossil 
forms  usually  referred  to  the  genus  Zcxiglodon 
(or  Basilosaurus):  equivalent  to  Zeugludontia 
of  some  naturalists.  The  dentition  is,  3  incisors,  1 
canine,  and  5  grinders  on  each  side  of  each  j.aw,  =;  36,  lilce 
tliat  of  some  seals.  The  skull  is  elongated  and  depressed, 
and  the  cervical  vertebrre  are  free. 

Archaeocidaris  (ar"ke-o-sid'a-ris),  11.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  I'l/ii"""',  ancient,  +  NL.  Cidaris,  a  genus  of 
sea-m-ehius:  see  Cidaris.']  A  genus  of  fossil 
sea-urchins  or  eidarids,  from  Carboniferous  and 
Permian  strata,  having  small  hexagonal  plates 
and  long  spines,  either  smooth  or  notched  and 
denticulated. 

archseographical  (ar"ke-o-graf'i-kal),  a.  Re- 
lating or  pertaining  to  arch»ography. 

archaeograpliy  (iir-ke-og'ra-fi),  n.  _  [<  Gr.  ap- 
Xatoypa<po^,  writing  of  antiquity,  <  apxa'io^,  an- 
cient, +  -j'pd(pen',  write,  describe.]  A  treatise 
on  antiquity;  a  description  of  antiquities  in 
general,  or  of  any  particular  branch  or  series. 

archaeologian,  archeologian  (ar"ke-o-16'ji-an), 

n.     [<  arrhwoliKji/  +  -iiii.]     An  arehfeologist. 

archaeologic,  archeologic  (Ur"ke-9-loj'ik),  a. 
Same  as  arclKColoijical. 
archaeological,  archeologlcal  (ar"ke-9-loj'i- 

kal), o.  [< Gr.  apxaio'/.oymog,  < apxaioXo^la, arehffi- 
ology.]  Pertaining  to  arehseology:  as,  arclia;- 
nJoijiral  researches — Archseologlcal  ages  or  pe- 
riods.   See  rt<ii\ 

archaeologically,  archeologically  (ar"ke-p- 
loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  arehseologieal  way;  in 
accordance  with  archseology. 

archaeologist,  archeologist  (ar-ke-ol'o-jist),  n. 

A  student  of  ancient  monuments;  one  skilled 
in  archaeology. 

archseologue,  archeologue  (ar'ke-o-log),  ». 

[=P.  arclii'olofiuc,  <  Gr.  apxaioAoyog:  see  arch(col- 
ogn.]  An  arclueologist.  T/ieiVo/(OH,Dec.  7, 1876. 

archaeology,  archeology  (ar-ke-ol'6-ji),  n.  [< 
Gr.  apxaio'Mtyia,  antiquarian  lore,  ancient  le- 
gends or  history,  <  apxaioUyoq,  antiquarian,  lit. 
speaking  of  ancient  things,  <  apxalog,  ancient, 
+  iiyeiv,  speak :  see  -olofjij.]  The  science  of  an- 
tiquities ;  that  branch  of  knowledge  which  takes 
cognizance  of  past  civilizations,  and  investi- 
gates their  history  in  all  fields,  by  means  of  the 
remains  of  art,  architecture,  monuments,  in- 
scriptions, literature,  language,  implements, 
customs,  and  all  other  examples  which  have  sm-- 
vived.  Archaeology  is  sometimes  taken  specifically  in  the 
restricted  sense  of  the  science  of  ancient  art,  including 
architectiU"e,  sculpture,  painting,  ceramics,  and  decora- 
tion, together  with  whatever  records  may  acionipauy  ami 
serve  to  identify  them.— Classical  arch£eology,  tlie 
archfenlogy  of  ancient  Greece  and  Kome. — Medieval  ar- 
cliseology,  the  archaeology  of  the  middle  ages.  =  Syn.  Ar- 
chtriilaifii,  A  III iquarianism.  Antiquanani^m  denls  with 
relics  of  the  past  rather  as  objects  of  mere  curiosity  or  as 
interesting  merely  on  account  of  their  antiquity ;  archce- 
ology  studies  tiiem  as  means  to  a  scientific  knowledge  of 
the  p.ast.     See  pah'oiitolofty. 

archaeonomous  (ar-ke-on'o-mus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
apxaiuvopni;,  old-fashioned,  <  apxaiog,  ancient, 
old,  +  vouoc,  law,  custom.]  Retaining,  or  de- 
viating little  from,  a  primitive  condition ;  old- 
fashioned:  especially  applied  by  S.  Loven  to 
echinoids  of  the  family  Clijpeastrida'.     [Rare.] 

Archaeopterygidae  (ar-kf-op-te-rij'i-de),  ii. 
pi.  \lii\j.,<Arch<vi>ptcryx(-ptcri'ig-)  +  -id(C.'\  A 
family  of  fossil  birds,  containing  the  genus 
Arcluv.opteryx,  the  only  known  representative 
of  the  sul)class  Sauruwe  (which  see). 

Archaeopteryx  (ar-kf-op'te-riks),  h.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apxaio(;,  ancient,  +  izTipvi,  a  wing,  a  bird, 
<  tTTspiv,  a  wing,  =  E.  feather.']  A  genus  of 
fossil  reptilian  Mesozoic  birds  discovered  by 
Andreas  Wagner,  in  1861,  in  the  lithographic 
slates  of  Solenhofen  in  Bavaria.  It  is  of  Jurassic 
a^e,  and  is  notable  as  the  oldest  known  avian  type,  and 


293 

as  combining  some  characters  of  a  lizard  with  those  of  a 
bird.  The  original  fossil  consisted  only  of  tlie  impression 
of  a  single  feather,  upon  which  the  name  Archaeopteryx 


archaist 

Horse's  Ronl  that  is  dead,  but  several  distinct  Archei  that 
do  as  naturally  joyn  with  the  Matter  o#  his  bpdy,  so  putrl- 
fled  and  prepared,  us  the  Crowes  come  to  eat  Ids  llesh. 

J-)r.  It.  More,  Antidote  against  Atheism,  app.  xi. 

archaic  (iir-ka'ik),  a.      [=  F.  archaique,  <  Gr. 
apxaiKOf:,  antique,  primitive,  <  apxaior,  old,  an- 


,       Tft.  -...„■   ■j.,>A..MOj..ir.L.-j.,<,rtt.  ^ 

Arclti^Qpteryx.    (From  slab  in  British  Museum.) 

lithoffraphiea  was  imposed  by  Von  Meyer.  A  second  speci- 
men from  the  same  formation  and  locality  was  named 
A.  iitaenira  by  Owen.  The  specific  identity  of  the  two  can 
be  neither  aflirmed  nor  denied,  and  their  generic  identity 
is  only  presumptive.  A  third  and  still  more  characteristic 
specimen  is  identical  with  the  second,  and  has  furnished 
many  addition.al  characters.  Members  of  this  genus  had 
teeth,  a  long,  lizard-like  tall  formed  of  many  vertebrae,  and 
separate  metacarpal  bones.  In  combination  with  a  carl- 
nate  sternum  and  other  features  of  modern  birds.  It  Is 
thus  a  unique  type  of  ornithic  structure,  and  represents 
a  distinct  subclass  of  Ares.     See  Saururts. 

archaeostoma  (iir-ke-os'to-ma),  n. ;  pi.  arcliwo- 
stomn  ta  (ar"  ke-o-sto'ma-ta).  [NL. ,  <  Gr.  apxaioc, 
ancient,  +  a-lijia,  moutli.]  In  hiol.,  a  primitive 
blastopore ;  a  primitive  unmodified  enteric  ori- 
fice, both  oral  and  anal :  opposed  to  deuteros- 
toma.     Also  written  areJuFostome. 

Archaeostomata  (;ir"ke-9-st6'ma-ta),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  pi.  of  arcliwostomat'us :  see  drch'ccostovia- 
tous.]  A  group  of  animals  retaining  or  sup- 
posed to  retain  an  unaltered  oral  orifice  or 
archfeostoma  throughout  life ;  in  some  sys- 
tems, a  prime  division  of  the  great  phylum 
Vermes,  inclutling  the  Rotifera,  Gephyrea,  Ne- 
mathelminthcs,  and  Platyhelminthes  excepting 
Cestoidea :  tlistingiushed  tromDeuierostomata. 

archaeostomatous  (iir'ke-o-sto'ma-tus),  a.    [< 

NL.  archccostoniatus,  <  Gr.  apxaiog,  ancient,  -f 
ar6fia{T-),  mouth.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Archceosiomata. — 2. 
In  hiol.,  having  a  primitive  blastopore  or 
original  orifice  of  invagination  of  a  blasto- 
sphere  which  has  imdergone  gastrulation ;  re- 
taining an  arehenteric  apertiu'e,  as  distin- 
guished from  any  other  which  may  be  acquired 
by  a  deuterostomatous  gastrula :  it  is  the  usual 
state  of  those  gastrulas  which  are  formed  by 
emboly. 

In  the  former  [process  of  gastrulation  by  emboly]  the 
blastopore  would  be  left  as  the  aperture  of  communica- 
tion of  the  endoderm  with  the  exterior ;  and  the  result 
would  be  the  formation  of  an  archaeostomatous  gastrula. 
Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  ^Sb. 

archaeostoma  (iir'ke-o-stom),  n.  Same  as  ar- 
chwostoiiia. 

archaesthetic,  archsesthetism,  etc.  See  areh- 
esthetic,  etc. 

archaeus  (iir-ke'us),  n. ;  pi.  archcsi  (-i).  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apxaioc,  ancient,  primitive,  <  apxv,  begin- 
ning, <  apxetv,  be  first:  see  archwo-.]  In  the 
philosophy  of  Paracelsus  and  other  spag>Tics, 
mystics,  and  theosophists,  a  spirit,  or  in\asible 
man  or  animal  of  ethereal  substance,  the  coun- 
terpart of  the  visible  body,  within  which  it  re- 
sides and  to  which  it  imparts  life,  strength,  and 
the  power  of  assimilating  food.  The  word  Is  said 
to  have  been  used  by  Uusll  Valentine,  a  German  chemist 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  to  denote  the  solar  heat  as  the 
source  of  the  lite  of  plants.  Pai-acelsus  uses  It  with  the 
above  meanini:.  It  Is  frequent  In  the  ivrltlngs  of  Van  Hel- 
mont,  who  expbilns  It  as  a  material  preexlstence  of  the 
human  or  animal  form  in  posse.  He  regards  the  archa;us 
as  a  fluid,  that  Is,  as  a  semi-material  substance,  like  air, 
and  seems  to  consider  It  a  chemical  constituent  of  the 
blood.  Paracelsus  had  particularly  made  use  of  the  hy- 
pothesis of  the  arcliKUs  to  explain  the  assimilation  of 
food.  This  fum-tioii  of  the  archaMis  became  prominent  In 
medicine.  Van  Heliiioiit  calls  It  the  door-keeper  of  the 
stomach  (janitor  stoaiachi).  There  are  fiu-ther  divarica- 
tions of  meaning.     Also  spelled  archens. 

As  for  the  many  pretended  Intricacies  in  the  instance  of 
the  efformation  of  Wasps  out  of  the  Carcase  of  a  Horse,  I 
say,  the  Archei  that  formed  them  are  no  parts  of  the 


Greek  Arch<iic  Sculpture. 


the  careful    but  an^lar   ana 
"  tinted  "  treatment  of  drapery. 


Greek  Archaic  Sculpture. 

Discobolus,  Athens,  illustrating  the  archaic  smile  and  the 

incorrect  placing  of  the  eye  in  profile. 

tique:  see  arclKFo-.]  Marked  by  the  character- 
istics of  an  earlier  period ;  characterized  by  ar- 
chaism; primitive;  old- 
fashioned  ;  antiquated : 
as,  an  archaic  word  or 
phrase. 

A  person  familiar  with  the 
dialect  of  certain  portnms  of 
Massachusetts  will  not  fall 
to  recognize,  In  ordinary  dis- 
course, many  words  now 
noted  in  English  vocabularies 
as  archaic,  the  greater  part  of 
which  were  in  common  use 
abont  the  time  of  the  King 
James  translation  of  the  Bible. 
Shakspere  stands  less  In  need 
of  a  glossary  to  most  New 
Englanders  than  to  many  a 
native  of  the  Old  Country. 

Lowell,  Blglow  Papers,  Int. 

There  is  in  the  best  archaic 
coin  work  [of  the  Greeks] .  .  . 
a  strength  and  a  delicacy 
which  are  often  wanting  In 
the  fully  developed  art  of  a 
later  age. 

Head,  Hlstorla  Numoruni, 
(Int.,lx. 

The  archaic,  in  art,  not  sim- 
ply the  quality  of  rudeness  or 
iif  being  primitive,  but  a  rude- 
ness and  impei'fectlon  imply- 
ing the  promise  of  future  ad- 
vance. \Vork  that  is  merely 
barbarous  is  not  properly  ar- 
chaic. The  archaic  style.  In  an  art  of  sufficient  force  to 
have  any  development,  succeeds  the  first  rude  attempts  of 
a  people  to  arrive  at  graphic  representation,  and  exhibits 
a  manifest  sincerity  and  striring  to  attain  truth,  until 
finally  the  archaic  quality  disappears  little  by  little  as 
truth  Is  reached  in  the  great  art-schools,  such  as  those  of 
Greece  and  of  the  Renaissance  painters,  or  as  art  sinks  into 
lifeless  conventionalism  before  reaching  truth,  as  In  the 
sculpture  of  Egypt  and  Jlesopotamla. 

archaical  (ar-ka'i-kal),  a.  [<  archaic  +  -(tl.] 
Relative  to  an  early  period  or  to  a  fashion  long 
out  of  date;  primitive;  antiquated;  archaic; 

archaically  (ar-ka'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  archaio 
manner. 

archaicism  (ar-ka'i-sizm),  n.  [< archaic  +  -ism.] 
Ancient  style  or  quality ;  archaism.     N.  E.  D. 

archaio-.     Same  as  archao-. 

archaism  (ar'ka-izm),  tl.  [=  F.  archa'ismc,  < 
Gr.  apxctity/joc,  an  antiquated  phrase  or  style, 
<  apxai^eiv,  copy  the  ancients,  <  apxalo(,  old,  an- 
cient: see  arcluco-.]  1.  The  adoption  or  imi- 
tation of  that  which  is  antiquated  or  out  of  use; 
especially,  the  use  of  archaic  words  or  forms 
of  speech. —  2.  The  quality  of  being  archaic; 
antiquity  of  style,  manner,  or  use,  as  in  art  or 
literature ;  especially,  in  art,  the  appearance  of 
traces  of  the  imperfect  conception  or  unskilful 
handling  of  tools  and  material  belonging  to  an 
art  before  the  time  of  its  highest  development. 
See  the  archaic,  under  archaic. 

A  select  vocabulary  corresponding  (in  point  of  archaism 
and  remoteness  from  ordinary  use)  to  our  Scriptural  vo- 
cabulary. De  Quincey. 

3.  That  which  is  archaic ;  especially,  an  anti- 
quated or  obsolete  word,  expression,  pronunci- 
ation, or  idiom. 

A  permlssllile  archaism  is  a  word  or  plirase  that  has 
been  supplanted  by  something  less  apt,  but  has  not  becume 
unintelligible.      Loivell,  Among  my  Boolcs,  2d  ser.,  p.  195. 

Doubtless  the  too  free  use  of  archaisms  is  an  abuse. 

6.  P.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  176. 

archaist  (ar'kS-ist),  «.  [As  archa-ism  +  -ist.'] 
1.  An  antiquary;  an  arehiEologist.  [Rare.] 
—  2.  One  who  makes  use  of  archaisms  in  art 
or  in  literary  expression.    Mrs.  Browning. 


Archa: 
Statuett'- 

in  the  BhUhh  Mubcuiii. 
in  imitation  o(  Greek 
work  of  the  sixth  cen- 
tury B.  C. 


archaistic 

archaistic  (ar-ka-is'tik),  a.  [<  archaisf  +  -iV.] 
Imitating  that  trhieh  is  archaic:  exhibiting  the 
attempt  to  reproduce  the 
characteristics  of  the  archa- 
ic; affecting  archaism. 

In  si'ite  of  the  archaistic  efforts 

' ..  ..._.^   i.,-v  in  forms  aiid 

:  .^e  [Swed- 

vnt   rapid 

.; .  .  ,    ,,.....-  ....  -  ;;i  and  17th 

centuries.     £iicyc.  £n7.,  XXL  3T2. 

archaize  (ar'ka-iz),  r.i.;  pret. 

and  pp.  archaized,  ppr.  ar- 

chai^ng.  [<  Gr.  ap^oi^'f iv :  see 

archaism.']  To  use  or  imitate 

what  is  archaic;  imitate  an 

olden    style;    especially,   to 

make    use  of   archaisms  in 

speech, 
archaizer     (ar'ka-i-zer),     11. 

One  who  archaizes ;  one  who 

affects  an  archaic  style. 
But  it  may  be  remembered  that 

Vam»  was  himself  something  of  an 

archai:fr.      Eneyc.  Bril.,  XIV.  332. 

archallt,  ".    An  old  form  of 

arrhil. 

archamoeba     (ar-ka-me'ba), 
It.     [<   Gr.    apx-,  apx>-,  first, 

Erimitive,  +  NL.  amaha.'i  A 
vpothetical  primitive  sim- 
ple amoeba  supposed  by 
Haeckel  to  have  made  its  appearance  in  the 
earliest  geologic  period,  and  to  have  been  the 
progenitor  of  all  other  amoebse  and  also  of  all 
hifrlier  forms  of  life, 
archamphiaster  (ar-kam-fl-as't6r),  n.  [Also 
archiaiiq>liiastcr,<  Gr.  a/);j'(-,  first,  +  a,m>(,  arounu, 
+  dcrijfi,  star.  See  amphiaster.']  In  embryo!., 
one  of  the  nuclear  cleavage  figures  developed 
from  the  germinative  vesicle  or  primordial  nu- 
cleus at  the  time  the  polar  cells  or  globules  are 
expelled  from  an  o^•um,  at  or  before  the  begin- 
ning of  development. 

The  histor)-  of  the  early  stages  of  the  spindle  and  the 
archainphiaMern  gliows  their  agamic  origin. 

lluall,  i'roc.  Host.  Sue.  >'at.  Hist.  (1884),  p.  65. 

archangel  (iirk'an'jel),  «.  [<  ME.  archangel, 
archauiuiel,  etc.  (in  AS.  hedh-angel,  lit.  high  an- 
gel), <  OF.  archangel,  archangcle,  mod.  F.  arch- 
angc  =  Pi.archangi  =  iip.arcdngel=Pg.arcanjo, 
archanjo  =  It.  arcangelo  =  D.  aartiengel  =  6.  crz- 
eiir/cl  =  Sw.  erkeangel  =  Dan.  erkeengel ;  <  LL. 
archaiigelus  (=  Russ.  arkhangelii  =  Goth,  arkag- 
giUts),  <  Gr.  up,|-rij->E/of,  archangel,  chief  angel, 
<  iipx;  apX'-t  chief,  +  ayyc).oc,  angel :  see  arcli- 
and  angel.)  1.  An  angel  of  the  highest  order; 
a  chief  angel,  llie  word  occurs  in  two  passages  of  tin- 
Bitilc,  1  Thea.  iv.  1«.  atid  Jude  It.  Michael,  mentioned  in 
the  latter  nn  ati  archangel,  also  in  Daniel  as  tlie  spiritinti 
prince  of  the  .lews,  and  in  Rev.  xll.  7  as  the  leader  of  the 
heavenly  hosts  against  the  dragon  and  hia  angels,  is  the 
.'*t.  Micliael  of  the  church  calendar.  Coming  after  him  in 
dignity,  ttiree  otiiers  are  e8i>ecially  known  by  name  as  arch- 
angels :  (iatiriel,  tlie  heavenly  interpreter  and  annunciator 
or  herald  (Dan.  vili.  10,  ix.  21;  Luke  1.  lOT;  Rai.hael,  the 

fiardian  angel  commemorated  in  the  hook  of  'J'obit;  an<l 
rlel  (J  Fjiil.  Iv.  1),  the  tiro  or  light  of  Ood,  often  men- 
tioned, like  the  others,  In  Milton's  "  I'arailise  Uist.  "  Three 
other  names  are  added  by  tradition  to  make  the  number 
•even  (Toiilt  xil.  l.'i,  Kev.  vili.  2,  where  the  angels  nien- 
lloiied  are  taken  as  archangels),  Channiel,  Jophlel  or  Zo- 
phlel,  and  Zadklel ;  and  still  others  are  spoken  of. 

For  archawjeU  were  the  first  and  most  glorious  of  the 
whole  creation ;  they  were  the  morning  work  of  God,  and 
had  the  first  ImpreHaions  of  his  Image. 

Uryden,  Ded.  of  Plutarch's  Lives. 

2.  A  member  of  the  lowest  but  one  of  the  nine 
ordiTH  of  nnRcls  composing  llio  "celestial 
i,i,  rr.r.i.v"  of  DiouysiuH  tlio  psoudo-Arcopa- 
<!  classification  was  adopted  by  Pope 
lie  firr-at,  and  id  Koiiorally  ucccptod 
bv  llic  tticoloKiiins  of  the  Koman  Catliolic 
Cnurch.  Tlie  nine  urdern  are  :  seraphim,  i-heriiblin, 
'-'N'lis,    vlrtucA,    powers,    jirlnclpalltles, 

'nfiihin,  archangcUca.']     In  hot.: 

of  Hi'veral   liibialo   plants,  as 

'  .iiid  species  of  l.nmiiiin.     (h) 

I-  |iliint,  .trrliangiUrii  offinuuU.s, 

1.  .\  Hlim-bodii'd,  tliiii-iiiccil  vn- 

'       lit'con,  of  ratliiT  hiiihII  size, 

!  boak,  a  peaked  crest,  and 

'lu  ftliiTTinife,  bluck  on   the 


Ihr. 

arri 

8. 

(«, 

An 

«<•■ 

riel\   •■ 
wild  li.i. 
rich  rni' 


Ih. 

arch  1!  . 

f/rltfHf,        i  .<  »- 
nrchniiKi'l.  | 
ltd,  "arckangri 


1-     l.'.Uil.M, 


Mr 


294 

arch-apostate  (areh'a-pos'tat),  n.     [<  arch-  + 
fljxwtafe.]     A  chief  apostate. 
arch-apostle  (Srch'a-pos'l),  «.  [<  arch-  +  apo-s- 
th.     Ci.  ML.  ai-chiapostohis.l    A  chief  apostle. 
Archarchitect  (iiji-eh'ar'ki-tekt), .-.    [<  arch-  -I- 
architcct.}  The  supreme  Architect;  theCreator. 
I'll  ne'er  believe  that  the  Archarchitect 
With  all  these  fires  the  heavenly  arches  decked 
Oiily  for  show.  Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas. 

arch-hand  (arch'band),  w.  A  name  given  by 
artisans  to  that  portion  of  an  arch  or  rib  which 
is  seen  below  the  general  siutfaee  of  vaulting. 

arch-bar  (iirch'bar),  «.  1.  Any  metallic  bar  of 
arched  shape,  as  the  iron  bar  taking  the  place 
of  a  brick  arch  over  the  ash-pit  door  of  some 
furnaces. — 2.  The  upper  member  of  a  curved 
truss. —  3.  A  wrought-iron  bar  extending  from 
the  bolster  of  a  car-truck  each  way  to  the  top  of 
the  journal-boxes.  It  forms  the  compression-member 
of  the  trusswork  which  transmits  the  weight  of  the  body 
of  the  car  from  the  truck-bolster  to  the  car-a.\les. 

archbishop  (iirch'bish'up),  n.  [<  ME.  archhia- 
.^hop,  arcli<bi.^cop,  etc.,<  AS.  arco-,  a-rcc-,  crcehis- 
cop  (also  hedh-hiscop,  lit.  high  bishop)  =OFries. 
arcthisk(ip  =  'D.  aartshisschop  =OlliG.  erzibiscof. 
G.  erzhi'ichof  =  leel.  crkihiskup  =  Dan.  Sw.  erkc- 
biskop  =  F.  archevique  =  Sp.  ar:obispo  =  Pg. 
arc€bispo=^\t.  arcivescovo,  <  LL.  archiepigcopii.i. 

<  LGr.  apxteiriaKOTToc:,  chief  bishop,  <  Gr.  apx'-, 
chief,  +  Em'cTKoTof,  bishop :  see  arch-  and  bishop.) 
A  title  used  in  the  (.'hristian  chtu'ch  as  early  as 
the  fom'th  century,  and  regularly  given  iu  that 
and  the  next  four  centuries  to  the  bishops  of  the 
highest  rank,  afterward  known  as  patriarchs. 
It  was  also  occasionally  applied  in  the  East  to  cxiuchs  :ind 
metropolitans  of  sees  of  exceptional  antiquity  or  tliL-'uity, 
and  was  sometimes  extended  in  later  times  to  others 
of  the  same  rank  as  a  special  distinction.  In  the  West, 
from  the  eighth  or  ninth  century,  the  title  was  given  to 
metropolitans  of  everj'  class,  and  this  is  still  the  use  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  Archbishops  have  certain  rights 
of  lionor  and  jurisdiction  over  their  sutfragan  bishojjs 
(tliat  is,  the  bishops  of  the  dioceses  making  up  their  ecclc- 
siiistical  province),  such  as  those  of  calling  and  presiding 
over  provincial  councils,  receiving  appeals  in  certain  ca-ses, 
etc.;  but  these  rights,  formerly  very  consiilcralilc,  are  now 
comparatively  limited.  At  present  the  :u\iil'isluip  is  not 
always  a  metropolitan,  since  there  have  long  been  a  few 
archbishoprics  without  sultragans.  and  ofteiur  still  the 
title  is  purely  honorary.  See  y/r/z/ur/e.  The  insignia  of  an 
archttisliop  in  the  Koman  Catholic  Church  arc  the  woolen 
pallium,  before  receiving  which  from  the  pope  he  cannot 
exercise  the  functions  of  his  office,  and  the  double  cross 
borne  processionally  before  him.  In  the  Anglican  Chtirch 
there  are  four  archbishops,  two  in  the  Church  of  Kngland 
(those  of  Canterbury  and  York,  the  former  of  whom  is 
metropolitan  of  all  England),  and  two  in  the  Church  of 
Ireland  (those  of  Armagh  and  Dublin,  the  former  of  wluun 
is  primate).  The  Church  of  t^wedcn  hius  one  archbishop, 
whose  see  is  at  I'psala.     Abbreviated  to  ahp, 

archbishopess  (iirch'bish'up-es),  «.  [<  arch- 
hishap  +  -CSS.']  The  wife  of  an  English  arch- 
bislioji.     .Miss  llurnci/.     [Rare.] 

archbishopric  (iirch'bish'up-rik),  n.  [<  ME. 
archcliisclidjirichc,  -ri/k,  etc.,  <  AS.  (ircchiscopricc, 

<  arccbiscop,  archbishop,  -(-  rice,  jurisdiction. 
Cf.  bishojiric]  The  titular  see  or  diocese  of 
an  arclibishop;  the  province  over  which  an 
arclibishop  exercises  authority. 

arch-board  (iirch'bonl),  ».  In  ship-huiUVng.  a 
plunk  iibtcod  across  a  ship's  stern,  iinniedialely 
unilcr  the  knuckles  of  the  steru-timbcrs.  On 
this  board  the  ship's  name  is  sometimes 
painted. 

arch-brick  (iirch'brik),  «.  1.  Awedge-sliapeil 
lu'ic-k  iiscil  ill  arched  work.  See  com]>ti.ss-hrick. 
—  2.  A  hitril  and  partly  vitrified  lirick,  taken 
from  one  of  the  arches  of  a  brick-kiln  in  wliich 
the  fii'<'  is  made. 

archbutler  (iirch'but'U'r),  «.  [<  arch-  +  biillrr. 
The  (i.  etiuiv.  is  CKschcuke,  'arch-skinker.'] 
A  chief  butler.  Formerly  it  was  the  tide-  of  an  ollleial 
rank  in  the  Konuin-ticrruan  emlpiri'.  one  cit  the  Irnpeiial 
I'ourtolllees  eonnei'leil  with  the  electoral  dignity,  and  lieM 
by  lb.-  King  or  F.leitor  of  llohcmia. 

arch-buttress  (iirch'ldifres),  h.  Same  nafli/ing 
biillrrss  (which  see,  uiiiler  biiltrr.ss). 

archchamberlain  (iiich'ilirnn'ber-liin),  «.  [< 
arch-  +  cliiimlicrUiiii.  ( T.  .M I  j.  archicamcrarius, 
ya.rrzkiimmcrcr,  'arch-chainherer':  see  cham- 
brrcr.]  A<rhief  chitnilM'rhiin.  It  woji  formerly  the 
tille  of  an  olhelal  rank  iu  the  Itonian-deniian  empire, 
held  bvthe  I'.l.'.-torof  llianilenburg. 

archchancellor(iii'ch'clii'tii'Hei-or), «.    [(.arch- 

+  ehancilliir,  after  i''.  archichniicelicr  =  (1.  er:- 
7.'«hW<c,<  M  L.«ri'/ii™«rr//(in  !(.•.,  arclichancellor.") 
A  chief  chancellor;  formerly  —  (a)  The  lille 
id' nil  (,nicc  ill  the  Uotiinii-Oermiin  emiiire.hoM 
by  the  eh'c-tiinil  arihbisliop  of  Mainz,  who  was 
ni'tnul  I  linnccllor  of  Die  empire.  ('<)  An  hon- 
orary ollleial  rank  hi'hl  by  the  electoral  iirch- 
liishops  of  Cologne  and  Treves,  the  fornn'r 
noiiiinally  for  Italy  iiml  the  hitler  for  Burgundy 
(Guul  anil  tbo  kinxiloin  of  ArlcB). 


archduchess 

archchantert  (iirch'chan'ter),  «.  [<  arch-  + 
chanter.  Cf.  ML.  archieantor,  chief  singer.] 
The  chief  chanter  or  president  of  the  chanters 
of  a  church ;  a  choir-leader  or  precentor. 

archchaplain  (Srch'chap'lSn),  «.  [<  arch-  + 
chaplain,  after  ML.  archiciipelhDius.]  In  the 
early  French  monarchy,  the  court  chaplain, 
often  the  same  as  the  papal,  or  later  the  im- 
perial, apocrisiary,  and  identical  with  the  grand 
almoner  and  archchancellor.  The  title  became  ex- 
tinct with  the  Carolingian,  or  second  race  of  kings,  before 
A.  D.  KMO. 

archchemic  (ilrch '  kem '  ik),  a.  [<  arch-  + 
chimic]  Of  supreme  chemical  powers:  as, 
"the  arch-chcmic  sun,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  609. 
[Rare.] 

arch-confraternity  (itreh'kon'fra-ter'nj-ti),  n. 
In  the  Horn.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  chief  confraternity 
having  affiliated  societies  and  endowed  'with 
special  privileges:  rarely  called  arch-sodality. 
See  confrnternitj/. 

archcoiint  (arch'kounf),  n.  [<  arch-  +  county 
after  ML.  archiconies,  archcoimt.]  A  chief 
coiuit :  a  title  formerly  given  to  the  Count  of 
Flanders  in  consequence  of  his  great  riches  and 
power. 

archdapifer  (arch' dap 'i-f*r),  «.  [Modified 
(with  E.  arch-  for  L.  archi-)  from  ML.  archidupi- 
fcr.  <  L.  archi-  +  dapifcr,  a  food-bearer,  <  daps, 
food,  feast,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear^.]  The  title  of 
an  official  rank  in  the  Roman-German  empire, 
held  by  the  Elector  of  the  Palatinate;  the 
seneschal. 

archdeacon  (arch'de'kn),  h.  [<  ME.  archcde- 
ktii,  etc.,  <  AS.  arccdiocon,  crccdiacon  =  D. 
(lartsdckrn  =  Icel.  crkidjdkn  =  Dan.  erkedegii  = 
F.  archidiacre  =  Sp.  arcediano  =  Pg.  arcediaqo 
=  It.  archidiacono,  <  LL.  archidiaconus,  <  L(Jr. 
apx'^iOKoroc,  <  Gr.  apx'-,  chief,  +  diaKoroc,  dea- 
con.] A  chief  deacon;  strictly,  an  ecclesiastic 
who  has  charge  of  the  temporal  and  external 
adiiiinist ration  of  a  diocese,  with  jurisdiction 
dclegatcil  from  the  bishop.  The  word  is  found  as 
the  title  of  an  ecclesiastical  dignitary  from  the  fourth  cen- 
tury. In  the  East  it  is  last  found  as  aiiplied  to  an  eccle- 
siastical officer  of  the  court  of  Constantinople  uiuler  the 
late  By/ant  iiie  empire.  In  the  West,  from  the  eighth 
century,  dioceses  began  to  be  divided  into  separate  terri- 
tories,"o\er  wltich  rural  archdeacons  were  placed,  having 
under  them  deans  or  rural  archpriests,  chargetl  "ith  the 
supervision  of  tlie  parish  priests  of  their  respeeti\e  dis- 
tricts; over  these  wjia  the  generator  grauil  arelideaeon  of 
the  whole  diocese,  who  took  precedence  of  the  arehpricst 
(wiiieh  see),  and  held  his  own  court  with  its  officials,  ilis- 
tinct  from  that  of  the  bishop,  so  that  appeals  were  taken 
from  the  former  to  the  latter.  The  rural  archdeiu-ons 
were  often  priests,  having  a  cure  of  souls,  as  w.ts  also  the 
grand  archdeacon  fnun  the  twelfth  century.  The  powers 
and  privileges  of  this  oMiei'  were  gradually  restricted,  and 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  since  the  Council  of  Trent, 
its  place  is  for  the  most  i>art  supplied  by  the  bislunis  vicar- 
general,  between  whom  anil  the  parish  priests  arc  some- 
times found  the  vioirs  forane,  or  prcsiint  rural  deans; 
^i-liile  (he  archdeacon  of  thi-  present  day,  where  the  office 
survives,  hohls  a  dignity  of  honor.  In  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land each  bishop  has  the  assistance  of  two  or  more  arch- 
deacons, w  ho  as  his  ileputies  inspect  and  manage  the  alfaira 
of  the  diocese,  and  perf<'rni  a  variety  of  duties  partly  secu- 
lar and  partly  eiilesiastieal.  In  two  dioceses  of  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Church  of  America  the  title  archdeacon 
ha^  been  inti  odnced.-- ATChdeacon's  COUTt.    See  court. 

archdeaconate  (itreirde'kn-at),  n.     [<  «rcA- 

(kdcon  +  -dlc'i,  after  ML.  archidiaconatws,  arch- 
deacon's office.]  The  district  over  which  an 
ai'chilcacon  lias  jurisdiction;  an  archdeaconry. 

archdeaconry  (lirch'de'kn-ri),  «.;  pi.  archdea- 
conries (-riz).  [<  archdeacon  +  -ri/?]  The  of- 
fice, riuik,  jurisiliction,  or  residence  of  an  arch- 
tlcacon.  In  the  Church  of  England  every  diocese  has 
one  or  more  .irclnleaconries ;  every  archdeaconry  Is  di- 
vided into  rural  deaneries,  and  every  rural  deanery  Into 
parishes. 

archdeaconship  (iirch'de'kn-shi))),  II.  [<  arch- 
ill iifiin  +  -shiiK]     Till'  office  of  an  archdeacon. 

archdean  (iirch'don'),  H.  [<  arch- +  dean.  Of. 
1).  (/(/r^i/m/.'CH,  archdean.]  A  chief  dean;  a  su- 
periiir  over  other  deans.  [Sometimes  used  by 
Si'oltisli  writers  for  archdciicon.] 

archdeanery  (ilrdi'ile'iie-ri),  ».;  it\.  archdcanc- 
riis  (riz).  [<  archdean  '\-  -cry.]  The  office  or 
jurisiliction  of  an  nrclulean. 

archdiocese  (iirch'ili'o-ses),  H.  [<  «rWi-  +  dio- 
cese, after  ML.  archid'iwccsis.]  The  see  or  dioJ 
cese  of  nil  archbiHliop. 

archdruid  (itrdi'drii'id),  n. 
A  chief  ilniiil. 

archducal   (iirch'du'kal),   a. 
V.  iirchiducttl :  see   iluciil.] 
nnOidiike  or  an  archdiichy. 

In  tlic  Austrian  assembly  of  Btales  Vienna  haa  as  many 
votes  as  all  the  other  archiiucal  towns  together. 

ttruuijham. 

archduchets  (lirch'duch'es),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
tluchcss,  after  F.  archiduchc!<,ic.    The  G.  word  is 


[<  arch-  +  ttruid.] 

[<  archduke ;  = 
Pertaining  to  an 


archduchess 

erzlicr.ogin.'}  The  wife  of  an  archduke ;  a  prin- 
cess of  the  reigning  family  of  Austria. 

archduchy  (iireh'duch'i),  II.;  1)1.  arcliducliics 
{-[■/.).  [Formerly  also  iircii(hi/clij/,  <  OF.  (irch- 
cluclic,  mod.  -F.  archiiliivhi',  <  ML.  '"archklucatun  : 
see  areli-  aud  ducliji.']  The  territory  or  rank 
of  an  archduke  or  archduchess. 

archduke  (iirch'diilv'),  n.  [<  arch-  +  duke;  = 
< )V.  iirc/uiluc,  mod.  F.  archiduc,  <  ML.  archidiix 
{-due-).  <  L.  archi-,  chief,  +  dax  {due-),  duke: 
see  idtIi-  and  f/«te.  The  ti.  word  is  erzherzuij ."] 
A  title  formerly  borne  by  some  of  the  sovereign 
jirinces  of  Austrasia,  Lorraine,  and  Brabant, 
but  for  several  centuries  held  exclusively  by  the 
ruler  of  the  archduchy  of  Austi-ia  (afterward 
emperor  of  Austria,  and  now  of  Austria-Hmi- 
gary) ;  now  only  a  titidar  dignity  of  the  princes 
of  the  house  of  Austria,  as  nrvliduchess  is  of  the 
pi'iiicesses Archduke's  crown,  h^q  crown. 

archdukedom  (Urcli'dukMum),  «.  [<  archduke 
+  -iliini.]  The  territory  or  dignity  of  an  arch- 
duke or  archduchess;  an  archduchy. 

archeH,  "•     Obsolete  form  of  arch^. 

arche'-t,  ".     See  arch^. 

arche  (iir-sha'),  a.  [Heraldic  F.,  pp.  of  *urcher: 
see  (irdA,  i'.]     Same  as  arched,  2. 

archebiosis  (ar"ke-bi-6'sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  apx^, 
beginning  (see  arch-),  +  jiiuaa;,  way  of  life,  < 
(iioi'v,  pass  one's  life,  <  ftioQ,  life.]  The  origina- 
tion of  living  from  non-living  matter;  abio- 
genesis  (which  see). 

However  the  question  may  eventually  be  decided  as  to 
the  possibiUty  of  archehwt<is  occurring  at  the  present  day 
amid  tlie  artificial  circunistjuu-esnf  tlie  laboratory,  it  can- 
not be  denied  that  arehehinsix,  or  Ihi'  origination  of  living 
matter  in  accordance  with  natural  laws,  must  have  oc- 
curred at  some  epoch  of  the  past. 

J.  Fixke,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  430. 

arched  (iircht),  p.  a.  [<  archl  -*-  -erf.]  1 .  Ma,de 
with  an  arch  or  eiu've ;  covered  or  spanned  with 
an  arch ;  having  the  form  of  an  arch ;  composed 
of  an  arch  or  arches. 

'Twas  pretty,  though  a  plague, 
To  see  him  every  hour ;  to  sit  and  draw 
His  arched  brows,  his  hawking  eye,  his  curls. 
In  our  heart's  table.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  1. 

All  born  of  our  house  have  that  arched  instep  under 
which  water  can  flow.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  ix. 

Speoiiically — 2.  In  her.,  applied  to  an  ordinary 
both  sides  "of  which  are  bowed  alike  in  the  form 
of  an  arch.  Also  archi/,  archc,  archy-flectcd,  and 
coBCOuerf.— Arched  beam,  a  beam  cut,  bent,  or  built  in 


Arched  Beams. —  Gr.^nd  Central  Station,  New  ^  ork. 

the  form  of  an  arch,  usually  to  seclU'e  si'eater  resistance 
or  provide  for  a  longer  span  than  a  straiuht  tieani  wnnld 
afford.  Tlie  most  important  type  of  an  lied  b(';ini  is  that 
which  is  built  up,  often  calletl  a  compoun<l  an  bed  litani. 
Such  beams  are  made  in  many  forms,  especially  in  those 
of  several  thicknesses  of  timber  or  planks  laid  upon  or 
alongside  of  one  another  and  bolted  together,  and  of  a 
truss  construction  in  iron.  The  arched-beam  roof  of  the 
St.  Pancras  railway-station,  London,  has  a  span,  in  the 
clear,  of  240  feet ;  that  of  the  Grand  Central  station.  New 
York,  has  a  span  of  199  feet  2  inches. — Arched-beam 
bridge,  etc.,  a  bridge,  etc.,  in  which  one  or  more  of  the 
principal  members  is  a  compound  arched  beam.  See 
briilfic.  —  Arched  double,  having  two  arches  or  bends. 

archediacret,  ».  [il'E.,  <  OF.  arcediacre,  arche- 
diacre,  mod.  F.  archidiacre,  <  L.  archidiaconvs, 
archdeacon :  see  archdeacon.']  An  archdeacon. 
Chaucer's  Dream. 

archegayt,  »•    See  assagai. 

archegone  (ar'ke-gon),  n.  English  form  of 
archf  tiotiiton. 

archegonia,  n.     Plural  of  archegonium. 

archegonial  (ar-ke-go'ni-al),  a.  [<  archegonium 
+  -(?/.]  Relating"  or  pertaining  to  an  archego- 
nium. 

Tite  flattened  fronds  .  .  .  bearing  upon  tiny  stalks  which 
rose  from  the  middle  vein  of  the  leaf,  the  female  portion 
of  the  plant  —  the  archegonial  disks. 

S.  B.  Hcrrick,  Plant  Life,  p.  89. 


295 

archegoniate    (iir-ke-go'ni-at),   a.     [<  archego- 

iintiii  +  -('/<l.]     Having  archegonia. 
.V  female  {archegoniate)  protliallium. 

Eiicyc.  Brit.,  XX.  429. 

archegonium   (iir-kf-go'm-um),  «.;   pi.  archc- 

giiiiia  (-;i).  [NL.,  <^  Gr.  u/i^;fjowvr,  lirst  of  a 
race,  original,  <  iipx^-,  ''PX'-,  tii'st  (see  archi-),  + 
yuvur,  race :  see  -gaiii/.]  The  pistillidium  or  fe- 
male organ  of  the  higher  eryjatogams,  ha'ving 
the  same  function  as  the  pistil  in  flowering 
plants.  It  is  a  cellular  sac,  containing  at  the  bottom  a 
cell,  analogous  to  the  embryo-sac  of  phtenogainous  jilants, 
which  is  impregnated  by  spern'iatoznuids  from  the  male 
organ  (antheridium).  I'roin  tliis,  alter  ferlili/.alioii,  (be 
new  plant  is  produced  directly,  as  in  the  ferns  ami  their 
allies,  or  a  spore-case  is  developed,  as  in  the  mosses,  when 
new  plants  follow  upon  the  germination  of  the  spores. 
archegony  tiir-keg'o-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  as  if  'apxe- 
-joi'ia,  <  apx^yomc,  first  of  a  race :  see  archegoni- 
um.'] The  doctrine  of  the  origin  of  life  ;  spe- 
cifically, the  doctrine  of  spontaneous  genera- 
tion ;  archebiosis ;  abiogenesis. 

He  [Haeckel]  considers  that,  though  the  doctrine  of 
spontaneous  generation  (or  archcgontj)  has  not  been 
proved,  it  is  tpiite  possible,  and  even  probable,  the  argu- 
ments against  it  resting  on  merely  negative  results. 

The  Scotsman  (newspaper). 

Archegosauria  (ar'ke-go-sa'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL. : 
see  Archegosaiirus.]  A  suborder  or  other  group 
of  extinct  labyrinthodont  amphibians,  typified 
by  the  genus  Archegosaurus.  The  name  is  a 
loose  synonym  of  Labyrinthodontia. 

Archegosaurus  (iir'''ke-go-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  "p,v'//"'.'i  lieginuing,  originating  (<  apx'/,  the 
beginning,  -1-  t'i)ciaOai,  lead),  +  aavpoq,  lizard: 
see  saurian.]  A  genus  of  extinct  reptiles  re- 
latetl  to  LahyrinthodoH  (which  see),  supposed 
by  some  to  be  a  larval  form  of  another  animal. 

Archelminthes  (iir-kel-min'thez),  n.  pi.  [< 
Gr.  ajtx-,  i'pxi-,  first,  +  t/i/zd'Sff,  pi.  of  iz-iinx, 
worm.]  A  hypothetical  group  of  primitive 
worms,  the  supj)osed  jirogenitors  of  the  Acce- 
lomi;  primitive  acoelomatous  worms,  of  which 
a  prothelmis  is  the  conjectured  parent  form. 
They  are  supposed  by  Haeckel  to  have  been  evolved  in 
the  primordial  geologic  epoch  in  the  direct  line  of  descent 
of  the  ancestors  of  the  human  race.  Their  nearest  living 
relatives  are  considered  by  him  to  be  the  Turbellaria. 

archelogy  (iir-kel'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  apxv,  begin- 
ning, first  principle,  -1-  -'/.oyia,  <  'Acyeiv,  speak : 
see  -ology.]  The  science  of,  or  a  treatise  on, 
first  principles. 

Archelogy  treats  of  principles,  and  should  not  be  con- 
founded with  archoRology,  which  treats  of  antiiiuities. 

Fleming. 

archemastryt,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME., 
also  arcliiiiiitstry ;  <  archi- -i- mastery ;  perhaps 
confused  v/ith'  alchemistry.]  Supreme  skill; 
mastery  of  applied  science  or  applied  mathe- 
matics.    N.  E.  I). 

archemyt  (iir'ke-mi),  n.     A  variant  of  alchemy. 

Archencephala  (iir-ken-sef'a-la),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  apx-,  first,  +  fj/if'^a/tof,  brain:  see  enceph- 
aliin.]  A  name  proposed  by  Owen,  in  1857,  for 
the  liighest  one  of  four  subclasses  into  which 
he  di-vided  the  class  Mammalia  according  to 
the  character  of  the  brain.  In  tliis  subclass  tlie 
brain  attains  its  maximum  development  in  complexity, 
and  especially  in  the  relative  size  of  the  cerebruiu,  which 
is  deeply  convoluted,  largely  overlaps  both  the  olfactory 
lobes  and  the  cerebellum,  and  has  a  well-marked  hippo- 
campus minor.  It  includes  man  alone,  and  is  conterminous 
with  the  order  Biniana  of  some,  or  the  family  Uominidce 
or  Anthropidce  of  others.  All  the  cerebral  characters  ad- 
duced are  shared  by  the  anthropoid  apes,  and  the  term  is 
not  in  use,  exi  ipt  ;i.s  a  .synonym  of  a  group  of  the  zoologi- 
cal value  of  a  iiHideiii  family. 

archencephalic  (iir"ken-se-fal'ik  or  -sef'a-lik), 
a.  [<  Archencephala  +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Archencephala ;  hence,  characteristic  of 
the  human  brain  alone. 

arch-enemy  (arch'en'e-mi),  n.  [<  arch-  +  en- 
emy.] A  chief  enemy';  specifically,  Satan,  the 
devil. 

archenteric  (ar-ken-ter'ik),  a.     [<  archenteron 
+  -ic]     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  natiu-e  of  an 
archenteron;   ha\'ing  a  primitive  immodified 
enteron. 
The  periaxial  portion  of  the  archenteric  space. 

E.  R.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  .MS. 

archenteron  (iir-ken'te-ron),  n.  [<  Gr.  apx-, 
first,  primitive,  -I-  ivrspov,  intestine:  see  ente- 
ron.] The  enteron  (which  see)  in  its  original 
or  primitive  imdifferentiated  state :  opposed  to 
metenteroii. 

The  hollow,  which  we  have  mentioned  above  as  form- 
ing primarily  the  digestive  cavity,  is  known  as  the  archen- 
teron or  primitive  stomach. 

Stand.  Nat.  Ht.s'f.,  I.,  Int.,  p.  xi. 

archeo-.     See  archwo-. 

archer  (ar'cher),  n.  [<  ME.  archer,  archere, 
(irchicr.  <  OF.  archer,  archier,  F.  archer  =  Pt.  ar- 
quicr,  archier  =  Sp.  arquero  =  Pg.  arqueiro  =  It. 


archesthetlsm 

arciere,  <  ML.  arcarius,  also  arcuarius,  a  bow- 
man, <  L.  arcus,  a  bow:  see  areli^  and  «rel.]  1. 
One  who  uses  a  bow ;  a  bowman ;  specifically,  in 
medieval  Europe,  one  who  shot  with  the  long- 
bow (which  see)  and  shaft,  as  distinguished 
from  an  arbalister  or  crossbowman.  in  Greek  art 
the  archer  is  generally  represented  in  Oriental  tlress  and 
anuor,  and  the  use  of  the  bow  by  a  native  (jreek  in  war  is 
rarely  mentioned ;  but  one  of  the  two  bowmeh  of  the  .^-^gina 
temple  is  dressed  and  armed  as  a  Greek,  and  on  a  Basiti- 
catan  vase  at  Naples  (Hey<lemann,  No.  922),  r)f  good  (ireek 
work,  a  jtainting  rejjresents  three  youths,  evidently  Greeks, 
shooting  with  Itows  and  arrows  at  a  cock  on  a  coiutnn. 
Aniring  the  liomans  archers  are  rarely  mentioned. 
'iln-'umhuut  tile  middle  ages  the  archers  formed  an  impor- 
tant part  of  tlie  arnnes  of  Europe;  but,  as  they  were 
drawn  wholly  from  the  peasants  and  townspeojile,  the 
nobility  ami  their  retainers  were  often  suspicious  ol  them, 
and  the  free  use  of  the  bow  among  the  common  people 
was  often  disc*juraged.  In  some  countries,  too,  the  arba- 
list  was  so  much  preferred  that  the  longbow  came  little 
into  use.  In  England  large  bodies  of  archers  were  fur- 
nished by  towns  and  counties  to  the  royal  armies,  and 
were  armed  with  some  degree  of  uniformity  with  the  steel 
cap,  the  gambeson  or  hauberk,  and  a  short  double-edged 
sword,  besides  bow  and  quiver.  There  is  no  record  of 
mounted  archers  in  the  English  arniies,  but  they  were 
common  on  the  continent;  the  dukes  of  liurgnndy  main- 
tained large  bodies  of  them,  and  King  Charles  VII.  of 
France  had  a  body-guard  of  mounted  men  armed  with 
brigantine  or  gambeson,  and  carrying  a  longbow.  From 
this  last  organization  the  name  arcftera  came  to  be  applied 
to  the  body-guard  of  one  of  the  later  kings  of  France,  whose 
weapon  was  the  harqttebuse,  which  replaced  the  bow  aud 
shafts,  and  (until  the  Revolution)  to  the  watchmen  or 
guards  of  the  French  cities. 

2.  Same  as  archer-fish. — 3.  [cap.]     The  con- 
stellation Sagittarius. 
archeress  (ar'cher-es),  n.    [<  archer  +  -ess.]    A 
female  archer.     [Rare.] 

She,  therefore,  glorious  archeress  of  heaven. 

Cowpcr,  Iliad,  ix. 

archer-fish  (iir'cher-fish),  n.  A  name  given  to 
three  species  of  the  genus  Toxotes  and  family 
Toxotidw  (which  see),  occurring  in  the  East  In- 
dian and  Polynesian  seas.     To  this  fish  has  been 


,t/^ 


Archer-fish  {Toxoles  chatareus). 

ascribed  the  power  of  shooting  drops  of  water  to  the  dis- 
tance of  3  or  4  feet,  with  sure  aim,  at  insects,  causing  them 
to  fall  into  the  water,  when  it  seizes  and  devours  them. 
This  power  has  been  doubted  or  denied  by  several  ichthy- 
ologists.    Also  called  archer  and  darter-Jish. 

archeriat  (ar-ke'ri-ii),  «.  [ML.,  <  OF.  archiere, 
<  of't'/((('r,  an  archer.  Ct.  archery.]  In  medieval 
fort.,  an  aperture  through  which  archers  or 
longbovpmen  might  discharge  their  arrows. 
See  loophole,  and  compare  balistraria. 

archership  (iir'eher-ship), »?.  Hkill  as  an  archer. 

archery  (;lr'cher-i),  n.  [<  ME.  archerie,  <  OF. 
archerie,  <  archer,  archier,  bowman.]  1.  The 
use  of  the  bow  and  arrow ;  the  practice,  art,  or 
skill  of  archers ;  the  art  of  shooting  with  a  bow 
and  arrow. —  2.  Archers  collectively. 

That  veinson  free,  and  Bordeaux  wine. 
Might  serve  the  archery  to  dine. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  v.  25. 

3.  In  old  law,  a  service  of  keeping  a  bow  for 
the  lord's  defense. 

archespore  (ar'kf-spor),  n.  [<  NL.  archespo- 
rium,  <  Gr.  apx^-j  first,  -I-  a-dpoc,  a  seed.]  In 
hot.,  a  layer  of  small  cells  within  the  anther, 
gi'ving  rise  to  the  mother-cells  of  the  pollen  and 
to  the  very  delicate  lining  of  the  anther-cell. 
The  name  is  also  gi\  en  to  a  similar  sti'ncture  in  some  of 
the  vascular  cryptogams.     .\lso  called  arcfiraporiinu. 

archesthetic  (ar-kes-thet'ik).  a.  [<  Gr.  apx-, 
apx'-,  first,  -f-  a'icdrfTOQ,  verbal  adj.  of  a'laBaveaSai, 
perceive:  see  esthetic]  Pertaining  to  or  char- 
acteristic of  archesthetlsm.  Also  spelled  arch- 
(csthctic. 

archestheticism  (ar-kes-thet'l-slzm).  n.  [< 
archesthetic  +  -ism.]     Same  as  archcstlictism. 

The  h>-pothesis  o(  arcfuvsthetici^m,  then,  maintains  that 
consciousness  as  well  as  life  preceded  organism,  and  has 
been  the  primum  mobile  in  the  creation  of  organic  struc- 
ture. Science,  IV.  241. 

archesthetlsm  (ar-kes'the-tizm),  )!.  [<  arch- 
esthetic +  -imii.]  The  hj-pothesis  of  the  primi- 
tive creative  function  of  consciousness :  the  hy- 
pothesis that  consciousness,  considered  as  an 
attribute  of  matter,  is  primitive  and  a  cause  of 


archesthetism 

evolution :  opposed  to  mctesOicUsm  (which  see). 
Also  archasthetism,  archestketicism,  arclicestheii- 
cism. 

The  place  of  the  doctrine  of  arehatthetina,  as  distin- 
caisli»l  irom  the  opposing  view  of  metasthetitm,  which  is 
held  by  many  monists.  _ 

£.  II.  Cope,  Amer.  Naturalist,  XVX  p.  469. 

archetto  (ar-ket'o),  «.  pt.,  a  small  arch,  an 
arched  stick.  fiiliUestick,  <  arco.  an  arch,  bow: 
sot-  «)T/(t.]  An  implement,  consisting  of  a  wire 
strotehed  across  a  forked  or  bent  stick,  used  for 
cutting  away  clay  from  a  molded  piece  of  pot- 
tt-rv. 

archetypal  (ar'ke-ti-pal).  a.  [<  archetype  + 
-o/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  archetype;  eon- 
stitutinga  model  or  pattern;  original:  as,  ''one 
archetiijial  mind,"  Cudicortli.  Also  archetypic, 
archetypical. 

Gloritied  eyes  must  see  by  the  archetypal  San,  or  the 
li^ht  of  liu-L  Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  15. 

Archetypal  Idea,  a  Platouic  idea.— Archetypal  world, 
an  immaterial  worhl  supposed  by  some  riatouists  to  have 
been  first  created  as  a  pattern,  according  to  wiiich  the 
sensible  w.:.rld  w-as  constructed  :  opposed  to  fcUipat  icorld. 

archetype  (Sr'ke-tip).  n.  [Formerly  also  archi- 
tyjii: ;  =  F.  archetypc,<  L.  archet>jpum,<  Gr.  apxc- 
rirroi-.  a  pattern,  model,  neut.  of  apxcrmo^, 
first-molded,  as  an  exemplar  or  model,  <  itpx^-, 
aax'-,  first,  +  Thrreiv  (y  *riT),  beat,  stamp,  > 
n-Toc,  stamp,  mold,  pattera,  tj-pe:  see  type.'] 

1.  A  model  or  first  form ;  the  original  pattern 
or  model  after  which  a  thing  is  made ;  espe- 
cially, a  Platonic  idea,  or  immaterial  preexist- 
ing exemplar  of  a  natural  form. 

AnionK  the  ancients,  the  coexistence  of  the  Epicurean 
and  .stoical  sc1iim>Is.  which  ottered  to  the  world  two  en- 
tirely ditfereut  archetypeit  of  virtue,  secured  in  a  very  re- 
markable  manner  the  recognition  of  different  kinds  of 
excellence.  Lecty,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  1C6. 

Man  Is  the  arehelitpe  of  the  animal  creation,  the  highest 
mauifestatinn  of  life.    Vairson,  .Nat.  and  the  Hible,  p.  39. 

2.  In  coining,  the  standard  weight  by  which 
others  are  adjusted  :  now  caUed  the  prototype. 
— 3.  In  compar.  anat.,  a  primitive  generalized 
plan  of  structure  assumed  to  have  been  subse- 
quentlv  modified  or  lost  by  differentiation  and 
specialization:  as,  the  vertebrate  archetyix: — 
i.  The  original  form  from  whidi  a  class  of  re- 
lated forms  in  jilants  or  animals  may  be  sup- 
posed to  have  descended.     Darwin. 

archetypic  (iir-ke-tip'ik),  a.   [< archetype  +  -ic] 

Sain''  as  arehrtypal. 
archetypical  (Ur-ke-tip'i-kal),  a.     [<  archetype. 

i'i.  lir.  iii>\frv-iK<Jc,  adv.]     Same  as  archetypal. 
archetypically  (Ur-ke-tip'i-kal-i),  adv.     In  an 

arclietypal  manner;  after  the  mode  or  plan  of 

an  anh't_\-pe. 
archetypist  (ar'ke-ti-pist),  «.     [<  archetype  + 

-i.it. \    One  who  studies  earlv  typography.     N. 

E.  D. 
archens,  "•     See  urcha^us. 
arch-fiend  (iirch'fend'),  «.    [< arch-  +  fiend:  = 

<;.  ir:iiind.']      A  chief  fiend;  specifically,  the 

devil." 

archi-.  [L.,  etc,  <  Gr.  apxi-,  apxt-,  first,  chief: 
Hce  arch-,  the  naturalized  E.  form  of  the  same 
prefix.]  A  prefix  of  Greek  origin,  the  original 
forrn  of  iirrh-,  first,  chief.     See  arch-. 

archiamphiaster  (ar'ki-am-fi-as'tSr), ».  Same 

as  arrhamiihia.sler. 

archiannelid  (iir-ki-au'e-lid),  a.  and  Ji.  I.  n. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Arctiiannclidu. 

n.  ".  '  >iie  of  the  Archiunnilidd,  as  an  annelid 
of  th"  g<  nils  I'nlyf/ordiu.i.    A\hi> archianniliflini. 

Archiannelida  (iir'ki-a-nel'i-dii),  n.pl.    [XL.,< 

Gr.  iiiix'-.  first,  +  NL.  Annelida.']    A  subclass 

or  oth'T  liM'litig  liivision  of  annelids,  supposed 

t  •  ^f  living  representatives  of  the 

'  iileci  wonns.    The  Ijest-knowri 

U  'Iiiix  (wllicll  KOe). 

archi  ii    (:ir  ki-a-nel'i-dan),  a.  and   n. 

I.  '  '■■  the  .Irchiannclida. 

II.  ■■•  liiannclid. 

archlater  i ),  n.     [—  Rush,  arlchii/a- 

'•'.  ■"•  "',  .MUG.  nr;:cl,  ().  or;7  =1). 

II  pliyKieian,  <  MIj.  archialir,  <   1,. 

'  'ii-.    •inxiiiriHii;,    <    I'liX'-'    chief,  + 

"iTf  I     .\  cliicf  phyNJciun :  a  title 

flft  '       Ifoinan   emperors  to  their 

chii  t  :  !  now  applied  on  Ihecoiili- 

"""'  lirst  or  body  iihyHiejiiii  of 

"   ■■  I    '    (IrHt  pliyHiciun  of  some 

'■■■-.  Ill  KuRBia,  the  firnt  imperial 

.1.     [<  Gr.  I'lpxi;  flrHt, 

MI,*)      Fm  rmhrii'it.  :  (a) 

'  •'OIII- 

sthe 

'...L.-j,,., ii'Oiiwii io<i<i-,olk  or 


2!)6 

parablast.  Tnihelm  His.  (6)  A  name  given 
bv  His  to  the  epiblast. 

arclliblastic  (iir-ki-blas'tik),  a.  Of,  .pertaiu- 
iutr  to,  or  derived  from  the  archiblast:  applied 
to  those  holoblastic  eggs  which,  by  equal  or 
palingenetic  as  well  as  total  segmentation  of 
the  yolk  (viteUus),  produce  an  arehigastrula  in 
germinating. 

archiblastlila  (ar-M-blas'tu-la),  n. ;  pi.  archi- 
blastuhr  (-le).  [NL.,  <  GrVipx'-,  chief,  -I-  NL. 
blasinla.]  In  embryuL,  a  hollow  and  usually 
globular  vesicle,  the  walls  of  which  consist  of  a 
single  layer  of  similar  cells,  and  which  by  in- 
vagination develops  an  archigastnda. 

Yelk-division  is  complete  and  regular,  .and  gives  rise  to 
a  vesicular  morula  {archihlai<t}ila  of  Haeckel),  each  cell  of 
which  is  provided  with  a  flagellate  cihuni, 

iiuxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  553. 

Archibuteo  (ar-ki-bii'te-o),  n.  [NL.,<  L.  archi-, 
first,  -I-  biiteo,  buzzard.^  A  genus  of  buzzards, 
of  the  family  Falconidie,  having  booted  tarsi. 


Rougli-legged  Buzzard  {.4rcHibHteo  tagofus). 

A.  lagopus,  the  rough-legged  buzzard  of  Eiu-ope  and 
.\merica,  is  the  best-known  species.  .4.  ftancti-jolianni.^  is 
the  black  buzzard  of  .\merica,  and  ^../cm/^'net« the  west- 
ern rout;h-leg  or  Californian  squirrel-hawk. 
archicalt  (ar'ki-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  apxii^6c,  pertain- 
ing to  rule,  <  apx'/,  rule,  fh'st  place,  beginning, 

<  apxei'',  rule,  be  first:  see  arch-.]  1.  Of  the 
nature  of  government;  ruling. —  2.  Chief;  pri- 
mary ;  primordial. 

archicarp  (Ur'ki-karj)),  JI.  [<  Gr.  ('ipX'-,  first,  4- 
^(I/^-o(■,  fruit.]     Ill  bot.,  same  as  ascogonium. 

archicercal  (iir-ki-s6r'kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  apxi-, 
chief,  +  KtpKor,  tail,  -t-  -«/.]  Having  a  worm- 
like tail  without  fin-folds,  as  a  fish;  e.xhibiting 
archicercy,  as  .a  fish's  tail. 

archicercy  (iir'ki-scr-si),  n.  [See  archicercal.] 
The  state  of  being  archicercal;  the  iirimitivo 
condition  of  a  fish's  tail  when  it  is  archicercal. 
./..(.  Ji'ipln: 

archicytula  (iir-ki-sit'u-la),  «.;  pi.  archicytuJw 
(-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apx'i-.  chief,  +  NL.  cytula.] 
In  emhryiil.,  the  parent  cell  or  cytula  which  re- 
sults from  an  archimonerula  by  the  re-forma- 
tion of  a  nucleus,  and  which  proceeds,  by  total 
and  e(|ual  or  i)alingenetic  segmentation,  to  de- 
voloi>  in  succession  an  archimorula,  archiblas- 
tula,  and  arehigastrula. 

Archldesmidss  (iir-ki-des'mi-de),  H.  pi.     [NL., 

<  .Iri'liiilrsniii  (  <  Gr.  "/U''-,  chief,  4-  Ainpa,  band), 
th(3  typical  genus,  -t-  -«/«•.]  A  family  of  luilnio- 
zoic  fossil  mj-riapods  of  the  arehipoljiiodous 
type. 

archidiaconal  (iir  ki-di-ak'on-al),  <7.  [<  L. 
iirrhidiiicnniis,  aivhdeacon:  see  archdeacon.] 
I'erlaining  to  an  archileacon  or  to  his  office: 
as,  an  arrhidiaennal  >'isitatioii. 

Tills  Prelate  <'u11h  himself  F.xarcli,  Mid  claims  Arclii- 
diaeoiutl  rights  in  the  whole  Dheccse. 

./.  31.  AVn/c,  Kosteni  I'hurch,  1.  n.'t. 

archidiaconate  (iir  ki-iii-ak'mi-at),  h.    [<ML. 

nrchi'h'irinuitns,  <  L.  arehidiaronus :  see  arch- 
ileacon iiiid  -«/<•'.]  Tho  oflice  or  order  of  arch- 
deacons. 

archiepi8C0pacy(Hr'ki-e-pis'ko-pft-Hi),  w.  [As 
archil pi.tciip-nte  +  -ucy.'  Cf.  cpixmpacy.]  The 
slate  or  dignitv  of  an  archlilHliop. 

archiepiscopal  (iir'ki-e-pis'ko-pal),  n.  [<  L. 
iirrhii  iii.icojiii.i,  Hri'libisho|>:  see  nrehhishop.] 
I'erlaiiiiiig  lo  an  archbishop  or  to  liis  oflice:  as, 
Canterbury  is  an  archiejii.scopid  hoo. 

A  Kranclacan  friar  rode  bcfcirc  hini,  hearing  aloft  the 

inaMlvu  BllvoruruH,  tliu  archiepitteopnt  Mtnndard  of  Toledo. 

Prencoit,  Kent  and  lua.,  II.  ill. 

archleplflCOpallty  (iir'kl-e-iiiH-ko-pur.i-ti),  v. 
I '  iirrhii'pitmpid  +  -ily.]  'I'he  dignity  or  slate 
of  an  urchliisliop;  archiopiscoiiucy,     /'iif/cr. 


Archil  [Roccftia  tinctoria). 


archimandritate 

archiepiscopate  (,ar"ki-c-pis'ko-pat),  n.  [<  ML. 
*archirpiiicojiaiu.s,  <  archi-  +  episcopatus :  see 
archi-  and  rjiiscojiatc]  The  office  or  jurisdiction 

■of  an  archbishop;  an  archbishopric. 

archierey  (ar-ki'e-ri),  «.     [<  Russ.  arkhierH, 

<  txr.  apxicpcix,  d  high  priest,  <  apx-,  apxi-, 
chief,  fu'st,  -(-  itpeig  (>  Russ.  ierii),  a  priest,  < 
icpo^,  holy,  sacred.]  The  prelacy:  a  coUeotivo 
term  for  the  higher  orders  of  ecclesiastics  in 
the  Russian  Church,  including  metropolitans, 
archbishops,  and  bishops.     Finkcrton. 

arehigastrula  (iir-ki-gas'tro-lil),  n. ;  pi.  arehi- 
gastrula' (-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  cipxi-,  chief,  -I-  NL. 
gastnda.]  in.  cmbryol.,  a  bell-gastriUa ;  a  gas- 
trula  which  is  bell-shaped  or  has  the  form  of  a 
deep  cup.  resulting  fi-om  that  method  of  egg- 
cleavage  and  gastridation  supposed  to  be  prim- 
itive or  paliiigeuetie.  It  occure  in  various  animals, 
from  sponges  up  to  the  lowest  vertebrates.  See  metayas. 
truta,  and  cut  under  yastntlation. 

archigraphert  (ilr-kig'ra-fSr),  n.    [<  LL.  archi- 

grajilius,  <  Gr.  app-,  chief,  +  ypaftiv,  -write.  Cf. 
Gr.  apxiypauuaTevi;,  of  same  sense  and  same  ulti- 
mate origin.]  A  chief  secretar.v.  Blount. 
archil  (ar'kil),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  archall, 
archcl,  etc.,  con'upt  forms  of  orchil  (q.  v.),  < 
ME.  orchcll,  <  OF.  orchel,  orcheil,  orseil,  mod. 
P.  orseillc,  <  It.  orcclla,  oricello  =  OSp.  orchiUo, 
mod.  orchillii  —  Pg.  orxlla ;  origin  undeter- 
mined.] 1.  A  rich  violet, 
mauve,  or  piu'ple  coloring 
matter  obtained  from  cer- 
tain lichens,  especially 
the  Boccclhi  tinctoria  and 
J}.  fnciformis.—  2.  The 
lichen  from  which  the  dye 
is  obtained.  See  lioccella. 
It  is  bruised  between  stones, 
moistened  with  putrid  urine, 
and  nu.xed  with  quicklime  or 
other  alkaline  liquor.  It  first 
becomes  purplish-red  in  color, 
and  then  turns  to  violet.  In 
the  lii-st  state  it  is  called  archil, 
and  in  the  second  litmus.  Dyers 
rarely  use  archil  by  itself,  on 
account  of  its  dearness  and  the 
perisbalilcness  of  its  beauty. 
Tluy  employ  it  to  give  a  bloom 
til  other  colors,  as  pinks,  blues, 

and  libu-ks;  but  this  bloom  soon  decays.  Archil  is  used 
for  tinting  the  fluid  employed  in  spirit-tlicrmometel'a, 
while  litmus  is  employed  by  chemists  as  a  test  fur  acidity 
or  alkalinity. 

Also  written  orchil,  and  formerly  archall,  or- 
ehiil,  orchel,  orcheUa. 

Archilochian  (ar-ki-16'ki-an),  a.  [<  L.  Archi- 
loehiiis,  <  Gr.  'Apx'^^xeioi;,  pertaining  to  'ApX'^o- 
xoc,  L.  Arehilochiis,  a  poet  and  satirist  of  Pares, 
who  lived  about  700  B.  C]  1.  Pertaining  to 
Archilochus,  a  Greek  poet  of  Pares,  noted  for 
tho  bitterness  and  severity  of  his  satire. 
Hence  —  2.  Severe;  ill-natured:  as,  Archilo- 
chian  bitterness. — 3.  In  anc.  pros.,  noting  four 
stanzas  —  (1)  A  dactylic  hexameter  alternating 
with  a  penlhemim  (called  a  lesser  .Irchilochiini) 
or  {'2)  with  ail  ianibelegus.  (3)  An  iambic 
trimeter  alternating  with  an  elegianibus.  (4) 
A  verse  consisting  of  four  dactyls  and  three 
trochees  (called  a, greater  Archilochian)  alternat- 
ing with  an  iambic  trimeter  catalectie. 

archilowe  (.-h-'chi-lnu),  n.  [Sc,  also  archiloqh 
and  inrhHiigli,  a  corrupt  word;  according  to  tlio 
Imp.  Did.,  <  1).  //('(•-,  again,  +  geliig  (()D.  ghe- 
lingh),  share  of  e.x]iense  at  an  inn,  =  Sc.  laugh, 
lauch,  also  loirin,  liming,  tavern-shot,  reckon- 
ing: see  lowing  and  /i/H'l.]  The  return  wdiich 
oiu^  who  has  been  treated  in  an  inn  or  tavern 
sometimes  reckons  himself  boutul  in  honor  to 
make  to  tho  company,  when  he  calls  for  his 
botlh'  he  is  said  to  give  his  archilowe.  [Scotch.] 

1  priipose  that  this  gooil  little  gentleman  that  seems 
Riilr  rorfniighteii,  as  1  may  say,  in  this  tiiilyie,  shall  send 
fiir  a  ta.Hs  of  brandv,  and  I'li  pay  for  aiiother  by  way  of 
nrcliilfii;:  '  ,Sn,(l,  Hob  Koy,  xxvlll. 

archilute  (ilr'ki-lfit),  n.     [<  archi-  +  lute^.   See 

iirrhhile.]     Same  as  orchlutc. 
archimage  (iir'ki-maj),  n.     [FoniuMly  also,  as 

if  11..  iirrhiniiigo,  and  as  NL.  orchiinagus,  ([.  v.] 

A  chief  magician  or  enchanter;  a  wizard. 
The  i-haracter  of  sage  and  urcltinififie  had  fully  imprliiied 

il-i  It  .III  his  .■..unleiialiee.  Jincye.  Ilril.,  -\IV.  4(12. 

archimagUS  (iir-ki-mii'gua),  «.;  pi.  nrehimagi 

(-ji).     [Nlj.,<  dr.  ii^i,f///(i)or,  chiel  ofthi'magi, 

<  i';;),i7-,  chief,    +  /ii'iynr,   one   of  the   inagi :  s(>e 
tnagi.]     1.  Thel 
or  worshipers  of 
an  arehimage. 

archimandritate  (llr-ki-inan'dri-tat),  ».  [<  ar- 
cliiniiiiiilrile  +  -«/(■•'.  |  The  dignity,  oflice,  or 
)iroviiice  of  an  arehiiiiaiidrile. 


-■- J -.■^,   — n--  --■• 

liigh  i>rie8l  of  tho  Persian  magi, 
f  Sro. — 2.  A  chief  magician  ; 


Greek  Archimandrite. 


archimandrite 

archimandrite  (iir-ki-mau'drit),  n.  [<  ML.  ar- 
clUmainlrila,  <  LGr.  afixi/iavdpiT?/;  (Epiphanius), 
chief  of  a  monastery,  <  Gr. 
apx'-,  chief,  +  iidvt^pa,  a 
fold,  inclosiu-e,  eeeles.  a 
monastery.]  ia.t\iB  East- 
ern Church,  an  abbot-gen- 
eral, li;iving  other  abbots 
(hc(ii>umcnoi)  with  their 
monasteries  under  his  su- 
perintendence; also  some- 
times, especially  among 
the  Greeks,  the  abbot  of 
a  single  large  monastery. 
In  Russia  the  bishops  are  se- 
lected from  among  the  archi- 
mandrites. Tlie  title  has  been 
retained  among  tliose  who  seji- 
arated  from  the  Eastern  Church 
and  submitted  to  the  pope 
while  still  observing  the  Greel\ 
rite  (the  so-called  United 
Greeks),  and  their  monasteries 
are  now  subject  to  one  proto- 
archimandrite.   A  congregation 

of  Basilian  monks  existing  in  Sicily  before  the  eleventh 
century  has  been  under  the  care  of  an  archimaiulrite  ap- 
parently from  that  time.  Its  head  abbey  is  that  of  San 
Salvatore  in  Messina,  and  it  forms  an  exempt  archiman- 
dritate  immediately  dependent  on  the  pope.  In  the  early 
cliurch,  and  sometimes  during  the  middle  ages  in  the 
Western  Church,  the  word  was  used  vaguely  as  equivalent 
to  prdiilf. 

Archimedean  (ar"ki-me'de-au  or  -me-de'an), 
a.  [<  L.  Archimedeus,  <  Gr.  'ApxtpiSeioi;,  <  'Apxi-- 
p,ri&ri^,  L.  ArcMmedes.'\  Pertaijiing  to  Archi- 
medes, a  celebrated  mathematician,  born  at 
Syracuse  in  the  third  century  E.  c,  or  to  his 
mechanical  inventions — Archimedean  drill.  See 
dri«.— Archimedean  principle,  or  principle  of  Ar- 
chimedes, (a)  The  principle  of  the  equilibrium  of  the 
lever ;  namely,  that  a  lever  loaded  with  two  weights,  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  fulcrum,  is  in  equilibrium  when  the 
weights  are  inversely  proportional  to  the  length  of  the 
arms  at  whose  ends  they  hang,  and  that  the  pressure  on 
the  fulcrum  of  the  lever  is  then  exactly  equal  to  the  sum 
of  the  two  weights.  (6)  The  hydrostatical  principle,  also 
discovered  by  Archimedes,  that  a  body  immersed  in  a  fluid 
loses  an  amuiint  itf  weii^lit  equal  to  that  of  the  fluid  it  dis- 
places.—Archimedean  propeller,  a  propeller  consisting 
of  a  continuous  spiral  vane  on  a  hollow  core  running 
lengthwise  of  the  vessel.  It  is  an  aniplitication  and  ex- 
tension of  the  screw. — Archimedean  railway,  a  form  of 
railway  in  which  a  continuous  shaft  rotates  on  pillars  be- 
tween the  lines  of  rails,  and  propels  the  car  by  means  of  a 
screw  which  engages  in  a  pedestal  attached  to  the  car. — 
Archimedean  screw,  a  device  for  raising  water,  said  to 


Archimedean  Screw. 

have  been  invented  by  Archimedes.  It  is  made  by  forming 
a  spiral  tube  within,  or  by  winding  a  flexible  tube  spirally 
about,  a  cylinder.  \Mien  the  cylinder  is  placed  in  an  in- 
clined position,  and  the  lower  end  is  immersed  in  water, 
its  revolution  will  cause  the  water  to  move  upward  through 
the  spiral  chambers.  WTiatever  quantity  of  water  first  en- 
ters the  screw  immediately  descends  by  its  own  weight  to 
the  lowest  point  of  the  spiral ;  but  this  point  being  always 
shifted  higher  up  by  the  revolution  of  the  screw,  the  water 
may  thus  be  raised  to  a  considerable  height.  Also  called 
water-screw  and  spiral  pump. — Archimedean  solid,  one 
of  the  thirteen  solids  <k-scritit'd  by  .Vrchimedes,  which, 
without  being  regular,  have  all  their  solid  angles  alike,  all 
their  faces  regular,  and  not  less  than  four  faces  of  anyone 
kind :  sometimes  incorrectly  called  semi-regular  solids. 
They  are  the  truncated  tetrahedron,  the  cuboctahedron,  the 
truncated  octahedron,  the  truncated  cube,  the  rhombicuboc- 
tahedron,  the  truncated  cuboctahedron,  the  icosidodeca- 
hedroti,  the  truncated  icosahedron,  the  truncated  dodeca- 
hedron, the  snub-cube,  the  rhombicosidodecahedron,  the 
truncated  icosidodecahedron,  and  the  snub-dodecahedron. 
See  these  terms. 
archimonerula  (iir"ki-mo-ner'o-la),  «. ;  pi.  ar- 
chimoncrukc  (-le).  [N'L.,<;  Gr.  apxi-,  first,-!-  NL. 
moncrula.']  In  emhrtjol.,  a  term  invented  by 
Haeekel  and  defined  by  him  as  a  cytod  in  which 
the  formative  and  the  nutritive  yolk  are  not  dis- 
tinct. It  is  a  special  name  for  the  monerula  stage  of  a 
holoblastic  egg  which  undergoes  palingenetie  or  primitive 
as  well  as  total  cleavage,  and  the  several  succeeding  stages 
of  which  are  an  archicytula,  archimorula,  archiblastula, 
and  archigastrula. 
archimorula  (ar-ki-mor'g-la),  n. ;  pi.  arcMmoru- 
te(-le).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ap,t'-,  first,  +  NL.  morula.'] 
In  embrijol.,  the  morula  or  mulberry-mass  which 
results  from  the  total  and  equal  segmentation 
of  the  vitellus  or  yolk  of  an  archicytula ;  a  sol- 
id, generally  globular,  mass  of  eleavage-eells 
which  proceed  to  develop  an  archiblastula  and 
archigastrula. 
archinephra,  «.    Plural  of  archinephron. 


297 

archinephric  (ar-ki-nef'rik),  a.  [<  archineph- 
ron +  -ic.']  Pertaining  to  an  archinephron  or 
jnimitive  Ividuey:  as,  the  archinephric  duct. 

archinephron  (ar-ki-nef 'ron),  «. ;  pi.  archi- 
nephra (-rii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apx^-,  first,  +  vetjipir, 
kidney.]  In  cmhryol.,  the  primitive  or  rudi- 
mentary, as  distinguished  from  the  final  defin- 
itive, renal  excretory  organ  of  an  animal ;  the 
primitive  Iddnoy. 

arching  (iir'ching),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  arch'^.'] 
Arched  work  or  formation ;  the  arched  portion 
of  a  structure, 

archipelagian  (ar"ki-pe-la'ji-an),  a.  Same  as 
archipclojiic. 

archipelagic  (ar"ki-pe-la,i'ik),  a.  [<  archipel- 
ayo  +  -ic]   Of  or  pertaining  to  an  archipelago. 

The  archipelagic  fringe  of  coast  line. 

Fortnightly  Reo.,  XXXIX.  67. 

archipelago  (ar-ki-pel'a-gd),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  archpekujo,  also  archipelage  andLarchipelar/us 
(and  abbr.  archipel  =  D.  G.  archipel,  <  F.  archipcl 
=  Pr.  archipel;  cf.  early  mod.  F.  archipelatjue) 
=  OSp.  arcipielago,  Sp.  archipielago  =  OPg.  ar- 
cepelago,  Pg.  archipelago  (cf.  Dan.  arkipclag, 
arkipelagu.'i,  Euss.  arkhipelagit,  NGr.  apxttrtAa- 
yoq,  ML.  archipelagus),  <  It.  arcipelago,  orig.  the 
.<35gean  sea,  lit.  the  chief  gulf  or  sea  (in  dis- 
tinction from  minor  bodies  of  water  to  which 
the  term  pelaejo,  ML.  pelagus,  was  applied), < 
arci-  (L.,  etc.,  archi-),  chief,  principal,  +  pelago 
(=  Sp.  piclago  =  Pg.  pelago,  pego  =  Pr.  pcleg), 
gulf,  abyss,  pool,  sea,  <  ML.  L.  pelagus,  <  Gr. 
TTf/layof,  sea:  seepe/aj/ic]  1.  [ca^j.]  Originally 
and  specifically,  the  sea  which  separates  Greece 
from  Asia  Minor,  otherwise  called  the  .3!]gean 
sea,  studded  with  a  number  of  small  islands. 
Hence,  generally — 2.  Any  body  of  water 
abounding  with  islands,  or  the  islands  them- 
selves collectively. 

Archipolypoda  (iir "ki-po-lip'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  apxi;  first,  -t-  Pob/poda,  pi.  of  Polypus, 
q.  v.]  A  group  of  fossil  myriapods  fi'om  the 
Carboniferous  formation  of  Illinois  and  Great 
Britain,  related  to  the  Chilognatha,  but  having 
the  tergites  small  and  armed  with  large  spines, 
the  sternites  proportionally  large  and  bearing 
crateriform  cups,  supposed  to  be  possibly  gill- 
supports.  The  Archipolypoda  had  two  legs  to  each  seg- 
ment, as  in  the  extant  Diplopoda,  and  appear  to  have  be- 
come extinct  in  the  Paleozoic  epoch.  Three  families  have 
been  recognized,  Archides^nidce,  Euphorberiidce,  and  Ar- 
chiulkhv. 

Mr.  Scudder  has  proposed  the  name  Archipolypoda  for 
a  group  of  fossil  myriapods  which,  while  closely  related  to 
the  Chilorrnatha,  show  several  important  points  of  differ- 
ence.       '  Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  11.  12S. 

archipolypodan  (ar"ki-po-lip'o-dan),  n.  One 
of  the  Archipolypoda. 

archipolypodous  (ar"ki-po-lip'o-dus),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  ha\'ing  the  characters  of  the  Archi- 
polypoda. 

archippUS  (ar-kip'us),  H.  [NL.,  in  form  as  Gr. 
'Jipjfin-TTof,  a  proper  name.]  A  buttei-fly,  Da- 
naus  archippus:  the  technical  specific  name 
used  as  an  English  word. 

Archiptera  (ar-kip'te-rii),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apX'-j  lii'st,  +  TTTepov,  wiiig.]  In  Haeckel's  sys- 
tem of  classification,  an  order  of  hexapodous 
metabolous  winged  insects,  equivalent  to  the 
P.seudoueuroptera  of  other  authors. 

archipterygium  (ar"kip-te-rij'i-um),  re.;  pi. 
archipterygia  (-&).  [NL.,  <Gr.  op^!-,  first,  chief, 
-t-  TTTepvyiov,  dim.  of  Trrepv^,  a 
wing,  <  iTTspov,  a  wing,  =  E. 
feather.]  The  archetypal  form 
or  primitive  tji^e  of  the  skele- 
ton of  the  Hmbs  of  vertebrates. 
It  was  supposed  by  Gegenbaur  to  be 
most  nearly  approximated  in  nature 
by  the  pectoral  member  or  fln  of  the 
ceratodontids,  but  this  view  has  not 
been  generally  accepted;  by  others 
the  pectoral  member  of  a  primitive 
selachian  is  believed  to  appro.ximate- 
ly  realize  the  idea. 

I  have  given  the  name  of  Archipte- 
rygium to  the  ground-form  of  the  skel- 
eton, which  extends  from  the  limb- 
bearing  girdle  into  the  free  appendage. 
Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (tr.),  p.  473. 

archistome  (ar'ki-stom),  n.  [< 
Gr.  dp  XI-,  first,  +  aro/ja,  mouth.] 
In  sool,  the  primitive  elongat- 
ed blastopore  of  Bilateralia. 

The  primitively  elongated  mouth  of 
the  larvie  of  Bilateralia,  with  an  ex- 
tended body-axis,  or  any  derived  form 
of  the  latter,  or  wherever  there  is  formed  a  well-defined, 
unpaired  median  neural  plate,  or  where  a  pair  of  parallel 
neural  plates  or  cords  are  developed,  I  would  call  the  whole 
area  thus  embraced  an  archistome. 

J.  A.  Ryder,  Amer.  Naturalist,  1885,  p.  1117. 


Cartila^nous  skel. 
eton  of  a  hmb  ( archip- 
terygium) of  Cera, 
iadits  /orsteri,  the 
large  upper  piece  ar- 
ticulating with  the 
Iimt>root. 


architecture 

architect  (iir'ki-tekt),  n.  [=  F.  architecte  =  It. 
architetto,  <  L.  architectus,  also  architecton,  <  Gr. 
dpxiTeKTuv,  chief  builder,  chief  artificer,  <  dpxi-, 
chief,  +  TCKTcrp,  a  worker,  esp.  in  wood,  a  car- 
penter, joiner,  builder:  see  t^;cloiiic.]  1.  A 
person  skilled  in  the  art  of  building;  one  who 
understands  architecture,  or  whose  profession 
it  is  to  form  plans  and  designs  of  buildings  and 
superintend  the  execution  of  them.  Hence  — 
2.  One  who  plans,  designs,  or  consummates  any 
complex  thing:  as,  the  supremo  Architect  of 
the  universe ;  he  is  the  architect  of  his  own  for- 
tunes.— 3.  One  who  contrives,  devises,  or  plots. 
Chief  architect  and  plotter  of  these  woes. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  3. 

architective  (ar'M-tek-tiv),  a.  [<  architect  + 
-ive.]     Used  in  building ;  proper  for  building. 

architectonic  (ar'ki-tek-ton'ii),  a.  and  n.  T=  ' 
F.  architectonique,  <  L.  architectonicus,  <  Gr. 
apxiTenToviKoq,  pertaining  to  architecture,  fem. 
apxtrenToviKT/,  n.,  architecture,  <  apxiThruv,  chief 
workman:  see  architect.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  architecture;  hence,  pertaining  or  relating 
to  construction  or  design  of  any  kind. 

The  Archaeologist  cannot  fail  to  remark  how  severe,  in 
a  true  age  of  art,  is  the  observance  of  this  great  Architec. 
tonic  law  —  how  its  influence  pervades  all  design  —  how  the 
pictures  on  Greek  vases,  or  the  richly  embossed  and  chased 
work  of  the  mediasval  goldsmiths,  are  all  adjusted  to  the 
form  and  surface  allotted  to  them  by  an  external  necessity. 
C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Arehseol.,  p.  34. 

2.  Skilled  in  architecture ;  expert  in  designing 
or  constructing. — 3.  Relating  to  the  construc- 
tion of  a  complete  and  scientifically  arranged 
theory  or  system  of  doctrine. — 4.  Having  the 
same  relation  to  something  as  that  of  an  archi- 
tect to  his  work ;  designing;  controlling;  gov- 
erning; directive. 

In  the  language  of  Aristotle,  which  of  these  two  [Culture 
and  Religion]  is  the  arc/it(ec(onic  or  master-art  which  pre- 
scribes to  all  the  other  arts  and  occupations  of  life  their 
functions,  as  the  master-builder  prescribes  their  duties  to 
his  workmen?    J.  C.  Shairp,  Culture  and  Religion,  p.  28. 

Architectonic  idea.   See  Wca.— Architectonic  imity, 

the  unity  .ir  union  nf  the  parts  of  a  theory  or  system  which 
springs  from  the  principles  upon  which  the  theory  or  sys- 
tem depends. 

II.  w.  1.  The  science  of  architecture.  Also 
architectonics. —  2.  In  logic,  the  art  of  construct- 
ing systems. 

By  architectonic  I  understand  the  art  of  constructing  sys- 
tems.   Kant,  Critique  of  Pure  Reason  (tr.  by  Jlax  Jltjller). 

Of  these  two  sciences,  .  .  .  that  which  treats  of  those 
conditions  of  knowledge  which  lie  in  the  nature,  not  of 
thought  itself,  but  of  that  which  we  think  about,  .  .  .  has 
been  called  .  .  .  architectonic,  in  so  far  as  it  treats  of  the 
method  of  building  up  our  observations  into  system. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic,  App.  No.  I.  (1866),  II.  230. 

architectonical  (ar"ki-tek-ton'i-kal),  a.    Same 
as  architectonic. 
Geometrical  and  architectonical  artists. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Misc.  Tracts,  p.  6. 

architectonically  (ar"ki-tek-ton'i-kal-i),  adv. 
In  an  architectonic  manner ;  according  to  true 
structural  principles  or  fitness. 

architectonics  (ar'ki-tek-ton'iks),  n.pl.  Same 
as  architectonic,  n.,  1. 

architectort  (ar'ki-tek-tor),  n.  [ML.,  for  L. 
architectus,  architecton :  see  architect.]  1.  An 
architect. — 2.  A  superintendent. 

architectress  (ar'ki-tek-tres),  n.  [<  architector 
-f  -ess.]  A  female  architect.  Sir  M.  Wotton, 
Reliquiae.     [Rare.] 

architectural  (iir-ki-tek'tur-al),  a.  [=  F.  ar- 
chitectural;  <  architectitre  +  -ill.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  architecture  or  the  art  of  building; 
according  to  the  principles  of  architecture. — 
Architectural  notation.    See  notation. 

architecturalist  (ar-M-tek'tur-al-ist),  n.  [< 
architectural  +  -ist.]  A  professed  student  of, 
or  connoisseur  in,  architecture.     A".  E.  D. 

architecturally  (ar-ki-tek'tur-al-i),  adr.  In  an 
architectural  manner;  witfi  regard  to  architec- 
tural principles;  fi-om  an  architectural  point 
of  view. 

architecture  (iir'ki-tek-tur),  n.  [=  F.  archi- 
Ctr/H/t  =  It.  architettura,  <  L.  architecttira,  K  ar- 
chitectus, architect:  see  architect.  The  Gr.  word 
is  dpxtTEKTOvla,  <  dpxtTCKTuv;  also  ipxirei^rovnd/: 
see  architectonic]  1.  The  art  of  building,  spe- 
cifically of  fine  or  beautiful  building.  Architec- 
ture includes,  in  the  widest  sense,  (1)  the  luinciples  of 
design  and  of  ornament  as  applied  to  building;  (2)  the 
science  of  construction,  including  the  properties  of  ma- 
terials and  the  methods  of  combining  them ;  and  (3)  the 
practice  of  construction,  including  estimates  of  cost  and 
the  directing  of  builders  and  workmen.  The  pr.aetice  of 
this  art  requires  skill  in  design,  which  is  the  special  prov- 
ince of  the  architect,  and  skill  in  execution,  which  is  the 
special  province  of  the  workmen  whom  the  architect 
employs  and  directs.  It  is  the  ftmction  of  skill  in  archi- 
tectural design  to  combine  in  a  harmonious  scheme  the 
independent  and  often  hostile  requirements  (1)  of  use 


architecture 

and  convenience  as  dictated  by  the  conditions  of  the  prob- 
lem in  hand;  (21  ol"  ct'ostructive  necessity  and  titness  as 

'  •  - r  .  ;.v  ..  i.y  practical  experience  or  by  scientific 

artistic  excellence  both  in  the  propov- 
!;>l  in  the  decorative  treatment  of  de- 

till-.  1..  ->'.-■'- V  "ith  either  the  general  principles  and 

canons  of  good  taste  or  the  prescriptions  of  custom  or 
tradition.    It  is  the  function  of  skill  in  execution  pracli- 

'-    ■ — -V  t.tut  the  scheme  so  desif^jed:  and  this  skill 

l.y  draftsmen,  sun'eyors,  mechanics,  arti- 

,-t5,  each  in  his  place.   Architecture  is  prop- 

-hed  from  mere  building  by  the  presence  of 

■  '.■  or  artistic  element.     The  must  important 

:'iistor>-  of  architecture  are  the  Eu'yptian,  As- 

^..1.1  ..  wwicuic.  Roman,  Byzantine.  Medieval  (including 

K<.imanesque  and  Pointed),  Kenaissance,  and  .Arabic.    (See 

these  and  other  adjectives  characterizing  architectural 

styles.)    The  various  later  medieval  styles  are  commonly 

included  under  the  vague  and  misleadiug  term  Gothic 

(which  see). 

Archite^urf,  the  art  of  building,  includes  two  elements, 
the^jrj'  and  practice.  The  former  comprehends  the  fine- 
art  side  proper,  the  body  of  general  rules  inspired  by 
taste  and  based  on  tradition,  and  the  science,  which  ad- 
mits of  demonstration  by  means  of  invariable  and  abso- 
lute formulas.  Practice  is  the  application  of  theory  to 
particular  needs ;  it  is  practice  which  causes  the  art  and 
the  science  to  conform  to  the  nature  of  materials,  to 
climate,  to  the  customs  of  a  period,  or  to  the  necessities 
of  the  occasion. 

V'iMet-U-Due,  Diet  de  VArchitecture  (trans.),  1. 116. 
We  mtist  consider  Architecture  as  the  great  law  which 
has  in  all  time  regulated  the  growth  and  affected  the 
form  of  painting  and  sculpture,  till  they  attain  to  a  certain 
period  in  their  development,  and  free  themselves  from  its 
influence.  C  T.  Xeirton,  .\rt  and  .\rcha;ol.,  p.  29. 

Architecture  and  eloquence  are  mixed  arts,  whose  end 
Is  sometimes  l)eauty  and  sometimes  use.  J^merson. 

2.  The  buildings  or  other  objects  produced  b.v 
architecture  as  defined  above. — 3.  The  char- 
acter or  stj-le  of  building:  as,  the  architecture 
of  Paris. — 4.  Construction  and  formative  de- 
sign of  any  kind. 

The  foniiation  of  the  first  earth  being  a  piece  of  divine 
architecture,  ascribed  to  a  particular  providence. 

T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 
Civil  architecture^  the  branch  of  architecture  having 
to  do  with  buildings  ftir  the  purposes  of  civil  life. — Mili- 
tary architecture,  the  branch  of  architecture  which  has 
t.d't  with  buildings  for  military  purjmses:  to  some  extent 
c<jextcn5ive  with  military  engineering.— Naval  archi- 
tecture, the  s*.-ience  and  practice  of  the  designing  and  con- 
-inii  til -n  ol  ships  and  of  their  engines  aiul  appurtenances. 
architectore  (Ur'ki-tek-tur),  v.  t.  [<  architec- 
ture, ».]    To  construct;  build.     [Eare.] 

This  was  architectur'd  thus 

l:y  the  great  (iceanus.         Keats,  Fingal'sCave. 

Architeuthis  (iir-ki-tii'this),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ujjxi;  lii-st,  chief,  +  vcvOi;,  squid.]  A  genus  of 
monster  cephalopods,  or  giant 
squids,  of  the  family  Omma- 
strejihidte,  and  related  to  Om- 
ynnntrephcs  except  in  size. 
Several  8]H.'cic8  are  tfescribed,  as  A. 
prineepn,  A.  harveifi,  and  A.  ineaap- 
tera.  .Some  specimens  are  said  to 
attain  a  total  length  of  upward  of  50 
feet.  These  animals  furnish  the 
basis  of  fact  for  the  fabulous  mon* 
Bters  known  as  devil-fishes. 

fine  of  the  giant  squids,  belonging, 
<loubtlefW,  to  the  genus  Architeu- 
thU.  The  whalers  have  long  had  ac- 
countx  of  the  sperm  whale  eating 
giatit  iM|uid,  |Hirtir>ns  of  the  arms 
being  vomited  by  these  animals  in 
their  death  flurry,  but  science  has 
recogni7A-d  the  existence  of  these  huge 
nionstvre  for  only  a  few  years. 

.S(aii//.  A'af.  Hint.,  I.  377. 


Giant  Squid  {^rchi- 
truthtt  ttux\,  (From 
KciKtrt  of  U.  S.  Fisll 

Coiiiitiusion,  1884.) 


architonnerre  (iir-shi-to- 
mr'),  «.  [!•'.,<  Gr.  ii\<X'-t  cliief, 
+  V.  toniierrc,  thunder,  thun- 
derbolt, chamber  (of  a  gun,  etc.),  <  L.  tmiitrus, 
thunder.]  A  form  of  steam-gun  described  by 
Leonardo  da  Vinci,  and  supposed  to  liavo  been 
devised  by  .\rchimedes,  which  discharged  iron 
bnlls  with  grojit  noise. 
architrave  (iii'ki-trav),  n.  [=F.  architrave,  < 
It.  nriJitirnri ,  <  L.  archi-  (see  itrchi-),  chief,  -I- 
It.  trare,<.  \j.  triihcm,  ace.  of  trabu,  a  beam.] 
1.  In  nrrh. :  («)  The  lovver  division  of  an  entab- 
laturo;  that  member  which  rests  imineiliately 
on  th"'  '''iliiinn  and  supports  those  portions  of 
Ih"  Mtnntiiro  wliich  are  above  it.  See  cut 
uiidiT  iiiliihlaturr.  {!>)  The  oniamental  mold- 
iiif  ripiiniTif  round  the  extrados  of  an  arch. 
I  'tilt,  (e)  Homelimes,  lessprop- 
I  "■nrichmciits  on  the  faces  of 
:.!■  ji.iii.n  1  ■  i  111  111  of  a  door,  window,  or  other 
.\|ko  raUeil  iintrjiiiiimiut. —  2.  In 
i  '  '  r  I),  iitn,  or  chief  sniijiortiT,  in 
Miian  fori  ideation.  Archl- 
ttnri'  In  wlii'b  the  rornjrre  rcdtH 
tilt*  frlcM'  Ih-Iiik  omitt<;d. 
U),  "■  [<  <Jr.  Iii>xi-,  first, 
lieel,  hoop:  see  trnchi.^ 
■  il  eiliateil  girdb*  or  baml 
•  h  of  thi'  I'innuhi  in  many 
I  I  iiiorjiiH.     E.  It.  J.iinkeiiler. 


opi-ning. 

t':,!..     t!„ 


archi' 


298 

It  [the  oral  ciliated  band)  was  probably  primitively  a 
mouth-organ  of  the  ancestral  gastrulated  architroch,  simi- 
lar to  the  circlet  of  cilia  in  the  Protozoa  ciliata. 

Hyatt,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  X.  11.,  1SS4,  p.  87. 

architypograpiier  (iir'ki-ti-pog'ra-fer),  «. 
[<  archi-  +  typofirapher.']  The  chie'  university 
printer  at  Oiford,  an  office  established  in  1636. 
lie  is  the  director  of  the  Oxford  press.  By  Laud's  statutes, 
•'He  is  to  be  a  person  well  instructed  in  Greek  and  Latin 
Uteratiu-e,  and  of  great  experience  in  philological  pur- 
suits ;  and  it  will  be  his  duty  to  preside  over  tile  opera- 
tions of  printing  in  the  university  priirting  office,  and  to 
take  care  that  the  printing  materials  and  furniture  are  all 
of  the  choicest  in  their  several  kinds.  In  works  issuing 
from  the  public  press  of  the  university,  he  is  to  prescribe 
the  scale  of  the  tjTjes,  the  quality  of  the  paper,  and  the 
size  of  the  margins,  and  to  set  right  the  errata  of  the 
correctors,  and  to  take  diligent  care  in  all  other  particu- 
lars which  concern  the  ornsmient  and  perfection  of  the 
work."    He  is  also  ex  ujHeio  upper  bedel  in  civil  law. 

Archiulidse  (iir-ki-u'U-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
cldiiliis  +  -(>?«•.]  A  family  of  fossil  archi- 
poh-podous  myriapods.     Sciidder,  186S. 

Archiulus  (ar-ki-u'lus),  ii.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apxi-, 
first,  -f-  XL.  lulus,  q.  v.]  The  tyjiical  genus 
of  the  family  Jrchiulidte. 

archivat  (ar-ki'va),  «.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  archivum  : 
see  archive.']     Archives. 

The  Christians  were  able  to  make  good  what  they  as- 
serted by  appealing  to  those  records  kept  in  the  Roman 
arcl'n'a.  Dr.  II.  More,  Godhness. 

archival  (ar-ld'val  or  iir'ki-val),  a.  [<.  archive] 
Pertaining  to  archives  or  records;  contained 
in  records. 

archive  (iir'ldv  or  -Idv),  n.     [<  F.  archives,  pi., 

<  L.  archivum,  also  archium  (pi.  archiva),  a 
place  where  records  are  kept,  the  records  them- 
selves, <  Gr.  apxciov,  a  public  building,  hence  pi. 
TO  apxeia,  the  public  records  there  kept,  prop, 
neuter  of  *apxtio(,  adj.,  pertaiuing  to  ofiiee,  < 
apxr/,  office,  government,  rule,  <  apxcf,  rule,  be 
fii'st:  see  ore/;-.]  1.  Aplacew'here  public  records 
or  other  historical  documents  are  kept :  nowonly 
in  the  plural. — 2.  A  record  or  document  pre- 
served in  evidence  of  something ;  in  the  plural, 
documents  or  records  relating  to  the  rights, 
pririleges,  claims,  treaties,  constitutions,  etc., 
of  a  family,  corporation,  community,  or  nation. 

A  most  impleasant  archive  or  register. 

Uallaml,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  IKi. 
God  hath  n.-nv 
Sponged  and  made  blank  of  crimefui  record  all 
Aly  mortal  archives.       Tennyson,  St.  Simeon  Stylitcs. 
The  social  conditions  represented  in  the  Homeric  poems 
cannot  be  mere  figments.    By  the  Greeks  they  were  always 
regarded  as  perfectly  real,  as  arehii^-s,  so  to  speak,  from 
which  very  definite  claims  and  prerogatives  were  derived. 
Van  Ranke,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  121. 
=  Syn.  1.  Record-office,  registry. — 2.  Registers,  chroni- 
cles, annals,  muniments. 
archivist  (Ur'ki-  or  Sr'ki-vist),  n.     [=  F.  archi- 
vislc  =  Sp.  It.  archivista,  <  ILL.  archivista :  see 
archive  and  -('.?<.]     A  keeper  of  archives  or  rec- 
ords. 

The  learned  archivist  of  the  Vatican,  whose  researches 
have  led  to  striking  results  in  reference  t<»  the  foundation 
of  the  University  of  Paris.      Amer.  Jour.  Philol.,  VI.  illKl. 

archivolt  (iir'ki-volt  or -volt),  v.  [=F.  archi- 
vdltc, <  it.  archivolto  (cf .  ML.  archivoltum),  appar. 

<  archi-,  chief,  +  volto,  rolta,  vault,  arch:  see 
archi-  and  vault,  and  cf.  architrave :  but  It.  arco- 
rolto  is  based  on  area,  arch,  -t-  valtti.  volta,  vault, 
arch.]  An  ornamental  molding  or  band  of  mold- 
ings on  the  face  of  an  arch  following  the  eoiit  our 
of  the  extrados ;  an  arch-molding.  Also  called 
architrave.  Archivott  is  sometimes  incorrectly  used  fur 
soJKt.  The  terra  is  applied  spcciflcally  to  the  arches  of 
any  arched  construction,  upon  which,  us  upon  the  archi- 
trave in  columnar  construction,  rests  the  weight  of  the 
Huperini]>osed  portion  of  the  edifice.  VioUet-te-Due. 
Archivolt  of  a  bridge,  the  curved  line  form<'il  liy  llu' 

CXterinf  MjipiT  cdk'CS  of   tllC  Urch-StOllCS  ill  tllC  fllCC  of  tllC 

w.iik. 
archlute  (iircli'hlt),  n.  [<  arch-  -t-  /k/i'.]  A 
lai-f,'!'  liiiHS  lute,  double-necked  like  tlie  theorbo 
and  chitaiTone,  and  differing  from  tlicm  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  longer  strings.  Also  writ- 
ten archilule. 
archly  (iirch'li),  adv.  In  an  andi  manner; 
coyly. 

lie  bow'd,  and  archly  amileil  at  what  he  said. 
Civil  but  sly.  Crnlilir,  Parish  lleglslvr. 

And  the  glances  of  the  Crcidc 
Were  still  lut  arehlit  deep. 

Whilticr,  Tlie  Sln»o  8hlp«. 
archmagician  (iirch-ma-.iisli'iin),  >i.      [<  arrh- 
+  iiiiiiiicKin.  i'f.archimiiiir.]    A  chief  miigii'iiin; 
a  grout  wizard. 
archmarshal  (iirch-Tniir'shiil),  n.      [<  arrh-  -I- 
iniirnti<il ;  =  (J.  er:inarsclmll.]    The  ^inil  mar- 
shal of  the  old  German  (wnpire,  a  dignity  which 
beloiigeil  to  the  Klector  of  Saxony. 
arch-mockt  (ilreh-mok'),  ».     [<  arch-  +  mtirl:] 
Kxtremo   mockery   or   bitterest  jest;   th'epest 
si-om. 


Archoplites 

O,  'tis  the  spite  of  hell,  the  fiend's  arch-mock  f 

Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  1.  , 

arch-molding  (arch'mol'diug),  «.    [<  arch^  -I- 

luoUliiiij.]     Same  as  archivolt:  used  especially 

of  medieval  arcliitecture. 
archness  (iirch'nes),  n.     [<  arch^  -I-  -uess.]  The 

quality  of  being  arch;  slyness  without  malice; 

cunning ;  waggishness ;  roguishnes.s ;  pleasing 

coyness :  as, "  di'yness  and  archness  of  humour," 

J.  Warton,  Pope,  p.  68. 

Tliere  was  a  mixture  of  sweetness  and  archness  in  her 

manner  which  made  it  difticult  for  her  to  artro.nt  anybody. 
Jane  Austen,  Pride  and  Prejudice,  p.  44. 

archology  (iir-kol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  hpx'l,  begin- 
ning, origin,  rule,  government  (see  arch-),  -\- 
-'/o}ia,  <  '/.iyetv,  speak  :  see  -ology.]  1.  The  doe- 
trine  of  the  origin  of  things.  X.  E.  D.  —  2.  The 
science  of  government.  X.  E.  D. — 3.  The  the- 
ory of  first  principles  of  knowledge. 

archon  (iir'kon),  H.  [L.,  <  Gr.  dpxav,  a  ruler, 
orig.  ppr.  of  apxeiv,  rule,  be  first:  see  arch-.] 

1.  A  chief  magistrate  of  some  states  in  ancient 
Greece,  anc^  particularly  Athens.  After  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  title  of  king  in  .\ttica  there  was  chosen  a  single 
archon,  who  exercised  for  life  essentially  royal  preroga- 
tives. The  terra  of  office  w.as  afterward  reduced  to  ten 
years,  and  in  6S3  B.  C.  it  was  made  annual,  and  the  duties 
of  the  arrhonship  were  distributed  among  nine  persons. 
The  first  was  the  archon  eponynws  (name-giving  archon),  , 
whose  functions  were  executive  and  jmlicial,  and  whose 
name  was  given  in  official  acts,  etc.,  to  the  year  of  his  ser- 
vice ;  the  second  was  the  archon  basilcus  (archon  king), 
whose  duties  were  chiefly  religious  and  ceremonial;  the 
third  w.as  ihearclion  potemarchos  (archon  generalissimo), 
who  was,  first  in  fact  and  then  nominally,  commander  of 
the  military  power ;  and  the  remaining  six  were  the  thes- 
inothet(e,  or  administrators  of  justice,  whose  most  impor- 
tant duty  it  was  to  pass  carefully  in  review,  each  year,  the 
whole  body  of  laws  of  the  state,  in  order  to  make  sure  that 
no  errors  or  contradictions  had  crept  in.  that  icpcalcd  laws 
Intd  been  duly  canceled,  and  that  repetition  "as  avoided. 
It  rested  with  the  thesinotheta;,  also,  to  see  that  all  the 
laws  of  the  republic  that  were  in  vigor  were  strictly  en- 
forcedj  and  to  bring  to  trial  any  public  ollicial  who  had 
failed  m  his  trust.  At  the  eiul  of  their  year  of  office,  all  the 
archous,  unless  they  were  found  gtiilty  of  nnilfeasance,  by 
virtue  of  their  office  entered  the  council  of  the  Areopagus. 

2.  In  the  Byzantine  empire :  "(«)  One  of  a 
number  of  great  court  officers,  (h)  A  title  as- 
sumed by  the  Frankish  barons  'who  established 
themselves  in  Greece  after  the  fourth  crusade, 
in  the  thirteenth  century. — 3.  In  modem 
Greece,  a  person  in  autliority,  as  a  magistrate, 
a  presiding  officer  of  some  societies,  etc. — 4. 
Any  ruler  or  governor. —  5.  In  various  Gnostic 
systems,  one  of  several  spiritual  powers  su- 
perior to  angels,  believed  to  be  the  rulei's  of 
the  several  heavens.  According  to  Basilides,  the 
great  archon  is  the  highest  cosniical  power  and  the  creator 
of  the  ogdoad  or  ethereal  world,  having  below  him  the 
archon  who  created  and  rules  the  hebdomad  or  lower 
Iilanetary  heaven.     .See  archonlie,  hetntomad.  and  oiidoad. 

6.  [NL.]  In  ro/)/.,  the  human  animal;  man,  as 
a  member  of  the  groiij)  .Irchoutia. —  7.  [_c<ip.] 
[NL.]  Incntom.i  (a)  A  genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects.  Hiihner,  18212.  (b)  A  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects.  Kirhy,  1H'2G. 
archonshlp  (iir'kon-ship),  II.  [<  archoii  +  -.■ihip.] 
Tlie  office  or  the  term  of  office  of  an  archon. 

On  llie  i'xpirati(ni  of  the  arehi>nshi/i  of  I'ryxias,  it  was 
resolved  that  the  olfice  should  he  annual,  and  that  there 
should  he  nine  persons  to  execute  it. 

J.  Ailams,  W.irks,  IV.  476. 

archont  (iir'kont),  h.  [<  NL.  archoii{t-),  sing. 
of  .trchnutia,  q.  v.]  A  member  of  the  zoSlogi- 
eal  group. JccAow/m  ,•  a  man. 

archontate  (ilr'kon-tat),  v.  [<  archon(t-)  -I- 
-iil/'-K  I  'I'lie  otiicoof  an  archon,  or  the  term  for 
wliich  an  archon  was  elected.     X.  K.  1). 

Archontia  (iir-kon'ti-ii,),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neul.  pi. 
of  archdii,  <  Gr.  ("i/),V'Ji',  ruling:  see  archon.]  In 
some  zoological  systems,  a  jirimo  division  of 
iiiainmals,  represented  by  man  alone,  u  is  coii- 
Icrmiiiovis  with  (he  old.rs  .Ueli.nreiihalii  of  Owen,  Hi- 
iminii  of  Itlnmciihncli  aii'l  Ciivicr,  aiul  /i('/"*i/(r  of  others, 
ami  Willi  tile  faiiiiiy  //o;/o;t/i/<r  ami  gcnns  Itonio. 

Archontic  (iir-kon'tik),  II.  [<  LL.  archoiilirii.i, 
<  Gr.  iip\nvTiK(ic,  jicrtainiiig  ti)  ari'lioiis  (>  LGr. 
o'l  '.\px"rrimi,  Ai'chontics),  <  iip\ijy,  ruler:  see 
arrhoii.]  One  of  a  sect  of  the  fourth  ccntiirv, 
originating  in  I'alcstine,  apparently  an  offshoot 
of  the  Ophites:  so  called  from  their  belief,  in 
comnuin  with  other  Gnostic  sects,  in  archonsor 
rulers  of  the  several  heavens.  They  rejected  ba|)- 
limn  am!  Ilie  I'Ueliarlsf.  iileiitilled  the  Goil  o'f  thi'. lews  with 
tile  devil,  and  used  to  sprinkle  their  dead  with  water  and 
oil  to  ni;d<e  them  Invisibli^  and  put  them  beyond  the  reach 
of  tile  licio'enly  powelH. 

Archoplites  (iir-koji-li'ir^z),  ».  [NL,,  <  Gr.  iip- 
.V'i';,  aieailer,  +  tiirAiTi/i;,  heavy-armed:  see  Ao;j- 
liti:]   A  genus  of  ])(^rcoid  fishes.    A  single  species, 

A.  interruiittts,  ocetirM  on  the  rarlllc  slope  of  North 
America.  It  resembli's  the  rocU-hass,  has  7  Itranchiosto- 
gal  i-ays,  and  attalini  a  length  of  a  foot  or  more,     (Jill, 

mn. 


archpillar 

archpillar  (areh'pil'iir),  "•     l<  areh- +  pillar.^ 
A  main  or  principal  pillar ;  a  chief  support. 
Archpillar  and  foiiiuiatiun  of  human  society. 

Ihinnar,  tr.  oi  Htza's  Sermons,  p.  21H. 

archpoet  (ilrch'po'et),  ».  [<  arch- +  poet ;  iv. 
of  ^^L.  arcldpoeta.']  1.  A  chief  or  preeminent 
poet. — 2\.  A  poet  laureate ;  an  official  poet. 

The  title  of  archipoetaor  arch-poet. 

Pupt\  The  Poet  Laureate. 

archpolitician  (iirch'pol-i-tish'an),  n.  [<  arch- 
+  politician.']  A  chief  or  leading  politician; 
a  great  political  leader.     Bacon. 

archprelate  (iirch'prel'at),  «.  \iarcli-+prel- 
atc.l     A  chief  prelate.     Hooker. 

archpresbyter  (arch'pres'bi-tfer),  n.  [<  arcli- 
+  prcsbi/tvr.  Cf.  archpricst  and  LL.  arcliii>rcs- 
hyter.]   'A  chief  presbyter.     Aijlilfc,  Parerf,'oii. 

afchpresbytery  (iirch'pres'bi-te-ri),  n.  [<(»•(■/(- 
+  presbytery. ]  The  absolute  dominion  of  pres- 
bytery; presbytery  as  exercising  supreme  or 
sovereign  authority.     [Rare.] 

Arch-presbijtery  .  .  .  claiming  to  itself  a  lordly  power 
and  superiiitendency,  both  over  Hocks  and  pastors,  over 
persons  and  congregations  no  way  their  own. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  §  13. 

archpriest  (arch'presf),  n.  [<  late  ME.  archc- 
2)rest,  <  OF.  archeprestre,  mod.  F.  archipretrc 
(cf.  G.  er:priester),  <  LL.  nrcliipresbi/ter  (Je- 
rome), <  LGr.  apxt'irp^ojii'TepoQ  (Sozomen) :  see 
archi-  and  presbyter.  Cf.  Gr.  apxiepsv^,  arch- 
priest,  chief  priest,  in  N.  T.  high  priest:  see 
archierey.']  Eccles.,  the  chief  among  the  priests, 
called  by  the  Greeks  protopresbyter,  and  later 
inotopope.  As  a  title  it  dates  from  the  fourth  cen- 
tui'y,  and  was  originally  given  to  the  senior  by  ordina- 
tion in  a  diocese,  a  rule  long  strictly  observed  in  the 
West.  The  archpriest  or  dean  of  tlie  cathedral  assisted 
the  bishop  in  solemn  functions  and  in  his  spiritual  ad- 
ministration, though  without  ordinary  jurisdiction;  the 
rural  archpriest  or  dean  had  a  limited  superintendence 
over  the  parish  priests  of  his  deanery  or  district  of  the  dio- 
cese, and  formed  with  them  the  rural  chapter,  as  the  bishop 
with  his  canons  formed  the  cathedral  chapter.  For  rela- 
tions with  other  ofiftcials,  see  archdeacon.  At  present,  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  archpriest  is,  for  the  most 
part,  a  title  of  honor  only,  the  former  duties  of  the  office 
being  performed  by  the  auxiliary  bishop  or  the  dean  of 
the  cathedral  chapter.  The  duties  of  the  rural  archpriests, 
since  the  Council  of  Trent,  have  conunonly  devolved  on 
the  vicars  forane,  still  sometimes  called  rural  deans,  or 
directly  on  the  bishop's  vicar-general.  In  the  rare  case 
when  rural  archpriests  and  vicars  forane  are  found  in  tlie 
same  diocese,  tlie  latter  have  the  precedence. 

archprimate  (arch'pri'mat),  n.  [<  arch-  +  pri- 
mate.]    A  chief  primate.  - 

One  arch-primate  or  Protestant  pope. 

Milton,  Church  Gov.,  i.  6. 

archprophet   (arch' prof 'et),  n.     [<  arch-  -|- 
propltet.     Cf.  Gr.  apxefpo(p?/Tric,  chief  prophet.] 
A  chief  prophet;  a  great  prophet.     T.  Warton. 
archprotestant  (areh'prot'es-tant),  n.   [<  arch- 
+  I'rotestant.]    A  leading  or  eminent  Protes- 
tant. 
These  archprotestants  and  master  ministers  of  (xermany. 
Stajileton,  Fortress  of  Faith,  p.  9. 

archprotopope  (arch'pro'to-pop),  n.     [<  arch- 

+  protopope.]     The  chief  oi  the  archpriests  or 

protopopes. 

The  archprotopope  of  Susa,  where  the  royal  residence  was. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  715. 

arch-see  (arch'se'),  n.  [<  arch-  +  see'^.]  The 
see  of  an  archbishop.     Drayton. 

arch-sodality  (arch'so-dal'j-ti),  H.  [<  arch- + 
sodality.]     An  arch-confraternity  (which  see). 

arch-stone  (arch'ston),  n.  [<  «ccftl  +  stone.] 
1.  A  wedge-shaped  stone  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  an  arch;  a  voussoir.  See  cut  under 
arch. —  2.  A  flat  stone  by  which  the  opening 
into  the  chamber  of  some  furnaces  is  covered. 

archtraitor  (areh'tra'tor),  n.  [<  arch-  -i-  trai- 
tor.] A  chief  traitor:  sometimes  applied  spe- 
cifically to  the  devil.     Hakcwill. 

archtreasurer  (arch'trez'ur-er),  n.  [<  arch-  + 
treasurer.  The  G.  word  is  erzschatzmeister,] 
The  great  treasurer  of  the  German  empire,  a 
dignity  held  by  the  restored  electorate  of  the 
Ehine  Palatinate  from  1648  to  1777,  and  later 
by  the  Elector  of  Hanover. 

archtype  (arch'tip),  n.  [<  arch-  -t-  type:  sug- 
gested by  archctyp)e,  q.  v.]  An  archetype. 
Cartwright. 

archvillain  (aroh'vil'an), «.  [<  arch-  +  villain.] 
■A,  desperate,  confirmed  villain. 

An  arch-viUaiii  keep's  him  company. 

Shale,  T.  of  A.,  v.  i. 

arch'7illainy  (arch'vil'a-ni),  n.  [<  arch-  +  vil- 
lainy.]    Atrocious  villainy.     Beau,  and  Ft. 

arch'way  (iireh'wa),  n.  [<  rtrcftl  -I-  way.]  An 
entrance  or  a  passage  under  an  arch  or  vault ; 
an  opening  that  is  closed  in  or  covered  by  an 
arch. 


299 

Through  the  piers  ran  archways  in  both  directions,  so 
as  to  open  a  narrow  aisle  on  each  side  of  the  nave  and 
transept. 

C.  li.  Norton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  63. 
Compound  archway.    See  cimipoimdt. 
arch'wifet  (iirdi'wif),  n.     [<  arch-  +  wife.]    A 
woman  of  strong,  masculine  physique ;  a  hardy, 
masculine  woman  disposed  to  rule  her  husband. 
Ye  archeivyves,  stondeth  at  defence, 
Sin  ye  be  sti-ong  as  is  a  greet  camaille  [camel] ; 
He  sutfereth  nat  that  men  yow  don  offence. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  1129. 

arch'Wise  (arch'wiz),  adv.  [<  «>t7i1  +  wise^.] 
lu  the  form  or  manner  of  an  arch. 

In  tile  fasliion  of  a  bow  bent  archwise. 

Ayllffc,  Parergon. 

archyl  (ar'chi),  a.  [<  arch^  +  -y^.]  ResembUng 
anarch;  having  arches ;  arching,     [Kara.] 

Beneath  the  black  and  archy  brows  shined  follh  the 
briglit  lamps  of  her  eyes.      Partheneia  Sacra  (1633),  Pref. 

archy2  (ar'chi),  a.  [<  F.  as  if  "arche.  arched, 
\)\>.  of  *archcr,  v.:  see  arch''-,  v.]  In  her.,  same 
as  arched,  2. 

archy-flected  (ar'ohi-flek-ted),  a.  In  her.,  same 
as  arched,  2. 

arcid  (iir'sid),  «.  A  bivalve  moUusk  of  the  fam- 
ily Arcidce. 

Afcidse  (ar'si-de),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Area  +  -idee.] 
A  family  of  asiphonate  acephalous  bivalves, 
or  lamellibraneh  moUusks,  having  equivalve 
shells  with  a  long  row  of  transverse  teeth.  The 
family  is  a  large  one  of  world-wide  distribution  at  the 
present  day,  and  dates  back  in  geologic  time  to  the  Lower 
Silurian.  Its  leading  genera  are  Area,  Axijuea  (or  Pectun- 
eulus),  Anomalocardia.  Cttcrdlcea,  etc. ;  but  tlie  limits  of 
the  family  vary.  The  species  are  very  numerous.  See  cut 
under  Area.     Sometimes  wrongly  spelled  Areadce. 

arcifer  (ar'si-fer),  n.  [<  NL.  arcifer :  see  Ar- 
cifera.]     An  amphibian  of  the  group  Arcifera. 

Arcifera  (ar-sif'e-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
arcifer  (cf.  ML.  arcij'er,  an  archer),  <  L.  arciis, 
a  bow  (see  nrcl),  +'ferre  =  E.  ftearl.]  A  sec- 
tion of  phaneroglossate  salient  ampliibians, 
■with  eoraeoids  and  precoraeoids  connected  by 
an  arched  cartilage  (the  epicoracoid),  that  of 
the  one  side  overlapping  that  of  the  other.  It 
includes  the  true  toads  (Bufonidw),  the  tree- 
toads  (Hylidie),  and  others. 

arciferous  (ar-sif'e-rus),  a.  [As  Arcifera  + 
-ous.]  In  zool.,  pertaining  to  or  of  the  natm'e 
of  the  Arcifera.    Also  arcigerous. 

arcifinious  (ar-si-fln'i-us),  a.  [<  LL.  arcifinins 
(also  arcifinalis),  <  L.  arx  (arci-),  a  citadel,  de- 
fense, -t-  finis,  Y>\.  fines,  boundary.]  1.  Serving 
both  as  a  boundary  and  a  defense :  applied  to 
rivers,  mountains,  the  sea,  etc.  Wor.  Diet. — 
2.  Having  a  frontier  which  forms  a  natural 
defense:  as,  "arcifinious  states,"  Ticiss,  Law  of 
Nations,  II.  215.    'N.  E.  D. 

arciform  (ar'si-foi-m),  a.  [<  L.  arciis,  a  bow, 
+  forma,  form.]  Bow-shaped;  curved;  arched. 
— Arciform  fibers,  in  anat.,  the  arcuate  nerve-fibers, 
especially  the  superficial  ones,  seen  on  the  surface  of  the 
njiper  part  of  the  medulla  olilongata. 

arcigerous  (ar-sij'e-ms),  a.  [<  L.  arcns,  a  bow, 
-)-  f/erere,  carry.]  "Same  as  arciferous. 

arcitenentt  (iir-sit'e-nent),  a.  [<  L.  arcite- 
nen{t-)s,  holding  a  bow,  <  arcus,  a  bow,  -f 
tenen(J^)s,  ppr.  of  tenere,  hold :  see  arc  and  tetv- 
ant.]     Holding  or  carrying  a  bow.     Blmmt. 

arc-light  (iirk'lit),  n.  An  electric  light  pro- 
duced by  the  voltaic  arc ;  the  electric  ciuTent 
passing  between  a  pair  of  carbon-points  slight- 
ly separated.     See  electric  and  voltaic  arc. 

arcograph  (iir'ko-graf),  n.  [<  L.  arcus,  arc, 
-I-  Gr.  ypd(j)eiv,  describe.]  An  instrument  for 
drawing  an  arc  without  the  use  of  a  central 
point.  It  consists  of  a  thin  and  pli.able  strip  of  wood  or 
metal,  the  ends  of  which  are  attached  to  a  straight  bar, 
which  can  be  shortened  or  lengthened  to  form  a  chord  of 
the  required  arc.     It  is  used  as  a  templet. 

arcosolium  (iir-ko-so'li-um),  11.;  pi.  arcosolia 
(-a).    [ML.,  <  L.  arcus,  an  arch,  +  solium,  a  seat, 
throne.]     A  name  given  to  certain  recesses  for 
dead  bodies  in  the  Roman  catacombs,  consisting 
of  a  deep  niche  cut  in  the  rocky  wall  and  arched 
above,  a  sarcophagus  being  hewn  from  the  rock 
under  the  arch.  The  fliit  cover  of  the  sarcophagus  may 
sometimes  have  been  used  as  an  altar.     Such  tombs  were 
often  richly  ornamented. 
arc-piece  (ark'pes),  n.    In  mech.,  a  piece  serving 
to  adjust  the  angle  of  elevation  of  a  cutting-tool. 
arc-secant  (ilrk'se^kant),  11.   In  math.,  an  angle 
regarded  as  a  function  of  its  secant. 
arc-sine  (ark'siu),  n.     In  math.,  an  angle  re- 
garded as  a  function  of  its  sine, 
arctt  (arkt),  V.  t.    See  art^. 
Arctalia  (ark-ta'U-a),  n.      [NL.,  <  arctic  +  Gr. 
aA/n,  assemblage  (-with  an  intended  allusion  to 
dAf,  sea).]    Inzoogeog.,  a  primary  marine  realm 
or  zoological  di-vision  of  the  waters  of  the  globe, 


Arctiidae 

embracing  the  seas  of  the  northern  hemisphere 
as  far  to  the  south  as  floating  ice  descends. 
Gill. 
Arctalian  (iirk-ta'li-an),  a.    [<  Arctalia.]    Of 

or  piTtainiiig  to  Arctalia. 

Arctamerican  (iirk-ta-mer'i-kan),  a.  [<  Arctic 
+  Amcrirun.]  In  ,~oogeog.,  same  as  Anglogwan : 
as,  "Auglogiean  or  Arctamerican  I'ealm,"  (jill, 

arc-tangent  (iirk'tan''',jcnt),  n.  In  math.,  an 
angle  ri-garded  as  a  fiuiction  of  its  tangent. 

arctation  (Hrk-ta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  arctation,  < 
L.  as  if  *arctatio(n-),  <  arctare,  prop,  urtarc,  pp. 
arctatus,  artatus,  draw  close,  tigliten,  <  arctus, 
prop,  artds,  close,  tight:  see  ar0,  article,  arm'', 
etc.]  Narro'wness  or  constriction  in  any  sense ; 
inpathol.,  imnatural  contraction  of  any  natural 
opening,  as  of  the  anus ;  constipation  from  in- 
flammation.   Also  called  arctitude. 

Arctia  (Urk'ti-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apKToc,  a  bear 
(in  ref.  to  the  furriness  of  the  caterpillars:  see 
Arctiida;).]  A  genus  of  moths,  typical  of  the 
family  Arrfiid/r.  A.  (or  Enprepia)  caja  is  the 
common  tiger-moth.     See  cut  under  Euprepia. 

arctian(ark'ti-an),M.  [<  Arctia  + -an.]  A  moth 
of  the  family  Arctiida. 

arctic  (iirk'tik),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  artic, 
article,  etc.,  <  ME.  artik;  <  OF.  artique.  mod.  F. 
arctique  =  Pr.  artic  =  Sp.  Pg.  aretico  =  It. 
artico,  <  LL.  arcticus,  northern,  <  Gr.  apuTindc, 
northern,  lit.  pertaining  to  the  Bear,  <  apKToc,  a 
bear,  specifically  the  constellation  Ursa  Major; 
sometimes  spelled  apauc,  =  Skt.  rikshas  (for  *ark- 
shas)  =  L.  H»-.SHS  (for  *urcsns)  =  Ir.  art,  a  bear: 
see  ursus.]  1.  Pertaining  or  related  to  the 
northern  constellations  called  the  Great  and 
Little  Bears;  hence,  pertaining  or  relating  to 
the  north  pole  or  the  northern  polar  regions; 
northern:  as,  the  arctic  circle,  region,  or  sea. 
Hence — 2.  Cold;  frigid. 

I  warn  the  traveller  who  goes  to  see  the  lovely  Sladon- 
nas  of  Bellini  to  beware  how  he  trusts  himself  in  winter 
to  the  gusty,  arctic  magnificence  of  the  Church  of  the 
Redentore.  Howells,  Venetian  Life,  iii. 

Arctic  circle,  a  small  circle,  parallel  to  the  equator,  dis- 
tant from  the  north  pole  by  an  angular  quantity  equal  to 
the  obliquity  of  the  ecdiptic,  or  23"  28' J.  This  and  the  ant- 
arctic circle  are  called  the  polar  circles,  and  within  these 
lie  the  frigid  zones,  at  every  point  within  which  the 
sun,  theoretically,  on  at  least  one  day  in  'summer,  passes 
through  the  north  point  without  setting,  and  on  at  least 
one  day  in  winter  does  not  rise;  practically,  allowance 
must  be  made  for  tlie  seniidiameter  and  horizontal  re- 
fraction of  the  sun.— Arctic  fox,  a  small  species  of  fo«, 
Vulpes  lagopus,  of  the  family  (.'(t/u't/te,  celebrated  for  the 


^»*2*; 


Arctic  Fox  [  ytilpfs  tngopus^. 

beauty  and  fineness  of  its  fur,  which  is  a  valuable  article 
of  commerce.  It  is  2  feet  in  length,  and  its  tail  is  1  foot 
long.  It  is  bluish-  or  brownish-gray  in  summer  and  white 
in  winter.  =Syn.  ^f^e  polar. 

arctic-bird  (ark'tik-berd),  n.  A  name  origi- 
nally given  by  Edwards  to  a  species  of  jaeger 
figured  and  described  by  him.  It  has  been  applied 
to  two  species  of  hestris  or  Stercorariujt,  but  is  identified 
as  the  long-tailed  jaeger  or  BuJfon's  skua,  L.  or  ,S.  longi- 
Cauda  of  some,  5.  bnjfoni  or  S.  parasiticus  of  others. 

arctician  (ark-tish'an),  II.  [<  arctic  -I-  -ian.] 
One  who  has  investigated  matters  relating  to 
the  arctic  regions;  an  arctic  explorer.  S.  E.  D. 

Arctictidinse  (ark-tik-ti-di'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arcticti{d-)s  -I-  -ina:]  A  subfamily  of  carnivo- 
rous quadrupeds,  of  the  family  Virerrida',  con- 
taining the  binturongs,  characterized  by  the 
prehensile  tail. 

Arctictis  (ark-tik'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apKTor,  a 
bear,  +  Ik-ic,  the  yellow-breasted  marten.]  The 
typical  and  only  genus  of  the  subfamily  Arcticti- 
(iinai:  synonyraons with Ictidcs.    Seebinturong. 

arctiid(ark't"i-id),  a.  and  ».    1.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Arctiida;:  as,  an  aretiid  moth. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Arctiida^;  an  arctian. 

Arctiidse  (ark-ti'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arctia  + 
-«/«'.]  A  family  of  lepidopterous  insects,  be- 
longing to  the  "seetiou  Eeterocera ;  the  tiger- 
moths.  The  types  of  the  family  are  distinguished  by 
the  fact  that  their  larvic  are  very  thickly  clothed  w  ith  long 
hair.s,  whence  they  have  obtained  the  name  of  woolly  hears. 
TlK-y  feed  upon  the  external  parts  of  plants,  and  inclose 
themselves  in  cocoons  when  about  to  undergo  their  trans- 
formations.    See  cut  under  Euprepia. 


Arctipalatales 

Arctipalatales  (ark'ti-pal-a-ta'lez),  n.  pi 
[XL.]     Same  as  Arctipalates. 

Arctipalates  (ark'ti-pa-la'tez),  n.  pi.  pSTL., 
<  L.  iirctus,  prop,  artus,  compressed  (see  art^),+ 
palatum,  palate.]  In  Sundevall's  system  of 
classiiieation,  a  group  of  fringilline  and  tana- 
grine  oscine  passerine  birds,  embracing  six 
families  of  buntings, 
crossbills,  rice-birds, 
and  various  other  co- 
nirostral  Passeres. 

Arctisca  (ark-tis'ka), 
n.  pi.  [XL.,  dim.  of 
Gr.  apKTOi,  a  bear.] 
The  water-bears, 
or  bear-animalcules, 
otherwise  known  as 
the  Tiirdigrada,  Ma- 
crobiothla,  or  Colpo- 
da,  a  group  of  uncer- 
tain value  and  posi- 
tion, formerly  associ- 
ated «-ith  the  rotifers, 
but  now  usually  con- 
sidered an  order  of 
Arachnida,  and  lo- 
cated in  the  ^^cinity 
of  the  Acarida.  They 
are  microscopic  aquatic 
creatures,  living  in  moss 
and  wet  santl,  often  in 
company  with  rotifers. 
Tliey  iiave  a  vermifonu    ^__, ^ 

body,  witll  four   pairs  of    rnagnified." 

very  ^h■lrt   feet  terminal-        i.  2,  5.  4,  the  limbs:  it.  mouth  with 
■•■■■■  -•        '■ at]       


A  Water-t,ear,  or  Bear-animalcule 
{Macrebictus  schultzei),  one  of 
Vn^  Arclitca  or  Tardiffraiia,  much 


300 

Arctoidea  (iirk-toi'df-a),  n.  pi.  [XL. :  see  arc- 
tiiiil.'l  One  of  three  superfamilies  of  the  iisslped 
or  terrestrial  carnivorous  mammals  (the  others 
being  JEliiroidca  and  Ci/noidea),  including  the 
bears  and  their  relatives,  as  disting-ishedfrom 
the  feline  and  canine  members  of  the  Ferwjis- 
Sipedia,  Tliey  have  the  follotting  characters  in  com- 
num,  as  contrasted  with  jEluruidt-a :  a  skull  with  the  par- 
oceipital  process  not  closely  applied  to  the  auditory  bulla ; 
the  mastoid  process  promiuetit,  projecting  behind  the  ex- 
ternal auditor.v  meatus ;  the  carotid  canal  distinct  and  in 
adv;uice  of  theforamen  lacerum  posterius,  wliich  is  distinct 
from  the  condyloid  foramen ;  the  glenoid  foramen  gen- 
erally well  defined  ;  a  large  os  penis ;  Cowper's  glands  not 
developed ;  prostate  gland  not  salient ;  and  no  intestinal 
ciEciun.— Arctoidea  mustelifonnia,  the  family  Mus- 
letidir  alone.— Arctoidea  typica,  the  family  CrtridiT 
alone.—  Arctoidea  procyoniformia,  the  racoon-like  se- 
ries, including  the  families  ^Elurula;  Ccrcolepttdte,  Pro- 
cu"i*idiv,  nnABa.^sarididfe.    See  these  nantes. 

Arctomyinae  (ark'to-mi-i'ne),  71.  pi.  [XL.,  < 
An-tomijs  +  -inw.']  One  of  two  subfamilies  into 
wliich  the  squirrel  family,  Seiuridcv,  is  divisi- 
ble, containing  the  tciTestrial  as  distinguished 
from  the  arboreal  members  of  the  family,  as  the 
marmots  or  woodchucks,  the  prame-dogs,  the 
susliks,  the  ground-squirrels  or  spermophiles, 
etc.  They  are  generally  distinguished  by  larger  size, 
stouter  form,  shorter  and  less  bushy  tail,  and  terrestrial 
and  fossorial  habits,  hut  offer  a  very  easy  transition 
through  some  forms  into  the  true  squirrels.  The  prin- 
cipal genera  are  Arctoim/s,  Spermophiluti,  and  Tamiai^ ; 
their  species  are  numerous,  and  are  very  generally  dis- 
tributed over  the  northern  hemisphere.  Also  called  Arcto- 
iiiitm,  An-loni)idina,  and  Arctotntnna. 

Arctomys  (ark'to-mis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apKToc, 
a  bear,  +  nvg  =  L.  mus  =  E.  mouse,  q.  v.]     The 


ed  by  h'-H'keil  claws,  no  dis- 


six  oral  papillx' :  *.  gullet,  calcitied 
.:..  '.:    ,.  r  t  ..   .1,..!    fi...-.>v    stylets ;  f,  salivary  glands :  rf,  mus- 
tmctlonof  cepbaluthora-lC    cular  pharynx  ;  ^.ofar)-;/,  v<ijicuU 
and  aUIomeri,  and  a  sue-    seminalis:^,  testis, 
torial   mouth    with    two 

BtyleU,  resembling  that  of  a  tick  or  mite.  Tlie  youngnsu- 
ally  have  the  same  immber  of  legs  as  the  adult.  Tlie 
Arctijtra  are  mostly  henuaphrodite.  and  are  oviparous. 
They  are  represented  by  a  single  family,  Macrobiotidce,  of 
whieh  ilacrtibwt\i4  is  the  leading  genus. 

Arctiscon  (iirk-tis'kon),  n.  [NL. :  see  Arctisca.'] 
The  tyjiical  genus  of  Arctisconidw. 

arctisconid  (Urk-tis-kon'id),  n.  An  acarid  of 
till-  f;iinily  Arctisconida: 

Arctisconidae  (iirk-tis-kou'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  < 
Aiclt-foiii  -t-.-iVto.]  Afamilyof  atraeheateaca- 
rids  with  all  8  le^s  developed,  legs  of  3  joints, 
and  without  cjjudal  prolongations. 

arctitnde  (iirk'ti-tud),  u.  [<  F.  arctitude,  equiv. 
to  iircliitiiiii,  q.  v.]     Same  as  arctation. 

Arctocebns  (Urk-to-se'bus),  n.  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
ipKToi;,  a  bear,  -I-  m'/'iof,  an  ape:  see  ape  and  (V- 
bas.']  A  remarkable  genus  of  lomm-s,  having  a 
very  short  tail,  small  fore  and  hind  feet,  the 
digits  partly  webbed,  and  the  index  finger  rudi- 
m<-ntarv.  A.  cnlahnrriisis,  the  typical  species, 
inhaliits  Old  f'alabar  in  Africa. 

ArctOCephalUS  (Urk-to-sef'a-lus),  Ji.  [XL.,  < 
Or.  a/MTof,  a  bear,  -f-  Ke(pa'/j/',  head.]  A  genus 
of  eared  seals,  of  the  family  Otariida;  suborder 
Piimtjicdia.  The  name  is  used  in  various  senseH  by  dif- 
ferent author-i:  it  fonnerly  included  the  northern  as  well 
i,  the  wjuthern  fur-seals,  but  is  now  properly  restrictecl 
to  the  latter.  Tlio  species  are  commonly  known  as  sea. 
h'lirn. 

ArctOCyon  (iirk-tos'i-on),  JI.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  ap/crof, 
a  bear,  +  k/up,  a  dog,  =  E.  liouiid.']  Tho  typical 
genim  of  tho  family  Arctucyonidw  of  Conozoic 
time,  having  all  the  molars  tiiberculate.  A.  iiri- 
mwnt.H,  from  tho  Eocene  of  France,  is  the  oldest 
known  Tertiary  mammal. 

arctocyonid  (iirk-to-si'o-nid),  n.  A  carnivo- 
rm.-i  inaimnal  of  tho  family  Arclocyonida;. 

Arctocyonidae  (iiikto-si-on'i-do),  n.pl.  [XL., 
<.  .Irrinr:/,,,!  + -idii:']  'A  family  of  fossil  carniv- 
'■  iperlx,  having 44  teeth,  Die  la.st  up- 

!■  1  tritiilierculate,  and  all  tho  molars 

''  ';iining  the   genus   ArctocijDti 

■  '  ■'■'{  liy  Cope  in  a  suborder  Vre- 


ArctoK  j.'ii),  H.     [NL.,  <  Or.  li^MTof, 

""""  '  ),  +  j-ain, Innd.]  in;:<iogcoy., 

"  1  ilivi»ion  of  tho  earth's  land 

iiL'  the  PJuraniau,  Indian,  and 

'  I  .osod  to  A'o/o</(ra. 

A'  1),  II.     Of  or  i)erlaining 

irea  known  an  .Ircloitiin. 

i>n,  nnil   Aula,  the   .\r>t-r}.itil 

i  •  )mrncl«rtMMl    In  the   .Mi..reiM-, 

»!.  I  |. Id., 1,1)  ui  u,.   1.,.  .  UK  en<,ch  iM  It  l>  111  pri ..  m. 

//lijti^';/,  Annt.  Invert  ,  p.  70, 

ArctOgsan  (iirk-t9-j6'an),  a.     Same  bh  Arrlo- 

arctOld  'i-' 'tr.ir.  -r.  f<  Or.  aimTotM/r,  benr- 
riilof,  form.]  B<'ar-likc; 
rtniniog  til  or  having  the 

■  ■liiirui  l'r.<  '.1  III!'  .Ill  Inidea. 


Woodchuck  {Arctomys  numax). 

tj'pical  genus  of  tho  subfamily  J)'(-(()«(//(«((',  con- 
taining the  marmots  proper  or  woodchucks. 
They  have  the  largest  size,  stoutest  form,  shortest  tail,  and 
most  completely  terrestrial  and  fossorial  habits  of  any  of 
the  members  of  the  subfamily.  Tho  leading  old-world 
species  are  --1.  marmoUa,  the  marmot  of  Europe  and  .\sia, 
and  .1.  hitbac,  of  Kussia.  The  Atiierican  forms  are  known 
as  woodclmcks,  and  are  A.  vwnax,  of  the  IDastern  States, 
and  ^1.  jlaviveutris  and  -4.  jtruinosus^  of  the  Western  and 
Xnrthern  States. 
Arctopithecini  (ark"t9-pith-e-si'm),  n.  pi. 
[XIj.,<  ArcfopithecKs  +  -i)ii.'\  A  synonym  of 
Midida;  used  by  some  as  a  family  name  of  the 
marmosets  of  Soutli  -America. 

The  .clrc/o/«7/iiTCin(' .  .  .  are  small,  thickly  furred,  long- 
tailed,  habitually  (|uadrupedal,  Stjuirrel-like  animals, 
which  arc  found  only  in  .South  America. 

Iliixlcii,  Anat.  Vert,,  p.  sai. 

Arctopithecus   (iirk"to-pi-the'kiis),  n.     [XL., 

<  (ir.  ii/«,Tof,  a  bear,  +  ttIOijkoc,  an  ape.]  A 
genus  of  marmosets,  giving  name  to  the  Arcto- 
j/itliccini. 

Arctostaphylos  (ilrk-to-staf'i-los),  ».     [NL., 

<  Gr.  upKTur,  a  bear,  4-  a-a(j>v?J/,  a  bunch  of 
grapes.]  A  genus  of  evergreen  ericaceous 
slirubs,  nearly  related  to  Arhidus,  and  mostly 
natives  of  California  and  Jlexico,  where  the 
larger  species  are  kiiuwn  as  manzanita,  anil 
are  sometimes  from  10  to  !.'()  I'eet  high,    tik-  bear- 

beri-y,  A.  lJra-itr»i,  is  a  trailing  plalll,  found  in  tlie  arctic 
and  mountainous  regions  of  the  nlil  and  new  worlds,  anil 
valuable  as  furnishing  an  astringent  Ionic,  used  chiellv  in 
alfectlons  of  tlie  hbiddcr.  It  is  the  kinnlklnic  of  the  In- 
(liaiiH  of  western  Anieriea. 

Arctotherium  (Urk-to-tlio'ri-imi),  M.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  uiinTnr,  a  bear,  +  llr/pldi;  a  wild  boast.]  A 
genus  of  fossil  bear-like  <iimdrii|ii'ils  from  tho 
biine-caveH  of  South  America,  representing  a 
gi'iiinilizeil  ursine  typo. 

arcturid  (iiik-t  il'rid),  ».  An  isopod  of  tho  fam- 
ily Arrliiriihr. 

Aicturidae  (iirk-tt'i'ri-<16),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  ArcUi- 
rii.i  -(-  -/(/«•.]  Afamilyof  isopod  cnistacenns, 
rcjireHented  by  the  geiieni  Aiiliiru.%  Idolrii,  itwil 
"illierH:  8J^lonyInon»  with  /i/o^iV/fi' (which  see). 

In  Arrlurldir  they  (tlie  yoiiUKl  "re  carried  for  some  time 
elhiKlng  on  to  the  rint(>iinio  nf  the  inntlier. 

riitcnr,  Zolll.  Clajn.,  p.  Kl. 

Arcturus  (iirk-tu'rim),  h.  [L.  (>  ME.  Ardour, 
Aihirc,  .\rthiirus),  <  Or.  'A(«roi'/>f)C,  AreturiiH,  lit. 
I"  nr-waril,  <  nfmrnr,  n  bear,  tlie  Great  Hear,  + 
"',•'11,  wniil,  giianl,  keeper,  akin  to  E.  wnrr'^, 
iiiird,  guard,  etc.]      1.  A  yellow  star   in   the 


arcus 

northern  hemisphere,  the  fourth  in  order  of 
brightness  in  the  entire  heavens.  It  is  situated 
between  the  thighs  of  Bootes,  behind  the  Great  Bear,  and 
is  easily  found  by  following  out  the  curve  of  the  bear's 
talL  In  the  southern  hemispliere  it  may  be  recognized 
by  Its  foiTuiug  a  nearly  equilateral  triangle  with  Spica 
and  Denebola.  It  is  called  by  astronomers  a  (alpha)  Buutce. 
See  cut  under  Bootts, 

2.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  isopod  crustaceans,  of  the 
family  IdoUida-  or  Arctiirida:    Lntreille,  1829. 

arcual  (iir'kii-al),  a.  [<  L.  arcus  (see  arcl)  + 
-ah]     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  natiu'e  of  an  arc. 

Arcuata  (ar-ku-a'tii),  «.  i)l.  [XL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
L.  (irciiatus  :  see  arcuate.']  A  group  of  crabs, 
including  those  of  the  typical  genus  Cnucir. 

arcuate  (iir'ku-St),  a.  [<  L.  arcuatus,  pji.  of 
arcuarc,  bend  like  a  bow,  <  arcus,  bow :  see 
ncfl,  ofc/il.]  Bent  or  curved  in  the  form  of  a 
bow;  arched:  as,  "oblique  and  arcuate  Vaies," 
Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  $  224 — Arcuate  fasciculus,  in 
anat. :  (rt)  The  longitudinal  tiliers  of  tluiiyrus  f.trMie;itus, 
connecting  the  frontal  and  teiniiurnsiihenniital  eimvolu- 
tions  of  tlie  brain  as  well  as  intermediate  points.  .Vtiiiwrt. 
Ct)The  uncinate  fasciculus  of  Jleynert,  passing  across  the 
bottom  of  the  Sylvian  lissure  to  connect  the  frontal  and 
temporospbenoidal  convolutions  of  the  brain.  Qitaln.— 
Arcuate  fibers,  in  anat.,  the  horizontal  arching  fibers  of 
the  nu'dulhi  oblongata,  pons  Varolii,  and  tegmentum,  espe- 
cially tlio.^e  seeming  to  originate  in  the  raphe. —  Arcu- 
ate ligament,  in  (jnat.,  the  tendinous  arch  which  passes 
on  either  side  of  tlie  baek-bone  o\er  the  jisua.s  niauims  and 
qiuiilratus  luinborum  muscles,  and  to  which  the  diaphragm 
is  atlaehed. 

arcuated  (ar'ku-a-ted),  a.    Same  as  arcuate. 

Tiie  inferior  edges  of  the  mesenteries  are  free,  and  arcu. 
ated  in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  a  central  common  cham- 
ber. Uujcletj,  Encyc.  Urit.,  I.  121). 

arcuately  (ar'ku-at-li),  adv.      In  an  arcuate 

mauuer. 

arcuatilet  (ar'ku-a-til),  a.  [<  LL.  arcuatilis, 
bow-shaped,  <  arcuarc,  bend  like  a  bow :  see 
arcuate]    Bent  or  curved. 

arcuation  (ar-kii-il'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  arcua- 
tw{n-),  an  arch,  lit.  act  of  bending  like  a  bow,  < 
arcuarc:  see  arcuate.]  1.  The  act  of  bending; 
mciu'vation ;  tho  state  of  being  bent ;  ciu-veti- 
ness;  crookedness. —  2.  A  method  of  propagat- 
ing plants  by  bending  branches  to  tlie  ground 
and  covering  portions  of  them  with  earth  ;  lay- 
ering (wliioli  sec). — 3.  The  empIojTneut  of 
arches  in  architectural  work;  arched  work. — 
Epistylar  arcuation^  See  i-pisti/lar. 

arcuaturet  t^ir'kiVa-tur),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *arcu- 
alura,  <.  arcuare:  see  VtccMflte.]  The  curvature 
of  an  arch.     Jiailci/. 

arcubalist  (ilr'kii-ba-list),  n.  [<  LL.  arcubalista, 
more  correctly  arcuhallista,  a  ballista  fiiruisheil 
with  a  bow,<  L.  arcu.i,  bow,  -I-  Itallista,  a  military 
engine  for  hurling  projectiles :  see  ballista. 
Contr.  forms  are  arbalist,  arblast,  etc.:  see  ar- 
balist.]     Same  as  iirbali.'it. 

Richard  was  killed  by  the  French  from  the  shot  of  an 
an-tibalM.  T.  Warlmi,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  1.5S. 

arcubalister  (iir'''kt)-ba-lis'ter),  II.  [<  arcubalist 
+  -c/'l:  suggested  by  IjL.  arcubullistarius,  one 
who  used  an  arcubalist',  <  arcuballista  :  see  ar- 
cubalist, and  ef.  arbolisf,  arbhistcr.]  Same  as 
arbalisUr. 

King  .Tohn  was  espied  by  a  very  good  arcubaliMer,  who 
said  that  he  would  soon  despatch  the  cruel  tyrant. 

Camden,  Kcmains,  p.  202. 

arcubust,  ».    One  of  the  numerous  variants 
(simulating  Latin  arcus,  a  bow)  of  harquebuse. 
arcula,  «.      I'lural  of  urculum. 

Arculirostres  (iir"kii-li-ros'troz),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  "arculu.-i,  dim.  of  arcus,  a  bow  (cf.  arculuni), 
-t-  rostrum,  a  lieak.]  In  Blyth's  system  of  classi- 
fication (1.S49),  a  group  of  liirds,  the  hoopoes, 
Vjtupida;  as  diNliiiguislied  from  the  Appcndi- 
rastrcs  (U'  liuccriitiila',  the  liorubills. 

arculum  (iir'ku-luin),  ».;  pi.  rtccH/tf  (-lil).  [L., 
iieiil.  ilini,  of  itrcu.i,  a  bow.]  A  small  circular 
cushion  used  in  antiquity  by  persons  bearing 
weiglits  on  their  heails,  to  interpose  between 
the  head  and  the  burden.  Similar  cushions  are 
still  ill  use. 

arcUB  (iir'kus),  11.',  pi.  arcus.  fl,.,  a  bow,  an 
arch,  >  !';.(()•(•',  arlA,  arcli^,i[.  v. J  In  anal.,  an 
arch,  tiinv,  or  ring.  Arcus  adlposus,  the  aims 
HciiiliM.  — ArcUB  blclpltalls,  the  bleipital  arch:  the  ten- 
illiioUH  arch  through  uliiib  the  long  head  of  the  bici'|is 
inUMcIc  pasHi'H.  —  Arcus  neuralis,  the  neunil  arch.  Seo 
iieiirn/.-  Arcus  occlpitallfl,  a  cerebral  gyrus  hounded 
above  by  the  occlliilal  poll  Inn  of  the  ililragiailetal  nsHUre, 
and  etnnracing  what  inity  be  regarded  us  the  upper  cnil 

of  the  sec I  temporal  ll»HUrc.  — Arcus  palatOglOBBUB, 

the  anterior  pillar  of  the  fauces,  in  fninl.  of  Ibii  toiiHil, 
formed  hy  the  iinlalogtoHHUs  iniisein  and  Iho  inllcoui 
ineinbrane  covering  it.  AIho  railed  arcun  /latntinuM  ah. 
trriiir.  -Arcua  palatopharyngous,  the  ponierlor  pil- 
lar of  the  lauee^.  lieliliid  Ibe  lonsll.  fornied  by  llie  pain- 
lopharyngeiiH  niilHcleaiiil  llie  inueouH  menibniiie  envering 
it.  AIho  called  arcux  jialatiniiH  jmHli'rinr.—  ArcUBSOnlllB, 
the  bow  of  old  age;  an  opacity  occurring  in  iidvanred  age 
around  the  margin  uf  the  eoriieii — ArcUB  BuperclllarlB, 


arcus 

a  horizontal  ridge  on  tlie  frontal  Ijone,  on  eitlier  side,  just 
aliove  tliu  orbit.— Arcus  VOlarls,  the  superficial  palmar 
anil. 
Arcyidse  (ar-si'i-de),  n.  1)1.     [NL.,  <  Arcys  + 
-iilii:]     A  family  of  orbitelarian  spiders. 


301 

itig  genera,  Vjesides  Ardea,  are  Ilerodias,  Oarzetta,  Demi- 
cgrctta,  Ardcola,  Butoridcii,  and  Nyctiardea. 
ardeine  (iir'df-in),  a.    [<  NL.  ardeinns,<  Ardea, 
q.  V.  ]     Heroii-lilce ;  having  tho  characters  of 
tho  AnleUlti',  or  liorons. 


Arcys  (iir'sis),  n.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  apKvc,  a  not,  a  ardeliot,  ardeliont,  »•     [<  L.  ardelio,  a  busy- 


liuilter's  not,  a  hair-net:  see  arain,  Aranea.'] 
Tho  typical  genus  of  spiders  of  the  family  Ar- 
ci/idce-     Also  spelled  Arkys. 

-ard.  [<!''.  -crd,  <  OHG  (MHG.  G.)  -liart  (fre- 
(l»eiitly  as  a  suitix  in  proper  names  (later  also 
in  common  nouns),  as  in  Beginhart,  >  OF.  rc- 
(jitard,  F.  rcnard,  >  E.  retjiuird,q.\.),  <  hart  =  '&. 
/i«)-rf.]  A  suffix  in  nouns  of  French  origin  or 
of  a  French  ty^je.  in  personal  nouns  it  usually  has  a 
sinister  implication,  as  in  bastard,  coward,  dotard,  dullard, 
dniiihjrft,  irizard,  etc.  In  other  nouns  its  force,  origi- 
nally intciisi\(.-,  is  now  scarcely  felt,  as  in  billiard,  bombard, 
plarartj,  Ktaiidurd,  tankard,  etc.  In  hraggard  (also  hratj- 
(jart)  and  siaiidard  (tree)  it  has  taken  the  place  of  -arl  = 
•erl ;  in  cockade,  originally  cockard,  and  in  costard,  custard, 
originally  as  if  costate,  crustate,  the  suffixes  -ard  and  -aie^ 
(■ff'/ef)  have  changed  places. 

ardash  (ar'dash),  n.  [Formerly  also arfirt.'?,  ar- 
duss,  <  F.  (irdiiise  =  Sp.  arddsas,  arddses,  <  Pers. 


body,   mi'ddlcr,  <   ardere,  be  on  tire,  burn,  bo 
eager.     Cf.  ardent.']    A  busybody;  a  meddler. 

striving  to  get  that  which  we  had  better  be  without,  ar- 
dclios,  busybodies  as  we  are. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  i.  2.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

ardency  (ar'den-si),  n.  [<  ardent:  see  -aj.]  1. 
IiitcfiHeheat:'as,  "the  ardency  of  the  sun,"  Sir 
T.  Herbert,  Travels,  p.  27.  Hence— 2.  Warmth 
of  passion  or  feeling;  ardor;  eagerness:  as,  the 
ardency  of  love  or  zeal. — 3.  Naut.,  a  tendency  of 
some  sliips  to  come  quickly  to  the  wind .    [Bare.  ] 

ardennite  (iir-den'it),  n.  [<  Ardennes,  a  high 
wooded  region  of  France  and  Belgium,  +  -ite^.'] 
A  silicate  of  manganese  and  aluminium  with  9 
per  cent,  of  vanadium  pentoxid,  found  in  or- 
thorhombic  crystals  of  a  yellow-brown  color 
ne.ar  Ottrez,  in  the  Ardennes. 

dant. 


ardan,  raw  silk.]     The  European  or  Levantine  ardent   (ar'dent),  a.     [<  ME.  ardent,  an 
name  for  Persian  raw  silk  of  inferior  quality,     itrd'unit,  <  Oi.  «rda«/,^bm-nmg  (ppr.  of  ardcr, 

Benjamin,  Persia 


It  is  called  shirwan  in  Persia. 
an<l  the  Persians. 

ardassine  (ar-da-sen'),  "•  [F.,  pi.  ardassines 
(=  Sp.  ardasinas,  ardazinas,  pi.),  the  finer  sort  of 
Persian  silk,  prop,  adj.,  <ardasse:  see  ardash.] 
The  name  under  which  the  finest  Persian  silk 
for  weaving  is  imported  into  France.  It  is 
popularly  called  ablaqne.     Larousse. 

Ardea  (Jir'df-a),  ».  [L.,  a  heron;  ef.  Gr.  fpu- 
6i6i,  a  heron!]"  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 


Great  Blue  Heron  {Ardea  herodias). 

Ardeidfp,  and  formerly  coextensive  with  it.    It 
is  variniisly  restricted  to  e.xclude  the  bitterns  (Botaurits) 


ardoir,  ardre,  burn),  <  L.  arden(t-)s,  ppr.  of  ar- 
dece,  bm-n,  be  eager.]  1.  Hot;  burning;  red- 
hot;  hence,  figuratively,  causing  a  sensation 
of  burning:  as,  an  ardent  fever. — 2.  Inflam- 
mable; combustible:  only  in  the  phrase  «»'<teni 
spirits  (which  see,  below). —  3.  Having  the  ap- 
pearance or  quality  of  fire ;  flashing;  fierce. 

With  flashing  flames  his  ardent  eyes  were  filled. 

Dryden,  Theodore  and  Honoria. 

4.  Having  glowing  or  fiery  passions  or  affec- 
tions :  as  applied  to  the  emotions  themselves, 
showing  vehemence ;  passionate ;  affectionate ; 
zealous :  as,  ardent  love  or  vows  ;  ardent  zeal. 

Not  ardent  lovers  robb'd  of  all  their  bliss. 
Not  ancient  ladies  when  refused  a  kiss,  .  .  . 
E'er  felt  such  rage,  resentment,  and  despair 
As  thou,  sad  virgin !  for  thy  ravish'd  hair. 

Pope,  R.  of  theL.,iv.  5. 

His  form  accorded  with  a  mind 
Lively  and  ardent,  frank  and  kind. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  25. 

5t.  Naut.,  having  a  tendency  to  gripe  or  come 
quickly  to  the  wind:  said  of  certain  ships. — 
Ardent  spirits,  distilled  alcoholic  liquors,  as  brandy, 
whisky,  gin,  rum,  etc.  They  are  all  produced  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  fermented  vegetable  juices  containing  sugar. 
=  S3T1. 3and4.  Fiery,  intense,  eager,  keen,  fervid,  fervent, 
impassioned,  glowing. 

ardently  (iir'dent-li),  adv.  [ME.  ardontUclie; 
<  ardent  +  -?i/-.]  In  an  ardent  manner ;  with 
warmth ;  affectionately  ;  passionately. 

ardentness  (ar'dent-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  ardent- 
nesse.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  ardent; 
ardencv- 


icftiin.n'1    Lu  c.vi.muc    Lilt;  iji,.l<;iiil,  v"""Kt»  «■>/  .  .'  -_..-,,_,  .  rXTT         ^     A 

MMS(.\>-(<<irrfen),  or  to  include  only  the  large  ArdeOldeae  (ar-de-Ol'de-e),  n.  pi.       [JNL.,  < -dr- 


andni^lit-li  ,  .  ,  „ 

species  intimately  related  to  the  common  heron  of  Europe, 
A.  cinerca,  such  as  A.  ijoliath  of  Africa ;  A.  herodias,  the 
great  blue  heron  of  North  America;  A.  occidentalis,  the 
great  white  heron  of  Florida ;  A .  cocoi,  the  large  blue  heron 
of  South  America,  etc.  The  egrets  are  sometimes  refeiTed 
to  this  gentis,  and  sometimes  made  types  of  several  others. 

ardeb  (ar'deb),  n.  [Ar.  irdab,  urdah  (Mahn).] 
The  principal  Egyptian  measure  of  capacity 
(not  used  for  liquids),  legally  containing  40J 
imperial  gallons,  or  .5.2  United  States  (Win- 
chester) bushels,  or  183.2  liters.  But  other  ardebs 
are  in  use,  ranging  from  little  more  than  half  the  above 
up  to  2S4  liters;  this,  the  ardeb  of  Kosetta,  was  at  one* 
time  the  commonest.     See  artaba. 

Ardeidae  (ar-de'i-de),  n.  J]!.  [NL.,  <  Ardea  + 
-idtc]  A  family  of  grallatorial  altricial birds,  of 
the  order  Herodiones  and  suborder  Herodii;  the 
herons.  They  have  a  comparatively  small  thin  body, 
very  long  legs  and  neck,  long  straight  acute  bill,  ample 
wings,  short  broad  tail,  naked  lores,  pectinate  inidtlle 
claws,  the  hind  toe  not  elevated,  linear  pervi-ius  iiostiils, 
and  2,  3,  or  4  pairs  of  powder-down  tracts  or  puhiplumes. 
The  family  includes  several  genera  and  about  75  species,  of 
most  parts  of  the  world,  inhabiting  seas,  lakes,  marshes, 
and  rivers,  nesting  usually  in  communities  in  trees  and 
bushes,  where  they  perch  with  ease  by  means  of  their  in- 
sessorial  feet,  laying  greenish  whole-colored  eggs,  and 
rearing  theflr  young  in  the  nest.  The  species  present  a 
wide  range  of  difference  in  stature  and  coloration,  but 
comparatively  little  in  form  or  structiu-e,  the  f.amily  being 
a  homogeneous  one.  They  are  most  nearly  related  to  the 
storks,  ibises,  and  other  altricial  grallatores,  but  only  dis- 
tantly to  the  cranes.  They  are  divisible  into  three  sub- 
families: Ardcince,  the  true  herons;  Butaurince,  the  bit- 
terns; and  Cancromince,  the  boatbills.  The  last-named, 
however,  is  often  considered  a  family  apart.  See  cuts  un- 
der Ardea,  bittern,  and  hoafbill. 

Ardeinae  (ar-de-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ardea  + 
-inm.]  The  typical  subfamily  of  Ardcida;,  con- 
taining the  herons  proper,  egrets,  etc.,  as  dis- 
tinguished  from  the  bitterns   and   boatbills. 

Tbcy  have  12  tail-feathers,  3  pairs  of  pow,lcr-<lown  feathers 
or  pulviplniiics,  tlie  tihito  not  feathered  totlic  snilrago,  the 
outer  toe  nntsbnrtei-tlian  ttie  inner,  and  nmdeiately  curved 
claws.  The  species  are  numerous,  inhabiting  nearly  all 
parts  of  the  world,  but  especially  warm  countries.    licad- 


dea  +  -oideie.]  A  superfamily  group  of  hero- 
dionine  birds. 

Ardeola  (ar-de'o-la),  n.  [L. ,  a  little  heron,  dim. 
of  ardea,  a  heroii.]  A  genus  of  small  and  some- 
what rail-like  herons,  the  squacco  herons,  of 
the  subfamily  Ardeina;,  The  type  is  A.  comata  or 
A.  ralloides,  of  Europe;  but  there  are  several  other  spe- 
cies.   J.  F.  Boie,  1822. 

ardert  (ar'der),  n.  [E.  dial,  (formerly  also  writ- 
ten ardor,  ardour,  ardure,  as  if  of  Latin  origin), 
prob.  <  Icel.  ardhr,  a  plow.  Cf.  L.  aratrum,  a 
plow  (see  aratrum  terra:);  Corn,  (dial.)  ardar, 
a  plow,  ardur,  a  plowman,  W.  arad,  a  plow, 
Guel.  Ir.  aracli,  a  plow.share ;  all  nit.  from  the 
same  root.  See  nraite  and  corS.]  1.  The  plow- 
ing or  fallowing  of  ground. 

Arders  :  fallowings  or  plowings  of  ground.    This  is  the 
explanation  in  the  Diet.  Kust.,  1726,  in  v. 

Ualliwcll,  Prov.  Diet. 

2.  The  state  of  being  plowed. — 3.  Land  plowed 
and  left  fallow. 

Ardetta  (ar-det'a),  n.  [NT^.,  dim.  of  Ardea, 
q.  v.]  A  genus  of  diminutive  herons,  of  the 
family  Ardeidw  and  subfamUy  Botaurinw;  the 
dwarf  bitterns.  They  are  scarcely  a  foot  long,  have 
variegated  plumage  dissimilar  in  the  two  sexes,  inhabit 
reedy  swamps  and  marshes,  and  somewhat  resemble  rails 
in  appearance  and  mode  of  life.  There  are  several  species, 
as  the  dwiirf  bittern  of  Europe,  A.  minuta,  and  the  least 
bittern  of  America,  A.  exilis.     G.  B.  Gray,  1842. 

ardish  (ar'dish),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  style  of  East 
Indian  decoration  for  interior  walls  and  ceilings. 
It  is  maile  at  .JejTore,  British  India,  and  elsewhere,  by 
embedding  pieces  of  glass  in  plaster,  and  cutting  away  the 
plaster  over  the  glass  in  ornamental  patterns.  The  effect 
resenililes  a  blending  of  white  marble  and  polished  silver. 
Arnold. 

ardluke  (ard'luk),  n.    [Said  to  be  Eskimo.]    A 

name  of  the  t,'r:impus,  Ch'ca  gladiator. 
ardmaer  (iivd-mc-r'),  ».   [Gael,  and  Ir.  ardmhaor, 
a  chief  magistrate,  <  Gael,  and  Ir.  ard,  high,  -I- 
maor,  a  bailiff,  steward,  officer.]     The  high 


area 

bailiff  or  steward  under  the  ardrigh  or  chief 
kitig  of  ancient  Scotland. 
ardor,  ardour  (iir'dor),  n.  [Second  form  preva- 
lent in  Kngland;  early  mod.  E.  ardor,  ardour,  < 
ME.  ardure,  ardeur,  <  OF.  ardour,  ardor,  ardur, 
mod.  F.  ardeur  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  ardor  =  It.  ardore. 
<  L.  ardor,  a  burning,  fire,  heat,  eageraess,  < 
ardere,  be  on  lire,  burn,  bo  eager.     Cf.  ardent.] 

1.  Intense  heat:  as,  the  ardor  of  the  sun's  rays. 
—  2.  In  patliol.,  a  feeling  of  heat  or  burning. — 
3t.  A  bright  or  effulgent  spirit.     [Poetical.] 

The  winged  saint  .  .  .  from  among 
Thousand  celestial  ardours,  where  he  Ht^>od 
Veil'd  with  his  gorgeous  wings,  up  springing  light, 
Flew  through  the  tuidst  of  heavetl.    Millun,  V.  h.,  v.  249. 

4.  Warmth  or  heat,  as  of  the  passions  and  af- 
fections; eagerness;  intensity. 
The  wicked  enchauflng  or  ardure  of  this  sinne. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

In  tho  heart's  attachment  a  woman  never  likes  a  man 
with  ardour  till  she  has  suffered  for  his  sake. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  i.  3. 

Tlie  ardour  of  Dunstan's  temper  was  seen  in  the  eager- 
ness with  which  he  plunged  into  the  study  of  letters. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  271. 
=  Syu.  4.  Fervor,  fervency,  vehemence,  intensity,  impetu- 
osity. 

ardrigh  (iir-dre'),  «•  [Gael,  and  Ir.  ardrigh,  < 
ard,  high,  +  righ,  a  king,  =  L.  rex  (reg-),  a  king: 
see  rex.]  In  the  early  history  of  Ireland  and 
Scotland,  a  chief  monarch  or  king. 
arduityt  (ar-du'j-ti),  n.  [<  L.  arduitas,  steep- 
ness,<  arduus,  steep :  see  arduous.]  Steepness ; 
difficulty;  arduousness.  Cockeram. 
arduous  (iir'dii-us),  a.  [<  L.  arduus,  lofty, 
high,  steep,  hard  to  reach,  difficult,  laborious, 
=  Gael.  Ir.  Com.  Manx  ard,  high.]  1.  Steep, 
and  therefore  difficult  of  ascent;  hard  to 
climb. 

Iligh  on  Parnassus'  top  her  sous  she  show'd, 
And  pointed  out  those  arduous  paths  they  trod. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  95. 

2.  Attended  with  great  labor,  like  the  ascent 
of  acclivities ;  difficult. 

In  every  arduous  enterprise  we  consider  what  we  are 
to  lose,  as  well  as  what  we  are  to  gain. 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America. 

Hence  —  3.  Energetic;  laborious:  said  of  per- 
sons or  actions:  as,  an  arduous  student;  ardu- 
ous struggles.  =  Syn.  2.  Difficult,  Hard,  Arduous,  la- 
borious, toilsome,  herculean,  severe.  Difficult  means  not 
easy,  attended  with  obstacles,  requiring  work,  but  possible 
by  faithful  effort  and  perseverance :  as,  adijicult  problem, 
question,  task,  or  case  in  surgery.  Hard  suggests  work, 
like  that  of  digging  up  hard  ground,  or  breaking  through 
hard  rock ;  it  is  stronger  than  difficult.  It  may  also  apply 
to  p.TSsive  suffering :  as,  a  hard  fate,  vn^at  is  arduous 
requires  more  energy  and  endurance,  and  is  less  within 
the  reach  of  common  powers,  than  what  is  hard.  Its  primi- 
tive meaning  of  steep  climbing  is  still  felt  in  it,  aud  makes 
it  suggestive  of  severe  and  protracted  effort. 

To  explore  the  history  of  any  language  is  a  task  pecu- 
liarly difficult  at  this  period  of  the  world,  in  wliich  we  are 
so  remote  from  the  era  of  its  construction. 

S.  Turner,  Hist.  .\nglo-Saxons. 

The  hard  causes  they  brought  unto  Moses,  but  every 
small  matter  they  judged  themselves.  Ex.  xviii.  2«. 

Faithful  friends  are  hard  to  find. 

Shak.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  1.  403. 

Such  an  enterprise  would  be  in  the  highest  degree  ar- 

duotis  and  hazardous.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

It  is  often  difficult  to  control  our  feelings  ;  it  is  still 
harder  to  subdue  om-  will ;  but  it  is  an  arduous  undertak- 
ing to  control  the  contending  will  of  others. 

Crabb,  English  Synonymes,  p.  498. 

arduously  (ilr'du-us-li),   adv.     In  an  arduous 
manner ;  with  laboriousness. 
arduousness  (ar'du-us-nes),  «.     The  state  or 
qiuility  of  being  arduous ;  difficulty  of  execu- 
tion or  performance. 
arduret,  ».     -An  old  form  of  ardor. 
ardurous  (ar'du-rus),  a.     [<  ardure  for  ardor 
+ -ous.]     Burning;  ardent.     [Bare.] 
Lo!  further  on. 
Where  flames  th'  ardurous  spirit  of  Isidore. 

Cury,  tr.  of  Dante's  Paradise,  x.  243. 

arel  (ar).  The  present  indicative  plural  of  the 
substantive  verb  to  be.     See  he. 

are^  (ar  or  ar),  «.  [F.,  <  L.  area,  a  piece  of 
level  groimd:  see  oren.]  lathe  metric  system,  a, 
unit  of  superficial  or  square  measure,  contain- 
ing 100  square  meters,  or  119.6  square  yards. 
Its  abbreviation  is  a. 

a-re  (il'ra').  [It.:  see  gamut.]  The  note  im- 
mediately above  the  tonic,  ut,  in  the  grave 
hexaehord  of  Guido  d'Arezzo's  musical  scale. 

area  (a're-a),  n. ;  pi.  areas,  arem  (-az,  -e).  [L., 
a  piece  of  level  ground,  a  vacant  space,  a  com-t, 
yard,  field,  threshing-floor;  perhaps  allied  to 
'arcre,  be  dry;  cf.  arid.  In  dial,  and  ^Tilgar 
pron.  a'ri :  see  airy^,  and  cf .  airy^  =  aery^.]  1 . 
Any  plane  surface  within  boundaries ;  the  super- 


ficies  of  an  inclosed  or  defined  surface-space; 
the  superficial  contents  of  any  figure  or  surface ; 
supci-ficial  extent.  Hence  —  2.  Any  partieidar 
extent  of  surface;  region;  tract:  as,  the  set- 
tled are<t  of  the  Cnited  States. — 3.  The  space 
or  site  on  which  a  buililing  stands ;  the  yard  at- 
tached to  or  surrounding  a  house;  speeifical- 
Iv,  a  sunken  space  or  inclosure  before  win- 
dows or  a  door  of  a  basement  story. — 4.  A 
bald  place  on  the  head ;  a  disease  of  the  hair 
which  causes  it  to  fall  off  andleave  bald  patches. 

X.  E.  D Area  Celsi,  alopecia  iireata  (which  see,  iiiuier 

a/r'ivri.i).— Area  cniralis,  in  aaar.,  the  crural  ai-ea:  a 
teriii  applied  to  tiiiit  p;irt  of  the  surface  of  the  base  of  the 
hrain  wiiich  is  bounJt-il  by  Ujies  projected  laterally  from 
llie  pjii?  Varolii  and  i.'j»tic  chiasm.  It  may  he  reco-niized 
for  convenience,  but  has  no  anatomical  sigiiilicance. — 
Area  elliptica,  in  anat.,  the  elliptical  area;  the  surface 
oi  tile  o!iv.iry  bcnlyof  the  medulla  oblongata. — Area  em- 
bryonalis,  in  embryol.,  the  embryonic  area;  the  central 
thickened  I'l-jrtion  of  that  part  of  the  Idastodemiic  vesicle 
of  mammalian  embryos  which  is  lined  with  hypoblast. 
From  thi-i  the  main  body  of  the  animal  is  developed,  while 
the  rest  of  the  bhistode'rmic  vesicle  goes  to  form  the  um- 
bihtal  vesicle.— Area  germlnativa,  in  embniol.,  the  ger- 
minal area;  the  spit  where  the  first  rudiments  of  an  em- 
brj'o  appear  as  a  little  heap  of  blastospheres ;  the  germinal 
disk.  —  Area  Intercruralls,  in  anat.  .the  intercrural  area ; 
the  space  bet  ween  tlie  crura  or  pedunciesof  the  brain.  .Also 
called  the  arm  inWrp^'luiicitlaris. — Area  Of  a  COntOUT, 
the  area  of  its  m.a.ximuiu  orthogonal  project  i-  >n  on  a  plane. 
^ Area  ovalls,  iu  atwt.,  tlie  oval  area ;  an  ele\atcd  space 
on  the  inferolateral  surface  of  the  cerebellum,  on  the  outer 
side  of  the  area  elliptica.— Area  pellucida,  in  cmbrt/ol,. 
the  clear  space  ;  the  Iluid  interiiU-  of  a  blasinia;  a  kind  of 
blastociele.  —  Area  postpontilis,  maunt..  the  area  of  the 
Ventral  aspect  of  the  bram  liehind  the  pons  Varolii,  being 
the  ventral  asjiect  id  the  melcncephalon,  inchiding:  the 
area  elliptica  and  area  ovalis.— Area  prsechiasmatica, 
in  anal.,  the  surface  of  the  base  of  the  brain  in  front  of 
the  optic  clii;ism.  —  Area  septalls,  in  anal.,  the  septal 
area;  the  mesal  surface  of  eacnlialf  of  the  septum  lucidum. 
—  Areas  of  Cohnheim,  in  anat.,  the  polygonal  areas  into 
which  the  cross.section  of  a  muscle. fiber  is  seen  to  be  di- 
videil  .Also  called  tirlU  of  Cnhnheim.—Aiea,  vasculosa, 
in  (inhryof.,  the  vascular  urea  about  the  clear  sjiace.  when 
blixMl. vessels  are  developed  in  the  mesobla^t. — Area 
Titelllna,  in  finhnjol.,  the  yolk. area  beyond  the  vascular 
area  in  merobhistic  eggs.— Blind  area,  faunal  area, 
etc.  .Ve  the  ailjeclives. 
areacht,  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arcche,  ar- 
ruii-h,  aretcli  (prct.  araught,  arraufijit),  Se. 
urcil:,  etc.,  <  JlE.  nrechen,  <  AS.  drwcan  (= 
OUG.  arnichOn,  SIHG.  G.  crrciclicn),  reach, 
reach  to,  get  at,  <  a-  -t-  rwcaii,  reach:  gee  n-1 
and  reach.]  I.  trims.  1.  To  roach;  got  at; 
get;  obtain. —  2.  To  reach,  hand,  or  deliver  (a 
thing  to  a  person). 

To  whom  Y  sehal  areche  a  sop  of  breed. 

Wyctif,  John  xiii.  20. 

n.  iittrans.  To  reach;  stretch;  extend. 
areadt,  aredet  (a-red'),  v.  t.  [In  mod.  use  ar- 
chaic, and  of  unsettled  orthography;  also  writ- 
ten arcetl,  itrrccil;  <  ME.  areden,  <  AS.  driedaii, 
dridaii  (weak  verb,  pret.  drwdde,  pp.  drtedcd, 
drigd,  but  orig.  strong),  determine,  decree,  cx- 
]ilain,  interpret,  read  (=  0H6.  arrdtan,  MHG. 
errntcn,  G.  crrnlhcn,  guess,  conjecture),  <  «- 
+  rwdun,  determine,  counsel,  read:  see  a-1 
and  rend,  rede.']  1.  To  declare;  tell;  interpret; 
explain. 
Artde  my  drcmcti.       Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  289. 

Arede,  Roml  gentle  swalne, 

If  in  the  dale  lielow,  or  on  yon  plnlnc, 

Or  is  the  village  situate  in  a  grove. 

\y.  Broirnc,  Britannia's  PastoralB,  i.  .3. 

ArtM  my  counsel  arlKht,  and  I  will  warrant  thee  for 
the  nonce.  liarham,  IngoldHby  Legends,  1.  130. 

2.  To  counsel ;  advise ;  direct ;  teach. 

Ilut  mark  what  I  arreed  thee  now  ;  Avaunt. 

MMon,  V.  I,.,  Iv.  002. 

3.  To  gaess;  conjecture. 

So  hard  this  Idole  was  to  he  ami, 

That  t'loriini-ll  llerselfe  In  all  meliH  Vew 

.Hhi:  seern'd  to  passe.        Spfiucr,  t\  Q.,  IV.  v.  16. 

4.  To  read. 

Iter  hardly  open'd  Imok,  which  to  aread  Is  cmIc. 

John  Jlall,  Pwms,  p.  01, 

areadt,  aredet,  n.     [<  aread,  v.]    Advice;  dis- 

c'lijrio;  uarrution. 

Fnyre  nrrritfa 
Of  trdtniirs  stmiinge.    .*f/wnsiT,  F.  Q..  1,  Ix.  28. 

areae,  ».  T'luml  ut  nr/rnn  its  anatomical  BoiiioH. 
area!  fn'r.-   ,  l  .  ,..     (<  l^.  urciiHs,  of  II  throHhiiig- 

'' —     '    "'  '■'(//(■,  II.,  an  nron),  <  (/r«/, 

iig-lloor,  oil-,;   Kff  ami.] 

'  ho  nature  of  an  area:  bh, 

art  ill  I 

Tb'  '  ■  'lie  nrrnl  (teoloRT  of  llic  country,  In- 

''"'""«  " '  ■'!• '  Id  li«  I  omniorcliil  |iroblrn». 

Hcitnee,  IV.  Sivl. 
ArMLl  ''o^rdlnat/is       .  .  rmmUnnl^, 

arealltv  .    [<.  nnni  +  .ii,i.]   Th.. 

'  ""'I''  f  anythini;  in  reupcct  to 

»rf>».      V    /  .  1 1,     [Karo,] 


302 

arearlf  (a-rer'),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  areare, 
and  erroneously  arrear,  <  ME.  arcren,  <  AS. 
dr^ran,  (.  d-  +  rwran,  raise,  rear:  see  a-1  and 
rcorl.]  1.  To  raise;  erect;  build;  rear. — 2. 
To  lift  up;  exalt. — 3.  To  arotise;  start;  ex- 
cite; stir  up. 

arear- (a-rer'),  j>irj).p/ic.  asnrfc.  [<a3  +  rear^; 
practically  equiv.  to  arrear^,  adv.]  Itx  the 
rear;  to  the  rear.     [Rare.] 

arear'-t,  ndv.  and  «.     See  arrear^, 

area-sneak  I  a're-a-snek),  n.  A  person  who  lurks 
about  the  areas  of  dwelling-houses  for  the  piu-- 
poso  of  stealing;  a  sneak-tkief. 

areasont,  i'.  t.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  arraison, 

<  ilE.  araisonen,  aresoncii,  aresuiieii,  <  OF.  are- 
siiiier,  aresoner,  araisoner  (mod.  F.  arraisonncr 
=  Pr.  arra^oiiar  =  Pg.  arrii::oar),  <  ML.  arrn- 
tionare,  reason  with,  call  to  account,  arraign, 

<  L.  ad,  to,  -t-  ML.  rutioiiare,  discourse,  reason: 
see  reason,  and  cf.  arniiyii^,  a  doublet  of  area- 
son.]     To  question;  callto  aeeotmt;  arraign. 

Love  hym  aresoneth.  Rom.  of  the  Jiose,  1.  G22i. 

areca (ar'f-kS),  n.  [Formerly  also  arcVa,  areeka, 
arrequa,  erecca,  also  arkc,  aral;  arecl;  areqiie, 

<  Pg.  Sp.  areca,  <  Malayalam  ddekkn,  Canarese 
ddike,  ddiki,  Tamil  ddnikdi/,  <  adui,  denoting 
close  arrangement  of  tlie  cluster,  +  bii/,  nut, 
fruit  (Bishop  Caldwell,  in  A'.  E.  J).).  The  fir.st 
consonant  is  cerebral  d,  variable  to  r.]  1.  A 
tree  of  the  genus  Jrcco  and  its  fruit  (betel-nut). 
See  next  definition,  and  areca-niit. —  2.  [_cap.] 
[XL.]  A  genus  of  palms,  natives  of  tropical 
Asia  and  the  Malay  archipelago,  with  pinnate 
leaves  and  soUd,  fibrous-coated  nuts.  There  ai-e 
about  20  species,  the  most  important  of  which  is  thepinang 
or  betel.palm,  A.  Catechu,  which  I'urnislics  the  well-known 
betel-nut.  It  is  one  of  the  noliUst  palms  of  Inilia,  its 
slender  trunk  rising  to  a  height  of  n:)  feet. 

areca-nut  (ar'e-ka-nut),  H.  The  betel-nut;  the 
fruit  of  an  East  Indian  palm,  Areca  Catechu. 
The  nut  h.as  long  been  used  by  the  Asiatics  as  a  mastica. 
tory,  and  is  Largely  cultivated  for  this  purpose,  the  exports 
from  Ceylon  to  Iiulia  alone  amounting  to  nearly  4,000  tons 
annually.  The  fruit  of  tlie  palm  is  of  the  shape  and  size 
of  a  hen's  egg,  consisting  of  a  thick  fibrous  rind  inclosing 
a  nut  like  a  nutmeg,  with  hard  white  albumen.  This  is 
used  either  when  young  antl  tender  or  after  lioiling  iu 
water,  and  is  chewed  with  a  little  lime  in  a  leaf  of  the 
betel.peppcr,  Charica  lii'tlc.  It  is  supposed  to  sweeten 
the  breath,  strengthen  the  gums,  and  promote  digestion. 
The  iiowder  of  the  luit  is  used  in  pharmacy  as  a  vermifuge. 

aredet,  areedt,  »'•  and  «.     See  aread. 

areek  (a-i-ek'),  ^xryi.  jdtr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a'^  + 
»'«7.l.]    In  a  reeking  condition. 

A  messenger  comes  all  areck.     Su'(ft,  To  Peterborough. 

arefactiont  (ar-e-fak'shon), «.  [=  F.  ar(J'action, 

<  L.  as  if  "arefactio^n-),  <  arcfacerc,  pp.  arefnc- 
tii.i,  malio  dry,  <  arerc,  be  dry,  +  faccn;  make.] 
Tho  act  of  drying;  tlio  state  of  being  dry. 

arefyt  (ar'e-li),  r.  t.  or  /.      [<  L.  arefaecre,  l)ut 
with  second  element  modified;  see  urcj'action 
and  -fij.]     To  make  or  become  dry. 
.So  doth  time  or  age  arc/ij.  Jiacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  294. 

areiset,  '■.  t.     [See  araise.]     Same  as  raise. 

arena^  (a-re'na),  «.  [L.,  sand,  a  sandy  place, 
licach,  arena;  moii'  coiToctlv  hiireiia,  <)L.  ha- 
sena,  a.'iena  =  Sabine /r(.vr/(((,  sand;  not  rolalod 
to  arere,  l)o  dry.]  1.  Tlio  inclosed  space  in 
tlie  central  part  of  tho  Koinaii  atiipliilheators, 
ill  which  tho  coiiiljats  of  gladiators  or  wild 
beasts  took  place.  It  was  usually  covered  with  sand 
or  sawdust,  to  prevent  the  gladiators  from  Rlipping  ami 
to  absorb  the  blood,  anil,  for  the  protection  of  the  speeta. 
tors  from  the  hoists,  wilh  surrounded  by  a  high  wall, 
which  was  often  surmounted  by  a  strong  grating. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  scene  or  theater  of  exer- 
tion or  contest  of  any  kind:  as,  tho  arena  of 
war  or  of  debate. 

Klval  politicians  contending  In  the  open  arena  of  pub- 
lic life. 

.S'ir  G.  C.  Lewiti,  Authority  In  Matters  of  Opinion,  Ix. 

3.  In  jiatlad.,  sand  iirgravol  in  the  kidni'ys. — 4. 
In  arch.,  tin-  luain  area  of  a  leinplo,  church,  or 
other  building.     [Kan^  and  incori'i'ct.] 

arena'-'  (iir'nii).  [=E.  <irc  no,  i.  o.,  are  not; 
na  =  E.  fiol,  q.  v.J     Are  not.     [Seotcli.] 

Things  .  ,  .  arena  keepit  In  mind  ...  as  they  used 
to  be.  Scott,  Anliijiiary,  x\lv. 

arenaceocalcareons  (ar-r'-nii''Hlii6-kal  -ka'ro- 

iis;,  «.  l(,ar<:naci:oun  +  calcareous.]  Of  tliiMia- 
ttiro  of,  or  coiiHisting  of,  a  mixture  of  Hand  and 
carbonate  of  lime. 

Near  Nice,  In  i)lnreB  where  the  great  eyllndrlenl  cast. 
Ings  .  .  ,  nlioiinil,  the  noil  coiiHlMts  id  very  (hie  ai-enacco- 
cfitcnrfntm  \f\m\\.  Jiarwin,  Veg,  Mould,  p.  27f). 

arenaceous  (nr-e-na'HhiuH),  ft.  [<  L.  arennceiis, 
liiiri  naci  nn,  Hniidv,  <  arena,  hnrena,  Buml ;  Kee 
"iv7i(|l.]  1.  Handy;  iilMniiidingin  sand;  liaviiig 
till'  propurtiet)  of  Band. —  2.  Figurulively,  ilry  ; 
arid. 


Arenicoli 

.\n  arenaceous  quality  in  the  style,  which  makes  progro.s8 
wearisome.  Lowctt,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser,,  p.  239. 

3.  Composed  largely  of  sand  or  sandy  par- 
ticles. (<i)  In  ffcol.,  applied  to  rocks:  as,  arenaceous 
limestone.  A  rock  is  said  to  he  arenaceous  when  it  con- 
tains a  considerable  amonnt  of  iiuartz-sand,  or  is  largely 
made  up  of  sandy  particles. 
A  reddish,  sottish,  somewhat  arenaceous  marly  rock. 

Darwin,  Geol,  Observations,  ii.  316. 
(6)  In  zoot.,  specifically  applied  to  those  Forantin(fera 
whose  membranous  case  becomes  hardened  by  the  attach, 
ment  of  foreign  substances,  as  particles  of  sand  or  shelly 
matters. 

Arenaria  (ar-e-na'ri-a),  H.  [NL.,  fem.  sing,  of 
Ij.arcnariiiSfharcnarius:  seearenarioiis.]  1.  In 
ornith. :  (<;)  [?.  c]  A  disused  specific  name  of 
several  shore-birds  or  limicoline  species  of 
Scolopacida;  as  the  redshank,  Totanns  calidris. 
(6)  A  generic  name  of  tlie  turustone,  tStrepsilas 
interpres.  JJrisson,  1700.  (<•)  A  generic  name  of 
the  sanderling,  Calidris  arenaria.  Meijer,  1810. 
(rf)  [I.e.]  The  specific  name  of  the  same.  Lin- 
naeus, 1758,  and  most  modern  writers. —  2.  A 
genus  of  bivalve  moUusks,  of  the  family  Tel- 
linidie:  sjTionymous  with  Scrohicularia.  Miihl- 
feld,  1811. — 3.  In  hot.,  an  unimportant  genus 
of  low  liorlis,  of  the  natural  order  Cariiophijl- 
lacrn;  allied  to  the  chickweeds;  the  sandworts. 

Arenariins  (ar-f-na-ri-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Arenaria,  1  (li),  +  -ina:]  The  tiu'nstones,  as  a 
subfamily  of  Charadriida;  taking  naiui'  from 
the  genus  Arenaria.  See  Arenaria,  1  (6),  and 
iStrcjisilas. 

arenarious  (ar-e-na'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  arenarius, 
harenarius,  sandy,  <  <irena,  harenn,  sand:  see 
arena'^.]  Sandy;  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of 
sand;  as,  ariniirious  f.o\\. 

arenated  (ar'e-na-ted),  a.  [<  L.  arenatus,  prop. 
hiirtniiltis,  <  arena,  harcna,  sand;  see  arena^.] 
KiiUicod  orgi'ouud  intosand;  mixed  with  sand. 

arenation  (ar-e-ua'shon),  )i.  [<  L.  arenatio{n-), 
Jiarcnatio(n-),  a  plastering  with  sand,  <  arena- 
tus, harenatus,  sanded,  mixed  with  sand,  < 
arena,  harcna,  sand:  see  arena'^.]  In  nied.,  a 
sand-bath;  the  application  of  hot  .sand  to  tho 
body  of  a  diseased  person  as  a  remedy. 

The  practice  of  arenation  or  of  burying  the  body  iu  the 
sand  of  the  sea-shore  ...  is  very  ancient,  as  also  that  of 
applying  heated  sand  to  various  parts  of  the  body. 

Encjic.  ISrit.,  III.  4.')!). 

arendalite  (a-ren'da-Ut),  n.  [<  Arendal  +  -ite-.] 
A  lime  and  iron  epldote  from  Arendal  in  Nor- 
way, consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  iron  poro.xid, 
and  liijio.    Also  called  acanticone.    See  epidole. 

arendator,  »'.     See  amndator. 

areng,  arenga  (a-reng',  -gji),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  A 
valualile  sago-palm  of  the  Indian  archipelago, 
Arcn<j(i  saccharifera.  It  yields  a  black  bristly  fiber 
resembling  horsehair,  which  makes  excellent  cordage,  and 

fir. 


J' 


A 


■"-M!!;'    . 


■'i^ 


|'^^> 


ylrrMi'a  siterftar(^era,  with  fnilt  entire  and  In  itecllon. 

Is  known  as  fjowuto  or  fjowuti  fiber.  The  trunk  alTords  a 
conHtderablu  amount  of  sago 'of  good  iiualit>'.  and  the 
abundant  sarclmrhu-  juice  from  the  llower  slieaths  is  cob 
III  li  d  for  111,'  hiike  of  lis  sugar  and  for  frniienlallon. 

Arenicola  (ui-o-nik'o-lii),  ».  j  NL.,  <  L.  arena, 
hariiia,  .sand.  -I-  entire,  inliiibil,  clwell.]  Tho 
typioal  and  priiK'ipal  gomis  of  the  family  .Ireni- 
C()/i(/ic(wliicliHeo);  tho  lobwornisor  liigworiiiH, 
wliich  live  in  Ilio  siiiid  of  Hca-coasls.  .t.  ;.o.r«- 
torino,  a  i  iMiunon  I'.nropciin  species,  nimli  nsi'd  by  llsh. 
I't'iiii'ii  for  bait,  burrows  a  foot  or  Iwo  deep  in  the  sand.  Is 
■H  or  HI  Inihes  long,  with  an  eyelcKs  head,  and  nrbusinlar 
gills  iiiMin  the  segments  of  llie  middle  part  of  (lie  body. 

Arenicoli  (ar-(>nil('o-li),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  jil.  of 
"iiri  nicidns,  as  .trenteiila,  (j.  v.]  A  gi'oiiji  of 
xi'iirnbiroiil  beellos,  rorrospoiiding  to  tho  fami- 
lies (ieulrijpidu:  and  Troyiilu!  of  Maclcay. 


arenicolid 


303 


arenicolid  (ar-e-nik'6-lid),  n. 
I'iimily 


a  reticelli 


A  worm  of  the  areolatlon  (ar"e-9-la'shon),  n.     [<  areolate  + 
.trnticoUdw.  -i»«.]    1 .  The  state  of  bo'ing  areolate  in  eharac- 

Arenicolida  (ai"'e-ni-kol'i-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  tor,  or  of  having  an  areola,  or  of  division  into 
Aniiiciilii  +  -Ula,  q.  v.]  Same  as  AreiiicoUdce.  areoUe;  the  arrangement  and  form  of  areola;, 
Arenicolidse  (ar"e-ni-kol'i-de),  jj.  ;>;.  [NL.,  <  as  in  the  leaves  of  mosses.— 2.  A  set  of  areola} 
Annicola  +  -«/«'.]  A  family  of  free  marine  taken  together  as  making  something  areolate. 
polyehaitous  or  chietopodous  and  notobranehi-  areole  (ar'e-61),  n.  [=  F.  arcole,  <  L.  areola.] 
ate  annelids,  of  which  the  genus  Arciiicola  is     Same  as  areola. 

the  ty]je.     Also  Areiiicolitla,  Areiiocolkla;.  areolet  (ar'6-6-let),  h.     [<  areole  + -et.']     !.■  A 

arenicolite  (ar-e-nik'o-lit),  H.     [<  Arcnicola  +     small  areola.— 2.  Same  as  areola,  1. 
(c'-'.]    The  name  given  by  some  paleontologists  areology  (a-re-ol'o-ji), 
)  peculiar  markings  observed  on  various  rocks     planet),  4-  -'Ao'yia,  i.  Uy 


-i(c'-'.]      -lUBiiamBgivuii  uy  aumepiueonuoiogists  areOlOgy  ^a-re-ol'o-Jl),  n, 

to  peculiar  markings  observed  on  various  rocks  planet),  +  -M!yla,  K  Uyuv,  speak:   see  -ology.'] 

in  Wales  and  Newfoundland,  and  supposed  to  The  scientific  investigation  of  the  substance  of 

be  burrows  of  annelids,  or  something  similar.  Mars. 

They  liave  recently  been  carefully  examined  hy  various  areometer  Car-e-Om'e-tHr>  «       f—  F    artfmnMrp 

geoloKists  and   paleontologists,   and    are  considered  l.y  /  rv    ^™,,/,     tv,?,,  ^„f  .?  '^'          I- ^  ■  areometre, 

them  as  not  being  of  organic  origin,  but  simply  markiiies  ^  'Jl-  "pa  "i,  tbm,  not  den 


organic  origin,  but  simply  markings 
made  by  tbe  sjiray  or  by  water  in  some  other  form. 

arenicolous  (ar-f-nik'o-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  "areni- 
culus :  see  Areniiola  and  -ous.']  In  soiil.,  inhab- 
iting sand,  as  certain  worms.     See  Arenicola. 

arenilitict  (a-ren-i-lit'ik),  a.  [<  *areniUte,  <  L. 
aniia,harcna,  sand  (see  arena^),  +  Gr.  Xi.6o^,  a 


dense,  +  /urpov,  a  mea- 
sure.] An  instrument  for  measuring  the  spe- 
cific gravity  of  liquids;  a  hydrometer.  Also 
spelled  arwometer. 
areometric  (ar"e-o-met'rik),  a.  [As  areometer 
+  -(■(■.]•  Pertaining  to  the  areometer,  or  to  are- 
ometry.     Also  spelled  armometric. 


si  one.]     Pertaining  to  sandstone  ;   consisting  areometrical   (ar"e-9-met'ri-kal),  a.     Same  as 


of  sandstone  :  as,  areniliUc  moim tains. 
arenose  (ar'e-nos),  a.     [<  L.  arenosus,  Itareno- 

sun,  full  of  sand,  <  arena,  harena,  sand:   see 

rt»'e««l.]     Full  of  sand  ;  sandy. 
arenous  (ar'f-nus),  a.      [As  arenose.']    Sandy ; 

sand-like. 
arenuloust  (a-ren'u-lus),  a.     [<  L.  arenula,  lia 


areoiitctric.     Also  spelled  arwometrical. 
areometry  (ar-e-om'e-tri),  n:     [As  areometer  + 
-y.]     The  measurement  of  the  specific  gravity 
of  fluids  by  means  of  an  areometer.     Also 
spelled  arwomrtrii. 
Areopagist   (ar-e-op'a-gist),   n.     [As  Areojja- 

.  .  .        ,,  ^       _      _  ,  ....      yite  +  -ist.]     Same  as  Arcoiiagite. 

renttla,  fine  sand,  dim.  of  arena,  harena,  sand :  Areopagite   (ar-e-op'a-git),  n.     [<  L.  Areopa- 
see  areiia'^.']     Like  or  full  of  line  sand.  ff'fea,  <   Gr.  'ApcoTrayirijc,   la' 


areosystyle,   araeosystyle    (a-rc-o-sis'til),  a. 

[<  Gr.  (iimor,  thin,  not  dense,  +  ai'aTV/.oc,  with 
columns  standing  together,  <  auv,  together,  -t- 
arvAo^,  column :  see  slylc'^.]  In  arch.,  having 
columns  coupled  or  placed  in  pairs,  with  an  in- 
terval generally  of  one  diameter  and  a  half  be- 
tween the  centers  of  the  coujjled  columns,  and 
of  more  than  three  diameters  between  the  ex- 
ternal columns  of  tlio  pairs,  measui-ed  from 
center  to  center.  See  cut  under  syslyle. 
[<  "XpJK,  Mars  (the  areotict,  araeotict  (ar-e-ot'ik),  a.  and  «.  [<  Gr. 
afiatuTiKOr,  of  or  for  rarefying,  <  apaiovv,  rarefy, 
<  apai6i;  rare,  thin,  not  dense.]  I.  a.  In  med., 
attenuating  the  humors;  efficacious  in  opening 
the  pores. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  supposed  to  attenuate  the 
fluids  of  the  body,  open  the  pores,  and  increase 
perspiration ;  an  atteuuant. 

areret,  v.  t.     See  arear^. 

Ares  (a'rez),  u.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Apj?f,  the  god  of 
war ;  perhaps  allied  to  ipir,  strife,  quarrel,  dis- 
cord, personified  'Ep;f,  L.  Erin,  a  goddess  who 
excites  to  war,  sister  and  companion  of  Ares.] 


areocentric  (a"re-6-sen'trik),  0.  [<  Gr.  'Vw, 
Mars  (the  planet),  +  Kivrpov,  center,  -I-  -ic.] 
Having  Mars  as  a  center:  as,  areocentric  longi- 
tude. 

areOgrapMc  (a-rf-o-graf'ik),  a.     [<  areography 
+  -ic.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  areography. 
The  armgraphic  longitude  of  the  center  of  the  Oculus. 
Nature,  XXJCIII.  42. 

areography  (a-re-og'ra-fi),  n. ;  pi.  areographies 
(-fiz).  [<  Gr.  "\p7K,  Mars  (the  planet),  -f  -ypacjiia, 
<  ypcKpeiv,  write.]  A  treatise  on  or  description 
of  the  planet  Mars. 

The  areographies  agree  very  well  ^vith  each  other  in  re- 
spect to  the  planet's  [Marss]  most  important  features. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo. .  XXVI.  65. 

areola  (a-re'o-la),  «. ;  pi.  areolm  (-le).  [L.,  a 
small  open  place,  dim.  of  area:  see  area.]  1. 
In  entom.,  a  small,  generally  angular,  inclosed 
space  on  a  surface,  as  the  spaces  between  the 
veinlets  in  the  wing  of  a  dragon-fly,  or  pale 
spaces  between  dark  lines  which  form  a  net- 
work. Also  areolet. —  2.  In  io<.,  a  term  some- 
times used  to  designate  the  meshes  of  cellular 
tissue  or  little  distinct  angular  spaces  on  a  sur- 
face.—  3.  laanat.:  {a)  Any  little  cell,  area,  or 
space ;  especially,  one  of  the  small  interstices 
in  the  meshes  of  areolar  tissue  and  the  like,  or 
among  minute  interlacing  vessels,  as  capillaries. 
(6)  The  colored  circle  or  halo  about  the  nipple 
of  the  human  mammary  gland,  pink  in  virgins, 
and  brown  of  various  shades  in  women  whu 
have  borne  children,  (c)  The  red  ring  of  in- 
flamed tissue  siuToundiug  a  pustule.  Hence, 
figuratively  — 4.  An  aureole. 

In  some  legemls  of  saints  we  find  that  they  were  born 

with  a  lambent  circle  or  golden  areola  about  their  heads. 

De  Quinceij,  Works,  XV.  3>). 

5.  In  decorative  art  and  manufacture,  any 
plate,  tile,  or  flat  panel.  («)  a  tile  of  earthenware, 
or  a  plate  of  marble  or  stone  forming  part  of  a  pavement 
(6)  One  of  the  eight  plates,  rectangular,  with  arched  tops, 
and  richly  jeweled  and  enameled,  which  make  up  the  cir- 
cuit of  the  imperial  crown  of  the  Byzantine  empire  and 
that  of  Charlemagne.  See  crown. 
Also  areole. 

areolar  (a-re'o-lar),  a.  [<  areola  +  -ar.]  Per- 
taining to  an  areola  or  to  areolse ;  resembling 
an  areola ;  consisting  of  or  containing  areolse ; 
full  of  interstices.- Areolar  tissue,  in  aimt.,  the 
light  fleecy  or  flocculent  kind  ..f  ..nliiiai  v  tomiective  tis- 
sue, such  as  that  usually  found  be]irath  the  skin,  consist- 
ing of  a  fine  network  of  white  or  yellow  Hbrous  tissue  so 
interlaced  as  to  include  numberless  areolje  in  its  meshes 
Also  called  cellular  tissue. 

The  cellular  or  areolar  tissue  is  so  called  because  its 
meshes  are  easily  distended  and  thus  separated  into  cells 
or  spaces  which  al!  ')peii  freely  into  one  another,  and  are 
consequently  easily  blown  up  with  air,  or  permeated  by 
fluid.  Such  spaces,  however,  do  not  exist  in  the  natural 
condition  of  the  body,  but  the  whole  {areolar'\  tissue  forms 
one  unbroken  membrane  composed  of  interlacing  fibres. 

H.  Gray,  Anat. 

areolate  (a-re'o-lat),  a.  [<  areola  +  -ate'i^.] 
Characterized  by  areolte ;  exhibiting  areolae,  as 
the  reticulated  leaves  of  plants  or  the  wings  of 
a  dragon-fly. 

areolated  (a-re'o-la-ted),  a.  [<  areolate  +  -ed^.] 
Marked  by  or  consisting  of  areola;;  divided 
into  small  spaces  by  intersecting  lines. 


later  'ApeioirayiTr/g,  < 
'Apcidirayoi; :  see  Areopagus.]  A  member  of  the 
council  of  the  Areopagus.     Acts  xvii.  34. 

areopagitic  (ar-e-op-a-git'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Areo- 
pagificiis,  <  Gr.  'ApeoTraytTinog:  see  Areopagus.] 
Pertaining  to  the  Areopagus. 

Areopagus  (ar-e-op'a-gus),  ».  [L.,  <  Gr.  'Apctd- 
jrajof,  not  in  good  use  (but  cf.  'ApeoTrayiTrjc,  Are- 
opagite), a  contr.  of  "Apao^  nayog,  Mars's'  Hill: 
"Apeto^,  belonging  to  "Apr/c,  Mars  (cf.  ^na»l,  and 
see  Ares);  Tvayoc,  a  hill.]  1.  A  rocky  hill  in 
Athens,  situated  immediately  to  the  west  of 
the  Acropolis ;  hence,  the  sovereign  tribunal  or 
coimcil  of  elders  which  held  its  sittings  on  this 
hill  from  imrecorded  antiquity.  Though  modified 
sever,al  times  in  its  constitution,  notably  by  Solon  and 
Ephialtes,  the  Areopagus  always  retained  the  highest 
reputation  for  dignity,  justice,  and  wisdom.  Its  functions 
were  at  once  religious,  political,  and  judicial ;  the  scope  of 
its  action  was  thus  much  wider  than  that  of  a  supreme 
court  of  the  present  day,  extending  not  only  to  jurisdiction 
in  cases  of  homicide  and  some  others  in  which  religion 
was  concerned,  and  to  a  general  censorship  of  all  affairs  of 
state,  but  even  to  the  supervision  of  education,  and  to  cer- 


Tlie  .\reopagus  at  Athens,  as  seen  from  the  Hill  of  Uie  Nymphs  i  the 
Acropolis  in  the  background. 

tain  police  and  sumptuary  regulations.  In  historic  times 
the  Areopagus  was  constituted  of  all  archons,  after  their 
year  of  office,  who  had  successfully  proved  themselves 
guiltless  of  malfeasance,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  law. 

The  Areopagus,  a  primeval  tribunal,  hallowed  by  mythic 
associations,  where  trials  were  held  under  primitive  forms, 
secured  to  them  [the  great  families]  a  privileged  authority 
under  the  sanction  of  religion. 

Von  Ranlce,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  13S. 

Hence — 2.  Any  body,  company,  or  tribunal  of 
which  the  decisions,  opinions,  or  criticisms  are 
final  or  carry  great  weight:  as,  the  Areopagus 
of  public  opinion. 

The  Emperor,  instead  of  drawing  the  sword  for  Luxem- 
burg, submitteti  his  case  to  the  Areopagii^  of  Europe. 

Lowe,  Bismai'ck,  I.  430. 
areopagyt(ar-e-op'a-gi),  n.    i<  Areopagus.]   An 
Areopagus  or  tribunal. 

The  .  .  .  Areopagy  of  hell.      Sir  T.  Broiime,  Vulg.  Err. 

areostyle,  araeostyle  (a-re'o-stil),  a.  [<  L. 
ara'ostylos,  <  Gr.  apa/oaru/oc,  mth  columns  far 
ai)art,  <  apaioc,  thin,  not  dense,  4-  aTv?.o(,  a, 
column,  pillar:  see  style".]  In  arch.,  having 
columns  placed  four  diameters,  or  more  than 
three  diameters,  apart,  from  center  to  center 
of  the  columns. 


Ares.—  Statue  in  the  Villa  Ludovisi,  Rome. 

In  Gr.  myth.,  the  god  of  war,  typical  particu- 
larly of  the  violence,  brutality,  confusion,  and 
destruction  it  calls  forth.  The  corresponding 
Roman  deity  was  Mars. 

aresont,  v.  t.     See  areason. 

arestt,  v.  and  n.    An  old  form  of  arrest^. 

arett,  arettet,  «•  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arret, 
arretle,  arreet,  <  ME.  aretten,  <  OF.  areter,  aret- 
ter,  <a  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  refer,  <  L.  repntare,  count: 
see  repute.]  1.  To  reckon;  assign;  ascribe: 
with  to. 

The  charge  which  God  doth  unto  me  arrett. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  11.  vlii.  8. 

2.  To  charge  ;  impute:  with  to  or  upon. 

lie  that  aretteth  upon  God,  or  blameth  God  of  thyng  of 
which  he  is  hym  self  gilty.  Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

aretaics  (ar-e-ta'iks),  n.     [<  Gr.  as  if  *a/j£Tai/«if, 

<  aperii,  virtue.]  In  ethics,  same  as  aretology. 
(irote. 

ar§te  (a-raf),  n.  [F.,  a  ridge,  sharp  edge,  <  OP. 
areste,<  L.  arista,  ear  of  com,  spine:  see  arrest'^ 
and  arista.]  A  sharp  ridge  or  rocky  spur  of  a 
mountain.  * 

Arethusa  (ar-e-thu'sa),  71.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'AptBovaa, 
the  name  of  several  foimtains,  the  most  famous 
being  that  in  the  island  of  Ort.ygia  at  SjTacuse ; 
fabled  to  have  been  a  n.^-mph  of  Arcadia,  who, 
being  pursued  by  the  river-god  Alpheus,  and 
changed  into  a  stream  by  Artemis,  disappeared 
under  ground,  passed  beneath  the  Ionian  sea, 
and  reappeared  in  Ortygia;  lit.,  the  Waterer; 
fem.  ppr.  of  ^apWeiv  for  apdciv,  to  water.]  1.  In 
bot,  a  genus  of  orchids,  consisting  of  a  single 
species,  A.  btdbosa,  a  small  swamp-plant  of 
North  America,  v.'itli  a  handsome  rosy-purple 
sweet-scented  flower  terminating  a  sheathed 
scape. — 2.  In  :ool.:  (a)  A  genus  of  acalephs. 
(b)  A  genus  of  mollusks.  Montfort,  1808.  (c) 
A  genus  of  reptiles.  Diimeril  and  Bibron,  1840. 
(fO  A  genus  of  crustaceans. 

a  reticelli  (a  ra-te-chel'le).  [It.:  a  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
with;  reticelli,  pi.  of  reticello,  masc,  more  com- 
moiily  rcticella,  fem.,  a  small  net,  dim.  of  rete, 

<  L.  rete,  net:  see  rete.]  With  reticidations: 
applied  to  glassware  decorated  with  fine  Unes  of 
opaque  white  buried  in  the  transparent  paste 
and  forming  net-like  designs.  The  decoration  is 
obtained  by  making  the  body  of  the  object  of  two  thick- 
nesses of  gla.ss  in  such  a  manner  that  the  spiral  lines  in 
one  form  an  angle  with  those  in  the  other. 


Aretine 
Aretine  (ar'e-tin),  a.    [<  L.  Aretinus,  <  Jretium, 


the  : 
Of. 


•ne  of  Arezzo  in  Tuscany.]     1 

.  the  town  of  Arezzo  in  Tuscany, 

..  •  :-ants. — 2.  Same  as  Jrffi'wmH. — 

:txe,  ii  kind  of  w-atg  of  which  the  paste  is  of 

.-.'  color,  pale  when  broken,  and  lioes  not  be- 

\vii-ii  ^'lineot  to  a  n?d  heat,  bnt  fulls,  when 

'  -■!  calx.    Vases  in  this  w;ire  are 

■  Lilaze,  which  is  levigated  and  is 

-  -r;  occasionally  it  is  black,  varj-- 

li,.;   ;.^«.ird  azujx-,  and    sometimes  iron-gray,  or  with  a 

brii;ht  metallic  luster.     Hirch,  Ancient  Pottery. 

Aretinian  (ar-e-tin'i-an),  a.      [See  Aretine.'] 

I^ertaining  to  or  originated  by  Guido  Arctino 

CGiiiiln  d'^Vrezzo),  a  noted  Italian  musician  of 

ith  century. —Aretinian  syllables,  the 

.V.  mi.  fft,  siji,  t(t  ^Ihe  initial  syllal'K-s  of  the 

,  i  l;\fiin  to  St.  J4)hn  the  Baptist  which  l;»egins 

V  chosen  by  Guido  d".\rezzo  to  name  the 

honl,  C,  D,  E,  F.  C,  A,  because  in  the 

:"r  the  hymn  they  fall  upon  these  notes 

Xlicy  are  still  used,  especially  in  France,  as 

names  of  these  six  notes.    Since  the  intervals 

-■-'  notes  are  the  same  as  those  between  the  tlrst 

-  .  :  .:ics  ui  the  modem  major  scale,  the  syllables  have 

.u-  ■  tK-en  used  extensively  as  names  for  those  tones  and 

.  ■   ^     i' <  in  studying  their  relations.    This  application 

>il2iitioii.     When   thus  used,  ut  is  generally 

' ,  and  the  syllable  si  (tonic  sol-fa,  e^)is  added 

:ah  tone.  ^ 

Aretinist  (ar'e-tin-ist),  n.  [<  AretiSo  +  -ist.] 
A  iirotligate  of  the  stamp  of  Pietro  Aretine,  au 
Italian  poet  (1492-1557),  noted  for  his  impu- 
dence and  profligacy,  and  for  the  virulence  of 
his  satire. 

aretology  (ar-e-tol'o-ji),  H.  [<  Gr.  as  if  "apc- 
To/oj  lu  (cf.  apfTo/ojiQ,  discussion  or  praise  of 
virtue,  otherwise  jesting,  <  ai>£ra'/.6yoc,  a  jester, 
lit.  one  who  talks  about  virtue),  <  aperi/,  \-irtue, 
+ -/J)', ia,  <.'/£} eii;  speak:  see-ologtj.'\  That  part 
of  moral  philosophy  which  treats  of  virtue,  its 
nature,  and  the  means  of  attaining  it.  Also 
culled  aniaics.     [Rare.] 

arettet,  '■•  '.     See  aret. 

arewt,  /"'fp.  phr.  as  orfi'.     An  old  form  of  aroic 

arfveasonite  (iir'ved-son-it),  n.  [Named  from 
J.  K.  Arj'iidson,  a  Sweliish  chemist.]  A  min- 
eral related  to  hornblende,  composed  of  silicates 
of  iron  and  soda  witlx  a  little  alumina  and  lime. 

arg.     In  her.,  an  abbreviation  of  argent. 

argall  (iir'gal),  n.     See  argoll-. 

argal-t  (iir'gal),  adv.  A  ludicrous  corruption  of 
Latin  ergo,  therefore. 

He  drowns  not  himself:  argal,  he   .   .  .   shortens  not 
liH  ■.vvn  life.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1. 

argala  (iir'ga-la),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  argce- 
lah,  formerly  also  argali,  urgill,  hargill,  repr. 
Hind.  liargi'Ul.]  In  ornitli. :  (a)  The  adjutant- 
bird,  Ardea  argala  (Latham),  now  Lcjito/itiliis 
argala,  of  India,  (b)  A  similar  Ijird  of  Africa, 
Leiitnntilus  cruminifcrus.  Tcmmhtel:  Projjcrly 
called  marabou,  (c)  [caj)."]  [NL.]  A  generic 
name  of  both  these  birds.  Hodgson,  1838.  See 
adjiilant-bird,  marabou. 

argali  (iir'ga-li),  «.  [F.,  Russ.,  NL.,  etc.,  after 
the  .MoncoHan  and  Tungusian  name.]  1.  The 
lart;e  wild  slieoii  of  Asia,  Oris  ummoii  (Linuff>us), 
now  Cajirorix  argali,  supposed  to  be  the  origi- 
nal stock  of  the  domestic  sheep.  It  stands  aljout 
4  feet  hluh  at  the  withers,  and  i>*  of  a  very  Rtont  build,  with 
enomiouMly  thick 
and  lomc  spiral- 
ly curved  bonis, 
whl'-h  are  about 
1-  111. lies  in  cir- 
.  iri.f.r.-na"  at  the 
I  and  arcHome- 
'  upivard    of 

■      '     in    h-rii.'tb 


!    LTcKnrlonii,  llvluK  in  smuU  flockji, 
11^  ..r  northerly  reiitonii  und  on  liluh 

'  '    Hotni- ol her  Himilar  wild  sheep,  as 

,'.     Aninrif-nn  argali,  tb*-  l:...  kv  M-pim- 

n.nltntd.        S.  I      '..     !•',!  „ 
'  jI.I  «h..  |.  ..r  „  .)i.|,,.|    .1,,,. 

AiK.'iud   Kau-bumer,  lamp.      See  gait-burner, 

'"'"!■■ 
ArgantidjB  (lir-gan'ti-do),  n.  pi      Homo  a»  Ar- 

tpi'iidii . 

nri^.Tn-t--.'-    :-' .-,-,,   „.     [Ar.  (Mororeo)  «r- 

.i|.otBi'"<oi»  tree  of  M<i- 

'j^/i'tn,   flu-   finly  HpocicH 

of  tOic  gijiiiirt  .iryahia.    ■'nxe  nuU  furiiUh  an  oil,  •Inii. 


304 

lar  to  olive-oil,  which  is  an  important  article  of  food  for 
the  inhabitants.  Its  wood  is  remarkable  for  hardness  and 
durability. 

Argas  (iir'gas),  n.  [KL.,  prob.  <  Gr.  apydc,  contr. 
of  aepjof,  not  working,  idle;  cf.  apyi/et^,  Doric 
ap)Pf,  bright,  shining.]  A  genus  of  mites,  of 
the  family  Ixodidce,  having  no  eyes.  The  best- 
knowTi  species  is  A.  rejlexus,  a  pai-asite  of  birds,  especially 
doves,  and  known  as  the  dove-tick.  Other  species  are  A. 
l>ers-icws  and  A.  niffra. 

Argasidas  (ar-gas'i-de),  «.  jp?.  [KL.,  <  Argas  + 
-irf<r.]  A  family  of  ticks,  named  fi-om  the  ge- 
nus Argas.    Also  Argantida'. 

Algean  (ar-je'an),  a.  [<  L.  Argeus,  pertaining 
totheAJ'go:  see  Argo.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
ship  Argo,  or  to  the  constellation  of  that  name. 
— 2.  Pertaining  to  Argeia  (Argolis  or  the  dis- 
trict of  Argos)  in  Greece,  or  to  the  Argives,  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  AJgos. 

argel,  arghel(ar'gel),  ?i.  [S\-rian.]  The  leaves 
of  the  aselepiadaeeous  plant  goh-nostemma  Ar- 
gd,  used  in  Egypt  for  the  adidteration  of  senna. 
Also  written  arguel. 

argema  (ar'je-mii),  n. ;  pi.  argemata  (ar-jem'a- 
tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apyefia,  apye/iov,  a  small  white 
speck orulcer,<  apjof,  white.  Ct.  agrimony.']  1. 
A  small  white  ulcer  on  the  cornea. —  2.  \cap.] 
In  :ni'il. .  a  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects. 

Argemone  (ar-je-mo'ne),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apyc/iuv?/, 
a  Tdnd  of  poppy,  named  from  its  supposed 
medicinal  qualities ;  <  apyejiov  or  apye/ia,  a  small 
white  speck  in  the  eye:  see  argema.]  A  small 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Papaveracea: 
The  species  are  all  ornamental,  and  natives  of  America, 
but  are  widely  naturalized.  From  the  seeds  of  .4.  Mcxi- 
eaita  the  Mexicans  obtain  an  oil  very  useful  to  p.ainters. 
Both  yellow  and  white  varieties  of  this  species  ai'e  often 
cultivated  under  the  name  of  the  horned  or  prickly 
poppy. 

argent  (iir'jent),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  argen  t,  <  L.  nr- 
gvntum,  silver,  money,  =  Oscan arugctom  =  Skt. 
rajata,  white,  silver;  cf.  Ir.  Gael,  airgiod,  sil- 
ver, money,  connected  with  Ir.  Gael,  arg,  white, 
Gr.  apydc,  white,  bright,  shining ;  cf .  Gr."  apyvpog, 
silver  (with  different  suffix) ;  Skt.  arjuna,  sil- 
ver-white, <  V  )■(/,  shine,  ratij,  color,  be  red.]  I, 
«.  1.  Silver,  or  something  resembling  it;  for- 
merly, in  a  more  general  sense,  money. 
She  shall  haue  the  first  day  a  whole  pecke  of  arfient. 

Udalt,  lUiister  Bolster,  i.  4. 
With  that  she  tore  her  robe  apart,  and  half 
The  polish'd  argent  of  her  breast  to  sight 
Laid  bare.  Tenni/fon,  Fair  Women. 

2.  In  her.,  the  metal  silver:  represented  con- 
ventionally in  imcolored  drawing  or  engraving 
by  a  plain  white  sm'face. 

Often  abbre\nated  to  a.,  ar.,  or  arg. 
Argent  comptantt,  ready  money. 

II.   a.   JIado   of  silver;   resembling  silver; 
bright  like  silver;  silvery-wliite. 

Pardon  me,  airy  planet,  that  T  prize 

One  thought  beyond  thine  antmt  luxuries  I 

Kf'ats,  F.n.iyiuion,  iii. 

argental  (ar-jen'tal),  a.  [=F.  argcntal,<  L. 
«i-(/fH*M»/,  silver.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
l)ling  silver. —Argental  mercury,  a  native  amalgam  of 

silver. 

argentan  (ar'jen-tan),  n.  [<  L.  argcntum,  sil- 
ver, + -oh.]  1.  An  alloy  of  varying  proportions 
of  nickel,  copper,  and  zinc ;  one  of  the  names 
given  as  a  trade-mark  to  German  silver  (whii-li 
see,  under  silver). — 2.  A  species  of  French 
point-lace. 

argentate  (iir'jcn-tSt),  a.  and  n.      [<  L.  argen- 
Itiliis,  .silvered.  (.  urgiiiliim,   silver.]     I.  a.  Sil- 
very, or  of  a  shining  white  color  with  a,  tinge  of 
grav.    A.  Gray. 
tl.  It.  In  chem.,  a  salt  of  argentic  acid. 

argentation  (iir-jon-ta'shgn),  n.  [<  L.  argrn- 
liilii.s,  overlaid  witfi  silver:  see  argentate.]  An 
oMTlayiiit;  with  silver. 

argentea  (iir-jcn'te-jl),  «. ;  pi.  argcntea:  (-c). 
[.NL.,  tiiii.  of  ]j.  argenleus,  silvery:  see  ar- 
genlriiun.]  A  menibraiie  which  enters  into  the 
formation  of  the  eyeliall  <if  some  aninialH,  as 
Cephalojioda :  80  ealli'd  from  its  silvery  eolor. 
'lllere  may  be  two  such  mt-nibrMiii)*,  in  which  cjihc  llii-y 
are  kin."  ii  as  the  finrrnlai  rrtrrtia  and  firy.  tttm  intrrnn, 

argentei,  ».     Plural  of  argvntcus. 

argenteoUB  (iir-jen'le-u.s)',  a.  [<  L.  arflcnleu.i, 
silvery,  <  argenlum,  silver.]     .Silvery.     [Rare.] 

argentert,  ".  [Also  writlen  argrnlirr,  <  <  )!•".  nr- 
geulii  ;■,<  L.  argeiilariiin,  a  money-changer,  bunk- 
er, LL.  ft  silversmith,  ]>rop.  adj.,  <  argenlum,  sil- 
ver, money.]  1.  Ainonev-cliaMger;  a  banker. — 
2.  A  silversmith.     .(.  ifilxon,  Ilist.  .lames  I. 

argenteUB  (ilr-jen'te-us),  M.;  j(l.  argrnlei  (-1). 
1 L.  (Nf.  niimmun),  of  silver:  see  iirgnilnins.]  A 
lioinnn  silver  eoin,  weiirliing  ntioiit  Hll  i^rniiiM, 
irit  lodueed  by  thi'  empt^ror  Caracal  la,  and  worth 
n  deDBriiiH  and  a  half,    it  griulunlly  aupphintcd  thu 


argentometer 

denarius,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  having 
the  liead  of  the  emperor  radiate,  .\fter  a  short  time  it 
became  only  a  copper  coiB  washed  with  silver. 


obverse.  Reverse. 

Argentcus  of  Caracalla,  British  Museum.      (Size  of  the  original.) 

argentic  (ar-jen'tik),  a'.  [<  NL.  argenticus,  < 
L.  argentum,  silver.]  Containing  silver  in 
chemical  combination.     See  argentous. 

argentiert,  ".     Same  as  argenter. 

argentiferous  (;ir-jen-tif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  ar- 
gentum. silver,  +  ferre  =^TSi.  bear^,]  Pi'oducing 
or  containing  silver:  as,  argentiferous  ore, 
veins,  etc. 

argentifict  (ar-jen-tif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  argentum, 
silver,  -I-  -Jicus,  <.  facere,  make :  see  -Jic.]  Pro- 
ducing silver.     [Rare.] 

argentifyt  (ar-jen'ti-fi),  V.  t.  [<  L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver,-I- -/j'oor,  make:  see-/}/.]  To  turn  into  silver. 

argentilla  (ar-jen-til'a),  n.  [It.,  formed  as  a 
dim.  of  argento,  <  L.  argentum,  silver.]  A 
Genoese  lace,  much  like  point  d'Alemjon. 

Argentina  (iir-jen-ti'nii),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L. 
*argeniinus,  pertaining  to  silver:  see  argen- 
tine.] 1.  A  genus  of  malacopterygian  fishes, 
giving  name  to  the  family  Argentinidic :  so 
called  from  their  silvery  scales.  A.  sphgrwna, 
of  Eiu-opean  waters,  is  the  type. —  2.  [/.  c]  A 
name  given  to  unglazed  porcelain,  coated  with 
gold,  silver,  or  copper  by  a  process  similar  to 
that  of  electroplating. 

argentine  (ilr'jen-tiii),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  argen- 
tin,  <  L.  "argentinus,  pertaining  to  silver  (as 
noxm,  LL.  Argentinus,  the  god  of  silvermoney), 
<  argentum,  silver.]  I,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  silver ;  silvery ;  argent. 

Celestial  Diau,  goddess  argentine. 

Shak:,  Pericles,  v.  2. 

2.  [cap.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata  (Sp.  jilata,  silver),  tho  estuary  of  the 
rivers  Parana  and  Uruguay  in  South  America, 
or  the  country  called  from  it  tho  Argentine 
Republic  or  Confederation,  or  Argentina. — 
Argentine  flowers  of  antimony.  See  loititnuinj.— 
Argentine  glass,  an  .irnamcntal  nhwsware  having  tho 
sluLii  III  sihcr.  It  is  generally  formed  by  inclosing  deli- 
catf  «hite  silvery  incrustatious  of  dry  porcelain  clay  in 
solid  aiui  transparent  glass. 

II.  11.  1.  A  silvery-white  slaty  variety  of 
calcite,  containing  a  little  silica  with  laminca 
usually  undidated,  fotmd  in  primitive  rocks  and 
frequetitly  in  metallic  veins. — 2.  The  tetro.xid 
or  aiitiinoniato  of  antimony. —  3.  The  silvery 
coloring  matter  of  the  scales  of  lishes. —  4.  A 
lish  of  the  family  Scopelidw  or  Maurolieida: — 
5.  White  metal  coated  with  silver. — 6.  lean.] 
A  citizen  or  an  inhabitant  of  tho  Argentine  Ro- 
]inl)lie — sheppey  argentine,  Si-ni>ehiK  peimanii,  a  ilsh 
of  tile  taiiiil>'  S<'<'i'ili<lfi\  c.inuiionly  cjdled  the  pfarl-nitlr, 

argentinid  (iir-jen'ti-nid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
I'nniily  Argi  ntinida;  as  a  caplin  or  cnlachon. 

Argentinidse  (iir-jen-tin'i-ilo),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Argi  nlinii  +  -i<ta:]  A  family  of  malacoptery- 
gian lishes,  typified  by  th(>  genus  Jri/oiHim.  The 
li.i.iy  is  fiivjinriii.  c.ivercd  Willi  moderate  or  large  scales; 
the  liramliioslcual  rays  arc  few,  and  pyloric  ewca  are  few 
or  wanting.  The  Hpeeicswcrc  universally  referred  to  tho 
family  .Sfihimnidtv.  by  tho  ohler  niithors,  "anil  are  still  ro- 
talned  in  it  liy  many,  but  they  ilill'cr  in  the  eharactera 
specilled  and  otliiT  aiiatomieal  jieculiarlties.  The  chief 
reiirescliliilives  arc  the  generji  .iiyinliitu,  OaitwrUH  (in- 
cluiliiig  til.'  HMiell.H).  Mathilns  (caplin),  and  Uj/jiomfsua. 
They  are  .Iiielly  iiibabltants  oi  eeld  i>r  temperate  seas,  but 
s.'itie,  a",  llie  siiieKs,  eiiler  and  li\e  in  fresli  water. 

Argentininae  (iir-jen-ti-iii'ne),  «.  ;)/.  [NL.,  < 
.irgi  nlina  +  -inn:]  A  suhramily  of  fishes,  typi- 
fied by  Iho  genus  Argentimi,  referred  to  Iho  fam- 
ily SdlmnniiUv:  sumo  as  .trgenlinida: 

argentinoid  (iir-jen'ti-noid),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  Argentinida: 

argentite  (iir'jen-tit ),  n.  [<  L.  »)y/( «/»)»,  sil- 
ver, -I-  -//(-.]  Silver  suljiliid,  a  blavkish  leiui- 
griiy  mineral,  oeciiri'ing  in  crystals,  in  crusts, 
and  massive,  it  1«  a  valuable  ore  of  silver,  found  In 
the  eryslallliie  rocks  of  many  countries.     Also  called  ar- 

flttt'tf.   Ill-'flllO^''. 

argentobismutite  (iir- jen-to-biz'mu-tit),  «. 

1<C (irgeiilnni  -H  hismnl{li)  +  -ite.]  A  native  sul- 
phid  of  bisnnith  and  silver.  Sometimes  called 
liisnnilh  xilrir. 
argentometer  (ilr-jon-tom'e-tir),  n.  [<  L.  ar- 
griiliini,  silver,  +  Gr.  piTpov,  a  moaBure.]  A 
graduated  glass  tubo  used  in  ascertaining  the 


argentometer 


305 


quantity  of  silver  in  a  solution  by  the  admission  argint,  arginet,  ».     [<  It.  arome,^  perhaps  <  1 
^Cf  „).1r,..irl  nf  snflinin.  w/i/crtm,  ;icc.  of  cigi/c 


of  chloric!  of  sodium 

By  means  uf  an  argentvmetcr  the  strength  of  the  bath 
(■:in  easily  be  maintained  at  a  given  point. 

SUmr  Sunbeam,  ji.  196. 

argentous  (iir-jen'tus),  a.  [<  L.  art/ciilosiis,  < 
(u-iicuUmi,  silver.]  Pertaining  to  or  containing 
silver:  appUed  to  a  compotmd  which  contains 
a  larger  proportion  of  silver  than  the  corre- 
sponding argentic  compound:  as,  argentous 
oxid,  Ag40;  arycntic  oxid,  AgoO. 

argentry  (ar'jen-tri),  n.    [<  F.  argenterie,  plate, 

;,ilvcr  plate,  Cargeiit,  silver:  see  argent.']     If. 

Articles  formed  of  silver;  silver  plate. 

Pawning  his  .  .  .  argentry  and  jewels. 

Howell,  Letters,  i.  2. 

2.  Silvery  appearance.     [Rare.] 

And  there  the  glittering  argentry 
Ripples  and  glances  on  the  confluent  streams. 

Soiithey. 

argentum  (ar-jen'tum),  n.  [L. :  see  argent.'] 
Silver.  In  chem.,  abbreviated  Jg — Argentum 
mosaicum,  an  amalgam  of  tin,  bismuth,  and  mercury, 
used  for  coloring  images  of  plaster  of  Paris.    E.  II.  Kn  igh  t. 

Arges  (ar'jez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apy//c,  bright, 
glancing,  apydQ,  bright,  white.]  1.  A  genus 
of  South  American  fishes,  typical  of  the  fam- 
ily Argidce. — 2.  A  genus  of  trilobites. 

arghel,  ».     See  argel. 

arghool  (ar-gol'),  «•  An  Egyptian  musical  in- 
strument, consisting  of  two  tubes,  with  amouth- 
piece  furnished  with  reeds.  Sometimes  both  tubes 
are  pierced  with  holes,  sometimes  only  one,  the  other  be- 
ing used  as  a  drone. 

argid  (ar'jid),  «.     A  fish  of  the  family  Argidce. 

Argidse  (ar'ji-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Arges  +  -icke.] 
A  family  of  nematoguathous  fishes,  typified  by 
the  genus  Arges,  related  to  the  Loricariida;  but 
having  a  naked  body  and  only  ma.xillary  bar- 
bels. There  are  about  10  known  species,  of  small  size, 
inhabiting  the  upper  Andean  streams  and  derivatives 
therefrom. 

argil  (ar'jil),  n.  [<  F.  argile,  <  L.  argilla,  white 
clay,  <  Gr.  apyiXka  or  apyila,  usually  apyiXkoQ  or 
apyi'Aoc,  white  clay,  <  apyd;,  white:  see  argent.] 
Potters'  clay.  This  word  has  been  used  in  different 
senses,  and  was  proposed  as  a  name  for  alumina  when  its 
nature  was  first  discovered.  It  is  now  used  by  technical 
writers  as  a  distinctive  term  for  clay  which  is  fit  for  pot- 
ters' use. 

argillaceous  (ar-ji-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  argilla- 
eeiis,  <  argilla,  white  clay:  see  argil.]  1.  Of 
the  nature  of  or  resembling  clay. —  2.  Contain- 
ing a  considerable  amount  of  clayey  matter :  as, 

argillaceous  earth Argillaceous  rocks,  rocks  of 

sedimentary  origiu,  soft  in  te.\ture,  deposited  for  the  most 
part  in  thin  layers.  Clay  forms  the  basis,  but  with  it  other 
substances  may  be  associated,  as  vegetable  matter  (car- 
bonaceous shale),  iron  (elayband  ironstone),  lime  (marl), 
etc.  When  the  sliale  is  tolerably  port-  it  is  rtinlily  distin- 
guished by  the  peculiar  odor,  teriiird  ar<nll<fra<:u.';,  which 
it  emits  when  breathed  on.— Argillaceous  slate  or 
schist,  c\:iy  slate,  :i  imfamorphic  rock  which  in  .Scotland 
is  .■li:ir:irt(iistii.-  nl"  the  .Silurian  formation. 

argilliferous  (;U--ji-lif 'e-rus),  a.    [<  L.  argilla, 

white  clay  (see  argil),  +  ferre  =  E.  bear^.] 

Producing  or  containing  clay  or  argil. 

argillite  (ar'ji-lit),  ».  [<  L.  argilla,  white  clay 
(see  argil), +  -ite^.]  Argillaceous  schist  or  slate ; 

clay  slate  (which  see,  under  clay). 

argillitic  (iir-ji-lit'ik),  a.  [<  argillite  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  argillite. 

argillo  (ar-jil'o),  n.  [<  L.  argilla,  <  Gr.  apyt^^g, 
white  clay:  see  argil.]  A  name  given  to  a 
\itreous  compoimd  of  which  tiles,  table-tops, 
door-knobs,  etc.,  are  made. 

argilloarenaceous  (ar-jil'o-ar-e-na'shius),  a. 
[<  argiUous  +  arenaceous.]  Consisting  of  clay 
and  saud. 

argillocalcareous  (ar-,iil"6-kal-ka're-us),  a. 
[<argilhus  +  calearcoiis.]  Consisting  of  clay 
and  calcareous  earth. 

argillocalcite  (:ii-,iil-6-kal'sit),  n.  [iargillous 
+  culcite.]  A  species  of  calcareous  earth  with 
a  large  proportion  of  clay;  marl. 

argilioferruginous  (ar-jil"6-fe-r6'ji-nus),  a. 
[<  argillous  +  ferruginous.]  Containing  clay 
and  iron,  as  a  mineral. 

argilloid  (ar-jil'oid),  a.  [<  L.  argilla  (see  argil) 
+  -aid.]  Having  an  argillaceous  or  clayey  ap- 
pearance ;  like  argil  or  clay. 

Argillornis  (iir-ji-lor'uis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ar- 
gilla,  white  clay  (see  argil),  +  Gr.  opvic,  bird.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  birds  from  the  London  clay  of 
Sheppey.  a.  longipennis  (Owen),  of  uncertain  affinities, 
is  the  typical  species.  The  fossil  remains  indicate  a  long- 
wingetl  bird  larger  than  an  albatross.     R.  Owen,  1878. 

argillous  (ar-iil'us),  a.  [<  ME.  argillous,  <  OF. 
argillos,  argillus,  mod.  F.  argilcitx,  <  L.  argil- 
losus,  abounding  in  clay,  <  argilla,  white  clay : 
Bee  argil.]  Consisting  of  or  belonging  to  clay; 
clayey. 
20 


a  mound:  see  agger.] 
An  embankment  or  rampart  in  front  of  a 
fort. 

Argive  (iir'giv),  a.  and  v.  [<  L.  Argivus,  <  Gr. 
'A/)) £(oc,  pertaining  to 'Hp)oc,Argos.]  I.  a.  Re- 
lating to  Ai'go^,  the  Idstoric  capital  of  Argo- 
lis  or  Ai'geia  ic  Greece,  or  to  its  inhabitants,  or 
to  Aj'golis,  the  territory  of  Argos.  The  Argive 
race  is  represented  in  Homer  as  the  most  powerful  in 
Greece,  and  hence  Argive  is  often  used  as  equivalent  to 
Grecian  or  Greek. 

II.  n.   A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Argos 
or  of  Argolis;  a  Greek. 

argle-bargle  (iir'gl-bar'gl),  v.  i.  [Also  argie- 
bargic,  arglr-hargin,  etc.;  a  varied  reduplica- 
tion of  argue.]  'To  argue  obstinately;  bandy 
words;  haggle.     [Scotch.] 

Argo  (iir'go),  )(.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ^Apyi>,  name  of  Ja- 
son's ship,  lit.  the  swift ;  also  a  constellation 
named  after  this  ship ;  <  upyog,  swift,  glancing, 
bright,  white:  see  argent.]  1.  In  Gr.mijtii., 
the  name  of  the  ship  in  which  Jason  and  his 
iifty-four  companions  sailed  to  Colchis  in  quest 
of  the  golden  fleece. — 2.  An  ancient  southern 
consteUation,  the  largest  in  the  heavens.    It 


argosy 

on  the  Euxine  sea  in  quest  of  the  golden  fleece. 
This  they  secured,  and  Jason  also  boie  back  with  him  and 
his  comrades  to  lolcus,  amid  wondei-ful  adventures,  tlie 
Colchian  king's  daughter  Medea,  the  enchantress. 
Hence  — 2.  pi.  Tlioso  who  emigrated  to  Cali- 
fornia about  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  gold 
there  :  as,  the  Argonauts  of  '49. 


,<r 


Can  op  us 


Argonaut  [Ar^'.^?niii/.i  ar^v  ,  lemale. 

3.  [/.  c]  A  cephalopod  mollusk,  known  also 
as  the  paper-nautilus  and  paper-sailor.  The  com- 
mon Mediterranean  species,  Argonauta  argo,  was  fabled 
to  carry  its  velamentous  arms  erect  as  sails,  and  thereby 
to  be  wafted  by  the  winds.  The  arms  are  in  fact  com- 
monly carried  appressed  to  the  shell,  and  progression  is 
eltected  chiefly  backward,  as  with  other  euttleflshes,  by 
tlie  ejettion  of  water  through  the  siphon. 

Argonauta  (ar-go-na'ta), )(.  [L.,  an  Argonaut: 
see  Argonaut.']  'A  gehiis  of  cephalopods,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Argonautidw. 

Argonautic  (ar-go-na'tik),  a.  [<  L.  Argonau- 
ticus,  <  Argonauta',  Ai'gonaut.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Argonauts,  or  relating  to  their  voy- 
age to  Colchis:  as,  the  Argonautic  story.  See 
Argonaut,  1. 

argonautid  (ar-go-na'tid),  n.  A  cephalopod  of 
the  family  ArgoiiaiiHila: 

ArgonaU'tidae  (ar-go-nii'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Argonauta  -(-  -Ida:.]  A  family  of  octopod  cepha- 


The  Constellation  Argo. 

contains  Canopus,  after  Sirius  the  brightest  of  the  fLxed 
stars.  By  modern  astronomers  it  is  commonly  divided 
into  four  parts  by  adding  the  distinctive  words  navis, 
carina,  puppis,  and  velmii,  or  hull,  keel,  stern,  and  saiL 
3.  II.  c]  In  eool.,  the  technical  specific  name 
of  the  paper-nautilus,  Argonauta  argo. —  4.  In 
conch.,  a  genus  of  nudibranchiate  gastropods: 
synonymous  with  Doris.  Bohadsch. 
argoU  (ar'gol),  n.  [<  JIE.  argoil,  argoyle,^  AF. 
argoil;  origiu  unknown;  appar.  ult.  <  Gr.  apydc, 
white.]  XJnrefined  or  crude  tartar;  a  hard 
crust,  consisting  of  potassimnbitartrate,  formed 
on  the  sides  of  vessels  in  which  wine  has  been 
fermented.  It  is  purple  or  white  according  to  the  color 
of  the  wine.  Argol  is  used  by  dyers  to  dispose  the  stuffs 
to  take  their  colors ;  and  the  purified  bitartrate,  called 
cream  of  tartar,  is  used  in  medicine,  cooking,  and  the 
processes  of  tinning  and  silvering.  It  is  .also  a  constitu- 
ent of  most  baking-powders.  Also  written  argal,  argoil, 
argall,  vrgal. 
argol^  (ar'gol),  «.     [Mongol.]     A  cake  of  dried 

camel's  dimg,  used  by  the  Mongols  as  fuel. 
argolett,  argoulett,  "•  [OF.  argoulet;  origin 
obscure.]  A  member  of  a  French  corps  of  light 
cavalry  instituted  by  Louis  Xil.,  similar  to  the 
estradiols,  and  probably  armed  and  drilled  ia 
partial  imitation  of  that  corps. 
argoletiert,  "•  [OF.]  Same  as  argolet. 
ArgoliC  (ar-gol'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Argolicus,  <  Gr. 
'Apyo'Aucoi,  pertaining  to  'ApyoVs,  Ai-golis.  See 
Argive.]  Belonging  to  Argolis,  the  territory 
of  Argos,  a  district  of  Greece,  in  Polopounesus, 
between  Arcadia  and  the  ^gean  sea :  as,  the 
Argolic,  Gulf. 
argon  (ar'gon),  n.  [<  Gr.  apyoq,  lazy,  inert.]  A 
gaseous  element  having  a  density  of  nearly  20 
and  an  atomic  weight  of  about  40.  It  forms  nearly 
one  per  cent,  of  the  atmosphere,  and  is  also  obtained  from 
the  gases  yielded  by  the  water  of  some  springs,  and,  with 
heliinn  (which  see),  from  certain  minerals  ami  from  mete- 
oric iron.  It  was  first  recognized  in  1895  by  Lord  Kayleigh 
and  Professor  W.  Ramsay,  who  separated  it  from  the  nitro- 
gen with  which  it  had  till  then  been  confounded  largely 
because  of  its  chemical  inertness,  it  being  mori-  indifferent 
to  reagents  than  even  that  element.  It  has  ab.iiliiig-point 
of  — IBT'C,  and  has  been  solidified  at  a  tenii.erature  of 
— 1!)U  0.  It  yields  two  characteristic  spectra,  marked  re- 
speetivelv  by  certain  prominent  red  and  blue  lines.  Recent 
experiments  indicate  that  it  is  uot  a  simple  substance. 
Argonaut  (ar'go-nat),  «.  [<  L.  Argonauta,  <  Gr. 
'Ap}ovavTric,  one  who  sailed  in  the  Argo,  <  'Apyu, 
Argo,  +  vavTrK  (=  L.  nauta),  a  sailor,  <  vaiif,  a 
ship:  see  nave^,  nautical.]  1.  One  of  the  heroes 
who,  according  to  the  ancient  Hellenic  myth, 
sailed  with  Jason  in  the  ship  Argo  to  Colchis 


Argonauta  argo  (male),  with  hectocotylized  arm  attached.    (SeT. 
era!  times  smaller  than  the  female,  though  shomi  larger.) 

lopods,  represented  by  the  genus  Argonauta. 
with  an  ovoid  finless  body  and  the  two  upper- 
most arms  (in  the  female)  expanded  terminally 


Argonauta  argo  (female),  swimming  in  the  direction  of  the  large 
artow  —  the  smaller  showing  the  curreut  from  the  siphon. 


into  broad  flatfish  velamenta,  which  secrete  a 
papery,  spiral,  single-chambered,  involute  shell. 
The  family  is  peculiar  in  the  development  of  the  shell. 
The  only  known  genus  is  A  rgonauta.  The  shells,  popularly 
known  as  Vat  argonaut,  paper-iurutilns,  and  paper-sailor, 
and  common  as  curiosities,  are  peculiar  to  the  female,  are 
secreted  by  the  velamentons  arms,  and  are  charged  with 
the  eggs  in  the  breeding  season, 
iiidifferenj  argOSy  (ar'go-si),  )i. ;  pi.  argosies  (-siz).  [Early 
'  '""■""'"  ujoj.  E.  also  argosie,  argosey,  argosee,  argosea, 
also  argosc,  argu:e,  and  ragosie,  rhaguse,  and 
first  in"  the  form  ragusyc  (see  first  quot.),  <  It. 
Sagusea,  pi.  Raguse'c,  lit.  a  vessel  of  liagusa  (in 
eaiiy  mod.  E.  also  Aragouse,  Arragosa),  a  port 
in  Dalmatia  on  the  east  coast  of  the  Adriatic 
sea,  noted  for  its  commerce.]  Alarge  merchant 
vessel,  especially  one  carrying  a  rich  freight. 

Furthermore,  how  acceptable  a  thing  this  may  be  to 
the  Jiagusyes,  Hulks,  Caravels,  and  other  foreign  rich 


argosy 

lAden  ships  passing  within  or  by  any  of  the  sea-limits  of 
Her  il.  "5  royalty.  ^     ^.  , 

Dr,  John  Dee,  Petty  ^aTy  Boyal,  in  Arber  s  English 
tGamer,  II.  e7. 

There,  where  your  ar^jo^ifs  with  portly  sail. 
Like  signiors  and  rich  Imrshers  on  the  flood,  .  .  . 
IV.  overpeer  the  petty  traflickers.    Shak.,  M.  of  V,,  i.  1. 
i  :  .ri  hiw,  no  slave  might  enter  a  Venetian 

sh: :  1  t!ie  tifck  of  an  argosif  of  Venice  became 

tin  -     .    1  the  evidence  of  freedom. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  V.  S.,  I.  129. 

argot  (ar'go  or  ar'got),  n,  [F.;  origin  obscure.] 
The  conventional  slang  of  a  class,  originally 
that  of  thieves  and  vagabonds,  de^^sed  for 
purposes  of  disguise  and  concealment;  cant; 
slang. 

A  ff/ot  is  formed  ...  by  the  adoption  of  foreign  words, 
by  the  absolute  suppression  of  grammar,  by  grotesque 
tropes,  wild  catachresis,  and  allegorical  metonymy. 

Farrar. 

\y  rfssions  in  an  ancient  language,  if  they 

bar  ie  with  some  modi-rn  an/o^  or  vulgarism, 

tak'  -  ;ue  association  whicli  is  nut  due  at  all  to 

the  li.i.i-  !!-■  it.  but  which  makes  the  phrase  seem  much 
boMiT  than  it  really  is.  QitarUrlij  Jiev.,  CLXII.  177. 

argouletf,  r..     See  argokt 

Argozotun  (ar-go-zo'um),  ii.  [XL.,  appar.  <  Gr. 
(i/j;.:/;,  Doric  «/j;af,  a  kind  of  serpent  (cf.  apy^g, 
bright,  etc.,  <  apydcj  white),  +  ^uov,  animal.]  A 
genus  of  gigantic  animals,  formerly  supposed 
to  be  birds,  now  believed  to  be  dinosaurian  rep- 
tiles, known  by  their  footprints  in  the  Triassie 
formation  of  the  Connecticut  vallev.  Hitchcocl; 
IMS. 

arguable  (ar'gu-a-bl),  a.  [<  argue  +  -able.l 
Capable  of  being  argued ;  admitting  argument. 

When  men  say  "mere  jihilosophy,"  tliey  mean  sometlxing 
ari;uabl^,  something  deniable. 

J.  Ji.  Steiet/,  Natural  Religion,  p.  1S4. 

argue  (iir'gu),  r.;  pret.  and  pp.  arguedj  ppr. 
artjuimj,  [<  ME.  argiieuy  arguwetij  <  OF.  (and 
mod.  F.)  arguer^  <  L.  argucrcy  declare,  show, 
prove,  make  clear,  reprove,  accuse;  prob.  con- 
nected Avith  Gr.  apyuc,  white,  bright,  etc. :  see 
argcntf  and  cf.  dedurCj  lit.  make  clear.]  I.  in- 
trans,  1.  To  bring  forward  reasons  to  support 
or  to  overthrow  a  proposition,  an  opinion,  or  a 
measure ;  use  arguments ;  reason :  as,  A  argues 
in  favor  of  a  measure,  B  argues  against  it. 
With  what  cunning 
This  woman  armies  for  her  own  damnation  I 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Alalia,  iii.  3. 
Yet  I  anjxie  not 
Against  Heaven's  hand  or  will,  nor  bate  a  jot 
Of  heart  or  hope.  Milton,  iionnets,  xvii, 

Paul  arf/ta'^  that  human  reason  so  seeking  for  God  can 
discover  Ills  power  and  his  divinity,  and  liolds  that  the 
true  Ciod  is  not  far  from  every  one  of  us. 

Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  206. 

2.  To  contend  in  argument;  dispute:  as,  you 
may  argue  with  your  friend  a  week  without 
convincing  him. 

For  c'cn  though  vanquished,  he  could  an/ue  still. 

GoUlamitk,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  212. 
How  nnely  we  crr^xie  upon  mistaken  facts  ! 

Stenie,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  27. 

H,  trans.  1.  To  debate  or  discuss;  treat  by 
reasoning;  state  the  reasons  for  or  against :  as, 
the  counsel  argued  the  cause  before  the  Supreme 
Court ;  the  cause  was  well  argued. 

I  must  submit 
To  the  divine  decree,  not  argtte  it ; 
And  cheerfully  I  welcome  it. 
Fletcher  {and  MaHxingcr'^},  Lover's  Progress,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  evince;  render  inferable  or  deducible ; 
show;  imply:  as,  the  order  visible  in  the  uni- 
verse argues  a  diWne  cause. 

Not  Ui  know  me  arguen  yourselvcH  unknown. 

Milton,  J*.  L.,  iv.  830. 
These  wen*  wonU, 
An  meted  by  hfs  measure  of  himself, 
A  '•miuij  boundlcu  forbeariuice. 

TenntfKOH,  Aylmcr'fl  Field. 

3.  To  iifffot  in  any  way  by  argument ;  induce 
u  'iuintro  in  tlie  mind  of,  or  in  regard  to,  by 
yM-rsiia»<ion  or  reasoning:  as,  \o  argue  one  out 
of  hiH  jMirpoMf-;  to  rtrf/MC  away  a  false  impres- 
rti'>ii. 

It  1^  \  "..rt  of  p<>etleal  lotric  whii'h  I  would  mnko  use  of 
li.nr  lu    viii  Into  (I  protection  of  thin  piny. 

Conftrrrr,  Ih'd.  of  riM  Halchelor. 

4t.  T"  .'Locufie  or  charge;  impeaeli  or  con\ict: 
u«i<?d  with  of. 

lie  doth  implore, 
V'.'i  wi.iiM  not  arffiuf  him  o/iirrr<giiiHf, 

/t.JortMn,  Iml    to  Iv.i  (aHli-r. 
'  tlUy  to  nil  .  .  .  vxpn-nxiU.u-    .f  minr 

*bi  "- /'i'-t/ (/ nl»«<;enity,  .      .   nu'\   i.f(,-,,t 

tU*.Ui.  hrftdrn,  Pit  /.  I..  I  .    I 


eSyn      .irtfu0_    1 1 


til 


or  r 

Ih' 


'*•-,     f}fhftff,      fl'^ftlfW.     Jtlf-t'l 


'■  .Jiiltr     111  1       I.,      to    '    ill     in  <(l|(  -'■  I       I 

tii(int4  uf  Alt  oppottng  party  :  a»,  t" 


306 

disputt  about  an  award.  It  often  means  the  alternate  giv- 
ing of  reasons,  especially  by  two  persons.  It  is  often  ap- 
plied to  mere  bickering,  and  is  in  general  less  dignitied 
than  the  other  words.  To  dehntc  is  to  interclmnge  argu- 
ments in  a  soraewliat  formal  manner,  as  in  debating  soci- 
eties and  legislative  bodies.  To  discus.i  is.  by  derivation, 
to  shake  or  knock  a  subject  to  pieces  in  order  tu  find  the 
truth,  or  the  best  thing  to  be  done.  A  dclnite,  therefore, 
may  be  viewed  as  a  discussion,  or  a  dixcusaion  as  adcbate. 
Strictly,  a  discussion  is  an  amicable  presentation  of  opin- 
ions, not  limited,  like  the  othei-s,  to  athrmative  and  nega- 
tive sides  of  a  proposition,  and  with  the  expectation  on  tlie 
part  of  all  that  the  conclusion  will  be  the  adoption  of  no  one 
pei"son's  opinion  or  plan  unmodified.  To  ar^nn^  a  point,  to 
diifpute  a  position,  to  dispute  with  a  neighbor,  to  debate  a 
motion,  to  discuss  a  subject  or  a  plan. 

Stubbornly  he  did  repugn  the  truth 
About  a  certain  question  in  the  law. 
Argu'd  betwixt  the  duke  of  York  and  him. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 
We  might  discuss  the  Northern  sin 
Which  made  a  selfish  war  begin ; 
Dijfpute  the  claims,  aiTange  the  chances ; 
Emperor,  Ottoman,  which  shall  win. 

Tennifiton,  To  Maiu'ice. 
They  [lawyers]  found  time  to  debate  fully  all  the  points 
of  interest  raised  iiy  a  case,  whether  tlie  solution  of  them 
was  necessary  for  the  actual  decision  or  not. 

F.  Pollock,  Land  Laws,  p.  IOC. 
Tlie  archbishop  was  on  his  way  to  a  synod  where  the 
gi'eat  question  was  to  be  discussed  wliether  gas  miglit  be 
used  at  the  altar  instead  of  candles. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  43. 
argliel,  ».     Same  as  argel. 
arguer  (lir'gu-er),  n.     [ME.  arguere;  <  argue  + 
-ej-i.]     One   who  argues;    a  reasoner;  a  dis- 
puter. 

argufier  (iir'gu-fi-er),  n.  One  who  argues  or 
argufies.     [Colloq.] 

I  have  noticed  that  your  people  who  are  pretty  well 
agreed  are  always  the  fiercest  argufiers. 

\V.  C.  Hussell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  i. 
argufy  (ar'gu-fi),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  argufied^ 
ppr.  argufying.  [Iniprop.  <  argue  +  -fy,'\  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  argue,  commonly  iu  a  pertina- 
cious manner,  or  for  the  sake  of  controversy ; 
wrangle. 

It  ain't  no  use  to  argerfy  ner  try  to  cut  up  frisky. 

Loivell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  p.  l.'i. 
2.  To  have  weight  as  an  argument;  import; 
signify. 

II.  traus.  1.  To  contend  about ;  worry  ^vith 
argument. —  2.  To  signify;  mean. 

But  what  argujies  all  this  festivity?    'Tis  all  vanity  and 
vexation  of  spirit.  Mine.  VArhlaij,  Diary,  vi.  -11. 

[In  all  uses  colloquial  or  dialectal.] 

arguitive  (ar-gu'i-tiv),  a.  [<  Ij.  *anjHitHSy  pp. 
of  arguere,  argue  (see  argue),  +  -ire,'}  Having 
the  character  or  form  of  an  argument.  [Rare.] 
—Arguitive  descent.    See  descent,  13. 

argulid  (ar'gu-lid),  n.  A  fish-louse  of  the  fami- 
ly Argiilidw. 

AJgulidae  (ar-gu'li-de),  w.  pi  [NL.,  <  Arguhis 
+  -idte.  ]  A  family  of  siphonostomous  entomos- 
tracan  crustaceans,  typified  by  the  genus  Argu- 
lu^.  These  fish-lice  have  a  fiat  shield-like  body,  the  ce- 
phalotliorax  cuale.sced  with  the  id^dnnien,  and  tlie  jjost- 
abdumea  rudimentary  and  bearing  two  tail-fins.  They  are 
parasitic  on  various  fishes,  especially  fresli-watcr  species, 
and  sometimes  attack  young  ttshe»  in  sucli  nunilicrs  as  to 
cause  their  death.  The  family  with  some  authors  consti- 
tutes a  suborder  Branchiura. 

Argulina  (ar-gu-li'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  ArguJus 
+  'iua.']     The  ArguUdWy  rated  as  a  subfamily. 

argullne  (iir'giViin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Argulina. 

Argulus  (Jir 'gu-lus),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  Gr. 
iipyor,  contr.  of  ac/j)6f,  living  witliout  labor,  < 
<i-  priv.  +  Ipyov  =  E.  work.']  A  genus  of  fisli- 
lico,  or  epizoic  entomostracans,  the  tj'poof  the 
family  Argulidw.  it  is  on.-  nf  tlic  most  singular  niodi- 
flcations  of  these  parasitic  iiitnTiiDslrarouK  crUMtareans, 
and  irt  a  common  parasite  upim  t]\v  ntickleltack  and  vari- 
ous ntllLT  fisllL'S. 

argument  (tir'giVment),  n.  [<  MK.  arguuiriit, 
<  OF.  argument  (1*\  urgumeui)^  <  L.  argumcntuui, 
proof,  evidence,  token,  subject,  contents,  <  ar- 
gucre^  prove,  argue:  see  argucl  1.  A  stale- 
raent  or  fact  tending  to  produce  belief  eou- 
ceming  a  matter  in  doubt ;  a  jircmiNe  or  prem- 
ises set  forth  in  order  to  prove  an  as8UMii)tioii 
or  couclusion. 

It  Is  nn  argument  the  times  are  sore, 
\\Tien  virtue  cannot  safely  be  advanced. 

//.  JoiiMin,  Sejunus,  ill.  1. 
Thicker  thun  arguments,  UMnphitiouA  throng. 

J'o}H',  Knttiiy  on  .Mini,  li.  T.'i. 

Tlio  only  argument  available  with  an  east  wind  Is  lo  put 

()n  your  overcoat.  Luwrff,  Oeinnrniry. 

ri'litu,  tbn  familiar  nieanhig  f»f  thi^  word.  ]irubjibly  oiji^i 

haled  In  IConian  law-r-onrl«.    I'he  iihuhI  dcllnlllon  itivni  \,y 

ric-er«i  and  mImiuhI  all  authorlttcN  in  ratio  reiduhiipfucintM 

(idem,  a  iciLMi.n  rauHliiy  iM-licf  uf  aduubtful  mutter.     Ilor 

tlii^  In  one  phu-i'  di'diirH  It  im  a  nirdluni  jirovinu  a  vaw 

llir   word    iiifiliutn   IkT'*   nn-an«  a   picudKi-.   ui 

.    ncfording  U\  alt    the  euinirictdatorH.      {I'ttnix 

'■I       '    V.  ad  lull.)     Hut  Mince  )/ic/^'»»MiHunllynii'nnH  tin- 

iMld<ll<  r<-riii  (if  a  HvlJoglMin,  hunic  loglchuiH  have  been  b  <) 

to  givi.'  argument  \S\\n  HlgnlMuutlon.) 


argumentable 

2.  The  middle  term  of  a  syllogism.  [See  pre- 
ceding note.] 

Argument  is  the  bare  proof  or  mean  term  which  is  in- 
vented by  him  that  disputeth,  to  prove  the  trutli  of  the 
question;  but  argumentation  is  the  wlnde  iciisnning  itself, 
of  what  form  soever  it  be,  coniprehendiii'.;  Ixitli  the  ijues- 
tion  and  also  the  proof  thereof.  lUunderille,  1019. 

Argument  again,  argumcntum, — what  is  assumed  in 
order  to  argue  something,— is  properly  the  middle  notiou 
in  a  reasoning  — that  through  which  the  conclusion  is  es- 
tablished. Sir  M'.  IJaitiilton. 

3.  A  reasoning;  the  process  by  which  the  con- 
nection between  that  which  is  or  is  supposed 
to  be  admitted  and  that  which  is  doubted  or 
supposed  to  need  confirmation  is  traced  or 

tested. 

In  matters  of  \vrong  arguments  do  confound  sense,  when 
in  explanation  of  right  they  do  sensibly  approve  it. 

Ford,  Honour  Tiinniphant,  ii. 

The  probability  which  she  easily  perceives  in  things 
thus  in  their  native  state  would  be  (juite  lost  if  thi.-^  ar-iu- 
ment  were  managed  learnedly  and  proposed  in  mood  and 
figure.  Li'cke. 

We  do  not  know  God  by  argument,  by  reading  books  of 
evidences  or  books  of  theology  :  we  know  him  just  as  we 
know  the  external  world,— by  experience. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  162. 

4.  An  addi'ess  or  composition  made  for  the  pur- 
pose of  producing  belief  or  conviction  by  rea- 
soning or  persuasion. —  5.  A  series  of  argumen- 
tations for  and  against  a  proposition ;  a  debate. 
—  6.  The  subject-matter  or  groundwork  of  a 
discourse  or  ^\'i'itiug;  specificaliy,  an  abstract 
or  sxmamary  of  the  chief  points  in  a  book  or 
section  of  a  book:  as,  the  arguments  prefixed 
to  the  several  books  of  '* Paradise  Lost"  were 
an  afterthought. 

That  the  whole  aryument  fall  within  compass  of  a  day's 
business. 

JS.  Jotison,  Ind.  to  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 

The  abstract  or  argument  of  tlie  piece  is  shortly  as  fol- 
lows. Jejirey. 

7t.  Matter  of  contention,  controversy,  or  con- 
versation. 

And  sheath'd  their  swords  for  lack  of  argument. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  l. 
It  wojild  be  argtimeiit  for  a  week,  laughter  for  a  month, 
and  a  good  jest  forever.  Shak,,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

The  remembrance  of  this  small  vexation 
Will  be  an  argument  of  mirth  for  ever. 

Fletrlin;  Kulc  a  Wife,  iii.  2. 

8.  In  math. :  (a)  Of  an  imaginary  quantity, 
the  coefficient  of  the  imaginary  unit  in  its  log- 
arithm, (h)  The  angle  or  qtiantity  on  which 
a  series  of  numbers  in  a  numerical  table  de- 
pends and  with  which  the  fable  is  entered,  if, 
Tor  example,  a  table  of  the  sun's  declination  were  formed 
.(UTosjumding  to  every  degree,  etc.,  of  longitude,  so  tluxt, 
tin-  Idimitude  being  known,  the  declination  might  be  found 
(Opposite  to  it,  then  the  hmgitude  would  be  calh'd  the 
iin/iniient  of  the  table.  Tables  of  double  entry  have  two 
arguincnts.  In  the  I'tolemaiu  astronomy,  the'argument. 
without  qualification,  is  the  angular  distance  on  the  epi- 
cycle of  a  planet  from  the  true  aiHigce  of  the  epii-yele  ;  :ind 
the  Cijuationo/  the  argument  is  the  angular  distance,  as 
seen  from  the  earth,  of  a  planet  from  the  center  of  the  epi- 
cycle, the  ti>i  I'eitinii  to  the  sccoml  ine<inality.  See  eima- 
f""i.— Argument  from  enumeration,  a  rude  kind  of 
inductitiii  in  uliieli  tlie  inferemc  is  maile  that  somcthint: 
is  true  of  a  wliole  class,  liecMUse  it  is  tiiie  of  lertidn  mem- 
bers of  tliat  class.—  Argimient  from  example.  See  ex 
(M/»/</.-.  — Argnmient  from  exclusion,  an  argument  in 
which,  after  showing  that  all  enuscs  but  one  are  insutll 
cicMt  to  aceount  for  a  phenomenon,  it  is  ur^ed  that  the 
nm-  remaining  euuse  nmst  bi-  the  true  one.-  Argument 
Of  the  latitude,  the  an-  of   the  orbit  rerkoned  from  the 

aseendintr  node.— Artificial  argument,  contentious 
argument,  cumulative  argument.  See  the  adjec- 
tives.    Dilemmatic  argument,  "ue  widrb  purports  to 

show  tiijit  a  «  holr  rhis-s  liiis  a  certain  ebainrter  by  liiviilin^ 
it  into  parts,  and  sliowin^:  tli;it  eV(  ry  part  has  that  rbar- 
acter.  Disjunctive  argument,  n  reasoning  of  tin-  fonn  : 
s  irt  either  i'or(j ;  it  is  ni>t  1';  iienec  itiiniMt  bet^-  Dissen- 
taneous argtmient.  extrinsic  argument,  etr.     ."^ei- 

tlie  aiijeetlves.—  Hypothetical  argument,  an  ark-umeiit. 
one  of  wlhise  premises  is  a  li.\  jitilln  tieal  or  eondilioiinl 
proposition.     It  is  not  ideutieai  \\\\\\  Inti'i't/ii'tic  in/i-ienee. 

.See  /(.'//'m///.Y(".\— Inductive  argtnnent,  an  arn;nmetd. 
founded  oil  an  induetion.  Negative  argument,  an  ar- 
liUiiient  which  eoiieludes  the  Hon  existence  of  n  pliennine- 
ritiiifiom  itsiutt  luivingbecn  observed.  (For  other  phrnses. 
see  'ii'iuimutum,  j>larr,  pnmf.)  =  Syn.  3.  i*lea,  Arguinrnt. 
"  I'/ru  sboidd  be  used  of  the  pleadings  or  of  the  arraign- 
nient  before  the  trial,  not  of  the  argument  at  the  trial. 
A  plea  is  always  addressed  to  the  court ;  an  argument  may 
be  u'ldressed  eltlicT  to  the  court  or  to  tlie  jury."  A.  S. 
Hill.  Itlutorie.  \^.h'^. 

argumentt  (iir'giVinent),  r.  [<  ME.  argument 
t<  Uy  <  h.  argumvntarl,  adtbu'e  ])rooi\  <  arguwen- 
tum  :  Hvo  (trguinrnt,  n.']  I.  intrans.  To  argue; 
dfduitc;  Itring  i'orward  reasons.     Chaueer. 

II.  trtni.^.  T(i  nmkc  tlie  suliject  of  an  argu- 
inrnt or  drbiitc.     M.  /•:.  />. 

arguinenta.  ".     IMnml  (if  arffummtum. 

argumentaolet  (iir-gu-men'ta-lil),  a.       [<   I.L. 
argutinntabilis,  thai   nmv  br  proved,  <  }j.  argu 
nil  ntari,  ailtiiicc  as  prool  :  Her  argument,  v.,  and 
-'//i/f.'l     Admitting  id'  ai-gummt  ;  cai)able  of  be- 
in^r  argiied. 


argumental 

argumental  (iir-gu-men'tal),  a.  [<  L.  (trgu- 
menlitUs,  i  aryitmtiitum :  see  argumetit.J  Be- 
longing to  or  consisting  in  argument. 

Thus  they  dispute,  guilding  their  tongues'  report 
With  instances  and  argumeiitall  sawes. 

G.  Mmkhain,  Sir  K.  Grinuile  (Arb.  reprint),  p.  49. 

I  an\  .itlengtli  recovered  from  ray  rtr;/(//mf?j?ai  delirium. 

Johnson,  Ranililer,  No.  115. 

argumentation  (ar"gu-men-ta'shon),  )(.  [= 
F.  uriiumentation,  <  L.  arQumentaUo{n-),  <  ar<ju- 
vKiitiiri,  pp.  aryiimcntatus,  adduce  as  proof:  see 
anjiimciif,  c]  1.  The  setting  forth  of  reasons 
together  with  the  ooudusion  drawn  from  them ; 
also,  the  premises  and  conclusion  so  set  forth. 

Tliose  scliolastio  forms  of  discourse  are  not  less  liable  to 
fallacies  th.au  the  plainer  ways  of  argumenUUion.     Locke. 

Arifttmentation  or  reasoning  is  that  operation  of  the 
mind  whereby  we  infer  one  thing,  that  is,  one  proposition, 
from  two  orniore  propositions  premised.    Watts,  Logic,  Int. 

2.  A  com-se  of  reasoning ;  discussion;  debate. 

The  relation  of  his  meaning  to  science  is  essential,  hut, 
in  orderly  argumentation,  subsequent. 

Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  619. 
=  83^1.  -See  reasoning. 
argllinentative  (ar-gu-men'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  F. 
aiijumeiitatif,  <  L.  aslf  *arj/uiiicntativi(S,  <  argu- 
mcntatus:  see  argumentation.'^  1.  Consisting 
in  argument;  containing  a  process  of  reason- 
ing; controversial:  as,  an  argumentative  dis- 
eom'se. 

We  are  not  to  dwell  upon  the  mental  processes  which 
composed  the  proof,  upon  the  argumentative  part  of  re- 
ligion ;  but  upon  the  things  proved. 

Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  237. 

2.  Showing  reasons  for.     [Rare.] 
Another  thing  aegumentative  of  Providence  is,  etc. 

Rag,  Works  of  Creation. 

3.  Addicted  to  argument ;  disputatious:  as,  an 
cov/HwcHtafwc  writer;  he  is  yeTy  argumentative. 

argumentatively  (ar-gu-men'ta-tiv-li),  adv.  In 
an  argumentative  manner ;  witU  respect  to  rea- 
soning or  arguments. 

Bowles,  in  losing  his  temper,  lost  also  what  little  logic 
he  had,  and  though  in  a  vague  w.ay  resthetically  right, 
contrived  always  to  be  argumentatively  wrong. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  430. 

argumentativeness  (ar-gii-men'ta-tiv-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  argumentative. 

Thus  was  the  young,  vacant  mind  furnished  with  much 
talk  about  Progress  of  the  Species,  Dark  Ages,  Prejudice, 
and  the  like,  so  that  all  were  quickly  enough  blown  out 
into  a  state  of  windy  argumentativeness. 

Carlyle,  .Sartor  Kesartus,  p.  78. 

argumentator  (ar'gu-men-ta"tor),  H.  [LL.,  < 
L.  argnmcntatiis :  see  argumentation.']  One  who 
conducts  an  argument ;  a  reasoner.     N.  E.  I). 

argumentizet  (iir'gii-men-tiz),  V.  i.  [<  argu- 
mint  +  -ire.]  To  argue;  debate;  reason: 
as,  "argume)itizing  philosophy,"  Mannyngham, 
Discourses,  p.  34.  ' 

argumentum  (ar-gu-men'tum),  n. ;  pi.  argu- 
)iiiiitit(-{'A).  \1j.:  see  argument.']  An  argument. 
—  Argumentum  ad  crumenam,  an  argument  appealing 
to  the  purse,  ur  to  one's  desire  to  sa^'e  money,  —  Argumen- 
tum ad  hominem.  See  ad  /io»iiH>''/i.— Argumentum 
ad  ignorantiam,  an  argument  liased  upon  an  ad\ersary's 
igiior:unf  fit  ttie  mattt  r  iu  dispute.— Argumentum  ad 
invidiam,  an  ;UL,'unient  appraling  to  ones  hatreds  or 
prejudices.  — Argiimentum  ad  Judicium,  an  argument 
addressed  to  the  judgment;  a  proof  drawn  from  any  of 
the  foundations  of  knowledge  or  probability. — Argumen- 
tum ad  verecundiam  (literally,  an  appeal  to  one's  mod- 
esty), an  urgumrnt  frnm  the  n|iini"iis  of  men  wliose  views 
are  commonly  ae'i-pted  as  anthnritative.  .Also  called  ar- 
gument  from  autlioriiij. — Argumentum  baculinum,  an 
appeal  to  force;  club-  or  lyneli-law, — Argumentum  ex 
COncesso,  an  argument  based  on  some  previou.s  admis- 
sion. 

Argus  (iir'gus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  "Xpyo^,  <  a.py6r, 
bright.]  1.  In  Grecian  legend,  a  giant  of  vast 
strength,  held  in  early  times  to  have  four  eyes, 
and  later  to  have  eyes  without  number.  Hera 
set  bim  to  guard  the  heifer  lo,  and  after  he  was 
slain  by  Hermes  transferred  his  eyes  to  the  tail 
of  the  peacock.  Hence  —  2.  Any  observant  or 
sharp-sighted  person:  as,  he  is  a  very  Argus  in 
watchfulness. — 3.  In  ornith. :  (a)  A  genus  of 
gallinaceous  birds,  of  the  order  Gallinie  and 
family  Pltasinnidw,  characterized  by  the  enor- 
mous development  of  the  secondary  feathers  of 
the  wings  and  midtile  feathers  of  the  tail,  the 
former  being  adorned  with  numerous  ocelli,  li]<- 
ened  to  the  many  eyes  of  Argus.  The  type  is  the 
argus-pheasant  (Phaaianu^  argits,  «v  Argus  giganteus  or 
pavoninus)  of  the  Malay  archipelago.  Other  species  or 
varieties  .are  the  Argus  grayi  of  Elliot,  from  Borneo,  the 
Argus  ocellatug  of  Verreaux,  and  the  Argus  bijnuwtatus. 
Other  forms  of  the  word,  as  a  genus  name,  are  Ar/yusanus 
and  Arrjusinnm.  (ft)  [/.  c]  Any  species  of  the 
genua  Argus;  an  argus-pheasant.  The  common 
spscies  has  a  body  only  about  as  large  .as  that  of  a  barn- 
yard hen,  but  sometimes  measures  5  or  6  feet  in  total 
length,  owing  to  the  extraordinary  development  of  the 
tail-feathers.  The  inner  feathers  of  the  wing  are  2  or  3 
feet  long,  and  beautifully  ocellated  with  metallic  iridescent 


307 

spots.     The  general  plumage  is  brown,  variegated  with 
lighter  and  darker  tracery.     The  female  is  a  plain  bird. 


lacking  the  extraordinary  de- 
velopment of  the  wing-  and 
tail-feathers, 

4.  A  genus  of  gastro- 
pods. Boliadsck,  1761. 
—  5.  A  genus  of  lepi- 
dopterous  insects.  Sco- 
j)oli,  1777. —  6.  A  genus 
of  araehuidaus.  Jf'alker, 
1837.— 7.  [^.c]  A  name 
of  certain  euryalean 
ophiurians,  or  sand-stars  with 
branching  arms —  Shetland  ar- 

gUS,  the  Astrophgton  (nr  Kuniab) 
scutatum,  or  gorgon's-lu-ad,  a  kind 
of  basket-flsh,  basket-urchin,  or  sea 
basket,  sometimes  measuring  a  foot 
across.  The  ultimate  ramifications 
of  its  rays  are  estimated  to  be  some 
80,000  in  number.  See  Astrophgton 
and  basket.fish. 

Argus-eyed  (iir'gus-id),  a. 
Vigilant ;  watchful ;  e.xtreme- 
ly  observant.     See  Argus,  1. 

argus-pheasant  (ar  'gus  -f  ez  "- 
ant),  H.     See  Argus,  3. 

afgUS-shell  (iir'gus-shel),  n.  [< 
argus  (with  allusion  to  the  pea- 
cock's tail)  -f-  shell.']  A  gastro- 
pod of  the  family  Cyprimla;,  or 
porcelain-shells,  Ciiprmt  argus, 
beautifully  variegated  with  ocel- 
lated spots.  It  is  an  inhabitant 
of  the  Pacific  ocean. 

argutationt  (iir-gu-ta'shon),  n.  [<  argute,  q.  v. 
Cf.  L.  argutatio(n-),  a  creaking,  <  argutari,  pp. 
argtitatus,  creak,  make  a  noise,  <  argutus,  clear, 
sharp,  shrill:  see  argute.]  Cavil;  over-refine- 
ment in  arguing  ;  quibble;  subtlety:  as,  "friv- 
olous argutations,"  Bp.  Hall,  Myst.  of  Godli- 
ness, 8. 

argu'te  (ar-guf),  «•  [  <  L.  argutus,  clear,  bright, 
sharp,  sagacious,  formally  pp.  of  arguere,  make 
clear:  see  argue.]  1.  Sharp,  as  a  taste ;  shrill, 
as  a  sound. — 2.  Subtle;  ingenious;  sagacious; 
shrewd;  keen. 

T  win  have  him,  continued  ray  father,  .  .  .  vigilant, 
acute,  argute,  inventive.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy. 

The  active  preacher,  the  restless  missionary,  the  argute 
schoolman.  Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  x. 

argutely  (ar-giit'li),  adv.  1.  Shrilly. —  2.  In  a 
sharp  or  subtle  manner;  sagaciously;  shrewdly. 
Sterne. 

arguteness  (ar-gut'nes),  ».  1.  Shrillness. — 2. 
Aeuteness;  wittiness;  sagacity;  shrewdness. 

This  ISenecal  tickles  you  by  starts  with  his  arguteruiss, 
that  fPlutarchJ  pleases  you  for  continuance  with  his  pro- 
priety. Dryden,  Plutarch,  p.  118. 

Argynnis  (ar-jin'is),  «.  [NL.,  appar.  orig.  a 
misprint  for  *argyrius  or  *argi/reus,  <  Gr.  ap;r- 
pfof,  silvery,  <  apyvpoc,  silver.]  A  genus  of  but- 
terflies, of"  the  family  Xi/mphalida;  commonly 
called  fritillaries,  the  several  species  of  which 
have  the  under  side  of  the  wings  marked  with 
silvery  spots.  J.  ei/hele  a,ndi  A.  wi/n«rt  are  two 
ifarailiar  North  American  species. 

argyrantliemOUS  (iir-ji-rau'thf-mus), «.  [<Gr. 
apyvpof.  silver,  -f  av6euoi\  a  flower.]  In  bot, 
having  silvery-white  flowers.     Craig,  1847. 


aria 

argyranthoUS  (ar-ji-ran'thus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ap. 
}i<P"r,  silver,  -I-  di'flof,  a  flower.]  In  lot.,  same 
as  «  rfn/rii » themons. 

argyraspid  (ar-ji-ras'pid),  ».  [<  Gr.  apyvpamro- 
('itr,  pi.,  lit.  the  silver-shielded,  <  apyvpog, silver, 
+  (i(Tn-(f(a(Tm(!-),  a  shield.]  A  soldier  of  a  chosen 
body  in  the  army  of  Alexander  the  Great,  distin- 
guished by  oaiTying  shields  plated  with  silver, 
as  a  mark  of  honor.  The  name  was  retained  after 
the  time  of  Alexander  for  soldiers  of  similar  chosen  Irodies 
in  other  .Macedonian  and  Greek  armies. 

argjnria  (iir-jir'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apyvpoQ,  sil- 
ver. -I-  -lit.]     Same  as  argyrism. 

arg3nriasis  (ar-,ji-ri'a-sis),«.  [NL.,  <6r.  apyvpog, 
silvoi-,  -1-  -iit.iix.]     Same  as  argyrism. 

argyric  (iir-jir'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  apyvpiKdr,  of  silver, 

<  apyvpog,  silver,  silver  money;  cf.  L.  equiv.  ar- 
gcntum:  see  argent.]  In  cAc/re.,  of  silver:  same 
as  argent  tic. 

argyrism  (iir'ji-rizm),  «.  [(For  form,  cf.  Gr. 
dp>  vpicfiuq,  a  getting  money,  <  apyvpiCeaOai,  get 
money)  <  Gr.  dpyvplQiv,  be  of  a  silver  color,  < 
dp}  I'pog,  silver,  money.]  A  discoloration  of  the 
skin  and  other  parts  of  the  body  due  to  the 
medicinal  use  for  a  considerable  time  of  prep- 
arations of  silver.  It  is  caused  by  the  deposition  of 
silver  or  its  corapoimds  in  a  state  of  minute  subdivision  in 
certain  tissues.     Also  argyria,  argyriasis. 

argyrite  (iir'ji-rit),  «.  [<  Gr.  apyvplTic,  silver 
ore,  fern,  of  apyvpirrig,  of  silver,  <  apyvpog,  sil- 
ver.]    In  mineral.,  same  as  argentite. 

argyrized  (ar'ji-rizd),  a.  [<  Gr.  apyvpog,  silver, 
4-  -i~€  +  -prf2.]     K.\hibiting  argyrism. 

argyrodite  (iir-jir'o-dit),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apyy- 
puoi/c,  like  silver,  rich  in  silver  (<  apyvpor,  sil- 
ver, +  dSog,  form),  -1-  -ite^.]  A  mineral  con- 
taining silver,  suljihur,  and  the  new  element 
germanium.  It  occurs  in  steel-gray  crystalline 
aggregates  at  Freiberg,  Saxony. 

Argyroneta  (ar"ji-r6-ne'ta),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
d/j;  rpoc,  silver,  -1-  vririg,  verbal  adj.  of  veiv,  spin.] 
A  genus  of  aquatic  spi- 
ders, of  the  family 
Agalenid(e  (or  Araneidm 
in  a  strict  sense).  The 
type  of  the  genus  is  the  well- 
kiiiiwn  water-spider  or  div- 
ing-spider, ^.ff7»rt?('c(7,  of  Eu- 
rope, which  spins  a  tubular 
web  under  water,  like  a  div- 
ing-bell, mouth  downward, 
wliich  is  then  inflated  with 
air  carried  down  in  bul)bles 
ui»on  tile  spider's  body  ai'.l 
set  free  beneath  the  bell. 

Argyropelecinae  (sir  ji- 
ro-j)el-e-si'ne),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Argyropelecus  + 
-inre.]  A  subfamily  of 
StcrnoplycMidw,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus 
Argyropelecus,  with  tlie 
abdominal  outline  alj- 
ruptly  contracted  iu  ad- 
vance of  the  anal  fin. 
several  produced  neural 
spines  constituting  a 
seiTifonn  ridge  in  advance  of  the  dorsal  fin, 
and  about  nine  branchiostegal  rays. 

Argyropelecus  (ar"ji-ro-pel'e-kus),  n.      [NL., 

<  Gr.  ap)vpoc,  silver,  +  Tri'/.eKvg,  hatchet.]  The 
typical  genus  of  fishes  of  the  subfamily  Argy- 
ropelecinw :  so  called  from  the  silvery  color  and 
somewhat  hatchet-Uke  shape. 

argyrose  (ar'jl-ros),  ».  [F.,  <  Gr.  apyvpog:  see 
argent.]    In  mineral.,  same  as  argentite. 

ari-,  in  words  of  Greek  origin.     See  arrh-. 

Arhan  (iir'han),  n.     Same  as  Arhat. 

arhapedan  (ar-hap'e-dan),  n.  A  Syrian  mea- 
sure of  land,  a  square  of  100  feet  on  the  side. 

Arhat  (iir'hat),  )(.  [<  Skt.  arhant,  desen-ing, 
worthy,  fit,  jjpr.  of  ■\/  arh,  deserve,  be  worthy.] 
The  highest  rank  of  Buddhist  saintship;  spe- 
cifically, one  of  the  original  five  hundred  disci- 
ples of  Gautama  Buddha.  Also  Arahat,  Jlahat, 
and  Arhan,  Itahan. 

arhatship  (ar'hat-ship),  n.  [<  Arhat  +  -shij).'\ 
The  state  of  an  Arhat.    Also  arahatship. 

The  central  point  of  ju-iraitive  Buddhism  v.-as  the  doc- 
trine of  .lr«/ta/.v/i(/j,— a  system  of  ethical  and  mental  self- 
culture,  in  whicli  deliverance  was  foimd  from  all  the  mys- 
teries and  sorrows  of  life  in  a  change  of  heart  to  be  reached 
here  on  earth.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  226. 

arhizal,  arhizous,  a.  More  common  but  less 
correct  forms  of  arrhical,  arrhisous. 

aria  (a'ri-a  or  a'ri-a),  ?;.  [It.,  <  L.  aer,  air:  see 
a(7'3,  also  «/;'l.]  In  music:  (a)  A  rhythmical 
and  metrical  melody  or  time  for  a  single  voice 
(rarely  for  a  monophonous  instrument),  having 
a  vocal  or  instrumental  accompaniment:  dis- 


Watcr-spider 
[.Argyroneta  nquatica). 


ana 

tingTiished  from  a  song  by  being  less  simple 
and  less  purely  lyrical.  The  aria  gramle  is  the 
next  most  elaborate  species  of  solo  vocal  music 
to  the  sceiia  (which  see).  (6)  A  distinct  form 
of  solo  vocal  music,  distinguished  by  a  clear 
division  into  three  parts,  namely,  a  piincipal 
?r  •inn,  a  subordinate  section,  and  a  repeti- 
t;  !  .  with  or  without  alterations,  of  the  tirst 
s^i  ti'in  :  otherwise  known  as  the  <la  capo  form. 
(c)  A  solo  movement,  whether  in  strict  aria 
form  or  not,  in  an  extended  vocal  work,  like  an 
opera  or  an  oratorio:  as,  the  soprano  aria  "I 
know  that  my  Kedeemcr  liveth."  See  «i)-3,  1. 
Arianl  (a'ri-au),  a.  and  ii.  [Formerly  also  Ar- 
rian  (AH.  Arrianisc) ;  =F.  Arien,  <  LL.  Arianus 
(<  LGr.  'Apeiaiui;),  <  Arius,  Arius  (improp.  Ar- 
rius),  <  Gr.  'ip""?,  a  man's  name,  prop,  adj., 
martial,  warlike,  of  Ares  or  Mars,  <  'Ap^f,  Ai'es, 
liars:  see  J  res.]  1.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  the  doctrines  of  Ai-ius.  See  II. 
—  2.  Adhering  to  Arius  or  his  docti-ines. 

H.  H.  In  theol.,  one  who  adheres  to  the  doc- 
trines of  Arius  and  his  school.  .-Vrius  was  a  pres- 
hyter  of  the  church  of  Alexandria  in  the  fourth  century. 
lie  heM  Ihat  tlie  .<uii  was  begotten  of  the  Father,  ami  there- 
lore  not  coetemal  nor  eonsulistantial  with  the  Father,  but 
•created  by  and  subordinate  to  the  Father,  thougli  pos- 
sessing a  similar  nature.  The  name  Arian  is  given  in  the- 
ology not  only  to  all  those  who  adopt  this  particular 
view  of  the  nature  of  Christ,  but  also  to  all  those  who, 
holding  to  the  divine  nature  of  Christ,  yet  maintain  his 
dependence  upon  and  subordination  to  the  Father  in  the 
Godhead.  As  a  cliiss  the  Arians  accept  the  Scriptui-es  as 
a  divinely  in3i)ired  and  authoritative  book,  and  declare 
their  doctrines  to  be  sustained  by  its  teachings.  The  doc- 
trine of  Arius  was  authoritatively  condemned  by  the 
Council  of  Sice  A.  D.  ;i'2o,  which  decreed  that  Jesus 
Christ  w:i3  "  very  God  of  very  God ;  begotten,  not  made ;  of 
one  substance  with  the  Father." 

Arian'-,  a.  and  n.     See  Aryan. 

-arian.  [<  L.  -ari-us  (E.  -nr^l,  -ar-)  +  -dn-us, 
K.  -an.']  A  compound  suffix  of  Latin  origin, 
forming  adjectives,  and  thence  nouns,  from  or 
instead  of  adjectives  or  nouns  in  -nr//l.  Words 
Bo  formed  refer  s<>nietime3  to  things,  as  wirarian,  but 
chieOy  to  persons,  either  in  regard  to  pursuit  or  occupa- 
tion, as  anti'fuarian,  or  to  age,  as  vezarieiiarian,  octoge- 
narian, cntejiarian,  etc.,  or  to  religious  or  social  belief 
and  practice,  as  A'luarian,  Miilenariaii,  nec^-snarian,  Su- 
pralapiarian,  Unitarian,  humanitarian,  utilitarian,  etc. 
In  the  last  use  the  termination  is  extended  to  words  of 
non-Latin  origin,  as  aniithinyarian,  nothingarian. 

Arianism  (a'ri-an-izm),  n.     l=F.  Arianismc,<. 
'.v.    '.\i>ciavia/i6r,  <   'ApeiavlCeiv,  Arianize.]     The 
diKtriues  of  the  Arians.     See  Arian^,  n. 

Arianize  (a'ri-an-iz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Arianized, 
pjir.  A  rianicing,  [<  LGr.  'ApeiaviCtiv,  be  an  Arian, 
<  Apfiavrif,  Arian :  see^IriflHl.]  J,  trans.  To  ren- 
der conformable  to  Arianism;  convert  to  Ai-i- 
anism. 

n.  intrans.  To  favor  or  admit  the  tenets 
of  the  Arians ;  tend  toward  Arianism :  as,  an 
Arinni-ing  sect  of  Christians. 

Arianizer  fa'ri-an-i-zer),  H.  One  who  favors, 
titids  toward,  or  converts  others  to  Arianism. 

Arica  bark.     See  hark^. 

aricari  (ar-i-kii'ri),  n.     See  aracari. 

Aricia  (a-rish'i-ji),  H.  [NL.,  prob.  <  L.  Aricia, 
a  t<iwn  in  Latitiin,  now  (It.)  La  Riccia.']  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Ariciidw. 

Anciidx  (ar-i-si'i-de),  h.  y>/.  [NL.,  <  vlnci'n + 
-iV/<c.]  .\  family  of  free  marine  annelids,  of  the 
ordrr  t'hii  tojiotla. 

aricin  (ftr'i-siii),  n.  [<.lricn,tIienaraoofaplace 
(ffiririiTly  in  Perii,nowinChili)whenco  the  bark 
is  r-,x|ii)rtcd,  +  -in'^.'}  An  alkaloid  found  in  the 
bark  of  .Home  »H)Ocies  of  Cinchona.     See  liarl,'^. 

arid  (ar'id),  a.     [<  L.  aridu.i,  dry,  <  arcrc,  bo 

dry.]     Dry;  without  moisture;  parched  with 

hint:  )irn''p,  figuratively,  uninteresting,  life- 

•  -H,  etc. 

lonn  of  tho  schoolmen  were  succoedod 

",     < uii  M.>ioiiM  of  the  occult  ffhilosophers. 

/.  Dltrntli,  Aincii.  of  l.lt.,  II.  284. 
At  nrirt  HI  n  lufl  of  lons.  ^i  thing  » hone  lite  Is  in  the 
i.i  drw)  crunibling  in  the 
■f  II  fliower. 

.  Itllth'-ilale  Uoinaiice,  xi. 

'l<'f-'ct  of  culd,  arid  nritiires  h  the  Wftlii  of 

Jimrrnon,  HfK-luty  and  Kolltndu. 

r-i    I  /I.     [Native  niimo.]     A  kind 

n  Miiioiilti  Hilk  Ktuir  without 
I  IiidicH. 
'•'■  Ir.iixnilr,    [<«•• -t- rii/yc] 

'  .1  ridge-like  iiowitiuu. 

_>  o-t  your  back  aiiit'f, 

'I  >  it  inore'n  ft  hoImt  lirlilge. 

l.'nrfU,  Molitinirnl  to  the  Itrldg*'. 

aridity  f u-rid'l-ti),  ». ;  j.l.  arUUtirK  (-tiz).  f  =  I'. 
nniltli\(  \..  iiri,i,i,i  . iryncHN,  < '/rii/iM,  <lry;  hoc 
<iri<l,\     1.  ,.f  iM'iiiK  arid;  dryni.'MH; 

want  <if  r  .;.   Kigiirnlivcly,   want  of 

inU!r(!«ti  Oryiiviw;  liXolcuneiis. 


30S 

The  harsh  ascetic  mode  of  treating  philosophy  by  the 
schoolmen  generated  a  corresponding  barrenness,  aridity 
and  repulsiveness,  in  the  rigid  forms  of  their  technical 
language.  iJe  Quincey,  Style,  iv. 

I  have  often  been  reproached  with  the  aridity  of  my 
genius.  Poe,  Tales.  I.  140. 

3.  Dullness  of  mind  or  situation;  depression; 
tedium. 

strike  my  soul  with  lively  apprehensions  of  thy  excel- 
lences, to  bear  up  my  spirit  under  the  greatest  aridities 
and  dejections.  _  Xorris. 

aridness  (ar'id-nes),  «.     Same  as  aridity. 

Around  and  between  the  ruined  cities,  and  reaching  far 
and  wide  to  the  north  and  east,  were  blank  aridness  ;md 
desolation.  O'Donoi'an,  Mei'v,  xx. 

-ariCEe.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.  of  -arieus,  <  L.  -dri-us  + 
-c-iis:  see  -ary'^  and  -eons.]  In  hot.,  an  ordinal 
termination,  used  by  some  authore  in  a  very 
few  cases  instead  of  the  more  common  -acea: 

Ariell  (a'ri-el),  n.  [In  def.  1,  <  LL.  ariel,  <  Gr. 
dp;;)/,  <  Heb.  ariel,  in  the  passage  cited  of  un- 
certain meaning,  perhaps  'lire-altar  of  God' 
(Gesenius) ;  elsewhere  in  the  Old  Testament  as 
a  man's  name  and  as  an  appellation  of  Jerusa- 
lem, where  it  is  taken  as  '  lion  of  God.'  Hence, 
in  T.  Heywood  and  Milton,  the  name  of  an 
angel,  and  in  Shakspere  of  an  '  airy  spirit ' 
{X.  E.  D.).  There  is  an  allusion  in  the  poets' 
use  to  aerial,  atryl ;  hence  the  application  to  a 
heavenly  body  and  to  birds.]  If.  [/.  c]  An 
altar.     See  etjinology  and  quotation. 

Forsothe  the  ylk  ariel  or  auter  [thilke  ariel,  that  is  the 
higere  part  of  the  auter,  Purv.]  of  foure  cubitis,  and  fro 
ariet  [tlie  auter,  Purv.]  \'n  to  above,  foure  corners, 

Wycli/,  Ezek.,  xliii.  15, 16(0xf.  ed.). 

2.  The  innermost  of  the  satellites  of  Uranus, 
discovered  by  Lassell  in  1851.  It  revolves 
about  its  primary  in  2^  days. — 3.  [/.  c]  In 
ornith.,  applied  to  sundry  birds  of  buoyant  airy 
night:  as,  the  ariel  swallow,  Chelidon  arid  ;  the 
ariel  petrel,  Procellaria  arid;  the  ariel  toucan, 
Ehamphastos  ariel. 

arieP  (a'ri-el),  n.  [<  Ar.  aryil,  var.  of  ayyil,  a 
stag,  applied  in  Syria  to  the  gazel  (Dozy) ;  cf. 
At.  also  iydl,  a  stag.]  In  zool.,  an  Arabian 
gazel,  Gazella  dama. 

They  are  dainty  little  antelopes,  these  gazelles  and 
ariels  of  the  Soudan.  Contemporary  Rev.,  XLIX.  854. 

arierbant,  "■    See  arri^e-han. 

Aries  (a'ri-ez),  n.  [<  L.  arics  (ariet-),  OL.  ares 
=  Ir.  and  Gael,  rcith,  a  ram.]  1.  One  of  the 
zodiacal  constellations. — 2.  The  first  sign  of 
the  zodiac  (marked  'I'),  which  the  sun  enters 


The  Constellation  Aries. 

at  the  vernal  equinox,  March  21st,  and  leaves 

April  '20th.     Owing  ii<  the  precession  of  the  eipilnoxcs, 

the  constellation  Arics  has  moved  conipletely  out  of  the 

sign  of  the  Bame  name,  which  is  now  occupied  by  the 

constellation  Pisces. 

3.  [NL.]   In  .coo/.,  a  genus  of  mammals.   Storr, 

l«7l). 

arietatet,  i'.  '•  [^  1j.  arictatus,  pp.  of  ariclarr, 
butt,  asarain,  <  arics  {ariet-),  iiram:  see  Ji'iftf.] 
To  push  or  butt  like  a  ram.     llailey. 

arietationt  (ar'i-e-tii-shon),  «.  [<  L.  aricla- 
liii{n-).<.  (iriclarc,  butt:  ai-i' iiriclatc]  1.  Tlie  act 
of  butting  like  a  rain. — 2.  The  act  of  battering 
with  a  liattering-riiiii. 

Ordnance  do  exceeil  all  arietatitmn  and  ancient  iiiven- 
tions.  Itacon,  Ksaays,  No.  f»H, 

3.  Thoaetof coUidingorconflicting.    (llanrillc. 
arietifonn   (ar-i-i-l 'l-fonn),  a.     [<  L.   .IricK 

(Ariel-),  a   sign    of   tlie  zoiliae    (see  .-Iricil,  + 

forma,  form.]   Having  the  Hhii|ie  of  the  symbol 

iif  the  zdiliacal  sign  Aries  {"!'). 
arietine  (ar'i-e-tin),  a.      f<  L.  arictinim,  <  arics 

(arid-),  u  ram:  see  Aries.]   Itntting;  pertaining 

to  or  having  tlic  nature  of  a  ram. 
The  gap  In  the  fence  dUcovered  bv  Ihclr  arietine  lender. 
hilerary  World,  .luue,  IH7I. 

arietta  fft-ri-ot'tjl),  n,  [II..  dim.  of  arin,  ^\.  v.] 
A  slmrl  Noiig;  nil  air,  or  a  Utile  air. 

ariette  (n-ri-ot'),  «.  [!•'.,  <  It.  arietta,  q.  v.] 
•Same  as  arietta. 


Arimaspian 

She  hastened  to  beseech  their  attention  unto  a  military 
ariette.  Seott.       )| 

aright  (a-nf),  2>rep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  ME.  aright, 
angt,  arilit,  etc.,  <  AS.  drilit,  earlier  on  riht, 
aright:  on,  E.  a'^;  riht,  E.  right:  see  right,  n. 
The  second  sense  is  modern.]  1.  Rightlj-;  in 
a  right  way  or  form  ;  without  error  or  faidt. 

Korean  a  man  of  passions  judge  aright. 
Except  liis  mind  be  from  all  passions  free. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  iv. 

These  mingled  seeds  thy  hand  shall  set  aright, 
All  laidin  heaps,  each  after  its  own  kind. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  .I'aradise,  I.  264. 

2.  To  or  toward  the  right  hand.     [Rare.] 

The  afifrighted  toemen  scatter  from  his  spear,  aright,  aleft 
Southey,  Joan  of  Arc,  vi.  308. 

Ariina  (ar-i-i'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arius  +  -ina.] 
In  Giinther's  classification  of  fishes,  a  group  of 
Siluridw  proteroptera;  witli  the  anterior  and 
posterior  nostrils  close  together  and  without 
nasal  barbels:  synonymous  with  Ariina: 

Ariinse  (ar-i-i'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Arius  + -inw.'] 
In  ichth.,  a  subfamily  of  silm-oid  fishes,  typified 
by  the  genus  Arius.  They  have  a  form  resembling 
tliat  of  the  North  American  cattishes,  but  the  anterior 
nostrils  are  close  to  the  posterior,  and  the  latter  have  no 
barbels.  Most  species  have  a  bony  occipital  shield,  be- 
tween which  and  the  dorsal  fin  is  a  smaller  antedorsal 
shield ;  the  dentition  is  variable,  but  palatine  teeth  arft 


Salt-water  Catfish  {^rius /elis). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

usually  present.  About  100  species  are  known,  most  of 
whicli  are  inhabitants  of  the  tropical  or  warm  seas.  The 
males  of  many  species  carry  the  eggs,  which  are  of  large 
size,  in  their  mouth,  and  there  hatch  them.  A  few  reach 
a  length  of  nearly  b  feet. 
aril  (ar'il).  n.  [=  F.  arillc  =  Sp.  arilla  =  Pg. 
It.  arillo,  <  NL.  arillus,  <  ML.  arilli  (pi.),  dried 
grapes,  <  L.  aridus,  dry :  see  arid.]  In  hot.,  a 
term  variously  applied  to  the  accessory  cover- 
ings or  appendages  of  seeds.  It  is  sometimes  used 
in  a  general  sense,  without  regard  to  form  or  place  of  ori- 
gin, and  includes  tile  strophiole,  caruncle,  and  arillode  (see 
these  words) ;  but  it  is  usually  limited  to  a  more  or  less, 
nearly  complete  seed-covering  whicli  originates  from  the 
funiculus  near  the  hilum,  or  from  the  placenta  when  there 
is  no  funiculus.     Also  arillus, 

ariled  (ar'ild),  a.     Same  as  arillatc. 

arillate  (ar'i-lat),  a.     [<  NL.  arillatns,  <  arillus : 

see  aril.]   Furnislied  with  an  aril,  as  the  fruit  of 

the  spindle-tree. 
arillated  (ar'i-la-ted),  a.     Same  as  arillate. 
arilli,  n.     I'lm-al  of  arillus. 
arilliform  (a-ril'i-l'6rm),  a.    [<  NIj.  arillu.>),  aril, 

-I-  L.  fiirma,  form.]     Having  tho  form  of  an  aril, 
arillode  (ar'i-16d),  «.    [<  NL.  "arilhnliuni,  <  aril- 
lus, aril,  -I-  Gr.  e'uhc,  form.]    In  hot.,  a  false  aril: 

sometimes  ajiplied  to 

a  form  of  aril  which 

originates  from   llin 

niicropyle   or    rii|ilie 

instead  of  at  or  be- 
low the  hilum,  as  in 

tho    nutmeg.      Also 

spelled  urilinlc. 
arillus  (a-ril'iis),  M. ; 

pi.  arilli  (-!).    [NL.] 

Same  as  (iril. 
Arilus  (ar'i-lns),  n. 

[NL.J  Ageiiiisofliet- 

eropteioiis      hemip- 

teroiiK  insects,  of  the 

family /['<(/»  i/ji/rt'.for- 

nierly   iiielndiMg  the 

HpeeicN  lit  I'riouidus, 

as  I  he  wlieel-biig. 
Arlma8p(ar'i-masi)),  .    . 

n.       IK   l^,.  .\)ltnas)lt,\     „,ej,  „„,|  nmcc ; /,  nrlllodc.     (<•, 

(ir.   'Ain/ianrrni;  id.,  a    ninli-inii«iiinc<l.f 
'Si'ylhian' word,  said 

to  mean  '<iiic>-eyed';  according  to  Herodotiis, 
'Sevlhiaii,'  <  api/ia,  one,  -f-  OTToi;  eye;  according 
to  I'.iiHlatliiiis,  <  i/ii,  one,  +  fidnn^^,  eye.]  One 
of  the  AriinaH|)i,  a  mythical  tribe  of  Scythians, 
believed  in  aiili(|ii^ty  to  liav<'  carried  iilT  a  lioanl 
of   gold  which  was  under  the  giianliaiiHliip  of 

gfillins.    ri;:iirfH  of  AriinaHim  occur  Moinrli m  in  iJn'ck 

ni  I,  npiiMittcd  in  Oriental  ilress  anil  llghltng  griltliiH. 
Arimaspian  (ar-i-iiia«'pi-an),  n.     Same  as  .tri- 
nKis/i. 


Arlllodet. 
b,  seed  ol  KiciMHj  cammuHts^ 
c,  sectl  of  Chrtiiiomum  ittaj»s;  t 
s,   1 
(<■ 


Arimaspian 

As  wlien  a  gryphon  through  the  wilderness  .  .  , 

Pursues  the  Arimaspian^  who  liy  stealth 

Hail  from  his  wakeful  custody  purloin'd 

The  guiu'ded  gold.  Ulillun,  P.  t.,  ii.  940. 

<»oat  or  griffin,  Cluistian  or  Coekney,  Miser  or  Arimas- 
pinn.  Btaclcimod'a-  Maff.,  X.XI.  780. 

Arinse  (a-ri'ne),  n.pl.  [<  Ara^  +  -ince.']  A  sub- 
family of  birds,  of  the  ta,mi\y  Psittacida;  inelud- 
iag  the  wedge-tailed  macaws  aud  parrakeets  of 
America.  See  Ara'^  aud  Coiiurus.  Also  written 
Annua: 

ariolation  (ar'i-o-la'shou),  «.     See  haiiolation. 

Arion  (a-ri'ou),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Arion^  <  Gr.  'Api- 
ui>,  a  celebrated  cithara-player,  said  to  have 
beeu  rescued  from  di-owuiuR-  by  a  dolphin.]  A 
genus  of  pulmouato  gastroiiods,  by  some  refer- 
red to  the  family  Liiiiitcida:  :uul  subfamily  Ario- 
niiuE,  but  now  generally  considered  as  the  type 
of  a  family  Arionidw,  including  several  species 
of  slugs,  of  which  A.  ater,  the  black  slug,  is  a 
eliaracteristio  example. 

In  file  principal  genus,  Arion,  there  is  a  triauirular  pore 
at  \hc  upper  posterior  partof  the  l)ody,  which  readilysep- 
aiatis  it  from  Liniax.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  319. 

arionid  (a-ri'on-id),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the  fam- 
ily Arionidw." 

Arionidse  (ar-i-on'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NXi.,  <  Arion  + 
-ida'.]  A  family  of  geophilous  pulmonate  gas- 
tropods, resembling  the  Limacidw,  and  repre- 
sented by  such  genera  as  Arion  and  ArioUmax. 
Its  technical  characters  are  a  shell  reduced  to  a  small  flat 
plate  or  granules,  a  small  aud  shield-like  anterior  mantle, 
the  jaw  entire  and  transversely  ribbed,  and  teeth  of  three 
kinds,  the  laterals  especially  diiTering  from  those  of  the 
Limacidce  by  their  low,  wide,  and  quadrate  form.  They 
are  confounded  with  the  limacids  under  the  general  name 
of  slugs. 

Arioninae  (ar"i-o-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Arion 
+  -(««■.]  The  slugs  of  the  genu?  Arion  and  re- 
lated genera,  such  as  ArioUmax,  regarded  as  a 
subfamily  of  the  Limacidw. 

The  Liniacidfe  are  divisible  into  three  subfamilies.  In 
the  Arionince  the  shell  may  be  present,  though  concealed 
by  the  mantle,  or  it  may  be  represented  by  a  number  of 
calcareous  grains  scattered  through  the  corresponding 
portion  of  the  mantle.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  318. 

ariose  (ar-i-6s'),  (7.  [<  It.  arioso,  q.  v.]  Charac- 
terized by  melody,  as  distinguished  from  har- 
mony.    [Rare.] 

Mendelssohn  wants  the  ariose  beauty  of  Handel;  vocal 

melody  is  uothisfc:_te;  the  interest  of  his  airs  is  harmonic. 

Foreign  Quarterly  Rev. 

arioso  (a-re-6'so),  Vi.  [It.,  <  aria,  air:  see  aria 
and  «Jr3.]  '  In  music,  like  an  air,  as  contradis- 
tinguished from  recitatioc.  The  word  is  used  espe- 
cially with  reference  to  recitative  passages  which  are 
treated  more  in  the  smooth  and  melodious  style  of  airs 
than  in  the  ordinary  style  of  recitatives.  In  instrumental 
music  it  indicates  a  flowing  vocal  style.  Prefixed  to  an 
air,  it  denotes  a  sustained  elaborate  style,  appropriate  to 
the  great  airs  of  an  opera. 

-arious.  [Accom.  of  L.  -arivs:  see  -ary'^  and 
-ous.'\  A  sufSx  of  Latin  origin,  another  form 
of  -anj^,  but  used  only  in  adjectives,  as  in  ad- 
versarioiis,  arenarious,  calcarious  (now  errone- 
ously calcareous),  gregarious,  vicarious,  etc. 
arisadt,  arisardt,  «.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  long 
robe  or  tunic  girded  at  the  waist,  worn  by 
women  in  Scotland  as  late  as  1740.  Planche. 
Also  airisad,  airisard. 

arise  (a-riz'),  v.  i.;  pret.  arose,  pp.  arisen,  ppr. 
arising.  [<  ME.  arisen,  <  AS.  drisan  (=  ONorth. 
arrisa  =  OS.  arisan  =  OHGr.  ar-,  ir-,  ur-risan  = 
Goth,  urreisan,  arise),  <.d-  +  risan,  rise :  see  a-1 
and  rise^.~i  1.  To  get  up  from  sitting,  lying, 
or  kneeling,  or  from  a  posture  or  state  of  re- 
pose, as  from  sleep  or  the  grave :  as,  the  audi- 
ence arose  and  remained  standing. 
I  will  arise,  and  go  to  my  father.  Luke  xv.  18. 

The  king  arose  very  early  in  the  morning.      Dan.  vi.  19. 
Ai'iae  from  the  dead,  aud  Christ  shall  give  thee  light. 

Eph.  V.  14. 
Many  bodies  of  the  saints  which  slept  arose. 

Mat.  xxvii.  5-2. 
Arise,  he  said,  to  conquering  Athens  go. 
There  fate  appoints  an  end  of  all  thy  woe. 

Drijden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  533. 
I  dub  thee  knight. 
Arise,  Sir  Ralph,  De  Wilton's  heir. 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  12. 

2.  To  get  up  from  a  sitting  or  session,  as  of  a 
court ;  suspend  sittings  for  a  time ;  adjourn : 
as,  the  eom't  arose  at  4  o'clock.  [Archaic :  see 
rise.}  —  3.  To  spring  up  from,  or  as  from,  the 
ground  ;  ascend ;  mount  or  move  from  a  lower 
to  a  higher  place  :  as,  vapors  arise  from  humid 
groimd. 

The  forests  were  filled  mth  birds  ;  and,  at  the  discharge 
of  an  arquebuse,  whole  flocks  would  arise. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  76. 
From  right  to  left  about  the  flashing  mass 
Arose  a  spiral  stair,  the  tower  ringing. 

C.  De  Kay,  Vision  of  Nimrod,  v. 


309 

4.  To  come  into  view,  as  from  a  hiding-place  ; 
specifically,  to  appear,  as  the  sun  or  a  star, 
above  the  horizon  :  hence,  to  begin,  or  be  ush- 
ered in,  as  the  day. 

.•Irise,  fair  sun,  and  kill  the  envious  moon. 

Shalt.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  2. 
While  day  arises,  that  sweet  hour  of  prime. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  170. 

5.  To  come  into  being  or  action;  come  into 
existence  or  play;  start  into  prominence  or 
activity ;  appear ;  come  upon  the  scene :  as,  a 
false  prophet  has  arisen;  a  great  wind  arose; 
a  cry  arose. 

N<»w  there  arose  up  a  new  king  over  Egypt,  which  knew 
not  .loseph.  Ex.  i.  8. 

Whence  heavy  persecution  shall  arise 
On  all,  who  in  the  worship  persevere 
Of  spirit  aud  truth.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  631. 

For  the  mighty  wind  arises,  roaring  seaward,  aud  I  go. 
Tennyson,  Ix)ckslcy  Hall. 
The  idea  of  a  universal  and  beneficent  Creator  of  the 
universe  does  not  seem  to  firi.se  in  the  mind  of  man  luitil 
lie  has  been  elevated  by  long-continued  culture. 

Dariinn,  Descent  of  Man,  II.  377. 

6.  To  have  a  beginning  or  origin ;  originate. 
(a)  To  have  or  take  its  rise,  as  a  river ;  rise,  as  from  a 
source.  (6)  To  result  or  proceed,  as  from  a  cause :  as,  most 
of  these  appalling  accidents  arise  from  carelessness. 

All  the  powers  and  capacities  of  man,  being  the  work  of 
God,  must  have  their  proper  place  in  his  designs  ;  and  tlie 
evil  in  the  world  arises  not  from  their  use,  but  from  their 
misuse.  Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  110. 

7.  To  come  or  spring  up  incidentally,  as  any- 
thing requiring  attention :  as,  other  eases  can 
be  attended  to  as  they  arise. 

Fortunately,  the  contingency  to  which  I  allude  [the  ne- 
cessity of  a  coup  d'etat)  never  arose. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  124. 

8.  To  rise  in  hostility;  rebel:  with  against: 
as,  the  men  arose  against  their  officers. 

When  he  arose  against  me,  I  caught  him  by  his  beard. 

1  Sam.  xvii.  35. 

[In  senses  1-4,  6  (a),  and  8,  rise  is  now  more 
common.]  =Syn.  Arise,  Rise.  Thechoice  between  these 
words  was  primarily,  and  still  often  is,  a  matter  of  rhythm. 
The  literal  meanings,  however,  or  those  which  seem  literal, 
have  become  more  associated  with  rise,  and  the  consciously 
figurative  with  arise:  as,  he  rose  fromhis  chair ;  the  sun  rose; 
the  provinces  rose  in  revolt;  trouble  arose ;  "Music  arose 
with  its  voluptuous  swell,"  Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  21. 
arisef  (a-riz'),  n.  [<  arise,  v.  i.}  Rising. 
Upon  the  arise  or  descent  of  the  stars. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vi.  3. 

arish  (ar'ish),  n.  [Pers.]  A  Persian  linear 
measure,  equal  to  38.364  English  inches. 

aristt,  n.  [ME.,  <  AS.  (Erist,  erist,  erest {=  Goth, 
urrists),  arising,  <  drisan,  arise,  +  -t,  a  common 
noun  formative.]  A  rising,  as  from  a  seat,  a 
bed,  or  the  ground,  or  from  below  the  horizon: 
as,  "at  the  Sonne  aristc,"  Chaucer,  Astrolabe. 

aristt.     A  shortened  form  of  ariseth.     Chaucer. 

arista  (a-ris'tii),  «. ;  pi.  aristw  (-te).  [L.,  the 
awn  or  beard  of  gi-ain.  Cf.  arrest^.']  1.  In 
hot.,  an  awn  (which  see). —  2.  In  ::odl.,  an  awn 
or  tactile  filament  at  the  end  of  the  antenna  of 
an  insect,  as  in  some  Dijrtera. 

The  antennee  .  .  .  may  ...  be  very  short  and  com- 
posed of  three  joints,  frequently  bearing  a  tactile  hair  at 
the  extremity  (arista).  Clans,  Zool.  (trans.),  I.  573, 

aristarcb  (ar'is-tark),  n.  [<  L.  Aristarchns,  < 
Gr.  'Aplarapxo<:,  a  critic  of  Alexandria,  noted  for 
his  severity,  especially  in  regard  to  the  Homeric 
poems.]  A  severe  critic:  as,  "the  aristarch 
Johnson,"  Scott,  Abbot,  Iiit. 

Aristarchian  (ar-is-tar'ki-an),  a.  [<  Gr.  'Api- 
GTapxeio(,  <  Apiarapxog',  or  <  Aristarchus  +  -ian.'] 
Like  the  ancient  critic  Aristarchus;  severely 
critical. 

aristarchyi  (ar'is-tar-ki),  n. ;  pi.  aristarchies 
(-kiz).  [<  LGr.  dptarapxia,  <  Gr.  apiarapxaq,  best- 
ruling,  <  apinrog,  best,  +  apxetv,  nile.  Cf.  aris- 
tocraci/.]  Government  by  the  best  men;  a  body 
of  worthy  men  constituting  a  government. 

aristarcHy-t  (ar'is-tar-ki),  n.  [<  Aristarchus.'] 
Severe  criticism  like  that  of  the  ancient  critic 
-Aristarchus.     [Rare.] 

Howbeit,  the  grouiul  on  which  I  would  build  his  chief 
praise  (to  some  of  the  Aristarcliy  and  sour  censures  of 
these  days)  requires,  first,  an  apology. 

Sir  J.  JIarington,  Brief  View  of  Cll.  of  Eng.,  p.  153. 

aristate  (a-ris'tat),  a.  [<  LL.  aristntus,  <  L. 
arista,  awii  or  beard  of  gi'ain.]  Awued;  hav- 
ing a  pointed,  beard-like  process,  like  that  of 
barley.     See  cut  under  harley. 

aristocracy  (ar-is-tok'ra-si),  «. ;  pi.  aristocra- 
cies (-siz).     [<  OF.  aristocracie,  F.  aristocratic, 

<  ML.  "aristocratia,  <  Gr.  apiaronpaTia,  the  i-ule 
of  the  best  (cf.  dpiBTOnpardadai,  be  governed  by 
the  best-born),  <  apia-og,  best,   +  -upa-ia,  rule, 

<  KpaTsiv,  be  strong,  rule.]  If.  Government  by 
the  best  men  in  the  state  j  a  governing  body 
composed  of  the  best  men  in  the  state. 


Aristolocliia 

He  [Periander]  reckcMied  that  j)opular  estate  .  .  .  beat 
which  came  nearest  unto  an  aristocracy  or  regiment  of 
wise  and  noble  senate.       Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  276. 

2.  A  form  of  government  in  which  the  sujireme 
power  is  exercised  by  those  members  of  the 
state  who  are  distinguished  by  their  rank  and 
opulence.  When  the  ruling  power  is  exercised  by  a 
very  few  of  this  class  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others,  the 
government  becomes  an  oligarchy. 

The  aristocracy  of  Venice  hath  adnutted  so  many  abuses 
.  .  .  that  tile  period  of  its  duration  seems  to  approach, 

•»  Swift. 

Take  away  the  standing  armies,  and  leave  tlie  nobles  to 
themselves^  anil  in  a  few  years  they  would  overturn  every 
monarchy  in  Europe,  aud  erect  aristocracies. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  288. 

3.  A  body  of  persons  holding  exceptional  pre- 
scriptive rank  or  privileges ;  specifically,  a 
class  of  hereditary  noliility ;  the  nobles  of  a 
country  and  those  nearly  related  to  them. 

Between  the  aristocracy  and  the  working  people  had 
sprung  up  a  middle  cla.S8,  agricultural  and  commercial. 

Macaulay. 

4.  Persons  noted  for  superiority  in  any  charac- 
ter or  quality,  taken  collectively:  as,  the  aris- 
tocracij  of  wealth  or  of  culture. 

aristocrat  (ar'is-to-krat  or  a-ris'to-krat),  ».  [< 
F.  aristocrate,  a  reverse  formation  from  the 
adj.  aristocratique :  see  aristocratic]  1.  A 
member  of  the  aristocracy  or  men  of  rank  in  a 
commimity ;  lience,  a  person  having  the  traits 
supposed  to  be  characteristic  of  an  aristocracy : 
as,  "a  born  aristocrat,"  Mrs.  Browning. — 2. 
One  who  favors  an  aristocracy ;  one  who  is  an 
advocate  of  an  aristocratic  form  of  govern- 
ment. 

aristocratic  (ar"is-to-krat'ik),  a.  [<  F.  aristo- 
cratique, <  Gr.  dpiaTonpaTiKog,  pertaining  to  aris- 
tocracy, <  lipioro/fpaTia :  see  aristocracy.']  1.  Per- 
taining to  aristocracy  or  a  niling  oligarchy; 
consisting  in  or  pertaining  to  the  nile  of  a 
privileged  class;  oligarchic:  aa,  a,n  aristocratic 
constitution  ;  an  aristocratic  government. 

The  Areopagus  was  a  body  of  aristocratic  tendencies, 
consisting  of  those  who  had  served  the  office  of  archon ; 
its  function  was  to  maintain  the  laws  in  their  integrity. 

Von  Ranke.  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  144. 
2.  Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or  befitting  the 
nobility  or  men  of  rank;  resembling  in  man- 
ners or  character  the  aristocracy  or  higher 
classes  in  a  community:  as,  aristocratic  pride; 
aristocratic  in  sentiment. — 3.  Belonging  to  an 
aristocracy. 

aristocratical  (ar"is-to-krat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
aristocratic. 

aristocratically  (ar"is-to-krat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  aristocratic  manner. 

aristocraticalness  (ar"is-to-krat'i-kal-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  aristocratic. 

aristocratism  (ar'is-to-krat-izm  or  ar-is-tok'ra- 
tizm),  n.  l<.aristncrat  +  -ism.]  -Aristocratic rant, 
privilege,  or  character;  the  state  or  condition 
of  being  aristocratic  in  rank  or  feeUng;  mem- 
bership of  or  adherence  to  a  privileged  class. 

Aristocratism  rolls  in  its  carriage,  while  patriotism  can- 
not trail  its  cannon.  Carlylc,  French  Rev.,  III.  i.  2. 

aristocratize  (ar-is-tok'ra-tiz),  t'. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  aristocraticed,  ppr.  aristocrati:ing.  [<  F. 
aristocratiser,  <  aristocrate:  see  aristocrat  and 
-izc]     I.  trans.  To  render  aristocratic. 

II.  intrans.  To  favor  or  support  aristocracy. 
[Rare.] 

aristocratyt  (ar-is-tok'ra-ti),  n.  Same  as  aris- 
tocravy.     Burton. 

aristodemocracy (ar'is-to-de-mok'ra-si), H.  [< 
aristo{cracy)  +  democracy.]  (jovemment  by  no- 
bles and  the  commonalty ;  a  government  com- 
posed of  aristocratic  and  democratic  elements 
combined.  Imp.  Diet. 
Aristolochia  (ar"is-to-16'ki-a),  ?!.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
dpiGTo'/oxia,  also  dpicT(>'/-6x£ia,  an  herb  promoting 
child-birth,  <  apwrog,  best, 
-f-  '/.oxcia,  child-birth :  see 
lochia.]  A  large  genus 
of  apetalous  exogenous 
plants,  the  tj-pe  and  prin- 
cipal genus  of  the  natu- 
ral order  Aristolochiacew, 
chiefly  woody  climbers, 
and  very  widely  distrib- 
uted. There  are  about  180 
species,  of  which  7  are  found 
in  the  United  States.  They  .are 
remarkable  for  their  curious 
flowers,  which  vary  greatly  in 
form  and  size,  but  .are  all  so 
constructed  as  to  imprison  in 
some  way  the  insects  which  visit  them.  The  relative 
position  of  the  anthers  and  stigmas  prevents  fertilization 
without  the  agency  of  insects,  and  self-fertilization  even 
by  their  aid  is.  at  least  in  some  cases,  made  impossible  by 
proterogyny.     The  flowers  are  usually  of  a  dingy  hue. 


Dutchman's- Pipe 
{..Iristotochia  Sifho). 


Aristolochia 

A.  GoldUaHO,  ot  Calabar,  has  the  largest  that  are  yet 
known,  the  blade  ol  which  is  nearlj'  2  feet  in  breadth.  In 
A.  tleinatitU  insects  bringing  pollen  to  the  early  ma- 
tured stigma  are  imprisoned  by  impeding  haii-s  which 
with'-r  :il'-:r  the  fresh  pollen  is  shed.  This  and  some 
oth--  secies  had  formerly  a  reputation  as  em- 

10*-:  :1s    facilitating  parturition.      V:irious 

tpe  .  ■   a  popular  reputation  as  remedies  for 

nak'-'  i't'-.  ^i  :inthelmintics.  elc.and  the  Virginia  snake- 
n*Jt,  or  serpentary-root,  A.  Serpentaria,  is  employed  as  a 
slimuhitine  tonic  and  diaphoretic.  The  pipe-vine,  or 
Dutchmau's-pipe.  A.  Sipho,  a  native  of  the  Alleghaniea, 
with  v.ry  large  cordate  leaves,  is  cultivated  as  an  orna- 
mental climber. 

AristolocMaceae  (ar'is-to-lo-M-a'sf-e),  ».  ph 
[XL..  <  .lri.<tolocliiii  +  -acete.']  A  natural  order 
of  apetalons  liieotylodonous  plants,  character- 
ized bv  an  inferior  capsular  many-seeded  fmit, 
epigjTious  stamens,  and  a  colored,  usually  irreg- 
ular, calyx.  The  principal  genera  are  Ariittolochia  and 
Anantin.  with  ai>out  200  species,  herbs  or  woody  climbers, 
widely  distributed  through  temperate  and  tropical  regions, 
and  possesiin;;  bitter  and  acrid  properties.  See  Arintolv- 
chia.  and  cut  under  Alarum, 

aristolochiaceous  (ar'is-to-lo-ki-a'sliius),  a. 
B'  iii^'iii^  or  pertaining  to  the  Aristolochiacea: 

aristological  tar  is-to-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taiuiug  to  aristology.     JV.  £.  D. 

aristologist  (ar-is-tol'o-jist),  H.  [<  aristologi/ 
+  -^<^]     One  skilled  in  aristolo^,     X.  E.  D. 

aristology  (ar-is-tol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  apwrov, 
lirt-akfast,  +  -/o) ia,  <  /iyew,  speak :  see  -vlogy.] 
Tlie  science  of  dining.     T.  Walker.     [Rare.] 

Aristonetta  (ar'is-to-net'a),  It.  [NL.,<  Gr.  api- 
cro^,  best,  +  vtjrTa.  a  duck,  =  L.  anas :  aeeA>ias.~\ 
A  genus  of  sea-ducks,  subfamily  Fuliguliiia; 
family  Anatida; :  named  from  the  excellence  of 
the  flesh.  The  type  and  only  species  is  the  ean- 
vasback,  J.  raHiA-wfrm.  S.  F.  haird,  1S58.  See 
cut  under  canra.ihacl: 

Aristophanic  (ar"is-to-fan'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Arisloj>haiiicus,  <.  Aristophanes,  <  Gr.  'Aptaroipav^c, 
Aristophanes.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  writ- 
ings or  style  of  Aristophanes,  the  great  comic 
poet  of  Athens ;  shrewd ;  witty. 

H,  H.  [?.  c]  hianc.  pros.,  ssixne  as  first  Phere- 
cnitic.     See  I'hereeratic. 

Aristotelean  (ar-is-tot-e-le'an),  a.  Same  as 
Aristtiti  fian. 

Aristotelian  (ar'is-to-te'li-an),  a,  and  n.  [<  L, 
An.^totclius.  -leus,  <  Gr.  'Af)ta-oTi?^ioc,  pertaining 
to  '.Kptcrori/.ric,  L.  Aristotetes,  Aristotle.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Aristotle  (bom  at  Stagira  in 
Macedonia,  'SSi  B.  c,  died  322  B.  C),  the  father 
of  logic  and  the  most  influential  of  all  philoso- 
pliers,  or  to  his  works,  school,  or  pliilosophy. 
See  piripatctic — Aristotelian  logic.  («)  The  logic  of 
Arixlotle,  especially  in  the  modified  form  taught  in  the 
middle  ages.  (^)  i-ornial  logic.  ba.sed  on  the  four  propo- 
fiitional  forms  :  AH  .i  i.s  1' ;  >o  S  is  P  ;  Some  S  is  1* ;  .S(»mc 
S  is  not  P.  — Aristotelian  sorites,  a  progressive  chain  of 
reaA<jning  like  the  following :  He  who  is  prudent  is  temper- 
ate; he  who  is  temperate  is  constant;  he  who  is  constant 
Is  imrierturbed ;  he  who  is  unperturbed  is  without  sorrow ; 
he  who  is  without  sorrowis  happy ;  therefore,  the  prudent 
man  !s  happy. 

The  progressive  sorites  has  been  called  the  common  or 
Anj>loti-ii(in.  This  latter  denomination  is  an  ernu-,  for 
Aristotle,  though  certainly  not  ignorant  of  the  process  of 
reasoning  now  called  sorites,  does  not  enter  upon  its  eon- 
Bideration.  .Sir  II'.  Ilninillim. 

n.  H.  -V  foUowerof  Aristotle.    See  piripatctic. 
Aristotelianism  (ar'is-to-to'li-an-izm),  n,     [< 
Ari^iiililiiiii  +  -igm.'i     The  philosophy  of  Aris- 
tolle,  or  any  later  modificutiou  of   it,    Aristo- 
telianism Is  u  kind  of  metiiphyHical  evolutionism.      Its 
I'  nfr.il  M.ri  is  the  distinction  of  ift  and  jmiivt  (actuality 
'  i!i(>>.    'J'he  nature  of  the  world  as  a  wliolc,  as 
■.  fart  of  it,  may  be  illustrate,-!]  by  the  analogy 
'  I  --f  .1  tree  from  a  seed.     The  tree  has  a  sort 
d— a  potential  being:  it  exists  in  it  in 
.vhlch  Is  aetnuli/.ed  in  the  jM-rfecteil  lle- 
■  !•■  s.*.-d  -the  tree  —  exists  in  iu-t  or  ac- 
'■'I    'levrlopinent— the  entelechy  — 

f  the  thitjgwhii-h  iilnces  it  in 

-  I  \vlii--h  Is  Its /or(/i.  or  that  ele- 

1  it  to  be  the  kind  of  tiling 

'    which  merely  nuikes  the 

I   U.  as  unformi'd.  is  Idenlilleil 

,-'.,i:r  or  jiotentinlity  of  a  genu. 

I     levelopment.      Mosl  events  lake 

.   I-  of  an  external  efllelent  cause, 

-l-t4;nnlned  by  an  end.     Mttttrr, 

-t   riul  are  the  font    Aristotelian 

>  not  all  events  at.    Ik    n.  lit   d t 

■  «.     *•<{»<■  \\»: 

-leternilni'd   I 

0.  |i:u.s    rial.. 


310 

logical  doctrines  before  him,  and  although  his  system  is 
now  largely  superseded.  He  holds  the  otdy  excellent  rea- 
soning to  lie  s.vllogism,  and  all  other  kinds  of  reasoning  to 
be  imperfect 'approximations  tit  syllogism.  Pjirticuhir 
facts  are  first  and  best  known  to  us,  but  general  truths 
are  first  and  best  known  in  themselves.  Science  must  set 
out  with  certain  fixed  first  principles,  which  are  defini- 
tions. Knowledge  is  a  development  from  impressions  of 
sense,  to  the  formation  of  which  reason  and  experience 
both  contribute.  Things  are  of  ten  classes,  substances, 
relations,  quantities,  qualities,  etc.  See  catetjory.  Differ- 
ent genera  are  subdivided  upon  dift'erent  jirinciples,  so 
that  there  are  no  cross.dinsions  in  the  re:il  classification 
of  natures.  It  is  possible  to  so  collate  pilssages  from  Aris- 
totle as  to  make  him  appear  as  an  inductive  logician ;  but 
the  whole  east  of  his  mind  was  such  as  to  lead  him  to 
underrate  the  importance  of  induction.  He  lays  much 
stress  on  the  principle  of  excluded  middle,  which  he  treats 
as  a  corollary  of  the  principle  of  contradiction ;  and  he 
has  a  general  leaning  to  hard  and  rather  wooden  distinc- 
tions. The  most  important  of  his  ethical  doctrines  are 
that  happiness  lies  in  the  working  out  of  one's  inward- 
ness, and  that  every  virtue  is  a  golden  mean  between  two 
vices. 

Aristotelic  (ar  is-to-tel'ik),  a.  [<  LL.  Aristo- 
iflicus,  <  Gr.  IKpiaroTc/.iKoc,  <  'Ap(ororf/t)?c,  Aris- 
totle.] Pertaining  to  Aristotle  or  to  his  phi- 
losophy. 

Aristotle's  lantern.    See  Unitcni. 

aristulate  (a-ris'tu-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  aristulatus. 
<  aristula,  dim.  of  L.  arista,  awn  or  beard  of 
grain.]  In  hot.,  ha\'ing  a  short  beard  or  awn. 
A.  Gray. 

arithmancy  (ar'ith-man-si),  II.  [=  Sp.  arit- 
»(««(■(((=  Pg.  arithmancia ;  contr.  of  arithmo- 
iiKincij,  q.  v.]     Same  as  aritlimomancy. 

arithmantical  (ar-ith-man'ti-kal),  ((.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  arithmancy.     y.  li.  I). 

arithmetic  (a-rith'me-tik  ;  as  adjective,  ar-ith- 
inet'ik),  ii.  and  a.  [The  ME.  forms  are  cor- 
rupt: arsmetil-c,  arsmetriJ:,  ars  metrikc,  etc.,  in 
simulation  of  L.  ars  mctrica,  the  metric  art ; 
later  ME.  arisiiiclriJ:  (early  mod.  E.  arithme- 
tricke,  arithmcticK;  after  mod.  F.  aud  L.),  <  OF. 
arismctiquc,  mod,  F.  aritlinicli(jiic  =  Pr.  aris- 
inetica  =  Sp.  arismetica,  now  usually  aritmetica 
=  Pg.  arithmetica  =lt.  aritmetica  =  'G.  Sw.  Dan. 
arithmetil;  <  L.  arithnietica,  <  Gr.  apitifiijTiKij  (se. 
'ixrtj),  the  science  of  reckoning,  fem.  of  apiB- 
firrriKif,  of  or  for  reckoning,  <  api6/ieii\  reckon, 
number,  eotmt,  <  apidtioc.  number,]  I,  ii.  1. 
The  theory  of  niunbers ;  the  study  of  the  divisi- 
bility of  whole  numbers,  the  remainders  after 
division,  etc.  Also  called  thciiretical  or  hitjlicr 
arithmetic. — 2,  Theartof  computation:  the  most 
elementary  braucli  of  mathematies.  This  use  of 
the  word  appeal's  early  in  the  sixteenth  century.  The  art 
of  using  Ai-abic  numerals  was  llrst  called  in  English  aiijo- 
insiti  (which  see)  or  au<frim,  then  itracticat  arittuiu'iic, 
lastly  aritliim-tic  simply,  or  vlniuntan/  arithntftic.  Ali- 
Htract  arithmetic  teaches  systcnisof  notalioii  for  numbers, 
the  three  ruhs  of  ilireet  computation,  addition,  subtrac- 
tion, and  nniltiplication,  aud  various  rules  of  iiulirect  com- 
putation, or  comitutation  by  successive  ap]iroxiinatioi), 
such  as  division,  extraction  of  the  Sfiuare  and  cube  ro.its, 
double  jiosition,  etc.  I'rai'ticat  arithmetic  teaches  the 
vai-iou.s  kinds  of  computation  employed  in  trade. 
3t  (pron.  ar-itb-met'ik).  An  arithmetician. 
— Binary  ('>r  dyadic)  arithmetic,  decimal  arithme- 
tic, duodecimal  arithmetic,  .i,.  .sci.  the  a.lj.i lives. 
—  Literal  or  universal  arithmetic,  alaebra.  -Mental 
arithmetic,  tlu-  simpler  Inaiuhcs  ot  arithmetic  adaptetl 
for  mental  training,  tlir.nigh  the  performance  of  the  oin-ra- 
tions  in  the  mitui,  witinnit  writing  the  llgures.  — Political 
arithmetic,  the  a])plication  of  arithmetic  to  politics;  sta- 
tistics. 
II.  a.  A  less  common  fonn  of  arithmetical. 

arithmetical  (ar-ith-met'i-kal),  a.  [=  F.  arith- 
iiii'ti<iui .  <  1j,  arithmcticiis,  <  trr,  api6/ir/Tii\6(:  see 
arithmetic.']  Pertaining  to  iirilliinctic ;  accord- 
ing to  tlio  rules  or  inotliinls  of  nritlimelic, — 
Arithmetical  complement,  iia  sum  whit ii  a  ninniar 

lacks  ot  10  or  of  the  next  liiKhcr  power  o(  In:  :!,  for  ex- 
ample, is  the  niitliTiietical  complement  of  7;  ft(i  of  .11.— 
Arithmetical  complement  of  a  logarithm,  ilie  sum  or 
number  which  a  logarilliiii  larks  of  lo.  Arithmetical 
mean.  •'<ee  ko'i/h.  Arithmetical  progroaalon,  a  si.- 
ties  ot  <|inintities  or  ininilieis  increasing  or  dt.cicasing  by 
a  coriiniun  dilferenei..  as  I,  ."i,  r»,  7,  ele.  See  Kt'hcx. 
Arithmetical  proportion,  tl lualily  of  two  arith- 
metical ratios  or  dllterenc's.  as  in  the  inimlu.rs  V.'..  !i.  «'.. 
where  12— 11=11 -().— Arithmetical  ratio,  the  .liif.  r 
ence  between  any  two  adja.ent  terms  in  arithmetical 
imigresslon. -  Arithmetical  signs,  the  arhllniry  sym 
IniIh  used  to  denote  the  operations  pei-rormed  on  innnbers 
or  the  ri'latloris  siibsistiiig  Itetwecn  thi-m;  iw,  i  ,  -  ,  =, 
etc.  —  Arlthmotlcal  triangle,  the  triangle  fomu'il  by 
the  orderly  arrangenteid  of  bhmmlul  eoeltlclentJi ;  thus : 


ark 

arithmetician  (a-rith-me-tish'an),  n.  [<  F. 
arithmrticieii,  <  IJ.  arithmcticiis:  see  arithmeti- 
cal.]    One  skilled  in  arithmetic. 

arithmetico-geometrical  (ar-ith-met'i-ko-je- 
o-met'ri-kal),  <(.  Arithmetical  and  geometri- 
cal :  a  term  descriptive  of  a  kind  of  mean  be- 
tween two  quantities  obtained  by  taking  both 
the  arithmetical  and  the  geometrical  means  of 
the  quantities,  then  the  means  of  these  means, 
and  so  on,  until  the  two  results  become  iden- 
tical. Thus,  starting  with  2  and  3,  we  obtain  successive- 
ly  the  following  pairs  of  means  : 


Arithmetical. 

Geometrical 

First  pair, 

2.5 

2.449490 

Second  " 

2.474745 

2.474815 

Third    " 

2.474680 

2.474680 

•i    11  ;  and  Ibis  l I,  -  i    

..  I.ped  |K>tentlallll,    I  I  .  I 

1    ll.wer,  ot  the   b..dy.      |.    I 
.  (or  miTcly  vital),  the  m.  t.     ., 
Mori  In  not  ft  mere  l>e|..it.  o.    .  i 
I  I. ..fore  the   body,  and,  as   Ih. 

'   all    IHTHoIis  n|ion   the    Inblel  ,     ,{ 

ilttta  lU  rll.  la.     Hpne..  and  tli.. 
',  ..f  motion      Arlstoil.   la  Jiisii, 

oUcd  lilt  lalUi  u(  logiv,  althuHCh  lliero  w«rc  souio  v»gue 


1        1 
1         2         I 

1       3      :i       1 

14         0        4         1 

I         fi        10         10        5        1 

1         «         15        211        15        0         1 

1         7         21         .Vi        X,        21         7         1 

etc.,  etc. 

.arithmetically  (nr-ith-ineCi-kiil-l),  adr.  Ac- 
oiinling  to  the  ruleH,  ]irincipleM,  or  method  uf 
arithmotic< 


The  numbers  of  the  last  pair  being  sensibly  equal,  2.474680 
is  the  arithmetico-geometrical  mean  of  2  and  3.  This  pro- 
cess, invented  by  Gauss,  is  useful  in  calculating  elliptic  in- 
tegrals. 
arithmocracy  (ar-ith-mok'ra-si),  7J,  [<  Gr. 
iipiOiio^,  number,  +  -Kparia,  rule :  see  -cracy,  and 
cf.  democracy.']  Eule  or  government  by  a  ma- 
jority.    [Rare.] 

A  democracy  of  mere  numbers  is  no  democracy,  but  a 
mere  brute  aritltmocracy. 

Kiuffsl^y,  Alton  Locke  (ed.  1854),  Pref. 

arithmocratic  (a-rith-mo-krat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
apiO/iuc,  number,  4-  -KpariKdc,  <  Kparoc,  rule,]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  an  arithmoc- 
racy or  rule  of  numbers.     [Rare.] 

.\merican  democracy,  being  merely  arithmocratic,  pro- 
vides no  representation  wliatsoevcr  for  the  more  educated 
and  more  experienced  minority. 

Kiiinslfi/,  .ilton  Locke  (ed.  1862),  Pref. 

arithmograph  (a-rith'mo-graf),  II.  [<  Gr.  apid- 
/»«;,  number,  +  ■)pa(pi:iv,  wnte.]  A  kind  of  com- 
puting-machine. 

arithmomancy  (a-rith'mo-man-si),  n.  [Also 
ooutr.  arithmancy,  q.  v.,  <  NL.  arithtiioiiiantia, 
<  Gr.  apiBfUic,  a  number,  +  /miTtia,  divination.] 
Di\'iiiation  by  numbers.     Also  arithmancy. 

arithmometer  (ar-ith-mom ' e-ter),  11.  [=  F. 
arithmomctre,  <  Gr.  npiOudc.  ntimber,  +  pe-pov, 
a  measure.]  An  instrument  for  performing 
multiplication  and  di\nsion.  The  multiplicand  is 
made  to  appear  in  one  place  by  setting  certain  slops  or 
wheels.  A  handle  is  then  turned,  and  other  motions  are 
made,  so  as  to  cause  the  multiplier  to  appear  in  another 
place.  Then  the  product  will  lie  found  in  a  third  jdace. 
Division  and  subtraction  can  be  pcrfornn-d  in  a  some- 
what similar  way.  The  best-known  of  these  nuwhines  ia 
by  Thomas  of  (."ohnar;  the  best  is  by  tirant. 

arithmo-planimeter(a-rith"m6-pIa-nim'e-ter), 
)(.  [<  Gr.  iipilliwi;,  jiumber,  +  jilanimctcr.]  A 
fonn  of  planimoter  invented  by  M.  Ijaliinne. 

aritorte  (ii  re-tor'le).  [It,:  a  (<  h.  ad),  to, 
with;  riturte,  pi.  of  ritorta,  band,  tie,  sprig; 
of.  retort.]  With  bauds:  said  of  glassware 
decorated  by  means  of  rods  of  whil(>  or  colored 
glass,  generally  spiral,  simk  in  a  liody  of  trtms- 
parcnt  glass,  so  as  to  form  one  mass  willi  it. 

-arium.  [L.  -drinm.  ncut.  of  -driii.i  (see  -ary^, 
-erij),  denoting  a  thing  connected  with,  cliielly 
a  place  for,  something,  as  in  L.  aijitdriiim,  a 
place  for  watering  cattle,  rirdriiim,  a  place  for 
live  fish,  etc.,  Llj.  hcrlidriiiiii,  a  collection  of 
dried  jilants,  etc.,  such  woi'ds  being  IraiisfciTcd 
to  E.  imchauged,  or  with  adapted  stillix  -ary, 
as  ariary,  cstiuiry,  salary,  etc.]  A  sutli.x,  the 
original  Latin  neuter  form  of  -ary^,  usuallv  in 
words  denoting  a  place  se(  ajiart  for  something, 
as  iKiiiiiriiim,  rivarinm,  herbarium,  also  (as  Latin 
worcls')  frii/idariiim,  caldariiim  ;  but  sometimes 
used  ditl'ei-ently,  as  in  hoiKirnriiim. 

Arius  (li'ri-us),  n.  [NL.,  ajipar.  <  Gr.  apuiu;, 
martial,  warlike,  <  %/>'/?•  Mais:  soo  Arian^.] 
A  genus  of  marine  catfishes,  giving  name  to 
the  subfamily --InoKr;  synonymous  willi  (Salc- 
ichthys  (wliicli  see).     See  cut  nniler  Ariiiia: 

-arius.  [L. :  see  -arium,  -ary^.]  A  Latin  ter- 
miiialioii  fivqucnt  in  zoological  and  bolitnical 
tcriris:  sometimes  used  unchanged  in  English. 

ark't,  "•     An  olil  spelling  of  «)(l,  a  bow,  arch. 

ark-  (iirk),  n.  [<  MIO.  arl;,  iirlce.  <  AS.  earc,  ere, 
»i('  =  ()North.  lire,  irrc=:  OFries.  <cAt  =  D.  nrA"  = 
OlUt.arka,  archa,  MIIG.G,  arche  =  lco\.  ork  = 
l>aii.  Sw.  «»A=(iolh.  (o/vf  =  Sp.  Tg.  It.  area  = 
I'r.  iin-ha  =  ( )F.  archr  i  >  .\l  K.  nrelie :  see  arch"), 
moil.  F.  arche  =(iael.  Ir.  aire  =  W.  arch;  <  L. 
area,  a  chest,  box,  cotVer  (in  Vulgate  of  Noah's 
ark  and  tlio  ark  of  the  covenant ),  <  arcere,  keep, 
=  Gr.  (l/wd)',  keep  olT,  suflice.]  1.  A  chest,  box, 
coffer,  or  other  close  r('ce])tnclo;  a  bni  or 
hutch:  as,  a  ineal-(irA'.  robHoletc,  iioetical,  or 
dialectal.] 

'riu'ii  flrht  of  nil  forth  ciimo  Hlr  Siityrftiio, 
Jk-iuiiiK  Umt  prculuiiH  rollcko  in  iiii  arkc. 

SprvMcr,  V.  i.}.,  IV.  iv.  IB. 
Klcli  ark«  with  prlcclvdM  Iioiich  of  martyrdoin. 

Tentiysun,  Dullii  aud  lialaa 


ark 

2.  In  Scrip.:  («)  The  repository  of  the  covenant 
or  tables  of  the  law.  Tin;  ark  waa  mudL'  of  sliittiin- 
wnuii,  (ivt-rhiid  witlihi  aii-l  witlioiit  with  [jolil.  It  wasabuut 
3|  fc'L-t  li'im  liy  1^1  iVft  hi^j,!!  ;iini  broinl,  ;iiid  over  it  were 
piuLvd  tlu' g"l(it.Mic<nti  in;;  I  iriiRrcy-stMt  and  the  two  cheru- 
bim. Tlie  saiiic  naiiii'isgiveniu  iiiudciii  Jewish  synagogues 
to  !i  repository  for  the  rolls  or  books  used  in  divine  service. 
(h)  The  large  iloatiug  vessel  in  which,  according 
to  the  account  in  the  Old  Testament,  Noali  and 
his  family  were  preserved  dm-ing  the  deluge. 
(c)  The  vessel  of  bulrushes  in  which  the  infant 
Moses  was  laid. — 3.  In  the  Ethiopic  Ch.j  a  sa- 
cred chest,  called  the  taboutj  serving  as  an  altar. 
I  must  here  speak  of  that  extraordinary  appurtenance 
of  the  Ethiopic  Church,  tlie  tabout,  or  ark.  It  is  the  be- 
lief of  that  Church  that  the  original  ark  is  preserved  in 
tlie  catliedral  of  Axuni,  and,  in  imitation  of  that,  every 
parish  church  is  also  furnished  with  an  ark,  which  is  pre- 
served in  the  sanctuary,  and  forms  the  principal  object  in 
ecclesiastical  processions. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  185. 

4.  A  large  boat  used  on  western  American 
rivers  to  transport  produce  to  market. — 5.  In 
zoiU.,  a  name  common  to  the  bivalve  mollusks 
of  the  family  Jrc/rf^c;  an  ark-shell. — 6.  An  Ara- 
bian measure  of  capacity,  equal  to  the  Spanish 
fanega,  or  58  quarts;  also,  a  measure  of  three 
fourths  of  this  capacity,  or  43  quarts. 

:ark-t(aik),?'.  ^  [Crtj-fcS^n.]  To  inclose  in  an  ark. 

.Arkansas  stone.    See  stone, 

■2trkansite  {ar'kan-sit  or  iir-kan'sit),  n.  [<  Ar- 
kansas (one  of  the  United  States)  +  -ite^.l  A  va- 
riety of  brookito  from  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas. 

•axki  (ar'ki),  n,  [Ar.  'arqiy:  see  arrack.'}  Same 
as  arrack. 

Xirkite  (ar'kit),  7^.  and  a.  [<  ark^  -h  -ite^,']  1. 
n.  One  of  the  persons  who  were  preserved  in 
Noah's  ark.     J.  Bryant.     [Kare.J 

II,  a.  Belonging  to  Noah's  ark.    J.  Bryant. 
[Rare.] 

arkose(ar-kos'), ?i.  [F.]  Feldspathie sandstone ; 
a  rock  consisting  essentially  of  more  or  less 
consolidated  quartzose  sand  with  gi-ains  or 
particles  of  orthoclase  disseminated  through  it, 
and  frequently  containing  also  some  mica  and 
kaolin.  The  feldspar  seems,  in  some  cases,  to  have 
been  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  rock  containing 
that  mineral ;  in  others,  to  liave  resulted  from  the  meta- 
morphism  of  sandstone  containing  argillaceous  material. 
The  rock  to  which  the  name  arkose  lias  been  given  occurs 
chiefly  in  the  Lower  Silurian,  Carboniferous,  and  Triassic 
formations. 

ark-shell  (ark'shel),  n.  [<  ark^  +  sheU.'\  The 
shell  of  a  moUusk  belonging  to  the  family  Ar- 
cidcE  (which  see). 

arksutite  (ark'su-tit),  n.  [<  Arksiit  (see  def.)  + 
-ite~.]  A  fluorid  of  aluminium,  calciimi,  and 
sodium,  occurring  with  cryolite  in  the  Axksut 
fiord,  Greenland. 

Arkys  (ar'kls),  n.     Same  as  Arcys. 

arle-penny,  arles-penny  (arl'-,  arlz'pen'''i),  n, 
[<  arle^  arks  +  pcnny.^     Same  as  arles. 

Here  tak'  tliis  gowd  and  never  want 

Enough  to  gar  you  drink  and  rant, 

And  this  is  but  an  arle  penny 

To  what  I  afterwards  design  ye.     Allan  Ramsay. 

arles  (arlz),  h.  [North,  and  Sc,  Sc.  also  arlis^ 
erliSf  <  ME.   eriesj    appar.   <   OF.  ^erle,   ^arUy 

<  L.  as  if  ^arrhula,  dim.  (cf.  OF.  crre,  arrCj  pi. 
erres,  arreSy  mod,  F.  arrhes),  <  L.  arrha,  array 
earnest:  see  arrha.}  1.  Earnest-money  given 
in  conhrmation  of  a  bargain,  contract,  or  agree- 
ment; a  practice  chiefly  connected  with  the 
hiring  of  sei'vants  and  with  sales  of  goods  where 
there  is  no  writing  and  delivery  is  postponed. 
[Scotch  and  north  of  England.]  —  2.  An  ear- 
nest or  foretaste. 

This  ure  lauerd  [Lord]  giueth  ham  [them]  as  on  ei-les  of 

the  e61ie  mede  [eternal  reward]  that  schal  cume  thrafter. 

Uali  Meidenhed  (ed.  Cockayne),  p.  7. 

arlienanse  (ar 'li-a-nan'sa),  w.    [Sp.]   A  kind  of 

Spanish  linen.     E.  H.  Knight. 
arlingt  (ar'ling),  n.    [E.  dial,  (ME.  not  foimd), 

<  AS.  (vrthlingj  irthUng,  eorthling,  a  name  for 
this  bird,  lit.  a  *^  ^fieldling,*  'earthling'  (cf. 
elodhirdy  fallow-stnifer);  the  name  also  means 
a  'farmer':  see  earthling.']  A  species  of  bird; 
the  wheatear. 

Arliufj,  a  bird  that  appeareth  not  in  winter;  a  clot- 
byrde ;  a  sniatch.  Baret,  Alvearie.    {N.  E.  D.) 

arrni  (arm),  H.  [<  ME.  «r/»,  <  AS.  e«rw  =  ONorth. 
flrmz=  OS.  arm  =  OFries.  erm^  arm,  Fries,  arm  = 
CD.  aerm,  D.  arm  =  OHG.  aratn,  MHG.  G.  a/vh, 
arm,  =  Icel.  armr  =  Sw.  Dan.  arm  =  Goth,  arms, 
arm,  =  L.  armns,  shoulder  (iisually  of  a  brute), 
==  Gr.  dpfidcy  joint,  shoulder,  allied  to  apBpovy 
joint,  L.  artusy  limb,  joint;  all<  ■/  *ffr,  fit,  join. 
Se^arm%  and  cf.  art'^,  art^,  article,  etc]  1.  In 
ordinary  language:  (a)  The  upper  limb  of  the 
human  body,  extending  from  the  shoulder  to  the 
hand,  and  including  the  latter,    {b)  The  same. 


311 

exclusive  of  the  hand ;  the  upper  limb  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  wi'ist.  It  is  divided  into  u}iper 
arm,  or  arm  proper,  from  tiie  shoulder  to  the  el- 
bow, and  lower  arm,  or  forearm,  from  the  elbow 
to  the  wrist. — 2.  In  human  anal.,  the  anterior 
extremity  from  the  shoulder-joint  to  the  elbow- 
joint,  represented  by  the  extent  of  the  humerus ; 
thebrachium,  as  distinguished  from  the  forearm 
or  antebrachiuni. — 3.  In  com}),  anat,  and  zool. : 

(a)  The  fore  limb  of  any  vertebrate,  especially 
when  terminating  in  a  prehensile  extremity 
like  a  hand,  more  or  less  removed  from  the 
office  of  locomotion;  the  pectoral  or  thoracic 
limb ;  tlie  diverging  appendage  of  the  scapular 
arch  or  shoulder-girdle ;  a  fore  leg,  wing,  pec- 
toral fin,  etc.  (b)  Some  diverging  or  radiating 
part  or  organ  like  or  likened  to  an  arm,  as  the 
arm  of  a  eephalopod,  the  wing  of  a  pteropod, 
the  brachium  of  a  brachiopod,  and  the  ray  of  a 
starfish,  sand-star,  or  crinoid. — 4.  Anything 
formed  on  the  tyj)e  of  the  arm,  or  resembling  an 
arm  in  shape,  position,  or  function.  («)  Any  pro- 
jecting part  from  a  main  body,  trunk,  axis,  etc.:  as,  the 
arm  of  a  lever  or  of  the  yard  of  a  ship ;  an  arm  of  the  sea ; 
the  arm  of  an  anchor.  (6)  A  rail  or  projecting  support  at 
the  sides  of  a  chair,  sofa,  etc. 

6.  Figuratively,  power;  might;  strength;  au- 
thority :  as,  the  secular  arm.  [In  this  sense  the 
word  is  often  used  in  the  Scriptures.] 

To  whom  is  the  arm  of  the  Lord  revealed?  Is.  liii.  1. 
Hence — 6.  That  on  which  one  relies  for  support 
or  assistance;  a  prop;  a  stay.— Arm  in  arm, 
properly  arm-and-arm,  with  arms  interlinked. 

I  saw  my  companions  passing  arm-in-arm  across  the 
end  of  one  of  the  long-drawn  vistas. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  p.  140. 
Arm  of  a  force,  arm  of  a  couple,  in  mech.  See  mo- 
ment of  a  farce,  under  moment.— BsLoe  in  arms,  a  child 
so  young  that  it  has  to  be  caiTied  in  the  arms.— Better 
arm+,  the  right  arm.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1650.— Oral 
arms,  in  acalephs.  See  oral. —  To  dagger  or  stab 
armst,  a  practice  once  observed  among  gallants  of  pier- 
cing tlieir  arms  with  daggers  so  as  to  draw  blood,  which 
they  mixed  with  wine  and  drank  to  the  health  of  their 
mistresses.     N'ares. 

Have  I  not  .  .  .  stabb'd  arms,  and  done  all  the  offices 
of  protested  gallantry  for  yom*  sake?  Marston. 

Trailing  arm,  in  mack.,  an  arm  which  follows  the  piece 
to  which  it  is  attached. 

In  adapting  this  wheel  to  multiplex  telegraphy,  a  trail- 
ing  arm  is  attached  to  the  revolving  wheel. 

Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXXI.  313. 
With  open  arms,  cordially ;  with  eager  welcome. 
Even  mitred  Rochester  would  nod  the  head. 
And  St.  John's  self  (great  Dryden's  friends  before) 
With  open  arms  received  one  poet  more. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  142. 

armlf  (arm),  i\  t     [<  arm^-,  n.}     To  take  by  the 
aiTn;  also,  to  seize  or  hold  in  the  arms. 
Arm  your  prize; 
I  know  you  will  not  lose  her. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  3. 
And  make  him  with  our  pikes  and  partisans 
A  grave.   Come,  arm  him.     Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2. 

arm^  (arm),  n.  [<  pi.  arms,  <  ME.  armes,  <  OF. 
amies,  pi.  (sing,  armc),  =  Pr.  armas  =  Sp.  Pg. 
armas  (sing,  arma)  =  It.  «/7//i  (sing,  arme,  some- 
times arma)y  <  L,  arma  (neut.  pi.,  in  ]VtL.  some- 
times used  as  fem.  sing.),  arms,  weapons,  prop, 
fittings,  equipments;  from  same  source  as 
armus,  shoulder,  etc. :  see  arrn^.  Hence  alarm, 
q.  v.]  1.  Milit.:  {a)  A  weapon.  In  this  sense 
most  commonly  used  in  the  phiral,  and  when  used  in  the 
singular  for  the  most  i>ai't  referring  rather  to  a  particular 
kind  of  weapon  than  to  an  individual  itiece. 

If  the  citadel  of  poverty  and  ignorance  and  vice  is  to  be 
taken  at  all,  it  must  be  besieged  from  every  point  of  the 
compass,  .  .  .  and  no  kind  of  arm  must  be  neglected 
wliieh  will  tend  to  secm-e  the  ultimate  victory  of  morality 
and  culture.  Jevons,  Social  Preform,  p.  2. 

(b)  pi.  Armor;  coverings  for  the  body  intended 
as  defenses  against  weapons  of  war. 

Look,  a  prize ! 
Three  horses  and  three  goodly  suits  of  arms, 
And  all  in  chai'ge  of  whom  ?  a  girl :  set  on. 

Ten7iyson,  Geraint. 

(c)  A  branch  of  the  military  ser\dce,  as  cavalry 
or  artillery :  as,  the  enemy  was  strong  in  artil- 
lery, but  we  were  weak  in  that  arm. 

The  inland  Britons  being  accustomed  to  rely  upon  their 
infantry,  and  the  Continental  Gauls  being  fonder  of  the 
cavalry  arm.  C.  Elton,  Orig.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  118. 

Hence  —  2.  jj?.  The  use  of  weapons;  military 

occupations ;  war. 

By  sea,  by  land,  thy  matchless  worth  was  known, 
Arins  thy  delight,  and  war  was  all  thy  own. 

Dryden,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  1.  841. 

3.  pi.  Deeds  or  exploits  of  war. 

Arms  and  the  man  I  sing.  Dryden,  ^neid,  i.  1. 

The  women  crowded  to  the  doors  to  gaze  upon  him  as 
he  passed,  so  much  does  prowess  in  ar/«w  delight  the  gen- 
tle sex.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  418. 

4.  In  law,  anything  which  a  man  takes  in  his 
hand  in  auger  to  strike  or  assault  another, — 5. 


arm 

pi.  In  hot.,  anything  that  serves  as  a  defense  to 
a  plant,  as  ju-ickles,  thorns,  or  spines. —  6.  pL 
In  falconry,  the  legs  of  a  hawk  from  the  thigli  to 
the  foot. — 7.  J'/.  Tlie  heraldic  l»earings  of  anin- 
divi<lual  or  a  comnmnity,  consisting  of  some  de- 
vice in  heraldic  tinctures  (see  tincture)  borne  on 
a  shield,  generally  with  the  addition  of  a  crest 
and  sometimes  with  supjiorters.  a  dehcriptlnn  in 
heraldic  terms  of  shieM,  crest,  etc.,  is  called  blazoning 
(whicli  see).  The  right  to  bear  the  arms  of  the  father  is 
inlierited  by  the  sons,  but  in  strictness  each  of  the  younger 
sons  should  add  to  the  paternal  shield  a  label  as  a  mark 
of  cadency  ;  the  same  right  descends  U)  a  dau(j;hter  only  if 
she  is  her  fathers  heiress.  A  person  inlieriting  an  estate 
otlier  than  the  paternal  one  often  assumes  the  amis  of  the 
former  possessor,  but  should  in  strictness  ajiply  to  the 
proper  authorities.  ?h;q  Hmj-at-arms,  herald,  and  heralds' 
eolli'ye.  Arms  not  paternal  may  be  classed  as  follows:  (a) 
Anns  of  dominion,  or  the  nati<inal  anus  borne  by  the 
sovereign,  in  which  iu;eneraUy  the  bearings  inherited  by 
the  iirince  as  an  individual  have  come  Ut  have  a  certain 
national  character,  (i)  Arms  of  community,  &&  of  a  cor- 
poration, an  episcopal  see,  or  the  like.  Arms  assumed  by  a 
repul)lic,  as  by  the  I'nited  States  or  by  one  of  the  States, 
partake  of  the  natme  of  both  tlie  preceding,  (c)  Arms  of 
pretmsinn,  as,  specifically,  those  assumed  by  a  sr»vereign 
in  assertion  of  his  claim  to  a  realm  not  actually  under  his 
authority,  like  the  fleurs-de-lys  of  France,  which  were 
horne  by  English  sovereigns  until  1801.  {d)  Anns  of  suc- 
cession, denoting  inheritance  of  an  estate,  as  mentioned 
above,  (e)  Arms  of  assumption,  or  assumptive  arms,  bear- 
ings assumed  or  granted  in  consequence  of  an  exjiloit,  as 
the  three  feathers  with  the  motto  Ich  dien  taken  from  the 
slain  King  John  of  Bohemia  by  Edward  the  Black  Prince 
at  the  battle  of  Cr^cy  (1346),  and  now  borne  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  (/)  Arms  of  alliance,  as  where  one 
spouse  impales  the  arms  of  the  other  on  his  or  her  shield. 
(y)  Arms  of  office,  arma  which  are  the  perquisite  or  ap- 
pemlage  of  some  public  position.  In  all  the  above  cases 
except  (a)  and  {b),  a  private  individual  having  a  right 
to  such  arms  charges  them  with  the  paternal  arms, 
whether  by  quartering  or  otherwise.  For  the  origin  and 
history  of  arms,  see  heraldry. — Abated  arms.  Hee  rebate, 
—Adoptive  arms.  See  at/o/j^^'rc— Allusive  arms,  in 
her.,  a  bearing  or  Ijearings  liaving  ininit-diate  refeience  to 
the  wearer's  name :  thus,  the  arms  of  a  person  named  Lamb 
or  Herring  would  be  termed  allusive,  if  they  included 
as  a  bearing  a  figure  of  the  animal  so  named.  In  this 
way  the  name  De  Loupe  may  have  been  given  to  the  first 
earls  of  Chester  because  of  their  bearing  a  wolf's  head,  er 
the  name  Arundel  may  be  derived  from  swallows  (French 
hirondelles)  borne  on  the  shield.  The  arms  of  Bolton  are  a 
crossbow-bolt  driven  through  a  tun.  Castile  and  Leon  had 
for  their  chief  bearings  a  castle  and  a  lion  respectively. 
There  are  many  such  cases.  Also  called  allusice  heraldry^ 
cdniiit'i  h' itildry,  relnis,  and  armes  jiarlantes. — Arms- 
carrying  Act.  See  Bill  of  Eights,  under  6i7^— Anns  of 
precision,  tirearms  rifled,  fui-nished  with  graded  sights, 
acciiiiitt'ly  prepared  bullets,  and  apitliances  calculated 
to  Liiatile  them  to  act  with  precision  and  rapidity,  and 
at  much  greater  distances  than  ordinary  weapons.  The 
Armstrong  gun  and  the  Springfield  and  Jlai-tini-Heury 
rifles  are  examples.— Asslze  Of  arms.  See  assize. — As- 
sumptive arms.  See  above,  7  (» ),  and  assumptive.— CoaX 
of  arms.  See  ooaf.— Places  of  arms,  in  fort.,  parts  of 
the  covered  way  opposite  tlie  salient  and  reentering  an- 
gles of  the  counterscarp. —  Repeating  arms,  amis  that 
can  be  discharged  a  inunljer  of  times  without  being  re- 
loaded.—Rifled  small  arms,  rifles,  muskets,  carbines, 
pistols,  or  revolvers,  the  bores  of  which  are  cut  with  spi- 
ral gi'ooves  or  "rifles." — Small  arms,  all  weapons  not 
requiring  cari-iages,  as  opposed  to  artillery,  and  includ* 
ing  rities,  muskets,  bayonets,  pistols,  revolvers,  sabers,  and 
swords ;  also,  sporting  weapons.—  Stand  of  arms,  a  com- 
plete set  of  arms  for  one  soldier,  consisting  of  a  musket, 
bayonet,  cartridge-box,  and  belt,  with  or  without  a  sword. 
— To  arms!  a  warning  equivalent  to"  ann  I  take  to  your 
ai'ins ;  make  ready  for  battle."  (Compare  alarm.)— To 
bear  arms,  to  do  military  service ;  sen'e  as  a  soldier. 

You  have  been  a  soldier,  De  Vitry,  and  borne  arms. 

Bean,  atui  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iii.  2. 
To  be  in  arms,  to  be  in  a  state  of  hostility,  or  of  readi- 
ness for  war. 

Sir  Edward  Courtenay  and  the  haughty  prelate,  .  .  . 

With  many  more  confederates,  are  in  arms. 

Shak.,  FJch.  III.,  iv.  4. 
To  be  under  arms,  to  be  armed  and  in  a  state  of  readi- 
ness for  flghting.— To  carry,  order,  present,  etc..  arms. 
See  the  verbs.~To  take  (or  take  up)  arms,  to  arm  for 
attack  or  defense,  literally  or  figuratively. 

Ye  will  find  it  a  far  easier  field  to  wage  war  against  all 
the  armies  that  ever  were  or  will  be  on  earth,  and  all  the 
an^iels  of  heaven,  than  to  take  up  arms  against  any  truth 
of  (iod.  Nathaniel  Ward,  Simple  Cobler. 

=  Syn.  \.(a)  Arm,  Weapon.  Arm  is  especially  applied  to 
those  things  which  are  <lesigned  for  fightingand  recognized 
as  such;  it  includes  means  of  defense  as  well  as  of  offense. 
Weapon  applies  to  any  means  of  offense  made  for  the  pur- 
pose or  (as  a  scythe,  chisel .  or  hammer)  used  for  the  nonce. 
arm^  (arm),  V,  [<  ME.  armen,  <  OF,  armer  (F. 
armer)  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  armar  =  It.  armare,  <  L. 
armare,  arm,  furnish  "with  "weapons,  <  arma, 
arms:  see  arm'^,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To  furnish 
or  equip  "with  weapons  for  offense  or  defense : 
as,  to  arm  the  militia. 

On  our  return  to  8ouhag  we  met  a  party  of  men  on  foot, 
who  were  armed  «ith  spears,  shields,  and  daggers,  and 
one  or  two  \rith  guns. 

It.  Curzon,  ^lonast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  119. 

2.  To  cover  or  provide  with  whatever  will  add 
stren^h,  force,  or  security:  as,  to  arm  the  hilt 
of  a  sword;  to  arm  a  man-of-war  "with  armor- 
plates. —  3.  To  furnish  with  means  of  defense; 
prepare  for  resistance ;  fortify. 
Arm  yourselves  likewise  with  the  same  mind. 

1  Pet.  iv.  L 


arm 

There  Is  no  terror,  Cassius,  in  your  threats ; 
For  I  am  arm'd  so  strong  ia  honesty. 
That  they  pass  by  me  as  the  idle  wind, 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 

I  am  arming  mvseU  against  her  favours  with  all  my 
philos.5phy.  Stale,  Tatler,  Xo.  124. 

4.  To  provide  with  the  reqtiisite  appliances  or 
authority  for  anywork  or  undertakiBg :  as,  arm- 
ed with,  "axes  and  alpenstocks,  we  started  out ; 
armed  with  a  warrant. — 5.  To  fit  or  prepare  (a 
thing)  for  any  specific  purpose  or  effective  use : 
as,  to  arm  a  hook  in  angling ;  to  arm  a  dressing 
in  surgery. — To  arm  a  lead,  to  apply  soap  or  jrrease  to 
the  socket  in  the  lower  end  of  a  sounding-lead,  so  that  a 
specimen  of  the  bottom  may  be  brought  up. — To  arm  a 
ma^et,  to  fit  it  with  an  armature.  .See  armature,  6. — 
To  arm  a  SllOt,  t<>  roll  rope-yarns  about  a  cross-bar  shot 
in  onier  to  facilitate  ramming  it  home,  and  also  to  pre- 
vent the  ends  from  catching  any  accidental  inet|ualities 
in  the  bore.  WUhelm,  Mil.  Diet.  [For  other  phrases,  see 
arrned.] 

n.  in  trans.  To  provide  one's  self  with  arms, 
weapons,  or  means  of  attack  or  resistance ; 
take  arms  :  as,  the  nations  arm  for  war. 

Now  is  it  time  to  arm.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  7. 

The  Belgic  tribes,  alarmed  at  the  approaching  danger, 
arm  against  the  universal  tyrant. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  11. 

armada  (ar-ma'da),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
erroneously  armado  (also  sometimes  as  It.,  ar- 
mata);  <  Sp.  armada  =  Pr.  Pg.  armada  =  It.  «)- 
mata  =  F.  armee  (>  E.  army-,  <:{.  v.),  lit.  an 
armed  force,  army,  navy,  <  ML,  armata,  an 
armed  force,  an  army,  prop.  fem.  of  L.  ar- 
matus,  pp.  of  armare,  arm:  see  arm^,  v.,  and 
also  army,  which  is  a  doublet.]  1.  A  fleet  of 
war-ships  ;  a  squadron.  The  Spanish  or  Invincible 
A  niiada,  wliich  consisted  of  130  large  ships,  was  sent  by 
Philip  II.  against  England  in  l."l^s,  during  the  rei,gn  of 
Elizabeth,  but  was  repulsed,  and  afterward  almost  en- 
tirely destnjyed  by  storms  otf  the  Orkney  islands  and  on 
the  western  coa-st  of  Ireland. 

A  whole  armat/o  of  convicted  sail.  Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 
2t.  A  single  war-ship, —  3.  Any  armed  force ; 
an  army. 

Nor  was  the  naval  unworthy  of  the  land  armada. 

Bulwer,  Athens,  II.  121.    (N.  E.  D.) 

armadillo  Car-ma-dil'o),  n.    [Formerly  also  ar 


madillitj,  armadilio,  armadile ; 
(=  Pg,  arma 


<  Sp,  armadillo 


Aimadjllo,  or  Peludo  {Dasypus  viltosus). 


dilho),  dim,  of 
armado,  arm- 
ed, with   ref- 
erence to  its 
bony       shell, 
Cf,  ML,  arma- 
dillus,  a  kind 
of     sea-fish,] 
1 .  An  Ameri- 
can   edentate 
quadruped,  of  the  order  Bruta  (or  Edentata)  and 
suborder  Loricata,  and  of  the  extant  families 
Tatu.tiidw,  Dasypodidw,  and  Cldami/dojiliorida', 
or  of  the  e.xtiuct  family  Glyntodontida;  having 
a  hard  shell  or  carapace  like  a  coat  of  mail, 
resulting  from  a  peculiar   ossification  of  the 
integument  and  the   confluence  of  numerous 
small  scutes.      In  the  glyptodons  tlie  carapace  wan  en- 
tire and  fixed,  and  even  in  some  cases  covered  tlie  belly 
aa  well  as  the  back ;  hut  in  all  the  living  armadillos  the 
shell  is  divided  into  an  anterior,  a  frostcrior,  and  an  en- 
tire or  variously  divldeil  middle  part.     When  the  division 
of  the  middle  part  is  complete,  the  animal  can  roll  itself 
Into  a  ball.    The  teeth  are  numerous,  but  vary  in  number 
and  other  cliaracteriHtics  with  the  several  genera  ;  In  the 
geniDt  I'rimitfli'itffM  they  are  a  htindreil  in  number.     The 
p«d»a  Is  an  armadillo  of  the  family  Tatn/riidfe,  the  Tatujfia 
,...,■,..,.-, ...r.,   tj„.  only  one  of  the  group  founil  as  far  north 
1  .States.    There  are  other  sju-cies.     The  en- 
'be  tyjdcal  armadillos  of  the  family  DfUtt/pn. 
'  "t-i  Is  fiaHifiiHH  villtiHtiA.     Tin-  kabassdUH 
m  Xenunm.     'Hie  kabatii^Hou  is  J'riii. 
iliarsare  the  tlirec-lmnded  arniadlUoH, 
■'-  -.     The  liirhlciagoH  constituto   the 
'  ;  they  are  the  smallest  and  most 
<  than  a  fi»ol  hmg.  whlh?  the  ka- 
ri.;  without  the  tail.     All  these 
I.  and  Inoirensive,  suhHislIng  on 
,  Homethnes  ()n  InsecU  or  Ihsb. 
M..  the  griHind  with  great  rapidity, 
ir    •iK-tnies  In  this  way  as  well  {m  liy 
III"  tl4..hlsci>nsldi'red  gooil  forfnnd. 

—  ■    ■"      ;•../;    (rt)   [rrtn.]    A  gi'iiuH  of  Iho- 

podN,  of  the  family  (hiiKridir,  iiicluilini;  the  pill- 
biijpi,  whi.li   eiii,   roll    thernHr-lv.'H   into  a   bull 
lilcM    fhi!    iMJihirri.iU  enllcd  annndillim.      (ft)  A 
■pocii'Mnf  Hii..  ....,, -m  ;  n  pill-bug  or  How-lnig ;  a 

'      '  -  3.   A  inline  given  In  nn 

\«iHft\  of  coiipor  and  zinc 

•'ii-r,  ;i!i'l  il<-i|<'ni.'c|  to  be 


w  fir' 

ann.Tl 


•*MI|i. 


■   .iM  I'. I  IN  III  iirmada. 
'ilj,  n.   [<  L.  armnmrntinn, 
iiir.nta,   implements,   eHp. 
I'liare,  arm,  i(|ulp :  w<>  arm'^, 


312 

f.]     1.   A  body  of  forces  equipped  for  war: 
used  of  a  laud  or  naval  force. 

The  whole  united  armament  of  Greece.  Glover. 

It  wasnecessar>-forhim  ,  ,  ,  to  proceed  with  his  twenty 
men-of-war  to  the  Mediterranean,  while  his  superiors,  with 
the  rest  of  the  annament,  returned  to  the  (Channel. 

Macautart,  Hist.  Eng.,.\x. 
2.  Munitions  of  war;  especially,  the  number 
and  weight  of  all  the  gims  which  a  ship  of 
war  carries.  Within  a  comparatively  short  period  re- 
markable changes  have  occurred  in  the  size  and  weight  of 
the  armament  of  war-vessels.  In  the  I'lnted  .States,  be- 
fore the  cinl  war,  the  tisual  armament  for  both  forts  and 
vessels  consisted  of  32-poundei-s.  The  war  led  to  the  con- 
struction and  use  of  15-inch  smooth-bore  guns,  weighing 
50,000 pouuQs,  andafterward  of  20-inch  guns,  weighing  100,- 
(KX)  pounds.  Rifling  was  introduced  in  1S50,  and  is  now 
universally  employed,  reliance  being  placed  upon  the 
piercing  power  of  elongate*!  projectiles  moving  at  a  great 
velocity  and  fired  from  rifled  guns.  The  United  States 
battle-ship  "Keiirsarge  "  (1S9S)  carries  four  IS-inch,  foiu- 
8-inch,  fourteen  5-inch,  and  twenty-six  quick-flre  guns. 
In  the  British  navy,  the  "  Warrior,"  in  1861,  was  provided 
with  4j-toii  guns;  hut  the  weight  of  metal  w.vs  succes- 
sively incrensed  up  to  the  80-toii  guns  of  the  "  Inflexible  " 
(1S76)  and  tlie  111  ton  guns  of  the  '-Sans  Pared"  (1887). 
The  ''Magnificent"  vlSi>4),  the  latest  type,  is  armed  with 
four  12-inch  guns,  twelve  6-ineh  guns,  and  twenty-eight 
smaller  quick-fire  guns.  The  more  recent  ships  of  other 
nations  have  similar  armaments. 

armamentarium  (ar"ma-men-ta'ri-tmi),  «.: 

pl.iiniianicntaria  (-a).    [L,]    An  armamentary. 

The  physiological  investigation  of  new  remedies  for  the 

purpose  of  enriching  the  artnamentarium  of  the  physician. 

Therapevtic  Gazette,  IX.  24. 

armamentary  (Sr-ma-men'ta-ri),  ?(,;  pi,  arma- 
mc)itinie>:  (-viz),  [<  L,  armamctilarium,  an  ar- 
senal, ariuoiy,  <  armamentu,  equipments:  see 
armament.']  An  armory;  a  magazine  or  an  ar- 
senal,    Bailey. 

armarian  (ar-mii'ri-an),  H,  [<  ML,  armariiis,  < 
(;/■)«(;)■/««(,  a  bookcase,  library :  seearmary.]  A 
librarian.     See  extract.     [Rare.] 

Annnrian,  an  ofiicer  in  the  nion.tstic  libnu-ies  who  had 
charge  of  the  books  to  prevent  them  from  being  injured  by 
insects,  and  especially  to  look  alter  bindings.  He  had  also 
to  keep  a  correct  catalogue. 

Chambers's  Journal,  No.  276,  p.  239.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

armaryt,  ".  [<  ME.  armaric  (Wyclif),  <  L,  ar- 
marium, a  chest,  safe,  or  closet,  a  repository, 
in  ML.  esp.  a  bookcase,  library,  lit,  a  place  for 
arms  or  tools.  Cf.  armory'-i,  and  armory^,  a  dif-' 
ferent  word,  of  the  same  ult.  origin,  with  which 
o/v«o)-// was  confused.]  1.  A  library:  used  by 
Wyclif  in  the  plural  for  books,  WTitings. 

Thou  Shalt  find  wTite  in  armaries  [Vulgate,  in  cowmen- 
tarH.t].  ,  Wyclif,  Ezra  iv.  15. 

2.  Anannory.  Leland,ltin.,lV.54.    (X.  E.  D.) 
armata't  (iir-ma'ta),  «.     Obsolete  form  of  ar- 

miiilii. 

Armata^  (iir-ma'tii),  n.  pi.  [NXi.,  neut.  pi.  of 
L.  armatits,  armed:  see  armada.'}  A  group  of 
gephyreans  having  sctai  and  a  double  blood- 
vascular  system:  synonymous  with  (7(«((/('(o, 
It  consists  of  the  families  Echiuridai  and  Stcr- 
na.<tpid(e. 

armature  (Ur'ma-tur).  «.  [=  F.  armature  =  Pr. 
Sp,  I'g,  arniadura  =  It,  armailura,  armalura,  < 
1j,  armalura,  armor,  equipment,  armed  troops, 
<  armatns,  pj).  of  armare,  arm:  sec  arm",  r. 
Doublet.  «n«or,  q,  V,]  If,  Military  equipment ; 
especially,  defensive  armor, — 2,  In  :oi)l.  ami 
anat.:  (a)  Any  part  or  organ  of  an  animal  serv- 
ing as  a  means  of  defense  or  otiense, 

others  armed  with  ban!  shells;  others  with  prickles; 
others  having  nci  such  armature.  ^iatt,  'in  t-'reation. 

It  is  remarkable  that  man,  who  is  endowed  with  rea- 
son, is  born  without  armature. 

Dcrham,  Physleo-Theology,  iv.  14. 

(h)  Any  apparatus   or  set   of   organs  without 
reference  to  defense;  an  (Miuipnieiit;  nn  appa- 
nage: as,  the  genital  or  the  anal  armature. 
All  the  crayfishes  have  a  comph-te  giistrie  armature. 

l/ujtlrif,  Crayfish,  ]t.  255. 

3.  In  hot.,  the  hairs,  prickles,  etc.,  covering  an 
organ. — 4t.  A  body  of  anued  troops. 

Ground  fit  for  the  archers  and  light  armature. 

Itillei'lh,  Hist,  of  Worhl,  v,  (1. 

6.  In  arch.,  any  Hystem  of  bracing  in  timl)eror 
inetul,  US  the  iron  rods  used  to  HiiKtain  hIi'IkIit 
(■oluiiniH,  to  hold  up  cuiinpieH,  etc.  The  term  is 
ap|ille<l  especially  to  the  Inm  framework  by  which  lend- 
llglilH  are  Hecnred  in  medicviil  windowH. 
0,  A  piece  of  soft  iron  a|ipli<<il  simply  by  coii- 
taet  to  the  two  jiolcs  of  n  iiingiKt  or  cli'etrip- 
mngnct  ns  a  imnns  of  inniiitiiiniiig  tli<'  iiiiig- 
Iietlc  iiowir  iindiiniiiiMlied.  hi  dynamo  ilii  trh  mn- 
eliinea  (w  hi'h  aeo,  under  «/ec(riV)  the  arnmtiiro  U  a  cyllii* 
diT  or  ling  of  laminated  hoft  Iron  wound  with  coils  of 
in«ulalud  copper  wire.    This  aiinidnie  Is  rot<it«<l  rapidly 

III  tliellelil  nl  llie  ailj'oi  III  I'lei'tl'oMiauni't.H.       Ill  lie'  lliilll' 

i'ti'<-(rlc  niiirliine  the  urn  lilt  lire  Inn  ulrlpof  vanilHlieil  [mpfr 
iitliii'lii'd  to  the  edge  of  the  opellingfi  or  windows  iif  the 
lUi-il  phifi'.     Also  railed  armor. 
armazine,  "■     See  armozccn. 


Armenian 

arm-band  (iirm'band),  n.     A  piece  of  crooked 
iron  attached  to  a  rail  or  to  a  stone  block  fixed       i 
against  the  walls  in  barrack-rooms,  to  retain 
the  soldiers' muskets  when  not  in  use, 

arm-board   (iimi'bord),   n.     A  graining-board 
used  in  leather-working,  made  of  the  outer  bark       * 
of  the  cork-oak,  without  grooves, 

arm-bone  (arm'bon),  n.  A  bone  of  the  arm  or 
fore  limb;  especially,  the  bone  of  the  upper 
arm ;  the  humerus, 

arm-chair  (iirm'chiir),  n.  A  chair  with  arms  to 
support  the  elbows, 

arm-chest  (iirm'chest),  n.  1.  JN'oi-n;,  aboxplaced 
on  the  upper  deck,  or  in  the  tops,  to  contain  a 
ready  supply  of  rifles,  pistols,  or  cutlasses, — 

2.  A  similar  box  or  chest  used  in  the  military 
ser^■iee  for  the  transportation  of  small  arms. 

armed  (iiiTad).  p.  a.  [<  on«-  -t-  -<>(/2.]  1.  Bear- 
ing arms  ;  furnished  mth  means  of  offense  and 
defense :  as.  an  armed  force  or  ship ;  "the  armed 
rhinoceros,"'  Shale.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. —  2.  Sup- 
ported by  arms ;  carried  on  or  maintained  by 
force  or  readiness  for  military  action :  as,  an 
armed  inroad ;  armed  peace  or  neutrality. 

I  shall  not  attempt  to  collect  the  duties  and  imposts  by 
any  anued  invasion  of  any  p;irt  of  the  country, 

Lincoln,  in  Itaymond,  p.  132, 

3.  lu  tier.,  having  the  beaks,  talons,  horns,  or 
teeth,  or,  of  an  arrow  or  lanee,  having  the  head, 
of  the  color  specified :  as,  a  lion  gules  armed  or. 
The  word  is  not  uf;ed  for  the  horns  of  a  hart  or 
buck.  See  attired. —  4.  In  j;/ijs.,  fiu'nished  with 
an  armature  or  a  piece  of  iron  so  as  to  connect 
the  poles,  as  a  horseshoe  magnet. —  5.  In  hot., 
having  prickles  or  thorns — Armed  at  all  points, 
(a)  Completely  equipped  with  oltensive  and  defensive 
arms,  according  to  the  fashion  of  the  time  :  equivalent  to 
the  French  arme  de  pied  en  cap.  See  cuts  muler  armor. 
(i)  In  her.,  dressed  in  complete  plate-armor,  but  having 
the  vizor  open :  said  of  a  warrior  used  as  a  bearing  or 
siiiiporter.— Armed  in  flute.  .See  jtuic'^.-  Anned  neu- 
trality, the  maiuteuaiice  by  a  nation  of  an  armed  force 
held  ready  to  repel  an.v  aggression  on  the  part  of  lu-lli- 
gerent  nations  between  which  it  is  neutral. —  Armed 
peace,  the  comlition  of  a  country  whieli  in  time  of  peace 
maintains  its  military  estahlishments  on  a  war  footing,  so 
,as  to  be  ready  for  war  at  any  moment.  — Armed  ship, 
a  nu-rehant  ship  taken  into  the  service  of  a  govermnent 
for  a  particular  occasion,  ami  armed  like  a  silip  of  war, — 
Armed  to  ttie  teetll,  very  fully  or  completely  armeil. 

<^n  the  ramparts  of  the  fort  stood    Nicholas  Koorn, 
armed  to  the  teeth,  flourishing  a  lirass  liiltr.i  sword. 

Irvinif,  Ivnickerlioekcr,  p.  251. 
Armenian  (iir-me'ni-an),  a.  and  w.  [<  L,  Ar- 
m<  iiiii.^,  <  (ir,  'Api-iiviog,  <  'Ap/irvia,  Armenia,] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Ai-menia,  a  former  kingdom 
of  Asia  lying  between  the  Black  and  ('asjiian 
seas,  northeast  of  Asia  Minor,  now  included  in 
Turkey,  Persia,  and  Asiatic  Kiissia,  or  to  its 
inhabitants.  — Armenian  architecture,  a  term  somo- 

tillies  applied  to  tile  follii  of    l'.\ /iilitiiie  i  liiirrll  illihitec- 


Typic.ll  Church  Pl.iii,  St.  H'n)|iMiii,ili.  near  l-.ti  hiiil.ulzin. 
/#A  hcuia,  or  jwincdiaryi  />',  S,  i>;ir,-ihcni,itn  :    ft,  prothesls;   B'. 
dlnkoiilkoii ;    C,  nlt,-ir :   A  -TP'-c:   /■/•*,  veil  occiiiiyitig  the  nince  of 
the  lcoii(«,t;isls :    t;,  dome  and  choir;  //,  nave:   /,    ",  n[itl]>,-irat>e. 
mata ;  A',  chief  entrance ;  L,  north  door ;  /.  ,  south  door. 

ture  iistial  in  Armenia.  'I'lie  typical  plan  of  such  churches 
maintains  a  strict  Hyniimtiy  between  the  apsidnl  and 
wcHtern  ends,  having  iiiitlparatieimila  to  eorresiiond  with 
the  paralii'inata,  and  omiltiiig  the  nnrtlirv.  Tlie  central 
doniclsoftenreprcseril.il  by  ii  lofty  tower,  Armenian 
blue.  Si  !■  ;,/r/c.  Armenian  bole.  Sie /.n/i ■-•.  Arme- 
nian cement,  a  cement  made  li)  soaking  islngliiss  in  MiiliT 
until  II  becomes  soft,  and  then  mixing  It  with  Hplrll  lu 
which  a  little  gntn  niasllc  and  iimnionliicnin  have  been  dls- 
"olved.  It  Is  used  to  nnllc  pleies  ol  liioken  glass,  to  le- 
pair  jircelous  Hinnes,  and  to  cinieiil  them  lo  wateii-ciises 
and  other  orimnients.  Armenian  Church,  the  am  lent 
national  church  of  Arnii-nlji.  11  iiiiiiiittihis  that  If  was 
founded  aw  early  us  A.  P.  34  ;  but  while  trarci  of  Christian- 
ity are  found  previously  to  the  fouitli  reiitiiry,  the  con- 
version ol  till-  country  as  a  whole  «jis  the  work  of  St, 
(Jrcgory  tin-  lllnmimitor,  who  begun  his  eviingellstlc  la- 
bor!, rilioiit  the  yearnnl ;  and  from  lils  nnme  II  Is  sonietlinea 
known  also  as  the  (Jregofliin  clnirrh.  The  Arnienlau 
ciiiirrh  liiiM  for  the  niimt.  pari  reiniiliieil  (•stninged  from 
the  orlhoilox  (Jreek  Church  sliu'c  the  laller  pari,  of  the 
llflh  century,  when  It  rejected  the  decrees  ol  the  l\iuneil 
vf  C'lialcedun(A,  I),  461),     It  hna  tliorofuro  huou  crodlted 


Armenian 


313 

armiak  (iir'myak),  «.  [<  Russ.  armyaku,  of 
Tatar  origiii.]  1.  A  stuff  woven  of  camel's 
hair  by  tlie  Tatars. — 2.  Lri  Russia,  a  jilain  oaf- 
tan  or  outer  t;arinent.  made  of  armiak  or  a 
similar  material,  worn  by  the  peasantry. 

armiferous  (ilr-mif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  armifer,  < 
arma,  arms,  + /e?-»-c  =  E.  ieoj-l.]  Bearingarms. 
Blount . 

armiger  (ilr'mi-jer),  n.  [L.,  armor-bearer,  < 
arma,  arms,  +  f/crerc,  bear,  cany.]  1.  An  ar- 
mor-bearer to  a  knight;  a  squire;  the  second 
in  rank  of  the  aspirants  to  chivalry  or  knight- 
hood.—  2.  One  who  has  a  right  to  armorial  bear- 


with  hoUiiiit  Monoi'hysite  cir  Eutyehian  doctrine,  but 
iiinTiy  authorities  ht'W  that  the  ililferences  arose  from 
i,ii-uinierstaiKlings  occasioned  l)y  the  incapacity  of  the 
Anm-iiian  language  to  express  the  tlncr  distinctions  of 
(inc'k  teruiiuulogy.  The  Armenian  I'lnirch  accepts  all 
till-  first  seven  ecumenical  cimncila,  with  the  exception  of 
that  "t  Chalcedon,  tlie  doctrines  of  winch  they  seem,  how- 
ever, to  hold  under  a  ditfereut  pliraseology.  Their  doc- 
trine's and  usages  closely  reseniljlc  those  of  the  Greek 
Chmch,  with  the  exception  of  their  use  of  unleavened 
bread  and  of  an  unmixed  chalice  in  the  eucharist.  The 
n]ii>.thood  is  hereditary.  The  bishops  are  governed  by 
fi.in'  pairiarcha,  the  primate  being  tile  catholicos,  who 
resides  in  the  monastery  of  Etchniiadzin,  a  sliort  distance 
Ti.irth  of  Mount  Ararat.  'Since  tlie  fifteenth  century  a 
laiue  nmiiber  of  the  Armenians  have  joined  the  Roman 
Catholic  Churcli  and  are  known  as  Unitrd  Armenians. 
A  separate  Armenian  Protestant  Church  has  also  recently 
ireen  formed.— Armenian  era,  liturgy,  etc.  See  the 
nouns.— Armenian  stone,  a  soft  nine  carbonate  of  cop- 
per: also,  a  commercial  name  for  laids-laznli. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Armenia. —  2.  Uecles., 

an  adherent  of  the  Armenian  Church. — 3.  The 

Armenian  language. 
Armeno-Turkish  (ar-me"n6-ter'kish),  n.     The 

Turkish  language  as  written  by  Armenians  in 

Turkey,  with  letters  of  the  Armenian  alphabet. 
armentalt  (ar-men'tal),  a.     [<   L.  armentalis, 

<  aniicntiim,  old  fomi  armcnta,  cattle  for  plow- 
ing, collectively  a  herd,  drove;    prob.  contr. 

from  "arimeutHin,  <  tirnre,  plow:    see  arable.'] 

Of  or  belonging  to  a  di'ove  or  herd.     Bailey. 
armentinet,  «•     [^  L.  armentum,  a  herd  (see  ar- 

mcntal),  +  -iiie".']     Same  as  armental.    Bailey. 
armentoset  (ar-men'tos),  o.,     [<  L.  armentosus, 

abounding  in  herds,  <  armentum,  herd:  see  ar- 

meiital.']     Full  of  great  cattle ;  abounding  with 

herds  or  beasts.     Bailey.  ,,        '      .,     armigerous  "(iir-mij'e-rus),   a.     [< 

armer  (ar'mer),  11.     [<  arnii  +  -crl.]     One  who     ^j^^^^^^,    ^^^  ^^.^,      armigerus),  be 

arms  or  suppbes  with  arms ;  one  who  equips.        "■         '    ■       -     — •' - 

Builders  and  armers  of  vessels  [of  war]. 

Woolse;/,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law 


Arminian 

respectively  the  sphere  of  Ptolemy  and  the  sphere  of  Co- 
pernicus. Since  the  main  use  of  such  a  contrivance  is  to 
Kive  an  accurate  representation  of  the  apparent  motions  of 
the  solar  system,  the  former  is  the  one  most  used,  the  lat- 
ter h.aving  little  practical  value. 

armillate  (iir'mi-lat),  a.  [<  L.  armillatus,  <  ar- 
milla,  bracelet:  see  armil.']  Weai-ing  a  brace- 
let.    Ash. 

armillated  (iir'mi-la-ted),  n.  Wearing  brace. 
lots.     Cockeram. 

armillett  (iir'mi-let),  n.  [<  OF.  armillet,  dim.  of 
armillc:  see  armil,  armilla.']  A  small  armilla 
or  armlet.    See  armilla. 

arminf,  «.  [Of.  armil,  armilla.}  A  kind  of 
ornament  for  the  pike,  it  appears  to  have  b«en  a 
piece  of  stuff  sewed  around  the  staff,  perhaps  to  alford  a 
firm  hold  for  the  hand. 


ings:  formerly  used  after  the  projier  name  by 
a  person  possessing  such  right,  but  no  higher 

title:  thus,  "John  BoHon,  armiger,"  is  nearly  armineH,  "•     [Perhaps  for  'arming  (of  which, 

however,  no  record  is  found  for  400  years  pre- 


equivalent  to  "John  Bolton,  gentleman." 
Shakspere,  armigero. 

A  gentleman  born,  master  parson  ;  who  writes  liimself 
armigero ;  in  any  bill,  warrant,  quittance,  or  obligation, 
armigero.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1. 

This  young  armiger  must  be  the  too  attractive  cyno- 
stu'e  to  our  poor  little  maiden. 

/(.  D.  Macttmorc,  Lorna  Doone,  li. 

armigeral  (ar-mij'e-ral),  a.  [<  armiger  +  -«/.] 
Of  the  class  of  squires;  genteel. 

I  am  exempted  at  present  from  residence,  as  prcaclier 
to  the  Foundling  Hospitiil ;  had  it  been  otherwise,  I  could, 
I  think,  have  lived  very  happily  in  the  country,  in  armi- 
geral, priestly,  and  swine-feeding  society. 

Sydiup  Smith,  to  Francis  Jeffrey. 

armigero  (iir-mij'e-ro),  «.  [=  Sp.  armigero,  a 
squire,  =  Pg.  armigero,  a  page,  <  L.  armiger: 
see  armiger.2     Same  as  armiger,  2. 

[<  L.   armiger 
aring  arms: 


,  §  160. 


see  armiger.']     Entitled  to  bear  heraldic  arms. 

They  belonged  to  the  armigerous  part  of  the  popula- 
tion be  Quincey,  Works,  VII.  4."^. 

plete      and     perieet 


defensive  head-cov- 
ering of  the  mid- 
dle ages,  introduced 
about  1450,  and  re- 
maining in  use  until 
the  abandonment  of 
the  closed  headpiece, 
more  than  a  century 
later.  It  was  lighter 
than  tile  heaume  and  even 
the  basinet,  and  was  a 
better  protection  than  the 
sailet.  (See  these  words.) 
It  Htted  the  head  well, 
allowed  of  some  move- 
ment, and  had  openings 
for  sight  and  breathing. 
It  was  forged  in  many 
parts,  which  fitted  togeth- 
er accurately  and  were  se- 
cured by  lunges,  hooks, 
and  the  like,  and  when 
closed  was  very  rigid  and 
firm. 
armful  (arm'fid),  n. 
[<  ar»jl  +  full.]  As 
much  as  the  arms  can 
hold;  what  one  holds  in  one's  arms  or  embrace. 
'Tis  not  the  wealth  of  Plutus,  nor  the  gold 
Lock'd  in  the  heart  of  earth,  can  buy  away 
This  armful  from  me.  Beau,  ami  FL,  Philaster,  iv.  1. 
I  stood  where  Love  in  lirimming  urm/uls  bore 
Slight  w.anton  flowers  and  foolisli  toys  of  fruit. 

D.  G.  Rossetti,  Sonnets,  xiv. 

arm-gauntt,  a.  [An  isolated  form,  appar.  < 
armi  (or  arnfi,  arms)  +  gaunt,  as  if  'with  gaunt 
Umbs,'  or '  worn  with  military  service ' ;  in  either 
case  a  violent  formation.  Perhaps  merely  a 
scribe's  or  printer's  sophistication  of  some  word 
which  must  be  left  to  conjecture.]     An  epithet 


steel  Armet,  about  A.  D.  1450. 
A.  calotte  or  cap;  a,  neck-guard 
riveted  to  .4,  and  having  a  prolon- 
gation upward  to  the  crown  :  B.  up- 
per vizor,  or  umbril,  with  sight-  or 
eye-hole :  C.  vizor  with  opening 
for  breathing ;  Z>,  aventaile.  opening 
sidewise  on  hinges :  H,  rim  of  the 
gorgerin  I  it  has  a  groove  between 
two  ridges,  which  groove  receives 
the  lower  edge  of  the  armet  proper) ; 
F,  one  of  two  upright  pins  upon 
wliich  the  pauldrons  are  adjusted. 
The  gorgerin  is  of  three  pieces, 
movable  upon  one  another,  and  all 
riveted  to  a  leather  band  beneath. 


mille,  <  L.  armilla,  a  bracelet,  armlet,  hoop, 
ring,  dim.  prob.  of  annus,  shoulder,  upper  arm : 
seearHjl.]  1.  An  ancient  astronomical  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  ring  iixed  in  the  plane  of 
the  equator,  sometimes  crossed  at  right  angles 
by  another  ring  ILxed  in  the  plane  of  the  me- 
ridian. In  the  first  case  it  was  an  equinoctial  armil,  iu 
the  second  a  solstitial  armil.  Also  called  armilla.  See 
artnUlary. 

With  the  advance  of  geometrical  conceptions  there  came 
the  hemisphere  of  Berosus,  the  equinoctial  armil,  the  sol- 
stitiitl  armil,  and  the  quadrant  of  Ptolemy  — all  of  them 
employing  shadows  as  indices  of  the  sua's  position,  but  in 
combination  with  angular  divisions. 

H.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  172. 

2.  Same  as  armilla,  1. 

The  armil,  or  bracelet,  was  looked  upon  by  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  as  one  amoug  the  badges  of  royalty. 

Rock,  C'hurch  of  our  Fathers,  i.  436,  note. 

armilausa  (ar-mi-la'sa),  n. ;  pi.  armilauscB  (-se). 
[LL. ;  origin  uncertaiii ;  said  by  Isidore  to  be  a 
contr.  of  *armiclausa,  <  armus,  shoulder,  -I-  clau- 
sus,  pp.  of  claudere,  shut  in:  see  arm^,  clause, 
and  close.]  1 .  A  kind  of  Roman  military  timic. 
—  2.  A  garment  worn  in  England  and  on  the 
Continent  during  the  middle  ages,  probably 
differing  in  shape  at  different  times.  Meyrick 
describes  it  as  "a  body  garment  the  prototype  of  the  sur- 
coat " ;  but  it  seems  always  to  have  been  an  outer  garment, 
and  even  worn  over  the  armor. 

armilla  (ar-mil'a),  «.;  pi.  armilla;  (-e).  [L. :  see 
armil.]  1 .  In  archwol.,  a  bracelet  or  armlet :  as, 
a  Roman  or  Frankish  armilla.  Also  called  ar- 
mil.—2.  In  mach.,  an  iron  ring,  hoop,  or  brace, 
in  which  the  gudgeons  of  a  wheel  move. — 3.  In 
anat.,  the  annular  ligament  of  the  wrist  which 
binds  together  the  tendons  of  the  hand. — 4. 
Same  as  armil,  1.— 5.  In  ornith.,  a  colored  ring 
encircling  the  tibia  of  a  bird  just  above  the 
[Little  used.] 


Four  Varieties  of 
Heraldic  Arming- 
Buckles. 


of  disputed  meaning,  applied  by  Shakspefe  to  a  ^^ji^"*-  (u'l^mi-la-ri),  a.     [<  L.  armilla,  an 
horse,  and  m  some  editions  changed  to  (in-opani.  armiuary  t«'i  "Ji  "J     /»        .U     „         , ,.  ' 
'  .  .  . ^.  ^  Qi'mlpf    TiTKr.  etc.:  S( 


So  he  nodded. 
And  soberly  did  mount  an  arui-gaunt  steed. 
Who  neigh'd  so  high,  that  what  I  would  have  spoke 
Was  beastly  duinb'd  by  him.         Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  5. 

arm-greatt,  a.  [ME.  arm-gret;  <  «rj«i  +  great.] 
As  thick  as  a  man's  arm. 

A  wrethe  of  gold,  arm-gret,  of  huge  wigltte. 
Upon  his  heed.         Chaucer,  Kuighfs  Tale,  1. 1287. 

arm-guards  (arm'gardz),  n.  pi.  Ageneralname 
of  plate-armor  for  the  defense  of  the  arms. 
It  corresponds  to  brassart  (which  sec)  and  to  the  French 
ganle-hras.     See  also  bracelet,  nniibnire,  and  rerebrace. 

armhole  (arm'hol),  n.  [<  ME.  armkole,  eoiTupt- 
ly  harmole ;  <  arml  -I-  hole.]  1 .  The  cavity  under 
the  shoulder;  the  armpit.     [Now  rare.] 

Tickling  is  most  in  the  soles  of  the  feet,  and  under  the 
armhotes,  and  on  the  sides.  The  cause  is  the  thinness  of 
the  skin  in  these  parts,  joined  with  the  rareness  of  being 
touched  there.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

2.  A  hole  iu  a  garment  for  the  arm. 


armlet,  ring,  etc. 


.A.rmillary  Sphere, 


'see  armil.]  Resembling  a 
bracelet  or  armil- 
la ;  consisting  of 
rings  or  circles. — 
Armillary  sphere, 
an  arrangement  of 
rings,  .all  circles  of 
a  single  sphere,  in- 
tended to  show  the 
rebative  positions  of 
the  principal  celes- 
tial circles.  Tlie 
whole  revolves  upon 
it5  axis  within  a  hori- 
zon divided  into  de- 
grees and  movable  in 
every  direction  upon 
a  brass  supporter. 
There  are  two  kinds 
of  armillary  sphere, 
one  with  the  earth 
and  one  with  the  sun 
in  the  center,  called 


ceding),  <  early  ME.  erming,  <  AS.  earming,  a- 
wretched  person,  <  earm,  wretched,  miserable, 
poor,  =  OS.  arm  =  OFries.  erm,  arm  =  D.  arm, 
OHG.  aram,  MHG.  G.  arm  =  Icel.  armr  =  Sw. 
Dan.  arm  =  Goth,  arms,  wretched,  miserable. 
See  ycarn^.]  A  beggar ;  a  mendicant. 
Luce.  So  young  an  urmine  I 

Flow.  Annin£,  sweetheart,  I  know  not  what 

You  mean  by  that,  but  I  am  almost  a  beggar. 

London  Prodigal  (1605X 

armine^t,  arminedt.    Obsolete  forms  of  ermine, 

ermiueil. 
arming  (ar'ming),  n.    [<  ME.  armyng;  verbaln. 
of  arm'2,  v.]     1.  The  act  of  taking  aims  or  fur- 
nishing with  arms :  as,  an  extensive  arming  of 
the  people. — 2t.  In  her.,  a  coat  of  arms. 
When  the  Lord  Beaumont,  who  their  armings  knew, 
Tlieir  present  peril  to  brave  Suffolk  shews.        Drayton. 
3.  Kant. :  (a)  A  piece  of  tallow  placed  in  a 
cavity  at  the  lower  end  of  a  sounding-lead  to 
bring  up  a  sample  of  the  sand,  mud,  etc.,  of  the 
sea-bottom. 

On  the  arming  from  an  eight-fatliom  cast  there  was  a 
perfect  impression  of  an  Astraia,  apparently  alive. 

Darwin,  f'oral  Reefs,  p.  11. 

(6)  pi.  A  kind  of  boarding-nettings,  (c)  pi. 
Bed  dress-cloths  formerly  hung  fore  and  aft 
outsitie  the  upper  works  on  holidays :  stUl  used 
by  some  nations.     Smyth, 

arming-bucklet  (ar'mlng-buk"l), «.  1 .  Abuckle 
used  in  defensive  armor. — 2.  In  her.,  such  a 
buckle,    generally    having    the 
e  of  a  lozenge,  used  as  a 
bearing. 
,\  ff     1)    arming-doublett  (iir'ming-dub"- 
let),  «.     A  doublet  used  in  mili- 
tary dress,  forming  an  essential 
part  of  the  harness  of  a  light- 
armed  foot-soldier  in  the  middle 
ages  and  later,    it  is  probable  that 
it  was  a  very  close-fitting  garment  worn  under  the  corse- 
let.   The  general  use  of  it  seems  to  have  suggested  a  style 
or  cut  in  elegant  costtmie,  as  we  read  of  arming-doublets 
of  costly  material. 

That  every  man  have  an  arming-doublet  of  fustian  or 
canvas.  Duke  of  Norfolk's  Orders,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  36. 

An  arming-doublet  of  crimson  and  yellow  satin  .  .  . 
with  threads  of  Venice  gold. 

Inventory  Henry  VIII.,  1642,  quoted  by  Planch^. 

arming-pointt  (ar'ming -point),  n.  A  point 
used  in  fastening  together  parts  of  a  suit  of 
armor. 

arming-press  (ar'ming-pres),  n.  A  small  hand- 
power  stamping-press  used  by  bookbinders. 
Its  earliest  employment  was  in  stamping  heraldic  arms 
on  the  sides  of  books,  whence  its  name.  In  the  United 
States  this  form  of  press  is  known  as  a  stamping-preea 
OT  emhossinq-press. 

arming-speart  (ar'ming-sper),  n.  A  spear  used 
in  war. 

arming-swordt  (ar'ming-sord),  «.  A  sword 
made  especially  for  use  in  battle,  as  distin- 
guished from  one  worn  as  a  part  of  military 
dress  or  imiform  in  time  of  peace,  and  from 
that  used  in  tourneys  or  the  like. 

A  helmett  of  proofe  slice  strait  did  provide, 
.\  strong  arming-sword  shee  girt  by  her  side. 

Percy's  Reliques. 

Arminian  (ar-min'i-an),  n.  and  a.     [<  NL.  Ar- 

minianus,  <  Arminius,  Latinized  from  the  name 
otSarmensen.]  I.  w.  1.  Oneof  a  Christian  sect 
named  from  James  Arminius  (Jacobus  Harmen- 
sen),  a  Protestant  divine  of  Leyden,  Nether- 
lands (1560-1G09).  Its  membei-s  were  also  called  Re- 
monstrants, from  a  statement  of  their  views  in  the  form  of 
a  remonstrance  presented  to  the  States-General  in  1610. 
They  separated  from  the  Calvinists,  objecting  to  their 
doctrine  of  predestination.  The  sect  as  a  distinct  organ- 
ization is  chiefly  confined  to  the  Netherlands,  where  it 
numbers  only  about  twenty  congregations  and  a  few  thou- 
sand adhei^nts. 

2.  A  believer  in  the  Arminian  doctrines.  These 
doctrines  are  ;  (1)  Conditional  election  and  reprobation, 
in  opposition  to  absolute  predestination  as  taught  by 


lievf 

uni- 


Arminian 

Calnn.    (2)  Tniversal  redemption,  or  that  the  atonement 

was  mnfie■^v  Ohri^t  for  all  mankiod,  though  none  but  be- 

'    :=   ■{  its  benefits,    (3)  That  maji.  in 

.:;li.  must  be  regenerated  and  re- 

•t  the  Holy  Spirit,  which  is  the 

.:  :i;i^  ^mce  is  not  irresistible,   (o)  That 

;y  the  aid  of  the  Holy  Spirit  to  resist 

IS  always  in  this  life  the  possibility  of 

1  upposition  to  the  Calvinistic  doctrine 

oi  the  saints.     Protestants  in  general 

Tiiversy  excited  by  the  promulgation  of 

1  all  "opponents  of  Calvinism  are  still 

I  as  Arminians.    In  the  Church  of  Eng- 

1  was  especially  favored  by  the  High 

V  I.  jn  ti  t..iriv.     1  lie  Meth*>dist  denomination  was  divided 

on  the  subject,  the  followers  of  Wesley  being  Anuinians, 

anil  those  of  WTiitefteld  Ciilvinists. 

H.  a.  Pertaining  to  Arminius  or  to  his  doc- 
trines. 
ArTTiinia.Tii?Tn  (iir-miii'i-an-izin),  n.     [<  Armini- 
an  +  -istn  ;  =  F.  arminianisme,'\     The  peculiar 
doctrines  or  tenets  of  the  Arminians. 
Arminiamze  (ar-min'i-an-iz),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
AnnaiHuiizedy  ppr.  Anmnianizimj.    [<  Arminian 
+  -(->.]     L  trails.  To  make  Arminian;  tinge 
or  permeate  with  Arminian  doctrines. 
II.  intrans.  To  teach  Arminiauism. 
armipotence  (ar-mip'o-tens),  ».   [<  LL.  annipo- 
Uiiti<i.<h.art>iipofen(t-)s':6eeannipottnf.]  Puis- 
sauct'  at  arms.     Boiley. 
armipotent  (iir-mip'o-tent),  a.    [<  ME.  armypo- 
tiuty  <  L.  aniiipoten(t-)s,  powerful  in  arms,  < 
anna,  arras,  +  poten{t-)s,   powerful:   see  po- 
tent.]    Powerful  in  arms;   mighty  in  battle. 
[Bare.] 

The  t«mple  of  ^larz  armypotente. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1124. 

The  manifold  linguist  and  the  armipotent  soldier. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 

"Who  dost  pluck 
With  hand  armipotent  from  forth  blue  clouds 
The  ntason'd  turrets. 

F!'  'rher  {and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  1. 

annisonantf  (ar-mis'o-nant),  a.  [<  L.  anna, 
anns,  -{•  sonan(t-)St  ppr.  of  sonare^  sound  (see 
sonant) ;  suggested  by  armisonouSj  q.  v.]  Same 
as  nnnisnnous.     Ash. 

annisonotlSt  (ar-mis'o-nus),  a.  [<  L.  arnmo- 
uu-i,  <  unna,  arms,  -h sonare,  sound:  seesoitnd^, 
and  cf.  annisonanf.']  Sounding  or  rustling  with 
arras  or  armor.    liailet/, 

armistice  (iir'mis-tis),  «.  [<  F.  armistice  =  Sp, 
Pi:.  tin/tisticio=  It.  armistizio^  <  XL.  annistitiuni, 
a  cfssation  of  hostilities,  <  arma,  arms,  +  -sti- 
tiunij  <  statuSy  a  standing,  pp.  of  sisterc,  cause 
to  stand,  fix,  reduplicated  from  starej  stand: 
see  statey  stand.  Cf.  solstice^  intei'stice,]  A 
temporai-y  suspension  of  hostilities  by  conven- 
tion or  agreement  of  the  parties;  a  truce. 

Tint,  while  an  annixtice  is  an  interval  in  war  and  supposes 
a  rt-tum  to  it,  a  peace  is  a  return  to  a  state  of  amity  and 
intercourse,  implyhig  no  intention  to  recommence  hoatili- 
ti'-'*.  An  armistice  aifaJn  leaves  the  questions  of  the  war 
uii>ettletl,  but  a  peace  implies  in  it^  terms  that  redress  of 
wmn*.;-*  has  been  obtained,  or  that  the  intention  is  re- 
nounced of  seeking  to  obtain  it. 

tt'ooUei/,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  150. 

armless^  (arm'les),  «.  pIE.  armUs;  <  ann^  + 
-k.sH.]  Without  arms,  in  zohl.,  specifically  api)lied 
to  the  Lii^ihrachia,  or  those  echinodernii),  as  9*.*a-urihin3 
and  !iracui  innbc-fH,  which  have  no  dJBtinct  rays  or  arni^. 

armless-  (ii-rrn-les),  a.     [<  arnfi  +  -less.]     Des- 
titute of  weapons;  defenseless. 
>pnirj  lyinis'  armlesn  and  open.  Howell,  Letters,  I.  3. 

armlet  Oirro'let),  n.  [<  arnA  + -7c?,  dim,  suf- 
Iia;    auj^gcsted  prob.    by  armilUt^   q.   v.     Cf. 

hracelet,]  1. 
A  little  arm: 
as,  an  annlet 
of  the  sea. — 2, 
An  ornament 
for  the  arm ; 
specifically,   a 


metal  baud  or 


AnulcU. 

ririf^  worn  up- 
on tlie  upper  arm. — 3.  That  j.art  of  a  dress 
wbi-rr.  tVio  *i!npvf'  joins  the  Hhouldcr, 
.'  t'),  n.     [F, :  Hcc  timhri/.]     An 

'.  ardrobo  ormovutilo  cupl>oard, 
•■■  S' 1v*'h;  r-Hpocifilly,  r)iio  which 

i"  II  in  with  doopH  from  Iuiho  to 

corm  .].W)  and  roomy  in  dcHij^ii. 

armoiriet  voinnir-i),  n.    [F.]    An  old  form  of 

'"  elevate  their  nublcct  by  tnirlnK 

' '  til  the  pntrinrchK  and  b*  r*i*  >«  ,,t 

. jiilty,  Knrjff^.  Ilht.,  \l.-il2. 

Annoniact,  a.  An  old  corruption  of  ammoniac. 
Chaur*  r. 

ftrmOT^  armour  Cur'mor),  n.  f  Kocond  form  now 
apnal  in  Knijlinicl; ''  Mlil.rtrmoMr,  rtrmoMTr,  oarlii-r 
And  rnorc  coDunonly  armurc,  armor  (often  in  j>l. 


314 

armures,  annurs,  anneris,  armeres,  weapons),  < 
OF,  annurCj  anneiire,  F.  armure  =  Sp.  Pg.  anna- 
dura  ^It.  armadura,  armatura,  armor, <L.  arma- 
tura^armoT:  seeannatHre.]  1.  Defensive  arms ; 
any  covering  worn  to  protect  the  person  ^.gainst 
offensive  weapons.  All  available  mater=a]s  that  offer 
some  resistance  to  edge  or  point  have,  at  various  epochs 
and  among  varioiLS  peoples,  been  put  to  use  for  this  pur- 


Complete  Armor  of  1195- 
laos. 

I.  Conical  helmet  set 
upon  the  hood.  v€.  hood  of 
leather;  ^,  camail  of  chain- 
mail  secured  to  the  hood. 
This  is  here  separate  from 
the  hauberk,  though  it  was 
often  a  part  of  it.  The 
hauberk  of  mail  reaches  to 
the  knees  and  is  divided  be- 
fore and  behind  ;  the  gam- 
beson  has  a  lone  skirt,  and  is 
worn  underthe  nauberk  and 
divided  in  the  same  way: 
the  belt  in  only  a  leather 
strap  with  buckle ;  the 
shield  is  triangular  and  very 
much  rounded  or  bowed 
sidewise,  and  straight 
lengthwise ;    the    hose. 


Armor  and  Equipment  for  man  and 
horse,  about  isjo. 
2.  A  heaume  or  large  helmet, 
worn  over  a  sleel  cap  (mortier  or 
secret).  It  had  no  ^-izor  nor  avent- 
aile,  but  was  worn  only  in  fight,  and 
rested  directly  upon  the  armor  of  the 
neck.  A,  ailette  (one  on  each  shoul- 
der);  ^.rerebrace;  C,  cubiiifere.  or  el- 
bow-guard ;  /),  genouilli&re.  or  knee- 
guard  :  £,  greave.  or  bainberg ;  J^, 
surcoat  of  stuff  worn  over  the  armor  ; 
Af,  barbs  of  the  same  make  as  the 
body-armor  of  the  rider;  A',  cham- 
fron  of  hammered  iron ;  O,  housings 
of  stuff  affording  considerable  pro- 
tection. The  armor  of  the  body  and 
limbs  of  the  rider  is  of  the  fashion 
called  banded  mail ;  that  for  the  body, 
therefore,  is  not  properly  a  hauberk, 
perhaps  a  broigne. 


chausses,  are  of  mail,  and 
the  shoes  of  leather.  The  broigne  was  often  worn  instead  of  the  hau- 
berk ;  the  closed  helmet,  r;u-ely.  The  chausses  often  covered  tiie  feet, 
replacing  the  shoes. 

pose,  as  thick  skins,  garments  of  linen  or  of  silk,  stuffed 
with  vegetable  fiber,  or  made  of  many  thicknesses  of  ma- 
terial, thin  plates  of  horn  or  metal,  sewed  to  some  textile 
fabric  and  lapping  over  one  another  like  scales,  etc.  l^su- 
ally  the  headpiece  was  the  first  piece  of  armor  to  be  made 
in  solid  metal.  (See  helmrt.)  The  tireekshad  asolid cui- 
rass from  a  very  early  perioti.  (See  cuiraas  and  thorax.) 
This,  with  tlie  helmet  and  the  greaves  (see  fjri'ait'),  con- 
stitutt'il  tliL'  u  hole  armorof  the  heavy-armed  Greek  warrior 
of  histiirir  tinus.  The  Roman  legionai'y  was  in  general 
similarly  arinud,  sometimes  wearing  only  one  greavo. 
Chain-mail  \v:is  introduced  in  the  armor  of  the  Komnn 
soldiery.  The  Xornian  invaders  of  England  in  lOCO  wore 
a  conical  hclnif  t  with  a  nasal  or  strong  projecting  piece  of 
iron  coming  down  over  the  nose,  and  long  gowns  of  stuff  to 


';■• 


Complete  Armor,  ulwut  1395. 

3.  y^,  ba&lnct  with  vizor:  ff, 
InrK'C  carnal)  of  chaln-m.iil;  C, 
corselet  of  Mp-iratc  plates  of 
Iron  orblcel,  each  one  riveted  to 
■in  inner  <l'Jiil>lct  or  Jacket  of 
linen,  silk.nr  leather  Mnlscortc- 
Ict  comes  nn  higher  th.tn  the  anii- 
plls,  and  corrcN|»>t>d.H  cxacllv  (o 
thcl.itcr  panslrrc  1;  />.  ffni|ilclc 
l>r.iuart  :  /■,  '.iibill^tc,  whith 
Is.  howcv.-r,  iii(lu<ti-<l  in  />;  /•', 
([Buntlrt  •((  leather  with  bracelet 
or  wrist-gii.iTil  of  steel,  .oid  li.ick 
of  liantl  cuvercfl  with  a  fiicci 
plitlc;  <;,  hktrt  (if  hlx  lacetit  or 
l.iwrt^  tliiling  one  over  nncilher 
llkr  thr  -h^IVof  rt  Mnter'n  mil 

iC-l    '    ■  .         r-  r'n.l  (0  j,  ftcrICK 

of  V  I    iitlfor  le;ith. 

CI  It  senirccl  to 

th'  '  I'    ,wf>rd  )%riot 

w  iir.  1  t..  Ill'  r..-it,  I, lit  tfjii  li>M)k 
i>r  vt.M.lr  riveted  lo  ihc  cuiMicii 

/.   1  iliUlC,    Mf    1hlL'l|.plri;e.    In    IWPO 

^lf»r1^  'Mfiin-(  Inf  by  hini[e\  nni\ 
a*triirrl  },y  ||iK>k\  ;  ■/,  jiunli,  or 
l«ff-i. k,r,  tti  two  iMfts  like  the 
ciilwie  ;  A',  tf'^ooiilhl^re.or  knrc- 
Ciinnl ;  A.Millrrct  of  Mn.i1l]ilatcft 
fcltdlnff  une  over  nnothor. 

irenrnillh^rc,  hnrtnit  two  sliding  »j 
A',  tollerel.  with  the  terminal  «pl 
OKruDted. 


Complete  suit  of  I'lnte-Armor, 
now  In  I'iirls.  dale  «l«>»(  14J0  — 
the  eikxh  of  grenlest  ixrfcclinn 
of  defcntiive  arms. 

4.  ^.  nrmet;  /f,  gorget  of  three 
plates  or  si>lints  Nliding  one  over 
the  other,  tnc  towrnnostonc  pn*>.v 
(ng  beneath  the  |il.islr<>n  ;  (".  C, 
]i.iiildr<>nt>,  each  of  Hirer  sliding 
pl;itc'i,  llic  right-hand  paiildron 
Miialler  than  the  left,  .ii\>i  ^^•.  low. 
CM  plutc  rapabic  of  bctiig  lifted 
I<i  allow  Hie  lamrc  lo  be  put  In 
rc-.t ;  /».  adjiijitalilc  l.inrc-Trst ;  /■, 
nhiMron,  or  upper  hart  of  corMr- 
Ict ;  /■',  p.inhltrc,  or  lower  pun  of 
corftclct  (thcM  two  plereti  <.IIdc 
one  ii|K)n  the  other  mi  lli.il  the 
body  ran  brnri  forward,  nnd  the 
arihl^re  l»  vi  ■  nt  iiway  over  the 
ii'H  that  llie  boflycnn  Itcml  hide- 
wlM-i:  (i,  skirt  of  I, ices  or  liiv 
».et*;  //,  other  tusvet'.  f<'fin|(ig 
thik'tii'iiards  Hhr  I.ifgr  |i,«.-s| 
(.pliiit  Koflrntalird  th«- tiiill<-i.  f, 
t'linjileie  brn^^.Tri  In  in. my  fir, 
\tctfcf\\y  arllculaird  iiitd  r<.riiil 
n  conneitcd  •leevc.  (.umixn-ril 
rrrcbrncc,  vrtmbrnte,  iind  >  n 
til-tei  7',grtiintlethrt»lngri'.  t.imr. 
Ici,  biil  secured  to  vmtil.rmr  ..f 
l>r.n(wirti  A'.culshr:  /,J..ml.i  \t. 
illnts  nbnre  the  nmln  knre-giiitrd  ; 
[nt  removable  when  the  wearer  .llfc- 


i:i; 


li 


armorer 

which  were  sewed  rings  or  plates  of  metal,  and  the  leaders 
had  leg-coverings  of  similar  make.  A  century  lat*T  chain- 
mail  was  in  common  use.  The  knights  of  the  time  of 
Richard  I.  of  England  (Coeur  de  Lion,  1189-1199)  wore  a 
long  hauberk  of  chain-mail,  reaching  to  the  knee  or  below, 
with  long  sleeves  closed  at  the  ends  so  as  to  form  gloves, 
and  with  openings  in  the  sides  through  which  the  liands 
could  be  passed,  leaving  the  gloves  hanging  down  from 
the  wTist ;  hose  of  the  same  make,  either  covering  the  feet 
or  worn  with  shoes  of  strong  leather;  or  sometimes  long 
hose  of  leather  laced  or  buckled  like  modern  long  gaiters. 
A  hood,  called  the  caniail,  sometimes  of  chain-mail,  some- 
times of  leather,  covered  the  head  and  descended  to  the 
shoulders,  and  upon  this  rested  the  iron  helmet,  either  of 
conical  form  or  rounded  or  acorn-shaped,  without  vizor, 
pressing  on  the  head  at  its  lower  edge,  where  it  was  often 
secured  to  the  camail.  and  rising  above  the  crown  of  the 
head.  Very  rarely  in  this  reign  a  closed  helmet  was  used, 
as  seen  on  a  seal  of  King  Richard  I.;  helmets  of  this  form 
became  common  early  in  the  reign  of  Henrv  HI.  (121G- 
1-272).  By  the  time  of  Henry  IV.  (1399-1413)  and  his  inva- 
sion of  France  (1411),  the  knight  was  completely  clothed 
in  armor  of  plates,  chain-mail  being  used  at  the  junction 
of  the  limbs  with  the  body,  at  the  elbow-  and  knee-joints, 
and  for  a  hood  covering  the  top  of  the  corselet.  Finally, 
under  Henr>'  VI.  (142-.2-1461),  at  about  the  time  that  tlie 
English  were  driven  out  of  tYance  (1453),  the  suit  of  armor 
reached  its  complete  development,  being  forged  of  thin 
steel  to  fit  the  body  and  limbs,  weighing  not  over  60  or  70 
pounds  in  all,  and  allowing  of  free  movement.  This,  how- 
ever, was  extremely  costly.  The  armor  worn  in  jousts  and 
tournaments  was  very  different  after  the  twelfth  century 
from  that  worn  in  wai',  being  heavier,  and  neither  allowing 
the  knight  to  dismount  without  assistance  nor  affording 
him  adequate  protection  if  dismounted.  For  war,  in  spite 
of  the  general  adoption  of  firearms,  armor,  though  not  in- 
vesting the  whole  body,  continued  to  be  worn  by  officers 
and  mounted  men  until  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, in  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV. 's  reign,  and,  indeed,  snr- 
\ives  to  this  day  in  the  helmets  and  cuirasses  of  certain 
corps  of  cavalry.  (The  cuts  are  from  Viollet-le-Duc's 
'*  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^ais.") 

2.  The  metallic  sheathing,  intended  as  a  pro- 
tection against  projectiles,  for  a  ship  of  war  or 
the  exposed  face  of  a  fortification. —  3.  Figin-a- 
tively,  a  defensive  covering  of  any  kind;  that 
which  serves  as  a  protection  or  safeguard;  a 
bulwark:  used  in  roo/,  and  bot.  of  the  protec- 
tive envelop  or  cover  of  an  animal  or  a  plant, 
as  the  scales  of  a  fish  or  the  plates  of  a  croco- 
dile. 

Tliere  is  no  armor  against  fate.  Shirley. 

In  onespecies  [hornbills]  the  bill  armor  resembles  some- 
what the  great  recurved  horn  of  the  rhinoceros. 

Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LV.  73. 

In  Europe  the  cables  contain  from  five  to  seven  wires, 
each  insulated  with  gutta-percha,  and  the  whole  protected 
with  an  armor  of  iron  wires  or  iron  pipe. 

Greer,  Diet,  of  Electricity,  p.  162. 

4.  In  mafpicti^my  same  as  armature,  fi.  [Rare.] 
"  Mascleh  armor.    See  mascled,—  Submarine  armor, 

a  water-tight  covering  worn  by  a  diver;  a  diving-dress. 
Tho  essential  part  of  the  armor  is  a  metal  helmet,  large 
en"\i;;]i  t<>  permit  free  movement  of  the  head  within,  pro- 
vided with  windows  for  outlook,  and  connected  with  a 
breastplate  wliieh  prevents  any  compression  of  the  lungs. 
Thr  remainder  nf  the  suit  is  of  india-rubber.  Pure  air  is 
pumped  ihrouwh  a  tube  cipcning  into  the  helmet  and  is 
pri'jeeti'd  against  the  windows,  renuiving  the  moisture 
whieh  ( I'udenses  npcui  them  :  it  then  i)cconie8  dilfuscd  and 
is  breathed,  the  impure  air  jiassin^  out  throuuh  a  similar 
tube.  Weights  tireatfuehed  to  the  wiiist,  and  leaden  .'^oles 
to  the  shoes.  A  signal-line  ;ilturds  eomiuunication  with 
attendants  abtive. 

armor,  armour  (iir'mor),  v.  t.  [<  armor,  «.] 
To  cover  with  armor  or  armor-plate. 

The  trees  were  yet  growhig  and  the  iron  unmined  with 
which  a  navy  was  to  be  built  and  armored. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  162. 

armor-bearer  (ar'mor-l)ar^'>r).  lu  In  ancient 
and  feudal  times,  one  wlio  carried  the  armor  or 
weapons  <»f  another. 

armored,  armoured  (iir'mord),  p.  a.  [<  armor 
+  -rr/'-*.]  1.  JO(|iii]»ped  with  arms  or  anuor. — 
2.  Covered  with  armor,  as  a  ship  or  the  face  of 
a  fortitieation;  nrmor-})lated. 

The  "Stonewall"  wa.i  a  ram  with  armored  sides. 

J.  Ji.  So/ei/,  lUockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  221. 

KIhIics  \Cephalnjtpida']  whose  pocullar  armoured  forms 
indieate  a  low  stage  of  organization. 

Claiin,  Zoblogy  (trans.),  p.  177. 

armorer,  armourer  (ilr'mor-er),  ».  [Second 
form  now  tisual  in  Knpland ;  <  ME.  armorer,  ar- 
rnvrer,  armurcr,  <  AK.  armurrr,  OK.  armurirr  (F. 
armurirr),  <  armurr,  armor:  see  armor  aiu!  -er.] 

1.  I'\)rnierly,  a  maker  of  or  an  expert  in  armor: 
henee,  <(ne  wlio  had  tlie  care  of  the  arms  ami 
armor  of  a  knight  or  man-at-arms,  and  equipped 
him  for  action. 

The  ormotirerH,  accomidlshlng  the  knights, 
AVith  buwy  hamnuTH  eli)ntng  rivets  up, 
(live  dreadful  note  of  preparation. 

.sVmA-.,  Hen.  V.,  ly.  (cho-X 

IKdhig  further  past  an  nrmorrr'n, 
Wlm.  with  imek  turn'd,  and  bciw'd  above  bin  work, 
Sat  rivitiuu  a  helmet  -mi  IiIh  knee,     '/''•nut/xon.  (leralnt. 

2.  In  mo(h*rn  UHt%  a  manufacturer  or  eiistodian 
of  tnililnry  arms;  Hpe<'ifi('ally,  one  who  lias  tlio 
Hn|ierviHioii  of  any  coUection  or  equiimient  of 
anus.     The  armorer  »if  n  Hhlp  has  charge  of  the  arms, 


armorer 

and  sees  tliat  they  are  kept  in  ii  condition  fit  for  service.  In 
the  Britisli  iinny  an  anuorur  is  attaclieil  to  eacli  troop  of 
cavalry  ant  I  to  cacli  company  of  infanti-y,  to  clean  the  arms. 

armor-grating  (iir'mor-iTia'ting),  n.  In  mauy 
war-sliips,  especially  iu  ironclads,  one  of  sev- 
eral deep  iron  gratiuj^s  which  are  fitted  around 
the  bottom  of  the  funnel  and  across  its  throat, 
to  protect  the  boilers  and  uptakes  from  shot 
and  shell  during  an  eugagemeut. 

armorial  (ilr-mo'ri-al),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  armo- 
rial; <  armonj'-^  +  -n'L]  I.  a.  Belonging  to  her- 
aldry, or  to  heraldic  bearings. 

Armorial  signs  of  race  and  tiirth.  Wordswitrth. 

Armorial  bearings.    See  ami-,  7. 

He  was  surrounded  by  his  courtiers,  with  their  stately 
retinues,  glittering  in  gorgeous  panoply,  and  proudly  dis- 
playing the  amwrial  bearinfts  of  their  ancient  houses. 

Prescott,  Ford,  and  Isa. ,  i.  15. 

n.  «•  A  book  containing  heraldic  bearings 
and  devices;  a  dictionary  of  the  arms  rightly 
borne  by  the  persons  named  in  it. 

Armoric  (ar-mor'ik),  «.  and  n.  [<  L.  Armorica:, 
pi.,  later  Armorica,  sing.,  said  to  bo  <  Celtic  ar 
(W.  (ir  =  Ii'.  ar  =  Gael,  air),  on,  upon,  -I-  mor 
(W.  mdr  =  Ir.  and  Gael,  miiir),  the  sea,  =  L. 
marc,  sea,  =  E.  mere,  lake :  see  mcre^.~\  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  ancient  Armorica,  the  region  in 
the  western  extremity  of  France  now  called 
Bretagne  or  Brittany.     See  Breton. 

II.  H.  The  language  of  the  inhabitants  of 
lower  Brittany,  one  of  the  Celtic  dialects  which 
have  remained  to  the  present  time.  It  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Cymric  group,  of  which  the  closely  allied  Welsh 
is  the  only  other  living  member. 

Armoricau   (ar-mor'i-kan),   a.    and   n.     I,  a. 
Same  as  Armoric. 
II.  H.  A  native  of  Aimorica  or  Brittany. 

armoried  (ar'mor-id),  (1.  [<  armory'^  -t-  -ed".'] 
Decked  with  armorial  bearings. 

armorist  (ar'mor-ist),  w.  [<  P.  armoriste,  <  ar- 
moiricn,  coat  ol  arms:  see  armorifi  and  -ist.'\ 
One  skilled  iu  armory  or  heraldic  arms. 

armor-plate  (ar'mgr-plat),  n.  A  metallic  plate, 
usually  of  iron  or  steel,  intended  to  be  attached 
to  the  side  of  a  ship  or  the  outer  wall  of  a  fort, 
with  the  view  of  rendering  it  shot-proof.  A  pro- 
tection of  iron  for  ships  was  pi-oposed  in  the  early  part  of 
the  present  century,  hut  the  tlrst  practical  application  of 
it  was  probably  to  the  French  floating  batteries  used  in 
tile  Crimean  war.  The  success  of  these  led  the  French  to 
construct  "  La  Gloire,"  the  tlrst  of  the  so-called  ironclads, 
completed  in  1861.  This  vessel,  which  had  4-inch  wrought- 
n"on  plates  over  a  backing  of  about  3  feet  in  thickness, 
was  speedily  followed  in  1861  by  the  "  Warrior  "  and  other 
shins  of  the  same  class  built  by  the  British  government, 
with  4V-inch  plates  over  18  inches  of  teak  backing.  Both 
the  thickness  and  the  resisting  power  of  the  armor  have 
been  increased  as  more  powerful  ordnance  has  been  in- 
vented. So-called  "compound  armor-plates"  were  early 
adopted,  consisting  of  a  hard  steel  face  welded  upon  a 
soft  ii'on  hack.  This  proving  to  be  too  brittle,  better  re- 
sults were  obtained  by  oil-tempering  the  face  of  a  homo- 
geneous steel  plate.  The  most  notable  advances,  bow- 
ever,  in  the  manufacture  of  armor-plate  have  been  due  to 
the  use  of  nickel-steel,  and  the  invention  of  the  process 
of  face-hardening  known  as  harveyizintj  (which  see).  Upon 
the  latter  various  improvements  have  been  made.  In  re- 
cent foreign  sliips  the  maximum  thickness  of  armor-plate 
is  about  IS  inches.  In  the  United  States  navy  the  maxi- 
mum thickness  varies  in  the  monitors  from  10  to  18  inches, 
undiu  the  latest  battle-ships  (as  tile  "Kearsarge,"18!J8)itis 
17  inches.  See  iroiiclml. — Armor-plate  cradle,  a  <levice 
used  for  Ijending  armor-plate.  It  is  placed  near  the  fur- 
nace, and  the  plate  is  laid  within  it  while  hot.  The  bed  is 
formed  by  numerous  cross-bars  of  iron,so  placed  that  their 
upper  edges  correspond  to  the  curve  desired  in  the  fin- 
ished plate.  Bars  are  similarly  placed  above  the  plate, 
and  the  bending  is  effected  by  driving  wedges  between 
tlie  upper  bars  and  the  upper  surface  of  the  plate,  which 
is  thus  forced  down  upon  the  bed-bars. 

armor-plated  (ar'mor-pla"ted),  a.  Covered  or 
protected  by  iron  plates,  as  a  vessel  for  naval 
warfare ;  iron-clad. 

armor-shelf  (ar'mor-shelf),  n.  An  iron  shelf 
or  ledge  projecting  from  the  sides  of  an  armored 
war-vessel,  and  forming  a  support  upon  which 
the  armor-plate  and  armor-backing  rest. 

armory^  (ar'mor-i),  n. ;  pi.  armories  (-iz).  [In 
England  usually  spelled  armoury  ;  early  mod. 
E.  armory,  armoury,  armery,  sometimes  oc»ftjn/, 
<  ME.  arm.orye,  armerie,  armurie,  <  armurc,  ar- 
mor (see  armor  and  -_;/),  but  practically  equiv. 
to  and  later  often  written  as  if  arm  +  -ery,  a 
place  for  arms,  arms  collectively :  see  arm"  and 
-ery.  Cf.  OF.  armeurerie,  armoirie,  mod.  F. 
armurerie,  an  armory,  arsenal.  The  word  has 
been  confused  to  some  extent  with  armory'^.'\ 
1.  Arms  or  armor  collectively ;  a  collection  of 
arms  or  armor. 

Blue-eyed  maid,  thy  spear ; 
Thy  club,  Alcides  :  all  the  armoury 
Of  heaven  is  too  little  !         B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  iv.  5. 
Celestial  armoury,  shields,  helms,  and  spears. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  650. 

_Wliat  a  range  of  abstract  thought,  what  an  armory  of 

dialectic  weapons, .  .  .  dotheepistlesof  the  learned  Paul 

exhibit !  S.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  227. 


315 

2.  A  place  where  arms  and  instruments  of 
war  are  kept.  In  the  United  States  the  State  militia 
are  usually  provided  witli  armories,  which  include  also  of- 
flces,  drill-rooms,  etc. 

3.  A  place  where  arms  and  armor  are  made ; 
an  armorer's  shop;  an  arsenal.  [U.  S.] — 4. 
The  craft  of  an  armorer. 

armory-  (iir'mor-i),  h.  ;  pi.  armories  {-vi).  [In 
England  usually  spelledacmoMr)^;  early  mod.  E. 
armory,  armoury,  armery,  <  late  ME.  armorye, 
aniKiirie,  <  OF.  armoirie,  armoierie,  in  pi.  ar- 
moiriis,  arras,  cognizances,  scutcheons,  <  ar- 
iiioier,  armoyer,  armoicor,  armoircr,  one  who 
blazons  arms,  <  armoicr,  armoyer  (mod.  F.  ar- 
morier  =  It.  armeggiare),  blazon  anns,  <  armes, 
arms  :  see  or«!2.  Ci.  armory^ .']  1.  The  science 
of  blazoning  arms ;  the  knowledge  of  coat- 
armor  ;  heraltb'y. —  2.  An  armorial  ensign ;  a 
crest  or  heraldic  emblem;  arms. 

Henry  VII.  united,  by  the  ntarriage  of  Elizabeth  of 
York,  the  white  rose  and  the  red,  the  armories  of  two 
very  powerful  families. 

Sir  H.  Wotton,  Panegyric  of  Charles  I. 

3t.  Ensigns  of  war;  colors. 

armory^t,  «.  [After  armory'^  and  F.  armoire 
(see  armoire),  ult.  <  L.  armarium,  whence  indi- 
rectly ambry  aud  directly  armary :  see  ambry 
and  armary,  and  cf.  armory^.~i  A  cupboard; 
an  ambry. 

armosiet,  "■     A  variant  of  armozeen. 

armour,  armoured,  etc.    See  armor,  etc. 

armozeen,  armozine  (ar-mo-zen'),  ».  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  armazine,  armesine,  <  OF.  arme- 
sin,  F.  armoisin  =  It.  ermesino,  <  ML.  ermesi- 
nus;  origin  unknown.]  A  kind  of  taffeta  or 
plain  silk,  used  for  women's  and  also  for  men's 
wear  in  the  eighteenth  centmy  and  earlier. 

armpit  (arm'pit),  11.  [<  ME.  armepytt ;  <  arm'i- 
+  jnt^.']  The  hollow  place  or  cavity  under  the 
shoulder ;  the  axilla. 

arm-rack  (arm'rak),  n.  A  frame  or  fitting  for 
the  stowage  of  arms. 

arm-rest  (arm'rest),  n.  Something  designed 
as  a  rest  for  the  arm ;  specifically,  that  portion 
of  a  choir-stall  which  is  designed  to  support  the 
arms  of  the  occupant  when  he  is  in  either  a 
leaning  or  a  standing  posture ;  also,  the  carved 
end  of  a  bench,  as  in  a  church-pew. 

arm-saw  (arm'sa),  n.  Same  as  hand-saw.  See 
saw. 

arm-scye  (arm'si),  n.     Same  as  scye. 

arm's-endt  (armz'end),  M.  The  end  of  the  arm; 
a  good  distance  off.     Dryden. 

arm's-length  (ilrmz'length),  n.  A  space  equal 
to  the  length  of  the  arm To  keep  at  arm's- 
length,  figuratively,  to  keep  off  or  at  a  distance  ;  not  to 
allow  to  come  into  close  contact  or  familiarity.  —  TO  WOrk 
at  arm's-length,  to  work  disadvantageously  or  awk- 
wardly. 

arm-sling  (arm'sling),  n.  A  sling  of  linen  or 
other  fabric  for  supporting  the  forearm  when 
fractured  or  otherwise  injm-ed. 

arm-span  (arm'span),  H.     The  span  or  reach  of 
one's  arm ;  an  arm's-length. 
Not  too  wide  for  the  armspan  of  the  silverer. 

Workshop  IteceijHs,  I.  313. 

arm's-reach  (armz'reeh)^  n.  The  reach  of  the 
arm;  the  distance  to  which  the  arm  can  reach: 
as,  to  be  within  arm's-reack. 

armstrong  (iiim' strong),  n.  [<  (irml  +  strong.'] 
A  local  English  name  of  the  common  knot^ 
grass,  Pohjgoinim  aviculare. 

Armstrong  gun.    See  gun. 

arm-sweep  (iirm'swep),  ».  The  length  of  reach 
or  sweep  of  an  arm.     Browning.     [Poetical.] 

armulett  (Sr'mu-let),  «.  A  form  of  armillet  or 
of  armlet.     [Rare.] 

armure  (iir'mur),  n.  It.  The  regular  Middle 
English  form  of  armor.  Chaucer.— 2.  A  woolen 
or  silk  fabric  woven  with  a  surface-ridge  form- 
ing a  small  pattern,  as  a  diamond,  etc. 

armyl  (iir'mi),  ff.  l<arm^,n.,  +  -y^.]  Consist- 
ing of  or  abounding  in  arms  or  branches; 
branching;  spreading.     [Rare.] 

Though  large  the  forest's  numarch  throws 

His  army  shade.  Burns. 

army-  (iir'mi),  «. ;  pi.  armies  (-miz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  armie,  <  ME.  armye,  armeye, 
armee,  <  OF.  armee,  mod.  F.  armde  =  Sp.  Pg. 
armada  =  It.  armata,  <  ML.  armata,  an  armed 
force,  army,  prop.  fem.  of  L.  armatus,  pp.  of 
armare,  arm,  <  arma,  arms:  see  arm^,  and  cf. 
armada,  armata,  doublets  of  army.]  If.  An 
armed  expedition. 

In  the  Crete  See 
At  many  a  noble  armee  hadde  he  be. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  59. 

3.  A  large  body  of  men  trained  and  armed  for 
war,  and  organized  in  companies,  battalions. 


arnee 

regiments,  brigades,  or  similar  divisions,  under 
proper  officers.  In  general,  an  anny  in  modern  times 
consists  of  infantry  and  cavah-y,  with  artillery,  although 
tile  union  of  the  three  is  not  essential  to  its  constituti'ln, 
the  two  latter  being  adjuncts  to  the  infantry.  Armies  are 
designated,  acccjrding  to  their  oltjects,  duties,  field  of  oper- 
ations, etc.,  as  oJ/'ensiiK  or  itej'etisive,  coveriny,  btockadiuy, 
besifyintj,  staiidiny  or  rcr/ular,  army  of  obstruction,  army  of 
observation,  army  of  invasitm,  army  rjf  occupation,  army  of 
reserve,  etc.  The  forces  employed  in  the  large  war-fleets 
of  former  times  were  called  naval  armies. 

The  essential  characteristics  of  an  army,  by  which  it  is 
distinguished  from  other  assemblages  of  armed  men,  are 
its  national  character  —  that  is,  its  representing  more  or 
less  the  will  and  the  power  of  the  nation  or  its  rulei-s  — 
aud  its  organization.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  559, 

3.  A  great  number ;  a  vast  multitude. 

The  locust,  .  .  .  the  cankerworm,  and  the  caterpillar, 
and  the  pahuerworra,  ray  gr(»t  army  which  I  sent  among 
you.  Joel  ii.  25. 

The  noble  army  of  martyrs.      Book  of  Cotnmon  Prayer. 

Army  Acts,  a  series  of  English  statutes  passed  each  year 
to  provide  for  the  army.— Army  Regulations,  the  title  of 
a  work  issued  by  the  United  .States  government,  containing 
the  acts  of  Congress  and  the  rules  of  the  commander-in- 
chief  for  the  management  of  the  army  both  in  peace  and 
in  war.— Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  See  niiublic. 
—  Salvation  Army,  s.-.-  .«i/r,((/,„i.- standing  army, 
a  jfcrmaMcTitly  organized  ndlitary  force  kept  up  by  a 
country. 

army-cloth  (ar'mi-kloth),  )i.  Cloth  from  which 
soldiers'  uniforms  are  made. 

army-corps  (ar'mi-kor),  «.  [<.  army"^  ■¥  corps ; 
a  translation  of  F.  corps  d'artnee.]  A  corps 
which  is  made  up  of  several  divisions,  and  em- 
braces every  arm  of  the  service,  thus  forming 
an  army  complete  in  itself,  and  placed  tmder 
the  command  of  a  general  officer  of  higher  rank 
than  a  divisional  officer.  In  the  British  army 
three  divisions  make  an  army-corps.  Some- 
times abbreviated  A.  C.     See  division. 

army-list  (ar'mi-list),  n.  1.  An  English  pub- 
lication (as  title,  Army  List),  issued  periodi-* 
cally,  containing  a  list  of  the  officers  in  the 
army,  the  stations  of  regiments,  etc.  In  the 
United  States  there  is  a  similar  list,  called  the 
Army  Begister. — 2.  Figuratively,  the  officers 
whose  names  are  recorded  in  the  list. 

They  ride  and  walk  with  half  the  army-list,  ...  and  yet 
the  Miss  O'Cftadys  are  Miss  O'Gradys  still. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xliii. 

army-worm  (iir'mi-werm),  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  larva  of  Leucania  imipuncta  (Hams)  on. 
account  of  the  immense  numbers  iu  which  it 


Army-worm  {Leucania  unipuncta),  about  natural  size. 

a,  male  moth;  b,  abdomen  of  female;  c,  eye;  d,  pupa;  t,  caters 
pillar. 

sometimes  marches  over  a  country,  completely 
stripping  it  of  all  the  grasses  and  young  grain 
in  its  way.  it  undergoes  tl-ansformation  in  the  ground. 
The  parent  moth  has  a  conspicuous  white  dot  on  the  disk 
of  the  front  wings. 

am  (am),  n.  [Sc,  perhaps  a  reduction  of 
allern,  aldern,  of  alder ;  or  else  of  Gael,  fearn, 
alder,  =  Ir.  fearn,  alder,  =  W.  gwern,  alder- 
trees.]     The  alder,  Almis  glutinosa. 

arna  (ar'uil),  «.  [Hind,  arnd,  fem.  ami.]  A 
name  of  tlie  wild  Indian  buffalo.  Bos  btibaliis 
or  Bubalus  ami,  notable  for  its  size  and  the 
length  of  its  horns.     Also  arnee,  ami. 

arnatto  (iir-nat'o),  n.     Same  as  arnotto. 

Arnaut  (iir-nouf),  «.  [i^Jso  as  F.,  Arnaout  = 
G.  Arnaut  =  Serv.  Arnaut.  Arnautin,  Bulg.  Ar- 
nautin,  <  Tirrk.  Arnaut,  <  NGr.  'Apvai3ir?ic,  trans- 
posed from  'Ap3aviT//r  for  "A^fiavinK,  <  ML. 
Albantis,  an  Albanian,  -I-  -In/r,  E.  -ite".]  A  na- 
tive of  Albania ;  an  Albanian. 

arnee,  arni  (iir'ne),  n.    Same  as  arna. 


arnica 

arnica  (ar'ni-ka),  n.  pTL.,  origin  unknown; 
perhaps  a  perversion  of  Ptarmica,  q.  v.]  1. 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Arnica.— 2.  [<•«;).]  A 
genus  of  perennial  herbs,  natural  order  Com- 
jiosiUe,  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  and 


Mountain-tobacco  {Arnica  mcntanay. 

arctic  zones,  with  showy  yellow  flowers  and 
opposite  leaves.  The  most  important  species,  A.  mon- 
tana,  the  mountain-tobacco  of  central  Europe,  has  long 
t)een  a  popular  remedy  in  Germany.  A.  alpitta  is  found 
in  hiKh  northern  regions  in  all  parts  of  the  world ;  one 
species  Ls  peculiar  to  the  -\tlantic  States,  and  a  dozen 
others  are  natives  of  western  North  America. 

3.  A  tincture  of  the  roots  or  flowers-of  A.  inon- 
tana,  much  Jised  as  an  e.xternal  application  in 
wounds  and  bruises,  and  internally  as  a  stimu- 
lant in  debilitated  states.  , 

amicin,  arnicine  (iir'ni-sin),  n.  [<  arnica  + 
-in-.]  An  acrid  bitter  principle  in  the  flowers 
and  roots  of  Arnica  monUina. 

Amoldist  (ar'nold-ist),  n.  [<  Arnold  +  -ist.'] 
A  disciple  of  Arnold  of  Brescia,  who  in  Italy  in 
the  twelfth  century  preached  against  the  am- 
bition and  luxury  of  ecclesiastics,  not  sparing 
the  pope  himself.  He  maintained  the  suhonlination 
of  the  ecck'siaatieal  to  the  temporal  power,  and  proclaimed 
the  necessity  of  both  a  cinl  and  an  ecclcsia-stical  revolu- 
tion In  1140  he  put  himself  at  the  head  of  a  temponirily 
sQccessful  insurrection  against  the  temporal  power  of  the 
jx,pc.     He  wa.«  put  to  death  in  1155. 

Arnold's  ganglion,  nerve.    See  the  nouns. 

amot,  arnott,  «.     See  arnut. 

amotto  (ur-not'6),  «.  [In  various  other  forms, 
(irnallo,  anatto,  anotto,  anotta,  annatto,  annotto, 
annotta  ;  prob.  a  native  Amer.  name.]    1.  Bixa 


Arnottr,  t  fiijra  Ortllalta). 

' '  '  •  ,  natural  ordiT  Ilifactm,  a 

■  t-rica.     It  to  cxtretnily  c'lnirnon 
-   o(  the  Wial    Indiiii,  mid    hlU 

d  rcKlon.  r,t  ih.i.ld  ».,ilil. 
--'  r  iiiutt.r  '.lit iiiii,  il   fr^iTn 

'■   ■  ■  I  '  I  uilb 

.....  ..h..'l 

!'■  *••"•'    • in- .] ,.,  -I  .  ,  uriNiiitMii  \     I  I'lUn  .  Ki'l  ninde 

Dp  In  nilta  or  (ohlwl  In  Iravea,  or  drli<l  itlll  mom  and 


316 

made  into  cakes.   It  is  employed  as  a  dye  for  silken,  woolen, 
or  cotton  stulfs,  as  an  auxiliary  in  giving  a  deeper  shade 
to  simple  yellows,  and  also  as  a  coloring  ingredient  for  but- 
ter, cheese,  and  chocolate,  and  for  varnishes  and  lacquers. 
amut,  amot   (ar'nut,  -not),  H.      [E.  dial.,  = 
eartlmut,  q.  v.     Cf.  arling  for  earthUng.'l     The 
earthnut  (which  see).     .Also  spellea  arnott. 
aroeira  (ar-o-a'ra),   n.      [Braz.]     The   native 
name  of  a  small  auacardiaceous  tree  of  Brazil, 
Schinusterehinthifulius.  the  resin  obtained  from 
which,  and  also  the  bark  and  leaves,  are  used  as 
a  remedy  for  rheumatism  and  other  complaints. 
aroid  (ar'oid),  n.    [<  Arum  +  -oid.']   One  of  the 
Aroidea^  or  Arac^w. 
Axoidese  (a-roi'de-e),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Arum  + 
-oiiha:]     Same  as  Aracew. 

aroint,  aroynt  (a-roinf),  v.  [Found  onl"in  the 
expression  ''Aroint  thee,  witch!"  in  two  pas- 
sages of  Shakspere,  and  in  modern  imitations, 
beingprob.  Shakspere's  own  adaptation  {aroijn  t, 
after  around  (see  below),  or  with  an  unoriginal 
introductory  syllable  due  perhaps  to  forcible 
utterance,  or  perhaps  merely  metrical,  for 
*ro>jnt,  ri/nt,  the  tliphthong  oy,  oi  being  then 
and  still  dial,  often  equiv.  to  )/,  i)  of  an  E.  dial. 
(Cheshire)  proverb,  '"Sijnt  you,  witch,'  quoth 
Bessie  Locket  to  her  mother,"  so  recorded  by 
Ray  in  1693,  but  prob.  in  use  in  Shakspere's 
time.  (If  original  with  him,  it  could  not  liave 
passed  into  popular  speech  so  early  as  1693.) 
The  proverb,  which  bears  the  marks  of  local 
origin,  from  some  incident  long  forgotten,  con- 
tains a  particular  use  of  the  same  verb  that 
occiu's  in  E.  dial,  ryntye  (given  by  Eay  in  con- 
nection with  the  proverb),  ryndta  (Thoresby, 
1703).  rynt  thee,  an  expression  "  used  by  milk- 
maids in  Cheshire  to  a  cow  when  she  has  been 
milked,  to  bid  her  get  out  of  the  way"  (Clark 
and  Wright,  ed.  Shak.,1.  e.,note),  that  is,  round 
ye,  round  thee,  move  round,  turn  about;  rynd. 
rynt,  being  a  dial,  form  of  round:  see  round".'\ 
I.  intrans.  An  interjeetional imperative,  equiv- 
alent, in  the  passages  quoted,  to  avauntJ  be- 
gone !    See  etymology. 

"*lroi"H(  thee,  witch!"  the  rump-fed  ronyon  cries. 

Shak.,  .Macbeth,  i.  3. 
He  met  the  night-mare  and  her  nine. fold ; 
Bid  her  ."ilight. 
And  her  troth  plight. 
And  aroint  thee,  witch,  aroint  thee  I 

Sfiak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 
H.  trans.  To  say  "aroint"  to;  bid  begone. 
Wliiskered  cats,  arointed,  llee. 

Mrs.  Browning,  To  Flush,  xviii. 
.That  Humbug,  whom  thy  siml  jf^oint/i. 

liroxminij.  Two  Poets. 

arolium  (a-ro'li-um),  n. ;  pi.  aroUa  (-ii).  [NL.] 
An  appendage  of  the  tarsus  of  some  insects,  as 
the  2'richoptera,  or  caddis-flies. 

A  short  cushion  [plautula]  and  two  membranous  arolia. 
I'ascov,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  120. 

arolla  (a-rol'il),  n.  The  Swiss  stone-pine,  I'inus 
Ccmbra. 

aroma  (a-ro'mii),  H. ;  pi.  aromas  (-maz),  some- 
times aroniatd  (-ma-tii).  [Early  mod.  E.  aro- 
matc,  <  ME.  uromai',  <  OF.  aromat,  mod.  F.  aro- 
matc;  mod.  E.  directly  <  L.  aroma,  <  Gr.  a/iuim 
(apu/iar-),  any  spice  or  sweet  herb;  perliajisorig. 
the  smell  of  a  plowed  Held,  and  so  identical  willi 
ipufia,  a  j)]owed  field,  arable  land,  <  Ufukn;  jilow, 
=  Ij.  ararc,  i)low:  see  arable.^  If.  Spice: 
usually  in  tlie  plural,  spices,  y.  E.  I). —  2.  An 
odor  arising  from  spices,  jilauts,  or  other  sub- 
stances, more  especially  an  agi'eeable  odor; 
fragrance ;  spicy  perf un\e. 

The  air  had  the  true  iinrtluTn  arotna. 

It.  'I'lifitiir,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  '27(i. 
3.    Figurativi'ly,   a   cluinicteristic  but  subtle 
qualify;  u  iJCrvusive  cliaiin  or  flavor. 
The  subtle  aroma  of  genius.  Sttturday  Itrr. 

A  linppy  Hurprfsu  awaits  those  whocoint;  totho  study  of 
the  early  literature  of  New  Kngliind  with  the  expectation 
of  Ilnding  it  altogether  arid  In  K<'ntlnn'nt,  or  void  of  the 
spirit  and  aroma  of  poetrv. 

M.  V.  Tiller,  Hist.  Amer.  I.lt.,  I.  204. 
=  Syn.  2.  I'rr/iiiiir,  Frarfranrr,  i_'le.     .St* e  nmW/,  n. 

aromatic  (ar-o-mat'ik),  a.  and  ii.  [Earlv  mod. 
K.  ar(nnalirk,'-y<iuc,  <  ME.  aromatyk,  <  oV.  arn- 
maliqne,  <  lAj.  arnm(iticu.i,  <  Or.  apu/iaTihof,  < 
ilKj/ia,  Kpicu,  sweet  lierb:   see  aromd."]     I,   a, 

1.  UiviuK  out   an   aroma;    franrant;   hwccI- 
Hcented;  odoriforouH;  of  spicy  flavor. 

ilTonl  blueberry  biiHlii-N  hanging  llitrk  with  nilNty  Idne 
spliereH,  aromatic  and  nweet  wllh  a  Hweetru-M  no  tropic 
sunn  cjin  give.    Jt.  T.  Cooler,  Honieliody'H  Nelghbiim,  j).  21*1. 

2.  CatiHcd  by  an  aroma  or  fragrant  odor. 

Die  of  a  rose  In  arooiatir.  pain. 

/'.i;ir,  Kdi.ay'on  Man,  1.  200. 

3.  In  rhrm.,  on  opitliot  fortiiorly  applied  to  a 
small  group  of  organic  bodies,  of  vegetable 


around 

origin,  which  had  an  aromatic  smell  and  taste; 
now  applied  to  all  those  compounds  which  are 
derived  from  the  hydrocarbon  l)enzene,  Cgllg. 
They  are  distinguished  from  those  of  the  fatty  series  liy 
not  being  derived  from  methane,  t'H4,  and  by  thefactlbrit 
hydrogen  in  the  aromatic  bydr<^carbons  is  easily  directly 
replaced  by  another  univalent  eletnetit  or  radical,  while 
in  compounds  of  the  fatty  series  it  is  not.  They  getierally 
contain  more  carbuti,  also,  thati  the  compoutids  of  the 
fatty  series.— Aromatic  vinegar,  a  volatile  atid  power- 
ful perfume  made  by  adding  the  essential  oils  of  lavender, 
cloves,  etc.,  and  often  camphor,  to  strong  acetic  acid.  It 
is  an  excitant  in  fainting,  languor,  atid  headache. 

II.  n.  A  plant,  drug,  or  medicine  which 
yields  a  fragrant  smell,  as  sage,  certain  spices 
and  oils,  etc. 

aromatical  (ar-o-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  aro- 
matic. 

aromatically  (ar-o-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  With  an 
aromatic  or  agreeable  odor  or  taste ;  fragrantly. 

aromatite  (a-ro'ma-tit),  n.  [<  L.  aromatitcs,  a 
precious  stone  of  the  smell  and  color  of  mjTrh, 
aromatic  wine,  <  Gr.  apui,uaTir)/c,  aromatic,  < 
apufta,  spice:  see  aroma.'\  1.  A  bitiuuinous 
stone,  in  smell  and  color  resembling  m}^Th. —  2. 
A  factitious  mne,  containing  various  aromaties. 

aromatization  (a-ro  "ma-ti-za'shon),  H.  [<  aro- 
matize +  -ation.'l  The  act  of  rendering  aro- 
matic; aromatic  flavoring. 

aromatize  (a-ro'ma-tiz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
aromati~ed,  ppr.  aromatizing.  [<  late  ME.  aro- 
matysen,  <  OF.  aromatiser,  <  LL.  aromatisarc,  < 
Gr.  apufiaTiCEiv,  spice,  <  apuiia,  spice,  sweet 
herb:  see  «ra»ia.]  To  render  aromatic  or  fra- 
grant; give  a  spicy  flavor  to;  perfume. 

aromatizer  (a-io'ma-ti-zer),   n.     One  who  or 
that  which  aromatizes ;  that  which  communi- 
cates an  aromatic  quality. 
A  romatizcrs  to  enrich  our  sallets.    Evelyn,  Acetaria,  vi. 

aromatous  (a-ro'ma-tus),  a.  [<  aroma{t-)  + 
-ous.]  Containing  an  aromatic  principle ;  aro- 
matic 

Aromochelyina  (ar-o-mok'e-li-i'na),  ?i.  ji^ 
[NL.,  <  Aromochelys  +  -ina."]"  A  subfamily  of 
tm-tles  (the  stinkpots),  typified  by  the  genus 
Aromochelys,  referred  by  Gray  to  his  family  Che- 
lydradcc.  They  have  a  cruciform  plastron  of  11 
shields,  of  which  the  gular  pair  is  united  and 
linear.  A.  odorata  is  the  common  stinkpot  of 
the  United  States. 

Aromochelys  (ar-o-mok'e-lis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(ipi,)fia,  in  mod.  sense  '  sweet  smell,'  -I-  ^'''^'T,  a 
tortoise.]  A  genus  of  terrapins,  inclutjing  the 
stinkpot  of  North  America,  A.  odorata,  typical 
of  the  subfamily  Aromochelyina. 

arondie,  arondy,  a.     Variants  of  arrondi. 

Aronhold's  theorems.    Hee  theorem. 

aroomt,  prep.  plir.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME.  aroum, 
a  ruume,  on  rum:  a,  on,  E.  a^,  to  or  at;  roum, 
rum,  space,  E.  room :  see  n3  and  room.']  To  or 
at  a  distance ;  abroad ;  apart. 

I  aroume  was  in  the  felde. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  G40l 

aroph  (ar'of),  n.  [Said  to  be  <  ML.  aro{mn) 
j>h(ilosophorum),  aroma  of  the  philosophers.] 
1.  A  name  formerly  given  to  saffron. — 2.  A 
chemical  preparation  concocted  by  Paracelsus, 
used  as  a  remedy  for  urinary  calculus. 

arose  (a-roz').     Preterit  of  arise. 

a  rotelle  (ii  ro-tel'le).  [It. :  a  (<  L.  ad),  to, 
Willi;  rati  lie,  \\\.  oi  rotrlla,  a  small  wheel,  disk, 
dim.  of  rota,  a  wheel:  see  rota.]  With  disks, 
rdtiiiilels.  iir  rosettes:  used  in  works  on  decora- 
five  art  in  describing  ob.jects  so  ornaitteiited: 
lis,  "  an  amphora  wit  h  handles  a  rotelle  "  ( Uirch), 
fliat  is,  hiiviug  handles  which,  rising  above  fho 
lip  of  the  vase,  form  a  circular  ornament,  often 
Hlleil  with  fi  mask. 

around  (ii-round'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  prep. 
[ME.  ariinnd,  aronde.  a  round;  <  a'^  +  round-, 
n.     Ileiice  by  apheresis  rountl'^,  ailv.  and  j>rep.] 

1.  adv.  1.  In  a  circle  or  sphere;  roundabout; 
ort every  side:  as,  a  dense  mist  lay  arounil. 

The  gods  of  greater  tiatliinsilwell  around, 
And  on  the  tight  and  b-tl  the  palace  botitid. 

Driiilcii,  Ir.  iinivid's  -Mclatnorph.,  I.  22.1. 
Atid  naught  above,  Im-Iow,  arounil. 
Of  life  or  death,  id  sight  or  sound. 

Whitticr,  New-lCtiglanil  Legend. 

2.  From  place  to  place;  liere  and  there;  about: 
as,  to  travel  around  from  city  to  city.  [U.  H.] 
— 3.  About;  near:  as,  ho  waited  around  till 
the  figlil  was  over.     [U.  S.l 

II.  prep.  1.  About;  on  all  sides;  encircling; 
encoiiijiiissing. 

A  hiinbenl  flnmo  arose,  which  gently  spread 
Arouiul  his  brows.  I)r)i(len,  yl^^nufd. 

Arooiul  us  ever  lies  the  enchanted  land. 
In  marvels  rich  to  thine  own  hoiih  displayed. 

Jonca  Very,  roeiim,  p.  62. 


around 

2.  From  place  to  place;  at  random;  as,  to  roam 

around  the  country.     [U.  S.] 
aroura,  «.     See  arura. 
arousal  (a-rou'zal),  11.     [<  arouse  +  -al.'}     The 

act  of  arousing  or  awakening;;  the  state  of  being 

arouseil  or  awakened. 
The  arousal  and  activity  of  our  better  nature.       Uare. 
Co^'Mitiuii  of  tiiLSe  relations  [between  the  organism  and 

some  iio.vinus  agent]  will  determine  the  aroiuial  of  some 

antagonistic  feelinj.'.  Mind,  IX.  342. 

arouse  (a-rouz'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  aroused, 
ppr.  arousing.  [<  a-1  4-  rouse'^,  after  arise,  rise, 
etc.]  To  excite  into  action ;  stir  or  put  in  mo- 
tion or  exertion ;  awaken :  as,  to  arouse  atten- 
tion; to  arouse  one  from  sleep;  to  arouse  dor- 
xnant  faculties. 

Crying  with  full  voice, 
"Traitor,  come  out,  ye  are  trapt  at  last,"  aroused 
Lancelot.  Tennymn,  Guinevere. 

They  [the  women  of  Goethe]  satisfy  for  the  present,  yet 
arouse  an  infinite  expectation. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  129. 
=  Syil.  To  rouse,  wake  up,  awaken,  animate,  incite,  stimu- 
late, kindle,  warm, 
arouse  (a-rouz'),  H.     [<.  arouse,  v."]     The  act  of 

arousing;  an  alarm.     [Rare.]     N.  E.  D. 
arouser  (a-rou'zor),  11.     One  who  or  that  which 

arouses. 
arow  (a-ro'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [ME.  arowe, 
a-rowe,  o  rowe,  arawe  (early  mod.  E.  also  aretv, 
<  ME.  arewe,  areawe) ;  <  fl3  +  row".']    In  a  row ; 
one  after  the  other. 

Her  teeth  arew, 
And  all  her  bones  might  tlirough  her  cheekes  be  red. 

Speruier,  F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  29. 
And  twenty,  rank  in  rank,  they  rode  arowe. 

l>ryden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  249. 
arpeggiation  (ar-pej-i-a'shon),  «.     Playing  in 

arpeggios. 
arpeggio  (ar-pej'o),  n.  [It.,  lit.  harping,  <  ar- 
peggiare,  play  on  the  harp,  <  arpa,  harp,  <  ML. 
arpa,  also  liarpa,  harp:  see  harp.]  1.  The 
sounding  of  the  notes  of  an  instrumental  chord 
in  rapid  succession,  either  upward  or  (rarely) 
downward,  as  in  harp-playing,  instead  of  si- 
multaneously.—  2.  A  chord  thus  sounded;  a 
broken  chord. 

Played 


Sometimes  written  harpet/gio. 

arpent  (ar'pen),  n.    Same  as  arpent. 

arpennusf  (ar-pen'us),  u. ;  pi.  arpenni  (-i). 
[SiL.,  also  arpennum,  -a,  -is,  etc.:  see  arpent.'] 
Same  as  arpent.     Bouvier. 

■arpent  (ar'peut;  F.  pron.  ar-pon'),  n.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  arpen,  arpine ;  <  F.  arpent  =  Pr. 
arpen,  aripin  =  Sp.  arapende,  <  ML.  arpennus, 
arpenna,  arpendus,  arpendium,  etc.,  <  LL.  ara- 
pennis,  L.  arepennis,  a  word  of  Celtic  origin. 
Columella  (5,  1,  6)  says:  "Galli  .  .  .  semi- 
jugerum  quoque  arepcnncni  vocant."  The  senii- 
jugerum  was  equal  to  14,400  square  feet.]  An 
old  French  measure  for  land.  By  a  royal  edict  of 
1660.  it  must  contain  100  perches  of  22  feet  each  (linearly), 
or  48,400  square  feet.  This  was  called  the  arpent  royal, 
arpent  d'ordonnanee,  or  arpent  des  eaux  et  forets.  The 
common  arpent  had  40,000  square  feet,  the  arpent  of  Paris 
32,400,  these  being  based  on  perches  of  20  and  18  feet.  The 
following  are  the  areas  in  ares:  arpent  of  Paris,  34.1S87; 
common  arpent,  42.2083;  royal  arpent,  51.0720;  English 
acre,  40.4678.  The  arpent  is  still  used  in  Louisiana,  and 
in  the  province  of  Quebec.    Formerly  also  arpen,  arpine. 

If  he  be  master 
Of  poor  ten  arpincs  of  land  forty  hours  longer, 
Let  the  world  repute  me  an  honest  woman. 

Webster,  Devil's  Law-Case,  iii.  3. 

arpentatort  (ar'pen-ta-tor),  «.  [NL.,  <  ML.  ar- 
jicnluni,  one  of  the  numerous  variants  of  L.  are- 
pennis: see  arpent]  A  measurer  or  surveyor 
of  land.     Bouvier. 

arpinet  (iir'piu),  n.     Same  as  arpent. 

arquata  (iir-kwa'ta),  n.  [NL.,  prop,  arcuaia, 
ftm.  of  L.  arcuatus:  see  arcuate.]  Aji  old  name 
of  the  curlew,  Numcnius  arquatus,  from  its  long 
arcuate  bill.     Also  written  arcuata. 

arquated  (iir'kwS-tod),  a.  [For  arcuated  :  see 
arcuate]   iSliaijed  like  a  bow;  arcuate.  [Rare.] 

arquebus,  arquebuse,  arquebusier.  See  har- 
quebus, harqucliusicr. 


317 

arquerite  (iir'ke-rit),  n.  [<  Arqueros,  near 
Coquimbo,  a  seaport  town  of  Chili^  +  -ite^.]  A 
mineral  silver  amalgam,  occurring  in  small 
octahedrons  and  in  arborescent  forms.  It  con- 
tains 8t;  per  cent,  of  silver,  and  is  the  chief  ore  of  the  rich 
silver-mines  of  Arqueros. 

arquifoux  (iir'ki-fd),  n.     Same  as  alquifou. 

arr^  (ar),  «.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  arre,  erre,  <  Icel. 
iin;  or=Sw.  (i>r=Dau.  ar,  a  scar.]  A  scar. 
Also  spelled  ar.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

arr-t,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  arren  =  LG.  arren,  vex,  < 
arre  =  AS.  ierre,  yrrc,  eorrc,  auger,  as  adj.  an- 
gry; cf.  Dan.  arrig,  angry,  which,  however,  is 
commonly  associated  with  Dan.  Norw.  Sw. 
arg,  wicked,  bad,  =  G.  arg  =  AS.  earg,  timid, 
cowardly.]  To  anger;  vex;  worry. 
He  arred  both  the  clergy  and  Ihe  laity. 

N.  Bacon,  Hist.  Discourse,  xiv.  216.    (N.  E.  D.) 

arr^t,  v.  i.  [<  late  ME.  arre;  cf.  E.  dial,  narr, 
nurr,  Imitative;  cf.  "R  is  the  dog's  letter,  and 
hurreth  in  the  sound"  (B.  Jonson) :  see  hurr.] 
To  snarl  as  a  dog. 

A  dog  is  .  .  .  fell  and  quarrelsome,  given  to  arre  and 
war  upon  a  very  small  occasion. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch's  Morals,  p.  726. 

arraf,  n.    See  arrha. 

arracacha  (ar-a-kach'a),  n.  [<  Sp.  aracacha 
(>  NL.  Arracacia),  of  S.  Amer.  origin.]  A  name 
given  by  the  natives  of  western  South  America 
to  several  kinds  of  plants  with  tuberous  roots, 
and  especially  to  a  species  of  the  umbelliferous 
genus  Arracacia,  A.  esculetita,  which  is  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  the  Andes,  and  has  become 
naturalized  in  Jamaica.  The  roots  are  divided  into 
several  lobes  of  the  size  of  a  carrot,  which  when  boiled 
have  a  flavor  between  that  of  the  parsnip  and  tliat  of  the 
chestnut.  It  is  said  to  be  more  prolific  and  nutritious  than 
the  potato.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  tuber-bearing 
species  f)f  the  Oxali-s,  0.  crenata. 

arraceif,  «'•  t.    See  arace^,  arase^. 

arrace-t,  «.    See  arras'^. 

arracht,  «.     See  orach. 

arrachet,  v.  t.    See  arace^. 

arrache  (ar-a-sha'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  arracher, 
uproot:  see  aracc'^.]  In  her.,  torn  up  by  the 
roots :  applied  to  plants  used  as  bearings,  and 
to  whatever  has  the  appearance  of  having  been 
severed  by  violence.  Erased  is  now  in  more 
general  use. 

arrack  (ar'ak),  «.  [Better  spelled  arack,  for- 
merly arak,  arac;  now  commonly  shortened  to 
raclc;  =  Y.  arack  =  Sp,  arac  =  Pg.  araca,  araque, 

<  Hind,  arak,  Tamil  araku,  aruki,  <  AJr.  'araq, 
sweat,  spirit,  jiuee,  essence,  distilled  spirits, 
'arqiy,  aiTack,  brandy ;  <  'araqa,  sweat,  perspire. 
The  forms  arak,  arki  (Tatar),  and  araki  (Egyjj- 

.tian)  are  from  the  same  som'ce,  the  name  being 
applicable  to  any  spirituous  liquor.]  Originally 
the  name  of  a  strong  liquor  made  in  southern 
Asia  from  the  fermented  juice  of  the  date,  but 
used  in  many  parts  of  Asia  and  eastern  Africa 
for  strong  liquors  of  different  kinds.  It  is  made 
in  Goa  from  the  sap  of  the  cocoa-palm,  and  in  Batavia 
from  rice ;  and  the  arrack  of  eastern  and  northern  India 
is  a  sort  of  rum  distilled  from  molasses.    See  raki. 

A  servant  brought  in  a  silver  tray,  upon  which  were 
large  glasses  of  the  abominable  spirit  called  arrack,  each 
of  which  was  supposed  to  be  emptied  at  a  draught. 

O'Donovan,  Merv,  xi. 

Arragonese,  ».  and  a.    See  Aragonese. 
arrah  (ar'a),  intcrj.    A  common  Anglo-Irish  ex- 
pletive, expressing  excitement,  surprise,  etc. 
arraign^  (a-ran '),  v.  t     [<  ME.  arayncn,  arenen, 

<  AP.  araiuer,  areiner,  arener,  <  OF.  aranier, 
earlier  araisnier,  areisnier  (later  araisoner,  arei- 
soiier,  aresoner,  etc.,  >  ME.  aresonen :  see  area- 
son),  <  ML.  arrationare,  call  to  account,  aiTaign, 

<  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  rationare,  reason:  see  reason 
anAratio.  Ci.dcraign^.]  1.  lufaic, tocall  toor 
set  at  the  bar  of  a  coiu't,  in  order  to  plead  guilty 
or  not  guilty  to  the  matter  charged  in  an  indict- 
ment or  information.  This  term  is  unknoivn  in  the  law 
of  Scotland,  except  in  trials  for  high  treason,  in  which  the 
forms  of  procedure  in  EoL^land  and  Scotland  are  the  same. 
Hence — 2.  To  call  in  question  for  faidts,  before 
any  tribunal ;  call  before  the  bar  of  reason  or  of 
taste;  accuse  or  charge  in  general. 

They  arraiffn'd  shall  sink 
Beneath  thy  sentence.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  331. 

Is  there  not  something  in  the  pleading  eye 
Of  the  poor  brute  that  suffers,  which  arraigns 
The  law  that  bids  it  suffer?      O.  W.  Holmes,  Rights. 
=  Syn.  Accuse,  Charge,  Indict.    See  accuse. 
arraign^  (a-ran'),  n.    [<  arraign^,  v.]    Arraign- 
ment :  as,  the  clerk  of  the  arraigns.    Blackstone, 
arraign-t   (a-riiu'),  r.  t.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 
arrainc,  araine,  <  AF.arraigner,  arainer,  the  lat- 
ter an  error  for  aramer  (>  ML.  arramare),  OF. 
aramier,  aramir  =  Pr.  aramir  =  OCat.  aremir,  < 
ML.  adramirc,  adhramire,  adchramire,  agramire, 
urramirc,  etc.,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  "hramire,  prob.  orig. 


arrangement 

with  a  sense  subsequently  lost  in  the  technical 
use,  <  Goth,  hramjan,  tts-hramjan,  crucify,  Ut. 
hang  (of.  OHG.  rama,  MHG.  rame,  ram,  G  rali- 
men  =  D.  raam  =  Dan.  ramme  =  Sw.  ram,  frame, 
support),  =  Gi".  Kpe/idv,  Kpe/jawiivai,  hang.  ]  In 
old  law,  to  appeal  to ;  claim ;  demand :  in  the 
phrase  toarraignanasLt.so,  to  demand,  andhence 
to  iiistitutc  <jr  pr(!pare,  a  trial  or  an  action. 
arraigner  (a-ra'ner),  «.  [<  arraign^  +  -cr^.] 
One  who  arraigns  or  accuses. 

The  ordinary  name  for  the  Iconoclasts  is  the  arraigner) 
of  Christianity.  Milinan,  Latin  Christianity. 

arraignment  (a.-ran'ment),  n.  [<  arraignX  -f- 
-mcnt.]  1.  In  law,  the'  act  of  arraigning;  the 
act  ot  calling  and  setting  a  prisoner  before  a 
court  to  answer  to  an  accusation.  The  form  usu- 
ally includes  calling  the  prisoner,  sometimes  requiring 
him  to  stand  or  hold  up  his  hand  by  way  of  identification, 
reading  the  indictment  to  him,  and  asking  him  whether 
he  pleads  guilty  or  not  guilty. 

2.  Accusation  before  any  tribunal,  as  that  of 
reason,  taste,  etc. ;  a  calling  in  question  for 
faults;  accusation. 

But  this  secret  arraignment  of  the  king  did  not  content 

the  unquiet  prelate.     Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  viii.  8. 

The  sixth  satire  .  .  .  seems  only  an  arraignment  of  the 

whole  sex.  Dryden,  Ded.  ot  Mneii. 

=  Syn.  1.  Prosecution,  impeachment,  indictment. 

arrameurt,  «.  [AF.,  <  arramer,  aramer,  <  OF. 
arraniir,  aramir  =  Pr.  aramir,  <  ML.  arramirc, 
adhramire,  etc.,  pledge,  promise,  appoint:  see 
arraign".]  A  port-officer  who  superintended 
the  loading  and  unloading  of  vessels. 

arran  (ar'an),  ».  [E.  dial.:  see  «mi«.]  A  spi- 
der.    Also  called  arrand.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

arrandlf,  «■     An  old  form  of  errand. 

arrand-t,  a.    An  old  form  of  arrant. 

arrand^  (ar'and),  n.  Same  as  arran.  [Prov. 
Eug.] 

arrange  (a-ranj'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arranged, 
ppr.  arranging.  [<  ME.  arayngen,  arengen,  < 
OF.  arangier,  arengier,  F.  arranger,  put  into  a 
rank,  arrange,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  rangier,  ren- 
gier,  range,  put  into  a  rank,  <  rang,  reng,  renc, 
F.  rang,  a  rank:  see  rank"  and  range.]  I, 
trans.  1.  To  put  in  proper  order;  dispose  or 
set  out  conformably  to  a  plan  or  purpose ;  give 
a  certain  collocBtion  to;  marshal:  as,  to  ar- 
range troops  for  battle. 

Arrange  the  board  and  brim  the  glass. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cvlL 
When  we  come  to  arrange  our  shapes  and  oiu"  measure- 
ments [in  biological  investigations],  we  find  a  certain  num- 
ber of  identities,  and  a  certain  number  of  variations. 

E.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  296. 

2.  To  adjust;  settle;  come  to  an  agreement  or 
understanding  regarding:  as,  to  arrange  the 
terms  of  a  bargain. 

Matters,  therefore,  were  happily  arranged.  The  baron 
pardoned  the  young  couple  on  the  spot. 

Irving,  Siietch-Book,  p.  209. 

3.  In  music,  to  adapt  or  alter  so  as  to  fit  for 
performance  by  other  voices  or  instruments 
than  those  designed  by  t':e  composer:  as,  to 
arrange  an  opera  for  the  piano. =syn.  1.  To  array, 
classify,  group,  dispose,  sort. — 2.  To  fix  upon,  determine^ 
agree  upon,  draw  up ;  to  devise,  organize,  construct,  con- 
coct. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  preparations;  carry 
out  beforehand  such  negotiations  or  make  such 
disposition  in  regard  to  some  matter  as  maybe 
necessary :  as,  to  arrange  about  a  passport,  or 
for  supplies;  arrange  vdth  a  publisher. — 2.  To 
come  to  an  agreement  or  imderstauding  in  re- 
gard to  something ;  make  a  settlement. 

We  cannot  arrange  with  our  enemy  in  this  conjimcttire, 
without  abandoning  the  interest  of  mankind. 

Burkf,  A  Regicide  Peace, 
arrangeable  (a-ian'ja-bl),  «.     [<  arrange  + 
-able.]     Capable  of  being  an-anged. 

Fishes  have  crania  made  up  of  bones  that  are  no  more 
clearly  arrangeable  into  segments  like  vertebrie  than  are 
the  cranial  bones  of  the  highest  mammal. 

//.  Sp'cncer,  Pi-in.  of  Biol.,  §  210. 
arrangement  (a-ranj'meut),  n.  [<  F.  arrange- 
ment: see  arrange  and -(hch^.]  1.  The  act  of 
aiTanging  or  putting  in  proper  order;  the  state 
of  being  put  in  order;  disposition  in  suitable 
form.  Specifically,  in  the  fiJie  arts,  the  combining  of 
parts  in  a  manner  conformable  to  the  character  and  aim 
of  the  design ;  composition. 

The  freedom  of  syntactical  arrangement  which  was  pos- 
sessed by  the  Anglo-Saxon  is  irrecoverably  gone. 

e.  P.  Marsh,  Origin  of  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  111. 

2.  That  which  is  disposed  in  order ;  a  system 
of  parts  disposed  in  due  order;  any  combina- 
tion of  parts  or  materials. 

The  interest  of  that  portion  of  social  arrangement  is  in 
the  hands  of  all  those  who  compose  it.  Burke. 

3.  The  style  or  mode  in  which  things  are  ar- 
ranged. 


arrangement 

The  clonds  passed  slowly  through  several  arrangemenU, 
J)e  Quiiicey,  Confessions  (ed,  1S62).  p.  97. 

4.  Preparatoiy  measure  or  negotiation;  pre- 
vious disposition  or  plan;  preparation:  eom- 
monly  in  the  plural:  as,  we  have  made  arrange- 
pi^x  ti  for  a  jonmey. 

i.is  departure  he  made  all  due  arrangements 

.   fraternity  of  the  convent  for  the  funeral 

:  his  friend.         /rrin<;.  Sl;etch-Book,  p.  19S. 

\n  elaborate  arraniemenl  v,as  entered  into  at  the  same 

time  by  the  Allied  Powers,  to  provide  for  a  succession  to 

farnia  in  the  event  of  the  sovereign  dying  childless. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  74. 

5.  Final  settlement;  adjustment  by  agreement: 
as,  the  arrangement  ot  a  dispute. — 6.  In  music: 
(a)  The  adaptation  of  a  composition  to  voices 
or  instruments,  or  to  a  purpose,  for  which  it 
was  not  originally  designed.  (6)  A  piece  so 
adapted;  a  transcription :  as,  an  orchestral  «c- 
ramicment  oi  a  song,  an  opera,  or  the  like.=Syn. 
1.  riaisiflcation.  distribution.— 2.  Structure,  form. 

arranger  (a-ran'jer),  n.  One  who  arranges  or 
[lurs  in  order. 

arrant  (ar'ant),  a.  [Early  mod. E.  also  arraunt, 
arraiul,  a  variant  spelliag  of  errant,  erraunt, 
errand,  roving,  wandering,  which,  from  its  com- 
mon use  in  the  term  arrant  or  errant  thief, 
that  is,  a  roving  robber,  one  outlawed,  pro- 
claimed and  notorious  as  such,  came  to  be 
used  apart  from  its  lit.  sense  as  an  opprobrious 
intensive  with  terms  of  abuse,  as  rogue,  knave, 
traitor,  fool,  etc.,  but  often  also  without  oppro- 
brious force.  See  errant.'\  If.  Wandering; 
itinerant ;  vagrant ;  errant :  as,  a  knight  arrant; 
an  arrant  preacher:  especially  in  thief  arrant 
or  arrant  thief,  a  roving,  outlawed  robl^er;  a 
highwayman.  Now  written  errant. — 2,  Noto- 
rious ;  manifest ;  unmitigated ;  downright :  in 
a  bad  sense  (derived  from  the  norm  qualified) : 
as,  au  nrran*  rogue;  an  «r)-aH(  coward;  arrant 
nonsense, 
I  discover  an  arront  laziness  in  my  soul.  Puller. 

As  arrant  a  "Screw" 
In  money  transactions  as  ever  you  knew. 

Barftam,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  11.  46. 

It  was  easy  to  see  through  ail  liis  piety  that  he  was  au 
arrant  author  at  the  bottom. 

SmolMt,  Uil  Bias,  VIII.  iii.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

3.  Thorough;  downright;  genuine:  in  a  good 
sense. 

An  arrant  honest  woman.     Burton,  Anat.  Mel.,  p.  617. 
=  Syn.  2.  ftter,  rank,  consummate,  perfect. 
arrantly  (ar'ant-U),  ade.     In  an  arrant  man- 
n<r;  notoriously;  impudently:  in  a  bad  sense. 

Kuneral  tears  are  as  arrantly  hired  out  as  mourning 
cloke;'.  Sir  Ji.  L' Eittrauyc. 

arras^  (ar'as),  n.  [Early  mod,  E.  also  arrace, 
arriixxe,  <  JlE.  arras,  orig.  cloth  (or  cloths)  of 
Arras  (P.  draps (P Arran)  (=  It.  arazzo^Vv.  raz), 
<  F.  A  rras,  the  capital  of  the  department  of  Pas- 
de-Calais,  in  the  north  of  France,  where  this 
article  was  manufactured.  The  name  Arras  is 
corrupted  from  the  name  of  the  Atrebatcs  (L.),  a 
jjeoplf  of  Belgie  Uaul.]  Tapestry ;  specifically, 
that  used  for  hangings  covering  the  walls  of  a 
room.  The  original  expression  cloth  o/  Arran  was  prob- 
ably used  with  more  accuracy  to  distinguish  arras  tapes- 
tr)-  from  lAhcr  wjrts.    Sometimes  used  as  an  adjective. 

Ill  not  speak  another  word  for  a  King's  ransom  unless 

the  ground  be  perfumed,  and  covered  with  c/o(A  o/  arroM. 

Marluue,  Faustus,  U.  2. 

I  have  of  yore  made  many  a  scrambling  meal. 
In  corners,  behind  arrain,  on  stairs. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Woman  Hater,  111.  4. 

.^rrojr  was  used  precisely  as  a  curtain;  it  hung  (on  tenters 

or  llncH)  from  the  rafters,  or  from  some  teiniiorary  stay, 

(ind  was  operi'rd,  lield  up,  or  drawn  aside,  as  occimion  re* 

quired.       JJyce,  Note  to  Ford  s  Lover's  .Melancholy,  II.  2. 

In  Arthur's  arran  hall  at  Camelot. 

Tennyfton,  .Merlin  and  Vivien. 

arras'-'t,  n.  [Prob.  a  form  of  nrriii.  i\.  v.]  A  kind 
'.r  i.().v.lrr.  jirobably  mado  of  the  root  of  the 

•ri  ■ ')  t,    „,    [<  arra#l  + -cf72.]    Hung 


318 

To  these  arms  masses  of  rock  are  fastened  by  chains  and 
dragged  over  the  ore,  which  is  placed  on  a  bed  of  flat  stones 
laid  within  a  circular  inclosure,  usually  about  12  feet  in 
diameter.    Also  written  arrastra,  arastra. 


arrastra 
arr.-mtro 


rim' I 
IT 


It  llM  »  «> 


n.     [<  nrrnjjl  +  -cnc]     A 
ith  a  central  lliread  and  a 

of  wool  OI  Hllk.  JtiHIlHCd 
,, .     Also  Hpelli'd  arrisenc. 

'n-.i )'.  11.     Same  ns  arraslrc. 

'<f.-),  n.  [Sp.,  lit.  the  net  of 
'/,  ilraK  aloiil.'  Hi"  I'lomul, 

,.     11(1.   to)     +     ril-^li'li     <  rill     .  ), 

.  HiedKO,  tnii'k,  =  I'r-  '■'   '". 
ii  riike,  mattock,  <   /"■''  " 
riilcli.J     A  rude  appiii.iii. 
iHomeexti'Titin  til"  Unit'  i 
I  rid  at  thi'  .Hnme  time  nmn 
iiiing  frei'  ((old  "r  Hilvf  r. 
Iiorlfjntiil  arms  altnehcd  to  It 


Mexican  Arrastre. 
(From  Pepper's  "  Play-Book  of  Metals."} 

arraswise  (ar'as-wiz),  adv.     Erroneous  form  of 

arrisicise. 

arratel  (ar-rii'tel),  n.  [Pg.:  see  arrel.']  The 
Portuguese  pound.  It  exceeds  the  pound  avoirdu- 
pois by  about  one  per  cent.  The  following  are  the  values 
in  grams ;  Pound  avoirdupois,  453.593 ;  arratel,  in  Lisbon, 
459 :  in  Fnnchal,  45S.547 ;  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  45S.75. 

arraugh'tt.     For  araught,  preterit  of  areach. 

array  (a-rii'),  '"•  t-  [Eai'ly  mod.  E.  also  aray,  ar- 
raie,  <  ME.  araijen,  araien,  areyen,  <  AF.  araycr, 
araier,  OF.  areyer,  areier,  areer,  later  aroyer,  ar- 
royer  =  Pi-,  aredar  =  Sp.  arrear  (obs.)  =  Pg,  ar- 
reiar  =  It,  arredare,  <  ML.  arredare,  put  in  order, 
order,  array,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  JIL.  *redum  (>  OF. 
rci,  rai,  roi).  preparation,  order,  of  Teut.  origin ; 
cf,  AS.  gerade,  gerede,  preparation,  eqmpment 
(Icel.  reidlii,  rigging,  harness,  reidha,  imple- 
ments, outfit;  Sw.  reda  =  Dan,  rede,  order),  < 
gerade  =  OFries.  rede,  red  =  Goth,  garaid.-.; 
ready,  prepared :  see  rea(?(/.  Cf.  c !(m/i.]  1.  To 
place  or  dispose  in  order,  as  troops  for  battle  ; 
marshal;  draw  up  in  hostile  order:  often  used 
figuratively. 

They  were  more  ignorant  in  ranging  and  arraying  their 
battles.  Bacon,  Vicissitude  of  Things. 

Tlie  stronger  our  conviction  that  reason  and  Scripture 
were  decidedly  on  the  side  of  Protestantism,  the  greater 
is  the  reluctant  admiration  with  which  we  regard  that 
system  of  tactics  against  which  reason  and  Scripture  were 
arrayed  in  vain.  Macaulay,  Ranke's  Hist,  of  Popes. 

2.  Todeckordi-ess;  adorn  with  dress,  especially 
with  dress  of  an  ornamental  kind. 

Array  thyself  wif^  glory  and  beauty.  Job  xl.  10. 

Morn  by  morn,  arrayiny  her  sweet  self 
In  that  wherein  she  "deem'd  she  look'd  her  best. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
And  there  the  f.allen  chief  is  laid. 
In  tasselled  garbs  uf  skins  arrayed, 
And  girded  witli  liis  wampum-braid. 

WliitHer,  Funeral  Tree  o(  Sokokls. 

3.  In  law,  to  set  (a  .iury)  in  order  for  the  trial  of 
a  cause;  to  call  (tho'jmy)  man  by  man. — 4. 
To  envelop;  wrap,     [Kare,] 

In  gelid  caves  with  horrid  glooms  arrayed. 

Jud'je  Trumbull. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  arrange,  range,  marshal,  draw  up.— 2.  Adorn, 
Ornament,  Decorate,  etc.  (see  adorn);  clothe,  invest. 
array  (a-ra'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  aray, 
arraic,  K  ME.  (tray,  arai,  araie,  <  AF,  arai,  arrai, 
OF,  arret,  later  aroi,  F.  arroi  =  Pr.  arrei  =  Sp, 
arreo  =  'i'g.arreio  =  lt.arredo;  vi.'ilh.tirreitium, 
oquipnieut,  furniture;  from  the  verb:  see  ar- 
ray, !■.]  1.  Regular  order  cr  arrangeniout; 
disposition  in  regular  lines;  specifically,  disjio- 
sition  of  a  body  of  men  for  attack  or  defense : 
as,  troops  in  battle  array. —  2.  An  orderly  col- 
lection or  assemblage;  especially,  a  body  of 
men  in  order  of  battle  or  jircjiarrd  for  battle ; 
hence,  military  force ;  soldiery ;  troops. 

A  gallai]t  array  ot  nobles  and  cavaliers.  Prencolt. 

What  was  tluit  ndghty  array  which  Elizabeth  reviewed 
at  Tilbury'/  Marauhiy.Uint.  Eng. 

3.  A  display ;  an  imposing  series  of  things  ex- 
hibited. 

Nothing  could  well  bo  lovelier  than  this  array  of  Doric 
temples  and  ruins  of  temjiles. 

C.  D.  Warm-r,  Roundulioiit  ,Iouniey,  p.  ll.'i. 

4.  Dress;  garments  disposed  in  order  upon  the 

person ;  raiment  or  apparel, 

Endly  ere  day 
Arose  and  dress'd  herself  In  rich  array.      Drydrn. 

5t.  Preparation;  special  arrangement  of  things. 

He  had  mnad  al  lldx  array. 

(•A.iiir,-r,  MIIIiT'sT.de,  1.  114. 

Of.  Situation;  circumHtances;  ])OHition;  plight. 

Tliou  Hlondest  yet  ((| I  Melic)  In  swleho  array. 

Thai  of  thy  lyl  liastow  no  si'werte. 

Cliiiurrr,  Wife  of  Italh'sTnlr.  1,  411. 

7.  In /flic;  (a)Theb(Mlyiif  iMTHonHHumiiioni'il  to 
Hirve  upon  a  jury,  (h)  Tlio  act  of  imiianeling 
n  jury ;  t  hat  is,  tto  act  o(  the  proper  officer  sot- 


arrect 

ting  a  jury  in  order  for  the  trial  of  a  cause,  or 
calling  it  man  by  man,    (c)  The  jury  impaneled. 

Challenges  are  of  two  kinds  ;  first,  to  the  array  when  ] 

exception  is  taken  to  the  whole  number  impaneled  ;  and 
secondly,  to  the  polls,  when  individual  jurymen  are  ob-  ) 

jected  to.    .1.  Fonlilamjue,  Jr.,  Uuw  we  are  Governed,  xviL 

8.  Formerly,  in  England,  th?  muster  of  a  coun- 
ty for  military  pm'poses ;  the  men  so  mustered :  ' 
as,  a  commission  of  «)■(•«(/.     See  commi.-ision. 

Y'  Parliament  had  extreamely  worried  him  for  attempt- 
ing to  put  in  execution  j"  coUimission  of  aray.  and  for 
which  the  rest  of  his  coUegues  were  hanged  by  y  rebells. 
Evelyn,  Diary,  March  23, 1(>46. 

Previous  to  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  in  order  to  protect 
the  kingdom  from  domestic  insurrections  or  the  prospects 
of  foreign  invasions,  it  was  usual  from  time  to  time  for 
our  princes  to  issue  commissions  of  array.  ^'harton. 

9.  In  math.,  a  collection  of  quantities  arranged 
in  a  rectangular  block ;  a  matrix —  Challenge  to 
tlie  array,    ^ee  ehallcnye. 

arrayal  (a-ra'al),  «.  [<  array  +  -«7.]  The 
process  of  arraying;  muster  of  a  force;  array. 
A\  E.  I). 

arrayer  (a-ra'^r),  n.  [<  :ME.  araier,  arraiour,  < 
OF.  araii'or.  areeor,  <  areer,  araier,  array:  see 
array,  c]  1.  One  who  arrays. — 2.  In  Eng. 
hist.,  an  oflieer  who  had  a  commission  of  array 
to  put  the  soldiers  of  a  county  in  a  condition 
for  military  service. 

arrayment  (a-rS'ment),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
arruiment,  arayment,  <  ME,  ar'aiment,  <  AF. 
araiement,  OFi  areement,  <  araier,  etc.,  array: 
see  arrai/  and  -ment,  and  the  abbr.  form  rai- 
ment'] i.  The  act  of  arraying.— 2t.  That  in 
which  one  is  arrayed ;  raiment. 
Sheep  clothed  in  soft  arrayment.  Qitarles. 


arre' 


See  nrl. 


arre'-t,  >■■  '.    See  arr^. 

arreacht, ''.    See  areach. 

arrearlf,  ''•     See  arear^. 

arrear'-t  (a-rer'),  adv.  [Earlymod.  E. also arear, 
arrcre,  <  ilE.  arere,  a  rere,'<.  OF.  arere,  ariere, 
mod,  F.  arriere  =  Pr.  areirc.  arreire,  <  ML,  aa 
retro:  L.  <«/,  to;  ?r?TO  (>  OF.  )■(<")•<'),  backward: 
see  retro-  and  rear^.']  Backward;  into  or  to- 
ward the  rear ;  back ;  behind. 

Forst  him  back  recoyle  and  reele  arcare. 

Spejiccr,  F.  Q.,  VI.  iv.  6. 

arrear^  (a-rer'),  n.  [ME.  only  in  phr.  in  ariere, 
in  time  past;  <  arroar",  ^idv.  The  older  noun 
is  arrearage,  q.  v.]  1.  The  state  of  being  bo- 
hind  or  be'hinilhand :  as,  his  work  ;3  in  arrear. 

Spain,  though  at  least  a  generation  in  arrear  of  England, 
was  after  our  own  the  tlrst  modern  European  country  to 
attain  to  ...  a  national  dramatic  literature. 

A.  W.  Irani,  Eng.  Urom.  Lit.,  Int.,  xxvii. 
2t.  The  rear. 

The  arrear  consisting  of  between  three  and  four  thou- 
sand foot.  Ileylin,  Hist.  Reformation,  p.  92. 

3.  That  which  is  behind  in  paynnent;  a  debt 
which  remains  unpaid,  though  due :  generally 
used  in  the  plural  and  implying  that  a  part  of 
the  money  is  already  paid:  as,  arrears  of  rent, 
wages,  or  taxes. 

For  much  I  dread  dne  payment  by  the  Greeks 
Of  yesterday's  arrear.  Cou>i>er,  Iliad,  iii. 

5Iy  approval  is  given  in  order  that  every  possible  facility 
may  bo  alVorded  for  the  prompt  discharge  of  all  arrear* of 
pay  due  to  our  soldiers  and  sailors. 

Lincoln,  In  Raymond,  p.  332, 

arrearage  (a-rer'Sj),  n.  [<  ME.  areragc,  arre- 
rage,  <  OF.  arcrag'e,  arrerage,  arrierage,  mod.  F. 
(trrrrat/es,  pi.,  <  OF.  arere,  ariere,  back:  see 
arrear",  adv.,  and  -age,  and  cf.  ailrantage.]  1. 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  behindhand  or 
in  arrears. 

I  have  em)>loynu'nt  for  thee,  such  a  one 

As  shall  not  only  pay  my  sei-vlces, 

lull  leave  me  in  arrcarnye. 

Shirley,  (Iratetul  Servant,  1.  2. 

2.  An-ears ;  amount  or  amounts  outstanding  or 
overdue ;  any  sum  of  money  remaining  unpaid 
after  jirovious  payment  of  a  ])»rt. 
The  old  arrearaycs  .  .  .  being  defrayed. 

Howell,  Vocal  Forest. 
Our  pleasure  Is,  that  all  arrearage 
Ite  i>ald  unto  the  eiiiitalns. 

ifamnyer.  The  Pleture,  II.  2. 

arrearancet  (a-ror'ans),  n.  [<  arrear'^  +  -ance."] 

Siiiiir  as  arrrarage. 
arrectt  ( a-rekt' ),  J),  t.    [<  L.  arrcctn.1,  pp.  of  arri- 
grrc,  sei.  u]),  raise,  erect,  <  cd,  to,  +  regire,  keep 
Ktraiglit,  direct.]     1.  To  raise  or  lilt  up;  make 
erect. 
Having  larRC  ears  perpetually  cxjiosed  and  arreeted. 

,Swi/t,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  xl. 

2.  To  direct. 

Arreetiny  my  sight  t<iwards  the  /.odiiike. 

.Skclton.  I'ocms,  p.  0. 

3.  To  Impute. 

Therefore  he  arrectcth  no  hlamo  ...  to  tlieln. 

.S'r'r  T.  More,  Works,  fol.  271. 


arrect 

arrect,  arrected  (a-rekf,  a^rek'ted),  a.  [<  L. 
arrcctiis:  see  the  verb.]  If.  Erect;  erected. 
— 2t.  Attentive,  as  a  person  listening. 

Eager  for  the  event, 
Around  the  beldame  all  arrect  they  hang. 

Akenside,  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  i.  269. 

3.  In  lot.,  pointing  upward;  brought  into  an 
upright  position.  A.  Griiy. 
arrectaryt  (n-rek'ta-ri),  «'.  [<  L.  arrectarius, 
perpendicular,  ueuf.  pi.  arrectaria,  the  upright 
posts  of  a  wall,  <  arrect  us,  erect:  see  arrec.t.'\ 
A  beam  or  jjost  standing  upright,  as  opposed 
to  one  which  is  liorizontal. 

The  arrectary  or  beam  of  his  cross. 

lip.  Halt,  Works,  II.  278. 

arrector  (a-rek'tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  arrigere,  pp. 
arrectus,  set  up  erect :  see  arrect,  c]  That  which 
arrects;  an  erector — Arrector  pill,  in  «««(.,  the 
erector  of  the  hair,  a  small  strip  of  uiistriateil  muscle  run- 
ning from  the  lower  part  of  tlie  liair-l'.illicle  toward  the 
surface  of  the  skin,  and  by  contrartinn,  under  the  influence 
of  fright  or  cold,  causing  the  liair  to  stand  straight  up  or 
*'on  end,"  at  the  same  time  so  raising  the  surface  just 
around  the  orifice  as  to  occasion  goose-flesh  or  horripila- 
tion. 

arreedt,  ''•  t.    See  areacl. 

arrel  (ar'el),  ».  [Sp.,  also  arrelde  (>  Basque 
arruldea,  a  weight  of  10  pounds);  Sp.  arrate, 
Pg.  arratel,  a  weight  of  16  ounces  (see  arratel) ; 

<  Ar.  al,  the,  +  rati,  a  weight  of  12  ounces.]  A 
weight  of  4  pounds,  used  in  Spain. 

Arremon,  «.     See  Arrhemon. 

arrendation  (ar-en-da'shon),  n.    Same  as  «)- 

nutation. 
arrendator  (ar'en-da-tor),  n.    [Also  arendator, 

<  Russ.  arendatorit,  <  ML.  arrendator,  arendator, 
a  farmer  of  the  revenue,  <  arrendare,  arendare, 
arrentare,  let  for  a  rent,  farm  the  revenue:  see 
arrcnt.']  One  who  farms  the  revenues  in  certain 
Russian  governments. 

arrenotokous,  «.     See  arrhenotokous. 

arrent  (a-renf),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  arrenter,  arentir 
(ML.  arrentare,  arrendare,  arendare),  <  a  (L.  ad, 
to)  +  rente,  rent:  see  arrendator  and  rent.l  To 
let  for  a  rent;  especially,  in  old  Eng.  law,  to 
let  out  for  inclosure,  as  land  in  a  forest.  See 
urrentrition. 

arrentation  (ar-en-ta'shon),  n.  [Also  arren- 
dation, <  ML.  arrentatio(n-),  arrendatio,  <  arren- 
tare, arrendare:  see  arrent.']  In  old  Eng.  law, 
the  action  or  privilege  of  arrenting ;  the  giving 
of  permission  by  the  lord  of  the  manor  to  the 
tenant  of  land  in  a  forest  to  inclose  it  with  a 
small  ditch  and  low  hedge,  in  consideration  of 
a  yearly  rent.     Also  written  arrendation. 

arreptiont  (a-rep'shon),  H.  [<  L.  arreptus,  pp. 
of  arripere,  snatch,  seize  to  one's  self,  <  ad,  to, 
+  rapere,  snatch,  seize:  see  rapacions,  rapture.] 
The  act  of  taking  away. 

This  arreption  was  sudden,  yet  Elisha  sees  both  the 
chariot  and  the  horses,  and  the  ascent. 

Bp.  Hall,  Rapture  of  Elijah. 

arreptitiouslf  (ar-ep-tish'us),  a.  [<  LL.  arrepti- 
cius,  arrei)titius,  seized  in  mind,  inspired,  deliri- 
ous, <  L.  arreptus,  pp.  of  arripere,  snatch,  seize: 
see  arreption.]  Snatched  away;  hence,  seized 
or  possessed ;  frantic ;  crack-brained ;  mad. 
Odd,  arreptitious,  frantick  extravagances. 

Howell,  Letters  (1650),  I.  475. 

arreptitiOUS^t  (ar-ep-tish'us),  a.  [As  if  <  L. 
arreptus,  pp.  of  arrepere,  creep  toward,  steal 
softly  to  (<  ad,  to,  +  repere,  creep:  see  reptile), 
+  -itious;  but  appar.  a  mistaken  def.  of  pre- 
ceding.] Creeping  or  ha\iug  crept  in  privily. 
Blount;  Bailey. 

arrest!  (a-i-esf),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  aresten,  arresten 
(also  by  apheresis  resten,  >  mod.  dial,  rest),  < 
OF.  arester,  F.  arreter  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  arrestar  = 
It.  arrestare,  <  ML.  arrestare,  stop,  restrain,  <  L. 
nd,  to,  +  restore,  stay  back :  see  rest^.]  1.  To 
stop  forcibly ;  check  or  hinder  the  motion  or  ac- 
tion of :  as,  to  arrest  the  current  of  a  river ;  to 
arrest  the  course  of  justice. 

Ascribing  the  causes  of  things  to  secret  proprieties  hath 
arrested  and  laid  asleep  all  true  inquiry.  Bacon. 

With  the  progress  of  adaptation  each  [human  being]  be- 
comes so  constituted  that  he  caiuiot  be  helped  without  in 
some  way  arresting  a  pleasurable  activity. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  90. 

2.  To  take,  seize,  or  apprehend  hy  virtue  of  a 
legal  warrant  or  official  authority;  take  into 
custody:  as,  to  arrest  one  for  a  crime  or  misde- 
meanor. [Shakspere  most  commonly  construes 
this  verb  with  of,  like  accuse:  as,  "of  capital 
treason  we  arrest  you  here,"  Rich,  n.,  iv.  1.] 

According  to  law  no  Englishman  could  be  arrested  and 
detained  in  confinement  merely  by  the  mandate  of  the 
sovereign.  Macaulay. 

3.  To  seize  and  fix  ;  engage  ;  secure  ;  catch ; 
take :  as,  to  arrest  the  eyes  or  the  attention. 


319 

King.  If  you  prove  it,  I'll  repay  it  back, 

Or  yield  up  Aquitain. 
Prin.  We  arrest  your  word. 

.Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  il.  1. 

The  appearance  of  such  a  person  in  the  world,  and  at 

sucli  a  i)eriod,  ought  to  arrest  the  consideration  of  every 

thinking  mind.  Buchminster. 

4t.  To  rest  or  fix. 
We  may  arrest  oui'  thoughts  upon  the  divine  mercies. 

.fer.  Taylor. 

5.  In  ticots  and  admiralty  law,  to  seize  (prop- 
erty) for  debt  or  the  satisfaction  of  a  claim ; 
attach  or  levy  upon.=Syn.  1.  To  stay,  interrupt, 
delay,  detain.  — 2.  To  capture,  lay  hold  of,  take  up,  take 
prisoner. 
arrestl  (a-rosf),  k.  [<  ME.  arest,  <  OF.  arest, 
stoppage,  delay,  restraint;  from  the  verb  :  see 
arrestX,  v.]  1 .  The  act  of  stopping,  or  the  state 
of  beiug  stopped ;  suspension  of  movement  or 
action:  as,  an  arrest  of  the  vital  functions; 
"the  stop  and  arrest  of  the  air,"  Bacon. — 2t. 
Self-restraint ;  self-command. 

In  noble  eorage  r)u<4hte  ben  areste, 
Aiul  weyen  evervlliiii;;  by  cquvtee. 

'Chancer,  Hood  Women,  1.  UDO. 

3.  Any  seizure  or  taking  by  force,  physical 
or  moral;  hindrance;  inten-uptiou;  stoppage; 
restraint. 

To  the  rich  man  who  had  promised  himself  ease  for 
many  years,  it  was  a  sad  arrest  that  his  soul  was  surprised 
the  first  night.  Jer.  Taylor. 

I  could  .  .  .  mingle  ray  teares  with  you,  .  .  .  but  when 
I  consider  the  necessity  of  submitting  to  the  divine  arests, 
I  am  ready  to  dry  them  .igaine,  and  be  silent. 

Erelyn,  To  his  Brother,  G.  Evelyn. 

4.  In  niacli.,  any  contrivance  which  stops  or  re- 
tards motion. 

The  arrest  consists  of  a  fly  vane,  or  escapement  with 
wings,  mounted  on  one  of  the  arbors  of  the  clock-work 
acting  on  the  wheel.  Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  8974. 

5.  In  law,  the  taking  of  a  person  into  custody 
of  the  law,  usually  by  virtue  of  a  warrant  from 
authority.  An  arrest  is  made  by  seizing  or  touching  the 
body  or  otherwise  taking  possession  of  it.  By  the  law  of 
some  jurisdictions,  arrest  is  allowed  in  civil  cases  for  the 
purpose  of  enforcing  the  payment  of  debts  or  preventing 
a  defendant  from  eluding  an  obligation.  In  criminal  or 
penal  cases  arrest  is  made  for  the  purpose  of  compelling 
the  person  charged  with  a  crime  or  an  offense  to  appear 
and  submit  to  justice.  In  civil  cases  it  cannot  be  legjilly 
effected  except  by  virtue  of  a  precept  or  writ  issued  out 
of  some  coiu-t,  but  this  is  often  dispensed  with  in  crinauiil 
cases.  Arrest  in  civil  cases  is  of  two  kinds,  viz. ,  that  which 
takes  place  before  trial,  and  is  called  arrest  on  mesne  pro- 
cess, and  that  which  takes  place  after  trial  and  judgment, 
and  is  called  arrest  on  final  process,  or  arrest  in  execution. 

6.  In  admiralty  law,  the  taking  of  a  ship  into 
custody  by  A-irtue  of  a  waiTant  from  a  court. — 

7.  In  Scots  law,  attachment;  seizm-e  of  prop- 
erty, funds,  etc.,  by  legal  process,  as  for  debt  or 

the  satisfaction  of  a  claim Arrest  of  Judgment, 

in  law,  the  staying  or  stopping  of  a  judgment  after  verdict, 
for  causes  assigned.  Courts  have  at  common  hiw  jpower 
to  arrest  judgment  for  intrinsic  causes  appealing  upon 
the  face  of  the  record,  as  when  the  declaration  varies  from 
the  original  writ,  when  the  verdict  differs  materially  from 
the  pleadings,  or  when  the  case  laid  in  the  declaration  is 
notsurtificnt  in  point  of  law  to  found  an  act  inn  upon.  The 
moti'in  for  this  pnr|i"seis  called  a  met  ion  in  n rrest  of  judfj- 
nicnt.  ]Mi»lern  ]>rai-tice  Largely  supersedes  tliese  motions 
by  requiring  such  defects  to  be  objected  to  before  judg- 
ment.—Breach  of  arrest.    See  breach. 

arrest^  (a-resf ),  «.  [<  OF.  arreste,  areste,  mod. 
F.  arete,  awTi,  beard,  fishbone,  arrest,  <  L.  ari- 
sta :  see  arista  and  arris.]  A  mangy  tumor  on 
the  back  part  of  the  hind  leg  of  a  horse.  Also 
called  rat-tail. 

arrestable  (a-res'ta-bl),  a.  [<  arrest^  +  -able.] 
1.  Liable  to  be  arrested  or  apprehended. —  2. 
In  Scots  law,  attachable;  subject  to  seizm'e  at 
the  suit  of  a  creditor  of  the  owner,  by  a  process 
in  the  nature  of  attachment  or  garnishment: 
applied  to  property,  funds,  etc. 

Burgh  customs  still  stand  in  the  peculhar  position  of 
lieing  iieither  adjudgeable  nor  arrestable;  they  are  there- 
fore bad  security.  £lKyc.  Brit.,  IV.  63. 

arrestation  (ar-es-ta'shon),  n.  [=  F.  arresta- 
tion,  <  ML.  arrestativ{n'-),  <  arrestare,  arrest: 
see  arrest'^,  v.]  The  act  of  arresting;  an  arrest 
or  seizure.     [Rare.] 

Tlie  arrestation  of  the  English  residing  in  France  was 
decreed  by  the  National  Convention. 

H..M.  Williams,  Letters  on  France,  I.  i. 

arrestee  (a-rest-e'),  n.  [<  arrest  +  -eel.]  lu 
Scots  law,  the  person  in  whose  hands  an  arrest- 
ment is  laid. 

arrester,  arrestor  (a-res'ter,  -tor),  n.  [ME. 
arester;  <arrest'^+  -tri-.-or.  CfMh. arrestator.] 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  arrests. —  2.  In  Scots 
laio,  the  person  at  whose  instance  an  arrest  is 
made.  See  arrest,  «.,  7.  [Arrestor  is  the  form 
usual  in  legal  docmnents.] 

arrestive  (a-i'es'tiv),  a.  [=  OF.  arrestif;  <  ar- 
resf^  +  -ire.]  1.  Serving  or  tending  to  arrest. 
— 2.  In  gram.,  marking  an  arrest,  restriction. 


arrhizous 

or  fjualifieation  of  thought:  applied  to  conjunc- 
tions like  hilt,  yet,  however,  etc.  Bain,  Eng. 
(jramniar. 

arrestment  (a-rest'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  areste- 
mcnt,  <  arester,  arrest:  see  arre.it'^,  v.,  and 
-ment.]  1.  The  act  of  arresting  or  stoi)ping; 
obstruction ;  stoppage. 

Tlic  first  elfcct  is  arrestment  of  the  functions  of  the 
spinal  c(jrd.  .Sir  It.  Chrintison,  Poisons,  I.  i.  §  2. 

The  fall  of  man  would  produce  an  arrestment  in  the 
progress  of  the  earth  in  that  last  great  revolution  which 
would  have  converted  it  into  an  Eden. 

Dawson,  Origin  of  World,  p.  239. 

2.  In  Scots  law:  (a)  A  process  by  which  a 
creditor  may  attach  money  or  movable  proper- 
ty which  a  third  person  holds  for  behoof  of  his 
debtor.  It  bears  a  general  resomldauce  to 
foreign  attachment  by  the  custom  of  London. 
See  attachment,  (h)  The  arrest  or  detention  of 
acriminal  till  he  finds  caution  or  surety  to  stand 
trial,  or  the  securing  of  a  debtor  until  he  pays 
the  debt  or  gives  security  for  its  payment. — 
Breach  of  arrestment.    See  breach. 

arrestor,  «.     See  arrester. 

arretH,  '■•  '.     See  aret. 

arret-t  (a-ra'  or  a-ret'),  n.  [<  F.  arret,  <  OF. 
arest,  arrest :  see  arrest^,  >?.]  Tlie  decision  of  a 
court,  tribunal,  or  council ;  a  decree  published ; 
the  edict  of  a  sovereign  prince :  applied  to  the 
judgments  and  decisions  of  courts  and  tribu- 
nals in  France. 

arrha  (ar'ii),  «.;  pi.  arrlue  (-e).  [L.,  also  ar- 
rhabo,  and  later  arra,  arrabo,  <  Gr.  appajiov, 
earnest-money.  Gf.  arles.]  Earnest-money 
paid  to  bind  a  bargain  or  contract ;  a  pledge. 
Foiinerly  also  spelled  arra. 

arrhal  (ar'al),  «.  [<  an-ha  +  -al.]  Of  the  na- 
tm'e  of  earnest-money;  given  as  a  pledge. 

arrhaphostic  (ar-a-fos'tik),  a.     [Badly  formed 

<  Gr.  iippaipoc,  seamless,  <  a-  priv.  -f  'paipii,  a 
seam,  <  pd-reiv,  sew.]  Seamless.  Clarke.  Also 
written  arapliostic,  arapihorostic.     [Rare.] 

Arrhemon  (a-re'mon),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  hppfijiuiv, 
without  speech,  silent,  <  a-  priv.  -t-  pijpa,  a 
word,  <  ptlv,  speak.]  A  genus  of  Central  and 
South  American  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the 
family  Tanagridir,  including  a  group  of  several 
species  of  tanagers  with  stout  bills,  like  A. 
silens,  the  type.     Also  Arremon,  Buarremon. 

Arrhemoninae  (a-re-mo-ni'ne),  n.  p)l.  [NL.,  < 
Arrlienton  -\-  -ina'.]  A  gi'onp  of  tanagiine  l)irds, 
named  by  Lafresuaye  from  the  genus  Arrhe- 
mon. 

arrhenotokous  (ar-e-not'o-kus),  a.  [Better 
*urrhcnotocous,  <  Gr.  appevoTOKO^,  bearing  male 
childi'en,  <  appr/u  {apptvo-),  male,  +  t'ikteiv,  te- 
Kciv,  bear.]  Producing  males  only:  applied 
by  Leuckart  and  Von  Siebold  to  those  parthe- 
nogenetic  female  insects  which  produce  male 
progeny:  opposed  to  thelytoJcous.  Also  spelled 
arrenotolvus. 

The  terms  arrenotokous  and  thelytokous  have  been  pro- 
posed by  Leuckart  and  Von  Siebold  to  denote  those  par- 
thenogenetic  females  which  produce  male  and  female 
young  respectively.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  3S4. 

arrhenotoky  (ar-e-not'o-ki),  n.  [As  arrhenoto- 
kous +  -y.]  The  producing  of  males  only:  a 
form  of  parthenogenesis.     See  arrhenotokous. 

arrhephore  (ar'e-for),  n.  [<  Gr.  'Appj/fdpoc,  com- 
monly in  pi.,  'Appt/ipopot  (see  def.);  of  uncertain 
origin.]  One  of  four  young  girls  of  noble  birth 
who  were  chosen  annually  in  ancient  Athens  to 
dwell  on  the  Acropolis  and  attend  the  priestess 
of  Athena  Polias.  They  played  a  ceremonial  part  in 
the  festival  of  the  Arrhephoria,  on  the  night  before  which 
they  bore  baskets  or  vases  of  unknown  contents  from  the 
Acropolis  to  an  underground  sanctuary  near  the  peribolos 
of  Aphrodite  in  the  Gardens. 

Arrhephoria  (ar-e-f6'ri-a).-«. j^l.  [Gr.  'Appr/ipdpta : 
see  arrhephore.]  An  ancient  Athenian  festival 
celebrated  in  the  month  of  Skirophorion  (June). 
It  was  connected  with  the  Panathenaic  festival,  and  was 
the  occasion  of  tlie  ceremonial  induction  into  their  annual 
office,  with  a  splendid  pmcession  to  the  Acropolis,  of  the 
four  ytuuig  prieslv-sses  of  Athena  called  arrephores. 

arrhinencephalia(ar-in-en-se-fa'li-a), «.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  appiQ  (appiv-),  without  power  of  scenting 
(<  a-  priv.  -1-  pic,  pip,  nose),  +  e}Ki(pa/-oc,  the 
brain:  see  encejihalon.]  In  teratol.,  congenital 
absence  of  one  or  (usually)  both  sides  of  the 
olfactory  lobe  (rhinencephalon),  accompanied 
with  more  or  less  dwarfing  or  absence  of  adjar 
cent  structui'es.     Also  spelled  arhinencephalia. 

arrhizal  (a-ri'zal),  a.  [As  arrMsous  +  -ah] 
Same  as  arrhizous. 

arrhizous  (a-ri'zus).  a.  [<  !>TL.  arrhicus,  <  Gr. 
o/i/w.'or,  without  roots.  <  a-  priv.  -f-  />'Ca,  a  root.] 
Having  no  root :  applied  to  parasitical  plants 
which  ha%'e  no  root,  but  adhere  to  other  plants 


arrhizons 

by  anv  part  of  their  surface,  and  derive  their 

-■■■   ■   .'     .  .  <^om  them;   also  to  mosses  and 

-  are  destitute  of  rhizoids.  Also 

Arrhynchia  i,a-riiig'ki-a),  n.p}.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  arrhijiichius,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  l>nXOi,  snout.] 
A  group  of  the  lowest  proetuehous  Turbellaria. 
having  no  frontal  proboscis,  but  provided  with 
an  anus,  and  presenting  distinct  sexes.  Also 
spilled  Ai-liijnchia. 

arrhytlunia  (a-rith'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aft- 
pi*)uia,  want  of  rhythm,  <  apfjti6/iO(,  without 
rhvthm:  see  arrhyth'mous.'i  In  pathol.,  irregu- 
larity.     Also  spelled  arhijthmia Arrhythmia 

cordis,  irregularity  of  pulse. 

arrhythmic  (a-rith'mik),  <i.  [As  arrhythmous 
+  -ic:  see  a-l8  and  rlqithmic.'i  Not  rhythmic; 
wanting  rhvthm  or  regularity:  used  speeifical- 
Iv.  in  imthu'l,  of  the  pulse.  Also  speUedaWi^Wi- 
inic.    y.  E.  D. 

arrhythmical  (a-rith'mi-kal),  a.  Same  as  ar- 
rifithinic.     Also  spelled  urhythinical. 

arrhythmically  (a-rith'mi-kal-i),  aHi:  In  a 
style  without  rhythm.  Also  spelled  arhythmi- 
cally. 

arrhythmOUS  (a-rith'mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  appvd/iu;, 
without  rh\-thm.  out  of  time,  <  u-  priv.  +  pi^/to^, 
rhytliin.]  ".Same  as  arrhythmic.  Also  spelled 
ai  hi/fhniim^. 

arrhythmy  (a-rith'mi),  «.  [<  NL.  arrhythmia, 
q.  V.J  Want  of  rhvthm.  Also  spelled  n(%«(»iy. 
[Rare.] 

aniage  (ar'aj),  n.  [Sc,  a  contr.  of  aierage'^, 
q.  v.]  In  Scots  law,  an  indefinite  service  per- 
formed by  horses,  formerly  required  from  ten- 
ants, but  now  abolished.  Used  chiefly  in  the 
phrase  carriage  and  arriage. 

It  [the  raunasterj'l  is  saiii  t<i  liave  possessed  nearly  two 
thousand  |)ounds  in  yearly  niojiey-rent,  .  .  .  capons  and 
puultrv,  Imtter,  salt,  carriage  and  arriaije,  peats  and  kain, 
w.M/1  and  ale.  Scoll,  Monastery,  Int. 

arridet  (a-rid')i  r.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  arrided,  ppr. 
arriding.     [<  L.  arridere,  please,  be  favorable 
to,  smile  at  or  upon,  <  ad,  to,  +  ridere,  laugh : 
see  ridicule.']    To  please ;  gratify. 
Fait.  'Fore  heavens,  hishumour  arrides  me  exceedingly. 
Car.   Arride«  you', 
f'att.   Ay.  pleases  me. 

B.  Joiuon,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

The  flattering  sycophant  is  the  fawning  spaniel,  that 
hath  only  learned  to  fetch  and  carry,  to  spring  the  covey 
S}t  his  master's  lusts,  and  to  arride  and  deride  him. 

/((•i>.  T.  Adam.i,  Works,  III.  119. 

Above  all  thy  rarities,  old  Oxenford,  what  do  most  ar- 
rule  anil  solace  me  are  thy  repositories  of  monlderiiig 
leanilng.  Lamb,  Oxford  in  Vacation. 

arridentt  (a-ri'dent),  o.  [<  L.  arriden{,t-)s,  ppr. 
of  urridtic:  see  iirride.']  Pleasing;  gratify- 
ing. 

Airidre  (a-rer';  F.  pron.  ar-iar'),  w.  [F-,  <  OF. 
ariere,  arere,  >  ME.  arere,  mod.  E.  arrear^.  Ar- 
riire  is  thus  the  mod.  F.  form  of  arrear^,  re- 
stored ill  E.  from  the  earlier  form,  or  adopted 
afnsh,  in  special  phrases:  see  arrear-  and 
reorS.J  Arrear  or  rear.  [Now  rarely  used  except  in 
coni[iMttltion,  as  in  arricre-tirat,  .Jet,  -fitj,  -peiuiie,  etc.  (See 
these  words,  lielow.)  In  arriire-ban,  OA  shown,  it  is  his- 
torically a  dillerent  word.] 
An  inferr'd  arriire  of  such  storms,  such  wTCCks. 

IC.  Wltitman,  in  Academy,  Nov.  18, 1S82.    (A'.  A".  D.) 

Volant  en  arrlere,  in  /fr.,  said  of  a  hird  represented  as 

llvin.'  >l|■v^.l^'l  ;ili<l  away  from  tile  speetato]'. 

arri6re-ban  la-rer'ban;  F.  j)ron.  ar-iar-boh'), 

n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  arrier-,  arrear-,  arere- 

htm  (also  iirrcar-,  rerc-hand,  arricr-vaii,  siinii- 

lating  bantP  and  rati'^),  <  F.  arridre-haii,  OF. 

nriiri-Uiiii,  a  corruption  (due  to  a  Kupi)Oscd 

'     II  with  ariere,  mod.  urriire,  rear,  bo- 

'  1 1-',    'itribnn,   'herihan,  <  ML.  hitri-, 

■  -.  mri-,  hrrebannum,  et(^,  <  OIIG. 

"/I"  "■!  CSWm.  herb(in,<i.  heirhaini), 

'li''  ■  "1  an  anny,  <  /irtW,  liiri  (MHO. 

~i.  hi  re),  anny,  +  ban,  a  jmblic 

'  •■:  see  har-,  harry,  ami  //«»'.] 

Ill  slate,  MieHiiiiiliioiisof  the 

'  ■  iiicfi,  •■nlliiig  tlieni  t<i   tliii 

^:iU,  ('qiii|iiiii'nt,  1111)1  Ihri'c 

ni"i  ihM.     Neglect  to  obey  tlio  hiiiu- 

'■"II  il'HM  or  oven  Iohh  of  the  (iff. 

''  litarv   force   llius  liable    In 

'  rlv  wrilleii  mu i-l:'ir.    1 1 1,. 

|.,-i     .    I.MM    1,1     ....■■.    I     .  ■.    ,    I,    .1 


Arrifire-Voussure. 


lull 

arri' 

arri'  I 
II.I.  . 

leudutiir^. 


'«lll    I'l    tllU    tlilUill..    .,1     I  III 

,"'/•.  I 

..•';,n.  Hnme BB rTW/cHD 
ii),  n.  A  foe  or  lief  <li 
Mir  foe,  or  a  feci  held  of  ; 


320 

arrifere-fief  (a-rer'fef),  «.     Same  as  arriere-fee. 

arriere-pensee  (ar-iar- poh-sa'),  n.  [F.,  <  ar- 
riere,  rear,  behind,  +  pciisee,  thought :  see  pen- 
sive.'] A  thought  kept  back  or  dissembled;  a 
mental  reservation. 

arri^re-'Vassal  (a-rer' vas'al),  n.  Au under-vas- 
sal ;  the  vassal  of  a  vassal. 

arriere-VOUSSUre  (ar-iar  v6-sui''),  n.  A  rear 
vault ;  an  arch  or  a  vault  placed  within  the 
openiug  of  a  win- 
dow or  door,  and  , 
diflfering  from  it 
in  form,  to  in- 
crease the  size 
of  the  aperture 
internally,  to  re- 
ceive a  charge 
from  above,  or 
to  form  an  ar- 
chitectural junc- 
tion between  in- 
terior and  exte- 
rior forms. 

arriero  (ar-f-a'- 
ro),  n.  [Sp.  (= 
Pg.  arrieiro),  a 
muleteer,  <  orre 
(>  Pr.  arri  =  It.  arri),  OSp.  farre,  a  cry  u.sed 
to  mules  and  horses;  prob.  of  Ar.  origin.]  A 
muleteer. 

arris  (ar'is),  n.  [Also  'written  oris,  formerly 
arriss,  E.  dial.  (North.)  arridge,  the  edge  of 
anything  that  is  liable  to  hurt  (Halliwell);  < 
OF.  areste  (F.  arete),<.  L.  arista,  an  ear  or  beard 
of  grain,  in  ML.  also  a  bone  of  a  fish,  exterior 
angle  of  a  house:  see  arista  and  arres^2.]  i_ 
A  sharp  edge,  as  of  a  squared  stone  or  piece  of 
wood.  Specifically — 2.  In  <7rr/(.,  the  line,  edge, 
or  hip  in  which  the  two  straight  or  curved  sur- 
faces of  a  body,  forming  an  exterior  angle, 
meet;  especially,  the  sharp  ridge  between  two 
adjoining  channels  of  a  Doric  column. 

arris-fillet  (ar'is-fil''et),  n.  A  triangular  piece 
of  wood  used  to  raise  the  slates  of  a  root  against 
the  shaft  of  a  chimney  or  a  wall,  to  throw  off 
the  rain  more  effectually.  Also  called  tilting- 
filM. 

arris-gutter  (ar'is-guf^r),  n.  A  wooden  gut- 
ter of  the  form  of  the  letter  V,  fixed  to  the  eaves 
i>f  a  building.     Gwilt. 

arrish,  arish  (ar'ish),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  ersh,  dial. 
form  of  eddish,  q.  v.]  A  corn-  or  wheat-field 
which  has  been  harvested ;  stubble ;  eddish. 
[Devonshire,  Eng.] 

arrisionf  (a-rizh'on),  n.  [<  L.  arrisio{n-),  <  ar- 
risiii,;  pp.  of  arridere,  smile  upon:  see  arride.] 
The  act  of  smiling  upon  or  at.     Blount. 

arris-piece  (ar'is-pcs),  «.  In  ship-cariK,  one  of 
tlie  portions  of  a  built  mast  beneath  the  hoops. 

arris-rail  (ar'is-nil),  ».  In  earji.,  a  rail  of  tri- 
angular section,  generally  formed  by  slitting 
diagonally  a  strip  of  square  section.  The 
liroadest  surface  forms  the  base. 

arris'Wise  (ar'is-wiz),  adv.  [<  arris  +  -wise.] 
. ,  1.  Diagonally:  said  of  an  ar- 
rangement of  tiles  or  slates  so 
that  one  angle  points  downward. 
—  2.  In  her.,  vvath  one  angle  jiro- 
jocting  toward  the  spectator: 
said  of  any  bearing  of  a  rectan- 
gular form  so  placed  Ihat  one 
corner  is  in  front,  and  the  top 
""*'  and  two  of  the  sides  are  shown. 

]'>roneously  written  arraswiKC. 
arrivaget  (ij-rVvaj),  ».    [ME.  arnjvagc,  aryvagc, 

<  OF.  arivdge,  mod.  F.  arrivagn  =  Sj).  arribajr,  < 
ML.  itrribaiicum,  arrii>atienm,<.  *arripare  (>  OF. 
ariver),  come  to  shore,  arrive:  see  arrive  and 
-ai/e.]  1.  Landing:  iirriviil.  Chaiieer. — 2.  Tlinl 
wiiich  liappens  or  befalls  one  ;  lot  or  fate. 

arri'Val  (a-ri'val),  n.     [<  ME.  nryvnile,  nrrivaih; 

<  Al\  arrivaill(  =  i'r.  arrihalh,  arribailh,  niri- 
viil :  see  arrive  and  -«/.]  1.  The  act  of  arriving, 
as  in  coming  to  lainl  or  to  the  end  of  a  jouriny ; 
a  leai'hing  or  comiug  to  a  destiniition,  or  somi' 
delinite  jilace. 

I'll!  thilnn'  he  until  Inwiiril  Ilallo 
r.v  hhlii,  mill  lliiic  his  arrliailr 
ilalh  take,  aiiil  nhii|ii'  hini  for  tn  ride. 

tliiuvr,  Conf.  Ainant,  II.  4. 

2.  The  person  or  tiling  which  arrives :  as,  a 

long  list  of  arrivals. 

Toilny  the  I.iidy  I'«ycho  will  hamiiKUc 

The  Irish  aniralt.  Tcnnymi,  I'rlncesii,  II. 

3.  The  reaching  or  attainment  of  an,\  object 
or  state  by  elTorl,  <ir  in  natural  course:  us, 
arrival  iil  a  just  coni'lnHion. 


An  AU.ir  Arrii- 


arrogance 

arnvancet  (a-ri'vans),  n.     [<  arrive  +  -ance.J 

1.  The  act  or  fact  of  arriving;  arrival. 

Its  [an  animal's]  sudden  arrivance  into  growth  and 
matiuitie.  Sir  T.  Broicne,  Vulg.  ElT.,  ill  9. 

2.  Persons  who  arrive ;  an-ivals  collectively. 

For  every  nunute  is  expectancy 
Of  more  arrivance  \arriva}icie  in  early  eds.J. 

Shak.  (cd.  Leopold),  Othello,  ii.  1. 

arrive  (a-nv'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  arrived,  ppr. 
arriving,  [<  ME.  ariren,  aryven,  <  OF.  ariver, 
arrirer,  F.  arriver  =  Pr.  aribar,  arivar  =  Sp.  Pg. 
arribar  =  It.  arrivare,  arrive,  arripare,  come  to 
shore,  <  ML.  *arribare,  "arripare,  reach,  come 
to  shore,  earlier  adripare,  bring  to  shore,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  -1-  ripa,  shore,  bank.]  I.t  trans.  1.  To 
bring  (a  ship  or  its  passengers)  to  shore ;  land. 

Some  points  of  wind  .  .  .  may  as  soon  Overturn  as  Ar- 
rive the  ship. 

ir.  Broitgh,  Sacr.  Princ.  (1659),  p.  486.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

AVlien  Fortune  .  .  .  had  arrived  me  in  the  most  joyful 
port.  G.  Cavendish. 

2.  To  reach. 

Ere  he  arrive  the  happy  isle.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  409. 

3.  To  come  to;  happen  to. 

Lest  a  worse  woe  arrive  him.  Milton,  Civil  Power. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  come  to  or  reach  a  cer- 
tain point  in  the  course  of  travel:  with  at:  as, 
we  arrived  at  Havre-de-Grace. 

When  at  CoUatinm  this  false  lord  an-ived, 
Well  was  he  welcomed  by  the  Roman  dame. 

Siiak.,  Lucreee,  1.  CO. 

2.  To  reach  a  point  or  stage  by  progressive 
advance ;  attain  to  a  certain  result  or  state : 
with  at,  formerly  sometimes  with  to :  as,  to  ar- 
rive at  an  tmusual  degi'ee  of  excellence;  to  ar- 
rive at  a  conclusion. 

The  Greek  language  was  arrived  to  its  full  perfection. 
Dri/den,  Pref.  to  Troilus  and  Cressida. 

They  arrive  at  a  theory  from  looking  at  some  of  the 
phenomena ;  and  the  remaining  phenomena  they  strain  oi 
curtail  to  suit  the  theory.  Macaulaii,  On  History. 

3.  To  happen  or  occur:  with  to. 

Happy  !  to  whom  this  glorious  death  arrives.       Waller. 
The  lot  of  humanity  is  on  these  chiUiren.    Danger,  sor- 
row, and  pain  arrive  to  them,  as  foall. 

Hmerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  108. 

arrivet  (a-riv'),  n.     [<  arrii-e,  v.]    Arrival. 
How  should  I  joy  of  thy  arrive  to  hear  I 

Drayton,  Brandon  to  Mary. 
Wonder  at  the  safe  arrive 
Of  tlus  small  vessel,  which  all  weathers  drive. 

Middleton,  Triumphs  of  Truth. 

arroba  (a-ro'ba),  «.  [Formerly  also  aroba, 
arobc,  arob,  <  fcjp.  Pg.  arroba,  <  Ar.  ar-roh',  <  al, 
the,  -I-  rob',  fourth  part  (of  a  himdred-woight), 
a  quarter,  <  urba'a,  four.]  1.  A  Spanish  aud 
Portuguese  unit  of  weight.  Tlie  following  table 
shows  the  nnmbcrof  avoirdupois  and  local  pounds  it  con- 
tains and  its  eiiuivalerit  in  kilogranis  : 

■■'='«>•  PoSl.     Pouilis.        K"«' 

.Saragossa 86         27.390        12.424 

Lisbon,  Kio  de  Janeiro »2       32.381       14.G88 

Itarceloini 26        22.986        10.4'26 

Valencia  86       28.'272       12,824 

Paraguay 25       27.410       12.4;!3 

Ca.stile,  Hueuos  Ayres, )  ,5       2ii  S17       11484 

Chill,  Mexico,  etc.       f  ••••■''>       25.317       11.481 

Alicante 24  and  86       2S.254       12.810 

There  was  also  formerly  In  use  in  Valencia  a  small  arroba 
of  10.I1S7  kilograms. 

2.  Aineasiu'e  for  wine,  spirits,  and  oil  in  Span- 
ish countries,  arising  from  the  Moorish  ]n-ac- 
lico  of  weighing  those  liiiuidsj  the  canlara. 
There  are  two  nieiusures  of  this  name.  1  he  commoner,  the 
arroba  mai/or,  contains  in  liters  :  in  Castile,  t'adlz,  l(i.l37 ; 
in  Holivla,'lfl.07:t;  in  Malaga,  16.86  ;  in' Havana,  16.44;  in 
AllciiMic,  11.660;  in  Valencia,  11.482.  The  arroba  vienor, 
In  Madrid,  is  eiiiiiviilcnt  in  i;7.'26  pounds  of  water  or  1'.!.6(I4 
liters  ;  It  was  iliviileii  into  26  liliras.  Wine  was  sold  liy  a 
wriiiht  <tf  :','„'  poinids  to  the  nrrolia. 
arrodet  (ii-r")d'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  arrodere,  gnaw  at, 
<  ad,  to,  at,  -t-  rodrre,  gnaw:  see  rodent,  and  cf. 
eorrinle,  erode.]  To  gnaw  or  nil)ble  at.  Uailey. 
arrogance  (ar'o-gans),  h.  [<  ME.  arrogance, 
orrinjiiuncr,  <  i)V.(irrognncr,  <  L.  arrogantia,  < 
(ivrogan{l-)s,  ii|ir.  of  arrogare  :  see  arrogate.] 
The  Condilioii  or  tpiality  of  being  arrogant;;', 
inanil'est  feeling  of  jiersonal  suiieriorily  in 
rank,  ])ower,  dignity,  or  estiniatiim;  the  exalt- 
ing of  one's  own  worth  or  ini|)ortance  to  an 
niidiu'  di'gree;  pride  with  conteiniit  of  others; 
lireKumption. 

Priile  hath  no  other  glass 
To  show  Itself,  but  lirlile  ;  for  suiiple  knees 
Feed  arroiiauce,  and  are  the  iiroml  man's  tees. 

.s'/i(i(.,  T.  and  C,  III.  8. 
'^Syn.  Vrifle,  Arrofjanrf,  Prrmmplion,  Ansvmplion, 
liamittlinrMH,  Jyiitdttin,  l,»flinrit»,  .Suiierriliotitinrjoi,  hm>- 
liner,  lordlinesH.  self  liii|ioi'lancc,  liii|ierionKiie»s,  swagger. 
(See  nriilr.)  Pride  and  dindnin  are  tlie  only  words  in  the 
llil  that  may  have  a  good  meaning  when  applied  to  per- 


arrogance 

Jons :  as,  pride  in  one's  country ;  disdain  of  a  base  sURges- 
ticm.  Pride  primarily  respects  tlie  temper  of  tlic  niiml,  n<it 
heing  necessarily  manifested  or  directoil  toward  otliers ;  it 
i^  the  general  term  for  an  unreasonable  estimate  of  one's 
■  iwn  superiority  in  any  respect.  As  it  conies  into  relation 
ami  acti")i.  it  niay  receive  nther  titles.  Thus,  arrogance  is, 
at  its  simplest,  i>ri<U-  with  cuntempt  of  others,  and  is  es- 
stiitially  tlie  same  as  disdain.  In  action,  arroi/ance  is  the 
assertion  of  exorbitant  claims  to  rank,  dignity,  estimation, 
jinmage,  power,  etc.  Presumption  is  often  used  fur  arro- 
nnni'p,  but  more  properly  expresses  a  self-couccitcd  and 
SI  If  important  forwardness  to  run  risks,  take  liberties, 
and  ciiiwtl  in  where  one  does  nut  deserve  to  be.  Prf- 
.^mitption  helps  itself  to  what  it  wants,  while  airoffance 
.  laims  from  others,  and  feeds  its  pride  by  seeing  them 
^ield.  Presuniptivn  is  less  selfish  than  arroqaiiee,  but 
more  conceited  and  headstrong.  Asaxunption  has  adiled 
to  its  other  meanings  a  bad  sense,  kindred  to  prrsinnptian ; 
it  means  a  disposition  to  do  what  does  not  belong  to  one 
tu  do,  and  sometimes  to  claim  to  be  more  than  one  is. 
Haughtiness,  like  disdain  and  htftiness,  dwells  upon  the 
inferiority  of  others  quite  as  much  as  upon  its  own  eleva- 
tion; it  is  equally  applicable  to  spirit  and  to  manner. 
Disdain  Is  a  mingling  of  lofty  contempt  with  aversion, 
abhorrence,  or  indignation.  Sitpercillousness,  as  befits  its 
derivation,  is  chiefly  applied  to  manner ;  it  is  a  manifested 
haughtiness.  Insolence  is  exhibited  not  only  in  manner, 
but  in  conduct  and  language  ;  it  is  pride  or  haughtiness, 
shown  in  contemptuous  or  overbearing  treatment  of  oth- 
ers, especially  by  words;  from  an  equal  or  an  inferior  it 
is  an  outrageous  kind  of  impertinence.  See  impudence^ 
egotism^  and  scorn. 

I  know  you  proud  to  bear  your  name, 
Your  priile  is  yet  no  mate  for  mine, 
Too  proud  to  care  from  whence  I  came. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Yere  de  Vere. 


321 

legal  sense.]  1,  To  claim  or  demand  unduly 
or  presumptuously;  lay  claim  to  in  an  over- 
bearing; manner:  as,  to  arrotjatc  power  or  dig- 
nity to  one's  self. 

Who,  not  content 
With  fair  equality,  fraternal  state, 
Will  arrogate  dominion  undeserved 
Over  Ills  bretlireii.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  27. 

A  man  possessed  of  such  warm  imagination  commands 
all  nature,  and  arrogates  possesaiona  of  which  the  owner 
has  a  Idunter  relish.     Goldsmith,  Tenants  of  the  Leasowes. 

Even  the  spiritual  supremacy  arrogated  by  the  Pope  was, 
in  the  dark  ages,  productive  of  far  more  good  than  evil. 
.  Mncanlnji,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2.  To  lay  claim  to  on  behalf  of  another:  as, 
to  arroffate  to  the  crown  the  privilege  of  issu- 
ing writs. 

To  anti(iuity  we  arrogate  many  things,  to  ourselves  no- 
thing. Coleridge,  The  Friend,  I.  12.    (N.  K  D.) 

3.  In  Horn,  laiv,  same  as  adrogate. 
arrogation   (ar-o-ga'shon),   n.      [<  L.  arroga- 

tio{n-),  a  taking  to  one's  self,  <  arrogarc^  take 
to  one's  self:  see  arrogate,  and  ef.  adrogation.'] 
1.  The  act  of  arrogating,  or  making  unjust  or 
unwarrantable  claims  or  demands;  the  act  of 
taking  more  than  one  is  justly  entitled  to. 

Wliere  selfness  is  extinguished,  all  manner  of  arrogation 
must  of  necessity  be  extinct. 

Dr.  II.  More,  Song  of  the  Soul,  p.  372,  note. 


2.  In  Horn.  laii\  same  as  adrogation 
Turbulent,  discontented  men  of  quality,  in  proportion  arrogative  (ar'6-ga-tiv),  a.     [<  arrogate  +  -ive.'] 


as  they  are  puffed  up  with  personal  pn'xie  and  arrogance, 
generally  despise  their  own  order.    Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

But  most  it  is  presumption  in  us,  when 

The  help  of  Heaven  we  count  the  act  of  men. 

Shale,  Alls  Well,  ii.  1. 

His  usual  air  of  haughty  assuinption. 

Scott,  Waverley,  xli.x. 

I  own  that  there  is  a  haughtiness  and  fierceness  in  human 
nature  which  will  cause  innumerable  broils,  place  men  in 
■what  situation  you  please.  Burke. 

Good  nature  produces  a  disdain  of  all  baseness,  vice, 
and  folly.  *  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  242. 

The  loftiness  of  man  shall  be  bowed  down.       Isa.  ii.  17. 

Sometimes,  it  is  true,  the  giraffe  stoops  to  mammalian 
levels;  but  there  is  something  so  lofty  even  in  its  conde- 
scension tliat  the  very  act  of  bending  enhances  the  hawjh- 
tiness  of  its  erect  posture,  ami  suggests  that  it  does  it  from 
policy.  To  be  always  keeping  state,  and  forever  in  the 
clouds,  might  make  shorter  animals  accuse  it  of  acting 
superciliously.  P.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  1S2. 

The  insolence  of  the  aggressor  is  usually  proportioned  to 
the  lameness  of  the  sufferer.  Ames,  Works,  II.  96. 

arrogancy   (ar'o-gan-si),  n.     [See  arrogance.'] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  arrogant;  arrogance: 
as,  "presumptuous  arrogancy,"  North,  tr.  of 
Plutarch,  p.  77.  "■ 

His  arrofjancii  and  his  impudence,  in  commending  his 
own  things.       '  B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  piece  of  arrogance ;  an  arrogant  act. 

That  most  odious  of  all  repulsive  arro^aiicies  — Phari- 
seeism.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  472. 

arrogant  (ar'o-gant),  a.  [<ME.  arrogant,  arro- 
gamit,  <  OF.  arrogant,  <  L.  arrogan(t-)s,  assum- 
ing, arrogant,  insolent,  ppr.  of  arrogare,  assume. 


Making  uudue  claims  and  pretensions;  arro 
gant.     Dr.  H.  More. 

arroUo  (a-ro'lyo),  )(.     Same  as  arroyo. 

arrondi,  arrondee  (a-rou'di,  -de),  a.  [<  F.  ar- 
rondi  (fern,  arrondic),  rounded,  pp.  of  arrondir, 
make  round,  <  a  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  rond,  round: 
see  round".']  In  Iter.,  rounded  off:  applied  to  a 
bearing,  especially  a  cross,  the  extremities  of 
■which  are  rounded.  Also  ■written  arondie,  aron- 
(?,!/.— Battled  arrondi.  See  battled^.— 'RenA.  arrondi, 
fesse  arrondi,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

arrondissement  (a-roii-des'mon),  n.    [F.,  lit.  a, 

rounding,  <  iirrunilitis-,  stem  of  certain  ])arts  of 
arrondir,  make  round :  see  arrondi.]  in  France, 
the  largest  administrative  division  of  a  depart- 
ment. The  87  departments  are  divided  into  362  arron- 
di^scineiits.  Each  arrondissement  is  divided  into  cantons, 
and  i*:irii  nf  the  latter  into  cttmmunes. 

arrope  (a-rop';  Sp.  pron.  a-ro'pa),  «.  [Sp.  (= 
Pg.  arrobc),  <  arropar  (=  Pg.  arrohar),  nii.x^wine 
in  a  state  of  fermentation  ■with  boiled  wine,  lit. 
clothe,  <  ar-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  ropa  =  Pg.  roupa, 
OPg.  ronba,  clothing,  robe:  see  robe.]  A  sort 
of  liquor  used  for  increasing  the  body  and  dark- 
ening the  color  of  sherry,  made  by  boiling  down 
must  to  one  fifth  or  one  sixth  of  its  original 
quantity. 

arroset  "(a-roz'),  v.  t.  [<  F.  arroser,  sprinkle, 
water,  ult.  <  LL.  adrorarc,  bedew,  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
rorare,  distil  dew,  <  ros  (ror-),  dew.]  To  be- 
dew; sprinkle;  wet;  drench. 

The  blissful  dew  of  heaven  does  arrose  you. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  4. 
etc!:  see  arrogate.]     1". 'Making  or  having  the  -rrosiont  (a-ro'zhon),  n.      [<  L.  as  if  *arro- 


arrow-shaped 

with  feathers  at  the  nockcnd  to  steady  the  flight,  and 
witii  a  pointed  Iiead  of  various  forms,  often  barbed  so  as 
to  remain  fixed  in  the  object  pierced. 
Those  used  in  the  middle  ages  rarely 
liad  barbed  heads ;  sometimes  the  head 
was  flat,  sometimes  conical,  and  fit- 
ted to  the  shaft  like  the  ferrule  of  a 
walking-stick.  The  arrow-heads  of  tlie 
Nortii  American  Indians  were  of  flint, 
obsidian,  or  other  hard  stone,  or  of 
bono,  as  well  as  of  metal,  and  were 
often  barbed.  They  were  secured  to 
the  shaft  Ity  lashings  of  hide  or  sinew. 
Arrow-heads  intended  to  be  poisoned, 
as  among  South  American  Indians,  are 
said  to  bo  fastened  lightly,  so  as  to 
leave  the  shaft  and  remain  in  the 
wound.  The  feathers  at  the  butt  of  the 
shaft  seem  to  have  been  generally  used 
in  all  ages,  and  are  so  set,  or  are  of  such 
a  form,  as  to  give  to  the  arrow  a  rotary 
movement,  like  that  of  a  ritie-ball.  The 
arrow  of  the  crossbow  is  called  a  Oolt  or 
quarrtd  (whiclt  see). 
2.  Anything  resembling  an  ar- 
row, (a)  In  surv.,  a  small  pointed 
iron  rod,  or  a  stick  sluxl  witli  iron, 
stuck  into  the  ground  to  mark  a  chains 
length.  (6)  In  fort.,  a  work  placed  at 
the  salient  angles  of  a  glacis,  conmiuni- 
cating  with  the  covert  way.  (c)  A  fig- 
ure used  in  maps,  architectural  draw- 
ings, etc.,  to  indicate  direction,  as  of 
winds,  cun-ents,  livers.  In  maps,  an 
arrow  or  half-arrow,  pninting  nurth,  serves  to  fix  the  points 
of  the  compass,  (d)  An  ariuw-shapedornanient.asfor  the 
hair.—Broad  arrow.  Scc  hroad. 
arrow  (ar'o),  v,  i.  [<  arrow,  «.]  1,  To  grow 
up  into  a  long  pointed  stalk  like  an  arrow. 

The  \Vest  Indian  planter  must  prevent  liis  sugar-canes 
from  arrviving.  Simmonds'  Colonial  31  ag. 

2.  To  move  swiftly,  as  an  arrow.     [Rare.] 

About  an  hour  ago  did  we  .  .  .  see  that  identical  sal- 
mon .  .  .  arrowing  up  the  Tay. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXII.  446. 

arrow-grass  (ar'6-gras),  n.  A  common  name 
of  i>lauts  of  the  genus  Triglochinj  especially 
of  the  common  T.  palnstre.  It  is  also  sometimes 
applied  generally  to  the  members  of  the  tribe  Juncagi- 
iieit;  to  which  Trigluchin  belongs,  uc'v  usually  included  in 
the  natnial  order  Sniadacea: 

arrow-head  (ar'6-hed),  n.  and  rr.  I.  '»'.  1.  The 
head  of  an  aiTow. —  2.  An  aquatic  plant  of  the 
genus  Saglttaria  :  so  called  from  the  shape  of 
the  leaves.  See  Sagittaria.—  Z.  A  belemnite. 
II.  (I-  Written  with  arrow-headed  characters: 
as,  an  arrow-head  inscription. 

arrow-headed  (ar'o-hed'ed),  «. 


Eurnpc.in  (15th  CCK- 
turyj  Arrow. 
It  is  2  feet  4 
inches  Ion?,  and 
has  three  fathers. 
(From  Viollet-le- 
Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mo- 
bilier  fran^ais.") 


t]]]^  TfT^^ 


I 


A^^  ^ 


Assyrian  Arrow-headed  Characters. 


disposition  to  make  unwarrantable  claims  of 
rank  or  estimation ;  giving  one's  self  an  undue 
degree  of  importance ;  aggressively  haughty ; 
full  of  assumption:  applied  to  persons. 


Arrogant  Winchester?  that  hauahty  prelate? 
.Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI., 


i.  3. 


2.  Characterized  by  arrogance;  proceeding 
irom  an  overestimate  of  one's  importance  or 
superiority  to  others:  applied  to  things:  as, 
4xrrogant  claims. 

The  speech  of  Themistocles,  the  Athenian,  which  was 
haughty  and  arrogant,  in  taking  so  much  to  himself,  had 
been  a  grave  and  wise  observation  and  censure,  applied  at 
large  to  others.  Bacon,  True  Greatness. 

Surely  etiquette  was  never  maintained  in  a  more  arro- 
<jant  manner  at  tlie  coui't  of  Louis  XIV. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  iu  19th  Cent.,  p.  268. 

His  [Lord  Clarendon's]  temper  was  sour,  arrogant,  and 
impatient  of  opposition.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

=Syil.  Autlioritative,  Magisterial,  Dogmatic,  etc.  (see  »ia- 
gisterial),  proud,  assuming,  overbearing,  presumptuous, 
supercilious.  lordl,\',  cavalier,  important,  swelling,  bluster- 
in^',  f^rand,  ilisdaiiiful,  overweening. 
arrogantly  (ar'o-gant-li),  adr.  In  an  arrogant 
manner;  with  undue  pride  and  contempt  of 
others ;  with  haughty  presumption. 

Godwin  and  his  Sons  bore  themselves  arrogantly  and 
proudly  towards  the  King,  usurping  to  themselves  equal 
share  iu  tlie  Government.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

arrogantness  (ar'o-gant-nes),  n.     Arrogance. 

arrogate  (ar'o-gat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  arro- 
gated, ppr.  arrogating.  [<  L.  arrogatus,  adro- 
gatim,  pp.  of  arrogare,  adrogare,  ask  of,  adopt, 
appropriate,  assume,  \(id,  to,  +  rogare,  ask:  see 
rogation.  The  form  adrogate  is  confined  to  the 
21 


sio(n-),  <  arrodere,  pp.  arrosus,  gnaw  at:  see  ar 
rode]    A  gnawing  at.     [Kare.J 

This  arrosion  of  the  nailes,  ...  the  property  of  men  in- 
raged  with  choler.  J.  Bulwer,  Chirologia,  p.  160.    (N.  E.  D.) 

arrow  (ar'6),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arroice, 
arowc,  <  ME.  arow,  aro,  arit,  arte,  armoe,  areive, 
arwc,  <  AS.  (1)  arwe,  fem.,  (2)  carli,  neut.,  = 
Icel.  or  (gen.  orvar),  an  arrow,  =  Goth,  deriv. 
arUwazna,  a  dart  (Gr.  /3fXof),  prob.  orig.  'that 
which  belongs  to  the  bow'  (a  'bow-dart'  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  missile  throvra  by  hand?),  < 
*arliw  =  L.  arquus,  arcus,  a  bow,  whence  E. 
arc^,  arch  i,  and  deriv.  archer,  q.  v.]  1 .  A  slen- 
der, generally  pointed,  missile  weapon  made  to 


>-s. 


Arrows, 
from  New  Ireland  and  the  Solomon  ^oup  of  islands.    The 


lonsest  is  i  feet  ii  inches,  the  shortest  4  feet  i  inch.  There  are  no 
feathers  In  3  the  barbs  are  of  thin  shaved  blades  of  bone  :  in  4,  of 
ratan  ;  in  i  and  2  the  barbs  are  made  of  thorns :  in  5  the  head  is  a 
small  piece  of  bamboo.    6-10  are  Japanese  arrows  of  a  late  epoch. 

be  shot  from  a  bow.  Arrows  have  nearly  universally 
been  made  with  a  light,  straight  shaft  of  wood,  fitted 


Shaped  like 
the  head  of 
an  arrow. — 
Arrow-headed 
characters,  al- 
pliatietical,  syl- 
labic, and  ideo- 
^'raphic  combi- 
nations of  a  tri- 
angular, aiTow- 
head  -  like,  or 
wedge  -  like  fig- 
ure ;  hence,  also 
called  cuneiform 
(wedge-shaped)  and  nail-headed  characters.  See  cunei- 
form. 
arrowleaf  (ar'o-lef),  n.  A  South  American 
atiuatic  plant,  the  Sagittaria  Mon  tevidensis,  ■with 
large,  arrow-shaped  leaves. 
arrowlet  (ar'6-let),  n.  [<  arrow  -t-  -let.]  A 
little  arrow.  Tennyson.  [Poetic] 
arrowroot  (ar'6-ro't),  n.  [<  arrow  +  root'^; 
from  the  use  of  the  fresh  roots  or  tubers  to 
absorb  poison  from 
wounds  inflicted  by 
poisoned  arrows.]  A 
starch  obtained  fi-om 
the  horizontal  rhi- 
zomes of  several  spe- 
cies ot  Maranta.  it  is 
much  used  as  food  and  for 
other  purposes,  and  is  ob- 
tained from  the  West  In- 
dies. The  species  from 
which  arrowroot  is  most 
commonly  made  is  M. 
aruiulinacea,  hence  ciilletl 
the  arrowroot -plant.  Other 
starches  than  that  of  Ma- 
ranta  are  occasionally  sold 
under  the  name  of  aiTow- 
root.  Brazilian  arrowroot, 
or  tapioca-meal,  more  usu- 
ally known  as  cassava,  is 
obiained  from  the  fleshy  root  of  Manihot  utitissirna,  after 
the  poisonous  juice  has  been  removed ;  Fast  Indian  ar- 
vovrroot,  from  the  large  root-stocks  of  Curcuma  anpusti- 
folia  ;  Chinese  arrowroot,  from  the  creeping  rhizomes  of 
Nelumhium  speciosum ;  English  arrowroot,  from  the  po- 
tato; Portland  arrourroot.  from  the  corms  of  Antm  macu- 
latum  ;  and  Oswego  arrowroot ,  from  Indian  corn. 
arrow-shaped  (ar'6-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like 
an  arrow ;  sagittate :  applied  in  botwtij  to  au-# 
riculate  lanceolate  leaves  which  have  the  basal 
lobes  elongated,  acute,  and  turned  downward. 


Arrowroot-Plant  (Afar, 
arundinacfa '. 
a,  a,  rhizomes. 


arrow-stone 
arrow-stone  (ar'o-ston),  n.    A  belemnite. 
arrow-tie  (ar'6-ti),  n.     [<  arrow  (in  aUusion  to 
the  shape  of  the  fastening)  +  tie.'i     A  tie  of 
hoop-iron  used  in  baling  cotton, 
arrow-wood  (ar'o-wnd),  II.    A  name  given  in 
the  L'nited  States  to  several  species  of  shrubs 
or  small  trees  used  by  the  Indians  for  making 
their  arrows,   as   nburnum  dentatum   and   V. 
acerifoUum,    Fiionymiis   atrn]>itrpiireus,   Cormis 
torida,  and  in  the  westeni  territories  Tessaria 
bnrealis.     See  cut  under  Corn  us. 
arrow-worm  (ar'o-werm),  n.    An  animal  of  the 
genus  ■•<^gilt<i  (which  see). 
arrowy  (ar'6-i),  a.     [<  arrom  +  -i/l.]     Resem- 
bling an  arrow  or  arrows,  as  in  shape  or  m  ra- 
pidity and  directness  of  motion. 

Iron  sleet  of  nrroiru  shower  _  ^  ,  „■  .  „ 

Hurtles  in  the  darkened  air.         Cray,  Fatal  Sisters. 
The  lambent  homage  of  his  orroiri;  tongue. 

Coirper,  Tiisk,  \1.  •  82. 

Tlie  carrier-bird  released 
Fointe  to  one  cherished  spot  his  arrowy  flight. 

J.  Baitlie. 

arroyo  (a-roi'6),  >i.  [Sp.,  OSp.  arrogio,  =  Pg. 
arroio,<.  ML.  arrogium :  cf.  ML.  rogium,  ro- 
gia,  a  stream  for  irrigation  (Dicz) ;  origin  un- 
known.] A  watercourse;  a  rivulet.  [South- 
western United  States.]  Also  arroUo. 
Dowii  the  arrovo,  out  across  the  mead, 
By  heath  and  hollow,  sped  the  flying  maid. 

Bret  Harte. 

Arsacid,  Arsacidan  (ar-sas'id,  -i-dan),  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Arsacidse,  rulers  of  Parthia 
from  about  250  B.  c,  and  afterward  of  the  Par- 
thian empire  (see  Parthian),  till  A.  D.  226.  The 
Arsacid  dyuastv  was  founded  by  a  tliief  named  Arsaces, 
who  revolted  from  Antiochus  11.  of  Syria  ;  and  all  his  suc- 
cessors about  thirty,  added  his  name  to  their  own.  A 
branch  ,.f  the  Arsacidn;  reigned  in  Armenia  from  about 
149  B.  c.  to  A.  D.  «28. 

arschin,  n.     See  arshin. 

arse  (ars),  n.  [<  JfE.  ars,  ers,  <  AS.  ears,  a;rs 
=  OFries.  ers  =  D.  aais,  naars  =  OHG.  MHti. 
ars,  G.  arsch  =  Icel.  ars,  also  rass  =  Sw.  ars  = 
Dan.  ars,  arts  =  Or.  iippoc  for  *6paoc,  the  rump.] 
The  buttock-s  or  hind  part  of  an  animal.  [Now 
onlv  in  vulgar  use.] 

arse'-foott  (Urs'fiit),  «.  [<  arse  +  foot,  from 
the  position  of  the  feet  in  birds  of  the  grebe 
familv,  which  seem  to  be  inserted  opposite  the 
anus."  Once  used  by  writers  of  repute,  as  by 
Willughby  and  Kay,"  1678.]  An  early  British 
name  of  the  great  "crested  grebe,  Podiceps  or 
Podicipes  crislatiis,  and  of  other  birds  of  the 
same  genus.     Also  spelled  arsfoot. 

arsenal  (Ur'se-nal),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ar- 
ceiial,  iirsinal,  arcinal.  iu"cnak,  arcliinale,  etc., 
from  It.  and  F. ;  cf.  F.  arsenal,  formerly  «ire- 
nal  =  It.  arscnale,  arzenalr,  <ir:anale  =  Sp.  Pg. 
arsenal  (MGr.  apa7iva7.jji;),  witli  suffix  -al,  -ale,  a 
'  simpler  form  appearing  in  ML.  arsciia,  It.  ar- 
zena,  arzanCi,  V.  (16th  cent.)  arscna,  arsenae, 
arsenal,  dockyard ;  cf.  It.  darsena,  dial,  tirzand  = 
8p.  darsena  =  Pg.  taracena,  taru:ena,  tercena  = 
¥.  darse,  damine,  a  dock;  also  Sp.  utarazana, 
alHO  atarazanal,  an  arsenal,  rope-walk,  dock- 
yard; <Ar. '/ar-af-ciH«'a/(,  lit.  house  of  construc- 
tion, <  rf«)-,  hou.se, -f-  al,  t\iQ.+  <;inaah,  art,  trade, 
indu.stry,  <  f«n«'n,  make,  fabricate.]  1.  A  re- 
pository or  magazine  of  arms  and  military 
stores  of  all  kinds,  whether  for  land  or  naval 
Bcrvice. — 2.  A  public  establishment  where 
naval  and  military  engines  or  warlike  equiji- 
mcnts  are  manufactured.  Hence — 3.  Figura- 
tively, a  repository  of  any  kind  of  equipment. 

We  i-iin  (bid  no  weapon  in  the  whole  rich  arm-nal  of 
Com|,arativL-  Anatomy  which  ilitiiids  the  trnlli  of  the 
Theory  of  Descent  more  powerfully  than  tin:  (u)mpariaon 
of  the  Intenial  «keli:tonn  of  the  variouH  Virtelirutes. 

llatckH,  Kvol.  of  Man  (trauH.),  II.  27(1. 

arsenate,  ».    See  arseniate. 

Arsenian  (iir-He'ni-an),  n.  One  of  a  party  in 
the  lireek  (^'hureh,  in  the  lliirlcciitli  century, 
namo<l  from  itH  leader  Arsenins,  patriarch  of 
(;onMlantino|i|i',  wlio  excoinniunicatcd  the  em- 
peror Mii-liiu-j  I'alii'ologuH  for  pulling  out  llie 
evcN  of  .1  ,1,11  L.iMcuriH,  a  minor  and  heir  to  Ihe 
throtii'.  uM'iit  of  Anenlnii.  the  appolntnu  ni 

of  a  w»  I  the  conforTnlriK  of  Um-  ,-tit|HTor  to 

th'-  '  ■'■  .    nei'ond  rouni'H  of  l,)onH  khv,-  rim; 

to   <  1  lir  patrUrchatcH  of  ('onHtiintli)oph! 

ati  '  ..iillnued  more  ttinii  half  a  century. 

arBCii  .    ni'a-HiH),  n.     |  NL,,  <  «r»f  h(i- 

r>i  I    III /.»/A«/.,  tliernorliid  Mtut"'|iro- 

<|ii  I-'  '.rarMcnic.   AI»o  eulleil  (ir.vi  hi- 

rMHt . 

arseniate,  arsenate  (Ur-ne'ni-at,  ttr'ne-nfit),  n. 
['  '  -<  nlr.\    A  Hull   formed  by  llio 

s  f'.'  .if  .irnenic  acid  wilh  any  ba8e. 

arsenic  i-  n  noim,  Ur'nc-nik;  aw  an  ndjeetivo. 
kr-«en'ik),  n.  and  a.     fXofly  mod.  K.  also  ur.^'- 


322  arson 

nioA-  arsnick,  <  ME.  arsenik,  arsnek,  <  OF.  arse-  arseniferous  (ar-se-nif 'e-rus),  a.     [<  arsen{ic} 

"iV  mod.F.«rseH.c=Sp.flrW«R-o  =  Pg.It.«»-s<--  +  -,-/crons.]     Bearing  or  containing  arsenic: 

iiic'o  <  L.  arseinciini,  arrenicum, arrlienicnin, <  Gr.  as,  ar.'ienijiroiis  substances ;  arsemjeroiis  zinc. 

inaevuioi;  vellow  arsenic,  orpiment,  Ut.  'maseu-  arsenillo  (ar-se-nil'o),  h.    [A  quasi-bp.  tonn,  C 

line  '  being  neut.  of  apacviKOr,  uppevindc,  maseu-  arsenieo,  arsenic,  +  dim.  -illo.}      ihe  eommer- 

linel<  aparrv,  appirv,  male,  also  strong,  =  Zend  or-  cial  name  of  a  granular  form  of  ataeamite  from 

s/ifl/l,  a  man.  male.     The  name  is  said  to  refer  Chili.                   ,   .      ,         r,           ,.n  ,     ■         -, 

to  the  powerful  quaUties  of  ai'senic]    I.  «.  1+.  arsenious(ar-se'ui-us).«.   \_<arsen{ic)  + -i-ous.^ 

A  veUow  mineral,  called  specifically  ijeUow  ar-  Pertaining  to  or  contaiumg  arsenic 


sei'iie ;  the  trisiUphid  of  the  element  to  which 
it  has  given  its  name  ;  orpiment.  [The  origi- 
nal use.] — 3.  Chemical  sj-mbol.  As;  atom- 
ic weight.  75.     A  chemical  element  ha\nug  a 


Arsenlous 
acid  tH-\si»r.).  an  acid  fornu',1  lH>iii  arsenions  o.vid.  — Ar- 
senious  orid,  arsenic  trioxid  iAs_.iia).  a  compound  of 
oxycTi  and  arsenic  having  a  sinalKr  proportion  of  oxygen 
than  ai-senic  oxid.  Also  called  iihtu-  arsenic,  and  often 
improperly  arseniou^  acid.     See  aracnic. 


oravish-whit'e  color,  a  metalUc  luster,  and  a  arsenite  (iir'se-nit),  ?i.    l<arscii(ic)  + -ite^.ll    A 

specific  gravity  of  5.727.   Under  ordinary  pressure  it    salt  formed  by  the  union  of  arsemous  oxid  with 

does  not  melt,  but  at  356"  F.  it  passes  from  the  solid  state     a  base. 

into  vapor  of  a  lemon  yellow  color.     It  tarnishes  rapidly  arsenluret    atsenuret   (iir-se'niu-ret,   iir-sen'- 

inmoistairatonlinaryt.mperature,  and  heated  mains     ^-       , .  [i  (irsen(ic)  +  -uret.']     Same  as  rtr- 

oxidizedtoarsenictrioxid,As._.03.  Ai-senicoccursmnature      I'li^w.  ".      l^""'    ^     J  J 

uncombined,  but  much  more  commonly  in  coml>ination.     .Semite.  _,    ._ 

Thechief  ores  are  the  two  sulphids,  realgar  (A.i^.s^.)  and  arseniUTeted,   arseniurettcd    (ar-se  niu-ret- 

orpinient(.\s.iS.-5),  arsenical  pyrites  or  mispickel(FeSAsX      g^ji    „      [<,  arseniuret  + -ed-.'\     Combined  with 

and  arsenides  of  iron,  nickel,  and  cobalt.     Host  of  the      „„,'     ■'     ^,,  „„  *„  fnrm  »n  arsenim-et  —  Ar'senin- 

arsenic  of  commerce  is  prepared  in  Bohemia  and  Saxony     aiseiuc  so  as  to  torm  an  aisenuuei.     ATSemu- 

or  in  England.   Arsenic  itself  is  little  used  in  the  arts.    Its 

salts,  however,  have  great  commercial  importance.    With 

oxygen  arsenic  forms  two  compounds,  the  more  important 

of  wliich  is  arsenic  trioxid  (AsoO^),  a  violent  poison,  the 

ratsbane,  white  arsenic,  or  simple  arsenic  of  the  shops.   It 

is  prepared  by  a  process  of  sublimation  from  arsenical 

ores,  and  is  sold  as  a  white  crystalline  powder  or  in  ghissy 

translucent  masses,  which  are  odorless,  neariy  tasteless,      '-,;     ^_   ' ..  ,-\,      .>  r/  n„    a^-™. 

and  slightly  soluble  in  water.    The  most  reliable  antidote   arsenoblast  (ar-sen  o-blast),  n.      [<,  <j1.  apaipi, 


reted  hydrogen  (AsH;i),  also  called  ar.<iiu\ 
ated  by  tnsing  arsenic  with  its  own  weight  i 


a  gas  gener- 
)f  granulated 
zmc,  ainl  decomposing  the  alloy  w  ith  stron:.;  liydroililm-ic 
acid.  It  is  colorless,  has  a  fetid  oilnr  like  llrat  .>f  gariic, 
and  is  exceediiifilv  poisonous  when  breathed.  Tlie  hydro- 
gen of  this  compound  may  be  replaced  wholly  or  in  piu-t 
by  organic  radkal.s  forming  bodies  analogous  to  amines 
aiid  pb.ispbincs,  as  trimethyl  ai-sine,  (CH:i):i.As. 


male,  -(-  jTAaardi;,  gerin.]  In  biol.,  a  male  ge- 
noblast.  Hiiatt,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
1884,  p.  147.' 
arsenolite  (iir-sen'6-lit), «.  [<  arseii{ie)  +  -lite.'] 
Native  arsenic  trioxid,  crystallizing  in  isomet- 
ric octahedrons. 


is  freshly  prepared  hydrated  sesqnioxid  of  iron,  which 
should  be  given  in  considerable  quantity  after  tin-  stonnich 
has  been  freed  from  the  poison  as  completely  a-  p,  issilile  by 
an  emetic  given  with  bland  liquids,  such  as  milk,  tiour  and 
water,  or  white  of  egg  and  water,  which  serve  to  envelop 
the  poison  and  effect  its  complete  ejection  from  the  stom- 
ach.    In  the  absence  of  hydrated  sesquioxid  of  iron,  large 

quantities  of  a  paste  maiie  of  chalk  or  magnesia  and  cas-  .  ^  ,  ;/„;t\   „      r/ „,.„,„ ^  ;..\  4. 

tor-oil  may  be  used.  Arsenic  trioxid  is  used  in  medicine,  arsenopyrite(ar  se-no-pl  rit),  H.  l<.n>sen(ie) + 
especially  in  the  treatment  of  certain  nervous  and  skin  pijrite.'\  A  mineral  containing  arsenic,  sulphur, 
diseases,  and  in  the  arts  as  the  basis  for  preparing  areeni-     g^j  jj,pjj_     j,^  ^.^j^j,  j^  tin-white,  and  it  commonly  occurs 


cal  salts  and  certain  pigiuents,  and  largely  in  the  nianu 
facture  of  glass,  .\rsenic  has  two  oxygen  acids,  whose 
salts  are  the  arseniates  and  arsenites.  Free  arsenlous  acid 
is  not  known.  Arsenic  acid  occurs  in  commerce  as  a  thick 
acid  liquid,  and  is  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ani- 
line red,  and  sodium  arseniate  is  much  used  in  calico- 
printing.  Arsenic  di^uli.bid  (As-j.S.,)  occurs  native  as  re- 
algar(see  rmhiai).  and  is  made  artiticially  under  the  name 
of  nihil  siil/jhiir.  Both  the  native  and  the  artiticially  pre- 
pared sulidiids  are  used  as  pigments,  as  is  also  arsenic  tri- 
suljibid  (.\s2S3),  or  orpiment,  also  called  kind's  iirllnw. 
3.  The  popular  name  of  arsenic  trioxid  (AsoO^), 
the  preparation  of  arsenic  usually  retailed  in 
trade.     See  above. 

II.  a.  Containing  arsenic ;  specifically,  con- 
taining arsenic  in  smaller  proportion  than 
arsenlous  compounds.  See  arseniotis — Arsenic 
acid  (11 -1.^804),  an  acid  fcuincd  from  arsenic  oxid.  Ar- 
senic oxid,  arsenic  pentoxld  (As-jOs),  a  compound  of 
oxygen  and  arseiiii-  having  a  larger  proportion  of  oxygen 
than  of  ar.-^enions  oxid.  llflen  improperly  called  arsenic 
acid. 
arsenical  (ar-sen'i-kal),  a.  [=  F.  arsenical:  < 
arsenic  +  -«'.]  <)f  or  pertaining  to  arsenic; 
containing  arsenic.  Arsenical  antimony.  See  al- 
ic;;i<.rt(i(c.— Arsenical  minerals,  a  family  or  cbuss  of  juin 


in  a  massive,  though  sometimes  in  a  crystallized,  form. 
The  ordinary  white  arsenic  is  nu)stly  obtained  by  roasting 
this  ore.  It  is  common  in  Cornwall,  Saxony,  and  Silesia, 
ami  is  also  found  in  Canada.  Also  called  arsenical  pyritet 
and  iiiispicl:cl. 

arsenuret,  ".     See  arsenide. 

arse-smart  (iirs'smiirt),  n.  [<  arse  +  smart,  n. 
See  smartireed.']  A  plant,  Polijijotmm  Hydro- 
piper,  also  called  smartieeed  (which  see). 

arsfoott,  "■     See  arse-fiiot. 

arsheen,  ".     See  arshin. 

arshin,  arshine  (iir-shcn'),  "•     [Also  spelled 

arsheen.  Kuss.  arshinii,  Bulg.  Serv.  arshin,  repr. 
Turk.  Pers.  arshin;  of  Tatar  origin.]  A  mea- 
sure of  length  in  Turkey  and  Persia,  and  for- 
merly in  Russia.  The  Turkish  arshin  was  ccpud  to 
70.SI'..')  centimeters,  but  tlie  name  is  now  given  in  Constanti- 
nople to  the  meter(lU0  centimeters  =  .•«I..S7  inches),  through 
the  influence  of  the  Persian  arshin  of  104  centimeters.  The 
Kussiau  arshin  W!is  equal  to  71.119  centimeters,  or  about 
2-S  inches. 

arsine(iir'sin),  )i.  [<  ars{cnic)  + -ine^.]  Arse- 
niuretod  hydrogen  (which  see,  under  arseniu- 

reteil). 


erals  in  wbiili  arsciii,-  acts  tin 


See  arsenopyritc  ami  1<>1. 
ore  of  silver  containing 


element.-  Arsenical  pyrites. 
(i»i,';i(c.~  Arsenical  silver, 
arsenic. 
arsenicalize  (iir-sen'i-kal-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
arsi  nic<dizeit,  pjir.  arseiiicalizing.     [<  arsenical 
+  -izc.]     To  give  an  arsenical  character  to; 
treat  with  arsenic;  arseuicate. 

The  lueceding  |pitcli|  arsenicaUzttl. 

arsenicate  (ilr-sen'i-kat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  i>i). 
arstiiiciilnl,  i>pr,  arsvnicating.  [<  ar.ienic  + 
-ate-.]  To  combine  with  arsenic;  treat  with 
arsenic.     Also  ar.ienieize,  ar.senici.'ie. 

arsenic-black  (iir'si-nik-blak),  n.  Tho  name 
given  in  i-(iMiTii<Tce  tci  n  iiiixtiirc  nf  powdered 
ui'scnii',  cliiirccinl,  ii-on-lilings,  and  lime. 

arsenic-furnace  (iir'sc-nik-ierniis),  H.    A  fur- 

naci'  I'lir  d( iqMising  arsenical  pyrites  by  heat 

and  (•(indciisiiig  the  fiimes:  used  in  the  nianii- 
factnre  of  while  arsenic. 
arsenic-glass   (iir'se-nik-glas),  «.     Glass  color 
"    is  n       "  '       


part  of  the  electronegative  arsis  (iir'sis),  H.  [L.,  <  Gr.  <ip(T/f,  a  raising,  ele- 
vation, <  «ip'i',  raise,  lift  up.]  I.  In  pros.:  (a) 
Originally,  the  metrically  unaccented  part  of  a. 
foot,  as  opposed  to  the  thesis  or  iiart  which  re- 
ceives the  ictus  or  metrical  stress,  (h)  In  jirov- 
alent  modern  usage,  that  part  of  a  foot  which 
bears  the  ictus  or  metrical  accent,  as  opjiosed 
to  the  metrically  unaccented  part,  called  the. 
thesis.  Accoriling  to  the  original  (ireek  usage,  ar.iis  de- 
nolcd  the  raising  of  the  foot  in  dancing,  or  of  the  hand  in 
beating  time,  ami  thcreftne  the  unaccented  iiart  of  the- 
nn-lrical  foot,  and  tliesi.i  the  fall  of  the  foot  or  of  Uw 
hand  iji  ilancing  or  beating  time,  and  therefore  the  ac- 
cented part  of  the  jn-osodial  fciol.  l.alin  writers  show 
great  confusion  in  the  application  of  these  lernm,  some- 
Ihnes  employing  them  in  conformily  wilh  (Jrcek  usage, 
soinctimi-s  interchanging  their  nu-aning,siunetimeBa.s»ign- 
Ing  still  other  meanings  to  them.  S.une  nnidcru  writer* 
have  enqiloycd  them  with  their  original  Creek  signiflca- 
tlons,  as  given  above  under  m):  bul  (be  meanings  given 
uniler(M.and  believed  to  be  snpi'ortcd  by  the  Latin  writ- 
ers, arc  thi>se  geln'rally  adopted  at  the  pn-scnt  time, 
2.  In  jihtisiiil.  ae<ni,ities,  II  periodical  increase  in 
till'  iiilei'isity  of  asounil,  iiroduciiigiirhytliniical 


..       ,.  -ITocl. 

stially  semi-opaque,  and  arsmetrikt,  ".  A  Middle  English  form  of  arith- 
niitie.  (haiieer. 
arson*  (iir'son),  «.  [<  OF.  arson,  ar.ioun,  ar.inn 
(as  if  <  L.  'ar.tio,  'ar.von-),  a  burning,  <  order, 
aniiiir  (pp.  iirs),  burn,  <  L.  ordere  (]i]).  arsns), 
burn:  sei^  ardenl.'l  In  line,  the  iiiiilicioiis  liurii- 
ing  of  aihvi'lling-hoiise  or  oiitlioiise  of  anollicr. 
Ilv  till-  i-omnion  law  II  Is  a  fcbniy,  ami  It  any  pi'rson  be  In 
tlie  bnlMIng  at  the  moment  of  hring  It  Is  a  caldlid  olfenHC. 
Ily  BlalntcK  the  delliiKlon  has  been  extended  so  as  lo  In- 
clndi'  the  linrnlng  of  other  property  b.-sldcs  that  above 
Kpi'rlf)<-,l,  or  of  one's  own  properly. 


I  with  nrst-nic,    II 

of  iin  ojiulinc-whilc  color. 
arsenicise,  r.  t.     Same  as  arsenicate. 
arsenicism    (iir-sen'i-sizm),    «.      [<  arsenic  -(- 

-imii.  I     Same  as  ar.seniasis. 
arsenlcize  (iir-sen'i-siz),  r.  t.:   pret.  and   p)i. 

arsenicizeil,  ppr.  nrsenieizing.     [<  arsenic  +  -i~<.\ 

Same  iiv.  arsevicnie  :  as,  "  flrac/iirw"!/ "K""'s." 

I're,  Dicl.,  I.  265.      Also  si)elle<l  arsenicihr. 

arsenicopbagy  (iir-Hen-i-kof'u-ji),  ».     [<  Gr. 

iipni  viki'iv,  for  inii<\.  arsenic,  +  -^njm,  <  ^i)tii',  cat.] 

Till'  pnutice  of  i-iiling  iirsenic.  nilful  nrr  raisinii. 

arsenide  (iir'se-nid  or -nil! ),  «.     [<  nr/irn(i»  -I-  arson'-=t  (iir'son),  n.    [<  MI' 

-!</<■•:.  1    A  compound  of  araenic  and  a  metallic  oreun,  arzon,  archon,  mod.  I' .  an;(>n  =  Sp.  arzi 

base.     Also  called  arseiiiitrct,  arsenuret.  =  I'g.  argOo  =  It.  arciom;  <  ML.  arcio{n-),  al 


In 


iitland  called 


(irsoun,  arsnn,  <  OF. 

Sp.  arzon 

"ho 


arson 

arco(n-),  and  corruptly  arctio(n-),  a  saddle-bow, 
<  L.  arcus,  a  bow:  see  arcl,  arch^.]  A  saddle- 
bow ;  sometimes,  a  saddle. 

arstt,  '"'"•  -A-  Middle  English  form  of  erst. 
Cliiiiwcr. 

arsy-versyt  (ar'se-ver-si),  adv.  [Also  arse- 
voi-m/,  arnie-versie,  arsy-varsi/,  a  humorous  rim- 
ing compound  of  E.  arse  +  L.  ccreKS,  turned. 
Cf.  tojisii-tiirvi/,  etc.]  In  a  reverse  manner  or 
way;  backward;  in  a  preposterous  position; 
upside  down;  topsy-turvy:  as,  "the  world  goes 
arsie-versie,"  Benvcnuto,  Passengers'  Dialogues. 
I  took  the  pen  first  of  the  lawyer,  and  turning  it  armj- 
vemi.  like  no  instrument  for  a  plouKhman,  our  youngster 
anil'tlie  rest  of  the  faction  hurst  into  laughter  at  the  sim- 
Ijlioity  uf  my  fingering.  ,.    „  , 

Midiileton,  Father  Hubbard's  Talcs. 

artl  (art),  V.  [<  ME.  art,  ert,  <  AS.  crt)-<= ONorth. 
art,arth:  see  6e.]  The  second  person  singular, 
indicative  mood,  present  tense,  of  the  verb  he 
(which  see). 

art'-  (art),  n.  [<  ME.  art,  arte,  <  OF.  art,  F.  art 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  arte.  <  L.  ar(t-)s,  ace.  arteiii,  skill, 
prob.  orig.  skill  in  fitting  or  joining;  akin  to 
artiis,  a  joint,  anna,  arms,  ariiiiis,  shoulder- 
joint,  etc.,  <  V  *ar,  join:  see  article,  orml, 
arm".]  1.  The  combination  or  modification  of 
things  to  adapt  them  to  a  given  end;  the  em- 
ployment of  given  means  to  effect  a  purpose. 

With  each  gift  of  nature  and  of  art. 

Pope,  Moriil  Essays,  i.  192. 
Mr.  Mill  says,  "Art  is  but  the  employment  of  the  powers 
of  nature  for  an  end."  Yes ;  but  the  employment  is  the  art. 
That  use  or  employment  of  the  natural  elements  is  pre- 
cisely the  function  of  the  intelligence  and  the  will,  which 
differs  from  natm-e,  in  its  proper  sense,  as  the  active  dif- 
fers from  the  passive.  Edinburgh  Rev. 

2.  Skill ;  dexterity ;  an  especial  facility  in  per- 
forming any  operation,  intellectual  or  physical, 
acquired  by  experience  or  study;  knack. 

There  is  art  in  roasting  eggs.  Old  adage. 

Russell  had  the  art  of  writing  letters  that  exploded  like 
bomb-shells  in  the  midst  of  some  controversy. 

J.  McCarttuj,  Hist.  Own  Times,  xx. 

3.  Artfulness;  cunning. 

.She  hath  no  faults,  who  hath  the  art  to  hide  them. 

Webstar,  White  Devil,  v.  2. 
Qiwen.   More  matter,  with  less  art. 
Pol,   Madam,  I  swear,  I  use  no  art  at  all. 

Shak.,  Handet,  ii.  2. 

4.  A  system  of  rules  and  traditional  methods 
for  facilitating  the  performance  of  certain  ac- 
tions; acquaintance  with  such  rules  or  skill 
in  applying  them,  as  in  any  manual  trade  or 
handicraft,  technical  profession,  or  physical 
accomplishment :  as,  the  art  of  building  or  of 
engraving;  the  healing  art;  the  art  of  music 
or  of  dancing;  the  practical  or  the  elegant  arts: 
in  this  sense  opposed  to  science. 

Tlie  object  of  science  is  knowledge ;  the  objects  of  art 
are  works.  In  art,  truth  is  the  means  to  an  end  ;  in  sci- 
ence, it  is  only  the  end.  Hence  the  practical  aHs  are  not 
to  be  classed  among  the  sciences.  Whewell. 

Theorists,  by  an  observation  of  particulars  and  by  gener- 
alizing on  them,  attempt  to  construct  a  system  of  scientific 
propositions  with  respect  to  a  certain  subject ;  upon  which 
system  a' set  of  rules  intended  for  the  guidance  of  practice 
may  be  founded.    These  rules  form  an  art. 

.Sir  O.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  iii. 

5.  [It.  arte.']  An  organized  body  of  men  prac- 
tising a  given  trade,  and  carrying  out  an  estab- 
lished system  of  rules  and  traditions ;  a  guild. 

The  city  [Florence]  was  first  divided  into  arts,  in  the 
time  of  Charles  I.  .  .  .  These  arts  or  companies  .  .  . 
were  at  first  but  twelve,  but  afterwards  they  were  in- 
creased to  twenty-one,  and  arrived  at  such  power  and 
authority  that  in  a  few  years  they  wholly  engrossed  the 
government  of  the  city.  .  .  .  Seven  of  them  were  called 
t\\^  greater  arts,  and  fourteen  the  less. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  V.  54. 

A  portion  of  the  taxes  was  assigned  to  the  work  [build- 
ing the  Duomo,  1331],  and  the  chai-geof  it  was  committed 
to  the  Art  of  Wool ;  that  is,  to  the  corporation  of  the  deal- 
ers in  wool,  the  richest  and  most  powerful  of  the  Arts  of 
Florence. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Church-building  in  Middle  Ages,  p.  211. 

6.  A  branch  of  learning  regarded  as  an  instru- 
ment of  thought,  or  as  something  the  knowledge 
of  which  is  to  be  acquired  in  order  to  be  applied 
or  practised:  chiefly  in  the  plural,  and  in  such 
phrases  as  master  of  arts,  faculty  of  arts,  etc. 
Formerly  in  the  universities  the  seven  liberal  arts  were 
the  Roman  1;rivium,  grammar,  logic,  and  rhetoric,  and  the 
I'y  th;iL,'i  ireanquadriviuni,  arithmetic,  music,  geometry,  and 
astronouty.  But  by  art,  in  the  middle  ages,  was  usually 
meant  logic,  that  being  the  principal  study  in  the  faculty 
of  arts. 

7.  Esthetics ;  the  science  and  theory  of  beauty 
in  perception  and  expression. 

Art  is  simply  the  harmonic  expression  of  human  emo- 
tion. A'cic  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  29. 

8.  Artistic  or  estlietic  quality ;  the  exhibition 
of  the  power  of  perceiving  the  beautiful  and  of 
expressing  it  in  artistic  forms :  as,  a  picture 


323 


Artemisia 


skilfully  painted,  but  devoid  of  art.—Q.   The  -art.    A  suffix,  another  form  of  -ard,  as  in  Irag- 

actual  jiroduction  or  construction  of  objects     yart.  ,     , 

beautiful  in  form,  color,  or  sound;  the  practi-  artaba  (ar'ta-ba),  «.  [LL.,  <  br.  apraji?/.}  A 
eal  application  of  esthetic  principles,  as  in  the  measure  of  capacity  which  appears  to  have 
departments  of  production  specifically  called  originated  in  Egypt,  whore  it  had  under  the 
the  fine  arts  (which  sec,  below);  especially,  Pharaohs  a  capacity  of  36.176  liters.  A  Persian 
T,-iiTi'tin(r  nnil  «f.nhd  iivo  measure  of  the  same  name  had,  according  to  Herodotus, 

painting  and  sculidui  I.  ;,     .         ,     about  the  same  capacity.    The  Romans  reduced  its  vol- 


Nothing'  is  iKdter  U 
rhi;t(iii(i:ins,  tluit  thi 
cealing  art. 


till  than  the  famous  aphorism  of 
Iiirfection  of  art  consists  in  con 


Campbell. 
Art  and  part,  in  .Scots  law,  instigation  ;  alietment. 

P.y  art  is  understood  the  mandate,  instigation,  or  advice 
tliat  may  luive  lieen  given  towards  committing  the  crime; 
juirt  expresses  tlu^  share  tliat  one  takes  to  Inmself  in  it  liy 
tile  aid  or  assistance  which  he  gives  the  criminal  in  the 
execution  of  it.  Kr.^kinc. 

Bachelor  of  Arts.  .See  tecArfoc— Black  art,  necro- 
mancy ;  sorcery  ;  the  fancied  imwerof  performing  wonder- 
ful fciUs  liy  luettTuatural  means,  especially  mcaii^  derived 
from  tlicassislanrc  of  the  powers  of  evil:  opliusnl  to  ii:liile 
art  or  irltit.'  ,u>niic,  tliat  is,  iimorcnt  niaiiic.  I  Hlock  art  is 
akilid  of  tvaushitinnof  .Miilille  Latin  iniiroiiiaiilln.  magii', 
a  corruptiun,  due  to  confusion  with  Latin  /n//.'C.  I)lack(see 
in'fir"),  of  necronmntia,  from  tlie  Greek  viKfioit,avma,  nec- 
romancy. The  confusion  was  assisted  by  the  common 
practice  of  painting  the  devil  black.]— Decorative  art, 
h  of  art  which  has  for  its  primary  object  merely 


nme  to  27.1:i2  liters  (according  to  some,  to  29.2.'!  or  29.36 
liters).  The  Arabic  and  modern  Persian  mea-sures  have 
evidently  been  doubled,  having  respectively  6B.09(i  and 
C5.238  liters. 

Artamia  (iir-ta'mi-a),  n.  [NL.j  Same  as  Ar- 
ta)iins,  1. 

Artamidae  (ar-tam'i-de),  n.  pi.  [Nh.,<Artamus 
+  -((/«'.]  A  family  of  oscine  passerine  birds, 
the  swallow-shrikes  or  wood-swallows,  closely 
related  to  the  JJicrurida;,  and  by  some  combined 
with  that  family.  The  siiecies  are  chiefly  East  Indian 
and  I'olynesian.  "Leailing  forms,  besides  Artamm,  are 
Oriotia,  'p^nutochcliilon,  aiul  AnaleipiiM. 

artamockest,    «•      The    mocking-bird,  Mimus 

polijijlotlus. 

ArlamockcK,  the  linguist,  a  bird  that  inntateth  and  useth 
the  sounds  and  tones  of  almost  all  the  birds  in  the  coun- 
trie.  Harriott,  N'irgiida  (1588). 


tliat  lirancl  ... 

the  pleasure  of  the  eye,  especially  in  decoration  which  is  ArtnTniis  far'ta-musl    n       TNL.,  <  Gr.  aprouof, 

subservient   to  architectural  features  or  to  form,  as  in  ATXamUS  (.ar  ^S  i?"»;.   «•      L^'''-'-0   "'•     '     V*  i. 

ceramics.— Faculty  Of  arts,  the  lowest  and  fundamental  a  butcher,  a  cook. J     1.   ihe  typical  genus  ot 

faculty  of  the  four  in  the  old  universities;  the  faculty  of  the  family  Artamiila;  and  nearly  conterminous 

philosophy,  which  had  charge  of  students  upon  their  first  therevrith.    Vieillot,  1816.    Also  called  ^ciamja. 

entrance  and  until  they  took  the  degree  of  master  of  arts.  „      A  „on.,a  nf  nrncliTiirlnns       h'oHi    1837 

When  a  boy  could  read,  write,  and  had  mastered  the  ele-  —  •«■   ^..^'f"",**  °'^  arat  liniaans.     noui,  lo.il. 

nients  of  Latin  giammar,  he  was  considered  ready  to  begin  artedt  (ar  ted),  a.      [<  art-  +  -ert-.  J     ."skiUea. 

his  studies  in  logic  at  the  university.     The  instruction  in  Those  that  are  thoroughly  arted  in  navigation. 

the  faculty  of  arts  was  sharply  separated  from  the  tests  Filtham,  Resolves  (ed.  1670),  I.  xiL 

^tS^c^lf^-^^^y  itfuTes  wi^e'^I^iTjit's  U  hath  been  counted  ill  for  great  ones  to  sing,  or  play. 

■S' thf  bf  l>iS^I  ^^/?htKiotro^\'L^  T^ol^o-f  '"'  ""            "'" -S-.  Kesolves  (ed.  leTO),  I.  Ixxxviii. 

Bofjtius,  while  the  extraordinary  lectures  related  to  rhet-  artefact,  ».  and  a.     See  artifact. 

oric,  ethics,  and  a  little  geometry  and  astroiiomy     Fre-  artefactum  (ar-te-fak'tum),  n.     Same  as  arti- 

quent  disputations  constituted  the  only  exercises  for  the  a'-"^^'*'""'^"  \          . 

scholars;  and  the  masters  disputed  in  public  once  a  week.  jaci.  _ 

The  degrees  confeiTed  at  the  recommendation  of  the  fac-  arteltiet,  "• 

iilty  of  arts  were  those  of  bachelor  and  master.     In  Paris  fliaitccr. 

the  degree  of  licentiate  was  a  distinct  one  intermediate  Ai.tgjjiio    (ar-te'mi-a),   n.      [NL.,  <    Gr.  apTTjua, 


A  Middle  English  form  of  artillery. 


betwee"n  the  others.  The  baccalaureate  or  determinance 
was  not  originally  a  degree.  Upon  the  reform  of  the  uni- 
versities in  the  sLxteenth  centui-y  logic  gave  place  to  the 
humanities,  and  during  the  present  century  natural  science 
has  had  a  more  considerable  place  in  the  instruction. — 
Fine  arts,  those  arts  which  seek  expression  through 
beautiful  modes;  specifically,  architecture,  sculpture, 
painting,  and  engraving.  — Hermetic  art.  See  hermetic. 
—Master  of  Arts.  See  mct-s^iT.- MUitaryart.  Seemtf- 
i7«ri/,  (I.— Plastic  art  or  arts,  scuir 


subonlinate  or  related  arts  by  which  objects  are  repre- 
sented in  the  round  or  in  relief,— Work  of  art,  anything 
in  the  formation  or  into  the  accomplishment  of  which  art 
in  any  sense  has  entered ;  specifically,  a  production  of 
any  one  of  the  fine  arts,  but  especially  ot  one  of  the  imi- 
tative members  of  the  group,  as  a  statue  or  a  painting. 
That  is  best  which  lieth  nearest ; 
Shape  from  that  thy  tvork  of  art. 

Longfellow,  Caspar  Becerra. 
=  Syn.  2.  Aptitude,  readiness,  address,  tact,  adroitness, 
contrivance.— 3.  Shrewdness,  subtlety,  cunning,  artifice, 
deceit,  duplicity.— 4.  Art,  Science.  The  essential  differ- 
ence Ijetween  an  art  and  a  science  is  in  aim.  "Science 
and  art  may  be  said  to  be  investigations  of  truth,  but 
seinu-e  inquires  for  the  sake  of  knowledge,  art  for  the  sake 
of  lu-oduction."  (Karslake.)  Hence,  they  differ  somewhat  in 
that  with  which  they  are  concerned.  "An  art  directly  and 
immediately  concerns  itself  with  a  faculty.  ...  It  fastens 
upon  tliat,  and  keeps  it  ever  in  its  view  as  it  teaches  how 
that  may  be  developed,  trained,  and  guided.  A  science, 
on  theotherhand,  regards  rather  the  produetof  [a]  faculty, 
and,  keeping  its  view  directly  upon  that,  proceeds  to  unfold 
its  nature  and  proper  i  haiacferistics."  (//.  A'.  Dag,  Art  of 
Discourse,  §  1.)  IiiciiUntal  to  this  difference  is  a  differ- 
ence in  method,  science  being  analytic  and  critical,  while 
art  is  synthetic  and  constructive.  In  the  matter  which 
makes  lip  the  body  of  the  two,  an  art  involves  the  means 
of  discipline  in  the  use  of  the  knowledge  which  may  have 
been  furnished  by  a  corresponding  science.  The  same 
tiranch  of  knowledge  may  be  regarded  as  either  a  science 
or  an  art.  It  may  be  viewed  theoretically,  as  seeking, 
coordinating,  arranging,  and  systematizing  knowledge, 
and  by  observation,  comparison,  abstraction,  and  general- 
ization deducing  laws ;  or  as,  with  more  or  less  reference 
to  such  preparatory  work,  framing  rules  which  are  the 
lessons  of  experience,  and  are  designed  to  facilitate  work 
or  "ive  it  superior  excellence.  The  more  complete  the 
scientific  basis  of  an  art,  the  more  perfect  the  art.  There  is 
a  secondary  use  of  the  word  science  by  which  it  stands  for 
iin  art  that  thus  rests  upon  a  science,  as  in  the  following : 
The  fundamental  conception  of  the  occupation  of  the 
architect  embraces  the  two  ideas  of  science  and  art.  Ar- 
cliitecture  as  an  art  is  the  work  of  the  skilled  hand ;  as  a 
science  it  is  that  of  the  informed  and  cultivated  brain. 

'  Edinburgh  Rev. 

art^t  I',  t.  [ME.  arten,  erten,  <  OF.  arter  =  Sp. 
artar  (obs.)  =  Pg.  arctar  =  It.  artare,  <  L.  ar- 
tare,  ML.  often  erroneously  arctare,  compress, 
contract,  draw  close,  <  artns,  drawn  close,  prop, 
fitted;  pp.  of  *arere,  V  *ar,  fit,  join:  see  art-, 
article,  arm-i,  etc.]    1.  To  force;  compel;  con- 

Love  arted  me  to  do  my  observaunce 

To  his  estate.  Court  of  Love,  1.  40. 

2.  To  induce ;  incite. 

What  to  arten  hire  to  love  he  sought. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  3S8. 
Also  written  arct. 


that  which  hangs,  as  an  ear-ring,  etc.,  <  aprav, 
hang  upon,  fasten  to.]  A  genus  of  phyllopod 
or  branchiopod  entomostracoue  crustaceans,  of 
the  family  Branchipodida;.  The  animals  are  notable 
as  inhabiting  saline  waters,  the  other  foi-ms  of  the  group 
being  found  in  fresh  water.     A.  salina,  a  common  British 

,TaT-,7  siTT^    ■,HH  ,„„-      spccics,  Is  kuowu  as  the  brine-shrimp  or  brine-worm. 

"me^Suding  all  AttemiS  (ar'tf-mis),  n.    [L.,  <  Gv.;'.^pre,ur.    The 


origin  of  the  name  is  undetermined.]  1.  In 
Gr.  myth.,  one  of  the  great  OljTnpian  deities, 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona), 
and  twin  sister  of  Apollo.  She  may  be  regarded  as 
a  feminine  form  of  Apollo.  She  chastised  evil  with  her 
keen  shafts  and  with  deadly  sickness,  and  also  protected 
mortals  from  danger  and  pestilence.  Unlike  Apollo,  she 
was  not  connected  with  poetry  or  divination,  but,  like 
him  she  was  a  deity  of  light,  and  to  her  was  attributed 


Artemis  (Diana)  Uie  Huntress.— Louvre  Museum. 

authority  over  the  moon,  which  belonged  more  particular. 
ly  to  her  kinswomen  Hecate  and  Selene.  In  art,  Artemis 
is  represented  as  a  virgin  of  noble  and  severe  beauty,  taU 
and  majestic,  and  generally  hearing  bow  and  (luiver  as  the 
huntress  or  mountain  goddess.  She  was  identified  by  the 
Romans  with  their  Diana,  an  original  Italian  divinity. 
2.  [NL.]  In  .ro()7. :  (o)  A  genus  of  siphonate 
lamellibraneh  bivalves,  of  the  family  Tenerid(F, 
iia\'ing  the  pallial  margin  sinuous,  {h)  A  genus 
of  coleopterous  insects.  Mulsant,  1851 — Ephe- 
sian  Artemis,  fiee  Diana. 
Artemisia  (ar-te-miz'i-a).  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  apre- 
/ania,  an  herb  like  wormwood;  prob.  <  'Apri:ut- 
cioc,  pertaining  to  ''AprEuic:  see  Artemi.^.l  A 
vei-y  large  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order 
Compositw,  abundant  in  dry  regions,  and  mostly 
of  the  northern  hemisphere.    The  genus  is  allied  to 


Artemisia  ^^* 

the  uasv  (Tanaatum),  and  consists  of  low  shrubs  and  arteiiocapillary  (8r-te 'ri-6-kap 'i-la-ri),  a. 
hcT' •      'h;'!!."  rlisi-iirl.  often  pendulous,  heads  panicu.      [^<_  arterial  +  cajiilUinj.'i     Pertaining  to  arteries 


:ter  aromatics.    There  are  over 

-tates.  inoslly  confined  to  the 

:.|ii.   Of  the  foreign  species,  the 

A''yiiithiuiii.  was  formerly  much 

.and  furnishes  a  volatile  oil  that  is 

n  the  French  liqueur  absiutlie.   .4. 

f  the  Alps  are  used  in  the  luan- 

ir.  genepi.     Worniseed  ur  saii- 

, . ;  unexpauded  Ilower-huds  of  A. 

-lii-cted  on  the  steppes  of  Turkes 


and  capUlaries — Arteriocapillary  fibrosis,  thi 
crease  ot  connective  tissue  in  tlie  walls  of  arteries  and 
capillaries. 
arteriococcygeal  (ar-te-ri-6-kok-sij'e-al),  a. 
{<  arterial  +  focrvf/crt/.]     In  anat.,  pertaining 
to  arteries  and  to  the  coccyx:  specifically  ap- 
plied to  the  glomerulus  arterioeoccygetis,  or 
Liisclika's  gland.     See  ijlaiid  and  ijlonicriiliis. 
cdasaiianthelmiuthic.   Thesouthernuood  arteriogram  (iir-te'ri-o-gram),  n.      [<  Gr.  af)-r/- 
.    Ahrotanum,  and  the  tarragon  A.  Dracun-  arterv,  +  -jpiiuija,  a  writing.]     A  sphvgmo- 

vor;^  '^^^^^^W^lJ'Z^^o.r^i^l  ;:=:;^    UpMc  tVaemg  or  p.tlse-c„xve  from  an  artery ; 
and  a',  cam,  which  are  the  sage-brush  of  the  western     a  sphygmogram  takeu  trom  an  artery, 
jilauis  the  tir'st  csixcially  covering  large  areas  in  the  val-  arteriography  (;ir-te-ri-og'ra-fi),  ii.    [<  Gr.  aprr/- 
Kvs  of  the  i.rf:it  F.x^in.    See  cut  under .4'«i«<Ai«"i.  arterv,  +  -'/mi).n,  <  ypdoiiv.  ^vrite,  describe.] 

artemod  i  ar'te-mOd),  «.     [<Jrtei«is,  as  goddess    '^^  ^ipseription  of  the  arterial  svstem. 
of  the  moon.  +  od,  q^y.]     Lunar  odjthe^odie  ^rteriola  (ar-te-ri'o-la).  ii.;  pi.  arteriolw  (-16). 

[XL.]     In  rtH«f.,  a  little  artery ;  an  arteriole. 


a,  (1,  fauU  filled  with  clay  and  impervious 
to  water :  i,  ^.  iinperaieable  strata  ;  c,  per- 
meable strata  ;  d,  artesiaa  borint;  and  well. 


force  of  the  moon.  Baron  ron  Jieicheiibach 
artert  (ar'ter),  H.  [<  OF.  artre,  a  moth ;  artre 
.//•i.vt  (le  hois,  a  wood-louse  (Cotgrave);  also 
arte,  and  artiron.  artison,  artuison,  mod.  F.  ar- 
tison,  a  wood-worm.  Cf.  art-icorm.l  A  wood- 
worm. .Also  called  art-icorm. 
artcria  (iir-te'ri-ii),  h.  ;  pi.  artehee  (-e).  [L. :  see 
orfov.]  In  (ina/.,  an  artery:  now  mostly  super- 
seded by  the  English  form  of  the  word.  Some  of 
the  principal  arteries  in  the  names  of  which  the  Latin  form 
is  still  used  are :  Arteria  anastomolica,  one  of  the  branches 
of  the  brachial  or  femoral  artery,  forming  anastomoses 


the 


Arteriolae  rectae,  small  straiglit  arteries  supplyiiii 
Hicduilary  j.)  raniids  uf  the  kidneys. 
arteriole  (Jir-te'ri-61),  «.  l=F. arteriole,  <  XL. 
arteriola,  dim.  of  L.  artcria,  artery.]  A  small 
artery. 

The  minute  arteries,  the  arterioles  of  some  distant  organ 
like  the  brain.     B.  W.  Richardson,  Prevent.  Med.,  p.  407. 

arteriology  (ar-te-ri-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  aprr/pia, 
artery, +  -/.o)ia,<.  ?.f)f(i',  speak:  see-o/oi/^.]  The 
iseicu'ce  of  or  a  treatise  on  the  arteries, 
aliuu't  tiie  ciixiw  or  knee;  a  rteriii  centralis  viodiolm  or  artcrlOSClerOSiS  (ar-te  "  ri-O-skle-ro '  sis).  «. 
retimt,  the  central  projier  artery  of  the  cochlea  or  of  the  t-^]^  (^  ^^,,,  apriipia,  artery,  +  aiO.li'puair^.  harden- 
r.»tina  -  artena  cijlica  tiextra,  jiiedta,  sinistra,  the  artery     y         '  ^        7   ^    •    -i'    mi      •  e 

otlbt  kscendiSg  transverse,  and  .lesceudiug  colon  respec-  mg:  See  Scleroses.}  The  increase  of  eonuective 
lively ;  arteria  comes,  a  companion  artery  of  a  nerve,  as  tissue  in  the  walls  of  artenes,  especially  111  the 
the  phrenic  and  sciatic:  arteria  coronaria  ventriculi,  the     jutima. 

pn.per  gastric  artery,  a  branch  of  the  cmliac  axis ;  artflria  artpriotome  fiir-te'ri-o-tom)  H.  r<  Gr.  as  if 
dor.alis  haltucU  indicts,  liuiua,  penis,  pedis,  poUicis,  arierioiome  l,<ii  le  no  loi";,  «•  L"^  ^ti.  as  u. 
^aoute.  the  dot^l  arter;- of  the  great  tieVindex  finger,  '.i,)r;/p,070«of :  see  artvnotoimj.^  In  sitrg.,  an 
tongue,  penis,  foot,  thumb,  and  shouUler-blade respective-  instruiuent  for  opening  an  artery. 
ly;  arteria yattm-duodrnalis,  arteria gastm-epiplaica,  two  arterlotomV  (iir-te-ri-ot'o-mi),  H.  [<  LL.  arte- 
arteries  of  the  stomach  and  a^ciciate.p^^^^^  ,-Joto«HV/,  <   Gr.  apTrip'oTOuia,  the  cutting  of  ail 

nuiiiinafa.  innominate  artery,  or  anonyma,  the  nrst  great  ,  V    ■  r   '•         ,      >        ^^„„„\  /^   •„„'„ 

arterial  branch  of  the  arch  ot  tlie  aorta,  on  the  right  side ;     artery  (ef.  apn/pioTo/ieir,  cut  an  artery),  <  aprr/pca, 


arteria  pancreatiea  mii'ina.  parea,  arteriw  pancreatico- 
duodenales.  suiieriur  et  inferiiir,  large  and  small  pancreatic 
arteries,  and  the  superior  and  interior  arteries  of  the  pan- 
creas an<i  duoiicimiu ;  artena  pnaccps  ccrricis,  poUicis, 
the  principal  branch  of  the  occipital  artery  for  the  back  of 
the  neck,  and  the  principal  artery  of  the  thumb,  respec- 
tively ;  arteria  profunda  humeri,  superior  et  inferior,  cervi- 
cis,femoris,  the  superior  and  inferior  deep  branches  of  the 
brachial  artery,  the  deep  cervical  branch  of  the  first  inter- 
costal artery,  and  the  deep  branch  of  the  femoral  artery, 
respectively :  arteria  sacra  media,  the  middle  sacral  ar- 
tery, the  continuation  of  the  abdominal  aorta  after  giving 


artery,  +  ™//(5f,  verbal  adj.  of  Tt/n'rir,  rauciv, 
cut.]  1.  in  s«r.f/.,  the  opening  of  an  artery  by 
the  lancet  or  other  instrument,  for  the  purpose 
of  letting  blood. — 2.  That  part  of  the  science  artfully  (a''t'ful"') 
of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  dissection  of 
the  arteries. 

arteriovenous  (ar-te"ri-6-ve'nu8),  a.  [<  L.  ar- 
tirid,  arteiy,  +  vena,  vein:  see  t'cnoiw.]  Per- 
taining to  an  artery  and  a  vein — Arteriovenous 

aneurism.     See  aneurism 


ofl  the  iliac  arteries;  artena  superjicialts  rot(r,  a  small   „_4.o_;fi„   /■:;r-te.T-i'ti«i')    «       TNTj     <  Gr    inirmna 
artery  of  the  ball  of  the  thumb,  a  branch  of  the  radial,   ^.^.'.^'!.'.'''^_,_^'':^f.";"  t.  a.'.I 'i:„„''„r  „.,„„. 


luually  continuous  with  the  superficial  palmar  arch:  ar- 
teria transeersalis  colli,  a  branch  c»f  tht;  thyroid  axis  wliich 
traverses  tlie  root 

scapular  artery.— Arteria  aspera,  tl 
art.T>,  tliat  is.  the  windpiiie  or  trachea. 
arteriact  (iir-te'ri-ak),  a.  and  h.     [<  Gr.  apTJipia- 
kur,  pirtaiuing  to  the  windpipe,  fem.  r)  aprr/piaKi/, 
a  medicine  therefor,  <  iipTr/pia,  windpipe:   see 
artery.}    I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  wind- 


artery,  +  -ifis.2 
of  the  arteries. 


Inflammation  of  an  artery  or 


arthrocacology 

Great  rivers  tliat  arteried  every  State. 

X.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  491. 

Artesian  (ar-te'zian),  a.  [<  F.  art6sicn,  prop- 
erly pertaining  fo"-lr(oi6-,  OF.  Artei.s,  anciently 
Ar'tc-iiuni,  in  France.]      Pertaining  to  Artois, 

an  ancient  pro  V- 
^-^  inee  of  northern 
France,  corre- 
sponding to  the 
modern  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de- 
Calais.  —  Arte- 
sian well,  a  name 
(usually  without  a 
capital  letter)  given 
to  a  peculiar  kind  of 
bored  well  from  its 
long  use  in  Artois. 
In  an  artesian  well 
proper  the  water  rises  to  the  surface  .and  overflows.  The 
geological  conditions  permitting  tliis  are  not  general,  since 
it  is  necessary  that  tlie  region  ^liniild  liave  a  more  or  less 
complete  lia-sin-structure.  an<l  tli:it  there  sliould  be  a  series 
of  i»crmeaiile  co\ered  by  impcnucable  beds.  In  the  United 
States  any  deep  bored  well  is  called  artesian,  even  if  the 
water  has  to  lie  pumped  from  a  considerable  depth.  Ar- 
tesian w  ells  vary  in  depth  from  less  than  100  to  nearly  4,000 
feet,  seine  of  the  deepest  borings  Iteing  for  petroleum. 
artful  (iirt'fiil),  a.  [<  art^  +  -/«/.]  1.  Done 
with  or  characterized  by  art  or  sldll.  [Rare.] 
tlur  psalms  with  artj'vl  terms  inscribed. 

Milton,  I'.  R.,  iv.  S36. 
No  one  thinks  when  he  looks  at  a  plant,  what  restless 
activity  is  at  work  within  it,  for  the  cells  perforin  their 
(iry"»rialior  in  stillness.  Poj).  .?«'.  Mo.,  \S.U.  1S5. 

2t.  Artificial,  as  opposed  to  natural ;  produced 
or  producing  bv  art:  as,  "  too  artful  a  writer," 
i)ri/(?CH,  Life  ofVirgil.— 3.  Skilfiil.  («)  Of  per- 
sons, skilful  in  adajiting  means  to  ends ;  adi'oit. 
(6)  Of  things,  skilfully  adapted;  ingenious; 
clever.  Hence — 4.  running;  crafty;  practis- 
ing or  characterized  by  art  or  stratagem:  as, 
•'the  Artful  Dodger,"  liiH-eiis,  Oliver  Twist. 
Fair  to  no  purpose,  artful  to  no  end. 

/'ope,  Jloral  Essays,  iv.  116. 
=  Syn.  4.  Cunninri,  Artful,  Sly,  etc.  (see  ci(nnin<;),  deceit- 
'  fill,  pelitic,  shifty," insidious. 

(((/('.  In  an  artfttl  manner. 
(ir)  \\  ilirart  or  skill ;  as,  colors  nrtfuUij  distributed  on  the 
canvas.  [Rare.)  (6)  With  cunning  or  craft ;  craftily;  cun- 
ningly. 

Whether  this  motion  was  honestly  made  by  the  Oppo- 
silien  .  .  .  or  artfully  made  by  the  courtiers,  ...  It  ia 
new  iiniiossilde  to  discover.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

artfulness  (iirt'fiil-nes).  II.     The  quality  of  be- 
ing artful;  craft;  cunning;  address. 
arthent  (iir'then),  a.    An  old  form  of  earthen. 
arthra,  ".     Plural  of  arthron. 


'  '"'^i'^-;;'.;':^',";;!?.  "IJ!^  „7tu^  ^^tery  (iir'te-ri),  «  ;  pi.  anenes  (-riz).     [<  ME.  -;.^2;.^i  (a,'t hral),  a.     [<  arthron  +  -«7.]     Of  or 
a-spcr  or  loutn    arterio  (i.-Arly  mmi.  V,.  also  arter,  artcrc,  artier,  -  ... 

artiirc,  etc.,  <  OF.  arterc,  mod.  F. artirc  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  arteria),  <  L.  arteria,  the  windpipe,  an  ar- 
tery, <  Gr.  (ipri/pia,  an  artery  as  distinct  from  a 
vein ;  but  commonly  the  arteries  were  regarded 
as  aii'-<lucts  (the  name  being  supposed  to  come 


pipe. 

n.  ".  A  medicine  prescribed  in  diseases  of 
the  windpipe.     DunijliKOn. 

arteriae,  n.     Plural  of  artcria. 

arterial  (iir-te'ri-al),  a.  [=Y.  art(-riel,<.  NL. 
arterialin,  <  L.  artcria,  artery:  see  artenj.']  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  artery  or  to  the  arteries : 
a.s,  arterial  action. — 2.  Contained  in  an  artery: 
a.s.  arterial  blood. — 3.  Having  a  main  channel 
and  many  branches  or  ramilicatious,  like  the 


inrtaining  to  an  arthron  or  articulation;  ar- 
ticular: as,  '-the  «r(/ira(  surface  of  the  ilium," 
ll'ililer  and  (iaije. 
arthralgia  (iir-tlu-al'.ii-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apBpov, 
joint,  -I-  o/ioc,  pain.]  "Pain  in  a  joint ;  spocifi- 
callv.  neuralgia  in  a  joint. 


from    ai/i>,  air),    because    found   empty  after  arth'ralgic  (ii'i'-thral'j'ik),  a.     Pertaining  to  ar 

death,  and  seem  to  have  been  conceivecl  as     )|,|.„i„i° 

ramifications  of  the  windpipe;  orig.  the  wind  -    ■-    1    -  -  ...   .     .  ..»,, 

I)ipo;  perhaps  <  alpmv,  atipnv,  raise,Jift  up;  cf 
aor(»,  trom  the  same  source.]    If       ' 


The  trachea 
or  windi)ii)e 

Under  the  artery  or  windpipe  is  the  mouth  of  the 
stomaeli.  Sir  II.  Holland. 


arthrembolus  (ilr-threm'bo-lus),  «.  [NL.,  < 
(ir.  «()(/,« //;io/oi',  an  instrnmeiit  for  setting  limbs, 
<  uptli)uv,'a  joint,  +  ifilh?J/,  a  putting  in  place, 
the  setting  of  a  limb,  <  qijiaUriv,  thrust  in :  so© 
rmliolu.i.']  In  siirij.,  an  instrunieiit  fiirmerly  used 
in  the  reduction  of  disloeations.     lUimili.son. 


bl'):-d  a-^  It  pa.si*es  through  the  arlt'-rics  after  havhig  I' 

III  the  lungs.     It  i.-f  di.-,tink'UislH'd  from  venous 

.'.triy  hy  its  lighter  Ilorid-rcd  color,  due  to  the 

-in  -Arterial  cone.  («)  Tlie  uiiper  left 

the  right  Ventricle,  from  which  the  piil- 

Also  r-ailed  iufundilnilunt.    (Ji)  In 

I  r'onical  ventricle  id  the  heart,  wliich 

the  bulbils  art^'riosiis,  and  is  ilistln- 

'ly  the  Ijri-Hcnce  of  valves  between  the 

net  (ductim  arteriosus),  the  pnrtion  of 

!■    ari;h  which  hcrves  to  connect  ami 

'  1  .11  between  K  liraiicllial  artery  and  u 

Arterial   navigation,    navlgali..n    by 

1  liiaoebtngchaniielMof  inland  v\ater, 

iiii^,  and  canals. 

I,   arterialise.     Heo  uTteriali:a- 


:     2.  Oneof  a  system  of  cylindrical,  membranous,  arthria,  ".     Plural  of  »rWiriH«(. 

.,     elastic,  and  "inuseular  "vessels  or  tnlies,  which  arthritic  (iir-tlirit'ik),  a.     [{UK  artctil-c,  <  OF 


'iir-te'ri-nl-i-za'shon),   n.      [< 

!     Tlie  proecHS  of  inaking 

inn  of  vi'iioiiH  into  urlerial 

iL'"  through  the  lungs,  by 

irliiin  dioxid  niid  the  ali- 

ir.iiii  llie  iiir.     Also  siielled 


arterialization 

arteria  1 1  ■ 
BrttTJal ; 
blood,  ill. 
the  I 

jior|.i 

arti  ri'it'  atunt. 

arterialize  fiir-tiVri-nl-lz),  r.  t. ;  jiret.  nnd  pp. 

'         '       '  i,  rieiUzinil.     [<  nrlrrint   + 

.  I      To    convert    fvenniei 

i.i.il  bv  the  iK'tion  of  i).\y- 

t;eii  |ielhil  arlrriali-ir. 

arteri.i..,  .  >/^/tt.     In  the  manmr 


convey  the  blood  from  the  heart  to  all  parts  of 
the  body  by  raniilications  which  as  they  iiro- 
ceed  diminish  in  size  and  increase  in  niinilier, 
and  tertiiinate  in  minute  cnpillarics  wliicli  unite 
the  ends  of  the  arteries  with  the  beginnings  of 
the  veins.  'I'hcic  are  l«o  principal  arteries  ;  ihc  aorta, 
which  rises  from  the  left  vcntviile  of  the  licart  and  ranii- 
llcH  through  the  whole  body,  and  the  jnilmonnry  urlnii. 
which  conveys  venous  blood  from  tlic  right  ventricle  to  the 
lungs,  to  undergo  arteriallzalion.  Most  artelics  are  com- 
posed of  three  coal-s :  an  outer  or  llbrous,  of  eondeiiHcd 
conncclivo  tissue  well  supplied  with  blooilvesm  Is  and 
nerves;  a  middle  or  elastic,  consisting  ehiclly  of  circular, 

non-Hlrlated,  muscular  libers;  and  an  Inner,  thin,  si ith, 

and  dense,  conipoMid,  from  without  inwanl,  of  iin  elastic 
fcneslrated  mciiilirane.  a  la.vcr  of  connective  tlssnc,  and 


iirlrliiiHi)  <  L.   orthritieii.i,  <  Gr.   aptlpiTimi^,  of 
the  joints,  gouty,  <  aiilpirii;:  see  arthritiK.]    Per- 
taining to  the  joints,  or  to  arthritis,  or  specifi- 
cally to  the  gout ;  affecting  the  joints. 
I'angs  nrf/iriViV,  that  infest  the  toe 
(It  liliertine  cxceBS.  Coiriirr,  The  Tiusk,  1. 

arthritical  (iir-thnt'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  or- 
thritie. 

arthritis  (iir-thri'tis),  «.  [L.,<  Gr.  I'lpOpint 
(sc.  lomic,  disease),  joint-disease,  gout,  prop. 
feni.  adj.,  of  the  joints,  <  o/i^/ior,  a  joint:  see 
arthraii.]  Inllanniiation  ot  a  joint.  Arthritis 
deformans,  iheiinniloid  arthritis  in  which  coiisidcralde 
dcfeiiiiity  is  ]il'odueed.     Sec  rlieuuultoid. 


iciivni  I  iiLcn    III.  iiii'i  .iin  ,   It    m.,  V  I     •'■    ,  ,.,.,1,  ,. ..  .  .      .  ■  — ,        .  -  /  1  1       •  \ 

a  llnlngof  ciiil.ilhcliuin.     The  outer  coat  Is  the  (tiimV.r)  arthnum    (nr    tliri-um) 


n. 


pi.  arlhrin  (-it). 


of  an  iirii. 


!j;  by  mt.au!!  uf  artcriva. 


adrrnlilia;  I  he  middle,  the  ((i(»ic«)  mcidVi;  the  Inner,  tin 
{tunica)  inliuui.  The  arteries  in  the  huiiian  body  whicli 
liuve  received  special  iiaincs  are  aliout  :i.Ml  In  nuinlicr. 
They  range  In  caliber  from  more  than  the  thickness  of  a 
linger  ( lernscnpie  dilneliHiiiiiH. 

3.  A  iiiuiii  chiiunel  in  any  ramifying  HyHlem  of 
comiiiiinicalioii,  as  in  drainage.- Artcry-clnw, 
a  linking  forceps  for  holillng  an  arlciy.  Axtory  of  tllO 
bulb,  II  loiiall  lint  mirgiciillv  linportant  branch  of  the  lii- 
leniiil  pii.lle  artery,  snpplvlng  the  lnilliid  llie  iirellini. 
Axillary  artery,  coronary  artery,  nutrient  artery, 

ratUal  artery,  etc.      S.e  Ihe  adjeellves, 

artery  (iir'le-ri),  v.  t.;  jiret.  and  jip.  arteried,  arthrocacology  (iir'lluo-ka-kol'o-ji),  ti 
]i\<r.  arteri/iii'f/.  [<  arleri/,  n.]  To  Hupply  with  tliinnirr  +  -iJliifiji,  (\.  v.]  The  Kum  of 
arteries;  iigurativcly,  tti  travcrso  like  artt-rieH.     knowlctlge  concerning disoiisoH  of  tlie  joints 


,N'li.,  iCGr.  as  if  'liiSpiiiv,  dim.  ailiptlpov,  a. joint.] 
in  I  ntiim.,  the  minute  penultimate  tarsal  joint 
of  many  t'ntmntera. 

arthrobranchia(iir-lhro-brang'ki-ii), «.;  ]il.  ar- 
thiiihrinirhia'  (-e)-  [NL.,<(<r.  apllpur,  a  joint,  + 
/V"M"'.  gills.)  Ill  frustaeia,  a  distinct  respi- 
ratory appendage  of  the  niaxillipeds.      Ilii.rlry. 

arthrocace  (iir-lhrnk'ii-se),  «.  [NL.,  <Gr.  ap- 


II, 


.  a  ,11 


lint,  +  hiiiiii,  biidiiess,  vice,  <  waxiif,  bad.] 


Caries  of  a  joint.     Hillriith. 


[<ar- 
f  human 


arthroderm 

arthroderm  (iir'tliro-denn),  w.  [<  Gr.  apBimv, 
u  joiiil,  +  dqiiia,  skin.]  The  crust  or  body-wall 
of  au  articiilate  animal,  as  the  shell  of  a  crab 
or  the  integument  of  an  insect.     A.  S.  Packard. 

arthrodia  (iir-thro'dl-ii),  n. ;  pi.  (irlhrodiie  (-e). 
[N'L.,  <  Gr.  apOpudia,  a  particular  kind  of  artie- 
uliition,  <  ap6puih/c,  articulated,  <  aptipov,  a  joint, 
+  tlAoc,  form.]  A  gliding  .joint;  a  movable  ar- 
ticidation  formed  Ijy  piano  or  nearly  plane  sur- 
faces which  slide  upon  each  other  to  some  ex- 
tent, as  in  the  articulations  of  the  carpus:  a 
form  of  diarflirosis.   Also  called  adiirticidatioii. 

—  Double  artn''Odia._    Same  as  nmiilii^liartlirusis. 

arthrodial  (iir-thro'di-al),  a.  [<  arthrodia  + 
-rt/.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  an 
arthrodia. —  2.  Oii  or  pertaining  to  artlu-osis; 
concerned  in  the  jointing  or  articulation  of 
parts,  especially  of  limbs — Arthrodial  apophy- 
sis, in  Crustacea,  that  process  of  an  endosternite  or  eiulo- 
pleurite  which  enters  into  tlie  foi-mation  of  an  articular 
cavity  of  a  limb. 

The  endopleurite  .  .  .  divides  into  three  apophyses, 
one  desuendinji:  or  arthrodial,  and  two  which  pass  nearly 
htirizontally  inward.  Iluxltuf,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  269. 

arthrodic  (iir-throd'ik),  a.     Same  as  arthrodial. 

arthrodynia  (ar-thro-din'i-ii),  )i.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
uplipov,  a  joint,  +  odivi/,  pain.]  Pain  in  a  joint; 
artliralgia. 

arthrodynic  (iir-thro-din'ik),  a.  [<  arthrodynia 
+  -ic]  Relating  to  arthrodynia,  or  pain  in  a 
joint;  arthralgic. 

Arthrogastra  (ar-thro-gas'tra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
tir.  upOpor,  a  joint,  +  yaart/p,  belly.]  A  division 
of  the  class  Arachnida,  including  the  scorpions 
and  their  allies,  as  distinguislu'il  from  spiders 
and  mites.      See  cut  under  iScorpioiiiilir. 

The  Artkrofiastra,  or  scorpions  and  pseudo-scorpions, 
exhibit,  in  many  respects,  extraordinarily  close  resem- 
blances to  the  Merostomata  among  the  Crustacea. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  S20. 

Arthrogastres  (ar-thro-gas'trez),  n.iil.  [NL., 
as  Arthroipistra.'^     Same  as  Arthrogastra. 

arthrography  (iir-throg'ra-fi),  v.  ['<  Gr.  apdpov, 
a  joint,  +  -)pa(j>ia,  <  ypa<p£iv,  write,  describe.]  Li 
anat.,  a  description  of  the  joints. 

arthrology  (iir-throl'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  apBpnv,  a 
joint,  +  -Aoyia,  <  'Atyeiv,  speak:  see  -ologii.']  1. 
The  knowledge  of  the  joints  ;  that  part  of  anat- 
omy wliich  relates  to  the  joints. —  2t.  Finger- 
speech  for  the  deaf  and  dumb;  dactylology. 

arthromere  (iir'thro-mer),  /(.  [<  Gr.  apdpov,  a 
memljer,  joint,  ^-  fipoc,  a  jiart.]  In  ~ool.,  the 
ideal  single  ring  of  a  series  of  whicli  any  artic- 
ulate animal  is  composed;  a  zoonule,  zoonite, 
or  somite  of  an  articiilated  invertebrate  animal. 
The  typical  arthromere  consists  of  a  tergite,  a  pair  of 
pleurites,  and  a  sternite,  or  an  upper  piece,  two  lateral 
pieces,  and  an  under  piece. 

arthron  (iir'thron),  n. ;  pi.  arthra  (-thrii).    [NL., 

<  Gr.  dpUpov,  a  joint  (of  the  body) ;  in  grammar, 
the  article;  akin  to  equiv.  L.  artus:  see  artus 
and  article^  In  anat.,  a  joint  or  an  articula- 
tion of  any  kind. 

arthroneuralgia  (;lr"thro-nii-ral'ji-ii),  n.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  aptlpov,  a  joint,  +  NL.  neuralgia.^  Neu- 
ralgia of  a  joint. 

arthropathy  (iir-throp'a-thi),  II.  [<  Gr.  apdpov, 
a  joint,  -I- 77d(^of,  suffering.]     Disease  of  a  joint. 

arthrophragm  (ar'thro-fram),  II.  [< Gr.  apdpov, 
a  joint,  +  (ppay/iia,  a  fence,  screen,  <  (ppaaaciv, 
fence  in,  stop  up.  Cf.  diaphragm.']  An  articu- 
lar diaphragm ;  a  septum  or  partition  between 
certain  articulations,  as  in  the  crawfish.  See 
extract. 

All  four  apodemes  lie  in  the  ventriil  half  of  the  somite 
and  form  a  single  transverse  series ;  consetiuently  there 
are  two  nearer  the  middle  line,  which  are  termed  the  en- 
dostemites,  and  two  further  off,  which  are  the  endopleu- 
rites.  The  former  lie  at  the  inner,  and  the  latter  at  tlie 
outer  ends  of  the  partitions  or  arthrophragm-n  .  .  .  be- 
tween the  articular  cavities  for  the  basal  joints  of  the 
limbs,  and  they  spring  partly  from  the  latter  and  partly 
from  the  sternum  and  the  epimera  respectively. 

Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  158. 

arthropleura  (ar-thro-plo'ra),  n.;  pi.  arthro- 
pleiira:  (-re).     [NL.]     Same'as  arthropleure. 

arthropleure  (iir'thro-plor),  n.  [<  NL.  arfhro- 
jilcura,  <  Gr.  apdpov,  a  joint,  -f-  7r?.evpa,  side.] 
The  pleural,  lateral,  or  limb-bearing  portion 
of  the  arthroderm  of  articulated  animals;  the 
I)ortion  of  any  arthromere  between  the  tergite 
and  the  sternite. 

arthropod  (iir'thro-pod),  n.  anda.  [<  NL.  arthro- 
pus  {-pod-),  pi.  arthropoda,  q.  v.,  <  Gr.  apdpov, 
a  joint,  +  iroi'if  (-ad-)  =  E.  foot.]  I.  ii.  A 
jointed  invertebrate  animal  with  jointed  legs ; 
one  of  the  Arthropoda. 

II.  a.  Arthropodous ;  pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Arthropoda. 

Among  the  Crustacea  the  simplest  stage  of  the  Arthro- 
I>od  body  is  seen  in  the  Nauplius-fonn. 

Gegenhaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  '234. 


325 

Arthropoda  (iir-throp'o-da),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  arthropus  {-pod-):  see  arthropod.']  1.  One 
of  two  prime  divisions  {Anarthropoda  being  the 
other)  into  which  a  subkingdom  Annulosa  has 
been  divi<led.  it  contains  bilateral  segmented  ani- 
mals with  articulated  legs,  and  approximately  cori'esponds 
to  the  "arliiulatcd  ariim.als  with  articulated  legs"  of  Cu- 
vicr,  as  ii.ntr.Lsted  witli  his  other  division  (AimeUili'.s)  of 
Arlintlitt'i,  or  with  the  Vinuliilopmla  of  Latreille,  or  with 
tlic  diuUlii'pDila  or  Artlirozoa  of  some  other  naturalists. 
2.  In  more  modern  and  cxael;  usage,  one  of 
the  phyla,  subkingdoms,  or  main  types  of  the 
Mrtazoa,  containing  the  ai'ticulated,  inverte- 
brate, non-ciliatecl  animals  with  articulated 
limbs,  a  ganglionic  nervous  system,  oviparous 
reproduction,  and  generally  separate  sexes. 
The  ]ihylum  is  divided  by  nearly  common  consent  into  the 
four  great  classes  Iiuecta,  Myriajioda,  Aracfinida,  and 
Crti.stireca,  and  contains  the  vast  majority  (about  four 
liftbs)  of  the  animal  kingdom,  iu  numbers  both  of  species 
and  of  individuals. 

The  Arlhrnpoda,  with  more  than  200,000  species,  vary 
to  such  an  extent  that  little  can  be  said  applicable  to  the 
whole  gi-oup.  Of  all  Invertebrata  they  are  the  most  ad- 
vanced in  the  development  of  the  organs  peculiar  to  ani- 
mal life,  manifested  in  the  powers  of  locomotion,  and  in 
the  instincts  which  are  so  varied  and  so  wonderful  in  the 
Insect  class.  Pascoe,  Zool.  Class.,  p.  TO. 

arthropodan  (iir-throp'o-dan),  a.  [<  arthro- 
pod -\-  -ail.]     Same  as  arthropodous. 

arthropodous  (iir-throp'o-dus),  a.  H arthropod 
+  -oits.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Arthropoda; 
having  jointed  legs  (among  invertebrates) ;  con- 
dylopodous ;  arthrozoic.     Also  gnathopodons. 

Arthropomata  (ar-thro-po'ma-tii),  II.  pil.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  apdpuv,  a  joint,  +  ffw/za,  pL'-rrii/jara,  a  lid.] 
One  of  two  orders  into  which  the  class  JSrachio- 
poda  is  generally  divided,  the  other  being  X»/o- 
2)omata :  synonvmous  with  Apijgin  and  Articii- 
lata  {h). 

arthropomatous  (iir-thro-po'ma-tus),  a.  [< 
Arthropomata  +  -oiis.]  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Arthropomata. 

Arthropteridse  (ar-throp-ter'i-de),  }*.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Arthropterus  +  -«/«>.]  A  family  of  heterop- 
terous  insects,  chiefly  of  the  Orient,  Africa, 
and  the  Pacific  islands,  including  a  large  num- 
ber of  flat  wide  forms,  mostly  of  a  polished 
black  color  variously  marked  with  yellow. 

arthropterous(iir-throp'te-rus),  a.  [<NL.  ar- 
throptcnis,  adj.,  <  Gr.  apdpov,  a  joint,  +  irTepdv,  a 
wing,  fin.  ]  Having  jointed  rays,  as  a  fin  of  a  fish. 

Arthropterus  (iir-throp'te-rus),  n.  [NL. :  see 
artliroptcrous.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Arlhropterida'.  Macleay,  1839. —  2.  A 
genus  of  fishes.     Agassi:,  1843. 

arthroses,  ».     Plural  of  arthrosis. 

arthrosia  (iir-thro'zi-a),  ».   [NL.  (ef.  arthrosis), 

<  Gr.  apdpor,  a  joint.]     Arthritis.  ' 
arthrosis  (iir-thro'sis),  «. ;  x>l-  arthroses  (-sez). 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  iipdpioni^,  a  jointing,  <  apdpoeiv,  apdpovv, 
fasten  by  a  joint,  <  apdpov,  a  joint.]  In  anat.: 
{a)  A  sutm'e;  an  articulation;  a  joining  or 
jointing  of  bones  or  cartilages  otherwise  than 
by  ankylosis.  Arthrosis  is  divisible  into  three  principal 
categories:  (1)  Synarthrosis:  (2)  amphiarthrosis  ;  (:i)  diar- 
throsis.  See  tliese  words.  (/,)  The  result  of  articu- 
lation ;  a  joint ;  an  arthron ;  a  node. 

arthrospore  (ar'thro-spor),  u.  [<  Gr.  apdpov,  a 
joint,  +  CTTupo^,  seed.]  In  hot.,  one  of  a  number 
of  spores  united  together  in  the  form  of  a  string 
of  beads,  formed  by  fission,  and  characteristic 
of  various  low  fungi  and  algse. 

arthrosporic  (ar-thro-spor'ik),  a.  Same  as  ar- 
throsporims. 

arthrosporous  (ar-tliros'i>o-rus),  fl.  [<  NL.  ar- 
throsporiis  :  see  arthrospore  ?aiiA-ous.]  Produ- 
cing ardirosporcs. 

arthrosterigma  (ar  "  thro -ste- rig 'mj,),  «. ;  pi. 
arthrosU  riijiiuita  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  apdpov, 
a  joint,  +  cTt/pr/fia,  a  support,  <  crnpiiciv,  set 
fast,  support,  prop,  <  •/  *cTa,  stand.]  In  bot., 
the  jointed  sterigma  which  occm-s  in  the  sper- 
magoniimi  of  many  lichens. 

Arthrostraca  (iir-thros'tra-ka),  n.  2>l-  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  apdpov,  a  joint,  +  oarpanov,  a  shell.]  1.  In 
Gegenbaur's  system  of  classification,  one  of  two 
prime  divisions  of  malacostraeous  crustaceans 
(the'other  being  Thoracostraca),  corresponding 
approximately  to  the  edriophthalmous  or  ses- 
sile-eyed crustaceans  of  other  authors,  and  di- 
vided" into  the  three  orders  Aiiiphipoda,  Lw- 
niodipoda,  and  Isopoda. —  2.  In  Burmcister's 
system  of  classification,  one  of  three  orders  of 
Crustacea  (the  other  two  being  Aspidostraca 
and  Thoracostraca),  diNided  into  nine  lesser 
groups. 

arthrostracous  (ar-thros'tra-kus),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Arthros- 
traca. 


artichoke 

arthrotome  (ar'thro-tom),  re.  [<  Gr.  apBpov,  a 
joint,  +  ro//A;,  cutting:  see  anatomy]  A  car- 
tilage-knife ;  a  strong  scalpel,  two-i-dged  for  a 
part  of  its  cutting  length,  and  having  a  rough- 
ened steel  handle  continuous  with  the  Vjlade. 
It  is  used  in  dissection  for  cutting  cartilage,  disarticulating 
joints,  and  other  rough  work. 

Any  thick-bladed  scali)cl  may  be  ground  into  a  tolerable 
arthrotome.  WUiicr  and  Gaijc,  Anat.  Tech.,  p.  63. 

arthrotomy  (iir-throt'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  apftpov,  a 
jcjiiit,  +  Topij,  a  cutting:  see  anatomy.]  In 
.''iirg.,  incision  into  a  joint. 

Arthrozoa  (iir-thro-zo'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
upOpov,  a  joint,  -t-  C'jov,  an  animal.]  One  of  six 
series  of  animals  into  which  the  Mntazoa  have 
been  divided:  equivalent  to  Arthropoda  to- 
gether with  Nematoscolices  and  proliably  Ch(e- 
tognntha. 

arthrozoic  (iir-thro-zo'ik),  a.  Relating  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Arthrozoa.  -Arthro- 
zoic series,  a  gradation  of  animals  represented  by  the 
yiriti'itusr'ilirr!<;im\  Arllirnpoda.  fi'om  the  lowest  nematoids 
to  the  highc'st  arthropods.     Iluxhii. 

Arthurian  (ilr-thu'ri-an),  a.  [<  Arthur,  ML. 
funu  Arthurus,  rej)resenting  W.  Artur.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  King  Arthiu',  one  of  the  last  Cel- 
tic chiefs  of  Britain  (the  hero  of  a  great  litera- 
ture of  poetic  fable,  and  whose  actual  existence 
has  been  questioned ),  or  to  the  legends  con- 
nected with  him  and  his  knights  of  the  Round 
Table. 

vfr///wnrtrt  legend  is  not,  and  never  has  been,  to  the  Eng- 
lish national  mind  what  the  myths  which  suitidied  the  sub- 
jects of  Attic  tragedy  were  to  the  Greek. 

A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  122. 

artiad  (iir'ti-ad),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  apriof,  even, 
+  -of/l.]  I.  )(.  1.  In  chem.,  an  atom  whose 
quantivalenee  is  expressed  by  an  even  number, 
as  the  atoms  of  sulphur,  o.xygen,  etc.  See  pe- 
rissad. — 2.  In  zool.,  an  even-toed  ungulate 
quadruped;  a  cloven-footed  ruminant  animal ; 
one  of  the  Artiodactijla :  opposed  to  perissud. 
See  cut  under  Artiodactyla. 

II.  a.  In  chem.,  having  the  nature  of  an  ar- 
tiad: as,  oxygen  is  an  artiad  element. 
artichoke  (ar'ti-chok),  n.  [Introduced  in  the 
16th  century,  the  two  normal  forms  (after  the 
It.)  artichoclce,  ar- 
chichock,  mixing 
with  artichou,  ar- 
tichoirc,  artichau, 
artivhault,  etc., 
after  the  F.,  in 
numerous  forms, 
varj-ing  initially 
arti-,  arte-,  arto-, 
liarti-,  harte-,  ar- 
chi-,  archy-,  arch-, 
and  terminal- 
ly -choh,  -choice, 
-chock,  -choak, 
-chough,  -chooke, 
etc.  (simulating 
E.  heart,  L.  hortus, 
garden,  E.  choke, 
as  if  that  which 
'  chokes  '  the  gar- 
den or  the  heart); 
cf.  I),  artisjok, 
Dan.  artiskok,  Sw. 
drtskocka,  G.  ar- 
tischocke,  Euss.  arti.shokii,  Bohem.  artichok,  ar- 
ti/chok,  Pol.  karczock,  with  F.  artichaut  (formerly 
also  artichau,  -chaidt,  -chaiid,  -chon,  etc.),  ML. 
articoecus,  articoctits,  articactiis,  aU  from  ,Sp.  or 
It.;  <  It.  (north,  dial.)  articiocco,  arciciocco,  ar- 
chiciocco,  arciocco,  also  arciciofi'o,  archicioffo,  for 
*alcarcioffo ;  also  simply  carciocco,  carcioffo, 
mod.  It.  carcioffo,  carciofo,  Sp.  alcarchofa,  now 
alcachofa,  alcacliofcra,  Pg.  alcachofra,  <  Sp.  Ar. 
al-kharshofa  (Peiiro  de  Alcald),  al-kharshfif 
(Bocthor),  <  Ar.  al,  the,  -1-  kharshofa,  kharshuf 
(with  initial  kha,  7th  letter),  also  harshuf  (in 
Bagdad — Newman),  harshaf  (Frertag;  Pers. 
harshaf — Richardson)  (with  initial  ha,  6th  let- 
ter), an  artichoke.  The  Ar.  ardi-sltaiikl  (Diez), 
erdu.<!hauke  (in  Aleppo  —  Newman),  Pers.  arda- 
shdhi.  Hind,  hdthichak,  are  adaptations  of  the 
Em'opean  forms  (appar.  simulating  Ar.  ardh, 
crdh,  Pers.  ard,  arz,  gi-ound,  earth,  Ar.  shaitk, 
thorn,  Pers.  shcih,  king,  Hind,  hdthi,  an  ele- 
phant).] The  Cynara  Scolymus,  a  plant  of  the 
natural  order  Compositee,  somewhat  resembling 
a  thistle,  with  large  divided  prickly  leaves.  The 
erect  flower-stem  terminates  in  a  large  round  head  of  nu- 
merous indjricated  oval  spiny  scales  which  surround  the 
flowers.  The  fleshy  bases  of  the  scales  with  the  large  recep- 
tacle are  used  as  food,     .\rtichokes  were  introduced  into 


/- 


Artichoke  [Cynara  Scolymus). 
a,  top  of  plant ;  b.  flowering  head. 


artichoke 

Europe  early  in  the  sixteenth  centurj-.— Jerusalem  arti- 
choke I'  <rruL':!on  of  It.  ^jira^ole  articiocco,  sunflower-ar- 
.    ■■     "  '■VrtkTiw,  a  species  of  sunflower, 

; ;  'per  ilississippi  valley.    It  was 
.•?5  lor  its  sweet  and  farinaceous 
,  ^ii.i  uas  introduced  at  an  early  date  into 
it  is  raised  in  considerable  quantities  as 
:  xkL    The  plant  was  long  believed  to  be  a 
1,  and  it  is  only  recently  that  its  true  origin 
-gained. 
ar-..v,*c     --  ti-kl),  n.     C<  ^^'  article,  <  OF.  arti- 
cle, i\  article  =  Sp.  articulo  =  Pg.  articulo  (in 
anat.  and  bot.),  artiffo  =  It.  arttcolo,  articulo,  < 
L.  articidus,  a  joint,  limb,  member,  part,  dixi- 
sion,  the  article  in  grammar,  a  point  of  time ; 
prop.  dim.  of  artus,  a  joint,  akin  to  Gr.  apdpov,  a 
joint,  article,  <  ■/'•«r,  fit,  join:  see  arm\  arm^y 
art^f  etc.]     If.  A  joint  connecting  two  parts 
of  the  body. —  2.  One  of  the  parts  thus  con- 
nected ;  a  jointed  segment  or  part. 

The  first  pair  of  legs  [of  the  whip-scorpion]  is  the  long- 
est and  the  tar&al  joint  is  broken  up  into  a  long  series  of 
articUi.  Stand.  xVat.  Hist.,  II.  122, 

3.  In  hot,,  the  name  formerly  given  to  that 
part  of  a  stalk  or  stem  which  is  between  two 
joints.  Hence — 4.  Aseparate  member  or  por- 
tion of  anj-tJiing.  In  particular — (a)  A  clause, 
item,  point,  or  particular  in  a  contract,  treatj', 
or  other  formal  agreement ;  a  condition  or  stip- 
ulation in  a  contract  or  bargain:  as,  articles  of 
association;  articles  of  apprenticeship. 

'Tis  direct 
Against  our  articleg. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  v.  2. 

(6)  A  distinct  proposition  in  a  connected  series; 
one  of  the  pai'ticulars  constituting  a  system: 
as,  the  Thirty-nine  Articles;  the  articles  of  re- 
ligion. 

A  Minister  should  preach  according  to  the  Articles  of 
Religion  Established  in  the  Church  where  he  is. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  72. 

Cried  auieu  to  my  creed's  one  article. 

Bnriniiii'j,  King  and  Book.  II.  256. 

(c)  A  separate  clause  or  provision  of  a  statute : 
as,  the  act  of  the  si.v  articles  (see  below),  (d) 
A  distinct  charge  or  count:  as,  articles  of  im- 
peachment, {e)  A  distinct  item  in  an  account 
oralist.  (/)  Oueof  aseriesof regtUatious:  as, 
the  articles  of  war. —  5.  A  literary  composition 
on  a  specific  topic,  forming  an  independent  por- 
tion of  a  book  or  literary  publication,  especially 
of  a  newspaper,  magazine,  reww,  or  other 
perioilical:  as,  an  article  on  war,  or  on  earth- 
quakes and  their  causes. — 6.  A  material  thing 
as  part  of  a  class,  or,  absolutely,  a  particular 
substance  or  commodity :  as,  an  article  of 
merchandise;  an  article  of  clothing;  salt  is  a 
necessary  article. —  7.  A  particular  immaterial 
thing;  a  matter. 

Wht-re  nature  has  bestowed  a  show  of  nice  attention  in 
the  features  of  a  man,  he  should  laugh  at  it  a^  misplaced. 
I  have  Been  men,  who  in  this  vain  article,  perhaps  mi(;ht 
rank  above  you.  Sheridan,  The  Kivals,  iii.  2. 

8t.  A  concern;  a  piece  of  business;  a  subject. 
—  9.  A  point  or  nick  of  time  joining  two  suc- 
ccii.-*ive  periods;  a  jimcture ;  a  moment;  the 
moment  or  very  moment.  [Now  rare  or  obso- 
lete except  in  the  phrase  in  the  article  of  death 
(which  see,  below).] 

Could  my  breath 
Now  execute  'em,  they  should  not  enjoy 
An  article  of  time.  B.  Joiuun,  Catiline,  v.  6. 

ThU  fatal  newen  cominK  to  Hick's  Hall  upon  the  article 
nf  my  I»rd  Kussel's  trial  was  said  t4>  have  had  no  little  in- 
fluence *m  the  Jury  and  all  the  bench  to  his  preju<lii--c. 

Kcelyn. 
All  innmi  building  just  In  the  article  of  falling. 

WftUoMitm,  Relig.  of  Nat.,  v.  99. 

10*    Thi-  number  10,  or  any  number  ending  in 

1  '  r. — 11.  In  gram.y  a  word  used  attribu- 

'  '  '  limit  the  api>lication   of  a  noun   to 

lual  ftr  Bot  of  individuals,  and  also 

wliether  the   noun   used    signiiies 

"in-  or  any  one  of  the  cluss  which 

r   'I'linitely   a    speciiic    object   of 

'  'I  articles  arc  regarded  as  a  dlHllnct 

•  :ir*'  tn   Knglinh  nn  (before  coiiHtr- 

'  ''       An  wfM  ifrigtnally  the  same  word 

\:  all  uneni]ihatlr  nn;/;  It  singles 

'  \uiiitdr  of  a  4  la^t,  any  other 

'  u) table  nf  ii<-rviriu  im  cxainple 

'  nrdifigly  ralb  d  tb<-  iwtrjniitc 

illy   a   dcmfiiiHtratlve  pmitfiiin, 

iMphallr  f/iu  f>r  that ;  It  pohiln 

,!    ,,r   »•  t   (.f    indlvldnalu,  and 

■'        '  '.    artifU,      Artlcb-H 

I'       .li/«^d  and  ftcgrrgat'il 

>:..-■,   •..■■  It-t     l^ltlll,    linVf    IKl 

.1  '.[.    .,    have  the  (blbilt.- 

I! '  I   l>    J     ilwuyn  itt  lalei  for 

,  i  li.    ii;tii.-    'irtirte  In  n  trim" 

joint,  wbl' b  wju  npi'llfil   bv 

'        '  <   the  onf  Hftlrln  of  that  Inn 

^'^^'  > ■  ■itiiil  of  ItA  fr'Miuoiit  um  aflir 

Um  nwiiiittr  •/(  K  nUiive  Ut  Join  an  mIJcrUv*  to  m  noun : 


326 

as,  avTip  o  aya96<:,  literally,  man  the  good,  for  (the)  man 
who  (is)  good,  that  is,  the  good  man.]— Articles  of  as- 
sociation, or  articles  of  incorporation,  the  ceriift- 
cate  filed,  in  conforuiity  with  a  vrciuTal  law,  by  persons 
who  desii-e  to  become  a  corporation,  and  setting  forth  the 
rules  and  conditions  uimn  \\liitli  tlu-  a>so,i:[tion  or  cor- 
poration is  founded— Articles  of  Confede-ation.  See 
cot}federation.— Articles  of  faith,  the  nuun  ••v  tssential 
points  of  religious  beliL-f :  specihcally,  anaiUhorit;itiveand 
binding  statement  of  such  points  as  held  by  a  purticuhir 
church  or  denomination;  a  doctrinal  creed.— Articles 
of  impeachment,  the  accusations  in  writing  which  form 
the  basis  of  an  impeachment  trial.  They  take  the  place 
of  the  indict iiicnl  in  ordinary  criminal,  and  of  the  declara- 
tion or  complaint  in  civil,  actions. — Articles  of  Perth, 
five  articles  agreed  upon  at  a  General  Assembly  of  the 
Church  of  Scotland  convened  by  James  \1.  in  lOlS.  en- 
joining certain  episcopal  obser\'ances,  such  as  the  observ- 
ance of  feast-days,  kneeling  at  tlie  Lord's  supper,  etc. 
They  were  ratified  by  the  Scotch  Parliament  in  1621.  and 
became  a  subject  of  hitter  contruvtrsy  between  the  king 
and  the  people.— Articles  of  the  peace,  an  obligation 
to  keep  the  peace  for  a  certain  time,  under  a  penalty,  and 
with  or  without  sureties,  imposed  upon  an  individual 
against  whom  some  one  has  exliibited  a  complaint  that 
there  is  just  cause  to  fear  that  the  party  complained  of 
will  burn  the  complainant's  liouse  or  do  him  some  bodily 
harm,  or  procure  a  tliird  person  to  do  it. — Articles  Of 
Schmalkald,  articles  of  Protestant  faith  drawn  up  by 
Luther,  and  submitted  to  a  meeting  of  electors,  princes, 
and  states  at  Schnialkald  (or  S.  Innalkalden).  tiermany, 
in  1537,  designed  to  show  how  far  tlie  Protestants  were 
willing  to  go  in  order  to  avoid  a  rupture  with  Rome. 
— Articles  of  war,  a  code  of  regulations  for  the  govern- 
ment and  discipline  of  the  army  and  navy.  In  Great 
Britain  they  are  embodied  in  the  Mutiny  Act.  which  is 
passed  every  year.  The  articles  of  wai-  of  the  United 
States  are  128  in  number ;  anything  relating  to  the  army 
not  comprehended  therein  is  p>iV)lished  in  general  orders 
or  in  established  regulations,  issued  from  time  to  time 
by  the  War  Department,  copies  of  which  are  furnished 
and  read  to  the  troops.— City  article.  See  citi/. — In  the 
article  of,  in  the  matter  of;  as  regards. 

As  he  [T.  L,  K.  Oliphant]  views  nmtters,  we  have  been 
steadily  going  down  hill,  in  the  article  of  our  mother- 
tongue.  F.  Hall,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXIX.  321. 

In  the  article  of  death  (Latin,  in  articxdo  mortis),  at 
tlie  moment  of  death  ;  in  the  last  struggle  or  agony. 

In  t/w  article  of  death,  1  give  you  my  thanks,  and  pray 
for  you.  '  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  &'_'. 

Lords  of  the  Articles.  See  ion?.— Marriage  articles. 
See  m«rri«7''.— Memorandum  articles.  See  meino- 
randum.— The  Five  Articles  and  the  Five  Points, 
statements  of  the  ^li^tiI](■tive  doctrines  uf  tlie  Arminians 
and  Calvinists  respectively,  tlio  former  promulgated  in 
1610  in  opposition  to  the  restrictive  principles  of  the 
latter,  which  were  sustained  by  the  Synod  of  Dort  in 
1619,  and  are  the  following:  particular  predestination, 
limited  atonement,  natural  inability,  irresistible  gi'ace, 
and  the  perseverance  of  saints.  The  discussion  of  these 
ditferenccs  at  that  time  is  sometimes  calU'd  the  qttin- 
^i^larti<'^llar  controrer.s-jt. —  The  Lambeth  Articles,  nine 
articles  drawn  up  in  l.i05  at  Laintn-th,  Englami,  intended 
to  embody  the  t'alvinistic  doctrine  respecting  predes- 
tination, justillcation,  etc.  They  were  never  ajiprovcd  by 
the  church  in  any  regular  synod,  and  therefore  jins- 
sess  no  ecclesiastical  authority.— The  Six  Articles, 
sometimes  called  the  "whip  with  six  strings,  "  articles 
imposed  by  a  statute  (often  called  the  liloody  Statute) 
passed  in  1539,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  They  de- 
creed the  acknowledgment  of  transubstantiation,  the 
sufficiency  of  communion  in  one  kind,  the  obligation  of 
vows  of  chastity,  the  propriety  of  private  masses,  celi- 
bacy of  the  clergy,  and  auricular  confession.  Acceptitnce 
of  tiiese  six  doctrines  was  made  obligatory  on  all  persons 
under  the  severest  i»cnaltics.  The  act.  liowever,  was 
relaxed  in  1..44,  and  rtpealed  by  the  Parliament  of  ITilSi. 
—  The  TMrty-nine  AitiCles,  a  statement  of  the  par- 
ticular points  of  doctrine,  thirty-nine  in  number,  main- 
tained by  the  Chnich  of  England,  ttrat  framed  by  an  ec- 
clesiastical commission  in  forty-two  articles  (t!i52),  and 
revised  and  promulgated  in  thlity-nine  articles  by  a  con- 
vocation held  in  London  in  1562-6:(.  With  some  altera- 
tions they  were  adopted  by  the  Church  of  Ireland  in 
1635,  and  by  the  Scottish  Episcopal  Church  in  IS04.  and, 
with  certain  modilleations,  by  the  Protestant  Ejiiseopal 
Church  of  the  rnited  States  in  ISOl.  — The  Twenty-flve 
Articles,  the  doctrinal  basis  of  the  MethoiHwt  EpJHcopal 
Clnireh.Huli.stantiallv  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  of  the  ('hurt  h 
of  Kngland.  with  tlie  omission  of  the  ;id,  8th.  i:ith,  IMli, 
17th,  l»th,  20th,  2l8t,  2;id,  26th,  21>th,  'A'M.  :«th,  and  :i7th. 
They  were  originally  framed  by  John  Wesley,  and,  with 
some  mofhflcatiori,  were  adopt^.Ml,  sniistantially  as  now 
held,  in  17H4. 
article  (ar'ti-kl),  V. ;  pret.  and  i)p.  articled,  p\)r. 
artielintj.  [<  article,  n.'\  I.  trans.  1.  To  state 
in  detail ;  }»articularizo;  specify.     [Kure.] 

If  all  hU  errors  and  follies  were  articled  agnlnst  lihn. 

Jcr.  Tojdor,  Holy  Living  (cd.  1727).  p.  92. 

2.  To  accuse  or  charge  l)y  an  exhibition  of 
articles  or  accusation.s.     [Hare.] 

What  I  have  nrlielM  against  tbtw  fellnw 

I  justify  for  truth.     .Vi</.//Wr.;(,  SpunlMi  GlpBy,  v.  1. 

3.  To  bind  Ity  articlos  of  covenant  or  stipula- 
tion :  as,  to  article  an  aitpronHee. 

H.t  intrans.  Toajfreo  by  artii-lcs;  siil>ulat(«. 

Came  Hlr  John  Klviet  to  article  with  me  it) t  IiIh  brhk- 

work.  Ihvlj/n,  DIury,  Wept.  7,  1007. 

Tliey  havo  so  articled  with  us. 

Mojtiringer,  Tlio  City  Mndam,  H.  a. 

Tlien  he  articled  with  her  that  ho  should  go  away  when 

he  pleanetl,  Seldrn,  Table  Talk. 

articular  (iir-tik'u-Iilr),  a.  and  n.  f<  h.  articu- 
ItiriH,  pcrlainiin;  to  tbn  joiiilK,  <  artinilns,  a 
.if>iiit:  Hcc  artietr.]  I.  a.  I.  lU'Umtc'iUi^  to  or 
affocUnKttn  artieiilatiuu  or  Joint;  uutoriuginto 


articulate 

the  composition  of  an  articulation :  as,  the  ar- 
ticular surface  of  a  bone ;  an  articular  cartilage ; 
an  articular  disease. —  2.  In  zooK,  articulate; 
speeifieaUy,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Articulata. 

[Rare.] —Articular  hone.     Same  as  articulare.  —  Ax~ 

ticular  eminence  of  the  temporal  hone,  the  cylindri- 
cal eUvatii_'n  loiniing  the  anterior  root  of  the  zygoma  in 
front  of  the  glenoid  fossa;  tlie  preu'lenoid  process. — Ar- 
ticular process  of  the  lower  jaw,  the  process  which 
is  eapiUMl  l>y  the  comlyle.     Also  called  eondt/loid  procej^s. 

II.  >'.  Same  as  articulare. 

articulare  (Ur-tik-u-la're),  n, ;  pi.  articuleiria 
(^-ri-ii).  [XL.,  neut.  of  L,  artietdari-s  :  see  articu- 
lar.'} A  bone  of  the  lower  jaw  of  vertebrates 
below  mammals,  by  means  of  which  the  jaw  or 
mandible  articulates'  with  its  suspensorium. 
See  cuts  under  acrodonty  Cyclodus,  and  Gal- 
lic ec. 

articularly  (ar-tik'x>lar-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  ar- 
ticular manner. — 2.  'Articulately;  article  by 
article;  in  detail,     lluloet. 

articulary  (ar-tik'fi-la-ri),  a.     Articular. 

Articulated  by  a  double  articular;/  head  with  the  msis- 
toid  and  posterior  frontal.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  t>42. 

Articulata  (iir-tik-u-la'tji),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  L.  artivuUitUi<y  jointed :  see  articulate.']  In 
::ool.,  a  name  variously  applied.  (,7)  in  Cu\ier"s 
system  of  chissitication,  the  thinl  prime  division  of  the 
animal  kingdom,  including  all  segmented  invertebrates 
in  which  the  body  is  nuide  up  of  a  series  of  rings  (nieta- 
meres),  is  endowed  with  a  ganglionated  nervous  system, 
ami  possesses  distinct  respiratory  organs.  It  is  divided 
into  five  classes,  Crustacea,  Arachnida,  Insecta,  Jfj/rm- 
2'oda,  and  Annelides,  This  division  corresponds  to  the 
Annulosa  of  some  zoologists,  but  neither  of  these  terms 
is  now  recognized  by  leading  mituralists.  Cuvier's  first 
four  classes  of  Articidata  are  now  made  the  phylum  Ar- 
th  ropoUa,  while  his  A  u  nelides  are  referred  to  another  phy- 
lum, Vermes.  (6)  One  of  two  orders  of  BrncAioyw/a,  some- 
times styled  the  A  rth  ropomata  (which  see),  the  «->ther  order 
being  called  InaeticiUata.  It  corresponds  to  the  arthro- 
ptinnitous  Brachiopoda,  containing  those  brachiopods  in 
which  the  shell  is  hinged,  the  niantledobesare  notentirely 
free,  and  the  intestine  is  cajcal.  (r)  One  of  two  divisions 
of  cyclostoniatuus  ]Kilyzoans,  containing  the  families .Saii- 
cori)arii<iir:i\H\  Cdhilariidiv  :  opposed  io  J iiarticulata.  (d) 
One  of  two  divisions  of  cyclostomatous  polyzoans,  repre- 
sented by  the  family  Cnaiida'.  Also  called  Jiadicata.  (c) 
One  of  two  divisions  of  crinoids,  the  other  being  Tessel- 
lata. 

articulate  (Ur-tik'u-lat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  or- 
tieulafrd,  ppr.  artieulating.  [<  L.  articulatusy 
pp.  of  articularej  divide  into  joints  or  members, 
utter  distinctly,  articidate,  <.  articulus,  a  joint, 
article,  etc. :  see  article.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  joint; 
unite  by  means  of  a  joint :  as,  two  pieces  loose- 
ly articulated  together.     See  articulation^  2. 

Plants  .  .  .  have  many  ways  of  arh'cK^aif  ;i7  their  parts 
with  one  another.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  215. 

The  delicate  skeleton  of  admirably  articulated  and  re- 
lated parts  which  uiuierlies  and  sustains  every  true  work 
of  art,  and  keeps  it  from  sinking  on  itself  a  shapeless  heap, 
he  [Carlyle]  would  crush  remorselessly  to  come  at  the  mar- 
row of  meaning.  Lowell,  Stmly  Windows,  p.  12S. 

2.  To  utter  articulately;  produce  after  the 
manner  of  human  speeeu. 

The  dogmatist  knows  not  by  what  art  ho  directs  his 
tongue  in  artieulatiwi  sounds  into  voices. 

Olanville,  Seep.  Scl. 

3.  To  utter  in  distinct  syllables  or  words. — 4t. 
To  formulate  or  set  forth  in  articles;  draw  up 
or  state  under  separate  heads. 

Thcwe  things,  indeed,  you  have  articulated, 
I'roclaim'd  at  nnirket-crosses,  read  in  churches. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Pronottnce,  Kmtnciate,  etc.  (see  utter); 
speak. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  form  an  articulation 
(witli);  connect  (with):  as,  the  ulna  articu* 
lati's  with  the  humerus. —  2.  To  utter  articulate 
sounds;  utter  distinct  syllables  or  words:  as, 
to  articulate  distinctly. 

It  was  the  eager,  inartictdate,  uninstructed  mtnd  of  the 
whide  Norse  people,  Umglng  only  to  bccomo  articulate,  to 
g<t  on  articulatinif  ever  fiirther.  Carh/le, 

3t.  To  enter  into  negofiations;  treat;  come  to 
or  nuike  terms. 

Send  ns  t(t  Home 
The  best,  with  whom  we  may  articulate. 
For  their  own  good,  and  ours.      Shak.,  Cor.,  I.  0. 

articulate  (iir-Hk'u-lat),  a.  and  «.  [<  Tj.  ar- 
tienlafiis.  jointed,  distinct  (applied  ]>ar1icularly 
to  ull4'rjin<'o).  ])]).  of  articulare :  nee  articulate, 
'".]  I.  a.  1.  .Idinlrd  ;  si'KiiK'iitrd  ;  jirticulat(Mi : 
as,  nil  articulate  limb;  nii  arlicuhife  animal. — 
2.  S])(>('i(i<'ally,  having  l!in  cliaracter  of  the  Ar- 
iiculatti. — 3.  .!niiit(Ml  by  svllabic  division;  di- 
vifiid  into  (listinct  siiccchhivc  parts,  like  joints, 
by  I  lie  nlti>rnati<tn  of  rtpcncr  jukI  cbtscr  sounds, 
(fr  tlir  intervention  of  i-onsonntilnl  nttenmces 
(H(»nirtiincH  also  of  pniiso  or  hinlus)  between 
vowel  soundN:  saiii  fd'  linnian  sjieocli-utteranco, 
as  distinguislied    from   other  Hoiinils    made   by 


articulate 

human  organs,  and  from  the  sounds  mado  by 
the  lower  animals.  The  terms  articulate,  artimla- 
Hon,  etc.,  iiy  applieil  tn  humuii  utterance,  are  nut  sekluin 
niisiin(ierstu(Hi  ami  wrunyly  used  as  if  the  "jointing"  in- 
tended wti't!  that  of  the  jihysiiral  organs  of  utterance,  a 
narrn\viiii,'nr  t-Insinj,^  nf  tlKursans  at  some  point  or  points. 
SuL'h  uitiiiii,  linwcvir,  tK-Inni:s  to  all  utterance,  articulate 
<u'  inartiriilati.-,  wlietlur  i>(  niau  or  of  the  other  animals. 
JSee  coiisuiiuiit,  sii/la/di\  vmvrl. 

Hence — 4.  Clear;  distinct. 

La  Fosseuse's  voice  was  naturally  soft  and  low,  yet  'twas 
an  articulate  voice.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  v.  1. 

The  sentiment  of  Right,  once  very  low  and  indistinct, 
but  ever  more  articulate,  because  it  is  the  voice  of  the 
universe,  pronounces  Freedom. 

Emerson,  West  Indian  Emancipation,  p.  175. 

5,  Formulated  or  expressed  in  articles,  or  in 
separate  particulars.     [Rare.] 

Total  changes  of  party  and  articulate  opinion.     Carlylc. 

G\,  Consisting  of  tens:  as,  ff/-?Ac///afc  numbers. 
—  Articulate  adjudication.  >See  adjudicatimi,. 
II.  H.  One  of  the  Articulata. 
articulately  (iir-tik'u-lat-li),  adv.  1.  In  a  joint- 
ed manner;  by  joints:  as,  parts  of  a  body  ar- 
ticulately united. —  2.  In  an  articulate  manner; 
with  distinct  utterance  of  syllables  or  words. 

Is  it  for  nothing  the  wind  sounds  almost  articulately 

sometimes  — sings  as  I  have  lately  heard  it  sing  at  night? 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxiv, 

3.  Article  by  article ;  in  detail. 

I  had  articulately  set  down  in  writing  our  points. 

Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  ix.  116. 

articulateness  (ar-tik'u-Iat-nes),  H.  The  qual- 
ity or  condition  of  being  articulate. 

articulation  (;ir-tik-u-la'shon),  /(.  [<  L.  articu- 
l(ifio{)i-),  a  putting  forth  of  new  joints,  as  a  vine, 
a  disease  of  the  \'ine  at  the  joints,  lit.  a  joint- 
ing, <  articulare,  joint,  articulate:  see  articu- 
late,'\  1.  The  act  of  articulating,  or  the  state  of 
being  articulated,  {a)  The  act  of  putting  to- 
gether so  as  to  form  a  joint  or  joints.  (6)  The 
uttering  of  articulate  sounds. —  2.  In  a  con- 
crete sense:  {a)  In  anat.,  a  joint,  as  the  join- 
ing or  juncture  of  bones  or  of  the  movable  seg- 
ments of  an  arthropod.  The  articulations  of  bones 
are  of  three  kinds  :  (1)  Diarthrosis,  or  a  movable  connec- 
tion with  a  synovial  cavity,  including  enarthrosis,  or  the 
ball-and-socket  joint;  ai'throdia,  or  the  gliding  joint ;  gin- 
glynius,  or  the  hinge-joint ;  the  troch'iid,  or  tlie  wlud-and- 
axle  joint,  otherwise  called  diarthrosis  rotatoriu^ ;  and  the 
condyloid,  or  saddle-joint.  (2)  Synarthrosis,  immovable 
connection,  including  suture,  gomphosis,  and  symphysis 
<see  tliese  words).  (3)  Amphiarthrosis,  an  articulation  with 
slight  but  not  free  motion,  as  between  the  vertebral  cen- 
ti'a.  (&)  In  bot:  (1)  A  joint;  a  place  where 
separation  takes  place  spontaneously,  as  at  the 
point  of  attachment  of  a  deciduous  organ,  such 
as  a  leaf  or  the  pedicel  of  a  llower,  or  easily,  as 
at  the  divisions  of  the  stem  of  the  horsetail.  (2) 
A  node  :  applied  either  to  the  thickened  joint- 
like part  of  the  stem  where  a  leaf  is  placed  or 
to  the  space  between  two  such  points,  (c)  In 
gram.,  an  articulate  sound  or  utterance ;  espe- 
cially, a  consonant,  as  ordinarily  affecting  and 
marking  syllabic  division.  — Acromioclavicular 
articulation.     See   amuuiuc/ariruia.r.  -Articulation 

of  a  science,  tiie  system  .ipi'.i  wlili  h  its  jtarts  an-  put  to- 
petlicr.  — Articulation  school  or  class,a  sclmul  or  class 
ill  whicli  tile  deaf  and  dumb  are  taught  to  speak.— Cla- 
"vate  articulation.  See  da  caee.— Harmonic  articu- 
lation.   See  hiiniionle. 

articulative  (iU-tik'u-la-tiv),  a.  [<  artictdate 
+  -ive.^     Pertaining  or  relating  to  articulation, 

articulator  (ar-tik'u-la-tor),  n.  [<  articulate, 
V.  f,,  -f~  -w.]  1.  One  who  articulates,  (a)  One 
who  utters  or  pronounces  words,  (h)  One  who 
articulates  bones  or  mounts  skeletons. —  2.  An 
apparatus  for  obtaining  the  correct  articulation 
of  artificial  sets  of  teeth. — 3.  A  contrivance 
for  preventing  or  curing  stammering. — 4.  An 
attachment  to  the  telephone,  producing  regu- 
larity of  vibrations  and  smoothness  of  tone. 

articulatory  (ar-tik'u-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  articu- 
late 4-  -ori/,^  Pertaining  to  the  articulation  of 
speech. 

arfciculus  (ar-tik'u-lus),  71. ;  pi.  articuU  (-11). 
[L.,  a  joint:  see  article.']  A  joint;  specifically, 
one  of  the  joints  of  the  stem  of  a  crinoid. 

artiert,  ».    An  old  form  of  artery.    Marlowe. 

artifact    (ar'ti-fakt),   n.  and  a.     [<   L.  ar{t-)s^ 
art,  +  f actus  J  made:  see /cic/.]     I.  v.   1.  Any- 
thing mado  by  art;  an  artificial  product. —  2. 
A  natural  object  modified  by  human  art. 
Also  artefactum. 

11.  a.  Not  natural,  but  produced  by  manipu- 
lation, as  some  microscopic  featui-e  in  a  hard- 
ened tissue. 

Also  spelled  artefact.     [Rare  in  all  senses.] 

artifex  (ar'ti-feks),  n.  [L. :  ^^q  artifice.']  An 
artificer.     [Rare.] 

artifice  (ar'ti-fis),  n.  [<  F.  artifice,  skill,  cun- 
ning, <  L,  artificium,  a  craft,  employment,  art, 


327 

cunning  (cf.  artifex  (artifice),  artist,  master  in 
any  occujKition),  <  ar{t-)s,  art,  skill,  +  facrrc, 
make. J     If.   The  art  of  making. 

Stralpoanirnictli  tlie  ilritun.s  wliv  so  simple,  that  though 

they  aliouiidcd  in  milk,  they  had  notthe  rtr(i//r(M>f  cheese. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  p.  'AVI. 

2t.  An  ingenious  or  skilfully  contrived  work. 

The  material  universe,  which  is  the  artijice  of  God,  the 
artifice  of  the  best  mechanist. 

Cudworth,  Morality,  iv.  2,  §  13. 

Morality  is  not  the  artifice  of  ecclesiastics  orpoliticians. 

Bibliotheca  Sacra,  XLIII.  &:i8. 

3.  Skill  in  designing  and  employing  expedi- 
ents; artful  contrivance;  address;  trickery. 

His  [Congreve's]  plots  are  constructed  without  much  «t//- 
fice.  Craik,  Hist.  Eng.  Lit.,  II.  257. 

4.  A  crafty  device;  an  ingenious  expedient; 
trick;  shift;  jiieeo  of  finesse. 

Those  who  wure  conscious  of  jjuilt  employed  numerous 
artifices  for  the  purpose  of  averting  inquiry. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 
=  Syn.  Artifice,  Manoextver,  Stratagem,  Wile,  Trick,  Ruse^ 
Finesse,  device,  contrivance,  cunning,  craft,  deceiition, 
cheat,  fraud,  guile,  imposition,  dodge,  subterfuge,  double- 
dealing.  These  words  generally  imply  a  careful  emleavor 
to  compass  an  end  by  deceiving  others,  not  necessarily, 
however,  with  evil  intent.  They  all  imply  management 
and  address.  An  artifice  is  prepared  with  art  or  care  ;  it 
is  craftily  devised.  Alamnircr  sii'j:j,H-sts  BoniitliinL; more 
elaborate  or  intricate,  a  '  iinfully  Lvintrivrd  loovt-nunt  or 
course  of  action  for  a  duiiuite  purpose  ;  it  is  the  quiet  or 
secret  marshaling  of  one's  intellectual  or  other  resources 
to  carry  a  point.  Stratagem  is,  like  manoeuver,  a  figura- 
tive term  drawn  from  war ;  it  is  upon  a  larger  scale  what 
wile  is  upon  a  smaller,  a  device  to  deceive  one  who  is 
the  object  of  an  imagined  warfare,  so  that  we  may  catch 
him  at  a  disadvantage  and  discomfit  him,  or,  more  gener- 
ally, a  carefully  prepared  plan  to  carry  one's  point  with 
another  —  to  capture  it  or  him,  so  to  speak.  A  udle  may 
be  peculiarly  coaxing  or  insinuating.  Trick  is  the  lowest 
and  most  dishonorable  of  these  words ;  it  may  be  a  low 
or  underhand  act,  in  violation  of  honor  or  propriety,  for 
the  purpose  of  cheating,  or  something  as  bad.  A  ruse  is 
a  deception  of  some  elaborateness,  intended  to  cover  one's 
intentions,  help  one  to  escape  from  a  predicament,  etc.; 
it  is  a  plausible  way  of  bringing  about  what  we  desire 
to  happen,  without  apparent  interference  on  our  part. 
Finesse  is  subtlety  in  action ;  it  is  a  more  delicate  sort  of 
artifice.     See  artful,  evasixm,  and  fraud. 

A  favorite  artifice  [with  Venetian  beggars]  is  to  ap- 
proach Charity  with  a  slice  of  polenta  in  one  hand,  and, 
with  the  other  extendeil,  implore  a  soldo  to  buy  cheese 
to  eat  with  the  polenta.  Hnwclls,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 

Pope  completely  succeeded  [in  startling  the  public]  by 
the  most  subtile  inanaeuvres  imaginable. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Quar.  of  Auth.,  II.  100. 
This  gold  must  coin  a  stratagem, 
Wliich, 'cunningly  effected,  will  beget 
A  very  excellent  piece  of  villainy. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  3. 
Who  can  describe 
Women's  hypocrisies  !  their  subtle  nnles. 
Betraying  smiles,  feigned  tears,  inconstancies  I 

Otway,  Orpheus. 
But,  Valentine  being  gone,  I'll  quickly  cross. 
By  some  sly  trick,  blunt  Thurio's  dull  proceeding. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  6. 
The  departure  of  the  ^Mahrattas  was  a  r^ise.  .  .  .  Their 
object  in   leaving  the  (.'arnatic  was  to  blind  Chunder 
Sahil),  and  in  this  they  fully  succeeded. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  Ind.,  p.  237. 

[Montlue]  was  not  provided  with  the  usual  means  which 

are  considered  most  efficient  in  elections,  nor  possessed  the 

interest  nor  the  splendor  of  his  powerful  competitors;  he 

was  to  derive  all  liis  resources  from  diplomatic  finesse. 

I.  D'Is)-aeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  261. 

artificer  (ar-tif'i-ser),  h.  [<  ME.  artifice^'  (ef. 
mod.  F.  artificier,  maker  of  fireworks,  <  ML. 
artificiarius,  artist,  artisan),  <  L.  artificium  : 
see'artifice  and  -cr^.]  1.  A  maker;  a  construc- 
tor; a  skilful  or  artistic  worker;  a  handicrafti- 
man ;  a  mechanic. 

■But  till  some  genius  as  universal  as  Aristotle  shall 
arise,  who  can  penetrate  into  all  arts  and  sciences  without 
the  practice  of  them,  I  sliall  think  it  reasonable  that  the 
judgment  of  an  artificer  in  his  own  art  should  be  preferable 
to  the  opinion  of  another  man,  at  least  when  he  is  not 
bribed  by  interest,  or  prejudiced  by  malice. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  All  for  Love. 
Horrible  ant-heaps,  thick  with  their  artificers. 

R.  L.  Steveiiso7i,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  251. 

2.  One  who  contrives  or  devises;  an  inventor; 
especially,  an  inventor  of  crafty  or  fraudulent 
artifices:  as,  '^artificer  of  fraud,"  Milton,  P.  L., 
iv.  121;  ^^  artificer  of  lies,"  Dryden ;  *'let  you 
alone,  cnnmng  artificer,"  B.  Jonson. — 3.  Milit., 
a  soldier-mecuanic  attached  to  the  artillery 
and  engineer  service,  whose  duty  it  is  to  con- 
struct and  repair  military  materials.— 4t.  One 
who  uses  artifi<^e ;  an  artful  or  wily  person. 
—Artificers'  knot,  :i  knot  consisting  of  two  half-hitches 
that  jam  ti-ht  "  h<ii  pulled.  See  knot. 
artificial  (iir-ti-fish'al),  a.  and  ??.  [<  ME.  arti- 
fcia!,  <  L.  artificiaJt'fy,  of  or  belong:ing  to  art,  < 
artificium,  art,"  skill,  theory,  system,  etc.:  see 
artifice.]  I.  a.  It.  Of  or  pertaining  to  art ;  in 
accordauce  with  the  rules  of  art;  technical. — 
2,  Contrived  with  skill  or  art ;  artistically  done 
or  represented ;  elaborate. 


artificially 

It  [a  picture]  tuturs  nature  :  artificial  strife 
Lives  in  these  touches,  livelier  than  life. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1. 
Some  birds  build  highly  artificial  nests.  Coues. 

3.  Made  or  contrived  by  art,  or  hy  human 
skill  and  labor:  oi)po8ed  to  natural:  as,  arti- 
ficial heat  or  lif;:ht;  an  artificial  magnet. 

That  is  the  pattern  of  his  father's  glory  : 
Dwell  Imt  ani'>n;;st  us,  industry  shall  strive 
To  make  another  firtificial  nature, 
And  change  all  other  seasons  into  ours. 

Dekker and  Ford,  Suns  Darling,  iv.  1. 
All  artificial  eonrces  of  light  depend  upon  the  develop- 
ment of  light  during  incandescence.     Lommcl,  Light,  p.  2, 

4.  Made  in  imitation  of  or  as  a  substitute  for 
that  wliicii  is  natural  or  real :  as,  artificial  pearls 
or  diamonds;  artificial  flowers. —  5.  Feigned; 
fictitious;  assumed;  affected;  coustrained;  not 
genuine  or  natural :  said  of  things. 

I  can  .  .  . 
Wet  my  cheeks  with  artificial  tears. 
And  frame  my  face  to  all  occasions. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VL,  iii.  2. 
O  let  them  [the  linuets|  ne'er  with  artificial  note, 
To  please  a  tyrant,  strain  the  little  bill. 
But  sing  what  ileavert  inspires,  and  wander  where  they  wilL 

Beaitie. 

The  whole  artificial  dialect  of  books  has  come  into  play 

as  the  dialect  of  ordinary  life.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

6.  Full  of  affectation;  not  natural:  said  of  per- 
sons. 

Cities  force  growth,  and  make  men  talkative  and  enter- 
taining, but  they  make  them  artificial.  Emerson,  Farming. 

7t.  Artful ;  subtle ;  crafty ;  ingenious. 

We,  Hermia,  like  two  artificial  gods. 

Have,  with  our  needles,  created  both  one  flower. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

Artificial  argument,  in  rhet.,  an  argument  invented  by 
the  speaker,  in  distiiK  tion  from  laws,  authorities,  etc., 
which  arc  lallrd  innrtijiciiil  arguments  or  proofs. — Arti- 
ficial caoutchouc,  s,'-.  ronutrhouc.  -  Artificial  cinna- 
bar. ^'-'-  '■'"""'""■.— Artificial  classification,  in  nat. 
hist.,  a  iiiftliiMl  111  arraii^Liiiriit  l.y  a  h\s'  j-nuiiini-nt  points 
of  rescnililaiice  or  ditlt^rence,  without  leiercnce  to  natu- 
ral alliiiitirs,  the  chief  object  being  convenience  and 
facility  of  ditermination.— Artificial  day.  See  day.— 
Artificial  gems,  imitations  of  gems,  made  of  a  kind  of 
glass  railed  paste  or  strass,  mixed  with  metallic  (ixids 
cajialile  <.»f  producing  the  desired  color. —  Artificial  har- 
mony, tiee  harmony. —  Artificial  horizon.  .See  hori- 
zon.—Alti^CidX  light,  any  li;:lit  except  u hat  proceeds 
from  tlie  heavenly  bodies. —  Artificial  lines,  on  a  sector 
or  scale,  lines  so  contrived  as  to  rei)resent  the  logarith- 
mic sines  and  tangents,  which,  by  the  help  of  the  line  of 
numbei's,  solve  with  tolerable  exactness  questions  in 
trigonometry,  navigation,  etc.— Artificial  marble.  See 
'n/ffrW<\  — Artificial  meerschaum,  sce  ,,urr.<rhnum.— 
Artificial  mineral,  a  mineral  matle  in  till  lal'niatoiy,  not 
by  processes  of  nature  alone-  Artificial  mother.  See 
;,;,„,*/,:,■.— Artificial  ntmibers,  lo-;nitiinis.— Artificial 
person.  -See  ;'</-.s"/j.— Artificial  printing,  a  method 
of  printing  from  an  etched  plate  in  which  the  print  owes 
more  or  less  of  its  tone  to  the  way  in  which  the  ink  has 
been  spread  over  the  plate,  whether  by  playing  over  the 
surface  witli  a  soft  muslin  rag  rolled  together,  by  tinting 
with  a  stilf  rag,  or  by  wiping  with  the  rag  only.  In  artl- 
Jiiial  jtrinting  difference  of  tone  is  also  obtained  by  in- 
cieasing  or  diniini^biuL'  the  pressure,  and  by  variety  of 
texture  in  the  niii^liii  laLi^iiseil.  Also  called  art  iMic  print - 
iny.—  Artificial  sines,  tangents,  etc.,  the  logarithms  of 
the  natural  sines,  tangents,  etc.  =Syn.  3.  Manufactured. 
—  4  and  5.  Sham,  pretended,  spurious.— 4-6.  i'nnaturalj 
etc.    .See  factitious. 

II,  «.  1.  A  production  of  art.  Sir  TV.  Petty. 
[Rare.]  —  2t.  An  artificer;  an  artisan. 

No,  sir,  ye  are  deceived,  I  am  no  peasant ;  I  am  Buncb 

the  botcher :  peasants  be  ploughmen ;  I  am  an  artificial. 

Webster  (?),  Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wallj  iii.  5. 

artificiality  (ar-ti-fish-i-al'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  artifi- 
cialities (-tiz).  [<  artificial  +  -ity.]  1.  The 
quality  of  being  artificial;  appearance  of  art; 

insinceinty. 

It  is  a  curious  commentary  on  the  artificiality  of  our 
lives,  that  men  must  be  disguised  and  masked  Ijefore  they 
will  venture  into  the  obscure  corners  of  their  individu- 
ality, and  display  the  ti-ue  features  of  their  nature. 

Lowell,  J'ireside  Travels,  p.  55. 

2,  That  which  is  artificial;  an  artificial  thing 
or  characteristic. 
artificialize  (ar-ti-fish'al-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
artificiali::ed,  ppr.   artificiaUzing.     [<  artificial 
+  -i::e.]     To  render  artificial.     [Rare.] 

It  has  artiiicialized  large  portions  of  mankind. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  ii.  12. 

artificially  (iir-ti-fish'al-i),  flrfr.  1.  In  an  arti- 
ficial manner  ;  by  art  or  human  skill  and  con- 
trivance. 

The  entire  spot,  church,  mansion,  cottages,  and  people, 
form  a  piece  of  ancient  England  artificially  preserved 
from  the  intrusion  of  modern  ways. 

Fronde,  Sketches,  p.  233. 

2t.  "With  good  contrivance  ;  with  skill  or  inge- 
niiity. 

A  grove  of  stately  trees,  amongst  which  are  sheepe, 
shepherds  and  wild  beasts,  cut  very  artificially  in  a  grey 
stone.  Evelyn,  Di'arj-,  Oct.  17,  1&44. 

The  spider's  web,  finely  and  artificially  wrought. 

Tillotson,  Sermons,  I.  xv. 


artificially 

3.  Artfnlly;  craftily.     [Rare.] 

There  was  not,  perhaps,  in  all  England  a  person  who 
nndersto<>l  more  artijiciaUij  to  di^iise  her  passions  than 
the  late  queen.  Sicift,  Cliange  in  Queen's  Ministry. 

artificialness  (ar-ti-fish'al-nes),  «.  The  quality 
of  Vieiiiu'  artificial. 

artificioust  (iir-ti-fish'us),  a.  [<  F.  artifieieux.  < 
L.  artijiciosus.  made  -nith  art,  artificial,  <  arti- 
ficium,  art,  etc.:  see  artifice.'\  Same  as  aiti- 
■fieinl. 

artilizet  (iir'ti-liz),  r.  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  artiU:ed, 
ppr.  artilizing.  [<  OF.  artialiser,  make  artificial 
(Cotgrave),  as  it  <  "artial,  adj.,  <  art  +  -iai  : 
see  art,  -al,  •i:e,  and  ef.  )iutiii-<il-he.  Cf.  also 
OF.  artiller,  fortify,  equip,  also  prepare  or  do 
with  art :  see  artilicr.]  To  give  an  appearance 
of  art  to;  render  artificial.     [Rare.] 

If  I  was  a  philosopher,  says  Itontaii^ne,  I  would  natural- 
lie  art,  instead  of  ortiVi'jiiiy  nature.  The  expression  is 
odd,  but  the  sense  is  good.  BoUniibroke,  To  Pope. 

artillert,  «•  [iCE.,  also  artellcr,  <  OF.  artiller, 
arlillier,  arteiller  (also  articitlier,  after  the  ML.) 
=  Sp.  artillero  =  Pg.  artillieiro  =  It.  artigliere 
(ML.  reflex  artillerus,  etc.),  <  ML.  *articiilari- 
tis  (cf.  OF.  artiller,  ariillier,  fortify,  equip,  pro- 
vide with  artillery,  also  prepare  or  do  with  art, 
=  Sp.  artillar  =  Pg.  artilhnr  =  It.  artiflliarc. 
pro\-idc  with  artillery,  <  ML.  *articuhire),  < 
ML.  articula,  art,  articulmn,  art,  artifice,  skill, 
dim.  of  L.  ar(/-)«,  art.  Cf.  CHf/iHcand  (/ih*,  nit. 
<  L.  ingenium.  genius,  skill.  The  word  has 
also  been  refeiTcd  to  L.  articuhts  (>  OF.  arteil, 
artoil),  a  joint,  dim.  of  L.  artiis,  a  joint,  which 
is  closely  related.]  A  maker  of  implements  of 
war.  especially,  a  bowyer. 

artillerist  (ar-'tire-'rist),  n.     [<  artilleri/  +  -ist-^ 

1.  A  person  skilled  in  designing  and  construct- 
ing artillery. 

Oar  artilUrtjtts  have  paid  more  attention  .  .  .  to  the  de- 
structive properties  ...  of  cannon  tlian  to  ,  .  .  range. 
Ji.  A.  Proctor,  Light  Science,  p.  236. 

2.  One  skilled  in  the  use  of  artillery;  a  gun- 
ner ;  an  artilleryman. 

artillery  (iir-til'i'-ri),  «.  [<  ME.  nrtylertje,  ar- 
tylrie.  artilrie,  artclric,  etc.,  <  OF.  artillerie, 
arteilUric  =  Pr.  artilhcria  —  Sp.  arlilleria  =  Pg. 
artilharia  =  It.  artiijUeria  (^IL.  reflex  artilla- 
ria,  artilleria),  <  ML.  as  if  *artivul<iria.  fern,  al)- 
stract  to  "articulariiis :  see  artiller  and  -enj.'\ 
It.  Implements  of  war :  in  this  sense  formerly 
with  a  plural. 

With  toll  res  snche  as  have  caatiles  and  othernianer  edi- 
fices, and  arroure,  and  artilries. 

Chaucer,  Tide  of  Melibeus. 

In  particular — 2t.  Engines  fordiscliarging  mis- 
siles, as  catapults,  bows,  crossbows,  slings,  etc. 

And  Jonathan  gave  his  artillery  unto  his  lud,  and  said 
luito  him,  Oo,  carry  tlieni  to  the  city.  X  .Sam.  xx.  40. 

The  I'arthianfi,  having  all  their  hope  in  artiltenr,  over- 
came the  Komansoftener  than  the  Romans  them.  Aticham. 

3.  In  modern  use,  properly,  all  firearms  dis- 
charged from  carriages,  in  contradistinction  to 
Kmiill  arms,  which  aro  discharged  from  the 
hand ;  cannon ;  ordnance.  r,un»,  howitzers,  and 
mort.-irs  are  the  three  kinds  of  artilK-ry  emjdoyed  in  tlu* 
land  m-rvlee  of  the  I'nited  States.  They  are  eiuHsilled  as 
liffhl  and  ti--arif  nrlilteni,  according  to  tln-ir  cliaracter.  and 
aj  t\rlfl,  Ki'-'if,  and  ura-coiLut  arlHtt^ri/,  according  to  tln-ir 
prini'ipal  use.    .See  phrases  Iielow, 

Hence — 4.  The  particular  troops  employed  in 
the  8pr\'ice  of  such  firearms. —  5.  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  use  and  management  of  ord- 
nance—  Artinery  Arte,     sec  >rf.— Field-artillery. 

.Same  as  litilil  arlillrrii,  Init  f>ften  used  specillcally  fitr/'i"!- 
artiiUrif,  the  he[ivl,:Mt  chiSM  of  lleld-artillery.— Flying  ar- 
tillery, artiHery  designed  (or  very  rapid  evohitiuns.  the 
gtuinern)H-tng<-llherali  mounted  or  nccnstorned  to  ride  np- 
€>n  th»-  iitiiniuidtidii-eliests  when  the  piece8nrel"'hedraggerl 

tr  iiji  •■     r.ri  .1  the  Mehi  to  niicither— Foot-artUleiy, 

'  h  Is  Rervfd  hy  artllh'rynien  on  foot,  as 

II  h'irse-artilltry.     It  is  ii«rd  in  coniiee- 

Heavy  artillery,  all  nriillery  not 

■  -t  or  ei|nlpp<il  firr  Ihdd  evolnti'pns;  It 

'    iMid  K'n-riiaiit  arlitirri/.  —  Horae-ar- 

•  ■'    Mia"hiin>gnn«.  of  which  tlte  eun- 

■  /.  or  miirrliing  arc  mounted  on 

V    nccompiirih-s   <'avnlrj'.— light 

ivleu  In  Ihi'  Ill-Id.    II  is  organized 

-  roed   with   UUM^  of  illlferellt  call- 

lal  fnnetlnn.  and  u  ill]  machine. 

■  iirlllli-ry.  f.".l    ..r  lli  Id  iirllllery, 

itidii  iirlllli-r\.      M.-.  .  :,ll.-d  /irlil- 
Ttlllery,  liuhi  loiiii,  ly  ,.f  nmnll 

I  \Mirffirc.  iiti'l  riioiiNt,  •!  >  idur  on 
^J*^'  k  lodniidn  f'-r  tiJOi-|i,.rtiiti<,n. 

r^'^  ,iirk.     Royal  roKtment  of  ar- 

tlll<-r  ,„.   f,,r   l|„.  »!,..!..  ,  .    .1.        ...n.  ., 

■  nny.     'lid-  i 
Ii  In  reofx  <  ' 


328 

carria;7f.— Siege-artillery,  artillery  used  in  attacking 
fortified  places,  and,  when  it  accompanies, armies  in  their 
cpenitions  in  war.  mounted  on  carriages  for  transporta- 
tion ;  when  employed  in  the  defense  of  field-works  it  is 
sometimes  called  narri.ion-artiUerii. — Train  Of  artillery, 
a  nnmher  of  pieces  of  ordnance,  mounted  on  carriages, 
with  all  their  furniture,  and  ready  for  marching. 

artillery-carriage  (iir-til'e-ri-kar  aj),  n.  See 
gun-earriaije. 

artillery-level  (iir-til'e-ri-lev'el),  n.  An  in- 
strument for  indicating  the  angle  of  elevation 
which  it  is  desired  to  give  to  a  piece  of  artillery 
in  aiming,  it  is  made  to  stand  on  the  piece,  and 
marks,  by  means  of  a  pendulous  pointer,  tlie  angle  made 
by  the  axis  of  the  piece  with  the  iiorizon. 

artilleryman  (iir-til'e-ri-man),  H. ;  pi.  artillery- 
men (-men).  [<  artillery  ■{•  man.']  One  who 
serves  a  piece  of  artillery  or  cannon;  a  soldier 
in  the  artillery  corps. 

artillery-plant  (iir-til'e-ri-plant),  ji.  a  name 
given  to  some  cultivated  species  of  Pilea,  as  P. 
serpyllifolia  and  I',  miiscosa,  natives  of  tropi- 
cal America.  The  name  lias  allusion  to  the  forcible 
discharge  of  the  pollen  from  the  anthers  by  the  sudden 
stnughtening  of  the  elastic  filaments. 

artimorantico  (iir-ti-mor-an-te'ko),)!.  An  alloy 
imitating  old  gold,  composed  of  tin,  bismuth, 
sulphur,  and  copju'r. 

artiodactyl,  artiodactyle  (Sr'ti-o-dak'til).  a. 

and  H.  [<  XL.  arlimlnctyhis,  <  Gr.  apno^,  even  in 
number,  comijlete,  perfect,  exact  (<  t'p'i,  just, 
exactly,  just  now,  <  ■\/  *ap,  join,  fit,  redupl. 
l)Tes.apaptcKeiv:  seear0,  arm^, etc.),  +  doKTv/.o;, 
a  finger,  toe:  see  (Mc^y?.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  ArtiodaeUfia ;  cloven-footed;  even- 
toed.     Also  artiodaciylous. 

II.  II.  One  of  the  Artiodactyla. 
Artiodactyla  (iir  ti-o-dak'ti-'lij),  H.  pi.  [XL., 
neut.pl.  ot  artiodactyliis:  see  artiodactyl.]  An 
order  or  a  suborder  of  iingidate  or  hoofed  mam- 
mals which  are  cloven-footed  or  even-toed  and 
have  hoofs  in  pairs  (cither  two  or  four),  as  all 
ruminants  (Uorida;  (.'ervidw,  etc.)  and  hog-like 
ungulates  (Hippoiiotamida;  Suida;  etc.):  op- 
posed to  odd-toed  ungulates  or  I'erissodactyla, 
as  the  horse,  rhinoceros,  tapir,  etc.  The  charac- 
ter indicated  in  the  iianie  is  only  one  exi>ression  of  a  witle 
difference  which  exists  lietween  .all  tile  living  ungulates  of 
the  two  series  named,  though  various  extinct  forms  go  f:ir 
toward  bridging  over  tlie  gap  between  them.  The  fuiie- 
tioiial  digits  of  the  .irtimlactiila  are  the  third  and  fourth 
of  the  typical  pentadactyl  foot,  forming  the  pair  of  large 
true  hoofs,  in  addition  to  which  there  may  be  present  a 
pair  (second  and  fifth)  of  smaller  hoofed  digits,  the  false 
hoofs.  The  metacarjials  anil  metatarsals  are  correspund- 
ingly  nuidifled.  In  typical  eases  by  the  reduction  of  the  lat- 
eral ones  (second  and  fifth)  and  the  ankylosis  of  the  eii- 
hu-ged  third  and  fourth  into  a  stout  single  canon-bone. 


n"t 
.y.l. 


-rion.    hour  diiriin  t 
h  artlll.  ly,  nun.. 
.  -v.  fr<-,  Uld  the  nwrlar- 


A  O  C 

Artiodactyl  Feel. 
W,  Yak  (Ao/ jr/-WMHf>»j).  E,  i,\oox  {Aires  malckit).  r,  rccc.-irv 
[[yicctytti  forguatus).  t^h  fore  foot  of  c.-icll.  J,  sc.iphold  ;  /.  lu- 
nar: r,  ctmeifonn :  /,  tr.ipczoi<l ;  m,  iniigniirn  :  »,  tinciforiii  ;  /, 
pMfonii:  //,  ///,  //■',  A*,  second,  third,  fourth,  And  fifth  dlylLs :  i. 
iiroxlmid  plialaitx  :  a,  mcdi.in  phalanx :  3,  uhtmnic  phiiliinx.  Tim 
fiftll  digit  of  itiooM:  U  moved  outwnrd  to  i4iow  Its  teiigln.  In  Pits  anil 
W/cM  metacarpals  ///  and  //-'  arc  luucd  in  a  niiiglc  canon-Ixinc. 

There  are  alsri  nindini-atlnns  of  the  carnal  and  tarsal  bnnes. 
The  femur  has  a  third  Irochanler,  'I  In-  dorsolnmlmr  vc  r- 
(ehrie  are,  In  general.  l!l:  dorsal  Ti-ir,,  lumbar  7  -I.  Tln- 
preimixlllary  bones  are  more  or  less  llalt*-ned  toward  Iheh- 
ellds,  and  ill  the  rumlmilils  hear  no  teeth.  The  stoioio  h 
is  more  or  h-ss  Hilbdivided  and  coniph-\.  This  group  in 
iilinh'S  all  the  nngnlalediot  the  Holldnngnlnti-,  houevir) 
aiilmiils  doniestleated  from  tim,-  Inimi-ninriiil,  as  the  rnmi- 
inints  anil  the  pigs,  all  the  wlhl  ruminants,  as  the  deer  and 
aiifi  top.  s.  mill  the  jieci-arles  and  hitipopolamnses, 

artiodactyle,  ".  and  n.     See  nrlindaclyl. 

artiodactylous  f'ir'ti-o-dak'li-liiH),  a.  [Anar- 
ti'idiirti/l  4-  -OII.1. 1     Sniiie  ns  nrtiniliirfyl. 

artisan  (itr'li-/.nn,  ill  Kuglniid  often  lir-ti-zaii'), 
II.  I  Who  arli:iiii ;  <  F.  «r/i.inH,  earlier  "c/iVdVii, 
iirtiMt,  =  Sj>.  arlennno  =  Pg.  iirlesilo  =  It.  arti- 
i/i'i'io  (MTj.  reflex  iirtisiiiiu.i),  <  ML.  'arliliaiiiis, 
<  I.,  arlilim,  Hkilli-d,  pp.  of  arlirr,  iiiHtruct  in 
arts,  <  ar(t-)a,  art,  Hkill:   seo  art'^.]     1,    One 


artless 

skilled  in  any  art,  mystery,  or  trade;  a  handi- 
craftsman; a  mechauic. 

The  painter  who  is  content  w-ith  the  praise  of  the  w-orli! 
in  respect  to  what  does  not  satisfy  himself,  is  not  an  artist, 
but  an  arf(.vnn.  AUston, 

The  soldier  was  on  a  sudden  converted  into  an  artisan, 
and,  instead  id  w-ar,  the  camp  echoed  with  the  sounds  of 
peaceful  labor.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  1. 15. 

2t.  One  skilled  in  a  fine  art ;  an  artist. 
Best  and  happiest  artisan, 
Best  of  painters.  Guardian. 

artist  (iir'tist).  H.  [<  F.  arti.itc  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  ar- 
tista,  <  ML.  artista.  <  L.  ar(t-)s,  art :  see  art-  and 
-ist.']  It.  A  person  of  especial  skill  or  ability 
in  any  field  ;  one  who  is  highly  accomplished ; 
especially,  one  versed  in  the  liberal  arts. 
The  wise  and  fool,  the  artist  and  unread. 

.sliak.,  T.  and  C,  i,  3. 
Some  will  make  me  the  pattern  of  ignorance  for  mak- 
ing this  .Scaliger  [Julius  Ciesar]  the  pattern  of  the  general 
artist,  whose  own  sou  Joseph  might  have  been  his  father 
ill  many  arts.  Fidter. 

2.  One  skilled  in  a  trade ;  one  who  is  master 
of  a  manual  art ;  a  good  workman  in  any  trade : 
as.  a  tonsorial  artist.  [Obsolete,  colloquial,  or 
^•ulgar.] 

■\Mieii  I  made  this  an  artist  undertook  to  imitate  it,  but 
using  another  way,  fell  much  short.  Xeicton. 

"  You  shall  have  no  cause  to  rue  the  delay,"  said  the 
smith,  "for  your  horse  shall  be  better  feil  in  the  mean- 
time than  he  hath  been  this  morning,  and  made  fitter  for 
travel."  With  that  the  artist  left  the  vault,  and  returned 
after  a  few  minutes  interval.  Seott,  Kenilwortb,  1.  ix. 

3.  One  who  practises  any  one,  or  any  branch, 
of  the  fine  arts;  specifically,  a  painter, or  a, 
sculptor.  * 

Miss  Sharp's  father  was  an  artist,  and  in  that  quality  had 
given  lessons  of  drawing  in  Miss  P.'s  school. 

Tliackcraii,  Vanity  Fair,  1,  ii. 
Jxive,  unperceived, 
A  more  ideal  artist  he  than  all. 
Came,  drew  your  pencil  from  you. 

Tenniison,  tJardener's  Daughter. 

4.  A  member  of  one  of  the  histrionic  profes- 
sions, as  an  actor,  a  tenor,  or  a  dancer. —  5.  In 
universities,  a  student  in  the  faculty  of  arts. 

—  6t.  One  who  practises  artifice:  a  trickster. 
artiste  (iir-tesf),  ».    [F.,  an  artist:  see  artist.'] 

(jne  will)  is  peculiarly  dexterotis  or  skilful  in 
the  practice  of  some  art  not  one  of  the  tine 
arts;  one  who  makes  an  art  of  his  employ- 
nuMit,  as  a  dancer,  a  hair-dresser,  or  a  cook: 
same  as  artist,  2  and  4. 
artistic  (iir-tis'tik),  a.  [<  F.  art)stiii,ie,  <  artiste: 
seo  artist  and  -('<•.]  Portaiuin,g  to  art  in  any 
sense,  or  to  artists  ;  characterized  by  or  in  con- 
fonnity  with  art  or  with  an  art ;  displaying  per- 
fection of  ilcsigu  or  conception  and  execution  ; 
s]ii'ci(ically,  pertaining  to  or  cluiracterized  by 
art  in  the  esthetic  sense;  pertaining  to  one  of 
the  lino  arts. 

To  be  artistic,  that  is,  to  excite  the  fi-ellng  of  beauty 
effectually,  the  notes  [of  a  soiigl  must  not  be  all  forte  or 
all  ]iiano  ;  and  the  execution  is  the  finer  the  more  nnnior- 
ons  the  gi-;iilntioiis  — supposing  these  are  such  lus  to  satisfy 
oilier  reiiiiii-emeiits.    //.  Spnu^er,  Prill,  of  Psychol.,  §  .Mi7. 

Artistic  printing,  in  rtrltinij,  same  as  artificial  print- 

//e/(\vliiili  see,  lllider  or^'/ir/a?). 

artistical  (iir-lis'ti-kiil),  a.    1.  Same  asartistic. 

—  2t.   I'liiiliicetl  by  art ;  artificial, 
artistically  (iir-tis'ti-kal-i),  adr.     In  an  iirtistii; 

iiianiii-r. 
artist-like  (iir'tist-lik),  (I.     1.   Befitting  an  ar- 
tist.—  2.  lv\ecuted  in  the  manner  of  an  artist ; 
confiirinablo  to  tho  rules  of  art. 

To  this  day,  though  we  have  more  finished  drawings,  wo 
have  no  designs  that  are  mori-  nrtisl-tik-r, 

\fli,iivtl,  Hist,  liidm-t.  Sciences,  xvll,  2. 

artistry  (iir'tis-tri),  ».    [<  artist  +  -ry :  seo  -ery.'i 

1.  Artistic  pursuits  collectively,     iiniiniiiiii. — 

2.  Artistic  workmanslii])  or  efl'ect;  arti.stio 
(luality. 

The  seeni'  overhowrred  by  tin-He  heavenly  frescoeit, 
nioliii-ring  thi-re  in  llleir  nirv  artixtni ! 

II.  .Iiiuii's,  .Ir.,  'I'raiis.  .Sketches,  p,  Mt. 

Artium  Baccalaureus  (iir'ti-uni  bak-a-lA're- 

iis),  |MI.,.N'I,.  I  HiicJic'lorofArts.  i^ee  bachelor. 
Artium  Magister  (iir'ti-um  mn-jis'ter).    [Mli., 

.N I,.  1     .\lnslcr  of  Arts.     Seo  inaslir. 
artizet  (iir'liz),  c,    [<.  art- + -i;e.'\    1.  Irons.  Ti-> 
form  by  art. 

II.  iiilniiis.  To   live   by  or   exercise   an  art. 
Florifi. 
artless  (iirt'les),  ((.      [<  iirl-  +  -less.']      1.    lii- 
skiMiil ;  wniiling  art.  Knowledge,  or  skill. 
The  hlgh-shoi'd  idowniun,  should  he  i|Ull  the  land,  ,  ,  . 
.trtlfMS  of  stars,  and  nf  tin-  moving  sand. 

Ilrmtni.  tr,  of  rer-slint,  Satires,  v,  14ft. 

Ill  early  times  very  little  that  ri-semtiles  modern  Joinery 
wns  known  ;  every  part  was  rude,  and  Joined  In  the  most 
arttruK  manner.  JCiicj/c.  lirit,,  IV.  iati. 


artless 

2.  Without  knowledge  of  art ;  ignorant  of  tho 
fine  arts.     [Eare.] 

And  as  for  Mr.  Ruskin's  world  ot  art  l)eins  a  place 
where  ho  may  take  life  easily,  woe  to  the  luckless  mortal 
who  enters  it  with  any  such  disposition.  .  .  .  The  poor 
wanderer  soon  be-^'ins  to  look  back  with  infinite  longing 
to  the  lost  pal'adise  of  the  artleaa. 

II.  James,  Jr.,  J'ortraits  of  Places,  p.  OS, 

3.  Showing  no  artistic  skill;  inartistic;  rude. 
[Rare.] 

Had  it  been  a  practice  of  the  Saxons  to  set  up  these 
assemblages  of  artlens  and  massy  pillars,  more  specimens 
would  have  remained.       T.  Warton,  Hist,  of  Kiddington. 

4.  Free  from  guile,  craft,  or  stratagem ;  simple ; 
sincere;  uilaffected;  undesigning;  unsophisti- 
cated :  as,  an  artle.in  mind. 

Tlie  little  artless  Rosey  warbled  on  her  pretty  ditties. 
Thackeray,  The  Newcoiues,  II.  5S. 
=  S3m.  4.  Guileless,  open,  candid,  frank,  natural,  unaf- 
fected, ingenuous,  simple-minded,  naive,  honest. 
artlessly  (art'les-li),  adv.     In  an  artless  man- 
ner, (a)  Without  art  or  skill.  [Rare.]  (?i)  With- 
out guile;  naturally;  sincerely;  unaffectedly. 
Some  buds  she  arranged  with  a  vast  deal  of  care, 
To  look  as  if  artlessly  twined  in  her  hair. 

Lowell,  Fable  for  Critics. 

artlessness  (art'les-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  artless;  simplicity;  sincerity;  imaffect- 
odness. 

artlyt  (iirt'U),  a.  [<  arf^  +  -ii/l.]  Artistic; 
skilful;  artful.     [Rare.] 

Their  artly  and  pleasing  relation. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  ix.  212. 

artocarpad  (ilr-to-kitr'pad),  )(.  A  member  of 
the  trilje  ArUicarpue.     Lindleij. 

Artocarpese  (iir-to-kilr'pe-e),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
tocarpiis,  q.  v.]  '  A  tribe  of  trees  or  shrubs 
under  tlie  natm-al  order  Urticacew,  but  by  some 
botanists  retained  as  a  distinct  order,  charae- 
te;-ized  generally  by  a  milky  juice,  small  uni- 
sexual flowers  nimierous  upon  a  fleshy  recep- 
tacle, erect  anthers,  and  pendulous  ovules. 
Tilere  are  about  25  genera,  including  tlie  fig  (Ftciis),  the 
cow-treeiBrosimuia),  tlie  upas(^«^''am),  the  india-rubber 
tree  of  Central  America  (CastilUta),  and  the  breadfruit 
{ArtoearjmsX  Tlie  tribe  is  mostly  tropical,  and  is  repre- 
sented in  the  United  States  only  by  a  few  species  of  Flcus 
in  soiillieni  Florida. 

artocarpous,  artocarpeous  (ar-to-kar'pus, 

-pe-us ),  a.  [<  NL.  Artocarpus  +  -oits,  -eous,  q.  v.] 
Relating  to  the  Artocarpeie,  or  to  the  breadfruit- 
tree. 

Artocarpus  (ar-to-kar'pus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
apTOQ,  bread  (of  unknown  origin),  +  Kapno^, 
fruit.]  A  genus  of  tropical  trees,  natural  order 
Urticacece,  tribe  Artocarpea.  Many  species  aie 
known,  some  of  which  in  the  forests  of  Bengal  and  Mala- 
bar yield  valuable  timber,  called  an<j ill- wood.  The  most 
important  species  is  A.  incisa,  the  breadfruit-tree  of  the 
South  Sea  islands.  See  bread/ruit-tree.  The  jaca-tree  or 
jack-tree,  A.  intetjrifoUa,  is  the  breadfruit  of  tropical  Asia, 
where  it  is  extensively  used  for  food,    i^ee  jacJr.fruit. 

artolatert,  «.  [<  Gr.  dprof,  bread,  +  -'AarpTjc, 
worship.   Seeartolatri/.']    A  worshiper  of  bread. 

artolatryt  (ar-tol'a-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  oprof,  bread, 
-t-  Aarpiia,  worship.]  The  worship  of  bread, 
especially  in  the  mass  or  eucharist. 

artole  (iir'to-le),  n.  An  East  Indian  weight, 
equal  to  90  grains  troy. 

artophorion  (iir-to-fo'ri-on),  n.;  pi.  artophoria 
(-a).  [Gr.  af}To<j>opi.ov,  a  pyx,  a  bread-basket 
(cf.  iipTotfidpoc,  holding  bread),  <  aprof,  bread,  4- 
-<p6po(;,  <  iplpciv  =  E.  6earl.]  In  the  Gr.  Ch.,  a 
pyx.     .7.  Af.  \i(th;  Eastern  Church,  i. 

artotype  (ar'to-ti]i),  «.  [Irreg.  <  art"  +  type.'] 
A  form  of  photolithograph  printed  in  ink  froin 
a  photogi'aphie  plate  in  biclaromated  gelatin. 

artotypy  (ar'to-ti-pi),  n.  The  art  or  process 
of  making  arto'types. 

Artotyrite  (iir-to-tl'rit),  n.  [<  LL.  Artotyritw, 
pi.,  <  Gr.  dprort/jof,  bread  and  cheese,  <  aproc, 
bread,  +  rvpoi;,  cheese.  Cf.  hntter.']  One  of  a 
sect  in  the  primitive  church  who  used  bread 
and  cheese  in  th(?  eucharist,  alleging  that  the 
first  oblations  of  man  were  the  fruits  of  the 
earth  and  the  produce  of  their  flocks.  They 
admitted  women  to  the  priesthood  and  to  the 
episcopate. 

artsman  (iirts'man),  n. ;  pi.  artsmen  (-men). 
[<  art's,  poss.  of  arf^,  +  man.  Cf.  craftsman.'] 
A  man  skilled  in  an  art  or  in  the  arts ;  espe- 
cially, a  learned  man;  a  scholar.     [Archaic] 

The  pith  of  all  sciences  which  maketh  the  artsman  differ 
from  the  inexpert  is  in  the  middle  proposition. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  II.  xiii.  §  2. 

Tlie  triumphs  of  an  artsman 
O'er  all  infirmities. 

Massinger,  Emperor  of  the  East,  iv.  4. 
No  artsman  is  literally  \vithout  conscious  and  systema- 
tized; selected  knowledge,  which  is  science ;  aud  no  scien- 
tific man  can  remain  absolutely  inoperative. 

Dr.  J.  Brown,  Spare  Hours,  3d  ser.,  p.  195. 


Arum  (a'rum),  n. 
tlie  wake-robin.]     1. 


Wake-robin  {.-Irtim  macithitunt). 


329 

art-union  (iirt'u-nyon),  n.  An  association  or 
society  tho  object  of  whicli  is  to  cultivate  art, 
to  aid  in  extending  tho  knowledge  of  and  love 
for  the  arts  of  design,  or  to  give  encouragement 
and  aid  to  artists.  Tlie  method  employed  by  associa- 
tions called  art-unions  has  been  usually  the  ilistriliution 
of  works  of  art  Viy  lot  among  subscribers  to  their  funds, 
tills  distribution  being  tho  chief  inducement  for  subscrip- 
tion. Such  art-unions  were  at  one  time  numerous  In  the 
United  States,  but  they  were  generally  declared  by  the 
courts  to  be  of  the  nature  of  lotteries,  and  therefore  illegal. 

artus  (iir'tus),  «.;  pi.  artus.  [L.,  a  joint,  a 
limb:  seenrifcte.]  In «»«^.,  a  limb;  a  member; 
an  extremity — Artus  abdomlnalls,  artus  pelvl- 
CUS,  artus  posticus,  tin-  abdumiiKil,  pelvic,  or  hind  limb. 
—Artus  anticus,  artus  pectoralls,  tlie  fore  limb,  or 
pectoral  limb. 

art-wormt,  «.  [As  art(cr)  +  worm.]  Samo  as 
artrr. 

[L.,  also  aron,  <  Gr.  apnv, 
A  genus  of  plants,  natural 
order  Aracew,  na- 
tives of  Europe 
and  of  regions 
bordering  on  the 
Mediterranean. 
The  only  British  spe- 
cies Is  .,4.  niaculatum 
(wake-roblu,  cuckoo- 
pliit,  or  lords-and- 
ladles),  the  root  of 
which  yields  a  starch 
known'  as  Portland 
sago  or  arrowroot. 
See  also  cut  under 
Araccfe. 

2.  II.  c]  A  name 
given  in  the 
United  States  to 
plants  belonging 
to  the  order  Aracew,  but  not  to  the  genus 
Arum  (although  some  of  them  were  formerly  so 
classed),  as  the  arrow-arum  {Peltandra  Virgini- 
ca),  the  dragon-arum  {Ariseema  Dracontiuni), 
and  the  water-arum  (Calla  jmlusiris). 

Arundelian  (ar-un-de'lyan),  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  Earl  of  Arundel,  particularly  to  Thomas  How- 
ard, Earl  of  Ai'undel  and  of  Norfolk  (1592-1646). 
—  Arundelian  or  Arundel  marbles.    See  marble. 

arundiferoUS  (ar-im-dif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  arun- 
difer,  harundifer,  cane-bearing,  <  harundo,  reed, 
cane,  +  ferre  =  E.  hcar^.]  Producing  reeds  or 
canes. 

arundinaceous  (a-run-di-na'shius),  a.  [<  L. 
armidinaceiis,  harundinaceu.s,  like  a  reed,  <  ha- 
rundo (-din-),  a  reed,  cane.]  Pertaining  to  a 
reed;  resembling  a  reed  or  cane. 

Arundinaria  (a-run-di-na'ri-ii),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Arundo  (Aruudin-)  +  -aria.]  A  genus  of  tall 
woody  grasses,  allied  to  the  bamboo,  includ- 
ing about  25  species  of  America  and  Asia. 
A.  viacrosperma,  the  cane  of  the  southern  United  States, 
and  A.  tecta,  the  small  or  switch  cane,  are  the  only  bam- 
busaceous  species  that  are  found  in  North  America  north 
of  Mexico.  The  cane  ranges  from  Texas  to  Kentucky  and 
Virginia,  occupying  rich  river-bottoms  and  fomiing  dense 
cane-brakes.  It  grows  to  a  height  of  from  10  to  40  feet, 
rarely  producing  seed.  It  is  used  for  fishing-rods  and  va- 
rious other  purposes,  and  cattle  and  hogs  are  fond  ot  the 
young  plants  and  tlie  seeds. 

arundineous  (ar-un-din'e-us),  a.  [<  L.  arundi- 
neiis,  jiarundinens,  reedy,'  like  a  reed,  <  harundo 
(-din-),  a  reed.]     Resembling  a  reed;  reedy. 

Arundinicola  (a-nm-di-nik'o-la),  n.  [NL.,  < 
L.  arundo,  harundo  (-din-),  reed,  +  colere,  in- 
habit.] A  genus  of  South.  American  clama- 
torial  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Tyrannida: 
A.  leucocephala  and  A.  dominicana  are  two  Bra- 
zilian species.     Lafresnaye,  1839. 

arundinose  (a-run'di-nos),  a.  [<  L.  arundino- 
sus,  better  harundinosus,  abounding  in  reeds,  < 
harundo  (-din-),  a  reed.]     Abounding  in  reeds. 

Arundo  (a-mn'do),  n.  [L.  arundo,  better  ha- 
rundo, a  reed.]  A  genus  of  tall  reedy  grasses, 
with  large,  dense  flowering  panicles.  There  are 
6  or  7  species,  widely  distributed  over  the  globe,  of  which 
A.  Donax  is  the  most  common,  a  native  of  the  south  of 
Europe,  Egypt,  and  the  East,  and  also  found  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  .\merlca.  It  Is  sometimes  cultivated, 
anil  attains  a  beigbt  of  0  or  10  feet,  or  even  more,  with 
broail  and  long  leaves.  Its  canes  or  stems  are  imported 
frnm  .Spain  and  Portugal  for  the  use  of  weavers  and  for 
lisbliit;-rods. 

arura  (a-ro'ra),  n.  [<  Gr.  apovpa,  tilled  or  arable 
land,  ground,  a  measure  of  land  in  Egypt,  < 
iipdeiv,  plow,  =  L.  arare,  plow:  see  arable.]  An 
ancient  Egji^tian  measure  of  surface,  accord- 
ing to  Herodotus  the  square  of  100  cubits, 
which  would  bo  27.35  ares,  or  0.676  of  an  Eng- 
lish acre.  Under  Roman  rule  in  Egypt  another  arura 
was  established,  eiiual  to  2  jugera,  which  was -^  of  the 
old  arura.     .Also  spelled  aroura. 

aruspex,  aruspice  (a-rus'peks,  -pis),  n.;  pi. 
aruspices  (-pi-sez).     See  haruspcx. 
aruspicy  (a-rus'pi-si),  n.    See  haruspiey. 


ary 

arvaU,  arvel  (iir'val,  -vel),  n.  and  a.     [Now 

only  dial.,  also  a»i'i7and  averill,  toTmerly  arvall, 
arvell,  <  ME.  anwtl  (cf.  equiv.  W.  arwyl,  appar. 
adapted  from  the  E.),  appar.<  Icel.  erfiol=OSw. 
arvdl  =  Dan.  arveijl,  a  wake,  a  funeral  feast  (of. 
Icel.  erfi  and  crj'dha-oldr,  the  same),  <  Icel.  arfr 
(=  Sw.  arfzzi  Dan.  arv  =  AS.  crfe,  yrfe),  inheri- 
tance, -1-  ol,  an  ale,  a  feast:  see  ulc,  and  cf. 
bridal.]     I.  n.  A  funeral  feast ;  awake. 

II.  a.  Connected  with  or  relating  to  funeral 
celeVjrations. 

The  marriage  and  arval  gatherings  after  the  summer. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  820. 

arval-  (iir'val),  a.  [<  L.  arvalis,  <  arvum,  a  field, 
prop.  neut.  of  arm.'!,  that  has  been  jjlowed,  < 
arare,  plow:  see  arable.]  Pertaining  or  relat- 
ing to  arable  or  plowed  land Arval  Brethren  or 

Brothers  (Latin,  I  ratres  Armdes),  a  college  nominaUy  of 
twelve,  priests  in  ancient  Koine,  who  ottered  sacrlHces, 
with  a  fixed  ceremonial,  to  the  rural  godde.'is  Dla.  The 
lists  of  tlieni  never  give  more  than  nine  names,  but  the 
college  was  supjioscd  to  have  been  Instituted  l»y  ilomulus 
wltli  twelve  menilicrs,  consisting  of  himself  anil  his  eleven 
fiwter-brotliers,  sons  of  his  nurse  Acca  Laurentia.  One  of 
their  i»rliielpal  duties  was  the  annual  performance  of  the 
jiuldle  .-unlKirvalla  on  the  bordere  of  the  country,  at  the 
sanu!  tlnie  with  the  private  ones.  See  ambarvalia.  Tho 
college  existed  till  about  A.  Ii.  400. 

arvel,  n.  and  a.     See  arval^. 

Arvlcola  (iir-vik'o-lii),  n.  [NIj.,  <  L.  arvum,  a 
fiel<l,  arable  land  (see  arval~),  -\-  colere,  inhabit.] 
The  central  and  typical  genus  of  tho  subfam- 
ily Arvicolinee,  containing  the  great  bulk  of  th& 
species  which  have  ijcrennial  prismatic  molars. 


Meadow-mouse  {.'ir'jicota  riparitis). 

tmgrooved  incisors,  and  no  special  peculiarity 
of  the  tail  or  claws.  The  best-kuown  species  are  the 
water-vole  and  field-vole  of  Europe,  A,  amphibius  and 
A.  a'lrestis,  and  several  meadow-mice  of  North  America, 
as  A.  riparhf'i,  A.  aitsterus,  and  A.  pinetorum. 

arvicolid  (ar-vik'o-lid),  n.     Same  as  arvicoline. 

ArvicolldsB  (iir-vi-kol'i-de),  ti.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ar- 
ricola  +  -id(c.]  The  ArvicoUna;  rated  as  a  fam- 
ily.     Waterhouse,  1840. 

Arvicolinae  (ar-vik-o-li'ne),  w.  ptl.  [NL.,  < 
Arvicola  +  -ince.]  One  of  several  subfamilies 
into  which  the  family  Muridw  is  diWded.  it; 
contains  those  murine  rodents  which  (except  Evotomy^ 
have  the  following  characters :  perennially  growing, 
prismatic,  rootless  niolai-s,  with  flat  crowns  and  sen-ate 
perljihery;  incisors  usually  broader  transversely  than  in 
the  opposite  direction  ;  the  root  of  the  under  incisor  some- 
times causing  a  protuberance  oil  the  inner  side  of  the 
mandibular  ramus  between  the  condyloid  process  and 
the  strong  hamulate  angle  of  the  mandible,  which  latter 
attains  the  level  of  the  molar  crowns ;  the  zygomata  high 
and  wide,  not  dipping  to  the  level  of  the  arched  palate, 
and  tlie  nasal  bones  not  produced  beyond  the  premaxil- 
larles;  and  the  dental  formula  of  16  teeth,  there  being  1 
Incisor  and  3  molars  on  each  side  of  each  jaw,  without 
any  canines  or  premolars.  The  Arvicolinte  are  specially 
characteristic  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  are  very 
abundant  in  high  latitudes.  They  include  all  kinds  of 
voles  or  field-mice  properly  so  called,  the  water-rat  of 
Europe,  the  meadow-mice  of  .\merlca,  the  lemmings,  the 
muskrat,  etc.  The  leading  genera  are :  Evotomys  (Clones), 
Arvicola  (Lae^pede)  with  Its  several  subdivisions.  Synap- 
tomys  (Eaird),  Myodes  (Pallas),  Cunicidu.^  (Wagler),  and 
Fiber  (Cuvier).    Tlte  species  are  very  numerous. 

arvicoline  (ar-\'ik'9-lin),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  ar- 
ricoliniis:  seeArrici>lina\]  I,  a.  1.  Inhabiting 
fields. — 2.  In  roo7.,  having  the  characters  of 
the  Arvicolinae 

II.  n.  A  rodent  of  the  subfamily  Arvicolinw. 
Also  called  arricolid. 

arvicolous  (ilr-vik'o-lus),  a.  Same  as  arvico- 
line, i. 

arwet,  «•  A  Middle  English  form  of  arrow. 
Chaucer. 

ary  (iir'i  or  er'i),  a.  [Formerly  also  ery,  a  modi- 
fication of  e'er  a  for  ever  a  (with  erer  in  a  gen- 
eralizing sense)  toward  any,  of  which  ary  is 
now  regarded  as  a  dial.  form.  Cf.  the  negative 
nan/.]  Any:  as,  1  haven't  seen  ary  one  of 
them.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  TJ.  S.] 


-aiy 

-aryl.  fL-  -irius  (fem.  -dria.  neut.  -drium),  >  It. 
-ario,  -ajo,  Sp.  Pg.  -ario,  OF.  reg.  -<iir.  tisually 
-i>r,  -«•  {>  ME.  -er,  E.  -er,  q.  v. ;  in  some  cases 
-ar^,  q.  v.),  later  partly  restored  -arte,  mod.  F. 
-aire.  Cf.  -art/-.')  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  oe- 
cnrring  (1)  in  adjectives,  as  in  arbitrari/,  con- 
trary, primary,  secondary,  sumptuary,  etc.,  and 
(2)  in  nouns  denoting  either  (<i)  persons,  as 
antiquary,  apothecary,  notary,  secretary,  etc., 
or  (b)  things,  as  books,  writings,  etc.,  as  in  dic- 
tionary, glossary,  breriary,  diary,  vocabulary, 
formulary,  etc.,  or  (o)  places,  repositories,  etc., 
as  in  apiary,  granary,  jiiscary,  library,  reli- 
quarif,  sanctuary,  etc. 

-ary-.  [L.  -<fri*-  (neut.  -dre),  >  It.  -are,  Sp.  Pg. 
-ar.  OF.  reg.  -er,  -ier  (>  5IE.  -er,  mod.  E.  restored 
-<tr^,  q.  v.),  later  -aire,  mLxed  with  -aire,  E. 
-aryl.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  another  fonn 
of  -<ir'^,  occurring  in  adjectives,  as  auxiliary, 
capillary,  exemplary,  military,  salutary,  etc., 
some  of  which  are  also  used  as  nouns,  as  auxili- 
ari/.  capillary,  military,  etc. 

Arya  (ar'yii),  n.  ISkt.Arya:  see  Aryan.)  Same 
as  Aryan. 

But  besides  these  Arpa«  there  were  also  the  Dasyus, 
ol  whom  we  learn  little  "but  that  they  were  dark  in  com- 
pleiiou  and  constantly  at  war  with  the  Anias. 

J.  Jiobson,  Uinduism,  p.  13. 

Aryan  (ar'yan  or  ar'ian),  <i.  and  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten Arian,  after  L.  Arianus,  belonging  to  Ariana 
orAria,  Gr.  'Apcia,  'Apia,  or  "Apia,  the  eastern  part 
of  ancient  Persia,  <  Skt.  Arya,  the  name  by  which 
the  Sanskrit-speaking  immigrants  into  India 
called  themselves,  in  distinction  from  the  abo- 
rigines of  the  country,  whom  they  called  Dasyu, 
Sudra,  etc.  The  ancient  Persians  gave  them- 
selves the  same  title  (OPers.  Ariya,  Zend  Ai- 
rya) ;  and  it  appears  in  the  name  of  their  coun- 
try, Airyana  or  Iran  :  see  Ironic.  There  are  no 
traces  of  the  word  to  be  fovmd  outside  of  these 
two  races.  Its  origin  is  obscure  and  disputed ; 
there  is  no  probability  that  it  has  anything  to 
do  ^vith  a  root  *ar,  plow.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Ar>'ans  or  to  their  speecl^     See  II. 

Our  faith,  our  customs,  our  I.-inguage,  were  all  but  frag- 
ments of  the  primitive  Aryan  stock  common  to  Home  and 
-Oemiany.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  118. 

H.  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  eastern  or  Asiatic 
division  of  the  Indo-European  famUy,  occupy- 
ing the  territories  between  Mesopotamia  and 
the  Bay  of  Bengal,  in  the  two  subdivisions  of 
Persia,  or  Iran,  and  India.  (This  is  the  older,  more 
scientific,  and  still  widely  current  use  of  the  woril.  Jlore 
recent,  but  increjisingly  popular,  is  the  second  use.] 
2.  An  Indo-European  or  Indo-German  or  Ja- 
phetite;  a  member  of  that  section  of  the  hu- 
man race  which  includes  the  Hindus  and  Irani- 
ans (Persians)  as  its  eastern  or  Asiatic  division, 
and  the  Greeks,  Italian.-*,  Celts,  Slavonijins,  and 
Germans  or  Teutons  as  its  western  or  Euro- 
pean division.  The  languaKes  of  all  these  branches 
orjrt-oups  of  peoples  are  akin  ;  that  is  to  say,  they  are  de- 
scenilants  of  one  oriffinal  touKue,  once  spoken  in  a  limited 
locality  by  a  single  community,  but  where  or  when  it  is 
Imix'ssilile  to  say. 

Many  words  still  live  in  India  and  England  that  have 
witncjwed  the  first  separation  of  tlie  nortliern  ami  south- 
cm  .AnjanA,  and  these  are  witnesses  not  to  be  shaken  by 
any  rroH.s-examinaticin.  The  terms  for  (Jod,  for  house,  for 
father,  niotlicr,  s*>n,  daughter,  for  dog  and  cow.  for  heart 
and  teari.  for  axe  and  tree,  identical  in  all  the  Indo-Euro- 
IH-ftn  idioms,  are  like  the  watchwords  of  sidiliers.  \Vc 
chall»-ng>-  the  seeming  stranger ;  and  whether  he  answer 
with  the  lips  of  a  (ireek,  n  <Jerman,  or  an  Indian,  we  rec- 
ognize; him  as  one  ol  oursolves.  There  wiu*  a  time  when 
tin-  aticestors  of  the  Celt*,  the  Gennans,  the  .Slavonians, 
th<-  firei.-krt  and  Italians,  the  I'crsians  and  Hindus,  were 
Itvnig  t'fgethcr  iK'iieath  the  same  roof,  separate  from  the 
an-  .-^tors  of  the  Semitic  and  Turanian  races.    .Max  .Mailer. 

Aryandic  (iir-yan'dik),  a.  Originating  with 
Aryiindes,  Persian  satrapof  Egypt,  comli'mned 
foflriitli  liy  iJuriuH  for  coining  silver  liner  tlian 
that  of  the  (,Tcfit  king  himself.  — Aryandic  coin, 

»i',U,  .Ini.k  by  Arjiindes. 

Axyanize  (iir'yaii-iz  or  ar'inn-Tz),  j'.  t. ;  prot. 
iiiid  pp.  .Iniantziil,  ppr.  .iryani^iuii.  [<  .Iryan 
+  -i;'.]  To  romler  Arj-un  in  I'haracter  or 
iirip'-nmnce;  impart  Aryan  pe<Miliaritio8  to. 
(Kiirc.l 

'  ^  bo  have  not  lived  among  the  African 

'  ■■!•  tr  hands  at  a  pretty  ni-gress,  hut 

'  ■   I  lie  type. 

';.  Allen,  rhyslol.  ,V>lhrlh«.  p.  211. 
aryballns  (uri-bul'tiH),  «. ;  jil.  arybalH  (-i).    [< 
I- ■"  "r  piirHO  iiindf  Hfi  MM  to  dniw 
|....|.]     In 
tin  1,11. .1,  ,  ,  ,,,.„){  ya„,,_ 

'  Ibis  name 

t-e   with  a 

iigwat4Tlo 
'  iMPolfegb  al 

.  denoti'N  a 
"'    '  dl    with  a 

short   fMjLk  ai.d  a  uuall  orlflca  lur-      Anliak  Arylalliu. 


,     ft      '. 


330 

rounded  by  a  broad  fiat  rim,  used  like  the  alabastrum  in 
anointing  the  body  with  oil. 
aryepiglottic  (ar  i-ep-i-glot'ik),  a.      [<  ary(te- 
noid)  +  epiglottic.)     Same  as  aryieno-epiglottic. 

Folds  of  mucous  membrane,  extending  from  the  epi- 
glottis to  the  arytenoid  cartilages,  are  the  aryepiglottic 
ligaments.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  93. 

aryepiglottidean  (ar-i-ep'i-glo-tid'e-an),  a. 

Same  as  (iri/teiio-epiglottic. 
aryteno-epiglottic  (ar-i-te'no-ep-i-glot'ik),  a. 
[<  anitenii(iil)  +  epiglottic.)  In  anat.,  pertain- 
ing to  the  arytenoid  cartilages  and  the  epiglot- 
tis— Aryteno-epiglottic  fold,  one  of  two  folds  of  mu- 
cous membrane  i)a.ssing  from  the  tips  of  the  arytenoid 
cartilages  and  the  corniLUla  larjiigis  to  the  lateral  margins 
of  the  •pii.'lottis. 

aryteno-epiglottidean  (ar-i-te''n6-ep''i-glo- 

tid'e-an),  o.  [<  anjteno-epiglottidcus  +  -an.) 
Same  as  aryttnn-epiglotlic. 
aryteno-epiglottideus  ( ar-i-t  e 'no-ep '■  i-glo-tid'- 
e-us;,  «. ;  pi.  <iri/tciio-cpiijlotti(lci  (-i).  [NL.]  The 
name  of  one  of  two  jiairs  of  small  muscles  of  the 
larynx  extentling  from  the  arytenoid  cartilages 
to  or  toward  the  epiglottis — Aiyteno-epiglotti- 
deus  inferior,  muscular  tibers  arising  from  the  ar.vtenoid 
cartilages  and  spreading  out  upon  the  lar.vngeal  pouch, 
which  is  compressed  by  the  action  of  the  muscle.  Also 
called  eomprei^sor  saeculi  laryufiis, — Aryteno-epiglotti- 
deus  superior,  a  few  nuiscular  fibers  e.\tendiiig  fr..iii  the 
apex  of  the  arytenoid  cartilages  to  the  arytcnu-ci)iL.'lot- 
tidean  fi.dd  "f  mucous  nicmlirane. 

arytenoglottidean  (ar-i-te'-'no-glo-tid'e-an),  o. 

Same  as  aryteno-epiglottic. 

arytenoid  (ar-i-te'noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  ary- 
to'noides,  <  Gr.  apvraivoeiii/g^i  apvraiva,  fem.  form 
of  apvTt/p,  a  ladle  or  cup  (<  apveiv,  draw  water),  + 
c'tSoc,  form.]  I.  a.  Ladle-  or  cup-shaped:  iij 
anat.,  applied  to  two  small  cartOages  at  the  top 
of  the  larjTix,  and  also  to  the  muscles  connect- 
ed with  these  cartilages — Arjrtenoid  cartilages. 
See  car(i(a/;c.— Arytenoid  gland,  see  (/tojiii.— Aryte- 
noid muscle.  Same  :is  arytenoideits. 
II.  n.  An  arj-tenoid  cartilage. 

arytenoidal  (ar'l-te-noi'dal),  a.  Same  as  ary- 
tenoid. 

arytenoideus  (ar"i-te-noi'de-us),  «.;  pi.  aryie- 
noidci  (-i).  [XL.:  see  arytenoid.)  The  aryte- 
noid muscle,  a  muscle  of  the  lar\aix  passing 
transversely  behind  the  arytenoid  cartihifjos 
from  one  to  the  otlier — Arytenoideus  major,  the 
arytenoideus.— Arytenoideus  minor.  Same  as  on/(e- 
jioi'A'iw  uWiijKiM.— Arytenoidetis  obllquus,  two  small 
oblique  bundles  of  muscular  libcis  crossing  lubiiut  the 
arytenoid  cartilages,  regarded  as  [rurts  of  the  aryteno-epi- 
glottidean muscles. — Arytenoideus  transversus,  the 
arytenoideus. 

as^  (az),  adv.,  conj.,  and  pron.  [<  ME.  as,  ase, 
als,  alse,  also,  alsa,  alswa,  al  so,  al  sira,  <  AS. 
alswd,  ealsivd,  eal  stvd  (=  OS.  also  =  OFries. 
as,  ase,  asa,  als,  alse,  aka  =  D.  als  =  OHG. 
also,  MHG.  also,  alsc,  G.  also,  als),  lit.  '  all  so,' 
wholly  so,  quite  so,  just  so,  being  the  demon- 
strative ailv.  so,  qualilied  by  the  intensive  adv. 
oil.  As  a  demonstrative,  the  word  retains  its 
full  form  (see  aho) ;  as  a  relative  or  correlative, 
the  word,  through  weakening  of  force  and  ac- 
cent, has  been  reduced  to  as.  As  is  thus  his- 
torically .so  with  an  absorbed  intensive,  wlioso 
force  has  disappeared;  and  it  lias  all  tlie  rela- 
tional uses  of  so,  the  differences  being  only  idio- 
matieal.  Tlie  peculiar  form  and  uses  of  os  liave 
arisenout  of  the  correlation  so  .  .  .  «o  (AS.  »«■« 
.  .  .  sivd,  or,  witliout  separation,  swd  swd),  in 
which  botli  teniis  were  orig.  demonstrative. 
The  second  term  iiass(>il  into  the  relative  use, 
and  the  first,  ri'mainiiig  dcinoiislnitive,  was 
streiigtliened  by  I  lie  adv.  oil  (.\S.  lal  sird  .  .  . 
su-d).  The  Hcciiiid  lerin,  as  a  relalive,  becarao 
weak  in  accent,  and,  after  assuniing  tlie  prelix 
all  in  conformity  to  the  lirst,  was  gi'adually  re- 
duced, through  also,  alse,  als,  ase,  to  as,  to  wliii-li, 
in  turn,  tlio  first  Icriii  in  many  coiiKtrucliDiis 
conformed.  The  resnltiiig  ciiiTeliilions  .w;  .  .  . 
so,  sti  .  .  .  as,  as  .  .  .  so,  as  .  .  .  as,  through 
involution  of  uses,  transposition  of  claiises,  ami 
(•llipMisofoneortheollii'r  tenn,  o.xteniliiigoflcn 
to  flic  whole  clause,  prcHciit  in  mod.  JO.  ii  coni- 
j)Iiealion  of  constructions  wliicli  cannot  be  fully 
exiiiliited  except  at  ^jrcal  lenglli,  anil  in  con- 
nei'liriii  willi  tlje  ciulicr  uses.  Tliey  are  also  in- 
volved willi  till' kindri'd  correliitioiiH  .v»(7i  .  .  . 
as  (such  being  historically  w),  withuii  absorbed 
relatioiiiil  suflix)  and  same  .  .  .  as,  in  wliicli 
the  relative  conj.  as  vuries  willi  Ihol.  iiiid  liiids 
to  lli(^  use  of  as  as  a  simple  ri'liitive  iiniiionn.j 
I.  iidr.  (demonstralireor ontcceitinl).  Tlieaiile- 
1  iiliiil  ill  tliiM'orrilatioii  n.t  .  .  ,  so, or  as  .  .  . 
ON.-    In  lliat  degree;  to  Ihatextent;  HO  far.    The 

'  ••rri'tatlon  an  .  .  .  no  Is  olmrdele  ;  an  .  .  .  an  Is  In  ex- 
to-midy  common  use,  being,  besides  tike,  tUn  regular  for- 
piiuIa  of  comparliion  t^i  express  IlkencHs  ore<iuallty :  as,  /m 
black  04  ]<it,  at  cold  tu  Ice,  a<  wIn  04  Holomou,  iitc, ;  Iho 


as 

verb  in  the  relative  clause,  when  the  same  as  in  the  prin- 
cipal clause,  being  usually  omitted  :  as,  it  is  ai^  cold  as 
ice  (sc.  is) ;  come  as  soon  as  you  can  (sc.  come). 

He  was  al  so  [var.  also,  ab<,  as]  fresche  as  is  the  moueth 
of  Mai.  Chaucer,  Gen,  Prol,  to  C.  T.,  1.  92, 

Lo  !  whiche  sleightes  and  subtiltees 
In  wommen  ben  !  for  ay  as  bisy  a^  bees 
Ben  they,  vs  sel>'  men  for  to  deceyve. 

Cliaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  Prol.,  1.  4. 

M'e  [Americans]  use  these  words  (faith  and  hope]  as  if 
they  were  as  obsolete  as  Selah  and  Amen. 

Emerson,  Man  the  Reformer. 

The  relative  clause  is  often  omitted,  especially  in  coUo* 
quial  speech,  being  inferred  from  the  antecedent :  as,  this 
will  do  as  well  (sc.  as  that) ;  I  would  as  lief  walk  (sc.  as 
ride). 

The  bad  man  shall  attend  as  bad  a  master. 

Fklclier,  Wife  for  a  Month,  v.  3. 

I  will  be  temperate 
In  speaking,  atid  as  just  in  hearing. 

Beau,  ami  Ft.,  Philaster,  iv.  3. 

These  scruples  to  many  perhaps  seem  pretended,  to 
others,  upon  as  good  grounds,  may  seem  real. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xi. 

The  appointment  of  a  regular  wit  has  long  ceased  to  be 
a  part  of  the  economy  of  a  morning  paper.  Editors  find 
their  own  jokes,  or  do  as  well  without  them. 

Lamb,  Jsewspapers  35  Years  Ago. 

H.  conj.  (conjunctive  or  relative  adv.).  1.  The 
consequent  in  the  coiTelations  as  .  .  .  as,  so 
.  .  .  as,  such  .  .  .  as,  same  .  .  .  as,  etc.,  ex- 
pressing quantity,  degi-ee,  proportion,  manner, 
etc.  The  relative  uses  are  as  exhibited  in  I.  (where  see 
examples).  Through  ellipsis  of  the  antecedent,  it  enters 
into  many  peculiar  idiomatic  phrases. 

No,  'tis  not  so  deep  as  a  well,  nor  so  wide  as  a  church- 
door  ;  but  'tis  enough,  'twill  serve, 

Sliak.,  K.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

His  resolutions  were  as  fained  as  his  vows  were  frus- 
trate. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxv. 

The  results  of  this  campaign  were  rr.-.-  honorable  to 
Spain  as  they  were  disastrous  and  humiliating  to  Louis 
the  Twelfth.  Preseott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  13. 

The  clauses  may  be  transposed  for  emphasis. 

As  thy  days,  so  shall  thy  strength  be.      Dent,  xxxiii.  25. 

.^s  it  is  iu  particular  persons,  so  it  is  in  nations. 

Jlaeun,  Atheism. 

The  antecedent  as  is  often,  and  so  is  usually,  omitted  :  as, 
black  as  jet;  cold  as  ice ;  do  as  you  like. 

The  motions  of  his  spirit  are  dull  as  night, 
And  liis  affections  dark  as  Erebus. 

Sliak.,  M.  of  v.,  V.  1. 

I  desire  no  titles. 
But  as  I  shall  deserve  'era. 

Fletcher  (and  anotherT),  Prophetess,  ii.  3 

Black  it  stood  as  night, 
Fierce  as  ten  furies,  terrible  as  hell. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  671. 

I  live  as  I  did,  I  think  o»  I  did,  I  love  you  as  I  did. 

Swift. 

It  is  in  criticism,  as  in  all  other  Sciences  and  Specula- 
tions. Adaiso7t,  Spectator,  No.  291. 

In  parenthetical  clauses  involving  a  concession,  the  rela- 
tive a.i  (the  antecedent  being  omitted)  may  be  equivalent 
to  though :  ns,  late  as  it  was,  we  set  forth  on  our  journey. 

Trite  as  the  counsel  was,  ,  ,  .  in  this  emergency  it  was 
to  me  as  it  lUl  angel  had  spoken. 

Lamb,  Amicus  Kedivivus. 

Neither  the  arginnents  nor  entreaties  of  his  friends, 
hacked  as  they  were  by  the  avowed  wishes  of  his  sover- 
eign, could  overcome  his  scruples. 

Pre.^colt,  Kcrd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  5. 

In  parenthetical  clauses  involving  a  contrast  or  negation 
as  to  fact  with  the  principal  clause,  as  approaches  an  ad- 
versative sense,  being  nearly  equivalent  to  Init, 

Had  I  but  tinu\  (as  this  fell  sergeant,  Oeatli, 

Is  strict  in  his  arrest,)  O,  I  could  tell  you,- 

But  let  it  be.  .Sliak:,  Hamlet,  v,  2. 

I  nnist  confess  I  lov'd  her :  as  who  would  not? 

Flelr.her,  Loyal  Subject,  v.  7. 

In  subordinate  clauses  Involving  a  sujiposition,  as  is  con- 
ditional, being  equivalent  to  as  if,  as  thvui/h,  which  aro 
till"  ordinary  f<U'ms.  This  use  is  now  rare  or  only  poetical 
except  in  the  independent  i)hr!isef(.«  it  were.  (See phrases 
below.) 

II  lifted  up  il8  bead,  and  did  address 

Itsi-tf  to  motion,  like  as  it  would  sjieak. 

tlhak.,  Hamlet,  1.  2, 

And  all  at  once  their  breath  drew  In, 

As  they  were  drinking  all. 

Colrrithje,  Ancient  Mariner,  I.  165. 

Till'  young  lambs  bound 
As  to  the  tabor's  sound. 
Wiinlswnrth,  Indniallons  of  Immortality. 

Tl laUHC  Inlrodnceil  by  as  iiiiiy  be  reduced  by  I'lUpsls  of 

Its  verb  and  olln'relcmciils  lo  one  or  two  important  words, 
leaving  i/«  MM  a  quaHl-coimcclive  :  (a)  r.rtvvcfii  an  adverb 
or  iiilverbial  phrase  in  the  prini'lpal  clause  and  an  adverb 
or  iidvcrbial  phriu4c  eonstltutliig  the  HUhordlnate  clause. 

It  siifllci'H  ine  to  say  .  .  .  that  men  here,  as  elsewhere, 
lire  Itiillspiisi'd  to  iiinovntlon.  Emerson,  Lit.  Klhlcs. 

('')  r.rtwirii  Ihe  prindpiil  verb  or  lis  subject  and  the  sub- 
orillnale  subject  or  object,  which  becomes  i^qulvalcnt  to  a 
preillcutc  appusitivo  ur  factitive  object  after  the  principal 


as 

verb  as  meaning  'after  the  maimer  of,'  'the  same  as,'  'like,' 
■in  the  eliaracter  or  capacity  of,'  etc.:  as,  the  audience 
riisi-  lis  one  man  ;  all  tliisc  tliiiij.'s  wci  !■  nx  n.illiiiis;  to  him  ; 
hi'  has  been  nominattil  "s  a  canclidalc.  llcmc  in  con- 
stnutions  where  the  aiipoaitivi-  ilausi-  .1i|m-ii(1s  directly 
inmii  tlie  noun  :  as,  his  career  as  a  soldier  was  brilliant ; 
bis  reputation  as  a  scholar  stands  high  :  and  so  in  naming 
pliases  of  a  general  subject:  as,  Washington  as  a  gen- 
eral ;  man  as  a  thinlier.  The  construction  as  a  quasi- 
predicate  appositive  or  factitive  object  after  a  principal 
vcrir  13  usual  after  verbs  of  seeming  or  regarding. 

Evil  was  embrac'd  for  good,  wickedness  honour'd  and 
csteem'd  as  virtue.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

That  law  wliich  concerneth  men  as  men. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol. 

This  gentleman  was  known  to  his  contemporaries  as  a 
man  of  fortune,  and  as  the  author  of  two  successful  plays. 

Macaulay. 

Our  age  is  bewailed  as  the  age  of  Introversion. 

Emerson,  Amer.  Scholar. 

The  subordinate  clause  introduced  by  as  is  often  not  de- 
pendent !,'iaiumaticallyup(m  the  priiiiip:il  virh,  liiit.serves 
til  nslrict  or  determine  tlic  .^c"pc  of  tljc  slalciiM'iit  as  a 
wliole.  Such  clauses  are  parenthetical,  and  usually  ellipti- 
cal, some  of  them,  as  as  usual  and  as  a  rule,  having  almost 
the  idiomatical  unity  of  an  adverbial  phrase. 

The  streets  were  narrow,  ns  is  usual  in  Moorish  and  Arab 
cities.  Ireing,  Granada,  p.  2. 

In  certain  emphatic  formulas,  as  ('even  as ')  introduces  a 
solemn  attestation  C  as  truly  or  surely  as')  or  adjuration 
('in  a  manner  hdittiiiK  the  fact  tliat'),  approaching  acau- 
sal  sense,  'since,  liccaii.se.'    (See  2,  below.) 

But  truly  as  the  Lord  liveth,  and  as  thy  soul  liveth,  there 
is  but  a  step  between  me  and  death.  1  8am.  x-v.  3. 

Now,  as  you  are  a  Roman,  tell  me  true. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 

As  ever  thou  lov'st  valour,  or  wear'st  arms 
To  punish  baseness,  shew  it ! 

Beau,  aiul  FL,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  4. 

2.  Of  reason :  Since ;  because ;  inasmueh  as. 

He  who  would  persuade  us  of  his  sorrow  for  the  sins  of 
other  men,  as  they  are  sins,  not  as  they  are  sin'd  against 
himself,  must  give  us  first  some  testimony  of  a  sorrow  for 
his  own  sins.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  viii. 

^s  the  wind  was  favorable,  I  had  an  opportunity  of  siu-- 
veying  this  amazing  scene.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

8.  Of  time :  When ;  while ;  during  the  time  that. 

And  whistled  as  he  went  for  want  of  thought. 

Dryden,  Cymon  and  Iphigenia,  1.  85. 

As  day  broke,  the  scene  of  slaughter  unfolded  its  hor- 
rors. Irving,  Granada,  p.  97. 

4.  Of  purpose  or  result :  The  consequent  in  the 
coiTelations  so  .  .  .  as,  such  .  .  .  as:  To  such 
a  degree  that ;  in  such  a  manner  that :  followed 
by  an  infinitive  or,  formerly,  by  a  finite  verb 
(but  in  the  latter  construction  that  has  taken 
the  place  of  as). 

So  many  examples  as  filled  xv.  bookes. 

AsclMin,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  157. 

The  relations  ai-e  so  uncertain  as  they  require  a  great 
deal  of  examination.  Bacon. 

Indeed  the  prospect  of  affairs  here  is  so  strange  and 
melancholy,  as  would  make  any  one  desirous  of  withdraw- 
ing from  the  country  at  any  rate.  Hume. 

■With  a  depth  so  great  as  to  make  it  a  day's  journey  from 
the  rear  to  the  van,  and  a  front  so  narrow  as  to  consist  of 
one  gun  and  one  horseman.         Kinglalce,  Crimea,  III.  ix. 

6.  Of  mere  continuation,  introducing  a  clause 
in  explanation  or  amplification  of  a  word  or 
statement  in  the  principal  clause,  especially  in 
giving  examples:  For  example;  for  instance; 
to  wit ;  thus. 

Winter  birds,  as  woodcocks  and  fieldfares.  Bacon. 

A  simple  idea  is  one  idea ;  as  sweet,  bitter.  Locke. 

6.  In  dependent  clauses :  That.  Formerly  as 
■was  often  attached,  like  that,  to  the  adverbs  there,  then, 
■where,  when,  etc.,  to  make  them  distinctly  relative.  These 
forms  are  now  obsolete,  except  whereas,  which  remains  in 
a  deflected  sense.  See  whereas.  From  this  interchange 
■with  that  followed  the  use  of  as  for  that,  in  introducing 
an  object  clause  after  say,  ktww,  think,  etc.,  varying  with 
as  that  and  as  how:  only  in  dialectal  use :  as,  I  don't  know 
«s  I  do',  and  I  don't  know  as'  I  do,  the  sense  varying  with 
the  accent.    [Colloq.,  New  Eng.] 

"  Dunnow'i  I  know  : "  the  nearest  your  true  Yankee  ever 
comes  to  acknowledging  ignorance. 

Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser. 

7.  After  comparatives :  Than.  [Now  only  prov. 
Eng.;  ef.  G.  als,  the  regular  construction  after 
comparatives.] 

How  may  the  herte  be  more  contryte  and  meke  as  whan 
of  very  contrycion  ...  we  aske  mercy  and  forgyueness  of 
almyghty  god?  Up.  Fisher,  I.  210. 

Darkness  itself  is  no  more  opposite  to  light  as  their 
actions  were  diametricall  to  their  words. 

Howell,  Parly  of  Beasts,  p.  48. 

I  rather  like  him  as  otherwise.    Seott,  St.  Ronan's  Well. 

8.  Before  certain  adverbs  and  adverbial  phrases, 
including  prepositional  phrases :  Even  ;  just : 
restricting  the  application  to  a  particular  point : 
as,  as  now,  as  then,  as  yet,  as  here,  as  there, 
etc.  [Now  only  dialectal,  except  as  yet.  See 
phrases  below.] 

There  is  no  Christian  duty  tliat  is  not  to  lie  seasoned  and 
set  off  with  cheerishuess  —  which  in  a  thousand  outwai-d 


331 

and  intennitting  crosses  may  yet  be  done  well,  as  in  this 

vale  of  tears.  Milton. 

Before  pimishment  he  was  to  be  heard  as  to-morrow. 

Warlrurton. 

Before  prepositional  phrases  as  becomes  attached  in 
thouglit  to  the  preposition,  making  piactii'ally  a  new 
prepositional  unit.  Heaasaticnt,  as  conrrrnin;/,  ((.s /or,  etc., 
bel.jw.— As  anent,  as  concerning,  as  touching,  more 
comiooiily  as  for,  as  to,  so  far  as  it  concerns ;  as  regards ; 
as  respects;  in  rc^'ard  to;  in  respect  to:  introducing  a 
particular  point  <tr  subject  of  thought. 

And  in  regard  of  causes  now  in  hand. 
Which  I  have  open'd  to  his  grace  at  large. 
As  touching  France.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  1. 

Sir  A.  Jack  !  Jack  !  what  think  you  of  blooming,  love- 
breathing  seventeen  ? 

Abs.  As  to  that,  sir,  I  am  quite  indifferent.  If  I  can 
please  you  in  the  matter,  'tis  all  I  desire. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  1. 

As  if,  as  though,  as  it  would  be  if,  or  supposing  that. 

It  seemed  to  the  affrighted  inhabitants  as  if  the  fiends 
of  the  air  had  come  upon  the  wings  of  the  wind,  and  pos- 
sessed them.selves  of  tower  and  turret. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  21. 

Blinded  alike  from  sunshine  and  from  rain. 

As  though  a  rose  should  shut  and  be  a  bud  again. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes. 

As  it  were,  as  if  it  were  so ;  in  some  sort ;  so  to  speak :  a 
parenthetical  clause  indicating  that  a  statement  or  com- 
parison is  admitted  to  be  inexact,  though  substantially  cor- 
rect for  the  purpose  intended. 

Brutus,  that  expell'd  the  kings  out  of  Rome,  was  for  the 
time  forc't  to  be,  as  it  were,  a  king  himself  till  matters 
were  set  in  order  as  in  a  free  Commonwealth. 

Milton,  Prelatieal  Episcopacy. 

As  much,  what  amounts  to  the  same  thing ;  the  same. 
But  if  you  laugh  at  my  rude  carriage 
In  peace,  I'll  do  as  much  for  you  in  war 
When  you  come  thither. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  1. 

Aawell(as),  just  as  much  (as);  equally  (with);  in  addi- 
tion (to);  besides:  as,  that  is  true,  but  it  is  true  of  the 
other  as  well ;  this  is  the  case  with  manufacturing  as  well 
as  with  agricultural  interests. 

In  order  to  convict  Peacham  it  was  necessary  to  find 
facts  as  well  as  law.  Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

As  who,  as  one  who  ;  as  if  one :  as,  as  who  should  say. — 
As  yet,  so  far;  up  to  this  time;  hitherto. — Forasmuch, 
inasmuch.    See  these  words. 

III.  rel.pron.  That ;  who  ;  which :  after  smc7( 
or  same,  and  introducing  an  attributive  clause : 
as,  he  did  not  look  for  such  a  result  as  that ; 
he  traveled  the  same  route  as  I  did. 

They  fear  religion  with  such  a  fear  as  loves  not. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.  3. 

(In  this  use  also  formerly  after  that,  this,  what ;  now  dia- 
lectally  or  vulgarly  also  after  a  personal  pronoun,  or,  by 
omission,  as  a  simple  relative  dependent  on  a  noun. 
That  gentleness 
And  show  of  love  as  I  was  wont  to  have. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

Under  these  hard  conditions,  as  this  time 

Is  like  to  lay  upon  us.  Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

Here  I  do  beiiueathe  to  thee 

In  full  possession  half  that  Kendal  hath. 

And  what  as  Bradford  holds  of  me  in  chief. 

Old  Play  (Dodsley,  II.  47). 

Take  the  box  as  stands  in  the  first  flre-place. 

Dickens,  Pickwick  Papers.) 

as2  (az),  V.  An  obsolete  and  dialectal  or  collo- 
quial form  of  has:  in  colloquial  speech  often 

further  reduced  to  's :  as,  rvho's  been  here  f 
As3  (as),  71. ;  pi.  .Ei-iJ-  (a'ser).      [Icel.  ass,  pi. 

a-sir,  a  god,  demigod,  =  Goth.  *a)is   (inferred 

from  the  Latinized  plural  form  in  Jornandes, 

about  A.  D.  552:  "Gothi  proceres   sues  quasi 

qui    fortima    -vince-  

bant  non  pares  homi- 
nes sed  semideos,  id 

est  arises,  vocavere") 

=  AS.  OS,  found  as 

the  name  of  the  rune 

for  0,  and  twice   in 

doubtful  gen.  pi.  csa  ; 

otherwise     only     in 

oompotmd        ]jroper 

names,  =  OHG.  *o«s 

in   like   compounds: 

AS.  Osteoid,  Oswald, 

Osric  (=  OHG.  An- 

sarlJi),  Osric,  Oswine, 

Oswin,  _  Osheorn     = 

leel.     Ashjorn,     Os- 

bom,  OHG.  Anselm, 

Anselm,     etc.]       In 

Norse    myth.,  one  of 

the  gods,  the  iiihal>i- 

tants  of  Asgard.    See 

Asf/ard. 
as''"  (as),  «. ;  pi.  asses 

(as'ez).     [L.,  a  imit, 

one  pound  of  money, 

etc.,  usually  derived 

from  af,  said  to  be  the     Roman  As 


1  the  Briti^  Museum. 


asarone 

Tarentino  form  of  Gr.  tie,  one ;  but  this  deriva- 
tion is  very  doubtful.  See  ace.]  1.  In  Latin, 
an  integer;  a  whole  or  single  thing;  especially, 
a  unit  divided  into  twelve  parts.  Thus,  the  ju- 
(7er«»t  was  called  au  as.  Hence  —  2.  As  a  unit 
of  weight,  12  ounces  (L.  nncitc,  twelfths);  the 
libra  or  pound,  e<iual  to  32.'5.8  grams,  or  5,023 
grains. — 3.  A  copper  coin,  the  utdt  of  the  early 
monetary  system  of  Kome.  it  was  first  coined  in 
the  fourth  (according  to  Mommsen,  the  fifth)  century 
B.C.,  and  was  at  first  nominally  of  the  weight  of  a  litira  or 
pound,  that  is,  12  ounces.  It  was  gradually  reduced  in 
weight,  about  201)  B.  C.  weighing  4  ounces,  and  about  250 
B.  c.  2  ounces.  In  80  B.  c,  after  having  fallen  t<j  half  an 
ounce,  it  ceased  to  be  issued.  The  smaller  copper  coins 
forming  tlie  divisions  of  the  as  were  named  semis  (half  of 
the  as),  trlens  (third),  i/uadrans  (fourth),  sextans  (sixth), 
and  uncia  (twelfth).  Tlie  constant  obverse  type  of  the  as 
has  the  iloiible  hcail  of  Janus;  the  reverse,  a  prow.  Its 
subdivisions  borif  various  devices.  Coins  struck  on  the 
same  system  (called  the  libral  system)  were  issued  in  other 
parts  of  Italy  from  the  fourth  centui-y  B.  c.  See  ces  grave, 
under  ces. 

as^,  n.  [ME.  as,  etc.  (see  ace) ;  in  def.  2  =  D. 
aas  =  Sw.  a.9s  (.ess,  ace)  =  G.  ass,  in  technical 
sense  <  L.  as:  see  «.«*.]  If.  Obsolete  form  of 
ace.  Chaucer. —  2.  An  old  Swedish  and  Dutch 
unit  of  weight,  equal  to  4.8042  centigrams,  or 
about  three  ciuarters  of  a  troy  grain.  See  as- 
ducat  and  ass^. 

As.     Chemical  symbol  of  arsenic. 

A.  S.     An  abbreviation  of  Anglo-Saxon. 

as-l.  [L.  as-,  assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  s. 
The  reg.  OF.  and  ME.  form  was  a-,  later  re- 
stored to  as-,  as  in  assent,  as.nijn,  etc.]  An 
assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  s,  as  in  assimi- 
late, assert,  assume,  etc. 

as-2.  [L.  ah-,  reduced  in  OF.  and  ME.  before 
a  consonant  to  a-,  erroneously  restored  to  as- 
before  s.]  An  erroneously  restored  form  of  a-, 
originally  Latin  ah-,  in  assoil,  assoilzie,  from 
the  Latin  absolvere,  absolve. 

as-3.  [ME.  and  OF.  a.s-,  var.  of  es-,  <  L.  ex-:  see 
c.s-,  ex-.]  A  variant  of  es-,  Latin  ex-,  in  assart, 
assay,  astonish,  obsolete  ascape,  a.ichew,  assaum- 
ple,  etc.;  now  represented  also,  or  only,  byes-, 
as  in  escape,  eschew,  or  s-,  as  in  scape,  sample. 
See  es.i 

asa  (as'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Pers.  dzd,  mastic:  see 
asafcfidii.]  A  name  for  certain  drugs,  origi- 
nally used  separately  with  the  Latin  adjectives 
dulcis  and  fetida  (Ja'tida),  now  joined  to  them 
as  a  prefix.     See  Ijelow.     .Also  spelled  assa. 

asadulcis  (as-a-dul'sis),  n.  [NL.,  lit.  sweet 
gum,  <  a.sa,  gum,  -I-  L.  dulcis,  sweet.]  The  laser 
or  laser  Cyrenaicum  of  the  ancients,  a  very 
highly  esteemed  drug,  usually  supposed  to  have 
been  a  gummy  accretion  from  Thapsia  Gar- 
f/anica,  an  umbelliferous  plant  of  northern 
Africa  and  southern  Europe,  it  was  believed  by 
some  t<)  be  the  same  as  benzoin,  to  which  the  name  (asa 
(/M?ci.<or<"'or«(«)isstill  sometimes  applied.  The  drug  now 
ohtaincil  from  this  plant  is  used  as  an  active  iiTitant. 

asafetida,  asafoetida  (as-a-fet'i-dii),  n.  [NL., 
formerly  also  a^afedida,  <  asa  -k-  L.  fetida, 
fcetida,  fem.  of  fetidus,  fatidus,  stinking:  see 
asa  and  fetid.']  A  fetid  inspissated  sap  from 
Persia  and  Afghanistan,  the  concrete  juice 
from  the  roots  of  several  large  umbelliferous 
plants  of  the  genus  Ferula,  especially  F.  Xar- 
thex  {Xarthex  Asafoetida)  and  F.  Hcorodosma 
(Scorodosma  fcetida).  The  drug  has  a  powerful  and 
persistent  alliaceous  odor  and  bitter  acrid  taste,  and  con- 
sists of  resin,  giun,  and  an  essential  oil  which  contains 
.sulphur.  It  is  used  as  an  antispasmodic,  and  in  India  and 
I'l  i>i:i  also  as  a  condiment.     Also  spelled  assajoetida. 

Asaphes  (as'a-fez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aca(p7i(,  ob- 
scure, not  clear,  <  a-  priv.  -(-  ca(p7/c,  clear.]  1. 
A  genus  of  very  minute  parasitic  iehneumon- 
lUes,  which  prey  on,  and  keep  in  check,  the 
aphids,  so  destructive  to  crops  and  fruits.  The 
female  punctures  the  wingless  female  aphids  with  her  ovi- 
duct, and  lays  an  egg  in  each  puncture.  The  egg  hatches, 
becomes  a  maggot,  and  eats  out  the  inside  of  the  aphid. 

2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.  Kirhy, 
1837. 

asar  (ii'siir),  n.  [Pers.]  A  Persian  gold  coin, 
equal  in  value  to  about  $1.60. 

asarabacca  (as'a-ra-bak'a),  n.  [Formerly  also 
asaraback,  and  erroneously  asarabecca,  <  L.  asa- 
rum  (see  Asarum)  -I-  bacca,  baca,  beiTV.]  A 
common  name  of  a  European  plant,  a  species 
of  Asarum,  A.  Europa:um.  See  Asarum.  .Also 
spelled  asarabaca. 

asarin,  asarine  (as'a-rin),  «.  [<  Asarum  + 
-ill-.']  1.  A  volatile  crystallizable  solid  (C20 
IIoi;(  )5)  obtained  from  the  plant  Asarum  Euro- 
jiiinin,  having  an  aromatic  taste  and  smell  like 
canijihor. —  2.  A  bitter  principle  obtained  from 
the  jilant  Asarum  Europccum. 

asarone  (as'a-ron), «.  [< Asarum  +  -one.]  Same 
as  asarin,  1. 


Asarum  Eurofaut 


Asanun 

Asaniin  fas'a-rum).  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  acapai:  asa- 
rabacca.]  A  genus  of  apetalous  exogenous 
plants,  natural  order  Jri- 
stolochiaceo:.  low,  stem- 
less  herbs,  with  dull- 
brownish  flowers  and 
aromatic  root-stock.  The 
few  species  are  natives  of  the 
northern  temperate  zuiie.  The 
asaraltact-a.  A.  Europieuiit, 
was  formerly  used  as  a  purga* 
tive  and  an  emetic,  flie  com- 
mon American  species,  A. 
Caiutdeiiife,  is  known  as  wild 
ginger  or  snakeroot.  _  Five 
other  species  are  found  in  the 
Alleglianies  and  .sierra  Ne- 
vada, and  four  or  five  in  .\si3. 

asbestic  (as-bes'tik).  a. 
[<  asbeat'is  +  -I'o.]  Ee- 
latimr  to  or  containing 
asbestos.  Also  asbestnus. 

asbestiform  (as-bes'ti-form),  a.  [<  li.  asbeston 
+  J'ornut,  shape.]  Ha\'ing  the  form  or  appear- 
ance of  asbestos. 

asbestine  (as-bes'tin),  a.  [<  Gr.  aaiScarwoc,  < 
ac.icyrnr.  asbestos.]  Pertalnuig  to  asbestos. 
or  partaking  of  its  nature  and  qualities;  in- 
combustible. 

asbestinite  (as-bes'tin-it),  «.  [<  asbestine  + 
-iu-.]  .Vctinolite  or  strahlstein — Calclferous 
asbestinite,  a  variety  of  steatite. 

asbestoid  (as-bes'toid),  a.  [<  asbestos  +  -o/rf.] 
Ki-si-Mililiiig  asbestos. 

asbestos,  asbestos  (as-bes'tos,  -tus),  n.  [Also 
asbest  (<  F.  asbestc),  abbest,  abest  (<0F.  abeste), 
also,  and  in  ME.,  asbeston,  abeston,  ahistoii,  al- 
beston,  etc.,  and  iu  other  corrupt  forms  (in 
earlier  use  only  in  sense  1),  <  L.  asbestos,  used 
by  Pliny  in  ref.  to  the  mineral  asbestos,  which 
he  believed  to  bo  vegetable  (see  def.  2),  <  Gr. 
aaiiccro^,  applied  by  Dioscorides  to  unslaked 
lime,  lit.  inextinguishable,  unquenchable,  <  n- 
priv.  +  cJtaror,  verbal  adj.  of  aScvvivai,  extin- 
guish, quench.]  It.  A  fabulous  stone,  which, 
once  set  on  tire,  could  not  be  quenched :  a  notion 
due  to  obser\-ation  of  the  effect  of  cold  water 
in  heating  quicklime. 

My  mind  is  like  to  the  Asbeston  stone, 
Which,  if  it  once  be  heat  in  flames  of  fire, 
Denieth  to  becommen  cold  again. 

Greene,  Alpholisus,  ii. 

2.  A  supposed  kind  of  flax,  alleged  to  be  in- 
combustible. [An  erroneous  notion  of  the 
mineral.  See  3.]  —  3.  A  fibrous  variety  of  ani- 
phibole  or  hornblende,  composed  of  separable 
filaments,  with  a  silky  luster;  also,  in  popu- 
lar use,  a  similar  variety  of  serpentine  called 
chrysolite.  Iu  fibers  are  sometimes  delicate,  flexible, 
an<l  elastic,  sometimes  stilf  and  brittle,  and  when  reduced 
to  a  powder  are  soft  to  the  touch.  Its  colors  are  various 
shades  of  white,  Rray,  or  green,  passing  into  brown,  red, 
or  black.  It  is  incombustible,  and  is  therefore  used  for 
making  lamp-wicks,  jiaper,  firemen's  clothing,  buildinjj 
materials,  twine,  and  rope  for  packing  steam-joints  and 
pist^ius;  it  is  also  prepared  as  a  cement  for  protecting 
heated  surfaces,  roofs,  and  floors,  and  for  various  fire- 
proofini!  purposes.  It  is  mined  in  Canada,  Vermont,  Vir- 
(rinia,  .South  Carolina,  anil  In  Staten  Island,  New  Vork. 
.Some  varieties  are  compact,  and  take  a  fine  ptjlish  ;  others 
are  loose,  like  flax  or  silky  wool.  lA'jniJorni  aabi'iflm,  or 
imtuntain-iefKid,  is  a  variety  presenting  an  irregular  fila- 
mentous structure,  like  wood.  Other  varieties  of  horn- 
blenrle  asbest'is  are  ntck-cork,  inountain-leaOte.r,  /uukU 
paper,  and  fo^nil  fUtx.  A  tine  variety  is  called  atni/tnltis 
(which  seej.  —  Blne  asbestos,  the  mineral  croci<lolite 
(whi.b  «.-.). 

asbestos-stove  (as-bos'tos-stov),  «.  A  gas- 
stovi-  with  asbestos  spread  over  the  bumors, 
SM  lis  to  form  an  incandescent  radiator. 

asbestons  (as-be»'tus),  a.  [<  asbestos  +  -om«.] 
.Surrji-  us  iixlirstic. 

asbestUS,  ».     See  (isImsIos. 

aabolan,  asbolane  (as'bo-lan,  -l.^n),  n.    [<  Gr. 

iir,  I'lM,':,  also  (iri liii/.lj,  hoot  (ri,  ijni/nr,  soot, 
Hinoko),  -1-  .««.]  Karthy  cobalt;  wa<l  contnin- 
iiiU  oxid  of  cobalt.  It  is  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  •(inaU.     AImo  called  iisbolitc. 

asbolln,  asboline  (uH'bo-liii),  n.    [As  asiiol-on 

+    -w -'  I     .\n   oil-like,  tiitrogenous  niatlir,  ni- 

riil  nnl  l.iMi  r,  olitulned  from  tlie  soot  of  wood. 

asbollte  ':i^'i,..-lit),  n.     [Aa  aabol-tm  +  -ite'^.] 

Hnini-  >'^  ■i--hi,l,iu. 

Ascalabota  (as  ka-ln-bo'til),  n,  ]il.    (NI>. :  hco 

•  •■""'"'"•'/I.]     Oiii-  of  the  Iiiiijor  KTOupM  of  the 

or  i  tiiitj  of  the  giM'koH  aliiiif.    See 

>"///■.      AlHociilled  .SiicliHiniriii. 

i-lii-bii'lez).   n.      INI-.,  <  <ir. 

.'died  lizard,  proli.   I.iicirln 

iiv>'ti»niirinii  lizanlH,  of  the 

A.fur„„„l,ir,,    I, 

lit.     riif  mollis  « .1 
<lve  with  thcfainll), 


■,ihil„ 

l.'irirhl 

I,",,,  III,  1   I,. 

AscilabotoH 

gtil 
fan: 

Willi 

•irti^i 

or  with  th- 


332 

Ascalaphldae  (as-ka-laf'i-de),  n.  pJ.  [NL.,  < 
Ascaltijibiis  +  -ida'.^  A  family  of  planipennlne 
neuropterous  insects,  related  to  the  ant-lions 
(Miirmeleontida),  and  characterized  by  long 
elavate  antennie  and  a  comparatively  short 
Ijody.  It  eoiTesponds  to  the  geni„.i,Ascala2>hus 
of  Fabricius. 

Ascalapbus  (as-kal'si-fus).  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  acKa- 
'/.a<po;,  an  unknown  bird,  supposed  to  be  a  kind 
of  owl.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Ascataphi(la:.—  2.  "['.  c]  The  specific  name  of 
a  honied  owl,  Bubo  ascaliiphits,  of  Europe  and 
Africa. 

Ascalopa:£  (as-kal'o-paks),  v.  [NL.  Cf.  Gr. 
aona'/jj-ai;  (sic),  a  bird,  supposed  to  be  the  same 
Ks  ano/.oTrai  :  see  Scolopax.~\  In  ornith.:  (n)  An 
old  foiTU  of  Scolojjai.  (J)  A  synonym  of  Gal- 
linago. 

ascah  (as'kan),  a.  [<  ascus  +  -an.']  Of  or  per- 
taining to  ail  ascus.     X.  E.  D. 

ascancelf,  ("i<^-     See  askance'^. 

ascance'-t,  ascancest,  conj.    See  asl-anceK 

ascantt,  '"'''■     See  asliUnt. 

ascarid  (as'ka-rid),  H.     One  of  the  Ascarida: 

Ascaridae  (as-kar'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ascaris 
+  -id(C.]  A  family  of  worms,  of  the  order  .Yc- 
matoda  and  class  yematlieliniiitlia,  coutainiug 
several  genera  of  round-worms,  or  thread- 
worms, which  are  intestinal  parasites  of  man 
and  other  animals.  They  have  a  cylindrical  elastic 
liody,  tapering  toward  each  end,  and  a  trivalved  head. 
Tile'  leading  genera  ai-e  Aacaris  and  Oxyuris.  See  cut 
under  Oxyuris. 

Ascaris  (as'ka-ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aampic,  a 
worm  iu  the  intestines.]  1.  A  genus  of  round- 
worms, tj-pical  of  the  family  ^scar«te,  infesting 
the  small  intestines.  The  best-known  species,  A. 
limibrkoidcs,  is  so  called  from  it.s  resemblance  to  an  eai'th- 
worra  in  size,  shape,  and  general  appearance.  It  has  a 
cylindrical  body,  with  ends  of  equal  size,  a  somewhat 
conoidal  head,  with  trilabiate  terminal  mouth,  and  a  fili- 
fonn  penis ;  the  genital  pore  of  the  female  is  in  the  an- 
terior part  of  the  body.  The  female  attains  a  length  of 
from  12  to  14  inches;  the  male  is  less  than  half  as  long. 
2.  [?.  c  ;  pi.  (7so«nVfcs(as-kar'i-dez).]  A  thread- 
worm or  piuworm  of  the  rectum,  formerly 
placed  iu  this  genus,  now  referred  to  a  differ- 
ent genus,  Oxijiiris  (which  see). 

e,SCaunceH,  "dr.     See  askance^. 

ascaunce-t,  ascauncest,  conj.    See  askance'-. 

ascend  (a-si-nd'),  '■.     {<.iV¥,.ascenden,assendcn, 

<  L.  asceiidcrc,  (id.icciiilcrr,  go  up,  climb  up  to. 

<  orf,  to,  -I-  scandcrr,  cliuib:  see  sciui,  and  cf. 
descend,  transcend.']  I.  inlrans.  1.  To  move  up- 
ward; mount;  go  up ;  rise,  whether  in  air  or 
water,  or  upon  a  material  object. 

In  our  proper  motion  we  ascend 
\'\)  to  our  native  seat :  descent  and  fall 
'lo  us  is  ailvei-sc.  Milton,  V.  I..,  ii.  T.";. 

2.  To  rise,  in  a  figurative  sense ;  proceed  from 
an  inferior  to  a  superior  degi'ee,  from  mean 
to  noble  objects,  from  particulars  to  generals, 
etc. 

By  these  steps  wc  shall  aseeml  to  more  just  ideas  of  the 
glol-y  of  Jesus  Christ.  Watts,  Improvement  of  .Mind. 

*Tis  sometimes  (juestioned  whether  morals  have  not  de- 
clined as  the  arts  have  ascemlfd. 

Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

3.  To  slope  upward. —  4.  To  go  backward  in 
the  order  of  time;  jiroceed  from  modern  to 
ancient  times:  as,  our  iii(|niries  ascend  to  the 
remotest  aiitiiiuity. — 5.  To  rise,  as  a  star;  ap- 
pear above  the  horizon. 

Highel-  vet  that  Hinr  nscrnih. 
.9iV  ,/.  lUiwrinn,  Walilinian,  Tell  us  of  the  Night, 

6.  In  music,  in  rise  in  pilch;  pass  from  any 
tone  to  one  more  acute.  =Syn.  To  mounl. soar, climb. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  go  or  move  upward  upon; 
climb:  as,  to  ascend  n  liill  or  ladder;  lo  ascend 
a  tree. 

We  returned  lo  the  great  tiiwir.  and  nseemleil  the  steep 
flight  of  steps  which  led  to  its  door  of  entrume. 

It.  Cunon,  Monasl.  in  the  Levant,  p.  7". 

2.  To  move  upward  along;  go  toward  the 
source  of:  as,  to  ascend  a  river.  =  8yn.  To  mount, 

climb,  Hcali'. 
ascendable  (n-son'da-bl),  n.   [<  ascend  +  -ahlc] 
Capiilile  III'  lioiug  ascended.     Also  written  <(.•(- 
eenditde. 

ascendance,  ascendance  (a-son'dans,  -dens), 
n.    Maine  as  asccnilaneij.     [Rare.] 
Fear  hail  t<K>  much  aserndanee  on  the  ndnd. 

I''ietiliti<l,  JotH'lih  Anilrewn,  Ix. 

ascendancy,  ascendency  (a-Hou'dan-Hi,  -den- 
si), «.  [<  n.icendiinl,  -tnl,  ■¥ -ancii,-encij.]  '1  he 
8tate  of  bi'ing  ill  llie  aHreiiilaiil ';  govoniiug  or 
controlling  inlliiiiice;  ijoniiiiation. 

The  gnat  Latin  war,  the  war  In  which  the  first  Iiccliis 
Kiive  hliiimlf  lor  Hiimi-,  iimrks  the  last  »lruugle  of  Komi '» 
Immcillat^i  kinsfolk  agallint  lii-r  ascrmtrncy. 

/•;.  A.  Freeman,  Ainer.  Ix^ct*.,  p.  ;U7. 


ascending 

=  Syn.  Influence,  Aut/iority,  .iscendancy,  etc.  (see  auf/ior- 
itii).  m.Tstery,  dominion,  superiority,  advantage,  upper 
hand. 

ascendant,  ascendent  (a-sen'dant,  -dent),  a. 

and  n.  l<  ME.  ascendent,  assenilcnt,  n.  (th© 
form  ascendant  being  later,  after  F.  a.icendant), 
<  L.  asccndcn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  ascendere.  go  up,  rise, 
ascend:  s^'e  ascend.]  I.  a.  1.  Proceeding  up- 
ward; rising;  mounting. —  2.  Superior;  pre- 
dominant; surpassing:  as,  "an  ««•««(/«««  spirit 
over  him,"  iSoutli. —  3.  In  astral.,  rising  over  th(i 
horizon,  or  nearly  so. 

The  constellation  of  Pegasus  .  .  .  is  about  that  time  (i»- 
cetidant.  Sir  T.  Uri,ui,e,  Vulg.  EiT. 

4.  In  bot.,  same  as  ascending.  —  5.  In  her., 
rising  or  issuing  upward  (the  reverse  of  issu- 
ant):  as,  rays  of  the  sun  aseendant  from  the 
bottom  of  tlie  shield,  from  a  fesse,  etc. 

II.  II.  1.  In  «.v'f)()/.,  the  point  of  the  eeliptie 
or  the  sign  of  the  zodiac  that  is  situated  on  tho 
eastern  horizon  at  any  particular  moment,  as 
at  the  moment  of  birth  or  of  the  propounding 
of  any  question  ;  the  horoscope.  The /loiise  o.^  (/n; 
ascendant  includes  that  part  of  the  zodiac  which  extend* 
from  .'i"  above  the  hoiizon  to  2.S*  below  it.  The  Inrd  of  tlic 
a.'iecn<l(t)it  is  the  planet  that  rules  the  ascendant.  This 
jilanet  is  generally  the  signiflcator  of  the  querent,  and  the 
decision  of  the  question  depends  upon  its  aspects,  llence, 
to  he  in  tlie  ascendant  signifies  to  have  commanding  power 
or  influence,  to  occupy  a  ruling  position;  and  lord  oj the 
ascendant,  one  who  has  possession  of  such  power  or  in- 
fluence :  as,  to  rule,  for  a  while,  lord  oj'  the  ascendant. 

The  a.^sejulent  sothly,  as  wel  in  alle  natiuitcz  as  in  ques- 
tiouns  and  elecciounsof  tymes,  is  a  thing  which  that  tliise 
Astrologiens  gretly  obseruen  ;  wher-fore  me  senieth  con- 
uenicnt  sin  that  I  speke  of  the  a.f.-^endent,  to  make  of  it 
special  lieclaratioun.  The  assendeni  sothly,  to  take  it  at 
the  largest,  is  tliilke  degree  that  assenilclli  at  any  of  thise 
forscide  tvmes  upon  the  est  Orisiintc;  and  thei-e-fore,  gif 
that  any  planet  assende  at  that  same  tyme  in  thilke  for- 
scide dcgre  of  his  longitude,  Men  seyn  thilke  planete  is  in 
horoscope.  CImitccr. 

Sciences  that  were  then  in  their  highest  ascendant. 

Sir  W.  Tentiile. 

Marlborough  had  not,  when  Popery  was  in  the  ascen- 
dant, crossed  himself,  shrived  himself,  done  penance, 
taken  the  communion  in  one  kind,  and,  as  soon  as  a  turn 
of  fortune  came,  apostatized  back  again. 

Macanlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x.\. 

2.  Superiority  or  commanding  influence ;  pre- 
dominance: e"specially  in  the  phrase  to  gain  the 
ascendant  over  one. 

What  star  I  know  not,  but  some  star,  1  flnd. 
Has  given  thee  an  ascendant  o'er  my  mind. 

Ifrydcn,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satil'cs,  v.  G(i. 

she  had  art  enough  to  gain  an  entire  a.^cendant  over  the 
king.  Goldsmith,  Voltaire.. 

The  secular  authority,  long  unduly  depressed,  rcgaineil 
the  a^cetulant  with  startling  i-apidity. 

•  .Vlacarilay,  Xon  Ranke 

3.  An  ancestor,  or  one  who  precedes  in  geneal- 
ogy or  degrees  of  kiiulred  :  opposed  to  descen- 
dant. 

The  succession  of  ascendants  of  the  deceased,  of  his  male 
paternal  ancestors,  if  any  survived  him. 

Maine,  Karly  Law  and  Custom,  p.  111. 

4.  In'frc/i.,oneof  the  two  sides  or  verlical  mem- 
bers of  the  rhainbi'iiiili'  of  a  dour  or  window. 

ascendance,  ascendency,  ascenaent.    Seo  as- 
cendance, etc. 
ascender  (a-sen'dtr),  ?i.    1.  One  who  ascends. 

—  2.  All  ascending  letter,     i'tce  ascending. 
ascendible  (a-senMi-lil),  a.     [<  L.  ascendibilis 

(also,  from  pp.  a.<ccnsiis,  LIj.  <i.scensiliiU.>i),  < 
ascendere.  asi^end :  see  ascend  and  -ihle,  and  cf. 
ascendable.]  Same  as  ascendable. 
ascending  (a-sen'ding),  jk  a.  1.  Proceediiig 
friiiii  a  lower  position  lo  a  higher;  rising;  mov- 
ing upwai'd;  tigiiriitively,  proceeding  from  tho 
less  to  the  greater:  proceeding  from  a  later  to 
an  earlier  lime;   rising  from  grave  lo  acute. 

—  2.  In  ''"'.,  growing  upward,  as  the  stem  of  a 
]plaiit,  which  is  called  the  ascendinil  n.ris.  Com- 
monly nstriclcd  to  the  sense  of  Browing  up  oliliqiicly  or  In 
a  curve  from  the  Iiiuse,  in  diHlinition  froni  erect,  ami  from 
deenmUeiit  or  horlnnial.  Acute  ascending  paralysis. 
See  i«irahisis.  ABCondlng  latitude,  tin-  Tiiiiiihi,.  of  a 
jilanit  when  moving  lowani  the  iiorlli  (lolr.     Ascending 

letter,  in  ture  t'oninlina,  II  Ic  llir  wlllill  ri. alius  to  Ihe 
exlremi.  ujiper  imi-l  of  the  lioily  of  the  tyiie.  In  llonian 
tVliiHof  the  minuscule  or  "  liiwerca.He"  form  the  ascend- 
ing letters  are  b,  il,  f,  h,  i,  ,|,  k,  1,  f.  All  capitals  are 
imicndlng  letteis.     Ascending  node,  tbat  iiolnt  of  a 

lilanefs  orbit  at  whiili  it  iiasscs  the  iilipllc  to  pii.c 1 

northward.  It  Isalso  lalleil  the  narthrrn  mule.  Ascend- 
ing ovule,  In  '/"'.,  an  ovule  licit  Isaltiiihid  iiIiom' Ilic  biisc 
of  the  ovary  and  iiinctcil  u]i«  iinl.  Ascending  rhythm, 
In  ne»s.,  a  rlivtlim  or  nio\inii.iit  coinposi'il  of  tcit  In 
which  the  mctricallv  accintc.l  piiil  (coinmimly  called 
the  nrsis)  follows  the  mclllnilly  nnilccciil.d  part  (com- 
monlycalli.d  the  lhesis),\\»on  liinililc  or  aniipcslic  riiythm  : 
opposed  lo  deseeniliiifi  rhothni,  sni'li  as  llic  trochaic  or 
daclvllc,  Ascendlngslgns,  Ilic  signs Caprlcoinns,  Aqua- 
rius, I'lsces.  Aries,  Taunis,  and  (icmlnl:  so  called  liccanse 

Ilir  sun,  while  In  them.  Is  iipiiroachln!<  tl rlli  cilcstliil 

pole,  wblili  Is  lo  our  view  elevatcil.  -  Ascending  ves- 
Bols,  In  iiiiii'.,  those  vessels  which  carry  the  blood  upward 
or  towanl  the  superior  parts  of  the  lioily. 


ascension 

ascension  (a-sen'shou),  «.  [<  ME.  ascensioun, 
ii.fsinsioun,  i  L.  asceiisio{n-),  a  rising,  ascen- 
sion, <  ascendere,  pp.  ascensus,  rise,  ascend :  see 
,/«■(«(/.]  1.  The  act  of  ascending;  a  rising; 
spccitically,  tlie  bodily  passing  from  earth  to 
licavi'u  of  Christ,  in  the  presence  of  his  disci- 
ples (Mark  xvi.  19;  Luke  xxiv.  50,  51;  Acts  i. 
1-11). — 2.  [caj).]  The  day  on -svliieh  the  ascen- 
sion of  Christ  is  commemorated  in  the  church ; 
Asc'ension  day.— 3t.  That  which  rises  or  as- 
cends ;  a  fume. 

Men  err  in  llie  theory  of  inehriation,  conceiving  the 
lirain  dotli  only  suffer  from  vapourous  ascensions  from 
the  atomacli.  Sir  T.  Bromie,  Vulg.  Eir. 

4.  In  astron.,  the  rising  of  a  star  or  point  above 
the  horizon  on  the  celestial  sphere.— 5.  A  go- 
iiig  liai'k  in  time,  or  in  the  order  of  genealogi- 
cal succession;  ascent — Apparent  right  ascen- 
sion. .See  apinirent.— tL&cension  day,  the  fi.rtiitli  ilay 
after  Easter,  on  which  the  asiensinn  i>f  c'lnist  is  coin- 
meniorateil ;  sometimes  called  lluly  J7iii.-.«/«//.— Oblique 
ascensiont,  of  a  star,  in  astron.,  an  arc  of  the  equator  in- 
ttivrpteil  hetween  the  vernal  equinox  or  Hrst  point  of 
Aries  and  that  point  of  the  equator  which  conies  to  the 
hoiizon  at  the  same  time,  with  the  star.— Eight  ascen- 
sion.   (")  In  old  aslrun.,  vertical  rising. 

Tlie  signes  of  riht  assencioun  ben  fro  the  heued  of  can- 
cer to  ye  ende  of  sagittare,  and  thise  signes  arisen  more 
upriht.  Chaucer. 

(Ii)  In  mod.  astron. ,  the  right  ascension  of  a  star  or  point  of 
the  sphere  is  the  arc  of  the  equator  intercepted  between  its 
circle  of  declination  and  the  vernal  equinox  or  first  point  of 
Aries,  reckoned  toward  the  east.  This  meaning  is  derived 
from  the  conception  of  an  observeratapoint  on  the  eai-th's 
equator  where  all  the  stars  rise  vertically. 
ascensional  (a-sen'shon-al),  a.  [<  ascension  + 
-«/.]  Kelating  to  ascension  or  ascent ;  ascend- 
ing or  rising  up. 

That  idea  [of  the  gun-cotton  rocket]  was  to  place  a  disk 
or  short  cylinder  of  the  gun-cotton  in  the  head  of  a  rocket, 
the  ascensional  force  of  which  should  be  employed  to  carry 
the  disk  to  an  elevation  of  1,000  feet  or  thereabouts. 

Tyndall,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  281. 
Ascensional  differencet,  in  astron.,  the  difference  be- 
tween the  right  and  the  oblique  ascension  of  the  same 
point  on  the  surface  of  the  sphere :  used  chiefly  as  ex- 
pressing the  difference  between  the  time  of  the  rising  or 
setting  of  a  body  and  six  o'clock,  or  six  hours  from  its  me- 
ridian passage. 
ascensive  (a-sen'siv),  a.  [<  L.  ascensus  (pp.  of 
usccndcrc  :  see  ascend)  +  -ive.']  1.  Character- 
ized by  an  ascending  movement ;  tending  to 
ascend;  rising;  tending  to  rise,  or  causing 
to  rise.  Sir  T.  Browne.— 2.  In  jrra/H.,  increas- 
ing force ;  intensive  ;  augmentative.  [Rare.] 
ascent  (a-senf),  "•  ['^  ascend  ;  formed  like  de- 
scent, F"  dcscente,<  descend,  F.  descendre.}  1. 
The  act  of  rising  or  ascending ;  upward  move- 
ment: as,  the  ascent  ot  vapors,  or  of  a  balloon. 

To  him  with  swift  ascent  he  up  retm-n'd. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  224. 

Hence — 2.  A  rising  from  a  lower  to  a  higher 

state,  degree,  or  grade ;  advancement. 

As  to  the  genesis  of  man  and  the  universe,  the  less  cul- 
tured tribes  claimed  to  be  an  ascent  from  bu-ds,  fishes, 
snakes.  Faiths  of  the  M'orld,  p.  2.52. 


mine 

in 

pr 


333 

define  or  reduce  to  precision  by  remov- 


,g  doubt   obscurity,  or  ambiguity;  establish;  aSlI'affy^^-tset'i^al-iXa.i..     In  an  asceti 
lOve.     LAicUaic.j  nuuiiK^r;  by  the  practice  of  asceticism  ;  as 

The  two  iirst  lines  of  the  followi^ng  book  seem  to  aseer-    ,^j,,,(..|i,, .  ^,;  p,,  toward  asceticism :  as,  perS( 

m  the  true  meaning  of  the  conclusion  of  this.    Cuwpcr.  ,-      /;     •      r      ,] 


ta 

111  Kliir,  he  [Moylcl  was  diosen  to  represent  the  bnroiigh 
of  Saltash  in  parliament;  a  circiimHtann'  whirli  iisr<-r- 
tai}\s  the  piece  before  us  to  have  been  \viilt<-n  snbscqtu-iit 
to  that  period.      Malone,  note  in  Drydeiis  Life  of  I.ncian. 

We  must  look  somewhat  deeper,  would  we  learn  why  a 
book  which  now  tries  our  patience  was  not  undeserving 
of  those  multiplied  editions  which  have  asce.rlainal  its 
popularity.  /.  D'Isradi,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  .327. 

2.  To  find  out  by  trial,  examination,  or  experi- 
ment, so  as  to  know  as  certain ;  acquire  an  ac- 
curate knowledge  ot :  as,  to  ascertain  the  weight 
of  a  commodity  or  the  purity  of  a  metal. 

To  pass  to  ascertained  facts,  there  actually  are  words 
which  were  ventured  many  generations  ago,  but,  for  some 
reason  or  other,  were  not  taken  up,  .  .  .  and  yet  are  now 
familiar  to  everybody.     F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  131,  note. 

3.  To  make  sm'e  of ;  insure.     [Archaic] 

The  ministry,  in  order  to  ascertain  a  majority  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  persuaded  the  queen  to  create  twelve 
new  peers.  Smollett. 

4t.  To  make  certain  or  sure;  certify;  assure; 
inform.     [Rare.] 

I  am  desirous  of  arranging  with  you  such  just  and  prac- 
ticable conditions  as  will  ascertain  to  you  the  terms  at 
which  you  wiU  receive  my  part  of  your  debts. 

Jefferson,  in  Morse,  p.  334. 

Muncer  assured  them  that  the  design  was  approved  of 
by  Heaven,  and  that  the  Almighty  had  in  a  dream  ascer- 
tained him  of  its  effects.  Robertson. 

5.  To  establish  with  certainty;  render  invari- 
able, or  not  subject  to  caprice  ;  fix.     [Rare.] 

The  mildness  and  precision  of  their  laws  ascertained  the 
rule  and  measure  of  taxation.  Gibbon. 

ascertainable  (as-er-ta'na-bl),  a.  [<  ascertain 
-H  -ahlc.'i  If.  Capable  of  being  determined  or 
made  certain. — 2.  Capable  of  being  ascertained 
or  found  out  by  trial,  experiment,  investigation, 
inquiry,  etc. 

ascertainer  (as-er-ta'ner),  n.  One  who  ascer- 
tains. 
ascertainment  (as-er-tan'ment),  n.  [<  ascer- 
tain +  -mcnt.]  1.  The  act  of  fixing  or  deter- 
mining; a  reducing  to  certainty.  [Archaic] — • 
2.  The  act  of  attaining  certainty ;  the  acquire- 
ment of  certain  knowledge  concerning  some- 
thing ;  a  finding  out. 

Our  ancestors  guiiled  their  course  by  the  stars,  without 
knowing  much  about  the  stars;  the  ascertainment  of  a 
few  relative  positions  sufficed. 

0.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  2. 
We  can  proceed  in  the  ascertainment  of  internal  truths 
as  we  proceed  in  the  ascertainment  of  external  ones. 

H.  Spencer. 

ascetery  (a-set'e-ri),  n. ;  pi.  asceteries  (-riz).  [< 
LGr.  uaKrjTt/piov,' <.  aaKr/ri/^,  a  monk:  see  ascetic.'] 
Originally,  a  dwelling-place  of  ascetics;  a  mon- 
astery ;  now,  in  certain  religious  houses,  a  com- 
mon meeting-place  for  spiritual  exercises  and 
reading. 


3.  The  act  of  climbing  or  traveling  up ;  the  act  ascetic°(a-set'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  Or.  aaKrjTiKog,  as- 
■      j,  1  i__i.:_...  ;t;  cctic,  laborious ;  as  noim,  a  hermit,  an  ascetic ; 

<  aaK7/Tr/c,  one  who  exercises,  an  athlete,  eccles.  a 
monk  or  hermit,  <  aaneh;  work,  exercise,  eccles. 
mortify  the  body.]  I.  a.  1.  Practising  special 
acts  of  self-denial  as  a  religious  exercise ;  seek- 
ing holiness  through  self-mortification ;  hence, 
rigidly  abstinent  and  self -restrained  as  to  ap- 
petites and  passions. 

He  was  for  his  life  so  exact  and  temperate  that  I  haue 
heaf  d  he  had  never  been  surprised  by  excesse,  being  ascetic 
and  sparing.  Evelyn,  Diiiry. 

Genius  is  always  ascetic ;  and  piety  and  love.  Appetite 
shows  to  the  finer  souls  as  a  disease. 

Emerson,  Essays,  Istser.,  p.  210. 

Hence- 2.  Unduly  strict  or  rigid  in  religious 
exercises  or  mortifications ;  severe;  austere. 

A  constant  ascetic  course  of  the  severest  abstinence  and 
devotion.  South,  Sermons  (ed.  1737),  II.  31. 

A  dominant  rehgiou  is  never  ascetic. 

Macaiday,  Dryden. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  ascetics. 

II.  H.  1.  In  the  early  Christian  church,  one 
who  practised  unusual  self-denial  and  devotion ; 
in  modern  usage,  also  one  who  retires  from  the 
customary  business  of  life  and  engages  in  pious 
exercises ;  a  hermit ;  a  reelnse. 

He  that  preaches  to  man  should  understand  what  is  in 
man  •  and  that  skill  can  scarce  be  attained  by  an  ascetic  in 
his  solitudes.  Atterbury. 

2.  pi.  leap.']  The  title  of  certain  laooks  on  de- 
vout exercises :  as,  the  Ascetics  of  St.  Basil. 
ascetical  (a-set'i-kal),  a.  [<  ascetic  +  -al] 
Pertaining  to  the  practice  of  rigid  self-denial 
and  tlie  mortification  of  the  body  as  a  means  of 
attaining  virtue  and  holiness ;  ascetic — Asceti- 
cal tlieology,  a  name  given  to  the  science  which  treats 


of  advancing  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  position; 
a  going  up,  as  up  a  mountain,  river,  stairway, 
etc. — 4.  An  eminence ;  a  hill  or  high  place. 
Depressed  valleys  and  swelling  ascents.  Bentley. 

5.  The  way  by  which  one  ascends ;  the  means 
of  ascending;  acclivity;  upward  slope. 

It  was  a  rock  .  .  . 
Conspicuous  far ;  winding  with  one  ascent. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  545. 
Next  the  proud  palace  of  Salerno  stood 
A  mount  of  rough  ascent,  and  thick  with  wood. 

Dryden,  Sig.  and  Guis.,  1.  102. 
Clambering  wp  the  very  steep  ascent,  I  took  my  place 
upon  the  ramparts  to  watch  the  sunrise  over  the  plain. 

O'Donovan,  Merv,  xxiv. 

6.  The  angle  made  liy  an  ascending  line  or  siu'- 
face  with  the  horizontal  line  or  plane  :  as,  the 
road  has  an  ascent  of  five  degrees. —  7.  A  pro- 
ceeding upward  or  backward  in  time  or  in  logi- 
cal order  of  succession. 

The  ascents  from  particular  to  general  are  all  successive, 
and  each  step  of  this  ascent  requires  time  and  labour. 

J.  S.  Mill,  System  of  Logic. 
Line  of  ascent,  in  geyiealoyy,  ancestry. 

They  laiuieiit  Hindu  law-teachers]  say  hardly  anything 
of  Inheritance  as  now  understood,  save  in  the  direct  line 
o.f  desi;|ent  or  ascent. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  112. 

ascertain  (as-fer-tan'),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  and 
late  ME.  ascertaine,  assertaine,  assartaine,  -tayne, 
etc.,  with  asser-,  aseer-,  in  erroneous  simulation 
of  words  like  assent,  ascend,  etc.,  earlier  ME. 
acertainen,  acerteiiien,  <  OF.  acertaiucr,  acer- 
teiner,  make  certain,  <  a,  to,  -i-  certain,  certain : 
see  0-11  and  certain.  The  word  is  thus  etymo- 
logically  ci-H  +  certain,  and  was  so  pronounced 
in  early  mod.  E.]     1.   1^  make  certain;  deter- 


Ascidia 

ot  virtue  and  perfection  and  the  means  by  which  they 
to  be  attained.     C'ath.  Diet. 

ascetical 

an 

persons 

aKceficailii  inclined. 
asceticisin  (a-set'i-sizm),  n.     [<  ascetic  +  -?.TOf.] 

1.  Tlic  life  or  practice  of  an  ascetic;  the  prin- 
ciples and  historic  course  of  the  ascetics,  in  an- 
cient Greece  asceticism  (do-«>ji7i?)  meant  tlie  discipline  un. 
dergone  by  athletes  while  training.  In  the  hcbools  of  the 
Stoics  the  same  word  was  applied  to  the  controlling  of  the 
appetit<-'S  and  passions  and  the  practice  of  virtue.  Among 
Christians,  through  contact  with  the  Alexandrian  school 
of  philosophy,  the  word  early  came  into  use  with  a  simi- 
lar meaning,  namely,  the  liabitual  use  of  self-discipline, 
such  as  had  been  practised  by  individuals  and  even  by 
communities  among  the  Jews.  Tlie  object  of  this  disci- 
pline was  to  control  and  subdue  the  bodily  nature  with 
its  passions  and  desires  as  the  stronghold  of  evil  in- 
herent in  man  since  the  fall  of  Adam,  the  means  used 
being  fasting,  celibacy,  poverty,  penance,  and  solitude, 
a  mode  of  life  which  developed  in  the  course  of  a  few 
centuries  into  inona-sticism.  Similar  and  even  greater 
austerities  have  been  practised  from  very  early  times  by 
many  among  various  pagan  nations  and  in  connection 
with  various  religious  systems,  such  as  Hinduism,  lluddh- 
ism,  etc.,  under  the  intluence  of  the  idea  that  matter  is 
essentially  evil,  and  that  an  approach  to  i.leal  good  or  an 
escape  from  the  evils  of  existence  can  be  effected  only  by 
subduing  or  torturing  the  body. 

Asceticism  again  —  including  under  this  term  ...  all 
efforts  to  withdraw  from  the  world  in  order  to  cultivate  a 
higlicr  dign.1.-  of  sanctity  — lielongs  naturally  to  a  society 
whidi  is  soniewiiat  rude,  and  in  which  isolation  is  frequent 
ami  easy.  Lecky,  Europ.  .Morals,  i.  1.36. 

2.  In  theol.,  the  theory  or  systematic  exposition 
of  the  means,  whether  negative,  as  self-denial 
and  abstinence,  or  positive,  as  the  exercise  of 
natural  and  Christian  virtues,  by  which  a  com- 
plete conformity  with  the  divine  will  may  be  at- 
tained. See  ascetical  theoloyy,  under  ascetical. 
-  Syn.    Si'lf-sacrifice,  Austerity,  etc.    ^ee  seff-denial. 

ascham  (as'kam),  ».  [After  'Roger  Jscham,  who 
in  1545  published  "Toxophilus,"  a  celebrated 
treatise  on  archery.]  A  cupVjoard  or  case  to 
contain  bows  and  sometimes  arrows  and  other 
implements  of  archery.  Encyc.  Brit. 
Aschiza  (as-ki'za),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv. 
-1-  ax'ia,  a  cleft  :"see  scltism.]  In  Brauei-'s  sys- 
tem of  classification,  a  division  of  cyclorlia- 
phous  dipterous  insects  or  flies,  of  the  suborder 
( 'i/cliiriiaiilia,  containing  the  families  Syrphidte, 
Fliiti/jie-idd;  Fhoridie,  and  Pipunculidce,  thus 
collectively  contrasted  with  ScMzophora  (which 
see). 
Aschizopoda  (as-ki-zop'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  II-  ]iriv.  +  ax'ia,  a  cleft,  -t-  ttovq  {-dS-)  =  E. 
foot.]  A  division  of  maerurous  deeapodous 
crustaceans,  embracing  most  of  the  group,  as 
distinguished  from  the  Scltizopoda  or  oposstmi- 
shrimps. 
asci,  n.     Plural  of  ascus. 

ascian  (as'ian),  ».  [<  L.  ascius,  <  Gr.  aamog, 
without  shadow,  <  a-  priv.  +  CKia,  shadow.] 
A  jjerson  who  casts  no  shadow  at  noon,  nie 
inhabitants  of  the  torrid  zone  alone  fulfil  this  condition, 
having  the  sun  twice  a  year  in  their  zenith  at  noon. 
Ascidia  (a-sid'i-ii),  n.  pJ.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Aseidium, 
q.  v.]  1.  A  class  of  animals  eoimectmg  the 
molluscoid  invertebrates  with  the  Vertehrata; 
the  tunicates,  tunicaries,  or  sea-squirts,  other- 
wise called  Tunica  ta,  Ascozoa,  Urocliorda,  or 
Protovertebrata  (in  part) ;  the  aseidians.  They 
are  asymmetrical  marine  animals, 
simple  or  compound,  fixed  or  free, 
with  a  monoganglionic  nervous 
system,  tubular  heart,  and  no  foot. 
The  integument  is  a  leathery  sac, 
with  two  orifices,  oral  and  anal. 
The  young  are  free-swimming  and 
tadpole-like,  and  in  this  larval  con- 
dition show  traces  of  vertebrate 
affinities  in  the  possession  of  a  uro- 
chord.  or  notochord  of  the  tail,  a 
condition  retained  permanently  in 
one  family,  the  Appendicnlari- 
idtv.  They  are  found  at  low-water 
mark  on  the  sea-beach,  and,  at- 
tached to  stones,  shells,  and  fixed 
objects,  are  dredged  from  deep 
water.  -An  ascidian  presents  ex- 
ternally the  appearance  of  a  wine- 
jar  or '  double-necked  bottle,  the 
one  aperture  of  the  bottle  cor- 
responding  to  the  mouth  and  the 
other  to  the  vent  or  excretory 
aperture.  A  feature  in  the  or- 
ganization of  these  animals  is 
that  a  large  proportion  of  the 
tough  outer  case  or  test  is  com- 
posed of  cellulose,  a  starchy  sub- 
stance highly  characteristic  of 
plants.  The  mouth-opening  leads 
into  a  large  branchial  sac  or  breath- 
ing-sac ;  and  from  the  bottom  of 
this  sac  the  digestive  system,  con- 
sisting of  stomach  and  intestine,  is  continued,  the  in- 
testine opening  into  a  second  sac,  the  atrial  chamber. 
This  latter  cavity  opens  externally  by  the  second  aper- 
ture ot  the  body,  and  also  emits  the  effete  water  which 


Ascidta  mentitla. 
a,  termination  of  intes- 
tine ;  b.  branchial  sac; 
gx,  excurrent  or  anal  ori- 
fice :  S",  ganglion  :  i,  in- 
testine :  m.  mouth ;  o, 
tentacular  fringe  ;  r,  re- 
productive organ ;  s, 
stomach:  ^'.  test,  or  outer 
tunic  ;  /.  inner  tunic  ;  7/, 
ventral  sinus :  Z'',  dorsal 
sinus. 


Ascidia 

has  been  nsed  in  breathing.  A  single  nerrons  mass 
or  gauglion  represents  the  nervous  sj-stem,  this  mass  be- 
ing placed  between  the  two  apertures  of  the  body.  Male 
and  (cmale  reproductive  organs  exist  in  each  ascidian. 
•pi.^;^  ,'  -ii'-  nviyhe  ^nffleoT  simj'ie^sociai.oTcompoiind. 
In  -  lis  the  peduncles  of  a  number  of  indi- 

vi.-:  1  into  a  common  tubular  stem,  with  a 

par;—  ^  circulation  of  blood.     The  species  are 

more  or  less  gelatinous,  and  some  are  used  as  food  in 
China  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean.  The 
Atcidia  are  dirisible  into  two  orders  not  well  defined, 
called  Biphora  and  Axidioida,  and  by  other  names,  one 
containiuj;  the  Salpidce  and  Dotiolid(e,  the  other  the  rest 
of  the  class.  Also  written  Ascidiie.  See  cuts  under  Jp- 
pendicularia,  DoUoUdtr.  Sali>a\  and  Tunicata. 
2.  [Used  as  a  singular.]  Less  proper  form  of 
Asektium. —  3.  [/.  c]  Plural  of  asci'rfiMm,  2. 

Ascidiacea  (a-siJ-i-a'sf-a),  n.pJ.  CNX,.,  <  Aseid- 
iiiin  +  -d^a.]     Same  as  Ascidioifla.  2. 

Ascidls  (a-sid'i-e),  »i.  pi.  [XL.,  pi.  of  Ascidia, 
2.]  1.  In  Gegenbaur's  system  of  classification, 
a  division  of  Acopa,  embracing  the  true  aseid- 
ians  as  distingnished  from  the  Pyrosomatida; 
DoUolidiv,  and  Salpidce.  it  contains  three  groups, 
Simplic'is.  SociaUg.  and  Compositce,  or  the  simple,  social, 
and  compound  ascidians. 
2.  Same  as  Ascidia,  1. 

ascidian  (a-sid'i-an),  a.  and  ».  [<  Ascidium  + 
-««.]  I.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Ascidia  or 
Tunicata. 

n.  n.  Ono  of  the  Ascidia  or  Tunicata;  a 
sea-sijuirt. 

ascidiariom  (a-sid-i-a'ri-um),  «.;  pi.  ascidiaria 
(-a).  l'SL..<.  Ascidium +  -ariu)n.^  Acompound 
ascidian,  consisting  of  two  or  more  individual 
ascidiozooids.     See  cut  imder  cyathozooid. 

It  [a  fixed  ascidian]  may  remain  simple,  or  it  may  de- 
velop buds  and  give  rise  to  a  compound  organism  orAscid- 
iarium,  consisting  of  many  Ascidiozooids  united  together. 
Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  514. 

ascidiate  (a-sid'i-at),  a.  [<  Ascidium  +  -a?el.] 
.Sheijicd  like  a  small  bottle,  or  like  an  ascidian. 

Ascidicola  (as-i-djk'o-lii),  «.  [NL.,  <Ascidiu/n 
+  L.  colere,  inhabit.]  'the  typical  gentis  of  the 
familv  Ascidicoliihi'. 

A8Cidicolidae(a-sid-i-kori-de),)i.j)?.  [NL.,<  Js- 
cidicola  +  -((/«•.]  A  family  of  copepod  entomos- 
tracous  crustaceans,  parasitic  tipon  ascidians. 

ascidiform  (a-sid'i-f6rm),  a.     [<  Ascidium  +  L. 
Jnrmn,  shape.]     1.   Shaped  like  an  ascidian; 
bottle-shaped. — 2.  Haring  the  structure  of  an 
ascidian ;  related  to  the  Ascidia. 
Also  ii.icidiiform. 

ascidiid  (a-sid'i-id),  n.     One  of  the  Ascidiidw. 

Ascidiidae  (as-i-di'i-de),  II.  1)1.  [NL.,  <  Ascidia, 
2,  +  -id(e.]  A  family  ot  solitary  ascidians, 
typically  w:';h  the  branchial  aperture  8-lobed, 
tne  atrial  6-lobed,  the  branchial  sac  not  folded, 
the  tentacles  simple,  and  the  genitalia  in  close 
connection  with  the  mantle,  it  is  the  typical  family 
of  the  ascidians  proper,  including  the  simple  fonns,  as  .Vi't- 
guia,  Ci/nthia,  Aticidia  or  Phallnxia,  etc.,  as  distinguishi'd 
frniii  the  social  and  compound  forms,  and  contains  niuiiy 
BlM-rji-H,     .s,;t-  cut  Under  Aurifiia. 

ascidiiform  (a-sid'i-i-f6rm),  a.  Same  as  ascidi- 
fi'nii. 

ascidioid  (a-sid'i-oid),  a.  [<  Ascidium  +  -oiV/.] 
(if  or  nsi-mbling  an  ascidian:  as,  an  ascidioid 
form.     Ifiuley. 

A8Cidioida(a-sid-i-oi'da), «./»?.  [NL.,  i  Ascidia, 
Ascidium,  +  -oida.'\  1.  Same  as  Ascidia,  Asco- 
zna,  or  Tunicata,  as  a  class  or  phylum  of  ani- 
mals.—  2.  An  order  of  Ascidia,  conterminous 
witli  Arojia  (which  see).   Also  called  .Iscidimiii. 

ascidiology  (a-sid-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  .tscidium  + 
■"'".'/.'/■]  That  department  of  zoology  which 
tpats  of  tlie  ascidians  or  tunicates. 

ascidiozodid  (a-sid'i-o-zo'oid),  «.  [<  Ascidium 
+  -iiiinl.]  One  of  the  zoHids  or  individual 
orKiiniHtriM  whidi  collectively  constitute  a  com- 
poiin'l  ^iHi'iilinn  or  nsi'idinriuiii  (which  see). 
H<!C  cuts  under  cyathoziiijid  and  Jtuliiilidic. 

In  till-  cfirntMiunrl  or  social  Tunicata,  nmtiy  anndiftzooids, 
which  nv  tinit'.-d  t,y  a  common  te»t  Into  an  ascidlarlum, 
an;  pr<Mlu»-d  by  gemmation  fn)ni  a  Holitary  metamor. 
pho^'l  larva.  lluxUii,  Anut.  Invert.,  p.  .'i2'i. 

Ascldlnm  (n-sid'i-um),  n.  [NIj.,  <  Tir.  hniiifiun>, 
dim.  of  iiriKiir,  n  leathern  haK,  a  wine-skin:  see 
turn  \  1.  r ANo  IcHHprop.  ./wiV/iV/.]  Agenus 
of  '  '    i.iial  of  the  princi|ml  family  of 

th'  '/.;,  «oin()  of  whose  species  are 

known  ,  •  n -iiuirlK:  HvnonvinouH  wiili  y'A«/- 
/iMirt.— 2.  \l.  <■. :  pi.  ascidia  (-ii).]  In  Iml.:  (a) 
Anv  fill, 1, 1,7  I'Mrti-shaped,  or  iiit<'her-liko  for- 
ma' ii-ii«lly  from  llio  union  of  Iho 
n>"'  1  nr  olliiT  organ,  or  from  the 
<li-|  -rowtli  of  Home  pari.     Tin.  im. 

'!''■  rt   an  n  Jiil'-hrr.  ax   III   til."    liltflllT- 

|»l-^'  III.' •njl.n.    It i>w.TH(.sVirrfi.-.  i.t.fi   I- 

"ft-  ,-.  I  .  .1.1  ,.-1.  n  iMTr.  t'.l  flMil    I  I 

wl"  ,.  I   I  ■ rated.     111.-  - II 

a*!''*'  .  -, ijf  L'truuUria  are  oImi  a«cl(liii. 

S*a  cut  li,  iioti  euluinii.    (b)  Kamfi  a«  asrus,  1. 


Ascidium  of  a  Plant. 
Leaf  of  pitchcr-plant  \yfpe>tt!:rs' 
with  a  winged  pcbole  and  terminating 
in  an  operculalc  pitcher.  (From  Le 
Maout  and  Dccaisne's  *'  Traits  gene- 
ral de  Botanique."} 


334 

asciferous  (a-sif'e- 
rns),  a.  [<  NL.  ds- 
cus.  q.  v..  ■¥  L.  ferre 
=  E.  6f(irl.]  Hav- 
ing asci. 

There  is  a  parallelism 
between  the  fructifica- 
tion of  lichens  and  the 
a>T(feroiw  section  of 
fungi. 
Kncyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  557. 

ascigerous  (a-sij'e- 
ms),  (I.  [<  NL.  as- 
ciis,  q.  v.,  +  L.  ge- 
lere.  bear.]  In  hot., 
bearing  asci.  as  li- 
chens and  aseomy- 
cetous  fungi.  See 
asciis,  and  compare 
acrosporous. 

ascites  (a-si'tez),  H. 
[L.,  <  Gr.  aani-njc 
(so.  vdoof,  disease), 
a  kind  of  dropsy, 
<  aoKdc,  a  leathern 
bag,  a  bladder :  see 
ascus.']  hi  pathol., 
a  collection  of  se- 
rotis  fluid  in  the  peritoneal  cavity;  dropsy  of 
the  belly. 

ascitic  (a-sit'ik),  a.  Relating  to  ascites ;  drop- 
sical. 

ascitical  (a-sit'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  ascitic. 

ascititious  (as-i-tish'us),  a.  Same  as  adsciti- 
tioiis. 

asclent  (as-klenf),  adv.  A  Scotch  form  of  aslant. 

asclepiad  (as-kle'pi-ad),  «.  [<  h.Asclcpiadtum 
(sc.  iiietruiii),  <  Gr.  'AaKAi/TridSeio^  (sc.  anxoc,  me- 
ter), the  meter  of  'A(jK/^-id6r/c,  a  Greek  poet,  lit. 
descendant  of  Aselepius,  <  'Aan/i/TTio^,  Asclepius : 
see  Asclepias.}  1.  [«'/'.]  In  ohc.  ;;)-(w.,  an  As- 
clepiadic  (verse  or  line). —  2.  In  hot.,  a  member 
of  the  order  .-lf;c/e/*iV((focf(r. — 3.  [cup.']  One  of 
the  Asclepiads  (which  see). 

Asclepiadaceae  (as-kle"pi-a-da'se-e),  n.  ph 
[XL.,  <  Asclcpias  {-ad-)  -f  -ocfa".]  A"  natural  or- 
der of  gamojietalous  exogenous  plants,  with  pol- 
len in  waxy  masses,  the  poUinia  attached  in  pairs 
to  glandular  appendages  of  the  stigma,  the  fruit 
a  pair  of  follicles,  and  the  seed  ciimose.  They  arc 
mainly  ti-i'iiical,  many  of  them  African  and  Indian  twining 
shrubs,  usually  with  milky  juice,  which  iiltcn  has  strong 
emetic  and  pint::itive  qnalities.  It  inchnlts  tlif  milkweed 
(.4x(7f/>irtA-),  caninli  lliiwir  (Stapetia),  wa\-jilaiil  (//..;/<i). 
and  itther  hantlsi'iin'  ;-'ii-riih(iusc  plants,  tin-  Indian  sarsa- 
parilla  (llfiiiiilr.'muis  Iii>llci'.^).  and  several  flbcr-pljuits.  as 
species  lif  CaUttmiiix  and  M'lr.vlfniti,  a  species  of  tht^  latter 
genus  yielding  aliliic  dye  iv.scnibling  indigo. 

asclepiadaceous  (as-klo"pi-a-da'shiu8),  a.  Be- 
longing to  the  .Isclcpiadaceiv. 

Asclepiad8e  (as-kle-pi'a-de),  H.  pi.  [NL. :  see 
.Isi-lijiiiiils.]     Same  as  Asclepiads. 

Asclepiadean  (as-kle"pi-a-de'an),  a.  [<  L.  As- 
vhpiadei's  (see  ascUpiad)  +  -an.']  In  ancpros., 
consisting  or  composed  of  Ascle]iin(lics. 

In  his  combinations  of  the  AHciepimiean  [nietcrl  we  note 
the  grave  and  thoughtful  temperance  of  tone  which  jicr. 
vades  those  in  w  liich  tlic  three  AHcleviadfan  lines  an-  coin- 
hincil  with  one  lilycoiiic.  JCncijc.  lirit..  XIl.  Uir.. 

Asclepiadean  strophe,  a  strophe  or  stjmza  composed  of 
,.\srlt'iiiaiiii-s  \i  ith  111-  willioiit  idher  verses,  such  as  tJly- 
I  iHiir.s  and  I'luTecratirs. 

Asclepiadic  (tts-kle-pi-ad'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  ii.sclc- 
piad  +  -ic]  I.  a.  Of  or  |)ertaining  to  the  As- 
clepiad or  Asclepiadic,  a  kind  of  verse. 

II.  «.  In  anc.  pros.,  a  verso  consisting  of  a 
spondee,  two  (or  three)  choriambi,  iiiul  iin  iiiiii- 
biis;  or,  according  to  other  authorities,  a  loguie- 
dic  verse  consisting  of  ii  Imsis,  three  cyclic  dac- 
tyls, of  which  the  secoiiil  is  syncopated  (or  live 
cyclic  dactyls,  of  which  the  second  iiiid  fourth 
are  syncopated),  and  a  trochaic  dinody  catalec- 
tic.  The  shorter  form  is  called  tlie  lesser,  the 
longer  th<^  i/rvatcr,  .tsclrpiadir. 

Miccc-  j  inu*  AtAvlH  |  etllt*  re-  |  glliAs. 
.Miece.  I  iiiU  AtA.  |  vis  |  edlto  |  regllius. 

Tfi  ne  I  (|iirt'Hli>rlH  t  HcirG  nCfiia  I  (lueiii  nilhl  iiilem  |  tlbl. 
'I'll  Hi-  I  >|UieHir;  I  ris  I  scire  nC  |  fiui  |  qiii'-m  iiillil  1  iiueiiitllil. 

Asclepiads  (a»-klo'pi-adz),  »i.  pi.  [<  Gr.  'Ata/;/- 
TriuiSni,  pi.  of  'Ann'Aii-^iMiK,  a  descendant  of  As- 
clepius.] An  oriler  of  Greek  iihyHicians,  jiriests 
of  Asclepius  or  yKsciilapius,  the  god  "f  iiieili- 
cino,  whose  (iescendaiits  lliey  cliiinieil  to  lie. 
'nti-v  practised  nu'dliini'  under  the  re|iiiled  Itispitattoii 
of  tfial  flelty,  and  were  IkiuiiiI  lijr  oath  not  to  reveal  the 
seeretji  of  their  art.     AIiMi  AncUptadix. 

From  llieBe  iirlniltlve  clinical  records,  the  Imlf-prlciitly, 
half  pliiliinopbic  i-aNte  of  the  /1fri-//'/'m'/j>ciiiiiplli'd  the  data 
upon  which  the  earlli-Hl  (feneralliintloiiH  of  nicillclne,  as  an 
Intluclive  sclellev,  were  based. 

UiaUy,  lUuL  ScL  ootl  Mod. 


ascribable 

Asclepias  (as-kle'pi-as),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aatdij- 
-(i!f,  an  uncertain  plant,  <  'Aaii'/.r/nidg,  Doric  'Ao- 
K/.aTTi6c,  Asclepius.  >  L.  ^sculapiiis,  -Ssculapius, 
the  tutelary  god  of  medicine.]  A  large  genus, 
of  North  American  herbs,  natural  order  Asctcpi- 
adacew,  popularly  known  as  milkweed  or  silk- 
weed.  The  plants  arc  perennial  herbs  with  milky  juice, 
mostly  upri'-dit  with  ojiposite  or  verticillate  leaves,  th& 
liowers  in  umbels,  and  the  seeds  tufted  with  long  silky 
hairs,  (if  the  more  than  70  species,  nearly  .^>ii  are  found 
rtithin  the  I'niteil  States.  The  buttertly-weed  m.  pleurisy- 
root.  A.  tuhfrosd,  has  diaphoretic  and  mild  purgative  prop- 
erties. Tile  bastard  ipecacuanha  of  the  West  Indies,  A. 
eurasyarica.  is  a  powerful  emetic.  Some  of  the  species 
afford  an  excellent  fiber. 

ascocarp  (as'ko-kiirp),  «.  [<  Gr.  QOMif,  a  baff 
(see  ascus),  +  Ka/mu^,  fruit.]  The  developed 
fructitication  in  Ascomycetes,  consisting  of  asci 
and  ascophores. 

ascogenous  (as-koj'e-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  (imof,  a 
bag  (see  ascus),  +  -jfi'W,  producing:  see  -ijc- 
iious.]  In  hot.,  producing  asci:  applied  to  the 
hyjjhie  upon  which  asci  are  developed  in  th* 
ascomycetotis  fimgi. 

ascogohe  (as'ko-gon),  H.     Same  as  ascotjoni urn. 

ascogonium  (as-ko-go'ni-um),  H. ;  pi.  ascogonia 
(-ii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oOT&i-,  a  bag  (see  a.scu.<i),  + 
-jorof,  producing:  see  -gony.]  The  female  or- 
gan in  certain  of  the  lower  cryptogams,  which 
after  fertilization  develops  asci.  Also  called 
carpogonium  and  archicarp. 

Ascomycetes  (as'ko-mi-se'tez),  H.  pi.  [NL..  < 
Gr.  (irTMif,  a  bag  (see  ascus),  +  /lim/g,  pi.  /jiKip-ic, 
a  mushroom,  akin  to  L.  mucus:  see  nniciis.]  A 
family  of  fimgi  characterized  by  the  formation 
of  free  spores  within  elongated  cells  (asci), 
often  associated  with  alternation  of  generation. 
It  includes  a  great  variety  of  forms,  such  as  the  micro- 
scopic yeast-fungi  or  ferments,  various  mildews,  ergot, 
the  subterranean  truftles,  the  morels,  helvellas,  etc.,  which 
represent  the  several  orders  Sacfluimmi/cctt:^,  PerittiKtri. 
ocftT,  Piin'nomtji-ete.^.  Tuberace(P,  .and  J-lixcntinicften.  Slost 
of  the  lichens  are  now  also  generally  considered  as  be- 
longing to  this  family.     See  cut  under  ascus. 

ascomycetOUS  (as''''k6-mi-se'tus),  a.  [<  Ascomy- 
cetes +  -ous.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ascomy- 
cetes. 

Ascomyzon  (as-ko-mi'zon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aa- 
M'f,  a  bag  (see  ascus),  +  /li'Cw',  ppr.  of  fii\eiv, 
suck  in.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
.tseomi/'ontidw. 

Ascomyzontidae  (as  ko-mi-zon'ti-de),  n,  pi. 
[Nh. ,<  Ascomyzon{t-)  +  -ida:']  Afamily  of  para- 
sitic epizoic  crustaceans,  of  the  order  Siphono- 
stoiiia. 

ascon  (as'kon),  n. ;  pi.  ascotis,  ascones  (-konz, 
as-ko'nez).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  rirndf,  a  bag:  see  as- 
cus.] One  of  the  Asconcs;  a  sponge  having  the 
characters  of  the  Asconcs. 

Ascones  (as-ko'nez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  ]il.  of  ascon.] 
A  group  of  the  lowest  and  siraiilest  chalk- 
sponges,  having  a  ventricle  with  walls  so  thin 
that  the  inhalent  pores  open  tUrectly  into  the 
ventricular  cavity :  distinguisheii  from  Lciico^ 
nes  iinil  Si/cones.     See  Olynthns. 

Asconidae  (as-kon'i-de),  «.  })l.  [NL.,  <  ascon  + 
-ida:]  A  family  of  Caleispongiw,  the  same  as 
Asconcs. 

ascophore  (as'ko-for),  n.  [<  Gr.  aanoifidpo^,  bear- 
ing wine-skins,  <  iwum;,  a  bag  (see  ascus).  + 
-^17)01;,  <  (jtipiiv  =  E.  /)«(»■!.]  In  hot.,  the  ascus- 
bearing  form  or  stage  of  development  in  some 
groii])s  of  the  Ascomycetes.  See  cut  under 
ascus, 

ascophorous  (as-kof'o-rus),  a.  [As  a.icophore 
+  -iius.]  In  hot.,  bearing  an  ascus  or  asci: 
a]iplied  to  the  hyphie  in  lichens,  which  develop 
asci  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

ascospore  (as'ko-spor),  ».  [<  Gr.  nrTMif,  a  bag, 
-I-  a-iii)iir,  seed:  see  ascus  and  spore]  In  hot., 
one  of  a  cluster  of  spores  borne  within  an 
ascus. 

The  characteristic  form  of  reproduction  of  Iho  Aseomy- 
cel4'H  is  by  aMconpiirrs  formed  within  iisci  by  free  cell-for- 
mation. A'hci/c.  llril.,  l.X.  n:a. 

ascosporous  (as-kos'iio-ms),  11.  [As  ascospore 
+ -oH.s'.J  Having  ascosjiores:  af<,  " ascosporous 
fungi,"  rucyc.  llrit.,  IV.  162. 

Ascozoa  (as-k('>-/.6'il),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Or.  doKiif,  n, 
hug  (see  iiscu.i),  +  Ci!"";  an  animal.]     A  name 

<  if  I  111'  tunicates  or  ascidians:  synonymous  with 
Aseidiii,  1  (which  see). 

ascozoan  (as-ko-'/.6'an),  ?i.     r<  .tscocna  +  -an.] 

<  111!'  lit  I  lie  Ascozoa  ':'  an  ascidian  or  tunicate, 
ascozoic    (as-ko-z6'ik),    a.      [<  Ascozoa  +  -ic] 

( >!'  or  |iiTlaining  to  the  Ascozoa ;  tunicate;  as- 
ciiliiin. 
ascribable  (as-kri'ba-bl),  a.    [<  a.icrihc  +  -ablc.^ 
Caiialile  of  tjeing  ascribed  or  attributed;  at- 
tributablo. 


ascribe 

ascribe  (as-krib'),  ''•  t. ;  prot.  and  pp.  ascribed, 
ppr.  ascrihin;].  [Altered  to  ascribe  (after  L.) 
fi'ora  early  mod.  E.  ascrii'c,  <  MK.  uscriven,  < 
OF.  ascrire  (ascriv-)  =  It.  ascrivcre,  <  L.  aacri- 
bere,  annex  by  writing,  add  to  a  writing,  enroll, 
enter  in  a  list,  impute,  attribute,  <  ad,  to,  + 
scriberc,  write:  see  smlti:~\  If.  To  add  in  wi'it- 
ing;  append  (one's  name)  to  a  document,  etc.; 
subscribe. 

The  ascribinf/  of  my  name  would  .  .  .  have  substracteil 
from  .  .  .  the  weiglit  of  those  discourses. 

A'ethersole,  Self-Cond.,  p.  3.     (JV.  E.  D.) 

2t.  To  inscribe  or  dedicate. 

Tlie  secound  pillor  called  Dorica,  being  ascribed  to  Her- 
cules, sunt,-.  Arehit.,  C  ij.  b.    (JV.  E.  D.) 

3t.  To  enroll  or  register. 

He  would  long  since  have  been  ascribed  a  member  there. 
Auhrey,  in  Letters  of  Emin.Pers.  (Bliss),  II.  C32.  (N.  E.  D.) 

4.  To  attribute,  impute,  or  refer,  as  to  a  cause 
or  source ;  assign ;  set  down :  as,  losses  are  often 
to  be  ascribed  to  imprudence. 

This  .Speech  is,  I  think,  the  finest  that  is  ascnbed  to 
Satan  hi  the  whole  Poem.        Adi^iKon,  Spectator,  No.  321. 

But  many  atrocious  proceedings  must,  doubtless,  be  as- 
crilted  to  heated  imagination,  to  perverted  principle,  to  a 
distaste  for  what  was  vulgar  in  morals,  and  a  passion  for 
what  was  startling  and  dubious.     Macaiday,  On  History. 

5.  To  attribute,  as  a  quality  or  an  appurte- 
nance ;  consider  or  allege  to  belong. 

I  .  .  .  will  aticribe  righteousness  to  my  Maker. 

Job  xxxvi.  3. 

They  have  ascribed  unto  David  ten  thousands,  and  to 

nie  they  have  ascribed  but  thousands.  1  S.am.  xviii.  8. 

^Sjm.  Attribute,  Refer,  etc.     See  attribute. 

ascriptt  (as'kript),  a.  [<  L.  ascriptus,  adscriptus, 
pp.  of  ascribere,  adscribere,  annex  by  writing: 
see  ascribe,  adscript.']     Registered;  enrolled. 

ascription  (as-krip'shon),  n.  [<  L.  ascriptio(n-), 
an  addition  in  writing,  lit.  the  act  of  ascribing, 
(.ascribere,  pp.  ascriptus,  add  to  a  writing:  see 
ascribe.]  1.  Tlie  act  of  ascribing,  imputing,  or 
aflirmiug  to  belong,  to  be  due,  etc. 

Self-abnegations  often  repeated  imply  on-the  part  of  the 
actor  a  tacit  ascription  of  relative  selfishness  to  others  who 
profit  by  the  self-abnegations. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  96. 

2.  An  expression  ascribing ;  words  in  which 
one  ascribes. 

Offering  up  the  ascriptions  justly  due  to  Him  for  such 
smgular  deliverances  and  blessings. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  391. 

Also  rarely  adscription. 
ascriptitious  (as-krip-tish'us),  a.  [<  L.  ascrip- 
ticius,  enrolled  as  a  citizen,  soldier,  etc.  {ascrip- 
ticii  servi,  slaves  bound  to  the  soil),  <  ascriptus, 
pp.  of  ascribere,  enroll:  see  ascribe,  ascrijit.] 
1.  Botmd  or  attached  to  the  soil:  applied  to 
villeins  under  the  feudal  system,  who  were  an- 
nexed to  the  freehold  and  transferable  with  it. 
— 2.  Added,  as  to  a  list;  enrolled. 
An  ascriptitious  and  supernumerary  god. 

Fariiidon,  Sermons,  p.  82. 

Also  rarely  adscriptitious. 
ascryt,".   [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  ascrien,  ascryen, 
askryen,  <  AF.  "ascrier  (later  ME.  escrien,  <  OP. 
escrier,  mod.  F.  eerier),  <  es-  (<  L.  ex),  out,  -t- 
erier,  cry.     Cf.  escry,  and  by  apheresis  .scry, 
doublet  of  ascry :   see  as-^,  e«-l,  and  cry.]    I. 
trans.    1.    To  call  forth  or   out;    call  upon; 
challenge. — 2.  To  descry. 
II.  iittrans.  To  cry  out,  shout,  or  exclaim. 
ascry t,  «.    ''^. ascry,  v.]    Outcry;  clamor;  shout- 
ing. 

Ascry  aros  at  skarmyssh  al  withoute. 

Chaiwer,  Troilus,  ii.  611. 

ascula  (as'ku-la),  n. ;  pi.  asculai  (-le).  [NL., 
dim.  of  ascus.]  '  1.  That  stage  of  the  yoimg  of 
sponges  (as  Olynthus,  Sycon,  ffaliphysema)  in 
which,  after  ceasing  to  be  a  free-swimming 
embryo,  and  before  it  has  changed  into  adult 
form  by  the  development  of  spiculas  in  the 
ectoderm,  or  other  modifications,  it  becomes 
attached  to  some  support.  Haeckel. —  2.  The 
first  period  of  attachment  of  certain  sponges, 
namely,  that  in  which  the  sponge  has  lost  or  is 
losing  its  eoUar,  opening  the  primitive  cloacal 
collar,  and  forming  the  first  central  cavity  with- 
out lateral  ampullfe.  It  corresponds  to  the  pro- 
tospongian  stage  of  Haeckel.     Hyatt. 

ascus  (as'kus),  n. ;  pi.  asci  (as'i)".  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
do/iiif ,  a  leathern  bag,  bottle,  bladder,  wine-skin : 
see  Ascidium,  Ascidia,  etc.]  1.  In  bot.,  the 
spore-case  of  lichens  and  ascomyeetous  fungi, 
consisting  of  a  single  cell,  usually  the  swollen 
terminal  cell  of  a  branch  of  a  hypha,  from  the 
protoplasm  of  which  the  spores  (typically  8)  are 
produced.  Also  called  osdrfJitHi  and  theca. —  2. 
In  archceol.,  same  as  askos. 


Asci. 
A,  Section  of  Pesiza  con. 
vexitta,  maenified  ;  s.  tissue 
of  the  fungus,  surrounding  by 
its  margin  (^)  the  hymeniuiii 
(/(),  which  contains  the  asci. 
B,  A  group  of  asci  i,a-f  \, 
highly  magnitied;  sh,  sui)- 
hymenial  layer  of  hyplia:. 
( From  Sachs's  "  LehrDuch 
der  Botanik.") 


335 
ascyphous  (as'i-fus),  a. 

[<  dr.  aniiV(pi}r,  without  a 
cu]),  <  a-  ])riv.  -I-  (TM't/ior,  a 
cup. J  In  bot,,  having  no 
seyjjhi :  applied  to  lichens 
without  eu)i-shai)od  bod- 
ies (seyphi)  bearing  the 
organs  of  fructification. 

as-ducat  (as'duk"at),  n. 
An  old  Gevman  unit  of 
weight,  used  in  .Saxony, 
equal  to  .'5.287.')  centi- 
grams, or  five  sixths  of  a 
troy  grain. 

asea  (fi-He'),  prep.  phr.  as 
adv.  [<  a'-i  +  .sea.  Cf. 
alaitd^.]  At  sea ;  on  the 
sea;  to  the  sea. 

aseel(a-sel'),  w.  [E.  Ind.] 
A  variety  of  the  common 
hen,  similar  to  the  Malay. 
It  is  of  medium  size,  and  is  es- 
teemed in  the  East  Indies  for 
its  pugnacity. 

aseismatic  (a-sis-mat'ik), 
a.  [<  rt-18  -f-  seismatic] 
Not  seismatic ;  free  fi'om 
shock;  mitigating  the 
effects  of  earthquake- 
shocks  :  applied  to  certain 
contrivances  designed  to  secure  staVjility,  as  of 
lighthouses  and  other  structm-es  during  earth- 
quakes: as,  aseismatic  joints;  aseismatic  tables. 

aseity  (a-se'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  aseite,  <  ML.  aseitas, 
the  state  of  being  of  one's  self,  independent  ex- 
istence, <  L.  o  se,  of  one's  self :  a  for  ab,  of, 
from;  se,  self:  see  se.]  The  mode  of  being  of 
that  which  is  underived  from  anjrthing  else ; 
independent  existence  ;  existence  by  self-origi- 
nation. 

By  what  mysterious  light  have  you  discovered  that  ase- 
ity is  entail'd  on  matter? 

Gentleman  Instructed  (ed.  1732),  p.  425. 

The  absolute  being  and  aseity  of  God.  W.  R.  Smith. 

Aselli,  V.     Phu'al  of  Asellus,  1. 

asellid  (a-sel'id),  n.  .An  isopod  of  the  family 
Aseilidw. 

Asellidse  (a-sel'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asellus  + 
-id(F.]  A  family  of  isopodous  crustaceans,  of 
which  the  genus  Asellus  is  the  type,  it  also  con- 
tains the  genus  Limnoria,  of  which  the  species  L.  tere- 
brans, the  gribble.  Is  destructive  to  submerged  wood. 
Other  genera  are  Ifera  and  Munna.  Its  various  forms 
inhalnt  both  fresh  and  salt  water. 

Asellota  (as-e-16'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asellus  + 
-Ota.]     A  synonym  of  Ascllidie. 

Asellus  (a-sel'us),  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  asinus,  an 
ass:  see  ns.sl.]  1.  [PI.  Aselli  (-i).]  A  name 
given  to  each  of  the  two  stars  y  and  S  Cancri, 
lying  east  of  the  quadrangle  of  that  constel- 
lation.—  2.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Aseilidw.  A.  aqiiaticus,  the  water  hog- 
louse,  is  a  common  form  in  fresh  water. 

asemia  (a-se'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aa-r/uo^,  hav- 
ing or  giving  no  sign,  <  «-  priv.  +  ai/ua,  a  sign.] 
In  patfiol.,  the  loss  of  the  power  of  forming  or 
understanding  any  sign  or  symbol  of  thought, 
whether  spoken,  written,  or  acted.  Also  called 
asymbolia. 

asepsis  (a-sep'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -f- 
(TVi/"C,  putrefaction.]  Absence  of  living  germs 
of  disease,  putrefaction,  or  fermentation . 

asepta  (a-sep'ta),  ■«.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
aseptus,  <  Gr.  aarjiTTog,  not  liable  to  decay:  see 
aseptic]     Things  not  liable  to  putrefy. 

aseptic  (a-sep'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aaiprro;,  not  liable 
to  decay,  <  a-  priv.  -t-  ctjtttoi;,  septic :  see  septic] 
Free  from  the  living  germs  of  disease,  fermen- 
tation, or  putrefaction. 

asepticity  (as-ep-tis'i-ti),  n.  [<  aseptic  +  -ity.] 
The  character  or  quality  of  being  aseptic. 

These  are   absence  of  damp  soil,  asepticitii  of  the  air, 
and  dryness  of  the  atmosphere.  Med.  ^eivs,  XL VII. 

asepticize  (a-sep'ti-siz),  v.  t.  -,  pret.  and  pp. 
ascj}tici:ed,  ppr.  aseptici::ing.  [<  aseptic  +  -i:e.] 
To  render  free  fi'om  living  germs  of  disease, 
fermentation,  or  putrefaction. 

asexual  (a-sek'su-al),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  (a-18) 
+  sexual.]  1. 'Not  sexual;  notse.xed;  having 
no  sex,  as  a  species  or  other  group  of  animals 
which  have  no  sexual  system  or  organs. — 2. 
Neuter;  being  of  neither  sex,  as  some  indi- 
viduals of  species  in  which  other  indi^■iduals 
are  male  or  female,  or  as  some  stages  in  the 
growth  of  indiviiiuals  which  later  develop  into 
male  or  female. — 3.  Effected  or  produced  by 
other  than  sexual  processes;  agamic;  agamo- 
genetic :  as,  asexual  reproduction. 


asb 

Little  colonies  of  these  parasites,  the  Ounintn,  ultimately 
develop  into  medusjr.  Here  is  an  asexual  multiplication, 
but  no  true  alternati-m  of  generation.    Sdeiux,  VII.  264a. 

Asexual  reproduction,  any  process  of  propagation  that 
is  not  ellected  liy  means  of  sexual  organs,  as,  in  bot.,  in 
many  of  the  cryptogams,  by  cell-division,  etc.,  and  in  pha- 
nerogams when  propagation  is  carried  on  by  butls,  off- 
slioots,  tnillis,  etc. 
asexually  (a-sek'su-al-i),  adv.  In  an  asexual 
manner  ;  agamically ;  agamogenetically. 

For  what  are  the  pliamomena  of  Agamogenesis,  stated 
generally?  An  impregnated  egg  develops  into  an  asexual 
form,  A  ;  this  gives  rise  asexually  to  a  second  form  or 
forms,  B,  more  or  less  different  from  A.  B  may  niulliply 
asexually  jmain  ;  in  the  simpler  cases,  however,  it  does 
not,  but,  aeiiuiring  sexual  characters,  produces  impreg- 
nated eggs  from  whence  A  once  more  arises. 

iluxley.  Lay  Sennons,  p.  3U. 

Asgard  (as'gilrd),  ?i.  1<.Icq\. dsr/ardlir,  <  ass,  a 
god,  +  i/ardlir,  an  inclosure,=  T^.yard-:  seeAs'^, 
ijartli^,  and  yard".]  In  Xorse  myth.,  the  abode 
of  the  twelve  gods  and  twenty-six  goddesses, 
and  of  heroes  slain  in  battle,  formed  of  the  eye- 
brows of  the  giant  Ymor.  in  the  midst  of  Asgard 
were  the  jilain  of  Itla  (Idavollr).  where  the  gods  assem- 
bled in  council,  and  Odin's  throne  (Hlidskjaip.  I'he 
several  gods  and  goddesses  h.ad  their  own  dwellings,  and 
Valhalla  (Odin's  hall).  Gladsheim  (the  special  hall  of  the 
gods),  and  Vingolf  (that  of  the  goddesses)  were  connnoll 
meeting-places  for  them  all.  Asgard  was  connectetl  with 
Midg.ard  (the  earth)  by  the  bridge  Bifrost. 

ashl  (ash),  m.  and  a.  [<  ME.  asch,  assh,  eschc, 
etc.,  <  AS.  (CSC  =  I),  esch  =  OHG.  asc,  MHG. 
asch,  m.,  G.  esche,  f.,  =  Icel.  askr  =  Dan.  Sw. 
ask  =  OBulg.  yasika  =  Lith.  nsis,  the  ash.]  I.  tt. 
1.  In  bot. :  (a)  The  popular  name  of  trees  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Fraxinus  (which  see).  The 
common  ash  of  Europe,  F.  excelsior,  is  native  through  the 
greater  part  of  Europe,  northern  Africa,  and  some"  parts 
of  Asia.  It  is  Jl  handsome  ornamental  tree,  and  is  exceetl- 
ingly  valuable  for  its  timber,  which  is  close-grained  and 
remarkably  tough  and  elastic.  It  was  therefore  in  early 
times  the  chief  material  in  the  construction  of  bows  and 
spears,  and  is  now  largely  useil  wherever  these  qualities 
ai'c  needetl.  In  its  younger  state  the  tree  is  called  ground- 
ash,  and  a  variety  is  well  known  in  cultivation  as  weep- 
iug-ash.  The  dowering  ash,  F.  Ornus,  is  a  small  tree  of 
southern  Europe,  sometimes  cultivated  for  oniament.  It 
yields  a  saccharine  exudation,  which  fonns  the  best  known 
and  most  important  of  the  various  kinds  of  manna.  In 
the  United  .States  several  species  of  the  genus  are  com- 
monly known  under  the  name,  as  the  black  ash,  ground- 
ash,  or  hoop-asli,  F.  sambucifolia ;  the  blue  ash,  /''.  qtiad- 
ranyulata  ;  the  green  ash,  F.  viridis;  the  red  ash,  F.  pu- 
bescens ;  the  water-ash,  F.  platycarpa  ;  and  the  white 
ash,  F.  Americana.  The  last  is  the  most  valuable ;  its 
wood  closely  resembles  that  of  the  European  asb,  and  is 
used  for  similar  purposes,  (ft)  The  name  (with  some 
adjunct)  of  various  trees  or  shrubs  of  other  gen- 
era, generally  from  some  resemblance  in  foliage 
or  qualities  of  the  wood  to  the  common  ash. 
(See  below.)  (c)  Also,  in  parts  of  England, 
the  name  of  some  herbaceous  plants,  chiefly 
umbelliferous,  as  the  ground-ash,  or  ashweed, 
.3Sgopodium  Podagraria  and  Angelica  sylrestris, 
and  the  sweet  ash,  Anthriscns  sylrestris. —  2. 
The  wood  of  the  ash-tree ;  hence,  something 
made  of  ash,  as  the  shaft  of  a  lance  or  spear. 
My  grained  asli  a  hundred  times  hath  broke. 

Shak.,  Cor,,  iv,  5. 
Ash  of  Jerusalem,  an  old  English  name  for  woad  or 
dyer's  weed,  Isatis  tinctoria  and  Reseda  luteola. — Bitter 
ash,  a  West  Indian  name  of  the  quassia-tree,  Picrcena 
excelsa. —  Cape  ash,  the  Ekeber<fia  capeYisis,  a  large  melia- 
ceous  tree « if  si  mthern  Africa,  furnishing  valuable  timber. — 
Poison  ash,  the  poison  sumac,  Rtius  venenata. — Prickly 
ash,  a  name  given  to  species  of  Xantfioxyh/in  (X.  Ameri- 
canmn,  X.  Claia-H''/ruli.i.  the  latter  also  rallt-d  .^'  ti-asfi). — 
QuaJdngash,  in  .■^c.itland,  the  aspen.—  Red  ash,  "f  Aus- 
tralia, the  Alphitoni'i  ,'xerha.  a  tall  rhamnaceous  tree  with 
very  hard  wood. — Wild  ash,  an  old  English  name  for  the 
mountain-ash. — Yellow  ash,  a  leguminous  tree  of  the 
United  States,  Cladra.\tis  tincturia.  .See  yellow-wood.  (See 
also  ftoop-ash,  mountain-ash,  wa.fer-ash.) 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  the  ash ;  made  of 
ash. 

ash-  (ash).  «.  [E.  dial.  pi.  axen,  Sc.  as,  ass,  pi. 
asses;  <  ME.  ash,  ashc,  asche,  aische,  esche,  asse, 
aske,  axe,  pi.  ashes,  ascites,  askes,  axes,  and  with 
older  term,  aslien,  aschen,  asken,  axen,  <  AS. 
asce,  cesce,  axe, pi.  ascan,  a^can,  axan,  ccxan,  =  D. 
asch  =  OHG.  asga,  asca,  MH(jr.  asche,  esche,  G. 
asche  =  Icel.  Sw.  aska  =  Dan.  aske  =  Goth. 
a:go,  ash.]  1.  What  remains  of  a  body  that 
is  burned ;  the  incombustible  residue  of  organic 
substances  (animal  or  vegetable)  remaining 
after  combustion;  in  common  usage,  any  in- 
combustible residue  of  materials  used  as  "fuel ; 
usually  in  the  plural.  As  a  commercial  term,  the 
word  generally  means  the  ashes  of  vegetable  substances, 
from  which  are  extracted  the  alkaline  matters  called  pot- 
ash, peailash,  kelp,  barilla,  etc. 

The  ash  of  tobacco.        Donne,  Polydoron  (1631),  p.  142. 

A  residue  consisting  of  carbon,  or  carbon  and  ash.  Ure, 
2.  Fine  material  thrown  out  of  a  volcano  ia 
eruption,  it  is  not,  like  ordinary  ashes,  a  residuiuii  of 
the  combustion  of  a  substance  containing  cai'bonaceoua 
mingled  with  inorganic  matter,  but  is  fiiiely  pulverized 
lava,  derived  in  part  from  the  actual  tearing  asunder  of 


asb 

the  not  follv  consolidated  material  by  the  expansive  force 

^  .<-       -      "  .--r;;,  if  contains,  and  in  part  from  mecnani- 

friction  in  the  chimney  of  the  volca- 

_-  are  called  capilli :  coherent  masses 

.^      .cujria,  cindfr^,  and  boinb^.     If  the 

ill  into  water,  they  assume  a  stratified  fonn. 

J  character  have  been  called  ipneo-oqxuoiis 

ail..  >         ,.  ...riinian.    See /ara,  cofcnno.  and  (iiff. 

3     !>/    The  remains  of  the  human  body  when 

biimed;  hence,  a  dead  body  or  corpse ;  mortal 

remains. 

poor  keyK;old  tgme  of  a  holy  Wng  '■ 

Pale  aihes  of  the  house  of  Lancaster  I 

ThoQ  bloodless  remnant  of  that  royal  blood  . 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  i.  2. 

Black  ashes,  crude  soda.— Blue  ashes,    see  tiiut.— 
Clavellated  ashes.    See  c/artrHnferf.— Dust  and  ashes, 
u  ~.  1-ii.turil  i.hnise  expressive,  when  applied  to  ,>nc  s  self, 
of  deep  humiUation  ;  as,  •  ■  I  which  am  but  rfiwf  a  ml  asA.-v, 
Gen   xviii.  27.— Ultramarine  ashes.    .Sec  ultramannt. 

ash^  (ash),  r.  t.     [<  fl*/<-,  ".]     1.  To  strew  or 
sprinkle  with  ashes. 
They  a»h  and  powder  their  pericraniums. 

UowM,  Letters,  iv.  o. 


a.  To  convert  into  ashes. 

The  folded  filter  paper  brought  into  a  scorifler  and 
a'h^'l  in  a  glowing  muffle.  Amer.  Chem.  Jour.,  VIII.  7S. 
ashame  (a-shim'),  r-  [<  (D  ^E.  aschamen, 
ashtimeii,  i  AS.  dscamian,  dsceamian  (=  jUHCt. 
irncamcn,  erachemen,  G.  erschdmen);  mixed  with 
(2)  ME.  yshamen,  yschamcn,  <  AS.  gcscamian, 
gesceamian.gescomian  (=Goth.  ;/aslcaman,Te6.), 
and  (3)  JIE.  ofschamen,  <  AS.  "ofscamiati  (the 
last  two  in  ME.  only  in  pp.) ;  <  AS.  a-  (E.  n-l), 
AS.  tje-  (E.  a-C),  or  AS.  of-  (E.  «-■*),  respectively, 
+  scamian,  sccamian.  shame:  see  a-I,  a-^,  o-*, 
and  shame,  i.]  I.t  iiitrans.  To  feel  shame;  be 
ashamed. 

n.  trans.  To  shame ;  make  ashamed.  [Now 
rarely  used  except  in  the  past  participle 
(isliaiuei!,  with  the  force  of  an  adjective.] 

It  should  humble,  aihauie  and  grieve  us. 

Harrow,  Works,  II.  417. 

ashamed  (a-shamd'),  p.  a.  [<  (1)  ME.  ashameil, 
anchamed,  <  AS.  dscamod,  mL\ed  with  (2)  ME. 
ygshamed,  <  AS.  gescamod,  and  (3)  ME.  o/- 
schamed,  <  AS.  'ofscamod;  pp.  of  the  preceding 
verb.]  1.  Affected  or  touched  by  shame ;  abash- 
ed or  confused  by  guilt  or  a  couviction  of  some 
wrong  action,  indecorous  conduct,  or  other  im- 
propriety: hardly  used  attributively:  followed  ashlar 
by  •'/,  or  by  a  dependent  clause  with  that. 

lliey  shall  be  timicd  back,  they  shall  be  greatly  ashamed, 
tliat  trust  in  graven  images.  Is.  xlii.  17. 

I  feel  sufiiciently  my  folly's  penance. 
And  am  anham'd ;  that  shame  a  thousand  sonows 
Kced  on  continually.         Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  v.  7. 
Tliose  who  base  their  hopes  for  the  future  on  the  glori- 
ous revelations  of  the  Bible  need  not  be  ashamed  uj  its 
«torj'  of  the  past.       Daman,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  181. 
*'Thy  name?"  .  .  . 
"ABhamed  am  I  thai  I  should  tell  it  thee. 
My  pride  is  broken  :  men  have  seen  my  fall." 

Tenntison,  Geraint. 

2.  Reluctant  through  fear  of  shame  :  followed 
by  an  infinitivo :  as,  I  am  ashamed  to  offer  it, 
it  is  HO  little. 

I  cannot  dig,  to  beg  I  am  ashamed.  Luke  xvi.  3. 

He  was  not  ashamed  to  answer  that  he  coulil  not  live  out 

»f  the  f\n\  smile.  JIacaulau,  lilst.  Eng. 

ashamedly  (a-sha'med-li),  adv.     With  shame, 
ashamedness  ( a-.sha'med-nes),  «.     The  state 

(ti  li^'iiij;  .'t^hairif'd, 
Aahantee,  Ashanti  (a-shan'te),  n.  and  a.  p«'a- 

tivf  name.]    I.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of 

Ashantee,  a  Htate  in  westini  Africa. 

H.  ".  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ashaiitoo. 
ash-barberry  (ash'biir'bpr-i),  h.   a  name  given 

\'i  piiiiiiitc-lcafc'd  spocios  of  barberry  (licrhcns) 

li.|r,iiging  to  the  section  Mahmtia. 
ash-bnad  'n-h'bod),  n.     In  the  manufacture  of 
. .  r  of  ashes  jilnced  near  the  (ire 

'  iritiii  is  mclti'd.   'Ilie  pot  inntabihig 

'  -  liiion  the  ajihcs  when  the  liciit  bccoinrs 

I-  .  Ki..i,..c  ulitji  the  varnish  is  ready  for  mixing. 

aBh-Wn  'nth'bin),  n.     A  recoptaclo  for  aslies 
iffime. 
iHh'kak),  II.     A  ciiko  baked  on  or  in 


336 

ashen^  (ash' en  or  ash'n),  a.  [<  ash^  +  -e«2.] 
Consisting  of  or  resembling  ashes ;  ash-colored : 
as,  "the  ashen  hue  of  age,"  Scott,  Marmion, 
vi.  14. 

ashen^t,  ».     Obsolete  plural  of  ash^.    Chaucer. 

ashery  (ash'e-ri),  «.:  pi.  asheries  (-riz).  [< 
(isit-  +  -enj.~\  1.  A  place  for  ashes;  an  ash- 
hole. —  2.  A  manufaetoiy  of  potash  or  pearl- 
ash. 

ashet  (ash'et),  n.  [Sc,  earlier  asset,  <  F.  as- 
siitte.  a  plate.]  A  large  platter  or  dish,  gener- 
ally of  an  oval  shape,  on  which  meat  is  brought 
to  "the  table.     [Scotch.] 

ash-fire  (ash'fir),  n.  A  slow  fire  of  live  coals 
banked  or  covered  with  ashes,  used  in  chemical 
operations,  and  liy  bakers  and  others. 

ash-fly  (ash'fli),  H.  The  oak-fly,  Cijnips  qiicr- 
ciisl'olii. 

ash-fumace  (ash'fer  nas),  H.  A  kind  of  furnace 
or  oven  iu  which  the  materials  for  glass-making 
are  fritted. 

ash-hole  (ash'hol),  ?(.  A  repository  for  ashes ; 
the  lower  part  of  a  furnace ;  an  ash-bin. 

ashine  (a-shin'),  pre}),  phr.  as  adi:  or  a.     [<  o3 
+  shiiie.)     Shiuiug;  bright;  luminous. 
His  hai-d  features  .  .  .  all  ayrin  and  rtWii/i.' with  glee. 
Charlutle  Bnnte,  Shirley,  iii. 

Ashkenazic  (ash-ke-naz'ik),  o.  Pertaining  or 
relatiug  to  the  Ashteuazim.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV. 
292. 

Ashkenazim  (ash-ke-uaz'im),  n.  ;)/.  [Heb.] 
German-Polish  Jews,' as  distiuguished  from  the 
Sephardim  or  Spanish-Portuguese  Jews.  They 
form  about  90  per  cent,  of  tlie  .lewish  race,  and  differ  from 
the  Sephardim  in  liturgy  and  in  pronunciation  of  Hebrew, 
but  not  in  doctrine. 

ash-key  (ash'ke),  «.  [<  ash'^  +  Veij'^.  Cf.  mn- 
ple-hdj.']  The  key  or  samara  of  the  ash-tree ; 
the  pericarp  of  the  ash;  in  hvr.  (in  the  plural), 
a  represoutation  of  the  keys  or 


Ash-Kcys. 


amarasof  the  ash-tree,  used  as  a 
bearing.  Also  called  a-th-caiidks. 

ashkoko(ash-k6'k6),  n.  Amitive 
name  iu  Abyssinia  of  the  cony,  a 
species  of  Hyrax.  Bruce.  Also 
called  ganam  and  wabber.  See 
ciiini,  2. 

».     See  ashler. 

ash-leach  (ash'loch),  n.  A  hopper  in  which 
iisUcs  are  placed  during  the  process  of  the  re- 
moval of  their  soluble  salts  l)y  li.xiviation. 

ashler,  ashlar  (ash'lcr,  -Uir),"H.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  astlir,  nsler,  etc.,  <mE.  ashclcr,  aschcUr, 
achilcr,  <  OF.  (/i.sf/rc,  ashler,  <  OF.  ai.iclle,  aissele, 
aissclle,  <  ML.  asseVii,  a  little  board  or  shingle 
(ef.  L.  assula,  a  chip,  shingle),  dim.  of  L.  «.vs7.v 
( >  It.  iisse  =  F.  fli'.s),  a  boaril,  plank,  also  spelled 
axis;  and  the  same  word  as  axiy,  axis:  see  «j'(.v 
and«.S'(d.]  1.  A  block  of  building-stone,  rough 
as  it  is  brought  from  the  (piarry;  such  stoues 
(Hillectively. — 2.  In  masonry,  a  squared  stone. 


Athlcr. 
a,  mndom.rnnec  quarry.fnced  Ktlilcr !  *.  roinlom-rnnge  drewd-fnre 
nihlcr ;  e,  couned  qiiiirry-fiicccl  aftliirr ;  rf,  coiincd  dre«eil  nMUcr  witli 
niniyln.(lr.in,  niMi  khowlnif  Iron  anchor;  e.  tjondor  In  nthlor;/,  tu\>- 
ble  nlllti|{  hack  of  aihicr. 


aah-caniilea  (nnli'kanMl/.),  n.  pi.  AHli-keys: 
iih  Krii/lr  'i  nnrm  of  the  fruit  of  the  Enrnpi'iin 
nHlilri'o.   /  irlsior. 

ash-coloT  ' ),  ».     The  color  of  ashesf ; 

ord),  ".   or  tho  color  of 

I'n).  n.     [<  ME.  'ojirhni,  < 

.  J,  <  a^c,  UNh  :  nee  anh^  and 

lo  tho  aiib-treo  or  ito  tini- 


a.iheii 
ber;  rnadi 


'.f  ash. 


Ui>  ashen  •ix-BT.  that  qul»erc<l  a<  11  flow. 

Ori/dtn,  Ir.  of  Oiiil's  McUniorpli.,  ill.  4IM. 


nsdiHtinguished  from  a  Btone  wliich  is  of  irregu- 
lar shape;  such  stones  colleclively. 

Ashlar  utones,  or  ashlars  ait  tbi*y  arc  corntnoiilv  cnlleil, 
are  made  of  various  sizes  on  the  snrfure,  us  llie  cimrarirr 
of  the  edifice  nniy  rciinlru.  Knnie.  Ilril.,  IV.  ITl. 

3.  MttKonrj'  conBtriiclcd  of  aslilor,  Whm  the 
criumi'S  are  not  rigulnr,  but  bnikiii  up  by  llle  use  of  sloins 
of  illllirent  tIdeknesw'M,  It  Is  called  hriikrn  ashler  or  ran- 
ihimrani/e  ashler,  .'iuiall  ashler  iin|>b>ys  Hieines  of  li«» 
tliaii  one  foot  in  brcadtli.  Ilaslnril  ashler  Is  an  usblir  face 
bii.ked  with  rubble  or  "thir  Inferior  work,  as  In  all  coumes 
bill   the  lowest  In  the  cut.      Ashbr  In  said   U>  bo  ;)(niii! 

whin  It  1 othod  on  the  exposed  tiin. ;  Imled  proiifr, 

*>hen   the  to.iling  Is  In  lirooves;   randam-tltated,  whi-n  cut 

"  Ithuut  regularity  ;  chitrltd  urbuatled,  when  wruuglit  with 


Asiarch 

a  narrow  tool;  pointed,  when  wrought  with  a  tool  istill 
narrower ;  rusticated,  or  quarry-faced,  when  the  joints 
only  are  hewn,  the  face  of  the  stone  being  left  irregular; 
prison  ruslic,  when  pitted  into  deep  holes;  herrintj-hone, 
when  tooled  obliquely  in  alternate  directions  ;  und  nigged, 
when  dressed  with  a  pointed  hanuner. 

The  ashler  buttress  braves  its  force. 
And  ramparts  frown  in  battled  row. 

Scott,  Cadyow  Castle. 

Droved  ashler,  a  Scotch  name  for  ashler  of  inferior 
quality,  whether  chiseled  or  random-tooled. 
ashlering  (ash'ler-iug).  H.  [<  ashler  +  -iiig'^.'} 
1.  In  carp.,  short  upright  pieces  to  which  laths 
are  nailed,  extendiug  from  the  floor-beams  to 
the  rafters  in  garrets. —  2.  In  masonry,  ashler 
used  as  a  facing  to  the  body  of  a  wall;  bastard 
ashler. 

ashore  (a-shor'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  oS 
+  shorc^.}  1.  Onshore;  on  or  to  the  land  ad- 
jacent to  water:  as,  bring  the  goods  ashore; 
the  ship  was  driven  ashore. —  2.  On  land:  op- 
jiosed  to  aboard  or  afloat:  as,  tho  captain  of 
the  ship  remained  ashore. 
ash-pit  (ash'pit),  n.  1.  A  place  of  deposit  for 
ashes  and  house-nvbbish  generally. — 2.  The 
place  where  the  cinders  fall  under  a  furnace 
or  fireplace. 
ash-plate  (ash'plat),  n.     The  rear  plate  of  a 

furnace. 
ashrafi.  (ash-raf'i);  H.     [Pers.  ashrafl.']    A  Per- 
sian gold  coin,  weighing  rather  more  than  53 
p'aiiis,  and  worth  about  |2.43. 
ash-shoot  (ash'shot),  H.     A  tube  leading  up- 
ward from  the  stoke-hole  of  a  ship  to  the  deck, 
through  which  the  ashes  are  lifted.     The  shoot 
is  also  utilized  as  a  ventilating  shaft. 
Ashtaroth  (ash'ta-roth),  ii.    [Heb.]    Plural  of 

Jshtonili. 
Ashtoreth  (ash'to-reth),  n.    [Written  Astorcth 
by  Milton:  aHeb.^orig.Pheniciau,  name,  equiv- 
alent to  the  Assyrian  /.-.7i;«r.]    Same  as  Astarte. 
Ashura  (ash'o-ra),  n.     [Ar.  'a.shir,  tenth,  <  'ash- 
ara,  ten.]     A  voluntary  fast-day  oljservcd  by 
the  Mohammedans  on  the  10th  day  of  the  month 
Muliarraui.     Hughes. 
Ash  Wednesday  (ash  wenz'da).    [ME.  asche-, 
ask;  ax-u-edues(lay  ;  ash^and  fi'ednesday.']    The 
first  day  of  Lent.    It  is  named  from  a  custom  in  the 
Western  Chunh  of  sprinkling  ashes  on  the  heads  of  peni- 
tents atlmitted  to  penance  on  that  day.    The  origination 
of  this  ceremony  is  generally  attrilnited  to  (ircgtn-y  the 
Great,     .\ccin-ding  to  the  present  rite  in  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Cluirch,  the  ashes  are  consccrateil  on  the  altar,  sprin- 
kled with  lioly  water,  signed  with  tlic  cross,  and  then 
strewn  on  the  heads  of  tlic  clergy  and  people,  the  priest  re- 
peating, "  Memento  quod  cinis  es,  ct  in  cinercm  revertcris  " 
(Renu^mber  that  thou  art  dust,  and  wilt  to  dust  return). 
ashweed  (ash'wed),  n.     [Formerly  also  a.^he-, 
ai.-ih-u-<<d:  <  (7,s'/(l  +    MTCf/l.]      The  goutwort, 
. T'.iiojiodium  Vodagraria. 
asiy  (ash'i),  a.    [ME.  asshy,  asky ;  <  a.ih"  +  -;/.] 

1.  Belouging  to,  consisting  of,  or  resembling 
ashes;  hence,  ash-colored;  pale. 

A  timely-parted  ghost. 
Of  a*7iv  semblance,  meagre,  pale,  and  blootUess. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  lit.  2. 

2.  Sprinkled  with  ashes.     Chaucer. 

Asian  (a'shian  or  ii'zhian),  fl.  [<  L.  As'iaiiu.<!, 
<  Gr.  'Vnioiof,  <  'An/o,  Asia,  a  town  in  Lydia, 
then  the  region  around,  extended  to  mean  what 
is  now  known  as  Asia  Minor;  in  I'liny  .t.iia  is 
used,  as  now,  for  the  whole  continent.  Tho 
origin  of  tlie  luime  'Aala  is  unknown.]  Pertain- 
ing to  Asia,  a  continent  extending  from  Europe 
eastward  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  from  tho 
frozen  ocean  on  the  north  to  tho  Indian  ocean 
on  the  south. 

Asianic  (li-shi-  or  a-zhi-an'ik),  a.  {<.  A.iian  + 
-ic]     1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Asia  Minor. 

A  s.vllnbic  writing,  evidently  of  Immense  alitlc|nlly. 
which  prevailed  throughout  tho  whole  cd  Asia  Minor,  and 
which  ha-*  been  designated  by  Professor  Sayeo  as  tho 
Asianic  syllabary.      Isaac  Taiilor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  11(1. 

2.   Pevlniriirig  to  or  characterized  by  Asianism, 
or  a  lloriil  iiiid  inllaled  style  of  lileriiture. 

Asianism  (ri'shiiin-  or  a'zhiaii-izin),  n.  f  <  Asian 
+  -iaiii.]  A  florid  anil  inlhifed  style  of  oratory 
or  rhetorical  treatnient,  such  as  was  character- 
istic of  the  Asiatic  (ireeks  in  tho  three  cen- 
turies jireeeding  the  Christiim  era. 

Asiarch  (a'shi-iirk),  n.  |<  LL.  Asiarrhn,  <  Or. 
'.Vfio/H'/i,  <  '.\nia,  ,Asin,  the  province  so  called, 
+  (ipxni;  riilo,  govern.]  In  Ihe  l\'oman  prov- 
inr-e  of  Asia,  one  of  (he  presidents  of  tho  pro- 
vincial games.  The  Aslardis  were  chosen  annually, 
and  celebrated  the  games  wholly  or  In  part  at  their  own 
expense. 

It  was  probably  the  jiollcv  of  the  Uomana  to  eniouraffe 
renlralWallon  In  the  rellulons  orgiuil»iillon  of  llnlr  prov- 
inces, and  the  llllis  ■' Anbierens  of  Asia"  luid  Asiarch 
wi-re  probably  Ititroduced  by  them  Into  Asia  .Minor. 

U.  T,  Newton,  Art  and  Arclucol.,  p.  Ifliii 


Asiatic 

Asiatic  (a-shi-  or  a-zhi-at'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  Tj. 

.liii(ilicus,<.  Gr.  'AcrmnKor,  <  'Atr/a,  L.  Asia,  Asia: 
see  J.««(«.]  I.  ".  1.  Belmigiug  to  or  character- 
istic of  Asia  or  its  iuhabitauts. —  2.  Character- 
ized by  Asiauism.- Asiatic  cholera.  See  clwkra. 
-Asiatic  pills,  in  <j(f(/.,  pills  uf  araeniousoxid  and  black 

I„I.|„T.  _ 

II.  II.  A  native  01  Asia. 
Asiaticism  (a-slii-  or  a-zhi-at'i-sizm),  it.  [<  .1.5/- 
iilic  +  -ism.]  Something  characteristic  of  Asi- 
atics ;  specifically,  Asiatic,  as  distinguisheJ 
from  European,  modes  of  thought  and  life. 
[Karo.] 

'I'lic  ^Tc'it  stru<::p:le  between  Protestantism  and  Asiati- 
ri.^iii.  New  Eng.  Jour,  o/  Education,  XX.  75. 

Asiaticization  (a-shi-  or  a-zhi-at  "i-si-za'shon), 
II.     l<.  Asiaiici;e  + -ation.'}     The  act  of  render- 
ing Asiatic,  or  of  permeating  with  Asiatieism. 
[Rare.] 
The  Asiaticization  of  European  life. 

J.  Fiske,  Xmer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  117. 

Asiaticize  (a-shi-  or  a-zhi-at'i-s!z),  v.  t. ;  pret. 
and  pp.  Asiaticized,  ppr.  AsinMci::ing.  [<  Asi- 
atic -\-  -i.-p.]  To  render  Asiatic ;  tinge  or  imbue 
with  Asiatic  ideas,  customs,  etc.    [Rare.] 

'Ilir  rlusi'  of  the  seventeenth  century,  which  marks  the 

cnhnination  of  the  Asialiciziii'j  tendency  in  Europe,  saw 

de3]i.itisni,  lioth  political  and  reli^'ious,  firmly  established 

in  France,  and  Spain,  and  Italy,  and  in  half  of  Germany. 

J.  Fiske,  Anier.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  119. 

Asida  (as'i-da),  n.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of 
licrtles  of  tiie  subfamily  Asicliiia;  containing 
numerous  wingless  species  with  ovate  bodies, 
iuhaliiting  desert  regions  of  Europe  and  North 
America. 
aside  {a-sid'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  and  ^jre;).  [< 
ME.  aside,  a  side,  on  side,  on  sijd  (also  with  ad- 
verbial gen.  suiiix,  asides,  asidis,  asydis):  see 
on,  «3,  andsirfel.]  I.  udi\  1.  On  or  to  one  side ; 
to  or  at  a  short  distance ;  apart ;  away  from 
some  normal  direction  or  position :  as,  to  tm'n 
or  stand  aside ;  to  draw  a  curtain  aside. 
Thou  Shalt  set  aside  that  which  is  full.  2  Ki.  iv.  4. 

He  took  him  aside  from  the  multitude.        Mark  vii.  33. 
The  flames  were  blown  aside. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1639. 

2.  Apart  or  separately  (from);  in  a  state  of 
withdrawal  or  exclusion  (i^-om).  [A  use  of  aside 
for  apart  nearly  or  quite  peculiar  to  the  United 
States.] 

I  give  thee  love  as  God  gives  light. 
Aside  from  merit  or  from  prayer. 

/(.  T.  Cooke,  Poems,  p.  76. 
That  we  agree  with  him  [Emerson),  or  that  he  always 
agrees  with  iiiraself,  is  aside  from  the  question. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  107. 

3.  Out  of  one's  thoughts,  consideration,  or  re- 
gard ;  away ;  off :  as,  to  lay  aside  one's  animos- 
ity; to  put  one's  cares  aside. 

Without  laying  aside  that  dauntless  valour  which  had 
heen  the  terror  of  every  land  from  the  Elbe  to  the  Pyre- 
nees. Macatilaii,  Hist.  En^'.,  i. 

Books  can  only  reveal  us  to  ourselves,  and  as  often  as 
they  do  us  this  service,  we  lay  them  os'tic. 

Thoreau,  Letters,  p.  153. 

No  man  can  put  abstract  notions  more  entirely  aside 
than  he.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXLII.  590. 

4.  So  as  not  to  be  heard  by  some  one  present : 
chiefly  a  dramatic  use.  Thus,  on  the  stage,  to  utter  a 
speech'a.s^de,  is  to  utter  it  in  ?uch  a  manner  that  it  is  as- 
sumed not  to  be  heard  by  the  other  characters,  or  to  be 
heard  only  by  those  for  whom  it  is  intended. 

O  dear,  madam,  you  are  not  to  say  that  to  her  face !  — 
aside,  ma'am,  aside. — The  whole  scene  is  to  be  aside. 

Sheridan,  The  Critic,  iii.  1. 

II.  prep.  By  the  side  of ;  beside.  [Rare,  ex- 
cept in  old  English  and  .Scotch.] 

Here  slake  your  thirst  aside  their  liveliest  rill.  Landor. 

aside  (a-sid'),  n.  [<  aside,  nrfc]  Something 
spoken  and  not  heard,  or  supposed  not  to  be 
hoard,  by  some  one  or  more  present ;  especially, 
a  remark  uttered  by  an  actor  on  the  stage,  and 
assumed  not  to  be  heard  by  the  other  charac- 
ters on  the  stage,  or  to  be  heard  only  by  those 
for  whom  it  is  intended. 

asiderite  (a-sid'e-rit),  n.  [<Gr.  d- priv.  -I-  atSe- 
pir/jg,  of  iron:  see  o-l8  and  siderite.']  A  me- 
teoric stone  which  contains  no  metallic  iron. 
See  meteorite. 

Asidinae  (as-i-di'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asida  -f- 
-!«(!.]  A  subfamily  of  atracheliate  heterome- 
rous  beetles,  of  the  family  Tenebrionidce,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Asida. 

Asilici  (a-sil'i-si),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Asilus.']  A 
name  given  by  Latreille  to  a  gi-oup  of  tetracha?- 
tous  brachycerous  dipterous  iusects,  corre- 
sponding most  nearly  to  the  modern  family 
Asilid(e,  or  hornet-flies.  Latreille  divided  the  Lin- 
nean  genus  Asituji  into  two  groups,  which  he  called  Asilici 
and  tlijbotiai. 


Robber-fly  {Asi/i<s  Sfrt'ceus,  Say), 
natural  size. 


337 

Asilids  (a-sil'i-de),  n.  pi.  pJh.,<Asilu.i  +  -ida;.'] 
A  family  of  dipterous  insects,  or  flies,  belong- 
ing to  the  group  'I'efraelnita'  of  tlio  suborder 
ISrachyixra ;  the  horiict-llics,  very  active,  pre- 
dacious, and  voracious,  ju'eyiiig  upon  other  in- 
sects, and  making  a  humming  noise  in  flight. 
Asilus  (a-si'lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  asiliis,  a  gad- 
fly, horse-fly.]  1.  A  genus  of  two-wintti-il 
flies,  of  the  family 
Asilida;,  jjopularly 
known  as  hornet- 
flics,  robber-flies, 
or  hawk-flies.  They 
are  large,  rather  slen- 
der-bodied Hies,  having 
strong  legs  an<l  a  re- 
markably strong  beak 
with  which  they  pierce 
their  prey.  They  de- 
stroy caterpillars,  grass- 
hoppers, and  even 
honey-bees.  Their  lar- 
va; live  under  grouTid. 
2.  In  ortiilli. :  (a) 
[I.  c]  An  old  name 
(Gesner,  1555,  to 
Brisson,  1760)  of 
the  willow-warbler,  riiylloscoptts  trochilus.  (Ii) 
A  genus  of  such  warblers.  Bechstein,  1802. 
Asimina  (a-sim'i-na),  n.  [NL.  (cf.  Canadian 
F.  acimine,  the  fruit;  aciminier,  the  tree),  < 
asimina,  the  northern  Algonkin  corruption  of 
southern  Illinois  rassimina  (pi.),  the  name  of 
the  fruit,  prob.,  as  Dr.  Trumbull  suggests,  < 
rassa,  a  sleeve,  +  min,  pi.  mina,  fruit ;  from 
its  shape.]  An  anonaceous  genus  of  shrubs 
of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  including  half 
a  dozen  species,  of  these  the  most  widely  distributed 
is  the  common  papaw,  A.  triloba,  which  becomes  a  small 
tree  and  bears  a  lar'.;e  edililc  fruit.  The  otliers  are  low 
shrubs,  confined  t.i  tin-  liulf  .States.  Some  doubtful  spe- 
cies are  also  credited  to  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies. 
asinaryt  (as'i-na-ri),  a.     [<  L.  asinarius,  <  asi- 

II us,  an  ass:  see'as.sl.]     Asinine.     Baileii. 
asinegot  (as-i-ne'go),  n.     [Also  asinico,  Sp.  as- 
nico,  a  little  ass,  dim.  of  Sp.  Pg.  asuo,  <  L.  asi- 
nit3:  see  assl.]     1.  A  little  ass. —  2.  A  foolish 
fellow. 

Thou  sodden-witted  lord  !  thou  hast  no  more  brain  than 
I  have  in  mine  elbows  ;  an  assinego  mav  tutor  thee. 

Sliak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 
Also  spelled  assinego. 
asinine  (as'i-nin  or  -nin),  a.  [<  L.  asininus,  < 
asiniis,  an  ass:  see  «««!.]  1.  Belonging  to  or 
characteristic  of  the  ass. — 2.  Having  tlie  quali- 
ties attributed  to  the  ass ;  stupid  ;  obstinate ; 
obtrusively  silly ;  offensively  awkward. 

This  one  act  .  .  .  proclaims  his  asinine  nature. 

B.  Jonson,  The  Devil  is  an  Ass,  i.  6. 
The  gravest  historians  of  the  Netherlands  often  relieved 
their  elephantine  labors  by  the  most  a.-.inine  gambols. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  88. 

asininity  (as-i-nin'i-ti),  n.  [<  asinine  -t-  -ity. 
Cf.  ML.  asinitas,  stupidity.]  The  quality  of 
being  asinine ;  obstinate  stupidity. 

The  elephant's  discourse 
Will  neutralize  the  stupid  asininity. 

Tlie  Century,  XXVII.  960. 

asinus  (as'i-nus),  n.  [L.,  an  ass:  see  ass^.] 
In  eoiil. :  (a)  Specifically,  the  ass,  Equiis  asinus. 
(h)  [cap.]  Generically,  a  subgenus  of  Equus, 
including  the  asses,  as  the  hemione,  onager, 
quagga,  zebra,  etc. 

asio  (a'si-6),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  asio  (in  Pliny,  -ndth 
var.  reading  axio),  a  horned  owl.]  .An  old  name 
ofa  horned  owl.  it  was  made  a  genus  by  Brisson, 
1760,  havhlg  as  type  the  common  long-eared  owl  of  Europe, 
A.  otus,  and  the  name  has  been  given  with  little  discrimi- 
nation to  sundry  horned  or  eared  owls.  Now  usually :  (n) 
[eai*.]  A  genus  comprehending  only  A.  otus  and  its  im- 
mediate relatives,  as  A.  iritsoiiiaitus of  North  America,  A. 
accipitrinus,  the  short-eared  owl,  etc.  See  cut  under  owl. 
(ft)  The  siiecitirnameof  the  small  red  or  gray  owl  of  North 
America.  Stri.r  nsio  (Liimajns),  now  Scops  asio. 

Asiphonata  (a-si-fo-na'ta),  n.  i^l.  [NL.,  neut. 
jil.  of  asiiili, Hiatus:  see  asiphonate."]  An  order 
of  acephalous  lamellibranchiate  mollusks,  con- 
taining headless  bivalves  without  respiratorj' 
tubes  or  siphons  Uke  those  which  in  the 
Siphoiiata  convey  water  fi'om  the  gills,  and 
having  the  lobes  of  the  mantle  free.  Jiost  of 
the  Asiplionata  are  fl.ied,  the  foot  being  small  or  want- 
ing, and  many  secrete  a  byssus.  The  order  includes  in 
general  those  bivalves  best  knoivn  and  most  useful  and 
valuable  to  man,  as  oysters,  pearl-oysters,  scallops,  mus- 
sels, unios,  etc.,  and  is  now  divided  into  about  12families. 
Synonymous  with  Alrachia.  Also  A  ■dptionia,  Asiphoniata, 
Asiphonida. 

asiphonata  (a-si'fo-nat),  a.  [<  NL.  asiplionatus, 
<  Gr.  (i-  priv.  -t-  ciipum,  siphon:  see  a-l8  and 
siphonate.^  Not  possessing  a  respiratory  tube 
or  siphon:  opposed  to  siplionate;  specifically, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Asiphonata.  H.  A. 
Nicholson.    Also  asiphoniate  and  esiphonate. 


ask 

Asiphonia  (as-i-fo'ni-a),  n.^>i.  [NL.l  Same  as 
Asijilionala. 

Asiphoniata  (as-i-fo-ui-a'ta),  n.  pit.    [NL.] 

Sanuj  as  .Isiphonata.. 

asiphoniate  (as-i-lo'ni-at),  a.  Same  as  asipho- 
II  ale. 

Asiphonida(as-i-fon'i-dii),  H. /;/.  [NL.]  Same 
MS  Asi piiiiiinla. 

-asis.     Sec  -iusis. 

asitia  (a-sish'iii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  auiTia,  want 
of  food  or  of  appetite,  <  Hairoc,  without  food,  < 
a-  priv.  -I-  bItoc,  food.]  Loss  of  appetite ;  loath- 
ing of  food. 

ask^  (ask),  V.  [E.  dial,  also  ax  and  ass  (pret. 
asf) ;  <  ME.  asken,  eskeii,  assibilated  as^'en,  aa- 
sen,  eshen,  es.<ien,  transposed  axen,  acseu,  acsien, 
oxien,  <  AS.  dscian,  often  transposed  dcsian,  dx- 
ian,  dhsian,  =  OS.  escon  =  OFries.  dskia  =.-  D. 
eischcH  =  OHG.  eiscon,  MHG.  eischen.  G.  eischen, 
heischen  =  Sw.  d.tka  =  Dan.  n'ske,  ask  (ef. 
Icel.  askja,  wish:  see  wish).  =  OBulg.  iskati  = 
Bohem.  ji.skati  =  Russ.  iskati  =  Lith.  jeshkoti 
=  Lett,  i^-skat,  seek;  cf.  Skt.  \/ish,  seek,  de- 
sire.] I.  trans.  1.  To  request;  seek  by  words 
to  obtain ;  petition  for :  commonly  -with  of,  in 
the  sense  of  from,  before  the  person  to  whom 
the  request  is  made, 
^.sfc  counsel  .  .  .  o/God.  Judges  xviii.  5. 

2.  To  demand,  expect,  or  claim :  -with  for:  as, 
what  price  do  you  ask,  or  ask  for  it  ? 

Ask  me  never  so  much  dowry.  Gen.  xxxiv.  12. 

3.  To  solicit  from  ;  request  of :  with  a  personal 
object,  and  with  or  ■without  for  before  the  thing 
desired :  as,  I  ask  you  a  great  favor ;  to  ask  one 
for  a  di'ink  of  water. 

I  came  near,  .  .  .  and  asked  him  the  truth  of  all  this. 

Dan.  vii.  16. 

4.  To  require  as  necessary  or  useful ;  demand ; 
exact. 

The  exigence  of  a  state  asks  a  much  longer  time  to  con- 
duct the  design  to  maturity.  Addison. 
To  find  the  medium  asks  some  share  of  wit. 
And  therefore  'tis  a  mark  fools  never  hit. 

Cotfper,  Conversation. 

5.  To  interrogate  or  inquire  of;  put  a  ques- 
tion to. 

He  is  of  age.  ask  him.  John  ix.  21. 

6.  To  inquire  concerning;  seek  to  be  informed 
about:  as,  to  ask  the  way;  to  ask  a  question. 

Here  kennell'd  in  a  brake  she  finds  a  hound. 
And  asks  the  weary  caitiff  for  his  master. 

Sluik.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  914. 

7.  To  invite :  as,  to  ask  guests  to  a  wedding 

or  entertainment.— To  ask  in  church,  to  publish 
banns  of  marriage.  [The  verb  ask  is  used  in  this  phrase 
because  the  publication  is  really  an  inquiry  whether  any 
one  can  state  any  valid  objection  to  the  marriage. ]=SyiL 
1  to  4.  Ask,  Request,  Beg,  Demand,  Claim,  Require,  Solicit, 
Beseech,  Entreat,  Crave,  Supplicate,  Implore,  Importune. 
Ask  is  the  generic  word  in  this  list ;  it  implies  neither  that 
wh.at  is  jisked  must  be  rendered,  nor.  on  the  other  hand, 
that  it  would  be  a  favor.  Demand,  ctaim,  and  rerjmre  aak 
impfrati\'el,\'  or  authoritatively  ;  the  others  call  for  a  favor 
with  ditlcrent  ilegrees  of  urgency  or  humility.  Beseech, 
solicit,  cittirat,  importune,  and  sometimes  heg,  imply  great 
urgency ;  crave,  supplicate,  and  implore  imply  great  urgen- 
cy .and  great  dependence  or  humility.  Request  is  a  little 
more  formal  or  carefully  civil  than  ask :  as,  your  atten- 
dance is  requested.  Beg  is  primarily  to  ask  as  a  beggar ; 
sometimes,  by  the  hyperbole  of  social  usage,  to  ask  as  a 
favor,  real  or  professed  :  as,  I  beg  your  pardon.  Demand 
and  claim  more  often  refer  to  things ;  require  applies  more 
often  to  action :  as,  he  demanded  his  share ;  he  claimed 
the  whole ;  he  required  me  to  come  :  he  required  some 
proof  to  back  my  demand  and  substantiate  my  claim. 
Solicit  is  ui-gent,  but  less  so  than  the  words  that  follow  it : 
as,  he  solicited  my  vote.  Beseech  is  most  applicable  to  the 
act  of  asking  on  the  ground  of  pure  favor.  Entreat  implies 
continued  appeal  or  representations  of  a  moving  kind. 
Crave  is  almost  or  quite  abject ;  like  beg,  it  has  been  taken 
into  polite  forms  of  speech,  and  in  that  use  robbed  of  most 
of  its  force.  Supplicate  and  implore  are,  figuratively, 
modes  of  prayer,  as  to  a  superior  being ;  they  imply  urgent 
or  desperate  appeal,  perhaps  in  many  words.  To  impor- 
tune is  generally  to  beg  in  a  persistent,  wearying  way, 
with  urgency,  but  perhaps  without  especial  dependence 
or  humility. 

To  ask  and  have,  command  and  he  obeyed. 

Marlowe,  Tamburlaine,  I.  iv.  3. 
To-night  we  hold  a  solenm  supper,  sir. 

And  I'll  request  your  presence.       .Shak,,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 

These  matters  could  not  be  thus  carri'd  without  a  begg'd 
and  borrow'd  force  from  worldly  authority. 

Milton,  Church-Govemnient,  ii.  3. 

It  is  only  when  the  reasonable  and  the  practicable  are 
denied  that  men  demand  the  umreasonable  and  impracti- 
cable. Lowell,  Democracy. 
Since  the  knight 
Came  not  to  us,  of  us  to  claim  the  prize. 
Ourselves  will  send  it  after. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

The  guards  opened  the  doors,  we  were  told  that  we  could 
proceed  no  further,  and  were  required  to  alight. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  41. 

The  port  .  .  .  was  crowded  with  those  who  hastened  to 
solicit  permission  to  share  in  the  enterprise. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  V.  S.,  I.  40. 


His  eves,  his  silence,  did  txiteeh 

For  more  and  more  and  more  of  love. 

William  ilorrii.  Earthly  Paradise,  H.  1J4. 
Lest  I  should  fear  and  fall,  and  miss  Thee  so, 
Who  art  not  missed  by  any  that  entreat. 

Mrt:.  Brvicnintj,  Comfort. 

Time,  the  avenger !  nnto  thee  I  lift 

Mv  hands,  and  eyes,  and  heart,  and  eratx  of  thee  a  gift. 

■'  Bijron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  130. 

We  have  petitioned,  we  have  remonstrated,  we  have  sup- 

pliealeit,  we  have  prostrated  ourselves  before  the  throne, 

and  have  implored  its  interposition  to  arrest  the  tjTan- 

nical  hands  of  the  ministry  and  Parliament. 

Patrick  Henry. 

Did  they  hear  me,  would  they  listen,  did  they  pity  me  sup- 
plicating ? 
Shall  I  heed  them  in  their  anguish  ?  shall  I  brook  to  be 
tupp^icat£d?  Tennyson,  Boadicea. 

ImpUrre  your  help  in  these  pathetic  strains. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  i.  232. 

Jmparturu  him  for  my  moneys ;  be  not  ceas'd 
With  slight  deniaL  SAa*..T.  of  A.,  ii.  1. 

6  and  6.  Aak,  Inquire,  Question.  InterTO:iale.  visi  is  here 
also  the  generic  word ;  it  is  simple  and  informal.  Inquire 
may  be  used  in  the  endeavor  to  be  civil,  or  it  may  express 
a  more  minute  e-xamination  into  facts :  as,  to  inquire  (into, 
as  to)  the  causes  of  discontent.  To  g^lestion  in  this  sense 
implies  the  asking  of  a  series  of  questions,  it  being  sup- 
posed that  the  truth  is  hard  to  get  at,  through  ignorance, 
reluctance,  etc.,  in  the  person  questioned.  Interro'jate  is 
essentially  the  same  as  qucMion.  hut  more  formal :  as,  to 
question  a  child  or  servant  about  his  conduct ;  to  interro- 
gate a  witness,  an  applicant  for  office,  etc.  Questio7iinti 
or  interrogation  might  be  reseuted  where  aahing,  oshiwi 
a  question,  or  inquiring  would  meet  with  a  friendly  re- 
sponse. 

If  we  encountered  a  man  of  rare  intellect,  we  should 
tuk  him  what  books  he  read. 

Emerson,  Letters  and  Social  Aims. 

I  promis'd  to  inquire  carefully 

About  a  schoolmaster  for  the  fair  Bianca. 

Shak.,  1.  of  the  S.  i.  2. 

But  since  i  heard  him  make  reply 

Is  many  a  weary  hour ; 
T  were  well  to  question  him,  and  try 

11  yet  he  keeps  the  power. 

Tennyson.  The  Talking  Oak. 

To  question  and  [to]  interrogate  (are]  to  Jlsk  repeatedly, 
and  in  the  latter  case  more  authoritatively  tli.in  in  the 
former.  Crabb,  English  Synoliynies,  p.  102. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  request  or  petition:  ■^vith 
/or  before  the  thing  requested:  as,  nsi-/(H- bread. 
Your  committee  ask  .for  candor  and  justice ;  they  do 
not  tuk  for  adhesion  to  any  system. 

Sumner,  Prison  Discipline. 

Explore  the  thonght,  explain  the  asking  eye. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  412. 

2.  To  inquire  or  make  inquiry ;  put  a  question : 
often  followed  by  after  or  about,  formerly  also 
bjof. 
\Vherefore  is  It  that  thou  dost  ask  a/ter  my  name  ? 

Gen.  xxxii.  20. 

aak-  (ask),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  asker,  ascar,  askerd, 
askard,  <  ME.  askc,  spelled  once  arskc,  <  AS. 
atheic  (found  but  once,  in  a  gloss),  appar.  contr. 
from  'agithexc  =  OS.  ei/itliassa  =  OL).  cgycdisse, 
egdis,  later  hefihdissc,  hacr/hdissc,  now  liaf/nlis, 
hangdi.<<  (simulating  I),  haafj  =  E.  haij",  h(ilu'<') 
=  OHG.  cijidchsa,  SIIIG.  cyedchsc,  G.  cid(cJi.-<(;  ;i 
newt ;  appar.  a  compound,  but  of  uncertain  for- 
mation ;  perhaps  <  AS.  'agi,  ege  =  OS.  cyi  = 
OHG.  egi  =  Goth,  ayis,  fear  (see  awe),  +  -thexc, 
OHG. -dehsa,  repr.  a  Teut.  •/  'thaks,  make,  fash- 
ion (seen  also  in  OIIG.  MUG.  dah.i,  G.  darlis,  a 
badger,  OHG.  dehsala,  MHG.  drhnrl.  a  hatchet, 
ax,  iu  Gr.  rin-uv,  a  carpenter,  artisan,  rdfov,  a 
bow,  etc.:  see  tectonic,  architect,  toxic),  =  Skt. 
■^  talcsh,  make,  fashion;  the  sense  'awe-  or 
fear-maker'  suiting  the  popular  dread  of  lizards 
and  other  reptiles.]  A  newt.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Seolch.] 

aaka  (is'ku),  n.  [Russ.  nxika.']  A  warm  cap 
witli  a  round  top  and  without  ear-pieces,  woni 
bv  tlif)  ItuBsian  peasantry. 

askance'^  fa-skans'),  od^-  [First  in  early  mod. 
E.j  uIho  written  ascancc,  askuuncc,  a.tcauiirr, 
anhiun.i,  a.'ikaunse,  asconcc,  a  .trance,  a  scmiic(  ,  in 
the  iTiilif  ;«t  recorded  form  (Palsgraves,  \U'.W)  a 
Kcanrhi  :  with  a  later  variant  nxkant,  (|.  v.  Ori- 
gin unr'i-rtttiri.  Gf.  aur/uint,  iisklinl,  axlant,  and 
ajikrir,a.ikile.]  Sidewiso;  obliquely;  out  of  the 
comer  of  the  eye ;  askant. 

But  Knatum  cy'd  askance  the  knriliriK  youth. 

.V.  Arniit/i,  Mohriili  anil  Ruiituni. 
Ho  <bc,  and  tnm'd  askance  n  wintry  <■)■•. 

Tennyiiin,  Tlic  l'rlnl'»■^J•, 

askance'  (ft-(ik(inH'),r.  f.j  pret.  and  pi>.  axkanml, 
jipr.  ankancing.  [<  anKance^,  adv.]  To  turn 
oiiido,  BM  the  I ycii.     [Rare.] 

O,  bnw  aro  Ihcy  wraiip'd  in  with  InlamieK 

Thai  from  thrlr  owri  rnlMlceda  iiskance  tlu-lr  rye* ' 

.Sfmk.,  I/UcriMc.  I.  »,:;:. 

ukance^f,  askancest,  "<'"•  and  conj.    [Early 

mml.  i;.  iixmnrrn,  nikiiunc/:/!,  <  .ME.  imrancr,  ««- 
Icaunrr,  €itcauncc,  unenuncet,  as  iik'iunci;  of  uncer- 


338 

tain  origin:  perhaps  <  OF.  *as  canees :  as,  <  L. 
ad  illas.  to  the ;  canees.  pi.  of  eaiiee,  uuassibilated 
(Pieard)  form  of  cheaiice,  >  ME.  chance,  chaunee, 
E.  chance.    Cf.  J3erchance.'\     I.  adr.  Perhaps. 

Ascaunce  that  craft  is  so  lyght  to  lere? 

Chaucer,  Yeom  .u's  Tale,  1.  838. 

n.  conj.  As  if ;  as  if  (saying). 

.\nd  wroot  the  names  .  .  . 

Ascaunce  [var.  askaunce]  that  he  wolde  for  hem  preye. 
Chaucer,  Sununoner's  Tale,  1.  37. 

Keeping  a  countenance  ascances  she  understood  him 
not.  Sir  p.  Sidney,  Arcadia. 

Therewith  he  raysed  his  heavy  head  alight, 
Askaunces,  Ha  !  indeed  and  thinkest  thou  so. 

Gascoigne,  Flowers.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

askant  (a-skanf),  adv.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ascant,  askaunt,  ascaunt,  later  form  of  askance^. 
Cf.  aslant  OT  asquint.']     Sidewise  ;  askance. 
With  an  eye  askant.  Coirper,  Iliad,  xi.  657. 

asker^  (as'ker),  11.     [ME.  asker,  askere  ;  <  ask^ 
+  -ejl.]     One  who  asks  ;  a  petitioner ;  an  in- 
quirer. 
To  give  to  every  asker.  Bammond,  Works,  I.  99. 

Everj'  asker  being  satisfied. 

Sir  K.  Digby,  The  Nature  of  Bodies. 

asker-  (as'ker),  n.  [E.  dial,  edso  ascar,  askard, 
ascard,  askerd,  askal,  etc. :  see  a«i'-.]  Same  as 
asl:'^.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

askew  (a-skii'),  adi\  [Early  mod.  E.  also  askue, 
uscue,  a' skew;  appar.  <  a'^  +  skew,  q.  v.  Cf. 
equiv.  Icel.  d  ska.]  In  an  oblique  position; 
obliquely;  awry;  out  of  the  proper  position  or 
arrangement ;  hence,  askance ;  sidelong. 

\Mien  ye  lowre,  or  looke  on  me  askew. 

Then  doe  I  die.  Spenser,  .Sonnets,  vii. 

He  [Kepler]  found  that  this  planet  [Mars]  moved  in  an 
ellipse  or  oval  curve  round  the  sun,  which  was  situated 
rather  askew  near  the  middle. 

H".  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  78. 

askilet,i""''i>- />'"■•  as  flrfi'.  [Appar.  <  flS  +  'skile, 
appar.  of  Scand.  origin,  repr.  by  AS.  scenlh, 
sccol-,  scyl-  (cf.  in  comp.  sceolh-egc,  scijl-igede 
=  Icel.  skjOleijyr  =  Sw.  skeloyd  =  Dan.  skeliijet, 
squint-eyed)  =  Icel.  skjdlyr  =  Sw.  dial.  skjaUi  = 
D.  schcel  =  OHG.  scekih  (scelh-).  MUG.  .<:chf'lch. 
schel,  G.  schcel,  schcl,  oblique,  squinting;  hence 
Icel.  sktrla  =  Sw.  skela  —  Dan.  skele,  make  a 
v.-Ty  face.]     Askant.     B/i.  Hall. 

asking  (iis'king),  «.  [<  ME.  askinye,  axunge, 
etc.,  <  AS.  dscung,  dxung,  < ascian,  ask :  see «»ii.] 

1.  The  making  of  a  request;  a  petition:  as,  it 
may  be  ha. I  for  the  asking. — 2.  Proclaniation 
or  publication  in  church  of  l>anns  of  marriage. 
See  in  ask  in  chnrch,  under  a.sA-l. 

askingly  (as'king-li),  (idc.  ^  In  an  entreating 
nuiiiner;  with  expression  of  request  or  desire. 
[Rare.] 

How  askingly  its  footsteps  toward  me  bend  ! 
It  seems  to  say,  "  And  have  1  then  one  friend  ?  " 

Coleridge,  Young  A.s.s  (ed,  179C). 

asklent  (as-klenf),   adv.    A  Scotch  form  of 

aslant. 
askos  (as'kos),  w.     [Gr.  aoK6^,  a  wine-skin:  see 

a.vcK.v.]     In  classical  archa'ol.,  a  vase  imitating 

more  or  less  closely  the  form  of  a  wine-.skin. 

Such  vases,  of  Etruscan"or  (Ircck  workmanship,  are  of  not 

uncommon  ocuurrenee  in  Italy,  and  are  often  provided 

with  u  foot  and  a  liandle.     Also  aseus. 
asla  (as'lii),  n.     An  ancient  Persian  measure  of 

l:iiid,  ]irc)'i>!ibly  a  jiletlira  (which  see). 
aslaket   (a-shlk'),  r.  i.  and  t.      [<  MK.  aslakcn, 

<  AS.  dslacian,  slacken,  loosen,  remit,  <  a-  + 

.v//(ci«H,  .slake:  see  H-' and  a/i/Ac]    1.  To  abate; 

<limimsh. 

The  water  schal  aslake  anil  gon  away. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Talc,  1.  307. 

Shul  .  .  .  thy  hnuty  lookcs  (|Ucnch  my  kindclcd  louc, 
or  thy  gallant  shew  aslake  my  g(»od  wMV 

;,)//;/,  Hupliui's,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  179. 

2.  To  moderate;  mitigate;  appease;  satisfy. 

Atte  Ifwto  nslaked  was  his  nxiod. 

Chaucer,  Knights  Talc.  1.  1102. 
When  mourning  nltArs,  purgd  witli  cnlndcs  life, 
The  black  Infcraall  I'urlcs  docn  aslake. 

S/ienser,  K.  I).,  I.  III.  .10. 
Tlic  bciuit  that  prowls  about  In  search  of  blood, 
(ir  ri|)(llr  Ihut  within  the  trcaclicroM»  lirnkc 
Wulls  for  the  prey,  upeolled.  Its  hunger  to  aslake. 

Southey,  Paraguiiy.  I.  11. 

aslani  (fts-lil'ni),  ».  [Turk.,  <  o/iMh,  arslan,  n 
lion.]  A  Turkish  silver  coin,  worth  from  I  l.T  to 
rjO  nspers.     Sets  asjicr'^. 

aslant  la-Hlant'),  jirrji.  jihr.  as  adr.  or  a.,  and 
prifi.  (MIO.  aslante,  o  slanle,  asUmIe,  (Mirlier 
on  slonir,  on  slenl :  <  «■',  on,  +  slant,  Cf,  He. 
asklent,  a.iclenl.']  I.  adr.  or  a.  In  a  slant ing 
or  sloping  direction;  oblique;  oblirpiely;  not 
porjjeiidicidarly  or  nt  riglit  uiigleH. 


asocial 

The  shaft  drove  through  his  neck  aslant.  Dnjden. 

.\s  with  his  wings  aslant 
Sails  the  fierce  cormorant. 

Long/ellon;  Skeleton  in  Armor. 

H.  i>'^cp.   Slantingly  across  ;  athwart. 

There  is  a  willow  grows  aslant  a  brook. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 
Tlie  swelling  upland  where  tlie  side-hMig  sun 
Aslant  the  wooded  grove  at  eveiiiiii;  goes. 

LongJ'etlo'f.  Spirit  of  Poetry. 

asleep  (a-slep'),  prep.  phr.  as  0((('.  or  a.  [Also 
on  sleep  (Acts  xiii.  36) ;  ME.  ai^lepe,  aslape, 
onsla-pe,  etc.,  <  AS.  on  shrpe,  in  sleep;  <  a3  -f- 
sleep.}  1.  In  or  into  a  state  of  sleep:  as,  to 
fall  asleep. 
He  [Sisera]  was  fast  asleep.  Judges  iv.  21. 

By  whispering  winds  soon  lull'd  asleep. 

Milton,  L'.\llegro,  1.  116. 
And  there  within  the  hollow  lay  .  .  . 
Aslaug  the  golden-headed  child. 
Asleep  and  rosy. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  32. 

2.  Figuratively —  (a)  Dead  ;  in  or  into  a  state 
of  death :  chiefly  in  the  Scriptiu-es  and  religious 
literature. 

Concerning  them  which  are  asleep,  .  .  .  sorrow  not. 

1  Thes.  iv.  13. 
(h)  Dormant;  inactive;  idle. 

During  this  Inquisition  Julia's  tongue 

Was  not  asleep.  liyron,  Dtin  Juan,  i,  145. 

3.  Having  a  peculiar  numb  feeling,  accom- 
panied by  or  passing  off  with  a  prickly  tingling 
sensation.  This  comlitioii  is  produced  usually  by  pro- 
longed pressure  on  the  nerve-trunks,  and  consequently  is 
most  frequent  in  the  arms  and  legs. 

His  legge  .  .  .  was  all  aslepe,  and  in  a  manner  sterke 
stiff.  i'dall,  tr.  of  Erasmus's  Apophthegms,  p.  235. 

4.  2f^aut.,  said  of  sails  when  the  wind  is  just 
strong  enough  to  distend  them  and  prevent 
them  from  shaking. 

aslope  (a-sl6p'),  pp.,  or  }>rep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  late  SlE.  a  slope,  either  <  o3  -1-  slope,  n.,  or 
else  for  aslope,  aslopen,  'slipped  away,'  <  AS. 
dslopen,  pp.  of  dslupan,  slip  away,  <  a-  +  slupan, 
slip:  see  n-l  and  slope,  a.  and  «.,  and  *■/(';>.  Cf. 
alight'^,  of  similar  doulile  formation.]  In  or 
into  an  inclined  or  slanting  position  or  direc- 
tion: with  leaning  or  inclination;  deflected 
from  the  perpendicular ;  with  declivity  or  de- 
scent, as  a  hill. 
Set  them  not  upright,  hut  aslope.  Bacon,  Essays. 

aslugt  (a-slug'),  adv.  [<  oS  +  sltiy^.]  In  a 
sluggish  manner.     [Rare.] 

His  boat 
That  comes  aslxig  against  the  stream. 

Fotherby,  Atheointustix,  il.  12. 

-asm.  [<  Gr.  -aafidc,  <  -dCeiv,  after  -(-,  equiv.  to 
-in/Kir,  ( -Kfiv:  see  -(*'»(,  and  cf.  -f7.«(.]  A  suffix 
of  Greek  origin,  occurring  instead  of  -ism  after 
-(■-,  as  in  enthusiasm,  miasm,  etc. 

asmanite  (as'man-it),  n.  A  form  of  silica 
foimd  in  some  meteorites.  It  has  been  supposed 
to  be  uithorhomliic  in  crystallization,  but  is  probably 
iilontieal  with  tridymite. 

Asmannshauser  (is-manz-hoi'7.(''r),  n.  A  brand 
of  wines  inaili'  at  Asmannshausen,  in  Nassau 
on  tlie  Khine.  These  wines  arc  both  reil  aiul  white,  the 
former  being  in  especial  repute  for  its  excellent  Havorand 
etilor,  though  not  keeping  well. 

asmatographyt  (as-ma-tog'ra-fi),  «.  [<  LGr. 
i}niiiiTirjiuiij)ii(-,  writing  songs,  <  {iniiaTi>)paipav, 
write  songs,  <  Gr.  (i<T/(n(r-),  a  song  (<  (I'lSffv, 
sing,  >  ult.  E.  oile,  q.  v.),  +  -jpii^nv,  write.] 
The  art  of  composing  songs. 

asmear  (a-smer'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
+  snit(ir.]     Smeared  over  ;  bedaiibeci. 

I  eaine  inlo  Snillhlleld,  and  the  sliauiefnl  place,  being  all 
asmear  with  tilth,  and  fat,  and  blood,  and  loam,  seemed  to 
stick  to  nie,  Difken.'i,  Oreat  Mxpeetalions,  xx. 

Asmonean,  Asmonaean  (as-nio-ne'»n),  a.  and 

n.  |<  \Aj.  .tsiiionoKs  or  .Isnionens,  re])resentiiig 
Hell,  hliasnion.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Asmoneus 
or  AsiiKinn^ns,  a  rciiuted  nncestor  of  Mnlta- 
thias,  tlio  fii'st  of  the  Macciiliees  ami  tlie  father 
of  .hulas  Maccabn'us,  who  lived  about  Ifif)  n. 
('. ;  hence,  jicrtaining  to  the  Maccabees.  See 
.Mat'etihrnn. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  fninily  of  Asmoneus;  a 
.Mnociibean. 

asoak  (a-sok'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  nS 
+  soak"]  In  or  into  a  soaked  or  soaking  con- 
ilitinn;  thorouglily  wet. 

asocial  (a-so'shiU),  a.  [<  Or.  ri-  priv,  (n-18) + 
social.]     Unsocial;  antagonistic  to  society. 

Ah  new  morbid  elements  are  fonni-il  In  Ihe  <lisllitegTat- 
Ing  processes  of  disease,  the  ravaiicn  of  wliltli  lliey  tliere- 
upon  HCM'elerate ;  ho  new  prndtietM  of  an  nsneinl  or  jintlMo- 
elal  kind  arc  fonneil  In  the  relronraile  iiielaiiicM  plicmiH  of 
the  hinnaii  Idnd.  Mandsley,  I'.ody  and  Will,  p.  'UX. 


asomatous 

aSOmatOUS  (a-s6'ma-tus),  a.     [<  Gr.  a(TufmToc, 

witliout  a  body,  <  «-  priv.  +  au/ia{T-),  body.] 

Without  a  material  body :  incorporeal.    [Rare.] 

Asopia  (a-so'pi-jl),  n.      [NL. ;  ef.  Asoptis.^      A 

genus  of  pyi-alid  moths.     A.  farinalis  is  the 

meal-moth. 

Asopinse  (as-o-pi'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Asopus  + 

'-iiKi'.]     A  subfamily  of  heteropterous  insects, 

typified  by  the  genus  Asopus.  Also  Asopina. 
Asopus  (a-s6'pus),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  <  L.  Asd- 
piis,  Gr.  S.CTU7r<if,  name  of  several  rivers  and  of 
a  river-god.]  A  genus  of  heteropterous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  I'cntatomidee. 
asor  (as'6r),  «.  [Hob.]  A  ten-stringed  musi- 
cal instrument  of  the  Hebrews,  played  with  a 
plectrum,  and  supposed  to  have  borne  some  re- 
semblance to  the  nebel.  S.  K.  Handbook  Miis. 
Inst.,  p.  19. 

aspi  (asp),  n.  [<  ME.  asp,  aspe,  cspe,  <  AS. 
*a:sp,  (esjje,  aspe,  cspc,  transposed  leps,  =D.  es})  = 
OHG.  asjia,  MHG.  aspe,  G.  espe  =  Icel.  osp,  asp, 
espi,  aspen  wood,  =  Dan.  Sw.  asp,  asp ;  origin 
unknown.  The  E.  form  aspen  is  prop,  an  adj. : 
see  aspen.']  A  European  tree  of  the  poplar  fam- 
ily, Populus  tremula.  in  America  a  aimilar  species, 
/'.  trt'tnuioides,  is  known  as  tlie  quaking  asp,  or  aspen. 
Tlie  wliite  poplar,  P.  alba,  is  also  sometimes  called  the 
white  asp.  The  form  atipen  is  also  common. 
asp-  (asp),  H.  [In  ME.  as  L.,  aspis;  OF.  aspe  = 
Pr.  aspic  (>  F.  aspic,  >  E.  aspic''-,  q.  v.)  =  Sp. 
►•  aspid,  aspide  = 

Pg.  It.  aspide, 
<  L.  aspis  (as- 
pid-), <  Gr.  aairlg 
(aanid-),  an  asp, 
Egyptian  vi- 
per.] 1.  Avery 
venomous  ser- 
pent of  Egypt, 
celebrated  in 
connection  with 
the  story  of 
Cleopatra's  sui- 
_  eido.    It  is  identi- 

'"" "*:,  fied   with   greatest 

Asp,.\»^„A«/o.  probability       with 

the  horned  viper,  of  the  genus  Cerastes,  a  snake  about  15 
inches  long.  The  name  has  also  been  commonly  applied  to 
the  Naja  haje.  a  species  attaining  a  length  of  3  or  4  feet, 
related  to  and  resembling  the  Indian  coljra,  Naja  tripu- 
dians.  It  is  of  a  mottled  green 
and  brown  color,  with  the  skin  of 
the  neck  dilatable,  though  lesf; 
BO  than  that  of  the  true  cobra. 
This  serpent  is  of  frequent  or- 
currence  along  the  Nile,  and  is 
the  sacred  serpent  of  ancient 
Egypt,  represented  comraonl> 
in  art  as  a  part  of  the  head- 
dress of  kings  and  divinitits, 
and  often  connected  with  thi.'ir 
emblems,  as  a  symbol  of  royal 
power.  In  archeology  it  is 
usually  known  as  the  urceus. 
2.  The  common  viper  or 
adder  of  Eiu'ope,  a  feebly 
poisonous  serpent,  for- 
merly named  Vipera  com- 
munis, now  Pelias  hems,  ot 
the  family  Yiperidce.  See 
cut  iinder   adder. —  3.  A 


ptian  royal 
,    father  of 


Asp,  as  an  E| 
„  ,       symbol.— Seti 

name  ot  sundry  other  poi-  Raniesesii. 

sonous  serpents. 
Aspic  and  aspick  are  obsolete  or  poetic  forms. 
AspalacidsB   (as-pa-las'i-de),  n.  j)l.     Same   as 

tiljalacid(e. 
Aspalacinse  (as-pal-a-si'ne),  n.  pi.      Same  as 

Spahicinw. 
aspalathus  (as-pal'a-thus),  n.     [L.,  <  Gr.  aan-d- 

hi6o^,  a  priclily  shrub  yielding  a  fragrant  oil.] 

1.  An  unknown  aromatic  thorny  shrub  men- 
tioned in  the  Apocrypha  and  by  some  of  the 
old  herbalists. 

I  gave  a  sweet  smell  like  cinnamon  and  aspalathus. 

Ecclus.  xxiv.  15. 

2.  [cap.']  The  South  African  broom,  a  large 
genus  of  African  plants,  natural  order  Legumi- 
nosas,  with  small  heath-like  leaves,  and  gener- 
ally with  yellow  flowers. 

Aspalax  (as'pa-laks),  n.     Same  as  Spalax. 

asparagi  (as-par'a-ji),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  as- 
paifKjus.]  In  hoi.,  scaly  shoots  from  under 
ground,  as  in  asparagus.     Also  called  turions. 

asparagic  (as-pa-raj'ik),  a.  [<  asparagus  + 
-»■.]     Same  as  asportic. 

asparagin,  asparagine  (as-par'a-jin),  n.  [<  as- 
paragus +  -ill-,  -inc-.]  A  crystallized  sub- 
stance (C4H3N2O3)  found  in  the  juice  of  as- 
paragus, beets,"  and  other  vegetables,  in  the 
sprouts  of  cereals,  and  in  leguminous  seeds 
during  germination.    It  is  an  amide  of  aspartic  acid. 


339 

.ind  forms  compounds  with  both  acids  and  bases.  Some- 
tinu'H  called  althein  or  nsparaniid. 

asparaginous  (as-pa-raj'i-nus),  a.  [<  aspara- 
gns  -\-  -in'"  +  -ous.]  Belonging  to  asparagus; 
resembling  asparagus;  specifically,  having  ten- 
der edible  shoots  like  tliose  of  asparagus :  as, 
aspiiragiiious  plants. 

asparagus  (as-jiar'a-^s),  n.  [<  L.  asparagus,  < 
Gr,  <i{77ra/j«j or,  Attic  aatpdpayoQ,  asparagus;  said 
to  be  of  Pers.  origin.  In  ML.  by  apheresis  also 
sparagus,  sparagi,  >  It.  sparagio,  OF.  esperage, 
>  early  mod.  E.  spcrage,  sparage,  sperach.  The 
ML.  form  sparagus  wa,s  in  E.  altered  by  popular 
etymology  into  .'iparagrass  and  sparrow-grass 
(sometimes  simply  grass),  which  were  until  re- 
cently in  good  literary  use.]  1.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  ^S7)arrt//».5,  especially  A.  officinalis. —  2. 
[cap.']  A  largo  genus  of  plants  of  the  old  world, 
natural  order  Liliacew.  That  which  is  cultivated  in 
gardens,  the  common  asparagus,  or  Anparaaus  officinalis, 
has  a  nmch-branched  stem  rising  from  thick  and  matted 
perennial  root-stocks,  and  small  greenish-yellow  flowers. 
The  narrow  thread-like  so-called  leaves  are  in  reality 
branchleta  growing  in  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  true  but 
scale-like  leaves.  The  roots  have  a  bitterish  mucilaginous 
taste,  and  the  stalk  is  in  some  degree  aperient  and  deob- 
struent,  but  not  very  efficacious.  The  part  eaten  is  the 
tiu'ion,  or  young  shoot  covered  with  scales  in  place  of 
leaves.  The  sprouts  contain  the  crystalline  substance 
called  asj)a)ar;i)i,— French  or  Prussian  asparagus,  a 
name  in  some  parts  of  England  for  the  fleshy  spike  of 
Ornithoijalum  Pt/renaicum. 

asparagus-bean  (as-par'a-gus-ben),  n.  See 
hcaiA,  1. 

asparagus-beetle  (as-par'a-gus-be"tl),  n.  A 
name  given  to  two  species  dif  leaf -beetles  (Crio- 
ccridw)  of  the  gonus  Crioceris,  C.  asparagi 
(LinniBus)  and  C.  duodccimp^uictata,  (Linnse- 
us),  which  prey  upon  the  asparagus-plant. 
Both  species  were 

imported        into  ..^'^^^^^^.^Tw^  \  \  y 

the  United  States  ^^^@\  I  /(^*=^- 

from  Europe. 
Both  the  beetles 
and  their  larVEe 
feed  upon  the 
asparagus  -  plant, 
but  the  damage 
is  principally 
done  by  the  lar- 
va;. C.  asparagi  is 
blackish  beneath, 
the  thorax  being 
reddish  above, 
and  the  elytra 
ornamented  with 
yellowish  spots  of 
varying  extent.  C. 
duodecimpunctata  is  nearly  uniformly  reddish,  the  elytra 
having  twelve  small  black  spots.  The  larvaj  of  the  two 
species  resemble  each  other  closely ;  they  are  nearly  cylin- 
drical, tapering  somewhat  toward  the  head,  shining,  and 
of  a  dirty  olive-green  color. 

asparagus-stone  (as-par'a-gus-ston),  «.    A 

yellowisili-green  variety  of  the  mineral  apatite, 
occurring  in  Spain  in  small  transparent  crys- 
tals. 

asparamide  (as-par'a-mid),  n.  [<  aspar{agin) 
-\-  amide.]     Same  &s  asparagin. 

asparginic  (as-par-,iiQ'ik),  o.  [<  aspar{a)gin  + 
-/■(.■.]     Same  as  asparilc. 

asparmate  (as-piir'miit),  n.  [<  aspar{a)m(ide) 
+  -rt<(i.]     Same  as  aspartate. 

aspartate  (as-piir'tat),  «.  [<  aspart(ic)  +  -afel.] 
Any  salt  of  aspartic  acid. 

aspartic  (as-par'tik),  a.  [< aspar(agin)  -I-  -t-ic.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  asparagin.  Also 
asparagic,  asparginic — Aspartic  acid,  C'4H7N04,  a 
crystalline  acid  dcri\id  fi"m  asparagin. 

aspet,  >'■     An  old  spelling  of  rtsyA  and  asp2. 

aspect  (as'pekt,  formerly  as-pekt'),  «•  [<  ME. 
aspect,  <  L.  aspectus,  seeing,  look,  appearance, 
countenance,  <  aspicere,  look,  behold,  <  ad,  to, 
-f- s^jecece,  look :  see  .yiecies  and  spy.']  1.  The 
act  of  seeing,  or  of  looking  at  anything ;  view ; 
gaze;  glance;  look.     [Archaic] 

Some  other  mistress  hath  thy  sweet  aspects. 

Sliak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  2. 
His  aspect  was  bent  on  the  ground.  Scott. 

Meeting  the  cold  aspect  of  Duty. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  xi. 

2.  Countenance ;  look  or  particular  appearance 
of  the  face ;  mien ;  air :  as,  a  mild  or  severe 
aspect. 

Wiser  princes  patron  the  arts,  and  carry  an  indulgent 
aspect  unto  scholars.     Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  3. 
Yet,  had  his  aspect  nothing  of  severe, 
But  such  a  face  as  promis'd  him  sincere. 

JJryden,  Character  of  Good  Parson,  i.  12. 

3.  Appearance  to  the  eye  or  mind;  look:  as, 
tlie  physical  aspect  of  the  country. 

And  then  om"  arms,  like  to  a  muzzled  bear. 
Save  in  aspect,  have  all  offence  seal'd  up. 

Shak.,  K,  John,  ii.  1. 
How  sweet,  how  fair,  and  lovely  her  aspects  are  ! 
Her  eyes,  like  bright  Eoan  flames,  shoot  through  me. 

Fletclier  (and  another  ?),  Prophetess,  iii.  3. 


Aspara^s-beetle  {Crioceris  asfiara^), 

,  b,  d,  and  e,  beetle,  eggs,  and  larvi,  natural 

size  ;  c  andy,  eggs  and  larva,  enlarged. 


aspen 

Wliat  a  collegiate  aspect  has  that  fine  Elizabethan  haU, 
where  the  fountain  plays !  Lamb,  Old  Benchers. 

4.  One  of  the  ways  in  which  a  thing  may  be 
viewed  or  contemplated :  as,  to  present  an  ob- 
ject or  a  subject  in  its  true  aspect ;  in  a  double 
aspect;  a  favorable  rtspec^. 

Something  loftier,  more  adorned. 
Than  is  the  common  aspect,  daily  garb, 
Of  human  life.  Wordsworth,  Prelude,  v. 

Undoubtedly  we  have  a  right  to  make  new  words,  as 
they  are  neerleil  by  the  fresh  aspects  under  which  life  pre- 
sents itself  here  in  the  New  World ;  and,  indeed,  wher- 
ever a  language  is  alive,  it  grows. 

Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 

5.  Practical  bearing  or  reference.     [Rare.] 
The  aspect  of  atonement  is  obviously  toward  creatures, 

working  ertects  on  them,  not  on  God. 

J.  Gilbert,  Clirist.  Atonement,  p.  167.    (.N.  E.  D.) 

6.  View  commanded ;  prospect ;  outlook. 
This  town  has  a  good  aspect  toward  the  hill  from  whence 

we  descended.  Evelyn. 

[  Now  used  in  this  sense  mainly  with  reference  to  the  points 
of  the  compass  :  as,  a  house  has  a  southern  aspect  or  ex- 
posure.] 

7.  In  astral.,  the  relative  positions  of  the  plan- 
ets as  they  appear  at  any  given  time  to  an  ob- 
server upon  the  earth ;  the  combined  look  of 
the  heavenly  bodies  from  the  earth.  The  aspects 
are  nine  in  number  :  (1)  semisextile,  a  difference  of  longi- 
tude of  30' ;  (2)  semisquare,  of  46" ;  (3)  sextile,  of  BO' ;  (4) 
qniittile,  of  72°;  (5)  square  or  quartile,  of  90' ;  (6)  trine,  of 
120  ;  (7)  sesquiquadrate,  of  135' ;  (8)  biquintile,  of  144' ; 
(9)  o]ipositioTi,  of  180°.  To  these  may  be  added  conjunc- 
tioTi,  wiiich  occurs  when  the  planets  have  the  same  longi- 
tude. Good  aspects  are  the  semisextile,  sextile,  quintile, 
trine,  and  biquintile.  Bad  aspects  ai'e  the  semisquare, 
square,  sesquiquadrate,  and  opposition.  Mandane  as- 
pects are  such  as  are  formed  by  the  houses  in  horary  as- 
trology and  by  the  semiarcs  of  the  planets  in  nativities. 

Tlie  glorious  planet,  Sol,  .  .  .  whose  med'cinable  eye 
Corrects  the  ill  aspects  of  planets  evil. 

Shah.,  T.  and  C,  1.  3. 

We,  that  behold  the  sad  aspects  of  heaven. 
Leading  sense-blinded  men,  feel  grief  enough 
To  know,  though  not  to  speak,  their  miseries. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iii.  3. 

8.  In  her.,  the  position  of  an  animal  witli  ref- 
erence to  the   spectator Ambulacral   aspect. 

See  ambulacral. — Aspect  Of  a  plane,  in  math.,  the  direc- 
tion of  its  normal.— In  full  aspect.  .Same  as  afront^,  2. 
—  In  trian  aspect,  in  a  po,-ition  between  ajfrvnti  and 
;/n«»nn(.  — Mesial  aspect,     .see  mesial. 

aspectt  (as-pekf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  aspectare,  look  at, 
view,  frcq.  of  aspicere,  look  at :  see  aspect,  n.] 
To  behold ;  look  upon. 

Happy  in  their  mistakes  those  people  whom 
The  northern  pole  asjiects. 

Sir  W.  Temple,  tr.  of  Lucan,  in  Heroic  Virtue. 

aspectable  (as-pek'ta-bl),  a.    [<  L.  aspectabilis, 

that  may  be  seen,  <  aspectare,  see,  look  at :  see 

aspect,  v.]      1.  Capable  of  being  seen ;  visible. 

What  is  in  this  aspectable  world  ?  Ray,  Creation. 

2.  Fair  or  fit  to  be  seen. 

Via  Vittoria,  the  aspectable  street 
W^here  he  lived  mainly. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  57. 

[Rare  in  both  senses.] 
aspectant  (as-pek'tant),  a.  [<  L.  aspectan(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  aspectare  :  see  aspect,  v.]  In  Iter.,  same 
as  aff route,  2. 
aspected  (as-pek'ted),  p.  a.  [<  aspect  +  -ed"^.] 
It.  Looked  at ;  viewed. — 2.  Having  an  aspect 
or  look.     [Rare.] 

Your  lawyer's  face,  a  contracted,  a  subtile,  and  intricate 
face,  full  of  quirks  and  turnings,  a  lab>Tinthean  face,  now 
angularly,  now  circularly,  everj'  way  aspected. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  ii.  1. 

aspecting  (as-pek'ting),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  aspect.] 

Same  as  ajfronte,  2. 
aspectiont  (as-pek'shon),  n.    1<'L.  aspectio(n-), 

<  aspicere,  look  at :  see  aspect,  n.]  The  act  of 
viewing  or  looking  upon  ;  ■view. 

A  Moorish  queen,  upon  aspection  of  the  picture  of  An- 
dromeda, conceived  and  brought  forth  a  fair  one. 

Sir  T.  Broicne. 

aspector  (as-pek'tor),  «.     [<  L.  as  if  'aspector, 

<  aspicere,  look  at :  see  aspect,  n.]  A  beholder ; 
a  spectator.     J.  Davii's.     [Rare.] 

Tlie  first -mentioned  [galvanism]  may  contract  a  muscle, 
or  relax  the  rigidity  of  an  eye-lid,  but  it  is  the  second 
[animal  magnetism]  that  throws  the  diligent  aspector  into 
paroxysms.  Jon  Bee,  Ess.  on  Samuel  Foote. 

aspen  (as'pen),  a.  and  «.  [<  ME.  aspen.i  AS. 
*a;spcn  (not  authenticated ;  =  OFries.  espen  = 
D.  tsjiett  =  G.  espen,  a.),  <  *asp,  CBspe,  asp,  +  -en : 
see  fls/)l  and  -en-.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  tree  named  asp. 

Nor  asi}C7i  leaves  confess  the  gentlest  breeze.  Gay. 

2.  Tremulous,  like  an  aspen-leaf ;  quivering. 
II.  )i.     [A  mod.  substantive  use  of  the  adj., 
prob.  due  to  such  phrases  as  aspen  leaf,  aspen 
tree,  aspen  wood,  etc..  regarded  as  compounds; 
cf.  linden  for  lind.]     Same  as  nsj;l.     [Aspen  is 


aspen 
the  usual  form  in  poetry,  and  is  also  common 

in  prose.] 

His  hand  did  quake 
And  tremble  lite  a  leale  of  Arpin  greene. 

Spentcr,  F.  Q.,  L  il.  51. 

Only  the  pattering  aspfn 
Made  a  sound  of  growing  rain. 

LoictU,  Singing  Leave?. 

asper^t  (as'p^r),  a.  [<  ME.  aspre,  aspere,  <  OF. 
mpre,  <  L.  asper,  rough ;  origin  undetermined.] 
Kough;  rugged;  harsh;  cruel:  savage.  Chaiicir. 

Ml  base  notes  .  .  .  give  an  aspfr  sound. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  173. 

asper^  (as'per),  >i.  [Short  for  L.  sjnritiis  asper. 
a  translation  of  Gr.  TTveiiua  daoi',  rough  breath- 
ing: see  spirit  and  asper'^,  o.]  In  Gr.  gram.,  a 
sign  (')  placed  before  or  over  an  initial  vowel 
or  p  to  show  that  it  is  aspirated,  that  is,  pro- 
nounced as  if  h  preceded  it ;  the  rough  breath- 
ing. Thus,  Of  =  hos;  pk  =  hris.  (in  Latin,  and 
hence  in  mtAiern,  words  derived  from  the  Greek,  nspii-ated 
r  is  represented  by  rh,  as  in  rhinoceros,  rhythm,  the  A  be. 
ing  silent  in  the  modern  pronunciation.) 

asper^  (as'per),  H.  [=F.  aspre  =  lt.  aspero.  < 
ML.  aspenis,  a.^prus,  asperiim,  asprum,  <  JlCir. 
aa-fioi',  prop.  neut.  of  aa-zpo^,  -white.  In  Turk- 
ish this  coin  is  called  aqclia,  lit.  whitish,  <  aq, 
white,  +  -cha,  -ja,  equiv.  to  E.  -isAl.]  An  old 
Egyptian  and  Turkish  silver  coin :  now  only  a 
money  of  account.  \  piaster  is  considered  equal  to 
100  good  aspers  or  120  current  ones.  One  current  asper 
is  equal  to  lour  nintlis  of  a  ITnited  States  mill. 

Demanded  of  me. 
For  what  I  valued  at  so  many  aspers, 
A  thousand  ducats. 

Mojfsinger,  The  Renegado,  i.  3. 

aspera  (as'pe-ra),  n  [NL.,  fem.  of  L.  asper, 
rough.]     Same  as  asper-artery. 

asper-artery  (as'per-ar'te-ri),  H.  [<  L.  aspera 
urttria,  or  urteria  aspera,  a  tr.  of  Gr.  aprr/pia  rpa- 
X'la,  lit.  rough  artery:  see  asper\  artery,  and 
trachea.']     The  trachea  or  mndpipe.     Coiics. 

asperate  (as'pe-rat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  as2>eralus,  pp. 
oiasperare,  roughen,  < asper, rough :  see a.^per^.] 
To  make  rough  or  uneven  in  surface,  sound, 
etc.     [Rare.] 

The  level  surface  of  clear  water  being  by  agitation  as- 
j~.rn>f'1.  lioyle.  Works,  I.  GS3. 

asperation  (as-pe-ra'shon),  H.  [<  asperate  + 
-inn.]     A  making  rough.     Bailey. 

asperge  (as-pcrj'),  i-.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  asperged, 
ppr.  a.^pergiiig.  [=  F.  asperger,  <  L.  aspergerc, 
sprinkle,  <  ad,  to,  +  spargcre,  sprinkle:  see 
sparse,  and  cf.  asperse.]     To  sprinkle. 

Each  thing  in  order,  as  before, 

Uis  piuus  hands  array, 
Asperije  the  shrine ;  and  then  once  more 

He  takes  his  cheerful  way. 

Buticer,  tr.  of  Schiller's  Fridolin. 

aspergeoiret,  »■     [OF.,  also  aspergoir  (mod.  F. 
a>jii  r.soir);  cf.  ML.  aspergeriiim ;  <  L.  a.tperge-, 
ri,  .spriukle:  see  a.iperge,  and  cf.  as2>crgiltiis.] 
.Same  as  aspersorium,  1. 
asperges  (as-per'jez),  n.      [LL.,  prop,  second 
pers.  siug.  future  ind.  of  L.  aspergere,  sprinkle : 
see  asperge.]     In  the  lloin.  t'atli.  Cli.:  («)  An 
antiphon,  taken  from  the  Miserere,  intoned  by 
the  celebrant  and  sung  by  the  choir  before  tlie 
solemn  mass  on  Sundays,  during  which   the 
priest    sprinkles  with  holy  water  the   altar, 
clergy,  and  people.   With  some  modifications, 
the  Miime  rite  is  practised  in  the  Greek  ami  Ori- 
ental churches.     (6)  The  sprinkling  performed 
liy  the  priest  during  the  antiphon. 
anpergill  (as'per-jil),  n.     [<  ML.  aspergillus, 
i\.  v.  I     Hiimo  as  nsjiersorium,  1. 
a8perr;illa,  ".     l'\iiTii\  ot  aspergillum. 
aHp'T"!!!!,  ».     I'hiTid  <i(  a-iprrgitliis. 
a   ,  :!orm    (as-pi'-r-jil  i-form),  a.     [<  ML. 

.  q,  v.,  +  lj.  /itniiii,  shuj)e.]  1. 
.  ..ke  an  u.spergillus  or  sprinkler. —  2. 
in  iini.,  bnish-sliaped;  made  up  of  immcrous 
Bpri'inling  Imirs. 
aapergillom  (ns-p6r-jirum),  n.;  pi.  aspergilla 
(-14).  (Ml,.:  Hif  impirgillus.]  1.  Sftiiif  as  fM- 
prr:  '       2.     [nip.]    [.N'L.]     A  genus  of 

nmll  ..iti  ring-|iot  shells,  of  a    fam- 

ily .1  ,  .a  nyuouym  of  Jircchili.i.     I.n- 

niiirrl:,   ii'.r)). 
aapergllhifl  'ni-p'-r-jiruH),  n.;  pi.  n/ijirrf/iV/iV-i). 
[.Ml.  1 ;,  '  L.  <w;icrocre,  Hprinkl'' ^-■•i' 

fi-fj''  -illtijt.]     1.  ,Satne  hh  ti/ffi  r'-xn- 

I'ni.  Nil.]  A  K''nnHOf  liyjilii.iiiy- 

ccl  ng  several  of  thi>  I'omni'ui 

ni"l  I. ,  hnve  l»-tn  fi.nn.l  I..  I..  .,,: , 

'ini;  «p<-«l«  ■  of  / 

M  tnir  ..I  nil 
I  .   <  ar  anil   in  <li 
dec  6u;  UUtlbt  Ll^vlAU' 


340 

Asperifolise  (as'per-i-fo'li-e),  n.pl.    [NL., fem. 

pi.  of  tisperifolius :  see  a.fj>erifolioiis.]     Same  as 

Bi>rai]iii<ic€<F. 
asperifoliate  (as'per-i-fo'li-at),  a.     [<  NL.  as- 

perifoliatus,  <  L.  asjter,  rough,  +  folium,  leaf: 

see  asper^  and  foliate.]    Having  leiives  rough 

to  the  touch. 
asperifolioUS  (as'per-i-fo'li-us),  a.     [<  NL.  as- 

jnrifolius  :  see  asperifoliate.]     Same  as  as2)eri- 

foliate. 
asperity  (as-per'i-ti),  ji.;  pi.  asperities  (-tiz). 

[Early  mod.  E.  asperitie,  <  ME.  asprete,  <  OF. 

asjyre'ie,  mod.  F.  dpretc  and  asperite,  <  L.  aspe- 

rita(t-)s,  roughness,  <  asper,  rough:  see  asperi-.J 

1 .  Roughness  of  surface ;  nnevenness :  opposed 
to  smoothness. 

The  pores  and  asjierities  of  dr>*  bodies. 

Buylc,  Works,  I.  083. 
Four  thousand  pioneere  were  sent  in  advance  ...  to 
conquer,  in  some  degree,  the  asperities  of  the  road. 

Irvinff,  Granada,  p.  320. 

2.  Koughness  of  sound ;  harshness  of  pronun- 
ciation. 

Those  dissonances  and  asperities  which  still  adhered  to 
.  .  .  our  diction.      'I    Warton,  Hist,  of  Eug.  Poetry,  iii.  62. 

3.  Harshness  of  taste  ;  sourness. 

The  asperity  of  tartai'ous  salts.    Bp.  Berkeley,  Siris,  §  86. 

4.  Roughness  or  ruggedness  of  temper ;  crab- 
bedness;  bitterness;  severity;  as,  to  chide  one 
with  osjierity  ;  "  asperity  ot  character,"  i.«H(/«c. 

It  could  only  have  been  the  strong  political  feeling  uf 
Warton  which  could  have  induced  him  to  censure  the 
prose  of  Milton  with  such  asperitJj. 

I.  D'Israeh,  Quar.  of  Auth.,  p.  261. 
A  royalist,  .  .  .  without  any  of  that  political  asperity 
which  is  :is  unwomanly  as  a  long  beiu"d. 

Maeaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

5.  Disagreeableness ;  unpleasantness ;  difficul- 
ty :  as.  "  the  acclivities  and  as2>erities  of  duty," 
Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  xlii. 

The  allurements  of  praise  and  the  asperities  of  censure. 

Sumner,  Fame  and  Glory. 

=  Syn.  4.  Acriniony,  Harshness,  etc.     See  acrimony. 

asperlyt  (as'per-li),  adr.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 

(isprchi,   <    ME.    asperly ;   <    aspcr^     +    -ly^.'i 

Roughly;  sharply;  ^^gorously. 

Enforced  their  enemies  to  strike  on  land,  and  tliere  as. 
saulted  them  so  asprehi. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  i.  17. 

aspermatism  (as-per'ma-tizm),  «.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  a-tpua(T-),  seed,  -1-  -ism.]  1.  Absence 
of  seminal  secretion. — 2.  The  non-emission  of 
semen  in  the  sexual  orgasm,  owing  to  its  re- 
flux into  the  bladder. 

aspermatous  (as-ptT'ma-tus),  o.  Same  as 
iu^l>i  rinf)ii.s. 

aspermous  (as-per'mus),  a,  [<NL.  aspermus, 
<  Gr.  aa-ipiwc,  seedless,  <  u- priv.  +  a^ip/ia,  seed : 
see  sjtrrm.]     In  hot.,  destitute  of  seed. 

aspernationt  (as-per-na'shon),  11.  [<  L.  asper- 
nalio{n-),  <  uspvniari,  pp.  aspvrnatus,  disdain, 
spurn,  neglect,  <  ah,  i'roni,  +  spcniari,  despise, 
sinirn.]  1.  A  despising,  etc.  Bailey,  1731. — 
2.   Xeglect ;  disregai'd.    Johii.ion. 

aspernesst,  ".  [ME.  asprencsse ;  <  aspcr'>-  + 
-»'.«.  I     Harshness;  severity.     Chaucer. 

asperoust  (as'jier-us),  a.  [<  L.  asper,  rough 
(see  asjicr'^ ),  -I-  -oiis.]  Rough  to  the  touch;  un- 
even ;  harsh;  severe. 

asperse  (as-i)ers'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  i)p.  aspersed, 
]ipr.  it.sprr.iiiig.  [<L.  aspersii.':,  \t\>.  ttf  a.fpergere, 
bes|irinkle,  l)e8l)atter:  sec  asjurgc.]  1.  To  be- 
sprinkle; scatter  over. 

.isiicrse  ami  siirinkle  the  uttendunts. 

J.  Ilralh,  Khlgellum,  p.  ir,!l. 

The  mourners  returning  from  a  Koman  funcnil,  nsiirrs.it 
with  water  and  stepping  over  Ihc,  wiTe  liy  Ihle  dcMllilc  Jini- 
cess  niude  pure.  K.  /(.  Tylor,  I'rlui.  t'ulturi-,  II.  :i!is. 

2.  To  bespatter  with  foul  reports  or  false  and 
injurious  charges;  tarni.sh  in  point  of  reputa- 
tion or  good  name;  slaniier;  calumniate. 

With  blackest  crimes  asjii-rsni.  Cowprr,  Iliad,  vl. 

What  perplexed  us  must,  wiw  to  think  who  ciuild  he  ho 
Ipime  as  to  asprrse  the  character  of  n  family  so  harndesH  us 
iiurs.  Goldsmith,  N'Icur,  .\iv. 

=  8yn.  2.  Asjterse,  Dr/atw,  Calumniate,  .Slander,  Maliyn, 
Truilure,  l.iln'l,  Vilify,  decry,  ilepreclnle,  dlspnraite,  nlur, 
run  iliiwii.  lurnpiinii.  blacken.  Tlu«e  words  are  all  dcHcrip- 
live  <if  attempts  lo  Injure  reliutalbui  by  false  slutemeiits. 
They  all  ajiply  priniiirily  and  chlilly  to  persons.  There  In 
often  Utile  or  no  illlteriMicc  between  them.  Atiirr^r  l«, 
llteriilly,  to  besiialUT,  lui  with  mud  or  dirt ;  II  soiiu'tlniin 
Implies  liilury  to  reputation  by  Indirect  niKlnuation.  /).• 
.(.i/w  In,  litenilly,  to  lower  the  fame  or  repute  cf,  to  btlnu 
t'lufird  Intartiy.  to  make  rhiirgen  that  are  more  oprn  iind 
^teluhty  tliiin  aMpiTHions.  Calumniate,  flaniler,  and  mo 
li[ln  ripre«ent  the  mint  deliberate  nnil  deadly  nsanults 
niHiH  repiltiitlnn.  'llo'  ralumnialor  In  nnist  often  thi-  In- 
v>  lilor  of  llir'  falsehoods  he  clriMlnt<«.  The  tlnwlrrrr  la 
1'  ^j.  Inventlvi-  nnil  morn  secret,  his  work  being  gcnenilly 
ixlilnd  the  back  of  the  Injured  person.  TUo  malifiwr  in 
inoit  ndsclilcvous,  liudlclous,  or  malitin  In  Ids  mollvci*. 
'J'o  trailuM  Is  to  mlaroprcMnl,  to  show  In  an  odtons  Huht 


aspbalt 

Libel  and  slander  are  the  words  most  used  in  speaking  of 
injury  to  reputation  in  its  relation  to  the  possible  recov. 
ery  of  damages  at  law.  To  libel,  therefore,  often  suggests 
the  pecuniary  loss  by  defamation;  libel  is  strictly  cllected 
bv  publication,  while  slamler  is  strictly  by  word  of  mouth. 
Vilifii  is,  literally,  to  make  one  (seem)  vile  ;  it  suggests  a 
defamation  of  the  coarser  and  more  abusive  sort.  See 
decry. 

I  am  not  sure  .  .  .  whether  I  ought  not  to  call  you  out 
for  aspej-siny  the  honour  of  the  family. 

liarham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  1.35. 

Wlienever  you  would  ruin  a  person  or  a  government, 

you  must  begin  by  spreading  calumnies  to  d^ame  them, 

Qiuited  by  /.  J)'Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  75. 

One  trade  or  art,  even  those  that  slnndd  be  tile  most 

liberal,  nuU^e  it  their  business  to  disdain  and  calumniate 

another.  lip.  Sprat. 

Thou  sittest  and  speakest  against  thy  brother:  thou 

slanderest  thine  own  mother's  son.  Ps.  I.  20. 

You  mali;jn  our  senators,  for  that 

Tliev  are  not  sucli  as  you.  Shak.,  Cor.,  i,  1. 

If  I  am 
Traduc'd  by  ignorant  tongues,  .  .  . 
'Tis  but  the  fate  of  ])lace,  and  the  rough  brake 
That  virtue  must  go  through, 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII,,  i,  2. 
His  [Dr,  Kendrick's)  virulent  attack  on  Johnson's  Shake, 
speare  may  be  preserved  for  its  total  want  of  literary  <le. 
cency.  .  .  *.  He  libelled  all  the  genius  of  the  age,  ami  was 
proud  of  doing  it,  /.  D' Israeli,  Cal.  of  .\uth.,  p,  217, 

\yiien  I  finil  the  first  of  men.  in  rank  and  genius,  hating 
one  another,  and  becoming  slanderers  and  liiu-s  in  onler  to 
lower  and  i'i7i/i/ an  opponent.  .  .  .  I  lookback  in  vain  on 
any  barbarous  people  for  more  barbarism, 

Landor,  Peter  the  Great  and  Ale-xis. 

aspersed  (as-persf),  J'.  "•     In   her.,  same  as 

.ST ///('. 

asperser  (as-p^r'ser),  n.  1.  An  aspersoriuin. 
—  2.  One  who  asperses  or  ■vilifies  another. 
aspersion  (as-per'shon).  n.  [=  F.  a.spersioii,  < 
L.  asjHrsio{>i-),  a  besprinkling,  <  as2)ergerc,  be- 
sprinJde;  see  asperse,  asperge.]  I.  A  spriu- 
khug,  as  of  or  with  water. 

No  sweet  aspersion  shall  the  heavens  let  fall 
To  make  this  contract  grow,    Shak.,  Tempest,  iv,  1, 
To  season  a  surly  discourse  with  a  more  pleasing  asper- 
sion of  love  matters.  Burton,  Anat,  of  ilel.,  p,  424. 
;Ximene3,  unable  to  administer  the  rite  to  each  iiulivid. 
ually,  w.as  obligetl  to  adopt  the  expedient  familiar  to  the 
Christian  missionaries,  of  cluistcnini;  them  en  masse  by 
aspersion;  scattering  the  consccrateil  drops  from  a  mop, 
or  I1.VSS0]),  as  it  was  called,  which  be  twirled  over  the 
head's  of  the  multitude,  rrcseott,  Fcrd,  ami  Isa..  ii.  6. 

2.  The  making  of  calumnious  reports,  imputa- 
tions, or  charges ;  a  derogatory  assertion  or 
criticism;  calumny;  censure. 

There,  sir,  an  attack  upon  my  language!  wliat  do  you 
think  of  thaf^ —  an  aspersion  upon  my  parts  of  speech  I 
Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  3, 
Ever.v  candid  critic  wouM  be  ashamed  to  <'ast  wholesale 
aspersions  on  the  entire  body  of  professional  teachers, 

(/rote,  Hist.  Greece,  II.  67, 

aspersive  (as-p6r'siv),  n.     [<  asperse  +  -ice.] 
Tending  to  asperse;  defamatory;  calumnious; 
slanderous. 
aspersively  (as-xier'siv-li),  adr.     In  an  asper- 
sive manner;  by  way  of  aspersion. 
aspersoir  (as-per-swor'),  II.     [F.,  <  ML.  asi)(r- 
.•.tiriiim.]     Same  as  asjierforiiim. 
aspersorivun(as-per-s6'ri-uni),  II.;  i>\.as)iersoria 
(-ii).   [ML,,<  L.  aspergerc,  jip.  aspcrsiis,  besprin- 
kle: see  rt.'-^Jccsc]    1.  A  brush, 
or  oftener  a  metallic  instru- 
ment, used  by  the  priest  in  Ro- 
man    Cathoiic    churches     for 
sprinkling   holy  water.     Also 
called  (is))criiilliis,  aspcrgilliiiii, 
aspcrgill.  —  2.    A     holy-water 
stou|i  or  font.    J'arl'cr,  Concise 
Gloss.ary.      [Not   in   common 
Middle  Lilt  in  use.] 


Aspci 


aspersory  (as-per'so-ri),  u,      [<  (f.v/icrar -f -ori/. 
Ci.  d.^pcrsoriitiii.]    Tending  to  i 


torv. 


1  asperse ;  defama- 

asphalt  (as'falt  or  as-falt'),  n.  [Also  written 
as  F.,  ii.ijihaltc,  and  asNL.,  asiilialtiiiii,  formerly 
also  asphiiltiis,  -os,  -a,  and  as  It,,  ii.ipiillo;  in 
ME.  sjicllcd  fl.s7)fl«,  once  anpaltoidi ;  <  OF.  '<i.i- 
jKill  =  I'v.  a.s-iihalt  =  S]i,  asfiilto  =  It.  aspiilto, 
iisfalln,  <  Gr.  iiaipaXnir,  asiilitilt,  bitumen ;  a  word 
of"  undeterniined  foreign  origin.]  1.  Satne  as 
iisphaltiim. — 2.  A  bituininons  malerinl,  em- 
ployed for  the  covering  of  roofs  and  nrelies,  foi 
the  lining  of  tanks,  for  juivcnii'iil  and  Mooring, 
and  as  a  cement.  .See  iixjthtdtum.  In  the  inlted 
Slates  the  substance  HO  named  is  (-omnionlv  ninile  of  refuse 
tar  from  gas-hoUHcs,  mivcd  wlIli  slakrd  llnie  and  gravel. 
Also  calbil  os,d.iillie  rruo-nl. 

3.  A  tliiek  soliilion  of  the  finest  asiilialtum  in 
sjiirils  of  liirpenliiii',  used  by  o])Hi'inns.  II  Is  used 
for  making  ci'lls  on  pieces  o(  i;laSH,'  In  «lili  li  obji^cts  may  bo 
prr'nrviil  In  liquid,  for  exnnilnatlon  wilh  tlic  tnliinHcopo, 
Asphalt-fXlrnaCe,  a  portable  furnaii'  In  wblili  aspball 
(■■■ini'iit  Is  Iicaird  for  usi'  In  rooilng.  pavliik',  i-fr  Asphalt 
Btone,  aophalt  rock.  .Hii-(i«../ni/fioii.  Asphalt  tiling, 
a  mosaic  of  china  or  glass  bi-itdfil  In  aHpliall,  juni  made  ni 
the  fonn  ot  floorlng-Uios.— ABphalt  varnlah,  a  libnk  var. 


asphalt 

nisli  cniiiposed  of  3  parts  of  asplialt,  4  of  boiled  linsi-i-d- 
oil,  and  fioiu  10  to  18  of  oil  uf  turpentine.— Mexican  as- 
phalt.   Same  as  chapapote. 

asphalt  (as-f alt'),  V.  #.  l<  asjjhalt,  71.']  To  cover 
or  treat  with  asphalt. 

asphalter  (as-fal'ter),  )'.  One  who  covers  (as 
a  \)iith  or  a  roof)  with  asphalt. 

asphaltic  (as-fal'tik),  a.  [<  asphalt  +  -/c]  Of 
tho  nature  of  or  containiug  asphalt ;  bitumi- 
nous  Asphaltic  cement  or  asphaltic  mastic.  Same 

as  (L'i/ilialt,  •^. 

asphalting  (as-fal'ting),  )}.  Tho  process  of 
covering  or  paving  with  asphalt. 

In  Paris  .  .  .  asphaWuvj  is  still  extensively  practiced  in 
the  more  spacious  thoroughfares. 

Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc,  p.  112. 

asphaltite  (as-fal'tit),  «,  [<  L.  Asphaltites,  a 
term  applied  especially  to  the  Dead  Sea;  < 
Gr.  aGtpaATiTtj<:,  of  asphalt,  <  dtj^a/iroc,  asphalt.] 
Asphaltic ;  bituminous. 

asphaltOSt  (as-far tos),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aoipalTog : 
sen  asphalt.]     Same  as  asphalt. 

asphaltotype  (as-fal'to-tip),  ».  [<  Gr.  au(l>aX' 
Tug^  bitimieu,  +  ti'ttoc,  type.]  A  negative  photo- 
graph produced,  by  the  process  of  Niepee,  on  a 
plate  coated  witlx  a  film  of  bitumen.  Seephotog- 
rajthif. 

asphaltum  (as-fal'tum),  n.  [NL. :  see  asphalt.] 
One  of  the  so-called  bituminous  substances 
which  are  widely  diffused  over  the  earth,  and  are 
of  great  practical  importance.  See  bitiuncn  and 
hitutninoiis.  The  asplialtums  of  various  localities  differ 
from  each  other  considerably  in  chemical  composition,  as 
is  proved  by  their  different  chemical  reactions.  They  all 
agree,  however,  in  beiriy  amorphous,  in  having  the  luster 
and  general  appearance  of  pitch  (whence  the  name  of  min- 
eral pitch,  often  applied  to  them),  in  melting  at  about  the 
temperature  of  boiling  water,  and  in  taking  fire  when 
heated  and  burning  with  a  bright  but  smoky  flame.  They 
differ  essentially  from  coal  in  being  more  or  less  soluble  in 
various  reagents,  such  as  oil  of  turpentine,  etlier,  and  alco- 
hol. Asplialtum  seems,  in  most  cases  at  least,  to  have 
resultevl  from  the  hardening  of  the  more  liquid  forms  of 
bituminous  substances,  namely,  maltha  and  petroleum, 
which  have  oozed  out  upon  the  surface  and  become  in- 
spissated by  oxygenation  or  evaporation  of  their  more  vol- 
atile portions,  or  by  both  causes  combined.  The  most 
interesting  locality  of  asphaltum  is  the  so-called  "pitch- 
lake"  in  the  island  of  Trinidad,  about  ;i  niilt-  and  a  lialf  in 
circumference,  and  lllkd  witii  u.sphaltum,  wliitb  near  tlie 
sliore  is  quite  solid,  but  nearer  the  center,  in  jtlaces,  is  soft 
and  bubbling.  Most  of  what  is  called  asphaltum  con- 
sists of  this  material  more  or  less  mixed  with  sand  or 
other  mineral  substances.  Asphaltum  is  extensively  used 
m  a  variety  of  ways,  and  especially  for  pavements,  foot- 
walks,  and  roofing.  For  this  purpose  the  material  is  pre- 
pared by  mixing  it  while  hot  with  sand  or  fine  gravel,  or 
by  causing  it  to  be  absorbed  by  paper.  Certain  kinds 
of  asphaltic  rock,  or  asphalts  (F.  afphalte),  as  they  are 
frequently  called,  are  peculiarly  adapted  for  pavements 
or  other  special  purposes.  The  localities  of  Seyssel  in 
France  and  Val  de  Travers  in  Switzerland  are  the  most 
important  of  this  kind.  At  each  of  these  the  asphalie  con- 
sists of  limestone  impregnated  with  bituminous  material 
to  the  amount  of  from  4  to  16  per  cent.  This  rock,  espe- 
cially that  from  Val  de  Travers.  has  the  remarkalile  prop- 
erty of  forming,  without  any  admixture,  an  extraordinari- 
ly durable  and  elastic  roadway,  and  is,  although  expensive, 
extensively  used  for  that  purpose  in  Paris  and  other  large 
cities  of  Europe.  The  rock  has  only  to  be  heated,  wlien  it 
crumbles  to  powder,  in  which  condition  it  is  compressed 
in  molds  into  blocks,  or  simply  spread  over  the  surface 
requireil  to  be  covered,  and  packed  or  pressed  by  pestle  or 
roller,  when,  after  cooling,  it  assumes  a  condition  closely 
resembling  that  of  the  original  rock.  See  maltha,  naph- 
tha, and  petni/riiiii.     Also  asphalt. 

aspheterism  (as-fet'e-rizm),  «.     [<  Gr.  a- priv. 

+  a(pETepog,  one's  own,  +  -ism.  Cf.  Gr.  o(p^Tefn- 
Cfi6g,  approi)riation.]  Denial  of  the  right  of 
private  property;  the  principle  of  communism, 
}^outheij,     [Rare.] 

aspheterize  (as-fet'e-riz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
aspheteri;:€(l^  ppr.  aspheterizing.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
+  c(phEpo^,  one's  own,  +  -ize.  Cf.  spheterize.'] 
To  practise  aspheterism.    Coleridge.    [Rare.] 

asphodel  (as'fo-del),  «.  [<  L.  asphodelus,  <  Gr. 
dff0ofSeXof,  king's-spear,  a  plant  of  the  lily  kind; 
as  adj.,  du(po6€2.bg  'Aci/idl;  in 
Homer,  the  asphodel  meadow 
of  the  dead;  origin  imknowii. 
The  E.  forms  ajfodil,  dajfodil, 
daffodilli/,  etc. ,  are  corrup- 
tions of  asphodel :  see  daffo- 
dil.] A  name  of  various  spe- 
cies of  Asj)hodelHS,  a  geims  of 
plants,  natiu'al  order  Liliacca; 
natives  of  southern  Europe. 
The  yellow  asphodel  or  kings-spear, 
A.  luteu^,  is  the  handsomest  and 
hest-known  species,  though  others  are 
sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament. 
The  asphodel  of  the  earlier  English  and 
French  poets  is  the  daffodil,  Narcissus 
Pseudo-narcissa^.  In  Gr.  myth,  the 
asphodel  w;\s  the  peculiar  plant  of  the  dead,  its  pale  blos- 
soms covering  the  meadows  of  Hades.  It  received  this  at- 
tribution, perhaps,  because  in  Greek  lands  it  is  a  very 
common  weed,  plentiful  in  barren  and  desert  places  and 
ftbout  uombs. 


Branched  Asphodel 
{ Aspkodelus  ramo' 
sus). 


341 

The  banks  of  asphndH  that  border  the  river  of  life, 

0.  W.  UUm>-!<,  Autocrat,  iv. 

Bog-asphodel,  tlic  name  of  species  of  ,\<irlhn-hnii,  .V. 
t's.^i/ifr'iinji  iui(l\.V,  Amerieanutii. — False  asphodel,  tlie 
Aiiiniraii  name  of  phmts  of  tlie  genus  Tujii'ldia.—  Scotch 
asphodel,  Tojieidia  paluntrin. 

asphyctic  (as-fik'tik),  a.  [<  (Jr.  aaipvKTog,  with- 
out pulsation  (see  aniiln/xin),  +  -»c.]  1.  Por- 
tniiiiu^;  to  aspliyxia. —  2.  I'ulsclcss. 

asphyxia  (as-fik'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  hcKpv^ia,  a 
stopping;  of  the  x'lilso,  <  aa<j}viiToc,  without  pul- 
sation, <;  (i-  priv.  +  a<l}lj^eiv  {■[/  "aipvy),  pulsate, 
throb.]  If.  Originally,  absence  of  pulse. —  2. 
Tho  extreme  condition  caused  by  lack  of  oxy- 
gen and  excess  of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  blood, 
brought  about  by  any  sufficient  interference 
with  respiration,  as  in  choking,  drowning,  or 
paralysis  of  tho  muscles  of  respiration.  Also 
aspln/xif — Local  asphyxia.    See  Ilirynnvd's  disease. 

asphyxial  (as-fik'si-al),  n.  [i  asphi/xia  + -nl.'] 
Kehiting  to  asphyxia;  resulting  from  or  indi- 
cating asphyxia:  as,  o.S7//((/,rio7  symptoms. 

asphyxiant'  (as-iik'si-ant),  )?.  [<  asphyxia  + 
-«(((!.]  Any  X'oisonous  chemical  substance 
whicli  produces  asphyxia. 

asphyxiate  (as-fik'si-at),  I',  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  «*■- 
pi'i/xiatcd,  ppr.  asplnjxialing.  [<  iisphyxia  + 
-atv".'\  To  produce  asphyxia  iu;  sulTocate,  or 
deprive  of  oxygen  to  the  extent  of  i^roducing 
death  or  very  serious  symptoms. 

The  deprivation  of  oxygen,  and  the  accumulation  of 
carbonic  acid,  cause  injury  long  before  the  asphyzialimi 
point  is  reached.      Huxley  and  Youmaus,  Physiol.,  §  128. 

asphyxiation  (as-fik-si-a'shon),  n.     [<  asphyxi- 
ate +  -ion.]     The  act  of  causing  asphyxia;  a 
state  of  asphyxia. 
asphyxiative  (as-fik'si-a-tiv),  a.    [<  asphyxiate 
+  -ice.]      Suffocating;  producing  asphyxia  or 
suffocation. 
asphyxy  (as-fik'si),  «.     See  asphyxia. 
aspici,  aspick  (as'pik),  «.    [Early  mod.  E.  also 
aspik'c;  <  F.  aspic,  <  I'r.  a.tjnc,  <  L.  aspis  (aspid-), 
an  asp:   see  asp".]  .1.   A  venomous  serpent : 
same  as  asp^,  but  used  chiefly  in  poetry. 
Tliey  shall  find 
That,  to  a  woman  of  her  hopes  beguil'd, 
A  viper  trod  on,  or  an  aspic,  's  mild. 

Fletcher,  Spanisli  Curate,  iv.  1. 
Thereto  she  pointed  with  a  laugh, 
Showing  the  aspic/c's  bite.      Tcnntisitn,  Fair  Women. 

2t.  A  piece  of  ordnance  of  small  caliber. 

aspic-  (as'pik),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  aspickc,  < 
F.  aspic,  in  huile  d'aspic  for  hinlc  do  spic  (so  first 
in  E.,  "oil  of  aspicke");  spic,  lavender  spike, 
orig.  spikenard:  see  spite.]  The  great  laven- 
der, Lavandula  spica.     See  lavender. 

aspic^  (as'pik),  n.  [F. ;  perhaps  <  aspic,  an 
asp  (see  aspic^),  with  allusion  to  its  coolness, 
there  being  a  French  proverbial  saying,  "Cold 
as  an  aspic"  (Littrt^) ;  or  perhaps  from  the  (sup- 
posed) custom  of  flavoring  or  seasoning  this 
dish  with  spikes  of  lavender:  see  aspic".]  In 
cookery,  a  side  dish  consisting  of  a  clear,  savory 
meat-Jelly  containing  fowl,  game,  fish,  etc. 

aspick,  ».     See  aspic^. 

aspiculate  (as-pik'u-lat),  «.  Same  as  aS2}icu- 
loits. 

aspiculous  (as-pik'u-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  i-  priv.  -1- 
L.  spicidiini.  a  point:  see  spicjilum.]  Having  no 
har<l  spicula. 

Aspidisca  (as-pi-dis'kii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aam- 
diOKTj,  fem.  form  of  iw-iiiiuKo^,  a  boss,  dim.  of 
doTr/f  (aamd-),  a  shield.]  1.  A  genus  of  dil- 
ute infusorians,  type  of  the  family  Aspidiscidtc. 
Ehrcnherij,  1830.— 2.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects. 

Aspidiscidae  (as-pi-dis'i-de),  «.  /)/.  [NL.,  < 
Aspidisca,  1,  +  'ida:]  A  family  of  hypotrichous 
Ciliata. 

Aspidium  (as-pid'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aam6iov, 
a  little  shield,  dim.  of  damf  (dCT7r/(5-),  a  shield.] 

1.  A  genus  of  ferns  variously  limited,  but  in  its 
broad  sense  including  all  those  in  which  the 
dot-like  sori  are  covered  by  a  roundish,  peltate, 
or  reniform  indusiom.  Those  with  a  reniform  in- 
dusium,  attached  by  the  sinus,  are  often  separated  as  the 
genus  Xeidtrodium.  When-the  indusinm  is  abortive  or 
obliterated,  tlie  species  are  not  distinguishable  from  forms 
of  I'uliiiuidium.  The  genus  is  cosmopolitan,  including 
nearly  :iOU  species,  whiell  vary  greatly  in  size,  texture, 
venation,  and  division  of  the  fronds.  About  40  species 
are  found  within  the  United  States.  The  common  species 
are  usually  known  as  wood-ferns  or  shield-ferns.  See 
sldeld-fcrn. 

2.  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects.  Also 
Aspidion. 

Aspidobranchia  (as'pi-do-brang'ki-a),  n.  pA. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  dcr-Zf  {aa-mS-),  a  shield,  +  jipayxia, 
gills.]  A  group  of  prosobranchiate  gastropods, 
■approximately  equivalent  to  Sciitihranchia.  Ithi- 
pidoglossa,  or  Chiastoncura.     It  includes  such 


SubanguUr  Groimil. 
beetle  [  Aspido^tossa 
subanfrulata  \.  Vertical 
line  shows  natural  size. 


Aspila 

families  as  Fissurellida',  Haliotida:,  etc.  Also 
Asiiidoliranrhiata. 
i^spidochirotse(as"pi-do-Id-r6'te),n.^);.  [NL., 
'ir.  aa-ir  (iw7n6-),  a  sliield,  +  x^'Pj  ^  baud.] 
>.  ;roup  of  ordinary  pedate  holothurians  or  sea- 
cucuiuljers,  with  peltate  tentacles  :  equivalent 
[o  tlie  family  Ilolothiiriidw:  contrasted  with 
iJciiiirocliirotw  (which  see).  Also  spelled  As- 
piddcliiiiiilw. 

In  the  AspidochirotcE,  or  holothurians  with  disk-  or 
shield-shaped  tentacles  furnished  with  tentacular  am- 
pnlhe,  the  left  respiratory  tree  is  bound  to  the  body-walls, 
thcic  are  no  retractor  muscles  to  the  pharynx,  and  Cuvier- 
ian  (U-gans  are  present.  These  are  the  ilighest  type  of 
Hi.lntbiiroidea,  and  are  mainly  trojiical  in  their  distiibu- 
ti.iii.  Stand.  Xat.  lllst.,  I.  182. 

aspidochirote  (as'pi-do-ki'rot),  a.  Pertaining 
or  belonging  to  the  Aspidochirotce.  Also  spelled 

aspidochcirote. 
Aspidogaster  (as"pi-do-gas't6r),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a(j7vi^  (ilfT-/<i-),  a  shield,  +  yaarf/p,  stomach.] 
A  genus  of  Trcmatnda,  or  fluke-worms,  para- 
sitic in  tho  pericardial  cavity  of  the  fresh-water 
mussel.  .-/.  (v»«<7iic<)?«  is  an  example.  See  cut 
under  Triiiiiitoda. 
Aspidoglossa  (as"pi-do-glos'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ua-.^  {uaTTdi-),  a  shield, '+  y/.ijcaa,  a  tongue  (ligu- 
la).]  A  genus  of  beetles, 
family  Carabidu:,  of  the  group 
Scaritini.  About  20  species  are 
known,  mostly  from  Central  or 
.^outh  Amerieiu  i):\*:,  A.  siihanfjU' 
lata  (Chandler),  occurs  in  the  more 
southern  portion  of  the  I'nited 
States  east  of  the  Koeky  Mountains. 
Tt  is  an  elongate,  convex,  and  shin- 
ing insect,  nearly  8  millimeters  iu 
length,  with  very  stout  fossorial 
legs,  and  deeply  erenuiatostriate  ely- 
tra. Its  colnr  is  black  with  a  green- 
ish tinge,  but  the  antennie.  legs,  and 
apex  of  the  elytra  arc  reddtsh.  It 
is  found  on  moist  ground,  where  it 
prey;;  on  suft  bodied  insects. 

Aspidonectes  (as'pi-do- 
nek'tezj,  n.  [NTj.,  <  Gr.  aa~i^ 
{acTTiS-),  a  shield,  +  vi/KTT/c,  a  swimmer,  <  n'/x^'v, 
swim.]  A  genus  of  leather-back  or  soft-shelled 
turtles.  A.  spi- 
ni/cr  is  a  com- 
mon carnivorous 
voracious  species 
of  North  Amer- 
ica. 

Aspidophora 

(as -pi -dot"  o- 

rii),       n.      pi. 

[NL.,       neut. 

pi.  of  aspido- 

phorus,    adj. : 

see  Aspidophu- 

rus.]  1.  InLa- 

treille's  system  of  classification,  a  section  of  his 

phyllopodous    branchiopods,    containing    the 

genera  Apns  and  Lepiidurns,  and  equivalent  to 

the  modern  family  Apodidcc  of  the  order  Pliyl- 

lopoda.     Also  Aspidiphora.     See  Podostomata. 

—  2.  In  Allinan's  sysl  em  of  classification,  a  sub- 
order of  polyzoans  constituted  for  the  reception 
of  Ilhabdopleura. 

Aspidophorus  (as-pi-dofo-ms),  n.  [NX,.,  <  Gr. 
ii(7-(Ajfi6/)of,  shield-bearing,  <  aan-Zf  {na-id-),  a 
shield,  +  -ip6po(,  <  (piptiv  =  E.  hear^.]  A  genus 
of  acanthopterygian  fishes  armed  with  shield- 
like  scales:  sj-nonjinous  with  Agonus. 

aspidorhynchid  (as"pi-do-ring'kid),  n.  A  fish 
of  the  family  Aspidorhynchidw. 

Aspidorhynchidse  (as 'pi-do-ring'ki-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,<  Aspiiliirliyiichiis,  1,-t-  -ida:]  InGiuither's 
system  of  classification,  afamily  of  lepidosteoid 
fishes  with  an  elongated  body  covered  with 
ganoid  scales,  a  series  of  enlarged  scales  along 
the  sides,  ,iaws  prolonged  into  a  beak,  the  ver- 
tebral column  homoeercal,  the  fins  furnished 
with  fulcra,  and  the  dorsal  fin  opposite  the  anal. 
The  species  are  extinct ;  they  lived  during  the 
Mesozoie  epoch. 

Aspidorhynchus  (as'pi-do-ring'kus),  V.    [NTj., 

<  Gr.  aa-ig  {ac-ifi-).  a  shield,  -I-  piyxog,  a  snout,  . 
a  beak.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  Aspidorhyn- 
chidce.   Agassi-,  lS3o. —  2.  A  genus  of  reptiles. 

—  3.  A  genus  of  worms. 

Aspidostraca  (as-pi-dos'tra--ka),  n.  pi.     [NTL,., 

<  Gr.  nc-ic  {aa~i6-),  a  shield,  +  darpaKov.  a  shell.] 
In  Burmeister's  system  of  classification,  one  of 
three  orders  of  Crustacea,  divided  into  five  sub- 
orders called  Parasita,  Lophyropoda,  Phyllnjjo- 
da,  Cirripcdia,  and  Pcecilopoda.  See  these 
words. 

aspiet,  V.  1.    A  Middle  English  form  of  espy. 
Aspila  (as'pi-la),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  aa'iri?.og,  spot- 
less, <  d-  priv.  -h  cj-i'/.or,  spot,  speek.]    1 .  A  genus 


Leatlier-back  Turtle  [Asfidottectes 
ifintfer). 


342 


asprmo 


The    Iirv'TP    ■in- 


Aspila 

of  moths  family -V<x-(«.<te,  founded  by  Guen^e.     hollow  needle  or  trocar  connected  with  a  sue-  Aspisoma  (as-pi-s6'ma),  «      [NL.   irreg  <  Gr 

ol  motn.,  lamu^^^^^    soft  leaf-feeders    A.  cirfsce,,^    tion-s\Tinge.— 6.  Suction ;  the  act  or  process  atr-,.,   a   shuUl, -<-  c^.ua,  bodj.]     A   genus  of 

of  drawing  aii'  through  (,bv  some  method  of  ex-  South  jVmiricau  fireflies,  ot  the  family  lelejilio- 

haustion).  as  opposed  to  the  act  or  process  of  ridw,  belonging  to  the  malaeodermatous  divi- 

forcingit  through  — that  is,  to  a  blast.  sion  of  pentamerous  Coleoptera.     A.  liiwatitm 

For  cleanins  grain  there  are  other  kinds  "f  apparatus  in  is  the  common  firefly  of  the  Amazon  region, 

which  the  principle  of  a,<tpirn(ion,  or  draning  currents  of  Asplanchna    (as-plaugk  nii),    >i.      [JvL.,  <    dr. 

airthrough  the  grain,  is  now  extensively  employed.  dan-zlai  i  iw,     without     bowels,   <     a-    priv.     + 

Enct/c.  Brit.,  IX.  Hi.  .  .   '''     V                                       '  -   -         *~ 


Asfita  trirtsceni.    (Natural  size.) 


I...---:        ai-'.!II'-l      I'Jlt 

Uiies.  relieved  by 
c-iincident  deeper 
shades. 

2.  A  genus  of 
coleopterous  in- 
sects. 

aspinet  (as'pin 
or  -pin),  a.  [Irreg.  <  asjfi  +  -\ne\'\  Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  asp;  snaky:  as,  "aspine  venom," 
Quarks. 

aspirant  (a-spir'ant  or  as'pi-rant),  n.  and  a. 
[<  F.  aspirant,  a  candidate  (prop,  ppr.),  <  L. 
aijtiran(t-)s,  ppr.  of  aspirare  {>  F.  aspirer),  as- 
pire: see  aspire.'i  I.  n.  One  who  aspires;  one 
■who  seeks  advancement,  elevation,  or  prefer- 
ence. 

Our  youDcafpirani  to  the  name  and  honours  of  an  Eng- 
lish senator.  Bp.  Ilurd 
"  Beauty  and  extraordinary  goodness  "  were  her  dowry 
and  she  was  claimed  by  four  separate  aspirants. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  1. 196. 

n.  o.  1.  Aspiring;  ambitious:  as,  "oura«- 
pira'nt  souls,"  Mrs.  Browning.— 2.  Ascending; 
mounting  up:  as,  aspirant  flames.  [Rare  in 
both  uses.] 

aspirate  *as'pi-rat),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  aspi- 
rated,  ppr.  aspirating.  [<  L.  aspiratus,  pp.  of 
aspirare,  give  the  A-sound  to,  breathe  or  blow 
upon:  see  aspire."]  I.  trans.  1.  To  pronounce 
with  a  breathing  or  an  audible  emission  of 
breath ;  pronounce  with  such  a  sound  as  that  of 
the  letter  li :  as.  we  aspirate  the  words  horse 
and  house,  but  not  hour  and  honor;  cockneys 
often  aspirate  words  beginning  with  a  vowel. 

Such  mutes  as  were  originally  a^;>iVafc<f  —  that  is  to  say, 
bad  an  audible  bit  of  an  A  pronounced  after  them. 

M'hUnrr/,  Lang,  and  Study  of  Lang.,  p.  93. 

2.  To  remove  by  aspiration —  Aspirating  win- 
BOWlnf-machine,  one  in  which  aspiratiua  or  suction 
is  used  instead  of  a  blast.     See  ivimtOH'er. 

U.  in  trans.  To  be  uttered  with  an  aspirate 
or  strong  breathing.     [Rare.] 

Where  a  vowel  ends  a  word,  the  next  begins  either  with 
a  consonant,  or  what  b  its  eijuivalent ;  for  our  w  and  A 
O'l'irate.  Dryden. 

aspirate  (as'pi-rat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  aspiratus, 
pp.:  see  the  verb.]  I.  «.  Pronounced  with  the 
aspirate  or  rough  breathing;  pronounced  with 
the  /(-sound,  or  with  a  strong  emission  of 
breath. 

Tlie  iiend  often  showing  an  aspirate  mute  where  the 
Sanskrit  has  the  unaspirate,  and  vice  versA. 

J.  lladleij.  Essays,  p.  172. 

They  are  not  aspirate,  i.  e.,  with  such  an  aspiration  as  A. 

Ilotd'-r,  Elcm.  of  Speech. 

H.  n.  An  aspirated  sound,  or  a  sound  like 
our  h  ;  a  sound  with  which  the  /(-sound  is  com- 
bined, or  which  corresponds  historicallv  to  a 
sound  of  this  nature:  thus,  the  Sanskrit  "kh,  f/h, 
bh,  etc.,  and  the  Greek  ch,  th,  ph  ( v,  ",  ^i)  are 
called  aspirates,  as  are  also  the  English  /,  th, 
which  are  more  properly  called  breathings  or 


=Syn.  3.  Longing,  yearning 

aspfrator  (as'pi-ra-tor),  ii.    [ISTL.,  <  L.  aspirare, 

breathe  or  blow  upon  :  see  asjnratc  and  aspire.] 

1.  An  apparatus  for  creating  a  vacuiun  by  the 
action  of  a  mo\'ing  fluid.  A  common  form  is  that  of 
a  simple  vessel  filled  with  water  and  connected  with  the 
receptacle  to  be  drained  of  air.  On  permitting  the  water 
to  escape  below,  a  partial  v.icuum  is  formed  above  it. 

2.  A  surgical  instrument,  consisting  of  a  hol- 
low needle,  or  trocar,  connected  with  a  suction- 
syringe,  used  in  removing  fluids  from  the  cav- 


cTT^ayxi^a,  bowels.]  A  genus  of  free  Botifera, 
having  a  roimded  sac-like  body,  devoid  of  ap- 
pendages, and  possessing  neither  anus  nor 
intestine,  whence  the  name.  The  genus  is  tj-pi- 
cal  of  the  family  Asplanehnida: 

asplanchnic  (as-plangk'nik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
uo-'/.a-}  \roi:,  ^vithout  bowels  (see  Asplanchna),  + 
-ic]  Ha'sang  no  intestine  or  alimentary  canal ; 
anenterous. 

asplanchnid  (as-plangk'nid),  «.  A  rotifer  of 
the  family  Asjilanehnidw. 


ities  of  the  body.— 3.  A.  form  of  wiiino\Ting-  Asplanchnidse  (as-plangk'ni-de),  n.  pi.     [NL., 


machine  ctcploying  aspiration  instead  of 
^     blast.     See  aspiration,  6. 
.f^Hn,^'-  aspiratory  (a-spir'a-to-ri),  a.     [<  L.  as  if  "as- 
nwrv-     piratoriits,  <  aspirare,  breathe  upon:  see  aspi- 
rate and -orii.]     Pertaining  to  breathing ;  suit- 
ed to  the  iniiaUng  of  air. 
aspire  (a-spir'),  i'-;  pret.  and  pp.  aspired,  ppr. 
aspirincj.     [<  late  ME.  aspire,  <  F.  aspirer  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  aspirar  =  It.  aspirare,  <  L.  aspirare,  ad- 
spirare,  breathe  or  blow  upon,  desire  to  reach,  < 
ad,  to,  +  spirare,  breathe,  blow :  see  spirit.   Cf. 
conspire,  expire,  inspire,  perspire,  respire,  suspire, 
transpire.]     I.t  trans.  1.  To  breathe  to  or  into. 
To  spreade  his  beanies  vpon  vs.  and  aapire  hys  breth 
into  vs.  Sir  T.  More,  .\pol.,  xlix.    (,N.  £.  D.) 

2.  To  breathe  forth  or  exhale.    Shetistone. 
Wllose  notes  the  air  aspire 

Of  th'  old  Egyptian  or  the  Thracian  lyre. 

B.  Joiison,  Golden  .\ge  Restored. 

3.  To  breathe  after ;  seek  with  eagerness  to  at- 
tain to ;  long  or  try  to  reach ;  attempt. 

Who  d.are  aspire  this  journey?      Donne,  Poems,  p.  1S4. 


<  Asplanehna  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  rotifers  hav- 
ing the  f  rochal  disk  rounded,  the  wi-eath  single 
and  mai-ginal,  the  trophi  incudate,  and  no  in- 
testine, anus,  or  foot.  Asplanchna  is  the  lead- 
ing genus. 

Aspleililim(as-ple'ni-um),  n.   [NL.,  <Gr.  aairXr/- 
iwi;  also  fT/z/i'/ov,  usually  anir'Arjvov  (>  L.  asplc- 


4.  [See  II.,  2.]    To  mount  or  soar  to ;  attain. 

That  gallant  spirit  liatli  aspir'd  the  clouds. 

Stiak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

Come,  there  was  neve,?  any  great  thing  yet 
Aspired,  but  by  violence  or  fraud. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  3. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  eagerly  desirous;  aim 
ambitiously,  esjieeially  at  something  great  or 
noble;  be  "ambitious:  followed  by  an  object 
with  to  or  after,  or  by  an  infinitive :  as,  to  aspire 
to  a  crown  or  after  immortality. 

Aspiring  to  be  gods,  if  angels  fell. 
Aspiring  to  be  angels,  men  rebel. 

Pope,  Essay  on  ilan,  i.  1-7. 

He  aspired  to  see 
His  native  Pisa  queen  and  arbitress 
of  cities.  Bryant,  Knight's  Epitaph. 

2.  [Partly  influenced  by  association  with  spire.] 
To  rise  lip  as  an  exhalation,  or  as  smoke  or 
fire;  hence,  to  mount  or  ascend;  tower  up  or 
rise  high. 

Wliose  flumes  aspire, 
As  thoughts  do  blow  them,  higher  and  higher. 

SAot.,  M.  W.  ol  W.,  v,  6,  song. 


8r.iraut>*;  also,  a  character  or  combination  of  aspiret  (a-spir'),  n.    [<  aspire,  v.]    Aspiration 

ciiaractcrs  representing  a  sound  thus  described,     ardent  wisn  or  desire. 

as  the  htter  A,  the  Greek  rough  breathing,  etc.         ^,|,,  „,„,.|.  ^^^^  ,ondling  for  his  mad  aspire.     Chapman 
aspirated  (as'pi-ra-ted),  p. «.    irmtno  as  aspirate.  .  -   /„      tv    „        r/   „„,.,■„„ 

aspiration  (as-pi-ra's  .on),  n.     [<  L.  aspira-  aspirementt  (ri-mr   ment),  n.      [<  asp.re 

/,!;,.  "a  l,r..atli!nB  upon,-aspiration  of  a  sound,     -'"''"']      ' ''"  '»'  "^  'i«P>''"g;  aspiration. 

the  a.-<pirate  letter  /(,  <  a.'<pirarc  :  see  aspirate,  Hy  "bich  aspirement  8lH;''"j'"f ''''■•'"y";         ^ 

-.      *  *  F»,i  .      «  .      ..  1         ii  .  Ant.  isrewer  it),  l.inguu,  iii.  >. 

f.]     1.  The  act  of  aspirating  or  breathing    a         .  .  ,.  ,  ,^  ■  • 

Ijjgatlj  aspirer  (a-8pir'6r),  11.     Olio  who  aspires;  an 

Fanned  with  continued  brccMB,  and  gentle  (npirolioiM     ns|iii'aiit.  .  ,.      .  ,      «    •       i    i      ..i 

of  wind.  .Iteele,  Esigllsliman,  No.  2«.    aSpUTing  (a-spir  ing),  p.  «.      1.   Animated  WItll 

2.  An  aspirated  sound ;  a  phonetic  breathing,      an  ardent'  desire,  as  of  power,  importance,  <>r 


Ttic  h,  the  pure  aspiration.  Is  an  expnlsbtn  of  llatus 
througli  ttiu  position  of  the  ailjucent  letter,  whether 
Towel,  lemlvowol,  or  noiial. 

niiilney,  LIfo  and  (irowtli  of  Ijing.,  p.  C7. 
Til     '  niM  PrlHclun,  about  fiOf)  A.  1>.,  tcdis 

nil'  .AprcH«ed  by/wiut  originally  sig. 

nih.  ,,i(Mfi  (Dial  Ipi,  by /'Al. 

./.  Hartley,  l.wtays,  p.  172. 

3.  The  lift  of  uHjiiring  or  ardently  desiring;  an 
nrtlent  wimIi  nr  desiro,  chiefly  after  what  is  ele- 
vated or  «|.intuiil. 

'  II bir  Inclination  !<■  iilca«iiro  nor  n»7': 
Johnson,  Kalnbler,  .No.  IT." 

t:]nraiiims  were  toward  greatiicM  ■.( 
..  i.  i.  ,...,,„«  „f  wiMlom,  nobillly  ol  mmiI. 

The  Crnlury,  XJCVII.  IKN. 

AM;  iMHi.inition;  counfenanco. 

...   without  the  asjnralion  and  help 
I.I  '  no  UlNium  of  iiinn  run  prollt. 

.Sir  T.  More,  Worku,  p.  X.l 

The  net  of  removing  a  fluid,  as  pun  or  Benim, 


excellence;  ambitious;  soaring: 

nobles,"  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Aspiring  beggary  la  wretchedness  lt«elf. 

''■''">'  aoiasjmlh.  Vicar, 


as,  "asi>innii 


III. 


Ero  he  filled  with  loves,  hopes,  longings,  this  u«;>irin.<;hi'art 


nuni),  spleenwort,  supposed  to  be  a  cure  for 
the  spleen,  <  a-  euphonic  +  cTT?.r/v,  spleen:  see 
spleen.]  A  genus  of  ferns  characterized  by 
linear  or  oblong  sori  lying  on  the  veins  (which 
are  free  in  most  species)  and  obliquely  to  the 
costa,  the  involucre  being  conformable  to  the 
sorus  and  opening  toward  the  costa  when  single. 
It  is  the  lal'gest  genus  of  the  order  {Filices)  excepting 
PolyiHidium,  and  its  species  are  found  in  all  pai'ts  of  the 
world,  wherever  ferns  grow.  It  includes  very  varieil 
fornu^.  Many  of  the  species  are  evergreen,  and  some  are 
cultivated  for  their  beauty.  Among  the  more  common 
species,  generally  known  as  spleenwort,  are  the  lady-fern 
(A.  Filix-fumina),  black  maidenhair  (A.  Trielionianes), 
distributed  around  the  globe,  wall-rue(.4.  /i'ii(a-wii(raria), 
and  ebony  spleenwort  (.1.  ebeneum). 

aspodilt,  >'■  An  obsolete  and  corrupt  fonn  of 
asphoikl  (Asphodelus  ramosus).  Also  a.'ipoil- 
flourr.     Holme,  1688. 

asporous  (a-sp6'rus),  a.  [<  Gr.  «-  priv.  -f-  ciro- 
/)of,  seed :  see  spore.]  Without  spores ;  not  de- 
veloping spores. 

In  the  c:ise  of.  the  simplest  and  most  minute  Schizomy- 
cctes  (.Micrococcus,  etc.)  no  delinite  spores  have  been  ilis- 
covereil ;  any  one  of  the  vegetative  micrococci  may  com- 
mence a  new  series  of  cells  by  growth  and  division.  Wo 
may  call  these  forms  asporous,  at  any  rate  i)rovisional!y. 
Ennie.  Brit,  XXI.  404. 

asport  (as-porf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  asportarc,  carry 
away.  <  iKw,  away  (see  ab-),  +  portare,  carry.] 
To  iaiTy  away;  especiallv,  to  remove  feloni- 
ously.    X.  E.  I).     [Rare.] 

asportation  (as-por-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  asporta- 
lio(n-),  a  carrying  away,  <  <(.<;"<)'^"'<',  pp.  a.'ipor- 
lalus:  see  (J.s/io;-/.]  1.  A  carrying  away  or  off. 
[Kiirc] 

Aubrey,  whose  "Miscellanies"  were  ^lubli8hed  in  1090, 
had  no  doubts  whatever  aji  to  the  physical  asjmrtativn  of 
the  witch.  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  115. 

2.  In  eriminal  Ian;  the  felonious  removal  of 
goods  from  the  place  where  they  were  depos- 
ited.   It  may  be  theft,  though  the  goods  bo  not 
carried  from  the  house  or  apartment. 
J.  aspret,  "■     A  Middle  English  form  of  asper'^. 

Aspredinae  (as-pre-di'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  As- 
prrdii  +  -ina:]  Same  as  A.ipredinina  or  As- 
priitiiiiiliv.     Swainson,  18:!i). 

aspredinid  (ns-pred'i-uid),  H.  A  lish  of  the 
faiHily  Asprcdi.iida'. 

Aspredinidae  (as-pre-din'i-de),  H.  ;)/.  [NL.,  < 
Aspredo  (-din-)  -t-  -ida\]  A  family  of  nematog- 
iiat  lions  lishes,  exein]ilified  by  the  genus  As- 
predo,  containing  a  few  fresh-water  eatfishea 
of  South  America.  'Ibcy  bavc  no  opcnnlum,  no  ndi- 
jiose  tin,  no  spini'  In  llic  dormil  lln,  n-dui'id  glll-cipcnlnga, 
snuiM  eyi's  mill  Mioulli,  iinil  11  to  8  barbels.  The  skin  is 
lllirr  Miiioolli  or  tubi'i'culo 


Hh>' 
Tail.  ■ 

,m; 

chaiM 


4t. 

T 
of  *• 


from 


ClLVlI  V    ,,f 


ig  unuKi,  I 

lllli  I.ihIv 


llV    IIICILIIH    of 


2.  Rising;  towering  or  soaring. 

To  Bore  destruction  doonu  the  aspiring  wall. 

/n;«-,  illail,  xll.  .-WW. 

aspirlngly  (n-spir'ing-li),  adv.     In  an  aspiring 

iiianiM'r;  soariiigly:  ambitiously. 
aspiringneSS  (a-spir'ing-neM),  71.     The  state  of 

hiiiig  aspiring;  iiiiiliiliousneHS.     fRiire.] 
aspis  (iis'pis),  n.     (.NL.,  <  Gr.  (inTir,  an  asp,  the 

Egyptian  cobra:  sen  asp'^.]     1.   Same  as  asp^ 

or  a.tpir^.    Also  iiseil  as  a  generic  term. —  2. 

[c-ap.]   A  genus  of  (•<ilcopleroiiH  insecls.    <!rr- 

mar.—3.    [rap.]  A  genus  of  lepidopleroiis  in- 

Hci'ts.     iWilsrhkr,  IH'Jil. 
aspish   (iis'pish),   (I.     f<  nsp^  +  -ish.]     Of 

liirtniriiiig  to  ii-ipH;  snaky.     A'.  £,  V. 


Lomll,  Ant'lApU.  Aspredinina  (as'pre-di-ni'nil),  V.  pi.      [NL.,  < 


At'pndo  (-(/(»-)  +' -ina.]  lii'Ullntlier's  classifl- 
eatioii  of  fishes,  a  p'oii])  of  Kihiritla-  protc- 
ropotles,  with  the  anterior  and  luistcrior  nostrils 
remote  from  each  ntlii'r,  the  Inwcr  lip  not  re- 
verted, iiiid  the  Iniinerociiliitnl  |iri)cess  much 
developed  and  iirolonged ;  synonymous  with 
the  I'ninilv  .l.iiireilinida'. 

Aspredo  (as-iire'do),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  asprcdo, 
rmigliness,  <  asptr,  rough:  see  ri.syirrl.]  A 
genus  of  iiematognathons  UsUes,  typical  of  the 
fiimilv  .Isprritinidw. 

asprclyl,  adv.     See  asprrly. 

aBprenOBSt,  ».     Si'e  asprriirss. 

or  asprino  las-i 

jirn,  sour, 


;-pre'no),  H.     [It.,  prop.  dim.  of  a.t- 
sharp,  <  L.  asper:  see  asper^.]     A 


343 


assassinate 


asprino 

white  wino  mado  in  tho  neighborliood  of  Rome,  tlves  of  South  Africa,  especially  the  Zulus  and    meat,  bread,  grain,  etc.,  until  they  turn  brown. 

The  best-known  quality  is  sparkliuf;.  Kafirs.     Also  spelled  a«.seijai.                                     Baron  run  Ucivhcuhach. 

.  and  ('.    A  Middle  English  form  of  espy,  assagai  (as'a-gi),  v.  t.    [<  assagai,  «.]    To  strike  Assamese  (as-a-mes'  or  -mez'),  a.  and  n.     [< 


aspyt, «.  ,  -         ,  -  p . 

asquat  (a-skwof),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  «.     [< 

a»  +  squat.'\     In  or  into  a  squatting  posture. 

sitting  iisijuat  between  my  mother  ami  sister. 

Jiichardson. 

asquint  (a-skwinf),  [irep.  phr.  as  ado.  or  a.  [< 
ME.  asquint,  a  squijnte,  appar.  <  ((3  +  *  squint  {ci. 
D.  sell  Kin  to,  slope,  slant) ;  but  squint  is  not  found 


or  kill  with  an  assagai.     Also  spelled  asst'ijai. 

Upua  a  Bignal  the  Zulus  rushed  upon  their  unarmed 
guests,  and  ansafjaied  tlieni  ti)  the  l:ist  ni.in. 

Westiiunster  licv.,  CXXVI.  173. 

assagai-wood  (as'a-gi-wud),  n.    The  wood  of 


Assam  +  -f'.sc.j     I.  a.  I'ertaining  to  Assam  or 
its  inliabitants. 

II.  11.  sin//,  and  pi.  A  native  or  tho  natives 
of  Assam,  an  eastern  7)rovince  of  British  India 
adjoining  I'.urma  and  Tibet. 


^  ^^^^ _^ __^ ^^ ^ Ji(;/iHea.,  of  which  the  Zulus  make  their  spears. 

ii'  ME.i'tiienTo'd.'form  squint,  ado.  and  «.,  hav-  assail  (as-sii'i),  adv.     [It.,  very,  mu(di,  enough. 


a  cornaeeous  tree  of  southern  Africa,  Curtisia  assapant,  assapanict  (as-a-pan',  -ik),  n.     [N 


ingeomebyapheresis  irom asquint :  seosquint.'i 

1.  To  or  out  at  the  corner  or  angle  of  the  eye; 
obliquely ;  toward  one  side ;  not  in  the  straight 

•   line  of  vision ;  askance ;  furtively. 

Who  look  asquint  or  shut  their  eyes.  Swift. 

Ediftces,  .  .  .  mth  all  their  costliness,  looking  some- 
what asquint  on  the  visitor,  as  if  questioning  his  right  to 
enter  them.  Alcott,  Tablets,  p.  70. 

2.  In  the  condition  of  squinting ;  oblique. 
The  eye  is  muddy  and  sometimes  asquint. 

EmfTson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  126.    {N.  E.  D.) 

asqilirm  (a-skwerm'),  jnep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  «3  -I-  squirm.']  On  the  squirm;  squirming. 
Howells. 


assl  (as),  n.  [<  ME.  as,  ass,  asse,  <  AS.  assa,  m. 
(fem.  assen,  not  "asse),  an  isolated  form,  perhaps 
adapted  from  ONorth.  assald,  asald,  asid  (which 
is  from  the  Celtic),  the  earlier  form,  of  the  com- 
mon Teut.  type,  being  esol,  esul  =  OS.  esil  = 
D.  c;d  {>  E.  easel,  q.  v.)  =  OHG.  esil,  MHG.  G. 
esel  (>  Dan.  esel,  a:sel)  =  Goth,  asilus  (ef.  Ir.  and 
Gael,  asal  =  Manx  assyl,  and  OBulg.  osXlH  = 
Bohem.  osel  =  Pol.  osiel,  osiol  (barred  I)  =  Russ. 
osclu  =  Lith.  asilas  =  OPruss.  asilis),  prob.  the 
same,  with  variant  termination,  as  leel.  as>d, 
m.,  asna,  fem.,  =  Sw.  lisna  =  Dan.  asoi  (cf.  W. 
asyn  =  Corn,  asen  =  Bret.  a::en) ;  all  appar.  (the 
Slav,  and  Lith.  forms,  through  Teut.)  <  L.  asi- 
mis  (>  It.  asino  =  Sp.  Pg.  asno  =  Pr.  asne  =  OF. 
csne,  F.  dnc)  =  Gr.  oiwf  (orig.  *ocn'Of?),  an  ass; 
perhaps  ult.  of  Semitic  origin;  ef.  Heb.  dthon,  a 
she-ass.  Cf.  G.  asset,  esp.  in  comp.  h-rllrr-(if<sel 
(also  keller-esel),  a  wood-louse,  so  named  from 
its  color,  <  L.  ascllus,  a  little  ass,  dim.  of  asinus; 
«f.  Gr.  ovog,  a  wood-louse.]  1.  A  solidimgulate 
quadruped  of  the  family  Equidw,  the  Equus  asi- 
nus.  This  animal  has  long  ears,  a  short  -mane,  and  a  tail 
covered  with  long  hairs  at  the  end.  It  is  usually  ash-col- 
ored, with  a  black  cross  over  the  shoulders,  formed  by  a 
longitudinal  and  a  transverse  dark  streak.  The  tame  or 
domestic  ass  is  patient,  and  carries  a  heavy  burden.  It  is 
iluw,  but  very  sure-footed,  and  for  this  reason  very  useful 
on  rough,  steep,  and  hilly  ground.  The  ass  Is  supposed 
to  be  a  native  of  central  Asia  (by  Darwin  and  others,  of 
Abyssinia),  where  vast  troops  roam  over  the  great  deserts 
in  a  wild  state.  The  wild  ass  is  a  flue  fleet  animal,  and 
is  accounted  the  noblest  game  in  Persia,  where  its  flesh 
is  prized  as  venison  is  with  us.  The  domesticated  ass  has 
become  the  type  of  obstinacy  and  stupidity.  See  jackass. 
2.  Any  wild  species  of  the  subgenus  Asinus, 
as  the  dziggetai  or  hemione,  onager,  etc. — 3.  A 
didl,  heavy,  stupid  fellow;  a  dolt;  a  fool;  a 
hlockhead. 

If  this  be  not  a  fit  of  some  violent  affection,  I  am  an 
OSS  in  understanding.  Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  ii.  2. 

4.  A  post  in  the  bridge  of  a  pulp-vat  on  which 

the  mold  is  placed  to  drain Aases'  bridge  (;■"»»■ 

<isinorum),  a  name  humorously  given  to  the  Ilftli  prnjHi- 
sition  of  the  first  book  of  Euclid's  Elentents  of  (Jeoine- 
try.  See  ;«'ws  (isimo-i( III.  — Feast  Of  asses.  See  ./.iirf. 
—  The  Two  Asses,  tlie  stars  y  Mid  .1  "f  llle  iiiTistelbitiuii 
Cancer,  on  either  side  "ft  lie  netiula  l'r:ese]ie.  See  Ascllii,-;. 
N.  E.  D. 

ass^  (as),  n.     [Scotch  form  of  aslfi.']     Ashes. 
ass3  (as),  n.     A  unit  of  weight  in  use  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  Germany  until  the  adoption  of  tho 

metric  system.     It  was  equal  to  5  centigrams, 

or  three  quarters  of  a  grain  troy. 
assacu  (as'a-ko),  n.    [Braz.]   A  euphorbiaoeous 

tree  of  South  America, -ffwra  cre/ntoHS,  the  bark  .  _,,  , 

and  sap  of  which  contain  a  very  acrid  poisonous  assailant  (a^sa  lant),  a.  ana  n. 

pnneiple.    Applied  to  the  skin  the  milky  sap  produces 

a  pustular  eruption  ;  the  natives  prepare  from  it  a  poison- 
ous drink,  also  used  as  an  antbelnnntic.     The  seeds  are 

most  violently  purgative.     A  decoction  of  the  bark  is  used 

as  a  remedy  for  elephantiasis,  and  the  pounded  leaves  are 

used  for  rheumatism. 
assafetida,  n.     See  asafetida. 
assagai  (as'a-gi),  n.     [Also  wi'itten  assegai,  as- 

sat/ay,  assegay,  and  formerly  assagaie,  azagaia 

(s\so  zagiiijc,  ;agaie,  <  F.  zagaie),  and  early  mod. 

E.  arehcgaye  (<  P.  archegaie,  archigaie,  urcigaye); 

<  P.  azegaye,  azagaye,  <  Pg.  azagaia,  Sp.  aza- 

gaya  (Sp.  formerly  also  -without  the  art. ,  zagaya, 

>  It.  zagaglia,  F.  zagaie,  above),  <  Ar.  az-zaghd- 

yali,  <  al,  the,  +  zaghdyuh,  a  spear:  a  native 

Berber  word.     Cf.  lanvegay.']     A  slender  spear  assai-palm  (a-si'piim),  n.     Same  as  assat^. 

or  lance  of  hard  wood,  usually  ha-ving  an  iron  assamar  (as'a-miir).  n.     [<  L.  assus,  roasted,  + 

head:  now  most  commonly  applied  to  the  throw-     amarus.  bitter.]     A  bitter  substance  produced 

ing-spear  or  javelin  Used  in  battle  by  the  na-    by  roasting  in  the  air  such  substances  as  sugar, 


<  ML.  ad  satis:  L.  ad,  to;  satis,  enough.     See 

assctli,  assets.  ]    In  m  usic,  very :  as,  allegro  assai, 

very  quick;  adagio  assai,  very  slow. 
assai^  (a-si'),   n.     [Braz.]     A  native  name   in 

Brazil  of  several  species  of  palms  of  the  genus 

Euterpe  (which  see).    The  a»8a»-ra«t  (that  is,  false 

euterpe)  is  i,he  Geonoiaa  Caviana.    Assai-i  is  a  drink  pre- 
pared from  the  nuts  of  E.  oteracea. 
assail  (a-sal'),  v.  t.     [<  ME.   assailcn,   asailen 

(later  oiEten  by  apheresis  saiU:),<  OF.  asailUr, 

asalir,  later  assaillir  =  Pr.  asalir,  ass(dhir  =  It.  as- 

sulire,  <  ML.  assalin;  ails/dire,  assail,  for  L.  as- 

silire,  adiilire,  leap  ujjon,  <  ad,  to, -1-  salirc,  leap, 

jump,  rush  forth:  see  .soHcK^     Ci.  assault.']    1. 

To  fall  upon  with  violence;  assault;  attack. 
-With  greedy  force  he  gan  the  fort  t*  assail.        Spenser. 
The  covert  of  some  enclosed  ground  in  the  rear  enabled 

a  party  to  steal  round  and  assail  them  tmexpectedly  in 

flank.  R.  W.  Dimu,  Uist.  Church  of  Eng.,  111.  74. 

2.  To  attack  with  reasoning,  arguments,  cen- 
sure, abuse,  criticism,  appeals,  entreaties,  or 
anything  that  bears  upon  the  mind  or  feelings: 
as,  to  assail  an  obnoxious  person  with  jeers. 

The  prince  next  assailed  the  baron  upon  the  subject  of 
settling  his  estate  on  his  daughter.  Scott. 

The  really  efficient  weapons  with  which  the  philosophers 
assailed  the  evangelical  faith  were  borrowed  from  the 
evangelical  morality.  Macaulay,  Von  Ranke. 

The  metaphysical  doctrine' assatfed  by  Hume  tended, 
when  carried  to  its  logical  extreme,  to  identify  reality 
with  reason.  Leslie  Stephen,  Eng.  Thought,  i.  §  64. 

3.  To  fall  upon ;  bring  something  to  bear  upon 
or  against;  come  in  contact  -with:  as,  the  ship 
was  assailed  by  a  severe  storm. 

sit  down  awhile, 
Aud  let  us  once  again  assail  your  ears. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 

Wlien  trouble  did  thee  sore  assail^ 
On  me  then  didst  thou  call.    Milton,  Ps.  Ixxxi. 

=  Syil.  1.  Attack,  Set  upon,  Fall  upon,  Assail,  Assault. 
Attack,  literally  to  fasten  to,  is  the  most  general  of  these 
words.  Set  upon  and  /all  upon  have  the  vigor  of  short 
and  familiar  words,  and  they  express  a  sudden,  energetic 
attack.  Assail  and  assault,  literally  to  leap  or  spring  at, 
are  to  attack  vehemently  and  perhaps  suddenly.  Assaidt 
is  the  stronger  of  the  two,  and  is  especially  used  of  at- 
tacks with  personal  violence,  as  with  fists,  stones,  etc.  All 
five  of  these  words  may  be  extended  to  warfare,  and  to 
contests  and  struggles  of  any  kind. 

This  king's  [Menephtah's]  first  experience  in  war  was 
against  an  army  of  wider  nationality  than  had  ever  before 
attacked  Egypt.  H.  S.  Oshorn,  Ancient  Egypt,  p.  74. 

He  look'd,  and  more  amazed 

Than  if  seven  men  had  set  upon  him,  saw 

The  maiden  standing  in  the  dewy  light. 

Tennyso7i,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

My  lord  is  weary  with  the  fight  before, 
And  they  will  fall  upon  him  unawares. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

The  indignation  which  arms  itself  with  secret  forces  -ooneoi-nl  (o  sns'inl 
does  not  awaken  until  wo  are  pricked  and  stung  and  sorely  d.BtnibS>iUT  K^  s<i.»  "Ui 
assailed.  Emersoyi,  Compensation. 

Then  they  assaulted  one  of  the  gates,  which  they  burned: 
but  only  to  find  that  tho  defenders  had  raised  a  more 
formidable  barrier  behind  it. 

ii.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  III.  64. 

assailable  (a-sa'la-bl),   a.     [<  assail  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  assailed,  attacked,  or  invaded. 
He  lived  among  a  generation  of  sinners,  whose  con- 
sciences were  not  assailable  by  smooth  circumlocutions, 
and  whose  vices  required  the  scourge  and  the  hot  iron. 

Whipiile,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  86. 

[<  F.  assaillant, 

ppr.  of  assaillir :'  see  assail  and  -anf^.]    I.  a.  1 . 

Assaulting;  attacking;  invading  vrith  violence. 

Milton. —  2.  In  her.,  same  as  salient. 

II.  n.  One  who  assails,  attacks,  or  assaults. 

The  wise  man  throws  himself  on  the  side  of  his  assail- 
ants. It  is  more  his  interest  than  it  is  theirs  to  find  his 
weak  point.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

assailer  (a-sa'ler),  11.     [<  ME.  assailour,  assail- 

your,<  OF.  a.^sailleor,  <  assaillir:   see  assail] 

One  who  assails. 
assailment  (a-sal'meut),  n.    [<  assail  +  -ment.] 

An  assault ;  au  attack.     [Rare.] 

Hi; 


i  most  frequent  assailment  was  the  headache. 

Johnson,  Pope, 


Amer.  Ind.]  Tlio  native  name  of  the  American 
flying-squirrel,  Hciaroplerus  volucella.  Also  as- 
sapaniclc,  assaphan. 

assart  (a-siirf),  V.  t.  [<  AF.  assarter,  OF.  es- 
sarter,  <  ML.  exartare,  cxsartare  (freq.  of  'cx- 
sarire),  grub  up,  <  ex,  out,  +  sartare  for  'sari- 
tare,  freq.  of  L.  sarire,  sarrire,  pp.  sarritus,  hoe, 
weeil,  gi'ul).]  In  Eng.  law,  to  grub  up  (trees 
and  bushes);  clear  (wood-land). 

assart  (a-silrf),  n.  [Now  also  essart;  <  AF. 
assart,  OF.  essart  (>  law  L.  assarta,  assartus, 
essartum),  <  ML.  exartum,  jjrop.  neut.  of  *exar- 
tus,  pp.  of  *cxarire,  "exsarire:  see  assart,  v.]  In 
Eng.  law :  (a)  The  act  of  grubbing  up  trees  and 
bushes  in  a  forest.  This  act,  as  destroying  thickets 
and  coverts,  was  in  some  circumstances  forbidden  by  law. 
{h)  A  tree  grubbed  up  by  the  roots,  (c)  A  piece 
of  land  cleared,  as  by  grubbing. 

In  those  districts,  and  in  many  others  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, the  copyhold  lands  which  have  been  reclaimed  from 
the  forest-waste  are  known  as  "ftssarMands." 

C.  Ellon,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  192. 

assaryt,  «.  l<  Gr.  aaadptov.]  The  Roman  cop- 
per coin  called  as. 

assassin  (a-sas'in),  n.  [<  F.  assassin.  =  Pr.  as- 
sa.'isin  =  Sp.  asesino  =  Pg.  It.  assassino,  <  ML. 
assassinus,  prop,  one  of  the  Assassini,  Jssasi?d, 
Assessini,  Ascisini  (also  Asasi,  Haussasi ;  cf.  OF. 
Assaeis,  Hassasis,  MGr.  Xaaiaioi,  pi.,  from  the 
Ar.  sing.),  <  Ar.  Hashshdshia  and  Hashishiyyin , 
the  order  or  sect  of  the  Assassins,  lit.  hashish- 
eaters  (so  called  because  the  agents  selected 
to  do  murder  were  first  intoxicated  with  hash- 
ish), pi.  of  hashshdsh  and  hashisliiyy,  hashish- 
eater,<  7(«s/(j.s/i, hashish:  seehasliish.]  1.  leap.] 
One  of  the  Assassins,  a  military  and  religious 
order  in  Syria,  founded  in  Persia  by  Hassan  ben 
Sabbah  about  the  year  1090.  A  colony  ndgiated  from 
Persia  to  Syria,  settled  in  various  places,  with  their  chief 
seaton  the  mountains  of  Lebanon,  and  became  remarkable 
for  their  secret  murders  in  blind  obedience  to  the  will  of 
their  chief.  Their  religion  was  a  compound  of  Magianism, 
.ludaism,  Christianity,  and  Mohammedanism.  One  article 
of  their  creed  was  that  the  Holy  Spirit  resided  in  theil- 
chief  and  that  his  orders  proceeded  from  (jod  himself. 
The  chief  of  the  sect  is  best  known  by  the  denonnnation 
old  man  of  the  mountain  (.\rabic  slieikh  al-jebul,  chief  of 
the  mountains).  These  barbarous  chieftains  aiui  their  fol- 
lowers spread  terror  among  nations  far  and  near  for  al- 
most two  centuries.  In  the  time  of  the  crusades  they 
mustered  to  the  number  of  50,000,  and  presented  a  formi- 
dable obstacle  to  the  arms  of  the  Christians.  They  were 
eventually  subdued  by  the  sultan  Bibars  about  1272. 

2.  One  who  undertakes,  for  a  reward  previous- 
ly agreed  on,  to  put  another  person  to  death 
by  suii^rise  or  secret  assault ;  hence,  one  who 
kills,  or  attempts  to  kill,  by  treacherous  -vdo- 
lence;  a  mm'derer. —  3t.  [With  allusion  to  its 
'killing 'effect.]  A  breast-knot,  or  similar  deco- 
ration ■worn  in  front.  Ladies'  Diet.,  London, 
1694. 

!'.  t.    [<F.  assassiner,  assas- 
sinate, worry,  vex,  =  It.  assassinare,  assassinate, 
<  ML.  assassinare ;  from  the  noun.]     To  mur- 
der; assassinate. 
With  him  that  assassines  his  parents. 

StUlinyfiect,  Sermons,  p.  502. 

assassinacyt  (a-sas'i-na-si),  «.  [<  assassi«a(te) 
-t- -CI/.]     The  act  of  assassinating.     Hammond. 

assassinantt  (a-sas'i-nant),  n.  [<  F.  assassi- 
nant,  ppr.  of  assassiner:  see  assassin,  v.]  An 
assassin. 

assassinate  (a-sas'i-nat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  as- 
sassinated, ppr.  assassinating.  [<  ML.  asstissi- 
natus,  pp.  of  assassinare:  see  assassin,  v.]  I. 
trayis.  1.  To  kill  or  attempt  to  kill  by  sm-prise 
or  secret  assault;  mm'der  by  sudden  or  treach- 
erous \'iolenee. 

Help,  neighbours,  my  house  is  broken  open,  .  .  .  and  I 
am  ravished  and  like  to  be  assassinated.  Dryden. 

2t.  To  assault;  maltreat. 

Such  usage  as  your  honourable  lords 
Afford  me,  oMassinated  and  betray'd. 

Hilton,  S,  A..  1.  1109. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  blight  or  destroy  treacher- 
ously; overthrow  by  foul  or  unfair  means: 
as,  tr)  assassinate  a  person's  character  or  repu- 
tation. =syii.  1.  Slaii.  Murder,  etc.    See  kill. 

II.  iutrans.  To  commit  murder  by  assassina- 
tion. 

Where  now  no  thieves  a.tsassi'nate. 

Sandys,  Paraplirase  of  Judges,  v. 


assassinate 


-  i-nat),  II.     [<  F.  assasshiat. 

..  (issassinatiig,  Kassansimin  : 

.J    1.  Assassination;  murder- 


assa: 
ai- 

see  u-  ■.-.;-■.• 
ous  assault. 
If  I  had  made  an  avsasfinaU  upou  your  father. 

JS.  Jongon,  Epiccene,  ii.  1. 

2.  An  assassin. 

S>tiz»;  him  for  one  of  the  aj^atufinatts.  Dryden. 

assassination  (a-sas-i-na'shou),  «.  [<  assassi- 
uatc  +  -lo/i.]  The  act  of  assassinating;  the 
act,  especially  of  a  liired  emissary,  of  killing  or 
murdering  by  surprise  or  secret  assault;  mur- 
der l>y  treacherous  violence. 

assassinative  (a-sas'i-ua-tiv),  a.  [<  assassinate 
+  -li' .]    lueliiied  to  assassinate.     Carlyle. 

assassinator  (a-sas'i-na-tor),  H.  1.  An  assas- 
sin.—  2.  In  caiioH  laic,  one  who  hires  another 
to  kill  a  third  person  by  surprise  or  secret  as- 
sault. He  loses  ihe  riglit  of  sanctuary  and  all  other  ec- 
clesiastical immunity,  and  is  subjected  to  excouuuuuica- 
tion,  an»l,  hy  the  letter  of  the  larf,  to  conrtscation  of  goods 
or  even  to  <l'„-privation  of  personal  riglits,  including  that 
of  hecnrity  of  life :  these  penalties  could  he  imposed  even 
when  the  attempted  assa;^6in»ti•*n  fell  short  of  its  effect. 
The  law  wai  first  made  against  those  elni)Utying  infidels  to 
murder  Christians,  hut  almost  immediately  and  a  fortiori 
extended  to  Christians  as  against  any  pel"SOU,  whether 
Cliristian  or  not,  who  w;is  allowed  to  live  in  the  state. 
The  peculiar  malice  of  the  crime  was  placed  in  its  being 
secret  murder  for  hire.  Technically  it  was  unknown  to 
the  ciril  law. 

assassinoust  (a-sas'i-nus),  <J.  [<  assassin  + 
-ou.s.]     Murderous;  treacherous. 

To  smother  them  in  the  hasest  and  most  as^assinous 
maimer.  MUtvii,  On  Orniond's  Letter,  561  (Ord  ilS.). 

assationt  (a-sa'shon),  n.     [<  F.  assation,  <  StL. 
'assatin(H-),  <  LL.  assarc,  roast.  <  L.  assiis,  roast- 
ed, perhaps  for  arsus,  pp.  of  ardere,  burn,  be  on 
fire.J     A  roasting. 
Atvstion  is  a  concoction  of  the  inward  moisture  by  heat. 
liurtoii,  Anat.  of  Mel. 

assatllt  (a-salf),  «.  [The  /  has  been  restored, 
as  in  fiiult.  vault,  etc.;  <  ME.  assuttt,  asoiit, 
asaute  (also  by  apheresis  sunt,  later  sault),  OF. 
assaiit,  annnlt,  usnlt,  F.  asuaiit  =  Pr.  assaut  = 
Up.  aiialto  =  Pg.  It.  Oisalto.  <  JIL.  (i.ssaltus,  as- 
sault, attack,  <  anaoliyc,  assail:  see  assiiil.']  1. 
An  attack  or  violent  onset  with  physical  means ; 
an  onslaught ;  especially,  a  sudden  and  vigor- 
ous attack  on  a  fortified  post. 

Able  to  resist 
Satan's  (ujtaullg,  and  ([Uelich  his  tlery  darts. 

Mittun,  V.  t.,  xii.  492. 
In  militao' art  .  .  .  more  is  oftentimes  etfected  by  regu- 
lar approaches  than  by  an  open  asxaitlt. 

Waithin'jfon,  in  Uancroffs  Hist.  Const.,  I.  454. 

Specifically — 2.  In  Uiw,  an  unlawful  attack 
upon  the  person  of  another ;  an  attemj)!  or  offer 
to  do  violence  to  another,  coupletl  with  present 
ability  to  effect  it,  but  irrespective  of  whether 
the  person  is  touched  or  not,  as  by  lifting  the 
fist  or  a  cuuo  in  a  threatening  manner,  if  the 
jjerwm  i.-j  struck,  the  act  is  called  aumuU  and  battery.  In 
Scotland  tills  distinction  is  not  regarded.  Assaults  arc 
variously  [lunished. 

3.  An  attack  with  other  than  physical  force, 
as  by  means  of  legislative  measures,  by  argu- 
ments, invective,  appeals,  etc. :  as,  an  assault 
upon  the  constitution  of  government;  an  as- 
sault upon  one's  reputation. 

I  wouM  have  thought  her  siiirlt  had  been  invincible 

a^in..(t  all  mctaaltn  of  affection.      Shak.,  .Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 

Assatllt  of  or  at  arms^  the  attack  made  upon  each  other 

by  the  'pp[,.,-,it.-  parlies  ni  feiieinij  or  in  military  exercises. 

=  Sjm.  i'li'irii\llii4iiii'ihl,  i:W.     Sec  o>iw». 

assault   Oi-siilt'),    r.   I.      [<   late   ME.  assaiitf, 

ii.fuiili  (iiw\  by  apheresis  siiiilr,  \a\.vT sniilt),<,  OF. 

anauttr,  later  usmiiilter  =  Sp.  usalUir  =z  Pg.  «.s- 

naltar  =  It.  assnttare,  <  .ML.  assultitre,  <  L.  atl, 

to,  upon,  -f-  sallnri],  leap:  sec  the  tioim.]    1.  To 

i>hysical  means;  fall  upon  with  vio- 

li  a  hostile  intention:  as,  to  assault 

"  '  1 '.iiso,  a  town. 

I     '^  111  M|>'>n  nio  then,  and  Hpeak  with  me, 
*n,  nuked  iM  I  urn,  I  will  asuaull  thee. 

.Sliak.,  Othello,  V,  2. 

Speciflcally— 2.    In  line,  to  attempt  or  offer  to 

'  '  lnT,  with  presfnt  ability  to 

■'■.Hiiiill,  II.,  1!, —  3.  'I'o attack 

ieiil  forcfs  assail  with  argu- 

•"«"■  liiwtile  word.M,  etc. 

f  balicR  neW'liorii  ,  .  , 
I*.  hryiUii. 

"Sjm.  /I"  »(a.  (Mdountf);  loatorm.    .Se. 

nllttfk 

a8.saultahle  ,  . I  1.1-1.1),  n.  [Eiirlv  mod.  K, 
"'^""''"  niti  + -ahlt:]     Capable  .iflic- 

ing 

..'"■  ■  I   i.-r  Iho  wbIIii  were  mailelow.  nirl 

'•"■  '  //"/',  Henry  VIII.,  an    i 

'  I  iniule  flKumlltilitf  f 

U'Umtni/rr,  .Mfild  of  Honour,  II.  ::. 


344 

assanltant  (a-sal'tant).  a.  [<  OF.  assaultant, 
ppr.  of  assaulter :  see  assault,  and  cf.  assailant.] 
Same  as  assuilant,  1. 

assaulter  (a-sal'ter),  n.  One  who  assaults  or 
violently  attacks;  an  assailant. 

assautt,  «.     Older  spelling  of  assault. 

assay  (a-sa'),  «.  [<  ME.  assai/,  assai,  asai/e, 
asaif  (and liy  apheresis sai/),  <  OF.  assai,  assai/  = 
Pr.  ussai,  o*wi;/  =  t'at.  assatf/  =  Sp.  asui/o^lt.  as- 
suffi/io,  nai/ijio;  also,  with  variation  of  the  same 
prefb:,  OF.  cssai  (>  E.  cssai/,  q.  v.)  =  Pr.  cssai  = 
Cat.  ciisatg  =  Sp.  ensaijo  =  Pg.  ensaio  (ML.  reflex 
assaijium,  assaia,  cssagium,  cssaijum),  <  LL.  cx- 
agiuni,  a  weighing  (cf.  exdmen  (for  'exagmen), 
a  weighing,  examination),  <  *exagerc,  cxigere, 
weigh,  try,  prove,  measure,  examine :  see  ex- 
amen,  examine,  and  exigent,  and  cf.  the  doublet 
cssai/.  For  the  prefix,  see  ««-3,  fs-l,  ex-.]  If. 
Examination;  trial;  attempt;  essay. 

Neither  is  it  euough  to  have  taken  a  slender  taste  or 
assay  thereof.  Udall,  Pref.  to  Luke. 

This  cannot  be, 
By  no  assay  of  reason.  SItak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

He  hath  made  an  assai/  of  her  virtue. 

Sliak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

Hence  —  2t.  Trial  by  danger ;  risk;  adventure. 

Throuyh  many  hard  assai/es  which  did  betide. 

Spfuset;  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  3.'). 
3t.  Trial;  tribulation;  affliction. 

She  heard  with  jiatience  all  unto  the  end, 
And  strove  to  maister  sorrowfull  assay. 

.Spenser,  K.Q.,  I.  vii.  27. 
4.  The  trial  of  the  purity,  weight,  etc.,  of 
metals  or  metallic  substances,  as  ores  and  al- 
loys ;  any  operation  or  experiment  for  ascer- 
taining the  quantity  of  a  precious  metal  in  an 
ore  or  a  mineral,  or  in  coin  or  bullion.  .See  as- 
saying.— 5.  The  substance  to  be  assayed.  Vre. — 
6.  In  law,  an  examination  of  weights  and  niea- 
sm'es  by  the  standard.  CmrcU. — 7.  ForiuiTly, 
the  act  or  custom  of  tasting  the  food  or  drink  in- 
tended for  another,  as  a  king,  before  presenting 
it. — 8t.  Value;  ascertained  purity:  as,  "stones 

of  rich  «.s«(i/,"  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  x.  15 Annual 

assay,  an  annual  oltlcial  trial  of  gold  and  sihtr  cojii 
to  ascertain  whether  the  standard  of  fineness. ami  "eielit 
of  coinage  is  maintained. —At  all  assayst.  («)  At  every 
trial  or  in  every  juncture;  alwa.ws.  (h)  At  all  hazai-ds ; 
ready  for  every  event.—  Cup  Of  assay,  tlie  small  cup  with 
which  the  assay  of  wine,  etc.,  was  made.  (Sec  7.)— Put  it 
In  assayt,  make  the  trial  or  e.vperiment.  =  Syn.  4.  .I.«*(i.i/, 
Analj/sis.  Assay  is  the  analysis  of  metals,  and  is  thus  a 
word  oi  narrower  signilieation  than  analysis  (which  sec). 
assay  (a-sa'),  r.  [<  ME.  assaijen,  asai/en,  asaicn 
(later  also  by  apheresis  sm/c.  say),  <  OF.  assnycr. 
(isaicr  =  Pr.  as.'iaiar,  a.-isatjar  =  8p,  asayar  = 
It.  assaggiare ;  also,  with  variation  of  the  same 
prefix,  OF.  exsaycr  (>  E.  essay,  q.  v.)  =  Pi-. 
cssaiai;  eiisaim-  =  Cat.  ensojar  =  S]>.  cusayar  = 
Pg.  ensiiinr;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans,  i.  To 
examine  by  trial  ;  jiut  to  test  or  trial;  try  the 
effect  or  merit  of:  as,  to  assay  armor.  [Obso- 
lete or  poetical.] 

Soft  words  to  his  tierce  passion  she  assaii'd. 

Miltun.  V.  L..  X.  SCiS. 
Here,  too,  our  shepherd-pipes  we  tlrst  assitinl. 

.M.  .lr/..,(./,  Thyrsis. 
Specifically  — 2.  To  make  trial  of  or  analyze, 
as  an  ore  or  metallic  compound,  with  the  view 
of  determining  the  proportion  of  a  iiai'ticiilar 
metal  present  in  it, — 3.  To  attempt ;  endeavor; 
essay:  often  with  an  infinitive  as  object. 

Tlif  lli-st  jiart  1  have  t"M  \<)ii  in  the  three  sermons  past. 
In  uhieh  I  have  assayed  to  set  fi-rtli  my  plough,  to  prove 
what  I  could  do.  Latimer,  .Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

She  hath  aiifia.iy'(/ as  much  as  may  be  prtived. 

.SVirtA-.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  (108. 
[Hen.  VIH.]  eltected  no  miu'e  than  what  his  own  iirede- 
cessors  desired  and  assatied  In  ages  past. 

Air'/'.  Ilrmrnr.  Keligio  Mediel,  I..'.. 

[In  this  sense  essaij  is  now  commonly  used.] 
4t.  To  endeavor  to  inrtuenco. 

Iiiiplnre  hi-r  ill  my  voice,  that  she  make  frlemls 
To  tin:  strict  deputy  ;  bid  herself  assail  liitn. 

Sliak.,  .M.  for  M.,  I.  3, 
5t.  To  affect ;  move. 

When  the  hart  Is  ill  assaydr. 

.^j/enjter,  Sllep.  Cal..  AllgllHt. 

II.  inlrans.  To  make  an  alloni])!  or  endeavor; 
(ry.     (Now  more  conimonly  essay.} 

assayable  (n-sa'a-bl),  a.  "[<  assay  +  -ahlr.] 
Cnpnlili'  nf  liciiig  assiiyeil  or  testeil. 

assay-balance  (n-su'rial  ans),  n.  A  very  ac- 
oiiialc  liniaiii-e  used  by  assiivers. 

asBayer  (a-sii''T),  «.  "[<  Mft.  assayrr,  assaior, 
iissaiour,  i  AV.  assaior,  assainur :  hoc  assay  iind 
■i:r^.'\  If.  One  who  IricH,  testH,  or  allempls. — 
2.  One  who  iisMiiys  metaiN;  one  who  exuniini's 
metallic  nies  or  iilloys  for  the  jiurpose  ol'  de- 
lerniiiiliig  I  ho  <|uanlily  nf  niiy  pavticiilnr  iiielnl, 
particularly  of  gold  or  silver,  present  in  tlii'iii. 


assemblation 

Specificall.v — 3.  An  officer  of  the  mint,  whose 
duty  is  til  tost  bullion  and  coin. 

assay-furnace  (.a-sa'f^r  nas),  n.  A  simple  form 
of  fiiniace  and  muffle  for  heating  metals  in 
cupels. 

assaying  (a-sa'ing),  n.  The  act  or  art  of  test- 
ing metals,  ores,  or  alloys  in  order  to  ascertain 
the  quantity  of  gold  or  silver  or  any  other 
metal  present  in  them.  Thei-e  are  two  modes  of  as. 
saying,  one  ot  which  is  sometimes  employed  to  corroborate 
the  other.  The  one  is  called  the  humid  or  leet  iirnce.ss,  in 
which  the  solution  of  the  metals  is  etlected  by  means  of 
acids,  after  which  those  sought  for  are  precipitated  by 
proper  reaiiciits.  The  other  is  called  the  dry  process,  and 
is  perloriiud  by  the  agency  of  tire.  The  first  is  (;enerally 
employed  fnr  the  purpose  of  estimating  the  quantity  of  gold 
or  silver  in  an  alloy,  and  the  second  is  chielly  applied  to 
ores.  Tests  are  also  made  by  couiparison  of  specillc  grav- 
ities,  and  by  the  color  of  the  streak  or  trace  made  bj'  rub. 
liing  the  ore  upon  a  rough  surface.  In  tireat  r.rituiii  each 
article  of  silver  or  gold  plate  is  assayed  at  (JuUlsmiths  Hall 
previously  io  being  sold,  in  order  to  determine  the  e.\act 
richness  iif  the  metal  of  which  it  is  made.    .See  hall-mark. 

assay-master  (a-sa ' mas  "ter),  n.  1.  An  as- 
sayer ;  a  chief  officer  appointed  to  try  the  weight 
and  fineness  of  the  precious  metals. —  2.  An 
officer  appointed,  in  the  pro\-incial  period  in 
Massachusetts,  to  test  the  qualit.v  of  potash  and 
pearlash  intended  for  export,  or  the  composition 
of  the  worms  and  still-heads  used  in  distilling. 

assay-office  (a-sa'of-is),  u.  A  laboratory  where 
ores  or  metals  are  assaj'ed. 

assent,  ".     Obsolete  spelling  of  o«,sl. 

asse-  (as),  H.  A  name  of  the  caama,  a  small 
African  fo.x,  Tulpes  caama. 

assealt,  r.  t.  [<  ME.  assclcn,  asclen,  var.  of  cii- 
scUn  :  see  enseal.']     Same  as  enseal. 

ass-ear  (as'er),  n.  An  old  name  for  the  com- 
frey.  f<yiniiliytum  oficiiiah: 

assectationt  (as-ek-ta'shon),  ».  [<  L.  assecta- 
li<i(ii-).  111  tendance,  <  assectari,  pp.  asscclatus, 
attend  upou.  <  ad,  to,  -1-  sectari,  follow,  attend, 
freq.  of  .<cg»(,  follow :  seesef/iieiit.]  Attendance 
or  waiting  tipon;  a  following.    Bloiiiil ;  Bailey. 

assecurancet  (as-e-kur'iuis),  )i.  [<  Mh.asseeu- 
riiiiliii.  assurance,  <  assceiirare,  assure:  see  a.ise- 
rnre.]     Assurance.    iS/ifMow,  Miracles,  p.  320, 

assecurationt  (asf-ku-ra'shon),  K.  [<  ML. 
asseenraliu(ii-),  <  assccurare,  pp.  assecuratns,  as- 
sure :  see  assccure.]  Assurance ;  a  making  se- 
ctiro  or  sure. 

How  far  then  reaches  this  assecuration .'  so  far  as  to  ex- 
clude all  fears,  all  doubting?        Up.  Hall,  Sermons,  xlili. 

assecuret  (as-e-kur),  v.  t.     [<  ML.  asseeurare, 
assure,  <  L.   ad,  to,  +  sceiirus,  secure,  sure. 
Doublet,  a.<!sure,  q.  v.]    To  make  secure;  make 
sure  or  certain. 
sin  is  not  helped  but  by  being  assecared  at  pardon. 

llimker,  Eccles,  Pol.,  vi.  6. 

assecutiont  (as-e-ku'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *asse~ 
culio(n-),  <  asseciitus,  p'p.  of  assci/ui,  follow  up, 
reach,  obtain,  <  ad,  to,  +  sei/iii,  follow :  see  sc- 
ijiient.]     An  obtaining  or  aciiniring. 

His  first  Ibeuertce)  .  .  .  is  immediately  void  by  bis  as/ie- 
eiilioii  ,if  a  second.  Ayllfe,  'Pal-crgon,  p,  11,1. 

assegai,  ».  and  r.     See  assagai. 

asseget,  r.  and  n.     See  assiegc. 

asseizet,  r.  t.     To  seize.     Marlowe.     [Rare.] 

asself  (a-self '),!•.  ^  [<  n«-i  +  .?<?//■.]  1.  To  take 
to  line's  self;  appropriate;  adopt. —  2.  To  as- 
similate: as,  to  «.>)•.«( (/aliment.  [Hare  in  both 
uses.] 

assemblage  (a-sem'blaj),  ».  [<  F.  as.icml)lage,  < 
ii.ssi  nihil  r,  assemble:  see  assemble^  and  -age.] 

1.  The  act  of  assembling  or  the  state  of  being 
assembled;  association. 

In  sweet  asseinhlaye  every  blooming  grace.  Fenttm. 

2.  A  collection  of  individuals  or  of  particular 
things:  as,  an  assi  nihliigr  of  noted  men;  an  as- 
si inliliiiir  of  various  materials, — 3,  'I'lie  act  of 
lilting  logelher,  as  parls  of  a  maehiiie;  in  carp. 
iiiii\  Joinery,  a  union  of  parts  or  jiicces  by  fram- 
ing, dovetailing,  etc.     See  iisscinbling. 

The  exterior  plank  |».  e.,  pbiiikingl  nf  our  large  wooden 
war  ships  was  divided  into  a  iiuniber  of  distinct  assem- 
Idihn.'.,  lacil  having  a  special  desiguiitloii. 

Theaiie,  Naval  Arch.,  8  212. 

assemblanceif  (a-sem'blans),  n.  [<  OF.  asscm- 
hlancc  =  It.  iis.semhrauM  :  see  assimlile^  and 
-ancc]     An  assemblage  ;  an  assembly. 

To  Weill'  the  cause  of  their  assemldainiee  wide. 

.'^/leaser,  V.  ().,  \'.  Iv.  21. 

assemblance-t  {n-sem'blans),  H.  [<  OF.  as- 
semhlnncr  ( Woipieforl ),  (."ii.iscmlilir,  resemlile  : 
see  as.ienihlr"  and  -ancc.]  Ht^presentalion ;  liko- 
nesH ;  Kcmblauce. 

Care  I  for  the  .  ,  ,  big  dniteiii/ifdiiri' of  a  innn?  Oive  me 
Ihc-plrll.  .SVinA-.,  2  Hell.  IV.,  111.  2. 

assemblationf,  ».  A  gulhering;  a  meeting. 
Ji'iii/i  r  .\iirlli,  Ivvamen.     |  Rare, ) 


assemble 

assemble^  (a-sem'bl),  v. ;  pret.  ami  jip.  assem- 
blcil,  ppr.  asseinbiinij.  [<  ME.  (isncinhlm,  umm- 
blcn,  assemlvn,  ascnilen,  <  OF.  asvmblcr,  assembler, 
assambler  =  Pr.  ussimblar,  asciiiblar,  ascnilur  = 
OSp.  asemblar  =  It.  iwscmbhirc,  assc»thrare,  < 
ML.  assimulare,  briug  together  (in  L.  tlie  same 
as  assimihnr :  see  dssemblc"),  <  L.  ad,  to,  + 
simul,  togetlier.  Also  by  apheresis  semblc^. 
CI.  asscmbh'-.'i  I.  trans.  1.  To  collect  iuto  one 
place  or  body;  bring  or  call  together;  convene ; 
congregate. 

Thither  he  (visetnblcd  all  lustrum.  Milton,  V.  L.,  v.  707. 
2.  To  fit  together.  See  assemhUii(i,'2. —  3t.  To 
join  or  couple,  as  one  with  another,  or  as  iu 
sexual  intercourse.  =  Syn.  1.  To  convene,  collect,  con- 
gregate, muster,  convoke. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  meet  or  come  together; 
convene,  as  a  niunber  of  individuals:  as,  "the 
c\aix\s  assemble,"  Drtjden,  ^neid,  vii. — 2\.  To 
meet  in  battle;  fight.  =SyTi.  1.  To  gather,  get  to- 
gether, muster,  convene. 

assembled  (a-sem'bl),  n.  [<  assemble^,  v.  Cf. 
assembli/.]    An  assembly. 

assemble'-'t  (a-sem'bl),  r.  t.  [Late  ME.  assam- 
ble ;  <  t)i<\  assembler ;  cf.  Pg.  asscmelhin;  assiiiii- 
lar  =  It.  assiiiiie/liare,  resemble;  <  L.  assinin- 
lare,  assimilare,  make  like,  consider  like,  com- 
pare, <  ad,  to,  +  similis,  like  (related  to  simul, 
together ;  cf .  assemble'^) :  see  assimilate.  Also 
by  apheresis  semble^.2  1.  To  be  similar  to; 
resemble. 

For  the  world  asuembletti  the  see. 

Caxton,  Golden  Legend,  p.  114.    (X.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  liken  or  compare. 
Bribes  may  be  asf^etnOU'd  to  pitch. 

Latimer,  Sermons  before  £d\v.  VI.  (.\rher),  p,  151. 

assembler  (a-sem'bler),  n.  1.  One  who  assem- 
bles.—  2.  Specifically,  a  workman  who  assem- 
bles or  fits  together  the  different  parts  of  a 
machine,  as  of  a  watch.  See  assemblinij,  2. — 3t. 
One  who  takes  part  in  an  assembly ;  a  member 
of  an  assembly. 

assembling  (a-sem'bling),  n.  1.  A  collecting 
or  meeting  together. 

Xot  forsaking  the  a&semhling  of  ourselves  together,  as 
the  manner  of  some  is.  Heb.  x.  25. 

2.  The  act  of  fitting  together  parts  of  ma- 
chines and  instruments,  such  as  sewing-ma- 
chines, guns,  microscopes,  watches,  etc.,  espe- 
cially when  duplicate  parts  are  so  exactly 
made  as  to  be  interchangeable. 

assembling-bolt  (a-sem'bling -bolt),  n.  A 
screw-bolt  for  holding  together  the  several 
parts  of  a  machine  or  tool. 

assembly  (a-sem'bli),  n.;  pi.  assemblies  (-bliz). 
[<  ME.  assemble,  assemblaye,  assemblee,  <  OF. 
assemhlee,  F.  assemblee  (=  Sp.  asamblca  =  Pg. 
assemblca),  meeting,  coming  together,  <  assem- 
bler, meet:  see  assemble^.'\  1.  The  act  of  as- 
sembling, or  the  state  of  being  assembled  or 
gathered  together. 

A  Triennial  Bill  enforced  the  ansemhlij  of  the  Houses 
every  tlu'ee  years,  and  bound  the  sheritfs  and  citizens  to 
proceed  to  election  if  the  Koyal  writ  failed  to  summon 
them.  J.  R.  Greene,  Short  Hist.  Eng.,  p.  524. 

2.  A  company  of  persons  gathered  together  in 
the  same  place,  and  usually  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, whether  religious,  political,  educational, 
or  social;  an  assemblage. 

At  length  there  issued  from  the  grove  behind 
A  fair  assembly  of  the  female  kind. 

Drydeii,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  154. 
Another  assembly,  composed  of  representatives  chosen 
liy  the  people  in  all  parts,  gives  free  access  to  the  whole  na- 
tion, and  communicates  all  its  wants,  knowledge,  projects, 
and  wishes  to  government.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  28S. 
The  Popular  Assembly  and  the  PopxUar  Court  of  Justice 
are  in  principle  the  same  institution ;  they  are  gatherings 
of  the  freemen  of  tlie  community  for  different  public 
pm-pnses.  Maine,  Early  L.aw  and  Custom,  p.  17y. 

3.  Specifically — (a)  [cap.']  The  name  given 
to  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature  in  sev- 
eral of  the  United  States  and  in  some  of  the 
British  colonies,  (b)  A  company  of  persons 
of  both  sexes  met  for  dancing ;  a  ball ;  espe- 
cially, a  ball  the  expenses  of  whieh  are  defrayed 
by  the  subscriptions  of  those  who  take  part  in  it. 

Her  girls.  .  .  appeared  perseveringly  at  the  Winchester 
and  Southampton  asse)nblies ;  they  penetrated  to  Cowes 
for  the  race-balls  and  regatta-gaieties  there. 

Thackeray,  I'anity  F.air,  xxxix. 

4.  Mint. :  (a)  The  second  beating  of  the  drum 
before  a  march,  upon  which  the  soldiers  strike 
their  tents,  (b)  A  drum-beat  or  bugle-call  to 
bring  troops  together  at  an  appointed  place. 

Lagache  .  .  .  thought  it  best  to  test  the  loyalty  of  the 
dragoons  by  sounding  tlie  assemblti. 

QiiarlrrlyRei!.,  CLXIIL  100. 

5t.  An  assemblage  or  collection  of  inanimate 
objects. 


345 

To  Venice  herself,  or  to  any  of  the  little  assembly  of 
islands  ab<iut  her.  Uowell,  Letters,  i.  1. 

Assembly  of  Divines  at  Westminster,  ramnnonly  call- 

i-d  tin-  W'estininstiT  .{s.^i-iublil.  a  ronvucation  summoned 
by  the  Long  rarliamcnt  to  advise  "  fen-  tlie  settling  of  the 
government  and  tlie  liturgy  of  the  Church  of  England." 
Most  of  its  members  were  Presbyterians,  ami  nearly  all 
were  Calviutsts.  It  met  July  1,  l(i4.'i,  and  continued  its 
sessions  till  i^'ebruary  22,  1041).  The  chief  fruits  of  its  la- 
bors were  the  Directory  of  Public  Worship,  the  Confes- 
sion of  Faith,  atid  the  Lal'ger  and  Shorter  Catechisms, 
wliich  wen-  rejci-tcd  in  England,  but  established  in  .Scot- 
laniL— Black  Assembly,  ill  the  I'liiversity  of  t:anibridgc, 
the  great  i-(jnvucatioii.  General  Assembly,  (a)  The 
highest  ecclesiastical  tribunal  of  chun-he.s  of  the  Presbyte- 
rian order,  meeting  annually,  and  i-omposcd  of  ministers 
and  ruling  elders  delegated  by  each  pi-esbytcry  within 
their  respective  national  hounds.  ('>)  In  many  of  the 
United  States,  the  collective  title  of  the  legislature,  (c) 
In  New  Jersey,  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature.  — Legis- 
lative Assembly.  ('0  The  collective  title  of  the  legis- 
lature in  the  .st;itc  of  Oregon  and  the  territories  of  the 
United  States;  also,  the  title  of  the  lower  house  or  of  the 
single  legislative  body  in  niany  of  the  British  colonies,  (b) 
In  French  hist.,  the  li-i;ishitive  bodies  of  1791-2, 1849-.51,  as 
distingnishc.l  fn.iii  the  Xatioiial  Assemblvof  1789-1791  — 
Natloual  Assembly,  in  Fr.neh  liist.,  the  first  of  the 
revolntiiMiaiy  asseinblii-s,  in  session  17sll'1791.  The  States 
l.ielieral,  ek-,  t./d  hi  1759.  «ere  opened  .May  5, 1789,  and  in 
.^\\n^'  the  third  estate  assumed  the  title  of  National  As- 
senilily  and  alisorbed  the  two  remaining  estates.  Its  chief 
work  was  the  formation  of  the  constitution,  whence  it  is 
also  called  the  Cnnstituciit  .i.^.^embly. 

assemblyman  (a-sem'bli-man),  n. ;  pi.  assem- 
blymen (-men).  [<.  assemhli/  +  man.']  A  mem- 
ber of  a  legislative  assembly.     [U.  S.] 

assembly-room  (a-sem'bli-rom),  II.  A  room  iu 
which  persons  assemble,  especially  for  dancing. 
See  a.iscmlili/. 

assenH,  "•  An  obsolete  plural  of  cwsl.    Chaucer. 

assen-t,  »•     An  oljsolete  plural  of  ash^. 

assent  (a-senf),  V.  [<  ME.  asscnten,  asentcn 
(lateval.soby  aijheresisse»te),  <  OF.  asenter,  as- 
senter  (<  L.  assentari,  adsentari.  irreg.  fi'eq.  of 
asseiifiri),  also  asscnlir,  P.  assentir,  <  L.  assenti- 
re,  more  frequently  deponent,  assentiri,  assent 
to,  approve,  consent,  <  ad,  to,  H-  sen  tire,  feel,  >  E. 
sent,  now  spelled  improp.  seent :  see  seen t  and 
sense,  andcf.  consent,  dissent,  vmdresent.l  l.in- 
trans.  To  admit  a  proposition  as  true;  express 
an  agreement  of  the  mind  to  what  is  alleged  or 
proposed ;  concur ;  acquiesce :  -with  to  before 
an  object. 
The  Jews  also  assented,  saying  that  these  things  were  so. 

Acts  xxiv.  9. 
We  cannot  assent  to  a  proposition  without  some  intelli- 
gent apprehension  of  it ;  whereas  we  need  not  understand 
it  at  all  in  order  to  infer  it. 

J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  r>. 

=  Syn.  To  agree,  subscribe. 

Il.t  trans.  To  agree  to ;  approve ;  determine. 

Here  wyfes  wolde  it  wel  assente. 

Ctmucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  374. 

assent  (a-senf),  «.  [<  ME.  assent,  asent,  <  as- 
scnten, dseuten,  the  verb  :  see  assent,  v.']  1.  The 
act  of  the  mind  in  admitting  or  agreeing  to  the 
truth  of  a  proposition  proposed  for  acceptance. 

Faith  is  the  assent  to  any  proposition  on  the  credit  of 
the  proposer.  Loeke. 

2.  Consent;  eoncun-ence;  acquiescence;  agree- 
ment to  a  proposal :  as,  the  bill  before  the  house 
has  the  assent  of  a  great  majority  of  the  mem- 
bers. 

Without  the  king's  assent  or  knowledge, 
You  wrought  to  be  a  legate.    Shak,,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

No  parish-business  in  the  place  could  stir. 
Without  du'ection  or  assent  from  her. 

Crabbe,  The  Parish  Register. 

3.  Accord ;  agreement ;  approval. 

Virtue  engages  his  assent. 
But  Pleasure  wins  his  heart. 

Coti'per,  Human  Frailty. 

Too  many  people  read  this  ribaldry  with  a.fsent  and  ad- 
miration. Macatday,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

4t.  Opinion. 

Thou  art  oon  of  his  assent. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  296. 

Royal  assent,  in  England,  the  approbation  given  by  the 
sovereign  in  Parliament  to  a  bill  which  has  passed  both 
houses,  after  which  it  becomes  law.  This  assent  may  be 
given  in  two  ways:  (a)  In  person,  when  the  sovereign  comes 
to  the  House  of  Peers,  the  Commons  are  sent  for,  and  the 
titles  of  all  the  bills  which  have  passed  are  read.  The  royal 
assent  is  declared  in  Norman-French  by  the  clerk  of  the 
Parliament,  (b)  By  letters  patent  under  the  great  seal, 
signed  by  the  sovereign,  and  notified  in  his  or  her  absence. 
A  money-bill,  or  bill  of  supply,  passed  by  the  House  of 
Commons,  is  presented  by  the  Speaker  for  the  royal  assent. 
=  Syn.  Assent.  Consent,  Concurrence,  Actjuiesccnce,  accept- 
ance, adherence.  Assent  is  primarily  an  act  of  the  under- 
standing ;  coment  is  distinctly  the  act  of  the  will :  as,  I 
absent  to  that  proposition :  I  consent  to  his  going.  Bax- 
ter speaks  of  justifying  faith  as  the  assentin<7  trust  of  the 
understanding  aniftlie  consentinri  trust  of  the  will.  As- 
sent is  not  yet  altogether  excluded  from  the  field  of  the 
will,  but  tends  to  express  a  feebler  action  of  the  will  than 
it  formerly  did.  or  than  consent  does.  Compare  Luke  xxili. 
24  (margin).  "Pilate  assented  that  it  should  be  as  they  re- 
((uii-ed,"  with  the  formal  ctmseni  in  the  royal  assent  to  a 


assert 

bill.  Concurrence  is  a  running  of  minds  in  the  same  chan- 
nel, an  agreement  in  opinion  or  decision.  Act^uiesceitce  is 
a  state  or  act  of  (iuiet  submission  to  a  decision,  an  act,  or 
the  prevalence  of  an  opinion,  because  it  is  near  enough 
to  one  s  wishes,  or  not  worth  resisting,  or  impossible  to  re- 
sist, but  not  because  it  is  entirely  acceptable. 

Assent  I  have  descrilied  to  be  a  mental  assertion ;  in  its 
very  natme  then  it  is  of  the  mind,  and  not  of  the  lips. 

J.  II.  Newman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  11. 

If  any  faction  of  men  will  require  the  assent  and  consent 
of  other  men  to  a  vast  number  of  disputable  and  uninsti- 
tuted  things,  and,  it  may  be,  a  mathematical  falsehood 
among  the  iirstof  them,  and  utterly  renounce  all  Christian 
communion  with  all  that  shall  not  give  that  assent  and 
consent,  we  look  upon  those  to  be  separatists;  we  dare 
not  to  be  so  narrow-spirited. 

C.  Matlier,  Mag.  Chris.,  Int.  to  iii. 

The  necessity,  under  which  the  jury  is  placed,  to  agree 
unanimously,  in  order  to  find  a  verdict,  acts  as  the  pre- 
disposing cause  of  concurrence  in  some  common  opinion. 
Calhoun,  Works,  I.  06. 
The  showman  rubs  his  brow  impulsively.  .  .  .  but  final- 
ly, with  the  inevitable  acquiescence  of  all  public  servants, 
resumes  his  composnri^  and  goes  on. 

ilau'thorne.  Main  Street. 

assentantt  (a-sen'tant),  a.  and  n.     [<  ME.  as- 
scntaunt,   <  DF.  assentant,   assentant,  ppr.  of 
assenter :   see  assent,  v.,  and  -ant'^.     Doublet, 
assenticnt.']     I.  a.  Assenting;  agreeing. 
II.  n.  One  who  assents  or  agi'ees. 

assentation  (as-en-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  asscnta- 
tio(n-),  flattery,  sei-vile  assent,  <  assentari, 
pp.  assentatu.'i,  flatter,  assent  in  everything, 
irreg.  freq.  of  assentiri,  assent,  agree:  see  as- 
sent, i'.]  The  act  of  assenting;  especially,  ob- 
seqtiious  assent  to  the  opinion  of  another;  flat- 
tery; adulation. 

It  is  a  fearful  presage  of  ruin  when  the  prophets  con- 
spire in  assentation,  Bp.  Hall,  Death  of  Aliab. 

Words  smooth  and  sweeter-sounded  are  to  be  used, 
rather  than  rough  or  harsh,  as  adore  for  worship,  assen- 
talion  fur  Mattery.     Instructions  for  Oratory  (1682),  p.  25. 

assentatort  (as'en-ta-tor),  «.  [<  L.  assentator, 
<  assentari,  flatter :  see'  assentation.']  One  who 
assents  or  consents;  especially,  one  who  as- 
sents obsequiously;  a  flatterer.     Sir  T.  Elyot. 

assentatorilyt  (a-sen'ta-to-ri-li),  adr.  In  the 
manner  of  an  assentator;  with  adulation  or  ob- 
sequiousness.   Bacon. 

assentatoryt  (a-sen'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  'assen- 
tatorius  (implieil  iu  adv.  asscntatorie),  <  a.t.^en- 
totor,  a  flatterer :  see  assentator.]  Pertaining 
to  or  chiiracterized  by  assentation;  flattering; 
adulatory. 

assenter  (a-sen'ter),  n.  One  who  assents.  See 
assen  lor. 

assentient  (a-sen'shient),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  as- 
scnticn{t-)s,  ppr.  of  assentiri,  assent:  see  assent, 
v.]  I.  a.  Assenting ;  yielding  assent.  Quar- 
terly Rev. 

II.  n.  One  who  assents;  an  assenter.  Xortit 
British  Ber. 

assentingly  (a-sen'ting-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
expressing  assent;  by  agreement. 

assentive  (a-sen'tiv),  «.  [<  a.ssent  +  -ire.] 
Giving  assent ;  complying.     Savat/e.     [Rare.] 

assentmentt  (a-sent'ment),  ».  [<  OF.  assente- 
nient,  <  ML.  assentimentum ,  assent,  <  L.  assen- 
tiri, assent :  see  assent,  v.,  and  -nient.]  Assent ; 
agi-eement.     *)•  T.  Browne. 

assentor  (a-sen'tor),  «.  [<  assent  +  -or;  the 
usual  legal  form;  cf.  assenter.]  One  who  as- 
sents ;  specifically,  one  of  the  eight  voters  who 
indorse  the  nomination,  by  a  proposer  and  sec- 
onder, of  a  candidate  for  election  to  the  Parlia- 
ment of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  as  required 
by  law. 

assert  (a-serf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  assertiis,  pp.  (ML.  as- 
scrtarc,  freq.)  of  assercrc,  adserere,  join  to,  ad- 
screre  alirpiem  manu  (or  simply  adserere)  in  liber- 
tatem  or  in  seriitutem,  declare  one  free  or  a 
slave  by  laying  hands  upon  him.  hence  free 
from,  protect,  defend,  lay  claim  to,  assert,  de- 
clare, <  ad,  to.  +  sercre,  join,  range  in  a  row,  = 
Gr.  lipeiv,  bind,  fasten:  see  series  and  serried.] 
If.  To  bring  (into  fi-eedom);  set  (free).  [The 
original  Latin  use,  asserere  in  libertatem.] 

The  people  of  Israel,  being  lately  oppressed  in  Egypt, 
were  asserted  by  (3od  into  a  state  of  liberty. 

Bp.  Patrick,  on  Num.  xxiii.  2. 

2.  To  vindicate,  maintain,  or  defend  by  words 
or  measures;  support  the  cause  or  claims  of; 
^■indicate  a  claim  or  title  to:  now  used  only  of 
immaterial  objects  or  reflexively :  as.  to  assert 
our  rights  and  liberties;  he  asserted  himself 
boldly. 

I  could  and  would  myself  assert  the  British  from  his 
scandalous  pen.  Fuller. 

Often,  in  the  parting  hour, 
Victorious  love  a-iserts  his  power 
O'er  coldness  and  disdain. 

Scott,  Marmion,  v.  7. 


assert 
8.  To  state  as  true ;  affirm;  asseverate;  aver; 
declare. 

There  is  no  proot  of  what  is  so  commonly  assrrttd,  that 
the  he«l  is  longer  in  proportion  to  the  foot  in  Segroes. 

"fc  f    r         /juj./,j,,  Auat.  Vert.,  p.  41i). 

To  assert  one's  self,  to  assume  and  defend  ones  rights, 
claims  or  anthoritv ;  ciert  ones  influence :  sometimes,  to 
thrust'one  s  self  fonvard  unduly  or  obtrusively. 

The  natural  strength  and  firmness  of  his  nature  bej.'an 
to  at^ert  iUelf.  0--nrne  Etwt,  Mill  on  the  Iloss,  iii.  i. 

While  th.  *■  -^cu  the  Emperor  and  the  Popt* 

absorbed  li.  olh,  it  became  possible  for  the 

ceonle  to  fi  •  • 
*^  //.  Speiuxr,  Prin.  of  SocioL,  §  493. 

=  Syil.  2.  Aarti,  Defend,  Maintain,  Vindicate.  Aggerl 
Eupports  a  cause  or  claim  aggressively :  its  meaning  is  well 
brought  out  in  the  cvprcssion,  astert  yourself:  that  is. 
make  your  influence  felt.  To  de/end  is  primarily  to  drnv 
back  assaults.  To  maintain  is  to  hold  up  to  the  full 
amount,  defending  from  diminution  :  as,  to  tnaintain  the 
ancient  customs,  lilwrties,  rights.  To  HmKeate  is  to  res- 
cue, as  fr^'m  diminution,  dishonor,  or  censure:  as,  to  ''  riji- 
dicate  the  ways  of  God  to  man,"  fope.  Essay  on  Man,  i.  16. 
And  as  my  vassals,  to  their  utmost  might, 
Assist  my  person,  and  a^ert  my  right. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1,000. 
It  is  time  now  to  draw  homeward ;  and  to  think  rather 
of  defending  myself,  than  assaulting  others. 

Dryden,  Prtf.  to  ilock  Astrologer. 

1  will  maintain 

My  truth  and  honour  flrnily.         Shak.,  I^ear,  v.  3. 

If  it  should  at  any  time  so  happen  that  these  rights 

should  be  invaded,  there  is  no  remedy  but  a  reliance  on 

the  courts  to  protect  and  vindicate  them. 

D.  Webtter,  Convention  to  Revise  the  Const.,  1821. 
3.  Aetert,  Afirm.  Declare,  Acer,  Asseverate  (see  declare). 
allege,  protest,  avow,  lay  down.  (See  protest.)  Assert 
seems  to  expect  doubt  or  contradiction  of  what  one 
saj-s.  Atnrm  strengthens  a  statement  by  resting  it  upon 
one's  reputation  for  knowledge  or  veracity:  as,  "she  (Rho- 
da]  constantlv  aUnncd  that  it  was  even  so,"  Acts  xii.  15. 
Declare  makes  public,  clear,  or  emphatic,  especially  against 
contradiction,  ytrer  is  positive  and  peremptory.  Assev- 
erate is  positive  and  solemn. 
We  can  attert  without  assenting. 

J.  H.  Xexnnan,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  11. 
It  is  a  pure  impertinence  to  a^rm  with  oracular  assur- 
ance what  might  perhaps  be  admissible  as  a  suggestion 
oflered  with  the  due  diffidence  of  modest  and  genuine 
scholarship.  5ici)i(iurn<,  Shakespeare,  p.  23. 

Our  Hebrew  songs  and  harps,  in  Babylon 
That  pleased  so  well  our  victors'  ear,  declare 
That  rather  Greece  from  us  these  arts  derived. 

Milton,  V.  R.,iv.  337. 

Then  all  aterred  I  had  killed  the  bird 
That  brought  the  fog  and  mist. 

Colerid</e,  Ancient  Mariner,  ii. 

It  is  impossible  to  calculate  the  good  that  such  a  work 
would  have  done  if  half  which  is  asseverated  had  only  been 
proved.  ■/•  J.  Blunt. 

assertable  (a-sfer'ta-bl),  a.  [<  tissert  +  -able.'} 
(.'apalile  of  being  asserted  or  luaiutained.  Also 
a.isrrtihlr. 

assertationt  (as-fer-ta'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  asserta- 
tio(n-),  <  (issertare,  pp.  axsertatus,  assert:  see 
«.M<■r^]     An  assertion.     .Sir  T.  Miirr. 

assertati'Ve  (a-ser'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  assert  +  -ative.'\ 
Assertive. 

asserter  (a-s^r'ttr),  n.  1.  One  who  asserts  or 
maiutainii;  a  champion  or  vindicator. 

Hann'jilius  and  Aristogiton  had  assassinated  Hippar- 
chus  from  mere  private  revenge ;  but  they  were  now  called 
atserters  of  public  liberty.         J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  4NS. 

2.  One  who  a.tsertg  or  declares;  one  who  makes 

a  positive  declaration. 

Al.HO  n-isertor. 
assertible,  ".    [<  cu>.iert  + -iblc]    Seeasstn-talle. 
assertion   (a-sir'shoM),   n.     [<  h.  «A«r(io(«-), 

diclariitionj<  axscrcrc,  assert:  see  assert.']     ij. 

The  act  of  setting  free;   liberation. —  2.  Tlie 

action  of  maintaining  a  cause  or  a  claim:  as, 

the  amiertion  of  one's  rights. —  3.  The  act  of 

stating  something  to  be  true. 

Au^rtvm  unsupported  by  fact  Is  nugatory.         Junius. 

4.  A  jKiHitivo  dci-laration  or  averment;  an  un- 

Hujiiiiirti  (1  statement  or  afliniiation:  as,  his  aa- 

Hertioii  proved  to  bo  false. 

An  iiMurrtirm  In  as  illsthict  from  a  cinclnsion  oa  a  word 
of  command  U  from  a  inTnuajiion  or  rcroniriii-nrtntton. 

./    //.  Seunnan,  Oniin   ..r  A««.nl,  p.  :i. 

Ill'  .  I  protoplnjtrn]  I'  whlrh 

Vtt.'  .     A  fill  t  of    lb.     ,  -luciill- 

cam  •  :.i,  t  nl  all,  bul  ji  •rtinn. 

Iteille,  ITMl..|,la,iii,  p.  S5. 

■SjTII.  2.  viiiiiirntlon,  defcnic,  maintenance  — 3  and  i, 
HlatcmrM  ,  priitcntatbm. 

asmrtlOTi  hon-nl),  n.     [<  nwrrfion  + 

■III.]     r  .  or  of  the  nature  of  nn  as- 

x'Ttiori;  nil  asMortion.      [Hare.] 

aaSOrtl'Ve,  ,,i.     [<  .ml.  •rt»*rr/irn<(iiii- 

pli'l     '  ''IV ),  <   I>.    itnnrrtu.H,    pp.    <.f 

lA"'  und  -irr.]     IVwitive;  dof- 

mnt  i.fldontly;  peremptory;  af- 

l'r"i'"3iiii(  thrm  not  lit  a  confldcnl  and  OMrrtive  form. 
bat  w  pn.iialiilltin  and  hjrpotllMM.  (JIanritIc 


346 

asserti'Vely  (a-ser'tiv-U),  adv.  In  an  assertive 
manner:  afiirmatively. 

assertiveness  (a-ser'tiv-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  assertive,  or  self-assertive. 

,\s  for  this  assertiveness,  one  should  admire  it ;  it  tends 
to  the  virtue  of  contentment 

IT.  Shepherd,  Prairie  Experiences,  p.  114. 

assertor  (a-ser'tqr),  n.  [<  L.  assertor,  declarer, 
advocate,"  defender,  <  asserere :  see  assert.] 
See  a.sscrter. 

assertorial  (as-er-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  LL.  asserto- 
liti^-  (see  assertory)  +  -o?.]  Asserting  a  fact  as 
true,  but  not  holding  it  to  be  necessary.  See 
asserton/.  the  common  form. 

assertorially  (as-er-to'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  an  as- 
sertorial manner;  as  an  assertion. 

assertoric,  assertorical  (as-er-tor'ik,  -i-kal),  a. 
[<  assirtor  +  -ic,  -ic-iil.]  Asserting;  assertory; 
assertive :  as,  an  assertoric  judgment.  See  as- 
serton/. 

assertory  (a-s^r'to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  assertorius,  < 
L.  assertor:  see  assertor.]  Affirming;  main- 
taining; declaratory;  affirmative;  assertive. 

We  have  not  here  to  do  with  a  promissorj-  oath :  ...  it 
is  the  assertory  oath  that  is  now  under  our  hand. 

Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  ii.  5. 
An  Assertory  Oath  is  made  to  a  Man  before  God,  and  I 
must  swear  so,  as  man  may  know  what  I  mean. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  77. 
Assertory  proposition,  in  lo(jic,  a  proposition  stating 
>nnittliiiiL'  t"  W  tnif.  but  not  stating  it  as  necessjiry. 

assertress  (a-ser'tres),  «.  [<  asserter  +  -ess.] 
A  female  who  asserts. 

asservet  (a-serv'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  asservire,  serve, 
aid,  <  fl<7,  to,  +  serrire,  serve:  see  serve.]  To 
help;  serve;  second.     Bailey. 

asservilet  (a-ser'vil),  v.  t.     [<  a«-l  +  servile.] 
To  render  servile  or  obsequious. 
[I]  am  weary  of  (M*err//ui{7  myself  to  every  man's  charity. 
Bacon,  v.  240  (Ord  MS.). 

asses,  n.    Plural  of  as*  and  of  ass^. 

assess  (a-ses'),  I',  t.  [<  late  ME.  assesse,  also  ac- 
cesse  (whence  by  apheresis  sess,  cess),  <  OF.  as- 
sesser,  <  ML.  assessare,  fix  a  rate,  impose  a  ta.\, 
freq.  of  L.  assiderc,  pp.  assessiis,  sit  beside,  be 
assessor  to  a  judge,  in  ML.  fix  a  rate,  impose  a 
tax,  assess  (cf.  a««c.s.<o)'),<  L.  ad,  to,  -I-  sedere,  sit. 
=  E,sit.  Cf.assice.]  1.  To  set,  fix,  or  charge  a 
certain  sum  upon,  by  way  of  tax :  as,  to  assess 
each  individual  in  duo  proportion. 

His  method  of  raising  supplies  w.is  to  order  some  ricli 
courtier  to  pay  a  sum,  and  then  sell  this  order  to  some 
speculator  with  the  power  of  torturing  the  person  iisse.'<scd. 

Jinni'jhatn. 

2.  To  estimate  the  value  or  amount  of  (prop- 
erty or  income)  as  a  basis  for  taxation. — 3.  To 
set,  fix,  or  determine :  as,  it  is  the  province  of 
a  jury  to  assess  damages. 

assesst  (a-ses'),  H.     [<  assess,  r.]     Assessment. 

assessable  (a-ses'a-bl),  a.  [<  a.isess  +  -able.] 
('apalile  of  being  assessed;  liable  to  assess- 
meiil. 

assessably  (a-ses'a-bli),  adv.    By  assessment. 

assession  (a-'sesh'on),  H.  [<  L.  assessio{ii-),  a 
silting  by  or  near,  <  assiderc,  sit  by  or  near: 
see  rt.v.vcss,  r.]  A  sitting  beside  or  together ;  a 
session.     fK'^re.] 

assessionary  (a-sesh'on-a-ri),  a.  [<  assession 
+  -ary.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  assession  or  to 
assessors:  as,  "at  the  a.i.'ie.ssionary  cotirt,"  11. 
Cnrrw,  Survey  of  Cornwall.     [Rare.] 

assessment  (ii-ses'ment),  H.  [<  ML.  (i.sw.wi- 
iiiniliim,  <  ii.'<.scssare,  assess:  see (iwc.v.v and  -inenl. 
Also  by  apheresis  .icssmnit.]  1.  The  act  of  as- 
sessing, determining,  or  adjusting  the  amount 
of  ta.\atioTi,  eliargc,  damages,  etc.,  to  be  paid 
by  an  individual,  a  comjiany,  or  a  cominiinily. 
—  2.  The  amount  so  detenuinod;  the  ta.\  or 
specific  sum  chaiged  iqion  a  iiersoii  or  jnop- 
crty:  as,  an  as.tessmeiit  upon  slockliolders  lo 
pay  corjiorate  debts. — 3.  An  ofiieial  valiialion 
of  property,  iirofits,  or  income,  for  iiurposes  of 
taxation. —  4.  The  value  thus  aseerlained  or 
nHsigned.  -  CommlBBlonerB  of  estimate  and  aasofls- 
ment.  Xw  commissiimer.-  PoUtlcal  asBessments,  m 
the  UiilUd  .Stalen,  contrlbutlurm  ot  niomy  bvl.d  by  po- 
litical conimlltecs  upon  Ibe  ollbc  boldcr»  and  ialMll.liitc« 
bi'lniiKliiK  lo  their  rc»ncctive  imrlies,  In  order  lo  di  Imy 
the  ixpenscHot  a  pidlllcal  canv.isH.— Union  AsBOSBment 
Acts,  KngllHb  BliitutcH  of  \m-l  ('3  mid  :;ii  Vlii.  v.  loii. 
H«H  (27  anil  in  Vict.  c.  :«i),  anil  isw)  (43  and  41  Mil,  c  T). 
which  rehilc  to  the  poor-ratiB  nlid  wren  re  a  ilnlfnrm  viiliia 
tlon  of  parishes  In  Kngland.  =  8yn.  Imi"i>l,  Jialcs,  etc. 
Sc..  tar. 

aBSessor  (n-son'or),  n.  [Karly  mod.  K.  also  a.i- 
.ii'ssiiiir,  <  ilK.  iissemniir,  <  <)I''.  a.isrssoiir,  mod. 
!•'.  nHsrHxriir  =  I'r.  assessor  =  Sp.  asrsor  =  1  'g.  as- 
srsHor  =  It.  nsspssorr,  <  Ii.  assessor,  nn  aKKiH- 
tiiiit  judge,  in  ML.  also  an  asseHsorof  taxes,  lit. 
one  who  sits  by  anolher,  <  assidirr,  sit  by:  sei' 
iiHsidcnt,  cutsciia.]     1.  One  who  sits  by  another; 


asseveration 

hence,  one  who  shares  another's  position,  rank, 
or  dignity ;  an  associate  in  office. 

Don  QuL\ote,  ...  or  his  assessors,  the  curate  and  the 
barber.  T.  Warton,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Poetry,  I.  338. 

2.  An  inferior  officer  of  justice,  who  sits  to  as- 
sist a  judge  as  a  law  authority;  in  Scotland, 
the  legal  adriser  of  a  magistrate,  with  judicial 
powers. 

Minos  the  strict  inquisitor  appears. 

And  lives  and  crimes  with  his  assessors  hears. 

Dryden,  .Eneid,  vi. 

3.  In  England,  a  person  chosen  to  assist  the 
mayor  and  aldermen  of  a  borough  in  matters 
concerning  elections. —  4.  In  some  universi- 
ties, as  the  Scotch,  the  title  of  the  elected  mem- 
bers of  the  university  court  or  supreme  govern- 
ing body  of  the  university. —  5.  One  appointed 
to  make  assessments,  especially  for  purposes 
of  ta.xation — Assessor  of  the  vice-chancellor,  in 
English  universities,  a  deputy  of  the  vice-chancellor  ap- 
pointed by  him  to  hear  causes  and  to  be  his  vicegerent  in 
court.— Nautical  assessors.    See  nanticni. 

assessorial  (as-e-so'ri-al),  a.  [<  assessor  +  -inh] 
Pertaining  to  an  assessor,  or  to  a  court  of  as- 
sessors. 

assessorship  (a-ses'or-ship),  n.  [<  assessor  + 
-ship.]     The  office  of  assessor. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  his  progress  from  the  passive  Auscul- 
tatorship  towards  any  active  Assessors/tip  is  evidently  of 
the  slowest.  Cartyle,  Sartor  Kcsartus,  p.  86. 

asset  (as'et),  n.    See  assets. 

assetht,  "•  [ME.,  also  aseth,  aseeth,  asethe,  as- 
setlie,  assets,  etc.  (=  Sc.  assyth),  <  OF.  asset,  aset, 
asez,  a.<ises,  in  the  jihrase/cce  aset,  aset  fere  (<  L. 
(ad)  satis  faccre),  make  amends,  lit.  do  enough: 
see  asset,  assets,  the  same  word,  of  later  and  dif- 
ferent use  in  E.]     Satisfaction;  amends. 

We  may  noghte  be  assoylede  of  the  trespase  hot  if  make 
asscthe  in  that  that  we  may. 

Iicli;7ious  Pieces  (ed.  Percy),  p.  6. 

Yit  never  shal  make  his  richesse 
Asseth  unto  his  greedynesse. 

Rom.  o/thc  Hose,  1.  6600. 

assets  (as'ets),  n.  pi.,  orig.  sing.  [<  AF.  assets, 
ascts  (OF.  asses,  ases,  asset,  aset,  mod.  F.  assez 
=  Pr.  assals  =  OSp.  osas  =  Pg.  assas,  as.ias  = 
It.  assai),  enough,  in  the  law  phrase  aver  assets, 
have  enough,  taken  into  E.  as  'have  assets'; 
<  ML.  ad  satis,  lit.  up  to  enough,  equiv.  to  L. 
satis,  enough:  see  satisfy.]  1.  In  law:  (a)  Suffi- 
cient estate;  property  sufficient  in  the  hands  of 
an  executor  or  heir  to  pay  the  debts  or  legacies 
of  the  testator  or  ancestor  to  satisfy  claims 
against  it.  {!>)  Any  gootls  or  iirojicrty  or  right 
of  action  properly  available  for  the  payment  of 
a  bankrupt's  or  a  deceased  person's  obligations 
or  debts:  generally  used  to  signify  resources 
for  the  payment  of  debts,  etc.  Assets  are  real  or 
jtcrsonat.  Ileal  assets  are  lands  such  as  descend  to  the 
heir,  subject  to  the  fultilment  of  the  obligations  of  the 
ancestor;  2>ersonal  assets  arc  the  money  or  goods  of  the 
deceased  or  Insolvent,  or  debts  due  to  him,  which  come 
into  tile  hands  of  the  e.\ecutor  or  administrator,  or  which 
he  is  to  collect  or  convert  into  ninney. 
2.  Property  in  general ;  all  that  one  owns,  con- 
sidered as  applicable  to  the  payment  of  his 
debts:  as,  his  assets  are  much  greater  than  his 
liabilities. —  3.  [As  a  singular,  asset.^  Any 
portion  of  one's  property  or  effects  so  con- 
sidered: as,  these  shares  are  a  valiuible  as.set. 
Equitable  assets.  .See  rviii'raMc— Marshaling  as- 
sets.    Sec  iitarshol,  v. 

asse'Vert  (a-sev'6r),  v.  t,  [<  L.  a.tsevcrare,  as- 
sert strongly,  speak  in  earnest,  <  ad,  to,  -I- 
severus,  earnest,  serious,  severe:  see  severe.] 
To  asseverate. 

Anselnnm  .  .  .  not  only  assevereth  It,  but  also  endea* 
vciiueth  .  .  .  to  set  out  the  true  .  ,  .  proportion  of  it, 

t'othcrlni,  Atheomastlx,  p.  .S17. 

asse'Verate  (a-sev'6r-at),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  p)).  as- 
.'.■<v< raliil,  jipr.  asseverating.  [<  Ij.  as.srnratits, 
]ip.  of  a.s,irrirare :  see  asserer.]  To  aflirm  or 
aver  iiositively,  or  with  soleniiiily. 

charily  nigli  illokrn 
I'.rc  Hwallow  what  they  bodi  nssevcrntr: 
rhnngh  down  the  gullet  faith  may  feel  It  go, 

Brownin;/,  Ring  and  llouk,  I.  85, 
=  8yn.  Assert,  Afflrm,  Declare,  etc.  (see  assert);  to  say, 
iilh-gc,  protest,  InslHt,  maintain. 
asseveration  (a-sev-e-ra'shon),  H.  [<  L.  asse- 
rt riihnlii-),  an  earnest  (li'elaralioii,  <  assirerare, 
]i)i.  assrreraliis,  iissever:  see  assrrvr.]  1.  Tho 
net  of  HHSPVeratiiig;  ]iosilive  afllrmation  or  as- 
sert ion;  Koleuiii  decliirnlion. 

"My  dod!"  crieil  the  inoidi,  with  a  warmth  of  n/i»ciicro- 
tiim  which  seenu'd  not  to  bi'long  tn  liiin. 

.Sterne,  .Sentimental  .lolirney,  p.  21, 

2.  That   which   is  assevoratod;   an   om|>batio 
asKerlion. 

lie  |l.<iilli|  denied  with  the  mimt  Holemn  (isscveratiom 
that  he  had  Uikcn  any  money  for  hlniHi'lf. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng,,  xxL 


asseverative 

asseverative  (a-sev'6r-a-tiv),  n.  [<  asseverate 
+  -icc.\  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
asseveration. 

Jean  Thompson  looked  at  his  wife,  whose  applause  he 
prized  and  she  answered  hy  an  assevaratirc  toss  of  the 
liead.  '  G.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  71. 

asseveratory  (a-sev'er-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  assever- 
ate +  -o/v/.]  Of  the  natui'e  of  an  asseveration; 
solemnly  or  positively  affirming  or  averring. 

After  divers  warm  and  assew.vntoru  answers  made  by  Mr. 
Atkins,  the  captain  stopped  short  in  his  walk. 

Roijer  Sorth,  Examen,  p.  247. 

ass-head  (as'hed),  n.  One  who  is  dull,  like  the 
ass;  one  slow  of  apprehension;  a  blockhead. 

Will  you  help  an  ass-head,  and  a  co.xconib,  and  a  knave? 
a  thin-faced  knave,  a  gull?  Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

assibilate  (a-sib'i-liit),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  assib- 
ilatcd,  ppr.  a^sibilaUng.  [<  L.  *assibilatus,  pp. 
of  assihilurc,  whisper  at  or  to,  <  ad,  io,+  sihi- 
lare,  whisper:  see  sihUant.  The  E.  sense  of 
assibUate  depends  on  that  of  sibilant.']  To  ren- 
der sibilant,  as  a  sound ;  change  into  a  sibilant 
or  hissing  sound;  alter,  as  a  sound,  by  the 
phonetic  process  called  assibilation.  The  term 
may  be  applied  to  the  whole  word  so  affected:  as,  chureh 
is  an  asslfnlated  form  of  kirk. 

assibilation  (a-sib-i-la'shon),  n.  [<  assihilate.'] 
The  act  of  making  sibilant;  specifically,  in 
pliilol.,  the  change  of  a  dental  or  guttm-al  (or  a 
labial)  mute  into  a  sibilant  («,  ~,  sh,  ~/(,  ch  =  tsli, 
j  =  d:h),  or  into  a  sound  approaching  that  of  a 
sibilant,  as  for  instance  a  palatal.  This  change 
usually  results  from  a  tendency  to  accommodate  the  mute 
to  an  immediately  succeeding  e,  i,  or  y  sound.  Thus,  (  in 
the  Latin  natio  becomes  z(  =  ^s)  in  the  Italian  nazione,  and 
is  pronounced  s  in  the  French  nation  and  sii  in  the  English 
nation.  Similarly,  the  English  (  approaches  or  assumes 
the  sound  of  ck  before  the  j/-sound  contained  in  long  u  in 
nature,  virtue,  etc. 

Assidean  (as-i-de'an),  n.  [Also  Assidaian,  Asi- 
dwan;  <  ML.  Assidei  (confused  with  L.  assidui, 
as  if  'assiduous,  zealous'),  prop.  Asidwi,  <  Gr. 
'AmSalot,  repr.  Heb.  hasidint,  lit.  pious  ones  (usu- 
ally translated  "saints"  in  the  English  Bible), 
<  hdsad  (initial  heth),  be  pious.  The  form  Chasi- 
dean  is  approximated  to  the  Heb.]  1.  One  of  a 
sect  of  orthodox  Jews,  opposed  to  Greek  innova- 
tions. They  were  among  the  first  to  join  Mattathias,  the 
father  of  the  Maccabees,  in  defending  the  pui-ity  of  their 
religion  and  the  liberties  of  their  country. 
2.  One  of  a  mystical  sect  of  Polish  Jews  which 
originated  in  the  eighteenth  century. 
Also  called  Chasidean. 

assident  (as'i-dent),  a.  [<  L.  assiden.{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  assidere,  sit  by  or  near,  <  ad,  to,  +  sedere  = 
E.  sit.  See  assess  and  assiduous.1  Accompany- 
ing; concomitant — Assident  or  accessory  signs 
or  symptoms,  in  jiatiiol.,  signs  or  syniptnnis  .surli  as  usu- 
ally, thougli  not  invariably,  attend  a  disease  :  distinguished 
from  pathofinomonic  signs,  which  always  attend  it. 

assiduatet  (a-sid'u-at),  a.  [<  LL.  *assiduatiis, 
pp.  of  assiduare,  apply  constantly,  <  L.  assiduiis, 
assiduous:  see  assiduou-s.]  Constant;  contin- 
ual; assiduous. 

By  love's  assiduate  care  and  industry. 

Middleton,  Micro-Cynicon,  i.  3. 

assiduity  (as-i-dii'i-ti),  11.;  pi.  assiduities  (-tiz). 
[=  P.  assiduite,  <  L.  assiduita(t-)s,  <  assiduiis: 
see  assiduoiio.]  1.  Constant  or  close  applica- 
tion to  any  business  or  occupation ;  diligence. 

I  have,  with  much  pains  and  assidtiity,  qualified  myself 
for  a  nomenclator.  Addison. 

By  marvellous  assiduity,  he  [Pickering]  was  able  to  lead 
two  lives,  one  producing  the  fruits  of  earth,  the  other 
those  of  immortality.  Sumner,  Orations,  I.  140. 

2.  Solicitous  care  of  a  person  or  persons ;  con- 
stant personal  attention :  usually  in  the  plural. 
Far  from  their  native  home,  no  tender  assiduities  of 
friendship  .  .  .  relieve  their  thirst,  or  close  their  eyes  in 
death.  M.  Halt,  Modern  Infidelity. 

Hence  —  3t.  Sycophantic  attention ;  servility. 

The  obsequiousness  and  a-tsiduity  of  the  court. 

Sir  R.  Naunton,  Fragmenta  Reg.  (1S08),  p.  229. 
=  Syil.  1.  Industry,  Assiduity,  Application,  Diligence, 
Constancy,  Perseverance,  Persistence,  care,  attention, 
watchfulness,  sedulousness,  patience.  Diliyence  in  labor 
often  conveys  the  idea  of  quickness.  Indu-itry  keeps  at 
work,  leaving  no  time  idle.  Assiduity  (literally,  a  sitting 
down  to  work)  sticks  quietly  to  a  particular  task,  with  the 
determination  to  succeed  in  spite  <if  its  dillieulty,  or  to  get 
it  done  in  spite  of  its  length.  Ap/'tirntioii,  literally,  bends 
itself  to  its  work,  and  is,  more  specifically  than  assiduitu, 
a  steady  concentration  of  one's  powers  of  body  and  mind : 
as,  he  was  a  man  of  extraordinary  powers  of  application  ; 
Newton  attributed  all  his  own  success  to  application.  Dili- 
gence is,  literally,  fondness  for  one's  work,  and  so,  by  a 
natural  transfer,  industry  that  is  alert.  Constaiwy  is  the 
power  to  continue  unchanged,  as  in  affection,  or  to  hold 
on  in  any  particular  course  or  work ;  it  goes  more  deeply 
into  character  than  the  others.  Perseverance  suggests  ob- 
stacles from  without  or  mthin  which  are  steadily  met, 
and  is  morally  neutral.  PersisteiKC  may  be  good,  but  it 
is  more  often  an  evil  perseverance,  as  obstinacy  or  a  de- 
termination to  carry  one's  point  against  unwillingness  or 
refusal  on  the  part  of  others.    We  speak  of  plodding  in. 


:i4:7 

dustry,  patient  assiduity,  steady  application,  great  dili- 
gence, unshaken  constancy,  undaunted  perseverance,  per- 
sistence  that  will  not  take  No  for  an  answer. 

He  [Richardson]  advanced  rapidly  by  iiulustry  and  good 
conduct,  was  taken  int<j  partnership,  and  tiltimately  be- 
came the  heail  of  an  extensive  business. 

Welsli,  Eng.  Lit.,  II.  140. 

lie  was  distinguished  among  his  fellow  students  ...  by 
the  assiduity  with  which  he  often  prolonged  his  studies  far 
into  the  night.  Maeaulay,  Addison. 

A  man  of  judgment  and  application  will  succeed  incom- 
parably  better  in  composing  the  Tables  to  his  own  writ- 
ings than  a  stranger  can.  Boyle. 

Diligence  and  accuracy  are  the  only  merits  which  an 
historical  writer  may  ascribe  Ui  himself.  Oitjbon. 

The  careful  seal'ch  .  .  . 
Is  made  with  all  due  diiigencc. 

Shak.,  Peiiclea,  iii.  (cho.). 

True  eonstaney  no  time,  no  power  can  move.  Gray. 

All  the  performances  of  human  art,  at  which  we  look 
with  praise  or  wonder,  are  instances  of  the  resistless  force 
oi  perseverance.  Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  43. 

FuU-arm'd  upon  his  charger  all  day  long 
Sat  hy  the  walls,  and  no  one  open'd  to  him. 
And  this  persistence  turn'd  her  scorn  to  wrath. 

Tennyson,  Pelleaa  and  Ettarre. 

assiduous  (a-sid'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  assiduus,  sit- 
ting down  to,  constantly  occupied,  unremit- 
ting, <  assidere,  sit  at  or  near :  see  assident.']  1. 
Constant  in  application  ;  attentive  ;  devoted  : 
as,  a  person  assiduous  in  his  occupation ;  an 
assiduous  physician  or  nurse. 

The  most  assiduous  tale-bearers  .  .  .  are  often  half- 
witted. Government  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  Constant;  unremitting:  applied  to  actions. 

In  some  places  the  deep  sand  could  with  difficulty  be 
forced  by  assiduous  tillage  to  yield  thin  crops  of  rye  and 
oats.  Stacaulay,  Frederic  the  Great. 

To  weary  him  with  my  assiduous  cries. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  310. 

His  character,  ...   as  displayed  in  his  works,  repays 

the  most  assiduous  study.     Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  74. 

=  Syn.  1.  Sedulous,  diligent,  active,  busy,  constant,  pa- 
tient, persevering,  laborious,  unceasing,  indefatigable,  un- 
tiring. See  a.^.^iduity. 
assiduously  (a-sid'ii-us-li),  adv.  In  an  assidu- 
ous manner;  fliligently ;  attentively;  with  ear- 
nestness and  care. 

Many  persons  have  attained  a  marvellous  proficiency  in 
falsehood,  and  tell  lies  as  assiduously  as  a  friar  does  his 
beads.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  121. 

assiduousness  (a-sid'u-us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  assiduous;  constant  or  diligent  ap- 
plication. =  Syn.  See  comparison  under  assiduity. 

assieget,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  asegen,  <  OF.  aseger,  as- 
seger,  asegier,  P.  assieger  =  Pr.  asetjar  =  Sp. 
asediar  =  Pg.  assediar  =  It.  assediare,<.  ML.  as- 
sediare,  besiege,  beset,  <  assedium,  a  siege,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  by,  -t-  -sedium,  as  in  L.  obsidium,  a  siege 
(o6,  before,  in  front  of),  <  sedere  =  E.  sit.  Cf. 
besiege  and  siege.']     To  besiege. 

The  Grekes  .  .  .  the  cite  long  assegeden. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  GO. 

On  th'  other  syde,  th'  asdeged  Castles  ward 
Their  stedfast  stonds  did  mightily  maintaine. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xi.  15. 

assieget,  »•     [<  assiege,  v.]    A  siege. 

Al  the  ajisege  of  Thebes.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  107. 

assiegementt,  «•    [<  assiege  +  -inent.']    A  siege 

or  state  of  siege ;  a  beleaguering. 

assientist  (as-e-en'tist),  n.  [<  Sp.  asentista,  < 
asiento :  see  assiento.]  One  connected  with  the 
furnishing  of  slaves  by  assiento.     Bancroft. 

assiento  (as-f-en'to),  n.  [<  Sp.  asiento,  for- 
merly assiento,  a  seat,  seat  in  a  court,  a  con- 
tract, treaty,  <  ascntar,  formerly  assentar  (= 
Pg.  assentar  =  It.  asscntare),  place  iu  a  seat,  ad- 
just, make  an  agreement,  <  ML.  as  if  *asseden- 
tare,  cause  to  sit,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  seden{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  sedere  =  E.  sit.]  Formerly,  an  exclusive 
contract  made  by  Spain  -svith  foreign  powers  or 
merchants  for  the  supply  of  Afi'iean  slaves  to 
its  American  possessions.  The  last  assiento,  held 
by  British  merchants  under  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713, 
was  abrogated  or  relinquished  in  1750. 

assign  (a-sin'),  V.  t.     [<  ME.  assignen,  asignen, 
<  OF.  ('/.■^.signer,  asigner,  <  L.  assignare,  mark 
out,  appoint,  assign,  distribute,  allot,  <  ad,  to, 
-f  sif/nare,  mark,  <  signum,  mark,  sign:   see 
sign.]    1.  To  set  apart;  make  over  by  distribu- 
tion or  appropriation;  apportion;  allot. 
The  priests  hai^a  portion  assigned  them.  Gen.  xlvii.  22. 
Mr.  Buckle's  fundamental  error  lay  in  the  attempt  to 
assign  distinct  parts  to  elements  of  human  nature  that  in 
reality  cannot  be  separated.    J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  217. 
To  e.ich  [province]  was  assigned  a  governor  experienced 
in  the  law  who  dealt  with  taxation  and  finance. 

C.  Elton,  Orig.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  336. 

2.  To  point  out ;  show ;  designate ;  specify. 

All  as  the  Dwarfe  the  way  to  her  assijiul. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  28. 


assignation 

It  is  not  easy  to  assign  a  period  more  eventfuL 

De  Quincey. 

With  the  help  of  the  scale  of  imrabers,  then,  any  as- 
signed continuous  quantity  will  serve  as  a  standard  by 
which  the  whole  scale  of  quantities  may  Ije  represented. 

If.  A'.  Clifford,  U-ctures,  1.  338. 
3.  To  give,  furnish,  or  specify :  as,  to  assign  a 
reason  for  anything. — 4.  To  appoint ;  select 
for  a  duty  or  office  :  as,  the  officer  assigned  to 
the  charge  of  a  military  department. 

Knights  assigned  to  enforce  the  oath  of  peace  and  the 
hue  and  cry  appear  as  early  as  the  year  1195.  Their  des- 
ignation as  assigrted  seems  to  i)rove  that  they  were  royal 
nominees  and  not  elected  oflicers  ;  but  their  early  history 
is  obscure.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  II.  283. 

5.  To  ascribe  ;  attribute ;  refer. 

There  are  many  causes  to  which  one  may  assi/jn  this 
light  infidelity.  .Steele,  Speetat*>r,  No.  448. 

6.  In  lam:  (a)  To  transfer  or  make  over  to  an- 
other the  right  one  has  in  any  object,  as  in  an 
estate,  chose  in  action,  or  reversion,  especial- 
ly in  trust  for  the-  security  of  creditors:  rare- 
ly applied  to  testamentary  transfers.  (6)  To 
show  or  set  forth  with  particularity :  as,  to  as- 
sign error  in  a  writ;  to  a.isign  false  judgment, 
(c)  To  point  out  or  substantiate  as  a  charge: 
as,  perjury  cannot  be  assigned  on  an  oath  taken 
without  the  jurisdiction  of  the  officer  adminis- 
tering it. — To  assign  dower,  to  allot  or  portion  out 
to  a  widow  the  part  of  land  forming  her  dower  therein; 
to  Hx  the  boundaries  of  the  widow's  share  in  an  estate. — 
To  assign  in  bankruptcy,  to  transfer  property  to  and 
vest  it  in  assignees  for  the  benefit  of  the  creditors.  =SytL 

1.  Dispense,  Dist'rilmte,  etc.  (see  dispense). —  3.  Adduce, 
Allege,  etc.  (see  adduce) ;  to  determine,  give,  name,  present. 

assignt  (a-sin'),  «.l  [<  assign,  v.]  1.  Assign- 
ment; appointment. —  2.  Design;  purpose;  ob- 
ject. 

He  aim'd  at  high  designs,  ami  so  attain'd 
The  high  assigns  to  whicli  liis  spirit  aim'd. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 
assign  (a-sin'),  «.2  [The  same,  with  loss  of  the 
tiual  syllable,  as  assignee,  <  ME.  assigne  (three 
syllables),  <  OF.  assigne,  prop.  pp.  of  assigner, 
assign:  see  assign,  v.]  1.  A  person  to  whom  the 
property  or  interest  of  another  is  or  may  be 
transfeiTed :  as,  a  deed  to  a  man  and  his  heira 
and  assigns. 

Scrooge  was  his  sole  executor,  his  sole  administrator,  his 
sole  assign.  Dickejis,  Christmas  Carol,  L 

The  exclusive  right  of  frequenting  all  the  countries  that 
might  be  found  was  reserved  to  them  [John  Cabot  and  his 
sons]  and  to  their  assigns.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  8. 

[Assign  is  a  broader  word  than  assignee.  The  assignees  at 
a  person  are  usually  undei-stood  to  mean  those  who  take 
immediately  from  him,  by  his  assignment ;  the  assigns  of 
a  person  include  all  who  acquire  title  under  his  transfer, 
immediately  or  remotely.] 

2t.  A  thing  pertaining  to  something  else  :  an 
appurtenance ;  an  appendage.     [Affected.] 

Six  French  rapiers  and  poniards,  with  their  assigns,  as 
girdle,  hangers,  or  so.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

assignability  (a-si-na.-ba'i-ti),  «.  [<  assigna- 
ble :  see-biliti/.]     Capability  of  being  assigned. 

assignable  (a-si'na-bl),  a.  [=  F.  assignable;  < 
assign  +  -able.]  1.  Capable  of  being  allotted, 
appointed,  or  assigned :  as,  an  a.>:signable  note 
or  biU. — 2.  Capable  of  being  specified,  shown, 
designated,  or  expressed  with  precision :  as,  an 
assignable  reason ;  an  assignable  magnitude. 

His  [a  soldier's]  fighting  condition  was  needed  not  on 
one  or  two  days  consecutively,  but  on  many  days,  and  not 
against  a  day  pimctually  assignable,  but  against  a  season 
or  period  perhaps  of  months.  De  Quineey,  Plato. 

While  on  the  one  hand  industry  is  limited  by  capital,  so 
on  the  other  every  increase  of  capital  gives,  or  is  capable 
of  giving,  additional  employment  to  industry ;  and  this 
without  assignable  limits.        J.  S.  Hill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  82. 

3.  Capable  of  being  attributed;  attributable. — 

4.  In  laxo,  predieable ;  capable  of  being  pointed 
out  or  substantiated  :  as,  perjurj'  is  not  assigna- 
ble of  testimony  on  an  immaterial  point. 

assignably  (a-si'na-bli),  adv.     In  an  assignable 
manner. 
assignat  (as'ig-nat;  F.  pron.  a-se-nya'),  n.   [F., 

<  L.  assignatus,  pp.  of  assignare,  assign,  allot : 
see  assign,  v.]  1.  One  of  the  notes  forming 
the  paper  currency  issued  in  France  during  the 
revolution  from  1789  to  1796.  The  assignats  were 
based  on  the  security  of  the  confiscated  church  lands,  and 
afterward  of  all  the  national  domains  and  other  property. 
They  were  issued  to  the  amount  of  over  forty-five  billion 
francs,  and  before  they  were  withdrawn  deteriorated  to 
less  than  one  three-hundredth  of  their  face  value. 

2.  In  French  laiv,  the  assignment  of  an  annuity 
on  an  estate,  by  which  the  annuity  is  based  on 
the  security  of  "the  latter:  now  little  used. 

assignation  (as-ig-na'shon),  n.  [=F.  assigtia- 
tion,  <  L.  assignatio{n-),  assignment,  allotment, 

<  assignare,  pp.  assignatus :  see  assign,  v.]  1. 
The  act  of  assigning  or  allotting;  the  act  of  fix- 
ing or  specifying. 

The  assignation  of  particular  names  to  denote  particular 
objects.  Adam  Smith,  Origin  of  Languages. 


assignation 

2  An  appointment  of  time  and  place  for  meet- 
;„'.,.  .....i   chiettv  of  love-meetings,  and  now 

in  a  ba"<l  sense.— 3.  The  legal  trans- 
ht  or  title,  or  the  deed  by  which  this 
is  made;  an  assignment.— 4t.  Paper  currency; 
a  hill:  an  assiguat. 

■ 5-i-ue'),  M.     [<  F.  assiffiie, -pp.  oi  as- 

_Ti:  seefl«'V/«, '■.]  A  person  to  whom 
;  "of  some  right  or  interest  is  made, 
euaer  lor  his  own  enjoyment  or  in  tnist.  An 
aisi iiee  mav  take  title  by  act  of  the  previoui  owner  or  by 
cDerati'm  of  law.  as  in  the  case  ol  an  ailiuinistratov.  See 
imj!.-  lui.ler  o...,  ;..!•.  1.— Assignee  in  bankruptcy,  or 
assignee  in  insolvency,  a  [.erson  to  whom  is  tmnstenea 
thVtitle  to  the  esute  of  a  bankrupt  or  insolvent,  (or  the 
purpose  ol  iU  preservation  and  pn.per  distribution  among 
creiUlors. 
assigner  fa-si'ner),  n.  One  vrho  assigns,  ap- 
points, or  allots.  See  assignor.  [Kare.] 
assignment  (a-sin'ment),  H.  [<  ME.  assigne- 
meiit.  <  OF.  axsujnemeHt,  <  ML.  assignamentum, 
<  L.  assiffnare:  see  assiffii,  v.,  and  -ment.']  1. 
The  act  of  apportioning  or  allotting;  allot- 
ment.—2.  The  act  of  setting  apart,  appoint- 
ing, designating,  or  specifying. 

The  only  thini:  that  maketh  any  place  pubUc  is  thepublic 
aMimment  thereof  unto  such  duties.  Hooker. 

3  That  which  has  been  assigned,  as  a  particu- 
lar task  or  dutv.— 4.  Specifically,  in  law:  (n) 
The  transference  of  a  right  or  an  interest.  See 
assinn.  r.,  6  («).  (6)  A  pointing  out  or  setting 
forth:  as,  the  assiginiient  of  error.— 5.  The 
writing  bv  which  an  interest  is  transferred. — 
61.    An  allotment,  aUowauce,   or  pension;    a 

sum - .  

allotting  of  con\-ictsas  tmpaid servants  to  colo 


34S 

sorb  and  incorporate  into  the  system;  incorpo- 
rate with  organic  tissues :  as,  to  assimilate  food. 
Hence  in  general,  to  appropriate  and  incorporate,  as  the 
bodv  does  food :  as,  such  ideas  caunot  be  assimilaUd  by 
the  mind.  . 

5.  To  bring  into  conformity ;  adapt. 

Bv  rclij-'ion  the  truths  thus  obtained  [from  theology]  are 
turned  over  in  the  mind  and  (tssimilatcJ  by  the  iiuaaina- 
tion  and  the  feelings.      J.  M.  Scclei/,  Kat.  Keligion,  p.  50. 

6.  To  conform  to ;  make  one's  own ;  adopt. 
The  ease  with  which  she  a««im7a(<;s  the  city  life  when  in 

it,  making  it  a  part  of  her  imaginative  tapestry,  is  a  sign  of 
the  power  to  which  she  h;vs  grown. 

Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  lOlh  Cent.,  p.  274. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  become  similar;  become 
like  something  or  somebody  else ;  harmonize. 

Do  but  put  them  in  relationship,  and  no  division  into 
castes,  uo  differences  of  wealth,  can  prevent  men  from 
assiutilatiniJ.  H-  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  254. 

A  people  whose  differences  of  religion,  language,  and 
general  habits  made  them  not  only  incapable  of  ««a(;/ii7(i'- 
iii<7  with  their  Christian  neighbors,  but  almost  their  natu- 
ral enemies.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  1.^. 

2.  To  be  taken  into  and  incorporated  with  an- 
other body  ;  be  converted  into  the  substance  of 
another  body,  as  food  by  lUgestion. 

For  whatsoever  assiiiillateth  not  to  flesh  turneth  either 
to  sweat  or  fat.  i'nco/i,  Nat.  Hist.,  S  Sllit. 

3.  To  perform  the  act  of  converting  an.rthiug, 
as  food,  into  the  substance  of  that  wliich  con- 
verts it:  as,  "birds  assimilate  .  .  .  less  than 
beasts,"  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  ^  680. 

No  organs  which  are  destitute  of  chlorophyll  can  assimi- 
late, i'ac/is,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  tiid. 


nists,  in  order  to  reUeve  the  authorities  of  the    "'.-ll:,-/!' n';„.^i,„_i4s'shon)  n 
expense  of  the  convict  establishments.  ^^^jfT  ,!■» "^' /.,( -f  «^";-" 


1. 


An  auotment,  aiio« aucc    "'   P;"'-"  the  assimilateness  (a-sim'i-lat-nes),  n.    [<  'assimi- 

lUiilcij. 

[=F.  assimi- 
mulatio(n-),  a 
being  similar,  <  assimiUire,  assimularc:  sec  as- 
similate.'\  The  act  or  process  of  assimilating 
or  of  being  assimilated.  Speciftcally— (o)  The  act  or 
process  of  making  or  becoming  like  or  identical ;  the  act  or 
process  of  bringing  into  harmony :  followed  by  to  or  icitli. 
It  is  as  well  the  instinct  as  duty  of  our  nature  to  as|)ire 
to  an  aKsiiiiilaliiin  irilli  Cod.  Decay  of  Clirisl.  I'icli/. 

In  this  long  stillness  the  fusion  of  conquerors  and  con- 
quered, the  Chrijtiani/.ation  and  civilization  of  the  Nor- 
man, his  assiinilatiuil  in  political  and  socisil  temper  to  the 
France  beside  him,  went  steadily  on. 

J.  li.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  S74. 
(!>)  Ill  phmol.,  the  act  or  process  by  which  organisms  con- 
vert and  absorb  nutriment,  so  that  it  becomes  part  of  the 
fluid  or  solid  substances  composing  them. 

To  these  preparator.v  changes,  which  fit  the  crude  food 
mnterials  for  ]pidtoplasmic  food,  the  generiil  name  of  «.«■ 
siinilittiini  has  been  given.  2>V««fi/,  Botany,  ji.  ITS. 

Plants  and  .inimals  iiicreasie  by  assimilatiim  and  trans- 
formation, minerals  by  attraction  and  aggregation.  J'lirn: 
(c)  In  pallwl.,  the  supposed  conversion,  according  to  an 
obsolete  theory,  of  the  lluids  of  the  body  to  the  nature  of 
any  morbific  matter,  (r/)  In  philol.  the  act  or  process  by 
which  one  alphabetic  sound  is  rendered  like,  or  less  un- 
like, another  neighboring  sound  ;  a  lightening  of  the 
eltort  of  utterance  by  lessening  or  removing  the  discor- 
dance of  formation  between  different  sounds  in  a  word,  or 
in  contiguous  words.  The  kinds  and  degrees  of  a.>i8iniila. 
tion  arc  very  various,  and  include  a  large  part  of  the  his- 
torical changes  in  the  phonetic  form  of  words.  Examples 
are  axtimilalc  from  I..  aU-fiviilare,  correction  from  I..  i-"»- 
rectio,  inijicnil  from  L.  in-iiemlcre,  L.  rectus  from  ri;;-f ".«,  I.. 
rfX(rt*^)  from  reri-n.  K.  %» (prr>nounced  left!).  reupeiHimt- 
nounceil  rcapt),  and  so  on.  — Little  assimilations,  in 
0.vford,  a  meeting  of  the  masters  and  two  |.r..itors,  calleil 
by  the  vice-i:llanccll.ir.  in  the  c<jngrigatiipJi  house,  i>n  the 
ringing  of  the  little  bell.  This  meeting  i.i  aulhorizeil  to 
reail,  approve,  and  seal  any  letters  concerning  the  public 
laws  of  the  university,  written  conformably  to  the  decree 
of  ('Miivorii)ioii.  and  jilso  to  set  seal  to  decrees  of  Convoca- 
tion and  to  d'spateli  minor  inattel-s, 
assimilative  (a-sim'i-la-tiv),  a.  [=  F.  a.isiiiiil(i- 
tif;  <  Hssimitate  +  -ive.]  Cliiiractcrizcd  by  as- 
slmihition;  capable  of  assimilating  <ir  of  caus- 
ing assimilation:  as,  assimilative  substances  or 
organs. 

Till'  desert  blriU  are  still  more  remarkably  protectiMl  by 

their  ««»imi(ii(ii!<!  hues.    A.  li.  Wallaec,  Nat.  Selec,  p.  W. 

A  liooklshness  as  assimllnlire  lis  that  of  Hunt  or  I-ainb. 

.SIcliniin.  Poets  of  America,  |i.  Ihl. 


The  expense  of  the  Australian  convict  establishments 
was  enonnous,  and  some  change  in  system  w:is  inevitable. 
These  were  the  conditions  that  brought  about  the  plan  of 
asfi-mments.  in  other  woi-ds,  of  freely  lending  the  convicts 
to  any  one  who  would  relieve  the  authorities  of  the  bur- 
dens-jine  charge.  Bnci/c.  Brit.,  XIX.  760. 

Assignment  of  dower,  •''ee  assifin,  r.— Assignment 
of  errors.     .See  .-m.r.  — General  assignment  (more 

fully.  (i..-i;/i//i<oi/  .;■"<•  lM!n''nt  of  crnlitom).  all  assigllnient 
of  all  the  assignor's  property  not  exempt  from  txciution, 
in  trust  to  pay  his  ere<litors.— New  assignment,  a 
method  of  pleading  at  common  law  to  which  tin  plainlilf 
was  obliged  to  res<jrt  in  his  replication,  for  the  purpose 
of  setting  the  defendant  right  where  the  latter,  through 
misapprehension  of  the  real  cause  of  complaint  as  stated 
in  the  declaration,  hail  been  led  to  apply  his  plea  to  a  dif- 
ferent matter  fr<un  that  which  the  plaintiff  had  in  view. 
Stephen.     ,\lso  called  nor,-l  assi<t:nn'nt. 

assignor  (as-i-nor'),  H.  In  latr,  one  who  makes 
au  assignment,  or  assigns  an  interest. 

assilag  las'i-lag),  H.  [E.  dial.]  A  local  Brit- 
ish name  of  tlie  petrel,  I'rocellaria  pelarjica. 
Monttiqil. 

assimiiability  (a-sim'i-la-bil'i-ti),  H.  [<  assimi- 
lithlf  :  sec  -hitilii.']  The  ('luality  of  being  assimi- 
lable.    Cotcridye. 

assimilable  (a-sim'i-la-bl),  a.  and  n.     [<  JIL. 

a.i.fimiluliilis,  that  can  Ibe  made  like,  <  L.  ussimi- 

larc:  see  a.%timilalc.]     I.  «.  Capable  of  being 

assimilated,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 

n.  ".  Thatwhicn  can  be  assimilated.  [Rare.] 

Meeting  no  ansimilalAes  wherein  to  re-act  their  natures. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vii.  19. 

assimilate  (a-sira'i-lat),  t-. ;  pret.  and  pp.  assimi- 
lale't,  \t\<T.  fissimilatiiiij.  [<  Ij.  assimilatns,  pp. 
of  a«.-imilnre,  ailsimitare,  iiii.xcrl  wit h  a.vsimularr, 
adsimiilarc,  make  alike,  cotu])aro,  more  fi'c- 
quentlv  imitate,  feign,  simulate;  <  art,  to,  -f 
similiM',  like  (related  to  «i;;i«/,  together):  see 
HimuUtte,  simitar.  To  an  erroneous  supposition 
tli/it  till-  ancients  used  assimitarc  for  the  sense 
'ii  '  .iiidoA'(i»(H/«nr  for  tlie  sense 'coun- 

t<  I  .    till-  existence  of  the  con-espond- 

!■  ••'similiile  ami  assimiilale,  with  the 

MoiKin  of  Bcnse:  »et>  assimulale.    Cf. 


.lit 


<  Ij.  ussimilarr.']    I.  trans. 
eauHe  to  reHeinbio. 


In. 
2.   I 

pori 
mei 

mo,' 

(?••■■ 
S.. 


4.   Tooonvi 
toq.tior, 


hower  ;  the  do»„v  Hake.  .  .  .  asslmilatory  (n-siiii'i-ln-tr.-ri).  a.    [<  assimitair 

.  t».  Co,;,, ,-,  Task,  Iv.  32(i.     +   -«/•!/.  1      Tending  to  assimilate;   producing 

milniet  luelf  in  thought  with    asHirai'latiou;  assimilative:  us,  asaimiUttorij  w- 
gans. 

The  (M«inii/,i("ri/ cills.  though  the  mosllmporlant  mini- 
hern  of  the  »oc|.-iy  of  I  ills,  are  mil  the  only  oiie«,  by  any 
iniiiii",  isBentlal  to  the  welfare  of  the  body  lorporiile. 

.S'.  /;.  Ilrrriek,  I'lalll  l.lte,  p.  -.'I. 
Assiminia  Ois-i-niln'i-ii),  «.  [NL.]  A  gonus  ol' 
gaslrojiiiilousinolliiskH,  giving  name  to  thefiini- 
lly  .tssiniiniiilir,  by  some  rel'i'ireil  In  the  t'aiiiily 
I'illnriniilii;  or  iieriwinkles.  Also  spelled  .Issi- 
winril. 

assiminiid  OiH-i-min'i-id),  H.     A  gastropod  of 

the  fiiiiiilv /(*»/H/in(iV/rt'. 
Ap,8iminiid83  (»»  i-mi-ni'i-<le').  »•  /»'•     FNI,..  < 

.Usiiijiniii  +  -idw.]     A  lainilv  of  lieniogb'SKUle 


id  Mot  with  wiunil'i  lik<  the  bellow. 
//.  Si^nrrr,  I'rin.  i.f  r»>i  hoi.,  |  IH. 

render  accordant,  or  Ii'sh  dis- 
I  :  liring  to  or  too  ■'      •■  • 

iternMce:  said  li 

•y  othernoighbio 

lilwBVH)  in  the  Hiiiiie  wnnl. 

/i.  —  3.  To  compare  ;  liken; 


latlnn  hrtwi'i  n  tenrher  and  pNpIl 
'  n  or  two  Indinnt^i  friend.. 

Ilrolr.  nut.  Orieeo,  II    i  . 

'  (1  irablitnnce  xiiitnble  for  iib- 
.nl  orvegetttbluKyHlcm;  nli 


assistance 

gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Assiminia. 
The  eyes  are  ot'the  tips  of  special  peduncles  which  alv 
connate  with  the  tentacles.  The  shell  is  conical,  with  an 
oral  aperture.  Progression  is  effected  by  a  looping  move- 
ment, the  rostrum  and  small  foot  being  alternately  applied 
to  the  groiiniL  The  species  ai-e  of  small  size,  and  terres- 
trial or  amphibious. 

assimulatet  (a-sim'u-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  as- 
simiilalcd,  ppr.  assinitilating.  [<  L.  assimulatiis, 
pp.  of  a.^simiilare.  ad.'iimulan;  also  a.<tsimilare, 
adsimilare,  make  alike,  feign,  counterfeit,  etc. : 
see  assimilate.  Cf.  assemble-,  also  ult.  <  L.  assi- 
miilare.'i     To  feign ;  simulate.    Cote,  1717. 

assimulationt  (a-sim-ii-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  assi- 
mul<tti(i(n-),  ad.s-imulatio{n-).  <.  as.'-imiihire,  etc.: 
seo  iisximiit(iie.'\    A  counterfeiting  ;  simulation. 

assinegot,  «■     See  asineno. 

assis  (as'is;  F.  pron.  a-se'),  "•  [F.,  pp.  of  n.s- 
seoir,  sit:  see  ossL-e.]  In  licr.,  sitting;  same  as 
sejant. 

assiset,  »■  and  v.  t.     See  assi:e. 

assiser,  ".     See  assi.:er. 

assist  (as'lsh),  a.  [<  ass'^  +  -isli^-l  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  an  ass;  asinine;  absurd- 
ly stupid  or  obstinate:  as,  ''the  assish  kind," 
i'dall,  Luke  xix. ;  "an  assish  phrase,"  Mrs. 
Coirden  Clarice. 

assisor,  «•     See  assizer. 

assist  (a-sisf).  r.  [<  F.  Hssi.'<ter  (=  Sp.  asistir 
=  I'o.  (ik'-istir  =zlt.  assistere),  help,  attend,  etc., 
<  L.  assistere,  stand  at  or  by,  <  ad,  at,  to,  -t- 
sisttre,  place,  stand,  a  redupl.  form  of  stare, 
stand  :  see  .stand.  Cf.  consist,  desist,  insist,  per- 
sist, rcsist.'\  I.  trans.  If.  To  attend;  be  present 
at  or  with ;  take  part  with. 

The  king  and  prince  at  prayers !  let's  assM  them. 

S/tai-.,  Tempest,  i.  I. 

S.Tohelp;  aid;  succor;  give  support  to  in  some 

undertaking  or  effort,  or  in  time  of  distress. 

Assist  her  in  whatsoever  business  she  hath  need  of  you. 

Rom.  xvi.  2. 

Soon  after  Christianity  had  achieved  its  triumph,  the 
principle  which  had  assisted  it  began  to  corrupt  it. 

.Vaeautaii,  Milton. 

3.  To  be  associated  with  as  an  assistant.  =  Syn. 
2.  To  second,  back,  support,  further,  sustain,  serve ;  lie. 
friend,  relieve. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  lend  aid  or  Jielp. 

In  every  turn  of  state,  without  meddling  on  either  side, 
he  [Lord  Leicester]  has  always  been  favourable  and  a.isisl. 
ing  to  oppressed  merit.     Dryden,  iJcd.  of  Don  Sebastian. 

God  .  .  .  constituted  several  ranks  and  qualities  of 
men,  that  they  might  mutually  assist  to  the  support  of 
each  other.  R.  Melson,  Fasts  and  Festivals. 

2.  To  be  present,  as  at  a  public  meeting;  tako 
part,  as  in  a  ceremony  or  discussion.  [A  Galli- 
cism.] 

It  would  require  the  pen  of  Tacitus  (if  Tacitus  had  as- 
sisted at  this  assembly)  to  describe  the  various  emotions 
of  the  senate.  Uililxni. 

In  our  age  all  the  nation  may  be  said  to  a.«i«(  at  every 
deliberation  of  the  Lords  and  Commons. 

.Macttutait,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi, 

3.  In  euchre,  to  order  the  adoption  of  the  suit 
to  which  the  card  turned  up  as  trump  belongs, 
when  this  order  is  given  by  Iho  psirtnor  of  tlio 
dealer. 

assistance  (a-sis'tans),  h.  [Early  mod.  E.  and 
MK.  ii.t.si.ttenee,  later,  after  F.,  a.s.ti.stance,  <  ML. 
a.s.'tislentinyi  L.  assistere:  see  as.iist  and  a.<isi.i- 
lant.]  1.  (")  A  being  present;  presence;  at- 
tendance, {h)  The  persons  iivesent ;  specta- 
tors; aiiilience.  [In  these  uses  olisolele,  or  in 
conscious  imilHtiou  of  the  French.]  —  2.  Help; 
aid;  fiirthevance;  succor;  a  contribution  in 
aid,  by  bodily  strength  or  other  means. 
Where  we  do  reign,  we  will  alone  uphold, 
Without  the  assistance  of  a  moiial  hand. 

Shale.,  K.  .lohn,  III.  1. 

3t.  An  assistant  or  helper;  assistants  collec- 
tively. 

Wat  Tyler  [was]  killed  by  valiant  Wulworlh  .  .  .  and 
his  ii«»iVil/ire  .  .  .  .lolili  Cavendish.  Fuller. 
llem-e,  specifically- 4.  In  ICii;/.  common  taw  luul 
.liner,  coloninl  tun'-,  a  geiiernl  luiiiie  for  a  soiiic- 
wlial  iiiideliiR'd  tioily  of  suborilimile  parish  or 
town  iilliiers  or  au.xilinries,  ii|iparently  includ- 
ing, lis  sometimes  iiseil,  the  ex-ollicers,  in  their 
eiisliiniarv  function  of  mlvisers.  Court  of  as- 
sistance. V*i "",'      Dlvlno  assistance,  ill  CariiHlan 

phlloBopliv,  the  net  of  (oul  in  iiioviiig  the  Imdy  "hen 
till-  soul  (oniw  a  volition.  .See  oreasiunnlisni.  Writ  Of 
assistance.  ('0  A  writ  eoinmandlng  the  slii'iill  I"  put 
liilii  powessloii  the  suiTesifill  piirly  In  a  dcinc  of  ihiin- 
eery  awiirdliig  po.sessloii  of  liiml :  so  eiillcd  bi'iniise  it  win 
In  aspilstanre  of  the  execution  of  the  ileiree.  (M  In  .liinr. 
/ii»f.,a  writ  IsHiied  bv  a  superior  colonial  court,  on  iilliged 
preei-ilentsof  llie  I'.ngllsh  Coiiit  of  lAcheiiucr,  anilioilzing 
any  olHcers  of  the  crown,  In  Ihe  process  of  exciuling  the 
ai  i«  of  trade,  to  siimiiion  iii»lBlaiiri-  and  enter  iiiid  siiirih 
any  preiidscK.  The  allciiipl  lo  iiw  sinli  writs  In  Miissii 
iliii»i-llK  defeated  In  1701.  wa.i  one  of  Ibe  iiluisis  which  I"' 
lo  lb..  ivmliillon.^Syn.  2.  Alil,  support,  backing,  rellif 


assistant 

assistant  (a-sis'tant ),  n.  anil  ».  [Early  mod. 
E.  and  ME.'  assisieitl,  later,  after  F.,  as.<!istant, 
=  Sp.  osistcntc  =  l'g.  It.  (xssislcnte,  <  L.  assis- 
teH('-)S' PP'"'  "^  assisterc :  see  ««««.«<  and -a»(<l, 
-f'H/.]  I.  «■  It-  Stamling by;  present;  accom- 
panying. 

Christ  hath  promiseii  in  both  sacrjiinents  to  be  asuintent 

with  us.  Cranmer,  Sacrament,  p.  45.    (N.  E.  D.) 

No  prophane  thin;;  ou;;ht  to  have  accesse.  nothing  to  be 

assistant  hut  sa'.j;o  and  rln-istianly  Adnioniticm,  Ijrothorly 

Love,  flaming  Charity,  and  Zeale.    Milton,  lief,  in  Eny.,  ii. 

2.  Present  to  help ;  helpful ;  aiding  or  fitted  to 
aid  and  support;  auxiliary:  with  to. 

Mutually  and  greatly  assistant  to  each  other. 

Beattie,  Moral  Science,  i.  1. 
Assistant  engine,  a  steam  or  liydraulic  motor  used  to 
cnntriil  tlic  rcvcrsing-gear  of  a  marine  engine,  or  to  turn 
the  sliaft  wjicn  tile  main  engine  is  at  rest.  See  alf/ine. — 
Assistant  form.    .See/orm. 

II.  ".  If.  One  who  stands  by;  a  bystander; 
one  who  takes  part  in  anything :  usually  iu  the 
plural. 

The  growing  circumference  was  observed  with  astonish- 
ment by  the  assistants.     Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  II.  11. 

2.  One  who  stands  by  to  help;  one  who  helps; 
a  helper;  an  auxiliary;  specifically,  one  who  is 
associated  with  another  as  an  auxiliary  in  car- 
rying on  some  systematic  work  or  undertaking, 
or  in  discharging  the  duties  of  an  office:  as, 
the  hiirbor-master  and  his  a.ssista»ts ;  a  book- 
keeper's assistant. — 3.  An  official  auxiliary  to 
the  father-general  of  the  Jesuits.  Erroneous- 
ly called  adjutant-general. — 4t.  [Sp.  asistcnte.J 
The  chief  officer  of  justice  at  Serille. 

Tlie  assistant  sits  to-mon-ow, 
Fletcher  {and  another),  Si)anisli  Curate,  iii.  1. 

5.  In  the  Massachusetts  Bay  and  Plymouth  col- 
onies, one  of  the  elected  councilors  who  consti- 
tuted the  governor's  council  and  the  upper  house 
of  the  legislature.  The  number  of  assistants  in 
the  foi'mer  was  eighteen ;  in  the  latter,  origi- 
nally five,  later  seven. —  6.  In  dijeing,  a  sub- 
stance, such  as  tartaric  acid,  acetate  of  lime, 
or  sulphate  of  soda,  added  to  the  dye-bath,  to 
effect  a  brightening  of  the  color Court  of  As- 
sistants.   See  ciiurt. 

assistantlyt  (a-sis'tant-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  i;ivp  aid.     Sternhold. 

assistantship  (a-sis'tant-ship),  11.  The  office 
or  position  of  assistant. 

assistencyt  (a-sis'ten-si),  n.  Helpfulness  ;  as- 
sistance. 

assister  (a-sis'ter),  ?i.     1.  One  who  stands  by; 
one  who  takes  part  in  anything,  as  a  public 
ceremony  or  assembly.    [Archaic] — 2.  An  as- 
sistant. 
Also  spelled  assistor. 

assistless  (a-sist'les),  a.     [<  assist  +  -less.    Cf . 
resistless.]    "Without    aid  or    help;    helpless. 
.   [Kare.] 

Stupid  he  stares,  and  all  assistless  stands. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xvi.  970. 

assistor  (a-sis't5r),  n.  [<  assist  -f-  -or.]  Same 
as  assister :  used  in  legal  documents. 

assize  (a-siz'),  «.  [<  ME.  assize,  assise,  asise, 
assijs,  also  corruptly  acise,  aceise  (>mod.  excise, 
q.  v.),  and  by  apheresis  sise,  si/sc  (>  mod.  E.  si:e, 
q.  V.) ;  <  OF.  assise,  asise,  a  sitting,  session,  esp. 
of  a  court,  judgment,  appointment,  settlement, 
assessment,  impost,  tax,  etc.,  prop.  fem.  of 
asis,  assis,  pp.  of  aseir,  later  and  mod.  F.  as- 
seoir,  <  L.  as.sidere.  sit  by  as  assistant  or  assess- 
or, hence  in  ML.  and  OF.,  etc.,  appoint,  settle, 
assess,  etc. :  see  assident,  assess.]  If.  Origi- 
nally, a  sitting  or  session  of  a  legislative  body 
or  court. 

Frequent  assizes  were  held,  and  as  of  old,  when  the  sword 
of  justice  was  sharpened,  the  receipts  of  the  Treasury  in- 
creased. .S'(kW«,  Const.  Hist.,  §  682. 

Hence — 2t.  An  edict,  ordinance,  or  enactment 
made  at  such  a  session  or  sitting,  or  issued  by 
such  a  body.  Specifically,  in  Enr/.  hist.  :  (a)  An  ordi- 
nance fixing  the  weiglit,  measure,  and  price  of  articles 
of  general  consumption  sold  in  market :  as,  the  assize 
of  measures  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  and  the  assize  of 
bread  and  ale  (SI  Hen.  III.).  Hence— (6)  The  standard 
weights  and  measures  appointed  to  be  kept  in  any  dis- 
trict :  as,  the  custody  of  the  assize,  (c)  In  a  more  general 
sense,  measurement ;  dimensions ;  a  measure  of  i-ating. 
I  saw  a  stately  frame. 
An  hundred  cubits  high  Hy  just  assize. 

Spen.^er,  Visions  of  Bellay,  St.  2. 

3.  A  jury,  or  trial  by  jury:  now  used  only  in 
Scotland  with  reference  to  criminal  causes. 
See  grand  assize,  below. — 4t.  A  name  given  to 
certain  writs  commanding  jm'ies  to  be  sum- 
moned for  the  trial  of  causes :  as,  assize  (jf  novel 
disseizin,  the  ancient  common-law  remedy  for 
the  recovery  of  the  possession  of  lands. — 5+. 
The  verdict  of  a  jury  in  such  a  case. —  6.  The 


349 

periodical  session  hold  by  royal  commission  by 
at  least  one  of  the  judges  of  the  superior  courts 
directe<l  to  take  the  assizes  or  verdicts  of  a  par- 
ticular jury  (anciently  called  the  assize),  in  each 
of  the  counties  of  Eiighuid  and  Wales  (with 
the  exeepfion  of  Loudon  and  Iho  ]}arts  adjoin- 
ing), for  t  he  purpose  of  trying  issues  nisi  px-ius 
and  jail-delivery  for  criminal  cases:  popularly 
called  the  assizes.  [This  is  the  only  sense  in  which  the 
word  is  now  used  in  law.]  The  commission  Ity  which  as- 
sizes are  tu-ld  is  citlier  general  or  speidal.  A  general  com- 
mission is  issued  twice  a  year  to  tlie  jiid-rs  nf  the  Higll 
Court  of  Justice,  two  judges  Ijeing  nsnaily  a.ssigiieil  to  eacli 
circuit.  A  special  commission  is  granted  to  certain  judges 
to  try  certain  causes  and  crimes. 
7.  In  a  more  general  sense,  any  court  or  session 
of  a  court  of  justice. —  8t.  Situation;  place. — 
9.  Judgment :  as,  the  last  or  great  assize  (that 
is,  the  last  judgment  or  last  day). 

Sometimes  spelled  assise. 
Assize  of  arms,  the  name  under  which  reference  is 
often  uuule  to  several  statutes  or  ordinances  in  early 
English  llistory,  re<iiiiriug  all  freemen  to  provide,  accord- 
ing to  their  estate  and  ilegiec,  arms  to  enable  tllem  to 
keep  the  peace  and  to  serve  iu  tile  held,  and  also  providing 
for  assizes  or  assessments  by  juries  of  the  equipment  re- 
quired of  each  person.  Specifically,  an  ordinance  or  stat- 
ute of  1181  (27  Hen.  II.)  for  this  purpose. 

In  llSl,  he  [Henry  II.]  issued  the  Assize  of  Arms,  by 
which  be  directed  the  whole  of  the  freemen  of  the  coun- 
try to  provide  themselves  with  armour  according  to  their 
means,  and  the  inquiry  by  oath  of  legal  juries  to  deter- 
mine the  liability  of  each.  Slubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  146. 

Assize  Of  Clarendon,  an  English  ordinance  issued  in 
lltir.  (12  Hen.  II.),  wliieli  introduced  changes  into  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice. — Assize  of  Northampton,  an 
English  ordinance,  a  reissue  and  expansion  of  the  Assize 
of  Clarendon,  issued  at  Northampton  in  1176  (22  Hen.  II.), 
drawn  up  in  the  form  of  instructions  to  the  judges.  The 
new  artit'K-s  n  late  to  tenure,  reliefs,  dower,  etc.  —  Assize 
of  novel  disseizin.  See  (/i,»ci>tH.— Assizes  Act,  an 
English  .statute  uf  IbSO  (11  Geo.  IV.  and  1  VVni.  IV.  c.  70), 
affecting  the  constitution  of  the  common-law  courts  in 
England  and  Wales  and  the  practice  in  them. — Assizes 
of  Jerusalem,  two  codes  of  laws,  drawn  up  under  the 
authority  of  (iodfrey  de  Bouillon,  the  first  crusading 
king  of  Jerusalem,  and  in  force  under  the  Christian  sov- 
ereignty in  Jerusalem  and  in  Cyprus.  One  code  had 
jurisdiction  over  the  nobility,  the  second  over  the  com- 
mon pei'ide.  Both  were  conceived  with  a  wisdom  and 
enlightenment  beyond  their  age,  and  were  based  on 
contcni]n'rary  French  law  and  customs. —  Grand  assize, 
formerly,  in  England,  a  form  of  trial  in  certain  cases  by  a 
jury  of  sixteen  persons,  which  tnnk  the  ]ilare  itf  trial  by 
judicial  combat.  It  was  aliulishcd  in  Is.ii).—  Maiden  as- 
size. See  wiairfcj!.— Maritime  Assizes  of  Jerusalem,  a 
body  of  maritime  laws  constituting  a  \ii\rt  of  the  Assizes 
of  Jerusalem. —  Rents  of  assize,  the  established  rents  of 
the  freeholders  and  ainient  copyholders  of  a  manor ;  rents 
which  cannot  be  changed. 
assizet  (a-siz'),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  assized,  ppr. 
assizintj.'  [<  ME.  assisen,  <  AF.  assiser,  from  the 
noun:  see  assize,  «.]  If.  In  a  general  sense, 
to  fix ;  appoint. 

Thou  Shalt  have  day  and  time  assised. 

Gowcr,  Conf.  Amant. 

2t.  To  fix  the  rate  of;  assess,  as  taxes. — 3. 
To  fix  the  weight,  measure,  or  price  of,  by  an 
ordinance  or  authoritative  regulation. 

The  liberty  of  assizing  bread  has  been  used  at  Clyder- 
hou  .and  Rochdale  as  annexed  and  belonging  to  the  mar- 
ket and  fair.    Quoted  in  Baines's  Hist.  Lancashire,  II.  14. 

assizement  (a-s5z'ment),  •».  [<  assize,  v.,  + 
-ment.J  An  inspection  of  weights  and  mea- 
sures, and  of  the  quality  of  commodities,  legal- 
ized by  statute. 

assizer  (a-si'zer),  71.  [<  ME.  assisour  (and  by 
apheresis  i-isour,  >  mod.  E.  sizar,  q.  v.),  <  AF. 
assisour,  <  assiser:  see  assise,  r.,  and  -eel,  -or.] 

1.  In  Eng.  hist.,  a  member  of  a  grand  assize 
(wliich  see,  under  assize). —  2.  In  Scotland,  a 
jm-or. —  3t.  One  who  had  custody  of  the  assize 
or  standards  of  weight  and  measure ;  one  who 
fixed  the  assize  of  bread  and  ale,  or  other  arti- 
cles of  general  consumption. 

Also  spelled  assizor,  assiser,  assisor. 
assize-sermon  (a-siz'ser"mon),  n.    In  England, 
a  sermon  preached  to  the  judges,  barristers, 
and  others  attending  the  assizes, 
assizor,  n.     See  assizer. 

assobert,  "•  t-  [<  ME.  assohren,  <  L.  as-  for  ad- 
+  LL.  sohriare,  sober:  see  sober,  v.]  To  keep 
or  make  sober. 

And  thus  I  rede,  thou  a^sobre 
Thyne  herte,  in  hope  of  such  a  grace. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  vi. 

associability  (a-s6-shia-bir,i-ti),  n.  [<  associa- 
ble :  see  -Iniity.]  1.  The  quality  of  being  asso- 
ciable. 

The  associabiliti/  of  feelings  with  those  of  their  own 
kind,  group  within  gi'onp,  corresponds  to  the  general  ar- 
rangement of  nervous  structures  into  great  divisions  and 
sub-divisions.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  116. 

2.  In  patkol.,  the  property  of  suffering  changes 
by  sympathy,  or  of  being  affected  by  the  condi- 
tion of  other  parts  of  the  body. 


associate 

associable  (a-so'shia-bl),  a.  [=F.associable,< 
h.  as  if  'associabilis,  <  as-ioriare,  associate:  see 
associate.]  1.  Capable  of  being  joined  or  as- 
sociated; capable  of  forming  part  of  a  com- 
bination or  association. 

Different  classes  of  relations  ffeeling,s]  were  oljserved  to 
berevjvaljle  in  dilferent  degrees,  wliii-h  inipli'-s  that,  otjier 
things  equal,  they  are  assoeiattlc  in  dilfercnt  d'-grees. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psycliol.,  §  117. 

2.  Capable  of  being  made  an  associate ;  com- 
panionable; social. — 3.  In  ]jatliol.,  liable  to  be 
affected  sympathetically,  or  to  receive  from 
other  parts  like  feelings  and  affections. 

associableness  (a-so'shia-bl-nes),  n.  Associa- 
bility. 

associate  (a-so'shi-at),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  a.ssoci- 
ated,  ]}pr.  associating.  [<  L.  associatus,  pp.  of 
associarc,  join  to,  unite  with,  <  ad,  to,  +  sociare, 
join,  <  socius,  joined  with,  allied,  following  (as 
a  noun,  a  companion):  see  .soc/a/.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  join  in  company,  as  a  friend,  companion, 
partner,  confederate,  or  the  like;  join  or  connect 
intimately;  unite;  combine;  link:  followed  by 
irith  (formerly  sometimes  by  to):  as,  to  asso- 
ciate others  with  us  in  business  or  in  an  enter- 
prise ;  particles  of  earthy  matter  associated  with 
other  substances. 

He  succeeded  in  associating  his  name  inseparably  inth 
some  names  which  will  last  as  long  as  our  language. 

ilacaulay. 

Just  as  the  older  female  deities  were  associated  in  their 

worship  unth  heaven  and  the  heavenly  bodies,  with  seasons 

of  the  year  and  with  sacred  places,  so  is  the  more  modem 

goddess  [the  Virgin  Maryj. 

Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  215. 

2t.  To  keep  company  with ;  attend. 

Friends  should  aasociaU  friends  in  grief  and  woe. 

Shale,  Tit.  And.,  v.  3. 

To-mori'ow  I  will  associate  you  to  court  myself. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  make  an  associate  of;  admit  to  associa- 
tion or  membership  ;  with  to :  as,  "  he  was  asso- 
ciated to  the  Koyal  Academy,"  Southey.  [Rare.] 
—  Associated  functions.    See/uvic(i'o7i. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  have  intercourse ;  bean  as- 
sociate or  as.sociates  :  implying  intimacy:  as, 
congenial  minds  are  disposed  to  associate. 

It  was  once  degradation  intensified  for  a  Norman  to  asso- 
ciate with  a  SaxcJll.  X.  A.  Uei'.,  CXXXIX.  85. 

2.  To  join  in  or  form  a  confederacy  or  associa- 
tion. 

The  clergy  of  a  district  in  the  diocese  of  Lincoln  asso- 
ciated lately  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  estimate  of  the 
state  of  religion  within  their  own  limits. 

Sijdney  Smith,  in  Lady  Holland,  iii. 

3.  In  general,  to  unite,  as  in  action,  with  a 
person  or  thing,  or  to  coexist  in  organic  de- 
pendence, as  the  parts  of  the  body. 

associate  (a-s6'shi-at),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  associa- 
tus, pp. :  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  1.  Joined  in  in- 
terest, object  or  purpose,  office  or  emplojTnent; 
combined  together;  joined  with  another  or 
others:  as, an ossocw/fe  judge orijrofessor;  "my 
associate  powers,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  395. — 2.  In 
2>athol.,  connected  by  habit  or  sympathy:  as, 
associate  movements,  that  is,  movements  which 
occur  sympathetically,  in  consequence  of  pre- 
ceding motions:  thus,  convergence  of  the  eyes 
is  associated  with  contraction  of  the  pupils. 

II.  n.  1.  A  companion;  one  who  is  on  terms 
of  intimacy  with  another ;  a  mate ;  a  fellow. 

Sole  Eve,  associate  sole,  to  me  beyond 
Compare  above  all  living  creatures  dear ! 

Milton,  P.  L..  ix.  227. 

2.  A  partner  in  interest,  as  in  business ;  a  con- 
federate; an  accomplice;  an  ally:  as,  "their 
defender  and  his  associates,"  Hooker. —  3.  One 
who  shares  an  office  or  a  position  of  authority 
or  responsibility ;  a  colleague  or  coadjutor. — 

4.  One  who  is  admitted  to  a  subordinate  degree 
of  membership  in  an  association  or  institution: 
as,  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  orof  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. —  5.  An^-thing 
usually  accompanj-ing  or  associated  with  an- 
other. 

The  one  [idea]  no  sooner  .  .  .  comes  into  the  under* 
standing  than  its  associate  appears  with  it. 

Locke,  linman  Understanding,  ii.  33. 

=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Associate,  Friend,  Compajiion,  Comrade, 
Fellow,  Partner,  Alb/,  Colleague,  Coadjutor,  Confederate. 
Associate  is  the  most  general  word  for  persons  who  .are  con- 
nected in  life,  work,  etc. ;  it  is  special  only  in  suggesting  an 
alliance  of  some  permanence.  Friend  is  the  most  general 
word  for  persons  who.  tlirough  community  of  life  or  other- 
wise, have  kiiuUy  feelings  toward  each  other.  Companion, 
literally  a  messmate,  applies  where  the  persons  are  much 
tlirown  togtther,  but  are  not  united  by  any  strong  tie; 
hence  it  is  n<it  a  good  sj-nonym  for  hitsband  OT^wi.fe. 
"  Many  men  may  lie  admitted  as  cmnpanions  who  would 
not  be  altogether  fit  as  associates,"  Crabb,  Eng.  Synoujines. 


associate 

U.  197  Comrade  denotes  a  close  companion ;  it  implies 
freedom  of  intercourse  and  a  good  degree  of  fnendship : 
as,  comrades  in  arms.  I-'t'llow  has  nearly  lost  its  early 
aeniflration  of  acreeable  companionship,  the  later  mean- 

j^i .  .  .-..r;),artowedit :  as,  "a  bettre.M«i(YschiilJe 

nJy,  Chaucer.     Campsite  jellmr/eeling, /el- 

lou^  !  Kip.     Feltoic  in  this  connection  may 

meaii  >■  -■  -.'  ■  ..":arally  would  be  or  is  a  companion:  as, 
\rhv><i>  you  not  so  with  your.W(oirj'  A  part;;?r  is  one 
who  takes  part  with  others,  especially  in  business  or  in 
any  kind  of  joint  ownership,  i'ormerly  aUy  was  nearly 
equivalent  in  meaning  to  associate,  but  it  is  now  applied 
chiefly  to  states  or  rulers  in  their  public  capacity:  as,  the 
allie/in  the  Crimean  war.  A  coHeapue  is  an  associate  for 
some  specific  purpose  or  in  some  office;  it  is,  like  coadju- 
tor, properly  applicable  only  to  one  engaged  in  lal«r  or 
business  regarded  as  especially  dignified :  as,  .Senators  .K 
and  B  were  colUaaue.< ;  Luther  and  lus  coadhuors.  A  con- 
federate  is  one  somewhat  formally  associated  with  others, 
now  usually,  when  applied  to  private  relations,  for  a  bad 
object.    See  aecompiice. 

A  nice  and  subtle  happiness,  I  see, 
Thou  to  thyself  proposest,  in  the  choice 
Of  thy  ofsociatex,  Adam;    Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  401. 
Thou  Shalt  never  find  &  friend  in  thy  young  years  whose 
condition.?  and  <iualilies  will  please  thee  after  thou  comest 
to  more  discretion  and  judgment.       Raleigh,  To  his  Son. 
One  that  has  well  digested  his  knowledge,  both  of  books 
and  men,  has  little  enjoj-ment  but  in  the  company  of  a 
few  select  eompaniom.  Hume,  Essays. 

Thus  he  moved  the  Prince 
To  langbtfr  and  his  comrades  to  applause. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
land  my .fellous 
Are  ministers  of  fate.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  3. 

llyself  and  other  noble /riends 
Are  partners  in  the  business.         Shak.,  Cymb.,  i.  7. 
The  allien,  after  conquering  together,  return  thanks  to 
God  separately  each  after  his  own  form  of  worship. 

Macaulay,  Gladstone's  Church  and  State. 

The  patricians  prevailed  upon  some  of  the  tribunes  to 

dissent  from  their  colleagues.     J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  534. 

Whose  political  sagacity,  like  that  of  his  illustrious  co- 

adjutur,  read  the  fate  and  interests  of  nations. 

Story,  Speech,  C-imbridKe,  Aug.  31, 1S26. 
I  had  forgot  that  foul  conspiracy 
Of  the  beast  Caliban,  and  his  con.federates, 
A:;ainst  my  life.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

associatesUp  (a-s6'shi-at-sbip),  n.  [<  associ- 
ate +  -ship.]  Tlie  position  or  office  of  an  asso- 
ciate.    [Rare.] 

association  (a-s6-si-a'slion),  n.  [=  F.  associ- 
atinn.  <  ML.  ilssoc'iatio(n'-),  a  society,  <  L.  asso- 
cian,  associate:  see  associate,  v.']  1.  The  act 
of  associating  or  the  state  of  being  associated. 
(a)  Connection  of  persons  or  things;  union. 

Self-denial  is  a  kind  of  holy  association  with  Gnd. 

Boyle,  Seraphic  l,ove,  iii. 

There  arc  many  objects,  of  great  value  to  man,  wliicli 
cannot  be  attained  by  unconnected  individuals,  but  niu>t 
Im!  attained,  it  attained  at  all,  by  association. 

I).  Webster,  .Speech,  Pittsburgh,  July,  lS3.i. 

Tlie  very  common  association  between  seeing  clearly 
and  seeing  narrowly  is  a  law  or  a  frailty  of  our  nature  not 
iUlBciently  understood.    Gladstone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  lafi. 

(6)  A  union  or  connection  of  ideas.     See  as- 
sociation of  ideas,  below. 
The  wonis  which  we  use  are  so  enwrapped  in  an  atmo- 

Sdiere  of  subtle  associations  that  they  are  liable  to  sway 
le  direction  of  our  thoughts  in  ways  of  which  we  are 
often  unconscious.  ./.  Fiske,  Idea  of  God,  p.  Ifjl. 

2.  An  organized  union  of  persons  for  a  com- 
mon purpose ;  a  body  of  persons  acting  to- 
gether for  tho  promotion  of  some  object  of 
mutual  interest  or  advantage;  a  partnership, 
cori)oration,  or  society:  as,  the  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science;  a  political  or 
charitable  association. 

The  old  company  .  .  .  was  able,  with  the  help  of  Its 
Tory  friiMids,  to  nrevent  the  rival  association  from  obtain- 
ing similar  privileges.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 
Articles  Of  association  or  Incorporation.  See  article. 
-AsBOClatlon  of  Ideas  (im  expreniion  Invented  by 
I».v.  I  i.i  mental  association,  in  ;"o/'-'"'(..  the  tendency 
of  11  ,  p.  iri-ptloii.  feeling,  volition,  or  thought  to 
rc'.L  i-tii.HH  others  which  have  previously  co- 
exl  '  <  >iiHM'-HH  with  it  or  with  states  siniilur  to 
It.  i  ne  <d  u  friend  is  associutefl  Willi  his  per- 
•fjli  ;ige,  place  of  residence,  and  so  on;  and 
III'  1 1, one  brings  Into  con»cloiiHiirn>4  Involiiri- 
'.f  these  associated  libas.  'Ill--  Mjicciul 
,  though  varlonnly  stated  by  p-y.  Imlo- 
Htiiiltted  to  be  thoHc  of  coritigiilt>'  and 
Btn  Ideas  recall  lileas  which  have  orrur- 
red  ;,,  nnil  als^i  those  which  are  similar  to 
Ih"'                                  .11.  d    the  principles  of  nbjei-tlve  allfl 

•ni..  Tin-  (loetrine  id  association  has 

pU.  .rt  III  the  hlst'iryof  modern  Kngllsh 

P«J'  '  J. by. 

Tl.  otvl  extrinsic  astfciat ion,  might  hi- 

Intr"  i.rialf'ly  t>*  dUtlngiilsli  a^Hoiliilinii  < 

foil..  :  .  -.-mblanr:*-*  of  mental  stales  fiom 

th"^'  .,|y  the  extrinsic  actddent  of  nliiiiil- 

Ule  ..tisclousnrsA.      T.Vblrkf  Murrin/, 

A««'.  !'hy,  the  doctrine  put  forwi.i.l   l.v 

II'  lames  Mill,  and  otln  r4   II.  .i  m,, 

nfc  ,re  to  Im-  cTT.Inlfied  iblelU    i..    '., 

**•  ':v.inf:ellr;i]     Annorln  Tloyi 

er"  ',  1  ■,  A  '    '.      .'I'll! 

Ind:  iil.le   .1,...,    .;iUo:i, 

thru  ...  t  I.    ..  »  .   .If..  ,.     ;  lun  we    .    uit.    '   thltil.  ''le  w  it  j.  ■. ' 

tbo  thlnkinK  tha  other  —Voluntary  uioclaUon,  in 


350 

fair,  a  society  which  is  unincorporated,  but  is  not  a  part- 
nership, in  that  the  members  are  not  agents  for  one  an- 
other. =Syn.  2.  Combination,  company,  club,  lodge,  fra- 
ternity. 

associational  (a-so-si-a'shon-al),  a.  [<  asso- 
ciation +  -al.']  1.  Pertaining  to  ar  association. 
—  2.  Pertaining  to  the  psychological  doctrine 
of  association  or  associationism. 

associationalisni(a-s6-si-a'shon-al-izm),  H. 
Same  as  associationism. 

associationalist  (a-s6-si-a'shgn-al-ist),  n.  and 
a.     Same  as  associationist. 

associationism  (a-s6-si-a'shgn-izm).  n.  [<  as- 
sociation -i-  -ism.]'  1.  The  psychological  theory 
which  regards  the  laws  of  association  as  the 
fundamental  laws  of  mental  action  and  de- 
velopment. See  association  of  ideas,  under  as- 
sociation.— 2.  Same  as  Fourierism. 
Also  associationalism. 

associationist  (a-so-si-ii'shgn-ist),  n.  and  a.  [< 
association  +  -isi.]  I.  «.  1.  One  who  advocates 
the  psychological  doctrine  of  associationism. — 
2.  One  who  supports  the  doctrine  of  associa- 
tion advocated  by  Fourier  and  known  as  Fou- 
rierism (which  see). 

n.  a.  Pertaining  to  associationism,  in  either 
sense  of  that  word. 
Also  associationalist. 

associative  (a-s6'shi-a-tiv),  a.  [<  associate  -f 
-iCf.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resulting  from  as- 
sociation; capable  of  associating;  tending  to 
associate  or  unite;  characterized  by  associa- 
tion: as,  "the  associative  faculty,"  Hugh  ilillcr. 
Onomatopaiia,  in  addition  to  its  awkwardness,  has 
neither  associatii'e  nor  etymological  application  to  words 
imitating  sounds. 

J.  A.  H.  Murray,  9th  Ann.  Add.  to  Philol.  Soc. 

2.  In  math.,  applied  to  an  operation  which 
gives  the  same  result  whether  it  first  unites 
two  quantities  A  and  B,  and  then  unites  the 
result  to  a  third  quantity  C,  or  whether  it  first 
unites  B  and  C,  and  then  luiites  the  result  to 
A,  the  order  of  the  quantities  being  preserved. 
Thus,  addition  and  multiplication  are  said  to  be  associa- 
tive, on  account  of  the  general  formulas, 

(a  +  b)  +  c  =  a  +  (h  +  cj 
(a  X  b)  X  c  =  a  X  {b  X  c). 

In  the  same  sense,  mathematicians  often  use  the  expres- 
sions .rv'.vr.cia^' re /orm»/a,  ax.socmtu'e^r(«c0>^»?.— Associa- 
tive algebra,  <a* system  of  algebra  in  which  multiplication 

is  a.s^"ci;itivc, 

associativeness  (a-s6'shi-a-tiv-nes),  n.  The 
jiropt-rty  of  being  associative,  especially  in  the 
inatliciuatieal  sense. 

associator  (a-s6'shi-a-tor),  n.  1.  One  who  or 
that  which  associates  or  connects  together. — 
2t.  An  associate  or  partner  in  any  scheme ;  a 
confederate. 

Our  late  associators  and  conspirators  have  made  a  third 
copy  of  the  League.  Dryden,  Post,  to  Hist,  of  League. 

assoguet,  «•  [<  F.  assofiuc,  <  Sp.  a:offue  (in 
same  sense),  lit.  quicksilver:  see  asopuc.l  A 
Spanish  galleon  transporting  quicksUver  to 
America  for  use  in  the  mines. 

assoill  (a-soir),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  assoilen,  asoilen, 
(Lysoilien,  asoilicn,  assoylvn,  etc.,  =  Se.  assoilzie, 
formerly  a.s.vrihiic,  assoil^e  (where  /r,  Is,  hj  rep- 
resent the  r.  li  moHiilccs),  <  OF.  assoilcr,  a.ssoil- 
licr,  asolier,  also  a.ioliln;  n.isohlre,  assondre,  etc.. 
<  L.  absolverc,  absolve,  loosen:  see  ahsolrc,  of 
which  a.ssoil  is  thus  a  doublet.]  If.  To  solve ; 
clear  up. 
To  assoU  this  seeming  ililllculty. 

Walerlanil,  Scrii)turc  Vindicated,  ill.  la. 

2.   To  release;  set  free;  acquit;  pardon;   ab- 
solve.    [Archaic] 
At  my  own  tribunal  stand  assoil'd.  Thkc. 

To  sonic  bishop  we  will  wend, 
Of  all  the  slim  that  we  have  done, 
To  be  nsHoitrd  at  his  hand.       Percy's  Reliques. 

3t.  To  remove;  dispel. 

Hieklng  him  that  should  her  palne  assoyle. 

S/irnser,  V.  ().,  IV.  v.  30. 

aBBOlPt  (a-soil'),  v.  t.  [<  «/»-!  +  soin.'i  To  soil ; 
stain. 

Whate'er  he  bo 
Can  with  iinthankfiilness  (i«»iii7  nic,  let  hint 
lilg  out  ndiie  eyes,  and  sing  my  name  In  verse. 

I'Utchcr  {.and another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  III.  1. 

aSBOilmentt    (■a-soirnient),    n.       [(.  n.i.ioif^    + 
-mi  III.  \  'I'lio  ne(  of  assoiTiiig;  absohilion.   Miirr. 
aSSOilyie,    assoilzie    (a-soil'ye),  r.  t.      Scolrh 
I'oriim  (if  (iKxdilK 
liod  assoilzie  him  for  the  sill  of  bloodshed. 

Sroll,  Ivanhoo,  II.  vl 

assonance  (aH'S-nanw),  »i.  [<  F.  assonance  (^ 
,S|i.  iisnnnncia  ==  ^g.  nssimnncia),  <  a.isonant : 
Hua  assonant,  a.]     1.  KcHcmblnnce  of  kouikIh. 

'Hie dlsagrooablc <««<>n«m-e of  "sheath "  and  "sheathed." 

St^evetu. 


I^Hiulor's  blank  verse  . 
sonant,  harmonious. 


ass  s-ear 

The  combination  of  cadenced  sentences  with  antitheti- 
cal alliteration,  intersprinkled  with  assonances  of  every 
kind  and  their  inevitable  otfspring.  the  uncalled-for  pun, 
was  by  him  [Lylv]  first  introduced  into  English  prose. 

A.  It'.  Want,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  157. 

Homer,  like  Dante  and  Shakespeare,  like  all  who  really 

command  language,  seems  fond  of  playing  with  assona  'ices. 

Lowell,  .study  Windows,  p.  327. 

Specifically — 2.  In  pros.,  a  species  of  imper- 
fect rime,  or  rather  a  substitute  for  rime,  espe- 
cially common  in  Spanish  poetry,  consisting 
in  using  the  same  vowel-sound  with  different 
consonants,  and  requiring  the  use  of  the  same 
vowels  in  the  assonant  words  from  tlie  last 
accented  vowel  to  the  end  of  the  word:  thus, 
man  and  hat,  penitent  and  reticence,  are  exam- 
ples of  assonance  in  English. 

There  are  some  traces  of  the  employment  of  rhyme  and 
assonance  in  mere  popuhor  literature  at  a  very  remote 
period.  G.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  505. 

3.  Agreement  or  harmony  of  things.     [Bare.] 
=  Syn.  Paronoiiiasia.  etc.    See  pun. 
assonanced  (as'o-nanst),   a.      [<  assonance  + 
-«(-.]     Characterized  by  assonance ;  assonant. 

The  lines  are,  in  the  earlier  examples,  assonanced, — 
that  is  to  say,  the  vowel  sound  of  the  last  syllables  is 
identical,  but  the  consonants  need  not  agree. 

Kiicyc.  Brit.,  IX.  638. 

assonant  (as'o-nant),  a.  and  »(.  [<  F.  assonant 
(=  Sp.  asonante  =  Pg.  assonantc),  <  L.  a.?so- 
nan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  assonarc,  sound  to,  respond  to: 
see  assonatc  and  sonant.}  I.  a.  1.  Ha\'ing  a 
resemblance  of  articulate  soimds. 

is  .  .  .  terse,  yet  fluent,  as- 
Stedinan,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  46. 

2.  In  pros.,  pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 

assonance. 

II.  m.  1.  A  word  resembling  another  in 
sound.  Speeifieally — 2.  In  jiro.t.,  a  word  form- 
ing ail  assonance  with  another  word.  See  ais- 
soniincc,  '2. 

assonantal  (,as-o-nan'tal).  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  assonance;  of  the  nature  of  an  assonant. 

assonantic  (as-o-uan'tik),  a.  Same  as  asso- 
iiiiiitiil. 

assonate  (as'o-nat),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  asso- 
ntilid,  jijir.  Ofsoiiating.  [<  L.  as.ionaie,  sound 
to,  respond  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  sonarc,  sound:  seo 
sonant.']  To  correspond  in  sound;  rime  in  asso- 
nance; be  assonant. 

assort  (a-sorf),  r.  [<  late  ME.  assortc,  <  OP. 
ii.s.'<ortn"=  Olt.  assortare,  <  ML.  assortarc  (mod. 
F.  a.i.wriir  =  Sp.  a,sortir  =  It.  assortire,  <  ML. 
as  if  "«.s',s-()c^/)T,  after  L.  sortiri,  cast  lots,  allot, 
distribute,  select:  see  sort,  v.);  <  L.  ad,  to,  -I- 
sor{t-)s,  lot,  condition,  sort:  see  sort.]   I.  trans. 

1.  To  separate  and  distribute  into  class^es, 
sorts,  or  kinds ;  luirt  into  lots;  arrange;  clas- 
sify: as,  to  assort  goods. — 2.  To  furnish  with  a 
suitable  assortment  or  variety  of  goods  ;  make 
ii]i  of  articles  likely  to  suit  a  demand:  as,  to 
(i.ssort  a  cargo;  "wvU-a.'i.tortcd  warehouses," 
JUirkr. —  3.  To  make  of  tho  same  sort;  adapt 
or  suit. 

No  way  assorted  to  those  with  whom  they  must  asso- 
ciati'.  Piiirkr,  Key.  in  Eraiice. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  agree  in  sort  or  kind;  be 
aci'ordaiit  or  matched  :  as,  the  two  kinds  assort 
well  or  ill. —  2.  To  associate;  consort. 

Assort  no  more  with  the  menials  of  the  goddess. 

Bulwcr. 

assorted  (a-sfir'tcd),  p.  a.  1.  Consisting  of 
sclcelcil  kinds;  arranged  in  sorts  or  varieties. 

(lur  cargo  was  an  assorted  one  ;  that  is,  it  consisted  of 
everything  under  the  sun. 

II.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  licforc  the  Mast,  p.  SB. 

2.  Matched ;  fitted  ;  suited :  as,  a  yieh-assorted 
pair. 

assortment  (a-sCirt'nient),  «.  r<  assort  +  -ment. 
Cf.  !''.  (i.^siirl'i'nirnt,  <  '(i.fsoriir.]  1.  The  act  of 
iisiiiirling  or  distribiiliiig  into  sorts,  kinds,  or 
classes,  or  of  selecting  and  suiting. —  2.  A  col- 
leclion Of  things  assorti'd:  »s,  an  (i.i.iorlmcnt  of 
goods;   "nn  a.i.iortinent  of  ]miiitings,"  Coxe. — 

3.  A  class  or  group  into  which  objects  are  as- 
sorted. 

Those  classes  and  assortments  .  .  .  called  genera  and 
Kpecles,    Ailani Smith,  Mor,  Sent,,  II.  4(17(17117),  (N.  K.  D.) 

assott  (u-sof),  tl.     [<  MIO.  a.s.wten,  <  OF.  assoter, 

a.mtcr,  <  a  (h.  ad,  to)  -I-  .lot,  foolish:  see  sot.] 

I,  intrans.  To  bo  or  bccimie  infatuated  or  liko 

a  fool. 

II.  trans.  To  infatuate! ;  deceive;  befool. 

'Ibiit  monstrous  i-rror  which  doth  some  asiiott. 

1,'lKnscr,  K.  (;.,  II.  x.  8. 
aBSOylet,  '•.  t.     See  a.isoil^. 

ass's-car  (i'is'ez-(">r),  n.  A  fine  iridescent  shell, 
Ualiulis  (Uiinimia,  used  in  the  niuniifacliire  of 


ass  s-ear 

buttons,  for  inlaying  woodwork,  and  for  other 
purposes. 

ass's-foot  (as'ez-fiit),  n.     Same  as  coltsfoot. 

assuade  (a-swad'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  assuaded, 
ppr.  assuadiiig.  [<  L.  as-  for  ad-  +  suadere, 
advise:  Bee  suasion,  i^nd  ct.  pcrsuade.~\  To  pre- 
sent as  advice  ;  urge  persuasively.    N.  E.  I). 

assuage  (a-swaj'),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  assuaged, 
ppr.  assuaging.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  assioage, 
oswajrc,  andby  apheresissioajrc;  <  MS^.asiiagen, 
aswagen,  <  OF.  asouager,  asuager,  asoager=  Pr. 
assuaviar,  asuaviar,  <  ML.  as  if  *assuaviare,  < 
L.  ad,  to,  +  suavis,  sweet :  see  suarc  and  swert. 
Cf.  abridge,  <  L.  abbreviarc ;  allege^,  <  LL.  allc- 
viare,  etc.]  I.  trans.  To  soften,  in  a  figurative 
sense;  allay;  mitigate,  ease,  or  lessen,  as  pain 
or  grief ;  moderate ;  appease  or  pacify,  as  pas- 
sion or  tumult. 

Yet  he  with  strong  perswasions  her  assivaged, 
And  wonne  lier  will  to  suifer  him  depart. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  43. 
Refreshing  winds  the  summer's  heats  assuage. 

Addison. 
For  the  first  time  in  history,  she  [the  church]  inspired 
thousands  to  devote*  their  entire  lives,  through  sacrifice 
and  danger,  to  the  single  object  of  aasuagint^  the  suffer- 
ings of  humanity.  H'efeA,"Eng.  Lit.,  I.  SI. 
=  Syn.  Alleviate.  Relieve.  Mitigate,  etc.  (see  alleviate)',  to 
appease,  mollify,  temper  (see  lists  under  alleviate  and 
o«.i.wi). 

Il.t  in  trans.  To  abate  or  subside  ;  grow  less: 
as,  "letthinheTt  assuage,"  Gower  ;  "thewaters 
asswaged,"  Gen.  viii.  1. 
assuagement  (a-swaj'ment),  n.  [<  OF.  asuage- 
mcnt,  <  asuager:  see  assuage  and  -ment.']     1. 
The  act  of  assuaging ;  mitigation ;  abatement. 
Spenser. —  3.  An  alleviative  ;  a  sedative. 
assuager  (a-swa'jer),  n.     One  who  assuages  or 
allays ;  that  which  mitigates  or  abates, 
assuasive  (a-swa'siv),  a.  and  n.      [<  as-'^  + 
suasire,  as  in  persuasive,  with  reference  to  as- 
suage."]   I.  a.  Softening;  mitigating;  tranquil- 
iziug;  soothing.     [Rare.] 

Music  her  soft  assuasive  voice  applies. 

Pope,  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  1.  '25. 

II.  n.  A  soothing  medicine  or  application. 
assubjugatet  (a-sub'jo-gat),  v.  t.    [<  as-l  -1-  suli- 
jugatc.~\     To  reduce  to  subjugation ;  put  into  a 
low  or  unworthy  position ;  debase.     [Bare.] 

No,  this  thrice  worthy  and  right  valiant  lord 

Must  not  .  .  .  assubjwjatelu&iner'il  .  .  . 

By  going  to  Achilles.    '  .S/m*.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  3. 

assuefactiont  (as-we-fak'shon),  H.  [<  L.  as  if 
*assuefactio{n-),  <  cissuefaccre,  pp.  assuefactus, 
make  accustomed  to,  habituate,  <  assuetus,  pp. 
of  assu^:scere,  accustom  (see  assuetc),  +  facere, 
make.]  The  act  of  accustoming;  the  state  of 
being  accustomed;  use;  habituation. 

Right  and  left,  as  part  inservient  unto  the  motive  facul- 
ty, are  differenced  by  degrees,  by  use,  and  asme/acti<)ji. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  6. 

assuetet,  a.  [<  L.  assuetus,  pp.  of  assuescere, 
accustom,  habituate,  <  ad,  to,  +  suescere,  incep- 
tive of  "suere,  be  wont:  see  custom.']  Accus- 
tomed;  practised.     Blount. 

assuetudet  (as'we-tud),  «.  [<  L.  assuetudo,  cus- 
tom, <  assuetus,  pp. :  see  assuete.  Cf.  desue- 
tude.]   Custom^  habit ;  habitual  use. 

Assiietude  of  things  hurtful  doth  make  them  lose  their 
force  to  hurt.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  67. 

assumable  (a-su'ma-bl),  a.  [<  assume  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  assumed  or  taken  for  granted. 

assumably  (a-su'ma-bli),  adv.  As  may  be  as- 
sumed; presumably. 

The  Macfarlane  Highlanders,  who  were  armed  asmima- 
bly  with  target  and  broadsword. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  40. 

assume  (a-siim'),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  assumed, 
ppr.  assuming.  [<  L.  assumere,  take  to  one's 
self,  take  up,  receive,  accept,  claim,  assume,  < 
ad,  to,  -1-  sumere,  take,  contr.  from  *sulrimerc, 
<  sub,  under,  -f-  emcre,  take,  buy:  see  emption, 
emptor,  redeem.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  into  rela- 
tion or  association ;  adopt ;  take  in ;  admit :  as, 
"Enoch  andElias  were  assumed  up  into  heaven," 
Abp.  Abbot.     See  assumption,  5.     [Archaic] 

The  sixth  was  a  young  knight  .  .  .  assumed  into  that 
honourable  company.  Scott. 

2.  To  take  upon  one's  self;  imdertake:  as,  to 
assume  the  responsibility  of  a  proceeding;  to 
assume  office ;  to  assume  an  obligation. 

Assume  thy  wingfed  throne,  thou  Vesper  of  our  throng ! 
Shelley,  Adonais,  St.  46. 
Among  those  subject  kings  whom  the  Assyrians  had 
established  in  Egypt  the  descendants  of  the  Brst  Necho 
assumed,  after  the  fall  of  Nineveh,  the  position  of  inde- 
pendent sovereigns.   Ton  Rankc,  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  S3. 

3.  To  take  or  put  on  one's  self;  invest  one's 
self  vnth:  as,  to  assume  the  garb  of  a  mentli- 


351 

cant,  or  the  figure  of  an  animal ;  to  assume  a 
severe  aspect;  "to  assume  man's  nature,"  Mil- 
ton, P.  L.,  iii.  303. 

They  say  the  devil  can  assume  heaven's  brightness. 
And  so  appear  to  tempt  us. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iii.  6. 

Caroline  .  .  .  had  persuaded  Mrs.  Pryor  to  assume  her 

bonnet  and  summer  shawl,  and  to  take  a  walk  with  her. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  .Shirley,  xxi. 

Society  never  assumed  the  military  type  in  England 

which  It  assunied  upon  the  continent. 

/.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  123. 
Wlieat  quickly  assumes  new  habits  of  life. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  333. 

4.  To  apply  to  one's  self;  appropriate. 

His  majesty  might  well  assume  the  complaint  of  King 
David.  Clarendon. 

His  Holiness  the  Pope,  by  virtue  of  being  Christ's  Vice- 
gerent upon  earth,  piously  assumed  to  himself  a  light  to 
dispose  of  the  territories  of  infidels  as  he  thought  fit. 

A.  Hamilton,  Works,  II.  68. 

Hastings  had  ceased  to  difference  his  arms  as  a  cadet, 
and  assumed  them  unbroken.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  «S7. 

5.  To  take  for  granted  or  without  proof;  sup- 
pose as  a  fact ;  postulate :  as,  to  assume  a  prin- 
ciple in  reasoning. 

Generally  it  may  be  assumed  that  rhetoric  will  not  sur- 
vive the  age  of  the  ceremonious  in  manners  and  the  gor- 
geous in  costume.  De  Quincey,  Rhetoric. 

If  the  step  from  mechanics  to  chemistry  is  known,  has 
been  proved,  and  is  admitted,  that  from  chemistry  to  life 
is  assiimefl,  and  ass^tmed  without  the  slightest  reason. 

Beale,  Protoplasm,  p.  117. 

6.  To  take  fictitiously;  pretend  to  possess; 
take  in  appearance :  as,  to  assume  the  garb  of 
humility. 

Assume  a  virtue,  if  you  have  it  not. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 
7t.  To  claim. 

Like  a  bold  champion  I  assume  the  lists. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  1. 
=  S3T1.  6.  To  affect,  feign,  counterfeit. 

II.  in  trans.  To  be  arrogant ;  claim  more  than 
is  due ;  presume. 

assumedly  (a-su'med-li),  adv.  As  is  or  may  be 
assumed  or  taken  for  gi-anted;  presumably. 
assumentt  (a-sii'ment),  n.  [<  LL.  assumentum, 
a  piece  sewed  on,  <  L.  assuere,  sew  on,  <  ad,  to,  + 
suere,  sew,  =  E.  sew,  q.  v.]  A  piece  sewed  on; 
a  patch ;  an  addition. 

The  assunient  or  addition  Dr.  Marshall  never  could  find 
anywhere  but  in  this  Anglo-Sa.\onick  translation. 

J.  Lewis,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Bibles,  p.  9. 

assumer  (a-su'mer),  «.  One  who  assumes;  an 
arrogant  person. 

These  high  a^sumers  and  pretenders  to  reason.     South. 

To  swear  at  the  mention  of  assumers  and  pretenders  to 
baronetcies.  The  Atlantic,  LII.  365. 

assuming  (a-su'ming),  p.  a.  Taking  or  dis- 
posed to  take  upon  one's  self  more  than  is  .just; 
disposed  to  attribute  to  one's  self  imdue  impor- 
tance; haughty;  aiTogant. 

His  haughty  looks  and  his  assuming  air 
The  son  of  Isis  could  no  longer  bear.         Dryden. 
A  virtue  that  might  repress  the  most  assuming. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  3. 
=  Syil.  Bold,  forward,  presuming,  self-confident. 
assumingt  (a-su'ming),  n.     Bresimiption. 

The  vain  assumings  of  some.  B.  Jonson,  Poetaster. 

assumingly  (a-su'ming-li),  adv.  In  an  assum- 
ing manner;  arrogantly. 
assumpsit  (a-sump'sit),  n.  [L.,  he  undertook; 
third  pers.  sing,  perf .  ind.  of  assumere,  assimie, 
undertake:  see  assume.]  In  law:  (a)  An  ac- 
tion lying  for  the  recovery  of  damages  sustained 
through  the  breach  of  a  simple  contract  (that 
is,  a  promise  not  under  seal),  in  which  the 
plaintiff  alleges  that  the  defendant  assumpsit, 
that  is,  promised  or  xmdertook,  to  perform  the 
act  specified,  in  England  and  in  most  of  the  United 
States  tllis,  like  the  other  common-law  forms  of  action, 
has  been  superseded  by  statute.  Hence  —  (6)  An  ac- 
tionable promise,  express  or  implied  by  law. 
assumptt  (a-smnpf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  assumptus,  pp. 
ot  assumere,  take  u-p:  see  assume.]  1.  To  take 
up;  raise.     See  assume,  v.  t.,  1. 

She  was  assumpted  into  the  cloud. 

HaU,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  14. 

2.  To  assvmae,  as  a  proposition  or  premise. 
Supposition  assumpted  is  when  a  manifest  supposition 

is  assumpted  to  prove  another  thing  withal,  as  .  .  .  the 
disputer  will  assumpt  this  assertion,  which  saith  that  of 
false  things  there  is  no  certain  knowledge,  and  truth  is 
not  known  but  of  true  things.  Blundevillc,  1619. 

3.  To  assume,  as  a  property,  attribute,  etc. 

I  do  grant  it  to  be  Christ's  true  body  and  flesh  by  a  prop- 
erty of  the  nature  assumpted  to  the  Godhead  ;  yea,  and  we 
do  really  eat  and  drink  His  flesh  and  blood  after  a  certain 
real  property. 
Ridley,  in  R.  \V.  Di.xon'8  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  xvi.,  note. 


assurance 

4.  To  take  to  one's  self ;  put  on  ;  assume. 

And  assumpted,  or  tooke  to  his  Arms  ...  a  Crosse  Sil- 
ver, In  a  field  vert.      Bossewell,  Armorie,  p.  22.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

assumptt  (a-sumpf),  n.  [<  L.  assumptum,  neut. 
of  assumptwi,  pp.,  assumed:  see  assumpt,  v.~\ 
That  which  is  assumed ;  an  assumption. 

The  sum  of  all  your  assumpts. 

Chitlinyworth,  Relig.  of  Protestants,  i.  1. 

assumption  (a-sump'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  assump- 
cwun,  a,ssunijiiioun  (of  tiie  Virgin  Mary),  <  ML. 
assumptin{it-),  a  taking  up  (into  heaven);  L.,  a 
taking  up,  adoption,  the  minor  proposition  of 
a  syllogism ;  <  assumere,  pp.  as-mmptus,  take  up, 
etc. :  see  as.s'Mmc]  1.  The  act  of  taking  to  one's 
self;  a  taking  upon  one's  self ;  undertaking. 

Since  the  Assuynption  of  our  flesh,  we  know  what  shape 
to  picture  God  in.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  65. 

An  assumption  of  power  not  conferred  by  the  Constitu- 
tion and  laws.      D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  for  granted,  or  supposing 
without  proof;  supposition. 

The  assumption  of  a  final  cause  in  the  structure  of  each 
part  of  animals  and  plants  is  as  inevitable  as  the  assump- 
tion of  an  efllcient  cause  for  every  event. 

Whewetl,  Nov,  Org.  Renovatum,  p.  105. 

3.  The  thing  supposed;  a  postulate  or  propo- 
sition assumed. 

Let  well-weighed  considerations,  not  stiff  and  peremp- 
tory assumptions,  guide  thy  discourses. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii.  3. 
In  fact,  the  putting  of  limits  to  human  conception  must 
always  involve  the  assumption  that  our  previous  experi- 
ence is  universally  valid  in  a  theoretical  sense ;  an  assump- 
tion wiiich  we  have  already  seen  reason  to  reject. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  155. 

4.  In  logic,  the  minor  premise  in  a  categorical 

syllogism. 

Still  more  objectionable  are  the  correlative  terms  prop- 
osition and  assumption  as  synonymous  for  the  major  and 
minor  premises.  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Logic. 

[This  use  of  the  word,  originating  with  Cicero  (Latin  as- 
sumpt io),  was  revived  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  is  com- 
mon in  modern  Latin,  but  is  rare  in  English.] 

5.  The  taking  up  of  a  person  into  heaven; 
specifically,  the  traditional  anticipated  resur- 
rection or  bodily  taking  up  into  heaven  of  the 
Virgin  Mary  after  her  death,  celebrated  by  the 
Eoman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  Oriental  churches 
by  the  feast  of  the  Assumption  on  the  15th  of 
August. —  6.  Adoption,  or  making  use  of. 

It  is  evident  that  the  prose  psiilms  of  our  liturgj'  were 
chiefly  consulted  and  copied  by  the  perpetual  assumptions 
of  their  words  and  combinations, 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  IIT.  172. 

7.  In  law,  the  agreement  of  the  transferee  of 
property  to  pay  obligations  of  the  transferror 
which  are  chargeable  on  it. — 8.  A  conceited 
disposition,  characterized  by  a  tendency  to 
claim  more  than  is  one's  due ;  prestmiption. 

The  priest,  however  arrogant  his  assumption,  makes  a 
civil  salute.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Socio].,  §  343. 

Arms  of  assumption.  See  arm-,  7,  and  assumptive 
arms,  under  assumptive. — Assumption  Clause.  See 
cioH.«i'.— Deed  of  assumption,  in  ,'icots  law,  a  deed  exe- 
cuted by  trustees  under  a  trust  deed  or  deed  of  settlement, 
assuming  a  new  trustee  or  trustees.  =  Syn.  2  and  3.  Con- 
jecture, hypothesis,  theory,  postulate.— 8.  Pride,  Pre- 
sumption, etc.  (see  arrogance);  ofliciousness,  forwardness, 
self-confidence,  self-conceit,  face. 

assumptions  (a-sump'shus),  a.  [<  assumption  + 
-ous.  a. prcsumjjtuous.]  Assuming;  presimip- 
tuous.     [Rare.] 

assumpti've  (a-sump'tiv),  a.    [<L.  assumptimts, 
taken  in  addition,  <  assumptus,  pp.  of  assumere, 
take,  assume:  see  assutne.]     1.  Capable  of  be- 
ing assumed ;  assumed. 
Writing  under  an  assumptive  character. 

Wychcrly,  Plain  Dealer.  Pref, 
2.  Marked  or  characterized  by  assumptions. 
Trivial,  scholastic,  and  assumptive  methods. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  312. 
Assumptive  axms,  in  her. :  (a)  Formerly,  arms  not  pa- 
ternal, .issunied  in  consequence  of  an  exploit.  (6)  Now, 
arms  which  a  person  has  a  right,  with  the  approbation  of 
his  sovereign  and  of  the  heralds,  to  assume,  (c)  Armorial 
bearings  improperly  assumed.  [Rare  in  last  use.]  Also 
called  arms  of  assumption. 

assumptively  (a-sump'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  as- 
sumptive or  assumed  manner;  by  way  of  as- 
sumption. 

assurable  (a-shor'a-bl).  a.  [<  assure  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  assured;  suitable  for  insur- 
ance :  as,  an  assurable  property. 

assurance  (a-shor'ans),  «.     [iME.  assuraunce, 

<  OF.  asseiirance,  P.  a.^surance  =  Sp.  aseguran- 
!a  =  It.  assecuran-a  (=  E.  assecurancc,  q.  v.), 

<  ML.  assccurantia,  <  assecurare,  assure:  see 
assure  und  -a iicc]  1.  The  act  of  assuring;  a 
formal  or  earnest  statement  intended  to  pro- 
duce belief  or  conviction ;  a  positive  declara- 
tion intended  to  give  confidence :  as,  I  trusted 
to  his  assurances. 


assurance 

i*;'  ^ut  me  the  fall  attvranee  of  your  faith. 

S/tak.,  T.  X.,  iv.  3. 
2.  T'  '  v:  surety. 

Y  :  im  >>elter  asiuranee  than  Bar- 

\..\^  ^  .-v-;  his  boud  andvours;  he  liked 

..i.t'itV-  --^diily.  Shak,,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 

3t.  Aj£auee;  betrothal. 
ru'-'  daj'  of  their  atturance  drew  nigh. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia. 
T  :iiii  >ure 
I  never  conrted  •  you  tokens 

Thai  might  con^ 

FL,  Coxcomb,  iii.  1- 

4.  In  lattf  documentary  evidence  of  the  title 
or  right  of  possession  of  property. —  5.  Insur- 
ance; a  contract  for  the  payment  of  a  sum  on 
the  occorrenee  of  a  certain  event,  as  loss  or 
death. 

Recent  writers  have  sought  to  establish  distinctions  of 

a  n  -v.  1  _!nrKt'-rl>etwetn  thein[rt-iwniraweanJm*«rrtHrf). 

f  ;i  i*-rson  insures  his  life,  his  house,  or 

■rtioe  assures  to  him  in  each  of  these 

,  tiu-y  payable  in  certain  contingencies. 

AiwcLti  ii.  ;*"i.i  ojwiiro/ice  represents  the  principle  and 

insurance  the  practice.  £ncyc.  Brit.,  XIIL  169. 

6.  Certain  proof;  clear  evidence ;  positive  dem- 
onstration;* undeniable  grounds  for  belief  or 
trust;  assuredness. 

Whereof  he  hath  jriven  a^fftirance  unto  all  men,  in  that 
he  hath  raised  him  from  the  dead.  Acts  xWi.  31. 

A  fonn,  indeed, 
Where  every  go*l  did  seem  to  set  his  seal, 
To  give  the  wurld  a^jruraiure  uf  a  mau. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 
I  fee!  desires 
That  give  tuuturanee  of  their  own  success. 
And  that,  iiifus'd  from  lleav'n,  must  thither  tend. 

Cowjier,  The  Task,  v. 
A  brichtness.  like  that  of  the  eyes  of  some  smaller  ani- 
mals, which  f^ives  a-sgurance  of  life,  but  of  a  life  foreij^n 
and  uninteUigible.  Lowell,  Stuily  Windows,  p.  44. 

7.  Firm  pereuasion;  full  confidence  or  trust; 
freedom  from  doubt;  certain  expectation;  the 
utmost  certainty. 

Let  ua  draw  near  with  a  true  heart,  in  full  axguranceoi 
laith.  Heb.  x.  22. 

I'll  make  atmiraiice  double  sure, 
And  take  a  bond  of  fate.  Skak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

There  have  prevailed  very  widely  .  .  .  anion;;  mankind 
the  pad  tradition  of  a  lost  or  furfeit*-d  life  of  perfection 
and  happinrss,  and  a  dim  expeitation  or  the  firm  assur- 
ance uf  a  future  life  uf  perfection  and  happiness. 

Maitihlf!/,  iJody  and  Will,  p,  107. 

Especially  —  8.  Firmness  of  mind;  undoubting 
steadiness;  intrepidity;  courage. 

Brave  men  meet  danger  with  aserurance.  Krwlles. 

He  is  wanting  in  neither  personal  courage,  assurajice, 
nor  promptitude,  but  he  abuses  these  virtues  by  using 
them  in  tlie  service  of  vice. 

/'.  Jiobiwton,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  31. 

9.  Freedom  from  timidity  or  bashfulness;  laud- 
able confidence ;  self-reliance. 

Conversation  with  the  world  will  give  tliem  knowledge 
and  ajoturance.  Locke. 

I  have  iK-en  often  surprised  tliat  you,  who  have  seen  so 
much  of  the  worM,  .  .  .  could  never  yet  acquire  a  retiui- 
site  share  of  amturanc^. 

(joldftnilh.  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

10.  Excess  of  boldness;  impudence:  as,  hisffs- 
iturancc  is  intolerable. 

Immoderate  a«»urance  is  perfect  licentiousness. 

Shenstfrnf. 

rpon  my  soul,  Jack,  thou  art  a  very  impudent  fellow! 
t^i  do  you  JuMtice,  I  think  I  never  naw  a  piece  of  more  con- 
BUintiiale  aitmtranrf .'  Shrriiinn,  The  Itivnls,  iv.  2. 

Chamber  of  aaaurance.  Htt-  «7««;/(/»'r.— Collateral 
aasurance.  >*••<■  rnnat.mi.  Common  assurances. 
.vc  mm  m//n. — Further  assurance.  ^ve/urffuT.  =  Syn. 
2.  PUdge,  etc.     See  ;"•""» ix»-. —  10.  Effrontery,  presunip- 

tl'.N. 

aBSnre  fa-.shtir'),  r. ;  prot.  and  pp.  ajiAurfjrl,  ppr. 

fi^^iirtntf.      [<  MK.  assurtu,  asumi,  ajiseurm,  < 

'  ■■■'■•>■,  mou.  F,  fiMHurcr  =1  \*v.  aaseffurar  =: 

—  I'(^.  auMff/urar  =  It.  ti.sttfrunire(^  = 

'  ■).  v.),  <  MIj.  fitismtrarr,  aHsiiro,  <  Ij. 

'"'■      '.    t     '•iirxM  (>  OF.  fipf/ur,  utiir),  Hocure, 

hiir    ■.  'riirr,  fture,']     I,  trans.   1.   To  make 

.  «o!iviiic('  or   uuiko  confident, 

l'*<Ianiti*tn,  or«iili»r**virlenco: 

.;  I'l  ihOU  of  onu*H  faviir  or  love. 

It  l«  Ml-  I..  (iropoM  rcmrdlm  iM-fore  we  an-  tiM^urfd  of 

ll'"  dt"  1^-  .Sin/f.  Advancement  -.f  I;.  Il(fi»n. 

TU  -     .♦  i>rivll.Tf«  for  a  riirlntlan  to  b.  r»    r',.,/ihat 

th«  U.rd  ■  II  -t..  thiH  or  thai  Imllvldual  thlnt-  (.j  iini. 

r;.  Mathrr,  Mint.  <  hn       .^     ' 
An. I,  for  I  liiu  a  man,  I  dare  not  d<t 
<b.!  «  work  •intll  tUMured  \  we  with  *!'.<! 

limwitiii'i,  Ithiu  ami  \'-'i-\..  1      i 
2.    r..  rilyto;  nMHort,  ('ariM^t  I V  • 

*^"*'*  •  ifvaHNcrtion  :  u-*,  I  */     >'<> 

yon  I  Jiu.  ..'truth. 

'  that  nufn^my 

^1 ;iivo  tho  nubb'  llnitun. 

Hhak..  J.  (\,  T.  t 
*Tll»y  RT*  rrr*. tnrniri  I.  i  ],y  pAcitdr  nf  riiniic<|U«-nce,  I  oj 


I  f  on. 


ffhtridnn,  TJio  Critic,  I.  I 


352 

3.  To  secure  or  confirm ;  make  sure  to  be  or  to 
continue:  give  certainty  or  stability  to:  as,  to 
aifsure  a  person's  position  or  possessions. 

This  shall  aiuture  my  constant  loyalty. 

Shak.,  3  Heu.  VI.,  iii.  3. 
yiv  penance  hath  not  slackeu'd,  though  uiy  pardon 
No  way  assvred.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  739. 

So  irresistilde  an  authority  cannot  be  reflected  on  with- 
out the  ntost  awful  reverence,  even  by  those  whose  piety 
assures  its  favour  to  them.  //.  Ro;!crs. 

4.  To  free  from  obscurity,  ambiguity,  or  un- 
certainty. 

So  re:ison's  glimmering  ray 
Wiis  lent,  not  to  a.^ytire  our  doubtful  way, 
But  guide  us  upward  to  a  better  day. 

Dryden,  Religio  Laici. 

5.  To  embolden;  make  confident. 

And  hereby  we  .  .  .  shall  (iss^ure  our  heai'ts  before  him. 

1  John  iii.  19. 
6t.  To  affiance ;  betroth. 

This  drudge,  or  diviner,  laid  claim  to  me;  called  me 
Dromio ;  swore  I  was  assured  to  her. 

ShaJc.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 
7.    To  insure,  as  against  loss.  =Syn.  Insure.  Assure 
(sQcinsure);  to  asseverate  to,  enc(mrage,  vouch  to,  warrant. 
Il.t  ifitrans.   1.   To  confide;  trust. 

Therfore  as  fiend  fuUych  in  me  assfire. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  6S0. 

2.  To  promise;  pledge  one's  self.     Chaucer. 
assured  (a-shord'),^?.  «.     1.  Certain;  810*6;  in- 
(lubitable;  imdoubted:  as,  '^anas^Kred  experi- 
euce,"  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

We  dare  not  leave  his  fortunes, 

Though  most  assured  death  hung  round  about  us. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  i.  1. 
In  history,  as  in  tragedy,  the  master's  hand  has  nut  yet 
come  to  its  full  stretch  and  skill;   its  touch  is  not  yet 
wholly  assured,  its  work  not  yet  wholly  blameless. 

Su'infntrne,  Shakespeare,  p.  .50. 

2.  Bold ;  confident ;  self-possessed. 

He  looked  frank,  iniconstrained,  something a««ure(f,  but 
not  bordering  upon  assurance. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii,  ITy. 

He  .  .  ,  came  forth  >vith  an  assured  air  and  bade  dcll- 
ance  to  the  messenger.  Macauln>j,  Hist.  Enji.,  x\. 

3t.  Affianced.  *S7/c/7.-. —  4.  Insured;  having  one's 
life  or  goods  insured, 
assuredly  (a-shor'cd-li),  adv.    1.  Certainly;  in- 
iiul)ital)ly. 

Assuredly  Solomon  thy  son  shall  reign.  1  Ki.  i.  VX 

2.  With  assurance;  confidently;  impudently. 
The  more 
Actions  of  depth  and  danger  are  considered, 
The  less  assuredly  they  are  performed. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  X 

assuredness  (a-shor'ed-nes),  «.     The  state  of 

iMMiig  assured;  certainty;  full  confidence. 

assurer   (a-'^lior'er).    H.  '  1.    One  who  or  that 

wliich  assures,  or  gives  assurance  ;  speeiiically, 

an  insurer  or  underwriter. —  2.  One  who  takes 

out  a  policy  of  insurance;  one  who  is  assured. 

assurgency  (a-sor'jen-si),  n.     [<  assfmjmt.'] 

Tlu'  Icndeiify  or  disposition  to  rise.     [Hare] 

1  liL-riintinual<i,v.<ri/r</<-m-)/of  the  spirit  through  tlu-  boily. 

'Colrridoe,  Lit.  licm.  (Is;i'.i),  IV.  Hi"?. 

assurgent  (a-s6r'jont),  a.  [<  L.  asstn-(/c)i{t-)s, 
))pr,  of  asaurffcrcj  rise  up,  ascend,  <  ad,  to,  + 
sitrfferc,  rise:  see  surge,"]  Rising;  ascending. 
SiH'citlcally  "(rt)  In  her.,  applied  to  a  bearing  when  de- 
picted lis  rising  out  of  the  sea,  as  the  sun.  (h)  In  imt., 
rising  in  n  curve  to  an  erect  position;  ascemilng.  Also 
rf</.o/r7.7(/.  — Assurgent  leaves,  leaves  first  bent  down, 
liut  risin-..'  'irit  ti.uaiil  the  jiim-x. 

assuringly  (a-sli(ir'iiig-li),  adv.  In  an  assiu'ing 
rnaiiinr;  in  a  way  to  givr  confidence. 

asswagef,  r.     An  ohi  siu'lling  of  assuofje. 

Assyrian  {a-sir'i-an),  a.  and  u.  [<  Ij.  Asuifriua, 
<  <Jr.  'ATnr/. ■  r,  piTtaiiiing  to  Wrtm-pia^  Assyria.] 
1.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Assyria  or  to  its 
inliabitants.  -  Assyrian  architecture,  the  most  im- 
portant l>niuch  of  tin-  anhitrrtun*  of  McHoptitamia.  dr. 
vcbipcd  in  Asj*yrla  during  the  pc-rirxl  of  its  HUjircmacy.  Itn 
chief  nioinimentti  were  the  myal  jmlares,  whUh  were  of 
enormous  extent,  and  coriMlrui-tc<I  of  miwslvc  \vaU»  of  unn- 
(Irird  brickongrcat  nioniiilHof  cbiy.of  which  tln'y  huvi-now 
virtually  become  a  nart.  owing  to  the  dlnintcgnithig  inliu- 
ence  of  time  and  the  rlenients  upon  their  frliible  mute- 
rJalH.  They  wrre  never  more  than  one  or  two  utorlrM  hiuh, 
owing  t'l  the  llmlleil  endnrnnreof  the  nidmkcd  brlckH,  iitu) 
coriHlHted  chii'tiy  of  corrldorH  and  huig.  narrow  buIN,  i-iibi-i 

arched  over  witli  brick  or  tloMcii  in  with  cr-lllugi*  of  w I, 

and  Hurronnillng  open  courts.  The  cntranccH  wi*n-  of  Im- 
poftlng  height  inid  >vidth,  ornammtcd  with  coIonhuI  xIou** 
ilgurcH  of  winged  huniuii-headcd  bulln  rn*  Houh,  or  other 
niythologlciil  conrcprlDnM.  'I'be  Interior  walU  were  com- 
monly lined  with  ii  rtvelnienl  of  noft  alnbtint'T  Mbibtt,  on 
which  were  r-iirvcd  In  low  relief  (be  rcmarkubb'  hitIcb  of 
nrulptun-fi  which  liave  prcHi-rvrd  the  record  of  AHwyrhiii 
IrluiiiphN,  rharactrr,  and  cuHtonm.  Color  In  Krtrnruhiil 
nubdui'd  (IntN  wiu  generiilly  employed  upon  tin-  Hculpturcn 
and  the  wnM-Hpacm.  The  temple.  In  AHNvrla,  wan  Hub> 
ordlmite  to  (he  pnbic<-,  (In-  oppoxiii'  being  the  cnHc  Iti  Iliitty- 
lonln.  Aasyrlan  art,  oim>  of  the  later  brandwHof  Mi-no- 
|*otandaii  ml.  paralb-l  (•>  ihr  hitiT  Ilabylontnn.  ItJi  nioHl 
•  ham<  t<rlHll(  rnnnlfi-^tiitl<in  \n  presented  In  Itn  Invinh 
MMilpiured  architectural  d<-curatloii  In  low  rellif.     In  lu 


Astacidae 

first  period,  culminating;  in  the  ninth  century  B.  c,  it  dis^ 
played  yreat  viyiorand  truthinitsinterjuvtationof  nature, 
particularly  in  its  portrayal  of  animal  forms.  Later  it  suf- 
fered a  decline  until  the  close  of  Assyrian  supremacy,  to- 
ward the  end  of  the  seventh  century  B.  c.  Its  human 
figures  never  have  the  life  and  force  of  its  animals,  but  are 


Assyrian  Sculpture. 

Relief  from  Kojrunjik,  in  the  British  Museum.     King  Assur>bani>pal 

pouring  a  libation.     About  635  B.  C. 

heavy  and  conventional.  It  is  marked  by  great  minuteness 
of  detail,  ornaments,  texture  of  fabrics,  etc.,  bein;;  care- 
fully rendered.  In  metal-work  of  all  kinds  the  Assyrian 
craftsmen  took  a  high  place,  and  they  excelled  also  in 
gem-enyraving. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Assy- 
na,  an  ancient  country  of  Asia,  east  of  the  river 
Ti^'is,  long  at  the  head  of  tlie  powerful  As- 
syrian empire,  including  Babylonia  and  other 
neighboring  ooiintries. —  2.  The  language  of 
the  AssjTians,  which  has  been  preserved  by 
and  largely  recovered  from  their  cuneiform 
inscriptions.  See  cuneiform. 
Assyriological  (a-sir  ^i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Assyriology. 
The  latcs't  results  of  Assyi-iolodical  research. 

.-Imcr.  Jour.  Philol.,  IV.  343. 

Assyriologist  (a-sir-i-oro-jist),  /(.  [<  Assj/ri- 
oloiji/  -I-  -i-^t-']  A  student  of  Assyi'iology ;  ono 
versed  in  Assyi'iology. 

Assyriologue  (a-sir'i-o-log),  n.  ,1^=F.  AssifHo- 
loiftir,  <  (ir.  "Xacrvpia  +  -'/.6)o^j  <  Myeivi  see  A$- 
fy-jfriofiu/i/.l     An  Ass\Tioh>gist. 

Assyriology  (a-sir-i-oro-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  Viaavpia  -h 
-/o)iayi  >:;ur,  speak:  see -0/0^7//.]  Thescienco 
of  Assyriiin  antiquities;  that  branch  of  know- 
ledge which  includes  tho  history,  language^ 
etc.,  of  niicient  Assyria. 

assythf,  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  asseth. 

assythment  v»-^iTn'ment),  n.  [Sc,  also  by 
apluTcsis  sithementy  <  assyth,  itithe^  +  -mew^J 
In  Scot.'i  lawy  an  in- 
demnification due 
from  a  ])erson  guilty 
of  murder  to  tho 
lieirs  of  the  person 
murdered.  Where  tho 
criminal  has  sultere<l  the 
penalty  of  the  law,  no 
cljiim  for  assythment 
lies. 

-ast.      [<  Gr.    -aarf/^j 

<  -6Crn\  after  -/-, 
eijtiiv.  to  -(nrr'jc^  < 
'i^tiv:  see  ~ist,  -ize.'] 
A  sullix  of  Greek 
origin,  occurring  in- 
stead of  -isf  after-/-, 
as  in  vhiliast,  enthu- 
siast, etc. 

astacian      Ci>s-ta'- 

hhian),  //.  [<  Asta- 
eus  +  -/(/».]  An  ani- 
nuil  of  tho  genua 
Astfteus  or  family 
Asfarida;  as  a  eraw- 
lisli  ()r  lo})ster. 

astacid(!iM'tH-Hid),M. 

( »n('  of  till'  Asfiirido', 

Astacidae    (as-tas'i- 

<  I  c  1      n.    III.        r  N  J  J      <     Stnichire  of  the  Crnwflsh  ( Astaem ). 

Astarns  -t-  ~nfa\}  A  thir.lM.ti.iu--,;  C.  hc«rt(  <;.  mcmbrn- 
nouH  partiif  Momiith  ;  /fr,  \ahrum  ;  t, 
nictnstoitiii ;  r,  carclinc  omIcIc;  ^f, 
ptctnriirihiic  do.;  Mr,  tiroc.u'llnr  i\o.t 
el,  lateral  canllac  do.:  /,  cnnHo-py- 
Inric  valve;  /»■,  Infcrlnr  pyloric  viil. 
iilar  np|>iir. 


family  of  ina<TurouH 
decapod  eruslaccanH 
re])n'sen(ed  by  the 
ernwlisli  and  lobster. 
AmouK  fbiviutlle  fonns, 
the  bcHt  known  are  Ah- 
tur%tn  \\\m\  CttnilMiruH,  (lie 
former  containhiK  the 
rlviT<Taw(lMh,  A.  ihivin- 
liliji,  and  the  latter  nu- 
nuTous  Bpecles  <*f  North 


trill 


.,\r 


'.Ml. 


ilorlriT  cnvtrlc 
rtion  nfpoMrrririln, 


rplialu  pi.nrsm  A.nperilnil 
<.r  licp.illi  .hi.  t;  T.  pyl.irl<  c.rcuin  ; 
I  *.  iiitcHtlri<!;  x*»».  tcsiti;  rn  ,  xnt", 
v.ifc.lofcrrns;  «  ^.  ophthalmii  arirry; 
rt  fi,.'uilciitiary  ilo.i  ,1 /i,h<\:iM<  ilo.  [ 
a  t,  ^lormil  .lo.;  <i  A  biipct|..r  .lUloiiii- 
nnl  do.j  *,  corchml  KOiiyll"  ;  ■»  j:.  ^wy- 
([•^UBvlbcrul  nerve. 


Astacidae 

America,  among  them  the  blind  crawfish  of  the  Mammoth 
Cave,  C.pellucidus.  The  lobster  is  Homarua  vmrinus,  or 
E.  americanus.  Nephrops  is  anothergenus  of  this  family. 
See  cut  under  Astacus. 

Astacina  (as-ta-si'nii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Astacus 
+  -ina.~\  A  group  ot'  maorurous  decapod  crus- 
taceans corresponding  more  or  less  nearly  with 
Astacini  or  Astacida: 

astacine  (as'ta-sin),  a.  and  m.     [<  Astacus  + 
-ine^."i    I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of  a  craw- 
fish: pertaining  to  the  Astacida:. 
II,  n.  One  of  the  Astacida;,  as  a  crawfish. 

The  problem  whether  the  crustacean  in  question  was  a 
marine  A^tachic  or  a  true  Homiirine  niijjbt  lie  very  hard 
to  solve.  lluxleij,  CrayHsh,  vi. 

Also  astacoid. 

Astacini  (as-ta-si'ni),  «.  1)1.  [NL.,  <  Astacus 
+  -»ij.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  classification, 
the  third  section  of  maerurous  decapod  crus- 
taceans, containing  a  number  of  forms  now 
distributed  in  several  families  and  at  least  two 
suborders.  His  subsection  of  the  same  name  corre- 
sponds more  nearly  to  the  modern  family  Astacida!  (which 
see). 
■  astacite  (as'ta-sit),  n.  [<  Gr.  aaraKd^,  a  lob- 
ster, a  crawfish,  +  -ite^.]  A  petrified  or  fossil 
crawfish,  or  other  similar  crustaceous  animal. 
Also  astacolite. 

astacoid  (as'ta-koid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Astacus  + 
-o(V/.]     Same  as  astacine.     Huxley. 

Astacoidea  (as-ta-koi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  As- 
taciis  +  -oidea.']  "A  superfamily  group  or  series 
of  maerurous  decapod  crustaceans. 

astacolite  (as-tak'o-lit).  n.  [<  Gr.  aoTrndg,  a 
lobster,  a  crawfish, '+  Aifof,  a  stone.]  Same  as 
a.ititritc, 

Astacus  (as'ta-kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  acTand^,  a 
lobster,  a  crawfish.]     The  typical  genus  of  the 


yistarte  sulcata. 


River-Crawfish  {Astactisjliivialilts).  {From  Huxley's  "  Crayfish.") 


family  Astacidce,  and  one  of  the  two  leading 
genera  of  fluviatile  crawfishes,  the  other  being 
Catnbarus. 

astarboard  (a-star'bord),  prep.  phr.  as  adv. 
[<  n3  +  starboard.']  At  or  to  the  starboard  or 
right-hand  side  of  a  ship  when  looking  forward. 

astare  (a-star'),  prep.  2)hr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^ 
-t-  stare'^.']     Staring. 

astartt  (a-starf),  V.  [<  ME.  asterten,  asteorten. 
asturten,  startle,  startup,  escape,  <  a-  (<  AS.  a-) 
+  sterten,  etc.,  start:  see  a-1  and  stor«l.]  I, 
trans.  1.  To  escape;  escape  from. 

Every  tere  which  that  Creseyde  asterte. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ill.  1070. 

8.  To  cause  to  start ;  startle. 

No  daunger  there  the  shepheard  can  astert. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Nov. 

U.  intrans.  1.  To  start  up. 

Out  of  her  bed. she  did  astart. 
As  one  with  vew  of  ghastly  feends  affright. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ii.  29. 
2.  To  be  escaped  from. 

She  hadde  the  herte, 
And  who  hath  that  may  not  asterte. 

Chancer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  1153. 

Astarte  (as-tar'te),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  'AardpTti, 
representing  Phen!  Asktareth:  see  Ashtoreth.'i 

1.  The  principal  female  divinity  of  the  Pheni- 
cians,  properly  a  chaste  deity,  goddess  of  the 
moon  or  of  the  heavens,  but  fi-equently  con- 
foimded  with  the  tmchaste  Ashera.  .She  was  the 
same  as  the  Assyrian  Istar.  Also  called  Afihforeth  (.ish- 
tareth.  .istoreth),  and,  incorrectly,  Ashtoroth  (Ashtaroth),  a 
plural  form  of  Ashtoreth. 

Jlooned  Ashtaroth, 
Heaven's  queen  and  mother  both. 
V  Milton,  Nativity,  1.  200. 

With  these  in  troop 
Came  Astoreth,  whom  the  Phoenicians  call'd 
Astarte,  queen  of  heaven,  with  crescent  horns. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  439. 

2.  The  moon. 

Astarte's  bediamonded  crescent, 
Distinct  with  its  duplicate  horn. 

Poe,  Ulaluiue. 
23 


353 

3.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  shells,  formerly  of 
great  extent  and  referred  to  a  family  Ci/jirinidw, 
now  restricted  and  made  _ 

the  type  of  a  family  Astar- 
tida: 

Astartidse  (as-tar'ti-do),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Astarte,  3,  + 
-jVte.]  In  some  systems  ot 
zoological  classifacation,  a 
family  of  dimyarian  bi- 
valves, with  solid  equal 
valves,  an  external  liga- 
ment, cardinal  teeth,  and 
also  lateral  teeth  on  each 
valve,  the  pallial  line  en- 
tire, the  muscular  scars  ovate,  and  a  distinct 
pedal  sear  above  the  anterior  muscular  one. 
The  typical  species  are 
chiefly  inhabitants  of  the 
northern  seas,  but  mem. 
bers  of  the  same  family  are 
found  in  most  other  sens. 

Astasia  (as-ta'si-ii), 
n.  [NL.,<Gr.  (XCTTaom, 
unsteatliness,  incon- 
stancy, <  adTaTof,  un- 
steady: see  astatic] 
A  genus  of  eustoma- 
tous  flagellate  inf  uso- 
rians,  typical  of  the 
family  Astasiida',  hav- 
ing a  distinct  tubular 
pharynx.  It  contains  such  species  as  A.  tri- 
chophora,  found  in  marsh-water. 

astasiid  (as-tas'i-id),  n.  An  infusorian  of  the 
family  Astasiidw. 

Astasiidse  (as-ta-si'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Astasia 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  animalcules,  mostly  free- 
swimming,  exceedingly  plastic  and  variable  in 
form,  bearing  a  single  terminal  flagellum,  and 
having  the  oral  aperture  distinct  and  the  endo- 
plasm  colorless. 

astatet,  »•     -An  obsolete  form  of  estate. 

astatic  (as-tat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aararo^,  not  stand- 
ing still,  unstable,  unsteady,  <  d-priv.  +  araro^, 
verbal  adj.  of  laTavm,  stand :  see  a-l8  and  static] 
1.  Unstable;  imsteady. 

The  house  was  rested,  at  each  of  its  piers,  upon  a  hand- 
ful of  cast-iron  shot,  each  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter.    By  this  means  the  building  has  been  made  astatic. 
Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  666. 

Hence — 2.  In  phys.,  having  no  tendency  to 
take  a  definite  (fixed)  position ;  without  direc- 
tive power  :  used  especially  of  a  magnetic  nee- 
dle whose  directive  property  has  been  neutral- 
_  ized.    A  needle  may 


Astarte  fiort\i/i.i  \-rr>i  auiinta. 

P,p',  anterior  and  posterior  pedal 

muscle. 


JV. 


be  rendered  astatic 
in  various  ways,  but 
most  simply  by  the 
proximity  of  another 
needle  of  the  same  in- 
tensity fixed  parallel 
to  it,  and  with  the 
poles  reversed,  the 
north  pole  of  the  one 
beiiii.'  adjacent  to  the 
south  pole  of  the 
other.  In  this  posi- 
tion the  needles  neu- 
tralize each  other, 
and  are  therefore  un- 
affected by  the  mag- 
netism of  the  earth, 
though  they  are  still 
subject  to  the  influ- 
ence of  an  electric  current  properly  situated.    Such  nee- 


Astatic  Needles. 


dies  were  formerly  employed  in  the  electric  telegraph,  and 
they  form  an  essential  part  of  the  astatic  galvanometer. 

astatically  (as-tat  i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  astatic 
manner. 

astaticism  (as-tat'i-sizm), ».  [<  astatic  +  -ism.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  astatic. 

The  nominal  sensitiveness  of  a  galvanometer  can  be  in- 
creased to  any  extent  by  increasing  the  astaticism  of  the 
needle.  Anwr.  Juur.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXXII.  90. 

astatize  (as'ta-tiz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  astati:ed, 
ppr.  astatizing.  [<  astat-ic  +  -ize.]  To  render 
astatic. 

The  deflexion  of  a  properly  astatized  needle  suspended 
inside  the  globe.  Unctjc.  Brit.,  XV.  267. 

astatizer  (as'ta-ti-zer),  K.  A  device  for  ren- 
dering the  needle  of  a  galvanometer  astatic. 

astay  (a-sta'),  j«-cp.  i)hr.  as  adt:  or  a.  [<  a3 
+  stay^.]  yaut.,  said  of  the  anchor  when,  in 
heaving  in,  the  cable  forms  such  an  angle  with 
the  surface  of  the  water  as  to  appear  to  be  in  a 
line  with  the  stays  of  the  ship. 

asteatodes  (as-te-a-to'dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  OTsaTuSr/^,  like  tallow  or  fat,  <  CTiap 
(cTear-),  tallow  or  fat,  +  elSo(,  form.]  Same  as 
a,iteatosis. 

asteatosis  (as-te-a-to'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
priv.  +  ariap  (oTsaT-),  tallow  or  fat,  +  -osis.] 


asteriated 

In  pathol.,  defective  secretion  of  sebaceous 
matter  by  the  glands  of  the  skin. 

asteer  {ii-ster'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Sc, 
=  «,va>,  q.  v.]  In  or  into  a  state  of  stir;  stir- 
ring.    [Scotch.] 

asteism  (as'te-izm),  n.  [<  Gr.  aareiafidc,  clever 
talk,  <  aaTeiC,caBat,  talk  cleverly,  <  dffTeiof,  cleve^ 
witty,  lit.  of  the  town,  <  aoTv,  town.     Cf.  civil, 

<  \j.  civis,  a  citizen ;  urbane,  <  L.  urbs,  a  city.] 
In  rhet.,  polite  irony;  a  polite  and  ingenious 
manner  of  deriding  another. 

astel  (as'tel),  w.  [<  ME.  astelle,  <  OP.  astelle  = 
Pr.  astela,  <  L.  "astcUa,  for  astula,  a  form  of 
assula,  a  thin  board,  a  shingle,  dim.  of  assis,  a 
board:  see  ashler.]  A  ceiling  of  boards  over- 
head in  a  mining-drift,  designed  to  protect  the 
men  wlien  at  work  from  falling  rocks.     [Eng.] 

asterl  (as'ter),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  darz/p,  a  star  (also 
a  plant,  prob.  Aster  Alliens ;  cf.  anrpnv  (>  L.  as- 
trum),  a  star,  a  constellation,  usually  in  pi. 
aarpa,  the  stars),  =  E.  star,  q.  v.]  If.  A  star. 
[Rare.]  —  2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Aster. — 3. 
[cap.]  [NL.]  A  large  genus  of  plants,  natural 
order  Cimipositfc,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
America,  but  chiefly  of  North  America,  about 
120  species  occurring  in  the  United  States. 
They  are  mostly  perennial,  flowering  in  late  summer  and 
autumn,  on  which  account  they  are  often  called  iir  Eng- 
land Michaelmas  or  Christmas  daisies.  The  ray-flowers 
vary  from  white  to  lilac-blue  or  purple,  the  center  being 
yellow,  changing  sometimes  to  purple.  Many  of  the  spe- 
cies resemble  one  another  closely,  and  in  no  genus  is  the 
satisfactory  detemiination  of  the  species  more  difficult. 
4.  A  name  of  plants  of  some  allied  genera,  as 
the  Cape  aster  (A;iitthaa  amelloides),  the  China 
aster  {Calli.'itepliiis  Cliiiioisi.^),  the  false  aster 
(BuUonia),  the  golden  aster  (Chrysojisis),  and 
the  white-topped  aster  {Hericocarpus). — 5.  In 
biol.,  a  karyokinetic  figure  intervening  in  time 
between  the  rosette  and  the  diaster  during  the 
changes  in  the  nucleus  of  a  cell.  See  diaster 
and  Icaryokinesis. 

Aster'-^  (as'ter),  n.     In  oriiith.,  same  as  Astur, 

-aster.  [L.  -aster,  dim.  suflix,  as  in  para.ntaster, 
a  bit  of  a  parasite,  Antoniaster,  a  little  Antony, 
oleaster,  wild  olive,  pinaster,  wild  pine,  surdaster, 
deafish,  etc.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  fonning 
contemptuous  diminutives,  as  in  criticaster, 
poetaster.  It  occurs  without  recognized  dimin- 
utive force  vOi  pinaster,  oleaster  (which  see). 

Asteracanthiidse  (as"te-ra-kan-thi'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Asleracaiithion  +  -idee.]  A  family  of 
ordinary  starfishes,  of  the  order  Asteroidea. 

Asteracanthion(as"te-ra-kan'thi-on),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  aaTijp,  a  star,  -t-  oKavOa,  a  spine.]  A  genus 
of  starfishes,  typical  of  the  family  Asteracati- 
thiida:  A.  rubens  is  a  common  British  species, 
the  "five-finger"  of  the  oystermen. 

Asteracanthus  (as"te-ra-kan'thus),  M.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  darr/p,  a  star,  +  oKovda,  a  spine.]  A  genus 
of  placoid  fossil  fishes,  occurring  in  the  Oolite 
and  Lias  formations. 

Asteraceae  (as-te-ra'se-e),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aster\ 
3,  +  -acea:]     Same  as  Compositte. 

asteria (as-te'ri-a),  n.  [L.,< Gr.  aartip,  astar.  Cf. 
A-'iterias.]  A  variety  of  sapphire,  not  perfectly 
transparent,  but  showing,  when  cut  round,  a 
stellar  opalescence  in  the  direction  of  the  verti- 
cal axis  of  the  crystal.     Also  called  oculus  cati. 

Asteriadse  (as-te-ri'a-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aste- 
rias,  1,  +  -adwl]  1.  Same  as  Asteriidce. — 2. 
Some  other  and  major  group  of  starfishes. 

asterial  (as-te'ri-al),  a.     [<  Gr.  aarepioc,  starry, 

<  aaTt/p,  a  star.]  "Relating  to  or  connected  with 
the  stars. 

If  the  deep  leam'd  asterial  quacks 
Paint  Time  to  life  in  almanacks, 
He  has  on  brow  a  lock  of  hair. 
But  all  his  head  beside  is  bare. 

T.  Ward,  England's  Reformation,  p.  298. 

asterlalite  (as-te'ri-a-lit),  n.  [<  Asterias,  1,  + 
-lite.]     A  fossil  starfish. 

Asterias  (as-te'ri-as),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  asterias,  < 
Gr.  aartpia^,  a  fish,  lit.  starry,  <  aart/p,  a  star.] 
1.  The  genus  of 
starfishes  which 
is  typical  of  the 
family  Asterii- 
dw.—  Z.  [I.  c] 
In  ornith.,  an 
old  and  disused 
name  of  the  gos- 
hawk, goose- 
hawk,  or  star- 
hawk.  See  As- 
tur. 

asteriated    (as- 
te'ri-a-ted),     a. 

[<     Gr.     aariptOf,  Commn"  <;tar«sh  lAtlirias/irlxn'. 


Cross-section  of  ny  of  ji St frias 

aurantiacus. 
a,  a,  ainbulacral  or  vertebral  os- 
sicles ;  b,  adambulacral ;  c,  c,  raargi- 
nal  ossicles ;  d,  paxiUse  upon  aotam- 
bulacral  surface. 


asteriated 

starrv,  +  -ate-  +  -erf'.]  Exhibiting  the  prop- 
erty of  asterism:  as,  asteriated  sapphire.  See 
astirn-'Di.  4. 

asterid  i  as'te-rid),  «.  [iAsteridfr.J  A  starfish ; 
a  inemlier  oi  the  eenus  Asterias,  or  family  As- 
teriida,  or  some  other  division  of  the  order  As- 
teroidea.    Also  called  asieridan  and  asteridian. 

Asterida  (as-ter'i-da),  ti.pl.  [XL.,  <  Asterias,  1, 
-i-  -id(t.]  In  Gegenbaur's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, an  order  of  the  class  Asteroida,  including 
the  typical  starfishes. 

Asterias  (as-ter'i-de),  n.pl.  [Nli.,<  Asterias.  1, 
+  -ida.']  1.  Same  as  Asteriidw. — 2.  Some  su- 
perfamily  group  of  starfishes,  more  or  less  es- 
ai'tly  equivalent  to  Asteroidea  (-which  see). 

asteridan  (as-ter'i-dan),  n.     Same  as  asterid. 

Asteridea  (as-te-rid'e-a),  n.pl.   [NL.,<  Asterias, 

1.  +  -idea.]     A'supcrfaimily  group  of  starfishes. 

I  ;   M  ;■    .  r  1^-"  LLiirly  the  same  a5  an  order  Asteroidea, 

-tarfishes  collectively  from  other  echi- 

■  or  less  nearly  the  same  as  a  class 

'■Ida,  distinguishing  the  starfishes  and 

;-ii-  i  ;;-.:^  y  ;  in urians)  together  from  other  echinoderms. 

asteridian  (as-tc-rid'i-an),  n.  and  a.     [<  asterid 
+ -ian.'i     I.  ».  tiavae  as  asterid. 
H.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Asteriidce. 
The  asteridian  atfinities  of  the  class  [Erachiopoda]  have 
been  hinted  at  by  King.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  IV.  1S3. 

ast^riid  (as-te'ri-id),  n.  A  starfish  of  the  fam- 
ily A.^tfriid<t. 

Asteriids  (as-te-ri'i-de),  )i.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Aste- 
rias, 1,  -t-  -id<F.]  A  family  of  echinoderms,  of 
the  order  Asteroidea, 
the  starfishes,  class 
Asteroidea  or  Stclle- 
rida,  represented  by 
such  genera  as  As- 
terias or  Astropeeten 
and  Luidia,  having 
four  rows  of  pedi- 
cellate feet  in  each 
ray.  Also  Asteridce, 
and,  less  correctly, 
AsteriadiT. 

Asterina    (as-te-ri'- 

na).  H.  [XL.,  i  Gr. 
aarr/p,  a  star,  +  -iii«.]  The  typical  genus  of 
starfishes  of  the  fanaily  Astcrinidw.  A.  gihbosa 
is  the  gibbous  starlet. 

Asterina  is  a  large  genus,  almost  world-wide  in  its  dis- 
tribution. The  skeleton  is  formed  of  imbricated  or  over- 
lapping and  notched  ossicula.      Stand.  Sat.  lliyt.,  I.  lr»i». 

asterinid  (as-ter'i-nid),  n.  A  starlet  of  the  f  am- 
ily  A-^tiritnda:. 

Asterinidae  (as-te-rin'j-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  As- 
terma  +  -ifto.]  A  family  of  starfishes,  contain- 
ing the  starlets  of  the  genera  Asterina,  Asteris- 
cus,  Goniaster,  etc. 

asterlon  (as-te'ri-on),  Ji.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  aaripiog, 
nput.  aari/iiov,  starry,  starlike,  <  aarr/p,  a  star.] 
In  anat.,  the  point  where  the  lambdoid,  parie- 
tomastoid, and  occipitomastoid  sutures  of  the 
skull  meet. 

Asteriscus  (as-te-ris'kus),  w.  [XL.,  <  6r.  harc- 
pinmr,  a  little  star:  see  asterisk.']  1.  A  genus 
of  starli.shes,  of  tlio  family  Asterinidw :  synony- 
mous with  Falmijyes.  Tbo  species  are  kno«Ti 
a-f  sea-stars. —  2.  [/.  r.]  An  otolith  lodged,  in 
most  fishes,  in  a  diverticulum  of  the  vestibule, 
l)eneath  tlie  ampulla  of  the  posterior  canal. 

asterisk  fas'te-risk),  n.     [<  LL.  asteriscus,  <  Gr. 

wj-epicKor,  a  little  star,  an   asterisk,  used  in 

manuscripts  to  mark  passages,  dim.  of  aurlip,  a 

star:  see  ew/crl.]     1.  The  iigiiro  of  a  star  ("), 

nwdin  printing  and  writing  —  (rt)  as  a  reference 

u,  a  |.;i^'4!n,'c  or  note  in  the  margin;  {b)  to  dis- 

1.M  -  I    'i  .v'irds  or  phrases  as  conjectural,  theo- 

•  rilied,  obscure,  or  as  haWng  gome 

■■' ||  cliaracter;  (r)  to  mark  the  omis- 

I  I'-lters;  and  (d)  nrliitraril^,  as  a 

'  i'ation. —  2.   Soiiiitlung  in  the 

■-"•'i  ■   •••    M  ii>>'iMliliug  an  asterisk. 

U  ill  the  centre  of  nn  axterink  of  Kinder, 

■  v.f,tyi\  of  nil  the  emintry  round,  four  or 

Ibxjrr  Sorth,  Ixird  fiiiiKoril,  I.  258. 

<'ir.  Cli.,  a  frame  consisting  of  two 
tal,  crossing  caeli  other  at  right 
angles,  placed  on  (lie  juiten 
umi  over  the  pripand  inind 
of  tlio  eiii'liariHt  In  pii  vini 
contact  with  llie  lovirin^' 
veil. 
Tlie  oMtrriMk  .   .   .  foldn  nnd  nn- 

'    it     f..r  the  purpose  nf  bi'Int;  II, Mr- 
<  iiM  iitly  put  iiwny.      It«  u      i  i 

■..  Ml  the  v.ilof  til.  .11-1,    li-    ,, 

i^^'liiK  till-  order  "f  (In-  p<.i 
.  In  the  nUrwhlrh  led  tlei 
ii. 
...,,.,  i.ut«m  <;iiurnh,  I.  .160,  note 


354 

asterism  (as'te-rizm),  »i.  [<  Gr.  amptofx6c,  a 
marking  with  stars,  a  constellation,  <  atrrepiCeiv, 
mark  with  stars,  <  aari/p,  a  stai\  =  E.  star.]  1. 
A  gi'oup  of  stars :  formerly  equivalent  to  con- 
stellation, but  now  appropriated  to  any  small 
cluster  of  stars,  whether  a  part  of  a  constella- 
tion or  not. 

All  set  in  number  and  in  perfect  form, 
Even  like  the  Asterism^  fix'd  in  heaven. 

Chapman,  Blind  Beggar. 

Any  one  who  studies  the  heavens  will  recognize  the  fact 
that  the  larger  constellations  have  been  robbed  of  theii- 
just  proportions  to  form  the  smaller  a^teriftmji. 

R.  A.  Proctor,  Light  Science,  p.  335. 

2.  An  asterisk,  or  mark  of  reference.  [Rare.] 
— 3.  Three  asterisks  placed  thus,  *„*,  or  thus, 
,*j, ,  before  a  passage,  to  direct  attention  to  it. 
— 4.  An  optical  property  exhibited  by  some 
crystallized  minerals  which  show  a  star-shaped 
luminous  figure  when  \-iewed  by  reflected  light, 
as  the  asteriated  sapphire,  or  by  transmitted 
light,  as  some  kinds  of  phlogopite.  in  the  former 
case  it  is  due  to  certain  peculiarities  of  internal  structure, 
in  the  latter  to  the  inclusion  of  s}Tnmetrically  arranged 
acicular  crystals. 

astern  (a-stern'),  prej).  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [< 
((3  +  stern^.]  1.  At  or  toward  the  hinder  part 
of  a  ship:  as,  to  go  astern. — 2.  Behind,  at  any 
indefinite  distance :  as,  the  ship  was  far  astern 
of  us. 

Captain  Terry  .  .  .  put  off  in  his  boat  at  sunset  for  his 
ship,  which  was  now  six  or  eight  miles  astenl. 

M.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  3G. 

3.  In  the  direction  of  the  stern;  backward; 
back;  to  the  I'car:  said  of  a  ship:  as,  the  cur- 
rent drove  us  far  astern To  back  astern,  to  move 

stern  fuit-inust :  ^n  a^ti-ni :  said  of  a  ship, — To  be  astern 
of  the  reckoning,  to  be  Inliind  the  position  ^iveii  tor  a 

vessel  liy  the  ix-ekuliilli:, —  To  fall  astem,     See.r'd//. 

asternal  (a-ster'nal),  a.  [<  Gr.  «-  priv.  -1- 
cvipvov,  sternum.]  1.  Having  no  sternum  or 
breast-bone,  as  a  serpent.  [Rare.]  —  2.  X'ot 
reaching  to  or  connected  with  the  sternum :  as, 
oslrrniil  ribs,  that  is,  floating  ribs,  i-ibs  which 
do  not  articulate  with  the  breast-bone. 

Asterodactylidae  (as"te-ro-dak-tiri-de),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Asterodacttjlus  +  -idic]  A  family  of 
salient  amphibians:  synonj-mous  with  I'ipida 
(which  see).  Also  Asterodactyloidw  and  Astro- 
darti/lid(C. 

Asterodactylus  (as  te-ro-dak'ti-lus),  n.  [XT-., 
<  Gr.  aari/p,  a  star,  -I-  i^uKTv'Aot;,  finger.]  A  genus 
of  sali(*nt  amphibians :  synonymous  with  I'ipa 
(which  see). 

asteroid  (as'te-roid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  aarepotiSf/^, 
star-like,  <  affriyp,  a  star,  -I-  fMof,  form.]  I.  a.  1. 
Star-like. — 2.   Having  a  flower  like  an  aster. 

II.  H.  1.  One  of  the  .small  planets,  46.")  or  more 
in  number,  which  (with  one  known  exception) 
lie  between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jujiiter: 
more  accurately  called  planetoids.  See  planet- 
oid.—  2.  One  of  the  Asteroidea ;  a  starlish,  in  a 
wide  sense. 

Asteroida  (as-te-roi'dil),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aare- 
^)ot((V/r,  star-like  :  spe  asteroid.]  1.  In  Gegen- 
baur's system  of  classification,  a  class  of  echi- 
noderms, the  sea-stars  or  starfishes,  consisting 
of  the  orders  Aslerida,  Brisintjidii,  Opliiurida, 
and  F.itniiilidd. —  2.   Same  as  Alci/onaria. 

asteroidal  (as-te-roi'dal),  fl.  [<  a.itrroiil  (or 
Asttroidii)  +  -al.]  1.  Resembling  a  star. — 
2.  rertainiiig  to  tho  asteroids. — 3.  rertaiu- 
iiigtiitlie  starfishes. — 4.  Same  a,a alci/onarian. 

Asteroidea  (as-te-roi'de-ji),  n.pl.  [l^L.,  <  Gr. 
anrepuciiM/r,  star-like:  see  asteroid.]  1.  An 
order  of  echinoderins,  tho  starfishes:  so  call- 
ed from  their  star-like  form.    They  hiive  a  more  or 


I.  hyoid  plate  of  Asterolepis,  i-oth  natural 
size :  2,  internal  ridge  of  hyoid  plate,  i-4th 
natural  size. 


One   of 


Tb.    1 

11. tl 

.r 

rut  till 

nv.  ii, , 

.|ii. 

I 
rt 

3.  In 

archef 

til. 

1 
w 

tkmi).  Ita  I. 
Win  M>'n  ' 


Development  of  AstcrUl  I.arv,T. 
.^,  ccItlnop.T(lluin  ol  tlic  r'.rin  culled  hipinnnria,  ventral  view  1  P, 
Iftler.il  w-^  .  I  .  !lir  l>lplnn.irl,t  nil.. wing  rudiment  of  tlic  nUirliiUi,   ... 
nioii''  ,;  r,  Motniicli :  f',  Intcmmc  1  e,  .oiok;  -*  v,  ^rn 

trAl  of  .interior  en.l  of  tmdy:  .y,  .y,  .lllnte. I  bali.U  ; 

A,  •  ■  III,  forming  ru.llinent  of  the  nmliulntrnl  fcyhtrin, 

h'»  lolwd  or  pontAaonnl  dlik ;  Inhcn  eonllnuoiii  with  Ihe 
.link,  receiving  proTongitllonii  of  the  viiieera,  and  henring 
(iihe-feel  Witt)  fuiekem,  iiH  l.x'oinot^.ry  orgiinn ;  hihI  iiti 
iilMirnI  niadr.-porle  b.nly.  The  group  llielitdeB  nrveriil 
fanillU'H,  lu  Jlritinffidtr,  I'trranterulic,  A»lrnpeelinitttr,  An- 


asthma 

terinidtp,  Goniasteridte,  Linekiidtp,  and  Asteriidte,  or  the 
starfishes  proper  as  distinguished  from  the  sand-stars  and 
other  echinoderms  of  the  cla-ss  .StfUerida  (which  see). 
They  have  a  coriaceous  skin,  in  which  are  implanted  spines 
or  tubercles.  The  body  is  expanded  into  arms,  the  under 
surface  of  which  is  marked  with  grooves,  radiating  from 
the  center,  and  pierced  with  rows  of  holes,  whence  issue 
tentacular  feet,  by  means  of  which  the  animals  move. 
Most  have  5  arms'or  rays,  but  some  have  more,  varying 
from  S  to  30.  They  have  the  power  of  reproducing  these 
arms  if  they  are  broken  otf ;  and  if  an  entire  :inn,  with  a 
small  portion  oi  the  body  attached  to  it,  is  toni  otf,  it  forms 
a  new  anil  perfect  animal.  The  mouth  is  in  the  inferior 
center  of  the  rays,  is  not  provided  with  teeth,  and  leads 
by  a  short  gullet  into  a  large  stomach,  from  which  a  pair 
of  lateral  tubes  are  prolonged  into  each  ray.  A  distinct 
intestine  and  anus  may  or  may  not  be  present.  The  ani- 
mals feed  chiefly  on  mollusks. 

2.  A  class  of  echinoderms,  containing  the 
sand-stars  or  ophiurians  together  with  the 
starfishes,  and  more  or  less  exactly  equivalent 
to  Stellerida  (which  see). —  3.  Same  as  Alcy- 
onaria. 
Asterolepis  (as-te-rol'e-pis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(ior;,/),  a  star, + 
P.£T(f,  a  scale.] 
A  genus  of  gi- 
gantic primi- 
tive flshes,now 
found  only  in  a 
fossil  state  in 
the  Old  Red 
Sandstone. 
From  their  re- 
maitis  it  would 
seem  that  these 
fishes  must  some- 
times have  at- 
tained the  leiiLith 
of  l.S  or  -ii)  feel, 

asterophrydid  (as"te-rof'ri-did),   n. 
tlie  Asl,  rdiilinidida:. 

Asterophrydidae  (as  " te -ro -frid ' i - de),  »i.  pi. 
[XL.,  i  Astcropliri/s  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  ar- 
ciferous  salient  amphibians  with  maxillary 
teeth,  dilated  sacral  diapophyses  (the  coccyx 
being  connected  with  one  or  two  condyles  or 
sacral  vertebra?),  and  opisthoeoelian  vertebra). 
It  is  a  small  group  of  toad-like  animals. 

Asterophrys  (as-te-rof'ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aari/p,  a  star,  +  6p/)if,  eyebrow:  see  brow.] 
A  genus  of  arciferous  amphibians  of  New 
Guinea,  t\'pical  of  the  family  Asterophr!idida\ 

asterophyllite  (as  te-ro-fil'it),  n.  [<  NL. 
Asttriiplii/llilcs.]  A  member  of  tho  genus  Aste- 
roi>h!illilt.^\  • 

Asteirophyllites  (as"te-ro-fi-li'tez),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  aari/p,  a  star,  +  (fii'Mov,  a  leaf,  +  ?.iffoc, 
a  stone.  ]  A  genus  of  fossil  plants ;  star-leaf : 
so  called  from  tho  stellated  disposition  of  tho 
leaves  around  the  branches.  They  abound  in  the 
coal-meaiiures,  and  are  believed  to  be  the  branches  of  tho 

C<il<linit<  .^  or  Cnliiinotlfnitrun, 

See  tiftliirt. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  aadii'iia, 
weakness,  <  aaScvi/c,  without  strength,  <  ri-  priv. 
+  (TWi'of,  strength.]  1.  In  patliol.,  debility; 
want  of  strength.  .Also  asthcny. — 2.  [cap.]  In 
coiil.,  a  genus  of  insects. 

asthenic  (as-then'ik ),  a.  [<  Gr.  aaftrviKdc,  weak, 
iiialltri/c:  SCO  astlieiiid.]  Of  the  nature  of  as- 
thenia ;  characterized  by  or  suffering  from  as- 
thenia or  detiility;  weak. 

asthenologyt  (as-the-nol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  aalh- 
vi/C,  weak  (see  asthenia),  +  -'Anyia,<.  Mytiv,  speak: 
see  -olo(iii.]  The  doctrine  of  diseases  connected 
with  debility. 

asthenopia  (as-the-no'pi-ij),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaOe- 
vi/r,  wea,k  (see  asthcnia),+  uiji{utT-),  eye.]  Weak- 
ness of  tho  eyes.  Two  forms  are  eapccliiUy  important : 
(a)afeoni}nudatirr  ftKfA('/i(.;.i.i,  which  is  the  result  of  the  ex- 
liaiiKtioii  of  the  ciliary  muscle,  as  in  hyperinotropln;  nnti 
(/»)  niujtcnlar  antlienopia,  which  is  the  result  of  some  ex- 
liailstion  of  tlio  external  ninscles  of  the  eye,  usually  the 
internal  rei'fus. 

asthenopia  (as-tho-nop'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to, 
resenililing,  or  sufTering  from  asthenopia. 

For  rending,  the  manifest  liyperinetroiilii  shonlit  be  cor- 
•  reeteil,  theHtreiigth  of  theglatwes  being  increased  as  often 
Its  aHthini'jiic  Hyniptoiiis  reappear. 

Eiiciic  Brit.,  XVII.  786. 

AsthenurUB  (as-tho-nu'rns),  n.  [NL.j  <  Or. 
i!alhvi/<:,  weak  (see  asllienia),  +  aipA,  tail.]  1. 
In  iirnilli.,  a  gi'iius  of  woodpeckers:  synony- 
moiiH  with  J'irnmnns.  ISwainson,  IS'27. —  2.  In 
ifhtli.,  II  genus  of  fishes. 
astheny  (ns'the-ni),  n.  Same  as  asllienia,  1.  • 
asthma  (ast 'mil  or  iiH'niii),  n.  (Karly  mod.  E. 
Ills. I  a.-ilma,  a.iiiiii,  <  MIO.  asma,  tisini/,  <  Ml;,  asnia, 
n*(/imn,<(Jr.  liniipn,  nstlinin,  iianting,<  dC"i',  also 
oi4C"i',  a'aiOiv,  lireallie  lianl,  )iiiiit,  <  ai/\'ai  ('Fai,- 
mi),  breathe,  blow,  =  (iiitli,  vaian  =  AH.  vdwan 
=  OIIG.  U'ujan,  MUG.  irajeii.  G.  tnlien  =  Skt. 
y/  1(1,  lilon.    I'Viiiii  tlio  Haiiio  root,  ie  dr..  come 


astertt,  r. 

asthenia  (as-the-ni'ii),  n. 


asthma 


355 


ofrl  aura,aula,  atnio-,  etc.,  and  inTeut.,  wind-,  mouth,  in  which  tho  mouth  is  wanting.     The 

q.  v!]     A  paroxysmal  disorder  of  respiratiou,  group  fomprises  two  chisses,  Greijarimda  and 

characterized   by  labored  breathing,   sibilant  l{hi:iiji(iiUt.     See  Protozoa. 

rales,  a  feeling  of  constriction  in  the  chest,  and  astomatous  (as-to'ma-tus),  a.     [<  NL.  astoma- 

omigh.    The  essential  feature  of  the  attacks  is  tlie  con-  tns,  <  (jr.  a-  priv.  +  nTitfiair-),  mouth.]      1.   Not 

traction  of  the  bronchial  tubes  through  spasm  of  the  mus-  possessing  a  mouth ;  specifically,  belonging  or 

cles  in  their  walla.    Thenameissmni^times^lTOSely^applied  pertaining  to  the  ^A'tomafa.— 2.   In  fiot,  with- 


out an  aperture;  specifically,  without  stomata 


to  other  dyspnoeic  conditions.— Hay  asthma.    Same  as 

fcoi/  fnKr  (which  see).  - .  - 

asthmatic  (ast- or  as-mat'ik),  «.  and  n.     [<  L.     or  breathmg-pores. 
a^llniialiriisX  Gr.  aadfiaTiKd^,  <  a(j0/ia{T-),  asthma:  astomOUS  (as'to-mus),  a.     [<  NL.  astomus,  <  Gr. 
see  asthma.']     I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  asthma:     a£™/iof,  raouthless,  <  a- pny.  +  (jTo//a,  mouth.] 


as,  asthmatic  symptoms.— 3.  Affected  by  asth- 
ma: as,  an  asthmatic  ya,i\^nt. 

He  re.ads  from  paper  and  book, 
In  a  low  and  husky  ustli  iiniiir  tiuie. 

Wliitti'r,  Demon  of  the  Study. 

II.  «•  A  person  troubled  with  asthma. 

asthmatical  (ast-  or  as-mat'i-kal),  a.  Same 
as  asthmatic. 

asthmatically  (ast-  or  as-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  asthmatic  manner ;  as  an  asthmatic. 

Asthmatos  (ast'ma-tos),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aaB- 
fia(T-),  panting,  asthma:  see  usthma.l  A  ge- 
nus of  cilioflagellate  infusorians,  having  at  the 
anterior  end  a  single  flagellum  in  the  midst 
of  a  circlet  of  cilia.  A.  dliaris  is  found  in  the  mucus 
of  the  nose  in  cases  of  hay  fever,  and  is  supposed  to  cause 
the  complaint. 

astichoUS  (as'ti-kus),  a.  [<  NL.  astichm,  <  Gr. 
(i-  priv.  +  n-ixor,  a  row.]  In  hot.  and  cool.,  not 
arranged  in  ranks  or  rows, 

astigmatic  (as-tig-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a- priv. 
-(-  aTiyfia(T-),  a  point,  -1-  -ic:  see  a-18,  stigma, 
and  stigmatic.']  Pertaining  to  or  exhibiting 
astigmatism. 

astigmation  (as -tig-ma 'shon),  n.  Same  as 
astigiiiiitixm. 

astigmatism  (as-tig'ma-tizm),  n.  [Also  astig- 
iiiisiii,  q.  v. ;  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  aTiyiia(T-),  a  point, 
+  -ism.]  1.  In  ophthal.,  a  defect  in  the  refrac- 
tive apparatus  of  the  eye,  the  curvatm-e  of  the 
refracting  sui-faces  being  greater  along  certain 
meridians  than  along  others,  so  that'rays  of 
light  proceeding  from  an  external  point  do  not 
converge  to  a  point  upon  the  retina,  but  to  a 
line. —  2.  A  similar  defect  in  a  lens. 

astigmism  (as-tig'mizm),  n.     [See  astigmatism. 


Without  a  stoma  or  mouth;  astomatous:  ap- 
plied to  mosses  in  which  the  capsule  does  not 
open  rogidarly  by  an  operculum,  but  bursts  ir- 
regularly, as  in  I'hascnm  and  its  allies.  A.  Gray. 
astont,  a'stonet,  astunt,  »■  t-  [<  ME.  astonen,  as- 
tunen,  astooiien,  astouncn  (later  and  rarely  as- 
toyne),  also  astonien,  astunicn  (whence  later  and 
mod.  astony,  q.  v.,  and  by  extension  aslmiish,  q. 
v.),  oftenest  in  the  pp.  astoned,  (islimiil,  iistouned 
(whence  in  mod.  E.  a  new  inf.  a.stound,  q.  v.), 
also  astonied  (see  astony) ;  of  uncertain  origin : 
either  (1)  in  the  earlier  normal  form  "astuiuoi, 
<  AS.  *dstunian  (not  found),  <  a-  +  stunian,  re- 
sound (not  verified  in  the  later  sense  of  'stun 
with  a  noise,'  .'itun  in  this  sense  being  possibly 
by  apherosis  from  astun);  cf.  Swiss  stunen,  > 
NHG.  stamien  (in  comp.  erstaunen  =  AS.  *dstu- 
nianl),  astonish;  or  (2)  <  OF.  estoner,  estuner, 
estonner,  mod.  F.  etonner,  stun,  astonish,  <  L. 
as  if  *extonare,  eqtuv.  to  attonare,  chiefly  in  pp. 
attonitus,  strike  with  a  thunderbolt,  stun,  as- 
tonish, <  ca;,  out  (ad,  to),  -I-  tonare,  thunder:  see 
as-3,  ex-,  and  thunder.  The  indications  point 
to  an  orig.  AS.  word,  merged  in  ME.  with  the 
etymologically  different  but  formally  and  no- 
tionally  equiv.  OF.  word.  The  forms  aston, 
astone,  astun,  astony,  astonish,  and  astound  are 
thus  variations  of  the  same  word.  The  normal 
mod.  form  is  astun  (a-stun'),  or  with  further  de- 
velopment astound,  the  only  form,  besides  os- 
tonis/i,  in  actual  use.]  To  confound;  astonish; 
amaze;  bewilder;  dismay.  Chaucer, 
On  the  solid  ground 

He  fell  rebounding  breathless,  and  astunn'd 

His  trunk  extended  lay. 

Somerville,  Hobbinol,  ii.  384. 


which  is   "  etjTuologically  the  better  word,"  astoniednesst,  »i.     [<  astonied  +  -ness.]     The 


notwithstanding  the  extract.]  Same  as  astig- 
matism. 

The  late  eminent  scholar,  Dr.  Wliewell,  who  had  origi- 
nally suggested  the  word  astigni.atism,  .  .  .  approves  of 
aMi'jmUiii  as  being  etymologically  the  better  word. 

Quoted  in  A',  ami  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  344. 
astigmometer  (as-tig-mom'e-ter),  n.     [<  astig- 
m{atism)  +  Gr.  /icrpov,  a  measure.]    An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  astigmatism. 

Zehender  describes  a  new  astigmometer,^  consisting  of 
two  pasteboard  tubes,  one  of  which  fitted  into  the  other 
and  could  be  revolved  around  its  long  axis. 

JV,  Y.  Med.  Jour.,  SX.  218. 

astigmometry  (as-tig-mom'e-tri),  n.  [<  astig- 
m{atism)  +  Gr.  -/i£Tpia,<.  fihpov,  a  measure.]  The 
measurement  of  astigmatism. 

astipulatet  (ns-tip'u-lat),  v.  [<  L.  astipulatus, 
pp.  of  astipiihui,  (iilsHj)iilari,  agree  with,  <  ad, 
to, -t- s<(j)K?r/)'i,  stipulate:  see  stipulate.]  1,  in- 
trans.  To  make  a  stipulation ;  agree. 

All,  but  an  hateful  Epicurus,  have  astipulated  to  this 
truth.  Bp.  Hall,  Invisible  World,  ii.  §  1. 

II.  trans.  To  assent  or  agree  to. 
astipulationt  (as-tip-u-la'shon),  re.  [<  L.  astipu- 
latio(n-),  <  astiptdari',  adstipulari,  agree  with: 
Bee  astipvlatc.]    1.  Agreement;  concm'renee. 

Gracing  himself  .  .  .  with  the  astipidation  of  our  rev- 
erend Jewell.  Bp.  Hall,  Honour  of  Married  Clergy,  ii.  §  8. 
2.  Assent. 

astir  {a-stev'),  prep.  plir.  as  adv.  or  a.  [=  Se. 
asteer,'  earlier  on  steir  ;  <.  a^  +  stir.]  On  the 
stir ;  on  the  move ;  stirring ;  active. 

For  the  Nantes  youth,  the  Angers  youth,  all  Brittany 
was  astir.  Carlisle,  French  Key.,  I.  iv.  2. 


state  of  being  astonished. 
astonish  (a-ston'ish),  V.  t.    [First  in  early  mod. 
E. ;   either  <  aston,  astone,  or  astoinj,  +  -ish'^, 
used  (as  in  distinguish  and  extinguish)  in  imita- 
tion of  words  like  abolish,  banish,  cherish,  etc., 
where  -ish  represents  -iss-  in  certain  parts  of 
F.  verbs ;  or  perhaps  from  an  actual  OF.  *eston- 
«jr(*csto««ss-),  indicated  in  esto)im<?)«eH<,  aston- 
ishment (Palsgrave).]     If.  To  stun,  as  with  a 
blow;  benumb;  give  a  stupefying  shock  to. 
Or  as  a  thunder-clap,  or  cannons'  noyse, 
The  power  of  hearing  doth  astonish  quite. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul. 
The  knaves  that  lay  in  wait  behind  rose  up  and  rolled 
down  two  huge  stones,  whereof  the  one  smote  the  king 
upon  the  head,  the  other  astonished  his  shoulder. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  xlii.  15. 

2t.  To  stun  or  strike  dumb  with  sudden  fear; 

confound. 

It  is  the  part  of  men  to  fear  and  tremble, 
When  the  most  mighty  gods,  by  tokens,  send 
Such  dreadful  heralds  to  astotiish  us. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  3. 

3.  To  strike  or  impress  with  wonder,  surprise, 
or  admiration ;  surprise;  amaze. 

Thou  hast  astonish'd  me  with  thy  high  terms. 

Sltalc,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

The  student  of  Nature  wonders  the  mor*and  is  aston- 
ished the  less,  the  more  conversant  he  becomes  with  her 
operations.  Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  260. 

What  shall  we  say  of  the  ocean  telegraph,  that  exten- 
sion of  the  eye  and  ear,  whose  sudden  performance  asto7t- 
islicd  mankind  ?  Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

=Syn.  3.  Surprise,  Amaze,  etc.  (see  surprise);  startle, 
shock. 


Permeated  and  tinged  and  all  astir  with  the  principle  astonishablet  (a-ston'ish-a-bl),  a.     [<  astonish 
ofeciuality.  ij.  CToa/e,  Addresses,  p.  162,      +.„;,/,,,]     Astonishing. 

Astoma  (as'to-ma),  re.  [NL.,  fem.  sing,  or  astonishedly  (a-ston'isht-li),  adv.  In  an  astou- 
neut.  pi.  of  astomus,  <  Gr.  aaTOfiog,  mouthless:     ished  manner.     [Rare.] 

see  astomous.]     1.   [NL.,  fem.  sing.]     A  spuri-  ^stonisher  (a-ston'ish-er),  m.     One  who  or  that 
ous  genus  of  mites,  the  six-legged  larval  form    -which  astonishes. 

of  acarines  of  the  family  Trombidiida:,  retained  astonishing  (a-ston'ish-ing),  7).  a.  Causing  or 
as  a  distinctive  name  of  this  stage. —  2.  [NL.,  fitted  to  cause  astonishment;  amazing ;  wonder- 
neut.  pi.]  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classifica-  ful.  =  Syn.  Am.izing,  surprising,  wonderful,  marvelous. 
tion,  a  general  name  for  those  aealephs  or  me-  astonishingly  (a-ston'ish-ing-li).  adv.  In  an 
dusse  which  have  no  central  mouth,  no  rami-  astonishing  manner;  to  an  astonishing  degree, 
fieations  of  the  peduncle,  and  no  cavities  for  astonishingness  (a-ston'ish-ing-nes),  n.  The 
the  ovaries.     [Not  in  use.]  quality  of  exciting  astonishment.     [Rare.] 

Astomata  (as-to'ma-ta),  n.  ^j?.  [NL.,neut.  pi.  astonishment  (a-ston'ish-ment),  ».  l<  aston- 
oi  astoniatus:  see  astomatous.]  That  one  of  the  isit  + -mcnt.  Cf.t)F.esto«JSse)HCH<  (Palsgrave).] 
two  groups  into  which  the  Protozoa  are  divided,  1.  The  state  of  being  astonished,  (at)  The  state 
with  reference  to  the  presence  or  absence  of  a     of  being  stunned  or  benumbed. 


Astrsacea 

A  coldness  and  astonishment  in  his  loins,  as  folk  say. 

Ilnlland. 
(/4)  Cnnfusion  ut  mind  from  sudden  fear  or  other  emo- 
tion ;  cdtistt-Miation. 

AstfuiiKhiiirnt  is  that  state  of  the  soul  in  which  all  its 
motions  are  suspended  with  some  degree  of  hon-or. 

Burke,  Sublime  and  Beautiful, 
(ct)  Passion ;  excitement ;  frenzy. 

Furious  ever  I  knew  thee  to  be. 
Yet  never  in  this  strange  astonishment.      Spenser, 
(d)  Great  surprise  or  wonder ;  amazement. 

We  found,  with  no  less  wonder  to  us  than  astonishment 
to  themselves,  that  they  were  the  two  valiant  and  famous 
brothel's.  .Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  A  cause  or  matter  of  consternation. 

Thou  shalt  become  an  astonishment,  a  proverb,  and  a 
byword  among  all  nations.  Dent,  xxviii.  .'JT. 

Those  image<l,  to  tlie  pride  of  kings  and  priests, 
A  dark  yet  mighty  faith,  a  power  as  wide 
As  is  the  woi-Id  it  wasted,  and  arc  now 
But  an  astonishment. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  iii.  4. 

=  Syn.  1.  Amazement,  admiration,  awe. 
astony  (as-ton'i),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  astonied, 
ppr.  astonying.     [<  ME.  astonien,  rarely  astur- 
nien :  see  aston.]     If.  To  stun,  as  with  a  blow. 

The  captain  of  the  Helots  .  .  .  strake  Palladias  upon 
the  side  of  liis  head  that  he  reeled  astonied. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcaiiia,  i.  23. 
2.  To  astonish  ;  terrify  ;  confound.  [Obsolete 
or  archaic] 

And  when  I  heard  this  thing,  I  rent  my  garment  and 
my  mantle,  .  .  .  and  sat  down  astonied.  Ezra  ix.  3. 

Astonying  with  their  suddenness  both  their  friends  and 
their  enemies.  Knxjlles. 

And  I  astonied  fell  and  could  not  pray.   Mrs.  Bi'mvniiiff. 

astoret,  v.  t.     [<  ME.  astoren  (and  by  apheresis 

storcn,  >  mod.  E.  .store),  <  OF.  estorer,  e.itaurer, 

<  L.  instaurarc,  repair,  renew:   see  instaura- 

tion  and  store.  ]     To  store ;  furnish  with  stores. 

Ful  riche  he  was  astored  prively. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  609. 

Astoreth   (as'to-reth),   n.      [See  Ashtoreth.] 

Same  as  Astarte. 
astoundt  (a-stoimd'),  p.  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
astown'd,  <  ME.  astouned,  astoned,  astuned,  pp. 
of  astounen,  astonen,  astunen,  astonish :  see 
aston,  astony,  and  cf.  astound,  v.]  Astonished ; 
confounded.     See  aston. 

TTie  elf  therewith  astound 
Upstarted  lightly.  Spenser. 

astound  (a-stotmd'),  v.  [As  an  inf.  this  form 
is  late,  being  due  in  part  to  the  pp.  astound, 
astouned,  and  in  j)art  perhaps  to  the  fi-equent 
dissimilated  gemination  of  final  -71  into  -nd,  as 
in  sound  for  soun,  etc. ;  so  dial,  drownd  for 
droicn,  pp.  drownded  for  drowned.]  I.  trans. 
To  astonish  greatly ;  strike  dumb  ■with  amaze- 
ment ;  amaze  ;  alarm. 

These  thoughts  may  startle  well,  but  not  astound 
The  virtuous  mind,  Milton,  Comus,  1.  210. 

In  the  architecture  and  embellishments  of  the  chamber, 
the  evident  design  had  been  to  dazzle  and  astound. 

Poe,  Tales,  I.  375. 
=  Syn.  .Surprise,  Astonish,  Amaze,  etc.  (see  surjnrise);  con- 
found, stagger,  dumfounder,  stupefy,  shock. 

II.  intrans.  To  cause  astonishment ;  amaze; 
stun. 

The  lightnings  flash  a  larger  ciu-ve,  and  more 

The  noise  astounds.  Thomson,  Summer,  1.  1138. 

astounding  (a-stoun'ding),  p.  a.  Causing  or 
fitted  to  cause  surprise  or  wonder;  causing 
amazement ;  highly  astonishing. 

The  third  is  your  soldier's  face,  a  menacing  and  astound- 
ing face.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels. 

His  [Comte's]  astouiviing  self-conceit  was  more  akin  to 
that  which  may  be  seen  in  lunatic  asylums  than  to  any- 
thing which  is  known  to  have  been  manifested  by  persons 
in  a  state  of  health,  J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos,,  I.  142. 

astoundingly  (a-stoun'ding-li),  adv.  In  an 
astoirntling  or  amazing  manner;  amazingly. 

astoundment  (a-stound'ment),  n.  [<  astound 
-f  -ment.]     Amazement.     [Rare.] 

To  the  astoundment  of  the  j'oung  xu-chins,  my  contem- 
poraries. Lamb,  Old  Benchers. 

astraddle  (a-strad'l),  prep.  ])hr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  o3  +  strciildle:  see  straddle.]  In  a  straddling 
position ;  'with  one  leg  on  each  side  of  some- 
thing; astride:  as,  to  sit  astraddle. 

Astraea  (as-tre'a),  «.  [<  L.  Astra:a,  <  Gr.  i\ff- 
Tpaia,  the  goddess  of  justice,  lit.  starry,  fem.  of 
aoTpaioQ,  staiTy,  <  harpov,  a  star:  see  astral.^  1. 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  sign  Virgo. — 
2.  The  5th  planetoid,  discovered  at  Driesen  by 
Henke  in  18-i5. —  3.  [NL.]  In  zobl.,  a  genus  of 
fixed  coralligenous  zoophytes,  or  stone-corals, 
typical  of  the  family  Astrwidce,  or  star-corals. 
See  star-coral. 
Also  spelled  Astrea._ 

Astrseacea  (as-tre-a'se-a),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  As- 
trwa  +  -acea.]     lii  Venill's  sj'stem  of  classifi- 


Astraeacea 

cation,  the  third  suborder  of  the  order  Madre- 
poraria.  The  technical  characters  are :  polj-ps  mostly 
comn-iund,  either  bv  ftssiparity  or  various  modes  of  bud- 
diu/:  tentacles  usually  well  developed,  long,  sulicyliiidri- 
cal  "limited  in  number,  in  multiples  of  six,  encircling  the 
di^'k  ■  the  coral  mural,  septal,  aud  endothecal,  with  verti- 
•■al  and  centrifugal  growth,  producing  tuibmated  forms 
whi'h  are  often  elongated.  Tlie  families  referred  to  the 
upi-r  as  thus  defined  areS:  LithophylUd<c,  MeandrinidiT, 
Eufinillidrv.  Caryophyltidce,  Sti/liiiidw,  Astrcdda,  Ocvli- 
r.'ltT  ^tulophorid^.  Also -ivritten  ^.vfreaceo. 
astrsan  (as-tre'an),  a.  1.  See  astrean.—  2. 
Pertaining  to  or  resemhling  the  genus  Astraa. 
Imbedded  in  the  b.ase  of  this  cliff  of  coral  limestone 
were  two  dome-shaped  masses  of  A^triran  coral. 

Trans,  /ioj/.  Soc.  £din.,  XXXII.  55S. 

astraeid  (as-tre'id),  a.  and  ».  I.  a.  Same  as 
oMnTaii,  2. 

The  large  aitrceid  and  brain  corals  imbedded  in  the  up- 
per portion  of  the  clilf-face  n  ere  only  half  the  size  of  those 
imbedded  some  15  or  iO  feet  l>elo\v. 

Trans,  litxj.  Soc.  Ediit.,  XXXII.  Sol. 

n.  1-  A  coral  of  the  tamily  Asirccidte. 
Astraeidae  (as-tre'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Astraa 
+  -iiln:}  A  family  of  aporose  scleroderma- 
tous stoue-corals,  of  the  order  Sclerodenimta, 
class  Actinozoa  ;  the  star-corals :  so  called  from 
the  radiated  or  star-like  arrangement  of  their 
tentacles.  The  family  is  a  large  and  important  one, 
containing  several  genera,  the  animals  of  which  largely 
contribute  to  the  formation  of  coral  reefs.  Its  limits 
van-  with  ditfcrent  authors.     Also  spelled  Astreid<f. 

astraeifonn  (as-tre'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  NL.  Astraa 
+  L.  forma,  form.]  Resembling  a  star-coral; 
having  the  characters  of  the  Astra-idte  or  star- 
corals:  as,  "astrwifonn  in  shape,"  £«c^c.  Jirit., 
VI.  :iS3. 

astragal  (as'tra-gal),  H.  [<  astragalus,  q.  v.] 
1.  In  arch.:  (a)  A  small  convex  molding  cut 
into  the  form  of  a 
string  of  beads,  used 

in  classical  architec-      -r  '     '.'•';>"% 

ture.     especially    in    __^,.    ^^,     ^i_ -Jii.'__y 

coimection  with  the      ^  ■ 

egg-and-<lart  mold- 
ing and  between  the 
faces  of  different  pro- 
jection   of  Ionic   and       Astragal  in  C,e=k  Architecture. 

Connthian     epistyle 

and  coffering  beams.  (6)  A  small  plain  convex 
molding,  usually  with  a  fillet  beneath  it,  some- 
times between  two  fillets,  used  between  the 
capital  and  the  shaft  of  classic  orders,  except 
the  Greek  Doric,  and  in  many  other  positions 
in  classic,  medieval,  aud  later  styles.  See  cut 
under  co(«»in.  Also  called  fcearf. —  2.  A  convex 
molding  encircling  a  cannon  near  the  mouth: 
not  present  on  modern  guns. — 3.  In  carp.,  one 
of  the  rabbeted  bars  which  hold  tlie  panes  of  a 
window. — 4.  In  auat.,  the  astragalus. 

astragalar  (as-trag'a-lar),  a.  \\  aslraijdhi.i  + 
-iir.]     Pertaining  to  the  astragalus. 

astragali,  ».     Plural  of  antraijalus. 

Astragalinus  (as-trag-a-li'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  as- 
traijaiii-t  +  -i««.s.]  An  olil  and  disused  name  of 
some  European  siskin,  linnet,  or  thistle-bird. 
In  \^\  it  was  used  by  J.  Cabanis  as  a  genus  name  of  the 
American  golilftnches,  such  u»  A.  trijttitt.  the  common  goUl- 
finch  or  thistle-bird  of  the  United  ,States,  A.  pt^aitria,  the 
ArkaiiHii*  iiMldftnch.  etc. 

astragalocalcanea,  «.    Plural  of  astragalocal- 

rttnt  It  in. 

astragalocalcanealCas-trag'a-lo-kHl-ka'no-al), 

'/.     I'lrtaiiiiiiK  to  the  astragalocalcaneum. 

astragalocalcaneum  (as-trag  a-16-kal-ka'ne- 
uiij),  n.;  )>1.  (islriii/itlnrfilcaiica  (-ii).  \_i  astrai/d- 
hi.i  +  rnlcaitrum.^  A  liono  of  the  taisus  repre- 
senting both  the  astragalus  and  the  calcaneum, 
as  in  lizards  and  birds.  It  in  mipiiosid  aim.  t.,  include 
tli>-  tir»\irnlare,  in  wime  cases  at  lenj,t,  and  thus  to  repri-- 
Kiit  rli<-  whole  jiroxlnukl  row  of  tju-Hiil  bourn.  In  some 
b/-ir  '  ,^  irii-inben*of  the  gi'Tins  VnrnntiM,  it  is  very  large, 
J"  ■     '  t,  extended  transvrrwiy,  but  little  biwk- 

w  '  i.ly  alticulnU'd  with  the  tibin,  llbula,  and 

•b 

aHtragaloid  (aH-trag'n-loid),  «.  [<  iislnifinhis 
+  -"!''.]      Ill   <innt.,ot  or  pertaining  to  the  us- 

trilL'alii--. 

astragaiomancy  CaH-traR'a-lo-nian-si),  n,  [< 
(ir.  ■;  ^  •■":,  ;i  die,  +  /lai'Tciii,  diviiiiition;  of. 
anTi^ii'/.,ii,nTir,  a  diviner  from  dice  (/«liTif,  a 
divimr.  II.  (irophet):  Hoo  aslrafinhi.i.]  Divina- 
tion b ,,i    ,,r  hiickle-boneH  or  dice. 

astragaionavi'nilarfas-trnK'ii-lo-iiij-vik'n-liir). 
"■  "i"l  '  ■iinlim  +  ii<iririil<ir.'\    I.  ii.  An 

t'l'  of  ntnrHiil  bone  of  H'ime  ri'p- 

tii'  ,   Hiipiiiised  to   represenl    iiii 

i«<lrn/.i|ii,i  1111,1  n  iiaviciitar  bone  emiibiiied. 

Tlj'  r,uaii»  prmriiu,  proxliunlly,  nn  fiMtrnt/filn  tuirirulnr 
nun-^  Ihutry,  Anal.  V,  rl.,  p   •  ■><. 

U.  n.  A  hone  of  the  tamuH.     Hen  I. 

Thr  illaldl  Mid  of  tlo-  nni ragnitt  nnrietitaT . 

lliLztry,  Anst.  Vert,,  p.  2/1. 


356 

astragaloscaphoid  (as-tragVlo-skaf'oid),  a. 

[<  astragalus  +  scaphoid.'\  Pertaining  to  both 
the  astragalus  and  the  scaphoid  or  naWeular 
bone ;  connecting  these  two  bones :  as,  the  as- 
tnii/aluscaplioid  ligament. 

astragalotibial  (as-trag  a-lo-tib'i-al),  a.  [< 
ailnuialiis  +  tibial.']  Pertaining  to  both  the 
astragalus  and  the  tibia:  as,  astragalotibial 
articulation. 

astragal-plane  (as'tra-gal-plan),  n.  Injoinenj, 
a  bench-plane  of  the  shape  necessary  to  form 
astragals. 

astragal-tool  (as '  tra-gal-tol),  V.  A  turning- 
chisel  with  a  concave  face  for  cutting  astragals. 

astragalus  (as-trag'a-lus),  II.;  pi.  astragali 
(-Ii).  [L.,  <  Gr.  dcrpdya/Mg,  one  of  the  ver- 
tebra?, the  ball  of  the  ankle-joint,  a  die,  an 
architectm-al  molding,  a  leguminous  plant; 
prob.  from  same  root  as  oarfoi',  a  bone.  Cf. 
osteo-.]  1.  In  anat.,  the  tibiale,  or  innenuost 
one  of  the  proximal  row  of  tarsal  bones,  in 
mammals  it  articulates  with  the  tiliia  and  enters  into  the 
tibiotarsal  or  ankle-joint;  in  birds  it  is  ankylust-d  with 
the  tibia,  forming  more  or  less  of  the  tibial  coiui,\les,  aiul 
entering  into  the  mediotarsal  or  so-calK-d  tibimiu-tatarsal 
joint  or  heel-joint.  In  man  and  some  oilier  mammals  it 
is  known  as  the  talus,  huckle-bone,  aiikle-lione,  or  sling- 
bone,  being  the  nppeiiuo.st  bone  uf  the  tarsus,  and  chierty 
or  entirely  recei\  inu'  the  weight  of  the  body,  in  so  far  as 
this  is  borne  upon  the  foot  or  hind  foot.  See  cuts  under 
I>rotnieus,  foot,  .and  hock^. 

2.  leap.]  [NL.]  A  very  large  genus  of  plants, 
nattu'al  order  Legiimiiiostc,  mostly  low  nerbs, 
foiuid  in  all  parts  of  the  world  except  Austra- 
lia and  South  Africa.  Over  l.ixw  species  are  known 
in  th  old  world,  and  about  200  in  North  America,  ehielly 
west  of  the  ilississippi.  Very  few  are  of  any  value.  --1. 
frummi/er  and  a  group  of  allied  species,  low  spiny  shrubs 
of  -\si  Minor,  Syria,  and  Pei-sia,  are  the  somx-e  of  the  gum 
tragacanth  of  commerce.  Some  of  the  same  species  also 
jield  a  ort  of  manna.  ^4.  Ilo'ticus  is  cultivated  in  some 
part  of  Europe  for  its  seeds,  which  are  used  as  a  substitute 
for  coITee.  In  the  United  .States  several  species  are  know  ii 
.13  1  coweed,  and  are  poisonous  to  animals  eating  them. 

astrain  (a-stran' ),  jirep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.  [<  ii'-^ 
+  stniin.]     On  the  strain;  straining. 

astrakhan  (as'tra-kan),  «.  [<  Astrakhan  (Russ. 
A>^trakh<iiii'i),  a  city  and  government  (province) 
of  Russia.]  1.  A  name  given  to  skins  with  a 
curled  wool  (the  pelts  of  young  lambs)  obtained 
from  Astrakhan  in  Emopean  Russia. — 2.  A 
rough  fabric  with  a  long  and  closely  curled  pile 
in  imitation  of  the  fiu". 

astrakhanite  (as'tia-kan-U),  n.  [<  Astral-hnn 
+■  -(7(-.]  A  variety  of  blodite  from  the  salt 
lakes  of  Astrakhan. 

astral  (as'tral),  0.  and  n.  [<  LL.  astralis,  <  L. 
astrum,  a  star,  <  Gr.  aarpov,  a  star,  a  constella- 
tion, <  aarr/p,  a  star,  =  E.  star :  seo  astcr^  and 
star.]     I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  the  stars;  starry. 

Antral  showers  covered  the  heavens. 

J'cihijraiv,  Norm,  and  Kiig.,  III.  3:il.    (.V.  K.  I).) 

2.  Specifically,  in  thcosophy,  an  epithet  descrip- 
tive of  a  supersensible  substance  supposed  to 
pervade  all  space  and  enter  into  all  bodies; 
odic  ;  biogenic— Astral  body,  in  ilimnojilin,  a  living 
form  composed  of  astral  Iluid  ;  a  ghost,  wndtli,  or  double  ; 
an  astral.  — Astral  fluid,  od  ;  biogen.  See  these  words. 
—  Astral  lamp,  a  lainp  with  an  annular  l-eservoir  for  oil, 
whiili  is  eoniieited  with  the  w  ick-tube  liy  two  small  tubes. 
These  tubes  ojfer  the  only  obstruction  to  the  pa.ssage  of 
all  lays  Mhicli  fall  between  the  reservoir  and  the  stem  of 
the  lamp-stand,  the  shadow  cast  by  lamps  of  the  oriiiiiary 
construction  being  thus  in  great  measure  avoided.  —  As- 
tral splrltB,  spirits  believed,  in  the  middle  ages,  to  ]ieo- 
pletlie  stars.  They  were  variously  conceived  as  fallen  an- 
gels, souls  of  departed  men,  or  spirits  originating  in  tlrr. 
and  hovering  between  lleaven  and  earth,  and  between 
earth  anil  hell. 

II.  «.  In  thcosophy,  an  astral  form  or  boily. 

Two  or  more  astrain  will  make  this  Jmiruey  together. 

.1.  /'.  .Sinnrtt. 

astrand  (a-strand'),  prep.  phr.  as  adi:  or  a.  [< 
«•*  +  straiid.]     Stranded. 

The  tall  shl|i.  whose  lofty  prore 
Shall  never  stem  the  billows  more, 
lieserled  by  hergiillalil  band, 
Ainlil  the  breakers  lies  astrand. 

Srntt,  1,.  of  the  I,.,  vl.  l:i. 

astranget,  ''•  '•     An  old  spelling  of  estrange. 

Astrapaeus  (us-tni-iiu'iis),  n.  [NIj.,  <  Or.  lin- 
T/M/THior,  <if  lightning,  <  liirrpoT/J,  lightning.]  A 
genus  of  lirailielylioiiH  beetles,  of  the  family 
,S7'i/</ii//i  »/'/»■. 

astraphobia  (as-tra-f6'bi-jl),  «.  [NIj.,  <  Gr. 
iinriKizi/,  var.  of  nirTiporri/,  aTipoTr//,  Uiunder  ami 
lightning,  +  -<^n^iin,  <  i6)ior,  fear.]  In  palhol., 
morbid  dread  of  Ihiinder  and  lightninp. 

Astrapia  (ns-trap'i-ll),  ".  fNlv.,  <  Gr.  iiaTpamnr, 
viir.  (if  (irrTpn-jTiiiDf:,  of  ligliliiing,  <  I'lnTpairi/,  light- 
ning.] A  genus  of  stiiriioid  pasHerine  liinls  of 
.New  Guinea,  someliineH  located  in  the  family 
N/i(r«i</(rnoxtto  .Udniirw/io,  sometimes  refeneil 
to  the  I'uradisciiUc,  having  a  very  long  griidii- 


astrictiveness 

ated  tail,  like  a  magpie's,  paired  lateral  crests 
on  the  head,  aud  the  whole  plumage  brilliantly 
iridescent.  A.  niftra,  or  A.  fiularis,  is  the  paradise-pie, 
also  known  as  the  incomparable. 

astraughtt  (as-traf),  p.  a.  [Substituted  for 
distraught,  q.  v.]  Distracted;  distraught; 
aghast.     Golding. 

astraunget  (as-trSjij'),  v.  t.  An  old  form  of 
estrungc. 

astrayt  (a-stra'),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  astraien,  only  in 
pp.  astniicd  (after  OP.  cstraic,  cstrayc,  wlience 
also  appar.  the  ME.  adj.:  see  astray,  a.),  or  by 
apheresis  straien  (>  E.  stray),  <  OF.  cstraier, 
stray,  pi-ob.  =  Pr.  cstraguar,  <  late  ML.  cxtrava- 
gare,  <  L.  extra,  without,  out,  -I-  ragarc,  wander : 
see  extrarngant.  See  estray  and  stray,  which 
are  doublets  of  astray.]  To  go  out  of  the  right 
way;  go  astray;  stray. 

astray  (a-stra'),  adv.  and  a.  [<  ME.  astray, 
astraie,  iistraye  (also,  and  earlier  in  recorded 
date,  by  expansion  and  adaptation,  o  strai, 
on  stray,  on  the  strayc;  mod.  E.  as  if  «*  + 
stray),  also  astrayey,  <  OF.  estraie,  cstraye, 
strayed  (ef.  ME.  astraied),  pp.  of  cstraier,  rs- 
trayer,  go  astray:  see  astray,  v.  The  word  is 
thiis  orig.  a  p.  a.,  later  assimilated  to  the  fonn 
of  a  prep.  phr.  like  a.<slcep,  etc.  Cf.  alight^  and 
aslope]  Out  of  the  right  way  or  proper  place, 
either  literally  or  figtu'atively ;  wandering. 

Thou  Shalt  iKit  see  thy  brothers  ox  or  his  sheep  go 
astral/,  and  hide  thyself  from  them.  Deut.  xxii.  1. 

The  guides  would  purposely  lead  the  Castilians  astraj/, 
and  involve  them  in  morasses.    Bain-ro.ft^  Hist.  U.  S.,  1.42. 
With  eyes  astray,  she  told  mechanic  beads. 

Lowell,  Catheillal. 

astret,  »•  [E.  dial,  nu.ster,  in  austerland,  q.  v., 
early  mod.  E.  astirc,  *asterc,  <  ME.  "astre,  <  OF. 
astre,  aistrc  ( ML.  astruin),  mod.  F.  dtrc,  a 
hearth;  origin  unknown.]     A  hearth;  a  home. 

Astrea,  ".     See  Aslro'a. 

astrean  (as-tre'an),  a.  [<  L.  'astra-us.  <  Gr. 
uarpam;  pertaining  to  a  star,  <  airrpiiv,  a  star.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  stars.  Also  spoiled  as- 
traan.     [Rare.] 

Every  star  in  Heaven  is  coloniz'd  and  replenish'd  with 
Astiyii'ii  Inliabitauts.  Howell,  Letters,  iii.  1). 

astreated  (as'tre-a-ted),  j).  «.  [<  LL.  as  if 
'astrcatu.fjjip.  oi*astrearc,  only  inppr.  ns^ir^iw, 
gleam  like  a  star,  <  astrum,  a  star:  see  astral.] 
Furnished  with  star-like  ornaments,  Jnqj.  IHct. 

Astreidae,  n.^d.    Seo  Astraida: 

astrelabiet,  "•  One  of  various  Middle  Eng- 
lisli  spellings  of  astrolabe. 

Astrelata  (as-trel'a-ta),  n.    See  (Estrelata. 

astrict  (as-trikf),  r.  i.  [<  L.  astrietus,  ]>]i.  of 
(i,'.?ci«.(/c)r,  draw  close :  see  a.ttringe.]  If.  To 
bind  fast;  confine.  Mall. —  2.  In  tScots  law, 
to  limit.  See  astriction,  3. — 3.  To  constrict; 
contract.     [Rare.] 

The  solid  parts  were  to  be  relaxed  or  astricled. 

Arbtithniil,  Aliments. 

4.  To  cimstrain;  restrict.     [Rare.] 

.   asfricted  to  certain  .   .   .   forms  of 
Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Metaph.,  xl. 

Formerly  also  adstrict. 

astrictt  (as-trikf),  a.  [<  L.  astrietus,  pp.:  see 
the  verb.]  Brought  into  small  compass  ;  com- 
pendious ;  concise. 

astricted  (as-trik'ted),  p.  a.  Restricted.  See 
(islriiiion,  'J.     Fonnerly  also  ailstrieted. 

astriction  (as-trik'shon),  n.  [<  L.  astrietio(n-), 
a  )iii\vi'r  of  colli racting,  <  astringerc,  p]i.  astrie- 
tu.i,  contract:  see  astringe.]  If.  Restriction; 
obligation. 

of  iiian-iage  ho  is  the  auihor  and  the  witness;  yet 
liriice  will  not  follow  any  diviiui  ontriction  more  than 
«li:i(  is  subordinate  to  the  gbu-y  of  (Jod,  and  (lie  niaiu 
good  of  either  party.  .Milton,  Divorce,  xiii.  Oml  M.S.). 

2.  In  »««/.:  (n)  Tlie  act  of  binding  close  or  com- 
pressing with  ligatures,  (/i)  A  contraction  of 
parts  by  applications  ;  the  sttitiping  of  hemor- 
rhages. ((•)  ('(insti]iatioii.  —  3.  In  Svols  lair, 
the  (ibligalioii  imposed  bv  the  serviliide  (if 
thirlage,  by  which  corlaiTi  lauds  are  reslrieleil 
to  the  use  of  a  jiarlicular  mill  for  the  grinding 
of  grain.  See  thirlage. 
Koruierly  also  adstrielion. 
astrictive  (as-trik'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  astrietus, 
lip.  (see  astriel),  +  -ivc ;  =  V.  astrictif.]  1. 
Itiiuling;  obligatory. —  2.  Tending  to  contract 
or  draw  together;  astringent;  styjitic. 

I'.eiiig  sodden.  It  Is  n«(n'i-riiv,  and  will  strengthen  a  wuak 
slomacli.  Hollaml,  Ir.  of  I'llliy,  xx.  H. 

I'oniierly  also  adstrietire. 
astrictiveness  (as-l ri k ' l  i v-nes ),  n.     [<  astrictive 
+    -iKv.s. )      The   (|ualily  of  being  astrictive. 
j'oiiiierly  also  adstrictivoness. 


The  mind  is 
thought. 


astrictory 

astrictoryt  (as-trik'to-ri),  a.  [^(.h. nstrictorius, 
binding:,  <  (istiictux,  pp.  of  antrinyerc :  seo 
tLitiiiKjc.}     Astringent;  bimling;  apt  to  bind. 

astride  (a-strid'),  jirep.  j)lir.  as  adv.  or  o.  [<  ((3 
+  stride.'^  Witii  one  leg  on  each  side  of  some 
object ;  with  tlie  legs  wide  apart. 

Placed  astrhic  upon  the  bars  of  the  palisade.  Scutt. 

astriferoust  (as-trif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  astrifer, 
star-l)earing,  <  ustruiii,  a  star,  +  ferre  =  E. 
Iii'iiri.]     Bearing  or  containing  stars.     Blount. 

astrigeroust  (as-trij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  astriger, 
star-bearing,  <  astrum,  a  star,  +  gerere,  bear.] 
Bearing  stars.     Bailey. 

astrild  (as'trild),  H.  [iAstrilda,  Ksfrchla:  see 
Efitirtdii.']  A  bird  of  the  genus  ICstrvhla  (which 
see):  as,  the  gray  astrild,  Jistrelda  cincrea. 

astringe  (as-trinj'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  astritigcd, 
ppr.  (istriiu/iiig.  [Karly  mod.  E.  also  odstrint/c, 
<  L.  nstringere,  adstringerc,  ch'aw  close,  con- 
tract, <  ad,  to,  +  stringerc,  bind  fast,  strain: 
see  astrict,  and  stringent,  strict,  and  strain.'] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  compress ;  bind  together ;  con- 
strict.    [Rare.] 

Which  contraction  .  .  .  astringeth  the  moisture  of  tlie 
brain,  and  thereby  sendeth  tears  into  the  eyes. 

Baton,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  714. 

2t.  Figuratively,  to  oblige ;  constrain ;  bind  by 
obligation. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  solid;  congeal.  Hol- 
land. 

astringency  (as-triu'jen-si),  n.  [=  F.  astrin- 
gence :  <  astringent:  see  -ence,  -enci/.]  The 
quality  of  being  astringent;  especially,  that 
property  in  certain  substances  by  which  they 
cause  contraction  of  soft  or  relaxed  parts  of 
the  body :  as,  the  astringency  of  acids  or  bitters. 

astringent  (as-trin' jent),  a.  and  n.  [=  P.  astrin- 
gent,<.  L.  astriniien{i-)s,  adstringen{t-)s,  ppr.  of 
astringere,  offe/jvH^ere,  ch'aw  close,  contract:  see 
astringe.']  I.  a.  Binding;  contracting;  con- 
Btrietive;  styptic. 
A  strengthening  and  a^trinffent  diet. 

Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 

II,  n.  A  substance  which  contracts  the  tis- 
sues and  canals  of  the  body,  condensing  the 
soft  solids,  and  thereby  checking  or  diminish- 
ing excessive  discharges,  as  of  blood.  The  chief 
astringents  are  the  mineral  acids,  alum,  lime-water,  chall<, 
salts  of  copper,  zinc,  iron,  lead,  and  silver,  and  among 
vegetables  catechu,  kino,  oak-bark,  and  galls.  Vegetable 
astringents  owe  their  efficacy  to  the  presence  of  tannin. 

Formerly  also  adstringent. 
astringently  (as-trin 'jent-li),  adv.  In  an  astrin- 
gent manner. 
astringer  (as'trin-jer),  n.  See  austringer. 
astrite  (as'trit),  n.  [<  LL.  astrites,  also  asteri- 
tts,  <  Gr.  aaTcpiTi/c,  a  brilliant  precious  stone,  < 
dcrr^p,  a  star :  seeastefl.]  Any  radiated  or  star- 
like  fossil,  as  one  of  the  detached  articulations 
of  fossil  encrinites ;  star-stone.  See  encrinite. 
Also  asterite  and  astroite. 
astro-.  [<  Gr.  aarpo-,  combining  foi-m  of  aarpov, 
a  star:  see  astral  and  aster^.']  The  initial  ele- 
ment in  many  compound  scientific  terms  of 
Greek  origin,  meaning  star. 
Astrocar3runi  (as-tro-ka'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
dcTpov,  a  star,  +  Kapvov,  a  nut.]  A  genus  of 
palms  from  10  to  40  feet  in  height,  with  beauti- 
ful pinnated  leaves,  inhabiting  the  tropical  parts 
of  America.  The  stems  are  covered  with  stiff  and  sharp 
spines,  often  a  foot  in  length.  The  seed  is  inclosed  in  a 
hard  stony  nut,  and  that  is  enveloped  by  a  fleshy  fibrous 
pericarp.  The  cattle  of  the  upper  Amazon  feed  on  the 
fleshy  pericarp  of  A.  Murumuru.  The  wood  of  A.  Ayri 
is  nnich  used  for  bows  and  for  other  purposes,  and  the  fibers 
of  tlie  leaves  of  A.  Tucuina  are  used  for  fishing-nets. 
astrofelt,  astrophelt,  "•  [Pound  only  in  Spen- 
ser as  quoted.  It  is  in  the  first  instance  appar.  a 
manipulated  form  of  asphodel  {affodil,  daffodil) 
simtilatiug  L.  astrum,  a  star,  and  fel,  gall  ('bit- 
ter'). In  the  second  instance  the  name  is 
professedly  taken  from  "  AstropJiel"  (Sir  Philip 
Sidney),  the  subject  of  the  elegy  of  that  name 
and  of  another  elegy  (by  Matthew  Roydon) 
printed  with  it ;  in  the  latter  also  written  As- 
tropliill  ("Our  Astrophill  did  Stella  love"),  as 
if  <  Gr.  aarpov,  L.  astrmn,  a  star  ('Stella,'  'star- 
light'), +  <pi?,o^,  loWng.]  A  name  applied  by 
Spenser  to  some  bitter  herb. 

My  little  fiocke,  whom  earst  I  lov'd  so  well. 
And  wont  to  feede  with  finest  grasse  that  grew, 
Feede  ye  hencefoorth  on  bitter  Astrofetl, 
And  stinking  Smallage,  and  unsaverie  Rew. 

Spenser,  Daphnaida,  1.  346. 
,  That  hearbe  of  some  .Starlight  is  caUl  by  name, 
Of  others  Penthia,  though  not  so  well : 
But  thou,  where  ever  thou  doest  finde  the  same. 
From  this  day  forth  do  call  it  Astivphei. 

Spenser,  Astrophel,  1.  196. 

astrogeny  (as-troj'e-ni),   «.      [<  Gr.   acTpov,  a 

star,  +  -yiueia,  generation:   see  -geny.]     The 


Sir  Francis  Drake's  Astrolabe, 
Royal  Naval  College.  England. 


357 

theory  of  the  creation  or  evolution  of  the 
celestial  bodies  ;  stellar  cosmogony.  It.  fipcn- 
cir.     .Mso  astrogony. 

astrognosy  (as-trog'no-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  I'larpm, 
a  star,  +  yvijai^,  knowledge:  see  gnostic] 
Knowledge  of  the  stars,  especially  of  the  fixed 
stars,  in  respect  to  their  names,  magnitudes, 
situations,  etc. 

astrogonic  (as-tro-gon'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  astrogony  or  astrogeny. 

astrogony  (as-trog'o-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  uarpov,  a 
star,  +  -}oria,  generation:  see  -gony.]  Same 
as  astrogcni/. 

astrographiy  (as-tro^'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpov,  a 
star,  +  -ypa(pia,  <  ypaipeiv,  -nTite,  describe.]  A 
description  of,  or  the  art  of  describing  or  map- 
ping, the  stars. 

astroid  (as'troid),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpouSric,  star- 
like,  <  aarpov,  a  star,  +  dSor,,  form,  likeness. 
Cf.  asteroid.]  1.  In  Iier.,  same  as  mullet. —  2. 
A  plane  curve  o£  the  sixth  class  and  fourth  or- 
der, having  two  conjugate  diameters  of  a  conic 
and  the  line  at  infinity  as  inflectional  tangents. 

astroite  (as'tro-it),  n.  [<  L.  astroites  (Pliny), 
an  unknown  precious  stone,  <  Gr.  'aaTpoirri^,  < 
aarpov,  a  star.     Cf.  astrite.]     Same  as  astrite. 

astrolabe  (as'tro-lab),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
astrolaljy,  astroloby,  etc.,  <  ME.  astrolabe,  astro- 
labie,  astrelabie,  astrolabre,  etc.,  <  OP.  astrelabe, 
mod.  P.  astrolabe,  < 
ML.  aslrolabium,  <  Gr. 
aoTpoXdj'iov  (sc.  op)avov, 
instrument),  an  astro- 
labe, prop.  neut.  of 
'aaTpo?.dj3oc,  lit.  taking 
stars,  <  aarpov,  a  star,  -I- 
?.apj3aveiv,  lajidv,  take.] 

1.  An  obsolete  astro- 
nomical instrimient  of 
different  forms,  used 
for  taking  the  altitude 
of  the  sun  or  stars, 
and  for  the  solution 
of  other  problems  in 
astronomy.  The  name 
was  ai»plied  to  any  instru- 
ment with  a  graduated  circle 
or  circles,  but  more  especial- 
ly to  one  intended  to  be  held  in  the  hand.  Some  astro- 
labes were  armillary  spheres  of  complicated  construction, 
while  others  were  planispheres  intended  to  measure  the 
altitude  only.  One  of  the  most  important  uses  of  the  as- 
trolabe was  in  navigation,  for  which  it  was  superseded  by 
Hadley's  quadrant  and  se.\tant. 

My  art  cannot  err ; 
If  it  does,  I'll  burn  my  astrolabe. 

Massinger,  City  Madam,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  stereographic  projection  of  the  sphere, 
either  upon  the  plane  of  the  equator,  the  eye 
being  supposed  to  be  in  the  pole  of  the  world, 
or  upon  the  plane  of  the  meridian,  the  eye 
being  in  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  equi- 
noctial and  the  horizon. 

astrolabyt,  n.     Same  as  astrolabe. 

astrolatry  (as-trol'a-tri),  n.  [=P.  astroldtrie, 
<  Gr,  aarpov,  a  star,  +  'Aa-pzia,  worship :  see  la- 
tria.  Cf.  idolatry.]  Worship  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  as  stars,  the  sun,  etc. 

astrolithology  (as^'tro-li-thol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aarpov,  a  star,  -I-  Xidoi;,  a  stone,  +  -Tioyia,  <  Xe- 
yeiv,  speak;  see  -ology.  Cf.  lithology.]  The 
scientific  study  of  aerolites  or  meteoric  stones. 

astrologer  (as-trol'o-jer),  71.  [<  ME.  astrolo- 
ger, -ere  (with  suffix  -er  as  in  astronomer,  etc.; 
"cf.  astrologian),  <  L.  astrologus,  <  Gr.  aarpo'/d- 
yoc,  an  astronomer,  later  an  astrologer:  see 
astrology.]  If.  An  astronomer;  an  observer 
of  the  stars. 

A  worthy  astrologer,  by  perspective  glasses,  hath  found  in 
the  stars  many  things  unknown  to  the  ancients.    Raleigh. 

2.  One  who  professes  to  determine  the  influence 
of  the  stars  on  persons,  events,  qualities,  etc. 
Astrologers  that  future  fates  foreshow.  Pope. 

astrologiant  (as-tro-lo'ji-an),  n.  [<  ME.  astro- 
logien,  <  OP.  astrohigien  =  Pt.  astrologian,  <  LL. 
astrologia,  astrology;  L.,  astronomy:  seeastrol- 
ogy  and  -an.]     Same  as  astrologer. 

astrologic  (as-tro-loj'ik),  a.  Same  as  astrologi- 
cal:  as,  "no  as<TO/()(;((' wizard," -Dn/rfcH. 

astrological  (as-tro-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  darpo- 
'AoyiKuc,  <  darpo'/M-jia:  see  astrology.]  Pertain- 
ing to  astrology;  professing  or  practising  as- 
trology. 

astrologically  (as-tro-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
astrological  manner ;  by  means  of  or  according 
to  astrolocv. 

astrologize  (as-trol'o-jiz),  r.  ;  pret.  and  pp. 
ustrol(iiii:til.  ppr.  astrologizing.  [<  astrology  + 
-i::e.]    I.  intrans.  To  practise  astrology. 


astronomer 

II.  trans.  Toascertainbymeansof astrology. 
Also  spelled  astrologise. 

astrologuet  (as'tro-kig),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
and  ilE.  (istrolog,  '<.  P.  astrologue,  <  L.  ustrolo- 
gns,  <  Gr.  dnTpoAoyo^:  see  astrology.]  An  as- 
trologer.    V  Vrfey. 

astrology  (as-trol'o-ji),  n.  [<  ME.  astrology, 
astrologic,  <  OP.  astrologic  =  Sp.  aslrologia  = 
Pg.  It.  astrologia,  <  L.  astrologia,  <  Gr.  da-po/.u- 
yia,  astronomy,  later  astrology,  <  darpa'Aoyoc,  an 
astronomer,  lit.  speaking  about  stars, <  aarpov,  a 
star,  -f  'A.rytiv,  speak :  see  -ology.]  1 .  Tlic  science 
or  doctrine  of  the  stars  ;  practical  astronomy; 
astronomy  in  its  earliest  form.  The  term  is  now 
restricted  in  meaning  to  the  itseudo-science  or  art  jjrop- 
erly  called  mundane  astrutogg,  which  assumes  that  the 
heavenly  bodies  exert,  according  to  their  relative  posi- 
tions at  certain  times,  a  direct  influence  upon  human 
life  and  destiny,  and  which  proposes  to  determine  in  any 
given  case  what  this  influence  is,  and  thus  to  foretell 
the  future.  Thus,  one's  temperament  was  ascribed  to  tlie 
]ilarict  under  which  he  was  born,  as  saturnine  from  Sat. 
urn,  jovial  from  .Jupiter,  mercurial  from  Mercury,  etc. ; 
and  the  virtues  of  herbs,  gems,  and  medicines  were  8Up- 
pc)sed  to  be  due  to  their  ruling  planets. 
2t.  An  old  name  for  the  plant  bistort.  Poly- 
gonum Bistorta — Horary  astrology,  that  branch  of 
the  art  which  shows  liow  to  answer  questions  by  the  figure 
of  tilt-  tuav.  rj-i  at  flu-  innnientwhen  the  question  arises. — 
Judicial  astrology,  that  branch  of  astrology  which  j>ro- 
fcss,s  tu  iMMtrll  tiiiinan  alfaii's.  The  practice  of  judicial 
astrology  Wiis  forbidden  under  the  severest  penalties  by 
the  Jewish,  Roman,  and  canon  laws,  as  implying  idolatry 
or  heresy  (equivalent  to  high  treason),  and  falling  under 
the  greater  excommunication. —  Natural  astrology.  («) 
Astrology  applied  to  determining  the  dcstinj'  of  a  person 
from  the  configuration  of  the  planets  at  his  birth.  (6) 
That  branch  of  astrology  which  professes  to  predict  nat- 
ural effects,  as  changes  of  the  weather,  winds,  storms, 
etc. 

Astrolophida  (as-tro-lof'i-da),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
darpiiv,  a  star,  +  '/M(j>oc,  a  crest,  +  -ida.]  A 
genus  of  radiolarians,  representing  a  special 
farailv,  the  Astrolopliidida: 

Astrolophididse  (as"tro-lo-fid'i-de),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  \  Astrolophida  +  -idte.]  A  family  of 
acantharian  radiolarians  with  a  skeleton  hav- 
ing a  varying  number  of  spicules  irregularly 
distributed,  consisting  of  the  genera  Astro- 
lophida and  Litholophida :  sj'nonjTnous  with 
Actinellida.     Haechcl. 

astromancy  (as'tro-man-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  darpo- 
pavTcia,  <  aarpov,  a  star,  +  pavreia,  dirination.] 
DiWnation  by  means  of  the  stars;  astrology. 

astrometeorological    (as"tr6-me"te-o-ro-loj'i- 

kal),  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to  astrometeorology. 

astrometeorologist  (as'tro-me'tf-o-rol'ti-jist), 
n.  One  who  believes  in  or  practises  astrome- 
teorology. 

astrometeorology  (as"tr6-me"te-o-rol'9-ji),  n. 

[<  Gr.  aarpov,  a  star,  +  percupo'A.oyia,  meteorol- 
ogy: see  meti-orology.]  1.  The  pretended  art  of 
foretelling  the  weather  and  its  changes  from 
the  aspects  and  configurations  of  the  moon  and 
stars:  a  branch  of  natural  astrologj-. — 2.  Prog- 
nostication of  the  weather  from  the  appearance 
of  the  heavenly  bodies. 
astrometer  (as-trom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  aarpov, 
a  star,  +  pc-pov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument 
designed  to  measure  the  relation,  brightness, 
or  apparent  magnitude  of  the  stars,  it  was  in- 
vented by  sir  John  Herschel.  By  it  an  image  of  Jupiter, 
the  moon,  or  some  other  object  of  recognized  brightness 
is  brought  into  direct  comparison  with  a  star,  so  that  star 
and  image  are  seen  in  the  same  direction.  By  adjusting 
the  distance  of  the  image  so  that  it  appears  equal  in 
brightness  to  the  star,  and  by  measuring  this  distance,  the 
luster  of  tlic  star  is  readily  determined. 

astrometry  (as-trom'e-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  darpov, 
a  star,  -I-  -perpia,  <  pirpov,  a  measure.]  The  art 
of  determining  by  measurement  the  apparent 
relative  magnitude  of  the  stars. 

Astronesthes  (as-tro-nes'thez), «.    [NL.,  irreg. 

<  darpov,  a  star,  +  ialli/c,  clothing.]  The  typical 
genus  of  fishes  of  the  family  Astronesthidw. 

Astronesthidae  (as-tro-nes'thi-de),  n.pl.   [NL., 

<  Astronesthes  +  -idte.]  A  family  of  iishes,  rep- 
resented by  the  genus  Astronesthes.  They  have  a 
claviform  body ;  the  supramaxillaries  as  well  as  intermax- 
illaries  enter  inU}  the  upper  arch  of  the  mouth ;  a  hyoid 
barbel  is  developed  ;  the  dorsal  fin  is  in  advance  of  the 
anal ;  and  there  is  iin  adipose  fin. 

astronomer  (as-tron'o-mer),  H.  [<  ME.  astron- 
omer, earlier  astrononiyer  (with  suffix  -er;  cf. 
astronomian),  <  L.  astrononiia :  see  astronomy 
and  -eel,  and  cf.  astrologer.]  1.  One  who  is 
versed  in  astronomy;  a  scientific  obsen'er  of 
the  stars;  a  student  of  the  laws  of  the  heav- 
enly bodies,  or  the  principles  by  which  their 
motions  are  regulated,  with  their  various  phe- 
nomena.—  2t.  An  astrologer:  as,  "astronomers 

foretell  it,"  Sliak:,  T.  and  C,  v.  1 Astronomer 

Royal,  the  official  title  of  the  astronomer  in  charge  of  any 
one  of  the  royal  observatories  of  Great  Britain,  especially 
of  the  Greenwich  observatory. 


astronomian 

astronomiant  (as-tro-no'mi-an),  n.  [<  ME.  as- 
tronomitii.  astronomytii,  <  OF.  astronomian  = 
Pr.  astronomian,  <  ML.  as  if  'astroiwmianus.  < 
L.  astronomia:  see  asfronomi/  and  -an.]  An 
astronomer;  any  one  having  knowledge  of  the 
stars. 
Arironomiam  came  from  the  East      Wyclif,  Mat.  ii.  1. 

astronomic  (as-tro-nom'ik),  a.  [=  F.  astrono- 
mique.  <  L.  astroiiomicus,  <  Gr.  aarpovo/iiKdr,  < 
acTfiomfiia,  astronomy.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
astronomy:  as.  astronomic  facts. 

astronomical  (as-tro-nom'i-kal),  a.  [<  astro- 
ii'imic  +  -al-'\  Pertaining  or  related  to  astron- 
omv :  connected  with  or  relating  to  astronomic 
observation  or  research — Astronomical  chronol- 
ogy isee  rArc!io/i.;;y.— Astronomical  clock,  ;i  fl.'ck 
which  keeps  sidereal  time.— Astronomical  column, 
day  horizon,  etc.  See  the  nomii.  —  Astronomical  lan- 
tern, a  lamp  harins  a  glass  or  |.ai.i-r  siri.ii  on  which  a 
celestial  map  is  .irawn.— Astronomical  signs,  the  signs 
of  the  zc^liac— Astronomical  rear,    .-cc  iitur. 

astronomically  (as-tio-nom'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  astronomical  manner ;  by  means  of  astron- 
omv.  or  according  to  astronomic  principles  or 
metliods. 

astronomicont  (as-tro-nom'i-kon),  n.  [<  Gr. 
ijrrjy-iou/sor.  neut.  of  aarpovo/iiKdg :  see  astro- 
tioiiiii:]     A  treatise  on  the  stars. 

astronomies  (as-tro-nom'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  as- 
tronomic: see -ics.'i    Astronomy. 

The  laws  of  Gravitation,  .Statics,  Acoustics,  Chemics. 
Optics,  Pneumatics,  ilagnetics,  A^trouomiof  .  .  .  are  all 
reducible  to  numerical  langu.ape. 

G.  D.  lioardman,  Creative  Week,  p.  310,  .\pp. 

astronomize  (as-tron'o-miz),  v.  i.;  pret.  and 
i>p.  astronomi:ed,  ppr.'  astronomizimj.  [<  Gr. 
aarf>ovofii^eiv,  study  astronomy,  be  an  astrono- 
mer, <  acr/wi'o/iof,  astronomer:  see  astronomy.'] 
To  study  astronomy;  apply  the  principles  of 
astronomy.     Also  spelled  astronomise. 

Thev  (tMtronomized  in  ca%'es. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ,  llor.,  ii.  7. 

astronomy  (as-tron'o-mi),  n.  [<  ME.  astrono- 
viie,  astronemie  (also  e'ontr.  astrony),  <  OF.  astro- 
nomic, <  L.  astronomia,  <  Gr.  aarpovouia,  astron- 
omy, <  aarpovduog,  an  astronomer,  lit.  '  star-ar- 
niiitring'  (with  ref.  to  classifying  or  mapping 
the  stars  or  constellations),  <  aarpov,  a  star,  -f- 
fiueiv,  distribute,  arrange:  see  nomc.']  1.  The 
science  which  describes  the  heavenly  bodies 
and  explains  their  apparent  motions,  etc.  That 
part  of  tlie  science  wliich  gives  a  descriptii)!!  of  the  nio- 
tiuns,  fljrnres,  periods  of  revolution,  and  other  phenomena 
of  the  heavenly  bodies  is  called  de^rriptivi'  axtriimitiiy:  that 
part  vvhicli  teaches  how  to  observe  tlieir  motions.  Hgures, 
IM.'riodical  revolutions,  distances,  etc..  and  how  to  use  the 
necessary  instnunents,  is  called  jtractical  nxtronomii ;  and 
tliat  part  which  explains  the  causes  of  their  ntotions,  and 
demonstrates  the  laws  by  which  those  causes  operate,  is 
lenned  jthyifical  (uttronomy. 
2t.  Astrological  skill. 

>'ot  from  the  stars  do  I  my  judgment  pluck, 
And  yet  raethinks  I  have  ajttrtfnowt/. 

S/iak.,  Sonnets,  xiv 

Nautical  astronomy.    See  nautical. 

Astropecten  ( as-tro-pek'ten),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

uTrpor.  star,  -t-  L.  jiictcn,  comb:  see  Pccten.']    A 

genus  of  starfishes,  typical  of  the  family  Astro- 

liirtiniilir. 

Astropectinidae   (as'tro-pek-tin'i-de),  n.  pi. 

I S  !>..<- IstriijHctcn  (-tin-)  +  -(</«■.]     A  family  of 

starli.shes,  t\'i>ified  by  the  genus  Astropcctcn . 

TIhv  have  a  doV<iI  skeleton  formed  <»f  raised  ossicles  and 

..-tii''^Nli;it  irregnlar,  the  teeth  saillant  from  tile  ventral 

'.tins,  no  fntertirachial  system,  and  the  ainbn. 

.1  and  conic.     The  family  includes  the  genera 

l.uidia.awil  CtritiiiltMcti^. 

astrophelt,  m.     Sec!  astrofel. 

Astrophiura  (as'tro-)i-u'rii),  n.     [NL.,  <  Or. 

■■\T,  +  Nr>.  Ojiltiura,  q.  v.]     A  genus 

IS  rcprcsiMiting  a  generalized  form, 

:  Iji-  family  .Istropliiiiri'la: 

Astrophiurldae  (as'tro-fl-u'ri-ilo),  «.;<?.    [NTj., 

-"    I   ''  ■ilnii  + -iilii'.'^    A  family  of  sanil-slnrs, 

'■  ",  typified  by  Aslroiiliinrn.  Thiy 

"|.*biiiroid  dink.  Irichidcd   In  a  pen- 

hrnail  inU-rbrachhil  cavity,  nndinln- 

t-v  hcplft  iHTiH-ndlciilar  to  the  rayB, 

•   ulihout  I.Mih. 

■  I   '  hy  fns'lro-fo-tog'ra-fi),  n. 

,  +  iiliolof/rriiili;/.']     Tli 

-i;i|ihy  to   tlie   delini'iitiim   or 

|MitH,  the   moon'H  disk,   tlie 

'  on.HlellatioMH,  and  to  otiier 


Oral  Skeleton  otAslro- 
fhylon.  an  ophiurian, 
seen  from  within. 

d,  d.  vertebral  or  axial 
ossicles  of  ray :  e.  inter- 
aiubiilacr.il  pieces ;  /, 
tonis  annularis;  h.  posi. 
lion  of  nervous  collar  ;  tn. 
'ates;  o,  pa- 


i),    «.       [< 

he  Hjipli- 


n  ni' 


r  (!iH'tr6-fo-tom'e-UT),  »i.     [< 
'   ■•■■'  f<xln--),  liglit,  +  ///>(«. r, 

'-r.]      i\  ilevire  (itii  ,1  1., 
Hi;  Iho  liriglilneHH  id'  j 

I  ro-fo-to-mot'ri-kiil ), 
■  ■   T    .    imiro]>liototn<'t«r  or   itH 


358 

tise ;  obtained  or  made  by  means  of  the  astro- 
photometer. 

astrophyllite  (as-tro-fil'it),  )i.  [<  Gr.  aarpov, 
a  star,  +  6i>./j)v.  a  leaf,  -1-  -ife-.']  A  mineral  of 
a  bronze-  or  gold-yellow  color  and  micaceous 
structure,  sometimes  fotmd  in  tabvlar  tricUnic 
crystals.  It  is  a  silicate  of  iron  and  manganese,  with 
potassium,  sodium,  and  also  some  titanimu.  It  is  found 
in  Norway  and  in  Colorado. 

astrophysical (as-tro-fiz'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  aarpov, 
star,  +  (piviKog,  physical:  see  physical.]  Per- 
taining to  astronomical  physics. 

We  need,  and  ought  to  have,  a  continuous  record  of  the 
state  of  the  solar  siu'face,  such  as  it  is  hoped  may  be  se- 
cured by  the  cooperation  of  the  uew  astrophimcal  observa- 
tories  at  Potsdam  and  Meudon. 

C.  A.  Younff,  The  Sun,  p.  166. 

astrophysics  (as'tro-fiz'iks),  n.  Astronomical 
jiliysies. 

Astrophytidse  (as-tro-fit'i-de),  n.})J.  [NL.,  < 
Astrophyton  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  ophiuriaus, 
of  the  order  Ophiuroidea,  containing  those  which 
have  branching  arms.  It  coiTesponds  to  the 
Euryoieir. 

Astrophyton  (as-trof'i-tou),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aarpov,  star.  -1-  piToy,  plant.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  famUy  Astrophytida:, 
containing  the  gorgon's- 
head,  basket-fish,  or  sea-bas- 
ket, Astrophyton  scidatum. 

Astrorhiza  (as-tro-ri'za),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aarpov,  star,  -1- 
p/Ca,  root.]  A  genus  of  fora- 
miniferous  rhizopods,  t^-pi- 
eal  of  the  family  Astrorhizi- 
d(E  and  the  subfamily  Astro- 
rhi:iu(c.  The  species  are  of 
considerable  size. 

Astrorhizidae  (as-tro-riz'i- 
de),  H.  pi.    [NL.,<  Astrorhi:a 

+  -ida:']     A  family  of  rhizo-   ^^^ ,.,,„,„ 

pods  with  the  test  invariably  perisionnai  pla 
composite,  usually  of  large  i»'>"e"i»"s. 
size  and  monothalamous,  often  branched  or 
ra<liate,  sometimes  segmented  by  constriction 
of  the  walls,  but  seldom  or  never  truly  septate. 
The  polythalamous  forms  are  never  symmetri- 
cal. 

Astrorhizinse   (as"tro-ri-zi'ne),  n.  pi.     [NTj.. 

<  Astrorlii::a  +  -iiia'.']  A  subfamily  of  Astrorhi- 
;:idir,  characterized  by  thick  walls  composed  of 
snnd  or  mud  but  slightly  cemented. 

astroscope  (as'tro-skop), ».  [<  Gr.  aarpov,  a  star, 
-1-  oKOTTuv,  viev/:  see  astroscopy.']  An  astro- 
nomical instrument  composed  of  two  cones  on 
the  surfaces  of  which  the  constellations  with 
their  stars  aro  delineated.  It  was  formerly 
used  as  a  substitute  for  the  celestial  globe. 

astroscopyt  (as-tros'ko-pi),  n.  [<  MGr.  aarpo- 
aKuma,  observation  of  the  stars,  <  Gr.  iarpov,  a 
star,  +  -BKonia,  <  cKoireiv,  view.]  Observation 
of  the  stars. 

astrotheology  (as"tr6-the-ol'o-ii),  n.  [<  Gr. 
aarpov,  u  star.  -I-  fto/ojia,' llieology :  see  thiol- 
oijy.']  Natural  theology  founded  on  the  obser- 
vation of  (he  celestial  bodies.     Dcrham. 

astructivet  (as-trnk'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  astructus, 
pp.  otastrucrc,  Imild  in  addition,  add  (<  ad,  to, 
-I-  strucre,  heap  up,  pile),  -t-  -ivc.  Cf.  distniv- 
lire.']  Buililing  up;  erecting;  constructive: 
opposed  to  ttistnirlivc. 

The  true  method  of  Christian  practice  is  flrstdcstructlvo, 

then  iW((ruc(tyc.  .  .  ,  "Cease  to  do  evil,  learn  to  dowell." 

lip.  Hall,  .Sermons,  Itom.  xll.  i. 

astrut  (a-strut'),  prrp.  phr.  as  «(?;'.  or  a.  [ME. 
iislnit,  iislruiit.  (inlnili,  o  strut,  on  siriif ;  (.a^  + 
sirii/.']     Strutting ;  pompous.     [Hare.] 

Inlluted  and  eutrut  with  self-conceit. 

Cmriirr,  Task,  v.  2as. 

astucious  (as-tii'shus),  a.  [<  F.  aslHCiru.r,  as- 
tute, <  iinluri,  astuteness,  <  L.  astiititi,  astute- 
ness, <  aslnliis,  astute:  see  astnlc]  Astute; 
Hiibtlo;  designing.     Also  spelled  ««/m/ii<im. 

Louis,  .  .  .  like  all  ajtlucioint  persons,  was  as  deNiroun 
of  looking  Into  tho  hcnrtjl  uf  others  us  of  concealing  his 
own.  .troll,  (juentln  Knrward,  Ix. 

astuciously  (ag-tu'slms-li),  adr.    Astutely. 

astucity  (uM-ti'i'si-ti),  n.  [<  asliici-oiis  +  -ly.] 
The  (piality  of  being  astute;  nHtuteness. 

WItli  (ulucilM,  with  swiftness,  witli  aiiilnelty. 

Carltilc,  Kreneh  Kcv.,  I.  I.  :t. 

aHtunt,  ''•  '•     Seo  aston. 

Astur  (us'tir),  H.  [\Aj.  aslur,  ML.  also  aslor, 
tnisliir,  etc.,  a  goshawk:  see  auslrinnrr.'j  A 
retiiiH  of  hawks,  foniierly  called  Htar-liiiwkH  or 
rnciHe-hawl(H,  now  goNliawks,  of  large  size,  with 
■-liort  rounded  wingH,  long  tail,  moderately  long 
legs,  and  the  Iieak  feHtooiied  lint  not  toothed. 
1  he  Kuropeall  Koshnwk  Is  A.  paluniltariiui ;  the  Amerltiin 


astylar 

is  A.  atricapiUus;  there  are  other  species,  grading  in  size 
down  to  the  species  of  Accipiter,  so  that  the  limits  of  the 


American  Goshawk  {Astur atrtcafillus). 

genus  are  indefinite.  The  word  has  been  used  with  nmeh 
latitude  for  various  hawks  and  hawk-like  birds.  Also 
spelled  Aster. 

Asturian  (as-tii'ri-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  Sp.  Astu- 
riano,  <  Asturias,  Asturia,  <  L.  Astiiria,  tho 
country  of  the  Astures,  in  Hispania  TaiTaeo- 
nensis,  <  Astur,  an  Asturian.  Cf.  Astura,  a  riv- 
er in  Astiu'ia,  now  the  £.</«.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  ancient  Asturia  or  modem  Asttirias,  a 
nortliwestern  province  of  Spain,  on  the  bay 
of  Biscay. 
II.  ".   A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Asturia. 

Asturina  (as-tu-ri'uil),  ».  [NL.,<  Astur  + 
-f/irt,]  A  genus  of  comparatively  small  Amer- 
ican hawks,  of  the  buteonine  division,  the  adults 
of  which  have  somewhat  the  pattern  of  plumage 
of  the  goshawks,  to  which,  however,  they  are 
not  specially  related :  synonj-mous  with  Astit- 
risca  (Sundevall,  1872).  One  species,  A.  plaijiata, 
occurs  in  the  United  States,  and  there  are  several  others 
in  the  warmer  parts  of  America. 

Asturinae  (as-tii-ri'ne),  n.jd.  [NL.,  <  Astur  + 
-iiKr.]  A  subfamily  or  other  group  of  hawks 
ha\iug  the  genus  Js^Hr  as  its  central  figure: 
synonjTuous  with  Accipitrina:  The  name  is  used 
\vith  great  latitude,  and  is  incapable  of  exact  dellnition. 
In  Sundevall's  classification,  for  example,  it  is  a  family  of 
liis  ilanerofiarpages,  more  than  coextensive  with  Falco- 
V  iiia\ 

asturine  (as'ter-in),  a.  and  ».  [<  NTj.  astnri- 
iius:  see  Aslur  and  -iiii'^.]  I.  it.  Like  or  lik- 
ened to  a  hawk,  especially  of  the  geuus  Astur; 
acemitrine. 

II.  H,   An  American  hawk  of  tho  genus  As- 
tiiriim. 

Asturisca  (as-tu-ris'ka),  n.  [NL.,  <  Astur  + 
(lini.  -(«■".]     Same  as  Astiiriuo. 

astute    (as-tiit'),    <i.     [<    L.   iistiitus,    cunning, 

crafty,  <  iistus,  cunning,  craft.]     Of  keen  poue- 

tration  or  discernment;  cimning;  sagacious. 

That  axtutt;  little  lady  of  Curzon  Street.  Tliackfrai/. 

Mighty  clever  you  gentlemen  think  you  are !    .    .    . 

Acute  and  a.^tute,  why  aro  yon  not  also  (uuniscient? 

Cliarlutte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xx. 
-Syn.  .Snoacioii^,  Saffe,  Knowinri,  Astiiie,  Siihlle.  Saga- 
cioiin  ami  iiaffe  are  used  only  in  good  senses,  and  when  ap- 
jilied  to  persons  generally  suggest  the  wisdom  of  age  or 
experience.  The  knawintr  man  has  wide  knowledge  and 
often  penetration.  The  word  knon'intj  has  also  a  humor- 
ous cast:  as,  he  gave  me  a  knowimi  wink;  it  may  lie  used 
ironically:  as,  he  is  a  little  too  kiwwinir,  tliat  is,  he  thitdis 
he  knows  more  than  he  docs:  it  may  be  used  of  knowing 
more  than  mie  has  a  right  to  linow  ;  it  stmictimes  suggests 
a  disposition  to  make  ill  use  ol  l\llo^^  ledge :  as,  a  ktiiantiij 
leer.  .-iKliile  is  often  the  same  its  .sa</(Tcu)i/.v,  but  is  sns. 
ceptible  of  an  unfavorabio  sense  in  the  direction  of  a  nar- 
row shrewdness,  slyness,  or  cunning ;  it  often  means  a 
Kaiiaciltt  that  knows  how  to  he  silent;  it  Is  frequently  ap- 
lilied  to  looks.  Sidtlle,  in  its  gooil  sense.  imi)lles  gl-eat 
ncutencss,  delicacy,  or  relllU'incnt  in  mentul  action;  as,  a 
utihtte  reasoner.     For  its  bad  sense,  see  eunniiui. 

Anolbcr  cit'ect  of  public  instability  is  the  unrcasonablo 
udvaotiigc  it  gives  to  the  sat/iiriimy,  the  enterprising,  and 

the! lied  few,  over  the  industrious  and  uninforiued  niasa 

of  the  Jieople.  .1.  Ilaiiiitliiii,  Keilelalist,  No.  (12. 

Let  time,  that  makes  ymi  lnunely,  make  you  .snije, 

J'arnell,  To  an  Did  lleauty,  I.  .'Ifi. 

Not  every  one,  knomnD  as  ho  amy  be,  knows  when  Ills 

i|Ucsti(Mi  is  answered.  Alcoll,  Table-Talk,  p.  84. 

No  anibiutsadors  to  Western  Courts  were  so  iuKtrncted, 

so  dec<)rous,  so  proud,  so  antule  as  the  Venetian  anibas* 

sadors.  /).  <l.  Milchill,  llonnil  Together,  II. 

A  tiublle  disputant  on  creedM. 

Bifyi'ii,  .Nap<iIeon  Ilouapart^\ 

astutely  (as-tut'li),  adv.    In  an  astute  manner ; 
slirewillv;  Hliarjily;  cunninglv. 
astuteness  (us-lui.'nes),  n.     fhe  (luality  of  be- 
ing astiito  ;  cunning;  shrewdness. 

All  so  sinoolb  and  fair, 
l-'ven  Paul's  anUitcncHn  Biillletl  no  barm  1*  the  worht 

Brownini],  IMng  and  Hook,  1.  HI*. 

astylar  (a-stl'ljlr),  a.  [<  Or.  o(7ri'/lof,  without 
pillais  or  coliiiiinH  (<  a-  priv.  +  irn'^nr,  a  col- 
iiiiin  :  Hoo  alylv-),  +  •((»■. J     In  «rc/i.,  having  no 

eoliinins. 


astyllen  359 

astyllent  (as-til'en),  «.  [E.  dial.;  etym.  ob-  aswought,  '"J"-  or  a.,  orig.  p.  a.  [ME.,  also 
genre.]  A  small  temporaiy  dam  or  partition,  asivoyh,  iiawmvc,  iswoice,  iswo^e,  <  AS.  f/eswd{/e7t, 
made  either  of  branches  or  twigs  interlaced,  or  senseless,  swooned  (ef.  gtisioOf/iiru/,  swooning), 
perhaps  sometimes  of  a  simple  piece  of  board,  pp.  of  swof/an,  overgrow,  choke :  see  sxiiouijh.'] 
and  used  either  to  check  the  flow  of  water     In  a  swoon ;  aswoon. 

under  ground  or  to  separate  ore  from  refuse  or  aswoundt,  ]irep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  a^   + 
attle  on  the  sui-faee.     [Eng.]  smound  for  smoon  :  see  swmmd,  and  cf.  aswoon, 

asunder  (a-siin'der),  prep. /'/«'.  as  «(?«.     [<  ME.     asioooned.']     In  a  swoon  ;  aswoon. 
a  smidir,  "o  sunder,  on  sunder,  etc.,  <  AS.  on  sun-  asylet  (a-sil'),  n.     [<  ME.  asUe,  <  F.  asilc,  <  L. 
<Zrn»,  apart:  see  ((3  and  i'i(«ffcj'.]     1.  In  or  into     asi/him:  i^co  (isi/lum.'\     An  o\d  toi-m  ot  asylum. 
a  position  apart;  apart  or  separate,  either  in  asylum  (a-si'lum),  n.     [<  L.  asijlum,  a  sanctu- 

"  position  or  in  direction :  said  of  two  or  more     ary,  asyliun,  <  Gr.  aavlov,  an  asylum,  neut.  of 


asystaton 

applied  to  those  unios  or  river-mussels  which 
have  the  hinge  free  and  the  valves  consequently 
movable,  as  is  usual  in  the  genus  Unio.  Dr. 
Isaac  Lea. 
asymptote  (as'im-tot),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  aavii- 
TTTuTor,  not  close,  not  falling  together,  <  a-  priv. 
+  a'uv,  together,  +  nTuTdr,  falling,  apt  to  fall,  < 


things :  as,  wide  as  the  poles  asunder 

The  vanguard  and  rear-guard  svi-ru  al)uve  half  a  league 
aeuTukr,  with  the  cavalgada  betwuen  them. 

Irvitui,  (-Jranada,  p.  7S. 

2.  In  or  ioto  a  divided  state;  into  separate 
parts ;  in  pieces :  as,  to  tear,  rend,  break,  biu'st, 
or  cut  asunder. 

The  Lord  .  .  .  hathcutmunderthecordsof  the  wicked. 

Ps.  cx.\ix.  4. 
What  a  plae:uing  thing  it  is  to  have  a  man's  mind  torn 
asunder  by  two  projects  of  equal  strength. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  31. 

Ties  the  strongest,  influences  the  sweetest,  seem  falling 

asunder  as  smoking  Hax.        R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  405. 

3.  Separately;  apart.     [Archaic] 

It  was  impossible  to  know  them  asunder, 

Defoe,  Plague,  p.  264. 

asura  (as'o-ra),  n.  [<Skt.  «««;•«,  spiritual ;  as 
a  noun,  a  spirit,  later  a  demon  (Hind,  asur); 
<  ■\/  as,  be,  with  which  are  connected  E.  am,  are  : 
see  be,  ens.'}  In  Hindu  mi/thol.,  one  of  a  class 
of  demons  in  perpetual  hostility  to  the  gods : 
parallel  to  a  Titan  or  an  afrit. 

aswail  (as'wal),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The  native  name 
of  the  sloth-bear  of  India,  Mclursus  or  Prochilus 


Aswail,  or  Sloth  bear  {Prachtlus  latiiatus). 

lahiatus.     it  is  an  uncouth,  unwieldy  animal,  with  very 
long  black  hair,  and  inoffensive  when  not  attacked.    Owing 
to  its  exceeding  sensitiveness  to  heat,  it  confines  itself  to 
its  den  during  the  day.    It  never  eats  vertebrate  animals 
except  when  pressed  by  hunger,  its  usual  diet  consisting 
of  roots,  bees'  nests,'  grubs,  snails,  ants,  etc.    Its  flesh  is 
used  for  food,  and  its  fat  is  highly  v.alued  for  tlie  lubrica- 
tion of  the  delicate  steel-work  in  gun-locks.    When  cap- 
tmed  young  it  is  easily  tamed,  and  can  be  taught  to  per- 
form many  cmious  tricks. 
aswarm  (a-swarm'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.    [< 
o3  -f-  swarm.'i     In  a  swarm;  swarming. 
Carnival-time, — another  providence  ! 
The  town  a-swarm  with  strangers. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  73. 
aswasht,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [Early  mod. 
E.,  also  aswasshe,  a  sosshe,  ashosshe;  <  a3  -l- 
*swash,  of  obscure  origin.]  Slantingly;  aslant ; 
oblique ;  (of  looking)  askant  and  vrith  scorn. 
Cotgrave. 
aS'Way  {a-swa,'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a^ 
+  swai/.']  In  a  swaying  state ;  rocking  from 
side  to  side. 

aS'Wevet,  "•   '•     [ME.  asweven,   stupefy,  <  AS. 
dswebban,  soothe,  still,  put  to  death,  <  a-,  in- 
tensive,  +  swebban,  put  to  sleep,   <   swefan, 
sleep:  see  sweven.^     To  stupefy,  as  by  terror. 
So  astonyed  and  asweved. 
Was  every  vei-tu  in  my  heved. 

Chaiieer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  549. 

aswim  (a-s-wim'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [< 

u'i  +  swi'm.']    Swimming;  overflo-wing ;  afloat. 

as'Wing  (a-s'wing'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [< 

((3  -t-  swing.']  In  a  swinging  state ;  asway. 
aS'WOOn  {Si-svio-a'),  prep.  phr.  a,s  adv.  ot:  a.  [< 
ME.  aswoun,  asicown,  aswoune,  aswowne,  also  a 
swoune,  on  swoune,  in  sicoune,  taken,  as  in  mod. 
E.,  as  prep,  with  noun  («3  +  swoon),  but  origi- 
nating in  asu'owen  for  iswowen,  the  fuller  form 
oiasvjoive,  iswowe,  orig.  pp.:  see  aswough.  Cf. 
aslope,  alighfi.~\     In  a  swoon. 

And  with  this  word  she  fell  to  ground 
Aswoon.  Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  iv. 

Because  I  fell  aswoon, 
I  think  you'll  do  the  like. 
Rtihlii  Hood  and  the  Becigar,  in  Child's  Ballads,  V.  203. 

aS'WOOned  (a-swbnd'),  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME.  a- 
swoned,  iswnuned,  occasional  var.  of  asiooune, 
etc. ;  see  aswoon  and  aswound.~i     Aswoon. 


aavXof,  safe  from  ■violence,  <  a-  priv.  +  ai'Ar/, 
also  aii'Aoi',  a  right  of  seizure,  perhaps  related 
to  aiiv2,ov  z=  L.  spolium,  spoil:  see  spoil.]  1.  A 
sanctuary  or  place  of  refuge  where  criminals 
and  debtors  formerly  sought  shelter  from  jus- 
tice, and  from  which  they  could  not  be  taken 
without  sacrilege. 

So  sacred  w.as  the  church  to  some  that  it  had  the  right 
of  an  asylmn  or  siuictuary.  AytiJ/'e,  Parergoiu 

Hence  —  2.  In-violable  shelter ;  protection  from 
pursuit  or  arrest ;  seciuity  of  the  person :  as, 
the  right  of  asylum,  that  is,  of  furnishing  such 
protection.  Most  Grecian  temples  had  anciently  this 
right,  and  the  custom,  following  Jewish  analogies,  pjxssed 
into  the  Christian  church.  From  the  fotu'th  century 
the  churches  had  widely  extended  rights  of  asylum,  but 
modern  legislation  has  nearly  everywhere  ended  the  cus- 
tom. (See  sanctuary.)  In  internatiomtl  law,  the  right 
of  asylum  was  formerly  claimed  for  the  houses  of  ambixs- 
sadors.  The  term  now  speciflcally  signifies  the  right  of 
one  state  to  receive  and  shelter  persons  accused  of  crimes, 
or  especially  of  political  offenses,  committed  in  another. 
See  extradition. 
3.  Any  place  of  retreat  and  security. 

Earth  has  no  other  asylum  for  them  than  its  own  cold 
bosom.  Sout'.ey. 

Specifically — 4.  .An  institution  for  receiving, 
maintaining,  and,  so  far  as  possible,  ameliorat- 
ing the  condition  of  persons  suffering  from 
bodily  defects,  mental  maladies,  or  other  mis- 
fortunes: as,  an  orphau-(i«(/i«?»/  an  asylum  for 
the  blind,  for  the  insane,  etc. ;  a  magdalen 
asylutn. 

asymbolia  (as-im-bo'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  -I-  ijl'fiih?Mv,  symbol.]      Same  as  asemia. 

asymmetralt  (a-sim'e-tral),  a.  Same  as  asytn- 
metroiis. 

asymmetric  (as-i-met'rik),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv. 
(a,.l8)  +  symmetric.  Cf.  asymmetrous.']  Desti- 
tute of  symmetry;  not  symmetrical. 


Asym- 
metric system,  in  'crystal.,  same  as  trieUnic  system 
so  called  from  the  fact  that  the  crystals  belonging  to  it  are  aSynartete  (a-sin'ar-tet),  a. 


/W 


without  a  plane  of  symmetry.    See  crystallography. 

Many  substances  contain  an  asymmetric  carbon  atom, 
but  are  uiiticully  inactive.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  314. 

asymmetrical  (as-i-met'ri-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
-pr'vi.  (a-^^)  + symmetrical.  Ct  asymmetric]  1. 
Not  symmetrical ;  unsymmetrical. 

In  some  Cetacea,  the  hones  about  the  region  of  the  nose 
are  unequally  developed,  and  the  skull  becomes  asxjmmet- 
rical.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  30. 

2t.  In  math.,  not  having  commensurability ; 
incommensurable. — 3.  Inharmonious;  not  re- 
concilable.    Boyle.     [Rare.] 

asymmetrically  (as-i-met'ri-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
asymmetric  manner ;  without  symmetry. 

asymmetroUSt  (a-sim'e-trus),  a.      [<  Gr.  iervfi- 
fieTpoc,  incommensurable,  disproportionate,  <  a- 
priv.  +  ahiifieTpoQ,  commensurate:  see  symmet- 
ric]       1.      Incommensu- 
rate ;  incommensurable. — 
2.  Asymmetrical. 
Also  asymmetral. 

asymmetry  (a-sim'e-tri), 
n. ;  pi.  asymmetries  _(-triz). 
[<  Gr.  dav/iuerpia,  incom- 
mensurability, dispropor- 
tion, <  aaii/iiiFTpo^:  see  asym- 
metrous. Cf.  symmetry.]  1. 
Want  of  symmetry  or  pro- 
portion. 

In  the  Flat-flshes  (Pleuronec- 
tida;),  the  skull  becomes  so  com- 
pletely distorted  tluit  the  two 
eyes  lie  on  one  side  of  the  body. 
.  .  In  certain  of  these  fishes, 
the  rest  of  the  skull  and  facial 
hones,  the  spine,  and  even  the 
limbs,  partake  in  this  asymme- 
try. Huxley,  Anat.  Vert., p.  30. 
2+.  The  want  of  a  com- 
mon measure  between  two 
quantities ;  incommensu- 
rability. Barrow. 
asympiiynote  (a-sim'fi- 
not),  a.  [<  Gr.  o-  pnv. 
((,.18)  -f-  si/mphynote.]  Not 
soldered  together  at  the  back,  that  is,  at  the 
hinge :  the  opposite  of  symphynote  (which  see) : 


af>,  ab.  Asymptotes. 


ixiiTTtiv,  fall;  cf.  rv/jTriiTTeiv,  fall  together,  meet.] 
I.  a.  In  math.,  approaching  indefinitely  close, 
as  a  line  to  a  curve,  but  never  meeting.  See  II. 
II.  n.  A  straight  line  whose  distance  from  a 
curve  is  less  than  any  assignable  quantity,  but 
which  does  not  meet  the  curve  at  any  finite  dis- 
tance from  the  origin.  The  asymptote  is  often  de- 
fined as  the  tangent  to  the  curve  at  an  infinite  distance, 
and  this  definition  answers  for  Kuclidean  space ;  but,  in 
view  of  non-Euclidean  hypotheses,  it  is  preferable  to  de- 
fine it  as  a  common  chord  of  the  curve  and  the  absolute 
(which  see),  and  thus  as  not  necessarily  a  tangent. 

asymptotic  (as-im-tot'ik),  a.  Same  as  asymp- 
totical. 

asymptotical  (as-im-tot'i-kal),  a.  [<  asymp- 
totic +  -al.]  Belonging  to  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  an  asymptote ;  approaching  indefinite- 
ly near,  but  never  meeting. 

In  these  perpetual  lines  and  curves  ran  the  asymptotical 
negotiation  from  beginning  to  end  —  and  so  it  might  have 
mn  for  two  centuries  withotit  hope  of  coincidence. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  45.5. 

Asymptotical  lines  or  curves,  lines  or  curves  which 
aiipri'a(  h  iii'klinitely  close,  Imt  never  meet. 
asymptotically  (as-im-tot'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
asymptotical  maimer ;  in  a  maimer  so  as  gradu- 
ally to  approach  indefinitely  near,  though  never 
to  meet. 

The  theory  is  not  a  thing  complete  from  the  first,  but  a 
thing  which  grows,  as  it  were,  asymptotically  towards 
certainty.  Tyndall. 

The  curve  approaches  .  .  .  asymptotically. 

G.  M.  Minchin,  Statics,  1. 180. 

[<  Gr.  acvvdpTTiTo^, 


Asymmetry  of  Skull 
Plaice  l,PlatfSSa  ^'ulga- 
ris  [,  from  almve.  (The  uot- 
ted  line  a  *  is  the  true  mor- 
phological median  line.) 

Or,  Or,  position  of  the  two 
eyes  in  their  orbits:  £tji, 
ethmoid  ;  Pr/.  prefrontal ; 
Ar,  left,  and  /•>!,  right 
frontal ;  Pn.  parietal ;  SO, 
supra-occipital :  f/0,  epi- 
otic. 


not  united,  disconnected,  of  differing  meters, 
<  a-  priv.  +  *avvdpT7]Toi;  (cf.  cvvdprr/ai^,  a  junc- 
tion), verbal  adj.  of  avvaprdv,  hangup  with,  con- 
nect, <  civ,  together,  -I-  dprdv,  join,  fasten,  re- 
lated to  apBpov,  joint,  L.  artus,  joint,  etc. :  see 
arthritic,  article,  «/•»(!,  etc.]  1.  Disconnected; 
not  fitted  or  adjusted.— 2.  In  anc.  pros.:  (a) 
With  interior  catale.xis  at  the  end  of  a  colon; 
procatalectic  or  dicatalectic:  as,  an  asynartetic 
verse,  meter,  or  period.  (6)  Composed  of  cola 
of  different  kinds  of  feet;  episynthetic.  [Used 
in  this  latter  sense  {b)hy  most  modern  writers  since  Bent- 
ley,  the  former  sense  (a),  however,  being  restored  by  some 
writers  in  accordance  with  ancient  authority.]  Also  asyn- 
artetic. , 

assmchronism  (a-sin'kro-nizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  a- 
priv.  (a-18)  -t-  synchronism.]  Want  of  synchro- 
nism or  correspondence  in  time. 

asynchronous  (a-sin'kro-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  (a-18)  -f  synchronous.]  Not  coinciding 
in  time. 

asyndetic  (as-Ln-det'ik),  a.  [<  asyndeton  -{■  -ic] 
Pcrtnining  to  or  characterized  by  asyndeton. 

asyndeton  (a-sin'de-ton),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  daiv- 
dtTov,  asyndeton,  neut.  of  daivdeToc,  uncon- 
nected, without  conjunction,  <  d-  priv.  +  aivde- 
Toc,  boimd  together,  <  cvvSciv,  bind  together,  < 
ciiv,  together,  -\-  de'iv,  bind.]  In  rhet.,  a  figure 
of  speech  consisting  in  the  omission  of  connec- 
tives, as  in  the  following  passage : 

Heal  the  sick,  cleanse  the  lepers,  raise  the  dead,  cast 
out  devils.  Mat.  x.  8. 

It  is  the  opposite  of  polysyndeton,  which  is  a  multiplica- 
tion of  connectives. 

asyntactic  (as-in-tak'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dairvTatcrog, 
not  ranged  together,  ungrammatical  (<  d-  priv. 
-t-  auvranToc,  verbal  adj.  of  aviTdcciw.  put  in 
order  together:  see  syntax),  +  -ic]  Loosely 
put  together;  irregular;  ungrammatical.  jV. 
KD. 

asystatont  (a-sis'ta-ton),  «.  [<  Gr.  devaraToc, 
incoherent,  incongi'uous,  <  d-  priv.  4-  aiaTaroc, 
verbal  adj.  of  tm-iGrdvat,  hold  together,  <  aiv, 
■with,  -t-  icrdvai,  cause  to  stand,  mid.  'laraadai, 
stand.]  The  sophism  of  the  liar  (which  see,  un- 
der liar).    Fonuerly  erroneously  assistation. 


asystaton 

Asttitatim  [aivitalon^  is  a  kind  of  caviling  not  consist- 
j^,...-  -Ti.  iiirt  ground,  as  if  amansiiould  say  that  he  doth 
-,    "  "'  -_  or  lyeth  or  knoweth  notlling,  another  by 

cavii  thereof  in  this  sort.  Ergo,  He  that 
j  ■  -ace  speaketh,  he  that  lyeth  saith  truth,  he 

tkii  Kno»  eth  nothing  knoweth  something.     Jllunderillt. 

asystole  (a-sis'to-le),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  o-  priv.  + 
avcro/Ji,  systole.]  In  pathol,  that  condition 
in  which  a  dilated  and  enfeebled  heart  remains 
coDtinuouslv  filled  with  blood  on  account  of  the 
inability  of  the  left  ventricle  to  discharge  more 
than  a  small  part  of  its  contents.  Also  called 
asiistolism. 

asystolic  (as-is-tol'ik),  a.  [<  asystole  +  -tc.j 
Ptrtaining  to  asystole ;  characterized  by  or  af- 
fected with  asvstole. 

asystolism  (a-sis'to-lizm),  n.  [<  asystole  + 
-I../H.]     ^ume  SiS  asystole. 

asyzygetic  (a-siz-i-jet'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
(o-lS)  +  sy:ygetic.2  Not  connected  by  a  syzy- 
getic  relation. 

at  ( at),  prep.  [<  ME.  at,  sometimes  att,  atte,  et, 
<  AS.  (Et=:OS.  a<  =  OFries.  et  (in  combination 
also  at,  it)  =  OHG.  a::  =  Icel.  at,  mod.  atli  =  Sw. 
df  =  Dan.  a<f=  Goth.  at  =  lj.ad  (>It.  «  =  Sp.  d 
_  pg.  a  =F.  a),  to,  at,  =  Skt.  dillii,  unto,  on. 
This°prep.  is  most  nearly  equiv.  to  to,  without 
the  orig.  implication  of  motion.  In  many  con- 
structions the  two  prepositions  interchange. 
In  manv  E.  dialects  at  has  partly,  and  in  Seand. 
has  wh'ollv,  displaced  to,  while  on  the  other 
hand  in  6".  to  (r«)  has  wholly  ilisplaced  at.  In 
L.  and  Rom.  the  form  cognate  with  at  covers 
all  the  uses  of  to  as  well  as  of  at,  and  extends 
partlv  over  the  field  of  i(i7/i.]  A  preposition 
of  extremely  various  use,  primarily  meaning 
to,  without 'implication,  in  itself,  of  motion. 
It  expresses  position  attained  liy  motion  to,  and  heme 
contact,  contiplitv,  or  coincidence,  actual  or  approxi- 
niate,  in  space  or  time.  Being  less  restricted  as  to  rela- 
tive position  than  other  prepositions,  it  may  in  different 
constructions  assume  their  ottlce,  and  so  become  equiva- 
lent, according  to  the  context,  to  in,  on,  tiear,  by,  about, 
undfT,  over,  through,  from,  to.  toicard.  etc. 

1.  Of  simple  local  position  :  (a)  With  verbs  of 
rest  (6e,  lice,  etc):  In,  on,  near,  by,  etc,  ac- 
cording to  the  context:  denoting  usually  a 
place  conceived  of  as  a  mere  point:  as,  at  the 
center,  at  the  top,  at  the  corner,  at  the  end, 
at  the  ne.xt  station,  at  the  bend  of  tlie  river,  at 
the  north  pole,  at  No.  48  Main  street,  etc.  So 
with  names  of  towns,  etc.:  as,  at  Stratford,  at  Lexington. 
etc. ;  but  if  the  city  is  of  great  size  in  is  coniriicnily  umiI  ; 
as,  in  London,  in  Paris,  in  Kew  York ;  unless,  agiiin,  tin'  i  ily 
is  conceived  of  as  a  mere  geographical  point:  as,  our  Ilnun- 
cial  interests  center  at  New  York.  The  place  implied  by  at 
may  Ije  left  indeterminate,  with  a  reference  rather  to  con- 
dition than  to  mere  location:  as,  at  school,  at  college,  at 
court,  at  sea,  etc.  At  may  also  express  personal  proxim- 
ity :  as,  at  one's  side,  at  one's  heels,  at  one's  elbow,  etc. 
At  haiul,  near  by,  has  lost  its  personal  reference. 

1  don't  believe  there's  a  circulating  library  in  liatli  1 
ha'nt  been  at.  S/ifridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  'J. 

Mnley  Abul  Hassan,  at  the  head  of  a  powerful  f.ircc. 
hail  hurried  from  Granada.  Irving/,  Granada,  i».  'if'. 

He  (Don  Juan  dc  Veral  was  armed  at  all  points,  gal- 
lantly mounted,  and  followed  by  a  moderate  but  well-ap- 
pointed retinue.  Jrrin;/,  Granada,  p.  10. 
(ft)  With  verbs  of  motion:  (1)  Througli,  by  (im- 
plying a  starting-point  or  a  point  where  a  thing 
enters  or  departs):  as,  to  enter  at  the  window, 
to  go  out  at  the  back  door.  (2)  From  (imply- 
ing a  source  from  which  a  thing  comes  f>r  where 
it  is  sought):  as,  to  receive  ill  treatment  at 
their  hand.s.  (.'})  To,  toward  (ini]>lying  a  stop- 
ping-point, a  position  att;iine(l  or  aimed  at): 
as,  to  como  at,  to  get  at,  to  iiini  iil,  fire  at,  shoot 
at,  drive  at,  point  at,  look  at,  sliout  at,  reach 
at,  snatch  at,  clutch  at,  etc. ;  also  be  at  when 
it  implies  effort  directed  toward  a  thing. 

h'o  doubt  but  they  will  ftoorie  answer  that  all  these 
UUu||i  they  seekc  at  Hod'H  liniirlK. 

Milton,  Oel.  of  Humb.  ItemonstrnnlM. 

Thtre  ll  no  way  of  coming  at  a  true  tlu'i,ry  of  mn-U'Xv 

but  bv  ln<|ulrtnK  Into  the  nature  of  lis  i'oni|H>nent  Inrll- 

»l.lu«l<  //.  .S/iriu-rr,  .Social  Statk»,  p.  ■•». 

wtmi  ><iri  ran  ilrlvcof,  unlcM  yon  nu;nn  to  rpiarrel  with 

inc.  I  i  .thii'.t  conceive  I  Stirriilan,  The  KlvnU,  Iv,  :*. 

In  4plte  of  his  former  submlMlotiR  and  prondses,  l.atl- 

mer  »iu  at  It  again. 

IL  »'.  niton,  IIJ«t.  Church  of  Kng.,  III. 
WliolHit  llrnry  r*,iil(|  have  iM-cnawnreof  what  his  fathi-r 
mtall  June  Aunlrn.  Northnngir  Abbey,  p.  17'1 

3.  Of  eir.M  •. -I  .,.i;,,i  pnsition,  state,  condition, 
inannor,  nt,  elc,  in  a  great  vnriely 

of  relftli  pi-d  from   the  Im'al   Hense: 

M,  nt  ilirimr,  ,il  play,  nl  work,  at  Her\'iio,  ol 
riffhl  angloB, «/  full  length,  at  oiIiIh,  at  cnHi-,  nl 
w»r,  at  jn'acc,  at  will,  at  pleasure,  at  discretion, 
etc. 
Thej  \H  her  go«  at  will,  and  wander  wnloa  nnkiiowro' 
Sl^nMT,  r.q..  I.  vlll.  <ii 
I  hairo  bronithi  you  a  new  nong  will  make  you  latinh, 
TYioiifch  you  wcr«  at  your  prayem. 

FIttchrr  (and  anatlur),  FiUc  One,  I.  1. 


360 


ataxia 


KeallT.  sir,  you  have  the  advantage  of  me:— I  don't  re-  ataman  (at'a-man),  h.  [Russ.  rtfomnHi)  =  Pol. 
memberevertohavehad  the  honour— my  name  is  S.iun-  ataman,  also  hetman  :  see  hetman.'\  Same  as 
derson,  at  your  service.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  y  ■>  ' 


Success  would  place  a  rich  town  at  their  mercy. 

Jn'intj,  Granada,  p.  35. 


hetman. 

Any  member  could  \>e  chosen  chief  of  his  kurin,  and 
any  chief  of  a  knren  could  be  chosen  .itamdn. 

Russia,  p.  35ii. 


D.  .M.  irn»a<-. 


The  ship  in  which  he  (Goldsmith]  had  tal  >n  his  passage 
hartnggotafair»indvvWlehew;ui«(apartyofpk^^^^^^^     atamaSCO   (at-a-mas'ko),  H.     [Amer.  Ind.]    An 
had  sailed  without  lum.  j/dCrtHir/v,  Goldsmith,   ww"*""'"^"    \       ..      ,     ,,     "         ,      ^      '^     i  tj 

"•^  amarvlhdaceous  bulbous  plant,  Zcphyranthes 

3.  Of  relative  position :  implj-ing  a  point  in  an  Atam'asco,  of  the  southern  United  States,  ivith  a 
actual  or  possible  series,  and  hence  used  of  de-  jow  scape  bearing  a  single  white,  lily-like  flower, 
gree,  price,  time,  order,  occasion,  etc.:  as,  at  atamasco-Uly  (at-a-mas'ko-lil'i),  'n.  Same  as 
the  beginning,  rtt  the  third  house  from  the  cor-     atama.<co.  "  * 

ner,  «f  nine  years  of  age,  o<  seventy  degrees  in  ataraxia   (at-a-rak'si-a),   n.      [<  Gr.  iiTapaiia, 


the  shade,  at  four  doUars  a  yard,  at  ten  cents  a 
pound,  at  half  past  six,  at  midnight,  at  first,  at 
last,  etc. 
I'll  take  them  «(  your  own  price. 

.Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

At  present,  if  you  please,  we'll  drop  the  subject. 

S/wridan,  The  Duenna,  i.  3. 

In  passing  tlirough  the  .gate  of  Klvira,  however,  he  ac- 
cidentally broke  his  lance  against  the  arch.  At  this,  cer- 
tain of  his  nobles  turned  pale,  for  they  regarded  it  as  an 
evil  omen.  Irvimi,  Granada,  p.  lOii. 


almness,  <  arapaKTOQ,  calm,  impassive,  <  li-priv. 
+  rapanrdc,  verbal  adj.  of  raiiaaam;  disturb.] 
Freedom  from  the  passions ;  calmness  of  mind ; 
stoical  indifference :  a  term  used  by  the  Stoics 
and  Skeptics. 

Their  atayaxia  and  freedom  from  pa.«sioimte  disturb- 
ances. Glanvillt',  Seep.  Sci. 

Gotama's  Ataraxia  is  supreme  and  utter  immobility. 
The  mystic  quietism  which  determines  nothing,  denies 
nothing.  J.  Owen,  Evenings  with  Skeptics,  I.  41G. 


.  „    .    .,       ,    .        ..       ...  ataraxy  (at  a-rak-si),  )t.     Same  as  ataraxia. 

(In  all  uses,  especially  in  those  last  mentioned,  a(  is  very   „+_„*„/,.    *     "  rAtF.     <  i)V   nintter   <  n- +  Initrr 
frequent  in  idiomatical  phrases:  as,  at  all,  at  most,  ut  atastet,  I-  t-     l^i^.,  \  ^jr  .  ajti.stei ,  \  a    -r  ra^it), 


frequent 

tea^t,  at  lagt.  at  length,  at  awi  rate,  at  litake,  at  one,  at 

once,  at  lar^je,  at  pre.sent,  etc.,  for  which  see  the  principal 

words,  all.nwftt,  lea)tt,  etc.] 

4t.  With  the  infinitive :  To. 

Faire  gan  him  pray 

At  ride  thurjh  liigland. 

Minut,  Poems  (ed.  Ritson),  p.  40. 

(Now  only  dialectal,  but  common  in  Middle  English,  and 
the  regular  use  in  Scandinavian,  to  which  the  English  use 
is  due.  A  relic  of  this  use  remains  in  ado,  originally  at 
do.     See  ado.) 

'at  (at),  2'ron.  and  cotij.     An  obsolete  and  dia- 
lectal fonn  of  that. 

at-1.     [ME.  at-,  <  AS.  wt-,  being  the  prep,  wt, 
E.  at,  in  eomp.  with  a  verb  (with  the  accent  on 
the  verb)  or  with  derivatives  of  a  verb  (with  the 
accent  on  the 
origin,  meaning 

Middle  English,  but  now  obsolete.  A  relic  of  it 
remains  in  twit,  originally  at-tcite.  In  atone,  the  at-  is  not 
properly  a  prefix,  but  is  the  prcposititni  mei-ged  with  its 
ubject. 

at-'-^.  [L.  at-,  assimilated  form  of  ad-  before  t;  ata'vism  (at'a-^^zm),  n.  [=  F.  atarisiiir,  <  L 
in  OF.  and  ME.  reg.  reduced  to  a-,  later  ro-  at<ini.'i,  a  great-grantlfather's  grandfather,  an 
stored  to  «(-,  as  in  attain,  attaiiitkr,  etn.]  An  ancestor  (<  at-,  an  element  of  nndetennined 
assimilated  form  of  ail-  before  t,  as  in  attract,  origin,  +  aviis,  a  grandfather),  -t-  -/.•<ni.\  1.  In 
attend,  etc.  biol.,  reversion,  through  the  iiillueiic(>  of  hered- 

-atal.  [L. -r(/rt,  fem.  sing,  of -((/».<  =  E. -«72:  see  ity,  to  ancestral  characters;  rosciiibliince  ex- 
-rt/el,audcf. -(((/fl.]  A  suffix  in  New  Latin  (and  hibited  by  a  given  organism  to  some  remote 
Italian)  nouns,  some  of  which  are  found  in  Eng-  ancestor;  the  return  to  an  early  or  original 
lish,  as  armata.  t.^^ie  by  its  modified  descendants;  restoration 

-ata'^.  [L.  -(itn,  neiit.  pi.  of  -at  us  =  E.  -ed-:  see  of  structural  characters  which  have  been  lost  or 
-alc^.'i  A  suflLx  in  New  Latin  names  of  zoo-  oViscured.  .t(rti'i'.siji.  to  snnu  slight  ivtcnt,  is  witnessed 
logical  divisions,  properly  adject  ives,  agreeing  in  the  human  race,  when  children  exhibit  some  peculiarity 
with  «»»"«/(«  understood':  as, -IrriCH/.W-/,  joint-     of  grandparents,  or  of  still  more  remote  pi-ogunitors,  which 


.-itU  derivatives  ot  a  vero  witii  tue  -^{^rril'the  m.pcrm"s"ts'und  y-mU 
» prefix).]  Aprefix  of  Anglo-Saxon  ataunto  (a-tan'to),  adv.  Sa 
ling  at,  close  to,  to:  common  in  ^^^^^  (a-tav'ik),  «.    [=F.« 


taste  :  see  a-  and  tastc.^     To  taste. 

But  now  is  tyme  that  thou  drynke  and  nMst(c]  some  softe 
and  delitable  thinges.  Cliatieer,  Boethius,  ii.  prose  1. 

ataunt  (a-tanf),  adr.  [<  ME.  ntaiint,  atount,  < 
OF.  (lut'ant,  altant  (mod.  F.  nntnnt),  as  much, 
so  much,  <  al,  another  (thing)  (<  L,  aliiid,  neut. 
of  alius,  other),  -f-  tant,  so  much,  <  L.  tantmn, 
neut.  of  tantiis,  so  much.]  If.  As  much  as 
possible. 
.\  dronglew  (var.  dronken]  fole  that  sparythe  for  no  dis- 

peiice 
To  drynk  a-iaante  til  he  slepe  at  tabille. 

Lydiiatc,  Order  of  Fools,  1.  02. 

2.  Xaut.,  with  all  sails  set;  fully  rigged All 

ataunt,  <  'r  all  ataunto,  said  of  a  vessel  when  fully  rigged, 
with  ;ill  the  upper  iictstsund  yards  aloft. 

Same  as  ataunt,  2. 
tavifjue :  <  L.  atanis 
(see  atorism)  +  -if.]     Pertaining  to  atavism; 
characterized  by  or  exhibiting  atavism;  re- 
versionary. 


for  trumiict  and  atabat  to  sound 
Prexcott. 


1  animals;  Annulnta,  ringed  animals,  etc. 

atabal  (at'.a-bal),  Ji.  [Formerly  also  attahall, 
iilahalli'  =  f\  attahah:  =  It.  atahallo,  <  Sp.  ata- 
hal,  =  Pg.  afabalc,  <  Ar.  at-tabi,  <  al,  the,  + 
tabi,  drum:  see  tabor,  tambour,  and  timbal.']  A 
Moorish  tambour. 

lion  .John  gave  order 
the  sigiiiil  for  actitjn. 

atacamite  (a-tak'a-mit),  H.  [<  .Itacama  +  -itc'i; 
having  been  first  i'oiiiid  in  Atacama,  a  province 
of  Chili.]  A  mineral  consisting  ot  the  hydralcd 
o.xycliloi'id  of  ctipper.  It  exist.s  jiliundiinlly  ii 
jiarts  of  .South  .\menca,  as  Atacama. 
Anibriz  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  and  In  Arizmin  in  the 
western  United  States.  It  occurs  massive,  or  In  small 
prismatic  crystals  of  a  bright  eincraldgreell  or  blackish- 
green  ecdor.  A  griinular  lonii  from  chili  Is  calleii  (ir«c- 
nlllo.  It  also  upijcars  on  ccqiper  long  exposed  to  the  air 
nr  se;i-\vater. 

atactic  (a-tak'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  araKTor,  without 
order,  <  ii-  )>riv.  +  thut/jc,  verbal  adj.  of  Tannin' 
(ra}-),  arrange,  order:  see  tactic.']  Disconnect- 
ed; witliout  arrangement  or  onler:  in  i/ram., 
opposed  to  syntactic:  as,  an  atactic  senteiicc. 
[Itare.] 

I'orcelnin  Images  of  ■•.lo»h"  will  find  niches  In  Proles- 
Innt  meeting. houses;  New  Knghind  nneeslral  tablets  will 
be  Inscribed  in  iicr|iendlcular  ccilnmns  "t  tidiWi.  i  harac. 
l,n.  II.  C.  Trumbull,  Ancestral  Worsblii. 

at-aftert,  prep.     [ME.,  <at  +  after.]    After. 


Ata/ier  super  lllle  they  In  Irelee. 

Chaueer,  Frankllii'M  Tale,  I.  41>'i. 

atagas,  n.     [Hea  altapas.]     Hamo  un  a  I  laflcn. 
atagen,  ».     See  attaijrn. 
ataghan  (at'a-gan),'«.     Same  as  mitaahan. 
atak  (iit'ak),')!.       [Native   name.)      'Ihe  harp- 
Heal  of  Greenland,  t'oijuiihiUm  (/ninlanilicus. 
ataket,  l'.  '■    (MK.,  <  «'-"  +  take]    To  overtake. 

Al  llonilhlon  niidir  lllee  us  gnn  alake 
A  man,  that  chdhed  was  In  clolhii  binke. 

CluHuer,  i'TiA.  lu  (Janun'i  Yeuinan's  Tale,  I.  3. 


has  skippeil  one  or  more  generations, 

Of  the  11.0%  ot  children  born  with  eyes  of  other  than 
the  parental  color,  a  part  must  be  atlrilnited  to  atarium, 
that  is,  to  intermittent  hereilily.  .^cieiicv,  I\'.  :W7. 

2.  In  pathol.,  the  recurrence  of  any  peculiai-ity 
or  disease  of  an  ancestor  in  remote  generations. 
atavistic  (at-a-vis'tik),  ((.  [As  atar-ism  -t-  -I'.vf- 
ii:  ]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  atavism ; 
atavic. 

Theoretically  we  may  dee<impose  that  force  which  de- 
termines human  actions  and,  through  them,  social  phe- 
nonii'iia,  itil.i  its  two  component  forces,  the  social  and  tho 
iihtiislie  iiilluciK'c.  .V.  -t.  llev.,  I'.K.X.  :;7.''). 

(Viistralia,  n.'a'r  atavistically    (at-a-vis'ti-kal-i),   adv.      In   an 
atavistic  manner;  in  atavistic  examples. 

Hut,  after  the  lapse  of  thousands  of  years,  the  fusions 
arc  incomplete,  anil  the  ancient  types  crop  out  atarifti- 
calhi  everywhere.  .V.  A.  Itee.,  C.X.X.XI.X.  iltS. 

ataxaphasia  (a-tak-sa-fa'ziii),  H.  [NL.,  iiTCg. 
<  (Jr.  117(1^111,  disorder  (see  ataxia),  +  aitiaaia, 
speechlessness  :  see  tijihasid.]  .Same  as  ataxic 
iijilia.iiti.     See  aphtisia. 

ataxia  (a-tak'si-ji),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  tirnfia,  dis- 
order, <  ariiKTor,  disorderly,  <  "-  jiriv.  -I-  raKr/ic, 
verluil  adj.  of  Tiiaoin;  order,  iirrange:  si'e  ttic- 
lic]  In  jnilhol.,  irregularity  in  (ho  functions 
of  tli(>  bodv  or  in  tho  ciuirse  of  a  disease; 
Bpi'cilieallyl  inability  to  coiirdinate  voluntary 

niovemeiiis.     Also  ti'taxi/ Frledrelch'B  ataxia,  n 

term  cif  iil:i\ia  iisnallv  aircclliig  several  mi-oilnrs  ol  a  tain- 
Ily  and  developing  jil  an  early  iw,  I  sually  II  bi'glns  In 
tlie  legs  anil  e.vlinds  to  Ihe  arms.  Is  iicroiiipanled  wllh 
lerkv  movements  of  the  head,  dislurbanc- of  aili.ulatlon, 
loss 'of  knee.Jeik,  and  Is  cliarjicleri/cd  anatiimlially  by 
si'lenisls  ol  Ihe  posterior  and  luliral  .■..Inions  of  llie  cord. 
Also  called  hereditnru  ainxin.     Locomotor  ataxia,  a 

disease  rharai'terl/.ed  cllnlenlly  by  wnni  (■(  power  to  coiir- 
dinate v..lnntarv  movenienl.H.  by  violent  shooting  pains 
esiieelally  in  Ihu  legs,  absence  ot  knee-jerk,  iilropliy  ol 
Hie  opiir  nerve,  niiriosthesia  and  ainestheshi  In  eerlain 
parts,  dysurla,  and  funclloiial  si'Xllal  .llsordeis ;  aiiab.liil. 
eiillv,  by  a  sclerosis  of  the  pt,slerlor  eoliiiiinsof  Ihe  spinal 
con).  Also  called  priMjremne  locomotor  alajn-  and  tooo* 
dorMifi«. 


:> 


ataxic 

ataxic  (a-tak'sik),  a.      [<  ataxia    +   -jc]     In 
iiatlwl.,  of  or  pertaining  to  ataxia;  character- 
ized by   in-egularity  in    function    or  course; 
irregular. 
Soon  ataxic  nervous  symptoms  declared  themselves. 

0.  W.  llattnes,  A  Mortal  Antipathy,  xiv. 

Ataxic  aphasia.    See  apftasin.— Ataxic  fever,  a  term 
aiiplifd  Ipy  I'iiR'l  to  fevers  attended  witli  iireat  weakness. 
ataxy  (a-t;ik'si  or  at'ak-si),  n.     [Formerly  also, 
as  v.,  ataxic,  <  NL.  ataxia,  q.  v.]     If.  Want  of 
order;  disturbance. 

Three  ways  of  church  government  I  have  heard  of,  and 
no  more  ;  the  Episcopal,  the  Presbytcrial,  and  that  new- 
born bastard  Independency :  ...  the  last  of  these  is  no- 
thing but  a  confounding  ataxy. 

Sir  i!.  Bering,  Speeches,  p.  141. 

2.  Inpathol.,  same  as  ataxia. 
atazirt,  n.  [ME.,  <  Sp.  ata~ir,  atacir,  <  Ar.  'at- 
tathir,  <  al,  the,  +  tatlilr  (>  Pers.  tasir),  im- 
pression, effect,  intluence,  <  athara,  leave  a 
mark,  athar,  ethr,  a  mark,  trace,  footstep.]  In  as- 
tral., according  to  modem  authorities,  the  (evil) 
influence  of  a  star  upon  other  stars  or  men.  But 
the  Arabian  astrolo^ier  Haly  distinctly  states  (Comment, 
on  Ptolemy's  Opus  Quadripartitum,  iii.  10)  that  it  means 
the  direction  of  hyleg.  This,  according  to  the  method  of 
Messahallah,  determines  the  duration  of  life. 

Infortunat  ascendent  tortuous, 

Of  which  the  lord  is  helpless  falle,  alias ! 

Out  of  his  angle  into  the  derkest  hous. 

O  Mars,  O  Atazir,  as  in  this  cas  ! 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1. 172.    (Skeat.) 

atche  (at'ehe),  n.  [Turk,  aqcha :  see  under 
asper".']  A  small  Turkish  coin,  somewhat  less 
than  a  cent  in  value. 

atcMson  (ach'i-son),  n.  [Sc. ;  also  spelled 
atchcKon;  <  Atchison,  a  So.  form  of  Atkinson, 
name  of  an  Englishman  who  was  master  of  the 
Scottish  mint  in  the  reign  of  James  VI.  (James 
I.  of  England).]  A  billon  coin,  or  rather  a  cop- 
per coin  washed  with  silver,  struck  in  Scotland 
in  the  reign  of  James  VI.,  of  the  value  of  eight 
pennies  Scots,  or  two  thirds  of  an  English  pen- 
ny.   Jamiesoii. 

atchom,  n.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of 
acorn.  • 

atei  (at).    Preterit  of  eat. 
Ate-  (a'te),  n.     [<  Gr.  "Xtj/,  a  personification  of 
an/,  infatuation,   reckless  impulse,  sin,  ruin, 
dial,   avdra,  oi'ig.  *aFaTr/,  <  aaeiv,  orig.  'aFdeiv, 
hurt,  damage.]     In  Gr.  myth.,  an  ever-present 
evil  genius  leading  men  on  to  crime ;  the  god- 
dess of  blundering  mischief;  a  personification 
of  the  reckless  blindness  and  moral  distortion 
inflicted  by  the  gods  in  retribution  for  pre- 
sumption and  wickedness,  typifying  the  self- 
perpetuating  nature  of  evil, 
-atel.    [ME.  reg.  -a  t,  <  OF.  -at,  a  later  ' '  learned  " 
form  of  vernacular  -e  (-(!),  fem.  -ee  (-^e),  =  Sp. 
Pg.  -ado,  fem.  -ada,  =  It.  -ato,  fem.  -ata,<  L.  -dtus, 
fem.  -dta,  neut.  -dtum  (stem  -dto-),  pp.  and  adj. 
suffi.x,  being  -tu-s  (=  Gr.  -ro-f  =  E.  -rf2,  -edi), 
added  to  stem  of  verbs  in  -d-re  (It.  -are,  Sp.  Pg. 
-ar,  F.  -er).     Tliis  suffix  also  appears  as  -arfel, 
-ado,  -ato,  -ee,  -y,  etc.     Latin  adjectives  and  par- 
ticiples in  -dtus  were  usable  as  nouns,  in  masc. 
of  persons,  as  legdtus,  one  deputed,  a  legate, 
ML.  praldtus,  one  preferred,  a  prelate,  etc.,  in 
neut.  of  things,  as  manddtum,  a  tiling  command- 
ed, a  mandate,  etc.     See  -atc'^  and  -ate^.']     A 
piiffiy  of  Latin  origin:  (a)  In  adjectives,  where 
-ate  is  equivalent  to  and  cognate  with  English 
-ed'i,  -d^,  -<2,  in  perfect  participles  and  partici- 
pial adjectives,  the  native  English  suffix  being 
often  added  to  -ate  when  a  verb  in  -ate"  exists, 
as  in  di'solate  or  desolat-ed,  accumulate  or  ac- 
ciim>ilat-c<t,  situate  or  situat-ed,  etc.     In  many  in- 
staTice.s  tile  adjective  is  not  accompanied  by  a  verb  in  -ate, 
as  innate,  ornate,  temperate,  etc. ;  this  is  especially  true  of 
botanical  descriptives,  as  acuminate,  eremite,  cusjndate, 
hastate,  lanceolate,  serrate,  etc.     (t)  In  nouns,  of  per- 
sons, as  legate,  delegate,  reprobate,  etc.,  or  of 
things,  as  mandate,  precipitate,  etc. ;  especially, 
in  chem.,  in  nouns  denoting  a  salt  formed  by  the 
action  of  an  acid  on  a  base,  as  in  acetate,  nitrate, 
sulphate,   etc.,  the  suffix  being  added  to  the 
stem  (often  shortened)  of  the  name  of  the  acid. 
[The  corresponding  New  Latin  forms  are  acetatum,  nttra- 
tum,  sutpkatum,  etc..  but  often  erroTieuusly  aceta^,  nitras, 
8ulptui8,  genitive  aeetati.^,  etr.,l>y  confusion  with  -atei.] 
-ate^.     [L.  -dtn.'i,  -dta,  -dtinii,  pp.  suffix  of  verbs 
in-a-j-e  (see  -afel),  with  supine  in  -dtum  (stem 
-dtu-),  to  which,  instead  of  the  pp.  stem,  such 
verbs  are  often  referred.      In  tliis  dictionary 
E.  verbs  in  -ate  (and  so  verbs_  in  -etc,  -ite)  are 
reg.  referred  to  the  L.  pp.  -dtus  (-etus,  -itus), 
intimating  that  such  verbs  are  taken  from  or 
formed  according  to  the  L.  pp.  stem,  though 
with  the  force  of  the  inf.     From  L.  participles 
in  -tus  {-d-tus,   of  the  1st  conjugation,  -e-tus. 


361 

-i-tus,  of  the  2d,  -tns,  -,ius,  of  the  3d,  -i-tus,  of 
the  4th),  and  from  thence-formed  frequenta- 
tives,  whicli  became  very  numerous  in  LIj.  and 
ML.,  arose  many  verbs  in  OF.  and  ME.,  based, 
or  appar.  Ijased,  on  L.  participles,  coinciding 
thus  witli  adjectives  and  nouns  from  such  parti- 
ciples. These,  with  verbs  of  other  origin  agree- 
ing in  form  with  adjectives,  have  made  it  a  rule 


Atellane 

plete,  +  iKTOxjiq,  extension,  <  eKTuveiv,  extend,  < 
tK,  f'f,  out,  +  TtivFiv,  sti'ctcli,  =  L.  extendere :  see 
extend.']  Imperfect  dilatation,  especially  of  the 
air-cells  of  the  lungs  of  uowly  born  children. 

There  is  a  class  of  cases  in  which  a  child  is  born  alive, 
but  its  lungs  remain  in  the  fcctal  condition,  i.  «.,  they 
present  no  appearance  of  having  received  air  by  the  act 
of  breathing.     These  are  cases  of  atelectagi/t. 

A.  S.  Taylor,  Med.  Jour.,  XLV.  464. 


in  E.  that  any  adj^.  may  bo  miwlo  a  wrV) ;  hence  atelectatic  (at"o-lek-tat'ik),  a.     [<  atelectasis 

(-lot-)  +  -((•.]     Pertaining  to  or  characterized 
by  atc'lectasis. 

ateleocephalous  (a-tel^e-o-sefa-lus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
iiTc'/J/r,  incomplete,  +  Ki'<pa'Ai/,  head.]  In  zoiiL, 
having  the  cranium  more  or  less  imperfect: 
saidof  certain  fishes:  opposed  to  te^eocc/)/w(to!(». 

felicitate,  capacitate,  substantiate,  assassinate,  ateleopodid  (a-tel-e-op'6-did),  h.     A  fish  of  the 

camphorate,<ita.,  based  on  J  elii-ity,  eajiaeitii,siib-     f^j^Hy  jiteleoiiodidce. 


adjectives  in  -ate^  are  usually  accompanied  by 
a  verb  in  -ait-,  and  new  verbs  from  L.  verbs  of 
the  1st  conjugation  are  reg.  foiinod  in  -ate, 
whether  a  corresponding  a<lj.  exists  or  not ; 
and  -ate^,  as  a  recognized  verb-formative,  may 
be  suffixed  to  other  stems  of  any  origin,  as  in 


stance,  etc.,  of  Latin  origin,  assassin,  camphor. 
etc.,  of  other  origin.  Owing  to  the  preponder- 
ance of  verbs  in  -ate  over  adjectives  in  -ate, 
such  verbs  are  in  this  dietionaiy  placed  before 
the  adjectives,  even  when  the  adjectives  are  of 
earlier  date.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  a  com- 
mon formative  in  verbs  taken  from  the  Latin, 
as  in  aecuniulatc,  imitate,  militate,  etc.,  or  foiined 
in  English,  either  on  Latin  stems,  as  in  felici- 


Ateleopodidae  (a-tel"e-6-pod'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Ateleopus  (-pod-)  +  -ida;.]  A  family  of  teleo- 
cephalous  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Ate- 
leopus.  It  is  characterized  by  an  elongated  tail,  taper- 
ing backward  but  provided  with  a  narrow  caudal  fin, 
antemedian  aims,  moderate  suborbitals,  inferior  mouth, 
thoracic  ventral  fins  reduced  to  double  or  simple  Hlaineuts, 
a  short  anterior  dorsal  flu  only,  and  a  long  anal  tin  con- 
tinuous with  the  caudal, 
eitner  on  iwatin  stems,  as  m  jeiici-  Ateleopus  (at-e-le'o-pus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  hrc- 

tate,  capacitate,  etc.,  or  on  stems  of  other  on-     -^j     imperfect,  +  nov^  (nod-)  =  E.  foot.]     The 

gin.     See  etymology. 
■ateS.     [<  ME.  -at,  <  OF.  -at,  a  later  "learned"  k 

form  of  vernacular -e(-^)  (asinrf»c/if',  Yj.dneh-y,  ^ 

q.  v.),  =  Sp.  Pg.  -ado  =  It.  -ato,  <  L.  -ntns  (stem 

-dtu-),  forming   nouns  of  the   4th   declension 

from  nouns,  but  formed  as  if  from  verbs  in 

-d-re,  with  suffi.x  -tu-,  parallel  with  -to-,  suffix 

of  pp.  (hence  the  similarity  to  pp.  -dtus,  E.  -ate^, 

q.  v.),  as  in  consuldtus,  magistrdtus, pontificdtus, 

sendtus,  LL.  cpiscojiatus,  etc.,  with  senses  as  in 

corresponding  E.  words.]     A  suffix  of  Latin 

origin,  denoting  office,  an  office,  a  body  of  of- 
ficers, as  in  consulate,  pontificate,  decemvirate,     

senate  (Latin  sendtus,  from  senex,  an  old  man),  ateleost  (a-tel'f-ost), 

episcopate,  etc.,  and  sometimes  a  single  officer,     Ateleostei. 

as  magistrate  (Latin  matjistrdttis,  properly  ma-  Ateleostei  (a-tel-e-os'te-i),  n.  pi. 


AtfUopHS  japoniCKS. 


gistraey,  also  a  magistrate),  the  suffi.x  in  the  last 
use  being  equivalent  to  -ate^  in  legate,  etc.,  and 
to  -ate*  in  primate,  etc. 

■ate*.  [<  L.  -as  {-at-),  as  in  magnas  (gen.  magiid- 
tis)  (parallel  to  magnatus),  primas  (prop,  adj.), 
etc.]  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  practically  rcpiiv- 
alent  to  -ateX  in  nouns,  and  -ate^  (in  niagistnifi), 


typical  genus  of  fishes  of  the  family  A  teleopo^ 
didw :  so  named  from  the  imperfect  ventral  fins. 
A  fish  of  the  subclass 

[NL.,  <  Gr. 


dTe'AriQ,  incomplete,  +  oarioi',  a  bone.  See  Tele- 
ostei.]  A  subclass  of  fishes  contrasting  with 
the  Teleosfei  and  distinguished  by  the  reduction 
of  the  bones  of  the  skull  and  branchial  skele- 
ton, proposed  for  the  order  Lyomeri. 
ateleosteous  (a-tel-e-os'te-us),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ateleostei. 


as  in  magnate,  primate,  and  (in  Latin  plural)  Ateles  (at'e-lez),  n.     [NL.,<Gr.  dTckin,  ineom- 


penates,  optimates. 

-ate^.  [<  L.  -dta,  <  Gr.  -arr/c,  a  noun  suffix,  ult. 
=  L.  -dtus,  which  differs  in  the  inflexive  sylla- 
ble.] A  suffix  of  Greek  origin,  occurring  im- 
felt  in  pirate  (which  see). 

atechnic  (a-tek'nik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  arexvoc, 
without  art,  <  a-  priv.  +  Tix>^,  art:  see  n-i8 
and  technic]  I.  a.  Without  technical  know- 
ledge, especially  of  art. 

Il.».  A  person  without  technical  knowledge,  ^=^-1'^^.   (^^.^jy^-)^  „,.     [p.,   formerly  attelier, 


plete,  imperfect,  <  a-  priv.  +  rfAo^,  end,  com- 
pletion.] A  genus  of  American  platyrrhine 
monkeys,  of  the  family  Cebidee  and  subfamily 
Cebinm;  the  spider-monkeys  or  sapajous,  with 
attenuate  bodies,  very  long  slender  limbs,  and 
long  powerfidly  prehensile  tails  :  so  called  be- 
cause the  thumb  is  rudimentary.  Tliere  are  sev- 
eral species,  among  them  the  northernmost  representa- 
tives of  the  Quadnanana  in  America.  Aiso  called  Atelo- 
chirus. 


hastelier;  of  disputed  origin.]  A  workshop; 
specifically,  the  workroom  of  a  sculptor  or 
painter ;  a  studio. 

Modern  sculptors  .  .  .  too  of  ten  execute  colossal  works 
in  cramped  ateliers,  where  the  conditions  of  light  are 
wholly  different  from  those  of  the  site  for  which  the  statue 
is  destined.  C.  T.  Xewlon,  .\rt  and  Arcbsol.,  p.  347. 


especially  of  art. 

In  every  fine  art  there  is  much  which  is  ille^'llilr  by 
ateelinics,  and  this  is  due  to  the  habits  of  intirpivtiition 
into  which  artists  always  fall.  Nortti  ISniixh  li.e. 

atechnical  (a-tek'ni-kal),  a.  Free  from  techni- 
cality; popular:  as,  atechnical  treatment  of  a 
technical  subject  „,,,,,„,•,  /  n^    ateline  (at'e-lin),  n.     [<  Gr.  drAi/u  imperfect, 

atechny  (a-tek'ni),  ».  [=  F  atec/m  e  <  Gr  ^^'^^^o)-^  ^n  oxychlirid  of  copper  aUied  t<; 
arexvia,  <  arfj-of :  seeatechnic]  Ignorance  of  ^t^^^^ij-J,^  occurring  at  Vesuvius,  and  derived 
art;  unskiltulness.    A.  i.  n  ^         ^j^^  alteration  of  the  copper  oxid  tenorite. 

atees  (a'tes),  n.     [E.  Ind.]     1  he  native  Indian         ,.,    ,,  r<  Gt    arc/nc    imnerfeet 

name  of  the  tuberous  root  oi  Aconitum  hetero-  ^l^^^foS     Sameas"«te?/«e  imperteet, 

phyllmn,  which  is  used  as  an  antiperiodic  and  ^tellan  (a-tel'an),  a.  and"«.     [<  L.  Atellanus, 


a  tonic.     In  some  sections  the  same  name  is  given  to  the 
root  of  A.  Napcllus,  and  to  several  other  drugs. 

atef  (a'tef),  n.  [Egypt.]  Father:  an  ancient 
Egyptian  title  and  component  of  proper  names. 
Also  written  a</.— Atef-crown, 
in  Egypt,  antiq.,  a  symbolic  head- 
dress uniformly  borne  by  the  deities 
Khnum  and  Osiris,  sometimes  by 
other  gods,  such  as  Sebek,  Thoth, 
Harmachis,  etc.,  and  occasionally 
assumed  by  kings,  as  the  Barneses. 
It  consisted  regularly  of  the  tall 
conical  white  cap  of  upper  Egypt, 
flanked  with  a  pair  of  long  ostrich- 
plumes,  and  having  the  solar  disk 
and  urKUS  in  front,  and  was  prob- 
ably emblematic  of  the  sovereignty 
of  Egypt  under  the  attributes  of 
light,  truth,  and  divinity.  The  con- 
ical cap  is  sometimes  omitted  in 
works  of  art.  The  atef  is  often  men- 
tioned in  the  "Book  of  the  Dead," 
and  is  frequently  represented  in 
frescos,  bas-reliefs,  and  statues. 

ategart,  ».     See  atgar. 

atelectasis    (at-e-lek'ta-sis), 

n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  areAw,  incom- 


pertaining  to  Atella,  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Osci,  in  Campania;  hence /o6«/a;  {or  fabellce) 
Atellance,  Atellan  plays:  see  def.]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  in  character  the  farces 
or  dramas  called /ofcwte.JteHoHrt';  farcical;  ri- 
bald.    See  II.     Also  spelled  J  teZiawe. 

Their  .  .  .  Atellan  way  of  wit. 

Shaftesbury,  Characteristics,  II.  170. 

These  .4(ei?aji«  plays  .  .  .  seem  to  have  been  a  union  of 
high  comedy  and  its  jiarody.  .  .  .  They  were  not  per- 
formed by  regular  actoi-s  (histriones),  but  by  Roman  citi- 
zens of  noble  bh-th,  who  were  not  on  that  account  sub- 
jected to  any  degradation.  W.  Smith, 

II.  B.  1.  One  of  a  class  of  farces  or  dramatic 
pieces  (fabulm  Atellana:)  in  vogue  among  the 
ancient  Osci,  and  early  introduced  into  Rome. 
The  personages  of  these  pieces  were  always  the  same,  and 
the  wit  was  very  broail.  It  is  probable  that  their  per- 
petuation in  rural  districts  was  the  origin  of  Punchinello 
and  the  other  Italian  rustic  masks.  See  I. 
2.  A  satirical  or  licentious  drama:  as,  "Atellans 
and  lascivious  songs,"  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel., 

*"'S"Ki;™m':^*''  i^tellane  (a-tel'an),  a.     Same  as  Atellan. 


atelocardia 


362 


Athenaeum 


atelocardia  (at'e-lo-kar'di-a),  n.     [Nil.,  <  Gr. 

ari>.K.  imperfect,  +  KapSia  =  E.  Afarf.]    In  tera- 

tol.,  imperfect  development  of  the  heart, 
atelochllia   (at'e-lo-kil'i-ii),   «.      [NL.,   <   Gr. 

(irs'/.';c.  imperfect,  +  x^u-'K,  a  Up.]     In  teratol, 

imperfect  development  of  the  lip.  Also  spelled 

atelocheilia. 
AtelochirUS   (at'e-lo-ki'rus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

art-'/Jii,   imperfect,  +   x^'P,   hand.]      Same  as 

AteUs.    Also  spelled  AteJocheinis. 
atelO^ncephaBa  (at'e-16-eu-se-fa'li-a),  ».  „  ,       ,w  e     , 

rXL    <  Gr  iri/i/g   imperfect,  +  f ;•  «sl>a?.oi:,  the  athamauntt,  «.     An  old  term  of  adamant 

braiA':  see  encephalon.]     In  teraM.,  imperfect  athanasia  (ath-a-na  si-a),  n.     [<  Gr.  favama, 

development  of  the  encephalon.  immortaUty  (>  ML.  othaiiasia,  tansy),  <  a8a- 

ateloglossia  (at  e-lo-glos'i-a),  n.     [XL^ 


dency. —  2.  Denj-ing  the  existence  of  God ;  god- 
less;"  impious :  applied  to  persons:  as,  "athe- 
istic gainsayers,"  May,  Works  of  Creation. 
=  Syn.  Oodlcjis,  Cn(iodbj,et<:.  See  irrclinmis. 
atheistical  (a-the-is'ti-kal),  a.  Marked  by  or 
manifesting  atheism ;  atheistic. 

I  w  as  present,  very  seldom  giiinj;  to  the  publiq  theaters 

for  many  reasons,  now  as  they  were  abused  to  an  atheU- 

,  tical  liberty.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oet.  18, 16(i6. 

of  the  same  genus  of  European  and  Asiatic  um-  atheistically  (a-the-is' ti-kal-i),  adv.     In  an 

heUiferous  herbs.    It  has  a  rancid  soapy  odor,  *,XJ;°;'t„  ^,/„,U,..  ^VnTii       "     ■ 


athalline  (a-thal'in),  a.  [<  Gr.  d-  priv.  + 
tfa/./w,-,  a  fi-ond  :  see  t)uiUus.2  In  hot,  without 
a  thaUus;  characterized  by  the  absence  of  a 
thaUus. 

athamantin  (ath-a-man'tin),  n.  r<  Athamanta 
(see  def.)  +  -i«'^.]  In  chem.,  a  substance  (Co^ 
H30O7)  produced  fi-om  the  root  and  seeds  of 
the  Athamanta  Oreoseliniim  and  other  species 


and  a  slightly  bitter  acrid  taste.     H.  Watts. 


<  Gr. 
urf/jjf,  imperfect.  +'  >~>.i><7(Ta,"tongue.]  In  tera- 
tnh,  imperfect  development  of  the  tongue. 

atelognathia  (at'e-log-na'thi-a),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  a7f>.w,  imperfect,  +  jiaPoc,  the  jaw.]  In 
teratol.,  imperfect  development  of  the  jaw. 

atelomyelia  (at'e-lo-mi-e'li-a).  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
are/.r,(,  imperfect,  +  ^tf/of,  marrow.]  In  tera- 
tol., imperfect  development  of  the  spinal  cord. 

ateloprosopia  (at"e-lo-pro-s6'pi-a),  «.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  aT£'/.7ic.  imperfect,  +  ■:rp6aa-oii,  the  face:  see 
I'rosopisl']  In  teratol.,  imperfect  development 
of  the  face. 

atelorachidia  (at'e-lo-ra-kid'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
tir.  nvf'/.ric.  imperfect.  +  p<i,Y'f,  back-bone.]  In 
Ivratol..  imperfect  development  of  the  spinal 
Column. 

Atelomis  (at-e-16r'nis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  6Tt?.^r, 
imperfect,  +  opvic,  bird.]   A  genus  of  Madai 


j'crof,  immortal,  <  o-  priv.  +  6dvaT0i;,  death.]  1. 
Deathlessness ;  immortaUty.  Also  athaiiasy. — 
2t.  The  herb  tansy.  See  tansy. 
Athanasian  (ath-a-na'sian),  a.  and  «.  [<  LL. 
Athanasius,  <  Gr!  'Adavacio(,  a  proper  name, 
<  addvarog,  immortal.]  I.  «.  Pertaining  to 
Athanasius  (about  296  to  373),  bishop  of  Alex- 
andria  Athanasian  creed,  a  creed  formerly  ascribed 

to  Atban;isius,  but  whose  real  authoi-ship  is  unknown.  It 
is  an  explicit  assertion  of  the  doctrines  of  the  I'l-iuity  (as 
opposed  to  .\rianism>  and  of  the  incarnation,  and  contains 
what  are  known  as  the  "damnatory  clauses'*  in  the  con- 

\\Tiosoevcr  will 


atheistic  manner;  impiously. 

I  entreat  such  as  are  atliciiiically  inclined  to  consider 

these  things.  Tillotson. 

atheisticalness   (a-the-is'ti-kal-nes),  n.      The 

quaUty  of  being  atheistic ;  in-eligiousness. 

Purge  ont  of  all  hearts  profaneness  and  alht'i^iticabu'ss. 

[tamnwml,  Worlis,  I.  5110. 

atheize  (ii'thc-iz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  athci:ed, 
ppr.  «tfi('/--(H(/.  [<  Gr.  dftof  (see atheism)  +  -»>«.] 
I.t  intrans.  To  discourse  as  an  atheist. 

We  sh,all  now  make  diligent  search  and  inquiry,  to  see 
if  we  can  find  any  other  pliilosopliers  who  atheUed  before 
Democritus  and  Leucippus. 

Cudiwrth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  111. 

II.  trans.  To  render  atheistic.     [Rare.] 

They  endeavoured  to  atlwi^c  one  another. 

Up.  Berkeley,  Minute  Philosopher,  ii. 


eluding  formulas  of  the  two  parts,  viz ™„^ .  ,_,.,-.     .    .  ^  ,         xi     • 

be  saved,  before  all  things  it  is  necessary  that  he  should  athcizsr  (a  the-i-zer),  n.    One  Who  atneizes 
hold  the  catholic  faith;  which  faith,  except  every  one  do     j-euders  atheistic.      Cudieorth.     [Rare.] 

keep  whole  and  undeflled,  without  doubt  lie  shall  perish  -    - 

everlastingly  ";  and  "  This  is  the  catholic  faith ;  which  ex- 
cept a  man  believe  faithfully  he  cannot  be  saved."  Tllis 
creed  is  retained  in  the  service  of  the  Clim-cli  of  England, 
but  not  in  that  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church. 

II.  H.  A  follower  of  Athanasius  or  a  believer 
in  his  creed. 


as. 
can  ground-roUers,  family  for«c(M,c  and  sul.-  Athanasianism  (ath-a-na'sian-izm),  n.      [< 
famity Brachypteraciino'.   A.  pittoidcs  is  a  tyfi-      j,/,„„„..j,v,„   -(-  .,,,,«.]   "The  principles  or  doc- 

trmes  of  the  Athanasian  creed. 
Athanasianist  (ath-a-na'sian-ist),  }i.    [<  Athu- 
iKLsidii  +  -ist.1     An  Athanasian. 
athanasy  (a-than'a-si),  H.  Same  as  athanasia,  1. 
Time  brings  to  obscure  authors  an  odd  kind  of  repara- 
tion, an  immortality  not  of  love  and  interest  and  admira- 
tion, but  of  curiosity  merely.  ...  Is  not  then  a  scholas- 
tic  athanasy  better  than  none? 

Loteell,  Study  Windows,  p.  340. 

athanor  (ath'a-nor),  n.    [Late  ME.  also  athenor 

(cf.  F.  athanor),  <  Sp.  atanor,  a  siphon  or  jiipo 

<  At.  at-ianniir,  <  al,  the 


cal  species,  of  gorgeous  colore  and  terrestrial 
nocturnal  habits. 
atelostomia  (at'e-lo-sto'mi-ii),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
u-re/.ijr,  imperfect,  +  aroua,  mouth:  see  stomn.] 
In  ((/(/  to/. ,  imperfect  development  of  tlie  mouth. 

a  tempo,  a  tempo  primo  (ii  tem'po,  pre'mo). 
[It.,  lit.  to  time,  to  the  first  time :  a,  <  L.  ad,  to ; 
tempo,  <  L.  tempus,  time  (see  tempo) ;  primo,  < 
L.  primu.f,  first:  see  prime.']  In  music,  a  di- 
rection, after  any  change  of  movement,  as  by 
acceleration  or  retardation,  that  the  original 
time  be  restored.     See  a  hattuta. 

a  tempo  giusto  (a  tem'po  jos'to).  [It.,  lit.  to 
just  time:  a  tempo  (see  a  tempo);  giusto,  <  L. 
Justus,  just:  see  JM«tl.]  In  music,  a  direction 
to  sing  or  play  in  an  equal,  just,  or  strict  time. 
It  is  seldom  used  except  when  the  time  has  been  inter- 
rupted, an  during  a  recitative,  to  suit  the  action  and  pas- 
sion of  the  piece. 

Ateuchus  (a-tu'kus),  n.  [NL.,  lit.  without  ar- 
mor, in  allusion  to  the  absence  of  a  scutellum, 
<  (jr.  drirvxK,  unarmed,  unequipped,  <  (i-  priv. 
+  Teixoc,  pi.  rfij;fca,  arms,  armor,  prop,  imple- 
ments, <  revxeiv,  make,  produce.]  A  genus  of 
lamellicorn  beetles,  of  the  family  Scarabwida: 
A .  Kafi'r  seems  to  liave  been  the  sacred  beetle,  or  scarabieus. 
figured  on  Egjiitian  monuments,  ornaments,  amulets,  etc., 
and  of  which'a  figure,  either  in  porcelain  or  carved  out  of 
stone,  rarely  a  gem,  was  placed  in  the  bosom  of  every 
ninmniy,  as  a  symbol  of  and  prayer  for  resurrection. 

atf  (iitf),  n.     Same  as  atrf. 

atgart,  n.  [Also  improp.  ategar,  repr.  AS.  at- 
gi'tr,  also  tetgwrii  (only  in  glosses),  (=  (JFries. 
etger,  ctker  =  OHG.  asgrr,  aziger  =  Icel.  at- 
ge-irr),  a  spear,  <  «■(-,  appar.  the  prep.  at.  at,  + 
gar,  a  spear:  see  gar^,  garfish,  gore-."]  A  kind 
of  spear  or  lance  formerly  in  use. 

Athabaskan  rath-a-bas'kiin),  «.  and  «.  I.  a. 
lji-|i)iit,'iiiK  to  a  certain  great  family  of  North 
-Vinerican  Indian  languages  and  tribes,  occu- 
pying !i  vast  extent  of  country  soiitli  from  the 
Enkimo  region,  between  Iludson's  Hay  and  tlie 
Kocky  Mountains,  with  outlying  iiieiiihers  also 
wcHt  of  tlie  mountains,  as  far  soutli  as  Mexico, 
im-luding  the  Ajiachis  and  Navajos. 


athelH,  "•  [Early  ME.,  <  AS.  athelu,  a'thchi,  pi., 
=  08.  ((rf/(n;  =  OFries.  ethel-,  cdcl-  (in  comp.  and 
deriv. )  =  D.  add  =  OHG.  adal,  MHG .  advl,  race, 
family,  ancestry,  esp.  noble  ancestry,  nobility, 
G.  adcJ,  nobihty,  =  Icel.  adhat,  nature,  dis- 
position, family,  origin,  in  comp.  chief-,  hcad- 
(mod.  also  nobility,  =  Sw.  Dan.  add,  nobility,  a 
sense  due  to  the  G.),  =  Goth.  *athal  (as  in  the 
proper  name  'Athalareiks  (>  ML.  Athalariciis) 
=  AS.  JEthch-ic)  ;  not  foimd  outside  of  Tent. 
Hence,  athel"  and  athding,  q.  v.,  and  ethel,  jiat- 
rimony  (see  ethd).  In  mod.  E.  only  in  proper 
names,  historical  or  in  actual  use,  of  AS.  or 
OHG.  origin,  as  Ethd,  Ethdbert,  Athdbert  = 
Albert,  Ethdred,  Audrey  {St.  Audrey,  >  t-awdry, 
q.  v.),  etc.]  Race;  family;  ancestry;  noble 
ancestry;  nobility;  honor. 
Her  wes  Arthur  the  king  alliclen  bida;led  |  deprived]. 

Layamon,  III.  453. 


for  conveying  water,  <  ^Vr.  «(-<««««)■,  .  ...,  — ,  ,,   ,      „   ,        i 

+  twtnur,  <  Heb.  or  Aramaic  tannur,  an  oven  or  athel-t,  ".  and  n.     [Ml,.,  also  ethd,  athd.  :iih1 
furnace,  <  nur,  fire.]     A  self-feeding  digesting    prop.  athele,cthdv,  a'thdc^  (in  northern  _wnU'r.>^ 


often  hathd,  etc.),  <  AS.  a-thel,;  rthdc  =  OS. 
cdili  =  OFries.  ethd,  cdd  =  D.  edd  =  OHG. 
cdili,  MUG.  edck,  G.  edd  =  Icel.  edhal-,  cdhla- 
(in  comp.)  =  Sw.  ddel=  Dan.  a'dd  (the  Scand. 


II. 


ath. 

+ 

gTr. 

Ath.-il 

lllsl. 

< 

K'l 
Hi, 

wl. 

(h< 


.V   member  or  the   lunguuge  of  tliis 

'I  Athabatcan,  Athapaskan. 
-thal'n-miis),  n.     [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
;:  ncr  thalamus.']     lu  fcof.,  with- 
:  l.jilied  to  lichens,  or  liclienoid 
'  itii'atlon  of  wliieli  i-  iinKiiown. 
i  I,  n.     [Nil.,  naiiK'il  »llli  al- 
'  at  ion  produced  by  its  larvie, 
'/K,  not  verihint,  withered, 
.  1)1'  fresh  or  bixiiriant,]     A 
■  ir  Terr  bra  II  till,  of  the  order 
family    Tiiithrediiiidii .       i 
■I  l<  the  turril|i  unw-lly  of  I  ur    | 
'V    drviMtat.'    (iimlp  ll'ld-        I  i 
.\  i\ i     ■  Mill     .1.  1  .1 


I'l  w[i«t<-  I,)  iltftr  iiiioiif  th,' 
only  itknlot'iliii  and  atAllu. 


furnace  formerly  used  by  alchemists.     It  was 

so  made  as  to  maintain  a  uniform  and  durable 

lieat. 
Athecata  (ath-e-ka'tii),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

of  alhecatus,  not  sheathed:  see  athecate.]    A 

name  of  the  gymnoblastic  hydroid  liydrozoans, 

which  are  not  sheathed,  that  is,  have  no  go- 

nangia   and   no   hydrotheea):   a   synonym  of 

(li/mnoblastca  (which  see). 
atfiecate  (ath'e-kat),  a.     [<  NL.  athccatiis,  <  Gr. 

d-    priv.   -I-   O'/ii'/,   a  sheath:    see   theca.]      Not 

slieathed;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 

.1  till  rata. 
atheism  (a'the-izm),  n.     [=  F.  athiisme  =  Pg. 

atheismo  =  Sp.  It.  atdsmo,  <  NL.  'atheismii.<!,  < 

Gr.  aOeoc,  without  a  god,  denying  tlie  gods,  <  d- 

priv.  +  (hdr,  a  god.     The  Gr.  term  for  atlieism 

was  dUioTi/c.]     1.  The  doctrine  that  there  is  no 

God ;  denial  of  tlio  existence  of  God. 

.■Hheium  is  a  dislielief  in  tlie  existence  of  Ciod  — that  is, 

disbelief  in  any  regularity  in  the  univeree  to  which  man 

must  conform  himself  under  jicnalties. 

./.  /(.  .S.-rley.  Nat.  Religion,  p.  20. 

2.  The  denial  of  theism,  that  is,  of  the  doctrine 
tliat  the  great  first  cause  is  a  suiireme,  intel- 
ligent, righteous  jierson. — 3.  A  practical  indif- 
ference to  and  disregard  of  God;  goillessiiess. 
I  111  Ihc  llrst  sense  aliov  L:ivvu,  iilliei.-in  is  1..  lu'  .liscrinil 
natcd  from  j/"ii(/"i'o",wliicli  denies  the  perscMiulKy  oil  iod, 
and  1iui»a'fiii>Htirij(tii,  whbOi  deiih'S  the  possiliHlty  of  pos- 
itive knowliilgc  loiMeniing  him.  In  the  second  sense,  llllli'- 
Islil  iiM'Indes  both  pantheism  and  aKiloHticlnm.  j 

atheist  (li'tlie-ist),  «.  and  a.  [=  F.  athi'iste  = 
I'g.  alheista  =  ,Sp.  It.  atvisia,  <  NL.  'alheista, 
<Gr.  (Wior:  see  atheism.]  I.  «.  1.  One  who  de- 
nies the  existence  of  God,  or  of  a  siiiireme  in- 
telligent being. 

Well nanliles  may  own  religion's  name, 

Uill  »lati»  are  atlirintn  in  their  very  franio. 

IJrydni,  I'rol.  l<i  AinlHiyna,  I.  2i. 
By  lllghl  an  alheinl  ImU  helhvi'S  n  <loil. 

r,.i/n;;,  Night  rhonglil*,  V.  177.   Athena  (a-the'nii),  n.     SaiiK 
AgodleHsmau;  one  who  diHreganls  liiHduly  Athenaeum,  Atheneum  (a(li-e-iie'iini),  n 


inlldel. 

"the 


to  nod.Bgyn.  .Slrepiic,  Delnl,  etc.  Huu 
II.  (/.  Godless;  iitlieistie:  us, 
■  nw,"  .Viltiiii,  V.  \j.,  vi.  370. 
atheistic  di-llie-is'tiU),  a.  [<  atheist  +  -ir.] 
I'lTl inning  lo  or  rlinnn'lorisl ic  of  iillii'isis; 
voh  iiig,  conluiiiiiig,  or  tending  to  iilheisui: 
atheistic  doctrincn  or  beiiofH;  an  atheistic  i 


athcint 


1. 

in- 
ns, 

HTl- 


lifter  GO,  noble,  of  noble  family  j  from  the 
noun :  see  athcl'^.]  I,  a.  Noble ;  illustrious  ; 
excellent. 

Lutele  children  in  the  cradele, 
Both  chorles  an  ek  athele. 

Old  and  Nightingale,  1.  0:11. 

II.   n.   A  noble ;  a  chief ;  often  simply  a 

man. 

His  hathel  on  hors  watz  thenne 
That  here  Ilia  spere  t-t  launce. 
iSir  Gawayne  and  the  (Jreiu  Kniiiht  (eil,  Morris),  1.  2005. 

atheling  (ath'el-ing),  «.  [In  mod.  use,  as  a  his- 
torical term,  also  written  etheling  and  alhrliiii/, 
repr.  ME.  athding.  <  AS.  athding  (=  t),S.  eilhi- 
liiKj  =  OFries.  ilhding,  idling  =  OHG.  adiiling, 
JIL.  adalingiis,  adtliiigu-i),  <  tvthdu,  noble  family 
(see  athd^),-i-  -iiig,  a  patroiiyiuio  suffix.  The 
word  survives  in  the  place-name  Athdney,  AS. 
Jitkelinga  ig,  lit.  princes'  island.]  In  Jiigln- 
Saxon  hist.:'(,a)  A  crovvni  jninco  or  heir  ajipar- 
ent;  one  of  the  royal  family,  (t)  A  nobleiiian. 
iirlKiiiiiny  none  but  Aliglo-.Saxon  princes  were  culled 
;itlicliiigs,  and  the  alhcling  was  the  eldest  son  ol  the  Ulm; 
..r  nearest  heir  to  the  llilone.  lo  which,  however,  he  did 
nid  ncces.sarily  sucei'iil  ;  l,nl  the  term  was  afterward  ex- 
tended to  all  who  held  noble  rank.  Also  »ritlcii  •theliny. 
trihelimj. 

An  English  community  [A.  11.  riOO-OUOl  knew  lint  two  or 
dels  of  men,  the  ceorl  or  the  freeman,  and  the  coll  or  the 
noble.  'Ihc  freeman  was  the  base  of  the  village  society. 
He  was  the  "  free-neekid  man,"  whose  long  hair  llouted 
over  a  neck  which  had  never  bowed  to  a  lonl.  .  .  .  lint 
the  social  cenlie  of  the  village  was  the  eoil,  or,  as  he  was 
sometimes  called,  the  hIIkUiiij.  whose  liomeslead  rose 
high  above  the  lowlier  ilwellings  of  Ihe  eeorls. 

J.  It.  (liwn,  .Making  of  Hngland,  p.  173. 

One  or  two  rebellloim  are  mentioned,  headed  liy  Ailhe. 
lui'iH  or  men  of  the  roval  house. 

!■:.  A.  Freeman,  Old  Kng.  Hist.,  p,  71. 

as  Athene,  ]. 

Jllieniiuiii,  <  dr.  '.\(/;/i'o/oi',  a  leniple  ol  Athene, 
<  'AO'/ri,  Alliene:  see  .llheiie.]  1.  A  lciii|ile  or 
n  place  deilicaleil  lo  Alheiie,  or  Miiicrvn  ;  spe- 
ciliciilly,  an  iiisliliilioii  foiMiileil  at  Iv'onie  by 
lladriiui  for  (lie  pniiiiiilioii  id'  lileniry  mid  Hcieu- 

lilic  sliidii's,  mill  iiiiiliilcil  in  the  jirovii s.— 

2.   (/.  ('.;  pi.  iilhiniia,  nlheiwa  (-it). J      In  mod- 


Athenaeum 

em  times,  an  institution  for  the  eneoiiraKoraont 
of  literature  and  art,  often  possessing  a  library 
for  the  use  of  tliose  entitled  to  its  privileges. 
Athene  (a-the'ne),  71.  [L.,  also  yl </«'««,<  Gr. 
'Adijvri,  Doric  'AOava,  also  (prop,  an  adj.  form) 
'Ath/vairi,  Jllolic  'AOavaia,  'Atiavdu,  Attic  ASirvaia, 
contr.  'AOi/m,  a  name  of  uncertain  origin,  as- 
sociated witii  that  of  'A6?]vai,  Athens.]  1.  In 
6r.  myth.,  the  goddess  of  knowledge,  arts,  sei- 


Athene.— 1  he  Minerva  Famese.  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  • 

enoes,  and  righteous  war ;  particularly,  the  tute- 
lary deity  of  Athens :  Identified  by  the  Romans 
with  Minerva.  She  personified  the  clear  upper  air  as 
well  as  mental  clearness  and  acuteness,  embodying  tlie 
spirit  of  truth  and  divine  wisdom,  and  was  clothed  witli 
the  legis  symbolizing  the  dark  storm-cloud,  and  armed  with 
the  resistless  spear — the  shaft  of  lightning.  Also  Athena. 
2.  [NL.]  In  ornitt.,  an  extensive  genus  of  owls, 
related  to  A.  noctua  of  Europe,  including  small 
earless  species.  The  name  is  used  by  dilfcrent  authors 
with  great  latitude,  aiid  is  not  susceptible  of  exact  defini- 
tion.   It  was  first  used  for  a  genus  of  birds  by  Boie,  1822. 

Atheneum,  «.     See  Atlienmmn. 

Athenian  (a-the'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*Jtlieiiiaiii(S,  equivalent  to  Atheniensis,  <  Athe- 
na; <  Gr.  'AOijvai,  Athens,  traditionally  named 
after  ASi]vi),  Athene.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Athens,  anciently  the  metropolis  of  Attica  in 
Greece,  and  now  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Greece. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  citizen  of  Athens. 

atheologiant  (a"the-o-16'ji-an),  n.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  («-l8)  -I-  theologian. '\  "One  who  is  not  a 
theologian  J  one  who  has  no  knowledge  of  the- 
ology ;  an  ignorant  theologian. 

They  .  .  .  [the  Jesuits]  are  the  only  aMeo^o^yians  whose 

heads  entertain  no  other  object  but  the  tumult  of  realms. 

Sir  J.  Hayivard,  Answer  to  Doleman,  ix. 

atheological  (a"the-o-loj'l-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  ((1-18)  +  theological.'^  Uiitheologieal ;  con- 
trary to  theology. 

In  the  curt  atheologwal  plirase  of  the  Persian  Lucretius, 
"one  thing  is  certain,  and  the  rest  is  lies." 

Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  233. 

atheologyt  (a-thf-oro-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv. 
(a-18)  +  theology.  Cf.  atheous.']  1.  Lack  or 
absence  of  theological  knowledge;  ojiposition 
to  theology. —  2.  Atheism. 

Several  of  our  learned  members  have  written  many  pi'o- 
found  treatises  on  anarchy,  but  a  brief,  complete  body  of 
atheolotfy  seemed  yet  wanting. 

Simft,  On  Collins's  Discourse. 

atheous  (a'the-us),  a.  [=  Pg.  atheo  =  Sp.  It. 
oteo,  an  atheist,  <  L.  atiieus,  atheos,  <  Gr.  aBe- 
of,  without  a  god,  godless:  see  at}ieism.'\  If. 
Atheistic;  ungodly. 

The  liypocrite  or  atheous  priest.  Milton,  P.  R.,  i.  487. 
2.  Having  no  reference  to  God ;  irrespective  of 
divine  existence  or  power. 

"All  physical  science,  properly  so  called,  is  compelled 
by  its  very  nature  to  take  no  account  of  the  being  of  God : 
as  soon  as  it  does  this,  it  trenches  upon  theology,  and 
ceases  to  be  physical  science."  And  so,  coining  a  dis- 
criminating word  to  express  this,  he  [the  Bishop  of  Car- 
lisle] would  say  that  science  was  atheous,  and  therefore 
could  not  be  atheistic.  Science,  III.  132. 

Athericera  (ath-e-ris'e-ra),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
iOi/p,  awn  or  beard  of  an  ear  of  com,  -1-  acpac,  a 
horn.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  classification, 
the  fifth  family  of  dipterous  insects,  nearly 
eipiivalent  to  the  diehsetous  division  of  braehy- 
cerous  Diptera,  but  including  the  Sijrphidce. 
The  division  corresitonded  to  the  Linnean  genera  Co/(o/>s 
and  lEstru.'i,  with  most  of  the  species  of  Mu'aca,  including 
the  bot-flies  and  drone-flies  with  the  flies  proper.    [Not  in 

036.1 


363 

athericerous  (ath-e-ris'e-rus),  o.  [^(.Athericera 
+  -ous.\  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Atlic- 
ricera. 

Atherina  (ath-e-ri'nii),  m.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  aOcplv?!, 
a  kind  of  smelt'.']  A  "genus  of  abdominal  aean- 
thoptorygian  fishes,  typical  of  the  famil'y^Wie- 
rinidce,  containing  the  sand-smelts.  A.  jmsln/ter, 
the  common  I'.iiti.sli  utlurine  or  sand-smelt,  is  a  Hsh  aijout 
6  inches  long,  used  as  iood. 

atherine  (ath'e-rin),  71.  [<  Atherina.']  A  fish 
of  tin;  genus  A'theri7M;  a  sand-smelt. 

atherinid  (ath-e-rin'id),  71.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily AUicrinidm. 

Atherinidae  (ath-o-rin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Atherina  +  -idw."]  The  atherines  or  sand- 
smelts  ;  a  family  of  abdominal  acanthopterygian 
fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Atherina,  to  which 
varying  limits  have  been  ascribed  by  different 
writers,  in  Giinther's  system  the  Atlierinidie  are  a 
family  of  Acanthiiptermrii  'muf/ili/ormes,  having  vertebrfe 
in  increased  number  and  the  dentition  feeble  or  of  mod- 
erate strength,  and  including  the  tetragonurids  as  well  lus 
the  athcrinids  proper.  In  more  recent  systems  they  are  a 
family  of  PereeMces  with  more  than  24  vertebra},  cycloidal 
scales,  dorsal  fins  two  in  nund)er  and  separate,  and  feeble 
dentition.  The  species  are  mostly  small ;  those  found  in 
America  are  known  as/rmr.';,  or  are  confounded  with  the 
0.-^nuTi  under  the  name  of  smelts. 

atherinidan  (ath-e-rin'i-dan),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Atherinidai;  an  atherinid.  Sir  J.  Rich- 
ardson. 

Atherinina  (ath"e-ri-ni'na),  )(.  pi.  [NL.,< 
Atherina  +  -/««.]'  In  GtlntJier's  classification 
of  fishes,  the  first  subfamily  of  Atheri7iidce,  char- 
acterized by  feeble  dentition,  cycloidal  scales, 
the  separation  of  the  first  dorsal  fin  from  the 
second,  the  presence  of  an  air-bladder,  and  the 
absence  of  pyloric  appendages:  same  as  Athe- 
rinidm  of  recent  systems. 

atherinoid  (ath'e-ri-noid),  a.  and  ».  [<.  Athe- 
rina +  -oid.]  I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of 
the  Atheritiidte. 

II.   n.   A  fish  of  the  family  Atherinidce;  an 
atherinid. 

athermancy  (a-ther'man-si),  «.  [<  Gr.  adep/jav- 
Toc,  not  heated :  see  atherntanous  and  -cij.]  The 
power  or  property  of  stopping  radiant  heat ; 
impermeableness  to  radiant  heat.  It  corre- 
sponds to  opacity  in  the  ease  of  light. 

athermanous  (a-ther'ma-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  d- 
priv.  -I-  Otp/jaivav  (liep/iav-),  heat,  impart  heat 
(ef.  adipiiaiTor,  not  heated),  <  ffeppdg,  hot  (Sepfi?/, 
heat):  see  thcrmo-.']  Impermeable  to  radiant 
heat;  having  the  power  of  stopping  radiant 
heat ;  opaque  to  heat. 

athermous  (a-ther'mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  adep/ioc, 
without  warmth,  <  d-  priv.  -I-  6epii6q,  hot,  Bepfir/, 
heat.]     Same  as  atherina notis. 

atheroma  (ath-e-ro'ma),  71.;  pi.  atheromata 
(-ma-tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  al)//pupa{T-),  a  tumor  full 
of  gruel-like  matter,  <  n6r/p>/,  a  form  of  adapr/, 
groats  or  meal,  a  porridge  made  therefrom.]  1. 
A  name  given  to  various  kinds  of  encysted  tu- 
mors, the  contents  of  wliich  have  the  appear- 
ance of  bread-sauce. —  2.  The  formation  of 
thickened  patches  of  the  inner  coat  of  an  ar- 
tery (much  more  rarely  of  a  vein),  constitut- 
ing tiatteued  cavities  which  contain  a  pasty 
mass  exhibiting  fat-globules,  fatty  acid  crys- 
tals, cholesterin,  more  or  less  calcareous  mat- 
ter, etc.  The  endothelial  film  separating  this  from  the 
blood  may  give  w.ay,  and  an  atheromatous  ulcer  be  formed. 
Also  atherome. 

atheromatous  (ath-e-ro'ma-tus),  a.  [<  athe- 
roma{t-)  +  -ous.']  Pertaining  to  or  resembUng 
atheroma ;  having  the  qualities  of  atheroma. 

atherome  (ath'e-rom),  n.     Same  as  atheroma. 

Atherura  (ath-e-ro'rii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  dft;p,  the 
beard  of  an  ear  of  corn,  +  ohpa,  tail.]  A  genus 
of  hystrieomorph  rodents,  of  the  family  Hystri- 
cidce;  the  brush-tailed  porcupines:  so  called 
because  the  tail  ends  in  a  pencil  of  flattened 
scaly  bristles.  The  best-known  species  are  A.fasci- 
culata,  the  Malacca  porcupine  of  India,  and  the  African  A. 
africana.     There  are  several  others.    Also  Atheruru^. 

atherure  (ath'e-ror),  H.  [<  Athernra.']  A 
brush-taUed  porcupine;  a  species  of  the  genus 
Atherura. 

Atherurus  (ath-e-ro'rus),  n.  Same  as  Atlie- 
rura. 

atheticize  (a-thet'i-siz),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 
atheticized,  ppr.  atheticising.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  dferor, 
set  aside,  invalid,  +  -ic  +  -ize.  Cf.  atlietize.'] 
Same  as  athetizc.    Beverley. 

athetize  (ath'e-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  athe- 
tized,  ppr.  athetizing.  [<  Gr.  aderelv,  set  aside, 
reject  as  spurious  (<  iiBe-oi;,  set  aside,  invalid, 
without  place  or  position,  <  d-  priv.  -t-  ferdf, 
verbal  adj.  of  ri-ds-vai,  put,  place :  see  thesin, 
etc. ),  +  -ize.]    To  set  aside ;  reject  as  spurious. 


athwart 

He  [Walter  Leaf,  in  his  edition  of  the  Iliad]  atlietiies 
but  B3  lines  in  A-M.         Aiurr.  .Iimr.  oj  Philol.,  VII.  378. 

athetoid    (ath'e-toid),  a.     Of   or  resembling 

athetosis:  as,  aWictoJd  movements. 
athetosis  (atli-e-to'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  adcroc, 
without  place  (see  athetize), -i-  -osis.]  Inpathol., 
a  condition  in  which  the  hands  and  feet  can- 
not bo  maintained  in  any  position  in  which 
tliey  are  placed,  but  continually  perfonu  iu- 
voluntaiy,  slow,  iiTegular  movements. 
athinkt,  v.  impers.  [ME.  athinke,  reduced  form 
of  ofthiTike,  <  AS.  ofthyncan,  impers.,  <  of-  + 
thTjncan,  seem:  see  «-■*  and  thiiilc,]  To  repent; 
grieve — Me  athlnketht,  it  repents  me. 

Me  athin/c'^fh  tliat  I  schal  reherce  it  here. 

CItauctr,  I'rol.  to  Miller's  Tale,  L  62. 
athirst  (a-thersf),  a.  [<  ME.  athurst,  also 
athreste  and  afurst,  contr.  from  ofthurst,  of- 
thyrst,  <  AS.  ofthyrsted,  very  thirsty,  pp.  of  of- 
thyrsta7i,  thu-st,  <  of-  (intensive)  +  thyrstuTi, 
pp.  thyrsted,  thirst:  see  a-*  and  thirst,  v.]  1, 
Thirsty;  wanting  drink. 
When  thou  art  athirst,  go  unto  the  vessels,  and  drink. 

Ruth  ii.  9. 
2.  Figuratively,  having  a  keen  appetite  or  de- 
sire. 

Their  bounding  hearts  alike 
Athirst  for  battle.  Cowper,  Iliad. 

athlete  (ath'let),  re.  [<  L.  athleta,  <  Gr.  uBXti- 
ri/r,  a  combatant,  contestant  in  the  games,  < 
aOXtiv,  contend,  (.  iO?Mc,  a  contest,  esp.  for  a 
prize  (neut.  ad'Aov,  the  prize  of  contest),  contr. 
of  *dF£0/lof,  prob.  <  d-  -1-  ■/  *ff9  (=  E.  wed, 
pledge:  see  ived)  +  formative  -?.o-c.'\  1.  In 
6rC.  antiq.,  one  who  contended  for  a  prize  in  the 
public  games.  Hence — 2.  Any  one  trained  to 
exercises  of  agility  and  strength ;  one  accom- 
plished in  athletics ;  a  man  full  of  strength 
and  activity. 

Here  rose  an  athlete,  strong  to  break  or  bind 
All  force  in  bonds  that  nnght  endure. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

athletic  (ath-let'ik),  a.  and  71.     [<  L.  athleticus, 

<  Gr.  dd'ArrriKdg,  <  aO?.)jT>/r,  athlete:  see  athlete.] 
I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  athletes  or  to  the  exer- 
cises practised  by  them:  as,  athletic  sports. 
Hence — 2.  Strong;  robust;  ^^go^ous;  physi- 
cally powerful  and  active. 

That  athletic  soundness  and  vigour  of  constitution 
which  is  seen  in  cottages,  where  Nature  is  cooic  and  Ne- 
cessity caterer.  South. 

II.  re.  An  athlete.     [Rare.] 

athletically  (ath-let'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  strong, 
robust,  or  athletic  manner. 

athleticism  (ath-let'i-sizm),  71.  [<  athletic  + 
-isiii.]  The  act  or  practice  of  engaging  in  ath- 
letic exercises ;  devotion  to  athletics. 

athletics  (ath-let'iks),  71.  [Plural  of  athletic] 
The  art  or  practice  of  athletic  games  or  exer- 
cises; the  system  of  rules  or  principles  em- 
ployed for  physical  training,  as  in  i-unning, 
rowing,  boxing,  gymnastics,  etc. 

athletism  (ath'le-tizm),  re.  [<  athlete  +  -ism.] 
The  character  or  profession  of  an  athlete. 

Athole  brose.     See  hrose. 

Athorybia  (ath-o-rib'i-ii),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  d- 
jjriv.  +  66pv[3oc,  noise,  murmur,  confusion.]  A 
genus  of  oceanic  hydrozoans, 
type  of  the  family  Athoryhi- 
idce.  A.  rosacea  inhabits  the 
Mediterranean. 

Athorybiadae  (ath 'o-ri-bi'a- 
de),  n.  2>l.     Same  as  .  '  " 
hiida:. 

Athorybiidae    (ath" 

de),n.pl.     [Nh.,  <  Athorybia 

+  -id(e.]      A  family  of  phy- 

sophorous  oceanic  Uydrozoa, 

of  the   order  Siphonophora, 

having  a  bundle    of  hydro- 

phyllia  instead  of  a  swim- 

ming-coltunn,  and  resembling  a  larval  stage  of 

some  other  Pkysophora. 
athreet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [ME.,  also  a  thre; 

<  a'i  +  three.]     In  three  parts.     Chaucer. 
athrepsia   (a-threp'si-a),    n.      [NL.,   <  Gr.   d- 

priv.  -f-  Bpc-ipiQ,  nom'ishment,  <  rpcipew,  nourish.] 
hipathol.,  a  profound  tlisturbanee  of  nutrition 
in  children,  due  to  neglect  of  hygiene  and  in- 
sufBeieut  or  improper  food. 
athrob  (a-throb'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3 
-t-  throb.]  In  or  into  a  throbbing  or  palpitat- 
ing state  or  manner ;  tlirobbing. 

[Language]  is  a  mere  dead  tiody  without  a  soul  till  some 
mau  of  genius  set  its  arrested  jiulses  once  more  athrob. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  258. 

athwart  (a-thw&rt),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  aniprep. 
[Enrly  moil.  E.  also  athirt,  Sc.  athourt,  athort. 


as  Athory-       /^^ 
li"o-ri-bi'i-   /       i; 


,  polypites ;  b,  tenta- 
cles, with  €c,  their  sac- 
culi;  rf,  hydrophyllia  ;y; 
pneumatopbore. 


athwart 

<  ME.  afhwart;  <a3+  thurart.  «.  overthicarfi 

1.  adc.  1.  Crosswise;  from  side  to  side ;  trans- 
Tersely. 

He  caos'd  to  be  drawn  out  and  paVd  fonr  main  roads 
to  the  utmost  length  and  breadth  of  the  Uland :  and  two 
othere  athwart.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2  111  opposition  to  the  proper  or  expected 
course;  in  a  manner  to  cross  and  perplex; 
crossly;  -nrongly;  Tvrongfully.    [Kare.] 

The  baby  beats  the  nurse,  and  quite  athuart 

Goes  all'decoram.  Shak.,  M.  for  JI.,  i.  4. 

IL  prep.  1.  Across ;  from  side  to  side  of. 

A  pine, 

Kock-rooted,  stretched  athwart  the  vacancy 

lis  swinging  boughs.  Shelley,  Alastor. 

The  Fosse  Way  was  one  of  the  two  great  lines  of  commu. 

nication  which  ran  athicart  Britain  from  the  northeast  to 

the  southwest.  J-  Jt-  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  193. 

2.  Xaut,  across  the  line  of  a  ship's  course. — 
s!  in  opposition  to;  against;  contrary  to. 

I  have  seen  this  present  work,  and  find  nothing  ofAinirt 
the  Catholick  faith  and  good  manners. 

Milton,  .\reopagitica,  p.  H.        _ 
Athwart  hawse,  said  of  a  ship  when  she  lies  or  sails  atiptoe  (a-tip'to) 
across  the  stem  of  another,  whether  near  or  at  some  dis-        '   '    ''    ' 
tance. 

We  soon  saw  two  sails  to  windward,  going  directly 
o/Airart  our  Aairsc.  .      „  ,       ^,     ,,    . 

R.  n.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  10. 

Athwart  the  forefoot,  said  of  the  flight  of  a  cannon- 
ball  tired  across  a  ship  s  course  before  her  bows,  as  a  com- 
man<l  to  her  to  bring  to. 

athwartsMpS   (a-thwart'ships),  prep.  plir.  as 

adv.     [<  athwart  +  ship  +  adv.  gen.  suffix  -«.] 

Athwart  the  ship ;  crosswise  of  the  ship. 
The  foretopsail,  wliich  had  been  double  reefed,  split  in 

two  athtcarUhips,  just  below  the  reef-band,  from  earing 

to  earing.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  2.^4. 

atiiymiat  (a-thim'i-a),  n.     [<  Gr.  adv^iia,  want  of 

courage  or  spirit,  Cadv/ioc,  wanting  courage  or 

spirit,  <  a-  priv.  +  (Ji'uiif,  courage,  spirit,  breath, 

<  eieiv,  rush,  rage,  be  eager.]  Lowness  of  spir- 
its; despondency;  melancholy. 

-aticl.    [<F.-i7^'g»e(vemacularly-«(7P,  >E. -«(7f, 

q.  V.)  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  -atico,  <  L.  -aticiis,  a  com- 
pound adj.  suffix,  being  -ic-tis,  E.  -if,  suffixed 

to  a  pp.  stem  in  -at-:  see  -ate^,  -ic,  and  -ni/f.] 

A  compoimd  suffix  of  some  adjectives  of  Latin 

origin,  as  aquatic,  erratic,  lymphatic,  etc.,  some 

of  wlueh  are  also  used  as  nouns,  as  fanatic, 

lunatic,  etc.     [See  remark  under  -alic-.} 
-atic2.     r<  F.  -atique  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  -atico,  <  L. 

-aticus,  <  Gr.  -ar-ifi-dr,  being  -iK-or,  E.  -ic,  suffixed 

to  a  noun  stem  in  -ar-,  nom.  -a,  or  -op,  or  -ar-r/r : 

see  -(ilc^>  and  -ic]     A  compound  tcrminatiou 

of  adjectives  taken  from  or  formed  after  Greek, 

as  (jrammatic,  hepatic,  piii  lunatic,  some  aeeoiri- 

paiiying  English  nouns  in  -ma  or  -m,  as  dra- 
matic, problematic,  etc.,  or  in.-ate^,  as  piratic, 

etc.    [Most  adjectives  of  this  termination,  and  al»o  some 

ending  in  -a/icl,  may  take  (often  preferably)  the  addition- 

al  syllable  al,  with  very  slight  if  any  change  of  meaning. 

See  .al  and  .ical.] 
-atile.    [=  F.  -atile,  <  L.  -dtili.'),  a  compound  adj. 

suffix,  being  -His,  E.  -He  or  -k,  suffixed  to  a  pp. 

stem  in  -at-:   see  -ate''-  and  -He.]    A  suffix  of 

some  adjectives  of  Latin  origin,  as  aquatile, 

fturiatile,  etc. 
atilt  (a-tilf),  prep.  phr.  as  adr.  or  a.     [<  «3  + 

tilli,  n.]     1.  Tilted  up;  set  on  tilt,  literally  or 

figuratively. 

SiKak  ;  If  not,  this  stand 
Of  royal  blood  shall  be  abroach,  atilt,  and  run 
Even  to  the  lees  of  honour. 

Beau,  and  f'l.,  I'liilastcr,  v.  1. 

Tlie  little  bird  sits  at  his  door  In  the  sun, 
Atilt  like  a  blossom  among  the  leaves. 

Lowell,  .Sir  Ijiunfal,  I. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  a  tiller;  in  the  position 
tir  witb  the  action  of  a  man  making  a,  tliru.st,: 
u.",  to  ride  or  run  atilt. 

atimy  fat'i-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  oTi/iia,  disgrace,  loss 
of  civil  riRhts,  flishonor,  <  liri/ior,  dishonored, 
deprivc'l  of  civil  rights,  <  a-  priv.  +  ri/ii/,  lienor, 
<  ritiv,  hfinor.]  In  Or.  aiitirj.,  diHgraco;  sus- 
pennion  ot  the  civil  rights  of  a  person  in  pun- 
iHhinent  of  LTave  offenses;  outlawry;  civil  dis- 


364 

son,  renison,  which  have  differentiated  doub- 
lets In  oration,  venation  (obs.).]  A  suffix  of 
Latin  origin,  occurring  in  nouns  of  action,  etc. 
These  nouns  are  properly  abstract  nouns  e(iuivalent  to 
Enalish  nouns  in  -iiiy.  and  are  (n)  taken  direitly  from 
the  Latin,  as  citation,  comniemiation,  creation,  education, 
liberation,  etc.,  and  formed  in  Latin  (comviendalio,  etc.) 
from  the  verbs  represented  in  English  either  by  forms 
without  suffix  (from  the  Latin  infinitive),  as  cite,  eonimemi, 
etc.,  or  by  forms  in  -ate  (from  the  Latin  perfect  partici- 
ple), as  create,  educate,  litxrate  ;  or  (6)  formed  in  moderii 
speech,  whether  from  verbs  without  snflix,  as  in  fixation, 
quotation,  etc.,  from.M,  quote,  etc.,  or  from  verbs  in  -ate, 
as  concentration,  desiccation,  from  concentrate,  desiccate, 
etc.,  or  from  verbs  of  non-Ltltin  origin,  as  starvation, 
flirtation,  these  being  the  earliest  formations  (in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  eighteenth  century)  in  -ation  from  verbs  of 


atlas 

pertaining  to  Atlas,  <  '!4r/af  {\\T7.avT-),  Atlas,  (1) 
the  Titan  (see  o(?<7,?i),  or  (2)  the  mountain-range 
in  northwestern  Africa  named  from  the  Titan, 
being  regarded  as  the  pillar  of  heaven;  to  'Ar- 
'/.avTiKuv  -ilayac,  the  Atlantic  ocean,  named  from 
Mount  Atlas.]  I.  o.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
scended fi'om  Atlas:  as,  "the  seven  Atlantic 
Sisters"  (the  Pleiades),  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  674.— 
2.  Appellative  of  or  pertaining  to  that  division 
of  the  ocean  which  lies  between  Europe  and 
Africa  on  the  east  and  America  on  the  west. 

n.  n.  The  Atlantic  ocean, 
atlantid  (at-lan'tid),  n.    A  heteropod  mollusk 
of  the  family  Atlantidw. 


native  origin  (sfarie,  ^irt).    Some  words  in -ndon  have  no  Atlantidae  (at-lan'ti-de),    H.  pi.      [NL.,  <    Gr. 


accompanying  verb  in  English,  as  constellation,  lunation, 
neoation,  etc. 

-atiOUS.  [<  -ati{on)  +  -ous,  like  -itioiis,<  -i7i(oh) 
+  -ous.]  A  compoimd  adjective  suffix,  con- 
sisting of  -ous  added  to  a  reduced  form  of 
-ation,  and  serving  to  foi-m  adjectives  from 
nouns  in  -ation,  as  disputatious  from  disputa- 
tion. 

prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [< 
aS'+  tiptoe]  l!  On  tiptoe. —  2.  Figuratively, 
in  a  state  of  high  expectation  or  eagerness. 

-ative.  [=  F.  -atif,  fem.  -ativc,  <  L.  -dt-ivus, 
being  -ivus,  E.  -ive,'  suffixed  to  the  pp.  stem  in 
-at-,  E.  -offl,  -ate".]  A  compound  adjective 
suffix  of  Latin  origin,  consisting  of  -ive  added  to 
the  stem  represented  hy -ate",  and  accompany- 
ing verbs  with  suffix  -ate",  as  in  demonstrative, 
relative,  etc.,  from  demonstrate,  relate,  etc.,  or 
verbs  without  a  suffix,  as  in  laudative,  etc., 
from  laud,  etc.,  or  standing  without  corre- 
sponding verbs  in  English,  as  in  amative,  horta- 
tive, lucrative,  etc. :  especially  frequent  in  gram- 
matical terms,  as  in  vocative,  locative,  ablative, 
etc.,  all  used  also  as  nouns,  it  is  also  found  in  a 
few  other  nouns,  as  in  prerofjative,  donative.  It  is  added 
rarely  to  verbs  of  non-Latin  "origin,  as  in  Inlkatitv,  hahbla- 
tire,  and  used  in  colloquial  or  slang  exi)ressioiis  like  ,'?"- 
ahead-atiiv.  English  formations  in  -atiiv,  from  verbs  in 
■ate-,  retain  the  accent  of  the  verb,  as  decorative. 

Atlanta  (at-lan'tS),  ».  [^fL.,  <  L.  Jtlanticus, 
.\tlantic:  see  Atlantic,  a.]     A  genus  of  mol 


".\.T/.ag  (;\7/.aiT-).  Mount  Atlas,  taken  for  Africa 
(see  Atlantic),  +  -liai,  -ida?.  In  sense  2,  < 
Atlanta  (q.  v.)  +  -ida\]  1.  One  of  the  three 
great  di%isions  into  which  some  ethnologists 
divide  the  human  race,  including  the  tribes  of 
Africa  and  the  Semitic  peoples  of  Asia. —  2. 
A  family  of  heteropodous  mollusks,  typified  by 
the  genus  Atlantu.  They  are  free-swimming  pelagic 
forms,  of  warm  seas,  with  a  small,  thin,  keeled,  spiral 
shell  and  calcareous  operculum.  Besides  the  type,  At- 
lanta, the  family  contains  the  genus  Oxtigyrxis. 

Atlantides  (at-lan'ti-dez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
'.\r2oiT((5fc,  pi.  of  'Ar'AavTi^,  fem.  patron.,  daugli- 
terof  'ft.r?:af  ('AT;iaiT-),  Atlas :  see  atlas'^.]  1.  A 
name  given  to  the  Pleiades,  -which  were  fabled 
to  be  the  seven  daughters  of  Atlas  who  were 
translated  to  heaven.— 2.  The  inhabitants  of 
the  legendary  island  of  Atlantis. 

Atlantis  (at-lan'tis),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  '.^Tlavu^: 
Si'e  Atlantic]  A  mj-thical  island  of  vast  extent, 
mentioned  by  Plato  and  other  ancient  writers, 
and  placed  by  them  in  the  far  West. 

atlanto-epistr opheal  (at  -  Ian "  1 6  -  ep "  i  -  stro  - 

fe'al),  a.  [<  atta.'i  (atlant-)  +  epistrophwus  + 
-((?.']  In  anal.,  pertaining  to  the  atlas  and  epi- 
stropha?us  or  axis. 
atlanto-OCCipital  (at-lan'to-ok-sip'i-tal),  a.  [< 
atlas  {atlant-)  +  occiput  (occipit-)  +  -al.]  In 
anat,  pertaining  to  the  atlas  and  the  occipital 


bone. 

lusks,  typical  of  the  inmily  Atlantida;  having  atlanto-odontoid  (at-lan"t6-6-don'toid),  a.    [< 

the  twisted  visceral  sac  inclosed  in  a  dextral  atlas  (atlant-)  +  odontoid.]    In  (oidf.,  pertaining 

spiral  shell,  and  the  foot  pro\-ided  with  an  oper-  f  ^  t]i,,  atlas  and  the  odontoid  process  of  the  axis. 

eulum.    ^.J7fn;«)  is  a  MeiUterrauean  species,  atlantosaurid    (at-lan-to-sa'rid),    n.     A   dino- 

atlantad  (at-lan'tad),  «(/i'.      [<  atlas  {atlant-)  saurian  rejitile  of  the  family  ./'/(f»^(W((K)-(rfn'. 

+  -adS.]      In  anat.,  toward  the  atlas,  or  the  Atlantosauridse   (at-lan-t6-sa'ri-de),  n.  pi. 

upper  part  of  the  body.  [NL.,  <  Allantosaurns  +  -ida:]      A  family  of 

atlantal   (at-lau'tal),  a.     [<   NL.  ailanttilis,  <  sauropodous  dinosaurian  reptiles  with  a  pitui- 

«//«»■!,  3,  q.  v.]    lu  anat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  f,^,.y  ,.,iual.  the  ischia  directed  downward  and 


atlas Atlantal  foramen  (foramen  atlantale),  a  hoi 

tlir"iii:h  till-  fori-baiiler  of  the  atlas  of  many  animals  for 
the  transmission  of  tlic  suboccipital  nerve  and  vertebral 
artery.  In  man  it  is  present  oidy  exceptionally,  and  is 
generally  represented  by  a  groove. 
Atlantean  (at-lan-te'an),  «.  [<  Ij.  .Itlanteu.^.  <  Atlantosaurus  (at-lan-to-sa'rus),  ». 
Gr. '.-Vr/diTf (Of,  pertaining  to 'lir/.af,  Atlas;  '.\7- 
/ai'-if,  Atlantis,  is  projierly  fem.  adj.  <  ".\.T?.ac 
(•■Vr/aiT-):  see  oWn.s-i.]  1.  Pertaining  to  Atlas ; 
resembling  Atlas. 

Sage  he  stood. 
With  .illantcan  shoulders,  fit  to  bear 
nie  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies. 

flillun,  V.  L..  ii.  30«. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  island  Atlantis  of  Plato 
and  Strabo,  fabled  to  exist  in  the  ocean  of  the 
far   West,    or    to 


i'  \ 


fni 

«ol>.    1 

•ation. 

=  U.-a   „„ 

-(io(n-).  K. 

Tcrbft  in  -d-rr,  or,  in  other  words,  -ln{n-). 

-itin,  •.ijlTljje.l  to  the  pp.  stem  -at-,  E.  -att'^ 

■  see 


;  di-gradation.  It  wn«i"-n>etualnnrl 
'  r'-.lilarv),  or  tein|Hirary.  or  oiirtlal  and 
oil  privileges  of  the  eillzeii.  II  of(.-n  In. 
I  of  pri>|Hrty. 

atiiin  =  Sp.  -arion  =  Pg.   -arfto 

L.  -dtio(n-),  ttcc.  -dtii'mim,  being 

linn,  q.  v.,  Hufflxed  fo  the  stem  of 

of 
TerliM  HI  -I'l-re :  m-f  -lion,  -inn,  and  -»lt'.  'tlii^  reir. 
()(.'  1  ...  f  .1  iiUx  was  -iiixiin,  -riiniri,  hiler 
-"'  iititored  -alinn,  MIC. -«(io/i, 

•111  I  iniin),  >  .MK.  -niKun,   -riuun, 

•oun,  lie,  ivhjeh  uxiati),  uurocognizod,  in  on- 


Bacnn's  ideal 

(OMimonwoaltli  of 
tliat  name. 

Siinietinies  writ- 
ten .lllanlian. 

atlantes  (at-lim'- 
tez),  ».  pi.  [<  Gr. 
"Ar'Aai'TCc,  pi.  of 
"Ar'/'.nr,  Atlas:  see 
atlasl.]  In  arch., 
figures  or  lialf  lig- 
iires  of  men  used 
in  place  of  <ol- 
umiiH  or  jiilas- 
ters,  to  KUi)port 
an  entablature. 
They  were  call.  <l  1. 1- 
anionm  by  (be  Ko. 
nnins.  Femiilellgurcs 
so  employed  are  call 
ed  rtirtinlidn  or  r/irt/ii- 
:i./.<.    Sicdfdnl.  i. 

Atlantian  (at- 
hin'ti-aii),  a.  See 
A  Han  lean. 

Atlantic  dil-lan'- 
tik),  <i.  and  n.  [< 
L.  .ItUmticiut,  < 
Or.       'ArXavnuii, 


Ullollrlnritti't.I'«l'Kff.  Ilrl(l«'lb«f]B<-«»llc 
llarlen. 


tary  canal,  the  ischia  directed  downwan 
meeting  at  the  middle,  a  hollow  sacrum,  and 
the  anterior  and  caudal  vertebra^  excavated  by 
lateral  ca-i-itics.  It  is  a  group  of  gigantic  Juras- 
sic herbivorous  lizards.     O.  V.  Marsh. 

[NL.,  < 

Gr.  '!-Vi->,«c  ('AT/.avT-),  in  allusion  to  their  size,  + 
aahpoc.  lizard.]  A  genus  of  dinosaurians  the 
species  of  which  were  of  gigantic  size ;  the  type 
of  the  familv  -itlanlosauvida: 
atlasl  (at 'las),  n.  [=  F.  Sp.  Pg.  atlas  =  It.  at- 
lanle  =  G.'  Dan.  Sw.  atlas,  atlas  (def.  4),  <  L. 
Atlas  (Atlant-),  <  Gr.  "At'/m^  ('Ar^.nir-),  in  myth, 
a  member  of  the  older  family  of  gods,  who 
bore  up  the  pillars  of  heaven ;  later,  one  of  the 
Titans,  condemned  to  bear  up  the  heavens,  or, 
in  other  forms  of  the  legend,  tlie  earth:  the 
name  was  also  given  to  iliunit  .\this  (see  .tt- 
lanlic),  to  a  statue  serving  as  a  eoluiTin  (def.  2), 
and  to  one  of  tlie  ci'rvical  vertebrie  (def.  I!); 
appar.  <  o-  euplionic  -t-  ■/  'r'/a  (f/iivai),  endure, 
=  L.  -v/  "tla,  in  tlatus,  latus,  pp.  (associated  with 
./'(■)-)•(■  =  E.  /«i-()-l.  hold  up,  carry),  and  in  tollerc, 
lift,  tolerarc,  eiKliire:  see  ablative  iind  t(il(r<it(:] 
1.  [<■»/).]  One  who  supports  a  lu'iivy  burden;  a 
mainstay;  a  'pillar.' — 2.  (I'l.  <itlanli\i  (ii\-]iui'- 
tez).]  a"  male  liumau  ligiire  si'rving  as  a  eol- 
unin  or  pilaster.  See  atlantes. — 3.  [NL.]  In 
anat.,  the  first  cer- 
vical vert(0)ra,  by 
which  llio  skull  ar- 
tieiihiles  with  tlio 
spiniil  cohiinn:  so 
called  because  it 
supports  the  head, 
as  Atl.as  was  fabled 
to  iii>li(>ld  I  lie  sky. 

It    Is    olli'    of    the    most 

riiM.lilliil    and    s| lal- 

i/.r.lof  tlir  vi-rtcbru'.  of. 
ten  buvliig  iioeelitnim, 
MM  Mticli,  lint  a  hypa- 
pophyHls  Inst^'iid,  Inrgit 
tranHverse  proeeHHcs  or 
lateral  niasHes,  ami  ilie 
other    processes    smidl 


Iltimnn  Allnt. 
J,  ni<liriiefii  of  noiTal  »plne  In  tbo 
neiirnl  auli;  it.  tiil)crciilar  pniccM,  or 
iliaiHtphy-K  \nn\}CT.  inul  f.  rftpilulOT 
process,  iir  mirtii>n|.IiysK  — tlic»c  two 
iniikiiiii  thr  M>-fiille<l  tr.iiisvcr»c  pro* 
tcvK  iiinl  Inclu^liik'  ''"•  vcricl>rnrlcrt«l 
f..ratiicii:  /(v,  liyiMl^'plty'". '"  1>'*," 
of  a  reiitriiiri  ;  o,  iirtlciilur  tmrfucc  for 
occipital  LUiidylc. 


atlas 

or  wanting.  The  general  form  of  the  bone  is  annular ;  it 
revolves  about  a  pivot  furnisiied  by  the  odontoid  process 
of  the  axis,  and  follows  the  rotatory  movements  of  the 
head  upon  the  neck.  It  is  conmiouly  ankylosed  with  the 
axis  in  Cetarea.    See  ankylosis. 

4.  A  bouud  collection  of  maps.  The  word  was  first 
used  in  this  sense  Ity  Mercutor  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
in  allusion  to  the  Atlas  of  mythology,  whose  figure,  repre- 
sented as  bearing  a  globe  on  his  siioulders,  was  given  on 
the  title-page  of  such  works. 

Henee  —  5.  A  volume  of  plates  or  tables  illus- 
trative or  explanatory  of  some  subject. — 6. 
A  size  of  writing-  or  drawing-paper,  26  by  33  or 
34  inches. — 7.  [NL.]  Lne»<(»«.,alargelamelli- 
corn  beetle  of  tlie  family  Seardbmda: ;  the  atlas 
beetle,  ('hdlenaoma  atlas,  about  3  inches  long, 
and  of  a  brilliant  metallic-green  color. 

atlas-  (at'las),  H.  [=  Sp.  atlas  =  G.  atlass  = 
fciw.  atlas  =  Dan.  atlas,  atlask,  satin,  <  Hind. 
atlas,  <  Ar.  atlas,  satin,  <  atlas,  smooth,  bare, 
blank,  <  talasa,  make  smooth,  delete.]  A  kind 
of  satin :  a  word  formerly  used  in  the  Levant 
and  in  India. 

atlas-folio  (aflas-fo'lio),  «.  [<a«asl,  6,  -f- 
foUo.  ]     A  large  square  folio  size  of  books. 

atlo-axoid  (at"16-ak'soid),  a.  In  anat.,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  atlas  and  axis,  the  first  and 
second  cervical  vertebrce — Atlo-axoid  ligament, 
one  of  three  ligaments,  anterior,  Lateral,  and  posterior, 
connected  with  both  the  axis  and  the  atlas. 

atloid  (at'loid),  a.  [iatlas'^,i,  + -oid.']  In  anat., 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  atlas ;  atlantal :  usually 
as  the  second  element  of  a  compound:  as, 
occipito-atlnkl  ligaments. 

atmidometer  (at-mi-dom'e-ter),  TO.  [<  Gr.  ar/i/f 
(aTfiid-),  vapor  (<  arfidQ,  steam,  vapor),  +  /lerpov, 
a  measure.]  .An  instrument  invented  by  Bab- 
ington  for  measuring  the  evaporation  from  wa- 
ter, ice,  or  snow.  E.  H.  Knight.  See  atmom- 
etei: 

atmo-.  [<  Gr.  aT/i6(:,  vapor,  steam  (=  Skt.  atman, 
breath,  =  AS.  wthm  =  OS.  dthom  =  OFries.  eth- 
ma=  D.  «rf«m  =  OHG.  ddum,  dtum,  MHG.  atem, 
aten,  G.  atem,  atliem,  odem,  also  (prop,  dial.) 
odcn,  breath),  perhaps  from  the  root  repr.  by 
Skt.  y/  vd,  Gr.  af/vat  (•/  *fa),  blow,  and  so  related 
to  ii^p,  air,  aaBfia,  asthma,  etc.,  and  to  E.  wind"  : 
see  (JH'I,  asthma,  and  wind".]  The  first  element, 
meaning  vapor,  in  some  compound  words  of 
Greek  origin. 

atmological  (at-mo-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  atmology 
+  -ic-al.']     Pertaining  to  atmology. 

A  classification  of  clouds  can  then  only  be  consistent 
and  intelligible  when  it  rests  on  their  atmological  condi- 
tions. Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  x.  2. 

atmologist  (at-mol'o-jist),  TO.  [<  atmology  + 
-ist.']  One  skilled  in  atmology;  a  student  of 
atmology. 

,       The  atmologists  of  the  last  century. 

Whewell,  Nov.  Org.  Renovatum,  III.  ix.  §  S. 

atmology  (at-mol'o-ji),  TO.  [<  Gr.  dr/iof,  steam, 
vapor,  -i-  -'koyia,  i' 'Aeyeiu,  speak:  see  -ologi/.j 
That  branch  of  science  which  treats  of  the  laws 
and  phenomena  of  aqueous  vapor. 

The  relations  of  heat  and  moisture  give  rise  to  another 
extensive  collection  of  laws  and  principles,  which  I  shall 
treat  of  in  connection  with  themistics,  and  shall  term  at. 
viology.  Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  x..  Int. 

atmolysation,  etc.     See  atmolyzation,  etc. 

atmolysis  (at-mol'i-sis),  TO.  [<  Gr.  dr/idf,  vapor, 
-1-  'Avai^,  a  loosing,  <  'Avetv,  loose.]  A  method  of 
separating  mixed  gases  or  vapors  of  unequal 
diiiusibility  by  confining  the  mixture  in  a  ves- 
sel of  porous  material,  such  as  graphite,  placed 
in  a  vacuum.  See  atmolyzer.  This  method  was  first 
made  known  in  1803  by  its  discoverer.  Professor  T.  Gra- 
ham, master  of  the  English  mint. 

atmolyzation  (afmo-li-za'shon),  TO.  The  sepa- 
ration of  mixed  gases  by  atmolysis.  Also  at- 
ninhjsation. 

atmblyze  (at'mo-liz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  at- 
nioiyzed,  ppr.  atmolyzing.  [<  atmolysis.  Cf.  ati- 
alyze,  <  analysis.']  To  separate,  as  gases  or  va- 
pors, by  atmolysis.     .Also  atmolyse. 

atmolyzer  (at'mo-li-zer),  TO.  An  instrument  for 
st'piu'ating  gases.  It  consists  of  a  porous  pipe  sur- 
rounded by  an  air'-tight  cylinder  connected  with  an  aspi- 
rator, the  lighter  gases  passing  through  the  pores  of  the 
pipe,  the  heavier  remaining  in  it.     Also  atmolyser. 

atmometer  (at-mom'e-ter),  TO.  [<  Gr.  aT/j6c, 
vapor,  +  ficTpov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument, 
invented  by  Sir  John  Leslie,  for  meastuing  the 
amount  of  evaporation  from  a  humid  surface 
in  a  given  time ;  an  evaporometer.  it  consists  of 
a  till  n  hollow  ballot  porous  earthenware,  to  which  is  joined 
a  graduated  glass  tube.  The  ball  and  the  tube  are  filled 
with  water,  the  top  of  the  tube  is  closed,  and  the  instru- 
ment is  exposed  to  the  free  action  of  the  .air.  As  the 
water  transudes  through  the  porous  substance,  and  is 
removed  in  the  form  of  vapor  by  the  air,  the  extent  of 
evaporation  is  shown  by  the  sinking  of  the  water  in  the 
graduated  tube. 


365 

atmosphere  (at'mos-fer),  «.  [=  F.  atmosphere 
=  Pg.  atmosphera  "=  Sp.  atmdsfera  =  It.  atmo- 
sfera  =  Sw.  atmosfer  =  Dan.  atmosfare  =  G.  at- 
mosphdre,  <  NL.  atmosphtura,  <  Gr.  ar/id^,  vapor, 
-I-  ntjiaiiia,  sphere:  see  sphere.]  1.  The  aeriform 
lluid  which  surrounds  the  earth,  and  extends  to 
an  undetermined  height  above  its  surface ;  the 
air.  It  is  a  mechanical  mixture  of  79  parts  by  volume  of 
nitrogen  and  21  of  oxygen,  with  nearly  one  per  cent,  of  ar- 
gon, a  trace  of  carbon  dioxid,  and  a  variable  (inantity  of 
aqueous  vapor,  auunonia.  ozone,  and  organic  matter.  '1  be 
composition  of  the  normal  atmosphere  varies  but  slightly 
in  diticrent  localities,  although  near  towns  it  iiMially  con- 
tains impurities,  such  as  sulphuric  acid,  li>di  orb  loiic  acid, 
etc.  The  movements  of  the  atmospbt-ie  constitute  the 
winds,  ami  in  it  are  formed  or  produced  clouds,  rain,  and 
snow.  Its  density  is  greatest  at  the  eartli's  surface,  and  de- 
creases as  the  height  abitve  the  earth  increases.  The  atmo- 
sphere, like  other  bodies,  gravitates  toward  the  earth,  and 
therefore  has  weight  and  exerts  pressure.  Its  average 
weight  at  the  level  of  the  sea  is  about  15  pounds  (14.7)  to 
the  square  inch. 

2.  Aoonventionalunit  of  atmospheric  pressure. 
An  atmosphere  is  in  English  use  the  pressure  of  a  vertical 
<:olumn  of  30  inches  of  mercury  at  the  freezing-point  at 
London ;  in  French  use  it  is  the  pressure  of  760  milli- 
meters of  mercury  at  the  freezing-point  at  Paris.  For  the 
absolute  atmosphere  in  the  C.  6.  .S.  (centimeter-gram- 
secoiid)  system,  see  absolute.  The  weight  of  the  atmo- 
spl)ere  to  the  square  inch  is  cotnmonly  employed  as  a  con- 
venient unit  for  pressures  arising  from  other  causes,  such 
as  the  weight  of  liquids,  the  force  of  steam,  etc. :  thus,  a 
pressure  in  a  steam-lioiler  of  3  atmospheres  means  a  pres- 
sure equal  to  45  pounds  per  square  inch. 

The  apparatus  .  .  .  was  of  great  simplicity,  all  of  glass, 
capable  of  resisting  the  pressure  of  many  atmospheres. 

Science,  VIII.  56. 

3.  The  gaseous  envelop  surrounding  any  of 
the  heavenly  bodies. 

No  sound,  either  loud  or  soft,  could  be  heard  by  any 
inhabitant  of  the  moon,  because  the  moon  practically  has 
no  atmosphere.  ■/.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal. ,  p.  22. 

4.  Any  gaseous  medium. 
For  an  atmosphere  of  any  gas  at  uniform  temperature, 

the  height  at  which  the  density  would  be  halved  is  the 
height  of  the  homogeneous  atmosphere  for  that  gas,  mul- 
tiplied by  .69315;  the  gas  is  assumed  to  obey  Boyle's  law. 
J.  D.  Everett,  Units  andPhys.  Const.,  p.  41. 

5t.  An  assumed  outer  envelop  of  force,  efflu- 
via, etc.,  surrotmding  a  body:  as,  an  electrical 
a.tmosphei-e. —  6.   Figui-atively,   intellectual  or 
moral  environment ;  pervading  influence. 
By  the  hearth  the  children  sit 
Cold  in  that  atmosphere  of  Death. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xx. 
Absolute  atmosphere.  See  absolute. — Electric  at- 
mosphere, ^ce  ••h'ctric  aura,  under  a«rfll. 
atmospheric  (at-mos-fer'ik),  a.  [<  atmosphere 
+ -ic.  Ct.  spherical'.]  1.  Pertaining  to,  existing 
in,  or  consisting  of  the  atmosphere :  as,  atmo- 
spheric air  or  vapors. 

Quarantine  cannot  keep  out  an  atmospheric  disease. 

Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 

2.  Dependent  on  the  atmosphere. 
I  am  an  atmospheric  creature.  Pope. 

3.  Caused,  produced,  or  operated  on  by  the 
atmosphere:  as,  rust  is  an  atmospheric  effect. — 
Atmospliertc  chum,  a  churn  of  various  forms,  in  which 
atmospheric  air  is  driven  into  the  milk  in  order  to  agitate 
it,  and  .also  in  order  to  obtain  the  specific  effect  of  the  air 
upon  the  milk  in  aggregating  the  oleaginous  eIoI'uUs.— 
Atmospheric  currents.  See  ewrrenf.— Atmospheric 
engine,  a  variety  of  steam-engine  in  which  the  steam  is 
admitted  only  to  the  under  side  of  the  piston  and  for  the 


Newcomen's  Atmospheric  Steam-engine. 
W,  W,  working-t)eam ;  £.  boiler  from  wtiich  steam  is  admitted 
tlirougli  ttie  steain-cock,  c,  to  tile  cylinder  C ;  F,  rod,  serving  to  lift 
a  small  pump  :  i.  inicction-cock  ;  P.  piston :  J,  blow-valve,  or  snifting- 
valve  ;  T,  tank  ;  IV,  weights. 

up-stroke.  the  down-stroke  being  effected  by  the  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere  caused  by  the  formation  of  a 
vacuum  under  the  piston  through  the  condensation  of 
the  steam.  This  engine,  invented  by  Papin  in  1695,  was 
first  made  a  practical  success  by  Newcomen,  and  was 
suljseqiiently  greatly  improved  by  Watt,  through  the  ad- 
dition of  a  separate  condenser  and  air-pump.  — Atmo- 
spheric governor,  an  apparatus  for  controlling  the  move- 
ments of  machiiierv  liy  the  use  of  air  under  pressure.— 
Atmospheric  hammer,  (a)  A  hammer  driven  by  means 
of  compressed  air.  as  the  steam-hammer  is  operated  l)y 
steam.  See  steam-hammer,  (b)  A  hammer  in  which  an  at- 
mospheric spring  is  employed.    The  hammer-head  is  con- 


atom 

nected  by  a  rod  with  a  piston  working  in  a  cylinder  to 
which  air  is  admitted  at  tile  center  of  its  length.  A  recip- 
rocating motion  is  given  to  the  cylinder,  and  by  means 
«)f  the  air  confined  between  its  other  end  and  the  piston 
a  corresijonding  motion  is  given  Ui  the  piston-head  con- 
nected with  it. — Atmospheric  line,  (a)  In  a  diagram  of 
steam-pressure,  a  line  drawn  by  the  pencil  when  the 
steam  is  shut  off  from  the  piston  of  the  indicator,  and 
thus  under  the  pressure  of  tlie  atmosjihere  alone.  The 
height  <)f  the  steam-line  above  this  shows  the  pressure  of 
the  steam,  and  the  depth  of  the  vacuum-line  below  shows 
tilt-  degree  of  condensation  which  is  then  taking  place 
ill  tin:  engine,  {b)  pi.  Dark  lines  in  the  solar  spectrum 
j.rodini-d  by  the  absorption  of  part  of  the  solar  radiation 
by  the  terrestrial  atmosphere.     See  spectrum. 

In  ad<lition  to  the  lines  of  Fraunhofer,  indubitably  be- 
longing to  the  sun,  there  are  many  other  dark  lines  in  the 
siilar  siicrtrnin  which  originate  from  the  absorptive  ac- 
tion of  tlie  trricstrial  atmosphere,  and  are  therefore  called 
atmosjihi-ric  lines.  Lommel,  Light  (trans.),  p.  166. 

Atmospheric  pressure.  See  atmosphere,  2.— Atmo- 
spheric pump,  a  [lump  in  which  the  water  is  forced  into 
the  suction-pipe  liy  atmospheric  pressure, — Atmospheric 
railway,  a  railway  so  constructed  that  the  motive  [.ower 
is  derived  from  the  pressure  of  the  atmosiihere  acting  on 
a  piston  working  in  a  continuous  iron  tube  of  uniform 
bore  laid  from  one  place  to  another,  the  pressure  being 
created  l)y  exhausting  the  air  from  that  end  of  the  tube 
toward  which  it  is  desired  that  the  piston  should  advance, 
or  l»y  forcing  in  air  behind  it,  or  Ity  both  methods  at  once. 
The  system  has  not  been  found  suitaltle  for  the  ordinary 
purposes  of  a  railway,  though  it  is  successfully  worked 
for  the  conveyance  of  letters,  telegrams,  and  light  pack- 
ages. See  piuumatic  despatch,  under  'pneumatic. — At- 
mospheric spring,  a  spring  formed  by  tlie  elasticity  of 
a  confined  boiiy  of  air.— Atmospheric  stamp,  a  stamp 
(ijierated  in  the  same  manner  as  an  atmospheric  hammer 
(which  see,  above).— Atmospheric  tides,  diurnal  oscilla- 
tions of  the  atmosphere,  pindnicd  by  the  attractions  of 
the  sun  and  moon,  like  tlie  tides  of  the  ocean,  and  indi- 
cated liy  ininutc  variations  of  pressure  on  the  barometer. 

atmospherical  (at-mgs-fer'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
almosjihrrie. 

atmospherically  (at-mos-fer'i-kal-i),  adv.  As, 
or  as  regards,  the  atmosphere ;  by  atmospheric 
force  or  influence. 

atmostea,  «.     Plural  of  atmosteon. 

atmosteal  (at-mos'te-al),  a.  [<  atmosteon  + 
-al.]  Pertaining  to  an  atmosteon ;  pneumatic, 
as  a  bone. 

atmosteon  (at-mos'te-on),  TO. ;  pi.  atmostea  (-a). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aT/x6c,  air,  +  bariov,  bone.]  In 
ornith.,  an  air-bone ;  a  scleroskeletal  ossifica- 
tion of  a  membranous  tube  or  canal  conveying 
air  into  the  interior  of  a  bone  of  a  bird. 

The  siphon-like  tube  which  conveys  air  from  the  outer 

ear-passage  to  the  hollow  of  the  mandible  may  ossify, 

.  .  .  resulting  in  a  neat  tubular  "air-bone  "  or  (t^«(o;*?eo7l, 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  168. 

atocha-grass  (a-to'eha-gras),  11.  [Sp.  atocha, 
esparto-gi-ass.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  esparto-grass,  Stipa  tenacissima. 

atok(a-tok'),  H.  [Peruv.]  The  native  name  of 
a  kind  of  skunk,  of  the  genus  Conepatus,  found 
in  Peru,  originally  described  by  Humboldt  as 
Gvlo  quitensi-s.     Also  called  zorra. 

atoll  (a-tol'  or  at'ol),  n.  [Formerly  atollon ;  the 
name  of  such  islands  in  the  Maldive  group; 
prob.  <  Malayalam  adal,  closing,  uniting 
(Yule).]  A  coral  island,  consisting  of  a  strip 
or  ring  of  coral  suiTounding  a  central  lagoon. 
Such  islands  are  very  common  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  They 
often  present  an  exceedingly  picturesque  appearance,  a 
comparatively  nan-ow  strip  of  coral  rock  thinly  coated 
with  soil,  and  covered  with  a  vigorous  growth  of  cocoa- 
nut-,  pandanus-,  and  breadfruit-trees,  inclosing  a  large  still 
sheet  of  water,  usually  of  considerable  depth,  and  often 
well  supplied  with  fish.  The  circle  of  coral  is  sometimes 
complete,  showing  no  apparent  communication  between 
the  inclosed  lagoon  and  the  surrounding  sea ;  but  generally 
it  is  interrupted,  and  presents  one  or  more  openings  suita- 
ble for  the  passage  of  boats. 

atoUont,  TO.    See  atoll. 

atom  (at'om),  TO.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  atome, 
attorn  (and  as  L.  atomus,  atomos,  with  pi.  atomi, 
sometimes  atomic,  >  E.  sing,  atomic,  atomy^,  q. 
v.),  <  ME.  attome,  atome,  <  F.  atome  =  Sy.  dtomo 
=  Pg.  It.  atomo  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  atom,  <  L.  atomus, 
<  Gr.  aroftog,  an  atom,  prop,  adj.,  indivisible, 
that  cannot  be  cut,  <  a-  priv.  +  To/j6g,  verbal 
adj.  of  Tc/jvciv,  Ta/iclv,  cut :  see  t07>ie.]  1.  An  ex- 
tremely minute  particle  of  matter :  a  term  used 
generally  with  certain  philosophic  or  scientific 
limitations,  (a)  A  hypothetical  particle  of  matter  so 
minute  as  to  admit  of  no  division;  an  ultimate  indivisible 
particle  of  matter,  iiee  atomic  philo.'iophy,  under  atomic. 
No  atoms  casually  together  hurl'd 
Could  e'er  produce  so  beautiful  a  world. 

Dryden,  Epistles,  i.  31. 
(6)  A  particle  of  matter  assumed  not  to  be  divided  under 
the  circumstances  considered  ;  a  molecule. 

-\n  atom  means  something  which  is  not  divided  in  cer- 
tain cases  that  we  are  considering. 

IT.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  186. 
(c)  In  chem.  and  physics,  the  unit  of  matter:  the  smallest 
mass  of  an  element  that  exists  in  any  molecule.  The 
number  of  kinds  of  atoms  is  the  same  as  the  number  of 
the  eleiuents.  All  atoms  of  the  same  element  have  the 
same  constant  weight.  They  are  for  the  most  part  com- 
bined with  other  atoms,  either  of  the  same  or  of  a  different 
kind,  forming  molecules,  and  are  indivisible  by  chemical 


366 

It  is  the  object  of  the  mechanical  atomistic  philosophy 
to  confound  synthesis  with  sjuartesis. 

Coleridge,  Friend,  I.  121. 

2.  Consisting  of  atoms — Atomistic  phUosopliy. 

See  atomic  pliihsophit.  \lnder  atoinie. 

atomistical  (at-o-mis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  ato- 
mistic. 

atomistically  (at-o-mis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  at- 
omistic manner ;  as  composed  of  distinct  atoms 


atom 

force.    The  atom  U  sometimes  caUed  the  chemical  unit 

;°    i^.it  /:,,,    ,,  ,1,1  tlie  molecule  or  physical  umt,  the 

■  particle  of  any  kind  of  matter 

properties  of  that  mailer  ;  but 

,.-d  05  synonymous  ^vitli  »io/fcK/e 

in  tills  6*i[L£*^  ,  11  ■ 

Hgnce— 2.  Anything  extremely  small;  a  mi- 
nnte  quanHty:  as.  he  has  not  an  atom  of  sense. 

_3t.  The  smallest  division  of  time,  equal  to     ^_,_^^,,^  .„<.^^.. ,  „. r_.._ .-— 

about  Jr  of  a  second.— 4.  Anything  mdinsible :  a,toniization  (at  om-i-za'shon),  ii.     [<  atomize    2 


an  individual.  =  Syn.  Molecule,  etc.    See  jwrtic/c. 
atomt  (at'om),  r.  t.     [<  atom,  «.]    To  reduce  to 
atoms;  atomize. 

And  alomd  mists  turn  instantly  to  haiL 

Drayton,  Elegies,  i. 

atomatic  (at-o-mat'ik),  a.     [<  atom  +  -arte] 

Same  as  atomic.  ti      ,. 

atomic  (a-tom'ik),  a.     [<  atom  +  -ic;  =  F.  ato- 
nii</«e.]  "1.  Pertaining  to  atoms;  consistmg  ot 
atoms. 
The  atomic  constitution  of  bodies. 

Wheicell,  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas. 

The  gods,  the  gods ! 
If  aU  be  atoms,  how  then  should  the  gods. 
Being  atomie,  not  be  dissoluble. 
Not  follow  the  great  law  ;       Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

2  Extremelv  minute — Atomic  or  molecular 
heats  of  bodies",  (lie  product  of  the  specific  heatsof  bodies 
into  tluir  at.. mil-  «ei};lit3.  These  products  are  nearly  the 
same  fi.r  all  eleiiient.-iry  bodies,  and  in  compouuds  of  like 
atomic  colup.jsili..n.  tlluii'„-li  the  pr...luiti  ...t  the  specific 
heats  into  the  atomic  vvi-i'.-hts  may  .iitf.  r  iii  .htliient  classes 
of  compounds.  —Atomic  or  atomistic  philosophy,  a  sys- 
tem of  pliilosophv,  founded  by  Leucippus  and  Deniocritus. 
which  taushl  that  tlie  ultimate  constituents  of  all  things 
are  in.livisil.lc  particles  or  atoms,  which  dilfer  from  one 
another  in  form  and  position ;  whether  also  in  quality  of 
material  was  disputed  ainoii!;  the  atomists.  Vmm  the 
diverse  combination  and  motions  of  these  atoms  all  things, 
inclu.liiit.'  the  sonl,  were  supposed  to  arise.  The  atomistic 
phil.JS.jpliv  w:is  perfected  in  its  details  by  the  Epicureans, 
particularly  bv  Lucretius,  and  was  the  first  complete  sys- 
tem of  materialism.  It  is  the  basis  of  the  modern  phys- 
ic-al  atom  ic  lh.i,n/,  but,  apart  from  the  numerous  special 
modiflcati.jns  which  the  pro^Tcss  of  modern  science  has 
rendered  neces.s.'U^-.  it  differs  fr.im  it  essentially  in  this, 
that  the  ancient  atomism  was  a  philosophy  of  the  uni- 
Ycrse,  while  modem  atoinisinis.  primarily  at  least,  merely 
a  physical  thei.rv  .if  the  inner  structure  of  matter,  con- 
structed for  thee. nvcniencei.f  physical  icscaicli.— Atomic 
theory,  or  doctrine  of  definite  proportions,  in  iiiem., 
the  hyp-ithesis  that  all  chemical  combinations  take  place 
between  the  ultimate  particles  or  atoms  of  bodies,  and 
that  these  unite  either  atom  with  atom  or  in  proportions 
expressed  l.y.s..iiie  simple  multiple  of  the  number  of  atom? 

Atomic  volume,  in  chem,,  the  space  occupied  by  a 

qnantity  of  an  clement  in  the  solid  state  proportional  to 

ita  atomic  weight,  and  expressed  by  the  (luotient  of  the      .  ■ 

specific  gravity  divided  by  the  atomic  weight.  — Atomic  aiomy 

weight,  in  chcm.,  the  number  expressing  the  relative 

weiglit  of  one  atom  of  an  element  compared  with  the  weight 

of  sijmc  unit,  usually  that  of  the  hydrogen  atom,  which  is 

the  lightest  at  present  known.     The  atomic  weights  of 

the  other  elements,  therefore,  express  how  many  times 

the  atoms  of  these  elements  are  heavier  than  the  atom  of 

hydn'Ken.    .See  element. 

atomical  (a-tom'i-kal),  o.     Same  as  atomic. 

atomically  (a-toin'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an  atomic 
manner;  from  an  atomic  point  of  ^-iew;  re- 
garded as  an  atom,  or  as  made  up  of  atoms. 

atomician  (at-o-raish'an),  H.  [<  atomic  +  -iaii.'\ 
An  adherent  of  the  atomic  philosophy  or  the- 
ory.    .See  atomic. 

atomicismt (a-tom'i-sizm),  n.  [< atomic  +  -!«»i.] 
Atomism. 

atomicity  (at-o-mis'i-ti),  n.     [<  atomic  +  -iti/.'i 
III  (III  III.,  namd  as  equivalency  and  ijuanlivaleiicii. 
'I'he  number  of  bonds  ijosses-ned  by  an  element,  or  its 
alimiirilv,  is  apparently,  at  lea.st,  not  a  fixed  and  inva- 
riable iiuanlUy.         K.  l-'raukluiid,  F.xper.  In  Chem.,  p.  9. 

atomlsation,  etc.     See  at</mi:alion.  etc. 

atomism  '  at  'om-izra),  «.  [<  atom  +  -ism  ;  =  F. 
aloiiiisiiif  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  atomixmo.']  1.  The 
metaiihysical  or  Ihi'  physical  llieory  of  atoms; 
Bto. .-liiio-ophy  oratomic  theory.  Heealomic. 


3. 


a(iO«.]     The  process  of"  atomizing  or  the 

state  of  being  atomized;  specifically,  in  med., 

the  reduction  of  liquids  to  the  form  of  spray  for 

inhalation  or  for  application  to  the  throat  or 

nasal  passages,  and  for  other  purposes.    Also 

spelled  atomigation. 
atomize  (at'om-iz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atomized, 

ppr.  atomizi'iig.     [<  atom  +  -ize.l     I.t  iutrans. 

To  speculate  respecting  atoms.    Ciidwortli. 
n.  trans.  To  reduce  to  atoms;  reduce  to  very 

small  particles,  as  a  liquid ;  spray. 

Also  spelled  atomise. 
atomizer   (at'om-i-zer),  «.     One  who  or  that 

which  atomizes  or  reduces  to  atoms  or  very 

small  particles;  specifically,  an  apparatus  de- 
signed to  reduce  a  liquid  to  spray  for  disinfect- 
ing, cooling,  perfuming,  medicinal,  and  other 

purposes.     Also  spelled  ntomiser. 
atomology  (at-o-mol'o-ji),  «.     [<  Gr.  aTo//of, 

atom,  -f-  -/.oyla,  O.iryciv,  speak:  see-ology.']   The 

metaphysical  doctrine  of  atoms.     See  atomic. 
atomyl  (at'om-j),  «.;  pi.  atomies  (-iz).     [Early 

mod.  E.  also  atomic,  attmvye,  <  atomie,  prop,  atonement  (a-ton'ment),   n.     [<  atone,  v.,   + 


atonement 

I  would  do  much 
To  atone  them,  for  the  love  I  hear  to  Cassio. 

aiiak.,  Othello,  iv.  1, 
I  am  just  at  that  hour 
Upon  some  late  conceived  discontents 
To  atone  me  to  my  father. 

Web»ter,  Cure  for  a  Cuckold,  i.  2. 
Tigers  and  lions,  boars  and  raging  bulls. 
Hath  he  aton'd  with  leopards  and  wolves. 

Ford,  Fame's  Memorial. 

To  put  in  accordance ;  harmonize. 
To  atone  your  fears 
With  my  more  noble  meaning. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  ... 
To  unite  in  forming. 

The  Four  Elements,  who  joined 
With  the  Four  known  Complexions,  have  aton'd 
A  noble  league,  and  severally  put  on 
.Material  bodies. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  The  Sun's  Darling,  v.  1. 

4.  To  conciliate ;  appease. 
,So  heaven,  atoned,  shall  dying  Greece  restore. 

Pope.  Iliad,  i.  SO. 

5.  To  expiate;  answer  or  make  satisfaction  for. 
Soon  should  yon  boasters  cease  their  haughty  strife. 
Or  each  atuni  Ids  guilty  love  with  life.  Pope. 

[Although  atone  as  a  transitive  verb  is  essentially  obsolete, 
it  is  used  occasionally  by  modern  writers  in  several  of  the 
senses  above  given.  ] 
atone-makert,  ».  [<  atone,  adv.,  +  jnatec] 
One  who  makes  reconciliation  or  atonement; 
a  reconciler;  a  mediator. 

One  tiod,  one  mediatonr,  that  is  to  say,  aduocate,  iuter- 
cess.)r,  or  an  atonemaker,  between  Hod  and  man. 

Tyndale,  Works,  p.  l.W. 


otomi.  pi.  of  atoniit.%  prop,  the  L.  form  then  in 
current  use  along  with  atom,  the  form  atomy 
being  regarded  appar.  as  a  dim.     Cf.  atomy'^.] 

1.  An  atom;  a  mote, 
should  he  or  hell 

Affront  lue  in  the  passage  of  my  fate, 
I'd  crush  them  into  atomies. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  iii.  3. 

From  the  outer  day, 
Betwixt  the  close-set  ivies  came  a  broad 
And  solid  beam  of  isolated  light, 
Crowded  with  driving  atomies. 

Tennyson,  Lover's  Tale,  ii. 

2.  A  tiny  being;  a  pygmy. 

Drawn  with  a  team  of  little  atomies. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  -1. 

Epicurus  makes  them  [souls]  swarms  of  atomies. 
Which  do  by  chance  into  our  bodies  flee. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Sonl. 

(at'om-i),  n. ;  pi.  atomics  (-iz).  [For- 
merly also  "atamy  and  natomy,  for  anatomy, 
mistakenly  divided  oh  atomy."]  1.  An  anat- 
omy; a  skeleton. —  2.  A  very  loan  person;  a 
walking  skeleton. 

Ihou  n(omi/,  thou.  Shak.  (ed.  Leopold), 2 Hen.  IV.,  v.  i. 
atonable  (a-to'na-bl),  a.  [<  atone  +  -ahlc.1 
( ':i|i:il)le  of  being  atoned  for ;  reconcilable. 
atonet,  prep-  P'"'-  as  ("I''-  [ME.,  also  ollone, 
earlier  atoon,  aton,  at  one,  at  on,  lit.  at  one, 
agreed.  In  mod.  use  written  as  two  -vyords,  at 
one:  see  at  and  one.  In  at-onc,  as  in  al-onc 
and  on-li/,  one  preserves  its  proper  jironuncia- 
tion  (on),  the  usual  pronunciation  (wun)  being 
a  modern  (Kitli  century)  coiTuption.  wliicli  lias 
not  affected  the  eompomids.]  1.  At  one;  rec- 
onciled. 

.Make  the  wel  o(  on  with  him  .  .  .  and  drcd  the  of  the 
dome.  Early  Eng.  Psalter,  p.  IK. 

Aton  he  wiu>  with  the  king.  King  Horn. 

If  gentil  men,  or  otliere  of  his  contree. 
Were  wrothe,  she  wolde  bringen  hem  n(mol. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  lalo,  1.  :«1. 

2.  Together;  at  once. 

,\11  hissences  seemd  herefte  ttttone. 

Spenser,  V.  ().,  II.  I.  42. 


mi. 


Inconceivable;  for  this  supposes  atoms,  ^tonO  (a-ton').  *'• !   pret.  and  pp.  atoned,  ppr. 

'■■■' '■""'"  atoninq.    [<  atone,  adv.,  i\.  \.]     I,  intrans.   If. 

To  bo  "at  one;  agree;  be  in  accordance;  acconl. 


.  .1  liut  Indlvlnible 
.Sir  IC.  Hamilton.  Metaphys.,  II.  628,  App. 

The  rcpiiill  of  alomimn  In  any  form,  ilinliiig  with  any 
snbl".  t  1.  n,  .1  il„.  jtrinclple  of  iinlfonnity  Is  bunted  down 
Ini'  ■    .,r  thlngH :  it  is  resolved  Into  the  niil- 

fon  .  I.'iiii'ntji  r>r  nt^niiN,  ami  of  the  relations 

of''  ;.  next  to  each  other. 

H'.  K.  Ctiford.  I,ecture«.  It.  13!i. 

2.  The  Htato  of  oxiHting  as  an  atom  fir  a  unit,  or 
of  bi  III!.' compoHod  of  atoms  or  units;  individ- 

uubHiii. 
atomiHt  'iil'oin-iHt),  II.  and  «.     [<  atom  +-i>il; 

=    V.   ot, .1111,1. 

wl 


One 


hol.h 


liiKopliy  or  I  hi'  iitoinic  theory. 
Snm 


;  S|i.    I'g.   It.  atiimi.,ilo.\     I.  ii. 
to  or  exTioimdH  the  atomic  phi- 


It   a. 

11 


for  . 
•CI" 


iilomlnllr. 

III. 


I,  III.    I 

J.  ila, 


i/lii,    .M.ltCTljlli. 


atomigtic  fftt-O-min'tik),  a.     (<  rt«onii.s<  + -<r.) 
1.  K'ertnininff  to  ntomimn  or  tlie  atomiHt*. 


lie  ami  Anildlus  can  no  more  alone. 

Than  violentest  contrariety.    Shak.,  Cor..  Iv.  (1. 

2.  To  make  reparation,  amends,  or  Hatisfae- 
tion,  as  for  an  offense  or  a  crime,  or  for  an 
offender:  with /or. 

The  imir.lerer  fell,  and  blood  alonf4.for  blood.       Poiie. 

Ihe  iidnlstry  not  atoning  /or  their  former  comlnct  by 
any  wise  or  jiopnlar  measure.  .tunius. 

Ho  It  sometimes  happens  that  a  single  bright  and  gen. 
orous  act  serves  to  alone  for  the  abuse  of  yearH, 

./,  /•'.  Clarke,  Helf-Ciiltlirc,  p.  Kl. 

3.  To  make  up,  as  for  errors  or  defieioncics; 
be  a  set-off  or  palliative. 

Or  when,  the  pictures  for  Ihe  page  alone, 
And  (JuarlcB  Is  »av'd  by  benlllles  not  his  own. 

Poi^,  Dnnclad,  1.  l.'m. 

n.t  trann.  1.  To  bring  into  concord;  recon- 
cile, UH  parties  at  variance. 


nuiit;  but  tlie  noun  "is  found  earlier  tlian  the 
verb,  arising  perhaps  from  the  phrase  at  onc- 
ment:  see  onement.]  if.  Eecouciliation  after 
enmity  or  controversy;  settlement,  as  of  a  dif- 
ference; concord. 

Hauying  more  regarde  to  their  old  variaunce  than  their 
uewe  attonemcnt.  Sir  T.  .More,  Descrip.  of  Rich.  III. 

If  we  do  now  make  our  atonement  well, 
Our  peace  will,  like  a  broken  limb  united, 
Grow  stronger  for  the  breaking. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Satisfaction  or  reparation  made  for  WTOng 
or  injury,  either  by  giving  some  equivalent  or 
by  doing  or  suffering  something  which  is  re- 
ceived in  Ueu  of  an  equivalent. 

O  when  did  a  morning  shine 
So  rich  in  atonement  as  this 
For  my  dark-dawning  youth? 

Tenniison,  Maud,  xix.  2. 

3.  In  t]itol.,  the  reconciliation  of  God  and  man 
by  means  of  the  life,  sufferings,  and  death  of 

Christ. 

For  God  was  iu  Christ,  and  made  agremcnt  bitwenc  the 
worlde  and  hyni  sylfe,  and  imputcil  not  their  syiines  vnto 
them  ;  anil  liath  committed  to  vs  the  preachynge  of  the 
atonement.  Tymlatc,  2  Cor.  V.  19. 

When  we  were  enemies  we  were  reconciled  to  God  by 
thedcathof  his  Son;  .  .  .  we  also  joy  in  God  through  our 
Lord  .lesus  Christ,  by  whom  we  have  now  received  the 
atonement.  Rom.  v.  10,  11. 

This  doctrine  assumes  that  sin  has  made  a  spiritual  sepa- 
ratiiai  bitwccn  i!i«l  ami  tlie  human  .soul.  liiMcreiit  s.v.s- 
tcius  of  theology  cx]ilaiii  dillcreiitly  the  niclliod  of  rccon- 
ciliati.m,  and  tlicrcf.nc  use  the  word  atoiuiiind  with  ilif- 
fereiit  meanings.  The  early  fathers  generally  staid  the 
doctrine  in  the  terms  of  Scripture,  and  it  was  not  until  the 
time  of  the  Reformation  that  the  dilferences  in  iihilos..ph- 
ical  statement  were  clearly  marked.  The  modern  state- 
ments maybe  grouped  under  four  general  heads,  as  fid- 
lows  :  (<i)  A  reimration  or  satisfaction  for  sin  made  by  the 
sntlerings  of  Christ  as  a  substitute  for  the  sinner,  and  in 
lieu  .if  the  punishment  to  which  the  sinner  was  justly 
nimnalde.  Such  satisfncthui  is  regni'iled  as  necessary 
cither  (1)  to  satisfy  the  justice  of  Goil,  and  so  make  for- 
giveness Jlossible.  or  (2)  to  satisfy  the  law  of  Cod,  pro- 
ducc  the  public  Impression  which  jinnlshmcnt  would  have 
produced,  and  so  make  forgiveness  safe.  The  fornuT  Is 
known  as  the  satia/aetion,  the  latter  as  the  ooivniwicntnl 
theory. 

The  word  atonement,  in  its  original  sense,  always  de- 
notes some  amends,  or  satisfacti..ii,   for  the  neglect  of 

sol Iiity,  .ir  the  commission  of  sonic  fault;  a  satisfuc- 

tloii  wilh'wliiih,  when  supposed  to  be  cnmplcte,  the  per- 
son Injuri'il  ought  reasonably  to  be  contented,  anil  to 
ilemanil  of  the  otl'euder  nothing  more  on  account  of  his 
transgression.  ^  Ihviyhl.  Theology,  Iv. 

Taking  the  term  atonement  In  Its  tcclinical  slgnitlcatlmi 
to  denote  the  satisfaction  .if  dhini'  justice  for  the  sin  of 
man,  bv  the  substituted  jienal  snllcrings  of  the  Son  ot 
G.iil,  wl'  shall  find  a  slower  scientific  unfolding  of  Ibis 
great  cardinal  doctrine  than  of  any  other  of  the  jirinclpal 
truths  of  Christianity. 

Shedd,  Hist.  Christian  Doctrine,  v.  1. 

{ll^  Ihe  cnlrancc  of  God  Into  humanity,  that  he  may 
Ih.rcl.v  ilrlvc  out  sin  and  make  the  human  race  at  ono 
with  himself. 

Supposing  the  Fathers  will  to  be  a  will  to  all  good; 
till'  Sou  of  God.  being  one  with  hlin,  and  Loiil  ot  man, 
to  obey  and  loltll  In  our  llcsh  that  will  l.y  entering  Into 
the  lowest  con.lltlon  Int..  «hl.h  niiiii  had  fallen  tlirough 
their  sin;  this  Man  to  l.i',  l..i  thl»  icaKon,  an  ..l.)c.'t  of 
continual  conildaecncv  b.  his  I'athi  r,  and  that  ciiipla- 
ceni'V  to  be  fully  ilniwii  .mt  by  tin-  diatb  of  Ihe  emss;  — 
his  ileath  to  be  a  sacrifice,  the  .mly  eoniplelc  sacrifice 
ever  otfered,  the  entire  snircnder  of  the  whole  spirit  and 


atonement  367  atrioventricular 

body  to  Ood;  is  not  this  ill  the  highest  sense  o((mejm!n(?     of  tho  Latin  first  conjugation,  whifh  have  in  atractenchyma  (at-rak-teng'ki-ma),  n.     [NL., 

iB  not  tlio  true  root  of  huiuanity  revealed?  is  not  God  m     E,)g|isli  the  suffix  -atc'i.   It  also  oecuis  in  some  iiuuiiH  <  (ir.  aT/,a/irr,r,  a  spimUe,+  iyxvm,  an  infusion.] 

him  reconciled  to  man  r  jiiaurice,  jnem.  i.sbay.',.      derived  from  nouns  without  an  intermediate  verb,  as  ;/((«/■  In   hot.,   a  tissue  composed  of  spindle-shaped 

It  |the  new  theoloKy]  holds  to  the  nfoncme )i(  as  a  divino      iatiir,  senator .  cells 

act  and  process  of  ethical  and  practical  import- not  as  .a^tOjy      [<  L. -a(orJM.S,  being -IMS  added  to  nouns  _+_,'„_f  r^Hvn  ,>-,o,in    «       r<'  T     „w,™,..,/«™ 

II  mvKtorv  of  the  distant  heavens  and  isolated  from  the     ■"     •?,'     S       a    j.     „•'     x-  *      ,.      ,i  ■  „,.;.,„„     ,  c  atrament  (at  ra-ment;,  n.     \\  Li.  atramenttmi, 

strSfoVthe  worid  but  a  comprehen^^^^^^  "  ;'""'^-.]  .    A  termination   ot    adjectives,   o  i,h,,,.k  i„k,  <  «<er,  black.]     Blacking;  ink;  any 

actual  redemption  of  the  worl.l  from  its  evil  Latin  ongm,  m  f oiTn  from  nouns  m  -ator,  but  ,,i,„,|.  ,[„;,)   ,^^  ^^^  j^  ^(  ^■^^  cuttlefish. 

TT.mmner,  iheireedom  of  Faith,     m  sense  often  to  bo  referred  to  the  original  atramentaceoust  (at"ra-men-ta'shius),  a.     [< 

The  majority  of  orthodox  dmn^^^^^  vovh,  asm  amatorij,  accusatory,  declamatory,  cj--  „tmmc„l  +  -accous.-]    "Of  the  nature  of  ink; 

Catholic  or  the  Protestant  chuielies,  oidinauly  hold  one     clamatory,  nuqatoril,  etc.    Wlien  from  Kn-lisliiK. mis  1,1.,, .1,  .,„  ;„i,       n»,.j,/,,„ 

of  the  above  views  or  a  combination  formed  from  them.      .  the  tcnninatinn  is  ntnr  J.  int  ■:^\,  .7,.,;,il  ,tr  ''''"  '^  '^^  ■"'^-     ^^iliam. 

In  general,  the  former  opinion  («)  is  held  in  the  Cal-  .*'     ilv.   f,5„'      f^^^^^^^^  atramental    (at-ra-men'tal),    a.       [<  atrament 
vinistic  sch.icd  r,f  tbooloKV,  the  latter  opinion  ((-)  m  the   atOUr^(,;l-t01   ),/''c/).  and  arfi).    LbC,  also  w  I  ll  li-ll        ,  ,      t,,u  '  .   i,y-  .1- 1:1-  •■; 'V        c.,v7.    Brnwnp 

mm  e.nod.rnI',r,.a.l(^huivh  school,    {c)  In  Unitarian  thf-     attour,  atoivcr,  <  ME.   (Scotch)  atom;   atoiirc;  7,'"'-\    ^f-^'   Ma<-^  lik(.  mk.     *w  1.  Urowm 

o;u.w,tlienL..iulivsultpiuduced  by  the  influence  exerted     at-oure,<at  +  our,ower,  oyer:  soe  at  and.  over ;  LKaro.j     Also  «»(/wf;«(r«/.s.         ^ 

on  mankind  by  the  life  and  death  of  Christ,  leading  men  to     fo,.  the  comhinntimi    of   ntnflrrl     T    «)•/>»    1  atramentariOUS  (at"ra-men-ta  n-us),  «.    [<  LL. 

repentance  and  to  Uod.    This  is  sometimes  known  as  the     ""  ,^^,1  ^™,.       S'    k/Z^^i^U  J'JZ'iiUr  *atramcnt<,rius,  used  only  as  neut.  noun  atra- 

n^ral  i,ijlu,nce  theory  of  the  atonement.  Of  pla  e,   over.-2.    Of  number  or  quantity,  ,„^„,,,,;,„      ,^„  'inkstand,  <  L.  atramcntum,  ink : 

Even  though  we  should  reject  all  the  Orthodox  theories     °  jf '   "^y°"  ' '  ™°' °/^^^^         l.„.;,i,.c      „         a  seG  atrament.-]     Like  ink ;  suitable  for  making 

about  atmtcnwnt,  we  may  accept  the  fact.    We  can  be-         li.  adr.  (Jver  ana  above ;    besides — By  and  •    ,       .„,         ,         ,  ^  ^      ,  ■  •       „    - 

lieve  that  God  in  Christ  does  reconcile  the  world  to  him-      atour  (prep,  and  adv.),  also  by  atour  (adv.),  over  and  l'^'^'     Thus,  the  sulphate  of  iron,  or  copperas,  is  callea 

self,— does  create  a  sense  of  pardoned  sin,— does  remove     above.     tScntch  in  all  uses.)  niramcniariimii  from  its  use  in  tlie  manufacture  of  ink. 

the 'weiglit  of  transgression,— does  take  away  the  obstacle  atOUT-t,  ".     Hdo  attour'^.  atramentOUS  (at-ra-men'tus),    a.     [<   atramen 

in  our  conscience,- does  Mp^usinto^a^mng^fmth.h^^^^^^  atrabllarlan   (at"ra-bi-la'ri-au),  a.  and  J!.     [<  + -o«s.]     Same  as'a(r«w«nto«. 
FlT'sr'^'^i       i/a     A     i'„„'-„„wi!'„;„L\i>o„„'i„n^!,i     ML.   a<r«/((:ton:«,?,   <  L.   a<m"6JKs,  black    bile:         Whenever  provoked  by  anger  or  labour,  an  afranw/ifoji, 

'^^l:^St!il^f^^:^'^^Z:S^'^     see  a.-«^7o  and  Jn7^.]       I,   a     Afiected  with  quality  of  mo'-st  malignant  nature  was  se™ 

accord  of  man  with  God  by  a  spiritual  change  wrought  in     melancholy,  which  the  ancients  attributed  to  '"*  "!'»•  auu',  i-auie  01  inc  uuoks. 

the  individual.  black  bile ;  atrabilious.  atredt, ".    [<  L.  ater,  black,  +  -eeP.   Cf.  L.  atra- 

Tliisiswhat  is  understood  in  the  New  Church  by  the         The    atmUlarian   constitution,  or   a  black,   viscous,  '"•«■   clothed  in  black.]      Tinged  with  a  black 

ofoHo;(i(i',  or  at-one-ment,  .  .  .  a  bringing  at  one  of  the      pitchy  consistence  of  the  fluids.         ^IrtuWmof,  Aliments,  color. 
huiiiiiM  and  tho  divine, or,  as  the  apostle  says,  "making  in         „          .                   „          ,,.,.,                         ^  ,7  „        ,,  ,  ,     , 

himself  of  twain  one  new  man."    And  the  purpose  of  this         II.  TO.  A  person  of  an  atrablliar  temperament;         Yellow  choler  or  o(re^.  ™      ,    ,  .^    „ 

atom-ment  was,  that  the  Lord  might  ever  after  be  able  to     a  hypochondi'iae.     Disraeli.  Whitaker,  Blood  of  the  Grape,  p.  ,6. 

bring  our  external  or  natural  at  one  with  our  internal  or  atrabilarloUS    (at"ra-bi-la'ri-us),   a.      [<    ML.  atiedet,  V.  t.     [ME.,  <   ««-,  from,  +  reden,  aA- 

!?and'sX5SV-.°n^^^^^^^^  "trabilarius :  see  atrabUarian.}     Same  as  a«ra-  vise:  see  read,  rede.]     To  surpass  in  counsel, 

ment  with  himself.  bilarian.  Men  may  the  olde  atrenne,  but  nat  atrede. 

D.  F.  Barrett,  Doctrine  of  the  New  Church.         Christopher  1  a.iwry.  Esquire,  .  .  .  was  naturally  of  an  Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  l.Wl. 

Doctrine  of  blood  atonement,  the  doctrine,  attributed     n(rafci7(/ii«Hstiiiiperament,  and  much  troubled  with  those  o+rent    1}   t      r<  ME    atrennen    <  at-    from    + 

to  the  Mormon  church,  that  the  killing  of  an  apostate  or     phantoms  of  indigestion  which  are  commonly  called  blue  "'»'*ciiT,      ■    •      L  •  »  _J  » 

ofoiieindanger  of  apostasy  isadeedof  love,  sinceitraakes     devils.  '  PeacocA:,  Nightmare  Abbey,  i.  reiDten,  v\ui.]      io  outrun.      Vliauccr. 

at<mcment  for  the  sin  of  apostasy,  and  so  makes  possible  .4._„i,,-i „-„„„„„„„.     Cat"™  hi  In'ri  n<5  tip«1      »p  atresia  (a-tre'si-a),  ».      [NL.,  <  Gr.  a7p;?rof,  not 
Gods  forgiveness  of  it.                                                     atrabllariousnesst    (at  ra-bi-la  ri-us-nes;,    n.         f^j.  ted,  <  d-priv.  +  rpT,-6c,  perforated  (>  rprj. 

atoner  (a-to'nfa-),  »•     One  who  makes  atone-     The  state  or  quahty  of  being  atrabilious  or  ^^^  opening,  orifice),  verbal  adj.  of  rerpaiLcv 

a'Tonk  ad...     [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME.,  prop.  aSSet?  |:     [<  ^^<^raMe^^^a^-^^  '^^Z^:^^^^.^^^:^^^^ 

separate,  atones:  now  written  at  once:  see  at    =  hp-  y^''  'ff  =  T,f  i!^^?  „,,1  7=7;^  }tv   rt  t  sence  of  a  natural  opening  or  passage:  chiefly 
ando«ce.]     1.  At  once ;  immediately.                   I^.  (formeily  also  m  E  )  aim  W(S  (tr.  Gr. /.f-  J  ^^^  |^^^ 

.^e.neal„.«,.  C7.„,«.,  MiUer.  Tale,  1.  0.     ^X^^^:u&^;^,S'^^  atresial    (a-tre'si   al),  I    Wacterized   by 

2.  At  one  and  the  same  time.  ^,^1^.   melancholy:  from  the  supposition  that  f'^'^"^;  imperforate 

Curious  enditing  and  hard  sentence  is  fiU  hevy  a(o,«.5     melancholy  is  due  to  a  preponderance  of  the  ^l^'^S'^-'i-^^^rTlh^u,,,,   4-    „;  1     ct  r.-. 

for  swieh  a  child  to  lerne.       C/.««cer  Prol.  to  Astrolabe      g^.^^u^d  "black  bile,"  an  imagined  secretion  atrial   (a  tri-al),  a      [<  atrmm   +  -ah]     Of  or 

atonic  (a-ton'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  Gr.  arowf,  («)     ^f  jj^  ,  „„  atrabiliarv  elands  pertammg  to  an  atnum.- Atrial  aperture,  ov^ii- 

,>ot    ^t™tr.hp.l     i-BlnTPf!     InnOTiifl    <  a.  T,r\v     +      •?!  ^"?  J^^'T-' o^^ '^^^'i^y  g^'^iJS'f;.  ..       .    .  ing,  or  oriflce,  the  commumcntion  of  the  at. uil  civity 

not  .stretched,    iela.xea,    languid,  <>  a-  priv.    t-   atrablliar,  atrablliarV  (at-ra-bll'i-ar, -a-n),  a.  witli  the  exterior.    It  forms  one  of  the  two  apertures  (the 

TuvEiv,  stretch ;  (6)  without  accent,  <  a-  priv.      |-^  ]v[l_  » atraUliarius,  <  L.  atra  Ulis,  black  bile :  other  liein-  the  oral)  with  which  aseidians  or  sea-squirts 

+  TdTOf,  accent,  <  mveiv,  stretch :  see  n-l8  and     ggg  atrahile.']    Melancholic  or  hypochondriacal ;  ai«  provided,  and  through  which  water  may  be  squirted 

tonic]     I.  a.   1.   In  »atf»o«.,   characterized  by     atrabilious      See  nfra6t/e  by  the  contraction  of  the  muscular  walls  of  the  body,    see 

ntnnv    or  watit  of  totift  ornower-  as    sm  atonic     ^^^^^^^^°^^-     ^eeaiiaoue.  exits  undai-  Appendtculana,  Dohohdm,  md  Tumcata.- 

atony,  01  want  ot  tone  or  powei .  as,  aa  atonic        Complexion  of  a  multiplex  atraUliar  character,  the  final  Atrial  canal,  the  cavity  of  an  atrium, 
disease.— 2.    In  philol. :   (a)  Unaccented,     (ft)     g^ade  of  which  may  be  the  pale  sea-green.  „.  ^..^^ ..    .  . ,  „  ,„„„„,  ^^^„..  _,,.;„(  ^.^, 

Produced  by  the  breath  alone;  surd.- Atonic  C«ri!,!e,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  4.        ^'"'^^^^''''^"'''^''''^^'"^^  Huxley  Anat^I^^^ 

S^?,^o1-^&';?e™gn™a'i!lS^^^^^^^^^  Atrabiliary  capsules  glands.    See  eapsnle,  .land  Atrial  membrane,  the  third  tuniL  of  aseidians;  a  deH: 

II    n    1    In  med    a  druo-  oanable  of  allavino-  atrabilious  (at-ra-bil'ius),  a.     [<  L.  atra  bilis:  cate  membrane  of  two  layers,  parietal  and  visceral,  like 

organic  excitement' or  irritation.     [Rare.]-2':     see  «?/v,/.,7e,  andcf.  6»Ko«s.]     Affected  as  if  by  a  peritoneum,  lining  the  atnum. 

ln%hilol.:(a)  A  word  or  syllable  that  has  no    ^^^^^  b'le;  ^^elanchohc  or  hypochondriacal;  ,,TJe f ™^ -™^™'«/o™-,bilobed_^^ 

accent.  splenetic,     oee  an  auue.  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^  apertme  ;  it  communicates  by  the  stigmata 

A  single  unaccented  syllable  is  called  an  atonic.  A  hard-faced,  atrahilioxts,  earnest-eyed  race,  stiff  from  witli  the  interior  of  the  branchial  sac,  and.  by  the  anal 

F  A   March  Anglo-Saxon  Grammar  p.  222.      long  wrestling  with  tlie  Lord  in  prayer,  and  who  had  and  genital  openings,  it  receives  the  faeces  and  genital 

...      ,  ,     '     ',  '  J      '       ,         J     V.'      ii.        taught  Satan  to  dread  the  new  Puritan  hug.  products.  ffia;7ei/,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  517. 

(6)   An  elementary  sound   produced    by  the  iowW;,  Biglow  Papers.  '     .  .      ,  ^,  .  ,  ..,  ,       „tt      ^  r^      ■ 

breath;  a  surd  consonant;  a  breathing.  „+„„-i,o,t^  r„  t.a'V^  sn   ^      rNT    /,7>-„w,^«^„c  -A-tricha  (at  ri-ka),  «._;)?.      [NL.,  <  Or.  arpi^of, 

atony  (at'o-ni),  «.     [=  F.  'atonie,  <  NU  atonia,  %*'^,''^^t,*f„^r,  ?8^4: NL  t'rac^\    Egno  ^"'''-  *'T  ^'^'^^'  V^^r^-  ^^^'  ^  ?%?"  V  "^^ 

<  (ir    iiToiia    lano-uor    <    arovoc    lansmid •   see     <■  "\- ""1'"^.  (a-^') -MNJj.  «ac«ea.j    ±iav™e"<>  (rprv-),  hair.]      1.  A  division  of  the  Acmato- 

«*o4.]   Zp&raVlnrof  tone  ;&t  of    ''^'^''''T,ZllT''''''  ^'  '°'"'  ^^'^^ovods,  such  ^J,^ifJ;,^  eont'aining  those  fonns  which  are  de- 

Z^^tZJZf^Zl^Z:-"^^  Alrrchef^'Ztra-l^e'li-a),  n.  j,l.     [NL.,,  <  Gr.  J^'^^^A^r^^^a^l^^'^^^ 

ticularly  of  one  that  is  contractile  ,  debility.     ^     ;     w   without  neck,  <  d-  prJv.  -I-  rpdx'lM,  the  ventral  surface  of  the  body. 

li^r^rri^'tlfwSfoffhe'lfal^l-ortle'^pV^l^rrc^;;;;:     ne'ck.]    1  division  of  heterimerous  'beetles;  2    A  name   given  to .  certain  protozoans,  or 

tract  and  expel  the  urine.  having  the  head  not  exserted  nor  narrowed  be-  lobose  rhizopods   ha\'ing  no  permanent  pro- 

atop  (a-top'),  pre^J.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  a3  +     hind,  the  anteunis  linear  or  subclavate,  and  the  cesses :  an  inexact  sjTionym  of  Amaboidea. 

top.]  "On  or  at  the  top.  claws  undi\'ided,  sometimes  serrate  or  pecti-  Atrichia  (a-trik'i-ii),  n.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  arpixof, 

'Tis  but  to  shew  that  you  can  place  sometimes  nate:  opposed  to  Trac/ieZifZa.    The  group  is  chiefly  poet,  for  dflp;f,  without  hair :  see  Atricha.]     1. 

Your  modesty  a-top  of  all  your  virtues.  composed  of  the  family  Tenebritmidoe,  which  are  plant-  The  typical  and  only  genus  of  the  family  A  tri- 

fieati.  a!»d  J"';.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  iv.  1.     eating  terrestrial  beetles  having  mostly  connate  elytra  chiidce.     A.  clamosa  is  the  scrub-bird  of  Atis- 

Despots  oioA  a  wild  clan  below,  .and  no  lower  wings        ,.„..,.  ^.    „„,„,,-„  tralia.    J.  Goidd,  18U.    Also  called  Atrichornis. 

Such  is  the  Gaul  from  long  ago.  atracheliate  (at-ra-ke  li-at),  a.     [<  Atrachelta  A  o-ptius  of  dint erous  insects 

Lowell,  Villa  Franca.     +  .atcK]     Pertaining  to  or  having  the  eharac-  AtricUilffiTat-lM^lde°)    ^7;/     [NL    <  Atri- 

atppite  (at'o-pit),  n.    [<  Gr.  droTrof,  unusual,  out     ters  of  ihe  AtraMia  ^     ^  +  ..^^_-,    ^  remarkable  family  of'anoma- 

i  P  =if  ^  (*^/-  P'"^^-  ■*■  "™f'  P^^'^'^  =  T,  *''^"'^'  ^*?achia   (a-tra  ki-^),   ».  pi.     [NT^-,  <  Gi.   a-  ^       '^^^^^^  passerine  birds,  forming-with  Menu- 
+  -»te^.]     A  calcium  antimonate  said  to  occur    priy.  +  rpaxem,    rachea:  see  t,aclim^]    A  cU-  1^  ^^  ^^       p^^_^^^^ 

m  Sweden  in  yellow  or  brown  isometric  octa-    vision  ot   La,Manclnata:    a   synonym  of  „j„„,„^„,,,_     it  contains  the  Australian  scrub-birds 

hedrons.  ^sy(/(0(!«to  (which  see).     ^  of  the  genus  .IWcTiw.  which  have  the  syrinx  differently 

-ator.    [L.  -dtor,  term,  of  noims  of  agent,  being  atractaspiQld    (at-rak-tas  pi-did),  n.      A   ser-  construete.l  from  that  of  normal  oscines.    Also  called 

the  agent-suffix  -tor  {Gr. -T>/p,  -rup,  Skt.  -tur,     \ic-at  oi  rhe  iamWy  Atrnctaspididai.  Atrieh„rniihi,i„: 

-tar)  (E.  -0J-)  added  to  the  stem  in  -a  of  verbs  Atractaspidldae  (a-trak-ta-spid'i-de),  n.  pi.  Atrichornls   (at-n-kor'ms),  n.     [NL.,  <   Gr. 

in  -a-re.     This  termination  was  reg.  reduced     [NL.,  <  Atractnspi{d-)s  +  -ida-.]     A  family  of  arpixor,  without  hair  (see  Atricha),  +  bpvie,  a 

in  OF.  to  -cor,  -eour,  whence  in  ME.  -eour  (as    venomous  African  serpents,  suborder  Solcno-  bird.]     Same  as  Atrichia,  1. 

in  saveoiir,  mod.   E.   saviour),  commonly  -or,     f/h/pha  (sometimes  refeiTed  to  Tiperidw),  hav-  Atrlchornlthldae    (at"ri-kor-nith'i-de)^  n.  pi. 

-our,  mod.  E.  -or,  -er,  as  in  appellor,  arUtror    'ing  extremely  long  venom-fangs.  [)ili.,<  Atrickornis{-ornith-)  +  -idw.]     Same  as 

or  arbitrer,   accuser,   etc.,   from  L.   nouns  in  Atractaspls   (at-rak-tas'pis),   n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  Atrichiidce.  r,  r^     •  -n 

-ator,  the  term,  being  merged  with  -er  of  AS.     aTpmror,  a  spindle,  an  aiTow,  +  aairic,  a  ser-  atrlchosls  (at-n-ko  sis), )(.    [<  Gr.  oTpi;iror,  with- 

origin.]     A   termination  of    nouns  of  agent    pent:  see  «.s/)-.]   A  genus  of  venomous  serpents,  out  hair  (see   Atricha).  +  -osts.]    hx  pathoL, 

taken  directly  from  the  Latin,  as  creator,  prfM-    typical  of  the  family  J(raff(/.>;;)((f(V/a-.   A.irregii-  failure  to  develop  hair. 

mtor,  liberator,  or  formed  in  English  or  New     iaWsand  J.  cwr/iffieH/M*  are  two  African  species,  atrioventricular  (a"tri-6-ven-trik  u-lar).rt. 
Latin,  as  detonator,  corrugator,  etc.,  from  verbs    from  Angola  and  Liberia  respectively.  [<  atrium,  3,  +  ventricular.]    Pertaining  to  the 


atrioventricular 

atrial,  or  auricular,  and  ventricular  cavities  of 
the  heart :  as,  the  atrioventricular  valve. 

atrip  (a-trip'), prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  a3  + 
(n>i,  '".]  Kaut. :  (a)  Just  raised  from  the 
pround  in  -weighmg:  said  of  an  anchor.  (6) 
Hoisted  from  the  cap,  sheeted  home,  and  ready 
for  trimming:  said  of  saUs.  (f)  Swayed  up, 
ready  to  have  the  stops  cut  for  crossing :  said 
of  yards.  (<J)  Having  the  fid  loosed:  said  of 
au  upper  mast. 

Atriplex  (at'ri-pleks),  n.  [L.,  also  atriplexum, 
a,  pers'ersion  of  Gr.  arpdpaf if,  also  written  a-i>a- 
^i^,  avipaipa-cg;  origin  obscure.]  A  large  ge- 
nus of  plants,  natural  order  Chenopodiaaa. 
mostly  mealy  or  scurfy  herbs  or  low  shrubs, 
growing  usually  in  saline  localities,  and  of  very 
little  importance.  The  garden  orach,  A.  hortensis,  is 
cultivatej  to  s.imc  extent  as  a  salad,  and  a  variety  »1th 
crimson  loliase  (or  ornament.  A  number  of  shmbby  spe- 
cies are  ven'  frequent  in  the  drj-  and  alkaline  portions  of 
western  North  America,  and  are  generally  known  as 
jmaiKirood,  a  tenn  which  also  includes  some  other  Cheno- 
podiacea. 

atrium  (a'tri-um),  «. :  pi.  atria  {-&).  [L.,  m 
senses  1  and  2,  also  a  haU  ia  general ;  said  to 
have  been  orig.  the  kitchen,  and  so  called  be- 
cause blackened  with  smoke,  <  ater,  black; 
but  perhaps  the  reference  is  to  the  hearth  or 
fireplace  in  the  atrium,  the  name  being  con- 
nected with  a-des,  orig.  a  fireplace  (ef.  E.  oast), 
later  a  house,  temple :  see  edifice.']  1.  In  fl«c 
Eom.  arch.,  the  entrance-hall,  tho  most  impor- 


X^^IMsr^r 


Atrium. — Restoration  of  a  Pompetlan  Interior. 

tant  and  usually  the  most  splendid  apartment 
of  the  house.  At  an  early  period,  and  later  among  the 
por>r,  the  atrium  was  used  not  only  as  a  ceremonial  room, 
but  aa  a  reception-room  and  for  general  domestic  pur- 
poaei),  aa  cooking  iiiul  dining.  In  it  were  i)laced  the  ances- 
tral images  and  hi-irlooms,  the  inarriage-coucli,  the  /ootw 
or  hearth,  and  generally  a  small  altar.  Later,  among  the 
wealthy,  and  when  separate  apartments  were  Iniilt  for 
kitchen  and  dining-room,  chapel  of  the  lares,  etc.,  It  was 
reserved  as  a  general  reception-  and  show-room.  It  was 
lighted  by  an  opening  In  tile  roof,  called  the  amiiluvium, 
Utwanl  which  the  r<Hif  sloped,  so  as  to  conduct  the  rain- 
water lnt*-»  a  cistern  in  the  tloitr,  called  the  imptuvium, 
2.  A  hall  or  court  resembling  in  arrangement 
an  atrium  proper,  as  at  tho  entrance  of  some 
classioal  or  early  Christian  public  buildings, 
otc. —  3.  [XL.]  In  flnnf.,  an  auricle  of  tho  heart, 
or  some  equivalent  veiiou.s  cardiac  cavity. 

Ill  all  the  other  vertebrates  (than  jimphiozwi]  there  is 
a  heart  with  at  fewest  thrco  chambers  (sinus  venosus, 
fitnum,  ventricle).  lluxlry,  Aruit.  Invert.,  p.  fo. 

4.  pJIi.l  In  :fl(il. :  (n)  Tho  chamber  or  cavity 
of  iiMcj.lianH,  communicating  with  the  exterior, 
ami  with  the  cavity  of  tho  aliinentury  canal. 
Bco  atrial,  and  cut  under  Tunicata. 

Tlie  ttfrdiin,  \tiUi  which  the  fajces  and  genlUtI  products 
ftf  i^.iir,-.).  liuxify,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  614. 

(I>)  A  irii  iiiljninous  Baccular  divert iiNilum  of  tli<^ 
ear  MM,   the  alrium  HiiiUM  iiM|iariH,  a 

mi  !.•  given  off  fniin  I  ho  HiiiiiM  iiiidi- 

t<iri  !  li.HhcH,  and  coniiiM'ted  in  vurioua 

woyn  ^.  iMi  I  hi-  air-bladder. 

atrocet,  ".  [<  K.  afrorc,  <1j.  atrox  {a.e.c.  atro- 
rrm),  •v.];     .  ■■  ii/rncioun.l     AlrociouK. 

atroceniloon".      ■  ro-He-rii'le-UH),  n.    [<  ^l.  iiltr, 

111 .  l)liio:  Hcn  rrrulcan,']     Of  a 

'I'  lolor,  BH  nil  InHiM't. 

fttrn  It.  pi.      (NIj.,  milt.  pi.  of 

all  ./loiM.)     1.  I  ilinleil  eratiryoH 

of  '  1  liiinclidM,  ill  vrhii'li  the  rilin 

Xorm  n   iinjud   /.oiio  around   tho  body,   lenv- 


368 

ing  each  end  free  of  cilia,  excepting,  in  some 
cases,  a  tuft  on  the  head.  See  mcsotrocha, 
telotroclia.—2.  [cap.]  In  Jlotifcra,  a  group  of 
wheel-animalcules  having  no  cilia  and  the  lobes 
highly  modified  in  shape ;  the  wheeUess  roti- 
fers. ■ 

atrochoiis  (at'ro-kus),  a.  [<  NL.  atrochus,  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  -1-  Tpoxog,  anj-thing  round  or  circu- 
lar, a  wheel,  etc,  <  rpexcn;  rim.]  1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  atrocha ;  having  cilia  disposed  as 
in  those  annelidan  larvsB  called  atrocha. —  2. 
Wheelless,  as  a  rotifer. 

atrocious  (a-tro'shus),  a.  [<  L.  atrox  (atroc-). 
cruel,  fierce,  horrible,  <  ater,  black:  see  atroer 
and -o«s.]  1.  Manifesting  or  characterized  by 
atrocity ;  extremely  heinous,  criminal,  or  cruel ; 
enormouslj-  or  outrageously  wicked. 

Revelations  ...  so  atrocious  that  nothing  in  history 

approaches  them.  De  Quinct't/. 

In  spite  of  the  canon  law,  which  forbade  a  churchman  to 

take  any  part  in  matters  of  blood,  the  ai'chbishop  signed 

the  warrant  for  the  atrocious  sentence. 

Macaidait,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

2+.  Very  grievous;  violent :  as,  atrocious  dis- 
tempers.— 3.  Very  bad;  execrable:  as,  ana  Jro- 
cious  pun.  [Colloq.]=S3m.  1.  Wicked,  Scandalous, 
Shockinff,  Flafjraat,  Heinous,  liifajnous.  Outrarieous, 
Atrocious,  Moiistrous,  horrible,  villainous,  flagitious,  dia- 
bolical, agree  in  expressing  gi'eat  and  intentional  badness, 
calling  for  strong  abhorrence.  Because  they  are  used 
with  feeling,  the  recognition  of  their  differences  is  not  al- 
ways practicable.  Ftafrrant  and  heinous  are  hardly  appli- 
cable to  persons;  the  others  apply  to  persons  or  things. 
Wicked  is  the  generic  word,  and  is  the  lightest  where  all 
are  strong ;  it  is  the  one  that  is  most  common  in  a  playful 
use,  yet  it  is  at  times  an  intense  word,  as  forcible  as  any 
of  the  othei-3,  though  less  definite.  Scandalous  means 
offensive  to  decency,  and  so  disgraceful.  That  which  is 
shocking,  literally,  gives  a  sudden  and  heavy  blow,  and 
hence  produces  a  corresponding  feeling  of  horror  or  dis- 
gust, or  both.  That  which  is  Jlagrant,  literally,  flames 
into  notice,  and  hence  is  glai-ing,  striking,  and  so  notori- 
ous, enormous  in  badness.  Heinous  means  hateful,  and 
hence  aggravated.  That  which  is  infamous  is  worthy  of  a 
total  loss  of  reputation,  and  hence  has  a  reputation  or 
cliaracter  of  the  worst  kind,  especially  for  iiaseness.  Out- 
raijeous  means  attended  with  outrage,  doing  outrage, 
especially  outraging  decency,  going  beyond  all  bounils, 
like  tlie  acts  of  a  madman.  Atrocious  is  primarily  fierce 
or  cruel,  savage,  bloody,  and  wicked,  enormously  wicked, 
hence  violating  the  first  principles  of  humanity  or  of 
human  nature.  That  which  is  vionstrous  is  so  bad  as  to 
be  out  of  the  course  of  nature ;  a  prodigy  or  miracle  of 
badness.  See  abaiuioned,  criminal,  irrelujious,  and  tw/a- 
riaus. 

.\8  even  here  they  talked  at  .\lmeslHiry 
.\bout  tlie  good  King  and  his  wicked  Queen. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

So  the  king  arose  and  went 
'I'o  smoke  the  scaiuialons  hive  of  those  wild  bees 
That  made  such  honey  in  his  realm. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

In  this  dreadful  manner  was  one  who  had  been  till  then 
of  an  excellent  character  hurried  on,  from  a  single,  and 
seemingly  slight,  indulgence,  into  the  depth  of  the  gross- 
est and  most  shocking  villanies.     Seeker,  Hernions,  I.  xxv. 

Tlie  offenses  which  prompt  strong  invective  have  been 
far  more  numerous  and  fianrant  in  his  [Sydney  Smith  si 
own  country  tlian  in  ours.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Kcv.,  I.  \:^\i. 
The  oliject  of  this  society  [Abolition]  is  now,  as  it  bus 
always  been,  to  convince  our  i-ountrynien,  by  argunicnts 
addressed  to  tlleir  hearts  and  c<in8clences,  that  slave- 
holding  is  a  heinous  crime.  W.  J'hiilips,  Speeches,  p.  Ot^. 
Tliere  is  no  crime  more  injanums  than  the  violation  of 
truth.  Johnson. 

This  111  day 
A  most  ouiraqeous  fit  of  madness  took  him. 

.SVmJt,,  C.  of  E.,  V.  1. 

It  is  a  war  base  in  its  objec{,  atrocious  in  its  beginning, 
immoral  in  all  its  influences. 

Sumner,  Speech  against  Klexican  War,  Nov.  4,  1841^. 

I'llny  assures  us  that  the  niostT/iOTWtroi/jiof  all  criminals 
was  the  man  wjio  first  devised  the  luxurious  custuni  of 
Mcuriiig  giililcn  rings.  Leeky,  Europ.  Morals,  11.  l.'.T. 

atrociously  (a-tro'shus-li),  «(/r.  In  an  nlm- 
eidiis  iiiiuiner;  with  great  cruelty  or  wicked- 
ness. 

atrOciousnesB  (a-trO'shus-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  atrocious ;  atrocity. 

The  atrociiiusni'sn  of  the  crime  made  all  men  look  with 
an  evil  eye  upon  tho  cliiim  of  any  privilege  which  might 
prevent  tho  severest  justice. 

tlurke,  Abrhlg.  of  Eng.  lllst.,  111.  II. 

atrocity  (n-tros'i-ti),  «. ;  pi.  atrocities  (-tiz). 
[Karly  mod.  Y.." atrociile,  <  F.  alrocitf,  <  li. 
ntrnrita{t-)s,  cruelty,  hntefiilncsH,  (.atrox,  cniel, 
etc.:  see  alroriou-s.]  1.  The  Ktale  or  <|imlily 
of  being  atrocious;  cnormouH  wickeduesH;  ex- 
treme criiiiiiiiility  or  cruelty. 

They  dislriil  Justice  might  be  done  upon  ofrcndors,  as 
the  niTitcity  of  tlnlr  crimes  deserved.  Clnrendim. 

Ilurke  was  the  only  man  In  England  In  whom  tho  pmsr- 
nltlon  of  Indian  dellni|Meniv  and  atrocity  won  B  fixed  pas- 
sion 01  well  lui  a  fixetl  prlni-hilc. 

Whipple,  Em.  anil  llev.,  II.  31K. 

2.  A  Kjii'cific  net  of   extremo  hoinouBneHH  or 
cnii'lty;  an  alroeioiiH  tlced. 

7  he  atroeitiu  which  attend  vlcU.ry.  lUacaulay. 


FmitofDock  {Kumfx}.— 
Section  shows  erect  (atiopal) 
seed.  (From  Le  Maout  and 
llecaisne's  "  TraitiJ  (jt^ncral 
de  Botanique.") 


atropous 

Atropa  (at'ro-pa),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  "Arpoiroc,  one 
of  the  Fates,  who  cut  the  thread  of  life,  lit.  the 
inflexible,  <  arpoiTog,  unchangeable,  <  a-  priv,  -1- 
TpeiTcii',  turn:  see  trope.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Solatiaceo',  of  a  single  species,  A. 
Belladonna,  the  deadly  nightshade,  a  native 
of  Europe  and  western  Asia.     See  belladonna. 

atropal  (at'ro-pal),  a.  [< 
Gr.  arpoTToc,  inflexible, 
not  to  be  turned:  see 
Atropa.]  In  hot.,  erect; 
orthotropous :  said  of  an 
ovule.     Also  atropous. 

atrophiated  (a-tro'fi-a- 
ted),  a.  [<  atrophy  + 
-ate^  +  -e(?2.]  Atrophied. 
[Rare.] 

atrophic  (a-trof'ik),  a. 
[<  atrophy  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  atrophy ;  char- 
acterized by  atrophy ;  exhibiting  or  undergo- 
ing atrophy':  as,  an  atrophic  process ;  an  atroph- 
ic or^an. 

atrophied  (at'ro-fid),  p.  a.  [<  atrophy  +  -cd^.] 
Exhibiting  or  ajfeeteti  with  atrophy ;  wasted. 

In  many  instances  special  muscles,  or  sets  of  muscles, 
are  atro2thicd  from  want  of  use. 

/>.  ir.  liichardson.  Prevent,  lied.,  p.  232. 

The  distrust  of  one's  own  atrophied  faculties  of  loving. 

X.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  Gates,  p.  106. 

atrophy  (at'ro-fi)^  n.  [=  F.  atrophic,  <  LL.  atro- 
phia, <  Gr.  arpoifita,  wasting,  lack  of  nourish- 
ment, (.  aTpo(poc,  not  well  fed,  <  <i-  priv.  -t-  rpiipeiv, 
nourish,  feed.]  1.  A  wasting  of  tho  body,  or 
of  a  part  of  it,  owing  to  defective  nutrition. 

Tllere  is  no  demand  for  the  labour  of  the  poor ;  the 
fable  of  Meneuius  ceases  to  be  applicable ;  the  belly  com- 
municates no  nutriment  to  the  members ;  there  is  an 
atrophy  in  the  body  politic. 

Macaulaii,  Mitford's  Hist.  Greece. 

2.  lu  hot.  and  rotiV.,  arrested  development  of  an 
organ  due  to  stoppage  of  growth  at  any  stage 
by  the  operation  of  causes  either  external  to 

or  inherent  in  tho  organism Brown  atrophy,  a 

very  common  degeneration  of  muscle  in  a  heart  hypcrtro- 
pliieil  as  a  result  of  valvular  disease  or  of  old  age.  The 
heart,  frequently  of  increased  consistence,  is  dark  red- 
lirown,  and  its  fibers  contain  pigment,  accumulated  espe- 
cially about  the  nuclei.— CruveiUiler's  atrophy,  pro- 
gressive muscular  atrophy. 
atrophy  (at'ro-fi),  v.  i. ;  pret,  and  pp.  atrophied, 
ppr.  alriiphying.  [<  atrophy,  n.]  To  waste 
away. 

As  the  fruit  ripens  one  of  them  almost  always  atrophies. 
G.  Allen,  Colin  Clout's  Calendar,  p.  121. 

The  tail  gradually  shrinks  and  atrophies. 

Ctaus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  120. 

atropiaCa-tro'pi-ii).  ".     [tih.,<.  Atropa.]    Same 

as  alriipin. 
atropic  (a-trop'ik),  a.     [<  atropia  +  -ic]     Of 

or  ]M"rtaiiiiiig  to  atrojiin, 
atropin,  atropine  (at'ro-pin),  n.    [<  NL.  atro- 

liiiia,  <  Atropa  +  -ina:'  see  -in-.]    A  crystal- 


line alkaloid  (CjjlI.jsNOg)  obtained  from  the 
deadly  iiightshaae,  Atropa  liclladonna.  It  is 
very  jKiisoiious,  and  produces  temporary  dila- 
tation of  the  pupil.  Also  atropina  and  atropia. 
atropina  (at-ro-pi'nii),  «.    [NL.]    Same  as  a (- 

rojiin. 
atropine,  n.    See  atropin. 
atropinise,  v.  t.    See  atropinize. 
atropinism   (nt'ro-pin-izm),   n.     [<  atropin  + 

-ism.  I     Same  as  alropism. 
atropinize  (at  'ro-jiin-iz),  r.  t. ; 

alropinizcd,    pp.    (tlro)}ini:rin(i. 


pret.  and  pp. 

[<   atropin    + 

Also 


alropi 

-i:e.]     To  poison  or  alTect  with  atropin. 

suiiictinies  spelled  atrojiinise. 

atropism  (aCro-pizm),  »i,  [<  atropia  +  -ism.] 
The  iiiiirbid  stale  jmidueed  by  atropin,  charac- 
teriziMl  liy  dilated  ]iii)iil,  frequent  pulse,  dry- 
ness (if  iiiouth  ami  sUiii,  hallucinations,  and 
ilcliviiiiii.     Also  tttroj>ini.tni. 

atropization  (at'ro-pi-za'shon),  ?i.  [<  atro- 
pine -I-  -ation.]  That  stato  of  tho  body,  or  of 
any  of  its  organs,  produced  by  the  introduction 
fif  atropin. 

atropize  (at'ni-iuz'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  atro- 
lii;i(t,  ]i]ir,  atropi:inii.  [<  atropia  +  -i:c.]  To 
mill  iifriiiiin  to;  affect  with  atropin. 

AtropOB  (at'r<;i-]ios),  n.  [NL,,  <  L.  Atrojios, 
<  tir,  'l\r/ioToi;, 'one  of  the  Fates:  see  Atropa.] 

1.  A  genus  of  noiiroiiterous  insects,  of  tho 
family /'.soci'(/n';  sviionyniouH  with  Trocles.  A. 
putsatnriuH  shares  witli  certain  lieetles  llio  iiopular  milnil 
iif  death-watch,  and  is  ii  griMit  pest  in  entomological  collec- 
tions. 

2.  A  genus  of  venomous  serpents,  Waffler, 
ls:)().  [Not  in  UHC,]— 3.  A  genus  of  lopidop- 
lerouH  insects.     Oken,  IHl.'i. 

atropous  (at'ro-pns),  a.  [<  Or.  Ar/joirof,  not  to 
ill'  lunied:  see  .tiropa.]     Hamo  as  atropal. 


atrous 

atrous  (a'triis),  a.     [<  L.  ater,  'black,  +  -ous.'i 

Intensely  black.     [Rare.] 
atry  (a-tn'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [Appar. 

<  a*  -f-'  trif :  see  try-sail.']     Naut.,  with  the  sails 

80  arranged  that  the  how  is  kept  to  the  sea : 

said  of  a  ship  in  a  gale. 
Atrypa  (a-tn'pii),    ».     [NL.,   <  Gr.  a-  priv.  + 

T/wn-o,  a  hole.]     A  genus  of  brachiopods,  tyj)!- 

cal  of  the  family  Atrypkla:     Valman,  1828. 
atrypid  (a-tri'pid),  )(.      A  braehiopod  of  the 

fannlv  Atrypida:. 
Atrypidae  (a-trip'i-de),  n.  pi.     \^'L.,<  Atrypa 

+  -i(te.]     A  family  of  fossil  arthropomatous 


Atrypa  reticularis. 
I.  Dorsal  valve  :  /,  hinge-plate.    2.  Ventral  valve  :  a,  impressions  of 
abductor  muscles ;  c,  cardinal  muscle  :  /,  pedicle  muscle  i  o,  ovarian 
sinus;  d,  deltidium. 

brachiopods  with  the  bracljial  appendages  rigid 
and  spirally  coiled  toward  the  center  of  the 
shell,  and  completely  supported  by  spiral  la- 
mella;, the  valves  generally  snbovate  or  tri- 
lobed,  the  foramen  beneath  a  produced  beak 
completed  by  a  delticUimi,  and  the  shell-sub- 
stance fibrous  and  impunetate. 
Atta  (at'a),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  Atta,  a  surname  for 
persons  who  walk  on  the  tips  of  their  shoes ; 
cf.  atta  =  Gr.  drra,  a  childish  word  for  father, 
used  familiarly  in  addressing  an  old  man.  Cf. 
Goth,  alta,  father.]    A  genus  of  hymenopterous 


Texas  Red  Ant  {Atta/ervens). 
a,  queen  ;  b,  worker. 

insects,  of  the  suborder  Heterogyna  and  family 
Formicidce,  or  ants.  They  have  very  short  palps,  and 
the  heads  of  the  workers  are  thick.  A.  cephatotes  is  a 
West  Indian  species  called  the  visiting  ant,  and  A.fcrvens 
is  the  red  ant  of  Texas. 

attaball,  n.     See  atahal. 

attac,  «.     See  adag. 

attacca  (at-tak'ka).  [It.,  impv.  of  attaccare, 
join,  fasten,  tie,  =  F.  attacker :  see  attach  and 
attack.']  In  music,  begin !  a  direction  to  pro- 
ceed with  a  succeeding  movement  immediately, 
without  pause. 

attach  (a-taeh'),  v.  [<  ME.  attaclien,  atachen 
(only  in  the  legal  sense,  the  lit.  sense  being  of 
mod.  adoption ),<  OF.  atacher,  atachier,  later  and 
mod.  F.  attacher  (also  without  assibilation  OF. 
ataquer,  mod.  F.  attaquer,  >  E.  attack,  q.  v.)  (= 
Pr.  aifacar  =  Sp.  Pg.  atacar  =  lt.  attaccare:  see 
attacca),  fasten,  join,  lit.  tack  to,  <  a-  (<  L.  ad, 
to)  +  *tac (not  found  in  OF. ),  Genevese  tache  = 
Sp.  Pg.  tacha  =  It.  tacca,  <  Bret.  tacJi,  a  nail,  = 
Ir.  taca,  a  nail,  peg,  =  Gael,  tacaid,  a  nail,  tack, 
etc.:  see  tacfcl,  and  cf.  (Jefeifft.]  I.  trans.  1.  In 
laio,  to  take  by  legal  authority,  (n)  To  take  bodily; 
arrest  in  person;  now  applied  only  to  arrest  of  a  person 
by  civil  process  to  answer  for  a  contempt  of  court  or  dis- 
regard of  its  mandate,  but  formerly  to  arrests  of  all  kinds  : 
with /or,  also  formerly  with  of. 

There  were  two  or  three  attached  for  ths  same  robbery. 
Latimer,  4th Sermon  bef.  Kdw.  VI.,  1549. 

Of  capital  treason  I  attach  you  both. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 
(&)  To  take  (real  or  personal  property)  by  legal  warrant, 
to  be  held  for  the  satisfaction  of  the  judgment  that  may 
be  rendered  in  a  suit.     See  attachment. 
2t.  To  lay  hold  of ;  seize. 

Then,  homeward,  every  man  attach  the  hand 

Of  Ids  fair  mistress-  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 

3.  To  take,  seize,  or  lay  hold  on,  by  moral 
force,  as  by  affection  or  interest;  fasten  or 
bind  by  moral  influence;  win:  as,  his  kindness 
attached  us  all  to  him. 

Sonjrs,  g.irlands,  flowers, 
And  charming  symphonies  attach'd  the  he.art 
Of  Adam.  Milton,  P.  L.,  .\i.  .595. 

4.  To  tack  or  fix  to ;  fasten  in  any  manner,  as 
one  thing  to  another,  by  either  natural  or  arti- 
ficial means;  bind;  tie;  cause  to  adhere. 

24 


369 

The  next  group  consists  of  those  Rotifera  which  seldom 
or  never  attach  themselves  by  the  foot,  but  swim  fi-eely 
through  tile  water.  W.  D.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  4.1:), 

Such  temperaments  .  .  .  attach  themselves,  like  bar- 
nacles, to  wiiat  seems  permanent.  • 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  ((7. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  connect;  associate:  as,  to 
attach  a  particular  significance  to  a  word. 

He  attaches  very  little  importance  to  the  invention  of 
gunpowder.  Macaulay,  Rlachiavclli. 

6.  To  join  to  or  with  in  action  or  function ; 
connect  as  an  associate  or  adjunct ;  adjoin  for 
duty  or  companionship :  as,  an  officer  is  at- 
tached to  such  a  ship,  regiment,  battalion,  etc.; 
our  regiment  is  attached  to  the  1st  brigade ; 
this  man  is  attached  to  my  service  ;  he  attached 

himself  to  me  for  the  entire  journey Attached 

column,  in  arch.,  same  as  engar/ed  column  (which  see, 
\uulvr  culuiitn).=  Syu.  1.  To  seize,  distrain,  distress. — 3. 
To  win,  gain  over,  engage,  charm,  endear  one's  self  to, 
captivate. — 4.  Add,  Agix,  Annex,  etc.  See  add. — 6.  To 
attribute. 

U,  intrans.  1.  To  adhere  ;  pertain,  as  a  qual- 
ity or  circumstance  ;  belong  or  be  incident : 
with  to. 

The  fame  of  each  discovery  rightly  attaches  to  the  mind 
that  made  the  formula  which  contains  all  the  details,  and 
not  to  the  manufacturers  who  now  make  their  gain  by  it. 

Emerson,  Success. 

To  the  healthful  performance  of  each  function  of  mind 
or  body  attaches  a  pleasurable  feeling. 

11.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  92. 

2.  To  be  fixed  or  fastened ;  rest  as  an  appur- 
tenance :  with  on  or  upon. 

Blame  attached  upon  Lord  Aberdeen's  Cabinet  for  yield- 
ing. Kintjlake,  Crimea,  I.  491.    (N.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  come  into  operation ;  take  or  have  effect. 

After  the  risk  [in  marine  insurance]  has  once  com- 
menced, the  whole  premium  is  earned,  even  though  the 
voyage  should  not  be  prosecuted.  .  .  .  But  if  the  risk 
should  not  commence  at  all,  or  in  technical  phrase,  if  the 
"policy  should  not  attach,"  the  premium  must  be  returned 
to  the  assured.  Encyc.  Brit,,  XIII.  185. 

attacht  (a-tach'),  n.  [<  attach,  v."]  1.  An  at- 
tachment. 

I  am  made  the  unwilling  instrument 
Of  your  attach  and  apprehension. 

lleywood,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindness. 
2.  An  attack. 
attachable  (a-tach'a-bl),  a.     [<  attach  +  -able.] 

1.  Capable  oi  being  attached,  legally  or  other- 
wise ;  liable  to  be  taken  by  writ  or  precept. — ■ 

2.  Capable  of  being  fastened  or  conjoined  as 
an  adjunct  or  attribute. 

attache  (a-ta-sha'),  n.  [F.,  prop.  pp.  of  at- 
tacher, attach:  see  attach.]  One  attached  to 
another,  as  a  part  of  his  siute  or  as  one  of  his 
attendants;  specifically,  one  attached  to  an 
embassy  or  a  legation  at  a  foreign  coirrt. 

George  Gaunt  and  I  were  intimate  in  early  life  :  he  was 
my  junior  when  we  were  attaches  at  Pumpernickel  to- 
gether. Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xlvii. 

attachedly  (a-taoh'ed-li),  adv.  With  attach- 
ment.    [Kare.] 

attachment  (a-tach'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  attach- 
ment (in  sense  1),  <  at'tachen,  attach;  in  other 
senses  <  F.  attachemciit,  <  attacher:  see  attach.] 

1.  The  act  of  attaching;  specifically,  in  law,  a 
taking  of  the  person,  goods,  or  estate  by  a  -m-it 
or  precept  in  a  ci'vil  action,  to  secure  a  debt  or 
demand,  or  to  compel  to  appear  in  com-t,  or  to 
punish  for  contempt.  In  American  usage,  attach- 
ment, when  used  in  reference  to  property,  means  the  taking 
of  the  defendant's  property  into  custody  by  the  law,  by  a 
summary  process  from  a  court,  in  advance  of  the  trial  of 
the  merits  of  the  case,  as  security  for  the  payment  of  any 
judgment  that  may  be  recovered.  The  grounds  of  gl'ant- 
ing  it  are  usually  evidence  of  fraud  or  fraudulent  disposal 
of  property,  or  apprehension  of  absconding,  etc.  When 
used  in  reference  to  the  person,  it  means  the  taking  of 
the  person  into  custody  to  answer  to  a  charge  of  contempt 
of  court.  Foreiqn  attachment  is  the  taking,  from  the 
hands  or  control  of  a  third  person  within  the  jurisdiction, 
of  the  money  or  goods  or  rights  of  action  of  a  debtor 
who  is  not  within  the  jurisdiction.  Any  person  who  h.as 
goods  or  effects  of  a  debtor  is  considered  in  law  as  the 
a"eiit  attorney,  factor,  or  trustee  of  the  debtor;  and  an 
attachment  served  on  such  person  binds  the  property  in 
his  hands  to  respond  to  the  judgment  against  the  debtor. 
The  process  of  foreign  attachment  has  existed  from  time 
immemorial  in  London,  Bristol,  Exeter,  Lancaster,  and 
some  other  towns  in  England,  and  by  the  Common  Law 
Procedure  Act  of  1S54  has  been  made  general.  It  is  also 
sometimes  known  as  riarnishnjetit,  in  Scotland  as  arrest- 
ment, and  in  New  England  as  trustee  process. 

2.  The  writ  or  process  directing  the  person  or 
estate  of  a  person  to  be  taken,  for  the  purposes 
above  stated.— 3.  The  act  or  state  of  being 
attached,  fastened  on,  or  connected.—  4.  Close 
adherence  or  affection;  regard;  any  passion  or 
affection  that  binds  a  person  to  another  person 
or  to  a  thing. 

The  attachment  of  the  people  to  the  institutions  and  the 
laws  UTiiler  m  liicli  tliey  live  is  ...  at  once  the  strength, 
the  glory,  and  the  safety  of  the  land. 

Gtetistojw,  Might  of  Right,  p.  276. 


attagen 

Cromwell  had  to  determine  whether  he  would  put  to 
hazard  the  attachment  of  his  party,  the  attacluiu;nt  of  his 
army,  ...  to  save  a  prince  whom  no  engagement  could 
bind.  Macaulay,  Uist.  Eng.,  i. 

The  hereditary  attachments  of  those  kings  lEnglish)  lay 
in  Anjou  and  Aquitainc  far  more  than  in  England,  or  even 
in  Normaniiy.  E.  A.  Frecnuin,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  109. 

5.  That  which  attaches  one  thing  to  another, 
or  a  person  to  an  object :  as,  the  attachments  of 
a  muscle  ;  the  attachments  ot  home. —  6.  That 
which  is  attached  to  a  principal  oliject ;  an  ad- 
junct: as,  the  aiolian  attachment  to  the  piano; 
an  attachment  to  a  sewing-machine.  — .Sollan 
attachment.  See  yEoUani.—  Court  of  Attachments. 
Sec  c(j(t/7.  — Syn.  4.  Predilection.  AJfection.  Sec  love. —  6. 
Ajipendagc,  appurtenance,  addition. 

attachment-scre'W  (a-tach'ment-skro),  n.     A 

binding-screw. 
attack  (a-tak'),  r.    [Formerly  also  aftacquc,  at- 
taqne  ;  <  F.  attaquer,  OF.  attiquer,  iinassibilat- 
ed  form  (perhaps  <  Pr.  attacar  or  It.  attaccare) 
of  attacher, iom.  fasten:  see  attach.]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  assault ;  fall  upon  with  force  ;  assail,  as 
with  force  and  arms ;  begin  hostilities  against. 

The  strong  tribe,  in  which  war  h.as  bec<)me  an  art,  at- 
tack and  conquer  their  neighbors,  and  teach  them  their 
arts  and  viilues.  Emerson,  War. 

2.  To  endeavor  to  injure,  overthrow,  or  bring 
into  discredit  by  any  act  or  proposal,  or  by  un- 
friendly words  or  writing,  whether  by  satire, 
calumny,  criticism,  or  argument:  as,  to  attack 
a  religious  belief  or  a  legislative  measure;  to 
attack  a  man  or  his  opinions  in  a  newspaper. 

The  people's  interest  is  the  only  object  that  we  have 
any  right  whatever  to  consider  in  deciding  the  tiuestion, 
wliether  or  not  the  present  state  of  things  shall  be  sub- 
mitted to  or  attacked.  Rrouyham. 

3.  To  make  an  onset  or  attempt  upon,  in  a  gen- 
eral sense  ;  begin  action  upon  or  in  regard  to ; 
set  about  or  upon :  as,  to  attack  a  piece  of  work 
or  a  problem,  or  (humorously)  the  dinner.— 

4.  To  begin  to  affect ;  come  or  fall  upon  ;  seize : 
said  of  diseases  and  other  destructive  agencies: 
as,  yesterday  he  was  attacked  by  fever;  caries 
attacked  the  bones  ;  locusts  attacked  the  crops. 
Specifically  —  5.  In  cliem.,  to  cause  to  decom- 
pose or  dissolve. 

The  bodies  are  of  a  siliceous  character,  for  they  are  not 
destroyed  by  ignition,  nor  attacked  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Science,  VII.  218. 
=  Syil.  1.  Set  upon.  Fall  upon,  etc.  (see  assail),  assault, 
beset,  besiege,  beleaguer,  charge  upon,  engage,  challenge, 
combat. — 2.  To  impugn,  criticize,  censure. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  an  attack  or  onset; 
as,  the  enemy  attacked  with  great  boldness. 

Those  that  attack  generally  get  the  victory. 

Cane,  Campaigns. 

attack  (a-tak'),  H.  [=  F.  attaque;  from  the 
verb.]  1.  A  falling  on  with  force  or  \-iolence, 
or  with  calumny,  satire,  or  criticism;  an  onset; 
an  assault. 

I  wish  that  he  [Mr.  Sumner]  may  know  the  shudder  of 
terror  which  ran  through  all  this  community  on  the  first 
tidings  of  this  brutal  attack. 

Emerson,  Assault  upon  Mr.  Sumner. 

2.  Battle  generally ;  fight.     [Rare.]    , 
Long  time  in  even  scale 

The  battel  hung  ;  till  Satan,  .  .  . 

.  .  .  ranging  tlirough  the  dire  attack,  .  ,  . 

Saw  where  the  sword  of  Michael  smote,  and  fell'd 

•Squadrons  at  once.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  248. 

3.  An  onset  of  any  kind ;  the  initial  movement 
in  any  active  proceeding  or  contest,  as  a  game 
of  chess,  cricket,  etc.;  in  music,  specifically, 
the  act  (with  reference  to  the  manner)  of  be- 
ginning a  piece,  passage,  or  phrase,  especially 
by  an  orchestra. — 4.  The  aggressive  part  of 
the  art  of  fencing :  opposed  to  defense. 

Attacks  are  made  in  three  ways  ; — first,  by  a  quick 
thrust  proceediug  merely  from  the  wrist,  the  arm  at  the 
same  time  being  elevated  and  advanced,  with  the  point 
directed  towards  the  adversary's  breast ;  secondly,  by 
what  is  technically  called  an  extension ;  and  lastly,  by 
longeing  and  recovering.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  70. 

5.  A  seizure  by  a  disease ;  the  onset  of  a  dis- 
ease  Attack  of  a  siege,  an  assault  upon  an  enemy's 

field  or  permanent  fortifications,  by  means  of  parallels, 
galleries,  saps,  trenches,  mines,  enfilading-,  counter-,  or 
breacbing-batteries,  or  by  storming  parties.— ^To  deliver 
an  attack.  See  deliveri.=  Syn.  1.  Charge,  Onslaught,  etc. 
See  onset. 

attackable  (a-tak'a-bl),  a.  [<  attack  +  -ahUi 
=  F.  attaquahle.]  Capable  of  being  attacked, 
assailable. 

attacker  (a-tak'er),  n.  One  who  attacks  or 
assaults ;  an  assailant. 

attagas  (at'a-gas),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  arTaya^,  a 
bird  described  as  of  a  reddish  color  and  spotted 
on  the  back;  prob.  a  kind  of  partridge.  Seo 
atta<iin.]     Same  as  attagen. 

attagen  (at'a-jen),  n.  [L.,  also  attagena,  <  Gr. 
aTTuyijv,  also  aTTayfjc,  a  bird  (appar.  different 
from  the  lirrayof),  prob.  a  kind  of  grouse,  the 
franeolin,  classed  -with  the  partridge,  pheasant, 


attagen 

etc.]     1.  Properly,  the  common  partridge   of 
Extrope,  now  known  as  Perdii  cincrea. —  2.  A 
name  given  to  various  other  European  birds. 
T-.    i;...  -  .^.,  ;.  -.^]v  ><■ -Vrly  writers  for  sundry  giil- 
-    irouse,   ptarmigan,  par- 
' \hata,  etc.    (6)  Used   by 
.   I..V  ;,._..:t-binl  or  nianK>f-war  bird, 
;md  adopted  by  G.  R.  Gray,  ISTl,  in  the 
■  ^  the  generic  name  of  these  birds: 
V,  ,j.  ■  t^Gniv)  as  a  subfamily  name,   (c)  [caj).] 

[>L  ->oa  "in  17W  an  indetenuinable  genus 

of  err  -'.  besides  European  species,  two  North 

'-     '  -'.  A'tnnen  americann  and  Attao^Jt 

i  by  Cuvier  (1S17)  to  the  sand- 
■  hiipte.i  (llliger.  ISU),  the  only 
>j,^,_ic=  ._.i  i. inL-  t^'-  -^ ..  I.'  Cu\ier  was  Pallas's sand-grouse, 
^■.  paradoxus,  a  bird  of  the  suborder  PterockUs.  (?)  Ap- 
plied bv  Gloger  in  1S42  to  the  francolins,  of  which  Perdix 
j'rancolinui  (Linn.xus),  now  Framolinus  vulgaris,  of  Eu- 
ivpe,  etc.,  is  the  t.vpe. 
Also  atagen,  attagas,  atagas. 
Attageninie  (at-  a-je-ui'ne).  H. pi.  [NL.,  <  Afta- 
gtii.  J  (^1,  +  -inii.  Atagcitina;  is  the  form  used 
by  Gray.]  In  G.  E.  Gray's  system  of  classifica- 
tion {1S71),  a  subfamily  of  totipalmate  birds, 
named  from  iloehring's  genus  Attagen  (1752), 
equivalent  to  the  family  Tacliypctidw  of  authors 
in  general;  the  frigate-birds  or  man-of-war 
birds.  See  Tachijpetida. 
attaghant,  ".  Same  as  i/ataghan. 
attain  (a-tan'),  f-  [<  ilE-  attainen,  atteinen, 
atainen,  "ateinen,  etc.,  <  OF.  atmndre,  ateindre 
(ataign-,  ateign-),  F.  atteindre  =  Pr.  ateigner. 
atenher  =  lt.  attignere,  attingere,  attain,  <  L.  at- 
tingere,  touch  upon,  attain,  <  ad,  to,  +  langere, 
touch:  see  tangent.  Cf.  attainder  and  attaint.'] 
I.  trans.  If.  To  touch;  strike;  hit.— 2t.  To 
touch  upon;  mention. —  Sf.  To  convict;  con- 
demn. Compare  attaint,  v.,  3-5. — 4.  To  come 
so  near  as  to  touch;  reach,  achieve,  or  accom- 
plish (an  end  or  object)  by  continued  effort; 
come  into  possession  of ;  acquire;  gain. 

Ends  we  seek  we  never  shall  attain. 

il.  Arnold,  Self -Deception. 

5.  To  come  to  or  arrive  at  (a  place) ;  reach  (a 
place,  time,  or  state). 

Canaan  he  now  attains.  Milton,  V.  L.,  xii.  135. 

He  has  scarce  attained  the  age  of  thirty. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

6.  To  reach  in  excellence  or  degree;  equal. 

So  the  first  precedent,  if  it  be  good,  is  seldom  attained 
by  imitation.  Sacou. 

7t.  To  overtake;  come  up  with:  as,  "not  at- 
taining him  in  time,"  Bacon. —  8t.  To  come  to 
know;  experience.  Chaucer.  =Syji.  ^  Attain,  Ob- 
tain, Procure,  reach,  achieve,  get  possession  of,  carry, 
(.See  lists  under  acquire  and  accomplish  ;  also  note  under 
attainable.)  Attain  involves  the  idea  of  considerable  ef- 
fort, while  obtain  does  not  necessarily  imply  effort  at  all, 
and  procure  only  a  small  degree  of  it :  thus,  we  may  ob- 
tain property  ijy  inheritance,  we  may  procure  a  book  by 
purchase,  but  we  can  attain  an  end  only  by  exertion. 
Attain  generally  has  higher  or  more  abstract  objects  than 
obtain  or  procure:  as,  to  obtain  an  ofhce  or  a  patent:  to 
procure  a  chair;  to  attain  eminence;  attain  one's  end. 
In  these  cases  it  would  be  ludicrous  to  use  attain  in  place 
of  obtain  or  procure. 

The  Klians,  or  story.telleni  in  Ispahan,  attain  a  control- 
ling power  over  their  audience,  keeping  them  for  many 
hours  attentive  to  the  most  fanciful  and  extravagant  ad- 
ventures.  Etnerson,  Eloquence. 

Some  pray  for  riches ;  riches  they  obtain  ; 

But,  watoh'd  by  robbers,  for  their  wealth  are  slain. 

JJryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  424. 
Have  you  a  catalogue 
Of  all  the  voices  that  we  have  procur'd. 
Set  down  by  the  poll  'I  Shak.,  Cor.,  111.  a. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  reach;  come  or  arrive  by 
motion,  bodily  or  mental  exertion,  or  efforts  of 
any  kind:  followed  by  to  or  unto. 

Such  knowledge  is  too  wonderful  for  me ;  it  is  high ;  I 
ran  not  attain  unto  it.  Pa.  cxxxix.  0. 

2t.  To  pertain  ;  have  relation.     Chaucer. 
attaint  fa-tan'),  n.     [<  attain,  t'.]     Something 

:iitiiirii-il.     (lldu'ille. 
attainability  (a-ta-na-bil'i-ti),  n.     [<  atiaina- 
fili     ni-f -bitilij.'i    AttiiinablencHS.     Coleridge. 
attainable  (a-ta'na-bl),  «.     [<  ultain  + -able.} 
<'apabk'  of  being  attained. 
Uc  (I'lat';]  qulta  the  normal  for  the  attainable. 

De  Qiiincen,  Plato. 

All  ttiitt  in  mild  of  the  wise  man  l>y  Stole,  or  oriental  or 

mt„ii-r<>  '-uHvliit.  drscrllies  ti>  each  reader  hlit  own  idea, 

,     '  ^  \<'if.  ntlairmblr  tn-U.  Kmrmon,  llMitry. 

'   rrriiTly  Mimetlmoff  ummI  vUvrt'ohttiinfitUc 

il'l   now  be  preferred,  as  In  the  (olluw- 

''I  'inallty  of  foofl  and  IU|unr,  the  specicH  of 

'"■    'ind  cIothlnK,  to  which  the  <-ommori 

>r'i  habituated,  miut  bo  attainohU 

i'aUti. 

liot  [lennlt  them  rctothf-n  and 

'  in  Philadelphia,  and  tto-y  were 

'  •ii'rv, 

tlarihaU,  Lltr  of  WaahlnKton  | 
-Bjm.  ProcUcahlc,  teaillrl.',  poMllilo,  within  reach. 


370 

attainableness  (a-ta'na-bl-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  attainable. 

attainder  (a-tan'der),  n.  [<  late  ME.  attaiin- 
dcn;  <  OF.  ataindre,  ateindre,  attain,  touch 
upon,  affect,  ^-cuse,  attack,  attaint,  convict; 
the  inf.  used  as  a  noim.  The  idea  of  taint, 
stain,  or  corruption  has  been  erroneously  con- 
nected with  this  word :  seeattaint.y  1.  The  act 
of  attainting,  or  the  state  of  being  attainted ; 
the  legal  consequence  of  judgment  of  death  or 
outla«Ty  pronounced  in  respect  of  treason  or 
felony:  as,  a  bill  of  attainder;  to  remove  an 
attainder.  The  consequence  by  the  common  law  in- 
cluded forfeiture  of  lands,  tenements,  and  heredita- 
ments, incapability  of  suing  in  a  court  of  justice,  or  of 
performing  any  of  the  duties  or  enjoying  any  of  the  priv- 
ilegesof  a  free  citizen,  and  "corruption  of  blood,"  render- 
ing the  person  affected  incapable  of  iniieriting  property 
or  transmitting  it  to  heirs. 

An  act  of  attaimier  was  carried  against  him,  as  one  who 
had  been  indicted  for  piracy  and  murder,  and  had  fled 
from  justice.  Bancro/t,  Hist.  U.  .S.,  1.  l&s. 

2.  A  bringing  under  some  .disgrace,  stain,  or 
imputation ;  the  state  of  being  in  dishonor. 

So  to  the  laws  at  large  I  write  my  name : 
And  he  that  breaks  tliem  in  the  least  degree 
Stands  in  attainder  of  eternal  shame. 

Shak.,  L  L.  L.,  i.  1. 
attaintiryt,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  attainder. 
attainduret,  ".     [A  mixtm-e  of   attainder  and 
iitluiiiture.'i    An  obsolete  form  of  attainder. 
attainment  (a-tan'ment).  )i.  [< attain  +  -ment.'\ 

1.  The  act  of  attaining;  the  act  of  arriving  at 
or  reaching;  the  act  of  obtaining  by  exertion 
or  effort. 

The  attainment  of  every  desired  object. 

.Sir  W.  Jones,  Ilit6pad^sa. 

2.  That  which  is  attained,  or  obtained  by  ex- 
ertion; acquisition;  acquirement. 

Formerly  the  natural  impulse  of  every  man  was,  spon- 
taneously to  use  the  language  of  life ;  the  language  of 
books  was  a  secondary  attaintnent  not  made  witliout 
effort.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

Smatterers,  whose  attainments  just  suffice  to  elevate 
them  from  the  insigniticance  of  dunces  to  the  dignity  of 
bores.  .Macaulaif,  Mill  on  GovernnuMit. 

=  Syn.  2.  Acqtiiremcnts,  Acquisitions,  etc.  See  acquire. 
infill. 

attainort,  «.  [<  attain  +  -or,  after  AF.  atlei- 
gnour.]  One  of  the  jurors  in  the  process  called 
attaint  (which  see). 

attaint  (a-tanf),  ('.  t.  [<  ME.  ataynlen,  atciin- 
teii,  aticinten,  etc.,  an  inf.  due  to  ataynt,  atteint, 
pp.  of  ataynen,  etc.,  after  OF.  ateint,  pp.  of  atein- 
dre: see  attain  and  attainder.  Later  errone- 
ously associated  with  taint,  stain,  corruption, 
to  which  some  of  tlie  senses  are  due.]  If.  To 
touch;  hit  in  tilting. — 2t.  To  attain;  ascertain. 
—  3t.  To  convict  (a  juiy)  of  having  given  a 
false  verdict. —  4.  To  afleet  with  attainder: 
pass  judgment  on,  as  on  one  found  guilty  of 
a  crime,  as  felony  or  treason,  involving  for- 
feiture of  civil  priN-ileges. 

I  dare  undertake,  that  at  this  day  there  are  more  at. 
tayntcd  landes,  concealed  from  her  Majestic,  then  she 
hath  now  possessions  in  all  Ireland. 

Spenser,  Present  State  of  Ireland. 
I  must  olTend  before  I  be  attainted. 

Shak.,  alien.  VI.,  ii.  4. 

No  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruidion  of  bUuid, 

or  forfeiture  except  during  the  life  of  the  jinrsouattaintat. 

Constitutiun  of  V.  S.,  iii.  :!. 

5t.  To  accuse:  with  of:  as,  to  attaint  a  person 
of  sorcery. 

Ho  was  attainted  .  .  .  n/  high  treason. 

Goldsmith,  Bolingbrokc. 

6t.  To  affoct  with  any  passion  or  emotion. 

This  noble  woman  .  .  .  attainted  with  extreme  sorrow. 
Ilistoria  Anijliea  (trans.). 

7.  To  taint;  disgrace;  cloud  with  infamy; 
stain;  corrupt. 

Lest  she  with  blame  her  honour  should  attaint. 

SiKtvser,  V.  I).,  IV.  i.  ;.. 

Tliat  the  pleasure  Is  of  an  inferior  order,  can  no  more 

attaint  the  idea  or  moilel  of  the  composition,  than  it  can 

impeach  the  excellence  of  an  epigram  that  it  is  not  a 

trageily.  he  Quincey,  Itbetorie. 

attaintt  (n-tfinf),  1>.  a.  [The  older  pp.  of  «/- 
liiint,r.'\  1.  Attaiiilc(l;  convicted. —  2.  Taint- 
r'cl;  corrupted;  iurccted;  attacked. 

.My  tender  youth  wa»  never  yet  afMi'nf 

With  any  passion.  Shak.,  1  Hon.  VI.,  v.  fi. 

AutOrfOltS  attaint.     S((!  aulerfiitn. 
attaint  Oi-IhuI'),  n.      [<  allninl,^.']     If.   The 
iul  of  touching  or  hitting;  Hpocifleally,  in  tilt- 
ing, a  hit.     [Archaic] 

"You,  reverend  sir,"  nald  the  knl^hl,  "havo  In  the  en- 
counter  of  our  wlta  made  a  fair  attaint." 

.Scott,  Monoatery,  I.  xvl. 

2.  A  blow  orwouiid  on  the  Ir'gof  a  horBc  caiiHcd 
by  overreaching. — 3.   An  ancient  legal  process 


attask 

instituted  for  reversing  a  false  verdict  given  by 
a  jury ;  conriction  of  a  jiu'y  for  giving  such  a 
verdict. — 4.  In  old  law :  {a)  A  con'S'iction.  (fc) 
Impeachment. —  5t.  Infection;  injurious  or  del- 
eterious action. 

The  marrow-eating  sickness,  whose  attaint 
Disorder  breeds.  Shak.,  V.  and  A.,  I.  741. 

6.  Attainder. 

It  was  a  point  of  honour  with  his  [ISismarck's]  Govern- 
ment that  the  cai>tive  royalists  should  at  every  cost  al- 
most be  set  free,  without  attaint  of  life  or  fortune. 

Lowe,  Bismarck,  I.  220. 

7t.  A  stain,  spot,  or  taint;  hence,  a  disgrace; 
an  imputation  involving  dishonor. 

What  simple  thief  brags  of  his  own  attaint  ? 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 

attaintmentt  (a-tant'ment),  n.  [<  attaint  -h 
-menl.]  The  act  or  state  of  being  attainted  or 
affected  with  attainder;  conviction;  arrest; 
impeachment. 

^^'heu  this  man  was  attainted  there,  and  they  had  lib- 
erty to  say  nay  to  his  attainlment  if  they  would,  sure  I  am 
the  most  allowed  it.  and  else  it  would  not  have  gone  for- 
ward. Lntiiiier,  quoted  in  Dixon "s  Hist.  Ciuuchof  Eng.,  xv. 

attainturet  (a-tan'tur),  «.     [<  attaint  +  -ure.'] 

1.  Same  as  attaintment. 

Her  attainture  vnW  be  Humphrey's  fall. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

2.  Imputation;  stain. 

Without  the  least  attainture  of  your  valour. 

Chapman,  Byron's  Tragedy,  iiL  1. 

attaket,  v.  t.    See  atake. 

attal  (at'al),  n.     Same  as  attW^. 

Attalea  (a-ta'le-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  with  allu- 
sion to  the  beauty  of  the  trees,  <  L.  Attains,  < 
Gr.  ".KTTa'/.og,  Attains,  the  name  oif  three  kings  of 
Pergamum;  Attains  I.  and  II.  were  noted  for 
their  wealth  and  liberality.  ]  A  genus  of  palms, 
allied  to  the  cocoanut,  natives  of  tropical 
America,  and  distinguished  by  the  fact  that 
the  nut  contains  three  cells,  each  inclosing  a 
single  seed.  There  are  aljuut  2U  species.  The  nuts, 
wliieh  hang  in  great  clusters,  aie  eg;;  shaped,  witli  a  very 
hard  aiul  thick  pericarp  iuelusuig  tlie  edil)le  oily  kernels. 
The  pinnate  leaves  are  very  large,  and  are  often  used  for 
thatching  and  other  purposes.  The  libers  of  the  leaf- 
stalks of  A.  funi/era  are  made  into  ropes  and  brooms. 
The  seeds  are  nuts  called  coquilla-nuts;  they  are  3  or  4 
inches  long,  brown  in  color,  hai-d,  and  of  sufficient  thick- 
ness to  be  turned  into  door-handles,  snmll  cups,  etc.  The 
cohune  palm.  A.  Cohune,  is  the  largest  palm  that  is  found 
in  (iuatcmala  and  Honduras. 

attalica  (a-tal'i-ka),  n.  pi.  [L.,  neut.  pi.  of 
Attalicus,  <  Attains,  <  Gr.  'arrn^.or.]  Cloth  of 
gold :  a  name  derived  from  its  supposed  intro- 
(liu'tioii  under  King  Attains  of  I'erganium. 

attaman  (at'ii-man),  n.     Same  as  hctman. 

attame't  (a-tam'),  r.  t.  [<  at-  +  tame,  i'.]  To 
tamo:  overcome.     Silvester. 

attame'-'t,  r.  t.  [<  ME.  attamcn,  ataynen,  open, 
broach,  begin,  injure,  <  IjL.  attaminarc,  touch, 
attack, dishonor, <L.arf,  to,  -\-  ' taminare,io\xc\\: 
see  coutaminati:'\  1.  To  broaeli  or  open  (a 
cask,  etc.).  Chaucer. —  2.  To  begin;  venture 
upon;  imdertake. 

Ilyght  antm  his  tale  he  hath  attained. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  62. 

attaminatet  (a-tam'i-nat),  V.  t.  [<  L.  atlami- 
)/((/«,«,  pp.  of  atlaminare,  contaminate:  see  at- 
/((»«;■-'.]     To  contaminate.     ISlount. 

attap  (at'ap),  «.  [Native  name;  also 'written 
ataj)  and  adap.']  The  \ipa  frnticans,  a  nearly 
steinlcss  piilni  of  the  tidal  forests  of  the  East 
Indian  archipelago,  its  smooth  pinnate  leaves  arc 
fr<im  Ifi  to  :iu  feet  long,  very  thick  and  strong,  and  ai'o  ex- 
tensively used  for  thatching. 

The  roof  is  thatched  with  the  conmutn  Buttnm  attaps 
in  the  same  way  as  .Malay  houses. 

•lour.  Anthrop.  Inst.,  XV.  20.S. 

attaquet,  v.  and  «.   A  former  spelling  of  attack. 

attar  (at'iir),  H.  [Also  wi'itlen  atar,  otiar,  and 
otto;  <  I'ers.  'atar.  Hind,  air,  <  Ai-.  'itr,  fra- 
grance, ]>crfuine,  csp.  of  roses  (IVrs.  'atar-giil, 
altar  <if  roses),  < '«/((»'«,  smell  sweet.]  In  (he 
East  Indies,  a  general  term  for  a  perfume 
from  flowers.  In  Europi'  it  generally  denotes  only 
the  attar  or  otto  of  roses,  an  essential  oil  niuile  In  Turkey 
and  various  other  eastern  countries,  ehletly  friun  the 
dainask  rose.  Itosn  Dawascrna.  Thr-  yield  is  very  small, 
i;>0  pounds  of  rose-leaves  yielding  less  tliini  an  ounce  of 
attjir.  The  principal  source  of  (he  adar  of  eonnnerce  is 
In  llic  vli'Inlty  of  Kazatilik,  pn  the  southern  side  of  the 
Itnllum  oiunntalnH,  in  I'-aslcrn  Kunielia.  The  pure  oil 
stilidillcM  at  a  tcmi)eru(ure  between  (10  and  (!.''»"  I'',  It  (s  a 
Well-known  |icrfumu,  but  (he  odor  is  agreeable  only  whm 
dllfuHud,  being  too  powerful  when  It  is  eonctuitrated.  It 
is  largely  used  In  the  scinitlng  of  snulf.  Also  wrttt^'ii  "^ 
tar,  „llo. 

attaskt  (a-liVsk'),  V.  t.  [<  "/-  +  lasl;.'\  To  task ; 
tux ;  reprove;  blame. 

\ii\\  arc  much  ntore  nttnsk'd  foi  want  of  wlMd<ini. 
Than  pnds'd  for  harmful  mildness.     Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 


attaste 

attastef,  v.     [ME.  ataste,  <  OF.  ataster,  taste,  < 
((-  (L.  ad)  +  taster,  taste  :  see  tastc.l     I,  trans. 
To  taste.     Chaucer. 
II.  intrans.  To  tasto  (of). 

Ye  shullen  ataste  both  thowe  and  shee 

Of  tliilko  wuter.  Lydgate. 

attet.    Middle  English  assimilation  of  at  the. 

t'Iniiicir. 

Attelabidae  (at-e-Iab'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  At- 
tiiiihits  +  -«7(B.]  A  family  of  rhynchophorous 
lici't'.i's.     See  Attelabinw. 

Attelabinae  (at  "e-la-bi'ue),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Attc- 
labiis  +  -(«fc.]  A  subfamily  of  Curculionklce, 
typitied  by  the  genus  Attclahus,  containing 
weevils  with  the  abdomen  alike  in  both  sexes, 
the  mandibles  pineer-like,  the  elytra  without  a 
fold  on  the  inner  surface,  and  no  labium.  The 
gi'oup  is  sometimes  raised  to  the  rani  of  a 
family  under  the  name  Attclabidw. 

Attelabus  (a-tel'a-bus),  >i.  [L.,<  Gr.  aTTtkajioQ, 
Ionic  (irrtAc/iof,  a  kind  of  locust  without  wings.] 
A  genus  of  weevils,  typical  of  the  family  Attela- 
bida^.  A.  rhois  is  ji  redtlish  pul)escent  species  witll  a 
short  proboscis,  infesting  the  hazel  in  tlie  nortlleastern 
parts  of  tlie  United  States. 

attemper  (a-tem'per),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  attempren, 
atempren,  <  OF.  atcmprcr,  <  L.  attemperare,  fit, 
adjust,  accommodate,  <  ad,  to,  +  temperare, 
control,  moderate,  temper:  see  temper,  v.]  1. 
To  reduce,  modify,  or  moderate  by  mixture :  as, 
to  attemper  spirits  by  diluting  them  with  water. 
NobiUty  attenqjers  sovereignty.  Bacon. 

2.  To  soften,  mollify,  or  moderate:  as,  to  at- 
temper justice  with  clemency. 

Those  smiling  eyes  attevip'riiifj  every  ray. 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  I.  63. 
Those  [influences]  which,  in  older  and  more  normally 
constituted  communities,  modify  and  attemper  Mammon- 
worship.  The  Ameriean,  IV.  66. 

3.  To  mix  in  just  proportion ;  regulate. 
God  hath  so  attempered  the  blood  and  bodies  of  fishes. 

Kay,  Worlis  of  Creation. 
Pure  of  blame. 
In  praise  and  in  dispraise  the  same, 
A  man  of  well-atte itiper'd  frame. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

4.  To  accommodate ;  fit  or  make  stdtable. 
The  joyous  birdes,  shrouded  in  chearefull  shade. 
Their  notes  unto  the  voice  attempred  sweet. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  71. 
Arts  attempered  to  the  lyre.  Pope. 

fin  all  its  uses  nearly  obsolete,  temper  being  generally 

used.  ] 

attemperament  (a-tem'per-a-ment),  n.  A  tem- 
pering or  mi.xing  in  due  proportions.  Also  at- 
tcmperment. 

attemperancet  (a-tem'per-ans),  n.  [<  ME.  at- 
tempcraunce,  <  OF.  atemprance,  <  atemprer,  at- 
temper.    Cf.  temperance.']     Temperance. 

attemperate  (a-tem'per-at),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  attemperated,  ppr.  attemperating.  [<  L. 
attemperatus,  pp.  of  attemperare,  attemper:  see 
attemper.']  If.  To  attemper;  regulate. 
If  any  one  do  .  .  .  attemperate  his  actions  accordingly. 
Barrow,  Math.  Lectures,  iv. 
2.  In  brewing  and  distilling,  to  regulate  the 
temperature  of,  as  the  wort. 

attemperatet  (a-tem'per-at),  p.  a.  [<  L.  ai- 
temperatus, -pp. :  see  the  verb.]  1.  Tempered; 
proportioned;  suited. 

Hope  must  be  proportioned  and  attemperate  to  the 
promise.  Hammond,  Pract.  Catechism. 

2.  Moderate;  equable;  mild:  applied  to  cli- 
mate. 

attemperation  (a-tem-pe-ra'shpn),  n.  [<  at- 
temperate, v.]  If.  The'  act  of  attempering, 
regidating,  adjusting,  or  accommodating.  Ba- 
con.—  2.  The  act  of  regulating  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  wort  in  brewing  and  distilling. 

attemperator  (a-tem'per-a-tor),  n.  [<  attempe- 
rate, v.,  -h  -or.]  In  brewing  and  distilling,  a 
contrivance  for  regulating  the  temperature  of 
the  wort  during  the  progress  of  fermentation. 

attemperlyt,  adr.     See  attemprehj. 

attemperment  (a-tem'per-ment),  n.  [<  attem- 
per +  -niciit.]     Same  as  attemperament. 


371  attendance 

see  tempt.]     1.  To  make  an  effort  to  effect  or        For  the  better  defense  of  his  highness'a  loving  subjects 
do;  endeavor  to  perfonn  ;  undertake;   essav:     '"  ""-"same  shires  in  case  of  any  invasion  or  other  oMe/np- 

as,toa«te»;,«aboidfiight.  'N",;:!;:;;-:;;s;^iry;iLn'siiist.churchof  Eng.,xv.,„ote. 

o(to™7lhem"'''™'''''''"'"''"°''''""™'"'''*''"";'!f '''  attempter  (a-temp'ter),  n.      1.  One   who   at- 

""'"•     tempts,  tries,  or  endeavors. — 2.  One  who  at- 
tacks or  assails ;  an  assailant. 

Against  tlic  attempter  of  thy  Father's  throne. 

Milton,  P.  E.,  iv.  CO:i. 
3t.  A  tempter.  Milton. 
attemptive  (a-temp'tiv),  a.  [<  attempt  +  -inc.] 
licady  to  attemirt;  entei-prisiug ;  venturous. 
Daniel. 
attend  (a-tend'),  V.  [<  OF.  atendre,  F.  attendre, 
wait,  reflex,  expect,  =  Sp.  atender  =  Pg.  atten- 


Somcthing  attempted,  something  done, 
Has  earned  a  night's  repose. 

Lonyfellow,  Village  Blacksmith, 

2.  To  venture  upon:  as,  to  attempt  the  sea. — 
3t.  To  make  trial  of;  prove;  test:  as,  "well- 
nttcmpted  plate,"  i'toj;:/ax.—  4t.  To  try  with  af- 
flictions, .ler.  Taylor. — 5t.  To  endeavor  to  ob- 
tain or  attract. 
This  man  of  thine  attempts  her  love. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1. 

6.  To  try  to  win  or  seduce ;  tempt ;  entice. 
He  will  never  .  .  .  attempt  us  again. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 
It  made  the  laugliter  of  an  afternoon. 
That  Vivien  should  attempt  tlie  Idameless  king. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  ami  Vivien. 

7.  To  attack ;  make  an  effort  against ;  assail : 
as,  to  attempt  the  enemy's  camp ;  to  attempt  a 
person's  life. 

Muster 
Our  soldiers  up  ;  we'll  stand  upon  our  guard ; 
For  we  sliall  be  attempted. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  i.  2. 

Calumny  never  dared  to  suspect  her  morals,  or  attempt 
her  character.  Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  3. 

=  S3T1.  1.  Attempt,  Essay,  Undertake,  Endeavor,  Strive, 
Struggle,  seek,  aim.  The  italicized  words  agree  in  express- 
ing the  Ijeginning  of  a  task,  pliysical  or  intellectual,  wliich 
is  difficult  and  often  impossible.  They  are  arranged  in  the 
order  of  strength.  Attempt  is  to  try  with  some  effort. 
Essay  is  sometimes  to  try  in  order  to  see  if  a  thing  can  be 
done  or  attained,  and  sometimes  simply  to  attempt :  .is, 
"which  the  Egyptians  assaying  to  do  were  drowned," 
Heb.  xi.  29.  Undertalce  is,  literally,  to  take  a  task  upon 
one's  self,  perhaps  formally,  and  hence  to  go  about  a  task 
with  care  and  effort.  Endeavor  is  to  try  with  more  ear- 
nestness, labor,  or  exertion.  Strive  is  to  work  hard  and 
earnestly,  doing  one's  best.  Struggle  is  to  tax  one's  powers 
to  the  extent  of  fatigue,  p.ain,  or  exhaustion.  The  first 
three  words  are  more  appropriate  for  a  single  effort,  the 
other  three  for  continuous  or  continual  efforts. 

None  are  very  violent  against  it  (writing  plays  in  verse] 
but  those  who  either  have  not  attempted  it,  or  who  have 
succeeded  ill  in  their  attempt. 

Dnjden,  Ded.  of  Ess.  on  Dram.  Poesy. 

Instinct  led  him  (Tennyson]  to  construct  his  machinery 
before  essaying  to  build.       Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  155. 

I  will  .  .  .  undertake  one  of  Hercules'  labours. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 

In  what  I  did  endeavour,  it  is  no  vanity  to  say,  I  have 
succeeded.  Dryden,  Annus  Slirabilis. 

A  certain  truth  possesses  us,  which  we  in  all  ways  strive 
to  utter.  Emerson,  Clubs. 

O  limed  soul,  that,  struggling  to  be  free, 
jU-t  more  engag'd!  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 

attempt  (a-tempf),  11.     [<  attempt,  v.]     1.  A 
putting  forth  of  effort  in  the  performance  or 
accomplishment  of  that  which  is  difficult  or  un- 
certain; essay,  trial,  or  endeavor;  effort. 
The  attempt,  and  not  the  deed, 
Confounds  us.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2. 

By  his  blindness  maim'd  for  high  attempts. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  I.  1221. 

2.  An  effort  to  accomplish  something  by  force 
or  -violence  ;  an  attack  or  assault :  as,  an  attempt 
upon  one's  life. 

Foreign  attempts  against  a  state  and  kingdom 
Are  seldom  ^vithout  some  great  friends  at  home. 

Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  i.  1. 
3t.  Temptation. 

To  avoid 
ThQ  attenijH  itself  intended  by  our  foe. 
For  he  who  tempts,  though  in  vain,  at  least  aspei-ses 
The  tempted  witli  dishonour  foul.    Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  295. 

4.  In  law,  an  act  done  in  part  execution  of  a 
design  to  commit  a  crime.  Judge  May.  Mere 
solicitation  or  preparation,  without  a  step  taken  toward 
the  actual  commission,  is  not  a  criminal  attempt. =^yn„ 
Undertaking,  effort,  endeavor,  enterprise,  experiment. 
attemptability  (a-temp-ta-bil'j-ti),  n.  [<  at- 
temptablc :  see  -bility.]  1.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing attemptable. —  2, 
tempted.     [Rare.] 

Short  way  ahead  of  us  it  is  all  dim  ;  an  unwound  skein 
of  possibilities,  of  apprehensions,  attemptabilities,  vague- 
looming  hopes.  Carlyle,  Heroes  (IS5S),  p.  35. 


rfe»'=It.  attenderc,  <  L.  attendere,  stretch  to- 
ward, give  hoed  to,  <  ad,  to,  -I-  tendere,  stretch : 
see  tend,  and  cf.  attempt.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fix 
the  mind  upon  ;  listen  to ;  have  regard  or  pay 
heed  t»  ;  consider.     [Archaic.     See  II.,  1.] 

The  diligent  pilot  .  .  .  doth  not  attend  the  unskilful 
words  of  a  passenger.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

The  crow  doth  sing  as  sweetly  as  the  lark 
When  neither  is  attended.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1. 

Their  hunger  thus  appeased,  their  care  attends 
The  doubtful  fortune  of  their  absent  friends. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  accompany  or  be  present  with,  as  a  com- 
.panion,  minister,  or  servant,  or  for  the  fulfil- 
ment of  any  duty ;  wait  upon. 

The  flft  had  charge  sick  persons  to  attend. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  41. 
Let  one  attend  him  with  a  silver  bason. 

.SVia*.,  T.  of  the  S.,Ind.,i. 
You  shall  have  men  and  horses  to  attend  you, 
And  money  in  yoxu-  piu-se. 

Fleteher,  Rule  a  Wife,  ii.  .•!. 

3.  To  be  present  at  or  in  for  purposes  of  duty, 
business,  curiosity,  pleasure,  etc. :  as,  to  attend 
a  meeting. — 4.  To  accompany  or  follow  in  im- 
mediate sequence,  especially  -with  a  causal  con- 
nection: said  of  things:  as,  a  cold  attenderf  with 
fever ;  a  measure  attended  with  bad  results. 

A  correspondent  revolution  in  things  will  attend  the 
influ-\  of  the  spirit.  Emerson,  Nature. 

5t.  To  wait  or  stay  for ;  expect,  as  a  person  or 
an  event. 


Thy  intercepter,  . 
at  the  orchard  encL 


bloody  as  the  hunter,  attends  thee 
Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 


attempret,«.     [ME.,  also  atempre,  <  OF.  aUm-  attemptable  (a-temp'ta-bl),' a.      [<  attempt  + 


pre,  pp.  of  atemprer,  attemper:  see  attemper.] 
Temperate. 

Attempre  dicte  was  all  hire  physike.  Chaueer. 

attemprelyt,  adv.  [IME.,  also  aUcmperly,  <  at- 
tempre +  -hj,  -ly'-.]  In  a  temperate  maimer. 
Ckaurer. 

attempt  (a-tempf),  V.  t.  [<  OF.  atemptm;  at- 
tenter,  mod.  F.  attentcr  =  Pr.  attentar  =  Sp. 
atentur  =  Pg.  attentar  =  It.  attentare,  <  L.  at- 
temptare,  more  correctly  attentare,  try,  solicit, 
<  ad.  to,  +  temptare,  more  correctly  tentare,  try: 


The  trumpets,  next  the  gate,  in  order  plac'd,  , 

Attend  the  sign  to  sound  the  martial  blast. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc, !.  1741, 
6t.  To  be  in  store  for ;  await. 
Tlie  state  that  attends  all  men  after  this.  Locke. 

One  fate  attends  us,  and  one  common  grave. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  304. 
II.  intrans.    1.    To  give  attention;   pay  re- 
gard or  heed :   followed  by  to :   as,   my  son, 
attend  to  my  words. 
Attend  to  the  voice  of  my  supplications.     Ps.  Ixxxvi.  6. 
It  will  be  sufficient  for  me  if  I  discover  many  Beauties 
or  Imperfections  which  others  have  not  attended  to. 

Addison,  .Spectator.  No.  262. 
2.  To  be  present,  in  {lursuance  of  duty,  busi- 
ness, or  pleasure ;  especially,  act  as  an  atten- 
dant: absolutely,  or  with  on  or  ujwn,  or  at:  as, 
who  attends  here?  to  attend  upon  a  committee; 
to  attend  at  such  a  church.  Hence — 3.  To  fix 
the  mind  in  worship:  with  on  or  upon. 
That  ye  may  attend  upon  the  Lord  without  distraction. 

1  Cor.  vii.  35. 
4.  To  be  consequent;  wait:  with  on  or  upon. 

It  is  good  that  a  certain  portion  of  disgrace  should  con- 
stantly attend  on  certain  bad  actions. 

Maeaulay,  Moore's  Byron. 
5t.  To  stay;  wait;  delay. 

For  this  perfection  she  must  yet  attend. 
Till  to  her  Maker  she  espoused  be. 

Sir  J.  Dames,  Immortal,  of  .SouL 

attendt  (a-tend'),  M.    l<  attend,  v.]  Attendance. 
stars  have  made  your  fortunes  climb  so  high. 
To  give  attend  on  Easni's  excellence. 
Grceiic  (i)i(i  iorfi/e,  Looking  Glass  for  Lend,  and  Eng 
A  thing  that  may  be  at-  attendance    (a-ten'dans),    n.      [<  ME.   atten- 
elaunce,  <  OF.  atendance  =   Pr.    atendensa,  < 
ML.  attendcntia,  <  L.  attenden{t-)s,  ppr.  of  'at- 
tendere:  see  attend  and  -ance.]     1.  The  act  of 
attending  or  attending  on.    (a)  The  act  of  waiting 
on  or  serving ;  the  state  of  being  present  for  purposes  of 
duty,  business,  pleasure,  etc. ;  service  ;  ministry. 
No  man  gave  attendance  at  the  altar.  Heb.  vii.  13. 

lindamira,  a  lady  whose  .  .  .  constant  attendance  at 
church  three  times  a  day  had  utterly  defeated  many  ma- 
licious attacks  upon  her  reputation. 

Fielding,  Joseph  .'Uidrews. 
The  other,  after  many  years'  attendance  upon  the  duke, 
was  now  one  of  the  bed-chamber  to  the  prince. 

Clarendon. 
(6t)  Attention  ;  regard ;  careful  application  of  mind. 

Give  attendance  to  reading.  1  Tim.  iv.  13, 

(ct)  A  waiting  on,  as  in  expectation. 


■able.]  Capable  of  being  attempted,  tried,  or 
attacked ;  likely  to  yield  to  an  attempt  or  at- 
tack. 

Less  attemptible  than  any  the  rarest  of  our  ladies  in 
France.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  5. 

attemptatet  (a-temp'tat),  n.  [<  OP.  attemp- 
tat,  mod.  P.  attentat:  see  attentate.]  An  at- 
tempt or  endeavor ;  especially,  a  violent  or 
criminal  attempt  or  attack ;  assault ;  outrage. 

He  called  .  .  .  for  redress  of  the  attemptates  committed 
by  the  Oreams.    S(n/;)e,  Eccles.  Mem.,  IV.364.  (N.E.D.) 


attendance 


372 


That  which  causeth  bitterness  in  death  is  the  languish-  attentatet,  attentatt  (a-ten'tat,  -tat),  n.    [<  F. 


Ing  acundajux  tnd  expectation  thereof  ere  it  "^"""^^^j^^ 

2    The  1)ody  of  persons  attending  for  any  pur- 
pose :  as,  a  lai^e  attendance  is  requested. 

The  att-nlance  of  the  Tories  was  scanty,  as  no  impor- 
tant diitussion  was  expected,  ilacaulay.  Hist.  Eng.,  sv. 
3t  Attendants  eolleetively;  persons  waiting  on 
one  to  render  him  service ;  a  train ;  a  retinue. 
—  To  dance  attendance.  See  dan«. 
attendancyt .  a-ten'  dan-si),  n .  1 .  Attendance ; 
a  train  or  retiuue.     Fuller. 

Of  honour  anoth' 
in  the  visions  c '  " 
his  attendants. 


(ittoitat.  crime.  <  ML.  attentatum,  crime,  at- 
tempt, neut.  of  L.  itttentatus,  pp.  of  attenla- 
re,  attempt:  see  attemjyt.']  1.  A  criminal  at- 
tempt. 

\Jf  righted  at  so  damnable  an  attentate. 

Time's  Slorehou.ie,  p.  154  (Ord  MS.). 

2.  In  law:  (a)  A  proceeding  in  a  court  of  ju- 
dicature after  an  inhibition  is  decreed,     (fc)  A 


thing  done  after  an  extra-judicial  appeal,     (c) 

A  matter  improperly  innovated  or  attempted 

bv  au  inferior  judge. 

mother  part  is  aWfndanri/, •  and  therefore,   attention  (a-ten'shon),  n.     [<  JIE.   attencioun 

?':^'.  ft2et^"t-h\?hinourrfltfor'^r"     (F.  atteution),  <  L.  attent.oiu-),  <  atte,.d<-r,,  pp 


lates.  and  what  oHeiu/ancy.  ..      „,„  .,,t,^ 

Hooker,  Eccles.  PoL,  vU.  §  20  (Ord  MS.). 

2.  Eelation ;  relative  position. 

To  name  lands  bv  the  attendancy  they  have  to  other 
lands  more  notorious.  JSacon,  Maxims  of  the  Law,  x.xiv. 
attendant  la-ten'dant),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  attcn- 
dunt  1=  It.  atteiidente).  ppr.  of  attendre,  wait: 
see  attend  and  -anfl.]  I.  «.  1.  Accompanying; 
being  present  or  in  attendance. 

Other  suns  perhaps, 
With  their  attendant  moons,  thou  wilt  descry. 

Milton,  I'.  L.,  vlii.  149. 

2.  Accompanying,  connected,  or  immediately 
following  as  consequential :  as,  intemperance, 
with  all  its  attendant  evils. 

Those  bodily  pains  and  sufferings  which  ...  are  hut 
too  frequently  attendant  ujwn  any  disorder  of  the  fancy. 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  1S3. 

3t.  In  law,  depending  on  or  connected  with 
something  or  some  person ;  owing  duty  or  ser- 
vice  Attendant  keys,  in  muxic,  same  as  relative  keys. 

See  relalice. 

n.  n.  1.  One  who  attends  or  accompanies 
another,  in  any  character;  especially,  one  who 
belongs  to  a  train  or  retinue ;  a  follower. 

Brave  attendants  near  llim.    Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 

The  Furies,  they  said,  aie  attendants  on  justice,  and  if 
the  sun  in  heaven  should  transgress  his  path,  they  would 
punish  him.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

2.  One  who  attends  on  or  waits  the  pleasure 
of  another,  as  a  suitor  or  the  like. 
To  give  an  attendant  quick  despatch  is  a  civility. 

T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

Specifically — 3.  In  late,  one  who  owes  a  duty 
or  ser\-ice  "to,  or  depends  on,  another. —  4.  One 
who  is  present,  as  at  a  public  meeting,  for  any 
purpose. 

He  was  a  constant  attendant  at  all  meetings  relating  to 
charity.  «"•■/'■ 

5.  That  which  accompanies  or  is  consequent 
on  anjrthing. 

He  that  early  arriveth  unto  the  parts  and  prudence  of 
age  is  happily  old  without  the  uncomfortable  attendants 
oJ  It,  Sir  T.  Browne,  Letter  to  a  Friend. 

An  extreme  jealousy  of  power  is  the  attendant  on  all 
popular  revolutions,  and  has  seldom  been  without  its 
^viu.  A.  Hamilton,  Contlnentalist,  No.  1. 

Master  attendant,  an  officer  of  an  English  dockyard, 
generally  a  stalf  commander,  whose  duty  it  is  to  inspect 
niiMiriiigs,  niovc  and  secure  vessels,  care  for  ships  in  ordi- 
nary, and  generally  to  a-wist  the  superintendent.  =  Syn.  1. 
Associate,  escort,  retainer.— 6.  Accompaniment,  concomi. 
'ant.  -      „  t         ii      J        thiiuiilillul,  alert. 

attender  (a-ten'dfer),  n.     1.  One  who  attends  attentively  (a-ton'tiv-li),  adv.     [<  attentive  + 
or  f;ives  heed.  ./y'j;  MK.  <i//<n'i.rfi/ (Wyclif).]    In  an  attentive 

AtUndlug  to  conduct,  to  judgment,  makes  the  oKendcr        "  '        ' "    "  '   " ■"■    '"— '    ■' 

feel  that  it  U  Joy  to  do  it, 

il.  Arnold,  Literature  and  Dogma,  I. 

2    An  attendant;  a  companion. 

attendingly  Oi-ten'ding-li),  adv.  With  atten- 
tion; nttcntivclv. 

attendmentt  (ii-lenil'ment),  n.  [<  attend  + 
-mini.']     All  accompanying  circumstance  :  as, 

'•\n iirfortablo    attendmintx   of   hell,"  Sir  T. 

/ir       ' ,  Viilg.  Krr.,  vii.  10. 

attendressf  (a-tcn'drcH),  n.    [<  attender  +  -cot.] 


attentiii,  attend,  give  heed  to :  see  attend.']  1. 
Active  direction  of  the  mind  upon  an  object  of 
sense  or  of  thought,  giving  it  relative  or  abso- 
lute prominence  :  it  may  be  either  volimtary  or 
involuntary. 

\\"hen  the  ideas  that  offer  themselves  are  taken  notice 
of,  and,  as  it  were,  registered  in  the  memory,  it  is  atten- 
tion. Locke,  Human  Understanding,  ii.  10. 

In  the  relation  of  events,  and  the  delineation  of  char- 
acters, they  have  paid  little  attention  to  facts,  to  the  cos- 
tume of  the  times  of  which  they  pretend  to  treat,  or  to 
the  general  principles  of  human  nature. 

Macaulay,  On  History, 

.\  trained  pianist  will  play  a  new  piece  of  music  at 
sight,  and  perhaps  have  so  much  attention  to  spare  that 
he  can  t.ilk  with  you  at  the  same  time. 

J.  Fi.'tke,  Evolutionist,  p.  SOS. 

2.  The  power  or  faculty  of  mental  concentra- 
tion. 

In  the  childhood  of  onr  race  and  of  each  one  of  us,  the 
attention  was  called  forth  by  the  actions  upon  us  of  exter- 
nal nature,  Mirarl,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  18, 

3.  Consideration ;  observant  care ;  notice :  as, 
your  letter  has  just  arrived,  and  will  receive 
early  attention.— 4:.  Civility  or  courtesy,  or  an 
act  "of  eirility  or  courtesy:  as,  attention  to  a 
stranger;  in  "the  plural,  acts  of  courtesy  indi- 
cating regard:  as,  his  attentions  to  the  lady 
were  most  marked. —  5.  In  milH.  tactics,  a  cau- 
tionary word  used  as  a  preparative  to  a  com- 
mand to  execute  some  manoeuver:  as,  atten- 
tion, company!  right  face!  =  Syn.  1.  Notice,  heed, 
mindfulness,   observance;  study.— 4.  Politeness,   defer- 

attentive  (a-ten'tiv),  a.  [<  F.  attcniif,  <  L.  us 
if  'atlcntiviis,  <  attenelere,  pp.  attcntus,  attend: 
see  attend,  attcnt.  and -ive.]  1.  Characterized 
by  or  of  the  nature  of  attention;  heedful;  in- 
tent ;  observant ;  regarding  with  care ;  mindful : 
as,  an  attentive  ear  or  eye ;  an  attentive  listener; 
an  attentive  act. 

Like  Cato,  give  his  little  senate  laws, 
And  sit  attentive  to  his  own  applause, 

rope,  Prol,  to  Satires,  1,  210, 

They  know  the  King  to  have  been  always  their  most  at- 
tentive scholar  and  iniltiitor,    Milton,  Eikonoklustes.  xxiv. 

2.  Characterized  by  consideration  or  obser- 
vant care ;  assiduous  in  ministering  to  the  com- 
fort or  pleasui-e  of  others ;  polite  ;  courteous  : 
as,  attentive  to  the  ladies. 

Herbert  proved  one  of  the  most  attentive  guards  on  the 
line,  a.  A.  Sala. 

=  Sjm.  Regardful,  watchful,  circumspect,  wary,  careful, 
thiiughlfnl,  alert. 


A  t. !<•  nttendant.     I-'ullcr. 

attentt  i:i-tunt'),  v.  t.     [A  later  form  of  at-  attenuant  (ly-ton'n-ant) 


/•  «!/■(,  iiitcr  the  orig.  L. 
T,j  :Lt).-!r,j,t.     tfnarlcM. 
att'    ■ 


atlentare:  aee  attempt.] 


man  hit;  hucdfuUy;  carefully;  with  fixed  at- 
teiitiii", 

attentiveness  (a-ten'tiv-nes),  n.     The  state  of 

liciug  attciitivo';'  heedfulness;  attention. 

attentlyt  (a-tont'li),  adv.  Attentively.   Harrow. 

attentort  (ii-ten'lor),  ».     [<  L.  as  if  'attentor 

(cf.  ML.  alien.wr,  an  observer),  <  attendere,  pp. 

altentun,  attend.]    A  listener. 

Let  ballad  rhymers  tire  their  gall6d  witji. 
.Sconis  to  their  iialrons,  making  jnlceless  mirth 
To  gross  allenlors  by  their  hir6d  wriu. 

J^'oid,  Fame B  Memorial, 

and  n.     [=  l'\  at- 
of  altrnuari 


ti 


A' ),  a.  and  n.  [<  T-.  attentui,  pp. 
icml:  wr  attenil,]  I.  a.  Atten- 
n,  "an  atlent  our,"  Shale,  llara- 


'.:  f'bron. 


,  40. 


n.  " 

t< 

.MI' 

racxi.   1' 

all, 

»/, 

tittrnl'f. 

f.ii, 

altcn'l.] 

Ai 

ii(l<-n(. 

iiilkt,  the  knight  wllb  greedy  eare 
1,11  melting  nioiilb  nltrnt. 

.V;»-n«rr,  K.  (J.,  VI.  Ik,  '.i',, 

;.  atlrntc,  atrnlr,  <  OF.  atente, 
=  I'r.  atrnlii,  prop.  I>p.,  <  L. 
iiicntut,  pp.  of  atlemlcro:  Bco 

■  .  t)i,  ri,  11    I,    went 

•    t  ■  1'  I  ■  Iriy. 

[,,  witii  '111    .-•■nt  nitent. 

.Sixni'r,  K.  4  ,  VI,  li.  ::; 


tenuant,  <  L.  attennan(,t-)ii,  ppr.   of  allenuare, 

make  thin:  ucu  allrnuale.]    I.  ".  Attenuating; 

makingthin,  as  fluids;  diluting;  rendering  less 

dense  and  viscid. 

Things  that  be  (atemiant. 

Holland,  tr,  of  I'luUireh,  p,  lUJ 

II.  n.  A  medicine  which  increases  tlio  (liiid- 

ilv  of  tlie  Imniors;  a  diluent. 

attenuate  (n-ti-n'ii-at),  v.;  nrot.  and  pp.  atlen- 

iialril,  ppr.  "atlrnualinil.     [i  L.  attrnuatiiH,  pji. 

of   alteniiarr   (>    II,   alleniiarr  =    I'g.   nllenuar 

=  Sp.  I'r.  alrniiar  =  F.  atUnurr),  make  Itiin, 

weaken,  lessen,  <  ail,  to,  +  tenuarc.  make  tliiii, 

<  tenuis,  tliin,  =  F..  thin,  <|.  v.]      I.   'r<in,v.    1. 

To  make  thin  or  sl.niler;  reduce  in  tliickncHs: 

wenr  or  draw  down:   as,  an  attcnuatett  tliretid 

or  wire. 


atter 

He  pities  his  long,  clammy,  attenuated  Angers. 

Lamb,  Tlie  Convalescent, 

2.  To  reduce  by  comminution  or  attrition: 
make  small  or  fine:  as,  extremely  attenuated 
particles  of  dust  or  flour. 

This  uninterrupted  motion  must  attenuate  and  wear 
away  the  hardest  rocks.  CImptal  (trans.),  1791. 

3.  To  make  thin  or  rare;  reduce  in  density; 
increase  the  fluidity  or  rarity  of. 

The  earliest  conception  of  a  soul  is  that  of  an  attenuated 
duiilicate  of  the  body,  capable  of  detachment  from  the 
bodv,  yet  generally  resident  in  it. 

Traiu^.  Amer.  PInlol.  Ass.,  XV.  37. 

The  finer  part  belonging  to  the  juice  of  grapes,  being 
attenuated  and  s^lbtilized,  was  changed  into  an  ardent 
spirit.  -Bov'*- 

4.  To  lessen  in  complexity  or  intensity;  re- 
duce in  strength  or  energy;  simplify;  weaken: 
as,  the  attenuated  remedies  of  the  homeopa- 
thists. 

To  undersell  our  rivals  ...  has  led  the  manufacturer 
to  attenuate  his  processes,  in  the  allotment  of  tasks,  to 
an  extreme  point.  Js.  Taylor. 

If  correctlv  reported,  Pasteur  is  convinced  that  he  has 
discovered  means  by  which  the  virus  of  hydrophobia  can 
be  atlriiuiiled.  and  th<at,  by  the  inoculation  of  the  uttenu- 
ated  virus,  individuals  niiiy  be  rendered,  lor  the  time  be- 
ing, insusceptible  to  the  disease.  Science,  VI,  399, 

5.  Figuratively,  to  weaken  or  reduce  in  force, 
effect,  or  value ;  render  meager  or  jejune ;  fine 
down. 

Wc  may  reject  and  reject  till  we  attemtate  history  into 
sapless  ineagreness. 

Sir  F.  Pair/rave,  Eng.  and  Normandy,  I.  533. 
Men  of  taste  are  so  often  attemiated  by  their  reflne. 
ments,  and  dwarfed  by  the  overgrown  accuracy  and  pol- 
ish of  their  attainments. 

Buslinell,  Sermons  for  New  Life,  p.  181. 

Mentschikof  tried  to  attenuate  the  extent  and  elTeot  of 
his  demands.  Kinylake. 

6t.  To  lessen;  diminish:  said  of  number. 
Uowell. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  become  thin,  slender,  or 
fine  ;  diminish ;  lessen. 

The  attention  attenuates  as  its  sphere  contracts, 

Coleridge. 

2.  In  hrewinq  and  distiUinri,  to  undergo  the  pro- 
cess of  attenuation.  See  attenuation,  4. 
attenuate  (a-ten'u-iit),  o.  [<  L.  attenuatus, 
pp.:  see  tho'verb.j  1.  Slender;  thin.— 2.  In 
bot.,  tapering  gradually  to  a  narrow  extremity. 
—  3.  Of  thin  consistency ;  dilute;  rarefied. 

Spirits  attenuate,  which  the  cold  doth  congeal  and  co. 
agulatc.  .Bacon. 

A  series  of  captivating  bubbles,  each  more  airy  and 
evanescent,  eacli  more  attenuate  and  fantastic,  than  its 
glittering  brother.         //.  Jauces,  Subs,  and  Shad,,  p,  34'., 

attenuation  (a-ten-ii-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  attenu- 
alii){n-),<  attciiuarc:  soc  attenuate,  v.]  1.  The 
act  or  process  of  making  slender,  thin,  or  lean  ; 
the  state  of  being  thin;  emaciation;  reduced 
thickness  or  proportions. 

,\ge  had  worn  to  the  extreme  of  attenuation  a  face  that 
must  always  have  been  hanl-featnrcd, 

J{.  T.  Cooke,  Somi'body's  Neighbor.'i,  ji,  21), 

2.  The  act  of  making  fine  by  comminution  or 

attrition. 

The  action  of  the  air  facilitates  the  allenuntifin  of  these 
l,„ck8.  Chaptal  (trans.),  17iil, 

3.  The  act  or  process  of  lessening  in  complex- 
ity or  intensity;  reduction  of  force,  strength, 
or  energy;  specifically,  in  homeopatlni,  the 
rcHluctioii  of  the  active  principle  of  mccHcinps 
to  minute  or  infinitesimal  doses. —  4.  The  act 
of  making  thin  or  thinner,  as  a  (luid,  or  the 
state  of  being  thin  or  thinned;  iliininution  of 
density  or  viscidity:  as,  the  attenualion  of  the 
lumirirs;  specifically,  in  lirewimi  m'd  ili.'<lillin,i, 
thi'  tliimiiiig  or  clarifying  of  succli;irine  worts 
by  tlie  conversion  of  the  sugar  into  alcohol  and 
carbonic  acid. 

nic  ilecreiuio  In  density  |ol  the  bcer-wc.rlsl  la  called  at- 
Iciniiilion.  Tli<nisin:l,  Heer  (trans.),  p.  7U7. 

atter't  (at'er),  n.  [<  ME.  alter,  <  AS.  dttor, 
ii'llor,  more  con-ectly  dtor,  dter,  poison,  =t>H. 
riar,  ellar  =  V.  <•»((•  =  OIKl.  eitiir.  eiller,  MIKi. 
ti.  eilir,  poison,  jius,  =  Icel.  eitr  =  S\v.  eller  = 
Dan.  ('(/(/(■(•,  (('(^^r,]loison,  connected  with  on* I. 
,Mll(i.  (■/--,  a  boil,  sore;  cf,  Ur.  "('%,  «%«,  a  tu- 
mor, swiMliiig:  see  wilcma.]  I'oison ;  venom; 
ims.      llolltind. 

atter-t  fa-ter'),  r.  t.  [<  F.  altrrrer,  <  ML.  aller- 
ruve,  immlrate,  cast  down,  carry  earth  from 
one  place  to  another,  <  L.  (id,  to,  -I-  terra,  earth. 
('(.  inter.]  To  jiliice  ujion  <>r  in  the  earth;  cast 
ilipwn  to  the  earth;  liuiiible ;  subdue.  Also 
written  iitterr. 

Atterrt  the  stubborn  and  attract*  the  prono. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Uu  llaita*. 


atterate 

atteratet,  atterationt.  See  atterrate,  atterra- 
tioii, 

attercop  (at'er-kop),  n.  [=  So.  ettercap ;  <  ME. 
alUrcijp,  attercnppc,  <  AS.  attcrcoj>pe  (=  Dan. 
edderkop),  a  spider,  <  dtor,  poison  (sqe  atter'^), 
+  'coppe,  <  CO/;,  head,  round  lump,  or  cojtp, 
a  cup:  see  coil,  eubioeb,  co/<l,  and  <;»/).]  1.  A 
spider.  [Old  and  prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  Figura- 
tively, a  peevish,  testy,  ill-natured  person. 
[North.  Eng.] 

atterlyt  (at'er-li),  a.  [< ME.  atterlich,  <  AS.  dtor- 
lic  (=  OHG.  citarlih),  poisonous,  <  ator,  poison, 
+  -He :  see  atteri-  and  -/^l.]    Poisonous ;  attery. 

atterminal,  a.     See  adtcrminal. 

atterrt,  '■■  t-     See  dttcr^. 

atterratet,  atteratet  (at'e-rat),  v.  t.    [<  ML. 
attcrratu!,;  pp.  ot  idti-rrare,  carry  earth  from 
one  plaoe  to  another:  see  atter'^.']     To  fill  up 
with  earth,  especially  with  alluvium. 
Atterated  by  land  brouj^lit  down  by  floods. 

Ray,  Diss,  of  World,  v. 

atterrationt,  atterationt  (at-e-rii'shon),  n.  [< 
atltrratc,  atterate.}  The  process  of  filling  up 
with  earth ;  especially,  the  formation  of  land 
by  alluvial  deposits. 

atteryt,  attryt,  "•    [<  ME-  attri,  <  AS.  attrig, 
a'triij,  poisonous  (=OH(i.  citariij),  <  icttor,  dtor, 
poison:  see  aHcrl.]     Poisonous;  pernicious. 
Than  cometh  also  of  ire  aitry  anger. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

attest  (a-tesf),  V.  [=  F.  attestor,  OF.  atester 
=  Sp.  aicstar  =Pg.  attestar  =  It.  attestare,  <  L. 
atkstari,  bear  witness  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  testari, 
bear  witness,  <  testis,  a  witness:   see  testifij.} 

1.  trnns.  1.  Tobear  witness  to;  certify;  affirm 
to  be  true  or  genuine ;  declare  the  truth  of  in 
words  or  writing ;  especially,  affirm  in  an  official 
capacity:  as,  to  attest  the  truth  of  a  writing; 
to  attest  a  copy  of  a  docimient. 

The  most  monstrous  fables  .  .  .  attested  with  the  ut- 
most solemnity.         Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xvi. 

This  sale  of  a  tract,  twelve  miles  square,  was  formally 
attested  at  llanhattan.  Bancroft,  Hist.  V.  S.,  II.  44. 

i  2.  To  make  evident ;  vouch  for ;  give  proof  or 

evidence  of;  manifest. 

The  birds  their  notes  renew,  and  bleating  herds 
Attest  their  joy,  that  hill  and  valley  rings. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  495. 
The  rancor  of  the  disease  attests  the  strength  of  the  con- 
stitution. Emerson,  Conduct  ol  Life. 

3.  To  call  to  witness;  invoke  as  knowing  or 
conscious.     [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

The  sacred  streams  which  heaven's  imperial  state 
Attests  in  oaths,  and  fears  to  violate.  Dryden. 

4.  To  put  upon  oath;  swear  in. 

If  a  proposed  recruit,  when  taken  before  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  .  .  .  should  change  his  mind,  he  is  dismissed  upon 
payii]g  a  fine  of  twenty  shillings,  populaliy  called  smart 
money ;  but  if  he  does  not,  he  is  attested,  and  after  that, 
should  he  abscond,  he  is  considered  and  punished  as  a  de- 
serter. A,  Fonblanque,  Jr. 
Attesting  "witness,  a  person  who  signs  his  name  to  an 
instrument  to  prove  it,  and  for  the  purpose  of  identifying 
the  maker  or  makers.  =  Syn.  1.  To  confirm,  corroborate, 
support,  authenticate,  prove. 

II,  ill  trans.   To  bear  witness ;  make  an  at- 
testation :  with  to  :  as,  to  attest  to  a  statement 
I  or  a  document. 

attest  (a-tesf), '".  l<.  attest,  v.}  Witness;  tes- 
timony; attestation.  [Now  chiefly  used  at  the  end 
of  a  document,  as  introductory  to  the  name  of  one  au- 
thenticating it  by  his  signature,] 

There  is  a  credence  in  my  heart, 

An  esperance  so  obstinately  strong. 

That  doth  invert  the  attest  of  eyes  and  ears. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  2. 

attestation  (at-es-ta'shon),  n.  [<  F.  attesta- 
tion, <  LL.  attestatio(ii-j,  <  L.  attestari,  pp.  at- 
testatus:  see  attest,  «'.]  1.  The  act  of  attest- 
ing; a  declaration,  verbal  or  ■written,  in  sup- 
port of  a  fact ;  e'vidence ;  testimony. 
l|  The  applause  of  the  crowd  makes  the  head  giddy,  but 

the  attestation  of  a  reasonable  man  makes  the  heart  glad. 
Steele,  Spectator,  No.  188. 
I  would  not  willingly  spare  the  attestation  which  they 
took  pleasure  in  rendering  to  each  other's  characters, 

Everett,  Or.ations,  I.  146, 

2.  The  administration  of  an  oath,  as  to  a  mili- 
tary recruit.  See  attest,  4.- Attestation  clause, 
a  clause  usuJlUy  appended  to  wills,  after  the  signature  of 
the  testator  and  before  that  of  the  witnesses,  reciting  the 
due  performance  of  the  formalities  required  by  the  law. 

attestati'Ve  (a-tes'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  L.  attestatus, 
pp.  of  attestari  (see'attest,  v.),  +  -ive.']  Of  the 
natiu'e  of  attestation;  cori'oborative :  as,  attes- 
tatire  evidence. 

attestator  (at'es-ta-tor),  n.  [=  It.  attestatore, 
<  L.  as  if  "attestator,  <C  attestare,  pp.  attestatus: 
see  attest,  r.]     An  attester. 

attester,  attestor  (a-tes'ter,  -tor),  n.  One  who 
attests  or  vouches  for.  [Attestor  is  the  com- 
mon form  in  legal  phraseology.] 


373 

attesti've  (a-tes'tiv),  a.  [<  attest  +  -ive.}  Giv- 
ing attestation;  attesting.     [Rare.] 

attestor,  ".     Soo  attester. 

Atthis  (at'this),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  'Arftr,  Attic,  At- 
tica.]    A  genu.s  of  diminutive  humming-birds, 


Attic  lluniining.bird  {A/fJtis  hetoisa'i. 


ha-ving  the  metallic  scales  of  the  throat  pro- 
longed intq  a  ruft",  as  in  A.  Iieloisa',  the  Attic 
humming-bird  of  the  southwestern  United 
States. 

Attic^  (at'ik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Attique  =  Sp.  Ati- 
co  =  Pg.  It.  Attico,  <  L.  Atticiis,  <  Gr.  'ArTindi:, 
Attic,  Athenian,  <  'Attikij,  Attica,  a  pro'vince  of 
Greece ;  supposed  by  some  to  stand  for  "aKTiKi/, 
fem.  adj.  equiv.  to  unTaia,  on  the  coast,  <  anT?'/, 
coast,  prop,  headland,  promontory ;  'Autt/  is  the 
ancient  name  of  the  headland  of  the  Pirseus. 
According  to  others,  'Attiki'/  stands  for  "'AoTiufi, 
<  aaTv,  city :  see  asteism.}  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Attica,  or  to  the  city  or  state  of  Athens ;  Athe- 
nian; marked  by  such  qualities  as  were  char- 
acteristic of  the  Athenians Attic  base,  in  arch., 

a  base  used  properly  with  the  Ionic  order,  consisting  of 
an  upper  torus,  a  seotia,  and  a  lower  torus,  separated  by 
fillets.  See  cut  under  base. — Attic  dialect,  tlie  dialect  of 
Greek  used  by  the  ancient  Athenians,  and  regarded  as  the 
standard  of  the  Language.  It  was  a  subdivision  of  the 
Ionic,  but  is  often  spoken  of  as  a  coordinate  dialect ; 
it  is  distinguished  from  the  Ionic  by  a  more  frequent 
retention  of  an  original  a  (a)  sound,  and  by  its  avoid- 
ance of  hiatus,  especially  through  contraction.  Its  chief 
literature  belongs  to  the  fifth  and  fourth  centuries  B,  c. 
As  written  during  the  greater  part  of  the  former  cen- 
tury, it  is  known  as  old  Attic;  in  its  transition  to  the 
next  century,  as  middle  Attic ;  and  during  the  greater  p<art 
of  the  fourth  centm-y,  as  new  Attic.  It  passed  after  this 
into  the  Koine  or  common  dialect,  the  gener.al  Greek  of 
the  Alex.andrine  and  Koman  periods,  departing  more  or 
less  from  its  former  classic  standard. — Attic  faith,  invio- 
lable faith.— Attic  hummer,  a  bunnuio'.'-l.ird  <it  the  ge- 
nus Atthis. — Attic  salt,  wit  of  a  dry,  delicate,  and  refined 
quality, — Attic  school,  in  art.  See  Hellrnir  art.  untb  r 
Hellenic. — Attic  Style,  a  pure,  chaste,  and  elegant  style. 
II.  K.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Attica, 
the  tenitory  of  the  ancient  Athenian  state, 
now  an  eparchy  of  the  kingdom  of  Greece  ;  an 
Athenian. — 2.  The  Attic  dialect;  Attic  Greek. 

attic-  (at'ik),  II.  [=  F.  attiejiie  =  Sp.  dtico  = 
Pg.  It.  attico,  an  attic,  <  L.  Atticus,  Attic:  see 


Attic  of  St.  Peter's.  Rome. 
A,  attic  of  the  main  edifice ;  B,  attic  of  the  dome. 

Attic^,  and  extract  below.]  1.  In  arch.,  a  low 
story  surmounting  an  entablature  or  the  main 
comicG  of  a  building.     Also  called  attic  story. 

The  term  [attic]  appears  to  have  been  introduced  by  the 
architects  of  the  seventeenth  century,  with  the  intention 
of  conveying  [falsely]  the  idea  that  the  feature  to  which 
it  alluded  was  constructed  or  designed  in  the  Athenian 
manner.  Audsley,  Diet,  of  .\rchitecture. 

2.  A  room  in  the  uppermost  part  of  a  house, 

immediately  beneath  the  roof  or  leads ;  a  garret. 

They  stare  not  on  the  stars  from  out  their  nftici, 

Byron,  Beppo,  st,  78. 
Attic  order,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  small  pillars  or 
pilasters  decorating  the  exterior  of  an  attic, 
Atticalt  (at'i-kal),  a.  [<  Attic^  +  -al.}  Per- 
taining to  Attica  or  Athens ;  Attic ;  pure ;  clas- 
sical.    Raminond. 


attire 

atticet,  f.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  attise,  <  ME. 
atiseii,  ati/.icn,  <  OF.  atisier,  aticier,  atiscr,  mod. 
F.  attiser  =  'i^T.  Sp.  ati:ar  =zVg.  atii;ar  =  It. 
attiszare,  <  L.  as  if  *attitiare,  stir  the  fire,  <  ad, 
to,  +  titio{n-),  a  firebrand;  cf.  ML.  titionari  = 
F.  tisonner,  stir  the  fire.  Cf.  entice.}  To  insti- 
gate ;  allure ;  entice. 

atticementt,  «•  Instigation;  enticement.  C'«j- 
toii. 

Atticise,  r.     See  Atticize. 

Atticism  (at'i-si/.m),  n.  [<  Gr.  WrriKiaiidr,  a  sid- 
ing with  Athens,  Attic  style,  <  'ArTwli^eiv,  At- 
ticize :  see  Atticize.}  1.  A  peculiarity  of  stylo 
or  idiom  belonging  to  the  Greek  language  as 
used  by  the  Athenians  ;  Attic  elegance  of  dic- 
tion ;  concise  and  elegant  expression. 

They  thought  themselves  gallant  men,  and  I  thought 
them  fools,  they  made  sport,  and  I  latight,  they  mispro- 
nounc't  and  I  mislik't,  and  to  make  up  the  atticiitme,  they 
were  out,  and  I  hist.    Milton,  Apology  for  Sraectymnuus. 

An  elegant  atticism  which  occurs  Luke  xiii.  9 :  '*  If  it  bear 
fruit,  well."     Ahp.  Ncwcoiite,  Eng.  Jliblical  Trans.,  p,  279. 

2.  A  siding  with,  or  favoring  the  cause  of,  the 
Athenians. 
Put  to  death  by  Pajdaritus  for  atticism. 

llobbes,  tr.  of  Thucydides,  \iii.  38. 

Atticist  (at'i-sist),  II.  One  who  affects  Attic 
style. 

Atticize  (at'i-siz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Atticized, 
ppr.  Atticizing.  [=  L.  Atticissare,  <  Gr.  'Atti- 
idi^tiv,  side  ■with  the  Athenians,  speak  Attic, 

<  'ATJ-(/iof,  Attic,  Athenian:  see  Attic'^.}  I,  in- 
trans.  1.  To  use  Atticisms  or  idioms  peculiar 
to  Attic  Greek. —  2.  To  favor  or  side  ■with  the 
Athenians.     Dean  Smith. 

II.  trans.  To  make  conformable  to  the  lan- 
guage or  idiom  of  Attica. 
Also  spelled  Atticise. 

attid  (at'id),  71.  A  jumping-spider ;  a  member 
of  the  family  A  ttidw. 

Attidae  (at'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Attits  -h  -ida:.} 
A  family  of  saltigrade  dipneumonous  araneids 
with  a  short  body,  flattened  cephalothorax,  and 
eyes  usually  in  three  transverse  rows;  the 
jumping-spiders.  Their  chief  characteristic  is  that  the 
median  foremost  pair  of  eyes  are  much  larger  and  the 
iiindmost  pair  smaller  than  the  others.  They  spin  no 
webs,  but  capture  their  prey  by  leaping  upon  it.  The 
species  are  very  numerous, 

Attidian  (a-tid'i-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  ancient  town  of  Attidiiim  in  Umbria At- 
tidian Brethren,  a  corporation  of  twelve  priests  in 
.ancient  Umbria,  who  had  authority  over  a  consideraljle 
region,  and  who  are  known  oidy  from  the  Eugubine  tables, 
the  Umbrian  inscriptions  on  which  are  records  of  their 
acts.     See  Eufjubine. 

attigUOUSt  (a-tig'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  attiguus, 
touching,  contiguous,  <  atligerc,  older  form  of 
attingere,touch.:  see  attiiige,  andct, contiguous.} 
Near;  adjoining;  contiguous. 

attiguousnesst  (a-tig'ti-us-nes),  n.  The  quali- 
ty or  state  of  being  attiguous.     Baitey. 

attiha'wmeg  (at-i-ha'meg),  n.  [Amer.  Ind.] 
A  kind  of  whitefish,  of  the  genus  Coregonus 
and  family  Salmonida,  abundant  in  the  great 
lakes  of  iJorth  America,  and  a  delicious  food- 
fish. 

Attila  (at'i-la),  n.  [NL,,  named  from  Attila, 
king  of  the'Huns.]  In  ornith.,  a  genus  of 
South  American  tjTant  flycatchers,  family 
Tyrannidee,  sometimes  gi^'ing  name  to  a  sub- 
family Attilinw.  A.  cinerca  is  the  type,  and 
about  12  other  species  are  included  in  the 
genus. 

attinget  (a-tinj'),  r.  t.  [<  L.  attiiigere,  older 
form  (ittigere,  touch,  bortler  upon,  be  near,  <  ad, 
to,  +  tanyere,  touch  :'See  tangent.}  To  touch; 
come  in  contact  \vith;  hence,  affect;  influence. 

attire  (a-tir'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  attired,  ppr. 
attiring.     [Also  by  apheresis  tire  (see  tirei); 

<  ME.  atiren,  atyren,  <  OF.  atircr,  eavMer atirier 
(=  Pr.  aticirar),  put  in  order,  an'ange,  dress; 

<  a  tire  (=  Pr.  a  tieira).  in  order,  in  a  row:  a 
(<  L.  ad),  to  ;  tire,  tierc  (=  Pr.  tieira,  Hera  =  It. 
Hera),  order,  row,  file,  dress:  see  tier^.}  To 
dress  ;  clothe  ;  array ;  adorn. 

With  the  linen  mitre  shall  he  [Aaron]  be  attired. 

Lev.  xn.  4. 

His  shoulders  large  a  mantle  did  attire. 
With  i-ubies  thick,  anil  sparkling  as  the  fire, 

Jjryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  i.  1346. 

The  woman  who  attired  her  head. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

attire  (a-tir'),  ».  [Also  by  apheresis  tire  (see 
tire't,  H.);  <  ME.  atire,  atir,  atyr,  dress,  equip- 
ment; from  the  verb.]  1.  Dress;  clothes; 
garb;  apparel. 

Earth  in  her  rich  attire 
Consummate  lovely  smiled, 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  SOU 


attire 

2t.  A  dress  or  costume ;  an  article  of  apparel. 
Show  me,  my  women,  like  a  queen : — go  fetch 
jdy  besl  attira.  SAai.,  A.  and  C,  v.  i. 

3.  pi.  In  her.,  the  horns  of  a  hart,  -when  used 
as  a  bearing. — 4t.  In  hot,  the  stamens  collec- 
tively. 

Grew  speaks  of  the  attire,  or  the  stamens,  as  being  the 
male  parti  JCncyc.  Brit.,  lY.  82. 

=  Syn.  1.  Raiment,  array,  costume,  suit,  toilet,  wardrobe. 

attired  (a-tird'),  j>.  a.  In  fier.,  having  horns: 
thus,  "  a  hart  gules  a  ttired  or  "  means  a  red  stag 
having  horns  of  gold :  used  only  of  the  hart  and 
buck.     See  armed,  3. 

attirement  (a-tir'ment),  n.  [<  attire  +  -meiit.'i 
Drc-ss;  apparel :  attire.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

attirer  (a-tir'cr),  ;i.  One  TTho  dresses  or  adorns 
with  attire. 

attirewoman  ^a-tir'^vum'an),  «.;  pi.  attirewo- 
iiien  (-wim  en).     Same  as  iireicoman. 

attiring  (a-tir'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  dressing 
or  decking. — 2t.  Attire;  dress;  array. 

Each  tree  in  his  best  attiring. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Astrophel  and  Stella. 

Specifically — 3t.  A  head-dress.  Hitloet. — 4. 
The  attires  of  a  stag. 
attitlet,  r.  t.  [<  JIE.  attitlen,  <  OF.  afifeJer, 
later  atitrer,  mod.  F.  attitrer,  <  LL.  attitulare, 
name,  entitle,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -f-  LL.  titulare,  give 
a  title,  <  L.  tituliis,  title:  see  title.  Cf.  entitle.] 
To  name  ;  name  after.  Oower. 
attitude  (at'i-tiid),  h.  [<  F.  attitude,  <  It.  attitu- 
dine,  attitude,  aptness,  <  ML.  aptititdo  {apti- 
tudiii-).  aptitude:  see  aptitude.']  1.  Posture 
or  position  of  the  body,  or  the  manner  in  which 
its  parts  are  disposed;  especially,  a  posture  or 
position  as  indicating  emotion,  purpose,  etc., 
or  as  appropriate  to  the  performance  of  some 
act. 

The  demon  sits  on  his  furious  horse  as  lieedlessly  as  if 
he  were  reposing  on  a  chair.  .  .  .  The  attitude  of  Faust, 
OD  the  contrary,  is  the  perfection  of  horsemanship. 

Macaulay,  Dryden. 
There  sat  my  lords. 
Here  sit  they  now,  so  may  they  ever  sit 
In  easier  attitude  than  suits  my  haunch ! 

Brouming,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  237. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  condition  of  things  or  rela- 
tion of  persons  ■s'iewed  as  the  expression  of,  or 
as  affecting,  feeling,  opinion,  intentions,  etc. 

England,  though  she  occasionally  took  a  menacing  atti- 
tude, remained  inactive.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

If  we  were  to  estimate  the  attitude  of  ecclesiastics  to 
sovereigns  by  the  language  of  Eusebius.  we  should  sup- 
pose that  they  ascribed  to  them  a  direct  Divine  inspiration, 
and  exalted  the  Imperial  dignity  to  an  extent  that  was 
before  unknown.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  277. 

To  strike  an  attitude,  to  assume  an  emotional  posture 
or  P"S'j  ill  a  theatrical  manner,  and  not  as  the  instinctive 
or  natural  expression  of  feeling.  =Syn.  Position,  Pone, 
etc.     .See  jmnture. 

attitudinal  (at-i-tii'di-nal),  a.     [<  attitude  (It. 

attitudine)  +  -</(.]     Pertaining  or  relating  to 

attitude, 
attitudinarian  (at'i-tii-di-nS'ri-an),  n.    [<  aiti- 

tiiih  I  It.  ultiludiiu)  +  -uriau.]    One  who  studies 

or  practises  attitudes. 

Atiitudinan'aiu  and  face-makers;  these  accompany 
ever>'  wor<i  with  a  Jicculiar  grimace  and  gesture.    Cou-per. 

attitudinarianism  (at'i-tii-di-na'ri-an-ism),  h. 
Till-  MSI-  of  nltictcd  attitudes;  insincerity  of 
o.\Tir*'sHioii. 

attitudinise,  attitudiniser.    See  attitudinise, 

nllilii'liiii^fr. 
attitudinize  (at-i-tu'ili-niz),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
a(tiiu'lt>ii:ed,  ppr.  attitudinizing.    [<  attitude  (It. 
attitudine)  + -ize.]    1.  To  pose;  strike  or  prac- 
ti-te  attitudes.  < 

Maria,  who  Is  the  most  plcturcsijue  figure,  was  put  to 
attitudinii^  at  the  horj'.  Mrg.  II.  More,  Caichs,  ix. 

2.  To  bfi  affected  in  deportment  or  speech. 
Also  H|)f!l*;d  attituflinifte. 

attitndinizer  (at-i-lu'di-iii-z6r),  n.  One  who 
posts,  or  .strikes  attitudes.  Also  spelled  atti- 
tudini^'  r. 

attle'  I'iit/I  I,  «.  [AIho  writf  on  allal.  addle,  adnll ; 
orit'iii  Mne.  riHJii;  perha|iH  the  cuirn'  as  aitillii, 
lil^'  '        lire:    HOC   addlil.]      Dirt;    filth; 

m'  liiiilly,  the  rifuse  or  wurthless 

'f'  mills  afl'T  till-  ore  1ms  been  ho- 

leclt'il  iioiii  tfiK  material  olilained  by  mining;: 
h  tertn  orit;iii;iIly  Coniish,  but  ftxtonsively  tiseil 
in  otli,  r  milling  regions  in  both  Knglaud  and 
AlnefMa. 

attle   »      ''I  An  obHoli'to  form  of  raZ/l. 

atto!  .    (Mr-x.]    The  .Mexii'iin  iiiiifii' 

"'  |.repnr<"l  from  wheat,  maize, 

•""'   • ^  oil..  I    iiiitritioiis  HcodH,  which  are 

pnrelH  I  :ii,,i  I  ,  ly  powdereil,  and  then  made 
into  u  gruei  with  boiling  water. 


374 

attollens  (a-tol'enz),  ppr.  used  as  »!. ;  pi.  attol- 
Iciites  (at-o-len'tez).  [KL.,  <  L.  attollens,  ppr. : 
see  attollent.]  In  ((Hrt^,  an  attoUent  muscle;  a 
levator. — Attollens  aurem,  a  muscle  which  raises  the 
ear,  or  tends  to  do  so. — Attollens  oculi,  an  old  name  of 
the  superior  rectus  muscle  ol  the  eyeba'i. 

attoUent (a-tol'ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  atiollen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  attollcre,  Uft  up,  raise,  <  ad,  to,  -t-  tol- 
lere,  lift,  related  to  tolerare,  bear:  see  tolerate.] 

1.  a.  Lifting  up ;  raising :  as,  an  attollentvcmsQle. 
II.  n.  A  muscle  which  raises  some  part,  as 

the  ear:  a  levator;  an  attollens. 
attollentes,  ».    Plural  of  attollens. 
attonable,  «.     See  atonable. 
attonet,  adt:     See  atune. 
attorn  (a-tem'), )'.    [Karly  mod.  E.  also  atturn ; 

<  OF.  attorney,  atorner,  aturner,  atourner  (>  ML. 
atturnare),  transfer  into  the  power  of  another, 

<  a  (<  L.  ad),  to,  +  tourner,  turner,  turn:  see 
turn.  Cf.  attorney.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  turn  over 
to  another;  transfer;  assign. —  2.  In  old  Eng. 
late,  to  turn  or  transfer,  as  homage  or  ser\-ice, 
to  a  new  possessor,  and  accept  tenancy  imder 
him. 

II.  intrans.  1.  In /fi/(/on«M',  to  ttim  or  trans- 
fer homage  and  service  from  one  lord  to  another. 
This  was  the  act  of  feudatories,  vassals,  or  tenants  upon 
the  alienation  of  the  estate, 

2.  In  modern  law,  to  acknowledge  being  the 
tenant  of  one  who  was  not  the  landlord  origi- 
nally, but  claims  to  have  become  such. 

attorney!  (a-ter'ni),  «.  [Early  mod^  E.  also 
atturneij,  atturny ;  <  ME.  atturny,  attourney, 
aturneye,  aturnc,  <  OF.  atorne,  attorne  (ML.  at- 
tiirnatus),  pp.  of  atorner,  aturner,  transfer  into 
the  power  of  another:  see  atturn.]  1.  One 
who  is  appointed  by  another  to  act  iu  his  place 
or  stead ;  a  proxy. 

I  will  attend  my  husband,  be  his  nxu"8e. 
Diet  his  sickness,  for  it  is  my  office, 
■    And  will  have  no  attorney  but  myself. 

Sliak.,  C,  of  e:,  v.  1. 

Specifically — 2.  In  /o»',  one  who  is  appointed 
or  admitted  in  the  place  of  another  to  transact 
any  business  for  him.  An  atlorm-y  in/act,  sometimes 
called  n  pricate  attorney,  is  an  attorneyauthorized  to  make 
contracts  and  do  other  acts  for  his  principal,  out  of  court. 
For  this  purpose  a  written  authority  is  usual,  but  verbal 
authority  is  in  general  sufficient.  For  the  performance 
of  some  acts,  however,  as  conveyance  of  land,  transfer  of 
stock,  etc.,  a  formal  power  of  attorney  is  necessary.  An 
attorney  at  law,  sometimes  called  a  public  attorney,  is  a 
person  qualified  to  appear  for  another  before  a  court  of 
law  to  prosecute  or  defend  an  action  on  behalf  of  such  other. 
The  term  was  formerly  ajjplied  especially  to  those  practis- 
ing before  the  suiuctuc  courts  of  common  law,  tliosc  prac- 
tising in  chancery  lu-iiig  called  soticitorit.  Under  the  pres- 
ent English  system,  all  persons  practising  before  tlie  su- 
preme courts  at  Westminster  are  called  i-oltcitors.  In 
fcngland  attorneys  or  solicitors  do  not  argue  in  coiirt  in 
behalf  of  their  clients,  this  being  the  part  of  the  barriaterit 
or  counsel;  their  special  functions  may  be  dellneil  to  be: 
to  institute  actions  on  behalf  of  their  clients  and  take 
necessary  stejis  for  defending  them ;  to  furnisli  counsel 
with  the  necessary  materials  to  enable  them  to  get  up 
their  pleadings ;  to  practise  conveyancing ;  to  prepare  legal 
deeds  and  instruments  of  all  kinds;  ami  generally  to  ad- 
vise with  and  act  for  their  clients  in  all  matters  connected 
with  law.  An  attorney,  whether  private  or  public,  may 
have  yrnerat  jiowcrs  to  act  for  another,  or  his  power  may 
be  siiecial,  and  limited  to  a  particular  act  or  acts.  In  the 
I'nited  States  the  term  barrister  is  not  useii,  the  desigmi- 
tion  of  a  fully  qiialillcd  lawyer  \-ni\n^  attorney  and  coun- 
telor  at  tau:  When  employed  simply  to  present  a  causir 
in  court,  an  attorney  is  termed  coutuel.  In  Scotland 
there  is  ni>  class  of  jiractitioners  of  the  law  who  take  the 
name  of  attorneyn.     See  advocate,  1. 

3.  The  general  supervisor  or  manager  of  a 
plantation.  [British  West  Indies.]  -  District  at- 
torney. See  district. ^  -  SCOtCh  attorneys,  a  muue  given 
in  .Famaiea  to  species  of  tlusia,  wmidy  vines  which  twine 
atiout  the  trunks  of  trees  and  strangle  them. 

attomey't  (a-t'"'''ni),  t'.  f.  [<  offwrnei/l,  «.]  1. 
To  perform  by  jiroxy. 

Their  eni.-ounters,  though  not  personal,  have  been  royally 
nlturwycd.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  I.  1. 

2.  To  employ  as  a  j>roxy. 

I  am  still 
Attorneyed  at  your  service. 

Sliak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

attorney-  (ii-t<>r'ni),  n.  [Early  mod.  V,.  also 
allurney,  <  JilE.  atiirnr,  <  OF.  altorner,  atonrnn , 
prop,  feni,  ]ip,  (.\IL.  'attornata)  of  alourmr, 
attorn:  see  atlorn,  and  cf.  attorney^,]  The 
ap|ioititniont  of  another  to  act  in  one's  stead; 
the  ad  of  iiuiiiiiit;  an  attorney:  now  used  only 
ill  I  lie  following  jiliniHe.  Letter,  warrant,  ..i 
power  of  attorney,  an  InHtnunent  l»y  which  one  per 
Hon  authorl7A>H  aiiotller  to  do  some  act  or  r.cts  for  him, 
as  to  exe<;ute  a  deed,  to  collect  rcnt«  or  deht«,  to  sell 
cMlateH,  etc, 

attorney-general  (n-t^r'ni-jen'o-rnl),  n.:  pi. 
altnrni  i/s-i/i  nrriil.  [<  allornry^  +  grneral,  a.] 
1.  The  lirHl  iiiinistiTJal  law-ortleer  of  a  state. 

lie  has  general  ii->Mi-rn  to  act  In  all  legal  pro,' llngN  In 

will'  h  the  state  Is  a  party,  and  In  regarded  an  the  ofllelal 
legal  adviser  of  Uin  executive.     In  tjigland  the  nttjirney 


attraction 

general  is  specially  appointed  by  letters  patent.  In  the 
I'nited  States  lie  is  a  member  of  the  cabinet  appointed  by 
the  President,  has  the  general  management  of  the  depiu-t- 
ments  of  justice  tbri'Ughout  the  country,  advises  the  Pres- 
ident and  departments  on  questions  of  law,  and  appears 
for  the  government  in  the  Supreme  Court  and  Court  of 
Claims.*  The  individual  States  of  the  Union  also  have 
their  attorneys-general.     See  ttejKirtiiient. 

2.  In  England,  the  title  of  the  king's  (or  queen's) 
attorney  iu  the  duchies  of  Lancaster  and  Corn- 
wall and  the  county  palatine  of  Durham.  A'. 
E.  D. — 3.  Formerly,  an  attorney  having  gen- 
eral authority  from  his  principal. 

attorney-generalship  (a-ter'ni-jen"e-ral-ship), 
)i.  [<  attorney-general  +  -ship.]  The  office  of 
or  term  of  service  as  attorney-general. 

attomeyism  (a-ter'ni-izm),  «.  [<  attorney'^  + 
-ism.]  The  practices  of  attorneys;  the  unscru- 
pulous practices  frequently  attributed  to  attor- 
neys or  lawyers.     Carlyle. 

attorneyship  (a-t^r'ni-ship),  n.  [<  attorney'^  + 
-ship.]  The  office  of  an  attorney,  or  the  period 
during  which  the  office  is  held;  agency  for 
another. 

Marriage  is  a  matter  of  more  worth 
Than  to  be  dealt  in  by  attorneyship. 

Shak,,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  6. 

attornment  (a-tem'ment),  «.  [<  OF.  attorne- 
ment  (ilh.  attoriiamenium),  <  aitorner:  see  at- 
torn and  -ment.]  In  old  Eng.  late,  the  act  of 
a  feudatory,  vassal,  or  tenant,  by  which  he  con- 
sented, upon  the  alienation  of  an  estate,  to  re- 
ceive a  new  lord  or  superior,  and  transferred 
to  him  his  homage  and  service  ;  the  agreement 
of  a  tenant  to  acknowledge  as  his  landlord  one 
who  was  not  originally  such,  but  claimed  to 
have  become  such. 

The  necessity  for  attornment  was  done  away  with  by 
4  Anne,  c.  18.      Diyby,  Real  Prop.',  v.  §  3,  227.     (iV.  E.  D.) 

attour^,  jyrep.  and  adi:     See  otowrl. 

attour-t,  atour^t,  ».  [ME.,  also  atiirn,  <  OF. 
atiiur,  older  form  atourn,  aturn,  dress,  attire,  < 
atourner,  o torHcr,  turn,  prepare,  same a,s  atorner, 
attorn:  see  attorn.]  Attire;  dress;  speeifi- 
eallv,  head-dress:  as,  "her  rich  attour,"  Bom. 
of  the  Hose,  1.  3718. 

attract  (a-trakf),  J'.  [<  L.  attractus,  pp.  of 
atlrahere,  draw  to,  attract,  <  ad,  to,  +  trohere, 
draw:  see  traef^.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  draw  in, 
to,  or  toward  by  direct  mecliaiiical  agency  or 
ai'tion  of  any  kind. —  2.  To  draw  to  or  toward 
(itself)  by  inherent  physical  force;  cause  to 
gravitate  toward  or  cohere  with. 

It  is  a  universal  physical  law  that  every  particle  of  the 

universe  attract.<<  every  other  particle  with  a  certain  force. 

ir.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  21. 

3.  To  draw  by  other  than  physical  influence ; 
invite  or  alluri>;  win:  as,  to  attract  attention; 
to  attract  admirers. 

Adorn'd 
She  was  indeed,  and  lovely,  to  attract 
Tliy  love.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  168. 

At  sea.  everything  that  breaks  the  monotony  of  the  sur- 
rounding expanse  attracts  attention. 

Irviiiy,  Sketch-Book,  p.  1ft. 
=  Sto.  3.  To  entice,  fascinate,  cliariii. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  possess  or  exert  the  power 
of  attraction:  as,  it  is  a  property  of  matter  to 
attract. —  2.  Figuratively,  to  be  attractive  or 
winning :  as,  his  manners  are  calculated  to  at- 
tract. 
attractt  (a-trakf),  ".  [<  attract,  r.]  Attrac- 
tion; in  phirul,  attractive  qualities  ;  charms. 
What  magical  attracts  and  graces  ! 

S.  llutler,  Hiidibras,  III.  I.  10.17. 
attractability  (a-trak-ta-biri-ti),  II.    [<  atlract- 
iihle :    see  -htUty.]      The  quality   of  being  at- 
tractable, or  of  being  subject  to  the  law  of  at- 
traction. 

Thou  wilt  not  And  a  corpuscle  destitute  of  that  natural 
nitraclability.     .Sir  W.  Jones.  .Asiatic  Kesearclles,  IV.  178. 

attractable  (a-trnk'ln-bl),  a.  [<  attract  + 
-iihtc.]  ( 'njialilc  of  being  attracted;  subject  to 
iillnielion. 

attracter  (a-trak't6r),  »i.  One  who  or  that 
wliieli  nitnicts.     Also  spelled  attrnctor. 

attractict,  attracticalt  (n-inik'tik,  -ti-kal),  a. 

[<  attract  +  -ic,  -ical.]  Jlaving  power  to  at- 
tract; attractive. 

Some  stones  are  endued  with  an  electrical  or  attraetieal 
virtue.  Itay,  Wiu-ks  of  rreathui  (1714),  p.  08. 

attractile  (a-trnk'tll),  a.  [<  atlraet  +  -He.] 
Ihiviiig  (lie  )io\ver  (o  attract;  attractive, 

attractingly  (a-irak'ling-li),  ailv.  By  way  of 
nllrai'lioii ;  ho  as  to  attract. 

attraction  (a-trak 'shon),  n.  [=  F.  attrac- 
tion, <  L.  aitraclio(n-),  <  attrahcre,  attract: 
see  attract.]  1.  The  act,  jiower,  or  projierty 
of  ntlnieling.  Speiin.iilly  (a)  111  idiys.,  Ilie  force 
lliloiigh  ulilili  parllclcH  n(  matter  are  allra'eled  er  di-awn 
toward  one  another;  a  component  accideratlon  oT  pari  Idea 


attraction 

toward  one  another,  uixonliny  to  thuir  distance.  Such  at- 
traction is  a  nmtuiil  action  which  in  some  form  all  bodies, 
wliL'ther  at  rest  or  in  motion,  exert  upon  one  another.  The 
altra(^tive  force  witli  ^vhicli  the  atoms  of  different  bodies 
in  certain  cases  timl  t'l  mute,  so  as  to  form  a  new  body  or 
bodies,  is  called  clti-iniatl  ajInUty ;  that  which  binds  tu- 
getlier  tlie  molecules  of  the  same  body  is  called  cohesion  ; 
those  of  ditlercut  bodies,  adliesioii.  Connected  with  the 
last-named  forces  is  capiUnnj  attraction,  by  wliich  liquids 
tend  to  rise  in  tine  tubes  or  small  interstices  of  porous 
bodies.  In  all  the  cases  mentioned  the  forces  act  only 
through  very  small  distances.  When  bodies  tend  to  come 
together  from  sensible  distances,  the  force  being  directly 
proi)ortioiial  to  the  product  of  their  masses  and  inversely 
proportional  to  the  square  of  the  distance  lietween  tbcm, 
the  attraction  is  calleil  ;/ravitaHon,  as  when  the  earth  at- 
tracts and  isattnicted  by  a  falling  body,  or  attracts  and  is 
attracted  I  ly  the  moon,  etc;  or  magnetism,  as  when  exerted 
between  t!ie  unlike  poles  of  a  magnet;  or  elcctrieitt/,  as 
when  dissimilaily  electrified  bodies  attract  one  another. 
See  capiUant,  chemical^  cohesion,  electricitit,  gravitation, 
magjietism. '  (b)  The  power  or  act  of  alluring,  winninf;,  or 
engaging;  allurement;  enticement;  as,  the  a(^racf/o7i  of 
beauty  or  eloquence. 

Setting  the  attraction  of  my  good  parts  aside,  I  have  no 
other  charms.  Shah.,  M.  W,  of  W.,  ii.  2. 

2.  That  which  attracts  feeling  or  desire ;  a 
charm ;  an  allurement. 

She,  questionless,  with  her  sweet  harmony, 
And  other  chosen  attroAitions,  would  allui'e. 

Shak.y  Pericles,  v.  1. 

It  is  probable  that  pollen  was  aboriginally  the  sole  at- 
traction to  insects. 

Darwin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilisation,  p.  402. 

Center  of  attraction.  See  center.  — Heterogeneous 
attraction.  St-e  /(t'fero(?e?ieoMs.— Molecular  attrac- 
tion. -See  nt()lecidar.  =  %Yn^  2.  Attractiveness,  fascina- 
tion, enticement. 

attract! onally  (a-trak'shon-al-i),  adv.  By 
means  of  attraction. 

The  advance  and  retreat  of  the  water  react  attractitfiialbj 
upon  the  plummet  in  a  very  marked  degree. 

The  American^  VI.  172. 

attractive  (a-trak'tiv),  a.  and  w.  [=F.  attrac- 
tiff  -ive,  =  It.  attrattivOy  <  L.  as  if  *attra€tivus : 
see  attract  and  -ive.'\  I.  a.  If.  Having  the 
power  or  faculty  of  drawing  in,  to,  or  toward 
by  mechanical  agency  or  action. —  2.  Having 
the  quality  of  attracting  by  inherent  force; 
causing  to  gravitate  to  or  toward :  as,  the  at- 
tractive force  of  bodies. 

A  repulsive  force  is  positive ;  an  attractive,  wliich  di- 
minishes the  distance  between  two  masses,  is  negative. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  IGS. 

3,  Having  the  power  of  charming  or  alluring 
by  agreeable  qualities;  inviting;  engaging;  en- 
ticing. 

For  contemplation  he  and  valour  form'd, 
For  softness  she  and  sweet  attractive  grace. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  jv.  298. 
For  hers  was  one  of  those  attractive  faces, 
That  when  you  gaze  upon  them,  never  fail 
To  bid  you  look  again.  Halleck,  Fanny. 

Il.t  n.  That  which  draws  or  incites ;  allui*e- 
ment;  charm. 

The  dressing 
Is  a  most  main  attractive. 

B,  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 
The  gospel  speaks  nothing  but  attractive^  and  invita- 
tion. South,  Sermons. 

attractively  (a-trak'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an  attrac- 
tive manner;  with  the  power  of  attracting  or 
drawing  to :  as,  to  smile  attractively. 

attractiveness  (a-trak'tiv-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  attractive  or  engaging. 

The  same  attractiveness  in  riches. 

South,  Sermons,  VII.  xiv. 

attractivity  (a-trak-tiv'i-ti),  n.  [<  attractive  + 
-////.]     Attractive  power  or  influence. 

attr actor,  n.     See  attracter. 

attrahens  (at'ra-henz),  pjyr.,  used  also  as  «. ; 
pi.  (itf/altcutes  (at-ra-hen'tez).  [NL.,  <  L.  atfra- 
Ik.-)is,  ppr. :  see  attrahcnt.']  In  anat.^  di'awing 
forward,  or  that  which* di'aws  forward;  attra- 
hent:  the  opposite  of  retrahens.  Chiefly  in  the 
phrase  attrahens  auretn,  the  name  of  a  small  muscle  whose 
action  tends  to  draw  the  ear  forward. 

attrahent  (at'ra-hent),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  attra- 
heH{l-)s,  ppr.  of  attrahere,  attract:  see  attract.'] 
I.  a,  1.  Drawing  to;  attracting. —  2.  In  «««/., 
same  as  <iftrtthens. 

II.  n.  It.  That  which  draws  to  or  attracts, 
as  a  m-ignet.  GhmviUe. —  2.  In  med.,  an  ap- 
plication that  attracts  fluids  to  the  part  where 
it  is  a]i]ilied,  as  a  blister  or  a  rubefacient;  an 
e])isp;isti(_'. 

attrahentes,  ».    Plural  of  attrahens. 

attraplf  (a-trap'),  V.  t.  [<  F.  attraper,  OF.  atra- 
per,  trap,  insuare,  <  a  (<  L.  ad)  +  trajjjjc,  trap: 
Bee  trap^.]     To  insnare. 

He  [Richard  III.)  was  not  attrapped  either  with  net  or 
snai"L\  Grafton,  Hen.  VII,,  an.  17. 

attrap-t  (a-trap'),  V.  t,  [<  fli-2  +  frap^,  r.]  To 
fui'uish  with  trappings  ;  deck. 


375 

For  all  his  armour  was  like  salvage  weed 
With  woody  mosse  bedig;ht,  and  all  his  steed 
With  oaken  leaves  attrapt. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  iv.  39. 

attrectationf  (at-rek-ta'shou),  n.  [<  L.  attrco- 
tatio{n-).  <  attrectarCj  handle,  pp.  attrectatus,  < 
adj  to,  -r  tractare,  handle,  fre<i.  of  traherCj  pp. 
tractus,  draw.  Cf.  attract.]  A  touching;  ahan- 
(lling;   fn'(iuent  manipulation. 

attributable  (a-trib'u-ta-bl),  a.  [<  attribute  + 
-<d>/c.~\  Capaljio  of  being  or  liable  to  be  as- 
cribed, imputed,  or  attributed;  ascriliable;  im- 
putable: as,  the  fault  is  not  attributable  to  the 
author. 

Hibernation,  although  a  result  of  cold,  is  not  its  imme- 
diate consequence,  but  is  attributable  to  that  deprivation 
of  food  and  other  essentials  which  extreme  eold  occasions. 
Sir  J.  E.  Tennent,  Ceylon,  ii.  4. 

attribute  (a-trib'ut),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  attrib- 
uted, ppr.  attributing.  [<  L.  attributus^  pp.  of 
attribucrc,  assign,  <  ad,  to,  +  tribuere,  give,  as- 
sign, bestow:  see  tribute.]  To  ascribe;  im- 
pute; consider  as  belonging  or  as  due;  assign. 

The  merit  of  service  is  seldom  attributed  to  the  true 
and  exact  performer.  Shak.,  Alls  Well,  iii.  6. 

Narrow  views  of  religion  tend  to  attribute  to  God  an  ar- 
bitrary and  capricious  action,  not  in  harmony  with  either 
science  or  the  Bible.      Dawson,  Nat.  and  the  Bible,  p.  12. 

He  does  not  hesitate  to  attribute  the  disease  from  which 
they  suffered  to  those  depressing  moral  influences  to  whicli 
they  were  subjected.     0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  2. 

The  burning  of  New  York  was  generally  attributed,  to 
New  England  incendiaries.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th Cent.,  xiv. 
=  S3m.  Attribute,  Ascribe,  Refer,  Impute,  Charge,  have 
two  meanhigs  in  common  :  they  may  assign  some  attribute, 
quality,  or  appurtenance  to  a  person  or  thing,  or  they  may 
connect  different  things,  as  an  effect  with  its  cause.  Jiefcr 
is  the  weakest.  Attribute  is  stronger  :  as,  to  attribute  om- 
niscience to  God;  to  attribute  failure  to  incompetence. 
Ascribe,  being  most  manifestly  figurative,  is  the  strongest 
and  most  common ;  it  is  rarely  used  in  a  bad  sense.  That 
which  is  imputed  in  the  first  sense  named  is  generally  but 
not  always  bad :  as,  to  impute  folly  to  a  man.  To  impute 
anything  good  seems  an  archaic  mode  of  expression.  Ijd- 
jjute  is  not  very  common  in  the  second  sense  :  as,  to  im- 
pute one's  troubles  to  ones  follies.  The  theological  mean- 
ing of  impute,  that  of  laying  to  a  person's  account  some- 
thing good  or  bad  that  does  not  belong  to  him.  has  affected 
but  little  the  popular  use  of  the  word.  That  which  is 
charged,  in  either  of  the  senses  named,  is  bad:  as,  "  His 
angels  he  charged  with  folly,"  Job  iv.  18;  I  charged  it  to 
their  youth  and  inexperience.  The  word  is  a  strong  one, 
on  account  of  its  connection  with  legal  processes,  etc. 

The  singular  excellence  to  which  eloquence  attained  at 
Athens  is  to  be  mainly  attributed  to  the  influence  which 
it  exerted  there.  Macaulay,  Athenian  Orators. 

I  have  never  yet  encountered  that  bitter  spirit  of  big- 
otry which  is  so  frequently  ascribed  to  ilohammedans. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  24. 

The  salts,  predominant  in  quick  lime,  we  refer  rather 
to  lixiviate  than  acid.  Boyle,  Colours. 

I  desh'e  that  what  I  have  said  may  not  be  imputed  to 
the  colonies.  I  am  a  private  person,  and  do  not  write  Iiy 
tlieir  direction.  Franklin,  Life,  p.  387. 

Wliat  you  have  charg'd  me  with,  that  have  I  done, 
And  more,  much  more.  Shak.,  Lear,  v.  3. 

attribute  (at'ri-but),  /(.  [<  L.  attributum,  pred- 
icate, attribute,  lit.  what  is  ascribed,  neut.  of 
attributus\})iy.  of  attribuerc,  ascribe,  attribute: 
see  attribute,  v,]  1.  In  logic,  that  which  is  pred- 
icated or  atfirmed  of  a  subject;  a  predicate;  an 
accident. 

A  predicate,  the  exact  limits  of  which  are  not  deter- 
mined, cannot  be  used  to  define  and  determine  a  subject. 
It  may  be  called  an  attribute,  and  conveys  not  the  whole 
nature  of  the  subject,  but  some  one  quality  belonging  to  it. 
Abp.  Thomson,  Laws  of  Thought,  p.  120. 

The  term  attribute  simply  directs  the  attention  to  the 
fact  tliat  we  attribute  to,  or  alfti-m  of,  a  being  something 
tliat  we  distinguisli  fioin  itself. 

N.  Porter,  Human  Intellect,  §  642. 

2.  A  character  inseparable  from  its  subject. 

By  this  word  attn'bute  is  meant  something  which  is  im- 
movaljle  and  inseparable  from  the  essence  of  its  subject, 
as  tliat  which  constitutes  it,  and  which  is  thus  opposed  to 
mode.  Descartes. 

Some  necessary  marks  belong  to  things  as  reasons  of 
other  marks  of  the  same  things,  others  as  consequences 
of  other  marks.  .  .  .  The  latter  are  called  attributes. 

Kant. 

3.  A  characteristic  or  distinguishing  mark ;  es- 
pecially, an  excellent  or  lofty  cpiality  or  trait : 
as,  wisdom  and  goodness  are  his  attribHtes, 

Serv.  .  .  .  with  him  the  mortal  Venus,  the  heart-blood 
of  beauty,  love's  invisible  soul. 

Pan.    Who,  my  cousin  Cressida? 

Sero.  No,  sir,  Helen :  could  you  not  find  out  that  by  her 
attributes?  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  1. 

The  term  attribute  is  a  word  properly  convertible  with 
qualitif,  for  every  quality  is  an  attribute,  and  every  attri- 
bute is  a  quality;  but  custom  has  introduced  a  certain 
distinction  in  their  application.  Attribute  is  considered 
as  a  word  of  loftier  significance,  and  is,  therefore,  con- 
ventionally limited  to  qualities  of  a  hisiher  application. 
Thus,  tnr  example,  it  would  be  felt  as  indecorous  to  speak 
of  tin'  'i>uilHii:s  of  God,  and  as  ridicnlous  to  talk  of  the 
attributes  of  matter.       Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Metaph.,  I.  151. 


attrition 

4.  In  the  fine  arts,  a  symbol  of  office,  character, 
or  personality :  thus,  the  eagle  is  the  attribute 
of  Jupiter. 

The  ladder  is  a  Hirikini^  attribute  for  the  patriarch  Jacoli, 
and  the  harp  for  King  David.  Fairholt. 

Persephone  is  recognised  by  the  lofty  modiiis.  or  corn- 
measure,  on  her  liead,  the  attribute  of  tlie  Chthoinan 
deities.  C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Archaol.,  p.  87. 

5t.  Reputation ;  honor. 

Alurh  attribute  he  hath;  and  much  the  reason 
Why  we  ascribe  it  to  him.        Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  3, 

6.  In  gram.,  an  attributive  word;  a  word  de- 
noting an  attribute —  Symbolical  attributes.    See 

symbolical.  =Syn.  1-3.  Property,  Chijrart>^rixtir,«^iv.  See 
ijiinfiti/. 

attribution  (at-ri-bu'shon),  ??.  [=  F.  attribu- 
tion, <  L.  <ittributio{n'),  <  attribuerc,  attribute: 
see  attribute^  r.]  1.  The  act  of  attributing,  in 
any  sense ;  ascription. 

His  [God's]  relative  personahty  is  shadowed  forth  b^the 
attribution  to  him  of  love,  anger,  and  other  human  feel- 
ings and  sentiments.  Dawson,  Grig,  of  World,  p,  12. 

2.  That  which  is  ascribed ;  attribute. 

If  speaking  truth, 
In  this  fine  age,  were  not  thought  flattery, 
Such  attribution  should  the  Douglas  have, 
As  not  a  soldier  of  this  season's  stamp 
Should  go  so  general  cuirent  through  the  world. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1. 

3.  Authority  or  function  granted,  as  to  a  ruler, 
minister,  or  court. 

It  is  not  desiral)le  that  to  the  ever-gi'owing  attributionn 
of  the  government  so  delicate  a  function  should  be  super- 
added. ./.  S.  Mill. 

attributive  (a-trib'u-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=  F. 
attributif,  <  L.  as  if  ^attributivus,  <  attribuerc : 
see  attribute.]  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  character  of  attribution:  as,  the  attrib- 
utive use  or  relation  of  certain  words;  attrib- 
utive qiiaMties  or  insignia;  an  attributive  judg- 
ment (in  logic). —  2.  In  gram.,  pertaining  to  or 
expressing  an  attribute;  used  (as  a  word)  in 
direct  description  without  predication:  as,  a 
bad  pen,  a  burning  house,  a  ruined  man.  An  at- 
tributive word  is  to  be  distinguished  from  n  predicative  : 
as,  tlie  pen  is  bad  ;  the  man  is  ruined  ;  and  from  an  apposi- 
tioe :  as,  the  pen,  bail  as  it  is,  might  be  worse  ;  this  man, 
ruined  by  another's  misconduct,  is  in  misery.  All  adjective 
words,  as  proper  adjectives,  adjective  pronoims,  and 
participles,  may  be  used  attributively  ;  also  nouns  :  as,  a 
pine  table  ;  a  gold  ring  ;  my  hunter  friend ;  the  young  sol- 
dier-hoy. The  relation  of  an  adverb  to  the  adjective  qual- 
ified by  it  is  also  by  some  called  attributive. 

II,  ii.  In  gram.,  a  word  expressing  an  at- 
tribute ;  an  adjective,  or  a  phrase  or  clause 
performing  the  function  of  an  adjective,  which 
describes  a  noun  without  being  part  of  the  as- 
sertion or  predication  made  about  it. 

attributively  (a-trib'u-tiv-li),  adr.  Ill  an  at- 
tributive manner;  specifically,  in  gram.,  as 
attribute  or  attributive;  in  direct  ascription  of 
quality  or  circumstance  without  predication. 

attristt  (a-trisf),  r.  f.  [<  F,  attrister,  sadden, 
<  a  (<  L.  ad,  to)  4-  triste,  <  L.  tristisj  sad.]  To 
gi'ieve ;  sadden. 

How  then  could  I  wTite  when  it  was  impossible  but  to 
nftfi,st  yonl  when  I  could  speak  of  nothing  but  unparal- 
leled hoiTors.  Walpole,  Letters,  IV.  525. 

attrite  (a-trif),  a.  [<  L.  attritus,  pp.  of  at- 
terere,  rub  away,  wear,  <  ad,  to,  +  tcrere,  rub : 
see  trite]  If.  Worn  by  nibbing  or  friction. 
Milton. —  2.  In  theol.,  imperfectly  contrite  or 
repentant.     See  attrition,  3. 

He  that  was  attrite  being,  by  virtue  of  this  [the  priest's] 
absolution,  made  contrite  and  justified. 

Abp.  Cssher,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  v. 

attritenesst  (a-trit'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
attrite  ;  the  state  of  being  much  worn. 

attrition  (a-trish'on),  n.  [=  F.  attrition,  <  LL. 
attvitio(n-),  a  rubbing,  <  L.  attritus,  pp.  of  atU- 
re/'e,  rub:  see  attrite]  1.  The  rubbing  of  one 
thing  against  another;  mutual  friction:  as,  the 
abrasion  of  coins  by  attrition. — 2.  The  act  of 
wearing  away  by  rubbing  ;  the  state  of  being 
worn  do^vn  or  smoothed  by  friction  ;  abrasion. 

The  change  of  the  aliment  is  effected  by  the  attrition  of 
the  inward  stomach  and  dissolvent  liquor  assisted  with 
heat.  Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 

These  were  people  trained  by  attrition  with  many  infiu- 
ences.  £.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  Gates,  p.  119. 

3.  In  //;frt/.,  imperfect  contrition  or  repentance, 
with  real  detestation  of  sin,  and  a  ti-ue  purpose 
of  amendment,  arising  from  those  supernatural 
motives  of  faith  which  are  lower  than  charity, 
or  the  true  love  of  God  for  his  own  infinite  per- 
fections. Such  motives  are  a  love  "^f  justice  for  its  own 
sake,  the  intrinsic  shamefulness  of  sin,  the  fear  of  divine 
punislnuent,  etc.  Attrition  remits  sin  only  when  comple- 
mented by  the  grace  coufeiTed  through  sacramental  abso- 
lution.    See  contriti&n. 


attrition 

AttrUum  bj-  virtoe  o£  the  keys  is  made  contrition. 

Quoted  in  AbjK  i'agher's  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  v. 

attrition-mill  (a-trish'ou-mil),  n.  A  mill, 
nsuaUv  centrifugal,  in  which  grain  is  pulrer- 
ized  by  the  mutnal  attrition  of  its  particles, 
and  bv  frictioual  contact  with  the  sides. 

attritUS  (a-tri'tus),  H.  [L.,  a  rubbing  on,  an 
infiammatiou  caused  by  rubbing,  <  atihtiis,  pp. 
of  uiterere:  see  attrite.  For  the  sense  here 
given,  ef .  detritus.^  Matter  reduced  to  powder 
by  attrition.     Carlyle. 

attryt,  "•    See  attery. 

attune  (a-tun'),  f-  '•;  pret.  aiidpp.a«««erf,ppr. 
attuning:  [<  n?-2  +  tune,  q.  v.]  1.  To  tune  or 
put  in  tune ;  adjust  to  harmony  of  sound ;  make 
accordant :  as,  to  attune  the  voice  to  a  harp. 

And  tongues,  attuned  to  curses,  roar  d  applause. 

Crabbe,  The  Borough. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  arrange  fitly;  make  accor- 
dant; bring  iiito  harmony:  as,  to  attune  our 
aims  to  the'divine  wiU. 

-  Hie  landscape  around  .  .  .  was  one  to  attune  their 
souls  to  holy  musings.  Lona/eliow,  Hypenon,  iv.  5. 

Though  my  ear  was  attuned,  the  songster  was  tardy. 
''  The  Century,  XXVII.  776. 

3.  To  make  musical.     [Rare.] 

Vernal  airs, 
Breathing  the  smell  of  field  and  grove,  attune 
The  trembling  leaves.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  265. 

atttine  (a-tun').  "•  [<  attune,  i-.]  Harmony  of 
sounds  ;"aceord.     Mrs.  Browuintj. 

attunementia-tun'ment),  n.  [<attune  +  -ment.'\ 
The  ac-t  of  attuning.     [Rare.] 

attumt,  r.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  attorn, 

attumeyt,  «.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  attorney. 

AttUS  (at'us),  «.  [XL. ;  of.  Atta.]  1.  A  genus 
of  spiders,  t^-pical  of  the  family  Atiidce. —  2.  A 
genus  of  heinipterous  insects. 

attypic,  attypical  (a-tip'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  [<  fl<-2 
-I-  tyjiic,  -rt/.]  In  .too/.,  of  the  particular  char- 
acter acquired,  or  in  process  of  acquisition,  by 
specialization,  from  a  more  generalized  tyjje, 
as  from  a  prototype  or  archetype :  opposed  to 
etypical. 

Attypic'A  characters  are  those  to  the  acquisition  of 
which,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  we  find  that  forms,  in  their 
joomey  to  a  specialized  condition,  tend. 

GUI,  Proc.  Araer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  XX.  'iO.-!. 

attypically  (a-tip'i-kal-i),  adr.  In  an  attypic 
maiiii'*r. 

atvunble  <  a-tum'bl),  prep,  phr,  as  adv.  [<  a^  + 
tumhlt:.]     In  a  tumbling  condition. 

-atus'.  [Ij-  -dtus,  fem.  -diu,  neut.  -dtuni :  see 
-ale^,]  A  Latin  termination,  the  original  of 
-atet,  -ate^,  -ade'^,  -cfl,  etc.,  the  suffl.x  of  perfect 
participles  of  the  Latin  first  conjugation,  and 
of  adjectives  similarly  formed.  It  occurs  fre- 
quently in  New  Latin  specific  names  in  botany, 
zoology,  etc. 

-atns^."  [L.  -atu,s  (-atu-),  in  nouns  of  the  4th  de- 
clension, <  -at-,  pp.  stem  (see  -(/(k*!),  -)-  stem 
vowel  -«-.  The  Eng.  form  of  this  suffi.x  is  -ate : 
see  -a(«3.]  A  termination  of  Latin  nouns,  many 
of  which  have  been  adopted  unaltered  in  Eng- 
lish, as  ajiparatu.<i,  afflatus,  Jlalu.i,  etc.  .Surh 
uounn,  if  tliL-y  have  a  plural,  retain  the  Latin  form  {l.. 
.atuji),  tut  apparatiu,  or,  rarely,  talie  an  English  plural,  as 
apjjaratwieji. 

atwaint  (a-twan'),  adv.  [<  ME.  atwaync, 
a-twcyne;  '<,  a^  +  twain.  Cf.  n<ifin  and  atwo.] 
In  twain ;  asunder. 

A  drkle  maiil  full  pale. 
Tearing  of  papers,  breaking  rings  a-lwain, 
at^irming  her  world  with  sorrow  »  wind  anil  rain. 

Shak.,  Lovers  t'oniplaint,  1.  6. 

atweel  (at-wel').     [Sc,  appar.  contr.  from  / 
vat  iced,  I  know  well:  loat  =  Vj.  wot;  wecl  =  E. 
teeH.]     I  wot  well.     [Scotch.] 
Atireet  I  would  fain  tell  him.     .Scolt,  Antiquary,  xxxix. 

atween  Ca-twon'),  prep,  and  adv.  [<  ME. 
(itii'i-uf ,  iiiirenc ;  <,  a- +  -tirren ,  i-quiv.  to  between, 
<\.  v.]  IJetween;  in  or  into  an  inter>'ening 
■pac".-.     [f)ld  English  and  Scotch.] 

I'.ijl  lie,  right  well  aware,  his  rnge  to  ward 
I'ld  I  Ml  his  shield  atuyenr, 

.fperuer,  F.  Q.,  VI.  xll.  SO. 

atwinv  •  ■'' .  (ME.,  also  atwinne;  <  «•*  -f-  ficiH. 
•''•  "  1     .\part;  nHundiT. 

i  !■,-  -.It  ail  I  thou  inndt  hniig.-n  fer  it-twinu'-. 

Chaucrr,  Miller  •  Tiili!,  I,  |o:i. 

atwlrl  'ij-tw^rl'  ^,  prep,  phr.  aH  ndr.  or  a,  [<  «:' 
+  ttfoirl.']    lu  li  twirl;  twirling. 

Onofly  Coil- 
Hat  by  hrr  d'nir  with  her  wheel  atirirt. 

HAi/dVr,  Ilie  Wrick  of  ItlvermiiUth. 

atvlut  ';i  twii!  i/;i.  ;i/ir,  ttH  adr,  or  a,     [<  »■' 

+  '"  i.i-teil;  IhiikIi'iI.    [Him  .  | 

atwltflt,  .....I.  K.  iiNonHicif'',  <  .mi:. 

alvnirn,  '.  A.S.  ttlu  ji.m,  <  at,  at,  +  yeilnn,  blnmi  : 


376 

see   irife.     Hence  by  apheresis  mod.  E.  f«i7.] 

To  blame ;  reproach ;  twit, 
atwitter   (a-twit'er),  prep,  phr,  as  0(?i'.  or  a, 

[<  ((3  +  twitter,']     In  a  twitter, 
atwixt,  atwixent,  atwixtt,  prep.    [ME.  atwi.r, 

atuixen, atwijce.  aticixt,  etc.;  < a- -h  -twixeii,  fici.r/; 
equix.  to  hetwijLCn,  betwixt,  q.y.J    Betwixt;  be- 
tween. 
Aticixen  Sonne  and  see.  Chaucer,  lYoilus,  v.  8S6. 

atwot,  adv.  [JIE.,  <  AS.  on  twu,  on  tu:  see  a^ 
and  fiio.]     In  two. 

An  a.\e  to  smite  the  cord  atwo. 

Chaucer,  Millers  T.-Ue,  1.  3S3. 

Atwood's  mactiine.    See  machine, 

atypic  (a-tip'ik),  ((.  [<  Gr.  urv-oc,  conforming 
to  no  ilistiuct  type  (of  illness)  (<  a-  priv.  -f- 
TvTTo;,  tj'pe).  -1-  -ie:  see  0-18  and  typic.'\  1. 
Ha%Tng  no  distinct  typical  character;  not  typi- 
cal; not  conformable  tn  the  ti,-ije. —  2.  Produ- 
cing a  loss  of  tj-iiical 
characters.     Dana. 

atypical  (a-tip'i-kal),  a. 
[<  atypic  +  -"/.]  Same 
as  atypic. 

atypically  (a-tip'i-kal-i), 
adv.  In  an  atj-pic  man- 
ner. 

Atypinse  (at-i-pi'ne),  n. 
pi.  l'SL.,<  Atypus,l,-i- 
-(HO*.]  A  subfamily  of 
Therapliosidw  or  Myga- 
Udce  distinguished  by  the 
development  of  six  spin- 
ners, typified  by  the  ge- 
nus Atypus. 

Atypus     (at'i-pus),    H. 
[XL.,  <  Gr.  arv-oc,  con- 
forming   to   no    distinct    -''•^"i^o^^s'^airLT"^"'"" 
type,  <  a-  priv.  -I-  rfirof, 

type:  see  type.'\  1.  A  genus  of  spiders,  of  the 
family  Therapliosida:  or  ilyijalida;  having  six 
arachnidial  mammillffi  or  spinnerets.  .\.  picem 
is  a  European  species  wliich  digs  a  hole  in  the  ground  and 
lines  it  with  silk.  The  genus  with  some  authors  gives 
name  to  a  subfamily  Atypinee. 

2.  A  genus  of  fishes,  now  called  Afypichfhys. 
Giinther,  1860. 

aut.  [<  ME.  au,  aie,  or  a  before  a  guttural,  nasal, 
or  I  (a^,  all,  at  (aul),  etc.),  of  AS.  or  OP.  or  L. 
origin.]  A  common  English  digraph  repre- 
senting generally  the  sound  of  "broad  a"  (a), 
but  often  also  il.  It  occurs  only  exceptionally,  and  by 
conformation  with  Romanic  aMaln;4ies,  in  Murils  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  origin,  as  in  auyhl,  tau'jht,  tlainrhlfr,  hiiidm^halin, 
lmulk=halk{-ii\\i\  formerly  as  a  variant,  mediaily,  witll  flic, 
as  in  Ijaul,  hank,  etc.,  for  bawl,  hawk,  etc.).  In  words  of 
Old  Frencli  (and  ultimately  Latin)  origin  it  represents  an 
original  nl,  now  sometimes  aid  as  in  fault,  fliwrttiff,  etc., 
or  a  before  a  nasal,  as  in  aunt,  liaunch,  launch,  etc.  (Imt 
in  most  such  words  now  usually  simplitlcd  to  a,  as  in 
yraml,  yrant,  lance,  etc.).  It  is  frequently  of  Latin  origin, 
as  in  audit,  cause,  faud,  etc.,  or  of  Greek  origin,  as  in  Cfiii.s-- 
lic.  In  words  from  recent  French  it  may  have  the  present 
K.  sound  (o)  as  in  hauteur,  au/ait,  etc.  In  words  of  Oer- 
man  and  usually  of  other  foreign  origin,  it  hiLS  its  analyti- 
cal value  (il  +  u),  corresponding  to  Englisli  uu  in  wnii-,  as 
in  *aHsi-Arraiif,a/i/iii/(,  tiiii/«ii/.  Formerly  ait  ami  iiii-were 
used  almost  indilferently ;  but  now  nii  is  never  tlnal  in 
Engtisti  words,  while  ate  is  rarely  medial,  except  in  a  few 
familiar  words,  as  in  hawk,  bawl,  but  regularly  Itiial.  as  in 
/(111-,  itan;  claw,  etc.     See  au>. 

au-  (6),  [F.,  <  OF',  ail,  o,  ou,  earlier  al,  contr. 
of  a  le  =  Sp,  Pg.  al  =  It.  all,  alio,  <  L.  ad  ilium 
(m.)  or  ad  illiid  (iieut.):  ad,  to,  with  ace.  of 
ilk,  that,  in  Hoin.  tlie  dof.  art.  'the.'  The  cor- 
resp.  fem.  is  a  la,  q.  v.]  To  the;  at  the;  with 
the:  the  diitive  of  the  French  definite  article, 
occurring  in  some  phrasi^s  frequently  used  in 
English,  as  an  fait,  aufiind,  au  rernir,  elc. 

Au.     The  clu'iiiii'iil  symbol  of  gold  (L.,  auruin), 

aubade  (o-bad'),  n.  [K.,  <  aulu;  dawn  (<  L.  iillui. 
Inn.  of  i/Z/iH.v,  white;  of.  iiiilie  =  alh^),  after  Sii. 
a//H/r/(/,  anbaile,  < '(///'I,  dawn:  see(///i'.]  1.  In 
troubailonr  and  siinihir  music,  a  song  or  jiieec 
to  bo  perfoniK'd  in  the  ojien  air  in  the  early 
morning,  usually  iidilresKcd  to  some  special 
person;  a  musical  announcement  of  dawn. 
See  serenade. 

There  he  lingered  till  the  crowing  coi-k. 
The  Alictryon  of  tin-  (arinyard  and  the  lloik. 
Sang  hiB  autmde  with  liiMly  voice  ami  clear. 

I.tai'ifrttini',  Wayside  Inn,  ICnima  mid  Eginhald. 

2.  In  nuidirn  wiixie,  a  rari-ly  used  tide  for  a 
Hhort  inslrnmeiital  com|ioHifion  in  lyric  Biyle. 

aubain  (o-ban';  F,  pron.  6-biiii'),  n.  [F.,  <  ML. 
alhnnux,  an  alien,  <  L.  alilii,  elsewhero,  +  -anus: 
Bee  alibi.  ]  A  non-nntiiralized  foreigner,  subject 
to  I  lie  right  of  aiibiiine.     S\  K.  I>. 

aubaine  (o-ban'),  n.  [!•'.,  <auhain:  seeni//imH.] 
Siiei'i-HKion  to  the  goods  of  a  ntrangor  not  niil- 
llnili/.(M).  The  driiil  tl'atiliuinr  In  France  was  a  rigid  of 
the  kiuii  to  the  goods  of  an  alien  dying  within  hia  naliii, 


auction 

the  king  standing  in  the  place  of  the  heirs.  This  right 
was  abolished  in  1S19. 

aubet,  ".  [F.,  <  L.  alha,  alb:  see  allA,']  Obso- 
lete form  of  «/?ii.     Fuller. 

auberge  (a'berj;  F.  pron.  6-barzh'),  n.  [F.,  < 
OP.  alberge  (=  Pr.  alberc  =  Sp.  albcrgue  =  It. 
albergo,  an  inn),  earlier  lielbcrge,  orig.  herherge, 
a  military  station,  <  JIHG.  herbcrge,  OHii.  heri- 
berga,  a  camp,  lodging,  G.  herherge,  an  inn :  see 
harbinger  a.wAharbor'^.]    An  inn.     Bean,  and  Fl. 

aubergine  (a'ber-jin;  F.  pron.  6-btir-zhen'),  n. 
[F.,  dim.  of  auberge,  albcrgc,  a  kind  of  peach,  < 
Sp.  alberchigo,  alberchiga  (=  Pg.  alperche),  a. 
peach,  <  Ar.  al,  the,  -I-  Sp.  per.'iigo,  priseo  =  Pg. 
pecego  =  F.  peehe  (>  E.  peacht),  <  L.  persiciini  : 
see  peach^.  The  Sp.  forms  touch  those  of  apri- 
cot:  see  apricot.'\  The  fruit  of  the  egg-plant, 
Solanuni  ilchmgciia  :  the  brinjal. 

aubergist,  aubergiste  (a'ber-jist;  F.  pron.  6- 
bar-zhest'),  n.  [<  F.  aubergiste,  iiui-keeper,  < 
auberge:  see  auberge.']  The  keeper  of  an  au- 
berge; an  inn-keeper;  a  tavern-keeper:  a  land- 
lord or  landladv:  as,  "the  aubergiste  at  Terni," 
Sninllctt, 

aubin  (6-baii'),  n.  [F.,  <  OF.  haiibin,  hobin,  an 
ambling  nag:  see  hobby.']  In  the  manege,  a 
kind  of  broken  gait,  between  an  amble  and  a 
gallop,  commonly  called  a  "Canterbury  gal- 
lop,'' and  accomited  a  defect. 

auburn  (a'bern),  a.  and  ii,  [Early  mod.  E.  <ui- 
biirn,  abnurne  (also  abroieii,  abroun,  abriine, 
simulating  6to!(!h)i  ^  ^IK-  aubiirne,  awburne  {de- 
emed "  eitrinus,"  i.  e.,  citron-colored,  in  Prompt. 
Parv.),  <  OF.  auborne,  alborne  =  It.  albiirnn, 
auburn,  <  ML.  alburnus,  whitish,  <  L.  albits, 
white.  Cf.  alburn,  alburnum.]  I,  a.  Original- 
ly, whitish  or  tlaxen-colorej;  now,  reddish- 
lirown :  generally  applieel  to  hair. 

That  w-hitish  colour  of  a  woman's  hair  called  an  abun^ 
colour.  Ftorio. 

II,  H.  An  auburn  color. 

He's  white-haired. 
Not  wanton  white,  but  such  a  manly  colour, 
Xext  to  an  au6«r;i. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  iv.  2. 

A.  U.  C.    Abbre\Tiation  of  liatin  ab  urbe  condita 

or  anno  urbis  condita'  (which  see). 
Auchenia  (a-ke'ni-ij),  II.     [XL.  (Illiger,  1811), 

<  Gr.  oi'V'/'i'.  neck:  in  idliisicm  to  the  long  neck 
of  the  llama.]  A  genus  of  ruminants,  of  the 
family  Ciimclida;  representing  in  the  new  world 
the  camels  of  the  old,  but  having  no  hump. 
The  ^aiiu.s  iiichuics  four  important  and  wcll-kliown  iinad- 
rupids  iiuli^^i-iious  to  South  America,  namely,  the  llaiiia 
(.4.  Kaiiiti).  tlie  t:uaiiucoi.-l.  huanaco),  tliealpaca(.l.  ;>fii-(i.v), 
and  the  vicugna  (.1.  riVii,';iia).  The  seooml  of  these  is  Ity 
some  supposed  to  be  the  wild  stock  of  the  llama,  which 
is  now  known  only  in  domestication.  See  cuts  niuler 
ulpoi'a,  <nnumi'iK  Ihnna.  and  vicuijna. 

auchenium  (a-ke'ni-um),  H.;  jt\.  anchenia  (-il). 
[XL.,  <  Gr.  ni'.V'/".  neck,]  In  ornitli,,  the  lower 
back  part  of  the  neck;  the  scruff  of  the  neck, 
just  below  the  nape.  Illiqcr ;  Sundevall,  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

AuchenorhyncM  (a-ke-no-ring'ki),  n,  pi,  [NL., 

<  (ir.  Ill  v'/i',  neck,  -1-  piyxoc,  snout.]  A  groupof 
heinipterous  insects:  synon^-mous  with  Homop- 
tera. 

auchlet  (aeh'lct),  «.     [Sc,  <  audit,  =  E.  eight, 
+  lot,  ]iart.     Cf.  Jirlot.]     In  Scotland,  a  mea- 
sure equal  to  the  eighth  part  of  a  boll, 
aucht'  (i"'ld),  r.     Same  us  kh;//)/'-.     [Scotch.] 
aucht'-:^    (iicht),   a.   and   «.      Same   us  auglit^. 

|Sc„l,-ll.] 

au  courant  (6  ko-roii').  [F. :  an,  with  the  (see 
iiu-)\  courant,  emTonl  (see  courant,  current),] 
Literally,  in  the  curi'ont,  that  is,  of  events; 
will  inrurined  in  regard  to  any  event  or  subject, 
auctificialt,  "•  Same  as  »»('((i'c.  Coles, 
auction  (ak'shon),  11^  [<  L.  iinctio{n-),  au  in- 
ci-easing,  a  sale  by  auction,  <  augere,  ]ip.  auctu.i, 
increase,  =  E.  el;e,  v,,  q.  v.]  If.  The  act  of  in- 
creasing; increase;  growth.  Bailey. — 2.  A 
public  siilo  in  which  each  bidder  olTei's  an  in- 
d-casi'  111!  the  previous  bid,  the  highest  bidder 

1 Tiling  111!'  inirchnser.    I'alli-il  in  Si-nlliiini  a  nni/i. 

i: Is  may  be  said  to  be  sold  i-ilbi-r  at  or  bn  iiiiitioii,  the 

iMriiicruHi'  nri'vailing  In  the  United  .StAtcs  and  the  latter 
ill  i:r<'at  llrltain. 

The  old  books  would  have  hern  worlli  iiollilng  at  an 
auctittn.  Ilairlhiinic,  (lid  MiiliKC,  I. 

3f.  Tho  properly  or  goods  put  up  for  salo  at 
auction. 

Ask  you  why  I'liryne  the  wlioh'  auctiim  buys? 

Pliryne  fun-si'i'S  a  gctu-ral  exrlse. 

;•../»■,  Moral  Essays.  III.  110. 
Auction  by  inch  of  candle,  an  old  melbod  of  silllnff 
by  auction,  still  soiomIIiiics  iiractlsi'il.  In  wlilili  a  Hiiiall 
piece  of  candle  in  llglllid  at  llie  bi'ullllllllg  of  a  sale,  and 
the  lilglicHt  bill  iiiaili-  before  the  wick  falls  isanccessful.— 
Dutch  auction.    See  Dulch. 


auction 

auction   (ak'shon),  ii.  t.     [<   auction,  «.]     To 
U         sell  by  auction  :  commonly  used  with  off. 
A  ciit:ilot(ue  deals  with  articles  to  lie  aitrttuiicd. 

TJti;  Aini'iican,  VII,  134. 

auctionary  (ak'shon-a-ri),  a.  [<  L.  auciiona- 
!•»(,«,  <  (iiictio(>i-),  an  auction.  Cf.  auctioneer.'] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  an  auction  or  public 
sale. 

With  auctionarif  lianimer  in  thy  liaiui. 

Dn/dfii,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  .Satires,  vii. 

auctioneer  (ak-shon-er'),  »(.  [<  auction  +  -eer. 
Cf.  1j.  tiiictionariiis,  under  auctionary.']  One 
whose  business  is  to  offer  goods  or  property 
for  sale  by  auction ;  the  crier  who  calls  for 
bids  anil  strikes  the  bargain  at  an  auction ;  a 
person  licensed  to  dispose  of  goods  or  property 
by  public  sale  to  the  highest  bidder. 
auctioneer  (ak-shon-er'),  V.  t.  [<  auctioneer,  ?i.] 
To  sell  by  auction. 

Estates  are  landscapes,  gazM  upon  awhile, 
Then  advertis'd,  and  auctwnocf'd  away. 

Cmvpey,  Task,  iii,  75G, 

auction-pitch  (ak'shon-pitch),  n.     See  pitclil. 

auction-pool  (ak'shon-pol),  n.  In  betting,  a 
pool  in  which  the  highest  bidder  has  the  first 
choice,  the  second,  third,  etc.,  choices  being 
then  sold,  and  the  remainder,  comprising  those 
most  unlikely  to  win,  being  "bunched"  and 
sold  as  "the  field,"  the  winner  taking  the  en- 
tire pool  thus  formed. 

auctivet  (ak'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  auctus.  pp.  of  au- 
gerc,  increase  (see  auction),  +  -ivc.']  Increas- 
ing; serving  to  increase.     Cote,  1717. 

auctort,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  author. 

auctorial  (ak-to'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  auctor  (see 
author)  + -ial.  Ct.duthoriat.i  Of  or  pertaining 
to  an  author. 

There  is  more  than  people  think  in  the  gratification  of 
the  auctorial  eye,  and  the  reflection  that  good  writing 
will  he  handsomely  placed  before  the  public. 

The  Centuili. 

auctourt,  «.  An  obsolete  form  of  author. 
Chaucer. 

aucuba  (a'ku-ba),  n.  [NL,,  prob.  <  Jap.  aoki, 
green,  +  ba'=  ha,  a  leaf.]  1.  A  shrub  of  the 
genus  Aucuha. —  2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Cornacecc,  consisting  of  six  spe- 
cies from  eastern  Asia.  They  are  branching  shrubs, 
with  smoolll  opposite  leaves  and  small  unisexual  flowers. 
A.  Japonica  has  long  been  in  cultivation,  and  is  prized  for 
its  mass  of  glossy  leathery  green  leaves,  mottled  with  yel- 
low, and  its  coral-red  berries. 

aucupate  (a'ku-piit),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aucu- 
patcd,  ppr.  aucupating.  [<  L.  aucupatus,  pp.  of 
aucupari,  go  bh-d-eatching,  <  auceps  (aucup-), 
a  bird-catcher,  contr.  of  "aviceps,  <  avis,  a  bird 
(see  Arcs),  +  capere,  take :  see  capahle,]  Liter- 
all.y,  to  go  bird-catching ;  hence,  to  lie  in  wait 
for ;  hunt  after ;  gain  by  craft. 

To  aucupate  benefices  by  cajoling  the  Patrons. 

Gentleman  s  Nag.,  CIV.  60.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

aucupationt  (a-ku-pa'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aucupa- 
tio{n-),<.  aucupari:  see  aucupate]  1.  The  art 
or  practice  of  taking  birds;  fowling;  bird-catch- 
ing. Blount. —  2.  Hunting  in  general.  BulloMr. 

aud  (ad),  a.  [Cf.  anld.]  A  dialectal  form  of 
old.     [North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

audacious  (a-da'shus),  a.  [=  F.  audacieux,  < 
audace,  boldness,  <  L.  audacia,  boldness,  <  au- 
dax  (audac-),  bold,  <  audere,  be  bold,  dare.]  1. 
Boldordaring;  spirited;  adventurous;  intrepid. 

She  that  shall  be  my  wife,  must  be  accomplished  with 
courtly  and  audacious  ornaments. 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  ii.  3. 
Her  sparkling  eyes  with  manly  vigour  shone. 
Big  was  her  voice,  audacious  was  her  tone. 

Drijden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Iphis  and  lanthe. 

Since  the  day  when  Martin  Luther  posted  \\\?,  audacious 

heresies  on  the  church-door  at  Witteniberg,  a  great  change 

has  come  over  men's  minds.    J.  Fiake,  Evolutionist,  p.  268. 

2.  Unrestrained  by  law,  religion,  or  propriety; 
characterized  by  contempt  or  defiance  of  the 
principles  of  law  or  morality ;  presumptuously 
■wicked;  shameless;  insolent;  impudent:  as, 
an  audacious  traitor;  an  audacious  calumny; 
"audacious  cruelty,"  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 
=  Syn,  1,  Intrepid,  fooUiardy,  rash. — 2.  Shameless,  un- 
abashed, jtresumptuous. 
audaciously  (a-da'shus-li),  adv.  In  an  auda- 
cious manner;  with  excess  of  boldness  or  in- 
solence. 

The  strongest,  the  best,  the  most  audaciously/  indepen- 
dent of  us,  will  be  conscious,  as  age  assaults  us,  of  our 
■weakness  and  helplessness. 

R.  T.  Cooke,  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  260. 

audaciousness  (a-da'shus-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  audacious;  boldness;  reckless  daring; 
impudence ;  audacity. 

audacity  (a-das'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  audacities  (-tiz). 
[<  ME.  audacite,  <;  L.  as  if  *audacita{t-)s,  bold- 


377 

ness,  <  audax  (audac-),  bold:  see  audacious.] 

1.  Boldness;  daring;  confidence;  intrepidity. 

The  frecdfjm  and  audacitif  necessary  in  the  commerce 
of  men.  Tatter. 

No  Ilomcr  sang  these  Norse  sea-kings;  but  Agamem- 
non's was  a  small  audacity,  and  of  sniidl  fruit  in  the 
world  Ut  some  of  them  —  to  Kolf's  of  Normandy  for  in- 
stance. Carlylc. 

2.  Reckless  daring;  venturesomeness. 

A  touch  of  audacity,  altogether  short  of  effrontery,  and 
far  less  approaching  to  vulgarity,  gave  as  it  were  a  wilil- 
ness  to  all  that  she  did.  Scott,  The  Abbot,  iv. 

3.  Audaciousness;  presumptuous  impu<lence; 
effrontery:  in  a  bad  sense,  and  often  implying 
a  contempt  of  law  or  moral  restraint:  as,  "ar- 
rogant audaciiij,"  Joijc,  Expos,  of  Daniel,  vii. — 

4.  An  audacious  person  or  act.  [Bare.]=Syn.  2. 
llardihoud.— 3.  Trcsumption,  coolness. 

Audian  (a'di-an),  n.  A  follower  of  Audius  or 
Audajus,  a  Syrian  lajnnan  in  Mesojiotamia,  who 
in  the  fourth  century  founded  a  sect  holding 
anthropomorphitic  views,  and  was  irregularly 
ordained  a  bishop. 

Audianism  (a'di-,an-izm),  n.  The  peculiar 
doctrinal  system  of  Audius  and  the  Audians. 
Ill  adilitiiin  ti.1  strict  asceticism,  it  consisted  mainly  in  a 
literal  interpretation  of  Gen.  i.  26,  27,  reasoning  from  the 
constitution  of  man  to  the  nature  of  God. 

audibility   (a-di-bil'j-ti),   «.      [<  audible:    see 
-bility.]     The  quality  of  being  audible. 
The  note  itself  is  possibly  too  feeble  for  audibility. 

J.  E.  U.  Gordon,  Elect,  and  Mag.,  II.  92. 

audible  (a'di-bl),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  audibilis, 
that  maybe  heard,  <  L.  audire,  hear:  see  au- 
dient.]  J,  a.  Capable  of  being  heard;  perceiv- 
able by  the  ear;  loud  enough  to  be  heard:  as, 
an  audible  voice  or  whisper. 

To  man's  eares  not  audible.  Sir  T.  More. 

Even  that  stubborn  church  which  has  held  its  own 
against  so  niany  governments,  scarce  dared  to  utter  an 
audible  murmur.  Macauiay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Il.t  11.  That  which  may  be  heard. 
Visibles  are  swiftlier  caiTied  to  the  sense  than  audibles. 
Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  273. 

audibleness  (a'di-bl-nes),  n.    Audibility. 

audibly  (a'di-bli),  adv.  In  an  audible  manner ; 
so  as  to  be  heard. 

audience  (a'di-ens),  n.  [<ME.  audience,  <  OP. 
audience  (vernacularly  oiance),  mod.  F.  audi- 
ence =  Sp.  Pg.  audiencia  =  It.  audiema,  au- 
dien^ia,  <  L.  audientia,  attention,  hearing,  < 
audien{t-)s,  ppr.  of  audire,  hear:  see  audieut.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  hearing  or  attending  to 
words  or  sounds;  the  act  of  listening. 

His  look 
Drew  aiuiieiice,  and  attention  still  as  night. 

Milton,  P.  I,.,  ii.  308. 

2.  Liberty  or  opportunity  of  being  heard ;  lib- 
erty or  opportunity  of  speaking  with  or  before, 
as  before  an  assembl,v  or  a  court  of  law ;  spe- 
cifically, admission  of  an  ambassador,  envoy, 
or  other  applicant  to  a  formal  interview  with  a 
sovereign  or  other  high  officer  of  government. 

"U'ere  it  reason  to  give  rnen  audience,  pleading  for  the 
overthrow  of  that  which  their  own  deed  hath  ratified? 

Hooker. 
That  day  Sir  Lancelot  at  the  palace  craved 
A  udiciu:c  of  Guinevere. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

3.  A  hearing;  an  interview  or  conference. 
This  conversation  was  not  ended  under  five  audiences, 

each  of  several  hours.  Swi/t,  Gulliver's  Travels,  ii.  U. 

4.  An  auditory;  an  assembly  of  hearers. 

still  govern  thou  my  song, 
Urania,  and  fit  audience  find,  thougli  few. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  31. 

5.  [Sp.  audiencia,  commonly  used  in  English 
■writing  without  translation.]  In  Spain  and 
Spanish  countries,  a  name  given  to  certain 
courts,  also  collectively  to  certain  law-officers 
appointed  to  institute  a  judicial  inquiry. 

Among  those  of  the  former  class  was  the  president, 
Deza,  with  the  members  of  the  audieru:e,  and  the  civil 
authorities  in  Granada.  Prescott. 

6.  In  England,  an  abbreviation  for  audience- 
court  (which  See).=SjTl.  4.  See  spectator. 

audience-chamber  (a'di-ens-cham"ber),  n.  An 
apartment  for  an  audience  or  a  formal  meeting. 

audience-court  (a'di-ens-kort),  n.  An  ecclesi- 
astical court,  now  disused,  held  by  the  arch- 
bishops of  Canterbui-y  and  York  or  by  auditors 
in  their  behalf.  That  held  by  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury had  equal  authority  with  the  Court  of  Arches, 
thougli  of  less  dignity,  and  is  now  merged  in  it. 

audiencia  (Sp.  pron.  ou-de-en-the'ii),  n.  [Sp.] 
See  audience,  5. 

audiendo  et  terminando  (a-di-en'do  et  ter-mi- 

nan'do).  [ML.,  for  hearing  and  deciding;  dat. 
ger.  of  L.  audire,  hear(see  a!(f7i>H0,  and  ottermi- 
nare,  end,  decide  (see  terminate).     Cf.  oyer  and 


audit 

terminer,  under  oyer.]  In  law,  a  ■writ  or  com- 
mission to  certain  persons  for  appeasing  and 
punisliiiig  any  insurrection  or  great  riot. 

audient  (a'di-ent),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  audicn{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  audire  (>  It.  tuWre  =  Kp.  oir  =  Pg.  ouvir 
=  Pr.  ausir  =  OF.  odir,  oir  (AF.  oycr^  >  E.  oyer, 
q.  v.),  mod.  F.  otiir),  hear;  cf.  Gr.  aiav,  hear: 
see /jcnr  and  eflj'l.]  I.  a.  Hearing;  listening. 
Mrs.  Jirowning. 
II,  n.  1.  A  hearer. 

The  audients  of  her  sad  story  felt  gi'eat  motions  both  of 
pity  and  admiration  for  her  misfortune. 

Slielton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  iv.  2. 
2.  In  the  early  church :  (a)  One  not  yet  bap- 
tized, but  receiving  instruction  preparatory  to 
baptism ;  a  catechumen  of  the  first  stage.  Such 
persons  were  permitted  to  heai'  the  psalms,  lessons,  and 
sermon,  but  were  not  present  at  the  more  sacred  senices 
which  followeil.  (ft)  In  the  Jiastern  Church,  ac- 
cording to  the  sj'stematio  classification  of  peni- 
tents in  force  at  tho  close  of  the  third  cen- 
tury, but  becoming  obsolete  early  in  the  fifth, 
one  of  the  second  class  of  public  penitents, 
occupying  a  station  higher  than  that  of  the 
weepers  and  lower  than  that  of  the  jirostrates. 
The  audients  were  not  allowed  to  enter  the  Ijody  of  the 
church,  but  heard  the  opening  prayers  and  sermon  stand- 
ing in  the  narthex,  which  wjis  also  the  place  of  the  cate- 
chumens, anil,  like  them,  had  to  depart  before  the  offer- 
tory and  anaphora.    See  penitent.     Also  called  auditor. 

audile  (a'dil),  ».  [Irreg.  <  L.  audire,  hear  (see 
audient),  +  -He.]  One  in  ■whose  mind  auditory 
images  are  predominant,  or  especially  distinct. 
Strieker,  a  motile,  declares  that  it  is  impossible  to  rep- 
resent to  ourselves  other  vowels  while  pi'onouucing  any 
particular  one,  say  a:  he  can  only  rejiresent  them  as 
motor  images  which  clash  with  the  motor  presentation. 
M.  Paulhan,  an  audile,  declares  he  can  easily  do  what 
Strieker  declares  impossible,  for  he  can  represent  the 
auditory  images  of  i  and  u  while  the  motor  presentation 
of  a  is  being  presented.  Mind,  XI.  415. 

audiometer  (a-di-om'e-ter),  n.  [IiTeg.  <  L.  au- 
dire, hear,  +  metrum,  <  Gr.  /jcrpov,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  designed  to  gage  the  power  of 
hearing  and  record  it  upon  an  arbitrary  scale. 

audiometric  (a'di-o-met'rik),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  audiometry. 

audiometry  (a-di-om'e-tri),  n.  [As  audiometer 
+  -//.]  The  testing  of  the  sense  of  hearing, 
especially  by  means  of  the  audiometer. 

audiphone  (a'di-fon),  n.  [Iireg.  <  L.  audire, 
hear,  -1-  Gr.  ipuvf;,  a  sound.]  An  instrument  for 
counteracting  deafness  by  collecting  the  sound- 
waves and  transmitting  the  vibrations  to  the 
auditory  nerves  through  the  bony  part  of  the 
head,  it  consists  of  a  diaphragm,  or  plate,  which  is  held 
in  contact  with  the  upper  teeth,  and  is  vibrated  by  sound- 
waves. 

audit  (a'dit),  n.  [<  L.  auditus,  a  hearing,  <  au- 
dire, pp.  auditus,  hear:  see  audient.]  If.  Audi- 
ence; hearing. 

With  his  Orisons  I  meddle  not,  for  bee  appeals  to  a  high 
Audit.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  v. 

■Whoso  seeks  an  audit  here 
Propitious,  pays  his  tribute,  game  or  fish. 

Couper,  Task,  iv.  610. 

2.  Official  examination  and  verification  of  ac- 
counts or  claims ;  an  examination  into  ac- 
counts or  dealings  with  money  or  property;  es- 
pecially, an  examination  of  accounts  by  proper 
officers,  or  persons  appointed  for  that  pm-- 
pose,  who  compare  the  charges  ■with  the  vouch- 
ers, examine  witnesses,  and  state  the  result. 

The  rule  of  insisting  on  a  proper  audit  of  account  was  a 
corollary  from  the  practice  of  appropriating  the  supplies 
to  particular  purposes.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  694. 

Hence  —  3.  A  calling  to  account;  an  exami- 
nation into  one's  actions. 

You  must  prepare  against  to-morrow  for  your  last  suf- 
fering here,  and  your  great  audit  hereafter.  Scott. 

4.  An  account  or  a  statement  of  account ;  a  bal- 
ance-sheet. 

And,  how  his  arulit  stands,  who  knows,  save  heaven  ? 
Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  3. 
5t.  A  periodical  auditing  or  settlement  of  ac- 
counts; hence,  receipts;  res'enues. 

I  knew  a  nobleman  in  England  that  had  the  greatest 
audits  of  any  man  in  my  time :  a  great  gl'azier,  a  great 
sheep-master,  a  great  timber-man,  itc.  Bacon,  Riches. 
Conunissioners  of  audit,  formerly  called  auditors  of 
the  Excheinier,  in  England,  officers  appointed  to  call  on 
all  public  accountants  to  account  for  money  or  stores  in- 
trusted to  them,  and  to  check  the  accounts  of  the  ord- 
nance, army,  and  navy,  and  the  land-revenue.  The  es- 
tablishment consists  of  a  chairman  and  five  conunissioners, 
a  secretary,  and  nmnerous  subordinates. 
audit  (a'dit),  V.  [<  audit,  n.]  I.  trans.  To  make 
audit  of;  examine  and  veiify  by  reference  to 
vouchers,  as  an  account  or  accounts :  as,  to 
audit  the  accounts  of  a  treasurer. 

In  1-106  the  commons,  who  objected  to  making  a  grant 
until  the  accounts  of  the  last  grant  were  audited,  were 
told  by  Henry  that  kings  do  not  render  accounts. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  694. 


audit 

TTie  commission  under  the  convention  with  tl»e  Repub- 
lic "i  New  Granada  closed  its  session  witiiout  lia>ing 
audited  and  passed  upon  all  the  claims  which  were  sub- 
mitted to  it.  Liitcoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  311. 

TT.  intrans.  To  examine  into  the  correctness 
of  an  account ;  act  as  an  auditor. 

Let  Hocus  audit ;  he  knows  how  the  money  was  dis- 
bursed, Arbuthiwt,  John  Bull,  p.  Sl». 

audit-ale  (a'dit-al),  n.  A  specially  excellent 
kind  of  ale  brewed  at  certain  colleges  in  the 
English  universities,  originally  for  use  on  auilit- 
day.  It  was  formerly  a  custom  in  all  the  colleges  to  make 
a  great  feast  on  the 'day  on  which  the  college  accounts 
were  audited,  and  the  verj"  best  ale  was  brought  out  for 
the  occasion.  The  audit-ale  was  first  broached  on  that  day 
every  year. 

Observing  from  the  goose  on  the  table  and  the  audit- 
aU  which  was  circling  iu  the  loving-cup  that  it  was  a  feast. 

Farrar, 

audita  querela  (a-di'ta  kwe-re'la).  [L.  (NL.), 
the  complaint  having  been  heard:  audUa,  fern, 
of  auditus,  pp.  of  audire,  hear;  querela,  com- 
plaint: see  audient  and  guarreft.'\  In  law,  a 
form  of  action  in  which  the  judgment  debtor 
strives  to  recall  or  prevent  execution  on  a  judg- 
ment to  which  he  claims  a  valid  defense  ;  the 
writ  by  which  such  action  is  begun.  [Now 
generally  superseded.] 

audit-house  (a'dit-hotis),  n.  A  building  or 
room  appended  to  an  English  cathedral,  in 
which  the  business  belonging  to  the  cathedral 
is  transacted. 

audition  (a-dish'on),  ».  [<  L.  auditio(,n-),  a 
hearing,  listening"  <  audire,  pp.  auditus,  hear: 
see  audient.}  1.  The  act  of  hearing;  a  hearing 
or  listening;  the  sensation  from  an  impression 
on  the  auditory  ner\-e  by  the  vibrations  of  the 
air  produced  by  a  sonorous  body. 

It  is  generally  admitted  that  the  audition  of  speech  in 
the  telephone  is  the  result  of  repetitions,  by  the  dia- 
ptiragm  in  the  receiving  instrument,  ...  of  the  vibra- 
tions produced  in  the  transmitter. 

Quoted  in  G.  B.  Pnxott's  Elect.  Invent.,  p.  288. 

2.  The  sense  of  hearing;  hearing,  as  a  physio- 
logical function  or  faculty ;  one  of  the  five  spe- 
cial senses. — 3.  Something  heard.     [Rare.] 

1  went  to  hear  it  (the  Cock-Lane  Ghost],  for  it  is  not  an 
apparition,  but  an  audition.         Walpolf,  Letters,  II.  :i^i. 

Ossicles  of  audition.  See  osmcle. 
auditive  (i'di-tiv),  a.  [<  F.  auditif,  <  L.  as  if 
'audilivus,  (.  auditus,  pp.  of  audire,  hear:  see 
audient.}  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing; concerned  with  the  power  of  hearing; 
auditory. 

His  heart  is  fixed  and  busily  taken  up  in  some  oi^ject, 
.  .  .  and  the  ears,  like  faithful  servants  attending  their 
master,  the  heart,  lose  the  act  of  that  auditive  ui-gan  by 
some  suspension,  till  the  heart  hath  done  with  flieni. 

iteu.  T.  Adaiiis,  Works,  I,  SO.'i. 

audit-office  (a'dit-of 'is),  n.  An  office  where  ac- 
counts are  audited:  as,  a  railway  audit-nfficc ; 
specifically,  in  England,  tho  office  where  the 
commissioners  for  auditing  the  public  accounts 
of  the  United  Kingdom  transact  their  business. 
The  imficrial  audit-office  is  imder  the  immodi- 
ati-  iDiitrol  of  the  lords  of  the  treasury. 

auditor  (a'di-tor),  n.  [<  ME.  auditour  (AF.  au- 
dil'iiir,  OF.  auditeur — Roquefort),  <  Ij.  auditor, 
a  hearer,  in  ML.,  specifically,  a  judge,  commis- 
sioner, notary,  examiner  of  accounts,  etc.,  < 
audire,  hear:  see  audient  and  audit.}  1.  A 
hearer;  ono  who  listens  to  what  is  said;  a 
member  of  an  auditory. 

What,  a  pliiy  toward?    I'll  be  an  auditor; 
An  actor  too,  perlmi>s.  Shak.,  AI.  ^^  D.,  Hi.  1. 

I  was  infinitely  dellghU-d  with  the  statlun  of  a  humblo 
auditor  In  such  conversatinns. 

."iu'i/l,  Oulllvcrs  Travels,  Iv.  10. 

2.  Same  as  audient,  n.,  2. — 3.  A  person  ap- 
pointed and  authorized  to  examine  an  account 
or  ftceountM,  compare  tho  chargoH  with  tho 
•V''  1  mine  parlies  and  witnoHseH,  allow 

or  !u''S,   and  slato   (lie  risull.    it  u 

U'  ■■,  r.frr  nrcr.iiKtfl   Involved    Hi  litlKatliin 

t"  '  uriidlcllonM  callfil  rr/rn:,t,r  root- 

J"'  '  II.  nt.  and  tlitir  n  port,  if  nn  in.d, 

1''  ..'riii-nt.     .Sornetirric^  nil  niKlltor  In  a 

"'•'  iiliiil  orcoriMirnli'  li<Hll.«.    .sinte  or 

"11-  ,[,.  jH.TKnnN  (lopoliilfil  or  I'li-cted  to 

*>'•  'illTllH    IU    llHV    m  <  Ml.'     I.I     111        lull 

'"'■  ■■  ■       I.        Ill  til..   I    li:-  V- 

"■i"  r..  of  the  Iri.i  t 

•"■'''  II. I,  ,,(   1., 


"■  •     . I., .,.:„.   lit.  :.i.l  t:._  ....li., 

"■'  .  tiiii-iil. 

*    '  •  rs  of  lii({h  mnk  Bt  tho 

P"i I    ■  >•"  ■  ■< I  fnmi  their  connfclinii 

with  bUKiiicfifi  treated  of  in  Binlioin'cH  with  tin) 


378 

pope:  as,  auditor  of  the  apostolic  chamber; 
auditor  of  the  pope;  atiditurs  of  the  Roman 
rota  (which  see) — Auditor  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion, in  Scotland,  a  crown  officer  to  whom  suits  in  which 
expenses  are  found  due  may  be  reniittei*  in  ordt-r  thut  the 
costs  may  be  taxed.— Auditors  of  the  Exchequer.  See 
comou.<siojiers  of  audit,  under  audit. 

auditoria,  «.     Plural  of  auditorium. 

auditorial  (a-di-to'ri-al),  a.  [Cf.  LL.  auditori- 
alis,  pertaining  to  a  school  (auditorium),  ML. 
auditorialis  sclioJasticus,  an  advocate;  <  LL. 
auditorius,  auditory,  <  L.  auditor,  a  hearer: 
see  auditory.}  1.  Auditoi-y.  !<ir  J.  .Stoddart. 
[Rare.]  —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  auditor  of 
accounts,  or  to  audits. 

auditorium  (a-di-to'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  auditoriums, 
auditoria  (-umz,  -a).  [L.,  a  com-t  of  justice, 
a  hall  of  audience,  a  school,  assembled  hear- 
ers, in  ML.  also  a  reception-room  in  a  monas- 
tery ;  neut.  of  LL.  auditorius,  of  or  for  hear- 
ing: see  auditorri,  a.}  1.  In  a  church,  theater, 
public  hall,  or  the  like,  the  space  allotted  to 
the  hearers  or  audience. —  2.  In  monasteries, 
an  apartment  for  recei\"ing  visitors;  a  parlor 
or  reception-room. 

auditorship  (a'di-tor-ship),  n.  The  office  of 
auditor. 

auditory  (a'di-to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  auditorius,  of 
or  for  hearing,  <  L.  auditor,  a  hearer,  <  audire, 
pp.  auditus,  hear:  see  audient.}  1.  Pertaining 
to  heai-ing  or  to  the  sense  or  organs  of  hear- 
ing: as,  the  auditorji  nen'e. — 2.  Pertaining  to 
an  amlitorium ;  designed  for  an  audience :  as, 
the  auditory  part  of  a  theater.  [Rare.]  —Audi- 
tory artery,  a  branch  of  the  basilar  artery  which  ac- 
companies the  auditory  nerve  and  supplies  the  lativrinth 
of  the  ear.— Auditory  canal,  tlle  meatus  audit. iriu-s  ex- 
temus  and  iiiternus.  See  mt^ntus,  and  cut  uinicr  tar. — 
Auditory  crest,  auditory  hairs,  auditory  plate,  in 

cephalupuds.      See  extr.icts. 

The  terminations  of  the  au.iitory  nerves  either  form  the 
auditory  plate,  which  is  a  thickened  portion  of  the  epi- 
thelium, from  which  the  cells  send  hair-like  processes 
(«W(/ift»n/ ^rti' r.^)  (Sepia);  or  an  atuiitory  creiit ,  which  gen- 
erally takes  a  cm'ved  direction,  and  which  is  likewise 
covered  by  modified  epithelium. 

Gef/enbaur,  Comp.  .\nat.  (trans.),  p.  367. 

Cells  bearing  or  developed  into  long  auditor;/  hair.i, 
which  are  to  be  regarded  as  the  peripheral  end-organs  of 
the  vestibular  branches  of  the  auditorv  nerve. 

Jincyc.  Brit.,  VII.  51)2. 
Auditory  duct  (ductus  cochlearis  or  ductus  auditorius), 
a  term  apjilied  to  the  interval  between  the  membrana  tec- 
toria  and  the  membrana  basilaris  of  the  human  cochlea. — 
Auditory  nerve,  the  special  nerve  of  heju-ing,  which 
enters  the  ear-parts  by  the  meatus  auditorius  iiiternus, 
and  is  distributed  to  the  membranous  labyrinth.  In 
Willis's  enumeration  it  was  known  as  the  jiorlio  moUis 
of  the  seventh  cranial  nerve ;  now  it  is  generally  reckoned 
as  the  eighth  cranial  nerve.  Also  ciiilcd  the  aeon  stir  nerve. 
See  cut  miller  bratn.  —  Auditory  ossicles,  ^vi' os-ticle. 
-Auditory  process,  or  external  auditory  process, 
the  projt.ctiiii.'  iior.ler  of  the  external  auditory  meatus  to 
wlii.h  the  c:iilii;i-c  of  the  ear  is  attached.— Auditory 
vesicle,  the  vehicle  formt.d  in  the  embryo  by  the  iu\o- 
lutioii  oi  the  epibliist  on  either  side  of  the  head  :  the  rudi- 
ment of  the  membranous  laliyriiith  of  the  ear.—  Internal 
auditory  foramen.  See.;'<irn;ii..n. 
auditory  (a'di-to-ri),  «. ;  1)1.  auditories  (-riz). 
[<  \j.  auditorium :  see  auditorium.}  1.  An 
audience;  an  assemblv  of  hearers,  as  in  a 
church,  lecture-room,  tlieator,  etc. 

lie  had  not  the  pojmlar  way  of  preaching,  nor  is  in  any 
measure  tit  for  our  plaine  and  vulgar  amlitorir,  as  his 
predecessor  was.  Kvcti/ri,  Diary,  Mar.  .S,  l(i7;{. 

Having  entered  his  court,  he  (Uaconl  addressed  the 
splendid  auditory  in  a  grave  and  digiiilleil  sjieech. 

.yiai-aiitay.  Lord  lliicon. 
2.  A  place  for  hearing  or  for  tho  acoommodii- 
tion  of  hi-arers ;  an  auditorium;  spccilically, 
in  a  church,  the  nave,  in  which  tho  hearers  or 
congregation  are  assembled. 

When  Agripjiii  and  Hernico  entered  into  the  auflitory. 
li'yrli/.  Acts  xxv.  i:i. 

3t.  A  bench  on  which   a  judge  sits  to   hear 
causes. —  4t.  A  lecture-room;  a  philosophical 
school.     N.  E.  I). 
auditress  (a'di-tres),  ji.      [<  auditor  +  -es.i.} 
A  I'omule  licarcr. 

Adam  relating,  she  solo  audilrmf. 

Milton,  V.  I,.,  vlll.  t,l. 

auditual  (&-dit'u-(jl),  a.     [<  L.  auditus  (audi- 
tu-),  hearing  (see  r(«(W<,  ji.),  -t-  -<il.}     Relating 
to  liearing;  ntiditorv.     t'lderidtje.    JRaro.] 
auf  t  (af ),  «•     The  older  fonn  of  oaf. 

A  ineer  changeling,  a  very  monster,  an  (jn.^lmiicrfeel. 
Uurl'in,  Aunt,  of  Mel.,  ]i.  I<tt7. 

au  fait  (o  fri).  fF. ;  lit.,  to  the  jioint  or  fact: 
ml,  111  the  (see  au'^);  fait,  <  Iv.  factum,  fact :  sec 
/'lit  ituil  Jar t.}  U|>  to  tlio  mark;  fully  skilled 
<ir  accoinpliHhed  ;  exjiorl  ;  jiosijeHHiiig  or  show- 
ing tho  readincHH  or  skill  of  an  adi'iil :  fnllnwcd 
by  at  or  in  :  as,  he  is  (iiiile  au  fait  at  the  game. 
The  nativeH  lof  Matteii)  fleetned  ijnile  an  /ait  in  the 
raatt«r  of  inuiiotarv  trnnHactlon*  and  exehuiigi-ii. 

J^uli/  lirtumey,  Vuyatfc  uf  Hunbconi,  1.  xlli. 


auger 

au  fond  (6  foii).  [F.:  nu,  at  the  (see  au~) ;  fond, 
bottom:  see/«nrf.]     At  bottom;  essentially. 

Peti-arch  was  timid.     Laura  was  a  woman  of  sense,  and 
yet,  like  all  women,  au/ond.  a  eoiinette. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Konndabout  Journey,  p.  9, 

auget,  augest,  auxt,  ».  [It.  Sp.  Pg.  auge,  acme, 
summit,  ML.  aiiijcs,  au.r,  <  Ar.  I'ers.  auj,  top, 
summit,  altitude,  zenith,  ascendant  of  a  plan- 
et.] In  old  astron. :  (n)  Properly,  the  apogeo 
of  a  planet,  or  the  longitude  of  the  apogee. 
{h)  Either  apsis  of  the  cn-iiit.  (c)  The  culmi- 
nation or  point  of  culmination. 

Augean  (a-je'an),  a.  [<  L.  Augeas,  Augias,  < 
Gr.  Ai'jfaf,  Ai'jfiaf,  king  of  Elis  (see  def.),  ac- 
cording to  one  tradition  a  son  of  the  Sim  and 
Naupidame;  prob.  <  av)ii,  splendor,  sunlight.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Augeas  or  Angelas,  one  of 
the  Argonauts,  and  afterward  king  of  Elis,  or 
resembling  his  stables;  hence,  very  filthy. — 
Augean  stable,  in  Or.  mytti.,  a  stable  in  which  this  king 
kept  3,1.100  oxen,  and  which  had  not  been  cleaned  for  thirty 
years,  so  that  the  task  of  cleaning  it  had  come  to  be 
deemed  impracticable.  Hercules  .iccomplished  the  task 
in  a  single  day,  by  turning  the  river  Alpheus  through 
the  stable.  Hence,  cleansing  the  Augean  stable  has  be- 
come a  synonym  for  the  removal  of  long-standing  nui. 
sauces,  abuses,  and  the  like. 

auger  (a'ger),  Ji.  [Initial  n  has  been  lost,  as  in 
adder,  umpire,  etc. ;  early  mod.  E.  also  augre, 
augor,  etc.,  and,  with  orig.  n,  7iaugcr,  <  ME. 
naugcr,  naugor,  earlier  naregor,  <  AS.  nnfogdr, 
nafegdr  (=  D.  avegaar,  ereger,  egger  =  LG.  na- 
riger,  ndviger  =  OHG.  nahager,  nahigir,  trans- 
posed nagihcr,  MHG.  nahegcr,  ncgeber,  neg- 
ber,  G.  nabcr,  ncber  =  leel.  nafarr  (for  "luif- 
geirr  f),  Sw.  nafcarc  (for  "nafgare) ;  cf.  Finn. 
napakaira,  <  Teut.),  <  nafu,  nave,  -I-  gar,  a 
borer,  spear:  see  nave^,  gar^,  and  gore".}  1. 
An  instrument  for  boring  holes  larger  than 


Cook's  Auger. 


lixpanding  Auger. 


those  bored  by  a  bit  or  gimlet,    it  consists  of  an 
iron  shank  ending  in  a  steel  iiit.  and  a  handle  placed  at 
right  angles  with  the  shank.    The  augers  formerly  made 
with  a  straight  channel  or  groove  arc  called 
pod-auyer.'i ;  augers  of  the  modern  form,  with 
spiral  clHinncls,  are  called  sen-w-auyers.    The 
ordinary  screw-anger  is  forged  as  a'p'^rallelcd 
blade  of  steel,  which  is  twisted  while  red.hot 
The  end  terminates  in  a  worm,  liy  which  tho 
auger  is  gradually  drawn  into  the  work,  like 
m  ,j      the  gimlet.    Another  form  is  that  of  a  cylindri- 
\ //       cal  shaft,  around   which  is  brazed  n  single  tin 
fr\*     "^  *""''  *'^*^  *^'"*  '*'-'i"K  nuule  into  a  worm,  and 
\  ^]0      immediately  behind  the  worm  a  small  diamet- 
^^^^     rical  mortise  is  fornied  for  the  n.ceptioii  of  a 
detached  cutter,  which  exactly  resembles  tho 
chisel-edge  of  the  center-bit.     JCxjHindiny  n«. 
yers  have  cutters  susceptible  of  radial  adjust- 
ment for  boring  holes  of  ditfercnt  sizes.    In  tho 
slottiny-auyer,  used  for  channels,  mortises,  etc., 
the  cutting  lijis  ai"o  tipon  the  side  of  the  auger 
as  well  as  at  the  end.  and  the  piece  to  be  groov- 
ed is  fed  against  them  lalcrally.     Mortises  are 
cut  by  causing  tho   linger  to  penetrate  to  tho 
slotting,     proper  depth,  and  then  feeding  the  work  later- 
Auger,      ally  to  the  required  length.    The  two  rounded 
ends  of  the  mortise  iiw  then  siplared  with  a 
chisel.      Tho    miuare-hote   auyrr    is  an  auger   revolving 
within  a  rectangular  tube  or  boring,  whose  lower  edge  1b 
sharpened  to  cut  away  tho  remaining  hulislance  of  tho 
siiuare  eircnmscrlbiiig  the  round  hole 
which  tho   anger  bores  a  little  In  ad- 
vance. 
2.  An  insti'umcnl  for  bdving  the 

soil.    Such  ail  in.    ^__^_^_ 

slruiiient  used  in  <*  '''^i  ^^ 
setting  poDts  Is 
called  a  jioKt-hote 
autiiT,  and  Olio  for 
ascertaining  tho 
nature  of  the  siili- 
siill,  the  jiresenco 
or  absence  of  wa- 
ter, etc.,  is  called 
speelllcnlly  an 
rartit-ltoriny  auyer. 
Augers  for  the  lat- 
ter use  are  of  va- 
rioun  kinds,  lint 
(hey  nil  I'oiislHt  of 
three  purls,  name- 
ly;  a  liiindte  by 
which  two  or  more 
liieii  can  work  the  Inslrnmeiit;  Ihe  HI,  nioulli.  orelittllliit 
piece  ;  and  rods  for  eoiiiiertlng  Ihe  liiindle  with  the  lilt  or 
euiiliig  piece.—  Annular  auger,    see  annular. 


rotitliole  Aiiircr. 


linrt)l-l)orlti({ 

AllKCrt. 


auger-bit 

auger-bit  (a'gi')r-bit),  n.     A  small  auger  used 
with  a  hi-aco  or  bit-stock. 
auger-faucet  (a'g6r-fa"set),  n.    A  faucet  with 

an  au^i'r  attached.  By  means  of  the  auger  a  hole  is 
bored  iii;itly  llir<'ugli  the  wood  of  the  cask,  or  the  like,  in 
whieli  the  laiieet  is  to  be  inserted,  and  the  faucet  is  then 
fixed  by  a  single  blow.  The  auger  is  withdrawn  through 
the  I'aueet  by  a  rack  andpinion. 

auger-gage  (a'ger-gaj),  ».  A  collar,  sleeve,  or 
clamp  attached  to  the  shank  of  an  auger,  to 
prevent  it  from  penetrating  beyond  the  de- 
sired point. 

auger-nole  (a'g^r-hol),  n.  A  hole  made  by  an 
auger. 

Hid  ill  an  auger-fioie.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  3. 

auger-shell  (a'gfer-shel),  n.  A  shell  of  the  ge- 
nus Terebra  and  family  Terebridce.  See  cut 
vmder  Terebra. 

auger-stem  (a'g6r-stem),  n.  The  iron  rod  or  bar 
to  which  the  bit  is  attached  in  rope-drilling. 

auger-twister  (a'ger-twis"ter),  n.  A  machine 
for  twisting  the  blanks  for  screw-augers. 

augest,  «■     See  aut/e. 

auget  (a' jet;  F.  pron.  6-zha'),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of 
aitfie,  a  trough,  <  L.  alveus,  a  trough,  channel, 
hollow:  see  alveus.']  Milit.,  a  small  trough  ex- 
tending from  the  chamber  of  a  mine  to  the  ex- 
tremity of  a  gallery,  to  protect  from  dampness 
a  saucisson  or  tube  filled  with  powder. 

augh.  (a;  8a.  pron.  aoh),  interj.  [Cf.  aw,  ah, 
o7i.]  An  exclamation  of  disgust.  [U.  S.  and 
Scotch.] 

augbti  (at),  n.  or  pron.  [In  two  forms:  (1) 
aught,  <  ME.  amjht,  aught,  atiht,  aght,  agt,  aht, 
<  AS.  awiht,  awuht,  with  vowel  shortened  from 
orig.  long,  dwiht;  (2)  ought,  <  ME.  ought,  ouht, 
oght,  ost,  oht,  <  AS.  dwiht,  awuht,  contr.  alit^,  with 
labialized  vowel,  dwiht,  owuht  (=  OS.  eowiht 
=  OPries.  dwet,  det  =  D.  iets  =  OHG.  eowiht., 
iowiht,  iewiht,  MHG.  ielit,  iht,  iewet,  let),  <  «, 
ever,  in  comp.  a  generaliziug  prefix,  -f-  wiht, 
wight,  whit,  thing:  lit.  '  ever  a  whit':  see  ay'^ 
and  wliit,  wight,  and  cf.  the  negative  naught, 
nought,  'never  a  whit.'  There  is  no  essential 
difference  between  the  two  spellings  aught  and 
ought;  the  former  is  now  preferred.]  Any- 
thing whatever  ;  any  part :  used  in  inteiTOga- 
tive,  negative,  and  conditional  sentences. 

Is  there  au[iht  else,  luy  friends,  I  can  do  for  you? 

Addison,  Cato,  iv.  4. 

Unfaith  in  aught  is  want  of  faith  in  all. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

aughtlf  (^t),  adit.  [<  ME.  aught,  etc. ;  prop, 
ace.  of  the  noun.]  In  any  respect ;  in  any  way ; 
at  all ;  by  any  chance. 

Can  he  aught  telle  a  raery  tale  or  tweye? 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  44. 
Thereon  mused  he 
If  that  the  ehildes  moder  were  aught  she 
That  was  his  wyf. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  936. 

aught^t,  »'.     An  obsolete  form  of  onght^. 

aught'^t  (iit),  B.  [Now  only  in  Sc,  -written  aticht 
(acht),  <  ME.  aught,  aughte,  auchte,  aght,  auhte, 
ahte,  etc.,  <  AS.  uiht,  pi.  i^hta  (=  OHG.  oht  =' 
Goth,  aihts,  property,  =  loel.  cett,  family),  with 
formative  -t,  <  dgan  (pret.  ahte),  have,  hold, 
own :  see  ouglit^  and  oioe.]  Possession ;  prop- 
erty. 
The  surest  gear  In  their  aught. 

Scott,  Quentin  Durward,  I.  vii. 

augbt^  (at,  acht),  a.  and  n.  An  obsolete  or 
dialectal  form  of  eighth, 

aught^wheret  (at'hwar),  adv.  [<  aught^,  adv.,  + 
where.]     Anywhere.     Chaucer. 

auglte  (a'jit),  n.  [=  P.  augite,  <  L.  augites,  a 
precious  stone,  <  Gr.  *avytTrig,  <  avy?/,  bright- 
ness, sunlight.]  The  dark-green  to  black  va- 
riety of  pyroxene  characteristic  of  basic  erup- 
tive rocks  like  basalt,  it  differs  from  other  viirieties 
of  pyroxene  in  containing  a  considerable  proportion  of 
alumina.  The  name  is  sometimes  used  to  include  the 
whole  species.     See  pyroxene. 

augitic  (a-jit'ik),  a.  [<  augite  +  -ic]  Pertain- 
ing to  augite;  resembling  augite,  or  partaking 
of  its  nature  and  characters;  composed  of  or 

containing  augite Augitic  porphyry,  a  rock  with 

a  dark  in-ay  or  gi'eenish  base,  containing  conspicuous  crys- 
tals iif  augite  and  Labrador  feldspar. 

auglettet,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  aglet. 

augment  (ag'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  augment,  <  OF. 
augment  =  Pg.  augmento  =  Sp.  It.  aumento,  < 
L.  augmentum,  increase,  growth,  <  augere,  in- 
crease: see  auction.']  If.  Increase;  enlarge- 
ment by  addition;  augmentation. 

This  augment  of  the  tree.  /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 
2.  In  gram.,  an  addition  at  the  beginning  of 
certain  past  indicative  tenses  of  the  verb  in  a 
part  of  the  Indo-European  languages.    lu  saa- 


379 

skrit  it  is  always  d- ;  in  Oreek  it  is  ('-  (t-)  before  a  eonso. 
nant  (syllabic  augment),  but  an  initial  vowel  is  length- 
ened (i7-,  ei-)  (temporal  augment).  The  same  name  ia 
sometimes  given  to  other  prellxed  inllectioiial  elements, 
as  to  tile  gc-  of  the  German  perfect  participle  (gebracht, 
brought). 

Another  form,  which  we  may  call  the  preterlto-prescnt, 
unites  the  augment  of  the  past  and  the  ending  of  the 
present  tense.  Aiiwr.  Jour.  PhitoL,  VII.  354. 

3.  Ill  pathoL,  the  period  of  a  fever  between  its 
commoncomeiit  and  its  height.  [Rare.] 
augment  (ag-menf),  I'.  [<  ME.  augmcnten,  < 
OP.  augmenter,  earlier  aumenter  =  Sp.  aumen- 
tar  —  Pg.  augmentar  =  It.  aumentare,  <  LL. 
augmentare,  increase,  <  L.  augmentum,  an  in- 
crease: see  augment,  »i.]  I.  tran.<s.  1.  To  in- 
crease; enlarge  in  size  or  extent;  swell:  as,  to 
augmen  t  an  army  by  reinforcement ;  impatience 
augments  an  evil. 

Be  it  yom*  care 
To  augment  your  heap  of  wealth. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  i.  2. 

Though  fortune  change,  his  constant  spouse  remains : 
Augment)!  his  joys  or  mitigates  his  pains. 

Pope,  January  and  May,  1.  42. 
The  general  distress  did  but  augment  the  piety  and  con- 
firm the  fortitude  of  the  colonists. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  284. 

2.  In  gram.,  to  add  an  augment  to. 

Most  [Greek]  verbs  beginning  with  a  con^on^ni  augment 
the  imperfect  and  aorist  by  prefixing  e. 

Goodumi,  Greek  Gram.,  §  101. 

3.  In  7icr.,  to  make  an  honorable  addition  to, 
as  a  coat  of  arms. 

Henry  VIII.  granted  to  the  earl  of  Surrey  to  auf77ji*ne 
his  arms  with  a  demi-lion,  gules,  pierced  through  the 
mouth  with  an  arrow.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  (J(tO. 

Augmented  interval.  See  interval. — Augmented  sur- 
face, a  term  hi'st  used  by  Rankine  t«  denote  an  immersed 
or  wetted  surface  sufficiently  greater  than  the  actual  sur- 
face of  a  vessel  to  give,  when  substituted  for  the  actual 
quantity  in  estimations  of  the  speed  of  a  vessel,  results 
which  conform  to  the  actual  performance. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  greater  in  size, 
amount,  degree,  etc. ;  increase ;  grow  larger. 

The  winds  redouble  and  the  streams  augment. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  i.  4(>6. 

Her  fears  augmented  as  her  comforts  fled. 

Crabbe,  Tales  of  the  HalL 

augmentable  (ag-men'ta-bl),  a.  [<  augment 
+  -abli-.]  Capable  of  being  augmented  or  in- 
creased. 

augmentation  (ag-men-ta'shon),  n.  [<  ML. 
augmentatiii{n-),  <  LL.  augmentare,  pp.  augmen- 
taius,  augment:  see  augment,  v.]  1.  The  act 
of  increasing  or  making  larger  by  addition,  ex- 
pansion, or  dilatation;  the  act  of  adtling  to  or 
enlarging ;  the  state  or  condition  of  being  made 
larger. 

Bacon,  holding  that  this  method  was  insufficient  and 
futile  for  the  augmentation  of  real  and  useful  knowledge, 
published  his  Novum  Organon. 

Wheuwll,  Nov.  Org.  Eenovatum,  Pref. 

2.  That  by  which  anything  is  augmented ;  an 
atldition:  as,  the  augmentation  amounted  to 
§500  a  year. 

He  does  smile  his  face  into  more  lines  than  are  to  the 
new  map  with  the  augmentation  of  the  Indies. 

Shale,  T.  N.,  iii.  2. 

Specifically — 3.  In  music,  where  much  repe- 
tition and  imitation  of  themes  is  required,  the 
modification  of  a  theme 
or  subject  by  systemati- 
cally increasingthe  origi- 
nal time-value  of  all  its 
notes. — 4.  In  her.,  an  ad- 
ditional charge  to  a  coat- 
armor,  granted  as  a  mark 
of  honor  to  an  armiger. 
It  is  borne  on  an  ordinai-y  or 
subordinary  in  such  a  way  as 
to  be  evidently  an  addition  to 
the  paternal  coat,  and  in  an- 
cient times  was  more  rarely 
used  as  an  addition  to  the  bear- 
ings on  the  field.  Also  called 
addition. 

5.  In  jMthol.,  same  as 
augment,  3 — Augmenta- 
tion Court,  in  England,  a  court  established  by  Henry 
VIII.  to  augment  the  revenues  of  the  crown  by  the  sup- 
pression of  monasteries.  It  was  dissolved  on  the  accession 
of  IJueen  Mary.-  By  augmentation,  in  England,  a  phrase 
formerly  used  in  the  aiiiiv-iui .motion  lists  to  signify  that 
an  officer's  appoiiitiueiit  liad  been  conferred  by  the  crea- 
tion of  a  new  patent,  not  by  the  purchase  of  an  old  one. — 
Process  of  augmentation,  in  Scotland,  a  process  in  the 
teind  court,  raised  bv  the  minister  of  a  parish  against  the 
titular  and  heritors,  'for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  an  aug- 
mentation of  his  stipend. 
augmentationer  (ag-men-ta  shon-er),  n.  An 
ollic-cr  bplongiug  to  the  Augmentation  Court 
(which  see,  under  augmentation). 

Here  now  I  speak  to  you  my  masters,  minters,  augmen' 
tationers.  Latimer,  2d  Sermou  bef.  Edw.  'VI.,  1550. 


Arms  of  first  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington with  the  augmenta- 
tion granted  to  him,  viz..  ^« 
Inescutcftean  cf  Engtand. 
( From  Bouteira  "  Herald- 
ry.") 


augur 

augmentati'7e  (ag-men'ta-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=  F. 
augmcntaiif,  <  LL.  as  if  * augmentativus,  <  aug- 
mentare,   pp.   augmcntatus:    see  augment,   v.] 

1.  a.  1.  Having  the  quality  or  power  of  aug- 
menting.—  2.  In  gram.,  exjiressing  augmenta- 
tion or  increase  in  the  force  of  the  idea  con- 
veyed: applied  both  to  words  and  to  afBxes 
which  effect  this. 

II.  n.  A  word  formed  to  express  increased 
intensity  of  the  idea  conveyed  by  it,  or  an  affix 
wliicli  Kci'ves  this  pui'pose. 

Also  augmenfii'e. 

augmentatively  (ag-men'ta^tiv-li),   adv.    So 

as  to  augment  or  increase ;  in  the  manner  of  an 
'  augment. 
augmenter  (ag-men't6r),  n.    One  who  or  that 

wiiifii  augments. 
augmentive  (ag-men'tiv),  a.  and  n.     [<  aug 

mint  -t-  -ire.]     Same  as  augmentatire. 
augmentless  (ag'ment-les),  a.     [<  augment  + 

-less.']      Without  an  augment.      Amir.  Jour. 

Fhilot.,  VI.  276. 
augoert,  augret,  "•   Obsolete  spellings  of  auger. 
au  gratin  (6  gni-tan').     [P.]     With  the  burnt 

part:  done  brown. 

augrimt,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  algorism. 
augrim-stonest,  «.  Jil.    Stones  used  as  counters 

in  arithmetical  calculations,  some  standing  for 

units,  others  for  tens,  etc. 

His  augrim-stoones,  leyen  faire  apart. 

Cfmucer,  Miller's  Tale. 

Augsburg  Confession.    See  confession. 

augur  (a'ger),  «.  [<  ME.  augur,  <  L.  augur,  ear- 
lier auger,  of  uncertain  origin,  perhaps  <  avis,  a 
bird  (cf.  au-spex  and  au-cupation),  +  -gur,  con- 
nected with  garrire,  talk,  chatter.]  1.  Among 
the  ancient  Eomans,  a  functionary  whose  duty 
it?was  to  obser^'e  and  to  interpret,  according  to 
traditional  rules,  the 
auspices,  or  reputed 
natural  signs  concera- 
ing  future  events. 
These  auspices  were  stud- 
ied, witha  ttxed  ceremonial, 
in  the  following  classes  of 
phenomena:  (1)  signs  from 
the  heavens,  including 
thunder  and  lightning,  and 
other  meteorological  mani- 
festations; (2)  signs  from 
the  direction  of  fligiit  or 
the  various  cries  of  birds  ; 
(3)  signs  from  the  manner 
of  eating  of  domestic  hens 
kept  for  this  purpose  ;  (4) 
signs  from  the  movements 
and  attitudes  of  animals  ; 
(5)  evil  omens  from  various 
fortuitous  incidents,  such 
as  the  fall  of  any  object, 
the  gnawing  of  a  mouse, 
the  creaking  of  a  chair, 
etc.,  occuiTiug  during  the 
augural     ceremonies,     or 

when  these  were  about  to  begin. .  The  official  or  public 
augurs,  who  constituted  a  college,  probably  frrtinded  by 
Nunia,  were  originally  three  in  number.  By  the  time  of 
Tartplin  they  Inxd  been  increased  to  six.  After  300  B.  C- 
the  number  became  nine,  of  whom  five  must  be  plebeians. 
Sulla  made  the  number  fifteen  ;  Julius  Cfesar,  sixteen,  not 
including  his  owji  official  membership  in  his  character  of 
perpetual  chief  priest  and  dictator ;  and  toward  the  close 
of  the  empire  the  number  was  still  further  increased. 
The  augurs  wore  the  sacerdotal  prsetexta,  or  toga  with  a 
broad  purple  border,  and  their  distinctive  emblem  was 
till-  t  iirved  rod  called  the  lituus,  with  which  they  marked 
out  the  limits  of  the  templum  or  boundary  within  which 
the  omens  with  which  they  had  to  do  were  to  be  observed. 
Before  any  public  business  or  ceremony  was  undertaken 
the  augurs  decided  whether  the  auspices  were  propitious, 
or  wliether  unfavorable  omens  demanded  intelTuption  or 
delay  ;  they  conducted  the  inauguration  or  exauguration 
of  priests, 'temples,  and  places,  such  as  new  settlements, 
and  fixed  the  times  of  movable  festivals.  In  the  engrav- 
ing, the  figure  holds  the  lituus  in  his  right  hand,  while 
one  of  the  sacred  fowls  appears  at  his  feet. 
Hence  —  2.  One  who  pretends  to  foretell  future 
events  by  omens;  a  soothsayer;  a  prophet; 
one  who  bodes,  forebodes,  or  portends. 
Axigur  of  ill,  whose  tongue  was  never  found 
Without  a  priestly  curse  or  boding  sound. 
«  Dryden,  Iliad,  i.  155. 

augur  (a'ger),  v.  [=  F.  augurer  =  Sp.  Pg.  au- 
gurar  =  It.  augurare,  <  L.  augurari;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  irans.  1.  To  prognosticate  from 
signs,  omens,  or  indications;  predict;  antici- 
pate :  with  a  personal  subject. 

I  did  augur  all  this  to  him  beforehand. 

B.  Jonson,  Poet.aster,  i.  1. 

I  augur  everything  from  the  approbation  the  proposal 

has  met  with.  Sir  J.  Hcrsehel. 

2.  To  betoken ;  forebode :  with  a  non-personal 
or  impersonal  subject. 

Sooth  was  my  prophecy  of  fear ; 
Believe  it  when  it  augurs  cheer. 

Seott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iv.  11- 
—  Syn.2.  To  portend,  presage,  foreshadow,  be  ominous  oL 


Augur. 
(From  a  Roman  bas-relief.) 


augur 
H.  intrans.  1.  To  conjecture  from  signs  or 
omens. 

My  power's  a  crescent,  and  my  aurniriiitj  hope 
Says  it  will  come  to  the  fulL    Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  tie  a  sign ;  bode :  with  well  or  iU. 

It  aufjurs  ill  ioT  an  imdertaking  ...  to  find  such  dis- 
Eenrions  in  headquarters.  IF.  Belnham,  Hist.  Eng. 

angural  (a'gu-ral),  a.  [<  L.  auffuralis,  pertain- 
ing to  an  augur,  <  augur,  augur.]  Pertaining 
to  an  augur,  or  to  the  duties  or  profession  of  an 
augur ;  of  or  pertaining  to  divination ;  ominous : 
as.  '  portents  augural,"  Cowper. 

augnrateit  (a'gn-rat),  v.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
augurated,  ppr.  augurating.  [<  L.  auguratug, 
pp.  of  augurari,  augur:  see  augur,  v.,  and-<(/c2.] 
To  conjecture  or  foretell  by  augury;  predict; 
act  as  an  augur. 

1  aurruratid  truly  tlie  improvement  they  would  receive 
thia  way.  Warburton,  To  Uurd,  Letters,  cii. 

augurate^  (a'gn-rat),  Ji.  [<  L.  auguratus,  the 
office  of  augur,  <  augur:  see  augur,  «.,  and 
-attS.]     The^offiee  of  augur;  augurship. 

augnrationt  (a-gu-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  augura- 
tio(n-),  <  augurari,  pp.  auguratus,  augur:  see 
augur,  r.]  The  practice  of  augury,  or  the  fore- 
telling of  events  by  signs  or  omens:  as,  "tri- 
pudiarv  augurations,"  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg. 
Err.,  i."  11. 

augurelf,  "•  [Fox*auger,  for  'algere,  appar.  < 
D.  aalgeer,  aalger,  elger,  <  aal  (=  E.  eel)  +  -gcr 
(=  AS.  gar),  a  spear:  see  gar^,  gore-.'i  An 
eel-spear. 

augnre-t,  "■  [Also  augur,  <  OF.  augure,  <  L. 
augurium  :  see  augury.^    Augury. 

augurert  (a'ger-er),  H.    An  augur.     Shak. 

angurial  (a-gii'ri-al),  a.  [<  L.  auguridlis,  col- 
lateral form  of  auguralis:  see  augural.']  Of  or 
pertaining  to  augurs  or  augury;  augural. 

As  for  the  dirination  or  decision  from  the  staff,  it  is  an 
ttumrinl  relic.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

angnrismt  (&'ger-izm),  ».     [<  augur  +  -ism.} 

Augury. 
anguristt  (^'ger-ist),  n.     [<  augur  +  -ist.    Cf. 

augurizf.]    An  augur, 
augurizet  (a'ger-iz),  r.  t.  or  j.    [<  augur  +  -tjc] 

To  aut;ur  ;  act  as  an  augur, 
auguroust   (a'ger-us),   a.      [<  augur  +  -oms.] 

Predicting;  foretelling;  foreboding. 
ITesaging  in  their  au^urou.^  hearts. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  xviii.  191. 

augursllip  (a'ger-ship),  n.  [<  augur  +  -ship.] 
The  office  or  period  of  office  of  an  augur. 
augury  (a'gii-ri),  n. ;  pi.  auguries  (-riz).  [<  MT]. 
augury,  <  OF.  augurie  (ME.  also  augure,  <  OF. 
augure)  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  augurio,  <  L.  augurium, 
di\ination,  prognostication,  omen,  <  augur,  au- 
gur: see  augur,  h.]  1.  The  art  or  practice  of 
ForetelUng  events  by  signs  or  omens, 
she  knew  by  ai/ywn/  divine. 

Su^t,  Cadenus  and  Vanessa. 
The  throne  and  sceptre  of  Ithaca  were  to  be  disposed 
by  auffury,  by  the  wiU  of  Jove,  signified  by  some  omen. 
J.  Attatm,  Works,  IV'.  571. 

2.  That  which  forebodes ;  that  from  which  a 
prediction  is  dran-n;  an  omen  or  significant 
token. 

Sad  auffurieg  of  winter  thence  slie  drew. 

Drydxn,  Hind  ami  I'anther,  iii.  441. 
I  hall  this  interchange  of  sentiment  ...  as  an  augur}i 
that  .  .  .  the  peace  and  friendship  which  now  exist  be- 
tween the  two  nations  will  be  .  .  .  perpetual. 

Lincoln,  in  Itayniond,  p.  402. 

3.  Figuratively,  indication  ;  presage ;  promise. 
lll«  diligence  at  school  .  .  .  gave  afi/iurj/ tt{  his  futni-e 

acconi[dlHhmentJi.  Sunuicr,  John  I'lckering. 

~  Syn.  I'firtf.nt,  Siffn,  etc.    Sec  om*-n. 

august^  (il-gust'),  a.     [=  F.  augusle  =  Sp.  Fg. 

It.  iiuguslo,  <  Ij.  auguslus,  veiirnitdi',  worthy  of 

liiiiiDr  'iiMsuraed  as  a  title  by  Octavius  Ctcsar 

and  liin  Hui:cessorH),  perhaps  orig.  'consecrated 

by  augury,'  <  augur,  augur  (<'f.  robust,  <  Ij.  ro- 

liunluK,<.   rohur);   but  uMually  associated  with 

iiiiiiirr,  inoronsp,  extol:   sen  auclinn.]     1.    In- 

•I'c  and   admiration;    inajr^i^tic ; 

I  (ir  Htatoly ;  Hulilimc;  iiiagiiiU- 

rth  n  yet  au'/iiji^rr  thing, 
1 1  It  Ih',  than  parliament  or  king. 

lri'//i/!r. 
Th*!  oti  /!,.(  (b,;c  „f  Truth.       Whillirr,  Eve  of  i;iicllon. 
ThU  wa^  an  i-tti'riHlvn  and  maanlflccnt  slnn-tum,  the 
creation  of  till!  |.rii..  ■  s  own  eccentric  yet  nuqiiMi  tANte. 

/'«!,  Tabu,  I.  :i;i(». 

2.  V' -  ■'  Mpful;  eminent.  =8yn.  Mn'*- 

'''.  '  '  ftil.  lni|Mi(ilrii.'. 

AugU  [<  MK.  .lugujil,  Augnt,  bIbo 

.^^.«/,  n;;.  rOl  .  Ami.tl,  mod.  F.  AmH  =  Hp.  I';.'. 
It. .(f/'>«/..=:I).  Auriii':iu«  =  (i.  I)un.  /(«f/«.«/  =  Sw. 
AuguJili  =  U.1S8.  Aigiutu  =  Or.  MyovnTui,  <  L. 


380 

Augustus  (se.  mensis,  month),  August ;  so  named 
by  the  emperor  Augustus  Csesar  (see  augusf^)  hi 
his  own  honor,  following  the  example  of  Julius 
Ciesar,  who  gave  his  name  to  the  preceding 
month,  July.  The  earlier  name  of  Augiist  was 
Sextilis  (<  scxtus  =  E.  sixth,  it  lielug  the  sixth 
month  in  the  old  calendar).]  The  eighth  month 
of  the  year,  containing  thirty-one  days,  reckon- 
ed the  first  month  of  autumn  in  Great  Britain, 
but  the  last  of  summer  in  the  United  States. 
See  month. 
august^  (a'gnst),  r.  t.  [=  T.aoiiter,  ripen,  = 
Sp.  agostar,  be  parched,  dial,  plow  laud  in 
August,  pasture  cattle  on  stubble  iu  sum- 
mer (see  agostadero);  from  August",  n.]  If. 
To  make  brown  or  simbm-nt.  Eielyn. —  2.  To 
ripen;  bring  to  fruition.     [Poetical.] 

He  for  .  .  .  dear  natii>ns  toiled, 
And  auijitsted  mans  heavenly  hopes. 

Baileij,  llystic,  1.  65.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

augusta  (a-gus'ta),  II.  [See  nH(7»sfl.]  A  name 
given  iu  Central  America  to  a  valuable  timber- 
tree,  the  botanical  relations  of  which  are  un- 
knomi. 
augustal  (a-gus'tal),  n.  [<  L.  Augustalis.  relat- 
ing to  Augustus,  the  title  assumed  by  the  em- 
perors, <  augustus,  venerable  :  see  augusf^.]  1. 
Under  the  ancient  Roman  empire  :  («)  A  priest 
of  the  lares  at  the  cross-roads,  an  office  first 
established  by  Augustus.  (6)  A  priest  of  a 
college  or  brotherhood  (sotlahs  .4ugustales)  of 
members  of  the  imperial  house  and  some  other 
persons  of  high  rank,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
maintain  the  religious  rites  of  the  Julian  fam- 
ily: instituted  by  Tiberius,  (c)  A  member  of  a 
private  college  or  corporation,  of  which  tliere 
were  many  iu  Rome  and  throughout  the  prov- 
inces, formed  to  do  reverence,  by  religious 
ceremonies  and  otherwise,  to  the  memory  of 
Augustus,  and,  at  a  later  date,  to  pay  divine 
honors  to  the  reigning  emperor  also.  The  office 
of  augustal  became  hereditary,  and  cai-ried  with  it  the 
assessment  of  certain  public  dues,  and  the  giving  to  the 
public  of  stated  feasts  and  shows.  The  augustals  wore  di.s- 
tinctive  ornaments,  had  places  of  honor  in  the  theaters, 
and  enjoyed  other  privileges,  (rf)  Under  the  early 
empire,  a  general  name  for  subaltern  officers 
of  the  legion. —  2.  The  name  of  an  Italian  gold 

coin,  weigh- 
ing from  30 
to  40  grains, 
issued  in 

the  thirteenth 
century       by 
tlie     emperor 
Frederick   II. 
as  king  of  Si- 
cily.   It  bears 
a  resemblance  to  gold  coins  of  the  ancient  Ro- 
man empire. 
augustalis   (a-gtis-ta'lis),   «.;   pi.  augustales 

(-lez).  Same  as  augustal,  2. 
Augustan  (a-gus'tau),  a.  [<  L.  Auguslaiius, 
jiertaiuiiig  to  Augustus,  or  to  cities  named 
.lugusta:  see  August^.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
Emperor  Augustus  (31  B.  c.  to  A.  D.  14) :  as, 
the  .luguxtan  age.  The  Augustan  age  was  the  most 
brilliant  jiei'iod  in  Roman  literature;  hence  the  phrase 
has  been  applied  by  analogy  to  siinilar  periods  In  the  lit- 
erary history  of  other  countries.  Thus  the  reign  of  Louis 
XIV.  hits  been  called  the  Aniin-ntan  age  of  French  litera- 
ture. whll«!  that  of  tincen  Aiwie  has  received  this  distinc- 
tion in  I'^nglish. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  town  Augusta  Vindelico- 
rum,  now  Augsburg,  in  Bavaria:  as,  the  .■(«- 
gustau  Confession,  commonly  called  tho  Augs- 
burg Confessifui.  See  roufeasidn. 
Augustin,  Augustine  (a-gus'tin  or  ft'gus-tin), 
».  |<  Ii.  Aiiiiiisliinin,  It  proper  name,  <  Augus- 
tus, iiaiiici  of  liimiaii  eniporors:  ni>o  .iugust". 
Tlie  name  .tustin  is  a  (•(intract  inn  <if  .tii/iusliii.] 
A  name  I'oriiierly  given  to  a  iiieiiiliir  of  one  of 
tho  monastic  fraternities  following  tlie  rule 
of  St.  Augustine,  i^co  Augustiuiau.  Augustine 
dlnputatlon,  a  ilispulailon  formerly  held  at  cixtord  on 

Ihe  f,  UKl  i.(  ,s|.  AllKilsline. 

AugUBtinian  (a-gus-tin'i-an),  o.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Augustnius,  AiigiiHtiiie.]  I,  a.  Ridating  or 
pertaining  to  SI.  Augustine  or  liis  doctrines,  or 
to  the  order  of  monks  following  liis  rule. 

II.  II.  1.  A  ineiiilier  of  <ine  of  several  reli- 
gious orders  deriving  their  name  and  rule  from 
Ht.  AiigiiMline.  The  regnhir  ranoim  ol  St.  Angin.lln.-, 
or  AiiHtlii  raiioiiH.  were  Introdneed  liiloUrenl  Hrllaiii  H(Min 

after  mm,  nlKl  liadlionnesHl  I'ontefrael,  S le    lliilyrooil. 

etc.  Tlie  lieriiillji  of  SI.  Aiignslliii',  or  y\ii»llM  Krlars,  now 
known  lift  AiigiiHtiiibinH.  fnrni  one  of  the  four  nieiHlieiint 
orrlem  of  the  Konutn  riitholle  t'hnreli;  lliey  were  grillierr-i| 
Into  one  body  from  neveriil  congregrillonH  in  tlir-  middle  of 
tlietblrleentli  century.  A  refonni^d  braneb  of  IhiKordr-r  Im 
known  OS  tUv  bar^/uol0U  AuffUMtiniann.    There  have  iiIh" 


aulacanthid 

been  various  congregations  of  nuns  called  by  this  name; 
and  many  othere  follow  the  rule  of  St.  Augustine,  as  the 
Hospital  Sisters  of  the  Hotel-llieu  in  France,  Canada,  etc. 
2.  In  theol.,  one  who  adopts  the  \iews  of  St.  Au- 
gustine, especially  his  doctrines  of  predestina- 
tion and  ii-resistible  grace.  See  graer. —  3.  One 
of  a  sect  of  the  sixteenth  century,  wliich  main- 
tained that  the  gates  of  heaven  will  not  be  open 
till  the  general  resurrection. 

Augustinianism  (ii-gns-tin'i-an-izm),  11.  [< 
Augustinian  +  -ism.]  1.  The  doctrines  of  St. 
Augustine. — 2.  The  rules  and  practice  of  the 
Augustinians. 

augustly  (a-gust'li),  adr.  In  an  august  man- 
ner; majesticallj". 

augustness  (a-gust'nes),  II.  The  quality  of 
being  august;  dignity  of  mien;  grandeur; 
magnificence. 

He  was  daunted  at  the  aufjuntncss  of  such  an  assembly. 

Sltaftenburif. 

auk^  (ak),  n.  [Also  wiitton  atrk,  E.  dial,  alk,  < 
Icel.  alka,  dlka  =  Sw.  alkn  =  Dan.  alk :  >  NL.  Al- 
ca,  q.  v.]  A  diving  bird  belonging  to  the  fam- 
ily Alcidw  and  the  order  I'ygojwdes,  character- 
ized by  haWng  3  toes,  webbed  feet,  and  short 
wings  and  tail.  Originally  the  name  was  siicciflcally 
applied  to  the  great  ank.  or  garefowl,  A  tea  intpcnni.^.  whieil 
became  extinct  about  1S44.  notable  as  the  largest  bird  of 
the  family  and  the  only  one  deprived  of  the  power  of  flight 
by  reason  of  the  sinallness  of  its  wings,  though  these  were 
as  perfectly  formed  as  in  other  birils.  It  was  about  XO 
inches  long,  the  length  of  the  wing  being  only  about  ti 
inches.  Us  color  w;is  dark-brown  above  and  white  below, 
with  a  large  white  spot  before  the  eye.  It  abounded  on 
both  coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic,  nearly  or  (luite  to  the 
arctic  circle,  and  south  on  the  American  side  to  Massa- 
chusetts. The  name  came  to  be  also  speeilieally  ai>plied 
to  the  razor-billed  auk,  Alra  or  Vtamania  ttn-tfa,  a  simi- 
lar but  much  smaller  species,  about  15  inches  long,  with 
a  white  line  instead  of  a  spot  before  the  eye ;  and  tinally, 
as  a  book-name,  it  was  made  synonymous  with  Atcidit: 
Several  North  Pacific  species  still  bear  the  name,  as  the 
rhinoceros  auk  {Ct-'ratorhina  monoccrata),  the  crested  auk 
(Simorhiinctttts  crijitateUHs),  etc. ;  but  other  sjiecial  names 
are  usually  found  for  most  of  the  birds  of  this  family,  as 
jntfin,  murre,  ;nirttemot,  dvirki,:,  atdtct,  etc.  There  are 
al'out  24  species  belonging  to  the  family.  .See  .ilea.  At. 
ciihi: 

auk-t,  «■    Same  as  awk^. 

auklet  (ak'let),  H.  [<  auk  +  dim.  -let.]  A  lit- 
tle auk.    Speeilieally  applied  to  several  small  species  of 


Obverse.  Rcversc- 

August.-il,  in  the  Britihh  Museum.    (Stzeof  the 

original.) 


Crested  Auklet  [Simarfij'Hc/iuf  crisfntellm), 

AleidfX,  of  the  genera  Simorhynthuit,  Ombria,  and  Pt^i- 
cliovhamphus,  as  the  crested  liuklet,  .Simorht/nrluijt  cnf. 
littitlns;  the  iiarrakeet  auklet,  Ombria  p.tilfactda ;  tho 
Ali'lltijin  atlklet.  Ptttc/inrtiam/ilius  att-'uHciin. 

aul  (al),  II.  [E.  dial.,  a  reduction  of  aldcr'^.] 
The  alder. 

When  the  bud  of  tho  aid  is  as  big  as  tho  trout's  eye. 
Then  that  Ilsh  is  ill  season  in  the  river  Wye. 

Local  Kn<i.  propcrb. 

aula  (a'lii),  11.;  pi.  aula'  (-hi),  [h.,  a  hall,  a 
court,  <  Ur.  ai'?u;;,  a  hall,  a  court,  orig.  an  open 
court,  prob.  as  being  open  to  tlie  air,  <  <i>/rn/, 
lilow:  see  «(')'l,  aura,  and  (isthmii ;  cf.  ni'viir,  a 
pipe,  flute.]  1.  A  court  or  hall. —  2.  [NL.] 
In  anal.,  the  anterior  portion  of  thi>  third  ven- 
tricle of  tlie  brain,  corresponiling  to  the  cavity 
of  the  priniitivo  ]iri)seiici|ilialoii ;  a  niesal  ]ior- 
tion  ot"  the  coininon  ^■enll■i^ular  cavity  ol"  tile 
brain;  in  tlu>  ani]iliiliian  brain,  the  ventricle  of 
the  unpaired  cerebral  nidinii'iil. —  3.  [Nlj.]  In 
CO"/.,  the  cavity  of  a  colony  of  iiifusorians,  as 
meinliers  of  I'lilrox  or  Eudoriua.  A.  Hyatt. — 
Aula  Regla  or  ROKlsdloval  or  Kings  ('oiirll."a  emot 
eHtalilished  Ijy  Willi.'iio  Ihi-  Conuinror  in  bis  own  Imll, 
wluMiee  (he  name.  It  was  c<Miipnsed  of  tile  great  otilcers 
of  Htiite  resitleiit  in  the  palate,  of  the  King's  JiiHtlelurH,  and 
(lie  greater  barons.  It  formed  an  iiilviHory  body  tunisultetl 
by  Ihe  king  tn  matters  of  great  liniiorttiuce.  Also  called 
I'Hiia  Hcj/iH.     i^vc  curia,  2. 

Aulacantha   (A-la-kan'tliii),   )i.      [Nli.,   <  Or. 

iii/t'ir,  )iipi'.  Iiilie,  4-  ('i/(t;r('ri,  a  spine.]      A  genus 

of  railiolnriaiiH,  re]>reHeiitiiig  a  pofiiliiir  fiiniily, 

tho  .liitiii-inithiila:     llarrhl,  IHCid. 
aulacanthid  ((l-la-Uiin'tliid),  n.     A  railiolnriiin 

oi  Ihe  laiiiily  Aiilacauthida: 


Ground-pig  ^Anlacodus  s-wtndertaniis) 


Aulacanthidse 

Aulacanthidae  (a-la-kan'thi-de),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Aidacaiilka  +  -khe.']  A  family  of  tripyleaus 
or  aeautliarian  radiolarians,  with  a  skeleton 
consisting  of  a  superficial  pallium  of  five  tan- 
gential tu'bes  and  a  number  of  strong  radial 
spipulos,  simple  or  branched,  which  pierce  the 
mantle.  They  mo  diTp-sfii  <iri;uiiisias,  and  are  divided 
into  a  imniinT  of  ;;eiR'ia,  as  .iuliifautha,  Aidmpathlx, 
Aiiloatj'ln^,  Aidu'/cti'lnnii,  etc.     Ilari-hH. 

aulacode(a'la-kod),m.    l<JiiJn<-ofhis.']    A  spiny 
grcHuid-rat  of  the  genus  Juhicodus. 
Aulacodus  (a-la-ko'dus),  n.   [ML.,  <  Gr.  avla^,  a 
furrow,  +  orfoi'f,' tooth.]    1.  A  genus  of  rodents, 

of  the  family 
j/     ,        OctodontidfV 
•  v  L'^        and  subfami- 
^..,  v-^  ]y      lichimi/}- 

nee,  including 
one  African 
species,  J. 
sioindcrianus, 
Swinder's  au- 
lacode,  the 
ground-pig.  It 
is  a  large  l»ur- 
rowing  animal, 
ali'Mit  2  felt  Innjx,  with  a  stent  body,  short  liinlis,  ears,  and 
tail,  llatti'ned  and  elianneled  bristly  hairs  like  spines,  and 
trii'ly  grooved  tei-tli. 

2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous    insects.      Esch- 
sdwU:,  1832. 
aulse,  ".     Plural  of  aula. 
aularian  (a-la'ri-an),  a.  and  «.    [<  ML.  aularis, 

<  L.  aula,  hall.]     I.  a.  Relating  to  a  hall. 

II.  n.  At  English  universities,  especially  Ox- 
ford, a  member  of  a  hall,  as  distinguished  from 
a  collegian. 

aulary  (a'la-ri),  a.  [<  ML.  aularis:  see  aula- 
r!ait.~\    Same  as  aularian. 

aulatela  (a-la-te'lii),  «.;  pi.  aulatda:  (-le). 
[NL.,  iiTe^.  (."aula  (see  aula)  +  L.  tela,  a  web.] 
In  aiiat.,  the  atrophied  or  mem'branous  roof  of 
the  aula.     See  aula,  2. 

aulbet,  ".     Ad  obsolete  form  of  alJA. 

auld  (aid),  a.     [Sc,  =  E.  old,  q.  v.]     Old. 

Take  tliine  auld  cloak  about  thee. 

Quoted  in  tilmli.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

AuldWrkle.  See  Mrtie.— Auld  lang  syne.  [Aidd-Y.. 
ol<l :  In  nil  -  v..  hull  I :  xinir  -  K.  si /we:  see  titjiu'.]  A  Scotch 
Iitn;tse  detn.tinv;-  da.\.s  or  times  long  since  past,  especially 
li:ipp,\  timis.  — Auld  Wives'  tongues,  an  old  name  of  the 
asp,  !''iii>'Ui^  Irininhi.   "This  tree  is  the  matter  whereof 

unnien  s  t ^s  were  made,  as  the  poets  and  some  others 

repni't,  uhieli  seldoni  cease  wagging."    Gerard. 

Auldana  (al-da'nit),  «.  An  Australian  red  wine. 

auld-farand,  auld-farrant  (ald-fa'rand,  -rant), 
'(.  [Sc,  <  auld  +  farand.']  Having  the  wa3'S 
or  thoughts  of  an  old  person ;  resembling  an 
old  or  at  least  a  grown-up  person ;  hence,  saga- 
cious ;  wily;  knowing  more  than  was  expected : 
most  frequently  applied  to  children.    [Scotch.] 

aulen  (a'len),  a.  [E.  dial.,  a  reduction  of  al- 
dirii.  Gt.aul.']    Aldern ;  of  alder.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

auletes  (a-le'tez),  11. ;  i)l.  aidetai  (-ti).  [Gr. 
m'/.i/ri/i:,  <  ah'Aclv,  play  on  the  flute,  <  av?6g,  a 
flute,  a  pipe,  tube,  <  aijvai,  blow.  Cf.  aida.']  Li 
ancient  Greece,  a  flute-player. 

Before  him  on  the  right  stands  an  auletes. 

Cat.  of  Vases  in  Brit.  Museum,  II.  86. 

auletic  (;l-let'ik),  o.  [<  L.  auleticus,  <  Gr.  av?.ri- 
Tijfiif,  of  or  for  the  flute  (cf.  avhirr/c,  a  flute- 
player),  <  avAav,  play  on  the  flute :  see  auletes.^ 
Pertaining  to  instruments  of  the  flute  kind. 

It  is  true  that  the  ancients  also  had  an  instrnmental 
music  separate  from  poetry;  but  while  this  in  modern 
times  has  been  coming  more  and  more  to  lie  the  crown  of 
nuisical  art.  it  was  confined  in  antiquity  to  the  kitiiaristic 
and  auletie  nonies.  J.  Hadley,  Essays,  p.  90. 

auletris  (a-le'tris),  n. ;  pi.  auletridcs  (-tri-dez). 
[Gr.  avAi/rpit:,  fem.  of  ah'A?]T7i(:  see  anletcs.'i  In 
ancient  Greece,  a  fe- 
male flute-player. 

In  the  centre  an  auletris, 
looking  to  the  right,  playing 
on  the  double  flute. 

Cat.  o/  Vases  in  Brit. 
[Muaeuin,  II.  15. 

aillic  (a'lik),  a.  and  n. 
[<  L.  aulicus,  <  Gr.  ab'Ai- 
K(ic,  of  the  court,  <  avAi/, 
court:  see  aula.'\  I.  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  royal 
court.  In  the  old  German 
empire,  the  Aulic  Council  was 
the  personal  council  of  the 
emperor,  and  one  of  the  two 
supreme  courts  of  the  em- 
pire which  decided  without 
appeal.      It    was    instituted 

about     1.502,    and     organized         Auletris.- Performer    on    tlie 

under  a  definite  constitution  i^.S^^.tH^l^^T.-.^'^'^^ 
m  1559,  modified  m  1654.    It    century  b.c.) 


381 

finally  consisted  of  a  president,  a  vice-president,  and 
eighteen  councilors,  six  of  whom  were  Protestants;  the 
luianimous  vote  of  the  latter  could  not  be  set  aside  by 
tile  others.  The  Aulic  Council  ceased  to  exist  on  the  e.\- 
tinetion  o!  the  German  empire  in  1800.  The  title  is  now 
given  to  the  Council  of  State  of  the  iCnipcror  of  Austria. 
Also  aidirid. 

2.  [<  aidn,  2.]  In  atiat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
aula.     Il'ildor. 

II.  n.  Formerly,  in  the  LTniversity  of  Paris, 
the  ceremony  of  conferring  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor in  theology,  iucliuling  a  harangue  by  the 
chancellor  and  a  dispulation  upon  a  thesis 
written  and  defended  by  the  candidate :  so 
called  because  it  was  held  in  the  great  hall  of 
the  archbishopric. 

aulical  (a'li-kal),  a.     Same  as  aulic,  1. 

aulicism  (a'li-sizm),  )(.  [<  aulic  +  -ism.'\  A 
courtly  jilirase  or  expression. 

aulin  (a'lin),  II.  [Also  written  allin,  alien,  al- 
laii ;  according  to  Edmonston  (Shetland  Gloss. ) 

<  Icel.  "iilinn,  a  parasite  "  (cf.  the  specific  name 
jirtrasiticus),  jirop.  one  fed,  .being  pp.  of  ala, 
bear,  nourish,  feed:  see  oKel  and  aW.]  The 
arctic  gull,  Sicrcorarius  j>arasilirii.<:,  also  call- 
ed dirtij-allen,  scouti/-aiiliii  or  aidiii-sroiili/,  and 
skait-hird.     See  ncoutii-aiiliii  and  akitU-liird. 

aulin-SCOUty  (a'lin-skou"ti),  n.    Same  as  aulin. 

auliplexus  (a-li-plek'sus),  n. ;  pi.  auliplexus  or 
aidiplextifies  (-ez).  [NL.,  <  aida,  2,  -f-  plc.ru.^^.'\ 
In  anat.,  the  aulic  portion  of  the  diaplexus; 
that  part  of  the  choroid  plexus  which  is  in  the 
aula.  See  aula,  2.  Wilder  and,  Gage,  Anat. 
Tech.,  p.  473. 

aulmonieret,  ".    See  aumdniere. 

aulnt,  "■     See  aiine. 

aulnaget,  »•    See  alnage. 

aulnagert,  «•     See  alnager. 

aulophyte  (ii'lo-flt),  n.  [<  Gr.  ahUi;,  a  pipe, 
tube,  -t-  ipv-tiv,  a  plant.]  A  plant  living  within 
another,  but  chiefly  for  shelter,  not  parasiti- 
cally,  as  some  minute  algse. 

Aulopora  (a-lop'o-ra),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  av7.6q,  a 
pipe,  +  -iTopQt;,  a  pore.]  A  genus  of  fossil  sclero- 
dermatous corals,  of  the  group  Tubulosa,  giving 
name  to  a  family  Aulopurida:. 

aulorhynchid  (a-lo-ring'kid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  ,( idoylii/iicJiidrr. 

Aulorhynchidse  (a-lo-ring'ki-de),  u.jjI.    [NL., 

<  Anhiiliiincliiia  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  hemi- 
branchiate  fishes,  with  an  elongated  subcylin- 
drical  body,  elongated  tubiform  snout,  sides 
with  rows  of  bony  shields,  and  subthoracic 
ventral  fins  having  a  spine  and  four  rays  each. 

Aulorhynchus  (a-lo-ring'kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ai/AAi;,  a  flute,  pipe,  +  pt'jA'or,  snout.]  A  genus 
of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  AidiirliyneMda\ 
A.  fliiridiis,  the  only  known  species,  occiu's  on 
the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States. 

Aulosphaera  (a-lo-sfe'ra),  71.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  alMc, 
a  pipe,  +  aijiaipa,'  sphere.]  A  genus  of  radio- 
larians, typical  of  the  family  Aulosphicridee. 

Aulosphaeridae  (a-lo-sfe'ri-de),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  < 

Aidiisjiliirra  +  -ida'.J  A  family  of  tripj'lean 
or  acantharian  radiolarians,  with  a  fenestrated 
shell  composed  in  a  peculiar  fashion  of  hollow 
tubes.  It  is  a  group  of  several  deep-sea  gen- 
era, as  Aulosiiluera,  Aulopidegma,  etc.    Haeckcl. 

Aulostoma  (a-los'to-ma),  n.  [NL.  (prop.  fem. 
of  Aulostomns;  ef.' Auiostomus),  <  Gr.  nliAdg,  a 
pipe,  +  aro/m,  mouth :  see  auletes  and  stoma.'] 
A  gentis  of  fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Aido- 
stoniidir.     Also  Aidostmnus. 

Aulbstomatidae  (a"lo-sto-mat'i-de),  n.  pi. 
Same  as  Aulostomidce. 

aulostomid  (a-los'to-mid),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
familv  Aidostiimida: 

Aulos'tomidae  (a-16-st6'mi-de),  ?!..;j?,  [NX.,  < 
Aulostoma  +  -ida:.]  A  family -of  hemibranehi- 
ate  fishes,   typified  by  the  genus  Aulostoma, 


AidostoDia  chinense. 


with  a  long  compressed  body,  elongated  tubi- 
form snout,  imbricated  ctenoid  scales,  numer- 
ous dorsal  spines,  and  abdominal  spineless 
ventral  fins.  Several  species  are  known  as 
inhabitants  of  tropical  and  warm  seas.  Also 
Aidostomatidte. 

aulostomidan  (a-lo-sto'mi-dan),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Aulostomida'. 

II.  II.  A  fish  of  the  family  Aulostomida;;  an 
aulostomid.     Sir  J.  Hirhardson. 

Aulostomus  (a-los'to-mus),  n.  [NL.,  masc: 
see  Aulostoma.]     Same  as  Aulostoma. 


aura 

aum'  (am),  n.  A  dialectal  form  of  ebn.  [North. 
Eng.] 

aum^  (am),  «.     See  aam. 

aum''(am),«.  A  dialectal  form  of  ate;«.  [North. 
Eng.] 

aum',  «.     See  om. 

aumailt,  ".  and  v.     An  obsolete  form  of  amel. 

aumbryt,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  ambry. 

aumelett,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  omelet. 

aumener't,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  almoner'^. 

aumener-t,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  almoner-. 

aumeryt,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  ambry. 

aumone  (a'mou),  n.  [<  P.  aumonc,  <  OF.  (d- 
miisiie,  <  LL.  cleemosyiia,  alms:  see  alms  and 
almoin.]  In  law,  alms Tenure  In  aiunone,  a  ten- 
ure by  which  lands  arc  given  in  alms  t<*  some  clnirch  or 
ridigions  lionse. 

aumoniere,  aulmoniert  (6-m6-ni-ar'),  n.  [F. : 
see  almoner-.']  A  jjouch  or  purse,  often  richly 
embroidered,  carried  at  the  girdle  by  persons 
of  rank  during  the  middle  ages.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  a  bag  or  pouch  similarly  worn  by 
women  at  the  present  day. 

aumuce,  ".     See  amiec"^. 

auncelt,  >'•  [Etirly  mod.  E.  also  ancel,  <  ME. 
uuHcel,  aiiiicelle,  aunsclle,  also  auncere,  aunsere, 

<  AP.  auncelle,  amwelle,  appar.  (by  mistaking 
the  initial  I  for  the  article  I',  la)  for  *launcelle, 

<  It.  laneella,  a  little  balance,  dim.  of  laiiee,  a 
balance,  <  L.  lanx,  aec.  laneem,  a  plate,  a  scale 
of  a  balance:  see  lance",  launcc^,  and  balance.] 
A  kind  of  balance  for  weighing  anciently  used 
in  England,  apparently  that  variety  of  the 
steelyard  commonly  known  as  the  Danish  steel- 
yard, which  has  a  movable  fulcrum  and  a  fixed 
weight,  the  forefinger  often  serving  as  the  ful- 
crum. It  was  very  inaccurate, .and  was  therefore  prohib- 
ited by  statute.  In  many  parts  of  England  the  term  aun- 
cel-wei'jtit  is  still  used  to  signify  weight,  as  of  meat,  which 
has  been  estimated  by  the  hand  without  scales. 

aundert,  ».     A  dialectal  form  of  undern. 

aundiront,  "■     An  obsolete  form  of  andiron. 

aune  (on),  ».  [P.,  <  of.  tdne,  ell:  see  alnage 
and  ell.]  A  French  cloth-measure,  now  super- 
seded as  a  standard  measure  by  the  meter. 
The  use  of  the  aune  nu'trii^ue,  iiouvelle,  or  usvelle,  equal 
to  1^  meters  or47:i  English  inches,  established  in  1^12,  was 
forbidden  after  18^9.  The  old  measure  of  this  name  varied 
at  different  places;  at  Rouen  it  was  the  same  as  the  Eng- 
lish ell,  45  inches;  at  Paris,  46J  inches;  at  Lyons,  47J 
inches ;  at  Calais,  6S^  inches.     Formerly  written  auln. 

aunget,  aungelt,'".  [ME.,  <  OF.  ange,  angel : 
see  angel.]     Obsolete  forms  of  angel. 

aunt  (iint),  n.  [<  ME.  aunle,  aunt,  <  OF.  ante, 
(iiiiite  (F.  taiite)  =  Pr.  amda  =  It.  dial,  amida, 
aineta,  <  L.  amita,  aunt;  cf.  Icel.  ainma,  grand- 
mother: see  amma^.  For  the  change  of  mt 
tovt,cf.  ant^.]  1.  The  sister  of  one's  father 
or  mother;  also,  in  address  or  familiar  use, 
the  wife  of  one's  uncle. —  2t.  Formerly  used 
by  alumni  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  as  a  title 
for  the  "sister  university."  N.  E.  D. —  Sf.  An 
old  woman ;  an  old  gossip. 

Tlie  wisest  aunt  telling  the  saddest  tale. 

Sliak.,  M.  X.  D.,  ii.  1. 

4t.  A  prociu-ess ;  a  loose  woman. 

Summer  songs  for  me  and  my  aunts, 
While  we  lie  tumbling  iu  the  hay. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  2. 

Aunt  Sally.  («)  In  England,  a  favorite  game  at  race- 
courses and  fairs.  A  wooden  head  is  set  on  a  pole,  and  a 
clay  pipe  is  placed  in  the  mouth  or  nose.  The  game  con- 
sists in  endeavoring  to  smash  tlie  pipe  by  throwing  sticks 
or  otlier  missiles  at  it.    (b)  The  head  so  used. 

auntert,  "•  The  common  Middle  English  form 
ot  adventure,  n. 

auntert,  auntret,  ''•  i-  and  t.  The  common 
Middle  English  forms  of  adventure,  v. 

I  wol  arise  and  auntre  it  by  my  fay. 

Chaucer,  Keeve's  Tale,  1.  290. 

auntie,  «.    See  aunty. 

auntroust,   «•      The  common  Middle  English 

form  of  adventurous.     Cliaucer. 
aunty,  auntie  (an'ti),  n.    Familiar  diminutive 

forms  of  annt. 
aural  (a'ra),  n.     [L.,  a  toeeze,  a  breath  of  air, 

the  air,  (  (jr.  aipa,  air  in  motion,  a  breeze, 

<  af/vai,  breathe,  blow.  Cf.  aula,  and  see  air^.] 
1.  A  supposed  influence,  force,  or  imponder- 
able matter  proceeding  from  a  body  and  sur- 
rounding it  as  an  atmosphere  ;  specifically,  an 
imponderable  substance  supposed  to  emanate 
from  all  living  things,  to  consist  of  the  subtle 
essence  of  the  individual,  and  to  be  a  means 
of  manifesting  what  is  called  animal  mag- 
netism, and  also  a  medium  for  the  operation 
of  alleged  mesmeric,  clairvoyant,  and  somnam- 
bulic powers.  Also  called  nerre-aura,  or  ner- 
raura.  Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  atmosphere; 
air ;  character,  etc. 


aura 

He  (Kossettil  appreciated  to  a  penerons  extent  the 
poeti}-  of  present  j-onnger  writers,  l)ut  (ailed  to  see  in 
nine-tenths  of  it  any  of  tliat  orifinality  and  individual 
aura  that  characteriie  work  that  will  stand  the  stress  of 
Ume.  "".  Sharp,  D.  G.  Rossetti,  p.  35. 

The  personal  aura  which  surronnded  him  (S.  Bowles] 
in  gu-jial  intercourse  was  nowhere  more  potent  than  with 
his  vumig  men  in  the  office. 

C'hai-U^  G.  Whiting,  in  Merriam's  Life  of  Bowles,  II.  69. 
3.  A  peculiar  sensation  resembling  that  pro- 
duced hy  a  current  of  air.     See  epileptic  aura, 

below Electric  aura,  a  supposed  electric  fluid  enia- 

natiijL'  from  an  electrified  body,  and  fomiing  a  sort  of  at- 
m"splu-re  around  it.  Also  called  electric  atmoaphere.— 
Epileptic  aura  (aura  epileptica),  primarily,  a  sensation, 
as  of  a  current  of  air  rising  from  some  part  of  the  body  to 
the  head,  precedina  an  attack  of  epilepsy :  in  a  more  yen- 
eral  seDie.  any  disturbance  of  consciousness  or  local  mo- 
tor  svmptoms'imraediately  preceding  an  epileptic  spasm. 
—  Hysteric  aura,  a  similar  sensation  preceding  au  at- 
tack of  hvsteria. 

aura-  (aVa).  n.  [NL.,  appar.  adapted  (with  ref. 
to  a«;<il)'from  a  S.  Amer.  native  name.  The 
form  ouroua  is  given  by  Barrere  as  the  native 
name  in  Guiana.]  An' old  native  name  of  any 
South  American  vulture  excepting  the  condor ; 
an  urubu,  tzopilotl,  gallinazo,  turkey-buzzard, 
or  carrion-crow,  it  was  early  Latinized  in  the  form 
rirjn'na  auraruin,  was  adopted  by  Linna-us  as  the  specific 
name  of  his  VuUur  aura,  and  is  now  used  as  the  specific 
name  of  the  turkey -buzzard,  Cathartes  aura.  See  cut 
undtr  Cathartes. 

auraP  (a'ral),  a.  [<  L.  aura  (see  aura^)  +  -a/.] 
Pertaining  to  the  air  or  to  an  aura. 

anral-  (a'ral),  a.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E.  eafl,  +  -o/.] 
1.  Relating  to  the  ear:  as,  the  aural  orifice; 
aural  surgery. — 2.  Perceived  by  the  ear; 
learned  by  hearing ;  auricular. 

That  aural  acquaintance  with  Latin  phrases  which  the 
nnleamed  might  pick  up  from  pulpit  quotations  con- 
stantly interpreted  by  the  preacher,  could  help  them  little 
when  they  saw  written  Latin.    George  Eliut,  llomola,  Ixiii. 

anramine  (a'ra-min),  «.  [<  aurum  +  amine.'] 
A  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  it  is  the  liydro- 
ehlorid  of  tetra-methyl-diamido-benzo-phenon-imide.  It 
jieM*  a  pure  and  brilliant  yellow  on  cotton,  wool,  and  silk. 

aorantia  (a-ran'shi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  aurantium, 
an  orange:  seeoraHjrc]  Acoal-tareolorusedin 
dyeing,  it  is  the  ammonium  salt  of  hexa-nitro-diphenyl- 
amine.  It  produces  shades  of  orange,  but  is  only  applied 
to  wool  and  silk.  It  has  been  said  that  this  dye  has  poison- 
ous prop.-rties,  occasioning  skin-eruptions. 

Anrantiacese  (a-ran-ti-a'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [NXi.,  < 
aurantium,  an  orange  (see  orange),  +  -acece.'] 
See  .iurantiew. 

aurantiaceous  (a-ran-ti-a'shius),  a.  [<  NL. 
aurantiaccuji :  see  above.]  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  Aurantiacece. 

Anrantieae  (a-ran-ti'f-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  atiran- 
tiuin  (see  orange)  +  -ea;.]  A  tribe  in  the  natu- 
ral order  UutacecB,  trees  or  shrubs,  distinguished 
from  the  rest  of  the  order  by  their  perfect 
flowers  and  by  their  fruit,  a  largo  berry  with 
exalbuminous  seeds.  It  has  often  been  classed  as  a 
distinct  order,  the  .ilurantuicea.  There  are  about  a  dozen 
genera,  indigenous  to  tropical  ABi.a,  of  which  the*  most 
familiar  are  Citnis,  yielding  the  orange,  etc.;  Ldmonia 
(which  see):  and  A^gle,  the  bhel-tree. 

anrate^  (9,'rat),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  auratus,  over- 
laid with  gold,  of  gold,  pp.  of  aurare,  overlay 
with  gold,  <  aurum,  gold:  see  aurum  and  -aft-l.] 
L  a.  Resembling  gold;  gold-colored;  gilded. 
[Rare.] 

n.  ".  1.  A  kind  of  pear. —  2.  A  combmation 
of  auric  acid  with  a  base :  as,  potassium  auratc. 

aurate'-^  (a'rat),  «.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E.  cai-l,  + 
-aliK  Equiv.  tooi(n7<?rf,  q.  v.]  Eared;  having 
ears,  as  the  scallop-shell. 

aurated',  auratea^  (4'ra.-ted),  a.    Same  as 

iiiiniti  1,  auruk-. 
aur^  (6-ra'),  a.     [Heraldic  F.,  =  atirate^.']     In 

hi  r.,  Kpriiikled  with   drops  or  spots  of  gold. 

Ollnrwise  tenned  gulte  iror.     Sec  guttc. 
aureate  (a're-at),  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  aureat,  < 

LI,,  inirinlu.1,  adorned  with  gold,  <  L.  aureus, 

f.".|i|.  n,  <  iturum,  gold:  sec  aurum.}    Golden; 

gil'l'  .1 ;  (rolden-yeliow,  as  a  flower, 
aurei,  ».     Plural  of  aureus. 
aureity 'ii-ro'i-ti),  n.    [< /j«rc-«it8  + -i7y.]    The 

I ':.ir  properties  of  gold;  goldenncss.    Cole- 


aure 
alia 


ulia  (4-re'lyS),  n.    [NL.,  <  It.  aurcHa,  chrys- 

1,  <  nurctia,  ?om.  ofaurdio,  golden  (Klorio), 

<  L.  'aurelnis  (only  us  u 

proper     natne,    Aureliu.", 

curlier    .iuHiliun.    a     Ko- 

tiuin    family),   <    iiuruin, 

:''ilil:  Hci' oiiriim.]    If.  In 

'  ;i/'>«i.,  the  nymph,  clirys- 

nlis,   or  jiupii  of    li    leiii- 

dopteroiiH     insect.       .Si'i^ 

li  iiiiiUh. —  2.     [r«;),l     A 

114    of    i.iliigic    iliscd- 

•irouH       Jlj/itriiiiiiihiMii , 


382 

typical  of  the  family  Aureliida;  characterized 
by  ha\-ing  branched  radial  vessels  and  the  edge 
of  the  disk  fringed  with  small  tentacles,  a.  au- 
rita  is  the  tj-pe-species,  found  in  European  seas,  the  old 
.\tetiuifa  aurita  of  Linna*us.  A.  Jlavidula  occurs  on  the 
coast  of  North  America.  The  name  is  synonymous  with 
Medusa  regarded  as  a  genus  and  in  its  ip«st  restricted 
sense. 

In  the  study  of  the  sunfish  (.Aurelia)  we  are  able  to  see 
pUiinly  the  prominent  dilTerences  between  jelly-fishes  as 
a  gi-oup  and  polyps  as  a  group. 

Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  July,  187S,  p,  SIS. 

3.  The  adult  state  of  any  medusa,  or  the  per- 
fected stage  of  a  medusiform  zoiiid. 
aurelian  (a-re'lyan),  a.  and  n.  [<  aurelia,  1,  + 
-('«.]  I.t  0.  In  entom.,  like  or  pertaining  to 
the  aurelia:  as,  the  aurelian  form  of  au  insect, 
II.  n.  An  entomologist  devoted  to  the  study 
of  lepidopterous  insects  only. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  Aurelians,  as  the  students 
of  Lepidoptera  were  then  [ISdSJ  termed, 

J.  0.  Weslu'ood,  1SS3, 

Aureliidae  (a-rf-li'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Aurelia, 

2,  +  -irfff.]  A  faihily  of  pelagic  Discophora, 
containing  the  genus  Aurelia. 

aureola  (a-re'o-lil),  n.  [L.,  fem.  of  aurcolus,  of 
gold,  dim.  of  aureus,  of  gold,  <  aurum,  gold: 
see  aurum.']  l.lurep- 
reseutations  of  the 
Deit}-,  the  Virgin  Mary, 
saints,  martyrs,  etc.,  a 
radiauee  or  limiinous 
cloud  emanating  from 
and  surroimding  the 
whole  figure,  if  the  flg- 
m-e  is  represented  in  an  erect 
position,  the  aureola  is  usu- 
ally oval,  or  of  the  form 
known  as  the  vesiea  pincis 
(fish's  bladder) ;  if  the  figure 
is  sitting,  the  aureola  often 
approaches  a  circular  form. 
Aureola,  nimbus,  and  fflnry 
are  frequently  confounded, 
though  technically  quite  dis- 
tinct.   See  nimbus  aivi  glory. 

Tliere     are     some    poets 
whom  we   pioture   to    our- 
selves as  surrounded  with 
aureolas. 
Stedutaii,\i<:t.  Poets,  p,  114, 

Aries,  France:  laih  2,  Anything  resem- 
bling an  am-eola.  spe- 
cifically— (o)  In  astran.,  the  ring  of  light  seen  around  the 
moon  in  total  eclipses  of  the  sun.  (6)  In  meteor.,  a  kind 
of  halo  suiTounding  a  shadow  cast  upon  a  cloud  or  fog- 
bank  or  dew-covered  grass :  often  observed  by  aeronauts 
on  the  upper  surface  of  clouds.     Also  called  a  glory. 

3.  In  Itom.  Catlt.  theol.,  a  higher  reward  added 
to  the  essential  bliss  of  heaven  as  a  recompense 
for  a  special  spiritual  xdctory  gained  by  the 
l)erson  to  whom  it  is  attributed:  as,  the  au- 
reola of  -sdrgins,  martjTs,  doctors,  etc. 

aureole  (a're-61),  n.  '[<  ME.  aureole  (cf.  F.  o«- 
reolc),  <  L.  aureola  :  see  aureola.  Cf.  oriole.]  A 
luminous  emanation  or  cloud  surrounding  a 
figure  or  an  object ;  au  aureola. 

Fair  shines  the  gilded  aureole 
In  which  our  highest  jiainters  place 
Some  living  woman's  simple  face, 

/>,  0.  Rossetti,  Jenny, 
And  round  the  grisly  fighter's  hair  the  martyr's  aureole 
bent!  Whittier,  Brown  of  Ossawatomic, 

When  the  electric  arc  is  produced  between  carbons  in 
vacuo  a  beautiful  glow  is  obtaineil,  the  negative  pole  being 
surrounded  by  a  blue  aureole,  ami  the  positive  by  a  stral- 
illed  pale-blue  light,      A.  Danicll,  Trill,  of  I'hysics,  p,  f.S:!, 

aureole  (a're-61),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  aurcolcd, 
)t\iT.  anrcoliiig.  [<.  aureole,  n.]  To  surround  or 
invest  with  an  aureole. 

aureolin  (a-re'o-lin),  H.  [<  L.  aureolus,  dim.  of 
aureu.i,  golden,'  yellow  (see  aureous),  +  -in-.] 
A  trade-name  for  the  pigment  cobalt  yellow 
(which  SCO,  tinder  i/rtlow). 

aureosin  (ii-re'o-sin),  n.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  + 
rosin.]  A  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing.  It  Is  a 
c  lilcriiiated  lluoresceln  (wlilcll  see).  It  dyes  llglitrose 
HhadcH  on  silk,  giving  agreenisli-ycllow  ri-lleelion. 

aureOUB  (iV're-us),  a.  [<  Jj.  r/i/rf'K.v,  of  gold,  gold- 
en, <  «Hr«m,  gold:  see  aurum.]  Of  a  golden- 
yellow  color. 

aures,  «.     Plural  of  auris,  1. 

aureus  (Ci're-iis),  «. ;  pi.  aurei  (-i).  [Ij.,  prop. 
iiil.j.  (kc.  nu'mmu.i,  coin),  of  gold:  soo  aureou.n.] 
A       Roman 


gold  coin 
e(|uivalent 

to     100     HCH- 

terccH  or  2.') 
denarii,flr8t 
minted  in 
llicflrHl  cen- 
tury   II.    c, 

;lii(1      iNHUod 


Aureola, —  Figure    of    Christ, 
from  tympanum  of  portal  of  St, 

Tropliimc,    * -' —    ^ '    — "- 

century. 


Aureub  of  Auku»i<ii,  nrillth  MuMum, 
of  tlieorlifliiAl.) 


auricular 

under  the  empire  tUl  the  reign  of  Constantino 
I.,  who  substituted  for  it  the  gold  solidus.  in 
the  time  of  Augustus  the  aureus  weighed  about  12U  grains 
and  was  worth  about  $6.02.  Its  weight  and  st.andard  were 
afterward  reduced. 

au  re'VOir  (6  re-vwor').  [F. :  au  (see  au^) ;  re- 
roir,  <  L.  revidere,  see  again,  <  re-,  again,  + 
ridere,  see :  lit.  to  the  reseeing  (inf.  used  as 
n.).]  Until  we  meet  again;  good-by  for  the 
XU'esent. 

auri-argentiferous  (;V'ri-ar-jen-tif'e-ms),  a. 
[<  L.  anrum,  gold,  +  argentum,  silver,  +  J'erre  = 
E.  ftcrti'l:  see  aurum  a.ud  argentiferoun.]  Bear- 
ing or  containing  both  gold  and  silver. 

There  are  found  in  the  lower  levels  pockets  of  auri- 
argeiiti/erous  ore.     L.  Hamilton,  Me.\,  Handbook,  p,  128, 

auric^  (a'rik),  fl.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold  (see  aurum), 
■¥  -ie.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  gold — Auric  03dd, 
or  gold  trloxld,  .^uoO;j,  is  a  blackish-brown  powder,  the 
liignest  known  oxid  of  gold, 

auric-  (a'rik),  a.  [<  aurn'^  -\-  -ic.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  aura ;  aural.     See  oifrnl. 

aurichalc  (a'ri-kalk),  n.     See  oriehalc. 

aurichalcite  (a-ri-kal'sit),  n.  [<  L.  auriehal- 
cum  (see  oriehalc)  +  -ite^.]  A  hydrous  carbon- 
ate of  copper  and  zinc  occurring  in  transpar- 
ent verdigris-green  to  sky-blue  needle-shaped 
crystals,  also  in  laminated  or  granular  masses. 
A\1ien  reduced  it  j-ields  a  gold-coloreii  alloy  of  copper  and 
zinc.  Buratite  is  a  variety  which  was  supposed  to  be 
singular  in  cont.iining  calcium. 

aurichalcum  (a-ri-kal'kum),  n.  See  oriehalc. 

auricle  (a'ri-kl),  n.  [<L.  auricula,  the  external 
ear,  the  ear,  dim.  of  auris  =  E.  enrl,  q.  v.]  1. 
The  pinna  of  the  external  ear ;  that  part  of  the 
organ  of  hearing  which  projects  fi-om  the  side 
of  the  head.  See  pinna,  and  cut  imder  ear. 
Also  auricula. —  2.  A  chamber  or  one  of  the 
chambers  of  the  heart  into  wliich  the  blood 
comes  from  the  veins,  and  from  which  it  passes 
into  the  ventricle  or  one  of  the  ventricles.  In 
the  mammalian,  avian,  and  reptilian  heart  there  are  two 
auricles,  the  right  and  the  left.  The  name  is  sometimes 
used  in  a  more  special  sense  to  designate  an  ear-like  por- 
tion or  appendage  (appendix  auricuhe)  of  each  of  these 
chambers ;  tlie  remainder  is  then  distingni-slicd  as  the 
sinus.  The  right  auricle  receives  venous  blood  from  the 
vena;  cava; ;  the  left  auricle  receives  arterial  blood  from 
the  lungs  tlu"ough  the  pulmonary  veins.  See  cuts  under 
heart  and  lun/f. 

3.  Something,  or  some  part  of  a  thing,  like  or 
likened  to  an  ear:  variously  applied,  chiefly  in 
botany,  zoology,  and  comparative  anatomy. 
Specifically — (a)  Iti  entom.,  an  appendage  of  the  plants  of 
certain  insects,  as  bees.  (6)  In  eehinoderms,  an  auricula. 
See  auricula,  4.  (c)  In  hot.,  an  ear-shaped  or  ear-like  ap- 
pendage ;  the  inflated  lower  lobe  or  appendage  of  the 
leaves  of  some  Ihpatiea'. 

4.  An  instrument  applied  to  the  ears  to  assist 
in  hearing;  a  kind  of  ear-trumpet. 

auricled  (a'ri-kld),  o.  [<  auricle  + -cit^.]  Hav- 
ing ears  or  atiricles ;  having  appendages  resem- 
bling cars;  in  hot.,  same  as  auriculate. 

auricomous  (a-rik'o-mus),  fl.  [<  L.  auricomus, 
with  golden  hair,  <  aurum,  gold,  +  coma,  hair: 
see  aurum  and  coma".]  Ha^^ng  golden  hair; 
yellow-haired. 

auricula  (a-rik'u-ia), «. ;  pi.  auricnla;  (-le).  [L., 
the  external  ear,  tte  ear:  see  auricle.]  1.  In 
hot.,  a  garden  flower  derived  from  the  yellow 
Primula  Auricula,  found  native  in  the  Swiss 
Alps,  and  sometimes  calleil  bear's-ear  from  the 
shape  of  its  leaves.  It  has  been  cultivated  for  cen- 
turies by  florists,  who  have  succeeded  in  raising  from 
seed  a  great  number  of  beautiful  varieties, 
2.  Same  as  auricle,  1. —  3.  leap.]  [NL.]  In 
:o(>l.,  a  genus  of  phytophagous  or  plant-eating 
pulnionate  gastropods,  tyjiical  of 
the  family  Auriculida:  A.  juda- 
and  .(.  niidw  are  examples.  They 
are  known  as  ear-shells. —  4.  [NL.] 
In  eehinoderms,  one  of  the  perfo- 
rat(;il  processes  into  which  Ihe 
anibiilucral  and  sometimes  the 
intcnimhnlaci'al  jilalcs  are  pro- 
duced, and  which  arch  over  the 
interior  of  I  lie  iiiiilnilacra,  as  in 
the  (ypicnl  ccliini,  or  sea-urchins. 
Sec  cut  under  ICcliiuoidea, 

auricular  (li-i-ik'ti-liir),  a.  and  n. 
[<  ML.  auricularis,<.  !>.  auricul<i, 
the  car:  see  «h;'ic/c.]  I.  rt.  1.  Per- 
taining to  the  ear,  or  to  the  auri- 
cle of  Iho  ear;  aural:  as.  tlic  auricular  nerve. 
—  2.  Used  in  connection  with  Ihe  ear:  as,  an 
auricular  tube  (which  see,  below), — 3.  Ad- 
dressed to  the  ear;  pi'ivatcly  confided  to  one's 
ear,  especially  the  ear  of  a  jiriest :  as,  auricu- 
lar eonf(;sHion. —  4.  Recognized  or  perceived 
by  the  ear;  audible. 

Vioi  (.bull  ,  ,  ,  by  an  auricular  ttSBUrnmui  have  your 
nallsfuction,  Skak.,  Lear,  i,  2. 


llnr-«hcll  {Auri. 
CMiit  Jiiiiir), 


auricular 

5t.  Communicated  or  known  by  report;  hear- 
say. 
Auricular  traditions  and  feigned  testimonies. 

Bacun,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  326. 

6.  Known  or  obtained  by  the  sense  of  hearing: 
as,  oiincH/or  evidence. — 7.  Ear-shaped;  auric- 
ulate;  auriform:  as,  the  anrivular  articulating 
surface  of  the  human  ilium. — 8.  In  echino- 
derms,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  auriculae :  as,  an 
internal  auricnlur  process. —  9.  Pertaining  to 
the  am'iele  of  the  heart.  —  Anterior  auricular  ar- 
teries, two  or  more  tiruncUes  of  tlie  temporal  artery  sui»- 
plyiiij;  the  external  ear.  ~  Anterior  auricular  veins, 
small  viiiis  from  tlle  extrnial  i  ar  (iiiplyiii;;  iiitn  the  tem- 
poral v<iii.— Auricitlar  feathers,  in  vniiili.,  tlie  special 
set  of  feathers,  nsnally  of  laauliar  structure,  wliicli  overlie 
and  defend  tlle  outer  i>jn-niiiL,'of  tile  ear.— Aurlcular  fin- 
ger, tile  little  lin;ier :  so  called  from  the  fact  that  it  is  most 
easily  iutroiluceil  iiitu  the  ear.  —Auricular  foramen,  the 
mouth  of  the  external  auditory  meatus  of  tlie  ear. —  Auric- 
ular nerves,  various  small  nerves  derived  from  tlie  threat 
auricular,  the  auriculotemporal,  the  facial,  the  second  cer- 
vical, the  small  or  sometimes  the  large  occipital,  and  the 
vagus  nerves,  which  supply  the  integument  and  other 
parts  of  the  external  ear  and  its  vicinity. — Auricular 
point,  in  anat.,_  the  center  of  the  auricular  foramen. — 
Auricular  radii,  in  craniom.,  radii  drawn  from  the  pro- 
jection of  the  auricular  point  on  the  median  plane  to  the 
projections  of  other  jioints  of  the  skull.  See  crmiiometry. 
—Auricular  tube,  a  speaking-tube,  either  portable  for 
the  use  I'f  deaf  pers<ins,  or  extending  between  different 
parts uf  a  building  for  the  conveyance  of  messages. — Auric- 
ular witness,  a  witness  who  relates  what  he  has  heard. 

—  Deep  auricular  artery,  a  small  branch  from  the  inter, 
nal  maxillary  artery,  siipi'lying  tile  external  meatus  of  the 
ear.— Great  auricular  nerve,  the  auricularismagnus,  a 
nerve  arising  from  the  second  and  third  cervical  nerves, 
and  distriimted  to  the  extern.al  ear  and  adjacent  parts. 

—  Posterior  auricular  artery,  a  branch  of  the  external 
carotid  artery.  su|i]dying  jtarts  in  the  region  of  the  ear. — 
Posterior  auricular  vein,  a  vein  which,  descending  be- 
hind tile  pinna  tif  the  ear  from  the  side  of  the  head,  joins 
the  external  jugular  vein. 

II.  «.  1.  pi.  In  ornith.,  the  auricular  feath- 
ers.—  2.  Tlie  auricular  or  little  finger.  See 
auricular  finger,  above. 

auriculares,  n.     Plural  of  auricularis. 

auricularia  (a-rik-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  awricu- 
la,  4,  -I-  -0)7(7.]  1.  [PI.  auriculari(E  (-§).]  A 
term  applied  to  an  early  stage  of  the  develop- 
ment of  the  embryo  of  certain  echiuoderms,  as 
those  of  the  genera  Holothuria,  Si/napta,  etc., 
when  it  is  ciliated.  See  Holothuridea.  [It  is  a 
generic  name  given  by  Miiller  through  a  mis- 
take as  to  the  nature  of  these  larvae.] — 2. 
[cap.l  In  conch.,  a  generic  name  variously 
used:  as,  (o)  by  De  Blainville  for  a  genus  of 
acephalous  mollusks  ;  (6)  by  Fabricius  for  a 
genus  of  gastropods. 

auricularian  (a-rik-u-la'ri-an),  a.  [<  auricit- 
lar ia  +  -OH.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  auricula- 
ria; eehinoptedie. 

auricularis  (ii-rik-u-la'ris),  n. ;  pi.  auriculares 
(-rez).  [NL. :  &ee  auricular.']  The  little  finger. 
See  auricular  finger,  under  auricular. 

auricularly  (a-rik'u-liir-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  au- 
ricular manner ;  specifically,  in  a  secret  man- 
ner; by  whispers. 

These  will  soon  confess,  and  that  not  auricularly,  but  in 
a  loud  and  audible  voice.     Decay  of  Christ.  Piety,  vii.  §  4. 

2.  By  means  of  auricles. 

auriculate,  auriculated  (a-rik'u-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  auriculatus,  <.  L.  auricula:  see  au- 
ricle] 1.  Ear-shaped;  like  or  likened  to  an 
auricle;  auriform. — 2.  Having  ears;  provided 
with  ears,  auricles,  or  ear-like  parts:  in  bot., 
said  of  a  leaf  \vith  a  pair  of  small  blunt  projec- 
tions or  ears  at  the  base — Auriculate  antennse, 
in  entom.j  antennie  in  which  one  of  the  basal  joints  is  ex- 
panded  Laterally  in  a  concave  plate,  as  in  certain  aquatic 
beetles —Auriculate  elytra,  in  entom.,  elytra  produced 
laterally  at  the  liMiiieral  angles  into  a  free  lobe. 

auriculid  (tl-rik'tVlid),  «.  A  gastropod  of  the 
f .uuily  A  uriculidm. 

Auriculidae  (a-ri-ku'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Au- 
ricula, 3,  -I-  -idee.]  A  family  of  pulmonate  gas- 
tropods with  contractile  tentacles,  eyes  ses- 
sile at  the  inner  or  hinder  bases  of  the  tenta- 
cles, rugose  teguments,  and  a  spiral  shell  whose 
partitions  are  generally  absorbed,  and  whose 
columella  is  plicated.  The  family  is  divided  into  sub- 
families and  many  genera.  Some  of  the  species  frequent 
banks,  generally  within  tide-limits,  others  marshes  and 
wet  woods,  and  a  few  (of  the  genus  Carvchium)  ai'e  almost 
exclusively  terrestrial.     See  cut  under >i/(ftia. 

auriculobregmatic  (a-rik"ij-16-breg-mat'ik),  a. 
l<  auricula  +  l)rcgma(t-)  + -ic]  In  anat,  per- 
taining to  tlie  am-ieular  point  and  the  bregma. 
—Auriculobregmatic  line,  a  line  drawn  from  the  pro- 
jection (.1  the  auruidai'  [luints  on  the  median  plane  of  the 
skull  to  the  lire.^'iiia,     .See  rraniometry. 

auriculo-orbicularis  (a  - rik"u - 16  -  6r-bik-u-la'- 
ris),  >}.  [NL.,  <  auricula  +  orbicularis.]  A 
mtiscle  of  the  hedgehog  connecting  the  pinna 
of  the  ear  with  the  orbicularis  panmculi,  which 
it  antagonizes. 


38.'{ 
auriculoparotidean(ii-rik"u-16-pa-ro-tid'e-an), 

o.  [<  auricula  +  iiariilid  +  -can'.]  'Pertaining 
to  the  am'iele  of  the  ear  and  the  parotid  gland : 
specifically  applied  to  a  nerve  which  supplies 
those  parts. 

auriculotemporal  (ii-rik"fl-lo-tem'po-ral),  a. 
[<  auricula  -i-  temporal.]  Pertaining  to  tlie  ear 
and  the  temporal  region  :  si)eeifically  applied  to 
a  branch  of  the  inferior  maxillary  nerve  which 
supplies  the  e.xternal  ear  and  adjacent  regions. 

auriculoventricular   (a  -  rik"u  -  lo  -  ven  -  tri  k  'u- 

lar),  a.  [<  auricula  +  ventricular.]  Perttiii'i- 
ing  both  to  the  auricles  and  to  the  ventricles 
of  the  heart :  as,  the  auriculoventricular  ori- 
fice. See  cut  under  heart — Auriculoventricular 
valves.  See  valve. 
auriferous  (ti-rif'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  aurifcr,  gold- 
bearing,  <  anrum,  gold,  -I-  fcrrc  =  E.  bcar'^.] 
Yielding  or  producing  gold ;  containing  gold: 
as,  auriferous  quartz ;  auriferous  strata. 

Mountains  big  with  mines, 
VATience  many  a  bursting  stream  auriferous  plays. 

Thomson,  Summer,  1.  648. 

aurific    (a-rif'ik),   a.     [<   L.   aurum,   gold,    -f- 
faccre,  make.]     Capable  of  transmuting  sub- 
stances into  gold ;  gold-making. 
Some  experiments  made  with  an  aurific  powder. 

Suuttiey,  The  Doctor,  elxxxvi. 

auriflamma,  auriflamme  (a-ri-flam'ji,  a'ri- 
flam),  n.    [<  ML.  auriflamma,  lit.  golden  iiame, 

<  L.  oj(r!««,  gold,  +/0WW0,  flame.]  The  an- 
cient royal  banner  of  France.     See  oriflamme. 

auriform  (a'ri-form),  a.  [<  L.  auris,  the  ear, 
+  forma,  form.]  Ear-shaped ;  having  the  form 
of  the  external  human  ear:  as,  an  auriform 
shell. 

aurifrisia  (a-ri-friz'i-a),  n.  Same  as  auriphnj- 
f/ia. 

aurifrisiate  (a-ri-friz'i-at),  a.  Same  as  awri- 
2)]iri/giatc. 

aurify  (a'ri-fi),  V.  t.  and  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  auri- 
fied,  ppr.  aurifying.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  4-  fa- 
cere,  make :  see  -fi/.]  Te  turn  into  or  become 
gold. 

Auriga  (a-ri'ga),  n.  [L.,  a  charioteer  ;  as  con- 
stellation, the  Wagoner;  perhaps  <  aurca, 
bridle  (ef.  orew,  the  bit  of  a  bridle,  <  os  (or-), 
the  mouth:  see  osl),  +  ojrere,  drive ;  otherwise 

<  "aurus  (not  fomid,  supposed  to  mean  'a 
horse,'  =  Gr.  avpog,  swift)  -I-  agere,  drive :  see 
act,  v.]     1.  A  northern  constellation  contain- 


"auriphry- 
also   spelled  aurifrisia,  ami- 


Miter  with  Aiiriplirygia,  or  Auriptirygiate 

Miter.  12111  century. 

( From  "  L' Art  pour  Tous." ) 


b.v-,.- 


The  Constellation  Auriga. 


ing  the  spleniiid  star  Capella ;  the  Charioteer 
or  Wagoner,  it  is  supposed  to  represent  a  charioteer 
kneeling  in  his  vehicle.  He  is  often  represented  with  a  kid 
on  his  left  shoulder,  this  being  doubtless  an  ancient  con- 
stellation-figure coincident  in  position  with  the  Charioteer. 
2.  [I.  c]  [NL.]  A  name  of  the  fourth  lobe  of 
the  liver.     [Rare.] 

aurigal  (a-ri'gal),  o.  [<  LL.  aurigalis,  <  L. 
auriga:  see  Auriga.]  Pertaining  to  a  chariot 
or  carriage.     [Rare.] 

aurigation  (a-ri-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  auriga- 
tio{n-),  <  aurigare,  pp.  aurigatus,  be  a  driver,  < 
auriga,  a  driver:  see  Auriga.]  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  driving  a  chariot  or  coach.     [Rare.] 

If  a  man  indulges  in  the  vicious  habit  of  sleeping,  all 
the  skill  in  auriijation  of  Apollo  himself,  with  the  horses 
of  Aurora  to  execute  his  notions,  avail  him  nothing. 

Dc  Quincey,  Eng.  Mail-Coach. 

aurigerous  (a-rij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold, 
-t-  (jcrcrc,  bear.]     Gold-bearing. 

aurigraphy  (a-rig'ra-fi),  n.  [<  ML.  aurigra- 
phia,  <  auriiiraphus,  one  who  wi-ites  in  golden 
characters,  '<  L.  aurum,  gold,  +  Gr.  ypdipeiv, 
write.]  The  art  or  practice  of  writing  in 
golden  characters.     Blount. 

aurilave  (a'ri-lav),  «.  [<  L.  auris,  the  ear,  -I- 
larare,  wash:  see  auricle  and  lave^.]  An  ear- 
brush.    -E.  if.  Knight. 


aurochs 

aurin,  aurine  (ti'rin),  n.  [<  L.  aurum,  gold,  + 
-(«".]  The  cciramercial  name  for  impure  rosolie 
acid  (which  see,  under  rosulic),  one  of  tlie  coal- 
tar  colors.  In  its  pure  state  it  forms  ruby-red  crystals 
with  ^  blue  fluorescence.  Owing  to  its  fugitiveness,  it  is 
seldom  used  in  dyeing,  but  it  is  still  used  in  printing  cali- 
coes and  woolens  ami  for  pigments.  It  produces  orange- 
red  colors. 

A  urine  dyes  shades  more  inclining  to  orange  than  coral- 
line, Wnrkslioj)  licccipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  228. 

auriphrygia  (a-ri-frij'i-a),  n.  [<  ML. 

gia,  aurifrigia, 
frcsia,  also  au- 
rifrygium,  also 
simply  phry- 
giuni,  frigium, 
gold  embroid- 
ery, <  L.  aurum 
I'hrygium,  lit. 
Phrygian  gold ; 
the  Phrygians 
were  noteti  for 
their  skill  in 
embroidering 
with  gold : 

see  aurum 

and  Phrygian. 
From  the  same 
source,  through  the  French,  come  orfrays,  or- 
fray,  orphrey,  q.  v.]  Properly,  gold  embroid- 
ery; eccles.,  an  orntimental  band  on  various 
vestments ;  an  orphrey :  used  especially  of  the 
orphrey  of  a  miter,  which  is  a  richly  adorned 
band  aroimd  its  lower  edge.  Also  aurifrisia. 
auriphryglate  (a-ri-frij'i-at),  a.  [<  ML.  *auri- 
jihrygiatus,  auriphrigiatus,  aurifrisiaius,  auri- 
friccatus,  ete.,<  'auriphrygia :  see  auriphrygia.] 
Embroidered  with  gold ;  provided  with  an  am'i- 
phrygia.     Also  aurifrisiate. 

Nor  wore  he  mitre  here,  precious  or  auriphryyiate, 

Southey,  Roderick,  xviii. 

auripigment,  auripigmentum  (a-ri-pig'ment, 

ii  ri-pig-men'tum),  n.  [L.  auripigmeyitum,  (au- 
rum, gold,  +  2>if/>nentum,  pigment:  see  aurum 
and  pigment.  Prom  the  L.,  through  F.,  comes 
orpiment.]    Same  as  orpimcnt. 

auris  (a'ris),  n.;  pi.  aurcs  (a'rez).  [L.,  =  E. 
fori,  q.  v.]  1.  In  zool.  and  anat.,  an  ear;  the 
outer  ear  or  auricle. —  2.  [caj).]  [NL.]  In 
conch.,  a  genus  of  ear-shells:  synonymous  with 
Haliotis. 

auriscalp  (a'ri-skalp),  n.  [<  auriscalpium.] 
All  instrument  for  cleaning  the  ears;  an  ear- 
pick;  also,  a  similar  instrument  used  in  surgi- 
cal operations  on  the  ear. 

auriscalpium  (a-ri-skal'pi-um),  n. ;  pi.  auri- 
scalpia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  L.  auris,  =  E.  eari,  +  scaU 
pcrc,  scrape,  scratch:  see  scalpel.]  1.  Same 
as  auriscalp. —  2.  [cap.]  In  conch.,  a  genus  of 
bivalve  mollusks. 

auriscope  (a'ri-skop),  «.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E.  eorl, 
+  Gr.  GKQiTEiv,  view,  look  at.]  An  instrument 
for  examining  and  e.Kploring  the  ear. 

auriscopy  (a-ris'ko-pi),  n.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E. 
eoi'l,  -I-  Gr.  -aKonla,  <  SKOirelv,  view,  look  at.] 
The  use  of  the  auriscope. 

aurist  (a'rist),  11.  [<  L.  auris,  =  E.  ear^,  +  -ist.] 
One  who  treats  disorders  of  the  ear ;  an  otolo- 
gist. 

In  England  the  medical  profession  is  divided  into  phy- 
sicians, surgeons,  apothecaries,  accoucheurs,  oculists,  au- 
rists,  dentists. 

Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Hatters  of  Opinion,  v. 

aurite  (a'rit),  a.     Same  as  aurited. 

aurited  (a'ri-ted),  a.  [<  L.  auritus,  =  E.  eared, 
<  auris  =  E.  corl.  Cf.  aurated'2.]  In  bot.  and 
zoiil.,  eared  ;  auricidate  ;  having  lobes  or  ap- 
pendages like  an  ear. 

aurivorous  (a-riv'o-ms),  o.  [<  L.  aurum,go\A, 
-t-  rorare,  devom-.]    Gold-devom-ing.     Walpole. 

aurocephalous  (ii-ro-sefa-lus).  a.  [<  L.  aurum, 
gold,  +  Gr.  Kccpa'/i/,  head.]  In  ro67.,  character- 
ized by  a  gold-colored  head. 

aurochs  (a'roks),  n.  [G.,  also  aueroclise,<.  MHG. 
Urochse,  <  OHG.  urohso,  <  Hr,  a  wild  ox  (=  AS. 
iir  =  Icel.  urr ;  cf.  L.  urus  =  6r.  ovpoc,  fi'om 
Tent.),  -t-  ohso,  6.  ochse,  ochs  =  E.  ox:  see  urox 
and  t()'«s.]  A  species  of  wild  ox  or  buffalo, 
the  bonasos  of  Aristotle,  bison  of  Pliny,  the  Eu- 
ropean bison,  Bos  or  Bison  bottasus  of  modem 
naturalists.  ITiis  animal  was  once  abundant  in  many 
parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  especially  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  large  forests.  The  spread  of  population  has 
nearly  exterminated  it,  and  were  it  not  for  the  protection 
alforded  by  the  emperor  of  Russia  to  a  few  herds  which 
inhabit  the  forests  of  Lithuania  and  of  Kuban  in  the  Cau- 
casus, it  would  soon  become  extinct.  Also  called  urochs, 
urox,  and,  wrongly,  auroch  and  aurock.     See  uru^. 

The  relationships  of  the  aurochs  to  the  .\merican  bison, 
while  very  close,  do  not  warrant  that  specific  identity 


auroclis 


Aurochs  [Sisen  bi^njsiis  . 

which  some  anthors  have  assumed  to  exist.  .  .  .  The 
aumcht  is  rather  larger,  with  a  smaller  thurax,  larger  and 
EtroiiL-er  pelvis,  longer  and  thieker  tail,  and  less  shaggj- 
fore  parts.  Cowe*-,  Eneyc.  .Amer.,  I.  30'i. 

Aurocores  (a-rok'o-rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  aii- 
r II III,  gold,  +  Gr.  Kopic,  a  bug.]  Literally,  the 
golU-bugs ;  a  group  of  heteropterous  hemipter- 
ous  insects,  the  same  as  Geocores,  the  name 
Aiirocorcg  being  considered  more  appropriate 
by  Westwood,  who  proposed  it  as  a  substitute. 
See  G(  Ill-ores. 

Aurocorisa  (a'ro-ko-ri'zii),  ».  2>>-  V^-1  Same 
as  Auii'irires. 

aurocyanide  (a-ro-si'a-nid  or  -nid),  II.  [<  L. 
iiiiruiii,  gold,  +  E.  ci/aiude.]  In  dieiii.,  a  double 
cyanide,  one  of  the  bases  of  which  is  gold:  as, 
potassium  aurocijaiiide,  KAu(CN)4. 

aurora  (a-r6'ra),"H.  [L.,  the  dawn,  the  goddess 
of  the  dawn,  earlier  'Au.sosa,  =  Gr.  iijiup  (La- 
couian),  otac  (--Eolic),  au^  (Doric),  ;/uf  (Ionic), 
iuf  (Attic),  the  dawn,  goddess  of  dawn  (related 
to  aipuiv,  to-morrow),  =  Skt.  iixlias.  'usiia.sd, 
dawn,  <  •/  M»/i,  bum,  =  Gr.  avcw  =  li.  iircre,  hum. 
To  the  same  source  are  referred  L.  aunim,  gold, 
atister,  south  wind,  Gr.  i}>.ioc,  the  sun.  E.  emt, 
etc. :  see  ca.«^]  1.  The  rising  light  of  the  morn- 
ing; the  dawn  of  day,  or  morning  twilight. — 

2.  [(■«/'.]  In  Horn,  mijtii.,  the  goddess  of  the 
da«nx :  called  Eos  by  the  Greeks.  The  poets  repre- 
sented her  as  rising  f»nt"of  the  ocean  in  a  chariot,  her  rosy 
fingers  dropping  gentle  dew, 

3.  The  aurora  borealis  or  the  amora  australis 
(the  polar  lights). 

The  most  prolialile  theory  of  the  nuroro  is  that  origi- 
nally due  Ui  Kraiiklin,  namely,  that  it  is  due  to  electric  dis- 
charges in  the  upper  air. 
S.  P.  '/■/io?n^M>n,  Elem.  Lessons  in  Elect,  and  Mag.,  p.  264. 

4.  A  reddish  color  produced  by  dyeing  with 
amotto.— Atirora  australis,  the  aurora  of  the  south- 
ern hemispln-re,  a  pheni'iiK-rion  t,jrnil:ir  to  the  aurora  of 
the  north.— Aurora  borealis,  the  ijoreal  or  northern 
dawn;  the  nurllieru  liu'hts  or  streamei-s ;  a  lununous  me- 
teoric phetLojMunon  appearing  at  night.  It  usually  mani- 
fests itself  hy  streams  of  light  ascending  toward  the 
zenith  from  a  dusky  line  of  cloud  or  haze,  a  few  degrees 
a»M)ve  the  liorizon,  and  stretching  from  the  north  toward 
the  west  anil  east,  s(i  as  to  form  an  arc.  with  its  ends  on  the 
horizon.  .Soinetinies  it  ajipears  in  detached  i)lace9 ;  at  other 
limes  it  covers  almost  the  whole  sky.  As  the  streams  of 
light  have  a  tremulous  motion,  they  are  called  in  many 
jjlaces  "the  merry  dancers."'  They  assume  many  shapes 
and  a  variety  of  colors,  from  a  pale  red  or  yellow  to  a 
deep  red  or  hlood-coir>r ;  and  in  the  m>rthern  latitudes 
they  serve  to  illuminate  the  earth  ami  cheer  tile  gloom  of 
tile  long  winter  night.  The  appearance  of  the  aurora  ho- 
realls  a<i  exactly  resemhles  the  etfecLs  of  artitlirial  electri- 
city that  there  is  every  reason  to  lielicve  that  their  causes 
are  Idenllial.  When  eleclrlclly  passes  through  nirelle<l 
air  it  exhiliits  a  dilfused  luminous  stream  which  has  all 
the  charai-teristh:  appearanc-es  at  the  aurora,  ami  hence 
H  I.  1,1  'I. iv  (ir'.l.itlil.-  thiit.  this  mttural  iihenomenon  is  oc- 

.  I  .  1       ..f  electricity  thr'Uigh  the  upper 

'    ,     :  I,  II-,  altlnnigh  under  i-onilitions  not 

Ml,,    ii:.  1  ;  tiod.     'I'lie  eiinnei'tlon  of  the  all- 

ivs  with  dislnrliances  of  the  niiignetle  needle  is 

I'  d  as  an  aseertiiiiii-d  fact.    The  aurora  horealls 

'    fr>  ')Mently  nrcompunii-d  liy  hoiiuiI,  wliicli  Is 

'  d  as  rertemliling  the  rustling  of  jiieees 

L  h  other,  or  the  sound  of  wind  against 

iidle.     The  s|M.'etrnin  of  the  aurora  is  pe- 

.:,'„'  nf  a  proiiilnent  line  In  the  greelilsh- 

.1.  uhii'h  has  not  hein  Idiiilllled  wllh 

'  Hire ;  also  oi-caNlomilly  a  Nliarp  line  In 

•  illliTH  less  priimlnellt   have  heen  oh- 

•   polaiifl,  polar  aurora-,  the  aurora  of 
I  or  the  southern  heniisplii-re. 
atirij  il).  It,    [<  aitrnrn  +  -"/.]    1.  Of 

or  I  ,  the  dft»vn. 

'Il<  i!.-iNof  niifiirnl  light  to  thezi-nllh 

almi.  ','liii-tlng  lini-s  ronie.  It  In  thought, 

I'Miji  i  iiii;  conditions  of  the  air. 

J.  !■:  Clnrkr,  .HrK-Culture,  illl. 

2.  Resembling  the  dawn  in  color,  beauty,  olc. ; 
hcni'i-,  ii.^i  ;iii  . 

II'  r  '  1. .  k.  •iiifiisid  with  an  nitrnral  liliinh. 

l.;i„itrUmr,  Falcon  of  Frderlgn,  1.  l.,l. 

3.  pertaining  or  nlntlog  to  thu  polar  aurora; 

r<'«<iiil.!i 0  niironi. 


384  auspicious 

4.  In  nenh.  appellative  of  the  second  of  Pro-  aUSCUltatorsMp  (;is'kul-ta-tor-ship),  ».  [Uiiis- 
fessor  H.  D.  Rogers's  fifteen  di\-isious  of  the  cuiliiloi:  '.i.  +  -sliii'.]  The  office  of  or  period  of 
Paleozoic  strata  in  Pennsylvania.  As  .ipplied  i.y  service  as  auscultator.  Carlyle,  Sartor  Resar- 
him.  it  included  all  the  divisions  of  the  Lower  Silurian     tus.  p.  Sl3. 

between  the  Potsdam  sandstone  and  the  Hudson  River  auscultatory  (as-kul'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
^S^^:^^:'^^SZ^^^^^^'^'"^'''-    *ni,.c,au,ti,nus,  <  ait^ihtator.]     Pertaining  to 

auroraUy  (a-ro'ral-i),  flrir.     1.  As  the  dawn:    auscultation;  auscultative. 
roseatelv:  as,  "  to  blush  auroraUi,,"  Broinihui.  auset,  o^li:     Obsolete  dialectal  form  of  also. 
Red  Cotton  Night-cap,  1.  117.— 2.  In  the  mail-  ausier,  ».     A  dialectal  torm  ototner. 
upr  of  the  polar  aurora,  auslaut    (ous'lout),    ii,     [G.,  <   ««.«,    denoting 

aurora-shell  va-ro'ra-shel),  n.  The  shell  of  the  completion  or  termination  (=  E.  out),  +  hint, 
Uiitiotiilw  :  an  ear-shell,  sea-ear,  ormer,  or  ab-  a  soxuid  (=  E.  IoikI).  Cf.  iiiUiiit,  ahkiiit,  umlaut.] 
aloue  (which  see).     See  also  Haliotis.  In  iihilol,  the  final  sound  of  a  word. 

aurorean  (a-ro're-an),  a.     [<  aurora  +  -eaii.']  Ausonian  (a-so'm-an),  a.     [<  L.  Ju«o«i(i,poet. 

Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  dawn.  name  of  Italy,  prop,  applied  to  middle  and 

t^x,  J  c  ,  lower  Italv.  <  Ausoiics  (Gr.    AiGof^c),  a  name 

At  tender  eyed,TOn  of  aurorran  love.  looei    j-mi  > ,  n   -in.  i    it    \'- '•  .     "»       .ij, 

ffeafi  Ode  to  Psyche.    ^Civen  to  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  middle 
aurorium  (a-ro'ri-um),  «.     See  the  extract.  f  "^\l°Y.^^'  ^^""^^--^     '^^-'"'  Vertj^i'^ng }2  Italy  or 

still    awaiting    discovery   hy  the    fortunate    spectre-    '       Italiaiis. 
scopist are thennknowncelestialelementsawror/u»), with  auSpSX  (as  pejis),    n. 


Longfdlmc.     [Poetical.] 

pi.  au.'tpiccs  (as'pi-sez). 


a  characteristic  line  at  6,570.7,  and  neliuluiu,  having  two    [L.   iiiis^ycx  (auspic-),  a  diviner,   eontr.  <   *avi- 
hright  lines  .It  .S007.05  and  4,969.02  <■  „,.,-,    ^  ^ji.d    +  spccerc  (spicrn-),  view: 

,f  "■ ."  •  ^  ™''*^1*'  ^'^^y%\''  ">'=  ^";-  -^'°'-  189S-    g'ej,  :.>i,ecies.-]     One  who   divines  by  observing 


aurotellurite  (a-ro-tel'u-rit),  «.     [<  L.  aunim 
sold,  -1-  XL.  tellurium  +  -ite-:  see  nurum  and 


^}ccies._ 
the  motions,  cries,  etc.,  of  birds; 
I'lieral ;  an  augur. 


a  diviner  in 


gold  ( AuoO)  whose  molecule  contains  two  atoms 
loss  of  oxygen  than  auric  oxid.  See  auric"^. 
aurum  (a'rum),  n.  [L.  (=  Sabine  iiusum),  in 
coUoq.  speech  orum  (>  It.  Sp.  oro  =  Pg.  onro  = 
F.  or:  see  oc^),  gold ;  related  to  aurora,  aurc- 
lia,  auster,  eic:  see  aurora.']  Gold.  Its  chemi- 
cal symbol  is  Au.—  Aurum  fulminans,  gold  dissolved 
in  aipia  regia  or  nitromuriatic  acid,  and  precipitated  by 
ammonia ;  fulminating  gold.  This  precipitate  is  of  a 
lirown-yellow  or  orange  color,  and  when  exposed  to  a 
moderate  heat,  or  struck,  detonates  with  considerable 
noise.  It  is  probably  an  ammonium  aurate,  AuCNlLiVlo. 
MI:).— Aurum  graphicum,  the  mineral  sylvanite.—Atl- 
rum  mosaicum  or  musivum,  mosaic  gold,  a  yellow 
gold-like  alloy,  cuntaiiiing  about  equal  quantities  of  cop- 
per and  zinc."  used  both  in  the  mass  and  as  a  bronzing 
powder. — Aurum potabile,  literally,  "drinkable  gold  "  ; 
a  cordial  or  medicine  formerly  much  esteemed.  It  was 
said  to  consist  of  "Gold  itself,  totally  reduced,  without 
Corrosive,  into  a  blood-red.  giimmie  or  Hmiey-like  sub- 
stance." PhillipH  (167S).  "Ciold  made  liquid,  or  tit  to  be 
drunk  ;  or  some  rich  Cordial  Liquor,  with  pieces  of  Leaf- 
gold  in  it."    Kersey  (170S). 

Mons'.  Roupel  sent  me  a  small  phial  of  his  aitruin  pota- 
bile, with  a  letter  shewing  the  way  of  administering  it, 
and  y«  stupendous  cures  it  had  don  at  Paris. 

Evehin,  Diary,  June  27,  106;l. 

auscult  (as-kult'),  V.  t.  [<  L.  auscuUare,  lis- 
ten: see  au.scultate.']  Same  as  auscultate. 
[Hare.] 

auscultate  (as'kul-tat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
auscultated,  ppr.  auscultating.  [<  L.  aiisculta- 
tiis,  pp.  of  auscultare,  listen.]  To  listen  to; 
give  ear  to ;  specifically,  in  pathol.,  to  examine 
by  auscultation. 

auscultation  (As-kul-ta'shon), «,  [<  L.  ausrul- 
tiiliii(ii-).  a  lisleniug,  <  auscultare,  listen:  see 
auscultate.]  1.  The  .act  of  listening  or  hark- 
ening.  [Karo.]  /•'.  Hicks,  tr.  of  Lucian. 
2.  In  pathol.,  a  method  of  distinguishing  the 
state  of  the  internal  parts  of  thcliody,  jiarticu- 
larly  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen,  by  observing 
the  .sounds  arising  in  tlii^  part,  either  tlirougli 
the  direct  application  of  llie  car  to  tlic  ad- 
jacent external  surface  (iimnediaii'  ausculta- 
tion) or  by  applying  the  stethoscope  over  Iho 
part  and  listening  tlirougli  it  (mediate  ausculta- 
tion). Seo  stethiiseoJK.  Auscultation  may  be  used 
with  more  or  less  advantage  in  all  cases  where  inorlild 

sounds  are  priidn 1,  hut  its  general  applications  are: 

auscultation  of  respiration;  anscullatlon  id  the  voice; 
auBciiltatliiii  of  the  cimgh  ;  auscultation  of  sounds  foreign 
to  all  these,  but  sometimes  aceompanyiiig  them;  auscul- 
tation nf  the  action  111  the  hearl ;  olistetric  nnsenltallun. 

auscultative  (iis-kul'ta-tiv),  a.  [<  auscultate 
+  -in  .]  Pertaining  to  or  of  tho  nature  of  iiiih- 
ciillntion. 

auscultator  (iiK'knl-til-tor),  n.  fL.,  a  llBtenor, 
<  auscultare:  noo  auscultate.]  1.  A  listener; 
specifically,  ono  who  pracliHcs  auHcnltalion. — 


pp.  of  auspicari,  make  a  beginning  for  the  sake 
of  a  good  omen,  begin,  prop,  take  tho  auspices, 
act  as  auspex,  <  auspex,  a  divdner:  see  auspex. 
Cf.  augurate.]  1.  To  be  au  augury  of;  fore- 
show. 

Long  mayst  thou  live,  and  see  me  thus  appear, 
.■Vs  oniinous  a  comet,  from  my  sphere, 
Unto  thy  reign,  as  that  did  auspicate 
So  lasting  glory  to  Augustus'  stnte. 
B.  ,/omuii,  King  James's  Coronation  Entert.ainraent. 
There  are  yet  other  special  auguries  of  this  great  change, 
auspimliiin.  in  the  natural  Progress  of  Man.  the  abandon- 
ment of  all  international  Preparations  for  War. 

Suiuitrr,  Orations,  I.  Ill, 

2.  To  initiate  or  inaugurate  with  ceremonies 
calculated  to  insure  good  luck.  This  meaning  of 
the  word  was  borrowed  from  the  Roman  practice  of  tak- 
ing the  auspices  before  undertaking  any  important  busi- 
ness. 

If  we  are  conscious  of  our  situatimi,  and  glow  with  zeal 
to  Illl  our  place  as  becomes  our  station  and  ourselves,  wo 
ought  to  auspicate  all  our  public  proceedings  on  .A.merica 
with  the  old  warning  of  the  Church,  Sursttm  cnriia ! 

Burtcc,  Conciliation  with  .\merica. 

To  auspicate  .  .  .  the  .  .  .  concern  and  set  it  agoing 
with  a  lustre.  Lamb,  Ellistoniana. 

3.  To  begin  or  introduce  in  a  favorable  or  aus- 
picious manner.     [Rare.] 

The  London  company  merits  the  praise  of  having  aus- 
picniril  liberty  in  Ame'riciu     BancroJ't,  Hist.  U.  .S.,  1,  126. 

auspicator  (as'pi-ka-tor),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  'ampi- 
calor.  <  auspicari :  see  auspicate.]     An  augur. 

auspicatory  (:'is'pi-ka-to-ri),  a.  [<  au.spicafc.] 
I  )f  or  belonging  to  auspices  or  omens. 

auspice  (as'pis),  v.  [<  P.  auspice,  y>\.  ousniccs, 
<  L.  auspieium,  divination  from  the  flight  of 
birds,  a  sign,  omen,  <  auspc.i;  a  diviner:  see 
auspcr.]  1.  An  augnry  from  birds;  an  omen 
or  a  sign  in  general:  as,  to  take  tho  auspicfs; 
an  auspice  of  good  fortune. 

The  tribunes  were  at  llrst  elected  in  the  curire,  where 
the  vote  ot  the  poorest  citizen  was  equal  to  that  of  the 
most  wealthy.  Hut.  even  here,  the  patricians,  besides 
their  great  i'niluence,  had  a  negative  on  all  proceedings, 
by  holding  the  axmpices.  J.  Atlains,  Works,  IV,  .'i-.'4. 

We  then  strive,  as  far  as  our  poor  philosophy  can  do  it, 
to  read  the  country's  reverend  auspices. 

Kivictt,  Orations,  p.  12, 

2.  Protection  or  lead;  favoring  or  propitious 
influence;  patronage:  especially  in  the  phrase 
uiiiler  the  auspices  (of). 

(ireat  father  Mars,  and  greater  ,7ove, 

Uv  whiise  high  auspice  Home  hath  stood 

So  long.  //.  ./lowioi,  I'allline,  II.  1. 

3.  A  circumslimce  or  con.iuncfion  of  circum- 
stanees  betokepiiig  success:  as,  his  career  was 
begun  under  the  fairi'st  auspices.  [In  all  senseN 
neiirly  always  usi'd  in  the  plural,] 


2.  An  instrument  used  in  listeiiingtotliesouiids  aUspices,  ".  Plural  of  auspex  and  of  inisiiiee. 
within  the  thorax;  a  stetlioHcope.— 3.  In  (in-  aUHpicial  (as-pisli'al),  ".  (<  \i.  auspieium,  imn- 
many,  ii  mnnber  of  a  college  of  oflieiiilH  who  |iico,  -f  -,(/.]  1.  Uehiting  to  auspicos  or 
utIeiidH  its  sessions  lis  a  student  but  is  not  en-  omens:  as,  aunpicial  riles.  [Rare.]  —  2.  For- 
tified to  ii  vote  ;  Hpeclflcallv,  in  I'russia,  before  tniiatc;  ntisiiicioiis.  [Rare.] 
I86i»,  ono  who  had  iiiiHHed  tilt!  (IrHt  oxamiimt  ion  auspicious  (iVs-pish'ua),  a.  [<  L.  au.fjiiciuni, 
and  begun  his  jtulicial  career  at  a  college  of  aiiHpicn,  +  -ous.]  1.  Of  good  omen ;  Indokeii- 
jiidges.  See  refereniiar.  ing  succosk,  or  a  fuvorablo  issue;  prognosticttt- 
llls  nnit  Ijiw.r.xnnilnallon  ho  hail  oonio  through  Irl-  ing  good  ;  favoralile. 


iimphantly  ;  and  can  iveii  boast  that  the  Kunnieii  lllgiuii 

sum  need  not  have  (ilghlemd  him;   but  tlmugh  he  Is 

hereby  "an  /liiwu/M/i/r  id  nupeelablllty,  '  wind  avails  lt'( 

Carliile,  Sartor  llisuriun.  p.  h  :,. 


the  pnst  and  the  juesent  cheer 
\iu-i\  True  i;i!iiidi'in'  id  Nathins. 

Prosperous;  fortunate:  applied  to iiersons. 


A  iispicuius  omens  fr 
UH  for  the  future. 


auspicious 

Auspicious  chief  !  thy  race  in  times  to  come 
Shall  sprcacl  the  coni|Uests  of  imperial  Rome. 

Dnfden. 

3.  Favoriible  ;    kind  ;    propitious :    applied  to 
persons  or  tliiugs. 

Fortune  play  upon  thy  prosperous  lielm, 
As  thy  am^picious-  mistress  I 

Shak.,  All's  Will,  iii.  :i. 
So  (lay  could  be  more  aitspicioKx  to  the  uiulertakiiit,-, 
D.  Webster,  Speech,  Bunker  Hill  iMonumeiit. 

4t.  Showing  joy;  happy.     [Rare.] 

With  one  auspicious  and  one  dropjiiug  eye. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
=  S3m.  Bright,  Rolden,  lucky,  promising,    i^tse  propitious. 
auspiciously  (as-pisli'u.s-li).  (idr.     In  an  auspi- 
cious mniiuer;  witli  i'avoralilc  oiuens;  happily  ; 
prosperously ;  favorably ;  propitiously. 
I  looked  for  ruin  ;  and  encrease  of  lionour 
Meets  me  auspiciousli/.      Jliildlfton,  V\'itch,  iv.  1. 

auspiciousness  (as-pish'us-nos),  n.  The  quali- 
ty of  Ijeing  auspicious;  a  state  of  fair  promise ; 
prosperity. 

auster  (as'tfer),  n.  [L.,  the  south  wind;  akin 
to  aurora,  the  dawn,  and  Krerc,  'burn:  see 
aurora  and  aurum.]  1.  The  south  wind  (com- 
monly with  a  capital,  as  a  proper  name):  as, 
"  drizzly  Au-stir,"  Tlioiii.-ion,  Castle  of  Indolence, 
Ixxvi.     Hence  —  2t.   The  south. 

austere  (as-ter'),  a.  [<  ME.  austere,  <  OF. 
austere,  <  L.  austerus,  harsh,  sour,  tart,  severe, 
<  Gr.  a'varripui;,  dry,  harsh,  bitter,  <  avog,  Attic 
Ht'oc,  dry,  withered,  sear;  related  to  E.  sear. 


385 


Strict  statutes  and  most  biting  laws. 

aiiak.,  M.  tor  M., 


Austromalayan 


I  have  heard 
Your  gi'ace  hath  ta'en  great  i>ains  to  (lualify 
His  rii/orous  course.  Shnk.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 

Sternly  he  pronounced 
The  r(>//(/ interdiction.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  334. 

austerely  (as-ter'li),  adv.    In  an  austere  man- 

ni'r;  severely;  rigidly;  harshly. 

Whatever  hypocritea  austercl}/  talk 

<if  purity.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  744. 

In  the  wonder  whether  a  door  so  grimly  bolted  and 
austerely  barred  could  possibly  open  into  a  hotel,  with    pole,  as  a  magnet, 
cheerful  overcharges  for  candles  iuid  service. 

Ilou'clls,  Venetian  Life,  ii. 

austereness  (as-ter'nes),  n.  [ME.  austemesse 
(Wyclif);  <  austere  +  -mcsvs.]  Tlie  state  or 
quality  of  being  austere;  harshness  in  taste; 
severity  in  manners;  austerity. 

For  a  subject 
Towards  his  prince,  in  things  indilferent 
To  use  th"  austereness  of  a  censuring  Cato 
Is  arrogance,  not  freedom. 


Australioid  (as-tra'li-oid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Aus- 
triilia  +  -o(V^]  I.  a.  In  ethnoL,  of  the  type  of 
the  aborigines  of  Australia  and  of  some  of  the 
native  races  of  the  Decean.  The  Australioid  races 
lorm  a  grou|i  of  the  I.rinti-iihi  (»vhii;h  see),  having  dark 
eyes  and  skin,  wavy  black  hair,  and  long  prognathous 
skulls  with  well-develojj'-d  sup'-iciliary  ridges. 
II.  ".  A  member  of  the  Australioid  group 

of  IMCM. 

Also  .lustraloid. 
australizet  (as'tra-liz),  r.  i.    [<  austral  +  -fee.] 
To  point  southward,  or  to  the  south  magnetic 


sere,  dry :  see  searl, 


(•!.]     1.  Sour;  harsh  ; 


rough  to  the  taste  :  applied  to  things :  as,  aus 
tere  fruit  or  wine;  "sloes  austere,"  Cowper, 
Task,  i.  122. 

An  austere  gi'ape 
That  hast  no  juice  I>ut  what  is  verjuice  in  him  ! 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  v.  1. 

2.  Severe ;  harsh  ;  rigid  ;  rigorous ;  stern  :  ap- 
plied to  persons  and  things :  as,  an  austere  mas- 
ter; an  austere  look. 

A  stern  lady,  and  «ii.«(ei-c.  not  only  in  her  manners, 
which  nnnle  most  people  dislike  her.  but  also  in  the  char- 
acter of  lier  understanding  and  nn->rals. 

Dc  Quince;!,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

But  what  chiefly  distinguished  the  army  of  Cromwell 
from  other  arnnes  was  the  austere  morality  and  the  fear 
of  God  which  pervaded  all  ranks.  Macaulay. 

3.  Grave;  sober;  serious:  as,  austere  deport- 
ment. 

There  lived  a  Lady,  wise,  au.sterc,  and  nice, 
Who  show'd  her  virtue  by  her  scorn  of  vice. 

Crabbc,  Parish  Register. 
Priest  and  sage,  with  solemn  brows  austere. 

WInttii-r,  Last  Walk  in  Autunui. 

4.  Severely  simple;  unadorned.  =S3m.  2.  Au.t. 
tere.  Severe,  Stern,  Hard,  Harsh,  Strict,  lUtjorous,  Kir/id, 
stilt,  uncianpromising,  relentless,  may  characterize  a  per- 
son's dealiniiS  witli  himself  or  with  others.  Au.^tere  is  the 
nujst  iniUvidual  word  in  the  list ;  it  still  suggests  the  ety- 
mological sense  of  dryness  and  hardness  of  nature.  As 
applied  to  manner  of  life,  it  implies  self-mortification,  re- 
fusal of  pleasure,  or  the  self-intliction  of  i»ain,  for  the 
purpose  of  self-discipline.  The  aiistere  man  may  treat 
others  as  he  treats  himself  ;  an  austere  manner  is  of  a  cor- 
responding sort.  There  is  no  suggestion  of  hypocrisy  or 
self-righteousness  in  the  word,  nor  does  it  go  so  far  as 
asceticism  (see  self-denial).  Severe  starts  from  the  no- 
tion of  seriousness  or  freedom  from  levity,  but  e.i£tends 
through  a  wide  range,  covering  most  of  the  meanings  of 
the  other  words.  Stem,  while  primarily  meaning  fixed 
in  facial  expression,  applies  to  almost  anything  to  wliiih 
severe  can  apply.  Hard  is  of  the  same  character,  but  starts 
from  the  notion  of  physical  hardness,  proceeding  thence 
to  mean  ditlicult  to  endure,  unfeeling,  etc.  Harsh  pri- 
marily expresses  physical  roughness,  as  a  harsh  touch,  and 
retains  some  figurative  suggestion  akin  to  that  idea-  Strict 
is  drawn  close,  tense,  not  relaxed,  observing  exact  rules 
for  one's  self  or  requiring  such  observance  from  others. 
Jiifjorous  means,  literally,  stiff,  and  hence  allowing  no 
abatement  or  mitigation  ;  intlexible  ;  vuisparing.  Iti[i>d  is 
the  same  as  rigorous,  hwi  with  somewhat  more  of  the  ori- 
ginal figurativeness  than  in  rigorous  ;  both  are  opposed  to 
lax  or  indulgent.  Rigid  is  more  often  used  of  unneces- 
sary, overwrought,  or  narrow-minded  strictness  than 
rigorous.  We  speak  of  au-ftere  morality  :  a  severe  aspect, 
treatment,  tone  ;  a  stern  rebuke ;  a  hard  master,  voice, 
judgment ;  harsh  enforcement  of  laws  ;  strict  rules,  disci- 
pline, repression  of  mischief  ;  rigorous  justice;  rigid  ad- 
lierence  to  petty  restrictions.    .See  acrimony. 

He  [Plutarch]  was  not  so  austere  as  to  despise  riches, 
t)Ut  being  in  possession  of  a  large  fortune,  he  lived,  thougli 
not  splendidly,  yet  plentifully.  Drijdcn,  Plutarch. 

F<ir  in  their  looks  divine 
The  image  of  their  glnrious  -Maker  shone. 
Truth,  \visdom,  sanctitude  screye  and  pure, 
Severe,  but  in  true  filial  freedom  placed. 

Milton.  P.  L.,  iv.  293. 
"Wrapped  in  his  sad-colored  cloak,  the  Day  like  a  Puritan 

standeth 
Stern  in  the  joyless  field,  rebuking  the  lingering  color. 

B.  Taylor,  Home  Pastorals. 
The  common  executioner, 
"lATlose  heart  the  accustom'd  sight  of  death  makes  hard. 
Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  .'J. 
Be  sometimes  lovely  like  a  bride. 
And  put  thy  harsher  naxKls  aside. 
If  thou  wilt  have  me  wise  anil  good. 

Tenn'ison.  In  Memoriam,  lix. 
25 


They  [steel  and  iron]  do  septentrionate  at  one  extreme, 
and  australize  at  the  other. 

Sir  T.  Broume,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  2. 

Australoid  (as'tra-loid),  a.  and  ii.    Australioid. 

Austrasian  (as-tra'siau  or  -ziau),  a.  and  h.  I. 
«.  Of  or  Ijc  longing  to  Austrasia,  the  eastern  or 
Teutonic  jHirtion  of  the  Frankisli  empire  under 
the  Merovingians. 

II.  H.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Austrasia. 


Fletcher  (and  others).  Bloody  Brother,  v.  1.  A,ustrianl  (is'tri-an),  a.  and  v.      [<   Au.itria,  a 
austerity  (as-ter'i-ti),  J7.;  pi.  austerities  (-tiz).    ML.formof OIIG.av/(/n'(7(//;,G.fMv^rrrap/i, Aus- 

[<  ME.  (luslerite,  <.  OF.  auskrite,  F.  austirite,       -     -■  -  -       -  

<  ML.  <iusl<rit(i{t-)s,  <  L.  austerus,  austere:  see 
austere Ji   If.  Harshnessorastringeiiey  of  taste. 


tria,  lit.  eastern  kingdom  (so  ciilled  relatively 
to  the  western  dominions  of  Charlemagne),  < 
OHG.  ostar,  eastern,  4-  rililri  =  AS.  rice,  king- 
dom, E.  -ric  in  bishopric,  etc. :  see  east  and  -nc] 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  archduchy  of  Aus- 
tria, or  to  the  Cisleithan  division  of  the  dual 
Austro-Kungarian  monarcliy,  or  to  the  collec- 
tive dominions  of  the  house  of  Ha)>-sburg. 

II,  «.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the 
archduchy  of  Austria,  the  nucleus  of  the  Haps- 
burg  dominions,  comprising  the  crown  lands 
of  Upper  and  Lower  Austria. — 2.  A  native 
or  an  inhabitant  of  the  Cisleithan  division 
of  Austria-Hungary,  which  comjirises  all  the 
c«■ov^'n  lands  of  the  dual  cmiiirc  except  Hun- 
gary, Croatia  with  Slavonia,  and  Fiume. — 3. 
A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  any  part  of  the 
dominions  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg,  known 
since  18(i7  as  Austria-Hungary. 

austrian^t  (as'tri-an),  a.  [<  L.  auster,  the 
south  wind,  south  (see  auster),  +  -ian.1  South- 
ern ;  austral. 

austrinet  (as'trin),  a.  [<  L.  (instrinus,  south- 
ern, <  auster,  the  south  wind:  see  auster.'] 
South;  southerly;  southern.     Baileij. 

austringer  (as'tnn-,ier),  //.  [Also  written  os- 
trini/er  and  astrimjer,  early  mod.  E.  ostrcf/er, 
<  ME.  oslreger,  <  OF.  ostruclticr,  ausfrucliier 
(autrueier,  autoursier— Roquefort)  (ML.  reflex 
astorcriu.s),  <  ML.  *austrucarius,  one  whose 
business  it  -(vas  to  breed  and  fly  goshawks,  < 
"au.sirucu.'i,  austurcus,  astruco,  asturco,  austurgo, 
iislurf/o,  a.fturejius,  o.stor»«,  etc..  variations  (per- 
haps due  in  part  to  confusion  with  certain  forms 
of  ostrich,  (].  V.)  otaustur,  a.s-tur,  astor,  hh.astur 
(>  It.  astorc  =  Pg.  a<;or  =  OSp.  a-tor,  Sp.  a-or 
=  Pr.  austor  =  OF.  austirur,  ostor,  hostiir,  mod. 
F.  autour),  a  goshawk:  see  Astur.  The  n  is 
inserted,  as  in  porriiii/cr,  passetujer,  messenger, 
etc.]     A  liceper  and  trainer  of  goshawks. 

Austrocolumbia    (as    tffi  -  ko  -  lum  '  bi  -  a),    V. 

[XL.,  <  L.  auster,  the  soiitli  wind,  south,  -I-  NL. 

Columbia,  applied  to  America.]     In  ::oogeog., 

a  primary  division  of  the  earth's  laud-surface 

with  reference  to  its  fauna,  which  consists  of 

all  the  American  continent  south  of  Mexico. 

coogeot/.,  a  division  comprising  the  islands  and  Austrocolumbian  (as'tro-ko-linn'bi-an),  a.   [< 

insular  groups  south  of  Asia:  synonymous  with    ju.-<tronilumliia.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  Austro- 

Aiistro;i(ca.  _  Columbia:  as,  the  jH.s/™co/»»(fc(««  fauna. 

Australasian  (as-tra-la'shan  or  -zhan),  a.  and  Austrogaea  (as-tro-je'ii),  ».     [NL.,  <  L.  auslcr, 

[<  Australasia  +  -an.']    I.  a.  1.  Relating  to     the  south  wind,  soutli,  -I-  Gr.  yam,  the  earth.] 


The  sweetness  of  the  ripened  fruit  is  not  the  less  de- 
licious for  the  austerity  of  its  crude  state. 

Horsley,  Sermons,  II.  xxviii. 

2.  Severity  of  manner,  life,  etc.;  rigor;  strict- 
ness; harshness  of  treatment  or  demeanor. 

But  the  aii.stei-ity  of  Dante  will  not  condescend  to  the 
conventional  elegance  which  makes  the  charm  of  French. 
Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  23. 
There  is  no  show  of  mercy  in  him.    He  carried  his  aus- 
terity beyond  the  bounds  of  humanity. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  20. 

3.  Severe  or  rigorous  simplicity;  absence  of 
adornment  or  luxury. 

The  Baptist  we  know  was  a  strict  man,  remarkable  for 
austerity  and  set  order  of  life. 

Milton,  Apology  for  Smectyninuus. 

4.  Severe  or  ascetic  practices :  chiefly  in  the 
plural:  as,  the  austerities  of  the  Flagellants. 

The  austerities  and  the  blameless  purity  of  Ximenes's 
life  had  given  him  a  reputation  for  sanctity  throughout 
Spain.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  5. 

=  83^1.  Self-sacrifice,  Asceticism,  etc.  (see  self-denial) ; 
sternness,  harshness.     See  comparison  under  austere. 

austerland  (as'ter-land),  II.  [E.  dial.,  <  *austcr 
=  aslre,  hearth  (see  astre),  +  land.~i  Land  which 
had  a  house  upon  it  in  ancient  times.  Elton, 
Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  191.     [Local  Eng.] 

Austin  (as'tin),  a.  [<  ME.  Austi/n,  contr.  of 
Augustiii,  q.  v.]  Same  as  Augustinian:  as, 
Austin  friars.     See  Augu.'stin. 

austral  (as'tral),  a.  [<  ME.  austral  =  F.  Sp. 
Pg.  austral  =  It.  austriili-,  <  L.  australis,  south- 
ern, <  au.'iter,  the  south  'wind:  see  auster.l 
Southern ;  lying  in  or  pertaining  to  the  south : 
as,  austral  lands;  the  austral  signs  of  the  zo- 
diac—Austral pole,  the  name  i^iven  by  French  authors 
to  tliat  pole  of  a  nKe:iict  which  ]M.ints  to  the  ii.-rth,  and  is 
called  the  north  pole  liy  En'.;lish  arid  .Vmcrican  w  riters.  So, 
also,  wliat  is  termed  tin- soulh  Jiole  by  the  latter  is  termed 
the  Ijiimd  pole  by  tile  former.— AUStral  signs,  tlle  la.-<t 
six  siLiUS  of  Ihe  zodiac,  or  Uiose  soutli  of  the  Kjuator. 

Australasia  (as-tra-la'shii  or  -zha),  «.  [NL.,  < 
austral,  southern  (cf.  Ausiredian),  +  Asia.]  1. 
In  yeog.,  a  general  name  for  Australia,  Papua, 
Tasmania,  and  the  neighboring  islands. —  2.  In 


Australasia.— 2.  In  zoiigeog.,  of  or  pertaining 
to  that  primary  fauna!  area  of  the  earth's 
land-surface  which  extends  from  Wallace's 
line  (wliich  separates  Celebes  from  Borneo 
and  Lombok  from  Bali)  to  Tasmania. 

II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Australasia, 

austr'alene  (is'tra-len),  «.  [<  L.  australis,  in 
Pinus  australis,  the  American  southern  pine, 
the  chief  source  of  the  turpentine.]  A  liquid 
hydrocarbon  (CioHig),  the  chief  constituent 
of  English  and  American  oil  of  turpentine,  oli- 
tained  bv  neutralizing  turpentine-oil  with  an 
alkaline  carbonate,  and  by  subsequent  distil- 
lation.    It  is  dextrogyrate. 

Australian  (as-tra'lian).  a.  and  n.  [<  Austra- 
lia, the  NL.  term  for  the  earlier  Aii.'itralis  terra, 
lit.  southern  land:  see  nustral.'i  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Australia,  a  large  island,  often  class- 
ed as  a  continent,  south  of  Asia —  Australian  hal- 
lot.    See  teiiof.- Australian  beech.    Seefovr/ii. 

II.  ».  A  luitive  or  tin  inhabitant  of  Australia  : 
specifically,  a  member  of  the  aboriginal  race  of 
Australia. 


In  zoogeog.,  that  prime  zoological  division  or 
realm  of  the  earth's  land-surface  wliich  com- 
prises Australia  and  its  immediately  outlying 
islands,  and  the  Austromalayan  archipelago. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  Wallace's  line,  and  includes 
Papua  nr  New  lUiinea  and  the  Solomon  islands  on  the  east 
and  Tasmania  on  the  south. 

Austrogsean  (as-tro-Je'an),  a.  [<  Austroga;a 
■\r  -an.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Austrogaea :  as,  the 
Austrogecan  fauna. 

Austro'-Hungarian  (as'tro-hung-ga'ri-an),  a. 
<  If  or  pertaining  to  Austria-Hungary. 

Austromalaya  (as  tio-ma-la'yii),  «.  [NL.,  < 
L.  auster,  the  south  wind,  +  NL.  ilalaya.1 
In  zoogeog.,  the  first  subregion  of  the  great 
Australasian  region,  including  Papua  and  the 
islands  zoologically  pertaining  thereto.  On  the 
west  the  boundary  passes  between  Borneo  and  Celebes, 
and  thence  along  Wallace's  line  between  Lombok  and  Bali; 
eastward  it  extends  to  include  San  Christoval.  It  lies  en- 
tirely nnrtli  "f  Australia. 

Austromalayan  (as' tro-'mS-la'yan),  o.    [< 

Aii.'striiiiiahnia  +  -««.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Austromalaya. 


austromancy 

austromancy  (as'tro-man-si),  H.  [<  L.  auster, 
the  south  vrind,  +  Gr.  uavreia,  divination,  <  uav- 
reiscOai,  divine,  <  uamc,  a  diviner:  see  Mantis.'] 
Divination  from  observation  of  the  winds. 

aut-.     ^'•f  auto-. 

autacantMd  (a-ta-kan'thid),  a.  [<  Gr.  aiVof, 
sell.  +  a<ai-6a.  spiiie.  +  -i(?.]  In  sool..  having 
the  greater  number  of  the  intermediate  spines 
on  special  plates  or  local  modifications  of  the 
integument:  applied  to  a  starfish:  opposed  to 
ti/pnc(tiifhif1. 

autaesthesy,  autesthesy  (a-tes'the-si),  n.    [< 

lir.  airoi;.  self,  +  aiTtfricir.  perception:  see  (cs- 
thc-siii.  txthelic.'i     Self-conseiousness.     X  E.  J). 

antamceba  (a-ta-me'ba),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  oi- 
rnr.  self.  +  XL!'«Hi«'6rt.]  A  term  applied  by 
Haeekel.  without  exact  zoological  siguifica- 
tion,  to  any  simple  amoeba  form  regarded  as 
the  nearest  living  representative  of  a  hypo- 
thetical primitive  amceba  or  archama?ba. 

autantitypy  (a-lan-lit'i-pi).  «.  [<  Gr.  airof, 
self.  +  uvTirv-ia.  resistance:  see antityi>ij.']  Ab- 
solute incompressibility:  attributed  by  many 
metaphysicians  to  matter. 

Autarachnae  (a-ta-rak'ne),  H.  pi.  [Nil.,  <  Gr. 
a'lTij^,  self,  +  a.'iii.r.-ri.  spider.]  In  Gegenbaur's 
system  of  classiticatiou.  a  division  of  Jrot7i)i«/((, 
the  arachnids  themselves,  or  Ariicliiihla  prop- 
er, consisting  of  spiders,  scorpions,  mites, 
etc.,  as  distinguished  from  the  I'seudamehiHe 
( Tardiijruda,  I'l/cnogonida).  Oegenbaur divides tlic 
.\HtnriicUiuv  into  fniir  proiips :  ArUiroftaxtrex,  Aranea, 
.\i-iritifi,  :uid  Liwintuliiia.     See  these  words. 

autarchy!  (a'tjir-ki),  ».;  pi.  autarchies  (-kiz). 
[<  (ir.  airapxia,  absolute  power, <  ni-rapjn;.  ab- 
solute, <  oi'7(^,  self,  +  apxen',  rule.]  Absolute 
power;  autocracy;  self-government. 

A  certain  government  called  an  autarchii,  of  which  he 
makes  God  the  only  jud^e.  • 

./.  Waxliinglon,  tr.  of  Milton's  Def.  Pop. 

antarchy-t  (a'tjir-ki),  n.  [Prop.  *autan<i,  <  Gr. 
.11  7.i/«>/a,  self-siifliciency,  <  amipKijc.  self-suffi- 
cient, (.  ai-ror^  self,  +  apKctv,  suffice.]  Self-suf- 
ficiency; independence. 

[Con.^-ience  is)  in  man  the  principal  part  of  God's  image, 
anil  that  !•>■  which  man  resembleth  most  the  autarclni 
anil  seU-sntlleiency  of  Guil.  S.  Ward,  Sermons,  p.  98. 

antemt,  ".     [Obsolete  .slang.]     A  church. 

autert,  ".  Middle  English  form  of  altar.  Cliau- 
n  r. 

anter  droit  (6'ter  di-wo  or  droi).  [OF.  (mod. 
K.  iiiiirt!  droit):  outer,  autre,  altrc,  etc.,  <  L. 
alter,  other;  dniil,  <  ML.  drietum,  directum, 
riglit,  neut.  of  L.  directum,  straight,  direct:  see 
alter  an<l  direct.']  In  law,  another  (another's) 
right :  thus,  one  who  acts  not  on  his  own  behalf, 
but  as  trustee  or  representative  of  another,  is 
said  to  act  in  nuter  droit. 

anterfoits  (6-t6r-fwo'  or  -foi'),  adr.  [OF.  (mod. 
]■'.  autrij'iiin),  at  another  time,  <  auter,  autre, 
alter:  (see  auter  droit),  +  foit.s;  fois  =  Pi'. /f.s 
=  It.  vecc,  time,  turn,  <  1j.  rice,  in  place  of,  in 
turn :  see  ricc'^,  ricar.]  In  law,  formerly :  a  t eriu 
introduced  into  the  plea  of  former  trial  as  a  bar 
to  a  scemid  prosecution  for  the  same  olTense. — 
Auterfolta  acquit  Koi'mi'vIv  aciiuiiich,  tlie  pUu  of  for- 
mirac.|Millal.  -  AuterfOltS  attalntif'Tim  rlv  utlalTitc.l). 
the  picaot  fi.rini  r  :iii:iiMi  Auterfolta  convict  (lornier- 
Iv >irlc.l),  tin-  pic. I  o(  toniicr  conviction. 

aat«r  vie  (6'ter  ve).  [OF. :  auter  (see  auter 
droit):  rie,  <  L.  ri(rt,  life:  see  vital.]  In  law. 
aiiol her  (another's)  life.  Tenant  pour  auter  vie, 
'  »lio  holrl..  111!  ,"<late  liy  the  liU-  of  mmuIIm  r. 

authentic  (a-lheu'tik),  a.  and  )i.  [Early  tiiod. 
E,  alio  nullienlicl;,  auleulic,  etc.,  <  ME.  auten- 
lil.e,  iiucteuti/l:e,  <  OF',  autenlif/ue  (inod.  F.  au- 
llii  iitiinte,  being  changed,  liki'  the  E.  word,  to 
Kiiit  Ihe  L.  spelling)  =  Pg.  autlieutico  =  Sp. 
auli'iilieo  =  It.  autenlien,  <  LE.  aullieuticu.H.  < 
Gr.  «i'i  rr/dvif,  warranted,   anlhenlic,   original, 

<  ti'iH  i-'it,  original  authority,  <  nUllv-i/r,  coiilr. 

<  (iiT/. ,  -r/c  (rare),  one  who  rlocs  anything  with 
hi«  owti  liaiid,  Ihe  real  author  of  any  ai'l,  <  air/ir, 
wlf,  +  'rirriK  (found  also  in  aiwivT7/<:,  e(|uiv. 
to  nmtpj'ir,  a  fillow-workman),  of  uncertain 
orit'i  '  -  <  'nitT-,<.  'I'lanvT;  orig.  form  of 
Ion,  •  I'lv  (=  L.  eim,  'jiiim},  ]>\>T.  of 
fi'w;  ,  ,<,  lie',  Cf.  effendi,  also  nil.  <  (ir. 
nUliiri,'  \  1.  II,  If,  Having  nulhorily;  pos- 
KOMiiit^  uilori'iit  nulhorily;  duly  uuthori/i'd ; 
niithoriiii'ivr. 

I"  fiv  nil  p«<l«ntlaniii,  nnd  not  rulily  to  unc 

nut  with   In  every  EnxlUh   wrllir. 

/■;.  ri.ill.i... 

■'■origin;  beingwhnl  il  pur- 
I  lo  preli  lid- d  or  imiifiinarii. 
firli  .         '.  ajiorrii)ihiil,  OT  uiiaiilhoi 

iMUfl:  Uf,  nulltcHlir  documoiltl). 


»|.n  . 
Itll    » 
wh.i 

2.    I. 
por' 


386 

As  there  is  but  one  God,  bnt  one  hope,  but  one  anchor- 
age for  man  —  so  also  there  can  be  bnt  one  autltcntic 
faith,  but  one  derivation  of  truth,  but  one  perfect  revela- 
tion, ^t'  Qliiuceil,  Essenes,  ilL 

3.  In  7flir,  executed  with  all  due  formalities ; 
executed  by  the  proper  person  and  legally 
attested  before  the  proper  authorities :  as,  an 
authentic  deed. — 4.  Entitled  to  acceptance  or 
belief ;  reliable  ;  trustworthy ;  of  established 
credit,  credibility,  or  authority:  as,  unauthentic 
tale,  book,  writer. 

Origen,  a  most  autlientic  author  in  this  point. 

lireviiil,  Saul  and  Samuel,  p.  77. 
Of  the  manner  in  which    the    ruin  of  Nineveh  was 
brought  about  we  have  nowhere  any  auflwntic  record. 

Von  Kaiikt',  Univ.  Hist,  (trans.),  p.  Si 
That  this  mere  dream  is  grown  a  stable  ti-utli 
To-night's  feast  makes  aulhi:ntic. 

lirowninff.  In  a  Balcony. 

5t.  Original;  first-hand,  as  opposed  to  copied 
or  transcribed. — 6.  Own;  proper;  properly  be- 
longing to  one's  self.     [Archaic] 

It  were  evtrciuc  i)artiulity  and  injustice,  the  flat  denial 
and  overthrow.. I  luTs.^lf  [.Justice),  to  put  herown  dw^Acii- 
tic  sword  into  the  liand  uf  an  unjust  and  wicked  man. 

.Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxviii. 

Men  are  ephemeral  or  evanescent,  but  whatever  page 
the  aiithrntic  soul  of  man  hits  touched  with  her  innnortal- 
izing  finger,  no  matter  how  long  ago,  is  still  young  and 
fair  as  it  was  to  the  world's  gray  fathers. 

Loivdt,  Oration.  Harvard,  Nov.  8,  ISSG. 

7.  In  music,  haring  an  immediate  relation  to  the 
key-note  or  tonic:  in  distinction  from  plaijal, 
which  has  a  corresponding  relation  to  the  tiftli 
or  dominant  in  the  octave  below  the  key-note. 
—  Authentic  act,  iu  rifil  ttue.  an  act  or  deed  perl'ormcd 
befi'ie  an. I  attc^tc.l  by  a  notary  or  other  proper  nuigis- 
irate— Authentic   cadence,    same    as    yfrUct   cadfud^ 

(which  sec,  un.lcr  .-.i./.  /..■.■).  —  Authentic  melodies.  Scc 
nielodi/.—  Authentic  modes  .  >r  tones,  scc  nunir.  =  Syn. 
2  and'4.  .iulloitlii-,  i;<inn'n<\  c.rrcct,  trustworthy,  relia- 
ble, credible.  Wlieu  applied  to  a  written  docuuuuit  <u'  a 
hook,  autftcnlic  indicates  that  it  is  relialde  as  narrating 
real  facts;  genuine,  that  we  have  it  as  it  left  its  author's 
hands:  as,  an  au'Iicnlic  history;  a  iienuinf.  text.  .-1". 
tlienh'r.  is  thus  e(iui\alent  to  trustworthy,  reliable  ;  fien- 
uiiw,  to  unadulterated.  The  "Memoirs  of  a  Cavalier" 
is  a  ijriiuine  work  of  IKfi.c's,  for  it  was  written  by  him, 
but  it  is  not  an  anttu-nlir  w.irk,  allhougli  s..  iilausibly  as- 
suming the  tone  of  real  bLigrajiIiy  that  it  '-tlcieived  even 
the  greslt  Chatham  into  citing  the  volume  as  an  autticntic 
narrative"  (Uacku.^;  Revision  of  Shaw's  Eng.  Lit.,  p.  2;'K1). 
A  ircnuine  book  is  that  which  was  written  by  the  pers(Ui 
whose  name  it  bears ;  ...  an  aufhentic  book  is  that 
which  relates  matters  of  fact  as  they  really  hapjicned. 
A  book  may  be  authentic  without  being  genuim',  and 
ifrnnhn'  without  being  a»/Acji'i'c,  lip,  Wafson. 

Il.t  «■  [<  IjIj.  authenticum,  MIj.  also  auttien- 
tiea,  the  original  (of  a  document),  neut.  or  fern. 
otaulhenticus:  seel.]  1.  An  authoritalive  or 
genuine  document  or  V)ook. —  2.  An  original, 
us  opposed  to  a  copy  or  transcript. 

.( tiflirntfrii  :uui  transi;ripts.  Fiillrr,  Church  Hist.,  I.  4"J. 
The  AuthentiCS,  in  ririt  law.  a  Latin  translation  fi-om 
the  ilrcck  ..(  the  novels  or  new  constitutions  of  .lustiuian, 
made  by  an  anonymous  author.  So  called  as  an  mi- 
abriilged  translation  of  the  novels,  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  epitiune  unidc  by  .Inlian. 
authentical  (ii-then'ti-kal),  a.  Samensaulheii- 
lie. 

The  hopes  thou  dost  conceive 
of  thy  iinick  death,  and  of  thy  future  life, 
Are  not  autlit-nticat.       11.  Jonmn,  Poetaster,  iv.  ('.. 

His  testiuu)iiy  will  be  autlientifnt.  lleau.  anil  Fl. 

This,  the  si|Uirc  confessed,  with  some  little  hesitati.m, 
was  a  ]ihcjLsant  pie,  though  a  peacock  pie  wils  certainly  tli.- 
hi. .si  tint},,  nllfal.  hrinij,  Sketch-Hook.  p.  i". 

authentically  (a-then'ti-kal-i).  adr.  In  an  au- 
thcnlii-  manner.  (»)  Wilh'the  requisite  or  gen- 
uine authority.     {Ii)  With  i-crtainly. 

He  |Ci.l,rid'jc|  \\.u  the  man  of  all  his  generation  to 
whom  we  shiinid  nuist  nidienitatingly  allow  the  distinc- 
tion of  genius,  that  Is,  of  one  antlirnticalhl  pii.sscssed  from 
tlnn,'  to  tinu^  by  sonic  Inlluence  that  made  hlin  bitter  and 
greater  than  himself.  iMieell,  Coleridge, 

(c)  Aclually;  really. 

.\.,l  \,\  initi,,  iilinilljiiWi-MvA.   .S'l'rT.  Broirac,  Vnlg.  l-'.rr. 

authenticalneS8(a-nien'ti-kal-neK),  w.    1.  The 

iiuality  of  being  iiiillientie  or  truHtwnrlliy ;  the 

ipialily  of  being  of  gill  II 1  authority ;  autheiil  icily. 

Thcyillil  not  at  all  rely  on  the  aiilln-nliraho-,,  Ihiirof. 

Harrow,  Works,  I,  .■1.'.;. 

2.   The  (|uality  of  being  genuine  or  wlial  it  jiur- 
portHtobe;  geniiineneHs;  nuthenticity. 

Niilliing  inn  be  niori'  pleasant  than  to  nee  vlrliiosns 
nbont  n  cnbinet  of  mednlii,  descnntillK  upon  the  value, 
mrlty,  and  nntlirntimtitfuii  ol  the  m-vrrnl  pieces. 

.IiMmmi.  Ancient  Mi'iIiiIk. 

[In  linlh  nsoH  iibHoleti'  or  olmolcHcenl.] 

authenticate  (ii-(hi'ii'ii-ki'ii),  I'.  ^;  jiret,  nml  i.p. 

aiilhi  iiliealid,  |i|ir.  inillienlicatini/.  |<  Ml,.  (/" 
theiiliriitus,  pp.  "I  inillii  nlieiin  ,  conlirni,  <  1,1.. 
iiuthenlieun,  aullienlie:  sie  aulhenlie.]  1.  'I'u 
reiiiler  anlhenlic;  give  nulhority  to  by  Ihe 
proof,  iitleMlali'iii,  or  fnrnnililicH  roquired  by 
law  or  Hiinieienl  In  entille  In  ereilil. 


author 

The  king  serves  only  as  a  uotai-y  to  authenticate  the  choice 
of  judges.  Burke. 

Precisely  as  our  researches  are  fortunate,  they  autfien- 
ticatc  themselves  as  privileged ;  and  in  such  a  chase  all 
success  justifies  itself.  lie  Quince;/,  Essenes,  i. 

He  [(io.ll  authenfieat'.'i  this  instinctive  yearning  in  the 
creatuiv  after  selfho.t.i,  in  or.l.r  that  the  latter  .  ,  .  ma>^ 
ellectnally  aspire  to  the  know  U-dgc  and  obedience  of  those- 
laws  of  Divine  order  which  alone  give  him  rest. 

//.  ,/amex.  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  61. 

2.  To  prove  authentic ;  establish  as  correct  or 
genuine. 

I  have  authenticated  two  portraits  of  that  prince. 

Walpote,  Anecdotes  of  Painting,  I.  ii. 

ITiere  is  little  more  left  for  Biblical  research.  The  few 
places  winch  can  be  aatlientieuted  are  now  generally  ac- 
cepted. S.  Tailhr,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  72. 

On  .Tune  IS,  1S3S.  about  3,000  volumes,  and  iu  1858,  265. 
other  volumes  of  non.jjarochial  rcgistei-s,  were  auttienti- 
catnt.  y.  ami  Q.,  7th  ser.,  III.  305. 

3.  To  establish  as  true  or  -worthy  of  belief:  as,, 
to  authenticate  a  statement. 

One  of  the  best  authrntieated  ghost  stories  in  existence. 
.1/.  111.  o^l^li.  11.  Larliaui,  in  Ingoldsby  Legends- 

authenticatet  (a-then'ti-kat),  a.  [<  ML.  au- 
tht  ntinitus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]    Authenticated. 

authentication  (d-then-ti-ka'shon).  II.  [<  (tu- 
theiitieate  +  -ion.]  The  act  of  autlienticating, 
verifying,  or  establishing  the  iiutliciritative- 
ness," genuineness,  validity,  credibility,  or  truth 
of  anything;  specifically,  in  lau\  the  official 
attestation  of  a  written  instrument. 

The  authentication  of  every  little  detail  in  the  text. 

riie  Ameriean,  VIH.  31.i. 

authenticity  (a-then-tis'i-ti),  »,  [<  authentic 
+  -ilii :  =  E.  iiutlienticite.']  The  quality  of  be- 
ing aiitlieiitie.  or  entitled  to  acceptance  as  au- 
thiiritative,  genuine,  true,  or  correct:  as,  the 
(lutheiitieitiiot  the  Scriptures  or  of  a  document; 
the  authenticitij  of  a  jiortrait;  the  aulhenticity 
of  a  statement. 

We  coiii]iare  the  narrative  with  the  account  of  the  times 
when  it  was  composed,  and  are  left  satisfied  with  the  nw- 
tlientieitii  of  its  leading  anecdotes. 

Mi'twan.  Latin  Christianity,  i,  3. 

authenticlyt  (a-then'tik-li),  adr.  Authenti- 
cally. 

He  c.iubl  learn  m 
m.my. 

authenticness  ( 

tieity.      [Uiirc] 
The  iiiit/nntienest 


way  so  autlienticUi  as  from  thistesti- 
Whhton,  tr.  of  .)oselihus,  .Xutii).,  i. 


i-lh. 


'  tik-iies). 


Authen- 


of  that  decree. 

Hammond,  \Vi 


>rks,  II.  106. 

author  (il'thor),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.alsoi/HWioi/r, 
aueliiiir,  aueiiir,  and  pro]i.  iiutiir,  <  ME.  autour, 
iiuliir  (later  auclour  or  iiuclor.  after  Ihe  L.), 
<  AK.  autour,  OF.  autor,  later  and  mod.  F. 
auteur=z  Pr.  uuctor,  actor  =  Sp.  Pg.  autor  =  It. 
aulore,  <  L.  auctor  (in  ME.,  and  hence  in  E., 
corruptly  author,  jirol).  tlinnigh  the  influence- 
of  IAj.  autlii nlirus  and  its  derivatives;  cf.  ML. 
aulhorisiire,  anthiiri-/.e,  confirm,  var.  iiuthori- 
care,  syniuiynious  with  authenticare,  confirm; 
iiulhoriibilis,  synoiiyinous  with  ttuthenticux, 
etc.),  an  originator,  <  auijcre,  cause  to  grow, 
increase :  see  aitclion.]  1.  The  beginner, 
foriiier,  or  first  mover  of  anything;  ho  to^ 
whiiiii  soniethiiig  owes  its  origin;  originator; 
eroiilur;  I'llieieiit  cause:  as,  God  is  the  author 
of  1  he  niiivi'i'se. 
The  law ,  the  autlior  .  .  .  whereof  is  .  .  .  tied. 

Hooker. 

The  serpi^nt  alitor  was,  Eve  did  iirocecd ; 

Aihitii  not  iiutoi-.  auctor  was  indeed.  Vicarn. 

Mc  was  become  the  Autfiour  of  a  Sect  ever  after  to  ho 

called  Lutherans.  »Men,  Tahle-Talk,  p.  S3. 

Thus  King  Latinils  In  the  third  degree 

Had  Saturn  autlior  of  his  family.  Driiden. 

2.  Cause:  applied  to  things.     [Rare.] 

That  which  Is  the  strength  of  their  amity  shall  prove 
the  intniediate  uutlnir  of  tllell^  variance, 

.s'/rn*.,  A.  nnd  C„  ii.  (I. 

3.  The  original  coni|)oser  of  a  book  or  writing 
111'  any  kind,  as  distingiiished  from  a  eomjiiler, 
translalor,  edilor,  or  copyist. 

An  autlior  has  the  choice  of  his  own  thoughts,  which  a 
translator  has  not.  liriiden. 

(Oflen  used  elliptically  for  the  literary  produc- 
liiin  ilsrlf:  as,  the  slalenienl  occurs  in   Pliny 
and   iillier  iincienl    authors.] — 4t.    An    editor: 
UK.   Ihe  author  of  Ihe  ( ■entleniiin's  Magazine. 
I  Knre.]  — 5t.  A  person  who  anihori/.es  a.  stato- 
nii'iil  ;  an  anlhority;  an  inrorinaiit. 
Look  11)1011  him : 
Such  holy  men  are  antlons  iil  no  fables. 
/■'Metier  (and  .Wii»«iie/.T '.'),   Lovers'  rnigrcss.  v,  2. 

6.  In  Scots  lair,  one  friini  whoin  a  tide  to  prop- 
erly is  derived  eillnr  by  inlierilaiici'  or  olher- 
wise;  especially,   inie   rrmn   wlmiii   lille    is  do" 


author 

rived  by  purchase  or  otherwise  than  by  way  of 
descent. 
authort  (sl'thor),  v.  t.      [<  author,  ».]      1.  To 
occasion;  effect;  do. 

Execrable  sLaughtcr!  what  Iiaiid  liatli  aulliored  it? 

Fletcher  (and  others),  lilooily  Hrother,  iii.  4. 
Do  you  two  think  much 
That  he  thus  wisely  and  witli  need  consents 
To  wliat  I  aiithur  tor  your  country's  good, 
You  being  my  tutfir,  you  my  cliancellor? 

Fletcher  {and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  be  authority  for ;  vouch  for. 
More  of  him  I  dare  not  author. 

Massinrjer  and  Field,  Fatal  Dowry,  iv.  2. 

authoress  (i'thor-es),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
niitlniKrcts,  autliresse,  auctressc,  nuctrice,  <  late 
iilE.  aiictoricc :  seo  author  a.ud -ess.}  A  female 
author,  in  any  sense  of  that  word.  [Author  is 
commonly  used  for  both  sexes,  except  in  case 
of  special  discrimination.] 

authorhood  (a'thgr-hud),  n.  [<  author  + 
-ftoori.]  The  state  of  being  an  author  (of 
books);  the  province  of  an  author;  author- 
ship. 

authorial  (a-tho'ri-al),  a.  [<  author  +  -ial. 
Cf.  atictorial.']  Pertaining  to  an  author  (of 
books).     Also  autorial. 

Must  we  then  bow  to  authorial  dignity,  and  kiss  hands 
because  they  are  inked? 

/.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  14.'j. 
Testing  the  autorial  power.  Poe,  Marginalia,  cvi. 

authorisable,  authorisation,  etc.  See  author- 
i:ul)lc,  etc. 

authorism  (ii'thor-izm),  «.  [<  author  +  -ism.] 
Authorship ;  the  position  or  character  of  an  au- 
thor.    [Kare.] 

He  [Burke]  is  a  sensible  man,  but  has  not  worn  off  his 
anthorism  yet,  and  thinks  there  is  nothing  so  charming 
as  writers,  and  to  be  one.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  00, 

authoritarian  (a-thor-i-ta'ri-an),  (I.  and  n.  [< 
authority  +  -arian.]  I.  a.  Favoring  the  prin- 
ciple of  authority,  as  opposed  to  that  of  indi- 
vidual freedom. 

The  loyalists,  who  sympathized  most  strongly  with  .  .  . 

his  authoritarian  views.         Atheneeurn,  ;No.  3068,  p.  202. 

II.    n.    One  who  supports  the  principle  of 

authority,   as   opposed  to  that  of  individual 

freedom. 

By  looking  only  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  his  career, 
...  an  imaginary  Napoleon  has  been  obtained  who  is  .  .  . 
a  lover  of  liberty,  not  an  authoritarian. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  226. 

authoritative  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [<  authority 
+  -ative.  Cf.  ML.  auctoritativus.']  1.  Having 
due  authority;  having  the  sanction  or  weight 
of  authority ;  entitled  to  credence  or  obedience : 
as,  "authoritative  teaching,"  Barrow. 

The  Law  of  Duty  remains  indeed  authoritative,  but  its 
authority  seems  scarcely  so  awful  and  unique  as  formerly. 
J.  R.  Seeley,  Nat.  Eeligion,  p.  112. 
Anselm  was  compelled  to  publish  an  authoritative  edi- 
tion of  his  Motwloijiuni,  because  so  many  copies  of  it  were 
already  in  circulation  from  notes  of  lectures. 

C.  H,  Pearson,  Early  and  Mid.  Ages  of  Eng.,  xxxv. 

2.  Having  an  air  of  authority;  positive;  per- 
emptory ;  dictatorial. 

The  mock  authuritative  manner  of  the  one  and  the  in- 
sipid mirth  of  the  other.  Swift,  Examiner. 

Dogmatic  and  authoritative  by  nature  and  education,  he 
hardly  comprehended  the  meaning  of  toleration  in  mat- 
ters of  religion.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  90. 

=  Syn.  2.  Authoritative,  Magisterial,  etc.  (see  vxagisterial), 
commanding. 
authoritatively  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv-li),  adv.     In  an 
authoritative  manner,    (a)  "With  due  authority. 

I  tliiiik  it  Itlie  law  of  repetition]  is  even  more  authorita- 
tively in-csfMt  in  the  minds  of  most  great  composers  tlian 
the  law  of  primipality.  Ruskin,  Elem.  of  Drawing. 

(i)  With  a  show  of  authority. 

authoritativeness  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv-nes),  V.  The 
quality  of  being  authoritative ;  an  acting  by 
authority ;  authoritative  appearance. 

authority  (a-thor'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  authorities  (-tiz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  autoritie,  auctoritie,  etc.,  < 
ME.  autorite,  auctorite,  <  OF.  autoritet,  F.  au- 
torite  =  Pr.  auctoritat  =  Sp.  autoridad  =  Pg. 
autoridade  =  It.  autorita,  <  L.  auctorita(t-)s, 
counsel,  wiU,  decree,  liberty,  power,  weight, 
authority,  <  auctor,  author,  originator:  see  au- 
thor.} 1.  Power  or  admitted  right  to  com- 
mand or  to  act,  whether  original  or  delegated : 
as,  the  authority  of  a  prince  over  subjects  and 
of  parents  over  children;  the  authority  of  an 
agent  to  act  for  his  principal.  In  lau\  an  authority 
is  general  when  it  extends  to  all  acts,  or  all  connected 
with  a  particular  employment,  and  special  when  confined 
to  a  single  act. 
By  what  authority  doest  thou  these  things,  and  who 

•    gave  thee  this  au(/ioVi(}(?  Mark  xi.  2s. 

If  law,  authority,  and  power  deny  not, 
It  will  go  hard  with  poor  Antonio. 

Shak.,  M,  of  v.,  ui.  2. 


387 

If  his  conscience  were  so  narrow  and  peculiar  to  it  selfe, 
it  was  not  lltt  his  Autority  should  be  so  ample  and  Uni- 
versall  over  others.  Milton,  MiUonciklustes,  il. 

2.  The  power  derived  from  opinion,  respect, 
or  long-established  reputation;  influence  con- 
feiTod  by  character,  olfico,  station,  mental  su- 
periority, or  the  like;  credit:  as,  the  authority 
of  ago  or  example ;  the  authority  of  Aristotle. 

But  the  mortallest  enemy  unto  kuowleilge,  and  that 
which  hath  done  the  gi-eatest  execution  upon  truth,  hath 
beene  a  peremptory  adhesion  unto  Authority,  and  espe- 
cially the  establisliing  of  our  belicfe  upon  the  dictates  of 
Antiquities.  F(U'  (as  every  capacity  may  observe),  most 
men  of  Ages  present,  so  superstitiously  do  look  upon 
Ages  past,  that  the  Autlionties  of  the  <me  exceed  the  rea- 
sons of  the  other.     Sir  T.  Bruume,  Vulg.  Err.  (1646),  i.  20. 

Truth,  wisdom,  sanctitude  severe  an<i  pure,  .  .  . 

Whence  true  authority  in  men.     Milton,  1'.  L.,  iv.  295. 

3t.  Power  in  a  general  sense. 

The  .  .  .  corrigible  authoritt/  of  this  lies  in  our  wills. 
Shah:,  Othello,  i.  S. 
4.  A  person  or  persons,  or  a  body,  exercising 
liower  or  command :  generally  in  the  plural : 
as,  the  civil  and  military  authorities. —  5.  Tlio 
outward  marks  of  authority ;  especially,  tlio 
expression  of  authority  in  the  countenance. 

Kent.  You  have  that  in  your  countenance  whi<-h  I  would 
fain  call  master. 

Lear.    Wliat's  that? 

Kent.   Anthority.  Shale,  Lear,  i.  4. 

6.  That  to  which  or  one  to  whom  an  appeal  or 
reference  may  be  made  in  support  of  any  opin- 
ion, action,  or  course  of  conduct,  (a)  Testimony; 
witness  ;  that  wliich  or  one  who  testilies. 

Something  I  have  heard  of  this,  which  I  would  be  glad  to 
find  by  so  sweet  an  authority  confirmed.      Sir  P.  .Sidney. 
Had  seen  .  .  . 
Jesus,  Messiah,  Son  of  God  declared. 
And  on  that  high  authority  had  believed. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  ii.  5. 

(b)  Weight  of  testimony  ;  credibility  :  as,  a  historian  of 
no  authority;  "authority  of  the  Scriptures,"  Hooker. 

The  registers  of  the  English  Peerage  are  of  far  higher 
authority  than  any  other  statistical  documents. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Law  of  Population. 

(c)  One  who  possesses  adequate  knowledge  of  a  subject,  and 
whose  opinions  or  statements  may  be  relied  on  ;  an  ex- 
pert ;  a  standard  author  or  his  writings :  as,  an  authority 
in  matters  pertaining  to  geology. 

This  practice  we  may  learn,  from  a  better  and  more 
ancient  authority  then  any  heathen  writer  hath  to  give 
us.  Milton,  Church-Government,  Pref. 

(d)  In  law,  a  precedent:  a  judicial  decision;  an  official 
decl.aration  or  opinion,  such  as  ought  to  be  followed  in 
similar  cases,    (e)  Justification;  countenance;  warrant. 

Thieves  for  their  robbery  have  authority. 
When  judges  steal  themselves. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  ii.  2. 
Argument  from  authority.  Same  as  ariiumentum  ad 
veyecuiuUain  (wliirli  set-,  uinlel-  arinnnentiini). —  Consti- 
tuted authorities,  tin-  magistrates  or  governors  of  a 
nation,  peoi)le,  municipality,  etc.— General  authority, 
the  authority  of  a  general  agent,  intcmkd  to  ajq.ly  to  all 
matters  which  arise  in  the  course  »-'f  business,  as  distin- 
guished from  special  instances,  though  it  may  be  linute<l 
to  a  particular  business  and  to  a  pal'ticular  place.  =  Syn. 
1.  Rule,  dominion,  government;  warrant,  permission,  au- 
thoriziition.— 2.  Inflxtence,  Authority,  Ascendancy,  Con- 
trol, Sway,  Domination,  may  all  apply  to  persons  or 
things,  but  seem  primarily  to  belong  to  persons.  Injiu- 
ence  and  authority  imply  moral  power ;  the  others  may 
do  so,  and  are  cofisidered  to  do  so  here.  The  words  are 
aiT.anged  in  the  order  of  their  strength.  Influence  may 
be  small ;  it  is  wholly  apart  from  the  power  of  oflice  ;  the 
word  expresses  the  extent  to  which  one  affects  the  con- 
duct or  character  of  others  simply  by  their  deference  to 
him  on  account  of  his  station,  wealth,  ability,  character, 
etc.  Authority  is,  in  this  connection,  hlfluence  amount- 
ing to  a  recogiiized  right  to  command  :  as,  the  authority 
of  age,  wisdoiu,  experience.  It  Is  presumably  rightful, 
while  the  other  words  often  express  undue  or  unwhole- 
some weight  or  power.  Ascendancy  is  overmastering  in- 
fluence, supremacy  by  influence ;  the  word  is  often  used 
in  a  bad  sense :  as,  the  ascendancy  of  cunning  over  sim- 
pHcity.  Control  is  complete  or  successful  and  continued 
authority:  as,  his  control  over  the  convicts  was  main- 
tained without  resort  to  force.  Sway  is,  by  its  deriva- 
tion, control  over  that  which  may  be  viewed  as  a  weighty 
or  massive  object ;  hence,  a  solid  or  powerful  or  control- 
ling influence.  Domination,  as  it  may  be  an  absolute  and 
tyrannical  rule,  may  also  be  an  absolute  and  tyrannical  in- 
fluence or  ascendancy  :  as,  he  was  really  under  the  donn- 
nation  of  those  whom  he  thought  his  servants  or  tools. 
Mourn  for  the  man  of  amplest  influetwe. 
Yet  clearest  of  ambitious  crime, 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington,  iv. 

In  the  absolute  authority  accorded  [by  the  Romans]  to 
the  father  over  the  children  we  may  trace  the  same  habits 
of  discipline  that  proved  so  formidable  in  the  field. 

Lecky,  Europ,  Morals,  I,  181. 

The  application  of  gunpowder  to  the  art  of  war  has  for 
ever  settled  the  long  conflict  for  ascendancy  between  civ- 
ilization and  barbarism,  in  favor  of  the  former. 

Calhoun,  Works,  I.  88. 

Government  .  .  .  has  a  general  superintending  control 
over  all  the  actions  and  over  all  the  publicly  propagated 
doctrines  of  men.  Burke,  Unitarians,  May  11, 1792. 

Horrible  forms  of  worship  that  of  old 

Held   o'er  the  shuddering  realms,  unquestioned  SM'ay. 
Bryant,  The  Ages,  xxv. 

Iliey  rose  and  took  arms  to  resist  Ordogno,  son  of  Al- 
fonsus  III  .  whose  domination  was  too  severe  for  them. 
J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  310. 


autobiographer 

authorizahle  (a'thor-i-za-bl),  a.  [Early  mod. 
E.  auctori^able ;  <  IVIL.  authorisaUlis,  auctori- 
zahilis,  etc.,  <  auctorizare :  see  authorize  and 
-ahle.}  That  maybe  authorized:  as,  "a  cen- 
sure autliorizalAc,"  Hammond,  Works,  I.  242. 
Also  spelled  authorisablc. 

authorization  (a"thor-i-za'shon),  n.  [=  F.  aw- 
torisutmn,  <  yi.\j.' auctorizatio{n-),  <  auctorizare, 
pp.  auetorizatus :  see  authorize.']  The  act  of 
authorizing;  the  act  of  giving  authority  or  legal 
power;  establishment  by  authoritj':  as,  "the 
authorization  of  laws,"  Motley.  ALso  spelled 
authorisation. 

authorize  (a'thor-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  au- 
tliiirizid,  jijir.  uuthorizinij.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
auctorize,  <  ME.  auctorisen,  autori.ien,  <  OF.  auc- 
toriser,  later  authoriser,  mod.  F.  autoriser  = 
Pr.  authorisar  =  Sp.  autorizar  =  Pg.  autorisar 
=  It.  autorizzare,  <  ilL.  auctorisare,  auctorizare, 
authorisare,  etc.,  <  L.  auctor,  author:  see  author 
and  -ize.}  1.  To  give  authority,  warrant,  or 
legal  power  to;  empower  (a  person):  as,  to 
««(/»»■(.-«  commissioners  to  settle  the  boundary 
of  a  state. — 2.  To  give  authority  for;  approve 
of  and  permit;  formally  sanction  (an  act  or  a 
proceeding). 

The  report  of  the  commission  was  taken  Into  immediate 
<'oiisideration  by  the  estates.  They  resolved,  without  one 
iliascntlent  voice,  that  the  order  signed  by  William  did  not 
authorize  the  slaughter  of  Glencoe. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 

The  money,  then,  is  borrowed  on  the  credit  of  the  Unit€d 
States  —  an  act  which  Congress  alone  is  competent  to  au- 
thorize. D.  Webster,  Speech.  Senate,  ilay  7,  1834. 

3t.  To  make  authoritative  or  valid;  legalize; 
vahdate. 

She  shall  authorize 
Our  undertakings  to  the  ignorant  people, 
As  if  what  we  do  were  by  her  command. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  False  One,  v.  2. 

4.  To  establish  by  authority  or  usage :  as,  an 
authorized  iHiova.. —  5.  To  warrant;  vouch  for. 
[Bare.] 

A  woman's  story,  at  a  winter's  fire, 
Authoris'd  by  her  grandam. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

6t.  To  support  (one's  self)  upon  the  authority 
(of). 

The  Historian  .  .  .  authorizing  himself,  for  the  most 
part,  upon  other  histories, 

.Sir  P.  Sidney,  Def.  of  Poesie  (Arber),  p.  31. 

Also  spelled  authorise. 

authorizer  (a'thgr-i-zer),  n.  One  who  author- 
izes.    Also  spelled  authoriser. 

authorlet  (a'thor-let), «.  [<  author  +  dim.  -M.] 
A  petty  author.     Btachieood's  Mag.     [Rare.] 

authorling  (a'thor-ling),  n.  [<  author  +  dim. 
-liny.}     A  petty  author.     [Rare.] 

(Ih  thou  poor  authorling  !  Reach  a  little  deeper  into  the 
human  heart !  Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iv.  1. 

authorly  (a'thpr-li),  a.  [<  author  +  -'i/l.]  Be- 
longing to  an  author ;  authorial.     [Rare.] 

He  keeps  his  own  autlwrly  secrets. 

Couper,  Letter  to  I'nwin. 

authorship  (a'thor-ship),  n.    [<  author  +  -ship.'\ 

1.  The  .source  or  cause  of  anything  that  may 
be  said  to  have  an  author ;  origination ;  causa- 
tion :  as,  the  authorship  of  an  invention  or  of 
a  political  movement ;  a  book  whose  author- 
shiji  is  unknown. —  2.  The  state  of  being  an 
author ;  the  occupation  of  -writing  books. 

If  the  formalists  of  this  sort  were  erected  into  patentees 
with  a  sole  commission  of  authorship,  we  should  undoubt- 
edly see  such  writing  in  our  days  as  would  either  wholly 
wean  us  from  all  books  in  general,  or  at  least  from  all 
such  as  were  the  product  of  our  own  nation. 

Shaftesbury,  Characters  (ed.  1869),  I.  347. 

auto  (ou'to),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.,  <  L.  actus,  an  act: 
see  act,  «.]     1.  In  Spanish  literature,  a  play. 

The  miracle-plays  of  the  people  attained  a  high  degree 
of  excellence  in  the  autos  or  sacred  Christmas  plays  of 
Gil  Vicente  (1470-1536).  Encye.  Brit..  XIX.  556. 

2.  In  Spanish  law :  (a)  An  order ;  a  decree ;  a 
sentence;  a  decision,  (b)  pi.  The  pleadings  and 
proceedings  in  a  lawsuit. — 3.  An  auto  de  fe. 

auto-.  [<  Gr.  fi! 70-  (before  a  vowel  air-,  which 
before  a  rough  breathing  becomes  av6-),  stem 
of  ai'Tof,  self  (myself,  thyself,  himself,  etc.).] 
An  element  in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin, 
meaning  self,  of  itself  (natural),  of  one's  self 
(independently),  of  nothing  but  ....  etc. : 
very  common  in  English  and  other  modern  lan- 
guages, especially  in  scientific  terms. 

autobiographer  (a  to-bi-og'ra-fer),  n.  [<  Gr. 
ai-Tor,  self,  -I-  biographer.}  One  who  -writes  an 
account  of  his  own  life. 

"  And  yet,  O  man  born  of  Woman."  cries  the  Autobiog' 
raphcr,  with  one  of  his  sudden  whirls,  "wherein  is  my 
case  pecuUar  'I "  Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  68. 


autobiographic 


Of  the 


388 

not  of  those  founded  in  later  times  by  individual  pro. 
phets  or  reformers.  iiaz  Miillfr,  India,  p.  116. 

One  would  almost  be  inclined  to  think  from  Herr  Stalirs 
account  of  the  matter,  that  Lessing  had  been  an  autoch- 
thonous birth  of  the  German  soil,  without  intellectual  an. 
cestry  or  helpful  Ivindred. 

Lotrell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  301. 

2.  In  pathoJ.,  not  e.xtraneous;  originating  at 
the  place  vrhere  found. 


autobiographic  (a-to-bi-o-graf  ik),  a. 
nature  of  autobiography. 
The  writings  of  Dante  .  .  .  areaU  .  .  .  autMoirraph^ 
Lomll,  Among  my  Books.  2d  ser.,  p.  26. 

autobiographical  (a-to-bi-o-graf'i-kal),  a.  1. 
Ot  or  pertaining  to  autobiography ;  charaeter- 
ized  by  an  autobiographic  tendency.— 2.  bame 

autobiographicaliy  (a-to-bi-o-graf'i-kal-i),   autochthonously  (a-tok'tho-nus-li), nrfi'.    Inan 
^'  ~  autochthonous  manner. 

The  larger  number  of  maladies  do  not  arise  autochtho- 
?!(.«.«;;/ or  "under  a  whole  skin."   Encyc.  Brif.,  XVIll.  361. 

autochthoay  (a-tok'tho-ni),  «.  [<  autochthon 
+  -y.]  The  condition  of  being  autochthonous. 
The  practice  of  describing  legendary  heroes  and  men  of 
ancient  lineage  as  earth-born,  yriyeyt'fi,  strengthened gi-eat- 
Iv  the  doctrine  of  autochthony^  and  nowhere  so  much  as 
in  .\ttica.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  141. 

autoclave  (a'to-klav),  >i.  [F.,  self-regulating, 
a  digester,  <  Gr.  aiVof,  self,  -r  L.  Claris,  a  key 
(or  clavus,  a  nail  ?).]  A  kind  of  stevrpan,  the  lid 
of  which  is  kept  close  and  steam-tight  by  the 
steam  proceetling  from  the  contents  of  the  pan. 
It  is  an  application  to  culinary  purposes  of  Pa- 
pin's  digester.     See  digester. 


mlc.     In  au  autobiographic  manner, 
autobiographist  (a  to-bi-og'ra-fist),  n.    [<  <i«- 
tohiofiraphy  +  -i«f.]     Same  as  autol)iographer. 

aSobiography  (A  to-bl-og'ra-fi),  "• ;  pl-"""'- 
fc,'"™i,A,<.v^-tizK  [<  Gr.  a.-TOf,  seH,  +  biogra- 
phy.'^ A  biography  or  memoir  of  a  person  T%Tit- 
teii  br  himself. 

autocar  (a'to-kar),  n.  [<  auto(-moMe)  +  car.^ 
An  automobile  car;  a  car  which  contains  m 
itself  a  motor  with  its  source  of  power. 

autocarpian,  autocarpic  (a-to-kar  pi-an,  -pik), 

(1.     S;»iu>-  as  iiutoearpous. 
autOCarpOUS  (i-to-kar'pus),   a.      [<  Gr.  ai-ruc, 
self  (in  eomp.  sometimes,  as  here,  meaning   of 
nothing  but  .  .  .  ,"of  mere.  .  .'),  +  nap-oc,       _       ^ 
fruit.     The   Gr.  anonap-o^  means  only  'self-  autOcracy  (a-tok'ra-si),  «.;  pi.  nK<ocraC!Vs(-siz). 


fructifving.']  In  hot.,  consisting  of  pericarp 
alone  ;"  ha\ing  no  adnate  parts  {Gray) :  applied 
to  fruits  which  are  free  from  the  perianth. 
Same  as  superior. 

autocephalic  (a  to-se-fal'ik  or  a-to-sef  a-lik), 
a.  [As  a utocephal'-ous  + -ic.']  Autoeephalous; 
autonomous. 

autoeephalous  (a-to-sef'a-lus),  a.  [<  LGr.  aiTo- 
Ktou'/M;  <  Gr.  ali-oc,  self,  +  xfija/j?,  head.]  1. 
Having  a  head  or  chief  of  its  own ;  independent 
of  jurisdiction :  applied  to  a  church. 

The  Russian  Church  became  aulocephaloiui,  and  its  pa- 
triarch had  immense  power.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  15i. 
2.   Acting  as  an  independent  head;  having 

Erimary    jurisdiction  :     as,    an    autoctphalous 
ishop  or  metropolitan. 

We  have  seen  Greece  proclaim  its  Holy  GoTcming  Sy- 
nod aulncfphaloiu.  J.  M.  Seale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  10. 
autochronograph  (a-to-kron'o-graf),  H.  [<  Gr. 
a<7ur,  self.  +  chronograph.']  An  instrument 
for  instantaneously  and  automatically  record- 
ing titno. 
autochthon  (a-tok'thon),  n.;  pi.  autochthons, 
uittoehthniie.i  (-thons,  -tho-nez).  [<  L.  autoch- 
thones, pi.,  <  GT."nvr6xOuv,  pi.  avrdx^ove^,  abo- 
rigines, primitive  inhabitants,  lit.  sprung  from 
the  land  itself  (it  was  the  belief  of  the  ancient 
Athenians  and  some  other  Greeks  that  they 
sprang  originally  from  the  soil  on  which  they 
lived;,  <  airof,  self,  +  ,!""■■.  laud,  earth.]  1. 
Literally,  one  sprung  from  the  laud  he  inhabits ; 
hence,  one  of  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  a 
country;  a  member  of  the  race  found  in  a 
country  when  first  kuowu;  an  aboriginal  in- 
habitant. 

Whoever  the  artist  may  have  been,  it  [a  statue]  is  un. 
(loubtedly  a  Very  able  conception,  the  tlgure  seeming  to 
rise  (njm  the  earth  just  as  an  autochthon  would  be  tllought 
to  ri«-.  A.  S.  .Murray,  Greek  .Sculi)ture,  1.  224,  note. 

Their  own  traditions  appear  to  liave  made  tliein  |the 
rhrygiauB)  ai/'oc/trAon^-jt,  or  aboriginals,  and  it  would  seen* 
tliiit  ttuy  believed  the  re  peopling  ot  the  earth  alU-T  the 
flii-xl  to  have  begun  :n  their  country. 

G.  llawtiwion,  Origin  of  Nations,  p.  07 


[<  F.  n'ttocratic,  <  Gr.  mroKpavcia,  absolute 
power,  <  avroKpoTTK,  absolute,  ruling  by  one's 
self:  see  autocrat.]  If.  The  power  of  deter- 
mining one's  own  actions ;  independent  or  self- 
derived  power ;  self-government;  self-rule. 

Mans  will,  that  great  seat  of  freedom,  that,  with  a  kind 
of  aulocracii  and  supremacy  within  itself,  commands  its 
own  actions".  South,  Sermons,  VII.  i. 

It  (tlie  divine  will)  moves,  not  l)y  the  external  impulse 
or  inclination  of  objects,  but  determines  itself  by  an  ab- 
solute atitocracy.  South,  Sermons,  VIll.  x. 

2.  Uncontrolled  or  imlimited  authority  over 
others,  invested  in  a  single  person ;  the  govern- 
ment or  power  of  an  absolute  monarch. 

At  least  from  the  days  of  Hildebrand  the  mind  of  Eu- 
rope had  become  familiarized  with  the  assertion  of  those 

claims  which  in  their  latent  significance  amounted  to  an  autodyuamic  (a"to-di-nam'ik),  (I 
absolute  irresponsible  aK/ocraci/.  *'  ..   .   -^..      .„    ,     .    , 

.Mitotan,  Latin  Christianity,  ix.  1. 

3t.  In  vied.,  action  of  the  %-ital  powers  toward 
the  preservation  of  the  individual. -Sjm.  2.  Tyr- 
anny, Abmlutism,  etc.     .See  despotism. 
autocrat  (a'to-krat),  )i.     [<  F.  autocratc,  <  Gr. 

airoKpari/' 


autogenic 

auto  defe.     [This  Portuguese  form,  commonly  written 
auto  da  if  or  auto-da-.U,  was  the  first  introduced,  and  lias 
l)een  mo'st  used  in  English  literature.] 
auto  de  fe  (ou'to  da  fa) ;  pi.  autos  defe  (ou'tos). 
[Sp..  lit.  act  (judicial  process,  judgment)  of 
faith:  auto,  <  L.  actum,  an  act;  de,  <  L.  de, 
from,  of  ;  fe  =  Pg.  fe,  <  L.  fidcm,  ace.  of  fides, 
faith:  see'oc*,  n.,  de^,  fay'^,  and  faith.     Cf.  auto 
da  fe.2     The  public  declaration  of  the  judg- 
ment passed  on  accused  persons  who  had  been 
tried  before  the  courts  of  the  Spanish  Inquisi- 
tion, and  by  extension  the  inlliction  of  such 
penalties  as  had  been  prescribed  in  the  sen- 
tence.   The  declaration  of  judgment  was  usually  made 
with  much  solenmity,  in  an  open  place,  and  included  the 
acquittals,  reception  to  retraction,  otiicial  admonition,  and 
sentence  of  punishment  for  tlie  crimes  within  the  com. 
petencv  of  the  court.     These  crimes  were  public  profes- 
sion oflieresy,  apostasy,  witchcraft,  seduction  by  ecclesi- 
astics, bigamy,  mmatural  crimes,  churcli-robbery,  blas- 
phemy, usury,  and,  in  general,  crimes  of  or  against  the 
otlicers  of  the  Iniiuisition  itself.     Those  convicted  were 
brought  from  prison,  dressed  in  the  sanbenito,  or  robe  of 
defamed  criminals,  which  was  worked  with  a  cross  and 
otlier  designs,  sometimes  with  grotesque  scenes  of  infernal 
characters  or  torments,  and  varied  in  its  color  and  pattern 
in  accordance  with  tlie   severity  of  the  sentence  to  be 
passed.     Each  offender  wiis  called  by  name,  his  crime  spe. 
citled,  and  its  punishment  declared,  after  which  all  were 
delivered  up  to  tlie  civil  officials.    Here  tlic  auto  proper 
finished;  but  as  the  execution  of  tho.sc  iniialliis  that  were 
of  capital  or  corporal  nature  imnu'diatily  iollowed,  the 
name  was  extended  to  this  part,  as  n|)pli<d  to  wliich  it  has 
become  popularly  accepted.     Such  iiunislmiciits  were  flog- 
ghig,  tlie  pillory,  branding  or  maiming,  ami  ilcatli  liy  hang- 
ingor  burning,  according  to  the  prescriptions  of  the  im- 
perial or  Caroline  code. 
autodidact  (a'to-di-dakt"),  «.     [<  Gr.  aiirodifiaK- 
rof,  self-taught,'  <  avTuc,  self,  -I-  (}idaKT6g,  verbal 
adj.  ot  iMameiv,  teach:  see  didttctic.'\    A  self- 
taught  person.     [Kare.] 

autodidactic  (a  to-di-dak'tik),  a.      [<  autodi- 
dact +  -ic]    Self-taught.     [Rare.] 

He  [Menzel]  was  from  the  Ijeginning  an  auto-didactic 
realist;  he  drew  and  painted  as  he  saw  —  not  as  otliers 
taught  him  how  they  had  seen. 

Cotlteynporary  Rtv.,  XLIX.  293. 

[<Gr.  ttiiTO- 

(inauof,  powerful  of  itself,  <  avrd^,  self,  -I-  fiiva- 
fiiC,  power:  see  dynamic.]  Having  power  or 
force  in  itself.— Autodynamic  elevator,  a  hydraulic 
macliinc  in  which  the  weight  of  a  falling  colnnin  of  water 
is  niadi-  to  riiisc  a  smaller  column  to  a  lieight  exceeding 
that  ..f  tlir  lirst. 


an  autocrat:  see  autocrator),  <  aiinif,  self,  + 
KpiiToc^,  power,  <  /cpariT,  strong,  =  Goth,  hardus 
=  E.  7mrd;  see  7(«/-d.]  1.  An  absolute  jirince 
or  sovereign;  a  ruler  or  monarch  wlio  holds  and 
exercises  the  powers  of  government  as  by  inher- 
ent right,  not  subject  to  restrictions:  as,  "the 
autocrat  of  all  the  Russias,"  a  title  assumed 
by  the  emperor  of  Russia. —  2.  One  who  is  in- 
vested with  or  assumes  unlimited  authority  in 
any  relation:  as,  "  The  Autocrat  of  the  I5reak- 
fast-Table"  (title  of  Ji  book),  O.  11'.  Holmes. 
autocratic  (a-to-krat'ik),  a.  [<  autocrat  -H  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  'or  of  the  nature  ot  autocracy; 
absolute;  holding  independent  and  unlimited  autogamy  (ii-tog'a-nii),  « 

powers  of  government.  '  '     '  '~~ 

Tlie  Knssian  government  is  autocratic,  inasmuch  as  over 
the  larger  part  of  the  country  it  has  simply  snccceiletl  to 
the  position  of  tlie  Mongolian  khans,  wlio  from  the  thir- 
teenth to  the  liftecnth  century  lieM  the  Kussian  |ieople  in 
subjection.  J.  Einkf,  Amcr.  I'ol.  Ideas,  p.  r.l. 


2.   id.  The  primitive   animate  or  plants  of  a  autocratical  (ii-to-krafi-kal),  a.     Same  as  au- 


coun'rv  or  region,  especially  in  geological  tim( 
(Hare.') 
autochthonal(4-tok'tho-nal)j  a.    \<autochth(m 


In  an 


Ito'rtitit 
autocratically  (u-to-krat'i-knl-i),  adv. 

w»-~.-««.  ,- —     .  itiilueral if  manner. 

7ri'~Autochthonic;" aboriginal:  as,  a«toc/i-  autocrator  (a-tok'ra-tor),  «.     [<  Gv.niTOKpuTup, 

one's  own  master,  an  absolute  ruler:  see  nit- 
tocrat.']     An  autocrat;  a  dictator.     [Hare.] 

Tlic  picturi-squi'  Bjiikcd  Macedonian  lielniit  with  a 
g.iafs  horn  and  cheekplcce  wliidi  .icciiplcs  tlie  reverse 
lot  a  coin],  on  which  Is  written  after  "  King  Tryphon  '  the 
strange  title  autocrator.  Encyc.  Ilrit.,  XVII.  (illl. 


Ihoniil  peojdes, 
autochthones,  ".     Plural  of  autochthon. 
autochthonic  (a-tok-thon'ik^  a.     [<  autoch 

III,, I,   +  .,<•.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  an  autoch- 

thoi, ;  iintivo  to  or  Hpning  from  the  soil;  abo 

'"'  ""'i'-'"""«'«-  ^^  ^,_^  autOCratorical  (a't.Vkrn-tor'i-kal),  a.     [<  Gr. 


..(  the  country  (were]  ilrlven.  like 
;   aiitixlithonic  Indians,  Into  the  eastern 
.11.1  v.,,>ii.  ..ij.  rii  ollds  Ixjrderlng  upon  the  oiiaii 

/(.  /■'.  Burton,  f;|.Medlnnh,  p.  20. 
Wr  may  however,  venture  the  assertion  that  the  Kiiklmo 
b  o(  o'i'i-rt,notnir  origin  In  Aula. 

Arc.  Cruif  o/  the  Corwin,  1881,  p.  .10. 

•Qtochthonism  f  A-tok'tho-nizm),  n.  [<  autoch- 
thon +    ■  }:i.\     Birth  frotn  the  Koil. 

A<-v.r.|i,      '  .  11     -'•'viblnna,  Tnrgltaus  lived  Just  h  Ihnli 

It  r.     a  legend  wlibJi,  taken 

'  </,„m*m.  Iiidlrat4.'fi   a    iiiiKh 

,ri  of  Ihe  S<'ythlnli.%  than  we 

•  o'.iii  !  f  111  r  tLirriitivm. 

KnfT/e.  BrU.,  XXI.  !,-,(:. 

antOChthonoUH  fil-tok'tho-nim),  «.  r<  nuliich- 
thim  ■!■  -.1/  .  I  1.  I'lrtnining  to  nntoeliUKiir  : 
Incliifoiio.M;  .ipriiiic  from  the  Hiiil;  Bborigiiml 

I  >|i»ak  li   r.-  ...  of  am  lent  rrllgli'tn  only.  Ill  what  ar. 
■finmttiiii-4  i-ftllod  fiAtloiinl  ot  autoch  I  tiurtouM  rollgluna 


Vf,  ruling  by  one's  self  (cf.  avTOKpuTup,  autoecious  (,a-te'shus),  a.     [<  Gr.  avrd^,  self,  + 

oi/ioi;,  dwelling.]  In  fcn/o/o.w, 'laving  both  male 
and  female  inflorescence  on  llie  same  jilaut; 
monoecious.  Three  modificiitious  are  <'ladaii- 
toecious,  gouiauttt'cious,  and  rhizautcecious. 
Also  written  aiitoicous. 

autogamous  (a-tog'a-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrS^, 
self,  -I-  ^liiinc,  niarriage;  cf.  avr/iya/ioi,  willingly 
married.]  Self-fertilized:  applied  to  flowers 
which  are  fertilized  by  their  own  pollen,  in 
distinction  from  anrmojdiilod.-^iind  cntomojihilnus 
flowers,  in  wliiih  <ino  flower  is  fertilized  by 
pollen  from  another  through  the  iuterventiou 
of  tlie  wind  or  of  insects. 

[<  Gr.  aur<ic  self, 
-I-  -yaiua.  <  }d//of,  luarriage.  Cf.  autogamous.] 
In  hoi.,  close  fertilization,  or  self-fertilization; 
the  fertilization  of  a  flower  by  its  own  pollen. 
See  (lUiniamy. 

autogenealt  ( li-to-je'ne-al),  a.  [<  Gr.  avroyevli^ : 
see  autogenous.']  Seli-tegotten ;  autogenous. 
Walerhousc. 

autogeneous  (a-to-je'ne-us),  a.  Same  as  auto- 
gtniius. 

autogenesis  (d-to-jen'e-sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  oi'tiSc, 
si'ir,  -t-  i,i'frT(f,  jiroduction.]  Self-iiroduction: 
proiluctiim  iiide]H'iKlent,  (a)  in  organisms,  of 
parent  organisms;  (fc)  in  tissues,  of  parent 
tissues;  ami  (c)  in  disease,  of  previous  cases  of 
zyinolic  disease. 

autogenetic  (a  to-je-net'ik),  a.  [<  autogenesis: 
si-o  g(  ndie.}  Seli'-produciug;  pertaining  to  mi- 
Icigenesis. 

There  was  no  doubt  .  .  .  of  the  existence  of  owlo,7i'n<'(t« 
linirpiral  fivir.  Brit.  Med.  .lour..  No.  1311). 

autogenetically  (a"to-jn-net'i-kjil-i),  adv.    By 

autogeni'sis,  or  autogenetic  jirocesseg. 

Smnesi'iaie  poison,  elllier  from  without  or  auloijerwti- 
rally,  iiilght  cause  the  same.     Brit.  Med.  .lour..  No.  1319. 

autogenic  (a-t,o-jen'ik),  a.  [Ah  It ulogcn-ous 
+  -ic]  Silf-iii'odiioed;  iiide|iend(nl  iif  a  ino- 
diniii:  N|ieciliiiilly  M]i|ilied  lo  a  iir<i('<'ss  of  sol- 
dering in  wliicli  pieces  of  metal  are  uniled 
by  fusing  the  parts  to  bo  joined.  See  autoge- 
nous. 

natlniim  workers  .  .  .  have  long  leiirneil  to  unite  two 

iihiliu xeaniH    by    the    auliKjcnic    pr m      Ilic    local 

fiiKliig  of   the  two  contiguous  parts  >li  the  oxyhydrogen 
llame.  Eluiic.  Brit.,  XIX.  lOO. 


<iiriii,p(i7()pihor,  <  aironpiiTLip:  Hi'ij  aulocniliir.] 
Pertaining  to  an  autocrat  or  autocrator;  su- 
jireiiie;  absolute:  os,  autocralorical  pow<T. 
[  Rare.] 

autocratrice  (ft-tok'ra-tris),  n.  [F.]  Same  as 
outiirrnlrix. 

autOcratrix'A-tok'rn-triks),!!.;  pl.ni((<>frn/ricM 
(li-lok-rn-lri'sez).  |NL.  (cf.  M(lr.  .lMro^/.n7l.- 
pinn,,),  fein.  of  aulorralor.]  A  female  sovereign 
who  is  iiKlepeiident  and  absolute  :  atitlcBonie- 
times  given  lo  a  reigning  eniprcHH  of  KiiHHiii. 
IKiire.] 

autocratshlp  (A'to-krat-ship),  H.  [<  autocrat 
-f  -ship.]     Tlie  oflU'e  of  autocrat. 

autodafe(oirtridii  nv);  \<\.auiosdafe{o\\'\on). 

[I'g.  auto  ilafi  =  Sp.  auto  defe  (I'g.  da,  <  de  a, 
wberu  a  ib  tlie  fum.  art.,  <  L.  Ma).]    Hamu  us 


autogenous 

autogenous  (a-toj'c-inis),  n.  [<  Or.  nvToyevf/r, 
self-iin"iuee<I,  <  airm:,  sji'lf,  +  }iiw;  kind,  riw^c, 
otTspriiig:  see  {leum,  -f/cndus.]  1.  Scll'-jn'o- 
diieed ;  self -generated ;  coming  forth  indepen- 
dently. Specifleally,  in  antit.,  endogenous:  iipplietl  to 
those  processes  or  iiarts  of  a  bone  which  arise  from  an 
indepenitenl  or  separate  center  of  ossilieation,  as  distill- 
guisfied  froiii  mere  exoKencnis  outgi-owtlis.  Tlius,  the 
epiphyses  of  a  bone  are  autof/i'tioiis ;  apophyses  may  he 
eitlier  tuitiiirniDiis  or  exofjciums. 

Tlio  eentruMi  and  several  of  tlie  apopliyses  of  a  vertebra 
are  aiUv<jt;iwus,  while  other  apophyses  are  exogenous. 

Owen. 

2.  Same  as  autogenic. 

Also  aiitngenroiin. 
Autogenous  soldering,  the  process  of  uniting  pieces  of 

metal  by  the  i\M f  part  of  their  own  substance,  witli- 

out  the  use  of  a  special  solder.  It  is  performed  liy  means 
of  the  airohydrogen  or  oxyhydrogen  blowpipe  and  by  elec- 
tricity. 

autogenously  (a-toj'e-nns-li),  adv.  1.  In  an 
auhjgeTKius  manner. 

Tile  anterior,  or  more  pi'operly  inferior,  bar  of  the  trans- 
verse process  of  the  seventh,  and  occasionally  of  some  of 
the  other  cervical  vertebrjc  in  Man,  isauttxn'in'iif^fjf  devel- 
oped. If.  U.  Flower,  (istecjlogy,  p.  20. 
2.  By  the  autogenous  process  of  soldering. 

This  battery  is  constructed  of  a  case  of  insulite,  having 
a  lid  of  the  same  material  autoqenoudy  soldered  in. 

J.  W.  Queen,  Elect.  Catalogue,  1883,  p.  16. 

autogeny  (a-toj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  avroyevi/c  (see 
(iiitiKji'iKius):  see  -(icinj.']  Autogenesis;  autog- 
ony ;  spontaneous  generation. 

autogony  (a-tog'o-ni),  K.  [<  Gr.  ai'ToySvog,  self- 
produced,  seU'-produciug,  iavro^,  self,  -I-  -yovor, 
produced :  see  -goiiy.']  The  generation  of  simple 
organisms  from  a  lifeless  ilnid;  abiogenesis. 

autograph  (a'to-graf),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  auto- 
fjniphc,  <  L.  autoi/rdjiliiiii,  <  Gr.  avToypaipoi;,  writ- 
ten with  one's  own  hand,  <  ahrdc,  self,  +  ipitfjieLv, 
write.]  I.  a.  Written  by  one's  self;  in  one's 
own  handwriting:  as,  an  autograph  letter. 
II.  K.    [<  F.  autogruphc,  <  LL.  nutoyraphum.'] 

1.  A  person's  own  handwriting;  something 
written  by  a  person's  own  hand ;  an  original 
manuscript  or  signature. 

Autv[ir(tphs  of  famous  names  were  to  be  seen  in  faded 
ink  on  some  of  their  fly  leaves.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 

2.  An  autographic  press  (which  see,  under 
pre^f:). 

autograph  (a'to-gi-af),  v.  t.  [<  autograph,  «.] 
1.  To  write  with  one's  own  hand. —  2.  To  write 
one's  autograph  ou  or  in.— 3.  To  copy  or  pro- 
duce in  autogi'aph,  or  by  an  autographic  pro- 
cess.    See  autographic. 

Annoimeements  and  notices  of  various  kinds,  whether 
printed,  engraved,  lithographed,  or  autofiretphed. 

U.  S.  Postal  Guide,  July,  1S"9. 
It  contains  80  autographed  pages  out  of  the  1,100  of 
which  the  whole  work  will  consist. 

Trubiwr's  American  and  Oriental  Lit.  Record,  X.  4. 

autographalt  (a-tog'ra-fal),  a.  [<  autograjth 
+  -III.]     Autogru.phie.     Sennet. 

autographic  (a-to-graf'ik),  a.  [imitograph  + 
-ic;  =  ¥.  autogniphique.']  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
of  the  natm-e  of  an  autograph;  contained  in 
or  fui'nished  by  one's  own  handwriting:  as, 
uutographic  authority;  autographic  evidence. 
—  2.'  Relating  to  or  used  in  the  process  of  au- 
tography: as,  autographic  ink;  autographic 
paper. —  3.  Self-recording:  applied  to  a  form  of 
telegraph.  See  below — Autographic  press.  See 
jircss.— Autographic  process.  («)  In  tlieym<' mVs,  any 
process  by  means  of  which  an  artist's  work  is  exactly  pre- 
served in  mechanical  reproductions,  as  hi  an  autotype  or 
a  photo-engraving.  (6)  A  general  term  applied  to  those 
chemical  and  mechanical  processes  in  which  a  writing  or 
drawing  is  made  with  a  peculiar  ink,  and  then  transferred 
to  the  stone,  plate,  or  other  matrix  from  which  it  is  to 
be  printed.—  Autographic  telegraph,  an  instrument  for 
transmitting  a  trlriirajiliir  (Us]tatcli  ^^rittcll  in  insulating 
ink  upon  a  nietallir  paprr,  an-l  irprndm  ing  it  u  ith  abso- 
lute exactness  on  another  prepared  paper.  The  instru- 
ment may  be  used  for  transmitting  portraits  or  other  fig- 
ures, diagrams,  etc. 

autographical  (a-to-graf'i-kal),  a.  Same  as  au- 
tiigntphlr. 

autographically  (a-to-graf 'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  an 
autographic  manner ;  by  means  of  autographic 
writings;  in  autograph. 

And  had  "shaken  hands  autographically"  with  him 
across  the  Atlantic.  D.  Hill,  Life  of  Irving,  p.  150. 

autography  (a-tog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  autograph  +  -y ; 
=  F.  uutographic.]  1.  'The  act  of  writing  -with 
one's  own  hand;  autographic  writing. — 2. 
That  department  of  diplomatics,  or  the  study 
and  decipherment  of  old  writings,  which  is 
conceraed  with  autographs. — 3.  A  process  in 
lithography  by  which  copies  of  a  writing,  draw- 
ing, etc.,  are  produced  in  facsimile. 

autoicous  (a-toi'kus),  a.     Same  as  autoecious. 

auto-inoculability  (a"t6-ui-ok"ii-la-biri-ti),  «. 
[<  auto-iiioculable  :  see  -bilitij.]  Capacity  for 
auto-inoculation. 


389 

auto-inoculable  (a/'to-in-ok'il-la^bl),  II.  [<  Or. 
aiiTu^,  self,  +  iiioruliihlr.]  Possessing  the  power 
of  auto-inoculalioii ;  I'lijiabh^  of  being  propa- 
gated bvauto-incK'ulation:  as,  an  auto-iitoculable 
(liscasc. 

auto-inoculation  (a"t6-in-ok-u-la'shon), )(.  [< 
Gr.  aiiTur,  self,  -I-  inoculatiou.]  The  inoculation 
of  a  healthy  jiart  of  the  body  with  the  virus 
from  a  diseased  part  of  the  same  person,  as  from 
a  cliaticroid. 

auto-insufflator  (a-to-in'suf-la-tgr),  M.  [<  Gr. 
ai'Tiir,  self,  -I-  iii.siijllator.]  An  instrument  used 
for  niliniiiisteving  to  one's  self  a  medicinal 
jiowdcr. 

autokinesyt,  n.  [<  LGr.  avroKin/ala,  Or.  avTOiil- 
ri/nir,  self-movement,  <  aiiTuicii'T/Toi;,  self-moved : 
seo  autolcinetical.]  Self-movement;  spontane- 
ous motion.     Cuilirorlh. 

autokineticalt  (^a'to-ki-nefi-kal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
ai'TiihiftiTiHur,  <  auToKivr/Tor,  self-moved,  <  ainoQ, 
self, -I- K/reii;,  move:  see  kinetic.']  Self-moving. 
Dr.  Tl.  More. 

autolaryngoscope  (a"t6-la-ring'go-sk6p),  ii. 

[<  Cir.  (II  7o( ,  self,  -I-  lanjngoscopf.]  An  instru- 
ment, consisting  of  a  combination  of  mirrors, 
by  which  one  may  inspect  his  own  larynx.  E. 
H.  Knight. 

autolaryngOSCOpy  (a"t6-lar-ing-gos'ko-pi),  n. 
[<  Or.  aiViif,  self,  +  laryngoscopij .]  The  in- 
spection of  one's  own  larynx  by  means  of  an 
autolaryngoscope. 

autolatry  (a-tol'a-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrdr,  self,  -t- 
'/uTpfia,  worship.]     Self-worship. 

autology  (a-tol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  aiiTur,  self,  -I- 
-Ao)ia,  <  Myuv,  speak:  see  -ologi/.]  The  sci- 
entific study  of  one's  self. 

Autolytus  (a-tol'i-tus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avToc, 
self,  -1-  '/vTiic,  verbal  adj.  of  '/.i'civ,  loose.]  A  ge- 
nus of  chajtopodous  annelids,  of  the  family  Syl- 

\:-N 


Aiitoiytus  corTiuCus. 

lidm :  a  synonym  of  Syllis.  A.  pnli/er  is  an  asexual 
form,  the  opposite  sexual  forms  of  which  have  been  called 
Polybostrich  us  and  Sacconereis. 
automat,  n.    An  erroneously  assumed  singular 
of  automata.     See  automaton. 

It  is  an  automa,  runs  under  water, 
Vi'ith  a  snug  nose,  and  has  a  nimble  tail 
Made  like  an  augur. 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  Jsews,  iii.  1. 

automalite,  n.     See  automolite. 

automata,  «.     Plural  of  automaton. 

automatalt  (a-tom'a-tal),  a.  [<  automaton  + 
-at.]     Same  as  automatic.     [Rare.] 

automath  (a'to-math),  «.  [<  "Gr.  avTop-aOrj^, 
self-taught,  <  avric^,  self,  +  /mvddvsiv,  /laddv, 
learn :  see  mathematics.]  One  who  is  self- 
taught.     [Rare.] 

automatic  (a-to-mat'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aiirouarof, 
self-moving  (see  automaton),  +  -ic]  1.  Acting 
as  an  automaton,  (a)  Having  the  power  of  self- 
motion;  self-acting:  as,  a»(oma<ic  machinery.  (6)  Done 
iineoiisciously  or  from  force  of  habit ;  mechanical,  as  op- 
posed to  voluntary. 

2.  Conducted  or  carried  on  by  self-acting  ma^ 
chinery. 

It  is  in  our  modern  cotton  and  flax  mills  that  automatic 
operations  are  displayed  to  most  advantage. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  274. 

3.  In  phi/siol. :  (a)  Not  volimtary;  not  under 
the  control  of,  or  not  effected  by,  volition:  said 
of  certain  muscular  actions. 

Let  me  briefly  notice  some  of  our  other  aulmnatic  ac- 
tions. In  the  act  of  swallowing,  which  properly  begins  at 
the  back  of  the  throat,  the  "swallow"  lays  hold  of  the 
food  or  the  drink  lirought  to  it  by  the  muscles  of  the 
mouth  and  carries  this  down  into  the  stomach.  We  are 
quite  unconscious  of  its  passage  thither  unless  we  have 
taken  a  larger  morsel  or  something  hotter  or  colder  than 
ordinary.     This  is  an  instance  of  purely  a  iitomatic  action. 

ir.  Jl.  Carpenter. 

In  animals,  too.  to  a  far  greater  extent  than  in  plants,  is 
the  automatic  activity  which  always  resides  in  protoplasm 
itself  transmitted  by  the  mechanism  of  the  organization 
to  different  parts  of  the  organism  or  to  the  whole  of  it. 

/..  F.  Ward,  Dynaiu.  Sociol.,  I.  Sm. 
(6)  Not  reflex:  said,  for  example,  of  certain 
activities  of  ganglion-cells — Automatic  brake. 
See  (<;■((«■(■.— Automatic  coupling.  .See  c""i''i".'7-— Au- 
tomatic mallet.  Sam.-  as  il.iiliil  hamnwr  (which  see, 
under /"("I /«(■/).  — Automatic  theory.    S-ameasawtoiHa- 

automatical  (a-to-mat'i-kal),  a.  1.  Same  as 
automatic. —  2.  Ha^^ng  reference  to  or  con- 
nected with  automatic  things. 

automatically  (a-to-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  1.  In 
an  automatic  maimer;  mechanically;  imcon- 
sciously. 


automobile 

He  went  on  rowing  idh,  ti;ilf  antoinatically. 

Ueoryc  Elwt,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vi.  13. 

We  know  that  a»freqnently  repeated  act  of  muscular 
skill  finally  comes  to  be  done  almost  automati^lly  and 
with  little  intervention  of  eoiisciousness.    Science,  I V.  473. 

2.  ,By  automatic  means ;  by  its  own  action. 
An  autonuitically  working  machine. 

.Sti.  Amer.,  N.  .S.,  LV.  55. 
Ai'iimintieally  kecjjing  its  temperature  uniform. 

.lour.  Franklin  hist.,  CXXI.,  Supp.  7. 

automaticity  (^"to-ma-tis'j-ti),  »/.  The  state 
of  lii'ing  automatic;  automatic  action.  Martin, 
Human  I'.ody  (:!d  ed.),  p.  23. 

automatism  (a-tom'a-tizm),  n.  [<  automaton  + 
-ifim.  CA',  Gv.  ui'-!>/iriTin/i6r,  that  which  ha])]>ens 
of  itself,  a  chance.]  1.  Automatic  or  involun- 
tary action  :  uxjialhol.,  sometimes  specifically 
applied  to  such  purposeless  actions  as  are  often 
exhibited  by  patients  after  an  epileptic  fit. 

In  considering  the  liody  as  the  instrument  of  the  mind, 
I  shall  show  you.  first,  the  larf^c  amount  of  autinnatiMin 
in  the  human  body,  H*.  li.  Carpenter. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  animals,  especially  those 
below  man,  are  automata,  in  the  sense  that  all 
the  phenomena  exhibited  by  them  are  results 
of  physical  laws;  especially,  the  doctrine  of 
Descartes  that  animals  are  devoid  of  conscious- 
ness.—  3.  The  faculty  of  independently  origi- 
nating action  or  motion.  [From  the  original 
sense  of  automaton.]    N.  E.  D. 

automatist  (a-tom'a-tist),  n.  [<  automaton  + 
-i!<t.  Cf.  LGr.  avTo/iaricT^c,  one  who  refers  all 
things  to  chance.]  1.  On^  who  makes  auto- 
mata.—  2.  One  who  believes  that  animals 
(sometimes  including  man)  are  automata.  See 
automatism,  2. 

Though  not  a  declared  aufoTj)a/-w{^  however,  Mr,  Spencer 
is  by  virtue  of  his  general  philosophy  a  necessarian. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mu.,  XX,  7C8. 

automatize  (a-tom'a-tiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
automatised,  ppr.  automatizing.  [<  automaton 
+  -i::c.  Cf.  Gr.  avro/mTiCciv,  act  of  one's  self, 
introduce  the  agency  of  chance,  happen  by 
chance.]  To  make  an  automaton  or  a  self- 
acting  machine  of. 

A  (Jod-created  man,  all  but  abnegating  the  character  of 
man  ;  forced  to  exist,  automatised,  mummy-wise,  ...  as 
Gentleman  or  Gigman,  Carlylc,  Diamond  Necklace,  i. 

automaton  (a-tom'a-ton),  «. ;  pi.  automata, 
automatons  (-tii,  -ton'/,).  [Formerly  also  autom- 
atum,  <  L.  automaton,  automatum,  <  Gr.  avTo/ja- 
Tov,  neut.  of  avTOfiaTOQ,  acting  of  one's  self,  self- 
moving,  spontaneous,  <  avrdi;,  self,  +  "paroQ 
(>  fiarevav,  seek,  strive  to  do),  verbal  adj.  of 
•!/*//«  (perf. /if/zaa),  strive  after,  move.]  1.  'That 
which  is  self-moving,  or  has  the  power  of  spon- 
taneous movement,  but  is  not  conscious. 

So  great  and  admirable  an  automaton  as  the  world. 

Boyle,  Works,  V,  -iil. 

Specifically — 2.  A  self-acting  machine,  or  one 
which  is  actuated  in  such  a  manner  as  to  carry 
on  for  some  time  certain  movements  without 
the  aid  of  external  impulse,  in  this  respect  clocks 
and  watches,  with  a  vast  number  of  other  machines,  may 
be  denominated  automata ;  but  the  term  more  specifically 
denotes  an  apparatus  in  which  the  purposely  concealed 
power  is  made  to  imitate  the  voluntai-y  or  mechanical  mo- 
tions of  living  beings,  such  as  men,  horses,  birds,  fishes,  etc. 

3.  A  living  being  acting  mechanically  or  as  a 
mere  machine,  especially  without  conscious- 
ness ;  a  person  or  an  animal  whose  actions  are 
purely  involuntary  or  mechanical.  See  bestial 
automaton,  below. 

obedience. 
Bane  of  all  genius,  virtue,  freedom,  truth, 
Makes  slaves  of  men,  and  of  the  human  frame 
A  mechanized  automaton.     .Shelley,  Queen  Mah,  iii. 

4.  A  person  who  acts  in  a  monotonous  routine 
manner,  without  active  intelligence,  especially 
without  being  fully  aware  of  what  he  is  doing. 
—Automaton  balance,  a  machine  for  weighing  plan- 
chets  and  coin,  and  sorting  the  pieces  automatically,  ac- 
cording to  tiieir  weight,  as  full,  light,  or  heavy.— Bestial 
automaton,  in  the  cartesian  philosophy,  a  brute,  as  sup- 
posed to  be  devoid  of  consciousness  and  sensibility.— Spir- 
itual automaton,  a  mind  not  possessing  free  will,  but 
suliject  to  necessitv. 

automatOUSt  (a-tom'a-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrd/ia-or, 
automatic  (see  automaton),  +  -otis.]  Auto- 
matic. 

Clocks  or  uMtomatous  organs,  whereby  we  now  distin- 
guish of  time,  have  found  no  mention  in  any  ancient 
writers.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg,  Err,,  v,  IS. 

autometric  (a-to-met'rik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  autometry. 

autometry  (a-tom'e-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  avroc,  self, 
+  -lurpla,  <  iiirpov,  measure.]  Self -measure- 
ment; self-estimation.     ,y.  E.  D. 

automobile  (a-to-mo'bil),  a.  and  n.  [<Gr.  avror^ 
self,  -I-  L.  mobilis,  mobile.]  I.  a.  Self-moving, 
or  self-movable ;  changing  its  own  place,  or 


automobile 

able  to  effect  cbaDge  of  its  own  place :  as.  an 
automobile  torpedo. 

n.  M.  A  self-mOTing  vehicle  designed  to 
travel  on  common  roads;  specifically,  a  wheeled 
vehicle  for  use  on  roads 
without  rails,  which  car- 
ries in  itself  a  mechanical 
motor,  with  its  source  of 
power.  Automobiles  aredis- 
tinguislieil  ir"iii  lucnmotictt  hy 
the  fact  that  they  <lo  not  travel 
on  a  fixed  tniek.  ami  l)-ilh  (roiu 
/o.omo>ir<'»aiiil  traction  engines 
bv  carrvini;  loads  instead  of  '^ 

dravrinatheinini'ihervehi.les.      ''^^^  .>'' 

The  nuinl-er  of  wheels  nuiy  be 

two  (Iri.yck-).  three  (tricycle),  '  '=• 

four,  or  m'-re.    Thojic  with  four 

wheels  (the  coinnniiiest  form)  are  hiiilt  for  nearly  every 
variety  of  puriiose  of  orduiary  vehicles,  such  as  carriages 
and  cabs  for  two  or  nnTe  pei^ons,  omnibuses,  merchants' 
delivervwaaon*  and  drays.  Automoliihs  are  usually  pro- 
vided with  pneumatic  tires  ami  hall  lieariu!^.  The  four- 
wheel  electric  :iutomol'ile  may  l>e  taken  ius  a  type  of  the.^e 
vehicles.  The  front  whet-Is  are  turned  liy  a  steering-handle, 
and  the  rear  or  driving  wheels  are  connected  with  an 
electric  motor  on  the  rear  axle  through  the  medium  of  a 
balance  or  compensating  gear,  so  that  one  wheel  may  re- 
volve slower  than  the  other  in  turning  the  veliicle.  The 
motor  derives  its  pi>wer  from  a  battery  of  storage  cells 
within  the  b.Mly  ipf  the  vehicle,  which  are  coupled  in  par- 
allel or  in  series  for  various  speeds  by  means  of  a  controller 
placed  under  the  vehicle,  and  shifted  from  one  position 
to  another  liv  a  hand-lever,  to  which  it  is  connccleil  hy  a 
chain-aml-sprocket  gear.  In  certain  positions  of  the  con- 
troller the  automobile  is  made  to  run  backward  at  differ- 
ent speeds.  A  foot  lever  is  connected  wilh  band-brakes 
which  act  on  surfaces  formed  on  the  peripheries  of  the 
internal  tcai-s  which  are  attached  to  the  driving-wheels. 
The  vehicle  is  jirovided  with  metei^*  for  measuring  the 
electric  current,  and  with  electric  lights  and  an  elcctnc 
gong.  Automobiles  are  named  according  to  the  nunilier 
of  wheels,  when  this  is  less  than  four,  as  atiXimobilebicwl,' 
and  autmnohilf  tricycle;  and  according  to  the  kind  of  motor 
used,  as  comprttttd-air  automobile,  electric  automobile, 


Gasolene  Automobile. 

y{,  cpeed'lever ;  B,  emergency  brake :  C,  slccring-wheel ;  D,  horn  ; 

£,  radiator  ;  F,  starting.handle. 

pctrnteurn    autniiinbile,    and     ftenin-nvtmiiobite.—  Com- 

pressed-alr  automobile,  aji  aniomobiic  which  is  pio- 
pelle  I  by  an  airniotor.  Electric  automobUe,  an  nuto- 
InoMle  »hi<  ti  IS  iiropelled  by  an  electric  motor. —  Petro- 
leum automobile,  an  automobile  which  is  propelled  by 
am'.torof  th'ga^^-eiigine  type  that  uses  petroleum,  or  such 
derivatives  of  petroleum  as  gasolene  or  naphtha.  Varia- 
tion of  speed  is  obtained  by  the  use  of  a  change-gear  be. 
tween  the  motor  ami  the  driving-wheels,  by  choking  the 
supply  of  u'ases  to  or  their  exhaiist  from  the  engine,  or  by 
the  uset-tgetherof  two  or  more  of  these  methods.— Steam- 
automobile,  at)  automobile  which  is  propelled  l)y  a  steam- 
engine,  .^r'ain-au/omufri^arcalaocallednkani-earruij/u 
or  gteam-voi/ojut. 

automobile  (a-to-mo'bil),  v.  i.  To  ride  in  an 
.■iiituniuMli.  vehicle.  [Recent.]  Conmo  noli  tan, 
X.W.  4-.".. 

automobilism  (i-to-mo'bil-izm),  H.   The  use  of 

ntitoinoldlo  vchir-los.      [Koccnt.] 

A  departure  in  tiufiimnbiliim  which  they  believe  to  ho  of 

the  highest  i>ractlcal  value  from  aconunerrinl  stnntljioint. 

Biryclinn  World,  XXXVIII,  118. 

antomobilist  Oi-t<)-in6'lill-ist),  n.  One  who 
u-"-<  UN  niitoinobilo  vehicle. 

aatomolite  di-totn'o-lil ),  «.  [<  Clr.  a!r6uoh)f,  a 
cb-.i  r'l  r,  prop,  iwlj.,  KoioK  of  oik-'h  self  (<ai'r«c, 
fo  If,  -f  ji()/.itv,  ^o,  or  come),  +  -/(<-.]  A  name 
^<•l!rll  tjipo-H  (fivcii  to  Kahiiili',  from  the  fact  that 
it  ei,iii.iiii.s  a  larRf  pniportion  of  zinc  o.xid, 
tlioiigli  ii  luiH  no  rcHctnlihini'i'  to  an  ore.  See 
fialinil' ,     AJHO  Hpi'ilcd  iniliniiiilUc. 

antomorpbic  fa-to-int'ir'fik),  n.  [<  Or.  mriiunii- 
<P":.  V  I  irrini-i|,  naliinil  (taken  n8  'foniicil  upon 
on"  ■  .  i|  -■  11  iir  piiltern'),  < '/ir<j<,  Mi'lf, -f  /(o/i- 
^';,  fi.rni  I  l"i;irnoil  or  conceivcil  after  Iho  pat- 
Icrti  or  !.,rTii  i,f  Olio's  iieU.  11.  Spiiirir.  Htuily 
of  Ho<-ioi,,  |,.  ll.J. 

antomnrolil,  :.  n,r   i'A-t.;>-mAr'(l-kiil-i),   (ulr.     In 

an  »  Nuor.     //.  Siirnntr. 

autoiii  .  iiior'(iztn),  n.      [Ah  «m/</- 

iiiiiri'i  j(,,,  niu'ription  of  on<'H  o«  n 

<'hiir  another,    or    the    hnliit   of 

j'ult,'  .1    oxplnininK  llioir    a'-lM    l.y 

inenr  -,,     ' iirniHhed  by  the knowli'<l;-< 

of  fUc 

atltonomic  iii-ty-nom'ik),  n.     {  \n  aulniiom-nu, 


390 

+  -ic]  Relating  to  autonomy;  having  the 
povrer  of  self-government;  autonomous;  self- 
governing;  independent. 

autonomist  (a-ton'o-mist),  «.  [<  autoiionnj  + 
-ist.']  One  who  advocates  or  favo.s  the  prin- 
ciple of  autonomy  ;  one  who  desires  home  rule. 
or  self-government  of  the  community  to  which 
he  belongs,  or  of  any  community. 

autonomous  (a-ton'o-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  airivo/w^, 
iudepeudeut,  of  one's  own  free  wll,  <  airof, 
self,  +  If  Ufa",  hold  sway.  >  louoc,  law:  see  iiome.'] 
1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  autonomy  or  an  auton- 
omy.—  2.  independent  in  government;  having 
the"  right  of  self-government. 

The  few  brave  men  who  seven  years  biu;k  first  un- 
sheathed their  yataghans  amid  the  hills  of  Herzegovina 
did  not  carry  wilh  them  a  scheme  for  .  .  .  &n  autonomous 
X)rovince  of  Eastern  Roumelia. 

E,  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  l.eets.,  p.  44.'>. 

3.  Subject  to  its  own  laws ;  specifically,  in  ?mi?., 
independent  of  any  other  organism ;  not  a  form 
pr  stage  of  development  of  some  other  organ- 

i.^TU. 

autonomously  (u-ton'o-mus-li),  adv.  In  an  au- 
tonomous maimer;  from  one"s  own  choice. 

autonomy  (a-tou'o-mi),  «.;  pi.  autonomics 
(-miz).  [<  Gr.  ai-rovouia,  independence,  <  ai'roi'o- 
uor,  iniiependeut:  see  autoiinmotis.]  1.  The 
power  or  right  of  self-government,  whether  in 
a  community  which  elects  its  own  Tuagistrates 
and  makes  its  own  laws,  or  in  an  intliWdual 
who  acts  according  to  his  own  will. —  2.  A  self- 
governing  community. —  3.  An  autonomous 
condition;  the  condition  of  being  subject  only 
to  its  own  laws;  especially,  in  biol.,  organic 
independence. —  4.  In  the  pliilos.  of  Kant,  the 
doctrine  that  the  moral  law  is  one  which  rea- 
son imposes  upon  itself  a  priori,  that  is,  inde- 
pendently of  sense  and  sense-experience,  and 
is  therefore  absolute  and  immutable :  opposed 
to  hittrnnomy  (which  see). 

autonjnu  (a'to-uim),  H.  [<  Gr.  aimif,  self,  -t- 
iniiiia,  dial,  otv/ia,  name.]  1.  One's  own  name ;  a 
real  name:  opposed  to  jiscudoni/m  and  <in(iiii/in. 
— 2.  That  which  bears  one's  own  name,  as  a 
book  published  under  the  author's  real  name. 
—  3.  The  self-same  name;  one  and  the  same 
name  for  two  or  more  things;  a  homonym. 
[Ran.] 

autopathic  (a-to-path'ik),  a.  [<  antojiatln/  + 
-/(•.]  In  patliiil.,  dependent  on  the  original 
structure  and  developmental  tendencies  of  tin- 
individual;  endopathic,  as  opposed  to  cjcojiath- 
ic:  a|i|ilii'd  to  certain  forms  of  disease. 

autopathy  (i-tnp'a-thi),  ?i.  [<  Gr.  avTOTriOcia, 
one's  own  feeling  or  experience,  <  n'vToirani/c, 
speaking  from  one's  own  foelingor  experience, 

<  ahriic,  self,  -1-  Tvaliiir,  feeling,  suflfering.]  Ego- 
istic sentiment  or  feeling;  exclusive  self-con- 
sideration. 

Autophagi  (a-tof'a-ji),  M.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  au- 
ttiplKiijns,  self-feeding:  see  antnjihaiiou.i.]  In 
ornit/i.,  a  name  of  the  precocial  birds  which 
are  able  to  run  about  and  feed  themselves  as 
soon  !is  they  are  hatched:  synonymous  with 
I'liliijia'tiiK  or  Ihisjipa'des. 

autophagOUS  (A-tof'a-gus),  a,  [<NI.i.  autoplia- 
f//(.v,  srlf-ti'cding,  <  Gr.  rt/'ro^(i}of,  self-de\"our- 
ing,  <  iiiroi;  self,  +  ip(i)in\  eat,  devour.]  1. 
Self-ilevouring. — 2.  Self-feeding;  capable  of 
feeding  itself,  as  a  ])recocial  bird:  eiiuivalcnt 
in  application  (but  not  in  meaning)  to  liislho- 
(/rnou.\-  or  ]ililop<itlir,  and  opposed  in  meaning 
to  hrlrri'jiluiiiDus  (which  see). 

autophagy  di-tofa-ji),  «.  [=!''.  nutojihaiiii- : 
;is  iiKliiphiiii-iiu.i  -(-  -;/.]  The  act  of  feeding 
iijion  Olio's  self. 

autophoby  (a'lo-fo-bi),  ».  [<  (ir.  niToi,  self,  -|- 
-<p<iAi<i,  fear:  set!  -pliolna.]  I'ear  of  refen-ing  to 
one's  self;  fear  of  being  cgotiHtical.  Ilair. 
[Rare.] 

autophon  (ft'to-fon),  n.  [<  Gr.  mVii^Juiw,  self- 
soiinding.  <  ni'rnr,  Kolf,  +  (pui'i),  voict",  Bound.] 
A  form  <if  barrel-organ,  of  which  the  tunes  arc 
ilelerinmerl  by  perforalions  in  a  sheet  of  niill- 
board  cut  to  corres])Otid  with  thtMlesired  notes. 
/■:.  II.  Kntijhl. 

autophony  (li-tof'o-ni),  ».  [<  NL.  aulojihnuin 
(in  fcu'tn  as  if  <  (ii-.  livriK^uvin,  the  voice  ilscM  ). 

<  Gr.  (li'Ti'iipon'oi;,  Nelf-Hounding:  see  aulo/iliini.l 
In  iiunnillatiiin,  the  i-haracliM'  of  (ho  Hound  .if 
(ho  aiiHcuKadtr's  own  voice  when  liis  head  is 
placed  agiiitiHl  the  chest  of  (he  p»(ietil.  Wliiii 
(here  iH  a  large  cnvity  this  Hound  niay  be  ren- 
dered of  t'l-enter  iti(<'nHi(y  (han  is  noriiuil. 

autophthalmoBCope  (li-tof-lhal'iny-Bkop),  n. 


autositarius 

[<  Gr.  oi'TOf,  self,  -I-  iiplithalmoscope.^  An  in- 
strument by  which  one  may  inspect  the  interior 
of  one's  own  eyes. 

autophyllogeriy  (a'to-fi-loj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  (li- 
rdf,  self,  +  oi//.oi;  leaf.  -I-  --jiveta,  production: 
see  -.'/<«.'/.]  A  term  proposed  by  Morren  for 
the  abnonual  gi-owth  of  leaves  from  leaves. 

autopisty  (a'to-pis-ti),  n.  [<  Gr.  avToTriaroi;, 
credible  in  itself,  <  nizuc.  self,  -t-  irfurof,  credi- 
ble, worthy  of  belief.  <  -eifiin;  ^rideiv,  persuade.] 
Worthiness  of  belief  from  internal  evidence; 
the  quality  of  credibility  existing  in  a  state- 
ment itscli',  independently  of  external  evidence 
or  corroboration.     [Rare.] 

autoplast  (a'to-plast),  H.  [<  Gr.  avT6Tr?.a(!To^, 
selt-fonued.  <  nirov.  self,  -t-  -'/.aa-or,  verbal  adj. 
of  -hinaen;  form.]  In  cmbri/oL,  an  autogenous 
cell,  that  is,  a  cell  which  appears  to  take  form 
spontaneously  in  the  yollc  of  an  ovum,  not  by 
fission  or  the  regular  process  of  cleavage  of  the 
\itellus. 

autoplastic  (a-to-plas'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
autoida^ty. 

autoplasty  (a'to-plas-ti).  «.  [As  autoftlast  + 
-y.]  In  .>■«)■(/..  an  operation  by  which  lesions  ac- 
companied with  loss  of  substance  are  repaired 
by  means  of  healthy  portions  of  tissue  taken 
from  another  part  of  the  patient,  and  made  to 
supply  the  deficiency.     See  rhiiioi>la.ity. 

autopolygraph  (a-to-pori-graf),  «.  [<  Gr.  ai'Tor, 
self.  -I-  piili/iirapli.]  An  autographic  printing 
process.     Ii.  H.  K)ii(/lit. 

autopsiat  (a-top'si-ji),  ".  [NL.,  <  Gr.  avrofln,  a 
seeing'  with  one's  own  eyes,  <  (iiTOTrof,  seen  by 
one's  self,  <  avro^,  self,  -I-  b-rik,  seen  (ef.  oi/vf, 
sight):  see  0}>tic.^     Same  as  autopsy,  1. 

It  is  no  small  undertaking  for  a  nuni  ...  to  begin  a 
natin-al  histor>'  from  his  own  aulopsia.  Gilbert  Wliite. 

autopsic  (a-top'sik),  a.  [<  autopsia  +  -ic] 
1.  Same  as  autoplic. —  2.  In  nml.,  pertaining 
to  or  obtained  by  means  of  an  autopsy. 

autopsical  (a-top'si-kal),  a.    Same  as  autopsic. 

autopsically   (a-top'si-kal-i),   adr.      Same  as 

iiufnplirillll/. 

autopsy  (a'top-si),  H.  [<  autopsia,  q.  v.]  1. 
.\  .seeing  for  one's  self;  personal  ocular  obser- 
vation, inspection,  or  examination.  Specifi- 
cally—  2.  In  patliol.  and  <niiil.,  dissection  and 
inspection  of  a  dead  body  to  discover  the  cause 
of  death,  or  tlie  site  anil  character  of  the  dis- 
ease of  whicli  the  person  ilied;  post-mortem 
examination;  a  post-mortem. 

autoptic  (a-top'tik),  (I.  [<  Gr.  avroKTiKd^,  <  nr- 
roT7of,  seen  by  one's  self:  see  autup.via.]  Seen 
with  one's  own  eyes;  relating  to  or  based  on 
autopsy  or  personal  observation:  as,  aulaptic 
evidence.     Also  written  anlop.sie. 

autoptical  (a-top'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  autoptic. 

autoptically  (a-top'ti-kal-i),  adr.  In  an  ini- 
to|ilu-  manner;  by  ocular  view  or  one's  own 
obsiTvation.     Also  written  autopsically. 

autort,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  author. 

autorialt,  "•     An  obsolete  fcn'm  of  authorial. 

autorityt,  u.     An  obsolete  form  of  authority. 

autoschediasm  (ii  -  to  -  sko '  di  -  azm),  ».    [<'  Gr. 

«/TornirW(irr/;o,  work  done  offhand  (cf.  ai'Tunxt- 
()i(in//ue,  exteniporaiu'ous  speaUingi,  <  niT(ia\F- 
AiiCfi':  see  auloschidiiKc']  .\n  olVhainl  act  or 
performance;  something  hastily  improvised. 
autoschediastic  (a  lo-ske-di-as'tik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
ai  run  \ii)ii:nTo,oi-,  olTliaiid,  extemporaneous,  < 
ui<Tnn\ttUanT/jr,  otie  wlio  aets  or  speaks  otTlinnd, 
<  aiTim  YFih(i^fii;  do,  act,  or  speak  oll'lutnd :  sro 
autoschrdia:c.']  Slight;  hasly;  not  fully  con- 
sidoreil;  done  hastily  or  on  the  spur  of  the 
moment. 

autoschediastical  (a  to-skc-di-as'ti-kal),  ((. 

.'S.iiur  ;is  aulosriii'didslic.      Dean  .Martin. 

autoschediaze  (ii-lo-ske'di-iiz),  r.  /. ;  jirel.  and 
pp.  autitscltrdiaznl,  ppr.  anfosi'hcdia^int/.  (  <  ( ir. 
arTiia\i:i'iiiiCiir,  do,  net,  or  s]icak  offhand,  < 
ni'ron,Y/(i»)(;,  olTliand,  <  Hnrdr,  self,  +  n_\ii)inf, 
near,  sudden,  offhand:  wee  .■ichcdiastic]  To 
improvise  or  extemporize. 

autoscope  (a'(6-skop),  )/.  [<  Gr.  niTiir,  self,  -1- 
n/,orj//i',  view.]  An  iiis(rumenl  invented  by 
(■(n'ciuH  for  the  self-examinntion  of  IIm'  e\e. 
.Si/(/.  .S'«c.  l.cr. 

aiitoscopy  (ii-tos'ko-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  niirifir,  self, 
+  -nkiiiTio,  <  amnrnv,  view.]  In  mrd.,  the  ex- 
ainiiialion  of  one's  self,  as  l>y  (he  autoscope  or 
(he  au(olaryngoKcope. 

aut08itariU8(a'lo-Hi-(il'ri-UH),  u. ;  ]il.  aulosilarii 
(-i).  (.NL.,  as  nulositc,  c|.  v.,  -f-  ■arius.'\  In 
tiralol.,  either  part  of  a  double  nionsler  v.liieli 
is  fornii'd   by  (lie  juin-lion   ol'  (wo  ei|iinlly  de- 


autositarius 

yeloped  individuals,  as  Ijy  moans  of  tlio  umbili- 
cus. 

autOSite  (a'to-sit),  n.  [<  Gr.  nprdaiTo^,  bringing 
one's  own  provisions/  aiiTOf,  self,+  mror,  food.] 
In  tcratol.,  that  twin  in  an  nnpqual  double 
monster  which  furnishes  nutriment  to  the 
other,  the  latter  being  called  the  parasite  or 
jKtnisitic  tioin. 

autOStylic  (a-to-sti'lik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avroarvM, 
resting  on  natural  columns,  <  ai'Td^,  self._  + 
firt/of.  column:  see  .•<ti/lc^.]  In  <i)iat.,  haying 
no  separate  suspeusorium  or  distinct  suspen- 
sorv  apparatus  of  the  lower  jaw. 

autotemna,  ».     Plural  nt  (lutotemnnii. 

autotemnic(a-to-tein'nik),  ((.  [<  aiitotemnon  + 
■  /('.)     Hume  as  iiiito/riiDioKs.     Hyatt. 

autOtemnon  (a-to-teni'non),  >(.;  pi.  autotemna 
(-nil).      [NL.,  irreg.  (better  *ttiil(itommi)  <  Gr. 

'  aixiif,  self,  +  tf/wciv,  rafnlv,  cut.]  In  bktl.,  a 
cell  considered  as  an  organism  capable  of  self- 
division.  [Rare.]  Htfatt,  Proc.  Best.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  1884,  p.  143. 

autotemnOUS  (a-to-tem'nus),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
av-oc,  self,  +  Tciivnv,  raue'iv,  cut,  +  -OHS.]  Self- 
dividing;  capable  of  spontaneous  fission:  ap- 
plied to  a  cell  or  autotemnon  which  propagates 
itself  by  fission  and  not  by  impregnation.  Com- 
mon tissue-cells  of  all  kimts  are  autotemnous,  as  are 
sperinatoeysts  and  spermatozoa,  and  also  ova  that  divide 
before  the  union  of  male  and  female  nuclei.  Division 
suttsequfHt  to  sucli  union  eonstitntes  an  enilTyo.  The 
]iriit(i/oaMs  are  autotenninns  while  i^rnwinu  by  hssion,  but 
ale  eiiilir>os  or  furni-spores  thereafter.     Also  aiitnti'mnic. 

autotheism  (a'to-the-izm),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrSBeog, 
very  God,  <  laVd'f,  self,  +  Becir,  God.]  1.  The 
doctrine  of  the  self-existence  of  God;  specifi- 
cally, the  ascription  of  self-existence  to  the 
second  person  of  the  Trinity.  [Rare.]  —  2. 
Assumption  of  divine  powers ;  self-deification ; 
excessive  self-esteem.     Niiwteenth  Century. 

antotheist  (a'to-the-ist),  n.  [<  ai(totlie-ism  + 
-ist.]  1.  One  who  believes  in  autotheism. —  2. 
One  who  ascribes  to  himself  the  possession  of 
divine  powers. 

He  bejiins  to  mistake  more  and  more  the  voice  of  that 
very  flesh  of  his,  which  he  fancies  he  has  conquered,  for 
the  voice  of  God,  and  to  become  without  knowing  it  an 
maotlif'ist.  Kitigstcy,  Alton  Locke,  Pref. 

autotomic  (a-to-tom'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  avrdc^,  self, 
+  Tou6(;,  cutting,  <  rifiveiv,  Ta/ielv,  cut.]  Self- 
intersecting,  as  a  line  or  trace,     y.  E.  D. 

autotype  (a'to-tip),  n.  [<  Gr.  oin-df,  self,  + 
Tvirm;,  a  stamp,  type.]  1.  The  trade-name  of  a 
certain  photographic  process  for  producing  per- 
manent prints  in  a  carbon  pigment.  It  is  mucli 
used  for  reproducing  works  of  art. — 2.  A  pic- 
ture made  by  this  process. — 3.  A  copy;  a  re- 
production in  facsimile.     Eingsley. 

autotype  (a'to-tip),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  auto- 
typed, ppr.  atitotyjiiiHi.  [<.  autotype,  «.]  To 
reproduce  by  means  of  the  autotype  process, 
or  in  facsimile. 

autotypic  (a-to-tip'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
autotype,  or  produeeil  by  the  autotype  process. 

autotypography  (a"to-ti-pog'ra-fi),  «.  [<  Gr. 
aiVdr,  self,  +  typography.']  Aiiy  process  by 
means  of  which  drawings,  manuscripts,  etc., 
can  be  transferred  directly  to  a  plate  or  material 
from  which  impressions  can  be  taken;  espe- 
cially, a  process  by  which  autographs  executed 
in  a  special  ink  are  transferred  to  a  plate  of 
zinc,  which  is  then  etched  and  prepared  for 
printing  on  an  ordinary  press.    See  zincography. 

autrefois,  adr.     See  auterfoits. 

autumn  (a'tum),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  au- 
toiiic,  <  ME.  atitti»ij>iic,  <  OF.  autompiie,  mod.  F. 
flKtomiie  =  Sp.  otorio  =  Pg.  oiito>io  =  lt.  aiitunno, 
<  L.  aittumnus,  less  correctly  auctumnus,  au- 
tumn, perhaps  related  to  arere,  be  well,  Skt. 
V  ar,  satisfy  one's  self.  The  old  derivation 
from  atir/ere,  increase,  is  not  now  accepted.] 
1 .  The  third  season  of  the  year,  or  the  season 
between  summer  and  winter:  often  called/*;/?, 
as  being  the  time  of  the  falling  of  the  leaves. 
Astronomically  it  begins  at  tlie  autumnal  efptinox,  about 
the  22d  of  September,  when  the  sun  enters  Libra,  and  ends 
at  the  winter  solstice,  about  the  21st  of  Deeenilnr.  when 
the  sun  enters  Capricorn.  In  popular  lan^Mia^;e  autumn  i5 
regarded  in  North  America  as  comprising:  .September,  Oc- 
tober, and  November,  but  in  Great  Britain,  August,  .Sep- 
tember, and  October. 

Figuratively  —  2.  A  period  of  maturity,  or  of 
incipient  decay,  abatement,  or  decline :  as,  the 
autumn  of  life. 

Dr.  Preston  was  now  entering  into  the  autumn  oi  the 
duke's  favour.  Fuller. 

autumnal  (a-tum'nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  autum- 
iialis,  auctumiialis,  <  antuinnus:  see  autumn  and 
-«/.]  I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  autumn ;  produced 
or  gathered  in  autumn :   as,  autumnal  fruits. 


391 

Figuratively — 2.  Belonging  to  a  period  corre- 
sponding to  autumn  in  the  year;  hence,  past 
tin.'  niidiih*  stn,g(^  of  life:  as,  '*an  autumuftl  ma- 
tron," Jlaatliurne.  Autumnal  equinox,  the  time 
when  the  sun  crosses  the  equator  as  he  pineccdH  aouth- 
wtird.  This  liappens  aliout  the  -I'M  «.f  September.  See 
«/)«ji()a;.— Autumnal  plumage,  in  umiih..  the  plumage 
acquired  by  a  birti  after  the  first  molt,  when  that  in  which 
the  bird  leaves  the  nest  is  exchanged  for  iinother;  the 
plumage  of  an  aniiotine ;  atso,  that  subse(|uently  acquireil 
each  autumn  by  sucli  birds  as  nictlt  at  that  season  as  well 
as  in  spring,  r,i-  have  wliat  is  termed  the  double  molt. — 
Autumnal  signs,  the  signs  Libra,  Scorpio,  and  Sagit- 
tariu.s,  thidugh  which  the  sun  passes  diu'ing  the  autumn, 
astronomically  considered. 
II.  «.   A  plant  that  flowers  in  autumn. 

autumn-bells  (a'tiim-bclz),  n.  A  iiiinie  given 
to  a  European  gontiiin,  (lintiana  I'nrumouanthc, 
from  its  bell-shaped  flowers  and  their  season  of 
opening. 

autumnian  (t'l-tum'ni-an),  a.  [<  autumn  + 
-ian.]     Autumnal.     [Rare.] 

Methinks  already 
I  gr.asp  best  part  of  the  autumnian  blessing. 

MitliUi'ton,  Michaelmas  Term,  Ind. 

autumnity  (a-tum'ui-ti),  n.  [<  L.  autumnitas, 
the  season  of  autumii,  harvest,  <  autuinnus,  au- 
tumn.] The  season  of  autumn;  quality  or  con- 
dition characteristic  of  autumn.     [Rare.] 

Draughts  of  sweet  autumniti/.     lip.  Hall,  Satires,  iii.  1. 

autunite  (a'tun-it),  n.  [<  Autun,  a  city  in  Bur- 
gundy, France,  +  -iie^.]  A  native  hydrous 
phosphate  of  uranium  and  calcium,  occurring 
in  tabular  crystals,  nearly  square  in  form,  and 
of  a  citron  or  sulphur-yellow  color,  it  is  usually 
found  witli  other  inatiium  minerals,  often  as  a  result  of 
the  decomposition  of  uraninite  or  ])itch-blende.  It  is 
closely  related  to  tile  pbospbnte  of  luanium  and  copper, 
tnrberniti-  or  eojipi  r  nvanlte,  in  distinction  from  which  it 
is  called  //*/'(■  tnaiiit,',  and  also  simply  urauUc. 

auturgy  (a'ter-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  avrovpyia,  <  aiirdc, 
self,  +  tpyov,  work.  Cf.  chirnrgeon.']  Work 
with  one's  o^vn  hands;  self-action.     [Rare.] 

Auvergnat  (F.  pron.  6-var-ny;i'),  n.  [F.,  < 
Aiii-crguc.']  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of 
Auvergne,  a  foi-mer  province  in  the  central 
ptirt  of  France,  nearly  con-esponding  to  the 
modern  departments  of  Cantal  and  Puy-ile- 
Dome. —  2.  A  French  wine  of  a  deep-red  color, 
made  near  Orleans:  so  called  from  the  name 
of  the  variety  of  grape. 

auxt,  ".     See  auge. 

auxanometer  (ak-sa-uom'e-ter),  n.  [IiTcg.  < 
Gr.  av^urtiv,  grow,  +  /lirpov,  measure.]  An  in- 
strument tor  measuring,  or  for  measuring  and 
recording,  the  growth  of  plants.  In  the  arc  auxa- 
innni-l'i-  this  is  done  with  the  aid  of  an  index  moving  over 
a  vertical  arc  of  a  circle. 

Auxerre  (o-ziir'),  n.  [F.]  A  general  name 
often  given  to  the  Burgundy  wines  produced 
near  the  city  of  Auxerre,  in  the  department  of 
Yoiine. 

auxesis  (ak-se'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  au^r/aic,  in- 
crease, amplification,  <  ai^eiv,  aiiavcw  (cf.  L. 
augere),  increase,  =  E.  icax :  see  auction  and 
W((xl.]  1.  In  rket.,  amplification;  exaggera- 
tion; hyperbole;  the  use  of  a  more  unusual 
and  high-sounding  word  for  the  ordinary  and 
jiroper  word. —  2.  In  math.,  the  ratio  in  which 
the  element  of  a  figure  has  to  lie  magnifieel  to 
make  it  conform  to  the  corresponding  element 
of  a  conformable  figure. 

auxetic  (ak-set'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  av^f/riKdc,  <  av^r/- 
TOg,  verbal  adj.  of  ah^avin<,  increase:  see  auxe- 
sis.']    Pertaining  to  auxesis;  amplifying;   in- 
creasing. 
This  auxetic  power  of  the  preposition. 

Dr.  Hutchinson,  .Sermon  on  Cerem.  Law,  p.  8,  note. 

auxetically  (ak-set'i-kal-i),  adB.  By  auxesis 
or  amplification. 
auxiliantt  Cig-zil'iant),  «.  [<  L.  auxilian(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  iiu.riliari,  help:  see  auxdiate.]  Auxil- 
iarv ;  alluriUng  help  or  assistance. 
aux'iliar  (ag-zil'iiir),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  auxiliaris, 
helping,  aiding,  <  auxilium,  help,  aid,  <  augere, 
increase.]     I.  a.  Helping;  auxiliary. 

Ostoriiis,  though  yet  not  strengthen'd  with  his  Legions, 

causes  the  auxitiar  Bands,  his  Troops  also  allightiug,  to 

assault  the  rampart.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

There  Athens  sat.  as  in  the  foretime,  on  her  citadel 

rock,  in  sight  of  her  auxilinr  sea,  crowned,  garlanded, 

wanton.  ^-  Clwate,  Addresses,  p.  180. 

II.   n.    An  auxiliary:  usually  in  the  plural, 

auxiliary  troops. 

My  auxiliars  and  allies. 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Art.,  II.,  v.  1. 
Mighty  were  the  aUxiliars  which  then  stood 
Upon  our  side,  we  who  were  strong  in  love  I 
Bliss  w.as  it  in  that  dawn  to  be  alive. 
But  to  be  young  was  very  heaven ! 

Wordiimrlh,  French  Revolution. 

[Archaic  in  both  uses.] 


avail 

auxlliarly  (ag-zil'iar-li),  adv.    Bymeans  of  aid 

or  lulp.     Coleridge. 

auxiliary  (ag-zil'ia-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  auxi- 
liiiiiH.s,  etjuiv.  to  auxiliaris,  helping:  see  auxil- 
»'"'.]  I.  a.  Helping;  aiding;  assisting;  giv- 
ing support  or  succor;  hence,  subsidiary;  addi- 
tional: as,  auxdiary  Iroojis;  //wr//(///// <*ngincs. 
—  Auxiliary  bishop,  auxiliary  buffer-spring,  auxil- 
iary chaplain,  cte.  .s.-.,  til.- ijoims.  Auxiliary  circle, 
ill  coni*:  mcti*in>i,  a  circle  having  its  center  at  the  center 
of  a  conic,  which  it  touches  at  the  extremities  of  the 
transverse  diameter.— Auxiliary  quantity,  in  math.,  a 
qii.'intity  introdui-ed  to  simiiliiy  or  taeilii:itc  an  operation, 
as  maybe  done  inequations  -,r  iiigonoin.-try.  Auxiliary 
scales,  ill  ii'ifsir,  the  sjv  keys  or  scales,  ..msistiiig  of  any 
key  major,  with  its  relative  minor,  and  the  attendant  keys 

of  each.  —  Auxiliary  screw,     see  «<■/■<  </.    Auxiliary 

verb,  a  vertp  that  assists  in  the  conjugation  of  other  \erlis. 
.See  11.,. i. 

II.  ".;  pi.  auxiliaries  (-TIT,).  [<  L.  auxilia- 
rius,  n.]  1.  A  heljier;  an  assistant;  a  conl'ed- 
crtito  in  some  action,  enterjjrise,  or  undertak- 
ing; an  aid  of  any  kind. 

.Aquatint  is  seldom  practiced  by  itself:  it  is  rather  an 
auxiliary  to  line-etching.  /'.  <J.  llamcrton. 

Specifically — 2.  })l.  Foreign  troops  in  the  ser- 
vice of  a  nation  at  war. 

The  Eleians  often  eng.aged  as  auziliaries  in  the  wars  of 

other  states,  on  pretence  of  asserting  the  cause  of  religion. 

J.  Adamx,  Works,  IV.  512. 

3.  In  gram.,  a  verb  used  in  forming,  with  the 
infinitive  and  participles  of  other  verbs,  phrases 
having  the  value  of,  or  a  value  iinalogtms  to  that 
of,  modes  and  tenses:  thus,  1  do  love,  I  have 
loved,  I  sliall  love,  I  am  loved. —  4.  In  math., 
an  auxiliary  quantity  (which  see,  under  I.), 
auxiliatet  (ag-zil'iat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  auxiUutus, 
pp.  of  auxiliari,  help,  <  auxilium,  help:  see 
auxiliar.']     To  aid  or  assist. 

He  IDayl  then  fell  into  a  disputation  with  Cranmer  and 
Goodrich,  in  which  he  repeateil  lii-s  former  Scripture,  and 
auxiliatcd  it  with  another. 

R.  II'.  Dixon,  Hist,  f'liurch  of  Eng,,  xvii. 

auxiliatoryt  (ag-zil'ia-to-ri),  a.  and  n.      [<  L. 
as  if   *ai<xdtaloriu.^,   K  auxiliator,  a   helper,  < 
auxiliari,  pp.  auxiliatus,  help,  <  auxilium,  help.] 
I.  a.  Helping;  aiding;  auxiliary. 
Masses  both  auxiliatory  and  expiatory. 

Sir  E.  Sandys,  State  of  Religion. 

II.  n.  A  help;  an  aid;  in  the  plural,  auxilia- 
ries. 
There  were  no  such  auxiliatorieit  within  the  walls. 

R.  Watmn,  Hist.  Philip  II. 

auxometer  (ak-som'e-ter),  n.  [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
ai'jfd',  increase,  +  phpor,  measure.  Cf.  auxa- 
nometer.] An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
magnifying  powers  of  an  optical  instrument. 

aUXOSpore  (ak'so-spor),  n.  [Ineg.  <  Gr.  ai^eiv, 
grow,  -t-  a-opog,  seed,  offspring.]  In  the  Diato- 
maceie,  an  enlarged  individual,  fonned  either 
asexually,  by  the  growth  of  the  protoplasm  at- 
tended by  renewal  of  the  silicious  envelop,  or 
sexually;  by  the  union  of  the  contents  of  two 
separate  cells. 

auxotonic (ak-so-ton'ik),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  av^tiv, 
grow,  +  Tuioc,  tension,  tone.]  Determined  by 
growth  :  in  hot.,  applied  to  those  movements  of 
plants  which  are  the  result  of  growth,  in  dis- 
tinction from  those  of  matured  organs  influ- 
enced by  stimulation.     See  allassotonic. 

aval  (ii'vii),  n.  [Also  called  l:ara,  kaua :  a 
native  name.]  A  fermented  drink  used  in  the 
South  Sea  islands,  made  from  the  roots  of  the 
Piper  methysticum.     See  Icara. 

ava^  (a'va),  ».  A  name  of  the  topaz  humming- 
bird, Topaza  pella. 

ava'  (a-va'),  adv.  Scotch  for  of  a',  that  is,  of 
all,  frequently  used  in  the  sense  of  at  all. 

avadavat  (av"a-da-vat'),  n.  Same  as  amada- 
vat. 

avalli(av'a-hi),  ».  [Native  name.]  The  woolly 
lemur,  or  long-tailed  indri.  of  Madagascar,  Ara- 
liis  laniger;  the  ampongue. 

Avahis  (av'a-his),  «.  [XL..  <  oivi/ii.]  A  genus 
of  lemurs,  containing  the  ampongue,  avahi,  or 
woolly  lemur  of  iladagascar.  A.  laniger:  a  syn- 
onjnnof  ijicrorhynchus  (which  see). 

availl  (a-val'),  c.  [<  ME.  aruilen,  <  OF.  a-  (for 
L.  ad-)  +  valer,  rnloir.  be  of  value  or  use,  <  L. 
ralcre,  to  be  strong,  to  be  worth:  see  ralue.] 

1.  intrans.  1.  To  have  value  or  use;  be  of 
service  or  advantage ;  give  profit :  as,  wealth 
avails  little  to  a  castaway. 

The  effectual  fervent  prayer  of  a  righteous  man  availeth 
nuich.  Jas.  v.  16. 

2.  To  have  force  or  efficacy;  serve  for  a  pur- 
pose ;  give  aid  toward  an  end :  as,  his  cries 
arailed  to  bring  relief. 

The  thing  to  be  taught  has  availed  to  obscure  or  even 
to  annilnlate  for  their  eyes  every  anxiety  as  to  the  mode 
of  teaching.  De  Quincey,  Style,  i. 


avail 


392 


[<  <j!ai7l,  i'.,   + 

successful    issue. 

Bailey.     [Rare.] 

avaU  (a'val),  a.  [<  L.  avus,  grandfather,  + 
-al.~\    Eelating  to  giandparents. 

The  I'are  opportunities  nf  autlientic  verificntion  of  spe- 
cial pai-ental  or  atial  recollections.  Science,  III.  345. 

aval^  (a-val'),  n.  [F.,  an  indorsement,  guar- 
anty, <  a  vul,  at  the  bottom:  see  at'ale.'i  In 
Canada,  an  act  of  suretyship  or  guaranty  on  a 
promissory  note. 

avalanche  {av'a-la,nch),  h.  [<  F.  aralaiiche 
(also  (iralaiige),  uial.  form  (Swiss  evalanche)  of 
"arolaiicc  (ML.  ariilanlia),  lit.  descent,  <  artilci; 
let  fall  do\m:  see  arnle  and  -oiicf.]  1.  The 
fall  or  sliding  dow-n  of  a  mass  of  snow  or 


St    To  take  or  draw  advantage ;  make  use  or  availment  (a-val'ment),  )i 
pjofit.  -iiKtit.]       Profit;    efficacy 

But  how  out  of  this  can  she  a  mil ! 

Shak.y'M.  for  St.,  iiL  1. 

II.  traiif:.  1.  To  be  for  the  advantage  of; 
assist  or  profit:  as,  what  will  skill  avail  us 
against  numbers  f 

Yet  all  this  acaileth  me  nothing.  Esther  v.  13. 

.All  the  songs  and  newspapers  and  money.snbscriptions 
and  vituperations  of  such  as  do  not  think  with  us,  will 
avail  nothing  against  a  fact. 

JEmeri^vn,  West  Indian  Emancipation. 

"  God  save  us  I"  cried  the  captain, 
"for  naught  can  man  avail." 

Whiltier,  The  Mantle  of  St.  John  I)e  Matha. 

2t.  To  promote;  prosper;  assist:  said  of  things. 
Meantime  he  voyaged  to  explore  the  will 
( If  Jove  ou  high  Dodonas  holy  hill. 
What  means  might  best  his  safe  return  avail.     Pope. 

S.  To  advantage ;  profit ;  give  the  benefit  to : 
nsed  reflexivelv,  with  of:  as,  he  availed  himself 
of  the  opportunity.     [Often  used  colloquially 
in  the  United  States  without  the  pronoun.] 
Then  shall  they  seek  f  avail  themselves  o/ names, 
Places  and  titles.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  515. 

The  theatre  availg  itself  of  the  best  talent  of  poet,  of 
painter,  and  of  amateur  of  taste,  to  make  the  ensemble  of 
dramatic  effect.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  3%. 

To  avail  one's  self  by*,  to  avail  one's  self  of. 

And  my  peculiar  profit  persuaded  me,  sometimes,  to 
ar<n7  myselj'  by  their  folly.  Sa^ford. 

availl  (a-val'),  "•     [<  ^lE.  availe,  <  availen  :  see 

avail,  r.]     1.  Advantage,  profit,  or  benefit,  in 

a  general  sense;    also,  value  or  estimation. 

[Obsolete  or  archaic] 

The  avail  of  a  death-bed  repentance.  Jcr.  Taylor. 

Thy  pardon ;  I  but  speak  for  thine  avail. 

Tennyson,  Gai'eth  antl  Lynette. 


avast 

ranee,  advantage,  etc.]  A  prefix  of  French  ori- 
gin, meaning  before,  fore.  Also  shortened  to 
rant-,  van-. 

avantaget,  »■  A  Middle  English  form  of  0((- 
vantugc. 

avant-bras  (a-voii'brii),  n.  A  piece  of  ]ilate- 
armor,  generally  called  in  English  rambracc 
(which  see).     See  hrassart. 

avant-courier  (a-vant'ko"ri-er;  often,  as  F., 
a-vou'ko-riii'),  n.  [Formerly  avant-courrier, 
-eurrier,  -coureur,  <  F.  arant-coureur,  avant-eonr- 
ricr,  m.  (cf.  arant-courrii-re,  f.),  <  avant,  before, 
+  conreiir,  eoiirricr,  courier:  see  eauricr.}  1. 
One  despatched  in  advance  to  give  notice  of 
the  approach  of  another  or  others. —  2t.  pi.  The 
scouts,  skirmishers,  or  advance-guard  of  an 
armv.     JN'.  £.  D. 


ice  from  a  mountain-slope.    The  sliding  down  of  •.        ,  ,      run?     „i„„  „,.„„/,„,.„   /   ew 

■     in  high  snow.covered  moimtains,  an  avanterst,_  «■  J*'-     [ME.,  aX&o  araneers,  <   OF 


arant,  before:   see  avant-."]     Portions   of  the 
numbles  of  a  deer  which  lie  near  the  neck. 


ordinaiy  snow  is, 

event  of  frequent  occurrence,  and  is  generally  not  danger- 
ous or  destructive,  since  it  mostly  takes  place  high  above 
habitations  and  forests.  Partly  consolidated  snow,  or 
neve,  however,  is  sometimes  set  in  motion  in  large  quan- 
tities, and  such  an  occurrence  may  be  productive  of  very 
serious  injury,  especially  to  the  forests  below.  Small  gla- 
ciers sometiines  detach  themselves  from  their  rocky  beds 
and  fall  into  the  valley  below ;  such  events  are  rare,  but 
have  sometimes  been  attended  by  very  disastrous  results. 
The  more  terrible  catastrophes  which  have  occurred,  and 

by  which,  especially  in  the  Alps,  whole  villages  have  been .   o„„„i   ,„  „_v,'fr.o  5"i    « 

buried,  have  been  due  to  the  sliding  down  of  a  portion  of  avant-IOSSe  .(•T'-von  _los-a  ),n. 
the  rock  itself  of  which  the  mountain  was  fornu^d.    These 
*' rock-avalanches,"  as  they  are  sometimes  called,  are  more 
properly  denominated  land-slips  or  land-slides.    See  land- 
slip, land-slide. 

Around  his  |.\ront  Blanc's]  waist  are  forests  braced. 

The  avatancfte  in  his  hand ; 
But  ere  it  fall,  that  thundering  ball 

.Must  pause  at  my  command.    Byron,  Manfred,  i.  1. 

Hence  —  2.  Anything  resembling  an  avalanche 
in  suddenness  and  destructiveness :  as,  an  (Ick- 
lanehe  of  misfortiuies 


2.   Efficacy  for  a  purpose;   advantage  to  an  avalet  (a-val'),  r.  [<.}iZE.  avalen,  nnvalen,  <0F. 
object  or  end:  now  used  chiefly  in   negative 
phrases,  or  sentences  of  negative  import:  as, 
of  little  or  no  avail ;  I  doubt  whether  it  will  be 
of  much  avail. 

But  Cninstoun's  lance,  of  more  arai'f. 

Pierced  through,  like  silk,  the  Borderer's  mail ; 

Through  shield,  and  jack,  and  acton  passed. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  6. 

S.  pi.  Profits  or  proceed.s:  as,  the  avails  of  a 

sale  by  auction Avail  of  marriage,  in  Scots  lau; 

a  sum  payable  to  the  superior  by  the  heir  of  a  deccaseii 

■wani-vassal  on  his  becoming  marriageable.  =  Syn.  1  -ind 

2.  V»c,  utility,  service.— 3.  Returns. 
avail-t,  '•■     See  avale. 
availability  (a-va-la-bil'i-ti),  n.     [(.arnilahle: 

si-c   -liiliti/.]      The   state  of  being  available; 

suitableness  for  the  accomplishment  of  a  given 

purpose;  capability  of  advantageous  tise  or 

ein[>loyment.  as,  the  availabiUtii  of  a  candidate 

for  ofliec,  or  of  a  proposed  method. 
available  (a-va'la-bl),  a.      [<  ME.  avaylahlc;  < 

atuil^  + -aljle.']     1.  Profitable;  advantageous; 

having  efficacy, 
lliose  who  will  consult  him  (Fourier]  for  no  other  rea. 

■on,  might  do  so  to  see  how  the  energies  of  Woman  may 

be  made  acailahte  in  the  pecuniary  way. 

ilarj.  Fuller,  Woman  in  Iftth  Cent.,  p.  124. 

2.  Having  sufficient  power,  force,  or  efficacy 
for  the  object ;  valid. 

Laws  human  arc  available  by  consent.  Hooker. 

She  knows  no  commendation  is  more  available  with 
thee  than  that  of  proper  virtue. 

D.  Jomon,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

3.  Capable  of  being  used  or  employed  witli 
advantage  ;  attainable  ;  accessible  ;  at  one's 
di.spoHal:  as,  his  resotirces  were  not  available 
at  tlio  time. 

The  whole  anny  Is  called  700.000  men,  but  of  these  only 
can  be  reckoned  amilntde.  Brmttfham. 


(ivalrr,  avaller  (=  Pr.  avalar  =  Olt.  avaltarc), 
come  down,  let  down,  <  a  vnl,  downward,  <  L. 
ad  vallem,  lit.  to  the  valley:  ad,  to;  valleni,  ace. 
of  ralles,  valley,  vale:  see  rale.  Cf.  amount,  < 
L.  ad  monteni,'to  tlie  hill;  down,  adown,<.  AS. 
o/rfiiHe,  from  the  hill.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  come 
down;  fall. 

A  rayn  from  hevene  gan  avale. 

Chaucer,  I'roilus,  iii.  G20. 

2.  To  descend;  dismount. 

They  .  .  ,  from  their  sweaty  Coursers  did  amle. 

Spenser,  i\  Q.,  II.  ix.  10. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  lower;  uncover;  take  off,  as 
a  vizor  or  hood.     Chaucer. 

IIodi<i  men  were  cleped  thanne  the  Lolardis,  that  wold 
never  avale  here  hood  in  presens  of  the  Sacrament. 

Capgrave's  Chron.,  p.  'iV<,  an.  1387.    Quoted  in  fl.  P. 
[.Marsh's  Hist.  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  7. 

2.  To  let  down ;  lower,  as  a  sail ;  cause  to  de- 
scend: as,  "hath his  saile«i'a/t'rf,"  Gower,  Conf. 
Amant.,  viii. 

liv  that,  the  welked  Phcebus  gan  availe 

His  weary  waine.  Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Jan. 

Thou  seest  my  lowly  saile. 
That  froward  fortune  doth  ever  availe. 

Spenser,  .Shep.  Cal.,  Sept. 

3.  To  make  low  or  abject;  depress;  degrade. 
avalite  (av'a-lit),  ».   [<  Avala  (see  def.)  +  -ite-.] 

A  silicato  containing  chromium,  occurring  in 
cmerald-gi'een  scales  at  tlie  mercury-mines  of 
Mount  Avala.  near  Belgrade. 
Avallon  (a-va-I6ii'),  ».  [F.]  A  French  wine 
111'  gocid  i|uiilily,  iiiuiicil  from  tlie  town  of  Aval- 
lon in  the  dc]iarlMient  of  Yonnc.  'Ihcrc  arc  »cv. 
eral  varieties,  iianud  locally  from  tile  various  vineyards. 
These  wines  are  fri'c  from  sweetness,  and  are  often  sold 
under  the  name  of  Cliaitlis. 

avance't, '•■    A  Mid 


Ryueg  hit  vp  radly,  rigt  to  the  byst, 
Voydes  out  "the  a-vanters.  A:  verayly  ther-after 
AUe  the  rvmes  by  the  rybbej  radly  they  lance. 
Sir  Gawaync  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1342. 
Then  dresse  the  nombles,  fjTste  that  ye  recke, 
Downe  the  axtancers  kerue,  that  clength  to  the  neck. 

Bokc  aj'  St.  Albans,  sig.  d,  iv. 

[F.,  <  avant,  be- 
fore, + /(/ssc',  a  ditch :  seefos.te.}  In  fort.,  the 
ditch  of  the  coimterscarp  next  to  the  country, 
dug  at  the  foot  of  the  glacis.    Ililliclm,  Mil.  Diet. 

avant-gardet  (a-viint'giird;  F.  pron.  a-voii'- 
giird),  II.  [<  F.' avant-garde,  <  arant,  before,  + 
garde,  guard:  see  vanguard.']    Advance-guard. 

avantplat  (a-von'pUi),  n.     Same  as  ramidate. 

avanturin,  avanturine  (a-vau'tu-rin),  n.  and 

a.  See  <IV(  iiturin. 
avarice  (av'si-ris"),  n.  [<  ME.  avarice,  <  OF. 
avarice  (F.  avarice),  <  L.  avaritia,  <  ararus, 
greedy  (cf.  avidus,  avid:  see  avid),  <  avere, 
■\vish,  desire.]  An  inordinate  desire  of  gaining 
and  possessing  wealth;  covetousness;  cupitUty; 
greediness,  or  insatiable  desire  of  gain. 

So  for  a  good  old-geutlcmanly  vice 
1  think  I  nnist  take  up  with  a  varice. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  216. 
=  Syn.  Avarice,  Covetoitsiiess,  Cupiditii.  peinn-iousne.ss, 
closeness,  miserliness,  alldenote  badqua'lities,  corruptions 
of  the  natural  instinct  of  possession.  Avarice,  literally 
greediness,  a  strong  desire  to  get  objects  of  value,  has  be- 
come limited,  except  in  figurative  uses,  so  as  to  exiiress 
only  a  sonlid  and  in;istci-ing  desire  to  get  wealth.  Covet- 
ousness and  eupiilitii  are  not  limited  to  wealth,  but  may 
have  fiu-  llicir  ohjcit  anything  that  can  be  desireil,  cupidit;/ 
Ijciug  dircctcil  <'spci  iaily  toward  material  things.  Covet- 
«'».v/ic.s.s-  longs  to  po!vsess  that  which  bchmga  to  another; 
hence  the  prohibition  in  the  tenth  conimandnient  (Ex.  xx. 
17).  Cupidity  is  more  active  than  the  others,  less  grovel- 
ing, and  more  ready  to  snatch  from  others  that  which 
covetousness  may  wish  for  without  trying  to  get.  See  pe- 
nurious. 

There  grows. 
In  my  most  ilbcompos'd  afi'cction,  such 
A  st.anchlcss  avarice,  that,  were  I  king, 
I  sho\ild  cut  off  the  nobles  for  their  lamls. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

I  would  not  have  you  to  think  that  my  desire  of  having 
is  the  sin  of  eovetoustu^ss.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  v,  1. 

When  this  continent  was  first  discovered,  it  became  an 
object  of  eupiditif  to  tile  ambition  of  many  of  the  nations 
of  Europe.  '        .*iir;/,  Slieech,  Salem,  Sept.  18,  1828. 

avaricious  (av-a-rish'us),  a.  [<  ME.  arnriciotis, 
<  F.  araririeu.r,<  avarice.  Cf.  avarous.]  Char- 
acterized by  avarice ;  greedy  of  gain  ;  iintnoder- 
ntely  desirous  of  accuinulut  ing  property ;  eager 
to  acquire  or  possess. 

Luxurious,  avaricious,  false,  deceitful. 

Shak.,  Mncheth,  iv.  3. 


of  . 


crything  else,  ho  [Walpolcl  was  avaricious 
Macaulay,  Horace  \\'ali)ole. 


I40.I»IU 

W.  do  not  chiHisc  our  own  candidate,  no,  nor  any  other  avance'-t,  ».     Obsolete  foi-iii  of  iivrus. 

man  <  firnl  choice,— but  only  the   araitalile  caiiilldati',  avaneh   (a-vii'ne),   n.     A    light    scarf  nr  sasli, 

wlioin,  perh«p«,  no  man  loves.        Kmer^nn,  .Misc.,  i>.  401.  ^,,,,„.r,iiiy  of  silk,  worn  in  Asia  Miiiiir  anil  Syria 

.{liriiiiitlde  is  a  rare  and  obsolide  form.  us  n  girille,  or  twisted  around  the  tiirboosii  to 

availableneSBfn-va'ln-bl-nes).  H.    1.   'I'lie  stale  form  llic  tiiiluin. 

of  1.11/  available;  capability  of  being  nsc'd;  avania  (a-vii'ni-ii),  n.     [Fonnerly also  nr«rrm, 

iKiwir  or  efficacy  in  promoting  an  end  in  view,  avaria,  also  aviiii/,  <  F.  uviinir  =  It.  I'g.  arania 

(Itiiri'.]  ^                      _•  .     . 
availalAenej",  ...  or  suliiiblenesa  of 


l.ilieral  i 
i  power. 

English  form  of  m/iviHC(.  avariciously  (av-a-risli'ns-li),  adr.  In  an  ava- 
ric-iuMs  niannei' ;  with  inordinate  desire  of  gain- 
ing wealth ;  covetously. 

i;aih  Is  contented  with  his  own  possessions,  nor  nmn'. 
cioustti  cndfiivoiirs  to  heap  up  more  than  Is  necessary  for 
his  own  .siilisistciice.  Goldsniitli,  Essays,  xvl. 


Til.'  .  IIV  .. 
thciM   r-  .1  1.  '1 

a.  < 

an,  1 1  ' 
availably 
mnnmr : 
nVily;  a^ 

availiiiRl 

maniio: 
n  ■ 

rxl.  I. 
plea. I-  I 


avaria,  aiso  «rr«7,  \  j- .  utnnif  ^  n.  i  ^ ■••'-■. 

<  N(ir.  hiinvin,  Turk.  Ar.  au-dni,  also  au-dri,  iilso 
'atctin.'audnia ;  origin  uncertain. ]    An  iniidisi- 


coinpiilmiry 
'hrncvo- 


tion  by  the  (Turkish)  goycrnment 
tax;   government   exuclinii;  "iili 

lenee"    (.l/<()-.v/i) ;    H| ilieiilly    (uH    applied    by 

ClirisliiiriH).   an  extort ioniite   exaction   or   tax 
leviiil  by  the  Turks.     A'.  li.  J>. 


)  the  enii  nro|KHie«l. 
Sir  M.  llaU,  (trig,  of  Manklml.  p.  22:i 

power;    legal  force;   validity 
iiinn  of  a  title. 

I'lii-bll),  iiilr.      In  an  avuilabh 

...heuHedwitheffioucy;  profll-  avauioUS  (a-viVni-us),  a. 

i-ly:  validly;  emcaciouHly.  ,.:,„„.,i.,„ate. 

ig-li),  adc.     In  an  ovuiling  avantt   (u-viinf),   n.     [Abbr.   of   amnl-garde. 

''•'■  <|.v.|     The  front  of  an  nrmy;  tho  van. 

I  with  n  p  ..lllvd  l.lolniry.  In  avant-      [<   F.  arant  —  I'r.  avant  =  It.  nrante, 

,:n?.^euVlV«;;!ni:''.^M;.V  «'•""".  l-fre,  <  M-.  abame,  i   0.    ab anle,(ro,u 

l-aber,  In  Iwiblln  lu».,  Juno,  H«.3  before:  see  ab-  and  ante-,  and  cf.  avaunt^,  a<l- 


avariciousness  (av-a-rish 'ns-nes),  )i.  The 
ijiiiilily  of  lieing  avaricious;  in.satiable  or  inor- 
liinnle  passion  for  pro|>erty. 

avaroust,  "•  [MM.  arnniu.i.  artrous,  <  OF.  ave- 
nis,  an riis  (extended  form  as  if  <  tirir,  posses- 
Kiiin :  see  aver-);  cf.  arir,  avar,  mod.  F.  arare, 
<  Ij.  ararus,  greedy:  see  avarice.]  Covetous; 
avarieious:  as,  "the  erle  ararous,"  I'iers  I'low- 
niau. 
[<  arania  +  -nus.]  avast  (a-vftst'),  interj.  [I 'rub.  <  1).  hou'  vast, 
houil  ra.ll  =  E.  hold  fast,  i.e.,  hold  on,  wait  a 
while.  Cf.  I),  honrast  =  E.  htitdfa.it,  a  cramp- 
iron.]  .Yhm/.,  slop!  hiilil!  cease!  stay!  [Some- 
limeH  used  colloi|iiiully.] 

Avast  lialling!    Don't  you  know  mo,  mother  I'lirtletl? 

Cumberland. 


avast 

Avast  heaving  (juiut.),  the  cry  to  arrest  the  capstan 
vvht'ii  nippt'i-.s  :iro  jaiiiincd,  or  any  otlier  impediment  oc- 
cni-s  in  licaviiit;  tlie  calile, 

avatar  (iiv-|i-tilr'orav'a-tar),j(.  [<  Skt.aratdra, 
deseout,  <  ain,  down,  +  y/  tar,  cross  over,  pass 
through.]  1.  In  Hindu  mi/tli.,  tho  descent  of 
a  deity  to  the  earth  in  an  incarnate  form  or 
some  manifest  shape  ;  the  incarnation  of  a  god. 
Three  of  tlie  Avatdras  or  incarnations  of  Vishnu  are  con- 
nected witli  a  deluge,  ,  .  .  Vishnu  in  each  case  rescuing 
mankind  from  destruction  by  water. 

Max  Midler^  India,  j).  144. 

Hence  —  2.  A  remarkable  appearance,  mani- 
festation, or  embodiment  of  any  kind;  a  de- 
scent into  a  lower  sphere ;  an  adorable  or  won- 
derful exhibition  of  an  abstract  idea,  principle, 
etc.,  in  concrete  form:  as,  "The  Irish  Avatar" 
(a  poem  by  BjTon  on  a  visit  of  George  IV.  to 
Ireland);  "the  avatar  of  mathematics,"  Mas- 
son,  Milton,  I.  226. 

[Carlyle  isj  the  most  shinin<^  avatar  of  wliim  tlie  world 
has  ever  seen.  Lowetl,  Study  Windows,  J).  14S. 

avatara  (av-a-ta'rii),  n.     Same  as  avatar. 
avauncet,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  advance. 
avaunf-    (a-vanf  or  -vant')i   adv.  and  interj. 

[HE.,  <  OF.  avant,  forward,  <  LL.  ahante,  lit. 

from  before:  see  aran^-.]     I.f  adv.  Forward. 

And  with  that  word  came  Drede  avaunt. 

Ruin,  of  the  Rose,  1.  3958. 

II.  interj.    Away!   begone!    depart!   an  ex- 
clamation of  contempt  or  abhorrence. 

Avaunt,  thou  hateful  villain,  get  thee  gone ! 

Shale. J  K.  John,  iv.  3. 
avaunt^t,  «■     [^  at'a«H<l,  interj.']     Dismissal. 
After  this  process 
To  give  her  the  avaunt .'   It  is  a  pity 
Would  move  a  monster. 

Skak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  3. 

avaunt^t,  v.  i.  [A  modification  of  avance^  = 
advance,  due  to  influence  of  avaunt^,  adv.]  To 
advance. 
Avauittinr;  in  great  bravery.  Spemey,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  6. 
avaunt^t,  v.  [ME.  avaunten,  avanten,  <  OF. 
aranter,  avaunter,  <  a-  +  vantcr,  vannter,  vaunt: 
see  vaunt,  v.]  I.  trans.  To  praise  highly; 
vaunt ;  make  renowned. 

Do  you  favour  you  to  nva^inte. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1788. 

II.    intrans.  or  reflexive.     To  boast;  brag; 
speak  or  express  vauntingly. 

"  Thanne,"  quod  she,  "  I  dar  vie  wel  avauntc. 
Thy  lif  is  saut."    Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  158. 
Let  now  the  papists  avaunt  themselves ! 

Cranmer,  Ans.  to  Gardiner,  p.  333. 

avaunt^t,  ».  [ME.  avaunt;  <  avaunt^,  v.]  A 
Ijoast ;  a  vaunt — To  make  avaunt,  to  assert  confl- 
(ktitly  :  declare  positively.    C/iauccr,  Troilus,  iii.  289. 

avauntancet, »'.  [ME.,  <  avaunten :  see  avaunt^, 
v.,  and  -ancc.  Cf.  OF.  vantance,  <  vanter,  vaunt.] 
Boasting. 

avauntert,  avauntourt.n.  [<  ME.  avauntour, 
avaunter,  <.  OF.  avantour,  -eor,  <  avanter :  see 
avaunt^,  v.]    A  boaster. 

He  is  not  nyce 
Ne  avauntour.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  724. 

avauntryt,  ».  [ME.,  also  avauntarie,  <  OF. 
*avanterie,  foimd  only  as  caniene :  see  avaunt^, 
v.]     Same  as  avauntuncc. 

avdp.     An  abbreviation  of  avoirdupois. 

ave  (a've  or  a've),  interj.  [L.,  hail!  orig.  impv. 
of  avcre,  be  well,  be  of  good  cheer ;  esp.  in  LL. 
phrase  Ave  Maria,  hail  Mary!  in  allusion  to 
Luke  i.  28:  "Ave  [Jfa/'ia],  gratia  plena."] 
Hail !    Also,  farewell ! 

And  "Ave,  Ave,  Ave"  said, 
"Adieu,  adieu  '  for  evermore. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Ivii. 
Ave  Maria,  the  Hail  Mary,  a  devotion  or  prayer  used 
in  the  Western  Church.  In  the  older  form  it  consists  of 
the  salutation  of  the  angel  Gabriel  to  the  Virgin  Mary 
when  he  announced  to  her  the  incarnation  (Luke  i.  28), 
together  with  the  words  of  Elizabeth  to  Mary  {Luke  i.  42). 
This  form  of  the  Hail  Mary  was  used  as  an  anthem  in  both 
the  Eastern  and  Western  eliurches  as  early  as  the  seventh 
century.  It  came  into  wide  use  as  a  devotion  in  the  eleventh 
century.  The  concludinij  words,  "Holy  .Mary,  .Mi.ther  of 
God,  pray  for  us,"  etc..  were  first  introduced  in  the  Htttenlh 
century,  and  first  authorized  for  daily  use  in  the  breviary 
in  15tJ8.    Also  called  the  ani/elic  salutation.    See  anf^elwi. 

ave  (a've  or  a've),  n.  [<  ave,  interj.]  1.  An 
Ave  Maria  (which  see,  under  ave,  interj.), 

Kine  hundred  Pater  noaters  every  day, 

And  thrise  uine  hundred  Aves  she  was  wont  to  say. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q,  I.  iii.  13. 

2.  A  salutation.     Sliak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  1. 

Ave.     A  contraction  of  Avenue  (in  an  address). 

avel  (av'el),  n.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  due  to  a  con- 
fusion of  ME.  avene  (Prompt.  Parv.),  torauenr, 
awn  (cf.  Dan.  avne,  awn),  with  E.  dial,  ail",  ME. 
aile,  eile,  <  AS.  egl,  awn,  beard  of  grain.     Ail'^ 


393 

and  awn  are  from  the  same  root,  differing  only 
in  the  siiiTix.]     Tho  awn  or  beard  of  barley. 

aveler  (av'el-6r),  n.  A  macliino  for  n^nioving 
tho  avels  or  awns  of  barley  from  tho  grain;  a 
huiturH^ler.     Ji.  If.  Kniijht. 

avelingest,  "'/''.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  avelong  + 
adv.  gen.  suffix  -cs,  the  term,  being  assimilated 
to  -linf/s,  (J.  v.]     In  an  o>)l()ng  (jr  oval  shapes 

avell  (a-vel'),  r.  t.     [<  L.  avcllerc,  pull  away, 

<  ab,  away,  -I-  vcllere,  pluck,  tear.]  To  pull 
away.     Sir  T.  Browne. 

avellan,  '(.     See  avellane. 

avellanarious  (av  "el-a-na'ri-us),  a.    [<  L.  Avel- 

Idnns  :  see  un-Uanc]  "Relating  to  tho  filbert. 
avellane,  avellan  (a-velTin,  -an,  or  av'el-an, 

-an),  a.     [<  Ul''.  arcUine,  <  L.  Avcllana  (sc.  mix, 

nut),  earlier  Ahellana,  the  fil- 
bert, lit.  the  nut  of  Avella,  < 

Aliella,   a  town    in   Cami)auia 

abotmdiug  in   fruit-trees  and 

nuts,  now  Avrtla.    Cf.  ajijdc] 

In  her.,  resembling  a  filbert: 

specifically  said  of  a  cross  each 

of  whose  arms  resembles  the 

filbert    in    its    outer    sheath,    ..^'^'"'If'^^f'- 

..  .  ,  ,  «        '       From  "Berry  s  Diet. 

sometimes    blazoned   as   four        of  Heraldry."  j 
fillierts  conjoined  in  cross. 

avelongt,  a.  [E.  dial,  avelang,  oval,  <  ME.  ax'e- 
longe,  awelont/e,  <  leel.  aflangr  =  Sw.  afl&ng  = 
Dan.  ajiang  (the  prefix  being  assimilated  to  af 
=  E.  ojf),  <  L.  oblongus,  oblong :  see  oblong.] 
Oblong  or  oval ;  di'awn  out  of  a  square  or  circle. 

Ave-Maryt  (a've-ma"ri),  n.  Same  as  Ave 
Maria  (which  see,  under  ave,  interj.). 

He  told  of  Saintes  and  Popes,  and  evermore 
He  strowd  an  Ave-Mary  after  and  t)efore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  35. 
I  could  never  hear  the  A  ve-Mary  bell  without  an  eleva- 
tion, or  think  it  a  sufficient  warrant  because  they  erred 
in  one  circumstance  for  me  to  err  in  all  — that  is,  in  si- 
lence ami  dumb  contempt. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  §  3. 
Avena  (a-ve'na),  n.  [L.,  oats.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order  Graminea;,  characterized 
by  having  large  membranous  outer  glumes, 
which  inclose  two  or  three  perfect  flowers, 
each  with  a  long,  bent,  and  twisted  awn  on  the 
back  of  the  lower  palet.  The  species  are  natives  of 
temperate  and  cold  regions.  Some  are  useful  pasture- 
grasses,  but  by  far  the  most  important  species  is  -4.  saliva, 
the  cultivated  nat.  See  oat. 
avenaceous  (av-e-na'shius),  a.  [<  L.  arena- 
ecus,  <  avena,  oats.]  Belonging  to  or  resem- 
bling oats. 

avenage  (av'f-naj),  n.  [<  OF.  avenage,  <  avene, 
oats,  <  L.  avena,  oats.]  In  old  law,  a  certain 
quantity  of  oats  paid  by  a  tenant  to  a  landlord 
in  lieu  of  rent  or  other  duty. 
avenaryt  (av'e-na-ri),  n.  [<  L.  avenarius,  < 
arena,  oats.]  Same  as  uvener. 
avenauntt,  a.  [ME.,  also  avenant,  avenand, 
etc.,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F.)  avenant,  comely,  con- 
venient, ppr.  of  arenir,  come,  suit,  become,  < 
L.  advenire,  come:  see  advene,  and  cf.  conre- 
nicnt,  Cornell/,  and  hecoming.]  1.  Becoming; 
well-looking. 

Clere  browne  she  was,  and  thereto  bright 

Of  face,  body  avcnaunt.     Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  1263. 

2.  Convenient;  suitable. 

Dyghttes  his  dowblettez  for  dukes  and  erles, 
Aketouns  avenaunt  for  Arthure  hym  selfue. 

Morte  .irthure  (ed.  Perry,  E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2627. 

avener  (av'e-ner),  n.  [ME.  avener,  avenere,  < 
OF.  avcnier,'<,  L.  avenarius:  see  avenary.]  In 
feudal  law,  a  chief  officer  of  the  stable,  whose 
duty  it  was  to  provide  oats.  Also  spelled  ave- 
nor. 

avenge  (a-venj'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  avenged, 
ppr.  avenging.     [<  ME.  avcngen,  <  OF.  avengier, 

<  a-  (<  L.  ad,  to)  +  vengier,  revenge,  take  ven- 
geance, <  L.  vindicare,  lay  claim  to,  piuiish : 
see  vindicate,  and  cf.  revenge  and  vengeance.] 

1.  trans.  1 .  To  vindicate  by  inflicting  pain  or 
evil  on  the  wrong-doer ;  execute  justice  or  ven- 
geance on  behalf  of:  with  a  person  as  object. 

A  venge  me  of  mine  adversary.  Luke  .xviii.  3. 

Avenqe,  O  Lord,  thy  slaughtered  saints,  whose  bones 
Lie  scatter'd  on  the  Alpine  mountains  cold. 

Milton,  Sonnets,  xiii. 

2.  To  take  satisfaction  for,  by  pain  or  punish- 
ment inflicted  on  the  injuring  party  ;  deal  pun- 
ishment on  account  of:  with  a  thing  as  object. 

He  will  avethjc  the  blood  of  his  servants. 

Deut.  x-xxii.  43. 

Never,  till  Caesar's  three-and-thirty  wounds 

Be  well  aveng'd.  Shak.,  J.  C,  v.  1. 

I  thought  ten  thousand  swords  must  have  leaped  from 

their  scabbards  to  avenge  even  a  look  that  threatened  her 

with  insult    But  the  age  of  chivalry  is  gone. 

Burke,  Kev.  in  France. 


Aventine 

3t.  To  take  revenge  on  ;  treat  or  deal  with  re- 
vengefully. 

If  (-'ain  shall  be  avenged  sevenftdd,  truly  Lamech  seven- 
ty and  seven  fold.  Gen.  iv.  24. 
-Syn.  Avenge,  Rcve.nge.  Until  lately  these  words  were 
nseil  with  little  or  no  difference  of  meaning  (see  quota- 
tions under  each).  A  venge  is  now  restricted  to  the  taking  of 
just  punishment  or  the  vindication  of  justice,  and  revenge 
to  the  inflictiiin  of  pain  or  evil  to  gratify  resentful  feelings, 
or  the  desire  of  retaliation  for  some  real  or  fancied  wrong. 
Poetic  use  sometimes  returns  to  the  earlier  freedom  in  the 
meaning  of  avenge.    .See  revenge,  n. 

I  will  avenge  this  insult,  noble  Queen. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

If  yon  poison  us,  do  we  not  die?  and  if  you  wrong  us, 
shall  we  not  revenged  .Shak.,  .M.  of  V.,  iii,  1, 

II.  intrans.  To  execute  vengeance;  inflict 
retaliatory  pain  or  injury  on  a  wrong-doer. 

'J'hou  Shalt  not  avenge  nor  bear  any  grudge  against  the 

cliildrcn  of  thy  people.  Ix*v.  xix.  18. 

The  avenging  horror  of  a  conscious  mind, 

Whose  deadly  fear  anticipates  the  blow, 

And  sees  no  end  of  punishment  and  woe. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iiL  231. 

avenget  (a-venj'),  ».  [<  avenge,  v.]  1.  Re- 
venge; retaliation. 

That  avenge  by  you  decreed. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  8. 

2.  Punishment ;  vengeance  taken.   ' 

Why  doth  mine  hand  from  thine  avenge  abstaine  ? 

Spemer,  F.  Q,,  IV.  i.  62. 

avengeancef  (a^ven' jans),  n.  [<  avenge  +  -ance, 
after  vengeance.]  The  act  of  avenging;  ven- 
geance: as,  "fear  signal  avengeance,"  J.  Phil- 
ips, Cyder,  ii.  49. 
avengeful  (a-venj'ful),  a.  [<  avenge,  n.,  +  -ful, 
after  revengeful.]  Avenging;  executing  ven- 
geance. [Rare.] 
avengement  (a-venj'ment),  )(.  [<  avenge  + 
-ment.]  The  act  of  avenging;  vengeance;  pun- 
ishment; satisfaction  taken.     [Rare.] 

Nought  may  thee  save  from  heavens  avengement. 

Spenser,  Muiopotmos. 
God's  avengement  of  his  repulse  at  Hull. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes. 

avenger   (a-ven'jer),  n.    One  who  avenges  or 
takes  vengeance. 
The  Lord  is  the  avenger  of  all  such.  1  Thes.  iv.  6. 

Brutus,  thou  saint  of  the  avenger's  order. 

Beddoes,  Death's  Jest-Book,  i,  1. 

avengeress  (a-ven'jer-e§),  n.  [< avenger  +  -ess.'] 
A  female  avenger.     [Rare.] 

That  cruell  CJueene  avengeresse. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  viii.  20. 

avenifonn  (a-ve'ni-form),  a.  [<  L.  arena,  oats, 
■h  forma,  form.]  Resembling  a  grain  of  oats. 
Thomas,  Med.  Diet. 

avenin  (a-ve'nin),  H.  [<  L.  avena,  oats,  +  -i«2.] 
A  nitrogenous  proteid  substance  found  in  oats, 
similar  to  legumin,  and  probably  a  mixture  of 
legumin  and  gluten. 

avenious  (a-ve'ni-us),  a.    Same  as  avenous. 

avenort,  "■     See  avener. 

avenous  (a-ve'nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -I-  L. 
vena,  vein.]  In  bot.,  wanting  veins  or  nerves, 
as  the  leaves  of  certain  plants.     .Also  avenious. 

avens  (av'enz),  n.  [<  ME.  avans,  avance, 
avaunce,  avcnce,  ML.  nvancia,  avencia,  avantia, 
avens,  barefoot;  origin  obscure.]  The  popu- 
lar English  name  of  species  of  plants  of  the 
genus  Geuni.  The  common  or  yellow  avens,  or  herb- 
bennet,  is  G.  urbanum;  the  purple  or  water  avens,  G. 
rivale.  —  Movmtain  avens,  Druas  octopetala. 

aventaile,  aventail  (av'en-tal),  n. 

arentayle,  <  OF.  esventail,  air-bole,  < 
(mod.  F.  cventer),  <  L.  ei; 
out,  +  ventus,  wind.]  In 
medieval  armor:  («)  The 
flap  or  adjustable  part  of 
the  hood  of  mail,  which 
when  tmfastened  allowed 
the  hood  to  drop  upon  the 
shoulders,  (b)  The  mov- 
able front  of  the  helmet. 
Aventine  (av'en-tin).  a, 
and  II.  [<  L.  Aventinus.] 
I.  a.  Appellative  of  one  of 
the  seven  hills  on  which 
Rome  was  built.  According 
to  a  legend,  it  was  called  Mons 
Aventinus,  or  the  .\\entine  hill, 
from  an  aboriginal  king  .\ventinus  who  was  buried  there. 
Il.t  "•  A  post  of  defense  or  safety ;  security; 
defense. 

Into  the  castle's  tower. 
That  only  Aventine  that  now  is  left  us. 

Beau,  and  Ft. 
My  strong  Aventine  is 
That  great  Domitian  .  .  .  will  once  return, 
Who  can  repair,  with  ease,  the  consul's  ruins. 

Massinger,  Roman  Actor,  i.  1 


[<  ME. 

esventer 


A,  Aventaile  (def-  a). 
{ From      Viollet  •  le  -  Due's 
"  Diet,    du    Mobilier     frau- 
9ais."') 


aventre 

aventret,  '•.  t.  [<  It.  an-entare,  throw,  shoot, 
dart,  <  a  (<  Ii.  ad,  to)  +  rento,  wind;  cf.  P*r. 
tentar  =  OF.  venter,  cast  to  the  wind:  see  vent.'] 
To  throw,  as  a  spear  or  dart. 

Her  mortall  speare 
She  mightilv  aventred  towards  one, 
And  doime  him  smot.     Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  28. 

aventuret,  «.  [The  older  form  of  adventure, 
q.  v.]  Adventure:  ehanee;  accident;  specifi- 
cally, in  old  law,  a  mischance  causing  a  per- 
son's death  without  felony,  as  drowning  or  fall- 
ins  from  a  house. 

aventurin,  aventurine  (a-ven'tu-rin),  n.  and 
a.  [<  F.  aventurine,  <  It.  avventurino,  <  avven- 
tura,  chance:  see  adventure,  ».]  I.  n.  1.  A 
sort  of  opaque  golden-brown  glass  filled  with 
specks  or  drops  of  a  bright  gold-color  and  of 
different  sizes,  used,  under  the  name  of  gold- 
stone,  for  various  ornaments.  Its  preparation  was 
discovered  at  Murano.  near  Venice,  by  tlie  .iccident  of 
dropping  a  quantity  of  brass  filings  into  a  pot  of  melted 
glass ;  hence  the  name. 

2.  A  variety  of  feldspar,  usually  oligoelase, 
spangled  with  scales  of  hematite,  gothite,  or 
mica.  It  is  often  called  sunstone.  The  most 
highly  prized  variety  is  obtained  in  Russia. — 

3.  A  "similar  variety  of  quartz  containing  span- 
gles of  mica  or  other  mineral. —  4.  A  kind  of 
sealing-wax,  of  a  translucent  bro^vu  color  and 
abounding  in  gold  specksorparticles.  — Chrome 
aventurin,  a  glass  made  by  freely  addint:  chroma te  vi  pi  it- 
ash  to  the  other  materials  used,  thus  separating  spangles 
of  oxid  of  chromium. 

n.  a.   Ha\-ing  the  appearance  of  aventurin : 
as,  aventurin  lacquer,  etc.  — Aventurin  glaze,  a 
glaze  for  porcelain.    It  is  l>rown»ish,  w'itli  crystalline  lanii- 
na  of  a  golden  luster. 
Also  written  avanturin,  avanturine. 

aventuroust  (a-ven'tu-ms),  a.  Obsolete  form 
of  adventurous. 

avenue  (av'e-nu),  n.  [Formerly  also  advenue, 
arenetc,  <  F.'avenue,  orig.  pp.  fem.  of  avenir,  < 
L.  advenire,  come  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  venire,  come. 
Cf.  advene.']  1.  A  passage;  a  way  or  an  open- 
ing for  entrance  into  a  place ;  any  opening  or 
passage  by  which  a  thing  is  or  may  be  intro- 
duced or  approached. 

Good  guards  were  set  up  at  all  the  avenua  of  the  city, 
to  keep  all  people  from  going  out.  Clarendon. 

2.  A  roadway  of  approach  to  a  country-house, 
particularlv  "when  straight,  of  considerable 
length,  ani  shaded  by  a  row  of  trees  on  each 
side;  a  drive  in  a  private  country-place;  a 
walk  in  a  garden  or  demain  of  some  preten- 
sions as  to  style  or  size. 

A  long  acenue  wounrl  and  circled  from  tlie  outermost 
gate  through  an  untrimmed  woodland. 

II.  Jamex,  .Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  p.  4.'>. 

3.  A  street;  properly,  a  wide  street  planted 
with  trees  and  often  with  tiirfod  spaces  on 
either  side,  or  a  garden  or  shaded  j)romenade 
in  the  middle :  used  in  New  York,  W  ashington, 
etc.,  in  the  names  of  the  longest  and  general- 
ly the  widest  streets,  as  Fifth  or  Pennsylvania 
Avenue,  but  in  some  American  cities  without 
special  reference  to  the  (diaracter  of  the  street. 
— 4.  Figuratively,  means  of  access  or  attain- 
ment. 

There  are  no  atxnua  to  the  public  service  opened  for 
talent.  Brougham. 

averi  (ft-v6r'),  «••  '. ;  pret.  and  pp.  averred,  ppr. 
averrimj.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  arerr,  <  ME. 
arerren,  <  OF.  averrer,  iivirer,  mod.  F.  averrr  = 
lY.  avcrar  =  It.  avverarc,  <  ML.  adverare,  make 
true,  prove  true,  bo  true,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  rerun, 
true:  Hee  verify,  verity,  etc.]  It.  To  assert  the 
tnith  of. —  2t.  To  i-onfirm;  verifv;  prove  to  1)0 
tnie. — 3.  To  iiflirin  with  conliiknce;  declare 
in  a  positive  or  peremptory  inuniutr. 

And  I  arer  that,  to  tliln  <lny,  I  have  done  no  official  act 
In  mere  deference  to  my  nbHtract  jndunient  and  feeling 
on  ilavery.  Liiwoln,  in  Kuynioiid,  p.  4HI. 

4.  In  law,  to  avouch  or  verify;  offer  to  verify; 
nlli|.'<'  ii'<  n  fact.  See  averment. —  6.  To  assert 
tlio  ,.\j.t.  HI),  of ;  offer  in  evidence.     [Arcliaic] 

A  verrin'l  UnW% 
f>f  chamifcr.hanglnga,  plctureti,  tIttR  UvT  brareii-t. 

Shak.,  CyndMlhie,  v.  fi. 

-  Byn  hrelart,  etc.  (nco  OMMtri),  nay,  allege,  jmf. 

I.  •'  iin. 

aver-  .    ».     [Se.  aver,  (lirrr  (def.  :i);  < 

MK.  arir.  111:  n ,  iireyr  (Inter  iiImo  avirir,  bavoir, 
hnriir.  h.ti,,,,,-.  nftcr  laU-r  OF.),  <  OF.  aver, 
nvrir,  liilir  iimir.  mod.  F.  rtiwir  =  .Sp.  averts, 
harm  ■<.  j.l.,  now  iiahrr,  =  I'g.  Iitiveren,  jil.,  =  It. 
arrri    iM'  ,  nvrrlnm,  nvrrr,  aver),  suli- 

stanre.  „k,  lit.  'Imvinff,'  being  llm 

noun  II-  ,  (JF.  arrr,  iivMr,  I'lc,  <   I.. 

lutbtre,  liiivu:  see  have.     From  iin  umi  a»  a  col- 


394 

leetive  sing,  arose  its  use  in  the  plural,  in  the 
special  sense  of  stock,  cattle,  whence  a  new 
sing.  (ML.  averia,  averiug,  as  well  as  areruni, 
fli'eriHw),  a  beast  of  burden.]  If.  Substance; 
property;  estate. 

Marchaunt  he  was  of  gret  avoir. 
Seui/n  Sai/eji,  1.  2205,  in  Weber's  Metr.  Horn.,  III. 

2i.pl.  Live  stock;  cattle;  domestic  animals. — 
3.  A  beast  of  burden;  a  draft-ox  or  draft- 
horse;  an  old  horse.   [North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

An  inch  of  a  nag  is  worth  a  span  of  an  a  rer. 

In  Itay,  Proverbs  (167S),  p.  36. 

average^  (av'e-raj),  n.  [=  Sc.  avarage,  contr. 
arragc,  arage,  now  arriage,  esp.  in  the  combi- 
nation arriagc  and  carriage;  <  late  ME.  nre- 
rage,  earlier  only  in  ML.  averagium  or  OF.  ave- 
rage, appar.  the  same,  with  suffix  -age,  as  ML. 
avera,  a  kiud  of  ser\'ice  mentioned  in  Domes- 
day Book:  usually  referred  to  aver,  a  beast 
of  "burden,  and  defined  accordingly;  but  this  is 
doubtful,  avera  being  more  prob.  a  refle.\,  simu- 
lating aver,  of  OF.  vvre,  were,  mod.  F.  ceuvre,  < 
L.  opera,  work:  see  opera,  urc-,  manceuver.']  In 
old  law,  a  kind  of  ser\-ice  owed  by  tenants  to 
their  superior.  The  nature  of  the  service  is  not  clear. 
It  is  usually  explained  as  service  diine  with  l)e;ists  of  bur- 
den,  but  this  appears  to  rest  on  a  doubtful  etymology 
(see  above). 

average- (av'e-raj),  w.anda.  [Earlymod.E.also 
averige,  averidgc,  avaridge,  <  late  ME.  average, 
the  same,  \^^th  suffi.K  -age  (found  only  in  E.  and 
Anglo-L.  averagium),  as  late  ME.  avcrays  (for 
averyst),  <  F.  avaris,  "decay  of  wares  or  mer- 
chandise, leaking  of  wines,  also  the  charges  of 
the  carriage  or  measuring  thereon,  also  the  fees 
or  veils  of  a  cook,  etc."  (Cotgrave),  sing.  prop. 
avarie  =  Sp.  averia  =  Pg.  It.  avaria.  in  ML.  ora- 
ria,  averia  ;  cf.  MD.  avarij,  D.  haverij  =  G.  Iiafe- 
rei,  haverie  =  Dan.  havari  =  Sw.  Iiareri,  from 
Rom.  Origin  disputed ;  the  orig.  sense,  '  a  duty 
on  goods,'  suggests  a  connection  with  ML.  ave- 
ria, goods,  property:  see  aver".  Pcrhap.s  ava- 
nia,  through  its  appar.  more  orig.  form  avaria,  is 
to  be  referred  to  the  same  som-ce:  see  avania.] 

1.  «.  1.  («t)  A  duty  or  tnK  upon  goods.  (6)  A 
small  charge  payable  by  the  shippers  of  goods 
to  the  master  of  the  ship,  over  and  above  the 
freight,  for  his  care  of  the  goods.  Hence  tha 
clause,  in  bills  of  lading,  "paying  so  much 
freight,  with  primage  and  owcraflc  accustomed." 
(e.)  A  small  charge  paid  by  the  master  on  account 
of  the  ship  and  cargo,  such  as  pilotage,  towage, 
etc.:  called  more  specifically  petty  average. 
(rf)  A  loss,  or  the  sum  paid  ou  account  of  a  loss 
(such  as  that  of  an  anchor),  when  the  general 
safety  is  not  in  question,  and  which  lulls  on 
the  owner  of  the  particular  jiropcrty  lost: 
called  more  specifically  particular  average, 
(e)  A  contributiou  made  by  the  owners  of  a 
ship's  freight  and  cargo,  in  proportion  to  their 
several  interests,  to  make  good  a  loss  that  has 
been  sustained  or  an  expense  incurred  for  the 
general  safety  of  the  ship  and  cargo.  Tims, 
when  for  the  safety  of  a  ship  in  distress  any  destruetinn 
of  property  is  incurred,  either  by  cutting  away  the  masts, 
throwing  goods  overboard,  or  in  other  ways,  all  iiersmia 
who  have  goods  on  board  or  pniperty  ill  the  ship  (or  the 
insurel's)  c«)iitribiite  tt>  the  loss  according  to  their  aver- 
age, that  is,  according  to  the  iiroportionato  value  of  tlic 
goods  of  each  on  board.  Average  in  this  sense  isuUo  culled 
i/enerat  aoerage. 

2.  A  sum  or  quantity  intermediate  to  a  num- 
ber of  clilTereMl  sums  or  i|Uiinlitii'S,  olitained  by 
adding  t hem  tugelliernud  dividing  the  result 
by  the  number  of  quantities  added;  an  arilli- 
motical  moan  pro]iorlion.  Tims,  if  four  iiersons 
loserespectively.*l(),  $'.'(),  %\W,  and  840,  tlioijcei-- 
agc  loss  by  the"  four  is  %'1't.  Hence  — 3.  Any 
medial  amount,  estinuite,  or  general  statement 
based  nn  a  comparison  of  u  number  of  diverse 
Hpecilic  cases;  a  medium. 

A  like  niimherof  men.  through  various  kiiulu  and  do- 
Krecu  of  lllsuccc'iu,  reveal  a  mental  eapaelly  that  Is  more 
or  less  bel..w  the  airrwje.     J.  I'iAr,  KvolntlonUt,  li.  177. 

Vet  I  liave  no  doubt  that  tliat  people's  mien  are  as 
wise  im  the  airrtt'je  of  clvlH/.rd  ruli-m. 

riinrrau,  Walihii,  p.  :i\i. 

Average  bond.    See  ?>omf '.    Upon  or  on  an  average, 

taking  the  arltlimellcal an  of  several  uneoiinl  nuiiibirK 

nri|uiinllllrH;  taking  llii>  arlllinietleal  nienniledueed  (roni 
a  great  iiiiniber  of  exainples. 

On  an  aeeragt  the  male  and  feniale  births  are  lolenibly 
e<iunl.  Ituekte,  Clvlllrjitlon,  1.  Iv. 

•-  Byn.   2  and  3.   Mrtlium,  etc.      See  ntrdn,  n. 

II.  ".  1.  Kqiiiil  ill  nmoiiiil  to  the  sum  of  nil 
(lie  pnrtieuliir  (|imii(  itieH  cif  thi-  siiiiie  sort  di- 
vided by  the  iiuiiiher  of  tlietii:  mh.  the  average 
yield  of  wheat  In  the  acre;  the  average  jiricc  of 
anylhiDg  for  u  year. 


Avenuan 

I  departed,  ,  .  .  convinced  that,  .  .  ,  whatever  the 
ratio  of  population,  the  averatje  amount  of  human  nature 
to  the  square  mile  is  the  same  the  world  over. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  93. 

Hence  —  2.  Of  medium  character,  quality,  etc. ; 
midway  between  extremes ;  ordinary. 

They  iill  [the  Palfeooosmic  skeletons]  represent  a  race 
of  gi-aiui  physical  development,  ami  <if  cranial  capacity 
equal  to  that  of  the  areraffe  modern  European. 

Da  wson.  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  174. 

The  averapc  intellect  of  five  hundred  pei-sons,  taken  03 
they  come,  is  not  very  high.    0.  iV.  Holmat,  Autocrat,  vi. 
We  mortals  cross  the  ocean  of  this  world 
Each  in  his  avera'je  cabin  of  a  life  — 
The  best's  not  big,  the  worst  yields  eltiow-room. 

BrowHtnij.  Bishop  Blougram's  .\pology. 

3.  Estimated  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of 
average:  as,  the  loss  was  made  good  by  an 
average  contribution — Average  curvature,  see 
i-iirra(»(v.— Average  standard,  in  cviiiur-miniwi,  the 
market  value  of  a  ton  of  tough-eake  copper.  It  formerly 
served  as  a  basis  for  estimating  the  amount  to  be  paid  Ity 
the  snieltei^  to  the  miners  for  ores  of  copper  purchased. 
(ronnvall-l^Syn.  ^ee  mean.  n. 
average-  (av'e-raj).  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  averaged, 
ppr.  averaging.  [<  average",  «.]  1.  To  find 
the  arithmetical  mean  of,  as  imequal  sums  or 
quantities;  reduce  to  a  mean. —  2.  To  result 
in,  as  an  arithmetical  mean  term ;  amount  to, 
as  a  mean  sum  or  quantity:  as,  wheat  averages 
5()  pounds  to  the  bushel. 

These  spars  n  vcrage  10  feet  in  length.  Belknap. 

3.  To  divide  among  a  number  proportionally; 
divide  the  total  amount  of  by  the  number  of 
equal  shares :  as,  to  average  a  loss. 

The  permanent  averaged  price  on  all  kinds  of  comraodi* 
ties.  Kwili^U  Itev.,  VI.  261. 

average^t  (av'e-r.aj),  n.  [Also  averaige,  averi.ih, 
prob.  an  expansion  (in  reverse  imitation  of  Se. 
arriage,  arrage,  for  average'^)  of  arrish,  er.sli : 
see  arrish,  er.ili,  cddi.'ili.]  The  stubble  and  grass 
left  in  corn-fields  after  harvest. 

In  these  monthes  after  the  coriine  bee  jnnede  it  is  mccte 
to  putt  draughte  horses  and  oxen  into  the  averixh. 

Quoted  in  .ireluvoloffia,  xiii.  379. 

average-adjuster  (av'e-rijj-a-jus'tf'r),  «.    An 

expert  accountant  who  is  employed  in  cases  of 
general  average  to  ascertain  and  state  the  sum 
which  each  of  the  parties  interested  has  to  pay 
in  order  to  make  up  the  loss  sustained  by  some 
for  the  general  good.  Also  called  avcrage- 
atiilrr,  iircragc-ial;cv. 

averagely  ''iv'e-raj-li),  adv.  In  an  average  or 
medial  manner ;  in  the  mean  between  two  ex- 
tremes. 

Which  tends  to  render  living  more  difUcult  for  every 
avera-uiy  situated  individual  in  the  eunimunity. 

./.  .S.  .Mill,  I'olit.  Heon.,  1.  xiii.  §  4. 

average-stater,  average-taker  (av'e-riij-sta"- 

ter,  -ta'ker),  n.     Same  as  averagc-adjunter. 

averano  (av-e-rii'no),  n.  [Appar.  S.  Amor.] 
A  name  of  the  birds  of  the  genus  Chaftmiirliyn- 
chu.t  of  Temminck,  including  several  South 
Aiiieriean  fruit-crows  of  the  family  Colingidiv 
and  sulilaiuily  dyinnodcriiKV,  as  ('.  varicgatii.i, 
the  averano  of  ButTon,  and  the  arapimga.  See 
cut  under  arapimga. 

avercake, ».     See  havercaVc. 

avercornt,  "•  [A]ipar.  <  aver  (repr.  ML.  avera 
(s<'(>  iiviragc'^),  a  kind  of  service)  -f  corn.]  In 
old  law,  corn  paiil  liy  a  tenant  to  his  superior 
as  rent  or  in  liou  of  service.  This  word,  like  awr- 
land  and  airritennu,  is  linl  known  in  vernacular  use,  and 
ils  t.rtinieal  sense  is  unccrlain.     See  aivra<te\, 

averdant  (a-v6r'dant),  a.  [See  verdant.]  In 
tiir.,  covered  with  green  herbage:  chielly  np- 
lilie<l  to  a  niount  in  base. 

averisht  (av'e-risli),  H.     Same  as  average^. 

averland  (a'-v'er-land),  n.  [See  avereorn.]  In 
(lid  line,  land  subject  to  the  service  called  aver- 


age.    See  average 


averment  (u-ver'nient),  n.  [<  nrrrl  +  -vicnt.] 
1.  The  act  of  aveiTing;  affirmation;  positive 
assertion. 

Publishing  ni'^rmcnf*  and  iimuendoeB. 

Burke,  Powei-s  of  .Iiirles. 

2t.  Verification;  establishment  by  evidence. 
Ilacan. — 3.  In  hiir,  nn  allegation  nr  stnlement 
as  a  fact:  <'(ininiiiiily  used  of  stiitenieiits  in  a 
iilending  which  the  party  thereby  professes  to 
lie  reiidy  to  jirove. 
Avernian  (n-ver'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Avernus  (bo. 
lacHu),  now  (It.)  l.agiiiC Averiio ;  nsniilly  referred 
to  (Ir.  anfimr,  witliiiut  birds  (<  ii-  )iriv.  -I-  ^vii'if, 
bird);  <'nlled  I'irviror  '/iin't/  by  Aristotle,  I'l  "Ae/imf 
by  Stnilio.]  I'ertniiiiiig  to  Avernus,  a  lake  of 
Ciiniiniiiia  in  Italy,  looked  uiion  by  the  ancients 
as  nil  entrnncii  to  hell.     l''roni  its  waters  ino- 

tiliitie  vapors  arose,  which   wen"  supposed  to 
ill  birds  tliiit  atteniiiled  to  lly  over  it. 


averpenny 

averpennyt  (Ji'v^r-pen^'i),  n.  [See  avercorn.] 
Ill  </l<t  U(U\  money  paid  by  a  tenant  to  his  lord 
in  lieu  of  the  service  called  average, 

avertable  (a-ver'a-bl),  a.  l<aveA  -¥  -able.]  1. 
Capable  of  being  verified  or  proved. —  2.  Capa- 
ble of  being  averred,  asserted,  or  declared. 

Averrhoa  (av-e-rd'a),  ».  [NL.,  named  from 
Accrrhoes^  Averroes":  see  Atwrroist.^  A  genus 
of  small  trees,  natural  order  deraniacecv,  tribe 
Oxalide(v,  containing  two  East  Indian  species, 
cultivated  for  their  very  acid  fruit.  The  bilim- 
bi,  A.  Biliinbi,  is  often  pickled  or  candied,  and  its  juice 
removes  the -stain  of  iron-rust  and  other  spots  from  linen. 
The  caraniliola,  A.  Caramhnla,  is  also  useil  as  food. 

Averroism.  Averrhoism  (av-e-ro'izm),  n.  [< 
Avcrrhoes  +  -ism.'\  The  doctrines  held  by 
Averrhoes  and  his  followers.     See  AverroisL 

The  patricians  of  Venice  and  the  lecturers  of  Padua  made 
Averroism  synonymous  with  doubt  and  criticism  in  theol- 
OKV,  and  with  sarcasm  against  the  hierarchy. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IIL  151. 

Averroist,  Averrhoist  (av-e-ro'ist),  »i.    [< 

Arerrhocs  or  Jrcrntes  +  -ist.  Averroes  is  a 
Latinized  form  of  Ai\  Ihn-Roslid,']  A  follower 
of  Averrhoes,  a  celebrated  Ai'abiau  philosopher 
and  commentator  on  Aristotle,  who  was  born 
at  Cordova  about  a.  d.  1126,  and  died  1198. 
The  plniosophy  of  the  Averroists  was  little  more  than 
an  imperfect  interpretation  of  Aristotle's  doctrines ;  but 
Averroism  was  particularly  characterized  by  its  effort  to 
separate  philosophy  and  religion. 
Averroistic  (av'-'e-ro-is'tik),  a.  [<  Averroist  + 
-ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Averroists  or  their 
doctrines. 

The  AverroiMic  school,  mainly  composeil  of  physicists 
and  naturalists,  was  the  most  decided  opponent  of  the 
scholastic  system  in  its  relation  to  theology. 

Prof.  V.  Botta,  in  Ueberweg's  Hist.  Phil.,  II.  App.  ii. 

averruncatet  (av-e-rung'kat),  v.  t;  pret.  and 
pp.  anrnincatecij  ppr.  aveii'uncating.  [<  L, 
avernoicatiiSj  pp.  of  averruncare,  avert,  re- 
move, an  ancient  word  pecidiar  to  the  lan- 
guage of  religion,  <  a  for  abj  from,  +  verruucarcy 
turn.  Hence  erroneously  averruncate,  avermi- 
cate  (Cockeram),  aberuncate  (Bailey  and  John- 
son), "to  weed,"  "to  pull  up  by  the  roots," 
from  an  erroneously  assumed  L.  *aberuncarej 
as  if  <  ab,  from,  +  erancare^  <  e  for  ex,  out,  + 
runeare,  uproot,  weed.]  1.  To  avert  or  ward 
off.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

But  sure  some  mischief  will  come  of  it, 

Unless  by  providential  wit, 

Or  force,  we  avernineatc  it. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  i.  758. 

2.  [Improp.:  see  etym.]     To  weed;  pull  up  by 
the  roots. 
averruncationt  (av^e-rung-ka'shon),  ».     [< 
(U'crn()icate.'\     1.  The  act  of  averting  or  ward- 
ing off  (evils).     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 
Averruncation  of  epidemical  diseases  by  telesms. 

J.  Robinson,  Eudoxa  (1658),  p.  82. 

2.  [Improp.]  A  rooting  up ;  extirpation ;  re- 
moval. 

averruncator  (av'e-rung-ka''''tor),  n.  [<  aver- 
ruHcate  +  -or;  also  spelled  aberuncator :  see 
aberuncate.']     See  abermicator, 

aversant  (a-ver'sant),  a,  [<  L.  aversan{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  aversari,  turn  away,  <  a  for  ab,  away,  + 
versarij  turn.  Cf.  averse."]  In  her., 
turned  to  show  the  back:  said  of  a 
right  hand.      Also  called  dorsed. 

aversation  (av-er-sa'shon),  n.  [<  L. 
aversatio{}t-),<  aversari,  pp.  aversatus: 
see  aversant.]     Aversion;  a  turning      a    Hand 

rt  r*-M         1     i.  '  -t  Aversant   or 

away  from.     [Obsolete  or  rare.]  Dorsed. 

I  had  an  aversatinn  to  this  voyage 
When  first  my  brother  moved  it. 

Chwpman,  Revenge  of  Bussy  d'Ambois,  iii.  1. 

Certainly  for  a  king  himself  to  charge  his  subjects  with 

high  treason,  and  so  vehemently  to  prosecute  them  in  his 

own  cause  as  to  do  the  office  of  a  searcher,  argued  in 

him  no  great  aversation  from  shedding  blood. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix. 

Some  men  have  a  natural  aversation  to  some  vices  or 

virtues  and  a  natural  atfection  to  others.         Jer.  Taylor, 

averse  (a-vers')j  «•     [<  L-  aversus,  pp.-of  ai'er- 
terc,  turn  away:  see  aiwrt.]     1.  Turned  away 
from  anything ;  turned  backward ;  averted. 
Earth  .  .  .  with  her  part  avcrxe 
From  the  suns  beam.  Mil  ton,  P.  L.,  viii.  138. 

The  tracks  averse  a  lying  notice  gave. 
And  led  the  searcher  backward  from  the  cave. 

Dryden,  Mnaid,  viii. 

Hence  —  2,  Specifically:  (a)  In  bot.,  turned 
away  from  the  central  axis :  opposed  to  adverse 
(which  see),  (b)  In  orivith.,  set  hack  or  turned 
away  from :  applied  to  pygopodous  or  rump- 
footed  birds,  whose  legs  are  set  so  far  back 
that  the  erect  posture  is  necessitated,  as  in  the 
ease  of  the  loon,  grebe,  or  auk. — 3.  Disliking; 
unwilling ;  having  reluctance. 


395 

Averse,  alike  to  flatter,  or  offeni!. 

S'ope,  Essay  on  (.'riticisni,  1.  743. 
Aa  Mr.  Wilmot  knew  that  I  could  make  a  very  handsome 
8(;ttlement  on  my  son,  ho  was  not  averse  to  the  match. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  ii. 

4.  Unfavorable;  indisposed;  adverse. 

Some  much  averse  1  found  and  wondrous  harsh. 
Contemptuous,  proud,  set  on  revenge  and  .>spite. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  I.  14(il. 
And  I'allas  now  averse  refused  her  aid.  Dryden. 

IThis  word  and  its  derivatives  are  now  regularly  followed 
by  to,  and  not  hy  from,  although  the  latter  is  used  by  some 
moiiern  writers.  Tlie  word  itself  inehules  the  idea  of 
fruia;  but  the  literal  meaning  is  ignored,  the  affection  of 
the  mind  signifletl  by  the  word  being  rcgartled  as  exerted 
toward  the  object  of  dislike.  Simihirly,  tlie  kindred  terms 
contrary,  repuyiuint,  etc.,  aw  also  followed  by  (o.]  =  Syn. 

3.  Averse,  Reluctant,  disinclined,  backward,  slow,  loath, 
opposed.  Averse  implies  habitual  dislike  or  unwilling- 
ness, though  not  of  a  very  strong  eharaettr,  and  is  nearly 
synonymous  with  rfu'i?ifir;ip(/;  as,  at'er;<e  to  study,  to  active 
pursuits.  Reluctant,  literally,  strugglhig  back  from,  im- 
plies some  degree  of  struggle  either  with  others  who  are 
inciting  us  on,  or  between  our  own  inclination  and  some 
strong  motive,  as  sense  of  duty,  whether  it  operates  as  an 
impelling  or  as  a  restraining  influence.     See  antipathy. 

Averse  to  piu-e  democracy,  yet  flmi  in  his  regard  for  ex- 
isting popular  liberties.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  277. 

I  would  force  from  the  reluctant  lips  of  the  Secretary 
of  State  his  testimony  to  the  real  power  of  the  masses. 

W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  44. 

4.  Adverse,  Inimical,  etc.     See  hostile. 

averse!  (a-vers'),  v.  t.  and  i,  [<  L.  averstts: 
see  the  adj.]  To  turn  away;  avert.  B.Jon- 
son. 

Wise  Pallas*  shield 
(By  which,  ray  face  aversed,  in  open  field 
I  slew  the  Gorgon). 

B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Queens. 

aversely  (a-vers'li),  adv.  1.  In  the  reverse  or 
opx;»osite  direction;  backward. — 2.  With  aver- 
sion or  repugnance ;  imwillingly,  [Rare  in 
both  senses.] 

averseness  (a-vers'nes),  n,  [<  averse  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  averse  ;  opposition  of  mind ; 
dislike;  unwillingness;  backwardness. 

aversion  (a-ver'shon),  n.  [<  L.  aversio{n-),  < 
avcrtere :  "see  averse,  a.,  and  avert.]  If.  A 
turning  away ;  a  cliange  of  application. 

A  figurative  speech  called  apostrophe,  which  is  an  aver- 
sion of  speech  fi'om  one  thing  ...  to  another. 

Bp.  Morton,  Episcopacy  Asserted,  p.  101. 

2t.  The  act  of  averting  or  warding  off. — 3.  An 
averted  state  of  the  mind  or  feelings;  opposi- 
tion or  repugnance  of  mind ;  fixed  or  habitual 
dislike;  antipathy:  used  absolutely  or  with  ^o, 
sometimes  with  from,  for,  or  toward. 
His  aversion  towards  the  house  of  York.  Bacon. 

Adhesion  to  vice,  and  aversion  from  goodness. 

Bp.  Atterbury. 

A  state /or  which  they  have  so  great  an  aversion. 

Addison. 

An  aversion  to  a  standing  array  in  time  of  peace  had 
long  been  one  of  the  strongest  of  English  sentiments. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  iii. 

4t.  Opposition  or  contrariety  of  nature:  ap- 
plied to  inanimate  substances. 

Magnesia,  notwithstanding  tliis  aversion  to  solution, 
forms  a  kind  of  paste  with  water.  Fourcroy  (trans.). 

5.  A  cause  of  dislike ;  an  object  of  repugnance. 

Had  I  no  preference  for  any  one  else,  the  choice  you 
have  made  would  be  my  aversion. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  2. 

=  Syn.  3.  Hatred,  Dislike,  A7itipathy  (see  antipathy); 
unwillingness,  shrinking,  hesitation,  disrelish,  distaste, 
dftestation. 

aversivet  (a-v6r'siv),  a.      [<  L.   aversus  (see 
averse,  a.)  +  -ive.]    Averse;  turning  away. 
Those  strong-bent  hmnours,  which  aversim  grew. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wars,  vii.  78. 

aversivelyt  (a-v^r'siv-li),  adv.  With  aversion ; 
backwardly.  "  Chapman. 

avert  (a-verf),  v.  [<  L.  avertcre,  turn  away,  < 
a  for  ab]  from,  away,  +  vertere,  turn:  see  verse, 
version,  averse,  etc.  Cf.  advert,  convert,  divert, 
evert,  invert,  pervert,  revert,  subvert,  etc.]  I, 
trails.  1.  To  turn  away;  turn  or  cause  to  turn 
off  or  away:  as,  to  avert  the  eyes  from  an 
object:  now  seldom  with  a  personal  object. 

When  atheists  and  profane  persons  do  hear  of  so  many 

discordant  and  contr.ary  opinions  in  religion,  it  doth  avert 

them  from  the  church.  Bacon. 

To  associate  Himself  with  some  persons  and  to  avert 

Himself  from  others.     //.  Jayms,  Subs,  and  Shad.,  p.  158. 

2t.  To  give  a  turn  or  direction  to ;  direct. 
Avert  your  liking  a  more  worthier  way. 
Than  on  a  wretch  whom  Nature  is  asham'd 
Almost  to  acknowledge  hers.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 

3.  To  ward  off;  prevent  the  occun*enee  or  hap- 
pening of  (evil  or  something  threatened). 

Believing  in  the  divine  goodness,  we  must  necessarily 
believe  that  the  evils  which  exist  are  necessary  to  avert 
greater  eviK  MacaiUay,  Sadler's  Ref.  Refuted. 


Avesta 

4t.  To  oppose;  view  with  aversion. 

The  natun-  of  mankind  doth  certainly  aycri  both  killing 
and  being  killd. 

Decay  CVim^  Piety  (um),  vi.  §  9,  2&1.    (N.  E.  D.) 

II.  intrans.  To  turn  away.     [Rare.] 

Averting  from  our  neighbour's  good. 

Thomson,  Spring,  1.  301. 

avertebrated  (a-v6r'te-bra-ted),  a.  [<  Gr.  «- 
priv.  (rt-i^)  +  vertebra'tcd.]  Evertebrated;  in- 
vertebrate. 

The  Liiniican  classification  of  avertebrated  animals. 

G.  .Johnston  (ed.  of  Cuvier,  1840),  p.  335. 

averted  (a-v6r'ted),  p.  a.    1.  Turned  away  or 

aside. 

When  food  was  brought  to  them,  her  share 
To  his  averted  lips  the  child  did  bear. 

Shelley,  Revolt  of  Islam,  v.  30. 

2,  Specifically,  in  anat,  drawing,  having  the 
head  of  the  object  turned  to  the  top  of  the  fig- 
ure.    Wilder. 
averter  (a-ver'ter),  n.     One  who  or  that  which 
averts  or  turns  away. 

Averters'AniK  pnrgers  must  go  together,  aa  tending  all  to 
the  same  purpose,  to  divert  this  rebellious  humour  [mel- 
ancholy] and  turn  it  another  way. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  407. 

avertible  (a-ver'ti-bl),  a.  [<  avert  +  -ihle.] 
Capable  of  being  averted;  preventable:  as, 
'■UtvertibJe  evils,"  Kiaglake. 

avertimentt,  n.  An  erroneous  form  of  adver- 
tisement.     Milton. 

Aves  (a'vez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  avis,  a  bird;  cf. 
Sltt.  vi  =  Zend  vi,  a  bird.  Cf.  also  ovum  and 
e<jg^ .]  Birds ;  feathered  animals,  considered  as 
a  class  of  vertebrates,  next  after  mammals: 
sometimes  united  with  lieptilia  in  a  superclass 
Sauropsida,  distinguished  on  the  one  hand  from 
Mammalia,  and  on  the  other  from  Ichthyopsida, 
or  amphibians  and.fishes  together.  Aves  are  de- 
flneil  by  the  following  characteristics:  a  body  covered 
with  feathers,  a  kind  of  exoskeleton  no  other  animals 
possess ;  hot  blood ;  completely  double  circulation ;  per- 
fectly 4-chainbered  heart;  single  and  dextral  aoi-tic  arch ; 
fixed  lungs ;  air-passages  prolonged  into  various  air- 
sacs,  even  into  the  interior  of  some  of  the  bones  of  the 
skeletoti ;  oviparous  I'eproduction;  eggs  large  and  mero- 
blastic,  with  copious  food-yolk  and  albumen  and  a  hard 
calcareous  shell ;  limbs  4  in  number,  the  anterior  pair  of 
which  are  modified  as  wings,  and  generally  subserve  flight 
by  means  of  their  large  feathers,  the  distal  segment  of  the 
limb  being  compressed  and  I'ednced,  with  not  nu>re  than 
3  digits,  usually  not  unguiculate;  the  metacan^als  more 
or  less  ankylosed  as  a  rule,  and  the  free  carpals  noi-matly 
only  2  in  adult  life ;  a  large  breast-bone,  usually  carinate, 
and  great  pectoral  muscles ;  inimerons  dorsolumbar,  sa- 
cral, and  urosacral  vertebrfe  ankylosed  into  a  sacrarium; 
ilia  greatly  produced  forward,  and  ilia  and  ischia  back- 
ward, normally  without  median  sjniphyses;  perforate 
cotyloid  cavity  ;  the  trochanter  of  the  femur  articulating 
with  an  iliac  antitrochanter,  and  the  fibula  incomplete 
below ;  the  astragalus  ankylosed  with  the  tibia,  and  assist- 
ing in  forming  the  tibial  condyles ;  mediotarsal  ankle- 
joint;  not  more  than  4  metatarsals,  3  ankylosed  together, 
and  not  more  than  4  digits,  the  phalanges  of  which  are 
usually  2,  3,  4,  or  5  in  number;  the  hind  limb  fitted  as  a 
whole  for  bipedal  locomotion ;  and  no  teeth  in  any  recent 
forms,  the  jaws  being  sheathed  in  horn.  Birds  have  un- 
dergone little  modification  since  their  firet  appearance  in 
the  Jurassic  age;  their  classification  is  consequently  dif- 
ficult, and  no  leading  authors  agree  in  detail.  Linnaeus 
(176G)  divided  them  into  6  orders:  Accipitres,  Piece,  An- 
seres,  Grallce,  Gallince,  and  Passeres.  Cu%iers  arrange- 
ment (1817)  was  sinnlar,  with  the  6  orders  Accipitres, 
PasserincB,  Scansores,  Gallince,  Grallce,  and  Palmijiedes. 
A  system  said  to  have  been  originally  proposed  by  Kirby, 
and  formerly  nuich  in  vogue  among  English  ornithologists, 
rei^Oiinized  Nat  at  ores,  Grallatores,  Ctn'sorcs,  Rasores,  Scan- 
sores,  I  uses  sores,  and  Raptores  as  orders.  The  latest  arti- 
ficial system  is  that  of  Sundevall  (1872-3),  with  the  orders 
Osci-ues,  V'oliicres^  Accipitres,  Gallince,  Grallatores,  Xata- 
tores,  Proceres,  and  Saururtp,  42  subordinate  groups,  and 
1,229 genera.  In  1867  Huxley  divided  birds  into  3  orders: 
Saurnra:,  Ratitoe,  and  Carinatw ;  the  latter  into  4  subor- 
ders, DroincEOfj7iath(e,  Schizoyiiathce,  Des^noynathce,  and 
jEfrithoffnathce,  and  16  supeffamily  groups— an  arrange- 
ment very  different  from  any  preceding  one.  Tlie  dis- 
covery of  OdoJitornithes,  or  toothed  birds,  led  to  another 
primary  division  by  Marsh  into  Odcrntolcep,  Odontotornice, 
and  Saurur(e,  this  author  not  extending  his  classification 
to  recent  birds.  In  1884  Coues  divided  all  birds  into  5 
subclasses  :  (1)  Saitrurce,  with  teeth,  amphicadous  verte- 
brae, carinate  sternum,  separate  metacarpals,  and  long, 
lizarddike  tail;  (2)  OdoutotonniF,  with  socketed  teeth,  bi- 
concave vertebrae,  carinate  stenmm,  ankylosed  metacar- 
pals, and  short  tail ;  (3)  Odontolcce,  with  teeth  in  grooves, 
heteroccelous  vertebrae,  nuiimentary  wings,  ratite  ster- 
num, and  short  tail;  (4)  Ratit(p.  without  teeth,  with  het- 
eroccelous vertebra,  ratite  sternum,  rudimentary  wings, 
ankylosed  metacai-pals,  and  short  tail ;  (5)  CaHnatce,  with- 
out teeth,  with  heteroccelous  vertebrae,  carinate  sternum, 
developed  wings,  ankylosed  metacarpals,  and  short  tail. 
The  Carinatm  include  all  living  birds,  except  the  few  stru- 
thious  or  ratite  birds.  For  the  carinate  subclass  or  order, 
some  l.T  or  20  ordinal  or  subordinal  groups  are  now  usually 
adopted.  One  of  these,  Passeres,  includes  a  large  majority 
of  all  birds.  The  genera  or  subgenera  of  birds  in  use  now 
range  from  about  1,200  to  about  2,900.  The  species  are 
usually  estimated  at  about  10,000.  See  bird  and  Saurop- 
sida. 

Avesta  (a-ves'ta),  ».  The  saered  writings  at- 
tributed to  Zoroaster,     See  Zend-Avesta. 


Avestan 
Avestan  fa-ves'tan).  a.  and  h.  [<  Ave^ta  +  -oh.] 
L  a.  Belonsins;  to  the  Avesta. 

n  >'■  The  language  of  the  Avesta  ;  Zend, 
avestrnz  (a-ves-troz' ),  n.  [Pg.,  also  abestru::.  = 
Sp.  ave^tru2,  ostrich:  see  ostrich.']  A  name 
of  the  South  American  ostrich,  Rhea  americaiin. 
aviador  (av'i-a-dor'),  «.  [Amer.  Sp.,  <  Sp. 
ariar,  to  prori.le  articles  for  a  journey,  prepare. 
<  a  (<  L.  (Ul),  to,  +  i-ia,  <  L.  vhi.  ■svay.  road :  see 
via.]  One  who  furnishes  to  the  propnetor  of 
a  mine  money  and  supplies  for  working  it. 

Mineral  arlad'ores.  or  providers  of  gooas  aiid  provisions, 
which  they  obtained  ou  ireilit. 

Quoted  in  Moirry's  Arizona  and  Sonera,  p.  12b. 
avian  (a'vi-an).  a.  and  n.    [<  L.  om,  a  bird,  + 
-</H.]     I.  a." Of  or  pertaining  to  Ares,  or  birds ; 
ornithic. 
The  furculum  is  distinctly  anan 

O.  C.  3larsh,  Pop.  Scl.  Mo.,  XX.  313. 
Avian  anatomy.    Secanafomy. 

n.  n.  A  member  of  the  class  ^ues;  a  bird: 
a*:    ••  this  ancient  avian,"  Coues. 
aviary  (a'vi-a-ri),  n.;  pi.  aviaries  (-Tiz).l<l'. 
aviarium,  an  aviarv,  neut.  of  anarius,  of  birds, 


396 


avoid 


Greediness:    strong  appetite:   applied  to  the  Avize^  (a-vez'),  ".     A  sparkling  wine  name* 
senses. —  2.  Eagerness;  mtenseuess  of  desire  : 
applied  to  the  mind. 

A  ruiitii  to  know  the  causes  of  thuigs  is  the  parent  of 
all  philosophy.  ■R'^'d. 

=  Syn.  2.  Earnestness,  Zeal,  etc.    See  eagerness. 
aviet  la-\-i'),  prep.  phr.   as  adv.     {<  a^  +  vie, 
after  F.  a  Tcnvi,  in  emulation,  emulously:  see 
rie.1     Emulously. 


from  the  \-illage  of  Avize,  in  the  department  of 
Marne,  France.     See  clMiiipaguc. 
avocado (av-6-ka'do),  H.    [Corrupted  from  Mex- 
ican name.]'    The  alligator-poar,  the  fruit  of 
Persca  graiissimii,  iiat- 


They  strive  avic  one  with  .another  in  variety  of  colours. 

Holland. 

aviewt  (a-vii').  r.  1.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ad- 
viiir,  aflieivc,  <  late  ME.  uvewc,  <  a-,  ad-,  + 
vcice,  ^^ew.  Cf.  OF.  anicr,  aecKcr,  follow  with 
the  eye  {aveument,  a  %-iew),  <  a,  to,  +  rue,  view, 
sight!]  To  view  or  inspect;  survey;  recon- 
noiter. 

avifauna  (a'vi-fa-na),  «. ;  pi.  avifauiKS  (-ne). 
[NL.,  <  L.  avis,  a  bird  (see  Avcs),  +  fauna,  q. 
v.]  1.  A  collective  name  for  the  birds  of  any 
given  locality  or  geographical  area  ;  the  fauna 
of  a  region  or  district  so  far  as  concerns  birds. 
—  2.  A  treatise  upon  the  birds  of  a  given  re- 
gion. 


Avocado,  or  AUigiilor-pear 
i,Ptrsea  t,'ratissitna). 


<  ad.,  bird:  ^«-='''-'^*--]- ,:^.|^'':;!^  ^^f^;]*^.^^;"!  a^Tfaunal  (a'vi-fa-nal),  a.    [<  avifauna.]   Of  or 
irub  aie  if^iiiu^  ^_^^  .    j,|,,.tai„mg  to  an  a%-ifauna. 


or  indosure  in  which  birds  are  rea 
aviation  >  a-vi-a'shon),  «.     [<  L   avis,  a  uuu.j  ^'^^j.^  (ft'vj.fonn),  a.       [<  L.  avis,  a  bird,  + 

The  art  or  act  of  flying.    [Rare.]  .^^^.        ^^^.^  -j     Bird-shaped ;  having  the  struc- 

aviator  (a  vi-a-tor),  «.     A  flying-machme  em-   -^    characteristic  of  the  class  Aves;  avian,  in 

ploying  the  principle  of  the  aeroplane.     [Ke- 


a  morphological  sense. 

Avignon  berry.    See  herry'^. 

avilet  (a-vil'),  v.  f.  [ME.  avilen,  <  OF.  aviler, 
F.  (ivilir  =  Ft.  Sp.  avilar  =  lt.  arrilire,  arvilare, 
<  L.  as  if  *advilarc,  *advilirc,  <  ad,  to,  -t-  vilis, 
vile:  see  rile]  To  make  vile;  treat  as  ^^lc ; 
depreciate ;  debase. 

Want  makes  us  know  the  price  of  what  we  avilr. 

II.  Jon.iim,  Prince  Henry's  Barriers. 

avilementt,  ".    [<  OF.  avikmoit  (mod.  F.  aviUs- 

sdiiciil):  see  ff ciYc  and -?«£■«<.]     The  act  of  rcn- 

eonch.,  a  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  typical  of    dering  vile,  or  of  treating  as  vile. .,,.,, 

-      -      •   ;,  J.  a  vine  (a'\-in),  a.     [<  L.  ans,  a  bird,  -I- -i«fl.] 

yame  as  avian. 


cent.l 
avicula   (a-vik'u-lii),  n.     [L.,  dim.   of  avis,  a 
bird.]     1.  A  little  bird;  hence,  any  ungrown 
bird;     a    nest- 
ling,  fledgling, 
or     chick. —  2. 
icap.]       [XL. : 
in    allusion    to 
the      wing-like 

expansion       of  wi„g.si,tu  y<x,.vi</o  Ain.™*) 

the  hinge.]     In 


the  family  .IriCM/idw;  the  wing-shells, 
rundn  is  the  type. 

avicular  (a-\-ik'u-lar),  a.  [<  L.  aviculariM,  n., 
a  bird-keeper,  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  birds,  < 
avicula,  a  little  bird :  see  avicula.]  Pertaining 
to  >>irds.     Thomas,  Med.  Diet. 

avicularia,  «.    Plural  of  acicH/rtriKw. 

avicularian  (a-Wk-u-la'ri-an),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taiiiiiiu'  to  an  aWcularium. 

avicularium  (a-vik-u-la'ri-um),   «.  ;  pi.  avicu- 
laria (-a).     [NL.,  ne'ut.  of  L.  avirularius,  adj.:  avisandlim,  " 
see  avicular.]     In  sool.,  a  singular  small  pre-  aviset,  >i-  and  ( 


hen.sile  process,  resembling  a  bird's  head,  with    adrl 

a  movable  mandible,  which  snaps  incessantly,  avised  (a-visf),  a 


avireptilian  (a'vi-rep-til'i-an),  a.      [<  L.  avis, 
bird,   -I-  reptitis,  reptile,  -I-  -an.]     Combining 
avian  and  reptilian  characters ;  sauropsidan, 
as  a  bird.     [Rare.] 
The  head  is  in  a  stase  of  avi-rfpliliiin  transition. 

Jt.  W.  Shii/dilt,  in  The  Century,  XXX.1.  355. 

avist,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  advice. 
avisandt,  "•     Advising;  giving  advice. 
See  avizandum. 
An  obsolete  form  of  advivr. 


found  ill  many  of  the  rohjzoa. 
toniini,  vibracularium. 
aviculid  (a-vik'  a-lid),  n.    A  bivalve  of  the  f  am- 

ilv  .Irirididw. 

Aviculidae  (av-i-ku'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Avicu- 
la +  -id(r.]  A  family  of  lamellibranchs,  with 
oblii|ue   inequivalve  "shells,   having  an  outer 


[Sc,  prop,  "vised,  <  F.  ris. 


Compai'e  Jhibcl-  face,  +  -ed-,  with  unorig.  a-  developed  in  comp.] 
Faced:  only  in  composition:  as,  black-ni^iscrf, 
dark-complexioned;  lang-avised,  long-faced. 
[Scotch.] 

avisefult  (a-viz'ful),  a.  [Also  avizcfull ;  <  arise, 
—  advise,  -f-  -ful.]     Circumspect.     f<j>ensrr. 

aviselyt,  '"''■.     Advisedly.     Chaucer. 


prismatic  cellular    layer  and    inner  nacreous  avisementt  (a-viz'meut),  n.     Obsolete  form  of 


layer,  a  small  byssus-secreting  foot,  and  com 
pletely  open  mantle.  Tliere  are  several  genera  hc- 
»hlcs  A  ricula,  the  type,  amiinc  them  .Vehaftrina.  which 
contains  the  famous  pearl-mussel,  .M.  iitariinriti/rrn,  of 
the  Indian  ocean  and  Persian  gulf  anil  the  Uulf  of  .Mexico. 
s«-f  cut  undtT  arirtiln. 

aviculoid  (a-vik'u-loid),  a.  [<  Avicula  +  -oid.] 
Hcsirnbling  the^ncii/iV/o;;  as,  "an  aviculoid 
Hhcll."  .lm«r.  ./our.  .Sci.,  3d  sen,  XXXI.  140. 

Aviculopecten  (a-vik'ii-lo-pek'ton),  n.  [NL., 
<  AvicuM  +  J'ectcn.]  A  genus  of  fossil  bivalve 
mollusks:  so  called  becau.se  it  combines  char- 
acters of  tlio  genera  Avicula  and  I'erten.  Sjie- 
cIcH  occur  in  the  Silurian  and  Carboniforoua 

aviculture  (n'vi-kul-tur),  n.     [<  L.  avis,  a  bird, 

-t-   ruiuirii,   culture.]     The   euro  of  birds  ;  the 

keeping  of  birds  in  domcHtioation  or 

a.     [<  L.  avidus,  greedy,   eager, 
.     Cf.  avarice.]      Eager;  greedy. 
\  .t  ifr«-cdlt!r  of  renown.  .Sinilhrif. 

I  of  Mirnheau  wiut  nnt  ni'.r'-  ariit  of 

(III,  amhltious  Willi  nf  H,,h.  h|,tirri-  was 
U.  II.  hrirrt,  lliilii«|ili  rn  ,  \>    Til. 

-viil'i-us),  a.     [Exiiandeil  form  for 
I.,    ariilun:    fteo   avid.' 

■./  ../i.iii.i)  greedinesMC 
•(  .  I^lll),  p.  418. 
avidlouslyf  la-vid'i-us-li),  adr.     In  an  iivid  or 
avidii,  ,  ,  inBiinor;  eagerly;  with  greediinHH. 

N'iii         :     h,     .    .,  ..i,„iM(w<U-»lf'l  than  li  the  i-"..i 
I- n' ■  ■■!■■  I      ;;.i/r,'ImBKc  "f  111"  Two  Miiin  I.' 

avidity    •     !'iii,./i.    [<  F. "' i'/iW, <  L. //I'/i/i- 
Ui(t-)i,  <  upi</iw,  gruedy,  eager:  8oe  «ii'/.]      1. 


(tdvisement. 

I  think  there  never 

.Mairiuce  was  nianancil  with  a  more  avisrmenl. 

IS.  .loiisim.  Talc  of  a  Tuli,  li.  1. 

avisiont,  «.  [MK.,  also  avisiun,  -oun,  <  OF.  nri- 
sion,  avisiun  (=  Pr.  avisioti),  for  ri«io)i ;  confused 
with  «(•(.<,  advice,  counsel.]     Vision.     Chaucer. 

avisot,  »•     [<  Sji.  avi.m,  advice,  etc.:  eeoadvice.] 

1.  Ailvicr  ;  ititeiligence. 

T  hud  yours,  .  .  .  and  liesiilcs  yiinr  fiiJiVii/f,  T  must  tliniik 

yiiu  for  the  rich  flourishes  wliercwltil  your  Ictlir  was  cni- 

iiniidcrcd.  Iliiwra.  Letters,  II.  iis. 

I  am  nil  fniilliosl, 

No  pedlar  of  arUos.        I'liril,  Lady's  Trial,  I.  1. 

2.  An  advice-  or  despatch-boat. 
avital  (av'i-liil),  a.     [<  li.  oritus.  pertniiiing 


tu'al  order  Lauracca?,  a 
tree  common  in  trop- 
ical America  and  the 
West  Indies.  It  is  from 
1  to  '2  pounds  in  weight,  is 
pear-shaped,  of  a  brownish- 
green  or  purple  color,  and 
is  highly  esteemed,  though 
rather  as  a  vegetable  than  as 
a  fruit.  The  pulp  is  firm  and 
marrow-like,  whence  the 
fruit  is  sometimes  known  as 
refictable  marrow  or  mid- 
sjiipinen's  butter.  The  oil 
is  said  to  be  equal  to  palm- 
oil  for  soap.  The  tree  is  an 
evergreen,  growing  to  the 
heiglit  of  SO  feet.  Also  avo- 
eato,  aviffato. 

avocat  (av-o-ka'),  "• 
[F.,  <  Ij.  adrocatus: 
see  advocate,  n.]     An  advocate;  a  lawyer. 

avocate  (av'o-kat),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  avo- 
cated,  ppr.  dvocuting.  [<  L.  avocatus,  pp.  of 
avocare,  call  away,  <  a  for  ab,  away,  -I-  rocarc, 
call:  see  voice  and  vocal.]  If.  To  call  off  or 
away. 

One  .  .  .  who  aiweateth  his  mind  from  other  occupa- 
tions. Barrow,  Works,  III.  xxii. 
2.  To  remove  authoritatively  from  an  inferior 
to  a  superior  court.     [.Archaic] 
Seeing  .  .  .  the  cause  nfocated  to  Rome. 

Lord  Herbert.  Hen.  VIII.,  p.  2.W. 

avocation  (av-o-ka'shgn),  n.  [<  L.  avocatio{n-), 
a  calling  off,  interruption,  <  avocare,  call  off: 
see  avocate.]  If.  The  act  of  calling  aside  or 
diverting  from  some  object  or  employment. 

God  docs  frequently  inject  into  the  soul  blessed  im- 
pulses to  duty,  and  iiowerful  avoealions  from  sin.     South. 

2.  The  authoritative  removal  of  a  case  or  pro- 
cess from  an  inferior  to  a  superior  court. 

The  pope's  arocation  of  the  process  to  Rome,  by  which 
his  duplicity  and  alienation  from  the  king's  side  were 
made  evident,  and  the  disgrace  of  Wolscy,  took  place  in 
the  Slimmer  of  l&-2a.  llaUam. 

3t.  The  state  of  being  called,  or  of  wandering 
aside  or  away;  a  diversion  of  the  thoughts. 
If  not  from  virtue,  from  its  gravest  ways, 
The  soul  with  plejising  avoeation.  strays. 

I'arnetl,  To  an  Old  Beauty. 

Hence — 4.  That  which  calls  one  away  from 
one's  proper  business;  a  subordinate  or  occa- 
sional occupation;  a  diversion  or  distraction. 

Ilcavcn  is  his  vocation,  and  therefore  he  counts  earthly 
employments  avocations.  Fuller,  Holy  State,  iv.  !). 

Visits,  business,  cards,  and  I  know  nut  how  many  other 
avocations  ...  do  succeed  one  another  so  thick,  that  in 
the  day  there  is  no  time  left  for  the  distracted  person  to 
converse  witll  his  own  thoughts, 

lioi/le.  Occasional  Reflections,  11.  0. 

5.  A  person's  regular  business  or  occupation; 
vocation ;  calling.  [An  improper  though  com- 
mon use  of  the  word.] 

Dues  it  not  require  time  for  an  indiviiiual,  thrust  out  of 
one  avocation,  to  gain  admittance  to  another'? 

Godwin,  'I'he  Enquirer,  p.  19*5. 

The  ancient  avocation  of  picking  pockets. 

Sijdnet/  Smith. 
In  a  few  hours,  above  thirty  thousand  men  left  Ills  stan- 
ilard,  and  returned  to  their  nnliniiry  iiciirn^/ioi^. 

Maeanlint,  \\'arren  Hastings. 
The  waniicring  avocation  of  a  shepberd. 

liuekle,  t'ivilizaiion,  II.  f. 

avocativet  (a-vok'a-tiv),  a.  and  n.    [<  avocate  + 
-in.    i'i.  vocative.]'  J.  a.  Calling  off.    Smollett. 
II.  n.    That  which  calls  aside;  a  dissuasive. 
Ini-eiitivcH  to  virtue,  and  avoeatireH  from  vice. 

Harrow,  The  Creed. 


avirt 

id). 

<  «r/r< 

wisli 

11. 

pl-i 

i.l  up. 

avidioiL  t   ;i- 

'ortitn 

1  ■■     ^ 

arid : 

111,     ' 

.Hidect 

Work 

avocato  (iiv-o-kii'to),  «.     Snnw  as  avocado. 

a  grandfather  (<  nriw,  a  graiidfiither),  + -k/.J  avocatory  (ii'-vok'a-to-ri),  «.   [<  avocate -i- -orii.] 

Of  or  pertaining  to  a  graiidfalher;  ancestral.  (Jailing  off;  recalling.     Letters  avocatory,  letters 

I  sneered  lust  now  atavilal  Hlni|,ll,tly.  ''.v  "liidi  'he  '',"''J'^'',>«  ','' ,"  ""''V''*"'  ""'  ";''."',''',''  ,";;'"  " 

1,11,^,  iiu  J  ."1             V  .    ^^^^^1^   Love  liie  Little,  etc.,  .\l,  (oielgn  slate  with  which  he  Is  at  war,  or  wlinh  bid  them 

'    '       .         '        i       .»     ■  iibstain  or  dcslHt  from  Illegal  acts, 

avivage  (a-vi-vtt7,h').  "•     Inff.v'".'/,  the  pmeess  avocet,  ".     See  0TO.sr(. 

of  idiariiig   a   fabric   of   supi'rlluouH   eoUiriiig  Avocetta  (av-o-sefii),  ».     [NL. :    see  avo.'<rt.] 

' '"         '  "' ~ 1.   A  gemiK  ol'  birds,  the  avosets:  a  synonym 


id.  I     Same   as 
»;•'   111,.    Iloh, 


miillir  iit'lor  it  liiis  lift  llio  vats,  and  of  reviv 
ing  and  liriglileiiiug  the  colorH. 

When  the  dyeing  process  Is  contlniieil  for  iiiori'  than  six 
hiinni  the  coloiim  proiluccil  stand  ilcarliig  (neii'n.'/r)  li»» 
«•  II  Ihaii  when  Hie  lime  IniM  lieen  shorter. 

fri.>.*<-«,  liyeing  ami  Cnllio. printing,  |i,  :iol. 

avizandum  (av-i-'/.an'dum),  n.  fl/aw  L.,  iilno 
avisoniluin,  gerund  of  arisarr,  <  F.  nfwcr,  ciiii- 
Hider,  ndvJHe :  nee  advi.ie.]  In  Srotji  law,  privat<^ 
conHideration.  To  make  avi:andum  with  n  cause  Is  to 
remove  It  friiin  the  pul.lle  i  i.nrl  to  the  lirlviito  colisldera 
Hon  of  the  Jiidue.     AIko  npelleil  avitaiulum. 

avlze't,  t'.    An  obsoluto  form  of  advise. 


of  Uerurvirostva  (which  see).  Urisson,  LtiO. 
.See  cut  under  avosrt. —  2.  A  genus  of  huin- 
miiig-liirds.    Agassi:.     Also  Avocettula. 

Avogadro's  la'wr.    See  tau: 

avoid  (ii-viiid'),  V.  [<  ME.  avoiflen,  avoydcn,  < 
A F.  avi'i'ider,  ()!■".  esvuiiliev,  esveudirr,  empty  out, 
<  r«-  (<  li.  ex,  out )  -1-  vtiidirr,  vnidirr,  <  L.  vi<tuare, 
empty,  <  riduu.s,  empty:  see  void,  <(.,  which  has 
iiillucnced  avniil  in  Nome  of  its  senses.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  make  void;  niiiiiil ;  innke  of  no 
effect:  chiefly  used  in  legal  phraseology:  an, 


avoid 

this  grant  oannot  be  avoided  without  injustice 
to  the  grantee.—  2t.  To  empty. 

,4i!oi/((  tlion  thi  tieiicliere.  Babees  Book,  p.  ?,3. 

3f.  To  eject ;  throw  out ;  drive  out. 

And  yf  lie  uvitijiie  hem  [swiiic  going  .at  large]  not,  or  put 
lieni  in  wai'ile,  ah' wmiiing  made,  .  .  .  he  that  is  so  in  de- 
tault  to  pave  the  peyue  relierced. 

Engliali  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  398. 

A  toad  contains  not  those  urinary  parts  ...  to  avoid 
tliat  serous  excretion.  Sir  T.  Droiviw,  Vulg.  Err. 

4t.  To  quit;  evacuate;  depart  from. 

And  tlien  tlie  both  maires  to  chaunge  their  places,  then 
to  amid  the  halle.  Emjlish  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  418. 

Amid  the  gallery.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  1. 

That  prince  should  coniuiaiul  him  to  avoid  the  country. 

Bacon, 

5.  To  shun;  keep  away  from;  eschew:  as,  to 
ufoid  e.\pense,  danger,  or  bad  company. 

The  best  way  to  avoid  controversies  about  words  is  to 
use  words  in  their  proper  senses. 

Macaulay,  Sadler's  Ref.  Refuted. 

6t.  To  get  rid  of;  get  out  or  clear  of. 

I  will  no  hjnger  endure  it,  though  yet  I  know  no  wise 
remedy  how  to  avoid  it.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  1. 

=  Syn.  6.  To  escape,  elude,  evade,  keei'  clear  of. 

Il.t  intrans.  1.  To  become  void,  vacant,  or 
empty. 

Bishopricks  are  not  included  under  benefices :  so  that  if 
a  person  takes  a  bishoprick,  it  does  not  avoid  by  force  of 
that  law  of  pluralities,  but  by  the  ancient  common  law. 

Aylije,  Parergon. 
2.  To  retire  ;  withdraw. 

David  avoided  out  of  his  presence.  1  Sam.  xviii.  11. 

Avoid,  my  soul's  vexation  !    Satan,  hence! 

B.  Joiimn,  Case  is  Altered,  iv.  4. 

Let  him  amid,  then, 
.\nd  leave  our  walk. 

Fletcher  and  Roivley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  i.  1. 

avoidable  (a-voi'da-bl),  a.     [<  avoid  +  -able.'\ 

1.  Ijiable  to  be  annulled  or  to  become  void; 
voidable.  [Rare.  ] — 2.  Capable  of  being  avoid- 
ed, sluinned,  escaped,  or  prevented. 

avoidably  (a-voi'da-bli),  adv.     In  an  avoidable 

manner. 
avoidance  (a-voi'dans),  re.     [<  ME.  avoidaunce, 
avoidaiis ;  <  "avoid  +  -a«ce.]     1.  The  act  of  an- 
nulling or  making  void ;  annulment. 

The  obsequious  clergy  of  France  '.  .  .  pronounced  at 
once  the  avoidance  of  the  marriage. 

Miiman,  Latin  Christianity,  ix.  4. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming,  or  the  state  of  being, 
vacant ;  especially,  the  state  of  a  benefice  when 
it  becomes  void  by  death,  deprivation,  resigna- 
tion, or  preferment  of  the  incumbent ;  vacancy. 

Wolsey,  ...  on  every  avoidance  of  St.  Peter's  chair, 
was  sitting  down  thereon,  when  suddenly  some  one  or 
other  clapped  in  before  him.  Fuller. 

3.  The  act  of  avoiding  or  shunning  anything 
disagreeable  or  unwelcome. —  4t.  A  retiring 
from  or  leaving  a  place. —  5t.  An  emptying 
out;  that  by  which  a  fluid  is  carried  off;  an 
outlet. 

Avoidances  and  drainings  of  water.  Bacon. 

Confession  and  avoidance.  See  confession.—  Plea  in 
avoidance,  in  lau;  a  plea  which,  without  denying  the 
I)laintirt''s  allegation,  sets  up  some  new  fact  evading  its 
ettect,  as  where  the  plaintilf  alleges  a  debt  and  the  de. 
fendant  pleads  a  release  in  avoidance. 
avoider  (a-voi'der),  n.  1.  One  who  avoids, 
shuns,  or  escapes. 

Good  sir,  steal  away :  you  were  wont  to  be  a  curious 
avoider  of  women's  company. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  iv.  1. 

2t.  That  which  empties. 

avoidless  (a-void'les),  a.  [<  avoid  +  -less.] 
That  caanot be  avoided;  inevitable:  a,s," avoid- 
less  ruin,"  Dennis,  Letters.     [Rare.] 

avoir.     An  abbreviation  of  avoirdupois. 

avoirdupois  (av"gr-du-poiz'),  n.  [Prop,  aver- 
dcjniis,  early  mod.  E.  averdepois,  averdupois, 
kavcrdiijiois,  -poise,  <  ME.  aver  de poiz,  avoir  de 
pois,  aver  de  pels  (later  also  -paise,  -pase),  <  OF. 
aver  de  pes,  aveir  de  pels  (equiv.  to  ML.  averia 
ponderis),  lit.  goods  of  weight:  aver,  goods  (see 
aver") ;  de.  <  L.  de,  oi;  pes,  peis,  \aXeT: pais  (mod. 
F.  poids,  by  mistaken  reference  to  L.  pondus, 
weight)  =  Pr.  pes,  pens  =  It.  p)Cso,  <  L.  jjeji- 
sum,  weight,  <  pendcre,  weigh:  see  poise,  pen- 
dant.'] 1.  A  system  of  weight  in  which  one 
pound  contains  16  ounces.  It  was  introduced  into 
England  from  Bayonne  about  A.  T>.  1300,  and  is  substantial- 
ly the  Spanish  system.  In  avoirdupois  weight  7,000  troy 
grains  (formerly,  and  now  in  the  United  States,  approxi- 
mately, but  in  Great  Brit.ain  exactly)  make  a  pound,  while 
in  troy  weight  the  poinid  contains  5,760  grains,  the  grain 
being  the  same  in  both  cases  ;  hence,  175  pounds  troy  are 
equal  to  144  pounds  avoirdupois.  The  pound  avoirdupois 
is  the  standard  weight  of  Great  Britain,  and  is  equal  to 
453.6  grams  in  the  l^'rench  metric  system.  Avoirdupois 
weight  is  used  in  determiinng  the  weights  of  all  commodi- 


397 

ties  except  gems  and  the  precious  metals.    It  is  reckoned 
as  follows ; 


Cwt. 

1  ton  =  20  ! 

1  hundredweight  = 
1  quarter 
1  pound 
1  ounce 


Qrs.      Pounds.     Ounces.        Drams. 

80  =  2240  =  36840  =  573440 

4   =     112  =     1792  =     28672 

=       28  =       448  =       7168 

16  =         266 

16 


In  the  United  .States  tlie  hundredweight  is  now  connnonly 
mo  pounds,  and  the  ton  2,000  i)ounds,  called  the  short  ton 
in  distinction  from  the  long  ton  of  2,240  pounds. 
2.  The  weight  of  anything  according  to  the 
avoirdupois  system :  as,  his  avoirdupois  was  150 
pounds.     [CoUoq.] 

Also  written  averdupois,  and  often  abbre'vi- 
ated  to  avoir,  and  avdp. 

avoket  (a-v6k'),  v.  t.  [<  L.  avocare,  call  away: 
see  avocate.  Cf.  convoke,  evoke,  invoke,  provoke, 
revoke.]     To  call  away  or  back.     Bp.  Burnet. 

avolatet  (av'o-lat),  v.  i.  [<  L.  avolatiis,  pp.  of 
avolare,  fly  away,  <  a  for  ah,  away,  -t-  voiare,  fly: 
»('(>  volant.]     Tofly  off;  escape;  exhale.    Boyle. 

avolationt  (av-o-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  it  *avola- 
tio{n-),  <  avolare:  see  avolate.]  The  act  of  fly- 
ing away;  flight;  escape;  exhalation;  evapora- 
tion. 

Tile  avolation  of  the  favillous  particles. 

.S'i'r  T.  Uruume,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  22. 

avoli  (ii-vo'le),  ».  [It.]  In  glass-blowing,  espe- 
cially in  Venetian  work,  the  small  circular  piece 
which  covers  the  junction  of  the  bowl  and  the 
stem  in  a  drinking-glass. 

avoncet,  v.  Variant  of  avance'^,  obsolete  form 
of  advance. 

avoset,  avocet  (av'6-set),  re.  [Also  as  NL. 
avocetla,  avosetta;  <  f'.  avocette  =  It.  avocctta  = 
Sp.  avoceta;  origin  uncertain.]  1.  A  bird  of 
the  genns  Eecurvirostra,  family  Eeciirvirostridm, 
and  order  Limicola;,  characterized  by  extreme 


European  Avoset  {Recunjirostra  avocetta). 

slenderness  and  upward  curvature  of  the  bill, 
and  by  very  long  legs  and  webbed  toes.  In  the 
latter  characteristic  it  diltVrs  from  mo.'^t  wadiii'^  birds.  Its 
length  is  from  15  to  IS  inches  from  tlie  ti|i  of  the  bill  to 
the  end  of  the  tail,  and  its  coloration  is  chiefly  black  and 
white,  the  legs  being  blue.  Several  species  are  described. 
Tlie  avoset  of  Europe  is  R.  avocetta;  that  of  the  United 
States  is  R.  amencana,  distinguished  by  the  chestnut- 
brown  coloration  of  the  head.  The  former  is  sometimes 
called  the  scooper  or  scooping  avoset. 
2.  A  humming-bird  of  the  genus  Avocetta. 
avouch  (a-vouch'),  )■.     [<  ME.  avouchen  (rare), 

<  AF.  advoucier,  OF.  avochier,  avocher,  a  part- 
ly restored  form,  after  the  L.,  of  avoer,  avouer, 
afiirm,  declare,  avow,  orig.  call  upon  to  defend, 

<  L.  advocare :  see  advocate,  avoiv'^,  and  voitch.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  affirm  or  acknowledge  openly; 
declare  or  assert  with  positiveness ;  proclaim. 

Thou  hast  avouched  the  Lord  this  day  to  be  thy  God : 
.  .  .  And  the  Lord  hath  avouched  thee  this  day  to  be  his 
peculiar  people.  Deut.  xxvi.  17,  18. 

Neither  indeed  would  I  have  thought  that  any  such  an- 
ti(iuitics  could  have  been  avouched  for  the  Irish. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

If  this  which  he  avouches  does  appear. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  5. 

I  speak  what  history  avouches,  that  the  mechanics,  as  a 
class,  were  prime  agents  in  all  the  measures  of  the  revolu- 
tion. Everett,  Orations,  1. 363. 

2.  To  admit,  confess,  or  avow. 

The  first  time  that  I  have  heard  one  with  a  beard  on  his 
lip  avmich  himself  a  coward.  Scott,  Betrothed,  in. 

Milton  in  his  prose  works  frequently  amuchea  the  pecu- 
liar afl'ection  to  the  Italian  literature  and  language  which 
lie  bore.  , .,    „   ^  ^ 

Trench.  Eng.  Past  and  Present,  in.  119.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  maintain,  vindicate,  or  justify;  make 
good;  an.swer  for;  establish;  guarantee;  sub- 
stantiate. 


avowal 

What  I  have  said 
I  will  avottch,  in  presence  of  the  king. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

We  might  be  disposed  to  question  its  authenticity  if  it 
were  not  avouched  by  the  full  evidence  in  its  favour. 

Milnian,  Latin  Chnstiaiiity,  iv.  7. 

4t.  To  appeal  to,  or  cite  as  proof  or  waiTant : 
as,  to  avouch  the  authorities  on  any  subject. 

II.  intrans.  To  give  assurance  or  j^aranty; 
vouch:  as,  "lean  avouch  for  her  reputation," 
Defoe,  Mrs.  Veal, 
avoucht  (a-voucli'),re.    [^<. avouch,  v.]   Evidence; 
testimony;  assurance. 

Without  the  sensible  and  true  avouch 

<)t  mine  own  eyes.  .Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 

avouchable  (a-vou'cha-bl),  a.  [<  avouch  + 
-iibli'.  ]     Capable  of  being  avouched. 

avoucher  (a-vou'cher),  n.    One  who  avouches. 

avouchmerit  (a-vouch'ment)^  n.  [<  avouch  + 
-nioiL]  Tlio  act  of  avouching;  declaration; 
avowal ;  acknowledgment. 

By  laying  the  foundation  of  his  defence  on  the  awuch- 
nteiit  of  that  which  is  so  manifestly  untrue,  he  hath  given 
a  worse  foil  tf>  Ills  own  cause  than  when  his  whole  forces 
were  at  any  time  overthrown.       Milton,  Eikonoklastcs,  i. 

avou6  (a-v6-a'),  re.  [F.,  <  OF.  avoue  (pp.  of 
avouer,  avoer),  <  li. advocatus,  advocate,  patron: 

■  see  avowee,  advowee,  a,n<\  advocate.]  In  France, 
originally,  a  protector  of  a  church  or  religious 
commmiity;  now,  a  ministerial  officer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  represent  parties  before  the  tribu- 
nals and  to  draw  up  acts  of  procedure. 

avouret,  «.     See  avower^. 

avoutert,  avouterert,  etc.    See  advouter,  etc. 

avO'W'i  (u-vou'),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  advoiv, 
after  the  L. ;  <  ME.  avowcn,  avouen,  <  OF.  avouer, 
avoer  =  Pr.  avoar,  <  L.  advocare,  call  to,  call 
upon,  hence  to  call  as  a  witness,  defender, 
patron,  or  advocate,  own  as  such:  see  avouch 
(from  later  OF.)  and  advoke  and  advocate  (di- 
rectly from  L.),  doublets  of  avoiv'^-.  This  verb, 
in  E.  and  F.,  was  partly  confused  with  the  now 
obsolete  avow^ ;  cf .  the  similar  confusion  of  al- 
low^ and  aZtoj(i2.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  own  or  ac- 
knowledge obligation  or  relation  to,  as  a  per- 
son: as,  he  avotvcd  him  for  his  son. —  2t.  To 
sanction;  approve. —  3.  To  declare  openly,  of- 
ten with  a  ■view  to  justify,  maintain,  or  defend : 
as,  to  avow  one's  principles. 

If  there  be  one  amongst  the  fair'st  of  Greece  .  .  . 
That  loves  his  mistress  more  than  in  confession,  .  .  . 
And  dare  avow  her  beauty  and  her  worth 
In  otlier  arms  than  hers — to  him  this  challenge. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  L  3. 

""Water,  verdure,  and  a  beautiful   face,"  says  an  old 

Arab  proverb,  "are  tliree  things  which  delight  the  heart," 

and  the  Syrians  avow  that  all  three  are  to  be  found  in 

Damascus.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  tlie  .Saracen,  p.  126. 

4.  Specifically,  in  laio,  to  acknowledge  and 
justify,  as  when  the  distrainer  of  goods  de- 
fends in  an  action  of  reple'vin,  and  avows  the 
taking,  but  insists  that  such  taking  was  legal. 
See  avowry,  1. — 5.  To  admit  or  confess  open- 
ly or  frankly;  acknowledge;  own:  as,  to  avow 
one's  self  a  convert. 

Left  to  myself,  I  must  amiv,  I  strove 

From  public  shame  to  screen  my  secret  love.  Dryden. 

=  Syn.  3.  To  affirm,  assert,  profess. —  5.  Admit,  Con/ess, 
etc.     See  acknowledge. 

II.  intrans.  In  toic,  to  justify  or  maintain  an 
act  done,  specifically  a  distress  for  rent  taken 
in  one's  own  right.  N.  E.  D. 
avO'W^t  (a-vou'),  «.  [<  QfOM.1,  r.]  An  avowal; 
a  bold  declaration.  Dryden. 
aVO'W-t  (a-vou'),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  advow 
(after  the  L.);  <  ME.  avowen,  avouen,  <  OF. 
avouer,  avoer,  later  advoucr,  <  ML.  as  if  *advo- 
tare,  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  ML.  votare,  vow,  >  Pr.  vodar 
=  OF.  voer,  vouer,  >  E.  vow,  q.  v.  This  verb  was 
partly  confused  with  «roH'l,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  bind  ■with  a  vow. —  2.  To  devote  or  dedicate 
by  a  vow;  vow. —  3.  To  vow  to  do  or  keep; 
promise;  undertake. 

II.  intrans.  To  bind  one's  self  by  a  vow; 
make  a  vow;  vow. 

aVO'W-t  (a-vou'),  re.  [ME.  avowe,  avou ;  from 
the  verb.]     Avow;  a  promise. 

I  make  a  voice  to  my  God  here. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  93. 
I  will  make  mine  avoic  to  do  her  as  ill  a  turn. 

Marriage  of  Sir  Gawayne. 

avo'wable  (a-vou'a-bl),  a.  [<  at'owl  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  "avowed  or  openly  acknow- 
ledged with  confidence. 

avo'wably  (a-vou'a-bli),  adv.  In  an  avowable 
manner.     Imp.  Diet. 

avO'Wal  (a-vou'al),  n.  [<  avow''-  +  -al.]  Aa 
open  declaration;  a  frank  acknowledgment. 

His  .  .  .  «t'o;m?  of  such  .  .  .  principles. 

Bume,  Hist.  Eng.,  an.  162S. 


avowance 

avowance  (a-vou'ans),  ».  [<  aroirl  +  -<ince.'] 
1.  The  act  of  avowing;  arowal. —  2t.  Justifi- 
cation; defense;  Tindication. 

Can  my  arowance  of  king-raurdering  be  collected  fTom 
anything  here  written  by  me5  Fuller. 

avowant  (a-von'ant),  n.    [<  avow'^  +  -anfi.'\   In 
taic,  the  defendant  in  replerin.  who  avows  the 
distress  of  the  goods,  and  justifies  the  taking, 
avowed  (a-voud'),  J),  a.    Declared;  open. 

I  was  thine  open,  thine  arotcetl  enemy.  Ma^inoer. 

avowedly  (a-vou'ed-li),  adv.     In  an  avowed  or 
open  manner:  with  frank  acknowledgment, 
avoweet,  »•    [Also  advowee,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  avowe, 
<  OF.  avoue  (see  afoue"),  earlier  avoe,  <  L.  orfro- 
catus:  see  advowee,  advocate.']      An   advocate 
or  patron;  in  law,  same  as  advowee. 
avoweri  (a-vou'er),  H.     [<acoifl  +-erl.]     One 
who  avows,  owns,  or  asserts. 
avower-t,  »•      [Also  advower,  avourc ;  <  OF. 
flioutr,  iiif.  usedasanoun:  seenroifl.]  Avowal. 
He  bad  him  stand  f  abide  the  bitter  stoure 
Of  his  sore  vengeauuce,  or  to  make  acottre. 

Speiuer,  h\  Q.,  VI.  iii.  48. 

avowry  'a-vou'ri),  w.  [<  ME.  avoiverie,  avoii- 
crie.  acknowledgment,  authority,  <  OF.  avouerie, 
avoerie,  <  avouer,  avoer,  avow:  see  avow'^  and 
-ry.]  1.  In  oW /air,  the  act  of  the  distraiuer  of 
goods,  who.  in  an  action  of  replevin,  avowed  and 
justified  the  taking  by  maintaining  that  he  took 
them  in  his  own  right :  thus  distinguished  from 
cognizance,  which  was  the  defense  of  one  who 
maintained  that  he  took  them  in  the  right  of 
another  as  his  bailiff  or  servant. —  2t.  A  patron 
saint  chosen  for  one's  advocacy  in  heaven: 
often  applied  to  a  picture  or  representation  of 
the  patron  saint,  and  hence  the  cognizance  by 
which  a  knight  was  known,  because  the  repre- 
sentation of  his  patron  saint  borne  on  his  pen- 
non became  such  a  cognizance. 

Therefore  away  with  these  oroimV*;  let  God  alone  be 
our  atotrnt. 

Latimer,  Sermons  before  Edw.  VI.  (Arber),  p.  103. 
Within  tliis  circle  and  close  to  the  corpse  were  carried 
the  four  banners  —  two  before,  two  behind  —  of  the  dead 
person's  aroicnV*.  which  were  small  sijuare  vanes  t)eaten 
out  of  ^It  metal,  painted  with  the  figures  of  his  patron  saints 
and  fastened  flag-wise  upon  staves. 

IlMk,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  4S8. 

avowtryt,  etc.     See  adroutry,  etc. 
avoyt,  iiiterj.     [<  OF.  avoi,  avoi/,  interj.]     An 
exclamation  of  surprise  or  remonstrance. 
Avoy,  quod  she,  fy  on  yow  hertele.ss. 

Cliaucfr,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  I.  88. 

avoyer  (a-voi'fer),  n.  [Also  advoi/er  ;  <  F.  avoyer, 
prob.  <  aij.'adcocariu.i,  equiv.  to advocatu.i,  pro- 
tector, patron;  cf.  ML.  advncaria,  tribute  paid 
for  protection,  the  protection  itself:  see  advo- 
cate.'] In  French  Switzerland,  the  early  title  of 
the  chief  magistrates  of  the  cantons.  In  Bern 
the  title  was  used  until  17!)4. 

a'vnlset  fa-\'iils'),  '•.  (.  [<  ],.  avtdsn,^,  pp.  of  avcl- 
lirc.  pluck  oti :  see  avcli.  ]  To  pluck  or  pull  off. 
Sill  iisliine. 

avulsion  (a-vul'shon),  n.  [<  L.  avulsio(n-),  < 
avulxun,  pp.  of  avclltre,  pluck  off:  see  avell.] 
It.  A  pulling  or  tearing  asunder  or  off ;  a  rend- 
ing or  violent  separation. 

The  thronging  •■lusters  thin 
by  kind  arutifion.      J.  Philips,  Cyder,  i.  24. 
On  condition  of  everlasting  amcf#ion  from  Great  Britain, 
JfifffrHtni,  CorreHp4»ndence,  I,  l.*)!. 

2t.  A  fragment  torn  off. —  3.  In  hnr,  the  sud- 
den removal  of  soil  fmin  the  land  of  one  man 
and  its  dei)OKit  upon  the  laud  of  another  by  the 
:iction  of  water. 
avuncular  (a-vung'kii-liir),  a.  [<  L.  avunculus, 
uncle,  dim.  of  avim,  grandfather:  see  uncle.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  uncle. 

Tri  these  run*  inntanccH  the  law  of  pedigree,  whether  dl- 
rt'ct  i,r  arunriilar,  given  way.  /*,  Tai/lor. 

Cllve  hail  pawed  the  amttictUar  banking-house  in  the 
citj,  without  caring  to  face  his  relations  there. 

Thaekeraii,  Neweomes,  11.  11. 
aw'f,  M.  iind  r.     Sec  aircl. 

aw'-,  iiilirj.     IC.t.  nuflli,  all,  oh."]     An  fxcliinm- 
tinn    of    i 
(Colloq.] 


e,   di 


timi   tit    8iirj)ri«e,   diHgiiMt,    or    remonstrance. 


»W.  [fl)  <  ME.  aw,  au,  ag,  ag  (awe,  etc.),  <  AS. 
afi  (ini'i.  mill,  etc.).  Unit  id,  a  followed  by  the 
guttur.J  </,■  {•:.)  <  MK.  aw,  au  (inn-,  etc.),  <  AS. 
nw  ('I-  ■  i,r  irir,  niw),  that  in,  a  (or  ff;  rri) 
foil'.  hiliiiil  ir;   (:i)  <  MK.  oir,  ni/,  nr, 

<  A-  ,11  I ;    (4)  of  olliiT  origin.]     A 

con  ■  iuTiiph  (pron.  A),  fornicrlv  in- 

t«'r'  ..■<t  inHtniii'i'H  with  tiu  (wliich 

»'■<  ■  giiliir  form  when  final,  ami 

wli'  I  /,,  /,  iirid   II.      Ill.i..rlrnllv  it 

rvpr*  ■-'  .  .:. i       ..u.  O)  fl  <fij  with  on  alMitrlwd  gut 

toJBlf  M  ill  hawl,  iawi,  maw^,  Muii,  mv3,  awn,  dawn, 


398 

etc.:  (2),  (3),  a  (S)  with  an  absorbed  labial  (w  or  r),  as 
in  airl,  claw,  rate,  atrfci,  hairkl,  crawl,  etc, ;  (4)  a,  au,  or  o 
in  other  positions  and  of  various  origin,  as  in  yawn,  yawl, 
lawn,  pawn, paid,  baici,  etc.  In  later  words  often  a  mere 
accident  of  spelling. 

awa  (a-wa'),  adv.    A  Scotch  form  of  away. 

awabi  (a-wa'be),  «.  [Jap.]  'x'he  Japanese 
abalone,  or  sea-ear,  Hiiiiotis  ijigantea,  a  shell- 
fish found  in  great  quantity  on  the  southern 
shores  of  Japan  and  much  used  as  food.  The 
shell  is  extensively  used  for  inlaying  in  lacquer-work,  and 
in  other  ornamentation.     See  abalone. 

await^  (a-waf),  v.  [<  ME.  awaiten,  awayten,  < 
OF.  awiiitier,  await'r,  later  ai/uaitier,  ayniter, 
watch  for,  lie  in  wait,  <  a,  to,  -I-  waitier,  later 
guaitier,  gaitiev,  gaiter  (mod.  F.  guetter),  watch, 
wait:  see  a-11,  wait,tmA  watchi]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  watch  for ;  lie  in  wait  for. 

■^*our  ill-mean?hg  politician  lords, 
Under  pretence  of  bridal  friends  and  guests, 
Appointed  to  await  me  thirty  spies. 

Hilton,  S.  A.,  1,  119C. 

2.  To  wait  for ;  look  for  or  expect. 

Betwixt  these  rocky  pillars  Gabriel  sat. 
Chief  of  the  angelic  gu.irds,  awaitimi  night, 

Milton,  V.  1..,  iv.  550, 

All  through  life  I  have  awaited  the  fulfilment  of  a 

prophecy.  Uawthnnie. 

3.  To  be  in  store  for ;  attend ;  be  ready  for : 
as,  a  glorious  reward  awaits  the  good. 

Let  all  good  things  await 
Him  who  cares  not  to  be  great, 

Tenni/non,  Duke  of  Wellington,  viii, 

Il.t  intrans.  To  watch ;  give  heed. 
Awaitynije  on  the  reyn  if  he  it  heere, 

Cliaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1,  466. 
Ther  is  ful  many  an  eye  and  many  an  ere 
Awaityng  on  a  lord,  and  he  noot  where. 

Chancer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1,  352, 

a'Waitlf  (a-waf),  n.  [<  ME.  await,  awnyt,  <  OF. 
await,  later  agitait,  agait,  etc.,  mod.  F.  agucts, 
watch,  ambush ;  from  the  verb.]  A  state  of  wait- 
ing; watch;  ambush. 

The  lyoun  sit  in  his  aicait  alway 
To  slen  the  innocent,  if  that  he  may. 

Cliaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  3.n0. 
Themselves  they  set 
There  in  await  with  thicke  woods  overgrowne, 

Spenser,  F,  U,,  HI,  v.  17. 
To  have  in  awaltt,  to  keep  a  watch  on. 

Fortune  was  first  frend  and  sithen  foo, 
Nu  man  ne  truste  vp-on  hir  fauour  longe, 
But  haue  hir  in  awayt  for  euer-moo. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1,  732, 

await^t  (a-waf),  prep.  plir.  as  adv.     [<  a^  + 

wait,  «.]     In  wait.     Tyndalc. 
awaiter  (a-wsi'ter),  n.     [<  ME.  awayter,  awni- 

tiiur  (cf.  OF.  aguaiteor,  agtictteur):  see  await 

and  -f;l.]     1.  One  who  awaits. —  2t.  One  who 

lies  in  wait. 

Vff  lie  he  a  prive  aK'ai(o«r  yhid,  and  reioyseth  liyin  to 
r.iuysshe  by  wyles,  thou  shalt  seyne  him  lyke  tn  the  fox 
whelpes.  Chaucer,  lloethius. 

awake  (a-wak'),  v. ;  pret.  awoke,  awaked,  pp. 
awoke,  awaked,  ppr.  awaking.  [In  this  verl)  are 
merged  two  orig.  different  but  closely  related 
forms:  {\)y\V..nw(ik)n  (strong verb;  \>rci. awoke, 
awok,  pp.  luviikiti,  iiwiike),  <  AS.  'dwaciin,  only 
in  pret.  dwOe,  p]).  dwiieeii,  the  pres.  being  sup- 
Iilii'il  by  nwiveuan  with  formative  -n  (whence 
prop.  nio<l.  Fi.  awaken,  q.  v.),  earlier  "onwacan 
(pret.  oHwoe,  pres.  onwwcnaii,  etc.),  <  «-,  orig. 
OH;  +  "wacan,  wieenan,  wake;  (li)  ME.  awaken, 
awakien  (weak  verb;  jivet.  awaked,  pji.  awaked), 
<  AS.  aiviiriiiii  (pri'l.  divaroile,  jiji,  awiieod)  (  = 
OIKi.  arwiielien,  MUG,  (i,  erwaeheii),  <  a-  + 
icacian,  wake,  watch.  The  abnve  were  prop, 
intrans.,  the  trans,  fonn  being  ME.  awecelien,  < 
AS.  dweeean  (=  OS.  awekkian  =  OlUi.  arwee- 
clian,  irwecehen,  MlKi.  G.  crweekcn),  <  a-  + 
tveeean,  trans,,  waki',  arouse.  The  forms  vary 
as  lliiise  of  tlic  sini]i]('  verb:  see  a-",  «-',  ami 
wake.]  I.  inlran.t.  1.  To  cease  to  sleej);  come 
out  of  a  state  of  natural  sleep. 

Jacob  awakctl  out  of  his  sleep,  fien.  xxvlll.  111. 

2.  To  come  into  being  or  action  as  if  from  HJcip, 

Now  with  Ills  wakening  senses,  hinigi-r  too 
.Must  Iieedrt  aif'ilkr. 

M'iltiain  Miirrix,  Karthly  I'anidJKc,  II,  17h. 

3.  To  bestir  or  rouse  one's  self  fnim  a  state 
rcHembling  sleep;  emerge  from  a  Ktatenf  iniii'- 
tion  ;  be  invigorated  with  new  life;  becoiiie 
alive:  as,  to  awakeirom  sloth  ;  to  awake  In  I  he 
conHeiouHnesH  of  a  great  loss. 

A  imkr,  o  sw<ird,  ngnlnnl  my  sheplionl.         Zi'ch.  xlll.  7. 

AuHlkr  to  righteoimneiiR,  ]  Cor,  XV.  :t4. 

And  at  hU  word  the  ehorni  hymn*  nu^ake. 

.•icon,  Hull  Ito.lirlik.  «l   3;;, 

4.  To  be  or  remain  awake;  watch.  [Obsolete 
or  poetical.] 


awald 

Such  as  you 
Nourish  the  cause  of  his  awaking. 

Shak.,  W,  T.,  U.  8. 
The  purple  flowers  droop  :  the  golden  bee 
Is  lily-cradled  :  I  alone  awake. 

Tennyson,  (Enone, 
II.  trans.  1.  To  arouse  from  sleep. 

I  go  that  I  may  awake  hira  out  of  sleep.  John  xi,  11. 
2.  To  arouse  from  a  state  resembling  sleep, 
as  from  death,  stupor,  or  inaction ;  put  into- 
action  or  new  Ufe:  as,  to  awake  the  dead;  to- 
awake  the  dormant  faculties. 

My  master  is  awak'd  by  great  occasion 
To  call  upon  his  own.  Shak.,  T,  of  A,,  ii.  2. 

Thou  dost  awake  something  that  troubles  me, 
And  says,  I  lov'd  thee  once. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  4- 

=Syn.  2.  To  wake,  excite,  stir  up,  call  forth,  stimulate,, 
spur  (up). 
awake  (a-wak'),  a.  [Formerly  also  awaken,  < 
ME.  awake,  awaken,  <  AS.  dwaeen,  pp.:  see 
the  verb.]  Roused  from  sleep;  not  sleeping; 
in  a  state  of  vigilance  or  action. 

It  is  my  love  that  keeps  mine  eye  aipake. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  Ixi. 

awakement  (a-wak'ment),  n.  [<  awake,  v.,  + 
-mviit.]  The  act  of  awakening,  or  the  state  of 
being  awake  ;  revival,  especially  re\'ival  of  re- 
ligion.    [Kare.]     Inq).  Diet. 

awaken  (a-wa'kn),  r.  [<  ME.  awakenen,  awak- 
iicn,  <  AS.  dwa'cnan,  pres.  used  ■with  strong 
pret.  uwoc  (see  aivake,  v.),  also  dwacnian  (pret. 
dwa'cnede,  pp.  dwa'cned),  awake;  orig.  intrans., 
but  in  mod.  use  more  commonly  trans.:  see 
awake,  v.]  I.  intrans:  1.  To  become  awake; 
cease  to  sleep ;  be  roused  from  sleep  or  a  state 
resembling  sleep:  as,  to  awaken  early. 

A  music  of  preparation,  of  aivakeniiifi  suspense — a  mu- 
sic like  the  opening  of  the  coronation  anthem. 

De  Quincey. 

2.  To  come  into  being  or  action  as  if  from 
sleet):  as,  hope  awakened  in  his  breast. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  rouse  from  sleep  or  a  state 
resembling  sleep ;  cause  to  revive  from  a  stat& 
of  inaction. 

Satan  .  .  .  his  next  suliordinate 
Awakening,  thus  to  him  in  secret  spake. 

.Vi7(o(i,  P.  L.,  V.  672. 
■  I  offer'd  to  aivaken  his  regard 
For  his  private  friends,  Shak.,  Cor,,  v.  1. 

2.  To  call  into  being  or  action. 

Such  a  reverse  in  a  man's  life  awakens  n  better  principle 
than  curiosity,  Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p,  77. 

[.i  waken  is  chiefly  used  in  figurative  or  transferred  ap- 
plications, awake  being  pre'ferred  in  the  sense  of  arousing 
from  actlLil  sleep.] 

awakenable  (a-wa'kn-a-bl),  a.  [<  awaken  + 
-alili.]     Cajiable  of  being  awakened.     Carh/le. 

awakener  (a-wak'ner),  H.  One  who  or  t^iat 
which  awakens  or  arouses  from  sleep  or  inac- 
tion. 

Though  not  the  safest  of  guides  in  polities  or  practical 
nhilosophy,  his  (Carlyle's]  value  us  an  inspircr  ami  awa- 
kener ciinnot  be  overestimated. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  149. 

awakening  (a-wak'ning),   n.      1.    The  act  of 

;i\valiiiig  I'roiu  sleep. 

Some  ininutc  ere  the  time 
Of  her  awakening. 

Shak.\souie  editions).  U.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

2.  An  arousing  from  what  is  like  sleep ;  a  re- 
vival of  interest  in,  or  attention  to,  what  has 
been  neglected. 

It  wa.s  a  sign  of  a  great  awakening  of  the  liiiniun  mind 
when  theoloirians  thought  it  both  their  duty  iinil  their 
lirivilege  to  philosoiihlze,     .S'(i'((i',  Stud,  Med,  lliht.,  p.  384, 

Ks|iecially  —  3.  A  revival  of  religion,  either  in 
nil  iiidiviiliial  or  in  a  coiiiiiniiiily :  a  use  of 
the  wonl  derived  I'rmii  the  .Scripture  symbol 
of  sin  as  death  or  sleej),  and  eonvei'sion  as 
resurrection  or  awakening.  The  great  awaken- 
ing. Hie  gn-iit,  revival  of  rrligioii  ill  New  Riiylaiid  brought 
nl I  Ibniligli  the  pieai-lling  of  Wliilelleld  ill  ITiO. 

awakening  (n-wak'ning),   ]>.  a.      Uousing; 

iihiniiiiiix:  jis,  :m  itirakrniiig  nvvwon. 

awakeningly  (ii-wnk'ning-li),  adr.  Tn  a  man- 
ner Id  ;i\v;ilv('n. 

awakenment  (n.-wa'kn-ment),  «.  [<  awaken 
+  -nil  III.  I  The  act  of  awakening,  or  thc\  state 
III'  being  iiwnkeued  ;  specifically,  a  religions  re- 
vival,     (h'nre,] 

awald,  await  (ii'wiild,  ii'wall),  a.  and  n.  [Be., 
iilsci  wiillen  iinrlliil,  awarl  (imil  by  simulation 
aivkwiird);  origin  iincertain.  Cf.  AS.  wealtan, 
waltan,  roll,  'dinillan.  prci,  dwalle,  roll:  se» 
iraltir,  walty,  nillir.'\  I.  a.  Lying  helplessly 
iin  tlie  buck:  siild  (if  n  sheep  when  iinabl<\ 
through  sicliness  iir  fatness,  to  get  up, 
II.  ".  A  sheep  so  lying. 


awane 

awane  (a-wan'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.      [<  a^  + 

irawc]     <^"  tlip  wane;  waning. 
awanting   (;i-w:ui'ting),   a.     [Prop,  a   phrase, 

II  iriiiitnii/ :  !-■(.  iimissiiii/.']    Wanting;  deficient; 

absent;  missing:  not  used  attributively. 
In  either  ease  criticism  was  required,  and  criticism  wan 

ft  It'll  lit  iiiif.  'Sir  It'.  HaiailUtH. 

awapet,  v.  t.    See  awhape. 

awardi  (a-ward'),  )'.  /.  [<  ME.  iiwanJcn,  <  AF. 
((»■((;■(/(■)•,  OF.  isiriinkr,  cswardcir,  later  csf/oril- 
ir,  cui/iifirilci;  csi/nnlnr  =  Sp.  esijitardur  (obs.) 
=  It.  siiunniarc,  look  at,  consider,  decide,  ad- 
judge, <  ML.  *cxwardare,  <  L.  ex,  out,  +  ML. 
'ii-ariMrc,  guardare,  observe,  regard,  guard  :  see 
tiHird,  guard,  and  regard.']  1.  To  adjudge  to 
be  <lue ;  assign  or  bestow  as  of  right ;  give  by 
judieial  determination  or  deliberate  judgment, 
especially  iipou  arbitration  or  imipirage :  as, 
to  award  the  prizes  at  a  school  e.famination ; 
the  arbitrators  awarded  him  heavy  damages. 
A  pound  of  that  same  merchant's  flesh  is  thine  : 
The  court  awards  it,  and  the  law  dutli  ^ive  it. 

Shak.,  .\1.  of  v.,  iv.  1. 

To  the  woman  who  could  conquer,  a  triumph  was 
awanUit.  Mart/.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  47. 

2t.  To  sentence ;  adjudge  or  determine  the 
doom  of. 

Lest  .  .  .  the  supreme  King  of  liings  .  .  .  aivard 

Either  of  you  to  be  the  other's  end. 

Sliak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  1. 

The  extremity  of  law 
Awards  you  to  be  branded  in  the  front. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetfister,  v.  1. 

3.  In  a  general  sense,  to  permit  the  possession 
of;  allow;  allot;  yield. 

The  child  had  many  more  luxuries  and  indulgences 
than  had  been  awarded  to  his  father.  Thackeray. 

awardl  (a-ward'),  »•  [<  ME. award,i  AV .  award, 
OF.  eswdrt,  csguart;  from  the  verb.]  1.  A  deci- 
sion after  examination  and  deliberation ;  a  ju- 
dicial sentence ;  especially,  the  decision  of  ai"- 
bitrators  on  points  submitted  to  them,  or  the 
document  containing  such  a  decision. 

We  cannot  expect  an  equitable  award  where  the  judge 
is  made  a  party.  GlanviUe. 

2.  That  which  is  awarded  or  assigned  by  such 
a  decision,  as  a  medal  for  merit,  or  a  sum  of 
money  as  damages,  etc Geneva  award.  See  Ala- 
bama claims,  under  claim. 

a'ward-t, ''.  '.  [<  a-^^  +  ward.}  1.  To  guard. 
—  2.  To  ward  off.     Evelyn. 

a'warder  (a-war'der),  «.  One  who  awards  or  as- 
signs as  of  right ;  a  judge,  arbitrator,  or  umpire. 

aware  (a-war'),  a.  [<  ME.  aware,  hear,  hrare, 
ywar,  <  AS.  geivicr  (=  OHG.  giwar,  MHG.  gewar, 
G.  gewahr),  <  ge-  +  war,  wary,  cautious:  see 
0-6,  ge-,  and  M'arel.]  If.  Watchful;  vigilant; 
on  one's  guard. 

I  have  laid  a  snare  for  thee,  and  thou  art  also  taken,  0 

Babylon,  and  thou  wast  not  aware.  Jer.  1.  24. 

Are  you  all  aware  of  .  .  ,  tale-bearing  and  evil-speaii- 

ing?  H'csfei/,  Works  (1S72), -XIII.  19.    {N.  K  V.) 

2.  Apprised;  cognizant;  in  possession  of  in- 
formation: as,  he  was  aware  of  the  enemy's 
designs. 

I  was  so  distinctly  made  aivare  of  the  presence  of  some- 
thing kindred  to  me  .  .  .  that  I  thought  no  place  could 
ever  be  strange  to  me  again.         Thoreaii,  Walden,  p.  143. 

Specifically — 3.  Informed  by  sight  or  other 
sense. 

Then  Enid  was  aware  of  three  tall  knights 
On  horseback,  wholly  ai'm'd,  behind  a  rock. 
In  shadow,  waiting.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

=  Syn.  2.  .\ware,  Conscious  (see  coilscioun),  mindful,  ac- 
quainte<l  (witli).  sensible,  observant. 
a'wareness  (a-war'nes),  n.     The  state  of  being 
aware. 
Recognition  of  reality  in  our  view  is  not  awareness. 

Mind,  X.  525. 
This  consciousness  I  speak  of  is  not  a  direct  perception 
of  the  Absolute,  but  a  general  awareness  that  it  exists. 

New  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  178. 

a'warnt(a-wam'),  I'.  <.    [ia-  +  warn."]   To  warn. 

Every  bird  and  beast  awarned  made 
To  shrowd  themselves.        Sjienn-r,  i\  Q.,  III.  x.  46. 

a'Wash  Ca-wosh'),  2>rep.  phr.  as  a.  or  adv.  [<  «3 
+  wasli."]  Naut.:  («)  Ju.st  level  wither  emerg- 
ing from  the  surface  of  the  water,  so  that  the 
waves  break  over  it,  as  wreckage,  or  an  anchor 
when  hove  up  to  the  surface,  or  rock,  spit,  or 
bank  just  appearing  above  the  water. 

The  wrecks  are  floating  almost  awash,  presenting  little 
surface  for  the  wind  to  blow  upon.  Science,  III.  303. 

(h)  Covered  with  water;  kept  wet:  as,  the 
decks  were  constantly  awash,  (c)  Washing 
about;  tossed  about  by  the  waves. 

a'Waste  (ii-wasf),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a^  + 
u'atile.]     W'astiug;  going  to  waste  or  decay. 

A'wata  'ware,  pottery.    See  wore. 


399 

awater  (a-wa't6r),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  o-'  + 

leiikr.]     On  the  water. 
a'wa'Ve   (a-wav'),  prep,  jilir.  as  adv.      [<  a^  + 

iriiri-.\     On  the  wave  ;  waving. 
a'Way  (a-wa'),  prep.  pihr.  as  ado.     [<  ME.  away, 

iiwetj,  awei,  oway,  o  wey,   on  way,  etc.,  <  AS. 

aweg,  earlier  on  weg,  lit.  on  way:  see  «3  and 

way.  ]      1 .    On  the  way ;  onward ;   on  ;  along : 

as,  come  away. 

Alistresa,  you  must  cnme  away  to  your  father. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 

2.  From  this  or  that  place;  o(T:  as,  to  go,  run, 
ilee,  or  sail  away. 

He  rose  ami  ran  away.  Shak.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  iv.  14. 

And  we  kiss'd  the  fringe  of  his  beard  and  we  pray'd  as  we 

heard  him  pray,    ■ 
And  the  Holy  man  he  assoil'd  us,  and  sadly  we  sail'd  away. 
Tennyson,  Voyage  of  Maeldune. 

3.  From  one's  own  or  accustomed  place ;  ab- 
sent :  as,  he  is  aioay  from  homo  ;  I  found  him 
away  on  a  vacation. 

Thyself  away  art  present  still  with  mc  ; 

For  tilou  not  farther  than  my  thoughts  canst  move. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  xlvii. 

4.  From  contact  or  adherence ;  off :  as,  to 
clear  away  obstructions;  cut  away  the  broken 
spars. 

Before  the  golden  tresses  of  the  dead 

.  .  .  were  shorn  away.       5'/iaA.,  Sonnets,  Ixviii. 

5.  Removed;  apart;  remote:  as,  away  from 
the  subject. 

Quite  away  from  aught  vulgar  and  extern. 

Browniny,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  122. 

6.  From  one's  possession  or  keeping:  as,  to 
give  away  one's  books  or  money ;  throw  away 
a  worn-out  or  discarded  thing. 

0  there,  perchance,  when  all  our  wars  are  done, 
The  brand  Excalibur  will  be  cast  away. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

7.  From  one's  immediate  presence,  attention, 
or  use ;  aside  :  as,  put  or  lay  atoay  your  work ; 
put  away  your  fears ;  the  things  were  laid  away 
for  the  summer. 

Put  away 
These  dispositions,  which  of  late  transport  you 
From  what  you  rightly  are.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

8.  From  this  or  that  direction ;  in  another  or 
the  other  dii'eetion :  as,  tm-n  your  eyes  away  ; 
he  turned  away. 

Often,  wliere  clear-stemm'd  platans  guard 

The  outlet,  did  I  turn  away 

Tlie  boat-head  down  a  bruad  canal. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

9.  At  or  to  such  a  distance ;  distant ;  off :  as, 
the  village  is  six  miles  away. 

Mirthful  sayings,  children  of  the  place. 
That  have  no  meaning  half  a  league  away. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

An  hour  away,  I  pulled  up,  and  stood  for  some  time  at 
the  edge  of  a  meadow. 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  136, 

10.  From  one  state  or  condition  to  another; 
out  of  existence ;  to  an  end ;  to  nothing :  as, 
to  pass,  wear,  waste,  fade,  pine,  or  die  away ; 
continual  dropping  wears  away  stone ;  the  im- 
age soon  faded  away ;  the  wind  died  aicay  at 
sunset ;  she  pined  away  with  consumption. 

The  new  philosophy  represented  by  Locke,  in  its  confi- 
dence and  pride  taking  a  parting  look  at  the  old  philoso- 
phy, represented  by  the  scholastic  discussions,  passing 
away  in  the  midst  of  weakness  and  ridicule. 

MeCosh,  Locke's  Tlieory  of  Kimwledge,  p.  16. 

Wittont  adducing  one  fact,  without  taking  the  trouble 
to  perplex  llic  question  by  one  sophism,  lie  (Mr.  Mill) 
placidly  dogmatises  aieay  the  interest  of  one  half  of  the 
human  race.  Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

11.  Gone;  vanished;  departed:  as,  here's  a 
health  to  them  thaVsawaij.  [Chiefly  prov.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.]  — 12.  On;  continuously;  stead- 
ily ;  without  inteiTuption :  as,  he  worked  away  ; 
he  kept  pegging  away  ;  and  hence  often  as  an 
intensive:  as,  to  fire  away,  eat  away,  laugh 
away,  snore  away. 

As  if  all  the  chimneys  in  Great  Britain  had,  by  one 
consent,  caught  Are  and  were  blazing  away  to  their  dear 
hearts'  content.  Dickens. 

13.  Often  used  elliptically,  with  a  verb  (as  go, 
get)  suppressed,  and  simulating  an  imperative  : 
as,  (go)  away!  (get)  away!  we  must  away ; 
whither  aivay  so  fast  ? 

Away,  old  man  !  give  me  thy  hand,  away! 

Shak.,  Lear,  v.  2. 


Love  hath  wings,  and  will  away. 


Waller. 


Away,  au'ay,  there  is  no  danger  in  him. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Philaster,  v,  4. 

Away  back,  far  back ;  long  ago  :  as.  away  back  in  the 
years  before  the  war  ;  away  back  in  1844.     [CoUoq.  often 
■way  tecS-.l— Away  -with,    (a)  Used   as  an  imperative 
phrase,  coumiauding  the  removal  of  an  object. 
Away  with  this  man,  and  release  unto  us  Barabbas. 

Luke  xxiii.  IS. 


aweel 

Away  unth  you!  .  .  .  I'll  put  everybody  under  an  ap. 
rest  that  stays  to  listen  to  her.  Shcri^lan,  The  Camp,  i.  1. 
{b)  An  elliptical  expression  for  "  get  away  with,"  that  is, 
get  on  with;  accommodate  one's  self  to;  endure.  [Ar- 
chaic. ] 

Some  agayne  aflirme  that  be  retorned  into  liis  countrey, 
but  partly  lor  that  be  couhiu  not  away  with  the  fashions  of 
bis  countrey  folk,  and  partly  for  that  his  rnitide  and  affec- 
tion was  altogether  set  and  fixed  upon  Utopia,  they  say 
tiiat  he  hathe  taken  his  voyage  thetherwarde  agayne. 

Sir  T.  More,  Utopia  (Arber),  p.  165. 
Slial.  She  never  could  away  vHth  mc. 
Fat.  Never,  never;  she  would  always  say  she  could  not 
abiile  .VI aster  ('shallow.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

I  could  never  away  ivith  that  stiff-necked  generation. 
II.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 
Far  away,  far  and  away,    (a)  At  a  great  distance. 
Wliytar.     |C.,lloq,| 

Of  all  the  men  whom  she  had  ever  seen,  he  was /ara?/Jay 
the  nicest  and  liest.  Trollope. 

Right  away,  straightway ;  at  once  ;  Immediately ;  forth- 
with.—  Say  away,  say  on;  proceed  with  your  remarks. 
11'.  s.  and  prov.  Dug. |  —  To  bear  away,  explain  away, 
fire  away,  make  away,  etc.  .See  the  verbs.  To  make 
away  with.  Scc  nmke. 
away-going  (a-wa'g6"ing),  a.  and  7i.  I.  a.  Go- 
ing away;  departing;  leaving:  as,  an  away- 
going  tenant — Away-going  crops,  crops  sown  during 
the  last  year  of  a  tenancy,  but  not  ripe  until  after  the  ex- 
piratiiui  of  it. 
II.  ".  A  going  away;  departure. 
awaywardt  (ii-wa'wiird),  adv.  [ME.,  also  awei- 
loard,  etc. ;  <  away  +  -ward.']  Turned  aside. 
Gower. 
awbert,  «.  [<  F.  auhour,  OF.  auhour,  also  ao- 
bourt  (Cotgrave),  laburnum,  appar.  <  L.  albur- 
iiiini:  see  alburnum  and  laburnum.']  The  la- 
burnum-tree, Cytisus  Laburnum.  Increase  Ma- 
ther, Kemark.  Provid.,  p.  2.32.  (jV.  Ji.  V.) 
awei  (a),  n.  [Also,  more  prop.,  ait'  (like  law, 
haw,  etc.),  <  ME.  aw,  aire,  agh,  aglte,  age,  <  Icel. 
agi  =  Dan.  ave  =  AS.  as  if  *aga,  the  same  with 
diff.  formative  as  AS.  ege,  ME.  e^c,  eghe,  eye, 
aye,  ay,  =  OHG.  agi,  eg'i,  MHG.  ege  =  Goth,  agis, 
fear,  <  *agan,  fear  (in  ppr.  *agands,  with  nega- 
tive unagands,  unfearing) ;  perhaps  akin  to  Gr. 
u^of,  anguish.  Cf.  ask'^.]  1.  Dread;  fear,  as  of 
something  evil. 

I  had  as  lief  not  be  as  live  to  be 
In  awe  of  such  a  thing  as  I  myself. 

Shak.,  .1.  C,  i.  2. 

In  every  form  of  government,  the  rulers  stand  in  som© 

awe  of  the  people.  Macaulay,  ilill  on  Government. 

2.  Fear  mingled  ■with  admiration  or  reverence; 
reverential  fear ;  feeling  inspired  by  something 
sublime,  not  necessarily  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  fear  or  dread. 

stand  in  awe,  and  sin  not.  Ps.  iv.  4. 

The  [Egyptianl  deities  representing  the  great  forces  of 
nature,  and  shrouded  by  mysterious  symbols,  excited"  a 
degree  of  a  we  which  no  other  ancient  religion  approached. 
Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  345. 
To  feel  once  more,  in  placid  awe. 
The  strong  imagination  roll 
A  sphere  of  stars  about  my  soul, 
In  all  her  motion  one  with  law. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cxxii. 

3.  Overawing  influence. 

By  my  sceptre's  awe  I  make  a  vow. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  1. 
—  Syn.  Reverence,  Veneration,  etc.  See  reverence,  n. 
awe^  (a),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  awed,  ppr.  awing. 
[<  nifcl,  H.]  1.  To  inspire  with  fear  or  dread; 
terrify ;  control  or  restrain  by  the  influence  of 
fear. 

Nor  think  thou  with  wind 
Of  aery  threats  to  aive  whom  yet  with  deeds 
Thou  canst  not.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  283. 

Never  be  it  said 
That  fate  itself  could  awe  the  soul  of  Richard. 

Cibber,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 

2.  To  strike  ■with  awe,  reverence,  or  respect; 
influence  by  exciting  profound  respect  or  rev- 
erential fear. 
awe2(a),  I'.f.  [Sc.,=E.  OM'c]  To  owe.  [Scotch.  J 
awe^  (a),  n.     [Se.  also  are.  early  mod.  E.  also- 
aw,  aue,  ave,  aire ;  origin  obscure.]     1.  One  of 
the  float-boards  of  an  undershot  water-wheel, 
on  which  the  water  acts. —  2.  One  of  the  sails 
of  a  -windmill. 
aweary  (a-wer'i),  a.     [<  a-  expletive  +  weary.] 
Weary;  tired.     [Archaic  or  poetical.] 
.she  said,  "I  am  aweary,  aweary, 
I  would  that  I  were  dead  ! " 

Tennyson,  Mariana. 
And  all  his  people  told  him  that  their  horses  were 
aweary,  and  that  they  were  aweary  themselves. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  66. 

aweather  (a-wesn'er),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a. 
[<  qS  +  weatlier.]  On  the  weather  side,  or  to- 
ward the  wind:  as,  the  helm  is  aweather:  op- 
posed to  alee. 

aweel  (a-wel'),  adv.       [Sc,  <  a  for  ah,  oh,  + 

weel  =  E.  well.]     Oh  well ;  very  well ;  well  then. 

Aweel,  if  yuur  lionour  thinks  I'm  safe  —  the  story  is  just 

this.  Scott,  Guy  Maunering,  II.  63- 


aween 

aweenf,  r.t.    [<  ME.  aicenen,  <  a-  +  icenen,  <  AS. 
ire«an,' think,  ween:  see   o-l  and  ween.']     To 
ween;  suppose. 
The  Jewes  out  of  Jorselem  attrenden  he  were  wode  [mad]. 

Bel.  Ant.,  I.  144. 

aweigh  (a-wa'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.     [<  aS 

+  treiV///.^  .^'flH^,  atrip.  The  anchor  is  awciz/A  when 
it  is  just  drawn  from  its  hold  in  the  ground  and  hangs 
perpendicularly.  .See  atrip. 
aweless  (a'les),  a.  [<  ME.  aides,  etc. ;  AS.  ege- 
leds,  <  ege,  awe  (see  aicel),  +  -leiis,  -less.]  1. 
Wanting  awe  or  reverence ;  void  of  deferential 
fear. 

Lordes  bene  lawles. 

Chyldere  bene  awtes.  

A  Prophecy.etc.,  I  10  (E.  E.  T.  S.,  extra  sen,  \'ni.  i  85). 
The  aieeUis  lion  could  not  wage  the  fight. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

2.  Wanting  the  power  of  inspiring  reverence 
or  awe. 

The  innocent  and atrfe«*  throne.    5AaJk.,Rich.  III.,  ii.  4. 
Also  spelled  awless. 
awesome  (a'sum),  a.   pjorth.  E.  and  Sc;  <  awel 
+  -some.]     1.  Inspiring  awe;   awful:   as,  an 
awesome  sight. 

"An  airsome  place,"  answered  the  blind  woman,  "as 
*ver  lining  creature  took  refuge  in." 

Scott,  Old  Mortality,  xliii. 
The  Wizard,  on  his  part,  manfully  stuck  up  for  his 
price,  declaring  that  to  raise  the  Devil  was  really  no  joke, 
and  insinuating  that  to  do  so  was  an  aicesotne  crime. 

Einijlake,  Eothen,  p.  16S. 

2.  Evidencing  or  expressive  of  terror. 

He  did  gie  an  awesome  glance  up  at  the  auld  castle. 

,Sco«,  Guy  Mannering,  I.  xi. 
Also  spelled  awsotne. 
awe-strike  (a'strik),  v.  t.    To  strike  with  awe. 

[Kar.-.] 
awe-stmck  (a'struk),  j).  a.   Impressed  or  struck 

with  awe. 
awful  (a'fiil),  a.  [<  ME.  awful,  aghefid,  arjhful ; 
AS.  egeful,  <  ege,  awe  (see  airfl),  -t-  -Jul.}  1. 
Striking  or  inspiring  with  awe ;  filling  with 
dread,  or  dread  mingled  with  profoiuid  rever- 
ence :  as,  the  awful  majesty  of  Jehovah ;  the 
awful  approach  of  death. 

Her  fathers"  God  before  her  moved. 
An  airjut  guide  in  smoke  and  Hame. 

ScoH,  When  Israel,  of  the  Lord  beloved. 
The  av/ul  mysteries  of  the  world  unseen.        J.  Caird. 
2.  Of  a  dreadful  character;    causing  fear  or 
horror;  terrible;  appalling:  as, an «if/«/ disas- 
ter; I  heard  an  aM!/«(  shriek. 

Or  if  she  slept,  she  dream'd 
An  aw/ul  dream.  Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

3t.  Inspiring  or  commanding  respect,  rever- 
■ence,  or  obedience. 

An  aw/ul  rule  and  right  supremacy. 

Shale.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  2. 
A  parish  priest  was  of  the  pilgrim  train; 
An  aic/ul,  reverend,  and  religious  man. 

DnfUen,  Cliar.  of  Good  Parson,  1.  2. 

She  would,  upon  occasions,  treat  them  with  freedom ; 

yet  her  demeanour  wa.-*  8<)  aw/ul,  that  they  durst  not  fail 

in  the  lea-tt  point  of  respect.  Swift,  Death  o(  Stella. 

4.  Expressive  of  or  indicating  deep  awe,  as 
for  the  Deity. 

Towards  him  they  bend 
With  aw/ul  reverence  prone.       Miltim,  P.  L.,  ii.  478. 
Aw/ul  prostration,  like  Pascal's,  tiefcire  the  divine  idea. 
Ve  t^uitwfji,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

fit.  Impressed  with  or  exhibiting  respect  or 
reverence,  as  for  authority;  law-abiding;  re- 
spectful in  the  extreme. 

'lltrust  from  the  company  of  aw/ul  men. 

Shak.,  T.  a.  of  v.,  iv.  1. 
How  dare  thy  johits  forget 
To  pay  their  «m/u/  duty  Ut  our  presence? 

.SViri*.,  Kl.h.  II.,  111.  :). 

6.  Having  some  character  in  an  (-.xtremo  or 
iiotii-cable  (lc(frcc;  oxce.ssivo;  vcry^eat;  ex- 
tnionliniiry ;  prepoHterouH :  as,  he  is  an  awful 
<lan(ly ;  that  is  an  awful  bonnet.  [C'olloq.  and 
viilKar.] 

l'"t  I".    |4  the  favorite  dish,  and  wtrndsmcn,  sharp-Bot, 

•Tt.    .;.;;■.,;  .■iil.-ril. 

Ciirlriim,  New  llirchasc,  I.  1K2.  (lIurlMI.) 
-8jm.  1  i.ii  I  2.  Aw/ul,  r>rrai(/ul,  I'ritr/til,  I'rinhl/ul,  sol- 
rnifi  uiii,.,  MIL',  rnaji'Ntlc  ;  dri-nd.  (lire,  ilrenilful,  t^Trlhle. 
Til-  '  ■  r  .  .,f  id,.,,,  wordu  are  nflcn  loosely  or  col. 
I'"('  .  Kpi-riw  dullk'-,  d't.  nijiilun,  or  horror, 

bti'  riiiiin   r*-l«tii   IIk-   ttuiiic  ilisiltKilonN 

nuiins  friHii  wlil'h  til-'.    ,t......,| 

1  nve,  rilll'>(  llmt  wlO'  ' 

'!•  '-p  Dol«-llMiity  tllt'l    I  '  II 

'  lire  of  fenr.  nitlnif   •  ii 

j.rrrmrf,  n.);  tln'  iv 

^I'lNi  nwr  t«i  liorriir  '/ 

l>r^ritl/ul   1«   np|tll.-J    ;..    ...1,1    Ml- 

[,|.rc*slv<'  f«'(ir  «if  i-'iminu  rvil, 
M  linil  I'mr/ul.  foil  of  fi  ar, 
*Ttiiln  /enrjul  liMiklntf  f<>r  of 


or  II. 
111. I 
rt'  III 
will 
til' 
•hi! 
•t'  ' 

■  |MI 

ail  I 
Imiu 


JnJipiiFiii,    Uat>.  X.  Z7.     t^hl/yl.  not  full  of  fright,  but 


n  /<■/ 
fuil 


400 

inspiring  fright  or  sudden  and  almost  paralyzing  fear.  An 
aw/ul  sight ;  a  dread/ul  disaster ;  a  J'ear/ul  leap ;  a  /ri^^ht- 
/ul  chasm. 

Abash'd  the  Devil  stood, 
And  felt  how  aw/ul  goodness  is. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  S46. 
The  smoothness  of  flattery  cannot  save  ns  in  this  rugged 
and  aw/ul  crisis.         Chatham,  Speech  on  American  \N'ar. 
O  Lord !  methought  what  pain  it  was  to  drown  I 
■ttixat  dreadj'ul  noise  of  waters  in  mine  ears  I 
WTiat  sights  of  ugly  death  within  mine  eyes ! 
Jlethought  I  saw  a  thousand.fear/Mi  wracks. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  4. 
There  was  a  /ear/ul,  sullen  sound  of  rushing  waves  and 
broken  surges.  Irvinff,  Sketoh-liook,  p.  21. 

Tlieir  music,  /right/ul  as  the  serpents'  hiss. 

Shak.,  i  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

awfully  (a'fvd-i),  adv.  In  an  awful  manner, 
(a)  Dreadfully  ;  terribly,  (b)  With  solemn  impressiveness ; 
sublimely;  majestically,  (c)  With  a  feeling  of  awe  or 
reverential  fear;  reverently,  (d)  Excessively;  extreme- 
ly; very:  as,  ana7(/uf^i/ jolly  man;  an  nM/K^/i/ pretty  girl. 
[Slang.] 
You'll  be  aw/ulbj  glad  to  get  rid  of  me. 

IT.  Black,  Green  Pastures,  ii. 

a'wfulness  (a'ful-nes),  n.  1.  The  quality  of 
being  a^vful,  or  of  striking  or  inspiring  with 
awe,  fear,  or  horror;  impressive  solemuity  or 
sublimity;  dreadfulness ;  terribleness  :  as,  the 
awfulness  of  the  sacred  place,  or  of  a  casualty. 

Contrasts  which  move,  now  our  laughter  at  their  iiu-on- 
gruity,  and  now  our  terror  at  tlteir  n  n/ulnes,t.       J.  Caird. 

2t.  The  state  of  being  full  of  or  inspired  with 
awe;  reverence;  awe. 

A  help  to  prayer  producing  in  us  reverence  and  aw/ul- 
iwss.  Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living. 

awgrimt,  »•  -A.  Middle  English  form  of  algo- 
rism . 

awhapet,  c  '■  [Revived  by  Spenser  from  a 
ME.  verb  found  only  in  pp.  awhapcd,  awdjicd, 
terrified,  confounded;  a  word  of  uncertain 
origin.  Cf.  Goth,  afhicapjan,  choke,  suffocate.] 
To  confound;  terrify.    Also  awape. 

Not  fulliche  -lUe  awhaped. 
Out  of  the  temple  uUe  esiliclie  he  wente. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  316. 
A  Wilde  and  salvage  man,  .  .  . 
All  overgrowne  with  hair,  that  could  awhape 
All  hiudy  hart.  Spiutser,  K  Q.,  I\".  vii.  ^. 

awheels  (a-hwelz'),  ^^rep.  phr.  as  adv.  \_ia^  + 
wheels.']     On  wheels.     B.  Joiison. 

awhile  (a-hwil'),  adi:,  prop.  adv.  phr.  [<  ME. 
awhile,  one  while;  the  adv.  ace.  of  a'-  -1-  while.] 
For  a  space  of  time ;  for  some  time ;  for  a  short 
time. 

Counsel  may  stop  awhile  what  will  not  stay. 

Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  ISD. 
The  company  were  all  sorry  to  separate  so  soon,  .  .  . 
and  stood  a-while  looking  back  on  the  water,  upon  which 
the  moonbeams  played.  Dryden,  Essay  on  I)ram.  Poesy. 
{.Iwhilf  is  properly  two  words,  as  it  has  to  be  written 
when  an  adjective  is  used,  as  a  little  while,  and  as  it  is 
commiiiily  and  should  be  always  written  when  preceded 
liy/or.l 

awidet,  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a3  -t-  wide,  after 
afar,  etc.]     Wide;  widely. 

Thev  opciieil  their  mouth  awide  [wide  In  authori7.cd  ver. 
sion]  upon  me.  Ps.  .\xxiv.  21  (Douny  version). 

a'wing  (a-wiiig'),  prep.  phr.  as  a.  or  adv.  [<  (|3 
+  xciny.]     On  the  wing. 

'TIa  time  his  fortune  be  a-mn:i;  high  time,  sir. 

Fletcher,  Hnniornus  Lieutenant,  i.  1. 
Moving  specks,  which  he  thoiiuht  might  be  ships  In  lllght 
or  pursuit,  or  they  might  be  wliitc  liiiils  awiwi. 

I..  Wiillac,',  Iten-Hnr,  p.  IIU. 

awkl  (ak),  a.  [<  ME.  awke,  auke,  <  ONorth. 
'aj'uh  (in  tiftdic,  licrverso)  (=  Icol.  ilfugr,  iilitir 
(for  'afuip')  =  S\v.  afrig  =  OS.  ahhuh,  ahhoh  = 
OIKi. '«/("//,  tdiidt,  abeii,  MIKi.  rliirh,  rheeh,  (i. 
dial,  iibieht,  alicrh,  ahiirh,  iihivh.  dhig  =  Ml). 
avesrh,  uefsrh,  iiwkwanl,  conlrnry,  pcrverso, 
U.  aafseh,  cnil'ly,  arll'ul),  lit.  '  olVwurd,' <  af, 
AS.  ttf,  K.  o/r  away,  with  a  siifllx  of  variable 
fonn  and  obscure  origin,  f'f.  (•olli.  iliuls,  Iiack, 
backward,  in  wliich  ill-,  like  Mie  jircfix  in  ih- 
ilalja,  dosceiil,  dcclivily,  is  jicrlmps  a  vnr.  of 
'all,  af  tliuK  making  iliuhs  =  OS.  alihuh,  etc.,  = 
E.  ««A-'.]  It.  Tuniid  ill  Uio  (i)i|Misili'diri'cticin; 
directed  tlic  wrong  wiiy;  backliiindi'd:  as,  "an 
aicA: stroke,"  /'al.tgi(ire'—Zi.  Left;  left-handed. 

On  the  awk  or  left  hand. 

Ilnlland,  It.  of  I'hitnnh,  p.  71". 

3t.  Wrong;  erroneous;  pprverso:  an,  tlio  awl; 

end  of  a  rod. 

Ciifiillng  .  .  .  the  nic«r  opinions  of  the  Hlolrs. 
liuldiwi.Xt.  of  !><•  Mornny  »  TrmiieM  of  Christ,  lletlglnn. 

4.  Awkwanl  to  UHr;  I'lumsy:  as,  an  awl;  U>i,\. 
[I'rov.  Eng.J— fit.  Slrango;  Hingnlar;  dlHtiii- 
giiishod. 

oif  I  Idem  of  aide  Ivmo  anil  nf  thclrc  nirla'  dedyn. 
How  Ihey  were  leir  In  Ihniro  Uwrf,  and  lovede  Hod  Al- 
niyglity.     Korte  Arthurt  (ed.  I'orry,  E.  K.  1'.  ».),  I.  Kl. 


awkwardly 

awk^t  (ak),  adv.  [<  nicAl,  a.]  Awkwardly; 
wrongly. 

Professors  ringing  as  awk  as  the  bells. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange,  Fables,  ccci. 

awk",  ".     See  ()hJ-1. 

awkerd,  awkert  (a'kerd,  -kert),  a.  A  dialec- 
tal form  of  awkward.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

awklyt  (ak'li),  adr.  [ME.  awkely ;  <  rtirf-l  + 
-//;'-'.]  In  the  wrong  direction;  left-  or  back- 
haniledly.  Hence  —  (o )  Awkwardly ;  clumsily. 
(/))  Perversely,     (c)  Uutowardlv;  unluckily. 

awklyt  (ak'li),  a.  [<  flici-l  +■-((/!.  Cf.  AS. 
(ONorth.)  afulic,  perverse:  see  ajoA'l.]  Per- 
verse :  imtoward.  » 

awknesst  (ak'nes),  «.  [<  o»Al  +  -ness.]  The 
state  of  being  awk  or  awkward. 

awkward  (ak'wjird),  adr.  [Early  mod.  E.  or 
dial,  also  aukward,  awkwart,  awkard.  awkerd, 
airkert,  etc.,  ME.  awkwarde,  aukward,  etc., 
transversely,  sidewise,  perversely;  <  awk^  + 
-irard.]  It.  In  the  wrong  direction;  in  the 
'wrong  way;  backward. 

The  emperour  thane  egerly  at  Arthure  he  slrykez, 
Awkwarde  on  tlie  umbrere  [vizor]  and  egerlv  hvm  hittez. 
.Morle  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2247. 

2t.  Asquint. — 3.  Awkwardly;  clumsily.  [Now 
only  jn-ov.  Eng.] 
awkward  (ak'ward),  o.  [Early  mod.  E.  or  dial, 
also  aukward,  awkwart,  awkard,  awkerd,  etc.; 
<.  awkward,  adv.]  It.  Turned  the  wrong  way; 
backhanded. — 2t.  Perverted;  perverse. 

They  with  awkward  judgment  put  the  chief  point  of 
godliness  in  outward  things.  Cdalt,  ilat.  v. 

'Tis  no  sinister  nor  no  awkward  claim. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  4. 
3t.  Untoward;  adverse. 

Twice  liy  awkward  wind  from  England's  bank 
Drove  back  again  unto  my  native  clime. 

Shuk.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

4.  Ill  adapted  for  use  or  handling;  unhandy  in 
operation;  clumsy:  as,  awkward  instruments 
or  contrivances. —  5.  Wanting  dexterity  or  skill 
in  action  or  movement ;  clumsy  in  doing  any- 
tliiug,  as  in  using  tools  or  implements;  bun- 
gling. 
So  true  that  he  was  awkward  at  a  trick.  Dryden. 

6.  Ungraceful  in  action  or  person;  ungainly; 
uncouUi:  as,  awkward  gestures;  the  awkward 
gambols  of  the  elephant. 

Drop'd  an  awkward  court'sv  to  the  Knight. 

Dryden,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale. 

7.  Embarrassed;  not  at  ease:  used  in  relation 
to  persons:  as,  an  awktvard  feeling. —  8.  Not 
easily  dealt  with;  troublesome;  vexatious;  re- 
(luiiing  caution:  as,  an  awkicard  predicament. 
[Colloq.] 

Between  the  weir  and  the  trees  it  is  an  aivkward  spot, 
hut  dillloiilty  is  the  charm  of  lly-llshiiig. 

Froude,  Sketches,  p.  241. 
9t.  Unlucky. 

The  bejist  long  struggled  as  being  like  to  prove 

An  rticA-icard  sacrifice.  Marlowe. 

=  Syn.  5  and  6.  Awkward,  Clumsy,  XJnriainly,  (Tncouth, 
liunyliny,  unhandy,  inexpert,  nns]<nful.  inapt,  lubberly; 
uncinirtly,  inelegant,  constrained,  clownish,  .\iekward  is 
generally  applied  ti>  want  of  ease  ami  grace  or  skill  in  bodi- 
ly niovenicnt, especially  of  the  arms  or  legs :  as,  nwuwkward 
gait:  nirkward  in  tlie  use  nf  a  ton],  Clumt.!/  starts  from 
tlic  Mntiiin  of  heaviness,  and  eonseiiucnt  unwii'hliness  or 
awkwardness  in  use ;  it  is  applicable  to  the  w  liolc  limly  or 
to  any  part  of  it,  even  when  still:  as,  a  eluntsu  tlgiire; 
elumjiy  minds.  Tills  difference  Is  also  fimnil  in  the  llgura* 
five  use  of  the  words  :  u  eluiuny  excuse  Is  one  that  is  put 
together  badly;  an  awkward  excuse  is  one  that  may  be 
good,  but  is  not  gracefully  presented.  Cnyuinhi,  literally 
unhandsome,  not  jileasing  to  the  eye,  is  applied  generally 
til  awkwardness  of  apjiearanee.  Vncuulh,  literally  UU- 
kniiwn,  uneoninion,  and  so.  by  a  bit  of  liuman  conceit, 
nninstriirtcd,  iilltrainril,  uiirrtincd.  snmetimes  even  rude, 
barliiiriiiis :  as,  niirfiilh  phrases,  manners,  liuiiijlina, 
awkwiinl  in  duhig,  liiuHlIing  awkwanlly.  spoiling  by  awk- 
wai-ilncKs,  in  eitlicr  literal  or  llgiiratlve  nsc :  as,  he  made 
hunylimj  work  of  It. 

With  ridiculous  and rt7/'fr»'fir(/ action  .  .  . 
He  pageants  us.  Shak.,  'I',  and  C,  i.  3. 

IlcHldes  Hepzibah's  disadvantages  of  person,  there  waa 
ail  nneonthness  pervading  all  her  di'eils :  a  r/»*nxi/ somo- 
thing,  that  could  but  111  luliipt  Itself  (nr  lisi'.  and  not  at  all 
for  ornament.  llairthunie.  Seven  Gables,  Ix. 

Who  wiinlil  have  predicted  (hat  the  iirlnce  of  Grecian 
elni|iieni'i'  should  have  been  fiiunil  iniistaiiinu'i-ingoriihan, 
nf  feeble  Iniigs  and  uni/aiiilit  earrliige.  depiiveii  of  edllea- 
tliin  by  avarliliiiiH  guardli»iis'?       Frerelt,  Orations,  11.  21S. 

Many  uuenuth  phrases  and  forgotten  words  seemed  to 
her  no  less  available  than  common  forms. 

.Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  120. 

Ill-  must  be  a  huivjUny  gamester  who  eaniint  win. 

;l/i(('in/^i_r/. 

awkwardly  (dk'wjlrd-li),  adv.  In  nil  awkward 
IlinillH'l'.  („)  Clumsily:  wMlmut  ilexterlty  or  grace  In 
ail  Inn;  In  a  rinle  nr  binigling  manner;  lni'b>ganlly.  {ti) 
l-;mlmrriuiHlngly ;  lnconvenli;ntly  :  m,  awkwardly  fixed  or 
situated. 


Brad-awl ;  b.  Sewing- 
awl. 


awkwardness 

awkwardness  (iik'wilrd-ues),  n.  The  stato  or 
qiullity  of  l)i'illf^  awkwaril.  (a)  Clmnsineas;  un- 
wielilin'ess  ;  uii.suit;ibleness  :  iis.  the  awkwardness  of  a  tool, 
ur  of  a  plan  of  operations ;  the  awkwardness  of  a  liundle  on 
account  of  its  size  or  shape,  {h)  Lack  of  skill  or  dexterity 
in  action.,  (c)  Lack  of  ease  in  action  ;  ungracefulness. 
^^li)  An  awkward  circumstance  or  feeling ;  embarrassment ; 
unpleasantness ;  inconvenience. 

awl  (a-1),  11.     [Early  mod.  E.  sXsoaul,  all,  andliy 
misdivisioii  (u  iiawl  for  an  awl)  nawl,  mud,  nidi, 
ME.  nal.     The  earlier  forms  are  of  foui'  types : 
(1)  ME.  dulc,  eawle,  onl,  <  AS.  awel,  awul;  (2) 
ME.  oide,  ouel,  owel,  owid,  <  AS.  dwel,  dtiiul ;  (3) 
ME.  el,  ele,  <  AS.  ail;  (4)  ME.  alle,  at,  <  AS. 
at,  eal  =  OhG.  ael  =  OnG.  ala,  MHG.  ale,  G. 
ahle  =  Icel.  air,  an  awl;  with  added  formative, 
OHG.  aldiisii,  aliinsa,  *alasiia  (>  ML.  alesiia,  > 
It.  lesiiia  =  Sp.  Icsna,  alesna  =  Pr.  alena  =  OF. 
alesne,  F.  aUne)  =  OD.  aelsene,  elsene  (mod.  D. 
els),  >  Sc.  elsin,  elson,  Shetland  alison,  an  awl. 
Cf.  Skt.  ard,  an  awl.]     1. 
A  pointed  instrument  for 
piercing    small    holes     in 
leatlier,  wood,  etc.,  as  the 
bent-pointed    awl    of    the 
shoemaker  and  saddler  and 
the  straight-pointed  hrad- 
awl  of  the  joiner. — 2.  The 
popinjay  or  green  woodpecker,  Picus  or  Gecinus 
ririrlis.     [Local,  British.] 

awl-bird  (al''J'^i'<i)7  »»•  Same  as  aicZ,  2.  Montagu. 

awl-clip  (al'klip),  11.  A  device  for  holding 
blanks,  memoranda,  etc.,  consisting  of  an  awl 
or  pin  fixed  to  a  stand.  The  papers  to  be  kept 
on  file  are  thrust  upon  the  pin. 

awless,  a.     See  aweless. 

awl-shaped  (al'shapt),  o.  1.  Having  the  shape 
of  an  awl. —  2.  In  bot.,  slender  and  tapering 
toward  the  extremity  from  a  broadish  base,  as 
a  leaf;  subulate. 

awl-tree  (al'tre),  n.  [<  awl,  repr.  Hind,  dl  (see 
ail,  al-root),  +  tree.']     Same  as  fl/l. 

awlwort  (al'wert),  n.    The  popular  name  of  the 

Suhidiiria  nquatica :   so  called  from  its  awl- 

■    shaped  leaves  (Latin  ««6Mto,  an  awl),  it  is  a  very 

small   stemless  aquatic  plant,  natural  order  Crucifenv, 

found  in  Europe,  Siberia,  and  North  America. 

awm  (am),  11.     Same  as  aam. 

awmbryt  (am'bri),  11.     Same  as  anibry. 

awmous  (a'mus),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  alms. 

awn^  (an),  11.  [E.  dial,  also  ang ;  <  ME.  awne, 
aune,  awene,  earlier  agun,  <  AS.  *agun  (not  re- 
corded; the  ME.  may  be  from  the  Scand.)  = 
OHG.  agana,  MHG.  agene,  agne,  ane,  G.  ahne 
(also  agen),  awn,  =  Icel.  ogn,  pi.  agiiar,  =  Sw. 
agn,  only  in  pi.  agnar,  =  Dan.  avne  =  Goth. 
ahutut,  chaff,  =  Gr.  axvri,  Doric  axva,  chaff;  cf. 
(with  diff.  formative)  Gr.  axvpov,  chaff,  L.  acm 
(acer-),  chaff,  and  AS.  egl,  E.  ail'^,  awn,  and  AS. 
ear  (contr.  of  *ahur  —  ONorth.  eher,  whher),  E. 
ear"  (of  corn)  (see  ail^,  avel,  acerose,  and  ea»'2) ; 
ult.  <  *alc,  be  sharp.  But  it  is  possible  that 
two  orig.  different  words,  meaning  'awn'  and 
'chaff'  respectively,  have  here  run  together.] 
In  bot.,  a  bristle-shaped  terminal  or  dorsal  ap- 
pendage, such  as  the  beard  of  wheat,  barley, 
and  many  grasses. 

awn^,  a.  and  v.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 
of  own. 

awned  (and),  n.  [<  «iOHl  + -ed2.]  Havingawns: 
applied  to  leaves,  leaf-stalks,  etc.,  bearing  a 
long  rigid  spine,  as  in  barley,  etc. 

awner  (a'ner),  11.  A  machine  for  removing  the 
avels  or  awns  from  gi'ain ;  an  aveler ;  a  hum- 
meler.  See  hiimmeling-macldne. 
awning  (a'ning),  n.  [First  recorded  in  the  17th 
centiu'y,  in  naut.  use ;  of  undetermined  origin, 
but  appar.  (with  suffix  -ing")  <  *awn,  prob.  a 
naut.  reduction  of  F.  aurent,  "a  penthouse  of 
cloth  before  a  shop-window"  (Cotgrave),  OF. 
auvant,  ML.  auraniia  (also  spelled  atwentus, 
appar.  in  simulation  of  L.  ventus,  wind),  of 
unknown  origin.]  A  movable  roof-like  cover- 
ing of  canvas  or  other  cloth  spread  over  any 
place,  or  in  front  of  a  window,  door,  etc.,  as 
a  protection  from  the  sun's  rays. 

A  court 
Compact  with  lucid  marbles,  boss'd  with  lengths 
Of  classic  frieze,  with  ample  anmings  gay. 

Tenn.yson,  Princess,  ii. 

It  was  very  hot,  and  sitting  under  the  auniing  turned 
out  to  be  the  pleasantest  occupation. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  i.  1. 

Backbone  of  an  awning.    See  backbone.— lo  bouse 
awnings,    si-t-  Imase,  r. 

awnless  (an'les),  a.  [<  awn'>-  +  -less.l  With- 
out awns  or  beard. 

awny(a'ni),  a.    [<  ni()»i  +  -.(/!.]    Havingawns; 
bearded;  bristly. 
2(i 


401 

awoke  (a-w6k')-     Preterit  and  past  participle 

of  iniuike. 
aworkt   (a-w6rk'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.     [<  ME. 
awerke;  K  a^  +  work.']     At  work;  in  a  state  of 
labor  or  action. 

'Twere  a  good  mirth  now  to  set  him  a-work 
To  make  her  wedding-ring. 

Middleton,  Chaste  Maid,  i.  1. 

Tile  bad  will  have  but  Binall  matter  whereon  to  set  their 

miscliicfe  a  work.  Milton,  Apology  for  Hmectymnuus. 

aworking  (a-wi'-r'kiug),  pre]>.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a^ 
+  iciirkiug.]  At  work ;  in  or  into  a  state  of 
working  or  action. 

Never  met 
Adventure  which  might  them  a  working  set. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  I.  224. 

awreakt,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  awreken,  <  AS.  dwrecan, 
<  a-  +  wrecan,  wreak:  see  a-1  and  wreak.]  To 
wreak  ;  take  vengeance  on ;  avenge. 

Me  were  lever  than  al  this  toun 
Of  this  dispit  awroken  for  to  be. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  566. 

awrongt  (jt-rong'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  [<  a^  + 
wrong.  Cf.  aright,  a  much  older  word.]  In  a 
wrong  manner;  wi-ongly. 

If  I  aim'd 
Awrong,  'twas  in  an  envy  of  thy  goodness. 

Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  ill.  3. 

awry  (a-ri'),  prep.  phr.  as  adv.  or  a.  [<  ME. 
awry,  awrye,  on  icry ;  <  a^  +  wry.]  1.  Turned 
or  twisted  toward  one  side ;  not  in  a  straight 
or  true  direction  or  position;  asquint:  as,  to 
glance  or  look  awry ;  the  lady's  cap  is  awry. 

If  she  steps,  looks,  or  moves  awry.      Spectator,  No.  66. 
2.  Figuratively,  away  from  the  line  of  tnith 
or  right  reason ;  perverse  or  perversely. 
Much  of  the  soul  they  talk,  but  all  awry. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  iv.  313. 
The  prince's  counsels  .all  awry  do  go. 

Sir,f.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxii. 

To  go  (run,  step,  tread,  walk)  awry.  («)  Of  persons : 
To  fall  into  error ;  do  wrong,  (b)  Of  things  :  To  turn  out 
badly  or  untowardly  ;  go  wrong. 

awsk  (ask),  n.    A  dialectal  form  of  ask^. 

awsome,  a.    See  awesome. 

axi,  axel  (aks), ».  [The  reg.  mod.  spelling  is 
aa;  <  ME.  ax,  also  axe,  ex,  cex,  <  AS.  <kx,  also 
eax,  =  ONorth.  acasa,  acase  =  OS.  aecus  =  OD. 
akes,  D.  aks,  aakse,  aaks,  =  OHG.  acchus,  achus, 
MHG.  aekes,  axt,  G.  ax,  axt  =  Icel.  .ox,  oxi  = 
Sw.  yxa  =  Dan.  oxe  =  L.  ascia,  ax,  mattock, 
akin  to  Gr.  aSh>7/,  ax.]  An  instrument  used 
for  hewing  timber  and  chopping  wood,  and  also 


axil 

oxa,  ax ;  from  the  noun.]    To  shape  or  trim 

with  an  ax. 
ax^t,  axe'-^t  (aks),  n.     [<  ME.  ax,  axe  (in  corap.), 

ex,  exe,  also  as,  <  AS.  eax,  wx  =  OD.  asse,  D.  as 

=  OHG.  ahsa,  MHG.  ahse,  G.  achse  =  Dan.  axe 

=  L.  axis  =  Gr.  a^uv  =  OBulg.  osi,  Bulg.  Serv. 

OS  =  Pol.  OS  =  KuRS.  osi  =  Lith.  as^is  =  Skt. 

ak.'iha,  axis,  a.xle.     Hence  axle,  q.  v.]     An  a.xle ; 

an  axis. 
aX'*,  axe'*  (aks),  v.  i.   Obsolete  or  dialectal  forms 

of  aj'fcl. 

For  I  wol  axe  If  it  hir  wille  be 

To  be  my  wyf.  Chaucer. 

axal  (ak'sal),  a.     Same  as  axial. 

axel,  n.  and  v.     See  axl. 

axe'^t,  »•    See  ax^. 

axe-*,  V.     See  ax^. 

axe*  (aks),  n.  An  English  name  of  a  native 
species  of  Lobelia,  L.  urens. 

axed  (akst),  a.  [<  ail  +  -ed^.]  In  masonry, 
dressed  with  a  stone  hammer  to  a  smooth  sur- 
face. 

Good  effect  is  obtained  by  the  contrast  of  aaced  and  pol- 
ished surfaces.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  474. 

axes,  ".     Plural  of  ax  and  of  axis. 

axfltcht,  ".  [Also  wriften  axvitch,  axfetch;  < 
fu-l  +  fitch.  This  and  the  other  names  axseed, 
axwort,  hatchet-fitch,  and  NL.  Securigera,  refer 
to  the  ax-shaped  seed.]  A  leguminous  plant, 
Securii/cra  coronilla.     Cotgrave. 

ax-forin  (aks'f6rm),  a.    Same  as  ax-shaped. 

ax-head  (aks'hed),  n.  The  head  or  iron  of  an 
ax.  Ajieient  ax-heads,  formed  of  stone  and 
sometimes  of  bronze,  are  called  celUi. 

axial  (ak'si-al),  a.  [<  axis  +  -at.]  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  axis. 

From  central  development  we  pass  insensibly  to  that 
higher  kind  of  development  for  which  axial  seems  the 
most  appropriate  name.     //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  50. 

2.  Situated  in  an  axis  or  in  the  axis. — 3.  In 
ana^,  pertaining  to  the  somatic  as  distinguished 
from  the  membral  portions  of  the  body;  not 
appendicular.  A.xial  parts  or  organs  are,  in  general, 
divided  into  epaxial,  hypaxiat,  and  paraxial,  according 
as  they  are  situated  over,  under,  or  alongside  the  spinal 
column. 

4.  In  geol.,  forming  the  axis,  central  domi- 
nating portion,  or  crest  of  a  motmtain-range. 


^,  Broad-ax,  for  hewing ;  B,  Ax  for  chopping. 

as  a  weapon  of  offense.  The  modem  ax  consists 
of  a  head  of  iron,  with  an  arching  edge  of  steel,  and  a 
helve  or  handle.  The  edge  is  in  the  plane  of  the  sweep  of 
the  tool,  thus  ditfering 
from  the  adz,  in  which 
the  edge  is  at  right  angles 
to  the  plane  of  the  sweep. 
As  a  weapon,  the  ax  was 
in  very  common  use  from 
the  earliest  times  until 
the  general  adoption  of 
firearms.  It  was  used  by 
the  Egyptians.  By  the 
Greeks  it  was  looked 
upon  as  a  weapon  of  their 
own  ancestors  and  of  the 
Asiatic  nations,  and  so 
flgtired  in  works  of  Greek 
art.  The  northern  na- 
tions who  overthrew  the 
Roman  empire  used 
many  varieties  of  this 
weapon,  and  its  use  pre- 
vailed throughout  the 
middle  ages  in  Europe. 
A  light  ax  was  common 
Axes  of  various  kinds  of 


Ax  of  jadeite  from  New  Ireland. 


among  the  Arabs  and  Moors, 
stone,  or  entirely  of  copper  or  bronze,  are  found  amon;^ 
prehistoric  and  ancient  remains,  and  in  use  by  barbarous 
races.  See  ceW^.—  An  ax  to  grind  (in  allusion  to  a  story 
told  by  Franklin),  some  private  purpose  to  subserve,  or 
selfish  end  to  attain.— Bullliead  ax,  a  pole-ax  with  a 
small  hanmier-head  at  tliu  lt;ttk,  used  in  slaughter-houses. 
—  Sacred  ax,  a  name  givL-n  by  col- 
lectors of  Chinese  porcelain  to  an  em- 
blem or  mark  supposed  to  resemble 
an  ax,  and  found  either  alone  or  as 
forming  part  of  the  decoration  of  cer- 
tain pieces  said  to  be  assigut-d  to  war- 
riors.—TO  put  the  ax  in  the  helve, 
to  solve  a  doubt ;  find  out  a  puzzle. 

axi,  axel  (aks),;../.;  pret.and   „fa'-i^Aj-|S: 
pp.  axed,  ppr.  axmg.    [=  Icel.    ceiam. 


5^e 


a^ 


Section  of  mountain  showing  anticlinal  structure  with  axial  mass 
of  eruptive  or  nietamorphic  rock. 

The  central  or  axial  portions  of  many  mountain-ranges 
consist  of  crystalline,  azoic,  or  archajan  rocks ;  this  is  espe- 
cially true  of  the  numerous  ranges  of  the  North  American 
Cordilleras. 

Sometimes  axal. 
Axial  canal,  in  crinoids,  the  central  canal  within  the 
hard  perisoma  of  the  stem,  extending  the  length  of  the 
latter  and  filled  with  a  soft  solid  substance.— Axial  cav- 
ity, in  Actinozoa,  the  cavity  common  to  the  gastric  sac 
and  intermesenteric  chambers.  .See  Actinozoa. — Axial 
Circle,  a  circle  having  its  center  on  the  axis  of  a  curie. — 
Axial  line,  the  name  given  by  Faraday  to  the  line  in 
which  the  magnetic  force  passes  from  one  pole  of  a  horse- 
shoe magnet  to  the  other.— Axial  plane,  in  crystal.,  a 
plane  containing  (1)  two  of  the  crystallographic  axes,  or 
(2)  the  optic  axes  in  the  case  of  a  biaxial  crystal.— Axial 
rotation,  rotation  upon  an  axis. — Axial  skeleton,  the 
skeleton  of  the  trunk  and  head  and  tail,  as  distinct  from 
tlie  skeleton  of  the  limbs. 
axially  (ak'si-al-i),  adv.  In  a  line  with  or  in 
the  direction  of  the  axis;  -with  reference  to  the 
axis. 

There  are  many  Transparent  Objects,  however,  whose 
peculiar  features  can  only  be  made  out  when  they  are 
viewed  by  light  transmitted  through  them  obliquely  in- 
stead of  axially.  IP.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  145. 

axiferous  (ak-sif' e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  axis,  axis,  + 
ferre  =  E.  bearK]  In  bot.,  consisting  of  an 
axis  only,  without  leaves  or  other  appendages : 
applied  "by  Turpin  to  fjingi  and  algffi,  consid- 
ered as  consisting  essentially  of  an  axis  merely. 

axiform  (ak'si-form),  a.  [<  L.  axis,  axis,  + 
forma,  shape.]     In  the  form  of  an  axis. 

a'xifugal  (ak-sif 'u-gal),  a.  [<  L.  axis,  axis,  + 
fugere,  flee,  +  -a/.]     Centrifugal.    [Bare.] 

axil  (ak'sil),  11.  [<  L.  axilla,  dim.  (cf.  dla  for 
"axla,  dim.)  of  axis,  axis,  armpit :  see  ala,  aisle, 
ox(sl,  and  (jx/e.]  1.  The  arm- 
pit, or  axiUa  (which  see). 
[Rare.]  — 2.  In  bot.,  the  an- 
gle fonned  between  the  up- 
per side  of  a  leaf  and  the 
stem  or  branch  to  which  it 

'  is  attached  ;  in  crN-ptogams, 
the  angle  formed  by  the 
branching  of  a  frond. 


axile 

axile  (ak'sil),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  "axilis,  <  njris:  see 
axi«l.]  1.  Of  or  belonging  to  an  axis  or  the 
axis-  axial. — 2.  Situated  in  an  axis  or  the  axis, 
as  an  embryo  which  lies  in  the  axis  of  a  seed. 

A  large  sinus,  which  separates  the  axUe  portion  of  the 
stem  of  the  proboscis  from  its  investing  coat 

ntizley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  555. 

3.  In  roo7.,  axial,  with  reference  to  ovarian  or- 
gans or  ova :  opposed  in  this  sense  to  periph- 
eral. 

Tliis  mass  becomes  differentiated  into  an  axik  cord  of 
protoplasmic  substance,— the  rhachis,— and  peripheral 
masses,  .  .  .  which  are  the  developing  ova. 

Huxley,  Anat,  Invert.,  p.  548. 

axilla  (ak-sil'a),  w.;  pL  axtna;  (-e).  [L.:  see 
aiil.'[  In  anat.,  the  armpit;  a  region  of  the 
body  in  the  recess  between  the  upper  arm  (or 
in  birds  the  upper  part  of  the  wing)  and  the 
side  of  the  chest  beneath  the  shoulder.  It  is 
piTamidal  in  shape,  its  apex  corresponding  to  the  inter- 
val between  the  scaleni  muscles  opposite  the  first  rib.— 
Axilla  thermometer,  a  clinical  thermometer :  so  named 
because  it  is  placeii  in  the  a.xilla  in  obseriing  the  temper, 
ature  of  a  person. 

axillant(ak-sil'ant),fl.  [<axil  +  -ann.^  Form- 
ing an  axil,  as  a  leaf  with  another  leaf  in  whose 
axil  it  is.     [Rare.] 

For  him  the  tree  is  a  colony  of  ph>-tons,  each  being  n 
bud  with  its  aziliant  leal  and  fraction  of  the  stem  and 
root.  Encyc.  Brit.,  X^^.  841. 

axillar  (ak'si-lar),  a.  and  ».  [<  NL.  axillaris, 
<  L.  axilla,  axil':  see  axil.^  I.  a.  Same  as  ai- 
illaru. 

It.  n.  In  oniith.,  one  of  the  under  wing-cov- 
erts of  a  bird,  gro\ving  from  the  axilla  or  arm- 
pit, and  distinguished  from  the  under  coverts 
in  general  by  being  the  innermost  feathers  lin- 
ing the  wing,  lying  close  to  the  body,  and  al- 
most always  longer,  stiffer,  and  narrower  than 
the  rest.    "Commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

azillarv  (ak'si-la-ri),  «.  and  ii.  [As  axillar  : 
see -«r3,  -ary-.']  I.  a.  1.  In  anat.,  pertaining 
to  the  axilla;  contained  in  the  axilla:  as,  the 
axillary  boundaries;  the  axillary  vessels.— 2. 
In  the  arthropod  animals,  pertaining  to  an 
articulation  or  joint :  said  of  parts  which  are 
attached  to  the  point  of  union  of  two  joints 
or  other  movable  parts  of  the  body, — 3.  In 
bot.,  pertaining  to  or  growing  from  the  axil  (of 
plants).  See  cut  under  axil.  -  Axillary  arches,  in 
anat.,  muscular  slips  which  sometimes  p;iss  from  the  hilis, 
timus  diirsi  (bniadest  muscle  of  the  back),  near  its  inser- 
tion, across  the  axilla,  to  terminate  in  the  tendon  of  the 
pectoralis  major  (greater  pectoral  muscle),  in  the  coraco. 
brachialis.  or  otherwise.  —  AxlUary  artery,  the  contin- 
uation of  the  subclavian  artery,  after  it  h:is  passed  the 
lower  iKirder  of  the  llrst  rib,  as  far  as  the  lower  liordcr  of 
the  axilla,  where  it  takes  the  name  of  brachial  arler;/. 
It  is  ilivided  into  three  portions,  that  above,  that  behind, 
and  that  below  the  pectoralis  minor  (smaller  pectoral) 
muscle,  and  gives  off  numerous  t.r.-ui'lu-s,  thoracic,  sub. 
•capular,  and  circumflex.— Axillary  feathers,  in  orniili., 
the  axillars.  .Sec  axillar,  )i.~  Axillary  nerve,  the  cir- 
cumllci  nerve  of  the  ann.— AliUary  vein,  in  anat.,  the 
euntinuation  through  the  axilla  of  the  basdic  vein  rein- 
forced by  the  vena;  cr,niite8  of  the  brachial  artery  and 
ottier  veins,  and  ending  in  the  subclavian. 
n.  H.  Same  as  axillar. 

azine  (ak'sin),  a.  and  «.     [<  axis-  +  -i«(l.]     I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the   group  of  deer  of 
which  the  axis,  or  spotted  Indian  hog-deer,  is 
the  tj-pe. 
n.'  n.  A  deer  of  the  axine  group. 

axinite  f ak'si-nit ),  n .  [<  Gr.  a^ivT/,  ax  (see  rtxl ), 
+  -III-.]  A  mineral  occurring  commonly  in 
cry.itals,  whose  gi'neral  form  is  that  of  a  very 
oblique  rhomb,  so  flattened  that  some  of  its 
edges  become  thin  and  sharp  like  the  edge  of 
an  ax  (whence  its  name),  also  sometimes  found 
in  lamellar  mas.seg.  It  is  a  silicate  of  aluniiniinn, 
ir.-ii,  and  mangnnese  and  calcium,  with  5  per  cent,  of  bori>n 
Inoiirl,  and  l«  commonly  of  a  clove.brown  or  plum.bliie 
i..l..r, 
axlnomancy  (ak'sin-  or  ak-sin'o-man-si),  n. 
[<  L.  iixtnamantia,  <  fir.  'a^ivniimTtia,  <  u^ivr;, 
iix,  +  jKivTiia,  <livinntion:  see  Manlis.']  An 
ancient  kind  of  divination  for  the  detection 
of  crirnf  by  menns  of  an  ax  or  axes.  One  form 
fii.ri  '  '  in  ax  on  a  bar,  and  repeating  (he 
iin[,  '.' .  t<-d.  If  the  ax  moved  at  the  name 
of..  j.i uTiectI  guilty.     For  another  fonii, 


HVJ 


[Ji  t  j  ■■..1.  rriMreMVoT  employed  In  the  form  of  dlvlnallon 
rail''!  ..,,..., I      tj«(d  on  B  hatchet  made  hot,  II  waH 

Hint  If  thcde«lrc»oftheconiiultlng  parly 

W.J'  illllled, 

;mi,  .\l.iri.  r.l7.    (/>rin>.' .Vi;;..  W.M.) 

axlnomntry,  ».     See  aronnmetry. 

axloll»'>  '  i-'.-lit),  H.  [<  L.  ori/f,  axis, ->- fir. 
><'!•  \ri  nugregation  of  nidimr-iitiirv 

cr\-  '   i    prodtietH  of  devitrilii'iilioii, 

w'e  r...kH  liki'  rhyolilf.    axI... 

Ill,  <  .■  .  pt  lb..t  their  nrrangcmejjl 

!■  cli  '.  lid  ol  (roo  alKilnl. 


Axiolite. —  Specimen  of  rhyolite  from  Vir^nia  Range.  Nevada, 

magnified  loo  dianteters. 

(From  Zirkel's  '*  Micioscopical  Petrography.") 

aziolitic  (ak'si-o-lit'ik),  a.    Of,  pertaining  to, 

or  of  the  nature  of  axiolite. 
axiom  (ak'si-om),  n.  [<  L.  axioma,  <  fir.  a;iuua, 
that  which  is  thought  fit,  a  requisite,  that  which 
a  pupil  is  required  to  know  beforehand,  a  self- 
evident  principle,  <  a^iolv,  think  fit  or  worthy, 
require,  demand,  <  af(of,  worthy,  fit,  lit.  weigh- 
ing as  much  as,  of  like  value,  <  a;fa',  drive, 
lead,  also  weigh,  =  L.  agere,  drive,  do,  etc. :  see 
act,  r.,  agent,  etc.]  1.  A  self-evident,  un- 
demonstrable,  theoretical,  and  general  propo- 
sition to  which  every  one  who  apprehends  its 
meaning  must  assent.  The  Greek  word  was  prob- 
ably applied  by  Plato  (though  it  does  not  occur  in  his 
dialogues  in  this  sense)  to  certain  first  premises  of  raathe- 
matics ;  and  this  continues  to  be  the  ordinary  use  of  the 
terra.  It  was  extended  by  Aristotle  to  similar  principles 
supposed  to  underlie  other  branches  of  knowledge.  The 
axioms  or  "common  notions"  of  Euclid,  as  given  in  Eng. 
lish  tr-inslations,  are  twelve  in  number,  viz.:  (1)  Things 
which  are  equal  to  the  same  are  equal  to  one  another.  (2) 
If  equals  be  added  to  equals,  the  wholes  are  equal.  (3)  If 
etiuals  be  taken  from  etjuals,  the  remainders  are  equal.  (4) 
If  equals  be  added  to  unequals,  the  wholes  are  unequal. 
(i»)  If  equals  be  taken  from  unecnials,  the  remainders  are 
une(|ual.  (6)  Things  which  are  double  of  the  same  are 
equal  to  one  another.  (7)  Things  which  are  halves  of  the 
same  are  equal  to  one  another.  (8)  Magnitudes  which 
eoineide  with  one  another,  that  is,  which  exactly  fill  the 
same  space,  arc  equal  to  one  another.  (9)  The  whole 
is  greater  than  its  part.  (10)  Two  straight  lines  cannot 
inclose  a  space.  (11)  All  right  aiigles  are  equal  to  one 
another.  (12)  If  a  straight  line  meets  two  straight  lines, 
so  as  to  make  the  two  interior  angles  on  the  same  side  of 
it  taken  together  less  than  two  ri;;lit  angles,  these  straight 
lines,  being  continually  produ.  iil,  .shall  at  length  meet 
upon  that  side  on  which  are  the  angles  which  are  less 
than  tw  o  right  angles.  Duly  the  Hrst  three  of  these  arc 
imiversally  acknowledged  to  be  authentic,  though  the 
latest  editor,  lleilicrg,  allows  the  eighth  and  ninth  also. 
i;uelid  gives  besides  a  list  of  pontukitei,  which,  as  given 
in  English  translations,  are  :  (1)  Let  it  be  granted  that  a 
straight  line  may  be  drawn  from  any  one  point  to  any 
other  point.  (2)  That  a  terminated  straight  line  may  be 
I)roduced  to  anv  length  in  a  straight  line.  (:i)  And  that  a 
circle  may  be  dcscribcil  from  any  center,  at  any  distance 
from  that  center.  What  the  English  editions  give  as 
the  eleventh  and  twelfth  axioms  f.niiieil  originally  the 
fourth  and  lifth  i.oslulates,  and  in  the  best  M.s.  the  tenth 
axiom  appears  ius  the  sixth  postulate.  It  woidil  thus 
seem  that  he  understood  by  "iiostutatc"  a  geonietrieal 
premise  which  was  asked  to  be  taken  for  gi-antcd,  and 
l)y  "axiom"  or  "common  notiiui,"  a  not  specially  geo. 
metrical  principle  with  the  use  of  which  the  learner 
would  be  already  familiar.  T'his  agrees  with  Aristotle's 
dellidtion  of  an  axiom  as  a  principle  which  he  who  would 
learn  nmst  bring  of  himself.  The  Leibnity.ians  distin. 
Ruisll  a  iHiKliitali:  lus  a  sclfeviclent  practical  principle 
from  an  axium  as  a  self-evident  theoretical  |irineiple.  Ac- 
cording lo  Kant,  an  axiom  is  a  necessary  and  general  syn. 
thetical  jiroiiosition  which  declares  a  pniperty  of  pure 
space  or  time  and  rests  directly  on  Intuition,  and  is  thus 
selfcvident.  He  refu.Hcil  the  name  to  the  genuine  "ecnn- 
mon  notions"  of  Eu.liil,  holding  these  to  he  analytical 
propositions.  -Modern  mathematicians  seem  to  reganl  the 
axioms  of  geometry  as  an  analysis  of  the  independent 
properties  of  space,  so  that  the  longer  the  list,  provided 
the  jiroposltions  arc  really  indcpcnclcnl,  the  1 e  per- 
fectly has  the  design  been  fnlllllcil.  Manyenilncnl  nuitlic- 
nnlticians  hold  Unit  there  is  no  rea.son  to  think  thcKi' 
axioms  to  be  cxiic-tly  true,  but  that  they  must  be  assunnil 
to  be  slightly  ernjucous  one  way  i>r  the  other;  Hllliough 
experience  shows  that  tliey  apiiroxliiuite  so  nearly  to  the 
truth  tlnit  it  may  bi'  .lonl.ted  whether  It  will  ever  be  pos- 
sible to  measure  the  amount  of  their  error.  A  simlliir 
iloetrine  Is  held  by  scuue  thinkers  concerning  metaphysi- 
cal axioms,  such  as  the  axiom  that  every  event  Is  deler- 
tnlned  by  causes. 

2.  Any  higlior  propoHilion,  obtained  by  geii- 
ernliziilioii  mid  induction  from  the  obscrvalion 
of  iiidividiial  inslanceH;  tlie  enunciation  of  a 
geiicnil  fact;  an  empirical  law.  This  usi' orlgb 
nated  with  llacon,  Inlluenceil  jirobably  by  the  employ- 
ment of  (ijinin  by  Ihf  .stoics  to  nic'an  any  iiroposlllon. 
3t.  In  '"'/''■,  a  jiropoKition,  wlictlier  tnn-  or  false : 
a  use  of  lh<'  term  wliich  originated  with  /.oiio 

till'  Sloic.  -  Syn.  1.  .W"J-i"i.  7'ri/i»rii.etc.  .See  n;.A..ri«iM. 
axiomatic (ak'si-v-iimfik),'/.  {«lT.aSiu/i(iTiKor, 
<  (^^i(jMn(r-),  an  axiom:  Hi-e  fixiom.]  1.  Of  <he 
nature  of  an  ii.\icim,  Hclf-i-vident  tnith,  or  re- 
ceived priiicil>le;  Hclf-evident, 


axis 

-Man V  controversies  .arise  touching  the  anojnafiV  cliarac- 
ter  of  the  law.  Sir  ir,  llamiltim,  LogiC;  1.  8ft. 

2.  Full  of  a.xioms  or  maxims ;  aphoristic. 

The  most  axiomatit  of  English  poets. 

Southcy,  Doctor,  p.  ."81. 

axiomatical  (ak'si-o-mat'i-kal),  a.  1.  Of  the 
n;iture  of  an  axiom ;'  axiomatic. — 2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a.xioms  or  received  first  principles: 
as,  "materials  of  axiomatical  knowledge,"  Bo- 
lingliroke. — 3t.  In  logic,  of,  pertaining  to,  or 
of  the  nature  of  a  proposition,  whether  true  or 
false. 

axiomatically  (ak"si-9-mat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
an  axiomatic  manner,  (a)  Bythe  use  of  a.xioms; 
as  an  axiom  or  axiomatic  truth,  (fif)  Iii  logic, 
in  tlie  form  of  a  simple  proposition.  See  axiom,  3. 

axiometer  (ak-si-om'e-ter),  >!,  [<  L.  axis,  axis, 
-I-  mttrum,  ameasure.]  An  instrument  for  show- 
ing the  position  of  the  tiller  of  a  vessel  which 
uses  a  steering-wheel. 

axiopistyt  (ak'si-o-pis-ti),  H.  [<  Gr.  a^io-^riana, 
<  aiio-iaro^,  trustworthy,  <  afiof,  worthy,  -l- 
iriard^,  verbal  adj.  of  ireidcadai,  trust,  believe.] 
Worthiness  to  be  believed;  trustworthiness. 
Imp.  Diet. 

axis^  (ak'sis),  n. ;  pi.  axes  (-sez).  [L.,  axle,  axis, 
pole  of  the  earth;  poet,,  the  heavens;  also,  a 
board  or  plank  (see  ashler) ;  =  AS.  cax,  E.  ax^, 
axle :  see  ax-,  axle.  ]  1 .  The  motionless,  or  rela- 
tively motionless,  imaginary  line  about  which 
a  rotating  body,  such  as  the  earth,  turns:  spe- 
cifically called  in  this  sense  the  axis  of  rerolii- 
tion  ov  rotation  (which  see,  below), 
(hi  their  own  axis  as  the  planets  run, 
Yet  make  at  once  their  circle  round  the  sun. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  313. 

2.  The  axle  of  awheel;  the  cylindrical  portion 
of  an.v  mechanical  piece  intended  to  turn  in 
bearings:  as,  the  axis  of  a  transit  instrument. 

The  weightiiu^s  of  the  wheele  doth  settle  it  vpon  hia 
.ixis.  Futherli;/,  Atheomastix,  xi,  §  1,     (.V.  Ji.  D.) 

3.  In  anat.:  (a)  The  second cer\'ieal  vertebra: 
so  called  because  the  atlas  turns  upon  it  as 
about  a  pivot  or  axis,  bearing  the  head  with  it. 


Human  Axis  {upper  figure,  right  side  :  lower  figure,  left  side). 
i»,  lx)dy  ;  ^.odontoid  process;  f,  articulntory  surface  for  atl.v. ;  rf, 
foramen  for  vcrtcliral  artery :  e.  superior  articulating  surface :  /,  spi- 
nous process:  ^,  inferior  articulating  surface  ;  /i,  transverse  process. 

I I  is  usually  distinguished  from  the  other  vertebra*  by  hav. 
lug  au  odonttud  or  toolh.like  process,  furnishing  the  pivot 
about  which  the  atlas  turns;  hent-e  culled  the  toKthnl  vrr- 
Irhra  (vertebra  ilentala).  or  the  iuloiitvul  i'.i7.  (oo  (verl.bva 
odontoldea).  (/,)  The  odontoid  process  of  the  a.xis. 
((•)  The  entire  vertebral  column.  (</)  The 
central  or  axial  nervous  system  of  a  vertebrate: 
as,  the  cerebrospinal  axis,  (c)  The  columella 
or  miidioliis  of  the  cochlea.  (/)  A  short  thick 
artci'v  which  immediately  diviilcs  into  several 
bniiiclii's:  lis,  the  celiac'  axis:  tln^  thyroid  axis. 
(;/)  The  a.vis-cyliiider  of  a  nerve,  (h)  Same  as- 
axon. — 4.  The  cetitnil  line  of  a  solid  of  revo- 
lution; the  central  line  of  any  symmetrical,  or 
iienrly  sjinnielrical,  body:  as,  the  axis  of  a  cyl- 
inder', of  the  eye,  etc. —  6.  Any  line  with  refer- 
ence lo  which  ihc  physical  )irciiierlies  of  a  boilv, 
espei'inlly  its  elnslicily,  are  symmetrical. — 6. 

III  Triliil'iitii.  speciliciiUy,  the  tcrgiim;  tlie  me- 
dian convex  ]icirl  ion  of  a  thoracic  somite,  inter- 
vening between  the  pleura  or  llattened  lateral 
piivtioiiK  (if  the  lliorux.    Si'o  cut  under  JYilotiila. 

—  7.  Ill  i-'ini-ti.,  the  iiiiiigiiiiivy  line  or  siiace 
arniiiid  which  the  whorls  of  a  spir:il  shell  turn. 

—  8.  In  hot.,  Ihe  sl-em;  the  central  part  or 
loiigiliiilinal  support  on  which  organs  or  parts 
are  arningod.  The  root  has  sometimes  liecii 
ciilU'd  the  ilesceniling  axis.     A.  (Iriiy. 

In  many  cases  the  Iloinl  axiH  Is  prolonged  beyond  one  or 
inori-  c'lt'c-lcK  of  lloral  organs,  and  the  stem  ngalii  assumes 
the  ordinary  Icaf.bearing  form.  Science,  111.  3U2. 


axis 

9.  In  geog.  and  geol.,  the  central  or  dominat- 
ing region  of  a  mo\intain-ehain,  or  the  line 
which  follows  the  crest  of  a  range  and  thus  in- 
dicates the  position  of  the  most  conspicuous 
portion  of  the  uplift.    In  a  folded  region,  or  one  in 


„M' 


;,.«J 


r.i* 


Sc'.U'.ri  '.f  mountain  showinfif  position  of  axis  of  synclinally 
folded  strata. 

wliiLh  the  strata  have  been  bent  into  anticlinals  and  syn- 
clinals, tlie  axis  of  each  fold  is  the  plane  indicating  the 
(hifciion  parallel  to  which  the  folding  has  taken  place,  or 
toward  which  the  strata  incline. 
10.  In  iinahfticdl  tjrom.,  any  fixed  lino  of  refer- 
ence iised  to  determine  the  position  of  a  point  or 
series  of  points  (line,  sui'face)  in  space.— Anti- 
clinal axis,  in  rjeol.  See  anticlinal.— Axes  Of  an  ellip- 
aoid,  its  niaxinumiand  mininuun  ilianiittrsaiid  the  diani- 
tt.T  juipcndicular  to  these.— Axes  of  coordinates,  or 
coordinate  axes,  in  anab/tical  >ii-i'tii.,  lixcd  lines  on 
wliirli  or  paraiUI  to  which  an  element  (abscissa  or  ordi- 
nal) of  the  position  of  a  point  is  measured. — Axes  Of 
light-elasticity,  the  three  directions  at  right  angles  to 
one  another  in  a  biaxial  crystal  in  which  the  elasticity  of 
the  light-ether  has  its  maximum,  minimum,  and  mean 
value.  In  a  trimetric  (orthorhoml)ic)  crystal  they  coin- 
cide with  tlie  crystallographic  axes;  in  a  monoclinic  crys- 
tal one  coincides  with  the  orthodiagonal  axis,  the  others 
lie  iu  the  plane  of  symmetry.  In  a  tricUnic  crystal  there 
is  no  necessary  relation  between  the  two  sets  of  axes. — 
Axis  Of  a  beam  of  light,  the  middle  ray  of  the  beam. 
— Axis  of  a  cone,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the  vertex 
to  the  center  of  the  base. — Axis  Of  a  COnic,  a  diameter 
perpendicular  to  the  chords  it  bisects. —  Axis  Of  a  crys- 
tal, in  crystal.,  one  of  three  or  four  imaginary  lines  as- 
sumed for  convenience  to  define  the  position  of  the 
planes  of  the  crystal,  and  to  exhibit  its  symmetry.  See 
crystallographt/, — Axis  Of  a  curve,  a  right  line  dividing 
it  into  two  synnnetrical  parts,  so  as  to  bisect  every  chord 
perpendicular  to  it,  as  in  a  parabola,  ellipse,  or  hyperbola. 
—Axis  of  a  cylinder,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the 
centei-  of  the  one  end  to  that  of  the  other. — Axis  Of 
affinity,  the  axis  of  homology  of  figures  lioraological  by 
athnity.— Axis  Of  agun  or  piece,  the  middle  line  of  the 
bore  of  the  gun. — Axis  of  a  lens,  a  straight  line  drawn 
through  the  optical  center  of  the  Kns,  and  perpendicular 
to  both  its  surfaces.— Axis  of  a  magnet,  the  imaginary 
line  which  connects  the  north  and  south  poles  of  the 
magnet.— Axis  Of  a  sphere,  any  straight  line  drawn 
through  the  center  and  terminated  both  ways  by  the  sur- 
face of  the  sphere.— Axis  of  a  spherical,  concave,  or 
convex  mirror,  a  straigltt  line  wlii<li  ]iasses  through  the 
geometrical  and  oi^tirarcenters  of  tlir  niiiTor.  — Axis  Of 
a  telescope,  a  sffaight  line  i)assiiig  thiongli  tin-  eenters 
of  all  the  glasses  in  the  tube.  — Axis  Of  collineation,  in 
math.,  a  line  which  con-espmids  to  itself  in  a  projective 
transformation. — Axis  Of  direct  elasticity,  a  direction 
in  a  solid  body  such  that  a  longitudinal  strain  in  that  di- 
rection produces  a  stress  preeisely  ojiposed  to  the  strain. 

—  Axis  Of  elasticity,  a  direction  in  a  s<.lid  body  with 
respect  to  which  some  kind  of  synunetry  exists  in  the 
relati<jn  of  strains  and  stresses. —  Axis  of  homology,  the 
line  upon  which  corresponding  lines  of  two  liuures  in 
homology  intersect  each  other.— Axis  Of  oscillation  of 
a  pendulum,  a  right  line  passing  through  the  center 
about  which  it  vibrates,  an<l  periHiidicular  to  the  plane 
of  vibration.— Axis  Of  perspective,  the  line  in  which 
the  plane  of  a  perspective  representation  cuts  any  plane 
represented. —  Axis  Of  reflection,  in  the  method  of  in- 
version in  geometry,  any  line  considered  as  perpendicular 
to  and  bisecting  the  distance  between  two  inverse  points. 

—  Axis  of  refraction,  a  straight  line  drawn  perpendicidar 
to  the  surface  ••(  (lie  refracting  medium,  through  the  point 
of  incidence  of  tlie  refracted  ray.  Some  crystals  have  two 
axes  of  refraction.— Axis  Of  rotation,  the  imaginary  line 
about  which  all  the  parts  of  a  rotating  body  turn. — Axis 
Of  similitude  of  three  circles,  a  line  passing  through 
two  intersections  of  corresponding  pairs  of  common 
tangents  of  two  pairs  out  of  the  three  circles.  The  axis 
of  similitude  also  necessarily  passes  through  a  third  such 
point,  but  this  fact  is  not  essential  to  its  definition. — 
Axis  of  ssmimetry,  a  line  on  both  or  all  sides  of  which 
the  parts  of  a  body  or  magnitude  are  symmetrically  dis- 
posed.— Axis  of  the  earth,  the  straight  line  connecting 
its  two  poles,  and  about  which  it  performs  its  dim-nal  ro- 
tation.— Axis  of  the  eye,  a  straiirht  line  passing  through 
the  centers  of  the  pupil  and  rrystallino  lens;  the  optic 
axis.  — Axis  of  the  Ionic  capital,  a  line  passing  perpen- 
dicularly throngh  the  niiiMIe  of  tlie  eye  of  the  volute. — 
Axis  of  the  world,  the  imaginary  axis  passing  through 
the  celestial  jjules. — Axis  Of  vision.  See  visual  axis,  be- 
low.—Basicranial  axis,  a  stiaight  line  drawn  from  a 
point  midway  between  the  occipital  eondyles,  through  the 
median  plane  of  the  skull,  to  the  junction  of  the  ethmoid 
and  presphenoid,  in  the  floor  of  the  cereliral  cavity, 
HiLzleij.  See  cut  under  craniofacial.— 'B3.s\i?ici3.\  axis, 
or  facial  axis,  a  straight  line  drawn  from  tlie  anterior 
extremity  of  the  premaxilla  to  the  anterior  extremity  of 
the  basicranial  axis  (which  see,  above):  not  to  be  con- 
founded with/rtC('«T^  line.  See  cranionutry,  and  cut  under 
em/uo/ffcm;.— Celiac  axls.  (a)  A  short,  thick  branch  of 
the  abdominal  aorta,  given  off  just  below  the  diaphragm, 
and  immediately  dividing  into  the  gastric,  hepatic,  and 
splenic  arteries,  (b)  The  synijiathetic  jilexus  which  sur- 
routids  this  artery. — Cerebrospinal  axis.  See  cerebro- 
spinal.—Con^MsaXe  or  minor  axis,  in  >jeoni.,  an  axis, 
especially  of  a  liyperbola,  perpendicular  to  the  transverse 
axis.  The  term  was  originally  used  in  the  plural  for  a  pair 
of  conjugate  diameters  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  As 
now  used,  it  is  an  abbreviated  expression  lov  axis  cmij^L- 
gate  to  the  transverse  axis.—  Facial  axis.    See  basifadal 


403 

axis,  above.— Harmonic  axis.  See  Aarmonfr.— Instan- 
taneous axis,  the  axis  abt>ut  which  a  liody  is  rotating  at 
any  instant:  an  expresniiju  apjilicable  wlien  motion  is 
considered  in  only  two  dimensions  or  when  a  point  <jf  the 
body  is  fixed  ;  in  other  cases  it  would  be  an  inaccurate 
abbreviation  of  the  following:  Instantaneous  sliding 
axis,  that  line  about  winch  a  body  is  rotating  and  along 
which  it  is  simultaneously  sliding  at  any  instant.  Kvcry 
rigid  body  at  every  instant  of  its  motion  lias  sue.h  an  in- 
stantaneous sliding  axis.— Macrodiagonal  axis,  mag- 
netic axis.  See  the  adjectives.— Neural  axis,  ni  anni., 
the  cerebrosjunal  axis ;  the  axis  or  central  trunk  of  the 
cerebrospinal  system.— Neutral  axis,  in  nierh.:  (a)  Of  a 
beam,  the  piano  in  which  the  tensile  and  compressing 
forces  terminate,  and  in  which  the  stress  is  theiefore  no- 
thing, (h)  Of  a  deflected  bar,  the  line  along  whi.  h  there  is 
neither  extension  nor  compression. —  Optic  axis,  the  axis 
of  the  eye  (which  see,  above).— Orthogonal  "r  principal 
metatatic  axes,  three  axes  in  a  body  such  that,  if  a  cube 
be  cut  out  having  its  faces  normal  to  these  axes,  and  if 
there  be  a  linear  elongation  along  one  of  them  and  an 
equal  linear  compression  along  a  second,  no  tangential 
stress  will  result  round  the  third  axis  on  planes  normal 
to  the  first  two.— Radical  axis  of  two  circles,  the  line 
joining  their  points  of  intersection.  This  line  is  real  even 
when  the  circles  do  nut  really  intersect,  the  dirtcrcncre  of 
its  distance  from  the  two  centers  being  proportional  t<j  the 
difference  of  the  areas  of  the  two  circles.— Spiral  axis, 
in  arch.,  the  axis  of  a  twisted  column  spirally  drawn  in 
order  to  trace  the  circumvolutions  without.—  Synclinal 
axis,  in  geol.  See  syncll  mi  I.  — Tectomc  axes,  in  cri/s- 
tal.,  the  lines  along  which  the  minute  crystals  are  ar- 
ranged in  the  formation  of  a  complex  crystalline  growth. 
Thus,  dendritic  crystallizations  of  gold  and  copp.r  often 
branch  at  angles  of  (>(/,  their  directions  being  parallel 
to  the  sides  of  an  octahedral  face. — The  principal  axes 
of  inertia  of  a  body,  those  lines  passing  tbronnb  its  e-n- 
terof  mass  about  which  its  moments  of  iTicrtia  are  a  maxi- 
mum aTid  a  mininnnn,  together  with  the  third  line  per- 
pendicular to  these  at  their  intersection.— The  princi- 
pal axes  of  stress  in  a  body,  the  directions  of  the  three 
conjugate  normal  stresses. — Thyroid,  axis,  a  short,  thick 
branch  from  the  subclavian  artery,  dividing  almost  im- 
mediately into  the  inferior  thyroiil,  suprascapular,  and 
transversalis  colli.— Transverse  or  major  axis,  in  conic 
sections,  the  diameter  wliieh  jiasses  throutih  the  foci.  In 
the  ellipse  it  is  the  lunui-st  diameter;  in  the  hyperbola  it 
is  the  shortest ;  and  in  the  parabola  it  is,  like  ail  the  other 
diameters,  infinite  in  length.— Visual  axis,  in  physiol., 
the  straight  line  passing  through  the  center  of  the  pupil 
and  the  middle  of  the  macula  lutea.  It  does  not  coincide 
with  the  optic  axis.  Also  called  visual  line,  or  axis  of 
vision. — Zone  axis.    See  Z07ie. 

axis^  (ak'sis),  n.  [L.  axis  (Pliny) ;  perhaps  of 
E.  Ind.  origin.]  1.  A  kind  of  East  Indian 
deer,  Cervus  axis,  of  which  there  are  several 
varieties,  perhaps  species.  The  body  is  spotted 
with  white.  Also  called  axis-deer^  spotted  deer, 
and  hog-deer. — 2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
such  deer.     Hain.  Smithj  1827. 

axis-cylinder  (ak'sis-sil^'tn-der),  7u  In  anat., 
the  central  part  of  a  nerve-fiber;  the  core  of 
white  nerve-tissue  in  a  nerve-fiber,  it  is  the  es- 
sential part  of  the  nerve,  and  is  the  only  part  found  at 
its  origin  and  tennination.  In  cross-section,  a  bundle  of 
nerve-fibers  appears  like  a  bunch  of  lead  pencils,  the  axis- 
cylinder  corresponding  to  the  lead.  Also  called  band-axis 
and  axis-band. 

axis-deer  fak'sis-der),  «.     Same  as  axis^,  1, 

axisymmetric(ak'''si-si-met'rik),  a.  Symmetri- 
cal with  reference  to  an  axis. 

axle  (ak'sl),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  axel,  axell, 
axile,  <  ME.  axel,  axil  (chiefly  in  comp.  axel- 
tree,  q,  V. ;  not  in  AS.,  where  only  the  primitive 
ceXj  eax  occurs:  see  ax^)  =  Icel.  oxull,  m.,  = 
Sw.  Dan.  axel,  axle;  not  found  in  this  sense  in 
the  other  lanj^uages,  where  its  place  is  supplied 
by  the  prituitive  ax^,  but  ult.  =  ME.  a-xl,  exl,  < 
AS.  eaxlj  exel  =  OHG.  ahsala,  MHG.  ahsel,  G. 
aclisel  =  leel.  6x1,  f.,  =  Sw,  Dan.  axel  =  Norw. 
okslj  aJcsl,  axel,  the  shoulder,  =  L.  dla  (for  ^ax- 
la),  shoulder- joint,  wing  (see  ala,  aisle,  and  cf. 
axilla);  with  formative  -/,  <  ax^  (L.  axis,  etc.), 
axle  (the  shoulder-joint  being  the  axle  or  axis 
on  which  the  arm  tiirns) :  see  ax^.'\  1 .  The  pin 
or  spindle  on  which  a  wheel  revolves,  or  which 
forms  the  axis  of  the  wheel  and  revolves  with  it. 
Properly,  the  axle  of  a  carriage-,  cart-,  or  wagon-wheel  is 
the  round  arm  of  the  axletree  or  axle-bar  which  is  inserted 
in  the  hub  or  nave,  but  the  name  is  sometimes  extended  to 
the  whole  axletree. 
2\.  An  axis,  as  of  the  earth. 

Wliether  .  .  . 

He  [the  sun]  from  the  east  his  flaming  road  begin. 

Or  she  [the  eai-th]  from  west  her  silent  course  advance. 

With  inoffensive  pace  that  spinning  sleeps 

On  her  soft  axle.  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  165. 

Axle  stop-key,  a  plate  upon  the  end  of  the  axle  of  a  rail- 
road-car, intended  to  prevent  excessive  lateral  motion  and 
to  take  the  wear.—  Blind  axle,  an  axle  that  does  not  com- 
municate power  ;  a  dead  axle,— CoUinge  axle,  in  coach- 
building,  an  axle  the  box  of  which  is  secured  upon  the 
arm  by  two  nuts  screwed  right  and  left.— Compound 
axle,  an  axle  having  two  parts  connected  by  a  slee\e  or 
some  other  locking  arrangement.—  Dead  axle,  one  which 
does  not  impart  motion  ;  a  blind  axle  :  opposed  to  a  Znvnx^f 
or  rfrm^'Z-aj^f.  — Dipping  the  axle,  in  coach -buildiu'j, 
bending  the  end  of  the  axle  so  that  the  wheel  shall  strike 
squarely  upon  the  ground.—  Driving-axle,  in  locomotive 
engines,  the  axle  which  receives  the  power  from  the 
steam-piston  transmitted  through  the  piston-rod  and  con- 
necting-rod. The  rear  end  of  the  latter  is  connected 
either  with  cranks  formed  in  this  axle,  or  more  generally 
witli  crank-pina  upon  the  driving-wheels  at  its  ends.— 


axle-tooth 

Leading  axle,  in  British  locomotives,  an  axle  of  a  wheel 
in  front  of  the  driving-wheels.- Mall  atXle,  in  coach-buUd- 
infj,  an  axle  which  is  secured  by  a  plate  at  its  back  instead 
of  a  nut  on  the  end. 

The  commonest  kind  of  oil  axle  is  called  the  mail,  be- 
cause the  peculiar  mode  of  fastening  was  first  used  in 
the  mail  coaches.      J.  W,  BurgesH,  Coach-Building,  p.  72. 

Telescopic  axle,  an  extension-a?cle  which  permits  the 
lunning-wheels  of  a  railroad-car  to  be  slipped  in  or  out, 
thus  making  tbein  adai.tal>le  to  tracks  of  different  gage. 
Trailing  axle,  the  rear  axle  of  a  locomotive.  In  Eng- 
lish entwines  it  is  usually  placed  under  the  foot-plate. 

axle-ad.iuster  (ak'sl-a-jus'''t6r),  n.  A  machine 
for  straightening  axles ;  a  machine  used  in  giv- 
ing to  the  spindle  its  proper  line  of  direction 
relativt*ly  to  the  axletree. 

axle-arm  (ak'sl-ilrm),  7i.  The  spindle  on  the 
end  of  an  axle  on  which  the  box  of  the  wheel 
slips,  or  one  of  the  two  pivots  on  which  the 
axle  itself  turns.  See  second  cut  under  axle- 
hox. 

axle-bar  (ak'sl-biir),  n.  The  bar  of  an  axle- 
tree. 

axle-block  (ak'sl-blok),  n.  The  block  placed 
upon  the  axle  of  a  vehicle  to  form  a  seat  for 
tliii  spring  when  it  is  depressed. 

axle-box  (ak'sl-boks),  n.  The  box  which  con- 
tains the  bearings  for  the  spindle  of  an  axle,  or 
the  journal  of  an  axle, 
as  of  a  carriage-wheel,  a 
railroad-ear  wheel,  etc. ; 
the  bushing  or  metal 
lining  of  the  hub  which 
forms  the  rotatory  bear- 
ing of  the  axle  of  a  ve- 
hicle—  Axle-box  guides, 
the  guides  for  the  brasses  of 
an  axle-box.  — Radial  axle- 
bOX,  in  a  railroad-car,  a  slid- 
ing axle-box,  so  arranged  that, 
with  its  fellow,  it  maintains 
the  axle  in  a  position  radial  to 
the  curve  of  the  track,  how- 
ever its  direction 
may  change. 

axle-clip  (ak'sl- 

klip),     }}.  A 

cle\as  or  bow 
which  unit-  ~ 
some  other  piu  i 
of  a  vehicle  to 
the  axle Axle- 
clip  tie,  the  cross- 
bar which  joins 
and  secures  the 
ends  of  the  bow- 
clip  (which  see). 

axle-collar 

(ak'sl-koV-'ar), 
n.      The   collar 


Railroad-car  Axle-box. 
a,  axle  ;  b,  journal ;  c,  sad- 
dle, by  means  of  which  the 
weight  of  the  car  rests  on  the 
journal ;  d,  chamber  for  a  lu- 
bricating substance,  having  its 
lid  at  e. 


Miller's  Rubber-cushioned  Axle-box. 
A,  hub;  B,  axle-box;  C.  axle-arm;  D, 
rubber  cushions;  I-',  compression-nut;  F, 
cavities  in  compression-nut  admitring  points 
of  the  wrench  when  compressing  cushions: 
G,  slotted  retaining-sleeve  ;  //.spur on  axle- 
box  ;  y,  space  between  axle-box  and  hub. 


on  an  axle  which  receives  the  lateral  pressure 
from  the  wheel  or  bearing. 

axled  (ak'sld),  a.  Furnished  with  an  axle  or 
with  axles. 

axle-gage  (ak'sl-gaj),  n.  A  wheelwright's  in- 
strument for  giving  to  the  spindle  of  an  axle  its 
proper  swing  and  gather. 

axle-guard  (ak'sl-gard),  «.  Those  parts  of  a 
railroad-car  in  which  the  axle-box  plays  verti- 
cally under  the  yield  and  reaction  of  the  car- 
springs —  Axle-guard  stays,  the  iron  rods  or  straps 
which  are  bolted  to  the  frame  and  to  all  the  ends  of  the 
axle-guards,  to  strengthen  them. 

axle-hook  (ak'sl-huk),  n.  A  hook  in  front  of 
the  axle  of  a  carriage,  to  which  is  attached  the 
stay-chain  connecting  the  axle  and  the  double- 
tree. 

axle-nut  (ak'sl-nut),  n.  A  screw-nut  fitted  to 
the  end  of  the  arm  of  an  axle  to  keep  the  wheel 
in  place. 

axle-packing  (ak'sl-pak-ing),  n.  The  guard 
or  material  placed  about  an  axle  to  exclude 
dust. 

axle-pin  (ak'sl-pin),  n.     Same  as  Unch-pin. 

axle-saddle  (ak'sl-sad^l),  n.  A  saddle-shaped 
clip,  used  in  securing  a  spring  to  an  axle. 

axle-seat  (ak'sl-set),  n.  The  hole  in  a  rail- 
road-car wheel  which  receives  the  arm  of  the 
axle. 

axle-skein  (ak'sl-skan),  n.  A  band,  strip,  or 
thimble  of  metal  placed  on  a  wooden  axle-arm 
to  prevent  the  wood  from  wearing  rapidly. 

axle-sleeve  (ak'sl-slev),  n.  A  sleeve  placed 
round  a  railroad-car  axle  in  order  to  hold  up 
the  ends  should  the  axle  be  broken. 

axle-tooth  (ak'sl-toth).  H.  [E.  dial.,  alsoflSs?c-, 
azzle-,  assal-tooth,  early  mod.  E.  axel-,  axill- 
tooth,  <  late  ilE.  axtjlto'the  (=  Dan.  axel-tand); 
<  *axel  (Shetland  yacfcle)  (<  leel.  jaxl  =2  Norw. 
jaJcsJe,  jakJe  =  Sw.  dial,  jdkkel,  jdksl  =  Dan. 
axel),  a  jaw-tooth,  grinder,  +  tooth,']  A  grind- 
er; a  molar.     [Pro v.  Eng.] 


axletree 

axletree  (ak'sl-tre),  n.  [<  ME.  axel-tree,  aril- 
tic,  etc.  (=Icel.  oiiil-tre),  <  axel  +  tree.  Cf.  a.r- 
trte.']  1.  A  bar  or  beam  fixed  crosswise  under 
the  body  of  a  carriage,  having  rounded  axles  at 
the  ends  for  a  pair  of  wheels  to  revolve  on. 

Be  hem  turnethe  alle  the  flrmament,  right  as  dothe  a 
wheel,  that  tumeth  be  his  aMIe  tree. 

Jlaunderille  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  ISi 

2t.  An  axis. 

axle-yoke  (ak'sl-yok),  n.  A  plate  beneath  an 
axle  tlu-ough  which  the  ends  of  the  saddle-clip 
pass.  It  serves  as  a  washer-plate  for  the  nuts 
upon  the  ends  of  the  saddle-cUp. 

azman,  axeman  ^aks'man),  v.;  pi.  axmen,  axe- 
men (-men).  1.  One  who  wields  an  ax;  one  em- 
ployed in  chopping ;  a  woodman. 

Axemenwere  put  toworkpettiiiir  out  timber  for  bridges, 
and  cutting  fuel  for  the  locomotives  wla-ii  the  road  was 
completed.  t'.  S.  Grant,  in  The  Ctutury,  XXXI.  136. 

2.  Formerly,  a  soldier  whose  weapon  was  an  ax. 
We  hear  nothing  of  any  prisoners  being  t.alien,  nothing 
of  any  of  the  axemen  talking  to  flisht. 

E.  A.  Frieman,  Old  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  336. 

ax-master  (aks'mas'ter),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Honduras  to  a  tree  with  very  hard  wood.  Its 
cenus  is  not  kno\vn. 

Axminster  carpet.    See  carpet. 

axoid  tak'soid),  a.  [<  axis^  +  -oid.']  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  a.xis :  used  in  anatomical  terms, 
chiefly  in  composition:  as,  the  occij>ito-axoid 
ligament.     See  axis^,  3. 

Axolotes  (ak-so-16'tez),  «.  A  Latinized  form 
of  (txoldtl,  used  as  a  generic  name.  See  Sire- 
do  n. 

axolotl  (ak'so-lotl),  n.  [Mex.]  A  urodele  or 
tailed  amphibian  fotind  in  Mexico,  wliich  is 
supposed  not  to  imdergo  metamorphosis,  but 


Axolotl  {AmblystomaU 

to  retain  its  gills  throughout  life,  breeding  in 
the  larval  state.  From  this  circumstance  the  ani- 
mal was  made  the  type  of  a  distinct  genus,  Siraiun, 
and  was  placed  with  Pnttcug,  Siren,  etc.,  in  the  family 
/•mteidir,  uiuler  the  name  of  Siredon  jiUcifunne.  An- 
other species  has  been  named  Siredon  liclienoideif.  Later 
observations,  however,  have  shown  that  the  a.\olotl,  or 
siredon,  is  simply  a  prolonged,  sometimes  permanent, 
stage  lilfe  that  which  all  the  species  of  salamandrines 
of  the  family  Amhti/jitomid^  pass  throtiKh,  and  that  the 
animal  is  referable  to  the  genus  Amhli/stomn.  Axolotls 
are  common  in  lakes  and  lagoons  in  Mexico,  like  the  vari- 
ous species  (tf  Amhtii^loina  known  in  the  United  States 
as  mud-pnpinef,  irater-dft<j>t,  etc.  They  have  the  appear- 
ance  of  gigantic  tailpoles  about  to  turn  into  frogs,  being 
from  6  to  !i  irjches  long,  with  a  large  compressed  tail,  4 
legs,  Killtults  on  each  side  of  the  neck,  and  obtuse  llat- 
tencd  head.  They  are  marketable  in  Mexico,  where  they 
are  said  to  be  deemed  a  luxury  as  an  article  of  food. 
axometer  (ak-som'e-t<T),  n.  [<  h.  axis  (Gr. 
ii:uy),  axis,  +  mclriim  (Gr.  /ilrfmi'),  moasiu'e.] 
An  in.struincnt  used  in  adjusting  the  height  of 
the  bridge  of  a  pair  of  spectacles,  to  bring  the 
centers  of  the  lenses  in  line  horizontally  with 
the  centers  of  the  pupils  of  the  eyes. 
axon  (ak'fion),  h.  ;  1>1.  tixoncs  (-ez).  [<  Gr.  a^uv, 
axis:  sec  aj-i.s',  «j-.]  In  anut.,  the  body-axis; 
the  mesal,  longitudinal,  skeletal  axis  of  the 
body,  represented  in  Jiranchinntama  and  em- 
bryos by  a  membranogelatinouB  notochord,  and 
in  most  adult  vertebrates  by  the  cartilaginous 
or  osseous  centra  of  tho  vertebne  and  the  base 
of  the  skull.  Wildrr,  N.  Y.  Meil.  Jour.,  Aug. 
L',  1H84,  p.  113.  Also  called  axis. 
Axonia  (ak-s6'ni-ii),  n.  /'/.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  i^uv, 
iixi-.]  Organic  ("onns,  animal  or  vegetable, 
Inivirigili-liBlloaxcM:  the  nppo.-dlc  ot  .4iiaxonia. 
I  ]>•  I  r'<„ui  an-  divldf-d  Into  tt"iiifixonin,  having  all  ax(«H 
■  '  •  -;.h'Tl'-iil  and  polyhedral  forniK,  aiirl  J'fotaxonia, 
li  ri  ,111  axlH  alMiut  which  other  axi-H  are  arranged. 

1  i.--iiti  HUbdlvldi.-d  luUt  Monitxi/nia uud  Stan- 

T^i IImhi;  wtirilM. 

axonometry  (ak-Ho-nom'e-tri),  n.    [Irreg.  <  Gr. 

«:i  :.  fr  :  i.   H-   fiiriiov,    nienKurc]     Tim  art   of 

ir,  '  -pr'ctive  roproHi'ntiition  of  tigiircH 

u  '>rdinntoH  of  points  in   llioni  arc 

t':  written  iirinniiiflrii. 

axo   ■  'iik-Ho-Hpcr'tnUH),  «.     [<  Ij.  ariti, 

(I \  ./;</,  Hced.]     In  /«<f.,  iin  epithet 

ii<  r  impound  fniitH  which  have  an 

n-  •  ■..11,  the  nttachinent  of  llie  HcedH 

b'  hxIh. 

axo'  ii'ii-muit),  «.     [<  Jj.  axis  (dr. 

I'l.  Ti'nidi,  i rfiivriv.  ra/ieiv,   rtit.l 

li.  l)lo  in  B  direction  iH-rijeiidic- 
u\ 

axseedi,  «.    l<  ux^  +  ued.'i    Same  aB  axfitch. 


404 

ax-shaped  (aks'shapt),  a.     In  hot.,  shaped  like 
an  ax  or  a  hatchet;  dolabriform. 
ax-stone  (aks'ston),  n.   A  mineral  found  chiefly 
in  New  Zealand  and  the  South  Sea  islands,  and 
used  by  the  natives  for  axes  and  other  cutting 
instruments,  whence  the  name.     Also  called 
nephrite  imdjude. 
axtree  (aks'tre),  n.     [Sc,  also  aixfree,  extree,  < 
ME.  axtre,  extre,  axtreo,  <  AS.  "eaxtredw,  <  eax, 
E.  ax-,  +  tredif,  E.  tree,  beam.     Cf.  axletree.J 
An  axletree.     [Obsolete,  except  in  Scotland.] 
A  large  pyn  in  maner  of  an  extre. 

Chaucer,  .Astrolabe,  p.  S. 
Thunder  and  earthquakes  raging,  and  the  rocks 
Tumbling  from  down  their  st-yts  like  mighty  blocks 
Kowi'd  from  huge  mountains,  such  a  noise  they  make, 
.\s  though  in  sunder  heav'ns  huge  axtree  brake. 

Drayton,  Poems  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  219. 

axunge  (ak'sunj),  n.     [<  F.  axunge,  now  axonge, 

<  L.  axungia,  grease,  fat,  wagon-grease,  <  axis, 
axle,  -1-  HHflcre,  grease:  see  tintfiient.']  The  in- 
ternal fat  of  the  body,  especially  of  pigs  and 
geese  ;  fat ;  lard. 

axungiOUS  (ak-sun' ji-us),  a.  [<  axunge  +  -ious.} 
Lard-like  ;  fat ;  greasy.     t>ir  T.  Bniirne. 

axvitcht,  axwortt,  »■     Same  as  axfiteli. 

ayi,aye^  (a),  adr.  [<  ME.  a;/,  atje,  ai.ei  (in 
Ormulum  (/j  j),  prop,  a  northern  form  (<  leel.  ei, 
€)j),  the  native  form  being  ME.  oo,  o,  earlier  a, 

<  AS.  a  (orig.  *mc,  with  added  adv.  toiTaative 
dtca,  (lico)  =  OS.  CO,  io,  (jio  =  OFries.  ((-,  e-  (in 
eomp.),  =  OHG.  io,  go,  MHG.  ic,je,  G.  je  =  Icel. 
ei,  e>i  (as  above)  =  Goth.  «iif=Gr._of/j  Ionic  a'lei, 
poet,  or  dial.  aUg,  a'lh,  atg,  a\t,  ai,  ah',  a'li],  ai, 
ah,  ahv,  aiv,  f/l,  orig.  a'lFei,  ever,  always,  prop. 
ace.  (in  Gr.  locative)  of  a  noim,  AS.  a;  mw  (orig. 
*dir),  existence,  law,  marriage,  =  OS.  ci),  law,  = 
OFries.  a,  e,  ewe,  cwa,  law,  =  OHG.  cwa,  MUG. 
eice,  e,  eternity,  law,  marriage,  =  G.  ehc,  mar- 
riage, =  Goth",  aiws,  an  age,  a  long  period,  eter- 
nity, =  L.  o'rum,  OL.  aevom  (whence  ult.  E.  fiii< , 
eternal,  q.v.);  cf.  Gr.  oiui', 'aifiji.  (withiinorig. 
formative  v),  an  age,  an  eon  (see  con);  orig. 
appar.  a  going,  a  course,  vrith  formative  -ra, 

<  V  "i,  Skt.  i,  Gr.  c-tvai  =  L.  i-re,  go:  see  iter 
and  go.  This  adv.  was  much  used  as  a  general- 
izing prefix  (somewhat  like  the  related  sullix 
CTcrin  whoever,  rrhatcrcr,  etc.),  and,  fused  with 
ge-,  exists  nnrecognizod  in  aich,  either.  With 
the  negative  it  exists  in  ii(///and  hc',  which  are 
related  to  each  other  as  the  simple  aij  and 
(obs.)  o.  The  spelling  aij,  like  »«//,  is  histor- 
ically and  analogically  tlio  proper  one.]  1. 
Ever;  always;  for  ever;  continually;  for  an 
indefinite  time.  [Now  only  poetical  and  North. 
E.  dial.] 

Care  for  the  Conscience,  &  kcpe  it  ai  clcne. 
The  A  BCof  Aristotle  (E.  E.  T.  .S.,  extra  ser.,  VIII.  i.  «•>). 
Let  this  pernicious  hour 
Stand  ai/e  accursed  in  the  calendar! 

Slial,:,  Slacbeth,  iv.  1. 

2t.  Ever:  indefinitely,  after?/. 

lieholil  the  man  !  anil  tell  me,  Brltonnirt, 
Jf  ay  more  goodly  creature  thou  didst  see? 

Siiemer,  V.  ^.,  III.  iii.  32. 
For  ay,  for  ever :  sometimes  strengthened  by  combination 
— /or  ever  and  a;/. 

The  soul,  though  made  in  time,  survives  /or  a;/: 
And  though  it  hath  beginning,  sees  no  end. 

Sir  .J.  IJavieg,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxlx. 

ay-  (a)i  I"'";;.  [.^Vlso  ai/e,  cigh  (and,  in  this  use, 
<7(),  <  ME.  '.v.  ei ;  a  mere  interj.,  of  no  delinito 
history,  but  it  may  be  regarded.  f<innally.  as  a 
variant  of  MK.  a,  E.  ah,  oh.  In  the  ]ioetical 
ail  me,  pi'ob.  in  imitation  of  OJ''.  oijmi,  Sp.  (/// 
ifr  mi,  II.  iihimr ;  cf.  F.  ahi,  ai.  S]i.  int.  It.  iihi, 
ah:  SCO  ah,  t>,  oh,  and  cf.  eh.]  AliI  Ol  oh! 
an  exclamation  expressing  sur]irlse,  interest, 
regi'ot,  etc.,  according  to  tho  manner  of  utter- 
ance. [North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.!— Ay  met  ah 
me!  an  expreHsion  of  regn-t  or  sorrow.  |l'oetli-nl.l 
Ay  me!  that  lliankcs  so  much  shonld  failc  of  meed. 

S/ienter,  VlrgU'a  Unat,  1.  3.'i;i. 


ayen 

words  it  is  the  ordinary  representative  of  the  sound  a 
when  final.     See  further  under  ai. 

ayah  (ay'ii),  n.  [^Vnglo-Ind.,  <  Hind.,  etc.,  aya, 
dijd.  <  Pg'.'  aia  (=  Sp.  aija  =  It.  aja),  nurse,  gov- 
erness, fem.  of  aio  (=  Sp.  ai/o  =  It.  ajo),  tutor; 
of  uncertain  origin.]  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
native  waiting-woman  or  lady's-maid;  a  nurse. 

ayapana  (il-ya-pil'na),  n.  [Braz.]  The  native 
name  of  Eii'patorium  tripUnerve,  a  Brazilian 
plant,  uatiu-al  order  Composifa;,  at  one  time  be- 
lieved to  be  a  panacea.  It  is  still  considered 
to  have  some  valuable  medicinal  properties. 

ayaya,  «.    See  aivia. 

aye'  (a),  adv.     See  ay'^. 

aye-  (ii),  interj.     See  ay^. 

aye-^,  ay''  (iii  or 3).  adv.  or  interj.  [Formerly  also 
(li,  ey,  but  at  its  first  appearance,  in  the  Eliza- 
bethan period,  invariably  printed  1  (often  asso- 
ciated in  puns  vrith.  the  pronoun  /).  Earlier 
history  imknown;  possibly  orig.  a  dial,  form 
of  ((!/,  ever,  always,  worn  down  to  a  more  parti- 
cle of  assent.  Hardly,  as  commonly  supposed, 
a  corruption  of  yea.  Tho  spelling  aye  is  pre- 
ferred, as  making  a  distinction  like  that  in  eye 
from  words  in  -ay,  -cy  with  the  reg.  pron.  a,  as  in 
hay,  hey,  gray,  grey,  etc.]  1.  Yes;  yea:  a  word 
expressing  assent,  or  an  affirmative  answer  to 
a  question:  opposed  to  no.  it  is  common  in  dia- 
lectal and  nautical  language,  and  is  tlie  regular  wonl  used 
in  voting  "yes"  in  Congress,  the  House  ot  Commons,  and 
ether  legislative  bodies.  In  Congress  the  olHcial  terms, 
as  in  the  Ci>nstitutiou,  are  ?/(*n  and  nay;  but  the  more 
sonorous  a;ie  and  no  are  preferred  in  making  response. 

2.  Yes;  yea:  even  so;  truly:  indicating  as- 
sent to  what  lias  been  said,  and  introducing  a 
further  or  stronger  statement. 

What !  am  I  not  your  king? 
If  ay,  then  am  I  not  to  be  obey'ii  1 

]leau.  and  >'/.,  Philaster,  iv.  2. 

The  champions,   ay,  and  exemplars  too,  of  classical 

learning.  Story,  Speech,  Cambridge,  Aug.  31,  lM'(i. 

3.  Indeed :  suggesting  slight  surprise,  interro- 
gation, auger,  or  reproach,  or  simjdo  atten- 
tion, accortling  to  the  mode  of  pronunciation. 
— Aye,  aye,  vaut. :  (a)  The  phrase  by  which  comprehen- 
sion of  an  order  is  expressed  on  board  ship,  (i)  ^n  answer 
to  a  sentry's  hail  or  to  a  call. 

aye^,  ay-' (iiiori),  Ji.  \_<  aye,  adv.  en  interj.]  An 
allirmativo  answer  or  vote  in  deliberative  bod- 
ies.—The  ayes  and  noes,  the  yeas  and  nays,  (a)  The 
atliruiative  an. I  iu-gati\c  \.i|cs.  {h)  Those  who  so  vote. 
Ilriicc  — The  ayes  have  It,  in  deliberative  bodies,  the 
j)hrase  employed  by  the  presiding  olliecr  in  declaring 
that  tho  alHrm'ative  votes  are  in  a  niajority. 

Another  was  the  late  Speaker  Trevor,"  who  had,  from  the 
chair,  put  thetiuestion,  whether  he  was  or  was  not  a  rogue, 
and  had  been  forced  to  pronounce  that  tlie  Ayes  had  it. 

MaeatUay,  Uist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

aye^t,  "•    See  ci/i. 

aye-aye  (i'i),  n.  [<  F.  aye-aye,  <  Malagasy  aiai/, 
also  dial,  ahay,  haihay,  prob.  of  imitative  origin 
(cf.  ((/  and  ai-ai).  Keduidication  is  characteris- 
tic of  imitative  names,  particularly  in  native 
languages.]    A  name  of  a  remarkable  lemuriuo 


ay'',  atlv.  or  interj.     See  ayi:^. 

ay'',  «.     See  n//f3. 

ay*!,  "■     Soo  ri/^. 

Ay''  (li),  ».  A  sparkling  wine  (iiking  its  name 
from  the  town  of  Ay  in  tlie  ilepartnient  of 
Marne,  France.     Hee  ch(im]iiigne. 

ay".  [( 1 )  <  M !''•  ".'/.  '"'.  ' .'/.  '■',  r,-,  etc.,  <  AH.  o'g, 
eg,  u'l/i  'lit  '''•'•!  ('-')  "f  oilier  origin:  see  under 
ai.]  A  common  I'^ngiisli  digrajih  (pron.  a), 
formerly  intercliangeable  in  most  iimtiiiices 
with  ai,  but  now  the  reguliir  form  when  lliiiil, 
occiirriiig  medially  only  in  <'erlniii  positions. 
lllHlorlially  It  rrprc«en'lii,(uln  w.mln.if  Aniilo  Sii\..ri  orl 

f:lii. '/  (rt.)orc  with  an  almorbcd  guttural,  a*  in  cla,i,  ilaoi, 
ni;l.  i»<i)/l,«ni/l,«/rtr/l.eti    ;  CJ)  In  wordmil  Sinndlnavlnn. 

Itoinanlc,  Ijitni,  or  other  origin,  vnri lIphllMMig-.  .n. 

li,  olc,  u  In  av>,  Ml),  rai/1,  rau",  •fay'i  otc.    In  recent 


Aye-aye  {naubentonia  madagascarimsij). 

iiuadrnpcil  of  Madagascar,  of  the  suborder  Vro- 

siniiir.  family  Diiidn  nloniiiUv  (or  Chiromiiitla), 
tho  Ihiiiliiiiioiiia  (or  Chiromys)  madiigaseari- 
ensis,  which  combines  a  rodent-like  dentition 
with  the  general  characters  of  tho  Icinnrs. 
It  w-as  originally  referrcti  to  Iho  liotientia,  and  wiis  de 
Hcrlbcd  lis  a  spee'les  of  SeinruH.  or  sijuirrel.  It  Is  a  small 
siinlrn'MIke  animal  (so  far  as  il»  long  biisliy  tail,  general 
eonllgunition,  and  arboreal  bahlls  may  warnint  the  corn 
imrison),  with  large  thin  (■arsoin-ning  ftu'ward.  great  eyrw 
iooklnu  forwai'l.  a  very  peculiar  pliyslognomy,  and  an 
attcrniatcl  miihllc  linger,  \\)ii<'b  Hcems  as  if  wltherci. 
The  thuinli  Is  not  aplio»alile.  In  which  respect  It  Is  nnlll,.' 
till,  inner  digit  of  the  fool.  The  animal  Is  noi  liirnal.  arb.i 
real,  and  peculiar  to  Madagasi'ar.  Its  economy  Is  sllll 
Imperfectly  known.  The  mejuilnglewH  name  aye-aye  was 
In  1802  iir  1MI3  made  a  harliarons  generic  name  bj-  Lace 
pi'de.  The  genns  Is  nsuallv  cjilled  by  the  name  Ch>rinii\ix, 
glvi'u  by  Cuvler  in  isoo,  but  llils  Is  antidateil  bv  Han 
'/ra),„ii„,  ,i|,|,l|,.dby  Ktlenne  llioMniy  Kl.  Illlalre  In  171PS. 
Sir  Ihinlienlonia. 

ayelnt,  ailv.  and  jiriji.     Aw  ulil  I'l.nn  ol'  again. 

ayelt,  «.    Sec-  ayle. 

ayelp  (a-ydp'),  iirej).  phr.  a»  adv.    [<  <i^  +  yelp.] 

•  111  llie  yi'lp;  yelping,     lirowning. 
ayont,  '"'''.  and  ^n-^/i.     An  old  form  of  again. 


ayenbite 

ayenbitet,  «•  [ME.,  <  aycn,  again,  +  bite  (a 
translation  of  LL.  rcmorsus,  remorse) :  see  agaiyi 
and  bite.']  Remorse.  [The  "Ayenbite  of  Inwyt" 
(Remorse  of  Conscience)  is  the  title  of  a  well-known  old 
Eii^'lish  religious  work  adapted  from  the  French. 1 

ayenee  (ii-yo-ne'),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  Angili-wood 
(wliich  see). 

ayenst,  ayenstt,  pre}).  Obsolete  forms  of 
agiiiiist. 

ayenwardt,  <"'''•  An  obsolete  form  of  again- 
wanl. 

ayenyeftet,  "•  [ME.,  <  ayen,  again,  back,  + 
y(J'li,  jxifv:  seo  again  and  gift.']  Areconipense. 
'Ajjriihitc  of  Inwi/t. 

ay-green,  "aye-green  (a'gren),  n.  [<  ayi  -f- 
jlircii.  Ci.  crrrijrun  and  sempcrvivent.']  The 
iionscleok,  S<:mperviviim  tectorum. 

aygulett,  «•     Ari  obsolete  form  of  aglet. 

aylet,  ayelt,  «■  [<  ME.  aiel,  ayd,  <  AT.  ayle, 
UP.  aiel,  aiol,  F.  aieiil  =  Pr.  aoiol  =  Sp.  abue- 
lo  =  It.  avolo,  <  LIj.  *ai'ioliis,  dim.  of  avius,  for 
L.  avus,  grandfather.]  A  grandfather.  See 
hesayle. 

I  am  thin  ayel,  ready  at  thy  wille. 

Chaucer,  Kniglifs  Tale,  1.  1619. 

aylet  (a'let),  n.  [Cf.  ailette.]  In  her.,  a  bird 
represented  as  sable,  beaked  and  legged  gules. 
Also  known  as  the  sea-swallow  and  as  the 
Cornish  chough. 

aymantt,  aymontt,  '»•  [<  OP.  aymant,  aimant 
=  Pr.  ayman,  a:iman,  mlimati,  <  ML.  *adima^ 
(adimant-),  var.  of  L.  adamtis  (ailumant-),  ada- 
mant, diamond :  see  adamant,  diamond.]  Ada- 
mant ;  a  diamond. 

aymet,  interj.     See  ay  me  !  under  ai/2. 

Aymees  and  hearty  heigh-hoes 
Are  sallads  fit  for  soldiers. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  i.  2. 

aymerst,  n.  pi.    Obsolete  form  of  embers. 

aymontt,  ».     See  aymant. 

ayni-wood  (i'ni-wiid),  n.    The  timber  of  the 

Terminalia  tomcntosa,  a  combretaceous  tree  of 

southern  India. 
ayont  (a-yonf),  prep.     [So.,  =  E.  beyond,  with 

prefix  a- instead  of  6e- :  see  beyond.]     Beyond. 

Some  wee  short  hour  ayont  the  twal. 

Burns,  Death  and  Doctor  Hornbook. 

ayr  (ar),  n.  [Sc.,  also  air,  <  leel.  eyrr,  mod. 
cyri,  the  gravelly  bank  of  a  river,  a  small  tongue 
of  land  running  into  the  sea  (=  Sw.  or  =  Dan. 
ore,  seen  in  place-names,  as  iu  Elsinore,  Dan. 
Helsingor,  Icel.  as  if  * Helsingja-eyrr),  <  aurr, 
clay,  mud,  =  Noi-w.  aur  =  AS.  ear,  earth, 
ground,  used  also  as  the  name  of  the  runic 
character  for  ed.]  An  open  sea-beach;  a 
sand-bank.     Also  spelled  air.     [Scotch.] 

ajrrant  (ar'ant),  a.  [Also  eyrant,  a  ppr.  form,  < 
ME.  *aire,  eyre,  etc.,  aery:  see  aery'^  and  -ant^.] 
In  her.,  seated  on  its  nest  or  aery:  said  of  a 
bird  of  prey  when  thus  represented  as  a  bearing. 

Ayr  stone.     See  stone. 

ayuntamiento  (a-yon"ta-mi-en't6),  n.  [Sp.,  < 
OSp.  ayuntar,  <  ML.  *adjunctare,  <  ad,  to,  + 
*junctare  (>  Sp.  jtintar,  join),  <  L.  jungere,  pp. 
junctus,  join  :  see  join.  Cf .  junta.]  In  Spain 
and  Spanish  America,  a  corporation  or  body  of 
magistrates  in  a  city  or  town ;  a  town  council, 
usually  composed  of  alcaldes,  regidors,  and 
other  municipal  officers. 

ay-wordt  (a'werd),  n.  [A  form,  appar.  an  error, 
appearing  in  some  editions  of  Shakspere,  spe- 
cifically in  "  Twelfth  Night,"  ii.  3,  where  others 
give  nayword,  q.  v.]     A  byword. 

az.    In  her.,  an  abbreviation  of  azure. 

azale  (a-zal'),  m.  [Appar.  <  a^afea.  Ci.azalein.] 
A  coloring  matter  obtained  by  extracting 
"madder-flowers  "  with  wood-naphtha  at  a  boil- 
ing temperature.     It  is  no  longer  used. 

Azalea  (a-za'le-a),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  a^aXio^,  dry 
(in  allusion  to  the  dry  habitat  of  the  plant),  < 
dffiv,  dry  up,  j)arch.]  1.  A  genus  of  eriea- 
ceous  plants,  now  referred  to  Rhododendron. — 
2.  [I.  c]  A  plant  or  flower  belonging  to  this 
genus.  See  lihododendron. — 3.  [I.e.]  A  name 
of  a  species  of  plants  of  the  genus  Loiseleuria, 
the  Alpine  azalea,  L.  procnmhcns. 

azalein  (.^-za'le-in),  ».  [<.  azalea +  -in'2.]  Same 
as  rusaiiiline. 

azan  (a-xiln'),  n.  [Ar.]  In  Mohammedan  coun- 
tries, the  call  to  public  prayers,  proclaimed  by 
the  crier  from  the  minaret  of  the  mosque. 

When  their  crier,  a  small  wizen-faced  man,  befian  the 
Azan,  we  received  it  with  a  shout  of  derision,  and  some, 
hastily  snatching  up  their  weapons,  offered  him  an  oppor- 
tunity of  ni.artyrdom.     R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  133. 

azarin  (az'a-rin),  n.  A  coal-tar  color  of  the 
azo-group  used  in  dyeing,  it  is  applied  only  to  cot- 
ton, and  is  fairly  fast  to  light.    It  is  a  compound  of  naph- 


405 

thol-azo-diclilor-phcnol  .-md  ammonium  bisulphite.  It  dyes 
a  ))ril)iant  red  inclining  to  crimson. 

azarole  (az'a-rol),  n.  [Also  aserole ;  <  F.  asa- 
rolc,  azerole  =  It.  azscruolo  =  Sp.  acerolo,  azarolo 
=  Pg.  azarola  (NL.  azarulus),  <  Ar.  az-zu'rHr,  < 
al,  the,  -f-  zu'rUr,  azarole.]  The  Neapolitan 
medlar,  a  species  of  thorn,  Cratwgus  Asarolus, 
which  bears  a  rather  large,  pleasant  fruit. 

azedarach  (a-zed'a-rak),  n.  [<  F.  azedarac  = 
Sp.  ucedaraqiie,  prob.  through  Ar.,  <  Pers.  uzdd 
dirakht,  lit.  free  (noble)  tree :  azud,  free ;  di- 
rakht,  tree.]  1.  An  ornamental  East  Indian 
tree,  Melia  Azedarach,  cultivated  in  southern 
Europe  and  America,  and  also  known  as  bead- 
tree,  piride  of  India,  etc.  See  Melia. —  2.  A 
drug,  consisting  of  the  bark  of  the  root  of  the 
azedarach.  It  is  an  emetic  and  a  cathartic, 
and  is  used  as  a  vermifuge. 

aziam  (az'iam),  H.  [Kuss.  azyamu.]  A  full 
long  outside  garment,  without  plaits,  made  of 
a  coarse  gray  cloth ;  at  Astrakhan,  a  sheep- 
skin coat  covered  with  cloth.     [Russian.] 

azimuth (az'i-muth),  n.  [<  ME.  azymuth,  azimut, 
<  OF.  azimut  =: Sp.  azimut  =  Pg.  azimuth  =  It.  az- 
zimutto,  <  Ai.  as-sumut,  <  al,  the,  +  sumUt,  pi.  of 
sam  /,  way  or  path,  point  or  quarter  of  the  horizon. 
From  the  same  word  is  derived  zenith,  q.  v.]  In 
astron.,  an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted  be- 
tween the  meridian  of  a  place  and  the  vertical 
circle  passing  through  the  center  of  a  celestial 
object.  The  azimuth  and  altitude  of  a  star  give 
its  exact  posi- 
tion in  the  sky. 
—  Altitude  and 
azimuth  circle. 
See  circle. —  Azi- 
muth compass, 
a  compass  placed 
in  some  convenient 
part  of  a  ship  on  the 
midship  line,  and 
provided  with  vane^ 
screws,  and  othti 
apparatus  for  oli 
serving  the  bearings 
of  heavenly  and  ter- 
restrial objects. — 
Azimuth  dial,  a 
dial  whose  style  or 
gnomon  is  at'  right 


Azimuth  Compass. 


angles  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon.  The  sliadow  marks 
tlie  sun's  azimutli. ^Azimuth  or  vertical  circles,  great 
circles  intersecting  one  another  in  tlie  zenith  and  nadir, 
and  cutting  the  horizon  at  right  angles. — Magnetic  azi- 
muth, an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted  between  tlie 
azimuth  or  vertical  circle  passing  through  the  center  of 
any  heavenly  body  and  tlie  magnetic  meridian.  This  is 
found  by  observing  the  object  with  an  azimuth  compass. 

azimuthal  (az'i-muth-al),  a.  [<  azimuth  -I-  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  the  aziniuth ;  used  in  taking  azi- 
muths. 

azimuthally  (az'i-muth-al-i),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  an  azimuth;  in  the  direction  of  the  azi- 
muth. 

Turning  azimuthally  in  either  direction. 

Nature,  XXi.  525. 

azo-.  A  curt  form  of  azote  in  compounds. — 
AzO-COmpound,  a  compound  intermediate  between  a 
nitro-  and  an  amido-compound,  made  from  the  former 
by  partial  reduction,  or  from  the  latter  by  partial  oxida- 
tion :  as,  azobenzene,  CgHs  —  Jf  =  N  — CgH^. — AzO-dyes, 
a  well-defined  group  of  the  coal-tar  colors,  all  containing 
the  diatomic  group  — N  =  N— ,  bound  on  either  side  to 
a  benzene  radical.  They  may  be  prepared  by  reduction  of 
the  nitro-compounds  in  alkaline  solutions  or  by  acting  on 
diazo-compounds  witli  plienols  or  amines  of  the  aromatic 
series.  Simple  azo-compounds  are  for  the  most  part 
brightly  colored  bodies ;  but  they  are  not  coloring  mat- 
terl,  since  they  do  not  possess  the  property  of  combining 
with  either  acids  or  bases.  The  azo-dyes  are  the  amido- 
or  hydroxyi-derivatives  of  simple  azo-compounds,  and  are 
distinguished  as  amidoazo-  and  o.xyazo-dyes.  In  dyeing, 
tlie  amidoazo-dyes  can  either  be  used  as  such  or  in  the 
form  of  their  sulphonic  acids,  while  the  oxyazo-dyes 
nearly  always  contain  sulpho-groups. 

azobenzene  (az-o-ben'zen),  n.  [<  azo{te)  + 
benzene.]  A  crystalline  substance,  (C6H5)2N2, 
obtained  by  the  action  of  reducing  agents  upon 
nitrobenzene.  Also  called  azobenzol  and  azo- 
benzide. 

azobenzol  (az-o-ben'z61),  n.  l<azo{te)  +  ben- 
zol.]    >Same  as  azobenzene, 

azo-blue  (az'o-blo),  n.  A  coal-tar  color  used  for 
dyeing  cotton,  and  fast  to  soap  and  acids,  it  is 
a  dark-blue  powder  soluble  in  water,  and  is  formed  by  the 
action  of  tetraza-ditolyl  chlorid  on  beta-naphthol-sulpho- 
nate  of  potash. 

azodiphenyl  (az"o-di-fen'il),  ;;.  Same  as  Cou- 
jtier's  blue  (which  see,  under  blue). 

azo-erythrin  (az'o-e-rith'rin),  H.  [<  azo{te)  -f 
eri/thrin.]  A  coloring  principle  obtained  from 
the  archil  of  commerce. 

azogue  (Sp.  pron.  a-tho'ga),  n.  [Sp.,  =  Pg. 
azongue,  quicksilver,  <  Sp.  Ar.  azaouga,  <  Ar. 
azzdug,  <  al,  the,  -f-  zdUg,  <  Pers.  zhiurnh,  quick- 
silver.    Cf.  assogue.]     Quicksilver. 


azotized 

All  the  different  kinds  of  silver  are  called  [in  .MexicoJ 
aznyucH,  or  (juicksilvers.  Sci.  Ariier.  (N.  S.),  LVI.  260. 

azoic  (a-z6'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  dfuor,  lifeless,  <  a- 
]M-iv.  -f  Cur/,  life,  <  C""",  (yv,  live.]  Destitute 
of  organic  life:  in  geol.,  applied  to  rocks  which 
are  destitute  of  any  fossil  remains  or  other 
evidence  of  the  existence  of  life  at  the  period 
of  their  deposition.  The  "  azoic  syBtem  "  or  scries  of 
Foster  and  Whitney  includes  the  stratillcd  rocks,  together 
with  the  associated  unstratilled  or  massive  ones,  which 
underlie  uncomformably,  or  arc  otherwise  shown  to  be 
older  than,  the  Potsdam  sandstone,  or  the  lowest  grouj) 
of  rocks  which  has  up  to  the  jiresent  time  been  proved  to 
contain  traces  of  a  former  organic  life. 

The  di'cdgc  was  sent  down  at  each  successive  station, 
but  with  very  poor  rcsul'. ;  ami  Dr.  Carpenter  was  driven 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  bottom  of  the  MediteiTanean  at 
deptlis  beyond  a  few  hundred  fathoms  is  nearly  azoic. 

Sir  C.  \V.  Thomson,  Deptlia  of  the  Sea,  p.  192. 

TTie  enormously  thick  azoic  slaty  and  other  rocks,  which 

constitute  the  Laurentian  and  Cambrian  formations,  may 

he  to  a  great  extent  the  metamorphosed  products  of  Fora- 

miniferal  life.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  82. 

azolltmin  (az-o-lit'min), }(.  [<  azo(te)  -i-  litmus 
+  -in-.]  A  deep  blood-red  coloring  matter  ob- 
tained from  litmus.  * 

azonic  (a-zon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  a^uvog,  confined  to 
no  zone  or  region,  <  a-  priv..-l-  (avi/,  a  zone.] 
Not  confined  to  any  particular  zone  or  region ; 
not  local.    Jimerson. 

azoospermatism  (a-z6-o-sper'ma-tizm),  n.  [< 
Gr.  aiuor,  lifeless  (see  azoic),  -h  a^ip/ja(T-),  seed, 
+  -ism.]     Same  as  azoospermia. 

azoospermia  (a-z6-o-sper'mi-a),  n.  [NL. :  see 
azoospermatism .]  In pathoL,  loss  or  diminution 
of  vitality  of  the  spermatozoa,  or  their  absence 
from  the  semen. 

azor  (ii'zor),  «.  A  kind  of  beaver  cloth,  made 
in  Styria,  Austria. 

Azorian  (a-z6'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Sp.  Azores, 
Pg.  Aqores,  so  named  from  the  abundance  of 
hawks  or  buzzards  there,  <  Sp.  azor,  Pg.  aipr, 
a  hawk:  see  Astur  s,n.iX  axtstringer.]  I,  a.  Be- 
longing or  relating  to  the  Azores,  or  to  their 
inhabitants. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  Azores, 
a  group  of  islands  situated  in  the  Atlantic  ocean 
about  800  miles  west  of  Portugal,  to  which 
country  they  belong. 

azorite  (az'o-rit),  n.  A  mineral  crystallizing 
iu  tetragonal  crystals,  fojind  in  a  granitic  rock 
iu  the  Azores.  Its  chemical  nature  is  doubtful ; 
it  may  be  identical  with  zircon. 

azotatet  (az'o-tat),  ».  [<  azot-ic  -t-  -afel.]  A 
compound  fonned  by  the  union  of  nitric  or 
azotic  acid  with  a  base  ;  nitrate. 

azote  (az'ot),  «.  [=  P.  azote,  <  NL.  azotum,  < 
Gr.  a-  priv.  -)-  *fa)ro<:,  assiuned  verbal  adj.  of 
^ueiv,  var.  of  i^deiv,  Qfjv,  live.]  A  name  formerly 
given  to  nitrogen,  because  it  is  unfit  for  respi- 
ration. 

Lavoisier  suggested  the  propriety  of  giving  to  this  foul 
kind  of  air  [air  robbed  of  its  o.vygen]  the  name  of  Azote, 
...  a  name  which  it  still  retains  in  F"rance,  but  which 
has  been  superseded  elsewhere  by  the  term  Sitrogen. 

Huxley,  Physiog.,  p.  79. 

azoted  (az'o-ted),  a.  [<  azote  +  -ed^.]  Nitro- 
genized. 

As  animals  are  fed  on  animal  diet  or  on  azoted  sub- 
stances. Aitkin,  Med.  Diet.  (6th  ed.),  II.  1061. 

azotht  (az'oth),  )(.  [Also  azot  and  azook;  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  At.  original  of  azogue,  q.  v.]  1. 
In  alchemy,  mercury,  as  the  assumed  fii'st  prin- 
ciple of  all  metals. — 2.  The  universal  specific 
or  panacea  of  Paracelsus. 

azotic  (a-zot'ik),  a.  [<  azote  +  -ic.]  Pertain- 
ing to  azote;  fatal  to  animal  life Azotic  acid. 

Same  as  nitric  acid.  See  nitric. — Azotic  gas,  nitrogen, 
or  nitrogen  gas. 

azotide  (az'o-tid  or  -tid),  n.  [<  azote  +  -ide^.] 
An  azotized  body.     See  azotized. 

azotin  (az'o-tiu),  n.  [<  azote  +  -in^.]  An  ex- 
plosive compound  consisting  of  15.23  parts  of 
carbon,  11.43  of  sulphur,  69.05  of  saltpeter,  and 
4.29  of  petroleimi. 

azotise,  azotised.     See  azotize,  azotized. 

azotite  (az'o-tit),  n.  [<  azote  +  -ite~.]  A  salt 
formed  by  a  combination  of  nitrous  acid  with  a 
base:  synonymous  with  «i7rite. 

azotize  (a4'9-tiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  azotized, 
ppr.  azotizing.  [<  azote  -I-  -ize.]  To  nitro- 
genize.     Also  spelled  azotise. 

azotized  (az'o-tizd),  p.  a.  Imbued  with  azote 
or  nitrogen.     Also  spelled  azotised. 

It  has  been  maintained,  on  the  basis  of  cai"efully-con- 
ducted  experiments,  .  .  .  that  the  amount  of  work  done 
by  an  animal  may  be  gi-eater  than  can  be  accounted  for  by 
the  ultimate  metamorphosis  of  the  azotized  constituents 
of  its  food. 

IT.  B.  Carpenter,  in  Corr.  and  Conserv.  of  Forces,  p.  431. 
Organic  compounds  which  contain  nitrogen  are  fre- 
quently termed  azotised  substances. 

IF.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  339. 


azotometer 

azotometer  (az-o-tom'e-ter),  ».  [<  azote  +  Gr. 
fiirpov,  measure.]    Same  as  nitrometer. 

An  azotometer  containing  a  concentrated  solution  of  po- 
tassium hydroxide  wliere  tbe  nitrogen  was  measured. 

Amer,  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXX.  57. 

azotOUS(a-z6'tns),a.  [< arote  + -om«.]  Nitrous: 
as.  a:iitous  (=  nitrous)  acid. 

azoturia  (az-o-tu'ri-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  azote  +  L. 
ur-iiia.  urine:  see  urea.'\  Inpatliol.,  a  condition 
in  which  there  is  an  excess  of  urea  excreted. 

Azrael,  AzraU  (az'ra-el,  -il),  n.  [Heb.  Azrael, 
lit.  help  of  God.]  In  Mohaniniedanism,  the  an- 
gel of  death,  whose  function  it  is  to  separate 
men's  souls  from  their  bodies. 

The  second  trumpet  blast  will  be  that  of  "  Extermina- 
tion," at  the  sound  of  which  the  lives  of  all  creatures  .  .  . 
will  in  an  instant  be  extinguished,  the  last  to  die  being 
Azraei,  the  angel  of  death.     RelUjions  o/the  World,  p.  364. 

Aztec  (az'tek),  m.  and  a.  [<  Azteca,  the  native 
name.  Cf.  Aztlan,  the  legendary  but  unknown 
region  from  which  the  Aztecs  came ;  said  to  be 

<  aztatl,  heron,  +  tlan  or  titlan.  place.]  I.  n. 
A  mftober  of  one  of  the  leading  aboriginal 
tribes  of  Mexico,  which  was  dominant  on  the 
central  table-land  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish 
invasion  under  Cortes  in  1519. 

n.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Aztecs. 
Aztecan  (az'tek-an),  a.   Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Aztecs;  Aztec. 

Specimens  of  Aztecan  aboriginal  workmanship. 

Science,  VIII.  40.J. 

aznlejo  (Sp.  pron.  a-tho-la'ho),  ii.  [Sp.,  <  azu!, 
blue :  see  azure.'}  An  earthenware  tUe  of  Span- 
ish manufacture,  painted  and  enameled  in  rich 
colors,  especially  one  having  a  metallic  luster. 
[This  use  of  the  word,  which  is  general  anion?  Knglisli  c<  >]- 
lectors  and  writers  on  decoration,  is  apparently  founiU'd 
on  the  assumption  that  the  word  in  the  original  Spanish 
means  a  tile  of  any  kind.] 

azulene  (az'u-len),  ?i.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  azu!,  blue, 
azure.  +  -ene.']  A  vegetable  principle  which 
imparts  a  blue  color  to  many  of  the  volatile  oils. 
It  is  a  volatile  liquid,  with  an  intensely  blue  vapor.  Tlxe 
formula  CigHogO  has  been  given  to  it.  Also  called  cent- 
Uin. 

aznlin  (az'u-Un),  «.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  azul,  blue, 
azure,  +  -in-.}  A  coal-tar  color  formerly  used 
in  dyeing.  It  was  prepared  by  lieating  coralline  and 
aniUiit'  together,  and  produced  blue  colors. 

azulmin  (az-ul'min),  n.  [<  az{urc)  +  ttlm(>c)  + 
-in-.~j  A  name  given  to  the  brown  ulmic  ni- 
trogenous substance  which  is  formed  by  tlie 
spontaneous  decomposition  of  hydrocyanic 
acid. 

azombre  (Sp.  pron.  ii-thom'bra),  n.  [Sp.]  A 
Spanish  liquid  measure,  equal  to  about  half  a 
gallon. 

azure  (azh'ur  or  a'zhur),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME. 
aziirl,  asure,  aisur,  <  OP.  azur,  asur,  F.  azur  = 
Pr.  azur  =  OSp.  azur,  Sp.  Pg.  azul  =  It.  azzurro, 
azzuolo,  <  ML.  azitra,  azurum,  etc.,  also  lazur, 
lazurius,  lazulus,  an  azure-colored  stone,  lapis 
la/.uli,  also  azure,  MGr.  '/xiCoiptov,  <  Ar.  Idzicard, 

<  Pers.  lazhicard,  lapia  lazuli,  azure:  said  to  be 
named  from  the  mines  of  Lajwurd.  The  initial 
/  in  supposed  to  have  been  lost  in  tlie  Romanic 
forms  through  eoufusion  with  the  definite  arti- 
cle, F.  le,  r,  etc.]    I.  H.  It.  Lapis  lazuli. 

But  natheles  this  markis  hath  doon  make 
Of  gemmes  set  in  gold  and  in  ature, 
Broches  and  rlnges,  for  (Jrlsildls  sake. 

Chaucr,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  254. 

2.  The  fine  blue  color  of  the  sky:  as,  "her 
eyes  a  bashful  azure,"  Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

If  .  .  .  the  air  were  absolutely  pure  and  devoid  of  mat- 
t'T  foreign  to  It,  the  azun  of  the  sky  would  no  longer  be 
•v-'-ii  and  the  heaven  would  apjiear  black. 

St'ottmtroodf ,  Polarisation,  p.  82. 

A  little  speck  of  azure  has  witlened  In  the  western  lieav- 
ei».  Uawtluimc,  TwiceTold  Tales,  I. 


\ 


Azure  (heraldic 
tincture). 


406 

3.  A  name  formerly  appUed  to  several  sky- 
colored  or  blue  pigments,  but  now  used  for 
cobalt  blue  (which  see,  under  blue),  it  has  been 
applied  to — (rt)  that  made  from  lapis  lazuli,  called  genu- 
ine  ultramarine ;  (6)  that  made  by  fusing  glass  with  oxid 
of  cobalt,  and  reducing  this  to  a  powdi-r:  in  gi-ains  the 
size  of  sand,  this  is  called  smalt ;  (r)  an  artiticially  pre- 
pared carbonate  of  copper. 

4.  The  sky,  or  blue  vault  of  heaven. 

>'ot  like  those  steps 
On  heaven's  azure.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  297. 

5.  In  Iter,,  the  tincture  blue,  which  in  uncol- 
ored  drawings  or  engravings  is 
represented  by  shading  in  hori- 
zontal lines.  Often  abbrenated 
to  az. 

II.  a.  Eesembling  the  clear 
blue  color  of  the  sky;  sky-blue. 
— Azure  blue.  See  bhte. — Azure 
copper  ore.    See  azurite,  1. 

azure  (azh'ur  or  a'zhur),  r.  t. ; 
pret.  and  pp.  azured,  ppr.  azur- 
ing.     [<  azure,  a.]     To  color  blue 
Who  azur'd  the  firmament?  Gentleman  Instructed,  p.  394. 
'Twixt  the  green  sea  and  the  azur'd  vault. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 

azure-stone  (azh'tir-stou),  n.  Same  as  azu- 
rite,  1. 

azurine  (azh'u-rin),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  azuri- 
nus,  <  azura,  azure :  see  azure.}  I.f  a.  Azure. 
Hahluyt. 

H.  «.  1.  An  English  book-name  of  a  fish 
which  is  a  variety  of  the  nidd ;  the  blue  roach. 
— 2.  A  bird  of  the  genus  ilahirus  (which  see). 
—  3.  A  bluish-black  shade  produced  in  print- 
ing with  aniline  black,  formed  by  treating  the 
fabric  with  ammonia  after  the  black  is  com- 
]>lotely  developed. 

azurite  (azh'u-rit),  n.  [<  azure  +  -ite-.}  1. 
A  blue  mineral,  a  hydrous  carbonate  of  copper. 
It  h;is  been  used  as  a  pigment,  tinder  the  name  of  uiouii. 
tain-blue.  Azurite  occurs  finely  crystallized  at  Cliessy, 
near  Lyons,  France,  whence  it  has  been  called  che:igtiUte 
anil  Chessij  copper;  it  is  also  obtained  in  line  cr>'stais  at 
several  mines  in  Arizona  and  I'tall.  Also  ciUled  azure  cup- 
per ore,  ttzure-stone,  blue  copper  ore,  and  Muc  malachite. 
2.  Same  as  lazulite. 

azurnt  (azh'urn  or  a'zhiii-n),  a.  [<  azure  +  -cn^. 
t'f.  tjolden.}     Of  a  blue  color. 

llie  azurn  sheen  of  turkis  blue. 

Milton,  Conms,  1.  893. 

azury  (azh'u-ri  or  a'zhu-ri),  a.  [<  azure  ■¥  -ij^.} 
(>i  an  azure  or  bluish  color;  blue. 

Azygobranchia  (az"i-go-brang'ki-a),  ».  pJ. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  aC,vyo(,  not  joined  (see  azyijoun),  + 
ppayx'a,  gills.]  A  division  of  streptoneurous 
gastropods,  by  which  the  ScutihraiKhia,  the  Ctc- 
nobrauchia,  and  the  llettraiKidd  urci-oUoctively 
contrasted  ■«'ith  the  Zygubraiicliia.  See  extract. 
All  the  remaiuuig  Gasteropoda  contrast  with  the  Zygo- 
branchia  in  the  fact  that  the  torsion  of  the  body  has 
caused  the  obsolescence  or  abortion  of  one  of  the  true 
gills,  and  for  this  reason  Dr.  Lankester  has  arranged  them 
under  one  ordinal  bead,  Azw/obranchia. 

Stand.  \al.  Hist.,  I.  »2-2. 

azygobranchiate  (az"i-go-brang'ki-at),  a.  [< 
J:i/(/<il>nindiia  +  -iilc^.}  Pertainingto  or  hav- 
ing the  cliaractrrs  of  the  Azyiiobraiicliin. 

azygOmatOUS  (az-i-gom'a-tus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ri- 
priv.  (d-l**)  +  zyyotiialic.}  Having  no  zygo- 
mata ;  destitute  of  zygomatic  arches,  as  the 
skull  of  a  shrew.     Coucs. 

azygOS  (az'i-gos),  n.  [<  Gr.  a^vyoc,  unpaired: 
see  azyjious.}  An  azygous  part,  as  a  muscle, 
vein,  etc.  —  AzygOS  pharyngls,  a  fimuU  muscle  arising 
frtjm  the  pliaryiigt-al  hpine  of  tlic  basilar  process  of  tbe 
occipital  Ikmii-.  and  lying  along  the  mitldle  line  of  the 
back  of  tbe  pharynx  and  inserted  into  the  raphe.-  Azy- 
gOS uvulae,  the'llesliy  HUliHtance  of  the  uvula,  suiiposcd 
to  be  a  Mirik'ii*  Mynniiutrical  inllHcle,  but  really  comjioni'd 
of  paired  baivcs. 

azygOSpore  (n-zi'go-spor),  n.  [<  Gr.  a-  pnv. 
(«-'**)  +  zygospore.}    A  sporo  exactly  rosem- 


azzy 

bling  a  zygospore,  but  produced  parthenoge- 
netically  by  an  isolateil  reproductive  organ  in 
some  members  of  the  order  Zygomycetes  of  the 
lower  fungi. 
azygous  (az'i-gus),  a.     [<  Gr.  aCvyoc,  unpaired, 

<  a-  priv.  +  Cv,6p  =  E.  yoke.}  Having  no  fel- 
low; not  being  one  of  a  pair ;  single  :  in  anat. 
applied  to  several  parts,  as  muscles,  veins, 
bones,  etc.,  that  are  apparently  single,  or 
have  no  symmetrical  fellow.— Azygous  artery, 
an  artery  of  tbe  knee-joint,  usually  coming  from  the 
popliteal",  but  sometimes  from  one  of  the  supcri<ir  articu- 
lar arteries.— Azygous  veins,  ttaee  veins  of  the  trunk, 
one  on  the  right  side  and  two  on  the  left.  The  riffht  or 
large  azitimus  vein  arises  in  small  branches  from  the  up- 
per lumbar  vertebrje,  passes  up  into  the  thorax  to  the 
right  of  the  aorta,  and,  receiving  the  eight  inferior  right 
intercostal  veins,  the  lesser  azygous  veins,  the  left  supe- 
rior intercostal  vein,  the  right  bronchial  vein,  and  some 
esophageal  and  mediastinal  branches,  empties  into  the 
superior  vena  cava  just  aliove  the  jiericardium.  The  le/t 
lower  or  small  azt/ijous  vein  begins  in  the  upper  lumbar 
veins,  enters  the  thorax,  receives  the  four  or  five  lower 
left  intercostal  veins  and  some  esophageal  and  medias- 
tinal branches,  and  empties  usually  into  the  right  azygous 
vein,  but  sometimes  into  the  left  innominate  vein.  The 
le.ft  upper  aziit/ous  vein  is  derived  from  the  left  intercostal 
veins,  which  lie  between  those  that  empty  into  the  left 
superior  intercostal  trunk  and  those  that  empty  into  the 
left  lower  azygos.  They  are  usually  two  or  three  in  num- 
ber. It  commmiicates  above  with  the  left  superior  inter- 
costal ^ein  and  below  with  the  right  azygous  vein. 

azym,  az3aiie  (az'im),  n.  [<  LL.  azytmis,  also 
azymon,  unleavened  bread,  <  Gr.  afi'/;of,  neut. 
iiiimui;  imleavened,  <  a-  priv.  +  ilf/,  leaven, 

<  fcfv,  boil,  bubble,  ferment.]  Unleavened 
bread,  or  a  loaf  of  imleavened  bread;  espe- 
cially, tlie  bread  eaten  among  the  Jews  at  the 
time  of  the  Passover,  or  that  used  in  part  of 
the  Christian  church  for  consecration  in  the 
eucharist :  generally  in  the  ijliu-al.  in  the  West- 
ern Chiu'ch  azyms  seem  to  have  been  used  as  far  back  as 
positive  testimony  goes,  but  the  evidence  either  for  or 
against  their  use  in  the  earlier  centuries  is  very  scanty. 
In  the  Eastern  Church  consecration  of  leavened  bread 
seems  to  have  been  the  iniiversal  rule  since  the  earliest 
times,  but  some  early  Oriental  sects  used  azyms.  The 
Latin  Church  does  not  hold  that  the  use  of  leavened 
bread  invalidates  consecration.  The  controversy  between 
the  Eastern  lunl  Western  chlU"ches  as  to  azyms  turns 
mainly  on  the  <iuestion  whether  the  LastSuppei- was  with- 
in the  period  of  imleavened  bread,  and  whether  therefore 
the  holy  comnnmiou  was  instituted  \\\{h  nzjins  or  not. 

"We  have  slimmed  the  obscurity  of  the  papists  in  their 
azymes,  tuuick,  t&c. 

The  Translators  qf  the  Bible  to  the  Eeader. 
Rome  prescribes  nothing  to  other  nations  on  the  point, 
merely  laying  down  tliat  the  blessed  Sacrament  may  more 
conveniently  bo  consecrated  in  Azi/me.t. 

J.  M.  Xeate,  Eastern  Cliureb,  i.  10B5. 

azymic  (a-zim'ik),  a.  [<  tizym  +  -ic]  Of  or 
])i'rtaining  to  unleavened  bread;  unleavened; 
iiz\nnous. 

Azymite  (az'i-mit),  n.  [<  ML.  asymita,  <  MGr. 
a^v/iiTijg,  <  a^v/ioc,  unleavened:  see  azym  and 
-ite~.}  A  member  of  a  chiu'ch  which  uses  im- 
leavened bread  for  consecration  in  the  eucha- 
rist ;  especially,  a  designation  applied  by  con- 
troversialists of  the  Greek  Cluirch  to  a  member 
of  the  Latin  or  Western  Church,  or  to  an  ad- 
herent of  the  Armenian  or  of  the  Maronite 
Churcli.  wliicli  also  use  azjTus.  See  azym.  The 
terms  Ferim  iitarinn.^-  and  I'rozi/mites  have  sonu'tinies 
been  applied  in  return  to  members  of  the  Greek  Church  by 
Latin  controversialists. 

azymous  (az'i-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  aCt^/iof,  unleav- 
ened: SCO  azym.}  Unleavened;  unformented: 
as,  soa-biscuit  is  fl-,v««)«,s'.      [Kare.] 

azzimina  (iit-si-me'nil),  «.  [It.]  Decoration 
by  liauiaskeening  of  the  liner  sort,  osjiecially 
in  gold  or  silver  and  in  elaborate  designs.  Also 
ealleil  iiitimina. 

azzle-tobth  (az'1-toth),  n.  [See  axle-tooth.} 
Saiiii'  as  axle-tooth.  Halliwcll ;  Dunglisoii. 
[I'rov.  Eng.] 

azzy,  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  wayward  child.  Halli- 
ucll.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 


".^UI'iITT''--^-  )'^\''''.^':.'.-.jjJ^'""'.'~\'^'''"''^"'^^-ii.Jii:'  ■■  •'i-.'s.^i.vi'i  11-1 ' f  'tTi  l'\ui. 


r^^V-"    r**^. '    -^       !    "^*  ■■■  -Ir       ■■■■■  ■^■f    .   I    -f  ^     •"      ..U   '.^-^t.-.  ■■■ .■!.■  I 


Jj.  '■■.„.  ..-.':'.        -ju.  ■.«*-'    •'■'■^^ 


\ihi  imViJii"i'j."'rJib£> 


1.  The  second  letter  in 
order  in  the  English  al- 
phabet, as  it  was  in  the 
Phenieian,  and  has  been 
in  most  other  alphabets 
derived  from  the  Pheni- 
eian. (See  A.)  The  name 
of  the  Plienician  character  was 
beth,  meaning  house ;  from  tliis 
comes  the  Greek  name,  beta. 
The  Phenieian  beth,  with  some 
early  Greeli  and  Latin  forms  of  b,  and  with  the  ancient 
Egyptian  cliaracters,  Ineratic  and  hieroglyphic,  from  which 
the  others  are  by  many  authorities  supposed  to  be  ulti- 
mately derived,  are  given  below : 


4 


Eeyptia 
Hieroglyphic. 


Pheni. 
cian. 


Early 
Greek  and  I.atin. 


The  value  of  the  character  is  the  same  in  all  these  alpha- 
bets. It  is  a  labial  sonant  (or  voiced)  mute  (or  stop,  or 
check) ;  that  is,  it  is  made  with  the  lips  alone,  by  a  com- 
plete closure  cutting  off  all  exit  of  breath  from  the  moutli, 
but  with  accompanying  sonant  vibrations  of  the  vocal 
chords,  the  current  of  air  necessary  to  produce  this  being 
driven  from  the  lungs  into  the  closed  cavity  of  the  mouth. 
The  corresponding  surd  (or  voiceless)  unite  is  p.  (See  P.) 
B  has  nothing  of  that  variety  of  pronunciation  shown  by 
most  English  letters  ;  but  it  is  sometimes  silent,  as  when 
final  after  m,  in  lamb,  limb,  tomb,  thumb,  and  in  a  few 
other  cases,  as  deljt,  doubt.  In  most  of  these  cases  &  is  a 
modern  graphic  insertion,  and  was  never  pronounced  (in 
the  English  forms);  e.  g.,limb,  thumb,  debt,  doubt.  In  tlie 
fundamental  or  Germanic  part  of  our  language  a  b  comes 
from  a  more  original  aspirate  found  in  Sanskrit  as  bh,  in 
'  Greek  as  it>  (ph),  in  Latin  usually  as  /.  E.\amples  are : 
E.  brother  =  Skt.  bhrdtar  =  Gr.  ii)parr}p  —  L.  /rater ;  E. 
bearl  (v.)  =  ,Skt.  /  bhar  =  Gr.  i^epeir  =  L.  .ferre.  With  the 
English  b  corresponds  that  of  most  of  the  other  Germanic 
dialects.  In  the  original  Indo-European  or  Aryan  lan- 
guage b  was  nearly  or  altogether  wanting. 

2.  As  a  numeral,  B  was  used  by  the  Hebrews 
and  Greeks,  as  now  by  thei  Arabians,  for  2. — 

3.  As  a  symbol :  («)  In  music,  the  seventh  tone, 
or  "leading  tone,"  of  the  model  diatonic  scale, 
or  scale  of  C.  B  was  the  last  tone  to  be  adopted  into 
the  modern  major  scale.  It  was  the  first  note  to  be  modi- 
fled  by  lowering  its  pitch  a  semitone  ;  its  two  forms,  the 
b  rotundum  or  B  flat  (|j)  and  the  b  quadrat\tm.  or  B  natu- 
ral (5)  (see  below),  afterward  became  conventional  signs 
which  were  applied  as  accidentals  to  all  the  notes  of  the 
scale.  See  accidental,  n.,  1.  In  Italian  and  French  the 
same  note  is  called  si.  In  German  use  B  denotes  B  flat, 
while  B  natural  is  represented  by  H,  and  is  called  ha. 
(fc)  In  chcm.,  the  symbol  of  boron,  (c)  In  ornith., 
the  accessory  femorocaudal  muscle,  one  of  the 
chief  elassificatory  muscles  of  the  leg.  A.  H. 
Garrocl.  (d)  In  math.,  see  A,  2  (c).  (e)  In  ab- 
stract reasoning,  suppositions,  etc.,  the  second 
or  other  person  or  thing  mentioned :  as,  if  A 
strike  £.  {/)  In  general,  the  second  in  any  se- 
ries :  as.  Company  B  (of  a  regiment),  schedule 
B,  etc. ;  in  the  form  i,  or  b,  the  second  column 
of  a  page,  in  a  book  printed  in  columns. — 4.  As 
an  abbreviation,  B.  stands  for — («)  Bachelor 
(or  Middle  Latin  Baccalaureiis),  in  B.  A.  or  A. 
B.,  B.  C.  E.,  B.  D.,  B.  L.,  B.  M.,  etc.  See  these 
abbreviations,  {b)  In  dates,  before,  as  in  B.  C. 
or  B.  c,  and  born,  as  in  b.  1813.  (c)  In  a  ship's 
log-book,  in  the  form  b.,  blue  sky.  (d)  In  hy- 
drometric measurements,  Bamne:  as,  8°.B.  See 
Baume's  hydrometer,  unAevhydrometer.  Also^e. 
— B,  or  B  flat,  an  English  humoious  euphemism  for  buq 
(Cimpj:;ei'(u;iirii(.s).— Bcancellatum, in  m«.siV,tlif  sharp: 
so  called  because  it  was  oi'iginally  iiiduafed  by  ciu.ssing  or 
canceling  the  symbol  of  B  quadratuin.  — B  quadratum, 
in  music,  literally  square  B,  a  modified  form  (fl)  of  the 
black-letter  ti  used  before  the  invention  of  accidentals 
to  denote  B  natural  in  distinction  from  B  flat :  now  used 
as  the  natural.  See  accidental,  n.,  I.— B  rotundum,  in 
music,  literally  round  B,  a  modified  form  (l))oi  thr  i:uii];in 
letter  b  flrst  used  to  denote  B  flat,  as  distinguish,  il  fioin 
B  quadratum :  it  is  now  the  conventional  sign  of  tlie  Hat, 
See  accidental,  «.,  1.— Not  to  know  B  from  a  bull's 
foot,  or  a  broomstick,  or  a  battledore,  t.>  be  very  il- 
literate or  very  ignorant;  popular  alliterative  compari- 
sons, the  first  dating  from  the  Middle  Englisli  period. 

Da.lt,  *"•  '■  [Perhaps  a  humorous  imitation  of  a 
smack ;  but  cf .  OP.  baer,  beer,  open  the  mouth, 
gape  (see  boyi),  and  bass^,  kiss.]     To  kiss. 

Let  me  ba  thy  cheke. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale, 


ba2  (ha), !'.  t.  [Imitative  of  the  sound.  ]  To  lull 
asleep  by  a  continuous,  inarticulate,  musical 
hiun.     [Scotch.] 

I'll  Ija  the  bairns  wi'  an  unkenned  tune. 

W.  Nicholson. 

Ba.    The  chemical  symbol  of  barimn. 

ba'(ba), »!.  [So.,=  E.  ftafti.  Cf.oS.]  A  ball. 
[Scotch.] 

B.  A.  All  .'ibbreviation  of — (a)  Bachelor  of  Arts. 
See  A.B.  and  bachelor.  (6)  Bachelor  of  Agri- 
culture; same  as  B.  Agr.  (c)  British  Associa- 
tion (for  the  Advancement  of  Science) :  used  in 
such  phrases  as  B.  A.  unit.     See  unit. 

baa  (bit),  V.  i.  [Imitative  of  the  sound.  Cf.  L. 
bee,  the  sound  made  by  a  sheep  (Varro),  L. 
^     O  balarc,  bleat,  Gr.  jIlTixil,  Doric  fi'Aaxa,  a  bleat- 

■^     ^  ing;  G.  ftfl,  bleating,  C!at.  6p,  a  sheep,  with  simi- 

lar forms  in  many  languages.]  To  cry  or  bleat 
as  a  sheep. 

Like  a  lamb  whose  dam  away  is  set 

He  treble  baas  for  help.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

baa  (ba),  n.  [<  baa,  v.']  The  cry  or  bleating  of 
a  sheep  or  lamb. 

baag-nouk,  n.  A  weapon  for  secret  attack  used 
among  the  Mahrattas  in  India,  consisting  of 
short,  sharp,  cm'ving  steel  blades,  secured  to  a 
straji  or  plate  passing  across  the  palm  of  the 
hand,  and  so  arranged  as  not  to  wound  the 
user.  An  apparently  friendly  movement  of 
the  hand  inflicts  a  terrible  wound. 

Baal  (ba'al),  n.  [LL.  Baal,  Gr.  BdaA,  BadX,  < 
Heb.  Ba'iil,  orig.  'lord,'  or  'owner,'  applied  to 
any  deity,  then  to  a  particular  deity;  pi. 
ba'alim.']  The  name  of  a  Semitic  solar  deity 
worshiped,  especially  by  the  Phenicians  and 
their  descendants  the  Carthaginians,  with  much 
license  and  sensuality.  Baal  was  derived  from  the 
Babylonian  Bel,  a  deity  of  a  much  higher  type,  and  was 
merged  in  the  Tyrian  Melkarth.  In  its  original  generic 
sense  of  'lord,'  the  name  was  applied  to  many  different 
divinities,  or,  with  qualifying  epithets,  to  the  same  divin- 
ity regarded  in  different  aspects  and  as  exercising  differ- 
ent functions.  Thus  in  IIos.  ii.  16  it  is  applied  to  Jehovah 
himself,  while  Baal-berith  (the  covenant-lord)  was  the  god 
of  the  Shechemites,  and  Baal-zebub  (the  fly-gc  )d)  the  idol  of 
the  Philistines  at  Eki-on.  Baal-peor  (lord  of  the  opening) 
was  a  god  of  Moab  and  Midian,  probably  the  same  as  Clie- 
mosh.  The  word  enters  into  the  composition  of  many  He- 
brew, Phenieian,  and  Carthaginian  names  of  persons  and 
places,  as  Jerubbaal,  Hasdrubal  (help  of  Baal),  Hannibal 
(grace  of  Baal),  Baal-IIamnion,  Baat.Thamar,  etc. 

Baalism  (ba'al-izm),  ?(.  [i  Baal  + -ism .'\  The 
worship  of  Baal ;  gross  idolatry  of  any  kind. 

His  seven  thousand  whose  knees  were  not  suppled  with 
the  Baalism  of  that  age.  Fuller. 

Baalist  (ba'al-ist),  m.  l<  Baal  + -ist."]  A  wor- 
shiper of  Baal ;  a  Baalite. 

Baalite  (ba'al-it),  n.    [<  Baal  +  -ite^.']    A  wor- 
shiper of  Baal ;  hence,  a  worshiper  of  heathen 
gods  in  general ;   an  idolater,   or    idolatrous 
worshiper. 
Tliese  Baalites  of  pelf.  Keats,  Isabel. 

Baanite  (ba'an-it),  n.  [<  Baanes  +  -ite2.]  A 
follower  of  Baanes,  a  Paulician  of  the  eighth 
centui'y. 

baar,  «.     See  bahar. 

babl  (bab),  n.     [So.  and  E.  dial.,  =  E.  bob^,  q. 
v.]     1.  A  bunch;  tassel;  cockade.     [Scotch.] 
A  cockit  hat  with  a  bab  of  blue  ribbands  at  it.        Scott. 
3.  A  bob,  as  used  in  fishing. 

Besides  these  eel-sets,  however,  the  Norfolk  Broadmen 
also  fish  for  eels  with  babs,  which  can  hardly  be  called 
sport  in  any  sense  of  the  term.    Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXIX.  2.58. 

babl  (bab),  V.  i.  [E.  dial.,  =  bob^,  v.]  To  fish 
with  a  bob.     See  bob^. 

bab-  (bab),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  babe,  q.  v.]  A  babe. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Bab^  (biib),  n.  [  Ar.  Pers.  bab,  a  gate  or  door ; 
forming  part  of  many  eastern  place-names,  as 
Bab-el-mandeb.']  1.  The  title  assumed  by  the 
founder  of  Babism. —  2.  ABabist;  an  adherent 
of  or  a  beUever  in  Babism. 

babal  (bii'ba'),  «.     A  child's  variant  otpapa. 

baba"  (ba-ba'),  «.     [F.]     A  light  kind  of  fruit- 
.  433.     cake,  of  Polish  origin. 
407 


Baba'*  (bii'ba),  V.  [Turk,  and  Ar.  bdbd, 
father.  Of.  babu.]  An  Oriental  title  of  respect 
applied  (a)  by  tributary  Arabs  to  the  Turks, 
(';)  to  the  ushers  of  the  seraglio,  and  (c)  to 
tlie  Patriarch  of  Ale.xandria. 

babacoote,  «.     Same  as  babakoto. 

babakoto  (bii-bii-ko'to),  n.  [Native  name.]  A 
name  of  the  indri  or  short-tailed  woolly  lemur 
of  Madagascar,  Indris  or  JAchanotus  brevicau- 
datus. 

babber  (bab'6r),  re.  [E.  dial.,  =  6oi6(rl.]  One 
who  fishes  with  a  bob ;  a  bobber. 

Norfolk  bablicrs  frequently  catch  four  stone  weight  of 
eels  to  a  boat  per  night,  especially  in  the  spawning- 
grounds.  Pop.  Set  Mo.,  XXIX.  259. 

babbint,  re.    An  obsolete  form  of  bavin^. 

babbitting  (bab'it-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  "bab- 
bitt, v.,  <  liabbitt  (metal).']  1.  The  operation  of 
lining  shells  or  bushings  for  a  bearing  with 
Babbitt  metal ;  hence,  commonly,  the  similar 
use  of  any  antifriction  alloy. — 2.  Babbitt  metal. 
—  Babbitting  jig,  a  tool  used  to  hold  bearing-boxes  in 
position  alM.ut  the  journals  of  shafts,  etc.,  while  any  box- 
lining  inrtal.  as  the  Babbitt,  is  being  poured  in. — Bab- 
bitting ladle,  an  iron  ladle  used  to  pour  the  Babbitt 
metal  or  any  antifriction  alloy  upon  the  bearings  of  ma- 
chinery. 

Babbitt  metal.    See  metal. 
babblative  (bab'la-tiv),  a.    [Formerly  also  Idb- 
lati re, ■<  babble -h'-ative.    Ct.  talkative.]     (5iven 
to  babbling. 
Argumentative,  babblative,  and  unpleasant  to  me. 

Carlyte,  in  Froude,  I.  119. 

babble  (bab'I),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  babbled,  ppr. 
babbling.  [<  ME.  babelen,  bablen  =  D.  babbe- 
len  =  LG.  babbelen  =  Icel.  babbla  =  Dan.  bable 
=  G.  bappeln,  bappern,  babble  (cf.  F.  babiller, 
chatter) ;  all  perhaps  imitative,  with  freq.  suf- 
fix -I,  from  the  redupl.  syllable  ba  :  see  6a-.]  I. 
in  trans.  1.  To  utter  words  imperfectly  or  in- 
distinctly, as  children  do ;  prattle ;  jabber. 
I  babbled  for  you,  as  babies  for  the  moon, 
.    Vague  brightness.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

2.  To  taUc  idly,  in-ationally,  or  thoughtlessly; 
chatter  or  prate  heedlessly  or  mischievously. 

A  babbled  of  green  fields.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii,  3. 

.  The  people,  when  they  met,  .  .  . 
Began  to  scoff  and  jeer  and  babble  of  him. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

3.  To  make  a  continuous  murmuring  sound, 
as  a  stream ;  repeat  a  sound  frequently  and  in- 
distinctly. 

The  babbling  echo  mocks  the  hounds. 

Shak.,T.  of  A.,  ii.  3. 
The  babbling  numel  crispeth,  Tennyson,  Claribel. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  utter  incoherently  or  with 
meaningless  iteration ;  repeat ;  prate. 

These  [words]  he  used  to  babble  indifferently  in  all  com- 
panies. Arbuthnol. 
2.  To  utter  foolishly  or  thoughtlessly ;  let  out 
by  babbling  or  prating:  as,  to  babble  a  plot  or 
a  secret. 
babble  (bab'I),  n.  [<  babble,  v.]  Inarticulate 
speech,  such  as  that  of  an  infant ;  idle  talk; 
senseless  prattle ;  mirrmur,  as  of  a  stream. 

Making  merry  in  odd  tones,  and  a  babble  of  outlandish 
words.  Hawthorne,  Old  llanse,  II. 

An  extraordinary  incessant  babble  of  rapid  prayer  from 
the  priests  in  the  stalls.  Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  64. 
=  Syn.  See  prattle,  n. 
babblement  (bab'1-ment),  n.  [<  babble  + 
-mcnt.']  IiUe  talk;  senseless  prate;  unmean- 
ing words. 

Deluded  all  this  wliile  with  ragged  notions  and  babble- 
ments. Milton,  Education. 
babbler  (bab'ler),  «.    1.  One  who  babbles;  an 
iiUe  talker ;  an  iiTational  prater ;  one  who  says 
things  heedlessly  or  mischievously. 

Cunn.   No  blabbing,  as  you  love  me. 
Sir  Greg.   None  of  our  blood 
Were  ever  babblers. 

Beau,  ami  Ft.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  iv.  1. 
Great  babblers,  or  talkers,  are  not  fit  for  trust. 

Sir  R.  L'Estrange. 

2.  In  ornith.:  (a)  A  name  of  various  old-world 
dentirostral  oscine  passerine  birds  more  or  less 
nearly  related  to  thrushes,     (b)  pi.  The  family 


babbler 

Timaliidfe  or  subfamily  Timaliince  of  Turdidw, 
an  uncertain  gi-oup  of  generally  short-winged 
and  short-tailed  birds,  definable  by  no  common 
characters.  It  contains  a  great  number  of  birds  not 
salisiacturily  located  elsewhere,  and  has  been  called  "  the 
omitholo^cal  waste-basket. " 

8.  In  hunting,  a  dog  that  yelps  or  gives  tongue 
too  much  when  in  the  field. 


408 


trielinic  crystals  in  beds  of  magnetic  iron  ore 
and  in  reins  of  quartz  and  feldspar.  It  is  a 
silicate  of  iron,  manganese,  and  calcium. 
Babington's-curse  (bab'ing-tonz-kers),  H.  The 
water-weed,  Elodea  Canadensis :  so  called  in 
England  from  the  false  supposition  that  it  was 
introduced  there  by  the  botanist  Charles  Bab- 
iugtou  (bom  about  180S). 
After  a  fox  has  l«en  found,  the  babbler  annonnces  the  babiont,  H.     Hce  habian. 

fact  for  the  next  ten  mnmtes,  and  repeats  lus  refrain  ■, i_._  ,i --/r,-  ^  a  o      •  ^      ^i 

whenever  the  least  opportunity  presents  itself.  bablT  (ba  ber),  M.    A  bynan  name  for  the  papy- 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XH.  315.      rus. 

babblerylf,  n.     [<  hahbU  +  -ry.    Cf.  F.  habU-  babinissa,  babiroussa  (bab-i-ro'sii),  n.     [Also 
lerie  (Cotgrave),  babble.]     Babbling;  chatter-    iovmev\yhahirusa,harhirvum,eXe.('iilj.habirus- 


ing :  idle  talk.  Stiibbe. 
babblery-t,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  bahblerie,  bab- 
lerie,  appar.  for  baberij  or  iaublery.']  Some- 
thing worthless ;  worthless  things  coUeotively. 
Nares. 

Other  toyes,  fantasies,  and  bablerief,  whereof  the  world 
is  ful,  are  suffered  to  be  printed.   Stubbed,  Anat.  of  Abuses. 

babbling  (bab'Iing),  H.     [\'erbal  n.  of  babble, 
r.]     Foolish  talk. 
Avoidin,'  {irtifane  and  vain  babblinfjs.  1  Tim.  ^i.  20. 

babbUngly  (bab'liug-li),  adv.  In  a  babbling 
manner:  \vitli  babblement ;  pratingly. 

babblishlyt  (bab'lish-li),  adr.    Babblingly. 

babbly  (bab'li),  a.  [<  babble  +  -y.]  Full  of 
billable;  chattering. 

babby  (bab'i),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  baby,  q.  v.]  A 
baby.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

babe  (bab),  «.  [<  ME.  babe,  prob.  abbr.  of 
earlier  baban  ;  origin  obscure,  perhaps  idt.  imi- 
tative; cf.  ia2.  The  Celtic  words  (W.  Gael. 
It.  Com.  haban  =  Manx  baban,  bab,  a  babe, 
child;  regarded  by  .Skeat  after  Williams  (Lex. 
Comu-Biit.)  as  a  mutation  of  *maban,  dim.  of 
W.  mab,  a  son,  =  Gael.  Ir.  Manx  ntac,  a  son, 
=  Goth,  magus,  a  bov,  =  AS.  magu,  a  son, 
related  to  niay^,  may^,  might)  are  late,  and 
may  be  from  E.]  1.  An  infant ;  a  young  child 
of  either  sex. — 2t.  A  child's  doll. 

All  as  a  poiire  jH-dler  he  did  wend, 
Bearini?  a  trusse  of  trytles  at  hys  backe, 
As  bells,  and  baljes,  and  glasses,  in  hys  packe. 

Speitfer,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

3.  One  who  is  like  a  babe  in  any  respect ;  a 
person  of  infantine  or  childish  character  or 
ability:  as,  ho  is  a  mere  babe  in  that  man's 
hands —  Babe  in  arms.  .«ee unni.— Babe  in  Christ, 
a  re--t-iit  convert  to  Christianity  <1  Cor.  iii.  1). 
babehood  (bab'hiid),  «.  [<  babe  +  -hood.']    Same 

as  Imhi/liood.  Udull. 
Babel  (ba'bel),  «.  [LL.  Babel,  <  Heb.  Babel,  re- 
ferred in  Genesis  to  the  notion  of  'confusion'; 
but  perhaps  <  Assyrian  bab-iUt,  lit.  gate  of  God, 
or  bdh-ili,  gate  of  the  gods,  <  bab,  gate,  +  ilu 
=  Heb.  el,  God:  see  Eloliim  and  Allah.]  1. 
The  Semitic  name  of  the  city  (Balnlon)  where, 
according  to  Gen.  xi.,  the  construction  of  a  tower 
that  would  reach  to  heaven  was  attempted,  and 
where  the  confusion  of  tongues  took  place.  See 
Babylonian.  Hence — 2.  A  lofty  structure. — 
3.  A  visionary  scheme. — 4.  A  scene  of  noise 
and  confusion,  as  a  great  city  or  a  riotous  as- 
semblage. 

'Tis  pleasant,  through  the  loopholes  of  retreat. 
To  peep  at  such  a  world  —  to  see  the  stir 
Of  the  Kreat  Babel,  and  not  feel  the  crowd. 

Coicper,  The  Task,  iv.  90. 
5.  [cap.  or  1.  c]  A  confused  mixture  of  sounds; 
confii.sion ;  disorder.    ' 
That  ha'ft  of  strange  heathen  languages. 

Ilnmimmd,  Sermons,  p.  508. 

Babel  quartz.    Sec  quartz. 

baberyt  (ba'W-r-i),  n.     [<  ME.  babery,  earlier 

liiihnirie,  bnheuwric,  etc.,  appar.  corrupt  forms 

"'iirynric,  baboonery  (see  baboonery);  but 

•  I'  use  <  babe  +  -cry.]     1.  GrotesViue  or- 

i' illation  in  art  or  arcliitecture,  as  c 

human  figures  or  otlier  decorations 
.Many  Hubtlle  compaMlngcH, 
Ah  UtWutcrjfrji  and  pynac-les, 
\  [iiagt-rtes  and  talM-riiaides, 
•■aiigh.      Chtiiirrr,  Mouse  of  Fame,  1.  1180, 


sa).  <  Malay  babi,  hog,  +  rusa,  deer.]     1.  The 
East  Indian  wild  hog  or  horned  hog.    The  upper 


East  Indian  Wild  Hog  { Bttdinissa  at/urui). 


canines  of  the  boar  are  sometimes  12  inches  in  length,  and 
nearly  reach  the  forehead  ;  the  lower  pair  partake  of  tlie 
same  unusual  development  and  direction,  lint  not  to  the 
same  extent,  nor  do  they  pierce  the  lips.  The  tusks  (jf  the 
sow  are  much  smaller.  Tlie  general  appearance  <>1  the  ani- 
mal is  that  of  a  hog,  but  the  legs  are  longer  and  tlu-  jn-lage 
is  less  bristly.  The  babirnssa  is  gregarious  and  herbi\-o. 
rous,  like  the  rest  of  the  pig  tribe,  and  its  flesh  is  used  for 
food  ;  it  is  sometimes  domesticated. 
2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  setiferous  pachyderma- 
tous ungulate  quadrupeds,  of  the  order  Arliodac- 
tyla,  or  even-toed  uiij,'uhit(>s,  and  family  i>iti<la; 
containing  only  the  baliirussa. 
Also  spelled  bahyrussa,  babyroussa. 

babisbt  (bii'bish),  a.  [<  babe  +  -isli^.]  Like  a 
babe ;  babyish. 

If  he  be  bashful  and  will  soon  blush,  they  call  him  a 
batnsh  and  ill  brought  uj)  thing. 

Ascham,  The  Sclloleniaster,  i. 

babishlyt  (ba'bish-li),  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
balic;  babyishly.  ' 

babishnesst  (ba'bish-nes).  n.  Babyishness; 
cliildishness. 

Babism  (bilb'ism),  )i.  [<  Pers.  Bdbl,  Babisra  (< 
bab,  a  gate,  the  name  assmned  by  tho  founder 
of  tho  sect,  who  claimed  that  no  one  could  come 
to  know  God  except  through  him:  see  Bab'^), 
+  -isvi.]  A  religious,  political,  and  social  sys- 
tem founded  in  Persia  about  184.S  by  Seyd  Mo- 
hammed All,  a  native  of  Shiraz,  who  pretended 
to  be  descended  from  Mohammed,  it  is  a  pan- 
theistic olfshoot  of  .Moliannnedanism,  tinctured  wit  111  J  li(»s- 
tic,  buddhistic,  aiidJewisli  ideas,  it  inculcates  a  high  mo- 
rality; discountenances  p<il.vgainy ;  forbids  concubinage, 
asceticism,  and  mendicancy  ;  recognizes  the  e<|inillty  of 
the  sexes  ;  and  encourages  the  practice  of  charity,  hospi- 
tality, and  absthiencc  from  intoxicants  of  all  kinds. 

Babist  (biib'ist),  n.  [<  Pers.  Babi  (see  Babism) 
+  -ixl.]    A  believer  in  Babism. 

bablah  (bab'lii),  n.  [Sco  babul.]  The  pod  of 
sivcinl  species  of  Acacia,  especially  of  .1.  Ara- 
bica,  which  comes  from  the  East  anil  from  Sene- 
gal under  the  naiiie  of  nch-nch.  It  contains  gallic 
acid  and  tannin,  and  has  lieen  used  in  dyeing  cotton  lor 
producing  various  shades  of  drab.  The  set  ds  are  said  to 
contain  a  red  coloring  matter,  and  to  be  used  in  India  and 
Kk'Vpt  for  dyeing  morocco.  Also  called  bnttwd,  babul,  and 
btihiilith.     .Si'c  rut  under  acacia. 

bablativet,  "•     See  babblative, 
us  carved  bable't,  bable-t,  «.     See  bauble'^,  bauhlr^. 

Bable''  (liii'lilii),  n.  A  dialect  of  Sjiaiiisli,  siio- 
ki'ii  ill  AsliiriiiH.     ICncyc.  Brit.,  II,  81.'4.' 

baboo,  ".     See  babu. 

babool,  ".     Same  as  bablah. 


2.  Finery  to  please  a  clilld;  an  v  trifling  toy  for  baboon  (ba-l>i)n'),H 


ehil'l 


.In,,., 


I 


bablll.-ird 


b.i.;;;,, 
iiiiiii  I 
A  viln 


iH,  "painted  babery,"  ,Sir  I'.  .Sidnci/ 

IS1. 

hiont,  n.     [AIho  hahoyne,  etc.,  vari- 
I   I'l/hrion,  (|.  v.]     A  baboon.     //. 

.nl),  n.  [K.,  <  babilhr,  rhnU 
'I  Ik-  chatterer:  n  name  bor- 
ti "li  by  U<>nMi(i  for  the  lesser 

irruc^t  of  Europe,  la  fan- 

;on.     fUure.] 

.--ton-it),  ,1.  [After  the 
llabinglon  (\1M-\KV.\).\ 

I  or  black  mineral  of  the 


[I''arly  mod.  IC.  also  ba- 
bniinc,  baboiinr,  babouiid  (also  bullion,  babian  (< 

r 
.1 


pyroxonu  Kf'-"ip,  oovurriog  in   Hiuall  brilliant 


Ilfttjonn  (l.t-nM-r/Aa/H/  maim^n). 


baby 

F.  babion),  and  bavian,  after  D.  baviaan,  LG. 
bavian,  >  Dan.  barian,  G.  pavian),  <  ME.  babe- 
icync,  babu'yn,  babwcn,  baboyne,  etc.,  <  OF.  ba- 
buin,  baboin,  babouin,  babion,  mod.  F.  babouin 
=  Sp.  Pg.  babuino  =  It.  habbuino ;  ML.  babc- 
irynus,  babcrryniis,  babuynu.f,  babouinus.  The 
OF.  forms  appear  to  be  the  oldest.  The  origin 
of  the  name  is  unknown.  The  Ar.  maimUni^ 
prob.  from  the  Europe'an  word.]  A  quadruma- 
nous  animal  of  the  old  world,  of  the  subfamily 
Cynopithccina^,  aud  especially  of  either  of  the 
genera  Cynocc2>halus  (or  Papio)  and  Mandiilla 
(or  Mormon).  The  baboon  has  a  large  prominent  muz- 
zle and  a  low  facial  angle,  constituting  a  physitignomy 
to  which  the  term  "dog-faced"  has  been  applied.  It 
has  cheek-pouches,  large  canine  teeth,  tail  usually  short- 
(whence  tlio  term  "  pig-tailed  "  applied  to  some),  and  large- 
bare  iscliial  callosities,  often  gayly  colored.  Its  fore  and 
hind  limits  arc  proportionate,  so  that  the  animal  can  go- 
upon  all-tours  like  ordinary  quadrupeds,  or  sit  upright  like- 
most  other  monkeys.  Baboons  are  generally  large,  lieavy 
animals,  some  equaling  a  mastiff  in  size  and  weight,  and 
are  among  the  most  sullen,  intractable,  ferocious,  and  tllthy 
brutes  of  the  oriler  to  which  tiny  I'clniig,  Most  of  them 
are  African,  and  they  are  usually  erei^arious,  going  in  large- 
troops,  and  feeding  on  fruits,  roots,  birds'  eggs,  insects, 
etc.  Among  those  which  have  special  names  are  the  anu- 
bis,  chacma,  mandrill,  drill,  etc.  Some  of  the  Quadru- 
maiui  which  belong  technically  to  the  same  group  as  the- 
baboons  do  not  usually  take  the  name,  as  the  black  ap& 
of  Celebes,  C,f,i,iintlit\;i.-i  niner,  ami  the  iiarbary  ape,  Iiiu- 
vs  t-rauiiatu.-^ ;  while  some  monkeys  of  other  groups  are- 
occasionally  called  baboons. 

baboonery  (ba-bon'e-ri),  n.;  pi.  babooneries- 
(-riz).  [<  baboon  +  -cry.]  If.  Same  as  babery, 
1. —  2.  A  collection  of  baboons. —  3.  Baboonish. 
conduct  or  condition. 

baboonish  (ba-bon'ish),  a.  [<  baboon  +  -/.sVil.] 
Like  n  l.iabooii;  characteristic  of  baboons. 

A  series  of  baboonish  chuckles  and  grins. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXIX.  660. 

baboosb  (ba-bosh'),  n.  [Also  babouche,  after  F. 
babouclw  (usually  jil.,  babouchc.t)  =  Sp.  babuchw 
(pi.  liabKcbas),  <  Ar.  babilsh,  <  Pers.  pdposh,  a- 
.slipper,  <  jni,  =  'E.foot,  +  pi'i.^^h,  covering;  ef. 
jidshiilan,  cover.]  A  kind  of  slipper  without 
iltiarters  or  heel,  worn  in  Turkey  and  the  East. 
BabOUVism  (ba-bo'vizm),  H.  [<  F.  Indwuri.fmc, 
<  Babcuf{Babwuf)  +  -isnic.]  The  commuuistie 
system  promulgated  by  the  French  socialist- 
Francois  No<?l  Babeuf  during  the  revolution.  • 
Its  fuiulamcntal  principles  were  summeil  up  in  the  sen- 
tence: "The  aim  of  society  is  the  happiness  of  all,  and 
haiipincss  consists  in  equality."  By  "equality  "was  meant. 
,  absolute  nnifurniity  in  dress,  food,  elementary  education, 
*  etc.  The  propi-rty  of  coriiorations  was  to  In-  seized  at  once, 
and  that  of  nidivjduals  at  their  death.  (Illli-crs  chosen  by 
the  people  were  to  have  unlimited  ]i()wcis  to  divide  the- 
product  of  the  industry  of  all,  ari-ordiiig  to  tlic  needs  ami 
requirements  of  each.  A  great  cons]nr!ii  y  w:is  or;.;anized! 
h>  hahenf  and  his  f(dlowei"S  for  the  (■stalilishnient  ot  anew 
t,'oveniTnent  based  on  these  jniiu  iplcs.  bill  It  was  betrayed 
to  the  Iiireetm-y  in  .May,  ITuti,  and  liabeuf  was  executed 
in  -May,  17S17.     Also  Ila,'„ui.ti,t. 

Babouvist  (ba-bo'vist),  H.  [<  F.  babouriste:  see- 
B<ibonris)n.]  A  follower  of  the  French  social- 
ist Babeul',  or  an  adherent  of  Baboiivism. 

babu  (bii-l)i)').  H.  [Also  (as  E.)  baboo  ;  <  Ilind. 
baliK,  a  title  of  respect;  in  Canareseit  means 
father.  Cf.  haba.]  A  Hindu  title  of  address, 
equivalent  to  .s()-  or  .Mr.,  given  to  gentlemen, 
clerks,  etc.:  formerly  applied  in  some  jiarts  of 
Hindustan  to  certain  persons  ot  distinction. 
"In  llciigal  and  elsewhere,  among  Anglo-Indians,  it  is  of- 
ten used  with  a  slight  savor  of  disparagement,  as  cliarac- 
tcrlziiig  a  superllcially  cultivated  but  too  often  eireml- 
nate  Mengall  ;  and  from  the  extensiAe  cmplo.vment  of  til© 
doss  to  whiclt  tlic  term  was  applieil  as  a  title  in  tlie  ca- 
pacity of  clerks  in  English  olllees,  the  word  has  come  oftoiii 
to  signify  'a  native  clerk  who  writes  Knglish.'"  i'utfancO 
lt„rn,-U,  Anglo-lnd,  Oloss. 

babtlina  (Imb-u-i'iiii),  n.  [NI.,.,  fem.  of  babui- 
nii.t:  srt\  baboon.]     A  female  baboon. 

The  depravity  of  an   old  babuiiia,  or  female  Hhnfider 
I'aboon.  /'„p.  Sci.  Mo.,  \\.  :m. 

babul  (bii-biil'),  n.  [Also  written  babool.  babu- 
liili,  rc|ir.  lliiiil.  babul,  a  species  of  Acacia. "i 
Slllile  us  bahlilh. 
baby  (liii'lii),  n.  and  a.  [.Mso  dial,  babby :  early 
mod.  E.  also  babic,  <  ME.  babcc,  babi^  dim.  of 
babe]  1.  n.:  \>\.  bahies  (-h'v/,).  1.  An  infant  or 
young  child  of  either  sex;  a  babe. 

I  knew  them  alt  as  batiicH,  and  now  they're  elderly  men. 
Tciin,/Mon,  The  (Irandniothur, 
2t.  A  doll. 

The  archduke  naw  that  I'erkln  would  prove  a  runagato  ; 
and  It  was  the  jiart  of  clilldreii  to  full  out  about  babicn. 

Hacon. 

Tllese    [bnxcHJ  are  to  have  l''oMilig  Ooors,  which  being 

n^H'tl'd,  you    are    to  behold   a    lliibjl  dress'd    out    111   Homo 

I'lixlilon  which  has  lloiirlHh'd,  and  Hlaiidlng  ujiiui  u  I'edea- 
lal,  where  Ihu  Tiino  uf  Its  lluign  is  mark  d  down. 

Siiectatiir,  No.  478. 

3f.  [Cf.  E.  ))h;>i7,  <  L.  piipilhi,  n  girl,  the  pupil 
of  the  <'ve.]  The  iiiiiiiile  ri'llii'liuii  which  it 
person  sees  of  himself  in  the  piipil  of  amillier'tt 
eye.     Tliero  aro  many  allnalons  to  this  In  our  older  poet*; 


baby 

hence  such  phrases  as  to  look  babies  in  one's  eyes,  used  with 
regard  to  a  lover. 

No  more  fool, 
To  look  gay  babies  in  your  eyes,  young  Rolatul, 
And  hanj;  about  your  pretty  neck. 

Fletcher,  Woman's  Prize,  v.  1. 

But  wee  cannot  so  passe  the  centre  of  the  Eye,  which 

wee  call  Pupilla,  quasi  I'uppa  the  babie  in  the  eye,  the 

Sight.  Purchas,  Microcos.  (1619),  p.  aO. 

4.  One  who  is  like  a  baby ;  a  cMldish  person. 
Though  he  he  grave  with  years,  he's  a  great  baby. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  iii.  5. 
Baby  act,  a  colIoi|ui:il  name  for  the  legal  defense  of  in- 
lancy.  llrnce  — To  plead  tile  baby  act.  («) 'I'o  plead 
that  a  coiitrai-t  is  void  iK-caiise  ni;iile  durini;  one's  niiimr- 
-Ity.  (li)  To  allcliipt  toexriisi'  i-xrissinj  or  fi'i;;ncd  iniio- 
ranceorstn|>idi(yiiiillic'^'iuuMilnf  iivc.lVssc-d  iiiLxpiTicnci'. 
(Colloquial  in  Ipotli  uses.)— Bartlioloine'W  baby,  a  kind 
of  doll  sold  originally  at  Bartholomew  fair  in  London,  and 
celebrated  as  the  best  then  known. 

It  also  tells  farmers  what  manner  of  wife  they  shall 
choose ;  not  one  trickt  up  with  ribliens  and  knots  like  a 
Bartholomew  baby.  Poor  liobin's  Altnanac,  1695. 

II.  a.  1.  Babyish;  infantine;  pertaining  to 
an  infant- 

Ye  conscience-stricken  cravens,  rock  to  i-est 
Your  Itabji  hearts.  Shelley,  The  Cenci,  iv.  2. 

Moulded  thy  baby  thought.  Tennyson,  Eleiinore. 

2.  Small,  or  comparatively  small:  as,  a  hahi/ 
engine.     [Colloq.] 
baby  (ba'bi),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  babied,  ppr. 
habyinq.     [<  babij,  ?(.]     To  treat  like  a  young 
child.  ■ 

At  best  it  babies  us  with  endless  toys. 
And  keeps  us  children  till  we  drop  to  dust. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  vi.  621. 
baby-farm  (ba'bi-farm),  n.    A  place  where  chil- 
dren are  received  and  cared  for. 
baby-farmer  (ba'bi-far"mer),  n.     One  who  re- 
ceives and  contracts  to  care  for  the  infants  of 
those  who,  for  any  reason,  may  be  unable  or 
unwilling  to  bring  up  their  own  childi-en. 
baby  farming  (ba'bi-fiir"ming),  n.    The  busi- 
ness carried  on  by  a  baby-farmer. 
babyhood  (ba'bi-hiid),  n.      [<  bahy  +  -liood.'] 

The  state  of  being  a  baby ;  infancy. 
baby-house  (ba'bl-hous),  «.    A  toy  house  for 

eliikb-en's  dolls. 
babyish  (ba'bi-ish),  a.    [i  baby  + -ish'^ .']    Like 
a  1)aby ;  childish. 

babyishness  (ba'bi-ish-nes),  n.     The  quality  of 

boii]!^  like  a  baby;  extreme  childishness. 

babyism  (ba'bi-izm),  n.     [<  baby  +  -ism.']     1. 

The  state  of  being  a  baby ;  babyhood.    Jeffrey. 

—  2.  A  childish  mode  of  speech;  childishness. 

Babyisms  and  dear  diminutives. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

The  egotism,  the  babyism,  and  the  inconsistency  of  this 

transaction  have  no  parallel.        The  Century,  XXIV.  148. 

baby-jumper  (ba'bi-jum"per),  n.  [<  bahy  + 
.;««(/«)'.]  A  basket  or  sliug  in  which  a  small 
child  may  be  fastened,  ha'ving  an  adjustable 
elastic  cord  which  jjermits  a  dancing  motion 
when  the  child's  feet  touch  the  floor. 

Babylonian  (bab-i-16'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Babylon,  <  Gr.  BalivAuv  (the  city),  or  L.  Baby- 
lonia, <  Gr.  Ba/Jii/lui'ia  (the  province),  the  Gr. 
form  of  the  Semitic  fname  Babel  or  Bdbilu 
(Heb.  Bdbcl).  See  Babel.  The  original  Aeea- 
dian  name  of  the  cit}'  was  Ca-dimirra.']     I.  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to  Babylon,  the  capital  of  the 
ancient  kingdom  of  Babylonia,  or  to  the  king- 
dom itself.  Ruins  of  the  city,  in  the  form  of  three 
large  mounds,  exist  near  Hillah  on  the  Euphrates,  about 
til  miles  south  of  Bagdad  on  the  Tigris. 

2.  Like  the  confusion  of  tongues  at  Babel  (= 
Babylon) ;  mixed ;  confused. 

This  formal  error  [of  applying  the  word  "force"  to  all 

kinds  of  power,  living  or  dead]  has  become  a  Pandora's 

box,  whence  has  sprung  a  Babylonian  confusion  of  tongues. 

Quoted  in  W.  R.  Grove's  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  333. 

St.  [From  a  former  common  identification  by 
Protestants  of  the  "scarlet  woman,"  "Baby- 
lon the  great,  the  mother  of  harlots  and  abomi- 
nations" (Rev.  x\ni.  5),  with  the  Papacy.]  («) 
Popish,  (b)  Scarlet — Babylonian  art,  a  subdivi- 
sion of  Mesopotainian  art;  the  later  d^-vi  lopment  of  Chal- 
dean art  as  practised  at  Babylon,  liuth  prior  to  the  -Assyrian 
domination,  which  began  in  the  eleventh  century  B.  C.  and 
culminated  in  the  ninth  century,  and  after  the  restoration 
of  the  Babylonian  kingdom,  under  Nabopolassar,  about 
6011  B.  c.  The  architecture  of  Babylon,  like  that  of  As- 
syria, of  which  it  was  the  model,  employed  as  its  chief 
material  of  construction  the  sun-dried  brick,  and  held  in 
general  to  the  thick  walls  and  massive  forms  which  were 
imposed  by  this  friable  material.  Stone  was  much  more 
scarce  in  Babylonia  than  in  Assyria ;  hence  Babylonian 
decoration  adhered  in  the  main  to  painting  ou  a  surface 
of  plaster  for  interiors,  and  to  brilliantly  enameled  tiles, 
often  forming  pictorial  subjects  of  gi-eat  size  and  variety, 
for  exteriors.  In  Babylonia,  contrary  to  Assyrian  prac- 
tice, the  temple,  rising  pyramidally  in  stages,  each  as- 
cended by  broad  flights  of  steps,  and  each  of  a  distinct 
color,  was  the  most  important  development  of  architec- 
ture, the  royal  palace  being  subordinated  toil.  The  scar- 
city of  stone  rendered  sculpture  scanty  ;  but  the  gem-cut- 


409 

ters  art  produced  cylinders  or  seals  in  great  plenty  and  of 
much  merit,  and  pottery,  metal-work,  and  textile  fabrics 
attained  great  perfection,  iicc  JUesopotaviian  art,  ami  <'niii- 
pare  C/u//(/<Y(/i  art  ami  /l»ff;/rMZ7irtr(,  under  the  adjective;-. 
—  Babylonian  quartz.  S.-mie  as  liahel  qvartz  (which 
see,  nmler  <iiiiirt:).  Babylonian  scale,  the  sexagesimal 
scale  of  numeration,  which  originated  in  Babylonia. 


Babyl.ji;i,,Ti  \ 


II.  «.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  Babylonia;  a 
Chaldean. —  2.  An  astrologer:  so  used  from 
the  fact  that  tlio  Clialdeans  were  remarkable 
for  the  study  of  astrology. —  Sf.  A  Papist.  See 
L,  3. 

Babylonic  (bab-i-lon'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Babylonicus, 
(.Babylon:  see  Babylonian.']  1.  Pertaining  to 
Babylon,  or  made  there :  as,  Babylonic  gar- 
ments, carpets,  or  hangings. —  2.  Tumultuous; 
disorderly.     Sir  .T.  Harinriton. 

Babylonicalt  (bab-i-lon'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
Babylonic. 

Babylonish  (bab-i-16'nish),  a.  [<  Babylon  + 
-ish.]  1.  Belonging  to  or  made  at  Babylon. — 
2.  Babel-like;  confused. 

Words  which  were  a  perfect  Babylonish  jargon  to  the 
bewildered  Van  Winkle.  Irviny,  Sketch-Book,  p.  59. 

St.  Popish.     See  Babylonian,  a.,  3. 

Babylonite  (bab'i-lon-it),  n.  [<  Babylon  -t- 
-ife'^.]  The  arrow-shaped  Babylonish  charac- 
ter.    See  arrow-headed  and  cuneijorm. 

baby-pin  (ba'bi-pin),  n.    A  safety-pin. 

babyrussa,  babyroussa,  «.    See  babirussa. 

babyship  (lia'bi-ship),  «.  [<  baby  +  -shii).] 
Tlie  state  of  being  a  baby;  babyhood. 

baby-'walker  (ba'bi-wa"ker),  ??.  A  frame,  mov- 
ing on  casters,  in  which  a  child  may  be  sup- 
ported wliile  learning  to  walk. 

bac^t,  *'•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  back'^. 

bac^,  ".     See  baclc^. 

bacaba-palm  (ba-kii'ba-pam),  n.  [<  S.  Amer. 
hacaha  +  E.  palm.]  A  palm  of  northern  Bra- 
zil, CEnocarpus  disUchns,  with  a  tall  trunk  and 
widely  spreading  pinnate  leaves.  The  drupaccc.ns 
fruits  are  used  by  the  natives  for  making  a  pleasant  drink, 
anil  tlie  kernels  furnish  an  oil  resembling  tliat  of  tlie  olive. 

bacbakiri  (bak-ba-ke'ri),  n.  [Native  name.] 
A  name  of  an  African  shrike,  Telephonus  guttu- 
ralis. 

baccalaurean  (bak-a-la're-an),  a.  [<  ML.  bae- 
calaurens :  see  haccalaureaie.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  befitting  a  bachelor. 

That  quiet,  comfortable,  baecalaurian  habitation,  over 
against  the  entrance  into  Bishopsgate  Street. 

Dr.  J.  Brown,  Spare  Hours,  3d  ser.,  p.  rt'2. 

baccalaureate  (bak-a-la'rf-at),  n.  and  a.  [< 
ML.  NL.  bacealaureaius,  <  baccalaureus,  a  cor- 
ruption (simulating  L.  bac.ca,  berry,  and  laiirus, 
laurel)  of  ML.  baccalarius,  a  bachelor,  one 
who  has  attained  the  lowest  degi-ee  in  a  uni- 
versity: see  bachelor.]  I.  n.  1.  The  university 
degree  of  bachelor. —  2.  A  baccalaureate  ser- 
mon (which  see,  below). 

II.  <i.  Pertaining  to  the  university  degree  of 

bachelor Baccalaureate  sermon,  a  farewell  sermon 

delivereil  in  s.ime  American  colleges  to  a  graduating  class. 

Baccanarist  (bak-a-nar'ist),  n.  In  the  Bom. 
Cath.  Ch.,  a  member  of  a  society  founded  in 
Italy  by  one  Baccanari  after  the  suppression 
of  the  Jesuits  in  1773,  with  the  object  of  restor- 
ing that  order  under  a  new  name  and  form. 
The  society  was  merged  in  the  reestablished 
order  of  Jesuits  in  1814. 

baccara,  baccarat  (bak-a-ra'),  «•  [F.;  origin 
unknown.]  A  French  game  of  cards  played  by 
any  number  of  betters  and  a  banker,  and  -with 
one  or  more  packs  of  cards,  according  to  the 
number  of  players.  Each  better  deposits  a  sttike, 
and  all  stakes  are  duplicated  by  the  banker,  after  which 
the  latter  deals  two  cards  to  each  player,  including  him- 
self. The  aim  is  to  decide  each  individual  bet  by  com- 
parison of  the  total  count  held  by  each  better  with  that 
held  by  the  banker.  The  court-cards  each  count  10,  and 
the  others  according  to  the  spots.  The  counts  range  in 
value  hy  series  of  9,  19,  -29,  8,  18,  28,  etc.,  9  beating  .any 
other  count-  A  player  may  call  for  more  cards,  but  at 
the  risk  of  exceeding  29  in  count,  which  excess  forfeits 
his  bet.  If  a  player's  cards  cotint  9  he  declares  it,  when 
all  who  hold  hands  superior  to  that  of  the  banker  may 


bacchante 

claim  the  amount  of  their  brts,  and  the  banker  takes  the 
stakes  of  the  otliers.  In  America  the  game  is  slightly 
dilbient,  court-cards  and  tens  not  counting. 

baccaret,  intcrj.     See  backarc. 

baccarinine  (lia-kar'i-nin),  n.  [<  Baceharis  + 
-(«('-.]  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  Bacchari.t 
cordi folia. 

baccate  (bak'at),  a.  [<  L.  baceatm,  bacatus,  set 
with  pearls,  lit.  ben'ied,  <  bacca,  bdca,  a  berry, 
a  pearl":  see  bay"^.]  In  brjt. :  (a)  Pulpy  and 
beiTy-like:  applied  to  fruits.  See  berry'.  (6) 
Bill  ring  berries ;  berried. 

baccatedt  (bak'a-ted),  a.  [<  baccate  +  -ed^.] 
1.  Set  or  adorned  with  pearls.  Bailey. — 2. 
Having  many  beiTies.     Bailey. 

Baccha  (bak'ii),  ».  [NL.;  cf.  Gr.  liaxxv,  a  kind 
of  pear.]  A  genus  of  tetrachsetous  brachyee- 
rous  dipterous  insects,  of  the  family  Hyrphidai. 

bacchanal  (bak'a-nal),  a.  and  v.  [<  L.  baccha- 
Mali.s,   pertaining  to  Bacchus:    see   Bacchus.] 

1.  a.  1.  Characterized  by  intemperate  drink- 
ing; riotous;  noisy:  as,  "bacchanal  feasts," 
Crowley,  Deliberate  Answer,  fol.  26  (1587). — 

2.  Relating  to  or  resembling  a  bacchanal  or 
the  baechanalia. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  celebrated  the  baechanalia; 
a  votary  of  Bacchus.  Hence  —  2.  One  who  in- 
dulges in  drunken  revels;  one  who  is  noisy  and 
riotous;  a  drunkard:  as,  "each  bold  baccfia- 
nal,"  Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  86. 

Each  with  the  merry  wink  of  a  practiced  bacchanal. 

T.  Winthrop,  Cecil  Dreeme,  x. 

S.  pi.  Same  as  baechanalia. 

In  this  masquerade  of  mirth  and  love. 

Mistook  the  bliss  of  lieaven  for  bacchanals  above. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  387. 
Also  bacchanalian, 
baechanalia  (bak-a-na'lia),  n.  pi.  [L.  (OL. 
bacanalia),  neut.  pi.  of  bacchanalis,  peTtaming 
to  Bacchus:  seo  bacchanal.]  1.  leap.]  In  Bom. 
aniiq.,  a  festival  in  honor  of  Bacchus.  These 
festivals  became  the  occasion  of  great  excesses, 
and  were  forbidden  by  the  senate  in  186  B.  c. 
—  2.  Any  festivities  characterized  by  jollity 
and  good-fellowship,  particularly  if  somewhat 
boisterous,  and  accompanied  by  much  wine- 
drinking. 

The  morning  after  the  baechanalia  in  the  saloon  of  the 
palace.  •  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  283. 

S.  Drunken  orgies;  riotous  disorders;  ruthless 
and  shameless  excesses;  unbounded  license. 

Plunging  without  restraint  or  shame  into  the  Baccha- 
nalia of  despotism,  the  king  [John]  conthmed  to  pillage, 
to  banish,  and  to  slay.     Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  110. 

bacchanalian  (bak-a-na'lian),  a.  and  n.  [< 
baechanalia  -t-  -an.]  Same  as  bacchanal.  [The 
more  common  form  of  the  adjective.] 

Ev'n  bacchanalian  madness  has  its  charms. 

Cotrper,  Progress  of  Error,  1.  X. 

Sculptures  of  the  bacchanalians.  Stukeley. 

bacchanalianism  (bak-a-na'lian-izm),  71.    [< 

bacchandliiin  +  -ism.]  The  practice  of  baccha- 
nalian rites;  drunken  revelry;  riotous  festivity. 

bacchanalianly  (bak-a-na'lian-li),  adv.  In  a 
bacchanalian  manner. 

bacchant  (bak'ant),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  baeehan(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  bacchari,  celebrate  the  feast  of  Bacchus, 
<  Bacchus,  Baeehus.  Cf.  bacchante.]  I.  a. 
Worshiping  Bacchus ;  reveling. 

Over  his  shoulder  with  a  bacchant  air 
Presented  the  o'erflowing  cup. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  43. 

II.  «.  1.  A  priest,  priestess,  or  votary  of 
Bacchus;  a  bacchanal. 

They  appear  in  a  state  of  intoxication,  and  are  the  bac- 
chant's in  a  delirium.  Rces,  Cyc.,  under  Alme. 

2.  One  addicted  to  intemperance  or  riotous 
revelry. — 3.  A  name  given  in  Germany,  in  the 
fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  centuries, 
to  wandering  scholars  who  traveled  from  one 
institution  of  learning  to  another.  Tliese  bac-. 
chants  frequently  had  youiiger  students  under  their  pro- 
tection and  instruction,  who  waited  upon  them,  begged 
for  them,  etc. 
bacchante  (bak'ant,  ba-kant',  or ba-kan'te),  ». ; 
pi.  bacchantes  (bak'antz;  usually,  as  if  L.,  ba- 
kan'tez).  [<  F.  bacchante  =  Sp.  bacante  =  Pg. 
bacchante  =  It.  baccante,  <  L.  bacchan(t-)s  (ace. 
baechantem),  pi.  bacchantes,  used,  as  a  noun, 
only  in  fern,  (equiv.  to  Bacch(e),  prop.  ppr.  of 
bacchari,  celebrate  the  feast  of  Bacchus.  In 
mod. use  also  masc:  see  bacchant.  The  E.  form, 
prop,  bacchant,  usually  follows  the  F.  spelling, 
and  often  the  F.  accent  (ba-kanf).  The  pi. 
is  usually  in  the  L.  form,  whence  the  iireg. 
sing,  in  3  syllables  (ba-kan'te).]  1.  In  antiq., 
a  priestess  of  Bacchus,  or  a  woman  who  joined 
in  the  celebration  of  the  festivals  of  Bacchus; 


bacchante 
a  woman  inspired  with  the  bacchie  frenzy. 
See  tiuenad. 

Guide  the  revel  of  frenzied  Baechantei. 

LongfMov,  Brangeline,  u.  2. 


Bacchantes.—  Mythological  festival  of  Bacchus,  fiom  an  ancient 
sarcophagus  in  the  Vatican  Museuui. 

2.  A  woman  addicted  to  intemperance  or  riot- 
ous rerelr*-;  a  female  bacchanal. 
bacchantic  (ba-kan'tik),  a.     [<  bacchant  +  -ic] 
Of  or  resembling  a  bacchant  or  bacchanal ;  bac- 
chanalian ;  riotous ;  jovial. 

It  is  the  feeblest  band  |of  music] ;  and  yet  it  is  subject 
to  spurts  of  (KlccAoiiIic  fervor. 

C.  D.  Wanifr,  Winter  on  the  >ile,  p.  103. 
I  hardlv  linow  what  of  bacchantic,  joyousness  I  liad  not 
attrilnitfil  to  them  (the  Italians)  on  their  holidays. 

HowelU,  Venetian  Life,  xviu. 

■baccharict,  "•    A  corrupt  form  of  Bacharach. 
Baccharis (bak'a-ris),  n.  [NLi.,  <  L.  bacchar, bet- 
ter spelled  haccaris,  baccar,  <  Gr./iaK».ap/f  (some- 
times spelled  SoKxaptc,  as  if  related  to  Bqkxo^, 
Bacchus),  an  unknown  plant  with  an  aromatic. 

root  }-ieldiiig 
an  oil:  said 
to  bo  a  Lydi- 
an  word.]  A 
very  large  ge- 
nus of  plants 
of  the  natural 
order  Com- 
positw,  some- 
what nearly 
allied  to  ICri- 
ficron,  but 
with  dioe- 
'  iijus  whitish 
yellowish 


410 

pes),  a  metrical  foot :  so  named,  it  is  said,  from 
its  use  in  hymns  ia  honor  of  Bacchus.]  In 
pros.,  a  foot  composed  of  one  short  and  two 
long  syllables,  with  the  ictus  on  the  first  long, 
as  m  "ava'ri,  above'board.  See  antibacchius 
and  hemiojic.     [Before  the  Alexandrine  period  Bnitxe'os 

meant  the  •I<u.i«ds  ( w  w  or  ■.-  -' )  (see  lome)  or  the 

vopio»»^os  (-  ^  -.^  -)  (see  choriamb).     Beginning  with  that 

period,  the  Ba«xe'o!  was •-',  and  uiro3<i«veios  (ivTi- 

piKveiot.  iraA.ixgi.tx""')  ^ •     Hephfestion,  (Juintilian, 

and  other wTiters invert  this,  and  make  tlie  Boxxtios^ , 

and  J^ttAtM^of  x«'o«  (etc.) ^.] 

Baccbus  (bak'us),  H.  [L.,  <  Gr.  BaK;toc,  an- 
other name  of  Dionysus,  the  god  of  wine  ;  also 
one  of  his  followers  or  priests.  Also  called 
'lanxoc,  prob.  related  to  iax^''^,  shout,  with  allu- 
sion to  the  noisy  manner  in  which  the  festival 
of  Dionysus  was  celebrated.]  Inclmsical  myth., 
a  name  of  Diony- 
sus, the  son  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  and 
Semele,  and  the 
god  of  wine,  per- 
sonifj'ing  both  its 
good"  and  its  bad 
qualities,  it  was  the 
cuirent  name  of  this 
god  among  the  Ro- 
mans, nie  orgiastic 
worship  of  Bacchus 
was  especially  charac- 
teristic of  Breotia, 
where  his  festivals 
were  celebrated  on  the 
slopes  of  Slount  t '  it  ha;- 
ron,  and  extended  to 
those  of  the  neighbor- 
ing Parnassus.  In  At- 
tica the  rural  and 
somewhat  savage  cult 
of  Bacchus  underwent 
a  metamorphosis,  and 
reached  its  highest  ex- 
pression in  the  cho- 
ragic  literary  contests 
in  which  origiii:it».i 
both  tragedy  and  cmi- 
edy.  and  f  orwhich  were 
wi-itten  most  of  the 
masterpieces  of  Greek 
literature.  Bacchus 
was  held  to  have  taught 

the  cultivation  of  the  grape  and  the  preparation  of  wine. 
In  early  art,  and  less  commonly  after  the  age  of  Phidias, 
Bacchus  is  represented  as  a  bearded  man  of  full  age,  usu- 
ally completely  draped.  After  the  time  of  I'raxiteles  he 
appears  almost  iinivi  rsiilly,  except  in  .archai.-itic  examples, 
in  tlle  type  of  a  bianlUs.-,  youtll.  c^f  graceful  ami  r.iuiuied 
fiirm.  often  entirely  iiniinipcd  or  very  liglilly  draped. 
Among  his  usual  attriliutes  arc  the  vine,  the  ivy,  the  thyr- 
sus, the  wine-cup,  and  the  panther.  See  Dioniisia ,vut:nail, 
\  thiami.".  ,  .     ,         .- 

^ [<  L.  baccifcr, 

the        leaves  TiJrij'cr,  <  bticca,  bdca,  beiTy  (cf.  baccate),  + 


Bacchus  and  Eros  ( l.ovc ).— Musco 
Nazionale,  Naples. 


Ctounds«l.tlce(flocM<irCfA«/fml/'ff«). 


Ml-     yeiiunisu      ■.unllhlamx. 

flowers,    and  bacciferOUS  (bak-sif'e-rus),  a 

til  a  IfiOTTfia  1.-7,.."  >'...•        /       li.timn         IiiIqq        IjOITV         ^--       - -- 

Bearing  or  producing  ber 

Wliu  u>    resiu-      I'lcs. 

ousseeretion.  bacciform  (bak'.si-form),  a.     [<  L.  bacca,  baca, 

They  are  most-     .,  ii,.,.,.y   -f  funiia,  sliapo.]    Shaped  like  a  beiry. 

lint™''''  sCii  baccivbrOUS   (bak-siv'o-rus),   a.     [<  L.   (,«<•<■«, 

sntan     ^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^  vorarc,  oat,  devour.]     Eatuig  or 

subsisting  on  berries:  as,  bacrirnroiishWiU. 

bacet,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  base,  in  various 

senses.  . 

Bacharach  (bak'a-rak),  n.  A  brand  of  Rhine 
wine  made  at  Bacharach,  a  small  town  in  Kho- 
nish  Prussia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kliino,  23 
miles  south  of  Coblcntz.  Formerly  also  hacka- 
rach,  back-rack,  backraii,  baccharic,  etc.  [In  the 
old  forms  generally  without  a  capital.] 
I'm  fur  no  tongms  but  dry  d  ones,  such  n»  will 
Olve  a  line  relish  to  my  tac*r<7.7. 

Jasper  Maylic,  I  Ity  Match. 

(lood  hachrack  ...  to  drink  down  in  lie.dllm  lo  this 
i(..  ,i|,y.  Fklrhcr,  Beggar «  Busli,  v.  '.:. 

ak),  a.  [<  Or-  /'""A-'a'i'if,  al""  Ijachel  (bak'ol),  «.  [See /.«ci7<>.]  A  grain-nun- 
KX">r.,  lioKxtioc,  a  bacchiu.s:  see  „„,.,,  n^^.,!  in  partsofOrcece,  varyuigincni^iueily 
aining  to  or  consisting  of  bac-     f^^,,,  j  „f  ,^  i,„„)„.i  to  li  bushels,  according  to 

tl,^,  U.i.tilitv        Alun  h/n*ilr. 


trees,  chiefly 
tropical  and 
South  Ameri- 
can. About  20 
species  occur 
in  the  United 
States.  In  the 
Andes  extensive  plateaus  arc  covered  with  them.  Sudor- 
Ifle  ami  tonic  propertle«  are  ascribed  to  several  of  the  more 
resinous  apecien.  A  ilecoction  from  the  gronnilscltrce 
of  the  West  Indies  and  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America, 
/;  hniunifi:lin,  is  occasionally  used  as  a  remedy  in  diseases 
'if  tlic  lui'igK  and  a."*  a  demtilccnt. 
baccharoid  (bnk'a-roid),  a.  [<  Baccharis  + 
-oiit.]  KcHcmbling  in  some  respect  the  group 
of  composite  plants  of  which  the  genus  Bac- 
iharin  is  the  type, 
bacchiac  (ba-ki'ak),  a 

1,'nriiiiiM.]    Pertaining 


'till.  , ,.     ,,  th(- localitv.     Also /i«ci7c. 

Bacchic  (bak'ik),  «.     [<  I...  RacrUuuy,  <  ( .r.  Ilnx-  ^achelert, ""•     An  obsolete  form  of  bachelor. 
r'^■••,<  \','iKxor,}iui:v\i»».  HfO  Baceliiin.]     1.  I(c-  Ijachelerikt,  "•      [ML..  ii\ho  bacrlliria,  v\r.:  hoc 

■     '  *" ' ■■■'     tnWi<7rri/.J 'lu  old  ri'cords,  the  comnioiiiilly  <ir 

yeomanry,  in  contradiHtinction  to  the  baroii- 


bachelorism 

<  ML.  laccalaris ;  (6)  later  OF.  bacheUer,  ba- 
chilier.  etc.,  F.  bachelicr  =  Pr.  bachalher  =  Sp. 
hacliillcr  =  It.  baccalliere,  <  ML.  baccalurius, 
bacchaluriiis,  etc.  (later  baccalaurcus :  see  bac- 
calaureate),   a   bachelor.      Origin    uncertain; 
supposed  bv  some  to  be  orig.  connected  with 
ML.    baccaiarius,  the  holder,   as  vassal   of  a 
superior  vassal,  of  a   farm  called  baccafaria, 
perhaps  <   bacca,   for  L.   caeca,   a  cow.      By 
otliers  the  OF.  bachcler,  in  the  -assumed  orig. 
sense  of  'a  yotmg  man,'  is    connected  with 
OF."  baceJe,  bacelle,  bachele,  bachellc  (with  dim. 
bacelettc,  bachelote),  a  yoimg  woman,  a  female 
servant,   bachcleric,    youth,    bacetaejc,    appren- 
ticeship, courtship,  etc.,  words  erroneously  re- 
ferreil  to  a  Celtic  origin  (W.  bach,  little,  bcchan, 
a  Uttle  girl,  bachyeu,  a  boy,  a  child).     The  his- 
tory of  the  forms  mentioned  above  is  not  clear. 
Perhaps  several  independent  words  have  be- 
come confused  in  form.]     1.  Formerly,  a  per- 
son in  the  first  or  probationary  stage  of  knight- 
hood; a  knight  not  powerful  enough  to  display 
liis  banner  in  the  field,  and  who  tberefore  fol- 
lowed the  banner  of  another;  a  knight  of  low 
rank.     See  kiik/ht  bachelor,  under  knight. 

I  seke  after  a  segge  [man]  that  I  seigh  ons, 

A  fill  bolde  bacheler  I  knew  hhil  by  his  blasen. 

Piers  riowtnan  (B),  xvi.  179. 

With  him  ther  was  his  sone,  a  yoiig  Squyer, 

\  lovyere,  and  a  lusty  bachcler. 

Chaucer,  Ocn.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  79. 

■•Cummunily  of  the  bachelors  of  England,"  that  is,  no 
(ioulit,  the  body  of  knights  — the  tenants  in  chivalry,  the 
laiidowncis  below  the  rank  of  the  baronage. 

SItibbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §176. 

2.  In  universities  and  colleges :  («)  Before  the 
fifteenth  century,  a  young  man  in  axiprentice- 
ship  for  the  degree  of  master  in  one  of  the 
liitrher  faculties,  that  is,  of  theology,  law,  or 
iiir.liciue.  (b)  In  modern  use,  a  person  who 
1 :  :i  s  '  liken  the  first  degree  (baccalaureate)  in  the 
iiinal  arts  and  sciences,  or  in  divinity,  law, 
lii.dicine,  etc.,  at  a  college  or  university:  as, 
a  bachelor  of  arts;  a  bachelor  of  science.  See 
baccalaureate.  Originally,  a  bachelor  had  not  neces. 
sarily  taken  any  degree  whatever ;  but  after  the  fourteenth 
century  the  word,  without  ceasing  U)  carry  this  significa- 
tion was  also  applied  to  a  determinant,  or  young  man  who 
had 'taken  the  lowest  degree  in  the  faculty  of  arts.  This 
degree  seems  to  have  been  confcnvd  not  by  the  chancel- 
lor nor  by  the  faculty,  but  only  hy  the  "nation."  It  was 
not  accompanied  by  any  regular  diploma,  but  teslilnomaj 
letters  were  furnished  if  desired.  In  order  to  be  ailiiiitted 
to  llie  degree,  it  was  requisite  fiu-  the  candidate  to  lie  four- 
teen years  of  age,  to  have  followed  athrec  y.'ars'  eouvse  in 
logic'iu  the  iiiiivcr.sity,  and  also  to  sustain  a  di.iputation, 
called  the  determinance.  There  were  in  the  middle  ages 
three  orders  of  bachelors  of  theology.  The  lower  order 
consisted  of  the  ordinar!)  hiblies  and  cursors,  the  duly  of 
tlie  former  being  to  read  and  expound  the  Bible  from  be- 
ginning to  end,  and  that  of  the  latter  to  give  one  cmirse 
of  lectiires  upon  a  book  of  the  old  and  another  upon  a 
book  of  the  New  Testament,  which  books  they  chose  at 
pleasure.  Bachelors  of  the  second  older  of  theology  were 
called  srntriiliani  liachelnrs,  beennse  they  publicly  rend 
and  expounded  the  Book  of  the  Sentences  of  I'dcr  the 
bombard.  It  was  not.  however,  till  late  in  the  thirteenth 
cciilurv  that  anv  bachelor  was  iicnniKcd  to  lecture  on  the 
S.iMteiRes,  According  to  the  law.  (he  lectures  of  the  acn- 
teiitiarv  bachelors  had  to  include  the  reading  of  the  text  of 
the  author,  and  the  explanation  of  it  phrase  by  phrase ; 
and  they  were  forbidden  t.>  trench  upon  questions  of  logic 
and  nu-taphysics.  They  also  made  certain  act,s  called 
itrincipiii.  Sec  principiiim.  As  soon  as  the  sententlnry 
had  completely  llnislicd  the  expoBltion  of  tJie  Sentenees. 
he  became  a  f'urmcil  hachel.i,-  {haeealoriiis  /onnaliis),  and 
bad  still  to  continue  his  theological  studies  for  three  years 
longer  before  ho  could  be  licensed  to  jireach  and  to  teach 
us  a  ma-ster.  . 

3.  A  man  of  any  age  who  has  not  been  married. 
It  was  my  Iniouoiso  :  I  had  it  of  Leah  when  I  was  a 
haehelor:  I  would  not  have  given  It  for  a  wllderneBs  of 
monkeys.  Shak..  M.  of  V.,  Hi.  1. 

4t.  A  woman  who  has  not  been  married. 

He  would  keep  you 
A  hachrhir  still,  by  keeping  of  your  portion  ; 
And  keep  you  not  alone  without  a  husband. 
Bill  ill  a  sickness.  B.  .Iimsiiii,  Magiietlck  Lady, 


in' 


in  honor  of  Bacchus ;   connected 
naliaii  rites  or  revolrioH.     [(jften 

i.ital.] 


an 
2 

n  /;■ 

-  B.v 

R..I 
<b' 

f  I" 

a  ' 

Bac< 

a-. 

t'li. 

bacchiu.-i 

(nc.;"- 


■  ital.J  ujj,.. 

•in  were  ceUbratcil  on  the  lops  of  hills  Ijachelervt    "•     [MIC,  also  baehrlrrie,  hachilrij, 
'  Idnc-K. _     ,..„ r.v  ..(..(-'l  If  JinWir/rrifi  (ML. '-«(•;«/<  rm,  lie.). 


Siukdeil.  r«ln-o«rnpbla  Snem,  p.  .')» 
l.iri;  mild  with  into.xication:  as, 

,  I, 3.    [/.  c.\  Hiwnf  nslinrrhinr. 

r.i   or  vaao.  III  '"•'■'"'  I 

.   ,|,.,,.rjit.d  villi  - 
.,U"f  lln..bn.,     Al 

\n  elBinpIr  ia  •bowii  In  tie   i  ul  of 
Older  atnjthura 

kill),  a.     Same  M  Bacrhir: 
hiisiamn,"  •/.   8}n:nccr,  Vnl- 

.-ki    1^1.    n.\  pi.   bacchit  (-1).      (li. 
I,.  J"'.i :^  '  Or.  lto«,v'i«t  (iw.  -ok  =  L. 


'-r'ie,  \'\c.'<\ )!''.  bacheUric  (ML.  bacliehria.  <le. ) 
<  bacheler:  see  haehelor  and  -.V-]  1.  Tlie  liocl.v 
of  young  aHpiniiils  for  knighthood. 

And  of  his  reteliue  the  liachrlrpr.    _,  ,      , 

Chancer,  Clerk  •Tale,  I.  '.:H 

2.  The  whole  body  of  knights. 

Thli  I'hcbui  that  wn»  Hour  of  hachilrit. 

r/i«i/eer,  M»ncl|de»Talo,  1.  21 

bachelor  (imch'.-lor),  ».    (T'l^rly  mod.  K.  nl»o  bacheloriBm  (imch'e  liir-i/.m),  ». 

baehibr.  halrhehr.'balrhelor.  -ar,-oi,r,lialehler,      +  -isw.]       1.   The  hIuIo   oI    liinig 


,11.1. 

6.   In  liondon  liverv  eonipanies,  a  person  not 
yet  niliiiittcd  to  tlie"  livery.— 0.   A   lociil  iiamo 
111  llie  riiiteil  States  of  a  lisli,  J'omo.ri.'i  auiiu- 
/(/ii.v,  of  the  Mississipjii  vnllev  ;  a  ernppie. 
Soiiietiiiies  incorrectly  sjielled  balehelor. 
Budge  bachelors,     .see  bmuyi.-  Knight  haclielor. 

bachelorhood  (bach'c-lor-hiid),  ».  [<  haehelor 
+  -hood.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being  a 
biiclielor  or  unmarried  man. 

1  can  fancy  nothing  more  cruel  after  a  long  easy  life  of 
)u,.-h,h<rlimu]  than  to  have  to  sit  day  after  day  with  n  dull 
liandsome  woman  opiioslte.    Tlinekerati,  Neweomes,  II.  II. 
KecnInK  In  bachcUirluml  those  least  likely  to  be  hum- 
lived.  //.  Si>enecr,  Stllily  of  .Soeiol.,  p.  116. 

f<    haehelor 
11  linelii'lor; 


olc;  <  .\1K.  bneheler.  baeliiter,  bnchirr,  etc.,  < 
(a)  OF.  bacheler  =  It.  baccalarc  =  I'r.  bacalar, 


T^     -IXin.   I  A.       I   I"'     nilii'       w ■■K      •■      — ' 

biiehelorhood.— 2.  A  trait  or  habit  peculiar  to 
a  bachelor. 


bachelor's-buttons 

bachelor's-buttons  (baeh'e-lorz-bnt'nz),  n.  pi. 
[Saiil  to  bo  so  uiimod  because  oouutiy  youths 
used  to  <>an'y  the  flower  in  their  jjoekcts  to 
(liviue  their  success  with  their  sweethearts.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  several  jtlauts,  as  the 
double-flowered  variety  of  Lychnis  diurna  (the 
red  campion),  Ccntaurca  nigra  (knapweed), 
but  chiefly  the  doulile-ilowered  varieties  of 
lianuncultts  dconitifolius  (white  bachelor's-but- 
tons) and  Ranunculus  acris  (yellow  bachelor's- 
buttons).  The  name  is  also  Kivea  to  the  ra^^K'ed-robin 
(Lifrhuis  FfiL^-i-ifrtih),  to  the  ul"iie-antaranth  {tiniiiphn'iia 
tthtliKMi),  to  tile  SrahiiiKit  .■^■iirr/sif,  ami  in  simie  pai'ts  of  tin- 
l^iiiteii  .States  to  J'vfjuiala  Inti'ii  ami  to  otlier  plants. 

2.  A  name  for  the  seeds  of  Strychnos  Nux- 
vomica,  formerly  used  for  poisoning  rats.  Dun- 
flUson. 

bachelorship  (bach'e-lor-ship),  n.  [<  bachelor 
+  -sliip.^  The  state  or  condition  of  being  a 
bachelor  in  any  sense ;  the  rank  or  degree  of  a 
bachelor ;  the  immaiTied  state  of  a  man. 

bachlei,  n.     See  bauchle^. 

bachle'-T,  ''■  t.  An  obsolete  Scotch  form  of  baffle. 

bacile  (ba-cho'le),  «.;  pi.  bacili  (-le).  [It.,  < 
ML.  bacile,  baccili;  haehile,  a  Ijasin,  a  di'y  mea- 
sure; cf.  bacinus,  baccinus,  bacchitius,  bachinus, 
a  basin,  a  dry  measure:  see  basin.']  1.  In 
ceram.,  a  basin  or  deep  dish:  in  use  in  English 
for  an  ornamental  vessel  of  Italian  make  and 
of  that  shape,  especially  for  a  vessel  of  enam- 
eled and  lustered  pottery. —  2.  In  metrology, 
same  as  bacliel. 

bacillar  (bas'i-lijr),  a.  [<  L.  bacillum  or  NL.  6rt- 
ri//H.s,  q.  v.,  + -«>'.]  1.  Belonging  or  pertaining 
to  the  genus  Bacillus. —  2.  Resembling  in  form 
a  short  rod  or  bacillus ;  bacilliform.  As  applied 
to  tile  valves  of  diatoms,  it  indii  ates  that  their  greatest 
dimension  is  in  a  direetion  parallel  to  tlie  line  of  juncture 
of  the  two  valves  ;  that  is,  they  are  longer  than  broad,  and 
therefore  rod-like.     See  cut  under  bacillut.: 

Bacillaria  (bas-i-la'ri-il),  H.  [NL.,  <  bacillus  + 
-«)■(((.]  A  genus  of  microscopic  algse,  belong- 
ing to  the  class  Diatomacem.  They  consist  of  slen- 
der rectanj^ular  segments,  arranged  in  tabular  or  oblique 
series.  The  compound  segments  of  frustules  are  inces- 
santly  slipping  backward  and  forward  over  each  other. 
Tiiey  are  Irequent  on  the  coasts  of  Great  Britain. 

Bacillariaceae  (bas-i-la-ri-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Bacillaria  +  -acece.l     Same  as  Diatomacece. 

bacillary  (bas'i-la-ri),  a.  [<  bacillus  +  -ary.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  bacilli;  char- 
acterized by  the  presence  or  agency  of  baciUi. 

— 2.  Having  the  form,  of  small  rods Bacillary 

layer,  the  layerofrodsand'conesof  the  retina.  Seej-efma. 

bacilli,  /'.    PI  viral  of  bacillus. 

bacillian  (ba-sil'i-an),  a.  [<  bacill-us  +  -ian.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  bacillus: 
as,  "6ae///(0)i  parasites," -B.  W.Richardson. 

bacillicide  (ba-sil'i-sid),  «.  [<  NL.  bacillus  + 
L.  -cida,  <  cfcdcre,  kill.]  A  substance  em- 
ployed to  kill  bacilli  or  infectious  germs;  a 
germicide. 

A  combination  of  lime  with  chlorine,  perhaps  the  best 
of  all  the  bacitlicides,  is  very  generally  employed. 

Disinfectants,  p.  19. 

bacillicidic  (ba-sil-i-sid'ik),  a.  [<  bacillicide  + 
-(>.]     Destructive  to  bacilli. 

bacilliculture  (ba-siri-kul-tur),  «.  [<  NL.  ba- 
cillus +  L.  cultura,  culture.]  The  cultivation 
of  bacteria  in  vegetable  or  animal  infusions  or 
otherwise,  for  purposes  of  investigation. 

bacilliform  (ba-sil'i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  bacillus 
+  L.  forma,  form.]  Of  the  form  of  a  small 
rod ;  rod-shaped  ;  bacillar  in  form. 

bacillus  (ba-sil'us),  «.;  pi.  bacilli  (-i).  [NL., 
a  particular  use  of  LL.  bacillus,  L.  bacillum,  a 
little  rod  or  staff,  dim.  of  L.  baculus,  baculum, 
a  stick,  staff ;  cf .  Gr.  panrpov,  a  staff,  perhaps 
akin  to  fiaivciv,  go,  = 
L.  venire  =  E.  come.'] 
1.  In  anat.,  a  little 
rod  or  rod-like  body, 
as  one  of  the  rods  of 
the  retina. — 2.  An 
individual  of  the 
genus  Bacillus. —  3. 
[cap.]  A  so-called 
genus  of  the  micro- 
scopical vegetable 
organisms  known  as 
bacteria,  having  the 
form  of  very  slender 
straight  filaments, 
short  or  of  moderate 
length,  and  consist- 
ing of  one  or  more 
elongated  cylindri- 
cal joints.  Several  „  .,,  ,,  ,  ,  ..  ^  ,, 
forms  or»nei-ie«  are  rpc  Bacillus,  highly  mapiified.— Up- 
„™-  'j  rS.t  '  n  i  P^'  'Buie.  B.  anthracis;  lower  fig- 
Ognized.    Of  these,  B  nib-     u,e   corama  bacillus. 


411 

tUis  is  found  in  rennet,  and  is  the  agent  in  butyric  fer- 
mentation ;  /?.  anthracut  causes  the  disea.He  known  as  an- 
tlirax  or  charhon  ;  and  li.  aiaylobacter  is  one  of  the  species 
which  piodii.if  ],utnfacticin.  Other  species  are  believed 
to  cause  tnlHiciilo.His,  leprosy,  and  cholera.  The  comma 
bacillus,  which  is  asserted  to  be  always  present  in  tlie 
course  of  the  last-named  disease,  is  peculiar  in  having  a 
more  or  less  curved  form.  See  Bacterium  and  Schizn- 
viycetes. 

4.  leap.]  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  oithopterous 
gressorial  insects,  of  the  family  Phasmidec;  the 
walking-sticks. —  Sf.  Mcdieiiu)  made  up  into  a 
long  round  figiu-e  like  a  stick.     Kersey  (1708). 

bacint,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  basin. 

bacinett,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  basinet. 

bacino  (ba-che'no),  n. ;  pi.  bacini  (-ne).  [It.,  a 
basin :  see  basin.]  In  ceram.,  one  of  the  dishes 
of  richly  colored  potteiy  which  are  found  built 
into  the  walls  of  certain  metlieval  buildings  in 
Italy,  especially  at  Pesaro,  Pisa,  liome,  and 
Bologna. 

back!  (bak),  «.  [<  ME.  baJc,  <  AS.  bwc  =  OS. 
bak  =  OFries.  bek  =  MD.  bak  (D.  bak-  in 
comp.)  =  LG.  bak  (also  in  eomp.,  bak-,  >  G. 
back-  in  comp.,  also  separately,  back,  fore- 
castle) =  Icel.  Sw.  bak  =  Dan.  bag,  back. 
Cf.  AS.  hrycg,  back,  E.  ridge.]  1.  The  whole 
hinder  part  of  the  human  body,  opposite  the 
front  and  between  the  sides,  or  the  upper  part 
of  the  body  of  most  animals;  technically, 
the  spinal,  dorsal,  or  tergal  portion,  surface, 
or  aspect  of  the  trunk,  extending  from  the 
scruff  of  the  neck  between  the  shoulders  to  the 
buttocks,  hams,  or  biftu-eation  of  the  body  at 
the  legs;  the  tergum;  the  dorsum;  the  notaj- 
um. —  2.  The  corresponding  or  related  portion 
of  any  part  or  organ  of  the  body ;  the  posterior 
aspect  of  a  thing ;  the  part  ojiposite  to  or  fur- 
thest from  the  front,  or  in  any  way  correlated 
with  the  back  of  the  trunk:  as,  the  back  of  the 
head,  neck,  arm,  leg;  the  back  of  the  hand; 
the  back  of  the  mouth. —  3.  .Anything  resem- 
bling the  back  in  position,  (a)  As  being  behind 
or  furthest  from  the  face  or  front,  like  the  back  in  man : 
as,  the  back  of  a  house. 

Trees  set  upon  the  ba^H  of  chimneys  do  ripen  fruits 
sooner.  Bacon,  Kat.  Hist. 

(6)  As  being  behind,  or  in  the  furthest  distance,  with  ref- 
erence to  the  spectator,  speaker,  scene  of  action,  etc. :  as, 
the  back  of  an  island  ;  the  back  of  a  wood ;  the  back  of  a 
village,  (f)  .\s  being  the  part  which  comes  behind  in  the 
ordinary  movements  of  a  thing,  or  when  it  is  used :  as, 
the  back  of  a  knife,  saw,  etc.  (d)  As  fonning  the  upper, 
and  especially  the  outer  and  upper,  portion  of  a  thing, 
like  the  back  of  one  of  the  lower  animals :  as,  the  back  of 
a  hand-rail ;  the  back  of  a  rafter,  (e)  The  ridge  of  a  hill. 
The  mountains  huge  appear 
Emergent,  and  their  broad  bare  backs  upheave. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  286. 
O'er  the  long  backs  of  the  bushless  downs. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
(/)  As  being  that  which  supports  the  ribs :  as,  the  back  of 
a  ship  (namely,  the  keel  and  keelson).  See  broken-backed, 
(g)  The  upright  hind  part  of  a  chair,  serving  as  a  support 
for  the  back,  (ft)  In  bot..  the  outer  side  of  an  organ,  or 
the  side  turned  away  from  the  axis  :  as,  the  back  of  a  leaf 
or  of  a  carpel. 

4.  By  synecdoche,  the  whole  body,  with  refer- 
ence to  clothing,  because  the  back  is  usually 
most  fully  covered:  as,  he  has  not  clothes  to 
his  back. 
I  bought  you  a  dozen  of  shirts  to  your  back. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

5t.  Clothing ;  a  garment  to  cover  the  back. 

And  owre  bakke^  that  moth-eaten  be. 

Piers  Plomnan  (B),  x.  362. 

6.  pi.  In  the  leather  trade,  the  thickest  and 
best-tanned  hides. —  7t.  The  address  of  a  let- 
ter, formerly  written  on  the  back  of  the  letter 
itself.  Scott. —  8t.  A  reserve  or  secondary  re- 
source. 

This  project 
.Should  h.ave  a  back,  or  second,  that  might  hold, 
If  this  should  blast  in  proof.        Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

9.  In  ship-building,  a  timber  bolted  on  the 
after  end  of  the  rudder,  to  complete  its  form. 
— 10.  In  metal-mining,  the  portion  of  the  lode 
which  lies  between  any  level  or  stope  and  the 
one  next  above  it,  or  the  surface.  Generally, 
the  backs  are  the  unstoped  portions  of  the  lode, 
as  far  as  laid  open,  and  ready  to  be  mined  or 
stoped. — 11.  In  coal-milling:  («)  Same  as /ace. 
(b)  The  inner  end  of  a  heading  where  work  is 
going  on. — 12.  In  foot-ball,  a  position  behind 
the  line  of  rushers,  or  a  player  in  this  position : 
called  quarter-back,  half-back,  three-quarters- 
back,  or  full-back,  according  to  the  distance 
from  the  rushers — Back  and  belly,  (o)  Before  and 
behind  ;  all  over  :  as,  to  beat  a  person  back  and  betlt/.  (b) 
With  clothes  and  food :  as,  to  keep  a  person  back  and  bclhi 
(to  klip  liim  in  clothes  and  food).  (Vulgar.]  — Back  and 
breast,  the  usual  term  in  the  seventeenth  century  for 
the  body-armor  of  the  period.  It  consisted  of  a  solid 
breastplate    in  one  piece,  generally  considered   bullet. 


back 

proof,  and  a  lighter  backpiece,  the  two  secured  together 
under  the  arms,  usually  by  straps  and  buckles. 
Armed  with  back  and  breast,  head  piece  and  bracelets. 
Scott,,  Legend  of  Montrose. 
Back  and  edget,  wholly ;  completely. 
Tliey  have  engaged  themselves  ours  back  and  edge. 

Lady  Alimuny,  iiL 
Back  of  a  book,  that  part  of  the  cover  to  which  the  two 
siilesan-att.'irhi'd  and  on  which  the  title  is  usually  printed. 

—  Back  Of  a  bow,  in  archery,  the  exterior  8id(5  of  a  bow, 
which  is  convex  wlicn  the  bow  is  l>ent.  In  modern  Kuro. 
pcan  bows  this  part  is  flat.  See  belly,  8  (v).— Back  Of  a 
hand-raU,  the  upper  surface  :  the  under  side  is  tlie  breast. 
'  Back  of  a  hip-rafter,  the  ilpjier  edge  of  the  rafter 
shap'-d  to  the  aii;.de  wliirli  the  adjoining  sirles  make  witli 
each  other.  Sec  cut  under  Ai'/a  — Back  Of  an  arCh  or 
vault,  the  extrados,  or  outer  curve  or  fa<-c.  See  first 
cut  under  «re/i.~Back  Of  a  roof-rafter,  its  upper  sur- 
face,—Back  of  a  slate,  in  rooun'j,  the  iiiijitr  or  weather 
side.— Back  Of  a  window,  the  wainscoting  below  the 
sash-frame,  extending  to  the  floor.— Backs  and  cutters, 
a  miners"  name  for  jointed  rock-structures,  the  backs  run- 
ning in  lines  more  or  less  parallel  to  the  strike  of  the 
strata,  and  forming  the  "back"  of  the  quarry,  and  the 
cutters  crossing  them  at  right  angles.— Behind  one's 
back,  in  secret,  or  when  one  is  absent. 

I  confess,  Mr.  Surface,  I  cannot  bear  to  hear  people  at- 
tacked behind  their  backs;  and  when  ugly  circumstances 
conie  out  against  our  acquaintance,  I  own  1  always  love 
to  tliiuk  the  best.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

Lazy-back,  a  high  back-bar  in  a  carriage-seat.  It  is  some- 
times made  so  as  to  be  removable  at  will.     A*.  JI.  Kni'jht. 

—  Mitered  back,  in  bookbindimi,  a  back  Iiaving  lines, 
usually  in  gold,  connected  and  niitcred  in  square  panels 
liy  means  of  cross-lines  between  the  bands. —  Run-llp 
back,  in  baokbindinfi,  a  back  having  two  lines,  usually  in 
gold,  on  its  outer  edges,  running  olf  at  top  and  bottom. 
Distinguished  from  the  mitered  back  (which  see).-  Small 

Of  the  back,  the  loins ;  the  reins.—  The  back  of  beyond. 
See  beyond.— To  be  on  another's  back,  to  be  severe  on 
one  for  any  fault  or  fo.disli  act ;  chide  ;  ricliculc.    [L'olloq.] 

—  To  be  on  one's  (own)  back,  to  be  at  the  end  of  one's 
resources;  be  aground.  [Colloq.]  — TO  bow  dO"wn  the 
back,  to  submit  to  oppression.  Rom.  xi.  10.— To  break 
the  back.  See  fcrea*.- To  cast  behind  the  back,  in 
.S'^np.;  ((7)  To  forget  and  forgive.  Is.  .xxxviii.  17.  (b)  To 
treat  with  contempt.  Ezek.  xxiii.  35;  Neb.  ix.  26.— To 
get  one's  back  up,  to  resist ;  be  obstinate.  See  to  put 
one's  back  v/',  below.  [Colloq.]- TO  give  a  back,  to  bend 
the  back  and  keep  it  firm  so  as  to  allow  another  to  leap 
over  one  by  placing  his  hands  upon  the  back,  or  to  mount 
up  to  anything.  [Colloq.  ]  —To  make  a  back.  Same  as 
to  give  a  back.— To  put  or  get  one's  back  up,  to  show 
antipathy  or  aversion;  resist;  lie  angry  or  indignant:  a 
metaphor  probably  taken  from  the  habits  of  frightened  or 
angry  cats.   [Colloq.l  — To  see  the  back  Of,  to  get  rid  of. 

—  To  turn  the  back  on  one,  to  forsake  or  neglect  him. 
backl  (bak),  a.    [<  back'^,  «.,  and  6acA-l,  adv.,  the 

attributive  use  of  the  noim,  as  in  backbone, 
mingling  -with  that  of  the  adv.,  as  in  back  yard, 
the  yard  which  is  back,  back  spjring,  a  sjjring 
backward,  etc.  As  with /'ore,  hind,  after,  etc., 
there  is  no  definite  divitling  line  between  the 
separate  adj.  use  and  the  use  in  composition.] 
1.  Lying  or  being  behind ;  opposite  to  the  front; 
hinder ;  rear :  as,  the  back  part  of  anything ;  a 
back  door  or  window ;  back  stairs ;  the  back  side 
of  a  field. 

I  will  take  away  mine  hand,  and  thou  shalt  see  my  back 
parts  :  but  my  face  shall  not  be  seen.  Ex.  xxxiii.  23. 

Hence  —  2.  Away  from  the  front  position  or 
rank  ;  remote  in  place  or  condition;  far  in  the 
rear,  literally  or  figuratively :  as,  the  back  set- 
tlements of  a  country. 

In  December  we  had  two  insurrections  of  the  back  in- 
habitants of  our  province.  Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  315, 
3.  In  a  backward  direction ;  returning  in  the 
direction  whence  it  came:  as,  a  back  stroke; 
back  water.  [Ir.  this  sense  properly  with  a 
hyphen.] — 4.  Jij  arrear,  overdue :  as,  ftoci- pay 
or  rents — Bar',  '.^tion  Seearfion.— Back  cylinder- 
head,  that  heat-  1  cylinder  through  which  the  piston- 
rod  passes  in  hico  .otives:  the  opposite  head  in  stationary 
engines- 
backl  (bak),  adv.  [By  apheresis  for  aback,  < 
ME.  abak,  <  AS.  on  baic:  see  aback  and  back^. 
n.]  1.  To  or  toward  the  rear;  backward;  in 
the  reverse  direetion:  as,  to  step  or  shrink 
back;  the  tide  flowed  back. 

All  shrank  back  aghast,  and  left  the  denouncer  of  woe 
standing  alone  in  the  centre  of  the  hall. 

Irinng,  Granada,  p.  23. 

2.  From  forward  motion  or  progress ;  from  ad- 
vancing or  advancement ;  in  a  state  of  restraint, 
hindrance,  or  retardation  :  with  such  verbs  as 
keep  and  hold :  as,  he  was  held  back  with  diffi- 
culty ;  the  police  kept  back  the  crowd. 

The  Lord  hath  kept  thee  back  from  honour. 

Num.  xxiv.  11. 

3.  To  or  toward  one's  (its  or  their)  original 
starting-point,  place,  or  condition:  as,  to  go 
back  to  the  city,  to  one's  old  occupation,  to 
one's  former  belief. 

I  must  bear  answer  back 
How  you  excuse  my  brother.    Shak.,  As  you  Like  it.  iv.  3. 

Each  successive  wave  rushes  forward,  breaks,  and  rolls 
back.  Macautay,^iTj.  Mackintosh. 

4.  From  a  present,  usual,  or  natural  position ; 
in  a  direction  opposite  to  some  other,  expressed 


back 

or  understood;  backward:  as,  to  bend  back 
one's  finger ;  to  force  back  the  bolt  of  a  door. 

The  angel  of  the  Lord  .  .  .  came  and  rolled  back  the 
stone  from  the  door.  Mat.  xsn-iii.  i 

5.  To  or  toward  times  or  things  past ;  back- 
ward in  time :  as,  to  look  back  on  former  ages. 

oh,  that  constant  Time 
Would  but  go  back  a  week  I 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Cure,  v.  3. 

Volumes  of  this  form  dated  back  two  hundred  years  or 

more.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse. 

The  existence  of  this  language  [Singh.'ilesel  has  been  taken 

back  at  least  two  thousand  years  by  the  inscriptions  found 

by  Goldschmidt  of  the  .-Vrchicological  Sun'ey. 

R.  S.  Oust,  Mod.  Lang.  E.  Indies,  p.  62. 

6.  From  the  proper  destination  or  purpose: 
as,  to  keep  back  despatches. 

A  certain  man  named  .\nanias,  with  Sapphira  his  wife, 
sold  a  possession,  and  kept  back  part  of  the  price. 

Acts  V.  1,  2. 

7.  Away  from  an  undertaking,  engagement,  or 
promise. 

I've  been  surprised  in  an  unguarded  hour, 

But  must  nut  now  go  back.  Addison. 

8.  In  a  position  of  retirement  or  withdrawal ; 
off;  aloof:  absolutely  or  with  from:  as,  the 
house  stands  a  little  back  from  the  road. 

Somewhat  back/ro)n  the  village  street 
Stands  the  Old-fashioned  couutr)'--seat. 

LonafeUuw,  Old  Clock. 

9.  Behind  in  position',  literally  or  figuratively, 
or  as  regards  progress  made :  absolutely  or 
■witho/;  as,  the  hills  back  of  the  town;  the  feel- 
ing back   of  his  words;   a  few  pages  back. — 

10.  Past  in  time;  ago;  since:  as,  a  little  6aci'. 
[CoUoq.] 

This  precaution,  still  more  salutary  than  offensive,  has 
for  some  years  back  been  omitted. 

Quoted  in  S.  and  (?.,  7th  ser.,  II.  106. 

11.  Again;  in  return:  as,  to  answer  back;  to 
pay  back  a  loan. 

"Ruth  —  daughter  Ruth  I "  the  outlaw  shrieks. 
But  no  souud  comes  back — he  is  standing  alone. 

yVhittier,  Slogg  Megone,  i. 
To  and  backt,  forward  and  backward  ;  to  and  fro. 
This  common  body, 
Like  to  a  vagabond  n.ig  upon  the  stream, 
Goes  to  and  back,  lackeying  the  varying  tide. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  4. 
To  beat,  draw,  fall,  hang,  etc,  back.  Sec  the  verbs. 
back^  (bak),  r.  [In  senses  I.,  1-8,  <  fcoc/.'l,  n. ; 
in  senses  I.,  9-11,  and  II.,  <  bacl:^,  atlr.l  I. 
trans.  1.  To  furnish  witli  a  back  or  backing; 
strengthen  or  support  at  the  back :  as,  to  back 
a  book ;  to  back  an  electrotyjio-plate ;  to  back 
the  armor-plates  of  a  war-vessel  with  teak. — 
2t.  To  cover  the  back  of;  clothe. 

To  breke  beggeris  bred  and  hakkcn  hem  with  clothts. 

PitTit  I'towtnaii  (.\),  xi.  1S5. 

3.  To  support  or  aid,  as  with  practical  assist- 
ance, money,  authority,  inllueuce,  etc. ;  second 
or  strengthen ;  reinforce :  often  with  ap :  as, 
in  his  efforts  ho  was  backer!  I)y  many  influen- 
tial men ;  he  backed  up  his  argument  with  a  bet. 
Success  stiU  follows  him  and  back^  his  crimes. 

AddiMon. 
The  men  of  the  northern  Danelaw  found  themselves 
backed,  not  only  by  their  brethren  from  Ireland,  but  by 
the  mass  of  states  around  them. 

J.  H.  (jreen,  Comi.  of  Eng.,  p.  243. 

Hence — 4.  In  aportinr/,  to  recognize  and  sup- 
port by  standing  or  dropping:  said  of  dogs 
which  follow  the  lead  of  a  dog  on  point. 

I',<ith  dngB  went  off  finely ;  S'wui  aft<;r  being  put  down 
l-oremau  pointed  and  was  barkt-d  by  (lath. 

Fori-ikt  and  Stream,  XXI.  418. 

■1.  To  act  or  wager  in  favor  of;  express  con- 
1  '  ■»•  in  the  success  or  superiority  of:  as,  to 
'         ■  lif)rs(>  in  a  race,  or  one  of  the  parties  in 

'    Mt. 

lit  a  rebus  or  a  charade  ngnlnst  the  Iwst 

I klnKdum. 

Sheridan,  .Schoid  for  Scandal,  1.  I. 

'P  • -,  'f!' 'InMlndJ  are  fond  of  tHickiwj  themselves  with 
w  ■  il!  -h<M,t  for  a  sheep,  the   IoH*-r  itivitinu  Ilin 

'  •  It.  /•'.  Ilurlon,  El  .M.dlimb,  p   :nii. 

6.  I  !ij.i,n  tho  back  of;  mount:  us,  to 
back  II  hf.r-r'.' 

Wo  both  will  back  tho  wind*. 
And  liiiiif,  the  phrimix  through  the  Arabian  denerts. 

.Sbiriru,  <irat«iiil  .'Servant,  tv.  r*. 
And  he  \iM  reached  the  nortbent  plain. 
And  Uirk,d  hia  (Irclly  uteiil  again. 

J.  It.  Drake,  riilprlt  Kay,  p.  r,t). 

7.  To»"''' •' ii)(t on  the  biickof ;  ndiln-<t, 

an  ft  i'  —8.   To   li"  at    tin-   I.:.!; 

"f;  ii'i  I     ir;  fonn  ii  liaek  or  Imrk- 

ground  tv. 

That  length  of  eloUlrid  roof, 
Perring  In  tlr  and  Imektd  by  ntnro  sky. 

WuTilMvorth,  >'ear  Aqnapcndcnte. 


412 

That  snug  and  comfortable  retreat  which  generally  backs 
the  warerooms  of  an  English  tradesman.  Buticer. 

9.  To  carry  on  the  back.     [Colloq.] 

If  the  men  are  expected  to  back  the  traps  for  any  consid- 
erable distance,  the  only  admissible  articles  are,  etc. 

Ji.  B.  Roosevelt,  Game-Fish,  p.  306. 

10.  To  cause  to  move  backward ;  propel  back- 
ward :  as,  to  back  a  horse ;   to  back  a  boat. — 

11.  To  reverse  the  action  of:  as,  to  hack 
a  stationary  engine.  — 12.  In  coal-niiiiin!],  to 
throw  back  into  the  gob  or  waste,  as  the  small 
slack  made  in  holing  or  undercutting  the 
coal.  Gresleij.  [Leicestershire,  Eng.1— To  back 
a  chain  or  rope,  to  lUtacU  a  preventer  to  it  so  as  to 
reduce  the  strain  upon  it. —  To  back  an  anchor.  See 
anchor^,  n.—To  back  a  sail,  to  biaie  the  jnrds  so 
that  the  wind  will  juess  on  the  forward  surface  of  the 
sail.— To  back  a  warrant,  to  sign  or  indoi-se  a  warrant 
issued  in  anotlier  county  to  apprehend  an  offender.— TO 
back  (a  spindle)  off,  in  cotton-spinTiint;,  to  revei-se  the 
motion  of  mule-spindles  at  the  end  of  a  stretch,  in  tm- 
windiug  the  last  few  coils  of  the  thread  about  the  cop,  in 
order  to  prepare  for  its  proper  distribution  upon  the  cop 
when  the  mule-carriage  returns. —  To  back  the  oars,  to 
row  backward  so  as  to  check  the  boat's  headway  or  to  gain 
sternway.— To  back  the  worming,  in  roiu-iiiiihin:i.  to 
till  the  interstices  between  the  strands  of  a  rojie.  thus  mak- 
ing the  surface  even.— To  back  up.  (n)  To  lend  supiport, 
aid,  or  assistance  to  ;  stand  by  ;  give  countenance  to  :  :is, 
to  back  tip  ones  friends.  (&)  To  move  or  force  backward : 
as,  to  back  tip  a  carriage,  (c)  To  reverse,  as  an  engine  or 
a  press,  (rf)  In  dectrottipinfj,  to  strengtlien,  as  the  thin 
shell  or- electroplate  obtained  from  a  wax  mold  of  a  form 
of  type,  an  engraved  plate,  etc.,  by  depositing  upon  its 
back  type-metal  to  a  certain  thickness,  (e)  In  base-ball 
and  similar  games,  to  stand  behind,  as  another  player,  in 
order  to  stop  and  return  any  balls  that  may  pass  hint :  as. 
the  center-field  backs  vp  the  second-base. —  To  back 
water,  to  propel  a  boat  in  the  opposite  direction  to  that 
iu  which  the  prow  is  pointed,  by  reversing  the  action  of 
the  rowing  in  the  case  of  a  rowboat,  or  of  the  machinery 
in  the  case  of  a  steamboat. 

II,  intrans.  [<  6«rf'l,  a(?i).]  1.  To  move  or 
go  backward:  as,  the  horse  backed;  the  train 
backed. —  2.  To  move  iu  the  reverse  direction: 
said  specifically  of  the  wind,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  haul  (which  see),  when  it  changes  in  a 
manner  contrary  to  tho  usual  circuit.  lu  tho 
northern  heniispiiere,  on  the  polar  side  of  the  trade-winds, 
the  usual  circuit  of  changes  in  the  wind  is  front  east  by 
the  south  to  west,  and  so  on  to  tlio  north.  In  the  same 
latitudes  in  the  southern  hemisphere  the  reverse  tlsually 
takes  place.  The  backing  of  the  wind  is  regarded  as  an 
indication  of  bad  weather. — To  back  and  fill.  («)  To  get 
a  stiuare-rlgged  vessel  to  windward  in  a  narrow  channel, 
when  the  wind  is  against  the  tide  and  there  is  no  room  for 
tacking,  by  allernalely  filling  and  backing  the  sails  so  as 
to  make  the  ship  shoot  from  one  side  of  the  channel  to 
the  other  wiiile  being  carried  on  by  tho  tide.  Hence- 
(b)  To  be  vacillating  or  irresolute ;  shilly-shally. — To  back 
astern.  See  a.item.—  To  back  dowii,  to  recede  from  a 
position;  abandon  an  arf^umeiit  o?-  i>pinion;  give  in.  —  TO 
back  out,  to  retreat  from  a  dilficulty  or  wit^hdraw  from 
an  engagement. 

back-t,  «•    The  earlier  form  of  bai^. 

back-^  (bak),  »i.  [<  D.  bak,  a  bowl,  tray,  = 
Dan.  bakke,  a  tiay,  <  F.  bac.  a,  trough,  basin, 
a  brewer's  or  distiller's  back,  also  a  ferry- 
boat; ef.  Bret,  bak,  hay,  a  boat,  ML.  bacus, 
baccu.s,  a  ferry-boat,  bacca,  a  bowl  ('vas  aqua- 
rium'); oi'igin  uncertain.  Cf.  6a.si'«,  from  tho 
same  source.]  1.  A  largo  flat-bottomed  fer- 
ry-boat, cspceitilly  one  adapted  for  caiTving 
veliicles,  and  worlvod  liv  a  chain  or  roiio  las- 
tened  on  eacli  side  of  tho  stream. — 2.  A  large 
cistern  or  vat  useil  by  brewers,  distillers,  dyers, 
etc.,  for  holding  li(inids;  a  large  tub  or  trough. 
— 3.  A  kind  of  wooden  trough  for  holding  or 
eaiTying  fuel,  aslios,  etc.;  a  coal-scuttle:  com- 
monly in  tho  diminutive  form  bakcy.    [Scotcli.] 

Narrowly  escaping  breaking  my  shins  on  a  turf  tnirk. 

Scoll,  Kob  Hoy,  111.  i:t. 

backache  (liak'iik),  «.    Any  dull  or  continuous 

|iaiii  in  the  back. 

backache-brake  (bak'Ak-brak),  n.  A  name  of 
Die  ladv-rciii,  .Isplrnium  Filix-foemina. 

backacne-root  (bak'ak-riit),  "n.  Tho  button 
Miialii'rciot,  I.ialris  ypicata. 

back-action(bak'ak'shon),«.  In  marine cnfiin., 
having  the  connections  between  llii^  piston-roil 
and  ciaiik  reversed:  as,  a  back-action  steani- 
•  ■iiniiii'.     See  fiction. 

backarack,  ».    See  Hacharach. 

backaret,  i'i''''>  [Perhaps  for  ftncA- //irrr.  The 
s|iflliiig  barcarc,  orig.  Inirare,  in  the  ]mssago  <d' 
ShiiliMiiiTe  has  led  to  the  fancy  that  tho  word 
is  dog-l>atin,  based  on  K.  back.}  Stand  backl 
go  liiickl 

Ah,  ttackare,  nuod  Mortimer  to  Ids  wiwr.. 

t;d<iH,  lUdsUT  Dnister. 

Ilnrkare,  iiiiolh  Mortimer  to  his  sow,  seo 
.Mortimer  H  sow  speaki-th  as  gtrnd  I.Alyn  as  heo, 

//r//iroo(/. 

lA  ppivrblal  saylnR,  derived  apparently  from  sonio  local 
anecdote.  ] 

Baecartt  you  arc  nisrvcllous  forwanl. 

Shak.,  T.  of  tho  »„  II.  1. 


backbone 

back-balance  (bak'bal'ans),  n.  A  weight  used 
as  a  counterbalance  for  an  eccentric,  or  an  ec- 
centric piiUey  or  gear. 

back-band  (bak'band),  H.  A  broad  strap  or 
chain  passing  over  the  saddle  of  a  cart-  or  car- 
riage-horse, and  used  to  support  tho  shafts. 
Called  in  Scotland  a  riguiddic. 

back-bar  (liak'biir),  «.  The  horizontal  bar  in 
the  old  English  open  fireplace,  on  which  the 
heavy  kettle  was  hxmg  over  the  fire. 

backbeart  (bak'biir),  «.  In  old  Eng.  forest  laic, 
tlie  act  of  caiT_\-ing  on  the  back  venison  killed 
illegally.    See  backcarrii. 

backbite  (bak'bit),  v.;  pret.  backbit,  pp.  back- 
bitten, backbit,  ppr.  backbiting.  [<  SlE.  bak- 
biten,  earlier  liacbiten  (=  Iccl.  bakbita  (Haldor- 
seu),  appar.  from  E.),  <  bac,  bak,  n.,the  back, 
or,  more  prob.,  <  bak,  adv.  (though  this,  the 
apheretie  form  of  abak,  aback,  is  not  found  in 
ME.  except  in  comp.  and  deriv.),  -1-  biten,  bite: 
see  ftflci'l  and  bite.^  I.  trans.  To  injure  moral- 
ly iu  a  manner  comparable  to  biting  from  be- 
hind ;  attack  the  character  or  reputation  of  se- 
cretly; censure,  slander,  or  speak  evil  of  in 
absence:  rarely  with  a  thing  as  object. 
And  eke  the  verse  of  famous  Poets  witt 
lie  does  backebite.  Spender,  V.  Q.,  I.  iv.  32. 

Most  untruelye  and  maliciously  doe  these  evill  tongea 
tmckbite  and  slaunder  the  sacred  ashes  of  that  personage. 
.Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

H.  intrans.  To  slander  or  speak  evil  of  the 
absent. 

To  be  prynces  in  pryde  and  pouerte  to  dispise. 
To  bakbi'te,  and  to  bosten  and  here  fals  w  itnesse. 

Pi'cr.v  IHoinnan  (B),  ii.  80. 
lie  that  backbiteth  not  with  his  tongue.  I's.  xv.  3. 

They  are  arrant  knaves,  and  will  backbite. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  i. 

backbiter  (bak'bi'ter),  n.  One  who  slanders, 
calumniates,  or  speaks  ill  of  the  absent. 

Satirists  describe  the  age,  and  baekbittrs  assign  their  de- 
scriptions to  private  men.  .Sti'fb',  Tatler,  No.  J42. 
Nine  tithes  of  times 
I'ace-flatterers  and  backbitcr.t  urc  the  same. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

backbiting  (bak'bi'ting),  n.      [ME.  bacbiting, 
bacbilung;  verbal  u.  of  backl>itr.'\     The  act  of 
slandering  tho  absent;  secret  calumny. 
Envyings,  wraths,  strifes,  iMckbitings,  whisperings. 

2  Cor.  xii.  20. 

backbitingly  (bak'bi'ting-li),  adr.  With  back- 
bitiiig. 

back-block  ( bak'blok),  «.  In  piano-making,  see 
iirist-hlock. 

backboard  (bak'bord),  n.  [<  6ncfri,  n.,  +  board. 
The  AS.  bacliord  (=  D.  LG.  bakboord  (>  G.  bac.k- 
bord,  F.  babord)  =  Dan.  bagbord  =  Icol.  bak- 
bordli,  also  balcbordhi)  means  Marboai-d.']  A 
board  for  (he  back ;  a  board  placed  at  the  back 
orservingas  tho  back  of  something.  Siiecifically— 
((/)  .\  board  placed  across  the  stern-sheet;*  of  a  boat  to  sup- 
poi-t  the  backs  of  the  occupants.  (/>)  .'\  small  strip  of  wood 
used  to  support  the  hack  and  give  erectness  to  the  figure. 
A  careful  aiul  undeviating  use  of  the  backl>oard  ...  is 
rcconuuended  as  necessary  to  the  acquirement  of  that 
dignified  deportment  and  carriage  so  requisite  for  every 
yoinig  lady  of  fiishlon.  Thackeray, 

(e)  A  board  usetl  in  a  lathe  to  sustain  tho  pillars  support- 
ing the  puppet-bar.  (rf)  In  Eniili-^h  (Vorkshlrel  ro(i/-);M'n- 
inij,  a  thirl  or  cross-hole  connnuidcating  with  the  rctiU'U 
air-com-se.    Orentey. 

back-bond  (bak'bond),  J(.  In  Scots  law,  a  deed 
attacliing  a  qnalilication  or  condition  to  the 
terms  of  a.  conveyance  or  other 
iiisli'iimoiil. 

backbone  (bak'bon'),  n.  [ME. 
bakhone,  hakbon,bacbon ;  (.back^ 
+  bonc^.]  1.  The  bone  of  the 
middle  line  of  the  back;  the 
spine;  tho  vertebral  column; 
the  verlebrio  collectively. — 2. 
Something  resembling  a  back- 
bone in  nppearance,  position, 
or  oflice :  as,  th<'  Apennines  are 
llie  backbone  of  Italy. 

The  phitoerats,  shippers,  nu^rchants 
and  othi-rs  who  are  the /'rte^bt)?ii' of  the 
I'oiiKiTvative  party. 

R.  J.  Ilinlvn,  Eng.  Rad.  I.eailers, 
Ip.  202. 

3.  I'^ignrn lively,  firmness;  stn- 
bilily  ol'  purpose;  iliM'ision  of 
cliiii'nctcr;  resolution;  moral 
]irini'iple. 

The  civilisation  is  choap  and  weid( 
widtii  has  not  the  bacldnme  of  cun- 
s<ienee  In  It. 

./.  /•■.  flarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  202. 

Backbone   of  an'awnlne,  a  rope 

Hewed  to  the  mi' Idle  of  a  whip  s  awillllg, 
and  extend  lug  fore  anil  aft,  to  strengtli- 
en It  luid  nllurd  It  support.—  To  the 


Mtitnnn  nncltbone. 

c'.i,  fmt  cervical 
vcrtelirii :  /'.i,  lint 
il(ir'..d  vcrletirn ;  /..i, 
riTHl  liiii>l>nr  vcrtclim; 
.V.I,  fir,t  Hftcnd  ver- 
lotirnj  Ci*.i,  rmt  coc* 
cygenl  vcrtcl>r.i. 


backbone 

backbone,  to  the  utmost  extent  of  one's  power  or  nature ; 
out  anil  nut ;  thoroughly;  entirely. 

Jollv  old  liiu'bp,  staunch  to  the  backlmne. 

Butiver,  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  ii.  1. 

A  true-lilue  Tory  lo  the  backtmne.  T.  Hughes. 

(iame  li'  the  backbone.  TroUope. 

backboned  (b^k'bond'),  a.  Vertebrated;  fui-- 
nisheil  with  a  backbone. 

backcap  (bak'kap),  V.  t.  To  depreciate  or  dis- 
iiarat,'!'.     [U.  S.  slang.] 

backcarryt  (bak'kar"i),  m.  In  old  Eng.  forest 
laic,  the  erimo  of  having  game  on  the  back,  as 
deer  unlawfully  killed.     See  backbcar. 

back-casing  (bak'ka'sing),  11.  In  mining,  a 
wall  or  lining  of  dry  bricks,  used  m  sinking 
through  sand  or  gravel.  Within  it  the  permanent 
wall  of  the  shaft  is  built  up,  after  the  bed-rock  or  stone- 
head  has  been  reached. 

back-cast  (bak'kast),  n.  [<  haclc\  adv.,  + 
caiit,  )(.]  1.  A  cast  or  throw  back. —  2.  A 
backward  stroke,  or  a  stroke  driving  one  back ; 
hence,  figuratively,  any  discouragement  or 
cause  of  relapse  or  failm-e.     [Scotch.] 

back-cast  (bak'kast),  a.  [<  back\  adv.,  + 
eiit:t,  pp.]  Cast  or  thrown  back:  as,  "bacJc- 
caat  thoughts,"  Joanna  BailUc. 

back-center  (bak'sen"ter),  n.  In  a  lathe,  the 
point  of  the  back  or  dead  spindle  of  the  tail- 
stock.    It  supports  that  end  of  the  pi 


413 


backing-boards 


one  for  carrying  ashes  or  cinders;  a  hod  or 

coal-s(?uttle.  [Scotch.] 
backfall  (bak'fal),  n.  1.  In  icrcxlling,  a  fall  or 
trip-up  in  which  a  wrestler  is  thrown  upon  his 
back. — 2.  In  music,  an  obsolete  melixlic  deco- 
ration, nearly' like  the  modern  long  appoggia- 
tm'a :  called  a  double  backfall  when  prolonged. 


turned.  The  front  center  is  tluit  part  .il  tlie  Hm-  spindle 
which  is  in  the  headstock.— Back-center  screw,  in  a 
lathe,  the  screw  which  gives  longitudiTial  motion  to  the 
back-center. 

back-chain  (bak'ehan),  n.  A  chain  that  passes 
over  the  saddle  of  a  horse's  harness  to  support 
the  shafts  of  a  cart  or  wagon. 

back-cloth  (bak'kloth),  n.  1.  In  calico-print- 
ing, a  reinforcing  cloth  used  to  support  a  fab- 


tratcd:  as,  a  portrait  with  a  landsi-ape  background;  a 
Kroup  of  flgurcB  with  buildings  in  the  baekijrourul.  In 
landsiapeB,  when  no  sueh  evident  opposition  is  intended, 
or  when  tile  chief  jTitercBt  lii-sin  tlie  background,  the  term 
ilintinn-e  is  proitcrly  n^cd  to  deimtc  the  more  distant  planes 
in  the  jdcture,  as  distinguished  from  thv /uret/round  and 
the  middle  dintance. 

Here  wc  see  the  rude  and  simple  expedient  by  which, 
to  atone  for  the  want  of  aerial  perspective,  the  vase- 
painters  indicated  the  baekurorind  of  their  compogitions. 
Figures  more  distant  from  the  eye  are  always  represented 
seated  or  standing  on  a  higher  level  than  llgures  in  the 
foreground.  C.  T.  Neviton,  Art  and  Arehajol.,  p.  3BS. 

The  leafless  trees  become  spires  of  llame  in  the  sunset, 
witli  the  blue  east  for  tlieir  backijrouml. 

Kinerson,  Misc.,  p.  23. 

3.  Inphotog.,  the  plain  or  decorated  screens, 
proporties.'etc,  placed  liehind  the  8ub.ieet  in 
taking  jjortraits,  especially  in  regular  gallery- 
work,  in  order  to  form  an  appropriate  setting 
in  the  finished  picture, 
lover  whose  front  end  backhand  (bak'hand),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  1.  "Writ- 
ing which  slopes  backward  or  to  the  lett:  as, 
ho  writes  backhand. — 2t.  In  tennis,  the  posi- 
tion behind  the  principal  player. 

No,  faith,  that's  odds  .at  tennis,  my  lord ;  not  but  if 
your  ladyship  pleases,  I'll  endeavour  to  keep  your  back- 
liand  a  little,  tlio'  upon  my  soul  you  may  safely  set  me  up 
at  the  line.  Cibber,  Careless  Uusband,  iv. 

II.  a.  Backhanded;  unfavorable;  unfair:  as, 

a  hackiiand  influence. 

With  the 
derf  blow. —  2 
Done  or  effected  with  the  hand  turned  back- 
ward, crosswise,  or  in  any  oblique  direction ; 
marked  bv  a  backward  slope,  direction,  or  ef- 
fect: as,  'backhanded  writing;  a  backhanded 
stroke  in  sword-play  or  lawn-tennis.  In  the  lat- 
ter game  a  backhanded  stroke  is  one  that  causes  the  ball 
to  rotate  so  as  to  have  a  tendency  on  striking  the  ground 
to  bound  backward  in  tlie  direction  of  the  striker. 
Hence  —  3.  Figuratively,  oblique  in  meaning; 
indirect;  equivocal;  ambiguous;  sarcastic :  as, 
a  backhanded  compliment.— 4.  Twisted  in  the 
opposite  way  from  the  usual  method :  said  of  a 
rope. 

One  part  plain-laid  and  the  other  backhanded  rope. 

Luce,  .Seamanship,  p.  252. 

backhandedly  (bak'han'''ded-li),  adv.  With  the 
hand  tlirected  backward:  as,   to  strike  back- 

2.  A  friend  at  one's  back;  a  backer.     [Rare.]  ,''""/^^'\    ,,,,,,„,  j        %  rj.j^ 

back-game  (bak'gam),».    [<6«c;.l,a.,-^^r««..]  ^ftf^^.^^Sl^acl^S^^^^^^ 
1.  A  game  at  backgammon  or  chess.- 2.  A  ^jag^iiander   (bak'han''der),  n.    A  blow  with 


Double  Backfall. 


3.  In  organ-building,  a 

is  raised  by  tho  motion  of  a  digital  or  pedal 
'  transmitted  through  a  sticker  (which  see),  its 
back  end  being  correspondingly  depressed :  a 
device  for  transforming  upward  motion  into 
downward. 
backfallert  (bak'fa'ler),  m.     [<  ftrtcfcl,  adv.,  + 
falter.     Ci.  backslidcr.'i    A  backslider;  a  rene- 
gade.    ■Joye,  Kxpos.  of  Daniel,  xi 
which  is  to  be  backfill  (bak-fil 


'),  V.  i.  and  t.  In  engin.,  to  fill  (a  ,^  Te""T'iT,"7  T   .'/,i«H^    «      1 
h  material  takenfroma  cutting.  l'ackhanded(bakha_n'ded)^^^f^^^ 

'«l//„+^    „      TUc  -..nt,,,.,!  of  ti?n     back  ot  the  hand:  as,  a  bacl.hanaea 
i  fal"et),  n.     The  return  ot  the  pffpr.tpd  with  the  hand  tu 


depression)  with 

back-fillet  (bak 
margin  of  a  groin,  or  of  a  door-  or  window-jamb, 
when  it  projects  beyond  the  face  of  the  wall. 
Such  margins  are  said  to  be  back-fdletcd. 

back-flap  (bak'flap),  V.  That  part  of  a  window- 
shutter  which  folds  into  a  recess  made  for  it 
in  tlie  window-easing. 

.back-frame  (bak'fram),  n.  An  internally  gear- 
ed wheel  supporting  the  twisting  pinions  or 
whirlers  of  a  rope-making  machine. 

back-friend  (bak'frend),  ».  [<  6ocA:l,  a.,  + 
friend.]  If.  A  false  or  pretended  friend;  a 
secret  enemy. 

Let  him  take  heed  I  prove  not  his  back-friend. 

Massinger,  Virgin-Martyr,  ii.  1. 
Far  is  our  church  from  incroaching  upon  the  civil  pow- 
ers, as  some  who  are  backfriends  to  both  would  mali- 
ciously insinuate.  Sordli. 


rie  which  is  being  printed. —  2.  Naut.,  a_  tri- 
angular piece  of  canvas  fastened  in  the  middle 
of  a  topsail-yard  to  facilitate  the  stowing  of 
the  bunt  of  the  topsail. 

back-do-wn  (bak'doun),  n.  The  act  of  backing 
down.     See  back^,  v. 

backed  (bakt),  p.  a.  [<  back'^^,  n.  or  )'.,  -t-  -ed2.] 
In  composition,  having  a  back  (with  the  qual- 
ity or  characteristic  noted  in  the  first  part 
of  the  word):  as,  a  high-backed  chair;  hump- 
backed;  hvoad-backed. 
Old  rickety  tables  and  chairs  broken-iinci'c;.    Thackeray. 

backen  (bak'n),  f .  *.  \_<backi,adv.,  +  -enl.2  To 
hold  back;  retard.  Sallitvell.  [Local  in  Eng. 
and  U.  S.] 

back-end  (bak'end),  n.     The  latter  end  or  part ; 

especially  (Scotch),  the  latter  part  of  auttmin. 

The  hedges  will  do,  I  clipped  them  wi'  my  ain  hands 

last  back-end.  J-  Wilson. 

backer!  (ijak'er),  n.  [<  ftocA-l,  v.,  +  -eel.]  1. 
One  who  backs  or  gets  on  the  back :  as,  a  backer 
of  untamed  horses. —  2.  One  who  backs  or  sup- 
ports, or  who  aids  and  abets,  another  in  an 


return-game. 

backgammon  (bak-gam'on),  n.  [Also  formerly 
baggamnion;  <  back'^,  a.,  +  gammon^,  game 
(see  gammon^  andgameT^);  appar.  so  called  be- 
cause in  certain  circumstances  the  pieces  are 
obliged  to  go  back  and  reenter.  The  reason  of 
the  name  is  not  certain,  but  the  formation  is 
clear.  Cf.  back-game.']  1.  A  game  played  by 
two  persons  upon  a  table  or  board  made  for 
the  pur 

and  dice  _       .  _        _ 

gether,  on  which  twenty-four  spaces,  called  points,  are 
marked.  Each  player  has  fifteen  men,  with  which  move- 
ments are  made  in  accordance  with  the  numbers  turned 
up  by  the  dice,  the  object  of  each  player  being  to  advance 
his  men  to  the  last  six  points,  and  then  "  throw  them  olt," 
or  remove  them  entirely  from  the  board. 
2.  A  single  bout  at  backgammon  won  by  a 
player  before  his  opponent  has  advanced  all  ot 
his  men  from  the  first  six  points. 

backgammon  (bak-gam'on),  v.  t.  To  beat  by 
winning  a   backgammon.      See  backgammon, 


undertixking,  especially  in  any  trial  of  skill,  v,|^ 'vCTOUnd  (bak'gi'ound),  n.     1.  The  groimd 


agility,  or  strength;  also,  one  who  bets  or 
"lays"  his  money  in  favor  of  a  particular  per- 
son, horse,  etc.,  in  a  contest;  one  who  indorses 
the  notes  or  sustains  the  credit  of  another. — 
3.  In  arch.,  a  narrow  slate  laid  on  the  back  of 
a  broad  square-headed  one,  where  the  slates 
begin  to  diminish  in  width. — 4.  Haul.,  a  strap 
of  rope  or  sennit  fastened  to  a  yard-arm  to  se- 
cure the  head-earings  of  a  sail. 

backer-t,  0(?i'.  [_<back'^,adv.,  +  -er'^.]  Same  as 
baekermnre. 

backermoret,  adv.  [ME.,  a  double  compar.,  < 
backer-  -I-  -more.  Ct.  furthermore,  hindermost, 
etc]     More  or  firrther  back. 

With  that  anon  I  went  me  backirmore. 

La  Belle  Dame  sans  Mercie,  1.  86.    (.Halliwell.) 

backermostt,  a-  sup>erl.     [<  backer^  +  -most.'] 

BaekTuust. 
backet  (bak'et),  n.     [<  F.  baquct,  trough,  dim. 

of  bac :  see  back^.]    A  trough  or  box,  especially 


the  back  of  the  hand:  as,  to  strike  one  a  back- 
hander. 

backhead  (bak'hed),  n.  1.  The  back  part  of 
the  head:  opposed  to  forehead.— 2i.  False  hair 
worn  on  the  back  of  the  head. 

backhouset   (bak'hous),   n.     [<   back"^,  a.,    + 

house.]    A  building  behind  or  back  from  the 

main  or  front   building;    hence,   in   country 

'.^,      .  V      1      „^     places,  especially  in  New  England,  a  privy. 

pose,  with  pieces  or  men,  cUce-boxes,  ij^ackhouse^t,  »•     Same  as  bakehouse. 

e.    Thel'oardis  in  two  parts,  usually jniiged  to-  -[jagjjijjg  (bak'ing),  n.      [Verbal  n.  of  back\  v.] 

1.  Support,  phvsieal  or  moral;  supporters  or 
backers  collectively.— 2t.  The  address  of  a  let- 
ter.—  3.  Something  placed  at  or  attached  to 
the  back  of  something  else  to  support,  strength- 
en, or  finish  it;  the  act  of  providing  anything 
with  such  a  support.  Especially  — (a)  .\  layer  or  lay- 
ers of  timber,  generally  teak,  on  which  the  iron  plates  of 
armor-elad  ships  are  bolted.  (/<)  A  heavy  plating  of  wood, 
or  wood  and  iron,  supporting  the  armor-plates  of  fortifica- 
tions or  of  targets  from  beliind ;  a  thick  bed  of  rammed 
sand  or  concrete  placed  behind  armored  works  or  targets. 
The  concrete  might  be  faced  with  a  comparatively  thin 
steel  plate  which  would  explode  the  shell,  and  so  save  the 
backing.  London  Engiiieer. 

(<•)  In  bookbinding,  the  cun'ing  of  the  back  of  sewed  sheets 
intended  for  a  book,  with  intent  (1)  to  spread  the  thread 
so  that  the  book  will  not  be  thicker  at  the  back  than  at  the 
fore  edge ;  (2)  to  make  a  secure  rest  in  the  arched  groove 
at  either  side  tor  the  cover;  (3)  to  make  the  back  nexible, 
so  that  the  leaves  of  the  book  shall  be  flat  when  open. 
Backing  is  done  by  beating  with  a  hammer  or  rolling  with 
a  machine,  (rf)  Inir^ari/).';.  the  web  of  coarser  or  stronger 
material  at  the  back  of  such  piled  fabrics  as  velvet,  plush, 
satin,  Brussels  carpet,  etc.  (.)  In  photog.,  a  coating  of  a 
dull,  dark  pigment,  placed  on  the  liack  of  the  sensitized 
plate  in  some  classes  of  work  to  absorb  light  that  might 
otherwise  pass  through  tlie  tllm,  be  reflected  again  upon 
it  from  the  back  of  the  gla.^is.  and  cause  an  effect  of  blur- 
ring. Such  a  hacking  is  useful  in  taking  pictures  in  the 
direction  of  the  chief  light,  <ir  those  in  which  some  por- 
tions of  the  field  are  very  highly  illuminated  while  others 
adjoining  them  are  dark.  CO  I"  l^nntiiig,  the  printing  of 
the  second  side  of  a  sheet,  (a)  In  clectrotiiiiing.  the  metal 
used  to  hack  up.  or  strengthen  an  electrotype,  ('i)  In 
theat.,  that  portion  of  a  scene  on  a  st,age  which  is  revealed 
through  an  open  door  or  window.— Backing  Of  an  arch, 
the  course  of  masonry  which  rests  upon  the  extrados  of 

undposseTsS'thrchiefinteS,"  the  background^  (bak 'ing-bordz),   n.  pi.     In 

d  as  to  enhance  the  effect  of  objects  in  the  fore-     bookbindinq,  boards  of  hard  wood,  faced  with 


backgammon-board  (bak-gam'on-bord),  n. 
The  board  or  table  on  which  the  game  of  back- 
gammon is  played. 

back-gear  (bak'ger),  n.  The  variable  speed- 
gear  in  the  headstock  of  a  power-latlie 


at  th"e  back  or  behind,  as  opposed  to  the  front; 
situation  in  the  rear  of  those  objects,  considera- 
tions, etc.,  which  engage  the  attention ;  subordi- 
nate or  secondary  position  in  contradistinction 
to  principal  or  important  position;  place  out  of 
sight:  used  both  literally  (of  physical  objects) 
and  figuratively :  as,  there  were  mountains  in 
the  background ';  the  true  reasons  for  this  action 
were  kejit  in  the  background. 

A  husband  somewhere  in.  the  background.      Thackeray. 

Forbearance  and  mercy  to  enemies  are  not  unknown 
to  the  Old  Testament ;  but  they  are  in  the  backriround. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  22. 
Specifically— 2.  The  part,  of  a  pictiu-e  repre- 
sented as  "furthest  from  the  spectator's  eye: 
opposed  to  foreground.    In  pictures  of  which  the 


so  designed  as  to  enhance  the  effect  oi  oojects  in  ine  lore-     bookbindinq, 

gr.nind,  to  which  it  is  kept  subordinate  in  color,  etc.,  otten       ^^     ,       j^j  ij^  ^re  used  in  pairs  for  the  purpose 


bacMng-boards 
anbound  book  while  the  back  is  being  roimded 
■with  a  hammer. 

backillg-deals  (bak'ing-delz),  n.  pi.  In  Eng- 
lish coal-mining,  boards  or  planks  placed  be- 
hind the  curbs  of  a  shaft,  to  keep  the  earth 
behind  ia  place. 

backing-hammer  (bak'ing-ham'er),n.  A  ham- 
mer used  in  beating  into  shape  the  backs  of 
books. 

backing-iron  (bak'ing-i'' em),  n.  An  iron  block 
having  upon  four  sides  longitudinal  grooTCS  of 
different  widths  and  depths,  suitable  to  different 
sizes  of  books,  and  used  in  shaping  their  backs. 

bactlng-metal  (bak'ing-metal),  n.  A  compo- 
sition of  type-metal,  in  which  lead  is  the  chief 
ingredient,  which  is  poured  into  an  electrotype- 
shell  of  copper  to  form  the  backing  of  the  elec- 
trot\-pe-plate. 

backing-pan  (bak'ing-pan),  n.  A  pan  in  which 
electrotj-pe-shells  are  placed  face  downward, 
while  the  molten  metal  with  which  they  are 
backed  is  poured  over  them. 

backings  (bak'ingz),  n.  pi.  The  refuse  of  wool 
or  llax  after  it  is  dressed ;  the  tow  thrown  off 
bv  the  second  hackling  of  flax. 

back-joint  (bak'joint),  n.  In  masonri/,  a  rebate 
such  as  that  made  on  the  inner  side  of  a  ehim- 
neypiece  to  receive  a  slip. 

backlash  (bak'lash),  n.  1.  In  meeh.,  the  jar- 
ring reaction  of  each  of  a  pair  of  wheels  upon 
the  other,  produced  by  irregularities  of  velocity 
when  the  load  is  not  constant  or  the  moving 
power  is  not  uniform. — 2.  In  coal-mining,  the 
backward  suction  of  the  air-euiTent  after  an  ex- 
plosion of  fire-damp — Backlash  of  a  screw,  the 
plMv  between  a  i^erew  ;ui'l  its  nut  when  tlie  latter  is  loosely 
fltte J.  —Backlash-spring,  ;i  siirin;:  lltteil  to  .1  machine  to 
keeji  the  ni'ivini;  i.arts  in  cunta<t  anil  prevent  liaekhish. 

backless  (bak'les),  a.  [<  Oack^,  «.,  -I-  -tes.] 
Without  a  back:  as,  baclclcis  benches. 

hackling,  backlings  (bak'ling,  -lingz),  adv. 
[Sc.  burldiii'',  <  AS.  ba:cli»g,  in  adv.  phrase  on 
barling,  back,  behind;  <  bivc,  back,  +  -ling,a,A\. 
sulBx.     Cf.  darkling,  headlong.']     Backward. 

back-lining  (bak'li'ning),  n.  In  windows,  a 
piece  of  sash-frame  parallel  to  the  pulley- 
piece  and  next  to  the  jamb  on  each  side. 

hack-link  (bak'lingk).  H.  In  engines,  one  of 
the  links  in  a  parallel  motion  which  connect 
the  air-pump  rod  to  the  beam. 

backlog  (bak'Iog),  n.  A  large  log  placed  at  the 
buck  of  an  open  wood-fire  to  sustain  combus- 
tion and  concentrate  the  heat. 

You  want,  first,  a  largo  hnekittit,  which  does  not  rest  on 
the  iiniliroriH.  C.  D.  Warn-r,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  6. 

hacklook  (bak'luk),  «.  Ketrospective  view: 
a~.  to  take  a  liacklook.     [Rare.] 

hack-lye  (bak'li),  n.  [<  back-i  +  hje  for  li<^.'] 
In  riKil-mining,  a  siding  or  shunt  on  an  under- 
grnund  railway.     Grculcy.     [North.  Eug.] 

hack-mill  (bak'mil),  n.  A  fulling-mill,  rr*-, 
Di.t. 

hack-mold  (bak'mold),  «.     In  reversing  mold- 

iie_'.  that  ]iart  of  the  mold  wliich  conforms  to 

tlic  Ijack  of  the  i>attern  or  model. 

backmost  (liak'inost).  a.  .sHW  rl.    [<  back\adr., 

+  -most.  Cf.  barkcrmore.l   Hindmost.   [Rare.] 

back-overman  (bak'o'ver-man),  V.  In  coal- 
ntiiiiiig,  a  man  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  to  the 
safety  of  a  district  of  underground  workings, 
and  of  the  men  working  in  it, during  the  back- 
shift.     Ilrf.ilii/.     [North.  Kng.] 

back-painting  (bak'pan'ting),  n.  A  method 
iif  applying  varnish  colors  to  mezzotint  prints 
uflixod  to  ghiHH,  in  such  a  manner  that  they 
a|iriear  as  if  painted  on  the  glass. 
hacKpedal  (bak-ped'al),  V.  i.  In  bicycling,  to 
prc-s  ilown  upon  the  pedal  as  it  rises,  in  order 
to  c)i.  ck  the  movement  of  tlie  wheel. 
backpiece  (bak'iH'js),  ji.  A  piece  at  the  back 
of  h'.iiiithing;  specifically,  a  i)iece  of  armor 
which  loverod  the  linck  an>l  was  connected 
with  the  l>reasli)late  by  sirups  and  buckles, 
hook-  liiil  the  like.  Hi-o  back  and  hnaul,  un- 
der i.''.i  I, 

b:.    , 


tioii ; 
the      I 
the    „•: 
f  »f    «  i  I 
the     a 

|IIHlon     "!      ;, 

cniriTic.      iv, 


liilel  urill. 


'jihif),  n.     Same  as  hackpitcr. 
itiak'[iresb'i;ir).    11.       IVesHure 
1  he  roverso  iit  tlie  normal  direc- 

'iiy.  ^ ^ 


I 


^1 


414 

the  backward  flow  of  a  fluid  or  gas  when  the  pressure  in 
the  normal  direction  falls  below  that  in  the  reservoir  or 
rhaml'er  to  which  the  tluid  is  supplied. 

backxackt,  backragt,  ».    See  Bacharacli. 
hack-rackett  (.bak'rak  et),  n.     The  return  of  a 

ball  in  tennis;  hence,  figuratively,  a  cotmter- 

charge. 

Hon.   Why,  are  not  debts  better  than  words,  sir? 
Wit.   .\re  not  words  promises,  and  are  not  promises 
debts,  sir? 
//(>«.   He  plays  at  back-racket  with  me. 

Middleton,  Trick  to  Cateh  the  Old  One,  iv.  4. 

back-raking  (bak'ra  king),  H.  In /arrifry,  an 
operation  by  which  hardened  fasces  are  with- 
drawn from  the  rectum. 

hack-rent  (bak'rent),  II.  1.  Arrears  of  rent. — 
2.  In  !<co1s  lau;  a  rent  paid  subsequently  to 
reaping.  Thus,  when  a  tenant  entering  with  a  lease 
is  allowed  to  reap  and  sell  his  first  crop  before  paying  his 
rent,  the  rent  in  this  case  is  termed  a  back-rent,  in  con- 
tradistinction to/ore-rent,  a  rent  payable  before  the  first 
crop  is  reaped. 

hack-rest  (bak'rest),  n.  A  guide  attached  to 
the  slide-rest  of  a  lathe  and  placed  in  contact 
with  the  work  to  steady  it  in  turning. 

back-retumt  (bak're-tem"),  «•  A  going  or 
coming  back;  return. 

Harry's  back-return  again  to  France. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  (cho). 

The  back-return  of  Charon's  boat.  Marlmcc. 

hackrope  (bak'rop),  «.  Xaut.i  (a)  The  rope 
or  chain-stay  extending  from  the  lower  end  of 
the  dolphin-striker  to  each  side  of  the  bows  of 
a  ship.  (6)  A  small  rope  attached  to  the  hook 
of  the  cat-block  or  fish-hook,  to  facilitate  hook- 
ing it  on  the   anchor — Martingale  backropes. 

See  mnrtiiurale. 

hack-sa'W  (bak'sa),  «.  A  saw  the  web  of  which 
is  stitt'eued  by  a  metallic  back  of  greater  sub- 
stance. Such  saws  have  specific  names  ac- 
cording to  their  use,  as  icnonsaw,  dorctail- 
siiir.  rarca.i.s-sair,  etc. 

back-scraper  (bak'skrii  "per),  H.  Same  as  back- 
scriilrhcr. 

back-scratcher  (bak'skriich"cr),  JI.  1.  An  im- 
plement for  scratching  the  back,  generally 
made  of  bono  or  ivory,  in  the  form  of  a  small 
hand  fixed  to  a  long  slender  handle. 

A  back-scratcher  of  which  the  hand  was  ivory  and  the 
handle  blacl;.  Southei/,  The  Doctor,  iv. 

2.  A  toy  of  wood  or  bone  having  a  thin  tongue 
wliich  presses  upon  a  toothed  wheel,  on  the 
jirincijile  of  a  watchman's  rattle:  when  it  is 
rubbeil  on  the  back  of  a  person,  it  produces  a 
sound  like  the  tciiring  of  cloth. 
backset  (bak'set),  v.  [<  (irtcA-l,  adv..  -H  .s-c/l, 
'■.J     I.t  tranx.  To  set  upon  in  the  rear. 

The  Israelites  .  .  .  [were]  backset  with  Pharaoh's  whole 
pnwer.        .iiitlerson,  Expos,  of  Benedictus,  fol.  71  b  (K»7;i). 

H.  inlran.i.  To  plow  again,  in  the  autumn, 
prairie-land  w'hleh  has  been  plowed  fi>r  tlie 
lii'st  lime  in  the  preceding  spring.  [Western 
U.  S.] 
backset  (bak'set),  n.  [<  back^,  a.  or  adv.,  +  cil'^, 
V.  or  H.]  1.  A  setting  back  or  backward,  as  the 
result  of  some  untoward  circumstance  or  o))- 
posing  agency;  a  check  to  progi'ess;  retai'da- 
tion,  or  the  losing  of  gi'ound ;  a  relapse :  as,  he 
suffered  more  than  one  serious  backset;  a  back- 
set whii'li  ap|Harecl  to  be  fatal. — 2.  An  e<ldy 
or  counter-current  in  flowing  •n'ater. 

Of  course  much  of  this  was  slack  water,  or  tlie  backset 
caused  by  the  nverllow.  Harjier's  Mag.,  I..\V.  (ll'J. 

back-settler  (bak'set 'Kt),  n.  One  inhabiting 
the  l>ac-U  selllcMneiits  of  a  country. 

backsheesh,  ".    See  bakubi.'ih. 

hack-shift  ( l.ak'shift),  )i.  [<  back^,  a.,  +  .iliifl.] 
In  nial-niininii,  a  second  shift  or  relay  of  hewers 
who  hc'gin  cutting  the  coal  after  another  set 
have  lieguii  to  ilniw  if,  at  tlie  same  place. 

hacksidetliak'siil'),  n.  [<  ME.  Imksidc;  <  lutein, 
II.,  -f-  Hide.']  1.  The  back  part  or  asjiect  of  any- 
thing; the  jiHi-t  opposite  to  the  front,  or  behind 
lliat  wliich  is  presented  to  a  spectator.  [Prop- 
erly two  wor<is  in  this  use.  See  hark,  a.,  ].] 
Spi'cilically  —  2.  The  hind  ]iurt  of  iin  iiniiiial ; 
till!  rump:"  often  (vulgarly)  in  the  iiliiral.— 3. 
The  back  ))remiHes,  back  yard,  orout-buililiiigH 
attn<'hed  f o  a  dwelling;  afso,  the  privy.  [OIpko- 
hlc  or  .lialeetal.]      -V.  E.  1>. 

back-Bight  (hak'sif),  «.  1.  In  nurvcijing,  th<' 
iiding  of  a  leveling-rod,  taken  when  looking 


which  has  been  passed.      All 
VI  I'lilled  J'ori.iighln.—  Z.  The 


prctciii 


itock-ficMun  Valve. 


other  reiidings  are 
rear  sight  of  a  gun. 
back-skin  (bak'skin),  n.     A  leather  dress  used 
hy  iiiiiicrH  when  at  work  in  wot  placoH. 


backstay 

hack-slang  (bak'slang),  n.  [<  ftacA-t,  n.  or  adv., 
-\-  .■^laiig.  Cf.  }mlindrome.'\  A  species  of  slang  1 
Ln  which  the  words  are  pronounced  or  written 
backward,  or  as  nearly  so  as  the  skill  of  the 
speaker  or  writer,  or  the  possibility  of  pro- 
nouncing the  word,  ■will  permit:  thus,  penny 
becomes  ijenncp :  woman,  namow,  and  so  on. 

backslide  (bak-sUd'),  r.  /. ;  pret.  backslid  (some- 
times backslided),  pp.  backslid,  backsliddcit 
(sometimes  backslided).  ppr.  backsliding.  [< 
6(7ci-l,  adv.,  +  slide.']  To  slide  back,  in  a  figu- 
rative sense ;  apostatize ;  turn  fi'om  the  faith ; 
depart  from  or  abandon  religious  principles  or 
practices. 

I  have  fallen  back  to  my  carnal  temper,  from  the  holy 
ways  of  God,  and  have  again  baekstidetl. 

Bp.  Hopkins,  Works,  p.  5Sr>. 

Wien  persons  have  been  professors  of  religion,  and 
have  for  viu-ious  reasons  baeksliddeii  and  declined  into  a 
carnal  and  secular  life.  //.  H'.  Beechcr. 

backslider  (bak-sli'der),  H.  One  who  back- 
slides, (a)  An  apostate ;  one  who  falls  from  the  faith 
and  practice  of  religion.  Prov.  xiv.  14.  (6)  One  who 
neglects  his  religious  vows  and  falls  into  habits  of  sin. 

backsliding  (bak-sli'ding),  «.  A  falling  back 
in  priiicijile  or  practice  ;  a  lapse  in  or  abandon- 
ment of  religious  obligation  ;  apostasy. 

Our  backslid! ii'is  are  many:  we  have  sinned  .against 
thee.  '  .Ter.  xiv.  7. 

hackslidingness  (bak-sU'iUng-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  backsliding. 

hack-spear,  v.  t.     See  back-^peer. 

hack-speed  (bak'sped),  n.  In  mcch..  a  second 
speed-gear  of  a  lathe,  which  can  be  brought 
into  action  on  the  fore-speed,  so  that  second 
series  of  speeds  of  the  spindle  are  thereby 
obtained. 

back-speer  (bak'sper),  v.  t.  [Sc,  also  written 
back-spear,  -speir,  <  back^,  adv.,  +  .^pcer,  ask, 
questicm.]  To  i-eexamino  or  cross-examine. 
[Scotch.] 

back-splinting  (bak '  splin  "  ting),  n.  In  coal- 
tiiitiing,  a  system  of  working  coal  over  the  goaf 
aiui  across" the  packs  of  11  lower  one  got  in  ad- 
vance upon  the  long-'wall  method.     Greslri/. 

hack-spring  (bak'spring),  «.  1.  A  spring 
formed  in  the  bolt  of  a  lock  by  cutting  a  longi- 
tudinal slit  near  its  upper  edge,  thus  leaving  a 
strij)  of  iinsupj)orted  metal  which  by  elastic 
pressure  springs  the  bolt  into  its  place  when  it 
is  left  by  the  key. —  2.  The  spring  at  the  rear 
of  the  body  of  ,a  vehicle;  specifically,  aC-spring 
■which  rides  up  at  the  back  of  the  carriage,  tho 
body  of  the  latter  being  suspended  from  the 
forward  end.  —  3.  A  spring  backward. 

back-staff  (bak'stiif),  «.  An  instrument  for- 
merly used  for  measiu'ing  tho  sun's  altitude  at 
sea:  so  called  because  in  using  it  the  observer 
tunuMl  his  back  to  the  sun. 

hackstair,  backstairs   (bak'star,  -starz),  ». 

and  ((.  I.  II.  A  .stair  or  stairs  in  the  back 
jiart  of  a  house  ;  private  stairs.  [Properly  two- 
words.     See  back^,  a.,  1.] 

II.  ".  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  stairs  in  the  back 
part  of  a  house  :  as,  a  hackstair  entrance. —  2. 
Indirect;  tinderhand;  unfair;  intriguing:  as, 
backstair  influence. 

He's  liki'  a  backstair  minister  at  court,  who,  whilst  tho 
ri'jMitcd  favourites  are  sauntering  in  the  bed-chamber,  is 
rilling  the  roast  in  tho  closet.       Vanbruiili,  Uclapse,  ii.  1. 

Is  he  not  a  bafk-stairs  favourite  -  one  that  can  do  what 
hu  pleases  with  tliosc  that  do  what  they  please'/ 

aiildsmilh,  CoodNatureil  Man,  it, 

hack-stall  (bnk'stal),  n.  The  thief  who  walks 
behind  the  chief  operator  in  a garrote-robbery 
to  conceal  him  when  at  work  and  make  olT  wifli 
the  bixity.      ('I'hieves' slang.]      i^rc  garrole. 

backstandt  (bak'stand),  n.  Support;  some- 
thing to  tall  back  upon. 

A  sure  stave  and  a  stedfiwt  backsfa iidc  at  home. 

Hull,  Hen.  VII. 

backstay  (bak'sta),  «.  1.  In  printing,  a  strap 
of  leather  used  to  che<>U  the  carriage  of  a 
)iriiiling-press. —  2.  In  emil-niining,  a  l'(U'ke<l  bar 
of  wronght-iron  atlaehed  to  the  baik  of  tho 
niiiie-eiir  when  aKcending  an  inclined  ]ilano, 
for  the  piiriiose  of  slopping  the  car  in  case  of 
accident.  [Yorkshire,  Kng.  ]  —  3.  A  rod  extend- 
ing from  the  perch  to  the  outer  end  of  the  rear 
axle  of  a  carriage. —  4.  One  of  the  lla|is  of  a 
carriage-top. —  6.  In  pundiase-shears,  11  power- 
ful spring  ]ilai>e(l  at  the  binOt  of  the  moving*/ 
bliidi'  to  keep  lh(>  two  culling  edges  ill  contact. 
—  0.  In  inrtal-lnrning,  an  ail.instable  support  for 
liny  very  long  or  slender  article. —  7.  pi.  j\'iiit., 
long  ropes  I'xtendiiig  backward  from  the  heada 
of  all  masts  above  th(^  lower  mast  and  fastened 


backstay 

on  eacli  sido  of  the  ship  to  the  ehain-plates, 
serving  to  support  the  masts — Backstay-stools, 
planking  iir  pk'ct's  nf  irun  projecting  from  tlic  side  of  a 
sliiji,  to  whicli  tlie  liaulistays  are  made  fast.  Tliey serve  tlie 
same  purpose  for  the  backstays  tliat  tlie  channels  do  for  tlic 
shrouds.  —  Traveling  tiackstays,  backstays  fitted  witli 
a  traveler  wliirli  slides  up  and  down  with  the  topsail-yard. 
Tile  principal  support  for  tlie  mast  is  thus  kept  at  that 
part  wliieh  is  just  above  the  yard.     [Not  now  in  use.] 

back-step  ( bak'step),  «.  A  rearward  movement 
of  a  squad  or  body  of  troops,  without  change 
of  front. 

backsterH,  «•     See  baxter. 

backster^  (bak'ster),  n.  [Etym.  uncertain.] 
A  flat  piece  of  wood  or  cork  fastened  on  the 
feet  for  walking  over  loose  beach.     N.  E.  D. 

backstitch  (bak'stich),  n.  A  method  of  sewing 
in  which  each  stitch  overlaps  or  doubles  back 
on  the  preceding  one,  the  needle  entering  be- 
hind the  thread  at  the  end  of  the  stitch  already 
made  and  coming  out  in  front  of  it. 

backstitch  (bak'stich),  V.  t.  and  i.  To  sew 
with  stitclies  which  overlap  each  other.  See 
biwk-filitcli,  n. 

backstone  (bak'ston),  n.  [E.  dial.,  =  balcestotie, 
<  babe  +  stone.']  The  heated  stone  on  which 
oat-cake  is  baked.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

back-stop  (bak'stop),  n.  In  base-ball,  a  fence 
placed  a  short  distance  behind  the  catcher  to 
stop  the  ball  if  he  fails  to  catch  it. 


ortal.  of  Soul. 


I.whr. 


415 

5.  In  or  by  reflection ;  reflexively. 

The  mind  can  backward  caat 
Upon  herself  her  understanrtini?  liijht. 
Sir  J.  DfivieH,  Introd.  to  ' 

6.  In  time  past;  ago. 
Some  reigns  backward. 

7.  In  an  opposite  or  contrary  direction. 
Fo)  every  two  steps  they  made  forwards  and  upwards 

they  slipped  one  hiwkwardn. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  ii. 

8.  In  an  opposite  or  reverse  order;  from  the 
end  toward  the  beginning ;  in  an  order  contrary 
to  the  natural  order:  as,  to  read  or  spell  buck- 
ward;  hence,  perversely;  in  a  wrong  or  per- 
verse manner. 

I  never  yet  saw  man. 
How  wise,  how  noble,  young,  how  rarely  featur'd. 
But  she  would  spell  him  backward. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  1. 

The  gospel  of  Christ  is  read  backwards,  when  tliat  world 
which  he  came  to  save  is  regarded  as  a  world  which  it  is 
a  merit  to  abandon. 

C.  E.  Norton,  Travel  and  Study  in  Italy,  p.  47. 

9.  From  a  better  to  a  worse  state;  rotrogres- 

sively. 

The  work  went  backward  ;  and  the  more  he  strove 

T'  advance  the  suit,  the  farther  from  her  love.  Dryden. 

Backward  and  forward,  to  and  fro.— To  ring  bells 
backward,  to  give  an  alarm  by  ringing  the  bells  of  a 
chime  in  the  wrong  order,  beginning  with  the  baas  bell. 


The  bells  they  riny  backward,  the  drums  they  are  beat. 
Scott,  Bonnie  Dundee. 


back-strap  (bak'strap),  n.    A  broad  strap  pass- 
ing along  the  middle  of  a  horse's  back  from  the 

"PP5l''"5:?'''f,?„*?,l^!.!™?P;!5„''L!:i'°i°^^^^^  backward  (back'ward),  a.     [<  bachvard,  adv.] 

"^""'^'"^      -     2..  Directed  to  the  back  or  rear:  as,  "a  back- 


ward look,"  Sliak.,  Sonnets,  lix.— 2.  Reversed; 
returning;  directed  to  or  toward  the  original 
starting-point:  as,  a  backward  movement  or 
journey. 

And  now  they  do  re-stem 
Their  backward  course.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

3.  Done  in  reverse  order;  done  in  an  order 
contrary  to  the  natural  order,  as  in  repeating 
a  sentence  from  the  end  to  the  beginning. 

Without  his  rod  reversed, 
And  backward  mutters  of  dissevering  power. 
We  cannot  free  the  lady.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  817. 

4.  Being  in,  or  placed  at,  the  back. 

Four  legs  and  two  voices.  .  .  .  His  forward  voice  now 


junction  with  the  hip-straps  in  a  wagon-har- 
ness, and  in  a  carriage-harness  from  the  gig- 
saddle  to  the  crupper.     £.  H.  Knight. 

back-strapped  (bak'strapt),  p.  a.  Carried  by 
head-winds  to  the  back  of  a  cape  or  promontory : 
said  of  a  ship. 

back-stream  (bak'strem),  n.  A  current  run- 
ning against  the  regular  course  of  the  stream ; 
an  up-sfreara. 

back-string  (bak'string),  II.  A  leading-string 
by  which  a  child  is  supported  or  guided  from 
beliind.     Cowpcr,  Task,  iv.  228. 

back-stroke  (bak'strok),  «.  1.  A  blow  or 
stroke  iu  return.— 2.  A  backhanded  stroke; 
a  backhander. 

My  uncle  Toby  never  took  this  hack  stroke  of  my  father's 
at  his  hobby-horse  kindly. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vi.  31. 

3.  In  tclea.,  the  return-stroke  of  the  lever  in  a 

telegraph-sounder.    Standard  Elect.  Diet. 
back-swimmer  (bak'swim"er),  n.     Same  as 

biiiil-j!;/. 
back-sword  (bak'sord),  «.      1.  A  sword  with 

one  sharp  edge,  used  for  cutting  rather  than 

thrusting,  sometimes   curved,  and  frequently 

straight.     It   usually  had  a  basket-hilt,  and  was  the 

eomnion  weapon  of  citizens  and  country  people  when  the 

rapier  and    afterward   the  small-sword  were  worn  by 

gentlemen. 

2.  A  cudgel  fitted  with  a  basket-hilt,  used  for 

a  particular  kind  of  single-stick  play. — 3.  A 

cudgel-play  in  which  the  back-sword  (in  sense 

2)  is  used,  pecidiar  to  certain  counties  of  Eng- 
land, and  stUl  kept  up  at  festivals  and  the  like 

in  the  attempt  to  preserve  old  customs.    The 

guard  is  with  the  left  arm,  and  the  object  of  each  player 

is  to  break  the  skin  of  Iiis  adversary's  forehead  so  as  to 

draw  blood. 
back-tack  (bak'tak),  ».     In  Scots  law,  a  tack 

or  lease  connected  with  wadsets  or  mortgages. 

by  which  the  possession  of  the  land  is  returned  ^ackwardt   (bak'ward),   n.     [<   backtvard, 

to  the  proprietor  on  payment  of  a  rent  corre-     rpj^^  things  or  state  behind  or  past. 

spending  to  the  interest  of  the  money  advanced.  What  seest  thou  else 

See  wadset.  In  the  dark  backward  and  abysm  of  time? 

back-tool  (bak'tol),  n.     Any  tool,  either  fillet  Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

or  roll,  used  by  bookbinders  in  decorating  the  backward!  (bak'ward),  v.  t.    [<  backward,  adv.] 

curved  surface  of  tlie  back  of  a  book.  To  obstruct;  keep'back;  retard;  delay. 

back-trickt  (bak'trik),  n.    A  caper  backward  in        ^^jj^  ^^^^  ,j„  j  lackward  us.      Hammond,  Sermons,  xv. 

dancing. 
I  have  the  back-trick  simply  as  strong  as  any  man  in 

Illyria.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  3, 

backward,  backwards  (bak'ward,  -wiirdz), 
adv.  i<  ME.  hakward,  bacward,  adv.,  by  apher- 
esis  for   abackward,   <    abak,   adv.,   back,    -1- 

-ward, -wards.]    1 .  In  the  direction  of  the  back :     

as,  to  throw  the  arms  backward.— 2.  With  the  backwardly  (bak'ward-li), 
back  first  in  the  direction  of  motion :   as,  to     ward  direction, 
walk  backward;  to  fall  backward. 

He  [Eli|  fell  from  off  the  seat  tecfairarrf,  .   .   .   and  his 
neck  brake.  1  Sam.  iv.  18. 

Thou  wilt  fall  hackicard.  Sliak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  3. 

3.  In  the  direction  from  which  one  has  come ; 
<|oward  that  which  is  or  has  been  left  behind : 
as,  he  glanced  backward. — 4.  Toward  bygone 
times  or  events;  toward  that  which  is  past  in 
time:  as,  to  look  backward  to  the  last  century. 


Baconian 

wardnens  of  the  spring,  (b)  Unwillingness;  reluctance; 
dilatoriness  or  dullness  in  action. 

Our  backwardncHu  to  good  works.  Bp.  Atterbury. 

(c)  Basbfuliiess ;  shyness. 

backwards,  adv.    See  backward. 
back-washed  (bak'wosht),  a.    Cleansed  from 

oil,  as  wool  after  combing, 
back-water  (bak'wa"t6r),  )!.  It.  Water  flow- 
ing in  from  behind. — 2.  Water  thrown  back  by 
the  turning  of  a  water-wheel  or  the  paddles  of 
steamboats,  etc. — 3.  Water  held  or  forced 
back,  as  in  a  mill-race  or  in  a  tributary  stream, 
in  consequence  of  some  obstruction,  as  a  dam 
orfiood. — 4.  An  artificial  accumulation  of  wa- 
ter obtained  at  high  tide  and  reserved  in  reser- 
voirs, to  be  discharged  at  low  tide  for  clearing 
off  deposits  in  channel-beds  and  tideways. —  5. 
A  creek  or  ann  of  the  sea  which  runs  parallel 
to  the  coast,  having  only  a  narrow  slip  of  land 
between  it  and  the  sea,  and  communicating 
with  the  latter  by  barred  entrances. 

Entering  the  mouth  of  the  Morcdab,  an  extensive  hack- 
water  into  wliich  fall  tlie  I'iri-iJazaar  and  other  streams, 
we  come  alongside  a  fairly  constructed  ijuay. 

O'Donovan,  Merv.  viii, 

backwood  (bak'wud),  n.  That  portion  of  a 
carpenter's  plane  which  is  immediately  behind 

the  plane-iron To  drive  the  backwood  up,  to 

drive  the  wedge  of  a  plane  too  tightly.  Wlicn  this  is  done 
the  pressure  r>f  tlie  plane-iron  raises  a  bur  or  slight  ridge 
at  the  an;^Ie  of  the  mouth  and  sole. 

backwoods  (bak'vpudz'),  n.  pi.  Wooded  or  par- 
tially uncleared  and  unsettled  districts  in  the 
remote  parts  of  a  new  country;  hence,  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  any  rough  or  thin- 
ly settled  region  far  from  the  centers  of  popu- 
lation. 

The  very  ease  with  which  books  containing  the  world's 

best  literature  were  obtainable  in  the  backwoods  made  our 

early  writers  copyists.     Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  ii,  14. 

He  (Count  Tolstoi]  put  into  ray  hands  a  letter  from  sonie 

man  living  in  a  village  in  the  backwoods  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  Century,  XXXIV.  'Zal. 

backwoodsman  (bak'wudz'man),  n. ;  pi.  back- 
woodsmen (-men).  -An  inhabitant  of  the  back- 
woods. 

The  General  Boone,  hackivoodsman  of  Kentucky, 
Was  happiest  among  mortals  anywhere. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  viii.  61. 

is  to  speak  well  of  his  friend;  his  backward  voice  is  to  backWOrm  (bak'werm),  H.     A  small  worm  gen- 
utter  foul  speeches,  and  to  detract.    Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2.     erally  found  in  the  thin  skin  about  the  reins  of 

5.  Slow;  sluggish ;unprogressive;imadvanced;    hawks.     See  filaiideri . 
behind  in  progress:  as,  3.  backivard  learner.         backwort   (bak'wert),  7i.     The  comfrey,  Sym- 

Brigandage  survives  only  in  out-of-the-way  corners  of     plii/tum  officinale. 
the  most  backward  countries  of   Christendom,  such  as  back-WOUnding(bak'won"ding),  a.    Wounding 
.Spain  and  Sicily.  J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  229.  

6.  Late ;  behind  in  time ;  coming  after  some- 
thing else,  or  after  the  usual  time :  as,  backward 
fruits ;  the  season  is  backward. 

A  dry,  cold,  backward  spring,  easterly  winds. 

J5lirfi/n,  Diary,  April  15,  1688. 

7.  Holding  back;  averse;  reluctant;  hesitat- 
ing. 

The  mind  is  backward  to  undergo  the  fatigue  of  weigh- 
ing every  argument.  Watts. 
For  wiser  brutes  were  backward  to  be  slaves. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  50. 

8.  Timid;    bashful;    retiring  in  disposition; 

modest.— 9.    Beaching   back    into  the  past; 

already  past. 

Flies  unconscious  o'er  each  backward  year. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  24. 

a.] 


at  the  back  or  behind  one's  back;  backbiting; 
injm'ing  siuTeptitiously:  as,  "backwounding 
calumny,"  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2. 
bacon  (ba'kon  or  -kn),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bakon,  bakeii,  <  ME.  bacon,  bacoiin,  bakoiin,  < 
OF.  bacon  =  Pr.  bacon,  <  ML.  baco{n-),  bacon, 
side  of  bacon,  shoulder,  ham,  also  a  swine,  < 
OHGr.  bahho,  bacho,  MHG.  bache,  side  of  bacon, 
ham,  G.  bache,  a  wild  sow  (obs.  or  dial.,  a  ham), 
=  MD.  bake,  bacon,  ham,  a  swine,  <  OHG.  "bah, 
etc.,  =  AS.  ba'c,  E.  back^  :  see  back^.]  1.  Hog's 
flesh,  especially  the  back  and  sides,  salted  or 
pickled  and  dried,  usually  in  smoke. —  2t.  Pork. 
— 3t.  A  hog;  hence,  a  grossly  fat  person. — 4t. 
A  rustic  ;  a  clown :  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that 
swine's  flesh  was  the  meat  chiefly  eaten  by  the 
rural  population.     N.  E.  D. 

On,  bacom,  on  !  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

To  save  one's  bacon,  to  preserve  one's  self  from  harm. 
But  here  I  say  the  Turks  were  much  mistaken. 
Who,  hating  hogs,  yet  wished  to  save  their  bacon. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vii.  42. 

bacon-beetle  (ba'kon-be"tl),  «.  A  species  of 
the  genus  Dermestes,  D.  lardarius,  family  Der- 
mestid(E,  order  Cole- 


backwardation  (bak-war-da'shon),  n.  [<  back- 
ward, v.,  +  -at ion.]  On  the  London  Stock  Ex- 
change, the  premium  paid  by  a  seller  of  stock 
for  the  pri\Tlege  of  postponing  its  delivery  to 
the  buyer  until  the  next  fortnightly  settling- 
day.     See  contango. 

■■  '■"   adv 


The  mandible  is  extremely  massive  and  has  a  backwardly 
produced  angle.  Huxley,  Anat.  \  ert.,  p.  320. 

2.  Unwillingly;    reluctantly;    aversely;    per- 
versely; ill.  „   , 

I  was  the  fli-st  man 
That  e'er  receiv'd  gift  from  him ; 
And  does  he  think  so  backwardly  of  me  now. 
That  111  requite  it  last?        Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  m.  3. 
backwardness  (bak'ward-nes),  n.     The  state 


The  lights  of  memory  backward  strf 

Whitlier,  Memories. 


or  quality  of  being  backward,    (a)  Backward  state 
as  regards  progress;  slowness;  tardiness:  as,  the  back 


optera,  whose  larvfi 
are  very  destructiv. 
to  stuffed  anim;il- 
in  museums.  Tlir 
larvse  are  hairy,  and 
whitish-brown  iu 
color. 
1.  In  aback-  Baconian  (ba-ko'ni- 
an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
iFraneis  Bacon,  bom 
1561,  died  1626.]  I.  fl. 
Pertaining  to  Fran- 
cis Bacon,  Baron 
Verulam,  commonly 
called  Lord  Bacon: 
as,  the  BncoHidH  phi- 
losophy. —  Baconian 
method,  a  term  often, 
though  incorrectly,  ap- 
plied to  the  method  of 


Bacon-Beeile 
{Dermtiies  lardarius' . 
a.  larva ;  b,  one  of  its  barbed  hairs ; 
i.  beetle.     (Hair-lines  show  naniraV 
sizes.) 


Baconian  41 G 

indnction  (which  see)  as  developed  by  modem  science,  on  stroyed  the  Sanllus  tubemilosis  which  is  characteristic  of 

the  snpw^sition  that  Bacon  was  mainly  instrumental  in  the  disease. 

brinsing  tliis  method  into  general  use.  bactcritic  (,bak-te-nt  IK),  (I.    [<  bacterium  +  -ti- 

n.   71.    1.   An   adherent  of    the    Baconian  jc :  see -i<(S.]     Characterized  or  caused  by  the 

philosophy. — 2.    One  who  holds    the   theory  presence  of  bacteria. 

that  Bacon  wrote  the  plays  usually  attributed  bacterium  (bak-te'ri-um),  ». ;  pi.  hacferia  (-&). 

to  Shakspere.  [NL.,  <  tJr.  ,iaKTr/pioi;  a  little  stick,  dim.  of  Sqk- 

Baconism  (ba'kon-izm),  n.     [<  Bacon  +  -ism.']  rijpla,  a  staff,  stick,  <  ^aKrpot;  a  staff,  stick,  akin 

The  pliilosophy  of  Francis  Bacon,  or  the  gen-  to  L.  bacidum,  a  staff:  see  bactdus.'}     1.  One 

eral  spirit  of  his  writings.  of  the  micro-organisms  which  are  concerned  in 

These  societies  are  schools  of  Saconii'm,  designed  to  the  putrefactive  processes,  and  are  known  as 

embodv  all  that  was  of  value  in  the  thought  and  spirit  of  Schi:omycetes,  or  fission  ftingi,   in   distinction 

Bacon-  namely,  a  protest  against  traditional  .aif'""'}'  from  Saccharomijcetes,  or  budding  fungi,  which 

inscience,\T>th.  of  course,  a  recommendation  of  induction  ""           ^        .     ..J   .      '            .      "=•         e^  > 
and  of  the  inductive  sciences  for  their  value  in  the  art.s  of 
life.                                                                                         Wri^lht. 


baconize  (ba'kon-iz),  r.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  bacon- 
ized.yiiT.bacoiiiring.  [<6acoH -t- -ice.]  To  make 
into  or  like  bacon ;  smoke,  as  bacon. 

baconweed  (bii'kon-wed),  ».  The  pigweed, 
Chcnopodiiim  albiiiii. 

bacony  (ba'kon-i),  a.  [<  bacon  +  -^/l.]  Like 
bacon ;  lardaceous. 

bacteria  (bak-te'ri-ii),  n.  [XL. :  see  bacterium.'] 
1.  i'im-dlof  bacterium,!.— 2.  [cap.]  A  genus 
of  gressorial  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 
I'hasmidfc;  the  stick-insects  or  walking-sticks. 
B.  mrmentosa  is  about  10  inches  long.  See 
Phasmida^. 

Bacteriacea  (bak-te-ri-a'sf-e),  n.  i)l.  [NL.,  < 
Bacterium  +  -acecs.]  A  group  of  the  simplest 
microscopic  fungi,  more  usually  called  Schico- 
mijcetes,  the  acUorophyllous  di^-ision  of  the 
Schizosporew  of  Cohn,  or  of  the  Scliizojiliyta  of 
more  recent  authorities.  They  exhibit  a  great  va- 
rieiv  of  forms,  and  are  subdivided  accordingly  into— (1) 
Spliftrobacteria.  wliich  are  spherical,  as  in  Micrococcus; 
(2)  ilicrijbiicifria.  which  are  elliptical  or  shortly  cylindri- 
cal, as  in  Bactfriutn,  the  only  genus;  (3)  De.finobactcria, 
which  consist  of  straight  lilainents,  as  in  liaciilu^ ;  (4) 
Sfiir'iffift'Tta,  in  which  tlie  filaments  are  more  or  less 

c'fiU-d,  as  in  .ii'iriHuin. 

bacterial  (bak-te'ri-al),  a.  [<  bacterium  +  -aU] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  bacteria;  of  the 
nature  of  or  caused  by  bacteria :  as,  a  bacterial 
parasite  ill  the  blood;  fiactena/ organisms;  bac- 
terial infusions. 

The  issue  of  a  bacterial  affection  is  either  the  death  of 

the  patient,  or  the  death  and  elimination  of  the  bacteria. 

Ziegler,  Pathol.  Anat.  (trans.),  I.  2S7. 

bacterian  I'bak-te'ri-an),  a.    Same  as  bacterial. 

bactericidal  i  bak-te'ri-si-dal),  a.  [<  bactcri- 
e'lii  + -(d.]     Destructive  to  bacteria. 

bactericide  (bak-te'ri-sid),  11.  [<  NL.  bacterium 
+  L.  -eida,  <  ea:dcre,  kill.]  A  substance  that 
Las  the  property  of  destroying  bacteria. 

A  baclericide  of  great  activity. 

Therapeutic  Gaz.,  Vllf.  fiCl, 

Bacterides  (bak-ter'i-dez),  H.  7)^  [XL.,  prop. 
' Bactirida;  <  Bacterium  +  -ides,  -ida:]  A  name 
sometimes  given  indefinitely  to  a  group  of  mi- 
crobes referable  to  the  genera  Bacillus  and  Bac- 
ti  rinm  (which  see). 

bacteriform  (bak-te'ri-f6rm),  a.  [<  NL.  bac- 
Irnum  +  L.  forma,  form.]  Of  the  form  of 
bactcna  ;  rcscMibliiig  bacteria. 

bacterioid  (bak-tu'ri-oid),  a.  [<  bacterium  + 
-fjid.]  Kesembling  or  closely  allied  to  bac- 
teria. 

bacteriological  (bak-te'ri-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Of  or 
|iirlaiiiing  to  bacteriology. 

bacteriologist  (bak-te-ri-ol'o-jist),  n.  [<  bac- 
!•  ni)tiiiiii  -¥   isl.]     One  nkillcd  in  bacteriology. 

bacteriology  ( buk-te-ri-oro-.ji),  11.  [<  NL.  bacte- 
rium +  (tr.  -'/.oyia,  <  'Myttv,  speak:  see  -"/".7.'/.] 
That  department  of  biology  which  investigates 
bacteria  and  other  microbes,  especially  their 
life-history  and  agency  in  disease;  the  scien- 
tilic  study  of  bacteria. 

l:.irt.-rudi<^ljl  U  now  a  natural  science  of  sufllclnnt  Ini- 
jHiTt.iiM'i-  and  roinplctrni'AH  to  take  ItJi  proper  place  in 
ii)k'it^ne,  etiology,  and  pathological  nnat'iiny. 

Science,  VI.  77. 

bacterioscopic  Cbak-le'ri-o-Kkop'ik),  a.  [<  bac- 
I, , ,,,  ,  .,yo/  +  -ir.]  Kehiting  or  pertaining  to  tho 
(h-,r   i..  Fv  (ir  tibMcrvation  of  bactiria. 

bacteriOBCOpy  (bak-lo-ri-OH'ko-jn),  n.     f<  NL. 
Iiiiiiiriin,!  +  Cr.  -flKoTi'n,  <  nhii-^iiv,  view.]     Mi- 
iT'.-  ..,,!.■  invislii.'ntir>M  of  bar'Icria. 
bacteriotherapeutic       ( bakte'ri-o-ther-a-pii'- 
iiV  i.'iiiiriuni  +  llurdjitulic.]    Pertain- 

iiij.'  ithiTiipy. 

I  'r  ,r   fully  followed  the  liaeltrinllifrniieutie 

(!•  '  t  |„)  liielghtcaJM'Rof  ndvauf't'tl  plitlil- 

■|.  r.  .V"/iV<i/ .V.-ir«,  .\l,l\.  tl, 

bact«;uui,iii;r:ipy  (bnk-te'ri-o-tlier'ii-pi),  »/,  (< 
Nli.  I'liriiriiiiii  +  'ir.  Oifiii-itn,  mi'djinl  treat- 
nii'iil  1  In  //;"/  Ihe  inlrodiH'tion  of  bacliriu 
in'  T  the  euro  of  diH«Mi»e.    ii „ 

fil>'  -•otAlnlHH    tl'litfriuin   tennn    I..m 

belli  '     ,         I  i  iho  Idea  ilixl  llio  lin' Icrluiii    ; 


bad 

H.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  bactilites. 
Also  bneulitie — Baculite  limestone,  a  name  given  to 
the  Chalk  of  Nonnaiidy,  iroiii  the  abundance  of  haculites 
which  it  contains. 

Baculites  (bak-u-li'tez), n.  [NL.,  <  L.  baculum, 
a  staff,  H-  -ites':  see  -ite^.]  A  genus  of  poly- 
thalamous  or  many -chambered 
eephalopods,  belonging  to  the 
family  Ammonitida'.  The  species 
are  known  only  in  a  fossil  state,  having 
become  e.xtinct  at  the  close  of  the  Cre- 
taceous period.  The  shell  is  straight, 
more  or  less  compressed,  conical,  and 
very  much  elongated.  The  chambers 
are  sinuous  and  pierced  by  a  margiiiiil 
siphon.  The  external  chamber  is  con- 
siderably larger  than  the  rest.  There 
are  about  2u  species,  found  from  the 
Neocomian  to  the  Chalk  formation. 

baculitic  Oiak-ii-lit'ik),a.  Same 
as  hiicuiitr. 

baculometry  (bak-u-lom'e-tri), 

n.  [<  L.  baculum,  a  staff,  +  Gr.  -/lerpia,  <  ftlTpov, 
a  measure.]  The  measurement  of  heights  or 
distances  by  means  of  staves.  Phillips. 
baculus  (bak'u-lus),  n. :  pi.  baculi  (-li).  [L., 
more  commonly  neut.  baculum,  a  stick,  staff, 
sceirter,  etc.;  cf.  LL.  dim.  bacillus  (see  bacil- 
lus); akin  to  Gr.  i^aKrpov,  a  rod,  staff:  see  bac- 
terium.] 1.  A  di\ining-rod. — 2.  A  long  staff 
or  crutch  upon  wliicli  worshipers  were  form  My 
allowed  to  lean  during  long  offices,  such  as  tho 
psalms. — 3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  crusta- 
ceans 


Portion  of  Bacuiitei 
/aujasii. 


produce  alcoholic  fermentation.  Their  true  charac 
ter  W.1S  long  in  doubt,  but  they  are  now  generally  regarded 
as  the  lowest  forms  of  vegetable  life,  and  are  known  to  mul- 
tiply, in  some  species  at  least,  b.v  the  formation  of  spores 
and  even  of  true  sporangia.  They  consist  of  exceed- 
ingly minute  spherical,  oblong,  or  cylindrical  cells,  with- 
out "cliloropbyl,  multiply  by  transverse  division,  and  may 
be  found  anywhere.  Thfeir  origin  and  the  part  they  take 
in  putrefaction,  fermentation,  and  disease  have  been  the 
subject  in  recent  yeai-s  of  much  study  and  discussion. 
Very  much  remains  in  doubt,  but  there  is  no  question  of 
the  importance  of  these  investigations  from  a  sanitary 
point  of  view.  It  also  appears  to  have  been  demonstrated 
that  the  bacteria  which  exist  in  the  soil  are  active  in 
changing  otherwise  inert  substances  into  matter  suitable 
for  the  food  of  plants,  converting  the  nitrogenous  matter 
of  oi-ganic  origin  into  soluble  nitrates.  The  genera  and 
species  have  been  variously  delined,  and  are  necessiu-ily 
based  on  slight  chai'actei-s.  The  groups  and  principal 
genera  usually  recognized  are  M  Icrorocrw^,  with  spherical 
cells,  concerned  in  certain  fcrmentatitms  and  found  in 
ccnmection  with  speci.il  contagious  iliseascs;  the  rod-bac- 
teria, Ilacterium  :  the  straight  liiiform  bacteria.  Bacillus, 

etc. ;  and  the  spiral  flliforin  bacteria,  I'lArio,  .S/iiViViiii/i,  ,,,,,,  ,  -y  mr'    t    j    i    j7     i    j 

etc.    Of  the  genus  Micrococcus,  M.  iHiMlieriticux  is  con-  bad^  (bad),  a.  and  11.     [<  ML.  bud,  bnddc.  bad, 
sidered  to  be  the  special  cause  of  diphtheria,  and  .V.rnc-     worthless,    wicked,    prob.    a   generalized   adj. 


citUK  of  smallpox,  ^ee  Bacteriaccw,  and  cut  \\tu\GT  tmcillus. 
2.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  microscopic  ftmgi,  con- 
sisting of  a  single  short  cylindrical  or  ellipti- 
cal coll,  or  of  two  such  cells  united  end  to  end, 
and  capable  of  spontaneous  movement.  Tho 
best-known  species,  B.  tenno,  is  the  prime  cause  of  putre- 
f.iction,  occmTing  early  in  all  infusions  of  animal  and  vege- 
table substances  and  multiplying  with  great  rapidity. 
The  individuals  of  this  species  are  about  one  ten-thou- 
sandth of  an  inch  in  length. 
Bactrian  (bak'tri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Bactri- 
anus  (Gr.  BaKvpiavog),  <  Bactria,  <  Gr.  'Eanrpia 
(also  iiiiK-pa,  <  Pers.  Bdkhtar),  a  pro^•ince  so 
called.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bactria  or 
Bactriana,  an  ancient  country  of  central  Asia, 
with  its  capital,  Baetra,  on  the  site  of  the  mod- 
em Balkh.  It  became  a  province  of  the  Persian  empire 
under  Cyrus,  and  from  al>out  t^ih  to  alxiut  120  B.  0.  was 
a  separate  kingdom  under  a  tireek  dynasty. — Bactrian 

camel,  see  cd  «/»■(. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bactria. 
Bactris  (bak'tris),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jiuKTpov,  a 
staff :  see  bacterium.]  A  genus  of  slender 
palms,  consisting  of  about  40  species,  found 
about  rivers  and  in  marsliy  places  in  America 
within  the  tropics.    The  stems  arc  generally  covered 


Itactril  aca»thar»r/a,  wHIi  friill,  nnd  mil  deprivrd  of  111  luitk, 
.    the  dou  ij|»n  llic  Ultcr  kliowlnj;  |Mtkltlon  of  cnilfryo*. 

witli  nplneii,  and  tlin  leaves  are  )ilniintc,  tliouRh  occasion. 

ally  simple  or  2lohed.     The  frnit  Is  sinnll,  with  a  thin 

fibrous  pulp  Inelosliig  a  hard  lilai'k  nut.     The  kernel  of  H. 

tnnjor  Is  eaten  III  Cartiuicna.     The  iil<in«  o(  /(.  iiiimir  are 

in.  d  for  Midklnu  Ktlik«.  under  the  niilne  of  loliiigo  ealies, 
baculi,  ".     Pbiriil  of  hiiculus. 
baculine  (bak'n-lin),  ".     |<  L.  baculum,  a  rod, 

-f-  -iiieK]     Of  or  peHniniiigti)  tho  rod,  iir  to  its 

use  in  piiiiiHiiment  by  Hogging, 
baculitefbiik'ii-lit),  h.  and  a.    [<  NI*.  Baculites, 

11.  V.  I     I.  Ft.  A  fiisMil  c(phulo])od  of  the  geniiH 

Itaculitcn  ;  BtuiT-Hlouo. 


use  (with  loss  of  -I,  as  in  ME,  muclie  for  muchcl, 
<  AS.  mi/cel,  much;  ME.  lyte  for  h/tcl,  <  AS. 
h/tel,  little;  ME.  irenclic  for  u-ciiclicl,  <  AS.  weu- 
ccl:  see  much,mick-le,  lite,  li/te,  little,  and  wciich) 
of  a  noun,  *bad<lel,  <  AS.  ba-ddrl  (twice,  in  gloss- 
es), witli  equiv.  deriv.  ba'dliuij  (suffix  -i»(fi), 
an  cft'cminate  person,  a  hermaphrodite,  with 
formative  -cl,  <  *ba:d  =  OilG.  'bad,  ]iad,  a 
hermaphrodite  (Leo).  This  word  apiiears  to 
exist  also  in  some  AS.  local  names,  but  traces 
elsewhere  are  sliglit;  cf.  AS.  *bcdc,  "jiedc, 
immatura,"  negative  'or-bcde,  "  or-jiedr,  adul- 
tus,"  in  glosses.  This  etymologj-,  first  sug- 
gested by  Leo,  is  uncertain,  but  it  is  tlie  only 
Olio  tliat  fairly  satisfies  the  ]ihonetic  and  his- 
torical conditions;  tlio  word  can  have  no  con- 
nection, as  suggested,  witli  Gotli.  baullis,  deaf 
and  dumb,  with  G.  hii.se,  bad,  or  with  t'orn. 
bad,  Ir.  Gael,  baodh,  foolish,  etc.  The  orig. 
word,  AS.  ba'ddel,  ME.  'biiddil,  on  account  of 
its  sinister  import,  is  scarcely  found  in  litera- 
ture, but,  like  other  words  of  similar  sense,  it 
prob.  llourisheu  in  vulgar  speecli  as  an  indefi- 
nite term  of  abuse,  aiul  at  length,  divested  of 
its  original  meaning,  cnicrgocl  in  literarv  use 
as  a  mere  inlj.,  liiuUle,  ('(|uiv.  to  the  oltler  ci'iV. 
(Cf.  the  similar  dcvilupment  of  tho  adj.  niched, 
ME.  wicked,  u-ikked,  earlier  uieke,  wikkc,  from 
tho  noun  AS.  wicca,  m.,  a  witch,  wizard,  hence 
an  evil  person:  seo  wicked^.)  Tlie  adj.  first  ap- 
pears at  llie  end  of  tlie  liilli  century,  and  does 
not  bt'conie  coniiuon  till  llii'  l.'illi  century.  In 
liigli  literary  use  it  is  coiiijiaratively  rare,  as 
agiiiiist  eril,  till  the  18lli  century.  In  thc^  Eng- 
lish liible  had  occurs  Vint  rarely,  and  only  in  the 
faniiliar  antithesis  witli  (jooil.  Bad  was  former- 
ly coininirod  reg.  haddi  r,  baddrst,  but  has  now 
taken  from  eril  the  irrcg,  compavison  worse, 
worst.]  I,  a.;  compar.  icorsr,  siijicrl.  worst 
(foniierly  Ixidilcr,  baddisl).  1.  Evil;  ill;  vi- 
cious; wiclied;  depraved:  applied  to  persons, 
conduct,  character,  inlluence,  etc. :  as,  a  bad 
man;  had  conduct;  a  bail  life;  a  bad  heart; 
bad  inlbience,  etc. 

Wisest  men 
Have  err'd,  and  bv  I'lvl  women  been  licccived. 

.Wi(("(i,  S.  A.,  1.  211. 

2.  Offensive  ;  disagreeable;  troublesome  ;  iiaiu- 
ful ;  grievous:  as,  had  Ireatiiieiit;  a.  luttl  tem» 
per ;  it  is  too  bad  tliat  you  had  to  wait  so  long. 

The  idd  Holdicrs  of  James  wcronencrally  In  a  very  had 
temper.  Mucnulay. 

3.  Hurtful;  noxious;  liaviiig  an  injurious  or 
uiifavonililo  teiuh'iicv  or  I'lTect:  withyVir;  as, 
/»ii/  nir  or  hail  I'ooil ;  lnt.(^  hours  are  bail  for  tho 
henllli ;  this  step  would  be  bad  for  your  rciuita- 
tioii  or  ]iroH|)ectH. 

Heading  was  bad  Jor  his  eyes  ;  writing  made  his  bond 
ache.  Attdvfnm. 

4.  111;  in  ill  liealth ;  sick;  in  unsound  condi- 
tion :  iiK,  to  feed  bad :  to  be  bad  with  rlieuma- 
lisni;  a //«f/ hand  or  leg.     [('ollo(|.J 

I  bavi-  been,  three  days  ago,  /'"(/  again  with  a  spitting 
of  blood.  Stcmc,  JiCtteni,  cvL 


bad 

5.  Not  good;  defective;  worthless;  poor;  of 
no  value  :  as,  had  coin ;  bad  debts  ;  a  had  soil ; 
a  bad  crop  ;  a  bad  piece  of  work;  bad  health. 

I'crjuries  are  common  as  bad  pence. 

Cou>per,  Expostulation. 

6.  Incorrect;  faulty:  as,  a  bad  aim;  ftad  Eng- 
lish ;  a  bad  pronunciation. 

fall,  if  you  will,  bad  rhyming  a  disease. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  ii.  182. 

7.  Not  valid ;  not  sound :  as,  a  bad  claim ;  a 
bad  plea. 

"  You  had  better  get  a  porter's  knot,  and  carry  trunks." 
Nor  was  the  advice  bad  ;  for  a  porter  was  likely  to  be  as 
plentifully  fed,  and  as  comfortably  lodged,  as  a  poet. 

Macaulny,  Samuel  Johnson. 

8.  Unfavorable;  unfortunate:  as,  bad  news; 
bad  success. 

Perplex'd  and  troubled  at  his  bad  success 
The  tempter  stood,  nor  had  what  to  reply. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  iv.  1. 
[Bad  is  the  ordinary  antithesis  of  pood,  in  all  its  senses, 
whether  positively,  'evil,'  'harmful,'  or  negatively,  'not 
good,' '  not  satisfactory,'  and  whether  substantively, '  being 
evil,'  or  causally,  'causing  harm.'  The  senses  run  into 
one  another,  tlu'  i.rcLise  iipiiliiiitimi  IkIui;  deUrrnined  by 
the  context.]  — Bad  Wood,  bad  conscience,  ctr.  .See  the 
nouns.— Bad  form,  conduct  not  in  jucindaiicc  with  good 
taste  or  propriety,  or  not  in  keeping  witli  the  present 
couventioiial  usage;  slightly  vulgar;  not  very  refined. 
[Slang.  J 

They  are  taught  that  to  become  emotional  or  enthusi- 
astic over  anytliing  is  bad  form.  N.  A.  Itee.,  CXLII.  621. 
In  bad  odor.  See  odor.— 'Wltli  a  bad  grace.  See  prace. 
II.  «.  That  which  is  bad.  (a)  A  bad  condi- 
tion: as,  to  go  to  the  bad  (see  below).  (6)  A 
bad  thing :  as,  there  are  bads  and  goods  among 
them.  — To  the  bad.  (a)  To  ruin,  financial  or  moral :  as, 
he  and  his  atfairs  soon  went  to  the  bad,  (i))  To  the  wrong 
side  of  the  account;  inarrearor  deficit:  as,  I  am  now  8100 
to  the  bad. 

bad^  (bad).     Preterit  of  bid. 

badak-tapa  (bad'ak-tap'ji),  n.  [Malay.]  The 
Malay  name  of  the  rhinoceros  of  Sumatra. 

badaneh  (ba-dii'ne),  h.  The  tunic  worn  by  the 
Egyptian  califs,  made  of  the  very  finest  quality 
of  linen.  The  weight  of  the  garment  was  only  2  ounces, 
and  it  is  said  to  have  cost  1,000  dinars  (about  S2,600). 

baddam  (bad'am),  «.  A  species  of  bitter  al- 
mond imported  into  some  parts  of  India  from 
Persia,  and  used  as  money,  with  a  value  of 
about  half  a  cent. 

baddert  (bad'6r),  a.     Old  comparative  of  bad. 
See  tnrfi. 
Lewed  peple  .  .  .  demen  gladly  to  the  badder  ends. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  216. 
Were  it  badder,  it  is  not  the  worst.         L'/lu,  Euphucs. 

badderlocks  (bad'^r-loks),  n.  [Supposed,  with- 
out evidence,  to  stand  for  Baldcr's  locks.  Cf. 
balder-brac.']  A  name  given  in  Scotland  to 
the  edible  seaweed  Alaria  esculenta.  The  plant  is 
olive-green,  belonging  to  the  order  Luminanaft'te,  and  has 
a  lanceolate  frond  borne  upon  a  stipe  which  is  continued 
into  a  midrib.  The  stipe  bears  ribless  leaflets  along  its 
sides.  Also  called  henware,  and  in  the  Orkney  Islands 
hnnfv-varc  ;  in  parts  of  Ireland,  murlins. 

baddestt  (bad'est),  a.    Old  superlative  of  bad. 

See  /«((/!. 

The  boAidesi  among  the  cardinals  is  chosen  pope. 

Sir  E.  Sandijs,  State  of  Religion. 
baddish  (bad'ish),  a.     [<  bad^  +  -isZil.]     Some- 
what bad ;  of  inferior  character  or  quality. 
He  wrote  baddish  verses.  Jeffrey. 

A  snuffy,  babbling,  baddish  fellow. 

Carhjle,  The  Century,  XXIV.  24. 

baddock  (bad'ok),  ».  [E.dial.  Ct.badock.']  A 
local  English  name  of  the  coalfish. 

bade  (bad).     Preterit  of  bid. 

badelaire  (ba-de-lar'),  «.  [F.,  formerly  haude- 
lairc:  see  hadelar.']  In  her.,  a  curved  sword 
or  cutlas  used  as  a  bearing. 

badelart,  «.  [<  F.  badelaire  (ML.  badelare, 
badarellus).  Cf.  baselard,  baslnrd.l  A  short 
curved  sword.     Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais. 

badgel  (baj),  n.  [<  ME.  badge,  bagge,  bage 
(also  h((gi/,  early  mod.  Se.  bagie,  liadgie,  bawgy), 
later  in  ML.  bagea,  bagia,  OF.  bage  (rare). 
Origin  unknown;  perhaps  <  ML.  baga,  a  ring, 
<  OS.  bug,  hog  =  AS.  bedg,  bcdh,  a  ring,  orna- 
ment, ME.  beg,  heigh,  etc.,  mod.  E.  bec~,  q.  v.] 
1.  A  token  or  cognizance  worn  in  allusion  to 
the  wearer's  occupation,  position,  preferences, 
or  achievements.  The  badge  in  the  middle  ages  was 
not  necessarily  heraldic,  though  in  many  cases  it  was  se- 
lected from  one  or  more  of  the  heraldic  bearings,  and  it  is 
nut  bound  by  heralds'  rules.  Thus,  the  wliite  hart  of 
Richard  II.  is  represented  in  different  attitudes,  and  is  not 
described  in  the  language  of  blazon.  A  figure  for  a  badge 
niight  also  be  chosen  arbitrarily,  as  the  boar  of  Richard 
III.  Badges  selected  as  personal  tokens  have  often  become 
heraldic  bearings,  as  the  three  feathers  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales. 

His  gorgeous  collar  hung  adown, 

Wrought  with  the  badge  of  Scotland's  crown. 

Scott,  Marmion,  v.  8. 


417 

2.  A  mark,  token,  or  device  worn  by  servants, 
retainers,  partizaus,  or  followers,  as  a  sign  of 
their  allegiance,  or  a  similar  token  worn  by 
members  of  an  association  to  indicate  their 
membership. 

On  bin  brejist  a  bloodie  Crosse  he  bore, 
The  dearo  remembrance  of  his  dying  Lord  ; 
For  whc)8e  sweeto  sake  that  glorious  badije  he  wore. 

Spenser,  K  tj.,  I.  i.  2. 

3.  Tho  mark  or  token  of  anything. 

Sweet  mercy  is  nobility's  true  badi/e. 

Shak.,  'iMt.  And.,  i.  2, 

Zeal  for  orthodoxy  became  a  badfie  of  Spanish  patriot- 
ism after  tho  long  struggle,  first  with  Ariatis,  and  then 
with  Moors.  //.  iV.  Oxenhain,  Sliort  Studies,  p.  387. 

4.  Naut. :  («)  A  carved  ornament  formerly 
placed  on  ships,  near  the  stern,  and  often  con- 
taining tho  representa- 
tion of  a  window,  (h)  A 
mark  of  good  conduct 
awarded  in  the  United 
States  naval  service  to 
seamen  distinguished 
for  sobriety  and  obedi- 
ence— Bad$e  of  Ulster,  in 
her.,  the  ancient  distinctive 
ensign  of  tlie  onler  of  liaro- 
nets.  (See  baronet.)  It  is  the 
ancient  badge  of  the  Irish 
kingdom  of  Ulster,  and  is  thus 
blazoned:  arg.,  a  sinister  hand 
appaumi^e,  couped  at  the 
wrist,  gules.  This  may  be 
borne  upon  a  canti.Mi  or  an  in- 
escutcheon,  arul  on  that  part 
of  the  bearers  annorial shield 
which  is  most  convenient. 
Sometimes  called  the  btoodi/ 
hand  of  Ulster. —  COrps 
badges,  tokens  worn  by  the 
dirtercTit  United  States  army- 
corps  during  the  civil  war  of 
1861-6.5,  to  tli.stinguish  them 
one  from  another. 

badgei  (baj),  v.  t;  pret. 
and  pp.  budged,  ppr. 
badging.  [<  badge'^,  ».] 
To  mark  or  distinguish 
with  a  badge  or  as  ynth. 
a  badge.     [Rare.] 


Good-conduct  Bad^e,  U.  S. 
Navy.— Pendant  of  silli  ;  outer 
ed^es,  blue :  second  stripes, 
white ;  center,  red.  Medal  of 
bronze.  A  clasp  with  name  of 
ship  given  for  each  succeeding 
recommendation  for  good  con- 
duct, to  be  worn  on  the  pendant 
as  in  the  cuL 


Their  hands  and  faces  were  all  badq'd  with  blood,  t 

Shak.,  .Macbeth,  ii.  3, 

badge-t  (t>aj),  v.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bagge; 
appar.  the  som-ce  of  badger^  as  a  noun  of  agent 
(<  badge'^  +  -o'l),  but  the  verb  appears  later 
than  the  noun  and  is  prob.  a  reverse  deriv.  of 
it,  like  jieddic  ivova  peddler  or  pedler,  etc.  :  see 
badger^.']  To  hawk  for  sale ;  buy  up,  as  pro- 
visions, for  the  purpose  of  selling  again;  re- 
grate. 

badgeer,  ".     See  hadgir. 

badgeless(baj'les), a.  [<hadge^  +  -less.'\  Hav- 
ing no  batlge. 

Some  badfjeless  blue  upon  his  back. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  iv.  5. 

badgeman  (baj'man),  n. ;  pi.  badgemen  (-men). 
[<  badge^  +  mail.'}'  A  man  who  wears  a  badge ; 
specifically,  in  England,  an  almshouseman :  so 
called  because  a  special  dress  or  badge  is  worn 
to  indicate  that  the  wearer  belongs  to  a  par- 
ticular foundation. 

He  quits  the  gay  and  rich,  the  young  and  free, 
Among  the  badgemen  with  a  badge  to  be.        Crabbe. 

badgerl  (baj'er),  n.  [<  badge'^,  n.,  +  -erl.]  A 
badgeman ;  one  entitled  or  required  by  law  to 
wear  a  badge,  as  the  police,  licensed  porters, 
and  others. 

badger^  (baj'er),  m.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bad- 
gerd.  hageard (mod. dial,  also badget,  q.  v. ),  prob. 
<  badi/e'^  (in  allusion  to  the  white  stripes  on  its 
forehead)  +  -ard  (reduced  to  -er)  or  -erl  (ex- 


European  Badger  (.1/V/fJ  vn/£'aris). 

tended  to  -ard,  as  in  hraggard,  braggarl,  for 
bragger,  standard,  a  tree,  for  slander,  etc.), 
being  thus  identical  with  badger'^.  Cf.  F.  blai- 
reau,  a  badger,  OF.  hlariau,  a  badger,  <  OFlem. 


badget 

OD.  blaer,  bald,  blare,  blaere,  D.  blaar,  a  white 
spot  on  the  forehead ;  cf.  also  the  equiv.  name 
haii.so?!.]  1.  A  fossorial  plantigrade  carnivo- 
rous mammal,  of  the  family  Mustelida;  and  sub- 
family Melinm.  (For  its  techiucal  characters,  see  Mrli- 
nee.)  The  common  European  species,  to  which  the  name 
was  first  applied,  is  Meleg  vulgaris  or  Meles  taxns;  it  is 
about  2  feet  long,  of  heavy  and  clumsy  shape,  low  on  the 
legs,  with  a  short  thick  tail,  a  long  snout,  and  long  claws 
fitted  for  digging.  The  general  color  is  gi-izzled  gray,  with 
dark  limbs,  and  black  and  white  stripes  on  the  head.  This 
animal  inhabits  temperate  and  northerly  portions  of  Eu- 
rope and  Asia.  Its  Hesh  is  used  an  food,  its  pelt  in  furri- 
ery, and  its  hair  for  making  shaving-brushes  and  the  kind 
of  artists'  brushes  called  badgers.  In  a  state  of  nature 
the  animal  is  less  fetid  than  some  of  the  other  species. 
The  American  badger,  Taxidea  aynerieana,  resembles  the 
foregoing,  but  differs  in  the  dental  formula  anil  some  other 
technical  characters ;  it  is  a  connnon  animal  in  the  western 
States  and  Territories,  and  in  some  regions,  as  the  JI  issouri 
watershed,  it  is  very  abundant.  The  Indian  badger  is 
Arctonyx  collaris  ;  it  is  also  called  sand-bear  and  bearpig. 
The  Javanese  skunk  (so  called  from  its  extreme  fetidness), 
the  teledu  or  telego,  Mydaus  meliceps,  is  a  true  badger. 
See  cut  under  teledu.  The  ratel,  honey-badger,  or  Cape 
badger,  Mcltivtyra  capewfis,  is  nearly  rclat.-d,  though  be- 
longing to  a  difi'erent  subfamily,  tin-  .Mellinirinae.  The 
wondjat  is  often  called  badger  in  Australia.  It  is  a  wide- 
spread vulgar  error  that  the  legs  of  the  badger  are  shorter 
on  one  side  than  on  the  other;  hence,  "the  uneven-legg U 
badger,"  Drayton. 

We  are  not  badgers. 
For  our  legs  are  one  as  long  as  the  other. 

Lyly,  Mida-s,  i.  2. 

2.  (rt)  An  artists'  brush  made  of  badgers'  hair, 
used  for  blending  or  causing  the  pigments  to 
melt  or  shade  into  one  another  and  for  impart- 
ing smoothness,  (b)  A  flat  brush  used  for  re- 
mo\'ing  dust  from  a  polished  surface  in  some 
jjhotographic  and  other  chemical  operations, 
etc. —  3.  The  Lntraria  vulgaris,  a  common  con- 
chiferous  or  bivalve  mollusk  of  northern  Eu- 
rope. It  is  especially  used  as  bait  for  the  cod. 
— 4.  A  sobriquet  of  a  resident  of  Wisconsin, 
called  the  Badger  State,  in  allusion  to  the  abun- 
dance of  badgers  in  it — Drawing  the  badger. 
Same  as  badfier-baiting. 

badgers  (baj'er),  V.  t.  [<  badger^,  «.]  1.  To 
attack,  as  the  badger  is  attacked  when  being 
drawn  or  baited ;  bait ;  worry ;  pester. 

Inconsistent  professors,  who  seemed  to  have  badgered 
him  [Thomas  Cooper]  out  of  Methodism  into  scepticism. 
Carolina  Fox,  Journal,  p.  542. 
■\^^len  one  has  to  be  badgered  like  this,  one  wants  a  drop 
of  something  more  than  ordinary.  Trollope,  Orley  Farm. 
2.  To  beat  do-wn  in  a  bargain.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
Ilalliwell .  =SyTi.  Pester,  Wornt,  etc.    See  tease. 

badger^  (baj'er),  n.  [<  late  ME.  hager,  of  ob- 
scure origin,  perhaps  an  assibilated  form  (aris- 
ing from  its  legal  use,  in  an  AF.  or  L.  form)  of 
bagger  (which  does  not  occiu-  in  the  lit.  sense 
till  much  later),  in  allusion  to  the  hawker's  bag, 
<  hag'^  -I-  -f  )'l .  Cf .  jiedder,  pedler,  peddler,  <  pea, 
a  basket,  pannier.]  One  who  buys  com  and 
other  provisions  to  sell  them  elsewhere ;  a 
hawker ;  a  huckster ;  a  cadger.  Badgers  were  re- 
quired to  take  out  a  license,  and  were  under  certain  legal 
restrictions  as  to  regrating  or  forestalling  the  market. 
[Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 

badger-baiting  (baj'er-ba'ting),  11.  A  barba- 
rous sport  formerly  common,  and  still  practised 
to  some  extent,  generally  as  an  attraction  to 
public  houses  of  the  lowest  sort.  A  badger  is  put 
into  a  barrel,  and  one  or  more  dogs  are  put  in  to  ilrag  him 
out.  When  this  is  effected  he  is  returned  to  his  barrel, 
to  be  similarly  assailed  by  a  fresh  set  of  dogs.  The  badger 
usually  makes  a  most  determined  and  savage  resistance. 
Also  called  dramwi  the  badger. 

badgering  (baj'er-Lng),  n.  [<  badger^  +  -I'nffl.] 
In  England,  the  practice  of  buying  com  or  ■vict- 
uals in  one  place  and  selling  them  in  another 
for  profit :  once  restricted  by  statute. 

badger-legged  (baj'er-legd),  a.  [<  badger^  + 
leg  +  -fcf-.]  Having  one  leg  shorter  than  the 
other :  in  allusion  to  the  common  but  erroneous 
supposition  that  the  badger's  legs  on  one  side 
are  shorter  than  those  on  the  other. 

His  body  crooked  all  over,  big-bellied,  badger-legged,  and 
his  comple.xion  swarthy.  .Sir  /(.  L' Estrange. 

badgerly  (baj'er-li),  a.  [<  badger^  +  -/^^l.] 
Badger-like  ;  grizzled  or  gray  in  color. 

badger-plane  (baj'or-plan),  «.  [<  badger"  (ap- 
par. in  allusion  to  its  snout)  +  plane.']  In  join- 
er;/, a  hand-plane  the  mouth  of  which  is  cut 
obliquely  from  side  to  side,  so  that  it  can  work 
close  up  to  a  coi-ner  in  making  a  rabbet  or 
sinking. 

badger's-bane  (baj'erz-ban),  n.  A  variety  of 
wolf's-bane,  Aconitiim  lijcoctonum. 

badget  (baj'et),  «.  [E.  dial.;  appar..  like  bad- 
ger^, <  badge^,  in  allusion  to  the  white  stripes 
on  the  badger's  forehead.  The  same  allusion 
holds  for  a'cart-horso  :  nLball'^.]  1.  Same  as 
badger",  1. — 2.  A  common  name  for  a  cart- 
horse.    JSalliicell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


badgir 

badgir  (bad'ger),  n.  [Pers.  badffir,  <  bad,  -wind, 
+  gir,  seiziDg,  catching.]  A  wind-catcher  or 
wind-tower  projecting  above  the  roof  of  a 
dwelling,  nsed  in  Persia  and  northwestern  In- 
dia. Tlie  badgiis  are  built  like  large  chimneys,  of  wicker- 
work  and  plaster,  with  openings  toward  the  quarter  of  the 
prevailing  vriud  :  they  are  sometimes  also  made  movable 
or  a(i;u>taLle.     See  tcind-faii.     Also  WTitten  6aJ<7^er. 

badiaga  (bad-i-a'ga),  n.  [Knss.  badyaya,  also 
iiodijaqa.\  A  small  sponge  (Spongilla)  com- 
mon in  the  north  of  Europe,  the  powder  of 
which  is  nsed  in  removing  the  livid  marks  of 
bruises. 

badian,  badiane  (ba'di-an, -an),  n.  [<  F.  6a 
(/,  ■  ■       ■ 


418 

bads  (badz),  n.  pi.     [E.  dial.]     The  husks  of 

walnuts.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
bael,  «.    See  hel^. 
baeta  (ba-a'ta),  n.     [Pg.  baeta,  baieta  =  Sp.  ba- 

ijeta,  baize :  see  baize^    A  plain  woolen  stuff 

manufactured  in  Spain  and  Portugal.     >Si»(- 

monds. 
Baetis  (be'tis),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  Baiis,  Gr.  Boi-(c, 

a  river  in  Spain,  now  called  Guadalqui%-ir.]    A 


bag 
To  practise  deceit ;  shuffle; 


H.  intrnnK.    If, 
quibble. 

Do  we  not  palpably  baffle  wlien,  in  respect  to  God,  we 
pretend  to  deny  om-selvcs,  yet,  upon  m-gent  occasion,  al- 
low him  nothing?  ISarmw,  Works,  I.  437. 

2.  To  struggle  inefifectually;  strive  in  vain: 
as,  the  ship  haflcd  with  the  gale. — 3.  In  coitl- 
miiiiiiff,  to  bnisli  out  or  mL\  fire-damp  with  air, 

__  ^ to  such  an  extent  as  to  render  it  non-explosive. 

geniiiof  agnathous  neuropterous  insects,  of  the  baffle  (baf'l),  ».     [<  bnfle,  v.]     If.  Disgrace; 


family  £pliemcrida',  or  gi^nng  name  to  a  gi-oup 
Batida,  containing  numerous  species  with  4 
wings  and  2  setEe. 

■    ■    '" Same  as  6(rf/;/M-s. 


dian,  badiane  (ca  tu-an,  -an;,  n.     L^  -r-  "«-  bsetyl  (be'til),  «.     Same  as  b(Ftuhis. 

aiir,  said  to  be  so  named  from  the  color  of  the  |,jetylus  (be'ti-lus),  )i.     [L.,  also  ba'tidiu<:,  betii- 

ipsules,  <  L.  budiiis.  bay:  ^^        ^  ;„^.    <;  fy    Salrv'/.oc,   also   iiairv'/Mv,  a  meteoric 


cap; 

see  6a  1/6.  ]  The  fruit  of  JIU- 
cium  anisatiim,  the  Chinese 
anise-tree,  it  abounds  in  a  vol- 
atile oil  which  gives  it  an  ar«> 
matic  flavor  and  odor.  On  this 
account  it  is  much  use<l  in  China 
and  India  as  a  condiment,  and  is 
imported  into  France  for  flavor-  Badian. 

iUL'. 

badigeon  (ba-dij'on),  n.  [F.:  origin  unknown.] 
1.  .-V  mixture  of  plaster  and  freestone,  ground 
together  and  sifted,  used  by  sculptors  to  till  the 
small  holes  and  repair  the  defects  of  the  stones 
used  by  them. — 2.  A  mixture  of  sawdust  and 

flue,  or  of  whiting  and  glue,  used  by  joiners  to 
11  up  defects  in  their  work. —  3.  A  prepara- 
tion or  wash  for  coloring  houses,  or  for  giving 
plastei  ihe  appearance  of  stone,  consisting  of 
powdered  stone,  sawdust,  slaked  lime,  alum, 
and  other  ingredients. — 4.  A  preparation  of 
tall'iw  and  chalk  used  by  coopers. 
badinage  (bad-i-nazh'  or  bad'i-naj),  n.  [F., 
<  Ijtidiiier,  jest,  make  merry,  <  badin,  jesting, 
frivolous,  <  Pr.  6arfar  (=  F.  baijer),  gape,  <  ML. 
badare,  gape  :  see  6ai/*.]  Light  plaj-ful  banter 
or  raUlery. 

He  seems  most  to  have  indulged  himself  only  in  an  ele- 
gant 6atiina^«.  Warburton. 

=  SyiL  Raillery,  banter, 
badinerie  (ba-<le'ne-re),  n.    [F.,  <  badiner.  jest: 
si-<-   hiidiiiage.']      Light  or  playful  discourse ; 
nonsense ;  batlinage.     [Rare.] 

The  fund  of  scnsilile  discourse  is  limited ;  that  of  jest 
anil  fj^idinerie  is  inllnite.  Shenstonf,  \VoriiS,  II.  240. 

badineurf  (bad-i-n6r'),  n.  [F.,  <  badiner,  jest : 
see  hdtlinagc.']  One  who  indulges  in  badinage  ; 
a  trifler. 

Rebuke  him  for  it,  as  a  divine,  if  yon  like  it,  or  as  a 
badineur,  it  you  think  that  more  effectual. 

Pope,  To  Swift  (Ord  MS.). 

badions  fba'di-us),  a.  [<  L.  badiiis,  bay :  see 
/"/./''.J  of  a  bay  color;  reddish-brown;  chest- 
nut.    [Kiire.] 

badling  (bad'ling),  H.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  <  bad^ 
+  -liiig^,  and  not  connected  directly  with  AS. 
badling  :  see  iflrfl.]  If.  An  effeminate  or  wo- 
manish man.  A'.  K.  I). —  2.  A  worthless  per- 
son.   Halliwrll.     [North.  Eng.] 

badly  (bad'li),  «'/(•.  [ME.  badly,  baddcliclic  ; 
</;(«/!  + -/;/-.]  In  a  bad  manner,  (o)  Wickedly; 
wrongly ;-in  un  evil  or  an  improper  manner:  as,  the  boys 
beliaved  ta^//;/.  (t)  Grievously ;  dangerously;  severely: 
as,  Ixuti*!  wounded.  (r>  Inn  manner  W'llich  falls  Ijelow  a 
recognized  standard  or  fair  average  of  excellence;  unskil- 
fully ;  imperfectly  ;  defectively  ;  poorly  ;  not  well :  as,  the 
work  wjL-*  bfully  done.  Ul"^  Incorrectly;  faultily:  as,  to 
sjM-ak  French  ImuU;/.  (e)  I'nfortunately ;  unsuccessfully: 
OH.  the  army  fared  Aa/////.  —  Badly  Off.    See  off. 

badmash,  ".     Same  .is  budmasb. 

badminton  (bacl'min-ton),  «.  [<  Hadminlnn, 
in  I  iliicii'cstorsliirc,  Knglaiid,  a  seat  of  the  duke 
of  llouufort.]  1.  Am  English  outdoor  game, 
Hiiailar  to  la>vn-tenniH,  but  played  with  shuttle- 
coek-'f. —  2.  A  summer  l)evcriit!c,  jiroperly  a 
claret-cup    ma<l<)   with   sodn-waler   instead    of 

fliiin    water    and    flavored    with     cucuml)or. 
Eng.] 

M<iotli«'d  ornttmulated  by  fragrant  ehuroots  or  l)cakers 
of /;././,/,,„!.,„.  /Jwrorii,  lyilhnir,  XXX.    (N.  Ji.  1>.) 

[Wlih  or  without  a  capital  in  either  senso.] 
badness  (lind'ncH),  n.     [<  6n(/l  +  -ncMn.]     The 
HtttH!   of    lieing   ba<l,   evil,   vicious,   dejirnveil, 
wrm 
n.-i.  , 

"I  I  lie  heart,  of  the  season,  of 

S....  /,rt,/l. 

i  ■  n, '  a  .li'wish  wrilnr  emphatically  ili'- 
i.4  lA-ti,T  than  the  ((oodneM  of  women." 

Ijteky,  Kiirnp,  Momlx,  II.  :;,'.;. 

.      [He.     f'f.   baddoil:.]     A 

iL'liHh  niinie  of  one  of  llio 

.1  j;  ...  s  .Slcrcorarnm  para.iiticuH,  a 


stone.]     In  cla/^sical  antiq.,  a  stone,  whether 

meteoric   or    artificially  shaped,    which    was 

venerated  as  of  di^-ine  origin,  or  honored  as  a 

symbol  of  di^'illity.      Such  stones  were  preferably  of 

conical  form,  and  sometimes  bore  certain  natural  symbols, 

as  at  Euiesa ;  but,  especially  when  meteoric,  the  form  was 

not  considered  material.    Thus,  the  stone  preserved  on  the 

omphalos  at  Delphi,  reputed  to  be  the  one  swallowed  by 

Kl'onos  (Saturn)  through  Rhea's  stratagem  in  place  of  the 

infant  Zeus  (Jove),  was  of  spherical  shape.     Among  the 

most  celebrated  of  these  sacred  stones  were  those  of  Pa- 

phos  in  Cyprus,  of  Zeus  Kasios  at  Seleucia,  and  of  Zeus 

Teleios  at  Tegea  in  Arcadia.     See  ttbadir.     Also  written 

beti/his,  btTti/l,  and  baitnlos. 
baffH,  r.  i'.     [<  ME.  baffen='D.  and  LG.  baffen  = 

MHG.  bafen,  bcfen,  G.  baffen,  bdficn  =  Dan. 

bjwffe  =  Sw.  bjcliha,  bark ;  appar.  imitative.    Cf. 

dial,  bnf,  bark,  and  i/aff'.]     To  bark;  yelp. — 

To  say  neither  baff  nor  bufft,  to  say  nothing. 
baff-  (baf),  v.  i.     [Sc,  also  bcff:    Cf.  OF.  baffc, 

a  blow  -ivith  the  back  of  the  hand:  see  baffle.] 

To  beat;  strike;  specifically,  in  the  game  of 

golf,  to  hit  the  gi'ouud  with  the  club  when  strik-  ^^^^gfy  '(Vaf ''linglli),   adt 

mgatthebaU.     [Scotch.]  nnnnev 

baff-  (baf),  n.     [Sc:  see  the  verb.]     A  blow;  ^afflingness  (baf'ling-nes),  «.     The  quality  of 


affront. —  2t.  Defeat;  discomfiture. 

It  is  the  skill  of  the  disputant  that  keeps  off  a  baffle. 

South. 
3.  Same  as  hauler,  2. 
bafflement  (bat'l-ment),  n.  [<  baffle  +  -mcnt.} 
The  state  of  being  baffled,  frustrated,  or 
thwarted  in  one's  endeavors;  want  of  success 
after  repeated  attempts.     [Rare.] 

Associated  in  his  mind  with  bafflement  and  defeat. 

J.  S.  Blttfk-ie,  Self-Culture,  p.  99. 

baffle-plate  (baf'1-plat),  ».  A  metal  plate  used 
to  direct  the  flames  and  gas  of  a  furnace  to 
different  parts  of  a  steam-boiler,  so  that  all 
portions  of  it  will  be  evenly  heated ;  a  de- 
flector. 

baffler  (baf'ler),  H.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
baffles. —  2.  A  partition  in  a  furnace  so  placed 
as  to  aid  tlie  convection  of  lieat ;  a  baffle-plate. 
Ittmkine.  Steam  Engine,  *  304.  Also  baffle.— 
3.  In  eoal-niiiiing,  the  lever  with  which  the 
throttle-valve  of  a  winding-engine  is  worked. 
[North  Staffordshii-e,  Eng.] 

Vaffling  (baf'ling),  ji.  a.  Frustrating;  discon- 
'Orting;  confusing;  perplexing:  as,  a  haffling 
wind,  that  is,  one  which  fi-equently  shifts  from 
cue  point  to  another. 

' In   a   baffling 

nianiU'V. 


a  hea\'y  thimap 

baff-ends  (baf'endz),  71.  pi.     [<  baff  (dial.),  per 
haps  for  baft,  behind  (see  baff^),  +  end.~ 
coal-mining,  long  wooden  wedges  for  adjustin, 
tubbing-piates,  or  cribs,  in  sinking  shafts  dur- 
ing the  operation  of  fixing  the  tubbing.     Gres- 
lei,.     [Eng.] 

baffert,  «•     [<  1"'.^^  +  -^'■^O     ■*■  barker. 
Houndes  for  the  hauk  beth  Asters  and  grcte  tiaffers. 

Built.  MS.,  64G.    (,Ualliuvtt.) 

baffeta  (baf'e-til),  n.     Same  as  haft". 

baffle  (baf'l),  )'.;  pret.  and  pp.  baffled,  ppr. 
baffling.  [First  in  the  16th  century,  also  -OTitten 
baff  id,  bnff'ol;  origin  uncertain.  The  senses 
point  to  two  or  more  independent  sources:  cf. 
(1)  Sc.  liauchle,  haehle,  disgrace,  treat  with  con- 
tempt (see  hai(etdc~) ;  (2)  F.  bafouer,  earlier  baf- 
foucr,  tlisgraee,  revile,  scoff  at,  deceive,  hejler, 
also  bcffer,  deceive,  mock,  =  Pi',  bafar  =  Sp.  6(  - 
far  =  It.  befare,  mock,  deride  ;  cf.  OF.  befe, 
'beffc  =  Pr.  hafa  =  OSp.  bufa,  Sp.  befi  =  It. 
beffa,  bejfe,  mockery;  cf.  Pr.  baf,  an  interj.  of 
disdain;  cf.  Sc.  baffle,  a  trifle,  nonsense,  appar. 
<  OF.  belfc,  trilling,  moekcrv  (see  above).  Cf. 
MHG.  b'eff'en,  bjirk:  see  6fl/l.]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  disgrace;  treat  with  mockery  or  contumely; 
hold  up  as  an  olgect  of  scorn  or  contempt; 
insidt;  specilic:d]y,  to  subject  to  indignities, 
as  a  recreant  knight  or  traitor. 

The  whole  kingdom  took  notice  of  me  for  a  liafflnl, 
whippeil  fellow.      Ileau.  and  Ft.,  King  ami  No  King,  hi.  i 

You  on  your  knees  have  curs'd  that  virtuous  maiden. 
Anil  me  for  loving  her;  yet  ilo  you  now 
Thus  baffle  me  to  my  face. 

.Middlelan  and  Dehker,  Uoarlng  Olrl,  I.  1. 

Justice  |in  "  Jle.isnre  for  Measure"]  Is  not  merely  evad- 
ed or  Ignorc.l  or  even  delled  :  she  is  liolli  In  the  .ddcr  an. I 
the  newer  sense  ot  the  word  directly  and  delibiialily 
baffled;  bulfotcd,  outraged,  Insulted,  struck  In  the  tii 
iSM'iMfcunie,  Shakespeare,  p. 


r.  irroneoiiH,  etc. ;  want  or  de- 
I   >|iinlitieH,  physical  or  moral: 


nfi,  II 
the  r. 

rlarcd, 

badocb 

So.,|; 

jwgi  I 

predatory  marine  l)ir(l  o(  the  family  taridte. 


par 
(ly. 


2t.  To  hoodwink ;  cheat. 

Alas,  poor  fool !  how  have  they  baffled  thee  I 

A7m*.,T,  N.,  v.  1. 

3.  To  circumvent  by  interposing  obstacles  or 
diniculticH  ;  defeat  t'lie  cITorls,  jiuriiose,  or  sue- 
COSH  of;  friiHtrate;  cheek;  foil;  Ijiwarl ;  dis- 
concert; coiifoiind:  as,  the  fox  baffled  his  pur- 
suers ;  to  baffle  curiosity  or  endeavor. 

To  paint  lightning,  and  to  give  It  no  motion,   la  the 
doom  of  the  ImfflM  artlHt. 

/.  iritrarli,  Amen,  nfj.lt.,  II.  'iin. 

falciilntlons  so  dlflleillt  as  t<i  have /«ijn<-./  .  .  .  themi>Ht 
cnllKbUned  nations,  I'reteoll. 

1  never  watched  Uobcrt  In  my  life  hut  my  scrutiny  was 
presently  Imffled  by  llnding  he  was  wat<liliig  iiu'. 

Charlollr  llnmie,  Shirley,  xv. 

4.  To  boat  about,  as  the  wind  or  Mlriiy  cnllle 
do  Htanding  grain  or  grass;  twist  irregularly 
together,  c  Byn.  8.   Foil,  Thwart,  tU:.    Hen /rurtrale. 


baffliiii; 

'\  ^7,;  baff-week  (baf'wek),  «.     [E.  dial.,  <  6a/,  per- 

■-').•"    haps  for  baft,  behind  (see  fca/A),  +  week:]     In 

ustmc    p„„j.„iiiij„g^  the  week   next  after    pay-week, 

when  wages  are  paid  once  a  fortnight.    [Eng.] 

baffy-spoon   (baf'i-spbu),   n.     A    wooden   club 

with  a  slicirt  shaft  and  very  much  lofted  in  the 

face,  foniierly  used  in  golf  for  playing  ap- 

proaclics.      W.  Pari:  Jr. 

baftl  (biift),  adv.  and  ;))t;).  [<  ME.  baft,  bafte, 
Imften,  biaften,  <  AS.  baftan,  beaftan,  be  aftan, 
<  6c,  by,  +  aftan,  aft:  see  6c-'-  and  aft,  and  cf. 
abaft.}  I.  adr.  Behind;  in  the  rear;  naut., 
ab;ift.  [Archaic] 
Il.t  /"''/'•  Behind, 
baft'-',  bafta  (baft,  baf'tii),  n.  [Formerly  also 
baf  tall,  bitffeta,  boffeta ;  <i  Hiiul.  lidfta,  a,  kmd  of 
cotton  cloth,  6a/'<,"  weaving,  a  web,  <  Pors.  baft, 
wrought,  woven.]  A  fine  cotton  fabric  of  Ori- 
ental niamifacture;  especially,  a  plain  muslin, 
of  wliii'h  the  Surat  manufactiu'o  is  said  to  bo 
tlio  best.  The  bafts  of  Dacca  in  British  India  are  an 
Inferior  iimility  of  the  muslins  made  in  tliat  district,  and 
are  said  In  be  iiianufactnrcd  from  European  thread.  1'he 
name  is  also  given  to  similar  fabrics  made  in  Great  liritain. 
Also  Inrlela. 
bag!  (bag),  ».  [<  mi;,  bag,  bagge,  of  uncertain 
origin,  jierhaps  <  Ic-el.  haggi,  a  bag,  pack,  bun- 
dle (cf.  the  older  hoggr,  a  bag),  ajipar.,  with 
assimilation,  <  'balgr,  lielgr,  skin,  bellows.  = 
tioth.  6a6/.s-,  a  wine-skin,  "=  Ollti.  balg,  MHG. 
6(!6-,  (J.  6((6/,  a  skin,  =  D.  balg,  skin,  belly,  = 
AS.  6(r6/,  6(7;/,  6a7((/,  6(7///,  a  bag,  >  mod.  E.  6c//,v 
and  lielidir.t :'  see  6(7///,  where  other  forms  are 
given,  and  bellows.  Cf.  OK.  bagne  =  Pr.  bagua 
=  \U  dial,  liaga,  a  buniUe,  baggage,  ML.  6((.(/a, 
a  liiig,  eliest,  baggage,  belongings,  appar.  from 
tile  Tcut.  Ill-  tllc^  similar  Celtic  forms.]  1.  A 
small  sack;  a  ))orlable  receptacle  or  reposi- 
tory of  leather,  cliitli,  paper,  or  other  II(>xibIo 
UHiteriiil,  cajvible  of  being  closed  at  the  mouth; 
a  wallet ;  a  pouch :  as,  a  llniir-6(/(/ ;  a  rumct-bag 
or  traveling-6(((/ ,•  a  niiiil-6((r/.  .Siiocilically  —  2. 
A  ])urso  or  mimey-bag. 

He  wiuH  u  thief,  and  had  the  liari.  John  xll.  fl. 

3t.  A  small  silken  iioucli  in  which  the  back  hair 
of  the  wig  was  curli'd  away. 

A  bob  wig  ali.l  n  bla.  U  hllk.ii  /»(;/  lied  1..  It.  ,l,Wl>oii. 
4.  What  is  contained  in  a  bag;  in  bnnting,  the 
animals  bagged  or  obtained  in  an  expedition 
or  a  day's  sport. 

Till'  /in//  Is  not  the  solo  aim  o(  a  day  alleM. 

Fitrent  and  Stream,  XXI.  2. 

6.  A  sac  or  rncoptnclo  in  aniiiial  bodies  con- 
liiiiiing  some  fluid  or  other  siibslance:  as,  Iho 
h(>ney-6(i(/  of  a  bee. —  6.  An  uilder. 

Tile  cow  Is  sacrlllccd  to  her  tmn,  the  ox  to  his  sirloin. 
Kmermin,  Eng.  Tralta,  p,  09 


.  'JOH. 


bag 

7.  pi.  The  stomach.  [Scotch  and  north.  Eng.] 
—  8.  jil.  Trousers.  [Vulgar.]  —  9.  The  middle 
part  of  a  large  haul-seiue :  the  two  parts  on  the 
sides  are  called  toiiins. — 10.  A  flue  in  a  porco- 
lain-oven  which  ascends  on  the  inner  side,  and 
enters  the  oven  high  up,  so  as  to  heat  the  upper 
pjij.t. — 11.  A  customary  measure  of  capacity, 
generally  from  2  to  4  bushels. — 12.  In  coal- 
mining, a  quantity  of  tire-damp  suddenly  given 
off  from  the  coal ;  also,  the  cavity  from  which 
the  gas  is  emitted:  formerly  used  to  include 
cavities  containing  a  large  amount  of  water. 
—Bag  and  baggage,  M  one's  belongings  or  property: 
oriKiiiiiUy  :i  niilitury  phrase. 

roTiii-,  shepherd,  let  us  make  an  honourable  retreat; 
th<Ml^'ll  not  with  bag  and  bafffjaf/e,  yet  with  scrip  and 
sfiiiipaye.  Shale,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

Bag  and  spoon,  an  arrangement  used  in  dredging  for 
river-sand.  It  consists  of  a  bag  attaclied  by  the  mouth 
to  an  iron  hoop  which  is  fastened  to  a  Vn\^  pole,  by  means 
of  whicli  it  is  sunk  to  the  bottom  of  the  river  and  dr.agged 
ahing  so  that  the  bag  is  tilled.— Bag  Of  bOnes,  a  very 
lean  person  or  animal.     [Humorous.] 

Such  a  limping  bag  of  bones  as  I  was !  Dickens. 

Bag  Of  foulness,  in  a  coal-seam,  a  cavity  filled  with  fire- 
damp.— To  bear  the  bag,  to  carry  the  ijurse ;  have  com- 
mand of  the  money. 

These  .are  court-admirers, 

And  ever  echo  him  that  bears  the  bag. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  i.  2. 

To  bring  to  bag.    See  bring.— To  give  one  the  bag. 

.See  to  give  one  the  sack,  under  .snc*.  (nt)  To  leave  one  with- 
out warnin;;.  (h)  To  dismiss  one  from  one's  service.  Han- 
1/11)1.  [l'nMn(|.  (ir  ilial.]  ((•t)Toclieat.  Webster.— Ho  lea,ve 
or  give  one  the  bag  to  hold,  to  leave  one  in  the  lurch. — 
To  let  the  cat  out  of  the  bag.  See  cati. 
bag'-  (hag),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  haqged,  ppr.  hag- 
qiiig.  [<  ME.  baggen,  intrans. ;  from  the  noun.] 
I.  intrans.  1.  To'  swell  or  bulge. —  2.  To  hang 
loosely  like  a  bag. 

His  frill  and  neck-cloth  hung  limp  under  his  bagging 
waistcoat.  Thackeraii. 

3t.  To  grow  big  with  child. 

Then  Venus  shortly  bagged,  and 
Ere  long  was  Cupid  bred. 

Warner,  Albion's  England,  vi.  148. 

n.  trans.  1.  To  put  into  a  bag:  as,  to  hag 
hops. —  2.  To  distend  like  a  bag;  swell. 

How  doth  an  unwelcome  dropsy  ban  up  his  eyes. 

Bp.  Hall,  Works,  II.  408. 

3.  To  secure  as  game ;  shoot,  entrap,  or  other- 
wise lay  hold  of:  as,  to  hag  thirty  brace  of 
grouse. 

The  disputes  of  Italians  are  very  droll  things,  and  I  will 
accordingly  bag  the  »ne  which  is  now  inmiinent  as  a 
specimen.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  245. 

4.  To  make  off  with ;  steal.     [CoUoq.] 

bag3  (bag),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bagged,  ppr. 
bagging.  [E.  dial.,  also  bagge,  badge;  origin 
obscure.]  To  cut  with  a  reaping-hook  or  scythe : 
used  especially  of  cutting  pease.     HalUwell. 

bagana  (ba-ga'nil),  u.  [Abyssinian.]  An 
Abyssinian  lyre  with  ten  strings,  sounding 
five  notes  and  their  octaves. 

bagara  (bag'a-ra),  n.  [Cf.  Bagaritis.']  A  scia;- 
noid  fish  of  California,  Menticirrus  undulatus, 
related  to  the  kingfish  of  the  eastern  United 
States. 

Bagariinse  (ba-ga-ri-l'ne),  n.pl.  [K[j.,<.Baga- 
rim  +  -iiuv.']  A  subfamily  of  Siluridfc,  ha\'ing 
the  head  naked  above,  and  the  anterior  and 
posterior  nostrils  close  together  with  a  barbel 
between  them.  It  contains  about  20  species  of  Asiatic 
and  E.ost  Indian  catflshes,  mostly  of  small  size,  some  of 
which  are  proWded  with  a  sucking-disk.  Also  written 
Bagarina. 

Bagarius  (ba-ga'ri-us),  ii.  [NL.  Cf.  Bagrus.'] 
A  geuus  of  catfishes,  typical  of  the  subfamily 
Bagariimc. 

Tlie  first  appearance  of  Siluroids  is  indicated  by  some 

fossil  remains  in  the  tertiary  deposits  of  the  highlands 

of  Padang,  in  Sumatra,  wliere  Pseudotropius  and  Bagarius, 

types  well  represented  in  the  liviiig  fauna,  have  been  found. 

Dr.  A.  (iuiither.  Study  of  Fishes. 

bagasse  (ba-gas'),  n.  [=  F.  bagasse,  also  bagacc, 
<  Sp.  bagazo  (=  Pg.  baga^o),  the  refuse  of  sugar- 
cane, grapes,  oUves,  etc.,  which  have  been 
pressed,  prob.  a  dial.  var.  of  bagage,  trash, 
lumber,  baggage:  see  baggage'^  and  baggage"^.] 
The  sugar-cane  after  it  has  been  crushed  and 
the  juice  extracted ;  cane-trash,  it  is  used  as  fuel 
in  heating  the  boilers  and  pans  in  the  sugar-manufactory, 
and  sometimes  as  manure.  Also  called  bagazo,  niegass, 
and  tnegasse. 

When  they  have  finished  grinding  the  cane,  they  form 
the  refuse  of  the  stalks  (which  they  call /)ai/«A'A'e)  into  great 
piles  and  set  fire  to  them. 

.S'.  L.  Clemens,  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  p.  136. 

bagatelle  (bag-a-tel'),  «.  [Formerly  also  baga- 
tel,  baiigatelle  (iilso  hagafello),  <  F.  bagatelle  = 
Sp.  hngatcla  =  Pg.  hagatdla,  <  It.  bagattella,  dim. 
of  dial,  bagatta,  bagaia,  a  trifle,  prob.  <  ML.  baga 


419 

(It.  dial,  baga,  OF.  hague),  a  bundle:  see  bag'^ 
and  baggage^.}  1.  A  trifle;  a  thing  of  no  iiu- 
portance. 

Heaps  of  hair  rings  and  cypher'd  seals ; 
Itich  trifles,  serious  bagatelles.  Prior. 

There  is  a  pleasure  arising  from  the  perusal  of  the  very 
bagatelles  of  men  renownetl  for  their  knowledge  and  ge- 
nius. Goldsmith,  Criticisms, 
Tlie  [cremation]  furnace  can  not  be  erected  in  this  coun- 
try for  less  than  ffom  three  to  five  thousand  dollars  —  u 
mere  bagatelle  compared  with  the  ef)St  of  some  of  our 
cemeteries.                                      Pop.  ijci.  Mo.,  XXH.  802. 

2.  A  game  played  on  a  table  having  at  one 
end  nine  holes,  into  which  balls  are  to  be 
struck  witli  a  billiard-cue. 

bagatelle-board  (bag-.a-tel'ljord),  ?(.  A  porta- 
ble board  (ju  which  bagatelle  is  played. 

bagatelle-table  (bag-a-tel'ta"bl),  n.  A  table 
on  whicli  bagatelle  is  play(^d. 

bagatinet,  ».  [<  It.  bagaltino:  see  hagattino.] 
Same  as  hagattino. 

Expect  no  lower  price,  for  by  the  banner  of  my  front,  I 
will  not  hate  a  bagatine.  B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 

bagattino  (bag-at-te'no),  n. ;  pi.  baggatini  (-ne). 
[It.,  dim.  of  dial,  bagatta,  a  trifle :  see  bagatelle.'] 
A  copper  coin  of  Venice,  worth  about  half  a 
cent. 

bagaty  (bag'a-ti),  11.  [Also  baggety ;  origin  not 
ascertained.]  A  name  of  the  female  lumpfish, 
('ijcloptcrns  Uimpus. 

bagazo  (Sp.  pron.  ba-gii'tho),  n.  [Sp.,  =  Pg. 
bagaco :  see  bagasse.']     Same  as  bagasse. 

bag-clasp  (bag'klasp),  «.  A  clasp  for  closing 
the  mouth  of  a  bag;  a  bag-fastener. 

bag-fastener  (bag'fas"ner),  n.  A  device  made 
of  wire,  twine,  rope,  etc.,  for  closing  the  mouths 
of  bags. 

bag-filler  (bag'fil"er),  «.  A  funnel  used  in  fill- 
ing bags. 

bag-filter  (bag'fil'ter),  n.  A  filter  used  in 
sugar-refining  to  clear  saccharine  solutions  of 
feculeneies  and  imptu'ities  suspended  in  them. 
It  consists  of  a  series  of  sieves  or  strainers  tlirough  whicli 
the  solutions  pass  Into  one  or  more  flannel  bags,  whence 
tlie  juice  drips  into  a  receiver. 

bag-fox  (bag'foks),  n.  A  fox  kept  in  confine- 
ment, and  slipped  from  a  bag  when  no  other 
game  for  a  hunt  can  be  had. 

To  have  a  sort  of  bag-fox  to  turn  out,  when  fresh  game 
cannot  be  had.  Miss  Ferrier,  Inheritance,  I.  x. 

bagful  (bag'fiil),  n.  [<  Sayl  -t-  full.']  As  much 
as  a  bag  will  hold,  of  whatever  size :  as,  three 
hagfuls  of  wool. 

baggage^  (bag'aj),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  baggage,  hag- 
age,  <  OF.  bagage,  baggage,  esp.  of  an  army,  also 
the  baggage-train,  including  the  attendants, 
mod.  F.  bagage,  baggage  (=Pr.  bagatge=  Sp. 
bagage,  baggage,  esp.  of  an  ann.v,  a  beast  of 
burden,  formerly  also  refuse,  lumber,  trash,  = 
Pg.  bagagem,  baggage,  carriage ;  cf.  It.  bagaglia, 
bagaglie,  baggage),  <  OF.  bagner,  tie  up,  pack 
up,  truss  up  (mod.  F.  bagner,  baste),  <  bague,  a 
bundle,  pack,  usually  in  pi.  bagnes,  baggage,  be- 
longings: see  ftwY/l  and -«f/e.  Ci.baggage'i.]  J.,;. 
1.  The  bags,  trunks,  valises,  satchels,  packages, 
etc.,  and  their  contents,  which  a  traveler  re- 
quires or  takes  with  him  on  a  journey :  now  usu- 
ally called  luggage  in  Great  Britain,  in  law,  bag- 
gase  includes  whatever  the  passenger  takes  with  him  for 
his  person.al  use  or  convenience,  according  to  tlie  habits  or 
wants  of  the  particular  class  to  which  he  belongs,  with 
reference  either  to  the  immediate  necessities  or  to  the  ulti- 
mate purpose  of  the  journey.    (Chief  Justiee  Cockburn.) 

Mounting  the  baronet's  baggage  on  the  roof  of  the 
coach.  Tliaekeraxj. 

Having  dispatched  my  baggage  by  water  to  Altdorf. 

Coxe. 

We  were  told  to  get  our  baggage  in  order  and  embark 
for  quarantine.       B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  IS. 

Specifically— 2.  The  portable  equipment,  in- 
cluding the  tents,  clothing,  utensils,  and  other 
necessaries,  of  an  army  or  other  moving  body 
of  men;  impedimenta. — St.  Trash;  rubbish; 
refuse. 

In  the  stomacke  is  engendered  great  abundance  of 
niiughty  baggage  and  hurtfull  phlegme. 

Touchstone  of  Complexions,  p.  118. 

Bag  and  baggage.  See 'mit 
Il.t  "•  Trasliv:  rublnsliy;  refuse ;  worthless. 
baggage-  (bag'Ajj,  ».  .'md  a.  [Prob.  a  particu- 
lar use  of  baggage'^  in  sense  3 ;  but  the  form 
and  sense  agree  closely  -with  F.  bagasse,  strum- 
pet, also  hajasse,  baiasse  =  Pr.  bagnnssa,  prob. 
<  Sp.  bagasa  (obs.)  =  Pg.  baga.ra  =  It.  bagascia, 
a  strumpet;  of  uncertain  origin;  associated 
with,  and  perhaps  a  particular  use  of,  OF.  ba- 
gasse, Sp.  bagazo,  etc.,  refuse,  trash,  which  is, 
again,  prob.  a  var.  (in  Sp.)  of  bagage,  baggage: 
see  baggage^  and  bagasse.  But  there  are  indi- 
cations of  two  or  moi'e  independent  sources.] 


baggie 

1.  n.  1.  A  worthless  jterson,  especially  a  worth- 
less woman ;  a  strumpet. 

A  spark  of  indijination  did  ilse  in  her  not  to  suffer  such 
a  baggage  to  win  away  anything  of  hers.      Sir  P.  Sidney. 

You  are  a  baggage,  and  not  worthy  of  a  man. 

Shirley,  Ltjve  Tricks,  i.  1. 

2.  A  plaj-fid,  saucy  young  woman;  a  flirt: 
usually  iu  conjunction  with  such  qualifying 
words  as  cunning,  sly,  saucy,  etc.     [Familiar.] 

Tell  them  they  arc  two  arrant  little  baggages,  and  that 
I  am  this  moment  in  a  most  violent  passion  with  them. 

(JoUlsiiiith,  Vicar,  xxviii. 

Il.t  a.  Worthless;  vile:  said  of  persons :  as, 

a  baggage  fellow. 

baggage-car  (bag'aj-kiir),  «.  A  railroad-ear 
liuilt  for  licavy  loads  and  liigh  speed,  and  used 
for  carryiiif,'  tlie  baggage  of  the  passengers  on 
a  train.     [V.  S.  and  (Janada.] 

baggage-check  (bag'aj-chek),  n.  A  tag  or  label 
to  bo  attached  to  each  article  of  a  traveler's 
baggage,  indicating  its  destination,  and  also 
usually  the  ]>oiiit  of  departure  and  the  company 
whicli  issues  it.  A  duplicate  is  given  to  the  traveler, 
on  thf  prrsi  iitatinn  rtf  whicii  tlie  ba^rgage  can  be  reclaim- 
ed.    H'.  S.  and  Canada.] 

baggaged  (bag'ajd),  a.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  <  bag- 
gage^-\- -cd".]    Mad;  bewitched.    [I'rov.  Eng.] 

baggageman  (bag'Sj-man),  n.-,  pi.  baggagemen 
(-men).  A  man  who  handles  baggage;  espe- 
cially, one  who  carries  or  throws  it  into  a  bag- 
gage-oar. 

baggage-master  (bag'aj-mas"tcr),  «.  An  offi- 
cer of  an  express,  railroad,  or  steamship  com- 
pany whose  duty  is  to  look  after  the  baggage 
intrusted  to  the  company's  care. 

baggagert  (bag'aj-er),  n.  [<  baggage^  +  -erl.] 
One  who  carries  baggage;  speeificall.v,  one  who 
assists  in  caiTying  the  baggage  of  an  army. 

The  whole  camp  fled  amain,  the  victuallers  and  bag- 
gagers  forsaking  their  camps. 

Baleigh,  Hist,  of  World,  III.  x.  §  3. 

baggage-truck  (liag'aj-truk),  n.  A  hand-truck 
for  transferring  baggage  at  a  railroad  station, 
passenger  wharf,  etc. 

baggala,  baglo  (bag'a-lji,  bag'16),  H.  [Ar.]  A 
two-masted  Arab  boat  used  for  trading  in  the 


Baggala. —  Fiom  model  in  South  Kensiogtoo  Museum.  London. 

Indian  ocean,  between  the  Malabar  coast  and 

the  Red  Sea.  Large  numbers  of  baggalas  trade  between 
Muscat,  the  Red  Sea,  and  India,  making  one-voyage  each 
way  annually  with  the  monsoons.  They  are  generally  of 
from  200  to  250  tons  burden,  are  exceedingly  weatherI.T, 
and  are  remarkable  for  the  elevation  of  the  stem,  whicli 
is  liii:hly  ornamented.  Also  bagla  and  buggaloir. 
bagget,  «'.  '•  [ME.,  found  only  twice,  in  the  ap- 
parent sense  of  'squint,'  or  'look  aside';  adv. 
bagginghj,  q.  v.  Origin  obscure.]  A  word  of 
doubtful  meaning,  probably,  to  squint  or  look 
aside. 

False  fortune  .  .  .  that  baggeth  foule,  and  looketh  faire. 
Chancer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  621. 

bagged  (bagd),  p.  a.     1.  Hanging  in  bags  or 
slack  folds. 
In  a  robe  of  russet  and  white  mixt,  full  and  bagged. 

B.  Jonmn,  Masque  of  Beauty. 
2.  Provided  with  bags. —  3.  Retained  in  the 
bags  after  filtration:  applied  to  crude  sperm 
or  other  matter  remaining  in  the  filtering-bags 
after  the  process  of  bagging. 
bagger  (bag'er).  H.     [<  ba(p-,  v.,  +  -eel.     Only 
modern :  see  etym.  of  be-ggar,  and  cf.  badger^.] 
One  who  bags  or  incloses  in  a  bag. 
baggety  (bag'e-ti),  n.     See  bagaty. 
baggie  (bag'i),  «.    [Sc,  dim. of  ftajcl.   Ct.belli/.] 
The  belly. 

A  guid  New-yeai"  I  wish  thee,  Maggie ! 
Hae,  tliere's  a  ripp  to  thy  auld  baggie. 

Burns,  Fanner  to  his  Auld  Mare  Maggie. 


baggily 

baggily  (>)ag'i-li ),  adr.   In  a  loose  or  baggy  way. 
bagginess  (bag'i-nes),  n.     [<  baggy  +  -iwss.} 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  baggy. 

There  was  a  bag^n^ss  about  the  trousers  which  indi- 
cated the  work-a-day  costume  of  a  man  of  might. 

Salioimi  Baplut,  XVIII.  6. 

baggingl  fbag'ing),  M.  [Verbal  n.  of  fcaj/l.]  1. 
■flic  aft  of  putting  into  bags. —  2.  Filtration 
through  canvas  bags. 

Separation  of  "  brown  paraffin  scale  "  is  efTected  by  frag- 
ging and  pressing.  Urc,  Diet.,  III.  511. 

The  first  operation  needed  to  fit  spermaceti  (or  use  is 
leclinkally  termed  bagging.  The  crude  sperm  oil,  as 
brooglit  in  bv  the  whalers,  is  placed  in  a  reservoir,  at  the 
bottom  of  winch  are  a  number  of  pipes  leading  into  long 
bags  lined  with  linen,  and  temporarily  closed  at  the  bot- 
tom by  tying  cords  round  the  mouths. 

ir.  L.  Carpenter^  Soap  and  Candles,  p.  241. 

3.  Any  coarse  woven  fabric  of  hemp,  etc.,  out 
of  which  bags  are  made,  or  which  is  used  for 
covering  cotton-bales  and  for  similar  purposes. 
— 4.  In  the  northern  counties  of  England,  food 
eaten  between  regular  meals;  now,  especially 
in  Lancashire,  an  afternoon  meal,  "'afternoon 
tea  "  in  a  substantial  form.     X.  E.  D. 

bagging-  (bag'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bag-.']  A 
metliiiil  of  reaping  com  or  pulse  by  chopping 
it  witli  a  hook. 

bagginglyt,  «''<■■  [ME.,  <  bagge,  q.  v.]  With  a 
leering  expression.     Rom. 'of  the  Sose. 

bagging-time  (bag'ing-tim),  n.  [E.  dial.,  < 
bagging  +  time.]     Lunch-time. 

baggit  (bag'it),  n.  [Sc,  prop.  p.  a.,  =  E. 
bugged.]    A  female  salmon  after  spawning. 

baggy  (bag'i),  a.     [<  bagl  +  -j/l.]     Ha\-ing  the 
appearance  of  a  bag ;  bulging  out  loosely  like  a 
bag;  puffy:  as,  a  baggy  umbrella ;  a  baggy  fa.ee. 
\Vc  untwisted  our  turbans,  kicked  off  our  baggy  trow- 
sens.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  lOtJ. 

He  looked  like  a  Hindoo  idol,  with  his  heavy-lidded  orbs 
and  baggy  cheeks. 

T.  B.  Alilrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  20t. 

bag-holder  (bag'hol'dtr),  «.  A  contrivance 
for  supjiorting  a  bag  and  holding  it  open  dur- 
ing till'  process  of  filling  it. 

Bagimont's  Roll.    See  roll. 

baglo,  bagla,  «.     See  baggaln. 

bag-machine  (bag'ma-shen'),  h.  A  machine 
for  making  paper  bags. 

bagman  (bag'nian),  «. ;  pi.  bagmen  (-men). 
One  wlio  carries  a  bag;  especially,  one  who 
travels  on  horseback  carrying  samples  or  wares 
in  saddle-bags :  a  name  formerly  given  to  com- 
mercial travelers,  but  now  used  only  as  a  term 
of  moderate  contempt. 

bagne  {F.  pron.  bany),  n.  [F.]  Same  as 
hagitio,  3. 

bag-net  (bag'net),  n.  An  interwoven  net  in 
tlie  form  of  a  bag  for  catching  or  landing  tish. 

bagnet  (bag'net),  «.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal 
fonn  of  liayonct. 

bagnio  (ban'yo),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bagno, 
hauii),  <  It.  bagno  (>  F.  bagne  in  sense  3)  =  Sp. 
bailii  =  F.  bain  (see  bain-),  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath : 
si-e  balneum.]  1.  A  bath;  a  house  for  bathing, 
cupping,  sweating,  and  othenvise  cleansing  the 
body. — 2.  A  brothel;  a  stew. —  3.  In  the  Turk- 
ish empire,  a  prison  in  general;  in  France,  for- 
merly, one  of  the  great  prisons  (bagncs)  substi- 
tuteil  for  the  galleys,  now  superseded  by  trans- 
portation :  perhaps  so  called  from  the  former  use 
of  ancient  baths  in  Constantinople  as  prisons. 

Bagnolian  (bag-no'li-au),  H.  [From  Ilagnols, 
ill  tlie  department  of  fJard,  France,  where  tlio 
licresv  had  its  ri.so.]  One  of  a  sect  of  French 
lieretics  of  the  eiglith  century,  wlio  rejected 
thi-  whole  of  the  Old  and  part  of  the  New  Tes- 
iiiiiient,  and  generally  held  the  doctrines  of  the 
.NbiMiidienns.  The  nanw  was  again  applied  in 
tlie  thirteenth  century  to  some  of  the  Cathari. 
Tliey  were  also  called  .^ 

HiigniihnseH.  ^^ 

bag-nut  fbttg'nut),  h.  ^  ij^ 

Tlie  bludder-nut  of  Y1\i- 
rope,    HUiphylea    pin- 
na la. 
bagonet  0>ag'6-net),  n. 

[Cf.  hagn.'l^  '  An  ob- 
doli  •  ■!;  I.etal  form 
.,f  I.. 

bagpip'      I  ML- pip),  B. 
[MK. /..',,,,, /„^„  ;(,baf/l 

+  }i>i  ■  I     .1    inivtical 

winil-i  I  tniinent  con- 
msiiii,-  '.f  u    leathom 

bat'    ■       ' itho 

»'r  I  I.  or 

friiiii  1    of 

pipe*,  iiit'i  wliii-.li   tliii  iMin^ri'»''"'«i^i''- 


420 

air  is  pressed  from  the  bag  by  the  performer's 
elbow.  It  originated  in  the  East,  was  known  to  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,  was  popular  in  Europe  throughout 
the  middle  ages,  and  is  still  used  in  many  eastern  coun- 
tries, as  well  as  among  the  country  people  of  Poland, 
Italy,  the  south  of  France,  and  in  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
Though  now  often  regarded  as  the  national  instrument  of 
Scotland,  especially  Celtic  Scotland,  its  origin  and  use 
seem  to  belong  to  the  Celtic  race  in  general.  In  its  best- 
known  form  it  has  four  pipes.  One  of  these,  called  the 
chanter,  has  a  double  reed  and  eight  finger-holes,  so  that 
melodies  may  be  played  upon  it.  Its  compass  may  be  ap- 
proximately indicated  thus : 


bahut 

tection,  and  moves  with  it  hanging  downward ;  it  has 
also  received  the  names  baAk^^t-tcorin.  drop-xcorm,  etc.  The 
male  insect  has  well-developed  wings,  but  the  female  is 
apterous,  and  lays  her  eggs  within  the  puparium. 


^ 


=!?= 


Bafr-pump. 
IvcU    disk 
es    the 
lace       of       the 
iiicket. 


There  are  three  other  pipes,  called  drones,  with  a  single 
reed,  which  give  a  continuous  sound,  and  are  tuned  in 
various  ways.  There  are  several  kinds  of  bagpipes,  as 
the  Scotch  (Highland  and  Lowland),  which  is  the  most 
important,  most  characteristic,  best  known,  and  perhaps 
the  oldest ;  the  English,  or  perliaps  more  properly  North- 
umbrian, a  feeble  instrument,  no  longer  in  use ;  and  the 
Irish,  which  is  the  most  elaborate  and  most  in  accordance 
with  modem  ideas  of  musical  accuracy.  The  word  is  now 
used  cliiefly  in  the  plural,  especially  in  Scotland. 

bagpipe  (bag'pip),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bagpiped, 
ppr.  Iiagpiping.  [<  bagpipe,  «.]  To  cause  to 
resemble  a  bagpipe — To  bagpipe  the  mizzen 
(||(I»^),  to  lay  it  aback  by  bringing  the  sheet  to  the  niiz- 
zen-shrouds. 

bagpiper  (bag'pi"p.er),  ji.     \}>1'E.  baggejiipere ;  < 

bagpipe  +  -crl.]     One  who  plays  on  a  bagpipe. 

Luii^'h,  like  parrots,  at  a  bagpiper.     .Shah.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

bag-press  (bag'pres),  n.  A  press 
in  which  the  materials  to  be 
pressed  are  inclosed  in  sacks  or 
bags  of  linen  or  hair,  it  is  used  in 
various  manufacturing  processes,  as  in 
the  expressing  of  oil  from  seeds. 

bag-pudding  (bag'pud"ing),  n.  A 
inuliliiig  boiled  in  a  bag. 

bag-pump  (bag'pump),  H.  A  form 
of  bellows-pump  in  which  there 
is  an  elastic  bag,  distended  at  in- 
tervals by  rings,  fastened  at  one 
end  to  the  bottom  of  the  piston-  ^  ^.^^^.^^ 
chamber,  and  at  the  other  to  the  whi'ch''tak 
valve-disk. 

B.  Agr.    -An  abbreviation  of  Bach 
eliir  of  Agriculture,  a  title  conferred  by  agricul- 
tural colleges.     See  bachelor. 

bagrationite  (ba-gra'shon-it),  n.  [After  P.  R. 
liagrdtioii :  see  -ite-.]  A  mineral  from  the 
Ural,  resembling  some  forms  of  allanite,  of 
which  it  is  probably  a  variety. 

bag-reef  (bag'ref),  »;.  The  lowest  reef  of  a 
fdie-aiid-ai't  sail,  or  the  first  reef  of  a  topsail. 

Bagrinae  (ba-gii'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  J}agru.'<  + 
-inw.]  A  subfamily  of  catiislies,  of  the  family 
Siluridw.  They  have  the  anterior  anil  posterior  nos- 
trils remote  from  one  another,  tlie  latter  being  provided 
with  barbels;  iialatal  teeth  ;  gill-membranes  free  from  tlie 
isthmus  :  a  short  anal  Iln  ;  a  long  adijiose  flu  ;  and  a  short 
dorsal  Iln  in  front  of  the  ventral  fins.  There  arc  many 
siitciis.  mostly  Asiatic  and  East  lliiliiill. 

bag-room  (bag'riim),  H.  A  room  on  a  man-of- 
war  where  the  clotliiiig-bags  of  tlie  crew  are 
slored.     I.ure. 

BagTUS  (bag'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Sp.  Pg.  bagrc, 
a  lish,  Siluru.s  bagrc]  The  typical  genus  of 
catfishes  of  the  subfimiily  liagrina:  Two  spe- 
cies, attaining  a  length  of  ')  orti  feet,  are  found 
in  llie  Nile. 

Bagshot  beds.     See  beifl. 

bag-trousers(bag'trou'z6r7,),«.  pi.  Thecover- 
iiig  fur  I  lie  legs  worn  by  men  in  the  Levant,  and 
tou  certain  e.xleiit  by  all  Mohammeilnn  peoples. 
Itcon«i»(i  of  an  iMiiliviifed  bag  willi  l"o  liulcs  in  tlie  bot- 
tom, Ihloiigii  Mliii  li  till'  feet  me  ]ias.Hi-d.     II  is  drawn  up 

with  a  cord,  uiiil  tml  ai id  the  waist  and  around  the 

ankles,  or  above  tliini.  uikI  1»  eomi ily  so  full  as  nearly 

to  reach  the  ground  in  falling  over  the  feet.  The  trousers 
of  tlio  women  arc  more  commonly  iniidu  with  two  legs, 
like  F.iiropeaii  draweis  or  trousers.  See prilicoat-trumeri 
and  uliinti.ii'in. 

bagnet,  baguette  (ba-gef),  n.  [<  F.  baguette, 
a  wniiil,  iMil,  .'.tiek,  <  It.  Imcchctia,  a  rod,  slick, 
dim.  of  harehio,  a  rod,  pole,  <  L.  haculum,  a 
rod,  stick:  see  haculus.]  In  areli.,  a  sniiiU 
convex  semicircular  molding:  usually  called 
when  jilain  a  bead,  when  enriched  with  foliage 
a  ehtr/ilrl. 

bag-wig  (bag'wig),  «.  A  wig  Iho  back  liair  of 
whii-h  was  inclosed  in  a  bag.     Heo  hag^,  3. 

I;«|iecl  at  eviry  liini  to  conn'  iipon  Intrlgnliig  upectrei 
In  haU'Wign,  ImnieliHe  hoopti  and  imlchen. 

llmirlU,  \enillan  I.lfc,  x\\. 

bagwigged  fbng'wigil),  a.     Wearing  n  bag-wig. 

bag-worm  (biig'werm),  ».  The  larva  of  ii 
le|)idopter<<iiH  insect,  Tliiiriilniiliryr  <iihrmerii- 
formi.H  (IlnrriH),  eoninion  lliroiigliniit  I  he  iiiori' 
n'irlheni  |iart  of  the  United  HtatcH.  The  larva  Is 
eiilb'd  bfltt.wiinn  ln'cnuMi  It  Riilim  a  •llkuii  boa  (or  lU  |iro- 


Bag-worm  i  Thyridofteryx  ephemera/ortnis),  larva  and  moths, 

natural  size. 
a,  larva ;  A.  male  chrysalis :  r,  female  moth  ;  d,  male  moth  :  e,  ffr 
male  chrysalis  in  bag  (section.il  view);/",  caterpillar  and  bag;,f, 
ver>'  yourig  caterpillars  in  their  bags. 

bagwynt,  «.  In  her.,  a  fabulous  beast,  like  an 
antelope  with  a  horse's  tail.     Cussans. 

bah  (bii),  intcrj.  [<  F.  hah,  interj.  of  contempt.] 
An  exclamation  expressing  contempt,  disgust, 
or  incredulity. 

Twenty-tive  years  ago  the  vile  ejaculation  bah .'  was  ut- 
terly unknown  to  the  English  public.  De  Quinreij. 

bahadur  (ba-ha'dor),  n.  [Hind.  bdhadur,hTS,yfi, 
gallant;  as  a  noun,  a  hero,  champion.]  A 
title  of  respect  commonly  affixed  to  the 
names  of  European  officers  in  Indian  docu- 
ments, or  used  in  ceremonious  mention  by  na- 
tives :  as,  Jones  Sahib  Bahadur.  It  may  be  cone 
pared  to  the  phrase  "gallant  officer"  of  parliamentary 
courtesy,  or  the  "  illnstrissimo  signoro  "  of  the  Italians. 
It  was  conferred  as  a  title  of  honor  by  the  <;reat  Mogul, 
and  by  utlier  native  princes.  Yule  and  Burnell,  Anglo- 
liid.  I^liissiuy. 

Bahama  grass,  sponge,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

bahar  (ba-hitr'),  H.  lA\sobaar,l)arr,barre ;  <  Ar. 
Iiahdr.]  An  Eastern  measure  of  weight,  vary- 
ing considerably  in  different  localities  and  ac- 
cording to  the  substances  weighed,  in  Mozain. 
liiinie  it  is  iiliout  •J.'iO  pounds,  in  Alochii  4.')0  pounds,  iu  Su- 
niutra  and  Ceylon  440  pounds.  It  is  also  used  as  a  niea. 
sure  of  capacity. 

bahrainga  (bii-ring'gii),  m.     [E.  Ind.]    A  name 

of  an  Kast  Indian  deer;  the  spotted  deer  of  tho 
Siiiiilerliuiiils  or  swampy  parts  of  the  Ganges 
delta;  the  Iluccrvus  duraucelli. 
bahut^  (ba-hdf),  n.  [¥.,  formerly  also  hahu, 
haliu.i,  liahuce  (=  Pr.  baur  =  Pg.  bahii,  liahiil  = 
Sp.  haiil~H.  Iinule),  a  chest,  trunk,  with  arched 
top,  prob.  <  MIKJ.  liehuot,  beliut,  a  keeping, 
guarding,  a  magazine,  <  bchunten,  beliiieten,  (}. 
hrhiilen.  keep,  guaril,  <  be-  (=E.  he-i)  +  OHG. 
huiilen,  MIKt.  hiictcn,  (1.  hiiten,  koej),  =  E.  heed, 
q.  v.]  1 .  A  chest,  often  with  an  ari'lieil  or  con- 
vex top,  and  frequently  covered  with  leather, 
richly  carved,  or  otherwise  ornamented.    Such 


ehe«t«  were  n  unlversnl  and  very  important  article  of  fur- 
niture during  the  I jli'vitl  jinil  Ui-naiHsance  lierliids. 

2.  An  oniiinieiitiil  eabibel,  esju'cially  one  hav- 
ing doors.  Hfi^  cabinet. —  3.  \uarch.:  (n)  Tho 
convex  crowning  course  of  a  wall  or  (laraiiet. 
Victor  Hay.  (h)  In  gi'eitt  ineilievnl  biiililiiigs, 
a  low  wall  Nii)ipiirliTig  tlii'  rool'  beliiml  I  lie  gut,- 


bahut 

ter  and  balustrade  or  parapet  crowning  the 

main  walls.  This  wall  serves  both  to  prevent  iiiflltrii- 
tion  of  water  from  heavy  storms  and  to  protect  the  lower 
part  of  the  roof-coverimj  from  damage  which  the  use  of 
the  guttera  as  passages  would  be  likely  to  cause.  Viollet- 
Ip-Duc 

bahutH  «•  [<F.6a7(w«e.  Cf.  6a7iK(i.]  Adi-ess 
for  masquerading;  a  domino.  N.  E.  D. 
Baiamsm(ba'yan-izm),  H.  [Prom  Michel  Bains, 
or  de  Bail,  its  author.]  A  system  of  religious 
opinions," regarded  as  an  anticipation  of  .Jan- 
senism, found  in  part  or  constructively  in  the 
writings  of  Baius  (Michel  de  Bay,  1513-1589) 
of  the  University  of  Louvain.  As  condemned  by 
Pius  V.  and  Gregory  XIII.,  itsiliitl  points  are:  that  ori- 
ginal righteousness  was  an  iiitc^rul  puit  of  human  nature 
before  the  fall,  not  an  adrtitional  gift  of  God;  that  Adam 
could  have  merited  eternal  life  as  a  matter  of  strict  jus- 
tice ;  that  man  as  fallen  was  mutilated  in  nature  and  capa- 
ble of  sin  only  ;  ami  that  all  works  are  sinful  unless  done 
from  pure  love  of  God.  Baius  submitted  to  the  condem- 
nation of  his  doctrines. 

baicbt,  »•  -An  obsolete  form  of  batch^.  Bay 
(Halliwell). 

baid  (bad).  [North.  Eng.  and  Sc,  =E.6o(Z<;3.] 
A  preterit  of  hide. 

baidak  (bi'diik),  «.  [Russ.  6ai(Jafcu.]  A  river- 
boat  used  on  tlio  Dnieper  and  its  affluents.  It 
is  from  Hi"  to  ir.o  ft-tt  long,  and  will  carry  from  176  to  200 
tons.     It  lias  gt  iierally  one  mast  and  one  large  sail. 

baidar  (bi'diir),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  canoe 
used  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  Aleutian  and 
Kurile  islands  in  the  pursuit  of  otters  and 
whales.  It  is  from  18  to  25  feet  long,  covered  with  hides, 
and  propelled  by  from  6  to  12  paddles. 

baiet,  »•  and  a.  Obsolete  form  of  hay'^,  iay^, 
etc. 

baierine  (bi'e-rln),  n.  [<  G.  Baiern,  Bavaria, 
-t-  -ine'^.']  A  "name  given  by  Beudant  to  colum- 
bite  obtained  in  Bavaria. 

baiest,  "■     -An  obsolete  form  of  haize. 

baignet,  «.  and  v.    See  bai)fi. 

baignoire  (ba-nwor'),  n.  [F.,  a  bath-tub,  a  box 
in  a  theater,  <  baigner,  bathe :  see  bain'^.']  A 
box  in  a  theater  on  the  same  level  as  the  stalls. 
Sometimes  written  baignoir. 

The  twelve  bai<jnoirs  and  the  thirty-six  boxes  of  the 
second  tier  are  left  at  the  disposal  of  the  manager. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXVII.  884. 

baikalite  (bi'kal-it),  n.  [<  Baikal  {Baiahhal, 
said  to  mean  '  abundant  water '),  a  lake  in  south- 
ern Siberia,  +  -(te2.  ]  A  dark-green  variety  of 
pyroxene,  occurring  in  crystals  with  a  lamellar 
structure  like  that  of  salite  near  Lake  Baikal 
in  southern  Siberia. 

baill  (bal),  «.     [Sometimes  improp.  bale;  early 
mod.  E.  7)0(7,  bc.^ile,  <  ME.  bayle,  heyl,  prob.  <  AS. 
*begel,  *biigel  (not  recorded;  ef.  hyge,  a  bend, 
turn,  bedl'i  ( >  E.  bee"^),  a  ring)  (=  D.  beugel,  a  hoop, 
ring,  bow,  stirrup,  handle,  =  MLG.  bogel,  bog- 
gel,  LG.  bogel,  a  bow,  ring,  =  G.  hiegel,  hiigel,  a 
bow,  bent  "piece  of  wood  or  metal,  stirrup,  = 
Dan.  biijle,  a  bow,  bar,  boom-iron,  =  Sw.  bogel, 
bygel,  a  bow,  hoop,  ring,  stirrup,  =  leel.  bygill,  a 
stiiTup) ;  with  formative  -el,  <  bilgan  (pp.  bogen) 
(=  6.  biegen=  leel.  bjiiga,  etc.),  bow,  bend,  in 
part  from  the  causative  bygan,  began,  ME.  bei- 
gen,  beien,  etc.,  mod.  E.  dial,  bay  (=  G.  beugen 
=  leel.  beygja,  etc.:  see  bay^),  bend:  see  ftoifl, 
v.,  and  cf.  6om)2,  «.]    1.  A  hoop  or  ring;  a  piece 
of  wood,  metal,  or  other  material  bent  into  the 
form  of  a  circle  or  half -circle,  as  a  hoop  for  sup- 
porting the  tilt-of  a  boat,  the  cover  of  a  wagon 
or  cradle,  etc.   Specifically— 2.  The  hoop  form- 
ing the  handle  of  a  kettle  or  bucket. — 3.  One 
of  the  iron  yokes  which  serve  to  suspend  a  life- 
ear  from  the  hawser  on  which  it  runs. — 4.  A 
stout  iron  yoke  placed  over  heavy  guns  and  fit- 
ting closely  over  the  ends  of  the  trunnions,  to 
which  it  is  attached  by  pins  in  the  axis  of  the 
trunnions :  used  to  raise  the  gun  by  means  of 
the  gin.    Farrow,  Mil.  Eneyc. —  5.   .An  arched 
support  of  a  millstone.— 6t.  A  wooden  canopy 
formed  of  bows.     Halliwell. 
baili  (bill),  V.  t.     [<  baiX^,  ».]    To  provide  with 
a  bail ;  hoop. 
bail2  (bal),  V.  t.     [<  ME.  "baylen,  <  OF.  bailler, 
baillier,  bailier=  Pr.  bailor,  carry,  conduct,  con- 
trol, receive,  keep  in  custody,  give,  deliver,  < 
L.   bajnlare,  bear  a  burden,  caiTy,  ML.  also 
conduct,  control,  rule,  <  bajulus,  a  bearer,  car- 
rier, porter,  in  ML.  (>  It.  bailo,  baUo  =  Pg.  bailio 
=  Sp.  Pr.  baile  =  OF.  bail,  with  ML.  reflex 
baillns,  balins,  etc.)  a  governor,  administrator, 
tutor,  guardian,  fem.  bajula  (>  OF.  bailie,  etc., 
ML.  reflex  baila),  a  governess,  nurse.    In  E.  the 
verb,  in  its  customary  senses,  is  rather  fi-om 
the  noun:  see  bail'^,  n.']     1.  In  law:  (a)  To  de- 
liver, as  goods,  without  transference  of  owner- 
ship, on  an  agreement,  expressed  or  implied, 


421 

that  they  shall  be  returned  or  accounted  for. 

See  bailment. 

If  cloth  be  delivered  (or  in  our  legal  dialect,  hailed)  to  a 
tailor  to  make  a  suit  of  clothes.     JilackHtone,  Com.,  II.  4.S2. 


bailed 

surety,  (h)  To  vouch  (for  a  thing) :  as.  Ml  r;o  baU  for 
that.— To  hold  to  ball,  to  oblige  Ui  find  bail  or  go  to  jail. 
-Toperfect  or  Justify  ball,  to  prove  by  the  oath  of  the 
person  furnishing  bail  that,  over  and  above  his  debts,  he 
'i  worth  the  sum  loi  which  he  is  about  to  become  security. 


(b)  To  set  free,  deliver,  or  liberate  from  arrest  baiP  (bal),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  baylc  (still 

sometimes  used  archaically  in  def.  6),  <  ML. 
baylc,  baile,  bait,  a  barrier,  ])alisade,  prob.  also 
a  bar  (=  D.  Fleiii.  balic,  a  bar,  rail),  <  OF.  bail, 
baile,  bailie,  a  barrier,  palisade,  pi'ob.  also  (as 
in  mod.  F.  dial,  bail)  a  bar,  cross-bar  (cf.  Icel. 
bagall,  an  episcopal  staff,  crozier),  prob.  <  L. 
baculum,  hacuhis,  a  stick,  rod,  staff  (see  bacu- 
Im,  and  cf.  bail*,  <  ML.  "bacula) :  see  hait^,  v., 
and  cf.  deriv.  bailey^.  The  noun  baiP  in  some 
senses  may  be  from  the  verb,  but  all  senses  ap- 
pear to  depend  ult.  on  that  of  a  bar,  or  cross- 
bar.]    It.  A  bar;  a  cross-bar. 

Set  them  nppon  some  pearche  or  bajfle  of  wood  that 
they  mayc  by  that  meanes  the  better  keepe  their  feathers 
unbroken  and  eschue  the  dragging  of  their  traines  upon 
the  ground. 

Turlxrnille,  Booke  of  Falconrie.  p.  358.    (.V.  E.  I).) 

2.  In  crirlcet,  one  of  the  two  little  bars  or  sticks, 
about  4  inches  long,  which  are  laid  on  thAops 
of  the  stumps,  one  end  resting  in  the  groove  of 
one  stump,  and  the  other  in  that  of  the  next. 
Since  they  fall  with  the  lightest  bl.nv,  they  servo  to  indi- 
cate when  the  stumps  have  been  struck. 

Old  Bailey  gravely  sets  up  the  middle  stump  again,  and 
puts  the  bails  on. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  il.  8. 

3.  A  bar  or  pole  to  separate  horses  in  a  stable. 

—  4.  A  framework  for  securing  the  head  of  a 
cow  while  she  is  being  milked.  [Australia.] — 
5.  [The  earliest  use  Lu  E.]  ililit. :  (a)  ;)/. 
The  outer  wall  or  line  of  defenses,  originally 
often  made  of  stakes ;  bamers;  palisades.  See 
palisade.  Hence  —  (h)  The  space  inclosed  by 
the  outer  wall ;  the  outer  court  of  a  castle  or  a 
fin-tified  post :  in  this  sense  usually  called  bailey. 
See  bailey'^. —  6.  A  certain  limit  in  a  forest. 

[Early  mod.  E.  also  iiflVc;  appar. 
<  OF.  haillier,  inclose,  shut  in,  bar,  appar.  < 
bailie,  a  bar,  cross-bar,  barrier;  in  the  second 
sense,  directly  <  bail3,  n.,  5.]  1.  To  bar  in; 
confine.    [Rare.]  —  2.  To  provide  with  a  bail. 

—  To  bail  up.  (a)  To  secure  the  head  (of  a  cow)  in  a  bail 
wliile  she  is  being  milked.  Hence— (d)  To  disarm  prepar- 
atoiy  to  robbing  ;  order  to  throw  up  the  arms.    [Australia.) 

bail^t  (bal),  n.  [<  ME.  beyle,*bayle  =  D.  balie 
=  MLG.  hahje,  ballige,  halleie,  LG.  balje,  a  tub, 
bucket,  =  G.  Dan.  balje  =  Sw.  balja,  a  tub,  = 
It.  baglia,  a  tub,  bucket,  <  F.  bailie,  naut.  a  tub, 
bucket,  pail,  prob.  <  ML.  *baeula,  a  bucket  or 
tub  (cf.  bacnla,  a  small  boat),  dim.  of  baca, 
bacea,  a  tub :  see  back'^.  Cf.  bail^,  jirob.  <  L. 
bacnlnm.']  A  bucket;  a  pail;  especially,  a 
bucket  or  other  small  vessel  used  to  dip  water 
out  of  a  boat. 


and  imprisonment,  upon  security  given  that  the 
person  bailed  shall  appear  and  answer  in  court 
or  satisfy  the  judgment  given:  applied  to  the 
action  of  the  magistrate  or  the  surety.  The  ma- 
gistrate is  said  to  bail  a  person  (or  to  admit  him  to  bait) 
when  h«  liberates  him  from  arrest  or  imprisonment,  upon 
bond  given  with  sureties.  The  surety  is  also  said  to  bail 
the  person  wh(jse  releiuse  he  procures  by  giving  the  bond. 

Tit.  Let  me  be  tlieir  bail.  .  .  . 

Sat.  Thou  Shalt  not  bail  them. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  4. 

When  they  [the  judges]  had  bailed  tlie  twelve  bishops, 

the  House  of  Commons,  in  great  indignation,  caused  them 

immediately  to  be  recommitted.  Clarendon. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  release ;  liberate. 
Ne  none  there  was  to  reskue  her,  ne  none  to  baile. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  IV.  ix.  7. 

3.  To  be  security  for;  secure;  protect. 
We  can  bail  him  from  the  cruelty 

Of  misconstruction.  Ford,  Fancies,  v.  2. 

To  bail  out,  to  procure  the  release  of  (a  person)  by  acting 
as  his  ball.  —  To  ijail  over  to  keep  the  peace,  to  require 
security  from  (a  person)  that  he  will  keep  the  peace. 
bail'-^  (bal),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bayle,  hale, 
<  ME.  baylc,  baill  (ML.  ballium,  balium),  <  OF. 
bail,  power,  control,  custody,  charge,  .iurisdie- 
tion,  also  delivery,  <  bailler,  bailicr,  conduct, 
control,  etc.,  deliver.  The  noun  is  thus  his- 
torically from  the  verb,  though  in  E.  the  verb 
in  some  of  its  senses  depends  on  the  noun :  see 
bail'^,  (>.]     It.  Power;  custody;  jurisdiction. 

So  did  Diana  and  her  raaydens  all 

Use  silly  Faunus,  now  within  their  baile. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vi.  49. 

2.  The  keeping  of  a  person  in  nominal  custody 
on  security  that  he  shall  appear  in  court  at  a 

specified  time.      The  person  is  said  to  be  admitted  tu      

bail,  in  which  phrase,  however,  hail  is  now  commonly  bail^*  (bal),  V.  t. 
thought  of  as  the  security  given.    See  3. 

3.  Security  given  to  obtain  the  release  of  a 
prisoner  from  custody,  pending  final  decision 
in  the  action  against  him.  in  civil  cases  a  person 
arrested  has  always  the  right  to  give  sufficient  bail,  and 
thereupon  be  released  from  custody.  In  criminal  cases 
the  defendant  has  also  this  right,  as  a  rule,  when  the 
crime  charged  is  a  mere  misdemeanor.  Whether  to  bail 
one  charged  with  treason  or  felony  is  usually  in  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  judge,  and  in  some  states  bail  is  always  de- 
nied to  one  held  for  a  crime  punishable  with  death.  The 
security  is  in  the  form  of  a  bond  executed  by  responsible 
sureties,  providing  that  the  defendant  shall  appear  at  the 
order  of  the  court  under  penalty  of  lorfe'iture  of  the  sum 
named  in  the  bond.  The  person  bailed  is  regarded  as  but 
transferred  from  the  custody  of  the  law  to  that  of  his 
sureties,  who  may  therefore  seize  and  surrender  him  at 
any  time.  In  civil  cases  there  are  several  kinds  of  bail  at 
common  law.  the  chief  being  common  bail  and  special  bail. 
Common  bail,  or  hail  below,  which  is  now  disused,  was  given 


to  the  sheriff' on  a  bail-bond  entered  into  by  two  persons,  'bail-l  (1)al),  V.      [Also  less  prop,  bale  ;  early  mod 


„..  condition  that  the  defendant  appear  at  the  day  and  in 
such  place  as  the  arresting  process  commands.  Special 
bail,  bail  above,  or  bail  to  the  action,  is  given  by  persons 
who  undertake  generally,  after  appearance  of  a  defen- 
dant that  if  he  be  condemned  in  the  action  he  shall  satisfy 
the  debt,  costs,  and  damages,  or  render  himself  to  the 
proper  person,  or  that  they  will  do  so  for  him.  (Wharton.) 
In  Scotland,  liail  in  civil  cases  is  called  cawfion  (which  sec). 

4.  Figuratively,  security;  guaranty. 
Doubtless  this  man  hath  bail  enough  to  be  no  Adulterer. 

Milton,  Tetrachordon,  Works  (1738),  I.  2,')1. 

5.  Liberation  on  bail:  as,  to  grant  bail.—Q. 
The  person  or  persons  who  provide  bail,  and 
thus  obtain  the  temporary  release  of  a  prisoner. 
Persons  who  make  a  business  of  furnishing  bail  on  pay- 
ment of  a  fee  often  frequent  law-courts.  Formerly  such 
persons  wore  straws  in  their  shoes  as  a  sign  of  their  occu- 
pation ;  hence  the  term  straxo  bail,  used  to  designate  fic- 
titious or  irresponsible  professional  bail. 

The  bail  must  be  real  substantial  bondsmen. 

Blackstone. 

The  attorney  whispered  to  Mr.  Pickwick  that  he  was 
onlyatea.  •'Abailf  "  Yes,  my  dear  sir,  half-a-dozen 
of  'em  here.  Bail  you  to  any  amount  and  only  charge 
half-a'crown."  Dickem,  Pickwick  Papers. 

Where  tJio'se  mysterious  personages  who  were  wont  in 
the  old  times  to  perambulate  the  great  saloon  of  the  futile 
footsteps,  Westminster  Hall,  with  straws  in  their  shoes, 
and  whose  occupation  is  not  by  any  means  gone  now-a- 
days  are  always  in  attendance  in  a  philanthropic  eager- 
ness'to  render  service  to  suffering  humanity 


-  or  in  other 


E.  baile,  baylc  (=  J),  bdlien,  uit-balien);  from 
the  noun.]  'I.  trans.  To  remove  (water),  or  free 
(a  boat,  etc.)  from  water,  with  a  bail,  bucket, 
basin,  or  other  small  vessel:  usually  with  out. 
II.  intrans.  To  remove  water,  as  from  a  boat 
or  the  like,  with  a  bail  or  bucket. 

baiPt,  etc.  Obsolete  and  less  proper  spelling 
of  balr"^,  etc. 

bailable  (ba'la-bl),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
baleable,  baileuble ;  <  bail-,  v.  and  ».,  +  -able.'\ 

1.  Capable  of  being  delivered ;  deliverable. — 

2.  Capable  of  being  set  free  upon  giving  bond 
with  sureties ;  capable  of  being  admitted  to 
bail:  used  of  persons.— 3.  Admitting  of  ball: 
as,  a  bailable  offense. 

bailage  (ba'laj),  «.  [Also  bailiage,  balliage,  as 
if  <  AF.  *bdiliage,  ML.  balliagium  :  see  6ai72, 
v.,  and  -age.'\  A  duty  imposed  upon  the  de- 
liverv  of  goods ;  an  ancient  duty  received  by 
the  city  of  London  for  all  goods  and  merchan- 
dise brought  into  or  carried  out  of  the  port. 
Cliambers. 

bail-bond  (bal 'bond),  n.  A  bond  or  obliga- 
tion given  by  a  prisoner  and  his  surety  to  in- 
sure the  appearance  of  the  former  in  court  at 


eouci  »c. .  ...o -v  »."■. o •  the  return  of  the  wi'it. 

wools"  to'become'taa  wireTrteifis  wanted,  for  agratuity  Tjail-dockt  (bal'dok).  H.    [Prob.  <  bail^  +  dock3.'\ 
of  half-a-crown  to  twelve  and  sixpence.  6r.  A.  baia.     y^,^^pY\v,  at  the  Old  Bailev  in  London,  a  small 


IBail  being  an  abstract  noun  applicable  to  persons  only 
bv  eliiiisis  is  not  used  in  the  plural.)— Ball  a  longues 
ajin^es,  in  Canadian  lau:  a  lease  for  more  than  nine 
yeai-s,  tJrmed  also  an  emphi/teutic  lea.^e  whereby  the  les- 
see enjoys  for  the  term  all  the  rights  attached  to  the  qual- 
ity of  proprietor,  and  can  dispose  of  the  property  subject 
to  the  rights  of  the  lessor.-On  bail,  on  guaranties  duly 
given  for  the  appearance  or  production  of  a  prisoner  in 
court  at  the  proper  time:  as,  he  was  liberated  on  bail. 

His  rSomerset's]  friends  attempted  to  obtain  his  release 
„„  5,',;(  Stuhbs,  Const.  Hist,  §  h,i. 

To  admit  to  baU,  or  to  take  bail  for,  to  release  upon 
secur^giv",  See  above,  2.- To  find  bail,  to  procure 
persons  kiaet  as  bail.- To  go  baU.  (a)  To  act  as  bail  or 


room  taken  from  one  of  the  comers  of  the 
court,  and  left  open  at  the  top,  in  which  cer- 
tain malefactors  were  placed  during  trial.  Also 
spelled  bale-dock. 

Penn  and  Mead,  for  their  stout  defence  at  their  trial, 
were  dragged  into  the  balaiock,  and  the  Recorder  pro- 
ceeded to  charge  the  jury  during  their  detention  there, 
urging  for  an  excuse,  that  they  were  still  within  hearing 
of  the  Court.  A',  "nd  Q-.  6th  ser.,  XI.  S7. 

bailedt  (bald),  p.  a.  [<  bain  +  -e(?2.]  Pro- 
vided with  a  bail ;  hooped  and  covered,  as  a 
wagon. 


bailee 

bailee  {>>a-le'),  "•  [<  *«''-•  '•.  +  -<'<'^-]  ^ '"'.'"' 
the  pci-son  to  wbom  goods  are  committed  in 
bailment.  He  has  a  temporary  possession  of 
them  and  a  qualified  property  in  them  for  such 
purpose  onlv. 

baileri,  «.    l<  bail^  +  -f  l.]     See  hailor. 

baUer-  (ba'ler),  n.  [<  ftf/i7*  + -fd.]  1.  One 
who  bails  out  water,  or  frees  a  boat  from  water. 
—  2.  A  vessel  used  for  bailing  water. 

For  river  or  lake  work  a  sponge  and  baler  may  be  suf- 
ficient, but  for  sea  cruising  an  effective  pump  should  be 
fitted.  Qualtrough,  Boat  Sailer's  Manual,  p.  194. 

Also  haJer. 

baileyl  (ba'li).  n-  [Early  mod,  E.  also  haihj, 
bailie,<  ME.  baili/.  bailie,  baillie,  bailly,  baili,  etc., 
an  extended  form  (prob.  after  the  ilL.  baliitm, 
ballinm,  a  reflex  of  the  OF.  bail)  of  hai/k,  bail, 
mod.  E.  bail,  a  barrier,  etc. :  see  haHS.'i  1.  The 
external  wall  of  defense  about  a  feudal  castle 
(see  bail3) ;  by  extension,  any  of  the  cii-cuits  of 
wall  other  than  a  keep  or  donjon,  that  is,  any 
line  of  defense  other  than  the  innermost  one. 
— 2.  As  used  by  later  writers,  the  outer  com-t 
or  Dasc-court  of  a  castle;  by  extension,  any 
court  of  a  defensive  post  used  with  a  distinctive 
epithet.  The  inner  taiiey  contained  the  stables  ami  often 
the  chapel,  etc. ,  and  communicated  directly  with  the  keep ; 
the  outer  !«i  Uey.  when  there  were  only  two,  more  commonly 
contained  thechapel  and  sometimes  a  tilt-yard,  exercise- 
ground,  or  the  like.  The  entranceway  to  a  castle,  after 
passing  the  defenses  of  the  b.irl)ican,  led  first  into  the  outer 
bailey  and  thence  into  the  inner  bailey:  but  it  was  usual 
for  the  keep  to  have  also  a  separate  communication  with 
the  exterior.  [The  word  is  still  retained  in  some  proiiir 
names,  as  in  the  Old  Baile;/,  the  seat  of  the  central  i  riiiii- 
nal  court  of  I>mdon,  so  called  from  the  ancient  ImU'';/  of 
the  city  wall  between  Lud  Gate  and  Kew  Gate,  witliin 
which  it  was  situated.] 
Also  balliiim. 

bailey'-t,  ».     See  bailie-. 

bailiage',  ".     See  bailage. 

bailiage-',  bailliage  (ba'li-Sj),  «.    [Formerly 

also  hailUii/e,  halunje,  and  bailiage  (cf.  MI...  liul- 
Uatjium,  baillaijiiim,  bulialicum),  <  F.  baillidije 
(=:Pr.  bailiatge  =  iiy.  bailiage),  <  buiUi,  abailill, 
bailie,  +  -nz/e.]  The  jurisdietion  or  district  of 
a  bailiff  or  bailli ;  abaUimek:  now  used  chiefly 
(in  the  form  bailliage)  with  reference  to  old 
French  or  to  Swiss  bailiwicks. 

At  first  four  baittiafjett  were  created.  Brougham. 

The  several  orders  [in  France)  met  in  their  bailliar/es  in 
1789,  to  choose  their  repreeentatives  [in  the  Assembly] 
and  draw  up  their  grievances  and  instructions. 

John  Morley,  Burke,  p.  101. 

bailiary,  ".     See  bailiery. 

bailie't,  ".     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bailey'^. 

bailie-  ( ba'li),  n.  [Now  only  as  Sc,  also  spelled 
baillie,  baity,  i-urly  mod.  E.  also  baily,  bailey,  bay- 
Icy,  etc.,  <  ME.  baylie,  bai/ly,  baillie,  baili,  bailli, 

<  OF.  hailli.  earlier  baillif,  >  E.  bailif,  of  which 
bailie^  is  tlius  a  doublet:  see  haililT.']  If.  A 
bailiff. —  2.  In  Scotland:  («t)  The  chief  magis- 
trate of  a  barony  or  part  of  a  county,  having 
functions  cfiuivalent  to  those  of  a  sheriff.  (/<) 
A  municipal  ofliceror  magistrate,  corresponding 
to  an  alderman  in  England.  He  possesses  a  ccrtahi 
jurisdiction  l)y  conunou  law  as  well  as  by  statute.  The 
criminal  jurisdiction  of  the  provost  and  l)ailies  of  royal 
burtfhs  extends  to  breaches  of  the  peace,  drunkenness, 
a<lulteratiun  of  articles  of  diet,  thefts  not  of  an  aggra- 
vated character,  and  other  olfenstjs  of  a  less  serious  na- 
ture. Formerly,  a  i>ersrin  appointed  by  preceptof  sasinc  to 
give  infeftineiit  In  land  (a  legal  formality  now  abolished) 
was  also  <.'nlled  a  hililir. 

bailie^t,  ".    Sco  imiiy^. 

bailiery,  bailiary  (ba'li-e-ri.  -a-ri),  n.    [Early 

\wA.  K.  al.--<)  liatlli'-rie,  etc.,  <  F.  as  ii  'baillerie, 

<  bailli :  hco  bailie^  and  -cry.']  In  l<cots  law,  a 
bailie's  jurisdiction.  Also  Imillieri/,  baiUiary. — 
Letter  of  bailiery,  a  conuidiislon  by  wldch  a  hcrilablir 
priipri.-t'ir,  etitilli-d  to  grant  hur:h  a  conmilssion,  app.iints 
a  bjir-.ii  bailie,  with  the  usual  jiowers,  to  hold  courts,  ap- 
point M(fi,-,.rn  under  hlin,  <■(<-. 

bailiff  (bn'lif),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bai/liff, 
l/aliU'',  baitii-r  etc.,  <  .Ml'l.  bailif.  hailli/,  biiliij', 
ot.rfMN.  ballivm),  <  OK.  baiiltf  (UiU-T  bailli, 
K.  l.,iU,'~,  ([.  v.),  <  Mfj.  'bajiiliiitu,  jirop.  adj.,  < 
bajithi.:,  an  adiiiinistrator,  manager,  guardian, 
tutor,  «ti-.,  in  \j.  a  carrier,  porter:  kcc  bail",  r.\ 
\.  '■  '  r  liiinto  civil  onlcer  or  fmictinnury. 
Tli  i  .iiiUi.vcralklndxof  l.allllU,  who..- olM<  .'■ 

dit'  ill  agrei;  In  tlll4,  that  the  keeping  or  |*ro- 

t«' ■  ,iiig  belnngn  I-.  Ib.-m.     The  ■.li.  iilt  l«  Ihi' 

vi\  rind  hU  county  In  a  bidll«iik.     The 

n»iii  II. d    lo  the  chli-(  nuiul<lriile<  .,(  i,.,iiie 

t/>we  f   r-iVnl  eantle^.  n%  of  lt..ver,  to  ItemoliH 

havli'.  itiMiiof  the  penee  In  Imndii  dn  and  In 

(Kine  t|,,t,,,    a^    We.ttndfift.  r    I    (•.   the 

ret'ii  ,1,,,         I.., I  '■         'V 


III 

Jiir 

2. 

■ppxii 


422 

bailif  of  forests,  OT  bailiff  ill  husbandry. —  3.  An 
oflicer  of  the  Knights  of  St.  Jolm  of  Jerusalem. 
—  Bailiff  of  forests,  or  tailiff  in  husbandry.  See 
above,  2. — High  bailiff,  in  KngUuid:  («)  The  clxief  offi- 
cer  of  certain  corpiuations.  (b)  The  officer  of  a  county 
court,  (c)  The  ofticer  who  serves  writs  and  the  like  in 
certain  franchises  not  subject  to  the  ordinary  jurisdiction 
of  the  sheriff.  —  Special  bailiff,  a  person  named  by  a  party 
in  a  civil  suit  fort  tie  lunyoseof  executing  some  particular 
process  therein,  and  apjiointcd  by  the  sherirt  on  the  appli- 
cation of  such  party— Water-bailiff,  in  England,  an 
officer  employed  in  protecting  a  river  from  poadiers  and 
from  being  fished  at  other  times  or  in  other  ways  than 
tlio?e  pemntted  by  law. 

bailiffryt  (ba'lif-ri),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bailiiery;  <  bailiff  +  -ry.]  The  office  or  juris- 
diction of  a  bailiff. 

bailiffsMp  (ba'lif-ship),  H.  [<  bailiff  +  -ship.'] 
The  oflice  of  bailiff. 

bailiffwickt(ba'lif-wik),«.  [<bailiff+->oicl-.  Cf. 
bailiiciel:]  The  oflice  of  a  bailiff  or  a  sheriff,  or 
the  district  under  his  jurisdiction:  a  bailiwick. 

bailing-machine  (ba'liiig-ina-sheu')>  «•    A 

form  of  bail-scoop  (which  see). 
bailiwick  (ba'li-wik),  «.  [<  ]\IE.  bailie-jbayly-, 
etc.,  -t-  -wike,  etc. ;  <  bailie-  +  -niel:]  The  coun- 
ty within  which  a  sheriff  exercises  his  oflice  ; 
the  precincts  in  which  a  bailiff  has  jurisdiction ; 
the  limits  of  a  bailift"s  authority,  as  (in  Eng- 
land) a  hundred,  a  liberty,  or  a  forest  over 
which  a  bailiff  is  appointed. 

There  is  a  proper  officer  allrcadye  appoynted  for  these 
turnes,  to  witt  the  slierilf  of  the  shire,  whose  iiecnliar  otfice 
it  is  to  walke  continnallye  up  and  downe  bis  bab/wick,  as 
ye  would  have  a  marsball.  Speiuer,  State  of  Ireland. 

bailliage,  «.     [F.]     See  bailiage^. 

baillieH,  «•     See  Imiley^. 

baillie-t,  «•     See  baiUri. 

baillie^t,  n.     See  baiUfi. 

baillie-brusbkie  (ba  li-brash'ki),  n.  [Native 
name  in  Alaska.]  The  parnikeet-auklet,  77ia- 
^)-i,s-  or  Oiubriii  jisittaeuhi.     II.  W.  Elliott. 

bailiiery,  bailliary,  ».    See  bailiery. 

baillon  (.F.  pron.  ba-lyoii'),  n.  [<  F.  baillon,  a 
gag,  of  uncertain  origin;  either  (1)  dim.  (as  if 
<  L.  *baeitlo,  "baculon-)  of  OF.  bailie,  bail,  a  bar, 
barrier  (see  b<iil<f) ;  or  (2),  -WTitten  bdilloit,  <  hdil- 
ler,  OF.  baaillcr,  baailer  =  Pr.  badaillar  =  Cat. 
bailallar  =  It.  sbadigliare,  gape  (cf.  ML.  bailal- 
lu»i,  a  gag),  <  ML.  badare,  gapo,  open  the 
mouth:  see  bay^.]  A  gag;  spociUcally,  a  piece 
of  cork  or  other  material  used  to  keep  the  mouth 
open  during  operations,  dental  or  surgical,  iu 
the  mouth. 

baillon^  (ba-l.vo-na'),  a.  [<F.  bdilloiiiie,  pp.  of 
hdiUonner,  gag,  <  bdillon,  a  gag:  see  baillon.] 
In  her.,  holding  a  stick  between  the  teeth:  said 
of  an  animal  used  as  a  bearing. 

bailment  (bal'ment),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
liailewenf,  <  OV.'baillement,  <  bailler,  deliver, 
bail:  see  bail-,  v.,  and  -mint.]  1.  The  contract 
or  legal  relation  which  is  constituted  by  the 
delivery  of  goods  without  transference  of  own- 
ership, on  an  agi-eement  expressed  or  implied 
that  they  bo  returned  or  accounted  for,  as  a 
loan,  a  consignment,  a  delivery  to  a  can-ier,  a 
pledge,  a  deposit  for  safe  keeping,  or  a  letting 
on  hire. — 2.  The  act  of  b.iiling  a  prisoner  or 
an  accused  jierson;  also,  tlie  record  of  or  doc- 
uments relating  to  such  a  bailing. 

bailo  (bil'i-lo),  n.  [It.,  <  ML.  bajuhi.<!,  a  mtma- 
ger,  administrator,  guardian,  etc.:  see  bail-,  v.] 
The  title  of  the  Venetian  Kesidont  at  the  Ot- 
tniiiaii  I'orle.     X.  K.  I). 

bailor,  bailer^  (ba'lor,  -\Ct),  «.    [<  bail^,  c,  -I- 

-or,  -(/•'.  I     ]„  /(,„■,  one  who  delivers  goods  to 
iini)tln'r  in  balliiieiit.     See  bailment,  1. 

bail-piece  (Imrpes),  «.  In  law,  a  certificate 
issued  to  a  person  by  a  court  attesting  his  ac- 
cepfance  as  a  siiridv  in  a  case  before  it. 

bail-scoop  ('"il'skdp),  H.  [<  Ixiil-^  +  sronp.]  A 
Bcooj)  iiiv^ileil  nt  one  end,  lilted  with  valves, 
aii<l  so  ariangod  thai  a  large  iiuantily  of  water 
may  be  riiiHod  liy  it,  through  a  short  dist-anco: 
UKiil  in  driiiiiing  and  irrigating. 

bailsman  (hal/.'inan),  ".  ;  J)!.  bailmicn  (-men). 
[<  haH'H,  poss.  of  liail'^,  n.,  +  man.]  One  who 
gives  bail  for  another;  a  surely  or  bail. 

baily't  (ba'li),  n.     Obsolete  spelling  «(  bailey^. 

baily-t  (bi'i'li),  «.  Tho  regular  English  spell- 
ing of  the  word  now  used  only  in  the  Scotch 
Hpelliiig  bailie.     See  hailir'^. 

Lnnsanno  Is  under  the  ranlon  of  lleriie,  uovomed  by  a 
linilii,  sent  every  three  yeam  from  the  «enate  of  llenir. 

Attitimm,  Travels  In  Italy. 


heals- 


bally^t    (bii'li),   II.     [Also   bailie,  <  MIO.   bailie, 

baiili/,   bah/,  bailhi,  haillye,  baillie,    baili,  <  <  »!•'. 

bailie,  baillie  =  I'r.  bailia\=  Sp.  hailia  =  It.  balia 

(MIj.  halia,  hallin,  biiilia.baillia.  Iiaylia,bayllia), 

0|MTnli -1       coli.et   rents,   etc.     Alno  ciiUeil   a     <  ML.  fciy'udV;,  the  jurisdiction  or  olllco  of  a  bai- 


liy   llie    lorli   III    ineir   !•  -|i      'I.. 
I  similar  fnii'  lions. 
under-Hteward  on  an  OHtiito, 
iiLge  foroHtM,  direct  IniMbninlry 


bairman 

liff,<  bajulus,  an  administrator,  governor,  bailiff: 
see  ;)(ii72  and  bailiff,  bailie'^.]  1.  The  jurisdic- 
tion, authority,  or  office  of  a  bailiff  or  bailie; 
hence,  jurisdiction  or  authority,  especially  as 
delegated;  stewardship. —  2.  The  district  of  a 
bailiff  or  bailie ;  a  bailiwick. 

Baily's  beads.    See  bead. 

bain'  (.ban),  </.  [Now  only  E.  dial.,  also  written 
bane,  <  ME.  hayne,  bayn,  beyn,  <  Icel.  beinn, 
straight,  direct,  hospitable",  =  Norw.  fteiw, 
straight,  direct,  easy  to  deal  with.]  1.  Direct; 
near;  short:  as,  that  way's  the  intncst  (ftajiest) 
[Prov.  Eng.] — Sf.  Ready;  willing. 
Be  thou  bu.xom  and  right  bayn. 

Towneley  Mysteries,  p.  168. 

3t.  Limber;  pliant;  flexible. 
bain^  l,bau),  adc.     [E.  dial.,  also  bane,  <  ME. 
haiiu,  bain;   from  the   adj.]     1.  Near  by;   at 
hand.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2t.  KeatUly;  wUUngly. 

The  berne  besily  and  bane  blenkit  hem  about. 
Gawan  and  Goloejras,  i.  6  (in  Pinkerton's  Scottish  Poems). 

bain^t  (ban),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bane,  <  ME. 

baync,  baine,  <  OF.  and  F.  bain  =  Pr.  hanh  =  Sp. 

beiko  =  Pg.  banho  =  It.  bagno  (>  F.  bae/ne,  E. 

bagnio,  q.  v.),  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath,  bath-houso: 

see  iKdiunm.']    1.  A  bath,  in  any  of  the  senses 

of  that  word. —  2.  A  bagnio  or  brothel. 
bain-t  (ban),  v.     [<  ME.  bayncn,  <  OF.  baigncr  = 

Pr.  I'g.  fc««/(flr  =  Sp.  baliar  =  It.  bagnare,  <  ML. 

halneare,  bathe,  <  L.  Ixdneiim,  a  bath :  see  bain% 

«.]     I.  tran.'i.   To  bathe;  wash. 

He  that  in  Eurotas'  silver  glide 
Doth  bain  his  tress.         Greene,  Talmer's  Verses. 

II.  intrans.  To  bathe  one's  self ;  takeabath. 

bain^'t,  etc.    Obsolete  spelling  of  ftowe,  bone,  etc. 

bainbergt  (ban'bcrg),  ?i.  [Appar.  F.,  <  G.  "bcin- 
berg  (not  found)  =  AS.  hanbeorg,  bdnlierge, 
bdugebeorg,  also  v&Wei  scanegebcorg,  lit.  "bone 
or  leg-guard'  (cf.  einberge,  'chin-guard 
brorh,  ' neck-guard,'  hauberk : 
see  hauberk),  <  ban,  bone  (= 
G.  bein,  leg),  oTseanea,  shank, 
leg,  +  beorgan,  protect.]  A 
name  given  to  the  jilate-armor 
of  the  leg  below  theknee,  when 
lirst  introduced.  It  was  worn 
over  the  chain-mail,  to  pro- 
tect the  shin. 

Baines's  act.    See  act. 
bainie(bii'ui), «.  Seotchform 

of  bony. 

bain-niarie  (F.  pron.  ban- 
lua-re' ),  n.  [F.,  formerly  bain 
<le  Marie,  <  ML.  balneum 
Marin;  lit.  bath  of  Mary;  a 
fanciful  name,  perhaps  in  al- 
lusion to  the  'gentle'  heat. 
The  second  element  is  some- 
times erroneously  refeiTotl 
to  L.  mare,  sea.]  A  vessel  of  any  kind  contain- 
ing heated  water,  in  which  another  vessel  is 
jilaced  in  order  to  heat  its  contents  gently,  or 
with  more  regularity  and  evenness  than  il  tho 
heat  were  applied  directly  to  the  second  vessel : 
used  in  some  oper;itions  of  cooking,  niannfac- 
tiirc,  chemistry,  etc.  Also  called  u-ater-bath. 
bainst,  ".  /''.  .Another  spelling  of  banes,  obso- 
lete form  of  liiiniis.  S/irnser. 
baiocco,  bajocco  (bii-yok'ko),  «.;  pi.  haiocehi, 
bajocehi  (-ke).     [Formerly  iu  E.   haioel;  bi/ok 

(after  F.  i<ii- 
<«•(/«(',  hai- 
oi/lle),  <  It. 
haioeco,  ba- 
joeeo,  a  small 
coin,  so  call- 
ed from  its 
color,  <  baio, 
b<\jo,  brown 
bay:  see 

bay'!'.]  A 

small  coin  of  thi^  foriiKT  I'mial  Stall's,  struck  in 
both  silver  anil  copper,  worth  tiliouf  a  cent. 
Bairam  (bi-riim',  bi'riim),  h.  [I'lirmerly  bay- 
ram,  III yriim,  <  TiirU.  bairam,  bayniiii,  lieiram,  < 
I'ciH.  bairdm.]  The  name  id'  two  festivals  in  the 
Mohiiimueilan  year,  distinguished  as  the  lesser 
and  th(»  greater.  Thv  leaner  tin i mm  follows  Imniedl. 
ately  afler'tbe  last  strictly  kept  ilnrliig  (lie  iiliidi  month 
Kaniadan,  In  llle  first  three  days  of  the  lelidi  inoiidi.  and 
Is  devole.l  lo  feasting,  rejoleliig.  vIsKIng,  mid  glf(«,  very 
mneh  lis  our  chrlstnuut  holldiiy  season  Is  speid,  Tho 
:lreiiler  llnirnm  occurs  on  llle  ielldl  illiy  o(  die  (welfth 
month,  and  In  everywhere  olmerved  wllli  die  sliinghter  of 
sheep  and  general  fesdvlly  by  those  at  home,  HliiiuKalie. 
onsly  widl  the  great  saerlilelal  feast  at  Meeea  eoiielndlUB 

till lemonles  of  the  annual  pllgrlinngo  by  tho  hudjia. 

Also  spelled  Iteirain. 

bairmanti  "■    Soo  barcman. 


cIlium-cs 


>cry  worn  over 
S  ef  .IliliieilKlil. 
(From  \"iolI(;t-lc-Oiic"s 
"  Diet.  dli  Mobilier 
fralK^lib.") 


Hiilocco  of  I'ope  riiis  VI.,  Brltisli  Mii»oum. 
(SIxc  of  tho  original.) 


bairn 

bairn  (barn),  n.  [Sc.  form  of  thp  reg.  E.  hnru~ 
(now  only  i-lial.),  <  ME.  ham,  hern,  <  AS.  hcarn 
(=  on.  ixini  =  OFries.  ham  =  OI).  harcn  — 
OHO.  MHG.  ham  =  leel.  Sw.  Dan.  6«rK  =  Goth. 
hani),  a  child,  <  bcran,  E.  iforl.]  A  child;  a 
son  or  daughter.  See  harifi.  [North.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 

Think,  like  gooLl  Christians,  on  your  bairna  and  wives. 

DryiUn, 
As  she  annunciated  to  lier  bairns  tlie  upsliut  of  her 
praitieal  fxpelifiiee,  she  piUled  from  lier  pucket  tlie  i)ur- 
tiniis  ui  tape  whicli  sliowed  tlie  length  and  breadth  uf  the 
various  iiHinis  at  the  hospital  house.  Trolhpe. 

Bairns'  part  of  gear.    In  Scots  law,  same  as  ktjitim. 

bairnliness  (barn'li-nes),  n.  [<  'haindij  (<  bairn 
+  -ly^)  +  -ncss.']  Childishness;  the  state  of 
being  a  child  or  like  a  child.     [Scotch.] 

bairntime  (bam'tim),  ».  [Sc,  <  ME.  harn- 
teuiH,  hani-tciii,  ete.,<  AS.  hcarn-tedm  (=  OFries. 
barn-tdm),  a  family,  <  beam,  child,  bairn,  + 
team,  family:  see  halm  and  team.']  A  family 
of  ehildi'en.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Thae  bonnie  bairnttiiie  Heav'n  has  lent. 

Burns,  A  Di'eam. 

balrnwort  (bam'wert),  n.  A  name  for  the 
common  English  daisy,  Bcllis  perennis. 

baisemaint  (biiz'man),  n.  [F.,  <  baiscr,  kiss 
{<  L.  hasiare,   kiss,  <  baxium,  a  Idss),  +  main, 

<  L.  manu.s,  hand.]  A  kissing  of  the  hands;  in 
the  plural,  compliments;  respects.     Spenser. 

baisementt,  »•  Same  as  baisemain, 
bait^  (bat),  r.  [<  ME.  haitcn,  beitcn,  baytcn, 
bci/ten  (=  OF.  beta;  bait,  in  comp.  abeter,  urge 
on,  abet,  >  E.  abet,  q.  v.),<  Icel.  bcita,  feed,  hunt, 
■  as  with  hounds  or  hawks,  bait,  as  a  hook  (= 
Sw.  beta  =  Dan.  hcclc,  bait,  =  AS.  bwtan,  also 
gebwtan,  bridle,  curb  (cf.  hdtian,  bait,  <  bat, 
bait),  =  MD.  heeten  =  OHCf.  beiseii,  beizzen, 
MHG-.  G.  beizen,  bait),  lit.  cause  to  bite,  <  hita 
=  AS.  ftttajj,  E.  bite:  see  bite.  In  senses  5  and 
6  the  verb  is  from  the  noun.  Cf.  batc^.']  I. 
trans.  If.  To  cause  to  bite ;  set  on  (a  dog)  to 
bite  or  worry  (another  animal). — 2.  To  pro- 
voke and  harass  by  setting  on  dogs;  set  a  dog 
or  dogs  to  worry  or  fight  with  for  sport,  as  an 
animal  that  is  hampered  or  confined :  as,  to  bait 
a  bull  or  a  bear. 
We'll  bait  thj  bears  to  death.      Sliak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

3.  To  set  upon,  as  a  dog  upon  a  captive  animal ; 
hence,  to  harass  in  any  way ;  annoy ;  nag ;  bad- 
ger ;  worry. 

As  chained  beare  whom  cruell  dogs  doe  bait. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xii.  35. 
How  oft  have  I  been  baited  by  these  peers, 
And  dare  not  be  revenged. 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  ii.  2. 
Baited  thus  to  vexation,  I  assum'd 
A  dulness  of  simplicity.      Ford,  Fancies,  iv.  2. 

4.  To  feed ;  give  a  portion  of  food  and  drink  to, 
especially  upon  a  journey:  as,  to  bait  horses. 

Ilhe  Suinie,  that  measures  heaven  all  day  long, 
At  night  doth  baite  his  steedes  the  <>cean  waves  emong. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  32. 

5.  To  put  a  bait  on  or  in :  as,  to  bait  a  hook, 
line,  snare,  or  trap. 

Many  sorts  of  fishes  feed  upon  insects,  as  is  well  known 
to  anglers,  who  bait  their  hooks  with  them.  Hay. 

6t.  To  allure  by  a  bait ;  catch ;  captivate :  as, 
"to  bait  fish,"  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

Do  their  gay  vestments  his  affections  bait? 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 
But  this  day  she  baited 
A  stranger,  a  grave  knight,  with  her  loose  eyes. 

B.  Joiison,  Volpone,  iv.  2. 

H.  iutrans.  If.  To  act  in  a  worrying  or  har- 
assing manner. — 2.  To  take  food;  feed. —  3. 
To  stop  at  an  inn,  while  on  a  journey,  to  feed 
the  horses,  or  for  rest  and  refreshment. 

Thence  baiting  at  Newmarket,  stepping  in  at  Audley 
End  to  see  that  house  againe,  I  slept  at  Bishops  Strotford, 
and  the  next  day  home.         Evelyn,  Diary,  .Sept.  13,  ltj77. 

baitl  (bat),  w.     [<  ME.  bait,  hayte,  beite,  heyte, 

<  loel.  beita,  f.,  bait  (ef.  belt,  neut.,  a  pasture), 
(=  AS.  hat,  bait,  =  MHG.  beiz,  beize,  hunting), 

<  beita,  feed,  bait:  see  the  verb.  The  E.  noun 
is  in  part  directly  from  the  E.  verb.]  1.  Any 
substance,  as  an  attractive  morsel  of  food, 
placed  on  a  hook  or  in  a  trap  to  allure  fish  or 
other  animals  to  swallow  the  hook  or  to  enter 
the  trap,  and  thereby  be  caught;  specifically, 
worms,  small  fishes,  etc.,  used  in  fishing.  Hence 
— 2.  An  allurement;  enticement ;  temptation. 

I  do  not  like  that  ring  from  him  to  her, 
I  mean  to  women  of  her  way ;  such  tokens 
Rather  appear  as  baits  than  royal  bounties. 

Fletcher,  Loyiil  Subject,  ii.  2. 

'Their  riper  years  were  knowne  to  be  unmov'd  with  the 

baits  of  preferment.      Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymimus. 


423 

Tlie  cliief  bait  which  attracted  a  needy  sycophant  to  the 
court  was  the  hojie  of  obtaining,  .as  the  rewanl  nf  servil. 
ity  ami  llattcry,  a  royal  letter  to  an  heiress.       Maeaulay. 

3.  A  portion  of  food  and  drink;  a  slight  or 
informal  repast,  (a)  Refreshment  taken  on 
a  journey,  by  man  or  beast. 

If  you  gi-ow  dry  l)efore  you  end  your  husinesa,  pray  take 
a  bait  here  ;  I've  a  fresh  hogshead  for  you. 

B.  Jotuion,  Scfjrnful  Lady. 

(h)  A  luncheon ;  food  eaten  by  a  laborer  dur- 
ing his  shift.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —4.  A  halt  for  re- 
fi'eshnu-nt  or  rest  in  the  course  of  a  journey. 

'I'he  tediousness  of  a  two  hours'  bait  at  Petty  France,  in 
which  there  was  nothing  to  be  doTie  but  to  eat  without 
being  hungry,  and  loiter  about  with<jut  anything  to  see, 
next  followed,      .fane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  123. 

5t.  A  refreshment  or  refresher. 
A  pleasauut  companion  is  a  bait  in  a  journy. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  1»8. 
6t.  A  hasty  meal ;  a  snack. 

lie  rather  took  a  bait  than  made  a  meal  at  the  inns  of 
co\irt,  whilst  he  studied  the  laws  therein. 

Fidlrr,  Worthies  (ed.  1840),  II.  607.    (N.  E.  D.) 
7.  Short  for  tvhitebait. 

bait-+,  etc.    An  obsolete  form  of  baie^,  etc. 

bait-box  (bat'boks),  n.  1.  A  small  box  in 
which  anglers  carry  worms  or  small  bait  for 
fish. —  2.  A  tank  in  which  bait  for  fish  is  taken 
to  the  fishing-ground. 

baiter  (ba'ter),  n.  One  who  baits  or  worries 
(animals);  hence,  atoi-mentor;  a  tease. 

balth  (bath),  a.,  prim.,  or  conj.  A  Scotch  form 
of  both. 

baiting  (ba'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  baiting,  bay  ting, 
etc. :  verbal  n.  of  finjil.]  1.  The  act  of  worry- 
ing a  chained  or  confined  animal  with  dogs. 
Hence — 2.  The  act  of  won-ying and  harassing; 
persistent  annoyance. — ^3.  The  act  of  halting 
on  a  jom'ney  for  rest  and  food  for  either  man 
or  beast. — 4.  The  act  of  furnishing  a  trap, 
hook,  etc.,  with  bait. 

bait-mill  (bat'mil),  re.  A  mill  used  by  Ameri- 
can fishermen  for  cutting  mackerel,  salted  her- 
rings, etc.,  into  small  pieces  for  bait.  It  consists 
of  a  roller  armed  with  knives  and  inclosed  in  an  upright 
wooden  Ijox,  and  is  worked  by  a  crank  on  the  outside. 

bait-poke  (bat'pok),  n.  In  coal-mining,  the 
bag  in  which  bait  or  luncheon  is  carried  into 
the  mine. 

baittle  (ba'tl),  a.    A  Scotch  form  of  battle^. 

baitylos,  n.    See  batylus. 

baize  (baz),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bays,  bayes, 
beasc,  haics,  <  OF.  bales  (Godefroy),  pi.,  also 
in  sing,  haye  (Cotgrave),  baize  (whence  also  D. 
baal,  LG.  baje  (>  G.  boi)  =  Sw.  boj  =  Dan.  haj 
=  Russ.  haika,  baize ;  cf.  dim.  Sp.  bayeta  =  Pg. 
haeta  =  It.  hajetta,  baize),  <  hai  (=  Sp.  bayo  = 
Pg.  halo  =  It.  bajo),  bay-colored.  The  word  is 
thus  prop.  pi.  of  hayO,  formerly  used  also  in  the 
singular:  see  6a(/6.]  1.  A  coarse  woolen  stuff 
with  a  nap  on  one  side,  and  dyed  in  plain  colors, 
usually  red  or  green.  Baize  (or  bay)  was  first  manu- 
factured in  England  in  1561,  under  letters  patent  issued 
to  certain  refugees  from  the  Netherlands,  who  had  settled 
at  Sandwich  and  other  places  and  were  skilled  in  weaving. 
Baize  is  now  chiefly  used  for  linings,  table-covers,  curtains, 
etc. ;  but  when  first  introduced  it  was  a  much  thinner 
and  finer  material,  and  was  used  for  clothing.  See  bay*^. 
2.  Any  article,  as  a  table-cover,  a  curtain,  etc., 
made  of  baize;  specifically,  in  theaters,  the 
plain  curtain  lowered  at  the  end  of  a  play. 

baize  (baz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  balzcd,  ppr. 
halzing.  [<  baize,  «.]  To  cover  or  line  with 
baize. 

bajadere,  n.    See  bayadere. 

bajdarka,  n.     Same  as  bldarkee. 

Bajimont  S  Roll.  See  Bagimont's  Boll,  under 
rail. 

bajjerkeit  (baj'er-kit),  n.  [<  Beng.  bajrakit 
(Hunter).]  Aname  of  the  Manis  penta<tactyla  or 
scaly  ant-eater,  an  edentate  mammal  of  Africa. 

bajocco,  n.     See  baiocco. 

bajrai  (buj'rii),  n.  [Hind,  and  Beng.  hajra.] 
Same  as  hiidgero. 

bajra'^,  bajri  (baj'ra,  -re),  n.  [Also  written 
hajree,  hajerce,  bajury,  repr.  Hind,  bdjra  or  bdjri, 
also  bdjrd;  bdjri -prop,  denotes  a  smaller  kind, 
which  ripens  earlier.]  A  species  of  millet, 
Pennisetum  typholdeum,  much  used  in  the  East 
Indies,  especially  for  feeding  cattle  and  horses. 

bajulatet  (baj'u-lat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  bajidatns,  pp. 
of  hajiilnre,  bear  a  burden:  see  baiP.']  To 
can-y  to  some  other  place,  as  in  badgering 
(which  see). 

bake  (bak),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  baked,  ppr.  bak- 
ing. [<  ME.  bal-rn,  <  AS.  bacan  (pret.  hoc,  pp. 
bacen)  =  D.  hakkcn  =  LG.  bakkeu  =  Fries,  backe 
=  OHG.  bacclian,  MHG.  bachen,  G.  hacken  = 
Icel.  haka  —  Sw.  haka  =  Dan.  bage,  bake,  prob. 
=  Gr.  <p6-yuv,  roast,  parch.]    I,  trans.  1.  To 


bakey 

cook  by  dry  heat  in  a  closed  place,  such  as  an 
oven  :  primarily  used  of  this  manner  of  cooking 
bread,  but  afterward  applied  to  potatoes,  ap- 
ples, etc.,  and  also  flesh  and  fish:  to  be  distin- 
guished from  roast  (which  see). 

I  have  })aked  bread  ujion  the  coals.  Isa.  xliv.  If) 

2.  To  harden  by  heat,  either  in  an  oven,  kiln, 
or  furnace,  or  by  the  sun's  heat:  as,  to  bake 
bricks  or  pottery. —  3t.  To  harden  by  cold. 
They  bake  tlieir  aides  upon  the  cold  hard  stone. 

Spenser. 
The  earth 
When  it  is  bak'd  with  frost. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i,  2. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  do  the  work  of  baking. 
I  keep  his  hou.se ;  and  I  wash,  wring,  brew,  bake,  .  .  . 
and-do  all  myself.  Shak.,  U.  W.  of  W.,  i.  4. 

2.  To  undergo  the  process  of  baking. 
bake  (bak),  n.     [<  bake,  v.    Cf.  batch'^.']    A  bak- 
ing. 

After  this  Esau  finished  the  oven,  and  accomplished  a 
bake  of  bread  therein.  Three  in  Norway,  p.  126. 

bakeboard  (bak'bord),  n.  A  board  on  wliich 
dough  is  kneaded  and  rolled  out  in  making 
bread. 

baked-apple  (bakt'ap'l),  «.  A  name  given  in 
Laljrador  to  tlie  dried  fruit  of  the  Itubus  CJiamiE- 
miinis,  or  cloudberry. 

baked-meatt,  bake-meatt  (bakt'-,  bak'met),  n. 
[Prop,  baked  meat;  <  baked -i-  meat.']  1.  Pood 
prepared  by  baking;  a  dish  of  baked  meat  or 
food. 

In  the  uppermost  basket  there  was  of  all  manner  of 
bakc-ineats  for  Pharaoh.  Gen.  xL  17. 

Thrift,  thrift.  Horatio  !  the  funeral  hak'd  meats 
Did  coldly  furnish  forth  the  marriage  tables. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
2.  A  meat-pie. 

You  apeak  as  if  a  man 
Should  know  what  fowl  is  coffin'd  in  a  bak'd-meat 
Afore  you  cut  it  up.  Webster,  White  Devil,  iv.  1. 

bakehouse  (biik'hous),  «.  [E.  dial,  also  bael- 
liouse;  <  ME.  bak-house,  bachouse  (=  LG.  back- 
hus),  <  AS.  ba:cMis,(.  bacan,  bake,  +  hUs,  house.] 
A  building  or  an  apartment  used  for  the  pre- 
paring and  baking  of  bread,  etc. 

bake-meatt,  ".    See  baked-mcat. 

bakent  (ba'kn).  An  obsolete  past  participle  of 
hake. 

baker  (ba'kfer),  n.  [<  ME.  baker,  bakere,  <  AS. 
ha'ccre  (=  OS.  bakkeri  =  D.  hakker  =  G.  backer, 
becker  =  Icel.  bakari  =  Sw.  bugare  —  Dan.  6a- 
ger),<.  bacan,  bake:  see  hake  and  -erl.  Hence 
bakester,  hackster^,  haxtcr.]  1.  One  who  bakes; 
specifically,  one  whose  business  it  is  to  make 
bread,  biscuit,  etc. — 2.  Asmall  portable  tin  oven 
used  in  baking.    [U.  S.]  —  3.  The  popular  name 

of  the  flesh-fly,  Surcophaga  camuria Bakers' 

dozen,  thirteen  reckoned  as  a  dozen.  It  was  customary 
for  liakers,  like  some  other  tradesmen,  to  give  13  for  12, 
tile  extra  piece  being  called  among  bakera  the  in-bread  or 
to-bread.  Brewer  says  the  custt)m  originated  when  heavy 
penalties  were  inflicted  for  short  weights,  bakers  giving 
the  extra  bread  to  secure  themselves. —  Bakers'  itch,  a 
species  of  psoriasis,  so  called  when  it  is  confined  to  the 
back  of  the  hand.  It  often  appears  in  bakers. —  Bakers' 
salt,  subcarbonateof  ammonia,  or  amelling-salts,  so  called 
from  its  being  used  by  bakers  as  a  substitute  for  yeast  in 
the  manufacture  of  some  of  the  finer  kinds  of  bread. 

baker-foot  (ba'ker-fiit),  n. ;  pi.  baker-feet  (-fet). 
[Cf.  baker-legged.]  An  ill-shaped  or  distorted 
foot:  as,  "bow-legs  and  hakcr-feet,"  Jer.  Tay- 
lor (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness  (16G2),  p.  79. 

baker-kneed  (ba'ker-ned),  a.  Same  as  baker- 
legged. 

baker-legged  (ba'ker-legd),  a.  Disfigured  by 
haWng  crooked  legs,  or  legs  that  bend  inward 
at  the  knees. 

bakery  (ba'ker-i),  n. ;  pi.  bakeries  (-iz).  [<  bake 
+ -ery.]  1 .  The  trade  of  a  baker.  [Rare.]  — 
2.  A  place  used  for  making  bread,  etc.,  or  for 
the  sale  of  bakers'  goods ;  a  bakehouse  or  ba- 
kei-'s  establishment ;  a  baker's  shop. 

bakestert,  «■  [Also  huckster,  baxter  (whence 
the  proper  name  Baxtcr),<  ME.  bakestere,  bacster, 
baxter,  usually  masc,  <  AS.  baecestre  (fern,  in 
form,  but  masc.  in  use),  a  baker,  <  bacan,  bake, 
+  -es-tre,  E.  -ster.]  A  baker;  properly,  a  female 
baker:  as,  "brewesteres  and  bakesteres,"  Piers 
Plowman.  In  Scotland  commordy  written  bax- 
ter :  as,  baxter  wives. 

bakestone  (bak'ston),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  back- 
stone.]  A  flat  stone  or  slate  on  which  cakes  are 
baked.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bakey  (ba'ki),  n.  [Sc,  also  bakie  and  baikie, 
dim.  of  hack3,  n.]  A  square  wooden  vessel,^ 
narrower  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  top,  and. 
with  a  handle  on  each  of  two  opposite  side.<!, ' 
used  for  carrying  coals,  ashes,  etc. ;  a  wooden 
coal-scuttle .  Also  spelled  bakle  and  baikie.  See 
backs,  3.     [Scotch.] 


bakhshish 

bakhshish,  w.     See  baishish. 

baking  ^ba'king),  n.  [^'erbal  n.  of  ftate.]  1. 
Xlie  act  of  baking. —  2.  The  quantity  baked  at 
once :  as,  a  baking  of  bread.  Also  called  bale 
and  batch. 

baking-powder  (ba'kiBg-pou'der),  H.  Any 
powder  used  as  a  substitute  for  yeast  in  raising 
bread,  cakes,  etc.  Baking-powders  are  composed  of 
bicarbonate  of  sodium  or  potassium  mijed  »1th  a  dry 
p...wjer  capable  i>f  setting  carbonic  acid  free  when  the 
mixture  is  inoistent-d. 

bakshish,  bakhshish  (bak'shesh),  n.  [Also 
backshiih,  backsheesh,  bukshish,  etc.,  <  Turk.  Ar. 
Hind,  bakhshish,  <  Pers.  bakhshish,  a  present, 
<  bakhshielan,  give.]  In  the  East,  a  present  or 
gratuity  in  money. 

We  promised  him  backsheegh  for  a  sight  of  the  sacred 
book.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  94. 

"BakhihUh,"  says  a  modem  writer,  "is  a  fee  or  present 
which  tlie  Arabs  (he  here  means  the  Egyptians,  who  got 
tiie  word  from  the  Persians  through  tlie  Turks)  claim  on 
all  occasions  for  services  you  render  them,  as  well  as  for 
ser^^ces  thev  have  rendered  you.  This  bakhshish,  in  fact, 
is  a  sort  of  alms  or  tribute,  which  the  poor  Arab  believes 
himself  entitled  to  claim  from  every  respectable-looking 
person."  R-  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  23. 

bakufa  (bak'u-fo),  n.  [<  Jap.  baku,  curtain,  + 
fii,  of&ee.]     Curtain-government,  that  is,  the 

f  overnment  or  eotineil  of  the  former  shoguns  of 
apan:  so  called  in  allusion  to  the  curtain  used 
in  time  of  war  to  screen  off  that  part  of  the 
camp  occupied  by  the  general  or  shogiin.  See 
shor/un. 

On  the  3rd  of  June  the  Shogun  had  an  audience  of  the 
Mikado.  His  majestys  speech  on  the  occasion  was  as 
follows;  " The  duties  of  the  6aA-n/^u  are  on  the  one  hand 
to  govern  the  empire  in  peace,  and  on  the  other  to  subju- 
gate the  barbarians."  F,  O.  Adatna,  Japan,  I.  3^4. 

bal  (bal),  n.  [Formerly  also  ball,  <  Com.  bal,  a 
mine  (Pr\-ce),  a  cluster  of  mines  (Boriase).]  A 
mine.     [Cornwall.] 

bal.     An  abbreWation  of  balance. 

balaam  (ba'lam),  n.  [In  allusion  to  Balaam 
and  his  "  dumb  ass  speaking  with  man's  voice '' 
(Num.  xxii.  28-30;  2  Pet.  ii.  IG).]  1.  Matter 
regarding  marvelous  and  incredible  events  in- 
serted in  a  newspaper  to  fill  space.  [English 
printers'  cant.] 

Balaam  ia  the  cant  name  for  asinine  paragraphs  about 
monstrous  productions  of  nature  and  the  like,  kept  stand- 
ing in  t>-pe  to  Ik;  used  whenever  the  real  news  of  the  day 
leave  an  awkward  space  that  must  be  tilled  up  somehow. 
Lockhart,  Life  of  Scott,  Ixx. 
2.  Same  as  balaam-box. 

Bring  in  lialnnm,  anil  place  liiin  on  the  table. 

./.  \i'ih"n.  Nodes  Ambros.,  II.  xxvi, 

balaam-box,  balaam-basket  (ba'lam-boks, 
-bas  ket),  (I.  .\n  editor's  dopository  for  worth- 
less matter,  rejected  wTitiugs,  etc. 

Wlio  can  doubt  that  ...  an  Essay  for  the  Edinburgh 

Review,  in  *'  the  old  unpolluted  English  language,"  would 

have  Iwen  consigned,  by  the  editor,  to  his  Ixtlaain-haeket  f 

F.  Hall,  .Mod.  Eng.,  p.  17. 

Balaamitet  (ba'lam-5t),  n.  [<  Balaam  (Num. 
xx'n.)  +  -i(<-.]  One  who  makes  a  profession  of 
religion  for  the  sake  of  gain :  in  allusion  to  the 
prophet  Balaam. 

Balaamiticalt  (ba-lam-it'i-kal),  a.  Pertaining 
lo  t,r  .•li:irai'tcristii-  of  a  Balaamite. 

Bala  beds.    See  fc«/i. 

balachan  (bal'n-chan),  >i.     Same  as  balachonrj. 

balachong  (bal'a-chong),  n.  [<  Malay  htiUi- 
chdn.'^  A  substance  composed  of  small  fishes 
or  shrimps  pounded  up  with  salt  an<l  spices, 
and  then  drii'd.  It  is  much  ll^■'  1  in  Mi'-  East 
as  a  condiim-iit 
for  rice.  Also 
hnlitchan,  biitn- 
rhoiing,  bala- 
rhfiiiit. 

baladine,n.  See 

liiiliiulinc. 
Balxna  (ba-le'- 
nii),  II.      [L.,   ' 
Of.  pn'/aiv'i. 

more    correcll\ 

whalo.l         Til. 

typi 

of 

whn.' 

family     liiiinn 

lilt,  haviTif  I! 

eervicftl 

lirn)  nnk 

th«    f'.- 

|..-nt 

with  i  ; 

claKi: 

the  throai  «  n  i,.    j,,^,^,,  „  wi.,.uu<-.i  .u..i.,.. 


424 

out  furrows,  and  no  dorsal  fin.  It  contains  the 
Greenland  or  arctic  whale,  B.  mysticetus,  and  several 
other  species  found  in  all  seas.  See  cuts  imder  ankylosis 
and  Balifiiidie. 
Balaeniceps  (ba-le'ni-seps),  K.  [NL.,  <  L.  ba- 
la-na,  a  whale,  +  -ceps,  <  caput,  head.]  A  genus 
of  grallatorial  altrieial  birds,  of  which  the  type 
ami  only  known  member  is  the  shoebill  or 
whalehead  of  Africa,  11.  rex,  comparatively 
lately  discovered  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
White  Nile.  The  genus  is  the  type  of  a  family  Baltv- 
nicipittiv,  of  somewhat  uncertain  position,  probably  near 
the  storks.  The  bii'd  is  remarkable  for  its  enoi-mous 
vaulted  beak,  which  is  much  longer  than  the  head.  Lit- 
tle is  known  of  its  habits  and  economy.  It  is  a  large 
species,  standing  upward  of  3  feet  high.  The  bill  some- 
what resembles  that  of  the  boat-billed  heron,  Caiicroma 
cochlearia.    See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

Balaenicipidae  (ba-le-ni-sip'i-de),  «.  pi    [NTj.,  < 

lldltrniceps  {-cip-)  +  -((/t.]  A  family  of  birds, 
of  which  the  genus  Bakcniceps  is  the  t3'pe  and 
only  known  representative,  it  belongs  to  the  altri- 
eial or  herodionine  series  of  wading  birds,  and  is  probably 
nearly  related  to  the  Cicvniida;  or  storks. 

balsenid  (bal'e-nid),  «.     A  cetacean  of  the  fam- 
ily Bdhniidie;  any  right  whale. 

Balsemdae(ba-le'ni-de),  ».;<?.  [NTj.,<  Bahrna  + 
-)(/(('.]  A'family  of  right  whales,  or  true  whale- 
bone whales,  tj-pi- 
fied  by  the  genera 
Bala-na  and  Ba- 
Urnoptera,  having 
baleen  instead  of 
teeth.  Teeth  are, 
however,  present  in 
the  fetus,  though  they 
never  cut  the  gum. 
Tlie  Bahfiiidce  may  be 
divided  into  two  sec- 
tions, the  smooth 
ichates,  characterized 
by  smoothness  of  skin 
and  the  absence  of  a 
dorsal  fin,  as  the 
Greenland  or  riglit 
whale,  Balfpna  juysti- 
ct'tus ;  and  the  fur- 
rowed  ivhaUs,  in  which 
the  skin  is  furrowed 
and  tlie  dorsal  fin  is 
present,  as  the  flnnera 
(Physaius),        hump- 


Sl-uli  or  lel.il  Wli.ilc  i  lUiUiia 


strtjlii  ),  sijc  ,iik1  top  view 


IF 


Eo.  cxoccipit.ll;  /■>.  frotitiil ;  (;/.  glenoid :  Mh,  itiatidible;  Mx, 
maxilla  ;  Sa.  n;isal ;  /"a,  parietal ;  Pmx,  piemaxilla ;  St.  squamo- 
sal :  So.  supra-occipital ;  Ty,  tympanic- 

backed  whales  (Meyapltra),  and  rorquals  or  pikeil  »  hales 
(Hala'iwjilera).  The  term  is  sometimes  restricted  to  the 
llrst  of  these  sections,  the  other  whalebone  whales  then 
roiistitntiiigasepariitc  family,  flaltenoptpndiv.  See  triialr. 
Balaeninse  (bal-e-ni'ne),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bahnui 
+  -Hire.]  ,\  subfamily  of  Balmikhv,  \\\nfw>\  by 
tlic  genus  HiiUnid,  enutaining  only  the  snuicitli 
viglit  wh;ili'S.     See  BdUruida. 

Balaenoidea  (bni-e-noi'de-ii),  «.  pi.     [NL.,  < 

Bulana  +  -oiitm.'}  One  of  the  fliree  priiiiiiry 
groups  into  which  tliii  ('rtiictii  are  divisible, 
the  other  two  being  the  Diljihinoiilcii  ami  llie 
I'tioriKlimtid.  It  euibraces  the  right  whales 
ilSdld-na)  and  the  lin-whales  {BaUriioplod, 
<-U-.]. 

Balaenoptera  (bal-c-nop'te-ril),  «.    [NL.,  <  L. 

hdldiid,  a  wliiilc,  -f 'Or.  Trf/ioc,  a  wing]  A  ge- 
nus of  whalcbDiii'  whales,  containing  tlii'  sev- 
eral species  of  ]iikeil  whales,  roniuals,  linncrs, 
finbacks,  or  i-azor-backs,  so  called  from  their 
long,  sharp,  falcate  ilorsal  (in.  Tlnfan'  found  In 
all  seiuH.  .Sonic  ai-e  very  large,  an  /.'.  «iW«i/./i.  wlilili  iiIIiiIiik 
a  length  of  he  feet.  The  lllppers  liavi-  4  iliglls  ;  Ihi'  l.nlccii 
In  short  mill  coal-se;  the  Hklii  of  the  tluoat  In  foldid  ;  Ihc 
head  IsHmall.  Hut.  and  pointed  ;  the  body  Is  long  and  "hii 
iler;  and  the  cervical  virlehni-  are  free.  ConinioM  Allan- 
til  Hpicles  nil-  //.  miKriifiiKand  //.  borrttli:  Tliewlinli- 
bolli'  !•.  of  lolilplirallvi-lv  mile  Vllllliv 

balaenopterid  (lMil-e-nop'le-rid),7i.  A  ci'lacenn 
•  if  llio  liniiilv  lldldmijitniihi: 

Balaenopteridae  (bal  <;-nop-ter'i-d«"i),  h.  ;./. 
|.NL.,  <  lldl,n,i>itt,rd  +  -iiUr.']  The  fiirrowe.l 
whalebone  wlinles;  n  family  of  myslii'i'lo  eetn- 
cennH,  lyiiified  bv  tlii'  goinis  Itdliitiditlira,  hiiv- 
Irigllie  riininl  iiliniteil,  tlw  ilorsal  fin  di-vilniied, 
lliiTervii'al  vcrlebrii'fni'iirinemnpletily  iinky- 
biHid,  Ihii  llippiTH  with  only  4  iligils,  and  (he 
Imlei'ii  Hliiirl  iilid  coarse,  it  contnlnn  the  hiiinpbin  k,  d 
and  the  tlliiier  wlmlin.  noiiiillnieii  renlpocllvely  iiiuili'  lypes 
of  Ulu  ■ubfainlllcl  Uttiajilcrinir  anil  llalirnoiilrrimr. 


balance 

Balaenopterinae  (bal-e-nop-te-n'ne),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  BdUrnojitera  +  -/««■.]  A  subfamily  of 
whalebone  whales,  typified  by  the  genus  Balw- 
noptcra.  (a)  .\  subfamily  of  BnliTiiidir.  iiuliuling  the 
furrowed  as  distinguished  from  the  smooth  right  whali» 
or  Balirmii/T.  (6)  A  subfamily  of  Balwiiopteridce,  in- 
cluding the  tinner  whales  as  distinguished  from  the  hump- 
backed whales  or  .Vrnapterinir.  having  a  high,  erect,  fal- 
cate ilorsal  fill,  and  4  dibits  of  not  more  than  G  phalanges. 

balafo  (bal'a-fo),  >h  [Native  name.]  A  musi- 
cal instrument  of  the  Senegambian  negroes, 
consisting  of  graduated  pieces  of  wood  placed 
over  gourds  to  increase  their  resonance.  Its 
compass  is  two  octaves. 

balalaika  (bal-a-li'kii),  «.  [=  F.  balaleika  =  G. 
bdlalaika,  repr.  Russ.  balalaikd.^  A  musical 
instrument  of  very  ancient  Slavic  origin,  com- 
mon among  the  Russians  and  Tatars,  and,  ac- 
cording to  Niebuhr,  also  in  Egj-pt  and  Arabia. 
It  is  of  the  guitar  kind,  and  has  two,  three,  or  four  strings, 
giving  a  minor  chord.  {Mendel.)  It  is  now  most  used  by 
the  gipsies  of  eastern  Europe. 

The  dances  of  the  gipsies,  accompanied  by  the  music  of 
the  balalaika,  and  clapping  of  hands. 

A.  J.  C.  IJare,  Studies  in  Russia,  vi. 

Bala  limestone.    See  limestone. 

balance  (bal'an.s),  n.  [<  ME.  balance,  balauncf, 
early  luod.  E.  also  hallance,  hcldiincc,  etc.,  <  OF. 
balance.  F.  hahiiice  =  Pr.  haUinsa  =  bp.  Imlanza, 
balance  =  Pg.  balanca  =  It.  bilancia,  <  LL.  *bi- 
Jancia,  a  balance,  <  bilanx  (ace.  bilancem),  adj., 
in  libra  bilanx,  a  balance  having  two  scales, 
<  L.  bi-,  bis,  twice,  +  lanjc,  a  dish,  scale  of  a, 
balance.  See  bi-",  lance",  lanncc",  and  aiincel.'] 
1.  An  instrument  for  determining  the  weight 
of  bodies  as  compared  with  an  assimied  unit- 
mass.  In  its  simplest  and  most  scientific  form  it  con- 
sists of  a  horizontal  lever,  having  its  fulcriini  (which  is  a 
knife-edge)  just  above  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  whole 
balance,  and  carrviiig  two  pans  suspended  as  delicately  as 
possible  (iirifi  r:ii>ly  from  knife-edges)  at  equal  distances 
on  the  ii.L;lit  iiiid  left  of  the  fulcrum.  It  also  carries  a 
tongue-pointer  or  iiide.\  (a  slender  rod)  rigidly  attached  to 
the  middle  of  the  beam  or  lever,  and  extending  vertically 
up  or  down.  E-\cept  in  coarse  balances,  there  is  a  divided 
scale,  over  which  the  end  of  the  tongue  moves  in  the  oscil- 
lations of  the  balance.  .-Vll  delicate  balances  are  protected 
iroiii  lunents  of  air  by  glass  cases,  mid  they  have  contri- 
viinccs  for  steadying  the  pans,  and  often  for  removing  the 
knives  from  their  bearings  and  for  rejilacing  them.  Ex- 
ceedingly delicate  balances  are  sometimes  inclosed  in 
vaciniiii-Vhaiiibers.  and  have  machinery  for  changing  the 
Mi'iubts.  In  using  the  balance,  the  substance  to  be  weighed 
is  phii  111  111  one  pan  or  scale  and  the  weights  arc  put  in 
the  utlicr.  and  liiltercnt  combinations  of  weights  are  tried 
until  tile  pointer  oscillates  at  equal  distances  to  one  side 
and  tlic  other  of  the  position  it  has  when  the  scales  lU'e 
empty.  Ill  chemical  balances  the  bust  adjustment  is  ob- 
tained bv  moving  a  niiiintc  \\'cight,  or  rider,  to  ditlcrent 
points  oil  the  decimally  griidiiated  beam.  The  figure  shows 
the  bciiin  of  a  balance  of  precision.  It  is  so  formed  lui  to 
combine  stilliicss  with  lightness,  and  there  are  various  ad- 

justlncntsfor ving  llie  center  of  gravity,  the  knife-edges 

etc.    Other  things  being  equal,  the  greater  the  length  of 


Beam  and  ncighlwring  parts  of  a  Balance  of  Precision. 
.■r--*.licam;  ;?.  knifc-edgc  on  which  it  tunis;  i'.C.  knife.cdRes  fixed 
to  the  Warn  on  which  the  pans  arc  luing  ;  />.  />,  the  bcanng-pieces  of 
lhep,<ns;  Jz.  tongue,  the  lower  extTciiiity  of  which  moves  over  a  sc.ile  ; 
y^,  screw  witli  a  nut  for  raising  an,l  lowering  the  center  of  gravity: 
this  has  no  rnnncctinn  with  the  horimnt.il  roil  //.-  o".  si  rew  with  a 
nut  fill  carrviiie  tlir  .enter  nf  gravity  t..«.iiil  one  or  the  other  pan:  //. 
a  rider,  or  lunr  wiicht,  whose  v.diic  ilc|iciicls  on  lis  position  on  the 
beam,  whu  h  il  str.i.Ml.s  :  /  /.  rvid  sliding  hoM/oiit.dly.  with  .,  hook  to 
tiilce  111,  and  set  down  the  ridrr  :  A'  A',  piece  which  r.iises  and  lower* 
the  levers,  /.,  /.  ,•  /..  /,  levers  to  take  tlic  beam  and  pans  simultane- 
ously olf  their  hearings  when  the  weights  arc  to  he  changed  :  M.  M, 
knobs  siipportiiiL'  the  l«atn  when  the  levers. /.,/.,  arc  raised  ;  A*  .V. 
tlic  pans  when  the  levers,  7.,  /,  arc  raised.   Many  Ital- 


y's supporting 

-vc  aru_.     ,    .   _  _^ „ 

three  knives,  but  these  are  discarded  in  the  larger  balances. 


ances  have  arningements  for  adjusting  the  relative  tHisitlonsof  the 
■     ■         ■   It  the  ■  ' 


the  arms  and  the  stnaller  the  tlistanee  of  the  center  of 
gravity  below  tlie  center  of  BUHpcnsion,  the  greater  will  bo 
the  si'lmibility  of  the  balance  or  the  aiigiilar  aiiioiint  of 
llie  devlalloli  produced  wllh  a  given  slight  adilllion  to 
ilthiT  scale.  The  degree  of  scllKibilll.v  lo  be  disll'ed  de- 
pends upon  the  use  to  wliieh  the  instniiiieiit  Is  to  be  put. 
Such  a  biilancciui  Iseiiijiloveil  in  accnralc  elienili'al  atialy- 
hIh  will  Indlcale  a  dllbieiice  of  weight  of  a  tenth  or  linn- 
ilredtli  of  a  nillllgratn. 

1  have  In  equal  hntnnre  Justly  welglt'd 

What  "rungs  our  arms  may  do,  what  wrong*  we  sulfer. 
Slink.,  i  lien.  IV.,  Iv.  1. 

2.  Any  apimratus  for  weighing,  as  a  steel- 
yanl  or  HHpring-balance. —  3.  One  of  the  scales 

of  a  balnnce;  in  (ho  plural,  scnles. 

And  1  behelil.  and  lo  a  black  horse  ;  and  lie  that  sat  on 
lilln  liail  a  pail-  of  Uoliinren  In  bis  liiilld.  Ivcv.  vi.  f). 

Take  a  lilllte  of  nir;  and  weigh  It  against  a  plllte  of  WB- 

lor,  awl  you  will  see  the  liiiHiini f  the  last  go  tliiwn  a 

liialii.  /'o»''V.  Nat.  I'.inlles.  III.  111.     (.V.  K.  D.) 

•\.  'Phi'  net  of  weighing  niendilly;  (he  act  of 
coiiiparingor  estimating  two  (liingM  as  in  a  bal- 
ani'e. 


balance 

Upon  a  fair  balance  of  tlie  advantages  on  either  side. 

ISf.  Atlnhiir;/. 
5.  An  equivalent  or  equalizing  weight ;  that 
which  is  put  into  one  scale  to  otfset  the  weight 
ill  the  other;  the  weight  necessary  to  make  up 
the  (liiferenee  between  two  unequal  weights;  a 
counterpoise,  literally  or  liguratively.  Specifi- 
cally—6.  In  miiii'iifi,  a  counterpoise  or  counter- 
weight used  in  such  a  way  as  to  assist  the 
engine  in  lifting  the  load. —  7.  The  part  of  a 
clock  or  watch  which  regulates  the  beats :  for- 
merly, a  pin  oscillating  on  its  center,  and  thus 
resembling  the  beam  of  a  balance;  now,  awheel. 
See  hidiince-whecl. —  8.  The  arithmetical  differ- 
ence between  the  two  sides  of  an  account:  as, 
to  strike  a  hulanec. —  9.  The  sum  or  amount 
necessary  to  balance  the  two  sides  of  an  ac- 
count, usually  spoken  of  as  a  (Ivbit  or  a  crciiit 
bdldiice:  as,  I  have  still  a  balance  at  my  bank- 
er's ;  a  balance  still  due. —  10.  A  surplus ;  a  re- 
mainder ;  the  rest ;  the  residue  ;  what  remains 
or  is  left  over:  as,  he  bequeathed  the  balance 
of  his  estate  to  A.  B. ;  the  balance  of  a  meal. 
[A  colloquial  use,  of  commercial  origin.]  — 11. 
A  balanced  condition ;  a  state  of  equilibrium 
or  equipoise :  as,  to  lose  one's  balance. 

His  credit  now  in  douljtfull  halUiiinn'  liong. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  3. 

12.  Harmonious  arrangement  or  adjustment; 
just  proportion,  especially  in  the  arts  of  design. 
— 13.  [_cap.~\  In  antron.,  a  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
called  in  Latin  Libra,  which  the  sun  enters  at 
the  equinox  in  September — Aerostatic  balance. 
See  ((./orfd'iV.— Automaton  balance,    sie  niii„maion. 

-  Balance  of  power,  in  int.'ninliiuuil  hue.  adistrilmtion 
and  an  opposition  of  forces  amium  nations  foimini;  part  of 
one  system,  saeli  tlnit  no  state  shall  lie  in  a  position,  eitlier 
alone  or  nLiited  witli  others,  to  ijnjiose  its  o\mi  will  on  any 
other  state  or  interfere  with  its  indepemlenee.  (Ortolan.) 
'I'lie  leadin'.i  rule  hy  wliicli  it  lias  been  souyht  to  elfect  this 
in  t^moiie  has  been  to  oppose  every  new  arian^enient 
wliieli  threatens  either  materially  to  augment  the  stien;;th 
ot  one  of  the  greater  powers  or  to  diminish  that  of  another. 
The  meaning  of  the  balance  of  power  is  this :  tliat  any 
European  state  may  l>e  restrained  from  pursuing  plans  of 
ari|iiisition,  or  makiu',^  prejiarations  looking  towards  fu- 
ture aruuisjtiniis,  which  are  judged  to  be  hazardous  to  the 
inilependenee  and  national  existence  of  its  neighbors, 

U'di'isey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  §  43. 
Balance  of  probabilities,  the  excess  of  reasons  for  be- 
lieving one  of  two  alternatives  over  the  re.asons  for  be- 
lieving the  other.  It  is  measured  by  the  higarithm  of  the 
ratio  of  the  chances  in  favorof  apioposition  to  the  chances 
against  it.  — Balance  of  trade,  the  dilference  between 
the  anionut  -u-  value  of  the  commodities  exported  from 
and  imported  into  a  country.  The  balance  is  said  to  be 
J'an'i^ihh'  inr  or  in/aoor  of  a  country  when  the  value  of 
itse\p(trts  exieeds  that  of  its  imports,  and  unfavorable 
when  tile  value  of  its  imports  exceeds  that  of  its  exports. — 
Bent-lever  balance.  See  tawjent-balanee. — Compen- 
sation balance,  .see  fro/ijje?wafio?i.— Danish  balance, 
a  wet^hin^  apjiaratns  somewhat  resembling  the  steeljard, 
hut  ditfering  from  it  in  liav- 
ing  the  fulcrum  movable, 
the  weight  being  at  one  end 
and  the  load  at  the  other ; 
the  loop  by  which  it  is  sus- 
pended is  shifted  along  the 
beam  until  equilibrium  is  es- 
tablished. The  weight  of  the 
substance  in  the  scale-pan  is 
indicated  by  the  point  at  which  tlie  fnlrrum  is  placed  when 
the  instrument  is  in  eiinililiriu 111.-  Electric  balance.  .See 
absolute  electrometer ,  iinder-7.<-//-'o/o7,  - .  il  iih  e^ntud  ijalva- 
nometer,  under  rfaleanoineter;  hut  nrl  iMnhnlnuee  ;  Wheat- 
stone's  bridge,  under  re«s(anc«.— Expansive  balance,  a 
compensation-balance  in  watches,  consisljng  of  a  com- 
pound rim  whose  outer  and  inner  portions  are  made  of 
metals  having  different  rates  oi  expansion  by  heat.  This 
arrangement  serves  to  counteract  the  effects  of  variations 
of  temperature  upon  the  speed  of  the  watch. — False  bal- 
ance, a  balance  having  arms  of  unecjual  length,  or  of 
eiinal  length  and  uneijual  weight,  so  that  its  positions 
when  cinjity  and  when  carr,\'ing  eipial  weights  in  the  two 
pans  are  ditterelit.  -HydratlliC  balance.     See  Inelrdidie. 

—  Hydrostatic  balance,  see  ln{.ir<,-^ii,ii,\  Hygromet- 
ric  balance,  see/i.vyno/icfro-.  -   Roberval's  balance,  a 

balaiire  lia\iim  twi.  Imri/untal  lira!n>  ',iie  n\er  the  other, 
coniK-eted  at  their  extrciiiitks  b\  Joints  to  vertical  pieces, 
so  tiiat  the  whole  forms  a  linked  palallelograin.  The  scales 
are  at  the  top.  The  advantage  of  the  contrivance  is,  that 
it  makes  it  a  matter  of  indirterence  at  what  point  on  the 
pan  the  object  to  be  weighed,  or  the  counterpoise,  is 
placed.  An  improved  form  of  this  balance  is  commonly 
used  to  weigh  articles  sold  by  druggists.  — Roman  bal- 
ance, a  steelyard  (which  see).— Spring-balance,  a  con- 
trivance for  determining  the  weight  of  an>  article  by  ob- 
serving the  amount  of  deflection  or  coniijrcssion  which  it 
produces  upon  a  helical  steel  spring  properlj  adjusted  and 
tittcil  with  an  index  working  against  a  graduated  scale. 
Another  form  of  spiin^-balance  is  made  in  the  shape  of 
the  letter  C,  the  upper  end  being  suspended  by  a  ring, 
and  the  lower  end  affording  attachment  for  the  hook 
whereby  the  object  is  suspended.  As  the  bow  opens  a  fin- 
ger traverses  a  graduated  arc  and  registers  the  weight- 
Thermic  or  actinic  balance.  Sanie  as  bolometer.— To 
cast  the  balance,  to  turn  the  scale;  cause  one  scale  to 
preponderate  :  often  used  figuratively.  South;  Dryden.— 
To  hold  in  balance,  to  keep  in  a  state  of  uncertainty  or 
suspense. 

She  wolde  not  fonde 
To  holde  no  wight  in  balaunee 
By  halfe  worde  ne  by  conntenannce. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  1020. 


425 
To  lay  in  balance,  to  put  up  as  a  pledge  or  security. 


balance-plow 

Oh  .'  wIki  would  cast  and  balance  at  a  desk, 

Perchd  like  a  crow  upon  a  three-lcgg'd  stool, 

Till  all  his  juice  is  dried?     Temiymn,  Audley  Court. 

balance-bar  (bal'ans-biir),  n.    Same  as  balance- 

ln'atn,  'J. 
balance-barometer  (l)ari!,ns-ba-rom"e-t6r),  n. 
A  liarcinicler  c. insisting  oi  a  beiiiii  balanced  on 
a  pivot,  and  lorined,  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
pivot,  of  materials  difl'ering  greatly  in  specific 
gravity.  The  bulks  of  the  parts  on  either  side  of  the 
fulcrum,  and  consciiuently  the  volumes  of  air  displaced 
by  them,  thus  dilfer  greatly.  If  the  air  Increases  in  den- 
sity, its  elfeetive  buoyancy  on  the  more  bulky  arm  con- 
.siilerably  exceeds  its  elfect  upon  the  smaller  ;  the  former 
therefore  rises.  If  the  air  becomes  lighter,  the  reverse 
hapiicii^.     The  viti];itions  are  note'!  upon  a  scale. 

balance  (Imrans),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  balanced,  balance-beam(barans-bem),M.  1.  The  beam  of 
ppr.  balancinij.     [=  F.  balancer  =  Pr.  balansai 


\v  Wdhlc  iiat  foigon  his  aqueyntanee 
I''or  niochel  good,  I  i\a.r  leyc  in  balaunee 
Al  that  I  have  in  my  possessioun. 
Chaitcer,  I'rol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  hH. 
To  pay  a  balance,  to  pay  tin-  ditferenee  and  make  two 
accounts  cipial.     Torsloh-balance,  an  instrument  for 
measuring  ecrtain  electrical  fones  and  the  intensity  of 
magnets.    It  consists  of  a  magnetic  iieedli!  susjiended  by 
a  silk  thread  or  a  very  tine  wire  in  a  glass  cylinder,  of 
which  the  circumference  is  graduated.    'I'he  force  or  mag- 
net to  be  measured  is  .applied  to  one  siile  of  the  cylindei-, 
either  inside  or  outside,  and  its  intensity  is  indicated  by 
the  amount  of  dellci'tiou  of  the  su.spendcd  needle,  which 

is  caused  to  ixcrt  a  bucc  of  torsi. n  the  thread  or  wire 

which  supports  it.  (See  also  alliiii-lndinirr,  nsxaiilnl- 
anee.  eoin-litdiinee,  nneronteter-halanee,  indlstone-lmlatire.) 
=  Syn.  10.   ^re  remainder. 


Danish  Balance. 


=  Sp.  balan.:ar  (obs.),  balauccar  =  Pg.  bitlan^ar 
=  It.  bilanciare,  balance;  from  the  noun.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  weigh ;  especially,  to  weigh  or  con- 
sider in  the  mind ;  ponder  over. 

In  the  mean  while  I  will  go  for  the  said  Instrument, 
and  'till  my  Return  you  may  ballance  this  .Matter  in  your 
own  Discretion.  Contjreiic,  Way  of  the  World,  v.  (i. 

.She  balanced  this  a  little, 
And  told  me  she  would  answer  us  to-day. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iii.  140. 

2.  To  estimate  the  relative  weight  or  impor- 
tance of,  as  two  or  more  things ;  make  a  com- 
parison between  as  to  relative  importance, 
force,  value,  etc. 

Balance  the  good  and  evil  of  things.   Sir  R.  L'Estranfje. 

3.  To  bring  into  a  state  of  equipoise  or  equi- 
librium ;  arrange  or  adjust  (the  several  parts  of 
a  thing)  symmetrically:  as,  to  balance  the  sev- 
eral parts  of  a  machine  or  a  painting. — 4. 
To  keep  in  equilibrium  or  equipoise ;  poise ; 
steady:  as,  to  balance  a  pole  on  one's  chin. 

I  cannot  give  due  action  to  my  words, 
Except  a  sword  or  sceptre  balance  it. 

Shale,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

The  maids  of  Nazareth,  as  they  trooped  to  fill 
Their  balanced  urns  beside  the  mountain  rill. 

0.  If.  Holmes,  The  Mother's  .Secret. 

5.  To  serve  as  a  counterpoise  to ;  counter- 
balance ;  offset :  as,  the  ups  and  downs  of 
life  balance  each  other. 


a  balniice.— 2.  A  long  beam  attached  to  a  draw- 
bridge,thegateof  a  canal-lock, etc., servingpar- 
tially  to  counterbalance  its  weight,  and  used  in 
opening  and  closing  it.  Also  called  balance-bar. 
balance-bob  (bal'ans-bob),  n.  A  beam,  bent 
lever,  ov  liob,  rocking  or  oscillating  on  an  axi.s, 
and  having  at  one  end  a  counterpoise,  while 
the  other  is  attached  to  the  rod  of  a  Cornish 
pumping-engine.  it  is  designed  to  relieve  the  strain 
on  the  engine  and  rod  resulting  from  lifting  a  heavy  load. 
Also  called  <'scitlatin</  or  roctdn;/  bob.     SeetioM. 

balance-book  (bal'ans-biak),  n.  In  com.,  a 
book  ill  which  the  adjusted  debtor  and  credi- 
tor aec-oiints  have  beenjiosted  from  the  ledger. 

balance-bridge  (bal'iuis-brij),  «.  A  bridge  in 
which  the  overhang  beyond  an  abutment  is 
counterbalanced  either  Ijy  means  of  heavy 
weights  connected  with  it  by  cliains  running 
over  pulleys,  or  by  a  portion  of  the  roadway 
which  extends  backward  from  the  abutment. 
See  Inisciilc-hridiic. 

balance-chamber  (barans-cham'''ber),  n.  In  a 
Whitehead  torpedo,  a  compartment  just  behind 
the  condensed-air  chamber,  containing  the  de- 
vices which  keep  the  torpedo  at  its  proper  depth 
in  the  water. 

balance-crane  (bal'ans-kran),  n.  A  crane  in 
which  the  load  is  counterbalanced  in  whole  or 
in  part  by  a  weight,  swinging  with  the  load,  but 
placed  upon  the  opposite  side  of  the  pintle  or 
post. 


One  expression  in  the  letter  must  check  and  balance  the  balance-dynamometer   (bal'ans-di-na-mom'e- 


Other.  Kent. 

In  the  case  of  a  precision  steel-yard,  it  is  best  so  to  dis- 
tribute the  mass  of  the  beam  that  the  right  arm  balanees 
the  left  one.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  III.  2S2. 

6.  To  bring  into  a  state  of  equality;  make 

equal;  offset  (one  thing  with  another). 

To  balance  fortune  by  a  just  expense, 

Join  with  economy,  magnificence; 

With  splendour,  charit,v  ;  with  plenty,  health. 

Po2)e,  Jloral  Essays,  iii.  223. 
Like  souls  that  balance  joy  and  pain. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Guinevere. 
Weariness  was  balanced  with  delight. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  24G. 

7.  To  use  as  a  counterpoise  or  set-off. 

Is  it  a  rule  of  oratory  to  balance  the  style  against  the 
subject,  and  to  handle  the  most  sublime  truths  in  the  dull- 
est language  and  the  driest  manner'^ 

Sydney  Siriith,  in  Lady  Holland,  iii. 

The  .  .  .  wisdom  which  balanced  Egypt  against  AssjTia. 

Pusey,  llinor  Prophets,  p.  47. 

8.  To  sway  up  and  down,  like  the  arms  of  a 
balance. 

Henley  stands, 
Tuning  his  voice,  and  balancing  his  hands. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iii.  200. 

9.  To  settle  by  paying  what  remains  due  on  an 
account ;  equalize  or  adjust. 

Though  I  am  very  well  satisfied  that  it  is  not  in  my 
power  to  balance  accounts  with  my  Maker,  I  am  resolved, 
however,  to  turn  all  my  endeavours  that  way. 

Addison,  Spectator. 


ter),  n.  A  form  of  dynamometer  in  which  the 
principle  of  the  steelyard  is  used  to  estimate 
the  number  of  foot-pounds  of  power.  The  ap- 
paratus is  attached  between  two  pulleys,  of  which  one  re- 
ceives and  the  other  transmits  the  motive  force,  and  is 
operated  by  means  of  loose  pulleys,  upon  which  the  belts 
are  shifted  when  it  is  desired  to  test  the  power.  Also 
called  /.c-  /../,, r,-  transmittin'i  dynamometer.  .See  cut  un- 
dent/...!//,..,,,,/.,-. 

balance-electrometer  (bal'ans-e-lek-trom'e- 
ter),  n.  A  form  of  absolute  electrometer.  See 
electrometer. 

balance-engine  (barans-en'''jin),  n.  A  steam- 
engine  which  has  two  pistons  acting  in  oppo- 
site directions  in  the  same  cylinder. 

balance-fish  (bal'ans-fish),  ».  A  name  of  the 
hammerhead, or  hammer-headed  shark.S/)  ?iyrna 
malleus:  so  called  because  the  sides  of  the  head 
resemble  the  arms  of  a  balance.  Also  called 
hanimcr-fish.     See  out  under  hammerhead. 

balance-frame  (bal',^ns-fram),  n.  One  of  twc 
frames  of  a  ship  which  are  of  equal  weight  and 
at  equal  distances  from  its  center  of  gravity. 

balance-gate  (bal'ans-gat),  h.  1.  Agate  eithei- 
so  supported  in  the  middle,  or  so  counter- 
weighted,  that  its  weight  may  rest  vertically 
upon  the  gate-post  instead  of  hanging  upon  one 
side  of  it. — 2.  In  hi/draidicf:.  a  gate  haring  equal 
areas  uijon  each  side  of  the  supporting  post,  so 
that  the  action  of  a  cuiTentmay  not  impede  its 
mo%'ement. 


10.  To  examine  or  compare  by  summations,  balance-level  (bal'ans-lev'el),  h.     A  builders' 


etc.,  so  as  to  show  how  assets  and  lialiilities  or 
debits  and  credits  stand:  as,  let  us  balance  our 
accounts. —  11.  Naut.,  to  steady  (a  ship  in  bad 
weather)  by  reefing  with  a  balance-reef — Bal- 
anced copula.  See  c'u;iM(a.— To  balance  books,  to  close 
cir  ailjust  each  jicrsonal  or  general  ar...uiil  in  a  ledger. 


or  surveyors'  instrument,  consisting  of  a  bar 
exactly  balanced  and  suspended  by  a  cord,  and 
carrying  two  sights  which  show  the  line  of 
level.  Soiyetimes  the  bar  is  placed  at  right  angles  to  a 
rod,  the  whole  being  allowed  to  hang  like  a  pendulum.  A 
telescope  is  sometimes  substituted  for  the  bar  and  sights. 


II.  intrans.  1.  To  have  an  equality  or  equiv-  fealancement  (bal'ans-ment),  h.     [<  balance,  v., 


alence  in  weight,  parts,  etc.;  be  in  a  state 
of  eqiupoise;  be  evenly  adjusted:  as,  the  two 
things  exactly  balance;  I  cannot  make  the  ac- 
count balance. —  2.  To  oscillate  Like  the  beams 
of  a  balance;  waver;  hesitate.     [Rare.] 

He  xvould  not  balance  uor  err  in  the  determination  of 
his  choice.  Loehe. 

3.  In  dancing,  to  move  forward  and  backward, 
or  in  opposite  directions,  like  the  arms  of  a 
balance;  especially,  to  set  to  a  partner. — 4.  To 
be  employed  in  finding  the  balance  or  balances 
of  an  account  or  aeeoimts. 


-1-  -ntcnt.^     The  act  of  balancing,  or  the  state 
of  being  balanced.     [Rare.] 
The  law  of  compensation  or  balancement. 

Darwin,  Dilferent  Forms  of  Flowers,  p.  262. 

balance-pit  (bal'ans-pit),  n.  In  mining,  the 
shaft  or  excavation  in  which  the  balance  or 
counterpoise  moves. 

balance-plcw  (bal'ans-plou),  n.  A  plow  in 
whic  h  two  sets  of  plow-bodies  and  colters  are 
attached  to  an  iron  frame  mo^-ingona  fulcrum, 
one  set  at  either  extremity,  and  pointing  in 
different  directions.      The  balance-plow  is  intended 


balance-plow 

to  be  used  without  turning,  and  is  so  arranged  as  to  cast 
all  the  furrows  in  tlie  same  direction,  the  one  part  of  the 
frame  beins:  raised  out  of  the  ground  wlien  moving  in  one 
direction,  and  the  other  when  moving  in  the  opposite.  It 
is  the  front  part  of  the  frame,  or  that  furthest  from  where 
the  driver  sits,  which  is  elevated,  the  plowing  apparatus 
connected  with  the  alter  part  being  always  inserted  in  the 
ground  and  doing  the  work.  Balance-plows  are  used  in 
steam-plowing.  Generall.v  two,  three,  or  four  sets  of  plow- 
bodies  and  colters  are  attached  to  either  e\tremit.v,  so 
that  two,  three,  or  four  furrows  are  made  at  once.  See 
jji'ir.  t 

balancer  Cbal'an-ser),  n.  1.  One  who  balances 
or  weighs ;  a  weigher  o£  things  in  or  as  in  a 
balance. 

The  nicest  of  otir  modem  critical  balancerif. 

Dawson,  Orig.  of  World,  p.  59. 

2.  An  acrobat;  one  who  balances  himself. — 

3.  One  who  or  that  which  keeps  a  thing  or 
things  in  equilibrium;  that  which  maintains 
or  helps  to  maintain  something  in  a  state  of 
balance  or  equipoise. — 4.  Speeitically,in  f  « torn., 
a  halter  (which  see) ;  a  poiser ;  the  small  organ 
supposed  to  be  useful  in  balancing  the  body ; 
one  of  a  pair  of  slender  processes  witli  clubbed 
ends  placed  near  the  insertion  of  the  w^ngs, 
especially  of  dipterous  insects. —  5.  In  herpet., 
an  elongate  cylindrical  rod  protruding  from 
each  side  of  the  head  of  larval  salamanders,  in 
front  of  the  gills:  permanently  retained  in  cer- 
tain forms,  as  the  esecUias  and  some  sala- 
manders.    E.  D.  Cope. 

balance-reef  (bal'ans-ref),  n.  Naut.,  a  reef- 
baud  crossing  a  sail  diagonally.    A  balance-reef 


Balance- reef. 
a,  sail  before  reefing  ;  6,  tjalance-rcefed  sail. 

U  generally  placed  in  all  gaff-sails,  the  band  running  from 
the  throat  to  the  clew.    Either  the  upper  or  the  lower  half 
ol  the  sail  may  lie  reefed. 
balance-rudder  (barans-rud"6r),  m.     A  rudder 
suj)i>ortcd  ou  a  skeg 
or  |)rojoction   from 
the  keel,  about  one 
third  of  its  surface 
beiug  forward  of  and 
two  thirds  abaft  its 
vertical  axis  of  mo- 
tion. iSee  nifjdir. 

balance-rynd  (bal'- 
ans-rind),  H.  An  iron 
bar  stretched  across 
the  eye  of  a  revolv- 
ing millstone,  to 
support    the    stone 

upon  the  top  of  its  uai.,ncc-™fi<ier. 

spindle. 

balance-sections  (l)arans-8ek'shonz),  71.  j)l.  In 
sli(i,-hiii/<liiiii.  a  jiair  of  sections,  one  near  oai-li 
i-nd  of  tlic  vessel,  which  are  not  designed  till 
after  the  midship  section  and  the  water-line 
are  deformined. 

balance-sheet  (barans-shet),  n.  A  statement 
inadi-  liy  in'n-hants  and  others  to  show  tlio 
true  state  of  a  particular  business.  A  balance- 
nhfft  nhould  exiiiltit  all  the  )ialan<-<')i  of  deblUtatid  crcditM, 
aN"  the  vnlrn*  of  the  nH-n-hanrllHc,  an<l  the  rcHlllt  of  the 
wlKjle.  (ftoiiri>r.)  A  HtatCMli-nt  designed  t«)  show  the  OH- 
K-u  nnd  liabilltlet  and  the  profits  and  IrMwes  of  a  com- 
pany.   {Marth,  Hank  ll^jok-ki-efiitig.) 

Many  bankn  jtuhlinh  ftaianef-nhrfU  profesuing  to  show 
the  refterve  of  ready  money. 

./rroiiA,  Money  and  Me<'h,  cif  Kxcliange,  p,  .320. 

balance-step  'hal'iins-step),  n.  In  »Hi7i7.  Idrlien, 
ati  (■<ii<iHe  in  Hquad-<lnll  intended  to  touch 
tin-  |in:i -ijili'H  of  inari'liing. 

balan'"e-therniometer  ( iml 'nns - 1 h^r- mom'e - 

t'l  in  which  iniToury  iiK'loHod  in 

B  I  li<-  is  cnuseil  to  make  one  (ir  llii' 

otlii  .  ijclH  preponderate,  thorcliy  opiii- 

ing  or  i    i,: /.-  a,  window  or  damper,  or  touch- 
inK  an  :i!:ir'ii. 
b&lancc-valve  (baranx-valvV  n.     A  vi>1vi:   in 
whioh  ilio  tliijil  in  ndmitted  to  both  hiiIch,  mimI 
ttcfi.         '  ■     .  ipial  jiroxMnru  In   npposilo 

Mir'  I  an  exciHH  in  Iho  diroili'.n 

of  II.  .....  ,  at  to  kocp  tho  valve  in  coil 

Uet  witn  it  wbcu  cloned.     It  U  a  iwiutructlon  di'- 


426 

signed  to  permit  the  operation  of  a  valve  by  a  slight 
force.  The  baZanct^  pvi'pet-valve  has  two  disks  upon  a 
single  stem,  the  tluid  being  admitteil  either  between  the 
two  disks  or  above  the  tipper  and  below  the  lower.  One 
disk  is  made  larger  than  the  other,  that  there  may  be  a 
slight  excess  of  pressure  tending  to  close  the  valve,  or  to 
keep  it  pressed  to  its  seat. 

balance-vise  (bal'ans-vis),  n.  A  small  tail- 
vise  used  by  watchmakers. 

balance-wHeel  (bal'aus-hwel),  n.  1.  Awheel 
in  a  watch  or  chronometer  which  by  the  regu- 
larity of  its  motion  determines  the  beat  or 
strike. — 2.  Figuratively,  whatever  serves  for 
the  regulation  or  coordination  of  movements. 

These  are  in  themselves  very  objectionable ;  the  true 
regulators,  the  proper  balance-wkeeU,  are  those  which 
have  been  described.  Brougham. 

Balance-wheel  engine,  a  watchmakers'  Instrument, 
used  ill  the  construction  of  the  balance-wheel. —  Bal- 
ance-wheel file,  a  watclmiakers'  tile  with  three  sides, 
one  i.oii\ex  and  cut.  the  utliers  jilane  and  sntooth.  It  is 
used  in  workiiv-'in  tlie  sector  openings  of  a  balance-wheel. — 
Compensation  bcdance-wheel,  a  balance-wUeel  whose 
rim  is  formed  of  two  metals  of  dirterent  expansive  powers, 
so  arranged  that  the  change  of  size  of  the  wheel,  as  the 
temperature  rises  or  falls,  is  compensated  for  by  the 
ehange  in  position  of  the  parts  of  the  riiu. 

balandra  (ba-lau'drii).  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  halandra 
=  F.  behnidrc,  <  D.  bijluiidcr,  >  E.  hilander:  see 
hilander.']  A  small  coasting  vessel  used  in 
South  America. 

balandrana  (ba-lan'dra-nii),  n.  [ML.;  OF. 
balundrun,  F.  haUindras  =  Sp.  bnJaiidran  =  It. 
paUnidrano,  j'ahindrana  :  origin  unknown.]  A 
wide  cloak  or  mantle  used  as  an  additional  gar- 
ment by  travelers  and  others  iu  the  twelfth 
and  thirteenth  centuries.  Also  called  super- 
tot  us. 

balanid  (bal'a-nid), «.  A  cirriped  of  the  family 
B(d(iii>diE. 

Balanidae  »ba-lan'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  ISnhniti.s 
+  -((/((■.]  A  family  of  sessile  thoracic  eirripods, 
of  which  the  genus  Bahiiius  is  the  type.  The 
peduncle  is  absent  or  rudimentary,  the  operculum  is 
present,  and  the  scuta  and  tei-ga  are  movably  articu- 
lated. The  species  are  commonly  called  acorn-shetls  or 
sea-acorm,  and  often  share  the  name  barnacle  with  the 
species  of  Lepas.  They  are  found  all  over  the  world,  ad- 
hering closely  to  submergetl  rocks,  timber,  etc.  Also 
Bntniioiiita.     See  cuts  under  Balanit^. 

balaniferOTlS  (bal-a-nif 'e-rus), a.  [<  L.  halanxts 
(<  Gr.  ,3<i/'.nrof),  an  acon'i,  +  ferrc  =  E.  bcuA.I 
IJcaring,  yielding,  or  producing  acoras. 

Balaninus  (bal-a-ni'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  halanus 
(<  Gr.  ih'O.avor),  an  acorn,  +  -iKtw.]  A  genus  of 
rliynchophorous 
beetles,  of  the 
family  CurcuU- 
onida;  or  weevils; 
the  nut^weevils. 
B.  nuciim  is  the 
weevil  of  hazels 
and  iilbcrts ;  B. 
glandiuiii  and  B. 
rectus,  of  acorns. 

balanism  (lud'a- 
niziii),  II.  [<  Gr. 
/iii/ai'oi;,  an  acorn, 
a  suppository,  + 
-inni ;  cf.  Or.  Jia?.a- 
vi^iiv,  administer 
a      suppository.] 

In  mtil.,  the  application  of  a  suppository  or 
)ii'ss:iry. 

balanite  (bal'n-nit),  ».  [<  L.  biddiiitcs:  see 
Bdlaiiites.]  if.  A  kind  of  precious  stouo. — 2. 
.\  fossil  cii-ripi'd  of  tlio  family  BiiUuiidir. 

Balanites  (bal-a-ni'tez),  n.  [L.,  <  Or.  jia'/.nriTiic, 
a  iirceious  stoiio,  ])ro]).  adj.  (sc.  '/.iOm;),  acom- 
sliaiied,  <  liii'/amr,  nil  acorn.  C'f.  /(«/»»h,v.]  1. 
[/.'•,]  A  kind  of  ]>roci(iiis  stone;  Iialiinite. —  2. 
[NL.]  AsiinariibaccoiisgiMiusof  )iluiits,  iiiclinl- 
ing  two  species,  spiny  shrubs  or  siimll  trees,  na- 
tives of  the  drier  jiarls  of  India,  western  Asia, 
and  tropical  Africa.  'Ihe  (nilt  Ina  one-wcilid  drupe, 
the  pulp  ol  wliieli  Is  Hiunellinen  nned  in  India  iu  clianing 
Hllk.  'Ihe  oily  seeds,  as  well  as  Ihe  bark  and  huliaeld  leavc.t. 
of  the  Indian  species,  II,  /(iij-/iii|-..//iiV,  arccniployed  111  native 

liiedlclne,  and  the  liaril  w ly  nut  In  made  Into  a  kind  ol 

llreworkH.      The  Alliean  specieH  Is  U.  .tUiiiiiliaca. 

3.   (NL.l  A  genus  of  fossil  ciiripodg,  of  thi- 

faiiiilv  Iliil'iniitir. 
balanitis  (bal-a-ni'tis),  «.     [NL.,  <  Gr,  fiii'/amr, 

ai'i.in,  glans  peiiiK,  +   -iliH.]     In  palhol.,  iii- 

flnninialion  of  Ihe  glanN  penis, 
balanoglossid  (Iml'ii-no-xloH'ld),  ».      A    inom- 

bir  of  I  ho  liiinily  Iliildiioiitiissidir. 

Balanoglossidae'  (inil'a-no-glos'i-de),  ».  ;■/. 

I.NI<.,  <   IlidiniDfiliixiiis  +  -id<i\]     Tlio  family  of 
iiivorlobralis  roin'cHentj'd  by  the  gi'iius  liabi- 

flOt/tilftHIIS. 

BalanOgloSBUS  (bal'a n^-glos'uH),  n,  [NL.,  < 
Or. /(«>./jw)i,anaconi,  +  j/'awoo,  tongue.]   1.  An 


Balanus 

extraordinary  genus  of  invertebrate  auimals, 
the  type  notonly  of  a  family,  B(ilaiW()los!.ida:, 
but  also  of  an  order  or  even  a  distinct  class  of 
animals,  Enteropneustn  (which  see),  itisrelated 
in  its  mode  of  development  to  the  cchiuodernis.  in  some 
respects  to  the  ascidiaus,  aud  is  usually  classed  with  the 


Balanoglossus. 
I.  The  Tomaria  larva,  alwut  1-13  of  an  inch  long,  enlamed,  side 
view,  a,  anus;  *,  vessels  leading  to  the  dorsal  pore.  rf.  from  sac  of 
the  water-vascular  system.  7e/  7l'  .  prolongation  of  the  sac  ;  A.  heart; 
J,  intestine;  s,  stomach  :  o,  esophagus:  m,  mouth  ;  «,  ti  ,  \ohes  of 
alimentary  canal ;  nib,  muscular  band  from  cye.spcck,  t,  to  waler-vas. 
culars-ic.  11.  Young  balanoglossus.  Letters  as  l«fore.  except  ^.  the 
fitsl-fonned  branchial  stigmata.  HI.  Balanoglossus,  moreadvanced. 
c,  collar  ;  /,  proboscis. 

Vermes.  The  menibei-s  of  this  genus  are  elongated,  foot- 
less, soft-bodied  worms,  with  the  mouth  at  one  end  of  the 
body  and  the  anus  at  the  other.  The  fore  part  td  the  body 
presents  a  kind  of  collar  surrounding  a  constriction  from 
wliieli  springs  a  long  hollow  proboscis-like  tu-gim,  whence 
the  name  Balanotjloasus,  this  organ  being  like  a  tongue 
soniewliat  acoru-shapcil,  proceeding  from  within  the  col- 
lar like  an  acorn  from  its  cup.  On  the  portion  of  the  body 
from  wliieh  tlie  proboscis  springs  there  is  a  flattened  area 
with  a  longitudinal  scries  of  liraiuhial  apertures,  eonunu- 
nicatiiig  with  lirauchial  saes  connected  with  the  alimen- 
tary eaiial;  hence  the  temi  Eiifri-opnrn.^ifn.  In  eonscfiuenco 
of  ibis  relation  of  the  respiratory  to  the  aliiucntary  canal, 
Huxley  associates  Ila/iiiin^ih'.^si's  with  Tunicata  (or  a-scidi- 
aiis)as  nicniliersof  a  phaiyngopnenstal  series.  The  larval 
form  of  Balniiotihssus  w.as  formerly  called  Tomaria,  and 
regarded  .as  an  echinodenu  from  its  great  resemblance  to 
the  larva  of  a  starfish. 

2.  [/.  c]  A  member  of  the  genus  i?n?nHO,7(o.<.sMS. 
balanoid  (bal'a-noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  ,ia'Aa- 
vo(uh/c,  like  an  acorn,  <  l)u?.nmr,  an  acorn,  -t- 
fitSoc,  form.]  I.  a.  Resembling  an  actun :  spe- 
cifically applied  to  the  acorn-shells  of  the  fam- 
ily B(d'(inid<v.     See  cut  under  B<d(iiiH.<i. 

II.  II.  An  acoru-shell ;  a  cirriped  of  the  fam- 
ily JUdiniiihv. 

Balanoidea  (bal-a-noi'de-ii),  ji.j)?.  [NL.,  <  Ba- 
Uniiifi  + -iiidcd.  bt.  baldnbid.']  Same  as  ifaio- 
nidir. 

Balanophoraceae  (bar'a-no-fo-ra'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  jjaAavor,  an  acorn,  +  -(pSjio^,  bearing 
(<  (^fpcixzzE.  bear^),  +  -ncfn,'.]  An  order  of  cu- 
rious apetalous  leafless  plants,  related  to  the 
mistletoe,  liut  parasitic  upon  the  roots  iiisteiul 
of  the  branches  of  otherplants.  Krom  their  siniplo 
structure,  they  were  formerly  thought  to  be  allied  to  the 
fungi.  There  are  about  40  known  species,  grouped  into  U 
genera,  natives  of  the  tropics.     They  are  generally  tif  a 


Nut-weevil  {SatanirtHs  rectus.  Say). 

fl.  dorsal  view:  ^.  lateral  view.  (Vcrti- 
c.d  line  shows  natural  size,  including  pro- 
l>oscis. ) 


Art/.oi.'/A.'r-.rr^.r.     <:'t',((>m,'i'i«,M  corrinfum,  growing  upon  the  rt)ol 

ol  a  salsola.  1-15  n.itur.d  ii/c  :  11.  inflorescence.  14  si*c. 
(From  Le  Maoutand  Decoisnc's  "Tmitiigiindrnl  dc  Uotanlque.") 

bright  yellow  or  red  color.  Their  small  llowcra,  In  most 
cases  tinisexual.  are  aggregatetl  into  dcUHO  masses.  The 
fnilt  Is  one-eelle.i.  witTl  a  ailiglc  seed. 

balantt  (ba'lant),  a.     [<  L.  hidnn{t-)s,  ppr.  of 
biiliiri;  bleat.     C'f.  i«n.]     Bleating. 

The  hitliinl  and  latrant  noises  of  that  sort  (tf  people. 

C.  .Miillirr,  .Mag.  flirist.  (ed.  I»fi2),  Ajip.,  p.  (120. 

Balanus  (bara-nus),  H.  [L.,  <  Or.  fla'kamc,  an 
acorn.  Cf.  L.  V/^/h,?,  an  acorn  :  si'o  ;//««(/.  ]  Pho 
typical  genus  of  sessile  eir- 
npeils  of  the  family  liiiln- 
iiidir:  the  acorn-slioUs  or 
sca-acorns,  called  biinia- 
rtin,  e.xt^ept  in  Groat  Bri- 
tain, where  tlio  peduncu- 
liiliil  lyt'imduliv  have  tliiil 
niinii'.  /(.  linlinnaUuliim  Is  (he 
repiiNriitatlve  sjieeles.  'I'he  shell 
eonslHlH  of  d  plates,  with  an  o|)er. 
enluin  id  4  valves.  Colonli's  are  lo  be  found  on  rock«  loft 
dry  at  low  water,  on  sliips,  on  Umber,  on  lohstefs  and  other 
I  riiHtiieeans.  and  on  Ihr  slielNof  (■..nehiferH  and  oilier  mol- 
IiiHkM.  They  tlilfi  r  ironi  the  ineiiilieis  of  the  genus  /,e;«M 
In  having  a  Hyminellieal  shell  iitid  in  being  di'stllute  of  a 
lli^xllilu  stalk.    They  pius  through  a  larval  stage  of  oxIb- 


i  forialHt. 


Balanus 


Dia^ammatic  section  of  Acorn-shell  ^Balanus). 
a  cavity  of  the  sac  lying  over  the  labrum  T  *.  prosoma  ;  c,  carina  ; 
c/  carinolateral  compartment;  /,  lateral  compartment ;  f,  rostrum  ; 
s.  scutum  ;  /.  tergum  :  /.  penis ;  g;  jjut-fonned  glanj  :  A.  eluct  con- 
necting JT  with  i,  peduncular  or  ovarian  tubules,  and  -t.  cement-duct 
and  glands :  /',  antenna; ;  nt,  ovigerous  frainum  ;  d,  anus. 

tence,  at  which  period  they  are  not  fixed,  but  move  about 
liy  means  of  swimming-feet,  antl  possess  large  stalked  eyes, 
lioth  feet  and  eyes  disappearing  when  they  attach  them- 
selves to  their  final  place  of  repose. 
balasl,  balass(l3al'as,ba-las'),  «■  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  hallns,  etc.,  <  ME.  bahis,  halace,  Ixdiii/s, 
etc.,  <  OF.  balnis,  balai  =  I'r.  bahii/s,  balach 
=  Sp.  halax  =  Pg.  balaclie  =  It.  balascio,  < 
ML.  balasdus,  bala^cus,  <  Ar.  halakhsh,  a 
kimi  of  ruby,  <  Pers.  Badnklislidii,  a  country  in 
central  Asia  north  of  the  Hindu  Kush  moun- 
tains (called  Balasian  by  Marco  Polo),  -n-here 
this  ruby  is  found.]  A  variety  of  spinel  ruby, 
of  a  pale  rose-red  color,  sometimes  inclining  to 
orange.    See  spinel.    Usually  called  balas-ruhij. 

William  of  Wykeham  .  .  .  bequeathed  to  his  successor 
in  the  bishopric  of  Wincliester  .  .  .  his  larger  gold  pon- 
tifical ring,  with  a  sapphire  stone,  surrounded  with  four 
balas-rubies,  and  two  small  diamonds  and  eleven  pearls. 
Quoted  in  Mock's  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  171. 

balas^  (bal'as),  n.     [Turk.]    A  long  dagger  in- 
tended for  thrusting  rather  than  cutting,  used 
by  the  Turks ;  a  Turkish  yataghan.    B.  F.  Bur- 
ton. 
balase^f,  «.     See  balas^. 
balase"t,  "•     See  ballast. 
balass,  ".     See  baJas"^. 
balata  (bal'a-ta),  n.    Same  as  balata-gum. 
balata-gTim'(bal'a-tii-gum),  11.    The  inspissated 
juice  of  a  sapotaeeous  tree,  Mimusops  (/lobosa, 
of  tropical  America  fi'om  the  Antilles  to  Guiana. 
It  is  intermediate  In  character  lietween  caoutchouc  .ind 
gutta-percha,  and  from  its  great  strength  is  especially 
suited  f<ir  Itelting  and  similar  uses. 
balata-tree  (bal'a-ta-tre),  n.    A  large  sapota- 
eeous tree  of  the'W'est  Indies,  Bumelia  retusa, 
the  wood  of  whieh  is  very  hard.     See  bully- 
tree. 
balatront  (bal'a-tron),  n.     [<  L.  bctlatro(n.),  a 
babbler,  jester,  buffoon,  prob.  for  *blatero{n-),  < 
j;n?ef«/-f,' babble.]     Abuffoon.    Cockeram. 
balatronic  (bal-a-tron'ik),  a.     Of  or  pertaining 

to  buffoons.  -Sato.  [Rare.] 
balausta  (ba-las'ta),  11.  [NL.,  <  L.  balaustimn : 
see  Bcilaustion.']  A  fruit  like  the  pomegranate, 
succulent  within  and  many-seeded,  with  a  firm 
rind,  and  tipped  with  the  persistent  lobes  of  the 
calyx. 
balaustine  (ba-las'tin),  a.  [<  L.  balaustium  (< 
Gr.  lialavanov,  the  flower  of  the  wild  pome- 
granate) +  -i«el.]  Pertaining  to  the  wild  pome- 

gi'anate-tree Balaustine  flowers,  tlie  dried  flowers 

of  the  pomegranate,  used  in  medicine  as  an  astringent. 
Balaustion  (ba-las'ti-on),  n.  [NL. ;  cf.  L. 
balamtium,  <  Gr.  jia/.ahrjriov,  the  flower  of  the 
wild  pomegranate.  Cf.  baluster.']  A  genus  of 
myrtaceous  plants,  of  a  single  species,  B.  pid- 
cherrimum,  a  shrub  inhabiting  southwestern 
Australia.  It  bears  numerous  flowers  resembling  in 
shape  and  color  tliose  of  the  dwarf  pomegranate. 
balaustyt  (ba-las'ti),  n.     [<  L.  balaustium:  see 

Ilahiustion.']     Same  as  balaustine  flowers. 
balayeuse  (bal-a-yez'),  n.    [F.,  fem.  of  balayeur, 
a  sweeper,  <  balaijer,  sweep,  <  balai,  OF.  balei, 
baleis,  a  broom,  dial,  the  broom-plant,  >  ME. 
baleis,  a  rod.]     A  strip  of  plaited  muslin  or  lace 
placed  inside  of  the  bottom  of  women's  dresses 
to  protect  them  from  the  floor. 
balaynt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  baleen. 
balayst,  «.    -An  obsolete  fonn  of  balas^. 
bal-boy  (bal'boi),  n.    A  boy  working  in  a  mine. 

r»-f,  Diet.,  I.  280.     [Cornish.] 
Balbriggan  hosiery.    See  hosiery. 
balbusard  (bal'bii-sard),  n.      [F.,  also  balUi- 
:ard.]    A  name  of  the  osprey  or  bald  buzzard, 
Pandioyi  haUaetus.    it  wtis  taken  in  182s  by  Fleming 
as  a  genus  name  in  the  form  Balbtisardus.    [Not  in  use.] 


427 

balbutiatet  (bal-bu'shi-at),  V.  i.      [<  L.  as  if 

"Inithulirire    for   lialbnlirc,    stammer,  <  bathus, 

stammering.]     To  stammer  in  speaking, 
balbutientt   (bal-bii'slii-ent),   a.     [<  L.    balbu- 

tieii{t-)s,  jjpr.  of  balbuiire,  stammer:  see  balbu- 

tiatc.]     Stiimmoring. 
balbuties  (lial-bu'shi-ez),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  haU)U.<!, 

stammering.     Cf.  balbuliatc.']     1.  Stammering. 

— 2.  A  vicious  and  incomplete  pronunciation, 

in  which  almost  all  the  consonants  are  replaced 

by  ';  anil  /.     Duiii/lison. 
bal-captain  (barkap"tan),  n.    A  mine-captain. 

[Ciirnish.J 
balcont,  balconet,  »•   [<  F-  ialcon,  <  It.  halcone, 

a  balcony:  see  balcony.}    A  balcony  or  gallery. 

Pepys. 
balconet  (bal-ko-nef),  «•      [Also   balconette,  < 

balcou,  lial<-ony,  +  -ei,  -ette.    Cf.  It, 

conata.']     Alow 


A  Venetian  Balcony. 


ornamental  rail- 
ing to  a  door 
or  wintlow,  pro- 
jecting but 
slightly  bej'ond 
the  threshold  or 
sill. 
balconied  (bal'- 

ko-nid),a.  Hav- 
ing a  balcony  or 
balconies. 

The    house     was 
Ao\\h\&-bati:onied. 
liogfr  North,  Ex- 
[amen,  iii.  7. 

balcony  (bal'- 
k9-ni,  until  re- 
cently bal-ko'- 
ni),  11.;  pi.  bid- 
conies  (-niz). 
[Formerly  also 
balcone,  balco- 
nie,  balcony,  etc. 
(sometimes  bul- 
con,  after  F. 
balcon),  <  It.  bal- 
cone, <  balco,  a 
beam,  scaffold, 
<  OHG.     balk-o, 

balcho,  a  scaffold,  =  E.  ball;  a  beam,  etc.:  see 
balk'i^,  «.]  1.  A  stage  or  platform  projecting 
from  the  wall  of  a  building  vrithin  or  without, 
supported  by  columns,  pillars,  or  consoles,  and 
encompassed  with  a  balustrade,  railing,  or 
parapet.  Outer  balconies  are  common  before 
windows,  and  inner  ones  in  ball-rooms,  public 
halls,  etc. 

The  flourish  of  trumpets  and  kettledrums  from  a  high 
balcomj,  which  overlooked  the  hall,  announced  the  en- 
trance of  the  maskers.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  xviii. 

2.  In  theaters,  a  gallery  occupying  various  po- 
sitions. In  some  theaters  it  is  a  raised  tier  of  seats  sur- 
rounding the  parquette  ;  in  others  it  takes  the  place  of  tiie 
dress-circle ;  and  in  others  still  it  is  the  gallery  immedi- 
ately behind  or  above  the  dress-circle, 
baldi  (liald),  a.  and  ii.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
balde,  bauldc,  bal'd,  bulVd,  <  ilE.  Imlde,  belde, 
earlier  Ixdled,  badid,  ballcde,  bald;  of  uncertain 
origin,  (1)  bv  some  regarded  as  identical  with 
the"  rare  early  ME.  ballcde,  in  the  apparent 
sense  of  rotund,  corpulent,  applied  to  the 
body,  lit.  'balled,'  round  like  a  ball  (<  bain  + 
-ed^),  and  hence,  perhaps,  of  the  head,  smooth, 
hairless;  otherwise  (2)  perhaps  <  ball,  a  white 
streak  or  spot  (a  word  of  Celtic  origin  not  found 
in  ME.,  but  prob.  then  existent:  see  hallS),  + 
-cde,  an  adj.  sutfi.x  connected  with  -prf2.]     I.  a. 

1.  Wanting  hair,  as  the  head,  in  some  part 

(usually  the  top.  or  front  and  top)  where  it 

naturally  grows;  partly  or  wholly  deprived  of 

hair  on  the  head,  as  a  person. 

His  heed  was  balUd  and  schou  as  eny  glas. 

Ctmucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  L  198. 

Ciesar,  .  .  .  because  Ills  head  was  bald,  covered  that  de- 
fect witl'l 'lam-els.  Addison. 

2.  Without  the  nattiral  or  usual  covering  of 
the  head  or  top ;  bareheaded:  as,  afcaWoak;  a 
bald  mountain. 


Balder-brae 

■  no  [Milton]  could  stoop  to  a  i)lain  style,  sometimes  even 
to  a  batd  style;  but  false  brilliancy  was  Ids  utter  aversion. 

Macaulay,  Milton. 
Ghastly  thro'  the  drizzling  rain 
On  the  bald  street  breaks  the  blank  day. 

'fmntfjuin,  In  Memoriam,  vii. 

6.  Bare ;  open ;  undisguised. 
A  hald  egotism  which  is  i|uite  above  and  beyond  selflab- 

ness.  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  sen,  p.  314. 

7.  Having  white  on  the  face  or  head:  specifi- 
cally aiiplied  to  several  birds :  as,  the  hald  buz- 
zari'i,  eagle,  etc. 

II.  u.  A  natural  meadow  or  grassy  plain  oc- 
cuiTing  on  the  rounded  summit  of  a  liign  moun- 
tain: a  tenn  in  use  in  the  southern  extension 
of  the  Appalachian  ranges,  where  a  number  of 
the  highest  knobs  have  their  dome-shaped  tops 
entirely  bare  of  trees, 
dim.  irt?-  baldH  (bald),  i».  «.  [<  6nMl,  a.]  To  make  bald; 
dejirive  of  hair, 
bald'-t,  «■  An  obsolete  and  dialectal  form  of 
bold.  It  is  retained  in  this  spelling  as  an  element  in 
.1  rtaiii  proper  names  of  Anglo-Saxon  or  did  HighOemiaii 
oiT'iii:  as    liahbrin,  Archibald,  J'Jthrlhuld,  etc. 

baldachin  (Iml'da-kin),  n.  [In  <lef.  1  also  for- 
merly baldakin,  baldeldn,  and  earlier  baudeldn, 
n.  V. ;  in  def.  2  also  baldaquin,  and,  as  It.  or 
Sp.,  haldaceliino,  biildatjuino;  <  F .  ha I'lrtqidn  = 
Sp.  baldarjuino  —  I'g.  buldaquim,  <  It.  baldac- 
chino  (ML.  baldakmus,  etc.),  a  canopy,  < 
Buldacco,  It.  form  of  Bagdad  (Ar.  Uaglidad), 
•where  a  rich  cloth  used  for  such  canopies  was 
manufactured.]  If.  Same  as  baudekin. —  2.  A 
canopy  of  various  kinds,  (a)  A  i)oitable  decorative 
covering,  borne  in  ceremonial  processions  as  a  sign  of  rank 
"!■  dignity;  particulally,  the  dais-like  canopy  carried  over 
liM-  pope,  which  is  supported  on  eight  ])olcs  and  carried  by 
•  liitiimviished  personages.  (6)  In  tlie  Hum.  Calk.  Ch.,  a 
jicpitaiile  <:iii"iiv  bnriie  over  the  eucharist  carried  pioces- 
siMiiallv,  as  on  lb.-  least  of  Corpus  Cliristi.  (c)  A  stationary 
coveriiig,  of  Ijaiidckiii,  silk,  or  otlier  rich  stuff,  stretched 
aliovc  the  seat  of  a  dignitary  ;  in  general,  the  canopy  of  a 
dais ;  sometimes,  that  of  a  bed  with  curtains,    (d)  A  fixed 


Double  Baldachin.— Shrine  of  the  Cro»-n  of  Thorns,  high  altar  of 

the  Sainte  Chapclle,  Paris;  i3lh  centur>-. 

(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  r  Architecture." I 

canopy,  often  of  metal  or  stone,  above  the  isolated  high  altar 
in  many  churches,  especially  in  Italy  and  the  East.  From 
its  center,  according  to  the  old  ritual,  usually  hung  by  a 
chain  the  vessel  containing  the  Host ;  but  this  usage  has 
now  been  superseded.  Baldachins  also  occur  in  other  po- 
sitions than  over  altars,  as  over  tombs,  shriues,  etc.  Also 
sprtlrd  'uihhnjuiu.     Also  called  ciborium. 

baldachino  (bal-da-ke'no),  ».  [<  It.  baldac- 
cliiuii.']     Same  as  baldachin. 

baldaquin  (bal'da-kin),  n.    See  baldachin. 

baldaret,  »■     [Origin  obscure :  some  suppose  an 

allusion  to  the  god  Balder  and  his  restoration 

to  life.]     .\n  old  name  of  the  amaranth,  Ania- 

aiitus  caudatus. 


bald-coot  (bald'kot),  «.     See  baldicoot. 
No  Question  asked  him  by  any  of  the  senators,  but  they  baldekint,  «■     An  obsolete  form  of  baldachin 


stand  bald  before  him. 


Shak.,  Cor.,  iv. 


Tliy  bald,  awful  head,  O  sovran  Blanc ! 

Coleridge,  Chamouni. 

3.  Destitute  of  beard  or  awn:  as,  bald  wheat. 
—4.  Wanting  force  or  meaning;  meager;  pal- 
try:" as,  a  bald  sermon;  a  bald  truism.— 5.  Des- 
titute of  appropriate  ornament ;  too  bare,  V^^^^t 
or  literal;  rmadomed;  inelegant:  as,  "a  bald 
translation,"  Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iii.  6. 


balden  (bal'den),  r.  t.  and  i.  [<  bald^  +  -(•«!.] 
To  make  or  become  bald.     [Rare.] 

Balder-brae,  Balder's-brae  (bal'der-,  bal'- 
derz-bra),  n.  [North.  E..  <  Icel.  Balders-bra 
(Cotula  fetida)  =  Norw.  baldur-braa,  ballebrrca 
(Pyrethrum  inodorum),  that  is,  as  also  in  E., 
Bidder's  brow;  also  corrujitly  bald  eyebrore. 
From  Balder,  a  Norse  divinity,  son  of  Odin.] 
An  old  name  for  the  mayweed,  Anthemis  Cotula. 


balderdash 

balderdash  (bal'der-Jash),  II.  [First  in  sense  1 ; 
of  obscure  origin,  appar.  dial,  or  slang:  ac- 
cording to  one  conjecture,  <  Dan.  balder,  noise, 
clatter  (from  a  verb  repr.  by  Sw.  dial,  balhii, 
Norw.  baldra,  bellow,  prattle,  =  leel.  refl.  bal- 
drast,  ballrast,  clatter;  cf.  D.  LG.  balderen,  roar, 
thunder),  +  dash,  repr.  Dan.  daske,  slap,  flap: 
see  dash.  But  the  word  may  be  merely  one  of 
the  numerous  popular  formations,  of  no  defi- 
nite elements,  so  freely  made  in  the  Elizabethan 
period.]  If.  A  gumbied  mixtui-e  of  frothy  li- 
quors. 

To  drinlc  such  balderdmh  or  bouny -clabber. 

B.  Joiijion,  >'e\v  Inn,  i.  2. 

2.  Senseless  prate;  an  immeaning  or  nonsen- 
sical jumble  of  words ;  trashy  talk  or  writing. 
I  heard  him  charge  this  publication  with  ribaldrj',  scur- 
rility, billingsgate,  and  batderdagh. 

Home  Tooke,  Trial,  p.  25. 
=  Syn.  2.  >ee  prattle,  n. 

balderdash  (bal'der-dash),  r.  t.  [<  balderdash, 
H.]  To  jumble  and  adulterate  (liquors) ;  hence, 
to  mix  with  inferior  ingredients;  adulterate: 
with  tcith  before  the  adulterant:  as,  to  balder- 
dash wine  iri77(  cider.     [Kare.] 

The  wine-merchants  of  Nice  brew  and  balderdanh  and 
even  mix  it  with  pigeon's  dung  and  quicklime. 

SinoUetl,  Travels,  xix. 

Balder's-brae,  n.     See  Balder-brae. 

bald-faced  (bald'fast),  a.  Having  a  white  face 
or  wliite  on  the  face:  said  of  animals:  as,  a 
liald-factd  stag. 

baldhead  (bald'hed),  n.  1.  A  man  balil  on  the 
head.  2  Ki.  ii.  23. — 2.  The  name  of  a  breed  of 
domestic  pigeons. — 3.  A  name  of  the  fruit- 
crows  {Cotinyidte)  of  South  America,  of  the 
genus  (iijmnocephulus.  G.  calvus  is  the  capu- 
chin baldhead. 

bald-headed  (bald'bed'ed),  a.  Having  a  bald 
liead.— Bald-headed  ea^le.    See  ea'jle. 

baldicoot  (bal'di-kot),  n.  [Also  baldccoot,  bald- 
mot.  <  in/(/l  +  cool;  the  syllable  -i- is  mean- 
ingless.] 1.  The  common  coot,  Fidica  atra. 
Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  a  monk,  on  accoimt 
of  his  somber  raiment  and  shaven  crown. 

Princesses  tliat  .  .   .  demean  themselves  to  holj  and 
nob  with  these  black  baldicoots. 

Kiufjalty,  Saint's  Tragedy,  iii.  4. 

baldly  (bald'li),  adr.  So  as  to  be  bald,  in  any 
sense  of  that  word. 

baldmoney  (bald'mun'i),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  h'tlitiutoiiifj  haHdmoitei/,  etc.,  <  ME.  bald- 
inimii,  baUlimoyii,  baldemoijnc,  hnUltntoin,  an 
early  name  of  gentian;  origin  unknown.]  If. 
A  name  of  various  species  of  ginlian. —  2.  A 
name  for  the  mew  or  spigucl,  an  umbelliferous 
plant  of  Europe,  Meuiii  athamaiiticum. 

baldness  (bald'nes),  n.  [<  ME.  balledncssc ;  < 
/<.W(/i  -t-  -iiess.'}  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
bald,  (a)  Lack  of  hair  or  natural  covering  on  the  liead 
or  Utp;  aljsence  or  loss  of  hair.  {//)  Deficiency  of  appro- 
priate oniament,  as  in  writing;  meanness  or  inelegance; 
want  of  oniament :  as,  haldnrjM  of  style. 
Uutdtian  of  allusion  and  barbarity  of  versidcation. 

r.  Marlon,  Hist.  F.ng.  I'..ctiy,  III.  74. 

baldpate  (b41d'pat),  n.     1.  A  person  with  a 

l.uld  Inad. 

Come  hither,  gooflinan  baldttatr. 

Mat.,  .M.  for  M..  v.  1. 

2.  In  ornilh.,  a  kind  of  duck  with  white  on  the 
head ;  a  widgeon,  .Mnnca  jienclojtc and  M.  atneri- 
riiiia.     See  cut  under  iniliieon. 

baldpate,  bald-pated  (bald'pat,  -na'ted),  a. 

l^inking  hair  (^n  tlio  Jiate;  shorn  of  liair. 
\  on  hal'l-i>au>l,  lying  rascal.  .SViii^  ,  .M.  fur  M.,  v.  1. 
baldrib  (bald'rib),  n.  1.  A  joint  of  pork  cut 
troin  nearer  the  rump  than  the  spare-rib,  and 
fon!<iHt  ing  of  a  rib  from  which  the  fat  lius  been 
removed. 

Bablrib,  ipiskin,  chine,  or  chop. 

Suutbrt/,  To  A.  Cunningham. 
H'-nce — 2.  Figuratively,  a  lean,  lanky  person. 
[Kare.] 

K;iltl,  tbrrn  art  such  8  spring  baldrib,  all  the  mljitresscs 

111  lb'   e...vr,  i>ill  never  get  Ihec  up.  MiddUlim. 

baldric    i..rilrik),  n.     [Formerly alHoft«i«/n><-, 

etc.,  '    Ml'.,    hauilrik,    bawilrH;    hamkrilc,  etc., 

earlifr  hainlry,  <    OF.  handni,  hultlni,  Imldnl 

(IntiT  /.    ./ -.ii.l^  with  udili'd  Hiifllx,  haiidriir) 

=  '''  I  \>.  biililriniiH.i),  uiipiir.  <  MIKi. 

Imldii  i,,._   ixThups  <  Olid,  bill:  z-  K. 

Mt,  <  J,.  ..,..„,;  Heo  belt.]  1.  A  bell,  or  an 
ornament  f   .  iii(,linj{  a  belt. 

A  pnlfiifT  ft  aiiilcc  wrapt  hini  rouiKl. 
With  a  wrought  .M|>niiliili  (xif./nV*  IhiuimI. 

.VmK.  I.,  of  I,.  M.,  II.   111. 
'"  P»'"  U  worn  round   the  WBJul.  on  till 

•'""""  iry  tiell.     Co    A  Jcwcbd  ornii 

"'•"'",  "  «  by  iHilh  Udl.nandg.iitlom.n 

la  Um  tliUitotli  coutury.     /(.  ilorru.    (<:»)  yiKiimtlvvly, 


428 

the  zodiac.  Spetiger.  (rf)  A  belt  worn  over  the  right  or 
left  shoulder,  crossing  the  body  diagonally  to  the  waist  or 
below  it,  either  simply  as  an  ornament  or  to  suspend  a 
sword,  dagger,  or  horn.  Such  bells,  in  medieval  and  Re- 
naissance times,  were  sometimes  richly  decorated  and 
garnished  with  bells,  precious  stones,  etc. 

•Athwart  his  brest  a  baiddHck  brave  he  ware 
That  shind,  like  twinkling  stars,  with  stones  most  pretious 
rare.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  29. 

And  from  his  blazon 'd  baldric  sluug 
A  mighty  silver  bugle  hung. 

Tennitmn,  Lady  of  Slialott,  iii. 

2t.  The  leather  thong  or  gear  by  which  the  clap- 
per of  a  church-bell  was  formerly  suspended. 

In  the  earliest  accounts  the  batdricks  of  the  bells  are 
always  referred  to  eo  nomine,  but  later  on  they  are  called 
'•  leathers."  N.  and  Q.,  7tli  ser.,  II.  495. 

Also  spelled  baldricl: 
baldric-wise  (bal'drik-wiz),  adv.    [<  baldric  + 
H'lit'-'.]     After  the  manner  of  a  baldric ;  over 
one  shoulder  and  hanging  down  to  the  waist. 
balductumt,  ».     [Also  bidducktum,  <  ML.  bal- 
ductii,  curd,  hot  milk  ciu'dled  with  ale  or  wine, 
a  posset.]     Balderdash ;  trash. 
Baldwin  bit.    See  fci7i. 

baldy  (bal'di),  ».  [<  iaWl  +  dim. -//.]  A  nick- 
name for  a  bald-headed  person.  [Colloq.] 
bale^  (hal),  n.  [<  ME.  bale,  balwe,  balu;  balitw, 
lialii,  etc.,  <  AS.  balu,  bcalu,  beak)  (bciilw-,  beii- 
/oic-)=OS.  6o/H  =  OFries.  biilii-, bale- {in  oon\\i.) 
=  OHG.  6ii?o  =  Icel.  biil  (not  in  mod.  (i.  Sw. 
Dan.),  evil,  calamity;  prop.  neut.  of  the  adj. 
foimd  only  in  AS.  balu,  bealu  (bahc-,  bealw-)  = 
MLG.  bal-  (in  comp.),  Goth,  bahrs  (in  comp. 
and  deriv.),  evil,  dire.]  Evil;  woe;  calamity: 
misery;  that  which  causes  ruin, destruction,  or 
sorrow.  [Long  obsolete  until  recently  re\ived 
in  poetry.  It  occurs  especially  in  alliterative 
antithesis  to  boot  or  bliss.] 

For  now  this  day  thou  art  my  bale, 
Sly  boote  when  thou  shold  bee. 

Robin  Hood,  in  Percy's  Reliques. 
Yett  still  he  strove  to  cloke  his  inwaril  bale. 

.^penner,  F.  Q.,  I.  i.v.  16. 
Brought  hither  from  their  homes  to  work  our  bale. 

Southey. 
A  touch,  and  bliss  is  turned  to  bale. 

C.  Thaxler,  The  Pimpernel. 

bale2  (bal),  n.  [Se.  also  bad,  bail;  <  ME.  bale, 
biiilc,  belle  (chiefly  northern;  the  reg.  southern 
ME.  would  be  *belc,  *bel,  giving  mod.  E.  'beiil  or 
'beel,  like  deal"^  or  eel),  <  AS.  b(cl  =  Iccl.  bal  = 
Sw.  ?((!?  =  Dan.  baal,  a  great  fire,  a  blazing  pile, 
funeral  pyre;  cf.  Skt.  bhillas,  luster,  Gr.  (jm'/.nr, 
shining,  'vvhite:  see  biill'^.]  A  large  fire  built 
out  of  doors  and  burning  freely ;  a  bonfire.  Spc- 
cillciilly — {«)  A  funeral  pile  or  pyre,  lobsoletc  and  poet- 
ical.] (/y)  A  signal-fire ;  a  beacon,  tiee  beacon  and  bale-jire. 
On  Penchryst  glows  a  bale  of  fire. 
And  three  are  kindling  on  I'l-icsthaughswire. 

•b'lviir,  I.,  of  L.  .v.,  iii.  27. 
bales  (bal),  «.  [<  ME.  bale,  <  OF.  bale,  balle  = 
I'r.  Sp.  Pg.  bala  =  It.  batia,  <  ML.  bala,  bulla,  a 
ball,  a  round  bundle,  a  package,  <  OlIG.  balhi. 
jiiilla,  MHG.  balle,  a  ball:  see  ft«//',  of  which 
bale  is  a  doublet.]  1.  A  large  bundle  or  jiack- 
age  of  merchandise  prepared  lor  trans]iorta- 
tiou.  either  in  a  cloth  cover,  corded  or  banded, 
or  without  cover,  but  compressed  and  secwred 
hy  transverse  bands,  wii-es,  or  withes  and  lon- 
gitudinal slats.  The  chief  articles  of  iiicrchnudlsc  I  bat 
are  baled  are  cotton,  wool,  and  hay.  The  weight  of  a  bale 
of  Aincrlcan  cotton  Is  between  4<M  and  r.(Hi  pounds,  var\  - 
ing  with  the  sciuson  of  production.     A  bale  of  cochineal  Is 

1^  hundredweight,  a  bale  of  Spaidnh    u 1   2}  bundled. 

weight,  a  bale  of  caraway-seeds  :{  htindredwelghl,  a  bale 
of  .Mocha  colfee  :iO.'i  | nils,  a  bale  of  thread  UK)  bulls. 

2t.  A  pair  or  set  of  dice. 

It  is  a  false  die  of  the  same  bale,  hut  not  the  same  cut. 

Sir  T.  Overbuni,  Cliaraeters. 
I  have  ft  crew  of  angels  prisoners  in  my  pocket,  and 
none  but  a  good  bale  of  dice  call  fetch  them  out. 

.Middlehm,  I'.liirt,  .Ma.sler.Con»lable,  II. 

bale'""  (bill),  r.  I.;  jiret.  anil  Jip.  haled,  ppr.  biiliiii/. 

(<  /<«/(•',  «.]     To  Illlike  up  into  a  biiic  or  luilcs. 

bale't,  bale''t,  bale"t,  bale^.    See  baia,  bnil^, 

Inlll-',   IjiIiIK 

Balearian  (bal-eii'ri-an),  0.     Sniiiens  lliilmrie. 

Balearic  (bal-e-ar'ik),  «.  [<  L.  Iliiltariens. 
belter  Haliitrieus  {(iv.  liu'/iiipihtir,  also  Bo/*./«/i/m*. 
and  Urt///n/«Mi{-),  <  liiiUares,  better  Ualiar<s. 
Gr.  Ii(i>.(n/)( ir,  the  ancient  name  of  the  islainls 
and  of  their  iiiliabitiiiits,  lit.,  iirconling  to  the 
conimon  tradition,  the  sliiigerH,  <  Gr,  Un'/'/nr, 
throw,  sling,]  I'ortuining  to  the  iHlundH  Mii jm'- 
ca,  Miiiori'ii,  Ivi/.a,  I'lc,  in  the  Mi'diterriiiiruii 
Heu,  calli'd  theUuluaric  islaudH.  -  Balearic  craiio. 

■ee  IhUearira. 
Balearica  (bal-e-ar'i-kll),  ».  [NIj.,  fern,  Hing. 
of  I  J.  llaliaricuH :  hoc  linlnirie.]  A  genus  of 
cruiicH,  fiimily  (Iniiilir,  iiiiliiiliiig  the  crowned 
cronoH,  /(.  iiaroiiinii  uiid  //.  rii/uloruiii.  ihev 
tinvo  a  fajiligluto  fan-shnjieU  orect  creat  of  nimllfled  ycf- 


balin 

lowish  feathers  resemliling  a  miniatnre  wisp-liroom.  The 
head  is  also  variegated  with  black  feathers  and  red  naked 
spaces,  and  the  tliroat  is  wattled  ;  the  general  plumage  is 
blackish,  with  much  white  on  the  wings.  The  total  length 
is  about  4  feet.  These  cranes  occur  in  various  parts  of 
.\frica,  as  well  as  in  the  islands  to  which  they  owe  their 
name,  and  one  species  has  occasionally  been  found  in  Eu- 
rope. The  genus  has  also  been  named  liatearitm  (Rafi* 
iiesiiue.  ISlo)  and  (?craiirtrc/i  us  (Gloger,  1842), 

balearican  (bal-e-ar'i-kan),  II.  [<  lialearica.'] 
A  crane  of  the  genus  lialearica. 

baleen  (ba-len'),  n.  [<  ME.  baleiie,  balei/iie,  a 
whale,  <  OF.  baleiic,  F.  baleiiie,  <  L.  bahviia,  a 
whale:  see  Bala-iia.]  If.  A  whale.— 2t.  The 
sea-bream. — 3.  ^Vhalebone  in  its  natural  state; 
a  name  given  by  whale-fishers. 

The  horny ' '  teeth  "  of  the  Lampreys,  and  of  Ornithorhyn- 
chus,  appear  to  be  ecderonic  structures,  homologous  w'ith 
the  baleen  of  the  Cetacea.  with  the  palatal  plates  of  the 
Sirenia,  or  the  beaks  of  Birds  and  Reptiles,  and  not  with 
true  teeth.  Ilnxleit,  .\nat.  Vert.,  p.  80. 

baleen-knife  (ba-len'nif ),  ».  A  double-handled 
knife  with  a  curved  blade,  used  for  splitting 
whalebone. 

bale-fire  (bal'fir),  n.  [<  ME.  balefyre,  <  AS. 
Uelfyr,  <  ba^l,  bale,  +  fyr,  fire:  see  bale'^  and 
fire.]  1.  A  large  fire  in  the  open  air;  partic- 
ularly, the  tire  of  a  fimeral  pile. 

The  festival  [of  the  death  of  the  earth  in  winter]  was 
.  .  .  kept  by  the  lighting  of  great  fires,  called  bale-Jiren. 

Keanj,  Prim,  Belief,  p.  227. 
2.  A  beacon-  or  signal-fire. 

Sweet  Teviot !  on  thy  silver  tide 
The  glaring  bate-Jires  blaze  no  more. 

.SrntI,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  1. 

baleful  (bal'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  baleful,  balii/ul,  < 
AS.  bealiifuU,  bealofull,  <  bealu,  beato,  bale,  -f 
-full,  -ful:  see  ba'le'^  and  -/»/.]  1.  Full  of 
hurtful  or  malign  influence;  destructive;  per- 
nicious; noxious;  direful;  deadly:  as,  "baleftd 
breath,"  Drijden ;  '^baleful  drugs,"  Milton,  Co- 
mus,  1.  225. 

And  when  he  weeps,  as  you  think  for  his  vices, 
'Tis  but  as  killing  drops  from  baleful  yew-trees, 
That  rot  their  honest  neiglibour. 

Fletcher,  Valentini.an,  iii.  1. 
This  lustful,  treacherous,  and  baleful  woman. 

Edinbnvfjh  Rev. 
He  remliuied  him  that  the  tiale.fxtl  horoscope  of  Abdal- 
lah  had  predicted  the  downfall  of  (Iranuda. 

Preseott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  I.  xiv. 

2.  Fraught  with  bale  ;  full  of  calamity  or  mis- 
fortune; disastrous;  wretched;  miserable. 

Ab  !  lucklesse  babe,  borne  under  cruel  starre. 
And  in  dead  parents  batefuU  ashes  bred, 

Spemer,  F.  t).,  II.  ii.  2. 
That  lialeful  burning  night, 
^\■hen  subtle  Greeks  surpris'd  King  Priam's  Troy. 

Shal,:,  Tit.  And.,  v.  .'!. 

balefuUy  (bal'ful-i),  adr.  [ME.  biilfully,  Imill- 
fully :  <  bull  ful  +  -///'-.]  lu  a  baleful  manner. 
(a)  Calamitously;  jierniciouslv  ;  no.\iously.  (6) 
Miserably;  unhap]iily  ;  painfully. 
balefulness  (bal'fiil-nes),  II.  The  state  or 
<iuality  of  being  baleful. 

Their  blissc  he  turn'd  to  txilefulneime. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xil.  8;l. 

bale-hook  (biil'ln'ik),  ».  X.  A  large  hook  sus- 
jiinileil  from  the  chain  of  a  crane  or  winch,  for 
use  in  lifting  bales. —  2.  A  smaller  hand-hook 
used  in  handling  unwieldy  bales,  bo.xes,  and 
]i:u-knges. 

baleine  (ba-liin'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  a  whale:  see 
bull  I II.]  A  movable  platform  for  the  support 
of  dunqiing-wagons,  used  in  Frauce  inbiiiuliug 
railroad  embHiikineiits. 

baleist,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.  halys,  <  ME,  biiley.i, 
ball  is,  <  OF.  balris,  balri,  nuxl.  F.  biiliii,  a 
broom,  besom,  dial,  also  broom,  genesta;  cf. 
Bret,  biiliieii,  ii,  broom,  besom,  balaii,  broom, 
genesta. J     A  rod;  a  twig. 

baleless  (bal'les),  «.  [<  MK.  /)((/,7('.s-,<  as.  bealu- 
liiis,  b<(itidiiis,<.  bealu,  liriilii,  bale,  +  -hii.t, -loss: 
ai'i'  ball  i^  timl  -less.]     Harmless;  innocent. 

baler'  (ba'K'r),  ».  [<  bale^,  r.,  +  -ir^.]  One 
who  biilcs,  or  iiiukes  up  bales  or  bundles. 

baler'-',  ".    Soo  imiiir-. 

balest,  ».     A  .Middle  English  form  of  Imlas^. 

balestert,  ».     See  butisleri. 

bale-tie  (bal'ti),  u.  A  contrivance  for  joining 
the  ends  of  the  straps  used  in  baling  cotton, 
liiiv,  etc. 

ballki  (bii-le'ke),  II.  [Riisa.]  The  back-pieces 
111  Ihr  stiirgroii,  siiKeil  and  smoked  in  Russia 
tor  liiinie  use  and  e,\)iortation. 

balint,  ".  f  Irreg.  <  L.  baliii,  ace.  of  biilis,  <  Gr. 
fhO'/ir,  an  unknown  ))latit:  see  del'.]  An  un- 
known |ilant,  supposed  to  have  woiniorful  mo- 
dicinnl  virtnes. 


pposed  to 
A'.  /•;.  I). 

Having  tir  hei-be  t/ah 


111  Ills  wounds  Infiis'il. 
Ureal  llrilaincH  Troy  (,1009). 


baline 

baline  (ba-len'),  H.  [F.,  paekiiig-cloth;  et.  ba- 
liii,  winnowing-oloth.]  A  coarse  kind  of  can- 
vas used  for  packing. 

balingert  (bal'in-jer),  n.  [<  ME.  halingcr,  b(tl- 
inyrr,  etc.,  <  OF.  httlengicr,  bnUenjcr,  balcinicr, 
orig.  a  wliale-ship  {=  Pg.  btileciro,  a  whaler,  a 
wliale-sliip,  =  It.  halcnieru,  a  pinnace),  <  baleiiic, 
a  whale  :  see  6m/cch.]  A  small  sea-going  war- 
vessel  in  iise  in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
centiu-ies,  and  supposed  to  have  been  a  kind 
of  sloop  without  forecastle. 

Iti  Febi-uary,  1417,  the  king  possessed  six  gre.it  ships, 
eight  Ijargfs,  and  tea  balingcm. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  mo. 

baling-press  (ba'ling-pres),  n.  A  power-press 
employed  for  compressing  soft  or  fibrous  ma- 
terials, as  raw  cotton,  hay,  and  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  into  bales  for  transportation. 

balisaur  (bal'i-sar),  n.  [<  Hind.  ftateSr,  sand- 
hog,  <  bdlu  (Beng.  InVi),  sand,  +  siir,  a  hog  (cf. 
8kt.  sukiirii,  a  liog).]  The  common  Indian 
badger,  Arctonijx  collaris,  of  the  family  Mustc- 
lidw  and  subfamily  Mehnw.  it  resembles  tlie  com- 
mon European  badger  of  the  genus  Mele:f,  but  is  larger, 
and  is,  from  its  technical  characteristics,  placed  in  a 
different  genus.  It  is  a  true  badger,  one  of  several  mem- 
hereof  the  Melinfs.    See  badffer^.    Also  spelled  ^^j/5-rt(i/-. 

balise,  n.     See  bnlicc. 

balista,  «.     See  bnlUsta. 

balisterH  (bal'is-ter),  n.  [<  ME.  balester,  <  OF. 
balesticr,  <  LL.  haUistarius,  one  who  makes 
crossbows,  a  crossbowman,  <  L.  balUsta,  a 
crossbow.     Cf.  arcubalister.']    A  crossbowman. 

balister^t  (bal'is-ter),  n.  [<  OF.  balestrc,  <  ML. 
balistra,  a  var.  of  L.  ballistn,  a  crossbow  (cf. 
ML.  balistarius  arctis,  a  crossbow) :  see  bciUista.^ 
An  arbalist  or  crossbow.    Also  spelled  ballister. 

Balistes  (ba-lis'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  balista,  bet- 
ter baUista,  the  military  engine  ;  so  called  for 
the  same  reason  as  they  are  called  trigger-fish: 


Trigger-fish  [Baiisids  capriscus). 

see  def.]  A  genus  of  plectognath  fishes,  tyj^ieal 
of  the  family  Balistidce,  containing  such  species 
as  B.  capriscus.  Tliey  are  known  as  trirrirrr-jish,  be- 
cause one  large  and  sharp  first  ray  of  tlie  dors"al  fin  cannot 
be  pressed  down  until  tlie  second  ray  is  depressed,  wlien 
the  first  shuts  down  as  does  tlie  hammer  of  a  gun  when  the 
trigu'cr  is  pulled. 

balistid  (ba-lis'tid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Biilistida: 

Balistidae  (ba-lis'ti-de),  71.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balistes 
+  -((?«-.]  A  family  of  fishes,  typified  by  the 
genus  Balistes,  adopted  by  diii'erent  authors 
with  various  limits,  (n)  In  Bonapaite  s  early  system, 
1832,  a  family  embracing  the  Batt--^lidie,  Triamnthidce,  and 
Ostradontidee,  and  thus  equivalent  to  the  SdendennfS  of 
Cuvier.  (i)  In  Bonaparte's  later  systems  (1S40,  etc.),  a  fam- 
ily embracing  the  Balistidce  VinA  Tnacanthidte,  thus  equiv- 
alent to  the  suborder  Sclerodertni  of  Gill,  (c)  In  Swain- 
son's  system,  a  family  including  all  the  plectognath  fishes. 
id)  In  Gill's  system,  a  family  of  scleroderm  plectognatlis 
with  reduced  rhorabiforni  or  more  or  less  spiniform  der- 
mal appendages ;  a  compressed  body ;  teeth  few  in  number 
and  more  or  less  compressed;  a  long  pelvis,  compressed 
and  arcuate,  with  the  tip  sometimes  prominent  and  some- 
times concealed  ;  and  no  paired  ventral  fins  or  spines. 
The  species  are  numerous  in  tropical  and  subtropical  seas, 
and  are  divided  into  three  sul)families,  the  BaliMnce, 
Monacanthin(e,AndPfiilijcephalinfe.  See  these  words.  Spe- 
cies are  known  as  iri^ficr-fish,  file-rish,  etc. 

Balistina  (bal-is-ti'n'a),  k.^il.  [NL.,  <  Balistes 
+  -iiia.l  In  Giinther's  classification  of  fishes, 
the  second  group  of  his  fa,rai\y  Sclerodermi,  iden- 
tical with  the  family  Balistidw  of  recent  authors. 

Balistinse  (bal-is-ti'ne),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Balistes 
+  -iiKV.']  1.  A  subfamily  of  balistoid  fishes 
ha-ving  few  vertebra  (17),  an  anterior  dorsal  fin 
consisting  of  3  (rarely  2)  spines,  of  which  the 
first  is  enlarged  and  the  second  locks  it  in 
erection,  branchial  apertures  behind  the  eyes, 
a  compressed  ovate  foi-m,  and  rhombiform 
bcales.  Tlie  most  common  English  names  of  the  species 
are  file-Jish  and  tririger-fish.  Tlie  flesh  is  generally  but 
little  esteemed,  and  may  even  lie  poisonous ;  but  in  some 
places,  as  in  Bermuda,  one  of  the  species  of  the  genus 
BalLstes  is  highly  esteemed  and  locally  called  turbol.  The 
skin  is  used  for  filing  and  as  a  substitute  for  sandpaper. 
See  cut  under  Balistes. 

2.  In  early  systems  of  classification,  a  sub- 
family embracing  the  Balistidce  and  Triacati- 


429 

thida:,  and  equivalent  to  the  suborder  Sclero- 
dermi  of  Gill. — 3.  In  some  systems,  a  subfam- 
ily eijuivalcnt  to  the  family  Balistidce  of  Gill. 

balistine  (ba-lis'tin),  n.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily 
Jiflli.stimf. 

balistoid  (ba-lis'toid),  a.  and  n.     [<  Balistes  + 
-uiil.]     I.  «.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  char- 
acters of  the  Balistidw. 
II.  /(.  A  lialistid. 

balistraria  (bal-is-tra'ri-ii),  71.  [ML.,  <  balis- 
tra, a  form  of  ballista,  a  crossbow :  see  bal- 
ister'i.']  In  old  fort. :  (a)  A  loophole  or  aperture 
in  the  wall  of  a  fortification,  or  in  a  wood- 
en hoarding  temporarily  put  up  for  defense, 
througli  whidi  crossbowmen  miglit  discharge 
their  bolts.  See  loophole,  and  compare  areheria. 
(b)  A  room  in  which  balisters  or  crossbows 
viere  kept. 

balize,  balise  (lia-lez'),  w.  [<  F.  balise  =  Sp. 
Pg.  baliza,  Sp.  also  balisa,  vali^a,  a  beacon, 
buoy,  sea-mark ;  origin  imkuown.]  A  sea-mark 
or  beacon  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  the  en- 
trance to  a  harbor;  a  barrel-buoy,  a  pole  sur- 
mounted by  a  peculiar  flag  or  other  object,  etc. 

balkl,  baulk  (bak),  n.  [<  ME.  balk,  balke,  <  AS. 
bulea,  a  ridge,  =  OS.  balco  =  OFries.  balka  = 
OD.  balke,  D.  ;<»/*- =  MLG.  balke,  a  beam,  bal- 
ance, corn-loft,  LG.  bcdke,  corn-loft,  =  OIIG. 
baleho,  balko  (>  It.  balco,  a  beam,  >  balco/ie,  >  E. 
balcony,  q.  v.),  MHG.  bcdke,  G.  balke,  balke/i,  a 
beam,  bar;  also,  -with  diff.  formative,  AS.  bcdc 
(once),  a  ridge,  =  leel.  bcllkr,  bolkr  =  Sw.  balk 
=  Norw.  balk,  bolk,  beam,  bar,  partition,  divi- 
sion, =  Dan.  bolk,  ridge,  partition;  AS.  bolca, 
gang'svay,  =  leel.  bjdlki  =  Sw.  bjdlke,  bjelke  = 
Dan.  bjcclke,  a  beam ;  cf .  AS.  bwlc,  covering ;  per- 
haps akin  to  Gr.  tpu/.a-i  j,  a  beam,  pole,  log,  trunk, 
block:  see  jj/m?fH!x.]  1.  A  ridge;  especially,  a 
ridge  left  unplowed  in  the  body  of  a  field,  or 
between  fields;  an  -uncultivated  strip  of  land 
serving  as  a  boundary,  often  between  pieces  of 
ground  held  by  ditt'crcnt  tenants.  The  hatter  use 
originated  in  tlie  oiien-ticlil  system  (which  see,  under yicW). 
[Common  in  provincial  English  and  Scotch.] 

Dikeres  and  delueres  digged  vp  the  batkrs. 

Piers  J'toimnan  (B),  vi.  109. 
Green  balks  and  furrow'd  lands. 

Cowper,  Retirement. 
The  property  consisted  of  2,752  acres,  which  were  di- 
vided into  3,.S09  strips  of  land  set  at  every  possilile  angle, 
from  nine  to  thirty  feet  wide  and  about  nine  or  ten  chains 
long,  with  a  grass  path  called  a  balk  between  each. 

Nineteenth  Century.  XIX.  902. 

2.  A  piece  missed  in  plowing.  Hence — 3t. 
An  omission  ;  an  exception. 

The  mad  Steele  about  dotli  fiercely  fly, 
Not  sparing  wight,  ne  leaving  any  balke. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  VI.  xi.  16. 

4.  A  bltrnder ;  a  failure  or  miscarriage :  as,  to 
make  a  balk ;  you  have  made  a  bad  bidk  of  it. 
[Now  chiefly  coUoq.]  Hence  —  5.  Inbctsc-ball, 
a  motion  made  by  the  pitcher  as  if  to  pitch  the 
ball,  but  without  actually  doing  so. —  6t.  A 
barrier  in  one's  way;  an  obstacle  or  stumbling- 
block. —  7.  A  check  or  defeat;  a  disappoint- 
ment. 

A  balk  to  the  confidence  of  the  bold  undertaker.  South. 
8.  In  coal-7)iiui7ig,  a  more  or  less  sudden  thin- 
ning out,  for  a  certain  distance,  of  a  bed  of 
coal;  a  nip  or  want. — 9.  A  beam  or  piece  of 
timber  of  considerable  length  and  thickness. 
Specifically  —  (o)  A  cruss-beam  in  tlie  roof  of  ahousewliirh 
unites  and  supports  tlie  raftei-s;  a  tie-beam.  In  old-fasli- 
ioned  one-story  houses  of  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  the  Xortli 
of  England  tliese  tie-beams  were  often  exposed,  and  boards 
or  peeled  saplings  called  cabers  were  laid  across  them, 
forming  a  kind  of  loft  often  called  the  balks.  From  these 
exposed  tie-beams  or  from  the  cabers  articles  were  often 
suspended.    IProv.  Eiig.  and  Scotch.] 

Tubbes  hanging  in  the  balkes. 

C/miicer,  Jliller's  Tale,  I.  4-10. 

The  stiffest  balk  bends  more  or  less ;  all  joists  creak. 

Carhjle,  French  Rev.,  II.  i.  1*2. 

(6)  Milit. ,  one  of  the  beams  connecting  the  successive  sup- 
ports of  a  trestle-bridge  or  bateau-bridge,  (o)  In  carp.,  a 
squared  timl)er,  long  or  short ;  a  large  timber  in  a  frame, 
floor,  etc.;  a  square  log. 

10.  The  beam  of  a  balance.  [Obsolete,  except 
in  dialectal  usage.]  — 11.  Inbilliards,  the  space 
between  the  cushion  of  the  table  and  the  balk- 
line.  A  ball  inside  this  space  is  said  to  be  in 
hoik. — 12.  A  long  wooden  or  iron  table  on 
■svhich  paper  is  laid  in  the  press-room  of  a  print- 
ing-office.— 13.  A  set  of  stout  stakes  sur- 
rounded by  netting  or  wickerwork  for  catching 
fish.  N.  E.  £>.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14.  The  stout 
rope  at  the  top  of  fishing-nets  by  which  they 
are  fastened  one  to  another  in  a  fleet.  [In 
Cornwall,  baleli.']  X.  E.  D. 
balkl,  baulk  (bak),  r.  [<  ME.  hilken,  make  a 
balk  in  land,  that  is,  leave  a  strip  or  ridge  of 


ball 

land  unplowed,  <  balk,  a  ridge :  see  halk'i,  n.  Cf. 
Norw.  halka,  do  clumsy  work.]  I.  tra7is.  If. 
To  make  a  balk  or  ridge  in  plowing ;  make  a 
ridge  in  by  leaving  a  strip  unplowed. 

To  tille  a  felde  man  must  Iiave  diligence, 
And  ballt  it  not. 

J'atladiia,  Uusbondrle  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  8. 

Hence  —  2f .  To  leave  untouched  generally ; 
omit;  pass  over;  neglect;  shun. 

Balk  logic  with  acquaintance  that  you  have. 

Shak.,  r.  of  the  .<J.,  L  L 

By  reason  of  y  contagion  then  in  London,  we  baulkedthe 
inns.  Krelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  10,  ]B4l. 

3.  To  place  a  balk  in  the  way  of;  hence,  to 
hinder;  thwart;  frustrate;  disappoint. 

.My  sport  is  always  balkt,  or  cut  short  —  I  stumble  over 
the  game  I  would  imrsue.     Coii'jrece,  Old  Batclielor,  iv.5. 

Alike  to  the  citizen  and  to  the  legislator,  home  experi- 
ences daily  supply  proofs  tliat  the  conduct  of  human  be- 
ings balks  calculation.     //.  Spencer,  Bins  of  Legislators,  ii. 

4t.  To  miss  by  error  or  inadvertence. 

Vou  cannot  baidk  your  Road  without  the  hazard  of  drown- 
ing.        /■'«i(/iam,  Low  Countries  (1077),  p.  46.     (S.E.D.) 

5t.  To  heap  up  so  as  to  form  a  balk  or  ridge. 

[Bare.] 

Ten  thousand  bold  Scots,  two-and-twenty  knightA, 

Balk'd  in  their  own  blood,  did  Sir  Walter  see 

On  Holmcdon's  plains.  Shak.,  1  lieu.  IV.,  L  1. 

[Some  editors  read  bak'd  in  this  passage.]  =Syn. 
3.  Foil.  Thwart,  etc.     ^ee/runtrate. 

II,  iiitraiis.  1.  To  stop  short  in  one's  course, 
as  at  a  balk  or  obstacle:  as,  the  horse  balked; 
he  ftoM'et/ in  his  speech.  •Sjienscr.  [Obsolete  in 
England,  but  in  common  use  in  the  United 
States.]  —  2t.  To  quibble;  bandy  words. 

But  to  occasion  him  to  further  talke. 

To  feed  her  humour  with  his  pleasing  style, 

Her  list  in  stryfull  termes  with  him  to  balh;. 

Spenser,  F.  (}.,  III.  ii.  12. 
They  do  not  divide  and  baulk  with  God. 

ilanton,  \\'oiks  (1663).  IV.  227.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

balk2  (bak),  r.  i.  [Prob.  <  ME.  ''balke7i  (not 
found  in  this  sense,  but  cf .  balke  n,  var.  of  belken, 
belehen,  belch,  vociferate),  <  AS.  balc-iaii,  shout, 
=  Fries,  balckien  =  Flem.  and  D.  balke/i,  bawl, 
bray;  cf.  Flem.  and  D.  bulken  =  JJi.  bolken, 
low,  bellow,  =  G.  bolke7i,  bloke/i,  bleat,  low, 
bellow.  The  AS.  form,  which  occurs  but  once 
in  this  sense,  is  by  some  identified  ■nith  the 
closely  related  bealcav,  or,  with  an  added  form- 
ative, bealcettan,  belcettan,  >ME.  balken,  belken, 
belehen,  E.  belk,  belch,  used  also,  in  AS.  chiefly, 
like  L.  enictare,  as  a  transitive  verb,  and  with- 
out offensive  implication,  belch  out,  vociferate, 
utter  (words,  hymns,  etc.);  so  ME.  bolken.  mod. 
dial,  bouk,  boke.  bock,  etc.:  see  belch,  belk,  bolk. 
All  these  words  are  prob.  based  on  the  same 
imitative  root;  ef.  bawl,  belloii;  blcat.l  To  sig- 
nify to  fishing-boats  the  direction  taken  by  the 
shoals  of  herrings  or  pilchards,  as  seen  from 
heights  overlooking  the  sea:  done  at  first  by 
bawling  or  shouting,  subsequentlv  by  signals. 
y.  E.  D.     [Local,  Eng.] 

Balkan  (biil-kan'  or  bal'kan),  a.  [Formerly 
also  Bcdcan  ;  =  F.  Bcdcan  =  G.  Btdkan,  etc.,  a 
name  appar.  of  Sla^vic  origin.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Balkans,  a  mountain-range  crossing 
Bulgaria  from  west  to  east,  or  to  the  peninsula 
embracing  European  Turkey,  Greece,  Bulgaria, 
Rumania,  Serria,  and  the  regions  westward  to 
the  Adriatic. 

balkerl  (ba'ker),  n.  [<  6rt?A:i,f., +-erl.]  One 
wlio  balks,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb. 

balker-'  (ba'ker),  n.  [<  fca/A-2  -f  -f/-i.]  A  man 
stationed  on  a  cliff  or  an  eminence  to  look  out 
for  shoals  of  herrings  or  pilchards,  and  signal 
the  direction  taken  by  them.     [Local,  Eng.] 

The  pilchards  are  pursued  by  a  bigger  fish,  called  a 
plusher,  who  leapeth  above  water  aud  bewTaveth  them  to 
the  balker.  R.  Carew,  Survey  "of  CornwalL 

balkisht   (ba'kish),   a.      [<  bam,  n.,  + -ish.^ 
Furrowy;  ridged;  uneven. 
That  craggy  and  balki^h  way. 

Stanihurst,  Ded.  of  Holinshed's  Chronicles,  II. 

balk-line  (bak'lin),  n.  In  billiards,  a  diagonal 
line  cutting  off  a  comer,  or  a  straight  line  cut- 
ting oS  a  imiform  sjiace  on  each  side  (generally 
14  inches),  from  the  main  field  of  the  table. 

balk-staflf  (bak'staf ),  n.     A  quarter-staff. 

balky  (ba'ki),  a.  [<  balkl-,  v.,  +  -y.]  Given  to 
l.ialking;  apt  to  stop  abruptly  anil  obstinately 
refuse  to  move:  as,  a  balky  horse.     [U.  S.] 

balll  (bal),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  balle,  some- 
times baide,  bairle.  <  ME.  bal,  ball,  balle,  either 
from  leel.  (see  below)  or  <  AS.  *bealli(  or 
'beaUa  (not  found,  but  evidenced  by  the  dim. 
bealluc,  V..  halloek.  lit.  a  little  ball:  see  baUock} 
=  D.  bal  =  Flem.  bal,  MLG.  bal,  LG.  ball,  a 


baU 

■ball,  =  OHG.  *bal,  m.,  hallo,  pallo,  m.,  balla, 
palla,  f .,  MHG.  lal,  balk,  m.,  G.  ball,  m.,  a  ball, 
ballen,  m.,  a  bale,  package,  =  leel.  boltr  =  Xoitv. 
ball,  ball.  =  Sw.  boll,  ball,  bal,  bale,  =  Dan.  bal, 
billiard-ball,  balde,  ball  (in  anat.),  balle,  bale, 
6oM,  plaving-ball;  not  found  in  Goth.  Hence 
(from  OHG.)  ML.  balla,  palla,  bala,  a  ball,  a 
bale,  >It. balla, palla,  a  ball  (now  distinguished: 
balla,  a  bale,  palla,  a  ball),  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  bala,  a 
ball,  a  bale,  =  F.  balle,  OF.  balle,  bale,  a  ball,  a 
bale,  >  D.  6«ai  =  OFlem.  bah;  Flem.  bal,  MLG. 
bale  =  ME.  bale,  E.  fcn/e,  prop,  a  round  buniUe : 
see  baleS.  Appar.  a  native  Teut.  woi-d,  akui  to 
boll^,  boicV-,  q.  v.,  and  to  L.  follis,  a  -svind-bag, 
an  inflated  ball  for  playing,  >  nit.  E.  fool :  see 
/ooA  and  follicle,  etc.  The  Gr.  ■^ra'/.'/.a,  a  ball,  is 
appar.  a  different  word,  but  it  may  be  the  soiuce 
of  Mil.  and  It.  jjaZto.  See  balloon,  ballot.'\  1. 
A  spherical  or  approximately  spherical  body;  a 
sphere ;  a  globe :  as,  a  ball  of  snow,  of  thread, 
of  twine,  etc.  SpeeificaUy — 2.  A  round  or 
nearly  round  body,  of  different  materials  and 
sizes,'  for  use  in.  various  games,  as  base-ball, 
foot-ball,  cricket,  tennis,  billiards,  etc. — 3.  A 
game  played  with  a  ball,  especially  base-ball 
or  any  modification  of  it. — 4.  A  toss  or  throw 
of  a  ball  in  a  game :  as,  a  swift  hall;  a  high  or 
low  ball. —  5.  In  base-ball,  a  pitch  such  that  the 
ball  fails  to  pass  over  the  home-plate  not  high- 
er than  the  shoulder  nor  lower  than  the  knees 
of  the  striker:  as,  the  pitcher  is  allowed  four 
balls  by  the  rules  of  the  game. — 6.  A  small 
spherical  body  of  wood  or  ivory  used  in  voting 
by  ballot.  See  ballot'^  and  blacl-ball.—  7.  The 
missile  or  projectile  thrown  from  a  firearm  or 
other  engine  of  war;  a  bullet  or  cannon-ball, 
whether  spherical  (as  originally)  or  conical  or 
cylindrical  (as  now  commonly);  in  artillery,  a 
solid  projectile,  as  distinguished  from  a  hollow 
one  called  a  shell  (wldeh  see). —  8.  Projectiles, 
and  more  particularly  bullets,  collectively:  as, 
to  supply  a  regiment  with  powder  and  ball ;  the 
troops  were  ordered  to  load  with  ball. — 9.  In 
printing,  a  rounded  mass  or  cushion  of  hair  or 
wool,  covered  with  soft  leather  or  skin,  and  fas- 
tened to  a  stock  called  a  ball-stock,  used  (gen- 
erally in  pairs,  one  for  each  hand)  before  the 
invention  of  the  roller  to  ink  type  on  the  press: 
still  in  use  by  wood-engravers,  but  made  of 
smaller  size,  and  with  a  silk  instead  of  a  lea- 
ther face.  A  similar  i>all  is  used  in  inking  the  l)locks  in 
calico-printing.  Tliat  used  by  engravers  in  spreading  an 
etching-ground  ia  called  a  dabber. 
10.  A  clew  or  cop  of  thread,  twine,  or  yam. — 
llf.  A  spherical  piece  of  soap. 

Then  she  said  to  her  maids,  bring  me  oil  and  washing 
h€UU,  and  shut  the  garden  duuru,  that  I  may  wash  me. 

Swiamui  (Apocrypha),  i.  17. 

For  my  part,  I'll  go  and  get  a  sweet  ball,  and  wash  my 
hands  of  it.         ilittdUlon,  Blurt,  Master-ronslalilc,  ii.  1. 

12.  A  rounded  package;  a  bale. — 13.  In 
metal.,  one  of  the  masses  of  iron,  weighing 
about  80  pounds,  into  which,  in  the  process 
of  converting  pig-iron  into  wrouglit-iron  by 
puddling,  the  iron  in  the  reverberatory  fur- 
nace ia  made  up  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  as- 
sume a  pasty  condition.  As  fast  as  the  Iron  is 
balled  it  in  taken  out  o(  the  furnace,  and  is  llrst  ham- 
men-d  or  8<iueezed,  and  then  rolled  into  bars  of  any 
desired  form, 

14.  In  med.,  a  bolus ;  a  largo  i)ill :  now  only  in 
veterinary  medicine. — 15.  In  pyrotechnics,  a 
globular  mass  of  combustible  ingredients,  or  a 
case  filled  with  them,  designed  to  set  fire  to 
something  or  to  give  forth  light,  etc.;  a  (ire- 
ball. — 16.  In  cabinet-tcork,  the  composition  of 
shoerankers'  wax  used  in  waxing  black-work. 
—  17.  Any  part  of  a  thing,  cspceially  of  the 
human  body,  that  is  rounded  or  protuberant : 
a.s,  the  ballot  the  eye;  the  ball  of  tlie  thumb; 
tlje  hull  of  a  dumb-bell ;  the  ball  of  a  i>cndulum, 
that  is,  the  bob  or  weight  at  the  bottom. 

In  tlie  ball  of  his  Higbl  much  more  dear  I"  biin  V 

Lninb,  My  Krbitlons. 

18t.  Tlio  central  hollow  of  the  jialm  of  flic 
hiiiirl — 10.  The  central  jiart  of  nn  animarH 
foot  — yo.  A  tcHlicIf':  geniTnllv  in  tln' jilural. 
(V'liU'  ■■  I  —  21.  A  hnnd-tool  wilfi  a  louiidid  end 
amir  iiiltiug  hollow  forms. —  22.   A 

roiin  111   iiirloncd  clinniber,  opirntoil 

by  III'  :,.■  liouiil  through  the  I'hitnilx'r  ; 

It   bull  j.'j.    Ill    liiiiiiliirii-irorl:,   ii   sninll 

Mili'M'  .,r  load  iiHi'<l  in  liollowinir  i"it 

tno  nnib  rtain  Ht<iMi'><,  as  carbini'  ]i    , 

to  maki  <r  and  thuH  more  tniiiH|..iT- 

eut.— 2  1  .;  thdonrtli.     [Now  rare] 


Ball-and-Sockct 
Joint. 


tllo«.-  I..t.l- 
.  r.l   IIh'  .oi.< 


"full, 
...mil  iMll 

Orunviilr. 


430 

Ye  gods,  what  justice  rules  the  ball  ? 
Freedom  and  arts  together  fall. 

Pope.  Chorus  to  Brutus,  1,  •J.'i. 

[\  globe  representing  the  earth  is  a  common  sjinbol  of 
sovereignty ;  hence  Bacon  has  the  phrase  to  hold  the  ball 
of  a  kingdom,  in  the  sense  of  to  bear  sovereignty  over  it.) 
—  A  bail  fired,  in  Acn.  a  globe  witll  tire  i^uing  from  the 
top,  \\hen  it  is  intended  to  represent  the  lire  issuing  in 
more  places  th.in  one,  it  is  so  expressed  in  the  blazon  ;  as, 
a  ball  fired  in  four  places,— Ball  and  socket,  an  In- 
strument made  of  brass,  with  a  universal  screw,  to  move 
horizontally,  obliquely,  or  vertically,  used  ill  managing 
surveyini;  and  astronomical  instruments, —  Ball-and- 
socket  coupling,  a  ball-and-socket  jt-'iut  used  for  a  re- 
volving rod  or  shaft,  principally  to  change  the  duection  of 
the  line  of  transmission  of  motion,  but  sometimes  to  allow 
for  any  yielding  of  the  supports  which  would  bring  the 
shafting  out  of  line,— Ball-and-socket  hanger,  a  hanger 
in  which  the  box  or  bearing  is  attached  to  the  bracket  or 
pendant  by  a  spherical  segment-joint,  to  allow  for  a  spring 
of  the  shaft  or  rod,  or  other  cause  which  may  bring  the 
shaft  out  of  line  and  thus  occasion  excessive  friction  and 
wear, — Ball-and-socket  joint,  a  natural  or  an  artilicial 
joint  formed  by  a  ball  or  knob  working  in 
a  socket.  In  anat.  it  is  a  kind  of  articu- 
latiou  technically  called  enarthroaU,  ex- 
emplitled  in  the  hip-joint  and  shoul- 
der-joint, .\lso  called  cui'-and-ball  joint. 
—Ball-and-socket  pillow-block,  in 
mech.,  a  pillow-block  which,  within  cer- 
tain limits,  can  accomniodute  itself  to  the 
line  of  the  shafting,— Ball  of  a  pendu- 
lum, a  bob.  See  (<o!<i,— Ball  of  the  eye.  See  eyeball.— 
Ball  of  the  foot,  the  proiutierant  part  of  the  sole  at 
the  base  of  the  great  toe,  with  the  smaller  eminences  at 
the  bases  of  the  other  toes,  upon  which  the  body  rests 
when  the  heel  is  elevated. — Ball  Of  the  thumb,  the 
fleshy  mass  at  the  base  of  the  thumb  on  the  side  of  the 
palm  ;  the  volar  or  thenar  eminence, —  Ball  soda,  crude 
soda,— Golden  balls,  .See  oo'c/cm.— Venetian  ball,  in 
ffla.'iS-niantt/..  a  tiliu^ree  work  iiu-losed  in  a  transparent 
liall,=  S3ai.  Si'here.  etc.  Sec  globe. 
balll  (bal),  r.  [<  bain,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
into  a  ball.  Specifically— (n)  In  the  manufacture  of 
cotton,  to  wind  into  balls,  (b)  In  vietal..  to  heat  in  a  fur- 
nace and  tlien  fonn  into  balls  for  rolling. 
2.  To  surroimd  in  a  compact  cluster,  as  bees 
when  they  surrotmd  the  queen  bee. 

This  is  more  apt  to  happen  when  a  strange  queen  is 
introduced  to  a  colony,  but  sometimes  a  colony  will  ball 
their  own  queen  if  unusually  excited  or  disturbed,  ...  If 
not  soou  released,  the  queen  dies  and  is  thrown  out  of 
the  hive.  Dzieron  tells  us  that  bees  sometimes  ball  their 
queen  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  her  from  the  attacks 
of  strange  bees.  Fhin,  Diet.  Apiculture,  p,  10. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  form  or  gather  into  a  ball, 
as  snow  on  horses'  hoofs,  or  mud  on  the  foot. — 
2.  To  remain  in  a  solid  mass  instead  of  scat- 
tering: said  of  shot  discharged  from  a  gun. — 
To  ball  up.  («)  In  a  puddling-  or  balling-furnace,  to 
form  the  ball  preparatory  to  rolling.  (6)  To  fail ;  mis- 
carry. [Slang.] 
ball-  (bill),  n.  [First  in  the  17th  century,  = 
D.  Sw.  Dan.  bal  =  G.  hall.  <  F.  hal  =  Pr.  Iml  = 
Sp.  I'g.  hnilc  =  It.  hallo  (ML.  ballit.i),  dancing, 
a  (lance;  from  the  verb,  F.  bailer,  OF.  hahr  (> 
MIO.  halcn,  rare)  =  Pr.  ballar  =  Sp.  Pg.  haihir 
=  It.  hallare,  <LL.  hallarc,  dance,<Gr.  (in  Sicily 
and  Italy)  Ba'M^ai',  dance,  jump  about,  apjiar. 
<  jiaAAetv,  throw.  Hence  ballad,  ballet-.]  If.  A 
dance;  dancing. 

They  had  got  a  Calf  of  fiold  anil  were  Dancing  about  it. 
But  it  w;is  a  DisnuLl  Jiall,  and  thev  paid  dear  for  tlicir 
Junket,  I'enn,  Add,  to  I'rot.,  p,  lil,    (A'.  A'.  II.) 

2.  A  social  assembly  of  persons  of  both  sexes 
for  the  purpose  of  dancing. 

In  various  talk  th'  instrnetive  hours  they  pass'd, 
Who  gave  the  butt,  or  paid  the  visit  last. 

J'a/ie,  It.  of  the  I.,,  iii,  12, 

She  began,  for  the  first  time  that  evening,  to  fed  her- 
self nt  n  hall  ■  she  longed  to  dance,  but  she  Inid  not  un  ae- 
([UaintaiK'c  in  the  room. 

./anr  Anxten.  Ts'orthangcr  Abbey,  p.  8. 

To  open  the  ball,  to  begin  tho  dancing;  hence,  figura- 
tively, to  begin  operations;  lead  ulf,  na  in  a  discussion  or 
a  battle. 

balp  (bill),  r.  1.  [<  hall2,  H.]  To  take  part  in 
a  ball;  dance.     [Rare.] 

It  Is  the  temperature  that  seU  peoplo  dancing  and  ball- 
in'i.  Uarper'it  Ma;i..  .\.  S21. 

balPl  (bfil),  n.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  but  per- 
haiis  existent,  as  the  possible  somco  of  tho 
ndj.  halleiU;  hallitl,  halite,  E.  /«(?(/',  q,  v,,  and  of 
balliinn,  q.  v.;  <  W.  bal,  having  a  white  Ktreak 
on  the  forehead,  lis  ahorse,  /)fl/i,  a  white  streak. 
=  Urcl.  hal,  a  white  nuirk  on  an  aniniars  face, 
=  Ir.  (im'\.  hal,  a  S))ot,  mark,  freckle.  Cf.  Gr. 
6n/Vir,  shining,  white,  ^«>,»'>r,  white,  ^a^.n^idf,  ipii- 
/npnr.  having  a  Kjiot  of  while,  as  a  dog,  (fxj'/.nnpik, 
bald-headed,  perhnps  ult.  (•(iniiecleil  with  K. 
hale",  a  lire.     Hence  ]>rob.  fcdW  and  ballardK] 

1.  A  whiti- streak  or  s])Ot. 

The  II.  properlycs  of  n  Imuiion  Ihailiterl.  Tlio  fyrsle 
In  to  hauo  a  wliyti'  rn»(^  or  a  ball  In  llio  furolieni ;  the 
iieconde,  to  Inine  a  whyte  fote, 

Finhrrbrrt,  llu.bandry,  t  "!l.    (V.  K.  I).) 

2.  A  horse  or  nag  (originally,  white-fucod) ; 
used  appellatively,  like  ilim,  hamril. 

ball^f,  '■■     An  obsolete  form  of  /"iiiC. 


balladry 

ballot,  w.     -An  obsolete  form  of  haJ. 

balla  (bal'la),  H.  [It.,  a  bundle,  package,  bale : 
see  bale^.]  In  lace-making,  a  sort  of  cushion 
used  by  the  Maltese  lace-makers. 

ballacet,  «■     An  obsolete  form  of  ballast. 

ballad  (bal'ad),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ballade, 
also  (after 'It.)  ballat,  ballatt,  halUI,  ballettc, 
halette  (with  term,  conformed  to  -ct ;  cf.  salad, 
formerly  sallet),  Sc.  corruptly  hallant ;  <  ME. 
balade,  '<.  OF.  Ixdadc,  mod.  ballade,  a  dancing- 
song,  <  Pr.  Pg.  ballada  =  OSp.  halada  =  It.  bal- 
lata,  a  dance,  a  dancing-song,  <  hallarc,  dance: 
see  hall".]  It.  A  song  intended  as  an  accom- 
paniment to  a  dance. — 2t.  The  tune  to  which 
such  a  song  is  sung. —  3.  A  short  narrative 
poem,  especially  one  adapted  for  singing;  a 
poem  partly  epic  and  partly  lyric.  As  applied  to 
the  minstrelsy  of  the  borders  of  Englanil  and  Scotland,  and 
of  Scandinavia  and  Spain,  the  ballad  is  a  sort  of  minor 
epic,  reciting  in  verse  more  or  less  rude  the  exploits  of 
w.arriors,  the  adventures  of  lovers,  and  the  mysteries  of 
fairyland,  designed  to  be  rehearsed  in  musical  recitjitive 
accompanied  by  the  harp. 
Roundel,  balades,  and  virelay.  Gower,  Coiif.  Amant. 
The  ballad  ...  is  the  lyrically  dramatic  expression  of 
actions  and  events  in  the  lives  of  others. 

\y.  Sharp,  D.  O.  llossetti,  p.  355. 

4.  In  mitsic,  originally,  a  short  and  simple 
vocal  melody,  often  adapted  to  more  than  one 
stanza  of  poetry  and  having  a  simple  instru- 
mental accompaniment.  The  term  is  sometimes 
applied  to  instrumental  melodies  of  a  similar  character, 
and  more  loosely  to  more  elaborate  compositions  in  wllich 
a  narrative  idea'  is  intended  to  be  expressed. 
balladt  (bal'ad),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ballat, 
ballet:  from" the  noun.]  I,  intrans.  To  make 
or  sing  ballads. 

These  envious  libellers  ballad  against  them. 

Domie,  Juvenilia,  i. 

II.  trans.  To  celebrate  in  a  ballad. 

Rhymers  ballad  us  out  o'  tune. 

SItak.,  .\.  and  C,  v.  2. 

She  has  told  all :  I  shall  be  ballated, 
Sung  up  and  downe  by  Minstrells. 

Ueywood,  A  Challenge,  iii.  1. 
I  make  but  repetition 
Of  what  is  ordinary  and  Ryalto  talk. 
And  ballated,  and  would  be  plav'd  o  the  stage, 

Webster,  White  Devil, 

ballade  (ba-lad'),  ».  [F.:  see  ballad,  v.]  1.  A 
poem  consisting  of  one  or  more  triplets  each 
formed  of  stanzas  of  seven  or  eight  linos,  the 
last  line  being  a  relrniii  eoiiinion  to  all  the 
stanzas. — 2.  Apoem  divided  iutostanzas hav- 
ing the  samo  number  of  lines,  commonly  seven 
or  eight — Ballade  royal,  a  ballade  in  which  each  line 
consit-ts  of  ten  syllables. 

ballader  (bai'ad-er),  }i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
liallatcr,  hallctt'er ;  <  ballad,  r.,  -f  -frl.]  A  writer 
or  singer  of  ballads;  a  balUuiist. 

balladic  (ba-lad'ik),  a.  [<  ballad  -1-  -ic]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  ballads. 

balladical  (ba-lad'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  balladic. 

balladiert,  "■  [<  ballad  +  -ier:  see -fcc]  A 
public  ballad-singer. 

balladine  (Imra-den),  n.  [Formerly  also  Ixil- 
ladin,  recently  also  haladine;  <  F.  ha'lladin.  now 
hiiliidiii,  m.,  haladine,  f.,  <  ballade,  a  ballad:  see 
hallitd.]  It.  A  theatrical  dancer. —  2.  A  fe- 
male jmblic  dancer.     [Rare.] 

Tho  llrst  breathing  woman's  clu-.'k. 
First  dancer's,  gipsy's,  or  sticct  bnl.nline'n. 

llrinrnimr.  In  a  Balcony. 
3t.  A  ballad-maker. 
balladism  (bal'iid-izm),  ».     [<  hallad  +  -is»n.] 
Tlio  elinrael eristic  quality  of  ballads.    N.  E.  D. 
balladist   (bal'ad-ist),    ».     [<    hallad    +    -!,f«.] 
A  wrilcr  or  singer  of  ballads. 
balladize  (bal'ad-iz),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  hallad- 
i:iil,  jipv.   halladi:inij.      [<   balUiil  +   -i:e.']     I. 
trans.  To  eonvert  into  the  form  of  a  ballad; 
make  a  ballad  of  or  about. 
II.  iiitrtins.  To  ninki'  hallads. 
balladling  (luil'iid-ling),  ».     [<  ballad  +  -linji.] 

.\  hi  lie  biillnd.     .s'0H//in/. 
ballad-maker  (barad-ina'ktr),  n.     A  writer  of 

ballads,      .s'/iri/,-. 
balladmonger  (bnl'ad-mnng'g^r),  n.    A  dealer 
in  ballails;  nil  inlerlor  poet;  a  Jioetaster. 

I  bad  rather  be  a  kitten  and  cry  inew, 

riian  one  i>t  thcso  same  metre  ballad .mnnflert. 

.V/oifr,,  1  lien.  IV.,  III.  1. 

To  nnike  herself  the  pljur  and  tialladintinarr  of  n  circlet 
to  soothe  her  light  lieai't  with  catilics  and  glees  t 

.Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  II.  1. 

ballad-opera  (liarnd-oii"e-rii),  ».  An  oiH'ra  in 
wliieh  li.'Lllnds  or  popular  songs  are  sung. 

balladry  (bal'iid-ri),  n.  [Early  mod.  K.  also 
halldri/.  Iiollalrij ;  <  hallad  +  •ri/.']  Poetry  of 
the  ballad  kind;  tho  style  of  Imllads. 


431 

ballast  (lial'ast),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
balast,  and,  with  loss  of  t,  hallas  (pret.  and 
pp.  hallasi'd,  sometimes  ballast,  ppr.  liaUaxinyj, 
biiitd.-isc,  ballaco,  balase,  etc.,  =  G.  D.  Elom.  LG. 
hallastcn  =  Dan,  ballaste,  baijlaste  =  Sw.  bar- 
lasta ;  from  the  noiiu.]  1.  To  place  ballast 
in  or  ou;  fiirnisli  ■vritli  ballast:  as,  to  ballast  a 
ship ;  to  ballast  a  balloon ;  to  ballast  the  bed  of 
a  railroad.     See  the  noun. 

The  road  was  ho  perfectly  hallaHUd  with  stone  that  we 
had  no  dust.       C.  1>.  Warmir,  Ruundabout  Journey,  p.  .'1. 

2.  Figuratively:  (a)  To  give  steadiness   to; 
keep  steady. 
'Tis  cliarity  must  ballast  the  heart. 


balladry 

Wliat  thoUKh  thi'  greedy  try 

Be  taken  with  false  baits 
Of  worded  balladrif, 
And  think  it  poesy? 

B.  Jonson,  Underwoods,  xli. 
The  villages  also  must  have  their  visitors  to  imiuire 
what  lectures  the  bagpipe  and  the  rebec  reads,  even  to  the 
iallatry  and  the  gamut  of  every  municipal  llddler. 

Milton,  Areupagitica. 

ballad-singer  (bal '  ad  -  sing  "  er),  )(.     A  person 

whose  employment  consists  in  singing  ballads 

in  public. 
ballahou  (bal'a-ho),  n.    [Prob.  of  native  origin.] 

1.    A  fast-sailing  two-masted  vessel,   rigged 

with  high  fore-and-aft  sails,  much  used  in  the 

West  Indies.     The  foremast  rakes  forward,  the 

mainmast  aft.— 3.  A  term  of  derision  applied 

to  an  ill-conditioned,  slovenly  ship. 
ballam  (bal'am),  u.    [Native  name,  prob.  same 

as  Malayalam  yaJJn/n,  a  large  basket  for  storing 

grain,  a  dam.]     A  sort  of  canoe  hollowed  out 

of  timber,  in  which   Singhalese  pearl-fishers 

wash  out  the  pearls  from  pearl-oysters. 
ballan  (bar an),  n.     [A]ipar.  <  Gael,  and  Ir.  bal- 

lach,  spotted,  speckled,  <  Gael,  and  Ir.  bal,  a  spot, 

speck:  see  balfi.]    A  fish,  the  ballan-vprasse. 
balland  (bal'and),  n.     [Origin  unknown.]     In  .    ,,    ,,     ,, 

■miiiiiiq,  pulverized  lead  ore,  after  separation  oallastt  ( l»t  ast),  pp 

from  its  gangue.      [North.  Eng.]  Who  sent  whole  armadas  of  carracks  to  be  iaHasf. 

ballant  (bal'ant),  n.     [Sc,  a  corruption  of  bal- 
lad.']   A  ballad. 
They're  dying  to  rhyme  ower  prayers,  and  ballants.^iki 

charms.  Scott. 

ballan-wrasse  (bal'an-ras),  «.     The  most  gen- 
eral Englisli  name  of  the  Labrus  maculatus,  a 

fish  of  the  family  Labridw. 
ballaragt,  r.  t.    An  obsolete  form  of  hullyrag. 

You  vainly  thought  to  hallarag  us. 

r.  Warton,  Newsman's  Verses. 


balllmong 

If  necessary,  tmtt  bparijujui-au  he  placed  upon  the  crank- 
pin.  Sci.  Aiiier.  (N.  .S.),  I.IV.  105. 

ball-block    (bal'blok),   n.      In    printing  with 

liiills,  the  shib  or  plate  which  holds  the  ink. 
ball-blue  (bul'blo),  «.     Same  as  soluble  blue 

(whicli  see,  under  blue). 
ball-caliber  (barkal"i-ber),  11.    A  ring-gage  for 

determinint;  tlie  diameter  of  gun-shot, 
ball-cartridge  (barkiir"tri,j),  n.     A  cartridge 

colli  ainiiiK  a  ball,  in  contradistinction  to  ashot- 

ciirlridiiii  ov  a  blank  cartridge. 
ball-caster  (barkas"ttr),  m.    A  caster  for  the 

k'KS  of  furniture,  etc.,  having  a  ball  instead  of 

an  ordinary  roller. 


Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  Oil.  ball-COck  (bal'kok),  n.    A  hollow  sphere  or  ball 


(fi)  To  serve  as  a  counterpoise  to ;  keep  down 

by  counteraction. 

Now  you  have  given  me  virtue  for  my  guide, 

And  with  true  honour  b(dlasted  my  pride.      Dnjdeti. 

3t.  To  load;  freight. — 4.  To  load  or  weigh 
down. 

When  his  belly  is  well  ballaced,  and  his  brain  rigged  a 
little,  he  sails  away  witlial. 

B.  Jongon,  Ind.  to  Every  Man  in  his  Humour. 

These  yellow  rascals  [coins]  must  serve  to  ballast  my 
purse  a  little  longer.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  ix. 

Ballasted. 


Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 
Hulks  of  burden  gi-eat. 
Which  Br.andiniart  rebated  from  his  coast, 
And  sent  them  home  baltaat  with  little  wealth. 

Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 

ballastage  (bal'as-taj),  m.  [<  ballast  +  -age.] 
1.  Aji  old  right' of  the  admiralty  in  all  the 
royal  rivers  of  Great  Britain  to  levy  a  rate 
for  supplying  ships  with  ballast. —  2.  The  toll 
paid  for  the  privilege  of  taking  ballast,  as 
a  gi'avel-bed,  etc. 


of  metal  attached  to  the  end  of  a  lever,  which 

turns  the  stop-cock 

of  a  water-])i])e  and 

regulates  the  suijply 

of    water.     The   ball, 

floating  in  the  water  of  a 

tank  or  cistern,  rises  and 

falls  with  it,  shutting  olf 

the  flow  when  the  water 

has    reached    a   certain 

level,  and  letting  it  on 

when  it  falls  below  this 

level. 
balledt,  a.    An  obso- 
lete form  of  baUl^. 
ballerl    (ba'ler),    n. 

[<  bain,  v.,  +  -crl.] 

One    who    or    that 

which    forms    any- 
thing into  balls. 
ballerSf  (ba'ler),  n. 


1-i^.  I,  Cisl;;rn  wUli  Ljll-cock  al- 
Uchcd.  Fi^.  2,  Section  of  ball-cock 
on  larger  scale  :  a,  valve  shown  open 
so  as  to  admit  watsr;  d,  ann  of  the 
lever  which  being  raised  shuts  the 
valve. 


One 


[<  balft,  v.,  +  -erl.] 
who  takes  part  in  a  ball  for  dancing. 
fJ'""  ballerina  (bal-la-re'nii),  n. ;  pi.  ballerinas,  baU 
Icriiie  (-nan,  -na)'.    [It.,' fem.  of  ballerino (pi.  bal- 

ballardlt,  ».     [ME.,  also  ft«;«rd;  prob.  <  6«f  baflast-engiie"(bal'ast-en"jin),  n.    A  steam-    SI' baUeTdan^ef "''' '^''°''' '  '"" '"""•^  ^ 
+  .ard.]    A  bald-headed  person ;  a  baldhead.      engi_ne_used^for^dredging^a^  river  or  drawing  ,^™f  (tarety,"      [<  OF.  balette,  a  little  ball, 

^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^  ftaHe^  a  ball:  see  bain  and  -et.] 
A  little  ball :  in  her.,  a  bearing  in  coats  of  arms, 
denominated,  according  to  the  color,  bezants, 
plates,  hurts,  etc. 


And  scornede  Co  hym  saying,  stye  \ip,  liallard!    ["Go 
up,  thou  baldhead,"  in  authorized  version.] 

Wiicli/,  2  Ki,  ii.  23. 

ballard-t,  «.     [Origin  unknown.]     A  kind  of 


musical  Instrument.     Purchas,  Pilgi-ims.     {N. 

E.  D.) 

ballast,  ballaset,  n.  and  v.    See  ballast. 
ballast  (bal'ast),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  balast, 

balest,  balist','  iind,  with  loss  of  t,  ballas,  ballass, 

ballasse,   balhu-e,   ballesse,   balase,  etc.  (not  in 


earth  and  ballast  on  a  railroad, 
ballast-getter  (barast-gefer),  n.    One  who  is 
employed  in  procuring  ballast  for  ships. 

I  now  come  to  the  nature  of  the  ballast  labour  itself. 
This  is  divisible  into  three  classes :  that  performed  by  tin 


the  bed  of  the  Th.ames ;  by  the  ballast-lighters,  or  those 
who  are  engaged  in  carrying  it  from  the  getters  to  tlie 
ships  requiring  it;  and  by  the  ballast-heavers,  or  those 
who  are  engaged  in  putting  it  on  board  of  such  ships. 

Mauhew,  London  Labour,  III.  278, 


ME.),  =  F.  lMdast=iG.  ballast  (>  Pol.  balast=  ballast-hammer  (bal 'ast-ham"er),)j.  Adouble^ 


faced,  long-handled  hammer  used  in  laying 
railroad-tracks. 

ballast-heaver  (bal'ast-he"ver),  n.  1.  One 
who  is  employed  in  putting  ballast  on  board 
ships.  See  extract  imder  ballast-getter. —  2. 
A  dredging-machine  for  raising  ballast  from  a 
river-bed;  a  ballast-lighter. 

n.    Same  as  ballast- 


Euss.  balastd,  ballastu),<OL,G. LG.  Fries. D.  bal- 
last, Flem.  ballas,  Dan.  ballast,  Sw.  ballast,  bar- 
last,  OSw.  ODan.  barlast,  the  last  being  appar. 
the  orig.  form,  <  bar  =  E.  bare,  mere,  +  last  =  E. 
last,  load  or  weight ;  but  the  first  element  is  un- 
certain. The  Dan.  baglast,  'back-load,'  D.  obs. 
balglast,  '  belly-load,'  appear  to  be  due  to  popu- 
lar etymology.  The  explanation  of  ballast  as  <  ballast-hole  (bal'ast-hol), 
MLG.  bal-,  =  AS.  balu,  bad,  evil  (see  bale^),  +  port, 
last,  load,  that  is,  unprofitable  cargo,  is  not  ballasting  (bal'iis-ting),  ?( 

satisfactory.]     1.  Weight  carried  by  a  ship  or       '  "'  '     ' 

boat  for  the  purpose  of  insiu'ing  the  proper  sta- 
bility, both  to  avoid  risk  of  capsizing  and  to  se- 
cure the  greatest  effectiveness  of  the  propel- 
ling power.    A  usual  modern  form  of  ballast  is  water, 

which  is  pumped  in  or  out  of  compartments  arranged  to     

receive  it;  lead  is  also  much  used,  especially  for  craft  of  'kollast-liffhter  (bal'ast-li' 
moderate  size,  and  is  often  run  into  a  space  left  for  it  be-   "f!,'^.,-,^  ,      .^  ■noi.Zr.n 
tween  the  plates  of  the  keel,or  cast  into  plates  of  appro-     Ugliiei  -.J      1..  A  peisou  t 
priate  form  and  bolted  to  the  exterior  of  the  keel.  Gravel,     ing  ballast  tor  ships.     ^' 
stones,  pig-iron,  and  other  weighty  materijils  are  in  com- 
mon use  as  b.allast,  in  cases  where  the  requisite  weight 
cannot  be  found  in  the  regular  cargo  itself. 

So  rich  shall  be  the  rubbish  of  our  biirks, 

Ta'en  here  for  ballass  to  the  ports  of  France, 

That  Charles  himself  shall  wonder  at  the  sight. 


6a«as(-.<;c«fr.s,  or  those  who  are  engaged  in  raising  it  from  ballet^    (bal'a,    foiTnerly   and   still    sometimes 

~.  ^  ..  bal'et),  n.     [First  in  the   17th  century,  also 

ballat,  ballclte,  balette,  balet,  <  F.  ballet  (=  It. 
ballettrj),  dim.  of  bal  =  It.  ballo,  a  dance :  see 
ball^  and  -et.]  1.  A  spectacular  dance,  more 
or  less  elaborate  in  steps,  poses,  and  costumes, 
in  which  a  number  of  performers,  chiefly  fe- 
males, take  part,  it  is  led  or  conducted  by  one  or 
more  chief  dancers  or  coryphees,  and  is  usually  incidental 
to  an  operatic  or  other  dramatic  representation. 
2.  A  complete  pantomime  or  theatrical  repre- 
sentation, in  which  a  story  is  told,  and  actions, 
characters,  and  passions  are  represented,  by 
gestures  and  gi'ouping,  accompanied  by  char- 
acteristic or  illustrative  music,  dancing,  and 
often  rich  scenery  and  decorations. —  3.  The 
corps  of  dancers  who  perform  ballets. 


1.  The  act  of  fui-- 


[<  ballast  ■ 


road, 

ter),  n. 
employed  in  couvcy- 
See  extract  under  bal- 
last-getter.—2.  A  large  flat-bottomed  barge 
for  receiving  and  transporting  ballast,  or  for 
removing  sand,  silt,  ashes,  or  other  deposits 
dredged  from  the  beds  of  rivers  and  the  bot- 
toms of  harbors,  docks,_eto. 
Greene,  Orlando  Furioso.  ballast-port  (bal'ast-port),  ».  A  large  square 
2.  Bags  of  sand  placed  in  the  car  of  a  balloon  port  in  the  side  of  a  merchant-ship  serving  for 
to  steady  it  and  to  enable  the  aeronaut  to  light-  the  reception  and  discharge  of  ballast.  Also 
en  the  balloon,  when  necessary  to  effect  a  rise,     called  ballast-hole. 

by  throwing  part  of  the  sand  out. — 3.  Gravel,  ballast-trim  (bal'ast-ti'im),  ?(.     The  state  of  a 
broken  stones,  slag,  or  similar  material  (usually     ship  when  she  is  merely  in  ballast  or  has  no 
called  road-metal),  placed  between  the  sleep-     cargo  ou  board:  as,  she  is  in  ballast-triiii. 
ers  or  ties  of  a  railroad,  to  prevent  them  from  ballatt  ".  and  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  ballad. 
shifting,  and  generally  to  give  solidity  to  the  ballato'on  (bal-a-ton'),  n.    A  heavy  boat  em- 
road.     The  name  is  also  given  to  the  stones,  burnt  clay,     ployed  in  Russia  in  the  transportation  of  tim- 


nishing  witli  ballast,  as  a  ship  or  railroad.—  ^tallet^  (bal'a),  v.  i.    [<  ballef^,  «.]    To  express 
2.  Ballast;  that  which  is  used  for  ballast,  as     ^    dancing  or  in  a  ballet.     [Rare.] 
gravel  or  broken  stones,  cinders,  or  other  ma-       '^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^_. . .,  ^,,.„       ^^^^  ^^^^.^  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^.. 
terial  used  tor  the  covering  of  roads  or  to  torni  ziaidieu;  London  Labour,  III.  155. 

the  upper  works  or  permanent  way  of  a  rail-  -b^ngtst,  „.  and  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  ballad. 
"""^  balletryt,  »■    An  obsolete  form  of  balladry. 

ball-flower  (bal'flou"er),  H.     In  arch.,  an  orna- 
ment resembling  a  ball  placed  in  a  circular 


Ball-tioners. 


etc.,  used  as  a  foundation  in  making  new  roads,  layini 
concrete  floors,  etc. 

Depressions  frequently  occur  in  concrete  flooring  when 
the  ballast  has  been  badly  stamped  down. 

Thausing,  Beer  (trans.),  p.  298. 
4.  Figuratively,  that  which  gives  stability  or 
steadiness,  mental,  moral,  or  political. 

Those  that  are  of  solid  and  sober  natures  have  more  of 
the  ballast  than  of  the  sail.  Bacon,  Vain  Glory. 

These  men  have  not  ballast  enough  of  humility  and  fear. 
Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  612. 
Ballast-plants,  plants  that  grow  upon  the  ballast  of  a 
ship  after  it  has  been  discharge<l.  from  the  seeds  that  may 
accidentally  be  brought  with  it.— In  ballast,  without 
cargo ;  said  of  a  ship  laden  with  ballast  only. 


flower,  the  three  petals  of  which  form  a  cup 
round  it.  This  ornament  is  usually  found  inserted  in  a 
hollow  molding,  and  is  generally  characteristic  in  Eng- 
land of  the  decorated  style  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
Some  variations  of  form  occur,  as  four  petals  instead  of 
three  (York  cathedral),  and  balls  of  different  sizes  and 
shapes. 
ball-grinder  (bal'grin'der),  n.  A  pulverizer 
or  disintegrator  fonneil  by  balls  of  metal  in- 
closed in  a  rotating  cylinder.  The  material  to 
be  crushed  is  broken  by  the  attrition  of  the 
rolling  balls. 

so  caUedbeeauselt  was  a  position  of  vantage  ball-gndgeon   (bal'guj'on),   n.      A_  spherical 

from  which  missiles  were  discharged.  gudgeon,  permitting  a  lateral  deflection  of  the 

ballatryt  «     An  obsolete  form  of  balladri/.  arbor  or  shaft,  whde  still  remammg  itselt  in 

ball-bearing    (bal'bar"ing),    n.      In   mec/i.,   a     thesoeket.     E.  S.  Knight. 

method  of  lessening  friction  by  causing  a  shaft  balliage,  n.     See  badage. 

to  rest  upon  or  to  be  surrounded  by  balls  partly  balliardst,  «■/>'•     BUliards.     Spenser. 

contained  in  sockets,  each  ball  being  loose,  ballimongt  (bSl'i-mong),  h.    [Ongin unknown.] 

and  tm-ning  with  the  shaft.  A  dredge.     Holland. 


ber,  especially  from  Astrakhan  to  Moscow, 
ballatorium  (bal-a-to'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  ballatoria 
(-a).  [ML.,  <  "ballarc,  <  Gr.  jJaA'Aciv,  throw. 
Cf.  balista,  ballista,  etc.]  The  forecastle  or 
the  stern-castle  of  a  medieval  ship  of  war: 


baUing 

ballingl  (ba'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bain,  r.] 
The  act  or  process  of  making  into  balls ;  the 
act  of  assuining  the  form  of  a  ball ;  specifically, 


432 

<  AS.  bealluc.  <  'beallii  or  'healla.  a  ball,+  dim. 
-«<■:  see  60//1,  20,  aud-ocA.]  A  testicle.  [Ub- 
solete  or  vulgar.] 


in  the  process  of  puddling,  the  forming  of  the  ballont,  «•     L<  F.  ballon,  balon,  dim.  of  halle. 


ballot 

and  thus  of  blowing  itself  u|i  into  a  nearly  spherical  shape 
like  a  liallooii.  The  iv.)iy-like  tips  nf  the  jawlKines  eleft 
above  anil  below,  as  in  Tflrnothni,  j;ive  the  llsh  the  appear- 
ance of  having  four  teeth,  two  above  and  two  below.  See 
Gi/innotiontidtv. 


iron  into  balls  or  rounded  masses  of  a  size  con- 
Tcnient  for  handling. 
ballings  (ba'ling),  h.     [Verbal  n.  of  baU'i.  r.J 

The  titquentiug  of  balls :  dancing.     [Rare.] 
balling-fornace  (ba'ling-fernSs),  «.    [<(«(«- 

itif),  verbal  n.  of  bain,  v.,  +  Jiinuice.]     1.  A 

furnace  in  which  piles  or  fagots  of  metal  are 
placed  to  be  heated  preparatorj-  to  rolling.  It 
resembles  a  puddling-furnace.—  2.  A  reverbe- 

ratorv  furnace  used  in  alkali-works, 
balling-gun  (ba'ling-gtm),  H.     An  instrument 

for  administering  to  horses  medicine  rolled 

into  balls.     It  consists  of  a  tube  from  which  the  air  is 

partially  exhausted;  the  ball  is  held  ou  the  end  of  the 

tul>e  bv  atmospheric  pressure,  and  is  released  by  a  piston 

wliin  fairly  within  the  esophagus.     £.  II.  Kninht. 
balling-iron  (ba'ling-i'em),  n.    Ahook-shaped 

tool  for  removing  snow  from  the  feet  of  a  horse, 
balling-machine  (ba'ling-ma-shen'),  n.   A  ma- 
chine for  balling  cotton  thread, 
balling-tool  (ba'ling-tol),  n.     The  tool  used  in 

collecthig  into  a  mass  the  iron  in  a  pnddling- 

f  umace  preparatory  to  taking  it  to  the  hammer 

or  squeezer ;  a  rabble, 
ball-ironstone  (bal'i'em-ston),  ».     In  Enyli.sh 

iiKiiiiiij.  nodular  iron  ore.   .Vlso  called  bull-mine 

and  hiiU-rcin. 
ballisedt,  «.     [Appar.  for  *jHiUisc(1,  <  F.  palisse, 

pp.  of  jiiilixser,  surround  with  pales  :  see  pali- 

satlc]    Inclosed  with  a  railing  or  balustrade. 

irotton.     (.V.  £.  I).) 
ballismus  (ba-lis'mus),  )i.     [XL.,  <  Gr.  i]a/.?.ta- 

fi'jr,   a  jumping    about,   dancing,    <  j3a?./.Ki:tv, 

jump  about,  dance:   see  ball-.]     In  patliol.,  a 

name  which  has  been  given  to  chorea,  to  pa- 

ralvsis  agitans,  and  to  other  forms  of  tremor. 
baUist  (bal'ist),  )i.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bali.st. 

<  ilE.  bali.st,<  L.  balli.sta,  balislii :  see  balliistii.'] 

Same  as  balli.'-la.     [Kare.] 
balUsta,  balista  (ba-lis'tii),  n.;  pi.  halli.sta^,  ha- 

li.iUr  (-te).   [L.,  occasionally  (in  gloss. )  ballistra, 

appar.  formed  on  a  Greek  moilel,  <  Gr.  ,id>v.c(v, 

throw.]     1.  An  ancient  military  engine  used 

for  throwing  missiles.    The  dilferent  references  to 

it  are  conlradiclory,  as  it  is  described  as  acting  by  means 

of  a  bow,  but  also  as  tlu'owing  large  stones  rather  than 

darts.     An  attempt  has  been  made  to  reconcile  these 

statements  by  representing  the  engine  as  composed  of  a 

strong  shaft,  rotating  on  one  of  its  ends,  and  having  at 

the  other  end  a  receptacle  for  the  missile  ;  this  shaft  woulii 

be  thrown  forward  by  the  recoil  of  a  steel  bow,  and  stoppcil 

suddenly  against  a  transom,  thus  releasing  the  nusslle. 

Throughout  the  middle  ages  the  term  is  ilseil  in  Latin 

writings  for  military  engines  of  different  kimls.    .See  /rt'- 

biirhel,  iiuinfrniwl,  cattble ,  pHroncl ,  plerri^re,  and  catapult. 

When  used  a-i  a  bearing  in  heraldry,  the  ballista  is  repre- 
sented s<j  siinplitied  as  to  be  hardly  recognizable.     It  has 

generally  two  upright  jMtsts  with  a  movable  bar  between 

them,  sliown  loaded  at  one  end. 

2.   [XL.]  In  aiiat.,  the  astragalus,  a  bone  of 

the  tarsus. 
ballistic  ( ba-ll.s'tik),  a.     [<  balli-itn  +  -ic]    Per- 

taiuing  to  ballistics,  or  the  scientific  construe-  balloon-   (bal'o-ou), 

tion  and  use  of  ijroiectiles.  — Ballistic  curve,  the 

actual  path  of  a  projectile,  as  distingui^bcd  rrr>iii  tb..-  tin-.. 
rctlcal  or  parabolic  j)ath.— Ballistic  galvanometer. 
.See  ;/n(i-ri;i/,iii.(.r.— BalllBtlO  pendulum,  an  nliparatiis 
invented  by  Benjamin  itobitis  fur  a.-.ceitaiiilii;r  the  veloiity 
of  military  pri>]ectile8,  and  corisei|ueully  the  e\ido.-.l\'' 
force  of  gunpowder.  A  piece  of  ordnance  is  tired  against 
a  cast-iron  case  llllcd  with  bags  of  sand,  which  forms  the 
hall  of  a  pendulum,  ami  the  [lercUKHJini  causes  the  pendu- 
lum Vi  vibrate-  Tlie  distance  through  which  it  vibrates 
is  measured  on  a  copper  arc  by  an  index  calTyIng  a  vcr- 


ft((/f  a  bale;  m  def.  2,  ob's.  form' of  balloon  :  see  ballooning (ba-lo'ning),n.  [<  balloonl  +  -ingl.] 


1.  The  art  or  jiractiee  of  ascending  in  and  of 
managing  balloons. — 2.  In  political  ami  stock- 
exchange  slang,  the  operation  of  booming  a 
candidate,  or  of  iutlatiug  the  money-market, 
bv  means  of  tieti- 


ballootA.'i  1.  A  bale  of  paper,  etc.— 2.  Same 
as  ballooin,  1,  2. 
balloonl  (ba-16n'),  V.  [In  some  senses  also 
billion,  after  F.;  early  mod.  E.  baliwii,  baloiinc, 
balone,  bullone,  <  It."  ballone,  pallonc,  a  large 
ball,  a  foot -ball  (now  distinguished:  ballone,  a 
large  bale,  pullunc,  a  foot-ball,  balloon)  (=  Sp. 
balon,  a  foot-ball,  a  large  bale,  =  Pg.  baliio,  a 
balloon,  =  F.  ballon,  a  fardle  or  small  pack. 
balon,  "  a  little  ball  or  pack,  also  a  foot-ball  or 
balloon"  (Cotgrave),  now  ballon  (after  It.),  a 
foot-ball,  balloon,  swelling  hill),  aug.  (in  F. 
prop,  dim.)  of  balla,  etc..  a  ball,  bale:  see 
balft,bah3.]  If.  A  large  inflated  ball  of  leather, 
used  in  plaj-ing  certain  games;  a  game  jjlayed 
with  such  a  ball.  It  was  tossed  to  ami  fro  by  either 
hand  or  foot,  the  hand  being  defended  by  a  guard  (bal- 
loon-brasser).    .See  J'uot-baU. 

'Tis  easier  sport  than  the  baloon.  Ileytcooii. 

It  was  my  envied  lot  to  lead  the  winning  party  at  that 
wondrous  ruatch  at  ballon,  ma<ie  betwixt  the  divine  .-Vs- 
trophel  (onr  matchless  Sidney)  and  the  right  honourable 
my  very  good  Lord  of  Oxford.        Scutt,  Monastery,  11.  ill. 

2.  In  elicm.,  a  round  vessel  with  a  short  neck, 

used  as  a  receiver  in  distillation;  a  glass  re-  ijalloon-net  (ba-lou'net),  n.     A  kind  of  woven 

ceiver  of  a  spherical  form.— 3.  Lii  arch.,  a  ball    ,*      "    ."  ;  i,  n .f*  n, 

or  globe  on  the  top  of  a  pillar. —  4.  In  oiim- 

fcclinii-s,  a  ball  of  pasteboard  or  a  kmd  of  bomb  i,'  ,in.„T.„  (ba-liin'ri)    )i 

stuffed  with  combustibles,  wliich,  burstinglike  °?;f.^°??7L^!;i„it   ^'- 


tious  favorable  re- 
ports. 

Salhxtninfj  indeed 
goes  on. 

Jejferson,  Correspon- 
[dence,  I.  323. 

balloonist  (ba-lo'- 

nist),  n.  [<  bal- 
loon''- +  -isf]  One 
who  ascends  in  a 
balloon;  an  aero- 
naut. 

balloon-jib  (I'a- 
lou'jib),  H.  A  tri- 
angular sail  made 
of"  light  canvas, 
used  onl  vbv  vachts 


(1,  BaHoon-jib. 


a  bomb,  e.vhibits  sparks  of  fire  like  stars. —  5. 
In  n-carinij,  a  cylindrical  reel  on  wliieli  sized 
woolen  yarn  for  warp  is  wound  in  order  to  be 
dried  by  rapid  revolution  in  a  heated  chamber. 
— 6.  Abag  or  hollow  vessel  filled  with  hydro- 
gen gas  or  heated  air,  or  any  other  gaseous 
fluid  lighter  than  common  air,  ami  thus  caused 
to  rise  and  float  in  the  atmosphere,  it  is  made 
of  silk  or  other  light  material,  varnished  with  caoutchouc 
dissolved  in  turpentine,  A  network  of  twine  enveloi,s  (he 
balloon,  and  is  tied  to  a  circular  hoop  a  little  lielo«  it,  from 
which  a  car,  usually  consisting  of  a  large  wick<-r  basket,  is 
suspended.  A  valve  in  the  bottom  of  the  balloon  can  be 
opened  and  closed  at  pleasure  by  means  of  a  string,  and 
the  basket  is  furnished  with  sand-bags  as  ballast.  If  the 
aeronaut  wishes  to  ascend,  he  throws  out  some  (d  the  bal- 
last;  if  to  descend,  he  opens  the  valve,  lialloons  have 
been  successfully  useil  for  nnlitary  purposes  (see  eniilini 
bllUimn,  below),  and,  in  the  case  of  besieged  cities,  as  a 
meilium  of  connnmiication  with  the  outsiile  wttrld. 
7.  In  comic  engravings,  a  figure  shaped  like  a 
balloon  and  inclosing  Words  which  are  repre- 
sented as  issuing  from  tlio  mouth  of  a  s))eakcr. 
—  Captive  balloon,  a  balloon  ancborwl  or  attached  to 
the  ground  liy  means  id'  a  rope,  which  may  be  either  per- 
manently llxeil  or  connected  «ith  an  aiu-hor  which  can 
be  rai.scd  at  pleasure.  Such  liall."Mis  have  been  eni]iloycd 
for  nnlitary  rcconnoissance.-  Steering  balloon,  a  bal- 
loon capable  of  being  steered,  line  smh  was  invented 
by  .M.  Dnpuy  de  Lome  during  the  siege  of  Paris  iti  ISTl. 
The  rudder  is  said  to  be  able  to  .lellcct  the  machine  11  to 
either  side  of  the  direct  line  in  which  the  wind  is  blow- 
ing, so  that  a  balh.ori  leaving  Paris  with  the  wind  straight 
for  I'.nissels  .■.mill  I.e  landed  at  either  l.ondon  or  ("■dogne. 

[Also    bnllocn,    balon, 

liiilliinii  =  Sp.  billon  =  Pg.  hiildo ;  from  the  native 
name.]     A  stale  barge  of  Siaiu,  made  in  fanci- 
ful imitation  of  a  sea^monster,  and  having  70  to 
Kill  oai's  on  a  side. 
balloon-ballt  (lia-liin'bal).  II.      Same  as  baU 

liinii',  1.      Miililliton.  Game  at  Chess,  ii.  2. 
balloon-boiler   ilia-lon'boi  Kt),    h.      A  steam- 
boiler  having  a  form  somewhat  resembling  that 
of  a  balloon. 


and  in  light"  winds,  set  between  the  foretop- 
mast-head  and  tlie  end  of  the  jib-boom. 

"  ■ lul  of 
lace  in  which  the  weft -threads  are  twisted  in  a 
peculiar  manner  round  the  warps.  JC.  11.  Knight. 
[<  bnllooiA  +  -ri/.l 
The  art  or  practice  of  ascending  in  a  balloon. 
(>iiartcrlii  Eev. 

balloon-sail  (ba-lon'sal),  n.  Light  canvas  used 
in  yachts,  as  the  balloon-jib,  tlie  sjiinnaker, 
balioon-topsails  and  -foresails,  and  the  shadow- 
sail  and  water-sail. 

balloon-vine  (ba-lon'viu),  n.  A  herbaceous 
climbing  plant,   Cardiospermmn  Halicacabum, 


B.iUnon.vinc  {Ctirdt'pspfrmMm  tfatieacnl>Hm), 
intliUcfl  c.ipstilc  or  pod,  about  one  liairn.itur.-il  size.     (Hrt 
"Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  United  St!itcs."J 


1  r,rav"» 


Imllooii-pla 

balUatiCS  (h.t-lis'tiks),  H.     \yi.  of  hallinHc:  see  to  iiiotect  tliiOiainl  anil  arin. 

-ff.]     1.  Tho  Bcioiico  or  art  of  discharging  ballooned  (ba-liind'),  a.     Swelled  out  like  a 

large  miHsilcHby  the  tine  of  tlie  ballista  or  other  liiilloon. 

eiiiriiie. — 2.  The  Bcienco  of  tho  motion  of  pro-  ballooner    (ba-l<i'n6r),    ti.      A  balloonist;   an 

jeetiles.  iit-foriaiil . 

balllHtite  (ba-Iig'tU),  n.     A  smokolcHH  powder  balloon-fish  fbu -Ion 'fish),  n.     A  globefish;  a 

coiiiaiiiiiigalarge  percentage  of  nitroglycerin:  lisli  of  tie-  oi.i.r  /'/.  .'..</""""  anil  suborder  (ii/ni- 


[Mli. :  Heo  ArtiV''  anil  biii- 
an  Imil'*,  ■>. — 2.  .Slime  as  Imili  i/K 
oiiil),  11.  A  joliiteil  I'oniii'etinii 
the  cfinneeted  pioee^i  has  a  bnll. 
ity,  fitting  a  cup-(<liaiie<l  socket 


Himilar  to  cordite. 

balllam  n,  .I'l-inn),  n 

lril'.\     I.  > 

ball     :  ' 

III 

xhni. 

in  the  ..'o 
ball-lever  >  lal'lev'tr),  n.    The  lever  of  a  ball 

cock, 
ball-mine  (biil'mln),  n.   Hamo  an  hall-iroimlon. 
ball-rii'-o'-f''-"    '  il'moiin'liiigl,  II.     A  kind 

linn  uiving  n  bull, where  a  rii 

Ik  I  '  '..IMP. 

ballock      ,,  or     „.     {<Mr..l>nllok,ballMk,hiiM 


li^ll'ion-fiBll  I  irOn^^"i  li»/.ititti. 


niiilontrs,  an 
Ihelropicnl  71"- 
liiioitnn  linni' 
Ills,  or  slrlpeil 
s|iiiie-belly,  or 
a  Hpeeies  tif 
one  of  the  geii- 
'  I'a  Ti'ioilini 
I  lid  Piiiilon.  .s,i 
dh'd  becaliHc  II 
liim  the  power  .d 
•.uiillowbig  all. 
whirl)  In  t'etabieil 
In  a  dllalntlon  of 
the       rMiphoKtiH, 


milural  order  finjiindacia;  found  in  all  tropical 
countries.  It  bears  a  huge,  li-celled,  blailder- 
like  pod.  Also  called  hrarlsiiil. 
ballot!  (bal'ot),  n.  [First  in  the  IGUi  century, 
<  It.  biiUitltn=  V.  ballolti;  lialottr,  a  little  ball, 
esp.  as  used  for  voting,  a  vote,  suffrage,  =  Sp. 
biilola,  a  ballot  (ML.  ballottii),  dim.  of  bulla,  a 
ball:  see  Iniin  nml -o/.]  1.  A  little  ball  used 
in  voting.  Ileiici — 2.  A  ticket  or  slip  of  pa- 
per, sometimes  called  a  rotinii-pii]>cr,  used  for 
the  same  purpose,  ou  which  is  |irinted  or  writ- 
ten an  expression  of  the  elector's  choice  as  be- 
tween eaudiilates  or  propositions  to  bo  voted 
f,„..— 3.  A  inethoil  of  secret  voling  by  means 
of  siiKill  balls,  or  of  jirinted  or  wrilten  ballots, 
whii-li  are  depositeil  in  an  urn  or  a  box  ealletl 
II  bilUol-box.  In  thi>  foninr  case,  einb  lu-rson  who  li 
entitled  to  vtitc.  having  the  ,hoi,-,-  of  tw.i  halls,  .me  while 
and  oni'  bhuk,  places  a  whiti'  ball  In  tbi'  box  If  he  Is  in 
favor  of  the  resolution  iiroposeil,  as  the  adudsslon  of  a 
pemon  to  nu'inberHhip  in  a  club,  or  a  bbu  k  hall  if  he  Is  op- 
poseil  In  it.  llcnee,  to  blfii-khall  a  person  Is  to  v.ile  agidnst 
Ills  ebcllon.  In  the  latt.r  lasc,  the  ballots  or  votlim- 
papers  are  so  f.ddeil  as  to  previiit  the  voters  prefer- 
rnre  from  being  dlscloseil,  ami  are  usually  handed  to 
an  aulhorl7,ed  olllcer  calleil  an  Inspector  .d  election", 
to  he  di'p..Blled  In  the  ho\  In  the  voter's  presence,  I  he 
ballot  In  now  ernldoved  In  all  nnpuhir  elections  In  the 
Urdte.l  States,  throughout  the  I  iilleil  Kliigilom  and  the 
lliltlsh  iciliMdes,  and  in  the  nallcuial  or  parliamentary 
elections  In  Oennany,  Kranee,  llelgluni,  Italy,  and  most 
(dbir  countries  of  continental  Knnipe.  See  blanket- 
bnlli.l. 

4.    A  cnstingof  bnllots;  a  v.de  by  liiillot;  also, 
the   wIh.Ii.  initiilior  of  votes  cast  or  r< '(led: 


ballot 


433 


was  a  lai'fie  baUnt. —  5.  A  method  of  drawing 
lots  by  tiiking  out  small  balls,  or  tlie  like,  from 
a  box";  hcnee,  lot-di-awing.  N.  li.  /'.  —  Austra- 
lian ballot,  a  system  of  balloting  of  whicli  the  pi  in.  i]i:il 
features  are  tllo  placing  of  the  names  of  all  the  candidates 
on  each  ballot,  the  printing  of  the  ballots  by  the  gov- 
ernment, the  arrangement  and  control  of  the  polling- 
plaees,  and  devices  for  securing  secrecy  in  marldng  and 
casting  tlie  lialluts.  Tlie  system,  with  numerous  varia- 
ti.nis,  has  been  extensively  adopted  in  tlie  United  State 
—  Tissue-ballots,  ballots  printed  on  thin  tissne-paiier,  . 
to  the  end  tliiit  a  large  niiiiil)er  of  fraudulent  votes  folded 
together  may  lie  smuggled  into  the  ballot-box  without  de- 


as,  a  Italht  was  taken  ou  the  resolution ;  there  ballow^,  w.     A  word  used  only  by  Bhakspero 

in  tlic  passafie  cited,  in  tlie  folio  of  lOliil,  wFiero 
tlie  (juarto  (nlilions  liiive  hatlirosmOi  hiil;  it  is, 
like  hattcro,  apparently  a  misprint  for  batton, 
battonn,  or  battoun,  a  stick,  cudgel.  See  bat- 
ton,  butooit,  baton,  and  bat^. 

Keepe  out,  ...  or  ice  try  whither  your  Costard  or  my 
TSalUiai  lie  the  harder.  Shalt.,  Lear,  iv.  (i  (lU'ii). 

ball-proof  (iKU'priif),  a.     Capable  of  resisting 

bnlls  from  tirearms;  impenetraljle  by  bullets. 

i  ball-rack  (bal'rak),  n.     In  printinf/j  the   rack 

,„^ ^^_    __  wliieli  held  tlie  balls  formerly  used  m  inking. 

tection.— To  cast  a  ballot,  to  deposit  in  a  ballot-bo.x, or  ball-room  (bal'rom),  )(.  A  room  expressly  de- 
present  for  deposit,  a  biUlot  or  voting-paper.- To  cast  ^j  ,  ,, „.  ,„^[|^  ^,,  dancing  parties,  or  a  room 
the  ballot,  to  reeord.  as  if  ascertained  by  ballot,  the  vote     .  '^     ,  .  ...        ^f 

of  an  assembly  or  meeting.    The  secretaiT  is  often  in-    '"  which  siicli  entertainments  are  given, 
structeil  to  "east  the  ballot"  when  for  convenience  the  ball-SCreW  (biU'skro),  n.     A  screw  which  can 
actual  process,  as  requhed  by  rule,  is  dispensed  with.  ),g  attached  to  the  end  of  the  ramrod  of  a  gun, 

balloti  (bal'ot),  i:     [Early  mod.  E.  also  ballat,    for  the  purpose  of  extracting  a  bullet  from  the 
ballet;  <  It.  Imlloltarc  =  F.  haUottcr,  earlier  60/0/-    barrel. 

tcr,  =  .Sp.  balotar,  vote  by  ballot ;  from  the  ball-seater  (bal'se'tfcr),  n.  A  tool  used  in 
noun.]  1.  intmns.  1.  To  decide  upon  a  ques-  fitting  the  ball  of  a  cartridge  accurately  in  lino 
tion,  proposition,  or  candidacy  by  casting  bal-  with  the  axis  of  the  shell, 
lots;  take  a  ballot  or  a  vote  by  ballot:  often  ball-stock  (luil'stok), »!.  In /jrin ((»</,  formerly, 
■with  for  in  the  sense  of  'in  relation  to':  as,  to  a  stock  somewhat  hollow  at  one  eiid,  to  which 
ballot  for  members  of  a  club.     See  the  noun.        the  ball  was  attached,  and  which  served  as  a 

The  judges  .  .  .  would  never  take  their  balls  to  ballut     handle.      See  ball^,  9. 
against  him.  North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  027.  Ijall-traln  (bal'tran),  n.     A  set  of  rolls  for  roU- 

The  convention  did  not  ballui  until  its  third  day.  j„jj  puddlors'  balls  or  loops  into  bars. 

„    rr     ,,       ..         •     ;.    f  "■"""f  *■  •  ball-trimmer  (bal'trim'er),  n.   A  lathe  for  iin- 

2.  To  bound,  as  in  the  bore  of  a  cannon:  as,    jg^^    musket-balls. 

spherical  projectiles  ballot  m  the  bore  of  the  ball-trollv  (bal'trol"i),  n.  A  small  iron  truck 
piece.— 3.  To  select  by  lot;  draw  lots  (tor):  ^^^^  j^^  ^.o,„eying  the  balls  of  pudiUed  iron 
as,  to  ballot  for  places.  .     ^ -.     ,    ,     from  the  puddling-furnaee  to  the  tilt-hammer 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  vote  for  or  against  by  bal-    ^^  squeezer.     E.  JI.  Knight. 
lot ;  choose  or  elect  by  ballot.  ballustredt  (bal'us-tferd),  a.  Same  as  balustered. 

None  of  the  competitors  arl'iving  at  a  sufficient  number     Dyiifltfi 

of  balls,  they  fell  to  ^a/ior  some  others.  -     ii_   1*        /,  -i/      ,    \  a i,.„  #««,««,i -k..- « 

S!r  H.  Wotion,  Rcliquia..  p.  2(;->.  ball-valvc  (bal'valv),  H.  A  valve  formed  by  a 
2.  To  choose  by  lot;  select  by  drawing  lots  g'^^f.^/esfiJig  "PO"  f  concave  circular  sea.t. 
T  J  y  J  °  It  IS  lifted  by  the  upward  pressure  of  the  tluul,  and  de- 

lor.  scends  by  gravity  when  that  pressure  is  removed.     See 

Peasants  .  .  .  who  will  not  be  balloted  for  soldiers.  bnll-cock. 

Caiiyle,  French  Rev,,  III.  i.  1.  -ball-Vein  (bal'van),  n.     Same  as  ball-ironstone. 

ballot^  (bal'ot),  n.     [<  F.  ballot,  a  bale,  prop,  bally    (bal'i),   «.     [Kepr.  Ir.  Gael,  baile,  Manx 

a  small  bale,  tlim.  of  balle,  a  bale:  see  bale^  and    halley,  a  town,  \'illage.]     A  town:  an  element 

-ot,  and  cf.  the  ult.  identical  ballot'^.']    A  small    in  many  place-names  in  Ireland:  as,  BalhjvfaX- 

bale,  weighing  from  70  to  120  pounds.  "     ' 

Ballota  (ba-lo'tii),  n.  [NL.  (L.  ballote),  <  Gr. 
jid/'/-Lirii,  a  plant  believed  to  be  black  hoar- 
hound,  origin  unknown.]  A  genus  of  labiate 
plants,  of  about  125  species,  mostly  natives  of 
the  Mediten-anean  region.  The  black  hoarhound, 
B.  iu'ifya,  sometimes  used  in  medicine,  is  found  through-  balm  (biiin) 


out  Europe  and  Russian  Asia. 

ballotade,  ballottade  (bal-o-tad'  or  -tad'),  n. 
[<  F.  halhittade  (Sp.  balotadd),  <  ballofter,  toss, 
prob.  <  ballotte,  a  little  ball:  see  ballot^,  m.] 
In  the  manege,  a  leap  of  a  horse  in  which  all 
four  legs  are  bent  without  jerking  out  the  hind 
ones.     Also  spelled  balotade. 

ballotantt  (bal'ot-ant),  n.  [<  P.  ballottant,  pp. 
of  halltittcr,  ballot:"  see  ballot^,  v.]  A  voter  by 
ballot.     J.  Harrington.     [Rare.] 

ballotationt  (bal-o-ta'shgn),  «.  [<  ballot''-  + 
-ation,  after  It.  ballottasione.^  A  voting  by  bal- 
lot; a  balloting.  Sir  H.  fFoMoH,  Eeliquisa,  p.  260. 
[Rare.] 

ballot-box  (bal'ot-boks),  n.  A  box  for  receiv- 
ing ballots. 

balloter  (bal'ot-er),  n.  1.  One  who  ballots  or 
votes  by  ball"ot. — 2.  A  mechanical  device  for 
receiving,  counting,  and  recording  ballots. 

ballotint,  ".  [<  ballot''-  +  -in,  irreg.  used.]  The 
carrier  of  the  ballot-box;  the  taker  of  the  votes 
by  ballot.     J.  Harrington.     [Rare.] 

balloting  (bal'ot-ing),'  H.  [VerVial  n.  of  ballot'', 
J'.]  1.  The  act  of  casting  or  taking  a  ballot: 
as,  the  balloting  began  at  2  o'clock. —  2.  A  spe- 
cific instance  in  \vhich  a  ballot  is  taken ;  a  vote. 
From  the  result  of  the  balloting^  yesterday,  I  deem  it 
highly  improbable  that  1  shall  receive  the  nomination. 

Buchanan,  in  Curtis,  ii.  2. 

ballotist  (bal'ot-ist),  H.     liballot^ -\- -isf]    An 

advocate  of  voting  by  ballot. 
ballottade,  «.  See  ballotade. 
ballottement  (ba-lot'ment),  «.     [F.,  a  tossing, 

<  ballottcr,  toss:   see  ballotadc.~\     In  obstet.,  a 

method  of  testing  pregnancy. 
ballowH,  ".    [Appar.  <ME.  bidowe,  balwe,  balge, 

balijli,    round,    rounded,  smooth,   appar.  <  AS. 

balg,  ba'Ug,  a  bag:  see  belloics  and  bellij.']     An 

epithet  of  uncertain  meaning,  in  the  following 

passage:    the  apparent    etymology    suggests 

'round,'  'pot-bellied.' 

The  hallow  nag  outstrips  the  winds  in  chase. 

Draylon,  Polyolbion,  iii.  40.    (N.  E.  D.) 

ballow^  (bal'6),  ».    [Etym.  unknovra.]    N'aut, 
deep  water  inside  a  shoal  or  bar.    Smijth.  Sail- 
or's Word-Book.     (xV.  E.  D.) 
28 


ter,    upper    town;    iVtHf/castle,    castle-town; 
Balliivaoney,  town  on  the  moss,  etc. 

The  old  tribal  division  of  the  ballys  into  "  (juarters  "  and 
'*  tates  "  has  left  distinct  ami  numerous  traces  in  tire  names 
of  the  present  townlands  in  Ireland. 

Seebohtii,  Eng.  Vill.  Communities,  p.  22.'!. 
[The  spelling  has  been  altered 


balneary 

with  an  oilorous  balsam  :  als e:isiona!ly  the  halsam-flr, 

Abieg  Ijalmnim,  which  yield.s  the  Canada  balsam,  (d)  The 
sweet  balm,  Draawi'ph'duin  Ca/tarkn^c  (see  above).— 
Balm  of  heaven,  one  of  the  many  names  given  in  Cali- 
fornia to  the  UininttttUariiL  CaU/antica,  a  lauraceous  tree 
with  very  strongly  aromatic  foliage, 
balm  (biim),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  baumen,  bamen,  < 
baume,  balm.  Of.  OF.  cinbaumer,  embalm:  see 
embalm.']    1.  To  embalm. 

•Shroudeil  in  cloth  of  slate  ! 
Balm'd  and  entreasur'd  with  full  bags  of  spices ! 

SImk.,  Pericles,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  anoint  as  with  balm  or  with  anything 
fragrant  or  meilicinal. 

Balm  his  foul  hea<l  in  warm  distilled  waters. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  L 

3.  To  soothe;  mitigate;  assuage;  heal. 

cijipresscd  nature  sleeps:  — 
This  rest  might  yet  have  lialm'd  thy  broken  senses. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ill.  6. 

[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  all  uses.] 
balmaiden  (bal'ma"dn),  n.     [<  hal  +  maiden.'] 
A  girl  or  young  wom:in  employed  in  the  mines 
of  Cornwall,  England. 

The  smock-frock  is  a  survival  of  a  ploughman's  dress, 
and  the  Cornish  miner  and  mine-girl  (or  Ijalmaiden)  have 
a  sort  of  peasant  dress.  S.  and  Q.,  (itii  ser,,  I.K.  608. 

balm-cricket  (biim'krik"et),  n.  [Earlier  baum- 
cricket,  appar.  a  half  translation  ot  G.  baum- 
grille,  tree-cricket,  <  baiini,  a  tree  (=E.  beam), 
'+  grille,  a  cricket:  see  Oryllu's.]  The  field- 
cricket,  Gryllus  campestris. 

The  balm-cricket  carols  clear 

In  the  green  that  folds  thy  grave. 

'l^nni/non,  A  Dirge. 

balmert  (bii'mer),  n.     One  who  or  that  which 

embalms. 

Blood  must  be  my  body's  only  balmer, 
No  other  balm  will  there  be  given. 

liaUi'jh,  The  Pilgrimage. 

balmify  (bii'mi-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  balmi- 
fied,  ppr.  balmifying.  [<  balm  -I-  -i-fy:  see  -fy.] 
To  render  balmy.     [Rare.] 

The  fluids  have  been  entirely  sweetened  ami  baltnified. 
G.  Cheyne,  Eng.  Malady,  p.  306. 

balmily  (ba'mi-li),  adr.    In  a  balmy  manner, 
balminess  ( bii'mi-nes),  «.     The  state  or  quality 

of  being  balmy. 
balm-mint  (Ipam'mint),  n.     Same   as  garden- 
balm.     See  balm,  7. 
balmony  (bal'mo-ni),  H.    [Appar.  a  var.  of  bald- 
money.]  A  name  sometimes  given  in  the  United 
States  to  the  plant  snakehead,  Chelone  glabra. 
Balmoral  (bal-mor'al),  a.  or  n.     A  name  given 
(usually  with  a  capital  as  an  adjective  and  with- 
out as  a  noun)  to  various  articles  of  dress  pos- 
sessing unusual  strength  and  weight,  in  imi- 
tation of  the  materials  or  style  of  those  worn 
out  of  doors  by  Queen  Victoria,  or  the  mem- 
bers of  her  family,  during  visits  to  the  royal 
residence  at  Balmoral,  in  Aberdeenshire,  ScoU 

land Balmoral  boots,  shoes  or  ankle-boots  that  lace 

up  in  front,  worn  by  both  men  and  women.     Also  called 
iia6nora(,»-.— Balmoral  petticoat,  a  woolen   petticoat, 
originallyred  with  black  stripes,  inteuded  to  be  displayed 
below  the  skirt  of  the  dress,  wliieh  «as  looped  up. 
balmy  (bil'mi),  a.    [<  balm  +  -(/!.]    1.  Having 
the  qualities  of  balm;  aromatic;  fragi'ant. 
O  6n(m!/ breath,  that  doth  almost  persuade 
Justice' to  break  her  sword  1      Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2. 
And  1  would  be  the  necklace, 
And  all  daylong  to  fall  and  rise 

Upon  her  balmy  bosom, 
With  her  laugliter  or  her  sighs, 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 

2.  Producing  balm :  as,  "the  6rtiwy  tree,"  Pope, 
Windsor  Forest,  1.  30.— 3.  Soft;  soothing;  as- 
suaging ;  refreshing. 

Now  with  the  drops  of  this  most  balmy  time 

My  love  looks  fresh.  Shak.,  Sonnets,  evii. 

Tired  nature's  sweet  restorer,  balmy  sleep. 

I'm  11(7,  Night  Thoughts,  v.  1. 

4.  Of  healing -virtue ;  healing:  as,  6o?»/i/ medi- 


to  bring  it  nearer  baham. ;  early  mod.  E.  also 
baulm,  b<iiim,<  ME.  Iinume,  bawnie,  basme,  bame, 
<0F.  bdnsmr,  basme,  mod.  F.  baume  =  T't.  basme 
=  Sp.  bulsamo  =  Pg.  It.  balsamo,  <  L.  balsamian, 
<Gr./3d/l(Ta//oK, balsam: see iate«/«.]  1.  Anoily, 
aromatic,  resinous  substance,  exuding  sponta- 
neously from  trees  of  the  genus  Il(dsiimodeii- 
dron ;  hence,  by  extension,  any  aromatic  or  odo- 
riferous exudation  from  trees  or  shrubs,  whether 
spontaneous  or  after  incision ;  balsam. 
And  sweetest  breath  of  woodland  balm. 

Whifticr,  p'liiwers  in  Winter. 

2t.  An  aromatic  preparation  used  in  embalm- 
ing the  dead.  See  embalm.— 3.  Any  aromatic 
or  fragrant  ointment,  whether  for  ceremonial 
or  for  medicinal  use,  as  for  healing  wounds  or 
soothing  pain.  (For  the  ecclesiastical  use,  see 
balsam.) 

Thy  place  is  rtll'd,  thy  sceptre  wrung  from  thee, 

Thy  balm  wash'd  otf,  wherewith  thou  wast  anointed. 
Shak.,  S  Hen.  VI.,  ill.  1. 

4'.  Aromatic  fragi'ance  ;  sweet  odor. —  5.  Any- 
thing vyhich  heals,  soothes,  or  mitigates  pala. 

Sleep,  tli:it  knits  up  tlie  ravell'd  sleave  of  care, 

The  d'ealli  "f  each  day's  life,  sore  labour's  bath, 

Balm  of  hurt  minds,  great  natui-e's  second  course. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2. 

Heal  the  wounded  spu-it  with  the  balm 
Of  pity.  Bryant,  Better  Age. 

6.  A  tree  that  vields  balm  ;  especially,  a  tree     eines.  ,     .  ,    , 

of  the  genus  Bak:amodendron.-7.  One  of  sev-  balnea,  «.     Plural  of  bahwrnn 
eral  aromatic  plants  of  the  natural  order  Labi-  balnealt  (bal  ne-al),  «^    l<h.  balneum,^  (warm) 

bath  (see  balneum),  +  -al.  Ihe  L.  adj.  is  bal- 
nearis  or  balnearius.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
bath:  as,  "balneal  heat,"  Howell,  Letters,  I. 
vi.  35. 
balneary  (bal'ne-a-ri),  a  and  n.  [<  L.  balnea- 
rius, pertaming  'to  a  bath  (neut.  pi.  balnearia,  a 
bathing-room),  <  Indueum, n'bath:  seebabienm.] 
I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  baths  or  bathing. 

The  French  do  not  treat  their  beaches  as  we  do  oui-s  — 
as  places  for  a  glance,  a  dip,  or  a  trot,  places  animated 
simply  during  the  balneary  hours, 

//,  Jnme.-i,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  142. 

II.  "• ;  pl.  balnearies  (-riz).    A  room  or  pro- 
vision of  any  kind  for  bathing. 
The  balneai-ies  and  bathing-places. 

Sir  T,  Browne,  Vulg,  Err.,  vl  7. 


eral  aromatic  plants 
atce,  particularly  plants  of  the  genus  Melissa 
The  garden-  or  lemon-balm,  bee-balin,  or  balm-niiut  is 
M.  officinal;.^:  Plants  of  other  genera  so  named  are  the 
bastard  balm,  M<l>tfi--<  imh\.^ophyllum :  the  bee-balm  of 
Amerieaii  "aniens.  .Monarila  didyuin  ;  the  horse-balm.  Col- 
linsuin'i'i  rri/i(ii/.'i!.M«.-  the  lleld-balni,  Neijeta  Cataria;  the 
MoUieealiiilni,  Mulwcrllii  tiri'i.^ :  and  the  sweet  balm,  some- 
times e':illed  liiilia  of  ciileiid,  Dracoivphahim  Canarienxc. 
—  Abraham's-balm,  an  old  name  for  an  Italian  willow.— 
Balm  of  Gllead.  (« )  Balm  or  balsam  <if  Meeea,  or  of  S.vria, 
""  oleo-resin,  once  of  great  repute  and  still  esteemed  in 
_..  a ,;_;...,, ,......*....,    ,\iixed 

ic 


the  East  for  its  fragrance  and  medicinal  properties.  Jlixe 
with  oil  it  constitutes  the  chrism  of  the  Roman  Cathol 
ChlU'Ch  It  is  the  product  of  a  tree  or  shrub,  Commi- 
vhora  (BaLsanwdnidron)  Opobalmmum,  which  also  yields 
myrrh  It  is  now  produced,  so  far  as  is  known,  only  in 
Arabia  (b)  A  fragrant  resin  from  South  America.  See 
carauiia  (e)  In  North  America,  the  balsam-poplar.  Pop- 
KiMS  balsamij'era,  the  buds  ot  which  are  coated  ui  sprmg 


balneation 

balneationt  (bal-nf-a'shon),  n.  [<  IIL.  ba}ne- 
are,  pp.  balneatus,  bathe,  <  L.  balneum,  a  bath: 
see  balneum.]     The  act  of  bathing. 

Balneations,  washings,  aiid  fomentations. 

•Sir  T.  Broirne,  Vulg.  Err.,  it  6. 

balneatory  (barnf-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  balnea- 
turius.  <  balneator,  a  bath-keeper,  <  balneum,  a 
bath :  see  balneum.^  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bath 
or  bath-keeper. 

All  tlie  refinements  of  the  antique  balneatory  art. 

i.  Heant.  tr.  of  Gautier's  Cleop.  Nights,  p.  45. 

balneot,  «•  [For  bagnio,  after  L.  babteum.'] 
Same  as  bagnio,  1. 

Then  began  Christian  churches  ...  to  outshine  .  .  . 
the  Balneoa  and  Theatres  of  free  Cities. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  331. 

balneography  (bal-ne-og'ra-fi),  «.  [<  L.  bal- 
neum, a  liath  (see  hhlneuni),  +  Gr.  --/paila,  < 
jfwiotd',  Avrite.]  A  description  of  baths.  Dun- 
gli-«m. 

balneological  (bal-nf-o-loj'i-kal),  <i.  Of  or  per- 
taiiiino;  to  balneology. 

balneology  (bal-ne-ol'o-ji),  «.  [<  L.  balneum, 
a  bath,  -I-  Gr.  -/ojm,  <'/-i}eiv,  speak:  see  balneum 
and  -ohgy.'i  A  treatise  on  baths  or  bathing  ; 
the  use  of  baths  and  bathing  as  a  department 
of  therapeutics. 

Among  our  medical  schools  balneology  as  a  subject  of 
systematic  study  is  entirely  neglected. 

Harpers  Mag.,  LXIX.  438. 

balneotherapeutics  (bal'nf-6-ther-a-pu'tiks), 
II.  [<  L.  ;<'(/«<  »;ii,  bath  (see  balneum),  +  thera- 
peutics.']    BalupDtlierapy. 

balneotherapia(bal'ne-6-ther-a-pi'a),  H.  [Nil., 
<  L.  habuHni.  a  bath  (see  balneum),  +  Gr.  0epa- 
:7fia,  medical  treatment:  see  therapeutic.'}  Same 
as  balneotherajiy. 

balneotherapy  (bal'nf-o-ther'a-pi),  n.  [Eng- 
lished from  hiilmiitherapia.']  The  treatment  of 
disease  by  baths ;  water-cure. 

Baltteotherapy,  or  bathing,  and  treatment  by  raedica- 
nients.  Sci.  Amer.  (S.  S.),  LIV.  4. 

balneum  (bal'ne-um),  n. ;  pi.  balnea  (-a).  [L., 
fuller  form  bali'neum,  <  Gr.  i^a/Mvciov,  a  bath,  < 
,<u/<iwifii',  bathe.  From  L.  balneum  come  bag- 
nio and  bain-,  q.  v.]  In  chem.,  a  vessel  filled 
with  water  or  sand,  in  which  another  vessel  is 
jilaced  to  be  heated  ;  a  bath.     See  batlA,  8. 

balolo  (ba-ld'16),  71.  A  sea-worm  found  in  the 
South  Pacific  ocean.     See  i)alolo. 

The  bahto  is  a  small  sea-wona,  long  and  thni  as  ordi- 
nary vermicelli.  .Some  are  fully  a  yard  long,  others  about 
an  inch.  It  lias  a  jointed  body  and  many  legs,  and  lives 
in  the  deep  sea. 

C.  /■'.  Gordon-Curnming,  At  Home  in  Fiji,  p.  66. 

balont,  balonet,  «.    See  balloon'': 
balonea(ba-16'ue-ii),  n.    [See  ralonia.'i   A  name 
for  an  oak,  Quercu.,  jEgilops,  large  quantities 
of  the  cups  of  which  are  exported  from  the 
.Nlediterranean  basin  for  tanners'  use.      See 
rabniia. 
baloot,  intrrj.  and  Ji.     Sec  balow. 
balotade,  "•     Sec  ballotade. 
balowt,  baloot,  intcrj.  and  n.     [Nnrserj-  sylla- 
bles.]    I.  interj.  An  utterance  used  in  lulling 
to  sleep. 
Ilee  balou  f  my  sweet  wee  Donald.  Bums,  Song. 

II.  n.  1.  A  lullaby. —  2.  A  song  containing 
this  word.     -V.  A'.  JJ. 
bals.     An  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  bnlsnmum, 
that  is,  bal.sam,  used  in  medical  prescriptions. 
balsa,  balza  (bul'sii,  -zii),  n.     [<  Sp.  Pg.  bnhnO 
V.  halne,  bahe),  <  Pcruv.  balza,  a  kind  of  light 
]iorou8  wood   used   in  Peru  for  constructing 
niftx.]     1.  The  native  name  of  the  Ochroma 
'  'IS,   a  bombaceous  tree  common  in   tho 

ujion  the  cousts  of  tropionl  America. 
I  Ih  vi-ry  «oft  and  liKlit,  and  In  iimiI  for  Ht'ippimj 
■A  well  as  In  the  contitruction  of  rafts  which  take 

"I  of  raft  or  float  much  used  on  tho 

V  '.f  South  America  for  crossing  lakes 

•  ■  r  landing  through  tho  surf,  and  by 

fi  It  In  tliere  formed  of  two  hitlaterl  rylliitliTM 

'■'  iill.w  k  «  hide,  Jiilnid  by  a  K.rt  of  iiliitr..nn 

'•:,  -ii^i-nuers   or  K(KmIh   are  pliircd.     In   llli' 

I  I  ri  iiri»-  In  given  to  two  *ir  morf  liitliili-d 

'  >  li  ihlMT.  or  lonK  rimkN  t,t  metal  rir  wood, 

N'  •  <••  l>;ibii  by  a  frniiii'Work,  and  UNcd  as  a 

lit'- ■>>  .  roNftlng  lirnvy  mirf.     Hvv  Hfe-ritft. 

balsam  .  ».     [Kurly  mod.  K.  also  linl- 

(i"H,  '"'  M<  (in  MK,  only  as  balm,  (\.  v.), 

<  AH. '"  nil,  <  Ij.  halsamum,  <  (ir.  ,Ui'- 

nniiiiy,  I  11,1.  lialsam-lrce,  the  troi'  il- 

Belf;  |.<ain-lrco;  Jiroh.  of  Hcmilii- 

origin  i    An  oily,nrotnalie,  roHinoiiH 

fiul>"i  liiintancoiiHly  from  InoH 

of  till  I'hnilrnn;    hence,   by  ex- 

tenaioi., ..  mo  >   o   i,r  oUoriferoui)  exudation 


434 

from  trees  or  shrubs,  whether  spontaneous  or 
after  incision;  balm.  A  gi-eat  variety  of  substances 
pass  under  this  name  ;  but  in  chemistry  the  term  is  con- 
lined  to  vegetable  juices,  whether  they  remain  liquid  or 
spontaneously  become  solid,  which  consist  of  resins  mixed 
with  gums  or"  volatile  oils,  the  resins  being  produced  from 
the  oils  by  oxidation,  A  balsam  is  thus  iuttimediate  be. 
tween  a  volatile  oil  and  a  resin.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether,  and  capable  of  yielding  benzoic  acid.  The  bab 
s.ims  are  either  liquid  or  solid  ;  ol  the  former  are  the  balm 
of  Gileadand  the  balsams  of  copaiba,  Peru,  and  Tolu  (see 
below);  of  the  latter,  benzoin,  dragon  s  blood,  and  storax. 
The  balsam  used  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the  cim- 
fection  of  chrism  is,  by  the  rubrics,  that  of  .S>Tia  or  Mecca ; 
but,  from  difficulty  in  ol>taining  this,  concessions  have  been 
nuule  by  the  popes  for  the  use  of  the  balsams  of  Brazil, 
Tolu,  Peru,  etc. 

Many  of  the  resins  occur  in  plants  dissolved  in  ethereal 
oils.  Should  the  vessels  which  contain  this  solution  lie 
injured,  it  flows  out,  and  becomes  thick,  or  even  solid, 
on  exposure  to  the  air,  partly  from  evaporation  of  the 
solvent  oil,  and  partly  by  its  oxidation.  Such  mixtures 
of  oils  and  resins  are  termed  balsams. 

Strieker,  Organic  Chemistry,  p.  73"2. 

2t.  An  aromatic  preparation  used  for  embalm- 
ing the  dead. — 3.  Any  aromatic  fragrant  oint- 
ment, whether  for  ceremonial  or  for  medicinal 
use,  as  for  healing  wounds  or  soothing  pain, — 
4.  Figuratively,  any  healing  or  soothing  agent 
or  agency. 

Is  this  the  balsam  that  the  usuring  senate 
POurs  into  captains'  wounds?    ,SAa/:,.T.  of  A.,iii,  5, 
Was  not  the  people's  blessing  .  .  .  a  ?)a/.vam  to  thy  blood? 
Tenmjtiun,  Becket,  1.  24. 

5t.  In  alchemy,  ahealthfulpreservativeessence, 
of  oily  penetrative  nature,  conceived  by  Para- 
celsus to  exist  in  all  organic  bodies.   A'.  E.  D. — 

6.  A  tree  yielding  an  aromatic,  oily  resin.  In 
the  I'nited  States  the  name  is  often  applied  generally  to 
the  fli"s  (species  of  Abie.'i),  and  sometimes  ignorantly  to  the 
spruces  also.     See  bahaiii-trer. 

7.  The  Imjyatienshalsamina,  a  familiar  flowering 
annual,  of  Eastern  origin,  cultivated  in  many 


Flowering  branch  of  Bals.-im  (i'n^ttflVfts/il/t'a). 
( From  Cray's  •'  Genera  o(  the  Pl.mts  of  the  United  States." ) 

varieties,  often  called  garden-balsam,  and  in  tho 
United  States  ladi/'s-slipjicr;  also,  the  native  Eu- 
ropean species,  /.  Noli-me-tangcre,  and  the  Amer- 
ican/./H?r(/.  Sod  Inijuiliiiis  and  jcu-rt-ureil. 
In  nieilical  jn-cscriiitions  abbreviated  to  ball. 
Balsam  of  Mecca,  halm  of  (lilead.  .Sec  («i/m.— Balsam 
of  Peru,  the  product  of  Miiroxijlun  Perelrir,  a  leguminous 
tree  of  ,san  Salvador,  It  is  employed  in  perfumery  and 
the  niniinfactiire  of  Boap.s,  and  in  medicine  as  a  stiinulat- 
iiig  ointnient  and  for  the  relief  of  a-sthma  and  coughs. 
Balsam  of  Saturn,  a  solution  of  lead  acetate  in  tiu'pcii- 
tirie,  concentrated  by  evaporation  and  mixetl  with  ciini- 
phof,  toriiKily  used  to  hasten  the  cicatrization  of  wounds. 
^Balaam  of  Tolu  (from  Tolu,  a  seaport  in  the  I'nited 
States  of  Colomliia),  a  product  of  Sljiroxjilvn  Tolui/rra  of 
Venezuela  and  the  United  .States  of  Colombia,  a  species 
closely  allied  to  ;)f.  Prrrine  (sec  above)  It  has  an  agree- 
able llavor,  and  Is  used  in  nuilicino  as  an  expectorant  and 
Htinmlaiit,  though  its  properties  are  not  im|iortanl.- 
BrazlllanbalBam,thepMiiluctof  ^/.i/riij-,i/("'i;"i'"(fr''i/"i. 
It  closely  resembles  balsani  of  I'crii,-  Broad-leafed  bal- 
Bam,  of  the  West  Indies,  a  small  tree  belonging  to  Ihe 
natural  order  Aratiari-fp,  .Sciadoiihtilhuit  rnintiituin,  yield- 
ing an  aromatic  balsam,  which  is  ilrrived  cbiclly  from  Ihe 
lieiTle8,~Canada  balsam,  a  transparent  liiinid  resin  or 
tnr|ieiitineoblahiid  bv  puiietiiring  the  veBldes  which  form 
under  the  bark  of  Ibc  balHam  llr,  Ahim  hnltnnirn  of  .Norlh 
America.  It  Is  much  valued  lor  moiuitlngtibjects  for  (he 
iiilcroBcope,  as  It  rcmalim  iiirmam'Utly  Iranspureiit,  and 
It  Is  also  iiHcd  in  making vanilBh.     ihe  priiiiipnl  supply  In 

from  I'nnadii,     other  fornm  .d  turiicnilne  fiom  l; piim 

coniferous  trees  are  BometlTncN  lalbd  /«fi«iin»,  — Copalm 
balsam,  a  baNam  iiblaincd  from  the  nweit  gum,  l.i'iuul- 
aiiilKir  hiiraeiflua,  vi-n  slnilhir  to  slorax  and  used  for 
similar  purpoHeN.— VollOW  balsam,  of  .lamalra,  Crol.m 
llarriiJi,  at)  aromatic  cupliorblaceiiim  Nbnib,  covered  wHli  a 
yellow  wool.  (I'or  othir  kinds  of  balsam,  tee  acouelii-rrnin, 
ri.iniiha,  iiurjun,  anil  la<iaiit.) 
balsam  (bal'sum),  K.  /.  [<  linlnam,  n.  Of.  ML. 
hiil.tiimarr.']  1.  To  iip|ily  balHiim  or  balm  to; 
anoint  with  balm  or  ImlHuin. 

'11)1!  gifu  of  our  yiiiiiiu  atiil  lliinrlithliig  age   am  very 
sweet  when  they  ore  battntmnt  wllli  dlNcrellon. 

/!;<.  llackct,  Abp,  WIIMiiniN.  I.  r,7 


balsamy 

2.  To  embalm.     [Rare.] 
We  had  him  bahamed  and  sent  home. 

.Moilnj,  Dutch  Republic,  I,  222 

balsam-apple  (bal'sam-ap'l),  ?i.  An  annual 
cucurbitaeeous  plant  of  tropical  regions,  J/o- 
viordica  Btilsamina,  heaving  a  small  warty  fruit 
of  a  red  or  orange  color,  r.oth  the  fruit  and  the 
root  .are  actively  purgative.—  'Wild  balsam-apple,  of  the 
I'nited  .states,  an  animal  vine,  Eeliimriisfis  h^hafa,  of  the 
ortter  Cucurbitaeea^,  be.iring  nuiucrnus  white  flowers  and 
a  llbrims  fniit  opening  at  the  stninnit. 

balsamation  (Inil-sa-ma'shon),  n.  [<  ML,  /)rt(- 
S(im(itiu{n-),  <  balsamart'.i<ii.  holsanicitus,  to  bal- 
sam, <  li.  bfil^omum,  balsam.]  The  act  of  ren 
dering  balsamic.     [Rare.] 

balsam-bog  (biil'sam-bog),  «.  A  curious  um- 
belliferous plant  of  the  Falkland  islands,  form- 
ing hartl  hemispherical  hillocks  often  from  2 
to  4  feet  in  iieight.  It  yields  a  giun  which  has 
been  used  in  medicine. 

balsam-herb  (bal'sam-frb),  v.  A  name  given 
in  Jamaica  to  Dianthcra  rcptans,  an  acantha- 
ceous  plant, 

balsamic  (bal-  or  bal-sam'ik),  a.  and  n.    [<  bal- 
nam  +  -(('.]     I.  ".  1.  Pertainingtoorof  the  na- 
ture of  balsam:  as,  6n!V«((W(c  juices. — 2.  Yield- 
ing balsam:  as,  balsamic  pine. —  3.  Ha'^dug  tho 
fragrance  of  balsam  ;  aromatic  ;  balmy. 
The  new-leaved  Imtteruut 
And  quivering  poplar  to  the  roving  breeze 
Gave  a  balsamic  fragrance. 

Britaut,  Old  Man's  CounseL 

4.  Having  the  healing  or  soothing  qualities  of 
balsam;  healing;  soothing;  mild:  as,  balsamic 
remedies. —  5t.  Of  or  pei-tainiug  to  the  balsam 
of  the  alcliemists.     See  bnl-^am,  5.  , 

II.   H.    Any  waiTn,    stimulating,   demulcent 
inoiiicine,  of  a  smooth  and  oily  consistence. 
balsamicalt  (bal-  or  bal-sam'i-kal),  a.     Same  as 
bulsamic. 
The  bahainical  humour  of  my  blood. 

Si';-  ilf,  Ilali;  Orig.  of  Mankind,  i.  1, 

balsamically  (b41-  or  bal-sam'i-kal-i),  adv.     In 

a  lialsaniic  manner;  as  a  balsam, 
balsamiferous  (bal-  or  bal-sa-mif'e-ms),  a. 

f<  1j.  /«(/,v(/«hih,  balsam,  +  firrc  =  B.  6«irl.] 

I'roiineing  balm  or  balsam:  said  of  those  trees 

;inil  shrill  IS  which  yield  balsam, 
balsamina  (bal-sa-mi'nii),   H.     [NL. :  see  bal- 

,w /»(«(■,]     Same  as  balsamine. 
balsamine  (bal'sam-in),  «.     [<  ¥.  balsamine  = 

Sp.  Pg.  It.  balsamina,  <  NL.  balsamina  (<  Gr. 

^a?.naii!vr/),  balsam-plant,  prop.  fem.  of  L.  biilsa- 

minus,  <  Cir.  "jia'Anaiiivor,  jx'rtaiuing  to  balsam, 

<  fln'/.na/im;  balsam.]  A  name  given  to  the 
garden-balsam  and  to  some  other  species  of 
tho  genus  Inipatiens  (which  see). 

balsamitict  (bal-sa-mit'ik),  a.  [<  ML.  "balsa- 
)iiitirus  (cf.  ML.  biilsamaticus),  <  L.  baUamum.'i 
Balsamic. 

balsamito  (bal-sa-tne'to).  It.  [In  form  Sp.  or 
I'g.;  ef.  Sp.  liiilsamita  (=  Pg.  buliamitd).  tansy, 

<  lial.^amo,  balsam:  see  balm.']  A  liiiuid  having 
a  bitter  taste,  the  odor  of  the  Tonquin  bean,  and 
a  light  sherry-color,  producetl  by  digesting  tho 
fruit  of  the  balsani  of  Peru  in  rum.  it  is  used  as 
a  medicine,  and  ;ilso  us  an  application  to  sloughing  sores, 
cspccialiy  to  those  cansed  by  the  chigoe, 

balsamize  (barsam-iz),  r.  t.;  pret.  andpp.  baU 
siniii-iil.  ]ijn\  li(ilsiimi::ing.  [<  balsam  +  -i:c.'\ 
To  ri'inler  lialsnmic. 
balsamous  (lial'siim-us),  a.  [<  haliani  +  -ous.} 
lliiving  thi>  qnaliiies  of  balsam;  abounding  in 
balsam;  consisting  of  balsam. 

Now  the  radical  moisture  is  not  the  tallow  or  fat  of  ani- 
mals, but  ail  oily  and  balsamous  substjince, 

Sfrrnr,  Tristram  .Shandy,  v,  35, 

balsam-root  (bAl'sara-rfit),  n.  A  name  given 
ill  ('alirorMJH  tt)  species  of  Halsumorrhi^n,  a  ge- 
nus of  low,  coarse,  perennial  composite  plants, 
allied  to  the  siintlower.  They  have  deep  thick  roots 
which  eontaln  a  tcrcliliithiluitc  balsam.  These  roots  are 
rati-ii  by  Itic  imtivrs  after  being  peeled  and  baked. 

balsam-tree  (bal'sam-tro),  «.  A  name  given 
to  iiiaiiy  of  the  balsain-beariug  trees  of  tho 
tropics  (see  bal.iam),  aii<)  to  the  ninstic-troo, 
I'istacia  Lentisru.s.  In  North  America  it  is  aiiplled 
to  t'ttiniliis  bahami/rra,  and  on  the  western  coast  to  /', 
trii-lmrarpa.  It  Is  also  given  especially  to  the  balsam- 
bearing  coldfers,  Abies  bnlsamea  and  .4,  Fraseri  In  tho 
east  (Ihe  hiltir  I  ree  being  distinguished  as  the  she-balsam). 
and  In  the  Itncky  .Moniitains  and  westward  to  .1.  coiieolnr 
n\\i\  A.  sutmliiiiui.  The  balsani-tree  or  lialsam-Ilg  of  Ja. 
mull  a  is  the  t'hisiit  roNea. 

balsam-'Weed  (bill'sam  vod).  »i.  A  name  of  tho 
eoiiiinoii  ovorlaHtingH  of  llio  United  States, 
dnajiliiilium  drcnrrrns  and  (I.  polyccjihiiliim. 
Thoy  lire  also  called  su'iil  bal.sam,  on  account 
of  llnir  balsuniic  fragranco. 

balsamy  (linrHam-i),  a.  [<  bal.wm  +  -yl.] 
I'.tilHaiii-like;  balmy. 


baltei 

baltei,  n.  Plural  of  baltetis. 
baiter,  «•.  [Early  mod.  E.  baulier,  holier  (in 
hUi<id-hi>ltered,  q.  v.),  now  only  dial,  bauter,  < 
ME.  baltervii,  prob.  of  Seand.  origin;  cf.  Dan. 
bultre,  var.  of  bultre,  roll,  tumble,  gambol.]  I. 
intrans.  If.  To  tumble ;  dance  clumsily. 
So  blythe  of  his  wodbyno  lie  balteres  ther  vnde[r]. 

Alliterative  Pueina  (l*i1.  Morris),  iii.  4ri0. 

2.  To  become  tangled  or  matted.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

It  [a  Boat's  beard]  baltereth  aiul  cluttercth  into  knots 

and  lialls.  Ilullanil,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xii.  17.     (.V.  i'.  U.) 

II,  trans.  1.  To  tread  down  in  a  clumsy  man- 
ner. [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2t.  To  tangle;  clot;  mat, 
as  the  hair. 

balteus  (bal'te-us),  «.;  pi.  baliei  (-i).  [L.,  a 
licit:  according  to  Varro,  a  Tuscan  word,  but 
perhaps  of  Celtic  origin:  see  belt.']  1.  In  Ito- 
man  aittiq.,  a  belt :  either  a  girdle,  or  a  baldric 
worn  over  the  shoulder  to  support  a  sword, 
shield,  or  quiver. —  2.  In  arch.:  (a)  A  band 
iierpeudieular  to  the  axis  in  the  lateral  part  of 

*he  volute  of  an  Ionic  pulvinated  capital,  (h) 
One  of  the  passages  dividing  the  auditorium 
of  ancient  Roman  theaters  and  amphitheaters 
horizontally  into  upper  and  lower  zones,  and 
affording  access  to  the  different  eunei,  or  wedge- 
shaped  divisions  of  the  atiditorium,  without  dis- 
turbing persons  occupying  seats.  Such  a  pas- 
sage had  usually  the  form  of  a  wide  step. 

Baltic  (bal'tik),  a.  [<  NL.  Balticus,  prob.  < 
Lith.  haltas,  white,  balti,  be  white.]  Appella- 
tive of  or  pertaining  to  tlie  sea  which  separates 
Sweden  from  Denmark,  Cxermany,  and  Russia ; 
situated  on  or  bordering  the  Baltic  sea :  as,  the 
Baltic  islands ;  the  Baltic  coasts. 

Baltimore  bird,  oriole.    See  orioU. 

baltimorite  (bal'ti-mor-it),  n.  [<  Baltimore,  the 
chief  city  in  Maryland,  -I-  -itt'-.']  A  variety  of 
serpentine  from  Bare  Hills,  Maryland. 

balu(ba'lo),  w.  [Native  name.]  A  kind  of  wild- 
cat, Fclis  sumatrana,  native  in  Sumatra. 

Baluchi  (ba-16'che),  n.  [Pers.  Baluchi,  Beltt- 
c/i«.]  1.  A  native  or  an  inbabitant  of  Balu- 
chistan, a  country  lying  to  the  east  of  Persia 
and  between  Afghanistan  and  the  Arabian  sea ; 
specifically,  a  member  of  one  of  the  tribes  of 
Baluchistan,  a  distinct  race  from  the  present 
dominant  tribe,  the  Brahoes. — 2.  The  language 
spoken  by  the  Baluchis  and  by  over  300,000 
British  subjects  inhabiting  Sind  and  the  Pan- 
jab.  It  belongs  to  the  Iranic  branch  of  tlie  Al-yun  family 
of  languages.  It  has  no  literature  and  written  characters 
of  its  own,  Arabic  characters  having  been  used  for  snch 
works  in  Baluchi  as  liave  i-ecently  appeared. 
Also  written  Beloochee  and  Belooch. 

baluster  (bal'us-t6r),  n.  [Also  balluster,  ballis- 
ter  (and  corruptly  bannister,  banister,  q.  v.), 
formerly  also  ballester ;  <  F.  bahistre,  <  It.  ba- 
laustro  (=  Sp.  Pg.  halaustrc),  a  baluster,  small 
pillar,  so  called  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to 
the  flower  of  the  wild  pomegi'anate,  <  balaiisto, 
balausta,  balaustra  —  Sp.  balanstra,  balaiistria 
=  Pg.  balaustia  =  F.  balauste,  formerly  also  ba- 
histre, <  L.  halaustium,  <  Gr.  jialavanov,  the 
flower  of  the  wild  pomegranate -tree.  Cf.  Ba- 
laiistion.]  1.  In  arch,  and  building,  a  small 
upright  member  made  in  a  great  variety  of 


435 

At  the  bottom  is  a  parterre ;  the  upper  terrace  neere 
half  a  mylo  in  leiiKtli,  wi*  double  declivities,  arched  and 
haluxtrr'd  w'k  stone,  of  vast  and  royal  cost. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Feb.  27,  1044. 

baluster-shaft  (bal'us-tor-sbm),  n.  A  form 
of  pillar  occurring  in  so-called  Anglo-Saxon 
architecture,  and 
in  work  influenced 
by  it  as  late  as  the 
twelfth  century. 
It  serves  especially  as 
a  separation  of  win- 
dow-lights and  other 
openings,  and  is  named 
from  its  rude  resem- 
blance in  shape  to  a 
baluster  of  the  convcn- 
tiiiiial  ty]»e. 

baluster-stem 

(bal'us-tiJr-stcm), 
n.  The  stem  of  a 
goblet,  chalice,  or 
other  similar  vessel  when  of  the  bulging  shape 
characteristic  of  a  baluster. 
balustrade  dial-us-trad' ),  n.  [<  F.  hahistrade,  < 
It.  biil{tustr(it.a{z=Si).  Pg.  balaustrada),  a  balus- 
trade, prop,  adj.  fem.,  furnished  with  balusters, 
<  balaustra,  a  baluster.]  In  arch.,  strictly,  a 
barrier  or  railing  consisting  of  a  horizontal 


Baluster-shafts. 
St.  Albans  Cathedral,  England. 


Balusters. 
j1,  from  church  of  Santa  Trinity  del  Monte,  Rome;  B,  from  pulpit- 
stairs.  Duomo  of  Siena :  C  (bronze),  from  Casa  de  Pilatns,  Seville. 

forms,  but  typically  strongly  swelled  outward 
at  some  point  between  the  base  and  the  top  or 
capital,  and  commonly  vase-  or  urn-shaped, 
used  in  series  to  support  the  rail  of  a  railing  or 
balustrade.  The  baluster,  asdistinguished  from  a  small 
column  serving  the  same  purjiose,  originated  in  the  archi- 
tecture of  the  Renaissance.  Now  often  called  banister. 
2.  In  arch.,  the  lateral  part  of  the  volute  of  the 
Ionic  capital.  Also  bolster. 
balustered  (bal'us-terd),  a.  [<  baluster  +  -ed2.] 
Furnished  with  balusters. 


?S¥^igg&- 


Balustrade.— From  the  Villa  d'Este.  Tivoli,  Italy. 

member  resting  on  a  series  of  balusters  ;  but, 
commonly,  an  ornamental  railing  or  pierced 
parapet  of  any  kind,  whether  sei-ving  as  a  bar- 
rier or  merely  as  a  decorative  feature,  and 
whether  composed  of  balusters  or  not. 

Broad-bas^d  flights  of  marble  stairs 
Ran  up  with  golden  balustrade. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 
balustraded  (bal-us-trii'ded),  a.     [<  balustrade 
+  -cd".  ]     Furnished  with  a  balustrade  or  bal- 
ustrades. 

I  like  the  balustraded  terraces,  the  sun-proof  laurel 
walks,  tile  vases  and  statues. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  321. 
balustrading  (bal-us-tra'ding),  n.     [<  balus- 
trade -f  -(/((/!.]     A  balustrade  or  balustrades; 
balustrade-work. 

The  upper  [floor]  was  ten-aced  and  defended  by  strong 
balustrading.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  92. 

balysaur,  n.     See  balisaur. 

balza,  «.     See  balsa. 

balzant,  «•  [f-,  ^  It-  balzano,  ■white-footed, 
white-spotted,  =  OF.  bausan,  bansant :  .see  bau- 
sond,  bauson.']    A  horse  having  four  white  feet. 

balzarine  (bal-za-reu'),  n.  [Origin  obscure.] 
A  light  mixed  fabric  of  cotton  and  wool  for 
women's  dresses,  commonly  used  for  summer 
gowns  before  the  introduction  of  barege. 

bam  (bam),  r.;  pret.  and  pp.  bammed,  ppr. 
bamming.  [A  slang  word,  formerly  also  bamh, 
either  an  abbr.,  or  the  source  of  the  first  syl- 
lable, of  bamboozle,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  To  bam- 
boozle; cheat;  hoa.^;  wheedle.     [Slang.] 

This  is  some  conspiracy,  I  suppose,  to  bain,  to  chouse 
me  out  of  my  money.  Foote. 

II.   intrans.  To  practise  hoaxing  or  imposi- 
tion.    [Slang.] 

bam  (bam),  )!.  [<  bam,  v.]  A  cheat;  a  hoax; 
an  imposition.     [Slang.] 

It  w:»s  all  a  bam,  madam,  a  scene  we  thought  proper  to 

act.  A.  Murphy. 

To  relieve  the  tedium  he  kept  plying  them  with  all 

maTiner  of  bams.  J.  Wilson. 

bamalip  (bam'a-bp),  n.  [An  artificial  teinu.] 
In  logic,  a  mnemonic  word  denoting  a  mood  of 
the  fourth  figure,  containing  syllogisms  with 
universal  affirmative  premises  and  a  particular 
affirmative  conclusion :  as,  All  greyhounds  are 
dogs;  but  all  dogs  are  quadrupeds;  therefore, 
some  quadrupeds  are  gi-eyhounds.  Six  of  the 
seven  letters  composing  the  word  are  signiflcant.  £  shows 
that  tlie  mood  is  to  be  reduced  to  barbara  (which  see) ;  a, 
that  the  major  premise  is  a  universal  aftinnative  ;  ni,  that 
the  premises  are  to  be  transposed  in  reducing  it  t^i  the 
first  flgiu'e ;  a,  that  the  minor  premise  is  a  univei-sal  af- 


bamboo-brier 

flmmtlvc ;  i,  that  the  conclusion  is  a  particular  affirmative ; 
and  p,  that  the  oonclusiriu  of  barbara  lias  in  the  reduction 
to  be  converted  per  accidens  to  give  the  conclusion  of 
bamalip.  Tliis  mood  w;i8  originally  called  baralipton  by 
i'etrns  Ilispanus.  F.nglish  logicians  more  connnonly  call 
the  mood  bramantip,  in  order  to  make  tlie  liexanieter 

Bramantip,  oamenes,  dimarig,  fesapo,  fresisoii. 

See  vuiod. 

bamalipton  (bam-a-lip'ton),  n.  [An  artificial 
term. J  A  mood  of  syllogism,  differing  from 
baralijjton  only  in  having  the  names  of  the  ma- 
jor and  minor  lu-f^miscs  transposed.  The  name 
was  invented  by  .lodoc  Tiutfeder  of  Kisenach,  a  teacher  of 
l.uther,  who  died  in  irili*. 

bambara  (liam'ba-rji),  «.  [An  artificial  terra.] 
A  mood  of  syllogism,  differing  from  barbara 
only  in  liaving  the  names  of  the  major  and 
minor  premises  transposed.  The  name  was  in- 
venteil  liy  .lodoc  Trutfeder.     See  bamalipton. 

bambino  (Iiam-be'no),  n. ;  pi.  bambini  (-ne). 
[It.,  a  child,  dim.  of  banibo,  childish,  simple; 
cf.  bimbo,  a  child,  Sp.  bambarria,  a  child,  a 
foolish  man,  Austrian  bams,  child.  Prob.  of 
imitative  origin,  and  so  far  related  to  Gr.  /Jo/u- 
jiaiveiv,  chatter  with  the  teeth,  also  stammer; 
fia/iftaKij^tiv,  jiajtiia'AvC.iiv,  pajiiiaXt^civ,  stammer. 
Cf .  babble.]  A  child  or  baby ;  specifically,  a 
figure  of  the  Child  Jesus.  It  is  commonly  repre- 
sented .as  in  the  manger  at 
Bethlehem,  and  is  exposed 
in  many  Koman  Catholic 
churches  throughout  tlie 
world  from  Christmas  to 
Epiphany,  the  ertcct  being 
often  heightened  by  flgures 
of  angels,  of  tbesbepbcnls, 
of  the  Magi,  etc.  Tlif  wliolc 
tiigettier  is  rnniniiinly  call- 
ed in  English  the  crib.  As 
a  subject  of  popular  devo- 
tion, it  owes  its  origin  to 
St.  Francis  of  Assisi  in  the 
early  part  of  the  thirteenth 
century.  The  famous  bam- 
bino in  the  ehurcli  of  Ara 
Cieli  at  Rome  is  of  olive- 
wood,  and  was  made  in  Pal- 
estine by  a  Franciscan  lay 
brother  some  time  before 
the  seventeenth  century ; 
it  is  in  repute  for  miraou- 
lous  healing,  and  has  been 
richly  decorated  by  the 
faithful.  Ill  the  fine  arts 
this  subject  has  been  often 
treated,  notably  in  the 
glazed  terra-cotta  reliefs  of 
Luca  della  Knbljia. 

bambocciade  (bam-boch-i-ad'),  n.  [Also  iam- 
bocciate,  and  banibocciata(afterlt.);  <  F.  bam- 
bocliade,  <  It.  bambocciata,  gi'otesque  painting, 
caricature,  <  hamboccio,  a  little  child,  puppet, 
simpleton  (like  bambino,  a  dim.  of  bamho,  child- 
ish, simple :  see  bambino) ;  said  to  have  been  a 
nickname  given  to  Pieter  van  Laer  (17th  cen- 
tury), a  painter  of  such  scenes.]  In  painting, 
a  gi-otesque  scene  from  common  life,  as  rustic 
games,  a  village  festival,  rollicking  peasants 
cli'inking  and  smoking,  and  kindred  subjects. 
Teniers  is  the  great  master  of  this  style,  and  in  British  art 
AVilkie  is  probably  its  best  representative. 

bamboo  (bam-bo'),  «.  [Also  bambu,  and  for- 
merly also  bambou,  bamboir,  bambo,  and  (after 
D.)  bambouse,  bambus ;  =  D.  bamboes  ^  G.  Dan. 
bambus  =  Sw.  bambu'=  Pol.  Bohem.  bambus  = 
Russ. bandtuJ:u  =  F.  bambou=  Sp.  bambti  =  Pg. 
bambii  (first  recorded  as  maiiibu)  —  It.  bambit 
(NL.  bambiisa)  ;  from  the  native  E.  Ind.  name, 
MalayandJav.  bambu,  Canaiesebanbu orbanicu. 
The  orig.  language  is  uncertain.]  1.  (a)  The 
common  name  of  the  arborescent  grasses  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Baiubu-m  (which  see)  and 
its  allies.  (6)  In  the  West  Indies,  a  tall  climb- 
ing grass  of  the  genus  Panicum,  P.  dirarica- 
tum.  (c)  In  Queensland,  a  coarse  grass,  Stijia 
micrautha. —  2.  A  stick  or  cane  from  the  stem 
of  the  bamboo. — 3.  In  potter;/,  a  name  given  to 
a  cane-colored  biscuit  'made  by  Wedgwood. — 
4.  An  Eastern  measure  of  length,  equal  in 
Pondichei-ry  to  3f  meters. —  5.  In  Sumatra,  a 
measure  of  capacity :  in  Bencoolen,  equal  to  the 
United  States  (Winchester)  gallon ;  in  Achin, 

to  5  pints — Bamboo  books,  a  collection  of  ancient 
Chinese  wTitings,  chiefly  historical,  said  to  have  been  dis- 
covered in  the  tomb  of  a  prince  of  Wei,  A.  D.  279.  Tlie 
writings  were  engi-aved  on  slips  of  bamboo,  as  was  cus- 
tomary in  China  before  the  invention  of  paper. —  Sacred 
bamboo,  the  Xandina  domesttca.  a  handsome  evergi-een 
berbcridaccous  shrub,  bearing  red  berries,  and  extensively 
cultivated  in  China  and  Japan.  It  is  chiefly  used  for  dec- 
oration, 

bamboo  (bam-bo'),  V.  t.  [<  bamboo,  «.]  To 
beat  with  a  bamboo  :  punish  by  flogging  ^^^th 
a  smooth  lath  of  bamboo  ;  bastiiiado. 

bamboo-brier  (bam-bo'bri'fer),  n.  The  green- 
brier  of  the  United  .States,  Smilajc  rotundifolia, 
a  tall  thorny  climber. 


Bambino,  Church  of  Ara  C<eli, 
Rome. 


bamboo-partridge 
bamboo-partridge  (bam-bo'par'trij),  n.    A 

member  of  the  geuus  Jiambusicola. 

bamboo-rat  (bam-bo'rat),  n.  A  species  of  ro- 
dent animal  of  the  size  of  a  rabbit,  belonging 
to  the  genus  Bhizomys,  found  in  ilalacca. 

bamboozle  (bam-bo'zl),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ham- 
bodzltd,  ppr.  bamboozling.  [Mentioned  by  Swift 
in  1710  among  "certain words  invented  by  some 
pretty  fellows,  such  as  ban  ter,  bamboozle,  coun  try 
put,.  .  .  some  of  which  are  now  struggling  for 
the  vogue "'  (Tatler,  No.  230) ;  appar.  a  slang 
•word,  of  no  definite  origin,  connected  with 
(prob.  abbreviated  to)  bamb,  bam,  which  ap- 
pears a  little  later:  see  bam.  Cf.  Sc.  bombaze, 
bumbaze,  confuse,  stupefy,  bazed,  based,  basit, 
confused,  stupid.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  hoax ;  de- 
ceive ;  trick ;  impose  upon. 

All  the  people  upon  earth,  excepting  these  two  or  three 

worthy  gentlemen,  are  imposed  upon,  cheated,  bubbled, 

abused,  bamboozled  !  Addison,  Drummer,  i.  1. 

.Americans  are  neither  to  be  dragooned  nor  bamboozled 

out  ol  their  liberty.  FraiMin,  Life,  p.  5U. 

It's  supposed  by  this  trick 

lie  bamboozled  Old  Nick. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  203. 

2.  To  perplex ;  mystify. 
H.  iiitran.i.  To  use  trickery ;  practise  cheating. 
bamboozler  (bam-bo'zler),  «.     One  who  bam- 
boozles; a  cheat;  one  who  plays  tricks  upon 
another. 

There  are  a  set  of  fellows  they  call  banterers  and  bam- 
boozUrf,  that  play  such  tricks. 

Arbnthnol,  John  Bull  (1765),  p.  6S. 

bambosh  (bam'bosh),  n.  [<  bam  +  bosh,  prob. 
with  ref.  to  bamboozle.']  Humbug.  [Slang.] 
X.  E.  D. 
bamboula  (bam-bO'la),  n.  [Creole  F.,  <  F. 
bainbiju,  bamboo.]  1.  A  smaU  drum  consist- 
ing of  a  section  of  bamboo  covered  at  one  end 
with  sheepskin,  formerly  in  use  among  slaves 
in  Louisiana. — 2.  A  dance  performed  to  the 
accompaniment  of  such  a  drum. 
Bambnsa  (bam-bii'si;),  11.  [XL.,  through  D. 
bamboes,  G.  bambus,  etc.,  <  E.  lud.  bambu:  see 
bamboo.)  A  genua  of  arborescent  grasses,  of 
the  tribe  Bambuseee {whieh  see),  of  about  25  well- 
known  species, 
-^^^  1  jfJ?"  «.  natives  of  sotith- 
"  em  and  eastern 
Asia,  one  species 
only  being  cos- 
mopolitan. This 
species,  the  common 
bamboo,  H.  vul- 
•v^  ^^'JF'^'TVKWntfT'  "ff^"*^^  ff^rig,  is  nowhere 
^•^  '^^l^'^^BB^Pv^^?*  known  as  indige- 
'^  -^ffi^'5^alBB^3i«K-  nonSj  but  is  nutuml- 
ized  m  many  places, 
nntl  is  cultivntcci 
extensively  in  the 
old  world,  the  West 
Indies,  and  South 
America.  Some  of 
tlie  species  are  spi- 
nose  at  the  joints, 
others  are  climbers. 
The  stems  attain  u 
height  of  20,  50,  el- 
even 120  feet,  with 
//?  I  V^T^^ttHlAXUfkkU  ^  diameter,  in  the 
r /tj       I      El  ^  1  wI^UhMIIiL     larger    species,    of 

from  4  t*)  S  inches. 

Tile  uses    lliut  are 

made  of  the  stems 

and    leaves   fif    the 

various    species    of 

bambiK)  in  the  Kast 

In<lles  and  eastern 

Asia  are  innumerable.    Houses  and  their  furniture,  tlic 

toit^l.H,  Hulls,  and  rigging  *if  ships,  rafts,  Itrlilges,  fences, 

<  .u  I'.  |,alan'|uins,  wuter-plpes,  eorclugi-,  jiaper,  boxes,  bas* 

•  i.its,  piiM.--st4'mB,  and  In  fact  nearly  all  articles  of  or- 

iHc,  an- ma<lc  entirely  or  In  part  from  this  material, 

I -t  anil  young  shoots  are  useilasfood,  and  the  leaves 

fHli|cr(..r  cattle. 

bam  MisaceotlB  (bam-bii-Hii'Bhius),  a.  [<  Satn- 
1,11  .;  +  -iicei/nn.]  HcHcmblingtlie  bamboo;  bo- 
Uiiiu'U'i.'  to  the  graminoouH  tribe  Jlambiiscw, 

BambuH<>3>flmm-bu'm''-6),  n.jil.  [NL.,<  liambu- 
K"  \  tribe  of  ({rnHH<'H,<)f  (frciit  cciinomic 

11  iM'-luiliiii;    iic'urly    200   Hprcii'.s   in 

n  ra,  rif  which  7y(iHi/)H*rt  (wliicli  see) 

11'  n-il  tlin  type.    Tliey  are  numtly  nin- 

!■■  '■■i.'lotis  of  tile  gb»lM',  thnllgh  uimeiire 
I'  .rtn.m  10.000lol.',.ll'<pf.el  Ilb.,Vl■ 
'                                         (MIS  in  liatilt.  itii'I  bii\''  " Iv. 

t  1,1  «|j'iri«,    hiill'.w   IhI»,.ii    Um' 

J  I.  blng  an  eilri-tiie  bfluti' "f  I  JO 

I  ,  Hlii.he..      Most  of  111.  -p..  I.  « 

!  llxwi-riiig  of  liny  n[»  -  !■      ^*'"  n 

'"  it,  and  tile  k'Hsciiu.  ,  *    ' 
■  •  iiti-d  fAniln<-   in    I 

1     ■  ■  l--f|     twtolllf     (O    Hl-Vi   I 

..A  (l,i„ilo  .,       .-    . 

..fll |.|lv.,lhl 

1,1  ttltmlniAft.    .**,  ■. 
•I*'  "i    iM'     ,         ,..   ,      ..  r  I    .,,<■   iM-rrv  ,,<  iirlng,  tin-  R|)ecl<  ., 

nio^.l  rein«/kAi,|.'  In  llii.  respect  Iwing  Hrlacanna  bambu- 


436 


I.  Bamboo  ( Bamfiuta  vulgaris),  show. 
Ing  til  mtjilc  of  growth  ;  3,  (lowcni,  leavet, 
aoa  ttem  on  a  loigcr  scale. 


Clump  of  Giant  Bamboo  {Dmdr 


soides,  which  produces  an  edible,  fleshy,  pear-shaped  fruit 
from  3  to  5  inches  long.  The  same  species,  as  also  some 
others,  yields  the  tabasheer  (which  see),  a  secretion  in  the 
],,int-s.  mainly  silieious,  which  is  used  as  a  medicine. 

Bambusicola  (bam-bti-sik'o-la),  71.  [NL.,  < 
bambusa,  bamboo,  -t-  L.  colere,  inhabit.]  A  ge- 
nus of  gallinaceous  birds  of  Asia,  the  bamboo- 
partridges.  B.  thoracica  is  a  Chinese  species ; 
11.  sonoriro.r  is  found  in  Formosa, 

bambusicoline  (bam-bii-sik'o-lin),  a.  [<  NL. 
bambusicolinus,  <  bambusa,  bamboo,  -1-  h.  colere, 
inhabit:  see  -i«el.]  Lihabiting  cane-brakes; 
living  in  bamboo-grass :  said  of  sundry  animals, 
as  certain  partridges,  rats,  etc. 

bamia  (ba'mi-il),  >i.  A  fish  of  the  family  Silu- 
ridw,  taken  in  the  Red  Sea.  In  a  dried  state 
it  is  much  used  as  food  by  sailors. 

bamlite  (bam'lit),  «.  [<  Bamle  +  -tfel.]  A  va- 
riety of  fibrolite  from  Bamle,  Norway. 

bani  (ban),  1'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  banned,  ppr.  banninq. 
[<  ME.  bannen,  <  AS.  bannan,  bonnan,  summon, 
in  eomp.  dbajinan,  summon,  (jtbannan,  summon, 
command,  proclaim,  =  OFries.  ba/uia,  bonnu, 
command,  proclaim,  =  OD.  bannen,  prohibit, 
mod.  D.  banisb,  exile,  exorcise,  trump,  =  OHG. 
biinnan,  MHG.  G.  bannen,  banish,  expel,  exor- 
cise, =  Icel,  banna,  forbid,  curse,  refl.  swear,  = 
Sw.  banna,  reprove,  chide,  refl.  curse,  swear,  = 
Dan.  bande,  curse,  swear,  =  Goth.  *bunnan  (not 
recorded),  orig.  appar.  '  proclaim  or  announce,' 
subsequently  'command  or  forliid  under  a  pen- 
alty,' prob.  akin  to  L. /arj,  say,  speak  (>  nit. 
'E.  fable,  fame,  fate,  etc.),  =  Gr. "^(inaf,  speak,  say 
(>  uU.  K.  aphasia,  aphrmia,  euphetnimn,  etc.); 
cf.  Skt.  -/  bhan,  speak.  Cf.  also  Ur.  (jxiii'nr, 
make  appear,  show,  shine,  Skt.  y/  bhd,  appear, 
shine.  The  ML.  verb  bannire,  summon,  pro- 
claim, banish,  is  formally  from  the  noun:  see 
banish.  The  sense  of  '  curse '  is  appar.  <luo  to 
Seand.use.]   1.  trans.  If.  To  summon;  call  out. 

Ho  .  .  .  &a/t7wrfc  his  cnihtes.  Layamon,  1.  :iL'4. 

riiaraon  bannede  vt  his  here.  Gen.  and  Kx.,  1.  ;i'Jl;i. 

2.  To  anathematize;  pronounce  an  ecclesias- 
tical eurso  upon;  place  uiuler  a  ban. 

It  Is  hard  to  admire  the  man  lllcuiy  VIII.l  who  was 
burning  ami  banniiui  Lutherans  at  hiuiic,  while  he  was 
trying  to  ally  himself  with  tlieiii  aliroail. 

/(.  ir.  IHzvn,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  Hi. 

3.  To  curse;  execrate. 

Here  upon  my  knees,  striking  the  earth, 
1  ban  ttielr  siiuls  to  everlasting  pains. 

Murlour,  Jew  of  Malta,  I.  2. 
He  cursetl  and  hannnl  the  Chrlstlaus.  Kuollrt. 

4.  To  prohibit;  interdict;  proscribe. 

The  religion  of  the  immense  majority  .  .  .  was  baiinrd 
mill  proseribefl. 

/.-■.■l-;/,  nationalism  (1878),  11.  41.    (A'.  K.  I>.) 
Working  Ills  best  with  beails  and  cross  t*)  ban 
Tlio  enemy  that  comes  In  like  a  Hood. 

Itroitmiii'i.  Hlug  and  liook,  1.  411. 

II.  intrans.  To  curse ;  titter  curses  or  male- 
dictions. 

And  curst,  and  band,  and  blasphemies  forth  threw. 

,S';,eHii<T,  V.  g.,  V.  xl.  12. 

ban*  (ban),  n.  [<  ME.  ban,  bannc,  banc;  jiurtly 
identical  with  iban,  <  AH.  jiihann,  pniclainalidii, 
decree,  =  (without  prefix)  OS.  ban  =  ()l''ries. 
/'««,  bun  =  <)I).  ban  =  OiKi.  MUG.  '"IM,  bawn, 
<}.  V/n»,  jiroclainalioii  (of  comniniid  or  jiroliilii- 
lion),  =  Icel.  bann  =  Sw.  biinn  =  Dim.  ban,  baml, 
|,r'iliil)itioii,  interdict,  excmnniunicatioii;  and 
pmtly  (in  the  form  ban,  bane)  <  OF.  ban  =  I'r. 
/,'((!  =  Sp.  IV-  It.  bandii,  <  Ml>.  bannum,  bannii.i, 
;iIm(>  liiiiidnm,  iinieliiiiiHlion,  HUinnionH,  edict, 
|iroH('ri|ition,  banishnieiit,  oxcoiniiiiiiii<'ntiiin, 
etc.,  from  the  Teut.  (OHO.)  form,  which  Ih  from 


banana 

the  verb:  see  6n«l,  v.,  and  ef.  banish.']  1.  In 
feudal  times :  («)  A  pulilic  proclamation  or 
edict;  especially,  a  proclamation  simimoning 
to  arms.  (6)  The  array  or  body  so  summoned. 
See  arriere-ban,  2. 

The  ban  was  sometimes  convoked,  that  is,  the  possessors 
of  the  flefs  were  called  upon  for  military  services  in  sub- 
sequeut  ages.  Hallam,  Middle  Ages,  ii.  '2. 

(c)  A  proclamation  made  at  the  head  of  a  body 
of  troops,  or  in  the  cantonments  of  an  army,  by 
beat  of  drum  or  sound  of  trumpet,  to  announce 
the  appointment  of  an  officer  or  the  pimishment 
of  a  soldier,  to  enforce  discipline,  etc.  in  mod- 
ern times  these  proclamations  are  published  in  the  writ- 
ten ordei-s  of  the  day. 

2.  A  proclamation  or  notice  given  in  a  church 
of  an  intended  marriage:  generally  used  in  the 
plural,  bans,  usually  spelled  banns  (which  see). 
— 3.  An  edict  of  interdiction;  a  sentence  of 
outlawi-y.  Thus,  to  put  a  prince  under  the  ;>a?i  of  the 
empire  was  to  divest  him  of  his  dignities,  and  to  interdict 
all  intercourse  and  all  offices  of  humanity  with  the  otf  en^ 
er.  Sometimes  whole  cities  have  been  put  under  the  bail, 
that  is,  deprived  of  their  rights  and  privileges. 
4.  Interdiction;  authoritative  prohibition. —  5. 
A  formal  ecclesiastical  denunciation;  curse; 
excommunication;  anathema. — 6.  A  maledic- 
tion; expression  of  execration ;  curse. 
Her  fyrie  eyes  with  furious  sparkes  did  stare, 
And  with  blasphemous  bannes  high  God  in  peeces  tare. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  Ill,  vii.  39. 

7.  A  pecuniary  mulct  or  penalty  laid  upon  a 
delintiuent  for  offending  against  a  ban. —  8.  A 
mulct  paid  to  the  bishoii,  in  addition  to  other 
penalties,  for  certain  crimes  connected  with  sa- 
cred things,  chiefly  sacrilege  and  perjury. 

ban-  (ban),  n.  [Croatian  ban  =  Bulg.  Sei-v.  ban, 
Hung,  ban,  <  Pers.  ban,  a  lord,  master.]  A 
title  formerly  given  to  the  military  chiefs  who 
guarded  the  southern  marches  of  Hungary  (the 
Banat),  but  now  only  to  the  governor  of  Croatia 
and  Slavonia,  who  is  appointed  by  the  emperor 
of  Austria  as  king  of  Hungary,  and  is  respon- 
sible to  the  landtag  of  Croatia  and  Slavonia. 

ban-*  (ban),  n.  [Cf.  banana.]  A  fine  sort  of 
muslin  made  in  the  East  Indies  from  the  leaf- 
stalk fibers  of  the  banana. 

banal^  (lian'al),  a.  [Formerly  also  bannal,  < 
F.  hannid  (Cotgrave),  now  banal  =  Pr.  banal, 
<  ML.  bannalis,  pertaining  to  compulsory  feu- 
dal service:  applied  especially  to  mills,  wells, 
ovens,  etc.,  used  in  common  by  people  of  the 
lower  classes,  upon  the  command  ot  a  feudal 
superior;  hence,  common,  commonplace ;  <  ban- 
num, command,  proclamation:  see  fco«l,  h.] 
1.  Subject  to  manorial  rights;  used  in  com- 
mon: as,  a  banal  mill  or  oven.  See  banal- 
ity.—  2.  (\immon;  commonplace;  hacknej'ed: 
trite;  stale. 

Too  much  of  what  (England]  gives  us  from  her  painters 
of  modern  life  is  familiar,  tawdiT,  banal, 

Forliwililly  ){el<.  (N.  .S.),  X.XXIll.  70. 

banal-  (lian'al),  a.  [<  6«h2  -f  -id.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  ban,  or  pro\-incial  governor:  as, 
the  royal  han<d  court  at  Agram.     See  baii'^. 

banality  (ba-nari-ti),  n.;  \i\.  banalities  {-Hz). 
f<  l'\  hand  lite,  <.  banal:  see  lianali.]  1.  In  old 
French  ami  French-Canadian  lair,  tlie  right  by 
which  a  loi-il  compelled  his  vassals  to  grind  at 
his  mill,  liiike  at  liis  oven,  etc. :  applied  also  to 
the  regions  within  which  this  right  was  exer- 
cised.—  2.  The  state  of  beiufj  banal,  trite,  or 
stale;  comnionplaconess;  triviality. — 3.  Any- 
thing coiiimon,  trite,  or  trivial;  a  commonplace. 
He  has  a  good  sense  that  enables  lilin  to  see  through 
the  Itanalitles  of  l^ngllsh  political  life  and  to  shrink  from 
involving  his  own  existence  in  such  littleness. 

Lanier,  The  Kngllsli  Novel,  p.  253. 

banana  (Im-nan'ii),  «.  [Also  formerly  banana 
(tree);  =  K.  //»H«HC,  <  Sp.  I'g.  ban<ina.  the  fruit 
of  the  linnaiia-tre(>,  Sp.  banana  (Pg.  baiianeira, 
F.  /;((;i((H(()-),  tho  troo  itself;   cited  in  the  Kith 

century  as  the 
native  nanio  in 
(luinea,  but  the 
]ilant  is  prob- 
ably a  native 
of  the  EiiKt  In- 
dies.] An  endo- 
genous ])laiit  of 
the  j,'eiiiiH  Mn- 
.•'II,  .1/.  .sajiien- 
tum,  now  culti- 
vated for  its  fruit 
everywhere  in 
the  tropics.  The 
stem -like  trunk, 
formed  of  the  com. 
pact  Hbi-athlng  leaf- 
stalks,  grows  to  a 
Udiiunn  {Muiit  la/uHtum),  height   Usually  of  8 


banana 

or  10  feet,  bearing  its  oblong  fvuit  in  n  dense  cluster  2  or  3 
feet  long  and  sometimes  weighing  70  or  WO  pounds.  The 
frnit  is  soft,  sweetisli,  nut  higlily  tliivored,  and  without 
seeds.  It  is  eaten  eitlier  raw  or  coolied.  Several  varieties 
are  cultivated,  diltering  in  size,  color,  and  flavor.  After 
fruiting  the  stem  decays,  or  is  cut  down,  and  new  shoots 
spi-ing  from  the  root  and  produce  a  new  crop  in  a  few 
nioTiths.  The  fiber  of  the  stem  and  leaves  is  of  little  value. 
The  plantain,  M.  paraditiiaca,  is  probaldy  only  a  variety 
of  the  same  species,  ^hq  MusamufX  plantain. —  Banana 
essence,  an  artificial  fruit-essence  used  for  flavoring  jel- 
lies, ices,  and  confectionery.  It  is  a  mixture  of  amyl 
acetate  and  butyric  ether.— Mexican  banana,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  a  species  of  Yucca,  Y.  baccata,  of 
northern  Jle.Nico  and  the  adjacent  United  States,  which 
bears  a  large,  juicy,  edible  fruit. 

banana-bird  (ba-nan'a-berd),  n.  A  name  given 
by  early  writers  to  several  West  Indian  and 
tropical  American  species  of  tho  large  genus 
Icterus,  which  contains  the  American  orioles  or 
hangnests,  more  or  less  nearly  related  to  the 
Baltimore  bird,  Icterus  galbula.  Tims,  under  this 
name,  Edwards  describes  a  species,  afterward  the  Xan- 
thornus  jnexicanus  of  Brisson  (1760),  and  the  Orioltis  ba- 
najirtof  LinntEUs(176(5).  The  Icterus  Icttcoptenfxof  J ama.\c& 
is  also  one  of  the  species  which  have  borne  the  name. 
One  section  of  the  genus  Icterus  has  been  named  Banani- 
vorus  from  the  implied  habit  (of  banana-eating)  of  the 
birds  composing  it ;  the  type  of  this  is  the  common  or- 
chard-oriole of  the  United  .states.  Icterus  gpurius. 

banana-eater  (ba-nan'a-e"ter),  n.  A  plantain- 
eater  ;  a  bird  of  the  genus  Miisophaga. 

banana-C[Uit  (ba-nan'a-kwit),  n.  A  name  of  the 
black  and  yellow  honey-creeper,  CerlJiiola  Jla- 
veola,  and  other  species  of  birds  of  the  same 
genus. 

bananist  (ba-nan'ist),  n.  [<  banana  +  -ist.'] 
A  banana-bird:  a  name  given  to  various  birds 
besides  those  of  the  genus  Icterus,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, to  Certhiola  hananivora  of  San  Domingo. 

bananivorous  (ban-a-niv'o-ms),  a.  [<  banana 
+  L.  vorarc,  eat.]     Feeding  upon  bananas. 

banat,  banate  (ban'at, -at),  «.  [Also  bannat; 
<  tfl)(-  -f-  -at,  -o<f3.]  1.  In  Hungary,  a  border 
province  ruled  by  a  ban  ;  the  territory  or  juris- 
diction of  a  ban ;  specifically,  the  Temesvar 
banat  in  southeastern  Hungary,  distinctively 
called  the  Banat,  formally  reunited  to  Hungary 
in  I860.— 2.  The  office  of  a  ban. 

banatite  (ban'a-tit),  n.  [<  Banat  +  -ite^.']  A 
name  given  by  Von  Cotta  to  a  variety  of  dio- 
rite  occuiTing  in  the  Banat,  Hungary. 

banausic  (ba-na'sik),  a.  [<  Gr.  fiavavamog,  of 
or  for  mechanics,  <  liavavaia,  the  practice  of  a 
mechanical  art,  the  habits  of  a  mechanic,  < 
pivavaoQ,  mechanical,  <  jiavvoQ,  a  furnace,  forge.] 
Merely  mechanical ;  characteristic  of  mechan- 
ics or  a  mechanic.     [Bare.] 

By  this  term  [Americanisms]  he  [Du  Bois-Eeymond) 
designates  materialistic  and  banausic  tendencies  in  gen- 
eral, which  are  more  specifically  e.\pressed  in  making 
money-getting  the  prime  object  of  life,  in  love  of  display, 
and  in  public  and  private  corruption. 

G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  149. 

banc  (bangk),  «.  [<  AF.  and  P.  banc  (ML.  ban- 
ciis),  bench:  see  JohA'I.]  In  laiv,  a  seat  or  bench 
of  justice.— A  court  in  banc,  a  couit  in  which  the  full 
bench  of  judges  is  present :  as,  before  ttie  cunrf  in  bani\  — 
A  sitting  in  banc,  a  session  of  court  held  liy  all  the  judges 
or  by  a  quorum  of  them.  — Days  in  banc.    See  daj/i. 

bancaU  (bang'kal),  «.  [F.,  prop,  adj.,  bandy- 
legged.] A  saber  more  curved  than  usual,  as 
if  in  imitation  of  the  simitar ;  specifically,  the 
saber  of  this  form  worn  by  officers  of  the  first 
French  republic  and  empire,  during  1792-1810. 

bancal"  (bang'kal),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  weight 
equal  to  about  1  pound,  used  in  India. 

banco  (bang'ko),  n.  [It.,  a  bank,  bench,  coun- 
ter, <  ML.  ba}icus:  see  hank^.]  In  com.,  the 
money  in  which  the  banks  of  some  countries 
keep  or  kept  their  accounts,  in  contradistinction 
to  the  current  money  of  the  place.  The  distinc- 
tion was  more  necessary  when  the  currency  consisted,  as 
it  often  did,  of  clipped,  worn,  and  foreign  coins. — Banco 
mark.     See  mark  banco,  under  mark. 

band^  (band),  n.  [<  ME.  band,  bande,  also 
bond,  bondc  (>mod.  E.  bond,  the  same  word, 
now  partly  discriminated  in  use),  <  AS.  *baiid 
=  0S.  6an(i  =  OFries.  6«Hrf  =  D.  band  =OHG. 
MHG.  bant,  G.  band  =  Icel.  Sw.  band  =  Dan. 
baand,  a  band,  a  tie,  a  neut.  noun  (in  D.  and  G. 
also  masc),  developing  in  later  tise  a  great 
variety  of  particular  senses,  and  merged  in  ME. 
with  the  synonjTnous  bend,  hcndc,  bwnde,  <  AS. 
bend,  rarely  band,  in  mod.  E.  prop,  bend,  and 
with  the  slightly  different  bande,  E.  band'2,  a 
strip,  hoop,  etc.,  derived  through  the  F.  from 
the  same  ult.  source,  namely,  Tent.  (AS.,  etc.) 
bindan  (pret.  band),  E.  bind:  see  bind,  bend^, 
bend",  bend^,  and  ct.  hondX,  band^,  band^.J  1. 
-'Uiything  which  binds  the  jierson  or  the  limbs, 
and  serves  to  restrain  or  to  deprive  of  liberty; 
a  shackle,  manacle,  or  fetter:  usually  in  the 
nlural. 


437 

And  Pharaoh-ncchoh  put  him  in  hands  at  Rlhlah. 

2  Ki.  xxlil.  33. 

And  suddenly  tliere  w.as  a  great  eartluiuake,  so  that  the 

foundations  of  the  i»rison  were  shaken;  and  immediately 

all  the  doors  were  opened,  and  every  one's  bamls  were 

loosed.  Acts  xvi.  26. 

Dot.    In  chains  of  adamant? 

Mam.  Yes,  the  strongest  bands. 

li.  ./onsun.  Alchemist,  iv.  1. 

2.  That  by  wliich  loose  things  of  the  same  or  a 
similar  kind  are  bound  together.  Spccillcally— («) 
The  tie  of  straw  used  in  binding  sheaves  of  wheat  or  other 
grain,  (b)  In  bookbinding,  one  of  the  cords,  tapes,  or 
strips  of  parchment  which  hold  together  the  several  sec- 
tions of  tlie  sewed  book.  The  thread  is  drawn  from  with- 
in each  section  around  or  over  the  bands. 

3.  That  which  connects ;  a  connecting  piece, 
or  means  of  connection;  that  wliioh  connects 
or  unites  the  several  parts  of  a  complex  tiling. 

The  body,  by  joints  and  bands  .  .  .  knit  together,  in- 
creaseth  with  tho  increa.se  of  God.  Col.  ii.  19. 

He  fhopej  is  a  flatterer, 
A  parasite,  a  keeper-back  of  death, 
Who  gently  would  dissolve  the  bands  of  life. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2. 
Specifically — (at)  In  loffic,  the  copula.    [Rare.] 

A  simple  Axiome  is  that,  the  band  whereof  is  a  Verbe. 
T.  Spencer  (1628),  Logick,  p.  160.  (A'.  E.  D.) 
(b)  The  metallic  sleeve  which  binds  the  barrel  and  stock 
of  a  musket  together,  (c)  One  of  two  pieces  of  iron  fas- 
tened to  the  bows  of  a  saddle  to  keep  them  in  place,  (d) 
A  leaden  came.    See  carne^.    (e\)  A  hyplten. 

4.  A  binding  or  uniting  power  or  influence :  as, 
a  band  of  union.     [Now  usually  bond.] 

I  drew  them  with  cords  of  a  man,  with  bands  of  love. 

Hos.  xi.  4. 
Land  of  my  sires !  what  mortal  hand 
Can  e'er  untie  tho  filial  band 
That  knits  me  to  thy  rugged  strand? 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  vi.  2. 

5.  -Aji  obligation  imposing  reciprocal,  legal,  or 
moral  duties:  as,  the  nuptial  bands.  [Now 
usually  bond.] 

Here's  eight  tliat  must  take  hands. 
To  join  in  llymeu's  bands. 

S/iak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4. 

6t.  A  binding  promise  or  agreement;  a  bond 
or  security  given. 

Adr.   Tell  nie,  was  he  arrested  on  a  band? 
Dro.  S.   Not  on  a  ba^ul,  but  on  a  stronger  thing. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  2. 
You  know  ray  debts  are  many  more  than  means, 
My  bands  not  taken  in,  my  friends  at  home 
Drawn  dry  with  these  expenses. 

Fletcher  (and  anotlier),  Koble  Gentleman,  i.  1. 

7t.  A  surety ;  a  bondsman. 

Since  faith  could  get  no  credit  at  his  hand, 
I  sent  him  word  to  come  and  sue  my  band. 

Chwrchijard,  Challenge  (ed.  1778),  p.  162. 

8t.  A  covenant  or  league.  [Scotch.]  -  False 
bands,  in  bookbindina,  strips  of  leather  or  strands  of 
twisted  cord,  pasted  across  the  inner  side  of  the  backs  of 
books,  and  afterward  molded  in  high  relief  to  give  the 
appearance  of  l)aiids  of  unusual  thickness  or  strength. — 
Raised  bands,  in  hiHikhindimj,  stripsof  leatheror  braided 
cord  of  unusual  tliickness,  fastened  on  the  outside  of  the 
sewed  sheets  of  a  book-back,  making  a  noticeable  projec- 
tion on  the  back,  and  intended  to  give  increased  strength 
to  sewing. 
band2  (band),  n.  [<  ME.  bande,  <  OF.  bande, 
earlier  bende,  mod.  F.  bande  =  Pr.  benda  =  Sp. 
banda,  renda  =  Pg.  banda  =  It.  banda  and 
benda,  dial,  binda,  a  band,  strip,  side,  etc., 
in  various  particular  senses,  <  OHG.  binda, 
binta,  MHG.  G.  binde,  t,  a  band,  fillet,  tie, 
cravat  (ef.  D.  bind,  neut.,  a  crossbeam,  joint, 
=  Dan.  bind,  neut.,  a  band,  tie,  etc.),  <  OHG. 
hintan,  MHG.  G.  binden,  etc.,  =  AS.  bindan,  E. 
bind.  The  word  is  thus  ult.  cognate  with 
6«»rfl  and  with  bcnd^,  with  which  it  has  been 
mixed,  but  it  differs  in  its  orig.  formation:  see 
band^,  bend^,  and  the  doublet  bend^.]  1.  A 
flat  strip  of  any  material,  but  especially  of  a 
flexible  material,  used  to  bind  round  anything ; 
a  fillet:  as,  a  rubber  hand;  a  band  around  the 
head;  a  hat-6««rf. 

A  single  band  of  gold  about  her  hair. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  band  in  form  or  fimc- 
tion.     (a)  A  bandage  ;  specifically,  a  swaddling-band. 
Henry  the  Sixth,  in  infant  bands  crown'd  king 
Of  France  and  England.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

<b)  A  liorder  or  strip  on  all  article  of  dress  serving  to 
strengthen  it  or  to  confine  it,  as  at  the  waist,  neck,  or 
wrist-  as,  a  vmHtband;  a  vtristband;  a  neck-tejid.  (c) 
Naut  ■  (1)  A  strip  of  canvas  sewed  across  a  sail  to 
strengthen  it.  (2)  An  iron  hoop  round  a  spar,  (d)  In 
mach  a  belt,  cord,  or  chain  for  transmitting  power.  Such 
bands  generally  pass  over  two  pulleys,  wheels,  or  drums, 
communicating  motion  from  one  to  the  other,  (e)  In 
arch. :  (1)  Any  flat  member  or  molding,  broad  hut  of  small 
projection:  also  called .r'ffscta, /ace,  or  plinth.  (2)  A  tab- 
let or  string-course  carried  around  a  tower  or  other  part 
of  a  building.  (/)  In  decorative  art,  a  horizontal  strip  of 
decoration  separated  from  the  general  wall-surface  by 
parallel  lines.  (•?)  .4  more  or  less  broad  space  crossing  a 
surface,  and  distinguished  from  it  by  difference  of  color 
or  aspect :  as.  absorption-!io?«fs  in  the  spectrum.  (A)  In 
zadl    a  transverse  stripe  of  any  color.    Also  called /oscMi. 


band 

3.  The  foi-m  of  collar  commonly  worn  by  men 
and  women  in  the  seventeenth  century  in  west- 
ern Europe.  It  was  originally  starched,  and  flxed  in  a 
half-erect  ptjsition,  nearly  like  the  rulf,  which  it  super- 
sciicd,  and  was  often  of  lace  and  of  immense  size.  After- 
ward it  was  turned  down  over  the  shoulders,  and  called  a 
/alli7i(/'band. 

Tills  band 
Shews  not  my  neck  enough. 

B.  Jonson,  "Volpone,  ill.  2. 

Kissing  your  finger  that  hath  the  ruby,  or  playing  with 

some  string  of  your  Imnd.  Ii.  .Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  ii.  1. 

The  next  that  mounted  the  Stage  was  an  Under-Cltizen 
of  the  Bath,  a  Person  remarkable  among  the  inferior  I'eo- 
jilo  c.f  that  Place  for  his  great  Wisdom  ami  his  Broad 
Band.  Steele,  in  Dobson,  p.  452. 

4.  Tlie  linen  ornament  worn  about  tho  neck, 
with  the  ends  hanging  down  in  front,  by  certain 
Protestant  clergymen,  it  was  prescrilied  by  Queen 
Elizabeth  as  a  part  of  tlie  cvery-day  dress  of  Anglican 
ecclesiastics.    [Now  only  in  the  plural.] 

5.  In  mining,  a  layer  of  rock  interstratified  with 
the  coal;  sometimes,  as  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, the  coal  itself Band  of  rock,  a  jjlirasc  some- 

tinics  used  for  bed  of  rock.  See  htaclchaod.—  Gastroparie- 
tal  band,  hsrpopharyngeal  band,  Uioparletal  band, 
illotibial  band,  etc.    See  the  adjectives. 

band'^  (band),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bend,  < 
late  ME.  bande,  also  i>cnde,  <  OF.  and  F.  bande 
=  Pr.  Sp.  It.  ftoHrfrt  (ML.  bandiim,  bandus ;  so 
G.  bande,  D.  bande,  now  bende,  Dan.  bande,  Sw. 
band,  after  Rom.),  a  band  or  company,  <  OHG. 
bant,  OS.  OFries.,  etc.,  band,  a  band  or  tie, 
the  sense  of  '  company '  being  developed  first 
in  Rom. :  see  bandi-,  band^,  and  ef.  the  doublet 
bend^.]  1.  A  company  of  persons,  especially 
a  body  of  armed  men  ;  a  company  of  soldiers, 
or  of  persons  united  for  any  purpose. 

We  few,  we  happy  few,  we  band  of  brothers. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  3. 
My  lord  of  Somei"set.  unite 
Your  troops  of  horsemen  with  his  bands  of  foot. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

Originally  there  wereusuallyin  each  considerable  society 
[of  Methodists]  four  bands,  the  members  of  which  were 
collected  from  the  various  society  classes  —  one  bajid 
composed  of  married  and  another  of  unmaiTied  men,  one 
of  married  and  another  of  unmarried  women.  All  the 
members  of  society,  however,  were  not  of  necessity  mem- 
bers of  bands.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  188. 

Did  not  Senor  Felipe  tell  you  that  he  had  positively  en- 
gaged the  same  band  of  shearers  we  had  last  autumn, 
jUessandro's  band  from  Temecula  ? 

Mrs.  II.  Jackson,  Ramona,  i. 

2.  In  music,  a  company  of  musicians  playing 
various  instruments  in  combination,  in  the  ' 
manner  of  an  orchestra:  most  frequently  ap- 
plied to  a  company  of  musicians  playing  such 
instruments  as  may  be  used  in  marching. —  3. 
A  collection  of  animals  of  any  kind,  as  a  drove 
of  cattle  or  horses,  or  a  flock  of  sheep.  [West- 
ern U.  S.] 

In  California  every  collection  of  animals  of  any  sort  is 
called  a  batui.  A  herd  of  cattle,  a  flock  of  sheep,  a  party 
of  Indians  —  anything  and  everything  that  walks  —  when 
seen  in  numbei"s  is  known  as  a  band,  and  it  is  regarded  as 
a  sure  sign  of  being  a  "  tenderfoot "  to  use  any  other  term, 
.v.  )'.  Evening  Post  (letter),  Dec,  1886. 

Knights  of  the  band.  See  knight.— 'Wiiitary  band, 
a  l)ody  of  musicians  enlisted  and  attached  to  a  regiment 
or  military  post. 
band^  (band),  r.  [<  bands,  n.]  I.  trans.  To 
unite  in  a  troop,  company,  or  confederacy: 
generally  reflexive. 

They  band  themselves  %vith  the  prevalent  things  of  this 
world  to  overrun  the  weak  things  which  Christ  hath  made 
choice  to  work  by.  Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.  3. 

Among  the  sons  of  mom,  what  multitudes 
Were  banded  to  oppose  his  high  decree. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  T.  717. 

Band  them  into  pueblos  ;  make  them  work ;  and,  above 
all,  keep  peace  with  the  whites. 

Mrs.  II.  Jackson,  Ramona,  v. 

n.  intrans.  To  unite;  associate;  confederate 
for  some  common  purpose. 

With  them  great  Asbur  also  bands, 
And  doth  confirm  the  knot. 

Milton,  Ps.  Ixxxiii.  29. 
The  great  lords 
Banded,  and  so  brake  out  in  open  war. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 

The  weak  will  batul  against  her  when  she  becomes  too 
strong.  B.  II.  Stoddard,  Guests  of  State. 

band'*  (band),  n.  [Local  E.,  perhaps  a  particu- 
lar use  of  baneP,  a  strip,  or  possibly  of  early 
mod.  E.  bande,  <  ME.  bande,  var.  of  bonde,  a 
bound,  limit:  see  bound.]  A  ridge  of  a  hill: 
commonly  applied  in  the  EngUsh  lake  district 
to  a  long"  ridge-like  hill  of  minor  height,  or  to 
a  long  narrow  sloping  offshoot  from  a  higher 
hill  or  mountain.     X  E.  D. 

bandit.   An  obsolete  or  Scotch  preterit  of  bind. 

band'^t  (band),  i'.  t.  [Same  as  ban^,  after  ML. 
and  It.  bandire,  a  form  of  ML.  bannire,  banish, 


band 
■ban:  see  han\  banish.    Otherwise  takea,  in  the 
passage   quoted,   as  hand^,   for  handyK^    To 


438 


bandoleer 


stiff  baiuieau  of 
Scott,  Ivanhoe. 


Around  the  edge  of  this  cap  was 
leather. 

bandedl   (ban'ded),  p.  a.     [<  6aMdl  +  -ed2.] 
Bound  or  fastened  with  a  band. 

banded'-  (han'ded),  p.  a.  [<  baiu^  +  -e(f2.] 
Having  bands ;  crossed  or  encircled  by  a  band 
or  bands;  specifically,  in  her.,  encii-eled  witha 
band,  often  of  a  diffe"rent  color  from  the  sheaf 
or  buniUe  which  it  sun-ounds :  as,  a  buuille  of 
lances  proper,  banded  gules,  or  the  like 
column.  See  codnnii.— Banded  mail,  a  kiml  of  mail- 
.irraor  show-n  in  works  of  art  of  the  tlurteenth  centurj- 


interdict;  banish 
«we€te  love  such  lewdnes  hands  from  hisfaire  companee. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  lU.  u.  41. 

band'^t,  f.    Same  as  bandy^. 

bands   (band),  »i.     [Native  name.]    A  weight 

equal  to  about  2  ounces  troy,  in  use  in  western 

Africa  for  weighing  gold-dust.     Simmonds. 
bandage  (ban'daj),  «.     [<  F.  bandage,  <  bande, 

a  band,  strip:   see   band^  and  -age.^       1.   A 

strip,  band,  or  swathe  of  cotton  cloth,  or  other 

soft  woven  material,  used  in  dressing  and  bind- 
ing up  wounds,  stopping  hemorrhages,  joining 

fi-actured  and  dislocated  bones,   etc. — 2.    A 

band  or  ligature  in  general ;  that  which  is  bound 

over  something  else. 

Zeal  too  had  a  place  among  the  rest,  with  a  bandatje 
over  her  eyes.  Addison. 

3.  In  arch.,  an  iron  ring  or  a  chain  bound 
around  the  springing  of  a  dome,  the  circum- 
ference of  a  tower,  or  some  similar  part  of  a 
building,  to  tie  it  together. 

bandage  (ban'daj),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ban- 
daged, ppr.  bandaging.  [<  bandage,  «.]  To 
bind  up  or  dress,  as  a  wound,  a  fractured  limb, 
etc.,  with  a  roller  or  bandage;  cover  with  a 
bandage  for  the  purpose  of  binding  or  con- 
cealing: as,  to  bandage  the  eyes. 

bandager  (ban'daj-er),  n.  One  who  bandages 
or  binds  up  wounds,  etc. 

bandagist  (ban'daj-ist),  n.  [<  F.  handagiste,  < 
bandage:  see  bandage  and  -Lit.']  A  maker  of 
banilagfs,  especially  for  hernia. 

bandal,  ».     See  bandlc". 

bandala  ^ban-dii'lii),  n.     [Native  name.] 
strong  outer  fiber  of  the  abaca  or  Musa  textilia 

of  Manila,  made  into  cordage,  espeeiaUy  into  |,'andeiet"«.     Same  as  bandlet. 
th.-  well-known  Manila  white  ropo.  bandeliert,  n.     See  bandoleer. 

bandalore,  bandelore  (ban'da-lor,  -de-lor),  n   |,andelore,  ».    See  bandalore. 
[Origin  obscure.     Cf.  bandore^.]     1.  A  kind  of  i,andert  (ban'd^r),  ii.     One  who  bands  or  as 
toy  very  much  used  at  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century.     See  qui:. —  2.   Same  as  ban- 
dar fA. 

bandana,  bandanna  (ban-dan'ii),  n.    [First  in 

form  banrOiniio,  later  bandanna,  prob.  through 
Pg.,  <  Hind.  Iidndhnt'i,  ''a  mode  of  dyeing  in 
which  the  cloth  is  tied  in  different  places  to 
prevent  the  parts  from  recei%-ing  the  dye" 
(Shakspear,  Hind.  Diet.),  <  bandh,  or  preferably  banderet  (ban'de-ret) 

bdridh,  a  cord,  ligature,  tie,  band,  ult.  =  K.     '   '-'   '— ---''^  - 

fta/irfl.]     1.  A  largo  handkerchief,  dyed  blue, 


Indian  name  of  the  Mus  giganleu.i  of  Hard- 
wicke,  a  large  Indian  rat,  upward  of  2  feet 
long  including  the  tail,  and  weighing  2  or  3 
pounds.  It  is  very  .abundant  in  some  ref::ion3,  a  great 
pest  ill  the  rice-flelds  and  gardens,  and  is  said  to  he  good 
eating. 

2.  The  Anglo-Australian  name  of  any  marsu- 
pial animal  of  the  family  Peramelidec.  Also 
called  bandicoot  rat. 
R""rtprt  bandie  (ban'di),  n.  [Local  Sc]  The  stiekle- 
back:  a  name  current  around  Moray  Inth, 
Scotland. 


wiuih  the  rings  are  arranged  in  bands  running  around  the  bandikal  (ban'di-ka),  H.     One  of  the  names  of 

arras,  body,  ett.     Between  the  rows  of  rings  there  are  j        il„ii,i,isclii(!:  csculentus.     See  Abelmoschus. 

ridges  hke  slender  bars,  havmg  apparently  the  same  thick-  ,„„,'., „„.^  ,,,.„,  ,i;  1=,.-%    ,,       a.,,,,p  „>.  hnndnlrer 

iie£  as  the  rings.    This  mail  is  found  represented  not  only  bandllesr  ( Vian-di-lei  ),  )  .     bame  as  t>anaoieer. 

in  the  miniatures  of  manuscripts,  but  also  in  life-size  banding-macmne  (ban  ding-nia-Shen'),  H.      A 

efflgies  in  stone;  but  it  is  not  deflnitely  known  how  it     ■  ■      •  ■  '  ■        ^       ^    --    •-  -  i^--    -i j    -«  - 

was  made. — Banded 
Structure.    («)  in 

;ii'ol.,  the  structure 
of  a  rock  which  is 
more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly divided  into 
layers  of  ditferent 
color,  te.vture,  or 
composition.  The 
term  implies,  ordi- 
narily, something 
different  from  true 
stratification,  and  is 
applicable  chiefly  to 
V(dcanic  masses.  (6) 
In  mineral.,  the 
structure  of  a  min- 
eral made  up  of  a  series  of  layers,  usually  parallel  and  dif- 
fering ill  color  t»r  texture,  as  onyx. 
banded'^  (ban'ded),  J),  a.     United  as  in  a  band. 

Though  banded  Europe  stood  her  foes— 

The  star  of  Brandenburg  arose. 

.'^cott,  Marmion,  iii..  Int. 

,  ban- 
a  strip:   see 
hand-.     Cf.  bandeau.]     A  swaddling-band. 


Banded  Stnicture(*).— Onyx. 


„,     bandelt,  bandleif,  «•    [<  OF.  bandel,  m. 
^Jf"^    Me,  bandellc,  f.,  dim.  of   bande, 


blocking-machine  for  forming  the  band  of  a 
hat. 

banding-plane  (ban'ding-plan),  )i.  A  plane 
used  for  cutting  out  grooves  and  inlaying 
strings  and  bands  in  straight  and  circular  work. 
It  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  the  plane 
called  a  plow. 

banding-ring  (ban'ding-ring),  11.  In  hat-malc- 
inq,  a  ring  -n-liieh  passes  over  the  body  of  a  hat, 
keeping  it  jiressed  to  the  hat-block.  Its  lower 
edge  is  at  the  band,  or  angle  formed  by  the  body 
and  the  brim. 

bandit  (ban'dit),  H. ;  pi.  bandits,  banditti  (ban'- 
dits,  ban-dit'i).  [Early  mod.  E.  bandetto,  later 
handitto,  bandito,  bandite,ctc.,  pi.  bandetti,  ban- 
ditti, banditi,  banditti/,  and  with  added  E.  pi.  ban- 
dittict:,  etc.;  <  It.  bandito  (pi.  banditi),  a  bandit, 
pp.  of  handirc,  <  ML.  handire,  bannire,  banish, 
outlaw:  see  ban'^,  banish.]  If.  -A-n  outlaw;  one 
who  is  proscribed.  Hence  —  2.  A  lawless  or 
desperate  fellow;  a  brigand;  a  robber;  espe- 
cially, one  of  an  organized  band  of  lawless  ma- 
rauders. 

The  Ripon  men  brought  down  the  half -outlawed  bandit* 
from  the  Archbishop's  liberty  of  Tynedale. 

Slubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  695. 


.    ,  ,,  -Syn.  2.  Piriiiaiid,  etc. 

sociates  with  others;  a  member  of  a  band  or  ^j^nditt  (ban'dit),  v. 
confederacy. 

Yorke  and  his  bandem  proudly  pressed  in 

To  challenge  the  croivn  by  title  of  right. 

Mir.  /or  Mags.,  p.  3.^'2. 

You  are  to  watch  every  attempt  which  is  made  ...  to 
open  any  communication  with  any  of  the  lonls  who  may 
lia\c  licctmic  banders  in  the  west.  Scott,  Abbot,  1.  xx. 

11.  [Swiss  F.,  =  F.  han- 
liiret,  E.  banneret'^,  q.  v.]  A  Swiss  army  coni- 
inandor. 


yellow"  or  red,  with  small  spots' le'ft  white!  banderilla  (ban-de-rel'ya),  «.      [Sp.,  dim.  of 

where  the  stuff  has  been  pressed  to  prevent     liandera,  banner:   see  banner.]     A  small  dart-  ,,„.„„    n,„„fi '15 '/«i„a-l 

it  from   receiving   the  dye.— 2.    A  style   of     like  javelin  ornamented  with  a  banderole,  used  band-lacing_    (band   la    sing) 

calico-printing  in  imitatio'n  of  bandana  hand-     in  bull-lights  to  goad  and  infuriate  the  bull. 

kerchiefs,  white   spots   being  produced   on   a  banderillero  (ban-de-rel-ya'ro),  ».     [Sp.,<ft«H- 

red  or  dark-coloretl  ground  by  discharging  the     derillii:    see  Imndcnlla.]     A  bull-fighter  who 

color.  uses  baiulerillas. 

n.  Same  as  aJts-  banderole,  banderol  (ban' de-rol,  -rol),  n. 
[Early  iimd.  E.  also  baiidral,  bandroH,  etc., 
Itannirtd,  lianerol,  etc.,  <  F.  banderole  (OF. 
bancrolle),  <  It.  banderuiila,  banderola  (=  Sji. 
banderola),  a  little  banner,  dim.  of  bandiera 
(=  Sp.  handera  =  V.  Iianniere).  a  banner:  see 
Ijanner.]     1.  A  small  flag  or  streamer.    Spccitl- 


band-azis  (band '  ak  *' sis), 

ri/hndt  r. 


the 


band-bird   (band'btrd),    n.      A  name   of 
.Vlri-an  collared  finch,  Ainadinn  fasciata. 

bandbox  (band'boks),  n.  A  light  box  made 
of  iiasteboard  or  thin  flexible  pieces  of  wood 
ami  paper,  for  holding  cajis,  bonnets,  or  other 
light  articles  of  attire:  so  called  because  origi- 
nally made  to  contain  the  starched  bands  com- 
monly worn  in  the  seventeenth  century.  See 
band^,  3. 

She  dcfKMlted  hy  her  side  a  capacious  bandbox.  In  which, 
aji  la  the  cii»t/>m  ninong  travelers  of  her  aex,  ahe  carried  a 
KTeal  deal  of  valuable  properly.  Hawthorne. 

bandbOZical  fband'hok'si-kal),  «.     [<  bandbox 
+  -ic'il.]     (){  tlie  size  or  apiiearance  of  a  band- 
box: as,  Itiinillioxiral  Ti'i>lu».      [<''illor|.] 
band-brake  (band'briik),  «.     A  form  of  brake 
II  ■  ■!    •,  [in-vciit  or  to  control  the  revolution  of 
I'  ■.innlBUof  n  iiulley  aerured  upon  thi-  Hlialt, 
t'-iiie   of   wlili'li   lit  rinbraccd    by  a  Ntnip  or 
■  I  imlnl,  wlilrh  Ii  capable  of  Ih  liigadjllHt<.Ml 
t -I  degrer- of  tlulilne«*. 

band-counling  (band'kup'llng),  n.  Anv  device 
for  ■' tlier  the  ends  of  a  banil. 

bann  iiid'dri'viT),  n.    A  tool  usid  for 

con  :,'iilaritio»  in  the  bands  of  ma- 

cliiiiiM         /     //.  Knight. 

band6  ^-■■,-'.,i' ),  a.  [K.,  pp.  of  bander,  band: 
Hce  liar!:,  ,  I  i„  j,gf_^  bendy  dexter,  lis  di«- 
tiiiifiii-li'   1  fr'.rn  iKtndy  HiniHter.     Hec  barn'. 

bandeau  linn  dr/j,  ». :  jd.  Imndiaiu  (-doz'j. 
[F.,  <  or.  hrnidil,  rn.,  dim.  of  hiindr,  band:  see 
Sontr^,  and  pf.  bandore'^.]  1.  A  fillet  wnni 
roiui(i  tlio  Iliad;  II  lioad-band  ;  onpeciaIly,  n 
ribbon  v.orii  \iy  girls  and  women  iibnve  tin 
forehead  —2.  A  iKirizoiital  band  or  ring  form- 
ing A  part  of  the  lieu<l|iieco  of  armor. 


See  robber. 

t.    To  outlaw;  proscribe; 

banish. 
banditti,".     1.  'Plural  ot  bandit,  handitto. —  2t. 

[Used  as  a  singular.]     A  band  or  company  of 

bandits.     Sometimes  wi-itten  handitty. 
bandittot  (ban-dit'o),  n. ;  pi.  banditti  (-i).    [It. 

bandito:  see  bandit.]    A  bandit. 

AKonian  Bworder  and  bandilto  [originally printed  bandetto] 

slave 
Murtherd  sweet  TuUy.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

Tliiit  ruthless  hearse  of  her  dear  spouse, 
Slain  by  bandiltoes.      Chapman,  Widow's  Tears,  iv.  2. 

,  .  "•  Strips  of 
leather  used  in  fastening  together  the  ends  of 
a  band  or  belt  used  in  driving  machinery. 

bandle't,  n.     See  bandel. 

handle-  (ban'di),  n.  [Also  sometimes  bandal, 
<  Ir.  and  (iael.  bannlanih,  a  cubit,  <  bann,  a 
measure,  +  lamh,  hand,  arm.]  A  lineal  mea- 
sure or  cloth-measure  somewhat  more  than 
half  a  yard  in  length,  used  in  the  southern  and 
western  jiarts  of  Ireland. 

bandle-linen (ban'dl-Un''''en),  n.  Acoarsehome- 
niacle  Irish  linen  of  narrow  width. 


cally  — (II)  A  small  ornun 


iicntiil  streamer  carried  on  the  bandlet  (band'let),  Jl.      [<  F.  bandclcttc,d\m.  ot 


OF. /)!(»(/(/,  a  band.  Ct.  bandeau.]  1.  In  arch. ^ 
any  little  band  or  ilat  molding,  as  that  which 
crowns  the  Doric  architrave;  a  fillet  or  listel. 
—  2.  A  siiinll  liaiid  for  encircling  anything:  as, 
an  india-nilibcr  bandlet. 
Alsd  liandeht. 

The  leader  or 


shaft  of  a  lance,  near  the  head.  < 

Then  take  my  banderol  of  red; 
Mine,  and  none  but  mine,  shall  honour  theo, 
And  safe  cnidiot  tlice.      Greene,  Orlando  Kurloao. 
From  the  extremity  .  .  .  fluttered  a  siiiall  (<(im(cro(<- or 
streamer  bearing  a  cross.  Seolt. 

(b)  In  tier.,  a  streamer  ndlxed  Immediately  beiiealh  the  v,oTiH.niast.fir  (hnnd'm&a't*r1   ?i 
crook  on  the  lop  of  the  ataft  of  a  bishop,  and  folding  ov,  r   °»J^'l-™f  ^'i®'^  '      '    ,,J"„,,,;:^^' 
the  stair,  (r)  A  long  narrow  streamer  with  cleft      din-olor  .d  a  band  ot  music. 

ends,  carried  at  the  masthead  of  sliipn.  in  In  band-mounting  (band  inoun''ting),  »l.     In  har- 
baltle.  etc.  ne.is-makinii,   a   slyle   of   harnoss-mounting  in 

2.  A  band  of  various  form  adapted  to     which  the  rings  aro  broad  and  Ilat  with  sijuare 
receive  an  inscription,  used  in  deco-     ,,|ijr,,„_ 

rativo  scul|)1  lire  and  other  decorative  band-nlppers  (band'nii>'erz),   ji.  .sing,  and  vl. 
""••""'•■•      All  iiislniiiiiiit  usedin  liookbiiidinglodrawlno 


ILiiitlcriilc. 


art,  especially  of  the  Kenaissauce  jie 
riod. 

Also  written  bannerol. 
band-fl8h(baiid'fi«li),  «.  An  English  name  of 
(a)  the  Cepola  rubescen.i,  a  species  of  the  fiiliiily 
Cipolidii;  more  Kpecilieiilly  called  rcdband-,l\sh  ; 
(h)  the  oar-flsh,  Rcgalcma  glcunc.  Also  culled 
snitke-fish. 
bandful  (band'fnl;  by  miners,  bon'tl),  ii.  (< 
hanil-  +  /■»/".]  In  rnal-mining,  a  load  of  men 
carried  up  or  down  in  the  mine  by  sitting  on 
ehain-loops  attached  to  the  hoist ing-rojie,  as 
was  customary  before  the  introduction  of  the 
iMit'e  and  man-engine.      (S.  SlnffordMliire,  Eiig.]  bandoleer 


Icalhir  on  the  back  close  to  the  sides  of  the 
liaiids. 
bandog  (ban'dog),  n.  [ME.  bantl  dnggr,  etc.; 
<  liaiid^  -t-  (/()(/.]  A  large,  lierce  kind  of  dog, 
in  I'lngland  generally  a  niasliff,  usually  kejit 
chained. 

They  jiray  iih  that  It  would  please  us  to  let  ihclii  still 
bale  UM,  and  worry  us  with  their  Itand  ilottn,  and  Piirsiil- 
vanlJi.  MUtini,  Ref.  in  Kllg.,  II. 

The  keeper  entered  leading  Ills  bandoji,  a  large  blooil- 
lioiiiid,  tied  In  A  learn  or  hainl,  from  which  ho  takes  Iili 
iiaiiie.  Scott. 

do- 


(ban  - 


bandicoot  (ban'di-kol),  n.  (<'f.  <•■  InindiUil, 
from  E. ;  said  to  be  ii  eomiption  of  the  Tcliigu 
uanie  pandi-kokku,  lit.  pig-rat.  ]     1.  The  Anglo- 


-ler'). 


[Early  mod.  E. 


also  Ininihilri  r,  handelecr,  hanililirr,  -iir,  el,c.,  (. 
I'',  handouillere,  now  haudiiuliire,  <  It.  Iiandidiira 
(=  .Sp.  bandolcra),  a,  sliouliler-belt,  <  'bandola 


bandoleer 

(cf.  handohi,  head  of  a  skein),  (lim.  of  handa 
(=  Sp.  bauda  =  F.  bande),  a  band,  sash:  see 
^  band-.'\     If.  A  broad  belt  or 

baldric  worn  over  the  shoulder 
and  across  the  breast,  and 
used  for  suspending  a  wallet 
by  the  side. 

I  threw  mine  arras,  like  a  scarf  or 
haiidileer,  cross  the  lieutenant's  mel- 
ancholy bosom. 

Middleton,  The  Black  Book. 
The  Baillie  now  came  bustling  in, 
dressed  in  his  blue  coat  and  handa- 
tiers,  and  attended  by  two  or  three 
halberdiers.  Scutt,  Monastery,  I.  x. 
Specifically— 2.  Such  a  belt 
worn  by  soldiers ;  a  shoulder- 
belt  from  which  cartridges 
are  suspended. 

The  dagger  is  stuck  in  the  sash,  and 
a  bandidt'iT  slung  over  tin-  shoulders 
carries  tlieir  cartrit!gi--<asc.  iM.w<ier- 
flask,  flint  and  steel,  priiuing-hora, 
and  other  necessaries. 

B.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  151. 

Hence  — 3.  A  nearly  cylindrical  case  of  copper 
or  other  material  formerly  used  to  contain  a 
charge  of  powder.  A  number  of  these  were  slung  to 
a  baldric  or  shoulder-belt,  and  formed  the  common  means 
of  charging  the  harquebuse,  or  in  modern  times  the 
musket. 

And,  as  Sym  Hall  stood  by  the  Are, 
He  lighted  the  match  of  his  bandelie.r. 

&o«,L.  of  L.  M.,iii.  21. 

Also  spelled  bandileer,  bandalier,  bandelier. 
■bandoleer-fruit  (ban-do-ler'frot),  «.     The  ber- 
ries of  Zanonia  Indica,   an  Indian  eueurbita- 


439 


cutting  edge  like  a  plane-iron,  which  is  held  against  tlie 
wheel  while  the  latter  is  revolving,  thus  scraping  off  its 
sintace.  A  narrow  upright  cutter  at  the  same  time  forms 
a  slight  shoulder. 
bandsman'^  (bandz'man),  «. ;  pi.  bandsmen 
(-men).  [<  band's,  poss"  of  band'^,  +  »»««.]  In 
mining,  a  miner  who  works  in  connection  with 
the  band  or  flat  rope  by  which  the  coal  or  other 
mineral  is  hoisted. 


ceous  vine  bearing  a  fleshy  fruit  with  winged  jjandsman^    (bandz'man),    n. ;    pi.    bandsmen 
seeds.  ,^  .   .       ,  (-men).     !<  hand's,  iioss.  of  band*,  +  man.']    A 

bandoline   (ban'do-lm),  n.      [Origin  obsci^^e ;     j^ugieian  who  plays  in  a  band, 
appar.  a  trade-name,  perhaps  based  on  band-.]  ijand-spectrum  (band'spek"trum),  n.     A  spec- 
A  gummy  perfumed  substance,  onginaUy  ob-     ^^^^^  consisting  of  a  number  of  bright  bands, 
tained  mainly  from  quince-seeds,  used  to  un-     j^^^  spcetriini. 

part  glossiness  to  the  hair,  or  to  fix  it  in  any  ^a,ndster  (band'ster),w.     [<  bantP^,  v.,.+  -stcr.'] 
particular  foi-m.  ^      ,        In  Eueland,  one  who  binds  sheaves  after  reap- 

tandoline  (ban'do-lin),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bando-    ^^     <^y_  j.' j^ 
lined,   ppr.  bandolining.     [<.  bancUAine,  n.J     !•  ijand.gtring  (band'string),  b.     One  of  the  laces 
trans.   To  apply  bandoline  to,  as  the  hair;  ren-    ^^^^  j^  securing    the  bands   formerly  worn 


bane 

4.  To  give  and  take;  exchange,  especially  con- 
tentiously :  as,  to  bandy  compliments;  to  bandy 
words,  reproaches,  etc. 

Do  you  iMuily  looks  with  mc,  you  rascal? 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

I'll  not  handy 
Words  with  your  mightiness. 

kanmujer.  Emperor  of  the  East,  iv.  3. 

Mischief,  spirit,  and  glee  sparklcil  all  over  her  face  M 
she  thus  handled  words  with  the  old  Cossack,  who  almost 
equally  enjoyed  the  tilt.        Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xil. 

5f .  To  discuss ;  debate. 

O,  what  a  thing  is  man, 
I'o  Imndt/  factions  of  distemper'd  passions 
Against  the  sacred  Providence  above  him! 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  v.  1. 

6t.  To  band  together;  league:  chiefly  reflexive. 

All  the  kings  iit  the  earth  haiidi/  themselves  to  fight  with 
him.  llwjhtK,  .Saints  l-.>sse  (16:i2),  p.  :«.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  bound,  as  a  ball  that  is 
struck. —  2t.  To  form  a  baud  or  league. —  3. 
To  contend;  strive,  whether  in  emulation  or 
in  enmity. 

One  fit  to  handu  with  thy  lawless  sons. 

.S'AoJ:.,Tit.  And.,  I.  2. 

bandyl  (ban'di),  n.  [<  bandy^,  v. ;  appar.  for 
handy-club,  club  used  at  bandy ;  but  see  bandy\ 
a.]  "it.  A  partieidar  manner  of  playing  tennis, 
the  nature  of  which  is  not  now  known. —  2t. 
A  stroke  with  a  racket,  or  a  ball  so  struck; 
a  return  at  tennis.  N.  £.  D. — 3.  A  game 
played  with  a  bent  club,  better  known  as 
hockey,  and,  in  the  United  States,  shinny 
(which  see). — 4.  A  club  bent  at  the  end,  used 
in  the  game  of  hockey  or  bandy-ball;  a  shinny 
or  shinty. 

bandyl  (ban'di),  a.  [Appar.  attrib.  use  of 
bandy'^,  n.,  a  bent  club,  but  some  refer  both  to 
F.  bande,  pp.  of  bander,  bend  a  bow,  <  bande,  a 
band.  The  second  sense  seems  to  rest  on 
6e«di.]  1.  Having  a  bend  or  crook  outward: 
said  of  a  person's  legs:  as,  his  legs  are  quite 
bandy. 

Nor  make  a  scruple  to  expose 
Your  baiul'j  leg,  <fr  crooked  nose. 

Swift,  Furniture  of  a  Woman's  Mind. 


der  stiff,  as  the  mustache,  by  applying  bando- 
Une. 

II,  intrans.   To  apply  bandoline  to  the  hair. 
Ti'tcicp'ii  s 

landont,  ».  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bandon, 
bandoun,  bandun,  etc.,  <  OF.  bandon,  <  ML. 
*bando{n-)  for  bandum,  baiiniim,  proclamation, 
command,  edict,  ban:  see  bau^,  «.,  and  cf.  aban- 
don.] Jurisdiction;  power  of  disposal;  dis- 
cretion. 

bandont,  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  late  ME.  ban- 
done,  by  apheresis  for  abandon,  q.  v.]  To 
abandon. 


2t.  Limp;  ■without  sufficient  substance:  said 

round  the  neck.     They  were  usually  tied  in  a  large      ^f  |,ail  cloth. 

bow  in  front,  and  often  had  rich  tassels  and  even  jewels  |,a,ndy2  (ban'di),  a.      [<  band^  +  -y  ;  but  cf.  F. 

"**''°°"''°  bandr,pp.otba)ider,hend,a.ndbendy.]   Marked 


at  the  ends. 

If  he  should  go  into  Fleet  street,  and  sit  upon  a  Stall, 
andtwirla/>an[(s(ri«(7,  .  •  ■  then  all  the  Boys  in  the  Street 
would  laugh  at  him.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  86. 

I  went  away,  and  with  Mr.  Creed  to  the  Exchange,  and 
bought  some  things,  as  gloves,  and  handstrinqs,  Ac. 

Pepys,  Diary,  I.  173. 

band-'Wheel  (band'hwel),  «.  1.  In  mach.,  same 
as  band-pulley.— 2.  A  small  wheel  with  a 
grooved  face  or  rim,  driven  by  a  round  belt  or 
cord ;  also,  a  wheel  round  which  a  band-saw 

turns. 


bandorel (ban-dor' ),M.    [Alsoformerlyfta/jrfom    vand-work (band'werk), ».    Cooperation;  work 
6aK<iKnoH,  after  Sp.  or  Pg. :  Sp.  6a»<?«ma  and  °^"^^_yi"-„.} „„;^„' 


bandola,  formerly  pandurria,  =  Pg.  bandiirra  = 
It.  mantlora  (>  F.  mandore)  and  mandola  (dim. 
mandolino,  >  E.  mandoline),  and  pandora,  pan- 
dura  ;  variously  corrupted  (as  also  E.  banjo,  q. 
v.),  <  IAj.  2Jandttra,  pandurium,  <  Gr.  navSoiipa, 
also  (pdvdovpa,  a  musical  instrument  with  three 
strings.]  An  old  variety  of  the  zither.  Also 
called  bandalore. 

Sound  lute,  bandora,  gittem. 
Viol,  virginals,  and  cittern. 

Middleton,  Your  Five  Gallants,  V.  2. 

bandore^t,  »«•    [For  *bando,  i.  e.,  bandeau,  <  F. 
bandeau,  a  band,  in  the  particular  sense  of  a 
widow's  head-dress:  see  batideau.']    A  widow's 
veil  for  covering  the  head  and  face.     Prior. 
band-pulley   (band'pul'''i),  «. 
A  flat  or  slightly  crown-faced 
pulley.      Also    called    band- 
wheel. 

band-robin  (band'rob"in),  n. 
In  hat-making,  a  piece  of  cloth 
saturated  with  cement,  bound 
and  ironed  around  the  body 
of  a  hat  to  hold  the  brim  firm- 
ly in  its  place. 

bandrolt,  "•  An  obsolete  form 
of  banderole. 
band-Sa'W  (band'sa),  n.  An  endless  narrow 
band  or  ribbon  of  steel  with  a  serrated  edge, 
passing  over  two  large  wheels,  which  give  a 
continuous  uniform  motion  instead  of  the  re- 
ciprncatini^  action  of  the  Jig-saw.  It  was  in- 
vented by  William  Newberry  of  London.  Also 
called  bijt-saw  and  endless  saw. 
band-setter  (band'sefer),  n.  A  tool  used  for 
shaving  off  the  surface  of  a  band-wheel  so  that 
the  band-saw  can  be  forced  on.    It  has  a  broad 


in  bands  or  companies. 


with  bands  or  stripes. 
bandyS   (ban'di),   n.      [Anglo-Ind.,   <   Teiugu 
bandi,  Tamil  vandi,  vanxlil.]     A  kind  of  cart  or 
buggy  much  used  in  India.     See  extracts. 

A  buggy  being  a  one-horse  vehicle  ...  (at  JIadras  they 

call  it  a  bandii).  ,-   „   „  , 

Stocquder,  Handbook  of  Brit.  India,  p.  109.    (,N.  E.  D.) 

The  framework  of  bandies  is  made  of  light  wood,  hut  of 
wood  as  strong  as  possible.  Above  it  is  spread  a  semicir- 
cular awning  of  bambo<i3  supporting  mats  of  cloth  or  can- 
vas. The  band:/  is  a  cross-country  vehicle,  and  as  a  rule 
possesses  no  springs  of  any  kind.  The  conveyance 
dragged  by  oxen. 


CaldweU. 


The  practice  of  band-work,  or  comradeship,  the  organic  bandy-ball  (ban'di-bal),  n.     [<  bandy'^,  n.,   + 

-      ■       ■  "■'" ' * •"■''"     6o?/l.]     1.  The  ball  used  in  the  game  of  bandy 

or  hockey.  — 2.  The  game  itself. 
bandy-jig  (ban'cU-jig),  n.    [<  bandifi,  a.,  +jig^.'] 
A  burlesque  dance  performed  -with  the  toes  and 
knees  turned  in.      ilayheto. 


action  of  society,  has  so  moulded  the  nature  of  man  ;is  to 
create  in  it  two  specially  human  faculties  —  the  conscience 
and  the  intellect.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  283. 

bandyl    (ban'di),   v.;    pret.  and  pp.   bandied, 
ppr.  bandi/ing.     [First  in  Elizabethan  E.,  also 

written  handie,  and  less  commonly  but  more  Vandv-leKged  (ban'di-legd  or  -leg'ed),  a.     [< 
reg.  band  (the  term,  -ie,  -y  being  irreg    and  due     j„„/i    °°  +  jf,,  +  .^,|'J  ]     Having  bandy  or 
•     ■■      '■.Pgbande-ar)<F.  bander,     crooked  legs;  bow-legged. 


ly  at  tennis,  rofl.  band  together,  join  in  a  Vandvman 
ae  (=  Sp.  Pg.  bandear,  refl.  band  together,   "f.^^e^O      [< 
,  a  party  or  side,  =  It.  bandore,  "to  side  or    ^  „an  enea 


perhaps  to  the  Sp 
bandy    '  '       " 
leagui 

form  a  party , 

bandy" — Florio),  appar.  the  same  as  bander, 
tie  with  a  band,  <  bandv{=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  banda),  a 
band,  side,  party,  E.  band^,  mixed  with  bander 
Sp.  It.  banda,  a  band,  company,  troop,  E.  baml-^. 
The  senses  'throw  from  side  to  side'  (from 
baud' 

tomeet.x- ,  „  -,  ., 

1.  To  throw  or  strike  to  and  fro,  or  from  side 
to  side,  as  a  ball  in  play. 

Tennis  halls  bandied  and  struck  upon  us  ...  by  rackets 
from  without.  Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  S46. 

To  fly  sublime 
Thro'  the  courts,  the  camps,  the  schools. 

Is  to  be  the  ball  of  Time, 
BantKed  by  the  hands  of  fools. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin. 

2t.  To  toss  aside ;  drive  or  send  off, 


(ban'di-man),  «.;    pi.    bandymen 

^ ^     [<  bundtfi  +  man.]     In  British  India, 

a  man  engaged  in  driving  a  bandy. 

\\lien  also,  as  all  over  India,  our  white  kinsmen  speak 

of  bandymen  and  bandies,   the  word  thus  anglicized  ia 

simply  the  old  Tamilian  one.  Caldwell. 

banel  (ban),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also,  less  prbp., 

„. ,  ^        ^      ,„^  bain,  baine;<WE.   banc,  <  AS.   bona,    bona,   a 

3)  and  'band together'  (from 6rt«f/'i) appear     ^^^yg.  murderer,  =  OS.  bono  =  OFries.  bona  = 
eet  in  the  sense  '  contend^  stnve.']^  I.  trans.     qhG.  bono,  MHG.  bane,  ban  =  Icel.  bani  =  Sw. 
'         "  '—   —  "■  "     j)jjj,_  j,ane,  death,  murder  (not  in  Goth);  akin 

to  AS.  benn  =  Icel.  hen  =  Goth,  banja,  a  wound, 
Gr.  <p6voc,  (fiovi/,  killing,  murder,  (jiovev^,  a  slayer, 
murderer,  ■\/*(;>ev  (aor.  c-C(j)vov,  Trt^ifiev),  s\a,y ; 
cf.  ■/  *(pa,  slay,  ^roc,  verbal  adj.  in  comp., 
slain.]  It.  A  "slayer  or  murderer;  a  worker 
of  death,  as  a  man  or  an  animal. 

He  overcame  this  lieeste  and  was  his  6a7i«. 


It  the  Earth  had  been  bandied  out  of  one  Vortex  into 
another.  Dr.  II.  More,  Div.  Dial,,  l.  17.    (X.  E.  D.) 

3.  To  toss  about,  as  from  man  to  man ;  pass 
from  one  to  another,  or  back  and  forth. 

Let  not  .  .  .  known  truth  ...  be  bandied  in  disputa- 
Uon.  ^.,,       """'• 

But  now  her  wary  ears  did  hear 
The  new  king's  name  bandied  from  niimth  to  niouth. 
WiUiam  Morris,  Earthly  Turadise,  III.  275. 


Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2147. 
Lest  Rome  herself  be  hane  unto  herself. 
And  she  .  .  . 
Do  shameful  execution  on  herself. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  3. 

2.  That  which  causes  death  or  destroys  life; 
especially,  poison  of  a  deadly  quality. 

A  sword  and  a  dagger  he  wore  by  his  side, 

Of  manye  a  mau  the  bane. 

Bubin  Hood,  in  Percy's  Reliques. 


440 

Twas  over  the  lieail,  he  fell  down  for  dead, 
O,  that  was  a  damnable  banij; 
liohin  Hood  and  the  Kaw/er,  m  Child's  Ballads,  V.  200. 
I  lieard  sevei-al  banfjs  or  butfets  .  .  .  given  to  the  eagle 
that  held  the  ring  of  my  box  in  his  beak. 

Swift,  Gullivers  Travels. 

2.  A  loud,  sudden,  explosive  noise,  as  the  dis- 
charge of  a  gun  or  cannon,  the  slamming  of  a 
door,  etc. 


bane 

Hence — 3.  Any  fatal  cause  of  mischief,  injury, 
or  destruction  :'as,  vice  is  the  bane  of  society. 

Baiie  of  the  poor  I  it  wouiids  their  weaker  mind 

To  miss  one  favour  which  their  neighbours  And. 

Crabbe,  Tlie  Parish  Register. 

Thoughts  with  better  thoughts  at  strife, 
The  most  familiar  ba»e  of  life. 

tVordtworth,  Sequel  to  Beggars. 

4.  Euin;  destruction. 

The  cup  of  deception  spiced  and  tempered  to  their  banf. 

Milton. 

5t.  Death:  tisually  with  such  verbs  as  catch, 
get,  take:  as,  to  catch  one's  bane. 

She  catch'd  her  bane  o"  th'  water. 

iliddleton,  Chaste  Maid,  v.  2. 

6.  A  disease  in  sheep,  more  commonly  called 

the  ro(.  =  Syn.  3.  Pest,  cm-se,  scourge. 
banelf  (ban),  r.  t.     [<  fcnHfl,  «.]     1.  To  kill; 

poison. —  2.  To  injure ;  ruin. 
For  minors  have  not  only  batied  families  but  ruined 

realms.  FulUr. 

bane-  (ban),  n.     Scotch  fonn  of  bone^. 
bane*t,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  ban^,  especially 

in  plural  banes,  now  hanns  (which  see). 
bane-'t,  a.    An  obsolete  fonn  of  6«i«l. 
bane=t,  "•  and  v.     An  obsolete  form  of  bahfi. 
baneberry  (ban'ber  i).  «.     [<  fcrtHfl  +  fton/l.] 

The  common  name  of   plants   of  the   genus     _  , 

Acttea:  so  called  because   of  their  nauseous  bang- (bang).  )i.     [<  baii(i-,r.'i     The  front  hair 

poisonous  berries.  Also  called /lerfc-c/irfifop/ier.     cut  so  as  to  hang  evenly  over  the  forehead: 

See  Acla;a.  often  in  the  plural:  as,  to  wear  bangs. 

baneful  (ban'ful),  a.     [<  ia/ifl  +  -/«?.]     De-  bang^,  «.     See  hlianff. 

as,  "ftanf/H?  bang-beggar  (bang'beg"ar),?!.     [<J)OHfll,  i„ + 


banish 

to  the  Cliristian  ministry.  Convocation  declared  that 
Hoadly's  teaching  tended  to  subvert  all  government  in 
the  cluu-ch  of  Christ,  reducing  his  kinKdoni  to  anarchy, 
and  it  was  about  to  proceed  against  him  when  the  king 
s.ived  him  by  proroguing  Convocation,  and  renewing  the 
prorogation  as  often  as"  it  had  to  be  summoned  again. 
Set-  anifxention. 

bang-pitchert  (bang'pich''^r),  V.    [<  ftoHfli,  v., 

+  obj.  pilcliei-.']     A  drunkard, 
bangsring  ibangz'ring),  n.     i>arae  as  Jianirinii. 


The  steps  of  a  flnebelozenged  caiTiage  were  let  down  bancster  (baue'ster),  n.     {<  banql,  v.,  +  -stcr.'] 
rith  a  (««<,.  ^Aa<:teray,^Wcomes,^.    "*"^°,''^';,V,,*'        ,  ''  ■•-  •'   '  -  '       -  ■' 


3.  A  sudden,  impetuous  movement ;  an  ener- 
getic dash  or  bounce :  as,  he  got  up  with  a  bang. 
— 4.  A  stick;  a  club.  [Xorth.  Eng.]=syn.  1. 
See  thu mp. 
bangl  (bang),  adv.  [Adverbial  use  of  banij'^,  v. 
or  ».]  With  a  sudden  or  -violent  blow  or  clap; 
all  of  a  sudden ;  abruptly:  especially  with  (wwe 
or  go:  as,  bang  went  the  guns. 
A  321b.  shot  struck  us  banij  on  the  quarter. 

Turn  Crinr^le's  Log,  Blackwood's  M.ig.,  XXXII.  31. 

bang2  (bang),  r.  t.  [<  bang"^,  adv.;  to  cut  the 
hair  'bang  off.']  To  cut  across:  used  of  hair, 
(a)  To  cut  (the  hair)  so  as  to  form  a  fringe  o\cr 
the  forehead :  a  common  fashion  -with  girls  and 
young  women. 

He  was  biu-eheaded,  his  hair  banged  even  with  his  eye- 
brows in  front.  The  CeiUury,  XXV.  192. 

(i)  To  dock  (a  horse's  tail) 


struetive;  permeious;  poisonous: 
'wrath,"  Chapman.  Iliad,  i.  1;   "baneful  hem- 
lock," Garth,  The  Dispensary,  ii. 

Like  bane/ut  herl)s  the  gazer's  eye  they  seize, 
Rush  to  the  head,  and  poison  where  they  please. 

Crabbe,  The  >'ewspaper. 

=  Syn.  Ihirtfnl.  harmful,  mischievous,  deadly, 
banefully  (ban'ful-i),  adv.     In  a  baneful  man- 

uf-r:  pfrniciously;  destructively, 
banefulness  (ban'fiil-nes),  n.    The  quality  of 

beiug  baneful  or  hurtful ;  poisouousness. 
banewort  (ban'wert),  H.     A  name  applied  to 

twoi)lants:  (a)  Atropa  Belladonna,  or  deadly 

nightshade ;  (ft)  Ranunculus  Flammula,  or  lesser 

spearwort.  from  the  supposition  that  it  is  a 

bane  to  sheep. 
bangi  (bang),  Vj^    [Early  mod.  E.  also  hangue; 


obj.  bei/gar.'i  1.  A  strong  staff.— 2.  A  consta- 
ble or'lieadle.     [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

banger  (bang'ir),  «.  One  who  or  that  which 
bangs.  Speoiflcally  — (n)  Something  very  large:  espe- 
cially.alie.  [Slang.  J  (6)  A  hu-ge,  heavy  cane.  (Slang,  U.  S.] 

bangerts  (ban'gerts),  V.  [E.  dial.,  possibly 
connected  'with  6n«A-l.]  In  mining,  a  coarse 
kind  of  stopping  used  to  hold  up  the  earth. 
[Eng.] 

banghy  (bang'i),  n.  [Hind,  banghi.']  1.  In 
the  East  Indies,  a  sort  of  bamboo  pole  or  yoke 
carried  on  a  person's  shoulder  'nith  a  load  sus- 
pentled  at  each  end.  Hence — 2.  A  parcel- 
post  ;  a  carrier. 

banghy-post  (bang'i-post),  n.    Same  as  bang- 


„    ,       „.          .       .                             -  ''.'/. 

not  found  in  ME.,  but  prob.  existent ;  of  native  banghy-'Wallah  (bang'i-wana).  «.     [<  Hind. 

or  Stand,  origin,  =  Lti.  bangen,  freq.  bangcln,  banghi  (see  banghij)  +  -)('«/«  (in  comp.),  -in:iu.] 

strike,  beat  (cf.  D.  bcngcl,  a  bell,  bcngelen,  ring  In  British  India,  one  who  carries  a  banghy. 

a  bell,  MHG.  bcngcl,  a  club,  G.  hcngel,  a  club,  banging  (baug'iug),  a.     [Prop.  ppr.  of  bang'i. 

clown),  =  Icel.  ftrtfif/a  =  OSw.  6(5h^«,  hammer,  ('!'.  thumping,  whopping.']     Huge;  great;  siu'- 

=  Norw.  banka  =  Dan.  bankc,  beat.     In  popu-  passing  in  size.     [Vulgar.] 

lar  apprehension  the  word  is  imitative.]     I.  bangle't  (bang'gl),  f.    [Prob.  freq.  of  ftdHi/l,  i'.] 

trans.  1.  To  beat,  as  'with  a  club  or  cudgel;  I.  /raH,«.  1.  To  boat  about  or  down,  as  com  by 

thump;  cudgel.  the  wind.      [Prov.  Eng.]— 2.  To  waste  by  lit- 

He  having  got  wmie  hon  out  of  the  earth,  put  it  into  his  tie  and  little ;  S(iuander  carelessly ;  fritter, 
servants'  hands  to  fence  with,  and  bang  one  another. 

Locke. 

2.  To  beat  or  handle  roughly  in  any  way; 
treat  with  violence;  knock  about;  drub;  de- 
feat :  often  with  about :  as,  to  bang  the  furni- 
ture about. 

Tlie  desperate  tempest  hath  so  bang'd  the  Turks 
Ttiat  tlieir  (Icsignnicnt  halu.  Shak.,  Othello,  li.  1. 

What  galleys  liave  we  bang'd,  and  sunk,  ami  taken, 
Whose  only  fraughts  were  lire  ami  stern  defiance. 

Fletcher,  Double  .Marriage,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  produce  a  loud  noise  from  or  by,  as  in 
slamming  a  door,  and  the  like :  as,  he  went  out 
and  banged  the  door  behind  him. 

Twa  unlucky  redoats  .  .  .  tmngcd  nil  a  gun  at  him. 

.Sciilt,  Waverley,  II.  xxvill. 

4.  To  boat  in  any  quality  or  action;  surpass; 
excel.     [C'olloq.] 

'i  i^^;  pmctlcal  denial  of  the  eonimon  l>rotherhood  of  the 
n.iiur  family  tmwtt  heathenlitni.  J.  Mill. 

'1  li-il  bangii  Kamigher,  and  llanagher  bangg  the  w<irld. 

lri*h  eaging. 

II.  intram.  1.  Tostrike  violently  or  noi.sily; 


■!■ 


thh 


t'l 
t<. 

2. 


8.  T.. 
bani;' 

hnii.' 
thu   V ' I 
thumj), 
n 


iiHUally  with  against. 

(■•■rtuln  (lartlrb-B  or  small  majwcs  of  mat- 

>w  to  Iffing  ugaluNt  one  another  according 

W.  K.  Cti/onl,  lA'ctureH,  I.  177. 

1  with  clashing  noises, 
iinil  page  renew'fl  their  Htrlfe, 
(•'u  tmng'il  and  btiry/d  nu'l  liac-kt. 

Trntn/Kon,  l)jiy-|iri'«ni. 

I    move  witli  HinMcn  emrgy  or 
■  :  as,  ho  bnngrd  up  at  oinf. 
(=  Icol.  bang  =  Hw.  bflug,  n. 
'.V.  Dan.  ftanX,  » beating ;  rrnni 
.   .'.    Iienvy,  roHounding  blow;  a 
h  I.  ■  liib. 
Ilmi  Mow  that  the  forrilor  gave, 


llo  miKio  hii  brcMui  wettpun  cry  twang ; 


If  wo  bangle  nwny  the  legacy  of  peace  left  us  by  Christ, 
it  is  a  sign  of  our  want  of  regard  for  him. 

Whole  Diitg  of  Man. 

II.  intrans.  1.  In  /(((coHn/,  to  beat  about  in 
the  air;  flutter :  said  of  a  hawk  which  does  not 
rise  steadily  and  then  swoop  down  uiion  its 
prey. —  2.  To  lla)>  or  hang  down  loosely,  as  a 
hat-brim  or  an  animal's  ear. 
bangle-  (bang'gl),  «.  [<  Hind,  bangri,  a  brace- 
let of  glass.]      1.  An  ornamental  ring  worn 

u]>on  the  arms 
and  ankles  in 
India  and  Af- 
rica. Hence  — 
2.  A  brai'elet 
«-ithout  adasp; 
a  ring-bracelet, 

n.inKlc..rroiii  li.ist  ImlU  Museum,  f-ondon.     „p,„.j^lly      with 

small  ornaments  suspended  from  it. 

\\\-  liiar  t<io  often  of  Hcrlhn's  various  dresses,  and  a 
great  deal  too  much  of  her  bangleg. 

The  Ameriean,\l.  124. 

3.  Xaul.,  a  Iioop  of  a  spar. 
bangle-ear  (bang'gl-er),  n.     [<  ftffM<//r»  +  frtr'.] 

A  KiDse,  hanging  ear,  as  of  a  dog.     It  is  ro- 

ganh'd  as  an  imperfection. 
bangle-eared  (bang'gl-enl),  a.     [Also  baiiglrd- 

riind :  as  hangle-ear  +  -cd-.l    Elap-eiired,  like 

a  Hpnnii'l. 
banglingt  (l.ang'gling),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  han- 

i/li',  r.\     Cipnloiilion;  siiuabbling. 
fiangorian   (b«ng-g6'ri-an),  a.     [<    lUmgnr,  a 

l.i.fliop's  Mce.    The  iinme'iH  W.,  lit.  'high  in  uk,' 

<  ban,  peak,  |ironiim'iiei',  +  gor.  high.]    Wchit- 

ing  lo  iJangiir,  u  IpIhIiup'm  see  ill  North  WiiIck.— 

Bangorlan  controvorsy, 

R'-niion  iit<'ii'-hi-d  lii'lon-  U 

llr.  II.Ki.ll),  hlaliop  of  lliingor,  from  the  lexl  "  ,My  kliigdoni 

U  not  .,f  thU  world,"  from  which  the  bl«lioi.  nriiui-d  llial 


A  violent  fellow  who  caiTies  everj'thing  before 
him :  hence,  a  victor  or  champion.     [Scotch.] 

bang-stra'W(bang'stra),  «.  A  thresher.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bangue,  ».     See  bhang. 

bang-up  (bang'up),  a.  or  adv.  [<  bang'-,  v.  or 
adv.,  implying  energy  or  dash,  -1-  up,  implying 
completeness.]  In  hne  style ;  in  the  best  man- 
ner; complete;  perfect:  as,  a  bang-up  enter- 
tainment; "task  bang-up,"  Scott,  Diary,  Sept. 
8,  1826  (in  Lockhart's  Life).     [Slang.] 

bangy,  "•     See  banghg. 

baniani,  banyanl  (ban'ian),  w.  [Formerly 
also  hanniun,  banni/an,  banianc;  =  F.  banian,  < 
Pg.  banian,  prob.,  through  Ar.  banyan,  <  Hind. 
bantja  (also  banik),  Beng.  banii/a,  banya,  bcnya, 
a  trader,  merchant,  Gujarati  vaniyo,  a  man  of 
the  trading  caste,  <  Skt.  vanij.  a  merchant, 
possibly  <  -^  pan,  buy,  bargain.]  1.  A  Hindu 
trader  or  merchant,  especially  of  the  province 
of  Guzerat;  one  engaged  in  commerce  gener- 
ally, but  more  particularly  one  of  the  great 
traders  of  western  India,  as  in  the  seaports  of 
Bombay,  Kurrachee,  etc.,  who  carry  on  a  large 
trade  with  the  interior  of  Asia  by  means  of  cara- 
vans, and  with  Africa  by  vessels.  They  form  a 
chiss  of  the  caste  Vaisya,  wear  a  peculiar  dress,  and  are 
strict  in  the  obser\'ance  of  fasts  and  in  abstaining  from 
the  use  of  flesh. 

Tlie  Banians  would  eat  nothing  that  had  life.  Their 
priests  were  called  rertea.^,  and  wore  white  clothes,  whicll 
they  never  took  off  until  worn  to  rags.  They  lived  upon 
charity,  and  kept  nothing  till  the  ne,\t  day. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Hist.  India,  III.  421. 

2.  In  British  India,  originally,  a  cotton  shirt 
worn  by  the  Hindus.  Hence  —  (a)  Any  under- 
garment, even  of  the  elastic  web  made  in  Eng- 
land, (ft)  Any  loose  or  easy  dress  worn  in  the 
house,  especially  one  modeled  on  the  native 
dress  of  the  Hindus.— Banian  days,  originally  two 
d!i>s  in  the  week,  anil  afterward  otu-,  in  wliirhsallora  in  the 
IMiti^li  navy  laid  no  flesh-meat  served  out  to  them.  Ban- 
ian days  arc  now  abolished,  but  the  term  is  still  applied 
tu  (lays  of  jioor  fare. 
banian",  banyan-  (ban'ian),  n.  [For  banian- 
ov  banyim-lrti;  that  is,  banians'  tree,  tree  of 
the  bani;iiis  or  Hindu  merchants;  orig.  applied 
to  an  individual  tree  of  this  species  at  Gom- 
broon, a  port  of  the  Persian  gulf,  and  then  ex- 
tended to  all  trees  of  the  species,  from  their 
frecjuent  use  as  market-places.  The  native 
Hind,  name  for  the  tree  is  bar,  <  Skt.  vata 
(cerebral  0.  fie  banian-tree.]    An  East  Indian 


Il.ii>i.in  (Ffcus  Ben£aleMsis). 


lig-troe,  7'Vri/.s'  licngalrnsis,  natural  order  Urti- 
ciirca;  remarkable  for  the  area  which  individ- 
ual trees  cover  through  the  development  of 
roots  from  the  brancliis,  winch  dcsccml  lo  the 
ground  and  become  trunks  lor  the  Kiip))ort  and 
nourislinient  of  the  exteniling  cruwii.  it  In  v\- 
ti'iiklvi'ly  idanli'd  Ihroughoul  Indlii  a'<  a  kIiikIc  Iree,  an<l  is 
ol  nipld  urowth,  frei|uentlv  covering  a  K\mir  Uili  yard«  In 
.llanieler  and  rca.-hing  a  lielght  of  SO  or  ^m  Icct.  I'he 
(mil  In  of  llu'  »lw  ol  a  cherry,  An  In  nome  other  troplial 
hp.'.  Ii't  of  tlii^  liiMlUH,  the  seeds  rarely  Kcrmlliatc  In  Iho 
KiMiMi'l.  lull  usually  In  the  i-nnvn»  of  iiidniH  or  other  trees, 
wliiiv  Ihiv  Imve  hei'n  depcmlted  hv  hlrclf.  Uools  are  sent 
down  toihe  ground,  nud  they  endino'c  iiuil  llually  kill  the 

nurse-pKlni.      The  ti furniKhcM  lar,  the  bark  Is  nuide 

Inio  cordnge,  the  ndlky  JuUi'  yIelilH  ii  liinl  lime,  and  Iho 
li-avcM  are  fashioned  intrt  iilatters.     The  wood  Is  stdt  and 
of  mill'  valui'. 
nlrovemy  stirred  up  l.y  a  banie  (Im'ni),  a.     A  Scotch  form  of  ftoni/. 
■     n  Mareh:il,  1717.  l.v  banish   (lian'ish),  r.  t.     [<   ME.  bani.shni,  ban- 
ysi  »,  <  ( )|''.  biinir,  bannir  (ftfoii.v.v-),  imoiI.  I'',  biinnir 


14  not    lo     iniK  WOIOI,      111,111    n  null    *•>.;■',->■■  .i.  -•■  PI  ■••"    • ■     ,  ■  -  -  ,  , 

Christ  liiMl  not  doIo««t«d  Judicial  and  aisclplliiar)' lowers     =  O.Sp.  Pg.  ft««(/ir  =  II.  bandirr,  ML.  hanmrr. 


banisli 

Imidirc,  proclaim,  ban,  banish,  <  bannum,  han- 
dum,  ban :  see  ban^,  n.  and  r.]  If.  To  outlaw; 
put  under  ban. 

When  lie  liiul  in  Loiigli-leven  been 

Mjiny  a  montli  and  many  a  day: 

To  the  regent  the  Ittrd  warden  sent, 

That  bantmht  earl  for  to  betray. 

Percy's  Heliq\ies^\i   150. 
For  I  muste  to  the  grene  wode  goo, 
Alone,  a  banysahed  man. 

The.  Nttlhrowne  Maid,  in  Child's  liallads. 

2.  To  condemn  to  exile  by  political  or  judicial 
authority;  expel  from  or  relegate  to  a  country 
or  a  place,  either  permanently  or  for  a  time : 
often  with  objectives  of  both  person  and  place : 
as,  he  was  banished  the  kingdom ;  Ovid  was 
banished  to  Tomi. 

We, 
From  this  instant,  banish  him  our  city. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  3. 

Six  years  we  banish  Ixim.  Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i  3. 

Thou  knowest  what  it  is  to  be  banished  thy  native 

country,  to  be  over-ruled,  as  well  as  to  rule  and  sit  upon 

the  throne.  I{.  Barclay,  Pref.  to  An  Apology. 

3.  To  send  or  drive  away;  expel;  dismiss: 
with  a  person  or  thing  as  object :  as,  to  banish 
sorrow;  to  banish  an  obnoxious  person  from 
one's  presence  or  thoughts. 

These  evils  thou  repeat'st  upon  thyself 
Have  banishd  me  from  Scotland. 

Shak. ,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
You  have  already  banished  slavery  from  this  common- 
wealth. Sumner,  Arg.  against  Sep.  Colored  Schools. 
=  Syn.  Banish,  Exile,  Expel,  e.xpatriate,  put  away,  are  all 
used  of  removal  by  physical  or  moral  compulsion ;  they 
all  have  a  figurative  as  well  as  a  literal  use.  To  banish  is, 
literally,  to  put  out  of  a  community  or  country  by  ban  or 
civil  interdict,  and  indicates  a  complete  removal  out  of 
sight,  perhaps  to  a  distance.  To  exile  is  simply  to  cause 
to  leave  one's  place  or  country,  and  is  often  used  reflex- 
ively  ;  it  emphasizes  the  idea  of  leaving  home,  while  ban- 
ish emphasizes  rather  that  of  being  forced  by  some  au- 
thority to  leave  it:  as,  the  bitterness  of  exile;  banished 
to  Siberia.  Expel,  literally,  to  drive  out,  means  prima- 
rily to  cast  out  forcibly  and  violently,  and  secondarily 
with  disgrace  :  as,  to  expel  from  the  chamber,  or  from  col- 
lege ;  he  was  expelled  the  country. 

Ba7iished  from  Rome  !  what's  banished  but  set  free 
From  daily  contact  with  the  things  I  loathe? 

Croly,  Catiline. 
The  intrigues  of  Richelieu  compelled  her  [Mary  of  Me- 
dicis]  to  exile  herself,  .and  live  an  unhappy  fugitive. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  I.  256. 
■When  the  French  Revolution  of  February,  1848,  broke 
out,  Marx  was  expelled  without  circumstance  from  Brus- 
sels. Rae,  Contemp.  Socijilisin,  p.  132. 

banisher  (ban'ish-er),  «.    One  'who  banishes. 

To  be  full  quit  of  those  my  banishers 

Stand  I  before  thee  here.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

banisbment  (ban'ish-ment),  n.  [<  banish  + 
-ment,  after  ¥.  bannisseinent.']  1.  The  act  of 
banishing  or  compelling  a  citizen  to  leave  his 
country  or  place  of  residence  by  political  or 
judicial  authority. 
He  secured  himself  by  the  banishnwnt  of  his  enemies. 

Johnsmi. 

2.  The  state  of  being  banished ;  enforced  ab- 
sence; expulsion;  exile,  in  either  a  legal  or  a 
general  sense :  as,  6an(s/uHe«i  from  thy  presence 
is  worse  than  death. 

Six  fri)zen  winters  spent. 
Return  with  welcome  home  from  haiii^kmeiit. 

Shak,  Rich.  II.,  L  3. 
Fields  whose  thrifty  occupants  abide 
As  in  a  dear  and  chosen  banishment, 
"With  every  semblance  of  entire  content. 

Wordsworth,  Sonnets,  iii.  21. 

3.  The  act  of  driving  away  or  dispelling:  as, 
the  banishment  of  care  from  the  mind. 

banister,  bannister  (ban'is-ter),  n.    Conmpt 

forms  ot  baluster. 

He  stni^^^Ied  to  ascend  the  pulpit  stairs,  holding  hard 
on  the  h(,„i.^ters.  Scolt,  Wooilstock,  I.  i. 

banister-cross  (ban'is-ter-kros),  n.  In  her.,  see 
cross-banister. 

banjert  (ban'jer),  71.     See  banjo. 

banjo  (ban 'jo),  n.  [Negro  prou.  of  banjore,  a 
corruption  (in  another  form  banjcr)  of  ban- 
dore^, q.  v.]  1.  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
guitar  class,  having  a  neck  with  or  without 
frets,  and  si  circular  body  covered  in  front  with 
tightly  stretched  parchment,  like  a  tambourine. 
It  has  from  five  to  nine  strings,  of  which  the  melody- 
string,  the  highest  in  pitch,  but  placed  outside  of  the  low- 
est of  the  others,  is  played  l)y  the  thumb.  As  in  the  gui- 
tar, the  pitch  of  the  strings  is  fixed  hy  stopping  them  with 
the  left  hand,  while  the  right  hand  produces  the  tone  by 
plucking  or  striking.  It  is  a  favorite  instrument  among 
the  negroes  of  the  southern  United  States,  and  is  much 
used  by  other  pc-soiis. 
2.  A  banjo-frame  (which  see). 

banjo-frame  (ban'jo-fram),  n.  A  rectangular 
frame  of  metal,  fitted  in  the  stern  of  a  ship, 
for  cari'yiug  and  hoisting  or  lowering  a  two- 
bladed  screw-propeller,    it  works  in  guides  iu  the 


Banjo-framc. 
(two-bladed  screw; 
for   raising 


b,  pur- 


coupling  connectiMe  sc 

'*"'"■   '  -  dJcr :  c, stern. 


441 

stem-post  and  rudder-post,  and  enables  the  screw  to  bo 

lifted  out  of  the  water  when  it  is  desired  to  proceed  under 

sail,  and  to  be  lowered  and 

eonnected  to  the  shaft  when 

stc.aniing  is  resumed. 
banjoist   (ban'jo-ist),  n. 

[<  banjo  +  -/,s'/.]      One 

wlio  plays  the  banjo. 
bank!    (bangk),    11.      [< 

ME.  ban/t,    biinc,   banl-c, 

also   bonk,    bone,   bonl:r, 

<  AS.  "banea  (found  only 

onco,  in  a  gloss,  in  comji. 

ho-banca,   a   couch,   lit. 

'  heel-bench ':  see  hocl:^ ), 

the   ME.  being  perhaps 

from  the  cognate  Icel. 

"banki,  assimilated  bak- 

ki,  a  bank  (of  a  river, 

of  a  chasm,  of  clouds, 

etc.),  ridge  or  eminence, 

=    Sw.   baeke    =    Dan.    _._^...., , 

bakJce,  a  hill,  hillock,  ris-   ■"""•  »■"''  •  •'■  '"<''' 

1  .        '  post. 

mg  ground,  emmence; 
•with  weak  suffix,  cognate  with  AS.  bene,  etc., 
E.  bench,  -with  orig.  strong  suffix:  see  bench. 
Some  senses  of  baidA  are  due  to  the  F.  banc,  a 
bench,  etc.,  from  Teut.;  so  the  distinct  bank^, 
ult.  a  doublet  of  bench.]  1.  A  mound,  pile,  or 
ridge  of  earth  raised  above  the  surrounding 
l^lain ;  an  artificial  embankment,  especially  for 
military  use. 
They  cast  up  a  bank  against  the  city.         2  Sam.  xx.  1.1. 

2.  Any  steep  acclivity,  as  one  rising  from  a 
river,  a  lake,  or  the  sea,  or  forming  the  side  of 
a  ravine,  or  the  steep  side  of  a  hillock  on  a 
plain. 

Tiber  trembled  underneath  her  banks.   Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  1. 
Moored  against  the  grassy  bank  of  tlie  brimming  river, 
the  black  ships  were  taking  in  hides  and  furs. 

G.  If'.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  104. 

3.  An  elevation  or  rising  ground  in  the  sea  or 
the  bed  of  a  river,  composed  of  sand  or  other 
soU,  anil  either  partly  above  water  or  covered 
everywhere  with  shoal  water ;  a  shoal ;  a  shal- 
low: as,  the  banX'S  of  Newfoundland;  the  Dog- 
ger bank  in  the  North  Sea. — 4t.  A  bench  or 
long  seat;  also,  a  stage  or  platform  to  speak 
fi'om.     See  mountebaiik. 

Per.   Who  be  these,  sir?  .  .  . 

Sir  P.   Fellows  to  mount  a  bank.    Did  yotu"  instructor 
In  the  dear  tongues  never  discourse  to  you 
Of  the  Italian  mountebanks?         B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 

The  heads  of  the  couches  were  towards  the  walls ;  and 
so  far  as  one  can  gather  from  the  vague  descriptions  which 
have  come  down  to  us,  the  euds  of  them  towards  the  fire 
served  as  a  bank  to  sit  upon. 

W.  K.  Sullivan,  Int.  to  O'Curry's  Anc.  Irish,  p.  cccxli.x. 

5.  A  bench  in  a  galley  for  rowers;  hence,  the 
number  of  rowers  seated  on  one  bench.  A  galley 
was  double-Liaiiked  when  there  were  two  tiers  or  rows  of 
benches,  one  above  tlie  other,  triple-banked  when  there 
were  three  tiers,  and  so  on.  In  modern  phraseology,  a  boat 
is  single-banked  when  the  oars  are  pulled  each  by  one  man, 
tlie  men  sitting  one  upon  a  seat  and  alternately  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  a  boat ;  it  is  double-banked  when  two  men  sit 
upon  one  seat,  each  man  with  an  oar.  An  oar  is  single- 
banked  when  worked  by  one  man,  and  double-banked 
when  worked  by  two  men. 

Meantime  the  king  with  gifts  a  vessel  stores. 
Supplies  the  banks  with  twenty  chosen  oars.  Dryden. 

6t.  In  law,  the  bench  or  seat  upon  which  the 
judges  sat.  See  banc. — 7.  A  bench  or  row 
of  keys  in  an  organ  or  similar  instrument. — 
8;  In  carp.,  a  long  piece  of  timber,  especially 
of  fir- wood  imslit,  from  4  to  10  inches  square. 
— 9.  In  coal-mining :  (a)  The  surface  around  the 
mouth  of  a  shaft:  in  this  sense  nearly  synony- 
mous with  the  Cornish  grass,  to  bank  being  the 
same  as  to  grass,  (b)  In  England,  the  whole  or 
one  end  or  side  of  a  working-place  imdergroimd. 
(c)  In  Pennsylvania,  a  coal-working  opened  by 
water-level  drifts.  Fenn.  Geol.  Sun:  Glossary. 
(rf)  In  England  (Cumberland),  a  large  heai)  or 
stack  of  coal  on  the  surface.  Greslcy. — 10. 
The  support  of  the  mo\ing  carriage  of  a  print- 
ing-press.— 11.  In  the  fire-chamber  of  a  glass- 
furnace,  one  of  the  banked-up  parts  which  sup- 
port the  melting-pots. — 12.  In  printing:  (a) 
The  table  used  by  a  hand-pressman  for  his  im- 
printed paper  and  his  printed  sheets,  (b)  A 
frame,  with  sloping  top,  on  which  are  placed 
the  galleys  for  use  in  collectmg  and  pro'ving  the 
type  set:  mainly  used  in  newspaper  compos- 
ing-rooms.— 13.  In  thread  or  yam  manufac- 
ture, a  creel  in  which  rows  of  l.iobliins  are  held. 
—  Bank  of  clouds,  a  mass  of  cloud.-  ajii tearing  as  if  piled 
up  in  the  form  of  a  bank.— Bank  oil,  menhaden-oil. — 
Spoil  bank,  in  civil  engineering,  e.artli  ul.taiiieil  from  dis- 
tant points  in  the  line  of  a  work,  or  purchased  for  use 
where  a  sntticient  quantity  for  the  needed  liUiugs  is  not 
furnished  by  the  cuttings. 


banJ£ 

banfci  (bangk),  r.  [<  bauk'^,  «.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  raise  a  mound  or  dike;  about ;  inclose,  de- 
fend, or  fortify  with  a  liank;  embank:  as,  to 
bank  a  river. — 2.  To  form  into  a  bank  or  heap ; 
heap  or  pile :  with  up :  as,  to  bank  up  the  snow. 
—  3.  To  lie  around  or  encircle,  as  a  bank ;  con- 
stitute a  bank  around;  form  a  bank  or  border 
to;  hem  in  as  a  bank. 

Burning  sands  that  bank  the  shnibby  vales. 

Thomjion,  Summer,  1.  660. 
4t.  To  pass  by  the  banks  or  fortifications  of. 

Have  I  not  heard  these  islanders  shout  out 
"  Vive  le  rrjy  "  as  I  have  bank'd  their  towns? 

.Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  2. 
To  bank  a  fire,  to  cover  up  a  fire  with  ashes,  and  use 
other  means,  as  closing  the  (lampcrs  and  ash-pit  door,  to 
make  it  burn  low  and  at  the  same  time  to  prevent  ita  be- 
coming extinguished. 

Towards  the  afternoon  a  nice  breeze  sprang  up,  and  w© 
were  able  to  bank  fires  and  sail. 

Ladi/  BroHsey,  'Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  I. 
To  bank  out,  in  coal-mininf/,  to  stack,  as  coal,  on  the 
surface,  in  default  of  means  for  removing  it.     (Kng.J 

II.  inlrans.  It.  To  border  upon. —  2.  To  im- 
pinge upon  the  banking-pins  of  a  watch:  said 
of  the  escapement. 
bank"  (bangk),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hanke, 
banque,  <  late  ME.  banke,  <  F.  bunque,  <  It. 
banca  (=  F.  banche  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  banca,  <  ML. 
banea,  f.),  a  bench,  esp.  (in  It.  and  thence  in 
other  languages)  a  money-changer's  bench  or 
table,  later  a  bank ;  cf.  It.  Sp.  Pg.  banco  =  Pr. 
F.  banc,  <  ML.  banctis,  m.,  a  bank,  bench,  < 
MHG.  banc,  G.  bank  =  E.  bank^,  a  bench:  see 
bank^.']  If.  A  money-dealer's  table,  counter, 
or  shop. 

Exchangers  of  Money  made  the  temple  to  be  the  market 
and  the  banke.  Jer.  Taylor,  Great  Exemplar,  iL  11. 

These  established  their  banks  or  tables  in  the  forum, 
like  ordinary  bankers. 

Arnold,  Hist.  Rome,  II.  xxvii.  72.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

2t.  A  sum  of  money,  especially  a  sum  to  draw 
upon,  as  in  a  loan-bank. —  3.  In  games  of 
chance,  the  amount  or  jjilo  'which  the  proprie- 
tor of  the  gaming-table,  or  the  person  who 
plays  against  all  the  others,  has  'before  him: 
the  funds  of  a  gaming  establishment ;  a  fund 
in  certain  games  at  cards :  as,  a  faro-bank. — 4. 
An  institution  for  receiving  and  lending  money. 
The  banking  institutions  of  the  United  States  may  be 
classed  as  national  and  State  banks,  sainngs-banks,  pru 
vale  banks  or  ba7ikers,  and  loan  and  trust  companies. 
National  banks  were  first  authorized  by  a  law  of  the 
Fiiited  States  enacted  in  1863,  for  a  term  of  twenty  years. 
In  1804  another  act  was  adopted  (allowing  the  like  term 
of  twenty  years),  which  was  thereafter  known  as  the 
National  Bank  Act.  In  1883  they  were  authorized  to 
continue  twenty  years  longer.  They  receive,  lend,  and 
transmit  money,  and  issue  notes  which  are  used  as  money, 
and  buy,  sell,  and  collect  bills  of  exchange.  Their  circu- 
lating notes  are  secured  by  United  States  bonds  deposited 
with  the  government,  and  their  operations  are  subject  to 
the  inspection  and  supervision  of  the  Comptroller  of  the 
CiUTency.  State  banks perfomi  the  same  functions  except 
that  of  issuing  notes.  The  notes  of  the  State  banks  were 
taxed  10  per  cent,  by  Congress  in  1865,  in  order  to  cause 
their  retirement,  which  was  speedily  accomplished.  Pri- 
vate banks  and  bankers  carrj'  on  the  same  business  aa 
State  banks.  Sometimes  one  person  constitutes  a  private 
bank,  but  generally  several  persons  associate  together  and 
form  a  partnership.  Loan  and  trust  companies  are  incor- 
porated institutions,  and  receive  deposits,  usually  for  a 
fixed  period,  and  loan  them  on  the  pledge  of  stocks,  bonds, 
and  other  securities,  while  national  and  State  banks  lend 
largely  on  the  promises  of  the  borrowers :  they  have  also 
a  capital  which  is  subscribed  and  paid  by  the  stockholders. 
Savings-banks  receive  money  and  lend  it  chiefly  on  the 
security  of  real  estate.  See  savings-bank.  In  Europe 
several  great  national  banks  are  intimately  associated 
with  the  fiscal  departments  of  the  governments  of  their 
respective  countries,  as  the  Bank  of  England  and  the  Bank 
of  France.  Banks  of  issue  are  such  as  issue  notes  that  cir- 
culate as  cuiTcncj-,  In  London  and  for  sixty-five  miles 
around  no  bank  lia\ing  more  than  ten  partners,  save  the 
Bank  of  England,  is  allowed  to  issue  its  own  notes. 
5.  The  office  in  which  the  transactions  of  a 

banking  company  are  conducted Bank-charter 

Act,  an  English  statiite  of  1844  (7  aU'l  8  Vict.,  c.  32)  defining 
the  powers  of  the  Bank  of  England  in  respect  to  the  issue 
of  notes  and  the  amount  of  liullion  reserve.  Its  object 
was  to  avoid  the  danger  of  the  over-issue  of  circulating 
notes,  which  it  accomplished  by  fixing  a  limit  to  the 
amount  of  bullion  held  by  the  bank.  It  also  regulated 
the  issue  of  notes  by  other  banks.  Also  known  as  the 
Peel  Act,  and  .S'l'r  Robert  Peel's  -Jcf.— Bank  discount. 
See  discount. — Bank  men,  in  IT.  S.  hii-t.,  supporters  of 
the  secontl  United  States  Bank  in  its  contest  with  Presi- 
dent Jackson.  Two  institutions  Iiave  been  chartered  by 
Congress  under  tlie  title  Bank  of  the  United  States,  having 
their  seat  in  Philadelphia,  and  intimately  connected  mth 
the  national  finances.  The  charter  of  the  first,  granted 
in  1791,  expired  in  1811,  its  renew.al  ha\ing  been  refused. 
The  second  lasted  from  1810  to  1836  under  the  iiationid 
charter,  and  w.as  continued  for  a  time  as  a  State  bank. 
The  opposition  of  lYesideiit  Jackson  to  the  renewal  of  its 
charter,  and  his  removal  of  the  government  depo.-its  from 
it  in  1833,  led  to  a  violent  political  c'.ntest,  in  which  his 
course  was  ultimately  sustained. — Bank  Of  issue,  a  bank 
or  banking  eioiipany  duly  authorized  by  law  to  issue  bank- 
notes of  its  own.— Bank  post-biU.  See  6ii(3.— Days  in 
banc.  Seerfu'/i— National  Bank  Act,  an  act  of  Con- 
gress of  1864,  providing  for  the  organization  throughout  the 


TTnited  States  of  banks  whose  circnlating  notes  were  re- 
qnlred  to  be  secured  by  a  deposit  of  United  States  bonds, 
which  resulted,  as  was  intended,  in  proiiding  a  market 
for  a  very  laree  government  loan,  and  at  the  same  time  a 
secure  currency  equally  acceptable  in  all  parts  of  the  coun- 
try —  Penny-baJlks  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1SS9  Ci'l 
and  23  Vict.,  c.  5i)  authorizing  the  investiug  of  the  funds 
of  penny  sarinas-banks,  charitable  societies,  etc.,  in  the 
money  of  established  savings-banks.— To  break  the 
bank,  to  win,  as  in  faro,  from  the  management  a  certain 
sum  which  has  been  fl.Ned  upon  as  the  limit  which  the 
bank  is  nilling  to  lose  in  a  single  day.— TO  play  against 
the  hanX  to  take  the  risks  of  a  game,  as  rouge-et-noir  or 
faro,  in  opposition  to  its  manager. 

bank-  (bangk),  r.  [<  6anA-2,  n.]  I.  intrans. 
To  have  an  account  with  a  banker;  deposit 
monev  in  a  bank ;  transact  business  with  a  bank 
or  as  a  bank ;  e.xereise  the  trade  or  profession 
of  a  banker. 

I  bank  with  one  of  my  sons"  fathers-in-law,  and  the  other 
mnis  with  me.  Thaclceray. 

H.  trans.  To  lay  up  on  deposit  in  a  bank : 
»s.  he  bank-eel  .$500. 

■banka  (bang'ka),  n.  [Native.]  A  passenger- 
boat  without  outrigger,  used  on  the  river  and 
harbor  at  Manila.  It  is  hewn  from  a  single  log  of 
wood  from  16  to  23  feet  long,  and  carries  three  or  four 
passengers.     Imp.  I>ict. 

bankable (bang'ka-bl),  a.  [<  banl-^,  r.,  +  -aMe.'] 
Receivable  as  cash  by  a  bank,  as  bank-notes, 
chei-k.s,  and  other  securities  for  money. 

bank-account  (bangk'a-kounf),  «.  Asumde- 
j.ositi  il  iu  a  bank  to  bo  drawn  out  on  the  writ- 
ten order  of  the  ilepositor. 

bank-bait  (bangk'bat),  ».  A  name  of  May-flies. 

A  great  manv  fall  into  the  water  a  prey  to  fishes,  and 
at  that  time  (May),  especially  at  Dordrecht,  the  roach  is 
noted  as  Ijeing  peculiarly  fat  and  good.  Hence  the  name 
baitk'bait  (in  some  parts  of  France,  ia  nianite). 

E.  P.  n'riijht,  Anim.  Life,  p.  4S5. 

bank-bill  (bangk'bil),  «.  1.  A  note  or  bill 
drawn  by  one  liank  on  another,  and  payable 
either  on  demand  or  at  some  future  specified 
date. —  2.  In  the  United  States  and  some  parts 
of  England,  a  bank-note  (which  see). 

bank-book  (bangk'biik),  H.  The  pass-book  in 
which  an  officer  of  a  bank  enters  the  debits  and 
credits  of  a  customer.  The  initials  of  the  teller  or 
accountant  of  the  bank  atn.xed  to  the  sums  entered  in  the 
hank-l>ook  to  the  credit  of  the  customer  constitute  a  valid 
n-reipl. 

bank-credit  (bangk'kred'it),  n.  A  credit  ■ivith 
a  bank,  by  which,  on  proper  security  given  to 
the  bank,  a  person  receives  liberty  to  draw  to 
a  certain  extent  agreed  upon :  in  Scotland  also 
called  a  cash-account.  Such  credits  were  long 
a  distinctive  feature  of  Scotch  banking. 

banker^  (bang'ker),  n.  [<  hank^,  n.  or  v.,  in 
various  senses,  -♦-  -erl.]  1.  A  vessel  employed 
in  the  cod-fishery  on  the  banks  of  Newfound- 
land. .7.  Q.  Adams. — 2.  The  bench  or  table  upon 
which  bricklayers  and  stone-iuasons  prepare 
and  shape  their  material ;  a  banket. — 3.  In 
sculp.,  a,  modeler's  bench  pro\'ided  with  a  cir- 
cular platform  turning  on  wheels  so  that  the 
work  can  be  revolved  to  expose  any  portion 
to  the  light. — 4.  A  covering  for  a  bench  or 
seat,  made  of  tapestrj-,  ri<;h  stuff,  or  embroi- 
dered cloth. —  5.  A  hanging  for  a  church  wall 
or  screen;  specifically,  the  curtains  placed  at 
the  ends  of  an  altar. —  6.  A  ditcher;  one  en- 
gaged in  embanking. 

The  discovery  was  made  l*y  some  banktrt  (men  who 
work  in  the  fens)  from  Lincdnshire. 

J.  Freeman,  Life  of  W.  Kirby,  p.  15.'). 

7.  In  hunting,  a  horse  which  can  jump  on  and 
off  field-banks  too  large  to  bo  cleared.  N.  E. 
V. — 8.  In  Anstrslia,  a  river  full  to  the  brim. 
.V.  E.  I). 
banker^  (bang'ktr),  n.  [<  hank^,  v.,  +-fr'>^.] 
1.  One  who  koojis  a  bank;  one  who  triiflicH  in 
iimney,  receives  and  rirnits  moiii  y,  negotiates 
bills  of  e.vehange,  etc. —  2.  Tlie  liolder  of  the 
fuiid.1  of  a  guruing  cstablishiaont ;  in  games  of 
ehanco,  that  player  who  depositH  a  certain  sum 
of  money  ugninst  which  bets  are  made,  or  that 
[ihiv  ?■  who  fortho  sake  of  conveniriee  receives 
iiiel  |.i  .s  out  betHWOii  and  lost.- Banker's  note, 
'I  '  '  note  givc-n  by  a  private  hanker  or  an  iinln- 

bai: 

A  I 
[Km 

Tl»<i  1..!m  fi.iintr-Mi  of  Jeney  wm  only  rccclvci!  on  Buffer. 
mntM  In  '•'[[).<.  i,n}mc%  In  Vienna,  Iiwikiih^  hIic  waa  n  ftanlt. 
errMt.  The  Amerienn,  V.  2(J*I. 

bankerlf'<H     i  n,g'k/'r-lcB),  n.    [<  hunl.ir"  + 

-/<-<<.  1  1  liimkcni.     (/iiiirlirli/  l{iv. 

bankcrouti,  <  .,  ".,  and  V.     All  obsolete  form  of 

banket't,  n.  and  >-.  An  obnolnto  form  of  ban- 
quet. 


■:uig'kftr-eg).  n.    [<  hanlccr"  +  -cm.'] 
nker;  abanKor"*  wife.    Thackeray. 


442 

banket^  (bang'ket),  n.  [<  hank'^,  a  bench,  -I- 
dim.  -€t.\  A  piece  of  wood  on  which  brick- 
layers cut  their  bricks  to  the  size  proper  for 
the  place  into  which  they  are  about  to  lay 
them.  [Eng.] 
bank-fence  (baugk'fens),  n.    A  fence  made  of 

a  bank  of  earth. 
bank-game   (bangk'gam),   «.     In   billiards,    a 

game  in  which  only  bank-shots  count. 
bank-head  (bangk'hed),  n.  In  coal-mining,  the 
upper  level  end  of  an  inclined  plane  next  the 
entriue.  [Eng.] 
bank-holiday  (bangk'hol'i-da),  «.  In  Great 
Britain,  a  secular  day  on  which  the  law  ex- 
empts the  parties  to  negotiable  paper  from  the 
obligation  of  presentment,  payment,  etc.,  and 
consequently  allows  banks  to  be  closed,  its 
effect  on  such  paper  ditfcrs  from  that  of  Sunday  in  the 
fact  that  the  laws  establishing  such  holidays  usually,  if 
not  always,  provide  that  paper  falling  due  on  such  day  is 
payable  on  the  next  following  secular  day,  while  paper 
entitled  by  conmiercial  usage  to  days  of  grace,  and  falling 
due  on  Sunday,  is  payable  on  Saturday.  By  a  statute  of 
1S71,  the  bank-holidays  in  England  and  Ireland  are  Easter 
Monday,  Whit  Monday,  the  tirst  Monday  in  August,  and 
the  2Cth  of  December  (boxing-day);  in  Scotland,  New 
Year's  day,  the  first  Monday  in  May,  the  first  Monday  in 
.\ugust.  and  Christmas  day.  See  hotidaif. 
bank-hook  (bangk'huk),  H.  1.  A  largo  form 
of  fish-hook  for  catching  cod,  used  on  the  banks 
of  Newfoimdland. —  2.  In  coal-miniiKi,  the  iron 
hook  with  which  the  banksman  draws  the  loaded 
tubs  off  the  cage.  [Eng.] 
banking!  (bang'king),  II.  [Verbal  n.  of  hank'^, 
I'.]  1.  The  act  of  raising  a  moimd  or  bank,  or 
of  inclosing  with  a  bank. — 2.  The  bank  or 
mound  raised;  anything  piled  up  to  serve  as  a 
bank,  as  a  raised  edging  of  wax  on  a  plate  that 
is  to  be  treated  with  acids  for  etching. — 3.  A 
general  term  for  fishing  as  practised  on  the 
banks  of  Newfoundland. — 4.  In  coal-mining, 
the  sorting  or  loading  of  coals  ''at  bank,"  or  at 
the  mouth  of  the  shaft.  [Eng.] 
banking-  (bang'king),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  [Verbal 
n.  of  bank",  r.]  The  business  or  emplojTnent  of 
a  banker;  the  business  carried  on  by  a  bank. 

The  term  bankin{f  was  then  [1742]  applied  only  to  the 
issue  of  notes  and  the  taking  up  of  money  on  bills  on  de- 
mand. W.  Hm/eliot,  Lombard  Street,  p.  98. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  conducted  by  a  bank: 
as,  banking  oj)prations. 
banking-file  (bang'king-fil),  n.      A  fUe  with 

jiiirulli-l  edges  and  a  triangular  section, 
banking-pin  (bang'king-pin),  n.    In  a  watch, 
one  of  two  pins  serving  to  confine  tlie  move- 
ments of  the  escapement. 

banking-'wax  (baug'king-waks),  H.     A  coiupo- 
sitiiin    (if   beeswax,  common   iiitcli,  Burgundy 
jiitch,  and  sweet  oil,  melted  in  a  crucible  and 
Ijoured  into  cold  water,  used  in  etching  to  form 
a  border  around  the  plate,  to  prevent  the  over- 
flow of  the  acid, 
bankless    (bangk'les),   a.      [<   bank^  +  -less.'] 
Without   banks  or  limits:    as,   "the   bankless 
sea,"  Dai'irs. 
bank-level  (bangk'lev'el),  n.     In  coal-mining, 
the  level  heading  from  which  the  bank  is  worked. 
[Yorkshire,  Eng.] 
bank-martin    (bangk'miir'tin),   «.      Same  as 

hinik-sinilloir. 
bank-note  (bangk'not),  H.  A  promissory'  note 
l>iiyable  on  dcmnml,  made  and  issued  by  n 
bunk  anthorized  by  law,  and  inlended  to  eir- 
cuhito  us  money,  'in  the  United  Stutes  fre- 
(juenlly  cullecl  hiiiik-bilt.-  Bank-note  paper,  impcr 

used  tor  bank-ncitcs  anil  gcivir iil  lionds.     It  l.t  niach' 

in  such  a  way  that  It  Is  very  dillicult  l<i  Imitate  it,  anil 
»iiih  Imitation  is  a  felony.  —  Bank-note  press,  a  nmeliine 
fi.r  pressing  liiiiik-niite.s  and  anunghig  liieiii  in  iiiirkagei*. 
banko-ware    (bang'ko-wilr),    n.      A    .luimnese 
uiiglazed   stoneware   made   near   Kuwana   on 
tlio  Tokuiilo.    It  in  very  light  and  durable.  Is  niadi'  In 
molds  of  Irregular  Hlia|iun,  and  dceomted  with  flgureH  in 
relief.    Siieiilleil  fiiirii  Ninmiiil  lliinko,  the  original  iiiuker. 
bank-plate   (bangk'jdat),   ».      Ill   coal-mining, 
one  of  the  cast-iron  plates  with  which  the  sur- 
face at  the  mouth  of  the  shaft  or  the  bank  is 
Moored.     [Eng.] 
bank-post  (bangk'iiosl),  )i.     [<  hank-  +  imst", 
«.]     .\   large  size  of  letter-paper,   ranging  in 
weight  from  .li  to  10  pounds  to  the  ream, 
bankroutt  diungU'rout),  n.,a.,  and  r.     One  of 
tlie  older  forms  of  bankrupt. 

Being  bank-rout  hath  of  wenllh  and  wnrlh. 

Cttnjmian,  Myron '»  Trageily,  v.  1. 
For  these  modern  InngnngeH  will  at  one  time  or  other 

piny  the  iHink-rtiu'lrn  wllh  Imokn;  and  ulr I  have  hmt 

iiiueh  lime  with  lhl«  age.  1  wipulil  he  glnd,  M  Ooil  nhall 
give  nil-  leave,  lo  reeiiver  It  wllh  po«lerlly. 

liar,,,,,  l..ller.  In  S|ieildlMg,  VIT    iM. 

bankrupt  (bnngk'rupl ),  n.  and  a.     [Early  moil, 
E.  bankrout,  bankcrout,  banqucrouir,  etc.,  later 


bankruptcy 

banqueroujit,  and  finally  bankrupt  (in  imitation 
of  L.  ritptns),  <  F.  banqncroutle,  now  IxiiKjue- 
route  (>  banquerouttier,  a  bankrupt),  orig.  in  E. 
banke  rota  (def.  1).  <  It.  banca  rotta  (ML.  as  if 
*banca  riqita),  bankruptcy,  lit.  broken  bank  or 
bench:  banca,  <  ML.  banca,  <  MHG.  banc,  a 
bank  (see  bank^,  bank'^);  rotta,  fern,  of  rott-o, 
broken,  wrecked,  <  L.  ruptus,  broken  (in  ML. 
also  as  a  noun,  a  bankrupt).  It  is  said  to  have 
been  the  custom  in  Italy  to  break  the  bench  or 
counter  of  a  money-changer  upon  his  failure  ; 
but  the  allusion  is  prob.  figurative,  like  break, 
craslA, smash,  similarly  used  in  English.  See 
bank^,  bank'-,  rupture,  rout-.]  I.  n.  If.  The 
breaking  up  of  a  trader's  business  due  to  his 
inability  to  meet  his  obligations;  bankruptcy. 

—  2.  An  insolvent  person  whose  property  is 
administered  for,  and  distributed  among,  his 
creditors  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of 
a  system  of  laws  called  bankrujit,  bankruptc;/,  or 
insolrent  lairs.  See  bankruptcii.  In  particular  — (nt) 
In  old  law,  a  trader  who  secretes  Inmself,  or  does  certain 
other  acts  tending  to  defraud  his  creditoi-s.  Btacksfone. 
(it)  .K  fugitive  from  his  creditore ;  one  who  by  extrava- 
g.ance  and  reckless  expenditure  had  brought  himself  into 
a  state  of  insolvency  and  had  absconded,  or  retired  into 
a  place  of  sanctuary,  (c)  In  nioti,  tair,  any  person  who 
upon  his  own  petition  or  that  of  his  creditoi-s  is  adjudged 
insolvent  by  a  bankruptcy  court.  His  estjite  may  be  ad- 
ininistered'by  an  assignee  or  trustee,  under  the  directiuii 
of  the  court,  "for  the  benefit  of  the  ci-editoi-s. 

3.  In  popular  language,  a  hopelessly  insolvent 
person ;  one  who  is  notoriously  tmable  to  pay 
his  debts;  hence,  one  who  is  unable  to  satisfy 
just  claitns  of  any  kind  made  upon  him. 
Wliat  a  bankrupt  I  am  made 
Of  a  full  stock  of  blessings.  Ford. 

Cessionary  bankrupt.    See  cessionani. 

11.  a.  1 .  In  the  state  of  one  who  has  committed 
an  act  of  bankruptcy,  or  is  insolvent;  subject 
to  or  under  legal  process  because  of  insolvency. 

—  2.  Unable  to  pay  just  debts,  or  to  meet  one's 
obligations ;  insolvent. 

n'illo.  The  king 'sgrown!)««Jtri/p(,likeabroken  man. . .  . 

Jio.^a.  He  hath  not  money  for  these  Irish  wars. 
His  burthenous  taxations  notwithstanding. 

Sliak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

The  beggai-ed,  the  bankrupt  society,  not  only  proved 
able  to  meet  all  its  obligations,  but  .  .  .  grew  richer  and 
richer.  Maeanlatt,  Hist.  Eng.,  xix. 

3.  Figtiratively,  at  the  end  of  one's  resources: 
as,  to  be  bankrupt  in  thanks. 

Do  you  see  ?  he  has  tears 
To  lend  to  him  whom  prodigal  expence 
Of  sorrow  has  made  bankrupt  of  such  treasure. 

Ufa,/,  ami  FL,  Thierry  and  Tlicodoret,  iv.  2. 
Bankrupt  laws.  Same  as  bankruptcj  taws  (which  see, 
under  hdnkniiitctt). 

bankrupt  (bangk'rupt),  r.  [<bankrupt,  n.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  make  insolvent ;  render  tmable  to 
meet  just  claims. 

We  cast  olt  the  care  of  all  future  thrift  because  wo  are 
already  bankrupted.  Hammond. 

Iron-cliids,  more  than  anything  else,  baiikrupted  Turkey. 
iV.  A.  Jtcv.,  CXLIII.  214. 

2t.  To  reduce  to  beggary;  exhaust  the  re- 
sources of. 


Fat  paunches  have  lean  pates;  and  dainty  bits 
Make  rich  the  ribs,  but  baiikin-ouf  the  wiu. 

.Stiak.,  L.  L.  L., 


I.  1. 


Il.t   intrans.   To  become  bankrupt;  fail  or 

lieeome  insolvent. 

bankruptcy  (bungk'rnpt-si),  n.  [<  bankrupt  + 
-cji.]  1.  'rhe  state  of  being  bankrupt  or  in- 
solvent; inability  to  pay  all  debts;  failure  in 
traile.  in  law,  si)ccillcally,  the  status  of  a  pel-son  or  cor- 
poration that  by  reason  of  insolvency  luu  been  adjudi* 
eiilcil  a  l>ankru)it. 

2.  Figuratively,  utter  wreck;  ruin.  — Act  of 
bankruptcy,  in  law,  an  act  the  cmmnission  ef  \\'lilcb  by 
a  debtor  ri'llder.i  him  liable  til  be  ailjnilgeil  a  biiiiUnipt, 
.Aiiiiiiig  ill-Is  of  Iiankl-iiptey  are  the  asHigimieiit  of  Ids  prop- 
erly by  a  delilor  to  a  trustee  for  the  lu-nelltof  bis  i-i-ed- 
Itors;  the  milking  of  a  transfer  of  any  of  IiIh  in-operty  in 
friiuil  of  his  creditors,  or  the  coiu-ealnient  or  removal  of 
It  lo  evade  legal  ju-ocess  ;  departing  from  the  eouiitry,  or 
renialiihlg  out  of  it  in  order  to  defeiit  or  deliiy  eredltom; 
the  filing  In  eoni-t  of  a  dechinitlon  of  liiiibilify  to  pay  debts ; 
iioii-piiyment  of  debts  under  ci-rliiin  nllier  i-ireiinistiinees 
ilefliied'  by  the  law  as  Indicating  iiisolveney.  ABSlgneS 
In  bankruptcy.  See  as»i;,ner.  Bankruptcy  commla- 
Bloner,  or  register  in  bankruptcy,  a  jiufiibd  ofiicor 

enipiiwel-i-il.  sulijeil  to  the  HUper\  fsloll  of  the  eolirt,  to  in- 

\i-sti«iite  and  udjudiriiti-  upon  the  iilfairs  of  liunknipls.— 
Bankruptcy  laws,  the  nliilutoi-yregubit  Ions  under  which 

till-  iiio|iirly  of  ail  inmilvent  iiuiv  be  illslrlbnteil  a g 

Ills  eieillli.ri.,  wllh  the  iloilMe  object  of  eufon  lug  u  com- 
plele  dlsiiiverv  auil  an  ei|iilliilile  illstrlhiitloM  of  the  prop. 
i-Tlv.  and  of  illHchai-glng  the  ileblor  fi-oiii  Ids  iibllgatliilll 
anil  from  future  inoleHtatlim  by  hl»  i-reillliu-s.  l''onnerl.v, 
only  II  trader  could  be  made  a  biinkrii|it  tiiiiler  tlie  bank, 
nilitey  lawH,  other  pcrHiins  who  were  iiiiiilile  to  iiii-el  their 
iibllgiitlons  lieing  iumWrnlH.  The  ilinlitnlion  wuh  iibollshed 
In  till-  United  .Slates  In  IS1I  and  In  llriiit  Ib'iliiln  In  ISllD. 
In  the  I'lilteil  ,Stale».  Collgl-ess  bus  the  power  of  elnietlng 

biinlirnplcy  laws  Which  shall  be  nnlbinn  Ihi gboiit  the 

eounlry.     These  laws  lue   iiilininlstered   by  the   federal 


443 


■■"^y^ 


banluruptcy 

courts.  Laws  having  similar  objects,  but  less  efflcacioua 
in  respect  of  discliavgiug  tile  debtor,  are  maintained  by 
many  of  the  States,  but  can  oiicratc  to  give  a  discharge 
irrespective  of  creditors'  assent  nnly  wlicn  there  is  no  fed- 
eral bankruptcy  law.  These  are  termed  insolvent  laws.  In 
England  bankruptcy  laws  have  existed  from  the  time  of 
Uciiry  VIII.  The  principal  acts  are  :  34  and  35  Hen.  VIII., 
c.  4,  directed  against  fraudulent  delitors,  and  empowering 
tile' lord  chancellor  and  other  high  oHiiers  to  seize  their 
estates  and  divide  them  among  the  ereilitors  ;  l;^  I'.liz.,  c. 
7,  restricting  bankruptcy  to  traders,  and  prescriliing  cer- 
tain acts  by  committing  whicli  a  trader  became  a  liank- 
rupt ;  4  Anne,  c.  17,  and  10  Anne,  c.  16,  removing  the  crim- 
inal character  borne  by  bankruptcy  proceedings  up  to  that 
tiiEie,  and  permitting  a  debtor  to  obtain  a  certificate  of 
having  conformed  to  the  requirements  of  the  bankrupt 
law;  6  (ieo.  IV.,  c.  18,  .allowing  a  debtor  to  procure  his 
own  bankruptcy,  an.l  introdurinn  the  pi  inciple  of  private 
sctUenieiits  tietween  debtors  anti  cl-cditiTs ;  1  anil  'J  \Vm. 
I\'.,c.  .Mi,  establishing  a  court  of  ttankitiiitcy,  consisting  of 
six  conniiissiotiers  along  with  four  judges,  as  a  court  of  re- 
view, and  making  iirovision  for  official  assignees.  By  the 
Jiankrupll'ousolidation  Act  of  184!>,  proceedings  might  be 
begvin  by  petition  to  the  Court  of  Bankruptcy,  and  the  com- 
niissioTierswere  authorized  to  award  certificates  according 
to  the  merit  of  the  bankruptcy.  The  bankruptcy  act  of 
1S61  (24  and  25  Vict.,c.  134)  abolished  special  legislation 
relating  to  insolvent  debtors,  and  permitted  persons  other 
tlian  traders  to  avail  themselves  of  the  relief  atlordcd  by 
the  bankruptcy  court.  In  1869  (32  and  33  Vict.,  c.  71)  the 
cununissionerships  and  oflieial  assignees  were  abolished, 
a  new  t'ourtof  Bankruptcy  was  established,  and  provision 

was  made  for  the  appointment  of  trustees  who  should  ,      v_  ,.  ,,  i  /  t"!  x  -  "     rm.         -   -^   i     «  „ 

be  creditors.  The  Court  of  Bankruptcy  was  also  stripped  DanK-StOCK  (baiigk  stok),  n.  The  capital  of  a 
of  its  criminal  jurisdiction,  the  criminal  clauses  being  bank.  In  England  the  term  is  applied  chiefly  to  the 
placed  in  anotlier  statute,  the  Debtors'  Act,  which  abol-  stock  of  I  be  Hank  of  England.  The  stock  of  other  English 
isbed  imprisonment  for  debt  except  in  certain  cases.  In  jdint-stock  banks  is  divided  into  shares. 
1SS3  (46  and  47  Vict.,  c.  62,  taking  effect  Jan.  1,18S4)  the  fcank-SWalloW  (banffk'swol"6),  ».  Hirundo 
English  bankruptcy  acts  were  amended  and  consolidated.  r'o/(//>  rinnrin    n   vprv  <>omTnon   bird  of  Eu- 

In  the  United  States  the  subject  has  been,  except  during  O'  ^yOiue  ripm  la,  a  veiy  common  Dira  01  HjU 
the  periods  of  the  operation  of  the  United  .States  bank- 
ruptcy acts,  left  to  the  imperfect  regulation  of  divei-se 
.State  laws.  Such  a  law  in  any  particular  State  may,  when 
there  is  no  United  States  act  conflicting,  provide  for  the 
distribution  of  an  insolvent's  property,  may  discharge  him 
from  imprisontnent  for  debt,  and  may  discharge  him,  if  a 
citizen  of  such  State,  from  indebtedness  to  another  citi- 
zen thereof  contracted  while  such  State  law  was  in  force, 
so  far  as  to  make  the  discharge  a  protection  in  the  courts 
of  the  same  State.  The  first  United  States  bankrupt  law, 
known  as  the  act  of  1800  (2  Stat,  at  L.,  p.  19),  was  based 
on  a  consolidation  of  then  existing  English  statutes,  and 
■was  in  force  from  June  2, 1800,  till  Dec.  19, 1803.  The  sec- 
ond, the  act  of  1841  (5  Stat,  at  L.,  p.  440),  was  in  force 
Irom  Feb.  1,  1842,  till  March  3,  1843.  The  third,  the  act 
of  1867  (14  Stat,  at  L.,  p.  617),  repeatedly  amended,  and 
finally  revised  in  the  United  States  Revised  Statutes,  tit. 
LXL,  and  reenacted  with  modifications  in  1874  (18  Stat. 
at  L.,  p.  178),  was  in  force  from  June  1,  1867,  till  Sept.  1, 
1878.  A  fourth  was  enacted  in  1898.  In  general,  debts  con- 
tracted by  fraud,  or  in  a  fiduciary  capacity,  are  not  dis- 
charged by  the  bankruptcy  laws.  -  Commission  of  bank- 
ruptcy, a  commission  formerly  issued  by  the  English  lord 
chancellor,  appointing  and  empowering  certain  persons  to 
examine  into  the  facts  relative  to  an  alleged  bankruptcy, 
and  to  secure  the  bankrupt's  property  for  the  creditors. - 
:y.  See  discftarge. —  Fiat  if 
banltruptcy.  See  ,nat.—  Fraudulent  bankruptcy. 
See/Vaiirfu^n'.— Involuntary  bEinkruptcy,  bankruptcy 
adjudged  on  tlie  jictition  of  creditors,  sliowing  cause  why 
the  liankrupt  should  not  be  allowed  to  continue  in  posses- 
sion of  his  assets.  — Volimtary  bankruptcy,  bankruptcy 
adjudged  on  the  petition  of  tlie  deiitor,  indicating  bis  de- 
sire to  surrender  his  assets  and  be  discharged.  =  Syn,  In- 
solvency, etc.     See/ailure, 

bankruptismt  (bangk'rup-tizm),  n.     [<  bank- 
rupt +  -isiu.^     Bankruptcy. 
bankruptlyt  (bangk'rupt-H),  adv.   Like  a  bank- 
riijit. 

bankruptshipt  (bangk'rupt-sUip),  H.     [<  bank- 
rupt +  -sliip.^     Bankruptcy. 
bankrupturef  (bangk'rup-tur),  n.     [<  bankrupt 
+ -ure :  aitev  ruj)ture.~\     Bankruptcy, 


Flowering  branch  of  linnfcsia  trieifolia. 


of  the  shaft,  who  suijerintends  the  sorting  and 
loading  of  the  coal.     [Eng.J     Gresley. 


very 

rope,  Asia, 
and  Ameri- 
ca, of  the 
family  Hi- 
rundinidw :  so 
called  from 
its  habit  of 
burrowing  in 
banks  tobuUd 
its  nest.  It  is 
a  small  swal- 
low, mouse-gray 
above  and  white 
below,  with  a 
gi-ay  collar.  In 
places  where  it  is 
numerous,  hun- 
dreds or  thou- 
sands gather  to 
breed  in  com- 
pany,and  asand- 
bank  may  be  riddled  xvith  their  holes,  which  are  exca- 
vated to  the  depth  of  a  foot  or  more.  Also  called  sand' 
sivaltow  and  hanlc-martlii.     '^-"  '^"'■'■' 


t      If". 

Bank-swallow  {Cotiie  ripar. 


See  Cotile. 


Discharge  in  bankruptcy.    See  discharge.— YiaX  In  bank-'work  (banek'werk),  n.      In  coal-mining, 

a  method  of  working  coal  m  use  m  houth 
Yorkshire,  England,  and  in  some  of  the  North 
Welsh  collieries,  combining  some  of  the  pecu- 
liarities of  the  pillar  system  -vrith  those  of  the 
long-wall  system. 

banky  (bang'ki),  a.  [<  bank^  +  -)/.]  FuU  of 
banks  or  ridges;  ridgy;  hilly.     [Bare.] 

banlieue  (ban'm),  «.  [F.  (in  ML.  banleuca, 
bannum  Icucw),  <  bau,  command,  juiisdiction, 
-f  tieiie,  league,  also  an  indefinite  extent  of  ter- 
ritory. Cf.  G.  bann-mcilc  in  same  sense:  see 
ban''-  and  leaffiie^.']  The  territory  without  the 
walls,  but  within  the  legal  limits,  of  a  town  or 
city.    Sometimes  erroneously  spelled  banlieti, 

bankshall  (bangk'shal),  „.  J^^^^^  ^^^r^Slr'^&%.n.ot  bonnet. 

_'  _        I'V.         1         ■.»  ..     Vinvivio  +  'J       m  Ho/a    ''",,(Ln., 

ME.  baner,  ban 
banniere,  bandiere 
Sp.  bandcra  = 
Pg.  bandeira  =  It.  bnndicra,  <  ML.  "bandaria 
(bandcria  after  Rom.),  <  bandum,  a  standard, 
<  Goth,  bauda-a,  baiidwo,  a  sign,  token,  prob. 
akin  to  E.  hind  and  band^,  q.  v.]     I.  n.  1.  The 
piece  of  cloth,  attached  to  the  upper  part  of 
a  pole  or  staff,  which  in  former  times  served 
as  the  standard  of  a  sovereign,  lord,  or  knight, 
after  which  he  and  his  followers  marched  to 
war,  and  which  served  as  a  ralhnng-point  m 
battle ;  hence,  the  flag  or  standard  of  a  coun- 
try, army,  troop,  etc. ;  a  standard  or  ensign. 
Terrible  as  an  army  with  bamiers.  Caut.  vi  4. 


(=  Gr.  Kolta  =  E.  hall :  see  hall) ;  or  perhaps  < 
Skt.  bhdndagdla,  a  storehouse,  <  bhdnda,  wares, 
ware,  a  vessel,  pot,  -I-  gala,  as  above.]  1.  In 
the  East  Indies:  (a)  A  warehouse.  (6)  The 
office  of  harbor-master  or  other  port  author- 
ity.—  2.  lu  Java,  a  large  hall  of  audience  in  a 
princely  residence,  witliout  regular  walls,  but 
supported  by  wooden  pillars.     Tule  and  Burnell. 

bank-shot  (bangk'shot),  ".  In  billiards,  a  shot 
which  makes  the  cue-ball  touch  the  cushion 
before  hitting  any  other  ball. 

Banksia  (bangk'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Sir  Joseph  Banks  (1743-1820).]  A  genus  of 
shrubs  or  trees,  for  the  most  part  of  small  size, 
of  the  natural  order  Proteacem,  natives  of  west- 
em  extra-tropical  Australia  and  Tasmania, 
where  ■with  other  shrubs  of  the  same  order  they 
constitute  most  of  the  so-called  "semVj."  The 
foliage  is  hard  and  dry,  and  extremely  variable  in  form, 
aud  the  flowers  form  close  cylindrical  heads  resembling 
bottle-brushes.  Many  species  have  been  cultivated  in 
European  conservatories  and  gardens. 

banksman  (bangks '  man),  «. ;  pi.  banksmen 
(-men).  [<  banlFs,  poss.  of  bank^,  +  jn««.]  In 
coal'mining,  a  man  in  attendance  at  the  mouth 


Hano-  out  our  banners  on  the  outward  walls ; 
The  cry  is  still,  "  They  come  ! "  Our  castle  s  strength 
Will  laugh  a  siege  to  scorn.  i'/iat.,  Macbeth,  v.  5. 

2.  In  her.,  a  square  flag  which  in  the  middle 
ages  was  the  ensign  of  a  knight  batmeret. 
Instances  are  related  of  a  knight  companion  being  made 
a  knicht  banneret  on  the  field  of  battle,  the  mark  of  his 
promotion  being  the  tearing  off  of  the  points  of  his  pennon, 
leaviu"  the  flag  square.  In  modern  usage,  any  square  flag 
is  termed  a  banner  when  it  bears  heraldic  devices.  Itie 
most  familiar  instance  is  the  royal  banner  of  England, 
commonly  called  the  royal  standard ;  but  other  heraldic 
banners  are  used  in  the  funeral  ceremonies  of  knights  of 
the  Garter  and  the  higher  nobility. 


banner-stone 

3.  An  ensign  or  flag  bearing  a  badge  or  em- 
blem, as  of  a  society  or  order,  and  borne  in 
processions.  Banners  were  early  used  in  the  proces- 
sions of  the  Christian  church,  usually  of  the  form  adopted 
by  Constantine.  It  consisted  of  a  siiuare  clr>th  suspended 
from  a  cross-bar  near  the  top  of  a  gilt  pole,  bearing  or 
Burmollnted  by  the  sacred  symbol  ^.    .See  tabaruin. 

4.  Figuratively,  anything  displayed  as  a  pro- 
fession of  principles. 

Thou  hast  given  a  banner  tf>  them  that  fear  thee,  that  it 
may  be  displayed  because  of  the  truth.  Pa.  Ix.  4. 

See  ensign,  flag,  pennon,  and  standard. 

5.  In  hot.,  the  vcxillum  or  upper  petal  of  a 
pajiiliouaceous  flower.  Also 
called  the  standnnl. —  6.  One 
of  eight  divisions  into  which 
the  Manehus  are  marshaled, 
each  with  distinguishing  flag 
or  banner.  Four  r)f  the  flags  are 
plain  (red,  yellow,  white,  or  blue), 
the  other  four  having  a  margin  of  a 
different  color.  Hence,  the  Man- 
ehus are  known  collectively  as  the 
h'iabt  Banners  and  as  bannennen.        Pca-blossom   with  ei- 

II.  «.  Leading  or  foremost    panded  Uaoncr.    a.  ban. 

in  regard  to  some  particular  ""■  *'"'^'  ^•''"'■ 
cause   or  matter,  such  as  giving  the  largegt 
majority  to  a  political  party,  etc. 

I  am  reminded  that  there  is  an  Alleghany  City  as  well 
as  an  Alleghany  County,  the  former  the  banner  town, 
and  the  latter  the  banner  county,  perhaps,  of  the  world. 
Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  84. 

banneralt,  «•    A  corrupt  form  of  bannerol,  2. 

bannered  (ban'ferd),  a.  [(.banner  +  -ed'^.']  1. 
Furnished  with  or  bearing  a  banner;  display- 
ing banners. 

A  banner'd  host 
Under  spread  ensigns  marching. 

llilttm,  P.  L.,  ii.  88S. 
Bothwell's  bannered  hall.  Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  8. 

2.  Borne  or  blazoned  on  a  banner. 

bannerer  (ban'er-er),  n.  A  standard-bearer; 
one  who  carries  a  banner. 

banneret!  (ban'er-et),  n.  [Also  bannerette,  < 
ME.  banneret,  banerett,  <  OF.  baneret,  banerette, 
dim.  of  banere,  banner  :  see  banner  and  -«<.]  A 
little  banner;  a  banderole. 

The  scarfs  and  the  bannerets  about  thee  did  manifoldly 
dLssnade  me  from  believing  thee  a  vessel  of  too  great  a 
burthen.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 

banneret^  (ban'6r-et),  n.  [<  ME.  baneret,  <  OF. 
baneret,  banneret,  <  banere,  a  banner  (see  ban- 
ner), +  -et,  <  L.  -atus  (see  -afel)  =  E.  -ed^;  lit., 
one  bannered:  see  banner  and  -ed^.J  1.  One 
who  is  bannered  or  entitled  to  a  banner ;  spe- 
cifically, a  knight  of  a  certain  grade  in  the  mili- 
taiy  hierarchy  of  the  middle  ages.  Originally  the 
riglit  to  display  a  banner  (as  distinguished  from  a  pennon) 
was  limited  to  those  who  could  bring  a  certain  array  of 
followers  into  the  field,  and  who  had  also  been  dubbed  or 
accoutred  knight.  As  the  military  distinctions  of  earlier 
feudalism  became  confused  by  the  employment  of  paid 
soldiers,  the  right  of  displaying  a  banner  became  more  and 
more  a  reward  for  distinguished  prowess  in  battle,  .\fter 
a  victory  or  a  notable  achievement  a  banneret  elect,  carry- 
ing his  pennon  in  his  hand,  xvas,  it  is  said,  conducted  be- 
tween two  knights  of  note,  and  presented  to  the  king  or 
general,  who  cut  otf  the  point  or  endsof  his  pennon,  making 
it  square.  He  was  then  called  a  knight  of  the  square  jtag. 
Also  called  knigkt  banneret. 

Sir  Richard  Croftes,  who  was  made  banneret  at  .  .  . 
Stoke,  was  a  w  ise  man.   Camden,  Remains  (ed.  1637),  p.  271. 

2.  Formerly,  the  title  of  magistrates  of  the 
second  rank  in  some  Swiss  cantons,  and  also  of 
certain  officers  of  some  of  the  Italian  republics. 
Melchior  Sturmthal,  .  .  .  Banneret  of  Berne. 

Scott,  .\nne  of  Geierstein,  I.  vii, 

(In  Solothurn)  on  the  death  of  an  avoyer,  the  banneret 

succeeds  to  his  place.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  335. 

bannerless  (ban'er-les),  a.  [<  banner  +  -less.'\ 
Having  no  banner.     J.  S.  Jes.se. 

bannerman  (bau'er-man),  n. :  pi.  bannermen 
(-men).  1.  A  standard-bearer:  a  bannerer. — 
2.  A  person  belonging  to  one  of  the  eight  ban- 
ners into  which  the  Manehus  are  marshaled. 
See  banner,  6. 

bannerol  (ban'e-rol),  n.  [See  banderole.  This 
is  the  usual  spelling  in  sense  2.]  1.  Same  as 
banderole. —  2.  In  England,  a  banner,  about  a 
yard  square,  borne  at  the  funerals  of  prominent 
men,  and  placed  over  the  tomb.  It  bears  the 
arms  of  the  ancestors  and  alliances  of  the  de- 
ceased, painted  on  silk.  Also  erroneously  writ- 
ten hiinner-roU  and  banneral. 

banner-plant  (ban'er-plant),  n.  A  name  given 
to  some  cultivated  species  of  J  nth  urium.  natural 
order  J  i-acfff,  in  which  the  bright-scarlet  spathe 
is  broadly  expanded  at  right  angles  to  the  spadix. 

banner-roll  (ban'er-rol),  »i.  An  erroneous  form 
of  hauueroh  2. 

banner-stone  (ban'er-ston),  «.  A  name  some- 
times given,  not  very  aptly,  to  certain  stone 
objects  shaped  like  a  small  two-edged  ax,  which 


banner-stone 

are  supposed  to  have  been  -svom  as  ornaments 
in  prehistoric  times,  or  held  in  the  hand  as 
badges  of  authority.  They  have  an  eye  for 
the  insertion  of  a  handle. 

Some  banner-stones  of  striped  slate  have  been  found  iu 
CamiUus,  and  one  on  Skane.iteles  Lake  [New  York]. 

Stnfth:<oman  Hep.,  ISSl,  p.  057. 

banner-vane  (ban'er-van),  n.  A  weather-vane 
having  the  shape  of  a  banner,  balanced  by  a 
weight  on  the  other  side  of  the  staff. 

bannet(ban'et),n.  [Se.,  =  E.  ionHcf.]  A  bon- 
net.   Scoit. 

bannimnst,  «•  [<  ML-  iannimus,  we  bamsh, 
1st  pers.  pi.  pres.  ind.  of  hannire,  banish:  see 
hanish.'S     Same  as  hannition. 


4-i4 

Just  in  time  to  fiaHTWrf 
The  illustrious  company  assembled  tliere.     Coteridrje. 

H.  inlrans.  1.  To  feast;  regale  one's  self 
with  good  eating  and  drinking ;  fare  daintily. 

The  mind  shall  banquet,  though  t.u:  body  pine. 

Shak.,L.  L.  L.,i.  1. 

Were  it  a  draught  for  Juno  when  she  banquets, 
I  would  not  taste  thy  treasonous  oiler. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  TOl. 

2t.  To  take  part  in  a  light  refection  after  a 
feast.     See  banquet,  n.,  2. 

Then  was  the  banqueting-cbamber  in  the  tilt-yard  at 
Greenwich  furnished  for  the  entertaiiniient  of  tliese 
strangers,  wliere  they  did  both  sup  and  hantpii't. 

G.  Cavendish. 


banning  ^^^,'!::i^^^-fi^^:2  ^S^^^.  ^KS^'^s^  i^.'"^ 

One  who  banquets ;  a  banqueter. 


The  act  of  uttering  a  ban  or  curse ;  an  execra- 
tion or  cursing  of  another. 

Especially  when  the  names  of  the  infernal  fiends  or  un- 
Incky  soules  are  used  in  such  banninijs. 

Holland,  tr.  of  I'liny,  xxvii.  2. 

bannitiont  (ba-nish'on),  n.  [< ML.  ba)i)iitw{n-), 
<  baniiire,  banish:  see  6(i«w/i,  and  cf.  abait- 
nitioii.']  The  act  of  banishing  or  the  state  of 
being  banished;  expulsion,  especially  from  a 
university. 

You  will  take  order,  when  he  comes  out  of  the  castle, 
to  send  him  out  of  tile  univei-sity  too  by  bannitian. 

Abp.  Laud,  Remains,  H.  191. 


Are  there  not  beside 
Other  great  baTiquetants^ 

Chajiman,  Odyssey,  xx. 

banqueter  (bang'kwet-er),  n.      1.  A  guest  at. 
a  banquet ;  a  feaster. 

Great  banqueters  do  seldom  great  exploits.  Cot^frat'e. 
2t.  One  who  provides  feasts  or  rich  entertain- 
ments. 
banquet-ball  (baug'kwet-hal),  h.  A  hall  in 
which  banquets  are  held.  Also  called  hanquet- 
ing-haU. 
The  fair  Pcleian  hanquet-hall.  Tennyson,  (Enone. 

A  ban- 


bannock  (ban'ok),  n.    [Sc,  <  ME.  haiinok,  <  AS 
fcuiiHKC,  <  Gael.  fcniiHnfft,  also  fc((««oWi,  =  Ir.?)()iH-  „       i,        v 

neog.  a  cake.]     A  thick  cake  made  of  oatmeal,  banquet-house  (bang  kwet-hous),  )i 
barley-meal,  orpease-meal,  baked  on  the  embers     quetiug-house. 
or  on"  an  iron  plate  or  griddle  over  the  fire. 
Bannoks  is  better  nor  na  kin  bread. 

Ra;i's  Scvtlith  Proverbs  (1678),  p.  3ti4. 

bannock-fluke  (ban'ok-flok),  n.     [Sc,   <  b(in- 
nocl:  +  JluU-.']     A  Scotch  name  of  the  com- 

b^*Tw),  ».  pi.     [Formerly  bannes,  often  banqueting-hall  (bang'k. 

°6^,  mod.  more  correctly  bans,  pi.  of  banl,  v^A^'^g  ^OUSe  (ban.' 
o  V     The  stielline  6nnHs  is  now  usual  in  this  Danquexmg  noube  tMaii„ 
?;nse.]    1.  -Fhc  pr^oclamation  of  intended  mar-    ^ou.e  where  banquets  are  given 
riage  in  order  that  those  who  know  of  any  im-        .1"  «■  banqueti,ig-house,  among  certam  pleasant  trees,  the 


A  hmujii't-liouse  salutes  the  southern  sky.  Dryden. 

banqueting   (bang'kwet-ing),   n.    The  act   of 

feasting ;  luxui-ious  living ;  rich  entertainment ; 

a  feast. 

Excess  of  wine,  revellings,  hanquetings.         1  Pet.  iv.  3. 

kwet-ing-h&l),  n.    Same 

banqueting-house  (liang'kwet-ing-hous),  «.    A 


Sidneij. 


peiSment  thereto  may  state  it  to  the  proper      a'«"as     .  ,• 

authorities.    Banns  were  made  a  partof  ecclesiastical  banquette    (bong-ket  )     n       [F      fe"-  ^  "•  f 
leKislation  by  the  fourth  Council  of  the  Lateran,  A.  P.     l"inc.  a  bench:  see  banlc-,  and  cf.  hdiquel.]    1. 


iSi,  whose 'decrees  were  confirmed  by  the  Couucil  of  («)  In   I'ort.,   a  raised  way  or  foot-bauk,   run 

Trent.    In  the  Roman  Catholic  Churcli  the  celebration  of  ning  along  the  inside  of  a  parapet  brcast-bit;h 

marriage  without  previous  proclamation  of  the  banns  ^^      .  ^^^^  riflemen  stand  to  fire  ui.on 

unless  hyspecia    dispensation,  is  gravely  illicit,  hut  not  a,"u.v  ^  ,  ^  i,,.,    '    ,.i 

Invalid.    The  proclan.ation  is  made  by  the  parish  priest  tho  enemy.     (6)  In  mctheml  Jort.,  an  advanced 


2t.  The  proclamation  or  prologue  of  a  play 


Baixes  or  Prologue  [to]  the  Fall  of  Lucifer. 
York  Plat/s, 


.  Ixii. 


,  Int 
To  bid  or  ask  the  banns*,  to  publish  the  banns. 

II  all  parties  be  ijleascd,  a.'^k  their  ImnuK,  'tis  a  match. 
Jlurlon,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  501. 
To  forbid  the  banns,  to  make  formal  objection  to  an 
intended  marriage. 

A  lietter  fate  did  Maria  deseri-e  than  to  have  her  lianns 
/orbid.  Sterne,  Tristram  shandy,  ix.  24. 

bannnt  (ban'ut),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  ban- 
mt,  <  late  ME.  buntwnolc  (in  comp.  Iianncnote- 
Irc,  glossed  areUina,  filbert);  <  "h'ln,  'bannc 
(origin  unknown)  +  nut.']  A  walnut,  the  fruit 
of  Jugl'in.i  regia  (baunut-tree).  [Obsolete  or 
dialectal.! 
banquet  (bang'kwet).  H.  [Earlier  hanl;ct,  <  F. 
Ixinquet  (=  It.  banclKtIi)  =  Sp.  banquctc),  a 
feast,  orig.  a  little  bencli  or  table,  dim.  of  banc 
(=  It.  Sp.  banco),  a  bench  or  table :  see  bank''- 
and  banqiiilU.'}  1.  A  feast;  a  rich  entertain- 
ment of  food  and  drink. 

A  napkin  of  fine  linen  to  be  Inbl  on  the  tahlo  at  the 
coronotlon  lianquel.  .Vacaulaii,  Hist.  Kiig.,  xxlll. 

2t.  A  light  entertainment  at  the  end  of  a  feast ; 
n  dessert;  a  refection  ut  which  wine  is  drunk. 
We'll  dine  in  tho  great  room  ;  but  let  the  iuuhIc 
And  bam/uet  bo  iirepnreil  here. 

Ma»nnifrr,  Unnatural  Combat,  HI.  I. 

'  were  all  the  dalntlen.  not  only  of  the  Heoxon,  but 

'   trt  rould  nd'l,  venlHon,  plain  wdid  niente,  fowle, 

.'1    build    uicatN,    ttnn-ptrl   (dcM-rt)   in   exceeding 

I  cxiiuiitlt4'ly  drmit'd. 

Kreliin,  Iiinry,  <iel,  27,  inVi. 

'lit  repast  between  meiils:  KometimoM 
nig  Imnquet.      .V.  /'.'.  /'. 

,'  t'tin'jurt  of  twr,  iM-ndlril. 

.s'/,<i*.,  Henry  VIII.,  v.  .1. 

sanio  nH  bnnqucllr,  1. —  6.  A  huuiII 

•  iri  of  a  horse's  briille  comiiif'  nii- 

n    1.  Frnul,  ^v»'i>'i/,  rti ,    .*-' i  (".  f 

.vet),  r.     [Karlier  banl.i  f,  <  V. 


Formerly  sometimes  written  hanqwt,  as  English. 
2.  The  footway  of  a  bridge  when  raised  above 
tho  carriageway. — 3.  A  bench  for  jiassengers, 
or  tho  space  occupied  by  benches,  on  the  top 
of  a  French  diligence,  and  hence  of  any  public 
vehicle. — 4.  A  sidewalk.  [Common  in  the 
southern  and  soutliwestern  United  States.] 

standing  outside  on  the  banquette,  he  bowed  -  not  to  Dr. 
Mossy,  but  to  the  balcony  of  the  big  red-brick  front. 

U.  ir.  Cahlf.  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  111. 
Banquette  slope,  in  ,lort..  an  incline  connecting  the 
■lialiMUelte  tnad    with    the  terrcplein    or    interior  of    tile 

work.  -  Banquette  tread,  tlie  level  surface  of  the  baii- 

(liiette  .ill  «liich  llie  soldiers  Rtaud  while  tiring  over  the 

crest  of  the  parai>et ;  tlie  tread. 
bans,  ".  /''-     See  Imnns. 
bansnee  (Imn'she),  n.   [<  Gael,  ban-stith,  Ir.  bvan- 

Ki'tllic,  lit.  woman  of  the  fairies,  <   Gael.  ban. 

Ir.  /;<«",  woiimii,  -t-  ,v(//(,  Ii'.  sigli,  siglic,  .sigliidli  bantery  (ban'ter-i),  a 


Bantu 

five  size.  Many  of  these  varieties  are  the  exact  counter.  ( 
parts,  except  in  size,  of  the  corresponding  breeds  of  fujl  j 
size,  and  were  originally  reduced  in  weight  by  careful  | 
selection  and  breeding  of  small  specimens  from  theaa  t 
full-sized  breeds.  There  are  other  varieties,  however,  as 
the  Japanese  and  the  Sebright  bantams,  which  do  not  re- 
semble any  of  the  large  breeds.  The  chief  varieties  are  i 
the  African,  game  (in  the  several  colors),  Japanese,  Pekin,  , 
Polish,  and  Sebright  bantams. 
2.  Same  as  Bantam-icork. 

II.  a.   Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  ban- 
tam; of  the  breed  of  the  bantam;  hence,  dimin-  ■ 
ntive;  puny;  absurdly  combative,  or  fussy  and  : 
consequential. 

Bantam-'work  (ban'tam-wferk),  n.  An  old  name 
for  carved  work,  painted  in  party-colors,  im- 
ported from  the  East  Indies;  "a  kind  of  Indian 
painting  and  car\-iug  on  wood,  resembling  Ja- 
pan-work, only  more  gay,"  Chambers's  Cye., 
Supp.,  1753. 

banteng(ban'teng),Ji.  [Nativename;  alsospell- 
ed  banting.]  A  species  of  ox,  Bos  banteng  or  B. 
sondakus,  a  local  race  iu  the  Malay  archipelago. 

banter  (ban'ter),  V.  t.  [First  iu  the  latter  part 
of  the  17th  centiu-y;  regarded  then  as  slang.] 

1.  To  address  good-humored  raillery  to ;  attack  ■ 
with  jokes  or  jests;  make  fim  of;  I'ally. 

The  magistrate  took  it  that  ho  bantered  him,  and  bade 
an  officer  take  him  into  custody.  Sir  Jt.  L' Estrange, 

Not  succeeding  in  banterin;/  nie  out  of  my  epistolary  ■ 
proprieties.  Blackwood's  Ma;!.,  XXIII.  384. 

So  home  we  went,  and  all  the  livelong  way 
With  solemn  jibe  did  Eustace  banter  me. 

Tenny-ton,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

2.  To  impose  upon  or  cheat,  originally  in  a  jest-  ■ 
ing  or  bantering  way ;  bamboozle.     [Ai'chaic]  | 

Somebody  had  been  bantering  him  with  an  imposition. 
Scott,  Guy  Malinering,  U. 

3.  To  challenge;  in-vite  to  a  contest.  [South- 
ern and  western  U.  S.]  =  S3m.  Banter,  Italhi.  iiui^  , 
tease,  joke.  We  banter  another  in  good  humor  chiefly  for  t 
something  he  or  she  has  done  or  neglected  to  do,  whether  r 
the  act  «>r  omission  be  faulty  or  ridiitilous  or  not,  if  It  t 
I'lily  affords  a  subject  for  a  laugh  or  smile  at  his  or  her  r 
expense,  or  causes  a  blush  not  altogether  painful.  Rally,  , 
literally  to  rail,  generally  implies  some  degree  i>f  sarcasm  i 
or  pungency,  and  is  aimed  at  some  specific  fault,  olfcns^  , 
or  weakness. 

The  sort  of  mock-heroic  gigantcsqne 
With  which  we  banter  d  little  Lilia  llrst. 

Tennyso7i,  Princess,  Conclusion.  . 

Lest  you  think  I  rail;/  more  tllail  teach, 
Or  praise  inalignly  arts  I  cannot  reach. 

Pojie,  Imit.  of  Horace,  i.  2.  . 

[<  hanlcr,  v.]    1.  A  joking  ; 
uniored  ridicule  or  raillery; ; 

asautry. 

When  wit  has  any  mixture  of  raillery,  it  is  but  calling  i 
it  banter  and  tile  work  is  done. 

SwiJ't,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Author's  ApoL 

Mr.  Adams  made  his  contribution  to  the  service  of  the  • 
taljle  iu  the  form  o!  tliat  good-humored,  easy  banter  ■ 
which  makes  a  dinner  of  herbs  more  digestible  than  k  i 
stalled  ox  without  it. 

Josiah  Quinetf,  Figures  of  tho  Past,  p.  6& 

2.   A  challenge  to  a  match  or  contest ;  the  ' 
match  or  contest  itself.     [Southern  and  west-  ■ 
ern  U.  S.] 
banterer  (ban'ter-er),  H.     1.  One  who  banters  ' 
or  nssails  with   good-humoretl  jests  or  pleas- 
antry.— 2.    One  who  cheats  or  bamboozles. 
[Archaic.] 

His  dresa,  his  gait,  his  accent,  .  ,  .  marked  him  out  a« 
an  excellent  subject  for  the  operations  of  Bwinillcrs  and 
liiuitcrrrs.  Macaulaii,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 


l'> 


81 


4f, 
rfKl-nl 

banqn 

bttiHji' 
■Willi  I 


Ii,  /., 


/;.. 


Ihonoiin.]     I.  trann.  To  treat  bantam  (biiii'tiiiii),  >i.  nnd  n. 

I  or  rieh  ontertninment.  fi"i"  /('/»/")«,  in. Invn.)   I.  n 

'X  '  ■  I  In  entrrlalnitienl; 

' >i  <  i<K,?    Hhirl'ii,  Tho  Traitor,  ill.  2. 


(tho  final  i-oiisonant  being  scarcely  si>undeil\ 
fairv.]  A  type  of  female  fail y  lielieved  in  Ire- 
land and  soino  jiarts  of  Scotland  to  attach  her- 
self to  a  jiarlieuhir  house,  and  to  foretell  by 
eiieli  nii|ieaiiiiiee  llie  death  of  one  of  tho  family. 
Also  Unsliicj  bcnslii, 

TUi:  lianshee  Is  a  species  of  iirlstocralle  fairy,  who.  In  Ibe 
shape  of  a  little  hideous  old  woman,  hiw  been  known  lo 
appear,  and  heard  to  sing  in  a  mournful  huperiiatnial  v..i,  e 
under  Ibe  windows  of  great  llonnes,  to  warn  the  laiiilly 

Hint  «<u if  them  were  soon  lo  die.     In  the  Ia»l  eenluly 

every  great  family  In  Ireland  had  nliavuhrc,  who  al tended 
regularly,  but  latterly  their  vUlls  and  »oiig«  have  hcin  dl«. 
eontinued.  '*''*"  l-.'Itt'  u-iirlb. 

banstickled'iin'siik-l), H.  [Sc.,<Ml';. /<nH.w/cWc. 

<  hiinr,  <  AS.  ban,  bone,  <i.  v.,  +  .ilickli;  <  AS. 
.■<fiV'»7.s,  prickle,  {'t.slicklrliack.]  A  niimo  ofllie 
lliref-Hpined  slii-Ulelinck. 
bant  (limit),  I'.  I.  j  iiiulicrouHly  foniied  from  Ihe 
iiliriiKi-  "the  Mauling  HyHleiii,"  tlie  imiiier  iiiime 
iHliig  taken  as  Ininting,  ppr.  anil  verbnl  ikhiii 
of  an  Hssiimed  verb  bant.]  To  priictiHo  Imnt- 
iincism  (whicli  see). 

[Honnmeil,  prnb., 

1.  A  genernl  iiaiiie 

foi  a  niiiiiber  of  varielies  of  the  commiiii  lien 

poKHORHing  tho  cliarn<!toriHtlc  of  very  diraiiiu- 


'd  1 


Full  of  banter  orgood- 


aillery.     Carlylc. 

banting!,  „.     See  banteng. 

banting-  (ban'ting).  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  hant,  v.] 
Tlie  priu'tico  of  bantingism  (vvhidi  seo) :  as,  to 
go  tliroiigli  a  course  of  banting. 

bantingism  (lian'ting-izm),  ».  [Named  after 
William  lUDiting.]  A  course  of  di(it  for  re 
clueiiig  i-(irpulence,  iulo]itod  and  reeommeiuleil 
ill  l.s(i:t  by  William  Uanting,  a  merchant  of 
hondoil.  The  illetiiry  r<'coiiiiiiciided  was  the  use  of  lean 
meat  priniiiially,  anil  abstinence  from  fata,  starches,  and 
Miu'iirs. 

bantling  (bant'ling),  V.  [I'erhnps  a  eorruiitioii 
of  'handling,  meiiniiig  a  child  in  swiulclliiiv 
clolheH, </i"'»(r-, awriippiiig,  +  -ling.iVun.  siilli- 
as  \nfi>undling,  fanilling,  nurseling,  etc.;  mon 
iiroli.for  "hai'ikl'ing,  <  (i.  bankling,  ii  baslai'd,  < 
bank,  beii<-h,  -I-  -ling:  ef.  ciiiiiv.  (!.  Imnkirl. 
1,(1.  Iiankcrt,  <  ?othA',' bench,  +  -nt=¥,.  -ard.] 
A  yciung  child;  an  infant:  a  term  carrying 
with  it,  a  shade  of  contempt. 

It's  a  rickety  sort  of  liantlinn,  I'm  told,  • 

That  II  die  of  old  age  wlieli  lis  seven  years  old. 

.Inuira  .Smith,  Itejeeleil  Addresses. 

Bantu  (ban'tii),  n.  [A  nalivi^  ii:uiie,  lit.  '  peo- 
jile.'J    A  name  soiiiel  iiiies  applied  In  tlio  South 


Bantu 


4-15 


dip,  dye.]  A  genus  of  leguminous  plants  of 
the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi. 
'J'hcy  Jii-c  herljaceouSj  and  turn  black  in  drying.  Tlie 
wild  indij;o,  li.  tinctoria,  has  been  used  for  dyeing,  and  its 
mot  in  medicine  as  a  laxative,  and  in  larger  doses  as  a  ea- 
tliartir  iiiid  emetic.  Some  species,  especially  the  bluc-tlow- 
iicd  />'.  ausirali^,  are  occasionally  cultivated  in  gardens. 
baptism  (bap'tizm),  11.  [<  ME.  haptisinc  (usu- 
ally and  earlier  baplhn,  baptym,  baptem),  <  OF, 
hiijitasme,  bapteme,   batesme,   bateme   (mod.  F, 


African  family  of  tongues.    The  most  marked  pe- 
ruliarity  of  these  languages  is  their  prevailing  use  of  pre- 
llxes  instead    of  suttixcs   in   derivation    and    inliection. 
Those   of  them  tliat    t)order  on  the   Hottentot  employ 
(licks  or  clucks  as  alpliabctic  elements.     Also  culled  Chit- 
(Ilia  and  Zituiiitn.    Also  ii.scd  as  a  racial  name. 
banxring    (lianKks'rinj;),    ».     [Native   name.] 
A  name  of  a  squirrel-like  insectivorous  mam- 
lual  of  Java,  the  Tupaia  javanica.    Also  called 
hangsriiuj  and  sinsring.     See  TupaUdw. 
banyan^,  «.     See  banimii-. 
banyan-,  banyan-tree,  «.    See  banian^. 
baobab   (biX'o-liiib),    «.     [Formerly  also  baho- 
iafc;  a  native  African  name.]    An  African  tree,     by  dipping  with  a  cup;  in  N.  T.   and  eccl., 
the  Jr/<("6'(/i(V(  (/(V//teto,  belonging  to  the  tribe    baptize.]     1.  A  sacrament  or  ordinance  of  the 
Bombacea;,  natural  order  ilahaceiv,  also  called    Oliristian  church,  instituted  by  Christ  as  an  ini- 
the  Ethiopian  sour-gourd,  and  in  South  Africa    tiatory  rite,  consisting  in  the  immersion  of  the 
the  cream-of-tartar  tree.     It  is  a  native  of  tropical    person  in  water,  or  in  the  application  of  water 
Africa,  and  h-M  been  introduced  and  naturalized  in  various     to  the  person  by  affusion  or  by  sprinkling,  by  an 
parts  of  the  Ea,st  and  West  Indies     It  is  one  of  the^^^^^^^^^^^^^    authorized  administrator,  "  in  the  name  of  the 
trees  in  the  woiid,  being  often  louna  30  feet  in  diameter,     -r,    ,,  i     i- ^.i      o  ^  -i     cj.\      tr    ^     r^\       i.  m 

though  it  grows  to  a  height  of  only  from  40  to  70  feet.   The    *  ather,  and  of  the  bou,  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost." 
branches  slioot  out  from  CO  to  70  feet,  bearing  a  dense     The  proper  signification  of  the  rite,  the  proper  subjects 

of  it,  and  the  proper  methods  of  adminiBteriiig  it,  are  mat- 
ters of  dispute  in  the  (.christian  church.  In  I'rotestant 
churches  it  is  generally  regarded  as  a  symbol  of  purifica- 
tion, a  rite  of  initiation  into  the  visible  church  of  Christ, 
and  a  sign  ratifying  God's  covenant  with  his  people.  In  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  baptism  is  the  sacrament  of  iiiitia- 
titm  into  the  church  of  Christ,  consisting  essentially  in  the 
applicution  of  water  to  the  person  baptized  by  one  having 
tlif  intention  of  conferring  the  sacrament,  and  who  pro- 
nounces at  the  same  time  the  words,  "N.,  I  baptize  thee 
in  the  name  of  the  Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Iloly 
Ghost."  TheGreekformula,"The8ervantofGod  is  baptized 
inthename,"etc.,i3al8orecognizedasvalid.  Inmostbr;inch- 
esnftheehurch  a  layman  m;iy,  in  caseof  necessity,  adminis- 
ter liaptism.  In  the  Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  most  Prot- 
estant chuichfs,  infant  children  are  adtnitted  to  baptism; 
but  among  the  various  Baptist  denominations  only  those 
are  admitted  who  give  credible  evidence  of  possessing  a 
Christian  experience.  Among  them,  also,  it  is  generally  per- 
formed by  immersion,  which  they  regard  as  the  Scriptural 
mode.  Tliis  is  also  the  common  mode  in  the  Eastern 
churches;  in  the  Western  churches  sprinkling  or  pouring 
is  conmionly  substituted.  The  Friends  reject  all  baptism 
with  water,  regarding  Christian  baptism  as  sphitual  only. 

Baptlsin  is  not  only  a  sign  of  profession,  and  mark  of  dif- 
ference, whereby  Christian  men  are  discerned  from  others 
that  be  not  christened,  but  it  is  also  a  sign  of  Regenera- 
tion or  New-Birtli,  whereby,  as  by  an  instrument,  they  that 
receive  Bapti.'^m  rightly  are  grafted  into  the  Church ;  the 
promises  of  the  forgiveness  of  sin,  and  of  our  adoption  to 
be  the  sons  of  God  by  the  Holy  Ghost,  are  visibly  signed 
and  sealed ;  Faith  is  confirmed,  and  Grace  increased  by 
virtue  of  prayer  unto  God. 

Articles  of  Religion  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  and  Prot.  Epis.  Ch. 

We  believe  in  .  .  .  baptism  to  be  administered  to  be- 
lievers and  their  children,  as  the  sign  of  cleansing  from 
sin,  of  union  to  Christ,  and  of  the  impartation  of  the  Holy 
Spirit.  Congregational  Creed,  ISH'S. 


toaptistic 

seal,  OT  the  sml  of  hfiptiHm.  .See  6rt;y^Vw,  — Baptismal 
name,  tht;  piih(»iial  rirCIn-ihtiHH  name  givi-n  at  ltaj»tiHm. 
—  Baptismal  regeneration,  tJie  doctrine  uf  the  rcmiH- 
sion  of  luitflnal  an-l  actual  .sin,  an<i  tlie  new  birth  into  the 
life  of  Hanrtifyiiit,'  urace,  in  and  througli  the  sacrament 
of  l)aptism.  -  Baptismal  shell,  n  leal  shell  polislied,  or 
a  small  metal  vessel  in  the  wliape  of  a  scallop-Kliell,  used 
to  take  water  from  the  font  and  pour  it  ujton  tlie  head  of 
the  candidate  in  bai)ti8m.-^  Baptismal  VOWS,  tlie  prom- 
ises made  at  baptism  by  the  in-imm  baptized,  or  by  the 
sponsors  in  bis  name. 


Baobab  of  Madagascar   ylti 


tsoma   Madi^tscarte^  s  s) 


mass  ot  deciduous  leaves,  somewhat  similar  to  those  of 
the  horse-chestnut.  The  white  flowers  are  from  4  to  6 
inches  broad,  and  the  oblong  gourd-like  fruit,  about  a 
foot  in  length,  is  eaten  by  monkeys,  and  hence  is  called 
vmnke'i-hread  (which  see).  The  juice  of  the  fruit  mixed 
with  sugar  is  much  esteemed  as  a  beverage ;  and  the  pulp, 
which  is  pleasantly  acid,  is  eaten,  and  is  employed  as  a 
remedy  in  Egyptian  dysentery.  The  dried  and  powdered 
mucilaginous  bark  and  leaves  are  used  by  the  negroes, 
under  the  name  of  laid,  on  their  food,  like  pepper,  to  dimin- 
ish perspiration ;  and  the  strong  fiber  of  the  bark  is  made 
into  ropes  and  cloth.  The  only  other  known  species  of 
this  genus  are  the  Australian  sour-gourd  or  creara-of-tartar 
tree,  Adansonia  Gregorli,  which  differs  chiefly  in  its 
smaller  fruit,  and  the  JIadagascar  baobab,  A.  Madagas- 
carieiiMs,  which  has  red  flowers. 

bap  (bap),  n.     [Se. ;  origin  unknown.]     A  roll 

of  bread  of  various  shapes,  costing  generally  a 

halfpenny  or  a  penny. 

The  young  baker  who  brings  the  haps  in  the  mornings. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXV.  392. 

baphe  (ba'fe),  ».  [<  Gr.  /3ac^7,  a  dye,  dyeing, 
dipping  in  dye,  a  dipping,  <  jidirTew,  dip :  see 
baiiti:e.'\  The  brilliant  red  color  used  in  illu- 
minating ancient  manuscripts. 

Baphomet  (baf'o-met),  n.  [F.  Bapliomet;  Pr. 
Bafiimct,  OSp.  Mafomat,  regarded  as  a  corrup- 
tion of  Mcihoiiift.  Cf.  Malioimd  and  Mammet.'\ 
The  imaginary  idol  or  symbol  which  the  Tem- 
plars were  accused  of  worshiping.  By  some  mod- 
ern writers  the  Templars  are  charged  with  a  depraved 
<Tiiosticism,  and  the  word  Baphomet  has  had  given  to  it 
the  signification  of  baptism  of  wisdom  (as  if  <  Gr.  3a'fni, 
liaptism,  -f  jii^Tt9,  wisdom),  baptism  of  fire ;  in  other  words, 
the  Gnostic  baptism,  a  species  of  spiritual  illumination. 
But  this  and  the  other  guesses  are  of  no  value.  The  word 
may  be  a  manipulated  form  of  Mahottiet,  a  name  which 
took  strange  shapes  in  the  middle  ages. 

Baphometic  (baf-o-met'ik),  a.     [<  Baphomef] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Baphomet,  or  to  the  rites 
in  which  it  was  supposed  to  be  employed. 
It  is  from  this  hour  that  I  incline  to  date  my  spiritual 


h<iplrmc),<  LL.  baptisma,  <  iiv.  (JawTtn/ia,  also  baptlsmally  (bap-tiz'mal-i),  orfj;.  In  or  through 

lUiTTiiy/id^,  <  fiairriCecv,  dip  or  plunge  in  or  under     lii'l't  i«"i ;  l>y  moans  of  baptism. 

water,  sink  (a  ship),  drench,  soak,  draw  (wine)  baptist  (bap'tist),  n.     [<  ME.  baptist  (only  m 

•      •      '    ■■  '"  ■' -'    retVicnc-o  to  .John  the  Baptist),  <  LL.  6a;j<(»<a, 

<  Gr.  jiarTTinriir,  one  who  baptizes,  <  jia-KTiCnv, 
baptize:  sua  bupti^o.']  1.  One  who  administers 
baptism:  the  title  (with  a  capital  letter)  of 
John,  tho  forerunner  of  Christ. 

Ilim  the  Baptint  soon  descried.  Sfiltcm,  P.  E.,  i  25. 
2.  [ca/'.]  A  member  or  an  adherent  of  one  of 
those  tjhristian  denominations  which  maintain 
that  baptism  can  be  administered  only  upon  a 
personal  profession  of  Christian  faith.  Gener- 
ally, though  not  always,  Bajjtists  are  immerslonists.  'J'hifl 
doctrine  has  been  held  from  a  very  early  age  of  theChrlB- 
tian  church ;  but  the  Baptists  as  a  distinct  denomina- 
tion date  from  the  epoch  of  the  Refonnation,  and  were 
originally  called  A/utlmptixtn  by  their  opponents.  In  the 
United  States  the  Baptists  owe  their  origin  to  Jloger 
Williams,  who  was  originally  a  minister  of  the  (-'hurcti  of 
England.  Tho  principal  Baptist  denominations  are  the 
llaptiMH.  sometimes  called  Catmnitit  liaptiatH,  from  their 
Calvinistic  theology  ;  Frevwitl  Baptists,  who  are  Anninfan 
in  thcolcjgy  and  open  conimuniunists  in  practice ;  (Jfrtnan 
BapUatt^,  i)opularly  called  Dunkers ;  General  Itajititiln,  a 
party  of  English  Baptists  who  are  Anninian  in  theology 
and  hold  to  a  general  atonement  (opposed  to  Particular 
Baptists,  who  are  Calvinistic);  Olij-Sehwtt  liaptixts,  some- 
times called  Anti-.Miftsf'oii  or  Ilard-Shelt  liaptisfs,  from 
tlieir  extreme  Calvinism,  which  leads  them  to  oppose  all 
active  measures  for  the  conversion  of  the  world  (a  sect 
numbering  40,000);  Seventh-Day  Baptists,  who  keep  the 
seventh  day,  instead  of  the  Hrst,  as  the  s.abbath  ;  Six- 
rrinciplti  Baptists,  so  called  from  the  six  principles  which 
constitute  their  creed  (they  practise  "  laying  on  of  hands," 
and  refuse  communion  to  all  who  do  not);  Disciples  of 
Christ,  also  called  Christians  or  Campbellites,  an  American 
denomination  growing  out  of  the  labors  of  Alexander 
Campbell,  and  separately  organized  in  1827;  Winehrerv- 
neriaixs,  or  Church  of  God  (organized  in  1830  by  John 
Winebrenner),  who  maintain  the  washing  of  feet  as  an 
ordinance  of  perpetual  obligation;  and  ChriMians,  or  the 
Christian  Connection,  an  American  sect  of  Unitarian  Bap- 
tists founded  about  1800.  The  Baptists  are  congregaticjiial 
in  polity,  and  generally  Calvinistic  or  semi-Calvinistic  in 
theology.  Those  of  Great  Britain  do  not  generally  regard 
baptism  by  immersion  as  a  prerequisite  to  communion,  and 
therefore  commune  with  other  churches  ;  but  the  opposite 
position  is,  with  few  exceptions,  adopted  by  the  Baptists 
of  the  United  .States.  The  former  are  popularly  called  open- 
euinmiininnists,  the  latter  cUtse-communionists. 


of  purification, dedication,  etc.:  as,  the  baptism 
administered  by  John  the  Baptist,  or  that  ad- 
ministered to  proselytes  by  the  ancient  Jews; 
the  baptism  or  christening  of  bells,  ships,  and 
other  objects  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  etc. 

The  publicans  justified  God,  being  baptized  with  tho 
baptism  of  .lohu.  Luke  vii.  29. 

Baptism  for  the  dead,  the  baptism  of  a  living  person 
instead  of  and  for  the  sake  of  one  who  has  died  unbaptized. 
The performanceofsuchaceremony,  although  disapproved 
by  the  church,  is  on  record  in  a  number  of  individual 
cases  among  the  early  Christians,  and  is  also  said  to  have 
been  a  custom  of  several  ancient  sects,  the  Ebionites,  Jlar- 
cionites,  and  others.  In  modern  times  it  has  been  revived 
by  the  Mormons.  This  practice  has  been  supposed  by 
many  to  he  alluded  to  in  1  Cor.  xv.  29,  but  otlier  expla- 
nations of  the  passage  have  been  given.— Baptism  Of 
blood  iiKiitirdom  for  the  sake  of  Christ,  reganiid  as  sup- 
Iilyiugthi  absence  of  thesacrament  of  baptism. —Baptism 
Of  desire,  the  virtue  or  grace  of  baptism  received  liy  a 
person  who  dies  earnestly  desiring  that  sacr.ament,  but 
unable  to  obtain  it.— Baptism  Of  fire,  (a)  The  gift  or 
gifts  of  the  Holy  Spirit;  the  grace  of  baptism  considered 
separately  fi'.m  the  outer  form.  (6)  Martyrdom.- Clinic 
or  clinical  baptism,  baptism  on  a  sick-bed.  In  the  early 
church  this  was  allowed  only  in  case  of  impending  death, 
and  was  sometimes  refused  even  then,  except  to  persons 
already  candidates.  Such  baptism  was  recognized  as 
valid  •  but  a  person  so  baptized  was  not  ordinarily  eligible 
to  orders,  perhaps  because  it  was  judged  that  bar  had 
induced  the  reception  of  the  sacrament.— Conditional 
baptism  (also  called  hypothetical  baptism),  m  ihy  Kuiiian 
Catholic  and  Anglican  churches,  baptism  administered  to 
persons  in  respect  to  whom  it  is  doubtful  whether  they 
have  been  baptized  or  not,  or  whose  known  baptism  is  of 
doubtful  validitv.  The  condition  is  then  regulariy  msMt- 
ed  in  the  foriiuiia:  "  If  thou  art  not  baptized,  etc.— Pri- 
vate baptism,  baptism  conferred  in  the  home  or  else- 
where witb.iut  the  ceremonies  prescribed  for  the  rite  ot 
solemn  baptism  in  the  church.— Seal  of  baptism,  (n) 
The  rite  of  unction  in  baptism.     (6)  Same  as  baptismal 

,    .  c/ifn-mdr  (which  see,  under  tapfenMi). 

new. birth  or  Baphometic  Fire-baptism  ;  perhaps  I  directly   baptismal  (bap-tiz'mal),  a.    [<  baptism  +  -al ;  = 
thereupon  began  to  be  a  n^arn^^    =_.„,>...„..,„.  „  ,,-      Y'.  baptismal.']    Pertaining  to  baptism:  as,  "the 

baptismal  \ow,"  Ifaiiimond — Baptismal  charaC' 


2.  Any  ceremonial  ablution  intended  as  a  sigu  baptistery,  baptistry  (bap'tis-ter-i,  -tn ),  «. ;  pi 


baptisteries,  baptistries  (-iz,  -triz).  [<  L.  baptis- 
terium,  a  place  for  bathing  (LL.  in  eccl.  sense), 
<  Gr.  liaKTiari/piov,  <  liarTri^av,  Jiaptize :  see  bap- 


Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  117. 

Bapta  (bap'ta),  n.  [NL.-,  <  Gr.  jiairToi;,  dipped, 
dyed,  verbal  adj.  of  paKTciv,  dip.]  A  genus  of 
geometrid  moths.  The  white  pinion-spotted  moth 
is  Fi.  biinaetilata ;  the  clouded  silver-moth  is  B.  punctata. 

baptise,  '•.  t.     See  baptize. 

Baptisia  (bap-tiz'i-il),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  pdirnai^,  a 
dipping  (dyeing  ?  cf.  (iaTTTog,  dyed),  <  fiaTiTiC,tiv, 


ter  a  spiritual  and  indelible  mark  attaching  to  the  souls 
of  I'laptized  Christians  from  their  reception  of  the  sacra- 
ment. This  term  is  used  otBeially  by  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church,  .and  also  by  theologians  of  the  Greek,  Ori- 
ental and  Anglican  churches,  to  express  the  doctrine  of 
those  churches  that  a  baptized  person  can  for  good  or  for 
evil  never  bo  as  one  unbaptized,  and  that  the  sacrament 
cannot  be  repeated  without  sacrilege.      Also  called  the 


Baptistery  of  tti 


fee]  A  building  or  a  portion  of  a  building  in 
which  is  administered  the  rite  of  baptism.    In 

the  early  Christian  church  the  baptisterj-  was  distinct  from 
tlie  church-building,  and  was  situated  near  its  west  end ; 
it  was  generally  circular  or  octagonal  in  form,  and  dome- 
roofed.  About  the  end  of  the  sixth  century  the  baptisterj- 
began  to  he  absorbed  in  the  church,  within  which  the  font 
was  placed,  not  far  from  the  n  estem  door.  The  detached 
baptistery  was,  however,  often  preserved,  especially  in 
Italy ;  and  m.any  such  baptisteries  still  remain  in  use.  as 
that  of  St.  John  Lateran  in  Rome,  and  those  of  the  cathe- 
drals of  Pisa,  Florence,  etc.  .\s  a  separate  building  the 
baptisteiT  was  often  of  considerable  size  and  great  archi- 
tectural beauty  ;  that  ot  Florence  is  108  feet  in  external 
diameter.  In  the  West,  baptisteries  were  in  early  times 
commniily  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist.  See/ontl 
and  '"iftisniat. 

baptistic,  baptistical  (bap-tis'tik.  -ti-kal),  a. 
[<  Gr.  jaKTiaTtnof,  <  Sa-TiaTvi:,  baptist:  see  bap- 


baptistic    ' 

tisf]  Pertaining  to  baptism,  or  (with  a  capital) 
to  the  doctrine  of  the  Baptists. 

This  fniplisticai  profession,  which  he  ignorantly  laugheth 
at  is  attested  by  fathers,  by  councils,  by  liturgies. 

Abp.  Bramhall,  Schism  Guarded,  p.  205. 

Baptistically  (bap-tis'ti-kal-i),  adr.  Accord- 
ing to  Baptist  doctrine;  ia  the  manner  of  the 
Baptists. 

baptizable  (bap-ti'za-bl),  a.  [<  6a/)H--e  + 
-able.^     That  may  be  baptized.     [Eare.] 

As  for  the  condition  limiting  persons  baptiiabte,  which 
is  actual  belie>-ing,  this  also  the  Church  of  Christ  under- 
stood in  a  limited  and  temporarj*  sense. 

Bp.  Gnuden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  2*4. 
baptizationt  (bap-ti-za'shon),  H.     [<  LL.  hupti- 
^atio(n-).  <  ba}>ti:are,  baptize:  see  baptise.']  The 
act  of  baptizing ;  baptism.     [Rare.] 

If  thev  had  been  lay  persons,  their  haptizalions  were 
null  and' invalid.  Jer.  Tat/tor,  Clerus  Domini,  iv. 

baptize  (bap-tiz'),  '■•  '. ;  pret.  and  pp.  baptized, 
ppr.  baptizing.  [<  ME.  bapti:en,  <  LL.  bap- 
tizare,  <  Gr.  iJaTr-iinv,  dip  in  or  under  water, 
baptize,  <  jioTrrciv,  dip  in  water.  See  etym.  of 
baptixm."]  1.  To  administer  the  rite  of  bap- 
tism to.     See  baptism. 

f«one  tin  Yucatan]  might  marrj'  who  had  not  been  bap- 
U»ed.  Faithn  of  ttte  World,  p.  248. 

2.  To  christen;  name;  denominate:  with  al- 
lusion to  the  naming  of  infants  at  baptism. 

Call  me  but  love,  and  I'll  be  new  baptiz'd  ; 
Henceforth  I  never  will  be  Romeo, 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  2. 

Sometimes  spelled  baptise. 

baptlzement  (bap-tiz'ment),  ».     [<  baptize  + 

-111111/.]  Tlieact  of  baptizing;  baptism.  [Rare.] 

baptizer  (bap-ti'zer),  n.    One  who  baptizes. 

on  the  part  of  the  baptizer,  baptism  was  a  form  of  re- 

ccptim  t"  instruction.  Jiees,  Cyc,  Baptism. 

baquet(ba-ka'),  H.  [F. :  see  6acic<.]  A  small 
tub  or  trough. 

barl  (bar),  II.  [<  ME.  barr,  barrc,  <  OF.  barre, 
F.  barrc  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  barra,  <  ML.  barra, 
of  imkuown  origin.  The  Celtic  words,  Bret. 
barren,  a  bar,  a  branch,  W,  bar,  a  bar,  rail, 
Gael,  and  Ir.  barra,  a  bar,  spike.  Com.  bara  (v.), 
bar,  as  well  as  MHG.  bar,  barre,  a  barrier,  G. 
barre,  Dan.  barre,  a  bar,  ingot,  Russ.  baru,  bar 
(of  a  harbor),  are  from  the  ML.,  Rom.,  or  E. 
Hence  barrier,  barrister,  barricade,  barrace,  em- 
bar,  embarra.i.'',  debar,  dcbarra.is,  etc.]  1.  A 
piece  of  wood,  metal,  or  other  solid  matter, 
long  in  proportion  to  its  thickness,  used  for 
some  mechanical  purpose ;  a  rod :  as,  a  eap- 
8tan-6nr;  the  bars  of  a  grate;  the  splinter-6nr 
of  a  vehicle ;  especially,  such  a  piece  of  wood 
or  metal  used  as  an  obstruction  or  guard :  as, 
the  bars  of  a  f^ce  or  gate ;  the  liar  of  a  door 
or  window. — 2.  Anything  wliieh  obstructs, 
hinders,  or  impedes ;  an  obstruction ;  an  ob- 
stacle ;  a  barrier. 

Mu.it  I  new  barn  to  my  own  joy  create?  Driiden. 

The  incapacity  to  breed  under  conllnenient  is  one  of  the 
commonest  barK  to  domestication. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Anhnals  anil  Plants,  I.  21. 

3.  A  barrier — (a)  At  the  entrance  to  a  city,  or 
between  the  city  proj)fcr  and  its  suburbs ;  hence, 
the  gate  at  whicli  tlie  barrier  was  placed  in 
former  times,  as  Temple  liar  in  London,  now 


i:-  II  >f.  Lottdon.— I-' 


.'iituic'i  ikju. 


ffjw  -<\,  tmd  the  exlHtinK  inediovul  bars  of 
Vi.ri  ".\  At  n  toll-hoiiH"',  11  toll-gate.  AIho 
'■!''•  '"'r,  — 4.    An  accmniilannn   forming 

II  I  r  II'  I  ive  to  navig;il  ion  or  In  the  llnw 

of  .-, .,  ,,tf  ,\  hank  tif  Hand,  univel,  ur  i-iirtli  fnriniiiK 

>  (husl  III  uij  bud/uf  w>t«r;  ■  bank  ur  uliml  at  tlie 


446 

mouth  of  a  river  or  harbor,  obstructing  entrance  or  ren- 
dering it  difficult. 

He  rose  at  dawn,  and.  fired  with  hope, 
Shot  o'er  the  seething  harbour  bar. 

Tennyson,  The  Sailor  Boy. 
(ft)  A  narrow  point  of  land  jutting  out  iUto  the  water,  (c) 
In  placer-mininrr,  an  accmuulation  of  sand  or  gravel  in  or 
near  the  bed  of  a  stream. 

5.  In  (aid:  (a)  The  railing  inclosing  the  place 
which  counsel  occupy  in  courts  of  justice. 
[Hence  the  phrase  at  the  bar  of  the  court  signi- 
fies in  open  court.] 

Some  at  the  bar  with  subtlety  defend. 

Or  on  the  bench  tlie  knotty  laws  untie.     Dryden. 

(6)  The  place  in  court  where  prisoners  are  sta- 
tioned for  an'aignment,  trial,  or  sentence. 

The  great  duke 
Came  to  the  bar;  where  to  his  accusations 
He  pleaded  still,  not  guilty.  Sliak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  1. 

(o)  The  practising  members  of  the  legal  pro- 
fession in  a  given  eommuuity;  all  those  who 
have  the  right  to  plead  in  a  com't ;  counsel  or 
barristers  in  general,  or  those  present  in  coui't. 

It  is  the  bench,  the  magistracy,  the  bar —  the  profession 
as  a  profession  ...  —  a  class,  a  body,  of  which  I  mean 
exclusively  to  speak.  B.  Ctioate,  Addresses,  p.  137. 

The  storm  of  invective  which  burst  upon  him  from  bar, 
bench,  and  witness-box.  Macaulaii,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

((f)  A  stoppage  or  defeat  in  an  action  or  suit 
\>y  countervailing  the  alleged  right  of  action. — 

6.  In  England,  a  raiUng  or  barrier  which  sep- 
arates a  space  near  the  door  from  the  body 
of  either  house  of  Parliament,  beyond  whicli 
none  but  members  and  clerks  are  admitted.  At 
these  bars  counsel  stand  when  pleading  before  tlie  house, 
and  to  the  same  bar  witnesses  and  such  as  have  lieeii 
ordered  into  custody  for  breaches  of  privilege  are  brought. 
In  the  houses  of  Congress,  the  bar,  for  the  latter  purpose, 
is  the  area  in  front  of  the  presiding  officer. 

7.  Figuratively,  any  tribunal:  as,  the  bar  of 
public  opinion ;  the  ftoe  of  God. — 8.  That  por- 
tion of  a  tavern,  inn,  coffee-house,  or  the  like, 
where  liquors,  etc.,  are  set  out;  the  cotmter 
over  which  articles  are  served  in  stich  an  es- 
tablishment. 

I  was  under  some  apprehension  that  they  would  appeal 
to  me  ;  and  therefore  laid  down  my  penny  at  the  bar,  .  .  . 
and  made  the  best  of  my  way  to  Cheapside. 

Addition,  Spectator,  No.  403. 

9.  A  band  or  stripe :  as,  a  bar  of  light. 

The  long,  slender  bars  of  cloud  float  like  fishes  in  the 
sea  of  crimson  light.  Knu-rson,  Nature. 

10.  In  farriery,  the  upper  part  of  the  gums  of 
a  horse  between  the  grinders  and  tusks,  which 
bears  no  teeth,  and  to  which  the  bit  is  fitted. — 

11.  In  mii.vc,  a  line  drawn  perjiendicularly 
across  the  staff,  di\nding  it  into  equal  measures 
of  time  and  marking  the  place  of  the  strong 


accent;  hence,  the  space  and  notes  included 
between  two  such  lines;  the  portion  of  music 
represented  by  the  included  notes.  See  also 
double  bar,  below. 

Whistling  a  random  bar  of  Bonny  Doon. 

Trnnt/Kun,  The  Brook. 

12.  In  com. :  (a)  An  ingot,  a  Iuin)i,  or  a  wedge, 
as  of  gold  or  silver,  from  the  mines,  run  in  a 
mold,  and  unwrouglit.  ('<)  A  short  piece  of 
biir-iron  about  half  a  pound  in  weight,  used  as 
a  niedium  of  traflie  with  African  negroes. — 13. 
In  jirintiiiij :  (a)  The  lever  by  wliieli  tin*  pres- 
sure is  aiiplied  in  a  hand-press.  (/')  Tlie  nmlille 
cross-piece  of  a  ]iriiitors'  chase. —  14.  In  liir., 
a  liori/.oiiliil  slrijie  crossing  the  field,  narrow- 
er tliiiii  tlie  fesse,  and  oceu|iying    ,^ ^ 

usuiilly  one  fifth  or  less  of  I  he 
field:  one  of  Ihe  nine  ordiniiries. 
It  iK  rare  tlmt  om-  bur  only  iii  iihiiI  ; 
liars  limy  be  Imrne  in  any  niiiiiliiT.  iiiiil 
Itir  blii/.iiii  iilwayH  iiaincH  tin-  niiriibi-r; 

but  will- ore  tliiin  four,  an  lliey  are 

MiiiiilliT,  llii-y  lire  niMeil  barruletK.  See 
Immi-  and  liitririnc. 

15.  In  a  liiidle,  the  iiiouthpieco 
loiiiieeliiig  the  checks. —  16.  Ill  a  rifle-sight,  a 
jiliile  ill  lliefomi  of  a  Hognieiit,  with  its  upper 
orehord  edge  liorizontiil,  and  seeiired  in  ii  ring. 

II  till-  iiliilr  liiiK  a  v.rlii  al  hint  in  It.  It  I"  calbd  a  »'i/  bar- 
niillil :  l(  It  liii»alialinillili.i'r  HiinilliTrlliKnltiiibed  In  It,  It 

Ih  a  iMlr-Mi'till   IT  »</»»*H    hflld-Kt'dit. 

17.  Ill  .laddlrri/,  one  of  the  side  pieces  connect- 
ing I  he  poiiiniel  anil  caiitle  of  a  middle.  Ac- 
contod  parts  of  a  bar.  !*'■'■  acrmi.  r.  i.  Bar  of 
ground,  a  leiin  iimd  111  I'liniwiill,  KiiKlaiid,  ami  ilne- 
wliiri'  to  donluimte  a  ulriiliini  or  iiia»i<  "t  rock  i  uiiiliig 
nrai  lo  or  iniMinu  the  Imli .  iiiid  "I  a  dlHiriiil  iliiinutir 
(oiMi  that  adjaielil  I'l  It  Bar  linlltflr.  a  phrase  ern<. 
lieously  llwd  for  bcmi  tinister.    Uno  ttend'*. 


baraket 

Thackeray  falls  into  the  common  error  of  describing  "a 
bar-sinister  "  as  a  mark  of  bastardy.  A  bar  in  heraldry,  be- 
ing horizontal,  cannot  be  dexter  or  sinister  ;  a  bend  may 
be  either.  N.  and  Q.,  Ttli  ser.,  III.  4r,. 

Bar  super,  in  apiculture,  a  case  or  crate  in  which  Ih,; 
honeycomb  isliung  from  bars,  instead  of  being  built  iii  sec- 
tions or  boxes.  Pliin,  Diet.  Apiculture,  p.  70. —  Bastard 
bar.  Same  as  baston,  1  (c).— Blank  bar,  in  laii\  a  plia 
in  bar  which  in  an  action  of  trespass  is  put  in  to  iimiiiel 
the  plaiiitiJf  to  assign  the  certain  place  where  the  trespass 
was  committed  ;  a  coniiiioii  bar.  It  is  most  used  li>  the 
practises  in  the  Coiiimoii  Bench,  for  in  the  King's  r.ciirh 
the  place  is  commonly  ascertained  in  the  dechiiati.ni. 
ijfou lit.— Branchial  bar.  See  fcraiie/iini.— Double  bar, 
in  music,  two  bars  placed  together  at  the  ci.'Ir1u..ioii  of  a 
movement  or  str.ain.  If  two  or  four  dots  are  ;niil,ii  t"  it, 
the  strain  on  that  side  should  be  repeated.— Equalizing- 
bar.  («)  In  a  car-truck,  a  wrought-iron  beam  w  hi,  h  luars 
upon  the  top  of  the  journal-boxes  on  the  same  sidr  nf  the 
ti-uck.  The  springs  which  sust-ain  the  weight  of  the  liody 
of  the  car  upon  that  side  rest  upon  the  center  of  this  bar, 
which  distriluites  the  weight  upon  the  two  journals,  (b) 
In  a  vehicle,  a  b.ai"  to  each  end  of  which  a  whippletree  is 
attached.  It  is  pivoted  at  the  middle,  and  is  used  to 
equalize  the  draft  of  two  horses  harnessed  abreast.  .-VIso 
called  ercii^r  and  ((<iH(i(c^nr.  — Father  Of  the  bar.  See 
/a/Aer.  — Horizontal  bar,  a  round  bar  placed  hori/mital- 
iy  at  some  ilist:iiKe  above  tlie  ground,  on  which  atliUtes 
exercise, — Landing-bar,  in  lact-utakinih  &  shuttle-box; 
a  receptacle  for  the  shuttle  at  the  end  of  each  cast. — 
LOOsening-bar,  in  moldinir,  a  pointed  steel  wire  which  is 
driven  into  the  p.atterii  and  struck  lightly  with  a  hammer 
to  loosen  it  from  its  mold,  so  that  it  can  be  withdrawn, 
—  Parallel  bars,  a  pair  of  bars  raised  about  4  to  (i  feet 
above  the  gn  'uml  and  placed  about  a  foot  and  a  half  apart, 
used  in  gyniiKistics  to  develop  the  muscles  of  the  arms, 
chest,  etc.  —  Plea  in  bar,  in  law,  a  plea  of  matter  of  such 
a  nature  that  if  sustained  it  would  defeat  not  merely  the 
present  action,  but  any  other  for  the  same  cause.  See 
ubot'oont.—  Splinter-bar,  in  coach-buildinq,  the  bar  of 
a  carriage  to  which  the  traces  are  attached. — TO  call 
to  the  bar.  See  co«.— Trial  at  bar,  a  triid  in  one  of 
the  superior  courts  before  all  the  judges  of  the  court  in 
which  the  action  is  brought,  or  a  quorum  sufficient  to 
make  a  full  court.  =  Syil,  2  and  3,  Barricade,  etc.  See 
barrier. 
bar^  (biir),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  barred,  ppr. 
barriiiij.  [<  ME.  barren,  <  OF.  f>arrer  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  h<irnir,<.  ML.  barrarc,  bar;  from  the  noun.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  bar,  or  as  with  a  bar. 
Every  door  isban-'d  with  gold, and  opens  Iiut  to  goldenkoys, 

Tennysoti,  Lockslcy  Hall, 
Now  to  all  hope  her  heart  is  barred  and  cold. 

Longfellow,  Blind  Girl  of  Cist^l-Cuillt,  ii. 

2.  To  hinder;  obstruct;  prevent;  prohibit; 
restrain. 

If  you  cannot 
Bar  his  access  to  the  king,  never  attempt 
Anything  on  him.  "  Sfiak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

The  houses  of  the  country  were  all  scattered,  and  yet 
not  so  far  otf  as  that  it  barred  mutual  succour. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

3.  To  except;  exclude  by  exception. 

Nav,  liut  1  bar  to-night ;  you  shall  not  gage  mo 
liy'what  we  do  to-night.  Sliak.,  Jl.  of  V.,  ii.  2. 

4.  To  jirovide  witli  a  bar  or  bars;  mark  'with 
bars;  cross  with  one  or  more  stripes  or  linos. 

A  Ceynt  she  wered,  barred  al  of  silke. 

Cliaucer,  .Millers  Tale,  1.  ID. 

He  barit  his  surfaces  with  horizontal  lines  of  colour,  tin- 
expression  of  the  level  of  the  Desert.  Jtuskin 

5.  To  make  into  bars.     [Rare]    To  bar  a  vein, 

iu,t'arrifr!/,  to  open  the  skin  alini'i*  a  vein  in  a  lioisi-'s  h-.:, 
disengii.ging  it,  tying  it  both  above  iiinl  below,  ainl  stiik- 
iiig  between  the  two  ligatures:  an  operation  intended 
to  stop  malignant  humors.  ,/(i/iH*iii.— TO  bar  dOwer. 
See  ,/..;(-i  1-:.'.—  To  bar  an  entail.     Sec  enlail. 

bar'  (biir),  jinji.  fl'i-oii.  inipv.  of  bar^,  ?'.,3;  cf. 
Iiarrinii.']  Except;  oniiltiii.g  ;  but:  as,  to  offer 
111  bet  two  to  one  against  any  horse  liar  one, 

bar-  Hiiir),  n.  [<  F.  bar,  "  the  fish  called  a 
biiso"  (Cotgrave):  see  bast''.']  An  acnuthopte- 
rygian  Kuropean  fish,  H^cia-na  aqiiila.  Also 
enlled  maiijrc. 

bar-',  ".  .'\n  obsolete  (Middle  English)  or  dm- 
leelnl  form  of  harc'^. 

bar't.     A  Middle  Knglish  jirelerit  of  /ie»)-l. 

bar'''  (iiiii-),  H.   .\diiileetiiironiiof  fe-(/)-2.   [U.S.] 

bar'''t,   "•     A.  Middle  Knglish  fonii  of  baron. 

baracan,  ».     See  Imrracini. 

barad  (ii:i-i'iiil'),  ".  r<Gr.  ,<ii/ii-r,  henvy.  Cf.  -a<l^ 
mill  farad.  |  The  niiil  of  pri-ssiire  in  the  centi- 
iiieler-griiiii-seeoiid  system,  equal  to  oiio  ilyiio 
per  siiiiaro  centimeter, 

baraesthesiometer,  »,    See  barcsthesiovictrr. 

baragouin  (lia-i-ii-gwnn'  or  -gwin'),  H,  [F., 
siiid  to  lie  <  Hret.  Iiiirii.  bread.  +  r/u-in,  wine,  or 
i/uiiin,  while,  "in  reference  lo  the  asloiiish- 
nient  of  Iti-elon  soldiers  ill  the  sight  of  while 
lireiid";  but  this  rends  like  a  ]iiipiiliir  etyinol- 
ogy,  with  the  nsiiiil  fictitious  niiecilote  append- 
ed. The  word  iiiiiy  be  merely  iniitiilive.  |  I'n- 
iiitelligible.iiirgon  ;  luiiguuge  soiillered  in  sound 
or  sense  ns  not  to  tie  geiieriilly  uiiih-rstood. 

baraket  (Imr'a-ket),  «.  (I'leli.  |  In  ./'"■'.---/' 
nulit/.,  the  third  .jewel  ill  Ihi^  first  row  in  tle- 
lirenst|iliite  of  llio  high  priest:  it  is  thought  lo 
be  the  guniet. 


I 


baralipton 

baralipton  (bar-a-lip'ton),  n.  [An  artificial 
terra. J  1.  In  loyic,  a  mnemonic  name  of  an 
indirect  mood  of  the  first  figm'e  of  syllogism, 
In  which  the  two  premises  are  universal  atfir 


447 

used  in  the  phrase  to  fire  in  barb,  in  hnrbnttc,  or 
en  barbc,  that  is,  to  fire  canncm  over  the  para- 
pot  instead  of  thi'ough  the  embrasures. 
Also  s])ellod  barbe. 


matives  and  the    conclusion    is   a  particular  barb'    (biirb)^  v.    [<  OF.  barber,  shave,  <  barbc, 

afBrmative:  as,  Every  animal  is  a  substance; 

every  man  is  an  animal ;  therefore,  some  sub- 
stance is  a  man.  The  name  was  probably  in- 
vented by  Petrus  Hispanus.     See  bainaUp  and 

mood^.—  2.   [cap.l    [NL.]    In  ;ro67. ,  a  genus  of 

coleopterous  insects. 
baranco  (ba-rang'ko),  n.     Same  as  barranca. 
baranee   (bar-a^ne'),    n.       [Anglo-Ind.,    repr. 

lliiid.  bdrdni,  lit.  keeping  off  the  rain,  <  bdrdii, 

rain.]     A  cloak  made  of  felted  woolen  cloth, 

used  in  India. 
baraniline  (ba-ran'i-lin),  11.     [<  Gr.  /3ap^if, 

heavy,  +  aniline.']    A  name  given  by  Reimann 

to  heavy  aniline  oil,  to  distinguish  it  from  the 

light  aniline  oil  or  kuphauiline. 
barathea-cloth   (bar-a-the'a-kl6th),  n.      1.  A 

woolen  cloth  made  at  Leeds,  England.  —  2.  A 

silk,  either  plain  or  twilled,  made  in  England. 

Also  spelled  barratlica-cloih. 
barathrum    (bar'a-thrum),    n. ;    pi.    baratkra 

(-thril).     [L.,    <    (j'r.    jiapadpov,    Ionic   jiipsOpov, 

coutr.  lU6pov,  a  gulf,  pit.]     1.   A  rocky  place 

or  pit  outside  the  walls  of  ancient  Athens,  into 

which  criminals  were  thrown. — Sf.  The  abyss ; 

bell. 
Uo  will  eat  a  leg  of  mutton  while  I  am  in  my  porridge, 

.  .  .  his  belly  is  like  Barathncm. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iii.  1. 

3t.  Anything  that  swallows  up  or  devours ;  the 
belly ;  an  insatiable  glutton  or  extortioner. 

You  come 
To  scour  your  dirty  maw  with  the  good  cheer, 
Which  will  be  damn'd  in  your  lean  barathrum, 
That  liitchen-stuff  devom'er. 

Shirley,  The  Wedding,  ii.  3. 

You  barathrttm  of  the  shambles  ! 
Massinger,  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  iii.  2. 

baratO  (ba-ra'to),  n.  [Sp.,  as  in  def.,  lit.  cheap- 
Qcss,  low  price,  bargain,  baralo,  cheap:  see 
barrat.]  A  portion  of  a  gamester's  winnings 
given  "for  luck"  to  the  bystanders.     JV.  IE.  I). 

barbl  (barb),  n.  [<  ME.  barbe,  <  OF.  barbe,  F. 
barbe  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  barba,  <  L.  barba,  beard : 
see  bcard.l  1.  A  beard;  anything  which  re- 
sembles a  beard  or  grows  in  the  place  of  it. 

The  barbel,  so  called  by  reason  of  his  barbtf,  or  wattles 
in  his  mouth.  /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

2.  In  bot.,  a  terminal  tuft  of  hairs;  a  beard; 


beard.  In  E.  the  verb  is  now  generally  re- 
garded as  formed  from  barber,  like  peddle  from 
peddler,  and  is  used  only  colloquially.]  I, 
trans.  1.  To  shave;  dress  the  beard.  [Now 
only  coUoq.]  —  2t.  To  pare  or  shave  close  to  the 
surface;  mow. 

The  stooping  scytheman,  that  doth  barb  the  field. 

Marston  aiul  Webster,  Malcontent,  iii.  2. 

3t.  To  clip,  as  gold.  B.  Jonson. — 4.  To  fur- 
nish with  barbs,  as  an  arrow,  fish-hook,  spear, 
or  other  instrument. 

Il.t    intrans.   To  shave. 

To  Sir  G.  Smith's,  it  being  now  night,  and  there  up  to 
his  cliamber,  and  sat  talking,  and  I  barbing  against  to- 
morrow, ^'epys,  Diary,  II.  329. 

barb'-t  (barb),  n.  [A  corruption  of  bard^,  per- 
haps by  confusion  with  barb'^,  a  board,  or  harb'^, 
a  Barbary  horse]     Same  as  bard^,  n. 

lie  left  his  loftie  steed  with  golden  sell 
And  goodly  gorgeous  barbes. 

Spemer,'P.  Q.,  II.  ii.  11. 

Their  horses  were  naked,  without  any  barb>t,  for  albeit 
many  brought  barbs,  few  regarded  to  jtiit  tli«'m  on. 

mr  J.  Haiimird,  Edw.  VI.,  p.  32. 

barb^t  (biirb),  v.  t.  [<  barb'^,  ».]  Same  as 
bard^,  v. 

A  brave  courser  trapped  .and  barbed. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  1179. 
Barbed  with  frontlet  of  steel,  I  trow. 
And  with  Jedwood-axe  at  saddle-bow, 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i.  5. 

barb^  (biirb),  n.  [<  F.  barbe,  a  Barbary  horse 
(ML.  carallus  de  barba,  indicating  a  supposed 
connection  with  L.  barba,  a  beard),  <  Barbaric, 
Barbary:  see  barbary.']  1.  A  horse  of  the 
breed  introduced  by  the  Moors  into  Spain  from 
Barbary  and  Morocco,  and  remarkable  for  speed, 
endurance,  and  docility,  in  Spain  this  noble  race 
h;is  degenerated,  and  true  barbs  are  rare  even  in  their  na- 
tive country. 

The  importance  of  improving  our  studs  by  an  Infusion 
of  new  blood  was  strongly  felt ;  and  with  this  view  a  con- 
siderable number  of  barbs  had  lately  been  brought  into 
the  country.  Macavlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

2.  A  breed  of  domestic  pigeons  having  a  short 
broad  beak,  classed  by  Darwin  with  the  carriers 
and  runts.  Also  called  barb-jni/eon,  Barbary 
picjcon,  and  Barbarij  carrier. — 3.  A  scisenoid 
fish,  Menticirrus  alburmts,  better  known  as  king- 

more  usually,  a  retrorse  tooth  or  double  tooth  1,-arbacanK *«"''"  See  barUcan^. 

pSe^l  X  ^ZitK  barbacou(bar'ba-k6),«.     [<F.6»-5aco„,irreg, 
one  of  the  processes,  of 


barbii.  a  barbet,  +  {tur)acou  or  (cou)cou,  cuckoo.] 
A  name  given  by  Le  Vaillant  to  the  American 
barl)ets  of  the  family  Bucconidte,  to  distinguish 
them  from  the  barliets  proper  of  the  family 
Caiiitonida;.  The  South  American  barbacous 
are  the  birds  of  the  genera  Monasa  and  Cheh- 
doptcru. 

liquely  on  the  rhachis  by  their  barbacue, '«.     See  barbecue. 

bases,  diverging  out  fron>  it  at  Barbadian  (biir-ba'di-an),  a.  and  n.     [<  Barba- 

1  Barbados,  a  name  said  to  be  due  to  Pg, 


the  first  order,  given  off 
by  the  rachis  of  a  feather. 
The  vane  [of  a  feather]  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  appressed, 
flat,  narrowly  linear  or  lance- 
"inear  laminre  or  plates,  set  ob- 


a  varying  open  angle,  ending  in 
a  free  point ;  eacli  such  narrow 

__^ ^_  actite  plate  is  called  a  barb. 

"'  "'         "  Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  84. 

4.  One  of  the  sharp  points  projecting  backward 
from  the  penetrating  extremity  of  an  arrow, 
fisli-hook,  or  other  instmment  for  piercing,  in- 
tended to  fix  it  in  place ;  a  beard. 

Having  two  points  or  barbs. 

Ascham,  Toxophilus  (Arber),  p.  135. 

5.  A  linen  covering  for  the  throat  and  breast, 
sometimes  also  for  the  lower  part  of  the  face, 
worn  by  women  through- 
out the  middle  ages  in 
western  Eiu'ope.  It  was 
at  times  pectiliar  to  nuns 
or  women  in  mourning. 

Do  wey  your  barbe  and  shew 
youre  face  bare. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  110. 

6.  A  band  or  small  scarf 
of  lace,  or  other  fine  ma- 
terial, worn  by  women 
it  the  neck  or  as  a  head- 
dress.—  7.  Same  as  bar- 
bel, 3. — 8.  In  her.,  one  of 
the  five  leaves  of  tlin 
calyx  which  project  bi  - 
yond  and  between  thu 
petals  of  the  heraldic 
rose.  See6ar6erfl,3. — 9. 
A  bur  or  roughness  pro- 
duced in  the  course  of  metal-working,  as  in 
coining  and  engraving. — 10.  A  military  term 


/r.,v,  th 

as  hiirhadiis,  the  bearded,  applied  by  the  Portu- 

rese  to  the  Indian  fig-trees  grovring  there.] 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Barbados  (also  spell- 
ed Barbadoes). 

II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Barbados,  the  most 
eastern  island  of  the  West  Indies,  belonging  to 
Great  Britain. 
Barbados  cherry,  leg,  nut,  tar,  etc.    See  the 

nouns. 

Barbados-pride  (biir-ba'doz-prid),  «.  1.  A 
prickly  leguminous  shrub,  Ccesaljnnia  pulclier- 
rima,  of  tropical  regions,  planted  for  hedges  as 
well  as  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers.  Also 
called  Barbados  flower-fence. —  2.  In  the  "West 
Indies,  a  handsome  flowering  leguminous  tree, 
Adcuaiitliera  piavonina,  introduced  from  the 
East  Indies. 

barba  Hispanica  (biir'bii  his-pan'i-kii),  K. 
[NL.,  lit.  Spanish  beard.]  A  name  given  to 
the  ]]laut  'J'ilhindsia  usncoides.     See  long-moss. 

barbaloin  (biir'ba-16-in  or  -loin),  n.  A  neu- 
tral substance  (C34H36O14+H2O)  crystallizing 
in  tufts  of  small  yellow  prisms,  extracted  from 
Barbados  aloes. 

barbart  (biir'biir),  a.  and  n.     [Early  mod.  E. 
also  barbare,  <"ME.  barbar,  OF.  barbare,  <  L. 
barbarus :  see  barbarous.]     I.  a.  Barbarous. 
II.  «.  A  barbarian. 

(bar'ba-ra),  n.     In  logic,  a  mnemonic 
a  syllogism 
whose  parts  are  universal  afBrmative  proposi- 
tions:  as.  All  men  are  mortal;  all  the  patn- 


Barb.    middle   of    I4th    cen- 
tury.    (From    Viollet-le-Duc's    }\*tT\\arSt 

■•D,ct.duMob,uerfra,.,a,s.")  "^^"^'^^f  \:i"sylfogism  of  the  "first  figure,  all 


barbarianism 

archs (Enoch,  Elijah,  etc.)  are  men;  hence,  all 

patriarchs  are  mortal.  It  is  the  tyi)e  of  all  syllo- 
gism.  This  name  is  believed  t«  have  been  invented  by 
Petrus  Jlispainis  (Pope  John  XXI.,  died  1277),  although 
Prantl  thinks  the  work  of  William  of  Shyrwode  (died 
124!t)  in  which  it  is  found  is  earlier.     .See  iiumd'^. 

barbaresque  (l)iir-ba-resk'),  a.  and  n.  [<  F. 
burbaresijiie,  of  BarViary,  Sp.  Pg.  barbaresco  = 
It.  barbaresco  (obs.),  of  Barbary,  barbarous: 
Hoe  barbar  and -est/uc.  Ct.  barbary.]  I.  a.  1. 
Characteristic  of  or  appropriate  to  barbarianM; 
barbarous  in  style.     [liare.] 

Our  European  and  East  Indian  coins  arc  the  basest  of  all 
base  products  from  rude  barbaresque  handicraft. 

I)e  QuiTicey,  .Secret  .Societies,  i. 

2.  [mp.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Barbary  in  north- 
ern Africa. 

II.  n.  [cap.]  A  native  of  Barbary.  Jefferson. 
[Kare.] 
barbari  (bar'ba-ri),  n.  In  logic,  the  mnemonic 
name  of  a  kind  of  syllogism  the  premises  of 
which  are  those  of  a  syllogism  in  barbara 
(which  see),  while  the  conclusion  is  only  a  par- 
ticular instead  of  a  universal  affirmative:  as, 
All  men  are  mortal ;  all  kings  are  men ;  hence, 
some  kings  are  mortal.  ITiis  kind  of  syllogism  was 
noticed  by  (fccam,  and  the  name  was  Invented  by  one  of 
Ills  followers,  Albert  of  Saxony.  See  rnotid'^. 
barbarian  (b;ir-ba'ri-an),  n.  and  a.  [<F.  bar- 
barian, <  barbaric,  <  \j" barbaria,  barbarousness 
(see  barbary),  <  barbarus,  barbarous,  a  barba- 
rian: see  barbarous  and  -ian.]  I.  n.  1.  A  for- 
eigner; one  whose  language  and  customs  differ 
from  those  of  the  speaker  or  writer.  [This  is 
the  uniform  meaning  of  the  word  in  the  New 
Testament.] 

Therefore  it  I  know  not  the  meaning  of  the  voice,  I  shall 
be  unto  him  that  speaketh  a  barbarian,  and  he  that  speak- 
eth  shall  be  a  barbarian  unto  me.  1  Cor.  xiv.  11. 

It  is  well  known  that  many  of  the  Roman  Emperors 
were  barbarians  who  had  been  successful  soldiers  in  the 
Imperial  army.  StilU,  Stud.  Sled.  Hist.,  p.  50. 

[With  tlie  Greeks,  one  not  a  Greek  was  a  barbarian ;  with 
the  Romans,  one  outside  the  pale  of  the  Roman  empire 
or  its  civilization,  and  especially  a  person  belonging  to 
one  of  the  northern  nations  who  overthrew  the  empire ; 
with  the  Italians  of  the  Renaissance  period,  one  of  a  nation 
outside  of  Italy.  Among  the  Chinese,  one  who  is  not  a 
Chinaman,  and  especially  a  European  or  an  American,  is 
commonly  spoken  of  as  a  western  barbarian.  The  treaties 
with  the  Chinese  government,  however,  stipulate  that  tlie 
Chinese  term  {ye)  thus  translated  shall  not  be  used  in 
documents  of  any  of  the  treaty  powers,  or  of  their  sub- 
jects or  citizens.] 

2.  One  outside  the  pale  of  Christian  civiliza- 
tion.— 3.  A  man  in  a  rude,  savage  state;  an 
uncivilized  person. 

There  were  his  young  barbarians  all  at  play, 
There  was  their  Dacian  mother— he,  their  sire, 
Butcherd  to  make  a  Roman  holiday ! 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  141. 

4.  An  uncultured  person;  one  who  has  no  sym- 
pathy with  culture;  a  philistine. —  5.  A  cruel, 
savage,  brutal  person ;  one  destitute  of  pity  or 
humanity:  as,  "  thou  ie\l  barbarian,"  Philips.— 
6t.  [«'/'.]  A  native  of  Barbary.  =Syn.  Heathen. 
etc.    See  gentile,  n. 

II.  a.  1.  Foreign;  of  another  or  outside  na- 
tion; hence,  non-Hellenic,  non-Roman,  non- 
Christian,  non-Chinese,  etc. 

Thou  art  bought  and  sold  among  those  of  any  wit,  like 
a  barbarian  slave.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  n.  1. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  savages;  rude;  uncivil- 
ized.—  3.  Cruel;  iiihuman;  barbarous. 

The  stormy  rage  and  hate  of  a  barbarian  tyrant 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

4t.  \_cap.]  Of  or  belonging  to  Barbary .  =  Syn. 
Barbarian,  Barbarous,  Barbaric,  unlettered,  uncultivated, 
untutored,  ignorant.  Barbarian  applies  to  whatever  per- 
tains to  the  life  of  an  uncivilized  people,  without  special 
reference  to  its  moral  aspects.  Barbarous  properly  ex- 
presses the  bad  side  of  barbarian  life  and  character,  espe- 
cially its  inhumanity  or  cruelty  :  as,  a  barbarous  act.  Bar- 
baric expresses  the  characteristic  love  of  barbarians  for 
adornment,  magnificence,  noise,  etc.,  but  it  is  not  com- 
monly applied  to  persons;  it  implies  the  lack  of  culti- 
vated taste  :  as,  barbaric  music;  barbaric  spleudor.  Bar- 
barian and  barbaric  are  now  strictly  confined  to  the 
meanings  named  above. 

This  barbarian  tongue  raises  him  far  above  what  he 
could  have  become  had  he  never  learned  to  speak  at  all. 
Whit7wy,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  iL 

The  boast  of  the  barbarian  freeman  was  that  a  true 
equality,  founded  on  the  supposed  common  possession  of 
honor,  courage,  devotion,  had  always  been  recognized 
among  them  as  their  most  precious  inheritance. 

Stille,  Stud.  Med.  Hist.,  p.  47. 

O  barbarous  and  bloody  spectacle ! 
His  body  will  I  bear  imto  the  king. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

Something  of  indescribable  barbaric  magnificence. 

Hotcells,  Venetian  Life,  ii. 

barbarianism  (bilr-ba'ri-an-izm),  n.  [<  barba- 
rian +  -i.vm.]  The  slate'br  condition  of  being 
a  barbarian. 


barbariamze 

barbarianize  (bar-ba'ri-an-iz),  r.  *. ;  pret..and 

pp.  ba>bariani:e<l,  ppr.  harbarianizing.  Toinake 

barbarian;  barbarize. 

barbaric  (biir-bar'ik),  a.     [<  L.  larbaricus,  < 

Gr.   3ap3aptK6c,  foreign,   barbaric,  <  liap^apo^, 

barbarous :  see  barbaro}is.'\     If.  Foreign. 

The  gorgeous  east  with  richest  hand 

Shovrera  on  her  kings  Barbaric  pearl  and  gold. 

Hilton,  P.  L.,  iL  4. 

2.  UnciiTlized ;  barbarian:  as,  '' barbaric  or 
Gothic  invaders,"  T.  Warlon,  On  Jlilton's 
Smaller  Poems. — 3.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
characteristic  of  barbarians  or  their  art ; 
hence,  ornate  without  being  in  accordance  with 
cultivated  taste;  wildly  rich  or  magnificent. 

We  are  by  no  means  insensible  ...  to  the  -n-ild  and 

larbaric  melody.  itacaulay. 

His  plans  were  bold  and  fiery,  and  his  conceptions 

glowed  with  barbaric  lustre.  Poe,  Tales,  I.  341. 

=  Syn.  Barbarian,  Barbarous,  Barbaric,    See  barbarian. 

barbarlcally  (bar-bar'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  bar- 
baric manner;  after  the  fashion  of  barbarians 
or  uncivilized  persons. 

barbaris  (bar'ba-ris),  n.  In  logic,  a  mnemonic 
name  for  the  syllogistic  mood  baralipton:  used 
bv  some  later  nominalists.     See  mood~. 

barbarisation,  barbarise.  See  barbarization, 
barhiiri-e. 

barbarism  (bar'ba-rizm),  «.  [=  F.  bnrbarisme, 
<  L.  barbarismus.\  Gr.  jiapi'iapin,uo(,  the  use  of 
a  foreign,  or  misuse  of  one's  native,  tongue,  < 
papiiapi^etv,  speak  like  a  foreigner  or  barbarian : 
see  barbarize.']  1.  An  offense  against  purity 
of  style  or  language ;  originally,  the  mi.xing  of 
foreign  words  and  phrases  in  Latin  or  Greek; 
hence,  the  use  of  words  or  forms  not  made  ac- 
cording to  the  accepted  usages  of  a  language : 
limited  by  some  modem  writers  on  rhetoric  to 
an  offense  against  the  accepted  rules  of  deri- 
vation or  inllection,  as  /ii'.sh  or  hern  for  his  or 
her,  gooses  for  geeac,  goodcst  for  best,  j^led  for 
pleaded,  proven  tor  proved. —  2.  A  word  or  form 
80  used;  an  expression  not  made  in  accordance 
with  the  proper  usages  of  a  language. 

The  f-ireeks  were  the  first  that  branded  a  foreign  term 
In  any  of  their  writers  with  the  odious  name  of  barbarism. 

a.  Campbell. 

A  barbarism  may  bo  in  one  word;  a  solecism  must  be 
of  more.  Johnson. 

3.  An  uncivilized  state  or  condition  ;  want  of 
civilization ;  rudeness  of  life  resulting  from 
ignorance  or  want  of  culture. 

Times  of  barbarism  and  ignorance. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy's  Art  of  Painting,  Pref. 
Divers  great  monarchies  have  risen  from  barbarism  to 
civility,  and  fallen  again  to  ruin. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  State  of  Ireland. 

4t.  An  act  of  barbarity ;  an  outrage. 

A  heinous  barbarism  .  .  .  against  the  honour  of  mar- 
riage. Milton. 
=  Syu.  1.  Barbarian,  Solecism,  etc.  See  improirriety. 
barbarity  (bar-bar'i-ti),w. ;  pi.  barbarities {-tiz). 
[<  barhitrottx.']  1.  brutal  or  inhuman  conduct; 
barbarousness ;  .savageness;  cruelty. 

Another  ground  of  violent  outcry  against  the  Indians  is 
their  barbarity  to  the  van(iuisheil. 

Irrinfi,  Sketch-Book,  p.  348. 

2.  An  act  of  erueltj'  or  inhumanity;  a  barba- 
rous deed:  as,  the  liarbarities  of  war  or  of  sav- 
age life. — 3t.  Harbarism. 
The  tmrhtrittj  and  narrowness  of  modem  tongues. 

Drtidcn. 

barbarization  (V>iir-ba-ri-za'Hhon),  n.  [<  bar- 
iianze  +  -atiim.^  Tlie  act  of  remlcriiig  bar- 
Imi-ous;  a  reduction  to  barbarism,  or  to  a 
barbarous  state :  said  of  language,  and  of  per- 
sons and  communities.  Also  spelled  barbarisn- 
lion. 

barbarize  (biir'ba-riz),  v. ;  pret.  and  \t\>.  bnr- 
liiin.iil,  p|ir.  b(ir))iiri:in)i.  [=  F.  biirlnin.srr,  < 
M,.  liiirbarizarr,  <  (Jr.  linp^uin^ny,  Hpiak  like  a 
I'll' i:.'iier  or  barbarian,  hold  with  IIk!  barbari- 
M;..  '.  iiipHaitor,  foreign,  barbarian.  Sec  l>nr- 
'"'"■"  I  1.  intruns.  1.  To  speak  or  write  like 
li  '  it'irian  or  foreigner;  use  liarbarisms  in 
»! ii  "r  ^vriting. 

I '^        1   1.  ililt  which  th<*y  got  of  wreti'hc-'l  tutrtntrizinfi 
n.' •  \  <'lii  tin>l(ire4-k  Idtom.        Mttton.VAwfuyitu,. 

2.  .   liarliarouH.     [Hare.] 

I  uijilre  was  txirttariiinn  ruplrlly. 

Uttiuinrrfi,  I'lilloa.  of  Itoin.  Ilisl. 

n.  Irn,,.,,   1.  Tocomipt  (Inngiiage,  art.  etc.) 
by  i  irii|>iiritieH,  or  bydepurtliigfroin 

""  I'll!  Htaniliirds, 

'I  i.irliarisril  Ih''  nnclolit   .iilli.  l..,l  ..( 

''t  '  ii-pnlrlng  Itni'f-onllni/tM  lit.  n  t,..,,, 

"'I  Uncut,  lira.,  II    ill. 

S.  Tn  I.  iidei  Ijurbiirotu. 


448 

Hideous  changes  have  barbarized  France. 

Burke,  To  a  Noble  Lord. 

To  habitual  residents  among  the  Alps  this  absence  of 
social  duties  and  advantages  may  be  barbarising,  even 
brutalising.         J.  A.  Symonds,  Italj'  and  Greece,  p.  301. 

Also  spelled  barbarise. 
barbarous  (biir'ba-rus),  a.  [Earlier  barbar, 
q.  V. ;  <  L.  barbariis,  <  Gr.  jiapjiapoq,  foreign,  un- 
civilized: applied  orig.  to  one  whose  language 
was  unintelligible.  Cf.  Skt.  barbara,  stammer- 
ing, in  pi.  foreigners:  L.  balbiis,  stammering: 
see  balbuties  and  boobij ;  cf.  babble.']  1.  For- 
eign; not  classical  or  pure;  abounding  in  bar- 
barisms; of  or  pertaining  to  an  illiterate  peo- 
ple :  applied  to  language,  originally  to  lan- 
guages which  were  not  Greek  or  Latin.  See 
barbarism. 
A  wholly  barbarous  nse  of  the  word. 

Ruskin,  Pol.  Econ.,  Art.  i-\. 

2.  Speaking  a  foreign  language ;  foreign ;  out- 
landish: applied  to  people.  [Archaic.]  See 
barbarian,  n.,  1. 

The  island  was  called  Melita.  And  the  barbarous  people 
shewed  us  no  little  kindness :  for  they  Idndled  a  fire  and 
received  us  every  one.  Acts  xxviii.  1,  2. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  showing  ignorance  of 
arts  and  civilization;  uncivilized;  rude;  wild; 
savage:  as,  fcarftaroiw  peoples,  nations,  or  coun- 
tries; barbarous  habits  or  customs. 

Tliou  art  a  Roman ;  be  not  barbarous. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  2. 
WHiat  we  most  require  is  the  actual  examination  by 
trained  observers  of  some  barbarous  or  semi-lmrliarous 
community,  whose  Aryan  pedigree  is  reasonal)ly  imre. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  -I'-V.^. 

4.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  barbari- 
ans ;  adapted  to  the  taste  of  barbarians ;  bar- 
baric; of  outlandish  character. 

Kmetrius,  king  of  Inde,  a  mighty  name, 
On  a  bay  courser,  goodly  to  behold. 

The  trappings  of  his  horse  enibijss'd  with6ar6rtroujf  gold. 

Dn/ilen,  Pal.  and  Arc,  iii.  65. 

Pyrrhus,  seeing  the  Romans  marshal  their  army  with 

sinne  art  and  skill,  said,  with  surprise.  "These  barbarians 

have  nothing  barbarous  in  their  discipline." 

Hume,  Retluement  in  the  Arts. 

5.  Cruel;  ferocious;  inhuman:  as,  barbarous 
treatment. 

By  their  barbarous  usage  he  died  within  a  few  days,  to 
the  grief  of  all  that  knew  Iiiui.  Ctamuion. 

6.  Harsh-sounding,  like  the  speech  of  barbari- 
ans: as,  wild  audbarharous  music. 

A  barbarous  noise  environs  me.  Milton,  Sonnets,  vii. 
=  S3TL  Barbarian,  Barbarous,  Barbaric  (see  Itarbariau); 
rutlili'ss,  brutal,  fierce,  bloody,  savage,  truculent. 

barbarously  (bilr'ba-ms-li),  adv.  In  a  barba- 
rous niaiincr;  as  a  barbarian,  (a)  Ini|ierfectly ; 
witli'iut  rt'uar'l  to  ]'urity  "f  .specdi  ;  with  atlniixture  of 
foreign  or  unclassical  words  and  plirases. 

llow  barbarously  we  yet  speak  and  write,  your  lordshij) 
knows,  and  I  am  suillciently  sensible  in  my  own  Knglish. 
Dryden,  Ded.  of  Troilus  and  Cressida. 

Jlodern  French,  the  most  polite  of  languages,  is  l>arl>a- 
rously  vulgar  if  compared  with  the  Latin  out  of  which  it 
has  been  corrupted,  or  even  with  Italian. 

Lowell,  Itiglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  Int. 
(6)  .\8  an  uncivilized,  illiterate,  or  uncultured  person,  (c) 
.Savagely;  cruelly;  ferociously;  inhumanly. 

The  Kiigliuli  law  touching  forgery  became,  at  ft  later 
]n-ii.Mi,  tiurh'ti'mstynvvure.      Macaulay,  Hist.  Kng.,  xxiii. 

barbarousness  (bilr'ba-rus-nes),  H.  The  state 
or  (luality  of  being  barbarous,  (n)  lindeness  or 
incivility  of  manners.    (/*)  Impurity  of  laitguage. 

It  is  much  degcnerateil,  as  touching  the  pnreness  of 
speech ;  tteing  overgrown  with  barbarousness.  Jirrrewood. 
(c)  f'nielty;  inhunumity;  barbarity. 

barbaryt  (liiir'ba-ri),  n.  [<  ME.  barbarij,  bar- 
hrrij,  liiirliiini',  <()!•".  barbaric  =  Sp.  It.  barlitirii , 
<  L.  barliiiria,  barbiirirs  (MGr.  /fo/i, («/)/«),  a 
foreign  coiiulry,  bnibniisni,  <  barbitrus,  <  (!r. 
ji<ipi'iap<}r,  fiinign,  barbarous.  Hence,  specifi- 
cally, Jltirhtiri/,  a  coUcctivo  niimo  for  the  coun- 
tries on  the  north  and  norlliwest  coasts  of 
Africa,  <  F.  Harlitirir,  <  ML.  Ilnrhariti ;  (!.  Ilrr- 
birei ;  Ar.  Iliirhtiriiian,  <  JIarbar,  Itrrhrr,  the 
Herbers,  )iciiiile  of  Uarbary  in  nortlicrn  Af- 
rica, ult.  <  (ir.  flaiii'hpiir,  foreigner.]  1.  For- 
eign or  barbarous  niitioiiiility ;  iiHgnnisni;  lioa- 
thenisra. —  2.  Unrliarity;  InirlmriHin. —  3.  Hnr- 
Imrons  speech. —  4.  A  Harbary  liorso;  it  barb. 
See  barb^,  1. 

■Picy  are  lllliullt. 
I'lnbuttockcd,  like  your  rlnhlly  Imrlmrie: 

p'tetrhrr,  Wlldgoone  Clno"'. 

Barbary  ape,  gum,  etc.    Hcc  the  notnis. 
Barbary  horse.    Snnm  as  barb''',  L 
barbaBtel,  barbastelle  (liiir'bn.M-iel  or  biir-biiH- 

l<l'),  n.  [<  1'.  hiirhii.ilillc  =  II.  Iiarbdslrllo,  <  L. 
Iiiirha,  bnarit.J  A  common  Unropi'iin  HpiTJcH 
of  long-eared  lial,  llarbnnlrllus  communis,  II. 
iliiubcnioni,  or  I'lecnlua  barbastcllus. 


barbel 


1-ong.earcd  Bat  (Barbastelliis  communis). 

barbate  (bar'bat),  a.     [<  L.  barbntus.  bearded, 

<  barba,  beard:  see  ftarfcl.]  1.  Furnished 
ivith  barbs. —  2.  In  bot.,  bearded;  furnished 
with  long  and  weak  hairs. — 3.  In  .ro67. ,  bearded ; 
having  a  tuft  of  hair  or  feathers  on  the  chin; 
in  cntom.,  bordered  by  long  hairs. 

barbatedt  (biir'ba-ted),  a.  Barbed  or  bearded; 
barbate:  as,  "a  dart  uncommonly  barbated," 
T.  ]Vart<ui,  Hist,  of  Kiddiugton,  p.  63. 

Barbatula  (biir-bat'u-lii),  «.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L. 
barbatulus,  dim.  of  barbatus,  bearded:  see  bar- 
hate.']  A  genus  of  African  scansorial  barbets. 
the  barbions,  of  the  family  Alegalamidw  or 
('(ipitonida:. 

baro-bolt  (bilrb'bolt),  n.  A  bolt  whose  edges 
are  jagged  to  prevent  it  from  being  withdrawTi 
from  that  into  which  it  is  driven ;  a  rag-bolt. 

barbel,  ".     See  barb^. 

barbe-t,  «•     Same  as  bard^, 

barbe^  (biirb),  n.   [F.,  It.,  and  Eumonseh  harba, 

<  ML.  barlxi,  barbas,  harbanus,  tmcle,  lit.  hav- 
ing a  beard,  <  L.  barba,  beard:  see  barb^.'] 
A  superior  teacher  or  ecclesiastic  among  the 
Viiudois. 

barbecue  (biir'be-kii),  n.  [Also  barbacuc,  and 
formerly  barbicuc,  harbccu,  borhecu  =  Sp.  barba- 
con,  <  Haytiau  barhncna,  a  framework  of  sticks 
set  upon  posts.  In  Cuba  barbacoa  designates 
a  platform  or  floor  in  the  top  story  of  country 
houses  where  fruits  and  grJiin  are  kept.]  1.  A 
wooden  framework  used  for  supporting  over  a 
tire  moat  or  iish  to  be  smoked  or  dried. — 2.  An 
iron  frame  on  which  large  .ioints  are  i)laced 
for  broiling,  or  on  which  wliol(>  animals  are 
roasted;  a  large  gridinm. — 3.  The  carcass  of 
an  ox,  hog,  or  other  animal,  roasted  whole. 

A  kid  tltat  had  been  c<toked  in  a  hole  in  the  gi-ound,  with 
embers  upon  it.  .  .  .  This  is  calleil  a  "tiarliacoa"  —  atwr- 
becue.  Tiilor,  .\nahuac,  iv.  9R.     (A'.  K.  D.) 

4.  A  large  social  or  political  entertainment  in 
the  open  air,  at  which  animals  are  roasted 
whole,  <md  feasting  on  a  generous  scale  is  in- 
dulged in.  [U.  S.]  —  5.  An  open  floor  or  ter- 
race smoothly  covered  with  plaster  or  asphalt, 
on  which  to  dry  coffee-beans,  etc. 
barbecue  (biir'iie-kii),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
hrrurd.  ]i]ii\  barhecuinij.  [\  barbecue,  ».]  1. 
'I'o  euro  by  smoking  or  drying  on  a  barbecue 
{which  see). — 2.  To  dress  and  roast  whole, 
as  an  ox  or  a  hog,  liy  splitting  it  to  the  back- 
bone, and  roasting  it  on  a  gridiron. 

Rich  itu'idings  atid  big,  and  a  barbecued  pig. 

Ilarhinn,  IngiildSliy  Legends,  I.  228. 
barbed^  (biirbd),  p.  a.  [<  barlA,  v.  or  ».,  + 
-cil-.]  It.  Shaved;  trimmed;  having  the  beard 
dressed. — 2.  Furnished  with  barbs,  as  an  ar- 
row, the  point  of  a  lisli-hook,  and  the  like:  as, 
"arrows  Ixtrhcd  with  lire,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi. 
1)41!;  "a /(rtW«'(/ proboscis,'' (Sir  yi'.  Tennent,  Cey- 
lon, ii.  7. 

And,  with  the  same  strong  hand 
That  llnng  tho  barbi-d  Hpear,  he  tillcii  the  land. 

Bryant,  rhristnias  In  ISTfi. 

3.  In  her.:  (a)  Having  barbs :  said  of  llie  rose 
\ised  as  a  bearing.  The  barl)s  are  commonly 
colored  green,  and  tlu>  blazon  is  a  rose  gules 
/)riW«;(/ jiroper.  (/<)  Having  gills  or  wattles,  as 
a  cock:  as,  a  cock  sable,  barbed  or  (that  is,  a 
black  cock  having  gcihlcn  gills).  Also  called 
uiiltled.  ((')  Having  the  ends  made  with  biirlis 
like  Iho.so  of  an  arrow-head:  snid  csiiccinlly  of 
a  I'roMH  of  (his  fonti.  Also  nillcd  beardnl.— 
Barbed  bolt.  Seo/wn.  Barbed  shot,  a  nhot  having 
lunlii  or  grajinelH.  It  Ih  llnd  IrnMi  ■,\  iiiorlar  to  can-y  a 
llfi'  line  to  a  wreck.  Barbed  wire,  two  or  more  wfpoi 
twisted  togi'ther,  with  spikes,  liooks,  or  points  clinched  or 
woven  Into  the  »tranil«,  or  a  single  win'  fonilslied  with 
Khiirp  points  or  barim:  used  for  fences,  ami  ho  nnldo  for 
III'-  I'-Hlniint  of  anhiialH. 

barbed- (biirbd), /I.  (1.  l<barJfi,v.,+  -ed^.  Prop. 
htirdrd,  (|.  v.]     Same  as  bartli'd. 

barbel  (biir'bd),  n.  I  ML.  Iiarbrik,  barbiillc,< 
(tl".  barbel  (I'',  barbmu),  <  ML.  barbrllus,  dim. 
lit  liarbus,  a  barbel  (Iish),  <  Ixirbii,  beard:  see 
barb^.  In  (ho  Hciise  of  an  appcmlage,  barbel 
is  ruthor  <  NL.  harlutla:  see  uarbclla,  ami  cf. 


barbel 

iarbvle.'i  1.  The  common  Englisli  name  of  tho 
fish  lUirhitfi  riili/aris,  also  exteudetl  to  other  spe- 
cies of  the  geiius  Barbus. —  2.  A  small  eyliu- 
drieal  vermiform  process  appended  to  the  mouth 
of  certain  fishes,  serving  as  an  organ  of  touch. 
— 3.  A  loiot  of  superfluous  flesh  growing  in  the 
channel  of  a  horse's  mouth.  Also  harhlcsjiA  barb. 

■barbella  OmY-he\'&),n.;y\.barbdUr{-e).  [NL., 
dim.  of  L.  barba,  a  heard.  Cf.  barbide  and  bar- 
Jiil,  2,  3.]     A  small  barb  or  bristle. 

barbellate  (bar-bel'at),  a.  [<  NL.  barbellatus, 
<  NL.  barbcUa,  q.  v.]  Having  small  bristles  or 
barbules :  used  chiefly  in  botany.  Also  barbu- 
lale. 

barbellula  (biir-bel'u-lS),  n. ;  pi.  barbelluke 
(-le).  INh.,  dim.  ot  barbella,  q.  Y.'i  Avery 
small  barb  or  bristle. 

barbellulate  (bilr-beru-lat),  a.  [<  NL.  barbel- 
hdatiis,  <  barbellula,  q.'v.]  Having  very  small 
V>ristles  or  barbules. 

barber  (biir'ber),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bar- 
hour,  <  (o)  ME.  barbour,  barbor,  barbur,  <  AF. 
hiirhiiur,  OF.  barbeor  (<  L.  as  if  *barbator,  < 
^hiirbarc,  shave:  see  ftdril,  ii.) ;  mixed  with  (fc) 
ME.  barber,  <  OF.  barbier,  P.  barbier  =  It.  bar- 
biere,  <  L.  as  if  *barbarius,  <  L.  barba,  a  beard : 
see  barb^,  >i.]  1.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
shave  the  beard  and  cut  and  dress  the  hair. — 
2.  Same  as  surgeon-Jish.— 'Baxter's  basin,  a  basin 
or  bowl  formerly  used  in  shaving,  having  a  broad  rim 
with  a  semicircular  opening  to  fit  tlie  neck  of  the  cus- 
tomer, who  held  it,  while  the  barber  made  the  lather  with 
his  hand  and  applied  it  directly :  still  in  use  in  some  parts 
of  Europe  as  a  barber's  sign.— Barber's  pole,  a  pole 
striped  spirally  with  alternate  biinds  of  colors,  generally 
red  t)r  lihitk  and  white,  and  often,  in  Europe,  having  a 
brass  iiasiu  at  the  end,  placed  as  a  sign  at  the  door  of  a 
barbers  shop.  The  striping  is  in  imitationfof  the  ribbon 
with  which  the  arm  of  a  person  who  has  been  bled  is 
bound  up,  and  originally  indicated  that  the  barber  com- 
bined minor  surgical  operations  with  his  other  work. 

barber  (bar'ber),  V.  t.  [<  barber,  ».]  To  shave 
and  dress  the  hair  of. 

Our  courteous  Antony,  .  .  . 
Being  barber'd  ten  times  o'er,  goes  to  the  feast. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

barbera  (biir-ba'ra),  n.  [It.]  An  Italian  red 
wine,  made  in  Piedmont  from  a  variety  of 
gi-apes  so  called. 

barber-boat  (bar'ber-bot),  n.  A  small  boat 
like  a  canoe,  in  use  at  Canton  in  the  south  of 
China:  probaljly  so  called  because  in  the  early 
days  of  trade  with  China  native  barbers  used 
such  boats  in  going  about  among  the  shipping. 

barber-chirurgeont  (bar'ber-ki-rer'jon),  n.  A 
barber-siu'geon. 

He  put  himself  into  a  barber-chirurffeon's  hands,  who,  by 
untit  applications,  rarefied  the  tumour. 

Wueinan,  Surgery. 

barberess  (biir'ber-es),  n.  [<  barber  +  -ess.'] 
A  female  barber;  a  barber's  wife. 

barber-fish  (bar'ber-fish),  n.  In  ichth.,  TeutJtis 
caruleus  or  some  other  fish  of  the  family  Teu- 
thididw. 

barbermongert  (bar'ber-mrmg"ger),  «.  A  man 
who  frequents  the  barber's  shop,  or  jirides  him- 
self on  being  dressed  by  a  barber ;  a  fop.  Shale, 
Lear,  ii.  2. 

barberry  (bar'ber-i),  n. ;  pi.  barberries  (-iz). 
[Also  berbcrri/,  early  mod.  E.  also  barbery,  bar- 
bary,  berbery  (the  term,  simulating  ierryl),<  ME. 
barbere  (cf.  F.  berberis,  formerly  berbere)  =  Sp. 
berberis  =  It.  berberi,  <  ML.  berberis,  barbaris, 
of  uncertain  origin.  The  Ar.  barbaris,  Pers. 
harbarl,  are  from  the  ML.]  1.  A  shi-ub  of  the 
genus  Berberis,  B.  vulgaris,  bearing  racemes  of 
yellow  ill-smelling  flowers,  which  produce  red 
elongated  berries  of  a  pleasantly  acid  flavor,  a 
native  of  Em'ope  and  extensively  naturalized 
in  New  England.  From  the  root  of  the  barberry  a  yel- 
low coloring  matter  is  obtained,  which  when  rendered 
brown  by  alkalis  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  morocco 
leather.  In  England  also  called  pcpperidge  or  piprage. 
See  Bcrhi'i-is. 
2.  The  fruit  of  this  shi-ub. 

barberry-fungus  (bar'ber-i-fuiig"gus),  n.  A 
fungus  which  attacks  the  leaves  of  the  common 
barberry,  formerly  known  as  JEcidimn  Bcr- 
bcridis,  but  now  proved  to  be  the  a^cidiospore 
stage  of  the  red  and  black  rust  (Puccinia  gra- 
minis)  which  is  found  upon  wheat,  oats,  other 
kinds  of  gi'ain,  and  various  species  of  grass. 
Also  called  barberry-rust  or  barbcrry-cluster- 
cups.     See  cut  under  Puccinia. 

barber-surgeon  (bar'ber-ser'jon),  n.  Formerly, 
one  who  united  the  practice  of  sm-gery  with 
that  of  a  barber ;  hence,  an  inferior  practitioner 
of  surgery. 

Those  deep  and  public  brands. 
That  the  whole  company  (»f  barbtr-sargeons 
Should  not  take  off  with  all  their  arts  and  plaisters. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  To  the  Reader. 
29 


449 

barber-surgery  (bar'ber-8fer"jer-i),  n.  The 
oc,('uj)ation  or  practice  of  a  barber-surgeon; 
honco,  bungling  work,  like  that  of  a  low  prac- 
titioner of  surgery. 

Slits  it  into  four,  that  ho  may  the  better  come  at  it  with 
liis  biirbrr-surgery.  Milton,  Colasterlon. 

barberyl  (bar'bfer-i),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
barbary  (ME.  barbarery),  <  OP.  barberie,  <  bar- 
bier, a  bai'bcr :  see  harlier  and  -ery.]  If.  A 
barber's  shop. —  2.  The  occupation  or  craft  of 
a  barber.     [Rare.] 

The  union  of  surgery  and  barbery  was  partially  dissolved 
in  1540  (a-2  ffenry  VIII.,  c.  42),  the  barbers  being  confined 
by  tliat  Act  to  their  own  business,  jjIus  blood-letting  and 
tooth-drawing.  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  liW. 

barbery-t,  ».     See  barberry. 

barbetH  (bar'bot),  n.  [<  F.  barbette,  OF.  bar- 
bcte,  dim.  of  barbe,  <  L.  barba,  a  beard :  see 
ftorfil.]  1.  A  small  beard. —  2.  A  part  of  the 
helmet  in  use  in  the  sLxteenth  century;  either 
(a)  the  fixed  beaver  or  montonniere,  or  (b)  the 
lower  part  of  the  vizor  when  made  in  two  pieces, 
so  that  either  could  be  raised  ■without  the  other. 
Comi)aro  barbute.     Also  spelled  barbett. 

barbet^  (biir'bet),  n.  [<  P.  barbct  (prob.  for 
barbe),  <  OP.  barbct,  <  L.  barbatus,  bearded. 
Cf.  barbute.]  1.  A  variety  of  dog  having  long 
cm-lyhair;  a  poodle. —  2.  In  oniilh.,  any  bird 
of  the  families  Capitonicla:  (or  Mcgakciiiidw)  and 
Bucconidm.  it  is  a  book-name  which  has  followed  the 
generic  names  Capito  and  Bucco  in  their  various  applica- 
tions to  numerous  zygodactyl  birds  with  large  heads,  stout 
bills,  and  prominent  rictat  \  i)  irlss;e,  inhabiting  both  the  old 
and  tlie  new  world,  and  lias  coiise<iuently  no  exact  techni- 
cal meaning. — Fisslrostral harbets,  the  puff-birds;  the 
birds  of  the  family  Buccunidce  (which  see).  They  are  con- 
fined to  America,  belong  to  the  three  leading  genera, 
Bucco,  Mo7iasa,  and  Cht'lidoptera,  and  include  the  birds 
kllown  as  barbacous,  tamatias,  or  monases.  (See  these 
words.)  They  are  closely  related  to  the  jacamars  or  Gal- 
bulidie,  but  liave  nr>  spt-i  ial  affinity  with  the  scansorial 
barbets. —  Scansorial  barbets,  the  barbets  proper;  the 
birds  of  the  family  i'ni'ituiiida!  (which  see).  They  are 
chiefly  birds  of  the  old  world,  of  the  leading  genera  Po- 
iioniati  (or  Pogonorhytichus),  Ategaloenia,  Calorhamjihus, 
Tiitchyphonits,  Psilopogon,  etc.,  including  the  African 
birds  known  as  barbiohs  and  barbicans;  but  they  also 
include  the  South  American  genus  Capito. 

barbettt,  n.     See  barbet^,  2. 

barbette  (bar-bet'),  n.  [P.,  fem.  dim.  of  barbe, 
<.h.  barba,  heard.  Ct.  barbet^.]  The  platform 
or  breastwork  of  a  fortification,  from  which 
cannon  may  be  fired  over  the  parapet  instead 
of  through  embrasures — Barbette-carriage,  a  car- 
riage which  elevates  a  gnu  sufticiently  to  enable  it  to  be 
fired  ovgr  the  parapet,  and  lowers  it  again  behind  the 
parapet"  iifter  the  discharge.  &ee  gun-carriage.  —  Bar- 
bette gun,  or  battery,  one  gmi,  or  several,  mounted  in 
barljette.— Barbette  ship,  a  war-vessel,  generally  an 
ironclad,  carrying  heavy  guns  which  are  fired  over  the 
turret  or  casemate,  and  not  through  port-holes. — To  fire 
in  barbette.     See  barb^,  lO. 

barb-feathers  (barb '  f cth  "  erz),  n.  pi.  The 
feathers  under  the  beak  of  a  hawk. 

barbican^  (biir'bi-kan),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  barbacan,  etc.,  <"ME.  barbican,  herbikan, 
barbygan,  etc.,  <  OF.  barbicane,  barbaquennc, 
mod.  P.  barbicane  =  Pr.  Sp.  barbicana  =  Pg. 
barbicao  =  It.  barbicane,  <  ML.  barbicana,  bar- 
bacana,  'barbacanus,  a  barbican:  supposed  to  be 


r^Tl^\ 


Barbican.—  Plan  of  Castle  of  Carcassonne,  France :  12th  and  13th 
centuries. 

^,  C.  barbican  protectinK  tbe  appioach  on  the  side  of  the  town;  S, 
sally-port  ;  A  main  barbican  without  the  walls :  E,E  ,Z,F,  H.  forti- 
fied way  between  the  castle  and  Ute  barbican ;  /,  postern-gfate.  de- 
fended by  machicolations,  drawbridce,  a  berse.  etc. ;  L,  intenor  court 
of  castle  i  M.  secondary  court;  -V.  A',  covered  galleries  alTording  ac- 
commodations in  case  of  siege  ;  O,  O.  chief  gate  of  the  castle  and 
bridge  over  the  moat ;  P.  Q.  Q.  pennanent  lodgings,  three  stones  high  : 
R  R  double  donjon,  or  keep ;  S,  watch-tower ;  T,  guard-post  be- 
tween the  double  walls  of  the  city:  V,  barriers  carried  across  the 
space  intervening  between  the  city  walls :  X.  Y.  .V.  towers  connected 
by  curtains.     (From  Viullct-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  rArchitccture.  ") 


Barbus 

of  Ar.  or  Pers.  origin,  introduced  into  Europe  by 
the  crusaders;  cf.  -Ar.  Pers.  bdb-lclidnali,  a  gate- 
house, gateway  with  a  tower.]  1.  \n  medieval 
fort.,  an  outwork  of  a  castle  or  fortified  place. 
(a)  Properly,  a  post  in  which  a  force  coulil  be  sheltered  so 
as  to  be  ready  f<ir  a  sortie  to  protect  cominunicationH,  etc. 
Such  a  work  frequently  supplied  an  advantageous  means 
for  taking  an  ;t.sHailant  in  the  fiank,  and,  wliile  coinmunl* 
eating  with  the  main  post,  seldom  eotitained  tlie  chief 
entrance  to  it.  (/y)  An  outpost  of  any  nature,  as  a  bridge- 
tower,  or  a  defense  outside  of  the  moat  i»rotecting  the  ap- 
proach to  the  drawbridge ;  also  a  gateway-tower  through 
which  the  main  entrance  was  carried. 

Within  the  Barbican  a  Porter  sate, 

I)ay  and  night  duely  keeping  watch  and  ward. 

Spenser,  V.  (J.,  II.  Ix.  25. 

He  leads  a  body  of  men  close  under  the  outer  barrier  of 
the  barbican.  Scott,  Ivanhoe,  II.  vL 

2.  A  loojAole.     [Rare  and  obsolete.] 

He  caused  certain  harhacans  or  htop-holes  U*  be  pierccil 
through  the  walls.  Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  xxiv.  34. 

3.  A  chaimol  or  scupper  in  a  parapet  for  the 
discharge  of  water. 

barbican-  (biir'bi-kan),  re.  [Appar.  a  made 
word,  based  (like  barbion,  q.  v.)  on  P.  barbe, 
a  beard.]  A  scansorial  barbet  of  the  family 
Capitonida;  and  subfamily  Pngonorhynchina',  or 
the  genus  Pogonias  in  a  broad  sense.  The  bar- 
bicans are  all  African,  like  the  barbions. 

barbicel  (biir'bi-sel),  n.  [<  NL.  "barbicclla, 
dim.  of  L.  barba,  a  beard.  Cf.  barbel.]  In 
ornith.,  a  fringing  process  of  the  third  order  of 
a  feather;  a  fringe  of  a  barbule ;  one  of  the 
processes  with  which  a  barbule  is  fiinged,  dif- 
fering fi'om  a  hamulus  or  hooklet  in  not  being 
recurved. 

barbiers  (biir'berz),  n.  [See  def.]  A  paralytic 
disease  formerly  very  common  in  India,  and 
believed  to  be  identical  with  beriberi  (which 
see),  or  to  bo  another  form  of  that  disease. 

barbigerous  (biir-bi,j'e-rus),  «.  [<  L.  barhiger 
(<  barba,  beard,  -i-  gerere,  carry)  -I-  -ous.] 
Bearded;  wearing  a  beard:  in  bot.,  applied  to 
petals  that  are  hairy  all  over. 

barbion  (biir'bi-on),  «.  [<  F.  barbion  (?),  < 
barbe,  a  beard.  Cf.  barbet^.]  An  .African  scan- 
sorial barbet  of  the  genus  Barbatula,  family 
Megahcmidm  or  Capitonidw. 

barbiton,  barbitos  (biir'bi-ton,  -tos),  re.;  pi. 
barbiia  (-tii).  [<  Gr.  (idppiTov,  earlier  ,3dpiiiTog, 
a  word  prob.  of  Eastern  origin.]  .An  ancient 
Greek  musical  instrument  of  the  lyre  kind. 

barbie,  n.    See  barbel,  3. 

barbolet,  «.     A  very  heavy  battle-ax. 

barbotine  (biir'bo-tin),  n.  [P.,  woi-mwood,  se- 
meu-contra,  <  barboter,  dabble.]  1.  An  East 
Indian  vegetable  product,  the  chief  constituents 
of  which  are  wax,  gum,  and  bitter  extract. 
Simmo7ids. —  2.  Worm-seed.  Simmonds. — 3.  In 
ceram.,  same  as  slip. 

barb-pigeon  (biirb'pij  'on),  n.    Same  as  barV^,  2. 

barbret,  ".     See  barbar. 

barbu  (biir'bii),  n.  [P.,  <  barbe:  see  barbK] 
1.  A  name,  derived  from  BufFon  and  other 
French  naturalists,  equivalent  to  barbet  in  any 
of  the  senses  of  the  latter,  as  applied  to  birdfs 
either  of  the  family  Bitcconidw  or  family  Capi- 
tonida. See  these  words,  and  barbel'^, —  2.  pi. 
The  birds  of  the  family  Capitonidce  alone,  as 
distinguished  fi'om  the  Bucconida: 

barbula  (biir'bu-la),  n.  ;  pi.  barbul(r(-\e).  [L.,  a 
little  beard,  a' small  barb:  see  barbule.]  1. 
Same  as  barbide,  1. —  2.  [caji.]  [NL.]  A  large 
genus  of  true  mosses  characterized  by  tei-mi- 
nal,  erect  fruit,  and  a  peristome  of  long  fili- 
form segments  spirally  t'wisted  to  the  left. — 
3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  bivalve  mol- 
lusks. 

barbulate  (biir'bu-lat),  a.    Same  as  barbellate. 

barbule  (biir'bul),  re.  [<  L.  barbula,  dim.  of 
io;/)«, beard.]  1.  A  small  barb,  as  of  a  plant; 
a  little  beard.  -Also  barbula. 
— 2.  In  ornith.,  one  of  a 
series  of  pointed,  barb-like 
processes  fringing  the  barbs 
of  a  feather. 

As  the  rhachis  [of  a  feather) 
bears  its  vane  or  series  of  barbs, 
so  does  each  barb  bear  its  vanes  of 
the  second  order,  or  little  vanes,  ^ 
called  bartndes. 

Cmw-s,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  S4. 

3.    The  part  of  a  helmet 

which  protects  the  cheeks  ■».«.  Barbs ;*.«.  Barbules. 
and  chin.  iHighlymagnified.j 

Barbus  (biir'bus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  barbus,  a  bar- 
bel, <  barba,  beard:  see  barbel.]  An  extensive 
genus  of  cyjirinoid  fishes,  containing  the  bar- 
bels, typified  by  the  common  barbel  of  Europe, 


Barbus 


Barbel  {Earbui  ■vulgaris'). 

B.  vulgaris :  used  with  varying  latitude  by  dif- 
ferent writers. 

barbnteti  >>■  [OF.,  orig.  fem.  of  *barbiif,  harhu. 
mod.  F.  harhu,  bearded,  <  harhe,  beard.]  1.  A 
steel  cap  without  vizor,  but  covering  the  cheeks 
and  ears,  used  in  the  fifteenth  century  and 
later  by  foot-soldiers,  archers,  etc.,  and  by  the 
common  people  in  times  of  danger. — 2.  A  man- 
at-arms  :  from  the  name  of  the  helmet  worn  by 
heavily  armed  men. 

barcal  (biir'ka),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Ophio- 
ceph(ili(l(€  (Ojihioccjihalus  harca),  living  in  the 
fresh  waters  of  Bengal. 

barca^  (bar'ka),  u.     [It.,  Sp.,  bark:  see  ftarts.] 

A  boat,  skiff,  or  barge.    A'.  E.  D Barca  longa 

(lit.  lonp  boat),  a  fishing-boat,  conuuon  in  the  MeditelTa- 
nean.     Fincham,  Ship-building,  iv.  H. 

Barcan  (bar'kan),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bar- 
ca, a  rilayet  of  the  Turkish  empire,  in  northern 
Afi-iea,  lying  to  the  north  of  the  Libyan  desert, 
and  between  Egypt  and  the  gulf  of  "Sidra. 

Take  the  wiugs 
Of  morning,  pierce  the  Barcan  wilderness. 

Bryant,  Tbanatopsis. 

barcarole  (bar'ka-rol).  n.  [<  It.  harcarolo,  har- 
caruolo,  a  boatman  (fem.  harcartiola,  >  F.  har- 
carolle,  >  E.  harcarole,  a  boatman's  song),  < 
barca,  &  bark,  barge  :  see  hark'^.']  1.  An  Ital- 
ian boatman. — 2.  A  simple  song  or  melody 
sung  by  Venetian  gondoliers. —  3.  A  piece  of 
instrumental  music  comi)Osed  in  imitation  of 
8uch  a  song. 
Also  spelled  barcarolle. 

barce  (bars),  «.  [Another  spelling  of  barse, 
q.  v.]  An  English  (Yorkshire)  name  of  the 
stickleback. 

barcelonat  (bar-se-16'na),  H.  [Named  ironxBar- 
cttonii,  a,  city  in  fcipaiu.^  A  neck-cloth  of  soft 
silk. 

The  anthor  of  Waverley  entered ; .  .  .  a  double  barceUma 
protectt'd  his  neck,  ScoU,  Peveril  of  the  Peak,  l*ref. 

barcenite  (bar'se-nit),  «.  [After  Prof.  Jlari- 
ano  Jiurceim,  of  Me.Kico.]  A  hydrous  antimo- 
niate  of  mercury  from  Huitzuco,  Mexico,  de- 
rived from  the  alteration  of  livingstonite. 

B.  Arch.  An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Archi- 
ll liun,  a  degree  granted  bj-  some  colleges  and 
si-lii.ols  in  tlio  United  States. 

Barclayite  (biir'kla-lt),  n.    Same  as  Berean,  2. 

barcon,  barcone  (blir'kon,  bar-ko'ne),  n.  [<  It. 
harcone,  aug.  of  harro,  a  bark:  see  6arA-3.]  A 
trading-vessel  used  in  the  Mediterranean. 

bar-cutter  (biir'kut"6r),  «.  A  shearing-machine 
which  cuts  metallic  bars  into  lengths.  E.  II. 
Kniqht. 

baril^  (biird),  n.     [Formerly  also  barth,  bardh 
(<  W.),  and  Sc.   baird  (<  Gael.);  =  F.  bardc 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  hardo,  <  LL.  bardus,  Gr.  ftapdoc  • 
of  Celtic  origin:   W.   bnrdd  =  Ir.    and  Gael. 
bard  =  Com.   bardh  =  Bret.  Tiar:,  a  poet.] 
1.  A  poet  and  singer  among  the  ancient  Celts; 
one  whose  occupation  was  to  compose  and  sin;; 
verses  in   honor  of  the  heroic   achievemeiils 
of  princes  and  bravo  men,  and  on  other  sub- 
jects, generally  to  the  accompaniment  of  the 
harp.    The  WcIhIi  bards  funned  a  hereditary  order  regu- 
latoil  by  laws,  and  lield  stated  festivals  for  competition, 
called  eintfdiljtulii,  wlilcti  after  a  long  snHpcnsion  were  re- 
vived In  the  elghtcerilb  <  intur.v.    (.See  ri,lril,l/,iil.)    There 
vtoA  uIho  a  liercditary  gild  of  bardM  In  Ireland,  many  of 
vttiotii  attained  great  skill. 
^^..  r.  in  amnngest  the  Iridh  n  certayne  kinil  of  people 
'/ ',  wblih  are  lt>  llH-m  instei-de  of  )ii»etts,  whose 
1  ^  to  sett  foorth  tin-  prftywes  and  lilsprnyses  of 
jt  poems  and  rimes.   .S7'**nji**r,  State  of  Ireland. 

2t.  Fonncrly,  in  Scotland,  a  strolling  musician ; 
a  rniii-iri'l :  clasHcd  with  vagabouds,  us  an  ob- 
j'-el  f,|  |,i  ,i,il  laws. 

All  li  <  fulls (roolsl,  ianffs, sciidloris,  and  alcllke 

Idlli  l.rlnlln  I  lie  cheek. 

*■"■  ^Ir.l.  lialfonr's  rr»cllck,C80.  (iV.  A',  ft.) 

3.  Ill  ij ]rr  iiNc,  n  poet:  8H,  the  fcnrrfof  Avon 

(Shakspere);  ilio  Ayntliiro  bard  (Hums). 

/ianl,  who  with  tunnv  dlviniT  art 
llut  touched  the  bard'*  true  lyre  n  nation  »<  lo  art. 

/.■jwrti,  •!..  I.iinmrllne. 

4.  I- 
ap 
only  t( 


450 

bard-  (bard),  n.  [Also  corruptly  barb",  formerly 
barde.  <  F.  barde  (=  It.  Sp.  'Pg.  barda),  the 
trappings  of  a 
horse,  the  de-  "SK.,;,.^  h 
fensive  armor 
of  a  war-horse. 
Cf.  OF.  hardelle 
(see  hardelle),  F. 
dial.  aubarde, 
Sp.  Pg.  albarda, 
a  pack-saddle,  < 
Ai'.  al-barda'ah, 
<  al,  the,  -f-  bar- 
da'ah,  a  pad  of 
wool  placed  un- 
der a  saddle, 
a  pack-saddle. 
But  the  meaning 
seems  to  have 
been  influenced 
by  Icel.    bardh. 


Horse-annor  of  Majiimilian  1.  of  Germany. 
a,  chamfron ;  t,  crinifrre;  f,  poitrcl ;  d, 
croupifere,  or  buttodc-piece. 


i.'l  liardii,  mid  cf.  nkiitd,  malil, 
'    I  U>  urohl.']     AhcoIiI:  appli<<l 
'iL<n.     [Stietland..] 


the  beak  or  prow  of  a  ship  of  war,  the  brim  of 
a  helmet,  orig.  a  beard,  =  E.  beard  (see  beard); 
hence  the  variations  of  form,  barde  and  barbe.l 
1 .  Any  one  of  the  pieces  of  defensive  armorused 
in  medieval  Em-ope  to  protect  the  hoi-se.  There  is 
no  record  of  any  general  use  of  such  ai'uior  in  antiquity  or 
among  Uriental  peoples,  or  in  the  European  middle  ages 
before  the  fifteenth  century.  Housings  of  different  kinds 
of  stuff,  sometimes  quilted  and  wadded  in  exposed  parts, 
the  saddle  with  its  appurtenances,  and  occasionally  a 
chamfron,  were  all  the  defense  provided  for  horses  until 
that  time.  The  piece  of  armor  most  conmionlyused  after 
the  chamfron  (which  see)  was  the  bard  of  the  breast.  See 
ptntret.  The  croupiere,  or  p.art  covering  the  haunches,  was 
added  at  the  close  of  the  flftecTitb  century:  but  after  the 
wars  of  the  Roses  the  bards  rcacbt'd  tla-ir  fullest  develop- 
ment, and  the  upper  part  of  the  body  of  the  liorse  was 
covered  as  completely  with  steel  as  the  body  of  his  rider. 
See  croupiere. 

Hence — 2.  pi.  The  housings  of  a  horse,  used 
in  toiu'neys,  justs,  and  processions  during  the 
later  middle  ages.  They  were  most  commonly 
of  stuff  woven  or  embroidered  with  the  arms 
of  the  rider. 

The  bases  and  bardes  of  their  horse  were  grene  sattyn. 
Hall,  Henry  VIII.,  an.  1  (IMS). 

3.  pi.  Armor  of  metal  plates,  worn  in  the  six- 
teenth century  and  later.     See  armor. 

A  conipleat  French  mau-at-armes  with  all  his  bardie. 

Florin,  tr.  of  Montaigne,  II.  i.\.  2"25.    {N.  E.  I).) 

bard^  (bard),  r.  t.  [<  bard^, «.]  To  caparison 
with  bards,  as  a  horse  ;  to  fui-nish  or  accoutre 
with  annor,  as  a  man. 

Fifteen  hundred  men  .  .  .  barded  and  richly  trapped. 
Stow,  Edw.  IV.,  an.  1474. 
Above  the  foaming  tide,  I  ween. 
Scarce  half  the  cbarger's  neck  was  seen ; 
F'or  he  was  t>nt<lr<l  finm  counter  to  tail. 
And  the  rider  was  armed  comi)lete  in  mail. 

ScotI,  L.  of  L.  51.,  i.  a). 

bard'*  (bilrd),  n.  [<  F.  barde  (=  Pg.  barda  =  Sp. 
albarda),  a  strip  of  bacon ;  a  })articular  use  of 
ftarrfp,  trappings:  see /«»(/'-.]  A  strip  of  bacon 
used  to  cover  a  fowl  or  meat  in  roasting. 

bard'*  (luird),  r.  t.  [<  hariP.  ».J  To  cover  with 
thin  l>iU'on,  as  a  bird  or  meat  to  be  roasted. 

bardasht  (biir'dash),  n.  [<  F.  bardache,  <  Sp. 
hiinlii.ra  =  It.  barilascia,  <  Ar.  hardaj,  slave, 
{•iiptivc]     A  boy  kept  for  unnatural  purposes. 

barde',  barde'-, "«.     See  hant^,  Imrd-. 

barded  (hiii'dcd),  p.  a.  [<  hard-  +  -r(/2.  Cf. 
hiirlinr-.']  Furnished  with  or  clad  in  armor: 
sniil  (if  a  war-horse. 

bardellef  (hiir-del'),  h.  [<  OF.  banhUe  (=  It. 
Ii(irdillii),  dim.  of  bardc:  see  Imril'-.^  A  jiack- 
saihilo  innilo  (if  cloth.  stulTcd  with  straw,  and 
tied  (Idwn  1ij;htly  with  piicU-thrcad. 

Bardesanism  (biii-des'a-uizm),  «.  [<  BanU- 
Hants  +  -(.s«/.]  The  doctrinal  system  of  tlio 
Banlesanists. 

Bardesanist  (tiiir-des'a-nist),  11.  One  of  tlio 
I'olldWiis  (it  Bardcsanes,  of  Edessa,  in  Meso- 
potamia,  in  the  second    afid   third  centuries. 

lie  Is  said  to  have  taught  di.clrli iKcnibllng  those  of 

thetlnoidic  Vidcntlnus,  namely:  u  «clf.e\l»tenl  prinrlplu 
of  evil ;  that  llie  soul  Is  Imprisoned  In  the  body  by  way 
of  pnnlHliment ;  and  that  therefore  a  body  was  not  asanmed 
by  I'hrist  In  Ids  Incarnation,  and  Is  not  to  be  raised  at  the 
resurrection.  Recent  (liKcUHHi(nis  have  shown,  however. 
that  the  true  miture  of  Ids  doctrines  rcimiins  an  open 
(liu'slloii.  There  are  still  extant  .Syrlac  hynms  and  prose 
vso(k.(  iiHrrilicil  lo  ItardcMiines. 

Bardesanite  (luir-dcs'ii-nit),  n.     [<  Bardena»rn 

+ -ili-.\     A  I'.ardcHanist. 

II'-  f.Mant)  looked  upon  what  he  considered  folic  f'liris. 
lianily  proper,  that  is,  I'lirlHtialilty  as  It  had  iH.eii  devel- 
o|a'd  among  the  sects  of  the  Itasilldlans,  Man  loiiit«.s,  and 
perhaps  linnUiianitc*,  as  n  comparatively  vidiiable  and 
sound  religion.  ICmi/r.  lint.,  XV,  ih',, 

bardic  (liiir'dik).  a,  [<  htird^  +  -ic]  Of,  iicr- 
Ininiiig  to,  or  of  Ihu  cbaractor  of  a  bard  <ir 
bttrds. 


bare 

Here,  in  the  open  air  — in  "the  eye  of  light  and  the  face 
of  the  sun,"  to  use  the  bardic  style  —  the  decrees  were  pro- 
nouuced,  and  the  Druids  harangued  the  people. 

/.  D'Jsraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  20. 

barding  (bar 'ding),  «.  [<  barei-  +  -ing^.'] 
Horse-armor  in  general :  usually  in  the  plural. 
See  bard^,  1. 

bardish  (bar'dish),  a.  [<  hard^  +  -(.s/;!.]  Per- 
taining to  or  characteristic  of  bards:  as,  "bartl- 
ish  impostures,"  Selden,  Drayton's  Polyolbion. 

biirdism  (biir'dizm),  H.  [<hard^  +  -ism.]  The 
science  of  bards;  bardie  principles  or  methods. 

bardlet  (biird'let), «.  i<bardl  +  -let.]  Abard- 
lin^. 

bardling  (bard'ling),  ».    [<  ftarrft -(- .;,Hj;l.]  An 
inferior  bard ;    a  mediocre   or  inexperienced 
poet. 
.  Tlie  forte  of  bardlings  is  the  foible  of  a  bard. 

Slcdjnan,  Poets  of  America,  p.  169. 

bardocucuUus  (bar  "do-kii-kurus),  «. ;  pi.  bar- 
tlocKcuUi  (-i).  [NL.]  A  kind  of  cowled  cloak 
anciently  worn  by  some  Gallic  peasants,  and 
adopted  by  Romans  and  monks.     See  cuciilliis. 

bards  (biirdz),  n.  [Sc. ;  cf.  F.  barbate,  an  eel- 
pout.]  A  local  name  in  Edinburgh  of  the  eel- 
pout,  Zoarces  rivipariis. 

bardship  (biird'ship),  n.  [<  bard^  +  -ship.'] 
The  office  of  bard;  position  or  standing  as  a 
bard. 

The  Captain  .  .  .  showed  a  particular  respect  for  my 
bard.^hip.  Btints,  Border  Tour,  p.  569.     (iV.  E.  D.) 

bardy  (bilr'di).  a.  [<  hard^,  in  the  depreciative 
senses  (defs.  2  and 4),  +  -yl.]  Bold-faced;  de- 
fiant; audacious.     [Scotch.] 

barel  (bar),  a.      [<  ME.  bare,  bar,  <  AS.  bo'r  = 

05.  6or=0Fries.  bcr  =  'D.  baar  =  OHG.  MHG. 
bar,  G.  bar,  haar  =  lcel.  berrz=Sw.  T>an.  bar 
=  OBulg.  J(WK  =  Lith.  basiis,  hosus,  bare;  orig. 
meaning  prob.  'shining';  cf.  Skt.  -v/  bhas, 
shine.]  1.  Naked;  without  covering :  as,  bare 
arms;  the  trees  are  hare. 

Tliou  wast  naked  and  bare.  Ezek.  xvi.  7. 

Envy  finds 
More  food  in  cities  than  on  mountains  bare. 

Lou'clt,  Dara. 

2.  With  the  head  uncovered.  In  numismatic  de- 
scriptions, said  of  a  head  on  a  coin  or  medal  when  uncov- 
ereil  or  devoid  of  any  adornment,  such  as  a  diadem  or 
laurel-wreath. 

Wlien  once  thy  foot  enters  the  church,  be  bare. 

Herbert,  Church  Porch. 
Thou  standest  bare  to  him  now,  workcst  for  him. 

Burtot),  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  357. 

3.  Open  to  ^^ew ;  unconcealed  ;  undisguised. 

Bare  in  thy  guilt,  how  foul  must  thou  apjtcar  I 

Milton,  .S.  A.,  I,  902. 

4.  Lacking  in  appropriate  covering  or  equip- 
ment; unf m'nished :  as,  7»«»r  walls. —  5t.  Plain; 
simple ;  unadorned  ;  without  polish. 

Yet  was  their  manners  then  but  bare  and  plain. 

Spenser. 

6.  Threadless;  napless. 

it  appears,  by  their  bare  liveries, 
That  they  live  by  your  bare  words. 

Shak.,  T.  O.  of  v.,  li.  4. 

7.  Poor;  destitute;  indigent;  ompt.v;  unfur- 
nished; unprovided  witli  what  is  necessary 
or  comfortable :  absolutely  or  with  of. 

I  have  made  E|au  bare.  Jer.  xlix.  10. 

r  poll  lier  death,  when  licr  nearest  friends  thought  her 
very  hare,  her  executors  found  in  her  strong  box  about 
il.'iO  in  gol.l.  Swi/t,  Death  of  Stella. 

Tho'  your  violence  should  leave  them  bare 
f>/gold  and  silver,  swords  and  darts  remain. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  .Satires. 

8.  Empty;  valueless;  paltry;  worthless. 

Not  what  we  give,  but  what  we  share  — 
For  the  gift  without  the  giver  is  bare. 

Lowell,  Sir  I.aiinfal. 

9.  Mere;  scarcely  or  just  suflicient:  as,  tho 
bare  necessaries  of  life;  a  bare  subsistence. 

Pray  you,  ciud  off  these  fellows,  as  unlltting 
For  your  bare  knowledge,  and  far  more  your  company. 
Beau,  and  Fl.,  Hcornful  Lady,  iv,  2. 

10.  Unaccompanied;  without  addition;  sim- 
ple. 

It  was  a  bare  petition  of  a  slate.  Shalt.,  Cor.,  v.  1. 

11.  Unadorned;  without  literary  or  artistic  ef- 
fect; bald ;  meiigor. 

Much  hiw  yet  to  be  done  to  make  even  tho  Imre  annals 
of  the  time  coherent.  .ilhenifum,  No.  .'10(17,  p.  170. 

12.  In  brcr-mtihinii,  not  compl(>tely  covered  by 
the  bubbles  formed  in  fcriucntnlion :  said  of  tho 
surface  (if  lieer. —  13t.    Knvv;  excoriated. 

Mow  niiiny  tlyes  In  wholtest  soinrncrs  day 
llo  seize  upon  some  beast,  whose  llesh  is  bare. 

SlKnaer,  F.  Ij.,  VI.  xl.  48. 

14t.   Lean;  spare. 


bare 

Fal.    For  their  bareness,  I  am  sure  they  never  learned 
that  of  mo.  .,      ..    , 

Priiu'c  .  .  .  Unlessyon  call  thi'ee  fingers  on  the  rihsMrc. 
Sknh,  1  Ilt-n.  IV.,  iv.  2. 
Bare  contract,  in  taw,  an  uncomlitional  promise  or  sur- 
reniler.  — Bare  windt,  naut.,  a  wiml  tluit  is  .scant,  or  too 
mucli  alii-ail  to  1111  tlio  sails.— The  bare.  (•')  In  art,  the 
nude.  (Rare. J  (M)  Tlie  uneovertd  or  unhidden  surface; 
the  body,  the  substance.    [Rare.  J 

You  have  touched  the  very  hare  of  truth.  Marston. 

To  lay  bare,  to  uhcovct--.  expose  to  view  or  to  know- 
ledrc,  :'^  sonn-Uiiii;;  hidden  or  a  secret  of  any  kind. — 
Under  bare  poles  (»««/.),  said  of  a  ship  with  no  sail  set, 
in  a  gale  .>f  wiml.  =S3m.  See  mere. 
barel  (Ijilr),  »'■  <•;  pre*-  and  pp.  hared,  ppr. 
haling.  [<  ME.  harcn,  <  AS.  harian  (in  comp. 
aharian),  also  berian  (=  OHG.  baron  =  loel. 
bera),  make  bare,  <  bmr,  bare:   see  bare^,  a.'\ 

1.  To  make  bare  ;  vincover ;  divest  of  covering : 
as,  to  bare  one's  head  or  one's  breast. 

He  bared  an  ancient  oak  of  all  her  boughs.  Drytlen. 

That  cry  .  .  .  that  seemed  to  hare 
A  wretched  life  of  every  softening  veil. 

}yilliam  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  11.  1;>9. 

2.  To  disclose  ;  make  manifest ;  lay  bare :  as, 
to  hare  the  secrets  of  the  grave.     [Ai'chaic] 

bare-  (bar).     Old  preterit  of  hear'^. 

Barea  (ba're-a),  II.  jjI.  [Gr.,  neut.  pi.  of  papvi, 
jjapia,  heavy.]  An  Aristotelian  group  of  birds, 
coiTesponding  to  the  Linnean  GaUhia;,  includ- 
ing the  gallinaceous  or  rasorial  birds. 

bareback  (bar'bak),  a.  and  adiK  I.  a.  Using 
or  performing  on  a  barebacked  horse :  as,  a 
bareback  rider. 

II.  ado.  On  a  barebacked  horse:  as,  to  ride 
harehack. 

barebacked  (bar'bakt),  a.  Having  the  back 
micovered;  imsaddled,  as  a  horse. 

barebind,  n.     See  hearbine. 

barebone  (bar'bon),  n.    A  very  lean  person. 
[Bare.] 
Here  coTnes  lean  Jack,  here  comes  hare-hone. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

bareboned  (bar'bond),  a.  Having  the  bones 
bare  or  scantily  covered  with  flesh;  so  lean 
that  the  bones  show  their  forms. 

But  now  that  fair  fresh  mirror,  dim  and  old. 
Shows  me  a  harehoned  death  by  time  outworn. 

Shak.,  Lncrece,  1.  1761. 

barefaced  (bar'fast),  a.     1.  With  the  face  un- 
covered ;  not  masked. 
Then  you  will  play  bare-faced.         Shak.,  JI.  N.  D.,  i.  2. 

2.  Undisguised;  unreserved ;  without  conceal- 
ment; open:  in  a  good  or  an  indifferent  sense. 
[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  this  use.] 

It  [Christianity]  did  not  peep  in  dark  corners,  .  .  .  but 
with  a  barefaced  confidence  it  openly  proclaimed  itself. 

Barrow,  Works,  II.  418. 

3.  Undisguised  or  open,  in  a  bad  sense ;  hence, 
shameless ;  impudent ;  audacious :  as,  a  bare- 
faced falsehood. 

See  the  barefaced  villain,  how  he  cheats,  lies,  perjures, 
roljs,  nnirders!  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  17. 

A  wretch,  .  .  .  guilty  of  .  .  .  barefaced  inconstancy. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xviii. 

barefacedly  (bar'fast-li),  adv.    In  a  barefaced 

manner ;  without  disguise  or  reserve ;  openly ; 

shamelessly ;  impudently. 

Some  prolligate  wretches  own  it  too  harefacediy.   Locke. 

Earrfaeedbj  unjust.      Carlyle,  Fred,  the  Gt.,  IV.  .\ii.  11. 

barefacedness  (bar'fast-nes),  «.    1.  Openness. 

^2.  Effrontery;  assurance;  audaciousness. 

barefit   (bar'fit),  a.     Barefoot  or  barefooted. 

[Scotch.] 
barefoot  (bar'fut),  a.  and  adv.  [<  ME.  bare- 
fote,  harfut,  <  AS.  bcerfot  (=  OFries.  herfot  = 
D.  harrevoet  =  leel.  berfmttr),  <  beer,  bare,  + 
Jot,  foot.]  I.  a.  Having  the  feet* bare ;  with- 
out shoes  and  stockings. 

Going  to  find  a  barefoot  brother  out. 
One  of  our  order.  Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  v.  2. 

Blessings  on  thee,  little  man. 
Barefoot  boy,  with  cheek  of  tan ! 

Whittier,  Barefoot  Boy. 

II.  adv.  With  the  feet  bare. 
I  must  dance  barefoot.  Shak.,  T.  of  tile  S.,  ii.  1. 

barefooted  (bar'fiit-ed),  a.    [<  barefoot  +  -erfl.] 

Having  the  feet  bare Barefooted  Augustlnians. 

Scf  Au'imtinmn. —  Barefooted  Carmelites.     See  C'«r- 

IHrlfl,., 

barege  (ba-razh'),  n.  [<  F.  harege,  so  called 
from  Bareges,  a  watering-place  in  the  Pyrenees. 
See  def .]  A  thin  gauze-like  fabric  for  women's 
dresses,  usually  made  of  silk  and  worsted,  but, 
in  the  inferior  sorts,  with  cotton  in  place  of  silk. 
In  reality  bareges  were  never  made  in  the  village  from 
which  tliey  have  tlu-ir  name,  the  seat  of  the  manufacture 
being  at  Haiinm-s-di -lliLiorre  in  the  Pyrenees. 

baregin,  baregine  (ba-ra'zhin),  n.  [<  Bareges 
(see  barege),  the  springs  of  which  yield  the  sub- 


451 

stance,  +  -jh2.]  A  transparent,  gelatinous, 
mucus-like  substance,  the  product  of  certain 
algas  growing  in  tiiermal  sulphm'-springs,  to 
which  they  impart  the  flavor  and  odor  of  ttesli- 
brotb.  Baregin  is  itself  odorless  and  tiisteless.  It  con- 
taiiis,  wlien  dry,  from  :)<)  to  80  per  cent,  of  nnneral  matter, 
ehielly  silica.  The  organic  matter  contains  no  sulphur  and 
from  w  to  12  jier  cent,  of  nitrogen. 

bare-gnawnt  (bSr'nan),  a.  Gnawed  or  eaten 
bare.     Slink.,  Lear,  v.  3. 

barehanded  (l)ar'lian"ded),  a.  1.  With  un- 
covered liaiids. — 2.  Destitute  of  means ;  with 
no  aid  l)ut  one's  own  hands:  as,  he  began  life 
barcliaiiilcd. 

bareheaded  (bar'hed"ed),  a.  Having  the  head 
uncovered,  especially  as  a  token  of  respect. 

First,  you  shall  swear  never  to  name  my  lord. 
Or  hear  him  nam'd  hereafter,  but  bare. headed. 

Fletcher  (and  another'!).  Queen  of  Corinth,  iv.  1. 

On  being  lirst  brought  before  the  court,  Ridley  stood 

hairheadeil.  Fronde,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxxiii. 

bareheadedness  (bar'hed"ed-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  bareheaded. 

Bareheaded lU'sx  wan  in  Corinth,  as  also  in  all  Greece  and 
Rome,  a  token  of  honour  and  superiority. 

Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  237. 

barely  (bar'li),  arfr  libarc'^  + -ly'^.']  1.  Na- 
kedly; openly;  without  disguise  or  conceal- 
ment.—  2.  Scantily;  j)Oorly:  as,  a  man  barely 
clad,  or  a  room  barely  furnished. — 3.  Only 
just;  no  more  than;  with  nothing  over  or  to 
spare :  as,  she  is  barely  sixteen. 

In  paying  his  debts  a  man  barely  does  his  duty. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  3. 

Fox  himself  barely  succeeded  in  retaining  his  seat  for 

Westminster.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xv. 

4.  Merely ;  only.     [Archaic] 

It  is  not  barely  a  man's  abridgment  in  his  external  ac- 
commodations which  makes  him  miserable.  South. 

baremant  (bar'man),  n.     [Sc,  also  bairman;  < 

bareX  +  man.']  K  bankrupt.  [Scotch.] 
bareness  (bar'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being  bare. 
(ff)  Want  or  defteieucy  of  clothing  or  covering ;  naked- 
ness, {h)  Deficiency  of  appropriate  covering,  equipment, 
furniture,  ornament,  etc.:  as,  "old  December's  bareness," 
Shak.,  Sonnets,  xcvii. 

To  make  old  bareness  picttrresque, 
And  tuft  %vith  grass  a  feudal  tower. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cx.\viii. 
(c)  Leanness.     [Rare.]    (rf)  Poverty;  indigence. 

Stript  of  .  .  .  its  Priveleges,  and  made  like  the  primitive 
Church  for  its  Bareness.  South,  Sennons,  I.  229. 

bare-picked     (bar'pikt),     a.      Picked     bare; 
stripped  of  all  flesh,  as  a  bone. 
The  bare-picked  bone  of  majesty.     Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  3. 

bare-pump  (bar'pump),  n.  A  pump  for  drawing 
liquor  from  a  cask:  used  in  vinegar-works, 
wine-  and  beer-cellars,  in  sampling,  etc.  Also 
called  har-pump. 

bare-ribbed  (bar'ribd),  a.  With  bare  ribs  Uke 
a  skeleton:  as,  "bare-ribbed  death,"  Shak.,  K. 
John,  V.  2. 

bares,  ■«.    Phu-al  of  baru,  1. 

baresark  (bar'sark),  n.  [<  bareT-  -I-  sark;  a 
lit.  translation  of  berserker,  Icel.  berserkr,  in 
the  supposed  sense  of  'bare  shirt';  but  see 
berserker.]    A  berserk  or  berserker. 

Many  of  Harold's  brothers  in  arms  fell,  and  on  his  own 
ship  every  man  before  the  mast,  except  his  band  of  Bare- 
sarks, was  either  wounded  or  slain.  Edinburgh  Jtev. 
baresark   (bar'siirk),   adv.      In  a   shirt  only; 
without  armor. 

I  will  go  baresark  to-morrow  to  the  war. 

Kingsley,  Hereward,  p.  169. 

baresthesiometer  (bar-es-the-si-om'e-ter),  «. 
[<  Gr.  jiciiKii,  weight,  -t-  alaBy/ai^,  perception,  -I- 
fihpov,  measure.]  An  instrument  for  testing 
the  sense  of  pressure.  Also  spelled  bara:stlie- 
siometcr. 

baret,  «.     See  barret^. 

bare-'worn  (bar' worn),  a.  Worn  bare;  naked: 
as,  "the  bare-iooni  common,"  Goldsmith,  Des. 
Vil. 

barf  (barf),  n.    Same  as  hargh. 

bar-fee  (biir'fe),  «.  In  English  law,  a  fee  of  20 
pence,  which  every  prisoner  acquitted  (at  the 
bar)  of  felony  formerly  paid  to  the  jailer. 

bar-fish  (bar'fish),  n.     Same  as  calico-bass. 

bar-frame  (bar'fram),  H.  The  frame  support- 
ing the  ends  of  the  grate-bars  iu  fm-uaces. 

barful  (bar'ful),  a.     [<  bar'^  +  -fid.]    Full  of 
obstructions  or  impediments.     [Rare.] 
I'U  do  my  best 
To  woo  your  lady  :  [Aside]  yet,  a  barful  strife ! 
Whoe'er  I  woo,  myself  would  be  his  wife. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  4. 

bargain  (bar'gan),  K.  [<  ME.  bargtun,  har- 
gayiie,  bargain,  barijen,  etc.,  <  OF.  bargainc, 
bargaigne  =  Pr.  barganh,  barganha  =  Pg.  bar- 


bargain-chop 

ganha  =  lt.    hnrgagna   (Pr.   also   barganh  =  It. 
b'trgagnoj,  <  ML.  'harcauia,  *barcanium,  a  bar- 
gain, traflic;  cf.  bargain,  v.     Origin  unknown  ; 
supposed  by  Diez  and  others  to  be  from  ML. 
harca,  a  boat,  bark,  or  barge,  but  evidence  is 
wanting.]     If.  Tlie  act  of  discussing  the  terms " 
of  a  proposed  agreement ;  bargaining. 
I'll  give  thrice  so  much  land 
To  any  well-deserving  friend ; 
But  in  the  way  of  bargain,  mark  ye  me, 
I'll  cavil  on  the  idnth  part  of  a  hair. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  lii.  1. 

2t.  A  contention  or  contest  for  the  mastery  or 
upper  hand;  a  struggle. 

On  BruduH  side  the  better  of  that  bloudic  hargaine  went. 
H'ariirr,  Albion's  Eng.,  XIV.  xc.  36.'-..     (N.  K  V.) 

3.  A  contract  or  an  agi'cement  between  two  or 
more  parties;  a  compact  settling  that  some- 
thing shall  bo  done ;  specifically,  a  contract  by 
which  one  party  Vjinds  himself  to  transfer  the 
right  to  some  proiicrty  for  a  consideration,  and 
the  other  party  binds  liiinself  to  receive  the 
jjroperty  and  pay  the  consideration. 

To  clap  this  royal  bargain  up  of  peace. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ill.  1. 
itoa.    But  if  you  do  refuse  to  raaiTy  me, 
You'll  give  yourself  to  this  most  faithful  shepherd  ? 

Phe.     So  is  the  ^arf^ain.      ,S'/iaA:.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4. 

"Our  fathers,"  said  one  orator,  "sold  their  king  for 

southern  gold,  and  we  still  lie  under  the  reproach  of  that 

foul  bargain."  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

4.  The  outcome  of  an  agreement  as  regards 
one  of  the  parties ;  that  which  is  acquired  by 
bargaining ;  the  thing  purchased  or  stipulated 
for:  as,  lookat  my  ftariraiJi;  a,  had  bargain;  "a 
losing  bargain,"  Junius,  Letters,  v. 

she  was  too  fond  of  her  most  filthy  baraain. 

Shak.,  Othello,  V.  2. 

5.  Something  bought  or  sold  at  a  low  price  ; 
an  advantageous  purchase. 

If  you  have  a  taste  for  paintings,  egad,  you  shall  have 
'em  a  bargain.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  3. 

Bargain  and  sale,  or,  more  fully,  deed  of  bargain  and 
sale,  in  law,  the  form  of  deed  now  in  common  use  for  the 
conveyance  of  land  :  so  called  because  it  is  expressed  as  a 
sale  for  a  pecuniary  consideration  agreed  on,  being  thu* 
distingnished  on  the  one  hand  from  a  quitclaim,  which  is 
a  release,  and  on  the  other  band  from  the  old  conveyance 
by  covenant  to  stand  seized  to  uses. —  Dutch  or  wet  bar- 
gain, a  bargain  sealed  by  the  parties  drinking  over  it.— 
Into  the  bargain,  over  and  above  what  is  stipulated ; 
moreover ;  besides. 

Faith,  Charles,  this  is  the  most  convenient  thing  you 
could  have  found  for  the  business,  for  'twill  serve  not  only 
as  a  hammer,  but  a  catalogue  into  the  bargain. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  L 
To  beat  a  bargain,  to  bargain  ;  haggle.— To  buy  at  a 
bargain,  to  buy  cheaply.— To  buy  the  bargain  deart, 
to  pay  dearly  for  a  thing.—  To  maie  the  best  of  a  bad 
bargain,  to  do  the  best  one  can  in  untoward  circum- 
stances. 

I  am  sorry  for  thy  nnsfortune  ;  however,  we  must  make 
the  best  of  a  bad  bargain.     Arbuthnot,  Hist,  of  John  Bull. 
To  sell  a  bargain!,  to  entrap  one  into  asking  innocent 
questions,  so  as  to  give  an  unexpected  answer,  usually  a 
coai'se  or  indelicate  one. 
The  boy  hath  sold  him  a  bargain.    Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  UL  1. 
I  see  him  ogle  still,  and  hear  him  chat ; 
Selling  facetious  bargains,  and  propounding 
That  witty  recreation  call'd  dnmfounding. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Prophetess.  L  46. 
No  maid  at  court  is  less  asham'd. 
Howe'er  for  selling  bargains  fam'd.  Swift. 

To  strike  a  bargain,  to  complete  or  ratify  a  bargain 
or  an  agreement,  originally  by  striking  or  shaking  hands. 
=  SyTl.  3.  Covenant,  mutual  engagement. 
bargain  (bar'gan),  V.  [<  ME.  bargainen,  bargay- 
nen,  etc.,  <  OF.  burgaigner  (F.  barguigner)  =  Pr. 
Pg.  barganhar  =  It.  bargagnare,  <  ML.  barca- 
niare,  traffic,  trade,  <  ''barcania,  traffic :  see  the 
noun.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  treat  about  a  trans- 
action ;  make  terms. 

The  thrifty  state  will  bargain  ere  they  fight.  Dryden. 
2.  To  come  to  or  make  an  agreement ;  stipu- 
late ;  make  or  strike  a  bargain :  icith  a  person, 
for  an  object:  as,  he  bargained  teith  the  pro- 
ducers/or a  daily  supply. 

So  worthless  peasants  bargain  for  their  wives 
As  market-men/or  oxen,  sheep,  or  horse. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

I  alighted,  and  having  bargained  with  my  host  for  20 

crownes  a  moneth,  I  caused  a  good  fire  to  be  made  in  my 

chamber.  Evelyn.  Diary,  Nov.  4,  1644. 

n.  trans.  1.  To  aiTange  beforehand  by  nego- 
tiation and  agreement. 
'Tis  harnaind  .  .  . 
That  she  shall  still  be  curst  in  company. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

2t.  To  agree  to  buy  or  sell — To  bargain  away, 
to  part  with  or  lose  as  the  result  of  a  bargain. 
The  heir  .  .  .  had  somehow  tarf/ained  aMJay  the  estate. 
George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  Int. 

bargain-chop  (biir'gSn-ehop),  n.  A  kind  of 
gambling  ■  ■  iiption  "  on  opium  to  arrive,  formerly 
common  among  foreign  traders  in  China. 


bargainee 

bargainee  (biir-ga-ne'),  «.  [<  bargain,  v.,  +  -ee; 
OF.  hargaigne,  pp.  of  bargaigner.'^  In  laic,  the 
party  to  whom  a  bargain  and  sale  is  made. 
Whartiyn. 

bargainer  (bar'gan-er),  n.  [ME.  barganar; 
<  hitrgain,  v.,  +  -erl.]  One  who  bargains  or 
stipulates :  specifically,  in  lair,  the  party  in  a 
contract  who  stipulates  to  sell  and  convey 
property  to  another  by  bargain  and  sale.  In 
the  latter  sense  also  spelled  bargainor. 

Though  a  generous  giver,  she  (XatureJ  is  a  hard  iar- 
nainer.  11'.  Matheic^,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  3:; ' 

bargainman  (biir'gan-man),  n. ;  pi.  bargainnu  i- 
(-men).  In  <(/fl/-miiii»i(7,  a  man  who  does  bar- 
gaiu-work.     [Xorth.  Eng.] 

bargainor  (bar'gau-gr),  «.  In  laic,  same  as 
bargainer. 

largain-WOrk  (bar'gan-w^rk),  n.  In  coal-min- 
ing, any  underground  work  done  by  contract. 
[Xorth.  Eng.] 

largander  (bUr'gan-der),  n.  A  local  (Norfolk, 
Eni^'lan.l)  form  oibergander. 

bargarett,  «.     A  variant  of  bergcrci. 

largel  (barj),  H.  [<  ME.  barge,  <  OF.  barge 
(ML.  reflex  bargia)  =  Pr.  barga.  <  ML.  barga, 
appar.  a  var.  of  LL.  barca,  a  bark:  see  bark'i.^ 

1.  A  sailing  vessel  of  any  sort. 

His  har'i<!  vcleped  was  the  ilaudeleyne. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  410. 

2.  A  flat-bottomed  vessel  of  burden  used  in 
loading  and  unloading  ships,  and,  on  rivers  and 
canals,  for  conveying  goods  from  one  place  to 
another. 

By  the  margin,  willow.veil'd. 
Slide  the  lieavy  bar<tejf  trail'd 
By  slow  horses.     Ttnnyson,  Lady  of  Shalott. 

3.  A  long,  double-banked  boat,  spacious  and 
of  elegant  construction,  for  the  use  of  flag- 
oflScers  of  ships  of  war. — 4.  A  practice-boat 
used  by  crews  in  training  for  a  race.  It  is  com- 
monly a  long,  nan-o  w,  lap-streak  boat,  somewhat 
•wider  and  stronger  than  a  shell,  and  thus  better 
fitted  for  rough  water.  [U.  S.]  —  5.  Aboat  for 
passengers  or  freight,  two-decked,  but  without 
sails  or  power,  and  in  service  towed  by  a  steam- 
boat or  tug:  used  for  pleasure-excursions  and 
for  the  transportation  of  hay  and  other  bulky 
merchandise.  [U.  S.] — 6.  A  pleasure-boat; 
in  former  times,  a  vessel  or  boat  of  state,  often 


452 


barK 

been  removed  for  the  purpose  of  getting  at  the 
imderlj-ing  rock. 

bar-iron  (biir'i'ern),  n.  Wrought-iron  rolled 
into  the  form  of  bars.     See  iron. 

baris  (bar'is).  n.\  pi.  hares  (-ez).  [<  Gr.  /3ao(f, 
a  boat:  see  barV^.'l  1.  In  Egypt,  antiq.:  («) 
A  flat-bottomed  boat,  used  for  trausporting 
merehaniliso,  etc.,  on  the  Nile:  the  Greek 
term  for  the  Eg\-[)tian  maklien.     (b)  The  sacred 


State  Baice. 

magnificently  adorned,  furnished  with  elegant 
apartmcntH,  canopied  and  cushioned,  decorated 
with  lianners  and  drapories,  ami  jiropelled  by 
a  numerous  body  of  oarsmen:  used  by  sover- 
eigns, officers,  raagistrutoH,  etc..  and  in  various 
pageants,  as  the  marriage  of  the  Adriatic  at 
Veuice  and  tlio  Lonl  Mayf)r'H  parade  at  London. 
'Hie  lt*irfff  (the  iiiit  in,  like  a  liurniHh'd  throne, 
liurnt  on  the  water.  ,sli<tk.,  A.  and  C,  II.  2. 

7.  In  New  England,  a  large  wagon,  coach,  or 
oniiiibuH  for  carrying  picnic  [>arlii'H  or  convey- 
ing' jiiissengers  to  and  from  liotels,  etc. 

''i  a   ill  watched  lilm  drive  olT  l.iwnrd  the  Htntlon  In  the 

li  ■'•  '  '■  '   ■/'•,  llmrrlU,  .Modini  Infltanee, 

bargo'  M.jirj),  r.  t.\  prot.  and  pp.  harg/d,  ppr. 
''"  '  ■'  liiirr/f',  n.]    To  curry  or  tranHport 

b;  iiargcH. 

bai!  I,  n.     [F.]     A  liook-namn  of  the 

goii...;. 

targe-board  n.llrj'bflrd),  n.  [Hardly,  as  has 
be  I  ..I,   a  comiption  of   rrrgt-hmiril, 

will  I  I'd.     Of.  ML.  hargiin.  a  kind  of 

gftli  "v/i.,    a    board    placed    in    nij. 

VftT  mill  uiidiTiieatli  flic   liin'i.-i'- 

con:  roof  exIenclH  over  tlii'  wall, 

oifl  riiflor  thai  would  ollicrvMHi. 

♦>'•  I'ViiiK  it"  place.    The  vntip  i 

Iwr^' M.i-    M'.iii'lhv  ftiurl' •  nth  c«>ntury  ;    iitiii>y 

aUDpl«<  i,t  ibU  and  Uic  nflMlith  e<  nluri'  are  IwtutUully 


Barge-boards. 


A,  carved  example  from  Warwick,  England  ;  B.  cusped : 
C,  openwork.  New  York, 

decorated,  being  cusped,  feathered,  paneled,  pierced  with 
a  series  of  trefoils,  quatrefoils,  etc.,  or  carved  with  folijige. 
After  the  medieval  period  barge-boards  gradually  become 
less  bold  and  rich  in  treatment.     Also  called  r/able-tmnnt. 

barge-couple  (b!ir.i'kup''l),  n.  [Cf.  barge-hoard.'] 
In  arch.,  one  of  the  rafters  placed  under  the 
barge-eoui-se,  which  serve  as  groimds  for  the 
barge-boards,  and  carry  the  ])lastering  or 
boarding  of  the  soflits.    Also  called  barge-rafter. 

barge-course  (biirj'kors),  n.  [Cf.  barge-board.] 
In  hriel-Iaijing :  (a)  A  part  of  the  tiling  which 
projects  beyond  the  principal  rafters  in  build- 
ings where  there  is  a  gable,  (h)  The  coping  of 
a  wall  formed  by  a  course  of  bricks  set  on  edge. 

bargee  (biir-je'),  «.  [<  barge^ -\- -ce.]  One  of 
the  crew  of  a  barge  or  canal-boat. 

bargeman  (biirj'man),  «. ;  pi.  bargemen  (-men). 
A  man  employed  on  a  barge  ;  an  oarsman. 
And  backward  yode,  as  Baraemen  wont  to  fare. 

Spemer,  F.  ()..  VII.  vii.  35. 

barge-master  (barj'mas''ter),  «.  The  master 
or  owner  of  a  barge  convej-ing  goods  for  hire. 

barger  (biir'jer),  «.    A  bargeman.     [Rare.] 
Tlif  London  barf/ers.         B.  Carete,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

barge-rafter  (b!irj'r^"ter),  «.  Same  as  barge- 
C'liiplr. 

bargerett,  «.     See  bergeret. 

bargh  (biirf),  «.  [E.  dial.,  also  wi-itten  harf,  < 
ME.  btrgh,  <  AS.  beorg,  hcorh,  >  mod.  E.  i«r- 
roicl,  of  which  hargh  is  a  dial,  form:  see  har- 
roK-l.'J  1.  A  low  ridge  or  hill. — 2t.  A  road  up 
a  hill.  Raij. — 3t.  A  mine.  [Prov.  Eng.  in  all 
senses,] 

barghmotet,  ».    See  barmote. 

bar-gown  (biir'goim),  «.  The  gown  or  dress 
of  a  lawyer. 

barguest  (bilr'gest),  n.  [.Also  barghest,  bargest, 
Sc.  harghaist;  perhaps  <  G.  berggeist,  moun- 
tain (or  mine)  spirit,  gnome.  Cf.  harghniole, 
barmote.  Ritson  says  the  ghost  was  so  called 
from  ajipcariug  near  bars  or  stiles.]  A  kind  of 
hobgoblin,  sjiirit,  or  ghost  believed  in  in  the 
north  of  England,  whose  appearance  to  any 
one  is  supposed  to  prognosticate  death  or  some 
great  calamity. 

He  understood  Greek,  Latin,  and  Hebrew,  and  there- 
fore, according  to  his  brother  Wilfrid,  needed  not  to  care 
for  ghaist  or  bar-i/haint,  devil  or  dobble. 

ScotI,  Rob  Roy,  I.  223. 

barhal  (biir'hal),  Ji.    [E.  Ind.]    Same  as  ?(HrW((7. 

'J'lic  hiirhal,  or  blue  wild  sheep  liiibabits  the  Hhiml;i.Mis|. 
Kiu-ii,-.  Ilrlt.,  .Ml.  71J. 

baril  (bii'ro),  ».  [It.]  That  part  of  a  rooling- 
slale  which  is  exposed  to  the  weather.     Il'eale. 

Bari- (bii're),  H.  [It,]  A  wine  grown  near  Bari, 
on  the  Adriatic  coast  of  Italy. 

bariat  (ba'ri-jt),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or.  .Jn/n'c  heavy. 
Cf.  tiarijta.  bdrijlcs.']     Same  as /)(l^/^». 

baric  (bar'ik),  a.  [In  sense  1.  <  Gr.  ,J(i/jnf,weiglit, 
<  liufiir,  lieavy;  in  sense  11,  <  barium  +  -ic.]  1. 
Same  as  har'omiiric. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  lo 
barinni;  derived  from  barium:  as,  baric  iodide. 

barilla  (ba-ril'ii),  ".  [=  F.  harille,  <  Kii.  harril- 
la  =  Pg,  liarriiha,  imjmre  soda,  also  the  jilant 

from   wliii'li   it   is  deriveil.]     'I'l oniniereial 

name  of  Hie  impure  carlionale  and  sulpliiile  of 
Hoda  iiMiiorteil  tioni  S|>ain  and  llie  Levant,  anil 
obtained  from  several  llesliy  plants  growing 
by  the  sea  or  in  saline  localilii-H,  mostly  belong- 
ing to  the  elieiiopoiliaceous  genera  Kal^iola.  .Sati- 
mriiia,  and  t'hcnopiidinni.  Ilic  plimln  arc  ilrlcd  innl 
burned,  and  the  liiiliiiiiilcd  iuihe«c.in«litill«'  linlillii,    'I'IiIk 

wiiBiiiicell Iilcf  Hoiirce  of  carlK.imIc  ol  noila.  but  In  ii..w 

nnid  iirlni  liijillv  In  the  nmnufactiirc  of  Hoap  and  uliuu, 
llrUli.li  biirllla  In  the  criiile  noibi  imli  left  from  cnmnion 
Bait  In  the  iiiiiniifacliirc  of  carboTinli'  of  noila. 

barillet  (bar'i-let),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  haril,  a 
barrel.]  1.  The  barrel  or  case  cmitiiining  the 
nininHprlng  of  a  wati'li  or  spring-clock, —  2. 
Till-  funnel  of  a  HMi-luiig-pninii. 

baring  (biir'ing),  «.  iVerbal  n,  of  hare^,  i'.] 
lu  mtning,  Hoil  ur  surface  dotrituv,  which  has 


Abydos. 


boat,  represented  in  art  as  bearing  an  enthroned 
deity  or  some  symbolical  or  venerated  object. 

—  2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  rhyuehophorous 
beetles,  of  the  family  Curcidionida;  or  weevils. 
7).  ligiiarius  feeds  upon  the  elm. 

Barita  (ba-ri'ta),  )i.  [NL.]  Iuoni)i/i.,agenerie 
name  variously  used,  (a)  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classi- 
ticatioii  (1817),  a  genus  of  shrikes  or  Laniid(f :  a  synonjin 
of  tV(ri-(iVi<s(\'icillot),  of  prior  date.  [Disused.]  (*)  Trans- 
ferred liy  Teminiiiek  in  1820  to  the  Australian  and  I'aiuian 
nianueodes.  See  Mamtcodia.  (Disused.]  (c)  Transferred 
by  Swainson  in  1837  to,  and  used  by  Vigors  and  others  for, 
the  vVustralian  and  Tapuan  cassicans,  or  corvine  birds  of 
the  nmilern  genera  Gi/mmniiina  and  Strfpera,  of  which 
the  iiipiiig-crow  of  Australia  (Gymnvrhiim  or  llarita 
tihiiyu)  is  the  best-known  species.  This  is  the  usual  sense 
i.if  tlie  word,  and  the  above-noted  transfers  of  the  name 
account  for  the  common  statement  that  the  genus  Barita 
is  suiiu-tiines  classed  with  the  LamUla-,  sometimes  with 
thi  Con-nltp.     [Not  now  in  use.] 

baritah  (ba-ri'tii),  n.  A  name  of  the  Austra- 
lian birds  of  the  genus  Barita. 

barite  (I'li'vit),  H.  l<bar{iiim)-i--ite^.'i  Native 
barium  stilphate :  also  called  barytes  and  heavy- 
spar,  because  of  its  high  specific  gravity,  it  oc- 
curs in  orthurhombic  crystals,  eoinmonly  tabular,  and 
with  perfect  in-ismatic  and  basal  cleavage.  It  is  often 
transparent,  and  varies  in  color  from  white  to  yellow,  gray, 
red,  blue,  or  brown.  There  are  also  massive  varieties, 
eiiluninar.  granular,  and  compact,  resembling  marble.  It 
is  a  i-iinniion  mineral  in  metallic  veins  and  beds.  It  is 
soiurtiiiics  mined  and  ground  in  a  mill,  and  used  to  adul- 
ti  r;itr  white  lead.     Also  barosi'li'nitf,  bart/tine. 

baritone,  n.  and  a.     See  barytone. 

barium  O^i'ii-tim),  w.  [NL.,  <  bar{yta)  or  6a- 
rditc.i)  +  -iiim,  as  in  other  names  of  metals;  so 
named  by  Davy.]  Chemical  symbol,  Ba;  atomic 
weight,  137.43.  A  chemical  element  belonging 
to  the  group  of  metals  whose  oxids  are  the  alka- 
line earths.  It  is  obtained  as  a  silver-white  powder, 
which  oxidizes  iiuickly  and  burns  when  heated  in  air.  Ita 
milting-point  is  about  that  of  cast-iron.  It  does  not  occur 
native,  hut  is  found  abundantly  in  combination  In  the 
minerals  barite,  barium  sulpbate.  and  witherite  or  ba- 
rium carbonate,  and  less  commonly  in  several  other  mln. 
erals.  ilarium  combines  with  most  acids  to  form  salts 
which  are  more  or  less  soluble  in  water,  and  these  soluble 
salts,  together  with  the  earbonate.  are  active  jioisons, — 
Barium  chromate,  a  yellow,  insoluble  salt,  BaCi'Oj, 
formed  I'.v  precipitating  anv  soluble  salt  of  barium  with 
ehriiiiiatr  of  jintassium.  It  finds  a  limited  use  as  a 
liiyiiu  lit  biifli  for  painting  anil  for  calico-iu-iiiting.  under 
ihi-  ii:iiiie  of  11,1/utv  t//f/«/(i(in»c.— Barium  hydrate, 
ll;i(011)._..  a  caustic  alkaline  jiowder,  soluble  in  uater, 
fiirtiurly  iihciI  ill  siigar-reniiiiig  to  form  an  insoluble  sac- 
chnrlnocomiioiind.— Barium  nitrate,  I!n(Ntl;iV>,  a  sub-, 
stance  used  extensively  In  pyrotechiiy  to  produce  preen 
lire,  anil  to  sonic  extent  in  Ilie  niaiiiifaclurc  of  ixiilnsivea. 

—  Barium  oxld.    See  baii/in.-  Barium  sulphate,  or 

/irnn/'i^l'tir,  r.uSO.|,  the  coiiiiiiolicstof  tin-  leiriiiiii  iiiiiicriils. 
alniost  perfectly  Insoluble  in  water.  Arlilleially  prepared 
hiiriiini  sulphate  is  used  as  a  pigment,  under  the  lianio  of 
jtrrntitnrnf  irbitr.     .Sec  Imriilrn. 

bark^  (biirk^,  r.  [<  ME,  harl-en,  berlrn,  horken, 
<  AS.  heorciin  (strong  verb,  jip.  horcen,  >  bor- 
ciaii,  bark,  weak  verli)  =  Icel,  herhja  (weak 
verb),  bark,  bluster.  Supiiosod  by  somii  to  bo 
orig,  aiiollier  form  of  AS.  hrecan  (pii.  broeen), 
break,  simp.  Cf.  Icel.  hrivkta,  bloat,  =  Norw. 
bra  1:1a,  hricka  =  Sw.  hriika  =  Dan.  brage,  bleat.] 

1.  inlrans.  1.  To  utter  an  abriijit  exiilosive  cry: 
said  of  a  dog,  and  lience  of  other  aniiinils. 

No  dog  shall  rouse  thee,  though  a  thoiiHiiud  bark. 

Hbak.,  Venus  iitnl  Adonis,  I.  210. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  clamor;  jmrMue  with  un- 
reasonuble  clamor  or  reproach :  usually  fol- 
lowed by  «'. 

Vile  Is  the  vengcauiico  on  the  ashes  ctdd, 
And  envy  htisvi  lubarkfi  nl  steeping  fame. 

.S/ii-mrr,  V.  (J.,  II.  vlll.  1& 
The  lank  hungry  bellv  bfnt,-»  for  food. 

11.  .hituon,  r.vcry  Stan  out  of  his  Humour,  I.  1. 

3.  To  cough,  [Collo(|.]  To  bark  at  the  moon, 
loi'hinior  or  agitate  to  no  puijiose.  To  bark  up  the 
wrong  tree,  to  mistake  one's  ohjeit;  attack  nr  inirKllo 
another  than  tile  jierson  or  thing  Intended,  as  when  a  dug 


bark 

by  burking  brings  the  hnnter  to  a  tree  other  than  that  in 
whieli  thu  game  has  really  taken  refuge.  ICollmi.,  li.  S.i 
II. t  truii.i.  1.  To  utter  or  give  forth  with  a 
l.iirk.— 2.  To  break  out  with:  as,  to  hark  out 
llanip. 

bark'  (biirk),  n,  [<  &n»fcl,  v.]  The  abrupt  ex- 
plosive fry  of  a  dog;  hence,  a  cry  resembling 
that  of  the  dog,  uttered  l)y  some  other  animals. 
—  His  bark  Is  worse  than  his  bite,  little  harm  is  ijor- 
tenik'il  by  his  an^ry  threats,  faulttintiing,  etc.,  as  by  the 
threatening  bark  of  a  tlog  which  rarely  or  never  bites. 

bark-  (bark),  n.  [<  ME.  barJce,  bark,  bare,  <  late 
AS.  biirc,  <  leel.  boric/-  (gen.  barkar)  =  Sw.  bark 
=  Dan.  bark  =  MLG.  LG.  borke  (>  G.  borke), 
liark.  Possibly  connected  with  Icel.  bjarga  = 
AS.  bcorgan  =  G.  bergeii,  etc.,  cover,  protect: 
Kee6«)7/S.  TheolderE.  word  for  'bark'  isnwrf.] 

1 .  Generally,  the  covering  of  the  woody  stems, 
branches,  and  roots  of  plants,  as  distinct  and 
separable  from  the  wood  itself.  In  its  strictest 
srhritilic  sense  it  is  limited  to  the  dry  and  dead  portion 
of  this  covering,  .is  found  on  exogenous  plants,  which 
usually  (consists  of  parenchyma  or  soft  cellular  tissue,  cork, 
and  bast,  in  varying  proportions.  See  bast^,  corfcl,  and 
cjiiilrnnia.  It  is  very  diverse  and  often  complicated  in 
structure,  varying  in  these  respects  with  the  species  upon 
^vliicli  it  is  found;  but  it  is  usually  arranged  in  annular 
c'iiii-cnfric  layers.  As  these  become  distended  by  the 
thickening  of  "the  stem,  the  outer  layers  often  crack  and 
ai'e  gradually  cast  otf.  In  the  bark  the  medicinal  and 
other  peculiar  properties  of  the  plant  are  usually  abun- 
dant, espi-rially  tannin  and  many  alkaloids.  The  younger 
and  softer  layer  lying  next  to  the  young  wood  is  called 
inner  bark,  liber,  or  bast.     See  cut  under  bast. 

2.  Specifically  —  (n)  In  phar.,  Pem^'ian  or 
Jesuits'  bark  (see  Cinchona).  (6)  In  tanning, 
oak  and  hemlock  barks.— Alstonia  bark,  a  bitter 
liark  ol)tained  from  the  Alstonia  .■>riitihtris,  an  apocyna- 
ccous  forest-tree  of  the  tropics  of  the  old  world.  It  is 
used  in  India  as  a  tonic  and  antijHiiipilic.  The  Alstonia  or 
Queensland  fever-bark  i.>f  .\u,stialia  is  the  iimdurt  of  ^^- 
siunia  co)w(ricto.— Angostura  or  Cusparia  bark,  the 
product  of  a  rutaceous  shrub,  Galipea  Cii^puria,  of  the 
mountains  of  Venezuela,  a  valuable  tonic  in  dyspepsia, 
dysentery,  and  chroinc  diarrhea.  It  was  formerly  prized 
as  a  febrifuge,  and  is  now  much  used  in  making  a  kind 
of  bitters.  Its  use  in  medicine  was  discontinued  for  a 
time.  Itecause  of  the  introduction  into  the  markets  of  a 
false  AiiLiostura  hark,  obtained  from  the  nux-vomica  tree, 
winch    jtroduced   fatal  effects.     Also  Ailffi/stura  bark. — 

Arlca  bark.  Same  as  Cikco  bm-k.— Ashy  crown  bark, 
the  bark  of  Cinchona  ;Nfov<.r7r///.r.  — Bebeeru  or  bibiru 
bark.  See  bebeeru. —  Biiter  bark.  Sec  Grorifia  bark. — 
Bogota  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinrl„„ia  ('i//ci>,.//«.  — Boldo 
bark.  See  ^(/rfo.— Bolivian  cir  callsaya  bark,  the  bark 
of  Cinc/iotut  Calisai/a.  —  Canella  bark.  See  fVnc^/al. — 
Carabaya  bark,  the  hark  of  Cinchona  clliptica. —  Carib- 
bean <u'  West  Indian  bark,  the  bark  of  a  rubiaceous 
tree,  E.aisi'ouiKi  Ciuibthiani,  nearly  allied  to  the  genus 
Cinchona,  used  in  making  tonic  bitters  and  in  medicine 
as  a  substitute  for  cinchmia  bark. — Carolina  bark.  See 
Gcoriyia  tar*:.— Carthagena  bark,  a  general  name  for 
varieties  of  cinchona  bark  tu-onght  from  the  northern  ports 
of  South  America,  i^.nrrally  of  inferior  quality. —  Cas- 
cara  amarga  i  ii  Honduras  bark,  a  bitter  bark,  said  to  be 
obtained  from  I'icrajii nia  antidcsiiia,  a  simarubaccous  tree 
of  tropical  America. — Cascara  sagrada  bark,  the  bark  of 
Rhamnu^  Purtihiawis  of  California,  nscil  as  a  tonic  aperi- 
ent.—Cascarilla,  sweetwood,  or  Eleuthera  bark,  the 
barkof  C^e^o<li;,7(■(*^■/■/'^  aenpli..rliiaieoussbrubnf  the  Ba- 
hamas. It  is  an  aioniatic,  bitter  tmiic.— Cassia  bark. 
See  Casjfirt.- China  bark,  Peruvian  bark.  («)  See  Cin- 
chona, (b)  The  hark  of  Casairilla  (liuctmi  hcxandra,  a 
rubiaceous  tree  of  the  western  cast  oi  South  America, 
which  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  cinchona.  —  Clove-bark. 
Same  as  clove-cassia  {which  see,  uinler  cassia).  —  Colom- 
bian bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  jtitayensis,  C.  lajicifolia, 
and  C.  cordi/olia. —  Couessl  bark,  a  tiark  obtained  from 
Holarrhena  anUdysenterica,  an  apocynaceous  tree  of  In- 
dia, where  it  is  of  considerable  repute  as  a  remedy  for 
dysciitery  and  as  a  tonic  febrifuge.  Sometimes  called 
Tcllirhcrrif  &ff/■^■.  — Coquetta  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona 
ianri/ulia. — Crown  bark.  Same  as  loxa  bark. —  Culila- 
wan  bark,  a  valuable  aromatic,  pungent  bark,  the  pro- 
duce of  Cinnainoniitni  or  Laitrns  Cnlilaivan,  a  tree  of  the 
Moluccas,  useful  in  indigestion,  diarrhea,  etc.  Sometimes 
written  cuiiiaicanf/.  —  Cuprea  bark,  a  1  tark  obtained  from 
several  species  of  the  rubiai-eous  genus  llcinijia,  of  tropi- 
cal South  America,  lar^iely  imported  iido  England  for  the 
m.anufacture  of  quinine.— Cusco  bark,  the  bark  of  Cin- 
chona }»>!iescens,  variant  PctUt,  riunn.  Also  called  ^-Iricrt 
bark. —  Cusparia  bark.  See  Angostura  bark. —  Doom 
bark,  the  liark  of  Erifthrophlcenm  Gitincen.^e.  —  'Doxal- 
dake  bark,  the  name  of  several  barks  obtained  from  the 
West  roast  of  .\frica,  possessing  tonic,  febrifugal,  and  other 
medicinal  in'operties.  The  best-known  kind  is  the  pro- 
duct of  a  rid)iaceous  plant,  Sarcocephalns  c^culcntii.^. — 
Eleuthera  bark.  See  cascarilla  bark.— 'Elk.  bark,  the 
hark  at  Maonolia  iihmca.  Also  called  Indian  bark. — 
Essential  salt  of  bark,  an  aqueous  extract  of  cinchona 
balk.  — False  loxa  bark,  the  bark  of  Cijirlmna  [ium- 
tu*/(i((H«.— Florida  bark.  See  G.-nriiia  (/«/t.— French 
Guiana  bark,  a  l.ark  ..btained  inm  C^nilnna  .■:j.iriosa, 
a  rubiaceous  tree  of  ti'opical  Soutti  .\incrica,  ha\itcj:  feb- 
rifugal properties.  — Fusagasuga  bark,  a  variety  of  Car- 
thauena  bark.— Georgia,  bitter,  Carolina,  oi  Florida 
bark,  the  bark  of  the  Pinrknma-  pnbcns.  a  small  rubia- 
ceous tree  of  the  southern  United  States,  having  tlie  same 
properties  as  French  Guiami  bark —Honduras  bark. 
^Gt:  cascara  airninja  tarfc.- Huamllies  bark,  the  bark 
of  Cinchona  jmrpnrca. — Indian  barberry  bark,  the 
root-bark  of  several  East  Indian  sp.rics  <if  li.'rbiris,  used 
as  a  torne  and  in  the  treatnient  --t  tc\  irs,  .liarrht-a,  etc. — 
Indian  bark,  the  b.ark  of  MunnoUfi  iilnoni.  .\]so  called 
cifc /jffri-.- Iron  bark,  the  bark  of  h'^rn/a/'t"^  'i'sniifcra. 
—  Jaen  bark,  the    bark    of    Cinrhntm    llinHh,,l,'ti,ina.— 

Jamaica  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  caribi„va.  — Jes- 
uits' bark,   Peruvian  bark.  —  Jesuits'  Bark   Act,  an 


453 

English  statute  of  1808  forbidding  the  exptu-tation  of 
.Tesuits'  (Peruvian)  bark,  excetit  to  Ireland.— Lima  bark, 
the  bark  of  Cinchona  Pcruriana,  C.  nitiila.,  and  C.  ini- 
cratUha. — Loxa  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  opcinalig. 
Also  calletl  cnntm  bark. — Malambo  bark,  an  arom.atic 
bark  obtained  from  the  Croton  Malambo,  a  euphorbia- 
ceous  shrub  of  Venezuela  and  New  Granada.  It  is  employed 
as  a  remedy  for  diarrhea  and  im  a  vermifuge,  and  is  said 
to  be  largely  used  iti  the  I'nitcd  States  for  the  adulter- 
ation of  spices.- Mancona  bark,  the  hark  of  Erythro- 
phhi'am  G-(//ncc/wc.— Maracaibo  bark,  the  bark  of  Cin- 
cbnnii  iwnjcnsis.  Margosa  or  Nlm  bark,  tlie  bark  of 
M'lin  1  iiilirii.  used  ill  India  as  a  ti.nic  and  aiitiiiciiodic. — 

—  Mezereon  bark,  the  liark  of  Dnj./inc  ,Mc;rrcnni.  It  is 
acrid  and  irritant,  and  is  used  in  liniments  and  as  a  rem- 
edy in  venereal,  rlicninatic,  and  serofnlons  complaints. 

—  Neem  bark,  Ihe  bark  of  Azadirachta  //w/iVx.- New 
bark,  the  bark  of  Cascarilla  oblomii folia.  Nlm  bark, 
See  il/cn/iiKft '/oi7.:.- Oak  bark.  See  (V"c,v//;,' «(/,«,  under 
ViorcKS.- Ordeal  bark,  lln^  bark  of  lirylhrophl.lnni 
Gnincrnsc.  —  Pale  bark,  a  name  a|i|ilied  to  the  barks  of 
Cinchona  oilicinniis,  C.  niti'/ii,  ('.  nncrantha.,  C.  pnrpurea, 
and  C.  //w;n/"i;./(/rtii./.  — Palton  bark,  the  liark  of  Cin- 
chona niacrocah/.r.  \ariaiit  J'nifnn.     Peruvian  bark.  See 

r/i//in  'w/*.-Pitaya  bark,  tic  Imrkof  cinchona  i.llayrn. 
.VIS.— Quebracho  bark,  the  bark  of  Asinilosj,,  rma  <^nc. 
bracho,  an  apocynaceous  tiee  of  Urazil.  It  con  tains  several 
peculiar  alkaloids,  and  is  said  to  be  efficacious  in  the  ctu-e 
of  dyspna?a. —  Red  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  succirubra. 

—  Red  Cusco  bark,  the  bark  of  Cinchona  scroblmlala.— 
Bohtm  bark,  a  I  liltcr  astiingint  liark,  from  fiuymida.Miri- 
.fuaa,  a  meliaerous  tn  e  of  India,  where  itis  used  as  an  as- 
tringent, tonic,  and  antipcriodic.  — Royal  bark,  the  bark 
of  Cinchona  coi/i f'.^i/.—  St.  Lucia  bark,  the  bark  of  Ex- 
ostcntntajbn-ibiinda. — Samadera  bark,  the  inner  hark  of 
a  tree  belonging  to  the  Siinn rni>acc(i\  growing  in  Ceylon. 
Itisintcnsely  liittir— Santa  Ana  bark,  the  bark  of  Cin- 
chona scnibirnlnin. —Sa^nta,  Martha  bark,  a  cinchona 
bark  shipped  from  Santa  Martha.-  Sassy  bark,  the  bark 
ai  Erythrophhvu ni  friioi. -hm  .— Sweetwood  bark.  See 
cascarilla  bark. — West  Indian  bark.  See  Caribbean 
6art.— Wild-cherry  bark,  the  bark  of  Prunm  gero- 
Una. — Winter's  bark,  an  astringent  pungent  bark  ob- 
tained from  a  magnoliaceous  tree,  Dritnys  Wintcri,  native 
of  the  mountains  of  western  America  from  Mexico  to 
('a]ie  Horn.  It  is  a  stimulating  tonic  and  antiscorbutic. 
I'aratudo  bark  is  a  variety  of  it.  Most  of  the  so-called 
Winter's  bark  of  commerce  is  the  product  of  Cinnamo- 
dcndroa  corticosuni  aiul  Canella  alba  of  the  West  Indies. 

bark"  (bark),  V.  t.  [=  Sw.  barha  =  Dan.  barke, 
tan  ;  fi'om  the  noun.]  1.  To  strip  off  the  bark 
of,  or  remove  a  circle  of  bark  fi'om,  as  a  tree ; 
peel;  specifically,-  to  scrape  off  the  outer  or 
dead  bark  of.     See  barking'^,  1. 

This  pine  is  bark'd 
That  overtopp'd  them  all. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  10. 

Hence  —  2.  To  strip  or  rub  off  the  outer  cov- 
ering of  (anything,  as  the  skin):  as,  to  hark 
one's  shins. 

So  after  getting  up  [the  tree]  three  or  four  feet,  down 
they  came  slithering  to  the  ground,  barkxnfj  their  arms 
and  faces.  T.  Hucfhcs,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  ii.  4. 

3.  To  cover  or  inclose  with  bark  :  as,  to  hark 
a  house. — 4t.  To  cover,  as  the  bark  does  a 
tree ;  inci-ust. 

A  most  instant  tetter  bark'd  about. 
Most  lazar-like,  with  vile  and  loathsome  crust. 
All  my  smooth  body.  Shak. ,  Hamlet,  i.  5. 

5.  To  apply  bark  to,  as  in  the  process  of  tan- 
ning; tan. —  6.  To  color  with  an  infusion  or  a 
decoction  of  bark  :  as,  to  bark  sails  or  cordage. 

7.  To  kill  (game)  by  the  concussion   of  a 

bullet  which  strikes  the'  bark  of  a  limb  at  the 
spot  on  which  the  animal  is  crouched,  or  by 
the  flying  bark. 

Barkiny  off  squirrels  is  a  delightful  sport,  and  in  my 
opinion  requires  a  greater  degr-ee  of  accuracy  than  any 
other.  I  first  witnessed  this  near  Frankfort.  The  per- 
former was  the  celebrated  Daniel  Boone. 

J.  J.  Audubon,  Oruith.  Biog.,  I.  293. 
bark3  (bark),  n.  [Also  barque,  after  F. ;  <  late 
ME,  barke,  barque,  <  F.  barqiie=Pv.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
harca  =  D.  hark  =  MHG.  G.  harke  =  Dan. 
bark  =  Icel.  barki,  <  LL.  barca  (ML.  also  harga, 
>  OP.  hargc,  >  E.  barge''-,  q.  v.),  regarded  by 
some  as  a  syncopated  form  of  an  asstmied  LL. 
*barica,  a  quasi-adj.  formation,  <  L.  bari^,  < 
Gr.  /3ap(f,  <  Egyi^t.  (Coptic)  bari,  a  flat-bottomed 
boat  used  in  Egypt;  but  more  prob.  of  Celtic 
or  even  of  Teut.  origin.]  1.  Xawt.,  a  three- 
masted  vessel,  fore-and-aft  rigged  on  the  miz- 
zenmast,  the  other  two  masts  being  square- 
rigged.— 2.  A  vessel  of  any  kind,  especially  a 
sailing  vessel  of  small  size. 

O  steer  my  bark  to  Erm's  isle, 
For  Erin  is  my  home.  Moore. 

barkantine,  barkentine  (biir'kan-ten,  -ken- 
ten),  ".  [<  hark-^,  on  ty^je  of  hrigaiitinci:]  A 
three-masted  vessel,  with  the  foremast  square- 
rigged,  and  the  mainmast  and  mizzenmast  fore- 
and-aft  rigged.     Also  harquantine,  harquentine. 

bark-bed  (bark'bed),  n.  In  Jwrt,  a  bed  foi-med 
of  the  spent  bark  that  has  been  used  by  tan- 
ners. The  bark  is  placed  in  a  brick  pit  in  a  glazed  house 
constructed  for  forcing  or  for  the  growth  of  tender  plants. 
Artificial  warmth  and  dampness  are  produced  by  the 
fermentation  of  the  bark.     Also  called  bark-stove. 

bark-bound  (bark '  boimd),  a.  ffindered  in 
growth  by  having  the  bark  too  firm  or  close. 


bark-mill 


barkeeper  (biir'ke  "per),  n.  One  who  has  charge 

(if  tlie  l)!ir  of  an  inn  or  other  place  of  public 

entertainment ;  a  bartender. 
barken "^  (biir'ken  or-kn),  v.  [Sc;  <  bark^  +  -e»l, 

as  in  harden,  stiffen,  etc.]     I.  intrans.  To  be- 
come hard ;  form  a  crust. 
The  best  way's  to  let  the  blood  barken  on  the  cut  — 

that  saves  plaisters.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  I.  171. 

II.  trans.  To  tan  (or  dye)  witli  bark. 
Effie  used  to  help  me  tumble  the  bundles  o'  barkeiied 

leather  up  and  down.  Scott,  Heart  of  .Midlothian,  v. 

barken'-*  (biir'ken  or  -kn),  a.     [<  bark"^  +  -en^.'] 

Consisting  or  niade  of  bark :  as, "  barken  knots,* 

Whitlier.     [Rare.] 
barkentine,  «.     See  harkantine. 
barker^  (bjir'ker), «.     [<  6art-l,  r., -I- -tcl.]     1. 

An  animal  that  barks ;  a  person  who  clamors 

unreasonably. 
They  are  rather  enemies  of  my  fame  than  me,  these 

barkers.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

2.  The  spotted  redshank,  Totanus  fusetis.  AU 
bin;  Montagu.  [Prov.Eng.]  —  3.  Apersonsta- 
tioned  at  the  door  of  a  house  where  auctions 
of  inferior  goods  are  held,  to  in\-ite  strangers 
to  enter;  atouter;  a  tout.  [Cant.] — 4.  A  pis- 
tol.    [Slang.] — 5.  A  lower-deck  gim  in  a  ship. 

barker'^  (biir'ker),  n.  [<  bark'",  v.,  +  -eel.]  1. 
One  who  strips  trees  of  their  bark.  —  2t.  A  tan- 
ner. 

Barker's  mill.    See  mill^. 

barkery  (biir'ker-i),  n. ;  pi.  barkeries  (-iz).  [< 
bark'"  +  -cri/.']  A  tan-house,  or  a  place  where 
bark  is  kept. 

bark-feeder  (bark'fe'''der),  n.  A  bark-eating 
insect  or  animal. 

barkingl  (bar'king),  K.  [Verbal  n.  of  6«ri-l,  f.] 
The  uttering  of  an  abrupt  explosive  cry,  as  that 
of  a  dog. 

barking'-  (biir'king),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  bark^,  r.] 
1 .  The  process  of  stripping  bark  fi-om  trees,  of 
removing  a  ling  of  bark  from  a  tree  so  as  to 
kill  it,  or  of  scraping  dead  bark  from  fruit-trees 
to  promote  their  growth. —  2.  The  operation  of 
tanning  leather  with  bark ;  also,  the  operation 
of  dyeing  fabrics  with  an  infusion  of  bark. 

barking-ax  (bar'king-aks),  n.  An  ax  used  in 
scraping  bark  from  trees. 

barking-bill  (bar'king-bU),  n.  A  shai-p-point- 
ed  instrument  used  to  make  transverse  cuts 
through  the  bark  of  trees,  preparatory  to  the 
process  of  stripping  them. 

barking-bird  (bar'king-berd),  n.  [<  barking, 
ppr.  of  hark''-,  +  fti'crfl.]  The  name  of  a  rock- 
^vren,  Pferoptochus  or  Hijtaetes  tarni,  of  the 
island  of  Cliiloe :  also  said  to  be  applied  to  an- 
other and  smaller  species,  P.  rubeciila.  The  name 
is  due,  in  either  case,  to  the  similarity  of  the  cry  of  th& 
birds  to  the  yelping  of  a  puppy.  Danvin.  Also  called 
ffitid-rrnid. 

barking-ironl  (biir'king-i''em),  n.  [<  barking, 
ppr.  of  /«()ii,  !'.,  +  iron.l  A  pistol.  Marryat. 
[Slang.] 

barking-iron'-  (bar'king-i'''em),  n.  [<  barking^ 
-(-  ))-o((.]  An  instrimient  for  removing  the  bark 
of  oak  and  other  trees,  for  use  in  tanning. 

barking-mallet  (bar'king-mal'et),  n.  A  ham- 
mer with  a  wedge-shaped  edge,  used  in  bark- 
ing  trees. 

barklak  (bar'klak),  n.  A  myrtaceous  tree  of 
Veneztiela. 

barkless  (bsirk'les),  a.  [<  bark^  +  -less.'i  Des- 
titute of  bark. 

bark-louse  (bark'lous),  «.  A  minute  insect  of 
the  genus  Jphis  that  infests  trees ;  an  aphid. 

bark-mill  (biirk'mil).  ».  A  mill  for  grinding 
bark  for  tanners'  and  dyers'  uses,  or  for  medi- 
cinal purposes. 


barkometer 

barkometer  rbar-kom'e-ter). «.  [Irreg.  <  bark~ 
+  -o-mehr.  <  Gr.  uirpov,  a  measure.]  A  hy- 
drometer Tised  \>y  tannei-s  in  ascertaining  the 
strength  of  infusions  of  bark,  or  ooze. 

bark-paper  (bark'pa'per),  >i.  Paper  made  from 
bark:  speeifieally,  paper  made  from  the  bark 
of  Jirouxsonetia  papyrifera,  a  tree  common  in 
southeastern  Asia  and  Oeeanica.  Most  of  the 
paper  used  in  Japan  is  of  this  kind. 

bark-pit  (bark'pit),  n.  A  tan-pit.  or  pit  for 
tanning  or  steeping  leather. 

barkstone  (bark'ston).  n.  The  concrete  musky 
secretion  taken  from  the  castor-glands  of  the 
bf-arer:  castor;  castoreum. 

bark-stove  (bark'stdv),  n.     Same  as  bark-bed. 

bark-tanned  (biirk'tand),  a.  Tanned  by  the 
slow  action  of  oak,  henilock.  or  other  barks, 
as  leather,  in  contradistinction  to  that  tanned 
wholly  or  in  part  bv  chemicals. 

barky'  (biir'kd).  a.  '  [<  bark'2  +  -yl.]     Consist- 
ing of  bark;   containing  bark;   covered  with 
bark. 
The  harhj  fingers  ol  the  elm.         Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

bar-lathe  (bar'laTH),  ».  A  lathe  with  a  single 
beam,  usually  having  a  triangular  section,  on 
which  the  heads  or  puppets  slide. 

barley'^  (biir'U),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  barh), 
barlye,  Sc.  barlick ;  <  ME.  barhj.  bcrlei/.  bar- 
lich,  <  late  AS.  b(FrJic.  barley,  appar.  <  bar,  E. 
bear'-i,  barley,  +  -lie,  E.  -Ii/^ ;  the  word  appears 
first  as  an  attrib.,  being  formally  an  adj.  The 
Icel.  barlak.  and  W.  barlys, 
barley  (as  if  <  bara,  bread, -1- 
llysiau,  llysau,  plants,  herbs). 
Com.  barliz,  are  from  E.] 
The  name  of  a  grain,  and  of 
the  plant  yielding  it,  belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Hordeum, 
natural  order  Graminew. 
TtiU  isTaiii  ha^  l>eeii  cuUivateil 
fn»ra  the  verj-  earliest  times,  wlieti 
it  fi*rmed  an  important  article  of 
food,  as  it  still  does  where  otlier 
cereals  cannot  be  raised.  It  is 
latKely  employed  for  feeding  ani- 
mals, but  its  chief  use  is  in  the 
manufacture  of  fermented  liiiuors, 
as  l*eer,  ale,  and  ptirter,  and  of 
wliisky.  Xo  other  grain  can  lie 
cultivated  through  so  great  a  range 
of  climate,  for  it  matures  in  J.4ip- 
lainl,  Nonvay,  and  Iceland,  in  05° 
and  70'  north  latitmle,  and  at  an 
altitude  of  11.000  feet  in  the  Andes 
and  Ilimalaya.  The  only  cultivat- 
ed species  that  has  been  found 
Willi  is  the  two-rowed  or  long-eared 
barley.  //.  dhttirhon,  a  native  of 
westeni  Asia,  but  in  cultivation  In 
prehistoric  times,  as  was  also  the 
six-rowed  species,  or  winter  barley, 
//.  h^zaMichtm.  Of  later  origin 
is  the  ciunnion  four-rowed  species, 
spring  or  summer  liarley.  //.  ruh/are.  Fan-shaped  bar- 
ley, also  called  battledore-  or  sprat-barley,  //.  Zfocritmi, 
Is  perhaps  only  a  cultivated  form  of  the  two-rowed  species. 
Sevend  varieties  of  these  siiecies  are  found  in  cultivation. 
The  grain  ditfer^  generally  from  wheat  in  retaining'  closely 
ttA  husks;  it  i.H  also  somewhat  less  nutritions  and  palata- 
ble as  an  article  of  food.  Hee  Ilnrdfum. —  Caustic  bar- 
ley, an  early  name  for  the  seeds  of  Scha'iwraulnn  ojHci- 
rutlr,  called  in  medicine  fahaitittn,  and  used  as  a  Honrcc  iif 
vemtrin.— Mouse,  wall,  way,  or  wild  barley,  //"r- 
drum  muriittim,  a  griLvi  of  little  value.  -  Patent  barley, 
the  farina  iibtajiied  by  grinding  pearl-b;iriiy.  -  Pearl-bar- 
ley, the  grain  dcprivi-d  of  husk  and  pcllii-li'and  loniplrti'ly 
nuinded  by  uTinding.  It  is  used  in  niakini:  broths  and 
In  «i)U[is.—  Scotch,  pot,  or  hulled  bJtrley,  the  grain  de- 
prived of  the  husk  ill  a  mill. 

barley'-^  (biir'li),  «.  [A  corruption  of  parley, 
q.  v.]  A  cry  used  by  children  in  certain  games 
when  a  truce  or  temporary  8top  is  desired. 
(Scotch.! 

barley-bige  Hiiir'li-big),  n.     Same  as  biijfi. 

barley-bird  i  l>iir'li-t)f-rd),  w.  \<  btirUy^'+ bird ; 
!i|i|.licd  to  various  birds  which  njipcar  about 
till-  time  of  sowing  liiirloy.]  1.  A  iiniiio  of  the 
Kiiroponn  wryneck,  Yiinr  lori/iiillii. —  2.  A 
iiai.i  iif  some  Ktnall  bird:  said  to  be  cilliiT 
tl  '  kin  (CliryMoniilris  i<i>i>iii«)  or  the  nightin- 
gnl.      iKiiihiis  iilnliiniilin.      [Kiig.] 

barley-brake,  barley-break  (biir'li-briik),  ti. 

'niul.n,  hiirttt-hnikis ;   <  biirtry  (uii- 

.■  rliiirliy^  or biirliy'^,  orfrmii  Homo 

+  hrriik.']     An  old  gaiiio  played 

.  tliree  of  encli  hox,  forrnoil  into 

■Htllfllollli  pl"N  '.f  r'"Oll'I  W-  1.     I  1  !■.".■  11, 


Barley. 

Spike  of  HorJttim  viil- 

gart. 


CM 
Oil 

>>> 

coil  I 
and 

ral.  I 

pi 


\'-   I..  Iicll." 

•Mho  went  nbroail  thereby 
,\'  '.',-'./  Uff,i;i.  imj.  awcct  Rwiit  feel  fi  try. 

Sir  /'.  SMivy.  Arrndlii.  I 
A  tli'iiitanil  Agues 
riay  at  barUiihrtak In mjr  bom «. 

ilauhiger,  Parllainont  ul  ljuy%,  Iv.  u. 


454 

barley-bree,  barley-broo  (biir'li-bre,  -bro),  ji. 
Liquor  made  from  malt,  whether  by  brewing 
or  distillation :  ale  or  whisky.     [Scotch.] 

barley-broth  (biir'li-broth),  "ii.  1.  Broth  made 
by  boiling  barley  and  meat  wi'h  vegetables. 
[Scotch.]  —  2.  Ale  or  beer:  used  jocosely,  and 
also  in  contempt,  as  in  the  extract. 

Can  sudden  water, 
A  drench  for  siu--rein'd  jades,  their  barley  broth. 
Decoct  their  cold  blood  to  such  valiant  heat? 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  5. 

barleycorn  (bar'li-kom),  n.  1.  A  grain  of 
barley. —  2.  A  measure  equal  to  the  third  part 
of  an"  inch ;  originally,  the  length  of  a  grain  of 
barley,  a  statute  of  Edward  II.  (a.  p.  1324)  makes 
"  three  barley-corns  round  and  dry  "  the  definition  of  an 
inch. 
3.  A  measure  equal  to  the  breadth  of  a  fine 

grain  of  barley,  about  0.155  inch John  or  Sir 

John  Barleycorn,  a  humorous  personification  of  the 
spirit  of  barley,  or  malt  liquor :  a  usage  of  considerable 
antiquity. 

John  Barleycorn  was  a  hero  bold 

Of  noble  enterprise, 
For,  if  you  do  but  taste  his  blood, 
'Twill  make  your  courage  rise. 

Bunui,  John  Barleycorn. 

barley-fever  (biir'li-fe"ver),  ».  [<  barley'^  (as 
a  soiu'ce  of  strong  drink)  +  fcirr.}  Illness 
caused  by  intemperance.     [North.  Eng.] 

barley-fork  (biir'li-fork),  h.  a  hand-fork  with 
a  guard  at  the  root  of  the  tines,  used  for  gath- 
ering up  stalks  of  barley. 

barleyhood  (biir'li-hud),  n.  A  fit  of  drunken- 
ness, or  of  ill  humor  brought  on  bv  drinking. 
[Chiefly  Scotch.] 

barley-islandt  (bar'li-i"land),  «.  An  ale- 
house. 

barley-meal  (bar'U-mel),  «.  Meal  or  flour 
made  from  barley. 

barley-milkt  (bar 'li -milk),  «.  Gruel  made 
with  Viarlcy  or  barley-meal. 

barley-sick  (biir'li-sik),  a.  [<  barley^  (see  bar- 
Icy-fcvcr)  +  t.ick.']     Intoxicated.     [Scotch.] 

barley-sugar  (b!ir'li-sliug"er),  «.  Sugar  boiled 
(formerly  in  a  decoction  of  barley)  till  it  be- 
comes brittle  and  candied. 

barley-water  (b!ir'li-wa"t6r),  n.  A  decoction 
of  barley  used  as  a  demulcent  nutritious  drink 
in  fevers,  and  in  inflammations  of  the  air-pas- 
sages and  of  the  aliujeutary  canal. 

barley-wine  (biir'li-win),  «.     Ale  or  beer. 

bar-lift  (biir'lift),  n.  A  short  metal  bar  fas- 
tened to  a  heavy  window  as  a  convenience  in 
lifting  it. 

barlingt,  ".  [North.  E.  and  Sc,  <  Sw.  barling, 
a  pule,  <  biira  =  E.  bear^,  q.  v.]     A  jiolo. 

bar-loom  (biir'lom),  n.     A  ribbon-loom. 

barm^t,  «•  [ME.  barme,  barm,  licrm,  <  AS. 
bcarm  (ONorth.  barm  =  OS.  OFrics.  OHC 
barm  =  Icel.  barmr  —  Sw.  Dan.  barm  =  Ooth. 
barms),  the  bosom,  witli  formative  -m,  <  biran, 
E.  6<«/l,  q.  v.]     The  bosom  ;  the  lap. 

barm-  (biirm),  n.  [<  ME.  barme,  bcrmr,  <  AS. 
btorma  =  Fries,  bcrmc,  barm  =  MLG.  Ixrm, 
barm,  LG.  bormr,  barme,  barm  (>  G.  bdrmt)  = 
Sw.  biirma  =  Dan.  barme;  prob.  akin  to  L.  fir- 
miiitiiiii,  yeast,  < /crrecc,  boil :  seofcrmnit.  h.] 
The  scum  or  foam  rising  upon  beer  or  other 
malt  liquors  when  fermenting;  yeast.  It  is  used 
as  leaven  in  breail  to  make  it  swell,  causing  it  to  become 
softer,  lighter,  and  more  delicate.  It  may  be  used  in 
liquors  to  make  them  ferment  or  work.  It  Is  a  fungus. 
SiicchdriiitiyceH  ccrevixifr.     See  yi'nitt  mn\ /ennentation. 

barm''  (biirm),  w.     Same  as  lirrm. 

Barmacide,  «.  and«.     See  liarmccide. 

bar-magnet  (biir'maK'net),  n.  An  artificial 
steil  inagiiet  made  in  the  form  of  a  straight 
and  rather  slcudrr  bar. 

barmaid  (biir'mad),  ».  A  maid  or  woman  who 
attends  the  bar  of  an  inn  or  ollnr  ]ilaco  of  re- 
fri'sliment. 

barman  (biir'miin),  «. ;  y\.  barmm  (-men).  If. 
iS  lianisler. —  iJ.   A  barkeeprr  or  Imrd'ndi'r. 

barmaster  (biir'mas'ler).  "•  [Hi'duccd  from 
earlior  lianihmaslir,  bari/r  maitirr,  jirob.  <  G, 
bvriimi i.ili r,  a. surveyor  of  mini's,  <  bira,  a  liill, 
a  mine  (=  E.  barrow:  see  barroir'^  and  harijli), 
+  mcister  =  E.  mantrr.  A  niiiiiliiT  of  E.  min- 
ing trnns  are  of  d.  origin.  Cf.  harmoli.]  In 
miiiiiitl,  the  title  of  an  oflln-r  who  iicIh  as  maii- 
Mgor,  agent,  and  Kurveynr,  repri'sentiiig  the  in- 
lireHts  of  tlie  |iropri<diir  or  'lord,'  ninl  at  the 
miiiie  time  lnokiiig  after  those  of  llio  miner. 
Also  culled  bailiff,  brriimaiiler,  anil  buriihma.i- 
lir.     [DerbyHliire,  Eng.] 

barmbrack  (liiirin'linik),  ».  [A  comiiition  of 
Ir.  hiiiri(/in  brmr,  Kpeckli'd  eiike  :  iuhniii  ii, 
biiiri/liian,  bairin,  a  cake ;  briar,  speckled, 
Dpotted.]    A  currant-bun.     [Anglo-Irish,] 


barnaby 

barm-clotht,  ».     -An  apron.     Chaucer. 
Barmecidal  (biir'me-si-dal),  a.    Same  as  Bar- 

mcviili. 

Barmecide,  Barmacide  (biir'me-sid,  -ma-sid), 
II.  and  a.  [<  one  of  the  Bariiit'cidai  (a  Latin- 
ized foi-m,  with  patronymic  suffix  -ida')  or  Bar- 
mecides, a  noble  Persian  family  founded  by 
Barinek  or  Barmak,  aud  ha\ing  great  power 
imder  the  Abbasside  califs.]  I,  «.  One  who 
ofi'ers  imaginary  food  or  illusory  benefits :  in  al- 
lusion to  the  story,  told  in  the  Arabian  Nights, 
of  a  member  of  the  Barmecide  family  of  Bag- 
dad, who  on  one  occasion  placed  a  succession  of 
empty  dishes  before  a  beggar,  pretending  that 
they  contained  a  sumptuous  repast,  a  hction 
which  the  beggar  himiorously  accepted. 

II.  a.  Like,  or  like  the  entertaimnent  of, 
the  Barmecide  of  the  story;  hence,  unreal, 
sham,  illusory,  etc.:  as,  "my  .Bnrm«'i(?e  friend," 
Thackeray ;  a  Barmecide  feast  or  repast. 

It  is  a  Barm'\'ide  Feast ;  a  pleasant  tield  for  the  iiuagi- 
iKitinn  to  rove  in.  Diekriis,  Amcr.  Notes. 

barmilian  (hiir-mil'yan), )!.  [Origin  unknown.] 
An  old  name  for  a  kind  of  fustian  goods  largely 
exjjorted  from  England.  E.  II.  Kiiiijht. 
bar-mining  (bitr'mi'ning),  H.  In  placer-min- 
iiiy.  the  washing  of  the  sand  or  gi-avel  in  the  bed 
of  a  stream,  when  laid  bare  by  the  diminution  of 
the  stream  at  low  water,  or  by  building  a  flume, 
and  thus  caiTjing  the  water  to  one  side  of  the 
channel.  The  latter  method  is  more  commonly 
called  ./fHm/«i7.  [California.] 
barmkin  (biirm'kin),  n.  [Also  spelled  barm- 
kyii,  banickin,  hariikyii ;  <  ME.  barmckcn,  bariic- 
kyuch  ;  origin  tmcertain ;  possibly  <  barm^  = 
berm,  brim,  border,  edge  (the  forms  in  barn- 
being  then  corruptions),  +  -kin  :  but  luore  prob. 
all  corruptions  of  barbican.}  The  rampart  or 
outer  fortification  of  a  castle.  [Lowland  Scotch 
aud  North.  Eng.] 

And  broad  and  iiloody  rose  the  sun, 
.And  on  the  barmkyn  shone. 
Old  ballad,  in  Boucher's  Bonier  Minstrelsy,  ii.  341. 
Lord  Soulis  he  sat  in  Hermitage  Castle, 

And  Kedcap  was  not  liy  ; 
And  he  called  on  a  page,  who  was  witty  aiid  sage, 
To  go  to  the  bariitkiii  high. 
J.  Leyden,  Lord  Soulis,  in  N.  and  Q.,Cth  ser.,  XI.  386. 
Battlements  and  barmlmtjt  and  all  the  other  appurte- 
nances of  Strength,  as  such  places  were  called.  Lever, 

barmote  (biir'mot),  n.  [A  reduction  of  earlier 
buri/emotr,  also  baryhmote  aud  berijhmote,  <  G. 
berg,  a  hill,  mine,  -I-  E.  mote,  meeting.  Cf.  bar- 
ma,-:tcr.  ]  A  com't  established  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward III.  and  hold  twice  a  year  in  Derliyshiro, 
England,  in  which  matters  connected  with 
mining  are  considered.    Also  ■writ  ten  bergmole. 

barmy  (bilr'iui).  «.  [<  barm-  +  -1/1.]  Contain- 
ing or  resembling  barm  or  yeast ;  frothy. 

Of  windy  cider  aud  of  hanny  beer. 

Di-yden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Oeorgics,  iiL 

Why,  thou  bottle-ale, 
Thou  bannie  froth  I 

Maritlon,  Sconrgo  of  Villanie,  vl. 

barmy-brained  (biir' mi -brand),  a.  Light- 
headed ;  giddy. 

barnl  (Viiirn),  ji.  [<  ME.  barn,  bern,  <  AS.  hern, 
a  contr.  of  bcrern,  bcre-crn,  as  in  ONorth.,  < 
bcre,  barley  (E.  bcar'^).  +  cm,  a  place.]  A 
covered  building  designed  for  the  storage  of 
grain,  hay,  flax,  or  other  fariu-]U'oduce.  In 
America  barns  also  usually  contain  stabling 
for  horses  and  cattle. 

barni  (bilrn),  r.  t.  [<  Imrn'^,  it.']  To  store  up 
in  a  l)arn.     Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  8,'ii). 

Men  .  .  .  often  bam  up  the  chalf,  and  burn  up  the 
grain.  Fuller,  (btod  'rlloughts,  p.  110. 

barn'-'t,  «.  [Early  mod.  and  dial.  ]'].,<  Sc.  bairn, 
q.  v.,  <  ME.  beirn,  licrn,  <  AS.  beam,  a,  child, 
see  bairn.']     A  child. 

Mercy  oil's,  a  bant;  a  vei-y  jiretty  banil  A  boy  or  ft 
child,  I  wonder'^  .Shak.,  W.  T,  ill.  3. 

barnabee  (biir'na-be),  n.  [E.  dial.  (Siifl'olk); 
proli.  in  allusion  to  Barnaby  day.  See  Bar- 
iiiihii-hriiilil.]     The  ladv-bir({. 

Barnabite  (biir'na-liit),  h.  [=F.  Barnabite.i 
LL.  Bnrnabaii,  <  (.Jr.  liH/ini/Jnr,  a  Hebrew  name 
translated  "sim  of  consolation"  (Acts  iv.  IIO), 
more  accurately  "son  of  exhiii'ljition"  or  "son 
of  pro])hc('v.'']  In  the  Horn.  I'lilli.  Ch.,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  religions  congri'galioii  ]irii]»'i'ly  styled 
"  Hegiiliir  Clerks  of  the  Coiigiegiitiiin  of  St. 
I'linl,"  but  having  their  iiopuliir  designation 
from  theclinri'li  of  SI.  Hai-niibaHin  Milan,  which 
was  gninti'd  to  them  in  1.'>4.'>,  nooii  iiflei'  tho 
fiiinidaliiin  of  tlie  coiigregiit  inn.  Their  prinei- 
|ial  liiHiMo  is  now  in  Knmo. 

barnabyt  (luir'na-bi),  n.  [Prob.  connected 
with  tlio  uulubrutibn  of  Burnuby  day,  <  Barna- 


•  barnaby 

hy,  fonnerly  also  Ilaruahic,  <  F.  BarnaM,  <  LL. 

Barnabas,  Baruabas:  see  Barnabite.']    An  old 

dauee  to  a  qiiiek  movement. 

Bounce  I  cries  the  poi't-hole  —  out  they  fly, 
And  inuke  the  world  dance  BariMhy. 

Cotton,  Virgil  Travestie. 

Barnaby-brigllt  (bar'na-bi-brit),  n.      [Also 

Barnahii  brii/lit,  Bariiabij  the  bright,  and  (bcott, 

L.  of  L'.  M.,  iv.  4)  St.  Barnabright ;  also  called 

LoH(/  Baniab)/,  in  ref.  to  the   coincidence  of 

Bariiaby  day  with  the  summer  solstice.]    The 

day  of  St.  Barnabas  the  Apostle,  the  11th  of 

June,  which  in  old  style  was  the  day  of  the 

summer  solstice. 

Bamalni-brirjla,  the  lougest  day  and  the  shortest  night. 

Old  rivK. 


This  day  tlie  suniie  is  in  his  chiefest  higlit, 
With  Barnaby  tlie  Irrinht. 

Speniier,  Epitlialaniion,  1.  20G. 

Barnaby  day.    Same  as  Barnaby-bright. 

barnaclel  (bar-na-kl),  n.    [Also  barnicle,  bcr- 
nade;  <  ME.  barnakijlle,  bernakill,  hcrnacle,  ap- 
par.  a  dim.  of  the  earUer  bernakc,  bernak,  ber- 
nack,  bcnwkke;  ef.  OF.  bernaque  (ML.  bernaca,  i*^.   i^- »«" 
bernoka),   later   F.    bernache,    mod.    barmtchc,  barnacle    (bar  na-kl) 
barnacle  =  Sp.  bernache  =  Pg.  bernaca,  berna-    ■>"""'"-  i'"''- 
cha,  bernicha  =  It.  bernacla,  later  ML.  or  NL. 
bernicla,  bcrnccla,  bernacula;  G.  hernikel-gans, 
■   T)au.bernakel-gaas.     Ultimate  origin  unknown. 
The  word  seems  to  have  arisen  in  England. 


4B5 

3.  Anything  resembling  a  barnacle  (in  sense  2). 
(rt)  Any  anonialous  i^rowtli  or  extraneous  adhering  matter 
orarrangcnient  tend- 
ing to  impede 
gress. 

Compulsory  pi 
age,       tile       tin- 
months'  extra  pay  i 
crews  dischargeil  i' 
foreign    lamis,    ;i  1 1  i 
tlio    ol>ligatory    rm- 
ployment  of  govern 
nient  otlicials  for  tli'' 
sliipuK-nt  of    sailors 
in    American   ports, 
are  all  barnacles  .  .  . 
wliich    impede    the 
progress  of  our  com- 
mercial marine. 
Z>..lJK<'i/8,Merehant 

[Marine,  p.  181. 
(&)  A  person  holding 
on  tenaciously  to  a 


Barnacle  ^Lepa 


.ilt/ir^). 


place    or    position , 

one  who  is  a  useless  or  incompetent  fixture  in  an  offlce 
or  employment ;  a  follower  who  will  not  be  dismissed  or 
sliai<en  olf. 

4t.  [Ct.  barnard.']  A  decoy  swindler.  [Cant.] 
V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
nacled, ppr.  barnacUng.  [<  barnacle^,  «.]  To 
fix  or  attach,  as  a  barnacle  upon  the  bottom 
of  a  ship.     [Rare.] 

Tie  barnnded  himself  to  Gershon,  now,  and  shipped  with 
liim  always.  Mrs.  Whityieij,  Gayworthys,  xxiv. 

The  o'ldest  UE"torm,Ternekke~'cZa\d  bTslmply  bamaclea  (bar'na-kl),  n.     [Also  barnicle,^  her- 
baro-neck,'  with  a  possible   allusion  to  the     ->'- •  ^  mi?,  hnr^ml-ulh 


baroco 

a  slope  or  plane  into  which  the  barney  runs, 
in  order  to  allow  the  mine-car  to  run  in  over 
it  to  thf  foot  of  the  plane. 

barn-gallon  (bilrn'gal'on),  n.  A  measure  con- 
taining two  imperial  gallons  of  milk;  a  double 
gallon. 

barn-grass  (biirn'gras),  n.  The  eommou  cock- 
spur-grasK,  I'liiiiciim  Crus-galli. 

barnhardtite  (bilrn'liiir-ti't),  n.  [<  Bamhardt, 
name  of  the  owner  of  land  in  North  Carolina 
where  it  is  found,  -I-  -ile^.']  A  sulpliid  of  cop- 
poi'  and  iron  occurring  massive  and  of  a  bronze- 
vi'Uow  color  in  North  Carolina  and  elsewhere. 

barnman  (biim'man),  «. ;  pi.  barnmeu  (-men). 
A  la)jurer  in  a  barn ;  a  thresher. 

Ilarnman,  sower,  hay  ward,  and  woodward  were  alike 
serfs.  J.  J<.  Green,  Sliort  Hist,  of  Eng.,  p.  50. 

barn-owl  (biirn'oul),  n.  1.  The  common  white 
owl,  Strix  Jlammea  ov  Aluco  flammcm :  so  called 
from  being  often  foimd  in  bams,  where  it  is 
useful  as  a  destroyer  of  mice.  Its  conspecies  or 
varieties  iidlabit  nearly  all  temperate  regions  of  the  globe. 
Tlie  variety  found  in  the  United  States  is  Aluco pratin- 
cola.     Also  called  chtircli'itrL 


large  white  patches  on  the  bii'd's  neck  and  head. 
If  this  were  a  popular  designation,  it  could 
easily,  when  taken  into  book-language  and  Lat- 
inized, assume  the  above  and  the  other  numer- 
ous corrupt  forms  (ML.  bernicha,  bernecha,  ber- 
nescha,  bernesta,  etc.)  in  which  it  appears.  The 
loss  of  a  knowledge  of  its  meaning  would  assist 
the  growth  of  the  fables  connected  with  the 
word.]     1 .  A  species  of  wild  goose,  Anser  ber- 


nicle;  <  ME.  barnaki/lle,  byrnacle,  bernacle  (<  OF. 
bcrnicle,  an  instrument  of  torture),  appar.  adim. 
of  the  earlier  bernake,  bernak,  bernac,<  OF.  ber- 
nac,  a  barnacle  (def.  1) ;  origin  unknown.  The 
word  bratiks,  q.  v.,  has  a  similar  meaning,  but 
no  connection  can  be  made  out.  The  sense 
of  '  spectacles '  easily  arises  from  the  original 
sense ;  but  some  connect  barnacles  in  this  sense 
with  OF.  bericle,  mod.  F.  beside,  eye-glass  (< 
ML.  *bericidus,  dim.  of  berillus,  bcryllns,  beryl : 
see  beryl  and  brills),  or  with  mod.  F.  dial,  ber- 
niques,  spectacles.]  1.  A  kind  of  bit  or  muzzle 
used  to  restrain  an  unruly  horse  or  ass;  now 
(usually  in  the  plural),  an  instrument  consist- 
iag  of  two  branches  joined  at  one  end  with  a 
hinge,  placed  on  a  horse's  nose  to  restrain  him 
while  being  shod,  bled,  or  dressed. 

A  scourge  to  an  hors  and  a  bernacU  [bridle,  A.  V.]  to  an 
asg,._  Wycli/,  Prov.  xxvi.  3. 

Hence — 2.  An  instrument  of  torture  appliedin 
a  similar  way  to  persons. —  3.  pi.  Spectacles. 
[CoUoq.] 

What  d'ye  lack?   What  d'ye  lack?   Clocks,  watches,  6iir- 
nades.1    What  d'ye  lack,  sir?    What  d'ye  lack,  madam? 
Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel. 

barnacle^  (bar'na-kl),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
nacled, ppr.  barnading.  [<  barnacle^,  «.]  To 
apply  barnacles  to :  as,  to  barnacle  a  horse. 

barnacle-goose  (biir'na-kl-gos),  ».  [Formerly 
also  abbr.  bargoose;  <  barnacle'-,  1,  +  goose.\ 
Same  as  barnacle^,  1. 

barnaBdt  (bar'nard),  n.     [Also  bernardj  per 


'       Bam'Owl  ^Aluco Jlammeus:. 
\ 

2.  pi.  The  owls  of  the  barn-owl  type,  genera 
Strix  or  Aluco  and  Phodiliis,  which  differ  so 
decidedly  from  all  other  owls  that_  naturalists 
now  consider  them  types  of  a  distinct  familj. 
See  Old  and  Alucunidic. 

barns-breaking  (barnz'bra'king),  n.  [Sc,  in 
allusion  to  the  act  of  breaking  open  a  l)arn  to 
steal  grain.]  Any  mischievous  or  injurious 
action ;  an  idle  frolic. 

There  is  blood  on  your  hand,  and  your  clothes  are  torn. 
What  bams-tn-eakiii'i  have  you  been  at?  You  have  been 
drunk,  Richard,  and  fighting.  Scolt. 

barn-stormer  (bam'stor'mer),  «.  A  strolling 
player;  an  actor  who  plays  " in  the  provinces." 


^^^^  haps  for  berner,  q.  v.]     One  of  a  gang  of  swin-  bam-storming  (bam'stor'ming),  n.     [In  allu 


Bamacle.goose  {Bernicla  leucopSi 


■nicla  or  Bernida  leucopsis,  also  called  barnacle- 
goose  or  bernacle-goose.  It  is  one  of  several  species 
of  the  geims  Beniida,  inhabiting  tlie  northern  parts  of 
Europe,  and  occasionally  appearing  as  a  straggler  in  North 
America.  It  is  smaller  than  the  various  wild  geese  of  the 
genus  .inser  proper,  has  dark-brown  or  blackish  upper 
parts,  anil  a  black  neck  and  head,  with  large  white  patches. 
It  is  related  to  the  common  wild  goose  of  North  America, 
B.  canadensis,  and  still  more  closely  to  the  brent-  or  brant- 
goose,  Bernida  brenta.  This  bird,  which  was  known  in  the 
British  islands  only  as  a  visitor,  became  the  subject  of  a 
curious  popular  fable,  not  yet  extinct,  being  believed  to  be 
bred  from  a  tree  growing  on  the  sea-shore,  either  from  the 
fruit  of  the  tree  or  as  itself  the  fruit  (hence  called  tree- 
goose),  or  from  a  shell-flsh  which  grew  on  this  tree  (see 
def.  2),  or  from  rotting  wood  in  the  water. 

So  rotten  planks  of  broken  ships  do  change 

To  Barnacles.  .  .  . 

'Twas  first  a  green  tree,  then  a  broken  hull. 

Lately  a  JIushroom,  now  a  flying  Gull. 

.Sijloester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  i.  6. 

A  species  of  stalked  cirriped,  Lepas  anati- 


dlers  who  acted  as  a  decoy. 
Barnburner  (biim'b6r"ner),  n.  [In  reference 
to  the  story  of  a  farmer  who  burned  his  barn 
to  get  rid  of  the  rats.]  A  member  of  the  more 
nroeressive  of  the  two  factions  into  which  the 


sion  to  "taking  by  storm"  the  barns  in  -which 
strolling  actors  often  played.]  The  practice  of 
acting  in  bams,  as  strolling  players;  hence, 
the  practice  of  playing  ' '  upon  the  road  "  or  "  in 
the  pro-vinces." 


Democratic  party  in  the  State  of  New  York  bam-S-wallow  (bam'swol'o),  n.     The  common 


was  long  di-vided,  the  other  faction  being  called 
the  Hunkers.  The  Bambiu-ners  opposed  the  extension 
of  tlie  canal  system,  and  after  1846  they  opposed  the  ex- 
tension of  slavery  in  the  Territories.  In  a  few  years  most 
of  them  joined  the  new  Free-soil  party. 

The  internal  reform  of  a  party  cannot  be  carried  out  by 
corrupt  leaders.  One  of  the  main  objects  of  the  reforni- 
ers  was  to  break  the  influence  of  the  latter,  and  to  tins 
they  owed  their  appellation  of  barnburners,  their  enemies 
char''in<'  them  with  a  readiness  to  bum  the  building  ivith 
the  vermin,  in  default  of  a  less  radical  means  of  Punflc.a- 
tioii.  II-  ™»  -f^o's'.  Const.  Hist,  (trans.).  III.  359. 

barncock  (biirn'kok),  n.  A  local  Scotch  name 
of  the  turbot :  so  called  on  accoimt  of  its  round 
shape.     Day.  „,      ,  „     ■, 

barn-door  (barn'dor'),  n.     The  door  of  a  bam. 


B^^oriovn.^m<n^^t^c^^<^^ouno.  of  «>arn-yara  (o^mi^j 


swallow  of  the  United  States,  Hirundo  horreo- 
rum  or  H.  erythro- 
gastra:  so  called 
because  it  habit- 
ually breeds  in 
bams.      The    upper 

parts  are  dark  steel-  ^^S^^^^^^k         V 

blue,  the  lower  parts  ^^B^^^^^^^     ~~r 

chestnut  with  an  im-  ^=^^-^^^^^^^^^^^» 
perfect  collar,  and  the 
tail  deeply  forked  and 
spotted  witlx  white. 
It  is  the  American 
representative  of  the 
similar  U.  rustica  of 
Europe. 


the  common  hen  ;  a  dunghill  or  barn-yard 

bar-net  (biir'net),  n.    A  net  placed  across  a 
- ,     ;       ,      ,     ,  '       -  ,       1  •  .    ii     1    xr     -    f     stream  to  guide  fish  into  a  wing-pond, 
clusters  by  the  long  peduncle  to  the  bottoms  of  , '  "1,^     (ivfr'nil  n.     [Perhaps  from  the  proper 
"  ■       ^       ■   ^}:''±^:  S:..*"  ?'r,?i!!f  l^?°l      f^I Barney  L  Barnaby,  formerly  very  com 


fera,  of  the  family  Lepadida:,  found  hanging  in 


ships,  to  floatiii!^ 

of  any  kind;  the  goose-mussel,  fabled  to  fall 
from  its  support  and  turn  into  a  goose  (see  def. 
1).  The  name  is  sometimes  extended  or  transferred  to 
various  other  eirripeds,  as  the  sessile  acorn-shells  or  sea- 
acorns  of  the  family  Balanidce,  such  as  Balann^  tintinna- 
bulum.  See  Balanus.  This  is  the  usual  sense  of  the  word, 
except  in  Great  Britain, 


surrounding  or  ad- 
joining a  barn. — 

Barn-yard  fowl,  any  Bam-swaUow  l,HinmJo  erythrogasira ). 
specimen  of  the  com- 

mon  domestic  fowl,  including  hens,  geese,  ducks,  guineas, 
and  turkeys  ;  speciflcally,  a  mongrel  or  cross-bred  speci- 
men of  these  fowls ;  a  barn-door  fowl. 


mon  as  a  Christian  name,  and  still  common 

amons?  the  Irish.     But  in  3d  sense  ef.  6?arHei/-]     ■— ■ -,-x-   -v,-  ■  .  ^   /  c)     -      i.     

TllmMnn,  a  small  car  used  in  the  anthracite  baro-.     [<  Or.  papoc^,  weight,  ijapv^,  heavy,  = 

region  of  Pemsylvania  on  inclined  planes  and  U  gravis,   heavy:   see.<7;W]     An  element 

Ilopes  to  push  tiie  mine-ear  up  the  slope.- 2.  in  certain  compound  scientific  terms,  implying 

A  mize  fi<'ht      [Slang.]— 3.  Hvimbug.  hea\nness.                                      •=  .  , 

A  barnacle  may  be  said  to  be  a  crustacean  fixed  by  its  t,._L„^  „;*   (bar'ni-pit),  n.     In  the  anthracite  barOCO^  (ba-ro'ko),  n.     [An  artificial  name  m- 

head,  and  kicking  the  food  into  its  mouth  with  its  legs         ,,,lJ,o/of  Pennsvlvsmia   a  pit  at  the  bottom  of  vented   by  Petms   Hispanus.]      In    logic,  the 
Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  S.'ib.      miiich  in  x  cujioj ^ ' w.^"',       f 


baroco 

mnemonic  name  of  a  mood  of  syllog:ism  in  the 
second  figure,  having  a  imivei*sal  affirmative 
major  premise,  a  particular  negative  minor, 
and  a  particular  negative  conclusion :  as, 
Every  true  patriot  is  a  friend  to  religion ;  some 
great  statesmen  are  not  friends  to  religion ; 
therefore,  some  great  statesmen  are  not  true 
patriots.  Five  of  the  six  letters  that  compose  the  word 
are  significant.  B  means  that  it  is  to  be  reduced  to  bar- 
bara;  a,  that  the  major  premise  is  universal  aflirmative; 
o,  that  the  minor  premise  is  particular  negative ;  c,  that 
the  syllogism  is  to  be  reduced  per  impossibile  (see  reduc- 
tion) ;  and  o,  that  the  conclusion  is  particular  negative. 
See  mood-.     Also  spelled  baroko. 

baroco^,  barocco  (ba-ro'ko),  a.    [It.  harocco.} 

Same  as  baroque. 

barogram  (bar'o-gram),  n.  The  record  traced 
bv  a  barogi'aph. 

barograph  (bar'o-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  pdpog,  weight, 
+  }pa9£n',^vrite.]  A  self -registering  instrument 
for  recording  variations  in  the  pressure  of  the 
atmosphere,  it  is  made  by  attaching  t**  tlie  lever  of  a 
counterpoised  barometer  an  ann  with  a  pencil  in  contact 
with  a  sheet  of  paper,  and  moved  uniformly  hy  clockwork. 
The  result  is  a  continuous  trace,  whose  changes  of  form 
correspond  to  the  variations  of  pressure.  In  another  form 
a  ray  of  light  is  made  to  travei-se  the  upper  part  of  the 
barometer-tube  and  fall  on  a  moving  ribl>on  of  sensitized 
paper,  the  rising  and  falling  of  the  mercury  in  the  barome- 
ter causing  the  beam  of  light  to  be  increased  or  dimin- 
ished in  width,  thus  showing  the  changes  in  the  barometer 
by  the  continuous  photographic  record  of  the  paper.  In 
still  another  form  the  movement  of  the  mercury-column 
is  u«ed  to  close  an  electric  circuit  and  thus  report  its 
movtriitiits.     Also  called  barometrograph. 

barographic  (bar-o-graf'ik),  a.  [<  barograph 
+  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  barograph;  fur- 
nished by  the  barograph :  as,  haroyrajjJtic  rec- 
ords. 

baroko,  «.     See  baroco"^, 

barolite  (bar'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  pdpog,  weight,  + 
httor,  stone.]   "Barium  carbonate.    See  xciiherite. 

barology  (ba-rol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  iidpoqj  weight, 
+  -'/^yiaj  <  /i>f/r,  speak:  see  -ology.']  The  sci- 
ence of  weight  or  of  the  gravity  of 
bodies. 

barom aerometer  (bar  ^o-mak-rom'- 

e-ter;,  n.  [<  Gr.  fiapo^,  weight,  + 
fioKpoCf  long,  +  fiirpovy  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  invented  by  Pro- 
fessor Stein  for  ascertaining  the 
weight  and  the  length  of  new-bom 
infants. 

barometer  (ba-rom'e-t^r), «.  [< 
Gr.  ;iapo^,  weight,  +  fdrpovy  a  mea- 
sure.] An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  weight  or  pressure  of  the 
atmosphere,  invented  by  Evange- 
lista  Tori'icelli,  an  Italijui  mathe- 
matician and  physicist,  in  1C43. 
Tlie  simplest  form  of  this  inbtrumcnt  is  a 
glasa  tube  over  ;iO  inches  long,  sealed  nt  one 
end,  and  then  tilled  with  mercury.  When 
the  tube  ia  inverted,  with  the  open  end 
dipping  into  a  cup  i»r  cistern  of  niercur>', 
the  column  sinks,  leaving  a  vacuum  iit  the 
top,  till  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  on 
each  unit  of  surface  of  the  mercury  in  the 
clsteni  equals  the  weight  of  the  column  in 
the  tube  over  each  unit  of  surface  of  the 
horizontal  section  at  the  level  of  the  mer- 
cury outaide,  when  the  pressure  of  the 
column  of  mercury  just  balances  that  of 
theatniospln-re. 
The  rise  and  fall 
can  be  measured 
on  a  graduated 
scale,  baroine- 
temof  this  form 
are  called  cut- 
trm  iHtrotnfterH.  Fortln's 

'Iliey  are  the  Barometer, 
(■rininionest  of 
rnugh  niercuriiil  barometerfl. 
Koracirntillcpurposis,  thcmoHt 
/  frcfpn-nlly  umcI  im  Fortln's  ba- 
roni'tiT,  in  which  the  cfstcni  la 
adjii-'dtblr,  thf  7.i-r<^>  of  theHcalc 
ciiini  idliik'  with  thf!  extremity 
fif  an  IvKiy  ptiintiT(/i  In  itcrund 
IlKure)  Hlilib  |ii<>Ji:ctfi  down- 
ward from  the  lop  ■»(  the  c)»- 
t*ni-)H*x.  'lhi<  bottom  f.r  the 
liiiti'ni  in  mailr  of  b-atlier,  nml 
by  n  Birew  working  u^alnHt 
a  wofxk'h  bu(t«>n  tlitr  mcr- 
i:ury  can  bo  ralHcd  nr  low- 
ered until  \tn  Murfnco  hmt 
t4>ncheft  the  point  t,l  ih*-  liii|'  x  ; 
thla  oiMTntlon  niiiMt  l><  jui 
formed    bcfori)    vivh    oi.  .  i  v.i 

lion.   'niVMi/,/,tn,hnr:w>'.r 

rInU  of  n  Infit  till..-,  c.  h'  rjiiiv 
of  iirdforiM  bor<',  Ihimul-  t\Mi 
UHer|Ua)  h'un.  'IIm'  l-tii.:- r  I.  ^'. 
which  niu«t  bf  nior>-  tlmn  ;i'i 
Inch***  !'•»»'/  (•  .■I.-4'l  wbU.  ti,, 
•hot'.  

.'i ;  'z  >'■«-  -  I 

■toicr.,.}  "'<•■"<' I"",!'      I ';•  ■"•"<'■'; 

rimittr  nsimlljroonnlatii  of  >  al 


-^L 


456 

phon  barometer  having  a  float  resting  on  the  surface  of 
the  mercury  in  the  open  branch,  and  a  thread  attiiched  to 
the  float  passing  over  a  pulle3-,  and  having  a  weight  at  its 
extremity  as  a  counterpoise  to  the  float.  As  the  mercury 
rises  and  falls  the  thread  turns  the  pulley  which  moves 
the  index  of  the  dial.  The  barometer  ^s  used  in  many 
physical  and  chemical  determinations,  but  its  most  ordi- 
nary applications  are  (1)  to  the  prediction  of  changes  in 
the'weather,  and  (-2)  to  the  deterniinutiuii  of  the  elevation 
of  stations  above  the  sea-level.— Aneroid  barometer,  a 
portable  instrument,  invented  by  yi.  \idi  of  Paris,  for  in- 
dicating the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  without  the  use  of 
mercury  or  other  fluid.  It  consists  of  a  circular  nuHallie  box 
which  is  exhausted  of  air.  and  of  which  the  corrugated  dia- 
phragms are  held  in  a  state  of  tension  by  powerful  springs. 
The  varying  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  causes  a  variation 
of  the  surface  of  the  diaphragm,  which  variation,  being 
multiplied  by  delicate  levers  and  a  fine  chain  wound  around 
a  pinion,  actuates  an  index-pointer  which  moves  over  a 
graduated  scale.  Boiu-don's  metallic  barometer  is  an  ane- 
roid barometer  consisting  of  a  flattened,  curved  tube,  ex- 


Bourdon's  Metallic  Barometer. 
A,  front  view,  showing  hand   or  indicator,  a,  and  the  scale ;  ^,  (, 
mercurial  thennometere.  A',  back  view  :  rf,  rf,  tube  secured  at  its  mid- 
dle, f,  and  having  its  ends  connected  by  links,  /,  y,  to  two  short  levers, 
£t  £•  on  the  same  axis  as  the  hand,  a  ;  A,  open  plate. 

hatisted  of  air  and  having  one  end  fixed  and  the  other  geared 
to  an  index-pointer  which  traverses  a  graduated  arc.  Tlie 
curvature  of  the  tube  is  artected  by  variations  in  the 
atmospheric  pressure,  and  the  pointer  is  moved  corrc. 
spondinglyon  the  dial.— Marine  barometer,  a  cistern 
barometer  adapted  to  the  conditions  of  a  ship  s  motion, 
being  suspended  by  gimbals,  and  having  a  stricture  in 
tlie  tube  to  lessen  the  oscillations  of  the  mercury. — 
Ptunplng  of  tlie  barometer,  an  unsteadiness  in  the 
barciiMciric column,  due  toa  gu»ty  wind.— Self-register- 
ing barometer,  a  liumttrapluwhicli  see).— True  height 
of  the  barometer,  tlie  lieight  of  the  barometer  corrected 
to  the  staniiaril  lUnsity  of  mercury  (that  is,  its  tlensity  at 
the  freezing'  iiuiiit  <il  water),  for  variations  of  gravity,  ftu- 
the  effect  of  capillarity,  index-error,  expansion  of  the 
scale,  etc.  The  I'niled  states  .Signal  OlHce  also  corrects 
for  the  elevation  of  the  station  above  the  sea.lcvel.  See 
nlimisjflh  rt'  and  sunij'U'Homi'tt'r. 

barometer-flowers  (bii,-roin'e-t6r-flou''6rz),  n. 

j)l.     Artilieial  flow(>rs  colored  with  chlorid  of 

cobalt.     lu  dry  air  they  are  blue,  and  in  moist 

air  they  tiu-n  pink. 
barometer-gage  (ba-rom'c-tcr-ga.i).  ".  An  ajipa- 

ratu.s  attached  to  tlie  boiler  of  a  steam-euKiiie,  to 

a  coniU'iiscr,  or  to  some  other 

chamber  in  which  a  more  or 

less  perfect  vaciuira  is  liable 

to^lio  formed,  to  indieato  the 

state  of  the  vacuum,    in  one 

form  a  reversed  U-tube  has  one  end 

plunged  in  a  basin  of  mercury  and 

the  other  connected  with  the  vacu- 
um-chamber.     Another    commcut 

form  is    a  U-tube  partially    filled 

with  mercury,  and  having  one  end 

open  to  the  air  and  the  other  con- 
nected with  the  vacuum-chamber. 

Any    exhaustion    in    the  chamber 

causes  the  mercury  to  rise  in  the 

leg  connected  with  it  and  t^i  fall  in 

tlie  f)ttlcr.       The    fluctuattollH    are 

nofcii  upon  a  scale  jilaced  between 

111.'  I""  \rxn  of  till-  tube. 
barometric    (bar-ti-met'rik'), 

«.    I'ei'taiiiiiit;  to,  made  with, 

or  indicated  by  a  liaromctcr: 

as,  haromrtrii-  on-ors;   baro- 
metric experiments  or  mea- 

Hiiromeuts;  /)«/(i«i('?r«!  changes.    Also  ftnnV. — 

Baromotrlc  deprosBloo.  Sic  (fe/)re«non.— Barometric 

trough,  an  area  of  low  l>aronieter.     See  barinnrlrr. 

'lornadoi  s  are  more  frcc|uent  when  the  major  axes  of 
the  iKinmirlrit:  Irowf/m  trend  north  and  south,  or  nnrtli- 
eimt  and  HoulliwcHt,  than  when  they  trenil  ea»t  ami  wc«l. 

Scicnf-e,  III.  7o7. 

barometrical  (bnr-o-met'ri-knl),  a.  Pertuin- 
ing  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  Imromotcr;  bani- 
inolrii'.     Barometrical  aerometer.    Si>o  nrromrirr. 

barometrically    (bar-o-mel'ri-kiil-i),' nt/i'.     liy 

irii-ntiH  111  11  liiiroineter. 

barometrograph  (bui-o-mefro-tfrt'if)  u.  \< 
(ir.  /fii/»>i,  wei^,'hl,  +  /iItiuiv,  a  mcHHurn  (see  lui- 
rnnirlir).  +  ;/h/iA'M',  write.]   Hame  ns '«(rw/r«/i/i. 

barometrography  (bur'o-itiet-rog'ni-d),  «. 

I  Ah  liiiriiinilri'iiriiiili  +  -i/.)     The  scieni'e  of  the 
liarnineler;  also,  the  art  of  moking  barometric 
idi.MiTvntinns. 
barometry  (bn-rom'e-tri),  n.     [Ah  harnnulrr  + 
-y.  j     The  art  or  o)>oration  of  oonductinK  bnro- 


Two  fonns  of  Drttomc- 
tcr-ifaKe.— tf.  l>crn  >:lavs 
tube;  *,  mcrciiry-tls- 
Icm;  e,  e,  imiuts  at 
which  tubes  coimcci  »  Uh 
condensers:  rf,  bend  uf 
tube  containing  mercury. 


baronet  • 

metric  measurements,  experiments,  observa- 
tions, or  the  like. 

A  scrap  of  parchment  hung  by  geometry, 
(A  great  refinement  in  haromctni). 
Can,  like  the  stars,  foretell  the  weather. 

Swij't,  Grub  Street  Klcgy. 

barometz  (bar'o-mets),  11.  [Appar.  au  eiTone- 
ous  transliteration  of  Euss.  oaranetsu,  club- 
moss,  connected  with  hiiraiiu,  a  ram,  sheep.] 
The  decumbent  caudex  of  the  fern  Dicksoiiia 
Baroniet-,  also  called  Agnus  iScythicus,  the 
Scythian  or  Tatariau  lamb.  See  Agtius  Scythi- 
ciis,  under  aipiiis.     Also  written  horanic::, 

baromotor  (bar'o-mo-tor),  «.  [<  Gr.  i^apo^, 
weight,  +  L.  motor.'i  A  portable  hand-  ami 
foot-power  having  two  treatUes  connecting 
with  cranks  on  a  fly-shaft.     £.  H.  Knight. 

baron  (bar'gn),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  barron, 
<  ME.  baron,  barun,  baroun,  <  OF.  baron,  barun 
(orig.  ace.  of  ber)  =  Pr.  bar,  ace.  baron,  baro 
=  Sp.  raron  =  Pg.  rarao  =  It.  barone,  prop, 
a  man  (It.  now  a  vagabond),  then  specifically 
one  who  was  a  'man'  or  vassal  of  the  king  or 
other  superior,  whence  the  later  use  of  the 
term  as  a  title,  F.  baron,  fern,  baronne,  whence, 
from  F.  or  E.,  in  other  languages,  Sp.  baron, 
Pg.  harao,  It.  barone,  G.  Dan.  Sw.  baron,  Icel. 
barun,  Kuss.  baronu,  etc. ;  <  ML.  baro{n-),  a  man 
(L.  homo  or  fir),  hence,  in  particular  uses,  vas- 
sal, servant,  freeman,  husband.  Origin  un- 
certain;  by  some  connected  through  'servant' 
■with  L.  baro{n-),  a  simpleton,  blockhead, 
dunce.]  1.  In  Great  Britain,  the  title  of  a  no- 
bleman holding  the  lowest  rank  in  the  peer- 
age ;  a  member  of  the  baronage :  as,  Jiaron 
Arimdell  of  Wardour ;  a  Scotch  baron.  The 
children  of  barons  have  the  title  "Honorable."  Origi- 
nally the  barons,  being  the  feudatories  of  princes,  were 
the  ]iroiirictors  of  land  held  by  hoimralile  service.  Henco 
in  ancient  records  the  word  barons  coniiu'ehends  all  the 
nobility.  All  such  in  England  had  in  early  times  a  right 
to  sit  in  Piu'liament.  Ancietitly  barons  were  rrrfater, 
such  as  held  their  lands  of  the  king  in  capite,  or  Ifsser, 
such  .as  held  their  lands  of  the  greater  barons  by  military 
service  ill  fitpite.  "The  present  barons  are-^tl)  liarons 
hii  I'lri^'rit'tiou,  for  that  they  and  their  ancestors  have 
iiiMiicinorially  sat  in  the  Ijipcr  Hcuise.  (2)  llarcns  by 
jxit'iii.  having  obtained  n  patent  of  this  dignity  to  them 
and  their  heirs,  luale  or  otherwise.  (3)  ilaron.^  bit  tfnnre, 
holiling  the  title  as  annexed  to  land."  (llVmifoii.)  Kor- 
merly,  when  all  barons  were  not  summoned  to  sit  in  Par- 
liament, the  name  of  barons  bii  writ  was  given  to  those 
who  actually  were  so  summoned.  Uarons  in  the  peeragea 
of  Scotland  and  Ireland  have  scats  in  the  British  Tarlia- 
mcnt  only  when  elected  by  their  order. 
See  pft-r.  The  word  baron  was  not 
known  in  the  British  isles  till  intro- 
duced fntin  the  continent  under  the 
Norman  prince^.  The  coronet  of  a 
baron   of   Kngland  consists  of  a  itlain 

gold  circle,  with  six  balls  or  large  pearls      ^^ — ■ v 

on  its  edg.-.  anil  with  the  cap,  etc.,  as      Js^^^jry^jA 
in  a  visenuiit's.  f       f 

2.  A  title  of  the  .iudges  or  offi-  "'"hsil  Baron.  "'' 
cers  of  1  lie  English  Court  of  Ex- 
chetiuer,  hence  called  barons  of  the  Exchequer, 
the  ]irosident  of  the  court  lieing  calleil  rliief 
liiirou. —  3.  In  hue  and  hir.,i\  husband :  as.  Iiaroii 
iinil  fcmv,  husbaml  ami  wife. — 4.  On  the  conli- 
nent  of  Europe,  especially  in  France  and  Ger- 
many, a  member  of  the  lowest  order  of  heredi- 
tary iKibilily:  in  (iermany,  same  as  Frrilierr. — 
Baron  of  beef,  in  coohmj.  two  sirloins  not  cut  asunder. 
Barons  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  mendicrs  of  the  British 
House  of  Commons  fnrmcrly  cicetcd,  two  for  cai-h  <>f  tho 
si-ven  (originally  five)  cinciuc  Ports  litivcr,  Sanilwich, 
Honmey,  Hastings,  Hytbe,  ^\  inchclsca,  and  Kyc. 

baronage  (biir'on-aj).  ii.  [<  ME.  iiaronagp, 
Intrunagc,  barnagr,  <.  OF.  barnaqe,  barnaigr,  F. 
baronnnge  z=Vr.  barnatge  ^H.  haronnggio,  Inir- 
naggio  (Mlj.  reflex  baronoginm),  <  ML.  'liarnna- 
ticnm,<.  liaro(n-):  see //(itoh  ami -rt.t/c]  1.  Tho 
whole  boily  of  British  banins;  formerly,  the 
nobilily  or  peerage  in  general. 

The  bnrftnniji'.  is  divided  so  narrowly  that  the  summons 
or  cxcbmion  of  half  a  dozen  members  dmngi's  the  fate  of 
a  minixiry  or  of  a  dynasty.         SlaMu,  Const,  Hist.,  §  1)80. 

2.  Tlie  <ligiii(y  or  rank  of  a  baron. —  3t.  The 
Iniiil  wliii'h  gives  tide  to  a  baron;  n  barony. 

baron-court  (lun'on-kort),  u.     See  eourl-barnn. 

baroness  (bnr'on-^es),  V.  [<  ME.  barone.tue, 
Inironi/.i,  <  <)1'\  liarnrsse,  barnnne.sse  =  I'r.  It. 
Iiaroninsa  (ML.  tiaroninsa):  see  baron  and  -cs.v.] 
The  wife  iif  a  liaroii,  or  (in  a  few  cases  in  Eng- 
land) a  lady  holding  u  biironial  title  as  a  jieer- 
I'KS  in  her  own  right. 

baronet  ( luir'nn-et),  n.  r<  MIO.  haronct,  baro- 
mil:  (.ML.  Iiariinellun,  F.  haronnet,  O.  baronet, 
Kuss.  linroniti'i,  after  E.),  <  baron  +  -ct.']  If.  A 
IcHHcr  iir  inferior  liaron.    in  this  use  the  word  had 

not  (III*  HpeelMe  Kense  that  It  received  in  Ihe  time  of  .Tainea 
I.  "  Ac'eoriilng  to  speimer  estate  of  Ireland),  originally 
applied  to  gentlemen,  not  barons  bv  ti'mirc,  Hunimoneil 
I'l  the  IlnuHe  of  Lorils  by  I^lwuril  111.;  perhaps  to  tho 
hetrH  of  bnronR  AUlnumned  by  writ  In  thuir  futliura'  llfo- 


>)•»'•  I! 


taronet 

time.    Applied  in  Irclan.l  t.)  tlu'  liolderof  a  small  Ijarony. 
Often  synonymous  witli  baiincret."    JV.  K.  I). 

He  Imd  soe  many  Bari-ons  in  Iiia  Pai-liament,  as  were 
able  tn  waigli  downe  the  Clcaruyt'  and  tiieyr  frendes ;  the 
which  Barrons,  tliey  say.  were  not  aft.Twai-dcs  Lordes,  but 
onlv  Vamnctts,  as  sundrye  of  thoin  doe  yet  retayne  the 
„a,*e.  *>f/..i«-,  State  of  Ireland, 

2.  A  British  title  of  lioreditary  rank  or  degree 
of  honor  next  below  that  of  a  baron,  and  thus 
not  oonl'erringa  peerage.  A  b.aronet  is  designated  Sir 
.So-and-so,  Bart.  (Christian  name  andsurname  beinggiven), 
and  ranlis  above  all  knights  exeept  those  of  the  Garter. 
Tlieri-  is  no  ceremony  nf  investiture,  the  title  Ijcing  given  l^y 
patent.  The  order  was  fouudi-il  by  James  I.  in  leU,  pro- 
fessedly to  inoiiiote  tlie  F.ii;;lish  a)id  Sc.itch  colonization 
of  Ulsti'r,  for  winch  each  liai ct  paid  ,£l,oso.  The  ori- 
ginal limitation  of  the  uvd.  r  to  Jio  locrolicrs  was  set  aside 
and  the  p.aynient  renuttcd  at  an  early  date.  (For  the 
badge  of  the  order,  see  baiige  nf  Ulsler,  under  badgci.) 
The  title  is  abbreviated  Bnrt.  after  a  name.  — Baronet's 
hand,  the  hloodv  hand  of  Ulster.  .See  badr/e  0/  Ulster, 
under  (i(i((«(i.— Baronets  of  Ireland,  an  order  of  knights 
baronets  founded  bv  James  I.  of  Ensland,  in  the  seven-' 
teenth  year  of  his  reign  (18131,  f"r  tlie  .same  purpose  and 
witli  the  same  privileges  in  Ireland  as  had  liccii  cmiferred 
on  the  order  created  in  England  in  Uili.  — Baronets  of 


457 

forms,  partieulai'ly  in  church  architecture,  and  its  con- 
torted ornamentation,  made  up  in  great  part  of  meaning- 
less scrolls  and  inorganic  shell-work.  Also  called,  some- 
times, the  JcHuit  Hiyl(t,  from  the  many  anfl  r(;markably 
ugly  examples  supplied  by  churches  founded  liy  the 
.Icsuit  order.  This  word  is  often  used  intcrili;nigcahly 
with  rococo  ;  hut  rococo  is  preferably  reserved  forornaincnt 
of  llie  same  period,  particularly  in  France,  which,  tJHUigli 
overcliai^n'd  and  inf)rganic,  still  retains  some  beauty  and 
artistic  quality  ;  baroijue  implies  the  presence  of  ugly  and 
repclkMit  (jiialities. 

Soinotiines  wi-itten  baroco,  barocco,  barock. 
Baroque  pearl,  a  rough  pearl  of  irregular  or  contorted 
form.     .Su(  b  ]>earls  are  frequently  utilized  to  form  bodies 
of  birdsortlutlike,  the  extrenuti(!S  being  made  of  gold,  etc. 

II.  H.  1.  An  object  of  irregular  and  peculiar 
form,  especially  in  ornamental  art. 

On  the  scroll  handle  is  a  pearl  baroque  of  Neptune  rid- 
ing on  a  dolphin.  S.  K.  Loan  Exhibition,  1861. 

2.  Ornainont,  design,  etc.,  of  the  style  and  pe- 
riod called  baroque.     See  I.,  2. 

The  mad  extravagances  of  the  baroque,  a  style,  if  stylo 
it  can  be  called,  which  declared  war  against  the  straight 
line,  erased  logic  in  construction  from  its  grammar  of  art, 
and  overloaded  buildings  with  meretricious  ornament. 

C.  C.  rerlnns,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  364. 


Scotland,  an  order  institntl-d  by  chark'S  I.  of  England  barOSCOpe  (bar'6-skop),  m.     [<  Gr.  /?dpof, -weight, 

+  nhi)-iiv,  view'.]  1.  An  instrument  used  to 
indieato  changes  in  the  pressure  of  the  atmo- 
sphere without  measiu'ing  its  absolute  weight. 
See  loealher-tjlass  and  storrn-glass. —  2.  A  piece 
of  physical  apparatus  used  to  demonstrate  the 
upward  pressm-o  of  the  air.  It  consists  of  a  large 
body  of  small  density  attached  to  the  beam  of  a  balance, 
and  exactly  balanced  by  a  sipall  weight.  When  this  is 
placed  under  the  receiver  of  an  air-pump  and  the  air  is 
exhausted,  the  arm  of  the  balance  to  which  the  large 
body  is  attached  tips  down,  since  the  upwiird  pressure 
now  taken  from  it  is  greater  than  that  removed  from  the 
small  Cftunterpoise, 


in  Ui"2&.  The  nominal  object  was  tlie  settlement  of  Nova 
Scotia,  and  patents  were  granted  under  the  great  seal  of 
Scotland,  as  those  of  the  Ulster  baronets  had  been  granted 
under  the  great  seal  of  England.  After  the  union  of  the 
crowns  in  1707  the  baronets  of  Scotland  charged  their 
arms  with  the  badge  of  Ulster,  and  became  baronets  of 
the  United  Kingdom.  The  baronets  of  .Scotland  are  often 
called  Nova  Scotia  baronets.  None  have  been  created  since 
the  union. 

baronet  (bar'on-et),  V.  t.  To  raise  to  the  rank 
of  baronet:  generally  in  the  passive:  as,  he 
expects  to  be  baroneted. 

baronetage   (bar'on-et-aj),   n.      [<.  baronet  + 


■age,  on  type  of  baronage.}     1.  The  baronets  fearoscopic  (iiar-6-skop'ik),  a.     [<  baroscope  + 
IS  a  body.— 2.  The  dignity  or  rank  ot  a  bar-    _,-^,  j   iJ,,i,t. lining  to  or  determined  by  the  baro- 


scope. 


as 

onet,  ^^^  ,^ 

baronetcy  (bar'on-et-si), )(..    [<  baronet  +  -cy.J  i,ar(3SC0pical   (bar-6-skop'i-kal). 

The  title  and  dignity  ot  a  baronet.  baronroiiic 

baronial  (ba-r6;;ni-al),  «.    [<  baron  +  -ial.    Cf.  'baroselenite  (bar-o-sel'e-nit),  re. 


ML.  baronalis.l     Pertaining  to  a  baron  or  a 
barony,  or  to  the  order  of  barons:  as,  baronial 
possessions ;  the  baronial  dignity. 
baronism  (bar'on-izm),  «.     [<  baron  +  -ism.l 
Feudalism;  the  baronial  system. 

The  spirit  of  Norman  haroniam  on  one  side,  and  the 
spirit  of  Anglo-Saxon  freedom  on  the  other. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXIX.  422. 

baronnette  (bar-on-ef),  »•  [P-,  dim-  of  baronne, 
fem.  of  baron,  baron.]  A  little  baroness;  a 
baron's  daughter:  sometimes  used  for  the  wife 
of  a  baronet.     N.  E.  I). 

baronryt  (bar'ou-ri),  n. ;  pi.  baronries  (-riz). 
[<  ME.  barunri'e,  <  OF.  baronnerie :  see  baron 
and  -»v/.]  1 .  A  barony ;  the  domain  of  a  baron. 
—  2.  the  rank  or  dignity  of  a  baron. — 3.  Bar- 
ons collectively. 

barony  (bar'on-i),  n. ;  pi.  baronies  (-iz).  [< 
ME.  liaronie,  <  OF.baroiiie,  barunie  (F.  baron- 
nie),  <  ML.  baronki,  <  baro(n-),  a  baron.]  1. 
The  rank  or  dignity  of  a  baron. —  2.  The  do- 
main of  a  baron ;  the  territory  or  lordsliip  of  a 
baron. — 3.  In  Scotland,  a  large  freehold  estate, 
even  though  the  j^roprietor  is  not  a  baron. — 4. 
In  Ireland,  a  temtorial  division  corresponding 
nearly  to  the  English  himdred,  and  supposed  to 
have  'been  originally  the  district  of  a  native 
chief.     There  are  316  baronies  in  the  island. 

AVhatever  the  regular  troops  spared  was  devoured  by 
bands  of  marauders  who  overran  almost  every  barony  in 
thejsland.  Macaulatj,  Ilist.  Eng.,  xii. 

5.  Formerly,  the  tenm-e  by  which  a  baron  held 
of  his  superior,  namely,  military  or  other  hon- 
orable service. — 6t.  the  body  of  barons  and 
other  peers;  the  baronage — Burgh  of  barony. 

See  burgh. 
barofjue  (ba-rok'),  a.  and  n.   [Also  baroco :  =  G. 
liuM.  Iiarok,  <  F.  baroque,  barroque  =  It.  barocco 


a.     Same   as 

[<  Gr.  fiafioQ, 
weight  (or  jiapvg',  heavy),  +  selenite,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  barite. 

Barosma  (ba-ros'ma),  n.  pfL.,  also  Baryosma, 
<  Gr.  liapvodftoc,  also  [iapvoS/ioc,  of  oppressive 
smell,  <  jiapvc,  heavy,  oppressive,  +  ba/n/,  older 
form  bSfif/,  smell,  odor,  <  6i;civ,  smell,  akin  to  L. 
odor,  odor.]  A  genus  of  shrubs,  natural  order 
Butacew,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  pos- 
sessing a  strong,  heavy  odor.  The  leaves  of  several 
species,  as  B.  crenulata,  B.  serratifolia,  and  B.  betulina, 
are  largely  used  in  medicine  under  the  name  of  buchu, 
chiefly  in  disorders  of  the  uriuogenital  organs.  In  Cape 
Colony  they  are  employed  .as  a  stinmlant  and  stomachic. 

barouche  (ba-rosh'),  n.  [Spelled  as  if  F.,but 
taken  directly  <  G.  dial,  barutsche,  <  It.  baroccio, 
biroccio  (with  term,  assimilated  to  that  of  car- 
roccio,  a  chariot)  =  Sp.  barrocho,  orig.  a  two- 
wheeled  vehicle,  <  LL.  birota,  a  cabriolet,  orig. 


Barouche. 

yl    body;  .ff.  perch :    C.  C-snrins?:   D.  dummy:  £,  under-sprirg: ; 

f,  tiiotougli-brace  ;  G,  rocker ;  Jf,  hub,  or  nave  ;  /,  spoke ;  7.  '"». 

when  the  whole  circumference  is  composed  of  two  pieces,  and  felly, 

when  it  is  composed  of  several  pieces. 


fem.  of  the  adj.  birotus,  two-wheeled,  <  L.  bis, 
double,  4-  rota,  a  wheel.]   A  large  four-wheeled 

carriage  witli  a  falling  or  fokling  top  over  the     _ 

back  scat,  and  the  seats  arranged  as  in  a  coach,  barracoon   (bar-a-kon'),  n. 


<  Pg.  borroco  =  Sp.  barrucco,  irregular,  bizarre,  barouchet  (ba-ro-sha'),  '«•     [As  if  F. ;  dim.  of 


barrad 

barra^t  (bar'ji),  n.  [ML.,  a  bar:  see  6ari.]  A 
bar  or  tower  placed  at  the  end  of  a  bridge. 

Il'calc. 

barra'-^  (bar'ii),  n.  [Pg.,  a  particular  use  of 
barra,  a  bar  (cf.  E.  yard,  rod,  perch,  similarly 
used) :  see  ii«»l.]  A  Portuguese  linear  measure, 
equal  to  1.25  yards,  used  for  cloths  of  various 
kinds. 

barrable  (bilr'a-bl),  a.  [<  har^,  v.,  +  -able.}  In 
lair,  eniialilo  of  being  barred  or  stayed. 

barra-boat  (bar'il-bOt),  «.  [Named  from  the 
island  of  Harra  ii'i'  the  Jlebrides.]  A  vessel  car- 
rying ten  or  twelve  men,  used  in  the  Hebrides. 
It  is  extremely  shai-p  fore  and  aft,  and  has  no  floor,  the 
sides  rising  straight  from  the  keel,  so  that  a  cross-section 
represents  the  letter  V. 

barracan  (bar'a-kan),  H.  [<  F.  barracan,  bara- 
can,  now  bouracan  =  Pr.  barracan  =  Sp.  barra- 
gan  (whence  also  E.  barrayan)  =  Pg.  barregana 
"=  It.  baracane  =  I),  bar/can  =  MHG.  barchant, 
barchat,  G.  barchent,  fustian,  berlcan,  barracan, 
=  Pol.  barchan,  barakan  (ML.  bareanus),  <  Turk. 
barrakan,  <  Ar.  barrakdn,  barkdn,  a  kind  of 
black  gown,  <  Pers.  barak,  a  stuff  made  of 
camel's  hair.]  A  thick,  strong  stuff  made  in 
the  Levant,  jjrojjerly  of  camel's  hair.  Tlie  name 
is  used  throughout  the  Mediterranean  countries ;  the  use 
of  it  by  Byron  ("the  striped  white  gauze  baracan  that 
bound  her,"  Dan  Jua7i,  iii.  70)  and  others  to  denote  a  del- 
icate material  is  ajiparently  an  cri-or.  Also  written  bara- 
can, barrakan,  barragon,  and  barrayan. 

barracet,  «■  [ME.,  also  barrais,  barres,  barras, 
<  OF.  barras,  a  barrier,  <  harrc,  a  bar:  see  tori, 
and  cf.  embarra.'is,  dcbarrass.}  1.  A  bai-rier  or 
outwork  in  front  of  a  fortress.— 2.  The  bar  of 
a  tribunal.  [Rare.] — 3.  A  hindrance  or  ob- 
struction. [Rare.]  —  4.  The  inclosure  within 
which  knightly  encounters  took  place.  Hence 
—  5.  Hostility;  contention;  stiife.     X.  E.  D. 

barrack  (bar'ak),  n.  [=  D.  barak  =  G.  baracke, 
burake  =  Dan"  barakke,  <  F.  baraque,  <  It.  ba- 
racca  =  Sp.  Pg.  barraca,  a  tent,  soldier's  hut; 
of  uncertain  origin.  Some  compare  Gael,  and 
Ir.  barrachad,  a  hut  or  booth;  Gael,  barrack, 
top  branches  of  trees;  Bret,  barrek,  full  of 
branches,  <  bar,  a  branch:  see  6orl.]  1.  A 
building  for  lodging  soldiers,  especially  in  gar- 
rison ;  a  pei-manent  building  or  range  of  build- 
ings in  which  both  officers  and  men  are  lodged 
in  fortified  towns  or  other  places. 

He  [Bishop  Hall]  lived  to  see  his  cathedral  converted 
Into  a  barrack  and  his  palace  into  an  alehouse. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  IV.  2. 

2.  A  large  building,  or  a  collection  of  huts  or 
cabins,  especially  within  a  common  inclosure, 
in  which  large  numbers  of  men  are  lodged. 

Most  of  the  quarrymen  are  Bretons,  and  live  in  wooden 
barracks.  Ansted,  Channel  Islands,  i  6. 

The  railway  has  come  close  under  the  wallsof  the  chateau, 
while  an  ugly  barrack  has  sprung  up  on  the  other  side. 

Contemporary  Bee,  L.  329. 

[In  both  senses  generally  in  the  plural.]  —  3. 
A  straw-thatched  roof  supported  by  four  posts, 
under  which  hay  is  liepl,  and  which  is  capa- 
ble of  being  raised  or  lowered  at  pleasure. 
In  Maryland,  and  perhaps  elsewhere,  the  word  is  used  for 
a  building  of  any  kind  intended  for  the  storage  of  straw 
or  hay.  [U.  s.]— Barrack  allowance,  a  specific  quan- 
tity of  bread,  beef,  wood,  coal,  etc.,  issued  by  authority  to 
British  regiments  stationed  in  barracks.— Barrack  case- 
mate, a  bomb-proof  casemate  for  shelter  and  supplies. 
Also  called  store  casemate. 

barrack-master  (bar'ak-mas"ter),  n.  The  of- 
ficer who  supertntends  the  barracks  of  soldiers. 
—Barrack-master  general,  an  offlcer  who  superintends 
the  coiistnirtinu  and  reiKiirs  of  baiT.acks.  and  adapts  the 
accomm.'dation  to  the  requirements.     (Eng.] 

barraclade  (bar'a-klad),  «.  [<  D.  baar,  =  E. 
6(()e  1,  -t-  kleed='E,.  cloth.']  A  home-made  woolen 
blanket  without  nap.  [Peculiar  to  those  parts 
of  New  York  originally  settled  by  the  Dutch, 
and  now  little  used,  if  at  all.] 

[<   Sp.  barracan 


esp.  in  architecture,  orig.  irregular-shaped,  as 
appUed  to  a  pearl.  Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps, 
with  some  confusion  with  other  words,  <  L.  ver- 
ruca, a  steep  place,  a  height ;  hence,  a  wart,  an 
excrescence  on  precious  stones.]  I.  a.  1.  Odd; 
bizarre  ;  corrupt  and  fantastic  in  style. 

The  Oncidium  leucoehilum  is  by  no  means  the  most  ec- 
centric or  baroque  member  of  the  family  of  orchids. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XHI.  589. 

Happy  the  artist  whose  women-friends  or  relatives  are 


baroiirhc.']     A  small  kind  of  barouche. 

baroxyton  (ba-rok 'si-ton),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3aprf, 
heavy,  -I-  bivTomr,  sharp-sounding.]  A  brass 
instrument  of  music  invented  in  1853,  having  a 
compass  of  three  and  a  half  octaves,  beginning 
nearly  three  octaves  below  middle  C :  occasion- 
ally used  in  military  bands. 

bar-post  (bar'post).  n.  One  of  the  posts  driven 
into  the  groimd  to  form  the  sides  of  a  field- 

'  ..  ■■  -    N   -     Same  as  bare-pu»ip. 


ablr  t'u"li,lp  him  avoid  the  baroque  developments  of  female  -i^*    T\iTmn  (b^ir'Dumi)) 

attire  \vhi,h  characterize  so  many  of  our  native  canvases,    uar-pump  >■    '      1      „„„+j„o   „      "iloo  hnrl-n„ti,7<- 

especially  in  genre  subjects.         The  Century,  XXV.  575.  barquantine,  barquentine,  ".    bee  baikantlm. 


See  bark'^. 


l^^^^^^^:^^!^ttX^&ii  ^r?5?;^-  oSiletes^l^o^.«.V 

great  part  of  the  Eighteenth  centui'y,  and  may  I'arr    O^ar^  ...     [AJ-  ^^J'  To'c'r J's  a^  el^l 

be  considered  to  have  begun  toward  the  close     oaiiMe,  ciy  as  au  cjcjjuauu.j  j 

of  tlje  seventeenth  century,    it  is  nearly  equivalent    phant.  j,  7   - 

to  the  Louis  XV.  style,  and  is  distinguished  by  its  clumsy  barr-*,  M.     bee  oaiiar. 


(used  in  the  West  Indies)  =Pg.  *barracao,  aug. 
of  Sp.  Pg.  barraca,  barrack:  see  barrack.}  A 
barrack  or  an  inelosm-e  containing  sheds  in 
which  negro  slaves  were  temporarily  detained; 
a  slave-pen  or  slave-depot.  Barracoons  formerly- 
existed  at  various  points  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  also 
in  Cuba,  Brazil,  etc.  African  baiTacoons  were  composed 
of  large  but  low-roofed  wooden  sheds,  and  were  sometimes 
provided  with  defensive  works,  in  order  to  resist  attack 
from  the  British  forces  engaged  in  breaking  up  the  slave- 
trade. 

barracouta  (bar-a-ko'tii),  n.  A  corrupt  form 
of  barracuda. 

barracuda  (bar-a-ko'da),  n.  [Native  name.] 
A  large  voracious  fish.  Sphyrwita  pieuda,  of  the 
West  Indian  and  neighboiing  seas.  It  belongs 
to  the  perch  family,  and  is  from  6  to  10  feet  in 
length. 

barrad,  barraid  (bar'ad,  -ad),  n.  [<  Ir.  bairread, 
baireud,  <  E.  barret-,  q.  v.,  or  from  the  F.  oi-igi- 


barrad 

nal.]  A  conical  cap  of  very  ancient  origin, 
worn  by  the  Irish  till  as  late  as  the  seventeenth 
eenrur.v. 

barragant  (bar'a-gan),  n.     Same  as  barracan. 

barrage  (biir'aj)"  «.      [F.,  a  bar,  barrier,  dam, 

<  harrer,  bar,  obstruct,  <  barre,  bar,  obstruc- 
tion: see  6fl ''land -«(;e.]  1.  The  act  of  barring ; 
specifically,  the  formation  of  an  artificial  ob- 
struction in  a  -n-atercourse,  in  order  to  increase 
the  depth  of  the  water,  to  facilitate  irrigation, 
and  for  other  purposes. —  2.  The  artificial  bar 
thus  formed ;  especially,  one  of  those  on  the 
river  XUe  in  Egypt. 

barragont  (bar'a-gon),  n.     Same  as  barracan. 
La  rranuiiA — a  genteel  corded  stuff  much  in  vogue  at  that 
time  fur  summer  wear.  Gilbert  White,  Selborne,  v.  14. 

barragudo  (bar-a-go'do),  H.  [S.  Amer.]  A  na- 
tive Indian  name  of  a  large  South  American 
monkey  of  the  genus  Lagotlirix. 

barraid,  ».     See  barrad. 

barrakant,  «.     See  barracan. 

barramunda  (bai--a-muu'da),  n.  [Native  Aus- 
tralian. ]  .tUi  Australian  fish,  Ceratodusforsteri, 
of  the  order  Dipnoi,  representative  of  a  sub- 
order Monopneumona .  It  attains  a  length  of  6 
feet,  and  its  flesh  is  esteemed  for  food.  See 
Ceratudus. 

barranca  (ba-rang'ka),  ;;.  [Sp.,  also  barranco 
=  Pg.  barranco.'\  A  deep  ravine,  mountain- 
gorge,  or  defile :  a  word  frequently  used  by 
writers  on  Mexican  and  South  American  geog- 
raphy and  travel. 

Ouly  in  the  valleys  of  erosion,  true  barancm,  into  which 
the  (Ire  cinnot  penetrate.  J.  J.  Rein,  Japan  (trans.),  p.  83. 

barrasH  (har'as),  H.  [Origin obscure.]  Acoarse 
linen  fat)rie  originally  imported  from  Holland. 
The  word  was  in  use  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

barras'-^  (bar'as;  F.  pron.  ba-rii'),  n.  [F.,  < 
barrc,  a  bar,  in  ref.  to  its  appearance  on  the 
tree.]  The  French  name  for  the  turpentine 
obtained  in  the  south  of  France  from  I'inus 
1'ina.stcr.     Also  called  ijalipot. 

barratt,  "•     [<  ilE.  barrat,  barret,  barat,  baret, 

<  OF.  Iiiirat  (=  Pr.  barat  =  Sp.  barato  (obs.)  = 
It.  baratto),  m.,  also  barate  =  Pr.  barata  =  Sp. 
barata  (obs.),  f.  (ML.  barattt.s,  baratum,  and  ba- 
rata),  of  uncertain  origin;  orig.  appar.  traffic, 
dealing  (as  in  the  E.  deriv.  barter,  q.  v.),  then 
fraudulent  dealing,  fraud,  etc.  In  sense  3,  cf. 
Icel.  Imrutta,  fight,  strife,  trouble.]  1.  Fraud; 
deception.  —  2.  Trouble;  distress. 

lluw  he  11.18  in  (H'eate  iMrett  bene  sitheti  he  was  borne. 

York  Plays,  p.  17D. 
3.  Contention;  strife. 

barratt,  '•.  »'.  [Also  barret;  <  barrat,  n.]  To 
quarrel;  brawl. 

barrathea-cloth,  n.    See  baratlica-cloth. 

barrator  ( bur'a-tor),  n.  [<  ME.  barator,  l)ariti>r, 
liitnter,  liaratour,  baratur,  etc.,  <  AF.  "baratniir, 
OF.  baratcor  (=  Pr.  baratudor  =  It.  baratlatorc ; 
JIL.  bnrratatur),  <  barater,  barter,  cheat,  de- 
ceive, <  barat,  etc.,  barter:  see  barrat.]  If.  In 
old  laic,  one  who  buys  or  sells  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferment; a  simonist. — 2.  In  Scot.s  lair,  a  judge 
who  takes  a  bribe. — 3.  One  who  buys  or  sells 
offices  of  state. — 4.  One  who  commits  baiTatry ; 
one  who,  being  the  master  of  a  shifj  or  ono  of  its 
officers  or  seamen,  commits  any  fraud  or  frau- 
dulent act  in  the  management  of  the  ship  or 
cargo,  by  which  the  owner,  freighters,  or  in- 
surers are  injured,  ns  by  running  away  with 
the  ship,  sinking  or  dcHerfing  her,  wilful  devi- 
ation from  the  fi.xed  course,  or  embezzlement 
of  tho  cargo. —  6t.  A  quarrelsome,  brawling 
person;  a  rowdy.  —  6.  One  who  frequently  ex- 
cites others  to  lawsuits  or  fpnirrels;  a  common 
mover  and  maintainer  of  suits  and  controver- 
sies; anencouragerof  litigation  between  other 
SerHiiriH :  chiefly  in  tho  phrase  common  barrator. 
ee  burratri/,  4. 

Win  it  not  relle<;t  nn  mucli  on  thy  chamctor,  NIo,  to  turn 
hnrrtthtr  tn  thy  olil  (layii,  n  stirrer  np  of  niinrn.'lK  iitnonvHt 
thy  n>  li^lilioura?  Arbullmut,  Hint,  of  .(oIim  Hull. 

Al-o  j*|ielled  bnrratcr,  and,  especially  in  tho 
IbhI  Hiiise,  barrilor. 
barratotlBt  (bar'n-tiLs),  a.     [<  MK.  barntous,  < 
(>!•'.  hiir'i'rni,   (."barat:  see  l>arrat.]    Conten- 
tion !   'line. 
1 '  (oil  of  lltliflouH  and  barrntouit  pennoR. 
'.                  ;  .  rn»  SuiiereroKnlloii,  p.  m.    (,V.  E.  I).) 

barratrous  'li.ir'MniH),  «.    f<  Itarrnlrtj  +  -oii.i.] 

Of  tile  rj  iiiir/-  iif  or  clinrncterizeil  by  harralry; 

frnufliili  lit.     Also  spelled  liarrrlroun, 
barratron.ily  n.'ir'n-trnii-li),  adr.    In  a  bnrra- 

froii  !  iiinnner J  by  barratry.   AIho 

him' 
barratiy   .,,),  n.     r<  .ME.  barmtrir,  < 

OF.  biiratfric,  harlcrie  a  Pr.  Iinralaria   (ML. 


468 

harataria),  <  barat:  see  barrat  and  -rj/.]  1. 
The  purchase  or  sale  of  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ments or  of  offices  of  state.    See  biirrator,  1,  3. 

—  2.  In  old  Scot^  law,  the  taking  of  bribes  by  a 
judge. —  3.  The  fraud  or  offense  <^ommitted  by 
a  barrator.  See  barrator,  i. —  4.  A  vexatious 
and  persistent  inciting  of  others  to  lawsuits 
and  litigation;  a  stirring  up  and  maintaining 
of  controversies  and  litigation.  This  is  a  crim- 
inal offense  at  common  law. 

Also  barrctrij,  especially  in  the  last  sense. 
barre  (ba-ra'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  barrer,  bar,  <  barre, 
bar:  see  iarl.]  1.  In /«v.,  divided  by  a  bend 
sinister:  the  reverse  of  bcndicisc  or  bande.  [Tins 
Fivneh  term  is  used  because  English  heraldl'y  has  no  single 
term  for  bendwise  in  a  sinister  sense.) 

2.  In  music  for  the  guitar  or  lute,  barred:  con- 
vejnng  a  direction  to  press  with  the  forefinger 
of  the  left  hand  across  all  the  strings,  in  order 
to  raise  their  pitch,  and  thus  facilitate  a  tempo- 
rary change  of  key. 

barred  (bard),  J),  a.  1.  Secured  with  a  bar  or 
bars:  as,  "the  close-iarred  portal,"  *off.  Ab- 
bot, xix. —  2.  Fm-nished  or  made  with  bars: 
as,  a  five-fcflrcerf  gate. — 3.  Obstructed  by  a  bar, 
as  a  harbor. — 4.  Striped;  streaked:  used  espe- 
cially of  textile  fabrics:  as,  "barred  al  of  silk," 
C/iflHcer,  MUler'sTale. —  5.  In  music:  («)  Mark- 
ed offby  bars,  (ft)  Sameasftrtcre,  2. — 6.  In/ier., 
same  as  barry^. 

barrel  (bar'el),  n.  [<  ME.  barel,  barcle,  barayl, 
<  OF.  bareil,  baril,  mod.  F.  baril  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
barril  =  It.  barilc  =  G.  bard  =  OBulg.  Serv. 
Russ.  barilo  =  Pol.  bari/ln  (ban'ed  1)  =  NGr. 
(iapi'/.i,  <  ML.  barilc,  barillioi,  barelhis,  baurilin, 
a  ban'el.  Origin  imcertain ;  perhaps  connected 
with  ftnrl.  The  Celtic  words,  W.  baril  =  Gael. 
baraill  =li'.  ft(i»v7f  =  Mau.x  barrels  Corn,  bal- 
liar,  are  of  E.  origin.]  1.  A  vessel  or  cask  of 
a  cj'lindrical  form,  generally  bulging  in  the  mid- 
dle, usually  made  of  wooden  staves  bound  toge- 
ther with  hoops,  and  having  flat  parallel  heads. 

—  2.  As  a  measure  of  capacity,  the  quantity  of 
anything,  liquid  or  solid,  which  a  barrel  should 
contain.  In  English  metrology  there  were  four  prin- 
cipal kinds  of  barrels:  the  winr-liarrrl  of  3U  wine  gallons  ; 
the  London  ale-b.aiTel of  32  beer  gallons;  the  country  ale- 
and  beer-barrel  of  34  beer  gallons;  and  the  London  beer- 
barrel  of  ;j(i  beer  gallons.  The  wine-barrel  was  bL:;iIi/,ed 
ill  tbe  reigu  of  KiclianI  IlL,  the  others  under  Henry  VJII. 
Under  (leorge  III.  the  barrel  of  ale  or  beer  for  town  and 
country  w.as  made  3(1  gallons.  Oil,  spirits,  tar,  and  p«u-k 
were  measured  by  the  wine-barrel ;  vinegar,  by  the  barrel 
of  34  gallons.  A  barrel  of  eels  or  herrings  contained  ;10 
gallons  by  a  statute  of  Uenry  VI.,  but  by  another  of  Ed- 
ward IV.  this  was  made  42  gallons.  Salmon  and  spruce 
beer  were  also  measured  by  barrels  of  42  gallons.  A  bar- 
rel of  beef,  wet  codfish,  or  honey  contained  32  wine  gal- 
lons; but  honey  waji  sometimes  sold  by  barrels  of  42  gal- 
lons of  12  pfuinds  each,  liy  a  statute  of  George  III.,  a 
barrel  of  llsh  was  made  38  wino  gallons ;  but  a  barrel  of 
salt  pilchards  or  mackerel  measured  f>0  gallons.  The  bar- 
rel of  apples,  coal,  or  nuts  contained  3  Winchester  bush- 
els, each  of  s  gallons,  dry  nu-asiire.  The  barrel  of  ancho- 
vies contained  10  pounds;  of  gunpowder,  100  pounds;  of 
raisins,  1  biiiHircdweight ;  of  camiles,  120  pounds;  of  ba- 
rilla, potash,  or  biiltcr,  2  hundredweight  (but  only  106 
pounds  of  ivsscx  butter,  and  Iftii  of  .Sussex);  the  barrel  of 
soap,  250  pounds.  .-V  iiarrel  of  plates,  by  a  statute  <if 
rbarlcs  II.,  contained  300  ](ouiuls.  There  were  besides  a 
great  variety  of  other  barrels  in  Scotland  and  Ireland.  In 
lOiigland  the  barrel  is  no  longer  a  legal  measure.  In  tbe 
Inltcd  States  the  barrel  in  li()\dd  mcaaure  is  eonniionly 
31i  gallons,  and  for  solid  HUbstances  it  is  generally  a  unit 
of  weight,  a  barrel  of  Hour,  for  example,  being  llXl  pounds, 
and  a  barrel  of  beef  (U-  jiork  2lX)  pounds.  In  .Maine  a  bar- 
rel of  fish  is  by  law  2(h)  pounds.  In  I.ouisliiua  a  barrel  in 
dry  measure  is  3J  bushels.  Tho  bushels  vary  in  dillei-eiit 
States.  On  the  continent  of  ICiirope,  previous  to  the  in- 
troduction of  tbe  metric  system,  there  were  many  barrels. 
In  each  state  of  Italy  the  Oarile  for  wine  was  a  litdc 
smaller  than  that  for  oil ;  they  were  about  :10  to  (k)  liters. 
The  Itarril  of  .Normandy  was  abiait  (K)  Paris  pintes.  The 
baral  of  .Montpellier  was  2.'>!l  liters;  the  bnrrailon  of  Har- 
celona,  30|  liters ;  the  liqrit  of  KIga,  137J  litem.  Tlie  bar- 
ri'iur  was  commonly  larger  than  tho  baril.  The  ahbrevi- 
allon  \*hhl.,  jil.  hlih. 

3.  Tho  contents  of  a  barrel :  sometimes,  like 
bottle,  used  to  signify  intoxicating  drink. — 4. 
The  money  (espeeinlly  when  llm  huiii  is  large) 
supplied  by  a  enmlidnle  in  a  jKilillcal  euin- 
paigii,  I'lir  ('mn|inig'ii  expeiiHes,  liiit  especially 
foreiiiTiipt  purposes :  lieiice,  it  ft(/()v7  caniiiaigii 
is  one  in  wliicli  money  is  lavishly  enijiloyed  to 
bribe  voters:  in  this  hciiso  often  written  and 
pronounced  har'l  (bilrl),  in  huTnonms  iiniliilinn 
of  viilgnr  speech.  [V.  S.  iiolilienl  Miniit;.  |  — 
6.  Anylliiiig  resembling  a  Iiarrel;  a  dniin  nr 
cylinder.  In  partlmlnr  («)  The  drum  or  ndler  In  a 
eriinr,  about  wlilcll  the  rojie  or  cliiiln  williU.  {It)  The  nintii 
IHirllon  of  a  rapstiin,  about  which  the  rope  wliiifs,  belwerii 
the  ilnimheiid  at  Die  top  and  the  pawl-rhil  at  Die  holtoiii. 
See  cut  iinrli-r  rajtKlan.  (r)  In  the  uteerhig  iipparaliiH  of 
a  «hip,  the  cyllinler  on  which  the  lllbr  ropo  or  challi« 
are  Hound,  (r/)  Tin*  rim  In  a  drum  or  tmlley  about  utilcli 
the  belt  worki*.  (r)  The  cylinder  ntlldded  with  tiliiH  which 
ill  the  hiirrel-orgall  oiieliN  the  key-vnlves,  and  III  the  lliu- 

•lenl  bill  tet*  in  vibration  tho  tvolli  uf  Uio  nt^'cl  gomb  by 


barrel-organ 

which  the  sound  is  produced.  (J)  The  cylindrical  portion 
of  a  boiler  between  the  Arc-box  and  the  smoke-box,  con- 
taining the  tubes  or  flues.  (<j)  Tlie  body  or  trunk  of  a 
qnadruped,  especially  of  a  horse,  ox,  etc. 

Lofty  is  his  neck, 
.\nd  elegant  his  head,  his  barrel  short. 

SinyUtoii,  tr.  of  Virgil,  1. 151. 
(ft)  The  cylindrical  case  in  a  watch,  within  which  the 
mainspring  is  coiled,  and  round  which  the  chain  is  wtunid. 
(O  The  cbamitcr  of  a  pump,  in  which  the  jiiston  works. 
(.;)  The  tube  in  a  lock  into  which  tlie  key  enters.  (A-)  The 
vihrating  portion  of  a  bell  between  tbe  lower  thickened 
part  or  stumd-bow  and  tbe  top  or  cannon.  (0  The  hard, 
horny,  hollow  part  of  the  stem  of  a  feather,  the  calamus 
proper,  or  quill.  See  cut  under  nftemha^l't.  (m)  That 
part  of  tlie  hilt  of  a  sword  which  is  grasped  by  the  hand. 
(/O  Tlic  nu-t;il  tube  of  a  gun. —  Barrel  Of  the  ear,  the 
tymiianiiin  or  car-drum.  .See  ti/nij'utimii.  —  RolHng-Dar- 
rel,  tUUlblmg-barrel,  a  tumbling-box,  or  vessel  mounted 
on  a  sliatt  and  ncide  to  revolve,  fi>r  the  purpose  of  polish- 
ing or  clean inu  by  attrition  materials  placed  within  it,  and 
for  cutting  slielhj^c.  etc.—  Slack  barrel,  a  coopered  vessel 
shaped  like  a  cask,  but  not  made  water-tight,  being  in- 
tcioicd  for  dry  substances. 
barrel  (bar'el),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  barreled  or 
barrelled,  ppr.  barreling  or  barrcllinij.  [<  barrel, 
«.]  To  put  or  pack  in  a  ban'el  or  barrels:  as, 
to  barrel  beef,  pork,  or  fish. 

Stale  .  .  .  butter,  and  such,  I  fear,  it  is  by  the  being 
barrefU'd  up  so  long.  B.  Joni^on,  Staple  of  News,  ii.  1. 

barrel-bayonet  (bar'el-ba'o-net),  n.  A  bayo- 
net, formerly  used,  fitted  to  a  haft  which  was 
inserted  into  the  barrel  of  the  gtm.  See  pliig- 
bai/onct. 

barrel-bellied  (bar'el-bel"id),  a.  Having  a 
round  iiiul  protuberant  or  barrel-shaped  belly. 

barrel-bolt  (bar'el-bolt),  H.  A  door-bolt  mov- 
ing in  a  cylindrical  easing. 

barrel-bulk  (bar'el-bulk),  ».  2i'aut.,  a  measure 
of  capacity  for  freight,  equal  to  5  cubic  feet. 
Eight  barrel-bulks,  or  40  cubic  feet,  are  equiva- 
lent to  one  ton  by  measiu-ement. 

barrel-curb  (bar 'el-kerb),  n.  An  open  cylin- 
der, .ii  or  4  feet  in  length,  formed  of  strips  of 
wood  niiiled  on  horizontal  circular  ribs  of  elm, 
used  as  a  mold  in  well-sinking  to  keep  tho  ox- 
cavation  cylindrical. 

barrel-drain  (bar'el-dran),  n.  A  cylindrical 
drain  of  ninsourv. 

barreled,  barrelled  (bar'eld),  p.  a.  1.  Packed, 
stowed,  or  stored  away  in  barrels:  as,  barreled 
butter. —  2.  Inclosed  in  a  cylinder  or  barrel: 
as.  barreled  bolts. — 3.  Having  a  barrel  or  bar- 
rels of  a  kind  or  number  indicated:  used  chief- 
ly in  composition:  as,  a  doubIe-6nrrc/e(/  gun. — 
Barreled  crossbow.    Sec  cm.isbuiv. 

barrelet,  n.     See  bamilct. 

barrel-filler  (bnr'el-fil"er),  n.  An  apparatus 
for  filling  barrels,  provided  with  an  automatic 
arrangement,  generally  in  the  nature  of  a  float, 
for  ctifting  oil  tho  supjily  of  liquid  in  time  to 
pr(>vent  overflow. 

barrel-fish  (bar'el-fislO,  «.  A  name  of  the 
log-fish  or  rudder-fish  (which  see),  Liriis  perci- 
J'oniiis,  of  flic  family  Stromateida: 

They  are  almost  always  found  in  the  vicinity  of  floating 
barrels  and  spars,  anil  sometimes  inside  i>f  the  barrels. 
Hence  the  llsberinen  call  them  harrd-Jish,  though  the  most 
usual  name  is  rudder-fish.         Slalut.  Nat.  llisl..  111.  11)1. 

barrel-gage  (bin"'<'l-Ki\i),  «■  An  automatic 
device  In  indicate  when  a  barrel  is  full,  or  to 
shut  olT  file  snjiply  and  prevent  overflow. 

barrel-hooks  (Imr'el-lnikz),  )i.  ;)/.     A  pair  of 
iron  lioeks  lor  lifling  bar- 
rels liv  flie  chinos. 

barrelled,  p.  a.     See  bar- 

rilrd. 

barrel-lifter  (bar'el-lif- 

l('r).  II.  A  liand-tool  for  lift- 
ing a  biU'i'cl  by  IlKM'hines. 

barrel-loom  (biir'el-liini), 

».  1.  A  loom  in  wliicli 
fho  ]uitlerii  of  tho  fabrio 
to  be  woven  is  determined 
by  a  elinin  of  iierloraled 
cards  imssing  overn  drum 
or  barrel.  Sei^  Jiiri/iiaril 
loiim,  under  liiiiiii.  —  2.  A 
loiiiii    in   wliieli  pins  )iro- 

jecling  Ifoin  a  reviilving  bai'rel  delennine  the 
elevation  and  depression  of  tho  warp-tliroads. 
barrel-organ  (bar'el-('>r"gan),  n.  An  organ 
with  n  cylinder  or  barrel  iiirned  by  a  I'rank 
mid  rnniislieil  vvilli  pegs  or  slnjiles.  which, 
when  (lie  liarrid  reviilves,  oju'ii  a  series  of 
valves  ailinilling  enrrenis  of  air  from  a  bellows 
acliiated  by  the  snme  inoliiin  to  a  sol,  of  pipoB, 
IliUK  proiliiciiig  a  tune  either  in  melody  or  in 
harMiony.  Inanolhcrformof  the  liiHtriimciil  wires  llko 
those  of  tile  piano  are  acted  on  Instead  of  pines.  Many 
large  Instriiinents  have  been  iiiiide  on  this  prlnclpli\  but 
It  Is  elilelty  applied  to  the  band-organs  carried  abiuil  by 
street  inuslclanH. 


H.irrcl-hooks. 


barrel-pen 

barrel-pen  (bar'ol-pen),  ».  A  pen  with  a  cy- 
lindrical sliauli  adapting  it  to  slip  upon  a  round 
holder. 

barrel-pier  (bar'el-per),  n.  A  support  for  a 
military  bridge  formed  of  empty  casks  or  bar- 
rels joined  together  in  a  raft,  in  the  absence  of 
))ontoons  or  boats.  The  rafts  of  barrels  (or  the  abut- 
ments are  made  fast  to  the  shore  on  each  side  of  the 
stream  or  hoiiy  of  water  to  lie  erossed,  and  those  formui;; 
tlie  jiiers  are  'anchored  at  proper  intervals  between  tint 
tun  Itaiiks.  These  rafts  are  connected  by  sleepers  or  tim- 
liers.  whicli  are  lashed  to  them  and  support  the  planks 
furniin^'  the  loadway  of  the  bridge. 

barrel-plate  ( liur'el-plat),  ».  A  plate  employed 
in  maclune-guns  to  assemble  and  hold  the 
barrels  in  place  about  the  a.xis.  The  Gatling  gun 
hjis  a  front  and  a  rear  barrel-plate,  the  barrels  passing 
thrnngh  both  plates. 

barrel-saw  (bar'el-sa),  n.  A  cylinder  with  a 
serrated  edge,  or  a  band-saw  bent  into  a  circle 
and  fitted  to  a  cylindrical  frame,  used  for  cut- 
ting baiTel-staves,  fellies,  the  curved  work  in 
furniture,  etc. 

barrel-screw  (bar'el-skro),  n.  A  powerful  ap- 
paratus consisting  of  two  large  poppets  or 
male  screws,  moved  by  levers  inserted  into 
their  heads  upon  a  bank  of  jilank,  with  a  female 
screw  at  each  end:  of  gi'eat  use  in  starting  a 
launch.     Also  called  bed-screw. 

barrel-setter  (bar'el-sefer),  91.  A  cylindrical 
mandi'el  used  for  straightening  the  barrel  or 
truing  the  bore  of  a  firearm. 

barrel-shaped  (bar'el-shapt),  a.  Having  the 
form  of  a  barrel,  that  is,  of  a  short  cylinder 
with  bulging  sides:  used  especially  in  describ- 
ing the  eggs  of  certain  insects. 

barrel-vault  (bar'el-valt),  n.  A  plain,  semi- 
cylindrieal  vault,  much  used  by  ancient  archi- 
tects, and  employed  generally  by  medieval 
builders  before  the  reappearance  of  groined 
vaulting  at  the  close  of  the  eleventh  century. 

barrel- vise  (bar'el-vis),  n.  A  bench-vise  whose 
jaws  are  grooved  longitudinally,  adapted  for 
holding  a  gim-barrel  or  other  similar  object. 

barrel-work  (bar'el-werk),  n.  In  mininy,  pieces 
of  nativ^copper  large  enough  to  be  sorted  out 
by  hand  and  shipped  in  barrels,  but  not  large 
enough  to  come  under  the  head  of  mass  copper. 
The  latter  is  sent  to  the  smelting-works  after  being  cut,  if 
necessary,  into  pieces  of  manageable  size,  and  is  shipped 
without  being  barreled.    ILake  Superior.] 

barren  (bar'en),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
barraine,  <  ME.  barein,  harain,  <  OF.  "barain, 
brahain,  brelming,  fem.  baraine,  baraigne,  bre- 
haigne,  mod.  P.  brehaigne,  barren :  origin  un- 
known. The  Bret,  brechagn,  sterile,  is  from  F.] 
I,  a.  1.  Incapable  of  producing  or  that  does  not 
produce  its  kind :  applied  to  animals  and  plants. 

There  shall  not  be  male  or  female  barren  among  you. 

Deut.  vii.  H. 
In  particular — (a)  Sterile  ;  castrated :  said  of  male  ani- 
mals, (b)  Without  fruit  or  seed :  said  of  trees  or  plants. 
(c)  Bearing  no  children ;  childless ;  without  issue  :  said  of 
a  woman. 


The  name  of  Abram's  wife  was  Sarai, 
barren ;  she  had  no  child. 


.  but  Sarai  was 
Gen;  xi.  29,  30. 


For  aye  to  be  in  shady  cloister  mew'd, 
To  live  a  barren  sister  ail  youi-  life. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  1.  1. 

(d)  Not  bearing  or  pregnant  at  the  usual  season  :  said  of 

female  animals :  as,  barren  heifers. 

2.  Producing  little  or  no  vegetation;  unpro- 
ductive ;  unfruitful ;  sterile :  ai^plied  to  laud. 

Another  rocky  valley  yawned  beneath  us,  and  another 
barren  stony  hill  rose  up  beyond. 

R.  Curzon,  Mouast.  in  the  levant,  p.  14-1. 

3.  In  mining,  unproductive  ;  unprofitable :  ap- 
plied to  rocks. — 4.  Void  of  ^^tal  genns. 

It  is  particularly  difficult  to  protect  a  liquid  from  all 
germs,  or  to  destroy  all  those  which  have  penetrated  it ; 
however,  it  is  possible,  and  the  liquid  is  then  said  to  he 
barren.  Science,  III.  128. 

5.  Mentally  unproductive ;  unresponsive;  dull; 
stupid.     [Rare.] 

There  be  of  them,  that  will  themselves  laugh,  to  set  on 
some  quantity  of  barren  spectators  to  laugh  too. 

Shak.,  Uamlet,  iii.  2. 

6.  Devoid;  lacking;  wanting:  with  of:  as,  a 
hill  barren  o/ trees;  a  mind  barren  «/ ideas. 

Our  latest  letters  from  America  are  of  the  middle  of 
April,  and  are  extremely  barren  of  news. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  I.  242. 

It  is  impossible  to  look  without  amazement  on  a  mind 
so  fertile  in  combinations,  yet  so  barren  of  images. 

Macaulay,  Petrarch. 

7.  Not  producing  or  leading  to  anything ;  prof- 
itless ;  fruitless :  as,  barren,  tears ;  a  barren  at- 
tachment.—  8.  Destitute  of  interest  or  attrac- 
tion; unsuggestive ;  uninstructive ;  bald;  bare: 
as,  a  barren  list  of  names. 


459 

But  it  [Duomo  of  Florence!  is  impressive  within  from 

its  vast  open  spaces,  and  from  the  statidy  ami  simple, 

though  barren,  grandeur  of  its  piers  and  vaults  and  walls. 

C.  !•:.  Norton,  Ohurch-building  In  Middle  Ages,  p.  229. 

Barren  flowers,  such  as  for  any  reason  produce  no  seed. 
^Barren  ground,  unproductive  beds  of  rock:  used, 
esperially  with  regard  t<»  cojd,  for  areas  where  there  Is  no 
cital-srani  of  surticicnt  thickness  to  be  worked  with  profit. 
—  Barren  measures,  in  neol.,  those  portions  of  coal- 
measures  which  cc»ntain  no  workable  seams  of  coal. — 
Barren  signs,  in  axtrol.,  Oemini,  Leo,  an<l  Virgo.  — Bar- 
ren stamens,  in  hot.,  such  as  produce  no  pollen  in  the 
anther. 

II.  u.  A  tract  or  region  of  more  or  less  un- 
productive laud,  partly  or  entirely  treeless. 
The  term  is  best  known  in  the  United  States  as  the  name 
of  a  district  in  Kentucky,  "the  Barrens,"  underlaid  by 
the  snhcarboniferous  limestone,  but  possessing  a  fertile 
soil,  which  was  nearly  or  quite  treeless  when  that  .State 
beg.an  to  be  settled  by  the  whites,  but  which  at  present, 
where  not  cultivated,  is  partly  covered  with  trees.  In 
northeastern  Canatla  the  name  barrens  is  given  to  tree- 
less, grass-covered  areas,  once  the  beds  of  lakes,  but  now 
desiccated  and  in  most  cases  the  exact  counterpart  of  va- 
rious tracts  existing  in  the  western  United  States,  and 
there  generally  called  prairies,  but  sometimes  holes.  The 
pine-barrens  of  the  southern  Atlantic  States  are  sandy 
plains  on  which  is  a  valuable  growth  of  southern  or  long- 
leafed  pine,  Pinus  ^lalustris. 

The  "pine  barren"  is  traversed  by  several  excellent 
roads,  and  a  morning  ride  or  drive  while  the  delicate  haze 
still  lingers  among  the  forest  of  stems,  and  the  air  is  full 
of  the  fresh  scent  of  the  pine  woods,  is  not  easily  for- 
gotten. Fortnightly  lieo.  (N.  S.),  XXXIX.  178. 

To  fertilize  especially  the  barrens  of  Surrey  and  Berk- 
shire. Kingsley,  Life,  II.  100. 

barrent  (bar'en),  v.  t.  [<  barren,  a.]  To  ren- 
der baiTen  or  unproductive. 

barrener  (bar'on-er),  n.  [<  barren,  a.,  1  (rf).] 
A  cow  not  in  calf  for  the  year. 

barrenly  (bar'en-U),  adv.     UnfruitfuUy. 

barrenness  (bar'en-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  barcynesse, 
banjnts,  etc. ;  <  barren  +  -ness.'\  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  barren,  (a)  Incapability  of  pro- 
creation ;  want  of  the  power  of  conception. 

I  pray'd  for  children,  and  thought  barrenness 

In  wedlock  a  reproach.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  352. 

(?>)  Want  of  fertility ;  total  or  partial  sterility ;  infertility: 
as,  the  barrenness  of  the  land,  (c)  Want  of  the  power  of 
producing  anything  ;  want  of  instructiveness,  suggestive- 
ness,  interest,  or  the  like;  want  of  matter :  as,  *^barren- 
ne.'^s  of  invention,"  jDrj/rfen. 

And  this  leads  nie  to  wonder  why  Xisideius  and  many 
others  should  cry  up  the  barrenness  of  the  French  plots, 
above  the  variety  and  copiousness  of  the  English. 

Dryden,  Ess.  on  Dram.  Poesy. 

The  barrenness  of  his  fellow  students  forced  him  gener- 
ally into  other  company  at  his  hours  of  entertainment. 

Johnson,  Rambler,  No.  19. 
(rf)  Defect  of  emotion,  sensibility,  or  fervency. 

The  greatest  saints  sometimes  are  fervent,  and  some- 
times feel  a  barrenness  of  devotion.  Jer.  Taylor. 

barren-spirited  (bar'en-spir"i-ted),  a.  Of  a 
poor  or  meaii  spirit.     Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  1. 

barrenwort  (bar'eu-wert),  n.  [<  barren  + 
wort^.]  The  common  name  of  Ejnmedium,  a 
genus  of  low  herbaceous  plants,  natui'al  order 
Berbcridacew,  having  creeping  roots  and  many 
stalks,  each  of  which  has  three  flowers.  The 
only  European  species  is  E.  alpinurn.  Species  occur  also 
in  central  Asia  and  Japan.— American  barrenwort, 
Vaneouveria  hexandra,  &  nearly  allied  species  found  in 
Oregon. 

barret^t,  «■  [^  F.  barrette  (=  Sp.  barreta),  dim. 
of  biirre,  a  bar:  see  6(z/'l.]     A  little  bar. 

barret^  (bar'et),  n.  [Also  baret,  <  F.  barrette 
=  Pr.  barreta,  berreta  =  Sp.  birreta  =  It.  ber- 
retta:  see  biretta  and  birrus.']  1.  Same  as  bi- 
retta. —  2.  A  soi't  of  ancient  military  cap  or 
headpiece.     Scott.    Also  called  barret-cap. 

barret^t,  n.     See  barrat. 

barret-cap  (bar'et-kap),  n.   Same  as  barret^,  2. 

Old  England's  sign,  St.  George's  cross, 
His  barret-cap  did  grace. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  16. 

barretero  (bar-e-ta'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  <  barreta, 
dim.  of  barra,  a  bar,  crowbar:  see  barret^  and 
6arl.]  A  miner  who  wields  a  crowbar,  wedge, 
or  pick. 

The  ores  .  .  .  are  so  soft  that  a  single  barretero  can 
throw  down  many  tons  a  day. 

L.  Hamilton,  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  73. 

barretor,  barretry,  etc.    See  barrator,  etc. 

barr-fish  (biir'fish),  «.  [Cf.  bar^.J  A  name  of 
the  crappie,  Pomo.rys  annularis,  a  centrarchoid 
fish.     See  cut  under  crappie. 

barricade  (bar-i-kad'),  «.  [First  va.  the  form 
barricado  (after  Sp.),  <  F.  barricade  =  It.  bar- 
ricata,  <  Sp.  Pg.  barricada,  a  barricade,  lit. 
made  of  barrels,  <  barrica  (=  F-  barrique),  a 
barrel,  prob.  <  barra,  a  bar:  see  oar^,  and  cf. 
barrcl.l  1.  A  hastily  made  fortification  of 
trees,  earth,  paving-stones,  palisades,  wagons, 
or  anything  that  can  obstruct  the  progress  of 
an  enemy  or  serve  for  defense  or  security. 


barrier 

Ev'n  tho'  thrice  again 
The  red  fool-fury  of  the  Seine 
Should  iiile  her  barricades  with  dead. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cxxvii. 

2.  A  temporary  barrier  of  any  kind  designed 
to  obstruct  passage  into  or  through  a  space  in- 
tended to  be  kepi  free  for  a  particular  use. — 

3.  Any  bar  or  obstruction ;  that  which  defends. 

There  must  be  such  a  barricade  an  would  greatly  annoy 
or  absolutely  stop  the  cunents  of  the  atmosphere. 

fferham. 

4t.  In  naval  arch.,  a  strong  wooden  rail,  sup- 
X>orted  by  stanchions,  extending  across  the  fore- 
most part  of  the  quarter-<leck,  in  ships  of  war, 
and  backed  with  ropes,  mats,  pieces  of  old  cable, 
and  full  hammocks,  as  a  protection  against 
small  shot  in  time  of  action.=Syn.  Bar,  etc.  .See 
barrier. 

barricade  (bar-i-kad'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bar- 
ricaded, ppr.  barricading.  [<  barricade,  ?(.]  1. 
To  obstruct  or  block  (a  path  or  passage)  with 
a  barricade. —  2.  To  block  or  render  impass- 
able. 

Now  all  the  pavement  sounds  with  trampling  feet, 
And  the  mix'd  hurry  barricades  the  street. 

Gay,  Trivia,  iiL 
3.  To  shut  in  and  defend  with  a  Ijarricade; 
hem  in. 

He  is  so  barrieado'd  in  his  house, 
And  arm'd  with  guard  still. 

Chapman,  Revenge  of  Bussy  D'Amliois,  L  I. 
Also  formerly  barricado. 
barricader  (ba'r-i-ka'dfer),  «.     One  who  barri- 
cades. 
barricadot  (bar-i-ka'do),  n.  and  v.     Same  as 
barricade :  the  older  form  in  English  use. 

Shall  I  have  a  barricado  made  against  my  friends,  to  be 
barred  of  any  pleasure  they  can  bring  in  to  me  ? 

B.  Jonnon,  Epicoene,  iii.  2. 
barricot,  «.  [^  Sp.  Pg.  barrica,  a  cask,  barrel: 
see  barricade.^  A  small  barrel  or  keg. 
barrier  (bar'i-er),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bar- 
ter, baryer  (with  term,  accom.  to  mod.  F.), 
<  ME.  barrere,  barerc,  <  AP.  barrere,  OF.  bar- 
rierc,  F.  barrihre  =  Pr.  It.  barricra  =  Sp.  bar- 
rera  =  Pg.  barreira  (ML.  reflex  barrera),  <  ML. 
*barraria,  a  banner,  <  barra,  a  bar:  see  6nrl.] 
1.  In  fort.,  anything,  as  a  palisade  or  stock- 
ade, designed  to  obstruct  entrance  into  a  for- 
tified place. —  2.  pi.  The  palisades  or  railing 
surrounding  the  ground  where  totirneys  and 
justs  were  carried  on  ;  hence,  the  sports  them- 
selves (formerly  sometimes  with  the  plural  in  a 
singular  sense). 

Deny  me  not  to  stay 
To  see  a  barriers  prepared  to.ujght. 

Webster,  White  Devil,  iv.  4. 
The  young  Earl  of  Essex  and  others  among  them  enter- 
tained her  majesty  Willi  tiltings  and  tourneys,  barriers, 
mock  fights,  and  such  like  arts.        Oldys,  Sir  W.  Raleigh. 

3.  Any  obstruction ;  anything  which  hinders 
approach,  attack,  or  progress;  anything  stand- 
ing in  tho  way ;  an  obstacle :  as,  to  build  a 
wall  as  a  barrier  against  trespassers ;  consti- 
tutional barriers. 

Constantly  strengthening  the  barriers  opposed  to  our 
passions.  Bp.  Porteous,  Works,  II.  iv. 

A  barrier  to  defend  us  from  popery. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Hist,  Own  Times,  an.  1685. 

4.  A  fortress  or  fortified  town  on  the  frontier 
of  a  country. 

The  queen  is  guarantee  of  the  Dutch,  having  possession 
of  the  barrier,  and  the  revenues  thereof,  before  a  peace. 

Siaift. 

5.  A  limit  or  boimdary  of  any  kind ;  a  line  of 
separation. 

I  was  persuaded  that  when  once  that  nice  barrier  which 
marked  the  boundaries  of  what  we  owed  to  each  other 
should  be  thrown  down,  it  might  be  propped  again,  but 
could  never  be  restored.  A.  Hamilton,  "Works,  I.  213. 

6.  The  gate,  in  towns  on  the  continent  of  Eu- 
rope, at  which  localrevenue  duties  are  collected. 
—  7.  In  China,  a  subordinate  customs  station 
placed  on  an  inland  trade-route  for  the  collec- 
tion of  duties  on  goods  in  transit. —  8.  In  coal- 
mining, a  solid  block  of  coal  left  unworked 
between  two  collieries,  for  security  against  the 
accidents  which  might  occuj  in  consequence  of 
communication  between  them.  [Eng.]— Bar- 
rier Act,  the  name  given  to  an  act  passed  by  tlle  General 
.\ssembly  of  the  Church  of  .Scotland  in  1697,  providing 
that  no  change  can  be  made  in  the  laws  of  the  church 
without  first  being  submitted  to  all  the  presbyteries  for 
their  judgment,  and  having  received  the  approval  of  at 
least  a  majority  of  them.  The  Barrier  Act  is  held  both 
by  tlie  Established  and  by  the  Free  Church  as  of  high  im- 
portance, and  analogous  regulations  have  been  adopted 
l)y  other  Presbyterian  churches. — Barrier  reef.  See 
rec/.— Barrier  system,  in  North  of  England  coa?-»ii?i>"7i^, 
a  method  of  working  a  coal-mine  by  pillar  and  stall,  when 
solid  masses  or  barriers  of  coal  are  left  between  thework- 
ing-places.— Barrier  treaty,  a  treaty  fixing  the  frontier 
of  a  country;  especially,  the  treaty  signed  at  Antwerp, 
Nov.  15, 1715,  by  Austria,  Great  Britain,  and  the  Nether- 


barrier 


lands,  determining  the  relations  of  the  Dutch  and  the 
Anstrians  in  the  strategic  towns  of  the  Low  Countries. 
=SylL  3,  Bar,  Barrier,  Barricade.  Bar  is  the  most  gen- 
eral, and  lakes  almost  all  the  many  figurative  meanings. 
Barrier  is  also,  full  iu  figui-ative  meaning.  Barricade  is 
confined  strictly  to  obstructions  set  witli  the  specific  inten- 
tion of  stopping  passage,  as  in  streets  and  narrow  passes. 
My  spirit  beats  her  mortal  bars. 

Tenwjson,  Sir  Galaliad. 

The  barriers  which  they  builded  from  the  soil 

To  keep  the  foe  at  bay.  Bnjant.  The  Prairies. 

The  Milanese  threw  up  barricades  at  their  leisure,  and 

still  the  .Austrian  government  remained  passive  spectators 

of  this  defiance  of  the  Imperial  amhority. 

E.  Diceit^  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  77. 

barrier  (bar'i-er),  r.  t.  [<  barrier,  «.]  To  shut 
in  or  off  with  a  barrier. 

barrier-gate  (bar'i-er-gat),  ?i.  A  gate  which 
closes  the  entrance  through  a  stockade  or  bar- 
rier. 

barrigudo  (bar-i-go'do),  «.  [Sp.  Pg.,  big-bel- 
lied, <  barriya,  belly;  of  uncertain  origin.]  The 
Brazilian  name  for  several  monkeys  of  the  ge- 
nus Lagiilhrix.  They  are  the  largest  of  South  Amer- 
ican monkeys,  one  measuring 53  inches  in  length,  of  wliich 
tlu-  tail  ccnstituted  26. 

barring'^  (bjir'ing),  n.  IfV^erbal  n.  of  Jflj-l.]  In 
iiiiniiii/,  timber  used  for  supporting  the  roof  or 
sides  of  shafts.     [Eng.] 

barring-  (biir'ing),  ppr.  as  l)rep.  [Prop.  ppr.  of 
(/«/■!.]  Excepting;  leaving  out  of  the  account ; 
apart  from:  as,  barring  accidents,  I  shall  be 
there.     [Colloq.] 

Little  writing-desks,  constructed  after  the  fashion  of 
those  used  by  the  judges  of  the  land,  barring  the  French 
p<jlish.  Dickens. 

barring-out  (bUr'ing-ouf),  n.  Exclusion  from 
a  place  by  means  of  locks  or  bars ;  specifically, 
the  act  of  excluding  a  schoolmaster  from  school 
by  barricading  the  doors  and  ^vindows :  a  boyish 
sport  indulged  in  at  Christmas  in  Great  Britain, 
now  nearly  obsolete,  and  sometimes  practised 
for  mischief  in  parts  of  the  United  States. 
Revolts,  republics,  revolutions,  most 
>'o  graver  than  a  schoolboys'  barrinf}.out. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  Conclusion. 

barris  (bar'is),  »i.  A  name  given  on  the  Guinea 
const  to  the  chimpanzee,  and  also  to  the  man- 
drill. 

barrister  (bar'is-t^r),  n.  [First  in  the  16th 
century,  written  barrester,  barester,  later  bar-  barrow^  (bar'6), 
ra.iUr,  barrister  (XL.  barrasteriiis),  <  barre,  bar 
(hnr^,  w.)  -I-  -ster,  the  term,  being  appar.  assim- 
ilated to  that  of  sophistcr,  etc.]  A  counselor 
or  an  advocate  learned  in  the  law,  admitted  to 
plead  at  the  birr  in  protection  and  defense  of 
clients :  called  in  full  a  barrister  at  law.  The  term 
is  more  esijecially  used  in  England  and  Ireland,  the  cor- 
respiinding  tenn  in  Scotland  lieing  adcticufe  and  in  tlie 
I'nlted  States  counselor  at  taw.  In  England  barristers 
al'Mie  are  rulmitted  t4j  plead  in  the  superior  courts.  They 
must  previously  have  belonged  to  one  of  the  inns  of  court, 
and  are  divided  into  utter  or  outer  barristers,  who  plead 
without  the  bar,  and  /queen's  (or  king's)  counsel  or  Ser- 
jeants at  law,  wlio  jdead  within  the  bar. 


460 

mound  of  earth  or  stones  raised  over  a  grave ; 
a  sepulchral  momid;  a  tumtilus.     Barrows  are 


among  the  most  impoi*tant  monmuents  of  primitive  an- 
tiquity.   They  are  found  iu  Great  Britain  and  other  dis- 


Bowl  Barrow. 

tricts  of  Eiu-ope,  and  in  North  America  and  Asi.i.  They 
are  distinguished,  according  to  their  peculiarities  of  foriii 
and  construction,  as  lonfr,  broad,  bowl,  bell,  cone,  etc.,  /»((/■- 

rows.    In  the  more  ancient  banows  the  bodies  are  found  barrowman    (bar'6-man), 
Ijing  extended  on  the  ground,  with  implements  and  weap- 
ons of  stone  or  bone  beside  them.    In  barrows  of  later 
date  the  implements  are  of  bronze,  and  sometimes,  though 


bars-gemel 

barrow^  (bar'6),  «.  [<  JIE.  benrc.  <  AS.  beam, 
a  grove  (=  Icel.  borr,  a  kind  of  tree);  perhaps 
orig.  a  fruit-bearing  tree,  <  beraii  =  Icel.  bera, 
bear.]  A  wood  or  grove :  a  word  siu'viving 
only  in  English  local  names,  as  iJarrotr-in- 
Furness,  IlarronHeld. 

barrow^  (bar'6),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  bnrry,  bar- 
ric.  Origin  obscure,  perhaps  ult,  <  AS.  bcor- 
ga»,  cover,  protect.]     Same  as  barroic-coat. 

barrow-coat  (,b;ii'o-k6t),  «.  [E.  dial.,  also  bar- 
ricoat ;  <  barnnc^  +  cof(^]  A  square  or  oblong 
piece  of  flannel,  wrapped  round  an  infant's 
body  below  the  arms,  the  part  extending  be- 
yond the  *feet  being  turned  up  and  pinned. 
Also  called  barrow  and  harry. 


Long  Barrow. 

rarely,  of  iron,  while  the  remains  are  often  inclosed  in  a 
stone  or  earthenw.ire  cist  and  doubled  up.  Where  the 
body  was  burned  the  ashes  were  usually  deposited  in  an 
uni.  Barrow-burial  is  supposed  not  to  have  been  aban- 
doned in  Great  Britain  until  the  eighth  century.  In  Eng- 
land, Wilts  and  Dorset  are  the  counties  in  whieli  barrows 
most  aboimd.  Stone  barrows  in  Scotband  are  called  cairns. 
The  numerous  barrows  of  North  America  are  generally 
classed  along  with  other  ancient  earthworks  as  nioumls, 
or  distinguished  as  burial-mounds. 

Wliilst  the  term  tunndus  is  almost  exclusively  used  in  barrOW-trUCk  (bar'6-tndv).  It. 
speaking  of  the  sepulchral  mounds  of  the  ancient  Greeks,      '        '  •  -   " 

and  the  conical  mounds  formed  by  the  Ronums,  adjoining 
their  camps  and  stations,  to  serve  as  land-marks  and 
watching-stations,  it  is  used  indifferently  with  the  word 
barrow  to  designate  the  sepnUhral  mounds  ctf  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  this  and  other  northern  countries. 

Audslexj,  III.  IS. 

A  long  street  climbs  to  one  tall-tower'd  mill ; 

And  high  in  heaven  behind  it  a  gray  down 

With  Danish  barrows.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Ai'den. 

4.  A  burrow  or  waiTen.     See  burroii}",  berry-. 

The  coney-barrow  of  Lincoln's  Inn  is  now  covered  by 

smooth  lawns.  Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXII.  f>S7. 

[<   ME.  barrow,   baroir, 


pi,  harrowmettr 
(-men),  A  man  employed  in  wheeling  a  bar- 
row; specifically,  in  eoal-tiiiniiif/.  one  who  con- 
veys the  coal  iu  a  wheelbarrow  from  the  point 
where  it  is  mined  to  the  trolle\-way  or  tram- 
way on  whicli  it  is  carried  to  the  place  where 
it  is  raised  to  the  surface. 
barro'W-pig  (bar'6-pig),  n.    Same  as  barroiv^. 

A  barrow-pig,  that  is,  one  which  has  been  gelded. 

Dryden,  Plutaich.  II.  397. 

barrO'W-pump  (bar'6-pimip\  «,  A  combined 
suctioTi-  and  force-pump  moimted  on  a  two- 
wheeled  barrow. 

barrO'W-tram  (bar'o-tram),  n.  The  tram  or 
shaft  of  a  wheelbaiTow;  hence,  jocularly,  a 
raw-bouod  fellow. 

Sit  down  there,  and  gather  your  wind  and  yovu"  senses, 
ye  Idaek  hnrrow.trani  o'  the  kirk  that  ye  are.  Are  ye  fou 
or  fasting'/  Scott,  Guy  Mainiering,  II.  xiii. 

A  two-wheeled 
hand-truck;  especially,  such  a  truck  for  use  in 
moving  baggage  or  freight. 

barro'wway  (bar'6-wa),  «.  In  eoaJ-iiiiiiin(j,  an 
underground  road  on  which  coal  is  transported 
from  till'  place  where  it  is  mined  to  the  tram- 
way.    (lOiij;.] 

barirulee  (liar-r>-la'),o.    hiher.,sa,m6a,sbarruly. 

barrulet  (bar'o-let),  n.  [Also  barnilette,  dim. 
of  AF.  *harriile,  dim.  of  OF.  barre,  a  bar:  see 
?)«ri.]  In  her.,  a  dimiuutivo  of  the  bar,  gen- 
erally considered  as  being  one  fourth  of  its 
width.  It  is  never  used  alone.  Also  written 
barrtlet.     Seo  iHirrttletty. 


After  ai»plying  himself  to  the  study  of  the  law  Baron 
viis  ailrnittfil  in  his  twenty-second  year  (l.'iiia)  as  an  I'ttrr 
JUirri.t-r  of  Gray's  Inn.  E.  A.  Afjbott,  Bacon,  p.  15. 

Inner  banister.    .Same  as  bencher,  1. 

bar-roll  (blir'rOl),  n.  A  bookbinders'  tool,  of 
circular  form,  tliat  makes  a  broad,  flat  line  on 
till-  siiles  or  bai^ks  of  books. 

bar-room  (biir'nim).  n.  A  room  in  a  public 
hou.se,  hotel,  restaurant,  or  other  place  of  re- 
sort, containing  a  bar  or  counter  where  liquors 
or  other  refreshments  are  served. 

barro'w'^  (bar'6),  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baroit; 
liiirroutjh  (mod.  dial,  barr/li,  barf,  q.  v.,  also 
berry'-);  <  MK.  bene,  beru^,  her,',  lieri/li,  beiiruh 
(also,  with  vowel  appar.  allecled  by  association 
with  other  words,  bortc,  bor/ilt,  buryh,  etc., 
wln-rice  the  mod.  form  with  difTerentiated 
meaning  burrow'^,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  bcnrti,  bcorh 
=  ()S.  Iiirg  =  OFries.  birg,  bereh  =  1).  berg  = 
()\\('i.  birg,  XIIIG.  bere,  (i.  Iicrg  (>  E.  brrg  in  iee- 
birii)  =  Sw.  Iieri/  =  Itaii.  hjarii  =  (iolh.  'l/airgn 
(in  ill  riv.  btiirgalu i,  a  inountninonH  district),  a 


ifiiperpov,  a  litter,  bier,  all  from  the  same  ult. 
source),  <Jo-fl», bear:  see  bear^ and  bier.']  l.A 
frame  used  by  two  or  more  men  In  carrying  a 
load ;  formerly,  any  such  frame,  as  a  stretcher  or 
bier;  specifically,  a  flat  rectangular  frame  of 
bars  or  boards,  with  projecting  .shafts  or  han- 
dles (in  England  called  trani.i)  at  both  ends,  by 
which  it  is  carried:  usually  called  a  liaiid-tinr- 
roiv. — 2.  A  similar  frame,  generally  used  in  the 
form  of  a  shallow  box  with  either  thiring  or  uji- 
riglit  sides,  and  supported  in  front  formerly  by 
two  wheels,  now  by  a  single  small  wheel  in- 
serted between  the  front  shafts,  and  pushed  by 
one  man,  who  snp]i(irls  tlie  end  op|)osito  to  tlio 
wheel  by  moans  of  the  rear  shafts:  usually 
called  a  irlieeltnirrme. —  3.  A  frame  or  box  of 
larger  size,  resting  on  an  axle  between  two 
largo  wheels,  and  jmshod  or  i>nlled  by  means 
of  shafts  at  one  end;  a  han<l-cart:  as,  a  cos- 
termonger's  barroiv.  [Ijocal  Eng.  (London)  and 
Scotch.] — 4.  Abarrowful;  the  load  carried  in 
or  on  a  barrow. 


hill,  riiioiiitiiin,  =  Icel.  berg,  bjnrii,  a  rock,  jireci- 
piei  .  =  ( )|r.  brigh,  Ir,  liri  =  \V.  Iiie  =  Hri-t.  bre,  a 


field  when  divided  into  not  less  than  eight  parts ; 
if  the  number  is  much  greater,  it  is  called  bar- 
riihtly.    Also  barruUe. 
barryl  (bar'i),  n.   Same  as  barrow-eoat.    [Prov. 

Eng.] 

barry'-  (bii'ri),  a.    [<  F.  barr^^  pp.  of  barrer, 
b.ir:  SCO  6«rl,  i'.]     In  her.,  di^^ded  into  bars: 

said  of  the  heraldic  field.    The 

nund)erof  divisions  is  always  even  and 
is  always  mentioned,  as  barry  o,f  /our 
pieces,  t/arry  o/ .vi'x,  etc.;  if  there  are 
not  less  tluin  eight  divisions,  the  words 
liarruly  and  liarruletty  uuiy  lie  em- 
ployed. Also  tntrred.—  Barry  bendy, 
divided  ildti  lozenges liy  the  iriterscrtion 
(tf  lines  drawn  barwise  and  l)endwiae. 
This  is  always  HUpposed  to  be  liendy 
Dnrry  of  six.  dexter  ;  wlien  lieuily  sinister,  it  is  writ- 

ten linrrii  thnily  sini.'iter.  Also  bendy 
'wi'i-;/.— Barry  paly,  di\  idnl  Imtli  barwise  and  palewise, 
anil  therefoi-e  eitlu'r  cheeky  or  Iiillety.  See  these  words. — 
Barry  plly,  divided  botli  barwise  and  diagonally,  Iho 
division  forudng  piles  across  the  Held.  It  is  more  prop, 
erly  bja/oiied  as  of  ]iiles  barwise,  tlie  mindier  Iieiuffmen- 
tioni'd.— Barry  wavy,  divided  into  wining  liands  of  geli- 
erally  horizontal  direction  :  said  of  the  Held.  This  ehargo 
is  use<i  to  represent  water  ill  cases  where  a  ship  or  the 
like  is  to  lie  liepiitedasnlloat. 
Bar8ac(biir'sak),  H.  [F.]  A  general  name  for 
tlio  white  wines  made  in  Barsac,  deiiartment 
of  (iirondo,  France.  All  Hie  Hnrsac  wines  are  sweet- 
ish; but  thev  have  a  certain  bitterness,  and  snlnettmeH  a 
tarry  or  resinoUB  llavor,  which  pn-veiits  their  being  Ins- 


Have  I  lived  to  be  carried  In  n  basket,  like  a  barrow  of 
butehor'0  offal;  and  to  bo  tlirown  In  tint  TliainoH? 

Shak.,  .M.  W.  of  W.,  111.  f.. 

5.  In  salt-works,  a  wicker  case  in  whicli  the 
salt  is  ]>ut  to  drain. — 6.  The  egg-case  of  a 
skate  or  a  ray:  so  called  from  its  resemblance 

to  a  hand-barrow.  

ni.iii..i.ni..liill(cf.W._/<n/,hJKh),  =  OI{idg.//rA/"  barrO'W-   (bar'6),   r.   t.      [<   barroiv^,  n.l      To  barse  (biirs),  ».     [The  original  form  of  the  word 

wliet'l  or  convoy  in  a  barrow:  as,  to  oarroto  now  I'oiTupted  to  ba.is  (hoo  bas.sl);  <  ME.  /»()-.w, 
coal  in  a  pit. 
barrO'W''  (bar'6),  «.  f<  MK.  baroir,  bnrotre, 
liiiru,  <  AS.  Iietirii,  liearli  =  l''ries.  Iiairg  =  I). 
bar;/,  limi  =  OlKi.  barg,  biirug,  MIKi.  bare,  (I. 
biireii  =  Icel.  biirgr,  a  ciiHlraleil  boar.  Not 
I'onnected,  as  KometinieH  suggcHted,  with   L. 

rerres,  ii  boar,  .Skt.  raralia,  u  bonr.  CI.  hni/,  bars-gemel  (biirz'jom''ol),  ?i.  pi. 
"f  tlie  same  orig.  sense.]  A  pftstrakHl  Iwnir,  1'^  I'ars  +  gimtl,  q,  v.]  In  /icc, 
AIho  called  barriiie-jiig  or  barrow-hog,  [Now  Iwo  burs  jihiceil  vi'iy  near  to- 
chiedy  prov.  Klig.  |  gelhir,  hiiviiig  more  of  Ihc^  (ield 

I  say  "guutlu,"  though  llilitarrowuimitnt  the  wonl.       above  and   below  thum  than  be- 

Milivn,  Culiutcrluu.     tweeu  them.  Uin-Kcmei. 


Kn--,  /.. 
height.   /,. 
mighty,  l..|t 
strong,      11 
and  theri'  i 
etc.,  oovi  r: 
tniii :  < 
of  air 
strii'l' 
woril 
part  111 
a  heap. 


I'rijrfi  —  Bohem.  bnh  =  I'nl.  br:<g  = 

'riiju,  shore,  hank  ;  cf.  Zend  lirrezanli,  a 

nil,  high,  =  Skt,  briliani,  strong, 

,  |i|ir.  of  ^  brill,  barh,  be  thick,  be 

ling,  notion  is  that  of  a  height, 

no  iiiiinectifm  with  AS.  beorgiin, 

1  o  /.i/ri/l.]     It.    A  hill  or  iniiiiii- 

i'  d  to  IiIIIn  or  moiintnins 

ho  grealcHl,  but  Inter  re- 

ilioiiH.     Ill  this  Heiise  tln' 

■I   proviiii'ial  use  or  hh  ii 

liiighihil. —  2.  A  mound; 

J<iit;.|     Iu  particular — 3.  A 


<  AS.  biir.'t,  lieiir.1,  iiereli,  =  1).  baar.'i  =  MIKr. 
bar.i,  <i.  biir.seli.  Olid,  (with  aildeil  foriniitivo) 
birxieh,  a  perch ;  ]ii'ob.  akin  In  hirsr,  bristle,  q,  v. 
Cf,  Sw,  and  Dan.  ahiirre,  perch.]  The  com- 
nioii  jierch.  [Local  Eng.  (West- 
nioi'eliinii).] 


I'r.. 


tid.r-shear 

bar-shear  (bar'sher),  «.  A  machine  for  cutting 
m(^tal  bars.  It  consists  of  a  very  strong  frame  having 
a  ll\i  'I  lower  blaile  and  a  vertically  reciprocating  upper 
iiladc,  between  which  the  bar  is  cut. 

bar-shoe  (bar'sho),  n.  A  kind  of  horsesboe 
having  a  bar  across  the  usual  openiug  at  tho 
heel  to  protect  a  tender  frog  from  injury. 

bar-shooting  (bar'sho"tiug),  n.  The  practice 
of  shooting  wild  fowl  from  the  bars  of  rivers 
and  bays. 

bar-shot  (biir'shot),!!.  1.  Double-headed  shot, 
consisting  of  a  bar  with  a  half-ball  or  round 
head  at  each  end,  for- 
merly used  for  destroy- 
ing masts  and  rigging  in 
naval  warfare. —  2.  In 
her.,  two  bullets  or  balls 
connected  by  a  short  bar  like  a  dumb-bell. 

bar-sight  (bar'sit),  n.  A  form  of  rifle-sight. 
See  ^((('1,  16. 

barsowite  (biir'so-wit),  n.  [<  Barsow{skoi)  + 
-(((-.]  A  mineral  occurring  as  the  gangue  of 
blue  corundum  at  Barsowskoi  or  Barsovskoi  in 
the  Ural.  Its  true  natm-e  is  uncertain,  but  it 
may  be  identical  with  auorthite. 

Bart.  The  contraction  of  baronet  appended  to 
a  name  :  as.  Sir  John  Doe,  Barf. 

bar-tailed  (bar'tald),  a.  Having  the  tail  barred 
crosswise  with  different  colors:  as,  the  har- 
tailed  godwit,  Limosa  lapx)Onica.  See  cut  un- 
der Limosa. 

bartender  (bar'ten"der),  n.  A  barkeeper;  a 
waiter  in  a  bar-room  who  serves  out  drinks  and 
refreshments. 

barter  (bar'ter),  V.  [<  late  ME.  bartren  for 
"bartcn,  *bareten  (the  inserted  r  being  due 
perhaps  to  the  suffix  of  the  OF.  infinitive,  or  to 
dependence  on  the  noun  barator,  baretcr,  etc. : 
see  barrator),  <  OF.  baretcr,  barater,  barter, 
truck,  cheat,  <  barat,  borate,  barete,  barter, 
cheating:  see  barrat.^  I.  iiitrans.  To  traffic 
or  trade  by  exchanging  one  commodity  for  an- 
other, in  distinction  from  buying  and  selling  for 
money. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  give  (one  thing  or  com- 
modity) for  another  of  equivalent  or  supposed 
equivalent  value :  with  a  person,  for  (formerly 
viitli)  a  thing:  as,  to  barter  one's  jewels  for 
bread. 

As  my  faith  has  once  been  given  to  you,  I  never  will 
barter  it  witti  another.  Stteridaii,  The  Kivals,  v.  1. 

Rtule  people  who  were  willing  to  barter  costly  furs  for 
tritles.  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  91. 

2.  To  exchange,  in  general — To  barter  away,  to 

dispose  of  by  barter,  especially  in  an  unwise  or  dishonor- 
able way  ;  bargain  away :  as,  to  barter  away  human  rights 
for  the  patronage  of  the  great. 

He  also  bartered  away  plums  .  .  .  for  nuts.  Locke. 

barter  (bar'ter),  n.  [<  barter,  v.']  1 .  The  act 
of  exchanging;  specifically,  the  act  or  practice 
of  trafliekuig  by  exchange  of  commodities. 

All  government,  indeed  every  human  benefit  and  enjoy- 
ment, every  virtue,  and  every  prudent  act,  is  founded  on 
compromise  and  barter. 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America,  1775. 

Article  is  exchanged  for  article  without  the  use  of  money 
or  credit.    This  is  simple  barter. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  March  IS,  1834. 

2.  The  thing  given  in  exchange. — 3.  An  arith- 
metical rule  by  which  the  values  of  different 
goods  are  ascertained  and  compared. =Syn.  1. 
l>ealing,  trade,  traffic,  truck,  interchange. 

barterer  (bar'ter-er),  n.  One  who  barters  or 
traffics  by  exchanging  commodities. 

barteryt  (bar'ter-i),  11.  [<  barter  +  -y.]  Ex- 
change of  commodities  in  trade ;  barter. 

It  is  a  received  opinion  that,  in  most  ancient  ages,  there 
was  only  ^az-^er^  or  exchange  of .  .  .  commodities  amongst 
most  nations.  Camden,  Remains,  Money. 

barth  (barth),  n.     [E.  dial.,  of  obscure  origin. 

Cf .  bcrtli^.^  A  warm  inclosed  place  of  shelter 

for  young  cattle. 
Bartholomew  baby,  day,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 
Bartholomew-tide  (bar-thoro-mu-tid),  n.   The 

season  near  St.  Bartholomew's  day  (August 

24).    See  daij^. 

Like  flies  at  Bartkol&meW'tide,  blind. 

Slialc.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

Bartholomite  (bar-thol'o-mit),  n.  [<  Bartholo- 
vicw  +  -ite".'\  1.  A  member  of  the  community 
of  Basilian  monks  of  the  Armenian  rite  who 
took  refuge  in  the  West  and  were  assigned  the 
church  of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  Genoa,  in  1307. 
The  community  was  finally  suppressed  in  1650. 
— 2.  One  of  a  congregation  of  secular  priests 
following  a  rule  cb'awn  up  by  Bartholomew 
Holzhausen,  in  Germany,  in  16iO.  They  spread 


Bartizan. —  C.ircassonnc,  France. 
y1,  mctlon  :  S,  embrasure  ;  C.  loophole : 
Z>.  machicolation.    (From  Viollct-le-L)uc's 
"  Diet,  de  1' Architecture.") 


461 

to  Hungary,  Poland,  and  Spain,  but,  under  this 
name,  became  extinct  after  1700. 
bartizan  (biir'ti-zan),  n.  [Not  found  before 
Sir  \V.  Scott, 
who  uses  the 
word  frequently; 
prob.  adapted 
fi'om  a  corrupt 
Sc.  spelling  {ber- 
tiscne)  of  brclii- 
cing,  bratticinij : 
see  bratticinff.'] 
Inarch.,  a  small 
overhanging  tur- 
ret, pierced  with 
loopholes  or  em- 
brasures, or  with 
both,  and  pro- 
jecting general- 
ly from  an  an- 
gle at  the  top  of 
a  tower,  or  from 
the  parapet  of  a 

building  or  medieval  fortification-wall. 
On  battlement  and  bartizan 
Gleamed  axe,  and  spear,  and  partisan. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  20. 
He  pass'd  the  court-gate,  and  he  ope'd  the  tower-grate, 

And  he  mounted  the  narrow  stair 
To  the  bartizan-seat,  where,  with  maids  that  on  her  wait, 

He  found  his  lady  fair.  Scott,  Eve  of  Saint  John. 

bartizaned  (bar'ti-zand),  a.  Furnished  with 
a  Ijartizau  or  bartizans.     Scott. 

Bartolist  (bar'to-list),  n.  A  student  of  Bar- 
tolo,  a  famous  Italian  jurist  (1314-57);  one 
skilled  in  the  law. 

bartont  (biir'ton),  n.  [<  AS.  (ONorth.)  here-tun, 
coui-tyard,  manor,  threshing-floor,  <  berc,  bar- 
ley, -i-  tun,  inelostu'e:  see  bear^,  barhij^,  and 
town,  and  of.  6(/)vil.]  1.  The  demain  lands  of 
a  manor,  not  rented,  but  retained  for  the  use 
of  the  lord  of  the  manor.  Also  called  bertoick. 
—  2.  A  farm-yard. 

Spacious  bartons,  clean,  well-wall'd  arouttd, 
Where  all  the  wealth  of  rural  life  was  found. 

Souttiey,  Poet's  Pilgrimage,  iii.  41. 

bartram,  ».     See  bertram. 

Bartramia  (bar-tra'mi-ii),  n.  [NL.,  after  the 
naturalist  William  Bartram  (1739-1823).]  A 
genus  of  sandpipers  the  type  of  which  is  Tringa 
bartramia  of  Wilson,  now  Bartramia  longicdu- 


Bartram  s  Sandpiper  or  Upland  Plover  [BarlraMia  tongicauda). 

da,  a  common  species  of  North  America,  va- 
riously called  Bartram's  sandpiper,  upland 
plover,  prairie  pigeon,  and  quailly.  It  belongs  to 
the  family  Scolopacidw  and  subfamily  Totanina',  aiTd  is 
I)cculiar  for  the  length  and  graduation  of  its  tail. 

baru  (ba-ro'),  JJ.  [Malay  name.]  AfinewooUy 
substance,  used  for  calking  ships,  stuffing 
cushions,  etc.,  found  at  the  base  of  the  leaves 
of  the  Arenga  saccharifera,  a  sago-palm  of  the 
East  Indies. 

baruria  (ba-ro'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  [Sapv^, 
hea\'y,  +  ovpov,  iiiine.]  In  imthol.,  a  morbid 
condition  of  the  body  characterized  by  the 
passage  of  urine  of  a  lugh  specific  gra\'ity. 

barutine  (bar'o-tin),  «.  [Prob.  of  Pers.  origin.] 
A  kind  of  silk  manufactiu-ed  in  Persia.  Sim- 
monds. 

barvel,  barvell  (biir'vel),  «.  [E.  dial.,  per- 
haps a  corruption  of  *barm-feU,  <  barm\  lap, 
-f-  fell^,  a  skin.]  A  kind  of  leather  apron. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

barways  (biir'waz),  adv.  In  her.,  same  as  bar- 
wise. 

bar-weir  (bar'wer),  «.  A  weir  which  rises  and 
faUs  with  the  tide,  placed  in  a  stream_  to  pre- 
vent the  return  seaward  of  any  fish  which  may 
have  passed  it. 

barwin  (bar'win),  n.  [Cf.  Ir.  Gael,  bar,  the 
sea.]  A  name  appUed  in  County  Antrim, 
Ireland,  to  the  common  sea-bream,  Pagetliis 
cenlrodontus. 

barwise  (bar'wiz),  adv.  [<  feni-l  -I-  -irise'^.']  In 
her.,  in  the  direction  of  the  bar,  that  is,  hori- 


barytone 

zontally  across  the  field :  said  of  the  divisions 
of  tho  field,  and  also  of  any  bearing;  thus,  a 
sword  hanrise  is  a  sword  borne  horizontally. 
Also  Iiarirays. 

barwood  (biir'wud),  n.  [Prob.  so  called  be- 
cause exported  in  bars;  ct.logicood.'i  A  red  dye- 
wood  obtained  from  Sierra  Leone  and  Angola, 
Africa.  It  is  the  product  of  the  tree  Bapida  nititia,  and 
is  found  in  commerce  as  a  rough  red  powder,  prorluced 
by  rasping  the  logs.  Its  cololing  matter  is  insc,lul)le  in 
water,  )>ut  yields  about  23  per  cent.  ti>  alcoholic  infusion. 
It  is  used  for  dyeing  cotton  yarns  the  brilli:int  orange-red 
known  as  nioctc  Turlfey  red  or  barwood  yd.  Barwood 
spirits.    Same  as  tin  mdrittt  (which  see,  under  tin). 

bary-.  [L.,  etc.,  <  Gr.  (iapi>c,  heavy,  =  L.  gravis, 
heavy,  >  E.  graved,  q.  v.]  An  element  in  many 
words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  heavy,  dul^ 
hard,  difficult,  etc. 

barycentric  (bar-i-sen'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  (iapii^, 
heavy,  -1-  idi'-pov,  center.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  center  of  gravity.  —  Barycentric  calculus,  an 
application  to  geometry  of  the  mechanical  theory  of  the 
center  of  gravity,  executed  in  two  distinct  ways,  according 
as  metrical  or  descriptive  geometrical  ijrojierties  are  to  be 
investigated.— Barycentric  coordinates.  .Sec  coordi- 
nate. 

baryecoia  (bar-i-e-koi'ii),  «.  [NTj.,  <  Gr.  (iapvri- 
Kuia,  hardness  of  hearing,  <  l:lapvl/Koor,  hard  of 
hearing,  <  papir,  hard,  -f-  amnciv,  hear:  see 
acoustic.']  In  pathol.,  dullness  of  hearing; 
deafness. 

baryglossia  (bar-i-glos'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/iiipi r,  heavy,  -1-  y'/.aana,  tongue.]  In  pathol., 
diliioulty  of  speech;  baryphonia.     Dunglison. 

bary  lite  (bar'i-lit),  n.  i<  Gr.  papir,  heavy,  + 
/.iWof,  stone.]  A  silicate  of  aluminium  and 
barium  occurring  in  white  eleavable  masses  in 
Sweden. 

baryphonia  (bar-i-fo'ni-a),  «.  [NL.  (cf.  Gr. 
liapnpuvia,  a  deep  voice,  <  liapiKJxMo;,  with  a  deep 
voice),  <  Gr.  jiaphc,  heavy,  hard,  -t-  ^uvi,  voice.] 
\n pathol.,  difficulty  of  speech. 

baryta  (ba-n'ta),  n.  [NL.,  formerly  also  6a- 
rita,  <  banjtes,  q.  v.]  Barium  oxid,  BaO :  also 
called  heavy  earth,  because  it  is  the  heaviest  of 
the  earths,  its  specific  gravity  being  4.7.  It  is 
a  gray  powder  having  a  sharp,  caustic,  alkaline  taste,  and 
a  strong  affinity  for  water,  with  which  it  combines  tfl  form 
barium  hydrate.  It  forms  salts  with  the  acids,  all  of 
whicli  are  poisonous,  except  the  sulphate,  which  is  quite 
insoluble  in  the  juices  of  the  stomach.  The  carbouate 
of  baryta  is  much  used  in  the  preparation  of  beet-root 
sugar,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  plate-glass  and  of  colors. 
Formerly  called  6aWa.— Baxyta-water,  a  solution  of  tho 
hydrate  of  barium  in  water,  used  as  a  reagent  in  chemical 
analysis. 

barytes  (ba-ri'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  papimK, 
\v<i,i,'lit,  heaviness,  <  papic,  heavy;  the  term. 
being  associated  with  that  of  minerals  in  -ites, 
-jte2.]  1+.  Baryta. —  2.  The  native  sulphate  of 
barium,  BaS04,  a  common  name  for  the  min- 
eral barite  or  neavy-spar.  It  is  sometimes  mined 
and  ground  in  a  mill,  and  used  to  adulterate  white  lead, 
to  weight  paper,  etc.     See  barite. 

barytic  (ba-rit'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to,  formed 
of,  or  containing  baryta. 

barytine  (bar'i-tin),  n.  [<  barytes  +  ■ine^.'i 
Same  as  barite. 

barytocalcite  (ba-ri-to-kal'sit),  71.  [<  baryta 
+  calcite.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  the  carbo- 
nates of  barium  and  calcium.  It  occurs  in 
monoelinie  crystals,  also  massive,  of  a  white, 
grayish,  greenish,  or  yellow  color. 

barytocelestite  (ba-ri'to-se-les'tit),  n.  [<  6a- 
ryta  +  cclestite.']  A  variety  of  celestite  con- 
taining some  bariimi  sulphate. 

barytone  (bar'i-ton),  a.  and  n.  [Also  baritone  ■ 
<  It.  buritono,  <  Gr.  papi<rovoc,  deep-toned,  with 
grave  accent,  <  Papix,  heavy,  deep,  grave,  + 
t6voc,  tone:  see  tone.']  I.  a.  1.  Having  tho 
quality  of  a  voice  or  instrument  intermediate 
between  a  bass  and  a  tenor:  as,  a  barytone 
voice.     See  II. 

The  voice  [of  the  Hejazi]  is  strong  and  clear,  but  rather 
Itarytone  than  bass:  in  anger  it  becomes  a  shrill  chattering 
like"  the  cry  of  a  wild  animal. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-iledinah,  p.  318. 

2.  In  Crr.  gram. :  («)  Pronounced  with  the 
(theoretical)  grave  accent  on  the  last  syllable 
(see  grave,  a.) ;  having  the  last  syllable  unac- 
cented: as,  a  barytone  VtOxA.  such  as  tovoq.  (6) 
Causing  a  word  to  lie  without  accent  on  the 
final  syllable:  as,  a  barytone  suffix. 

II.  n.  1.  In  music:  (a)  A  male  voice,  the 
compass  of  which  partakes  of  the  bass  and  the 
tenor,  but  which  does  not  descend  so  low  as  the 
one  nor  rise  so  high  as  the  other,  its  range  is 
from  the  lower  O  of  the  bass  stall  to  the  lower  F  of  the 
treble.  The  quality  is  that  of  a  high  bass  rather  than  that 
of  a  low  tenor.  Freqtiently  applied  to  the  person  possess- 
ing a  voice  of  this  qualit  j  :  as,  Signor  S.  is  a  great  barytone. 

llaunting  harmonics  hover  aroimd  tis,  deep  and  eternal 
like  the  undviug  ban/tone  of  the  sea. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p-  240. 


barytone 

(ft)  A  stringed  mstnunent  played  with  a  bow, 
resembling  the  viola  da  gamba,  called  in  Italian 
viola  di  bardone  or  hordone.  It  had  sometimes  6, 
usually  7.  gut  strings,  stopped  by  the  Augers  of  the  left 
hand,  and  from  9  to  24  sympathetic  stiiiigs  of  brass  or 
steel.'  running  under  the  finger-board.  These  were  some- 
times plucked  with  the  thumb  of  the  left  hand.  The  in- 
strument was  a  great  favorite  in  the  eighteenth  centiu->-. 
and  much  music  was  composed  especially  for  it.  It  is 
now  obsolete,  (c)  The  name  usually  given  to  the 
smaller  brass  sax-horn  in  B?  or  C. — 2.  In  &c. 
gram.,  a  word  which  has  the  last  syllable  un- 
accented. 

barjrtone  (bar'i-ton),  v.  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bary- 
Iviiid.y'pT.bart/toning.  [i  barytone,  ii.}  JjiGr. 
gram.,  to  pronounce  or  write  without  accent  on 
the  last  syllable :  as,  to  barytone  a  word. 

baryfcrope  (bar'i-trop),  n.  [<  Gr.  ;3apif,  heavy, 
+  rp6-o(,  a  turning:  see  trope.'\  A  cur\'e  de- 
fined by  the  condition  that,  if  a  heavy  body 
slides  down  an  incline  having  this  foiTa,  the 
pressure  on  the  incline  will  foUow  a  given  law. 

basal  (ba'sal),  a.  and  n.    [<  base"  +  -<d.'\    I.  a. 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  -base;  constituting 
the  base ;  fundamental. 

The  boj/al  idea  of  Bishop  Butler's  profound  treatise.  The 
Analogy  of  Keligion. 

O.  D.  Boardman,  Creative  Weelv,  p.  28. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  base  of  a  part  or  organ, 
(a)  On  or  near  the  base :  as,  a  basal  mark.  (6) 
Nearest  the  base :  as,  the  basal  joint,  or  the  f  our 
6a«a/ joints  of  an  insect's  antenna. — 3.  In  ichtli., 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  basalia.     See  basale. 

The  Elasmobranchii  possess  three  ba^al  cartilages,  which 
articulate  with  tlie  pectoral  arch. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  3S. 
Basal  cell  (o)  A  cell  at  the  base  of  the  segmented  ovum 
of  mmie  embr>'08,  as  sponges ;  the  opposite  of  apical  ct'U. 
(/>)  In  the  wings  of  Diptera,  one  of  the  elongate  cells  near 
tile  Itase  of  the  wing  between  the  second  and  tlftli  or  second 
and  siith  longituilinal  veins;  they  are  numbered,  the  fli-st 
being  the  one  nearest  tlie  costal  margin.— Basal  Cleav- 
age, in  cniiftal.,  cleavage  in  the  direction  of  a  basal  plane. 

—  Basal  field,  area,  or  space,  a  portion  of  an  insect's 
wing  lying  at  the  base,  but  very  diversely  dellned  in  the 
dilferent  groups.  In  the  Lt-pidoptera  it  occupies  the 
whole  width  of  the  wing  for  about  one  fourth  of  its  length, 
and  in  the  fore  wings  of  the  SoctuidfB  is  limited  exter- 
nally by  the  anterior  or  extra-basilar  cross-line.  In  the 
dragim-llies  it  is  a  small  8i)ace  at  the  extreme  base  of  the 
wing,  between  the  median  and  submedian  veins,  and 
bounded  exteriorly  by  the  arc  or  arculus,  a  small  cross- 
vein.  In  other  groups  it  is  generally  an  indeterminate 
p'irti'>[i  occupying  al^out  one  third  of  tlie  wing.  — Basal 
ganglion,  ^ec  {jantHUm. — Basal  half-line,  in  the  noc- 
tuid  moths,  a  line  extending  fri»ni  tlie  costal  border  of  the 
anterior  wing,  near  the  icise,  half  way  across  the  surface. 

—  Basal  plane,  in  cn/slal.,  a  plane  parallel  to  the  lateral 
or  horizontal  axes.  — ISasal  valve,  that  valve  in  bivalves 
by  which  they  adhere  U>  other  suitstances. 

H.  «.  1.  One  of  the  basal  joints  of  the 
branches  of  a  crinoid,  bearing  the  ratlials. — 2. 
In  irhlh.,  the  basispheuoid.  [Rare.] 
basale  (bS-sa'le),  ». ;  pi.  basalia  (-li-ii).  [XL., 
<  K.  basal,  <|.  v.]  1.  In  ichili.,  one  of  several 
caitihiges  which  may  compose  the  basis  of  the 
pectoral  limb  of  a  fish,  and  to  which  the  scries 
of  radialia,  or  radial  cartilages,  is  attached :  as, 
the  propterygial  basale  ;  the  mesopterygial  and 
metapterygial  basalia.  See  pterygium,  and  cut 
under  scapulocoracoid. —  2.  One  of  tlie  bones 
which  form  the  base  for  the  pectoral  fin;  an 
actinost. —  3.  In  crinoids,  same  as  basal,  1. 

A  central  piece,  which  probably  represents  the  hojtalia 
of  otiier  crinohls.  Iluxlfy,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  .Ooo. 

basal-nerved  (ba'sal-nfervd),  a.  In  bot.,  de- 
hcripiivo  of  leaves  "the  nerves  of  wliich  all 
prooi.i<l  from  the  base, 
basalt  (bu-salf  or  bas'alt).  n.  [First  in  K.  as 
I,.,  hasulU:s ;  =  F.  basalte,  <  L.  basal tis,  a 
dark  and  very  hard  species  of  marble  in  Kthi- 
ojiia;  said  to  be  an  African  word  (Pliny).]  A 
voliaiiic  rock  occurring  widely,  and  consisting 
of  a  trii-linic  felrispiir.  togcthi^r  with  augite  and 
inagnolite  or  titaniferoiis  iron. 
oliMn  and  neidii'tin  are  aUo  often 
(.icji,  1  iiilhcbnnaitn.eilpeclully  thefur- 

' it.-,  and  hnnyneare 

'  rhebnjuiltJt  have 
•  d  by  rlillereul 
li.r  U  the  dark, 

aking    with     n 

I  nder  the  name 

I    ill    the    more 

fi''4  In  which 

Ml  Im>  made 


nam' 
.rie- 
le«. 


Coliimnar  lliiult. 

'k  (olwiinllle. 
■  1  lava  ofl4'n  uivr 


462 

northeast  coast  of  Ireland,  and  Fingal's  Cave  in  the  island 
of  Stalla.  Scotland.- Basalt  ware,  a  kind  of  stonew.are 
made  liy  Josiah  Wedgwood  and  liis  successoi-s.  It  is  usually 
black,  colored  tliroughout  the  paste,  aud  has  a  dull  gloss': 
hence  also  called  black-  imiv.  Articles  made  of  it  are  nuich 
admired,  and  those  made  by  Wedgwood  himself  are  rare 
and  costly. 

basaltic  (ba-sal'tik),  a.  [<  basalt  +  -ic.'\  Per- 
taining to  basalt ;  formed  of  or  containing 
basalt ;  of  the  nature  of  or  resembling  basalt : 
as,  basaltic  lava. 

basaltiform  (ba-sal'ti-form),  a.  [<  L.  basal- 
tes,  basalt,  -f  forma,  shape.]  Of  the  form  of 
prismatic  basalt ;  columnar. 

basalting  (ba-sal'ting),  H.  [<  basalt  +  -iH.f/l.] 
A  process  of  making  paving-  and  building- 
lilocks  from  the  seorias  of  blast-furnaces. 

basaltoid  (ba-sal'toid),  a.  [<  basalt  +  -oid."] 
Allied  in  appearance  or  nature  to  basalt;  re- 
sembling basalt. 

basan,  basane  (baz'an,  ba-zan')!  "•  [Also 
ha:aii,  basin,  ba:in,  and  more  corruptly  basil. 
ba:il:<  F.  basane,  ba;:ane  {Cotgra^'e),<  Sp.  Pg. 
badana  (ML.  bedane),  a  tanned  sheepskin,  <  Ai-. 
bitdnah,  lining.]  Sheepskin  tanned  in  oak-  or 
larch-bark,  and  used  for  bookbinding,  etc.  It 
is  distinguished  from  roan,  which  is  tanned  in 
sumac. 

basanite  (bas'a-uit),  n.  [<  L.  basanites  (sc. 
lapis,  stone),  <  &r,  * liaaavirriq  (se.  lido^,  stone), 

<  ,idaaim:,  a  touchstone,  a  dark-colored  stone  on 
which  pure  gold  when  rubbed  makes  a  peculiar 
mark;  origin  imcertain.]  A  silicious  rock  or 
jasper,  of  a  velvety-black  color,  used  as  a  touch- 
stone for  determining  the  amount  of  alloy  in 
gold.  The  touchstone  was  formerly  extensive- 
ly used,  but  is  now  much  less  common.  See 
touclistonc  and  touch-iitedle. 

bas-bleu  (bii-ble'),  «.  [F.,  blue-stocking:  bas, 
abbr.  of  bas  de  chaiisses,  nether-stock,  stock- 
ing (see  base^) ;  bleu,  blue :  a  translation  of  the 
E.  teiTB.]     Same  as  blue-stocking,  1. 

bas-che'valiert,  «.  [A  fictitious  term,  based  on 
a  false  etymology  of  bachelor;  <  F.  bas.  low, 
inferior  (see  base^),  +  chevalier :  see  chcralier.^ 
One  of  a  class  of  low  or  inferior  knights,  by 
bare  tenm-e  of  a  military  fee,  as  distinguishcii 
from  bannerets  and  baronets,  rhillips,  170G. 
[A  spurious  term,  without  historical  support.] 

bascinet,  «.     See  basinet. 

Bascuencet,  »•     The  Basque  language. 

basculation  (bas-ku-la'shon),  II.  [<  F.  bascu- 
ler,  swing,  see-saw,  <  basciilr:  see  bascidc.'i  In 
jiathoL,  the  movement  by  which  a  retroverted 
uterus  is  swung  back  into  position. 

bascule  (bas'loU),  n.  [<  F.  bascule,  swing, 
I)oise,  balance,  see-saw,  formerly  baculc,  appar. 

<  batlre.  beat,  bump  (or  bas,  low),  +  cul,  the 
posteriors.]  1.  An  arrangement  in  bridges 
l>y  which  one  portion  balances  another. —  2. 
A  form  of  ))ailing-scooii. 

bascule-bridge  (lias'kiil-brij),  n.  A  drawbridge 
.•UTiingecl  with  a  counterpoise,  so  that,  as  the 
lloor  of  the 
bridge  is  raised, 
the  counter- 
poise descends 
into  a  ]iit  pre- 
pared for  it : 
the  commonest 
form  of  me- 
dieval draw- 
bridge. See  bal- 
ancr-bridge. 

basel  (biis),  fl. 
and  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bace ;  <  ME.  ba.ic, 
bliss,  baas,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  bas,  masc.,  basse, 
fem.,  =Pr.  bas  ^  Sji.  Inijo  =  Tg.  baijo  =  It.  bus- 
so,  low,  <  LL.  ba,<isus,  low,  short,  lliick;  in  clas- 
sical L.  found  only  as  a  cognonion,  Jlassiis, 
'Short.'  PiTliajis  of  Celtic  origin;  cf.  W.bas,= 
Com.  bas  =  Bret.  Iia~,  shallow;  W.  basii,  make 
shallow,  lower;  Corn.  /)«.<«■,  fall,  lower,  abate; 
but  the  Celtic  terms  may  be  from  tlie  L.  In  iiiii- 
sic,  now  generally  ba.ss:  see  /x/.w'.  As  a  noun, 
base  of  this  origin  (the  lower  part)  is  eonfiisid 
with /«/«- (lhosupi)ortingi)ar().]  I.  o.  1.  Low; 
of  gmalUieiglit:  apjtlieil  (othingH.  [Archaic.] 
The  cedar  nloopM  not  to  I  he  lui'c  »brnb'«  fool. 

.V/i«A-.,  I.ucnci',  I.  (U;i. 

Ilenco  —  2.  In  bnl.,  of  low  or  lowly  growth  :  ns, 

base  broom;    base  rocket. — 3.  Low  in  place, 

position,  or  degree.     [Archaic] 

I'.y  Ihnt  name  hole  nn  enlraiim  v,  ibirkenml  liaec, 
with  nmoake  and  aulphiir  hiding  all  the  place, 
Dcucenrls  lo  hell.  .s7«-i„fr,  K.  g  .  I.  v.  31. 

Men  nrllng  gregnriounty  are  nlwayn  In  nxtremcn;   lui 

ili.y  are  one  moment  inpnbli?  of  higher  courage,  an  they 

ill'  liable,  the  nelt,  to  bii'cr  di'pnuilon. 

JmivcU,  .Hludy  Window*,  p,  ICl, 


Bascule-bridge  ul  UnjucU. 


base 

4.  Of  little  value;  coarse  in  quality;  worth- 
less, absolutel.v  or  comparatively:  as,  the  base 
metals  (so  called  in  contrast  with  the  noble  oi 
precious  metals). 

The  harvest  white  plumb  is  a  base  plumb. 

Bacon,  J>at.  Hist.,  §  609. 

Often  has  the  vein  of  gold  displayed  itself  amid  the 
&a5cr  ores.         Marg.  Fuller,  Woman  in  19th  Cent.,  p.  15. 

Hence  —  5.  Fraudulently  debased  in  value; 
si^urious ;  false :  as,  base  coin. 

They  were  compelled  to  accept  ba.se  money  in  exchange 
for  those  commodities  they  were  forced  to  sell. 

Goldsmith,  Uist.  Eng.,  x. 

6.  Low  in  scale  or  rank ;  of  humble  origin, 
grade,  or  station ;  wanting  dignity  or  estima- 
tion; mean;  lowly:  as,  ftnA'e  menials. 

Base  things  of  the  world,  and  things  which  are  despised, 
h^th  God  choseu.  1  Cor.  i.  28. 

'Tis  the  plague  of  great  ones ; 
Prerogatived  are  they  less  than  the  base. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 

7.  Suitable  to  or  characteristic  of  a  low  con- 
dition ;  depressed ;  abject :  as,  base  servility. 

I  am  fire  and  air  ;  my  other  elements 

I  give  to  baser  life.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 

8.  Of  mean  spirit;  morally  low;  ■without  dig- 
nity of  sentiment :  said  of  persons. 

Base  is  the  slave  that  pays.  Skak,,  Hen.  'V.,  ii.  1. 

The  base  and  abject  multitude.  Junius. 

9.  Sho^^^ng  or  proceeding  from  a  mean  spirit: 
said  of  things. 

Him  that  utter'd  nothing  ba^e. 

Tennyson,  To  the  Queen. 

The  one  base  thing  in  the  universe  —  to  receive  favors 
and  to  render  none.  Etiter.-ion,  Compensation. 

10.  Of  illegitimate  buth ;  born  out  of  wedlock. 
Why  liastard?  wherefore  base!  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  2. 
I  din'd  with  S'  Rob*  Paston,  since  Earle  of  'Varmouth, 

and  saw  the  Duke  of  Verneuille,  base  brother  to  the  Q. 
Mother.  Eeelyn,  Diary,  June  23,  1605. 

11.  Deep;  grave:  applied  to  sounds:  as,  the 
base  tones  of  a  viol.     See  bas.^^. 

The  silver  sounding  instruments  did  meet 
With  the  base  niitrmure  of  the  waters  fall. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  71. 

12.  In  old  Eng.  law,  not  held  or  holding  by 
honorable  tenure:  as.  a  base  estate,  that  is,  an 
estate  hold  by  services  not  honorable  nor  in 
capite,  or  by  \'illeinage.  Such  a  tenure  is  called 
base  or  low,  and  the  tenant  a  base  tenant. — 

13.  Not  classical  or  refined:  as,  " ftoie  Latin," 
Fuller. 

No  Muses  aide  lue  ticcdes  heretoo  t*i  call; 
Base  is  the  style,  ami  nuittcr  nu'anc  withall. 

SpniHrr,  Motlier  Hub.  Tale,  1.  44. 

Base  bullion.  See  ?H///iio(.  —  Base  court.  See  base. 
evil ii.  —  Base  fee,  infeftment,  rlglit,  etc  See  the  nouns. 
—  Base  metals.  See  ii>ii<d.~  Syn.  ignoble,  vulgar,  ple- 
beian, mean,  contemptible,  despicable,  abject,  sordid, 
grtiveling,  servile,  slavish,  menial,  rascally,  villainous. 

II.  II.  If.  A  plaited  skirt,  reaching  from  the 
waist  to  the  knee,  worn  during  the  first  half  of 
the  sixteenth 
century,  incivil 
rnstiimc  it  was  ap 
J>cnded  to  the 
doublet,  or  sccur- 
ccl  to  the  girdle  ; 
it  was  also  worn' 
over  armor. 
2t.  A  skirt  of 
plate  -  armor, 
corrugated  or 
ribbeil  vertical- 
ly, as  if  in  imi- 
tation of  the 
preceding.  Sr. 
laiiihoi/s.  —  3t. 
Tint  skirt  of  a 
woman's  outer 
garment.  The 
word  was  usecl 
throughout  the  seventeenth  and  part  of  the 
eighteeiilh  century. — 4t.  An  apron. 

With  gauntlets  blue  and  bases  white. 

S.  Hiiller,  Iluilibras,  I.  II.  7(11). 

liiikerB  In  their  linen  banes.  Marston. 

5t.  The  housing  of  n,  horse:  iisi^d  in  the  six- 
teentli  and  sc'venteenth  I'eiituries. 

The  liases  and  bardca  of  their  horse  were  grene  suttyn. 
Unll,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  1. 
Or  to  descrlho  races  and  games,  ,  .  . 
Hises  and  thmel  trappings,  gorgeous  kidghts 
At  J'OiHt  mid  tournament.  Miltuii,  V.  I..,  Ix.  30. 

0.   Ill  mu.iir,  same  as  bass'-^. 
base't  (has),  V.   t,      [<  ba.ic'^,  a.,  but  in   first 
siiise  <  F.  baisser,  lower,  <  lias,  low,  base.    Cf. 
abase.]     1.  To  let  down;  aliase;  lowor. 

The  great  warrior  .  .  .  Isiseil  his  arms  ond  eiiHlgns  of 
llAte.  iloHand. 


Il.isc  nf  rich  shilT.  the  liorcler  emhmlctered  : 
ttCK'iiiXKg  "f  I*"'!!  century.—  From  toinli  of 
M.'txtuillmn  1.  .tt  Iiiuspruck. 


base 

2.  To  lower  In  character,  condition,  or  rank; 
ilegrado;  debase. —  3.  To  reduce  the  vahie  of 
l>y  the  admixture  of  meaner  elements  ;  debase. 
[Hare.] 

Metals  which  we  cannot  hai^e.  Bacon. 

base^  (bas),  )i.  [<  ME.  base,  has,  baas,  <  OP. 
liKxe,  F.  base,  <  L.  basis,  <  Gr.  ftnaig,  a  going,  a 
stepping,  a  step,  pedestal,  foot,  base,  <  •/  */J«, 
iu  ftaiveiv,  go,  =  ti.  venire,  come,  =  E.  come.] 
1 .  Tlie  bottom  of  anything,  considered  as  its 
support,  or  the  part  of  the  thing  itself,  or  a 
separate  feature,  on  which  the  thing  stands  or 
rests :  as,  the  base  of  a  column ;  the  base  of  a 
mountain. 

For  want  like  thine  —  a  bog  without  a  base  — 
Ingulfs  all  gains  I  gather  for  the  place.         Crabbe. 
Agjlinst  the  bases  of  the  southern  hills. 

Lowdt,  Under  the  Willows. 

Hence  —  2.  A  fundamental  principle  or  ground- 
work; foundation;  basis. 

Antonio  never  yet  was  thief,  or  pirate, 
Though,  I  confess,  on  base  and  ground  enough, 
Orsino's  enemy.  Shale,  T.  N.,  v.  1. 

Hereby  he  undermineth  the  base  of  religion. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

3.  In  arch.,  specifically — (a)  The  lowest  mem- 
ber of  a  wall,  either  projecting  beyond  the 
face  of  the  portion  of  the  wall  above  it,  or  dif- 
fering otherwise  from  it  in  construction,  and 
eft  en  resting  on  a  plinth,  with  or  without  in- 
tervening moldings.   ( b)  The  member  on  which 


2.3  4 

Bases. 

I,  from  nave  of  Lyons  cathedral,  13th  century ;  2,  from  eastern  porch 

of  Erechtheum,  Athens,  5th  century  B.  C. ;  3,  from  nave  of  Orvieto 

cathedral.  13th  century.     4,  Attic  base :  A,  C,  E,  fillets :  B,  upper 

torus :  D,  Scotia  ;  F.  lower  torus ;  G,  plinth,  orstylobate. 

the  shaft  rests  in  columns  of  nearly  aU  styles. 
It  appears  in  most  Egyptian  forms,  but  is  not  present  in 
the  Greek  Doric  column,  of  which  the  shaft  rests  directly 
on  the  stylobate.  In  purely  Hellenic  examples  of  the 
Ionic  and  Corinthian  the  base  consists  of  various  combina- 
tions of  moldings  on  a  circular  plan,  without  the  awk- 
ward square  plintll  which  was  universally  adopted  by  the 
Romans,  and  was  generally  retained  in  the  elaborately 
molded  bases  of  Byzantine  and  medieval  architecture. 
See  cut  under  entumn. 

4.  (a)  In  sool.  and  bot.,  the  extremity  opposite 
to  the  apex;  the  point  of  attachment,  or  the 
part  of  an  organ  which  is  nearest  its  point  of  at- 
tachment :  as,  the  base  of  a  leaf ;  the  base  of  a 
shell.  T]ie  point  of  attachment  of  an  anther, 
however,  is  sometimes  at  the  apex,  (h)  In  rod/., 
also,  that  part  or  extremity  of  anything  by 
which  it  is  attached  to  another  of  higher  value 
or  significance. —  5.  In  chem.,  a  compound  sub- 
stance which  unites  with  an  acid  to  form  a  salt. 
The  term  is  applied  to  tlie  hyilroxids  of  the  metals,  to  cer- 
tain metallic  oxids,  and  to  groups  of  atoms  containing  one 
or  more  hydroxyl  groups  (OH)  in  which  hydrogen  is  re- 
placeable by  an  acid  radical. 

6.  In  phar.,  the  principal  ingredient  of  any 
compound  preparation.— 7.  In  crystal.,  same 
as  basal  plane  (which  see,  under  basal). — 8.  In 
petrog.,  the  amorphous  or  isotropic  portion  of 
the  ground-mass  of  a  rock.  This  may  possess  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  structure,  rendering  it  distinct  from  glass, 
while  not  crystalline,  when  it  is  known  as  a  micro/elsitic 
base.  If  a  true  glass,  it  may  be,  according  to  the  amount 
of  devitrification  products  present,  inierolitic,  globulitic,  or 
glassy.  In  some  recent  audesitic  lavas  it  possesses  a  pe- 
culiar appearance,  so  similar  to  felt  that  it  is  known  as  a 
felt-like  base.  The  term  magma  (which  see)  has  also  been 
used  by  some  writers  as  equivalent  to  base. 
9.  In  dentistri/,  the  setting  for  artificial  teeth. 
—  10.  In  (liji  iiiij,  a  substance  that  has  an  affin- 
ity for  both  the  cloth  and  the  coloring  matter ; 
a  mordant. — 11.  In  fort.,  the  exterior  side  of 
the  polygon,  or  that  imaginary  line  which  is 
drawn  from  the  point  or  salient  angle  of  one 
bastion  to  the  point  of  the  next. —  12.  In  geom., 
the  line  or  surface  forming  that  part  of  a  figuie 


463 

on  which  it  is  supposed  to  stand ;  the  side  op- 
posite to  the  apex.  Tlie  base  of  a  hyjjcrbola  or  a 
I)aral)ola  is  a  line  formed  by  the  common  intersection  of 
the  secant  plane  and  the  base  of  the  cone. 
13.  In  arilh.  and  algebra,  a  number  from  the 
different  i)owors  of  which  all  numbers  are  con- 
ceived as  produced.  The  base  of  a  system  of  aritb- 
nu-tical  notation  is  a  iiuniber  the  multiples  of  whoso 
powers  are  added  together  to  express  any  numlicr;  thus, 
lu  is  the  base  of  the  decimal  system  of  arithmetic.  In 
the  theory  of  numliers,  the  base  of  an  index  is  a  number 
which,  being  r:ii.4cd  to  the  power  represented  by  the  in. 
<le.\,  gives  .1  nnuilpcr  eongrucnt  to  the  numlier  whoso  Index 
is  .spoken  of.  The  base  of  a  system  of  logarithms  is  the 
mLinbiT  wliich,  raised  to  the  power  indicated  by  the  log- 
aritlim,  gives  the  number  to  which  the  bjgarithm  belongs. 
Tile  Napierian  base,  or  base  of  the  Napierian  system  of 
logarithms,  is  the  number  represented  by  the  infinite 
series, 


^  +  ^  +'  *  +  2:3  +  2Xi  +  iSJZ 


+  etc. 


It  is  2.718281S2S459  + 

14.  In  her.,  the  lower  part  of  the  field,  the 
charges  in  which  are  said  to  be  in  base,    it  is 

sometimes  considered  as  divided  into  dexter,  sinister,  and 
middle  Ijase,  and  the  charges  are  blazoned  accordingly. 
See  dexter  ami  sinister. 

15.  Milit. :  (a)  A  tract  of  country  protected  by 
fortifications,  strong  by  natural  advantages,  or 
for  any  other  reason  comparatively  secure, 
from  which  the  operations  of  an  army  proceed, 
or  from  which  supplies  are  obtained:  called 
distinctively  the  base  of  ox)erations  or  the  base 
of  supply. 

Base,  in  military  operations,  is  simply  a  secure  starting- 
point,  or  rather  tract  of  country  behind,  in  which  an 
army  is  in  comparative  safety,  and  in  which  the  stores  and 
reserves  of  men  for  the  force  are  situated.     Saturday  Beu. 

(b)  The  rounded  hinder  portion  of  a  gun,  gen- 
erally called  the  base  of  the  breech,  (c)  A  small 
light  cannon  tised  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries. — 16.  lusurv.,  same  as  base- 
line.— 17.  The  place  from  which  racers  or  tilt- 
ers  start ;  a  starting-post. 

To  their  appointed  base  they  went. 

Dryden,  jEueid,  v. 

18.  An  old  game,  played  in  various  ways,  in 
some  of  which  it  is  still  practised,  and  in  all  of 
which  there  are  certain  spaces  marked  out,  be- 
j'ond  or  off  which  any  player  is  liable  to  be 
touched  with  the  hand  or  struck  with  a  ball  by 
a  player  on  the  enemy's  side.  Forms  of  this  game 
are  known  under  the  names  of  prismiers'  base,  rounders, 
and  base-ball,  imder  which  last  name  it  has  become  the 
national  game  of  the  United  States. 

After  a  course  at  Earley-break  or  Base. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

19.  One  of  the  spaces  marked  off  in  the  game  of 
base  or  prisoners'  base.  See  18. —  20.  In  ba.se- 
ball,  one  of  the  four  corners  of  the  diamond. 
See  base-ball. —  21.  That  part  of  an  electro- 
magnetic apparatus  which  contains  the  helix, 
switch,  and  first  and  secondary  binding-posts. 
— Altem  base,  Attic  base,  etc.  See  tlu-  adjectives.— 
Organic  bases.  See  o/v/wi"-.  — Prisoners'  base.  See 
2irisoner.— To  bid  the  or  a  baset,  to  clialknge  to  a  gaiue 
of  base,  and  hence,  from  the  popularity  of  tlie  game,  to 
challenge  to  a  trial  of  dexterity,  skill,  or  strength,  or  to  a 
trial  of  any  kiml ;  challenge  generally. 

To  bid  the  wind  a  base  he  now  prepares. 

Sttak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  303. 

We  will  find  comfort,  money,  men,  and  friends, 
Ere  long  to  bid  the  English  king  a  base. 

Marlowe,  Edw.  11.,  ii. 

base^  (bas),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  based,  ppr.  bas- 
ing. [<  base'i,  ».]  1.  To  form  a  foundation 
for.  [Bare.]  —  2.  To  use  as  a  grotmdwork  or 
foundation  for ;  ground;  found;  establish:  with 
on  or  upion :  as,  all  sound  paper  currency  must 
be  based  on  coin  or  bullion ;  he  bases  his  argu- 
ments iipon  false  prerriises. 

It  is  on  the  understanding,  and  not  on  the  sentiment,  of 
a  nation  that  all  safe  legislation  must  be  based. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  IC,:,. 

base^  (bas),  n.  'Another  form  of  bass^  and  barse. 
[Local  Eng.  (Cumberland).] 

base-bag  (bas'bag),  n.  In  base-ball,  one  of  the 
bags  often  used  to  mark  first,  second,  and  third 
base. 

base-ball  (bas'bal'),  »•  1.  A  game  of  ball 
played  by  eighteen  persons,  nine  on  a  side.  A 
square  plot  of  ground  called  the  diamond,  with  sides  90 
feet  long,  is  marked  off,  at  the  cotners  of  which  are  the 
bases,  known  as  liome  or  home  base  (B),  first  ba^e  (D),  sec- 
ond base  (E),  and  third  base  (F).  The  players  on  one  side 
take  their  positions  in  the  field,  the  catclier  (A)  just  behind 
the  home  base,  the  pitcher (C)  at  a  distance  of  .'>,';  feet  from 
the  home  base  on  the  hue  from  home  to  second  base,  the 
three  basemen  near  first,  second,  and  third  base,  the  short- 
stop (G)  between  second  and  third,  and  three  fielders, 
known  as  riiiht  (H),  center  (I),  and  le.ft  (J),  at  some  dis- 
tance behind  and  on  each  side  of  the  second  base.  The 
pitcher  pitches  the  ball  over  the  home  plate  to  the  catcher. 
One  of  the  other  side,  which  is  said  to  be  in.  or  at  the  bat, 
takes  a  position  by  the  home  base,  and  tries  to  strike  the 
ball  as  it  passes  him.    If  he  knocks  it  into  the  air,  and  one 


base-line 

of  the  other  side  catches  it  before  it  reaches  the  ground, 

the  striker  is  out  or  caught  out,  that  is,  retires  from  the 

bat,  and  another  takes  his  place.    Should  the  ball  pass 

outside    the    line     from 

Iiome   to    first   or   from  / 

home  to  third*  base  con-      T  *  JJ 

tinned  indefitiitely,  it  is  a     .  • 

foul,  and  does  not  (!otmt 

at  all,  unless  it  is  caught 

liefore     it    touches    tiic 

grotnid,  in  which  case  tlie 

striker  is  out.    Shoidd  it 

strike  inside  these  lines, 

the  batter  runs  to  first 

base,  and  then  or  later  to 

second,  third,  and  home 

base.    If  he  reaches  home 

base    ho    scores    a    rurt. 

Should  the  ball  be  thrown 

to  and  caught  by  a  player 

standing    on    first    base 

before    the    batter    suc- 
ceeds in  reaching  it,  or 

should     the     batt^^r     be 

touched  with  the  ball  in 

the  hands  of  any  of  his 

adversaries  while  rimning 

from  one  base  to  another, 

he  is  out.    One  jdayer  after  another  of  the  side  which  is 

"in"  goes  to  the  bat  imtil  three  men  have  been  put  out. 

Tliis  constitutes  an  inning.     Nine  innings  for  each  side 

make  a  game,  and  that  side  which  succeeds  in  making  the 

greater  number  of  runs  wins  the  game. 

2.  The  ball  with  which  this  game  is  played. 
base-board  (bas'bord),  n.     A  line  of  boarding 

around  the  interior  walls  of  a  room,  next  to 

the  floor. 
base-born  (bas'bom),  a.    Of  base  or  low  birth ; 

born  out  of  wedlock ;  of  low  or  mean  parentage 

or  origin ;  spurious. 

Thy  base-born  child,  thy  babe  of  shame.  Gwy. 

It  is  justly  expected  that  they  should  bring  forth  a  base- 
born  issue  of  divinity.       Milton,  Dcf.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

base-bred  (bas'bred),  a.  Of  low  or  base  breed- 
ing; mean;  of  discreditable  origin. 

As  little  souls  their  base-bred  fancies  feed.       J.  Baillie. 

base-broom  (bas'brom),  «.  A  name  given  to 
(iiiiisia  tincloria,  with  reference  to  its  low 
stature. 

base-buimer  (bas'b6r"n6r),  «.  A  stove  or  fur- 
nace constructed  on  the  base-bui'ningj)rineiple, 

base-burning  (bas'bfer"ning),  a.  Buming  at 
the  base — Base-burning  furnace  or  stove,  a  fur- 
nace or  stove  in  which  the  fuel  bums  at  the  bottom,  and 
is  renewed  from  a  self-acting  hopper  or  chamt)er  above. 

base-court  (bas'kort),  «.  1.  A  secondary  or 
inferior  court  or  yard,  generally  at  the  back  of 
a  house,  opposed  to  the  chief  court  or  main 
quadrangle  ;  a  farm-yard. — 2.  In  Eng.  law,  an 
inferior  court  of  justice,  but  a  court  of  record, 
as  a  court-baron,  court-leet,  etc. 

basedt  (bast),  a.     [<  base'^,  n.,  +  -erf2.]     'Wear- 
ing or  clothed  in  a  base  or  skirt. 
Based  in  lawny  velvet.  Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  6. 

base-dance  (bas'dans),  n,  A  slow  dance  in  J 
time,  resembling  the  minuet. 

When  the  said  ilorris  is  doone,  then  the  gentillmen  to 
com  xmto  the  women  and  make  their  obeisaunce,  and 
every  of  them  to  taike  oon  liy  thand,  and  datmce  suche 
base  daunees  as  is  apointed  theym. 

Quoted  in  J.  P.  Collier's  Eng.  Dram.  Poetry,  I.,  notes. 

Basedow's  disease.    See  disease. 
base-hearted  (bas'har"ted),  a.   Having  a  base, 

treacherous  heart ;  deceitful. 

baselardt,  "•     Same  as  bastard. 

baseless  (bas'les),  a.  [<  base^  +  -less.'\  With- 
out a  base ;  having  no  foundation  or  support. 

Like  the  baseless  fabric  of  this  vision. 
The  cloud-capp'd  towers,  the  gorgeous  palaces, 
The  solemn  temples,  the  great  globe  itself, 
Yea,  all  which  it  inherit,  shall  dissolve ; 
And.  like  this  insubstantial  pageant  faded. 
Leave  not  a  rack  behind.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

baselessness  (bas'les-nes),  «.  The  quality  of 
being  baseless,  or  without  foundation  ;  groimd- 
lessness. 

base-level  (bas'lev-el),  n.  In  geol.,  the  level  at 
which  the  erosive  action  of  a  stream,  in  a  given 
area,  ceases. 

base-line  (bas'lin),  «.  1.  A  line  adopted  as  a 
base  or  foundation  from  which  future  opera- 
tions are  carried  on,  or  on  which  they  depend 
or  rest,  (a)  In  perspect.,  the  bottom  line  of  a  picture, 
iu  which  the  foremost  vertical  plane  of  delineation  cuts 
the  ground-plaue,  on  which  the  objects  represented  in 
the  picture  stand,  (b)  In  .<»rt'.,  any  measured  line  form- 
ing a  side  of 'a  triangle,  the  adjacent  angles  of  which  being 
measured,  the  relative  position  of  the  third  vertex  is 
determined ;  especially,  in  geodesy,  a  line  measured  with 
the  utmost  precision  to  serve  as  the  origin  of  a  system  of 
triangles,  and  as  the  foundation  for  the  computation  of 
the  length  of  their  sides.  In  the  process  of  triangulation, 
the  angles  of  these  triangles  and  the  length  of  a  single  side 
(the  base  or  ba.se-Iine)  ifeinL;  known,  the  lengths  of  all  can 
be  computed.  In  every  great  survey  a  number  of  base-lines 
are  measured,  each  being  from  3  to  10  miles  in  length. 


base-line 


<«)  initt  a  line,  as  of  frontier,  sea-coast,  or  forts,  taken 
by  an  army  as  tlie  base  of  operations,  from  winch  move- 
ments have  their  oriirin,  and  supplies  of  food,  ammunition, 
and  men  are  sent  to  the  front,  and  to  which  the  ai-my  may 
retreat  in  case  of  disaster.  Also  called  base. 
i2.  A  line  traced  rotmd  a  cannon  behind  the 
vent. —  3.  In  the  game  of  lawn-tennis,  the  end 
line  of  the  court;  the  line  from  which  the 
player  serves  the  ball.—  4.  In  base-ball,  the  line 
connecting  one  base  with  the  next. 
basely  (bas'li),  adv.  1.  In  a  base  manner; 
meanly;  dishonorably. 

Warr'd  he  hath  not, 
But  baeelil  yielded  upon  compromise 
That  which  his  ancestors  achiev'd  with  blows. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 
2.  In  a  base  or  mean  condition;  illegitimately; 
in  bastardy. 

Two  .Mitylcne  brethren,  basely  bom. 
3t.  At  a  low  rate ;  cheaply. 
Them  that  desire  to  look  big,  and  to  live  basely. 

Vtnner,  Via  Kecta,  iii.  62.    (X.  E.  D.) 

baseman  fbas'man),  «.;  pi.  basemeyi  (-men). 
Auv  one  of  the  tLree  players  who  in  the  game 
of  i.:is<.-ball  are  stationed  at  first,  second,  and 
tluT'l  bases. 

basement  (bas'ment),  n.  [=  MLG.  basement, 
basiment,  basmait,  base,  pedestal;  cf.  F.  sou- 
basscment,  formerly  sous-ba.-<semctit,<  sous,  un 
der  (<  L.  subtus,  <  sub,  imder),  -t-  'bassemoit  (in 
form  after  It.  i«.s.9n»«H  to,  abasement ) :  see  basr^ 
and  -men  <.]  1 .  The  lower  or  f imdamental  por- 
tion ;  a  base.     [Rare.] 

Vp  from  its  deep  reservoirs,  from  the  mysterious  bate- 
menia  of  the  mountain,  wells  tlie  silent  stream. 

J.  A.  Si/mumln,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  322. 

2.  In  arch. :  (a)  The  portion  of  the  elevation 
of  a  stnicttire  which  performs  the  function  in 
the  design  of  constituting  a  support  to  thos(( 
portions  which  come  above  it;  especially,  tlie 
substructure  of  a  columnar  or  arched  construc- 
tion, but  also  the  lowest  member  in  the  design 
of  a  wall,  etc.    Compare  basc^,  3. 

It  (the  tombl  consisted  of  a  s(iuarc  bannnent  surrounded 
by  a  Uiiriuii.ristvle  withcnKaRcd  columns,  and  snrmounled 
by  a  pyramid,  on  the  apex  of  which  was  jdaced  the  lion  as 
the  epithemu,  or  crowniii'^'  ornament. 

C.  T.  Sewtun,  Art  and  Archicol.,  p.  M. 

(b)  A  floor  or  story  which  is  wholly  or  in  part 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  but  is  usu- 
ally, as  distinguished  from  a  cellar,  well  lighted, 
and  tittoil  up  and  used  for  household  or  other 
usual  purposes.— 3.  The  act  of  basing,  or  the 
state  of  being  based.  [Karo.]  -  Basement  mem- 
brane, in  ciuit.,  tt  delicate  niemliram  .  formed  of  llat- 
tcnid  •■.•IN.  which  underlies  thii  cpltlulluni  o(  mucous 
HP  I,  ■  ■  I  covers  that  of  scrnticii;  fc-lands.     Also 

cai  I  ;/roj>riVi.  —  Basement  tissue,  the  sub- 

it .  ..■  lit  mi-miirane.     English  basement,  the 

.  ol  tt  city  hoUNe  when  jl  is  un  the  level  of 


fltrect. 

■,  il    the 


t-w  Yorkers  call  I 


tf  I,  lja<*  ItH  entrance  at  thf  level  of  the  street 

1,1  .  •  r'"Hii«up»liilr»,aii  illnllriKuislMd  from  the 

l"i'  i.  :.|,c  »llh  ll4"hiKh  »t<H.ir  kIvInu  linmediale  ac- 
.  i '.  I.,  llje  chlif  npartlmnU.       )'/■'  On/.ir;/,  .\X.\I.  M9. 

basement-story  (bas'roent-sto'ri),  h.      Same 

n-  (".    ,m,„l,  2  (h). 

base-minded  (Ims'min'dod),  «.    Of  a  low  spirit 

i>riiiiiiil;  tiiiaii;  dishononibly  incOlneil. 
base-mlndedly    (buH'niin'dcil-ll),    ndr.      In   a 


464 

Stare  on  him  with  big  lookes  basen  wide. 

Sjienser,  llother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  670. 

baseness  (bas'nes),  n.     [<  base^  -t-  -ness.l     1. 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  base  or  low  in 
scale ;  meanness  of  grade ;  lowliness,  as  of  bii-th 
or  station. 
Baseness  of  birth  is  a  great  disparagement  to  some  men. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  347. 
He  mixing  with  his  proper  sphere, 
She  finds  the  basetiess  of  her  lot. 

Tennyson,  In  ilemoriam,  Ix. 
2.  That  which  is  base  or  low;  anything  of  an 
ignoble  grade  or  quality ;  meanness,  as  of  re- 
lation or  employment. 

Some  kinds  of  baseness 
Are  nobly  undergone.         Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  1. 
I  once  did  hold  it  a  basen.ess  to  ^v^ite  fair. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

3t.  Illegitimacy  of  birth ;  bastardy. 
Why  brand  they  us 
With  base?  with  baseness,  bastardy? 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  2. 

4.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  morally  mean 
or  vile  ;  vileness ;  worthlessness. 

Villains, 
Whose  baseness  all  disgraceful  words  made  one 
Cannot  express ! 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  JIalta,  iv.  4. 

Equal  baseness  lived  in  sleeker  times. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

5.  Of  metals:  (n)  Liability  to  rust:  opposed 
to  nobleness,  (b)  Inferior  or  debased  quality, 
the  result  of  ha\-ing  been  alloyed  with  a  cheaper 
metal ;  spuriousness. 

We  alledgedthefraudulentobtaining  his  patent,  theStwc- 
ness  of  his  metal,  and  the  prodigious  sum  to  be  coined. 

Suri/t. 

6t.  Deepness  of  sound. 
The  baseness  or  trebleness  of  tones. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  1S4. 

Knoiies.  basenett,  «■    See  basinet. 

baseology  (ba-se-ol'o-ji),  Ji.  [<  Gr.  jiaai;,  base, 
-y-  ->u)tu,  <  '/i-jtiv,  speak:  see  -olor/y.  Cf.  plirasc- 
ohifpi.]     Fuiiilaiiieiital  philosopliy.     Krautli. 

base-plate  (bas'plfit),  n.  1.  The  foumlation- 
jilate  of  metal  on  which  a  heavy  piece  of  ma- 
chinery, as  a  steam-engine,  stands ;  the  bed- 
plate.—  2.  In  ba.-:e-baU,  one  of  the  plates  for- 
merly often  used  to  mark  the  bases;  hence,  by 
extension,  one  of  the  bases. 
.  base-ring  (bas'ring),  n.  A  projecting  band  of 
metal  directly  in  front  of  the  base  of  the  breech 
in  old  pieces  of  ordnance,  connected  vrith  the 
boiiy  of  the  gun  by  a  concave  molding. 

base-rocket  (bris'rok"et),  «.  A  species  of  mi- 
giioiii'tte,  Vcscda  Uitca:  so  called  from  its 
roekct-liko  leaves  and  low  stature. 

base-running  (bas'run'iug),  «.  In  base-ball, 
I  ho  act  of  running  from  base  to  base. 

bases,  ".     Plural  of  basis. 

base-spirited  (bas'spir  i-ted),  a.  Having  a 
base  or  mean  spirit;  mean;  cowardly. 

bashl  (bash),  i'.  ['•''•  'l''il-  orcolloi|. ;  in  popular 
apprehension  regarded  as  imitative  (cf.  hang, 
flash,  smash,  etc.),  but  ]u-ob.  of  Scand.  origin, 
assibilated  form  of  Im.iL-'-i  (now  obs. ;  cf.  dial. 
ftrt.vAiHjf,  a  sound  thrashing),  <  Dan.  basic,  slap, 
drub,  Sw.  liasa,  whij),  drill),  beat.]  I.  trans. 
To  strike  with  a  heavy  blow;  beat  violently; 
knock  out  of  shape.  [('oUoq.  and  prov.  Eng.] 
A  woman,  a  whelp,  and  a  walnuttrec, 
The  more  you  bash  'em  the  better  they  he. 

Proverbial  saying. 
(The  above  proverb  refers  to  the  practice  of  bcallni;  wal- 
nut-trees wlieu  in  bud  with  poles,  or  heatliiK  cjII  the  fruit, 
a  proceeding  which  was  thought  to  iucrcase  their  produc- 
tiveness.] 

n.  inlrans.  To  strike;  knock.     [CoUoq.  and 

prov.  Kng.] 

bashl  (bash),  n,     [Cf.  Dan.  bask,  a  blow,  Sw. 

has,  whipping,  beating;    from   the  vitI).]      A 

blow  that  knocks  out  of  sliapi',  or  leaves  a  ilont. 

ba.ichen,  liai- 
iplieresis  mr  aimsnrn,  cie.,  aliash:  see 
abash.']    1.  trans.   To  daunt;   disnuiy;  abash 


It'.  .H.J    .See  extract.  r^'  11  1  1'     '  1       " 

,o,t  conspicuous  ImporUitlon  from  Britain  J'  v'?Ti  "'i  ^''!'.'      /<-  Ml.'    ;.«««), 
1  the  /•./,.//■./,  iMsrmeni-  bash-f  (bash),  r.      [<  Mh.  luLssli 


sen,  by  apheresis  for  aha.ihrn,  eti 


1.^ 

bas 


confound;  confuse 

She  that  bwiKd  the  aun-Kod  with  her  eyes. 
Orrene  ami  I^mlye,  IxnikhlK  <llft««  for  Ixiiid.  and  hnij. 
n.  in  trans.  1.  To  bo  daunted,  dismayed,  or 
confounded. 

Ills  cminliniiunce  was  bold,  and 'xmAci/ not 
J'or  Uuyons  lookes,  but  scornefull  eyi'ttlauneo  at  bim  shot. 
Si'emer,  V.  ().,  II.  Iv.  .'IT. 
Make  Venus'  lenmn.  armd  In  nil  his  pomp, 
Ihuh  at  Ibc^  liilnlitni'W  of  your  hardy  hoiks. 
Orrene  ami  IM'fr,  l.-ioklnu  liliu."  (or  l,ond.  and  F.nif. 
2.  To  1)0  abashed  or  nshained ;  bo  put  out  of 
cDunteiianco. 
.lV,,„.iiod;  I). i-'r/,<(.rCTi,  astonish. J   bash^'  (biwh),  <•.  '.     \V..  iliiil.;  p.'ih.ii.H  iini.th.T 
ith  nstonlshnient.  uso  of  bathi-.}     Iii  coal-mininy,  to  1111  with  rub- 


or flishonorablo  inunnor 
:  (l.riH'mol'iling),  II.     In  nreh.,  an 
Holding  at  the  base  of  any  urchi- 
I  ri<,  88  a  column,  pedoBtuI,  or  espe- 


bascni,  '     l  Apinir.onoofHpensiT'Hmftdeworils 

Cf.  .-■  .  '"'  ../,  .--  .  . 

Exleieh'l  U.I 


bashlyk 

bish  (space  from  which  coal  has  been  taken). 
[S.  Wales.] 
basbaw  (ba-sha'),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bas- 
sair,  ba.iha,  bacha  (F.  liacha.  It.  bassa,  fta.scia, 
ML.  bassa),  etc.,  <  Tiu-k.  bdshd  (Pers.  bmha, 
bddshdh),   another  form  (perhaps   after  bdsh, 
head,  chief)  of  pdshd,  <  Pers.  pddshdh,  a  gov- 
ernor, prince,  king:  see  pasha.}     1.  Same  as 
pa.'iha. —  2.  A  grandee;  an  important  person- 
age;   a  bigwig.      [CoUoq.]— Bashaw  of  three 
tails,  a  hasliaw  or  pasha  of  the  rank  indicated  by  that 
number  of  horse-tails  borne  upon  his  standai-d. 
'Tis  a  very  fine  thing  to  be  father-in-law 
To  a  very'maguiflcent  thri;^^taile<1  Bashait! 

G.  Colman  the  Vouinjer,  Blue  Beard,  il.  5, 

bashful  (bash'fid),  a.     [<  bash^  -t-  -/»?.]     If. 
Wanting  in  self-possession;  fearful;  dismayed. 
And  bashful  Henry  depos'd,  whose  cowardice 
Hath  made  us  bywords  to  our  enemies. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

2.  Easily  put  to  confusion;  modest  to  excess; 
diffident";  shy;  sheepish.  [Formerly used  also 
in  the  sense  "of  modest,  unassuming,  as  a  term 
of  commendation.] 

Come,  you  pernicious  ass  [to  the  page],  you  bashfultool, 
must  you  be  blushing?  wherefore  blush  you  now? 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 

3."  Indicative  of,  accompanied  with,  or  proceed- 
ing from  bashfulness. 

Tlie  refusal  which  his  cousin  had  steadfastly  given  him 
would  naturally  fiow  from  her  bash/til  modesty  and  the 
genuine  delicacy  of  her  character. 

Jane  Ausfen,  Pride  and  Prejudice,  p.  95. 

4t.  Exciting  bashfulness  or  shame. 

.\  woman  yet  must  blush  when  ba.ihful  is  the  case. 

Mir.  for  .Va^s.,  p.  50. 

bashfully  (bash'ful-i),  adv.  If.  Without  self- 
possession;  -nith  misgivings. —  2.  In  a  bashful, 
moilest,  or  shy  manner. 

bashfulness  (bash'fiil-nes),  «.  The  quality  of 
being  bas'.iful;  excessive  or  extreme  modesty; 
timorous  shyness;  want  of  eouiideuce.  [For- 
merly, like  bashful,  a  term  of  commendation, 
equivalent  to  modesty. 

He  full  oi  bashfulness  and  truth. 
Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso's  Godfrey  of  BuUoigne,  IL] 
We  have  in  England  a  particular  bashfulness  in  every- 
thing that  regards  religion.    Addison,  Spectator,  No.  468. 
=  Syn.   lUisbfiiliiess,   Modesty,   Dijlidence,  Shyness,   Coy- 
U'ss.  tiiiii»lil.v,  .sheepishness.     Baslifuhtess,  literally  reatti* 
iicss  to  be  libiushcd,  designates  timidity  and  a  disturbed 
state  of  feeling  at  meeting  with  othel's,  or  being  brought 
into  any  prominence.     It  is  natural  and  not  unbecoming 
to  the  young,  but  with  advancing  years  seems  a  defect; 
it  is  often  a  transient  state  of  feeling.      Modesty  goes 
deeper  into  tlie  character;  it  is  either  a  proper  and  be- 
coming distrust  of  one's  self  anil  one's  powers,  or  a  high- 
minded  freedom  from  assurance  and  assumption ;  it  is 
ahvays  an  excellence,  unless  explicitly  saiti  to  be  excessive. 
Dijiulrnce  is  a  defect ;  it  is  an  undue  distrust  of  self,  with 
fear  of  being  censured  for  failure,  tiilding  to  untlt  one  for 
dut.v.    Shi/ness  is  simply  a  i-onstitntioiial  shrinking  from 
contact  w'ith  others;    it  is  the  result  of  sensitiveness. 
Cot/nrss  is  shyness  where  advances  are  made  by  others;  a 
shrinking  from  familiarity,  perhaps  in  a  cociucttish  way. 
Yet  unask'd. 
His  baslifnliiess  and  tenderness  at  war, 
He  set  h'iuiself  beside  her. 

Te}inyson,  Enoch  .'\rden. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  nnulesly  in  a  man  is  never  to  ho 
allowed  as  a  good  i|iiality,  but  a  weakness,  if  il  siippicsscs 
his  virtue,  when  he  has  at  the  sanije  time  a  mind  to  exert 
himself.  .'iir  Ii.  Steele,  Taller,  No.  52. 

As  an  actor,  Mr.  Cnnningham  obtained  little  reputa- 
tion, for  his  di^dctice  was  too  great  to  be  overcome. 

Jtihnjfon. 

For  tlio  very  cause  of  shyness  is  nn  over-anxiety  as  to 
what  iteople  are  thinking  of  you;  a  morbid  attention  to 
your  own  appearance. 

Wliatety,  Bacon's  Essay  of  Discourse. 
The  laugh  that  guides  thee  to  the  mai-k. 
When  the  kind  nymph  would  eoyncss  feign, 
And  hides  but  to  be  found  again. 

Iiryden,  tr.  of  Horace,  I.  ix.  :ia. 

bashi-bazouk  (bash'i-ba-z8k'),  n.  [Turk. 
hastii-liii-iKi,  ono  who  is  in  no  ^lartleular  ilress 
or  uniform,  an  irregular  soldier  or  civilian, 
<  /)(i.s7ii',  head,  head-dress,  dress  and  ajiiiear- 
ance,  +  iorHi/,  sjioilt,  disorderly,  bad,  <  hn:, 
spoil,  damage,  deslroy.]  A  volunteer  and  ir- 
regular auxiliary,  serving  in  eoiincetion  wilh 
file  Turkish  ariiiy  for  inainleiiunce,  but  with- 
out pay  or  uniform.  llashilmzouks  are  gcmrally 
mounlcil',  and  bi'cause  unpaid  fi'ei|Uenlly  ri'sort  ti>  pillage. 
They  are  also  at  Ihe  couiinand  of  municipal  govciiiois, 
and'wben  di'lalleil  lo  ai'coiiipniiy  travilcrs  or  I'xpeillllcins 
Ihrougli  Ibe  i-onntry  llii'y  expect  not  ..iily  to  be  "found," 
lint  In  1..'  snllablv  rcwardeil  with  bnl-sbinli. 

bashlesBt  (Imsh'les),  a.  [<  liasli-  +  -le.i.i.  Cf. 
Iiiislit'iil.]     ShameloHs;  unblushing.     Spenser. 

bashlyk  (biish'lik),  ».  [Also  lid.shlih;  repr.  Wuss. 
hiislihiil.ii,  a  Cniicasiiiu  liooil  or  cowl.]  A  sort 
111'  hoiul  iir  lieail-covering  wilh  lung  ciiils,  usu- 
ally inaili'  in  one  piei'c,  worn  in  Kiissia.  Tho 
best  i|ualltlcs  arc  of  u  flue  light  lirown  camcl'shalr  olotli 


bashlyk 

ornamented  with  silver  or  silver-gilt  galloon.  A  similar 
artii-le  to  which  this  name  has  been  given  is  worn  by 
women  in  the  United  States  as  a  light  covering  for  the 
head. 

Hanging  between  the  shoulders,  and  knotted  around  the 
necktof  the  Daghestani]  is  the  hashtlk,  or  hood,  woi-n  dur- 
ing bad  weather,  this  hood  being  of  a  crimson  color. 

O'lJnnomi/i,  Mcrv,  ii. 

I  considered  that  a  light  fur  and  a  bashli/k  —  n  cloth 
hood  wllicli  protects  the  ears  —  would  be  quite  sutficient 
to  keep  out  the  cold-  />.  M.  Wallace,  Jiussia,  p.  21. 

Bashmuric  (bash-mo'rik),  n.  A  dialect  of  Cop- 
tic, named  from  the  district  Bashmur  of  Lower 
Egypt,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Delta:  as,  tlio 
Bashmuric  version  of  the  New  Testament.  Also 
Basmuric. 

basi-.  The  combining  form,  in  various  scien- 
tific terms,  of  Latin  basis  (6r.  fSdai^),  base.  See 
basis. 

basia  (ba'zi-a),  n.  pi.  [Lit.  kisses;  pi.  of  L. 
basiiim,  a  kiss.]  A  name  for  erotic  verses  or 
amorous  writings  of  any  kind;  anacreontics; 
Sapphics :  as,  the  basia  of  Bonnef  ons  and  Se- 
cundus. 

basial  (ba'zi-al),  a.  [<  L.  basium,  a  kiss,  +  -al."] 
Eelating  to  or  consisting  of  a  kiss.     [Rare.] 

The  innocent  gaiety  of  his  sister-in-law  expressed  itself 
in  the  "funny  answers  "  and  the  basial  salutation. 

Quarterly  Rev. 

basi-alveolar  (ba'si-al-ve'c-lar),  a.  [<  basion  + 
alreolar.}  In  crnniom.,  pertaining  to  the  basion 
and  the  alveolar  point.  Also  hnsio-aJnolar. — 
Basl-alveolar  length,  the  distanc-  Ik  twee  n  liic  basion 
and  t he  alvciihir  point.— Basi-alveolar  line,  tlic  line  join- 
i\\'^  the  basion  and  tlie  alveolar  point.     .See  eraninmetry. 

basiation  (ba-zi-a'shon),  71.  [<  L.  basiutio{n-), 
<  biisiare,  pp.  basiatus,  kiss,  <  basium,  a  kiss.] 
Kissing.     [Rare.] 

basiator  (ba'zi-a-tor),  n.  [NL.,  <L.  basiator,  a 
kisser,  <  basiare,  kiss:  see  basiation.']  The  or- 
bicular muscle  of  the  mouth.  Also  called  or- 
bieuliiris  oris  and  oscularis.  ,,.  ,„, 

basibrachial  (ba-si-bra'ki-al), 
n.  In  some  moUusks,  a  piece 
like  an  inverted  T,  which 
forms  a  support  to  the  base 
of  tlie  "  arms"  of  the  fore  foot. 

basibracteolate  (ba-si-brak'- 
te-o-lat),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  NL.  bracteola  + 
-nfci.]  In  bot.,  having  bracts 
at  the  base :  applied  especially 
to  the  involucre  of  a  compo- 
site ilower  when  it  is  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  a  series 
of  bracts,  as  in  the  dandelion. 

basibranchial  (ba-si-brang'ki-al),  a.  and  v. 
[<  L.  hums,  a  base,  +  branchiii,  giUs,  +  -aZ.] 

1,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  base  or  bony  basis  of 
gUls  or  branchisB,  or  to  the  corresponding  vis- 
ceral arches  of  abranchiate  vertebrates. 

II.  n.  A  bone  or  cartilage  forming  the  base 
of  a  branchia,  gill-arch,  or  visceral  arch.  In 
birds,  the  basilu-anohial  is  the  single  median  piece  of  the 
hyoid  apparatus  usually  called  urohyal.  In  typical  fishes 
there  are  three  basibranchi.als  in  a  longitudinal  row,  be- 
neath the  foremost  of  which  is  the  urohyal,  and  in  front 
the  glossohyal. 
basic  (ba'sik),  a.  [<  basc"^  +  -ic]  1.  Relat- 
ing to  a  base ;  of  the  nature  of  a  base ;  funda- 
mental. 

This  basic  principle  runs  through  the  literature  of  the 
past  from  the  days  of  the  Zend  A  vesta. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  C'XLIII.  373. 

2.  In  chem. :  (a)  Performing  the  office  of  abase 
in  a  salt.  (6)  Having  the  base  in  excess;  hav- 
ing more  than  one  equivalent  of  the  base  for 
each  equivalent  of  acid. —  3.  In  geol.,  contain- 
ing a  relatively  small  amount  of  silica:  ap- 
plied to  crystalline  rocks,  as  basalt :  opposed 

to  acidic. —  4.   In  anat.,  basal;  basilar Basic 

alum.  See  aiwm.— Basic  blue.  See  dine.— Basle  line, 
in  tile  spectrum,  a  name  given  by  Lockyer  to  those  lines  in 
the  spectrum  of  an  element  which,  as  the  spectrum  changes 
tmder  increase  of  temperature,  become  more  conspicuous 
while  the  others  disappear.  Certain  of  these  lines  being 
common  to  the  spectra  of  two  substances(e.  jr.,  cadmium 
and  iron),  it  is  inferred  that  they  may  belong  to  a  common 
element  present  in  both  and  liberated  at  tlie  highest  tem- 
perature.—Basic  lining,  a  liiiin;;  litte.i  to  the  interior  of 
a  liessemer  converter,  havin'4  a  tendency  to  absorb  the 
phosphorus  in  the  melted  metal.  — Basic  process,  a  pro- 
cess of  making  steel  or  homogeneous  iron,  cojisisting  in 
introducing  into  the  lining  composition  of  the  Bessemer 
converter  and  into  tlie  charges  lime  or  other  earthy  base, 
which  absorbs  phosphorus  and  other  impurities  in  the 
pig-iron,  and  permits  the  use  of  cheap  grades  of  metal  for 
conversion  into  steel.  Also  called  the  Tlioinas-Gildirist 
"recess.  — Basic  water,  water  when,  as  in  some  cases,  it 
ai)i)ears  to  act  as  a  base. 

basicerite  (ba-sis'e-rit),  n.  [<  Gr.  jidmc,  base,  + 
Kf/tai:,  horn.]  In  Crustacea,  the  second  joint  of 
the  antenna,  orlongfeeler,  succeeding  the  coxo- 
cente.  in  the  crawfish (.4s(ocus)  it  bears  the  scaphocerite 


Head  of  Dandelion, 
showing  basibracteo- 
late involucre. 


465 

(considered  to  represent  an  exopodite)  and  ischiocerite. 
See  Podtijihthalmia. 

basicity  (ba-Bis'i-ti),  n.  [<  basic  +  -iti/.']  In 
chem. :  (a)  The  state  of  being  a  base,  or  <)f  play- 
ing the  part  of  a  base  in  combination,  (i)  Tho 
power  of  an  acid  to  unite  with  one  or  more 
atoms  of  a  base. 

Another  way  in  which  acids  maybe  classifled  haa  refer- 
ence to  their  basidUi:  they  may  be  divided  into  mono- 
basic, dibasic,  and  tribasic  acids. 

//.  Wattx,  Diet,  of  Chem.,  I.  46. 

basicranial  (ba-si-kra'ni-al),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  NL.  cranium  +  -at.'\  Pertaining  to  the 
base  of  the  skiill.-Baslcranlal  axis.   See  axisi. 

basidia,  n.     Plural  of  bnsidium. 

basidigltal  (ba-si-dij'i-tal),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  -t-  diqitus,  finger,  +  -a/.]  In  anat.,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  btises  of  the  digits:  applied 
to  the  metacarpal  and  metatarsal  bones. 

Each  digit  has  a  proximal  basi-dif/Unl  .  .  .  bone,  upon 
which  follows  a  linear  series  of  phalanges. 

Ihtxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  31. 

basidigitale  (ba"si-dij-i-ta'le),  11. ;  pi.  basidigi- 
talia  (-U-ii).  [NL. :  see  basidigital.']  One  of 
the  basidigltal  bones;  a  metacarpal  or  meta- 
tarsal bone. 

Basidiomycetes  (ba-sid"i-6-mi-se'tez),  11.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  txiHidinm  +  6r.  //i'/i(?f,  pi.  /ilmyTer,  mush- 
room.] The  group  of  fungi  in  which  the  spores 
are  borne  on  basidia,  including  the  Hymenomy- 
cetes,^  Gastcromycetcs,  and  most  of  the  larger 
fungi  luiown  as  mushrooms  and  toadstools. 
See  cut  mider  Juisiilium. 

basidiomycetous  (l)a-sid"i-9-mi-s6'tus),  a.  [< 
Ba.sidiiimi/i-ili's  +  -oils.']  Li-loiiniiig  to  or  hav- 
ing tlie  oliar;icters  of  the  Jlasidiomycetes. 

basidiospore  (ba-sid'i-o-sp6r),  11.  [<  NL.  basi- 
diiim  +  Gr.  airopa,  seed.]  A  spore  borne  on  a 
basidium. 

basidiosporous 

(ba-sid-i-os 'po- 
ms), a.  [<  ba- 
sidiospore + 
-Oils.  ]  Produ- 
cing spores  by 
means  of  ba- 
sidia. 

basidium  (ba- 
sid'i-um),  n. ; 
pi.  basidia  (-a). 
[NL.,  dim.  "of 
Gr.  jiaat^,  a  base.]  In  bot.,  an  enlarged  cell  in 
basidiomycetous  fungi,  arising  from  the  hyme- 
nium,  ami  producing  by  abstrietion  spores  borne 
upon  slender  projections  at  its  summit. 

basifacial  (ba-si-fa'shial),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  base, 
+  fades,  face,  +  -ah]  Relating  to  the  base  of 
the  face,  or  of  the  facial,  as  distinguished  from 
the  proper  cranial,  part  of  the  whole  skull :  ap- 
plied to  an  anterior  evertebral  region  of  the 
base  of  the  primordial  skull,  corresponding  to 
the  situation  of  the  trabeculis  cranii,  and  con- 
sequently in  advance  of  tho  notochordal  region 
known  as  the  basicranial.  See  cut  under 
craniofacial. 

This  section  of  tlie  primordial  skull  may  be  conveniently 
termed  tlie  basi-facial  region,  the  trabeculae  forming  a 
support  for  the  forebrain. 

Sutton,  Proc.  Zobl.  Soc,  1885,  p.  677. 
Basifacial  axis.    See  axisi. 

basification  (ba"si-fi-ka'shon),  «.  [<  basify : 
see  -ation.]     In  chem.,  the  act  of  basifying. 

basifier  (ba'si-fi-6r),  n.  In  chem.,  that  which 
basifies,  or  converts  into  a  salifiable  base. 

basifixed  (ba'si-fikst),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  base,  + 
fixus,  fixed,  +  -edi.]  In  bot.,  attached  by  the 
base  or  lower  end,  as  an 
anther  upon  the  filament. 

basifugal  (ba-sif 'u-gal),  a. 
[<  L.  basis,  a  base,  +  /«- 
^ere,  flee.]  Receding  from 
the  base:  in  bot.,  said  of 
the  growth  of  leaves  which 
are  developed  from  the 
base  upward. 

Two  e.vtreme  cases  may  there- 
fore be  distinguished  in  leaves, 
al  though  closelyconnected  by  in- 
termediate forins :  the  predom- 
inantly btisifuijnl  or  apical,  and 
the  predominantly  basal  gi'owth. 
Sachs,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  138. 

basify  (ba'si-fi),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  basified, 
ppr.  basifying.  [<  L.  basis,  a  base,  +  facere, 
make:  see  -fy.]  In  chem.,  to  convert  into  a 
salifiable  base. 

basigynium  (ba-si-jin'i-mn),  H. ;  pi.  ba.si- 
gynia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jSaaig,  a  base,  -f-  yvi'i/, 
a  female.]  In  bot.,  a  stalk  rising  above  the 
base  of  the  flower,  and  bearing  the  ovary  at  its 


Basidia. 

iz, basidium  oi Clathrits  canceltatus ;  b,oi 

Agaricus ;  c,  of  Lycoperdon  cepa/orme. 


Basilixed  Anthers. 
a,  a.  anthers:   b,  b.  fila- 
ments.   (From  LeMaoutand 
Decaisne'5  "  Traitc  general 
de  Eotanique." ) 


Easilian 

summit,  as  in  plants  of  the  genus  Cleome.  Also 
called  podogynium,  or  more  frequently  gyno- 
plurrc  (which  see). 

basihyal  (bii-si-hi'al),  n.  and  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  hy(oid)  +  "-al.]  I.  n.  1.  In  vertebrate 
anat. ,  the  distal  bony  element  of  the  second  post- 
oral  visceral  .'irch,  or  hyoidean  apparatus,  rep- 
resented in  human  anatomy  by  the  so-called 
body  of  the  hyoiil  bone,  bearing  two  pairs  of 
horns  or  cornua  ;  in  general,  the  basis  or  Vjody 
proper  of  the  hyoid  arch ;  the  basihyoid.  See 
cut  under  skull. — 2.  In  ichtk.,  tho  segment  of 
the  branchiostegal  arch  next  to  tho  basibran- 
chial and  urohyal.  It  is  generally  double,  or 
coiujposed  of  two  pieces  on  each  side. 

II.  a.  Relating  to  the  basis  or  body  of  tho 
hyoid  lione  or  hyoid  arch. 

basihyoid  (bii-si-hi'oid),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  basis, 
a  base,  -I-  K.  hyoid.]    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  basihyal. 
II.  n.  Same  as  basihyal. 

basill  (baz'il),  11.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bazil,  has- 
sel,  <  ME.  basile,  <  OF.  basilc,  mod.  F.  basilic  = 
It.  basilica,  <  ML.  basilicuni,  basilicon  (cf.  L.  ba- 
silisca,  a  plant,  also  called  rei^Mto,  mentioned  as 
an  antidote  for  tho  bite  of  the  basilisk :  see 
bnsilislc),  <  Gr.  (iaai?JK6v  (sc.  /.axavov,  herb), 
basil,  neut.  of  liaai'/uKor,  royal,  <  jiaai'/j^jc,  king, 
a  word  of  unknown  origin.]  A  name  of  several 
labiate  plants,  especially  of  the  genus  Ocymum. 

0.  basiUcum,  a  native  of  India,  is  much  used  in  cookery, 
especially  in  France,  and  is  known  as  sweet  or  common 
basil.  Bush  or  lesser  basil  is  O. 'mi'nti/itijn.  The  holy  basil 
of  India,  O.  sanctum,  is  considered  sacred  to  Vishnu,  and 
rosaries  are  made  of  its  wood.  For  the  wild,  stone,  or 
field  basil  of  Eurr.pe.^ee  basil-weed.  In  the  United  States 
the  name  is  given  to  other  aromatic  labiates,  especially 
to  species  of  Pycnanthcinum. 

The  ancients  had  a  curious  notion  relative  to  the  plant 
basil  (O.  basilicuni),  viz.,  that  there  is  a  property  in  basil 
to  propagate  scorpions,  and  that  by  the  smell  thereof 
they  are  bred  in  the  brains  of  men. 

Quoted  in  JV.  and  Q.,  Istser.,  VIII.  40. 
He  once  called  her  his  basil  plant ;  and  when  she  asked 
for  an  explanation,  said  that  basil  was  a  iilant  which  had 
flourished  wonderfully  on  a  murdered  mans  brains. 

Georye  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  Finale. 

Basil-oil,  an  aromatic  oil  obtained  from  the  roots  of  the 

basil.     McElrath. 

basil-t,  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  (def.  1)  bassil,  <  OF. 

basilc,  mod.  P.  basilic,  a  basilisk:  see  basilisk.] 

1.  A  large  cannon  throwing  a  heavy  shot.  See 
basilisk, -i. —  2.  [Perhaps  in  allusion  to  a  can- 
non-ball.] An  iron  or  fetter  fastened  round  the 
ankle  of  a  prisoner. 

basiF    (baz'il),  n.    A  corruption  of  besel. 

basil*  (baz'il),  n.    A  corruption  of  basan. 

basilad  (bas'i-lad),  adv.  [<  NTj.  basil(aris)  (see 
hasilar)  +  -ad^.]     To  or  toward  the  base. 

basilar  (bas'i-lar),  a.  [=  F.  basilaire,  <  XL. 
basilaris,  <  L.  basis,  a  base.]  Relating  to  or  sit- 
uated at  the  base,  especially  of  the  skull. — 
Basilar  angle.  See  cra?n()i/i«()-y.— Basilar  artery,  the 
artery  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  vertebral  arteries, 
and  lying  on  the  basilar  process  of  the  occipital  bone. — 
Basilar  groove,  a  sinnoth  deiuessicn  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  hasilar  lii'Hcns.— Basilar  membrane  of  the  cochlea, 
a  delicate  menii-rane  stretching  from  the  lamina  spiralis 
to  the  outer  wall.  It  forms  the  floor  of  the  canal  of  the 
cochlea,  and  supports  the  organ 
of  Corti.— Basilar  process, 
that  portion  of  the  occipital 
bone  which  lies  in  front  of  the 
foramen  m.agiium. — Basilar 
segment,  the  compound  and 
otherwise  modified  segment  of 
the  body  of  a  centiped  immedi- 
ately succeeding  the  cephalic 
segment.  It  bears  several  pairs 
of  appendages,  and  has  been 
considered  to  be  composed  of 
four  morphological  somites. — 
Basilar  sinus,  or  basUar 
plexus,  the  transverse  sinus. 
—  Basilar  suture,  in  anat., 
the  suture  between  the  b.asilar 
process  of  the  occipital  bone 
and  the  body  of  the  sphenoid. 

ascending  from  the  base  of  the  brain  on  the  outer  side  of 
the  cms  cerebri  and  emptying  into  the  vena  Galeui. 

basilary  (bas'i-la-ri),  a.    Same  as  basilar. 

basilateral  (ba-si-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  latus  (later-)j'  side,  +  -al.]  Situated 
at  the  side  of  the  base.     Also  basolateral. 

Basileuterus  (bas-i-lii'te-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
■iaai/.ei'repiii;  more  kingly,  compar.  adj.,  <  flaci- 
/.£('?,  king.]  A  large  genus  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical American  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  the 
family  Mniotiltidw  and  subfamily  Setophaginte; 
a  gi'oup  of  pretty  fly-catching  warblers  related 
to  the  common  American  redstart.  Several  of  the 
Mexican  species  reach  the  lower  Kio  Grande,  but  most  are 
more  southerly.     B.  ntli/rons  is  a  characteristic  example. 

Basilian  (ba-sil'i-aii),  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  Basilius, 
Basil  the  Great  (died  A.  D.  379),  <  Gr.  jiaai'/iioQ, 
lit.  kingly,  <  jiaaOtic,  king.]  I.  o.  Relating 
to  St.  Basil  the  Great,  a  Greek  father  of  the 


B,  Basilar  Segment  of  a 
centiped  ;  ScoUpendra ) ;  a. 
anlenn.^  tMme  upon  ceplialic 
segiuent. 

-Basilar  vein,  a  vein 


Basilian 

Christian  church  in  the  fourth  century,  or  to 
the  monastic  rule  given  bv  him — BasUlan  lit- 
urgy, t'*!*  lit"'?}'  "'  *'■  ®^^     ^^'^  liturgy. 

n'  "■  !•  A  monk  or  nun  belonging  to  one  of 
the  religious  congregations  following  the  rule  of 
St.  Basil.  These  comprise  nearly  all  the  Greek  and 
Oriental  monasteries,  and  aie  found  in  commnnion  with 
Kome  in  Sicilv,  and  in  the  Greco-Ruthenian  and  Arme- 
nian rites.  Several  Basilian  monasteries  in  Spain  were 
suppressed  in  1S35.  ^  ,.        .      ^      j         at 

2.  One  of  a  congregation  of  pnests  devoted 
to  the  education  of  young  men  for  the  priest- 


466 

4t.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  name  sometimes  given 
tothe  elaborate  structures  raised  over  impor- 
tant tombs,  as  that  over  the  tomb  or  shrine  of 
Edward  the  Confessor  in  'Westminster  Abbey: 
so  called,  according  to  Dueange,  lecause  these 
structures  bore  a  resemblance  to  diminutive 
chui-ehes.— 5t.  A  large  piece  of  ordnance: 
probably  same  as  basilisk,  4. 

The  breaching  artillery  consisted  of  sLtty-three  guns, 
the  smallest  of  which  threw  a  ball  of  fifty-six  pounds,  and 
some  few,  termed  haMicai,  carried  marble  bullets  of  a 

i«  luD  ^«>.^, o—  -  ,     hundred  and  twelve  pounds  weight.  Prescott. 

hood,  foimded  in  1800  by  the  archbishop  of  g  j^  o  (i,a-sU'i-ka),  «.;<?.,  also  tised  as  sinff. 
Vienne,   France.    ;aeir  name  is  denved^om  their  o  v,        ^^^^^-^   ^^^^      j  ^j  ^^  ,iac0.tKk, 

L"v'eSiil"h,i^r,trri^°ne!!-E'^Si."  ^n'S'^^ica."'''  r^yal' (or,  less'prob.  relating  to  Basil  I.).]  A 
basilic  (ba-sirik>,  a.  and  n.  [Formerly  also  code  of  laws  of  the  Byzantine  empire,  adapted 
hasilick  <  F.  basiliqiie,  <  L.  basilicus,  <  Gr.  (ia-  from  the  laws  of  Justinian  in  the  ninth  century, 
«/.i,(oc,'kinglv,  royal,  <  /3a<7/?.e;f,  king.]  I.  a.  by  order  of  the  emperor  Basil  I.  A\soB>i.s;I,cs 
1.  KiAgly;  royal.— 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  basilical  (ba-sil'i-kal),  a.  [<  basilMi^  +  -ai.] 
basilica  ;"basiliean — BasiUc  vein,  the  largest  of  the     ^ame  as  basilic.  r,^rr    i.     ;■ 

veins  of  the  arm,  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  ulnar  jjasilicail  (ba-sil'l-kan),  a.  [<  ML.  basilimnus, 
veins  with  the  median  basilic  vein,  piercing  the  deep  fascia  ,  ^  basilica,  basilica.]  Pertaining  to  or  resem- 
?e:j^^'.'\^tL"i^o4^ofThe"'bri?hialTA^e?^,'an^d'rdi^nt  bling  a  basilica;  ba.ilic.-Basmcan  ointment, 
in  the  aiiUary  vein,  before  or  after  receiving  the  vena>     ."^anieas  ba«d,,;.n  . 

Smites  of  the  brachial  arterj.- Median  basilic  vein,  basilicanism  (ba-sil  i-k.in-izm),  n 
a  short  venous  trunk  at  the  bend  of  tlie  elbow,  crossing     ^^  ^j^g  ijasilican  type  of  church, 


basin 


Hooded  or  Mitered  Basilisk  (A', 


the'track  of  the  brachial  artery,  from  which  it  is  separat 
ed  by  the  bicipital  fascia,  and  terminating  in  the  basilic. 

Also  basilical. 

n.   «•    1-   A  basilica   (which  see).— 2.   In 
anat.,  the  basilic  vein.     See  I.  ,     ,    , 

basilical  (ba-sil'i-ka),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  jiaai^My, 
a  basilica,  prop.  fem.  (sc.  trrod,  stoa,  or  oiKia, 
house)  of /3affi/.M<ir,roval:  see  basilic.  In  sense 
5  for  basilisl:,  4,  basil-.']  1.  Originally,  the 
stoa  in  which  the  king-archon  dispensed  jus- 
tice in  Athens ;  hence,  in  Gr.  antiq. ,  a  frequent 


basilicokt  «•  [JIE.,  also  basiliscolc,  baseh/coc,  < 
OF.  Imsili'coc  (with  appar.  aug.  term.,  prob.  con- 
fused with  coq,  cock;  cf.  cockatrice),  <  basilic,  a 
basilisk.    Cf.  basilisk.]     A  basilisk.    Chaucer. 

basilicon  (ba-sil'i-kon),  «.  [L.,  <  Gr.  jiaaOuKov, 
neut.  (sc.  t^ap/iOKOv,  remedy)  of  fSaacliKoc;,  royal : 
see  basil^  and  basilic.']  An  ointment  named 
from  its  supposed  " sovereign "  virtues.  Itcon- 
sists  of  yellow  wax,  black  pitch,  and  resin,  of  each  one 
part,  and  of  olive-oil  four  parts.    Also  called  i)o«i7icai» 


distinctive  name  for  a  stoa  or  portico.— 2.  In  BasiliCS  (ba-sil'iks),  n.  j??.  [E.  pi.,  equiv.  to 
Home,  where  such  buildings  were  introduced  jlL.  hasilica :  see  Basilica^.]  bame  as  Jiasit- 
about'two  centuries  before  Christ,  a  portico  or     ,yy,2.  ry  t     d     -.-j 

hall  recalling  in  plan  or  use  the  Atheman  royal  Basilidian  (bas-i-lid'i-aji),  n.     [<  h.  Basilides, 
Many  of  these  halls  of  justice  were  appro-     <    Gr.    }ia<7i'/.ei6K,   a  proper    name,   in  foiTO  a 


portico.     ^  -.  .        ,      , 

priated  for  Christian  churches,  and  new  churches  were 
built  upon  a  similar  plan,  whence  bairiltca  became  a 
usual  name  for  a  churclu  The  typical  plan  of  the  basil- 
ica is  an  oblong  rectangle,  nith  a  broad  central  nave  aep- 


Basilicas. 


.^trd,  Hildc&helm: 


,  S.  Pletro  In  Vlncoli,  Rome :  a  typical  pl.in  with  the  addition  of 
anicpt  and  of  fce<ondary  apse^.     2.  S.  Godchai 
lllufttraling  the  western  apse  and  othe 
e  typical  plan.     >f  A  ap*c  1  ^,  Jf  •  ^< 
},  bishop's  throne :  C.  transept :  //,  na»c  .  ,,  ,  ,  w"^.- 
allies  ;  Af,  western  apse  ;  JV.  aisle  lurToundln^  the  (dilcl  apse 


Cerman'form  illustrating  the  western  npsejind  other  unportaiil  varia- 

n  the  typ 
hlfCh  alt.»r  ;  A  bishop's  throne : 


tions  from  the  typical  pi 


yiVjUptc;  S,  Jt  ,  secondary  apses;  C, 
G.  transept ;  //,  nave  ;  /,  /',  towers: 


',  apsMlioleft. 


Over 


nj.. 


aratctl  from  two  ilde-aUlcs  by  row»  ol  columnB. 
the  alslcH  arc  gallcri 
fiirtlp'^tfruiii  thochi 

iiatoilKliiiilly  the  K<i , .     . 

orH    and  which  naturally  became   the  itniictuary  o[  tli 
clirlstlan  church.      TliU  tribune  tii.iiiilly  constltiltcH  an 
pf  the  width  of  the  nuvo,  projcctiim  from  the  nialii 
.(  the  liillMInK,  ami  covered  with  a  vault  on  u  Benil- 
ir  plan.     The  Chrlntlan  hluh  alliir,  which  haa  Tc- 
I  the  throne  of  the  Komnn  prcUir,  hlimdii  properly 
■    liter  of  tlln  chord  of  thin  apuc.     VailiitloiiH  from 
1  I  111  plan  arc  of  very  common  orfiiri.iirc.  micli  aa 
■  o(  an  archlttclurni  n(i«'- :  lb'-  r 
I  c  rj.l  -a  tavorllo  nrraiik'inp  •  ' 

■  liunhcn  of  bn«llicah  pbiii  ;  'U 

1. 1  ;  tlio  carrylnK  of  an  m  Hi'' 

-   .it  a  trnniM'iit  l>ctw..ii  I.I  •■     ......  ..j.^c 

.11   cnill    Mile  of  till.   1  hi.  f  apm.;  and 

.    ir^iKclcd  citbir  l.y  111.  I.l.  ritiiot  ponl- 

II.  irtiit  thi'  clirliiMiili  ritual. 

in  tlic  J!om.  t'nlli.  f'h.,  a  title 

popo  on  ft  church  witlimit  rff- 


patronymic,  <  (JaoiAccf,   king.]     A  follower  of 
Basilides,  a  teacher  of  Gnostic  doctrines  at 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  in  the  second  century.  The 
Basilidiaus  discour.«iged  martyrdom,  kept  their  doctrines 
as  secret  as  possible,  were  much  given  to  magical  prac- 
tices   and  soon  declined  from  the  asceticism  of  their 
fi.iiii.'l.T  into  Kross  iniinorality.     See  Bajiihcliamsm. 
Basilidianism  (bas-i-lid'i-an-izm),  II.    [<  Basi- 
lidi<iii  +  -ism.]     The  doctrines  of  Basilides  and 
the  BasUidians.    Basilides  taught  that  from  a  universal 
seed-mass  containing  the  germs  of  all  things  and  created 
by  non-existent  Deity  (that  is,  the  Absolute)  were  sepa- 
rated a  subtile  sonship  mounting  at  once  to  the  Deity,  and 
a  coarse  sonship  attaining  a  place  near  to  but  short  of  the 
hi. .best  by  aid  of  the  Holy  Sjiirit,  which  acts  as  the  flrnia- 
iiieiit  separating  supcrninndane  things  from  mnndaiie. 
A  third  sonship,  that  needing  puriflcation,  remained  in  the 
mass  from  which  also  emerged  the  archons  of  the  ogdoad 
and  hebdomad.   See  archon.  The  gospel  illumination  came 
first  to  the  son  of  the  great  archon,  who  Instructed  Ills 
father,    rroni  him  it  passed  to  the  archon  of  the  hebdo- 
mad through  his  son,  and  from  the  hebdomad  to  Jesus,  the 
son  of  Mary.     The  spirit  of  Jesus  ascended  at  l"* 'h-ath  to 
the  highest  God,  leaving  his  soul  in  the  hcbd.imad.   When 
the  whole  of  the  sonship  that  remiiiiis  in  tins  lower  world 
hius  mounted  after  Jesus  to  the  highest  phi.c,  the  consuni- 
niati.in  of  all  things  will  come,  and  an  oblivion  ca  led  the 
grciit  ignorance  will  descend  on  the  whole  w-orW,  even 
iip..n  the  two  great  archons,  that  all  may  remain  in  their 
imliiral  place  and  not  aspire  after  the  unattainable,     lie 
gospel  is  the  knowledge  of  these  doctrines,  and  the  spirit- 
ual are  those  only  who  are  capable  of  understanding  tluni. 
An  excecdinglv  different  system,  known  n«  ffu"""' '•'•"■ 
lidiaitimi,  WiLs'devcloped  among  the  followers  of  Basilides, 
According  to  this  there  arc  :ill.'>  generations  of  angels  occu- 
living  :itl.'i  heavens,  each  with  its  own  archon,  the  lowest 
being  the  God  of  the  .lews.     Clirist  wius  the  llrst-liorn,  the 
Nous  or  InU'lleet  of  the  highest  God,  the  nnbcgottcn 
Father.    All  his  work  on  earth  Is  mere  Bpiicaraiice  or  out- 
ward show,  a  docetlc  feature  found  in  many  earlier  hcre- 


es.     At  tho  extremity  of  the  bull  ling  v'' '•ii„„i„„  nms-i-lis'in),  a.      [<  I>.  ha.'<iliscus,  a 
hf  entrance  is  a  raised  tribune,  where    DaBlUSCine  (".i»  '"»'"';  ■;•  .  J,  i,.,„iiisk 

oiimn  preti.r  or  Judge  ai Is  asscM      basilisk.  +  -iHi  1.]     rt'rtiiiiimg  to  a  li.isilisK. 

■— "••  • I ">  ■•'  ""■  basiliscus  (bns-i-lis'kuH),  «.       [I'.,  a  basilisk: 

SCO  basilisk.]  It.  A  biisiliKk.— 2t.  [NL.]  Iij 
oniilli.,  an  old  lunl  disused  name  of  llio  small 
crested  or  goldon-crowiicd  wron  of  Europe, 
Itenulus  cristatm.  It  Is  known  In  many  laiigimues 
by  ■names  corresponding  t-i  "little  king"  m  knyihl, 
roilfH.  koniqMn,  rr>rilla,  rr.mll.flu,  rr,,tllii:  etc  ;. also 
rrj:,  fimtur.'prmh,/!,  tnxhilu»,  arrhilhu,  cnUmluIn,  etc. 
Heo  yf*-'/!'/"*.  .  .  ,., 

3  ico]).]  [Nli.]  A  gciniH  of  wuman  roptilcs, 
or  iMcirtilia,  of  tlio  family  lumimila'  (fnriniTly 


of  nn 
In 


recalls  the  basilisk  of  fable,  though  in  reality  they  are 
harmless  and  exceedingly  lively  creatures.     The  species 
are  inhabitants  chiefly  of  Central  America  and  Mexico 
and  peculiar  to  America,  altli.mgli  one  of  the  A;iamul<r  of 
Amiii.yiia  b:is  been  erroneously  referred  to  the  genus. 
Adherence  basili'sk  (bas'i-lisk),  «.  and  a.     [Also,  until  re- 
Adherence  "^^^^^^.^  ^^  L.,  basiliscus;  <  UE.  basilisk  (cf.  also 
basili'cok  and  F.  basilic).  <  L.  basiliscus,  <  Gr. 
,5o(7(/,i(j(cof,  a  little  king,  a  kinglet  (bird),  also  a 
kind  of  serpent,  so  named  from  a  white  spot 
resembling  a  crown  on  the  head;  dim.  of  paai- 
Pifi'f,  a  king.]     I.  «.   1.  A  fabulous  creature 
formerly  believed  to  exist,  variously  regarded 
as  a  kind  of  serpent,  lizard,  or  dragon,  and 
sometimes  identified  with  the  cockatrice.    It  in- 
habited the  deserts  of  Africa,  and  its  breath  and  even  its 
look  were  fatal.     In  heraldry  it  is  represented  as  an  ani- 
mal resembling  the  cockatrice,  with  its  tail  terminating  in 
a  dragon's  head;  hence  formerly  also  called  amphmen 
cockalricf,  as  having  tivo  heads.     See  ampliisien. 
Like  .as  the  Baxilishe,  of  serpents  seede. 
From  powrefuU  eyes  close  veiiim  doth  convay 
Into  the  lookers  hart,  and  killeth  fane  away. 

Spt'itijt^r,  F.  Q.,  IV.  viii.  39. 
There  is  not  one  that  looketh  upon  his  eyes  hut  he  dicth 
presently.  The  like  property  has  the  haxiliKk.  A  white 
spot  or  star  it  carieth  on  the  head  and  settith  it  out  like  a 
coronet  or  diatiem.  U  he  but  hiss  no  other  serpent  dare 
come  near.  Ilollatid,  tr.  of  Pliny,  viii.  21. 

2.  In  herpet.,  a  lizard  of  tho  old  genus  Bnsili.<!- 
cits  (which  see)  in  the  widest  sense. —  3t.  In 
orniO'.,  the  golden-crested  wren  or  kinglet. 
See  basiliscus,  2.— 4t.  A  large  piece  of  ord- 
nante:  so  called  from  its  destructive  power. 
It  v.oicd  greatly  in  size  and  stylo  at  different  times.  In 
the  llfteenth  century  it  is  spoken  of  as  throwing  stone 
balls  of  tho  weight  of  '200  pounds,  and  was  therefore  of 
p'rodi-ious  caUlicr.  D'AubigiuS  ill  his  History  speaks  of 
them  as  carrying  stone  balls  of  :ttK)  pounds,  but  it  is  not 
certain  which  r.tjiiidiud he  has  in  view.  In  the  seventeenth 
century  it  was  a  smaller  gun,  but  still  one  of  the  largest 
then  in  use.     See  iHtyilica,  5. 

Awake,  ye  men  of  Memiihis!— hear  the  clang 
Of  Scythian  trumpets  '—hear  the  ItasUiaks, 
That,  roaring,  shake  Damascus'  turrets  down  ! 

Martowr,  Tamburlaine,  I.,  Iv.  1. 
A  iMsilitico,  horo  in  inches  5,  weight  in  pounds  4000. 

Capt.  J.  Smith,  Seaman's  Grammar. 

n.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  the 
basilisk:  as,  a  basilisk  cyo  or  look  (a  sharp, 
penetrating,  malignant  eye  or  look,  like  that 
attributed  to  the  basilisk). 
basilosaurid  (bas'i-Ul-sa'rid),  n.  A  cetacean 
of  llic  fiiniilv  Basihisauriila'. 

Basilosauriiae  (basi-lo-sa'ri-de),  71.  pi.  [NT..., 
<  Jliisilosaurus  +  -ida:.]  A  family  of  extinct 
zciigloiloiit  cetaceans,  typified  by  tho  genus 
Bajfilosdurus  (or  /eutjlodaii),  having  the  parie- 
tal, tho  frontal,  and  especially  tho  nasal  bones 
elongated,  and  tho  anterior  iiares  opening  for- 
ward. lAccordlng  to  the  rules  of  zoological  nomeiii'la- 
lure  llieopenitioliof  the  law  of  priority  rei|llircs  reten- 
tii.h  ..f  the  iiiiine,  though  tho  creatures  wel-e  not  sauilans.) 

Baailosaurus  (bas'i-lo-sft'nia),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or. 
jianiMir,  king,  -t-  onr/wf,  lizard.]  A  genus  of 
largo  fossil  cetaceans  from  tho  Eocene  of  the 
ROUthern  United  States,  The  name  was  given  under 
the  erroneous  Impression  that  the  creatures  were  reptiles, 
and  was  aftcrwaid  clniiiged  to  Zi-mjloitim,  Also  called 
J'„l,i7,tiii-hinliin  and  Ihidruri-hua.     .See  y.ru(ilndoiilia. 

basil-thyme  (l>az'il-tim),  v.  [<  basin  +  llninic] 
A  Itrilish  iiliiiit.,  tho  Valaniiiitlia  Jcinos  of  bota- 
nists. It  has  hlulsh-nnrplo  tlowers  and  n  fragrant  aro- 
iniilh'  Biiiell,  "so  excellent,"  i'arklnson  says,  "that  It  la 
lit  fi.r  a  king's  bousi-." 


t|.. 

3.   I 

crili' 

••r. 

I'd- 

111   . 

th' 

Ihh 

U  the 

alhcdt 


lield  to  bo  of  grcuK^r  cxleiit  tlmii  "ow),  cliiinic-  basll-'Weed  (baz'il-wed),  n.     [<  hasil^  +  «'«'(?!.] 

Willi  liitsil,  or  lli'lil-biisil,  tho  common  iifttne  for 
Calamiiillin  Clinopoiiium,   a,   Eiiroiioan  labiate 


hitectiiral  nrrniigeini  tiI, 
.  i-rlain  honnr"  ami  priv 


I  ..r  '(ott.   Iiani. 


I  anil  ith'iM 
■I  Quebec 


tcri'/,ed  cHHciitiiilly  liytli"  pri'sciicn  of  a  cnitiri 
lioug  mi'ilian  doi'sal  crest  along  the  back  iiml 
tail,  erectile  at  will.    Tlnro arc  n 
no  gular  sac,  but  a  illliiliihle  pouch 


1  femoral  lion 
I  Ihe  hind  :  lb.'  ihii 

llti.in  Is  pleurodont.     The  ni'llcred  or  In I  biuilll«k    II. 

u.ilrnlu;  l>  rspeclallv  rcnmrknble  for  n  ni.'iii  iranouH  hag 
ill  Ihe  back  of  till'  head,  of  the  si'e  of  a  Hlliall  hen  k  egg, 
Hhli'h  can  be  liinnl.d  »llli  air  at  pliiisiin'.  iiiid  '»'  '"i"-, 
linn  of  which  l«  Blinlogous  to  that  of  the  air  blii.lder  of 
llshes.  Tho  other  .pecli-n  have  such  ho.ids  ali...,  Init  of  it 
•nialtor  ilxo.    To  lliU  organ  Ihoy  owe  their  name,  wlilch 


pliiiit  common  in  woods  iiinl  copses. 
basin  (liii'sii),  ».  [Kai'ly  iim'l.  E.  also  hason, 
liiisrii,  <  Ml';.  ba.iin,  baciii,  <  OF.  liaci)i,m<H\.  1'. 
hassi>i  =  \'r.  H\>.  baein=zh.  haciiin  (ML.  reflex. 
harinuH,  liassinus)  =  0110.  heecliiii,  brerhi,  MlKl. 
hrckni,  hi'cke,  O.  hccken  (>  Dun.  ba'kkni  =  Sw. 
barken),  <  ML.  bacliiuus,  harehiinis,  hdrelnnum, 


basin 

appar.  for  "haccinus,  "baccinum,  prop,  an  adj. 
form,  <  bacca,  a  bowl  ('vas  aquarium':  see 
back^),  perhaps  of  Celtic  origin ;  cf .  Gael,  bac, 
a  hollow,  a  hook,  crook,  =  W.  bach,  a  hook,  = 
Bret,  bak,  bag,  a  shallow  boat :  see  back^. 
Hence  basitiet.']  1.  A  circular  dish  or  vessel 
of  greater  width  than  depth,  contracting  to- 
ward the  bottom,  and  used  cliiefly  to  hold  water 
or  other  liquid,  especially  for  washing,  but  also 
for  various  other  purposes. 

Let  one  attend  him  with  a  silver  bason, 
Vvll  of  rose-water,  and  bestrew'd  with  flowers,  .  .  . 
And  say,  Will't  please  yolu"  lordship  cool  your  hands? 
Sliirlc,  T.  ot  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 

2.  As  much  as  a  basin  will  hold;  a  basinful. — 

3.  In  the  arts  and  man  iif.:  (a)  In  hat-making,  a, 
vessel  filled  with  boiling  water  in  which  the 
loose  mat  of  felted  fur  formed  on  the  cone  for 
a  hat-body  is  dipped  in  the  process  of  basiuing 
(see  basin,  v.  t.),  in  order  to  shrink  it  to  the 
proper  size.  Also  called  siding-kettle.  (6)  A 
concave  piece  of  metal  on  which  glass-grinders 
form  their  convex  glasses,  (c)  The  scale  or 
scale-dish  of  a  balance  when  concave. — 4t.  A 
pair  of  hollow  metal  dishes  clashed  together 
like  cymbals  to  produce  sound :  f  onnerly  beat- 
en when  infamous  persons  were  exposed  in  a 
cart  as  a  punishment. —  5.  A  basin-shaped  ves- 
sel hiing  by  chains  from  the  roof  of  a  church, 
with  a  pricket  in  the  middle  for  the  serges.  See 
ccrge.  When  of  silver,  such  vessels  usually  had 
a  brass  or  latten  basin  within  to  catch  the  wax- 
droppings. — 6t.  The  hollow  part  of  a  plate  or 
dish. 

Silver  dishes  and  plates  ...  in  the  edges  and  basins  of 
which  was  placed  .  .  .  gold  medals. 

Pepijs,  Diary,  July  21, 1662.    (N.  E.  D.) 

7.  A  natm'al  or  artificial  reservoir  for  water. 
(a)  A  pond ;  a  bay ;  a  dock  for  ships.  (6)  In  a  canal,  a 
space  which  enables  boats  to  turn,  or  to  lie  and  unload, 
without  obstructing  the  passage  of  other  boats,  (c)  The 
space  between  tlie  gates  in  a  dock. 

8.  In  geog. :  (a)  The  area  drained  by  a  river. 
The  term  is  ordinarily  used  only  when  speaking  of  a 
large  river,  and  then  includes  the  entire  area  drained  by 
the  main  stream  and  its  tributaries.  The  line  separating 
two  river-systems  from  each  other  is  the  waterslied.  A 
closed  basin  is  an  area  which  has  no  outlet  to  the  sea.  In 
the  United  States,  the  Great  Basin  is  that  portion  of  the 
Cordilleran  region  which  has  no  such  outlet,  comprising 
an  area  of  about  225,000  square  miles.  (^)  A  basin- 
shaped  depression  or  hollow ;  a  circular  or  oval 
valley. — 9.  In  geol.,  a.n  area  over  which  the  strat- 
ified formations  are  so  disposed  as  to  show 
that  they  were  deposited  in  succession  within 
a  basin-shaped  depression  of  the  original  sm'- 
face,  thus  giving  rise  to  a  series  of  beds  which 
have  a  general  dip  toward  a  common  center, 
especially  near  the  edges  of  the  area.  In  some  in- 
stances the  ba-siu  structure  is  very  marked,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  Forest  of  Dean  and  hide  eoal-tields.  Sometimes,  how- 
ever, a  mere  synclinal  depression  of  the  strata  is  called  a 
basin ;  and  this  is  especially  the  case  in  the  Appalachian 
coal-field,  where  any  smaller  area,  separated  by  erosion 
from  the  mam  body  of  the  coal-bearing  strata,  may  be 
called  a  basin.  The  geological  basins  of  London  and  Paris 
are  especially  known  and  interesting.  The  rocks  of  both  are 
chietly  Lower  Tertiary,  or  Eocene  and  Oligocene,  the  name 
sometimes  given  to  that  part  of  the  series  which  is  inter- 
mediate in  age  between  l^ocene  and  Miocene.  The  impor- 
tant member  of  the  London  basin  —  the  "London  clay" — 
is  absent  from  the  Paris  basin.  The  Middle  Eocene  is  rep- 
resented in  the  Paris  basin  by  an  extremely  fossiliferous 
rock,  the  Calcaire  grassier  (which  see).  The  Tertiary  of 
the  Paris  basin,  like  that  of  the  London  basin,  rests  on  a 
thick  mass  of  white  chalk.  This  has  been  completely  bored 
through  at  various  points,  for  the  purpose  of  ol>taining 
water,  which  rises  above  the  surface  in  large  quantities  at 
the  wells  of  Grenelle  and  Passy,  and  at  other  points. 
10.  In  anat.:  (a)  The  third  ventricle  of  the 
brain,  (i)  [Cf.  P.  bassin  in  same  sense.]  The 
pelvis. — 11.  In  entom.,  a  large  concavity  in  a 
sm-face ;  specifically,  a  concave  portion  of  the 
metathoracic  segment  over  the  base  of  the 
abdomen.  The  basin  of  the  antenna  is  a  concavity  in 
which  the  antenna  is  inserted,  often  limited  on  the  inner 
side  by  a  carina,  as  in  the  ants. 

Formerly  also  spelled  bason. 
Barber's  basin.  See  barber. 
basin  (ba'sn),  V.  t.  [<  basin,  ».]  In  hat-making, 
to  harden  or  shrink  to  the  proper  size,  as  a  hat- 
body  in  the  process  of  felting,  by  dipping  in  the 
basin  of  hot  water,  wrapping  in  the  basining- 
cloth  (which  see),  and  rolling  on  a  table.  .Also 
spelled  bason. 

The  hat  is  basoned,  or  rendered  tolerably  fU'm. 

Ure,  Diet.,  II.  784. 

basinasal  (ba-si-na'zal),  a.  [<  basinn  +  nasion 
+  -'(?.]  In  craniom.,  pertaining  to  the  basion 
and  the  nasion — Basinasal  length,  the  distance  be- 
tween tlie  basion  and  the  niisiun.    See  craniometry. 

basined  (ba'snd),  a.  Inclosed  in  a  basin. 
[Kare.] 

Thy  basined  rivers  and  imprisoned  seas. 

Ymmg,  Night  Thoughts,  ix.  918. 


467 

basinerved  (ba'si-nSrvd),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  -I-  nervus,  nerve,  -I-  -crf2.]  In  hot.,  having 
the  nerves  all  springing  from  the  base  :  applied 
to  leaves. 

basinet,  basnet  (bas'i-net,  bas'net),  n.  [Also 
bdssiiicl,  txisc.irivt,  <  ME.  basinet,  hasenet,  basnet, 
baeenclt,  liaeynct,  <  OF.  bacinet(i!\  bassinet  =  Pr. 
bacinet  =  Sp.  Pg.  bacinete  =  It.  bacinetto),  dim. 
of  bacin,  a  basin,  a  helmet  in  the  form  of  a 
basin :  see  basin  and  -et.']    A  steel  cap,  original- 


1,  Basinet  of  1310.    2.  Italian  Basinet  of  1380. 
(From  Viollet-!e-Duc's  "Diet,  du  Mobilier  franjais.") 

ly  of  .veiy  simple  form,  named  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  little  basin,  it  was  ordinarily  worn 
alone ;  but  in  battle  the  heavy  helmet  or  heaume  was 
placed  over  it,  resting  upon  the  armor  of  the  neck  and 
shoulders.  When  the  heaume  came  to  be  abandoned,  on 
account  of  its  great  weight,  the  basinet  was  furnished 
with  a  vizor.  It  was  the  commonest  form  of  headpiece 
during  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  and  so 
continued  until  the  introduction  of  the  armet.  See  hel- 
met, vizor,  aventaile,  camail,  and  amwr. 

"So,  youngster,"  said  he,  looking  at  Glendinning,  and 
seeing  his  military  dress,  "thou  hast  ta'en  the  basnet  at 
last?  it  is  a  better  cap  to  live  in  than  die  in." 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  213. 

basinful  (ba'sn-ful),  n.  As  much  as  a  basin 
will  hold. 

basining-cloth  (bas'ning-kloth),  n.  [<  basin- 
ing,  verbal  n.  of  basin,  v.,  +  cloth."]  In  hat- 
making,  the  cloth  in  which  a  hat-body  as  taken 
from  the  cone  is  wi'apped  after  dipping  in  the 
basin,  and  rolled  on  a  table,  to  complete  the 
process  of  felting. 

basin-trap  (ba'sn-trap),  n.  A  seal  or  trap 
placed  in  the  waste-pipe  of  a  set  basin  to  pre- 
vent the  escape  of  sewer-gas. 

basin-wrench  (ba'sn-rench),  n.  A  plumbers' 
wrench,  having  the  jaws  presented  on  one  side, 
for  working  in  contracted  spaces. 

basio-alveolar  (ba'si-o-al-ve'S-lar),  a.  [<  6a- 
sion  -\-  aheoJar.']     Same  as  ba'si-dlveolar, 

basioccipital  (ba'si-ok-sip'i-tal),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  Ijasis,  a  base,  -t-  occiput  (occipit-),  occiput,  + 
-«/.]  I,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  base  of  the  occi- 
put, or  to  the  basUar  process  of  the  occipital 
bone — Basioccipital  tooth,  a  tooth  attached  to  a  pro- 
longation downward  of  the  basioccipital  bone,  as  in  the 
carp  and  tench. 

II.  n.  The  centrum  of  the  first  (hindmost) 
cranial  segment,  forming  the  basis  of  the  com- 
pound occipital  bone,  called  in  human  anat- 
omy the  basilar  process  of  the  occipital,  which 
anteriorly  articulates  or  ankyloses  with  the 
basisphenoid,  and  posteriorly  circumscribes  in 
part  the  foramen  magnum,  its  normal  union  with 
two  exoccipitals  and  a  supraoccipital  constitutes  the  thus 
compound  occipital  bone.  See  cuts  under  craniofacial, 
Crotalus,  Esox,  and  Gallinee. 

basioglosSUS  (ba"si-o-glos'us),  n.  [<  L.  basis, 
a  base,  -t-  Gr.  y^.aaaa,  tongue.]  That  portion  of 
the  hyoglossus  muscle  which  arises  from  the 
body  of  the  hyoid  bone. 

basion  (ba'si-on),  H.  [Nil.]  In  anat.,  the  mid- 
dle of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  foramen 
magnum.    See  cut  under  craniometry. 

basioplltlialniite(  ba'si-of-thal'mlt),  n.  [<  Gr. 
/idcr/f,  a  base,  -t-  bcpdalfio^,  eye.]  The  proximal  or 
basal  joint  of  the  movable  two-jointed  ophthal- 
mite  or  peduncle  of  the  eye  of  a  stalk-eyed 
crustacean,  the  other  joint  being  the  podoph- 
thalmite.     See  cut  under  stalk-eyed. 

basipetal  (ba-sip'e-tal),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a  base 
+  petcre,  seek,  -t-  -al.']  Directed  toward  the 
base;  in  bot.,  developing  from  the  apex  down- 
ward: applied  to  growtb  in  the  leaf  when  the 
rachis  or  midvein  is  developed  first,  then  the 
leaflets  or  lobes  in  succession  from  the  top 
downward. 

basipodite  (ba-sip'o-dit),  n.  [<  Gr.  /Jdmf,  a  base, 
-¥■  i.-oyf  (iro(5-)'=  E.'/oot]  In  crustaceans:  (a) 
The  proximal  joint  of  the  limb  of  an  arthropod 
animal,  by  which  the  limb  is  articulated  with 
the  body."  Dunman.  (b)  The  second  joint  of 
a  developed  endopodite,  between  the  coxopo- 
dite  (protopodite)  and  the  ischiopodite.    Milne- 


basisylvian 

Edwards  ;  Huxley.  See  also  cut  under  endopo- 
dite. 

basipoditic  (ba^sip-o-dit'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  a  basipodite.  Huxley,  Cray- 
nxU,  ]K  164. 

basipterygial  (ba-sip-te-rij'i-al),  a.  [<  L.  la»is, 
a  Ijase,  -{■  jiterygial.']  Situated  at  the  base  of 
the  fin,  as  of  a  cephalopod. 

In  Sepia,  along  the  whole  base-line  of  each  lateral  fln  of 
the  mantle,  is  a  " basi-pterj/i/ial  cartilage." 

E.  K.  Lankesler,  Encyc.  Brit,  XVI.  67.'.. 

basipterygoid  (ba-sip-ter'i-goid),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  basis,  a  base,  -1-  ]iteryii<Hd.']  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing or  related  to  the  base  of  the  pterygoid 
bone,  or  the  sphenoid Basipterygoid  proceBses, 

in  the  anatomy  of  birds,  processes  wliich  arc  or  may  be 
situated  upon  the  body  or  beak  of  the  sphenoid,  and  ar- 
ticulate, or  may  articulate,  with  the  pterygoitl  bones.  See 
cuts  under  desiim^nallwus  and  drmnipo<jnathou«. 

n.  n.  A  lateral  bone  or  process  of  bone  at 
the  base  of  the  skull,  developed  in  connection 
or  Halation  with  sphenoidal  and  pterygoid  ele- 
ments. 

basirhinal  (ba-si-ri'nal),  a.  [<  Gr.  p&at^,  abase, 
+  pit;,  piv,  nose,  +  -al.]  Situated  at  the  base 
of  tlio  rhinencephalon :  applied  to  a  fissure  of 
the  brain  called  by  ^iMicv  po.strhinul.    Owen. 

basirostral  (ba-si-ros'tral),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  rostrum,  beak,  +  -al.']  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  situated  at  the  base  of  the  beak  or  bifl 
of  a  bird:  as,  basirostral  bristles. 

basis  (ba'sis),  m. ;  pi.  bases  (-sez).  [L.,  <  Gr. 
[iaat(;,  a  going,  step,  fotmdation:  see  6nse2.] 
1.  The  foundation  of  anything;  that  on  which 
a  thing  stands  or  on  which  anything  is  reared ; 
a  foundation,  groundwork,  or  supporting  prin- 
ciple :  now  most  commonly  used  of  immaterial 
tmngs. 

Build  me  thy  fortunes  upon  the  basis  of  valour.  Chal- 
lenge me  the  Count's  youth  to  light  with  him ;  hurt  him 
in  eleven  places.  Sfutk.,  T.  N.,  iii.  2. 

"Who  builds  a  monument,  the  basis  jasper. 
And  the  main  ))ody  brick? 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  iv.  4. 

Good  health  is  the  basis  of  all  physical,  intellectual, 
moral,  and  spiritual  development. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  ii. 

3.  In  arch.,  same  as  base^,  3. — 3t.  A  pedestal. 
Observing  an  English  inscription  upon  the  basis,^  we 

read  it  over  several  times.  Addison. 

4.  The  principal  constituent  of  a  compoimd; 
a  fimdamental  ingredient. —  5.  Milit.,  same 
as  base^,  15  (a). —  6.  In  crystal,  and  pctrog., 
same  as  ba.^al  plane  (which  see,  under  basal). 
—  7.  In  bot.  a,n(\  conch.,  same  as  basc'^,i. — 8. 
[NL.]  In  anat.,  the  base ;  the  fundamental  or 
basilar  part  of  anything:  as,  ba.ns  cranii,  the 
base  of  the  skull. — 9.  In  pros.,  a  trochee 
or  its  substitute  preceding  the  dactyls  of  a 
logaoedie  series.  An  apparent  spondee  or  iambus, 
a  long  syllable  of  three  times,  or  even  a  pyrrhic,  tri- 
brach, or  anapest,  may  be  used  as  a  basis,  and  an  anacrusis 
may  be  prefixed  to  it.  I'he  basis  is  sometimes  double. 
[This  meaning  of  the  word  is  of  modem  introductioa 
(Gottfried  Hermann).  In  ancient  Greek  WTiters  on  met- 
rics the  meaning  of  ^am^  is :  («)  That  part  of  the  foot 
which  takes  the  <njfAao-ia  (ictus);  the  5eff«.  ijj)  A  series  of 
syllables  united  under  one  principal  ictus,  whether  con- 
stituting a  single  foot  or  a  dipody  ;  a  measure.]  —  £oliC 
basis,  a  basis  at  the  beginning  of  a  dactylic  line. 

basiscopic  (ba^si-skop'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  (iaatq,  a 
base,  -t-  cKOTTclv,  view,  +  ■4c.']  Looking  toward 
the  base ;  on  the  side  toward  the  base. 

basisolute  (ba-sis'o-ltit),  a.  [<  L.  ba.^is,  a  base, 
+  solutus,  free,  loosed:  see  solution.]  In  bot., 
prolonged  at  the  base  below  the  point  of  origin  : 
said  of  leaves. 

basisphenoid  (ba-si-sfe'noid),  a.  and  n.  [<  ba- 
sis +  sjjhenoid.]  I.  a.  In  anat.,  pertaining 
to  the  body  or  basis  of  the  compound  sphenoid 
bone. 

II.  n.  In  anat.,  the  centrum  of  the  second 
cranial  segment,  or  basis,  of  the  compound 
sphenoid  bone,  represented  in  human  anatomy 
by  the  greater  part  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid 
(aU  that  part  behind  the  seUa  turcica),  as 
distinguished  from  its  wings  and  pterygoid 
processes,  situated  in  the  basieranial  axis  of 
the  skull,  between  the  basioccipital  and  the 
presphenoid.  It  is  always  combined  with  other  sphe- 
noidal elements,  and  frequently  ankyloses  also  with  the 
basil icciiiital.    See  cuts  tmderCni^aiw^,  Esox,&ndspheiwid. 

basisphenoidal  (ba  si-sff-noi'dal),  a.  Same 
as  basisphenoid. 

basistt  (ba'sist),  ?i.  [<  base^  +  -ist.]  A  singer 
of  bass. 

basisyl'vian  (ba-si-sil'vi-au),  a.  [<  L.  basis,  a 
base,  +  Syhius,  an  anatomist  after  whom  the 
aqueduct  of  Sylvius  in  the  brain  is  named.] 
Appellative  of  one  of  the  lateral  fissures  of  the 
brain. 


basitemporal 

basitemporal  (te-si-tem'po-ral),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  basis,  a  base,  +  tempora,  temples.]  I.  a. 
Situated  at  the  base  of  the  temporal  region  of 
the  skull. 

IL  n.  A  membrane-bone  developed  at  the 
base  of  the  skull  of  many  vertebrates,  as  bii-ds, 
opposite  the  temporal  region,  imderlyiug  the 
true  basis  cranii  (which  is  developed  from  car- 
tilage), and  on  the  same  plane  as  the  parasphe- 
noid.     W.  K.  Parker. 

basivertebral  (ba-si-ver'tf-bral),  a.  [<  basis 
+  fcrttbral.'l  Pertaining  to  tlie  body  or  cen- 
trum of  a  vertebra ;  central  in  a  vertebra :  as, 
basirertebral  veins. 

basfci  (bask),  r.  [<  ME.  basken.  <  Icel.  *6ar?/m*7.-, 
now  badhast,  bathe  one's  self,  <  badho,  =E. 
bathe,  +  silc=G.  sich,  reflex,  pron.,  one's  self; 
less  prob.  <  Icel.  'bakask.  now  hakast,  warm 
one's  self  at  the  fire,  <  baka,  =  E.  hake,  +  sik, 
as  above.  Of.  Sw.  dial,  hasa  sig  i  soicn,  bask  in 
the  sun ;  ba(l1ii<k,  fishes  basking  in  the  sun ;  LG. 
gicit  baken,  warm  one's  self  in  the  sun,  lit.  bake 
one's  self;  North.  E.  and  Sc.  beak,  bask,  lit. 
bake.  For  the  form,  cf.  fc«.5il.]  I.  intratis.  1+. 
To  bathe,  especially  in  warm  water  (and  hence 
in  blood,  etc.). 

Basked  and  baththed  in  their  wylde  burblyng  ,  .  . 
Mode.  Skelton,  Works,  I.  209.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  lie  in  or  be  exposed  to  a  pleasant 
warmth ;  luxuriate  in  the  genial  heat  or  rays 
of  anj-thing:  as,  to  bask  in  the  sunshine. 

She  desires  no  isles  of  the  blest,  no  quiet  seats  of  the  just, 
To  rest  in  a  golden  grove,  or  to  bask  in  a  suiuiuer  sk.v. 

Tennyson,  Wages. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  be  at  ease  and  thriving  under 
benign  or  gratifying  influences:  as,  to  bask  in 
the  favor  of  a  king  or  of  one's  lady-love. 

Merely  to  bajik  and  ripen  is  sometimes 
The  student  s  wiser  business. 

Lnuvli,  Vndcr  the  Willows. 

n.  trans.  To  expose  to  genial  warmth;  suf- 
fuse with  agreeable  heat. 

As  ]  do  live  by  food,  I  met  a  fool, 

Who  laid  him  down,  and  bask'd  him  in  the  sun, 

And  raild  on  lady  Fortune. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 
Batki  at  the  fire  bis  hairy  strength. 

Milton,  i; Allegro,  1.  112. 

bask^  (bask),  «.  [<  bask'^, ».]  Emitted  warmth ; 
a  genial  radiation  or  suffu-sion.     [Kare.] 

Milton  and  La  Fontaine  did  not  write  in  the  bask  of 
court  favor.  /.  D'litraeii,  Calam.  of  Auth.,  I.  78. 

basket,  a.  [So.,  prop,  bnisk,  <  ME.  bask,  hiiisk, 
<  leei.  beiskr  =  Sw.  Dan.  besk,  bitter,  acrid.] 
Bitter.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

bask-^t  (b4sk),  V.  [E.  dial.,  obs. :  see  bash^.'] 
Same  as  hasli^. 

basket  (bas'kot),  n.  [<  ME.  basket;  of  \in- 
linown  origin.  "The  Celtic  words,  W.  busyeil. 
Com.  busced.  It.  basceid,  Gael,  ha.icaid  (ef.  W. 
basg,  a  netting  or  piece  of  wickerwork),  are 
mod.  and  from  Eng.  The  supposed  original, 
L.  Iiascauda,  which  is  mentioned  by  Martial  as 
directly  of  Celtic  origin,  is  defined  as  a  wasli- 
ing-tub  or  brazen  vessel,  and  is  prob.  not  con- 
nected with  basket.']  1.  A  vessel  made  of 
twigs,  ru.shes,  thin  strips  of  wood,  or  other  flex- 
ible materials,  interwoven  in  a  great  variety  of 
formH,  and  used  for  many  purposes. 

Hude  baxkrtH  .  .  . 
Woren  of  the  flexile  willow.     Oyer,  The  Fleece,  IL 

2.  The  contents  of  a  basket;  as  much  as  a  bas- 
ket will  hold  :  as,  a  basket  of  fish. 

Uoyenut  .  .  .  remember  the  five  loaves  of  the  five  thou- 
Rand,  and  how  many  biukf-tn  ye  took  u])?  Mat.  xvi.  li. 

3.  A  measure  for  fruit,  equal  in  tho  United 
States  to  three  fifths  of  a  bnslicl,  and  in  Great 
liritiiin  to  about  twobu-nhelH. —  4.  Figuratively, 
tli;ii  which  is  fjathered  orjilaced  in  a  basket  or 
b'    '    Im;  provision  for  Hii.stonanco  or  use. 

1  Hhall  be  thy  btuket  and  thy  iitore.    i>eut.  xxviii.  b. 
^  baby-elflthcB  for  a  charitable  banket.      iJicknin, 

6.  1 1,  old  HtaKe-coachea,  tho  two  outside  seats 
tmiii  ■  .•:ich  other  bohiml. 


Cartilaginous  Branchial  Basket  of  lam> 
>rey  ■^Petromyxon  1,  depending  from  verte- 
bral column. 


A  light 


■••;■? 


f..i.,.. 


vvn  not  only  (u  insidi 


e.    In 
of  nv 

hno 
t,\\ 
8 
of 

Im 

p..l' 

aaruit 


'.',.  I     '  t'KrpN  Ui  (^tn<iuer,  I.  I, 

"king,  a  wickenvork  or  wire  Hereon 
t  'ipe,  for  receiving  the  niunicntH  <if 

'leiioHiterl  on  it  in  (he  'i|ii'ratl<in 
7.   .\lilit.,  n  gabion  (whicli  mic). — 

■  f  wickerwork  for  llj"'  liiiinlje 

9.  In  arrti.,  Ih» Iiinim  or 

liian  enpilnl,  doniidid  of  its 

10.  In  irhlh.,  the  gill-ii|i. 

■  y  (I'nlrnnn/srfm).     It  ■•.■ii«i.!, .,( 
irt  ^  'Impending  from  the  mitt  rv|irM«ntiitive 


468 

of  the  backbone  and  connected  by  crossbars.  — Basket- 
liandle  arch.    See  orcAi.— Cartilaginous  branchial 

basket.     .See  Mar- 
si  pnhianfhii.  — The 
pick  of  tlie  bas- 
K*^t,   the    linest    of 
the    whole    lot    or 
nuiulier.  —  To     t)e 
left  in  the  bas- 
ket, to  remain  un- 
chosen    or    to    the 
last,  like  the  worst 
apples,  etc.— To  go 
to  the  basket*,  to 
go  to  prison,  with 
special  reference  to  the  alms-basket  on  which  prisoners  in 
the  public  jails  were  formerly  dependent  for  support. — 
To  pin  the  baskett,  to  conclude  or  settle  the  matter. 
basket  (bas'ket),  r.  t.     1.  To  put  in  a  basket. 

All  that  come  sh.iU  be  basketed  in  time,  and  conveyed 
to  your  door.     Coicper,  Correspondence,  p.  2,=i9  (Ord  MS.). 

2.  To  cover  or  protect  with  basketwork. 

Basketed  bottles  of  Zem  Zem  water  appeared  standing  in 
solid  columns.  Ji,  F.  Burto7i,  El-Medinah,  p.  4.=.4. 

basket-ball  (bas'ket-bal),  ».  A  game  played 
■n-itli  a  ball  resembling  a  foot-ball,  in  which  the 
object  is  to  throw  the  ball  into  one  of  two  bas- 
kets (the  goals)  placed  at  opposite  ends  of  the 
field.  Itisi»layed  by  any  nuuiber  of  persons  (five  ornine 
are  preferred  for  ■;h:tniijionship  games)  upon  a  field  (nut 
of  dwrs  or  within)  <'f  any  eoiivenieiit  size.  The  pules  arc 
designed  especially  to  eliminate  the  roughness  of  foot-hall. 
It  was  invented  by  Mr.  James  Naisniith. 

basket-beagle  ())as'ket-be"gl),  n.  A  beagle 
used  in  hunting  a  hare  that  was  slipped  from 
a  basket  to  be  coursed. 

Gray -headed  sportsmen,  who  had  sunk  from  fox-hounds 
to  biislcet-beaijles  and  coursing.    Scott,  .St.  Konan's  Well,  i. 

basket-button  (b&s'ket-buf'n),  «.  A  metal 
button  with  a  pattern  resembling  basketwork. 
Dickens. 

basket-carriage  (bas '  ket -kar "  aj),  n 

carriage  luade  of  wick- 
erwork. ^      •'^^ 

basket-couching(bas'-      ^ "" 
ket-kou  chiug),   ii.     A    ,^,  V:  - 
kind  of  embroidery;  a     f;  i>  ' 
stitch  used  in  embroi-    ,     -  — 
dery.     See  couching. 

basket-fern  (bis'ket 
fern), «.  Tlie  common 
male  fern,  Aspidimn 
Filis-mas,  from  the  bas- 
ket-liko  form  of  its 
growth. 

basket-fish  (bas'ket- 
tisli),  n.  A  kind  of  Me- 
dusa's-hoad  or  ophiurian,  Astrophtjtim  agassi:i : 
a  curyalean  sand-star  of  tlie  family  Astrojilnj- 
tida;  found  on  tho  coast  of  New  England:  so 
named  by  Governor  John  Wiuthrop  of  Couiiei- 
ticut,  about  1670.  The  name  is  given  to  other  siHuiis 
<d  the  same  genus,  all  alike  rennu'kable  for  the  extraortii- 
nary  subdivision  of  the  rays  into  minute  tendrils,  which 
Iiave  been  estimated  to  number  80,000.  Astrophiiton  sou. 
tatuin  is  also  called  the  .Shetland  argus.  .-Vlao  called  baS' 
kft-urchin  and  nt'-a-haskft. 

basketful  (bas'ket-ful),  n.  As  much  as  a  bas- 
ki-t  will  liold. 

basket-grate  (bas'ket-grat),  »i.  A  grate  with 
bars  at  li(dtoni,  front,  and  sides. 

basket-hare  (bas'kot-har),  ».  A  captive  hare 
slip|ii(l  from  11  basket  to  be  coursed  in  the  ab- 
sence of  otiier  game. 

basket-hilt  (biis'ket-hilt).  n.  A  hilt,  as  of  a 
Kworil,  which  covers  the  hand,  and  defends  it 
from  injury. 

basket-hilted  (bas'ket-hil'ted),  a.  Furnished 
Willi  a  liasUel-liilt. 

basket-hoop  (biis'ket-hop),  n.  A  name  in  Ja- 
ma lea  of  (  iiildii  hindu.i,  an  aromatic  enphorbia- 
eeons  shrub. 

basket-lizard  (bi'iH'ket-li/.'itnl),  n.  A  boo1<- 
nniiie  of  li/ards  of  the  geiiUH  Vi'r)r/i(W(iHn(.v,  hav- 
ing a  coliiralion  rescnililing  wickerwork. 

basket-of-gold  (bas'ket-ov-gold'),  H.  The  yel- 
low nlv>suin,  Aliixsiini  saxiililc, 

basket-palm  (lii'is'ket-piim),  «.  Tho  liilipot- 
pnliii  of  (he  Fast   Indies,   f«rv;(/i«  umbraculi- 

I'l  I'd. 

basketry  (biiH'ket-ri),?!.    [<fcoflJ-e«  +  -rv.]    Ha»- 

ki  Iwork  or  luiHkfdwnre;  baski't-making. 
basket-urchin  (bhM'ket-i'r'chin),   H.     Same  as 

bit yh  I. Hull. 

basket-withe    (bas'kel-with),   n.      A   twiniii(r 

hIuiiIi  of   Iropieul  America,    Toumrforlia  vatii- 

liihs,  nntiirni  onler  lininginacca: 
basket-wood  (biiH'kelwi'nl),  n.     A  full   woody 

trlimberor  the  West  IiidicH,  .Srrjinun  ikiIiiiiIii/IIii. 

the  Hiender,  Kiipple  Btems  of  which  are  uhiiI 

for  basketwork. 


BasQuish 

basketwork  (bas'ket-w^rk),  n.     Wickerwork;     . 
anything  made  in  the  form  or  manner  of  a  bas-     | 
ket;   specifically,  in  fort.,  work   comi)osed  of 
withes  and  stakes  interwoven,  as  in  wicker  con- 
structions of  gabions,  fascines,  hurdles,  etc. 

basket-worm  (bas'ket-w6rm),  n.  Same  as 
liini-irorm. 

baskingt  (bas'king),  n.  [E.  dial.,  verbal  n.  of 
/)((.</,-3.]     A  sound  thrashing.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

basking-shark  (bas'king-shark),  n.  A  popular 
name  of  the  Celorhinus  maj'imus  {or  Selaclit  max- 
ima), one  of  the  largest  of  the  sharks.  It  is  an 
inhabitant  of  the  northern  seas,  and  has  been  known  to 
reach  the  length  of  iO  feet.  It  f  reipiently  comes  to  the  sur- 
face and  basks  in  the  sunshine.  Its  food  consists  chiefly  of 
small  animals,  which  tire  strained  from  the  water  by  a  pe- 


4 


B.nsket-I\sh 
{Aitrfifftytan  n£'assi*i'). 


Basking-  or  Bone^sbark  (Cetorhmus  fnaximus). 

cnliar  development  of  the  gill-structures.  The  liver  is  very 
laiL'e  and  J  iilds  a  great  tiuantity  of  oil,  as  much  as  twelve 
lii.ntls  having  been  obtained  from  a  single  individual. 
oilier  popular  names  are  tmne-shark  (by  which  it  is  gen- 
eially  known  along  the  American  coast),  homer  ovfioe- 
}>h'thtr.  .v(w7/i.vA,  and  stinjtsh.     .See  Cetorhinidce. 

baslard  (bas'liird),  n.  [<  ME.  basebird,  haslard, 
hasclardc,  <  AF.  haselard,  <  OF.  hasalart  (ML. 
Iinsfnlardiui,  liasalardiis),  appar.  <  base,  a  short 
knife  or  saber;  but  cf.  OF.  baselaire,  bazclaire, 
badi'laire,  a  short  sword:  see  badelaire.~^  An 
ornamental  dagger  worn  in  tho  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, hanging  at  the  girdle  in  front.  Kaslaids 
were  consideretl  imlispensable  to  all  having  claim  to  gen- 
tility. In  a  satirical  song  of  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  we  are 
tohl'that 

There  is  no  man  worth  a  leke, 

lie  he  sturdy,  be  he  lueke, 

lint  lie  here  a  liaselard. 

Basmuric,  ".     See  Baslimuric. 
basnet,  ».     See  basinet. 

basolateral  (.ba-so-lat'e-ral),  «.     Same  as  basi- 
lakral. 
The  Batto-lateraZ  angle  [of  tlie  scutum],  Darwin. 

Basommatophora  (ba-som-a-tof'o-rii),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  tir.  ;iaan;  base,  -I-  o/;/m(T-),  eye,  +  -(j>6po(, 
<.  ijii puv  =z  Va.  /icnrl.]  A  division  of  puhuonato 
gastropodous  niollusks.  including  those  which 
have  tiiti  eyes  at  the  base  of  tho  tentacles,  as 
in  the  families  Auriculida;  Lininaida;  etc.:  op- 
posed to  Sti/lommatophora.  See  cut  \mder  I.im- 
)nrida\ 

basommatophorous  (bii-som-a-tof 'o-rus),  a. 
In  conch.,  having  eyes  at  the  tiase  of  the  ten- 
tacles, as  a  |ioiid-siiail ;  specifically,  pertaining 
to  tlie  liasiimmatiqihora. 

bason,  ".  and  c.  t.     Same  as  basin. 

BascLUe^  (Imsk),  «.  and  a.  [Also  Bask;  <  F. 
Hasiiuc  =  S)i.  Pg.  llasco;  ult.  =  F.  (la.ieon  (see 
gti.iconade).  <  I<Ij.  Vasco^ii-),  one  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  i'd.'iconia,  (iascony.  The  Bastjues  call 
their  language  JCskuara.']  I.  n.  1.  One  of  a 
race  of  unknown  origin  inlialiiting  the  Basque 
provinces  and  iither  parts  of  Spain  in  the  noigh- 
liorluiod  of  tho  Pyrenees,  and  part  of  the  do- 
partiiientof  liiisses-l'yrenees.  France. —  2.  The 
iaiigiiago  id' I  he  Basques,  siqqioseil  to  represent 
the  tongue  of  the  ancient  Iberians,  the  primi- 
tive inhabitants  of  Spain.  No  connection  between 
it  and  any  other  liingnage  has  as  yet  been  made  out.  Like 
the  tongues  of  .\inerica,  it  is  highly  polysynthetie.  It  is 
supposed  to  represent  tile  loii^iie  of  a  race  existing  In 
soiitliwrstern  I'.nrope  before  Ilie  iinmlgration  of  the  Indo- 
Kiiropi-an  tribes. 

II.  ".  Pertaining  to  llie  Basques  or  their 
language. 

basque-  (bask),  n.  [<  F.  bti.tiiuc,  apiiar.  with 
ref.  to  tlie  Basque  people.  Cf.  bastiidnc.^  1. 
((If)  Tho  short  skirt  of  the  bmly-ganiient  worn 
by  both  sexes,  (b)  A  Uiiiil  of  sliort -skirled 
jacket  w<u'n  by  women,  forming  the  iqqier  part 
of  a  dress:  probalily  so  calleil  becaiiscv  it  was 
worn  by  the  Has(|iies. —  2t.  A  dish  of  minced 
mutton,  mixed  with  bread-crumbs,  eggs,  etc., 
seasoniMl  iind  baked. 

basqued  (bi'iskt ),  </.  I'lirnislied  with  or  having 
a  liasqiie,  as  a  woman's  tiress. 

basquine  (liiis-ken'),  ».  [<  F.  basqnine,  <  8p. 
ba.stiitiilii,  <  llii.ico,  BaKi|iie.]  .\n  outer  jietti- 
coat  worn  by  BiiHiitie  anil  Spanish  woniiMi. 

Basquisht  (ImsU'ish),  «.  ami  n.  |  =  (i.  Ilaskisrh  ; 
<  Hiisiiiic  +  -ish^,]  Basque;  the  Basque  Ian- 
gnuge. 


bas-relief 

bas-relief  (ba-rS-lef,  bas-re-lef),  «.  [For- 
merly bdsfi  relief;  <  F.  bus-relief,  <  It.  basso- 
riliei'O  (also  used  iu  E.),  <  bassn,  low,  +  rilievo, 
rclici:  see  btise^  and  relief.']  Low  relief;  in 
sciUl>.,  a  form  of  relief  in  which  the  figures  or 


fipoffiaiiiwiPTipBra'"!?"' 


[qu)uumupt«ujiupiumMiJ>'(j 


469 

singer  having  such  a  voice. —  4.  A  musical  in- 
strument of  any  class  having  a  deep,  grave 
tone,  excelled  in  gravity  only  by  the  c<mtra- 
bass. — 5.  Same  as  bass  d(^' (which  see,  under 

c/e/).— Albertl  bass,  a  Ijuss  tonsistinK  of  .ariJogBiuB  or 
hrok(.-ii  clionls:  so  fullofl  from  its  rcpntyil  inventor,  Do- 
muiiicu  Ailjerti  of  Venice,  wlio  died  in  1739. 


Bassia 


m 


I '/ 


Bas-rehef  — Toml  St  np  rf  H  ^     r     1  luflUCT  "f  Prr.xiMi.n.  from  the 
Sacred  Way,  Athens    4th  century  B.  C. 

other  objects  represented  project  very  slightly 
from  the  ground.  The  most  ai-tistic  examples  of  bas- 
relief  often  present  to  the  ohseiver  the  illusion  that  their 
carving  has  considerable  projection.  A  lias-relief,  or  a 
work  in  bas-relief,  is  a  piece  of  sculpture  in  this  form. 
Compare  alto-rilievo  and  mezzo-nliem.  Also  bass-relief, 
has^ii-rllievo,  and  basso-relievo. 

bassi  (bas),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  las,  hase,  <  ME. 
base,  bace,  a  corruption  of  barse:  see  barsc] 
Originally,  the  perch,  but  now  restricted  to 
fishes  more  or  less  like  the  true  perch,     (a)  In 


-i?'*'. 


Striped-bass,  or  Rotklish  {Roccus  lineatus). 
{From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  r884.} 

England,  the  Labrax  lupits,  an  acanthopterygiaii  fish  with 
a  compressed  fusiform  contour,  two  dorsal  fins,  the  first 
with  9  spines,  the  second  with  from  12  to  14  rays,  a  general 
grayish  or  greenish  color,  relieved  by  small  black  spots,  and 
a  whitish  belly.  It  is  an  esteemed  food-fish,  (t)  In  other 
En;.'lish-speaking  countries,  the  name  of  various  fishes, 
generally  distinguisheil  liy  a  qualifying  prefix,  as  blaclc- 
bass,  brass-bass,  calieo-bass,  channel-bass,  grass-bass,  Os- 
wego bass,  red-bass,  rock-bass,  sea-bass,  striped-liass,  and 
white-bass.  See  the  compounded  words.  Of  these  the 
nearest  American  relation  of  the  European  bass  is  the 
striped-bass  or  rockfish,  Eoccus  Uneatns.  Also  spelled 
basse. 
bass^  (bas),  n.  [A  corruption  of  bast^,  q.  v.] 
1.  Same  as  hasf^. — 2.  The  American  linden 
or  lime-tree,  TiUa  Americana.  See  basswood. — 
3.  A  mat  made  of  Vjass  or  bast;  a  bass-mat; 
hence,  any  thick  mat  or  matting;  formerly,  a 
straw  hassock  or  cushion. 

Targets  consist  of  straw  basses  with  painted  canvas 
faces  sewed  on  them.  Encyc.  Brit,  II.  376. 

bass*  (bas),  a.  and  n.  [Also  and  more  prop. 
base  (the  spelling  bass  being  mod.,  after  It.  basso, 
and  the  pron.  being  that  of  6a.«e),  <  ME.  base, 
bace,  bas,  <  OP.  bas,  fern,  basse,  low;  see  6a«ei.] 

1.  a.  In  music,  low;  deep;  grave — Bass  clari- 
net, clef,  cornet.  See  the  nouns.—  Bass  coimter,  the 
lower  or  under  liass;  that  part  of  a  composition  having 
two  bases  which  is  taken  by  voices  or  instruments  of  the 
lowest  range,  as  the  second-bass  voices  (ba.^-si  yroj'undi) 
and  the  violoncellos.— Bass  or  Turkish  drum.  See 
drum^. —  Bass  horn,  staff.  See  the  nouns. — Bass 
string,  the  name  popularly  given  to  the  lowest  string  in 
stringed  instruments.  —  Bass  viol.  See  viol. —  Bass  voice, 
a  voice  adapted  for  singing  bass;  the  lowest  male  voice, 
the  extreme  compass  of  which  is  from  D  below  the  bass 
staff  to  D  or  E  above  it,  the  ordinary  compass  being  from 
F  below  the  bass  stafi  to  middle  O,  the  note  on  the  first 
ledger-line  above  it. 

II.  n.  1.  In  »««.s»c,  the  lowest  part  in  the  har- 
mony of  a  musical  composition,  whether  vocal  or 
instrumental.  According  to  some  it  is  the  fundamen- 
tal or  most  important  part,  while  others  regard  the  mel- 
ody or  highest  part  in  that  light.  Next  to  the  melody,  the 
bass  part  is  the  most  striking,  the  freest  and  boldest  in  its 
movements,  and  the  richest^in  effect. 

2.  A  male  voice  of  the  lowest  or  gravest  kind, 
having  a  compass  of  about  two  octaves  from 
the  second  F  below  middle  C,  or  lower. —  3.  A 


Double  bass.  Seet^ow^^^e-^rt.'is.— Drone  bass.  Seerfrone- 
hass.-  Figured  bass,  a  bass  jiart  having  the  acconipany- 
ing  chords  suggested  by  figures  written  above  or  below 
the  notes:  the  most  successful  sys- 
tem of  shorthand  scfu-ing  at  pres- 
ent in  use  among  tu'ganists  and 
pianists.      Also  called    eoiiliiiyed 

ba-^s  (ha.^s<>-fiintiiiiw).  —  Funda- 
mental bass.  .See  .fundamental. 
—  Ground  bass,  a  fundamental 
bass  consistiitg  of  4  or  b  bars, 
which  are  <!ontiniuxlly  repeated 
during  the  whole  movement.  Also 
called      basso-ostinato.  —  Murky  Supposed  Bass, 

bass.     See   inmA-;/.— Supposed 

bass,  in  music,  the  lowest  note  in  an  inverted  chord,  as  V. 
iTi  the  first  inversion  of  the  major  common  chord  of  (',  in 
contradistinction  to  C,  which  is  considered  the  real  bass, 
root,  or  generator  of  the  chord.  (See  also  thorough-bass.) 
basS''  (bas),  V.  [<  6«ss3,  »(.]  I,  trans.  1.  To 
sing  or  play  the  bass  part  of ;  accompany  with 
the  bass.  [Rare.]  —  2.  To  sound  in  a  deep 
tone.     [Bare.] 

The  thunder. 
That  deep  and  dreadful  organ-pipe,  pronounc'd 
The  name  of  Prosper ;  it  did  bass  my  trespass. 

Shatc,  Tempest,  ill.  3. 

II.  intrans.  Totako  the  bass  part  in  a  concert- 
ed piece  of  music :  as,  he  basses  very  steadily. 

bass*  (bas),  «.  [Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps  for 
base  (formerly  also  bas),  coal.]  In  coal-mining, 
black  cai'bonaoeous  shale. 

basset  (bas),  V.  t.  [<  late  ME.  basse;  cf.  OF. 
baisier,  mod.  F.  baiser,  <  L.  basiare,  kiss,  <  hasi- 
um,  a  kiss.    Cf.  haX  and  buss'^.l     To  kiss. 

basset  (bas),  n.  [<  ME.  basse,  a  kiss ;  prob.  from 
the  verb;  cf.  L.  basium,  a  kiss.]  A  kiss;  a 
buss.     Court  of  Lore. 

Bassalia  (ba-sa'li-ii),  re.  [NL.,  <  LL.  bassus, 
low,  deep  (see  base^),  +  Gr.  d'Aia,  an  assemblage, 
with  an  intended  allusion  to  a'Ag,  sea.]  In  £od- 
gcog.,  the  deep-sea  realm;  a  zoological  divi- 
sion, in  a  vertical  direction,  of  the  waters  of  the 
glo"bo.  The  depth  is  not  fl.xed,  but  depends  upon  temper- 
ature and  consequently  upon  latitude,  Bassalia  being  deep- 
est in  tropical  regions,  and  more  shallow  or  even  super- 
ficial toward  or  at  either  pole. 

Bassalian  (ba-sa'li-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
deep-sea  realm  called  Bassalia. 

The  ichthyological  peculiarities  of  the  Bassalian  realm, 
as  he  h.as  proposed  to  call  the  deep-sea  region. 

Science,  III.  505. 

Bassano  ware.    See  majolica. 

Bassaricyon  (bas-a-ris'i-on),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fiaoaapii:,  a  fox  (see  Bassaris),  +  kvuv,  a  dog.] 
A  genus  of  procyoniform  quadrupeds,  related 
to  Ba.ssaris,  resembling  the  kinkajou  in  exter- 
nal form,  but  having  the  skull  and  teeth  more 
like  those  of  the  racoons  and  eoatis.  B.  gabbi 
of  Costa  Eica  is  the  type.  Another  species 
from  Ectiador  is  -B.  alleiii. 

Bassaricyonidse  (bas-a-ris-i-on'i-de),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bassarici/on  +  -ida:.']  Another  name  of 
the  family  Bassurididw.    Corns. 

Bassarididse(bas-a-rid'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<Ba5- 
sari(d-)s  +  -idw.l  A  family  of  American  car- 
nivorous quadrupeds,  of  the  arctoid  series  of 
the  order  Fero',  suborder  Fissipedia,  and  section 
Aretoidea  proci)oiiiforiiiia,  most  nearly  related 
to  the  racoons  (rrociimiidce),  having  some  su- 
perficial resemlilance  to  the  civets  and  genets, 
and  therefore  long  supposed  to  represent  in  the 
new  world  the  numerous  viverrine  quadrupeds 
of  the  old.  It  is  constituted  by  the  genera  Bas- 
saris  (or  Bassariscus)  and  Bassaricyon. 

BassariS  (bas'a-ris),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jiaaaapic, 
a  Thracian  bacchanal,  lit.  a  fox,  equiv.  to  jiac- 
cdpa,  a  fox,  a  Thraeian  bacchanal.]  1.  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Bassaridida  (which 
see).  B.  astuta  is  the  type-species,  inhabiting  the  soiith- 
western  United  States  and  Mexico,  where  it  is  called 
mountain-eat  and  cacomu;;.  It  is  a  pretty  and  intelli- 
gent creature,  about  as  large  as  a  cat,  resembling  the  ra- 
coon in  some  respects,  but  slenderer,  and  with  a  long 
furry  tail  marked  with  black  and  white  rings,  as  in  the 
common  lemur.  It  is  freiiuently  tamed,  and  makes  an 
interesting  pet.  Also  called  Bassariscus. 
2.  [?.  c^]  An  animal  of  this  genus:  as,  the 
ring-tailed  bassaris.  Also  called  bassarisl:—3. 
A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects.  [The  use  of 
the  word  in  entomology  antedates  that  in  mam- 
malogy.] 


Ring-tailed  Bassaris  ^Jtassartj astuta). 

Bassariscus  (bas-a-ris'kus),  n.  [NL.  (Cones, 
1H,S7),  <  (ir.  flnanapir,  a  fox  (see  Bassaris),  with 
dim.  suflix.]     Same  as  Ba.isaris,  1. 

bassarisk  (bas'a-ri.sk),  n.  [<  NL.  Bassurisciis.'] 
Same  as  bassaris,  2.     Coues. 

bass-bar  (bas'biir),  n.  In  instruments  of  the 
viohn  class,  an  oblong  wooden  bar,  running 
lengthwise  within  the  instrument,  designed  to 
strengthen  it  and  enable  it  to  resist  the  pres- 
sure of  the  bridge  and  the  tension  of  the  strings. 

basse,  ».    See  bass^. 

basseUt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  basil^. 

bassel'-'t,  «.     Same  as  basan. 

basse-lisse  (bas-les'),  a.  [F.,  low  warp,  <  basse, 
fern,  of  has,  low  (see  base'^),  +  lisse,  also  lice, 
warp,  <  L.  liciuni,  the  thrum  or  leash,  a  thread 
of  the  web.]  Wrought  with  the  wai-p  in  the 
usual  horizontal  position,  as  distinguished  from 
that  wliich  is  wrought  with  the  warp  jjlaced  in 
a  perjieudieular,  and  described  as  huute-lisse : 
applied  to  tapestry. 

bassenett,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  basinet. 

basset"-  (bas'et  or  ba-set'),  n.  [<  F.  bassette,  < 
It.  bussetla,  basset,  orig.  fem.  of  bassetto,  some- 
what low,  dim.  of  basso,  low:  see  6asel.]  A 
game  of  cards  resembling  faro,  invented  in 
Venice,  and  popular  throughout  Europe  during 
the  eighteenth  century  and  the  latter  part  of 
the  seventeenth. 

We  went  to  the  Chetto  de  San  Felice,  to  see  the  noble- 
men and  their  ladies  at  basset,  a  game  at  carrls  which  is 
much  used,  but  they  play  not  in  public,  and  all  that  have 
inclinatiou  to  it  are  in  masquerade,  withtnit  speaking  one 
word.  Evelyn,  Diary,  June,  1645. 

Some  dress,  some  dance,  some  play,  not  to  forget 
Your  piquet  parties,  and  your  dear  basset. 

Howe,  Royal  Convert,  Prol.,  L  8. 

basset^  (bas'et),  n.  and  a.  [Origin  obscure; 
perhaps  <  OF.  basset  (=  It.  ba.ssetto),  somewhat 
low,  dim.  of  has,  low:  see  basset^.]  I.  re.  In 
geol.  and  mining,  an  outeroji. 

II.  0.  In  geol.  and  mining,  outcropping — Baa- 
set  edges,  the  outc'op,  or  outcropphig  edges,  of  a  series 
of  stratified  beds. 

The  inside  [ridge  in  St.  Helena]  is  much  steeper,  and  is 
almost  precipitous;  it  is  fonned  of  the  basset  edges  of  the 
strata,  which  gently  decline  outwards. 

Dat^iin,  Geol.  Observations,  i.  4. 

basset^  (bas'et),  V.  i.  [<  basset^,  re.]  In  geol. 
and  milling,  to  appear  at  the  surface;  crop 
out:  said  of  the  edges  of  strata. 

basset-horn  (bas'et-hom).  71.  [<  bn.<!set,  for  It. 
bassetto,  somewhat  low  (see  basset^),  ■¥  horn ; 
tr.  It.  corno  di  bassetto.)  A  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  clarinet  class,  having  a  single  reed 
and  a  long  twice-bent  wooden  tube ;  reaUy  the 
tenor  clarinet,  being  intermediate  between  the 
clarinet  proper  and  the  bass  clarinet.  Its  com- 
pass is  four  octaves  and  two  tones  from  the 
second  F  below  middle  C. 

basseting  (bas'et-ing),  p.  a.  and  n.  [<  basset'^ 
+  -/";/.]  I.  JJ.  a.  In  geol.  and  mining,  outcrop- 
ping. 

II.  n.  The  cropping  out  or  appearance  of 
rock  on  the  surface  of  a  stratum,  or  series  of 

bassetto,  bassette  (ba-set'o,  ba-set'),  n.  [<  It. 
bassetto,  somewhat  low:  see  basset'^.']  A  small 
bass  viol  with  three  strings:  now  obsolete. 

Bassia  (bas'i-a),».  [NL..  named  in  honor  of  Fer- 
dinando  Bassi  (died  1774),  an  Italian  physician 
and  writer  on  botany.]  A  genus  of  tropical 
trees  found  in  the  East  Indies  and  Africa,  natu- 
ral order  Sapotacea;.  Several  species  are  valuable  for 
the  oil  yielded  by  the  seeds  and  for  their  fleshy  fiowers, 
which  are  lanjely  used  as  food  iu  central  India,  and  yield 
a  coarse  spirit  by  distillation.  The  mahwa-tree,  B.  lati- 
folia,  is  cultivated  throui:liout  India  for  these  purposes. 
The  mee  or  illupi,  B.  lonnjoUa,  is  a  large  evergreen  tree 
of  India.  B.  butyraeea  yields  a  solid  white  oil  known  as 
fulwa-butter.     The  bark,  leaves,  and  oil  of  these  trees  are 


£assia 

used  in  rheumatic  and  cutaneous  diseases,  and  the  timber 
is  hard  and  ven-  durable— Bassia  oil,  an  aromatic  oil  or 
l.utttr  obtained  from  the  seeils  of  the  Bafsia  lon^falia, 
n-t4  for  iUuniination  and  in  the  manufacture  of  soap. 

bassie  (bas'i).  «.  [Sc,  prob.  dim.  var.  of  basin.'i 
A  basin-shaped  wooden  vessel  for  holding  meal. 
Hogffi 

bassinet  fbas'i-net),  h.  [<  OF.  hacinet,  a  basinet ; 
also,  as  in  defs.  2  and  3,  mod.  F.  Mssinet.iim.. 
of  ia.ssm,  basin :  see  hasin,  hasinet.'\  It.  Same 
as  basinet. — 2.  A  wicker  basket  with  a  covering 
or  hood  over  one  end,  serving  as  a  cradle  for 
voung  children. — 3.  A  name  given  to  several 
common  European  species  of  Saniinciihts. —  4t. 
The  pan  of  a  harquebuse  or  musket.    See  jjow. 

bass-mat  ibas'mat).  II.  A  mat  made  of  bass 
or  bast ;  specifically,  a  matting  made  of  bast, 
used  for  packing  fui-niture.  etc.,  and  for  sugar- 
bags  in  sugar-producing  countries :  in  the  lat- 
ter sense.  usuaUv  in  the  plural. 

basso^  (bas'o).  a.  or  n.  [It.,  =  E.  6ass3.]  1. 
In  m  usic.  the  Italian  word  for  bass. —  2.  One  who 
sings  bass. 

basso-f,  "•  -^  obsolete  form  of  bashaw.  Mar- 
linri:. 

bassockt,  »•  [Cf.  "bass,  bassock,"  bracketed 
as  svnonvms  in  Bailey,  1731  and  later,  where  in 
earlier  editions,  as  also  in  Phillips  and  Kersey. 
1706  and  170S.  the  second  form  is  printed  lias- 
sock.  Bassock,  though  a  possible  dim.  of  bass-, 
is  prob.  a  mere  misprint  for  hassock.']  A  has- 
sock.    See  et^Tuology. 

basso-continiio  (bas'o-kon-te'no.-o),  n.  [It.: 
basso  =  E.  bass'i;  continuo,  <  L.  con<8HM««,  con- 
tinuous.] Same  as  figured  bass  (which  see,  un- 
der bnss'^. 

basso-di-camera  (bas'6-de-kam'e-rS),  «.  [It. : 
b(i.-i.io  =  E.  b(iss3;  di,  <  L.  de,  of;  camera,  <  L. 
ojmtra,  chamber:  see  camera.]  A  double-bass 
or  contra-basso,  reduced  in  size  and  power, 
but  not  in  compass,  and  thus  adapted  to  small 
or  private  rooms.  It  has  four  strinss,  of  the  same 
i|ilality  as  those  of  llie  violoncello,  but  all  proportionally 
lIuckiT. 

basson  (ba-sdn'),  n.  The  French  form  of  bas- 
soon. -  Basson  qulnte  (kafit),  a  double-reed  instrument 
i.f  «hi.  li  till- pitch  IS  one  tlfthliiiihcr  than  that  of  a  bassoon. 

bassoon  (ba-sOu'),  ».  [<  F.  basson,  <  It.bas- 
sune,  a  bassoon,  aug.  of  basso,  low:  see  fcrt-scl, 
bass^fbasso^.]  1.  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
oboe  class,  having  a  double  reed,  a 
long,  curved  metallic  moutlipieco, 
and  a  doubled  wooden  tube  or  body. 
Its  compass  is  alxjut  tiirue  octaves  risinu 
from  1%  lielow  the  bass  stafL  Its  diameter 
at  the  bottom  is  about  2  inches,  and  for  con- 
venience of  carriaKc  it  Is  divideii  into  two  or 
more  parts,  wlience  its  Italian  namc/a<7o/(i>, 
a  hunille.  It  serves  for  the  bass  amon)<  wood 
wind-instruments,  as  hautboys,  flutes,  etc. 
2.  A  reed-pipe  stop  in  an  organ. 
haWiig  a  (juality  of  tone  resembling 
that  of  the  bassoon. 

bassoonist  (ba-son'ist),  n.  [<  bas- 
xoon  +  -ist.]  A  performer  on  the 
iiassof)n. 

basso-OStinatO  (b&s'o-os-ti-na'to),  n. 
[It.,  lit.  olisliiiate  bass:  basso  =  E. 
fi)i.'<H-';  Dstinato  =  E.  obstinate,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  around  bass  (which  see, 
uiidi-r  liiins'i). 

basso-profondo    (bas'o-pro-fon'do),  ^^^_ 

n.  [It.:  hiinso  ^  il.ltaxs^  ;  jirofondo, 
<  Ij.  profundus,  deep,  ])rofoimd  :  see  profound.'] 
In  music:  (a)  The  lowest  bass  voice,  lia\'ing  a 
compass  of  about  two  octaves  rising  from  D 
below  the  bass-stafl.  (b)  One  possessing  u 
voiec  of  this  compass. 

Bassora  gum.    Si(r  ijum^. 

basso-rilievo  (bis'o-re-lya'vo),  n.     See  has- 

r.  I  of. 
basaorin  (bas'o-rin),  ».    [<  Bassora,  also  written 

ho  enroll,  Bus'sorah,  or  Basra,  a  city  in  Asiatic 


Portions  of  Bast-fiber,  showing  oblique  and 
transvcree  striation  of  the  cell-walls.  (From 
Sachs's  "  Lehrbuch  der  Botanik.") 


I'l.. 


Tn 

tlir 

of. 

I  lor   ■ 

ban 
bas 

III, 

bass. 
Tl.. 
litii' 


baHt 

<  .Ml 
=  I' 
ecn  . 
1.  Tl, 


V,  I    A  giiiii  C'flllioOr,)  insoluble  in  water, 
•  ritial  coiiHtituciit  of  gum  tragiiciinth  and 
'TV  and  i>liifn  giuna.    AIho  called  tragan- 
■   !  oilrai/anthin. 

i  .iM'ri}.|ef' ),  "•  Hiimo  H»  has-rrlicf. 
iiij)).  n.  [<  bass-  +  ropi:']  A 
■lade  from  bass  or  bast,  used  for 
I'l  f(ir  other  piirpoHCH. 
'wild),  n.  f<  liass'J  +  wood.] 
:iiiie  of  the  Aini-rienn  linden  or 
<  Amirirana.  Tlie  white  liaMK- 
"liliillla.  Also  i-alli'd  Iiosh. 
|.\Iho  corriiiillv  liasx-,  <|.  v. : 
hoHl  =  I).  MHU.d,  Imslim.) 
•  III.)  =  Kail. '"M<;  origin  iin- 
• '.niK'ctfd  with /wmiH,  (|.  V.) 
iM'iig  inner  fibrous   liiirk  of  various 


470 

trees,  especially  of  species  of  Undein  (T>7«i),  of 
which  the  Russia  matting  of  commerce  is  made. 
Cuba  ba.<t.  used  for  tying  up  cistare,  etc.,  is  the  inner  bark 
of  a  malvaceous  tree,  Paritium  elattnn. 

2.  In  bot.,  a  tissue,  otherwise  called  the  liber 
or  phloem,  formed  of  or  containing  very 
narrow,  long,  and  tough  flexible  cells,  called 
bast-ceUs  or  bast-fibers,  and  occurring  most 
abundantly  in  the  inner. bark  of  dicotyledons. 
The  youngei-  and 

softer  portion  ly- 
ing nearest  to 
the  cambium  has 
been  called  soft 
last.  Bast-cells 
are  the  essential 
constituents  of  all 
textile  fibers  that 
are  derived  from 
the  bark  of  plants, 
as  fla.\,  hemp, 
jute,  ramie,  etc. 

3.  A  rope  or 
cord  made  of 
the  inner  bark 

of  the  lime-tree,  or  the  bark  made  into  ropes 
or  mats.     See  bass-,  3. 

bast'-t,  «•  and  (7.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bast, 
baste,  <  OF.  bast,  mod.  F.  bdt  (cf.  bat-i,  bat- 
horse,  etc.)  =  Pr.  bast  =  Sp.  It.  basto,  <  ML. 
bastum,  a  pack-saddle  (see  bastard),  prob.  < 
MHG.  bast  =  E.  basf^,  bass".  Cf.  bass",  a  cush- 
ion.] I.  «.  Bastardy — Son  of  bastt,  a  bastard. 
II.  a.  Bastard ;  illegitimate. 

bastal  (bas'tii),  interj.  [It.,  =  Sp.  basta,  orig. 
impv.  of  It.  iiastare,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bastar,  suf- 
fice, satisfy,  <  Sp.  Pg.  basto,  copious,  thick, 
gross.]  Enough!  stop!  (a term  not  imcommon 
in  old  dramatists). 

Danta  ;  content  thee  ;  for  I  have  it  full. 

Stiak.,!:.  of  the.S.,i.  1. 

basta-  (bas'tii),  n.  [Appar.  a  fem.  form  of  bas- 
to, the  aee  of  clubs :  see  basto.]  In  the  game 
of  solo,  the  queen  of  spades,  which  is  always 
the  third  trump. 

bastantt,  a.  [<  F.  bastant,  <  It.  bastante  (= 
Sp.  Pg.  bastante),  ppr.  of  bastarc,  suffice:  see 
hasta'^.]     Sufficient ;  able  (to  do  something). 

bastard  (bas'tjird),  n.  andrt.  [<  ME.  ba.itard  (  = 
OFrics.  baslerd  =  G.  bastard  =  Icel.  bastardhr), 
<  OF.  bastard,  bastart  (F.  blitard  =  Pr.  bastard 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  bastardo ;  ML.  Iiastardus),  a  bas- 
tard, prob.  <  bast  (F.  bdt  =  Pr.  Iiast  =  S]..  It. 
basto:  see  bast'^),  a  pack-saddle,  +  -ard :  equiv. 
to  OF.  fils  de  bas,  fits  de  tiast^  a  bastard,  lit. 
son  of  a  paek-saddlo :  see  bast'^  and  -ard,  and 
cf.  bantling.  The  first  known  application  of 
the  word  was  to  William  the  Conqueror,  who 
was  called  William  the  Bastard  before  the  con- 
quest, and,  indeed,  called  himself  so  ("Ego 
Wilhelmus  eoguomine  bastardus").]  I.  n.  1. 
A  natural  child;  a  child  begotten  and  born  out 
of  wedlock;  an  illegitimate  or  spurious  child. 
By  the  civil  and  canon  laws  (a  rule  adopted  also  in  many 
of  the  United  States),  a  bastard  becomes  a  legiliniatc 
child  by  the  marriage  of  the  parents  at  any  futuiv  time. 
But  by  the  laws  of  England  a  child,  to  be  legitinmle, 
must  at  least  be  born  alter  the  lawful  nialTiage ;  it  docs 
not  reiiuire  that  the  child  shall  be  lugollen  in  wed- 
lock, but  it  is  indispensable  that  it  should  be  born  after 
marriage,  no  matter  how  short  the  time,  the  law  presum- 
ing it  to  be  the  iliild  of  the  husband.  The  only  legal  in- 
capacity  of  a  bastard  is  that  he  cannot  be  heir  or  next  of 
kin  to  anyone  save  his  own  issue.  Inheritance  from  the 
mother  is  allowed  in  scune  jurlsillctions.  In  Kngland  the 
maintenance  of  a  bastard  In  the  first  instance  di'Volvcs  on 
the  mother,  while  in  .Scotland  It  is  a  joint  burden  ui.oii 
both  parents.  The  mother  is  entitled  to  the  custody  of 
the  child  In  preference  to  the  father.  In  the  I'nitcd  Slntes 
the  father  may  be  eompcUed  to  iirovidc  sn|i|iiir(. 
2.  In  sugar-refilling:  (a)  A  large  nmld  iiilo 
which  sugar  is  drained,  (fc)  An  iiiipuie,  coarse 
brotvn  sugar  made  from  the  refuse  synip  of 
previous  boilings. —  3t.  An  iminml  of  inferior 
breed;  a  mnngrel. —  4t.  A  kind  of  woolen 
cloth,  probalily  of  inferior  (|iiiility,  or  of  iiiiii- 
sual  width,  orliotli.— 6t.  A  kiml  of  war-vessel 
ages,  jinibalily  i>f  iiniisiiul 
veiileeiilli  eenluiy,  a  small 
cannon,  otherwise  known  as  a  bastard  ruheriii 
(which  HW,  uiiiliT  culverin).—7i.  A  sweet  Simn- 
ish  wine  rcHerabling  muscadel ;  any  kind  of 
sweetened  wine. 

Wo  shall  have  nil  the  world  drink  brown  and  while 

iMMlaril.  Klink..  M.  f.ir  .M  ,  ill.  i 

Why,   this  now,   which  you  account  so  choice,  were 

eniinleil  but  nil  *  clip  of  hiulard  nt  the  (Jroyi"'.  "r  nt  Port 

.St  Mary's.  Sciill,  Kenllworlh,  I.  I. 

8.  \n  falroimi,  n  kind  of  hnwk.  — 9.  [Sp.  bas- 
tardo,'n  bastard,  a  short,  lliii'k-bodieil  Hiiiike, 
etc.]  A  lornl  iiniiie  of  Kemp's  gulf  turtle, 
ThalassocheliiH  (Colporloli/s)  l.nnpi,  of  the  dull' 
of  Mexico.  Special  bavtard,  a  ehlhl  born  befori'  llie 
innrrliiKO  uf  lU  pnmiit*. 


useil   ill  llie  middle 
size. —  6t.    Ill  llie 


baste 

n.  a.  1.  Begotten  and  born  out  of  wedlock; 
illegitimate:  as,  afcfwfari/cbild. —  2t.  Mongrel; 
hybrid :  as,  a  bastard  brood. —  St.  Unauthor- 
ized; um'eeognized:  as.  '■  bastard  officers  be- 
fore God,"  Knox,  First  Blast  (Arber),  p.  48. 
(X.  E.  D.)  —  4.  Spurious;  not  genuine  ;  false; 
supposititious;  adulterate:  as, ''fco.S'fflrrf  hope," 
Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  5;  "  bustard  houoiu's," 
Temple. 

jThey]  at  the  best  attain  but  to  some  bastard  piece  of 
fortitude.  Sir  T.  Rroinic,  Religiit  .Medici,  i.  25. 

5.  Ha'ving  the  appearance  of  being  genuine; 
resembling  in  some  degi-ee  :  an  epithet  applied 
especially  in  botany,  zoology,  medicine,  etc., 
to  things  which  resemble,  but  are  not  identical 
■nith,  the  things  uamed :  as,  bastard  mahogany, 
bastard  piiupci'nel,  bastard  caddis,  bastard  mar- 
ble, bastard  measles,  etc.  See  phrases  below. 
AJso  bastardly. — 6.  Of  abuonual  or  irregular 
shape  or  size ;  of  unusual  make  or  propor- 
tions: applied  to  guns,  ships,  swords  :  as,  bas- 
tard culverin,  bastard  galley,  etc.  See  phrases. 
—  Bastard  Baltimoret,  bastard  oriolet,  the  oicicud- 
oriole,  /I'fi rus  .v7'«riii.<.— Bastard  bar,  in  tier.,  same  as 
baMon,  1  (I').— Bastard  branch,  a  shoot  or  sucker  spring- 
ing up  of  its  o\Mi  acriiril  from  Itle  root  of  a  tree,  or  where 
it  is  not  w.an ted.  — Bastard  breadnut.  See  hreaihnit.— 
Bastaxdcod.  Sameasi/K.H.c-i.i/.i;.  — Bastard culverlnt. 
See  cuh'L-rui.—  Bastard  file,  a  tlU-  of  a  grade  lietwecu 
smooth  and  rough.— Bastard  limestone,  an  imimre  sili- 
cious  limestone,  incapiilile  i-f  licin--:  mnNtTted  into  (Hiick- 
liine  by  burning.— Bastard  manehineeL  See  mnn- 
f A uK'f/.  — Bastard  musket,  ."^ee  wi/ji-rf.  — Bastard 
plover,  a  name  for  tile  lapwing.  Vaitclhtt^  crititatitit. — 
Bastard  saltie,  a  lucal  Scolcll  name  (about  Aberdeen)of 
the  rwlgh  dab,  /yi;i;«);;;ii.'.«oii/.'.<  /i/mim/i./ifex.- Bastard 
senna.  Same  as  bladder'Senna,—  Bastard  sole.  (i)  A 
local  Knglish  name  of  the  smear-dab,  Cioiinu/losna  micro- 
c^phala.  (b)  A  local  English  name  (in  Weymouth)  of 
the  variegatetl  sole,  Sotea  crtri'.i/o^i.— Bastard  StUCCO, 
in  i>lasi,rin:i.  See  ,«(ncco.— Bastard  sugar,  same  as 
baxlard.  n..  '2  (/i).— Bastard  title,  in  iTiiilinti,  an  al>- 
breviatcd  title  of  a  book  on  an  otherwise  blank  page 
ineeeding  the  full  title-page.  — Bastard  turbot.tlic  InilL 
[Local  Sc.itch  (about  Moray  rYilh).  |— Bastard  typA 
in  yriiiliua,  type  with  a  face  larger  or  smaller  than  that 
proper  to  the  size  of  the  body,  as  boni-gcois  on  a  brevier 
Imdy. — Bastard  wheel,  in  mach.,  a  fiat  bevel-wheel,  or 
one"  which  is  a  near  aiiproach  to  a  spur-wheel. — Bas- 
tard wlnet, « ine  which  is  neither  sweet  nor  sour.— Bas- 
tard 'Wing.     Same  as  alula, 

bastardt  (bas'tiird),  V.  t.  [<  bastard,  v.]  To 
declare  to  be  a  bastard;  stigmatize  as,  a  bas- 
tard; bastardize.     [Kare.] 

Have  I  ever  cozened  any  friends  of  yours  of  their  laiidf 
bought  their  possessions'?  .  .  .  ftrtsrardprf  their  issue? 

B.  .hintion,  Epicccne,  11.  1. 
To  bastard  our  children.    Bp.  Burnrt,  Kecords,  Tl.  li.  3. 

bastardicet  (bas'i iir-dis),  «.  [<  F.  bastardise 
(Kith  e(>ntury),  mVw  bdtardise,  <  OF.  bastard, 
bastard.]     Bastardy.     Chapman. 

bastardise,  r.  t.     See  l)iistardi::e. 

bastardismt  (bas'tiir-dizm),  n.  [<  bastard  + 
-ism.]     Rastardy. 

bastardize  (bas'tjlr-diz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bas- 
liiriti:i(l,  pjir.  bastariti::ing.  [<  bastard  +  -ice.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  declare  or  prove  to  bo  a  bas- 
tard; stigmatize  as  a  bastard. 

The  law  is  so  indulgent  as  not  to  ba.^lardize  the  child  if 
born,  though  nut  begotten,  ill  lawful  wedlock. 

Blarksloiic  Com.,  I.  xvi. 

2t.  To  beget  out  of  wedlock.     Shak.— 3.  To 
render  mongrel  or  hybrid ;  make  degenerate ; 
debase:    as,    "a   bastardised  race   of  the   Ro- 
mans," /.  Ii'israrii,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  1.  260. 
II.  intraiis.  To  become  degenerate. 
.\lso  sjielled  bastardise. 
bastardlyt  (bas'tiird-li),  a.    [<  bastard  +  -ly'^.] 

1.  Haslai'd;  base-born. 

Thou  baslardhi  rogue  !  Stiah.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  il.  1. 

2.  Spurious;  counterreil. 

A  furtive  siinulatlon,  and  a  haslardhj  kind  of  adoption, 
.tfr.  Taiilitri'O,  Artif.  Ilanilsomcneas,  p.  flfl. 

3.  Pegenerate ;  debased. —  4.  Same  as  bas- 
tard, a.,  ,'). 

bastardy  (bas'tilr-di),  n.    [<  bastard  +  -y.  Ct 
liastardiee.]     1.  The  state  of  being  a  bastard, 
or  begotten  and  born  out  of  lawful  wedlock. 
Horn  In  lni>ilnrd<i.  .SVoifr..  'J  Men.  VI.,  111.  i 

They  blot  my  name  with  hateful  haftarih^/. 

liraiiton,  Kosainond  to  K.  Henry. 

2.  The  act  of  begetting  a  bastard. —  3.  A  ju- 
dicial iiroceediiig  tii  deteniiine  the  paternity 
of  II  bustard  eliild  and  eoiiipel  its  father  to 
Hii|>p<irl  it .  Doclnrator  of  bastardy,  In  Sn,i«  lav,  an 
aetloii  Inslllnted  in  Ihe  I'ouitor  Sensjoii  by  the  donntorjr 
in  a  girt  of  liiiKliudv.  for  the  linrpone  of  having  it  declared 
that  the  lioiil  or  thi'  elleein  wlileh  l>elr>iiged  lo  Ihe  deeewwd 

liaslnnl  hi'lonu  b>  the  dnnalory.  In  virli f  the  gift  fiiim 

the  crown.  01ft  of  bastardy,  in  Sraln  lau\  a  gift  from 
Ihe  crown  of  the  herllalile  or  niovalile  elfeels  of  a  baslaril 
\sho  has  filed  wltlionl  liiwliil  issue,  iilid  without  having 
dl«|.o»ecl  of  hU  propi'rly  In  liege  p.iUHtle. 

baste'  (bast),  1'.  t.;  pret.  nnd  Jip.  basted,  ppr. 
basting,     [First  kmnvii  In  pi-el.  or   pp.  boslo. 


baste 

baist,  basit,  porhaps  with  orig.  inf.  "base,  <  Sw. 
biisa,  strike,  beat,  whip  (cf.  fins/il,  bask'<>) ; 
some  compare  Icel.  beiista,  beyrsta  =  Sw.  biis- 
ta  =  Dan.  boste,  beat,  drub,  generally  associat- 
ed with  bfirste  (=  Sw.  borsta),  brush,  <  biirstc, 
a  brush,  bristle,  =  Sw.  borste,  a  brush,  borat,  a 
bristle.  Others  take  baste'^  to  be  a  fig.  use  of 
hnsli'-';  ef.  annint  in  sense  of  fiostel.]  To  beat 
with  a  stick;  thrash;  cudgel. 

Mine  liail  struck  down  Creeds  boy  in  the  ciirt,  with  his 
now  suit  on,  and  the  boy  .  .  .  was  in  a  pitiful  taking  and 
pickle,  but  1  basted  ray  rogue  soundly. 

Peinjs,  Diary,  I.  372. 

Would  now  and  then  seize  .  .  . 
A  stick,  or  stool,  or  anything  that  round  did  lie, 
And  baste  her  lord  ami  master  most  confoundedly. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  100. 

baste^  (bast),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  basted,  ppr. 
Iiitsiiiuj.  [Origin  unknown;  the  word  fii'st  oc- 
eui'S  in  the  IGth  century.  Cf.  btistc'^.']  1.  To 
moisten  (meat  that  is  being  roasted  or  baked) 
with  melted  fat,  gravy,  etc.,  to  improve  the 
tlavor  or  prevent  burning. 

The  fat  of  roasted  mutton  falling  on  the  birds  will  serve 
to  baste  them.  Swrj't. 

Down  ran  the  wine  into  the  road. 

Most  piteous  to  be  seen, 
Which  made  bis  liorse's  flanks  to  smoke 
As  tliey  had  basti'it  liefn.    Coicjin;  .lohn  Gilpin. 

2.  To  mark  (sheep)  with  tar.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

baste^  (bast),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  basted,  ppr. 
hasting.  [<  ME.  basteii,  <  OF.  bastir,  F.  bdtir 
=  Sp.  b/istear  =  It.  imbastire,  baste,  sew  (cf. 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  basta,  basting),  prob.  <  0H6.  bestan, 
patch  (MHG.  besten,  lace,  tie,  OFries.  besten, 
baste),  <  bast,  bast,  the  fibers  of  which  were 
used  for  thread:  see  fertsJl.]  To  sew  slightly; 
fasten  together  with  long  stitches,  as  the  parts 
of  a  garment,  for  trying  on  or  fitting,  or  for 
convenience  in  handling  during  the  process  of 
making. 

The  body  of  your  discourse  is  sometime  guarded  [trim- 
med] with  fragments,  and  the  guards  [trimmings]  are  but 
slightly  banted  on  neither.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

baste*  (bast),  11.  [Another  spelling  of  beast,  re- 
taining the  former  pronunciation  of  that  word.] 
In  card-fhiyhuj,  same  as  beast,  7. 

bastel-houset,  "•  [<  ME.  bastel,  bastele,  bastile 
(see  liaslilc)  +  house.']  A  fortified  house,  espe- 
cially one  built  in  an  outlying  and  e.xposed  po- 
sition.    See  border-tower. 

basterl  (bas'ter),  n.  [<  baste'^  +  -erl.]  1.  One 
who  bastes  or  beats  with  a  stick. —  2.  A  blow 
with  a  stick  or  other  weapon.    [CoUoq.] 

baster^  (bas'ter),  n.  [<  baste^  +  -eri.]  One 
who  bastes  meat. 

baster'*  (bas'ter),  n.  [<  baste^  +  -erl.]  One 
who  bastes  or  joins  the  parts  of  a  garment 
loosely  with  long  stitches;  also,  an  attachment 
to  a  sewing-machine  used  for  basting. 

bastema  (bas-ter'nil),  H.  [LL.]  1.  A  sort  of 
litter  or  sedan,  boriie  by  two  mules,  used  by 
the  Romans. —  2.  An  ox-cart  or  wagon  used 
by  the  early  French  kings. 

bastida  (bas-te'da),  n.  [ML.,  also  bastita:  see 
hastide.']     Same  as  bastide. 

bastide  (bas-ted'),  n.  [F.,  a  farm-house,  a 
fortress,  <  Pr.  bastida,  <  IIL.  bastida,  prop,  bas- 
tita, lit.  a  building,  prop.  fem.  of  bastitus,  pp. 
of  bastire,  build,  >  OF.  bastir  =  Pr.  bastir, 
build:  see  bastile,  hastion.J  If.  A  small  forti- 
fied building,  often  of  timber,  corresponding 
nearly  to  a  modern  blockhouse. —  2t.  A  tem- 
porary or  movable  hut  or  tower  erected  for  be- 
sieging purposes.  See  bastile,  4. —  3.  A  small 
farm-house  or  country  dwelling  in  the  south  ol: 
France,  especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mar- 
seilles. 

bastile,  bastille  (bas-tel'),  n.  [In  spelling  and 
pi'on.  conformed  to  mod.  F.;  <  ME.  bastile,  bas- 
tille, bastele,  bastel,  etc.,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  F.) 
bastille,  <  ML.  bastile,  pi.  bastilia,  a  tower,  for- 
tress, <  bastire  (>  OF.  bastir,  F.  bdtir  =Pr.  OSp. 
bastir  =  It.  bastire),  build,  of  unknown  origin ; 
referred  by  Diez  to  Gr.  ftaurd^eiv,  raise,  support.] 

1.  A  bridge-tower,  gate-tower,  outlying  de- 
fense, or  citadel. 

At  vch  brugge  a  berfray  on  basteles  wyse. 
Thai  seuen  sythe  vcli  a  day  asayled  the  gates. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1187. 

2.  In  French  hist.,  a  fortress  used  as  a  state 

prison.  Many  French  cities  had  bastiles  of  this  kind  in 
feudal  times,  but  the  one  especially  known  is  that  of 
Paris,  called  specifically  the  Bastille,  It  commanded  the 
Porte  St.  Antoine,  and  its  erection  was  begun  by  Charles 
V.  in  1369.  This,  being  of  peculiar  strength,  remained 
after  the  other  medieval  fortifications  of  the  city  had 
been  removed,  and  its  use  as  a  prison  for  persons  con- 
fined at  the  arbitrary  will  of  the  king  or  bis  ministers 
gave  it  celebrity  as  a  reputed  strongliold  of  royal  des- 
potism and  cruelty.  It  was  stormed  \vith  much  blood- 
shed by  the  populace  July  14,  1789.  and  was  demolished 


471 

shortly  afterward.  There  were  delivered  from  the  prison- 
cells  four  formers,  two  lunatics,  and  a  nobleman  who  had 
been  conllned  at  the  demand  of  his  family. 

In  Paris  la  Bastile  is,  as  our  Tower,  the  chief  prison  of 
the  kingdom.  Cotf/rave. 

That  rock-fortress,  Tyranny's  stronghold,  which  they 
name  BastUle.  Carbjle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  3. 

Hence — 3.  By  extension,  any  prison,  espe- 
cially one  conducted  in  an  arbitrary  or  op- 
pressive way. 

The  modern  hospital  for  the  insane,  especially  the  many 
private  and  corporate  homes,  conducted  as  they  are  with 
the  utmost  humanity  and  skill,  are  not  bastiles  or  prisons, 
furnishing  only  restraint  behind  the  bars. 

Alien,  and  Neurol.,  VII.  700. 

4.  A  movable  tower  used  by  the  besiegers  of 
a  strong  place,  whether  for  approaching  the 
walls  (see  belfry)  or  as  a  defense  and  protec- 
tion for  the  besiegers. 
bastile,  bastille  (bas-tel'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bastiled  or  Imstilled,  ppr.  hastiliiig  or  hastilling. 
[<  bastile,  «.]  To  confine  in  a  bastile;  im- 
prison. 
bastilliont  (bas-til'yon),  )(.  [<  OF.  bastillon, 
iMm.  ot  bastille :  see  bastile.']  A  small  fortress 
or  castle. 

bastimentt  (bas'ti-ment),  n.  [<  OF.  bastiment 
(F.  Ixilimerit  =  Sp.  'bastimento),  a  building, 
structure,  ship,  <  ia«tir,  build:  see  bastile.]  1. 
Military  supplies. — 2.  A  rampart. — 3.  A  shij) 
of  war. 
bastimentot  (bas-ti-men'to),  n.  [Sp.]  Same 
as  bastiment,  3. 

Then  the  bastimentos  never 

Had  our  foul  dishonour  seen, 
.Nor  the  sea  the  sad  receiver 
Of  this  gallant  train  had  been. 

Glover,  Hosier's  Ghost,  st.  7. 

bastinade  (bas-ti-nad'),  n.  and  v.  Same  as 
bastiiia<l(). 

bastinado  (bas-ti-na'do),  «.  [Formerly  also 
bastonado  (-ada,  -ade)  =  F.  hastonnade,  <  Sp. 
bastonada,  also  bastonazo  (=  It.  bastonata),  a 
beating  with  a  stick,  <  Sp.  baston  =  OF.  baston 
=  It.  basto)ie,  a  stick,  cudgel :  see  baston,  baton.] 

1.  A  blow  or  beating  with  a  stick  or  cudgel, 
especially  on  the  soles  of  the  feet  or  on  the 
buttocks ;  a  cudgeling.  t 

He  brags  he  will  gi'  me  the  bastinado,  as  I  hear. —  How? 
he  the  bastinado^  How  came  he  by  that  word,  trow? — 
Nay,  indeed,  he  said  cudgel  me;  I  tenued  it  so  for  my 
more  grace.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A  mode  of  punishment  in  some  Oriental 
countries,  especially  Turkey,  Persia,  and  China, 
in  which  blows  with  a  stick  or  lath  of  bamboo 
are  inflicted  on  the  soles  of  the  feet  or  on  the 
buttocks.— 3.  A  stick  or  cudgel;  the  imple- 
ment used  in  administering  the  bastinado. 

bastinado  (bas-ti-na'do),  V.  t.  [<  bastinado,  «.] 
Tt)  beat  with  a  stick  or  cudgel ;  specifically,  to 
beat  on  the  buttocks  or  the  soles  of  the  feet, 
as  a  judicial  punishment. 

The  .Sallee  rover,  who  threatened  to  bastinado  a  Chris- 
tian captive  to  death.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 
bastingl  (bas'ting),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  baste^.] 
-A  cudgeling ;  a  beating. 

A  good  basting  .  .  .  was  a  sovereign  remedy  for  sea-sick- 
ness. Marryat,  Peter  Simple,  p.  64. 
basting^  (bas'ting),  11.     [Verbal  n.  of  baste^.] 
1 .  The  moistening  of  meat  that  is  being  roasted 
with  its  own  fat,  butter,  etc.— 2.  The  gra\-j', 
melted  fat,  butter,  etc.,  used   in  moistening 
roasting  beef  etc.— 3.  In  candle-malcing,  the 
process  of  pouring  melted  wax  over  the  wicks. 
basting^  (bas'ting),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  baste'i.] 
1 .  The  act  of  sewing  together  with  long,  loose 
stitches.— 2.  The  stitches  themselves. 
basting-machine  (biis'ting-ma-shen"),".    A 
sewing-machine  usedforbastingtogetherpieces 
of  fabrics,   to  make   a  continuous  piece  for 
bleaching,  dyeing,  etc. 

bastion  (bas'tion),  n.  [<  F.  bastion,  <  It.  ias- 
tione  (=  Sp.  bastioti),  <  bastire  =  OF.  bastir, 

etc.,  build:  see 
bastile.]  In 

fort.,  a  mass 
of  earth,  faced 
with  sods,  brick, 
or  stones,  stand- 
ing out  from 
a  rampart,  of 
which  it  is  a 
principal  part. 
A  bastion  consists 
of  two  Jlanks,  each 
connuanding  and 
defending  the  adja- 
centcurtain,  or  that 
portion  of  the  wall 
extending  from  one 
bastion  to  another,  and  two /aces  making  with  each  other 
an  acute  angle  called  the  salient  angle,  and  commanding 


u,  a,  curia 
gles;  c,  salient  angle ; 
*  c,  faces;  a  a,  gorge 
curtains. 


_ .  . ,  shoulder-an- 
i>, a  d.  Hanks ;  be. 
ad,  a  d,  parts  of 


basylous 

the  outworks  and  ground  before  the  fortification.  The 
inner  space  between  the  two  flanks  is  the  fforcje,  or  entrance 
into  the  bastion.  The  use  of  the  bastion  is  to  bring  every 
Ijoint  at  the  foot  of  the  rampart  as  much  as  possible  under 
the  guns  of  the  place.    Formerly  called  bulwark. 

Anil  t4)pples  round  the  dreai^  west, 
A  looming  bttJftion  fringed  with  fire. 

Tennyson,  In  Menioriam,  xv. 

To  our  right  was  a  long  embattled  line,  with  many  a 
bastion  square  and  round.  O'Doiunian,  Merv,  xviii. 

Center  of  a  bastion,  a  point  at  the  niiddle  of  the  gorge, 
whence  tile  cajiital  lini;  luoceeds.  It  is  in  K'lii'ral  at  the 
angle  of  the  iom-r  |»>lygon.  — Detached  baBtlon,  In/ml., 
:t  bastion  ubirb  is  separated  from  the  enceinte  liy  a  ditch. 
F'irnu;  .Mil.  l;iicyc. 

bastionary   (bas'tion-ii-ri),  a.     [<   bastion   + 
-ary^.]    Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  bastions: 
as,  systems  of  haslionary  fortification, 
bastioned  (bas'tiond),  a.     [<  basliou   +  -ec?2.] 
Provided  with  or  defended  by  bastions. 
His  palace  bright, 
Bastion'd  with  jiyramids  of  glowing  gold. 

Keats,  Hyperion,  t 
P'rom  the  bastion'd  walls, 
Like  threaded  spiders,  one  by  one,  we  dropt, 
And  Hying  reached  the  frontier:  then  wecrost 
To  a  livelier  land  ;  and  so  by  tilth  and  grange. 
And  vines,  and  blowing  bosks  of  wilderness. 
We  gained  the  mother-city  thick  with  t^jwers, 
And  in  the  imperial  palace  found  the  king. 

Tennyson,  PrinceBS,  L 
Bastioned  fort,  a  fort  having  two  or  more  bastions  con- 
iHTted  by  irurtiiiii.s :  a  ti  riii  cunimonly  restricted  to  fleld- 
winks.— Bastioned  front.  see./v«(i<. 
bastionet  (bas'tion-et),  H.  [<  bastion  +  -et.] 
'la  fort.,  a  small  bomb-proof  chamber  placed  in 
a  position  flanking  the  ditch  of  a  lunette  or 
redoubt.  Bastiouets  are  usually  placed  at  the  salient 
angles  of  redoubts,  and  are  furnished  with  loopholes  tor 
small  arms,  and  sometimes  are  pierced  for  one  or  two  gnns. 
bastite  (bas'tit),  n.  [<  Baste  (see  def .)  +  -ite^.] 
A  serpentinous  mineral  occurring  embedded  in 
serpi'ntiue  at  Baste  in  the  Harz  and  elsewhere, 
and  iiroliiilily  derived  from  the  alteration  of  a 
variety  of  eustatite  (bronzite).  It  often  shows  a 
metallic-pearly  luster,  or  schilier,  in  the  cleavage-face,  and 
is  hence  called  schiller-spar. 
bastnasite  (bast'na-sit),  ti.  [<  Bastnas  (see 
def.)  +  -i7f2.]  A  fluocarbonate  of  cerium, 
lanthanum,  and  didymium  from  the  Bastnas 
mine,  Sweden.  It  also  occurs  as  an  alteration 
product  of  tysonite  near  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado. 
basto  (bas'to),  «.  [<  It.  Sp.  Pg.  basto,  ace  of 
clubs ;  cf.  It.  bustone  =  Sp.  baston  =  Pg.  basliio, 
a  stick,  club :  see  baston.]  In  card-])laying,  the 
ace  of  clubs  in  quadrille  and  ombre. 

In  Spanish  cards  clubs  are  really  represented  by  "  clubs," 
for  which  basto  is  the  Spanish  word.  In  certain  games, 
e.  g..  Ombre,  the  ace  of  clubs  plays  an  important  part, 
and  is  emphatically  called  basto. 

X.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  115. 

bastont  (bas'ton),  n.  [<  ME.  baston,  ba.'itiin,  < 
OP.  baston,  T'.'bdton  =  Sp.  baston  =  Pg.  bastao 
—  It.  bastone,  <  ML.  *basto{n-),  a  stick,  club, 
cudgel.  Origin  tmknown.  The  word  appears  in 
E.  also  as  baton,  batoon,  ballon, 

batten"^:  see  these  forms.]    1.  A. 

stick,  staff,  or  cudgel;  a  baton. 

Specifically — (a)  A  mace  of  wood  used  in 
a  toni-ney,  instead  of  the  mace  of  metal 
used  in  war.  It  was  usually  shaped  into 
a  handle,  and  had  a  guard  like  a  sword. 
(6)  A  leading-staff  or  ensign  of  command. 
Baston.  See  6a?OTi,  1.  (c)  In  Aer.,  a  bendlet  sinis- 

ter cut  off  at  each  end,  so  as  not  to 
reach  the  edge  of  the  field  :  it  is  generally  considered  in 
English  heraldi-y  a  mark  of  illegitimacy.  [Still  used  in 
this  sense.)  Also  baton  and  bastard  bar. 
2.  In  arch.,  a  segmental  molding  used  espe- 
cially in  the  bases  of  columns;  a  torus. — 3.  A 
servant  of  the  warden  of  the  Fleet,  who  attend- 
ed the  king's  courts  as  an  officer,  carrying  a 
red  truncheon,  it  was  his  duty  to  take  to  ward  such 
prisoners  as  had  been  committed  by  the  court,  and  also  to 
attend  those  suffered  to  go  at  large  by  license.  Hence,  (o 
iin  out  of  prison  by  baston  was  to  go  at  large  in  the  custody 
of  a  servant  of  the  warden  of  Fleet  prison.  [London,  Eng.) 
bast^palm  (bast'pam),  «.  Two  species  of  Bra- 
zilian palms  which  yield  the  piassaba  fiber,  a 
coarse  fiber  from  the  sheathing-bases  of  the 
leaf-stalks,  used  for  cordage,  brooms,  etc.  The 
Babia  bast-palm  is  the  Attalea Jvnifera  (see  Attalea);  that 
of  Para  is  the  Leopotdinia  Piassaba. 
bast-tree  (bast'tre),  n.  [ME.  baste-tre;  <  bast^ 
-H  tree.  ]  A  tree  furnishing  bast,  in  Europe  espe- 
cially the  linden,  Tilia  Europwa.  See  basf^. 
basyl,  basyle  (ba'sil),  n.  [<  Gr.  (iiatc,  a  base, 
-t-  I'/;/,  substance.]  In  chem.,  a  name  given  by 
Graham  to  the  electropositive  constituent  of  a 
salt. 
basylous  (ba'si-lus),  a.  [<  basyl  +  -ons.]  In 
chem.,  of  the  nature  of  or  relating  to  a  basyl, 
or  electropositive  constituent  of  a  salt. 

The  name  of  the  electro-negative  ingredient  .  .  .  being 
that  which  is  placed  first  as  the  generic  term,  whilst  that 
of  the  electro-positive  <tr  /■f7>:"/i't(.*  element  folloxvs  as  indi- 
cating the  species.      H'.  A.  Miller,  Eleni.  of  Chem.,  J  331. 


bat 

■bat^  Cbat),  n.  [<  ME.  hat,  batte,  hotte,  the  ear- 
liest recoi-ded  forms  being  dat.  sing,  botte,  nom. 
pi.  botten  (nom.  sing.  *bat,  *botf),  pointing  to 
an  AS.  *bai  (gen.  dat.  *batte),  given  by  Somner, 
but  not  authenticated,  appar.  <  Ir.  (Jael.  bat, 
bata,  a  staff,  cudgel.  But  in  part  at  least  the 
■word  rests  on  OF.  batte,  F.  batte,  a  rammer,  a 
•wand,  appar.  <  battre,  beat:  see  batter^.  Some 
of  the  noun  senses  are  from  the  verb  (see  baf^, 
v.),  while  others  are  perhaps  from  orig.  difi. 
sources.]  1.  A  heavy  stick  or  club;  formerly, 
a  walking-stick. 

A  handsome  bat  he  held. 
On  which  he  leaned,  as  one  farre  in  elde. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  217. 

2.  The  Tvooden  club  with  which  the  players  in 
base-ball,  cricket,  and  similar  games  bat  or 
drive  the  ball.  That  used  in  base-ball  is  a  round  ta- 
pering stick  01"  vaning  size  and  weight  to  suit  the  strength 
of  the  player ;  that  used  in  cricket  is  shaped  somewhat  like 
the  brt>ad  end  of  an  oar,  and  is  proWded  with  a  round 
handle. 

3.  A  batsman  or  batter. 

\y.  is  the  best  bat  left. 

r.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown's  School-Days,  ii.  8. 

4.  A  blow  as  with  a  bat  or  baton :  as,  he  re- 
ceived a  bat  in  the  face.  [CoUoq.]  —  5.  A  tool 
made  of  beech,  used  by  plumbers  in  dressing 
and  flatting  sheet-lead. — 6.  A  rammer  used 
by  founders. —  7.  A  blade  used  for  beating  or 
scutching  hemp  or  flax. —  8.  A  piece  of  brick 
having  one  end  entire ;  hence,  any  portion  of 
a  brick;  a  brickbat. — 9.  A  kind  of  sun-dried 
brick.  Southey. — 10.  Shale;  hardened  clay, 
but  not  fire-clay:  same  as  tixf?,  2.  Fcnn.Surv. 
Glossary.  Also  spelled  6of/. — 11.  In  liat-mal:- 
itiff,  a  felted  mass  of  fur,  or  of  hair  and  wool. 
Two  such  masses  are  rccjuii-ed  to  form  the  body 
of  a  hat.     Also  spelled  6a  ». 

One  half  of  the  intended  hat,  called  a  bat,  is  bowed  at  a 
time.  J.  Tlioiiinon,  llats  and  Felting,  p.  39. 

12.  A  continuous  wad  of  cotton  from  the 
batting-machine,  ready  for  carding;  also,  a 
sheet  of  cotton  wadding  or  batting.  See  bat- 
ting.— 13.  In  ceram.:  (a)  A  fle.xible  sheet  of 
felatin  used  in  transferring  impressions  to  the 
iscuit. 

Itatt  or  iMt  is  ...  a  plate  of  gelatine,  used  in  printing 
on  to  [Mattery  or  porcelain,  over  the  ^lazc.  In  bat-pruit- 
ing,  the  impression  is  ti-ansferred  from  an  engraved  cop- 
per plate  to  a  bat  of  gelatine  or  glue,  whence  it  is  printed 
on  tlio  glaze,  in  oil  or  tar.  Enamel  powder  being  then 
duste<t  over  the  print,  adheres  to  the  oiled  surface,  and 
the  porcelain  is  then  llred  at  a  low  temperature, 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  293. 

(6)  A  shelf  or  slab  of  baked  clay  used  to  sup- 
port pieces  of  biscuit  which  have  been  painted, 
and  are  being  liied  again.  See  ciianicl-kilii. — 
14.  Rate ;  speed ;  style.  [Scotch  and  prov. 
Eng.]  — At  the  bat,  in  the  position  of  the  l)atter  or 
gtrikt-r  in  b.xHe-))all  and  Kiniilar  games ;  having  the  riglit 
to  wi.lrl  the  bat.  — To  Carry  one's  bat.  .Sec  carry.— To 
go  on  a  bat,  to  go  oir  for  a  dnmkcn  carousal  or  spree. 
ISIang.l 
bat^  (bat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  batted,  ppr.  batting. 
[<  late  ME.  batten,  beat  witli  a  stick,  <  ))atte,  a 
bat,  stick:  see  bat^,  n.,  and  cf.  hiittiA.  In  part 
perhaps  regarded  as  imitative  of  a  heavy,  dull 
blow;  cf.  7)af.]  I.  /»•««».  To  beat ;  hit;  strike. 
Enpecially  —  (a)  In  bane.ball  and  similar  games,  to  knock 
or  drive  tkn  the  ball,  {b)  In  crram.,  to  tlatlcri  out  to  the 
rcqulrcn  thickness,  as  unbaked  clay,  i»n'parat^)ry  to  mobl- 
Ing  on  the  block  <ir  throwing  on  the  wheel. 

TT.  intran.i.  In  banc-bnll  and  similar  games, 
to  strike  the  ball:  as,  he  bats  well. —  To  bat  at, 
to  attempt  unsuccessfully  to  knock,  as  a  hall  ;  strike  at 
but  miss. 
bat^  (bat),  n.  [A  corruption  of  earlier  bad,; 
bak,  He.  hack,  bak  (also  liakie-bird,  baickie-hird), 
a  bat,  <  ME.  hakki;  liari.e,  <  Dan.  Iiakke,  in  coinp. 
o/f/n/iaA'/iff,  evening-bat,  =<)S\v.  6o/iAv/, iiicomp. 
tiatt-lmkka,  night-jar,  Hw.  dial,  nallaliiitla,  nall- 
hliirha,  =  Ii'cl.  blaka,  in  coniji.  Iidlir-lilaka,  hat, 
lit.  Icntlier-llapper,  <  blaka.  Iliillcr,  flaji.  The 
orig.  form  is  un<K,'rtaiii.  Cf.  ML.  blattii,  blacta, 
balla,  H  bat,  anotlier  application  of  Jj.  blalla, 
an  iii-»i-l  ihatHliiinH  tlio  li({lit,  acockroaeli ;  sco 
Jll'i't ,  .  I  ..rthrM'hftngoof  Alo  /,  cf.  K.viakr'^  = 
mnl' ',  iiM  I  K.  rrnH«=  Dan.  tratir,  Hw.  trnnn,  led. 
Irani.  Tin-  AS.  name  of  the  bat  is  hn'renifi.s, 
>  K.  rrr  r  V  f.  The  d.  name  \h  Itidirniaiis;  cf. 
E.  '  ]     A  wiiig-Iianded,  wiiiK-fooled 

fly  I  I.  of  the  order  Chirojitirn  f  which 

f"''  '  I     iipwani  of  4;/l  In  I  u 

r.*<*],,  ...I    (,io«t  vaib'l  111  1 

ino.'  udunln  In  tropliiil  "  I 

*;onitti  t,\  i,.m|H>rnl<-  «oiih' 

'  nil'  1  I  M|,r.  ar*' ciiinpfiratl\  ■  i 

•ml    ■'  ,  ,inrt.T»  Hint  Hill  II 

"f  tlr  .    ,..,  ,,f  II rdiT   In   v>i.i... 

KIoii'  iIiiI  or  v.,MtnMtof  all  hiiIimiiI.. 

•1*^111  Mini'ctJi,  lor  tbey  havt' Hi'iir<  •  ly 

*"/  "''■  I-     '   !'••  Miiiollun  thnii  nyllig.     They  lire 


472 

nocturnal  and  crepuscular,  passing  most  of  the  daytime 
in  dusky  i-etreats,  where  they  grather  sometimes  in  almost 
incredible  multitudes,  and  geuerally  repose  hanging  head 
downwai'd  by  their  hind  feet.  In  size  they  rauge  from  less 
than  the  size  of  a  mouse  to  lai'ge  forms  with  sume  five  feet 
spivad  of  wing.  The  body  is  usually  softly  furry;  the 
wings  ai-e  membi'anous  and  naked.    Thegieat  majority 


-^. 


Hoar>'  Bat  ■Lnsiurtis firuinosus). 

are  insectivorous  .ind  carnivorous,  and  constitute  the  sub- 
order Animalivora  or  Iti.^ectivora;  of  these,  a  few  prey 
upon  other  bats,  and  some,  of  the  genera  Dcsmodas  anil 
Diphylta,  suck  the  blood  of  large  animals  ;  but  the  great 
bats  of  South  America  called  vampirc-g  are  chietly  fru- 
givorous.  See  Desmodonteji,  Vamjn/ri.  The  old-world 
fruit-bats,  fl>'ing-foxes,  or  roussettes  are  mostly  large  spe- 
cies, constituting  the  family  Pteropoduice  and  suborder 
Frugivora.  See  cut  under  Xvt"".7-.^('^.  The  physiognomy 
of  many  of  the  bats  is  grotesque,  o\ving  to  the  extraordi- 
nai^'  appendages  of  the  snout,  especially  in  the  families 
Rldnolophidce  and  PhjtUostomatidw,  or  horseshoe  bats 
and  leaf -nosed  bats.  The  ears,  too,  are  often  of  great  size 
and  much  complexity  of  detail,  and,  like  the  various  ap- 
pendages of  the  face,  and  the  \vinL:-iiK-mtiraiU'stluMii>clvcs, 
serve  as  tactile  organs  of  extreme  deliL-acy,  even  to  tin-  ex- 
tentof  sensingobjects  without  actual  contact.  The  wings 
of  bats  are  commonly  given  to  representations  of  evil  ge- 
nii and  demons,  as  those  of  birds  are  attaclied  to  good 
angels.  The  large  bat  represented  on  Egyptian  moini- 
ments  is  one  of  the  fruit-bats,  the  Ct/notu/cten:^  (r;i!/j>tuica. 
The  Hebrew  name  of  the  bat  of  the  Old"  Testameiit,  atal- 
leph,  is  now  used  in  the  form  Atalapha  for  a  geiuis  of 
American  bats.  The  commonest  species  of  the  Vnited 
States  are  the  small  brown  bat,  Vespfrtilio  subnlaius,  and 
the  red  bat,  Lasiurus  noveboraenm.t.  Among  European 
species  may  be  noted  the  serotine  {Veupprtilio  .verotintis), 
the  pipistrelle  {V.  pipistretlu.^).  the  barbastel  (llarbashl- 
lu^  cominuni.^),  the  oreillard  (Ptecntua  auritu^,  and  the 
horseshoe  bats  (lilihiolophus  hipposiderog  and  Ii.  /errw- 
qtiinum).  In  heraldry  the  bat  is  always  represented  dis- 
played, that  is,  with  the  wings  opened.' and  is  often  called 
by  its  older  name  rereritoif.-"\ — Bat's  wing,  in  aiiaf.  Sei- 
ata  venpertillunis,  under  ata. —  Bat's-Wing  burner,  -^ee 
iiirner.— Bulldog  bats,  the  molossoid  chinipterans.  .Sec 
.Vci/fissiK,— Harlequin  bat.  See /mrfei/Kin. 
bat^  (bat),  V.  t.  [Variant  of  batel,  prob.  now 
taken  in  allusionto  the  ej-cs  of  a  bat.]  To  bale 
or  flutter,  as  iu  the  phrase  ^>  hat  the  eye.'!,  that 
is,  wink.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

You  hoi'  your  head  high;   don't  you  hat  vour  cj/cs  to 
please  none  of  'em.  Tfie  Centuri/,  aXVII.  140. 

bat-*  (bat  or  ba),  n.  [<  F.  b4t,  <  OF.  hast,  a 
jiaek-saddle :  see  6a.9(3.]  A  pack-saddle:  only 
in  composition,  as  fcaVhorso,  ftatman,  etc. 

baft  (bat),  )i.    See  batz. 

bat"  (bat),  11.  [Hind,  bat,  a  weight,  a  measure 
of  weight.]     Same  as  tical. 

baf,  ".  A  measure  of  land  formerly  used  in 
South  Wales;  a  perch  of  11  feet  square. 

bat*+,  «.     Same  as  hath^. 

batablet(ba'ta-lib,  ff.  [Wso  bateable :  short  for 
dcbatalile,  as  hate'^  for  dehule.  See  drhatalilr.'] 
A  shortened  form  of  dehatalAe,  as  in  batahle 
ground,  batable  land.     See  debataldr. 

As  we  crossed  the  Ilatabte  land.  Harder  battad. 

batailet,  bataillert,  etc.      Obsolete  forms  of 

hattli\  liiilllrri,  etc. 

batara  (lia-ta'rii),  n.  [S.  Amor.]  A  name  of 
.'(Uiiilry  Inish-shrikes  or  foniiicainiil  iiasscrine 
birds  of  South  America,  of  tlii>  subfamily  Tliam- 
iiiijihiliniruiul  t'iwnWy  luinniciiriiilii :  .sjn'citically, 
the  Tham>i<>iiliilu.s  cincreii.s  {ViviUoi ).  it  was  used 
as  a  generic  name  by  Ia^ssou  in  IWU,  and  by  Hclater  in  ls:>?*, 
to  (liHllnguish  the  last-imnied  species  generlcall^'  from 
other  TUavnuiphilinw,  under  the  name  Itafara  cinerea: 
also  by  I'cmndnck,  IH'iO,  as  a  generic  name  of  species  of 
ThawnophituM  projjer. 

batardeau  (ba-tiir-do'),  v.;  pi.  Iiatardratij- 
(-(iriz').  [K.,  diko,  ilani,  colTcr-iltini,  I'drimTly 
baslarilrnu,  dim.  of  OK.  ha.ilard,  ilikc,  pcrlinps 
connected  with  ba.ilir,  build.]  1.  AcolTi'i'-tlnm; 
a  casing  of  |)iles  made  walor-liglit,  fixed  in  the 
bed  of  a  river  to  exclude  the  water  fniiii  the 
site  of  the  pier  or  other  work  while  it  is  bring 
conHtnii-ted. — 2.  In  fori.,  n  wall,  gcnrrally  fnr- 
niNheil  with  a  sluice-gate,  built  ncroHs  a  iriimt 
or  ditch,  to  retain  tht^  water  in  thot<;i  ]iiirlH  of 
the  ilitcli  which  retpiire  to  bo  iiiiinilated. 

batata  (bfi-tii'tii),  n.  |Sp.  I'g.  batata,  <  llaytian 
liiiliilti,  th(^  native  name  of  the  sweet  pcitiito; 
>ult.  K./)0^nM, ajipiied  to  adilTereiit  jilaiit;  see 
potato.^     The  sweet  jiot at o. 

The  product*  of  bolh  *'hllin  and  .tnpan  are  here  (l/io. 
choo)  culllvat«U,  capeclally  tmlalajt  anil  the  sugar-CRne. 
J.  J.  Jlriu,  .Inpan  (trntis.),  p.  51(2. 


bate 

Bata'Vian  (ba-ta'vi-an),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  Bata- 

ria.  the  country  of  the  Batavi,  a  people  an- 
ciently inhabiting  an  island  {Bataioriim  In- 
sula or  Bataiia)  formed  by  the  rivers  Rhine, 
Waal,  aud  Maas,  and  the  ocean.]  I.  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  ancient  Batavia,  or  by  ex- 
tension to  the  Xetherlands  or  their  inhabi- 
tants, the  Dutch. —  2.  Pertaining  to  Batavia, 
the  chief  city  of  the  island  of  Java,  aud  the 
capital  of  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the  East. 

II.  ".  1.  A  native  of  the  Netherlands;  a 
Dutchman. —  2.  A  native  of  Batavia  in  Java. 

bat-bolt  (bat'bolt),  M.  [<  ball  +  bolf-.}  A 
liolt  barbed  or  jagged  at  its  butt  or  tang  to 
ixive  it  a  firmer  hold. 

batcfal  (bach),  H.  [<  ME.  bacche,  hatche,  <  AS. 
as  if  *bacce,  <  bacaii,  bake;  cf.  Dan,  bregt,  d. 
gebdck,  a  batch:  see  6nAr.]  1.  A  quantity 
produced  at  one  operation ;  specifically,  the 
quantity  of  bread  made  at  one  baking. —  2.  The 
quantity  of  material  prepared  or  reqidred  for 
one  operation.  Specifically  — (a)  In  fitass-malciivi.  the 
frit  ready  for  the  glass-pot.  See  J'rit.  (b)  The  qnaiitity  of 
Iluur  rir  dough  to  be  used  at  one  baking,  (c)  The  quantity 
of  grain  sent  at  one  time  to  the  mill  to  be  grovmd  ;  a  grist. 
3.  .An  aggregation  of  indi\-iduals  or  articles 
similar  to  each  other ;  especially,  a  number  or 
aggregation  received,  despatched,  etc.,  at  one 
time:  as,  a  batch  of  letters;  a  batch  of  pris- 
oners. 

The  Turkish  troops  are  being  hurried  to  the  front  in 
bateties  of  40,000  at  a  time.  Tt'me*  (London). 

When  he  had  her  all  to  himself,  .  .  .  he  would  pull  out 
his  last  hateh  of  sonnets,  and  read  them  iu  a  voice  tremu- 
lous with  emotion.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxvii. 

4t.  Kind,  sort,  or  lot. 
One  is  a  rimer,  sir,  of  your  own  bafeh,  your  own  leaven. 
11.  Jonsvn,  Every  Man  in  bis  llnmour,  i.  1. 

batch^  (bach),  r.  t.     [<  6n(d/i,  )(.]     To  mass; 
bring  together  in  a  batch  or  the  quantity  re- 
ipiircd. 
The  white  calico  is  batched.  Enej/c.  Erit.,  IV.  685. 

batch-  (bach),  n.  [E.  dial. ,  formerly  also  baiche  ; 
<  ME.  bache,  hwcclie,  perhaps  for  "heeehe,  <  AS. 
bcce,  hwce,  a  brook:  see  beck^.  For  the  trans- 
fer of  sense  from  'stream' to  'bank,  mouml, 
vale,'  cf.  dike  anil  dilcli.'\  1.  A  bauk  ;  a.  stmd- 
bauk. — 2.  A  field  or  patch  of  ground  lying 
near  a  stream;  the  valley  in  which  a  stream 
flows:  especially  in  local  foiglish  names.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.] 

batch'-  (bach),  V.  t.  [E.  dial.,  <  hatch'2,  ii.]  To 
])rol  ect  (the  bauk  of  a  river)  by  facing  it  with 
stones,  so  as  to  prevent  the  water  from  eating 
into  it.     [Local,  Eng.] 

batch-'t,  ».  [Apjiar.  an  assibilated  form  of 
hark'-K]     A  vessel  used  iu  browing.     X.  H.  D. 

batchelor,  «.     See  bachelor. 

bate'  (hilt),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bated,  ppr.  bating. 
(Also  bait;  <  JIE.  balen  (only  intrans.),  <  OF. 
hatre,  mod.  F.  ballrr,  beat,  llaj)  (hattre  U:<  aihs, 
beatthe  wings,  flutter;  i\'lk'X..,^e battre.  flutter), 
=  Pr.  balrc  =  Sp.  hatir  =  Pg.  hater  =  It.  bat- 
tcre,  beat,  etc.,  <  ML.  (LL.)7)rt/cce,  batlerc,  for 
L.  haturre,  Ixilliiere,  beat,  strike.  wheiu'C  also 
ult.  !•;.  halter'^,  battle'^,  etc.,  iiiid  ]ii()b.  iu  part 
the  sinijile  bat'^,  v.:  see  these  words.  The 
orig.  sense  '  beat '  is  covered  by  hale-,  I'm'  nhalr, 
iuu\  bailer^.']  I.f  /miw.  To  beat:  iu  the  jihraso 
to  hale  the  wings,  to  flutter,  fly.  [In  the  passago 
tpuited,  there  is  an  tillusion  to  hate"  for  aholc.'] 
'Till  tile  Soule  by  this  mcanes  of  overliodying  hcrselfo 
.  .  .  bated  her  t/'ini;  apace  tlowncwanl. 

'Millou.  Chnreh  Discipline.    (.V.  K.  /).> 

II.  intrans.  1.  In/((^'(i»n/,  to  beat  the  wings 
iniimtii'iitly ;  flutter  as  preparing  for  flight,  par- 
ticularly at  the  sight  of  prey  ;  flutter  away. 

1  am  like  a  hawk  that  bates  but  camtot  fly,  because  I  am 
ty'd  to  another's  fist.  .  Haeon. 

These  kites 
That  hate  and  beat  and  wilt  not  be  obedient. 

.s-/i,i/,-.,  T,  of  the  S.,  Iv.  1. 

2t.  To  flutter;  be  eager  or  restless. — 3t.  To 
flutter  or  fly  down.  [With  allusion  to  batc'^ 
for  ahate.l 
bate-  (biit),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bated,  \i]yr,  bating, 
[l'".arly  mod.  h.  also  bait;  <  ME.  halen,  by 
n)ihi'resis  for  abatin,  abate,  which  thus  bc- 
riiiiM'H  in  fnnn  and  in  some  senses  iileiitical 
with  the  orig.  simple  form  veprrsriilril  by 
^((^  '  :  see  abate  anil  hiilr^.\  I.  hans.  If.  To 
beat  ilown  or  away;  remove  by  beating. 

Aliont  autumn  ttale  the  earth  from  alioiil  the  roots  of 
olives,  and  liiy  I  hem  bare.      Iltdland.  tr.  of  I'llny,  II.  Fi'il, 

2t.  To  beat  1>aek,  or  liliint. 

Spite  of  eiinnorant  devouring  Time, 
Th'  rndeavonr  of  this  present  breath  may  buy 
That  honour  which  shall  bate  his  scythe's  keen  edge. 

A'/int.,  1,.  I..  I..,  I.  1. 


bate 
8t.  To  weaken ;  impair  the  strength  of. 
These  griefs  and  losses  have  so  bated  me, 
That  I  shall  hardly  spare  a  pound  of  Hesh. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  ill.  3. 

4t.  To  lessen  or  decrease  in  amount,  weight, 

estimation,  etc.;  lower;  reduce. 

Who  bates  raiue  honour,  shall  not  know  my  coin. 

SImk.,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  S. 

5.  To  strike  off;  deduct;  abate. 

•    There  is  twelve  shillings  to  pay,  and,  as  I  am  a  true 

knight,  1  will  not  bate  a  penny. 

Ilea  a.  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  Iii.  " 


473 

This  sour  informer,  this  bate-breedinr^  spy, 
This  eanker  that  cats  up  Love's  tender  spring. 
This  earry-tale,  dissentious  Jealousy. 

Shak.,  V.  and  A.,  1.  665. 

batefult  (bat'ful),  a.  [<  baieS  +  -ful.}  Con- 
tentious; given  to  strife ;  exciting  contention. 
It  did  Itnteful  question  frame.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

batelesst  (bilt'les),  a.  [<  hate^  +  -Zra.?.]  Not  to 
be  abated :  not  to  be  dulled  or  blunted.   [Rare.] 

llaply  that  name  of  "chaste"  unhappily  set 
This  liateless  edge  on  his  keen  appetite. 

Shak.,  Lucrccc,  1.  9. 


I  would  rather  bale  him  a  few  strokes  of  his  oar,  than  bateleur  (bat'e-16r),  «.      [Appar.    a  particular 


not  employ  an  lionest  man  that  has  been  wounded  in  tlie 
Queen's  service.  Addison,  Sir  Roger  at  Vauxhall. 

I  bate  no  jot  of  trust  that  this  noble  trial  of  self-govern- 
ment will  succeed.  W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  320. 

6.  To  lessen  in  force  or  intensity;  moderate; 
diminish:  as,  to  hate  one's  breath,  or -with  hated 
breath  (see  phrases,  belo-w) ;  to  hate  one's  or  a 
person's  curiosity. —  7+.  To  rob  or  deprive  of. 
"Wlien  baseness  is  exalted,  do  not  bate 
The  place  its  honour  for  tlie  person's  sake, 

O.  Herbert,  Church  Porch,  xlv. 

8t.  To  leave  out ;  except ;  bar. 

Bate  me  the  king,  and,  be  he  flesh  and  blood. 
He  lies  who  said  it. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  1. 

To  bate  oft,  to  make  a  reduction  in  or  an  abatement  from ; 
lessen  or  moderate. 

Abate  thy  speed,  and  I  will  bate  o/mine. 

Di-yden,  tr.  ol  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  i. 
To  bate  one's  breath,  to  elieck  one's  breathing ;  breathe 
restrainedly,  as  from  fear,  humility,  or  deference.— With 
bated  breath,  with  subdued  or  restrained  breathing,  as 
from  fear  or  awe. 

Shall  I  bend  low,  and  in  a  bond-mans  key. 

With  bated  breath  and  wluspring  humbleness. 

Say  this?  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3  (1623). 

Il.t  intrans.  To  decrease  or  fall  away  in  size, 
amount,  force,  estimate,  etc. 

Bardolph,  am  I  not  fallen  away  vilely  since  this  last 
action?  do  I  not  bate!  do  I  not  dwuidle  1 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

I  know  'twas  this  which  made  the  envy  and  pride 

Of  the  great  Roman  blood  bate  and  give  way 

To  my  election.  B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 

bate^t  (bat),  v.  i.    [<  ME.  hateii,  by  apheresis  for 
"  '  see  rfeftafci,  I'.]  To  contend; 


■'^'^"Tt^T^ 


[ip])licatioii  of  F.  hateleur,  a  juggler,  buffoon.] 
A  name  of  an  .African  eagle,  the  Helotarsus 
ecavdatus. 
batellatet,  v.  1.     [<  ML.   as  if  *hatrUtttm,  pp. 
of  *hatcllarc.  asstuned  from  OF.  liataillic);  or 
E.  hattcl,  battle,  fortify :  see  battle^.']     Milit.,  to 
fortify  or  make  defensible,  as  a  dwelling-house. 
batementt  (bat'ment),  n.     [By  apheresis  for 
uljateiiient :  see  hate'^  and  -ment.']    Abatement ; 
diminution;  lessening;  specifically,  among  car- 
penters, the  portion  to  be  cut  off  from  a  piece 
of  timber  to  'bring  it  to  a  desired  length. 
batement-light  (bat'ment-lit),  n.     In  arch.,  a 
vertical  light  in  the  upper  part  of  a  window  of 

the  Perpendic- 
ular style,  of 
which  the  nor- 
mal rectangular 
form  at  tho  bot- 
tom is  altered 
or  abated  so  as 
to  fit  in  tho 
arched  head  of 
a  light  below.  , 
Compare  anrjel- 
I  ill  hi. 

batestone  (baf- 
st6n),».  [<.bat(:^ 
+  stone.}  A 
curved  scour- 
ing-stone  used 
in  bating  hides. 

■When  the  hides  have  been  properly  worked  with  the 
batesttnif,  they  are  placed  in  a  wash-wheel  and  worked 
for  about  twenty  nnnutes.       C.  T.  Daeis,  Leather,  p.  686. 

[<  ME.  bate,  Bo«,  by  apheresis  bat-fish  (bat'fish),  n.    l<  bat^  +  fish'^.']     1.  A 


bath 

bathl  (bath,  pi.  baTnz),  n.  [<  ME.  bath,  <  AS. 
ba;th,  pi.  bathu,  =  OS.  bath  =  1).  had  =  0?IG. 
MHG.  G.  bad,  bath,  =  Icel.  hadh  =  Sw.  Dan. 
bad;  prob.,  with  formative  -ih  (-(/),  from  the 
verb  roijrosontcd  by  OHG.  bujan,  MHG.  bajen, 
1m;n,  G.  bdheu  =  LG.  bden,  foment,  =  ME.  ba:- 
wen,  cleanse,  prob.  =  h.  foiwre,  foment:  see/o- 
ment.']    1.  A  washing  of  tho  body  in,  or  an  cx- 

Sosiu-e  of  it  to  the  action  of,  water  or  other 
uid  agent,  for  cleansing,  refreshment,  medi- 
cal treatment,  etc. :  as,  to  take  a  hatk;  to  ad- 
minister a  bath  to  a  patient. —  2.  A  provision 
or  arrangement  for  bathing:  as,  to  prepare  a 
bath;  a,  hot  or  cold  bath;  a  vapor-bath;  an 
electric  bath.  'Ihere  are  many  kinds  of  baths,  all  of 
which  may  be  dlvidc<l  into  four  clas.ses:  (a)  acconllng  to 
the  mcrlium  in  which  the  body  is  immersed,  as  a  water-,  oil-. 
or  mud-bath,  a  emnpressed-air  bath,  a  medicated  or  mifl- 
eral  bath,  etc.;  (b)  according  to  manner  of  application  or 
use,  as  a  pluiirje-,  shower-,  vajtor-,  douciic-,  sprttt/-,  or  swim- 
minrf-bath,  etc.;  (c)  according  to  the  parts  bathed,  as  a 
font-,  sitz-,  or  eye-bath,  ete. ;  (d)  according  to  temperature, 
ua  a  hot,  tepid,  warm,  or  cold  hath. 
3.  A  vessel  for  holding  water  in  which  to 
plunge,  wash,  or  bathe  the  body. — 4.  More  gen- 
erally, an  apartment  or  apparatus  by  means  of 
which  the  body,  or  a  part  of  it,  may  l)e  bathed 
in  any  medium  differing  in  nature  or  temper- 
ature from  its  natural  medium. — 5.  An  edifice 
containing  apartments  fitted  up  for  bathing;  a 
bath-house;  particularly,  in  the  jilural,  one  of 
the  elaborate  bathing  establishments  of  the 


Head  of  Perpendicular  Window. 
,  i>,  batement-lights ;  «,  «.  angel-lights. 


see  debate'^,  n.]  Con- 


dibalcn,  debate 
strive;  quarrel, 

bate^t  (bat),  n.     _ 
for  debate,  dehat,  debate 
tention ;  strife ;  debate. 
Breeds  no  bate  with  telling.        Shak.,  2  Hen.  I'V.,  ii.  4. 

bate^t  (bat),  V.  and  «.  Obsolete  and  less  cor- 
rect spelling  of  baifi. 

bateB  (liat),  ('.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bated,  ppr.  bat- 
ittij.  [Prob.  a  particular  use  of  hate^,  properly- 
spelled  bait;  ef.  Sw.  beta,  tan,  bait,  =  G.  hei- 
zen,  steep  in  lye,  macerate,  bait,  lit.  cause  to 
bite :  see  baith']  1.  To  steep,  as  a  hide,  in  an 
alkaline  lye.  See  bate^,  n.— 2.  Injute-niaimf., 
to  separate  (the  raw  material)  into  layers,  and 
then  soften  by  sprinkling  with  oil  and  water. 

bateS  (bat),  n.  [<  6«fe5,  r.]  The  alkaline  solu- 
tion in  which  hides  are  steeped  after  being 
limed,  in  order  to  remove  or  neutralize  the  lime. 

bate''t.     Obsolete  or  dialectal  preterit  of  bite. 
Yet  there  the  steel  stayd  not,  but  inly  bate 
Dcepe  in  his  flesh,  and  opened  wide  a  red  floodgate. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  v.  7. 

bate''  (bat),  n.  [Also  bait;  origin  unknown. 
Hence  ero.ss-bated.']  The  grain  of  wood  or 
stone.     [Scotch.] 

bate^t,  n.  [<  LL.  batus,  <  Gr.  /Sdroc,  <  Heb. 
hiith  :  see  bath".']     Same  as  bath'^. 

batea  (bat'e-a),  «.  [Sp.  Pg.]  A  wooden  ves- 
sel in  the  form  of  a  very  flat  hollow  cone, 
about  20  inches  in  diameter  and  2  or  3  inches 
deep,  used  by  Mexican  and  Californian  miners 
for  washing  auriferous  sands  and  pulverized 
ores  of  various  kinds. 


fish  of  the  family  Maliheida;  (which  see).    The 
best-knowji  species  is  Malihe  vespertilio.    It  has  a  heart- 


Dorsal  view. 
Bat-fish  {Mtitthe  vesper tiiitf). 


In  the  rubbish  which  was  thrown  out  of  the  old  mine, : 
comfortable  subsistence  is  gained  by  washing  in  bateas. 
Mowry,  Arizona  and  Sonora,  p.  44 

bateau,  batteau  (ba-to'), 
teuux  (-toz').  [<  F.  bateau, 
batelh  =  Sp.  Pg.  hotel  =  It.  hattello,  <  ML.  ba- 
telliif,  dim.  of  ML.  batits,  battus  (>  It.  batUi), 
a  boat,  prob.  <  AS.  bat,  a  boat :  see  boat.']  1. 
A  light  boat  for  river  na-vigation,  long  in  pro- 
portion to  its  breadth,  and  ^dder  in  the  middle 
than  at  the  ends. — 2.  A  pontoon  of  a  floating 
bridge. 


shaped  trunk,  produced  anteriorly  in  a  prolonged  snout, 
a  shiirt  coniform  tail,  a  small  inferior  mouth,  and  a  rostral 
tentacl.'  \indir  the  snout.  It  inhabits  the  .Atlantic  along 
the  southern  <i)ast  of  the  United  States. 
2.  A  name  of  the  flying-fish  or  flying-robin, 
Cephalacanthus  roUtans. 
bat-fo-wler  (hat'fou"ler).  n.  [<  ME.  battfoid- 
ere,  <  ballfouieii :  see  hat-foifUny.']  1.  One 
who  practises  bat-fowling.— 2t.  A  swindler. 
[Slang.] 

.;  pi.  bateaux,  bat-  bat-fowling  (bat'fou"ling),  k.  [iU^.hattefowl. 

■  <  OF    hatel  =  Pr      «»ffe,  <  battfou'len,  snare  birds,  <  batte,  by  some 
-  supposed  to  refer  to  the  bat  or  stick  on  which 

the  nets  were  fastened,  +  foiolen,  v..  fowl.  The 
first  element  is  now  often  associated  with  bat".'] 
A  mode  of  catching  birds  at  night  by  holding 
a  torch  or  other  light,  and  beating  the  bushes 
or  trees  where  they  roost.  The  birds  fly  toward 
the  lio-ht,  and  are  caught  -svith  nets  or  otherwise. 

.-iiS-.r.     /l,„t'f,M\     „  ri'  hnf.\n    lintfleSluitiriA. 


bateau-bridge  (ba-to'brii),  n.   MiUt.,  a  floating  batfult  (bat'ful),  a.     [<  hat-  m  battles,  batten 
bridge  supported  by  bateaux  br  boats.  etc.,  -(-  -ful;  possibly,  like  batweU,  a  perversion 

bateaux,  '".    Plural  of  bateau.  of  battle  or  battel,  fertile :  see  battle-i,  a.]   Rich ; 

bate-breedingt  (bat'bre'cUng),  a.     [<  bateS  +     fertile,  as  land:  as,"  to</tt«  pastures,   Drayton, 
hreediiKj,  ppr.  of  breed.]     Breeding  strife.  Polyolbiou,  iii. 


ancients,  as  the  Baths  of  Caracalla  at  Kome. 
See  therviw. —  6.  In  science  and  the  arts,  any 
vessel  containing  a  liquid  for  treating  any  ob- 
ject by  immersion,  (a)  In  photoij.,  the  vessel  in  which 
a  collodionized  plate  is  submitted  to  the  action  of  a  solu- 
tion of  nitrate  of  silver,  or  the  tray  in  which  an  exposed 
dry  pbitc  is  immersed  in  the  developing  solution.  (6)  In 
eti'tiiioi,  tlie  pan  of  acid  into  which  the  plate  is  plunged  to 

be  IdlUT]. 

7.  An  aiTangement  or  preparation  for  immers- 
ing anything,  as  the  silver-bath  in  photography. 
— 8.  In  chem.,  an  apparatus  for  modifying  and 
regulating  the  heat  in  various  chemical  pro- 
cesses, by  interposing  a  quantity  of  sand,  wa- 
ter, or  other  substance  between  the  fire  and  the 
'vessel  intended  to  be  heated.  When  a  liquid  bath 
of  a  higher  temperature  than  212°  is  required,  saturated 
solutioiis  are  employed  in  which  the  boiling-point  is 
higher  than  that  of  water.— Companions  of  the  Batb, 
the  third  or  lowest  class  of  the  memliers  of  the  order  of 
the  Bath.— Compressed-air  bath,  a  bath  consisting  in 
remaining  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time  in  a  chamber  tilled 
■witii  compressed  air.  Such  baths  have  been  recommended 
as  useful  in  certain  diseases,  in  which  an  increased  expan- 
sive force  is  required  to  cause  the  air  to  inflate  the  more 
delicate  air-passages  of  the  lungs.— Dung-bath,  a  bath 
used  in  calico-printing.  See  dunrfinfj. —  Knights  Of  the 
Bath,  an  order  of  knighthood  supposed  to  have  been  insti- 
tuted at  the  coronation  of  Henry  I\'.  in  1399.  It  received 
this  name  from  the  fact  that  the  candidates  for  the  honor 
were  put  into  a  bath  the  preceding  evening,  to  denote  a 
purification  or  absolution  from  all  former  st^n,  and  that 
they  were  now  to  begin  a  new  life.  The  present  order  of 
the  Bath,  however,  was  instituted  by  George  I.  in  1725,  as 
a  military  order,  consisting,  exclusive  of  the  sovereign,  of 
a  grand  master  and  thirty-six  companions.  In  1815  the 
order  was  greatly  extended,  and  in  1S47  it  was  opened  to 
civilians.  It  is  now  composed  of  three  classes,  viz.:  mili- 
tary and  ciril  knights  grand-crosses,  0.  C.  B. ;  knights 
commanders,  K.  C.  B.;  and  knights  companions,  C.  B.  The 


I.  Badge  worn  suspended  from  the  collar  of  a  knight  of  the  Bath. 
2.  Star  of  the  Grand  Cross. 

badge  (flg.  1)  is  a  golden  Maltese  cross  of  eight  points, 
with  the  lion  of  England  in  the  four  principal  angles,  and 
having  in  a  circle  in  the  center  the  rose,  thistle,  and  sham- 
rock (representing  respectively  England.  Scotland,  and  Ire- 
land), between  three  impeiial  crowns ;  motto,  Tria  juncta 


bath 

Ml  uno.  Stars  are  also  worn  by  the  first  two  classes. 
That  of  the  knights  gi-and-crosses  (flg.  2)  is  of  silver,  with 
eight  points  of  rays  wavy,  on  which  is  a  gold  cross  bearing 
three  cKJwns,  encircled  by  a  ribbon  displaying  the  motto 
of  the  order,  wliile  beneath  is  a  scroll  inscribed  Jch  dien 
(I  sen-eX  the  motto  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.  Tlie  star  of 
the  knights  commanders  ditlers  chiefly  in  lacking  the 
wavv  rays.— Medicated  bath,  a  bath  of  liquid  or  vapor 
designed  to  produce  a  cmative  effect  by  viitue  of  some 
medicine  mixed  in  it— Mercurial  bath,  a  .bath  used  in 
the  pneumatic  trough  to  collect  such  gases  as  are  readily 
absorbed  by  water.— Metal-bath,  a  bath  used  in  chemical 
operations  requiring  a  higher  temperature  than  can  be 
produced  by  means  of  a  water-lKith.  Mercury,  fusible 
metal,  tin,  and  lead  are  employed  for  such  baths. — Rus- 
sian bath,  a  kind  of  bath  employed  in  Kussia,  and  in- 
troduced thence  in  other  countries.  It  resembles  in  prin- 
ciple the  ancient  and  the  Turkish  baths,  but  differs  from 
the  latter  in  that  the  subject,  after  e-\posm-e  to  the  in- 
fluence of  very  hot  vapor,  with  the  attend.ant  kneading, 
lathering,  etc.',  is  suddenly  and  violently  cooled  by  means 
of  a  jet  of  ice-cold  water.  It  is  said  to  be  of  service  in 
alleviating  rheumatism.—  SOUT  bath,  in  tanninff,  an  acid 
liquid  made  of  bran  and  refuse  malt.  It  is  employed  to 
remove  the  lime  used  in  a  previous  process,  and  also  to 
soften  the  skin  to  render  it  more  absorbent  of  the  tanning 
materials.— Tin-bath,  molten  tin  covered  with  melted 
tallow  to  prevent  the  oxidation  of  the  metal.  It  is  used 
in  giving  a  coating  of  tin  to  other  metals,  as  sheet-iron, 
to  form  the  so-called  tinplate.— Turldsh  bath,  a  kind  of 
bath  introduced  from  the  East,  in  which  the  subject,  after 
having  undergone  copious  pel"spiration  in  a  heated  room, 
is  subjected  to  various  processes,  as  soaping,  washing, 
kneading  (shampooing),  etc.,  and  ultimately  proceeds  to 
an  outer  apartment,  where  he  is  placed  on  a  couch  to 
cooL  Turkish  bath.s,  or  modifications  of  them,  are  pro- 
vided in  all  hydrotherapeutic  establishments,  and  are  to 
he  found  in  most  towns  of  considerable  size.— White 
bath,  a  bath  used  in  dyeing ;  an  emulsion  formed  by  Gal- 
lipoli  oil  and  the  carbonates  of  alkalis. 

bathl  (bath),  V.  t.  [Later  form  for  lathe,  di- 
rectlj-  from  the  notm.]  To  put  into  a.  bath; 
wash  in  a  bath.     [Rare.] 

bath-  (bath),  n.  [Earlier  in  E.,  as  LL.,  latus,  or 
else  bat,  bate,  <  LIj.  batus,  <  Gr.  /Jdrof,  <  Heb. 
bath.']  A  Hebrew  licitiid  measure  =  72  logs  = 
6  bins  =  I'tf  cor,  and  corresponding  to  the  dry 
measure  the  ephah  =  72  logs  =  18  cabs  =  3 
Saths  =  tV  cor.  Tlicre  were  two  measures  of  this 
name,  one  equal  to  alwut  two  thirds  of  the  other,  as  is  seen 
by  comparing  1  Ki  vii  -26  with  2  Chron,  iv.  5.  The  larger 
bath  seems  to  have  contained  about  36  liters  =  9A  I'nited 
States  gallons  =  8  British  gallons.  Tlie  smaller  bath  seems 
to  have  contained  about  28  litere  =  ~h  United  States  gal- 
lons -  6  British  gallons.    ' 

Bath  brick,  bun,  chair.    See  the  notins. 

bath-chops  (bath'chops),  n.  pi.  The  cheeks  or 
f;ii-o  i)f  the  hog  cured  or  smoked. 

bathe  (IjuTh),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bathed,  ppr. 
bathiny.  [Also  in  var.  form  (now  only  dial.) 
beath,  q.  v.;  <  ME.  bathien.  <  AS.  bathian  (=  D. 
laden  =  OHG.  badon,  MHG.  G.  baden  =  Icel. 
ladha  =  Sw.  bada  =  Dan.  bade),  <  livth,  bath : 
see  6aW(l.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  place  in  a  bath; 
immerse  in  water  or  other  fluid,  for  cleanli- 
ness, health,  or  i>leasure. 

Chancing  to  batltc  him.self  in  the  river  Cydnus,  ...  he 
fell  sick,  near  unto  death,  for  three  days.  South. 

Others,  on  silver  lakes  and  rivers,  bathed 
Their  downy  breast.  Hilton,  P.  L.,  vii.  437. 

2.  To  apply  water  or  other  liquid  to  with  a 
sponge,  clotli,  or  the  like,  generally  for  thera- 
peutic jiurposi^s. — 3.  To  wash,  moisten,  or  stxf- 
luse  with  any  liquid. 

Her  bosom  balhnl  in  blood.  Drj/den. 

4.  To  immerse  in  or  surround  with  anything 
analogous  to  water:  as,  bathed  iu  sunlight. 
One  sip  of  this 
Will  bathe  the  drooping  apiritJt  in  ilellght. 

Stilton,  Comus,  1.  812. 
Thy  rosy  shadows  fyathe  me.  Tpnnynon,  TithonuB. 

The  nun  was  j»ast  the  middle  of  the  day. 
But  batlMl  In  Hood  of  li^ht  the  worlil  Htill  lay. 

William  Morrijt,  Earthly  ruradisc,  II.  221. 

6.  In  sool.,  to  tint;  tinge  in  a  uniform  man- 
ner, giving  the  apx)Oarance  of  one  color  seen 
through  another:  as,  black  bathed  vfith  purple, 
brown  bathed  with  rosy,  etc. 

U.  inlrrin.i.   1.   To  take  a  bath ;  be  in  water 
or  otlier  liquid ;  go  into  water  to  bathe  oue'w 

Mlf. 

They  bathe  In  «ammer,  and  In  winter  Blldc.         Waltitr. 
2.  To  bo  immersed  or  surrounded  as  if  with 

water. 

bathe  n.M-pii),  n.  [<  bathf,  r.]  The  act  of 
balliiiii':  ihe  immersion  of  the  body  in  wnlir: 
Bf.  '  k's  usual  biillie.     ICditdiuriih  Her. 

[>'•  iillrcly  to  .Scotland,  whiTc  a  iHntlnitlnii 

w  I''  >i  '*fi/A/T  an'l  n  txtitt,  the  former  bfhiK  ap- 

phed  "■  !  II  'HI  nlon  hi  the  flea,  a  river,  or  a  lake,  and 
the  Utter  to  11  l,ftth  for  which  urtlflcUl  eonvenlenccH  an: 
inw<d.) 

bather'  'l,,V'Tii/r),  n.  1.  One  whobnllicH;  one 
who  iinroi  i.,...i  him.iolf  in  wnler. —  2.  <>no  w)io 
hatbeH  :>ti.,lli,.r, 

bather'-' HMVu'on,  p.  <.  [E.  dial.]  ToHcrnl.h 
nnd  nit.  m  tin  du»t,  aa  birds  do.  JltUtuvell. 
[Prov.  Omk.] 


474 

bathetic  (ba^thet'ik),  a.  [<  bathos,  on  type  of 
pat}i€tie,  <  pathos.']  Relating  to  or  character- 
ized by  bathos ;  sinking  rhetorically,  or  in  style . 
Coleridge. 

A  fatal  insensibility  to  the  ludicrous  and  the  bathetic. 
The  Academy,  July  3,  1875,  p,  5. 

bath-house  (bath'hous),  H.  1.  Ahouse  fitted  up 
with  conveniences  for  bathing,  as  bath-rooms, 
tubs,  sometimes  a  tank  or  swimming-bath,  etc. 
— 2.  A  small  house,  or  a  house  divided  iuto  a 
number  of  small  rooms,  at  a  bathing-place, 
or  place  for  open-air  bathing,  where  bathers 
change  their  dress. 

bathing-box  (ba'THing-boks),  «.  A  covered 
shell  or  bath-house  in  which  open-air  bathers 
change  their  dress.     [Eng.] 

bathing-dress  (ba'THing-dres),  «.  A  partial 
or  loose  costume  used  by  open-air  bathers,  as 
on  a  sea-beach. 

bathing-house  (ba'THing-hous),  n.  A  bath- 
house.    [U.  S.] 

bathing-machine  (ba'THing-ma-shen'),  w.  A 
covered  vehicle  used  at  the  seaside  resorts  of 
Great  Britain,  iu  which  bathers  dress  and  tin- 
dress.  It  is  driven  into  the  water  to  a  sufficient 
distance  to  suit  the  convenience  of  the  bather. 

bathing-tub  (ba'sning-tub),  n.  Same  as  bath- 
tuh. 

bath-kol  (bath'kol),  n.  [Heb.,  <  lath,  daugh- 
ter, +  1<(A,  voice.]  A  kind  of  oracular  voice 
frequently  referred  to  in  the  Talmud,  the  later 
Targums,  and  rabbinical  writers,  as  the  foiulh 
grade  of  revelation,  constituting  an  iustrument 
of  divine  communication  throughout  the  early 
history  of  the  Israelites,  and  the  sole  prophetic 
manifestation  which  they  possessed  during  the 
period  of  the  second  temple. 

From  the  death  of  Haggai,  Zechariah,  and  Malachi,  the 
Holy  Spirit  [which,  according  to  the  Jewisli  distinction, 
is  only  tlie  second  degree  of  the  prophetical  gift]  was 
vithdrawii  from  Israel;  but  they  nevertheless  enjoyed 
the  use  of  the  Hath  Kol. 
The  treatise  Sanhednjn,  quoted  in  Kitto's  Bib,  Cyc,  1. 316. 

Bath  metal.    See  metal. 

bathmic  (bath'mik),  a.    [<  Gr.  ^a6fj.6c  (see  bath- 

7ius»!)  +  -ic.]     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 

of  bathmism. 

I  compared  the  transmission  of  bathmic  force  to  that  of 
the  phenomenon  of  combustion,  which  is  a  force  conver- 
sion transmitted  from  substance  to  substance  by  contact. 
E.  D.  Cape,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  22!1. 

bathmism  (bath'mizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3a9//(if,  also 
ifaauuc,  a  step,  threshold  (<  (iaivciv  (y  */3o),  go), 
+  -h»>.]     See  extract. 

It  is  here  left  open  whether  there  be  any  form  of  force 
which  may  be  especially  designated  as  "vital."  Many  of 
the  animal  functions  are  known  to  be  physical  and  chem- 
ical, and  if  there  be  any  one  which  appears  to  be  less  ex- 
plicable by  reference  to  these  f(n'ces  than  the  othei-s,  it  is 
that  of  nutrition.  Probably  in  this  instance  force  has 
been  so  metamorphosed  through  the  influence  of  the  origi- 
native or  conscious  force  in  evolution,  that  it  is  a  distinct 
species  in  the  (category  of  forces.  Assuming  it  to  be  such, 
I  have  given  it  the  name  of  Hathmism. 

E.  D.  Cojie,  Metli.  of  Creation,  p.  2fi. 

Bathmodon  (bath'mo-don),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  paB- 
/tiic,  a  step,  +  Mui'c  =  E.  tooth.]  A  genus  of 
fossil  hoofed  quadrupeds  named  by  Ccijic  in 
187'2,  sulisequently  identified  by  him  with  Conj- 
jihiidiiii  (wliieh  see). 

bathmodont  (bath'mo-dont),  a.  [<  Bathmo- 
don{t-).]  In  odontog.,  noting  a  pattern  of  denti- 
tion in  which  Iho  posterior  pair  of  tubercles  of 
the  upper  molars  are  approximated,  connected 
together,  and  compressed  and  sulicrescentio 
in  section,  and  tlie  anterior  outer  tubercle  is 
connooted  with  the  anterior  inner  one  by  an 
obliiiuo  crest  forming  a  V.  Such  dentition  is 
•  linracteristic  of  the  genus  Bathmodon. 

Bath  note.    See  vote. 

bathometer  (lia-thom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Or.  pA„nr, 
deptli,  +  filTinv,  a  niensiire.]  An  npiiarulus, 
consisting  of  a  spring-balanco  of  peculiar  eon- 
Btniction,  used  for  ascertaining  the  depth  of 
water. 

Bath  o51ite.     Sen  Bath  stnnr,  under  .v/ojic. 

bathorse  dial'-  or  Ini-'lii'irH),  H.  [<  'I'/f  (P. 
Ii(it),  a  iiacU-Huddle,  +  horse.]  In  the  Uritish 
army,  a  lioise  f.ir  carrying  baggage  behmging 
to  an  ollieer  or  to  the  baggagi'-train.  Also  wril- 
tf'ii  hiiwliorse. 

bathos  (ba'thoH),  n.  [Or.  ftAOn^.  depth,  <  (ittiihi:, 
deep.  In  def.  2,  orig.  an  antithesis  to  fci/""?. 
height,  the  Knliliine.J  1.  Depth;  lowest  )iarl 
or  stage;  bolloni.  [Itaro.]  —  2.  A  ludicroiiH 
ileseent  from  the  eU'vated  lotlie  coinuioiiTihiee 
or  ridicnh>UM  in  writing  or  spuuuli;  u  siiiKing; 
Biitiulimox. 


Bathymaster 

In  his  fifth  sonnet  he  [Petrarch]  may,  I  think,  be  said 
to  have  sounded  the  lowest  chasm  of  the  Bathon, 

Macaulay,  Petrarch. 
=  Syn,  2.  Fustian,  Turfjidness,  etc.    See  bombast. 

bath-room  (bath'rom),  n.  A  room  for  bathing 
in. 

bath-sponge  (bath'spunj),  n.  A  sponge  used  in 
bathiug,  etc.  Sponges  suitable  for  this  use  all  belong 
to  the  genus  Spomjia,  of  which  there  are  six  commercial 
species  or  varieties,  deriving  their  value  from  the  fineness 
and  elasticity  of  the  skeletal  fibers.  The  bath-sponge  of 
the  Mediterranean  is  5.  equina,  resembling  the  wool- 
sponge,  5.  tjossypina,  of  the  United  States.  Other  species 
ai-e  the  zimocca,  S.  zimocca;  the  cup-sponge,  5.  adriatica, 
of  Turkey  and  the  Levant ;  the  American  yellow  sponge, 
5.  corlosia  ;  and  the  American  hard-head,  S.  dura. 

Bath  stone.    See  stone. 

bath-tub  (bath'tub),  n.  A  tub  to  bathe  in:  in 
the  usual  form,  approximately  of  the  length  of 
the  body,  and  often  permanently  fixed  in  a 
bath-room.     Also  called  bathing-tuh. 

bathukolpian,  a.     See  bathycolpian. 

bathvillite  (bath'vil-it),  «.  [<  BathviTle  (see 
def.)  +  -itc".]  A  brown,  dull,  amorphous  min- 
eral resin,  ocenrring  in  torbanite,  or  boghead 
coal,  on  the  estate  of  Bathville,  near  Bathgate, 
Linlithgowshire,  Scotland. 

bathwort  (bath'wert),  ».  [Corruption  of  6trf7i- 
wort,  after  bath'^.]     Same  as  birthroot. 

bathybial  (ba-thib'i-al),  a.  [<  bathi/bius  +  -al.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to 'bathybius  or  the  depths 
at  which  it  is  found ;  bathybiau :  as,  "  bathybial 
fauna,"  JSiicj/e.  Brit.,  XXI.  774. 

bathybian  (ba-thib'i-an),  a.  [<  bathybius  + 
-»».]  Pertaining  to  bathybius;  composed  of 
or  resembling  bathybius. 

The  use  of  the  dredge  resulted  in  finding  the  usual  ba. 
tbiibian  forms  that  have  been  already  described  in  works 
relating  to  Arctic  voyages. 

Arc.  Cruise  of  the  Coriein,  1881,  p.  14. 

bathybius  (ba-thib'i-us),  n.  [Nl..,  <  Gr.  Padix, 
deep,  +  liiog,  life.]  A  name  given  by  Htixley 
to  masses  of  so-called  animal  matter  said  to 
have  been  fotmd  covering  the  sea-bottom  at 
great  depths  (over  2,000  fathoms),  and  in  such 
abundance  as  to  form  in  some  places  deposits 
upward  of  30  feet  in  thickness.  It  was  described 
as  consisting  of  a  tenacious,  viscid,  slimy  substance,  ex- 
hiliiting  under  the  microscope  a  network  of  graiuilar, 
nmciluginous  matter,  which  expands  and  contracts  spon- 
taneously, forming  a  very  simple  organism,  and  corre- 
sponding in  all  respects  to  protoplasm  (which  sec).  Em- 
bedded in  it  were  calcareous  bodies  with  an  oi-gauic 
structure,  called  disrxlillis,  curatlifh.t,  and  coccospbcres, 
which  .seemed  to  belong  tu  batliyliius  as  such.  The  exis- 
tence of  any  such  living  siibst.-iiice  is  now  generally  denied. 

bathycolpian  (bath-i-kol'pi-an),  a.  [Also  less 
jirop.  Iiathiikolpiau;  <  Gr.  lia8iK0?,iT0Q,  <  jiaOv^, 
deo]i,  +  KiiXTor,  breast,  bosom.]  Dee[i-bosomed: 
as.  ''bathycolpian  Here,"  O.  IV.  JJolmcs. 
Bathyerginae  (bath  i-er-ji'uo),  ».  vl.  [NL.,  < 
liathycrtins  +  -ina:.]  A  subfamily  of  Ethi- 
opian mole-like  rodents,  of  the  family  Spala- 
cida;  or  luole-rats,  differing  from  Spalacina;  in 
having  the  mandibular  anglo  arising  beside  tho 
socket  of  the  lower  incisors.  There  are  three 
genera,  Bathyergus,  Georychus,  and  Heliopho- 
biii.'i. 
bathyergue  (bath'i-erg),  n.    A  rodent  quadru- 

jicil  of  the  genus  Ballii/er<ii(s. 
Bathyergus  (bath-i-6r''gus),  «.     [NL.,  after  Gr. 
j1aHvtp)tiv,  jilow  deep,  <  /feCef,   deep,  +  Ipyov, 
work.  ]     A  genus  of  mole-rats,  of  the  subfamily 
Bathycrgina;  having   grooved  upper  incisors. 

B.  viarilimus  la 
a  large  species 
burrowing  In 
the  sand-duncB 
of  the  Ciipc  of 
Good  Hope,  and 
called  roust. rat 
luid  zai}d.  or 
fand-mole ;  It  Is 
very  abundant, 
niid  in  S4>me 
places  tbcsiindy 
still  is  lioney- 
cMiiibcil  with  lt.s  extensive  cxi'iiviitions.  The  fur  isgraylsh- 
bi'iuii.  and  liilglit  pos.sess  cnnilni-rijiil  viilnc. 

Bathymaster  (balh'i-mas-ter),  n.  [NIj.,  <  Gr. 
jinOvr,  dee]),  -l-  /wnH/p,  a  seeker.]  A  genus  of 
lishes,  fyiiical  of  tho   family  Bathymasteridm, 


Co.iBt-rat  {Fitt/iyrrjTUS  marilirnus). 


Koiiqull  {Hathyittiittfr si^rnntus). 

The  only  known  species  inlmbltn  water  of  modenitrc  depth 
fihont  nirks  along  tlic  not-lliiTii  riiclllc  cotiHt  south  to 
I'nget  .Sound,  anil  In  jiopularly  known  as  the  roju/uil  or 


rtnxchil. 


Bathymasteridse 

Bathymasteridae  (bath"i-mas-ter'i-(l6),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Iliitli!))iiiisfcr  +  -)■(/(('.]  A  family  of  acan- 
tlioptcrytjiau  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus 
Iliithi/miistcr,  and  scarcely  distinct  from  Latili- 
(l(V  (which  see). 

bathymeter  (ba-thim'e-t6r),  n.  [<  6r.  (iadbr, 
deep,  +  /lirpov,  a  measure.]  An  instrument 
lor  taking  soundings  at  sea. 

bathymetric  (bath-i-met'rik),  a.  [<  hathyme- 
tnj  +  -if.]  Pertaining  to  bathymetiy  or  the 
measurement  of  depths,  especially  at  sea. — 
Bathymetric  zone,  iti  zootjcoij.,  one  uf  the  horizontal 
hilts  of  tlie  (Icpths  of  the  sen  vertically  separated  by  their 
tii;irart<  I  istic  l:Miii:t  and  flora.  Five  .sueli  zones  are  reck- 
oncil:  (1)  tile  litloral,  hetwecn  tide-marks;  {2)  the  lami- 
iiariitii,  ivum  low  water  to  almut  15  fathoms;  (3)  the 
oiraHinp,  from  that  to  about  50  fathoms ;  (4)  the  deep-sea, 
friiTu  that  to  about  300;  (5)  the  abijssal,  from  that  to  the 
lowest  depths. 

bathymetrical  (bath-i-met'ri-kal),  a.    Same  as 

hiilhjimctrii'. 

bathymetrically  (bath-i-met'ri-kal-i),  adv.  As 
regurd.s  bathj^metry ;  by  deep-sea  measurement 
or  soim cling. 

bathjraietry  (ba-thim'e-tri),  Ji.  [<  dr.  fiad'u^, 
deep,  -I-  -/leTfiia,  <  /lerpov,  a  measure.]  The  art 
of  sounding  or  of  measuring  depths  in  the  sea. 

bathyphon  (bath'i-fon),  n.  A  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  clarinet  class,  having  a  single 
reed  and  a  wooden  tube,  and  a  compass  of 
nearly  three  octaves  from  the  third  D  below 
middle  C.  It  was  invented  in  1829  in  Berlin, 
but  was  soon  supplanted  by  the  tuba. 

Bathythrissa  (bath-i-thris'aj,  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
padix,  deep,  -1-  tip'iaaa,  Attic  dp'tTTa,  a  certain  fish, 
otherwise  called  rpixio-q,  <  Bpii  (rpix-),  hair.] 
The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Bathythrissida;, 
containing  one  known  species  (Bathythrissa 
dorsalis)  of  deep-water  fishes  with  some  resem- 
blance to  a  herring  or  whitefish,  found  off  the 
coast  of  Japan. 

Bathythrissidae  (bath-i-thris'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Biillii/llirifina  +  -i'rfrt'.]  A  family  of  malaeop- 
terygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Bathy- 
thrissa, They  have  an  oblong  body  and  rounded  abdo- 
men, covered  with  cycloid  scales ;  the  margin  of  the  upper 
jaw  formed  by  the  intermaxillaries  mesially  and  by  the 
niaxillaries  laterally;  complete  opercular  apparatus ;  very 
elongate  dorsal  tin ;  a  short  anal  fin  ;  the  stomach  with  a 
blind  sac;  numerous  pyloric  appendages;  and  ductless 
ovaries. 

batiator-root  (bat'i-a-tgr-rbt"),  ".  The  root  of 
an  imdetermined  Brazilian  plant,  used  as  an 
emetic  and  in  dysentery. 

Batides  (bat'i-dez),  v.pl.  [Nh.,  pi.  of  Batis  (a 
genus  of  fishes),  <  Gr.  (ianc,  a  flat  fish,  perhaps 
the  skate  or  ray.]  The  rays,  as  an  order  of 
selachians.     L.  Agassis.    See  Baice. 

batingl  (ba'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  tate^,  o.] 
The  act  of  beating  the  wings;  fluttering;  flut- 
teriug  away. 

bating^  (ba'ting),  prep.  [Orig.  ppr.  of  hate'^, 
for  abate;  now  regarded  as  a  prep.]  Abating; 
taking  away;  deducting;  excepting. 

Bating  the  outward  respect  due  to  his  birth,  they  treat- 
ed him  [the  Prince  of  Cond6)  very  hardly  in  all  his  preten- 
sions. Bp.  Burnet,  Hist.  Own  Times,  an.  1677. 

bating*  (ba'ting),  11.  [Verbal  n.  of  iate^,  «\] 
The  process  of  steeping  hides  and  skins  in 
an  alkaline  bath,  to  separate  the  lime,  oil,  and 
glutinous  matter,  and  render  them  soft  and 
pliable,  and  fit  for  tanning. 

batiste  (ba-tesf),  11.  [<  F.  latiste,  <  OF.  hap- 
tiste ;  so  called,  it  is  said,  from  its  inventor, 
one  Bapti-ste,  a  linen-weaver  of  C'ambrai  (see 
cambric)  in  French  Flanders.]  A  fine  linen 
cloth  made  in  Flanders  and  Picardy,  of  three  dif- 
ferent kinds  or  thicknesses ;  a  kind  of  cambric. 

batler^t  (bat'ler),  11.  [Appar.  for  battler^,  q.  v. 
Found  only  in  Shakspere,  with  a  var.  ballet.^  A 
small  bat  or  beetle  for  beating  clothes  in  wash- 
ing; a  clothes-pounder.  Also  called  6aWei,  6oi- 
tkr,  battril. 

I  remember  the  kissing  of  her  batler  [so  in  early  edi- 
tions, but  in  most  modern  editions  batlet],  and  the  cow's 
dugs  that  her  pretty  chopped  hands  had  milked. 

Skak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 

batler^t.     See  batteler. 

batlett  (bat'let),  n.  [<  6a<l  -f  dim.  -let;  but 
perhaps  an  error  for  batler'^,  q.  v.]  Same  as 
bailer^. 

batman^  (bat'-  or  ba'man),  m. ;  pi.  batmen 
(-men).  [Formerly  aXao  hatemaii;  <  bati  (F. 
belt),  a  pack-saddle,  +  man.']  A  person  al- 
lowed by  the  government  to  every  company  of 
a  regiment  on  foreign  service.  His  duty  is  to  take 
charge  of  the  cooking  utensils,  etc.,  of  tlie  company. 
There  is  in  the  charge  of  the  batman  a  bathorse  for  each 
company  to  convey  the  cooking  utensils  from  place  to 
place.     Imp.  Diet.     (Great  Britain.] 

Datman^  (bat'man),  n.  [=  Russ.  batmanu,  < 
Turk,   batman,  batman,  a  weight,  the  same  as 


475 

the  Pers.  man :  soo  matind^.']  A  Turkish  weight 
varying  in  amount  in  different  localities,  iiie 
batman  formerly  legal  throughout  tho  empire,  now  used 
III  Constantinople  and  Smyrn.i,  is  17  jiounds  avoirdupois. 
The  gi-eat  batman  of  ('iinstaMtin(ji)le  is  2'2..'i  pounds;  tho 
little  batman  is  5.«  pounds.  The  batman  of  Tabriz  is  0.4 
pounds  ;  llir  batman  of  .Shiraz  is  12.7  iiounds  ;  tlie  batman- 
rci  (.f  ri-lii-i:in  is  2h.:(  pounds. 

bat-money,  baw-money  (bat'-  or  ba'-,  ba'- 
mun"i),  )(.  [<  tial^  +  money.']  Money  paid  to 
a  batman. 

batoid  ( l)at'oid),  a.  and  n.     [<  Batis  (a  genus 
of  fishes)  -I-  -oid.]    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Batoidei. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Batoidei. 

Batoidei  (>)a-toi'de-i),  n.  pi.  [NT.i.,  <  Batis  (a 
genus  of  fishes)  -H  -oideus,  pi.  -oidci.]  In  Giin- 
ther's  system  of  classification,  a  suborder  of 
plagiostomatous  fishes  having  ventral  gill- 
openings  :  synonymous  with  Baia;. 

Batolites  (bat-o-li'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  F.  bdton,  a 
staff  (see  batonj,  +  Gr.  Wo<;,  a  stone.]  A  genus 
of  straight  cyUndi-ical  bivalve  fossil  shells,  al- 
lied to  the  hippurites.  Some  are  of  great  length, 
and  form  masses  of  rock  in  the  high  Alps.  Also 
written  Batolithes  and  liatolithus. 

batologist  (ba-tol'o-jist),  n.  [<.*batology  {<. 
Gr.  /terof,  a  bramble-bush,  -I-  -'Aoyia,  <  'Aeyew, 
speak:  see  -ology)  +  -ist.]  A  botanist  who  has 
made  a  special  study  of  the  genus  Rubiis,  or  the 
brambles,  the  numerous  European  species  of 
which  are  very  variable  and  exceedingly  diffi- 
cult to  determine. 

baton  (bat'on,  ba-ton',  or,  as  F.,  ba-ton'),  «. 
[This  word  appears  in  E.  in  various  forms ; 
fii-st  as  boston  (<  OF.  basion  =  Sp.  baston  = 
Pg.  bastao  =  It.  bastone,  <  ML.  basto{n-),  a  stick, 
staff,  of  imknown  origin),  then  baton  (<  F.  6a- 
ton),  with  accent  on  first  syllable,  also  spelled 
batton  and  batten  (see  batten"),  and  with  F.  ac- 
cent baton',  also  spelled  batoon,  battoon  (see 
batoon),  and  recently,  esp.  in  the  musical  use, 
pronounced  as  F. :  see  baston,  battoon,  batten^.] 

1.  A  staff  or  club;  atrimcheon:  carried  either 

(a)  for  use  as  a  weapon,  as  a  policeman's  bat- 
on; (6)  as  a  mark  of  authority,  as  the  baton  of 
a  field-marshal ;  or  (c)  as  a  warrant  to  do 
something,  as  the  baton  or  staff  earned  in 
Great  Britain  by  the  engineer  of  a  train  on  a 
single-track  railway,  as  his  authority  to  pro- 
ceed.— 3.  In  music :  (a)  The  stick  or  wand  used 
by  the  leader  of  a  chorus  or  an  orchestra  in  di- 
recting the  performance. 

Wlien  I  went  home  I  made  myself  a  baton,  and  went 
about  the  fields  conducting  an  orchestra.  Dickens. 

(b)  A  rest  of  two  or  more  measures. — 3.  In 
her.,  same  as  baston,  1  (c). 

Also  spelled  batton. 
To  wield  a  good  baton,  to  conduct  a  musical  perform- 
ance well. 

baton  (bat'on),  r.  t.  [<  baton,  ».]  To  strike 
with  a  baton;  cudgel. 
baton-cross  (bat'on-kros),  «.  In  her.,  same  as 
cro.fs potent  (whieii  see,  under  crossl). 
batoont  (ba-ton'),  n.  [An  older  foi-m  of  baton, 
<  F.  bdton  :  see  baton.]  1.  A  club  or  truncheon ; 
a  baton. 

Although  his  shoulders  with  batoon 
Be  claw'd  and  cudgell'd  to  some  tune. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  ii.  719. 

2.  A  staff  of  office.  See6a<o»,  1. —  3.  In  her., 
same  as  baston,  \  (c). — 4.  In  arch.,  same  as 
baston,  2. 

bat-printing  (bat'prin"ting),  n.  In  ceram.,  a 
mode  of  printing  patterns  in  color  upon  glazed 
ware.  An  engi-aving  on  copper  is  made  with  fine  lines, 
from  which  an  impression  is  taken  in  linseed-oil  on  a  thin 
slab  of  gelatin.  This  impression  is  transferred  to  the  glazed 
■ware,  and  over  it  is  then  dusted  a  metallic  color,  which 
clings  to  the  oil,  and  is  afterward  melted  and  fi.\ed  by  tir- 
ing.    See  fjat^,  13. 

BatracMa  (ba-tra'M-ii),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  prop. 
Batrachia,  <  Gr.  parpaxeia,  neut.  pi.  (so.  fv". 
animals)  of  parpaxttoq,  fi-og-like,  <  fiarpaxo^,  a 
frog,  with  numerous  dialectic  variants,  fiapoKoc, 
ppdTaxoQ,  Pporaxog,  pSrpaxof,  ppiiTixoc,  pOpOoKOC, 
paOpaKog,  etc.,  indicating  an  imitative  origin.] 
1.  Formerly,  as  in  Cuvier's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, an  order  of  reptiles,  containing  the  frogs, 
toads,  newts,  salamanders,  etc.,  and  coexten- 
sive with  the  modern  class  Amphibia;  the  am- 
phibians, or  those  vertebrates  which  breathe 
at  first  by  gills,  and  then,  generally,  lose  the 
gills  and  breathe  by  lungs. —  2.  Now,  an  order 
of  Amphibia,  synonymous  with  Aniira"  (which 
see),  containing  the  frogs  and  toads  only,  or 
those  amphibians  which  lose  the  tail  as  well  as 
the  gills.  The  leading  families  are  the  Pipidee,  or  Suri- 
nam toads ;  the  iianidce,  frogs ;  the  BiiJ'onUtcc,  ordinary 
toads;  and  the  i/i/fuiis,  tree-frogs.    See  cut  under  >inura. 


batster 

batracMan  (ba-trii'ki-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  liatra- 
ehia  +  -an.]  J.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ba- 
trachia, especially  frogs  and  toads. 

The  batrachian  hymns  from  the  neighboring  swamp. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  ix. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  Batrachia. 
batrachid  (bat'ra-kid),  n.    A  fish  of  the  family 

liatraeliidiv. 

Batrachidse  (ba-trak'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NIj.,  <  Ba- 
traehiis  +  -idw.  ]  A  family  of  acanthopterygian 
fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Batraclius,  with  im- 
armed  chocks,  a  dorsal  fin  developed  and  com- 
posed of  a  few  sharp  spines,  and  jugular  and 
imperfect  ventral  fins.  The  species  are  mostly  inhabi- 
tants of  subtropical  <tr  temperate  seaj*,  and  are  kn(,wn  in 
North  America  aa  limd-lhliex.     .See  cut  under  toad-jiult, 

batrachite  (bat'ra-kit),  n.  [<  L.  batraehites,  < 
Gr.  paTpaxirT/r,  a  t'rog-green  stone,  <  fjarpaxor,  a 
frog.]  1.  A  fossil  or  stone  in  color  resembling 
a  frog;  toadstono. — 2.  A  mineral  identical 
with  the  Vesuvian  monticellite  (which  see),  be- 
longing to  the  chrysolite  group. 

batrachoid  (bat'ra-koid),  a.  [<  Gr.  "Parpaxoei- 
(5r/c,  contr.  jiarpaxuSTir,  frog-like,  <  Parpaxoc,  a 
frog,  +  el6oc,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
frog  ;  j)ertaining  to  tho  Batrachia. 

batracnolite  (ba-t  rak'o-lit),  n.  [<  Gr.  lidTpaxoc, 
a  frog,  +  'Ailhr,  a  stone.]     A  fossil  batrachian. 

batrachomyomachy  (bat"ra-ko-mi-om'a^ki),  n. 

[<L.  Batraehomyomachia,  <Gr.  JiaTpaxopvo/iax'a, 
name  of  a  mock-heroic  poem  traditionally  as- 
cribed to  Homer,  <  fidrpaxoc,  a  frog,  -f-  pig,  = 
E.  mouse,  +  pdxn,  a  battle.]  A  battle  between 
the  frogs  and  mice  ;  specifically  {cap.),  the  title 
of  an  ancient  Greek  parody  on  the  Iliad. 

batrachophagons  (bat-ra-kof 'a-gus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
[iarpaxoc,  a  frog,  +  (payeiv,  eat.]  Feeding  on 
frogs  ;  frog-eating ;  ranivorous. 

Batrachophidia  (bat  ra-ko-fid'i-a),  11.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  iidrpiixoc,  a  frog,  +  o0if,  a  serjient:  see 
ophidian,]  An  order  of  Amjihibia  represented 
by  the  family  Ca^ciliidai :  same  as  Ophiomorpha. 
Also  Batraehophidii. 

batrachophobia  (baf'ra-ko-fo'bi-ii),  n.  [<  Gr. 
pdrpaxot;,  a  frog,  +  -(pofiia,  <  ifopdv,  fear.] 
Dread  of  batraehians  ;  aversion  to  toads,  frogs, 
etc.     [Rare.] 

Batrachppsida  (bat-ra-kop'si-da),  ji.p^.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  pdrpaxoi;,  a  frog,  -t-  6  i/«f, 'appearance,  + 
elSoc,  form.]  A  primary  group  or  superclass  of 
Vertebrata,  conterminous  with  the  class  Am- 
phibia, contrasted  with  Sauropsida. 

Batrachospermeae  (bat  "ra-ko-sper'mf-e),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  Batracliospermum  +  -eec.]  A  small 
group  of  fresh-water  algse  classed  with  the  red 
seaweeds,  consisting  of  articulated  filaments 
with  whorls  of  necklace-lite  branches.  The 
principal  genus  is  Batrachospermum,  sparingly 
represented  in  the  United  States. 

Batrachospermum  (bat'ra-ko-sp&r'mum),  h. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  jidrpaxoc,  a  frog,  -f  ancppa,  seed.] 
A  genus  of  algaj,  belonging  to  the  order  of  red 
seaweeds,  Floridece,  and  family  Batrachosper- 
meee.  Batracho^ennum,  inoniti/orme  is  the  commonest 
of  the  few  red  alg«  which  are  found  in  fresh  water.  It 
consists  of  necklace-like  branching  filaments  tinged  \vith 
some  shade  of  red  or  sometimes  only  grass-green,  and 
grows  in  ditches  and  springs. 

batrachostomous  (bat-ra-kos'to-mus),  a.  [< 
Gr.  pd'paxoQ,  a  frog,  +  crdpa,  inouth.]  Frog- 
mouthed  ;  having  a  mouth  like  a  frog :  spe- 
cifically applied  to  birds  of  the  genus  Ba- 
trachostomus. 

Batrachostomus  (bat-ra-kos'to-mus), «.   [NL., 

<  Gr.  jidrpaxot;,  a  frog,  +  ariua,  mouth.]  A 
genus  of  East  Indian  fissirostral  piearian  birds, 
of  the  family  Caprimulgidee,  or  goatsuckers, 
sometimes  combined  with  Podargusm  a  family 
Fodargida;,  the  frogmouths,  or  frog-mouthed 
goatsuckers :  so  called  from  the  enormous  ex- 
tent of  the  mouth.  The  genus  includes  a  number  of 
species  of  India,  Java,  Borneo,  Ceylon,  JIalacca,  eto.,  which 
are  among  the  very  largest  and  most  notable  of  the  capri- 
mulgine  series,  i?.  jrtran^mri.*  is  a  leading  species.  Bmn- 
t't/eistoma  and  Bombycijstomus  are  synonyms. 

Batrachus  (bat'ra-kus),  n ,  [L. ,  <  Gr.  lidrpaxoc,  a 
frog:  see  Bati-achia.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Batrachider,  containing  the 
toad-fish,  B.  tan,  of  the  North  Atlantic,  and 
several  closely  related  species.     See  toad-fish. 

bat-shell  (bat'shel),  n.  [<  6a<2  +  shell.]  A 
moUusk,  a  species  of  Foluta,  V.  vespertilio,  of  a 
dusky-brown  color. 

batsman  (bats'man),  n.;  pi.  batsmen  (-men). 
[<  bat's,  poss.  of  6a(l,  +  man.]  One  who  wields 
the  bat  in  base-ball,  cricket,  and  similar 
games;  a  batter. 

batster  (bat'ster),  n.  [<  6a(l,  v.,  +  -ster.]  A 
batsman  or  batter. 


batt 

batt,  n.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  bat\  still  occa- 
sionally used  in  some  senses.    See  bat^,  10,  11. 

battal  "(bat'ii),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  formerly  also 
iafiee  (ef.  batty-),  Pg.  bala  (later  in  Hind.,  etc., 
Matd,  bhdtd,  allowance  for  maintenance),  per- 
haps <  Canarese  ihatta,  rice  in  the  husk  (see 
6a«j/2).  generalized  to  'subsistence.']  In  Brit- 
ish India:  (a)  Subsistence-money  given  to 
soldiers,  witnesses,  prisoners,  and  others.  (6) 
An  aUowanee  in  addition  to  their  pay  origi- 
nally made  to  troops  serving  in  the  field. 
*'  Mifit.iry  batt.i.  ori^nniUly  an  occasion.il  allowance,  ;is 
detlued,  jn^w  to  he  a  constant  addition  to  the  puy  of  offi- 
cers in  India,  and  constitulfd  the  chief  part  of  the  excess 
of  Indian  over  English  military  emoluments."  {Yuie  and 
BurntU.)  It  was  reduced  one  half  by  the  goveruor-gen* 
eral  Lord  William  Bentinck  in  182S. 

batta-  (bat'a),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.  Hind,  battd, 
Beng.  6a»a' (cerebral  00  In  British  India, 
agio ;  discount ;  difference  of  exchange. 

battablet  (bat'a-bl),  a.  [<  bat-  in  battle^,  bat- 
ten^, etc.,  +  -able;  perhaps,  like  batful,  a  per- 
version of  battle''^,  a.]  Fattening  ;  serviceable 
as  pasture.    Also  spelled  batable. 

Masinissa  made  many  inward  parts  of  Barbary  and  Xu- 
midia  in  Africk  (before  his  time,  ineult  and  horrid)  fruit- 
ful ami  battabU  by  this  means. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Beader. 

battage  (ba-tSzh'),  «.  [F.,  <  battrc,  beat:  see 
fcnf<i.]  1.  Beating;  the  operation  of  beating. 
—  2.  In  agri.,  threshing. — 3.  The  operation  of 
piilverizing  or  incorporating  the  ingredients  of 
gunpowder  by  the  old  method  of  stamping  with 
pestles. 

Also  wrongly  spelled  batage. 

battailantt,  a.  and  «.  [Also  batteilant,  battel- 
laiil,  <  F.  bataillant,  ppr.  of  bataiUcr,  combat: 
see  battle^  f.]    I.  a.  Combatant. 

I  saw  an  Elephant, 
Adom'd  with  bells  and  bosses  Eorgeouslie, 
That  on  his  backe  did  beare  i&s  fmttn'lant) 
A  gilden  towre,  which  shone  exceeiliiik'lie. 

Spenaer,  World's  Vauitie,  st.  8. 
n.  ".  A  combatant, 
battailoust  (bat'e-lus),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
batteloiis,  baltcllous,  baltlous,  etc.,  <  ME.  batai- 
loufi,  batelou.se,  batelloiis,  <  OF.  bataiIlou!i, 
bateillou.s.  warlike,  <  bataille,  battle.]  War- 
like ;  bellicose ;  ready  for  battle. 

Ill  gunbright  amies,  and  battailous  array. 

Sptmer,  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  2. 
The  French  came  foremost,  6a«oi7ow^  and  bold. 

Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tusso,  i.  37. 
Thoughts  and  images  like  stately  fleets,  .  .  .  some  deej) 
with  silk  and  spicery,  some  l>rooding  over  the  silent  thun- 
ders of  their  baltailowi  armaments. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  ii.  241. 
battaliat  (ba-ta'liii),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ha- 
talia,  balatlia,  battaqlio,  etc.,  <  It.  iKilltn/liii  (= 
Sp.  balalla  =  Pg.  I'r.  batailia  =  OF.  baltiilk,  > 
E.  battle^),  battle,  squadron:  see  battlc^.'\  1. 
Order  of  battle  ;  battle  array. 

1  have  made  all  his  troops  and  companies 
Advance-  anil  put  themselves  ranged  in  battalia. 

Chapman,  Revenge  of  Bus.sy  Il'Alnboia.  iii.  I. 

2.  MiUt. :  (a)  A  large  body  of  men  in  order  of 

battle  or  on  the  march,  whether  a  whole  army 

or  one  of  the  great  divisions  of  it;  a  host;  an 

array. 

K.  liich.   Who  hath  descried  the  numlier  of  the  traitors? 

Aor.   Six  or  seven  thousand  Is  their  utmost  power. 

K,  Rich.    Why,  our  battalia  trebles  that  accoimt. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 
[This  Is  the  reading  of  the  folios ;  the  quarto  editions  read 
battaliim.  I 

In  three  Ixtttalian  (hrt'S  the  king  dispose 
His  strength,  which  all  in  ready  order  stand, 
And  Ut  each  other's  rejtcue  near  at  hand. 

Maji,  Edward  III. 
(b)  The  main  body  or  center  of  an  army. 

Wee  (pilckly  pla<-'d  .ItM-key  In  the  right  wing.  Sir  John 
In  the  left  wing,  and  Old  .Nick  In  the  JIaltalia. 

Sacr.  J/rrrrtal,  14.    (ff.  E.  D.) 

battalion  fba-tal'yon),  n.  [Fonni'rly  also  ba- 
tiilhnn,  halailloii,  etc.,  <  F.  balaillon,  <  It.  bat- 
tiiiihnnr,  liuttnlion,  aiig,  of  brilluglia,  a  battle, 
8<iiiiolron:  Hff  batUtlia,  hultk^.'\  If.  An  army 
in  l<aUle  array. 

He  through  the  nmied  files 
Ihirta  his  exiMTli-nied  eye.  and  vnm  travenw 
Til.!  whole  Ifillnlion  views,  Milton,  P.  I,.,  I.  600. 

2.  Ill  1,'irieral,  any  distinct  portion  of  an  anny 
or  TiiiiH.r  liody  of  troopH  acting  together:  an, 
(Jo'l  1  ..•,  ili<.  Hjilft  of  tlic  InrgcHt  hullnlionx  (a 
Hftyiri;'  I'inUiiled  lo  Tiirciiiin);  a  balliilinn  of 
Inf'"'  ilry,  gren«<li<TH,  voltigcurM,  1  to.  i„ 
th'  I  Ai,  or  more  iletnrheil  i  oiii)i;iiii>  ■  i,f  in- 
faii'  .f  .  iivniry,  or  biill<Tl>-«  of  ml (II.  n  ,.  n 
InK  \  !■   \  11  lnillall"n.'lnii.lvt.iri..iiv.  iii.f 

3.  I  ,1  tii.ily  of  idfiiiitry  ciittipiiMiiil 
of  '"■'■'  ■'  I'liiipanicd  furming  part  of  a 
ret(iiii''Mi,  fir  HomctiraoN  conHtiliiting  n  wlxiln 
rojpinent.  i„  r.,jrofrf.nti  armle*  an  infantry  ri-glmnni  I4 
uuollji  ilivl'lnl  Intii  Iht'i'  liatUlloiiii,  •uinotlmu  with  n 


476 

fourth  in  reserve  from  which  losses  in  the  others  are 
filled.  Formerly  the  regiments  of  the  United  States 
army,  then  consisting  of  twelve  companies,  were  divided 
into  three  battalions ;  but  now  each  regiment  of  ten  com- 
panies constitutes  a  single  battalion. 

battalioned  (ba-tai'yond),  a.  [<  battalion  + 
-ed-.'\     Formed  into  battalions. 

batteau,  ".     See  bateau. 

battelif, «.  and  r.     See  battle'^. 

battel't,  V.     See  battle^. 

batteFt,  a.  and  v.     See  hattkS, 

ba't'tel*  (bat'l),  H.  [Usually  in  pi.  battels,  also 
battles,  battflls,  first  found  in  the  10th  century. 
Latinized  batilli,  batellce;  a  peculiar  college 
use,  of  uncertain  origin.  The  sense  of  •pro\'i- 
sions '  appears  much  later  than  that  of  '  charges 
therefor.'  but,  if  original,  suggests  a  connection 
with  battels,  battle^,  v.,  feed :  see  battk^.']  1.  pi. 
At  the  tmiversity  of  O.^ord  in  England :  (a)  Col- 
lege aeeoimts  for  board  and  provisions  supplied 
from  the  kitchen  and  buttery,  (ft)  Tlie  whole 
of  the  college  accounts  for  board  and  lodgings, 
rates,  tuition,  and  contributions  to  various 
funds. — 2.  At  Eton  college,  a  small  allowance 
of  food  which,  in  addition  to  the  college  allow- 
ance, the  collegers  receive  from  their  dames. 
Richarilson. 

battel^  (bat'l),  r.  i.  [<  batteli,  «.]  To  stand 
indebted  in  the  college-books  at  Oxford  for 
pro'visions  and  drink  from  the  buttery. 

battelert,  «■  [Also  battelkr,  battler,' batkr  ,-  < 
halteli,  battlei,  +  -erl.]  1 .  A  student  at  O.xford 
indebted  in  the  college-books  for  provisions 
and  drink  at  the  buttery. — 2.  One  of  a  rank  or 
order  of  students  at  Oxford  below  commoners ; 
a  poor  student. 

Pierce  Pennyless.  exceeding  poor  scholar,  that  hath  made 
clean  shoes  in  both  universities,  and  been  a  pitiful  bntth-r 
all  thy  lifetime.  lliddleton.  The  Black  Book. 

battement  (bat'ment;  F.  pron.  bat-e-moii'),  n. 
[F.,<  battrc,  beat:  see  batc^,  bat^,  aiid  -mrat.] 

1.  A  beating;  striking;  impulse. — 2.  In  musk; 
a  triU-like  ornament,  consisting  of  a  slow  shake 
of  a  tone  'with  the  next  tone  below,  beginning 
with  the  latter :  common  in  old-fashioned  music. 

batten^  (bat'n),  r.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  but 
prob.  existent  dialectally;  <  led.  batna,  grow 
better,  improve,  recover,  =  Goth,  ga-batnan,  bo 
bettered,  profit,  avail,  a  neut.  passive  form  from 
the  pp.  *batans  of  a  lost  strong  verb,  'baton 
(pret.  "bot),  be  useful,  profit,  boot,  represented 
secondarily  by  D.  MLG.  LG.  bnten,  jirofit,  avail, 
help,  and  in  E.  by  the  derived  forms  bet^,  bct- 
tcr'(,  and  boot^:  see  fte(l,  better^,  and  boot^.  A 
noun,  'bat,  improvement,  profit  (cf.  Icel.  bali, 
itnprovement,  advantage,  I),  baat,  MLG.  L(i. 
bate,  advantage,  profit,  gain),  is  imjiliod  as  tho 
formal  base  of  the  adjectives  batful,  lialtabk, 
but  these  are  appar.  manipulated  forms  of  the 
orig.  adj.  battle^,  from  the  verbal  root.]  I.  in- 
trans.  1.  To  become  better;  improve  in  condi- 
tion (especially  by  feeding) ;  grow  fat ;  thiive. 
It  makes  her  fat,  you  see ;  she  battfn.i  with  it. 

S.  Joiison,  Bartholomew  Fair,  ii,  1. 

2.  To  feed  gluttonously;  figuratively,  gratify 
a  morbid  apiictite  orcra'ving;  gloat:  absolute- 
ly, or  with  on  or  upon. 

Have  you  eyes  ? 
Could  you  on  this  fair  mountain  leave  to  feed. 
And  batti:n  on  this  moor?  S/iak.,  Hamlet,  lit.  1. 

Her  savage  birds 
O'er  human  carcasses  do  scream  and  battt-n.    J.  liaillir. 
The  moths,  that  were  then  battcniwi  upon  Its  obsolete 
ledgers  and  day-books,  have  rested  from  their  deiireda- 
tions.  Lamb,  .South-Sea  House. 

Melanrholy  sceptics  .  .  .  who  haltrn  on  the  hiilenns 
facts  in  history.       Kmcrgon,  Society  and  Solitmle,  x.  'J'Jo. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  thrive;  prosper;  live  in 
ease  and  luxiny,  csp('ci;illy  iil  tlie  ('xjii'iiso  or 
to  the  ilctriment  of  olhcrs:  wilh  on,  I'liriiierly 
also  with :  as,  to  batten  on  ill-gotten  gains. 

And  irith  these  thoughts  so  ttattrna,  as  If  fate 
Would  be  as  easily  clieated  on  as  he. 

Ii.  .lonmn,  ^'olpl>nl',  I.  I. 
H.  tran.1.  1.  To  improve  by  feeding;    fat- 
ten ;  inako  fat  or  cause  to  thrive  with  plenteous 
feeding. 

Jtattening  our  flocks  with  Iho  fresh  dows  of  night. 

.Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  '..*!l. 

2t.  To  fertilizo  or  onricli  (the  Hoil). 
batten'*^  (bat'n),  n,     [A   nioro  KngllMh  Hpilliiig 
o!  ballon,  baton,  prevailing  in  (lie  iii.n-lilcniry 
UHOH  of  the  word :  see  baton,  haliion,  baslon.] 
1.  A  strip  or  Hciintling  of  wood.    Speclfiiniiy  - 

(n)  A  linr  nailed  acrosii  paraUi-l  liiiardu  (iw  ihoiir  foriiiliiua 
door,  nhnller,  etc.)  to  kicp  Hum  togctlnT  Co  ilnii.f  llir 
Rtrl|is  used  as  Hup|>or1s  for  ibi-  lattin  of  a  plastered  wall. 
or  for  nailing  over  the  rrncks  lietweeii  tioanlH.  (rt  One  of 
the  narrow  strlips  nnlleil  to  n  ninsl  or  spnr.  at  n  jilnee  ex- 
posed  t4j  fiiction,  to  prevent  rhafliig.  \il)  A  narrow  strip 
Ulcd  to  noil  duwu  tho  edges  of  a  taniaulln  over  a  hat<;li. 


batter 

way,  to  prevent  leaking  in  stormy  weather,  (f)  A  wooden 
bar  or  cleat  nailed  to  the  beam  of  a  ship,  from  which  the 
seamen's  hammocks  are  slung.  (,0  One  of  the  long  slipa 
used  in  the  molding-loft  of  a  ship-yard  in  tracing  lines 
and  setting  fair  the  shear  of  a  ship  in  molding. 

2.  In  eom..  squared  timber  of  6  or  more  feet 
in  length,  7  inches  in  width,  and  '2i  inches 
in  thickness,  used  in  earjieutry  and  house- 
building for  various  purposes.  Pieces  less 
than  6  feet  long  are  known  as  batten-ends. — 

3.  In  wearing,  the  beam  for  striking  the  weft 
home:  a  lathe — Louvered  or  loovered  battens, 
battens  fitted  in  frames,  or  between  stanchions,  in  parti- 
tions, etc.,  at  such  an  angle  as  to  admit  air,  and  yet  to  pre- 
vent dirt  from  entering.  Fimham,  Ship-building,  iv.  83. 
See  loiitYr. 

batten'-  (bat'n\  r.  t.     [<  batten-,  h.]     To  form 

or   fasten  vrith   battens To  batten  down  the 

hatches  of  a  ship,  to  cover  them  witli  tarpaulins  and  nail 
liatti  lis  over  their  edges,  so  as  to  prevent  water  from  leak- 
iiii;  below  during  bad  weather. 

batten-door  (bat'n-dor),  n.  A  door  made  of 
narrow  boards  held  together  by  means  of  cross- 
battens  nailed  to  them. 

[He]  stepped  cautiously  up  to  one  of  the  batten  doors 
with  an  anger,  and  succeeded,  without  arousing  any  one, 
in  boring  a  hole.     G.  W.  Cable,  The  Grandissinies,  p.  107. 

battening  (bat'ning),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  bat- 
ten-.} 1.  The  operation  of  fixing  to  a  wall  bat- 
tens, to  which  are  to  be  nailed  laths  to  receive 
plastering. — 2.  The  battens  fixed  to  a  wall  for 
this  pvu'pose. 
batter!  (bat'er),  r.  [<  ME.  bateren,  batren, 
with  freq.  formative  -cr,  <  hat-  (repr.  in  ME.  by 
haten  (only  intrans.)  in  the  sense  of  b<ttc  or 
flutter  as  a  hawk  (see  bate^);  in  later  ME, 
and  mod.  E.  regarded  as  freq.  of  bat  (late  ME, 
batten),  from  the  noun  ftnfl,  which  may  be  of 
the  same  ult.  origin),  <  OF.  batrc,  F.  battre  = 
Ft.  hatre  =  Sp.  batir  =  Pg.  hater  =  It.  battere, 
<  ML.  (LL.)  batere,  battere  for  L.  batuere,  bat- 
tuere,  beat,  strike:  see  hati-^,  battle^,  etc.  Not 
connected  with  E.  ftcKfl.]  I.  Irons.  1.  To  beat 
upon  or  against ;  strike  ■svith  repeated  blows ; 
pound  violently,  as  with  the  fist,  a  hammer  or 
liludgeon,  a  battering-ram,  cannon-shot,  etc.: 
as,  to  batter  a  door  for  admittance;  to  hatter 
the  walls  of  a  city  (with  or  without  effect). 
The  thunderer,  whose  bolt,  you  know, 
Sky-planted,  batters  all  rebellious  coasts. 

Shall-.,  Cymbeline,  v.  4. 
[The]  whole  artillery  of  the  western  blast, 
Uatterinij  the  Temple's  front,  its  long-drawn  nave, 
Sndting  as  if  each  moment  were  their  last. 

Wordsworth,  Cave  of  StafTa. 

2.  To  bruise,  brciik,  or  shatter  by  beating;  in- 
jure the  sulisl;nic(i  of  by  blows;  ])Oiind  out  of 
form  or  eninlilion :  as,  to  batter  a  person's 
counlrii:iii('r  :  a  ft(( //my/ wall  or  tower;  to  bat- 
ter tyi"'  ii  li;ii  is,  bruise  the  face  of  it). 

Now  were  the  walls  beaten  with  the  rams,  ami  many  parts 
thereof  shaken  and  hutternl.    Holland,  tr.  of  I.ivy,  p.  ;t!17. 

3.  luforgiiifi.  to  spread  outwardly,  as  the  ends 
of  a  nu't;il  bar  or  rod,  by  hammering;  upset. 
/■;.  //.  Knight. 

II.  introiiK.  To  act  by  beating  or  striking; 
use  repeated  blows;  practise  potinding:  as,  to 
hatter  away  at  a  door;  to  batter  upon  a  wall; 
battering  cannon. 

\\'ith  all  her  hattenntj  engines  bent  to  rase 
Some  capital  city.  Milton,  V.  I..,  II.  II2,S. 

Besiegers  break  ground  at  a  safe  distance,  and  advance 
gradilallv  till  near  enough  to  batter. 

Abp.  WhatelK,  Eleni.  of  Rhetoric,  I.  iii.  §  B. 
To  batter  at,  to  make  attacks  upon  ;  try  to  overthrow  or 
destroy. 

The  tyrant  has  not  batter'd  at  their  jicace? 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  Iv.  S. 
To  batter  In  breach,  (n)  To  direct  a  heavy  caiinonado 
from  a  breacliing  battery  against  a  selected  part  of  the 
\Mill  or  rampart  Inclosing  an  enemy's  fortltlcation.  In 
order  to  level  or  destroy  it,  and  make  iin  elfeclive  lireacll 
or  opening  through  which  an  aHsanlt  in  force  may  he 
miiile.  It))  Speciliiiilly.  to  attempt  lo  liriach  an  enemy's 
works  by  means  of  a  battery  inouiileil  in  Hie  tbinl  paral- 
lel. To  butter  ill  breach,  a  snilli-teiit  miiiiber  of  gnus 
shoiilil  be  employed  to  maintain  a  pliiitiritlly  rontiinlotis 
lire.  Ho  IIS  to  prevent  tile  clleliiy  from  repilil  lug  the  dillll. 
age.  and  to  ohtiiin  the  ciiiiniliilive  elVect  due  to  heavy 
tiring  against  a  Hiiigle  point.  Hreaching  is  sometimes  ac- 
coiiijiliMheil  by  tiring  slninltaneons  or  alternate  volleys 
fiDiii  Ivio  or  more  Imllerles. 
batter'  (bat'er),  ».  [<  haller'^,  r.]  1.  A  lieavy 
bliiw. — 2.  In  printing,  a  blur  or  defect  in  a 
shi'cl  iirodiii'i'il  liy  bntlcrcd  type  ;  a  siiol  sliow- 
inglhc  hriiken  slate  of  the  ty|ie. —  3.  in  eerani., 
II  inalhl  UMi'd  (o  flalten  out  wet  clay  before 
iiiiililing.  See  bolting-block, 
batter'^  (bat'er),  »'.  )'.  [Origin  \inknown;  per- 
hn)iH  coiinoclod  in  some  way  willi  bolter^,  or 
wilh  F.  iilmtlrc,  beat  down.]  To  incline  from 
the  iier|i('nili<'nhir:  said  of  a  wall  whose  face 

n lies  as  it  risim :  opposed  to  orcrhang. 

Retaining  and  breast  walls  Imtter  towards  the  bank. 

K  II.  Kniiihl,  Amer.  Meeh.  Illct.,  I.  247. 


batter 

batter^  (bat'6r),  n.  [<  ME.  later,  baifre,  hatour, 
btiture,  <  OF.  bature,  ;i  Vieating,  metal  beaten 
out  thin,  <  batre,  boat ;  cf.  Sp.  batido,  batter,  < 
hatir,  beat:  see  batter'^.  Cf.  batturc.']  1.  A 
7uixturo  of  several  ingi-odieuts,  as  flour,  eggs, 
.salt,  etc.,  beaten  together  Tvitli  some  liquid, 
used  in  cookery. — 2.  Floui"  and  water  made 
into  paste ;  specifically,  tlie  paste  used  in  sizing 
cloth.     [Scotch.] 

batter3(bat'er),  t'.  t  [Sc,  <  6aHer-3,  m.,  2.]  To 
paste  toK<'tlier;  cover  with  things  pasted  on: 
as,  to  batter  the  walls  with  placards.    [Scotch.] 

batter-*  (bat'er),  n.  [<  6a(l,  v.,  +  -ol.]  One 
who  bats;  especially,  in  base-ball  and  cricket, 
one  who  wields  the  bat ;  the  batsman. 

He  (tht:  howler]  bowls  a  ball  almost  wide  to  the  off ;  the 
htUer  steps  out,  and  cuts  it  beautiluUy  to  where  *oover- 
[Miiiit  is  standing, 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown's  School-Days,  ii.  S. 

battered  (bat'erd),  p.  a.  [<  batter'^  +  -ed^.'\ 
Beaten  down  or  bruised ;  worn  or  impaired,  as 
))y  beating  or  long  service :  as,  a  battered  pave- 
iiient;  battered  ij^e;  a  battered  jade. 

The  Tory  party,  according?  to  those  perverted  views  of 
'liiryisin  unhappily  too  lonji:  prevalent  in  this  country, 
\\  .as  held  to  be  literally  defunct,  except  by  a  few  old  bat- 
tired  eroues  <»f  ollice.  Disraeli. 

batterer  (bat'6r-er),  n.  One  who  batters  or 
beats. 

batterfangt,  v.  t.  [Appar.  <  batter'^  +  fang.'] 
To  assail  with  fists  and  nails ;  beat  and  beelaw. 
[Obsolete  or  pro  v.  Eng.]     N.  E.  D. 

batter-head  (bat'er-hed),  n.  That  head  of  a 
drum  which  is  beaten. 

batteriat  (ba-te'ri-a),  n.  [MXi. :  see  battery, 
13.]  Beaten  metal,  or  metal  prepared  for  beat- 
ing: a  term  used  from  the  fourteenth  to  the 
seventeenth  century  for  the  thin  plate-metal  of 
which  vessels  and  utensils  were  made.  See  bat- 
tery, 13. 

batterie  (bat'er-i),  n.  [F.,  a  beating,  etc. :  see 
battery.']  1.  A  roll  upon  the  side-  or  snare- 
drum. —  2.  A  method  of  playing  the  guitar  by 
striking  the  strings  instead  of  plucking  them. — 
3.  An  obsolete  designation  for  a  staccato  arpeg- 
^ation  of  the  chords  of  an  accompaniment. 
Compare  J ??)erH  bass  (under  6ass3)  and  arpeggio. 

battering  (bat'er-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  batter"."] 
Sloping  upward  and  inward,  as  a  terrace  or 
bank. 

The  system  of  its  construction  is  that  known  as  pyram- 
idal or  battering.  Atheimeiun,  No.  3067,  p.  182. 

battering-charge  (bat'er-ing-charj),  n.  The 
maximum  charge  of  powder  prescribed  for  use 
in  heavy  gims ;  a  charge  used  in  battering  an 
enemy's  works. 

battering-gun  (bat'er-ing-gun),  n.  Same  as 
hatteriiiii-jiicce. 

battering-piece  (bat'er-ing-pes),  ».  Milit.,  a 
cannon  of  heavy  caliber  adapted  for  demolish- 
ing defensive  works. 

battering-ram  (bat'er-ing-ram),  «.  1.  An  an- 
cient military  engine  consisting  of  a  large  beam 
shod  with  metal,  sometimes  with  a  head  some- 
what resembling  the  head  of  a  ram  (whence  the 
name),  used  to  batter  or  beat  down  the  defenses 
of  besieged  places,  in  its  simplest  form  it  was  car- 
ried and  forcibly  driven  against  the  wall  by  the  hands  of 
the  soldiers,  but  more  commonly  it  was  suspended  by  ropes 
from  a  beam  which  was  supported  by  posts,  and  balanced 
so  as  to  swing  baclcward  and  forward,  being  in  this  way 
impelled  against  the  wall  with  much  more  ease  and  effect. 
It  was  also  often  mounted  on  wheels  and  worked  under 
cover,  the  assailants  being  protected  by  a  movable  shed 
from  the  mis.siles  of  the  liesieged. 
2.  A  heavy  blacksmiths'  hammer,  suspended, 
and  worked  liorizontally. 

battering-rule,  n.     See  batter-rule. 

battering-train  (bat'cr-ing-tran),  n.  Milit.,  a 
train  of  heavy  ordnance  for  siege  operations. 

batter-level  (bat'er-lev"el),  n.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  inclination  of  a  slope.  See 
cVmometer. 

batter-rule,  battering-rule  (bat'er-rol,  -ing- 
rol),  n.  An  instrument  for  regulating  the  bat- 
ter or  inclination  in  buUding  a  sloping  wall. 
It  consists  of  a  plumb-line  attached  to  a  triangular  frame, 
one  side  of  which  is  fi.\ed  at  the  required  angle  with  the 
line,  the  plummet  hanging  vertically. 

Battersea  enamel.    See  enamel. 

battery  (bat'er-i),  n. ;  pi.  batteries  (-iz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  batery,  batteric,  <  F.  batterie  (=  Pr. 
baturia  =  Sp.  Pg.  bateria  =  It.  batteria;  ML. 
battcria),  a  beating,  battery,  <  battre,  beat:  see 
fc«(fe)-l  and -ery.]  If.  The  act  of  battering ;  at- 
tack or  assault,  with  the  view  of  beating  down, 
as  by  a  battering-ram  or  by  ordnance. 

At  one  place  above  the  rest,  by  continual  batterie  there 
was  such  a  breach  as  the  towue  lay  open  and  naked  to  the 
enemie.  Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  397. 


477 

Bring  therefore  .ill  the  forces  that  ye  may. 
And  lay  incessant  ttattery  to  her  heart. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  xiv, 
long  time  you  fought,  redoubled  battery  bore, 
But,  after  all,  against  yourself  you  swore. 

Dri/ilen,  llind  and  I'anther,  I,  626, 

2.  In  law,  the  unlawful  beating  of  another. 
The  least  degree  of  violence,  or  even  the  touching  or  8i!it- 
ting  in  the  face  of  another,  in  auger  or  insolence,  (!4)n8ti- 
tutes  a  liattery,  Kvery  battery  includes  an  assault,  though 
an  ass<ault  does  not  necessarily  imjily  that  it  most  be  such 
as  to  threaten  a  battery.     .See  assault. 

3.  The  instrument  or  agency  employed  in  bat- 
tering or  attacking:  as,  a  battery  of  guns;  a 
battery ot  aAmae.  Specifically — 4.  Milit.:  {a) 
A  body  of  cannon  for  field  operations,  consist- 
ing generally  of  from  4  to  8  guns,  with  com- 
plement of  wagons,  artillerymen,  etc.  {!>)  The 
armament  of  a  ship  of  war:  as,  the  Colorado's 
battery  consists  of  46  nine-inch  guns. —  5.  The 
personnel  or  complement  of  ofiieers  and  men 
attached  to  a  military  battery. — 6.. In  fort.,  a 
parapet  thrown  up  to  cover  the  gunners  and 
others  from  the  enemy's  shot,  with  the  guns 
employed ;  a  fortified  work  mounting  artUlery. 

Admiral  Farragut  had  run  the  batteries  at  i'ort  Hudson 
with  the  llagshi])  Hartford  and  one  iron-clad  and  visited 
me  from  below  Vicksbnrg, 

IJ.  .S',  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I,  464, 

7.  In  base-ball,  the  pitcher  and  catcher  together : 
as,  the  work  of  the  battery  was  excellent. — 

8.  (a)  In  frictional  elect.,  a  number  of  Leyden 


Leyden-jar  Battery. 

jars  usually  aiTanged  with  their  inner  coatings 
connected  together,  and  their  outer  coatings 
also  connected,  so  that  they  may  all  be  charged 
and  discharged  at  the  same  time,  if  an-anged  so 
that  the  inner  coating  of  one  is  in  connection  with  the 
outer  coating  of  the  next,  and  so  on,  they  are  said  to  be 
charged  (or  discharged)  in  cascade,     (fc)    In   voltaic 


j'-V.^S-i'^i:*-'' 


Voltaic  Plunge-battery, 

elect.,  a  voltaic  cell,  or  more  properly  a  num- 
ber of  voltaic  cells  (see  cell)  arranged  together 
so  as  to  give  a  powerful  current  of  electricity. 
The  way  in  which  the  cells  are  coupled 
depends  upon  the  nature  of  the  cur- 
rent which  is  desired  and  the  relation 
between  the  external  and  internal  re- 
sistance, (^ee  resistance.)  For  example, 
if  the  cells  are  arranged  in  series,  the 
copper  of  the  first  with  the  zinc  of  the 
next,  and  so  on,  the  result  is  to  give 
the  maximum  electromotive  force ;  on 
the  other  hand,  if  arranged  abreast,  all 
the  zincs  being  connected  together, 
and  all  the  copper  plates  together,  the 
electromotive  force  is  the  same  as  for 
a  single  cell,  but  the  internal  or  bat- 
tery resistance  is  diminished,  and  hence 
the  strength  of  the  current  or  the  quan- 
tity of  electricity  may,  under  certain 
conditions,  be  much  increased.    The 
first  method  Is  sometimes  spoken  of 
in  popular  language  as  the  arrange- 
ment for   inlenisity,  the   second   for 
quantit!/.    An  early  form  of  battery 
was  Voita's  pile,  and  another  his  cot*- 
ronne  des  tasses,  or  "croM-u  of  cups." 
The    different   kinds   of   battery  are 
named  according  to  the  materials  or  the  form  of  the  cells 
of  which  they  .are  composed,  or  the  way  in  which  the  cells 
are  arranged,     .Some   of  the  commoner  kinds  are  the 
Daniell,  Grove,  Bunsen,  Le  Clanchti,  gramtij,  bichromate, 
etc.    For  a  description  of  these  and  others,  see  cell. 
9.  In  optics,  a  series  of  lenses  or  of  prisms, 
as  in  the  spectroscope,  combined  in  use. — 10. 


Voita's  Pile  or  Bat- 
tery. 
fi,  positive  wire  ;  n, 
negative  wire. 


battery 

In  maeh.,  an  assemblage  of  similar  construo- 
tions  or  parts :  as,  a  battery  of  boilers ;  a  battery 
of  stamps  in  a  stamping-mill;  a  battery  of 
Bugar-kettles. 

The  dark  sugar-house ;  the  battery  of  huge  caldrons,  with 
their  yellow  juice  boiling  like  a  sea,  half-hidden  in  clouds 
of  steam,  G.  W.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p,  112. 

11.  In  the  manufacture  of  nitric  acid,  a  com- 
bination of  large  bottles  and  carboys  serving 
as  a  condensing  apparatus  for  the  acid  vapors. 
— 12.  In  hat-making,  a  large  ojien  boiler  con- 
taining water  to  which  some  sulphuric  acid 
has  been  added.  It  is  suiTounded  by  planka 
which  slope  toward  the  center,  and  is  used 
in  felting. — 13.  Metals,  or  articles  of  metal, 
especially  of  brass  or  copper,  wrought  by  ham- 
mering; hammered  metals  or  utensils;  espe- 
cially, apparatus  forpreparing  or  serving  meals ; 
all  metallic  utensils  of  service  for  the  kitchen. 
Compare  battcria. 

Soon  our  tea  battery  came  in,  and  she  [the  maid-servant) 
was  forced  to  sniTcnder  tlie  table  for  our  use.  The  first 
instruments  of  the  aforesaid  batten/  looked  like  prepara- 
tions for  scrubbing  the  lloor.     Harper's  Mag.,  LA  VI,  6&5. 

There  are  [in  Middelbnrg  Town-hall  museum],  amon^ 
other  things,  the  grand  old  feasting  batteries  of  the  vari- 
ous guilds  and  corporations.      Harper's  Mag.,  LXI.X.  334. 

14.  An  oblong  box  submerged  to  the  rim  in  the 
water,  used  as  a  boat,  and  for  concealment^  by 
persons  engaged  in  shooting  wild  fowl ;  a  sink- 
boat. 

One  of  the  commonest  and  most  successful  methods  of 
killing  fowl  along  the  seaboard  is  from  batteries. 

Forest  and  Stream,  XXIII.  441. 

15.  In  coal-mining:  (a)  A  structure  built  of 
timber,  to  keep  the  coal  in  the  breast  or  pre- 
vent it  from  sliding  down  the  shute.  (b)  A 
platform  on  which  miners  stand  while  work- 
ing in  thin  and  steeply  pitching  beds  of  coal. 

[Pennsylvania.]— Ambulant  battery,  a  battery  of 
heavy  siege-guns  provided  with  traveling-carriages  to 
transport  them  from  point  to  point, — Anderson  bat- 
tery, a  galvanic  battery  using  zinc  and  carbon  in  baths 
of  muriate  of  auimonia,  oxalate  of  chromium,  ami  po- 
tassium.—Barbette  battery.  See  6ar6e(te.— Battery 
amalgamation,  in  minin'i,  amalgamation  effected  l»y 
placing  mercury  in  the  battery  or  mortars  while  the 
metalliferous  mck  is  being  stamped,  —  Blinded  bat- 
tery, a  battery  in  which  the  guns  are  protected  by  an 
armored  parapet,  by  bomb-proof  blinds  or  casemates,  or 
by  embrasure-casings  or  mantelets, —  Breaching-bat- 
tery,  a  battery  so  placed  that  its  fire  is  perpendicular,  or 
nearly  so,  to  a  line  of  wall  or  parapet  to  be  breached.  It 
is  used  for  making  an  opening  in  the  enemy's  works 
through  which  an  assaulting  column  may  enter,— Cava- 
lier battery,  a  battery  mounted  in  the  cavalier  (which 
see),  and  arranged  to  deliver  a  plunging  lire  into  the 
works  of  an  assailant,— Clearing -battery,  in  breweries, 
an  arrangement  for  straining  the  wort  from  the  vat.  It 
includes  a  device  for  cutting  off  the  flow  when  the  wort 
has  attained  a  sufficient  depth, —  Counter-battery,  (a) 
A  battery  intended  to  silence  and  overthrow  gims  of  the 
defense  which  bear  upon  the  breaching-batteries.  Its 
guns  are  generally  so  placed  as  to  tire  along  the  ditches 
of  the  works.  (6)  Any  battery  opposed  to  another,  Tid- 
ball. —  Covered  battery,  a  batt<^ry  concealed  from  the 
enemy,  and  intcndeii  to  deliver  a  vertical  fire,  TidbaU. — 
Cross-batteries,  two  or  more  batteries  whose  lines  of 
fire  intersect,-  Direct  battery,  a  battery  whose  fire  is 
perpendicular  to  the  line  of  works  attacked. —  Enfilading 
battery,  a  battery  which  sweeps  the  length  of  an  enemy's 
line,  or  takes  him  on  the  flank. —  Fascine  battery,  a 
liattery  of  which  the  parapet  is  wholly  or  partially  made 
of  fascines :  used  where  the  earth  is  loose  or  sandy. — 
Floating  battery,  a  battery  erected  either  on  a  simple 
raft  or  on  a  ships  hull,  for  the  defense  of  the  coast  or 
for  the  bombardment  of  an  enemy's  ports.  The  name  is 
sometimes  given  to  a  type  of  ship  which,  though  it  may  be 
provided  with  independent  propelling  power,  is  designed 
primarily  not  for  navigation,  but  merely  to  afford  support 
and  cover  to  heavy  guns. —  Gabion  battery,  a  battery 
with  a  parapet  formed  of  gabions  filled  with  earth  or 
sand, — Galvanic  battery,  a  pile  or  series  of  plates  of 
copper  and  zinc,  or  of  any  materials  susceptible  of  gal- 
vanic action.  .See  galvanic. — Grove's  gas-battery,  a 
battery  in  which  the  cell  consists  of  two  glass  tubes  partly 
filled  with  water,  and  the  renminder  with  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  respectively  :  in  these  tubes  two  platinum  elec- 
trodes are  immersed, —  Horizontal  battery,  a  battery 
the  interior  or  terrepleiii  of  wiiich  is  on  tlie  natural 
level  of  the  ground,  ^  Ti'i/dii/;.  —  Indented  battery,  or 
battery  a  cremaillere,  a  battery  constructed  with  sa- 
lient and  reentrant  angles  for  obtaining  an  oblique  as  well 
:is  a  direct  fire,  and  to  atfiird  shelter  from  the  enfilade  flre 
of  the  enemy.  TidbalL — Joint  batteries,  batteries  whose 
flre  is  directed  against  the  same  object.- Latimer-Clark 
battery,  an  electric  battery  intended  as  a  standard,  the 
electromotive  force  being  CLtnstant.  It  is  a  combination  of 
zinc  in  sulphate  of  zinc  and  niercnry  in  sulphate  of  mercury, 
E.  H.  Knight.  — lAgbt  battery,  (a)  X  mounted  field-bat- 
tery, (b)  A  battery  composed  of  guns  of  small  caliber. — 
Magnetic  battefji.  See  magnetic. — Masked  battery ,  a 
battery  ai'titi<  ially  concealed  until  required  to  open  upon 
the  enemy.  Tidh'aU.  —  Mortar-batteiy,  a  battery  having 
an  armament  of  mortars.  .Siuh  i'atteries  are  constructed 
with  a  parapet  without  embra.-^ures,  an  interior  slope  not  re- 
vetted, but  ret:uning  the  natural  slope  of  the  soil,  and  plat- 
forms horizontal  instead  of  inclining  slightly  toward  the 
front,  as  in  gim-batteries,  .See  cut  on  next  page,— Moun- 
tain battery,  a  battery  of  li:;ht  guns,  so  fitted  that  the 
pieces  and  their  carriages  may  be  transported  upon  the 
backs  of  mules  or  pack-horses.— Oblique  battery,  a  bat- 
tery whose  line  of  flre  makes  an  angle  of  20'  or  more  with  the 


battery 

perpendicolar  to  the  interior  crest  of  the  enemy's  works : 
80  called  in  contradistinction  to  a  direct  battery.—  Open 
battery,  a  battery  entirely  exposed,  that  is,  unprotected 
by  a  parapet.— Plunge-battery,  an  electric  battery  so 
arranged  that  the  metals  can  be  removed  from  the  liquid 
when  not  in  use.— Raised  battery,  a  battery  whose  terre- 
plein  is  elevated  considerably  above  the  ground.  Tidball. 
—  Eedan  battery,  a  battery  giving  a  cross  or  flanking 
fire  from  a  salient  or  reentrant  angle  of  a  fortification.  — 
Reverse  battery,  a  battery  which  fires  directly  or  ob- 
liquely upon  the  rear  of  a  work  or  line  of  troops. —  Rico- 
chet battery,  a  battery  which  fires  horizontally  or  at  a  low 
angle  of  elevation,  so  that  the  projectiles  graze  and  bound 
along  the  surface  of  the  ground  or  water.  Smooth-bore 
guns  firing  spherical  projectiles  are  most  effective  for 
ricochet  fire.  — Siege-battery,  a  battery  for  siege  opera- 
tions. Such  batt':'rie3  are  either  fixed,  comprising  siege- 
guns  and  mortars  or  the  hea\iest  caliber  and  largest  size, 
or  movable,  consisting  of  field-guns  and  small  mortars.— 
Storage  battery,  or  secondary  battery,  in  elect. ,  a  com- 
binatit.-n  of  secondary  cells  or  accumulators  which  wlieii 
once  charged  may  be  xised  for  a  considerable  time  after 
as  a  source  of  an  electrical  current.  The  Plants  cell  con- 
sists essentially  of  two  plat«s  of  metallic  lead  (C,  C)  rolled 
into  a  spiral  form,  and  in  the  improved  Faure  form  covered 


Storage  or  Secondary  Cell,  or  Accumulator,  Plant6  form. 
C,  C,  Icid  plates  rolled  in  a  spiral  and  separ-ited  by  pieces  of  nib- 
ber;  G.  //,  wires  from  the  primary  or  charging  battery ;  ^,  A',  poles 
of  secondary  cell. 

with  red  oxidof  lead;  the  primarycurrent  with  which  the 
cell  is  charged  (by  the  wires  Gr  and  //)  serves  to  pero.\i- 
dize  and  reduce  this  coating,  respectively,  on  tlie  i>hects 
connected  with  the  two  poles ;  the  chemical  energy  thus 
■tored  up  i.4  given  back  in  the  form  of  a  continuous  and 
regular  electric  current  when  the  poles  of  the  charged  cell 
(^,  ^  )are  connected  and  tlie  cliemical  action  is  reversed. 
— Sunken  battery,  a  battery  in  whicli  the  sole  of  tlie 
embraiiure  is  nn  a  level  with  the  ground,  and  tlie  platform 
U  consequently  sunk  Ih;Iow  it.  (TiUbalt.)  The  parapet  la 
fonned  fr-im  the  earth  excavated  from  the  site  constitut- 
ing the  platform.- Half-sunken  battery,  a  batter>- of 
which  the  parapet  is  fiirnieil  partly  from  eartli  taken 
from  the  injtlde  or  terrephin.  and  partly  from  a  ditch 
oubtide. — Urticatlng  batteries,  in  r""/.,  the  nematocysts 
or  thread-celln  of  liydn.jd  P'»I>j.h. —Water-battery,  an 
electric  battt-ry  In  uhirh  thr  liquid  enipluyecl  Ih  water.  It 
1ji  useleHu  a^  a  source  of  a  current,  because  of  the  high  rc- 
■isunce  of  the  water,  but.  by  having  a  lurKC  number  of  zinc- 
copper  coTipleH.  a  hl^h  anci  conntant  dllference  of  p<)ten- 
tialH  Ia  r.titained  ut  tin-  two  prdes;  It  is  thus  valuable  In 
tiiiiny  tl'itr-Htatl'  <*\i)erlnn'nt«. 

battery-boi  (l>Jit'( T-i-bokH),  n.  A  Hquaro  cheat 
or  bo.\,  iWU'd  with  curth,  uHod  for  makinf^  para- 
pota  for  IjuttcrieH  whoro  (^ihioriH  or  Baud-bags 
iir<'  not,  to  hf  })a<l.     Farrotr,  Mil.  Encyc. 

battery-gnu  (hat'tr-i-KiiiO,  «.  A  machine-gim 
fuhirh  HfO). 

battery-head  (bat'/r-i-hcd),  n.  The  extreme 
Mi'l  of  a  railroad  cmbankmeut  over  whinh 
curth  is  tipped  during;  the  process  of  construc- 


tio 


h 


hooting  (hutV-r-i-Hhrt'tinK),  «.     The 
'  wii'l  fowl  from  a  hat  t.ery.     Boo  bat- 

far  Imttflr,  however,  I')  decide  unon  :tonie 
Iv  which  batUrif  ithtxttinff  cnuU\  )tv  wholly 
u  FuTfMt  ami  Stream,  XXIII.  441. 


f^on  ())at'V'r-i-wftj('ori),  ».     Mtlit,^  a 

'I  living ''ft*'h  rtchl-lmttorv  to  inr- 

oMh,  vi'torirmry  Hiippli'    ,  •  i-.. 

lojuiin*  and  tiic  Hor\*ie<*  c.i   ii,.- 


battery 

\'v\\\ 

to  1" 

b*tU'i.v 

Battey'a  operation.    See  onrration. 
tei-tlck  (liiit'tik),  n,   Awnftil  wingloHH  tii-.k-lik 


478 
insect,  of  the  order  Diptera  and  family  Xycteri- 
biid(v  (which  see) :  so  called  because  it  infests 
hats. .  The  name  is  given  to  all  the  species  of 
the  famih'. 

battilt,  battillt,  «•    Variant  spellings  of  battle^. 

batting  (bat'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  Oa(l,  r.]  1. 
The  act  or  process  of  Trashing  or  smoothing 
linen  with  a  bat. — 2.  The  process  of  beating 
raw  cotton  with  hazel-  or  holly-twigs,  on  a  fi'ame 
made  of  cords,  for  the  purpose  of  opening  the 
matted  locks,  or  of  beatiag  out  impurities. —  3. 
Cotton  or  wool  prepared  in  thick  but  light  mat- 
ted sheets  for  quilts  or  bed-covers,  the  quilting 
of  garments,  etc.  Also  called  bat,  6artv. —  4. 
The  act  or  manner  of  using  a  bat  in  a  game  of 
ball:  as,  their  batting  was  good. 

batting-block  (bat'ing-blok),  n.  In  ceram.,  a 
block  of  wet  plaster  upon  which  clay  is  flattened 
out  by  a  batter  before  it  is  shaped  on  the 
potter's  wheel  or  bv  a  mold  and  templet.  See 
battel-'';  3. " 

batting-machine  (bat'ing-ma-sheu''),  n.  A 
machine  in  which  cotton  taken  from  the  wil- 
lowing-machine  is  scutched,  blown,  and  lapped 
to  prepare  it  for  the  carding-machine. 

batting-staff  (bat'ing-staf),  n.  [Cf.  battler^ 
and  batlct.'i  A  small  mallet  sometimes  used 
in  laundries  for  beating  linen ;  a  beetle. 

battish  (bat'ish),  a.  [<  bat2  +  -is/(l.]  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  resembling  a  bat.     [Rare.] 

She  clasp'd  his  limbs,  by  impious  labour  tired, 
With  battish  wings. 

Vernon^  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  viii. 

battle^  (bat'l),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  battel  (a 
spelling  still  often  used  archaically,  as  in  wager 
nf  battel),  <  ME.  batel,  batelU,  batai/le,  bataile, 
hataille,  <  OF.  bataille  =  Pr.  Pg.  batallia  =  Sp. 
batalla  =  It.  battaglia,  <LL.  battalia,  battualia, 
the  fighting  and  f  eneingexcrcises  of  soldiers  and 
gladiators,  <  battere,  L.  battuere,  batuere,  beat, 
fight,  fence:  seefea^^fd  andftatel.]  1.  A  fight, 
hostile  encotinter,  or  engagement  between  op- 
posing forces  on  laud  or  sea ;  an  important  and 
systematic  engagement  between  independent 
annies  or  fleets.  Actiuns  and  affairs&v&  engagenn-ntjs 
of  less  magnitude  than  battles,  and  are  often  unpremedi- 
tated, the  result  of  surprises,  or  the  meeting  of  armed  re- 
connoitering  parties,  though  the  latter  is  usually  tcrmeii 
a  skirmish.  Battles  are  classed  as  paralld  or  oblique,  nr- 
cordijig  to  the  relative  positions  of  the  contending  armies 
in  order  of  battle;  itrateiiic,  when  fought  upon  an  objec- 
tive point  selected  in  planning  a  campaign,  as  were  the 
battles  of  Marengo  and  Nashville  ;  (jeneral,  when  the 
whole  or  the  greater  part  of  both  armies  are  engaged ; 
partial,  when  only  brigades,  divisions,  or  army  corps  are 
brought  into  action ;  offensive,  when  an  army  seeks  the 
enemy  and  attacks  him  wherever  he  is  encountered ;  de- 
fensive, when  a  position  is  selected  with  the  design  of 
awaiting  and  repelling  the  enemy;  mixed  or  de/eu^ive- 
ofenttive,  when  an  army  selects  and  occupies  a  position  in 
advance,  awaits  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  and  at  the 
proper  moment  moves  out  to  engage  him. 
2.  An  eneotmter  between  two  persons;  a  duel 
or  single  combat. — 3.  A  fight  or  encounter  be- 
tween animals,  especially  when  pitted  against 
each  other  for  the  amusement  of  spectators. 
If  we  draw  lota,  he  [CrosarJ  speeds  : 

His  cocks  do  win  the  battle  still  of  mine. 

WHien  it  is  all  to  nought ;  and  his  quails  ever 

Beat  mine,  inhoop'd,  at  odds. 

Shal:,  A.  and  C,  11.  8. 

4.  Warfare;  hostile  action;  actual  contli<'t 
with  enemies:  as,  wounds  received  or  lionors 
gained  in  battle. 

Who  is  tlii»  King  of  glory?  The  Lord  strong  and  mighty, 
the  Uiril  mighty  in  battle.  l'»-  xxlv.  .s. 

6.  Any  contest  or  conflict ;  struggle  for  mas- 
tery or  ^^etory :  as,  the  battk  of  luo. 

Of  the  six  genera,  Drosera  has  been  Incomparably  tln' 
most  Buecesstul  in  the  liattU'  for  lite ;  and  a  large  jiarl  of 
Its  success  may  be  attributed  to  its  manner  of  catching 
insects.  Darm'n,  Insectiv.  rlnlitx,  |i.  .'if.;. 

6t.  An  army  prepared  for  or  engaged  in  fight. 

KIre  answers  lire,  and  through  their  paly  llamcB 
Each  battk  sees  the  other's  nmber'd  face. 

,S'/ia*..  Hon.  v.,  Iv.  (cho.). 

7t.  A  body  of  forces,  or  division  of  Bn  army; 
a  battalion. 

Then  the  ItattrU  were  alulcd,  and  set  In  such  order  as 
they  should  fight. 

J.  Ilrende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curllus,  III.  .11.'. 

8t.  More  Hpocificnlly— fn)  The  main  oriniddlr 
body  of  an  anny  or  floot,  as  diHlinguiKhcHl 
from  the  van  and  rear. 

Angus  led  the  avanl-giinril,  himself  followed  wIlli  the 
batUn  a  good  distance  belilnil,  and  after  came  the  arrler. 

•Sir  ./.  Itaiiwaril. 

(h)  That  portion  of  th«  army,  wliorevor  jilaceil 
and  (if  wliiitoviT  coMHiHting,  which  is  r(>gar<lcd 
as  rif  inoin  imporlauce. 

Tile  cavair)',  by  wnyiif  iltsllnelinn,  was  rnlbil  the  Imllle, 
and  on  It  alono  ilependeil  the  fslo  of  every  m  (Imi. 

It„l,i-rl;,„ 


battle 

9t.  A  formidable  array  similar  to  an  army  in 

■battle  order. 

On  his  bow-back  he  [the  boar]  hath  a  battle  set 
Of  bristly  pikes,  that  ever  threat  his  foes. 

Sbak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  610. 
Battle-range,  the  range  best  suited  to  firing  on  an  ene- 
my's line  of  battle.  Upon  the  rear  sights  of  the  lati-st 
militaiv  rifles  the  elevation  corresponding  to  that  range 
is  designated  by  stamping  the  letter  "B"  opposite  the 
battle-range  elevation.  This  range  is  2(i2  yards,  coiTe- 
sponding  to  a  continuous  dangerous  space  of  337  yards, 
for  the  Springfield  ritle,  caliber  .4.'i,  used  against  foot- 
troops.—  Battle  royal.  («)  A  battle  with  fists  or  cudgels, 
in  which  nn're  than  two  combatants  are  engaged ;  a  free 
fight.  (&)  A  fight  of  game-cocks,  in  wliich  more  than  two 
are  engaged.— Dra'wn  battle,  a  battle  in  which  neither 
partv  gains  the  victory.—  Order  of  battle.  See  order.— 
Pitched  battle,  a  battle  in  which  the  armies  are  pre- 
viouslv  tiruw  n  up  in  form,  with  a  regular  disposition  of  the 
forces!- To  give  battle,  to  attack  an  enemy.— To  Join 
battle,  iiropeily,  to  meet  the  attack ;  commonly,  to  begin 
a  battle.  — Trial  by  battle.  Same  as  wager  oj  battle.— 
Wager  of  battle  or  battel,  in  latv,  a  species  of  trial  for 
the  decision  of  controversies  used  among  the  rude  mili- 
tary peoples  of  Europe.  It  was  introduced  into  England 
by  William  the  Conqueror,  and  practised  in  three  cases 
only  :  in  the  court  raartialj  or  court  of  chivalry  or  honor; 
in  appeals  of  felony ;  and  in  issues  joined  upon  a  writ  "i 
right.  The  contest  was  held  before  the  judges  on  a  piet.e 
of  ground  inclosed,  and  the  combatants  were  bound  to 
fight  till  the  stars  appeared,  unless  the  death  or  defi-it 
of  one  party  sooner  decided  the  contest.  The  weapons 
used  were  batons  or  staves  an  ell  long.  Women,  priests, 
men  above  si.vty,  and  lameand  blind  persons  might  appiar 
by  champions.  Though  long  fallen  into  desuetude,  it  \v;m 
a'valid  and  legal  mode  of  trial  in  England  down  to  i.sis, 
and  was  then  formally  abolished  in  consequence  of  the 
demand  by  the  defend.ant  in  a  suit  for  this  mode  of  ar- 
bitrament, and  of  the  fact  that  this  demand  could  not 
legally  be  denied  him,  =Syn.  1.  Battle,  Engagement,  Con- 
Jtiet,  Fight,  Combat,  Contej^t,  Aetion,  Battle  is  a  general 
term,  and  the  most  common.  It  is  the  appropriate  word 
for  great  engagements  :  as,  the  6rt(/fe  of  Waterloo.  Abairle 
may  last  merely  a  few  hours  or  for  days;  as,  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg  lasted  three  days.  Engagernent  is  in  teehni- 
cal  military  usage  practically  equivalent  to  battle,  but  it  is 
aless  forcible  word.  Cotijtict,  literally,  a  clashing  together, 
is  a  strong  word,  implying  fierce  physical  encounter.  Fi<ilit 
lias  the  euergyof  a  monosyllable  ;  it  denotes  actual  confiiet 
A  man  may  take  p.irt  in  a  battle  without  actmdly  fighting. 
A  battle  may  include  many  Xl"*"  .'  »«■  the, right  at  the  flag- 
stalY  in  the  battle  of  the  Alma ;  or  it  may  itself  be  described 
as  afi'iht.  Combat,  like  eonjliet,  is  a  word  of  more  dignity 
than;i(7/i( ;  it  is  by  its  history  suggestive  of  a  struggle  be- 
tween two,  as  persons,  animals,  squadrons,  armies.  Con- 
test is  a  very  general  worii,  of  uncertain  strength,  but  ofteu 
joined  with  a  strong  adjective  :  as,  a  stubborn  contest. 
An  action  is  a  min<ir  or  incidental  act  of  war,  a  single  act 
of  fighting  ;  as,  the  whole  aetion  lasted  but  an  hour.  All 
these  words  apply  equally  to  operations  by  land  or  by  sea. 
See  encoU7iter  and  strife. 
battlel  (bat'l),  !'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  battled,  ppr. 
battling.  [<  ME.  batailcn,  bataitlen,  <  OF.  Ixi- 
taillcr,  <  bataille,  a  battle:  see  battle''^,  )i.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  ,ioin  or  engage  in  battle;  con- 
tend in  fight;  fight:  as,  to  battle  with  wolves. 
'Tis  ours  by  craft  and  by  surprise  to  gain : 
"I'is  yours  to  meet  in  arms  and  battle  in  the  plain.    Prior. 

2.  To  struggle;  contend;  strive  for  mastery: 
either  absolutely  or  with  /'or,  teith,  or  against: 
as,  to  battle  with  the  wimls;  to  batik  for  free- 
dom, or  against  adversity ;  to  battle  with  igno- 
rance. 

Who  battled /or  the  True,  the  Just. 

Tenugsun,  In  Memoriam,  IvL 

II.  trans.  If.  To  embattle ;  put  into  battle 
array. —  2t.  To  fight  for. 

Whom  thci  have  seyn  alwey  batailen  and  defenden 
goode  men.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  I.  prose  4, 

3.  To  give  battle  to;  fight  against;  contend 
with;  fight.     [Rare.] 

Hi'  can  battle  thiologians  with  weapons  drawn  from  an. 
tiiiue  armories  tniknown  to  themselves. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  lf>. 

battiest  (bat'l),  V.  t. ;  pret.  luid  pp.  battled,  ppr. 
bitllliiuj.  [Early  niO(l.  E.  itlso  battel;  <  Ml'l. 
liiildi/li'ii.  batailen,  <  OF.  lialaillier,  Ixitcillirr  (= 
Pr.  'lidlntliar),  forlify  with  Imttli'inents,  <  ba- 
taille, 1  ml  t lenient,  appar.idcnliciil  witli  lialaillc, 
battle;  but  in  later  OK.  the  verb  was  niergeil 
in  batillier,  bantillier,  <  ba.itille,  a  forlresw:  see 
ba.tlile,  battle^,  mid  battlement,  and  cf.  embatlle'^, 
cmhnlllei.^  'Vo  furnish  or  strengthen  with  bat- 
tlements; emburttle. 

Uist  any  tynu)  It  wero  iwsayi^d. 

Eul  wel  aboute  it  was  liatagled. 

Horn.  o,(the  nose,].  IIHI. 

battle''  (bat'l),  a.  [Aptii'urs  first  in  the  llitli 
(■(■iilMrv,  in  ^S(■ol(•ll  iind  North.  10.,  also  written 
balUl,'liatlil,  ballill,  baillle.  liellle,  batwell,  clc; 
in  form  <  "l)al,ii  verbiil  root  iippearing  in  tlii' 
verli  ballen^,  improve,  etc.,  +  -el,  -te,  an  adj. 
formative  sufllxeil  to  verbal  roots,  as  in  brittle, 
Jieile,  etc. :  s<'e  batten'^,  and  cf.  tlio  later  a<l.ioc- 
tivcH  liiilloble  and  liiilfnl,  appnr.  iiioilificalions 
of  tiallte'i.]  Ill  agrii:  (a)  ImpioviiiK;  luitri- 
tions;  faiteiiint':  »s.  /'"'//''  gniHs ;  Inillle  jias- 
tiJi-e.  (b)  Kertile;  friiill'ul;  nw,  lidlllenxW;  lialtle. 
bind.     [Now  only  North.  I'lni^.  mid  Hcotcli.] 


Dattle 

A  haltel  soil  for  grain,  for  jiastui-e  good.  Fairfax. 

battiest  (bat'l),  V.  [Sc.  and  North.  E.,  also 
written  battel,  battil,  etc.,  from  the  adj.  Cf. 
biillrii^,  «'•]  I.  trans.  1.  To  nourish;  feed. —  2. 
To  render  fertile  or  fniitful,  as  the  soil. 

Ashes  are  marvellous  iiuprovements  to  battel  barren 
land.  Rfnj's  Promrljs. 

II.  intrans.    1.  To  grow  fat;  thrive. 
Sleepe,  they  sayd,  wouhl  make  her  baltitl  better. 

Sjiemer,  F.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  38. 

2.  To  become  fertile  or  fruitful,  as  soil, 
battle-'t,  II-  a"<i  ''■     See  battel*. 
battle^  (bat'l), )'.  t.    [Froq.  of  bat^  (cf.  batter'^-), 

or  perhaps  a  var.  of 

beetle^,  v.,  simulating 

/;«(!,  V.  (ef.  fcrt/l,  !'.), 

or  perhaps  from  bat- 
tledore, 1,  q.  v.]     To 

bc:it  (clothes)  with  a 

liattler  or  beetle  in 

wiisliing. 

battle-ax  (bat '  I- 
aks),  «.  An  ax  used 
as  a  weapon  of  war. 
It  was  hi  abnost  uttiversal 
use  liefore  the  introdvlc* 
tiiiii  of  firearms,  and  is 
still  employed  among  un- 
civilized  peoples.  In  her- 
iildry  it  is  :il\vays  repre- 
siiilid  with  a  blade  on  one 
(usually  the  de.xter)  side 
and  a  point  on  the  other, 

tin-  staff  terminating  in  a        Persian  Battle-ax,  iSth  century, 
sprar-head. 

battle-bolt  (bat'l-bolt),  h.  A  bolt  or  missile 
of  any  kind  used  in  battle. 

The  rushing  battle-bolt  sang  from  the  three-decker. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  i.  18. 

battle-brand  (bat'l-brand),  n.     A  sword  used 

in  battle. 

I'liy  father's  battle-brand.  Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  15. 

battle-club   (bat'1-klub),  n.    A  club  used  in 

battle,  especially  by  barbarians,  as  the  South 

Sea  islanders. 

The  cursed  Malayan  crease,  and  battle-cluhs 
From  the  isles  of  palm. 

Tennyson,  Prol.  to  Princess. 

battle-cry  (bat'l-lai),  n.  A  cry  or  shout  of 
troops  engaged  in  battle. 

battledl  (bat'ld),  j^.  a.  1.  Ranged  in  battle 
array;  disposed  in  order  of  battle. —  2.  Con- 
tested; fought. 

Soldier,  rest !  thy  warfare  o'er. 
Dream  of  battled  fields  no  more. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  31. 

battled^  (bat'ld),  a.  1.  Furnished  or  strength- 
ened with  battlements. 

Batailled  as  it  were  a  castel  wal. 

Chaucer,  Nun"s  Priest's  Tale,  1.  40. 
The  battled  tower.  Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

2.  In  her.,  broken  in  the  form  of  battlements: 
said  («.)  of  any  horizontal  line  dividing  the 
field;  (6)  of  a  bar  or  fesse,  when  one  side  only 
is  broken  in  this  way.  Also  embattled.  See 
cut  tmder  embattled Battled  arrondi,  in  her.,  hav- 
ing the  heads  of  the  battlements  curved  or  rounded. — 
Battled  COimter,  in  her.,  same  as  counter-embattled. — 
Battled  embattled,  in  her.,  doubly  battled,  or  battled 
in  steps.     Also  called  ffradif  and  battled  ftrndij. 

battledore,  battledoor  (bat'l-dor),  ».    [<  ME. 

bali/ldore,  -doiire,  -dure ;  appar.  a  modification 
(simulating  "battle,  as  if  dim.  of  bat^ ;  cf.  battle^) 
of  Pr.  batedor  (=  Sp.  batidor,  a  beater,  formerly 
also  batador,  a  bat  for  beating  clothes — Min- 
sheu),  <  batre  —  Sp.  bath;  beat:  see  batter'^. 
For  the  term.,  cf.  stevedore.  Cf.  E.  dial,  battle- 
ton,  in  sense  1.]  1.  A  bat  or  beetle  used  in 
washing  clothes,  or  for  smoothing  them  out 
while  being  laundered. —  2.  An  instrument 
shaped  like  a  racket,  but  smaller,  used  in 
playing  the  game  of  battledore  and  shuttle- 
cock.—  3t.  A  paddle  for  a  canoe. — 4.  In  glass- 
inaling,  a  flat  square  piece  of  polished  iron  with 
a  wooden  handle,  used  for  flattening  the  bot- 
toms of  tumblers,  or  for  similar  pui-poses. — 
5.  A  kind  of  paddle  with  a  long  handle,  used 
for  placing  loaves  in  a  baker's  oven. — 6t.  A 
kind  of  horn-book :  so  called  from  its  shape.^ 
Battledore-boy t,  an  abecedarian.— Battledore-bar- 
ley, a  species  of  cultivateif  barley,  Ilordenm  zeocrtton,  with 
short,  broad  ears.     Also  called  sprat-barley.     ^.  E.  D. 

battle-field  (bat'1-feld),   n.     The  scene  of  a 

battle. 
battle-flag  (bat'1-flag),  «.     A  miUtary  flag ;  a 

flag  carried  in  battle. 

battle-ground  (bat'l-groimd),  h.   A  battle-field. 

battle-lantern  (bat'l-lan"tern),  n.     A  lantern 

placed  at  each  gun  on  the  gun-deck  of  a  ship  of 


479 

war,  to  light  up  the  deck  during  an  engagement 

at  night. 

battle-mace  (bat'1-mas),  n.  A  mace  designed 
for  use  in  war ;  specifically,  a  name  given  to  the 
spiked  lieads  for  clubs,  usually  of  bronze,  which 
are  found  among  ancient  remains  in  the  British 
islands  and  elsewhere. 

battlement  (bat'1-ment),  n.  [<  ME.  batclment, 
bati/lnieiit,  of  uncertain  origin  ;  perhaps  due  to 
an  unrecorded  OF.  "bastillement,  <  bastilUr, 
fortify:  soo  ba,itilc  and  bastiment.  Tlio  wor(l 
was  popularly  associated  with  battle^ ;  lienee 
ME.  bataiili/iN/e,  battlement,  and  battle'^,  (j.  v.] 
1.  In  fart.,  an  indented  parapet,  formed  by  a 
series  of  rising 
members  called 


cops  or  mer- 
lons, separated 
by  openings 
called  crenelles 
or  embrasures, 
the  soldier  shel- 
tering himself 
behind  the  mer- 
lon while  he 
fires  throvigh 
the  embrasure 
or    through    a 

loophole   in  the       Battlement.— Fortified  Church  of  Royat, 
merlon.       Battle-  Puy-de-D,'..„o,  France, 

ments,        although        -•'•.•'.  merlons;  -S.  «.  embrasures;  C.  c. 
■    ;    '.,„  '^,      loopholes;   Z>.  D.  machicolations-         From 

originally       purely    VioUet-le-DuCs  ■'  Diet,  dc  I'Architecture." ) 
military,  and  used 

from  the  earliest  times  in  Egypt,  Assyria,  and  Greece, 
were  also  employed  freely,  generally  in  reduced  size,  dur- 
ing the  middle  ages,  especially  in  England,  upon  ecclesi- 
astical and  civil  buildings  by  wjiy  of  mere  ornament,  on 
both  parapets  and  cornices,  and  on  tabernacle-work,  tran- 
soms of  windows,  etc. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  high  wall  for  defense. 

This  was  the  valley  of  the  pools  of  Gihon,  where  Solo- 
nion  was  crowned,  and  the  battlements  which  rose  above 
it  were  the  long  looked-for  walls  of  Jerusalem. 

R.  Curzon,  Monjlst.  in  the  Lev.ant,  p.  144. 

battlemented  (bat'1-men-ted),  a.  Furnished 
with  battlements,  as  the  ramparts  of  a  city  or 
castle. 

battle-piece  (bat'l-pes),  n.     A  painting  which 
represents  a  battle. 
battlerl  (bat'ler),  ».    [<  battle^  -h  -o'l;  appar. 
not  descended  from  ME.  batelur  (<  OF.  batail- 
leor),  batailler,  <  OF.  bataillier.']   One  who  bat^ 
ties  or  fights ;  a  wan'ior  or  contender. 
battler^t"  (bat'ler),  n.     [<  battle^  +  -cj-1.]     1. 
One  who  beats  with  a  bat  or  battledore. — 2. 
A  bat  or  beetle. —  3.  See  batter'^. 
battler '^t,  "■     See  batteler. 
battle-scarred  (bat'l-skard),  a.    Scarred  -with 

wounds  received  in  battle. 
battle-ship  (bat'l-ship),  n.  A  ship  of  war; 
specifically,  a  powerful  war-ship  designed  to 
fight  in  the  line  of  battle ;  in  recent  use,  a 
heavily  armored  and  armed  sea-going  war-ship 
intended  for  the  line  of  battle.  The  change  from 
the  wooden  war-ship  propelled  by  sail-power  to  the  mod- 
ern armored  iron  and  steel  steam  battle-^hip  dates  from 
about  the  middle  of  the  niueteenth  century.  I'he  first 
war-ship  propelled  by  a  screw  was  the  I'nited  States  ship 
Princeton,  and  the  first  ironclad  (with  tlic  exception  of  a 
number  of  floating  batteries  built  by  the  French  for  use 
in  the  Crimean  war,  and  cojiied  by  the  English)  the 
French  armored  wooden  frigate  LaGloire,  launched  in  18tiO. 
This  was  followed  by  the  English  Wiirrior,  launched  in 
18t)l.  From  this  date  the  development  of  the  war-ship, 
largely  influenced  by  the  success  of  the  Mcinitor  (which 
see),  has  been  very  rapid,  resulting  in  a  great  diversity 
of  types  (as  regards  arrangement  and  weight  of  protective 
armor,  character  of  armament,  and  adaptation  of  desit;n 
to  special  ends),  and  accompiinied  by  an  equally  rapid 
progress  in  the  perfection  of  ordnance  (see  ordnance,  gun), 
armor- plate  (which  see),  and  explosives.  The  Warrior,  an 
iron  vessel,  was  of  9,210  tons'  displacement,  had  4J-ineh 
iron  armor,  carried  33  muzzle-loading  guns,  of  which  the 
largest  were  of  S-incli  caliber  and  of  small  power,  and  Iiad 
no  torpedo-ejectors;  the  Lepanto,  of  the  Italian  navy, 
launched  in  1S83,  one  of  the  largest  war-ships  yet  con- 
structed, is  of  ir>,900  tons'  displacement,  has  i  teel  armor 
19  inches  in  maximum  thickness,  carries  16  guns,  of  which 
4  are  of  17-ineh  caliber,  and  has  4  torpedo-ejectors.  Alod- 
ein  war-vessels  are  lassitted,  according  to  the  Lervice  for 
which  they  are  specially  designed,  as  battle-ships,  coast-de- 
fense and  barbor-detense  ships, cruisers(wbieli  are  chissed 
as  armored,  protected, or  unarmored,  according  to  their de- 
greeofdefensivepower),lookoutships,gnnboats,despatch- 
vessels. rams, torpedo-boats,  to  rpedo-boatdestroyers,etc. Of 
vessels  of  these  classes  the  United  States  possessed  at  the 
beginninfiOflS90fourbattie-ships, with  live  more  inproeess 
of  construction  (two,  the  Kearsarge  atiu  Kentucky,  were 
launched  March  24, 1898) ;  nineteen  coast-defense  and  har- 
bor-defense vessels  (incluiling  a  number  of  obsolete  moni- 
tors) ;  one  ram:  one  dynamite  cruiser;  three  armored  cruis- 
ers (one  of  which,  the  Texas,  has  12-ineh  armor  and  is 
also  rated  as  a  second-class  battle-ship);  tlfteen  protected 
cruisers  ;  four  unprotected  cruisers;  a  number  of  gunboats 
and  despatch-vessels  ;  twelve  torpedo  craft,  with  thirteen 
in  process  of  construction ;  and  various  transports,  etc.  Of 
the  battleships  the  Oregon,  Massachusetts,  and  Indiana, 
launched  in  1893,  are  of  10,288  tons'  displacement ;  have 


battue 

nickel-steel  armor  18  inches  in  maxiioum  thickneBS ; 
cany  four  13-inch,  eight  8inch,  four  (iinch,  and  twenty- 
six  quick-lire  guns;  have  toriiedo-ejectors ;  and  are 
capable  of  a  (nominal)  speed  of  15  knotn.  T!ie  Iowa, 
launched  in  1896,  is  o(  11,410  tons'  displacement,  has  16- 
incli  armor,  and  carries  four  I'i-inch  guns  in  place  of  tlie 
W-incli  guns  of  the  other  vessels.  The  Kearsarge  and 
Kentucky  are  of  11, .'',25  tons'  disiilacemeiit,  have  17-inch 
armor,  and  carry  fourlS-inch,  fonrS-inch,  fourteen  S-incb, 
and  twenty-six  quick-fire  guns.  The  Alabama,  Illinois,  and 
Wisconsin  are  to  have  the  same  displaceincnt  and  armor. 
Of  the  armored  cruisers,  the  Texas,  launched  in  1892,  is 
of  0,31.'>  tons'  displacement,  carries  12-inch  armor,  and  has 
two  12-inch,  six  6-incb,  and  eighteen  quIck-fIre  guns.  Tlic 
New  York,  lailm  bed  in  1891,  is  of  8.200  tons'  displacement, 
is  piotect<*d  with  lO.inch  armor,  and  has  six  H-incli  and 
twenty-four  quick-fire  guns.  The  coast-defense  vessels 
are  of  t!te  monitor  type,  and  several  of  them  are  heavily 
armored  and  powerful  vessels,  mounting  10-inch  and  12* 
fnidi  guns.  The  effective  vessels  of  the  British  navy  com- 
prise  58  battle-ships,  14  coast-defense  shijis,  9  armored 
cruisers.  80  cruiBei-s  of  inferior  classes,  19  lookout  ships, 
34  torpedo  gunboats,  ami  171  torpedo  craft  of  all  classes. 
A  large  number  of  vessels  also  are  in  process  of  construc- 
tion. The  eifective  French  navy  includes  37  battle-sliips, 
16  coast-defense  ships,  11  first-class  cruisers,  16  second- 
;ind  tliird-cbiss  rruis'-rs.  12  lookout  ships,  13  torpedo  gun- 
boats, and  242  torpedo  craft  of  all  classes.  Of  the  other 
Ijiropean  navies  tin-  most  powerful  are  those  of  Russia, 
Italy,  and  Germany.  The  Spanish  navy  includes  1  battle* 
ship,  1  coast.defense  sbiji,  9  armored  cruisers,  ]  protected 
cruiser,  18  second-  and  third-class  cruisers,  80  uuidwats, 
despatch-vessels,  etc.,  and  27  torpedo  craft  of  all  classes. 

battle-shout  (bat'l-.shout),  n.  A  shout  raised 
ill  battle. 

battle-song  (bat'l-s6ng),  «.  A  song  sung  on 
llie  battle-field,  or  relating  to  battle ;  a  martial 
song. 

battleton  (bat'1-ton),  «.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  a 
var.  of  battledore.']  Same  as  battledore,  1. 
[Prov.  Eug.] 

battletwig  (bat'1-twig),  M.  [E.  dial.]  .An  ear- 
wig.    [Prov.  Eng.]     llalliwell. 

battle-'writhen  (bat'l-riTH"en),  a.  [<  battle^ 
-I-  writhcn,  old  pp.  of  writhe.']  Twisted  or  dis- 
torted by  stress  of  battle.     [Poetic] 

His  battle-writJien  arms  and  mighty  hands. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

battling!  (bat'ling),  a.  and  n.  [Also  batteling ; 
p]ir.  and  verbal  n.  of  battle^,  v.]  I.  a.  1.  Nour- 
ishing ;  fattening. 

The  meads  environ'd  with  the  silver  streams. 
Whose  batt'liny  pastures  fatten  all  my  flocks. 

Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Vriai  Bimgay. 
2.  Fertile. 

II.  H.    1.  A  growing  fat,  or  the  process  of 
causing  to  grow  fat;   a  fattening. —  2.  That 
which  nourishes  or  fattens,  as  food,  or  feed  for 
animals,  or  manure  for  soil. 
battological  (bat-o-loj'i-kal),  a.     [<  battology 
-(-  -teal.]     Given  to  or  of  the  nature  of  bat- 
tology. _  ., 
battologist  (ba-tol'o-jist),  n.     [<  battology  + 
-ist.]     One  who  talks  idly;  one  who  needlessly 
repeats  the  same  thing  in  speaking  or  writing. 
A  truly  dull  ftattolomst. 

Whitl.jch;  Manners  of  Eng.  People,  p.  209. 

battologize  (ba-tol'o-jiz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

battologized,  ppr.  battulogizing.     [<  battology  -(- 

-ize.]     I,  trans.  To  repeat  needlessly  ;  iterate. 

Sir  T.  Herbert. 

II.  intrans.  To  repeat  words  or  phrases  with 
needless  iteration. 
battology  (ba-tol'o-ji).  H.  [<  Gr.  (}arTO?.oyia,  < 
fiaTToAuym:,  a  stammerer,  <  jiarroi,  a  stammerer 
(used  only  as  a  proper  name),  +  '/.eyetv,  speak: 
see  -ology.]  IiUe  talk  or  babbling;  a  needless 
repetition  of  words  in  speaking.  [With  refer- 
ence to  Mat.  vi.  7.] 
That  heathenish  batlologn  of  multiplying  words. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Ilumb.  Kemonst. 

battont,  H.  An  obsolete  form  of  baton  and  bat- 
ten-. 

battoont,  »•    Same  as  batoon. 

battoryt  (bat'o-ri),  ».  A  factory  or  warehouse 
established  abroad  by  the  Hanse  towns. 

battoule-board  (ba-tol'bord),  n.  A  spring- 
board used  for  .lumping  —  particularly,  in  cir- 
cuses, for  vaulting  over  horses,  elephants,  etc. 
It  consists  of  a  few  phinks  fastened  at  one  end  to  a  pole 
supported  by  two  uprights,  the  other  end  resting  upon  a 
floor  or  other  surface. 

battrilt  (bat'ril),  «.  [E.  dial.  Cf.  battler^,  bat- 
ter^.']    Same  as  batlcr'i^. 

batts  (bats),  H.  pi.     Same  as  batting,  3. 

battue  (ba-tii'),  n.  [F.  (=  Pr.  batuda  =  It. 
battiita),  prop.  fem.  pp.  of  battre,  beat:  see 
bate^,  batter^.]  1.  A  method  of  hunting  in 
which  the  game  is  driven  from  cover  by 
beaters  toward  a  point  where  the  sportsmen 
are  in  wait. 

He  has  not  a  word  to  say  asainst  6a((t«  shooting,  though 
for  his  own  part  he  greatly  prefers  shooting  over  a  well- 
trained  dog  to  having  the  game  put  up  in  droves  by  a  ser- 
ried line  of  beaters.  Wettmiiister  Rev.,  CXXV.  300i 


battne 

Hence  —  2.  Any  beat-up  or  thorough  search, 
or  undiseriminating  slaughter,  espeeiallyof  de- 
fenseless or  unresisting  crowds. — 3.  The  game 
driven  from  cover  by  the  battue  method, 
batture  (ba-tOr'),  n.  [F.,  a  sand-bank,  a  shoal, 
<  hnttre,  beat,  beat  as  waves:  see  bate\  batter^, 
and  cf.  iartfrS.]  An  alluvial  elevation  of  the 
bed  of  a  river;  in  particular,  one  of  those  por- 
tions of  the  bed  of  the  Mississippi  river  which 
are  dry  or  submerged  according  to  the  season. 
In  September,  1S07,  occuired  the  "balture  riots."  The 
hatlurt  was  the  sandy  deposiu  made  by  the  Mississippi 
io  front  of  the  Faubourg  .Ste.  Marie  (in  New  Orleans). 
The  noted  jurist.  Edward  Livingston,  representing  private 
claimants,  took  possession  of  this  ground,  and  was  opposed 
by  the  public  in  two  distinct  outbreaks. 

O.  IT.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  xxiii. 


480 

q.  v.]  Primarily,  a  sort  of  scepter  or  staff  of 
office,  the  attribtite  of  Folly  personified,  car- 
ried by  the  jesters  of  kings  and 
great  "lords  in  the  middle  ages, 
and  down  to  the  seventeenth  cen 
tury.  It  is  generally  represented  as 
crowned  with  the  head  of  a  fool  or  zany, 
wearing  a  party-colored  hood  with  asses' 
ears,  and  with  a  ring  of  little  bells,  Uke 
sleigh-bells.  .\t  the  other  end  there  was 
sometimes  a  ball  or  bladder  inflated  with 
air,  with  which  to  belabor  people.  Also 
spelled  bawbte. 

The  kynges  foole 

Sate  by  the  fire  upon  a  stoole, 

As  he  that  with  his  ba  uble  plaide. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  vii. 
Fools,  who  only  wanted  a  party-col- 
oured coat,  a  cap,  and  a  bawble,  to  pass 
for  such  amongst  reasonable  men. 

Dryden,  Post,  to  Hist,  of  League. 


battnta  (hat-to'ta),  n.    [It.,  <  ftflttpre,  beat.    Cf, 
})attiu.'\     In  WM.SIC;  (a)  Abeatin  keepingtime. 

(ft)  A  bar  or  measure.     See  a  hattuta  and  a  ^aubleryt,  «•    [Earlv  mod.  E.  also 
tempo,     (c)  In  «ierfi>r(?(  »iM.fio,  a  forbit^den  pro-     i,ablerie,  babeln/ ;  i'bnuble'^  +  -ry.] 
gression  of  the  outer  voice-parts  of  a  harmony    trilling;  a  trifling  matter. 
from  a  tenth  on  the  up-beat  to  an  octave  on  taublmgt  (ba'bUng),  a.  [<  fcaMifel,  v. 
the  down-beat.  Contemptible;  paltry. 

battyl  (bat'i).  a.    [<  bat2  +  -yl.]    Of  or  resem-        ^  ^^^^^^     ,.^^^^j  „.^  j^^  ^^p^„i„  „f 
bling  a  bat ;  battish. 

Till  o'er  their  brows  death-counterfeiting  sleep 
With  leaden  legs  and  baity  win^-s  doth  creep. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  lii.  2. 

batty- (bat'i),  «. ;  i>\.  battles  (-iz).    [Anglo-Ind., 
used  in  southern   India  for  northern  paddy, 


Fool's  Bauble. 

Childish 
-1-  -i«<72.] 

Shak.,  T.  N".,  v.  1. 

baucb,  baugh  (bach),  a.  [Sc,  perhaps  <  Icel. 
bagr,  uneasy,  poor,  hard  up  ;  cf.  bagr,  awkward, 
clumsy.]     Weak;  pithless;  shaky.     [Scotch.] 

bauchee-seed  (ba'ehe-sed),  n.     Same  as  baic- 

cluDi-seed 


rice;  <  Canarese  batta,  bhatta,  rice:  see  batta^  bauchlel,  bacMel  (bach'l),  „      [Sc;  origin un- 


andparf(f^2.  Cf.  l«'6,  aweight.]  I.Rice  while 
growing. —  2.  A  measure  for  rice  in  India, 
equal  to  120  pounds.     McElrath.  Cora.  Diet. 

batweed  (bat'wed),  n.  The  burdock,  Arctium 
Ltqipa. 

batz,  batzen  (bats,  bat'sen),  n.  [Formerly 
also  bats,  taken  as  plural,  with  an   assumed 


bavardage 

stretching  from  tree  to  tree  Uke  cables.  The  tough  fibrotu 
bark  of  the  Maloo  climber,  B.  I'ahlii,  of  India,  is  used  for 
making  ropes  and  bridges,  and  is  suitable  for  paper-mak- 
ing. The  wood  of  B. 
varicfjata  is  one  of  the 
varieties  of  ebony,  and 
its  bark  is  used  in  dye- 
ing and  tanning.  Other 
species  are  equally  use- 
ful. 

Bauhinian  (ba- 
hin'i-an),  a.  Re- 
lating to  the  Swiss 
anatomist  and  bot- 
anist Gaspard  Bau- 
hui  (1560-162-i).— 
Bauhinian  valve, 
valvula  Bauhinl,  the 
ileoca^cal  valve.  See 
ileiKiVcal. 

bank  (bak),  11.  A 
Scotch  form  of 
ball^. 

bauld  (bald),  a.  A 
Scotch  form  of  bold. 

bauldricket,  »•  See 

baldric. 

baulea  (ba'le-ii),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  round-bot- 
tomed passenger-boat,  having  a  mast  and  sail, 
but  generally  propelled  by  oars,  used  on  the 
shallower  parts  of  the  Ganges. 

baulite  (ba'lit),  n.  [<  Baula,  a  mountain  in 
Iceland,  +  -itc^.  The  mountain  prob.  derives 
its  name  from  Icel.  baula,  a  cow,  an  imitative 
name;  cf.  mod.  Icel.  baula,  low  as  a  cow:  see 
6flH'/l.]  A  white  transparent  mineral,  foimd 
in  the  matter  ejected  by  the  volcano  of  Krabia 
in  Iceland.  It  is  a  variety  of  glassy  feldspar 
or  sauidiue.     Also  called  krablitc. 


Bttuhiniij.—  Inflorescence. 


known.  Cf.  baucli.']  1.  An  old  shoe  worn 
down  at  the  heel,  or  one  with  the  counter 
turned  down  and  worn  as  a  slipper. —  2.  A 
slovenly,  pithless,  or  shiftless  person ;  a  sham- 
bling good-for-nothing.  [Scotch.] 
Hell  be  but  a  bauchle  in  this  world,  and  a  backsitter  in  baulk,  ».  and  V.  See  balk^. 
theneist.  i/oi;.;,  Shep.  Cal.,  II.  195.     (>'.  .B.  B.)  1,aulmet,  «.      See  balm. 

smg  ,  ba't,  '<  yikG' ba'tze,  G.  bat:en,  baccn,  the  bauchle-t,  t'-  t.  [Sc.:  see  baffle.']    To  maltreat;  baultert,  ('.     See  baiter. 

coiS   so  called,  <  JIHG.  k7--,  G.  6«?--,  i^ef.-,  a    Ijaffle.      ^^.^„.^     .,        ra       ,   ,       .   ^    ,  o -,  5^™!*'^'-. .,??'' ''"/,'"•      ,  v-.   •      n„ 

bear,  the  bear  being  the  arms  of  Bern,  where  baucUy  (bach'h),  ntft'.     [Sc,  <  baiich  +  -?^-.]  baunscheidtism  (boun  shit-izm),  )i. 

the  coin  was  first  issued.]     A  small  billon  coin     Weakly;  indifferentlv;  poorly.     [Scotch.]  the    inventor,    Karl  hau,,.-i('lieidt,    a 


^'^9}i>f^ 


ObTcnc. 
BaUof  St.  Gall.  Switzerland. 


Rcvcrec 
-  British  Museum.    (Size  of  original.) 


worth  four  kreutzers  (about  three  cents),  first 

issued  toward  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century 

by  the  canton  of  Bern,  and  afterward  by  other 

Swiss  cantons,  which  placed  their  respective 

arms  upon  it.     The  name  came  to  be  applied 

also  to  certain  small  German  coins, 
banbee,  n.     See  baichcc. 
bauble^  (lia'bl),  n.  andn.     [Earlvmod.  E.  hable, 

bal.rl,  <  ME.  bable,  l)ab>jlle,  babulle,  babel,  <  OF. 

habel,  baubel  (with  dim.  baubclet,  bcubelet,  > early 

ME.  beauheltl),  a  child's  tov,  plaj-thing,  trinket. 

Origin  doubtful;    cf.  mod.  P.    babiotc,  a  toy, 

gewgaw,  It.  babbola,  a  toy,  appar.  connected 

w^ith   It.   babbeo,  a  fool,   blockhead   (babbano, 

Hilly),  =  Pr.  baban,  a  fool,  <  ML.  babulux,  a  bab-  baudekynt   « 

bier,  fool.     Cf.  babble.     Tlio  forms,  if  from  the  baudelaire't   ». 

same  source,  show  imitative  variation.   Bauble^  baudkin.  ».'   S 


poorly, 
baud'^t,  »•     See  baicd^. 
baud^t,  V.  t.     See  6a«'rf2. 
baud^t,  w.     See  bawdS. 
baud^  (bad),  H.     [Origin  obscure.    Cf.  bawd^.] 

The  fish  othei-wise  called  the  ruckling.    [Local 

Kiig.  (Cornish).] 
baudet,  a.     [ME.,  <  OF.  baud,  <  0L6.  bal<J, 

bold,  lusty,  =  E.  bold.     See  ftoifrfl.] 

riotously  gay.     Bom.  of  the  Bo,<ic. 

baudekin,  baudkin  (ba'do-kin,  bad'kiu),  «. 
[Obsolete,  except  in  lui^torical  use;  early  mod. 
E.  also  irrcg.  budkiii ;  <  ME.  baudkiu,  baudekin, 
etc,  <  OF.  baudekin,  baudequin  (ML.  baldaki- 
«K6'),  <  It.  baldacchino,  >  also  E.  baldakin.  bal- 
dachin: see  balilaeliin.']  A  rich  embroidered 
or  brocaded  silk  fabric  woven  originally  wil  li  a 
warp  of  gold  thread,  and  properly  called  cloth 
of  baudekin.  it  wjis  used  fur  garments,  sacred  vest- 
ments, altar-cloths,  canopies,  etc.,  and  is  llrst  mentioned 
in  English  history  In  connection  with  the  knighting  of 
William  of  Valence  in  1247  by  Henrr  III.  It  was  proba- 
bly kn<jwn  on  the  continent  before  that  date.  Later  the 
name  was  applied  to  any  rich  brocade,  and  oven  to  shot 
Bilk.  It  is  not  foutid  in  use  after  the  middle  of  the  six- 
teenth century.    Also  called  baldachin. 

There  were  no  fewer  than  "  Thirty  albs  of  old  cloth  v/ 
bauHtkyn,"  that  la,  cloth  of  gold,  at  rcterborougli. 

(juotcd  in  liock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  L  431. 

See  baudekin. 
See  badclaire. 
baudkin.  ».     See  baudekin 


[From 
German 


in  this  sense  was  early  confused  ^vith  bauble'-^,  baudreyt  (bad'ri),  «.    A  variant  form  of  6oMn'c. 
a[>pai;.ofdifren-ntorigiM.]    I.  h.   If.  A  child's  baudrickt,  «■     See  haWric, 


]iliiytliiiigortoy. —  2.  A  trilling  jiiece  of  finery; 
tliiU  which  is  guy  or  showy  without  real  value  ; 
u  gewgaw. 

•  I,  trinket«,  Blr,  trinkcl»— n  bauble  for  Lydla  ! 

.Ihrriilan,  T'hc  Kivals,  v.  2. 
Arc  all  these  worlds,  that  Hp<*cd  their  eti-eling  Illght, 
I'tmib,  vacant,  soulless --Mie',/.'^  ..f  the  night 'i* 

O.  W.  Iliilmin,  Ihe  .Secret  of  the  Stars. 

3.   .\   trifle;  a  tiling  of  litllo  or  no  value;   a 
childinh  or  foolish  matter  or  nITalr. 
II. t  ".  Trilling;  in»igtiifleniii :  contemptible. 

■||. 
II    >  ninny  Khallou  nil 

'  ;.   1.  I. .r  patient  l.i        ■  I     iind  <'..  I.  .'i. 

,\     ■■',.•  Il.d  biiirhU:. 
bauble'),    .  I.     [<  fcnufclct,  «.]    To  trifle. 
bauhl''      •      l.I),  n.      [YMT\y  n\oi\.  v..  bablc,bahel, 

<   M I     '       •    hiihtilh,  hiiM,  n  fool'H  niiice,  uIho 

f^ii  •■  word)  a  Hiick  with  a  lieiivy 

..I,  uMcil  for  weii;lijiig,  <  .ML. 

'"''  ivcr,  Hwing  In  and  fro,  iipiinr. 

»  ff  HI  Hamo  Moiir<i'  iih  balA,  ImlA. 

lUiul'  .  i  In,  regarih'd  uti  for  'bobhli . 

Hut  the  V,  orj  wiuj  early  confuHnd  with  haubtil, 


baudrons'(bi'id'ronz),  n.      [Sc,  also   badran.i, 

balhnin.H :  of  iinkiiowni,  perhaps  Celtic,  origin,] 

A  name  for  tlie  cat  (like  rei/nard  for  tlio  fox, 

bruin  for  the  bear,  etc).     [Scotch.] 

Aulil  haudroiui  by  the  Inglo  sits. 

An'  wi'  her  loot  her  face  a  wnshln". 

nurtm.  Wllllo  Wastle. 

The  neulior's  auld  liaudrom. 
T.  Martin,  tr.  of  Heine's "Meln  Kind,  wirwaron  Kinder." 

baudy't,  baudy-t,  "■     Seo  batcdy^,  hairdifi. 
baufreyt,  «.     1<  Ingin  obscure  ;  perlmpH  a  form 


mechanician.]  A  form  of  acupuncture,  in 
which  about  25  needles,  set  in  a  metal  disk  and 
dipped  in  an  irritant  oil,  are  thrust  into  the  skin 
by  a  spring.  Its  action  seems  to  be  accordant 
mth  that  of  ordinary  counter-irritants. 
bauset,  r.  t.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  bass'^,  q.  v.]  To 
kiss.  Marsion.  [A  doubtful  sense.] 
Joyous;  bauson  (ba'sn),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bawt-on,  bau::on,  etc,  and  corruptly  6<W()»,  borc- 
.'^on,  <  ME.  bau.fon,  bawson,  bauojn,  bausen,  a 
jHirticular  application  of  the  adj.  bauson, 
white-spotted,  iu  ME.  bausand,  mod.  hausond, 
etc  :  see  bau.'iond.  The  adj.  is  rarely  found  in 
ME.,  but  must  have  preceded  tho  noun  use. 
The  badger  has  received  other  names  in  allu- 
sion to  the  white  mark  on  its  face:  see  bad- 
(/(■(•'-.]  I.  n.  An  old  name  of  the  badger :  some- 
times api>lied  ludicrously  or  in  contempt  to  a 
fat  or  pertinacious  person. 

His  mittens  were  of  bau-soti'«  skin. 

Draylun,  Dowsabell,  st.  10  (169S). 

II.  a.  Same  as  ban.'iond. 
bausond  (bii'snd),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baw- 
.sonde,  bawsaud,  mod.  dial,  baw.iont,  bausand, 
also  (erroneously  written  as  if  a  participle) 
bau.wn'd,  ba.i.'ien'd,  baws'nt,  etc;  <  ME.  bau.iand 
(also,  as  a  noun,  bauson,  Ixiu.ion,  bau.ien,  etc.),  < 
OF.  bausant,  bau.t.iant,  bauseul,  bau::ant,  bau<;ant, 
balcent,  bauchant,  etc.  (with  iippar.  unorig.  -t), 
also  baii:an,  bau,tcn,  bau.i<iin  (^  rIL.  bausendus, 
bau.iennu.t)  ^Vv.  ?)(/».«(»  =  II.  hahano,  whito- 
spotted;  cf.  mod.  V.  (from  It.)  hahan,  a  black 
ov  buy  liorso  with  white  I'eet.  Origin  un- 
known ;  jiossibly  connected  with  tho  oquiv. 
Celtic  words  mentioned  as  tho  source  of  E. 
ball^,  q.  v.]  Having  white  s|iotH  on  a  bliick  or 
l>ay  grouiul;  having  a  white  stri))  down  the 
face,  or  a  patch  on  the  forehead:  iipjilied  to 
animals.     [Scotch.] 


IliH  honest,  sonsle,  bawM'nt  faco 
Aye  gat  him  frlenilH  in  ilka  place. 

liurnn.  The  Twa  Dogs,  1.  ,11. 


>f/-W/rv.]     Abeam.  .        ,  bauson-faced  (ba'sn-fast),  n.     Having  a  white 

bauge  (bozh),  n.      [F.;   of  uncertain  origin. ]     ,„,,,.,.  „„  ii,,,,,,,.^    nk,,  a  badger;  bausond. 
'     A  kipil  of  coarse  drugget  made  in  Burgundy,  ^^j^jj 


I'riini'C.—  2.   Miirtar  niado  of  clay  and  Hiraw. 

baugh,  ".      See  baurh. 

Bauninia  (IM-hin'i-a),  ».  [NL.,  named  in  linii- 
<ir  of  .lean  mid  (iiispard  llaiihin,  eiiiiniiit  Swiss 
botanists  (died  in  ir.i:i  an<l  llUt  rcHfieclivcly ), 
because  tlie  Ichvoh  genernlly  cdnsiHl  iif  («■„ 
lolioH  or  parts,  and  were  thus  taken  as  Hyin- 
biilic  of  the  two  bnillierH.]  A  geiiuH  of  plantM, 
natural  order  I.cfjuminoHtr..  'I'lie  npucles  are  iiHually 
twining  plants,  found  lu  (ho  wuoUs  ut  hul  countriiss,  often 


...  See  bolerol. 
bauxite  (bo'/.it),  n.  [<  Bauj-  (sen  def.)  +  -i(c2.] 
.V  clay  I'oiinil  at  Les  Baux,  near  Aries  in  Franco, 
and  elsewhere,  in  concretionary  giiiins  or  oiilit- 

ic.     II  eonliilllH  about  half  of  lis  weight  of  alumina, 

witlilrimand  water,  and  »llieuaHaii  linpurlly.  It  is  used  a» 
II  Hourci'of  uhlm.of  the  nielal  alnniiniuin.  and  to  some  ex- 
I. Ill  In  111!'  inepariitli f  enMlbleH.    Aliio«pellcd  beauxilc. 

bavardage  (ba-vilr-ilii/.li'),  «.  [V.,<barardcr, 
i-lmltcr,  <  baiard,  tiilkiitive,  <  have,  driv(d,  sa- 
liva: seo  taticHc]    Idlti  talk;  chatter.    [Itare.] 


bavardage 

Replying  only  by  monoByllalilcs  to  the  gay  bamrdapi- 
ot  the  kiiij-'ht.  llulwer,  Rienzi,  H.  13:i. 

■bavarettet  (bav-a-ref),  n.     Same  as  bavette. 

Bavarian  (ba-va'ri-aii),  a.  and  n.  [<  Bavaria, 
NL.  form  of  Ml.  Bomria,  the  country  of  the  Bait 
(G.  Bidcrn),  whose  name  is  also  found  in  Bo- 
hcmia,  the  ec)uiitry  of  the  Boiemi  or  Bohcmi 
(fi.  Biihmrn).']  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ba- 
varia, a  kingdom  of  southern  Germany — Bava- 
rian bronze,  H  bronze  ranyin^  in  color  from  a  brii^lit 
yellow  to  a  tu>pper-red.  The  yellow  bronze  eontanis  about 
82J  per  eent.  of  eopper  to  173  per  cent,  of  tin ;  the  red 
about  97  pel-  cent,  of  eo])per  to  :i  per  eent.  of  tin. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bavaria. 

bavaroyt  (bav'a-roi),  H.  [<  F.  Bavarois,  Bava- 
rian.]    A  kind  of  cloak. 

Let  the  loop'd  bavaroy  the  fop  embrace. 

Gay,  Trivia,  i.  53. 

Bavenotwin.    See  («'(«. 

bavert,  »■     An  obsolete  form  of  beaver^. 

bavette  (ba-vef),  ».    [F.,  with  dim.  term,  -ctte, 

<  bare  =  Pr.   It.   baca  =  Sp.  Pg.    baba  (ML. 

b(ira),  drivel,  slaver,  saliva.]      1.  A  bib. —  2. 

The  upper  jiart  of  a  child's  apron  turned  over 

to  serve  as  a  bib. 
baviant  (ba' vi-an),  n.  A  variant  form  of  baboon. 
baviert,  »•     Aii'  oljsolete  form  of  beaver'^. 
bavin^  (bav'iu),  n.  and  a.     [E.  dial,  bavin,  bav- 

en,  iilso  biibbin  ;  of  obscure  origin;  cf.  OF.  baffc, 

a  bundle.]     I.    u.    1.  A  fagot  of  brushwood; 

light  and  combustible  wood  used  for  kindling 

fires.     [Now  rare.] 

The  Baiiin,  though  it  burne  bright,  is  but  a  blaze. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  73. 

If  he  outlasts  not  a  hundred  such  crackling  bavins  as 
thou  art,  God  and  men  neglect  industry. 

Marston,  Jonson,  and  Chapman,  Eastward  Ho,  i.  1. 

About  two  in  the  morning  they  felt  themselves  almost 
olloked  with  smoke,  and  rising,  did  find  the  fire  coming 
up  stairs :  so  they  rose  to  save  themselves  ;  but  that,  at 
that  time,  the  bavins  were  not  on  fire  in  the  yard. 

Pepys,  D^ary,  III.  73. 
2t.  Milit.,  a  fascine. 

II.  a.  Resembling  bavin.     [Poetic] 

.Shallow  jesters,  and  rash  bavin  wits. 
Soon  kindled  and  soon  burn'd. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

bavin^t  (bav'in),  V.  t.  [<  bavin,  ».]  To  make 
up  into  fagots. 

Kid  or  havin  them,  and  pitch  them  upon  their  ends  to 
preserve  them  from  rotting.  Evelyn,  Sylva,  p.  638. 

bavin^  (bav'in),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  obsetu-e.] 
Impure  limestone.     HalUicell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bavill'^  (bav'in),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  name 
on  the  northeastern  coast  of  Ireland  of  the  bal- 
laii-wrasse. 

Bavouism  (ba-vo'izm),  n.    Same  as  Babouvism. 

Bavouism,  as  Baboeuf's  system  was  called,  was  thus  en- 
abled to  play  a  role  in  French  history  from  1830  to  1S30. 
li.  T.  Ely,  Fr.  and  Ger.  Socialism,  p.  31. 

bawl  (ba),  H.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  (Se.  also  ba'), 
=  hiiin.l     A  ball.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

baw-  (ba),  i'.  J.  [E.  dial.,  =  baii-n.  In  def.  2, 
cf.  L.  biiubari,  bark.]  1.  To  bawl.  [Prov. 
Bug.]  — 2t.  To  bark.     Topsell. 

baw-^  (ba),  inter).  [<  ME.  baw,  bawe;  a  natural 
exclamation  of  tlisgust,  like  bah.']  An  ejacu- 
lation of  disgust  or  contempt.     Goldsmith. 

bawbee,  baubee  (ba-be'),  «.  [Se.,  formerly 
also  hdirliie,  baiibic,  rarely  bahie :  first  mentioned 
in  pi.  bdiihris.  Of  uncertain  origin;  jirob.  an 
abbr.  of  tlie  name  of  the  laird  of  lidlcbawby,  a 
mint-master  mentioned  at  the  date  of  the  issu- 
ance of  the  bawbee,  in  connection  \i\i\i  Atchison, 
another  mint-master  whose  name  was  applied 
to  the  coin  called  atchison  ;  cf.  also  bodlc,  boil- 
dle,  said  to  be  named  from  a  mint-master  Bad- 
well  or  Bothwell.']  1.  A  Scotch  VMllon  coin, 
"weighing  about  29  grains  troy,  first  issued  in 


obverse. 
Bawbee  of  James  V.—  British  Museum. 


Reverse. 
(Size  of  the  original.) 


1542  by  James  V.  of  Scotland,  and  worth  at 
that  time  lirf.  Scotch,  a  half-bawbee,  worth  31/. 
Scotch,  was  coined  at  the  same  time  and  had  similar 
types.  1ti  Scotland  the  name  is  now  given  to  the  bronze 
halfpenny  current  throughout  the  British  islands. 
2.  pi.  Money;  cash.     [Scotch.] 

bawble',  ».     See  baubkK 

bawble-,  n.     See  bauble^. 


481 

bawchan-seed  (ba'chan-s6d),  n.  [E.  Ind. ;  also 
writtoii  liimrhcc-sefd.']  The  soofl  of  I'soralea 
cori)tiJ'iili(i,  a  h^guminous  plant  of  the  East  In- 
dies, us(!d  by  the  natives  as  a  tonic  and  in  skin- 
(liscases,  aiifl  exported  as  an  oil-seed. 

bawcock  (bii'kok),  n.  [<  P.  hcau  eoq,  fine  cock : 
see  te((«  and  coc/ci.]    A  fine  fellow.    [Archaic] 

How  now,  my  bawcoek?  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

bawdl  (bad),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baud,  < 
ME.  bawde,  baiidc,  in  the  earliest  instance 
varying  with  baivdxtrot,  of  whicli  baird  is  prob. 
anabbr.,  boingtlius  (prob.)  indirectly,  and  not, 
as  commonly  supposed,  directly,  derived  from 
the  OP.  baud,  bold,  lively,  gay.  The  OF.  adj. 
is  not  used  as  a  noim,  and  does  not  have  the 
sense  of  the  E.  word. '  See  hawdstrot,  and  cf. 
bawdij'^,  bawdy'^,']  A  procurer  or  procuress ;  a 
person  who  keeps  a  house  of  prostitution,  and 
conducts  illicit  intrigues :  now  usually  applied 
only  to  women. 

He  IPundarus]  is  named  Troilus'  hawd. 

Skeltim,  Poems,  p.  235. 

bawdU  (bad),  V.  i.  [<  bawdX,  m.]  To  pander ; 
act  as  procurer  or  procuress. 

l.tMniii],c  is  agent  for  the  king's  lust,  and  bawds  .  .  . 
fur  the  wiiole  court.  Spectator,  No.  200. 

bawd"t  (bad), )'.  t.  [Also  spelled  baud;  <  bawdy^, 
q.  v.]     To  foul  or  dirty. 

Her  shoone  smered  with  tallow, 
Gresed  upon  dyrt 
That  baudeth  her  skyrt. 

Skelton,  Poems,  p.  126. 

bawd^  (bad),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baud,  per- 
haps abbr.  from  baudrous,  or  perhaps  a  var.  of 
ME.  badde,  a  cat,  the  name  being  transferred 
to  the  hare.]  A  hare.  [In  the  extract  there  is 
a  play  on  bawd  in  this  sense  and  feawrfl.] 

Mei\     A  bawd,  a  haicd  !  so  ho  ! 

limn.    What  hast  thou  found? 

Mer.    No  hare,  sir.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4. 

bawd-born  (bad'bom),  a.  Born  of  a  bawd ;  a 
bawd  frdiu  birth.     Shale.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2. 

bawdekynt,  «•    See  baudekin. 

bawdily  (ba'di-li),  adv.  In  a  bawdy  manner; 
obscenely;  lewdly. 

bawdiness  (bii'di-nes),  n.  [<  bawdy''-  +  -ness.'] 
Obscenity ;  lewdness. 

bawdmoney,  «.    See  baldmoney. 

bawdrickt  (bad'rik),  ??.     See  baldric. 

bawdry  (bad'ri),  n.  [<  ME.  batiderye,  <  baiide, 
bawd,  4-  -rij,  Cf.  OF.  baudcrie,  boldness, 
gayety.  See  bawd'-.']  1.  The  business  of  a 
bawd  or  proeiu'ess. —  2.  Illicit  intereom-se; 
fornication. 
We  must  be  married,  or  we  must  live  in  haivdry. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  3. 

3.  Obscenity;  lewd  language ;  smuttiness. 

It  is  most  certain  that  barefaced  bawdry  is  the  poorest 
pretence  to  wit  imaginable.  Dryden. 

4t.  Bawds  collectively.     Udall. 

bawdship  (bad'ship),  n.  [<  bawd^  +  -shij).] 
The  oflice  or  employment  of  a  bawd.    Ford. 

bawdstrott,  ".  [ilE.,  also  baudstrot,  baustrot, 
baldtslrot,  baldijstrot,  <  OF.  "baudestrot,  *bal- 
dcslrot,  found  only  in  later  form  baudetrot, 
prob.  a  cant  name,  and  as  such  of  obscure  ori- 
gin; possibly  <  OF.  baud,  bald,  bold  (<  OLG. 
bald  =  E.  bold),  +  *strot,  <  OLG.  strotten,  *strut- 
tcn  =  Dan.  strutte  =  MHG.  G.  strotzen='E.  strut; 
cf.  .LG.  G.  strutt,  stiff.]  A  bawd;  a  pander. 
Biers  Plowman. 

bawdyl  (ba'di),  a.  [<  baicdT-  +  -i/l.]  Obscene ; 
lewd ;  indecent ;  unchaste. 

bawdy-t  (ba'di),  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  baiidy, 

<  ME.  bawdy,  baudy,  cUrty,  appar.  from  a  sim- 
ple form  *baud,  which  is  not  foimd  till  much 
later,  and  only  as  a  verb  (see  bawd~) ;  origin 
unknown;  cf .  W.  bawaidd.  dirty,  <  baw,  dirt, 
mire;  F.  bone,  mud.  Not  connected  with 
bawdi/'',  tliough  the  two  words  are  commonly 
associated.]     Dirty*;  filthy. 

His  oversloppe  .  .  .  is  al  baiidy  and  to-tore  also. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeomau's  Tale,  1.  82. 

Slovenly  cooks,  that  .  .  .  never  wash tfieirtaicriy  hands. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  llel.,  H.  323. 

bawdy-house   (ba'di-hous),   n.    A  house   of 
lewilncss  and  prostitution ;  a  house  of  ill-fame. 
bawhorse  (ba'hors),  n.     Same  as  batliorsc. 
bawll  (bal),  r.      [Early  mod.  E.  also  ball,  baid, 

<  ME.  bawlcn,  bark,  prob.  <  ML.  bautarc,  bark 
(cf.  L.  liaubari,  bark);  cf.  mod.  Icel.  baula  = 
Sw.  bola,  low  as  a  cow  (Icel.  baula.  a  cow); 
cf.  also  Sw.  bSla,  roar,  G.  bailen,  bark,  and  see 
bell",  bellow,  balk'^,  etc ,  all  prob.  orig.  imitative.] 
I.  intrans.  If.  To  bark  or  howl,  as  a  dog.— 2. 
To  cry  out  with  a  loud  full  sound ;  make  vehe- 


bay 

ment  or  clamorous  outcries,  as  in  pain,  exulta- 
tion, etc.;  shout. 

That  baai  for  freedom  in  their  senseless  mood. 
And  still  revolt  when  truth  would  set  them  free. 

Milton,  Sonnets,  vfi. 

Passing  under  Ludgate  the  other  day,  I  hearil  a  voice 

bawliny  for  charity.  .Steele,  Spectatr^r,  No.  82. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  utter  or  proclaim  by  outcry; 
shout  out. 

still  must  I  he-ar?— shall  hoarse  Fitzgerald  bawl 
His  creaking  couplets  in  a  tavern  hall'^ 

Byron,  Englisli  liards  and  Scotch  Revieweni. 

2.  To  cry  for  sale,  as  a  hawker. 

I  saw  my  labours,  which  had  cost  me  so  much  thought 
and  watching,  bawled  about  liy  tiie  common  hawkers  of 
Grub  Street.  Swift,  liickcrstatf  J'apers. 

bawl'  (bal),  «.  [<  bawl^,  v.]  A  shotit  at  the 
top  of  one's  voice;  an  outcry:  as,  the  children 
set  up  a  loud  bawl. 

bawl'-'t,  "•     Obsolete  spelling  of  6«Hl. 

bawla  (ba'lji),  n.  [Native  term.]  A  matting 
made  in  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  from  the 
leaves  of  the  cocoanut-palm,  u.sed  for  thatching. 

bawler  (ba'ler),  n.     One  who  bawls. 

bawmet,  "•  An  obsolete  form  of  balm.    Chaucer. 

baw-money,  ».     See  bat-mouey. 

bawn  (liiiii),  "•  [^  if-  bnhhun  =  Gae\.  babhunn 
(pron.  nearl.v  as  bawn),  an  inelosure  for  cattle, 
a  fortification.]  1.  Formerly,  an  outer  in- 
elosure of  an  Irish  castle :  nearly  e(iuivalent 
to  bailey  and  outer  bailey,  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury grants  of  govcnmient  land  in  Ireland  were  made  on 
the  coiblition  that  the  grantee  should  build  a  castle  antl 
bawn,  the  latter  for  the  protection  of  the  cattle  of  the 
tenants. 

2.  In  modem  times,  in  some  parts  of  Ireland  — 
(a)  The  cattle-yard  near  a  fann-house.  (b)  A 
large  house,  including  all  its  appurtenances, 
as  offices,  courtyard,  etc.     Swift. 

bawn  (ban),  V.  t.  [<  bawn,  «.]  In  Ireland,  to 
surroimd  or  inclose  with  a  bawn. 

ba'wrelt,  «•  [A  corresponding  mase.  bawret  is 
t'ouiiil;  appar.  of  F.  origin.  Cf.  buckcrel,  bock- 
eret.]     A  kind  of  hawk.     Phillips. 

bawsin,  «.  and  a.     See  bauson. 

bawsint  (ba'sint),  a.     See  bausond. 

bawson,  ".  and  a.     See  batison. 

bawtie,  ba'wty  (ba'ti),  «.  [Sc.  Ct.bawd^.]  In 
Scotland,  a  name  for  a  dog,  especially  one  of 
large  size,  and  also  for  a  hare. 

baxa,  baxea  (bak'sii,  -se-a),  n.  [L.]  In  Bom. 
antiq.,  a  sandal  or  low  shoe  of  various  forms, 
often  plaited  from  papyrus  or  palm-leaves; 
generally,  an  inexpensive  foot-covering  worn 
by  the  poorer  classes,  but  also  referred  to  as 
occm-ring  in  rich  materials  and  workmanship, 
and  specifically  as  the  shoe  of  comic  actors,  as 
distinguished  from  the  cothurnus  used  by  tra- 
gedians. 

baxter  (bak'ster),  n.  [Also  backster,  <  ME. 
bn.rUr,  bacster,  bakestre,  <  AS.  bwcestre,  a  baker: 
see  bakcitcr.  Hence  the  proper  name  Baxter, 
equiv.  to  Baker.]  A  baker;  properly,  a  female 
baker.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Baxterian  (baks-te'ri-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
pro|jnuuileil  by  Kiehard  Baxter,  a  celebrated 
English  nonconformist  divine  (1615-1691):  as, 
ISii.rIi  rian  doctrines. 

Baxterianism  (baks-te'ri-an-izm),  »i.  The 
doctrines  of  Richard  Baxter,  who  amalgamated 
the  Arminian  doctrine  of  free  grace  with  the 
Cahinistic  doctrine  of  election. 

bayl  (ba),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baye,  bale,  < 
ME.  bay,  bale,  a  beiTy,  esp.  that  of  the  laurel- 
or  bay-tree,  perhaps  <  AS.  heei,  berry,  occurring 
only  in  pi.  beijcr,  begir,  glossed  baccinia,  i.  e. 
vaccinia,  'blueben'ies'  (see  Faccinium),  and  in 
comp.  begbedm,  lit.  'berry-tree,'  applied  both  to 
the  mulbeny-tree  (Gr.  fiopia)  antl  to  the  bram- 
ble or  blackberry-bush  (Gr.  /Jdrof).  But  the 
ME.  form,  like  JID.  beye,  baeyc,  a  beiTV,  a  lau- 
rel-berry, agi'ees  also  with,  and  may  have  come 
dii-ectly  from,  OF.  bale,  baye,  mod.  F.  bale  —  Pr. 
ba'ia z=  Sp.  baya,  OSp.  baca  zzi  Pg.  baqa,  baca  = 
It.  bacca,  a  beiTV,  <  L.  baca,  less  correctly  bacca, 
a  berry;  of.  Lith.  hapka,  a  laurel-berry.]  If. 
A  berry,  especially  of  the  lam-el-tree. 

The  bays  or  berries  that  it  beareth. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xv.  30. 

2.  The  laurel-tree,  noble  laurel,  or  sweet-bay, 
Laurus  nobilis.  See  laurel.  The  name  bay  is  also 
given  to  a  nunilier  of  trees  and  shrubs  more  or  less  re- 
sembling the  noble  laurel.  See  phrases  below. 
Hence  (like  laurel,  and  in  reference  to  the  an- 
cient use  of  the  laurel)  —  3.  An  honorary  garland 
or  crown  bestowed  as  a  prize  for  victory  or  ex- 
cellence ;  also,  fame  or  renown  due  to  achieve- 
ment or  merit :  in.  this  sense  used  chiefly  in  the 


Iiay 

plural,  with  reference  to  the  leaves  or  branches 
of  laurel.     Also  called  bay-leaf. 

Yet  as  you  hope  hereafter  to  see  plays^ 
Encourage  us,  aud  give  our  poet  bays. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  Epil. 
I  play'd  to  plea^je  myself,  on  rustick  reed, 
Nor  sought  for  baif,  the  learned  shepherd's  meed. 

H .  Browne,  Blitannia's  Pastorals,  i.  1. 
[In  the  following  quotation,  the  office  of  poet  laureate : 
formerly  a  not  uncommon  use. 

If  you  needs  must  write,  write  Caesar's  praise. 
Vou'll  gain  at  least  a  knighthood,  or  the  bays. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  Satire  i.  22. 
Baus  was  sometimes  used  as  a  singular  (compare  bai/s, 
baize,  as  singular^ 

Do  plant  a  sprig  of  cypress,  not  of  bays. 

Robert  RancLolph. 
A  greener  bays  shall  crown  Ben  Jonson's  name. 

Feltham,  Jonsonus  Virbius.] 

4.  [Cf.  bay-.']  A  piece  of  low,  marshy  ground 
producing  large  numbers  of  bay-trees.  [N. 
Carolina  and  Florida.]    Bartlett BvtU-bay,  the 

Ma'jiU'lia  <jratktiirt"ra. —  Cherrv-bay,  Prunu^  Lanroceva- 
*iij<'— Dwarf  bay,  of  Europe,  the  Daphne  Laurt-vta. — In- 
dian or  royal  bay,  Lauru.i  Jn'tu-a. — Loblolly-bay,  or 

■tan-bay,  the  Gord'mia  Lasinnthu^. — Red  bay,  tlie  /'<•>■- 
sea  Carolinen.\-i.i. — Rose-bay,  a  name  given  (a)  to  tlie 
willitw-herb,  Ei'iiobium  an'/as'i.t'olium  ;  {b)  in  the  United 
States,  to  the  great  laurel.  Rhododendron  maxiinuin. — 

Sweet-bay.   See  above,  2.— sweet-bay,  or  white  bay, 

of  the  L'nited  States,  the  Magnolia  fjlavca. 
bay-  (ba),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  baye,  <  JEE. 
bciyr,  <  OF.  baie,  bai/e,  mod.  F.  bale  =  Pr.  boia 
=  Sp.  baliia,  formerly  also  bnia,  baya  (>  Basque 
haia,  bail/a),  =  Pg.  bahia  =  It.  baja  (cf.  G.  bai,  < 
D.  baai,  iLD.  baeye  =  Dan.  bai,  <  E.  bay^},  <  LL. 
baia,  a  bay,  first  mentioned  by  Isidore,  and  said 
to  have  its  gen.  in  -«.?,  implying  its  existence  at 
a  much  earlier  period ;  perhaps  connected  with 
L.  Baia:,  pi.,  a  noted  watering-place  on  the 
coast  of  Campania,  hence  applied  also  to  any 
watering-place.  Bay  in  this  sense  has  been 
confused  in  E.  and  Kora.  with  bay'^.]  1.  A  re- 
cess in  the  shore  of  a  sea  or  lake,  ditfering  from 
a  creek  in  being  less  long  and  narrow ;  the  ex- 
panse o£  water  between  two  capes  or  head- 
lands. 

The  sea  winding,  and  breaking  in  bays  into  the  land. 

Gray,  I.etters,  I.  265. 

2t.  An  anchorage  or  roadstead  for  ships;  a 
port;  a  harbor. 
A  bay  or  ro<le  for  ships.  .  Cotyrave. 

1  prithee,  good  lago, 
Qo  to  the  bay,  and  disembark  my  coffers. 

Shai.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 

3.  A  recess  of  laud,  as  in  a  range  of  hills ; 
a  level  space  partly  surrounded  by  heights. 
[Rare.] — 4.  An  arm  of  a  jirairio  extending 
into  woods  ami  partly  sm-rounded  by  them. 
[U.  .S.]  Bartlett. — 5.  A  kind  of  mahogany 
obtained  from  Campeachy  Bay  (whence  the 
name). 

bay-"  (ba),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bayc,  baic,  < 
MK.  bay,  Imye,  <  OF.  bacc,  an  opening,  gap, 
mod.  F.  baic,  a  bay  (<  lILi.  as  if  "badata),  on 
type  of  (cm.  i)p.,  <  bacr,  licer,  buyer,  mod.  F. 
buyer,  <  LL.  hailarc,  gapo  (cf.  E.  (jap,  «.,  t/upc, 
».):  see  bay*.  This  word  has  been  confused 
with  6ay'-.]  1.  A  principal  eoinpurtment  or  di- 
vision in  the  architectural  arrangement  of  a 
building,  marked  by  buttresses  or  pilasters  on 
the  walls,  by  tho  disposition  of 
the  main  ribs  (arcs  Joubleaux) 
of  the  interior  vaulting,  by 
tho  placing  of  the  main  arches 
anil  pillars  or  of  tho  |>rinci|ial8 
of  the  roof,  or  Ijy  any  other 
leading  features  that  scpurato 
tho  design  into  corresponding 
parts.  Oifitrd  (ilimnnry. — 2. 
riie  part  of  a  window  included 
liotween  two  mullions;  a  light. 
Alsocalli'il  win/loic-bay. — 3.  A 
li  ly-window. 

•  .:•■  Ia<ll<-fi  walking  with  mc,  Bce- 

fitii-r  -iitliiif  at  Ids  Hingiilar 

'ii-nt    Iti    the   bay, 

III*   i(lijrllli'<l  wln- 

nihc'i    tht-miielvefl 

I .,  ;...iii... 

/.'/■/  //..Hand,  Hyilnoy  Hmlth,  vll. 

4.  \  '■•rnfiartrnont  in  a  bam 
for  t!i.  torage  of  hay  or 
grniT,  r,  [m  iiirp,,  a  portion 
of  li  I  ..r  fraTncd  flmir 
Incl'.  .  .  n  two  giriliTii, 
o'  '"  i  tcirdcr  and  the 
wall.  '1  Li  iiliiMlerinii,  tho 
M>»'''  I.    I  wo   Bc,recd'<. 

*■<•  7.         V/IMf.,      tllMl 

I>Brl  l,i.|w.'<-n  (leckH 


which  Ilea  Curwanl  of  tho  bittN, 


rArthltecture.' 


4b2 

on  either  side ;  in  a  ship  of  war,  the  foremost 
messing-place  between  decks.  See  sick-bay. — 
8.  In  bridffe-building,  the  portion  between  two 
piers. — 9.  In  coal-miniiig :  (n)  An  open  space 
for  the  gob  or  waste  in  a  long  wall  working. 
(6)  The  space  between  two  frames  or  sets  in  a 
level:  synonymous  with  board.  [Leicester- 
shire, Eng.]— Bay  of  joists,  the  joists  between  two 
binding-joists,  or  between  two  j:irilers,  in  a  framed  lloor. 
—  Bay  of  roofing,  the  small  ratters  and  their  supporting 
purlins  between  two  principal  raftei-s. 
bay-*t  (ba),  V.  i.  [<  OF.  buyer,  beer,  baer,  gape, 
<  LL.  badare,  mod.  F.  buyer,  dial,  bader  =  jPr. 
badar  =  Cat.  budur  =  It.  badare,  <  LL.  ba- 
dare, gape,  be  open.  Cf.  bayS  and  buy^.]  To 
open  the  mouth,  as  for  food ;  seek  with  open 
mouth. 

Bayer  A  la  mamelle,  to  seeke  or  baye  for  the  dugge. 

Ilollyband,  Treasurie  of  the  French  Tongue. 

bay"  (ba),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  buye,  <  ME. 
bayen,  <  OF.  buyer  —  It.  hujure  (also  in  comp., 
ME.  ubuycii,  <  OF.  ubuyer,  abater,  abhayer,  mod. 
F.  aboyer  =  It.  abbajare),  bark ;  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  imitative  (cf.  E.  baicl^,  bark, 
L.  bauburi,  ML.  baulurc,  G.  baileii,  bark,  aud  E. 
bate",  boir-u-ow),  but  prob.  associated  in  earUcr 
use  with  OF.  buer,  beer,  buyer  =  It.  bndurc,  < 
LL.  badure,  gapo :  see  buy^,  and  cf.  buy^',  n.,  in 
which  the  two  notions  unite.  In  some  senses 
the  verb  is  from  the  notm.]  I.  intrant.  To 
bark,  as  a  dog;  especially,  to  bark  with  a  deep 
prolonged  soimd,  as  hounds  in  tho  chase. 
The  hounds  at  nearer  distance  hoarsely  bayed. 

Dryden,  Theodore  and  Honoria,  1.  *279. 

H.  trans.  1.    To  bark  at;   beset  with  deep 
prolonged  barking. 

I  had  ratlier  be  a  dog,  and  bay  the  moon. 

Than  sucli  a  Roman.  Sttak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 

2.  To  express  by  barking. 

'Tis  sweet  to  hear  the  watch-dog's  honest  bark 
Bay  deep-mouthed  welcome  as  we  draw  near  home. 

Byron,  Don  .Juan,  i.  123. 

3.  To  drive  or  pursue  so  as  to  compel  to  stand 
at  bay ;  cliaso  or  htmt. 

They  bay'd  the  bear 
With  homids  of  Sjiarta. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

4.  To  hold  at  bay. 

For  we  are  at  tho  stake, 
And  bay'd  about  with  many  enemies. 

A'/mi.,  J.  C,  iv.  1. 

bay''  (ba),  11.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  buye,  bcyc,  < 
JIE.  bail,  baie,  of  different  origin,  according  as 
it  stands  (o)  for  bay,  a  barking,  <  buy,  ME.  hay- 
en,  bark;  (6)  by  apheresis  for  ubay,  <  OF.  ahni. 
uhay,  ubbay,  uboy,  mod.  F.  ahoi,  a  barking,  < 
abayer,  bark  (soo  bay^,  r.),  csp.  in  the  jilirHsc 
to  be  or  stand  at  buy  (or  at  a  buy,  which  is  pcr- 
liaps  always  to  be  read  at  abay),  to  brini/  to  Ixiy ; 
(f)  in  the  phrase  to  hold  nt  bay,  rcpr.  OF.  tenir 
a  bay,  It.  tenerc  a  bada,  liold  in  suspense  or  ex- 
pectation, lit.  on  tho  gape:  OF.  buy  (=lt.  bada), 
suspense,  lit.  gapiug,  <  iacr  =  It.  badure,  gajic,  a 
verb  prob.  in  part  connected  with  buy^\  bark: 
see  above.]  1.  Thedeep-toned  barkingnf  adog 
in  pursuit  of  game;  especially,  the  barking  ot 
a  pack  of  hounds. —  2.  The  stale  of  being  so 
hard  pressed,  as  a  liunted  animal  by  dogs  and 
hunters,  as  to  bo  compelled,  from  impossiliility 
of  escape,  to  turn  and  face  tlKulaiigcr:  witli  at 
or  to:  as,  to  bo  nt  buy,  stand  ut  buy,  hold  ut 
bay  (formerly  also  ut  u  bay),  bring  to  liay,  etc.: 
often  u.sod  figuratively,  in  these  and  other  con- 
structions, with  reference  to  jiorsons  beset  by 
enemies  or  held  at  a  disadvantage :  strait; 
distress. 

rnhiii>|iy  Sqntre  I  what  hard  niiHhap  thee  brought 
Into  thin  bay  of  peril!  and  disgrace? 

iSpetuur,  V.  Q.,  VI.  1.  12. 
Nor  flight  was  left,  nor  hopcn  to  force  his  way  : 
Kmb<i]dened  by  despair,  he  stood  at  bay.  Dn/dnt. 

3.  The  state  of  being  knpt  off  by  tho  bold  al- 
titn<li'  of  an  opponi'iit;  the  state  of  being  jiro- 
vonlod  by  an  cnciny,  or  l»y  nny  kiinl  of  rcsisf- 
ance,  from  making  further  advance  :  with  at. 

Wo  have  n<)W,  for  ten  yeant  together,  ttirncd  tho  wlude 

force  and  expenxe  of  the  war  where  the  enemy  vrim  Im-hI 

nhio  txi  hoM  iih  at  tiay.  .S'lei/r. 

Tho  liarritTH  whtrh  they  builded  fnun  tho  noil 

To  ki'ip  llle  foi'  al  liay.  Bryant,  Tlio  I'ralrb'ii. 

bay"  (ba),  rt.  and  n,  [I.  a.  Early  moil.  K.  iilso 
liiiyr,  liaie,  <  MIO.  Iiuy,  liiiyr,  <  OF.  liui,  moil.  I'".  Imi 
=  I'r.  hni  =  Hp.  Iiuyo  =  Pg.  l)uio=  It.  Iiajo,  <  L. 
badius  (>  K.  liudiuuH),  bay,  in  ri-f.  to  a  color  of 
horscH.  II.  «.  I.  Knrrlv  in  sing.  Imy  (=  1). 
tiuui  =  MLG.  bail,  Lli.  Iiujr  (>  <1.  Imi)  =  Dnn. 
Iiai  =  Hw.  Iioi),  usually  in  pi.  bui/n,  early  mod. 
E.  bayct,  baicii,  baiso  (whonco  tbo  moa.  sing. 


bayard 

baize,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  bales,  pi.  of  buie,  fem.  of  bai, 
adj.]  I.  a.  Reddish  or  brownish-red,  inclining 
to  chestnut;  rufous;  baiiious;  eastaneous:  ap- 
plied most  frequently  to  horses,  but  also  to 
other  animals  displaying  the  same  color. 

II.  ».  If.  A  light  woolen  fabric  (originally 
of  a  bay  color),  the  manufacture  of  which  was 
introduced  iuto  Eugland  in  1561  by  refugees 
fi'ora  France  and  the  Netherlands :  usually  in 
pliu'al  buys,  now,  as  singular,  baize  (which  see). 
—  2.  A  bay  horse. 

The  ploughman  stopped  to  gaze 
"Whene'er  his  cliariot  swept  in  view 
Bellind  the  sliiuing  bays. 

"O.  ir.  Jlolmes,  Agnes. 

bay''  (bii),  n.  [Origin  uncertain ;  the  ME.  ' '  bay, 
or  ■svithstondynge,  obstucidiim,"  may  possibly 
be  a  use  of  bny^  in  to  stund  at  buy,  etc.:  see 
buy",  I'.]  A  dam;  a  pond-head;  an  embank- 
ment.    [Eng.] 

bay"  (ba),  ('.  t.  [Perhaps  from  the  related  noun 
(buy~),  or,  as  the  source  of  that,  <  Icel.  fcn-j- 
ju,  push  back,  hinder,  <  bdgr,  opposition,  colli- 
sion; ef.fara  i  bug,  come  athwart.]  To  dam: 
as,  to  buy  back  the  water. 

bay*  (ba),  »(.  [Short  for  fto,)/-o''"f''.]  Tho  bay- 
antler  or  bez-antler  of  a  stag. 

bayO  (ba),  r.  t.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  beicn,  beiglien, 
beisen,  bleu,  buyen,  hitmen,  <  AS.  began,  biegan, 
btgun,  bygun  (=  OFries.  beja  =  MI).  ooghen  = 
MLG.  bogen  =  OHG.  boiigen,  MHG.  bougen, 
G.  beiigtn  =  Icel.  beygju  =  Sw.  hiija  =  Dan.  boje 
=  Goth,  buugjun),  trans,  bend,  causative  of 
biigun  (=  Goth,  biugun,  etc.),  E.  toicl,  intrans. 
bend :  see  bow^,  and  cf.  6ni7l.]  To  bend.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

baylOf,  V.  [Only  in  Spenser,  who  also  uses  em- 
buy  for  embnthe,  iu  most  instances  for  tho  sake 
of  rime.]     A  poetical  jierversion  of  buthc. 

Hee  feedes  upon  tlie  cooling  shade,  and  baycs 
His  sweatie  forehead  in  the  breatliiiig  wynd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  3. 

baya  (ba'yji),  n.  [Hind.]  Tho  weaver-bird, 
J  Ulceus  }iliiliiijii)ins,  an  East  Indian  passerine 
bird,  somewhat  like  the  bulfinch,  remarkable 
for  its  extremely  curious  nest.  See  weat>er- 
blrd. 

baya-bird,  n.     Same  as  buyu. 

bayadere,  bayadeer  (,ba-ya-der'),  n.  [Also 
spelled  bujiiilere  (<  F.  bayudere);  formerly  bal- 
liudcre.  l)ulliuderu,  <  Pg.  builudeiru  (fern,  of  bui- 
lador  =  Sp.  builudor),  a  dancer,  <  builur  =  Sp. 
builur,  dance:  see  ball9.'\  An  East  Indian  dan- 
cing girl. 

bayal  (bii'al),  ?i.  A  fine  kind  of  cotton.  Sini- 
nionds. 

bayamo  (bil-yii'mo),  n.  [Cuban.]  A  violent 
blast  of  wind,  accomjianicd  V>y  vivid  lightning, 
blowing  from  the  land  on  the  south  coast  of 
Cuba,  and  especially  from  the  Bight  of  Bayamo. 

bay-antler,  ».     See  bez-untler. 

bayardl  (ba'jird),  u.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  buyerd,  buinrd,  buyiirt,  <  AlK,.  buyurd,  buy- 
tirt,  <  OF.  buyurd,  buiurd,  Iniiurt  (=  Pr.  Iniiurt), 
bay.  a  bay  hi>i'se,  <  but,  bay:  see  buy^i  and  -urd. 
Till'  ailj.  came  to  be  a  general  appellative  of  a 
bay  horse,  esp.  of  Rcnaud's  (Riiialdo's)  iiiagio 
steed  in  the  Charlemagne  romances;  later  of 
any  horse,  esp.  in  alliterative  jirovcrbial  uije, 
bold  liuyurd,  blind  buyurd,  of  ten  with  rel'crenco 
to  reckless  or  si  lipid  ]iei'sons,  |K'rliai)sassociiilod 
ill  llie  latter  si'use  with  OF.  buyurd.  gaping, 
staring,  one  who  gajies  or  gazes,  <  buyer,  baer, 
gaiie,  gaze:  see  ?»(,'/''.]  I.t  <'•  l^'iyi  *'f  ».  I'^y 
color :  apiilied  to  a  liorse. 

II.  ".  1.  Abayliorse;  generally,  any  horse: 
fciniii'ily  freiiiii'iil  in  )irovrrliial  use,  especially 
wilh  tlio  ejiilliet  blind  or  bold. 

Illlnd  Imyard  moves  tho  mill.  Philips, 

Who  MO  bold  as  bliinl  hayard  f  Prnrerhial  saying. 

2.  A  person  who  is  si'lf-confident  and  ignorant: 
usually  with  tho  epithet  blinil  or  bold. 

Tho  more  wo  know,  the  more  we  know  wo  want : 
What  Bayard  boulder  tbcn  the  ignorant'/ 

Marston,  What  you  Will,  Inil. 
rhtllln  tho  B(!coiid,  lato  king  of  Spuili,  perceiving  Unit 
many  Itltiid  ttayarils  were  ovrrtioM  to  iiinlrrtukc  tile  work- 
ing of  his  niliu'H  of  nilvcr  til  tho  West  liiilicH,  etc. 

(Jeraril  Malynrs,  Lex  Mcrcali>ria  (l(l'2'2),  p.  180. 

What  arc  inoHt  of  our  papists,  but  Mtiipid,  Ignorant  and 

blinil  linyarils!  Iliirloii.  Anal.,  ot  Met,  p.  009. 

(Olwolele  or  archaic  in  all  iis(>s.] 
bayard'-'t,  ".  [<  <'!''.  Iwiani,  bayurl,  a  basket 
iihid  for  the  carrying  of  earth  iniil  fiisleniMl 
iiliiiut  till'  neck;  pi'rlia|>s  a  I'liiiriful  npplicalion 
of  liui/urd,  a  liorse:  see  liuifurdK]  A  kind  of 
hiiinl  burrow  uhimI  for  carrying  heavy  loads, 
especially  of  stouos. 


I 


bayardly 

bayardlyt  (ba'ard-li),  a.  [<  bayann  +  -Z//1.] 
Bliml ;  stupid. 

A  bliml  urcdiility,  a  baiiardly  confidence,  or  an  imperious 
ins'ilftice.  Jet:  Taylor  {'!),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  143. 

bayberry  (ba'bGr^''i),  71. ;  pi.  bat/berries  (-iz).  [< 
bay^  +  bf-rnj'^.l  1.  The  ft'uit  of  the  bay-tree, 
or  Lauras  nobilis. — 2.  The  wax-myrtle,  Myrica 
cerifcra,  and  its  friiit.  xiie  coating  of  wax  upon  tlie 
berries  is  known  as  ba;/l'cn-ii-talloio  or  inyrth'-ivax.  See 
Myrica.     Also  called  ani'llrh.'rrii. 

3.  In  Jamaica,  the  runenta  acris,  from  which 
an  oil  is  obtained  which  is  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  bay-rum. 
bay-birds  (ba'berdz),  n.  pi.     A  collective  name 
of  numerous  small  wading  birds  or  shore-birds, 


483 

binert  knife  and  bayonet  arranged  to  fit  the  rauzzlo  of  a 
ritle,  carried  wlien  not  in  use  in  a  sheath  altaclied  to  the 
waist-bt'lt.— Rod-bayonet,  a  long  steel  rod  with  triangu- 
lar-shaped end,  used  as  a  bayonet.  It  is  attached  to  the 
rifle  liy  a  spring-catrh,  and  may  also  be  used  as  a  wiping- 
rod.  It  was  pcrfci  trd  by  Lieut. -Col.  A.  R.  liuflhivrtoii. 
U.  S.  A.— Spanish  bayonet,  a  common  name  given  !.» 
plants  bclniij^'ing  t(j  several  species  of  Yucca,  with  narruw, 
rigid,  spin'-Lipptd  leaves,  especially  to  i'.  aloiJoUa,  Y. 
canalu-iihitir,  and  Y.  taccaia.— Sword-bayonet,  a  short 
sword  wiLli  a  cutting  edge  and  sharp  point,  made  to  fasten 
by  a  spring-catch  t*i  the  barrel  of  a  ritle  or  carbine.  It  is 
carried  in  a  scalibard  when  not  fixed  to  the  piece.  Tliis  is 
now  the  usual  form  of  military  bayonet.  — Trowel-bayo- 
net,  a  form  of  bayonet  with  a  short  and  broad  but  sharp- 
p(nnted  bladt\  intended  to  serve  in  case  of  need,  after  the 
manner  of  a  trowel,  as  an  intrenching  tool.  It  was  invent- 
ed by  Col.  Edmund  Kice,  U.  S.  A.,  and  lias  done  good  ser- 
vice in  Indian-flghting. 


,  ,  .  ,  ■-,  ,,  .,.  1      '         1  *    ILV;     111     lllltlllll-ll^lltlllK. 

chietly  ot  the  siupo  and  plover  famibes,  which  bayonet  (ba'o-uet),  v.  t.     [<  Vayonct,  «.]     To 

stab  with  a  bayonet ;  compel  or  drive  by  the 
bayonet. 

You  send  troops  to  sabre  and  to  bayonet  us  into  a  sub- 
mission. Burke,  Bxv,  in  France. 


fi-equent  the  muddy  shores  of  the  bays  and  e.s- 
tuaries  along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United 
States. 
bay-bolt  (ba'bOlt),  n.     A  kind  of  barbed  bolt 

See  hoW^.  bayonet-clasp  (ba'o-net-klasp),  n.    A  movable 

jiavmg  tue     ^.-       ^^  j^^^j.^  ^^^^^^  ^^^^  socket  of  a 


bay-breasted  (ba'bres'ted),  a. 
breast  bay  in  color :  as,  the  bay-breasted  warbler, 
Dendrwca  caatanea,  one  of  the  commonest  birds 

of  the  United  St^ates.  ,,.      bayonet-clutch  (ba'o-net-kluch), 

bay-cod  (ba'kod),  «.     The  name  of  a  fish  of  the     „  ?„,.,„  „f  „,„t„,,  ;,„„AVi  „„„„ii„  Ja 


fa'mily  <>phi(lihl(i\  Gciiijiiterus  blacodes,  of  New 
Zealand,  also  called  cloudy  bay-cod  and  liii(i. 

bayed  (bad),  rt.  l<  bayS  + -cd^.]  1.  Having  a 
bay  or  bays,  as  a  building:  as,  "the  large  bay'd 
ham,"  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iii. —  2.  Formed  as 
a  bay  or  recess. 

A  handSonie  and  substantial  mansion,  tlie  numerous  ga- 
ble-ends and  bayed  windows  of  whicb  bespoke  tlie  owner 
a  man  of  worsbip.        Barhain,  Ingoldsby  legends,  I.  119. 

bayest,  «•     See  Sace. 

bayeta  (ba-ya'ta),  n.  [Sp.,  baize:  see  baize.'] 
A  common  kind  of  coarse  baize  manufactured 
in  Spain. 

Bayeux  tapestry.    See  tapestry. 


bayonet, 
which  serves  to  strengthen  it  and  to  prevent 
its  discii^,':ifi'ciiient. 

n.    In  mach. 
a  form  of  clutch  ai-med  usually  with  two  prongs 
(a  a),  which  when  in  gear  act  on  the  ends  or 
lugs  of  a  friction-strap  (&), 
fitted  on  a  side-boss  of  the 
wheel  to  be  driven,  the  lat- 
ter being  loose  on  the  same 
shaft.     The  clutch  is  attached  to 
tlie  shaft  by    a   feather-l:ey,   and 
wlieii  drawn  back  or  out  of  gear 
with  the  strap  the  wheel  remains  at 
rest,  and  the  clutch  continues  to  re- 
volve with  the  shaft.    When  it  is 
re<iuired  to  set  the  machinery  again 
in  motion,  the  clutch  is  thrown  for- 
ward by  the  fork  c,  and  its  prongs,  engaging  with  the 
strap,  gradually  put  the  wlieel  in  motion. 


bay-gall  (ba'gaf),  n.  A  watercourse  covered  bayonet-joint  (ba'o-net-Jomt),  ».  A  form  of 
with  spongy  earth,  mixed  with  matted  fibers,  coupling  or  soeket-jomt  resemblmg  the  mode 
and  impregnated  with  acids.     See  gall'i,  5.  of  attachment  commonly  adopted  for  fixing  a 

bay-leaf  (ba'lef),  n. ;  pi.  6f(j-?eai!es  (-levz).     1      bayonet  on  a  musket. 
The  leaf  of  the  sweet-bay  or  laurel-tree,  Latirus  bayoU  (bi  o),  n.     [A  corrupt  form  of  h  .boyau, 
nobilis.    Bay-leaves  are  aromatic,  are  reputed  stimulant     a  gilt,  a  long,  narrow  passage  (cf.  a  s^imilar  use 


and  narcotic,  and  are  used  in  medicine,  cookery,  and  con- 
fectionery. 
2.  Same  as  hay'^,  n.,  3. 

baylerbay  (ba'ler-ba),  n.     Same  as  beylerbey. 

baylet  (ba'let),  n.  [<  bay"^  +  -let.]  A  little 
bay. 

bay-mahogany  (ba'ma-liog'''a-ni),  n.  Same  as 
bay-wood. 

bayman^  (ba'man),  n.;  pi.  haymen  (-men).  [< 
baij"  +  man.]  1.  One  who  lives  on  a  bay,  or 
who  fishes,  shoots,  or  pursues  his  occupation  in 
or  on  a  bay. 

Wlien  the  birds  are  traveling  with  the  wind,  or  as  bay- 
men  call  it,  a  "  free  wind."  Shore  Birds,  p.  43. 

2.  Specifically,  in  British  Honduras,  a  mahog- 
any-cutter of  the  coast. 

bayman^  (ba'man),  n. ;  pi.  baymen  (-men).  [< 
bay'i  +  man.]  A  sick-bay  attendant ;  a  nurse 
for  sick  or  wounded  men  on  a  vessel  of  war. 

bay-oil  (ba'oil),  n.  An  oil  manufactm-ed  fi-om 
the  ripe  berries  of  the  bay-tree  of  Italy,  used 
in  veterinary  medicine.     McElratli. 

bayonet  (ba'g-net),  n.  [<  F.  baiomiette,  for- 
merly bayomihtte,  a  small  flat  pocket-dagger, 
or  a  knife  hung  at  the  girdle,  like  a  dagger, 
now  a  bayonet,  =  Sp.  6«yoHeto  =  It.  JrtioHfWf/, 
a  bayonet,  usually  derived  from  Bayonne,  in  bay-sa'lt  (ba'salt'). 


Bdella 

however,  also  often  applied  to  a  Imw-wimlow,  which  prop- 
erly forms  in  plan  the  scKmcnt  of  a  circle,  or  (u  -.m  ..riel- 
window,  which  is  supported 
on  a  console  or  c<»rbeiing, 
and  is  usually  on  the  first 

llnnr. 

bay  -  winged        (ba'- 

wmgd),  a.  Having 
chestnut  color  on  the 
wings.  —  Bay  -  winged 
bunting,  the  grasR-llnch  or 
vi'spc:r-lfird,  I'lxt'Ofcn  yra- 
inini'utf,  one  of  the  com- 
monest sparrows  cjf  North 
America.  —  Bay  -  Winged 

longspur,  lOutnrlioiiliaiies 
■itiarrnirai,  a  common  frin- 
gilline  Ijird  of  the  western 
prairies,  rfdated  to  the 
Lapland  lorigspnr,— Bay- 
Winged  summer-flncli, 
I'eunva  earputi-f  of  Ari- 
zima. 

bay-wood  (ba'wud),  n. 
\_<bay'^  +  iroodK]  The 
lighter  and  coarser 
kind  of  mahogany, 
eonung  especially  from 
British  Honduras.  See 
nialiof/any. 

bay-yarn  (ba'yam),  n. 
[<  bayG,  a.,  -f-  yarn.] 
Woolen  yarn  used  in  the  manufacture  of  baize. 

baza  (bil'zii),  n.  p;.  Ind. ;  cf.  Ar.  baz,  a 
hawk.]  In  ornith.,  the  name  of  an  East  Indian 
kite.    It  is  also  nsod  as  a  generic  name. 

bazaar,  bazar  (ba-zilr'),  n.  [Formerly  also 
basar,  buz:ar,  bussar,  also  bazarro  (cf.  It.  baz- 
zarro,  traffic,  Olt.  bazarra,  a  market-place),  <  F. 
bazar,  <  Ar.  bazar,  Turk,  pdzdr.  Hind,  bazar,  < 
Pers.  hdzdr,  a  market.]  1.  In  the  East,  an  ex- 
change, market-place,  or  place  where  goods  are 
exposed  for  sale,  consisting  either  of  small 
shops  or  stalls  in  a  nairow  street  or  series  of 
streets,  or  of  a  certain  section  in  a  town  under 
one  roof  and  divided  by  narrower  passage- 
ways, in  which  all  or  most  of  the  merchants  and 
artisans  in  a  certain  material  or  metal,  or  any 
single  class  of  goods,  are  gathered  both  for 
manufacture  and  traffic.  These  bazaar-streeta  are 
frequently  shaded  by  a  light  material  laid  from  roof  to 
roof,  and  are  sometimes  ai'ched  over.  Marts  bearing  the 
name  of  Ijazaars,  for  the  sale  of  miscellaneous  articles, 
cliiefly  fancy  goods,  are  now  to  be  found  in  most  Euro- 
pean and  American  cities;  and  tlie  term  has  been  ex- 
tended to  structures  arranged  as  market-places  for  spe- 
cific articles  :  as,  a  horse-bazaar. 

Tlie  streets  of  the  town  are  narrow,  terribly  rough,  and 

very  dirty,  but  the  bazaars  are  extensive  and  well  stocked. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  .Saracen,  p.  -10. 

3.  A  sale  of  miscellaneous  articles  in  further- 
ance of  some  charitable  or  other  purpose;  a 
fancy  fair.  The  articles  there  sold  are  mostly 
of  fancy  work,  and  contributed  gratuitously. 

'  n.     l< bazaar  + 

animals  in  bays  or  estuaries.  maund-^,  n.]     An  East  Indian  weight,  differing 

bay-rum  (bii'nim'),  n.     [<  6ayl  +  rvm^.]    A    in  different  localities:  equal  in  Calcutta  to  82^ 
fragi-ant  spirit  much  used  as  a  cosmetic,  etc.,     poimds  avoirdupois.     So  called  in  contradis- 
especially  by  barbers,  obtained  by  distilling    fmction  to  faeio)-y-maiind.     See  maiind*. 
the  leaves  of  the  Pimenta  acris  (see  bayberry,  bazan,  «.     Same  as  basan. 
3),  of  the  natural  order  Myrtacea,  with  rum,  or  bazar,  ".     See  bazaar. 

by  mixing  the  volatile  oil  procured  from  the  bazaras  (ba-za'ras),  n.    [E.  Ind.]    A  large  flat- 
leaves  by  distillation  with  alcohol,  water,  and    bottomed  pleasure-boat  used  on  the  Ganges, 
acetic  ether.     It  is  the  sjnritus  myrcice  of  the    propelled  with  sails  and  oars. 
United  States  Pharmacopeia.  bazet,  «■  t.     [Also  written  baize,  appar.  <  D.  6a- 

baysl  (baz),  n.     [Prop.  pi.  of  bay'^.]     See  bay'^.     ~cn,  verbazen,  astonish,  stupefy  (cf.  abash) ;  cf . 
bays-t,  "•     [Prop.  pi.  of  6o^6.]     See  baize.  G.  (obs.)  ?)rtsrH,  rave.]    To  stupefy ;  frighten. 


Bayonet<lutch. 


of  E.  (jnt),  <  OP.  hoyel,  boel,  a  gut,  >  E.  bowel,  q 
v.]  in  the  southern  United  States,  the  outlet 
of  a  lake,  or  one  of  the  several  outlets  of  a 
river  through  its  delta ;  a  sluggish  watercourse. 
For  hours,  in  fall  days,  I  watched  the  ducks  cunningly 
tack  and  veer  and  hold  the  middle  of  the  pond,  far  from  tlie 
sportsman ;  tricks  which  they  will  have  less  need  to  prac- 
tise in  Louisiana  bayous.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  254. 
Under  the  shore  his  boat  was  tied, 

And  all  her  listless  crew 
Watched  the  gray  alligator  slide 
Into  the  still  bayou.     Longfellow,  Quadroon  Girl. 
bay-porpoise  (ba'p6r"pus),  n.    A  typical  por- 
poise, as  of  the  genus  Fhocwna;  a  puffing-pig: 
so  called  from  the  frequent  appearance  of  the  bazaar-maundCba-zar'mand') 


France,  because  bayonets  are  said  to  have 
been  first  made  there  {Bayonne,  Sp.  Bayona,  is 
said  to  mean  'good  harbor,'  <  Basque  baia, 
harbor  (see  bay^),  +  ona,  good) ;  but  cf.  P. 
"bayonnier,  as  arbalestier  [see  arbalistcr];  an 
old  word"  (Cotgi-ave),  <  bayon,  baton,  the  arrow 
or  shaft  of  a  crossbow.]  If.  A  short  flat  dag- 
ger.—  2.  A  dagger  or  short  stabbing  instru- 
ment of  steel  for  infantry  soldiers,  made  to  bo 
attached  to  the  muzzle  of  a  gun.    in  its  original 


_     ^  _  [Formerly  sometimes  baziers  (ba'zerz),  n.  sinff.  OTpl.    [Corruption  of 

bai  sal't' base-salt,  <  late  ME.  baye salt:  cf.  Dan.     heai^s  ears.]     The  plant  bear's-ears.  Primula 

baisalt=G.l>aisalz,a,itev'E.;  appar.  <  ftay^ (gome    Auricula:  used  in  some  parts  of  England. 

suppose  orig.  in  ref.  to  the  Bay  of  Biscaj')  +  The  baziers  are  sweet  in  the  morning  of  May. 

salti.]     Coarse-grained  salt:  properly  applied  Book  of  Days,  L  m:. 

to  salt  obtained  by  spontaneous  or  natural  bazil  (baz'il),  n.     Same  as  basan. 

evaporation  of  sea-water.  Tanned  with  bark,  .  .  .  [sheep-skins]  constitute  bazils, 

hav-<?tall  (bii'staU,  n.     In  arch.,  the  bay  of  a     and  are  used  for  making  slippers  and  as  bellows-leather. 
ucj  oucv.i  V      .     ,     ';         .  c.  T.  Dam,  Leather,  p.  42. 

window ;  a  wmdow-seat.  ,..,-,       .  ,  i,       •  ^^       •        ■         i  _.- 

baytt,  V.  and  «.     Obsolete   spelling  of  bait^.  B.  B.    A  common  abbreviation  m  mineralogi- 


t'ipenser. 


^M 


X.  Common  Bayonet ;  2,  Sword-Bayonet. 

wooden  handle  fitted  to  the  bore : 


point  and  three 
edges,  but  other 
forms  have  been 
introduced.  (See 
below.)  It  was  at 
first  inserted  in  the 
barrel  of  the  gun. 
.after  the  soldier 
had  fired,  by  a 
but  it  was  afterward 


and  Greece,  gi-owing  „ 
2.  In  the  eastern  United  States,  a  name  of  the 
Mar/nolia  qlauca,  and  in  California  of  the  Vm- 
hellnlaria  Californica.  ,   ,     ^ 
bayur  (liii-yiir'),  n.    Javanese  name  of  the  tree 
.                      ,    .     ■       .             ,,,               Pteruspcninim  Jaranicum. 
made  with  an  iron  socket  and  ring  passing  over  the  mm-  ,         •nriVidnw  nia'win'do),  n.    [<  bai/S,  a  recess,  + 
zle,  and  attached  t"  the  blade  by  a  shoulder,  so  that  the    "^7-Y^'^?°7' ^       ,      z!.^"i'.^„   ^      •     •         - 
soldier  might  fire  with  his  bayonet  fixed. 
3.  In  mach.,  a  pin  which  plays  in  and  out  of 
holes  made  to  receive  it,  and  which  thus  serves 
to  connect  and  disconnect  parts  of  the  machin- 
ery.    See  bayonet-clutch Knife-bayonet,  a  com- 


B.B. 

cal  works  for  before  the  blowpipe:  as,  quartz 

is  infusible  B.  B. 
appar  MD  baeytere);  <  bai/T-  -\-  tree.]     1.  The  bbl.,  bbls.    Abbreviations  of  barrel  and  barrels 
laurel-tree,  Laurus  nobilis^  a  native  of  Italy  _res_pectively:  as,  1,000  ftfc?s.  flour. 
•      to  the  height  of  30  feet.- 


form  it  has  a  sharp  baV-treC  (ba'tre),  M.      [<  ME.  baytre  (whence 


B.  (3.     An  abbreviation  of  before  Christ,  used 

in  noting  dates  preceding  the  Christian  era: 

as,  the  battle  of  ThermopylaB  was  fought  480 

B.  C. :  Julius  Caesar  invaded  Britain  55  B.  C. 

B.  C.  E.    An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Civil 

Enqinccring.     See  bachelor. 

B.  i).     An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Diiinity. 

window.]   In  «/-c7/.,  properly,  a  window  forming  Bdella  (del'ii),  n.     [XL.,  <  6r.  lidjna  a  leech.] 

a  recess  or  bay  in  a  room,  projecting  outward,     1.  A  genus  of  leeches,  of  the  family  Hiritdt- 

and  risino-  from  the  ground  or  basement  on  a    nida:  or  GnathobdeUida.     Also  written  Bdellin. 

plan  rectaugidar,  semi-oetagonal,  or  semi-hex-     [Not  in  use.]  — 2.   The  typical  genus  of  the 

agonal,  but  always  straight-sided.    The  term  is,     ta,miiy  Bdellidte. 


B.  longicornis  is  an  example. 


bdellatomy 

bdellatomy  (de-lat'6-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  (i6e?.'/M,  a 
leech.  +  rour,.  a  cutting.]  1.  The  act  or  oper- 
ation of  iueisiBg  a  leech  while  sucking,  so  that 
the  ingested  blood  may  escape,  and  the  leech 
continue  to  suck. —  2.  The  application  of  the 
bdellometer. 

Bdellia  (del'i-a),  n.  [NL. :  see  Bdella.']  Same 
as  j;.h'lla,  1. 

Bdellidffi  (del'i-de),  n.  pi  pSTL.,  <  Bdella  + 
-i(i<e.']  A  family  of  tracheate  mites,  of  the  or- 
der Acarida,  class  Arachnida,  having  the  head 
distinct  from  the  thorax  and  elongated  into  a 
proboscis,  chelate  cheliceres,  long  thin  rap- 
torial pedipalps,  cursorial  legs  of  six  or  more 
joints,  stigmate  near  the  rostrum,  and  skeleton 
composed  of  sclerites  embedded  in  soft  skin. 
The  aniniaU  are  found  creeping  in  damp  places.  Besides 
Bd^Ua,  the  faniilv  contains  the  genus  Seirus. 

Edellinse  (de-U'ne),  n.  pJ.  [NL.,  <  Bdella  + 
-iHir.]  A  subfamily  of  tracheate  Jcari'iia.  See 
Bdellida:. 

bdellium  (del'i-imi),  n.  [In  ME.  hdelyum,  hidel- 
lium,  <  LL.  bdellium,  <  Gr.  )S6e>.?.iov,  a  plant,  a 
fragrant  gum  which  exudes  from  it  (Dioseori- 
des,  Pliny) :  used  (also  in  the  form  j36iA'/.a)  to 
translate  Heb.  Vdolakh,  a  precious  article  of 
merchandise  mentioned  along  with  gold  and 
precious  stones  (Gen.  ii.  12).  The  opinion  of 
the  rabbins,  which  Bochart  supports,  is  that 
b'dolakh  signifies  orig.  a  pearl,  and  as  a  collec- 
tive noun  pearls,  which  may  be  compared  to 
grains  of  manna ;  hence  its  secondary  sense  of 
a  gum.]  A  name  given  to  two  aromatic  gum- 
resins,  similar  to  myrrh,  but  weaker.  Indian 
bdellirim  is  believed  to  lie  the  product  of  Balsamode lulron 
Mukid,  and  African  bdellium  of  />.  A/ricanum.  They  are 
used  for  the  same  purposes  as  myrrh,  but  cliietly  as  an 
in^rredieut  in  plasters  and  as  a  perfume.  An  Egyptian 
r'-iit  nlso  called  bdellium  is  obtained  from  the  douni-palm, 
ll\.  i'lne  T/iebaica,  of  Upper  Eg\'pt. 

Bdelloida  (de-loi'da),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  pAina,  a 
leech.  +  -oirfn.]  A  family  of  rotifers  that  swim 
and  creep  like  a  leech,  with  the  foot  retractile, 
jointed,  telescopic,  and  forked  at  the  end. 

bdellometer  (de-lora'e-ti'r),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiSDJji, 
a  leech  (<  jii'ia'/.'/.etv,  milk,  suck),  +  /lerpov,  a 
measure.]  An  instrument  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  leech.  It  consists  of  a  cupping-glass,  to 
whii-h  a  scarificator  and  an  exhausting  syTinge  are  at- 
tached,    huivtliiton. 

Bdellostoma  (de-los'to-mii).  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
,<'i(7>.n.  a  leech,  +  ardua,  mouth.]  A  genus  of 
cyclo.stomous  or  marsipobrauchiate  fishes,  or 
myzonts,  referred  to  the  family  Myxinidw,  or 
made  the  type  of  a  family  BdcUnntomidw :  so 
called  from  the  comparison  of  the  suctorial 
mouth  to  that  of  a  leech.  There  are  7  branchial 
apertures  or  openings  of  the  branchial  sacs.  11.  heptatre- 
via  is  Umw'i  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Tlie  genus  is  the 
■anic  as  U''j>tnlri'ma. 

bdellostomid  (de-los'to-mid),  n.    A  myzont  of 

till-  I'aiiiily  /till lloxtomida:. 
Bdellostomids  (del-os-tom'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  BdiAlostoma  +  -idw.'\  A  family  of  hj-pero- 
tretous  myzonts,  represented  by  the  genus 
Bdellostoma  :  synonymous  with  SeptatremidcB 
(which  see). 
bds.     An  abbreviation  of  boards,  in  use  among 

bookbinders  and  booksellers. 
be'  (bo),  V.  >'.,  subnUintivc  verb;  pres.  am,  art 
(sometimes  becut),  in,  arc  (sometimes  be) ;  pret. 
was,  wast,  were;  subj.  be,  were,  wort;  impv.  be ; 
pp.  tjrrn  ;  ppr.  beiiiij.     [Under  the  verb  he  are 
classeil.  a.H  ideiitii^al   in   Hoiise,  the  surviving 
forms  of  three  orig.  independent  verbs,  which, 
8upple;menting  each  other's  defects,  serve  to- 
gether to  make  up  the  Hiibstantivo  verb  or  cop- 
ula ;  they  are  represented  by  the  forms  be,  am, 
iind  was.     1.  Be,  inf.,  early  mod.  E.  also  bee,  < 
MK.  he,  bee,  been,  ben,  heon,  <  AS.  hedn,  hidn; 
pros.  ind.  sinij.  1st  pers.  he,  early  mod.  E.  also 
'"■'■,  <  MF;.  he,  bee,  beo,  <  AH.  /»»,  rarely  be6ni, 
Ininii  ^retaining  the  Huflix  -m,  which  appears 
ill-',  iti  am)  =  U.S.  bium  =  OEries.  bem  =  Olid. 
■  m),  MUG.  O.  bin;  2d  pers.  beest,  be>st, 
'.  <  .\!i;.  hee/it,  best,  bioHl,  hist,  <  AS.  hist 
'   =  <  lllG.  /(/*,  pisl,  MUG.  (i.  hisi;  .'td 
il.  uIh.i  heeth,  hen,  <  MK.  helh,  brolli, 
AK.  huh ;  pi.  he,  areliiiic  and  dial. 
■//,  uIho  heth,  <  MK.  been,   ben.  bin, 
an  ind.)  beelh,   bilh,   benlh,  <  AH. 
'  '  I '  ■■  iierHoiiH)  =  OltG.  IkI,  pers.  pi- 

\\\\i  i.  birnt,  hint)  CM  Hint);  Kith 
-^iibj.,  etc. ;  all  from  u 'Mitiirnfin 
'  '  I..  I'll-  In  pcrt.fntsHe,  have  been 

I'  ,   f  linvo    been),  fiif.   [inrt. /«- 

'  '  '  ■   iHet^fuluri  I,  flit.  inf./or<,  lie 

■''■  'ir.  '■ynnlhii,   be.  becoiriM,  jfrow 

t<"l-  •■      ■■  I leet  (>  ull.  E.  iihi/Hle,  jiliiixirnl, 

etc.),  a  Hkt,  ■\/  bhu,  become,  eomo  into  beinj;, 


484 

take  place,  exist,  be ;  the  sense  'become'  being 
stiU  e-s-ident  in  AS.,  and  giving  the  present  gen- 
erally a  future  implication.  2.  Am,  etc.,  pres. 
ind.  (without  inf.):  1st  pers.  am  (often  contr. 
'm  in  I'm),  <  ME.  am,  amm,  em,  <  ONorth.  earn, 
am,  AS.  eom  =  Icel.  em  (mod.  usually  er)  =  Goth. 
im  (orig.  *ism)  =  L.  sum  (orig.  *esum)  z=  Gr.  tlfii, 
dial,  i/iui  (orig.  ''eaf:i),  =  OBulg.  yesmi  =  Bohem. 
jsem,  etc.,  =  Lith.  esmi,  etc.,  =  Skt.  asmi ;  2d 
pers.  art,  <  ME.  art,  ert,  <  AS.  eart,  ONorth.  arth 
=  Icel.  ert  =  Goth,  is  =  L.  fs  =  Gr.  el,  dial,  eaai, 
=  OBulg.yes/',  etc.,  =  Skt.  asi;  3d  pers.  i«,  <  ME. 
is,  es,  <  AS.  is  =  OS.  ist  =  OFries.  ist  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  ist  =  Icel.  er,  earlier  es,  =  Sw.  o>  = 
Dan.  er  (extended  in  Sw.  Dan.  also  to  1st  and 
2d  pers. )  =  Goth,  ist  =  1j.  est=  Gr.  icri  =  OBulg. 
yestl,  etc.,  =  Skt.  asti ;  pi.  (irc,<  ME.  are,  aren, 
ante,  ere,  eren.  erne,  <  ONorth.  aron,  caron  (in  all 
three  persons)  =  Icel.  1st  erum,  2d  eruth,  3d  eru, 
=  Sw.  1st  (iro,  2d  dren,  3d  dro,  =  Dan.  ere:  a 
new  formation  from  the  stem  as  seen  in  the 
sing,  art,  etc.,  taking  the  place  in  Scand.  and 
ONorth.,  etc.,  of  the  older  form,  namely,  AS. 
sind,  also  in  double  pi.  sindon  (in  all  three  per- 
sons), =  OS.  sind,  sinden  =  OFries.  send  =  OHG. 
MHG.  3d  pi.  sint,  G.  sind  =  Goth.  3d  pi.  sind  = 
L.  1st  sumus,  2d  estis,  3d  sunt,  =  Gr.  1st  lauh;  2d 
iarc,  3d  clai,  dial,  laai,  =  Skt.  1st  smas,  2d  stlia, 
3d  santi;  also  in  subj.  (lost  since  early  ME.), 
AS.  1st  pers.  ,<!(",  pi.  sin,  =  OFries.  se  =  OS.  *■('  = 
OHG.  MHG.  si,  G.  sei  =  Icel.  se,  earUer  sjd,  = 
Goth,  sijau,  etc.,  =  L.  sim,  OL.  siem  =  Gr.  c!?/v  = 
Skt.  sydm,  etc.,  with  similar  (in  AS.  identical) 
forms  for  the  other  persons;  all  from  a  com- 
mon root  represented  by  Skt.  \/  as,  be,  exist.  3. 
Was,  pret.  ind.  (without  inf.  in  mod.  E.):  siug., 
1st  and  3d  pers.  teas,  <  ME.  was,  wo's,  wes,  <  AS. 
ten's  =  OS.  J('n6  =  OFries.  M'a6  =  D.  was  =  OHG. 
was,  MHG.  G.  war  =  Icel.  rar,  earlier  )'a.s-,  =  Sw. 
Dan.  f«r  =  Goth,  was;  2d  pers.  wert,  earlier 
were,  <  ME.  were,  <  AS.  wcere ;  pi.  were,  <  ME. 
were,  weren,  <^AS.  wwron  (so  subj.  were,  <  ME. 
were,  <  AS.  wa-re,  etc. ;  AS.  impv.  zees,  of  which 
a  relic  remains  in  E.  wassail,  q.  v.),  with  similar 
forms  in  the  other  tongues;  pp.,  AS.  i/ewesen 
(usually  beon,  E.  been),  etc.:  prop.  pret.  (and 
pp.)  of  the  strong  verb,  AS.  inf.  wesan  =  OS. 
wesan  =  OFries.  wesa  =  D.  wc:en  —  OHG.  wesan, 
MHG.  wesen  (G.  wesen,  n.,  being,  a  being)  = 
Icel.  vera,  earlier  vesa,  =  Sw.  vara  =  Dan.  rare 
=  Goth,  w'isan,  be,  =  Skt.  y'  ras,  dwell,  abide, 
live.  To  the  same  root  are  referred  Gr.  atrrv,  a 
city,  dwelling-place  (see  asieism),  L.  veriia  (f(w 
'vesna),  a  household  slave  (sco  vernacular). —  In 
mod.  literary  E.  the  form  he  in  the  ind.  is  only 
archaic  or  poetical,  but  it  still  nourishes  in  dial, 
use. J  1.  To  exist;  have  existence  or  being; 
possess  reality  ;  be  the  case  ;  be  true  or  real. 

To  be,  or  not  to  6e,  that  is  the  question. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

Creatures  which  only  are,  and  have  a  dull  kind  of  being 
not  yet  privileged  witli  life. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  34. 
Time  xms.  Time  u,  and  Time  BhaU  be  no  more. 

Sauthey. 

2.  To  take  place;  occur ;  happen  ;  come  about : 
as,  the  wedding  will  he  to-morrow;  his  liiith- 
day  was  last  week ;  it  was  to  he. — 3.  Usually, 
hr  is  a  mere  eo|Hila,  or  sign  of  pr(Hlieali()ii,  a 
link  between  a  subject  and  a  iiredicate.  ar  »uch 
it  asserts,  or  expresses  as  fact,  the  inclusion  of  tin-  suhject 
among  the  things  denoted  by  the  predicate,  oi-  the  pus.scH- 
sion  by  the  subject  <if  the  characters  signilled  by  the  pred- 
icate ;  and  this  it  does  with  temporal  and  modal  niodlll- 
cations,  while  the  wlude  substance  of  the  predication,  or 
nil  that  Is  lireilicated.  is  exjiresseii  separately,  In  noun  or 
adjective  form,  or  tlte  cfiuivalcnt  of  such  ;  thus,  1  ttm 
good,  he  HVM  u  herr»,  they  ttnll  he  there,  we  uluntUl  /uiiv. 
been  beloved.  Hence,  every  other  predicating  wor«l  or 
verb  nnty  be  analyzed  into  u  form  of  he,  expressing  the 
nredicatio[),  and  an  adjective  or  nonn  expressing  what 
Is  predicated  :  thus,  he  ImvM  into  he  in  lonii;/.  or  lie  i'^  <i 
tdvrr,  and  so  tm.  Such  a  copula  Is  possesseil  by  nniny 
langmigett,  being,  as  In  Kngllsn,  reduced  to  that  value  by 
gradual  atti'inmtion  of  an  originally  siibHtantial  ineaidng; 
as  in  modern  Krcneh,  f'Mit,  '  was,  froni  Latin  x^i/xi/,  or 
nearly  iw  erinf,  literally  *  stand  forth.* 
4.  Ill  mt iojili.,  to  subsist  in  ii  stato  not  neces- 
Hurily  amounting  to  aeliial  existence;  have  the 
rudiments  of  I'.xistenee.  See  heinii. —  5.  .\u 
auxiliary  verb  di'noting  subBiHience  in  or  hmIi- 
jeetion   to    the   mode   of   action  or  being  i-\- 

presHed  by  the  principal  verb.    («)  .|„| i  wlih  a 

i>reserit  parllclpb-,  it  has  the  gninimatlcal  conslrui'tlnri 

of   a   predicate    ailjecllve  r|Ualirylng  the   SUbJi'ct,  to  nutkc 

neonllnuous  or  progrcRsive  or  fmperfrcl  present ;  IIiiih, 
/  ntn  liirinif,  l-tc,  besiibr  /  tiii<e,  vU'.  to  nntt4-h  which 
tile  language  lias  nil lo-r  recently  nctpiireil  a  i-iirrespond. 
fng  piisilvc,  /  am  lieintt  lureil,  beslile  /  nm  Ifnvil.  ib)  U 
In  Joliii>(t  with  n  past  partli'Ipli'  (having  the  name  coii- 
slrui'llon  as  above),  lo  make  tihranes  iiiulviilent  with  the 

Iinssive  VGrb-fonns  or  verb  phrases  of  olln-r  langiinges ; 
lius,  he  it  lured,  ].»tin  ainatur,  (lorman  er  vird  aeliebt. 


beach-birds 

Hence  such  phrases  are  ordinarily  viewed  as  making  a 
passive  conjugation  of  the  English  verb.  They  are  un- 
distinguished in  form  from  mere  combinations  of  be 
with  a  predicate  participle;  thus,  he  is  beaten  is  passive 
when  it  means  'somebody  is  beating  him,'  hut  not  when 
it  means  '  he  is  a  beaten  man,'  or  'somebody  has  beaten 
him.'  ^^■)  Formerly,  as  still  to  a  very  limited  extent  (much 
more  in  other  related  languages,  as  German  and  French), 
be  was  the  auxiliary  useti  in  making  the  past  tenses  of  in- 
transitive verbs,  as  liave  of  transitives:  thus,  he  is  come, 
they  icere  gone  (German  er  iM  gekom  meti,  French  ilg  latent 
atles),  and  so  on.  At  present,  liare  has  come  to  be  the 
au.\iliary  almost  universally  used  in  this  sense. 

The  heathen  are  perished  out  of  his  land  [that  is,  have 
perished  and  now  no  longer  exist  in  the  land).  Ps.  x.  16. 
((f)  An  infinitive  with  to  after  be  forms  a  sort  of  future, 
often  with  a  certain  implication  of  obligation :  thus,  he 
is  to  come,  they  were  to  appear,  she  tvould  have  been  to 
blame  or  to  be  blamed.  [Be,  with  lo,  in  perfect  tenses 
{have  been,  had  been,  etc.).  is  used  in  tlie  sense  of  tjo,  yet 
liardly  except  in  colloquial  style :  thus,  he  haa  been  to 
Paris;  we  had  been  to  see  her.J  —  Been  and,  a  common 
vulgarism  introduced  pleonastically  into  the  perfect  and 
pluperfect  tenses  of  other  verbs;  sometimes  extended  to 
been  and  <fone  and. 

Sir  Pitt  has  been  and  proposed  for  to  marry  Miss  Sharp. 
Thackeraii,  Vanity  Fair,  I.  xv. 
Let  be,  to  omit  or  leave  uutouehed ;  let  alone  ;  cease. 

Let  be,  said  he,  my  prey.  Dryden. 

Let  be  thy  wail  and  help  thy  fellow-men. 

Tennyson,  Ancient  Sage. 
There  is,  etc.    See  there. 

be'-  (be),  n.  [<  ME.  be,  <  AS.  be  =  D.  G.  Dan. 
Sw.,  etc.,  he-F.  6e'=Sp.  Pg.  It.  be,  <  h.  he, 
shortened  from  hela  (<  Gr.  jif/Ta:  see  beta),  or 
formed  from  b  +  e,  the  usual  assistant  vowel 
in  the  names  of  the  letters.]  The  name  of  the 
second  letter  of  the  alphabet,  usually  written 
simply  h  or  B.     See  B. 

he'H,  iirep.     Obsolete  form  of  by.     Chaucer. 

Be.  In  cliem.,  the  symbol  for  beryllium  (the  same 
as  qlucinum). 

be-'^.  [ME.  be-,  in  early  ME.  commonly  hi-,  < 
AS.  be-,  hi-,  =  OS.  bi-  =  OFries.  he-,  hi-,  =  D. 
he-.  MLG.  hi-,  br-,  LG.  he-  =  OHG.  bi-,  be-, 
MHG.  G.  be-  =  Goth,  hi-  (lengthened  imder 
stress,  as  in  comp.  with  a  noun,  AS.  bi-,  big-,. 
D.  hij-,  OHG.  MHG.  hi-,  G.  bei-),  an  insepa- 
rable jirelix,  orig.  tho  same  as  the  prep.,  AS. 
he,  hi,  E.  by,  meaning  primarily  '  about,' being 
prob.  =  L.  -bi,  Gr.  -iju,  in  L.  ambi-,  Gr.  iififi, 
about  (see  anihi-,  amiilii-):  see  %1  and  /)<■-'-.] 
An  inseparable  profbc  of  verbs,  and  of  uoims 
thence  derived,  it  means  priunirily  ' about,' ' around," 
as  in  be.<et,  bci/ird,  whence  the  more  general  sense 
'aroujid,'  'all  ovei','  leading  t<i  a  n)ercly  intensive  use, 
as  in  Iwsnti^ar,  bespatter,  besprinkle,  etc.  It  is  also  used 
to  form  ti'ausitivc  verbs  from  noinis,  as  betjem,  bedew,  be- 
.fon.  bemire,  etc.,  or  from  intransitive  verbs,  as  t>elie,  be- 
howl,  tie.^huj,  etc.,  verbs  of  either  class  often  conveying 
slight  contempt,  as  ?*c;i?-f7iA'c,  l/eplaxter,  bepouder,  etc.,  and 
are  hence  often  made  for  the  nonce.  In  a  few  verbs,  all 
obsolete  except  ttehead,  be-  assumed  a  privative  force; 
while  in  many  verbs  this  prefix,  through  loss  of  the  simple 
verb,  or  a  dellection  of  its  sense,  or  by  mere  dilution,  haa 
now  no  assignable  force,  as  in  beqin,  betineath,  become,  be- 
hold, etc. 

be--.  [ME.  and  AS.  be-,  hi-,  or  separnloly  he, 
bi,  being  the  ]nvp.  with  following  adv.  or  noun: 
see  /)(-l.]  An  inseparable  prolix  of  advi'rbs, 
which  may  also  bo  used  as  prepositions  or 
conjunctions,  it  is  properly  the  preposition  Ini.  Mid- 
dle Knglisli  h'\  bi,  ((f)  used  adverbially,  as  in  be/ore,  hehind, 
ItetvYen,  bi'ttrij-tj  betow,  etc.,  contracted  in  atntre,  atntut ; 
or  {It)  merged  with  the  governed  nonn,  as  in  Iteeause,  be- 
side, that  is,  'by  cause,'  'by  side":  so  also  in  behalf,  origi- 
nally a  prepositional  phrase,  now  taken  as  a  noun.  See 
the  words  cited. 

beach  (bech),  «.  [Formerly  also  beech,  healrh, 
hiiich,  haiche,  baehe ;  first  in  early  mod,  E.,  ap- 
jiar.  dial.,  with  the  meiiiiiiig  lirsl  given.  Origin 
unknown.]  1.  Tho  loose  pebbles  of  tho  sea- 
shore; shingle.  [I'liig.l  —  2.  That  part  of  the 
shore  of  tho  sea  or  of  ii  liiUe  which  is  washed 
by  the  tide  and  waves ;  the  strand,  it  may  bo 
somctimeH  used  for  the  slnu-e  of  large  rivers.  It  usually 
means  the  tract  between  high-  and  low-water  mark. 

Only  the  long  waves  as  Ihcy  broke 
la  ripples  on  the  pebbly  tieaeh. 

Lonnfelloii',  liullding  of  tho  Ship. 

Raised  beach,  in  fjeol.,  a  shelf  or  terrace  of  shlnglo, 
gravel,  and  siitid,  elevated  above  the  sea-level,  and  indi- 
cating a  pause  in  tlx!  upheaval  of  the  land,ora  depression 
and  siilihcijueiit  Upheaval ;  the  margin  of  an  ancient  sea, 
ii'ov  inland. 
beach  (bech),  v.  [<  beach,  «.]  I,  trans.  To 
run  or  haul  up  (a  ship  or  boat)  on  tho  beach. 

We  rowed  ashore,  dresHcd  In  our  unlforin,  Iteaetied  tho 
boat,  and  went  up  to  the  fandango. 

It.  II.  Iliinii,  .Ir.,  llefore  the  Mast,  p.  281. 

II,   intrans.    To  land  upon  a  beach. 

All  Ibat  afternoon  we  drifted  between  Bca  and  shore, 
and  lii'oi'hed  at  sniisel  In  a  new  laud. 

C.  If.  .S'/(i(((((in/,  Sonlh-Sea  Idyls,  p.  344. 

beach-birda  (boch'b^rdz),  n.  pi.  A  colloctive 
name  of  Hiinilry  sandpiiiers  orotlier  small  wad- 
ing birds  found  in  Hocks  on  beaches. 


beach-clam 

beach-clam  (beeh'klam),  n.     A  popular  name 

of  tho  Miu-tra  stilidis.siiiia.     [Local,  U.  S.] 
beach-comber  (befli'k6"mer),   «.    1.  A  long 

wave    rolling    in    from    the  ocean.     Jlartlett. 

|-U_   g_]  —  2.   A    seafaring  man,  generally  of 

vagrant  anil  dnuiki 


L'li  habits,  "who  idles  about  ,  „„„^ ^  ,. -„        -., 

the  wharves  of  seaports  :  used  most  frequently  ^^^^?J!^^^^;}t,}^^':V}.. 
in  countries  bordering  on  the  Pacilic  ocean. 

This  is  a  specimen  of  tlic  life  of  halt  of  tho  Americans 
and  English  who  are  aih-ift  alons:  the  inasts  of  tlie  Paeitle 
and  its  islands,  commoiilv  failed  Ix'iwIiriunUrr^. 

li.  11.  Daiut,  Jr.,  IWtnVL-  the  .Mast,  p.  Sill. 

beached  (beeht),  ;>.  a.     1.  Having  a  beach; 


485 
II.  intrans.  To  serve  or  shine  as  a  beacon. 

The  soul  of  A<lonaiK,  like  a  star, 

Ileaeuii^  from  the  abode  where  the  Kternal  arc. 

iSlirllcn,  Adoiiais,  Iv. 
Where  the  lighthouse  linacoiui  hritrlit 
Fai-  in  the  hay.     M.  Arnold,  A  .Sfjuthern  Night. 

n.     [<  beacon  +  -atjc.'] 


A  signal-light 


beacon-blaze  (be'kon-blaii),  n. 

(tr  -lii'f.      Irnni/son. 
beaconed  (bo'kond),  a.     Having  a  beacon. 
Tlie  fuss  that  skirts  tho  beaconed  hill. 

T.  Warton,  (Jdes,  x. 
ghted  up  as 


bc>r.lcr('d  by  a  beach:  formed  by  or  consisting  beacon-fire  (be'kpn-fir),  n    A  fire  ]i| 
of  a  beach.     [Rare.]  , -^  hmron  or  signal ;  a  signal-fire. 

Tinion  hath  made  his  everlasting  mansion  beacOn-tOWer  ( be  kon-tou  'er),  n. 


Upon  the  beached  verge  of  the  salt  flood. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  2. 

2.  Run  on  a  beach ;  stranded. 

beach-flea  (bech'fle),  «.  A  name  of  sundry' 
suiiUl  amjihipod  crustaceans.  Also  called  santl- 
liopiicr,  .•iliiirif-jumprr,  and  saiid-flfd. 

beach-grass  '(berh'^ras),  n.  Tho  sand-reed, 
.Iniiiiojiliilii  arundiiLdCca,  a  coarse  grass  with 
stout  running  root-stocks,  growing  on  sandy 
beaches  and  protecting  them  from  the  winds. 

beachman  (bech'man),  11. ;  pi.  beachmen  (-men). 
A  person  on  the  coast  of  Africa  who  acts  as  in- 
tevpiH'ter  to  ship-masters,  and  assists  in  con- 
durling  the  trade.     Imp.  Diet. 

beach-master  (bech'mas"ter),  n.  1.  NauL,  a 
naval  officer  appointed  to  superintend  the  dis- 
embarkation of  an  attacking  force. — 2.  A  name 
used  in  some  places  for  a  male  seal. 

beach-wagon  (bech'wag"on),  n.  A  light  open 
wagon  with  two  or  more  seats,  nsed  on  beaches. 

beachyt  (be'chi),  a.    [<  beach  +  -j/l.]    Covered 
with  beach  or  shingle  ;  pebbly;  shingly. 
The  beaehii  girdle  of  the  ocean.    Sliah.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

beacon  (be'kon  or  -kn),  n.  [<  ME.  beicji,  bekene, 
<  AS.  be(icen,'becen,becn,  a  sign,  signal-standard, 
=  OS.  bOkan  =  OFries.  belccn,  bahcn  =  D.  baah  = 
LG.  bake  (>  G.  bahv)  =  OHG.  boiMan,  MHG. 
houchcn  =  leel.  bnloi  (after  AS.),  a  sign.  Henee 
leckon  and  bed:".}  1.  A  guiding  or  warning 
signal;  anything  fixed  or  set  up  as  a  token; 
especially,  a  signal-fire,  either  in  a  cresset 
and  placed  on  a  pole,  or  lighted  on  a  tower  or 
an  eminence.  Such  beacons  were  formerly  much  used 
to  signal  the  approach  of  an  enemy  or  to  spread  a  call  or 
■warning  for  any  purpose,  a  chain  of  them  often  conveying 
intelligence  to  great  distances. 

Modest  doubt  is  call'd 
The  beaeon  of  the  wise.        Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2. 
Uncertain,  troubled,  ejirnest  wonderers  beheld  his  intel- 
lectual tire  as  a  beacon  burning  on  a  hill-top. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 

2.  A  tower  or  hill  formerly  used  for  such  pur- 
poses. Various  hills  in  England  and  the  older  parts  of 
the  United  States  have  the  name  of  Beacon,  from  the  fact 
that  signal-fires  were  formerly  lighted  on  them. 

3.  A  lighthouse  or  other  object  placed  conspic- 
uously on  a  coast,  or  over  a  i-ock  or  shoal  at 


sea,  to  give  notice  of  danger,  or  for  the  guid- 
ance of  vessels. — 4.  A  painted  staff  about  9 
feet  long,  carrying  a  small  square  flag  at  the 
top,  used  in  camps  to  indicate  an  angle  of  the 
quarters  assigned  to  a  regiment  or  company. 
—  5t.  In  England,  former!}',  a  division  of  a 
wapentake;  probably  a  district  throughout 
which  a  beacon  eoiild  be  seen,  or  which  was 
bound  to  furnish  one.  N.  E.  D. 
beacon  (be'kon  or  -kn),  v.  [<  beacon,  i\.  Cf. 
beckon.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  illumine  or  light  up 
as  a  beacon. 

That  beacons  the  darkness  of  heaven. 

Campbell,  Loolliel's  Warning. 

2.  To  afford  light  or  aid  to;  lead;  guide  as  a 
beacon. — 3.  To  furnish  or  mai'k  with  beacons  : 
as,  to  beacon  a  coast  or  a  boundary :  sometimes 
witho_^. — 4t.  To  use  as  a  beaeon;  make  a  bea- 
con of. 


A  tower  on 

which  a  Vieacon  is  raised. 

A  beacon-tower  above  the  waves.  Tennyxon,  Prineess,  iv. 
bead  (bed),  «.  [<  ME.  bede,  a  prayer,  also  (in 
pcire  of  bede.'!,  a  pair  of  beads)  a  bead  used  in 
counting  prayers,  <  AS.  bedii  (rare,  and  the 
nom.  is  not  foiuid),  in  comj).  bed-  (=  OS.  beda 
=  OFries.  bede  =  D.  bede  =  OHG.  belii,  MlKi. 
bete,  G.  bittc  =  Goth,  bida),  fem.  (also  (/ebed 
=  OS.  gibed  =  OHG.  f/abet,  MHG.  G.  gcbct, 
neut.),  a  prayer,  <  biildan,  etc.,  pray:  see  bid. 
Beads  are  used  by  Roman  Catholics  to  keep 
them  right  as  to  the  number  of  their  prayers, 
one  bead  of  tho  rosary  being  dropped  every 
time  a  prayer  is  said  ;  hence  tho  transference 
of  the  name  from  that  which  is  counted  (the 
prayers)  to  that  which  is  used  to  count  with. 
Cf.  Sp.  cuentas,  Pg.  contas,  the  beads  of  a 
rosary,  <  Sp.  Pg.  COH to)",  count.]  If.  Prayer;  a 
jjrayer;  specifically,  a  prayer  of  tho  list  or 
bead-roll,  read  at  public  church-services  by  the 
preacher  before  his  sermon,  or  by  tho  curate 
(see  bead-roll)  :  usually  in  the  i^lural.  Ilence,  in 
this  sense,  to  bid  {one's)  beads,  to  say  (one's)  prayers.  See 
phrases  below. 

Wlien  holy  and  devout  religious  men 

Are  at  tlieir  beads,  'tis  much  to  draw  them  thence ; 

So  sweet  is  zealous  contemplation. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

2.  One  of  the  little  balls,  of  wood,  cocoauut- 
shell,  pearl,  glass,  jewels,  or  other  material, 
strung  in  a  prescribed  order,  which  form  the 
ehaplet  or  rosary  in  use  in  the  devotions  of 
Roman  Catholics,  Buddhists,  etc.,  to  keep  count 
of  the  number  of  prayers  said.  See  pair  of 
beads,  below. 

Tlie  commonest,  though  not  the  only,  appliance  for 
reckonijlg  these  prayers  was,  and  still  is,  a  string  of  beads 
so  put  together  that  every  set  of  ten  smaller  ones  for  the 
"  Hail  Marys"  is  partedby  a  larger  bead,  to  tell  when  the 
"  Oui-  Father  "  must  be  recited. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  320. 

3.  Anything  resembling  a  rosary-bead,  strimg 
with  others  for  ornament,  as  in  necklaces  or 
beadwork:  as,  glass,  amber,  metal,  coral,  or 
other  beads. 

With  scarfs,  and  fans,  and  double  change  of  bravery, 
With  amber  bracelets,  beads,  and  all  this  knavery. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  3. 

4.  Any  small  globular,  cylindrical,  or  annular 
body,  as  the  small  projecting  piece  of  metal  at 
the  "end  of  a  gun-barrel  used  as  a  sight,  a  drop 
of  liquid,  etc. 

Beads  of  sweat  have  stood  upon  thy  brow. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  3. 
He  raised  his  piece  gradually,  until  the  Irarf  .  .  .  of  the 
barrel  was  brought  to  a  line  with  the  spot  which  he  in- 
tended to  hit.  J.  J.  Audubon,  Ornith.  Biog.,  I.  293. 

5.  One  of  the  circular  markings  of  certain  dia- 
toms.—  6.  The  bubble  or  mass  of  bubbles  ris- 
ing to  the  top  or  resting  on  the  surface  of  a 
liquid  when  shaken  or  decanted:  as,  the  bead 
of  wines  or  spirits. 

Give  me  the  wine  of  thought  whose  bead 
Sparkles  along  the  page  I  read. 

M'hittier,  Lines  on  a  Fly-Leaf. 
Pleasure,  that  immortal  essence,  the  beauteous  bead 
soarkling  in  the  cup,  effervesces  soon  and  subsides. 
^  Alcott,  Table-Talk,  p.  75. 

7.  A  glass  globule  for  ti-j-ing  the  strength  of 
alcoholic  spirits.  Beads  .are  numbered  according  to 
their  siiecilic  gravities,  and  the  strength  of  the  spirit  is 
denominated  by  the  number  of  that  one  which  remanis 
suspended  in  it,  and  neither  sinks  to  the  bottom  nor  floats 
on  tlie  surface.  Beads,  in  determining  the  strength  of 
spirits,  are  now  for  tlie  most  part  superseded  by  the 
hydrometer.  ,      , ,         .  ...  c 

8.  In  mineral,  in  the  blowpipe  examination  ot 
minerals,  a  globule  of  borax  or  other  flux  which 
is  supported  on  a  platinum  wire,  and  in  which 
the  substance  under  examination  is  dissolved 
in  the  blowijipe  flame.— 9.  In  areh.  and  join- 

a  small  convex  molding,  in  section  a  semi 


Bcid  as  used  beneath  a  capital.— Abbey- 
church  of  Vczelay,  Vonnc.  France:  nth 
century.  (  From  Viollet-Ie-Duc's  "  IJict.  de 
r  Architecture.") 


No,  if  other  things  as  great  in  the  Church  and  in  the 
rule  of  life  both  econoraicall  and  politii-all  be  not  lookt 
into  and  reform'd,  we  have  1 
that  Zwinglius  and  Calvin  hatl: 
are  stark  bUnd.  MUtuii,  Areopagitica,  p, 


fj-y, -    .  .     ,  , 

circle  or  gi'eater  than  a  semicircle ;  properly. 

a  plain  molding,  but  often  synonymous  with 

.nUt  s..  l.mg  uimii  the  blaze     „  J^„,,„,  .^-iiieh  is  better  reseiwed  for  a  small 

":,V:«"';;;"Are^pa^Uca  'p!  11     convex  molding  cut  into  the  form  of  a  string  of 


bead-furnace 

beads.  The  bead  is  a  very  iie(|Uont  ornament,  used  to 
mark  a  junction  or  a  separation,  as  betueen  the  shaft  and 
the  capit:i1  of  a 
colunni,  Ui  di-ess 
an  angle,  et(;.  It 
is  muuli  uBcd  in 
woodwork  of  all 
kinds,  from  car- 
penters' work  t't 
the  finest  kiu<lH'>i 
joinery  and  calii- 
net-work.  Anion;; 
joiners  the  bead 
is  variously  in- 
troduci'd  ;  as:  {a) 
hcudandhiitt  (W'z. 
1),  frjuncd  work  hi 
wiiich  till!  panel 
is  tlush  with  the 
framing  and  li;w 
a  bead  run  on  two 
edges  in  the  di- 
rection of  the 
grain  only,  while 
tlie  ends  are  left 
jdain  ;  {b)  head 
and  jluHh  (tig.  2), 
framed  woik  in 
which  a  bead  is 
run  on  the  edge  of 
the  framing ;  (c) 
bead  and  rjuirk 
(fig.  3),  the  edge  of  a  piece  of  stuff  on  which  a  bead  is 
formed,  or  stuck,  as  it  is  called,  tliisli  with  the  sui-face; 
(d)  head  arid  double  quirk,  or  return   bfjtd  (fig.  4),  the 

angle  of  a  ^iece 
of  stuJf  on  which  a 
bead  is  stuck  and 
quirked  or  relieved 
on  b(»th  surfaces; 
(e)  bead,  Initt,  and 
square  work,  a 
panel  which  haa 
beads  on  two  of  its 
edges  on  one  side 
oidy,  wliile  the 
other  side  is  plain. 
(/)  head,jhish,  and 
square,  framing 
which  is  ))eadea 
on  one  side  only. 
10.  In  hool'hiufiimf,  shoemaling,  etc.,  any  cord- 
like  prominence,  as  the  roll  on  the  heatl-band 
of  a  book,  the  seam  of  a  shoe,  etc.— Baily's 
beads,  appearances  resembling  a  row  of  bi'ight  beads,  seen 
at  the  moon's  limb  in  a  total  solar  eclipse  about  the  instant 
of  internal  contact.  The  plienomenon  is  due  to  diffrac- 
tion and  iiTadiation,  and  is  much  exaggerated  in  case  the 
telescope  is  imperfect  or  out  of  focus,  ^o  called  from  the 
English  astronomer  Francis  liaily,  who  observed  these  ob- 
jects in  the  annular  eclipse  of  May  lb,  1*36.  — Dniidical 
bead.  .Same  as  adder-stfnie.— 'Pair  of  beads  [MK.  peire 
of  bed€s\,  that  is,  "set  of  beads"  {Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii,  3^ 
a  rosary ;  now,  specifically,  a  ehaplet  of  five  decades,  that 
is,  a  third  part  of  the  rosary.  A  ehaplet  or  pair  of  beads, 
as  thus  restricted,  is  the  foi-m  in  common  use  under  the 
name  of  the  bi^ada.  The  large  beads  between  the  decades 
were  formerly  called  gaudies  (see  gaud,  gaiuly);  each 
separate  bead,  or  grain,  as  it  is  now  termed,  Tyudale  calls 
a  stone. 

Of  smal  coral  aboute  hir  arm  she  bar 
A  peire  of  bedes  gauded  al  with  grene. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  159. 
The  beads  for  saying  the  rosary  went  by  several  names, 

—  "a  pair  of  beads";  "a  pair  of  Pater  nosters";  "ave 
beads" ;  but  never  were  they  called  a  rosary- 
Quoted  in  Rock'fs  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  :i27,  note. 

St.  Cuthbert' s  beads,  or  fairy  beads,  the  small  perfo- 
rated joints  of  the  stems  of  fossil  enirinitfs,  formerly 
much  used  in  rosaries.— To  bid  (one's)  beads  (formerly 
also  in  singular,  to  bid  a  ttead)  [M  E.  bidthn  <tr  b^den  a  bede 
or  bedes],  literally,  to  offer  (one's)  prayei-s  ;  hence  the  later 
equivalent  phrases  to  sag  or  recite  (o»«V)  beads,  now  with, 
reference,  as  literally  in  the  phi*ase  to  tell  (one's)  b'-ads,  to 
counting  otf  prayers  by  means  of  the  beads  on  the  rosary. 
The  plirases  to  count  and  to  number  (one's)  beads  are  merely 
literary. 

A  peire  of  bedis  eke  she  here 
Upon  a  lace,  alle  of  white  thrcde, 
On  which  that  she  hir  bedes  bede. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose.,  1.  7372. 
To  draw  a  bead  on,  to  take  deliberate  aim  at,  with  a 
musket  or  other  Ihearm.    (See  def.  4.) 
bead  (bed),  i\  t.      [<   bead,  t(.]     To  ornament 
with  beads;  raise  beads  upon. 
beaded  (be'ded),  p.  a.     [<  bead  +  -e(/2.]     1.  In 
the  form  of  a  bead  or  of  a  collection  of  beads. 
With  beaded  bubbles  winking  at  the  brim. 

Keats,  Ode  to  a  Nightingale. 

With  woolly  breasts  and  beaded  eyes. 

Tenngaon,  In  Memoriani,  xcv. 

2,  Provided  vrith  or  formed  of  beads,  or  of 
small  bodies  having  the  appearance  of  beads: 
as,  a  headed  necklnQe  or  bracelet. —  3.  In  hot, 
moniliform:  said  of  vessels  that  are  deeply 
constricted  so  as  to  resemble  stiings  of  beads. 

—  4.   Ha^^n^  a  bead:  as,  beaded  ale Beaded 

lace,  Ifice  through  which  beails  are  w  oven  in  the  pattern.— 
Beaded  wire,  \vire  ornamented  with  bead-like  swellings. 

beader  (be'der),  n.  A  tool  for  raising  oma- 
mi'iitMl  beadwork  on  metal  boxes. 

bead-fumace  (hed'fer^nas),  ».  A  fnmaee  in 
which  the  small  glass  cylinders  from  which 
beads  are  made  are  ronnded.  The  cylinders  are 
placed  in  a  dnnn  over  a  fire  siitticiently  hot  to  soften  the 
glass,  and  the  rounding  is  effected  by  revolving  the  drum. 


beadhook 

beadhookt  (bed'huk),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beedhcok  (naut.),  corruptly  bidhook;  <  6ea<f  (un- 
certain) +  hook.']    A  Idnii  of  boat-hook. 
2d  Le,    Arm'd  men?  with  drum  and  colours  ? 
Se.  N"o,  my  lord, 

But  bright  in  arms,  yet  bear  half  pikes  or  beadhooks. 

Chapman,  Caesar  and  Porapey,  v.  1, 

beadhouse  (ted'hous),  n.  [Also  archaically 
hcililiousc,  north,  dial,  beadus  (not  found  in 
ME.),  <  AS.  bedhus,  <  bedu,  prayer,  +  hiis, 
house :  see  bead  and  house.']  Formerly,  a  hos- 
pital or  an  almshouse  for  the  founders  and 
benefactors  of  which  prayers  were  requii-ed  to 
be  said  by  the  beneficiaries.    Also  spelled  bede- 

beadiness  (be'di-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
beady. 

beading  (be'ding),  n.  [<  bead  +  -ing^.]  1.  In 
inch,  andjoiiienj,  a  bead ;  collectively,  the  beads 
used  in  ornamenting  a  given  structure  or  sur- 
face.— 2.  In  bookbinding,  see  bead,  «.,  10. —  3. 
In  com.,  a  preparation  added  to  weak  spiritu- 
ous liquors  to  cause  them  to  carry  a  bead,  and 
to  hang  in  pearly  drops  about  the  sides  of  the 
bottle  or  glass  when  poiu-ed  out  or  shaken,  it 
being  a  popular  notion  that  spirit  is  strong  in 
proportion  as  it  shows  such  globules.  A  very 
small  quantity  of  oil  of  vitriol  or  oil  of  almonds  mixed 
■with  rta-ti!ied 'spirit  is  often  used  for  this  purpose. 

beadle  (be'dl),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bcdlc, 
bcidle{Sc.  beddal),  <  ilE.  bedel,  bidet,budel  (with 
accent  on  first  syllable),  <  AS.  biidel  (=D.  bcul 
=  OHG.  butn,  ilHti.  biitel,  U.  hiitte}),  a  beadle, 
<  beodan,  announce,  command,  bid:  see  bid. 
The  word  merged  in  JIE.  with  bedel,  bedell, 
with  accent  on  the  last  syllable  (whence  the 
mod.  forms  bedel,  bedell),  <  OF.  bedel,  mod.  F. 
bedeau  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bedel  =  It.  bidello  (ML. 
beiUilus.  bidellus),  from  Teut.  The  reg.  mod. 
form  from  ME.  bidel,  <  AS.  bydel,  would  be 
mod.  biddle ;  it  so  exists  in  the  proper  name 
Jiiddle.]  If.  One  who  makes  proclamation; 
a  herald. — 2.  A  crier  or  messenger  of  a  eom-t; 
a  ser\"itor;  one  who  cites  persons  to  appear  and 
answer.  [Kare.]  —  3.  In  imiversities,  a  sub- 
altern official  or  servant,  properly  and  usually 
termed  a  bedel  (which  see). 

It  shall  t>e  the  duty  of  the  faculty  to  appoint  a  college 
btadU,  who  shall  direct  the  procession  on  Commencement 
day,  and  preserve  order  during  the  exhihitions. 

Laioi  of  Yale  CoUetie,  1837. 
4.  In  England,  a  parish  officer  having  various 
subordinate  duties,  such  as  keeping  order  in 
church,  punishing  petty  offenders,  waiting  on 
the  clorgjTnan,  attending  meetings  of  vestry  or 
session,  etc. 

Audi,  forso<jth,  in  love !  I,  that  have  been  love's  whip ; 

A  Miry  bfadU  to  a  humorous  siith, 

A  critic ;  n.iy,  a  night-watch  constable. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iii.  1. 
Bread  and  a  slavish  ease,  with  some  assurance 
From  the  base  beadte'g  whip,  crown'd  all  thy  hopes. 

Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  v.  3. 
6.  The  apparitor  of  a  trades  guild  or  company. 
Also  spelled  bedell  and  bedel,  in  senses  2 
and  3. 

beadledom  (be'dl-dum),  n.  [<  beadle  +  -dam.'] 
iJiadlcs  loUectively,  and  their  characteristics 
as  a  "lass;  stupid  officiousness. 

beadleism  (be  dl-i/.m),  Ji.  [<  beadle  +  -ism.'] 
Till-  iharactcr  or  peculiarities  of  beadles;  boa- 
dli-ilorn.     hickens.     [Kare.] 

beadlery  (be'dl-ri),  »i.  [<.  beadle  + -ry.]  The 
ollii'i-  or  Jiirisrlictioii  of  a  beadle. 

beadleship  (be'dl-ship),  n.  [<  beadle  +  -uliiji.] 
'ill"'  iillioi-  iif  beudle. 

bead-loom  (beil'liirn),  II.  A  gau7.o-loom  formak- 
ing  biudwork,  the  threads  used  being  strung 
with  bends. 

beadman  (bed'man),  n. ;  pi.  bcadmen  (-men). 
(<  ME.  hetlimnn,<.  A«//-, bead,  a  prayer,  +  iiirtii.] 
The  original  form  of  hrad«inan. 

I  hf-v  lade  the  IIjih  of  their  ttradm'-n,  or  rlinptidiiH,  with 

""  rriiiny  mUMim.  TyndaU. 

Ilrivlng  thus  owned  the  contlnuInK  sovirilgnly  of  the 

klnx,  itefurewhom  they  jircson ted  theinwIveM  as  Uticmrn. 

Oancrii/I,  Hist.  11.  .S.,  V.  12. 

b'~"''  — M  flxVl'mold),  n.     A  mime  givi^n  to 

lis  of  mucedinoiiH  fuugi,  in  wliirh 

iri'  iij    iiofklnce-likf   eliiiiiiM.      ih^y 

'  '    wM     A-j..  i/dtiu,  and  Hinilhtr  genera, 

i>  .  .MM'i'  \>^'irtahle  kinds  of  fi^Ml  and 

.  .. lining  ili'-ay. 

bead-molding   ( bed'moi'ding),   n.      In   arrh., 

Hlllni'  uu  l.,„,l  (»■ 

bead  I  i'  l'|ilun),n.    Aformof  iilnin' usiil 

''"■•  I.     Thicultlnge.lgi  i.ftlii  i.lii'  ir   II 

|4  n  ,  .1  (llaiiiotcr  oqual  l<>  Ihc  illanu  t<  r  of 

till-  r. 

bead-pi  prtif),  a.     1.  Of  Huoh  a  nalnre 

or  qiiaiii y  xiv.a  u  cruwu  of  biibblea  formed  by 


486 

shaking  will  stand  for  some  time  on  the  sur- 
face :  said  of  spirituous  liquors,  and  eiTone- 
ously  supposed  to  indicate  strength. —  2.  Of  a 
certain  standard  of  strength  as  ascertained  by 
beads.  See  bead,  «.,  7. 
bead-roll  (bed'rol),  n.  [<  bead,  a  prayer,  + 
ro//,  a  list.]  1.  A  list  of  prayers ;  specifically, 
before  the  Eeformation,  the  list  of  the  persons 
and  objects  for  which  prayers  were  said,  read 
out  by  the  preacher  before  the  sermon,  in  "an 
order  ("of  Henry  VIII,.  a.  li.  1534]  taken  fur  preaching  and 
bidding  of  the  beads,  in  all  sermons  to  be  made  within  this 
realm,"  mention  is  made  of  the  church  catholic,  especially 
in  England,  of  the  king  and  royal  family,  of  the  bishops 
aud  clergy,  of  the  nobility  and  entire  temporally  (laity)  of 
the  kingdom,  particularly  of  such  as  the  preacher's  devo- 
tion may  prompt  him  to  name,  and  of  the  souls  of  the 
faithful  departed.  The  bead-roll  was  prohibited  by  Ed- 
ward VI.  in  15-18.  It  has  often  been  supposed  by  later 
writers  to  have  had  something  to  do  with  the  recital  of 
the  beads  or  rosarj'. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  list  or  catalogue ;  a  long 
series. 

Dan  Cliaucer,  well  of  English  undefyled. 

On  Fames  eternall  beadroll  worthie  to  be  fvled. 

.Spciiser,  V.  Q.,  IV.  a  32. 
Xeither  is  the  Scripture  without  a  pitiful  beadrow  of 
miserable  torments. 

BuUinf/er's  Dixades,  15S7  (trans.  Parker  Soo.). 
The  bead-roll  of  her  \icious  tricks.         Prior,  .\lma,  iii. 

3.  A  rosary. —  4.  [<  bead,  a  dot,  +  roll,  a  cyl- 
inder.] In  bookhindinfi,  a  brass  roll  with  the 
edge  cut  in  dots  or  beads,  used  in  gilding. 

Also  called  bead-row. 
bead-sight  (bed'sit),  n.     A  sight  on  a  firearm 
consisting  of  a   small  round  bead  on  a  thin 
stem,  placed  in  the  line  of  sight  at  the  end  of 
the  baiTel.     Sometimes  a  small  ring  or  perfo- 
rated bead  is  used,  forming  an  open  bead-sight. 
beadsman  (bedz'man),  n. ;  pi.  beadsmen  (-men). 
[Also  bedesman,  earlier  bcdeman,  <  ME.  bede- 
man,  <  bede,  a  prayer  (see  bead),  +  man.]    1.  A 
man  employed  in  praying;  especially,  one  who 
prays  for  another.    In  this  sense  the  word  was  used 
in  former  times  at  the  conclusion  of  petitions  or  letters  to 
great  men,  as  we  now  use  "servant  "or  "humble  servant." 
Whereby  ye  shall  bind  me  to  be  your  poor  beadsman 
for  ever  unto  almighty  God.  Fuller. 

■We  your  most  humble  subjects,  daily  orators,  aud  beads- 
nten,  of  your  Clergy  of  England. 

Quoted  in  /?.  W.  Dixon\t  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  ii. 

2.  In  England,  a  man  who  resides  in  a  bend- 
house  or  almshouse,  or  is  supported  from  its 
funds. 

In  all  our  old  English  foundations  for  the  sick,  the  old, 
and  destitute,  the  beads  —  that  is  to  say.  prayers  for  bene- 
factors living  and  dead  —  were  said  everyday  by  the  in- 
mates, who  were  hence  also  called  beadsiiten. 

Quoted  in  Rock's  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  13(>,  note. 

3.  Formerly,  in  Scotland,  a  public  almsmau ; 
one  who  received  alms  from  the  king,  and  w,as 
expected  in  return  to  pray  for  the  royal  wel- 
fare and  that  of  the  state ;  a  privileged  or  li- 
censed beggar.  In  this  sense  usually  spelled 
bedesman. 

A  long  blue  gown,  with  a  pewter  badge  on  the  right 
ann  ;  two  or  three  wallets  for  holding  the  dllferent  kinds 
of  meal,  when  he  received  his  charity;  ...  all  these  at 
once  marked  a  beggar  by  profession,  and  one  of  that  privi- 
leged class  which  are  called  in  .Scotlaiui  the  King's  hedes- 
tu'en,  or,  vulgarly,  Blue-gowns.        SeaH,  Antiiiuary,  I.  iv. 

4t.  A  petitioner. 

bead-snake  (bed'snak),  n.  [<  6ca(i (in allusion 
to  its  coloring)  -f-  snake.]  A  name  of  the  coral- 
snake,  ICtaps  fulriu-t,  of  the  United  Stales. 

bead-stuff  (bed'stuf),  n.  The  thin  wood  out  of 
which  are  formed  the  headings  for  cabinet- 
work. 

beadswoman  (bedz'wum''an),  n.  ;  pi.  bead.i- 
ininiiH  (-wiin'Cn).  [Also  hedesieoman,  earlier 
hedewoman,  <  ME.  bede,  a  jn-ayer,  +  iriiman. 
Of.  beailsman.]  1.  A  praying  woinun :  Hiiiiie- 
times  used  as  an  ei|uivalent  to  "humblo  ser- 
vant."    See  beadsman. 

Honour  done  to  your  poor  beadsm>man. 

II.  Juiuion,  Sad  Shepherd,  II.  0. 
My  humblest  service  to  his  grace, 
1  am  his  heatU-womnn. 

Shirlrii,  flrnteful  Servant,  III,  1. 

2.  In  England,  a  woman  who  resides  in  un  nlniH- 

llOHHC. 

bead-tool  (bod'tOI),  w.  1.  A  turning-tool  wliicli 
lias  its  cutting  face  ground  to  a  concave  curve, 
HO  that  it  may  produce  a  convex  iiioliling  when 
applied  to  the  work. — 2.  In  srat-ingraving,  ii 
tool  with  an  en<l  mliiptcd  for  cutliiig  the  balls 
and  bends  of  coronets  and  other  designH. 

bead-tree  (bfMl'tre),  n.  1.  The  Melia  ,l;eda- 
i(i(7i,  iiiitiinti  order  Miliarrir.  \u  nuts  are  umil  tor 
the  hindii  of  rosaries,  fnpei  hilly  In  .Spain  and  I'ortngal. 
.See  Melia. 

2.  The  name  in  Jamnica  of  n  legutninouH  ilm- 
bor-treo,  Ormosia  dasycarpa,  wHh  red  globose 


beak 
seeds. — Black  bead-tree,  of  Jamaica,  Pitltecolobium 

Vneiuis-eati. 

bead'WOrk  (bed'werk),  n.  1.  Ornamental  work 
formed  of  beads  by  embroidering,  crocheting, 
etc. —  2.  Jnjoinerii,  beading  (which  see). 

beady  (be'di),  a.  "[<  bead  +  -;/!.]  1.  Bead-like; 
small,  round,  and  glittering:  applied  especially 
to  eyes. 

Miss  Crawley  could  not  look  without  seeing  Mr.  Bute's 
beady  eyes  eagerly  fixed  on  her. 

Thackeraii,  Vanity  Fair,  I.  xix. 

The  titmouse  turns  his  beady  eye 
Upon  me  as  I  wander  by. 

Joel  Benton,  December  'Woods. 

2.  Covered  -with  or  full  of  beads;  having  a 
bead,  as  ale  or  other  liquor. 

beagle  (be'gl),  n.  [Foi-merly  begele,  begle;  < 
late  ME.  begle:  origin  unknown.  The  F.  bigle 
is  from  the  E.]  1.  A  small  hound,  formerly 
kept  to  hunt  hares,  now  almost  superseded  by 
the  han-ier,  which  is  sometimes  called  by  this 
name.  The  beagle  is  smaller  than  the  harrier,  compactly 
built,  smooth-haired,  and  luis  pendulous  cat's.  The  small- 
est beagles  are  little  larger  than  lap-dogs. 

To  plains  with  well-breathed  h'lifiles  we  repair. 
And  trace  the  mazes  of  the  circliiiL'  hare. 

I'vpe,  W  iiulscir  Forest,!.  121. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  one  who  makes  a 
business  of  scenting  out  or  hmiting  down  (a 
jierson  or  thing);  a  spy;  a  bailifE  or  sheriff's 
officer. 

There  beagles  flew 
To  baud  the  souter  lads  in  order.        J.  Mai/ne. 

3.  A  local  name  for  several  species  of  the 
smaller  sharks. 

beafci  (bek),  Ji.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beeke,  and, 
preserving  the  orig.  short  vowel,  beck,  becke,  < 
ME.  beeke,  beke,  bek,  bee  =  D.  bek,  <  OF.  bcc,  F. 
bee  =  Pr.  bee  =  Sp.  Pg.  bico  =  It.  becco,  <  LIj. 
beccus,  a  beak,  of  Old  Celtic  (Gaulish)  origin ; 
but  the  mod.  Celtic  words,  Gael,  beic,  Ir.  bee, 
Bret,  bek,  are  from  E.  or  F.  The  word  is  no- 
tioually  associated  with  E.peak,  ]M'ck,pike,  and 
pick,  q.  v.]  1.  In  roo/.,  the  rostrum,  snout, 
muzzle,  .laws,  mandibles,  or  some  similar  part  of 
an  animal.  Especially  — (n)  In  oniith..  the  horny  bill 
or  neb  of  a  bird,  {b)  In  niamnial.,  the  horny  jaws  of  the 
duck-liilled  membei-s  of  the  genus  Plalitpits.  (c)  In  hcr- 
pet.,  the  horny  jaws  of  a  turtle  or  other  chelonian.  (</)  In 
ielttlt.,  the  proionged  snout  of  sundry  fishes,  (e)  The  homy 
jaws  of  a  iciilialopod.  i^f)  Inentom.:  (1)  the  rostrum  or 
snout  of  a  rhyncliophorous  beetle,  or  weevil ;  (2)  the  ros- 
trum or  sucking  mouth  of  a  heniipterous  insect ;  (3)  the 
piercing  aud  suctorial  mouth  of  a  mosquito,  or  other 
blood-sucking  lly,  consisting  of  lancet-like  mandibles, 
maxilhe,  and  lingua  inrluscd  in  the  eloni^aled  and  grooved 
labium,  (See  cut  under  inostjtn'lo.)  This  term  is  also  ap- 
plied to  any  unusual  prolongation  of  the  anterior  part  of 
the  head,  such  as  that  observetl  in  many  Coleoptera  and 
Diptera.  in)  In  couWi. :  (I)  the  umbo  or  apex  of  a  bivalve 
shell ;  ('2)  the  prolonged  lip  of  a  univalve  shell,  containing 
the  canal. 

2.  Anything  ending  in  a  point  like  a  beak. 
(fi)  yaiit.,  a  powerful  construction  of  metal,  as  steel, 
iron,  or  brass,  or  of  timber  sheathed  with  metal,  forming 


Bc.iks  or  ships. 
I.   I-rciith   iroiicIiiH   M.igcnla :    a.  Amiral    Ilupcrrii  (French);  3, 
11.  M,  S.  Drciilnought;  4,  H.  M.  S.  I'olyphcmus  ( lorpedo-niin ).   a. 
walcr-Uiic. 

a  part  of  the  how  of  many  war-ships,  and  extending  be- 
low the  water-line,  for  the  purpose  of  striking  and  break- 
ing In  the  sides  of  un  enemy's  shti>.  Also  called  ruin 
(which  see).  For  a  cut  of  the  beak  of  an  aneieid.  war- 
giilli'j",  see  aeroslotiuni.  (h)  'riie  horn  of  an  anvil,  (e)  In 
/arriertf,  a  little  shoe  about  an  inch  long,  turned  up  and 
faslined  In  upon  the  fore  part  of  the  hoof,  (i/)  In  arrh., 
n  Utile  pendenl  llllet  with  a  ihamicl  behind  It  left  on  the 
edge  of  a  lanniri-,  to  form  a  drlji  and  thus  pri'vent  the 
water  from  trickling  down  the  fares  of  lower  archltectunil 
iiuunbitnt,  (e)  In  but.,  a  narrowed  or-  pidlonged  tip,  (/) 
In  riiryi,,  (he  crooked  end  of  the  holdfast  of  a  carpenler's 
hein:ll,  (i|)  The  lip  or  spout  of  a  vessel,  as  a  pitcher, 
through  which  the  contents  arc  poured,  (Ii)  In  ehem.,  the 
roslniin  of  an  ulenihic,  wlilch  conducts  the  vapor  to  the 
worm,  (t)  The  long  point  of  the  peculiar  hoot  or  shoe 
worn  from  about  U7r>  to  1.V2II:  also.  tlii<  imint  of  the  clog 
worn  at  the  same  period,  which  was  often  longer  than  the 
shoe  llm-lf,      ,See  s.dhrrl. 

3.   A  gas-buriicr  having  a  romid  smooth  hole 
j'a  of  an  inch  in  iliaMieter;  a  bird's-niouth. — 4. 
A  biak-iron  (which  see). 
beak'  (bek),  r.  I.    f<  fcraA-l,  n.]    In  cock-fighUnu, 
to  seize  or  strike  with  lllc^  beak. 


^  beak 

■beak-  (bek),  n.  [Same  as  heckS;  of  obscure 
oi'i^'in.]  A  magistrate;  a  judge;  a  policeman. 
[SlTuig.] 

beaked  (bekt),  n.  [<  fcm/.l  +  -ed^.]  Having  a 
beak,  or  something  resembling  a  beak;  beak- 
shaped,  (n)  Haviiiu  a  long  Ijuak-Iike  mouth,  iw  some  in- 
sects ('')  In  '"''-T  rostrate;  eniiinj;  in  a  l)e!ik-like  point, 
(c)  In  lirr.,  iipplieil  to  birds,  ami  used  oidy  wlien  tlie  beak  is 
of  a  liifii  rent  tiiielure  from  the  rest  of  the  bird  ;  thus,  an 
cntiW  sahlf,  hraki'd  ur,  mean.s  a  l)!ack  ea^le  iiavint;  a  gold 
beak.  Wiien  beaks  and  claws  are  of  the  same  tincture,  the 
term  armed  (which  see)  is  used,  (d)  Ending  in  a  point, 
like  a  beak, 

Hiicb  iimltrd  promontory.  Milton,  Lycidaa,  1.  94. 

Beaked  helmet,  a  helmet  of  which  the  vizor  was  worked 
to  a  sharp  pr<ijecting  point  in  front,  in  use  about  1340-70. 
The  bieattiini;.holes  were  in  the  beaked  part,  or  only  on 
tile  ri^Oit  side  of  it.  The  extremely  pointed  form  gave  to 
ttif  lance  of  tlie  assailant  no  hold  and  no  opportunity  of 
entering  the  openings. 

beaker  (be'ker),  n.  [=  So.  bicJcer,  <  ME.  biker, 
il  bukcr,  <  leel.  bikan;  a  cup,  =  Sw.  biitjare  = 
Dan.  bwger  =  OS.  bUccri  =  D.  bckcr  =  OHG. 
behhai;  behhdii,  MHG.  G.  bechcr,  <  ML.  hlca- 
rium  (also  prob.  ''biccdrium,  >  It.  hicchierc, 
pecclicro  =  OB',  i^ichcr,  pichier,  >  ME.  pichcr, 
E.  pitcher,  which  is  thus  a  doublet  of  beaker), 
a  wine-cup,  <  Gr.  as  if  *jiiiiapiov,  dim.  of  /SiKOf, 
an  earthen  wine-vessel;    of  Eastern  origin.] 

1.  A  largo  drinking- vessel  with  a  wide  mouth. 
O  for  a  beaker  full  of  the  warm  south, 
Full  of  the  true,  the  blushful  Hippocrene  I 

Keats,  Ode  to  a  Nightingale. 

2.  A  glass  vessel  used  by  chemists,  usually  for 
making  solutions.  It  is  made  of  thin  ghiss  to  with- 
stand lieating,  and  has  a  Hat  bottom  and  jierpendieular 
Bides,  with  a  lip  for  poui'ing,  and  varies  in  capacity  from 
1  to  30  fluidounces. 

He  used  a  modification  of  Thomson's  electrometer,  and 
connected  it,  with  suitable  precautions,  with  twelve  large 
beakers  which  were  covered  with  tinfoil  and  were  filled 
■with  ice.  Science,  III.  260. 

beak-bead  (bek'hed),  «.  1.  An  ornament  re- 
sembling the  head  and  beak  of  a  bird,  or,  often, 
a  grotesque  human  head  terminating  in  a  beak. 


-    7  i' 

Beak-heads.—  From  St.  Ebbe's,  Oxford,  England. 

used  as  an  enrichment  of  moldings  in  Roman- 
esque architecture. —  2.  That  part  of  a  ship 
before  the  forecastle  which  is  fastened  to  the 
stem  and  supported  by  the  main  knee. 

beaking-joint  (be'kiug-joint),  n.  [<  beaking, 
verbal  n.  of  beak^,  +  joint.']  A  joint  formed 
by  the  jimction  of  several  heading-joints  in  a 
continuous  line, 
as  sometimes  in 
folding  doors, 
floors,  etc. 

beak-iron  (bek'- 
i'ern),  n.  [A 
further  con-up- 
tion,  simulating 
fce«A-l  -I-  iron,  of 
bickiron,  a  cor- 
ruption of  bick- 
er n,  q.  v.]  An 
anvil  with  a 
long  beak  or 
torn  adapted  to 
reach  the  interior  surfaces  of  sheet-metal  ware ; 
a  bickern.  Used  in  various  forms  by  blacksmiths,  cop- 
persmiths, aud  workers  in  sheet  metal.  Also  called  beak 
aTid  bickiron. 

beakmentt,  «.  [E.  dial,  also  erroneously  beat- 
mcnt;  appar.  <  F.  bccquer,  peek,  +  -mcnt:  see 
peck,  a  measui'e.]  A  measure  of  about  a  quar- 
ter of  a  peck.     HuUiioell. 

beak-rush  (bek'rush),  n.  A  common  name  for 
species  of  Ehijnchospora,  a  genus  of  eyperaceous 
plants  with  conspicuously  beaked  achenes  or 
seed-vessels.     Also  called  beak-sedge. 

beak-sheath  (bek'sheth),  n.  In  entom.,  the 
rostral  sheath  or  jointed  extension  of  the  la- 
bium, inclosing  the  mouth-organs  of  a  hemip- 
terous  insect. 

beaky  (be'ki),  a.  [<  beak  +  -i/l.]  Fm-nished 
with  or  distinguished  by  a  beak. 

beali  (bel),  ».  [<  ME.  bcel,  bele.  a  variant  of 
bile,  bule,  >  E.  6j/el,  now  comipted  into  boiU: 
see  ftitel  and  Jotfl.]  A  small  inflammatory  tu- 
mor ;  a  pustule.     [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

beall  (bel),  r.  i.  [<  bean,  «.]  To  gather  mat- 
ter ;  swell  and  come  to  a  head,  as  a  pimple ; 


Beak-irons. 
(I.  tool  with  long  beak  used  for  rounding 
sections  of  stove-pipe.  etc. :  fi,  tool  with 
shorter  and  cylindrical  beak  ;  c,  tool  with 
two  beaks  which  act  as  stakes  or  anvils  in 
the  interior  of  ware ;  </,  a  conical  beak  in- 
tended to  be  grasped  in  a  vise. 


487 

fester;  suppurate.  [Obsolete  except  in  Scot- 
land.] 
beal-  (bel),  n.  [Sc,  also  spelled  biel,  <  Gael. 
and  Ir.  beul,  earlier  beat,  mouth,  >  Gael,  and  Ir. 
bealach,  a  defile,  a  mountain-pass.]  A  mouth; 
an  opening,  as  between  hills ;  a  narrow  pass. 
[Scotch.] 

Angus  M'Aulay  mumbled  over  a  number  of  hard  Gaelic 
names  descriptive  of  the  different  passes,  precipices,  cur- 
ries, and  heals,  through  which  he  said  the  road  lay  to  In- 
vciary.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose,  viii. 

Beale  light.    HoeUgki'i. 
Beale's  ganglion-cells.    See  cell. 
bealingt  (be'liug),  «.     [Verbal  n.  of  6«a/l.]    A 
boil  or  gathering ;  a  suppuration  or  suppurat- 
ing part. 

be-all  (bo'fll),  n.    All  that  is  to  be ;  the  whole 
being. 

That  but  this  blow 
Might  be  the  be-all  and  the  end.all  here. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

beam  (bem),  n.  [<  ME.  bcem,  bcmc,  etc.,  <  AS. 
beam,  a  tree,  a  piece  of  timber,  a  ray  of  light, 
=  0S.  ?)om=OFries.  fca/«  =  D.  boom  O^.  bourn") 
=  MLG.  bom,  LG.  boom  =  OHG.  MHG.  bourn, 
G.  baum,  and  jjrob.  =  Icel.  badhmr  =  Goth. 
bagms  (the  Icel.  and  Goth,  presenting  unex- 
plained variations  of  form),  a  tree;  jterhaps 
akin  to  Gr.  (pvim,  a  growth,  and  Skt.  lihiiman, 
earth,  <  -^  hliu,  grow,  become:  see  be'L,  bowcr^, 
boor,  big'-^  =  bigg^,  etc.,  and  cf.  the  doublet 
boom'^.  The  sense  of  'ray  of  light'  is  peculiar 
to  AS.  and  E.,  appar.  tr.  L.  columna  (Incis),  a 
column  or  pillar  of  Light:  cf.  L.  radius,  a  spoke 
of  a  wheel,  a  rod,  a  ray;  G.  strahl,  an  arrow, 
a  spoke,  a  ray  or  beam.]  1.  In  arcli.,  a  long 
piece  of  stone, 
wood,  or  metal,  or 
a  construction  of 
wood  or  metal,  or 
combining  wood 
and  metal,  used  in 
a  horizontal  posi- 
tion, usually  in 
combination  with 
others  like  it,  all 
being  generally 
laid  parallel  to 
one  another,  and 
at  regular  inter- 
vals,   to    support 

weight,  or,  as  a  tie-beam  or  a  collar-beam,  to 
resist  two  opposite  forces  either  pulling  or  com- 
pressing it  in  the  direction  of  its  length. — 2. 
A  long  piece  fixed  or  movable  in  a  structure, 
maehiue,  or  tool:  often  equivalent  to  girder. 
The  word  beam  is  used  in  a  number  of  more  or  less  specific 
senses ;  as :  (n)  Any  large  piece  of  timber  long  in  propor- 
tion to  its  thickness,  prepared  for  use.  (b)  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal horizontal  timbers  in  a  building,  especially  one  con- 
nectingtwoopposite  rafters ;  atimberservingtostrengthen 
any  piece  of  wooden  frame-work,  (c)  The  part  of  a  balance 
from  the  ends  of  which  the  scales  are  suspended. 

The  doubtful  beam  long  nods  from  side  to  side. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  v.  73. 

(dt)  The  pole  of  a  carriage  which  runs  between  the  horses, 
(e)  A  cylindrical  piece  of  wood,  making  part  of  a  loom, 
on  which  weavers  wind  the  warp  before  weaving ;  also, 
the  cylinder  on  which  the  cloth  is  rolled  as  it  is  wov,pn. 

The  staff  of  his  spear  was  like  a  weaver's  beam. 

1  Sam.  xvii.  7. 

(  f)  The  straight  part  or  shank  of  an  anchor,     (p)  One  of 
the  strong  transverse  pieces  of  timber  or  iron  stretching 
across  a  ship  from  one  side  to  the  other,  to  support  the 
decks    and    re- 
tain the  sides  at 
their  proper  dis- 
tance,    (/i)  The 
main  piece  of  a 
plow,  in  which 
the      plow-tails 
are    fi.\ed,    and 
by  which  it  is 
drawn,    (i)  The 

oscilhiting  lever  of  a  steam-engine  recip- 
riicating  upon  a  center,  and  forming  the 
medium  of  communication  between  the 
piston-rod  and  the  crank-shaft.  Also 
called  workinff-beam  or  walking-beam. 
See  cut  under  atmos2)heric. 

3.  The  widest  part  of  a  ship's 
hull;  the  exti'eme  breadth  of  a 
ship:  from  the  beams  extending 
quite  across  the  vessel  where  it 
is  broadest:  as,  a  steamer  of  fifty  5J,f  ^,^ijj^""^i"„^: 

teetbeam.  int^^.deck-tiani; 

Broad  in  the  beam,  but  sloping  aft, 
With  gr,aceful  curve  and  slow  degrees, 
Lonrifellow,  Building  of  Ship, 

4.  The  main  stem   of  a 


Medieval  Floor-beams. 

(From  VioUet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de 

1' Architecture.") 


IP 


r>p. 


deck-plank- 
inj; ;  S.  shelf  to 
which  the  beam- 
end  is  coaked  :  /*'. 
thick  waterway ; 
deer  S    ^.  thin  waterway  ; 

horns  bearing  the  snags  or  ant-  „f'  TetHng^town 
lers.  One  of  the  snags  themselves  ZflLi'.' 'Z'tS^ 
is   sometunes   called   the    beam-  unes  show  the  bolts. 


beamed 

antler.  See  antler. — 5.  A  ray  of  light,  or  rnoro 
strictly  a  collection  of  parallel  rays  of  light, 
emitted  from  the  sun  or  other  luminous  body. 
The  middle  ray  is  the  axis.  In  heraldry,  beams  of  the  sun 
are  conunoidy  represented  as  radiating  from  some  other 
charge,  which  is  theit  said  U)  be  radiant  tir  ruyonnant. 

The  existence  of  ati  isolated  ray  of  light  is  inconceivable. 
.  .  .  However  small  a  portion  of  tlie  wave  surface  may  be 
represented,  it  contains  innumerable  rays,  which  collec- 
tively form  a  beam  or  fasciculus  of  rays. 

Lomiiw.l,  Light,  p.  232. 
Yon  silver  beams. 
Sleep  they  less  sweetly  on  the  cottage  thatch 
Than  on  the  dome  of  kings'/  Shelley. 

Hence — 6.  Figuratively,  a  ray  or  emanation 
of  splendor:  as,  "beams  of  majesty,"  TiUotmn, 
Works,  I.  iii. — 7.  Same  as  rood-beam.  —  Atisift 
the  beam.  See  aixi/t. — Arched  beam.  See  nrehed.— 
Axis  of  a  beam  of  Ught.  See  unxi,— Beam  and 
scales,  a  balance.  —  Beam-Center,  the  fulcrum  oi'  pill  on 
which  a  Wfdking-bcani  vibiatcs.  Also  called  beayn-'jvd- 
genn.—  Beam  of  a  car-truck,  a  crussbcain  canying  the 
weight  of  the  sni.p.irtid  car.  -  Before  the  beam.  .See 
/jc/ori;.  — Built  beam,  a  Ix-am  formed  of  stiialler  beams 
ntttcbed,  scarfed,  jind  bolti-d  tou'ctln-r.— CeUular  beam, 
a  beam  formed  of  wrought  iron  jtlates  riveted  with  angle* 
irons  in  the  fonn  of  longitudinal  cells,  with  occasional 
cross-struts. —  Composite  beam,  a  beam  composed  of 
wood  ami  metal,  or  of  two  dilfcrcnt  metals. — CUTTlers* 
beam,  an  inclined  post  ovi*r  which  a  hitlc  is  stretched 

to  be  shaved.— Fished  beam.     See  jisii,  r.— Kerfed 

beam,  a  beam  with  slits  sawed  in  one  side  to  facilitate 
iiending  in   that  direction.  —  On  the  beam,  naut.,  on  a 
line  with  tlie  beams,  or  at  right  angles  with  the  keel. — 
On  the  beam-ends,  in  the  position  of  a  ship  which  in- 
tdines  so  much  to  one  side  that  her   oeams  approach  a 
vertical  positiim  ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  he  on  one's  heam- 
emls,  to  be  thrown  or  lying  on  the  giitund  :  be  in  bad  cir- 
cumstances ;  be  at  one's  last  shift. —  On  the  weather- 
beam,  on  tile  weather  side  of  the  ship.— To  JOCK  or 
Strike  the  beam,  to  rise,  .as  the  lighter  scale  of  a  bal- 
ance, so  as  to  strike  against  the  beam ;  Ilence,  to  be  of 
comparatively  light  weight  or  little  consequence.. 
In  these  he  jmt  two  weights, 
The  setjuel  each  of  parting  and  of  fight; 
The  latter  quick  upfiew  and  kidi'd  the  beam.. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  iv.  1004. 
beam  (bem),  v.  [<  ME.  beenien,  bemen,  <  AS. 
'hedmiaii  (Somner),  radiate;  from  the  noun.] 
I,  trans.  If.  To  shed  rays  of  light  upon;  ir- 
radiate.—  2.  To  shoot  forth  or  emit,  as  or  like 
beams  or  rays:  as,  to  beam  love  upon  a  person. 
God  beams  this  light  into  men's  understandings. 

South,  Sermons,  L  8. 

3.  To  furnish  or  supply  with  beams ;  give  the 
appearance  of  beams  to. 

The  bell-towers,  again,  are  ribbed  and  beamed  with  black 
lava.  J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  197. 

4.  In  currxjing,  to  stretch  on  the  beam,  as  a 
hide. —  5.  In  weaving,  to  put  on  the  beam,  as  a 
chain  or  web. 

II.  infrans.  To  emit  beams  or  rays  of  light ; 
shed  or  give  out  radiance,  literally  or  figura- 
tively ;  shine. 

A  mighty  light  flew  beaming  every  way. 

Chajnnan,  Iliad,  xv. 
More  bounteous  aspects  on  me  beam, 
Me  mightier  transports  move  and  thrill. 

Tentvfson,  Sir  Galahad. 

beam-bird  (bem'berd),  «.  1.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  the  spotted  flycatcher,  Musci- 
capa  grisola,  because  it  often  builds  its  nest 
on  the  projecting  end  of  a  beam  or  rafter  in  a 
building. —  2.  A  provincial  name  for  the  petty- 
chaps  or  garden-warbler,  Hylvia  hortensis. 

beam-board  (bem'bord),  «.  The  platform  of  a 
steelyard  or  balance.  Also  called  beam-plat- 
form.    E.  H.  Knight. 

beam-caliper  (bem'kal  i-per),  «.  An  instru- 
ment similar  in  construction  to  a  beam-com- 
pass, but  with  the  points  tm-ned  in  so  as  to  be 
used  as  calipers. 

beam-center  (bem'sen''ter),  n.  The  pin  upon 
which  the  working-beam  of  a  marine  engine 
reciprocates. 

beam-compass  (bem'kum'pas),  «.  An  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  wooden  or  brass  beam. 


B^:: 


3=> 


OP 


astcnings. 
F.    frame ;    OP, 


Beam-compass. 

ha'ving  sliding  sockets  that  carry  steel  or  pencO 
points,  used  for  describing  large  circles  and 
for  lajnng  off  distances. 
beamed  fbemd),  a.  Having  beams  or  horns : 
ha\-ing  all  its  antlers  put  forth,  as  the  head  of 
a  stag. 
There  were  many  great  beamed  deer  in  it 

J.  F.  Campbell.  Pop.  Tales  of  West  Highlands. 


beam-engine 

beam-engine  (bem'en  jin),  n.  A  steam-engine 
in  which  the  motion  of  the  piston  is  transmit- 
ted to  the  crank  by  means  of  an  overhead-  or 
■5Vorkin<'-beam  and  connecting-rod,  as  distinct 
from  a° direct-action  engine  and  a  side-lever 
engine,  in  which  the  motion  is  communicated 
by'Wo  side-levers  or  beams  below  the  level  of 
the  piston  cross-head — Compound  beam-engine, 
a  beam-ensine  having  compound  evliiiiiere.  in  wIulIi  the 
steam  is  used  first  at  a  higher  and  then  at  a  lower  tem- 
perature. 

beamer  (be'mer),'  m.  1.  In  weaving,  a  person 
whose  business  it  is  to  put  warps  on  the  beam. 
—  2.  Same  as  lienminfi-inachine. 

beam-feather  (bem'feTH'er),  «.  One  of  the 
long  feathers  in  a  bird's  wing,  particularly  that 
of  a  hawk :  one  of  the  remiges  or  flight-feathers. 

beam-filling  (bem'fil-ing),  n.  1.  Brickwork 
or  masonry  carried  up  from  the  level  of  the 
under  side  of  a  beam  to  the  level  of  the  top. — 
2.  Xaut,  that  portion  of  the  cargo  which  is 
stowed  between  the  beams. 

beamful  (bem'ful),  a.  [<  beam  +  -/«/.]  Emit- 
ting beams;  beaming;  bright:  as,  "beamful 
lamps,''  Drayton,  Noah's  Flood  (Ord  MS.). 

beam-gudgeon  (bem'guj  on),  n.  One  of  the 
bcariug-studs  on  the  center  of  a  working-beam, 
or  the  central  pivot  upon  which  it  oscillates. 

beamily  (be'mi-li),  adv.  In  a  beamy  or  beam- 
ing manner ;  radiantly. 

5  Thou  thy  griefs  dost  dress 
With  a  hright  halo,  sliining  beamily. 

Keats,  To  Byron. 

beaming  (be'ming),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  beam,  f.] 
1.  In  cloth-maniif.,  the  operation  of  winding 
the  warp-yam  on  the  beam  of  a  loom. —  2.  In 
leather-making,  the  operation  of  working  hides 
with  a  slicker  over  a  beam,  or  with  a  beam- 
ing-machine. 

beaming  (be'ming),  p.  a.  Characterized  by  ra- 
diance ;  bright ;  cheerful. 

beamingly  (be'ming-li),  adv.  In  a  beaming 
niuniicr  ;  brightly ;  radiantly. 

beaming-machine  (be'raing-ma-shen*),  n.  1. 
A  niaeliiue  for  winding  yarn  upon  the  beams 
of  looms. — 2.  An  apparatus  for  working  hides 
with  a  slicking-tool  or  slicker,  it  consists  of  a 
table  on  which  thelii  Je  is  placed,  and  an  oscillating  beam 
fur  niMviii;:  the  tool  over  it. 
.\lso  called  beamcr. 

beam-knife  (bem'nif),n.  A  double-edged  knife 
with  a  straight  handle  at  one  end  of  the  blade, 
and  a  cross-handle  fixed  in  the  plane  of  the 
blade  at  the  other.  It  is  used  in  sha\ing  off 
the  thick,  fleshy  parts  of  a  hide  and  evening  its 
thii'kness. 

beamless  (bem'les),  a.  [<  beam  +  -less.']  Emit- 
ting no  rays  of  light;  rayless. 

The  beamlejis  eye 
No  more  with  ardour  bright. 

7'hom8on,  Summer,  1.  10-15. 

beamlett  (bem'let),  n.    [<  beam  +  -let.'i    A  lit- 

tli-  tii-iiin.  as  of  light. 
beam-light  (bem'Iit),  h.    The  light  formerly 

kipt  Imrning  in  churches  in  front  of  the  re- 

Hcr\ed  sacrament :  so  called  because  suspended 

from  the  rood-beam.     [Rare.] 
beam-line    (bera'lin),    n.     In    ship-building,    a 

lirii-  sliowing  where  the  tops  of  the  beams  and 

the  frainis  intersect, 
beamlingt  (bem'ling),  n.    l<  beam -h -ling^.']    A 

littli'  Ijcaiii,  as  of  light. 
beam-platform  (bom'plat'fOrm),  ».     Same  as 

hi  iim-lt'nittl. 
beam-roll  (bern'rol),  n.     In   cloih-manuf.,   the 

Hpool-shaped  roll  upon  which  the  warp-threads 

arc  wound. 
beam-room  (bom'rom),  «.     The  room  or  shed 

ill  a  currier's  establishment  wh(Te  the  beaming 

nr  slicking  of  hides  is  carried  on. 

I'.'it  for  unnavory  odors  n  beam-rfunn  might  paM  for  a 

I ,.    ilry.  Ilariii-rt  Mttij.,  LXX.  274. 

bcaniHOmet  Cbem'Hum),  a.  [<  beam  +  -some.'] 
-■  •  I  liim  hi'anis;  radiant.     N.  li.  1). 

beamster  (bem'st/T),  n.  [<  beam  +  -stcr.']  A 
unrknian  I'ngngcd  in  beaming  or  slicking  hides. 


488 


The  fitaiiutrrt  iMjndlng  to  their  XmV*. 

llarixTi  Mag.,  LXX.  274. 


bfc.i . 
In,    \ 
Kiiroi 


■  ■f  II, 

beam  t 

fonm 


— r-i    'brm'frill),   n.      A  trawl-nfit  the 

\t  kept  open  by  n  bi-nin. 

hire),  n.     [Short  for  H7iif«7<fa>rt- 

A  tree  of  I  lie  iienr  kind,  I'ljrm  Aria  of 

»   tf^Xar,   ffillofl    irhitfhram),    and   oUtuoly 

.  iitnil  Asia.     It  l«     i 

.'  <il  nlill-'  llowf't 

h.ird  and  t'lUKli,  r"*-'  ' 

,    ..\A  In  UMtd  f'T  iixb-tritfl. 

)  'Inis),  n.     A ''iinpotind  bciini, 

.1-  i,.,;y  by  two  main  parallel  mciu- 


Branch  of  Beam-tree  {Pyrus  Aria). 

bers  which  receive  the  stress  of  a  load  and  re- 
sist it,  the  one  by  compression  and  the  other 
by  tension.  They  are  connected  by  braces  and  ties, 
which  serve  to  keep  them  apart,  bind  the  whole  firmly 
together,  and  transmit  the  stress  due  to  a  load  upon 
any  one  part  to  the  points  of  support.  See  tntas. 
beamy  (be'mi),  a.  [<  ME.  bemy ;  <  beam  + 
-1/1.]  1.  Resembling  a  beam  in  size  and 
weight;  massy:  as,  "his  .  .  .  bcumy  spear," 
Dryden,  Pal.  and  Are.,  1.  1756.  —  2.  Having 
horns  or  antlers:  as,  "beamy  stags,"  Dryden, 
tr.  of  Virgil. —  3.  Naiif.,  ha\'ing  much  beam  or 
breadth;  broad  in  the  beam:  said  of  a  ship 
whose  beam  is  more  than  one  tenth  of  its 
length. 

The  speed  of  beamy  vessels  has  too  often  been  demon- 
strated. The  Century,  XXIV.  071. 

4.  Emitting  rays  of  light ;  radiant;  shining. 

The  sun  .  .  . 
Brightening  the  twilight  with  its  beaim/  gold. 

Tickell,  Koyal  Progress. 
He  bears 
In  a  field  azure  a  sun  proper,  beamy. 

B.  Jonson,  Staple"  of  News,  iv.  1. 

5.  Figuratively,  radiant;  joyous;  gladsome. 
Read  my  pardon  in  one  beamy  smile,  J.  Baillie. 

beanl  (ben),  n.  [<  ME.  bene,  ben,  <  AS.  bean 
=  D.  boon  =  MLG.  bone  =  OHG.  l>6na,  MUG. 
bone,  G.  bohne  =  Icel.  baun  =  Sw.  bona  =  Dan. 
bonne,  bean.  Cf.  W.  j[f'aen,  pi.  _;/'«,•  h.Jaba  = 
OBulg.  Russ.  bobu  ="OPruss.  babo,  a  boaii.] 
1.  Originally  and  properly,  a  smooth  kidney- 
shaped  seed,  flattened  at  the  sides,  borne  in 
long  pods  by  a  leguminotis  plant,  Vicia  Faba  ; 
now  extended  to  include  the  seed  of  the  allied 
genus  Phaseolus,  and,  with  a  spocilie  e|iitlict, 
of  other  genera.  —  2.  The  plant  producing 
beans.  The  bean  known  to  the  ancients  from  prehistoric 
times  was  the  Vicia  Faba  (cu*  Faba  vuiifaris),  a  native  of 
western  Asia,  and  the  same  as  the  field-,  horse-,  or  tick- 
hean,  and  the  broad  or  Windsor  bean,  still  largely  culti- 
vated in  the  fields  and  gardens  of  the  old  world.  It  is 
used  when  green  as  a  table-vegetable,  and  when  dry  as 
feed  for  horses  and  sheep.  Tlie  imiLierous  other  kinds  of 
cultivated  beans  are  of  American  origin,  and  belong  ehiell> 
to  the  genus  i'haneotu^.  To  1\  vut^aris  belong  the  ctnn- 
mon  kidney-lieaii,  and  the  haricot  and  French  beans,  the 
string-lieari,  and  the  pole-bean:  to  P.  Innattm.  the  Lima 
and  Carolina  beans,  the  sugar-bean,  and  the  butter-bean; 
and  to  P.  nanuK,  the  dwarf,  field-,  bush-,  navy-,  pea-,  and 
si-v-weeks  beans.  To  the  same  genus  belong  the  wild  kid- 
ney-bean, P.  jwrenni^  ;  the  scarlet-rumier  bean,  J\  miilti. 
lUinw,  cultivated  for  its  scarlet  flowers;  and  the  prairie- 
beau  of  Te.\as,  P.  retu-nm.  The  asparagus-bean.  Didiehai! 
nt'ii/iuipedatin,  with  very  long  cylindrical  pods,  fretpiently 
cultfvated  in  Europe,  is  a  native  of  tropical  Anu'riea. 
Beans  as  an  article  of  food  arc  very  nutritious,  conlahi- 
ing  nnich  starch  and  a  large  percentage  of  a  nitrogenous 
ciiuipound  called  Icgiimin,  analogous  to  the  cancin  in 
cheese.  The  name  bi'an  is  also  given  to  many  leguminous 
seeds  which  are  tiot  cultivated  or  used  as  food,  such  iis 
tile  atiiarroha,  Calattar,  and  coral  lieans,  and  to  certain 
otiicr  jilants  and  their  seeds  widcli  are  not  legilininons  iit 
all,  as  the  ciil/'ee-bean. 

3.  A  sniafl  oval  or  roundish  seed,  berry,  ntit, 
or  lump:  as,  a  colTee-/«'n». —  4.  />/.  In  eoal-min- 
int/,  small  coals;  speciliciilly,  cuals  wliicli  will 
pass  tlivoiif,'li  a  screen  willi  liaH'-iiich  meslies. 
[North.  Eng.]  —  5.  /'/.  Mmiey.  [Slang.]  Algar- 
roba,  carob,  or  locust  bean,  tlie  imii  ..(  tiw  iio..ii. 
tree  Oratniiia  »i7i./ii<i.  — Buck-,  boK-,  or  brook-boan. 
See  W-taHH.— Brazilian  or  Plchurlm  bean.tbe  tmii  ..f 
a  lauraeeiniH  tree  of  I'.razil,  y,-clttmlra  i'lichitrti.  Cala- 
bar or  ordeal  bean,  the  seed  of  an  African  leuiimlnons 
<'llmber,  /'bt/m'nli'imn  vcnciinHum,  n  violent  poison,  nsi-d 
as  a  remedy  In  rllseases  of  the  eye,  (rianns,  neiiinlgiji, 
and  other  nervous  alleetiims.  In  some  parts  of  Afrb  a  II 
Is  adnilnistereil  to  iiersoiiH  suspected  of  wllehenifl  ;  if 
vomiting  results  ami  Ihe  poison  is  thrown  oil,  the  Iniio 
eeiice  of  the  suspected  piTson  Is  regardeil  as  cHtabliNhed. 

-  -  Caator-boan,   the    si-ed   of  a  rnithorbhi 'MK   iiliiiil. 

JticinuM    citmmtiuin.    yielding    rastor-nll.      China    DOnU, 

thilichnn  niti.iiiriti.     The  bhtck-eyi'd  bean  Is  ot t  Its  \iilii- 

lies.      COlToe-bean,  a  nalne  given   In    col ree  to  llo 

lottee  berry.     Coral   boan,  of  .lamalcn.  Ihe  seed  of  a 

li'guminoiis  shrub,  iCri/lbritui  itlauca  ;  but  Ihe  liirgi nil 

lM,aii  Is  obtained  from  the  bead-  or  neeklai-e-lri-e,  (trinn- 
Mill  itiiirj/citriia.     The  coral  bean  of  Texas  Is  .Sofhora  nccin 

iliiliirn.    Cujumary  boanii.  He 

-      -- tt  A  ..I / ll 


In  of  a   liiiirai 
tree  of    Ilrazn,   Airlnnlrfit   Cfiiiimnni,  wi  rwlc'ini.,.!   I<inli' 

and  stiinulBiit     Effyptlan,  hyacinth,  or  black  beaiiB, 
ifhiiM  ha " 


the  seeds  of  Uulii 


aUali,  culllvali'd  In  Inilla.  -  Qoa 


bean-shot 

beans,  the  seeds  of  Psoiiliucarjius  Irtrarinnolnbu.',  culti- 
vated for  food  in  India.— Horse-  or  sword-bean,  "f 
.Tamaiea,  the  Canavalia  ijladinta.  a  legume  widely  dis- 
tributed through  tlie  troiucs.  — Indian  bean,  a  name 
given  in  the  Vnited  .^tiites  to  Calulj'a  bufnunwides.^ 
John  Crow  or  Jequirlty  beans,  "f  .Tamaiea,  the  seeds 

of  Abi-K^  precaturiw^. —  Malacca  bean,  or  maikiiiii-nfit. 
the  nut  of  an  F,;ist  Indian  tree,  Semicarjius  Aiinrantiinn. 

—  Mesquite  bean,  of  Texas  and  southward,  the  fruit  of 
Priwo^'isjii/irfuni.— Molucca  beanS,  or  nirker-nifl.-^.  tlie 
seeds  of  .a  tropical  leguniiuoiis  climber,  Cusuljiinin  Uniidn- 
ceHa.— Not  to  know  beans,  a  collo<|Uial  .Aiueriean  as- 
sertion of  a  person's  ignorance,  equivalent  to  "not  to 
know  B  from  a  buU's  foot."— Oily  bean,  or  iniu-iJnni, 
the  Sesamiim  imlicum.— Ox-eye  or  horse-eye  bean, 
the  seed  of  Mucuna  ztrcns,  a  lemmiinous  climber  of  tlie 
tropics.— Pjrthagorean  or  sacred  bean,  of  the  Egjptians 
and  Hindus,  tlie  Iruit  of  the  lotus,  S\ltimhiunt  .\iJcciointm. 
See  Xctumbi lun.—Saiinca.  or  soy  beans,  the  seeds  of 
Glycine  Soja,  largely  cultivated  in  India  and  China.  fr,pin 
wliich  the  sauce  known  as  suy  is  made.—  St.  Ignatius* 
beans,  the  seeds  oi  Strychnos  Lrniitii,  containing  stiyeli- 
nine  and  highly  poisonous. —  Screw-bean,  the  twisted 
pod  of  Prosopi-i  pubescens. —  Seaside  bean,  a  name  giveu 
to  some  creeping  leguminous  plants  of  the  tropics,  i'dna- 
valia  obtusi/olia  and  ro;;a(  lurnilu,  cominon  on  rocky  (..r 
sandy  sea-shores.— To  find  the  bean  in  the  cake,  to 
succeed  in  defeating  ones  advei'siU'ies:  an  allusion  to  the 
old  custom  of  concealing  a  bean  in  the  Twelfth-night 
cake  and  naming  the  person  who  fouiw  it  as  king  of  tlic 
festival.— Tonquin  or  Tonka  beans,  the  fragrant  seeds 
of  Diptenix  odorata,  a  leguminous  tree  of  Cuiana,  used 
in  perfumery  and  for  scenting  snult.  — Vanilla  bean, 
the  fragrant  pod  <if  a  climbing  orchid  of  tropical  America, 
Vaii!l/a  plauif'tilia,  used  for  flavoring  confectionery,  etc. 

—  Wild  bean,  of  the  United  States,  the  Apios  tuberosa. 

—  Yam-bean,  a  leguminous  twiner,  Pnchyrrltizus  anyu- 
latiis,  with  large  tuberous  roots,  cultivated  throughout 
the  tropics. 

bean-  (ben),  a.    See  bein. 

bean-belly  (ben'beFi),  n.  A  great  eater  of 
beans:  a  \-ulgar  nickname  for  a  dweller  in  Lei- 
cestershire, England, 

bean-brush  (beu'brush),  n.  The  stubble  of 
boaus. 

bean-cake  (ben'kak),  n .  A  large  cheese-shaped 
compressed  cake  of  beans  after  the  oil  has  been 
expressed,  used  largely  in  northern  China  as 
food  for  cattle,  and  in  tho  sugar-plantations 
of  southern  China  as  manure. 

bean-caper  (ben'kii'per),  n.  Zygophyllum  Fa- 
baijo,  a  small  tree,  a  native  of  the  Levant.  The 
ilower-buds  are  used  as  capers. 

bean-cod  (bon'kod),  n.  1.  A  bean-pod.-- 2.  A 
small  lishing-vessol  or  yilot-boat  used  in  the 
rivers  of  I'ortugal.  It  is  sharp  forward,  and 
has  its  stem  bent  above  into  a  great  curve  and 
plated  with  iron.     Imp.  Diet. 

beancrake  (ben'knXk),  n.  A  bird,  Crex  pra~ 
tin.'iis:  the  corn-crako. 

bean-curd  (ben'kord),  v.  A  thick  white  jellr 
ri'scmbliiigblanc-mange,  mailo  of  beans,  mucL 
eaten  by  the  natives  of  northern  China,  Corea, 
and  .lapan. 

bean-dolphin  (ben'doFfin),  n.  The  aphis  or 
|ilant-louso  wluch  infests  tho  bean. 

bean-feast  (ben'fest),  M.  1.  A  feast  given  by  an 
empliiyer  to  those  wlioiii  ho  eniiiloys.     Brewer. 

—  2.  A  social  festival  originally  observed  in 
France,  and  afterwaril  in  Germany  and  Eng- 
land, on  tho  evening  before  Twelfth  day,  or,  as 
the  Germans  call  it.  Three  Kings'  day.  Although 
confounded  with  the  Christian  festival  of  the  Kj>ipliany, 
which  oceura  on  the  same  day,  it  is  supposed  that  thia 
cnstiun  can  be  traced  back  to  the  Koman  Saturnalia. 
See  bnin-lciny  and  turl/th-cake. 

bean-fed  (ben'fed),  (7.     Fed  on  beans.     Shak. 

bean-fly  (bcn'fli),  n.  A  bciiutiful  fly  of  a  pale- 
]mr|ilii  ccilor,  jinidiieod  fi'oni  a  maggot  called 
niiilii,  and  found  on  bcan-llowcrs. 

bean-goose  (ben'giis),  «.  [So  mimod  from  tho 
likoncssoF  Uie  upper  nail  of  tho  bill  to  a  horse- 
bctin.  I  A  siK'cios  of  wild  goose,  tho  Anser 
stiirtum,  which  arrives  in  England  in  autumn 
and  rcliies  to  tho  north  in  the  end  ot  April. 
Some  consider  it  a  niero  variety  of  the  Euro- 
pean will!  goose,  A.firus. 

bean-king  (bcu'king),  «.  [Ho  call(>d  bi>caiiso 
till'  liiimir  I'l-ll  (o  him  who,  when  tlie  Twolflh- 
niglil  cake  was  distributed,  got  the  bean  burit^d 
in  it.]  Tlio  ]H'rson  who  )ireHided  as  king  over 
the  Tw('irili-nii;bt  festivities. 

bean-meal  (ben'mel),  n.  Meal  made  from 
beans,  nsi'd  in  some  parts  of  lOurope  as  feed 
fur  horsi's,  and  for  lalteiiing  hogs,  etc. 

bean-mill  (beii'mil),  n.  A  mill  for  siilitting 
bi'iiiis  fur  ralllo-tceding. 

bean-sheller  (lien'sliel'er),  «.  A  machine  for 
romoviii(,'  beans  from  Uic  ]iods. 

bean-shooter  (ben'sliii' tor),  ».  A  toy  for 
sliodliiit;  beans,  shot,  or  other  small  missiles; 
a  poii-Hhooter. 

bean-shot  (ben'shol),  H.  Copper  grains  formed 
liy  loiiiriiig  mclli'il  metal  llirou>;li  a  iicrfonited 
biilio  iiilii  warm  wnlor.  It  colcl  water  is  used, 
Hakes  are  formed,  called y'taWitr-s/iyf. 


a.  Bean-weevil  ^Brltchus /tzba).  b.  Bean 
from  which  the  beetles  have  issued.  (Small 
figure  shows  natural  size.) 


bean-stalk 

bean-stalk  (ben'stik),  ».  The  stem  of  a  bean, 
or  the  uiiolo  jjlaut:  as,  Jack  aud  the  bean- 
slnlk. 

bean-tree  (ben'tre),  n.  A  name  given  to  spe- 
cies of  Baiihinia;  iu  Australia,  to  the  Moreton 
Bay  ehestnut,  Castaiioxpermriiii.  iiiisfirile;  in 
the'  United  States,  sometimes,  to  Calalpa  bigiHi- 
iiioides;  and  in  Jamaica,  to  Erythrina  Corrallo- 
ileiidroii.  ,     „,      ,  , 

bean-trefoil  (ben'tre  "foil),  H.  1.  The  labiir- 
nuiii,  Ciitisiis  Laburnum,  a  leginniuous  shrub 
with  trifoliate  leaves.  See  laburnum. —  2.  The 
AiKKiiiris  fwtida,  a  similar  shrub  of  southern 
Kiimiie,  whose  violet-colored  seeds  are  said  to 
be  poisonous  like  those  of  the  laburuum. — 3. 
Tlie  buckbean,  Menyanthes  trifoUata.    [Bare.] 

bean-weevil  (ben'we"vil),  n.  An  American 
species  of  the  genus  Bruchus,  which  attacks 
beans.  It  lias- 
licni  (icsoribetl  as 
Bnirlins  J'abce  (Ri- 
jt-y),  liut  is  held 
l)y  Horn  tu  be 
i.iclltifal  witll  the 
/;.  ,<hs„h-tiis  (Say). 
Tin-  spcfi.s  aver- 
aKL'S  :'.  iiiiUiliietL-rs 
ill  k-rliitli,  witll  the 
tiriieral  uolor  dark 
ami  ]iii'eous,  the 
wliulc  body  being 
covered  with  rath- 
er dense  cinereous 
piibei^ccnce,  and 
the  elytra  being 
indistinctly  mottled  by  transverse  liands  of  darker  pubes- 
cciirc.  It  infests  stored  lieans,  and  there  are  usually  sev- 
eral soiiietinies  as  many  as  15,  siiecimens  in  a  single  bean. 

beany  (be'ni),  a.  [<  6«t«l  +  -i/l.]  In  good 
condition  (like  a  bean-fed  horse);  spirited; 
fresh.     [Slang.]     -A^.  E.  I). 

bearl  (bar),  v. ;  pret.  bore  (formerly,  and  still  ui 
the  archaic  style,  bare),  pp.  borne,  born  (now  only 
in  a  single  sense:  see  note  at  end),  ppr.  bearing. 
[<  ME.  beren  (pret.  bar,  bare,  pi.  bare,  bere,  bc- 
ren,  pp.  boren,  rarely  born),  <  AS.  beran  (pret. 
bwi;  pi.  bccroH,  pp.  boren)  =  OS.  heran  =  OFries. 
hera  =  D.  haren  =  OHG.  beran  =  leel.  bera  = 
Sw.  biira  =  Dan.  ba-re  =  Goth,  bairan,  bear 
(also  in  comp.  OS.  tjiheran  =  AS.  gcberan  = 
OHG.  geberen,  MHG.'gcbern,  G.  gebdren  =  Goth. 
gabaimn,  bear,  in  MHG.  and  G.  bring  forth),  = 
L.  ferre  =  Gr.  (l>li>eiv  =  Skt.  \/  bhar,  bear,  caiTy. 
A  very  prolific  root  in  all  the  languages,  both 
in  form  and  senses.  From  the  AS.  come  bar- 
(•oir2,  bier,  barm^,  barn",  bairn,  birth^,  burthen^, 
burden^,  etc.;  from  the  Xi.  fertile,  C07ijer,  defer, 
differ,  infer,  etc.,  Lucifer,  conifer,  etc.,  aurifer- 
ous, vociferous,  etc.,  and  other  words  iu  -fer, 
-ferous;  from  the  Gr.  semaphore,  hi/drophore, 
phosphorous,  electrophorus,  etc.,  and  other  words 
in -phore, -phorous,  etc.'\  I.  trans.  1.  To  sup- 
port; holdup;  sustain:  as,  a  pillar  or  a  girder 
bears  the  superincumbent  weight. 
Sage  he  stood. 
With  Atlantean  shoulders  (it  to  bear 
The  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  306. 

2.  To  support  in  movement ;  cany;  convey. 
Whither  do  these  bear  the  ephah?  Zech.  v.  10. 

From  the  unshaken  rock  the  torrent  hoarse 
Bears  off  its  broken  waves,  and  seeks  a  devious  course. 
Scott,  Vision  of  Don  Roderick,  Conclusion,  st.  3. 
And  down  a  rocky  pathway  from  the  place 
There  came  a  fair-haird  youth,  that  in  his  hand 
Bare  victual  for  the  mowers.  Teiimjmn,  Geraint. 

3.  To  suffer ;  endure ;  undergo :  as,  to  bear  pun- 
ishment, blame,  etc. 

Alas,  how  many  bear  such  slianieful  blows. 
Which  not  themselves  but  he  that  gives  them  knows  ! 
Shale,  Lucrece,  1.  832, 

4.  To  endure  the  effects  of;  take  the  conse- 
quences of ;  be  answerable  for. 

He  shall  bear  their  iniquities.  Isa.  liii.  11. 

Su-,  let  her  bear  her  sins  on  her  own  head ; 
Vex  not  yourself. 

Bean,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  i.  1. 

5.  To  support   or  sustain  without    sinking, 
yielding,  shrinking,  or  suffering  injury. 

A  wounded  spirit  who  can  bear?  Prov.  .tviii.  14. 

Console  if  you  will,  I  can  hear  it ; 
'Tis  a  well-meant  alms  of  breath. 

Lowell,  After  the  Biuial. 

Anger  and  jealousy  can  no  more  bear  to  lose  sight  of 
their  objects  than  love. 

Oeorge  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  10. 

6.  To  suffer  or  sustain  without  violence,  in- 
jury, or  change ;  admit  or  be  capable  of. 

Id  all  criminal  cases  the  most  favourable  interpreta- 
tion should  be  put  on  words  that  they  can  possibly  bear. 

Swi/t. 

Ttie  motives  of  the  best  actions  will  not  bear  ioo  strict 
an  imiuiry.  Swift,  Thoughts  on  Various  .Subjects. 


489 

7.  To  suffer  without  resentment  or  effort  to 
prevent;  endure  patiently. 

It  w.as  not  an  enemy  that  reproached  me  ;  then  I  could 
have  borne  it.  I's.  Iv.  12. 

With  your  long-practis'd  patience  bear  alllictioUH. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  2. 

8.  To  sustain,  as  expense ;  supply  tbe  means 
of  paying. 

Somewhat  that  will  bear  your  charges.  Dryden. 

9.  To  have,  or  have  a  right  to ;  be  entitled  to ; 
have  the  rightful  use  of,  as  a  name,  a  title,  a 
coat  of  arms,  aud  the  like. 

We  are  no  (aiemies  to  what  are  commonly  called  con- 
ceits, but  authors  bear  them,  as  heralds  say,  with  a  dilfcr- 
ence.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  330. 

Who  in  the  Lord  God's  likeness  bears  the  keys 
To  bind  or  loose.  Swinburne,  Laua  Veneris. 

10.  To  carry,  as  in  show ;  exhibit ;  show. 

Bear  welcome  in  your  eye.  Shale,  Macbeth,  i.  5. 

Which,  like  a  waxen  imajze  'cainst  a  flro. 
Bears  no  impression  of  the  thing  it  was. 

Shall.,  T.  0.  of  v.,  ii.  4. 

11.  To  bring  forward;  render;  give;  afford: 

as,  to  bear  testimony. 

Thou  Shalt  not  bear  false  witness  against  thy  neighbour. 

Ex.  XX.  111. 

12.  Tocarryinthemind;  entertain  or  cherish, 
as  love,  hatred,  envy,  respect,  etc. 

If  I  can  catch  him  once  upon  the  hip, 

I  will  feed  fat  the  ancient  grudge  I  bear  him. 

Shalt.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  3. 
The  reverent  care  I  hear  unto  ray  lord 
Made  me  collect  these  dangers  in  the  duke, 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
The  great  and  guilty  love  he  bare  the  iiueen. 

Tenmjson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

13.  To  possess,  as  a  property,  attribute,  or 
characteristic ;  have  in  or  on  ;  contain :  as,  to 
hear  signs  or  traces;  to  bear  an  inscription; 
the  conteuts  which  the  letter  hears. 

What,  think  you  much  to  p,ay  two  thousand  croivns. 
And  bear  the  uame  and  port  of  gentleman  ? 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VL,  iv.  1. 

14.  To  possess  and  use,  as  power;  exercise; 
be  charged  with ;  administer:  as,  to  bear  sway. 

Here's  another  letter  to  her :  she  hears  the  purse  too ; 
she  is  a  region  in  Guiana,  all  gold  and  bounty. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  3. 

Russia  soon  showed  that  she  was  resolved  to  hear  a 
part  in  the  quarrels  as  well  as  the  negotiations  of  her 
neiglibours.  Brougham. 

15t.  To  carry  on;  deal  with. 
This  can  be  no  trick :  The  conference  was  sadly  borne. 
Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
Beware 
Of  entrance  to  a  quarrel ;  but,  being  in. 
Bear  t,  that  the  opposed  may  beware  of  thee. 

Shak. ,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

16.  To  manage ;  direct;  use  (what  is  under  the 
immediate  control  of  one's  will). 

Bear  your  body  more  seeming. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4. 

Hence,  with  a  reflexive  pronoun,  to  behave; 
act  in  any  character:  as,  he  bore  himself -aoblj. 

17.  To  sustain  by  vital  connection ;  put  forth 

as  an  outgrowth  or  product ;  produce  by  natu- 
ral growth :  as,  plants  hear  leaves,  flowers,  and 
fmit ;  the  heroes  borne  by  ancient  Greece. 
Can  the  flg-tree  .  .  .  6rar  olive-berries?         Jas.  iii.  12. 

Here  dwelt  the  man  divine  whom  Samos  bore. 

Dryden. 
Life  that  bears  immortal  fruit. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xl. 

18.  To  bring  forth  in  parturition ;  give  birth 
to, -as  young;  figuratively,  give  rise  or  origin 
to.  [The  past  participle  born  is  now  used  only 
in  this  sense.     See  remarks  below.] 

And  she  conceived,  and  hare  Cain,  and  said,  I  have  got- 
ten a  man  from  the  Lord.  Gen-  ^^-  1- 
I  can  tell  thee  where  that  saying  was  iiom. 

Shak.,  T.  a.,  I.  o. 

19.  To  conduct;  guide;  take:  as,  he  6ore  him 

off  to  his  quarters. 

Bear  me  forthwith  unto  his  creditor. 

S/ia*-.,C.  of  E.,iv.  4. 

20.  To  press;  thrust;  push;  drive;  urge:  with 
some  word  to  denote  the  direction  in  which  the 
object  is  driven:  as,  to  bear  down  a  scale;  to 
bear  back  the  crowd. 

The  residue  were  so  disordered  as  they  could  not  con- 
veniently fight  or  fly,  and  not  only  justled  and  6o«  down 
™e  another  but,  in  their  confused  tumbling  back,  brake 
a  part  of  the  avant-guard.  Str  J.  Hayuurd. 

Confldence  then  bore  thee  on ;  secure 
Eitlier  to  meet  no  danger,  or  to  find  _ 

'  Matter  of  glorious  trial.       Mttton,  P.  L.,  ix.  1175. 

How  the  rushing  waves 
Sear  all  before  them.  ,    ,  „ 

Bryant,  Flood  of  Years. 

21  To  o-ain  or  vrin :  now  commonly  with  awai/ 
or  off;  formerly,  sometimes,  with  an  indefinite 
it  for  the  object. 


bear 

."fomc  think  to  bear  it  by  speaking  a  great  word. 

Huron,  (tf  Seeming  Wise. 

22.  In  the  game  of  backgammon,  to  throw  off  or 
remove,  as  the  men  from  the  board. — 23.  To 
purport;  imply;  import;  state. 

'I'he  letters  hore  that  succour  was  at  hand.  Scott. 

[Bear,  signifying  to  bring  forth,  when  used  passively,  espe- 
cially a-s  an  adjective,  has  the  past  particijile  bitrn  (b(*jrn), 
but  when  used  after  the  verb  hare,  or  followed  by  hy,  borne 
(born),  the  latter  having  a  more  direct  reference  to  the  lit- 
eral sense.  Thus,  a  cliild  wjui  bom;  but,  she  iuis  borne  a 
cliild.  In  all  the  otlier  senses  both  ijarliciples  are  spelled 
honw :  as,  I  have  hftme  the  expenses ;  the  expenses  must 
be  borne.  The  regular  fctrin,  lii.-ilnrically,  is  born  (born), 
like  torn,  mvorn.     The  iliHliinli'iii  is  artificial  and  lecent 

iaftcr  the  middle  of  the  ciKbtceiilb  century).)  -To  bear  a 
land,  to  lend  a  hand  quickly ;  take  hold ;  give  aid  or  as- 
sistance.   [Naut.  and  colloq.J 

All  hands  ahoy  !  hear  a  haiul  and  make  sail. 

Ji.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  IJefoiv  the  Mast.  p.  ii9. 

To  bear  arms.   See  arm'-'.— To  bear  away  the  bell. 

See  I/ell'.— To  bear  (a  iierson)  company.  See  compauy. 
—To  bear  date,  to  have  the  mark  of  time  when  written 
or  ejccuted  :  as,  the  letter  bears  date  Sept.  30,  1(587. 

A  ijublic  letter  which  bears  dale  just  a  month  after  the 
admission  of  Francis  Bacon  [to  Trinity  College]. 

Mnemda]f,  l,(jrd  Bacon. 

To  bear  down,  to  force  down  ;  figuratively,  U>  overcome ; 
vanquish  ;  as,  to  bear  down  all  opposition. —  TO  bear  in, 
in  eoul-mininy,  to  hole,  undercut,  or  kirvc.  See  hole.  r.  t. 
[reunsylvania  antliracite  region.)— To  bear  in  handt, 
to  keep  in  hope  or  expectation ;  amuse  witli  false  pre- 
tenses ;  deceive. 

A  rascally  yea-forsooth  knave !  to  bear  a  gentleman  in 
hand,  and  then  stand  upon  security ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  L  2. 

Still  bearing  them  I'n  ha7id, 
Letting  the  cherry  kn<)ek  against  their  lips. 
Ami  draw  it  by  their  mouths,  and  back  again. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpttne,  i.  1- 

Wliat  I  take  from  her,  I  spend  upon  other  wenches ; 
bear  her  in  hand  still :  she  has  wit  enough  to  rob  her 
husband,  and  I  ways  enough  to  coiisiuue  the  money. 

Middleton  and  Dckker,  Roaring  Girl,  ii.  1. 
To  bear  in  mind,  to  keep  in  remembrance ;  have  fixed 
in  the  nicnioi-y. 

Witll  reference  to  the  effects  of  intercrossing  and  of 
competition,  it  should  be  borne  in  ndnd  that  most  animals 
and  plants  keep  to  their  proper  homes,  and  do  not  need- 
lessly wander  about.  Darwin,  Origin  of  .Species,  p.  94. 
To  bear  off.    (at)  To  sustain  ;  endure. 

Do  you  suppose  the  state  of  this  realm  to  be  now  so 
feeble  that  it  cannot  hear  o/ a  greater  blow  than  this? 

Sir  J .  Hayward. 

(b)  Naut.,  to  remove  to  a  distance  ;  keep  clear  from  rub- 
bing against  anything  ;  as,  to  hear  off  a  boat,  (e)  'I'.i  gain 
anil  carry  otf :  as,  he  hore  off  the  prize. —  TO  bear  one 
bardt,  to  cherish  a  grudge  toward  a  person. 

Though  he  bear  me  hard, 
I  yet  must  do  him  right.  B.  Joiuon. 

To  bear  out.  («)  To  give  support  or  countenance  to. 

Company  only  can  6mr  aman  out  in  an  ill  thing.  SotUh. 
(6)  To  defend  ;  support ;  uphold ;  second  :  with  a  personal 
object. 

If  I  cannot  once  or  twice  in  a  quarter  bear  out  a  knave 
against  an  honest  man,  I  have  but  a  very  little  credit 
with  your  worship.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

I  never  suspected  him  to  be  a  man  of  resolution  or 
courage  sufficient  to  bear  him  out  in  so  desperate  an  at- 
tempt. Swift,  Change  in  Queen's  Ministry. 

.Eschines  by  no  means  bears  him  out;  and  Plutarch 
directly  contradicts  him. 

HacaiUay,  Mitford's  Hist,  of  Greece. 

(c)  To  confirm  ;  corroborate ;  establish ;  justify :  with  a 
thing  for  the  object. 

That  such  oscillations  [of  cUmate)  occurred  during  the 
Tertiary  period  seems  to  be  borne  out  by  the  facts  of  ge- 
ology and  palaeontology. 

J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  160. 

(dt)  With  a  more  or  less  indefinite  it  for  the  object :  (1) 

To  last  through  ;  endure. 

Love  alters  not  with  his  [Time's]  brief  hours  and  weeks. 
But  bears  it  out  even  to  the  edge  of  doom. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxvi. 

If  that  the  Turkish  fleet 
Be  not  enshelter'd  and  embay'd,  they  are  drown'd  ; 
It  is  impossible  to  bear  it  out.         Shak.,  Othello,  Ii.  1. 
(■2)  To  enable  to  endure  ;  render  supportable. 

Many  a  good  hanging  prevents  a  bad  marriage;  and  for 
turning  away,  let  summer  bear  it  out.  Shak.,  T.  X.,  L  5. 
To  bear  the  bag.  See  (<a<;i.— To  bear  the  bell.  See  belli. 
—  Tobeartbegree.  .See.^rw'i.— Tobeartbrought.  (o) 
To  run  through  with  a  sword  or  rapier.  (,b)  To  conduct  or 
manage. 

My  hope  IS, 
So  to  bear  thnuah,  and  out,  the  consulship. 
As  spight  shall  ne'er  wound  you,  though  it  may  me. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 

To  bear  up.    (a)  To  support ;  keep  from  sinking. 

A  religious  hope  does  not  only  fcrar  up  the  mind  under 
her  sufferings,  but  makes  her  rejoice  in  them.  Addison. 
(b\)  To  arrange  ;  contrive  ;  devise. 

Jsab.  I  have  made  him  know 

I  have  a  servant  comes  with  me  along, 
That  stays  upon  me,  whose  persuasion  is 
I  come  about  my  brother. 
Duke.  'Tis  well  borne  up. 

Shak.,U.  forM.,  iv.  1. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  be  capable  of  supporting 
or  carrying :  as,  the  floor  would  not  bear. 


Dear 

■Wyld  roring  Buls  he  would  him  make 
To  tame,  and  ryde  their  backes,  not  made  to  beare, 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  t1.  24. 

2.  To  lean;  weigh;  rest  fixedly  or  burden- 
somely:  as,  the  sides  of  two  incUning  objects 
hear  upon  or  against  one  another. 

I»  the  important  matter  of  taxation,  the  point  in  which 
the  pressure  of  every  government  bears  the  most  con- 
suntly  upon  the  whole  people.  Brougham. 

3.  To  tend;  be  directed  in  a  certain  way, 
whether  with  or  without  violence :  as,  to  hear 
away ;  to  hear  back ;  to  hear  in  ;  to  hear  out  to 
sea;'  to  hear  upon;  to  bear  down  upon;  the 
fleet  hore  down  upon  the  enemy. 

Spinola,  with  his  shot,  did  bear  upon  those  within,  who 
appeared  upon  the  walls.  Sir.  J.  Uayward. 

^Vhos  there?  bear  back  there !    Stand  from  the  door ! 

B.  Joiison,  Cynthia's  Itcvels,  v.  2. 
The  party  soon  set  sail,  and  bore  for  England. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  V.  S.,  I.  89. 
Down  upon  him  bare  the  bandit  tliree. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

Hence — 4.  To  have  reference  (to) ;  relate  (to); 
come  into  practical  contact  (with);  have  a  bear- 
ing :  as,  legislation  hearing  on  the  interests  of 
labor. 

There  was  one  broad  principle  which  bore  equally  upon 
e^'erj'  class,  that  the  lands  of  England  must  provide  fur 
the  defense  of  England.  Fronde,  .sketches,  p.  144. 

5.  To  be  situated  as  to  the  point  of  the  com- 
pass, with  respect  to  something  else:  as,  the 
land  hore  E.  N.  E.  from  the  ship. —  6.  To  siiffer, 
as  with  pain ;  endure. 

They  bore  as  heroes,  but  they  felt  as  men.  Pope. 

I  can  not,  can  not  txar.  Dryden. 

7.  To  be  patient.  [Rare.] — 8.  To  produce 
fruit ;  be  fruitful,  as  opposed  to  being  barren : 
as,  the  tree  still  continues  to  hear. 

Then  Abraham  fell  upon  his  face,  and  laughed,  and  said 
in  his  heart,  .Shall  a  chihi  he  born  unto  him  that  is  an 
hundred  years  old?  and  shall  Sarah,  that  is  ninety  years 
old,  bearf  Geu.  xvii.  17. 

9.  To  take  effect ;  succeed. 

Having  pawned  a  full  suit  of  clothes  for  a  sum  of  money, 
which,  my  operator  assured  me,  was  the  last  he  should 
want  to  bring  all  our  matters  to  bear.  Guardian. 

To  bear  against.  See  above,  2.— To  bejiraway  (nawf.), 
to  change  the  course  of  a  ship  more  away  from  the  wind, 

—  To  bear  in  with,  to  i-un  or  tend  toward:  as,  a  ship 
bearit  in  irilh  the  laud  ;  fippDSed  to  bear  o/"or  keep  at  a 
greater  distance— To  bear  on  or  upon.  Sec  above,  2, 3, 
and  4.  — To  bear  up.  (a)  Saut.,  to  jiut  the  helm  up  so  as 
to  bring  the  ve».sel  into  the  wind.  (&)  To  be  firm;  have 
fortitude. 

Ilf)  we  found  evil  fast  as  we  find  good 

In  our  first  years,  or  think  that  it  is  found, 

liow  could  the  innocent  heart  bear  up  and  live  I 

Wordttworth,  I'relude,  viii. 

To  bear  up  {otOuiiU.),  to  sail  or  proceed  toward  ;  as,  we 

Miitdi:  all  !.ail  and  bore  up  /or  Hong  Kong.— To  bear  UP 

with  or  under,  to  sustain  with  courage;  endure  witlmut 

succuiubing  ;  be  Ih-ni  under:  as,  to  Ifar  up  tau/cr  allliction. 

So  long  as  nature 

Will  bear  up  with  this  exercise,  so  long 

1  daily  vow  to  use  it.  Shak.,  \V.  T.,  ill.  2. 

He's  of  a  nature 
Too  bold  and  fierce  to  stoop  so,  hut  bears  up. 
Presuming  on  hia  hopes. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  1.  1. 
To  bear  up  Wltht,  to  keep  up  with  ;  be  on  the  same  foot- 
ing as. 

What  nhoulde  ho  doe?  Fain  ho  would  have  the  name 
t"  \n-  religious,  fain  he  would  bi-ar  up  with  his  neighbours 
In  that.  Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  39. 

To  bear  with,  to  endure;  bo  indulgent  to;  forbear  to 
resent,  opptMe ,  or  punish. 

Reaafin  would  that  1  should  bear  with  you. 

Acta  xvlll.  14. 
Tf  the  matter  lie  meane,  and  meanly  handled,  I  pray  you 
iteare  both  with  me  ancl  it. 

AKcham,  The  Scholemoster,  p.  22. 
To  bring  to  bear.    See  i,ring. 

bear'-nnir),  «.  [<  MIC.  here,  <  AS.  5ero  =  D.  hcer 
=  Ui.  hanr  =  OlIG.  hi.r<>,  MHf!.  her,  G.  hdr,  m., 

—  led.  ht:r/t,  f.,  a  bear.  (jf.  led.  Kw.  iJari.  hjiirn, 
a  hear  (nppar.  =  A.S.  hcorn,  a.  man,  a  warrior, 
"n({.  a  bear? — see  6crn2),  an  extended  form 


490 

of  the  same  word.  Perhaps  ult.  =  L.  ferns, 
wild;  fera,  a  wild  beast:  see  fierce.'\  1.  A 
large  plantigrade  carnivorous  or  omnivorous 
mammal,  of  the  family  Ursida:,  especially  of 
the  genus  Ursus.  The  teeth  of  the  true  beai-s  are  42, 
and  none  of  the  niolai-s  are  sectorial.  Tlie  animals  are  less 
truly  carnivorous  than  most  of  the  order  to  which  they 
belong,  feeding  largely  upon  roots,  fruits,  etc.,  as  well  .as 
honey  and  insects.  The  tail  is  rudimentary,  and  the  muz- 
zle is  prominent,  with  mobile  lips  and  a  slender,  some- 
times very  extensile,  tongue.  The  best-known  species  is 
tile  brown  or  black  bear  of  Europe  and  .-Vsi.a,  Ursu.'t  arctos, 
found  chiefly  in  northerly  regions,  of  which  several  varie- 
ties are  descrilied,  differing  much  in  size  and  color,  and 
to  some  extent  in  shape  ;  it  is  ordinarily  about  4  feet  long 
and  2*  feet  high ;  its  flesh  is  eaten,  its  pelt  is  used  for 
robes,"  and  its  fat  is  in  great  demand  .as  an  unguent  known 
as  bear's  grease.  The  grizzly  bear  of  North  America,  U. 
horribili^,  is  as  regards  specific  classification  hardly  sepa- 
rable from  the  last,  and  like  it  runs  int^.  several  varieties, 
as  the  cinnamon  bear,  etc.  It  is  unliiiarily  larL^cr  than  the 
European,  and  is  noted  for  its  ferocity  and  tenacity  of  life. 
It  inhabits  the  mountainous  portions  of  western  North 
America.  The  common  black  bear  of  North  America  is  a 
smaller  and  distinct  species,  V.  americanuit,  usu.ally  black 
with  a  tawny  snout,  but  it  also  runs  into  a  cinnamon  va- 
riety. See  cut  under  (Trsus.  The  polar  be.ar  or  white 
bear,  Ursits  or  Thalassarctos  vtaritimus,  is  very  distinct, 


i,iir,\y  B»mi  ilirnu >umniu\. 


Polar  Bear  it/rsus  maritimus). 

of  great  size,  peculiar  shape,  and  white  or  whitish  color, 
maVine  and  maritime,  and  piscivorous  to  some  extent, 
though  seals  constitute  nnich  of  its  food.  The  .Syrian 
bear,  U.  syriacus,  and  the  Himalayan  bear,  U.  himalaya- 
7ii/.«,  respectively  inhabit  the  regions  whence  they  take 
their  names.  The  spectacled  bear,  I ^rtnt-f  or  Trentarrlo.f 
oriiatus,  is  the  sole  rfprcseiitati\c  of  the  f'/-.s/(/(/'  in  South 
America:  so  called  frnm  tin;  liulit-rnlnrcd  rings  an  luiid  the 
eyes,  which  h.ave  exactly  tlie  apjK'aiaiicc  of  a  pair  i»f  spec- 
tacles, the  rest  of  the  face  and  body  being  black.  The 
ilalayan  be.ar  or  bruang,  IT.  inatayanuit,  is  a  small,  black, 
close-haired  species,  with  a  white  mark  on  the  throat,  with 
pPiitrusile  lips  and  slender  tongue,  capable  of  being  tau^^bt 
a  variety  of  amusing  tricks  in  confinement.  Tbcslutli  bear 
or  .aswail  of  India  is  distinct  fn>Mi  the  other  Ix.irs,  and  is 
usually  placed  in  ailillcrcnt  gcmis,  Mclursuslabititu.'i.  .Sec 
UrnidfP,  and  cut  nmiir  a.^tmit. 

2.  The  Anglo-Austi-iiliim  name  of  a  mar.suinal 
quadruped,  the  koala,  Plinscolarctos  cimrviix. 
See  koala. —  3.  [ay).]  The  name  of  two  con- 
stellations in  the  northern  hemisphere,  called 
the  Great  and  the  Little  Boar.  r.oih  these  flgnns 
have  long  tails.  The  principal  stars  of  the  Great  IJear 
compose  the  figure  of  Charles's  Wain,  or  the  Dipjicr.  In 
the  tail  of  the  Little  Bear  is  the  pole-star.    See  Urta. 

4.  A  rude,  gruff,  or  uncouth  man. 

You  are  a  great  bear,  I'm  sure,  to  abuse  my  relations. 
.Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

5.  [Prob.  in  allusion  to  tho  proverb  "to  sell  a 
bear's  skin  before  ono  lias  caught  the  boar." 
(There  is  a  similar  proverb  sibout  the  lion's  skin. ) 
Ono  who  sold  stocks  iu  this  way  was  formerly 
called  a  hcarshinjuhbcr,  later  simply  a  hi(tr ;  now 
tisually  ex))lained,  in  connection  with  its  cor- 
relative bull,  as  iu  allusion  to  a  l)ear,  "  which 
pulls  down  with  its  ])aws," 
as  opposed  to  a  bull,  "wliicli 
tosses  with  its  horns."]  In 
exchanges:  (of)  Stock  whieli 
ono  contracts  to  deliver  at  ii 
future  diite,  tliongli  not  in  (lii^ 
possession  of  (ho  seller  at.  tlic 
time  tlie  contract  is  made:  in 
tho  phraNcs  to  hiii/  or  sill  the 
hear,  (ft)  Ono  who  sells  stocks, 
grain,  provisions,  or  other 
commodities  neither  owned 
nor  possessed  by  liim  at  the 
time  of  selling  them,  but 
which  he  expi'ots  to  buy  at  a 
liiwiT  jprii-e  before  the  time 
fixed  fur  making  di'livery.  (r) 
One  who  endi'avors  to  briiiK 
down  prices,  in  order  tliul.  ho 
miiv  buy  <'liea]) :  rii>poHeil  ton 
liull,  who  tries  to  raine  tho 
price,  that  ho  may  sell  dear. 

Every  ono  who  draws  a  bill  or  In- 
nurn  ft  note  unconicliinpily  aclii  lU  ft 
bear  upon  the  gol.l  markH ,  Common  Ycllo,  lir., 

J«M/nj,  Money  and  .Mech.  of  hi-    \sfticiemo    /'ir^ixi- 
(cllAngu,  D.  H1&,        ca\,  nsUirAl  Mfc. 


bearbine 

6.  A  popular  name  for  certain  common  cater- 
pillars of  the  family  Arctiida:,  which  are  dense- 
ly covered  ■with  long  hair  resembling  tho  fup 
of  a  bear.  They  undergo  their  transfoi-mation  under 
old  boards  or  other  sheltered  places,  forming  a  slight 
cocoon  composed  chiefly  of  their  own  hair.  Spilv.^oma 
Viniiniea  (Fabricius)  is  a  common  ex.ample;  the  moth  is 
white  with  a  few  black  spots,  the  abdomen  orange-colored, 
banded  with  white,  and  ornamented  with  three  rows  of 
black  dots.     See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

7.  In  metal.,  one  of  the  names  given  to  the 
metaUie  mass,  consisting  of  more  or  less  mal- 
leable iron,  sometimes  found  in  the  bottom  of 
an  iron  furnace  after  it  has  gone  out  of  blast. — 

8.  Xaiit.,  a  square  block  of  wood 
weighted  ■with  iron,  or  a  rough  mat 
filled  ■with  sand,  dragged  to  and  fro 
on  a  ship's  decks  instead  of  a  holy- 
stone (which  see). —  9.  In  mctal- 
worVing,  a  portable  puuching-ma- 
chine  for  iron  plates.  E.  U.  Knight. 
—  Bear's  grease,  the  fat  of  bears,  exten- 
sively used  to  promote  the  growth  of  hair. 
The  unguents  sold  xmder  this  name,  how- 
ever, are  in  a  great  measure  matle  of  hog's 
lani  or  veal-fat,  or  a  mixtm-e  of  b<itb.  I'unchmK-Bear. 
scented  and  slightly  cob oeil.  — Order  Of 

the  Bear,  an  order  of  knights  instituted  by  the  emperor 
Frederick  II.  of  Germany,  and  centered  at  the  abbey  of 
St.  Gall,  in  what  is  nowSwitzerland.  It  perished  when 
the  cantons  became  independent  of  the  house  of  Austria. 
—'Woolly  bear.    See  mmiiy. 

bear-  (bar),  c  t.  [<  hcar"^,  n.,  5.]  In  the  stock 
c.rchangr,  to  attempt  to  lower  the  price  of:  as, 
to  hear  stocks.     See  hear'-^,  n.,  5. 

bear^,  bere^  (ber),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hecr, 
<  ME.  here,  <  AS.  here,  barley,  =  loel.  harr  = 
North  Fries,  berre,  bar,  hi'ir  =  Goth,  "baris  (in 
adj.  b(iri::eiiis),  barley,  =  L.  far,  corn.  See  har- 
?t7/l  and  farina.']  Barley:  a  word  now  used 
chielly  in  "the  north  of  England  and  iu  Scotland 
for  the  common  four-rowed  barley,  Hordeiim 
vulgare.  Tho  six-rowed  kind,  11.  hcxastiehon, 
is  called  big. 

Malt  made  from  here  or  higg  only,  in  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land, for  home  consumption. 

G.  Scamell,  Breweries  aiul  Malting,  p.  136. 

bear*  (ber),  n.  [Also  written  beer,  and  archai- 
cally here,  <  ME.  berc  =  LG.  biire,  >  G.  biihn;  a 
])illow-case.]  A  pillow-case:  iisuaHv  iu  com- 
position, pilloie-bc<ir.     [Now  only  dia"lectal.] 

Many  a  i)ylowe  and  every  bere. 
Of  clothe  of  Keynes  to  slei>e  softe. 

Chaucer,  lieath  of  Blanche,  1.  254. 
bearable  (bar'a-bl),  rt.     [<.  bcar^   \- -able.']     (^a- 
jiiiblo  of  being  borne;  tolerable;   endurable; 
sii]>portable. 
bearably  (bar'a-bli),  adv.     In  a  bearable  man- 
ner. 
bearance  (bar'ans),  n.     [<  bear^  +  -ance.    Of. 
forbearance.]     1.   Endurance;   patient  suffer- 
ing.    [Archaic]  —  2.  In  hkic/i.,  a  bearing, 
bear-animalcule  (btir'au-i-nial  kill),  «.    A  gen- 
eral naiiui  for  one  of  the  iiiiiiiiti>  nrachnidaiisof 
the  order  Jrcti.'<ca  or  Tardigrada,  and  family 
Macrobiatida;.  Also  called  water-hear.    See  cut 
under  .frcti.ica. 
bear-baiting  (bar'ba"ting),  ?i.     The  sport  of 
set  I  ill),'   (U>i;s,   usually   mastilTs,   to    light  with 
captive  bears.    The  practice  was  prohibited  in 
Great  Britain  by  I'arliainimt  in  18;!5. 
Let  him  alone  :  I  si'c  bis  vi'in  lies  only 
For  falling  out  at  wakes  and  bear-baitings, 
That  may  express  him  sturdy. 

lirau.  and  FL,  Captain,  Iv.  S. 

Benr-hnilin<j,  then  a  fav(nn-ite  diversion  i>f  high  ami  low. 

was  llie  uboiuination f  the  austere  sectaries.     *l'ho 

I'liiilans  hated  it,  not  because  it  gave  pain  to  the  bear, 
but  because  it  gave  ploaauro  to  the  spectators. 

Mncaulay,  Hist.  Eni?.,  II. 

bearbane  (biir'ban),  w.    A  variety  of  tlio  wolf's- 

liNiic,  AciHiihim  Lifcocfininm. 
bcarberry  (biir'ber  i),  ». ;   ])1.  hearberrie.i  (-iz). 

1.  .\  Iniiling  evergreen  ericaceons  shrub,  Arc- 
/"staphi/liM  iira-ur.ti,  found  tliroiighoiit  the  arc- 
tic ami  mountainous  porticuis  of  tho  north- 
irn  hemisphere,  and  bearing  small  biiglit-n  d 
drupes.  The  leaves  are  very  astringent  juid  slightly  bit- 
l<  I.  and  under  the  nanio  ura-urni  are  nscil  in  medicine  M 
an  iHlrlngcnt  tonic,  chlefiy  in  nltccllonsot  the  bladder.  It 
Is  Ihi'  hinuikinic  which  the  Indians  of  Hcslcrn  AnuTica 
ndx  with  their  t»diaccn  for  smoking.  Also  called  bear'ti- 
Inltirrry.  Itriir'it-;rrn/tr,  anil  /oxherril. 

2.  In  the  Piicilii^  States,  a  speeiesof  Hhamnux, 
Ii.  I'lirsliiiiiiii,  iinined  from  the  fondness  of  bears 

for  its  berries.     Also  called  hiiiriiood Alpine 

or  black  bearberry,  a  dwarf  arctle-al]dnc  species  oi  tlin 
(teiHis  Arctii^litiihiilos,  .4.  alftina. 

bearbine, beiirbind (ber'bin, -liind), ».  [< /«'«r» 

-I-  liine,  bind :  sei'^y/jir'.]  The  lunne  in  lOngland 
of  several  coninion  species  nf  ('onrolcnlns,  n.s  ('. 
rtri'f'n.vi.i,  CKCinnni,  anil  ' '.  Koldamlla,  from  their 
twinliiK  about  ntnl  binding  together  the  stalke 
of  barley.      Also  iiieori tly  wrilteu  ban-bind. 


bearbine 

The  hearbine  with  the  lilrtc  interlaced. 

Uuod,  Haunted  House,  i.  24, 

bear-caterpillar  (bai''kat"6r-pil-iir),  n.  A  larva 
of  Olio  of  tlie  bombycid  moths:  so  called  from 
its  huiriiioss.     See  cut  under  bear^. 

bear-cloth  (bar'kloth),  n.  Same  as  learinq- 
rlolli. 

beard  (berd),  n.  [<  ME.  berdc,  iercl,  <  AS. 
hninl  =  D.  baard  =  OFries.  bcrd  =  OHG. 
MH(;.  G.  bitrt  =  Icel.  -bardltr,  in  comp.  (of. 
iieut.  biirilli,  brim,  beak  of  a  ship  (see  bard-) : 
tlid  ordinary  term  for  'beard'  is  skcgi/  =  E. 
sliiiii)  =  OBulg.  Serv.  Bohem.  brada  =  Pol. 
hroda  =  Russ.  biiroda  =  Lith.  bar::dn,  barza  = 
Lett,  btirda  =  OPruss.  bordus,  and  prob.  = 
L.  barbii  (>  E.  barb''-),  W.  and  Corn,  barf,  a 
beard.  The  agreement  in  spelling  between 
mod.  E.  and  AS.  beard  is  merely  accidental : 
see  «(.]  1.  The  close  growth  of  hair  on  the 
chin  and  parts  of  tho  face  normally  character- 
istic of  an  adult  man;  more  specifically,  the 
hair  of  the  face  and  chin  when  allowed  to  re- 
main wholly  or  in  part  imshaved,  that  on  the 
upper  lip  being  distinguished  as  "the  mustache, 
and  the  reiuaiiulcr  as  tlio  iiiiisl-ers,  or  the  Hdc- 
wliiskcrs,  chiii-uiiislais  or  -beard,  etc.,  according 
as  the  beard  is  trimmed :  as,  to  wear  a  beard, 
or  a  full  beard. —  2.  In  MoL,  some  part  or  ap- 
pendage likened  to  the  human  beard,  (a)  In 
mammal.,  long  liairs  about  tlie  head,  as  on  a  goat's  ellin, 
etc.  (b)  In  ontllh.,  a  chister  of  fine  feathers  at  the  base 
of  tlie  be.ak,  as  in  the  bearded  vulture  and  bearded  tit. 
In  some  breeds  of  the  common  hen,  as  the  bearded  Polish, 
the  Houdan,  and  the  Russian,  this  appendage  has  been 
made,  by  selection,  very  full.  The  feathers  are  supported 
by  a  peudulous  fold  of  sliin,  and  often  extend  up  to  the 
eyes,  (c)  In  ichth.,  the  barbels  of  a  fish,  as  the  loacli  and 
catfish,  (d)  In  conch. :  (1)  The  byssus  of  some  bivalves, 
as  the  mussel.  (2)  The  gills  of  some  bivalves,  as  the  oyster, 
(e)  In  entom..,  one  of  a, pair  of  small  fleshy  hodies  of  some 
lepidopterous  and  dipterous  insects.  (/)  Whalebone. 
8.  In  bot. :  (a)  A  crest,  tuft,  or  covering  of 
spreading  hairs.  (6)  The  awn  or  bristle-like 
appendage  upon  the  chaff  of  gi'ain  and  other 
grasses.  See  cut  imder  barley,  (c)  With  some 
authors,  a  name  given  to  the  lower  lip  of  a 
ringent  corolla. —  4.  A  barb  or  sharj)  process 
of  an  arrow,  a  fish-hook,  or  other  instrument, 
bent  backward  from  the  point,  to  prevent  it 
from  being  easily  drawai  out. —  5.  Tho  hook 
for  retaining  the  yarn  at  the  extremity  of  the 
needle  in  a  knitting-machine. —  6.  In  organ- 
building,  a  spring-piece  on  the  back  of  a  lock- 
bolt  to  hold  it  moderately  firm  and  prevent  it 
from  rattling  in  its  guides. —  7.  The  part  of  a 
horse  which  bears  the  curb  of  a  bridle,  under- 
neath the  lower  mandible  and  above  the  ehin.^ 

8.  The  train  of  a  comet  when  the  comet  is  reced- 
ing from  the  sun  (in  which  case 
the  train  precedes  the  head). — 

9.  In  j;n«fiH(7,  the  outward-slop- 
ing part  of  a  type  which  con- 
nects the  face  with  the  shoulder 
of  the  body.  It  is  obsolete,  type 
being  now  made  with  high 
square  shoulders,  to  lighten  the 
work  of  the  eleetrotyper. — 10. 
The  sharp  edge  of  a  board. — 
False  beard,  in  Entfjii.  antiq.,  a  siugu- 
l:;r  artiliiial  I.L-ani,  nftca  represented 
on  ni(»nunif  nts  auil  nuinuny-cases,  held 
under  tlie  eliiii  )py  bands  attached  to 
the  wearer's  castine  nr  luad -dress. — To 
makeone'sbeardt  literally  to  dress  ;S"u?'"iar"  o'f 
one  s  beard  ;  hence,  to  play  a  trick  up-  RamesesII.  at  Abou- 
on ;  deceive ;  cheat.  Simbei. 

Yet  cau  a  miller  make  a  clerkes  berd, 

Tor  al  his  art.        Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  175. 

Mo  berd^s  in  two  houres 

(Withoute  rasour  or  sisoiires) 

Yniade,  then  greynes  be  of  sondes. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  181. 
To  one's  beard,  to  one's  lace ;  in  defiance  of  one. 
Kail'd  at  their  covenant,  and  jeer'd 
Their  rev'rend  persons  to  inij  beard. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 
beard  (berd),  v.  [<  late  ME.  berde;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  by  the  beard; 
seize,  pluck,  or  pull  the  beard  of,  in  contempt 
or  anger.  Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  to  oppose 
to  the  face ;  set  at  defiance. 

It  is  to  them  most  diagracefull,  to  be  bearded  of  such  a 
base  varlett.  Spemer,  State  of  Ireland. 

Dar'st  thou  then 
To  beard  the  lion  in  his  den. 
The  Douglas  in  his  hall  ? 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  14. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  beard,  in  any  sense  of  the 
word.— 4.  In  carp.,  to  chip,  plane,  or  otherwise 
diminish  from  a  given  line  or  to  a  given  curve : 
as,  to  beard  clamps,  plank-sheers,  etc. ;  in  .s7(//)- 
building,  to  roimd,  as  the  adjacent  parts  of  the 
rudder  and  stern-post,  or  the  dead-wood,  so  as 


491  bearing 

to  adapt  them  to  the  shape  of  the  vessel.— 5.  bankinq  and  com.,  one  who  holds  or  presents 
10  remove  the  beard  or  fringe  from,  as  from  for  payment  a  check  or  order  for  money,  pay- 
oysters,  inent;  of  which  is  not  limited  by  the  drawer 

to  a  specified  individual  or  firm.  Checks  pay- 
able to  bearer  need  no  indorsement. —  5.  One 
who  wears  anything,  as  a  badge  or  sword;  a 
wearer. 

Thou  [the  crown],  most  fine,  most  honour'd,  most  re- 

nown'd. 
Hast  cat  thy  bearer  up.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

6.  In  old  law,  one  who  bears  do\vn  or  oppresses 
others  by  vexatiously  assisting  a  third  ])arty  in 
mjuntainiug  a  suit  against  them ;  a  maintainor. 
— 7.  Any  part  of  a  structure  or  machine  that 
servos  as  a  support  to  some  other  pait  («)  a 
support  for  the  fire-bars  of  a  furnace,  (b)  The  support  of 
the  puppets  in  a  lathe,  (c)  pi.  In  a  rollinif-mill,  the  lioua- 
iriKS  or  stanilards  in  which  the  roller-i.'ndKeons  turn,  (d) 


II.   intrans.   To  grow  a  beard,  or  become 

bearded.     [Rare]. 

^(jr  l.auf,diing  girl,  nor  bcardiuff  hoy, 

Mor  full-pulsed  nmnhoftd,  lingering  here, 
Shall  add,  to  life's  .■dnpundin-  joy. 
The  charmed  rei«isi-  to  Kiilfering  dear. 

W/iitUrr,  .Summer  by  Lakeside, 
bearded  (ber'ded),  a.     [<  ME.  bcrded;  <  beard 
-{-  -eil'-'.]     1.  Having  a  beard. 

Then  a  soldier. 
Full  of  strange  oaths,  and  bearded  like  the  pard. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 

It  is  good  to  steal  away  from  the  society  of  bearded  men, 

and  even  of  gentler  woman,  and  spend  an  hour  or  two  with 

children.  Hawthorne.  Twice-Told  Tales,  I. 

2.  In  her. :  (a)  Same  as  barbed^,  3.    (b)  Having 


a  train  like  that  of  a  comet  or  meteor  (which  ""e  of  the  strips  which  extend  over  a  molding-trough  and 

see).— 3.   In  entom. :  (a)  Having  a  tuft  of  hairs  ^"'i  ^  s"I'I'ort  the  fiask. 

on  the  clyjjeus,  overhanging  the  mouth,     (b)  °-  ^°,  7"''»'"'fi'  •;  («)  A  strip  of  wood  or  metal, 

Covered  on  one  side  with  short  and  thickly  set  ^yP'^-'^'SK  put  in  any  exposed  place  in  a  form 

hairs:  said  of  aiitcima;,- Bearded  argall    Sec  nr-  "'^yP"  or  on  a  press,  for  the  purpose  of  bearing 

f/nii.— Bearded  griffln.     .See   f/nj/i/i.— Bearded   tit  off  impression  and  preventing  injury  to  t>7je  or 

bearded  titmouse,  the  Pammui  6tan«ic«.<.— Bearded  woodcuts.     (6)  pi.  Tyije-high  pieces  of  "metal 

l,I^v3''^'i'L";','"-'  '1"  '"'!'"''"'■   „.  placed  in  the  very  open  spaces  and  over  the 

beard-grass  (berd  gras)  »     The  common  name  l,eads  of  pages  to  be  stereotyped,  and  also  type- 

ot  («)  some  species  of /o///;wtfOH,  especially  P.  high  strips  of  metal  placed!  around  pagc^or 

Monmhen^sis  and  P.  httorahs,  from  tho  dense-  fo?ms  to  be  ele.-trotypll,  to  prevent  fn^ury  to 

ly  bearded  appearance  of  the  close  panicles;  the  face  of  the  type  or  the  plites  in  the  subse- 

(i)  some  common  species  of  Andropogon,  as  A.  quent  processes,  and  cut  away  from  the  plates 

nutans,  A.  scopanus,  ete.-'WpoUy  beard-grass,  a  before  printing.- 9.  In  her.,  a  siipporter.-lOt. 

^^'4,^rnan,l"o?'sredls°o'f  ^;;;;;;;;/;,;;;;«^"''^'^  ''^^^'^-  a  roU  o'^f  paddfng forming  a'kin<f?f  bustle,  foJ: 

beardie  (ber'di),  n.     Same  as  bcardii,  2.  ™<^"y  ''^■"™  ^y  ''vomen  to  support  and  distend 

bearding  (ber'iUng),  «.     [<  beard  +'  -inqT-  ]     1  *°''""  ^'''"''^  "  ^^  t'^'-'""'  settmR  on  at  the  bodies." 

Tho  Uue  of  the  intersection  of  the  keel,  deadl  Fairholt.— 11.    In  an  organ,  one  of  the  thin 

wood,  stem,  and  stem-post  of  a  ship  with  the  P"=<^es  of  wood  attached  to  the  upper  side  of  a 

outer  surface  of  the  frame-timbers.  Also  called  sound-board,  to  form  guides  for  the  register- 

heardinq-line  and  steppinq-point.—  2.  The  dimi-  slides  which  command  tlie  openings  m  the  top 


of  a  wind-chest  leading  to  the  pipes  of  the  sepa- 
rate systems  of  pipes  which  form  the  stops. 
E.  H.  Knight. — 12.  A  tree  or  plant  that  yields 
fruit  or  flowers. 


This  way  of  procuring  autumnal  roses,  in  some  that  are 
good  bearers,  will  succeed.  Hoijle. 


nutiou  of  the  edge  or  surface  of  a  piece  of  tim- 
ber from  a  given  line,  as  in  the  stem,  dead- 
wood,  etc.,  of  a  ship.     Hamersly. 

bearding-line  (ber'ding-lin),  ».    Same  as  beard- 
ing, 1. 

beardless  (berd'les),  a.     [<  ME.  berdles,  <  AS. 
beardleds,  <   beard,  beard,  +  leas,   -less.]     1.  bearer-bar   (bar'er-bar),  n.     One  of  the  bars 
Without  a  beard;  hence,  of  persons  of  the  male    '^vhieh  support  the  grate-bars  in  a  furnace. 
sex,    immature;    adolescent:    as,   a   ftcar-frtcss  bearer-pin  (bar'er-pin),  n.    A  pin  separating 
youth.— 2.  In  ornith.,  having  no  rictal  vibris-   tlie  strings  of  a  piano  at  the  point  where  the 
s»:  as,  the  beardless  flycatcher,  Ornithium  im-    length  is  determined.     Wor.  Sujip. 
berbe.—S.  In  ichth.,  having  no  barbels.— 4.  In  bear-garden  (bar'giir"dn),  w.    1.  A  place  where 

bot.,  without  beard  or  awn Beardless  drum,  the    l^^ai's  are  kept  for  the  diversion  of  spectators. 

ledtish  or  bi  aiided  di  luii,  Sciccna  ocellata,  which  has  no    The  bear-garden  in  London  in  Elizabeth's  reign 
barhils.    Sec  cut  vw\yr  redfinh.  -was  also  Called  Parls-garden  and  bcar's-coHcgc. 

beardlessness  (berd  les-nes),  n.  The  state  or  i,„„j,i„g  ,„,  f,.„,„  ^^^  playhouse,  and  the  scenes  there. 
coiuUtion  ot  being  beardless.  to  the  bear-garden,  to  the  apes,  and  asses,  and  tigers. 

beardleted  (berd'let-ed),  a.     [<  *beardlet,  dim.  SUHimijleet. 

of  beard  (cf.  burbule),  +  -erfS.]     in  j,,t,  having   2.  Figuratively,  any  place  of  tumult  or  disorder. 
little  awns.     Ftu-ton.  Those  days  when  slavery  turned  the  Senate-chamlier  into 

beardling  (berd  Img),  «.     One  who  wears  a    a.bear-<,ardcn.  jV.  j. /fcr.,  cxxvi.  ii. 

beard  ;  fonnerly  in  contrast  with  shaveling,  a  bear-grasS  (bar'gras),  n.    A  name  given  to  the 
layman.     [Rare.]      ^  camass,  Canias.<<-ia  esculenta,  of  Oregon:   also, 

beard-moss  (berd  mos),  ».  A  name  of  the  in  Texas,  to  Vasi/lirion  Texanum,  the  young 
hehen  Usnea  barbata,  which,  often  intermixed  pulpy  stems  of  which  are  much  eaten  by  bears ; 
with  others,  clothes  forest-trees  with  the  and  to  species  of  the  genus  Yucca,  for  the  same 
shaggy  gray  fleece  of  its  pen<lulous  thread-like    reason. 

branches;  the  "  idle  moss "  of  Shakspere  (C.  of  ijgar herd   (bar'herd),  n.      A  man  who  tends 
E' "• -)■      ^     ,  .,.,..  bears;  a  bearward. 


False     Beard, 


bear-dog  (bar' dog),  n.   A  dog  for  baiting  bears 

True.    You  fought  high  and  fair.  .  .  . 
Daup.  Like  an  excellent  bear-dog. 

B.  Joneon,  Epiccene,  iv.  1, 


Virtue  is  of  so  little  regard  in  these  costermonger  times, 
that  true  valour  is  turned  bearherd. 

Shai.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  L  2. 

,        ,.  /,  -  1/4.       ^  ,  •       bear-hound  (bar'hoimd),  ?i.    A  hound  for  hunt- 

beard-tongue  (berd  tung),  n.    A  name  given   jj,„  gj.  baitino-  the  bear. 

to  plants  of  the  genus  Pentstemon,  with  refer-       ,,  "        ,.,,„.  ,,t       j     ..  „  ,  ,. 

t     1^1      \     ,,.,!„  1  „+.>»;i„  „*„«,„„  l'c>v  years  more  and  the  Wolf-hounds  shall  fall  sup- 

enee  to  the  bearded  stenle  stamen.  pressed,  the  Bear-hounds,  the  Falconry.  ^ 

beardy  (ber  dl),  «.;  pi.  beardies  (-diz).    [Dim.  of  Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iii.  I. 

beard.']     1.  A  name  of  the  white-throat,  ■SyWa  |,earing  (bar'ing),  n.      [<  ME.  hering,  beryng ; 


cinerea.  MacgiUivray.  [Local,  British.] — 2.  In 
Scotland,  a  name  of  the  loach,  Xemachilus  bar- 
batulus,  a  small  fresh-water  malacoptei'ygian 
fish,  family  Cyprinidie :  so  called  from  the  six 
barbules  that  bang  from  the  mouth.  Also  spell- 
ed beardie. 
bearer  (bar'er),  n.  [ME.  berer,  bererc;  <  bear^  -t- 
-((■!.]  1.  One  who  bears,  carries,  or  sustains; 
a  carrier;  specifically,  one  who  carries  any- 
thing as  the  attendant  of  another:  as,  St.  Chi'is- 
topher,  or  the  Christ-fcearfr  (the  meaning  of 
the  name) ;  a  sword-6earer,  an  armor-Zieorer,  a 
palanquin-foearer,  etc. 

His  armour-6^«rer  said  unto  him.  Do  all  that  is  in  tliine 
heart.  1  Sam.  .\iv.  7. 

Forgive  the  bearer  of  unhappy  news : 
Your  alter'd  father  openly  pui-sues 
Your  ruin.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  carries  a  body  to  the  grave;  a 
pall-bearer. —  3.  In  India :  (a)  A  palanquin-car- 
rier. (6)  A  domestic  servant  who  has  charge 
of  his  master's  clothes,  fui'niture,  etc. —  4.  In 


verbal  n.  of  fcenrl.]     If.  Support,  as  of  a  prin- 
ciple or  an  action  ;  maintenance  ;  defense. 

I  speak  apiinst  the  bearing  of  bloodshed:  this  bearing 
must  be  looked  upon. 

Latimer,  5th  Serm,  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

2.  The  act  of  enduring,  especially  of  enduring 
patiently  or  without  complaining;  endurance. 

The  two  powers  which  constitute  a  w-ise  woman  are 
those  of  bearing  aud  forbearing.  Epietetxu  (trans.). 

3.  The  manner  in  which  a  person  bears  or 
comports  himself ;  carriage ;  mien ;  behavior. 

A  man  of  good  repute,  carriage,  bearing,  and  estimation. 
Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1. 

I  had  reason  to  dread  a  fair  outside,  to  mistrust  a  pop- 
ular bearing,  to  shudder  before  distinction,  grace,  and 
courtesy.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxiv. 

4.  The  mutual  relation  of  the  parts  of  a  whole; 

mode  of  connection. 

But  of  this  frame  the  bearings  and  the  ties. 
The  strong  connections,  nice  dependencies, 
Gradations  just,  has  thy  pervading  soul 
Lookd  through?  Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  L  29. 


bearing 

Transactions  which  have  .  .  .  direct  hearings  on  free- 
dom, on  health,  on  morals,  on  the  permanent' well-beiug 
of  the  nation,  can  never  be  morally  inditferent. 

JRae^  Contemp.  Socialism,  p.  2l:>. 

5.  The  special  meaning  or  application  of  aiiy- 
thing  said  or  written. 

To  change  the  btaiing  of  a  word. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cxxviii. 

6.  The  act  or  capability  of  producing  or  bring- 
ing forth:  as,  a  tree  past  bearing. 

In  travail  of  his  bearing,  his  mother  wa3  first  dead. 

Jiubert  o/  Gtouce^^tcr. 

7.  In  arch.,  the  space  between  the  two  fixed 
extremes  of  a  beam  or  timber,  or  between  one 
extreme  and  a  supporter:  that  is,  its  unsup- 
ported span. — 8.  In  niach.,  the  part  in  con- 
tact with  which  a  journal  moves:  that  part  of 
a  shaft  or  an  axle  which  is  in  contact  with  its 
supports ;  in  general,  the  part  of  any  piece 
where  it  is  supported,  or  the  part  of  another 
piece  on  which  it  rests. —  9.  Same  as  bearing- 
note. — 10.  pi.  hiship-buikling,  the  widest  part 
of  a  vessel  below  the  plank-sheer ;  the  line  of 
flotation  which  is  formed  by  the  water  on  her 
sides  when  upright,  with  pro\'isions,  stores,  etc., 
on  board  in  proper  trim. — 11.  In  her.,  any  sin- 
gle charge  of  a  coat  of  arms;  any  one  of  the 
ordinaries,  or  any  heraldic  bird,  beast,  or  other 
figure  (see  charge) ;  hence,  in  the  plural,  the 
whole  heraldic  display  to  which  a  person  is  en- 
titled. Seeann^,  7. — 12.  The  direction  or  point 
of  the  compass  in  which  an  object  is  seen,  or 
the  direction  of  one  object  from  another,  with 
reference  to  the  points  of  the  compass.  In  r/.o?. 
and  niiiiin;/,  used  in  speaking  either  of  the  outcrop  of  the 
strata  or  of  the  direction  of  any  metalliferous  lode  rir  de- 
posit, whether  under  ground  or  at  tlie  surface :  nearly  sy- 
nonymous with  run,  courge,  and  utrike. 

"Before  the  sun  could  go  bis  own  length,  the  little  wa- 
ter will  be  in  the  big."  .  .  . 

"1  thought  as  much,"  returned  the  scout,  .  .  .  **from 
the  course  it  takes,  and  the  bttarimjii  of  the  mountains." 

Cfoper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  .\xxii. 
Antifriction  bearing,  i^eeanfi/n'i-tion. — Conical  bear- 
ing, an  eiid-ltearing  fur  the  spindle  of  a  machine-tool, 
formed  by  abutting  the  spindle-end  against  the  enti  of  a 
screw.  One  of  these  ends  is  brought  to  a  conical  point, 
and  the  other  is  con*espondingIy  countersunk.  The  screw 
senes  to  adjust  the  bearings  for  wear. —  Continuous 
bearings.  See  continuotui.—  Sand-bearings,  in  mot'i- 
iwi,  the  supports  for  the  core  iit  the  sand  itf  a  mold.  - 

Bide  bearings  of  a  car-truck,  pi.iie.s  idocks,  or  r.jikr^ 

placed  on  each  side  of  Ibe  centel-I>iil  t'l  Jilevttit  a  t'm  great 

rtuking  muii.Mi.  — To  bring  a  person  to  his  bearings, 
to  fiiit  him  in  his  proper  place:  lake  him  down.— To  lose 
one's  bearings,  to  Iiecome  unceitain  or  confused  in  re- 
gard to  one  s  inisition  ;  become  bewildered  or  puzzleil. — 
To  take  bearings,  to  ascertain  on  what  ])oint  of  the  com- 
paj*s  an  <<bject  lies.  The  term  is  also  np]>lied  to  ascertain- 
ing the  situatiiMi  or  direction  of  any  object  estimated  witlt 
reference  U»  8»ime  part  of  a  ship,  as  on  the  beam,  l)efore 
the  beam,  abaft  the  beam,  etc.  Hence,  to  determine  one's 
position ;  make  one's  self  acquainted  with  the  locality  in 
which  one  is;  discover  how  matters  stand;  get  rid  of  be- 
wilderment or  misunderstanding. 

The  best  use  that  we  can  now  make  of  this  occasion,  it 
seems  to  me,  is  to  look  alx>ut  us,  take,  our  bcariwjs,  and 
tell  the  fugitives  .  .  .  what  course,  in  our  opinion,  they 
sh'.uM  pursue.  It',  I'hitliim,  Speeches,  p.  7U. 

bearing  (bar'ing),  a.     1.  .Supporting;  sustain- 
ing':   as,   a  bearing  wall  or  (lartition  (that  is, 
a  wall  or  partition  supporting  another). — 2\. 
Solid;   Kub.stantial:   as,  "a  good  bearing  din- 
ner." FIrithtr,  Women  Pleased,  ii.  2. 
bearing-cloth   (biir'ing-kloth),   «.      The  cloth 
with  Hliich  a  child  is  covered  when  carried  to 
church  to  be  baptized.    Also  called  bear-cloth. 
'i'hy  scarlet  robes,  as  a  child's  benrin;i<ltilh. 
Ill  use  X*>  carry  thee  out  of  this  place. 

Shitk.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  1.  .".. 

bearing-feeler  nmr'ing-fe'16r),  n.  An  auto- 
matic ulai^n  for  signaling  the  overheating  of 
II  joiimul-beariug.     a  plug  of  fuslblu  material  con- 

ii' '  t' •!  «Ub  the  U-ariiig  melLs  at  a  given  teniju-ratnre, 
iih  I  ).\  huital'lr  eonlieclionK  i-.  made  to  sounrl  an  alarm. 
bearing-neck  (bar'ing-nek),  ti.   The  jiart  which 
luni.t  within  the  braHst'H  of  the  jiodcHtal  of  a 
car-iriick.  and  Himtains  the  strain;  the  journal 

h  te  fbiir'ing-not),  H.     In  tuning  tom- 

iirncnts,  like  the  pinnoforto,  one  of 

'  at  are  first  carefully  tuned  us  a  ba- 

'  I  lie  otherB.     Also  calleil  Inuring. 

b  ri   niiir'inc-riin),  h.       The   rein    liy 

I' I  of  II  jiorse  iHbi-M  up  III  driving. 

'■:ir'iii'.;-roli),  «.     A  garment  iiii- 

I"  piir|ioHe  as  a  lienriiig-idoth, 

'  lUHloinnry  for  the  Hpunsors  to 

I'f*^'  '■       ■•■<!  11  robe  to  the  chilil. 

bearlH'i       ■'■■•At),  a.    l<  Imir'^  + -ishl .1    1.  I'nr- 

'  '  oilitiesof  abeur;  moroHeoriiii- 

'  -     •^r  R«om  t<i  nlllldfl  Ut  tills  dl'geit- 

' '  '  H  lien  we  call  men,  liy  way  of  re- 

pr     .  ,        ,     ,.,,. 

il,i,,,..  niTM  rreutlsss,  Nula,  p.  ;iil. 


I. 


492 

2.  Heavy  and  falling:  applied  on  the  stock- 
exchange  to  prices. 

bearishSess  (bar'ish-nes),  fl.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  beaiish  in  nature,  appearance, 
or  manner. 

bear-leader  (bar'le''der),  n.  1.  A  person  who 
leads  about  a  trained  bear  for  exhibition. 
Hence — 2.  A  tutor  or  governor  in  charge  of  a 
youth  of  rank  at  the  university  or  on  his  trav- 
els, or  one  in  a  similar  relation.     [Humorous.] 

Young  gentleman,  I  am  the  &far-i(?a«ier,  being  appointed 
your  tutor.  Colman  the  I'oungcr. 

They  pounced  upon  the  stray  nobility,  and  seized  young 
lords  travelling  witli  their  bear-leaders. 

Thaekeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  \Ti. 

bear-moss  (bar'mos),  n.     Same  as  bear's-bed. 

bear-mouse  (.bar'mous),  «.  A  book-name  of  a 
marmot  or  a  woodehuck,  translating  the  ge- 
neric name  Arctomi/s.   See  cut  under  Arctomijs. 

bearnt  (barn),  ».  l=bairH  =  barn",q.v.]  An 
obsolete  form  of  bairn. 

bear-pig  (bar'pig),  «.  The  Indian  badger  or 
sand-ljear,  Arctoiiijx  coUuris.     See  badger'^,  1. 

bear-pit  tbar'pit),  n.  A  pit  prepared  for  the 
keeping  of  bears  in  a  zoological  garden,  in  the 
center  a  stout  pole,  with  cross-bars  or  steps  at  proper  dis- 
tances, is  set  up  to  enable  the  bear  to  indulge  in  his  in- 
stinctive habit  of  climbing. 

bearst,  »•    -An  obsolete  spelling  of  burse. 

bear's-bed  (barz'bed),  «.  The  hair-eap  moss, 
a  species  of  Pohjtrielium  which  grows  in  broad, 
soft  mats.     Also  called  bear-moss. 

bear's-bilberry  (barz'bU"ber-i),  n.  Same  as 
tiiarbcrnj,  1. 

bear's-breech  (barz'breeh),  n.  1.  The  English 
name  of  Acanthus  spinosus.  See  Acanthus. — 
2.  The  cow-parsnip,  Ueracleum  Sphuniitjlium : 
so  called  on  account  of  its  roughness. 

bear's-CoUeget  (barz'kol'ej),  «.     See  bear-gar- 
den, 1. 
The  students  in  hear's-college. 

B.  Jonson,  Masipie  of  Gypsies. 

bear's-ear  (barz'er),  n.  A  common  name  in 
Englaudof  the  auricula.  Primula  Auricula,  from 
its  early  Latin  name,  nrsi  auricula,  given  in  allu- 
sion to  the  shape  of  its  leaf.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bear's-foot  (barz'fut),  n.  A  ))lant  of  the  genus 
IhlUhorus,  H.  fatidus.     See  JJelleburus. 

bear's-garlic  (barz'gjir"lik),  n.  A  species  of 
onion,  Allium  nrsinum. 

bear's-grape  (bilrz'grap),  n.  Same  as  hcar- 
hi  rni,  1 . 

bearskin  (bar'skin),  H.  1.  The  skin  of  a  bear. 
—  2.  A  coarse  shaggy  woolen  cloth  for  over- 
coats.—  3.  A  tall  cap  made  of  black  fur  form- 
ing part  of  the  uniform  of  some  military  bodies, 
as  of  the  Guards  'in  the  British  army  and  of 
soldiers  of  various  organizations  elsewhere. 

The  bearskins  of  the  French  grenadiers  rose  above  the 
crest  of  the  hill.  Yontje,  life  of  Wellington,  x.\-\i;i. 

Bearskin  Jobber.    Sc<-  /..vir'-',  n.,  6. 

bear's-pa'w  clam,  root.    See  clam,  root. 

bear's-'weed  (barz'weil),  n.  The  i^erba  santa 
of  ( 'alit'ornia,  Eriodirtian  glutinosnm. 

bear'Ward  (bar'wiird),  n.     A  keeper  of  bears. 
We'll  bait  thy  bears  to  dcatli, 
And  manacle  the  bearward  in  their  chains. 

.Slial;.,  -J  Hen.  VI..  v.  1. 

Those  who  workewtth  them  co'mand  them  asonr^r^o■c- 

wanbt  do  the  heares,  with  a  ring  through  the  iio.hc,  and  a 

cord.  liwlyn.  Diary,  Oct.  21,  \CM. 

I  entreated  a  heartvard  one  day  to  coino  down  with  the 

dogs  of  some  four  parishes  that  way. 

li.  ./onsint,  Kplcicne,  i.  I. 

bear-Tvlielp  (biir'hwelp),  «.   [<  ME.  bcrc-hwelp; 
<  bear-  +  whclj).']     The  whelp  of  a  bear. 
An  nnlicked  bear-whelp.  Shak.,  .S  Hen.  VI.,  ill.  *2. 

bear'WOOd  (liilr'wud),  «.  The  llhamnu.i  I'lir- 
.sliiiina,  a  KJirub  or  small  tree  of  the  Pncilic 
Slates.     See  biarherri/,  2. 

bearWOrt  (liiir'wert),  «.  The  mew  or  biild- 
moiiey,  Meum  athamaiitienin. 

beast  (best),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  nlso  her.it,  < 
MIO.  bceiitc,  hcstc,  <  ()1'\  Insle,  F.  Mtc  =  Sii,  Pg. 
It.  bcntia  =  D.  Lti.  bcest,  <  Ij.  hcntiii,  an  iininial, 
including  all  animals  except  man.]  1.  A  liv- 
ing being;  an  iininiiil:  in  this  e.\t<>ndi'd  KeiiHO 
now  only  in  dialectal  or  coll(i(|uiiil  use. 

'J'liesu  ben  tliu  eyryvsli  lairlsli)  IteKten.  lo. 

i'liaueer,  Iloime  of  Fame,  I.  p,'(2. 

To  keojio  tills  worlde  botlie  more  and  lesse 
I  v  make. 
Yttrk  I'tiijfii.  p.  l.'i. 

2.  Any  four-footed  animal,  iih  iliHtingiiished 
from  fowls,  inseelH,  (IslieH,  and  iiiiin :  ns,  hrastn 
of  burden;  ttvaHtt  of  the  cliiiHe;  IwattlM  of  the 
forest.     It  is  applied  chiefly  to  large  animals. 

Ilio  iKOtt*,  the  (Ishcs,  and  the  Mlitgi-il  fowls. 

Hhak.,  (.'.  of  I',.,  II.  I 


I  keoll 
■kylfi 


A  Mkylfllll  tieeste  (inali)  than  will  y  make 


beast's-bane 

One  deep  cry  ' 

Of  great  wild  beasts.     Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art 

Beasts  of  chase  are  the  buck,  the  doe,  the  fox,  the  mar. 

ten,  aiul  the  roe.    Beasts  of  the  forest  are  the  hart,  the 

hind,  the  hare,  the  boar,  and  the  wolf.     Beasts  of  warreti  , 

are  the  hare  and  cony.  Cowell,  Law  Dictionary. 

3.  Any  irrational  animal,  as  opposed  to  man, 
as  in  the  phrase  man  and  beast,  where  beast  i 
usually  means  horse. 

0  heaven  I  a  bea-<t,  that  wants  discourse  of  reason. 
Would  have  mourn "d  longer.  .SImk.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

4.  pi.  In  rural  cconomij,  originsiily  all  domestic 
animals,  but  now  only  cattle ;  especially,  fat- 
ting cattle  as  distinguished  from  other  animals. 
— 5.  In  a  limited  specitie  use,  a  horse :  as,  iny 
beast  is  tired  out.  [Local,  Scotland  and  U.  S. 
Compare  creature,  critter,  similarly  used.]  —  6. 
Figuratively,  a  brutal  man;  a  person  rude, 
coarse,  filthy,  or  acting  in  a  mamier  unworthy 
of  a  rational  creature. 

AMiat  an  aflticted  conscience  do  I  live  with, 
And  what  a  beast  I  am  grown  ! 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  iv.  1. 

7t.  [In  this  use  also  spelled  as  orig.  pron.,  biiste, 
<  F.  lu.'ite,  now  bete,  in  same  .sense.]  (a)  An 
old  game  of  cards  resembling  loo.  (6)  A  pen- 
alty or  forfeit  at  this  game,  and  also  in  ombre 
and  quadrille — Beast  royal,  the  lion:  used  also  of 
the  constellation  Leo. 

And  yet  ascending  was  the  heste  roiat. 
The  gentil  Leon  with  his  Aldiran. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  256. 

Blatant  beast.    See  blatant. 
beasted  (bcs'ted),  a.     [<  beast,  «.,  7,  +  -<'rf2.] 

Beaten  at  ombre  or  qiuidrille. 
beastee,  ".     See  bhcesty. 
beast-klde   (best'hid),  «.     Sole-leather  -nhich 

has  not  been  hammered.   It  is  used  for  glaziers' 

jiolishing-wheels. 
beasthood  (best'hud),  ii.    [<  beast  +  -hood.'} 

The  natiivo  or  condition  of  beasts.     Carlyle. 
beastiel  (bes'ti),  n.     [Dim.  of  beasfi     A  little 

animal.     [Scotch.] 
beastie'-  (bes'ti),  n.     See  bhccstij. 
beastily  (bes'ti-li),  adv.    As  a  beast;  bestially. 

Shcllrjl. 

beastings,  n.  sing,  or  pi.     See  beestings. 
beastisn  (bes'tish),  a.     [<  ME.  bestish;  <  beast 
+  -/,s'/(l.]     Like  a  beast;  brutal. 

It  would  be  but  a  kind  of  animal  or  ben-ttijih  meeting. 
Miltun,  Divorce,  xiii.  (Ord  MS.). 

beastliness  (liest'li-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  beastly;  brutality;  coarseness; 
vulgarity ;  tilthiness. 

Kank  iiniiulation  of  luxuriousuess 

HiLs  taintetl  him  with  such  gro.ss  t^enstliness. 

.Mai-slon,  Scourge  of  Villainie,  ii.  7. 

2t.  Absence  of  reason ;  stuiiidity. 
Bea-ytliiiess  aiul  lack  of  consideration.  North. 

beastly  (best'li),  a.  [<  JfE.  hcc.itchi,  bcstelil, 
hcastliche ;  <  beast  +  -///I.]  If.  Natural;  ani- 
mal :  tho  opposite  of  spiritual. 

It  is  Howun  a  beestti  bodi ;  it  slml  i*yse  a  spiritual  bodi. 
Wiietif,  1  Cor.  XV.  44. 

2.  Like  a  beast  in  form  or  luvture ;  animal. 

Beastly  divinities  and  droves  of  gods.  Prior. 

3.  Like  a  beast  in  conduct  or  instincts;  brutal; 
liltliy;  coarse. 

Tbuu  art  the  beastliest,  crossest  baggage  that  ever  man 
met  withal !  .Middlelon  (and  others).  The  Widow,  I.  S, 

4.  Belittingabeast;  unfit  for  human  tise;  filthy; 
abominable. 

l>*'Wd,  profane,  and  Ivastly  phrase.  B.  Jottsotu 

Thrown  Into  lieastly  prisons.    Dickens,  Hist,  of  Eng.,  xvl. 

5.  Nasty;  disagreeable:  as,  beastlii  weather. 
[Slung.] 

Hy  laying  the  defeat  t^i  tho  accinint  of  "this  licastiy 
laigllsli  weather,  you  know."  American,  VI.  24fi. 

=-  Syn.    HiuIuI,  Bestial,  etc.     See  bnile. 
beastlyt  (li«"'st'li),   adv.     [<  beast  +  -?i/2.]     In 
the  manner  of  a  beast;  filthily;  abominably. 

l''ie  on  hcrl  see  how  beastly  she  dnth  court  him. 

.SA.iA:.,  T.  of  the, S.,  Iv.  SI. 

1  have  seen  a  handsome  cause  so  fmiUy  lost,  sir, 
.So  lieastly  cast  away,  for  want  of  wlt.nesses. 

l-'leleher,  Spanish  Curate.  III.  1. 

beastlyheadt  (best'li -bed),  ».  [<  In-asth/  + 
-hcail  =  -hiuul :  oncuif  Spenser's  arlilicial  words.] 
The  chnracleror  (|iiallly  of  a  beast;  lienstli- 
ness:  used  by  Spenser  as  a,  greet  ing  to  a  beast. 

HIeke,  slcke.  alas  [  anil  little  lack  of  dead, 
Hut  I  bo  relieved  by  your  tteasilyhead. 

Siicnscr,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

beast's-bane  (bosts'biln),  w.  A  variety  of  the 
woM's-biine,  Aconilnm  Li/coctiinum. 


beat 

beat^  (liet),  V. ;  prot.  heat,  pp.  beaten,  &m^  ppr. 
hcatinq.  [<  ME.  heten,  <  AS.  hcdtan{^Yei.  bcot, 
pp.  /jt«/<?/0  =OHG.  bocan,  MHG.  fcd,~P»  =  Ieel. 
/^(U'/'d  beat.  Tho  superMoial  roserablance  to  F. 
haf/rr,  K.  bat^,  btttter^,  is  accidental,  but  has 
ix'vhaps  iiitlueiieed  some  of  the  meanings  of 
hrat^.  Ui'uae  beetle^. 1  I.  trans.  1.  To  strike 
rei)eatetlly;  lay  repeated  blows  upon. 

H'as  beat  iiie  twice,  and  beat  me  to  a  cowai'd. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  ii.  4. 

The  eagles  of  Mexitli  shall  beat  the  air  no  more. 

Whittkr,  The  Crisis. 

2.  To  strike  in  orderto  produce  a  sound;  sound 

by  percussion:  as,  to  beat  a  drum  or  a  tam- 

bouiine. 

Come,  heat  all  the  drums  up, 

And  all  the  noble  instruments  of  war. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  v.  5. 

3.  To  play  (a  particular  call  or  tattoo)  upon 
the  drum:  as,  to  beat  a  charge;  to  beat  a  re- 
treat. [The  last  phrase  often  means  simply 
to  retire  or  retreat.] 

The  enemy  was  driven  back  all  day,  as  we  had  been  the 
day  before,  until  tinally  he  heat  a  precipitate  retreat. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  350. 

4.  To  break,  bruise,  comminute,  or  pulverize 
by  beating  or  pountling,  as  any  hard  substance. 

Tliou  shalt  beat  some  of  it  very  small.  Ex.  xxx.  36. 

5.  To  extend  by  beating,  as  gold  or  other  mal- 
leable substance,  or  to  hammer  into  any  form ; 
forge. 

They  did  beat  the  gold  into  thin  plates.        Ex.  xxxix.  3. 

The  hammer  which  smote  the  Saracens  at  Tours  was  at 

last  successful  in  fieafirtt/ the  Netherlands  into  Christianity. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  21. 

6.  To  separate  by  concussion ;  strike  apart ; 
remove  by  striking  or  threshing:  with  out. 

So  she  .  .  .  heat  out  that  she  had  gleaned:  and  it  was 
about  an  ephah  of  barley.  Ruth  ii.  17. 

7.  To  mix  by  a  striking  or  beating  motion; 
whip  into  the  desired  condition:  as,  to  beat  or 
heat  \ip  eggs  or  batter, —  8.  To  dash  or  strike 
against,  as  water  or  wind. 

Beyond  this  flood  a  frozen  continent 

Lies,  dark  and  wild,  beat  mth  perpetual  storm. 

Milton,  F.  L.,  ii.  588. 

9.  To  strike  with  the  feet  in  moving;  tread  upon. 

Pass  awful  gulfs  and  beat  my  painful  way. 

•Sir  R.  Blackmore. 
Along  the  margin  of  tlie  moonlight  sea 
We  beat  with  tliundering  hoofs  the  level  sand. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  x. 
Amid  the  sound  of  steps  that  beat 
The  mui'muring  walks  like  autumn  rain, 

Bryant,  The  Crowded  Street. 

10.  To  range  (fields  or  woods)  with  loud  blows 
or  other  noise  in  search  of  game. 

To  beat  the  woods  and  rouse  the  bounding  prey.   Prior. 
Together  let  us  beat  this  simple  field, 
Ti-y  what  the  open,  what  the  covert  yield ! 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  1.  9. 

11.  To  overcome  in  battle,  contest,  or  strife; 
vanquish  or  conquer:  as,  one  beats  another  at 
play. 

Pyrrhus  .  ,  .  6ca(  the  Carthaginians  at  sea.   Arbuthnot. 

12.  To  surpass;  excel;  go  beyond:  &n,he  beats 
them  all  at  swimming.     [CoUoq.] 

Many  ladies  in  Strasburg  were  beautiful,  still 
They  were  beat  all  to  sticks  by  the  lovely  Odille. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  239. 
There  is  something  out  of  common  here  that  beats  any- 
thing that  ever  came  in  my  way.  Dickens. 

13.  To  be  too  difficult  for,  whether  intellectu- 
ally or  physically;  baffle:  as,  it  beats  me  to 
make  it  out.  [Colloq.]  — 14.  To  harass;  ex- 
ercise severely;  cudgel  (one's  brains). 

Sirrah,  lay  by  your  foolish  study  there, 
And  beat  your  brains  about  your  own  affairs. 

Fletcher  ancl  Rouley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  ii.  1. 

Why  should  any  one  .  .  .  beat  his  head  about  the  Latin 

granmiar  who  does  not  intend  to  be  a  critic?  Locke. 

15.  To  exhaust :  as,  the  long  and  toilsome  joiu'- 
ney  quite  bcathim.     [Colloq.] 

They  had  been  beaten  out  with  the  exposure  and  hard- 
ship. Ii.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  365. 

16,  To  flutter;  flap:  as,  to  &ea^  the  wings:  said 
of  a  bird.  See  bate^. — 17.  In  medieval  embroi- 
dery, to  ornament  with  thin  plates  of  gold  or 
silver. 

Ilur  clothys  weyth  bestes  and  byrdes  wer  bete, 
All  abowte  for  pryde. 

Quoted  in  Rock's  Textile  Fabrics. 
One  coat  for  my  lord's  body  beat  Avith  gold. 

Duydale,  Baronage. 

IS.  In  printin (J :  (a)  To  ink  with  beaters,  (b) 
To  impress  by  repeatedly  striking  with  a  mal- 
let a  pniof-planer  pressed  against  the  paper: 
SiQ,bcatix  proof  of  that  form.— 19.  To  obtain 


493 

an  unfair  advantage  of;  defraud:  as,  to  beat  a 

holeh  [Slanp:,  U.  S.] -To  beat  a  bargain.  Scu 
barya.in.  To  beat  a  parley,  tu  notify  tin;  ._ricniy  by  a 
drum  or  truiiiput  Higital  tliat  cunfi'n'iic.c  is  dcsin-d  iindi-r  a 
Hag  of  truce.  — To  heat  away,  in  nilnin<i,  to  trxcavato: 
usually  applied  to  Imnl  grt-uud.- To  beat  hack,  to  com- 
pel to  rL-tirc  or  return.  To  beat  COCk-fightlng.  See 
nirk-jiffhtiinf.-  To  beat  dOWn.  (a)  To  break,  destroy,  or 
ilirow  down  tiy  hratiiig  or  Ipattcring,  as  a  wall,  (b)  To 
pi'oss  down  tir  lay  Hat  (gi'uss,  grain,  etc.)  by  any  prostrat- 
ing action,  as  that  of  a  violent  wind,  a  current  of  water, 
or  the  passage  of  persons  or  animals,  (c)  To  cause  to  lower 
(a  price)  by  imptu'tunity  or  argument;  sink  or  lessen  tho 
price  or  value  of;  make  lower,  as  price  or  value. 

It  [usury]  heats  down  the  price  of  land.  Bacon,  Usury. 
(f/>  To  ilcprrssi  or  ciiisli :  as,  to  heat  domi  oiiposition.  — To 
beat  into,  to  tiarh  or  inslil  by  rept'titioti  of  iiislniction. 
—  To  beat  off,  to  np.-l  oi-fhivi- back.— To  beat  out.  («) 
To  extt-nd  liy  liamnninng ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  work  out 
fully;  amplify;  expand. 

A  man  thinking  on  his  legs  is  obhged  to  heat  out  his 
thought  for  his  own  sake,  if  not  for  the  sake  of  his  hearers. 

Conihill  May. 

(b)  To  perform  or  execute,  as  a  piece  of  music,  by  or  as 
if  by  beats  with  tlie  hands  or  feet. 

The  child's  feet  were  busy  beating  out  the  tune. 

Cornhill  Mag. 
Perplext  in  faith,  but  pure  in  deeds. 
At  last  he  beat  his  music  out. 

Tennyson^  InMemoriam,  xcvi. 

(c)  To  drive  out  or  away. 

Intermediate  varieties,  from  existing  in  lesser  numbers 
than  the  forms  which  they  connect,  will  generally  be 
beaten  out  and  exterminated  during  the  course  of  further 
modification  and  improvement. 

Daricin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  26C. 
To  beat  the  air,  to  fight  to  no  purpose,  or  against  no  an- 
tagonist or  opposition. 

I  therefore  so  run,  not  as  uncertainly;  so  fight  I,  not  as 
one  that  beateth  the  air.  1  Cor.  ix.  20. 

To  beat  the  bounds.   See  boundi.— To  beat  the  dust, 

in  the  maiieye:  (a)  To  take  in  too  little  ground  with  the 
fore  legs,  as  ahorse,  (b)  To  curvet  too  precipitately  or 
too  low,  as  a  horse. — To  beat  the  general,  to  sound 
the  roll  of  the  drum  which  calls  the  troops  to'^tther. — TO 
beat  the  tattoo,  to  sound  the  drum  for  evening  roll-call, 
wlien  all  soldi' r.s  except  those  absent  with  permission 
are  expertrd  to  l)u  present  in  their  quarters.— To  beat 
the  wind,  to  make  a  few  flourishes  in  the  air,  and  thus 
be  entith-d  to  all  the  advantages  of  a  victor,  as  was  done 
under  the  medieval  system  of  trial  by  battle  wlien  the 
other  combatant  failed  to  appear. — To  beat  time,  to 
measure  or  regulate  time  in  music  by  tlie  motion  of  the 
h«nd  or  foot.— To  beat  to  a  mummy.  See  mununy.— 
To  beat  up.  (a)  To  attack  suddenly;  alarm  or  disturb; 
hence,  to  come  to  or  upon  unexpectedly :  as,  to  beat  up  an 
enemy's  quarters. 

A  distant  relation  left  him  an  estate  in  Ireland,  where 
he  had  resided  ever  since,  making  occasional  visits  to  the 
Continent  and  beating  up  his  old  quarters,  but  rarely  com- 
ing to  England.  Laiorence. 
(b)  To  summon  or  bring  together  as  by  beat  of  drum :  as, 
to  beat  up  recruits,  (e)  In  hunting,  to  rouse  and  drive 
(game)  by  ranging. 

They  beat  up  a  little  game  peradventure. 

Lamb,  Imperfect  Sympathies. 
iti)  In  engraving,  to  remove  (a  dent  or  mark)  from  the 
face  of  a  plate  by  striking  the  back  with  a  punch  wliile 
the  face  rests  on  a  sheet  of  tin-foil  on  an  anvil  or  a  stake. 
In  this  way  engravers  can  remove  marks  too  deep  to  be 
obliterated  by  the  scraper  or  burnisher.  =  Syn.  1.  To 
pound,  Iiang.  buffet,  maul,  drub,  thump,  thwack,  baste, 
thrush,  pommel.  — 11.  Discomfit,  Ro^it,  etc.     See  defeat. 

IL  intrans.  1,  To  strike  repeatedly;  knock, 
as  at  a  door. 

The  men  of  the  city  .  .  .  beat  at  the  door.    Judges  xix.  22. 

2.  To  move  with  pulsation;  throb:  as,  the 
pulse  beats. 

A  thousand  hearts  beat  happily. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  hi.  21. 
Witli  unused  thoughts  and  sweet 
And  hurrying  lnjpes.  his  heart  began  to  beat. 

William-  MorHs,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  40S. 

3.  To  act,  dash,  or  fall  with  force  or  violence, 
as  a  storm,  flood,  passion,  etc. :  as,  the  tempest 
beats  against  the  house. 

And  the  sun  heat  upon  the  head  of  Jonah,  that  he 

fainted,  and  wished  in  himself  to  die.  Jonah  iv.  8. 

Rolling  tempests  vainly  heat  below.  Drydcn. 

For  the  noon  is  coming  on,  and  the  sunbeams  fiercely  heat. 
Bryant,  Damsel  of  Peru. 

4.  To  be  tossed  so  as  to  strike  the  ground  vio- 
lently or  frequently. 

Floating  corps  lie  heating  on  the  shore.  Addison. 

5.  To  give  notice  by  beating  a  drum ;  also,  to 
soxmd  on  being  beaten,  as  a  di-um. 

But  Linden  saw  another  sight 

When  the  drum  beat  at  dead  of  night. 

Campbell,  Hohenlinden. 

6.  To  contain  beats  or  pulsations  of  sound,  as 
a  tone  formed  by  sounding  together  two  notes 
which  are  nearly  in  unison.  See  heat,  n.,  7. —  7. 
To  ponder;  be  incessantly  engaged;  be  anx- 
iously directed  to  something;  be  in  agitation 
or  doubt. 

If  you  be  pleas'd,  retire  into  ray  cell, 

And  there  repose ;  a  turn  or  two  I"ll  walk, 

To  still  my  beating  mind.      Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 


beat 

Thy  heaven  is  on  earth  ;  thine  eyes  and  thoughts 
Beat  on  a  crown,  the  treasui'e  of  thy  heart. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI,,  it.  1. 

8.  Naut.,  to  make  progress  against  the  wind 
by  alternate  tacks  in  a  zigzag  line,  a  good 
square-rigged  vej^sel  will  make  a  direct  gain  Ut  windward 
of  three  tenths  of  the  distance  she  has  sailed  wliile  beat- 
ing, while  the  gain  to  windward  of  an  average  fore-and-aft 
rigged  vessel  will  be  equal  to  five  or  six  tenths  of  the  dis- 
tance sailed. 

We  took  a  pilot  on  board,  hove  up  our  anohor,  and  be- 
gan beating  down  the  buy. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  3. 

Many  yachtsmen  had  pronounced  it  to  1)C!  an  impossi- 
bility for  our  ve-ssel  to  beat  out  in  so  light  a  Ijrceze. 

Lady  BroAssey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  i. 
To  beat  about,  to  search  by  various  means  or  ways ; 
make  efforts  at  discovery. 

To  find  an  honest  man,  I  beat  about. 

Pope,  Epil.  to  Satires,  ii.  102, 

To  beat  about  the  bush,  to  approach  a  mattt-r  in  a 
rouniiaboiil  or  .in  iiiiilonitoiy  way.— TO  beat  tO  quar- 
ters, to  summon  the  ciew  of  a  luaii-of -wjtr  by  heat  of  drum 
to  their  stations  for  battle.  — To  beat  up  and  down,  in 
hunting,  to  run  first  one  way  and  tln-n  miotlit  r  :  said  of  a 
stag.— To  beat  up  for  recruits  ot'  soldiers,  to  go  about 
to  enlist  men  into  the  amiy  :  a  |ilii;i,s(-  oiiu'iii:itiiig  in  the 
fact  that  a  recruiting  party  was.. idti  i.t.rrd.-.i  by  a  drum- 
mer with  his  instrument.— To  beat  upont,  to  enforce  by 
repetition  ;  reiterate. 

How  frequently  and  fervently  doth  the  Scripture  heat 
iipiin  this  cause.  llakeivill. 

beat^  (bet),  n.  [<  beaf^,  v."]  1.  A  stroke;  a 
striking;  a  blow,  whether  with  the  hand  or 
with  a  weapon.    [Rare.] 

The  Smith  Divine,  as  with  a  careless  beat, 
Struck  out  the  mute  creation  at  a  heat. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  i.  253. 
Thus  we  get  but  years  and  b>'ats. 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  recurrent  stroke;  a  pulsation;  a  throb: 
as,  the  heat  of  the  ptilse  ;  the  heart  makes  from 
sixty  to  seventy  6^«/5  a  minute. —  3.  The  sound 
macle  by  the  foot  in  walking  or  running;  a 
footfall. 

The  heat  of  her  unseen  feet, 

Which  only  the  angels  hear. 

Shelley,  The  Cloud. 

4.  A  round  or  course  which  is  frequently  gone 
over:  as,  a  watchman's  &ea^/  a  milkman's  fc(?a^. 
We  had  to  descend  from  the  sea-wall,  and  walk  under 
it,  until  we  got  beyond  the  sentry's  beat. 

Hoivells,  V^enetian  Life,  xiL 

Hence  —  5.  A  course  habitually  traversed,  or 
a  place  to  which  one  habitually  or  frequently 
resorts. —  6.  In  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  the 
principal  subdivision  of  a  county ;  a  voting-pre- 
cinct.—  7.  In  music:  (a)  The  beating  or  pul- 
sation arising  from  the  interference  of  two 
musical  notes  differing  but  slightly  in  pitch. 
See  interference.  The  number  of  beats  per  second  la 
equal  to  the  difference  between  the  numbers  of  vibrations 
of  the  two  notes.  Thus,  two  notes  having  256  and  255 
vibrations  per  second  respectively,  if  sounded  simultane- 
ously, will  give  rise  to  one  beat  each  second,  because  once 
in  each  second  the  two  wave-systems  (see  soimd)  will  coin- 
cide and  produce  a  maximum  sound,  and  once  they  will 
be  half  a  wave-length  apart,  and  the  sound  will  almost 
disappear.  Also  called  6<'nfmf/.  (ft)  The  motion  of 
the  hand,  foot,  or  baton  in  marking  the  divi- 
sions of  time  during  the  performance  of  a  piece 
of  music,  (c)  Used  vaguely  by  vai-ious  English 
writers  to  denote  different  kinds  of  oi-namental 
notes  or  graces. —  8.  The  third  operation  in 
paper-making,  in  which  the  pulp  is  still  further 
divided  and  torn  apart,  in  the'  beating-engine, 
—  9.  The  blow  struck  by  a  valve  when  falling 
into  its  seat. — 10.  The  bearing  part  or  the 
facing  of  a  valve. 

The  iidet  and  outlet  valves  in  the  covers  of  the  air-cyl- 
inders are  of  brass  provided  \vith  leather  beats. 

Ure,  Diet.,  TV.  740. 

11.  A  worthless,  dishonest,  shiftless  fellow;  a 
knave.     [Slang.] -Beat  of  a  watch  or  clock,  the 

stroke  made  by  the  action  of  the  escapement.  A  clock  is 
said  to  be  in  beat  or  out  of  beat  according  as  the  stroke  is 
at  equal  or  unequal  intervals.—  Beat  or  tUCk  Of  drum 
{milit.),  a  succession  of  strokes  on  a  dnmi,  varied  in  differ- 
ent ways  for  particular  purposes,  as  to  regulate  a  march, 
to  call  soldiers  to  their  arms  or  quarters,  to  direct  an  at- 
tackoraretreat, etc.— Bead  beat,  (a)  Formerly,  a  person 
without  money  or  resources  ;  now,  one  who  never  pays, 
but  lives  by  evasions  ;  an  utterly  dishonest,  worthless  fel- 
low: an  intensified  expression  of  beat,  11,  above.  [Slang,] 
(6)  A  stroke  or  blow  without  recoil,  as  in  the  dead-beat 
escapement.  See  escapcrDent.—  Double  beat,  in  music,  a 
beat  repeated.— Out  of  one's  beat,  not  in  one's  sphere 
or  department.  [CoUo(|.] 
beat^  (bet),  pp.  [Shorter  form  of  beaten,  which 
is  the  only  form  used  attributively.]  Exhaust- 
ed by  exertion,  mentally  or  bodily;  fatigued; 
worn  out  by  toil.     [Colloq.] 

Quite  beat  and  very  much  vexed.  Dickens. 

Dead  beat,  completely  exhausted  or  worn  out,  so  as  to 
be  incapable  of  further  exertion;  utterly  baffled,  as  by 
the  difficulty  uf  a  task ;  thoroughly  defeated  in  a  contest 
or  struggle,     [Colloq.] 


beat 

beat^  (bet),  n.  [Also  beet,  bait,  <  ME.  bete; 
origin  iinknown,  perhaps  <  6ea(l,  v.,  or  perhaps 
connected  with  jrtif,  6ate,  steep:  seebate^.']  A 
bundle  of  flax  or  hemp  made  up  ready  for  steep- 
ing. 

beat-*  (bet),  n.  [Also  bait,  bate;  origin  im- 
known.  Cf.  beet^,  make  a  fire.  Peat  is  appar. 
a  diJferent  word.]  The  rough  sod  of  moorland, 
or  the  matted  growth  of  fallow  land,  which  is 
sliced  or  pared  oflE,  and  burned,  when  the  land 
is  about  to  be  plowed.  See  beats,  c.  x.  E.  D. 
[ProT.  Eng.] 

beat*  (bet),  r.  t.  and  ».  [See  beat^,  «.]  To 
slice  oflf  (the  beat  or  rough  sod)  from  unculti- 
vated or  fallow  ground  with  a  beat-ax  or  breast- 
plow,  in  order  to  burn  it,  for  the  purpose  at 
once  of  destroying  it  and  of  converting  it  into 
manure  for  the  land.     .V.  E.  D.     [Prov.  Eng.  ] 

beatae  memoriae  (bf-a'te  me-mo'ri-e).    rL., 

gen.  of  heata  mnnoria,  blessed  memory:  see 
biatifu  lani.  memory. '\  Of  blessed  memory :  said 
of  the  dead. 
beat-ax  (bet'aks),   n.      [E.   dial.,   also   hidax, 
biilix;  <  beats  +  axl.]     The  ax  or  adz  with 
which  the  beat  is  pared  off  in  hand-beating. 
See  beafi,  v.     X.  E.  I).     [Prov.  Eng.] 
beaten   (be'tn),  p.   a.      [<   ME.  bctcn,   <  AS. 
hidtiii,  pp.  of  bciitan,  beat:  soo  beat^,  r.']     1. 
Wrought  upon  by  beathig;  formed  or  affected 
in  any  way  by  blows  or  percussion:  as,  beaten 
work  (which  see,  below). 
Tliis  work  of  the  candlesticks  was  of  beaten  gold. 

Num.  viii.  4. 
Specifically — 2.  Worn  by  beating  or  treading; 
much  trodden ;  hence,  common  from  frequent 
nse  or  repetition ;  trite :  as,  to  follow  the  beaten 
course  of  reasoning. 
A  broad  and  heaUn  way.  Hilton,  P.  L.,  ii.  102C. 

lYuth  they  profe&s'd,  yet  often  left  the  true 
And  beaten  prospect,  lor  the  wild  and  new. 

Crabbe,  Tales. 

3.  Conquered ;  vanquished. 

I  supp^jse  everything  is  right,  even  to  Wooler's  being 
conqueror  and  I  the  beaten  man.  6".  Tijtler. 

4.  Exhausted ;  worn  out. —  5.  Baffled,  as  by  the 
difficulty  of  a  task,  intellectual  or  physical. 

—  Beaten  work.  («)  \Ietal  shaped  by  being  hammered 
on  an  an\  il  or  a  block  of  the  requisite  form.  Hand.made 
vessels  of  metal,  especially  those  of  rounded  form,  are  com- 
monly  shaped  by  this  process.    (6)  Kepoussti  work.    See 

beater  (be'ttr),  n.  1.  One  who  beats:  as,  a 
e;upet-6cfl(<;-r;  a  dxvLxa-beater. 

Euen  the  wisest  of  your  great  beaters  do  aa  oft  puniahe 
nature  as  they  do  correcte  faultes. 

Aschani,  The  Scholemaater,  p.  32. 

2.  In  hunting,  one  who  rouses  or  beats  up  game. 
When  the  ireatern  came  up  we  found  that  tlie  bag  con- 
sisted of  live  red-deer  — namely,  one  snuill  stag  aeid  four 
hinds.  J.  Baker,  Turkey,  p.  369. 

3.  That  which  beats  or  is  used  in  beating. 

Specifically  —  (a)  In  bajtket-maJcinfj,  a  heavy  iron  used  for 
beating  the  work  close,  or  compacting  it.  (h)  In  cotton 
tnunu/.,  a  machine  for  cleaning  and  opening  ttie  cotton 

fireparat^»ry  to  carding.  Tliis  is  accomplished  by  beat- 
ng  the  cotton,  as  it  is  fed  through  rolls,  by  luiiizontal 
blades  attached  to  an  axle  revolving  with  great  rapid- 
ity, (c)  The  Jack  of  a  knitting-machine,  (il)  A  mallet 
used  in  hat-niaklng.  (f)  A  toid  for  packing  powder  in  a 
blast-hole.  (/)  A  scutching-blade  for  breaking  tlax  or 
hemp,  (tt)  In  weamtvj,  the  lathe  or  batten  of  a  loom: 
«o  named  Itecause  It  drives  the  weft  into  the  shed,  and 
m:il<'M  till*  fabric  more  compact. 

beater-press  (bo'tt-r-prfs),  n.  A  machine  for 
ciiiMji.ieiiiig  materials  for  baling,  by  beating 
tliciii  down  by  a  weight,  and  also  by  direct  and 
continued  presHuro. 

beatb  fbeTii),  v.  t.  [Now  only  E.  dial.,  <  MK. 
Ill  thru,  <  AS.  botliiaii,  u  parallel  form  of  hiillii- 
an,  >  K.  blithe,  q.  v.]     1.  To  batho ;  foment. 

—  2.  To  heat  (unHiuHoned  wood)  tor  the  pur- 
pOHo  of  straightening  (it). 

A  tall  young  oakc  .  .  . 
Urath'd  Id  (Ire  (or  iteelo  to  be  In  nti-d. 

Sl>''nMcr,  V.  ().,  IV.  vll.  7. 

beatific   iHJ-a-tif'ik),  a.    [<  LL.  Iieatifir.iis,  <  bea- 
tu.H,  ].   ipy,' +  /Viwrr,  make;  cf.  bidlify.]     1. 
Blew  r  •    r  making  happy;  imparting  blisH. 
Tin:  ;'i  ■    ■ ,,,  i^  and  Mtrnriuenciui  of  the  tteatijic  vision. 

South. 
2.   IJj'SHi.j;  blisHfiil;  exnltedly  hajipy. 
lb'  .-irnv-I  in  the  most  fjeati/ie  frnrrie  of  ndnd. 

Tbrrf  ill  .\iinraii,  p.  ]7rt. 
Bealtflo  Tlllon,  In  Iheol..  the  dlri'<  t  vUlnn  of  iiod,  nnp- 
pnacil  loronxltutellivcMcntlnl  bliss  of  ludiitannd  nngels 
In  heavi  I, 

beatifical  (iM-n-tif'i-kttl),  a.     Hamo  a«  beatific. 

[Knr''  ' 
beatlfi     Mya.r-rt-tlf'l-kftl-i),  nrfr.     Innbialilic 

iniiii' 
beatil  'i-ki'it),  r.  (.     To  beatify, 

beatil.  i  fi-ki'Hhpn),  n.     \=l\lii'- 

attjirjiii.n,^      \\„  til II lifiearo:  »i'0  beatify.}    1. 


494 

The  act  of  beatifying  or  of  rendering  or  pro- 
nouncing happy;  the  state  of  being  blessed; 
blessedness. 

The  end  of  a  Christian,  .  .  .  the  rest  of  a  Christian,  and 
the  beatijieation  of  his  spirit       Jer.  Taylor,  Sermons,  xx. 

2.  In  the  Eom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  act  by  which  a 
deceased  person  is  declared  to  be  beatified,  or 
one  of  the  blessed,  and  therefore  a  proper  sub- 
ject of  a  certain  degree  or  kind  of  public  reli- 
gious honor.  This  is  now  an  exclusive  prerogative  of  the 
pope,  but  for  several  centuries  it  was  also  exercised  by 
local  bishops  or  metropolitans.  It  is  usually  the  second 
step  toward  canonization,  and  cannot  lake  place  till  fifty 
years  after  the  death  of  the  person  to  be  beatified,  except 
in  the  case  of  martyrs.  The  process  is  an  elaborate  one. 
consisting  of  thirteen  or  fourteen  stages,  and  extending 
over  many  years,  during  which  the  claims  of  the  reputed 
saint  are  carefully  and  strictly  investigated.  If  the  final 
result  is  favorable,  the  popes  decree  is  publicly  read  in 
the  pontifical  church,  the  image  and  relics  of  the  newly 
beatified  are  incensed,  etc.    See  canonization. 

Ximenes  has  alwjiys  been  venerated  In  Spain.    Philip 
IV.  endeavored  to  procui'e  his  beatification. 

G.  Ticlcnor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  424. 

beatify  (bf-at'i-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beati- 
fied, ppr.  ieatifi/ing.  [<  F.  bcatifier,  <  LL.  beati- 
ficare,  make  happy,  bless,  <  beatificus,  making 
happy,  blessing,  <  L.  6ffl?i(,s,  happy,  blessed  (pp. 
of  bcare,  make  happy,  akin  to  boms,  bonus,  good, 
bene,  well),  +  facerc,  make.]  1.  To  make  su- 
premely happy ;  bless  with  the  completion  of 
celestial enjojTuent :  as, "  beatified spii-its,"  Drij- 
den. —  2.  To  pronounce  or  regard  as  happy,  or 
as  conferring  happiness.     [Kare.] 

The  common  conceits  and  phrases  which  so  hcati^fii 
wealth.  Barrou;  Works  (ed.  1(586),  III.  161. 

Specifically — 3.  In  the  Mom.  Cath.  Ch.,  to  de- 
cree beatification. 

Tlie  right  of  beati/i/inii,  that  is,  declaring  a  holy  person 

a  saint,  and  decreeing  that  due  honour  might  l>e  paid  him, 

within  a  particular  diocese,  contiiiurd  tn  be  exercised  in 

England  and  everywhere  else  by  the  t)islii'ps  of  the  church. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  F:ithers.  111.  i.  VX\ 

Hence — 4.  To  ascribe  extraordinary  virtue  or 
excellence  to ;  regard  as  saintly  or  exalted. 

His  heroine  is  so  bcatitii'd  with  tlescription,  that  she 
loses  all  bold  upon  svni])atliv. 

Wlilpple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  12S. 

beating  (be'ting),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  beat^,  «•.] 

1.  The  act  of  striking,  or  operating  by  blows  : 
any  process  of  working  by  percussion,  spcciii- 
cally  —  (a)  A  process  in  the  dressing  of  fiax  anti  hemp  b>' 
which  tliey  ai-e  made  soft  and  pliidile.  (h)  Tlic  process  of 
hammering  gold  and  silver  into  leaf.  The  sheets  arc 
placed  between  pieces  of  parchment,  and  hammered  on  a 
marble  block,  (c)  In  bookbinding,  the  process  of  llattiim 
out  with  a  h.amraer  the  leaves  of  a  liook  which  have  been 
badly  pressed,  or  which  have  been  buckled  or  twisted  by 
bad  sewing  or  uneven  dampening. 

2.  Punishment  or  chastisement  by  blows;  a 
flogging. —  3.  The  state  of  being  beaten  or  out- 
done ;  a  defeat. 

Our  .American  rirte-team  has  had  its  heating,  but  not  a 
bad  beating.  The  American,  VI.  245. 

4.  Regular  pulsation  or  throbbing. 

Tlie  heatings  oi  my  heart.     Wordftivorth,  Tintcrn  Abbey. 

5.  In  music,  same  as  bent,  7  («):  but  in  this 
form  more  froijuently  applied  to  the  beats  of 
the  strings  of  a  piano  or  the  pijies  of  an  organ. 
— 6.  Naiit.,  the  act  of  advancing  in  a  zigzag 
line  against  the  wind. 

beating-bracket   (be'ting-brak'et),   ti.      The 

li:itliii  (.1  :i  Idiini. 
beating-engine  (be'ting-en  .jin),  «.     1.  A  ma- 
eliiuti  witli  I'otiitiug  cultcrHfor  preparing  rags 
ill  pnpcr-ninkiiig.^2.  Siiiiie  as  bnUtuii-maehiiic. 

beating-hammer  (bo'ling-lmm  er),  «.  A  liam- 
iiiii-  liuviiii,'  I  wci  sliglitly  rounded  faces,  tised  in 
slinping  llic  liiick.s  III'  books. 

beating-machine  (iM'tiiig-ma-sli6n*),>i.  A  ma- 

cliiiic  fordpiiiiiig  iiiid  licating  cotton,  to  loosen 
it  and  remove  tlie  dust.  Also  called  icHlmoinij- 
marhiiie,  ojxncr,  bealinii-entjine,  etc. 
beatitude  (be-at'i-tiid),  «.'  [<  V.  bt'aliliide,  < 
I,.  Iiiiililiido,  <  liraliis,  liappy,  blessed  :  see  ^r- 
iilifij.]  1.  Suprc'ino  bli'SHcdnesH;  felicity  nf 
the  highest  kind;  coiisiiiiinmtc  bliss;  hoiic(>,  in 
a  less  restricted  HenH<',  any  e.vlreine  jileaHiire  or 
satisfaction. 

Tnie  beatitude  growelh  not  on  carlli. 

.Sir  T.  Browne,  Chrlll.  Mor,  III.  II. 

About  hhn  all  the  minclllb  .«  of  heaven 

Stood  thick  aji  ulnrs.  and  from  bis  sight  received 

Hentilude  past  ulternnee.  MiUun.  1'.  I. ,  III.  (12. 

I'hoiisands  of  the  .liwii  find  n  peculiar  lienlilinlr  In  linv 

ing  Ibeniselves  Interred  on  the  opponlte  nlopeol  the  Moiml 

of  Ollveii.  B.  Tiiulor,  l.iiiiiU  of  lbi>  Sarai p.  7:.. 

2.  One  of  the  <'iKlit  iiscriptioim  of  IiIchhimI- 
nesH  to  those  who  iiohscsm  partiiMiliir  virliii-s, 
proiiounei'd  by  (-'lirmt  in  tho  Henrion  on  (he 
Mount,  Mot.  V.  ;»-ll:  so  named  from  tho  word 


beaupere 

"blessed"   (in   the  Latin,   beati),  with  whick  ' 
each  declaration  or  ascription  begins.  —  Formal 
beatitude,  the  possession  of  the  highest  good.— Objec- 
tive beatitude,  the  highest  good. 

beattle  i,be-at'l),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.  (Exmoor  and 
Soilly  Gloss.)  and  U.  S. ;  appar.  <  (le-l  +  attic  for 
addle.']  To  addle  the  brain  of;  make  a  fool  of. 
[Prov.  U.  S.  (Massachusetts).] 

beau  (bo"),  a.  and  «.  [As  an  ad.i.  long  obsolete; 
early  mod.  E.  beic,  <  ME.  beu,  bicu,  beau.  <  OF. 
bean,  biau,  earlier  bel,  beat,  biiil,  mod.  F.  beau, 
bcl,  fern,  hclle,  <  L.  bcHus,  fair,  beautifiU,  fine: 
see  6e/l,  bell".  The  noim  is  mod.,  and  follows 
the  F.  in  pron. ;  the  ME.  ad.i.  if  still  existent 
would  be  pronoimeed  as  in  its  deriv.  beauty,  q. 
v.]  I.t  a.  (lood;  fair:  used  especially  in  ad- 
dress: as, ''beau  sii',"  CAn«cfr,  House  of  Fame, 

1.  643.     See  beausire,  beaupere,  etc. 

II.  n.; -pi.  beausov  beaux  (\>bz).  1.  One  who 
is  very  neat  and  particular  about  his  di-ess,  and 
fond  of  ornaments  and  jewelry ;  a  fop ;  a  dandy : 
now  most  often  said  of  a  man  of  middle  age  or 
older :  as,  he  is  an  old  beau. 

Besides  thou  art  a  bean  :  what's  that,  my  child? 
A  fop,  well-dressed,  extravagiuit,  and  wild. 

Di'i/den,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  iv.  42. 

He  is  represented  on  his  tomb  by  the  figure  of  a  beau, 
dressed  in  a  long  periwig,  and  reposing  himself  upon  vel- 
vet cushions  under  a  canopy  of  state. 

Addison,  Thoughts  in  Westminster  .\bbey. 

2.  A  man  who  is  stiitor  to  or  is  attentive  to  a 
lady ;  a  lover ;  a  swain.  [Now  chiefly  colloq.  or 
rustic] 

Her  love  was  sought,  I  do  aver, 
By  twenty  bea  ux  ami  more. 

Qoldsmith,  Elegy  on  Mrs.  Mary  Blaizft. 

The  rural  beaxtx  their  best  attire  put  on. 

To  win  their  nymphs,  as  other  nymphs  are  won. 

Crabbe,  The  Village. 

=  Syn.  1.  Dandy,  Exquisite,  etc.    See  coxcomb. 

beau  (bo).  !'.  t.  [<  beau,  «.]  To  act  the  beau 
to;  attend  or  escort  (a  lady). 

beauc^antt,  ".     See  beauscaut. 

beauclerkt  (bo'klerk  or  -klark),  ».  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  bcauctarl;  <  ME.  beauclcrl;  <  OF.  bean, 
fine,  -1-  ctcrc,  clerk,  scholar.]  A  good  scholar; 
a  learned  man :  known  especially  as  a  surname 
of  Henry  1.  of  England  (Henry  Bcauclerk). 

beaufet,  ».     An  erroneous  form  of  buffc/-, 

beaufin  (bif 'in),  ».  [A  forced  spelling  of  biffin, 
as  if  <  F.  beaa,  beautiful,  -I-  fin,  fine.]  Same 
us  biffin. 

beaufreyt,  "•     Same  as  baufrcy.     li'eale. 

beau-ideal  (bo'i-de'al  or  bo'e-da-al'),  «.  [F., 
/('  liciin  ideal,  the  ideal  beautiful:  Ic  beau,  the 
beautiful;  idi'al,  adj.,  ideal.  Hence  in  E.  often 
taken  as  beau,  adj.,  qualil'yiiig  ideal,  n.,  an  ex- 
cellent (one's  best)  ideal :  see  beau  and  idcal.^ 
A  mental  conception  or  imago  of  any  object, 
moral  or  physical,  in  its  jierfect  typical  form, 
frc(>  from  all  the  deformities,  defects,  and 
bU'iiiishcs  accompanying  its  actual  existence; 
a  model  of  exeeUenee  in  the  mind  or  fancy; 
ideal  excellence. 

My  ambition  is  to  give  them  a  beau-ideal  of  a  welcome. 
Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Kyre,  xxxiv. 

beauisb  (bo'ish),  «.  [<  beau  +  -(.s7il.]  Like 
a  lieau;  fopjiisli ;  fine:  as,  "a  beauisli  young 
spark,"  Hi/niu,  Beau  and  Bodlamite. 

Beaujolais  (li6-/.ho-la'),  h.  [F.  Jlcaujolais,  a 
fiiniicr  division  of  France,  now  chiefiy  com- 
prised in  the  department  of  Klione.]  A  kind 
of  red  wine  made  in  the  department  of  Klione, 
in  siiiilhcnstcni  I'toiico. 

beau  monde  (bo  mclnd).  [F. :  beau,  <  L,  bel- 
/».s',  line;  uiiindc,  <  L.  mundns,\vciv]d.  See  beau 
and  iiiundane.]  'I'lie  I'aHliionable  world;  people 
of  fashion  ancl  gayely,  collectively. 

beaumontite  (lui'mon-tit),  «.  [After  Prof. 
Klii'  do  I'lKiumout,  of  France.]  In  mineral.,  a 
vniioly  III'  lii'iijaiidite  from  Jones's  Falls  near 
HnlliiiKin',  Maryland. 

beaumont-root   (bO'inont-rOt),  h.     Same    as 

biitrniiln^s-roat. 
Beaune  (h''>n),  n.     [F.]     A  red  ■\vino  of  Bur- 
gundy.    The  name  Is  given  to  wines  nrodnccd  In  a  large 
•  ilHtrli't  around  the  city  of  Beaune,  and  vai-yhig  greatly  In 
i|niill(y. 

beauperet,  beaupeert,  »■    flOaily  mod.  E.,  also 

liiniifir,  oil',  (in  I  ho  si'ns(>  of  '  conqianion,' 
soniellines  K]>oil('il  lintu]ilii  rr,  by  eonfiisioii  with 
jihrrr,  an  erronooiis  H]>i'llinK  of  MI'l.yr/'c,  acom- 
piinioii:  s('o/(C(),  <  MM.  In  irjirrc,  hnniiirrc,  Iww- 
I'l/r,  etc.,  <  (1)  oi''.  beau  }irrr,  'go'"!  fnthcr.'a 
piilito  form  of  pcre,  fatliiT  (mod.  I''.  Iiiiin-]>he, 
father-in-law,  or  stepfather),  <  beau,  fail',  good, 
+  jierr  V.  phr,  <  L.  paler  =  10.  father :  (2)  OF. 
Iwdu,  fair,  good,  +  per,   peer  (moil.   V.  pair), 


beaupere 

peer,  equal.]  1 .  A  term  of  courtesy  for  '  father,' 

used  especially  in  addressing  or  speaking  of 

priests. —  2.  A  companion,  compeer,  or  friend. 

Now  leading;  him  into  a  secret  sliade 

From  liis  JBeauperes,  and  from  bright  heavens  vew. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  36. 

beauperst,  bewperst,  "•  [Also  bowpres;  per- 
haps, like  many  other  fabrics,  named  from  the 
place  of  its  original  manufacture,  conjectured 
ui  this  case  to  be  BeaiiprSmi,  a  town  in  France 
with  manufactures  of  linen  and  woolen.]  A 
fabric,  apparently  of  linen,  used  in  the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  centuries.  Flags  were 
made  of  it. 

Witli  my  cozen  Richard  Pepys  upon  the  'Cliange,  about 
supplyintl  us  with  bewpera  from  Norwich,  which  I  should 
be  shid  of,  if  clicap.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  136. 

beau-peruket,  "•  A  name  given  to  periwigs  of 
exaggerated  length  worn  in  the  reign  of  Wil- 
liam III. 

beau-pot  (bo 'pot),  n.  [An  erroneous  form 
(simulating  F.  beau,  beautiful)  of  bowpot  for 
boHijIipiit,  q.  v.]  A  large  ornamental  vase  for 
cut  flowers. 

beauseantt,  beauceantt,  n.  [OF.  bauceant,  a 
flag  (see  def.),  perhaps  <  baiigeiit,  baucent,  etc. 
(>  E.  bausond,  q.  v.),  orig.  black-and-white  spot- 
ted, but  later  written  hvauseant,  bcimceiint,  as  if 

<  F.  beau,  fine,  handsome,  comely,  +  scant,  suit- 
able, lit.  sitting,  ppr.  of  seoir,  sit:  see  seaiicc.'] 
The  flag  of  the  order  of  the  Templars,  half 
black  and  half  white,  and  bearing  the  inscrij)- 
tion,  "Noil  nobis,  Domine,  non.  nobis,  sed  no- 
uiiui  tuo  da  gloriam." 

beau-semblantt, «.  [F. :  beau,ta.ii;semblant, 
appearance:  see  semblance.'\  Fair  appearance. 
Cdiiii  <if  Lore,  1.  1085. 
beauship  (bo'ship),  «.  [<  beau  +  -ship.']  The 
character  and  quality  of  a  beau ;  the  state  of 
being  a  beau :  used  sometimes,  as  in  the  ex- 
tract, as  a  title. 

You  laugh  not,  gallants,  as  by  proof  appears, 
At  what  his  beam^hip  says,  but  what  he  wears. 
Coufireve,  Prol.  to  Dryden  Jr.  's  Husband  his  own  Cuckold. 

beausiret,  «.     [ME.  also  beausir,  bewsher,  etc., 

<  OF.  beau  sire,  fair  sir :  see  beau  and  sir,  and 
cf.  beaupere.  See  also  belsire.}  Fair  sir:  an 
ancient  formal  mode  of  address. 

beauteous  (bii'te-us),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beautious,  beuteoiis,  hewtious,  beuteus,  <  ME. 
bewteous,  etc.,  <  bewte,  beaute,  beauty,  +  -ous.'\ 
Possessing  beauty ;  sensuously  beautiful. 
[Chiefly  poetical.] 

I  can,  Petruchio,  help  thee  to  a  wife, 

With  wealth  enough,  aud  young,  and  beaxttcous. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
=  Syn.  Handsome,  Pretty,  etc.  See  beautiful. 
beauteously  (bu'tf-us-li),  ade.  [<  ME.  bewty- 
osely,  <  bcwti/ose,  b'etcteous,  beauteous,  +  -ly^.~\ 
In  a  beauteous  manner ;  in  a  manner  pleasing 
to  the  senses ;  beautifully. 

Look  upon  pleasures  not  upon  that  side  that  is  next 
the  sun,  or  where  they  look  beauteously. 

Jcr.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  ii.  §  1. 

beauteousness  (bii'te-us-nes),  «.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  beauteous ;  beauty. 

beautincation  (bii"ti-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  beauti- 
fy: see  -Jicatioi}.']  The  act  of  beautifying  or 
rendering  beautiful ;  decoration ;  adornment ; 
embellishment. 

This  thing  and  that  necessary  to  the  beautifieation  of 
the  room.  Mrs.  Craik. 

beautified  (bii'ti-fid),  p.  a.  Adorned;  made 
beautiful ;  in  lier.,  ornamented  with  jewels, 
feathers,  or  the  like  :  said  of  a  crown,  a  cap,  or 
any  garment  used  as  a  bearing.  The  blazon  should 
state  i  1  what  way  the  bearing  is  beautified,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, with  jewels. 

beautifier  (bii'ti-fi-er),  11.  One  who  or  that 
which  makes  beautiful. 

.Semiramis,  the  founder  of  Babylon,  according  to  Justin 
and  Strabo ;  but  the  enlarger  only  and  beautifier  of  it, 
according  to  Herodotus. 

Costard,  Astron.  of  the  Ancients,  p.  102. 

beautiful  (bu'ti-fiil),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beutiful,  hewtiful,  butyful,  etc. ;  <  beauty  +  -ful.] 
Full  of  beauty ;  possessing  qualities  that  de- 
light the  senses,  especially  the  eye  or  the  ear, 
or  awaken  admiration  or  approval  in  the  mind. 
See  beauty,  1. 

It  was  moated  round  after  the  old  manner,  but  it  is  now 
dry,  and  turfed  with  a  beautifull  carpet. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  14, 1676. 
Idalian  Aphrodite  beautiful. 
Fresh  as  the  foam,  new-bathed  in  Paphian  wells. 

Tennyson,  tEnone. 
Silence,  beaxUiful  voice ! 
Be  still,  for  you  only  trouble  the  mind 
With  a  joy  in  which  I  cannot  rejoice. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  v.  3. 


495 

It  is  a  beautiful  necessity  of  our  nature  to  loye  some- 
thing. D.  .Jerrold. 

We  are  clearly  conscious  of  the  propriety  of  applying 
the  epithet  beautiful  to  virtues  such  as  charity,  reveren(;e, 
or  devotion,  but  we  cannot  apply  it  with  tile  same  pro- 
priety to  duties  of  perfect  obligation,  such  aa  veracity  or 
Integrity.  Leelcy,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  84. 

The  heautiful,  that  wliich  possesses  beauty ;  beauty  in 
the  abstract :  ;us,  tlte  beautiful  in  yature  or  art;  the  good, 
the  true,  and  tin'.  I>rautiful. 

Can  we  conceive  of  a  period  of  human  development  at 
which  religion  is  the  worship  of  the  beauti,ful  ?     J.  Caird. 

It  is  very  old,  this  architecture  [Duomo  at  Mnrano] ; 
but  the  eternal  youth  of  tlie  beautiful  belongs  to  it,  and 
there  is  scarce  a  stone  fallen  from  it  that  1  would  re- 
place. Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xii. 
=  SjTl.  Beautiful,  Heauteous,  Handsome,  Pretty,  Fair, 
Lovdy,  Comely,  charming,  all  apply  to  that  which  is  highly 
pleasing,  especially  to  the  eye.  Beautiful,  the  most  gen- 
eral of  these  words,  is  also  often  the  noblest  and  most 
si)iritnal,  expressing  that  which  gives  the  highest  satis- 
faction to  eye,  ear,  mind,  or  soul.  Beauteous  is  chielly 
poetic,  and  covers  the  less  spiritual  part  of  tjeautitul. 
Handsome  is  founded  upon  the  notion  of  proportion,  sym- 
metry, as  the  result  of  cultivation  or  work  ;  a  handsome 
figure  is  strictly  one  that  has  been  developed  by  atten- 
tion to  physical  laws  into  the  right  proportions.  It  is 
less  spiritual  than  firautifut ;  a  handsome  face  is  not 
necessarily  a  If^'auti/ut  face.  Handsome  applies  to  larger 
or  more  important  things  than  jrretty :  as,  a  handsome 
house  ;  a  pretty  cottage.  It  is  opposed  to  fiomely.  Pretty 
applies  to  that  which  has  symmetry  and  delicacy,  a  dimin- 
utive beauty,  without  the  higher  qualities  of  graceful- 
ness, di.Liiiity,  feeling,  purpose,  etc.  A  thing  not  small  of 
its  kinii  ni.iy  be  called  pretty  it  it  is  of  little  dignity  or 
consetjnence ;  as,  a  pretty  dress  or  shade  of  color ;  but 
jiretty  is  not  used  of  men  or  their  belongings,  except  in 
contempt.  Fair  starts  from  the  notion  of  a  hrightTiess 
that  catches  the  eye;  it  notes  that  sort  of  beauty  which 
delights  the  eye  by  complexion  and  feature ;  in  this  sense 
it  is  now  less  common  in  prose.  Lovely  is  a  strong  word 
for  tli.at  which  is  immediately  pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  it  ap- 
plies primarily  to  tliat  which  excites  admiration  and  love. 
Comely  applies  rather  to  the  human  tii:urc.  cliielly  in  its 
proportions  ;  it  is  used  less  commonly  than  handsome  to 
express  the  result  of  care  or  training.  See  elegant. 
The  moon  was  pallid,  hut  not  faint ; 
And  beautiful  as  some  fair  saint. 

Lonyfellow,  Orion. 
And  there  a  vision  caught  my  eye  ; 
The  retlex  of  a  beauteous  form. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 
A  handsome  house,  to  lodge  a  friend  ; 
A  river  at  my  garden's  end. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  Satires,  II.  vi.  3. 
Nothing  more  beautiful  —  nothing  prettier,  at  least  — 
was  ever  made  than  Phcebe.    Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  ix. 
The  lamps  shone  o'er  fair  women  and  brave  men. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  21. 
Sweet  Auburn,  loveliest  village  of  the  plain. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  1. 
I  doubt,  indeed,  if  the  shepherds  and  shepherdesses  of 
his  day  were  any  conielier  and  any  cleaner  than  these 
their  descendants. 

C.  IK  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  114. 

beautifully  (bii'ti-fiil-i),  adv.  In  a  beautiful 
manner. 

Fine  by  degrees  and  beautifully  less. 

Prior,  Henry  and  Emma,  1.  323. 

beautifulness  (bu'ti-ful-nes),  «.  The  quality 
of  being  beautiful;  elegance  of  form;  beauty. 
beautify  (bii'ti-fi),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beautified, 
ppr.  beautifying.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bcntify, 
beutijfy,  bewtify,  -fie;  <  beanty  +  -fy.}  I.  trans. 
To  make  or "  render  beautiful ;  adorn ;  deck ; 
grace;  decorate;  embellish. 
The  arts  that  beautify  and  polish  life.  Burke. 

Mid  creeping  moss  and  ivy's  darker  green. 
How  much  thy  presence  beautifies  the  ground  ! 

Clare,  'The  Primrose. 
=  S3m.  Adorn,  Ornamtnt,  etc.    See  adorn  and  decorate. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  beautiful ;  advance  in 
beauty.     [Bare.] 

It  must  be  a  prospect  pleasing  to  God  himself,  to  see 
his  creation  for  ever  beautifyiny  in  his  eyes. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  111. 

beautiless  (bu'ti-les),  a.     [<  beauty  +  -less.} 

Destitute  of  beauty. 

Unamiable,  .  .  .  beautiless,  reprobate. 

Hammond,  Works,  IV.  7. 

beauty  (bii'ti),  «.;  pi.  beauties  (-tiz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  beuty,  bcwty,  <  ME.  bewty,  bewte, 
beute,  beaute,  earliest  form  bealte,  <  OF.  biaute, 
bealtet,  beltet,  F.  beaute,  =  Pr.  beltat,  beutat  = 
Sp.  beldad  =  Pg.  beldade  =  It.  beltd,  <  ML. 
belUta(t-)s,  beauty,  <  L.  beJlus,  beautiful,  fair: 
see  beau  and  bell^.}  1.  That  quality  of  an  ob- 
ject by  virtue  of  which  the  contemplation  of  it 
directly  e.xcites  pleasurable  emotions.  The  word 
denotes 'priTuiirily  that  which  pleases  the  eye  or  ear,  btlt 
it  is  applicii  also  to  that  c|uality  in  any  object  of  thought 
which  awakens  admiration  or  approval :  as,  intelhctnal 
beauty,  moral  beauty,  the  beauty  oi  holiness,  the  beauty 
of  utility,  and  so  on. 

He  hath  a  daily  beauty  in  his  life 

That  makes  me  ugly.  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

A  thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  for  ever. 

Keats,  Endymion,  1.  1. 
The  homely  beauty  of  the  good  old  cause  is  gone. 

Wordsioorth,  National  Independence,  i. 


beaver 

If  eyes  were  made  for  seeing, 

Then  fjeauty  is  its  own  excuse  for  being. 

Emerson,  To  the  Rhodora. 
Beauty  results  from  adaptation  to  our  faculties,  and  a 
perfect  state  of  health,  physical,  moral,  and  intellectual. 

C.  E.  Norton. 
The  sense  of  beauty  and  the  affection  that  follows  it  at- 
tach themselves  rather  to  modes  of  enthtisiasm  and  feel- 
ing than  to  the  course  of  simple  duty  which  constitutes  a 
merely  truthful  and  upright  man. 

Leeky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  84. 

2.  A  particular  grace  or  charm  ;  an  embellish- 
ment or  ornament. —  3.  Any  particular  thing 
which  is  beautiful  and  pleasing ;  a  jiart  which 
surpasses  in  i)leasLng  qualities  that  with  which 
it  is  united:  generally  in  the  plural:  as,  the 
beauties  of  an  author;  the  beauties  of  nature. 
Look  in  thy  soul,  and  thou  shalt  Ijeauttes  find, 
Like  those  which  ilrown'd  Narcissus  in  the  flood. 

Sir ./.  Davies,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxiv. 

4.  A  beautiful  person ;  specifically,  a  beauti- 
ful woman;  collectively,  beautiful  women:  as, 
all  the  beauty  of  the  place  was  present. 

This  lady  was  not  onely  a  greate  beauty,  but  a  most 
virtuous  and  excellent  creature. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  8,  1675. 
And  I  have  shadow'd  many  a  group 

Of  beauties,  that  were  horn 
In  teacup-times  of  hood  and  hoop. 
Or  while  the  patch  was  worn. 

Tennyson,  The  Talking  Oak. 

5t.  Prevailing  style  or  taste ;  rage ;  fashion. 

She  stained  her  hair  yellow,  which  was  then  the  beauty. 

Jer.  Taylor. 
Camberwell  beauty,  the  Vanessa  Aniicpa,  a  beautiful 
biittcrlly,  rai-e  in  Great  Britain,  but  often  found  in  some 
parts  of  the  United  States  :  so  named  from  having  been 
fotnid  sometimes  at  Camberwell.  a  suburb  of  London.  The 
wings  are  deep,  rich,  velvety  brown,  with  a  band  of  black, 
containing  .a  row  of  large  blue  spots  around  the  brown, 
and  an  outer  band  or  margin  of  pale  yellow  dappled  with 
black  spots.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  willow.— Curve 
of  beauty,  line  of  beauty.  See  rarpe.— Dependent 
beauty,  that  beauty  which  does  not  appear  when  the  ob- 
ject is  contemplated  in  itself,  but  only  when  it  is  consid- 
ered in  its  adaptation  to  its  end. 

What  has  been  distinguished  as  depended  or  relative 
beauty  is  nothing  more  than  a  beautified  utility  or  utilized 
beauty.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Ideal  beauty,  the  standard  of  esthetic  perfection  which 
the  mind  forms  and  seeks  to  express  in  the  fine  arts  and 
in  the  rules  which  govern  those  arts. — Mixed  beauty, 
the  char.acter  of  an  object  which  is  beautiful  and  at  the 
same  time  affords  pleasure  of  another  kind.  =  Syn.  1. 
Loveliness,  fairness,  comeliness,  attractiveness ;  elegance, 
gracefulness,  adornment. 
beautyt  (bu'ti),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bewtyen,  <  bewty, 
etc.,  beauty:  see  beauty,  n.]  To  render  beau- 
tiful; adorn,  beautify,  or  embellish. 

The  harlot's  cheek,  beautied  with  plast'ring  art. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

beauty-of-the-night  (bii'ti-pv-the-nit'),  »•  The 

four-o'clock,  Mirabilis  Jalapa. 

beauty-sleep  (bii'ti-slep),  «.  The  sleep  taken 
before  midnight,  popularly  regarded  as  the 
most  refreshing  portion  of  the  night's  rest. 

beauty-spot  (M'ti-spot),  «.  1.  A  patch  or 
spot  placed  on  the  face  to  heighten  beauty, 
as  formerly  practised  by  women;  hence,  some- 
thing that  heightens  beauty  by  contrast;  a 
foil. 

The  filthiness  of  swine  makes  them  the  beauty-spot  of 

the  animal  creation.  Grew. 

The  numberless  absurdities  into  which  this  copyism 

has  led  the  people,  from  nose-rings  to  ear-rings,  from 

painted  faces  to  beauty-spots. 

H.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  90. 

2.  An  especially  beautiful  feature  or  thing. 
Bunyan. 

beauty-'washt  (bii'ti-wosh),  n.    A  cosmetic. 

beaux,  n.    Plural  of  beau. 

beauxite,  ".     See  bauxite. 

bea'verl  (be'ver),  «.  and  a.  [Eariy  mod.  E. 
also  bearor,  berer,  <  ME.  bever,  <  AS.  beofer, 
befer  =  D.  LG.  bercr  =  OHO.  bibar,  MHG.  G. 
biber  =  Icel.  bjorr  =  Sw.  biifver  =  Dan.  ba:rer 
=  L.  fber,  OL.  biber  (>  It.  bevero  =  Sp.  bibaro 
=  Pr." ribre  =  F.  bierre)  =  Gael,  beabhar  =  Com. 
befr  =  OBulg.  bebrii,  bibrii,  bobrit,  Bohem.  Pol. 
bobr  =  Russ.  bobrii  =  Lith.  bebrus  =  Lett,  bebri,?, 
OPruss.  bebrus,  a  beaver,  =Skt.  babhru,  a  large 
ichneumon;  as  adj.,  brown,  tawny;  perhaps  a 
redupl.  of  y  *bhru,  the  ult.  root  of  AS.  bruii, 
E.  broion:  see  broun.'i  I.  n.  1.  A  rodent 
quadi'uped,  about  two  feet  in  length,  of  the 
family  Castorida;  and  genus  Castor,  C.  fiber,  at 
one  time  common  in  the  northern  regions  of 
both  hemispheres,  now  found  in  considerable 
numbers  only  in  North  America,  but  occurring 
solitary  in  central  Europe  and  Asia.  It  has  short 
ears,  a  blunt  nose,  small  fore  feet,  large  webbed  liind 
feet,  with  a  flat  ovate  tail  covered  with  scales  on  its  upper 
surface.  It  is  valued  for  its  fur  (which  used  to  be  largely 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  hats,  but  for  which  silk 
is  now  for  the  most  pai't  substituted)  aud  for  an  odorife- 
rous secretion  named  castor  or  castoreura  (which  see). 


beaver 

Its  food  consists  of  the  bark  ol  trees,  leaves,  roots,  and 
':  =rrie5.  The  favorite  haunts  of  the  beavers  are  rivers 
;  ■  .re  bordered  by  forests.  When  they  find 
-ally  deep  for  their  purpose,  they  throw 
j.structed  with  great  ingenuity  of  wood, 
^■■r..--.  ..-.'.  miM.  ^fuawiDg  down  small  trees  for  the  pur- 
I'..;e.  and  compacting  the  mud  hy  blows  of  their  power- 
ful tails.  In  winter  they  live  in  liouses,  which  are  from  3 
to  4  itret  lii::h.  are  built  on  the  waters  edge  with  subaipie- 
ous  entrances,  and  afford  them  protection  from  wolves  and 
otlier  Willi  animals^  They  formerly  abounded  throughout 
northern  .\merica,  but  are  now  found  only  in  unsettled  or 
tliinly  ijopulated  regions.  Several  slightly  different  varie- 
ties tif  the  European  beaver  have  received  special  names. 
The  North  American  beaver  is  somewhat  larger  than  the 
European,  and  exhibits  some  slight  cranial  peculiarities ; 


496 


Beaver  ^Castor  Jiber). 

it  is  commonly  rated  as  a  distinct  species  or  conspecies, 
under  the  name  of  Cantor  canadetuns.  The  so-called  fossil 
beaver,  CaMoroidea  ohioensi-n,  belongs  to  a  different  family, 
Caittoroidid(e  (which  see).  See  also  Catttoridce. 
2.  The  fiir  of  the  beaver.— 3.  (a)  A  hat  made 
of  beaver  fur. 

This  day  1  put  on  my  half  cloth  blaclc  stockings  and  my 
new  coate  of  the  fashion,  which  pleases  me  well,  and  with 
my  berer  I  was,  after  office  was  done,  ready  to  go  to  my 
Lord  Slayors  feast.  P'^PV,  Wary,  I.  230. 

Hence — (6)  A  hat  of  the  shape  of  a  beaver  hat, 
but  made  of  silk  or  other  material,  in  imitation 
of  the  fur.  The  modern  stilt  silk  hat  was  com- 
monly called  a  bearer  until  recently. —  4.  A 
glove  made  of  beaver's  fur.  Miss  Austen. —  5. 
A  thick  and  warm  cloth  used  for  garments  by 
both  sexes.  The  thickest  quality  is  used  for 
overcoats. 

II.  a.  Made  of  beaver  or  of  the  fur  of  the  bea- 
ver: as,  a  beater  hat ;  bearer  gloves. 
beaver-  (be'ver),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bever, 
beecor,  etc.,  altered,  by  confusion  with  beaver^, 
in  ''beaver  hat,"  from  earlier  barer,  barter,  < 
late  ME.  baricre,  <  OF.  baviire  (=  Sp.  babera  = 
It.  bariera),  beaver  of  a  helmet,  prop,  a  bib,  < 
tare,  foam,  froth,  saliva :  see  barcttc.']  In  medi- 
eval armor,  originally  a  protection  for  the  lower 


I,  Beaver  filed  to  the  cnriclel :  H,  vizor:  C,  licTVcr.  a,  Beaver 
KttrkiniE  on  pivots  .ind  cipable  of  tieinir  rai&e'l  to  cover  the  face  :  t>, 
beaver.  B^dh  arc  csnmnfcs  of  the  mldale  of  the  t^lh  century.  (From 
VtoIlct'lC'Duc't  "  Diet,  rlu  Mot)iUer  fran^u.") 

part  of  the  face  and  cheeks,  fixed  securely  to 
the  armor  of  the  neck  and  breast,  and  sufli- 
cicntly  large  to  allow  the  head  to  turn  behind  it. 
In  thlH  f'irtn  ft  vinM  wnrn  throiiglioiit  ttie  tlfti't-titli  century 
Willi  headpieces  otlier  than  the  itrniet.  In  Kngllsh  annor 
It  wjiM  the  movable  |tr'»tectl(ni  fnr  the  lower  part  of  tlie 
f:i'  <■,  while  the  y\7jtT  rovi-red  tile  nnper  part ;  It  Is  thi-re- 
f"i-'  nearly  the  Kame  w\  the  uvi-ntalle  (which  see).  In  (lie 
.'■rvNt'tllh    century  the    ni'ivable    lieavcr  was    confonndeil 

wlt.h  till;  vl/or. 

^'<<  lieene  they  lioth  al  one,  and  dni-n  nprearo 
'I  heir  txtxrt  brlKht  each  other  for  to  greet. 

Slieiurr.  K.  li.,  II.  1.  29. 
II.  w.ire  lilnAraiMr  up,  .V/int,  Hamlet,  I.  2. 

'Miier!  Mtttves  In  chflTRc,  their  Uarfm  down, 
>  H  of  lire  sparkling  thrniigh  mIuIiIh  of  steel. 

.SVint-.,  2  Hen.  IV,,  Iv,  1. 

t'  ',  and  F.     Bee  hrrrr'-^. 

1  riie'vf-rd),   n.     [<    bnirir-    +    -r</-.] 

I  Ml  or  wearing  a  beaver. 

II.  ''/ brow  a  birchen  garland  wears. 

A'o/M?,  ftilni'lad,  Iv,  141. 

beaTer-poiHon  (b6'v6r-poi'r,n),  «.    Tlio  water- 

henil'.        '  ..  ,!i,i  mnruluUi. 
beavi  :  vir-rat),   n.     1.  Tlie  name   in 

All-'  inwrinf  rndonti  of  th''  fMir'Hv 

Mf  11.  r.. 

the  1.  . 

ftod  di>liiH  v.iij,  1..^,  aii.i  ill  geiiuial  iconumy  rcMjitii.l.i.g 


Beaver-rat  ^Hydrcmys  chrysozaster). 

the  water-vole  of  Europe,  Arvicola  amphibius,  or  the  musl^- 
rat  of  America. 

2.  A  name  of  the  ondatra,  muskrat,  or  mus- 
quash of  North  .America,  Fiber  ::ibethicus. 

beaver-root  (be'ver-rot),  H.  The  yellow  pond- 
lily,  Xii2)bar  adrena. 

beaverteen  (be'ver-ten),  n.  [<6fn!'f)-l  +  -leen, 
after  relretee)i.'\  1.  A  cotton  twilled  fabric  in 
which  the  wai^p  is  drawn  up  into  loojis,  form- 
ing a  pile,  which  is  left  imcut. —  2.  A  strong 
cotton  twilled  fabric  for  men's  wear,  it  is  a 
kind  of  smooth  fustian,  shorn  after  being  dyed.  If  shorn 
before  dyeing,  it  is  called  molejikin.     K.  II.  Kniriht. 

beaver-tongue  (be'vfer-timg),  n.  Same  as  cost- 
iiiiiri/. 

beaver -tree  (be'ver-tre),  n.  The  sweet-bay  of 
the  United  States,  Magnolia  (jJaiica. 

beavorH,  beavor-t,  "•  Obsolete  forms  of  Z)f«- 
«)•!,  hearer'^. 

beballyt,  "•  [Late  ME.,  a  corruption  of  OF. 
(AF.)  *bipaUe,  <  6/-,  two,  twice,  +  "j'alW, 
party  par-pale :  a  term  of  blazon"  (Cotgravc).] 
In  her.,  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  vertical 
line  ;  party  per  pale :   said  of  an  escutcheon. 

bebeastt  (be-besf),  !•.  t.  [<  fcc-l  +  beast.'i  To 
make  a  beast  of ;  consider  as  a  beast ;  treat  as 
a  beast. 

bebeeric  (be-be'rik),  a.  [<  bebeeru  +  -('<•.]  Of 
or  derived  from  bebeerin.  Also  written  bebirie. 
—  Bebeeric  acid,  a  wliite,  crystalline,  volatile  acid  cx- 
tracted  from  tlie  seeiis  of  Svctandra  liinluri. 

bebeerin,  bebeerine  (be-be'rin),  «.  [<  bebeeru, 
q.  v.]  The  active  principle  of  the  bark  of  the 
bebeeru  or  greenheart-tree  of  Guiana.  It  is  said 
to  be  identical  with  buxine,  CirHoNO^,  and  is  used  as  a 
bitter  tonic  and  febrifuge,  chielly  in  the  form  of  tlie  tymie 
sulphate.  Also  written  bebcaritie,  biberine,  bibiritie,  be- 
beeria.  etc. 

bebeeru  (be-be'ro),  «.  [Native  name,  also 
spoiled  bebe'aru,  biliiru.']  A  tree  of  British  (iui- 
aiia,  Sectandra  Ixodia-i,  natural  order XoHracca.', 
the  timber  of  which  is  known  to  wood-mer- 
chants by  the  name  of  greenheart,  and  is  large- 
ly imported  into  England  for  the  building  of 
ships  and  submarine  structures,  being  remark- 
ably hard  and  durable,  and  not  suli.iect  to  in.iury 
from  the  ship-worm  (Teredo  iiaralis).  Its  liark 
contains  belioerin,  and  is  used  as  a  febrifuge. 

bebization  (bo-bi-za'shon),  n.  In  vtusie,  the 
system  of  indicating  the  tones  of  the  .scale,  for 
reference  or  practice,  by  the  syllables  bi,  be, 
ee,  de,  me,  fe,  ge,  proposed  in  KiliS  by  Daniel 
Hitzler,  and  apparently  applied  not  to  the 
scale  in  the  abstract,  but  to  the  scale  beginning 
on  A.     See  bnbi:ation,  solini::ation,  etc. 

bebleedt  (Ije-bled'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bebleden;  < 
/»-!  +  blee'd.']  To  make  blootly.  Chaucer, 
Knight's  Tale,  1.  1144. 

beblott  (be-blof),  V.  t.  [<  ?)f-l  +  bh>n.']  To 
blot  all  over;  stain. 

Beblotte  it  with  thi  teerls  cko  a  lyte, 

Chaucer,  Trollns,  ii.  1027. 

beblubbered  (be-blubVrd),  a.    [<  be-^  +  blub- 

ben  iL]     Hcfciuleil  iir  bleared,  as  with  weeping. 

Iler  eyes  all  bcblubbfrril  with  tears. 

Shrllon,  tr.  of  Don  (Jitlxoto,  1.  111.  13. 

beblurt,  '••  '.    [<  be-l  +  blur.']   To  blur  all  over. 

bebung  (lui'lmng),  w.  I II.,  a  trcmliliiig,  <  bi- 
bcii,  tiemhle.T  A  certain  imlHatiiiii  or  troiiililing 
effect  given  to  a  HiiHtained  note,  in  eillier  vo- 
cal or  lustrmnental  music,  for  tlio  sake  of  ex- 
pression.    Crnrr. 

bec't,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  brrk'^. 

bee-  (bck),  H.  [F.,  beak:  see  beel-*,  beak}.'\  A 
Ixoik;  in  mii.iir,  a  inoiithpieco  for  a  muHical  iii- 
Ktniiiicnt. 

becaflco,  becaflgo  (bek-a-fo'ko,  -go),  «.    Same 

as  /"  eeit  lifo, 
becall   (biz-ki'll'),   I'.   I.     [<   MK.  bieaUen,  hilal- 

hii,  <  bi-,  be-,  +  calirn,  call:  see  /<(•-'  anil  rail.] 

It.  To  accuse. —  2t.  To  call  n)(on;  call  forth; 

ehnlleiige. — 3t.  To  call ;  Htimnion. — 4.  To  call 

nanios;  niJHcall.     .V.  I'.  J>. 
becalm  die-kiim'),   r.  I.      [<  he-^  +  rahn.]     1. 

'I'll  Illlike  fahu  or  utill;  make  i|uict;  eiiliii. 
I  lie  miHin  »lionc  clear  on  the  becalmed  Hood.      I>ri/ilrn. 


beccafico 

Baaish  his  sorrows  and  becalm  his  soul  with  easy  dreams.  * 

.iddison. 
2.  Saut.,  to  deprive  (a  ship)  of  wind;  delay  by 
or  subject  to  a  calm. 

A  luan  becalmed  at  sea,  out  of  sight  of  land,  in  a  fair 
day,  may  look  on  the  sun,  or  sea,  or  ship,  a  whole  hour, 
and  perceive  no  luotioix,  Li'cke. 

becalming  (bf-kii'ming),  n.    The  state  of  being 
becalmed;  a  calm  at  sea.     [Rare  or  obsolete.] 
iitlier  unlucky  accidents  oftentimes  happen  in  these 
seas,  especially  in  bevatminfjs. 

Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels  in  Africa,  p.  6. 

becalmment  (be-kam'ment),  H.  [<  becalm  + 
-tiunt.]    The  state  of  being  becalmed.     [Rare.] 

became  (be-kiim').     Preterit  of  become. 

becap  (be-kap'),  r.  t.;  pret.  aud  pp.  becapped, 
ppr.  hecnpping.  [<  be-'-  +  cap'^.]  To  cover 
with  a  cap. 

becard  (bek'ard),  n.  [<  F.  "hecard,  <  bee,  beak: 
see  ftfiii'i  ant"!  -ard.]  A  name  of  snndi-y  insec- 
tivorous birds  of  Central  aud  South  America, 
such  as  those  of  the  genera  Tityra  aud  I'.'iaris, 
given  on  account  of  their  large  or  hooked  bill. 

becarpeted  (be-kiir'pet-ed),  a.  [<  6f-l  4-  ear- 
pct  +  -ffZ'-.]  furnished  or  covered  with  a  car- 
pet or  carpets ;  carpeted.     [Rare.] 

Is  there  another  country  under  tlic  .'sun  so  becushioned, 
becarpeted,  and  becurtained  with  t;rass'.' 

7Vii-  Crnlurii,  XXVII.  110. 

becarve  (be-kiirv'),  f.  t.     [<  JIE.  bekerven,  <  AS. 

beceor/aii,  int  off,  <  6f-priv.  +  eeorfan,  cut.     In 

mod.  iise,  <  fcr-l -I- fonr.]    If.  To  cut  off. —  2t. 

To  cut  up  or  open  (land). — 3.  To  cut  to  pieces. 

X  E.  D. 
becasse  (be-kas'),  ».    [<  F.  ?)«o«.sy,  a  woodcock, 

<  bee,  a  beak:  see  fccfiAl.]  The  Em-opean  wood- 
cook,  Scolopax  rusticula. 

becassine  (be-ka-seu')i  n.  [<  F.  becassine,  <  lic- 
ensee:  see  becasse.]  The  European  snipe,  Gal- 
liiiiigo  media. 

because  (be-kaz'),  adr.  and  conj.,  orig.  prep.  phr. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  hi/  cause;  <  ME,  because,  bi- 
cniisr',  bijcause,  also  and  jirop.  written  apart,  be 
cause,  bi  cause,  by  cattsc,  being  the  prep.  ?i_v  with 
the  governed  noun  cause.  The  phrase  by  cause 
of,  or  becatise  of  (cf.  the  similar  phrase  /).)/  rea.mn 
of),  was  used  as  etjuiv.  to  a  prep.,  and  the  phrase 
by  cauiiC  that,  or  bertiuac  that,  aiterwaril  short- 
ened to  bceau.w  (colloq.  and  dial,  cause),  as  a 
conj.]  I.  adr.  1.  By  reason  (of ) ;  on  account 
(of) :  followed  by  of. 
Tlie  spirit  is  life,  because  of  righteousness.  Kom.  viii.  10. 
Let  no  self-reproach  weigh  on  yon  liecaujie  o/'nie, 

(rVorw  ICIii:!,  Mill  oil  tlie  Fbisa,  vii.  3. 

2t.  For  the  sake  (of);  in  order  (to). 
II.  conj.  1.  For  the  reason  (that);  since. 
These  wickets  of  the  soiile  are  plac'd  on  liic 
llecaune  all  sounds  doc  liglitly  mount  aloft. 

Sir  J.  Davien,  Nosce  Tcipsnm. 

Why  is  ottr  food  so  very  sweet  ? 

Ilecause  we  earn  lieforo  we  cat.  Cotton,  Fables,  i. 

Men  who  could  never  be  tanglit  to  do  what  was  right  tie. 

cattite  it  was  riglitj  soon  learned  to  do  riglit  beeauw  it  was 

a  becoming  thing  in  tliem,  as  kniglits  aud  nobles,  to  do  so. 

.S7,», .  stud,  Med,  llist.,  xlL 

2t.  To  the  end  that;  in  order  that. 

And  the  niultitudo  rebuked  thorn,  txcaune  thev  should 
liold  tlicir  peace.  JIat.  xx.  SI. 

[lireitusr  introduces  a  clause  stating  some  parti'-ular  cir- 
cuiiislaurc,  from  wliich,  (it)  by  virtue  of  a  geiinai  truth 
not  iiwimlly  mentioned,  the  truth  of  the  preceding  clause 
nrn'ssarily  follows,  or  (/>)  in  coiisequence  of  a  gciural 
jtiiipnsc,  tile  agent  is  led  tn  jicrform  ttie  act,  or  lnitig 
a  I  lout  the  state  of  tilings,  nicntioncd  in  the  previcuis  clause. 
lierittt.ie  is  not  properly  used  to  introduce  a  genertil  prin- 
ciph-  or  major  prciiiisc.  1  Syn.  1.  Sec  niiice, 
becca(bek'ii),  H.;  ])l.  /«cc(r(-se).  [NL.:  see^iccA^, 
beali^.]  1.  'riiii  long  point  of  a  hood,  especial- 
I.V  in  tho  fil'li'i>iith  century,  when  such  points 
reitcheil  below  Iho  wiiist  behind. —  2.  A  long 
scarf  or  streamer  attiichi'd  to  a  turban-shapeil 
Clip  in  the  lil'teentli  Cfiitiiry.     Fairliolt. 

beccabunga  (bck-n-bung'gij),  n.    [NL.  ML.,< 

1,1  J,  tiiehcliuuge  (=  1>.  li<ikbtingc  =  G.  bachbungc), 
brooklime,  <  becke  (=  1).  biik  =  ti.  bach  ;=  E. 
bcck^ ),  a  brook,  +  bungc  =  OI  I(_i.  buugo,  a  bunch, 
bulb.  (!f.  Ici'l.  bingr,  a  bolster,  a  heap:  see 
liiug'.]    Tho  biooklime,  I'eronica  Jieccabuiiga. 

beccae,  ".    I'lunil  of  bccea. 

beccafico  (bek-ii,-ft"/k(j).  It.  [Also  written  ?)cro 
Jicii,  bieciiftca,  brccafiiiur,  etf.  (cf.  V.  beeftgtic), 

<  It.  beccafico,  <  beeclire  =  F.  beequer  (Cotgravo), 
also  berinieter,  peck  with  the  beak  (<  bicco  = 
F.  bee,  >  Y;.  brrl.~\  brak^),  +  ficn,  it  lig,  <  \i.  fieus. 
a  fig:  see.//;/ II lid. /(CO.]  1,  An  old  mid  diHiiHeii 
name  of  sundry  small  Euroiieiin  birds,  chitlly 
of  the  family  .s'///n(r/(/',  or  warblers,  wliich  petrk 
ligs,  or  were  supposed  to  do  so,  Tlic  aiipllciilinn 
id  the  wiird  Is  Inrleteniiiniit^*;  but  it  has  liccii.  pcrliups, 

niuMt  rre(|ueiitly  tmcil  It nncctlon  with  tlie  giirden-war- 

hler,  .V;//r)iii  hortcjiftin  (Ilechstelti),  Curruca  hortetudu  of 
Home  authors. 


beccafico 

In  extended   use  —  2.    One   of  sundry  small 
American  birds,  as  some  of  those  formerly  in- 
eluded  ill  a  genus  FiccduUi. —  3.  The  European 
golden  oriole,  Oriolus  f/albula. 
Ibeccot,  ".     [It.,  a  goat.]    A  cuckold. 

Liiike,  thou  art  a  becco,  a  cornuto. 

Marxtmi  and  Webster,  Tlie  Malcontent,  i.  3. 

it. 
1. 


lec-de-COrbint  (bek ' de-kor-bau '),  »•  [F.> 
crow's  beak:  see  beak^,  dc",  and  corbie.} 
A  name  given 
in  the  middle 
ages  to  the 
pointed  end 
of  the  mar- 
tel-de-fer,  or 
war  -  hammer. 
Hence-2.  Tlie 
■whole  weapon 
having  such 
a,  point  or 
beak.  —  3.  A 
name  given  in 
the  eighteenth 
century  to  the 
head  of  a  walk- 
ing-cane hav- 
ing somewhat 
the  form  of  a 
bird's  beak. 

1)echamel 
(besh'a-mel), 
n.      [<"F.    be- 
chamel :        see 
definition.]  In 

cookery,  a  white  sauce  of  elaborate  composi- 
tion, named  from  its  inventor,  Louis  de  Becha- 
mel or  Bechameil,  marq[uas  of  Nointel,  steward 
to  Louis  XIV. 

"bechaiicel  (be-chans'),  V.     [<  6e-l  +  chance,  r.] 
I.  iiilrans.  To  happen  ;  chance. 
II.  trans.  To  befall ;  happen  to. 

My  8ons  —  God  knows  what  hath  beehanced  them. 

Sliak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 


Becs-de-corbin,  15th  centurj'. 

y4,  with  handle  of  wroiifjht-iron:  S,  with 
wooden  handle  sheathed  with  metal.  ( From 
Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobiiier  fran- 
ca is.") 


bechance^t  (bf-etans'),  ada.  [For  by  chance  ; 
ff.  because.}    Accidentally;  by  chance. 

We  bechance  lost  our  sovereign  lord. 

Grafton,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  14. 

becharm  (be-eharm'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  charm.} 
To  charm ;  captivate  ;  enchain. 

The  lethargy  wherein  my  reason  long 
Hath  been  bectiarmed. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 
Prithee,  interrupt  not 
The  paradise  of  my  bectianainfi  thotights. 

Ford,  Fancies,  iv.  1. 

beche-de-mer  (bash'de-mar'),  n.  [F.,  lit.  spade 
(•f  the  sea  (beclw,  <  OP.  besclie  (ML.  besca;  cf. 
equiv.  becca:  see  beck'i),  spade;  de,  <  L.  de,  of; 
mer,  <  L.  mare,  sea,  =  E.  mere),  a  name  explained 
as  having  reference  to  the  shape  of  the  animals 
when  dried  and  pressed,  but  really  an  accom- 
modation of  the  Pg.  name  bicho  do  mar,  lit. 
worm  of  the  sea,  sea-slug :  bicho  =  Sp.  biclio, 
a  worm,  gi'ub,  slug;  do,  of  the  ;  mar,  <  L.  mare, 
sea.]  The  trepang,  a  species  of  the  genus 
Holothuria  (H.  arffiis),  or  sea-slugs,  much  es- 
teemed by  the  Chinese  as  a  culinary  delicacy. 
See  trepang. 

liechic  (be'kik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bechicus,  <  Gr. 
/3w""5f)  pertaining  to  a  cough,  <  jiiji  (0r/X-)^  a 
cough,  <  j3i/aa£iv,  cough.]  I.  a.  Having  the 
property  of  curing  coughs. 

II.  »(.  A  medicine  for  relieving  coughs;  a 
pectoral. 

leckl  (bek),  n.  [<  ME.  hek,  becc,  <  AS.  *becc  (Bos- 
worth)  =  Icel.  bekkr  =  Sw.  back  =  Dan.  60?^; 
but  the  ME.  form  may  be  from  the  Seand.,  the 
only  authenticated  AS.  form  being  bece,  bcece, 
dat.  of  bece  (giving  mod.  E.  *betch,  which  prob. 
exists  in  the  dial,  batch:  see  batch^)  =  OS. 
beki  =  OD.  beke,  D.  beek  =  LG.  beke,  bdk  = 
•OHG.  bah,  MHG.  bach,  a  brook.]  1.  A  brook ; 
A  small  stream;  especially,  a  brook  with  a 
■.stony  bed  or  rugged  course. 

The  brooks,  the  beclcs,  the  rills. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  i. 
The  reflex  of  a  beauteous  form, 

A  glowing  arm,  a  gleaming  neck. 
As  when  a  sunbeam  wavers  warm 
Within  the  dark  and  dimpled  beck. 
Tennyson,  Tl 

2.  The  valley  of  a  beck ;  a  field  or  patch  of 
ground  adjacent  to  a  brook.  See  batch^. 
3)eck2  (bek),  V.  [<  ME.  becken,  bekkeri,  short 
for  W:me«,  beckon :  see  beckon.}  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  signal  by  a  nod  or  other  significant  gesture ; 
ieekou. 
32 


497 

Who  's  he  but  bowed  if  this  great  prince  hut  becked! 

Drayton,  Queen  Margaret. 
Let  us  follow 
The  bectcinff  of  our  chance. 
Ftetctier  {and  anotlier).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  i.  2. 

2.  To  recognize  a  person  by  a  slight  bow  or 
nod.     [Sfotcli.] 

II.  trcnis.  1.  To  summon  or  intimate  some 
command  or  desire  to  by  a  nod  or  gesture ; 
beckon  to. 

Hell,  book,  and  candle  shall  not  drive  me  back, 
When  g(jl(i  and  silver  beckg  me  to  come  on. 

Sfiak.,  K.  .!ohn,  iii.  3. 
2.  To  express  by  a  gesture :  as,  to  beck  thanks. 
[Rare.] 
I|i)eck2  (bek),  B.  [<  ME.  bek,  <  heken,  becken, 
beck:  see  beck'^,  v.}  1.  A  nod  of  the  head  or 
other  significant  gesture  intended  to  be  un- 
derstood as  e.xpressive  of  a  desire,  or  as  a  sign 
of  command. 

Nods,  and  becks,  and  wreathed  smiles. 

Milton,  L' Allegro,  L  28. 
My  guiltiness  had  need  of  such  a  master, 
That  with  a  beck  can  suppress  multitudes. 

iliddleton,  The  Witch,  iv.  1. 
I  would  wish  myself  a  little  more  command  and  sove- 
reignty :  that  all  the  court  were  subject  to  my  absolute 
tyeck.  11.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  gesture  of  salutation  or  recognition;  a 
bow;  a  courtes.y.  [Scotch.]— At  one's  beck,  at 
one's  beck  and  call,  subject  to  one's  slightest  wisii ; 
obliged  or  ready  to  obey  all  of  one's  orders  or  desires. 

It  was  necessary  for  him  to  have  always  at  his  beck  some 

men  of  letters  from  Paris  to  point  out  the  solecisms  and 

false  rhymes  of  which,  to  the  last,  he  was  frei|uently 

guilty.  Macaulay,  Frederic  the  Great. 

We  move,  my  friend. 

At  710  maii.i  tieck.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iii. 

beck3  (bek),  n.  [B.  dial.,  not  found  in  ME.,  <  AS. 
becca,  glossed  Ugo,  a  mattock ;  cf .  ML.  becca  (cf . 
ML.  besca,  >  OF.  besche,  mod.  F.  beche),  a  spade ; 
Pr.  beca,  a  hook,  Ir.  Jiacc,  a  hook.]  An  agricul- 
tural implement  with  two  hooks,  used  in  dress- 
ing turnips,  etc.;  a  form  of  mattock. 
beck'tf  (bek),  n.  [<  ME.  bek,  bee,  <  OF.  bee, 
beak ;  the  same  word,  retaining  the  orig.  short 
vowel,  as  the  now  more  common  beak^.}  1. 
A  beak. —  2.  Any  pointed  or  projecting  part  of 
the  dress,  especially  of  a  head-dress,  as  of  the 
byeocket. 

beck*  (bek),  n.    [Prob.  another  form  of  backS, 

q.  v.]     A  vat  or  vessel  used  in  a  dye-house ;  a 

back. —  Clearing -heck,  in  calico-printiny,  a  vat  in  which 

cottons  printed  with  certain  colors  are  cleansed  or  scoured 

with  soap  and  water. 

beck^t,  n.     [Of.  beak"^.}     Same  as  beck-harman. 

becker  (bek'er),  n.    [E.  dial,  (also  becket^,  q.  v. ), 

appar.  <  bcck^   +  -erl.     Cf.    F.    beccard,  the 

female  salmon.]    A  name  of  the  fish  Sparus 

payrus,  otherwise  called  braize  and  king  of  the 

sea-breams. 

beckern  (bek'ern),  n.     Same  as  bickern  and 

beak-iron. 
becketl  (bek'et),  n.     [E.  dial. ;  cf.  OF.  bcquet, 
bechet,  a  pike  or  pickerel,  dim.  of  bee,  beak:  see 
beak^,  beeJc*.}     Same  as  becker. 
becket^  (bek'et),  «.     [Origin obscure.]     Nant.: 
(a)  A  short  piece  of  rope,  with  a  knot  at  one 

end  and  an  eye 
in    the     other, 
for      tempora- 
rily    confining 
ropes  or  small 
spars.      (b)    A 
handle      made 
of  a  rope  grom- 
met    or     ring, 
(c)    A  wooden 
cleat   or  hook, 
fastened        on 
the     fore-     or 
main-rigging  of 
a      ship,      for 
the   tacks    and 
sheets  to  lie  in 
when  not  in  use.     (d)  A  rope  grommet  in  the 
bottom  of  a  block  for  securing  the  standing  end 
of  thefall.  (e) Acanttermforatrousers-pocket. 
becket2  (bek'et),  V.  t.     [<  becket2,  «.]    To  fas- 
ten or  provide  with  beckets.     Cooper. 
beck-harmant,    "•     [Also   harman-beek;   old 
slang,  of  obsciu'e  origin;  ■with  beck  cf.  equiv. 
beak'i.}     In  old  slang,  a  constable.    B.  Jonson. 
Miller's  Daughter,  beckingt  (bek'ing),  Ji.     [Verbal  n.  of  beck-,  r.} 


The  act  of  making  a  beck;  the  act  of  bowing 
or  nodding. 

The  Communion  w.is  altogether  like  a  popish  mass, 
with  the  old  apish  tricks  of  Antichrist,  bowings  and  beck- 
ings,  kneelings  and  knockings,  the  Lord's  Death,  after  St. 
Paul's  doctrine,  neither  preached  nor  spoken  of. 

£p.  Bale,  in  11.  W,  Dixon's  Hist.  Ch.  of  Eng.,  xxi. 


become 

beck-iron  (bek'i"ern),  ».  [<  beck-i  +  iron.  Cf. 
beak-iron.}  1.  A  contrivance  for  holdinga  piece 
of  wood  firmly  wliilo  it  is  planed,  it  is  made  of 
iron  or  steel  rods  fastciieil  to  a  benuli  and  bent  parallel  to 
the  surface  of  the  wood. 

2.  A  small  anvil  with  a  shallow  groove,  for 
rounding  tlio  inside  of  the  bows  of  scissors. 

beckon  ( bik'n),  r.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  becken, 

<  ME.  beknen,  liecnen,  beknien,  <  AS.  becnian, 
bUcnan,  later  also  l/cdcnian  (OS.  boknian  = 
OHG.  bouhnen  =  ON.  bdkna),  <  bedcen,  a  sign, 
beacon:  see  beacon.}  I.  intrans.  To  make  a 
significant  gesture  with  the  head  or  hand,  in- 
tended as  a  hint  or  an  intimation,  especially  of  a 
desire  for  approach  or  departure,  or  for  silence. 

Alexander  beckoned  witli  the  hand,  and  would  have  made 
his  defence  unto  the  jicople.  Acts  xix.  33. 

II.  tratis.  To  make  a  significant  sign  to ;  sum- 
mon or  direct  by  making  sigua. 

I  see  a  hand  you  cannot  see. 
Which  Oeclcoiui  mc  away. 

Tiekell,  Colin  and  Lucy. 

Beck<ming\h&  imagination  with  promises  better  than  any 

fiillllment.  Lowelt,  .Study  Windows,  p.  325. 

beckon  (bek'n),  n.  [<  beckon,  v.}  A  signifi- 
cant gesture:  as,  "at  the  first  beckon,"  JSoling- 
broke.  Parties.     [Rare.] 

beckoner  (bek'n-er),  n.  One  who  beckons  or 
calls  by  signs. 

beclapt  (be-klap'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  beclappen;  < 
6c-l  +  clajA.}     To  catch;  grasp;  insnare. 

He  that  with  his  thousand  conies  slye 
Continuelly  us  waiteth  to  bictappe. 

C'ttaueer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  L  9. 

beclipt  (bf-kUp'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  beclippen;  <  fte-l 
+  clip^.}'  To  embrace;  clasp. 

And  sodenly,  ere  she  it  wistc, 
Beclipt  in  armes  he  her  kiste. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  L 

becloud  (be-kloud'),  v.  t.    [<  Je-1  +  clo-ud.}    To 
overcloud;  obscure;  dim. 
storms  of  tears  hcetond  his  eyes. 

P.  Fletcher,  Piscatory  Eclogues,  v.  15. 

Tlie  subject  has  been  beclouded  by  the  mass  of  writings. 
The  American,  VIII.  60. 

become  (be-kum'),  v. ;  pret.  became,  pp.  become, 
ppr.  becoming.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  becum,  be- 
cume,  <  ME.  becumcn,  bicumen,  <  AS.  becuman, 
bicumav,  come,  happen  (=  D.  bckomen  =  OHG. 
biqneman,  MHG.  bekomcn,  G.  bekommen,  reach, 
suit,  =  Goth,  bikicinian,  come  upon  one,  befaU), 

<  be-  +  cuman,  come:  see  be-i  and  come.  In 
the  sense  of  befit,  suit,  cf.  AS.  gecweme,  ME. 
iciceme,  cweme,  and  OHG.  biqudmi,  MHG.  be- 
qiueme,  G.  beqneni,  fit,  suitable ;  also  AS.  cym- 
lie,  E.  comely,  and  L.  convenien{t-)s,  E.  conve- 
nient.} I.  intrans.  If.  To  come;  arrive;  betake 
one's  self;  go. 

But  when  they  saw  that  they  shoiilde  become  vnder  the 
obedience  of  another  prince,  they  sutfred  the  Greekes  to 
meet  Alexander.         J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  v. 

You  shall  have  sometimes  fair  houses  so  full  of  glass 
that  one  cannot  tell  where  to  become  to  be  out  of  the  sun 
or  cold.  Bacon,  Building. 

I  cannot  joy,  until  I  be  resolv'd 
Where  our  right  valiant  father  is  become. 

Sliak.,  3  Hen.  VJ.,  ii  1. 

2.  To  come  about;  come  into  being;  pass  from 
non-existence;  arise.     [Rare.] 

The  only  reals  for  him  [Humel  were  certain  irrelated  sen- 
sations, and  out  of  these  knowledge  arises  or  becomes. 

Hind,  XI.  3. 

3.  To  change  or  pass  from  one  state  of  exis- 
tence to  another;  come  to  be  something  differ- 
ent; come  or  grow  to  be:  as,  the  boy  rapidly 
becomes  the  man. 

Tlie  Lord  God  .  .  .  breathed  into  his  nostrils  the  breath 
of  life ;  and  man  became  a  living  souL  Gen.  ii.  7. 

I  rue 
That  errour  now,  which  is  hecome  my  crime. 

Milton,  P.  L,  ix.  1181. 

If  the  Bank  be  unconstitutional,  when  did  it  become  so? 

D.  Wc-baU-r,  Speech,  Sept.  30,  1834. 

4.  To  be  fit  or  proper ;  be  decorous  or  praise- 
worthy.    [Rare.] 

Set  this  diamond  safe 
In  golden  palaces,  as  it  Ijecomes. 

Sliak..  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 
To  become  of.  (at)  To  come  out  of ;  result  from.  See  1. 
(6)  To  be  the  fate  of :  be  the  end  of ;  be  the  final  or  sub- 
setjuent  condition :  after  what :  as,  vhat  will  become  of 
our  commerce?  ichatv,-i\\becomeofMst  It  applies  to  place 
as  well  as  condition :  Wttat  lia-s  become  of  my  friend?  that 
is,  where  is  he?  as  well  as,  what  is  his  condition? 

What  is  then  become  o/so  huge  a  multitude?    Raleigh. 

Sneer.  And  pray  what  becomes  q^her? 
Puff.  She  is  gone  to  throw  herself  into  the  sea,  to  be  sure. 
Sheridan,  The  Critic,  iii.  1. 

H,  trans.  1.  To  suit  or  be  suitable  to;  be 
congruous  with ;  befit ;  accord  with  in  eharae- 


become 

ter  or  eircumstanees;  be  worthy  of  or  proper 
to  :  rarely  said  of  persons. 

If  I  become  not  a  cart  as  well  as  another  man,  a  plague 
on  mv  bringing  up  !  I  hope  I  shall  as  soon  be  strangled 
with  "a  halter  as  another.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Jfothing  in  his  life 
Becaine  him  like  the  leaving  it. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  4. 

I  don't  think  so  much  learning  becom^g  a  young  woman. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  2. 

2.  To  befit  in  appearance;  suit  esthetically; 

grace  or  adorn, 

I  have  known  persons  so  anxious  to  have  their  dress 
become  them,  as  to  convert  it  at  length  into  their  proper 
self,  and  thus  actually  to  become  the  dress. 

Coleridge,  Aids  to  Reflection,  p.  53. 

[Formerly  hecomed  was  sometimes  used  as  the 

past  participle, 

A  good  rebuke, 
AMiich  might  have  well  hecom'd  the  best  of  men, 
lo  taunt  at  slackness.  Shak:,  A.  and  C,  iii.  7.] 

becomedt,  i>-  a.  [Irreg.  and  rare  pp.  of  become.'] 
Becoming. 

I  met  the  youthful  lord  at  Laurence*  cell, 
And  gave  him  what  becomed  love  I  might, 
liot  stepping  o'er  the  iKiuuds  of  moitesty. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  2. 

becomenessf, ».  [<&ecome,pp,, +  -HfAs.  Gt.for- 
llinms.Q^  similarly  formed.]     Becomingness. 

becoming  (be-kimi'ing),  p,  a.  and  n.  [Ppr.  of 
hci'ome,  t;.]  1,  ^.>.  a.  1.  Fit;  suitable;  congni- 
ous;  proper;  belonging  to  the  character,  or 
adapted  to  the  circumstances:  formerly  some- 
times followed  by  of. 

Such  [discourses!  as  are  becomino  o/them.  Dryden. 

This  condescension,  my  Lord,  is  not  only  becoming  of 

your  ancient  family,  but  of  your  personal  cliaracttr  in 

the  worli  Dryden,  Ded.  of  Love  Triumphant. 

2.  Suitable  to  the  appearance  or  style  of;  be- 
fitting esthetically:  as,  a  becoming  ^ess.  =  Syn, 
ileet,  appropriate,  fitting,  seemly,  comely,  decent. 
H,  n.  If,  Something  worn  as  an  ornament. 
Sir,  forgive  me. 
Since  my  becomings  kill  me,  wlicn  they  do  not 
Eye  well  to  you.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  3. 

2.  That  which  is  suitable,  fit,  or  appropriate. 
Hiimet,  among  whose   many  guod  qualities  self-com- 
mand and  a  tine  sense  of  the  becoming  cannot  lie  reckoned. 

Macaiilay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

3.  Inmetaph.j  the  transition  from  non-existence 
into  existence;  an  intermediate  state  between 
being  and  not  being;  a  state  of  flux;  the  state 
of  that  which  begins  to  be,  but  does  not  endure ; 
chantr'*;  development:  o]fposed  to  bei tig. 

becomingly  {be-kum'ing-li),  adv.  After  a  bo- 
coiiiiii;^  or  proper  manner. 

becomingness  (bo-kum'iug-nes),  h.  Suitahlo- 
uo>sh;  conji:niity;  propriety;  decency;  graceful- 
ness arising  from  fitness:  as,  ^'  becomingness  ot 
virtue,"  Dclatti/j  Christmas  Sermon. 

becqu^  (be-ka'),  a.  [F.,<  /;cc  (6fr</H-),  beak,  + 
-*  =  i;.  -fv/-.]     In  hff.j  same  as  beaked. 

becripple  {l>e-krip'l),  r.  t.  [<  fct'-l  +  crip})lc.'] 
To  make  lame;  cripple.     [Rare.] 

Th-ise  whom  you  Ipcdvviirf  aiui  hrcripple  by  your  poison- 
on-  iii'dii  MICH.     JJr.  //.  .Wwr/*,  .Mystery  of  OodlincBs,  vi.  19. 

becuiba-nut  (be-kwe'ba-nut),  71.  [<  becuibn, 
bicuibfij  or  ricuiba,  the  native  name,  +  «"^] 
A  nut  produced  by  a  Brazilian  tree,  M}fristica 
Jiiriihi/bn,  from  wliii'h  a  balsam  is  drawn  that 
in  fonsiderod  of  value  in  rh<Mimatism. 

becuna  (be-ku'nji),  n,  [MIj.  becittta,  F.  b^cune; 
origin  unknown.]  A  European  fish  of  the  fami- 
ly Sphfjuvnidoi  (Spfnjrn'nn  ttjfet)j  .somewhat  re- 


bec u;  I 

b'.M 


r  ' 

withi 
fUt  >•«;- 
«  mnttt 


n«cuna  (Sfhyrirmi  .ffff>. 


piko.     Krom  It*  ncjilm  nml  Alr-hladder  U 
I  ■•taiirt*  iijicfnl  ill  Ihf  ninniifaetiire  of  ortin* 
■  IN  Nh  Im  w<'ll  flnvortMl. 
'  I '  I.  V.  t.     [<  bc'l  +  curn    To  fur- 
.■.  ith  curlH;  ns,  a  becurieffi\nui\y. 

{ I'jirly  mod.  K.  uImo  hfibf,  btdde^ 

"f'h-^  <   AS.  bedd,  brd=zi}H.  brd  = 

\  >.  brd  =  ()Ui\.  beti,  brfii,  MIKJ. 

'.  brrt  =  Ifid.  bfdhr  =  Sw.  hddd 

.'.lb.   btidi,  a  ln'd  (Ih«i  Hprcial 

t  tfr'Miitfl  ill  a  triinlcn  fK'curH  in 

.  and  Ih  tin-  only  hoiih'*  of  Dan. 

*'.  form  brit)\  |MrliupH  ori^;.  n 

r,  rinfl  thuH  akin  to  Ij.fndrrr, 

.   f'tc]     1.    That   upon   or 

i-OHOM  or   ^if'fpH.       iti)    A  I:ui/.- 

iH    '^.Iftwn,  )■  tlr.mrnw.or  th-  hk.  ; 
niiiitr' M  UruvHt'  T  with  tin-  rnvv.  .<  .  •• 


498 

intended  for  shelter  and  warmth,  (c)  The  mattress  and 
bedclothes  together  with  the  bedstead,  a  permanent  struc- 
tore  of  wood  or  metal,  upon  wliich  they  are  placed,  (rf) 
Tlie  bedstead  by  itself. 

The  chest  contrived  a  double  debt  to  pay, 
A  bed  by  night,  a  chest  of  drawers  bv  day. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  I.  230. 

Hence  —  2.  By  extension,  the  resting-place  of 
an  animal. —  3.  Any  sleeping-place ;  a  lodging; 
accommodation  for  the  night. 

On  my  knees  I  beg 
That  you'll  vouchsafe  me  raiment,  bed,  and  food. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

4.  Matrimonial  connection;  conjugal  union; 
matrimonial  rights  and  duties. 

George,  the  eldest  son  of  his  second  bed. 

Clarendon,  Hist.  Kef.,  I.  i.  9. 

5.  Offspring;  progeny. —  6.  Au}-thiug  resem- 
bling, or  assimied  to  resemble,  a  bed  in  fonn 
or  position.  («)  A  plat  or  piece  of  ground  in  a  gai-don 
in  which  plants,  especially  flowers,  are  grown,  usually 
raised  a  little  above  the  adjoining  ground. 

Beds  of  hyacinths  and  roses.  Milton,  Comus,  L  99S. 

(&)  The  bottom  of  a  river  or  other  stream,  or  of  any  body 
of  water. 

A  narrow  gully,  apparently  the  dry  bed  of  a  mountain 
torrent.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  53. 

(c)  A  layer;  a  stratum;  an  extended  mass  of  anything, 
whether  upon  the  eai"th  or  within  it ;  as,  a  ^t-rf  of  sulpliui" ;  a 
heil  of  sand  or  clay.  In  geology  a  bed  is  a  layer  of  rock :  a 
portion  of  a  rock-mass  wIulU  has  so  nmch  homogeneity 


of  character  may  be  given  by  peculiarities  of  tnmposili^vn 
textui-e,  or  color,  or  sinijjly  by  a  facility  of  separation  fruni 
the  associated  beds.  Thus,  there  may  be  a  bed  of  marble 
intercalated  in  a  mass  of  shale;  or  tliere  may  be  several 
beds  of  marble  associated  together,  each  bed  being  indi- 
\idualized  by  peculiarities  of  texture  or  color.  In  the 
latter  case  there  would  ordinarily  be  a  distinct  break  or 
solution  of  continuity  between  the  different  beds,  so  that 
when  (HKinit'd  thuy  would  separate  from  each  other  with- 
out ililtli.ulty  along  the  i>lanc  of  contact.  The  Latin  word 
stratum  is  cominunly  employed  in  geological  writings,  and 
is  almost  the  exact  fqiiivaltnt  of  bed.  Bed,  as  applied  to 
mineral  deposits,  iiiiplits  ordinarily  that  the  masses  of 
ore  thus  characterized  lie  flat,  and  have  nu)re  or  less  of 
the  character  of  sedimentary  deposits,  in  distinction  from 
those  of  true  veins,  or  lodes. 

7.  Anytlung  resembling  a  bed  in  function ;  that 
on  which  anj'thing  lies,  or  in  which  anything 
is  embedded.  Particularly— (a)  Inbuilding:  (1)  Either 
of  the  horizontal  surfaces  of  a  building-stone  in  position. 
The  surfaces  ai-o  distinguished  as  tlie  vpper  and  the  loivor 
bed.  (2)  The  under  surface  of  a  brick,  shingle,  slate,  or 
tile  in  position.  (6)  In  gun.,  the  fnunilation-piei-c  of  a 
gun-caniagc.  The  bed  of  a  mortiir  is  a  solid  piiirof  hard 
wood,  hollowed  out  in  the  middle,  to  rtccivi'  the  breech 
and  half  the  trunnions,  (c)  In  mach.,  the  foundation-piece 
on  which  the  machine  is  constructed,  (d)  In  a  grinding- 
mill,  the  lower  grindstone,  (e)  In  printing,  the  tatde  of  a 
]trinting-presson  which  the  form  of  types  is  laid.  It  is  now 
always  of  iron,  but  in  old  hand-presses  it  was  made  of  wood 
orstone.  (./")  In  railirag-nmtitruction,  the  superllcial  earth- 
work with  the  ballasting,  (g)  Saut.,  a  thick,  flat  piece 
of  wood  placed  niulerthe  quarter  of  nw*ks  in  a  ship's  hold, 
to  relieve  the  liilj^c  or  thickest  part  of  the  cask  from  pres- 
sure, (h)  The  beams  orshears  which.supportthe  puppets 
or  stocks  of  a  lathe.  (/)  In  masonrg,  a  layer  of  cement  or 
mortar  in  which  a  stoiie  is  embedded,  or  against  which  It 
bears,  (j)  In  a  i)hine.  the  inchned  face  against  which  the 
plane-iron  bears,  {k)  'I  he  lower  die  in  a  pnnching-machine. 
(0  In  ship-building,  the  cradle  of  a  sliip  when  on  the 
stocks,  (m)  In  honkhindin/j,  the  couch  used  in  the  ju-ocess 
of  marbling  the  edges  of  books.  It  is  u  water-solution  of 
gum  tragacanth. 

8.  A  flock  or  number  of  animals,  as  of  wild 
fowl  on  the  water,  closely  packed  together. — 

9.  A  division  of  the  ground  in  the  game  of 
hop-scotch,  also  called  locally  the  game  of 
**  beds."— AlX  beds,  in  g*»l.,  thick  fresh-wnter  Tertiary 
strata,  occurring  near  Aix,  in  I'rovence,  fr'rance,  consist- 
ing of  calcareous  marls,  calcareo-Billcious  griU,  and  yvp- 
snni,  and  fullof  fohsil  MHhe.s.  Insects,  and  plants.— Appie- 
ple  bed.  See  «;*/'/''■/"'*•—  Ba^fShot  beds,  in  g'-ol..  certain 
bedH  of  Eocene  Tertiary  age  which  forui  nuMlers  near 
l,r)ndon,  England,  ami  oi-eiijiya  coTiMtdiTalile  area  aronnd 
I'.agHliot  in  SiMTry,  and  In  the  New  KorcMt,  II«mp'*hire. 
They  are  ehielly  composed  of  sand,  with  oi-ea«ional  layers 
of  ciay,  as  also  of  brlck-eartli  aiul  peldileM.  The  HagHliot 
beds  rent  ujion  the  London  clay.  Thry  are  UMiiilly  d.ntl- 
lute  id  foHsils.  AIhu  called  Itngshot.  Hand.-  Bala  bodS, 
in  groL,  cerliiin  liedH  of  biwi-r  sllin  liin  a^;^•  which  are  piir- 
tlciilarly  well  flevidoped  near  tin-  (o«ri  and  lukr  of  Hala 
In  .Merionethshire.  Wales.  Bed  Of  tbo  bowaprlt.a  bear 
ing  formed  out  of  the  ln-ad  of  tin'  st«Mi  and  (In-  apfh 
to  Hupport  the  bowsprit.  Bed  of  Justice  (K. '«'  d.  yr«^ 
tier),  {u)  A  throrirnn  whleh  the  kinwof  Krance  was  siui..] 
when  he  attended  parliament.  Ilence,  (/*)  a  formal  \  l-|t 
of  u  king  of  l-'raiK-i-  to  hU  |«arllaniriit.  These  vUlts  Ii;i<l 
m'Veral  objfctM,  but  latterlv,  wln-n  tin-  parllamfnt  iMiiitn. 
a  ]towrr  In  the  Htale,  beds  of  Jnslice  wf-re  held  princlpallv 
for  Uie  iinrjH.se  of  rnmpellbig  tin-  jtarlliimcnt 
the  I'birf  of  the  rreneli  paillanii-ntM,  to  nglsU-i 
the  king  when  It  iihowed  nnwIlllngneHM  to  do 
were  iiIko  held  to  try  a  \^*-\,  t^i  create  new  ta 


bedag 

therium.  One  layer  is  composed  almost  entirely  of  the  re- 
mains of  a  minute  globular  species  of  Paludina.—  'BtQTSk 
beds,  in  geol.,  a  series  of  strata  occuri'ing  near  Brora  in 
Sutherlaiidshire,  Scotland,  of  the  age  of  the  Lower  Oolite, 
remarkable  for  containing  a  scam  of  good  coal  .'U  feet 
thick,  which  is  the  thickest  bed  of  true  coal  found  i'n  the 
Secondary  strata  of  Great  Britain.— From  bed  and  board, 
a  law  phrase  applied  to  a  separation  of  man  and  wife 
without  dissolving  the  bauds  of  matritu*iny:  now  called 
a   iV'licnil  .v,7*(Tn(r(.-,i.  — Ganister  beds.     f^Ve  ganistrr.— 

Hydrostatic  bed.  see  iC(/N-;-/»t<?.— Maestricht  beds, 
in  geol.,  a  member  of  the  Cretaceous,  forming  the  lower 
division  of  the  uppermost  subgroup  of  that  series,  and 
interesting  on  accoimt  of  the  fossils  it  contains.  It  is 
especially  well  developed  at  Maestricht  in  the  Nether- 
lands. These  beds  contain  a  mixture  of  true  Cretaceous 
forms  with  such  as  are  characteristic  of  the  older  Ter- 
tiary.—Parade  bed,  in  some  ceremonial  funerals,  par- 
jk  ticularly  of  great  i)crsonages,  a  bed  or  bier  on  which  a 
corpse  or  efbgy  is  laid  out  in  state. 

The  effigy  of  the  deceased  with  his  hands  crossed  upon 
a  book,  lying  upon  a  parade  bed,  placed  on  the  top  of  a 
lion-footed  sarcophagus. 

C.  C.  Perkiym,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  120. 
Purbeck  beds,  in  geol.,  a  group  of  rocks  named  from  the 
Isle  of  Purbeck,  Dorsetshire.  Pjiglaiul,  resting  on  the  Port- 
landian,  and  forming  the  lilizlust  division  4>f  the  Jurassic- 
series  in  Kngland.  The  fos>ils  of  tlu-  Purbeck  are  fresh- 
water and  brackish,  and  there  are  in  tliis  formation  diit- 
beds  or  layers  of  ancient  soil  containiiiL'  stumps  of  tree* 
which  grew  in  them.  The  same  forniaiion  is  also  fouiul  iu 
the  .Tura,  in  the  valley  of  the  Doubs.— St.  Helen's  beds. 
Same  as  Osbonu^  .sericg  (which  see,  under  aeries).— To  ii^ 
brought  to  bed,  to  be  confined  in  child-bed  :  follow  cd  by 
ii/:  as.  to  be  brought  to  bed  of  a  son.— To  make  a  be^ 
to  put  it  in  order  after  it  luis  been  used. 

"  "    "  h,'d- 

Mian- 
(OHG.  bclton  =  Sw.  bcidda),  prepare  a  bed,  < 
bed,  a  bed.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  place  in  or  as  in. 
a  bed. 

My  son  i'  the  ooze  is  bedded.         Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  go  to  bed  ■with ;  make  partaker  of  one'a 
bed. 

Tlicy  linvc  inavrieci  me  : 
I'll  to  the  Tuscan  wars,  and  never  hfd  lier. 

Shak.,  Alls  Well,  ii.  3. 

3.  To  provide  a  bed  for ;  furnish  ^vith  aecom- 
modatioiis  for  sleeping. —  4.  To  ptit  to  bed; 
specifically,  to  put  (a  couple)  to  bed  together, 
as  was  formerly  the  custom  at  weddings. 

The  Dauplliu  »nti  the  Daupliiness  were  bedded. 

London  Gaz.  (KiSO),  No.  1494.     (A*.  E.  i).> 

5.  To  make  a  bed  of,  or  plant  in  beds,  as  a. 
mass  of  flowering  plants  or  foliage-plants ;  also, 
to  transplant  into  a  bod  or  beds,  as  from  pots 
or  a  hothouse :  often  with  out. 


ami  is  so  separateil  Irom  the  rock  which  lies  over  ami  nil-  bed^  (bed),  f.  ;  pret.   and  pp.    bedded,   ppr.   bei 
derit.thatithasacliai-iicterof  itsowii.    Thisilisthiitmss     diiiff.      [<  ME.   beddeii,    brddieii,  <  AS.   beddic 


Sudi  (cnttingsl  a.s  are  too  weak  to  be  put  in  the  nursery 
rows  .  .  .  will  reiinire  to  be  heddfd  out;  that  is,  seb 
closely  in  beds  by  themselves,  where  tlieycan  remain  for 
one  or  two  yeai-s,  until  they  are  large  and  strong  eimugh 
for  root  grafting  or  for  the  nursery  rows. 

P.  ISan-ji,  I'Yuit  Garden,  p.  139. 

6.  To  embed ;  fix  or  set  in  a  permanent  posi- ' 
tion  ;  furnish  with  a  bed:  as,  to  bed  a  stone. 

Rites  which  attest  that  Man  by  nature  lies 

lirddM  for  good  and  evil  in  a  gulf 

l*'carfully  low.  irorrf*ieor(/i.  Excursion,  v. 

7.  To  lay  in  a  stratum ;  stratify ;  lay  in  order 
or  flat. 

Your  bedded  hair  .  .  . 
Starts  up  and  stAnds  on  entl. 

Shak.,  Uamlet,  iii.  «. 

8.  To  make  a  bed  tor,  as  a  horse :  commonly 
used  with  down. 

.■\fter  bfddinfj  down  tlie  horse  and  fastening  the  barn, 
be  returned  to  the  kitchen. 

./.  T.  Trotrbridr/e,  Coupon  Bonds,  p.  24,' 

II.  intrati.i.  1.  To  go  to  bed;  retire  to  sleep: 
l)y  extension  aiiplicd  to  animals. —  2.  To  co- 
habil  ;  use  the  same  bed  ;  sleep  together. 

If  he  be  married  and  bed  with  Ids  wife.  • 

iViseman,  Surgery.  • 

Tlu'y  (the  wasps]  never  molested  nic  scrlouslv.  thonglk 
they  bedded  with  nn\  Thoreiiii.  \\aldcn,  p.  '.'.'iD. 

3.  To  rest  as  in  or  on  a  bed  :  wit  It  <(«. 
The  rail,  therefore,  beds  tliroughont  on  the  ballast. 

Ure,  Diet,,  III.  69«. 

4.  To  flock  closely  together,  as  wild  fowl  oil 
tl»)  surl'nee  of  I  hi"  waler. —  5.  To  sleep;  pn8» 
tlie  night,  as  game  in  cover. 

bed'-'t.    An  occasional  Middle  English  preterit 

of  /),(/. 

bedabble  n.e-dnb'l),  r.  t.    (<  be-1  +  dubbh.-]   To 

ilalililc  uilli  iMdislui'c;  iiuiUe  wet:iis,  "bednb- 

///<7/ Willi  tlic  di'w,"  .S7»(/,.,  M.  N.  ]).j  iii.  2. 

f  I'lirN.   bedad  (lie-dud'),  intrrj.     An  Irish  minced  oath, 

'"'■i' T ,'.'!     "  i'"i'Mi]iti(>n  of  br  i/iid,  for  bi/  (lod  ! 

(.,  ,1,;  llrdod,  Mhe'd  come  and  marry  Hume  of  'em.     Thtiekeray. 

t.     FME.  bedatlni  (pp.  *;/- 


.laiclbe  nia)..riiyof  ibc  kiiiK.  etc.  -  Bembrldgo  bodB,  bedafff  (be-diVf),  r.  t.     TME.  bedaffrn  (pp. 

ill  iieid.,   n   fr.«.lllfii.iiiH  dlvl«l.pn  of   Ihc'    I  pi"  r   iMniiie      ,i,,,i:.,i\   /  f,„    J.  ,/,,«•/.  ,.  fn„l  •  u.,<.  ),^.l  ,i,wl /L/)l' 1 

iitnitn,  prinriimlly  .bvelo,,,-.!  In  llio  I. I  Wlubl.  I'.im      !'"•!'',''',•  ^  '"'■  +  '.'"■('':> '.'  il"'  •  «""  '"■'  •""'  ''".('.'•J 


land,  rMMMhlliiij  ..t  mail,  mid  cliiv".  nnlliiK  "ii  a  cm      T"   befool;   make   ti  fool   of, 
had  pale  yellow  or  i-rram ctorcil  llnicHtoiie  rnjieil  llriii-      Tide.  I'^nvoye.  1.  l.'i. 


('linucei;  Clerk's 


i,il,l«.;  llincMie      lli.y  abound  In  lb I  .  of  /,,/,. .i..,r   bodaftt     lie-dllft' ),  )..  fl.      Htupid; 

and    fl.innrMM    and   lemabm  "f  two  spoclen  of  Vhin-.i.    y,„j„_,'  ,,    ;       ■  <•  i'.t,,    i,,,,;,,„,,,,'    .  / 
w,.i.rplant«:  ImiI  lliolr  most  dl.tlnellve   tcBliire   In  lb.'   ".^^aBti  '  •  '•      L<    »^'''-  beddm/rn ,  <. 

bedagglo. 


plants: 
iiiallan  reinaliiN 


foolish. 
<  be..'.  +  d(t</.} 


•f  the  PaUrotheriutn  ami  Anopio- 


bedaggle 

bedaggle  (be-dMg'l),  r.  t.     [<  /«■-!  +  lUgnlc.    Cf. 

hettiKj.]     To   soil,   as   clothes,  by  trailing  the 

ends  in  the  mud,  or  spattering  them  with  dirty 

wiitcr.     ./.  Iticlidrdson,  Notes  on  Milton. 

bed-alet  (bcd'al),  ».     Ale  brewed  for  a  eonfine- 

nii'iit  or  a  christening. 
bedaret  (be-dar'),  v.  t.     [<  6f-l  +  danA.']     To 
dare;  defy. 

The  eagle  ...  is  emboUU'iietl 

With  eyes  iiitcntive  to  hctinri?  tlie  sun. 

recU;  David  and  Bethsabe. 

bedarkt  (be-diirk'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  bederken;  < 
i(;-l  +  daiic,  i'.]     To  darken. 

Whan  tlie  blaclce  winter  nisht  .  .  , 
liederked  hath  the  water  stronde, 
Al  prively  they  gone  to  londe, 

Goxver,  Conf.  AmanL,  i:  81. 

bedarken  (be-dar'kn),  V.  t.  [<  ftf-1  +  darken.'] 
To  cover  with  darkness ;  darken;  obscure. 

bedarkened  (be-diir'knd),  7).  a.  1.  Obscured. 
—  2.  Figuratively,  existing  in  mental  or  moral 
darkness;  simk  in  ignorance :  as,  "thisfterfarfc- 
eitrd  race,"  Sontheij. 

bedash  (be-dash'),t).<.  [<  &tf-l  +  *(«//.]  To  wet 
by  throwing  water  or  other  liquid  upon;  be- 
spatter with  water  or  mud :  as,  "  trees  6ed«s7j'rf 
with  rain,"  Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  i.  2. 

So  terribly  h'daslt'd  .  .  .  that  you  would  swear 
He  were  liglited  from  a  horse-race. 

Mkidteton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  i.  1. 

bedaub  (bf-dab'),  v.  t.     [<  6c-l  +  dmd).']     To 
daub  over  ;  besmear ;  soil. 
Bedaub  fair  designs  with  a  foul  varnisli. 

Barrow,  Wor]<s,  III.  XV. 

Bedawi  (bed'a-we),  n. ;  yX.  Bedawin  (-wen).  See 

Bcdiiiiiii,  1. 

bedazzle  (bf-daz'l),  v.  t.   [<  be-''-  +  dapzle.]  To 

dazzle  by  too  strong  a  light;  blind  or  render 

incapable  of  seeing  clearly  by  excess  of  light. 

Jly  mistaking  eyes 

That  have  lieen  so  beduzzled  with  the  sun, 

Tliat  everytliing  I  looli  on  seemetli  green. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  5. 
Sunrise  threw  a  golden  beam  into  tlie  study  and  laid  it 
right  across  the  minister's  bedazzled  eyes. 

Hawthorn^.,  Scarlet  Letter,  xx. 

bedazzlingly  (be-daz'ling-li),  adv.  So  as  to 
Vipilazzle. 

bed-boardt  (bed'bord),  n.  The  bead-board  or 
foot-boaril  of  a  bedstead. 

bed-bolt  (bed'bolt),  n.  Naut.,  a  horizontal  bolt 
passing  through  both  the  brackets  of  a  gun- 
carriage  on  which  the  forward  end  of  the  stool- 
bed  rests. 

bedbug  (bed'bng),  n.  The  Cimcx  lectularius  or 
Ai-antliiii  hitiilaria,  infesting  beds.     See  bug'^. 

bed-chair  (bed'ohar),  n.  An  adjustable  frame 
designed  to  enable  invalids  to  sit  up  in  bed. 
Also  called  chair-bed. 

bedchamber  (bed'cham"ber),  n.  [<  ME.  bed- 
cliniimbre  (=  MHG.  bettekammere);  <  bedl  -\- 
e^mmher.']  An  apartment  or  chamber  intended 
or  appropriated  for  a  bed,  or  for  sleep  and  re- 
pose.—Lords  of  the  bedchamber,  officers  of  tlie  Brit- 
ish royal  liouselHjld  under  the  groom  of  the  stole.  They 
are  twelve  in  miinber,  and  wait  a  week  each  in  turn. 
The  groom  of  the  stole  does  not  take  his  turn  of  duty, 
but  attends  the  king  on  all  s^ate  occasions.  There  are 
thirteen  grooms  of  the  bedchamber,  who  wait  likewise 
in  turn.  In  the  case  of  a  queen  regnant  these  posts  are 
occupied  by  women,  called  ladies  of  the  bedchamber.  In 
either  case  they  are  generally  held  by  persons  of  the  high- 
est nobility. 

bed-clip  (bed'klip),  n.  In  coach-building,  a 
band  of  iron  designed  to  secure  the  wooden 
bed  of  the  vehicle  to  the  spring  or  to  the  axle. 

bedclothes  (bed'kloTHz),  n.  2>l.  The  coverings 
used  on  beds;  sheets,  blankets,  quilts,  etc.,  col- 
lectively. 

bed-cover  (bed'kuv'er),  n.  A  bedquilt  or  bed- 
spread. 

bedded  (bed'ed),  iJ.  a.  [Pp.  of  6e(il,  v.]  1. 
Provided  with  a  bed. —  2.  Laid  in  a  bed;  em- 
bedded.— 3.  Existing  in  beds,  layers,  or  strata; 
stratified,  or  included  between  stratitied  masses 
of  rock.  Chiefly  used  in  combination,  as  thin-bedded, 
he&vy-bedded,  etc.  Masses  of  igneous  rock  formed  by  suc- 
cessive overflows  of  molten  material  are  often  said  to  be 
bedded,  but  not  ordinarily  stratijled. 
4.  Growing  in  or  transplanted  into  beds,  as 
plants. 

Dost  sit  and  hearken 
The  dreary  melody  of  bedded  reeds 
In  desolate  places,       Keats,  Endymion,  i.  239, 

bedder  (bed'er),  n.  1.  One  who  puts  to  bed. 
— 2.  One  who  makes  beds  (mattresses);  an 
upholsterer.  [Local,  Eng.]  —  3.  Abed-stone; 
specifically,  the  nether  stone  of  an  oil-mill. 
Phillip.s  (1706).  Also  bedetter. — 4.  A  bedding- 
plant  (which  see). 

bedding  (bed'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  bedding,  <  AS. 
bedding  (for  'beddung)  =  G.  liettimg ;  <  bed'-  + 


499 

-)«(/!.]  1.  The  act  of  placing  in  a  bed;  a 
putting  to  bed,  especially  of  a  newly  married 
couple.     See  bed,  v.  t.,  4. 

A  circumstantial  description  of  the  wedding,  beddin<f, 
and  throwing  the  st^icking,  Scott,  Nigel,  xxxvii, 

2.  A  bed  and  its  furniture ;  the  materials  of  a 
bed,  whether  for  man  or  beast. 

Pray  God  he  have  not  kept  sucli  open  house, 
That  he  hath  sold  my  hangings,  and  my  beddintj .' 

B.  i/o7i«o7i,  Alchemist,  v,  1. 

3.  In  gcoh,  as  used  by  most  geologists,  the 
exact  equivalent  of  .stnilijiiwlioii,  or  oci'Ihti'Ikv 
in  strata  or  beds.  See  bed,  bedded,  ami  Inntina- 
tion. — 4.  In  building,  a  foundation  or  bottom 
layer  of  any  kind. —  5.  The  seat  in  which  a 
steam-boiler  rests. 

bedding-molding  (bed'ing-m61"ding),  n.  Same 
as  bed-moldiii;/. 

bedding-plant  (bed'ing-plant),  n.  An  onia- 
mental  flowering  plant  or  foliage-plant  suited 
by  habit  for  growing  in  beds  or  masses,  and  to 
produce  a  desired  effect,  generally  of  color, 
by  conibinaf  icm  with  other  plants. 

bedding-stone  (bed'ing-ston),  n.  In  bricklay- 
intj,  a  straight  piece  of  marble  applied  to  the 
rubbed  side  of  the  brick  to  prove  whether  the 
surface  is  straight  or  not. 

baddy  (bed'i),  «.    Bold ;  forward.     [Scotch.] 

But  if  my  puppies  once  were  ready, 
Tliey'l  be  baith  clever,  keen,  and  beddy. 

Watson's  Collection,  I.  70, 

bedeif,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  bead. 

bede'-^  (bed),  u.    [Etym.  unknown.]    In  English 

mining,  a  peculiar  kind  of  pickax. 
bedeadt  (be-ded'),  v.  t.     [<  ie-l  +  dead.']     To 

deaden. 

Otliers  tliat  are  bedcadcd  and  stupefied  as  to    their 

morals,  Hallywell,  Melampronosa,  p.  1, 

bedeafen  (be-def'n),  v.   f.     [<  be-'-*+  deafen.] 

To  render  deaf. 
bedeck  (be-dek'),  V.  t.     [<  &C-1  +  deck.]     To 
deck  out ; '  adorn ;  grace :  as,  "  bedecking  orna- 
ments," Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ii.  1;  "bedecked,  or- 
nate, and  gay,"  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  712. 

Such  wonderful  and  priceless  gifts  as  these. 
Fit  to  bedeck  the  limbs  of  goddesses ! 

Willia7ii  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  245, 

bedeen  (bf-den'),  adv.  [North.  E.  and  Sc,  < 
ME.  bcden'e,  beden,  bidene,  biden;  of  uncertain 
origin ;  appar.  <  hid-,  which  seems  to  be  an  un- 
explained substitute  for  hi,  E.  bij,  prep,  (less 
prob.  a  corruption  of  mid,  with,  or  of  with),  + 
ene,  <  .A.S.  cene,  once,  at  once,  <  an,  one :  see  once, 
one,  and  cf.  anon,  of  somewhat  similar  forma- 
tion. UerfecM  is  often  a  mere  expletive.]  If.  In 
a  body ;  together :  as,  all  bedeen. —  2t.  In  order ; 
one  after  another. —  3.  Forthwith;  straight- 
way.— 4.  Anon;  by  and  by. 

Read  on  our  Bibles,  pray  bedeen. 

Blackwood's  Mag.,  XXVIII.  738, 

bedegar,  bedeguar  (bed'e-giir),  n.     [<  P.  hede- 
gar,  hedajmir,  ult.  <  As.  Pers.  baddivar,  a  kind 
of  wliite  thorn  or  this- 
tle, lit.  wind-brought, 

<  bad,  wind,  -1-  divar, 

<  dwardan,  bring. 
Later,  in  the  form  hd- 
ddward,  appar.  taken 
as  bad,  wind,  -1-  Ar. 
u-ard,  rose.]  A  spon- 
gy excrescence  or  gall, 
sometimes  termed 
sweetbrier-sponge,  or 
robin-redbreast's  pin- 
cushion, foimd  on  va- 
rious species  of  roses, 
especially  the  sweet- 
brier,  produced  by  sev- 
eral insects,  as  Rho- 
dites  rosa;  and  R.  hicolor,  as  the  result  of  punc- 
ture and  the  deposit  of  their  eggs,  and  contain- 
ing their  larviB  :  once  supposed  to  have  medici- 
nal proi>erties. 

bedehouse,  «.     See  beadhoiwe. 

bedel,  bedell  (be'dl,  be-del'),  n.  [<  LL.  bedellus : 
see  headlc.]  In  the  medieval  universities,  a  ser- 
vant of  a  "nation"  or  faculty  (each  of  -which 
companies  elected  two,  an  upper  and  a  lower, 
termed  the  esquire  hcdel  and  the  yeoman  bedel, 
terms  showing  the  classes  from  which  they  were 
chosen),  wlmso  duties  were  to  apportion  the 
"schools"  or  lecture-rooms  and  the  chapters  of 
the  colleges  and  halls,  to  cry  the  days  and  hours 
of  the  lectures,  to  publish  and  carry  out  the  de- 
crees of  the  company,  to  march  before  the  rec- 
tor, dean,  or  proctor  with  a  silver  mace  on  occa- 
sions of  ceremony,  etc.  See  beadle — Grand  be- 
del, tile  upper  bedel  of  the  faculty  of  theology. 


a,  a,  Bedegars, 


bedight 

bedelvet,  ''.  '■     [ME.  hedelven,  <  AS.  bedel/an, 

<  be-,  about,  +  delfan,  dig:  see  h«-l  and  delve.] 

1.  To  dig  round  or  about. —  2.  To  bury  in  the 
earth. 

A  man  dalf  the  erthe  .  .  .  and  fond  there  a  gobet  of 
golde  bijdolven.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  v,  prose  1, 

bedeman,  «.     See  beadsman. 

beden (be'den),)(.  [(.Ax.baden.]  Akiudofibex. 

bedenet,  udv.     See  bedeen. 

bederollt,  ».     See  head-roll. 

bedesmant,  n.     See  beadsman. 

bedettert,  "•  Same  as  bedder,  3,  of  which  it  ap- 
]iears  to  be  a  corruption. 

bedevil  (be-dev'l),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bedeviled 
or  bedevilled,  ppr.  hedemling  or  bedevilling.  [< 
he-'-  +  devil.']  1.  To  treat  with  diabolical  vio- 
lence or  abuse. 

Bedevilled  and  useil  worse  than  St,  Bartholomew. 

Sterne,  .Sentimental  Journey,  I.  34. 

2.  To  possess  with  or  as  with  a  devil. 

One  age,  he  is  hagi-idden,  bewitched;  the  next,  priest- 
ridden,  befooled;  in  all  ages,  bedevilled. 

Carlyle,  Sal-tor  Resartus,  iii,  3, 

3.  To  "play  the  de-vil -with";  transform  or  con- 
fuse as  if  by  the  aid  or  agency  of  evil  spirits; 
confound ;  muddle ;  coiTupt ;  spoil. 

So  bedevil  a  bottle  of  Geisenheira  .  .  ,  you  wouldn't 
know  it  from  the  greenest  Tokay, 

Disraeli,  Vivian  Grey,  vi. 

4.  To  be-wilder -with  worry ;  torment;  bother; 
confuse. —  5.  To  make  a  devil  or  devils  of; 
bring  into  the  condition  of  a  devil :  as,  to  be- 
devil mankind. 

bedevilment  (bf-dev'l-ment),  n.  [<  bedevil  + 
-ment.]  The  act  of  bedeviling,  or  the  state  of 
being  bedeviled;  especially,  a  state  of  bewil- 
dering or  vexatious  disorder  or  confusion. 

The  lawyers  have  twisted  it  into  such  a  state  of  bedevil- 
went  that  the  original  merits  of  the  case  have  long  disap- 
peared, Dickens,  Bleak  House,  viii. 

bede-W  (be-dti'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  bedewen,  bedea- 
iven  (=  MH6.  betouwen,  G.  bethauen);  <  Je-l  -I- 
dew.  ]  To  moisten  with  or  as  vrith  dew ;  moisten 
in  a  gentle  maimer  with  any  liquid. 

The  most  precious  tears  are  those  with  which  heaven 
bedews  the  unburied  head  of  a  soldier. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xxi, 

bede^wer  (be-du'er),  n.     One  who  or  that  which 

bedews. 
bede-wyt   (be-du'i),   a.      [Erroneously  formed 
from  bedew,'  v. ;  prop,  dewy,  <  dew,  n.]     Moist 
-with  dew. 

Dai-k  night  from  her  bedary  wings 
Drops  sleepy  silence  to  the  eyes  of  all, 

A.  Brewer  (?),  Lingua,  v.  16. 

bedfast  (bed'fast),  a.  [<  fterfl  +  fast.]  Con- 
fined to  bed;  bedridden. 

My  old  woman  is  bed/ast. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  ii. 

bedfello-W  (bed'fel"6),  n.  [<  ME.  bedfelow, 
-fcluive;  <  bed'-  +  fellow.]  One  who  shares  a 
bed  with  another. 

Misery  acquaints  a  man  with  strange  bed.fellows. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

bedferet  (bed'fer),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also, 
erroneously,  hedphere,  <  ME.  bedfere,  bedifere, 

<  bed  -i-  fere,  companion:  see /erel.]  A  bed- 
fellow. 

Her  that  I  mean  to  choose  for  my  bed-phere. 

B.  Jom>vn,  Epiccene,  ii,  3. 

bed-frame  (bed'fram),  n.  The  frame  of  a  bed ; 
a  bedstead. 

bed-go^wn  (bed'goun),  n.  1.  A  night-go-wn  or 
night-dress. — 2.  A  kind  of  jacket  like  a  dressing- 
sack,  usually  of  printed  calico,  worn  in  Scotland 
by  women  of  the  working-class,  generally  to- 
gether with  a  drugget  or  colored  flannel  petti- 
coat.   Also  called  short-gown. 

She  had  wooden  shoes,  a  short  red  petticoat,  a  printed 
cotton  bed-gown ;  her  face  was  broad,  her  physiognomy 
eminently  stupid.        Charlotte  Bronte,  The  Professor,  ^ii. 

bed-hangings  (bed'bang  ingz),  n.jal.   The  val- 
ance and  curtains  of  a  bed. 
bediamonded  (bf-di'a-mon-ded),  a.     [<  6(-l  -I- 
diiimond  +  -ed^.]    Covered  or  ornamented  with 
diamonds. 

Astarte's  bediamonded  crescent. 

Poe,  Ulalume,  ii.  21. 

bedight  (be-dit')i  ('•  f- ;  generally  or  always  in 
pret.  and  pp.  bedight  or  bedighted.  [ME,,  only 
in  pp.  bediht,.hydyght;  <  be-'-  +  dight.]  To  ar- 
ray; equip;  dress:  trick  out;  bedeck;  invest. 
[Archaic  and  poetical.] 

A  troope  of  men  the  most  in  armes  bedight. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p,  270, 

His  head  and  beard  «ith  sotit  were  ill  bedight. 

Spenser,  F.  Q,,  II,  rii,  3, 


bedight 

ilaiiy  a  nirc  aiul  siimptnous  tome 
In  vellum  bound,  with  gold  Itediijht. 

Lonff/etlow,  Wayside  Inn,  Prelude. 

bedim  (be-dim'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hedimmed. 
ppr.  bcdimming.  [<  6e-l  +  dim.'\  To  make  dim ; 
obsciu'e  or  darken ;  becloud. 
I  have  htdimm'd  the  noontide  sun.  Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
Phffibe,  coming  so  suddenly  from  the  sunny  daylight, 
was  altogether  bedimmed  in  such  density  of  shadow  as 
lurked  iu  most  of  the  passages  of  the  old  house. 

Hatcthome,  .Seven  Gables,  xx. 

bedimple  OJf-dim'pl),  r.  t.     [<  fce-l  +  dinqile.] 

To  rover  over  or  mark  irith  dimples, 
bedirtt  (be-<icrt').  r.  t.    [<  be-i-  +  dirt.'}   To  defile 

nitli  dirt :  figuratively,  throw  dirt  at ;  vUify. 
bedismal  (lie-iliz'mar),  c.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  be- 
disiiiiilid  or  bidi-fmiiiled,  ppr.  bedhmaliiiy  or  bc- 
di.<iii(illiii{).  [<  Af-i  +  dismal.^  To  make  dismal. 
bedizen  (be-<liz'n  or  -di'zn),  i\  t.  [Also  some- 
times bedK:en ;  <  6e-l  +  rfiro;.]  To  deck  or 
dress  out,  especially  in  a  tawdry  manner  or  with 
vulgar  finery. 

Kcninauti  of  tapestried  h-ingings,  window  curtains,  and 
shreds  of  pictures,  with  which  he  had  bedizened  his  tatters. 
Sco((,  Waverley,  II.  .vxvii. 
A  colossal  image  of  the  Virgin, .  .  .  bedizened  and  efful- 
gent, was  borne  aloft  upon  the  shoulders  of  her  adorers. 
Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  656, 

Like  clouds  which  bedizen 
At  sunset  the  western  horizon. 

Browninrf,  Tlie  Glove. 

bedizenment  (be-diz'n-  or  -dl'zn-ment),  «.  [< 
btdi:in  +  -iMiit^  The  act  of  bediz'eniufr;  the 
state  of  being  bedizened;  that  which  bedizens. 

The  bediztnment  of  the  great  spirit's  sanctuary  with 
.  .  .  skulls.  Kiivjdey,  Westward  Ho  !  p.  451. 

Strong  Dames  of  the  Market,  .  .  .  with  oak-branches, 
tricolor  bedizenment.         Carttjle,  French  Rev.,  III.  iv.  4. 

bed-key  (bed'ke),  n.     Same  as  brd-trrench. 

bedlam  (bcd'lam),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
al<o  bcdlcm,  licthhm,  <  ME.  bcdicm,  bedleem, 
bellilem,  a  corruption  of  Bethlehem  (JfE.  Beth- 
leeiH.  Bedlem).  See  def.  1.]  I.  >i.  1.  [«yj.] 
The  hospital  of  8t.  Mary  of  Bethlehem  in 
London,  originally  a  priory,  founded  about 
1:147.  but  afterward  used  as  an  asylum  for  lu- 
natics. 

At  ray  rctumelstept  into  Bed/om*,  where  I  saw  several 
poore  miserable  creatures  in  chaines. 

Evelyn,  Diary*,  April  21,  1657. 

Hence — 2.  A  madhouse;  a  lunatic  asyltmi. 

He's  past 
Recovery  ;  a  Bedlam  cannot  cure  him. 

Ford,  Pcrkin  Warbeck,  v.  3. 

3.  A  scene  of  ■wild  uproar  and  confusion. 

A  ucneral  diWsion  of  pttssessions  would  make  the  coun- 
try a  scene  of  pn>lligate  extravagance  for  one  year  and  of 
universal  desolation  the  next— a  bedlam  for  one  short 
season  and  a  chaniel-house  ever  after.  Broufjham, 

4t.  An  inmate  or  a  patient  of  Bethlehem  Hos- 
pital, or  Bedlam;  specifically,  one  discharged 
as  cured  ( t  lioiigh  often  only  partially  cured)  and 
licensed  to  beg.  .Such  persons  wore  a  tin  plate  as  a 
baduc  "in  their  left  arm,  and  were  known  as  ^etf^am  bcggarg, 
bedtamiteA,  or  bedlamers. 

Let's  follow  the  olil  earl,  and  get  the  Bedlam 

To  lea<l  him  where  he  would ;  his  ronui.sh  uiadness 

Allows  iUclf  to  anything.  Slink.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 

Hence  —  5t.  In  general,  a  madman  ;  a  lunatic. 
-   Jack  or  Tom  0'  Bedlam,  a  nia.bnun. 

II.  o.  Belonging  to  or  lit  for  a  bedlam  or 
madhouse;  mad;  mentally  deranged. 

'I'be  bedUim  lirain-sick  duchess.   Sltiik,,  '2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 

Tills  which  followcs  is  plalnc  bedlam  stulfc,  this  Is  the 
Ihrmontack  legion  indeed. 

Milton,  Apology  for  Smcctymnuus. 
Bedlam  beggar.    «cc  I.,  4. 
bedlamer  (bed'lum-tr),  «.     [<  bedlam  +  -crl.] 
It.  A  bedlam  beggar.     See  bedlam,  h.,  4. 

TliiM  country  fthc  Ilordcrl  was  then  ninch  troubled  with 

1.  Iliunert.  Buyer  Xorlli,  l/pril  (iuillord,  I.  271. 

2.  rim  name  given  by  senl-liunters  to  the 
'  !  -i;il,  {'iiHlophora  crixtiita,  when  a  year 

t-i  frantic  cries  and  actions  when  it 
■iipo  itH  pursuerH. 
bedlamism  (bed'lam-izm)^   n.      [<  ludlnm  + 
-ii/zi  I      \  woril  or  net  which  i»  charactcriHlic 
-  or  of  mad  people;  a  trait  of  innd- 
,1-. 
Iv  .■•riiim-it),  n.     [<  brdhiiii  + -ile'.l 

'•  bedlam,  n.,  4. 
Iledlnmilr  by  thin  freak 'r 

llntrthornr,  TwIccToM  'labs,  II. 

bedlamltlsh  'bed'lnm-it-iHh),  a.      [<  bnllnmUr 
^  •  riililliig  or  ehurncteriHtic   of   a 

I"  idnian, 

1' ../.  iTi-allon  of  nrcdlciM  nolfiro. 

Carliilr,  In  Kroiidi-,  11.  J.'ai. 

bedlamizeO>>'d'latn-iz),e.  (. ;  priit.  nml  pti.  iird- 
lamUid,  ppr.  hcdliimlHn0.    '!'»  make  itiacl. 


500 

Tlie  Germans,  on  their  part,  calmly  conscious  of  their 
irresistible  strength,  proceeded  to  fasten  ever  more  com- 
pulsive bonds  and  sobering  straps  on  the  Bedlami^ted 
country.  Lowe,  Bismarck,  I.  599. 

bedlart,  bedla-wert,  «•    [<  ME.  oedlawere  (=  G. 

bettlager),  <  bed  +  'hiicer,  appar.  <  Icel.  lag,  a 

lying;  cf.  /«»".]     A  bedridden  person.      [Old 

English  and  Scotch.] 
bedless  (bed'les),  a.    [<  bcd^  +  -less.'\   Without 

a  bed. 
bed-linen  (bed'lin'en),  )i.  Sheets,  pillow-cases, 

etc.,  originally  always  of  linen,  now  sometimes 

of  cotton. 
bed-lounge  (bed'lounj),  n.     A  combined  bed 

and  lounge;  a  loimge  or  plain  sofa  made  so  as 

to  open  and  fonn  a  bed. 
bedmaker  (bed'ma  ker),  n.    [<  ME.  bedmaler.'] 

1.  One  who  manufaetm-es  beds  or  bedsteads. 
—  2.  One  who  prepares  beds  for  use ;  espe- 
cially, iu  English  universities,  a  man  or  woman 
whose  duty  it  is  to  take  care  of  the  rooms  and 
make  the  beds  in  college.  Female  bedmakers 
were  forbidden  in  Cambridge  in  1625,  but  are 
now  usual. 

The  bed-makers  are  the  women  who  take  care  of  the 
rooms ;  there  is  about  one  to  each  staircase,  that  is  to 
say,  to  ever}'  eight  rooms. 

C.  A.  Bristed,  English  University,  p.  30. 

bedmate  (bed'mat),  «.  A  bedfellow.  Shal: 
bed-molding  (bed'm61"ding),  «.  In  arch.,  a 
molding  of  the  cornice  of  an  entablature,  situ- 
ated beneath  the  corona  and  immediately  above 
the  frieze.  Also  called  bcdding-moldiiuj. 
bedotet  (be-dof),  r.  t.  [ME.,  <  be-1  +  dote.'i 
To  make  to  dote  ;  befool ;  deceive. 

For  to  bedote  this  (lueene  was  her  entent. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  1547. 

Bedouin  (bed'6-in),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
Bcdiciit,  or  as  ML.  Baduinl,  Bcduini,  pi.  (ME. 
rarely  Bedoynes);  mod.  E.  also  freq.  Bcdoween, 
and  more  exactly  Bcdaici,  sing.,  Bedaiviii,  pi., 
after  Ar.,  the  form  Bedouin  being  <  F.  Bedouin 
(OF.  Beduin  =  It.  Bcduino,  ML.  Beduinu.-<,  etc.\ 
<  At.  badatrin,  pi.  of  badawii/,  a  dweller  in  the 
desert  (ef.  baddwi,  rural,  rustic),  <  badu;  desert, 
open  country.]  I.  n.  1.  An  Arab  of  the  de.sert ; 
one  of  the  nomadic  Arabs,  divided  into  many 
tribes,  who  live  in  tents,  rear  lloeks  and  herds, 
especially  of  camels,  and  are  scattered  over 
Arabia,  parts  of  Syria,  and  Egypt  and  other 
parts  of  Africa.  Also  Bedawi,  plural  Bedau-in. 
Professionally,  and  in  the  ordinary  course  of  their  lives, 
Bedouins  are  only  shepherds  and  hcnismcn  :  their  raids 
on  each  other,  or  their  exploits  in  dcsjioiling  travellers 
and  caravans,  are  but  occjisional,  though  welcome  and 
even  exciting,  exceptions  to  the  common  routine. 

Jincyc.  Brit.,  II.  '246. 

2.  A  vagabond  boy;  a  street  Arab. 
II,  (I.   Kehiting  to  the  Bedouins. 

bed-pan  (bed'i>an),  n.  1.  A  pan  for  ■warming 
beds;  a  warming-pan. —  2.  A  necessary  utensil 
for  the  use  of  persons  confined  to  bed. 

bedpheert,  bedpheret,  »•    Erroneous  spellings 

lit  hcilh  /■< . 

bed-plate,  bed-piece  (bed'pliit,  -pes),  n.  In 
mech.,  the  sole-plate  or  foundation-plate  of  an 

engine,  etc. 
bedpost  (bed'post),  n.  If.  Same  as  bed.>ilat}'.— 
2.  A  iiost  fcu-ming  an  angle  of  a  bedstead,  in 
old  bedsteads  oil  en  rising  high  enough  to  su])- 
port  the  canojiv  inid  rods  for  the  curtain.^  In 
the  twinkling  oi  a  bedpost,  with  thi*  utmost  i-apidity. 

Sc-  liifl.^lilf. 

bed-presser  (bed'pres*6r),  «.  A  lazy  fellow  ; 
one  who  loves  his  bed. 

This  sanguine  cowanl,  this  bed-preuer,  this  horse-back 
breaker.  Ibis  huge  hill  .if  llc.tli.       Hhak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  II.  4. 

bedquilt  (bcd'kwilt),  n.  A  wadiled  and  iiuilted 
covering  for  a  bed.  Also  used  for  l)iil.i)iread 
and  comforter. 

The  king  |ln  a  Sicilian  faln'-story)  Iniiess  proclamation 
imimisiiig  a  large  nwurd  to  whoever  shall  steal  tlii'  b<d- 
./iiiVr  of  a  certain  ogre.  A'.  .1.  /f.r.,  rX.M  1 1.  :)l. 

bedrabble  (be-<lrab'l),  r.  t.  r<  '"■-'  +  drabble. -\ 
To  make  wet  and  dirly  with  ruin  and  mud. 
liimisleii. 

bedraggle  (be-ilrag'l),  r.  I.  [<  br-l  +  dniggU.] 
To  sml  or  wcl  by  ilrngging  in  dirt,  mud.  imiist 
pl.ici's,  etc.,  as  llie  liiiltom  of  a  gurmeut  in 
walking;  cause  to  appear  wet  and  limp,  as  a 
ling  when  raini'cl  u|>on. 

bedral'  (bed'nil),  ».  [Also  brihral,  lielheril; 
iippnr.  a  corriiplion  of  beadle,  var.  beddel,  Sc. 
bcddal,  etc.]     A  l)eadle.     [Scolcli.] 

Ml  hac  her  before  presbytery  and  synod;  Vm  half  a 
minister  inyscl',  now  tliat  I'm  tirdrtit  In  an  Inhabited  par- 
ish. Seittt,  llrlde  of  Ijinimermoor,  x\x\v. 

bedral-t  (bod'rnl),  h.  [AUo  bedrel,  a  eornip- 
tion  of  bcdrcd,  for  bedrid:  nee  bedrid.^     A  iiir- 


bed-sore 

son  who  is  bedridden.  Knox.  Also  bed-thrall.  . 
[Scotch.] 

His  father  —  who  as  Bedrel  lay 
iJciure  his  gate.  Douyta.^,  tr.  of  VirglL 

betireintt.    Obsolete  past  participle  of  bedrench. 
beorencll  (be-di-eneh'),  V.  t.    [<  ME.  bedrenchen 
ipp.  Iiedreiiit);  <  t>c-^  +  drench.]     To  dreneb 
thoroughly;  soak;  saturate  with  moisture. 
Keceyve  our  billes  with  teres  al  bedreynl. 

Court  of  Love,  1.  577. 
Such  crimson  tempest  should  bedrench 
The  fresh  green  lap  of  fair  King  Richard^s  land. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  S. 

bedress  (be-dres'),  v.  t.    [<  fte-i  +  dress.]    To 

dress  up. 

The  Bride  whose  tonish  inclination 
Attended  to  the  ruling  fashion. 
To  make  her  entry  had  bedregsd 
Her  upright  form  in  all  her  best, 
ir.  Combe,  Dr.  .Syntax  in  Search  of  a  Wife,  v. 

bedridden,  bedrid  (bed'rid  "n,  -rid),  a.  \<  ME. 
bedral,  biilreile.  bcdreden,  bcdredden,  adj.  and 
u.,  <  AS.  bedrcila,  bedrida,  bednjda,  beddrcdda, 
n.,  one  bedridden,  lit.  a  bed-rider  (<  bed,  bed, 
-I-  rida,  ridda,  a  rider,  a  knight,  <  ridan,  ride). 
Cf .  LG.  bedderedc,  bcddcredig'',  bedridden ;  OHG. 
pcttiri.w,  G.  bettrise,  of  same  sense.  The  second 
element  eamo  to  be  regarded  as  the  pp.  of  ride; 
hence  the  now  usual  form  bedridden,  ME.  bed- 
reden.]  Confined  to  bed  by  age,  infirmity,  or 
sickness. 

Is  not  your  father  grown  incapable 
Of  reasonable  affairs'?  .  .  . 
Lies  he  not  bed-rid  >  Shak.,  'W.  T.,  iv.  S. 

What  an  over-worne  and  bedrid  Argument  is  this  I 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 
Old  bedridden  pals.v.  Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

bed-rightt,  bed-ritet  (bed'rit),  n.    [<  bed^  + 
rii/ht,  rile.]     The iiririlege  of  the  man'iage-bed. 
.No  hed-ritjht  [iu  sumc  cds.  bed-rite^  shall  be  paid 
Till  Hymen's  torch  be  lighted.     Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

bedript,  ».      [JIE.,  also  bcdripe,  bedrepc,  etc., 

<  AS.  bedrip,  <  bedu,  prayer,  -I-  rip,  a  reaping; 
see  bead  and  reap.     Also  called  in  AS.  benrip, 

<  ben,  jirayer,  -t-  rip.]  Boon-work  at,  harvest- 
time:  a  service  wliich  some  tenants  had  to  per- 
form at  the  bidding  or  request  of  their  lord. 

bed-ritet,  ".     See  bed-right. 

bed-rock  (bed'rok),n.  '[<  bed^ -i- rod:]  1.  In 
mining,  the  older  crystalline  and  slaty  rocks 
whicli  underlie  the  unconsolidated  gravelly  and 
volcanic  beds  of  Tertiary  and  Post-tertiary 
ages,  along  the  ilanks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
The  term  is  begiiiiiiiig  to  be  nsctl  elsewhere  to  designate 
solid  rock  lying  under  loose  detrital  masses,  such  as  sand 
and  gravel. 

Hence  —  2.  That  wliich  underlies  anything  else, 
as  a  foundation;  bottom  layer;  lowest  stratum. 

F.verywhere  life  and  energy,  working  on  a  gigantic  scale, 
have  plow-cd  furrows  into  tlie  institutional  bed  rock  or 
Western  Society. 

C.  II.  Shinn,  Land  Laws  of  Mining  Districts,  p.  44. 

bedroom  (bed'rom),  «.  1.  Room  in  a  bed; 
slccpiiig-room  in  bed.  [In  this  sense  properly 
with  a  liyiiheu.] 

Then  by  your  side  no  bed-room  me  deny. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  8. 

2.  A  room  or  sipartment  containing  or  intended 
to  contain  a  Vied;  a  sleeping-apiirtnient. 
bedrop  (be-drop'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bedrowied 
(sonielimes  bedropt),  pyir.  hedri>p)iiiiti.  [<  ME. 
Iieilroppen ;  <  ftr-l  -(-  droji.]  1.  To  drop  upon; 
fall  upon  iu  drops. 

As  men  scne  the  dew  liedroppe 
The  loves  luul  the  llowers  eke. 

Qowcr,  Cunt.  Ainaut.,  111.  2154. 

2.  To  <'over,  strew,  or  sprinkle  with  drops,  or 
as  if  withdro])s;  bespatti'r;  bespangle. 
The  yellow  carji,  in  scales /if'(/r<»/»/''(/  with  gold. 

7'n;w,  \\'tIidsor  Forest,  I.  144. 
Hncful  check, 
I'ale  and  bcdropped  with  cvcrllowing  tears. 

irio-(/«inir(/i,  I'rclude,  Ix. 

bed-sacking  (bed'sak'ing),  V.  Canvas  designed 
to  lie  strcli'hcil  on  the  frnmeworU  of  a  bed- 
slcnd  til  siip|iiirt  the  mattresses  and  bedclothes. 

bed-SCre'W  (bcd'skro),  ".  1.  A  bed-key  or  bod- 
wroncli, — 2.  Same  as  barrel-serem, 

bedside  (bed'sid),  ».  [<  MK.  bed.ii/de,  orig. 
hiddiH  Kidr,  i.  e.,  bed's  side.)  The  side  of  a 
bod;  jMisition  by  a  bed:  usually  with  reference 
to  nttciiilanco  on  one  eonliniMl  to  bed:  as,  she 
watched  liv  his  beil.iiile  till  dawn. 

bed8i8tert'(beil'HiK't«'^r),  ».  |<  MH.  brd.iu.iter 
(Holierl  of  dloneester), <  6c(M  -f  .sH.f/cr,  sister.] 
A  conriiliine. 

11  is  not  iiiui  h  to  be  wondered  at  that  we  lost  lied-mler 
(or  coninbiric,  /■'.  Hall,  Mod.  Hug.,  p.  165,  luito. 

bed-sore  (bed'HiM-),  h.  A  very  tronblesome  kind 
of  nlci'i',  liable  to  appear  on  patients  long  con- 
titieil  in  boil  and  eillier  iiinililo  or  nut  allowed 


Bedstalf.— From  a  French  manuscript 
of  the  15th  century. 


bed-sore 

to  change  their  position.  Bed-sores  occur  at  the 
parts  pressed  by  the  weight  of  the  body,  ehlelly  over  tlie 
sacnun  and  trochanters,  and  on  the  elbows  and  heels. 
Also  calli-d  ,l.rul:ll:is. 
bedspread  (bt'd'spred),  n.  The  uppermost  quilt 
or  eoveriiiK  of  a  bed,  generally  ornamental. 
bed-spring  (lietl'spring),  n.     A  spring,  usually 

of  spiral  f(n-m,  used  in  making  spring-beds. 
bedstafft  (Vted'staf),  H.  A  staffer  stick  former- 
ly used  in  some  way  about  a  bed,  and  frequent- 
ly serving  as 
a  weapon,  iu 
which  sense  the 
word  most  com- 
monly occurs. 
Specifically — (a)  A 
bed-slat.  (6)  The 
stick  or  start  used 
to  s[)read  out  the 
bedclothes  in  mak- 
ing a  bed  placed  in 
a  recess,  (c)  A  bar 
or  post  placed  at 
each  side  of  a  bed 
to  keep  the  bed- 
clothes from  falling 
off.  (d)  One  of  the 
rods  used  in  form- 
ing the  "  tent"  in 
old-fashioned  tent- 
beds. 
Now  do  I  feel  the  calf  of  my  right  leg 
Tingle,  and  dwindle  to  th"  smallness  of  a  bed-staff, 

T.  Tomkis  (?).  Albumazar,  ii.  3. 
He  gives  out 
Hfll  (ake  a  BeJstaff,  or  an  holy  Wand 
And  i)aste  you  lustily  two  or  three  hours 
Before  you  go  to  Bed,  to  make  you  limber. 

Cartwright,  Love's  Convert,  iv.  1. 
His  [the  bewitched  boy's]  bed  cloathes  would  be  pulled 
from  him,  his  bed  shaken,  and  his  bed-staff  leap  forward 
and  backward.  C.  Mather^  Mag.  Christ.,  vi.  7. 

In  her  hand  she  grasped  the  bed-staff,  a  weapon  of 
ndckle  miglit.  as  her  husband's  blondy  cox-comb  could 
now  well  testify.  Barhaiii,  Ingold^lty  I.cu'cnds,  I.  266. 

(Used  in  the  colloquial  phrase  mi  tltr  tivhiliing  of  a  bed- 
staff,  in  which,  when  bedstaff  hec^rae  obsolete,  Itedpost  was 
substituted,  depriving  the  phrase  of  its  literal  force  in 
modern  use. 

I'll  do  it  instantly,  in  the  tunnkliitrf  of  a  bed-staff. 

Shadwell,  Virtuoso,  i.  1.] 
bedstead  (bed'sted),  n.     [<  ME.  hedstede  (=D. 
LG.  hchlrde  —  MHG.  bettestat),  <  bed,  bed,  -1- 
steilc,  place,  stead.]     A  frame  or  framework, 
more  or  less  elaborate,  for  supporting  a  bed : 
most  commonly  made  of  wood,  but  now  often 
of  iron,  and  sometimes  of  brass. 
!  bed-steps  (bed'steps),  «.  pi.     Steps  for  ascend- 
ing an  old-fashioned  high  bed. 
bedstock  (bed'stok),  n.     One  of  the  two  side- 
pieces  or  bars  of  a  bedstead  on  which  the  rungs 
or  slats  are  laid.     [Now  chiefly  used  in  Scot- 
land, the  north  of  England,  and  Ireland.] 
bedstone  (bed'ston),  «.     The  lower  or  station- 
ary millstone. 

bedstra'W  (bed'stra),  V.  [<  ME.  bcddestrawe, 
ledstre  (=  OHG.  hettistro,  G.  beimroh),  bed- 
straw,  bed;  (.led^-  +  stratc.^  1.  Straw  used  in 
stuffing  a  mattress  or  bed.  [In  this  literal  sense 
properly  with  a  hyphen.] — 2.  («)  A  popular 
name  of  the  different  species  of  the  genus  Ga- 
Uiciu,  from  the  old  practice  of  using  it  iu  beds. 
Our  Lady's  or  i/ellow  hedstraw  is  G.  verum;  white 
bedstraw  is  G.  MoJhtgo.  See  Galium.  (6)  A 
name  given  to  Desmodium  Aparines. 
bed-S'Wer'7ert  {bed'swer"ver),  n.  One  who  is 
false  and  unfaithful  to  the  marriage-vow. 

She's 
A  bed-swerver,  even  as  bad  as  those 
That  vulgars  give  bold'st  titles. 

Shak..V!.  T.,  ii.  1. 

bed-thrallt  (bed'thral),  n.     [A  modification  of 

bednil-,  as  if  <  bcd^  +  thrall.']    Same  as  bedraP. 
bedtick  (bed'tik),  n.    A  ease  of  strong  Unen 

or  cotton  cloth  for  containing  the  feathers  or 

other  materials  of  a  bed. 
bedticking    (bed'tik^ing),   re.      The  material 

from  which  bedticks  are  made. 
bedtime  (bed'tim),  n.     [<  ME.  bedtime  ;  <  fterfl 

+  timc.'\     The  time  to  go  to  rest;  the  usual 

hour  of  going  to  bed. 
bed-tool  (bed'tol),  n.    A  block  with  openings 

or  holes  corresponding  to  the  shape  of  a  die 

or  punch,  in  connection  with  which  it  is  used. 
bedub  (be-(hib'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  hcdubbed, 

ppr.  heiliihiiiiiif.    [<  6e-l  -I-  d((6l.]    If.  To  adorn. 

—  2.  To  designate ;  dub. 
beduck  (be-duk'),  V.  t.     [<  6c-l  +  duclA.']     To 

duck  or  immerse  thoroughly ;  submerge. 
To  tlie  flood  he  came,  .  .  . 
And  deepe  him  selfe  beducked  in  the  same. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  II.  vi.  42. 
beduke  (be-diik'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bednked, 

ppr.  hcduking.    [<  6e-l  +  duke.]    To  make  a  duke 

of;  style  or  dub  with  the  title  of  duke.     Swift. 


To 


501 

bedung  (be-dung'),  V.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  dung.] 
cover  or  befoul  with  dung. 
Bedunged  with  calunmy  and  filth, 

T.  J'ulter,  Mod.  of  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  485. 

bedusk  (be-dusk'),  r.  t.  [<  6<>-l  +  dusk.]  To 
smutch.     C<it(/rarc. 

bedust  (bo-diisf),  V.  t.  [<  6c-l  -t-  dust.]  To 
sprinkle,  soil,  or  cover  with  dust. 

bed-'7ein  (bed' van),  n.  A  term  occasionally 
used  in  geol.  and  mining  (as  the  equivalent  of  the 
German  Lagergang)  to  denote  a  flat  mass  of  ore 
having  characters  intermediate  between  those 
of  a  vein  and  those  of  a  sedimentary  deposit. 

bed'ward  (bcd'wiird),  adv.  [<  fedl  -I-  -ward.] 
Toward  bed. 

In  heart 
As  merry  as  when  our  nuptial  day  was  done, 
And  ta])ers  buin'd  to  bedward.       Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  6. 
Meantime  the    two   young   Glendinnings   were  each 
wrapped  up  in  his  own  reflections,  and  only  interrupted 
in  them  by  the  signal  to  move  bedward. 

Scott,  Monastery,  I.  xiv. 

bed'warf  (be-dwarf),  V.  f.  [<  6e-l  +  dwarf.] 
To  make  little ;  stimt  or  hinder  the  growth  of. 

bed'way  (bed'wa),  n.  A  line  of  indistinct  marks 
of  stratification  or  pseudo-stratification  in  the 
granitic  rocks. 

bed'wind  (bed'wind),  n.  [Cf.  withwind.]  An 
English  name  for  Convolvulus  sepium. 

bed'WOrk  (bed'werk),  re.     Work  done  in  bed,  or 
as  in  bed,  that  is,  without  toil.     [Rare.] 
Bcdifurk,  mapjiery,  closet- war.      Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  3. 

bed-'Wrench  (bed'rench),  n.  A  wrench,  some- 
times ha'ving  sockets  of  different  sizes,  used  iu 
setting  up  bedsteads  and  in  taking  them  apart : 
little  used  with  modern  bedsteads.  Also  called 
bed-keg. 

bedye  (be-di'),  f- *•  l<  bc-'>- +  dye.]  To  dye; 
stain. 

Fieldes  with  Saraziu  blood  bcdydc. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xi.  7. 
beel  (be),  re.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  be,  pi.  bees 
and  been,  <  ME.  bee,  pi.  been,  <  AS.  bed,  also  bi, 
pi.  beon,  =  01).  bie,  D.  bij,  bije  =  LG.  bigge  = 
OHG.  bin,  G.  dial,  beie  —  Icel.  by,  generally  in 
eomp.  by-fli/gi,  by-fluga  ('bee-fly'),  =  Sw.  Dan. 
bi ;  also  with  added  -«,  OHG.  bina,  MHG.  bin, 
f.,  OHG.  bini,  neut.,  MHG.  bine,  bin,  G.  biene, 
f.  (ef.  Lith.  bitis,  a  bee);  supposed  to  come, 
through  the  notions  'fear,  tremble,  quiver, 
buzz,  hum '  (cf.  bumblebee  and  drone),  from 
the  root  *bi  (=  Skt.  v'  ^I'h  OBulg.  bojati  = 
Russ.  bojati  z=  Lith.  bijoti,  etc.),  fear,  which 
appears  redupl.  in  AS.  beofian  =  OS.  bibhon 
z=  OHG.  hiheit,  MHG.  bihen,  6.  beben  =  Icel. 
bifa,  tremble.]  1.  An  insect  of  the  genus 
Apis;  a  hive-bee  or  honey-bee.  See  Apis^. 
The  common  honey-bee,  A.  ■metliffca,  has  from  the  ear- 
liest periods  been  kept  in  hives  for  its  wax  and  lioney. 
It  is  also  found  wild  in  great  numbers  {now  especially 
in  North  America,  where  the  »bee  was  introduced  by  the 
European  colonists),  storing  honey  in  hollow  trees  or  in 
other  suitable  situations.  It  lives 
in  swarms  or  societies  of  from 
10,000  to  60,000  individuals.  Tliese 
swarms  contain  three  classes  of 
bees  —  the  perfect  females  or 
queen  bees,  the  males  or  drones, 
and  the  imperfect  or  undeveloped 
females,  called  neuters,  constitut- 
ing the  working  bees.  In  each 
hive  or  swarm  there  is  only  one 
female  or  queen,  whose  sole  ofhce 
is  to  propagate  the  species.  The 
queen  ■  is  much  larger  than  the 
other   bees.     When    she  dies,   a 

young  workin;;  bee  three  days  old  is  selected,  its  cell  is 
enlarged  by  breaking  down  the  partitionSj  its  food  is 
changed  to  royal  jelly  or  paste,  and  it  gi-ows  into  a  queen. 
The  queen  lays  2,000  eggs  a  day.  The  drones  serve  merely 
for  impregnating  the  queen,  after 
whicll  they  are  destroyed  by  the 
neuters.  These  last  are  the  laborers 
of  the  hive.  They  collect  the  honey, 
form  the  cells,  and  feed  the  other 
bees  and  the  young.  They  are  fur- 
nished with  a  proboscis  by  which 
they  suck  the  honey  from  flowers, 
and  a  mouth  by  which  they  swallow 
Neuter,  or  Worker.  it,  conveying  it  then  to  the  hive  in 
their  stomachs,  whence  they  dis- 
gorge it  into  the  cells.  The  pollen  of  flowers  settles  on  the 
hairs  with  which  their  body  is  covered,  whence  it  is  col- 
lected into  pellets  Ijy  a  brush  on  their  second  pair  of 
legs,  and  deposited  in  a  hollow  in  the  third  pair.  It  is 
called  bee-bread,  and  is  the  food 
of  tlie  larvfe  or  young.  The 
adult  bees  feed  on  honey.  The 
wax  was  at  one  time  supposed 
to  be  formed  from  ptdlen  by  a 
digestive  process,  but  it  is  now 
ascertained  that  it  is  formed 
by  secl'etion  from  the  honey. 
The  females  and  neuters  have 
a  barbed  stiu'-c  attaclied  to  a  Drone, 

bag  of  poison,  wliich  flows  into 

the  wound  intlictcd  by  the  sting.  When  a  hive  becomes 
overstocked  a  new  colony  is  sent  out  under  the  direction 
of  a  queen  bee.    This  is  called  swarming.  Besides  the  corn- 


Honey-bee  { .-ipis  i/teili- 
Jica\.    Queen. 


beech 

mon  bee,  A.  mellificu,  there  are  the  A.  fascicata,  dome»- 
ticated  in  Egypt ;  the  A.  ligustica,  or  Ligurian  bee  of  Italy 
and  Greece,  introduced  generally  into  apiaries  in  other 
lands ;  the  A.  unicolor  of  .VIadaga.scar  ;  the  A.  indica,  etc. 

2.  Any  aculeate  hymenopterous  insect  of  the 
division  Mellifera  or  Anthophila,  comprising 
the  families  Apidte  and  Andrenida;  and  in- 
cluding, besides  the  hive-bees  of  the  genus 
Apis,  the  mason-bees,  carpenter-bees,  bumble- 
bees, etc.  See  cuts  under  Anthophora,  car- 
penter-bee, and  Uymenoptera. — 3.  An  assem- 
blage of  persons  who  meet  to  engage  in  united 
labor  for  the  benefit  of  an  individual  or  a  fam- 
ily, or  in  some  .jofut  amusement :  so  called 
from  the  combined  labor  of  the  bees  of  a  hive : 
as,  a  quilting-6ff,  a  husking-fcee,  a  spelling-6ee, 
etc.    [U.  S.] 

Now  were  instituted  "  quilting  6ee«,"  and  "  husking  6«f»," 
and  other  rurjvl  .assemblages,  where,  under  the  inspiring 
influence  of  the  flddle,  toil  was  enlivened  by  gayety  and 
followed  up  by  the  dance.     Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  405. 

To  have  a  bee  in  one's  bonnet,  to  he  a  little  crack- 
brained  or  crazy  ;  lie  flighty  or  full  of  whims  or  tmeasy 
notions.  [Ori'^inally  Scotch.}  Sometimes  used  specifically: 
as,  to  have  the  I'yesidnitial  bee  in  one's  bonnet,  to  cherish 
the  hope  of  liccuniing  President.  [U.  S.]— To  have  a 
bee  (or  bees)  in  one's  head,  (a)  To  be  choleric.  (Ij)  To  be 
restless  or  uneasy.  B.  Jonsort.  (c)  To  be  somewhat  crazy. 
She's  whiles  crack-brained  and  has  a  bee  in  her  head. 

Scott. 

bee2  (be),  re.  [Prop.  North.  E.  dial.,  for  reg.  E. 
*6//  or  *bigh  (cf.  IiigJi,  nigh,  of  like  phonetic  re- 
lations), <  ME.  by,  bye,  bie,  beghe,  behg,  beg,  beh, 

<  AS.  beuh,  beug  (=  OS.  bog,  bag  =  OHG.  bouc 
=  Icel.  baugr),  a  ring,  esp.  as  an  ornament, 

<  biigan  (pret.  bedh),  E.  botr:,  bend;  ef.  bow'^,  a 
bend,  an  arch,  and  ftaiU,  a  hoop,  from  the 
same  soui'co  :  see  6o!/)l.]  If.  A  ring  of  metal, 
usuall.y  an  ornament  for  the  arm  or  neck ;  a 
collar  or  brooch ;  sometimes,  a  finger-ring. 

Bee  or  collar  of  gold  or  syluer,  torques.  Huloet. 

2.  Naul.,  a  ring  or  hoop  of  metal  through 
which  to  reeve  stays.     See  bee-block. 
beebee  (be'be),  re.     [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind,  bibi, 

<  Pers.,  orig.  'Turk.,  hibi,  a  lady,  a  la'wful  ■wife.] 
1.  A  lady. —  2.  A  Hindu  mistress  or  concu- 
bine.    [India.] 

The  society  of  the  station  does  interfere  in  such  cases; 
and  though  it  does  not  mind  heebees  or  their  friends,  it 
rightly  taboos  him  who  entertains  their  rivals. 

IF.  n.  Russell. 

bee-bird  (be'b^rd),  re.  The  small  spotted  fly- 
catcher, Muscicajia  grisola,  a  European  bird 
of  the  family  Muscicajndw :  so  called  because 
it  catches  bees.     [Local,  Eng.] 

bee-block  (be'blok),  «.  [ibee^  +  block.]  Naut., 
a  piece  of  hard  wood,  bolted  to  each  side  of  the 
bowsprit,  through 
which  the  fore- 
topmast-stays  are 
rove. 

bee-bread  (be'- 
bred),  «.  [Not 
f  oimd  in  ME. ;  AS. 
bed-bread,  bibredd 
=  MHG.  bie  brot, 
G.  bienen-brot  = 
Sw.  bibrdt,  orig.  (in 
AS.)  the  honey- 
comb ■with  the 
honey,  <  bed,  bee, 
-I-  bread  J  bread.] 
1 .  A  variously  col- 
ored substance, the 
pollen  of  flowers, 
collected  by  bees  as  food  for  their  young.  See 
ieel. —  2.  A  plant  much  ■visited  by  bees  or  cul- 
tivated for  their  use,  as  red  clover,  Trifolium 
pratcnse,  or  borage,  Borago  officinalis. 

beechljbech),  u.  [<  ME.  beche,  <  AS.  bece,  ear- 
lier bcece,  by  umlaut  for  *bdce  (=  OLG.  bdke, 
bdke,  LG.  baike),  a  deriv.  of  bdc  (>  mod.  E.  buck 
in  comp.  buctniast  and  buckwheat)  =  OD.  boeke, 
D.  bcuk  =  Flem.  bock  =  OHG.  Icel.  bdk  =  Sw. 
bok  =  Dan.  bog  =  OHG.  buohha,  MHG.  btioche, 
G.  buche  (>  CiBulg.  bukui,  bukuve,  Bulg.  bnl; 
Serv.  bukva,  Pol.  Bohem.  buk.  Buss,  buku, 
Lith.  buka.  Hung,  bilk,  bik,  beech)  =  Goth. 
*hdka  (not  recorded),  beech,  =  L.  fagus  (see 
Fagus),  beech,  =  Gr.  ^rp/i':,  ^iiyoi,  an  esculent 
oak,  perhaps  orig.  a  tree  ■with  escident  fruit, 
from  the  root  seen  in  Gr.  6ayelv,  eat,  Skt. 
•/  bhaj,  share.  For  the  connection  ■with  book, 
see  book.]  A  tree  of  the  genus  Fagus,  natm-al 
order  Cupuliferai.  The  common  or  European  beech. 
F.  siflratiea,  glows  to  a  large  size,  with  branches  forming 
a  beautiful  head  with  thick  ftdiage.  The  bark  is  smooth 
and  of  a  silvery  cast.  The  nuts  or  mast  are  eaten  by 
swme,  poultry,  oxen,  and  other  animals,  and  yield  a  good 
oil  for  lamps.  The  timber  is  not  much  used  in  building, 
as  it  soon  rots  in  damp  places,  but  it  is  used  for  piles  in 


Bowsprit  Bee-blocks, 
bee-blocks ;   6,  tr,  foretopmast- 


beech 

-    it  is  constantly  wet.    It  is  manufactured 
variety  ol  tools,  for  which  it  is  fitted  on  ac- 
jr-:ir  iiiirdncss,  toughuess,  and  close,  uniform 
■  t>^  some  extent  in  makiuL:  fur- 
■il  jK.'lish  and  varying  much  in 
r.tal  varieties  are  frequently  seen, 
■,.  li  and  copper  beech  with  colored  leaves, 
] :  aied  beech  with  divided  leaves.  The  .-^meri- 
,  f'rrnann^a,  is  a  very  similar  tree,  sometimes 
l,n,  ic.  I  ii.  lie'iL'lit  and  3  or  4  feet  in  diameter. —  Austra- 
iijm  beech,  Tcctona  auj'-trali.<,  a  species  of  teak.—  Beech- 
Cherry.  •'*ee  cAcrry.— Blue  beech.  Same  as  tcat.-r-iH„-li. 
—  Seaside  beech,  of  the  West  Indies.  Exontemtna  Carib' 
("i-'nii,  a  tree  belougini;  to  the  nattiral  order  liuiiaceiv.    It 
is  a!beil  to  cinchona,  anil  its  bark  is  useil  as  a  febrifuge, 
beech-'t,  »•     Obsolete  spelling  of  beach. 
beech-coal  (beeh'kol),  n.  Charcoal  from  beech- 

Wi'Otl. 

beech-drops  (beeh'drops),  n.  A  low  annual 
plant,  Ejiijihegus  Virginiana,  -without  green  foli- 
age, parasitic  upon  the  roots  of  the  beech  in 
the  L'nitfJ  States.  It  belongs  to  the  natural  order 
'  r.     ^;/>aiji/ 6eecft.rfro;«,  or  pine-drops, /*tero- 

nedea,   and  /al^e  be^ch-tirops,   or  pine-sap, 
1  !  hif-opitt/s,  are"  similar  parasitic  plants  of  the 

li.i*. ai.J  ■  rjLr  Kricace(e. 

beechen  (be'chen),  a.  [<  irE.  beclten,  <  AS. 
heceii  (=D.  betileu  =  OHG.  fti/ocAin,  MHG.  G. 
biichen  =  L.  fdginus  =  Gr.  (^ri)ivoc:),  <  joc,  beech, 
+  -en:  see  bcecIA  and  -en.']  1.  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  derived  fi-om  the  beech:  as,  beechen 
boughs ;  beechen  shade. 

His  aged  head,  crowiied  with  befchen  wreath, 

.'deemed  like  a  poll  of  ivy  in  the  teeth 

Of  winter  hoar.  Keats. 

2.  Made  of  the  wood  of  the  beech :  as,  beechen 
vessels. 

A  beechen  bowl, 
A  maple  dish,  my  furniture  should  be ; 
Crisp,  yellow  leaves  my  bed. 

Wordjtworth,  Eccles.  Sonnets,  i.  22, 

beech-fern  (bech'fern),  H.  A  fern  belonging 
to  the  i,'(uus  Fhegopteris  (which  see). 

beech-filicll  (bech'finch),  «.  The  chaffinch, 
J'niigillii  Caleb.'!.     Macgillivray. 

beech-fongUS  (beeh'fmig'gus),  Ji.  An  edible 
fuiitru.-*,  t'litldria  Dancinii,  allied  to  the  morel. 
It  in  aliumlant  in  Terra  del  Fuego  upon  the  branches  of 
evepjreen  beeches,  and  is  at  times  the  principal  food  of 

the  nfltive-s. 

beech-gall  (bech'gal),  n.  A  gall  or  excrescence 
l..riiii  i|  .111  tlic  beech  by  insects. 

beech-hopper  (bcch'liop'er),  ».  A  coleopter- 
ous insect,  Orchestes  fiigi,  family  Curculionida:, 
or  weevils,  injurious  to  beech-trees,  between 
the  two  surfaces  of  the  leaves  of  which  they 
lay  their  eggs. 

beech-marten  (bech'mar'ten),  71.  Mustelafoina, 
one  of  two  wjieeies  or  varieties  of  the  European 
marten,  u.sually  distinguished  from  the  common 
pine-marten,  il.  viiirtes,  by  the  white  throat 
and  some  other  external  features,  as  well  as  by 
Kome  difTerences  in  habits.  .iVlso  called  sUme- 
iiuirtiii. 

beech-mast  (bech'mast),  «.  [<  beech^  +  mast~; 
=  liiirk-mitst.]  The  must  or  nuts  of  the  beoch- 
trie,  from  which  an  oil  is  obtained.  The  cake 
wliich  reiiiains  after  the  oil  lias  been  expressed  is  a  good 
fattenin;;  food  for  oxen,  swine,  and  poultry,  but  is  inju- 
rioiiH  to  honscs.     .See  beech-oU. 

beechnut  (bech'nut),  «.  One  of  the  nuts  or 
fniils  of  the  beech.  The  nuts  are  triangular, 
iiii'l  iiirlo.^ed  in  a  spiny  capsule  or  husk. 

beech-oil  (beeh'oil),  n.  A  bland  fixed  oil  OX- 
pres.sed  from  the  must  or  nuts  of  the  beech- 
tree.  It  Is  tiiie<l  111  PIcardy  and  In  other  parts  of  France 
iiihteail  of  butler;  but  It  la  salil  to  occasion  heaviness  and 
painx  ill  tli>-  Htriiiiacli. 

beech-owl  (t'oili'owl),  «.  A  name  of  the  tawny 
owl  or  woorl-owl  of  lOiiropi',  Siimiiim  ittiici). 

beech-wheatt 

I  herh'liwOt),    ;/. 
Same    as    buclc- 

II  hint. 

beechy  (bo'chi), 

".  (<  /)«Y,r/il  + 
1/1. 1  Of,  per- 
i::wiiii^  to,  or 
„i.,.  i.,.|in(j       in 


I  ruij.i 

bee-culture 

(Ih'  ,1     lui)        , 

Tb.      |.„.;M,r    . 
b.. 

of 

tioi 

l>ee  • 

i'.  t 

Whi 

OH 

•piav.,  .  , 


502 

cally— (n)  The  F.uropean  .Vrrops  ajnaMer.  (b)  pi.  The 
bird's  of  the  family  ^tcro]ntl(e.  of  which  there  are  several 
genera  and  nuinerons  species,  eliiefly  African.  See  Meroi'v, 
Mervpuiiv. 
beef  (bef),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beefe,  beafe, 
biefe,  etc.,  <  ME.  beef,  befe,  beof,  bmtf,  b'ocf,  <  OF. 
boef,  hitef,  boeuf=  Pr.  bov  =Sp.buei/  =  Pg.  boi 
=  it.  bore  (ef,  Sw.  biff,  Dan.  bof,  beef,  from  E. ; 
and  see  beefsteak),  <  L.  bovem,  aec.  of  bos  (see 
J}os  and  bovine),  =  Gr.  ,3oi'f,  an  ox,  =  Ir.  and 
Gael,  bo,  a  eow,  =  W.  buw  =  Skt.  go,  a  cow, 
=  AS.  cu,  E.  coH-l :  see  coirl,  which  is  thus 
ult.  identical  with  beef.]  1.  AJa  auimal  of  the 
bovine  genus,  whether  ox,  bull,  or  cow,  in  the 
full-grown  state.  [In  this,  which  is  the  original  sense, 
the  word  has  a  plural,  heepes,  formerly  sometuues  bt'ej'g. 
The  singular  is  nearly  obsolete.] 

These  are  the  beasts  which  ye  shall  eat :  the  bee/,  the 
sheep,  and  the  goat.  Deut.  xiv.  i  (ed.  1578). 

A  pound  of  man's  flesh,  taken  from  a  man. 

Is  not  so  estimable,  profitable  neither, 

As  flesh  of  muttons,  bee/s,  or  goats. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V,,  i.  3. 

A  herd  of  beeves,  fair  oxen,  and  fair  kine. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  xi.  (MT. 

2.  The  flesh  of  an  ox,  hull,  orcow  when  killed. 
[In  this  sense  the  word  has  no  plm-al.] — 3.  A 
name  given  by  quaiTymen  to  certain  beds  of 
iibrous  carbonate  of  lime  occtirring  in  England 
in  the  middle  division  of  the  Purbeck  series, 
the  highest  part  of  the  Jurassic. — 4.  Brawn; 
muscularity;  weight  and  strength  combined: 
as,  the  crew  is  lacking  in  beef.  [Colloq.]— Ala- 
mode  beef,  f^ce  ntai/ioric— Baron  of  beef  ."^ic  lun-un. 
—  Collared  beef,  beef  rolled,  I»ihl-,I,  .-li^ilitly  salt.  .1  or 
corned,  atid  si-a^^nned  with  herbs  ami  >piccs.  —  Himg  beef, 
beef  cured  by  lieinghnng  up  to  dry;  dried  beef. — Jerked 
beef.    See  jt'rk. 

beef-brainedt  (bef 'brand),  a.  Having  the  brain 
or  wit  of  an  ox;  beef-witted:  as,  "the  most 
lieef-braintd  sensualist,"  Turnicrs,  Cure  of  Mis- 
Itrision,  p.  29  (Ord  MS.). 

beef-cattle  (bef'kat  l),  n.  }>1.  Bovine  animals 
adapted  or  intended  for  conversion  into  beef ; 
bovine  animals  for  slaughter'. 

beef-eater  (l>et"e'ter),  H,  l<  beef  +  eater.  In 
sense  2,  merely  a  particular  use  of  the  same 
word;  cf.  AS.  hlaf-wta,  a  domestic  servant,  lit. 
'loaf-eater,'  contrasting  with  hJdforil,  master, 
lit.  '  loaf -keeper.'  Servants  are  often  thought 
of  as  eaters;  Ben  Jonson  uses  <■«/(')■,<  in  the 
sense  of  'servants'  ('' Epicoene."  iii.  2).  The 
oft-quoted  etymology  from  a  supposed  *buffe- 
ticr,  <  buffet,  a  sideboard,  is  mere  fiction.]  1, 
One  who  eats  beef ;  hence,  a  well-fed  fellow  : 
a  stout  fleshy  man. —  2.  One  of  the  yeomen  of 
the  Englisli  royal  guard,  who,  since  tlie  acces- 
sion of  Henry  VII.  in  1485,  have  attended  the 
sovereign  at  state  banquets  and  on  other 
ceremonial  occasions.  The  name  is  also  given 
to  the  warders  of  the  Tower  of  London,  wlio 
wear  a  similar  uniform.  [In  this  sense  com- 
monly without  a  liyi>!ien.] 

Charles  had  begun  t<»  ftirm  a  small  standing  army,  lie 
felt  tliat  without  some  latter  protection  than  that  of  the 
trainbands  and  beff-rnlerx  his  palace  and  iicrson  would 
scarcely  be  secure  in  the  vicinity  of  a  great  city  swarming 
with  warlike  Fifth  Mtuiarchy  men  who  lia<l  been  just  dis- 
banded. Macaittaii,  Hist.  Kng.,  ill. 

3.  An  African  insessorial  bird,  of  the  ^enus  Ilii- 
phagti,  which  feeds  on  the  larvtD  that  infest  the 
hides  of  oxen,  Ii  is  a  mere  li(a)k-nanic,  translating  l!ii- 
j'lunifi  :  the  nioic  fnijiicnt  term  is  oxy^fcA'cr.    See  iJ»;>/i«</rt. 

4.  Sniiie  as  liliirliottle,  2. 

bee-feed  (be'feil),  «.     A  name  given  in  Cali- 
fornia to  an  abundant  free-flowering  species  of 
Eriogontim,  K.  fascivulalum,  much  visited  by 
lines. 
bee-feeder    (be'feder),    ».      An  arrangement 
iisi  .1  for  feeding  bees  in  bad  weather  or  vci-y 
liiii^  winters. 
beefen  (bef'en),  «.     A  form  of  hiffin. 
beef-herd  (iVi'flii'nl),  h.     a  drove  of  cat  He  in- 
n  nded  for  slaughter.      [Western  U.  S.] 

I  'iMowiiig  llie  ilUBty  trails  made  by  the  lirr/lirnh  llial 
ha'l  been  driven  toward  one  of  the  Montana  shipping 
r.ivoH  7'.  ItuiiHrvelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p,  l;cj, 

'  ■      '3  (bef'i-nes),  «.     1.  Bei>fy<|iiiilily.— 2. 
oMs  ;  miiscularily  ;  hardinesH, 
-  tilifi  (bef'iiig),  H,     [ilirrf+.ingK]     A  bul- 
L  lil  for  Kliiughler,      [  I'niv,  Kng.] 
ijuuflng-'   (bcf'ing),  II.     'I'lie   origiiml  but  laler 
1.  .-..I  Jed  and  less  iiHiial  form  of  biffin.     (Kng.] 
beeflsh  (l>i-f'isli),  «.      1.  Stupiil;  lliick-headed  ; 
linviiig  the  brain  or  sonso  of  an  ox. — 2.  Obeso; 
solid;  beefy. 

rill"  degeneracy  has  luniod  hini  Int4ilhnl  "Iwefnh,  iKir- 
I.  rUli,'  bellowing  norl  of  a  .lolin  Hull,  haiilly  endnnd  by 
111"  own  kind.  Andiiver  Iter..  Vil.  .i.;. 

bonf-kid  n>6f'kid),  ".  A  mosH  uteiiMil  iisecl  by 
I  lo  eri'W  of  a  nierehiint  Mhip  for  holding  cooked 
iH-of, 


beehive 

bee-flower  (be'ttouer),  H.     Same  as  bce-orchi». 

bee-fly  (he'fli),  n.  A  dipterous  insect,  Phora 
incr(i^t.iila,  which  is  a  formidablepest  of  thebe»- 
hive,  formerly  considered  capable  of  producing 
the  disease  called  foul-brood.     See  Phoridw. 

beef-measle  (bef 'me"zl),  n.  The  measle  of  beet; 
the  hytlatid  or  scoleciform  stage  of  the  vmarmed 
tapeworm  of  the  ox,  Twnia  mcdiocancllata. 

beefsteak  (bef'stak'),  «.  [<  baf  +  steak. 
Adopted  in  other  languages,  D.  ii'r/is/Mt  (assim- 
ilated to  stitk;  piece),  G.  bcefstcal-,Dan.bdfsteg, 
Sw.  biffstek,  F.  bifteck,  Sp.  (Cuban)  bifteq,  It. 
biftecco,  Russ.  bifsteksii,  etc.]  A  steak  or  sUce 
of  beef,  cut  from  the  hind  quarter,  suitable  for 
broiling  or  frying. 

beefsteak-fungus  (bef'stak'fung'gus),  n.  An 
edible  hjTnenomycetous  fungus,  Fistidina  he-_ 
patica,  belonging  to  the  family  Polyporei.  it 
sometimes  attains  a  large  size,  and  is  thought  to  resemble 
beefsteak  sonK-what  in  appearance. 

beefsteak-plant  (bef 'stak'plant),  n.  1.  A  spe- 
cies of  tfaxifraga,  <S'.  sarmentosa,  with  fleshy 
pm-plish  leaves. — 2.  A  name  applied  to  species 
of  Begonia. 

beefsuet-tree  (bef'sii'et-tre),  )!.  The  buffalo- 
berry,  .^hcpiicrdia  argentca. 

beef-tea  (bef'te'),  «.  An  aqueous  extract  of 
beef  obtained  by  soaking  and  heating  chopped 
beef  in  water,  straining  it,  and  seasoning  to 
taste.  It  contains  salts  and  extractives,  a  little  gelatin, 
and  fat.  It  is  useful  as  a  stimulant,  and  forms  an  appro- 
priate introduction  to  a  meal. 

beef-witted  (bef 'wif'ed),  a.    Having  the  wit  of 

an  ox;  dull  in  intellect;  heavy-headed;  stupid. 

Thou  mongrel,  Iterj'-iHttcd  lord !     Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii,  1. 

beefwood  (befwilul),  n.     [<  beef  (in  allusion  to 
its  grain  and  color)  +  wood.]    1.  The  timber  of 
some  species  of  Australian  trees  belonging  to 
the  genus  Ca.'.-inirinii  (whicli  see).    It  is  of  a  red- 
dish color,  hani  and  close-urained,  with  dark  and  whitish 
streaks.    It  is  used  chictly  for  tine  ornamental  work. 
2.  In  the  West  Intlies,  a  name  given  to  Pisonia  ' 
obtiiKatd,  with  soft  coarse-grained  wood,_Rad  l| 
beefwood,  of  .lainaica,  Ardi^ia  enriacea,  n  myrsiliaceous  ^ 
sliriib— White    beefwood,  :Schapjia  chriisophi/lhidet, 
natural  onlrr  olariiun'ra: 

beefy  (bef'i),  a.     [<  beef  +  -.yV]      1.  Ox-like;  ;l 


Tory  was  de* 
iicaii,  VIU.  390. 


hence,  fleshy;  obese;  solid. 

He  ll'arlylel  was  at  dinner  when  a  life 
claiming  to  this  etfect.  The  .ime 

2.  Brawny;  muscidar;  hardy.     [CoUoq.] 

bee-garden  (Ije'giir'dn),  n.  A  garden  or  inelo- 
sure  to  set  beehives  in;  an  apiary.  Morti- 
iiirr. 

beegerite  (be'gfer-it),  «.     [After  H.  Beegerot  f 
Denver,  (Jolorado.]     A  sulpliid  of  bismuth  and  1 
lead  occurring  in  dark-gray  masses  with  bril- 
liant metallic  luster,  rarely  crystallized,  found  1 
in  Colorado. 

bee-glue  (be'glii).  n.  A  resinous  substance ' 
with  whicli  bees  cement  the  combs  to  the  hives  ■ 
and  close  up  the  cells.     Also  called  jiropoli.^. 

bee-gum  (be'gum),  «.  In  the  southern  united 
States,  a  hollowed  section  of  a  gum-tree  used 
as  a  beehive. 

bee-hawk  (be'hak),  n.  A  name  of  the  honey- 
buzzard  of  Europe,  Pcrni.'i  aiiimirii.i :  so  called 
because  it  jireys  upon  bees,  wasjis,  and  other 

insects Bee-hawk  moth,  a  name  of  various  lepldop- 

tenuis  insects  of  the  families  .Sphiiiiiidti'  ami  .Segiidtv,  Olid 
espiTially  of  the  genera  MaerwiloHna  and  Senia. 

beeheadt  (bo'lied),  «.  A  crazy  or  flighty  per- 
son, 

beeheaded  (be'hed'ed),  ».  [=Sc.  bcc-headit.'] 
Ci-azy;  lliglity. 

bee-herd  (be'herd),  «.  A  person  who  takes 
cure  of  bees;  a  liee-keeper.  Phin,  Diet.  Api- 
ciillure,  p.  in, 

beehive  (be'hiv),  «,  [<  ME.  ftrc/ij/iw,-  <  ?«?«!  + 
bin.]  1.  A  caseor  boxserviiigas  a  habitation 
for  bees.  See /ii'cr. — 2,  Tlie  coiiiiiion  iiaiiie  of 
a  species  of  medic,  Miiliiaiio  .scnIilliiUi,  from 
the  sliajie  of  its  spirally  coiled  ])od.  Beehive 
hOUBe,  the  jiopular  name  of 'a  elasH  of  very  ancient  colll- 


!,•■<  h.  County  Kerry,  Irelnild. 


beehive 

rn\  buUdinps  in  IrelantI,  of  small  size,  fonnetl  of  long 
stones,  so  laiil,  on  a  circular  plan,  that  each  course  is  over- 
lapped liy  that  resting  upon  it.  No  cement  is  used,  and 
llie  stones  remain  for  the  most  part  in  their  natural 
slate.  'I'hese  houses  occur  alone  or  in'clustei-.s,  often  he- 
side  oratories,  in  which  case  it  is  helieved  that  they  served 
:is  dwellings  of  priests,  or,  when  in  groups,  sometimes  en- 
.  ircled  by  a  stone  wall,  for  ilefense.  Occasionally  they 
.  (intain  more  tlian  one  apartment.  Houses  of  this  kind 
■  n-cur  also  in  the  Western   Isles  of  Scotlaml;  and  the 

■  I'icts'  houses"  on  the  east  coast,  thouRli  ditt'ering  in  he- 
iii-_-  under  ground,  resend)le  them  in  tlieir  mode  of  con- 

t  ruction.  They  are  referred  to  a  period  lietween  the 
venth  and  twelfth  centuries.  -Beehive  Oven,  a  low, 

ijiiare  furnace  witli  a  dome-shaped  top.  It  has  an  open- 
iiiu'  at  the  top  tor  the  escape  of  gases,  and  a  door  in  the 
siiTi-  tliMMi^h  w  hiili  to  admit  air,  to  charge  with  coal,  and 
to  diseliarjie  (lir  r.ike.     Scktice,  III.  358. 

beehouse  (be'hous),  n.     A  house  or  repository 

for  bees;  an  apiary.     Goldsmith. 
beekt  (bek),  r.     [E.  dial.  (North.)  and  Se.,  also 

written  beak,  beik,  beke,  <  ME.  bekcn,  warm  one's 

self,  perhaps  akin  to  fcate.   Cf.b(isk^.~\    1,  trans. 

To  warm ;  bask. 

I  to  home  "now,  and  .  .  .  ftset  thy  pampered  lind^s  at  the 
lire.  lice.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  9. 

II,    intrans.    To  bask;    apricate.     [Scotch, 

coUoq.] 

bee-killer  (be'kil"er),  71.  A  kind  of  robber-tly, 
TniiHiJica  (i)iirora,  a  dipterous  insect  of  the 
family  .Isilidn;  which  attacks  honey-bees  on 
the  whig  and  kills  them. 

bee-king  (be'king),  n.  A  kind  of  di'ongo-shrike, 
Dissemuruf; pnradiscus,  with  deeply  forked  tail. 
Also  called  Indian  bee-king. 

beeldt  (beld),  n.  and  r.     See  bield. 

beelei  (bel),  n.  [Prob.  a  form  of  bill,  a  mat- 
tock (cf.  E.  dial,  beat,  the  bill  of  a  bird) :  see 
biW^.I  A  kind  of  pickax  used  by  miners  for 
separating  the  ores  from  the  rooks  in  which 
they  he. 

beele^t,  n.  [Perhaps  a  var.  of  bill^  in  sense  of 
billet^,  q.  v.]     A  eross-Vjar;  a  yoke.     N.  E.  D. 

bee-line  (be'lin),  «.  The  most  direct  or  straight 
way  from  one  point  to  another,  as  that  of  bees 
in  returning  loaded  with  honey  to  their  hives. 

Oiu*  footmarks,  seen  afterward,  showed  that  we  had 
steered  a  bee-tine  for  the  brig. 

Kaiu,  Sec.  Grinn.  E.\'p.,  I.  198. 

bee-louse  (be'lous),  n.  A  pupiparous  dipterous 
insect,  of  the  family  liraulidw,  parasitic  upon 
liees.  Braida  cmca  is  a  parasite  of  the  Italian 
bee,  Apis  lignstica. 

Beelzebub  (be-el'ze-bub),  n.  [Formerly  also, 
and  still  in  popular  sjjeech,  Bel::ebuh,  ME.  Bel- 
sebub,  <  L.  Beelzebub,  <  Gr.  Bee^e/jovfS,  <  Heb. 
Ba'al-zebub,  a  god  of  the  Philistines,  the  avert- 
er  of  insects,  <  ba'al,  lord,  +  zebub,  ::'bub,  a 
fly;  cf.  At.  dliubdb,  >  Pers.  zubdb,  a  fly.  See 
Beelsebul  and  Baal.']  1.  A  god  of  the  Philis- 
tines, who  had  a  famous  temple  at  Ekron.  He 
was  worshiped  as  the  destroyer  of  flies. — 2.  A 
name  of  the  Mycetes  ursinus,  a  howling  monkey 
of  South  America.     See  cut  under  howler. 

Beelzebul  (be-el'zf-bul),  «.  [<  L.  Beehebnl,  < 
Gr.  Bfe/uL^f/3oi//l,  <  Heb.  BaUd-zebid,  a  name  given 
by  the  Jews  to  the  prince  of  demons;  com- 
monly explained  as  either  '  lord  of  the  (heaven- 
ly) dwelling,'  or  'lord  of  dung'  (Heb.  sehel 
=  Ar.  sibl,  dung),  but  prob.  a  mere  variant  of 
Ba'al-zebub,  Beelzebub,  the  name  of  the  Philis- 
tine god,  which  came  to  be  applied  to  the  prince 
of  demons.  The  best  Gr.  manuscripts  have 
BfcZfc/^oiA  in  the  Gospels.  See  Beelzebub.']  A 
name  given  by  the  Jews  to  the  prince  of  demons, 
being  an  opprobrious  alteration  of  the  name 
Beelzebub. 

beemt,  «.     ^An  obsolete  form  of  beam. 

bee-martin  (be'mar'tin),  n.  A  common  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  king-bird,  Tyramms 
earolinensis.     See  cut  under  king-bird. 

bee-master  (be'mas"t6r),  n.  One  who  keeps 
bees. 

bee  molt  (be  mol),  «.  [For  B  mol,  ML.  B  molle, 
that  is,  ' B  soft ' :  opposed  to  B  durum, ' B  hard.' 
See  nwU.]     Same  as  beniol. 

bee-moth  (be'moth),  «.  A  pyralid  moth  of  the 
genus  Gaieria,  G.  cereana  (Fabricius).  it  lays 
its  eggs  in  beehives,  and  the  larvaj  when  hatched  feed 
upon  the  wa.\.  Also  called  wax-moth  (whence  its  specific 
name).    See  cut  in  next  column. 

beenl  (ben  or  bin).  Past  participle,  and  ob- 
solete present  plural  and  infinitive,  of  bel. 

been-t,  ".     Obsolete  plm-al  of  bee^. 

been'^,  '(.     See  bein. 

been'*  (ben),  ».  [Hind,  bin,  a  lute,  guitar,  fid- 
dle.] A  fretted  stringed  instrument  of  music 
of  the  guitar  kind,  having  nineteen  frets,  used 
in  Inilia. 

bee-nettle  (be'nefl),  w.  A  species  of  hemp- 
nettle,  Galeopsis  versicolor.     See  Galeopsis. 


503 


Bec-inolh  i,OaUria    fr«o«a),  natural  size. 

a,  larva ;  b,  cocoon  :  c,  pupa :  d,  moth  with  wings  spread  :  e,  moth 

with  wings  closed. 

beent  (be'ent),  a.  [A  forced  translation  by  J. 
H.  Stirling  of  G.  seiend.]  In  metaph.,  having 
being  as  opposed  to  existence.     [Rare.] 

If  the  Eleatics  persist  in  the  dilemma,  the  world  i.s 
either  be>int  or  non-heent,  Heraclitus  answers,  It  is  neither 
of  them,  because  it  i.s  both  of  them. 

J.  II.  Stirliufj,  tr.  of  Schwegler's  Hist.  Philos.,  p.  20. 

bee-orchis  (be'6r"kis),  n.  A  European  orchid, 
Ophrijs  apij'cra,  with  a  bee-like  flower.  Also 
called  bee-flower  and  gnat-flower.    See  Ophrys. 

bee-parasite  (be'par"a-sit),  •».  1.  A  stylops; 
an  insect  of  the  order  Strepsiptera,  the  species 
of  which  are  parasitic  upon  bees.  Bees  so  in- 
fested are  said  to  be  stylopizcd.  See  Stylops. — 
2.  Some  other  insect  parasitic  upon  bees,  as  a 
bee-louse  or  bee-wolf. 

beerl  (ber),  n.  [<  ME.  bere,  ber,  <  AS.  beor  = 
OFries.  biar,  bier  =  D.  bier  =  LG.  ber,  beer  = 
OHG.  bior,  MHG.  G.  bier  (>  It.  birra  =  F.  biere) ; 
cf.  Icel.  bjorr,  Ir.  Gael,  bcoir,  from  AS.  or  E. 
(the  Scand.  word  is  that  cognate  with  E.  ale). 
Origin  uncertain ;  some  assume  a  loss  of  r  fi-om 
orig.  *bredr,  <  AS.  breowan,  etc.,  brew:  see  brew.'] 

1.  An  alcoholic  liquor  made  from  any  farina- 
ceous grain,  but  generally  from  barley,  which 
is  first  malted  and  ground,  and  its  fermentable 
substance  extracted  by  hot  water.  To  this  e.vtract 
or  infusion  hops  or  some  other  vegetable  product  of  an 
agreeable  bitterness  is  added,  and  it  is  thereupon  boiled 
for  some  time,  both  to  concentrate  it  and  to  e.xtract  the 
useful  matters  from  the  hops.  The  liquor  is  then  suffered 
to  ferment  in  vats,  the  time  allowed  for  fermentption  de- 
pending upon  the  quality  and  kind  of  beer,  and  after  it 
has  become  clear  it  is  stored  away  or  sent  to  the  market. 
The  beers  of  England  and  France,  and  for  the  most  part 
those  of  Germany,  become  gradually  sour  by  exposure  to 
air.  Ate  and  beer  were  formerly  synonymous  terms,  ale 
being  the  earlier  in  use ;  at  present,  beer  is  the  common 
name  for  all  malt  liquors,  and  ate  is  used  specifically  for 
a  carefully  made  beer  of  a  certain  strength,  and  rather 
light  than  dark:  thus,  small  beer,  ginger  beer,  and  the 
like,  are  not  ale,  nor  are  stout  and  porter.  A  distinction 
drawn  by  Andrew  Boorde,  in  1642,  is  that  ale  is  made  of 
malt  and  water,  and  should  contain  no  other  ingredients, 
while  beer  is  made  of  malt,  hops,  and  water. 

2.  A  fermented  extract  of  the  roots  and  other 
parts  or  products  of  various  plants,  as  ginger, 
spruce,  molasses,  beet,  etc — Beer  process,  in 
ptintor/.,  a  collodion  dry-plate  process  in  which  the  sensi- 
tized plate,  after  being  washed,  is  treated  with  an  infu- 
sion of  nuilt  or  beer.  The  process  is  of  no  practical  value, 
and  is  disused.  — Beer  vinegar,  a  vinegar  prepared  from 
beerwort.— Bitter  beer.  See  nie.— Black  beer,  a  kind 
of  beer  manufactured  at  Dantzic.  It  is  of  a  black  color 
and  a  syrupy  consistence.  Also  called  Dantzic  beer. — 
Broken  beer,  remnants  or  leavin^is  of  lieer :  as,  "  a  bum- 
bard  of  bruken  beer,"  B.  Jotison.— Condensed  beer,  beer 
which  has  been  reduced  in  a  coi)per  MiLUuni-pan  to  one 
eighteenth  its  bulk  in  solids,  .added  to  an  eiiual  quantify 
of  alcohol.— Dantzic  beer.  Same  as  bitiric  //,vr.— Green 
beer,  beer  which  is  just  made.  -  Lager-beer,  or  stock- 
beer,  a  light  German  beer  so  called  because  it  is  stoied  fur 
ripening  before  being  used.  It  is  extensively  manufactured 
in  the  United  States.— Schenk,  yoimg,  or  winter  beer, 
a  German  beer  brewed  for  immediate  use.  (See  la;ier-bcer.) 
It  was  formerly  brewed  only  between  October  and  April, 
but  now  is  manufactured  at  all  seasons.  — Small  beer, 
weak  beer;  hence,  hguratively,  a  trilling  matter;  a  small 
orunimpoitaiit  thlnj;  or  pel  son.  — Stock-beer.  Seeiojrcr- 
beer.—  To  think  small  beer  of,  to  liave  a  low  opinion  of ; 
hold  in  slight  esteem.     lOdloii.) 

She  titinks  smnll  beer  of  jiainters,  J.  J.— well,  well,  we 
don't  tliiiik  smalt  beer  o/'onrselves;  my  noble  friend. 

Tltaekeraij,  The  Newcomes,  x.x.xix. 
Yeast-beer,  new  beer  with  whicli  a  small  quantity  of 
fermenting  wort  has  been  mixed  in  the  cask  in  order  to 
make  it  lively. 

beeri  (ber),  v.  i.     [<  becr^,  «.]     To  drink  beer; 

tipple.     [CoUoq.] 
beer'-   (be'er),   «.     [<  ME.  beere;  <  be^  -\-  -erl. 

Cf.  forebear.]     One  who  is  or  exists.    [Rare.] 
beer^t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bier. 
beer'^t,  «•     [<  D.  fceer,  a  mole,  pier.]     A  mole  or 

pier.     N.  E.  D. 
beer^t.    Obsolete  present  and  preterit  of  bear'^. 

Chaucer. 


beestings 

beer'H,  »■     An  ol^solete  form  of  bear^, 

beeregart,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  beereager, 
bvareger,  etc.,  <  beer^  +  eager,  sour.  Cf.  alegar, 
vinegar.]  Sour  beer;  'vinegar  formed  by  the 
'.leetous  fermentation  of  beer. 

beer-engine  (ber'en'''jin),  »(.  A  hydraulic  ma- 
cliine  for  raising  beer  and  other  liquors  out  of 
a  cask  in  a  collar. 

beer-faucet  (b6r'fa"set),  n.  A  faucet  fitted 
with  a  small  air-pump,  for  mi.xing  air  with  beer 
as  it  is  drawn. 

beer-float  (ber'flot),  «.  In  distilling,  an  areom- 
eter or  hydrometer  designed  to  ascertain  from 
the  observed  density  of  a  grain-mash  the  pos- 
sible yield  of  spirit  therefrom.  The  scale  of  the 
instrument  is  graduated  to  indicate  directly,  at  the  stand- 
ard temperature,  the  prrienfagi^  liy  volmne  of  proof  siurits 
that  the  mash  will  yield,  provided  the  fermentation  pro- 
ceeds to  a  point  where  the  density  is  equal  to  that  of 
water.     E.  If.  Kni'iltl. 

beer-garden  (ber'gar"dn),  n.  A  garden  at- 
taclied  to  a  brewery,  tavern,  or  saloon,  in  which 
boer  is  served. 

beer-house  (ber'hous),  n.  A  house  where  malt 
liquors  are  sold;  an  ale-house. 

beeriness  (ber'i-nes), «.  [<  beery  +  -ness."]  The 
state  of  being  beery  or  partially  intoxicated; 
slight  intoxication  from  beer. 

beer-measure  (ber'mezh'ur),  n.  An  old  Eng- 
lish system  of  measures  of  capacity.  The  gallon 
contained  282  cubic  inches,  being  10  pounds  :i  ounces 
avoirdupois  of  water,  but  was  adopted  as  containing  8 
Jiounds  of  wheat. 

beer-money  (ber'mun'''i),  n.  An  allowance  of 
1(/.  per  day  panted  in  1800  to  the  British 
soldier  in  addition  to  his  pay,  as  a  substitute 
for  an  allowance  of  beer  or  spirits;  also,  an 
allowance  given  to  domestic  servants  in  Eng- 
land in  lieu  of  beer,  to  save  trouble  in  serving 
it  out,  or  waste  by  leaving  the  cask  open. 

beerocracy  (ber-ok'ra-si), n.  [<  beer  +  -o-cracy, 
as  in  aristocracy,]  The  brewing  and  beer-sell- 
ing interest ;  brewers  and  beer-sellers  collec- 
tively.    [Ludicrous.] 

beer-preserver  (ber'pre-zer"ver),  «.  A  device 
for  keepino'  the  space  above  the  beer  in  a  cask 
or  barrel  filled  with  earbonie-aoid  gas,  which  is 
supplied  from  a  reservoii-. 

beer-pull  (ber'pid),  «.  The  handle  of  a  beer- 
pump  ;  also,  the  pump  itself. 

beer-pump  (ber'pump),  «.  A  pump  for  beer, 
especially  for  raising  beer  from  the  cellar  to 
tlie  bar  in  a  saloon  or  public  house. 

beer-saloon  (ber'sa-lon"),  "■  A  place  where 
beer  is  sold  and  drunk. 

beer-shop  (ber'shop),  n.  A  beer-saloon;  an 
ale-house. 

beerstone  (ber'ston),  n.  [<  beer^  +  stone.]  In 
brewing,  a  hard  incrustation  like  stone  on  the 
interior  of  the  wort-coolers. 

In  time  a  greenish,  or  brownish,  shining,  thin  crust  is 
formed  on  the  sides  of  the  coolers — no  matter  what  ma- 
terial they  may  be  constructed  of — which  adheres  to  them 
like  varnish,  and  cannot  be  removed  by  the  usual  wash- 
ing.   This  substance  is  called  beer-stone. 

Thaxmng,  Beer  (trans.),  p.  473. 

Beer  stone.    See  stone. 

beer-s'willing  (ber'swil  'ing),  a.    Drinking  beer 

immoderately. 

In  beer-sioitting  Copenhagen  I  have  drunk  your  Danesman 
blind.  Theo.  Martin,  Dirge  of  the  Drinker. 

beery  (ber'i),  n.  [<  ftcejl -f -)/l.]  1.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  beer. —  2.  Stained  or  soiled 
with  beer. 

The  sloppy,  beery  tables.  Thackeray. 

3.  Addicted  to  beer;  affected  by  beer ;  partial- 
ly intoxicated  from  drinking  beer ;  maudlin. 

Tliere  was  a  fair  proportion  of  kindness  in  Raveloe,  but 
it  was  of  a  be^ry  and  bungling  sort. 

Georye  Etiot,  Silas  Marner,  ix. 
Ha'thorn  was  not  averse  to  ale,  especially  at  another 
man's  expense,  and,  thought  he,  "  Farmer  is  getting  beery  ; 
looks  pretty  red  in  the  face." 

C.  Reade,  Clouds  and  Sunshine,  p.  10. 

bee-skep,  bee-scap  (be'skep,  -skap),  n.  [<  6eel 
-I-  skep,  scap,  a  beehive,  a  basket :  see  skep.l 
A  beehive.     [Scotch.] 

beest  (best),  H.  [Found  in  ME.  only  in  deriv. 
beestings,  q.  v.;  <  AS.  beost  (also  byst,  after 
bysting,  beestings)  =  D.  biest  =  LG.  best  = 
North.  Pries,  bjast,  bjiist  =  OHG.  biost,  MHG. 
G.  biest,  beest.  Origin  unknown;  some  sup- 
pose, from  the  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  briest.  Icel. 
d-brystur,  pi.,  beestings,  a  connection  'with  AS. 
breosf,  etc.,  E.  breast^     Same  as  beestings. 

beestie,  «.     See  bheesty. 

beestings  (bes'tingz),  n.  sing,  or  pi.  [Also  writ- 
ten beastings,  biestings,  etc.,  dial,  beastin,  bistin.<, 
bi^kitis,  etc.,  <  ME.  hiestynge,  also  bestniugc, 
ttcstynge,  <  AS.  bysting,  <  beost,  beest,  -1-  -inu . 


■beestings 
see  heest  and  -ing.']    1.  The  first  milk  given  ty 
a  cow  after  calving. 

So  may  the  first  of  all  our  fells  be  thioe. 
And  both  the  batting  of  our  goats  and  kiue. 

B.  Joiuion,  Pan's  Anniversary. 

2t  A  disease  caused  by  drinking  beestings. 
X.  E.D. 
beeswax  (bez'waks),  n.  [<  bee's,  poss.  of  bee, 
+  icax.']  The  wax  secreted  by  bees,  of  which 
their  cells  are  constructed.  See  irojr. 
beeswing  (bez'wing),  n.  [<  bees,  poss.  of  bee, 
+  icing :  from  its  appearance.]  A  gauzy  film 
in  port  and  some  other  wines,  indicative  of  age ; 
hence,  sometimes,  the  wine  itself.  Also  writ- 
ten be^s-tcing. 

Fetchd 
His  richest  htesmng  from  a  binn  resened 
For  bamiuets,  praised  the  waning  red,  and  told 
The  Wntage.  Tennyson,  Ayhuer's  Field. 

Scott  from  under  bushy  eyebrows,  «inked  at  the  ap- 
parition of  a  befi-iriiv).  Thackeray. 
beeswinged  (bez'wingd),  a.     So  old  as  to  be 
covered  with  beeswing:  said  of  wine,  especial- 
ly port, 
nis  port  is  not  presentable,  unless  bfes'-winged. 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  32. 

beetl  (bet),  n.  [<  ME.  bele,  <  AS.  bete  (not 
'beta)  =  OFries.  bete  =  D.  beet,  biet  =  LG. 
bete  =  OHG.  hie:a,  MHG.  bie:e  (G.  beete,  after 
L6.  or  L.)  =  Sw.  betei  =  Dan.  bede  =  F.  bettc 
=  It.  bietfi,  <  h.  beta,  beet.]  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Beta,  natural  order  Chenopodiaceie.  The 
vari.ius  forms  are  generally  referred  to  a  single  species, 
B.  Tul'iarif,  the  skndcr-rooteil  variety  of  which,  known 
as  t.\\e  smbrti,  is  found  wild  in  F.urojie  and  western  Asia, 
and  is  occasionally  used  for  greens.  The  common  beet  is 
extensively  cultivated  in  many  varieties  for  tlie  use  of  its 
sweetish  succulent  root  as  a  vegetable  and  as  feed  for  cat- 
tle. The  mangel-wurzel  is  a  large  coai-se  form  raised  ex- 
clusively for  cattle.  Tlie  sugar-beet  is  a  large,  white,  and 
ver>-  sweet  variety,  from  the  root  of  which  large  (|uanti- 
ties  of  sugar  (called  beet-root  sugar)  are  manufactured  in 
France,  Gcmumy,  etc.  The  white  or  Sicilian  beet  and  the 
char.l  lieet  are  cultivated  for  their  leaves  only. 

beet-  (bet),  r.  t.  [E.  dial,  beet,  bent,  Sc.  beet, 
belt.  <  JIE.  bcteii,  <  AS.  betmi  (=  OS.  botian  = 
OFries.  beta  =  I),  bocten  =  LG.  boten  =  OHG. 
buo;:en,  MHG.  bue:::en,  G.  bU.isen  =  Icel.  b(eta 
=  Sw.  bota  =  Dan.  bode),  mend,  improve,  make 
good,  <  but,  improvement,  reparation,  boot : 
see  ioo/l,  which  is  related  to  beet  as  food  to 
feed,  brood  to  breed,  etc.  The  word  was  par- 
ticularly used  in  reference  to  memliiig,  ami 
hence  by  extension  to  kindling,  iires:  ME.  beteii 
fijr,  <  AS.  bclan  fijr  =  D.  bocten  ruur  =  LG. 
bijlen  riier;  cf.  Sw.  bota  eld,  etc.  Cf.  beat-^.'i 
It.  To  make  better;  improve;  alleviate  or  re- 
lieve (huuger,  thirst,  grief,  the  needs  of  a  per- 
son, etc.). 

All  his  craft  ne  coud  his  sorrow  bete. 

Chaucer,  T.  and  C,  i.  666. 

2t.  To  mend;  repair;  put  to  rights. 

ripen  he  coude,  and  flshe,  and  nettes  bete. 

Clittucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  i.  7. 

Daily  wearing  nefds  yearly  heiting.  Scotch  proverb. 

3.  To  make  or  kindle  (a  fire) ;  hence,  to  fire 
or  rouse. 

Two  fyrc»  on  the  autcr  can  she  brelr. 

CItaticer,  Knighfs  Talc,  1.  1434. 

It  warms  me,  it  charms  me. 
To  mention  but  her  name ; 

It  heats  me,  It  bi-elM  nic, 
And  Bctfl  nic  a'  on  flame! 

liunu,  Ep.  to  Davie,  i.  8. 

And  Htiren  folk  to  love  and  beten  Arc 

On  Vemiw  awter.  Court  o/  Love,  I.  .123. 

4.  To  mend  or  replenish  (a  fire) ;  add  fuel  to. 

Ticking  up  penlR  to  Uel  his  Ingle. 
yl///jn  Itnninaif,  To  Kobert  Vardu  of  Devonshire. 

['"'bsoleto  or  dialectal  in  all  Hcnscs.] 

b^-f't ',  ».     Same  an  ImiiI'^. 

\i-     '      II.     Same  bh  lictil'^. 

1)1  •  lly  (iMjI'fli),  71.  A  two-winded  insoet,  .-Ih- 
lli'"/"r"  hi:t4i;  Hmaller  than  the  hoiiHe-(ly,  in- 
fi-i:i/  .  lopH  of  inuMnel-wurzcl  and  olhtir  va- 
riiii-  "I  iieof,  on  wlioHe  leavcH  it  depiiHJt.t  its 
egf.  li'  liirvio  after^vurd  ilcvourinn  tlic  Hoft 
purl   . 

beetle'  (l.<"'ll),  n.  [=  He.  liitHe,  billill.  <  MK. 
//''-',  liriiill,,  hitel,  hillill,  hiiliillc,  <  AS.  Iiiitel. 
I,,  I,  I.  I„l,l,  hf/lel  (lif/ll-)  (='  \M.  bill  I,  boll  I  = 
Mill..  Ii'i.ih.  with  formative  -rl,  <  briilnii,  beat  : 
>■' '   '  '      A  lii'iivy  woiiili'n  iiiallet.ntieil  to 

'i'l  .rixiiliil'ati' earth,  ell'.     Ii  I.  nin.lc 

'  'I  t.iili  thi'  hiindir  x't  III  II i'MI'    'f 

tlo    1  Ml    for   riiniliilii^.   Miti 

(iiri.v.  i|.«  with  iiro).'.  ling,  i 

till'  h.  .  :rl  „t  Ihe  liciil      Inth'    I    ' 

a*  f'->  it  |4  n.>iii.  I  >i(i.-ii  hcavh  ch^'u^l,  t'l 

rr<|Uii  ,.   I.,   ..|Hi,l.    11.      AIXJ  called   a 

wmaui.  .i,.l  f  ,riii  a  romntrr. 


504 

If  I  do,  fillip  me  with  a  tliree-man  heetU. 

SAoJt.,2Hen.  IV.,i.  2. 

2.  A  wooden  pestle-shaped  utensil  used  for 
mashing  potatoes,  for  beating  Unen,  etc. 

Aroint  ye.  ve  limmer,  out  of  an  honest  house,  or  shame 
fa'  me,  hut  I'll  take  the  bittle  to  you.  Sciitt,  Pirate. 

3.  Same  as  beetling-machine — Between  the  beetle 
and  the  block,  in  an  awkward  or  dangerous  position. 

beetle!  (be'tl),  j-.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  beetled,  ppr. 
beetling,  [^(.beetle,  n.'\  1.  To  use  a  beetle  on ; 
beat  with  a  heavy  wooden  mallet,  as  linen  or 
cotton  cloth,  as  a  substitute  for  mangling. —  2. 
To  finish  cloth  by  means  of  a  beetlitig-machine. 

beetle-  (be'tl).  n.  [The  form  seems  to  have  been 
influenced  by  that  of  beetle^  ;  it  would  reg.  be  as 
in  mod.  dial.'bitile,  earlv  mod.  E.  also  betel,  biitlc, 
bittil,  etc.,<  ME.  bitle,  biti/l,  betijlle,  bijtijlle.  <  AS. 
bitela.  bituht  (also  *betel,  once  in  pi.  betlo.^),  a 
beetle,  appar.<  *6i/k/,  *bitol.'hitcI.  ME.  bitel.  bit- 
ing (cf.  ctul.  etol,  eating:  with  suffix  -ol,  fonuing 
adjectives  from  verbs),  <  bitnn  (pp.  biten).  bite : 
see6i7e.  Ci.bitterandLbeetlc-broirrd.'i  Anyinsect 
belonging  to  the  order  Coleoptera  (which  see). 
Sometimes,  however,  tlie  term  is  used  in  a  more  restricted 
sense,  as  equivalent  in  the  plural  to  Scarabieidiv,  a  tribe  of 
this  order  embracing  more  than  ;i,000  species,  characterized 
by  clavated  antennre,  fissile  longitudinally,  legs  frequent- 
ly delitated,  and  wings  which  have  hard  cases  or  sheaths 
called  elytra.  Beetles  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a  pin's  liead 
to  nearly  that  of  a  man's  fist,  the  largest  being  the  elephant- 
beetle  of  South  America.  4  inclieslong.  The  "black beetles" 
of  kitchens  and  cellai-s  are  cockroaches,  and  belong  to  the 
order  OrtAo/ifcin.— Bloody-nose  beetle,  a  large  species 
of  beetle  of  the  genus  I'iinairlin.  T.  Iivrianta  :  so  named 
because  wlien  disturbed  it  emits  :i  red  tluid  from  the  joints. 
—  Colorado  beetle,  a  coleoptiiou^  ins.-ct.  Ihu-iqili'ira. 
Chrysomela,  or  J'vlygramma  dccumliiitata,  family  Clirij' 


Colorado  Beetle  ( Doryphora  deeemliHeata.  Say). 
a,  eggs ;  b,  I.irvn,  adv.nnccd  st,igc  ;  f ,  pupn  :  d.  beetle  :  t.  wing.covcr, 

eiil.irgcd :/,  leg,  ciiuiTged. 
nomeliclie,  belonging  to  the  telramerous  section  of  the  or- 
der. In  size  it  is  somewhat  larger  than  a  pea,  nearly  oval, 
convex,  of  a  yellowish  or  ochcr-yellow  color,  marked  w  illi 
black  spots  and  blotches,  and  on  the  elytra  wjtli  ten  black 
longitudinal  stripes.  The  wings,  which  are  foldc4i  under 
the  elytra,  are  of  a  blood-red  color.  This  insect  works 
great  havoc  upon  the  leaves  and  Mowers  of  the  i)o(ato, 
and  is  also  destructive  to  the  tomato  and  the  egg-plant. 
It  was  first  observeti  in  the  Koeky  Mountain  region  about 
lti.M».  and  has  since  spreail  from  Colorado  over  the  whole 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Also  called  jiotaln-hiij. 
—  Elm-leaf  beetle,  a  Kuropcan  chrysoni.  lid  he.  lie,  (inle- 
ntra  xiiiil/iiim'l/enit.   Sic  Oiitenica.—  Harlequin  beetle. 

.See  A'/r/.'yi'ill.— Homed  beetle,  a  llimelllcorn  beetle  of 
the  genui.  .Mfimlmtnntt  and  sonic  related  genera,  belong- 
ing to  the  cetotilan  gi'onp  of  Satrtlhifida-. 
beetle-'  (be'tl),  a.  [Seimrnte  use  of  beetU-  in 
liii  III  -liniwcd.]  Sliiisgy;  iiroiiiiiient:  used  in 
beetle  brow  (also  written  bci  tte-brow). 

Here  oro  the  beetle  brows  shall  blush  for  me. 

Shak..  It.  and. I.,  14. 
lient  hollow  bertle  browes,  Kharpn  staring  cy.'s, 
That  innd  or  f.Killsh  Heem.l.     .^iiellnfr,  V.  if.,  II.  i\.  '>''. 

beetle''  (bO'll),  v.i.;  pn-t.  nnd  p]i.  brrlled,  |i|ir. 
liiillnig.  (<  liii'lli'^,  II.  First  used  liy  .Slmk- 
H|icr('.  J  To  lio  prominent;  extend  mil;  over- 
liaiig;  jut. 

What,  if  It  tempt  you  lowaril  the  flood,  my  lord. 
Or  to  the  .Ireiullul  Hummit  .>(  the  clllf, 
'lllat  tjectlm  iter  his  liiuie  InUi  the  sea'/ 

Shak.,  Ilanilel,  1.4. 
Ivach  heellimj  rampart  and  cocli  t.iwer  Hui.lim.', 

ir.im/wiMir/A. 

beetle-brow  (b«'.'tl-l>roii),  «.     See  brrlli'K  n. 

beetle-browed  (iie'il-brmid),  n.    (<  Ml'.,  hiiel- 

hriiind,  hi/liibriiiriil,  etc.  (used  ill  "I'iiTH  I'low- 
inan"  witli  viiriiintH  liillnr  browed  and  hiiller 
browiil),  ns  if  lit.  '  liiiving  biting  evetimwH,' 
Unit  is,  projecting  evebrnWH,  <  MK.  fiitil.  iiilj., 
wliHi'i.,  bitiiig,  <  AS.  'bill I  l^i-i^  lirrlli-^):  but 
Miorr  ]prob.  '  willi  eyidirowM  like  ii  heetle'M,'  Hint 
1m,  projecting  like  the  liifleil  aiitennii.  of  Honie 
bcetlcH,     Hoo  beetle'^    uud    brow.]     1.    Having 


befall 

shaggy,  bushy,  prominent,  or  overhanging  eye-J 

brows;  hence,  often,  suUen;  scowling. 

A  beetle-browed  sullen  face.  Howell,  Letters,  ii,  2&  . 

Its  beetle-browed  and  gloomy  front. 

Haiethome,  Scarlet  Letter,  i. 

2.  Figuratively,  having  an  overhanging  or  pro- 
jecting top. 

beetle-head  (be'tl-hed),  n.     1.  The  monkey  or  i| 
weight  of  a  pile-tlriver. —  2.   A  beetle-headed  i 
or  stupid  fellow. — 3.  A  name  of  the  Swiss  or 
black-bellied  plover,  Squatarola  helvetica.    [Lo- 
cal, U.  S.] 

beetle-headed  (be '  tl -hed "  ed),  a.    [Cf.  beetle- 
bead.]     Having  a  head  like  a  beetle  or  mallet; 
dull;  stupid. 
i)<v(;.-A<-nrfcd,flap-ear'd  knave.     S/in*.,T.  of  theS.,iv.l. 

beetle-mite  (be'tl-mit),  n.  [<  beetle^  +  wjfel.J 
A  mite  of  the  familv  Gamasidw  (which  see). 

beetle-stock  (be'tl-stok),  n.  [<  beetle^  + 
.s7i)c/,-.]     The  liandle  of  a  beetle. 

beetle-stone  (be'tl-stou),  n.  [<  beetle"  +  .«fotie.) 
A  nodule  of  coprolitic  ironstone,  so  named  from 
the  resemblauce  of  the  inclosed  coprolite  to 
the  body  and  limbs  of  a  beetle. 

beetling  (bet'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  beetle^,  r.) 
A  beating  mth  a  beetle. 

When  the  desired  shade  is  obtained,  nothing  remains 
but  to  Wiish  the  silk,  and  give  it  two  bectlinr/s  at  tlw 
river,  in  order  to  free  it  from  the  redundant  arnatto. 

i're.  Diet.,  I.  209. 

beetling-machine  (bet'ling-mashen^,  ».  A 
machiiu'  lor  finishing  linen  or  cotton  cloth  by 
hammering  it :  for  this  purpose  stamps  are 
used,  which  are  raised  iu  succession  ami  ])er- 
mitted  to  fall  by  their  own  weight.  Also  called 
bertlr. 

beet-master  (bet'mas'tfer),  «.  An  eiToneoua 
form  of  lii'ii-)iii,'<tir. 

beet-mister  (bet'mis'''t6r),  n.  [Sc,  <  beet,  beit, 
menil,  supply,  -t-  mister,  want;  beet  a  mister, 
supply  a  want :  see  beet"  and  mister".  Cf.  E. 
dial.  (North.)  beet-need,  assistance  in  the  hour 
of  ilistress.]  ^\niatever  supplies  a  want; 
hence,  a  substitute.     [Scotch.] 

Next  she  enlarged  .ui  the  advantage  of  saving  old 
clothes  to  be  what  she  called  beet-majiters  to  the  new. 

Scolt. 

beet-press  (bet'i)ros),  «.  A  liydraulic  or  steam- 
power  nuichiue  for  expressing  the  juice  from 
beet-roots  in  the  process  of  making  beet-rooft 
sugar.  ' 

beet-radish  (bet'rad"ish),  ».  A  name  some- 
times given  to  red  beets  (Beta  riihjaris)  when 
raised  or  used  for  salad.     See  bcef^. 

beet-rave  (bet'i-av),  n.  [<  beet^  -t-  7-avc,  after 
F.  belli -riivc,  beet-root,  <  belle,  beet  (see  bcel^), 
+  riwc,  <  L.  ra/ia,  a  turnip.]  Same  its  bect- 
radi.ih.     In  Scotland  also  beelraw  ami  hirlrie. 

bee-tree  (be'tre),  n.  1.  A  name  of  the  bass- 
wo.iil  or  American  linden,  Tiliu  Jinrriennii, 
from  the  richness  of  its  flowers  iu  houey. — 2. 
A  li.illiiw  tree  occupied  by  wild  bees. 

beet-root  (bet'rid),  n.  the  root  of  the  beet- 
plant.     See  berl^ — Beet-root  sugar,  sugar  uuulo 

Irom  beet-roots.  The  rtiots  are  ra.spe.l  to  a  pulp,  ami  the 
juice  is  separated  by  pressure,  mneei-ation,  or  other  means, 
ami  is  then  IllU'reil  and  concentr.'ilcd  by  eviip.iration  iu  a 
vncunmiian.  .See  d-vl i .— Beet-root  vinegar,  vinegar 
Iirepared  from  the  juic.-  of  the  sugar-beet. 
bee'Ve  (bi'.v),  ».  [A  rare  singular,  erroneously 
formed  from  lieeres,  pi,  of  bee/.]  An  animal  of 
(lie  bovine  genus,  as  a  cow,  bull,  or  ox. 

'Ihey  wouhl  knock  ilown  the  first  beeiv  they  met  with. 

Jrvinff. 
Kaeh  stat.'ly  beeir  bcRpeaks  the  hand 
That  fell  hlni  unrepluing. 

M'hiltirr,  The  Drovers. 
beeires,  «.     I'lural  of  beef. 

beevort,  ".     An  obsolete  fonn  of  hearer'^.  ■ 

bee-wolf  (bo'wuir),    «.     1.    An   African   beo- 

.  nlir,    .Millilolhervs  mibiciix,  ono  of  the  Mero- 

piilir. — 2.  A  parasite  of  the  bee,  lYichodcs  apt- 

iirins. 

bee-worm  (be'w^nn),  n.    An  old  name  for  the 

liirvii  .if  (lie  I ,      l!(ii/. 

befall,  befal  (be-fai'),  v.-.  l.ret,  be/rll,  PI.,  he 
liitlni,  p|ir.  brtiilliiig.  [<  SlE.  befallin,  fall, 
liaiipen,  b.long,  <  AS.  hefeitlliin.  fall  (=OS.  U- 
I'lillon  =  OFries.  bil'iilla  =  D.  hrnillm,  please,  = 
(IIKi.  bifoUiin,  MHO.  (i.  befiillni,  please),  <  bo- 
+  fiiilliin,  fall:  see  /«-l  linil /<(«.]  I.  Dana. 
To  fall  or  }ia|)j)en  to;  occur  to. 

Hut  1  liesiei'h  y<«ir  grace  that  I  may  know 
The  worst  that  may  befall  mu. 

Sliak.,  M.  N.  D.,  L  1. 

I  hi'  worst  that  lan  lirfall  line,  m.'asnr.d  right, 
Is  a  HiHiuil  Hlnniber,  an.l  a  lieig  good  night. 

Ilriidm,  t,r.  of  bucretiuH,  lit  9& 


befall 

II,  ill  trans.    1.  To  happen;  come  to  pass. 

I  liave  reveal'd  ,  .  . 
The  discord  which  befell.     Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  897. 
Tlie  ground  in  many  a  little  dell 
Was  broken,  up  and  down  whose  steeps  befell 
Alternate  victory  and  defeat. 

Shelley,  Revolt  of  Islam,  vi.  16. 

2f.  To  fall  in  the  way ;  come  to  band. 

His  little  Goats  gall  ilrive  out  of  tlii-h-  stalls, 
To  ieede  abroad,  where  jjasture  Ijest  befalls. 

Spenser,  Virgil's  Gnat,  I.  72. 

To  befall  oft,  to  be  the  fate  of ;  become  of. 
Do  tne  the  favour  to  dilate  at  full 
What  hath  befatl'it  of  them,  and  thee,  till  now. 

Shak.,  V.  of  E.,  i.  1. 

befana  (be-fa'nii),  ??.  [It.,  <  hefuiria,  epiphany, 
<  1j1  J, c/K/j/iffnin,  epiphany :  see  Epiphany.']  1. 
Primarily,  in  Italy,  an  Epiphany  present  or 
ftift. —  2.  [cap.]  The  witeh  or  fairy  said  to 
bring  children  the  sweetmeats  and  other  re- 
wards given  them  on  the  eve  of  Epiphany,  or 
to  neglect  and  punish  them. 

In  nursery  parlaiice  the  Befana  has  two  aspects ;  she 
not  only  brings  gifts  to  good  children,  but  is  the  terror  of 
the  naughty.  jV.  and  Q.,  (itli  ser.,  IX.  422. 

3.  A  large  rag  doll,  representing  the  Befana, 

S laced  on  the  chimneys  of  cottages,  etc.,  or 
isplayed  in  shops,  in  Italy,  wliere  Ejiiphany 
gifts  are  sold,  for  the  terror  or  amusement  of 
children.  [The  above  meanings  and  customs  have  ref- 
erence to  the  gifts  of  gold,  frankincense,  arul  myrrli  (Mat. 
ii.  11)  brought  by  the  Magi  to  the  child  Jesus,  which  the 
feast  of  the  Epiphany  commemorates.  The  grotesque 
blackened  figures  often  exhibited  are  explained  by  the 
traditiciTi  that  one  of  the  three  wise  kings  was  an  Ethi- 
opiuii.l 

befeather  (be-fe^H'er),  v.  t.  [<  7;e-l  +  feather.] 
To  deck  witli  feathers. 

befell  (be-fel').     Preterit  of  befall. 

befetter  (be-fet'er),  V.  t.  [<  6c-l  +  fetter.]  To 
eoutiue  with  fetters;  restrain  as  if  by  fetters. 

'longne-ticd,  befettered,  heavy-laden  nations. 

Carlyle,  i'rench  Kev.,  II.  i.  10. 

beffroit,  n.  [F.]  See  belfry. 
beffroyt,  "•  In  her.,  same  as  voir. 
befilet,  !'.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  befijle,  <  ME. 
bcfi/lcn,  befilen  (mi.xed  with  bcfnlen,  bcfoulen, 
which  rest  directly  upon  fill,  foul,  foul),"  <  AS. 
bcfjjlan,  <  be-  +fijlan,  file,  foiil,  <ful,  foul:  see 
file",  foiil^,  and  befoul,  and  cf.  defile^.]  To 
make  filthy;  befoul;  soil. 

befit  (be-fif),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  beHttcd,  ppr. 
bi fitting,  [(.be-^  +  fit.]  1.  To  suit;  be  suit- 
able to ;  become. 

Dry  up  your  tears. 
Which  ill  befit  the  beauty  of  that  face. 
Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  ii.  3. 
Out  of  my  sight,  thou  serpent !    That  name  best 
Befits  thee.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  868. 

Robes  befitting  his  degree.     Drayton,  Barons'  Wars,  iv. 
2t.  To  fit;  furnish  with  something  fit.    [Rare.] 
He  .  .  .  had  seriously  befitted  him  with  just  such  a 
bridle  and  such  a  saddle.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy. 

befitting  (be-fit'ing),  ^).  a.     Of  a  suitable  kind 

or  character;  fit;  proper;  becoming:  as,  bejit- 

tiiHi  words ;  a  befitting  dress  or  manner. 

befittingly  (be-fit'ing-li),  adv.    In  a  befitting  or 

ap|iropriate  manner;  becomingly. 

beflatter  (be-flat'er),  V.  t.      [<  fte-l  +  flatter.] 

To  Oatter;  cajole. 
beflea  (be-fle'),  v.  t.     [<  6p-1  +  flea^.]     To  pes- 
ter, as  fleas  do. 

One  of  those  bores 
Who  befiea'd  with  bad  verses  poor  Louis  Quatorze. 

Lowell,  Fable  for  Critics. 

beflecked  (bf-flekf),  «.  [<  ie-l  +  flecked.] 
Flecked;  spotted  or  streaked;  variegated.  Also 
spelled  befleckt. 

Dark  Ijillows  of  an  eai-thquake  storm 
Befiecked  with  clouds  like  foam. 

Whillier,  The  Hill-top. 

beflo'wer  (be-flou'er),  V.  t.      [<  Se-1  +  flower.] 
To  cover  or  besprinkle  with  flowers. 
Beside  a  befioivered  and  gai-landed  precipice. 

S.  L.  Clemens,  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  p.  274. 

beflum  (be-flum'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beflummed, 
ppr.  beflu'mminq.  [Sc. ;  also  in  the  appar.  per- 
verted forms  bleflum,  blafliini,  lilephuin,  v.  and 
«.,  perhaps  <  6e-l  +  *fliim,  as  in  fluinmeri/,  or 
a  variant  of  flam.  Words  of  this  kind  are' very 
unstable.]  To  befool  by  cajoling  language; 
flatter.     Scott.     [Scotch.] 

befoam  (bo-tom'),  I',  t  [<  fte-l -l- /ohmj.]  To 
cover  with  foam.     Drydcn. 

befog  (be-fog'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  befogged, 
ppr.  til  fugging.  [<  ie-1  -l-  fog.]  To  involve  in 
fog;  hence,  figm'atively,  to  confuse;  make  ob- 
scure or  uncertain;  bewilder:  as,  to  befog  the 
mind  with  sophistry. 


505 

Intentional  and  persistent  efforts  have  been  .  .  .  made 
to  befo'j  the  whole  subject. 

D.  A.  Wells,  llerchant  Marine,  p.  120. 

befool  (be-fcil'),  »'.  t.     [<  ME.  liifolin:  <  /»-l  + 
fool^.]     i.  To  make  a  fool  of;  delude;  dupe. 

I  could  burst  with  rage. 
To  think  1  have  a  brother  so  tiefool'd. 

Ford,  Love's  S.acriflce,  iv.  1 . 

2.  To  treat  as  a  fool;  call  (a  person)  "fool." 
before  (bo-for'),  adr.,  prep.,  and  conj.  [<  ME. 
bcforcii,  bcforn,  biforrn,  biforn,  etc.,  adv.  and 
prep.,  <  AS.  heforan,  biforan,  adv.  and  prep.,  be- 
fore (in  place  or  time:  in  the  latter  use  rare, 
the  ordinary  word  being  cer,  ere)  (=  OS.  bi- 
foran =  D.  bernrcn  =  OHG.  bifora,  MH(i.  bevor, 
bevorn,  (i.  l>evor),  <  be,  by,  about,  +  foran,  adv., 
before,  <  for,  for,  lit.  before :  see  fore  and  for, 
and  ef.  afore.]  I.  adv.  1.  In  front;  on  "the 
anterior  or  fore  side  ;  on  the  side  opposite  tlie 
back;  in  a  position  or  at  a  point  in  advance; 
ahead. 
The  battle  was  before  and  behind.  2  Chron.  xiii.  14. 

Reaching  forth  unto  those  things  which  are  liefore. 

Phil.  iii.  U. 
Had  he  his  hurts  before  !  Shale,  Macbeth,  v.  7. 

I  am  sent  with  broom  before, 
To  sweep  the  dust  behind  the  door. 

Shak.,  il.  N.  D.,  v.  2. 
If  you  will  walk  before,  sir,  I  will  overtake  you  in- 
stantly. Beau.,  and  Ft.,  Woman-Hater,  i.  3. 

2.  In  time  preceding;  previously;   formerly; 
already. 

You  tell  me  what  I  knew  before.  Dryden. 

A  flatterer  is  a  dunce  to  him,  for  he  can  tell  him  nothing 
but^what  bee  knifes  before, 
'le,  Midfo-ci 


beg 


Jesus  answered  and  said  unto  him,  Befor, 
called  thee  .  .  .  I  saw  thee. 


Bp.  Earle,  Midfo-cosmographie,  A  Selfe-conceited  JIaii.  ,    ._ 

[The  adverb  is  frequently  used  in  self-explain-  beforetime  (be-for'tim) 
ing  compounds,  as  before-cited,  before-going,  '■'/""?■  ^  tjijoie  +  tunc, 
before-mcn  tioncd,  etc.] 


that  Philip 
John  i.  48. 

Before  this  treal.se  can  be  of  use,  two  points  arc  neces- 
sary. Swift. 
Seventy  of  the  Moors  made  their  way  into  the  streets 
liefore  an  alarm  was  given.              Irving,  Granada,  p.  54. 
2.  Sooner  than ;  rather  than. 

Then  take  nty  soul ;  my  body,  soul,  and  all, 
Before  that  England  give  the  Krench  the  foil. 

.S'/mi.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  :i. 
beforehand  (be-for'hand),  adr.     [<  ME.  before- 
honit,  tiifornhand,  bivorenhond,  before,  previous- 
ly, <  biforcn,  before,  -f  hand,  bond,  hand.]     1. 
In  anticipation ;  in  advance. 

So  that  they  .  .  may  be  taught  beforehand  the  skill  of 
speaking.  Hooker. 

2t.  Before  there  is  time  for  anything  to  be 
done  ;  before  anything  is  done. 

What  is  a  man's  contending  with  insuperable  difRcul- 
ties  but  the  rolling  of  Sisyphus's  stone  up  the  hill,  whiclk 
is  soon  beforehand  to  return  upon  liim  again  'i 

•Sir  It.  L' Estrange. 
To  be  beforehand  with,  to  anticipate ;  be  in  advance 
of;  be  prci)arcd  or  leady  for. 
Agricola  .  .  .  resolves  to  be  beforetiand  with  the  danger, 

Milton. 
The  last-cited  author  has  been  beforehand  tvith  me. 

Addison. 
beforehand  (be-for'hand),  a.  [<  beforehand, 
ado.  Ct  forehanded.]  In  good  pecimiary  cir- 
cumstances; having  enough  to  meet  one's  obli- 
gations and  something  over;  forelianded:  as, 
"  rich  and  much  beforehand,"  Bacon.  [Archaic,  j 
I  now  began  to  think  of  getting  a  little  beforehand, 

Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  77. 

beforesaid  (be-for'sed),  a.  Aforesaid.  Chaucer, 
adv.     [<  ME.    before- 
Cf.  aforetime.]     For- 
merly; of  old  time;  aforetime.    [Obsolescent.] 


Beforetime  in  Israel,  when  a  man  went  to  enquire  of  God, 
thus  he  spake.  1  Sam.  i.x.  9. 


II.  prep.  1.  In  front  of,  in  time  or  position ; 
on  the  anterior  or  fore  side  of ;  in  a  jjosition  or  , 

at  a  point  in  advance  of:  as,  a  happy  future  lies  befortunet  (be-foi-  tun),  v.  f.   [<  ie-l  -I-  fortune.] 
before  you;  fce/oce  the  house  ;  6e/b)-e  the  fire,  lohaiipen;  betide. 


The  golden  age,  which  a  blind  tradition  has  hitherto 
placed  in  the  Past,  is  liefore  us. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  iii.  5. 
Before  them  went  the  priest  reading  the  burial  service. 
Hawthorns,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I. 

2.  In  presence  of;  in  sight  of;  under  the  cog- 
nizance, jurisdiction,  or  consideration  of. 

Abraham  bowed  down  himself  before  the  people  of  the 
land.  Gen.  xxiii.  12. 

They  tell  me,  if  they  might  be  brought  before  you. 
They  would  reveal  things  of  strange  consequence. 

Fletcher  {and  another).  Sea  Voyage,  iv.  2. 
If  my  lady  die, 
I'll  be  sworn  before  a  jury,  thou  art  the  cause  on  't. 


appc 

I  wish  all  good  befortune  you.      Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  3. 

befoul  (be-foul'),  V.  t.     [<  ME.  befoulen,  befulen 

(mixed  with  bcfijlen,  etc.:  see  befile),  <  be-  + 

foulcn,  foul:  see  ie-l  and  fouli,  v.]     To  make 

foul;  cover  with  filth ;  soil;  tarnish. 

Lawyers  can  live  without  befouling  each  other's  names. 

Trollape,  Baixhester  Towel's,  xxi. 

Birds  of  prey  winged  their  way  to  the  stately  tree,  be- 

foulinij  its  purity.  X.  A.  liev.,  CX.XVI.  263. 

befreckle  (be-frek'l),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  -t-  freckle.] 
To  freckle;  spot;  color  with  various  spots ;  va- 
riegate. 


Iler  aiav-befreekled  face.   Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxii.  910. 
Bku'.'aniiK.,  Scornfui  Lady,  V.  1.  bofrot  (be-fref),  v.t.;  pret.  and  pp.  befretted, 
3.  In  precedence  of;  in  advance  of,  as  regards     VW-  Whetting.     \<  be-^  +  fret^.]     To  "fret  or 
rank,  condition,  development,  etc.  gnaw  away. 

Accept  this  ring,  wherein  my  heart  is  set, 
A  constant  heait  with  burning  tlames  tjefret. 

Greene,  James  IV.   iv. 

I  can  shew  one  almost  of  the  same  nature,  but  much  6f-  \^-.e^i,^-,A  fv.p^  f^^^A'\   ,.   t     r/ j.„  i  _i_  *■...■  ^   j  t    rr" 
fore  it.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1.  befriend  (be-frend  ),  V.  t.    [<  ic-1  ■\- friend.]    To 

act  as  a  triend  to ;  coimtenance,  aid,  or  benefit ; 
assist;  favor:  as, fortune  befriended  me. 
That  you  were  once  unkind,  befriends  me  now. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cx.v. 
The  climate  [of  Chieronea]  is  not  much  befriended  by  the 
heavens,  for  the  ail"  is  thick  and  foggj'. 

Dryden,  Life  of  Plutarch. 
Every  little  pine  needle  expanded  and  swelled  with  sym- 
pathy and  befriended  me.  TImreau,  Walden,  p.  143. 

befriendment  (bf-frend'ment),  n.  [<  befriend 
+  -inent.]  The  act  of  befriending.  Foster. 
[Kare.] 

befrill  (bf-fril').  v.  t.  [<  fce-l  -hfriU.]  To  fur- 
nish or  deck  with  a  frill  or  frills. 

The  vicar's  white-haired  mother,  bef  rilled  .  .  .  with  dain- 
ty cleanliness.  George  Eliot,  .Middlemarch,  xvii. 

befringe  (be-frinj'),  V.  f.    [<he-'^  +  fringe.]    To 
furuiuh  with  a  fringe ;  adorn  as  with  fringe. 
Let  my  dirty  leaves  .  .  . 
Befringe  the  rails  of  Bedlam  and  Soho. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  i.  419. 

befriz  (bf-friz'),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  befrissed. 
ppr.   befriz::ing.     [<  fcc-l  +/)7'j.]     To  curl  the 
hair  of;  friz. 
B-fi-izzed  and  bepowdered  courtiers.  Contemporary  Bev. 

befuddle  (be-fud'l),  f.  <.  [<be-^  +  fuddle.]  To 
stupefy  or  muddle  with  intoxicants;  make  stu- 
pidly drunk. 

befur  (be-fer'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  befurred, 
\>pi:  befurring.  [<  fte-l  +  /'«)-.]  1.  To  cover  or 
supply  with  fur. — 2t.  To    fur  over;   incrust. 

^v.  e.'d. 

begl  (beg),  )'.;  pret.  and  pp.  begged,  ppr.  beg- 
ging. [Eai'ly  mod.  E.  also  bcgg,  beggc,  <  ME. 
beggen,  first  "found  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th 
century  (in  the  "Ancren  Riwle");  origin  un- 


He  that  conieth  after  me  is  preferred  before  me. 

John  i.  15. 


The  eldest  son  is  before  the  younger  in  succession. 

Johnson. 

4.  In  preference  to ;  rather  than. 

One  joyous  howre  in  blisfuU  happiues, 
I  chose  before  a  life  of  wretchednes. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  984. 
I  love  my  friend  before  myself. 

.Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  ii.  G. 

We  think  poverty  to  be  infinitely  desirable  before  the 

torments  of  covetousness.  Jer.  Taylor. 

5.  Anterior  to  in  time;  previous  to:  as,  I 
shall  return  before  six  o'clock. 

Temple  sprang  from  a  family  which,  though  ancient  and 
honourable,  had  before  his  time  been  scarcely  mentioned 
in  our  history.  Mncaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

They  arrived  close  to  Albania  about  two  hours  before 
daybreak.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  30. 

6.  Under  the  action,  influence,  or  power  of. 

Mordecai,  .  .  .  before  whom  thou  hast  begun  to  fall. 

Esther  vi.  13. 

Tower  .and  town,  as  he  advanced,  went  down  before  him. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  2. 

Before  all.  See  all—  Before  the  beam  (;ia«t.),  in  a  po- 
sition or  direction  which  lies  before  a  line  drawn  at  right 
angles  to  the  keel  at  tlie  midship  section  of  the  ship.—  Be- 
fore (or  afore)  the  mast,  as  a  coranion  sailor,  the  crew 
of  a  ship  being  berthed  in  the  forecastle  or  forward  of  the 
foremast.— Before  the  wind,  (a)  Saut.,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  wiiul :  as,  to  sail  before  the  wind,  that  is,  in  the 
direction  in  which  the  wind  blows  :  said  of  a  ship. 

We  continued  running  dead  before  the  -wind,  knowing 
that  we  sailed  better  so. 

K.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  20. 
(b)  Figuratively  and  colloquially,  in  prosperous  circum- 
stances ;  out  of  debt  or  ditticultj'. 

III.  conj.  1.  Pre\'ious  to  the  time  when: 
formerly  sometimes  followed  by  that. 

Before  I  wa.s  afflicted,  I  went  astray.  Ps.  cxix.  67. 


beg 

certain.  Various  explanations  Lave  been  of- 
fered: (1)  <  ME.  bagffe.  a  bag  (because  beggars 
carrv  bag.;:  see  first  quotation  under  bci/fidi; 
H.):"but  this  is  certainly  -n-rong.  It  would  im- 
plv  the  forms  'begrjen,  *begge,  as  variants  of 
hiigqeii,  bagge,  but  no  such  rariants  are  found 
or  are  probable,  and  no  such  sense  as  'put 
into  a  bag,'  or  'carry  a  bag.'  which  might 
connect  the  notion  of  "'bag'  with  that  of  'beg,' 
belongs  to  the  ME.  verb  btiggctt,  which  is 
found  only  in  the  sense  of  '  swell  out  Uke  a 
bag';  the  sense  of  'put  into  a  bag' is  modem, 
and  that  of  'carry  a  bag'  does  not  exist ;  bag- 
ger, moreover,  the  supposed  antecedent  of  beg- 
gar, is  only  modern.  (2)  <  AS.  hnlecian,  beg 
(conneeteci  with  Goth.  bkJagwa,  a  beggar,  ap- 
par.  <  bidjan  =  AS.  biddan,  E.  bid,  ask;  cf.  t>. 
bedelen  =  OHG.  betalon,  MHG.  betelen,  G.  bet- 
tehi,  beg.  freq.  of  D.  bidden  =  6.  bitttn  =  AS. 
biddan,  E.  bid,  ask);  but  the  AS.  bcdeeian  oc- 
curs but  once,  in  the  9th  century,  and  thei'e 
are  no  intermediate  forms  to  connect  it  with 
ME.  beggcn.  (3)  <  OFlera.  'beggin,  beg;  but 
there  is  no  such  word.  (4)  <  OF.  beg-,  the  com- 
mon radical  of  begard,  begart,  beguard,  begar 
(ilL.  begardus,  beggardus,  beghardus,  etc.),  and 
beguin  (ML.  beginus,  begginns,  beghintts,  begiii- 
nus,  etc.),  names  given  to  the  members  of  a  men- 
dicant lay  brotherhood  (see  Bcgliard  and  Be- 
gitiii ) ;  also  applied  to  any  begging  friar  or  other 
beggar.  Such  mendicants  were  very  numerous 
at  the  time  of  the  fii'st  appearance  of  the  E. 
verb,  and  the  derived  OF.  verb  beguiner,  bc- 
guiguir  (<  beguin),  with  AF.  begger,  is  actually 
found  in  the  sense  of  'beg.'  The  E.  verb  may 
be  a  back  formation  from  the  noun  beggar  (ME. 
begger,  beggcre,  beggar,  bcggare),  which  is,  in 
this  view,  an  adapted  form  (as  if  a  noun  of 
agent  in  -nil,  -eri)  of  the  OF.  begar,  begard, 
etc.,  a  Beghard.  Beghard  is  otherwise  not  found 
in  ME.,  though  the  precise  form  begger  is  found 
in  Wyclif  and  later  as  a  designation  of  the 
mendicant  friars  (Beghards),  appar.  without 
direct  reference  to  their  begging.]  1.  trans.  1. 
To  ask  for  or  supplicate  in  charity;  ask  as 
alms. 

Vet  have  I  not  seen  the  righteous  forsaken,  nor  his  seed 
begging  bread.  Ps.  xxxviL  25. 

For  all  thy  blessed  youth 
incomes  as  aged,  and  doth  bfif  the  alms 
Of  palsied  elil.  SItak.,  .M.  for  M.,  ui.  1. 

2.  To  ask  for  earnestly;  crave. 

He  (Joseph]  .  .  .  begged  the  body  of  Jesus. 

Mat,  xxvii.  5S, 

3.  To  ask  as  a  favor;  hence,  to  beseech;  en- 
treat or  supidicate  with  humility  or  earnest- 
ness: as,  I  begged  him  to  use  his  influence  in 
favor  of  my  friend. 

And  on  our  knees  we  beg 
(As  recompense  of  our  dear  services, 
Past  and  to  come)  that  you  do  cliaiitte  this  purpose. 

Shak.,  \V.  T.,  ii.  3. 
To  beg  a  person  for  a  fool',  to  take  him  for,  or  regard 

lUlll  U.-,,    U  fool. 

In  tlie  old  crunmon  law  was  a  writ  .  .  .  luider  which  if 
a  man  was  leKally  proved  an  idiot,  the  profit  of  his  lands 
.  .  ,  mi;.'ht  Ije  Kranted  hy  the  kiuK  to  any  sul)jct't.  .  ,  . 
.'^uch  a  person,  when  this  grant  was  asked,  was  said  to  be 
bfjj'jfd  Jur  a  Jiml.  Harot. 

To  t}eff  the  Question,  in  lo^jic,  to  assmne  or  take  as 
loanted  that  which  i.^  not  mure  certain  than  the  pro|)(>Kl- 
lion  to  lie  proved,  or  which  riljvionsly  involves  the  piiint 
in  (jUeMliun ;  asHUine  as  a  prendse  what  no  one  who  takes 
th<:  opposite  view  of  the  i|Ucstion  wilt  admit. 

The  sophism  of  If'i'iiiui  the  f/uetiiiiiu  Im,  then,  when  any 
thlnit  is  proved  eitlier  liy  itself  or  something  that  is  c<|ual- 
ly  unknown  with  itself. 

liurgendidtu,  tr.  by  a  Ocntloman  (ien7). 
I '     attempt  to  Infer  hi«  (.Shakspcre'sJ  classical  cduca- 
'in  tile  Internal  evidence  of  his  works  is  simjily  a 
/  '(/  the  'fueitimi, 

(i.  I*.  Marfh,  I.*;cts.  on  Kng.  Lang,,  p,  82. 
lo  riinlnlain,  ns  Hlr  Wyvllle  VUnnnm  dois,  that  32"  Is 
tif   t' niiM!mtun;  of  the  llmir  on  which  the  Antarctic  ico- 
iihcet  rests.  Is  virtually  tu  ttr<i  the  nueHtiuu. 

./.  CV'W/,  I'linmte-  ami  I'lMmoIogy,  p.  226. 
•Byn,  ^1'*.  ttr-fjuext.  Beg,  eU ,  (see  uuk\)\  to  pray  (for), 
cohfMr- ,  |,.  tldon  (for), 

II.  nihiins.  1.  To  ask  Blmx  or  charity;  prao- 
tiHo  lioi't'iTii;;  livo  by  asking  ulmH. 

I  ■  ,   I  ,1   h/;  ii,  i„^  I  am  uhamed.  Luke  xvl.  3, 

2,  Iti  t  111-  i.Mi,i(.  of  iill-fnuni,  to  BHk  of  thi)  dealer 
a  iiiM'  .  ■   ic.ii  of  one  point  to  be  aildeil  to  one's 

•'"""'        '  '   ri t  either  roncf'ilr  thi   )»ilnt  or  <lr:,| 

■■•''    '  1   .  ;ird»    to  inch  phii.r       -J 11    llf 

*'"'  1  :ij  tnmip  BpjH'nr  aiti-r  till"  II' «  il' ,tl 

'I   ■■  r.'.l,   niMUt    he  di-lllt    lo  .1,.  I,    iintli 

'   '   ■  To  beg  off,  to  obtain  release 

''  11.  i't< ..  Iiy 'hirealy  <ir  etcn^en, 

beg-  ur.o  ns  beyK 

bega,   1.1  ,ih     i-Vii.  big'jl),  n.     [Also  wriilen 

lirrg'i.  ,    /      /,,„/,,/     „|r...,   nor.   lUnil.  /ii.//i(i 


506 

Marathi  bighd.']  A  Hindu  land-measure,  locally 
varying  in  extent,  but  usually  regarded  as  equal 
to  from  one  third  to  two  thirds  of  an  English 
acre.  The  bega  of  Calcutta  is  1,600  square 
yards,  or  about  a  thii'd  of  an  acre. 
begad  (bf-gad'),  interj.  [A  minced  oath,  a  cor- 
ruption of  by  God !  Cf.  egad,  bedad.']  A  sort 
of  exclamatory  oath,  employed  to  give  weight 
to  a  statement. 

Begad,  madam,  .' .  .  'tis  the  very  same  I  met. 

Fielding,  Joseph  .Andrews. 

began  (be-gal'),  r.  t.  [<  be-i  +  gam.-\  To  gall ; 
fret :  chafe ;  rub  sore.     Bp.  Hall. 

began  (be-gan').     Preterit  of  begin. 

begat  (be-gaf).  Old  preterit  of  beget,  still 
sometimes  used  poetically. 

begaudt  (bf-gad'),  v.  t.  [Also  written  he- 
giiii-il ;  <  6e-l  +  gaud:  see  gaud^.'}  To  bedeck 
with  gaudy  things.     A'orWi. 

begaum,  ».    See  beguvfi. 

begeckt  (be-gek'),  V.  t.  [Sc.,  also  begeek  (=  D. 
be(jekke»);\  be-^  +  geek.  Ct.begunk.']  "To be- 
fool ;  gull ;  jilt.     X.  E.  D. 

begem  (bf-jem'),  ;■.  t.;  pret,  and  pp.  begemmed, 
ppr.  begemming.  [<  fcc-l  +  gem.']  To  adorn 
^vith  gems,  or  as  witli  gems ;  stuil  with  gems, 
or  anything  suggesting  them. 

The  lawn 
Begemmed  with  dew-drops. 

Scott,  L,  of  tlie  L,,  iii.  2. 

beget  (be-gef),  r.  t.;  pret.  begot,  formerly  be- 
gat, pp.  hrijiitlen,  begot,  ppr.  begetting.  [<  ME. 
hrgeten,  bcgitcn,  bigiten,  etc.,  <  AS.  begitun, 
bigitan  (=  OS.  bigitan  =  OHG.  bi(/e:an),  get,  ac- 
quire, <  be-  +  gitan,  getan,  get :  see  6e-l  and 
get^.]  1.  To  procreate;  generate:  chiefly  used 
of  the  father  alone,  but  sometimes  of  both 
parents. 

.\braham  begat  Isaac ;  and  Isaac  begat  Jacob ;  and  Jacob 
begat  Judas  and  his  brethren.  Mat.  i,  2. 

Yet  they  a  beauteous  offspring  shall  beget. 

Milton,  P,  L,,  xi,  fiUi, 

Become  stout  Marses,  and  beget  young  Cupids. 

B.  Jo7i.son,  -Vlchemist,  ii,  1, 

2.  To  produce  as  an  effect;  cause  to  exist; 
generate;  occasion:  as,  luxury  begets  vice; 
"love  is  begot  by  fancy,"  Glanville. 

Intellectual  science  h;is  been  observed  to  beget  invaria- 
bly a  doubt  of  the  existence  of  matter.   Emermn,  Nature, 

Thought  is  es.sentially  independent  of  language,  and 
speech  could  never  liave  begotten  reiuson, 

Mimrt,  Nature  and  Thought,  p,  ltJ7. 
-Syn,  Tij  breed,  engender. 

begetter  (be-get'er),  n.  One  who  begets  or  pro- 
creates; a  fatlicr. 

begetting  (be-gcfing),  h.  1.  The  act  of  pro- 
croiitiiig  or  producing. —  2.  That  which  is  be- 
got leu  ;  progeny. 

beggable  (bog'a-bl),  a.     [<  beg^  +  -able.'}     Ca- 
pable of  being  begged. 
Things  disposed  of  or  not  beggable.    Butler,  Characters, 

beggar  (bcg'ilr),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  more  com- 
monly begger,  <  ME.  begger,  beggcre,  also  btg- 
gar,  heggare,  a  beggar:  for  the  etym.,  see  fco/l. 
The  reg.  mod.  spelling  is  begger  ;  the  ME.  vari- 
ant spelling  beggar,  l)eggiire,  has  not  neces- 
sarily a  bearing ui)oii  tlio  conjectured  derivation 
from  OF.  begard,  the  sufti.x  -er  being  in  MK. 
often  variable  to  -ar ;  cf.  mod.  E.  liar.']  1. 
One  who  begs  or  asks  alms;  especially,  one 
who  lives  by  asking  alms  or  nnikos  it  his  busi- 
ness to  beg. 

Illdderes  and  tieggereg  fast  nbnllt  yede, 
With  liire  belies  and  here  bagges  of  brcdo  full  ycrantmed, 

IHern  I'tinfinan. 

2.  One  who  is  in  indigent  circumstances;  one 
who  has  been  beggared. — 3t.  One  wlio  asks  a 
favor;  one  who  entreats;  a  petitioner. 

Count,   Wilt  thou  needs  be  a  lirggar  / 
Cto.  1  do  beg  your  gootl-will  in  this  case, 

.Shak.,  Alls  Well,  I.  3. 

What  subjects  will  precarious  kings  regunl? 

A  beggar  speaks  too  softly  to  be  lieard,         Driiilen. 

4.  One  who  asHumeH  in  argument  what  lie 
does  not  prove. 

Iliese  shameful  beggam  of  priiiclplos.  TilMiion. 

5.  A  follow;  a  rogue:  used  (a)  in  conlcinpt 
for  a  low  fellow;  ('')  as  a  ti'riii  -if  playful 
fainiliniily :  ns,  lie  is  ii  good-liearled  liltli'  Ing- 
gar.  Masterful  boRgar,  See  mnnterful.To  go  or 
KO  home  by  beggar  s  bush,  to  go  to  rnln.    Ilrrurr. 

beggar  (beg'jlr),  u.  t.  fKarly  mod.  10.  nUn  heg- 
gir;  <  brgiiar,  n.]  1.  To  inako  H  bi'Kgiir  of; 
reduce  lo  bi'gifary  ;  inipoverisli. 

Whose  heiivy  htiMil  linth  bow'd  ymi  to  the  grave, 
And  btgyar'd  yours  for  over.       ahak.,  Macbeth,  lit  1, 


beggary 

Beggar'd  by  fools,  whom  still  he  found  too  late  ; 
He  "had  his  jest,  and  they  had  liis  estate, 

Dntden,  Abs,  and  Achit.,  i,  561. 
.\-  rapacious  government,  and  a  beggared  exchequer. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  653 

2.  To  exhaust  the  resources  of;  exceed  the 
means  or  capacity  of ;  outdo. 

When  the  two  heroes  met,  then  began  a  scene  of  war- 
like parade  that  beggars  all  description. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  328. 

Shakespeare  carries  us  to  such  a  lofty  strain  of  Intel. 
ligent  activity  as  to  suggest  a  wealth  which  beggars  his 
own,  Emerson,  Essays,  1st  sei',,  p,  262. 

beggardom  (beg'iir-dum),  n.  The  state  of  beg- 
gary;  the  body  or  fraternity  of  beggars. 

beggarhood  (beg 'ar- hud),  n.  [<  beggar  + 
-liiiod.]  The  character  or  state  of  being  a  beg- 
gar; beggars  collectively.  * 

beggarism  (beg'jir-izm),  n.  [<  beggar  +  -ism.] 
'rill'  state  or  coiuiition  of  beggary. 

beggarliness  (beg'ar-li-nes),  n.  [<  beggarly 
+  -«(»'.]  The  state  of  being  beggarly;  ex- 
treme poverty ;  meanness. 

beggarly  (beg'iir-li),  ((.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beggerli/ ;  <  bej/gar  +  -///I.]  1.  In  the  condition 
of  or  becoming  a  beggar;  extremely  indigent; 
poor:  mean;  contemptible:  used  of  persons 
and  things. 

A  boigarhi  account  of  empty  boxes, 

Shak.,  E,  and  J,,  v,  1, 

Beggarlg  sins,  that  is,  those  sins  which  idleness  and 

beggjiVy  usually  betray  men  to,  such  as  lying,  flattery, 

stealing,  and  dissimulation.  Jer.  Taylor. 

He  was  an  idle,  beggarly  fellow,  and  of  no  xise  to  the 
public,  Addison,  Trial  of  Punctilios. 

2.  Of  or  for  beggars.     [Rare.] 

But  moralists,  sociologists,  political  econoMiists,  and  taxes 
have  slowly  convinced  me  that  my  hegqarUi  sympathies 
were  a  sin  against  society.   Loicell,  study  Windows,  p.  51), 

beggarlyt  (beg'iir-li),  adr.    Meanly;  indigent- 
ly ;  despicably. 
It  is  his  dcliglit  to  dwell  beggarly. 

Hooker,  Eccles,  Pol,,  v,  §  IB. 

beggar-my-neighbor  (beg'ar-mi-na'bor),  ». 
[Ill  allusion  to  the  continued  loss  of  cards.]  A 
children's  game  at  cards,  in  one  variety  of  it  the 
players  hold  the  cards  witli  the  backs  upward,  and  alter- 
nately lay  one  down  till  an  honor  is  turned  up,  which 
has  to  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  four  cards  for  an  ace, 
three  for  a  king,  etc, ;  and  the  game  goes  on  thus  till  one 
li;is  gained  all  the  other's  cards. 

beggars-basket  (beg'iirz-bSs'ket),  )i.  The 
Eurn]>i-aii  lungwort,  I'Hhnonaria  o_(lieinalis. 

beggar's-lice  (beg'iirz-Hs),  n.  1."  An  English 
nanie  of  Galium  Aparine,  or  goose-grass,  given 
to  it  because  its  burs  stick  to  the  clothes,  and 
sonic'wluit  resemble  lice. —  2.  The  name  given 
in  tlii>  United  States  to  species  of  Bi<lenf:  ami  to 
ICeliinosjiermum  Virginieum,  the  seeds  of  which 
have  barbed  awnis  which  ding  persistently  to 
clothing.     Also  called  heggar's-ticks. 

beggar's-needle  (bog'iirz-'ne''dl),  ».  An  Eng- 
lish popular  iiauio  for  the  Hcantlix  Pcctcn,  from 
its  loiig-bcakc'd  fronds. 

beggar's-ticks  (beg'ilrz-tiks),  n.  Same  as  beg- 
gars-liee,  'Z.     Also  WTitteu  beggartick.t. 

It  [the  garden]  was  over.run  with  Roman  wonnwood 
mill  lieggarticks,  which  last  stuck  to  my  clothes, 

Thoreau,  Waldeii,  p,  282. 

beggar-weed  (beg'ilr-wed),  n.  [Cf.  beggani'i, 
li.J  A  inline  sometimes  given  in  England  to 
the  coniiiion  door-weed,  I'ohigonum  arirulare, 
to  Cu.ieutit  Trijolii,  and  to  some  oilier  plants. 

beggary'  (beg'lir-i),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
III ggi  rg,  <  Ml'!,  beggerie,  <  beggerc,  beggar.]  1. 
The  state  of  a  beggar;  a  condition  of  extreme 
indigence. 

"ris  the  narrowness  of  human  nature, 
Itnr  poverty  and  lieggarg  (»f  spirit, 
'I'o  take  exception  at  these  things. 

/,'.  .loiiKon,  'llie  New  Inn.  Iv.  S, 

liis  vessel  with    an  inestimahje  cargo  lias  just  gone 

down,  and  he  is  reduced  in  a  monienl  from  opuleneu  to 

beggary.  .Mavaulay,  Lord  llacon, 

2t.  The  act  or  practice  of  begging ;  the  oecil- 
patlon  of  II  beggar;  begging. 

We  iiniHt  be  careful  that  our  charity  do  not  ininister  to 
idleiicHH  and  the  love  oi  beggary. 

Jer.  7'ayliir,  *)reat  Kxeniplar. 

3.  Beggars  collectively;   beggardom;  beggar- 
hood. 

The  V\ar.7.n  Is  invaded  by  the  legions  of  beggary,  and 
held  In  overpowering  numbers  against  all  comers, 

lliiii;  Ih,  Venetian  Lite,  xvlil. 

4.  A  state  of  baroness  or  deliciency. 

The  freedom  and  the  beggam  of  the  old  studio, 

Thackertiy. 

beggary'-'  (bi'g'llr-i),  a.  [<  beggar  +  -)/!.]  1. 
Higgiirly;  iioor;  fiieaii.  [Kare,] — 2.  Full  "f 
wceda.     [Local,  Eng.] 


begger 

beggert,  beggeryt.  Fonnor  and  more  regular 
spclluiKs  of  bfiii'iar,  bci/i/iiry. 

begging  (beg'iug),  ■«.  [<  ME.  hcijininrie ;  verbal 
)i.  of  ^cf/l.]  The  act  of  asking  or  soliciting; 
tlie  oeeupation  of  a  beggar. 

bsggyt  (beg'i),  »■     Same  as  hey^. 

'i'liL'i-e  used  to  be  a  still  more  powerful  personafje  at  the 
licacl  of  the  Uuif,  called  the  Divan  Biiiiiy.  liiinnjhaw. 

Beghard  (beg'ard),  «.  [<  ML.  Beghanlus,  he- 
gardus,  beggurdus,  begehardus,  begiluirdus  (ef. 
It.  Sp.  Pg.  begardo,  MHG.  beghart,  begchard,  G. 
beghart,  Flem.  beggacrt,  OF.  begard,  bcgart, 
begar,  with  a  later  equiv.  ML.  bcghinus,  bcgi- 
ntcs,  etc.,  OF.  beguin,  etc.,  E.  Beguiii),  formed, 
with  the  suffix  -ardus,  -aril  (and  later  -inus, 
-ill,  after  the  fern.  ML.  bcghimi,  begiiia,  etc., 
OP.  bcguine,  etc.,  E.  Beguin,  Beguine),  from  the 
name  of  the  founder  of  the  sisterhood  of  Be- 
guins,  namely,  Lambert  Begue  or  le  Bcgue :  see 
Beguin,  Begninc.']  One  of  a  body  of  religious 
enthusiasts  which  arose  in  Flanders  in  the  thir- 
teenth century;  a  Beguin  (which  see).  Also 
written  Begiiard.     [Often  without  a  capital.] 

legild  (be-gild'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  begilded, 
begilt,-p\)V.bcgiUling.  [<.  bc-^  +  gild^.'\  To  gild: 
as,  "  bride-laces  bcgilt,"  B.  Jonson,  King's  En- 
tertainment. 

The  lightning-flash  from  swords,  casks,  courtilaces, 
With  quiv'riug  beams  becfihls  the  neighbour  grasses. 

Si/lvester,  Buttaile  of  Yvry  (trans.),  p.  102. 

legin  (bf-gin'),  V. ;  pret.  began,  sometimes  be- 
gun, Y)-p.'begitn,  ppr.  beginning.  [<  ME.  begin- 
ncn,  higiniien  (pret.  began,  began,  pi.  bcgunne, 
begunnin,  begonne,  etc.,  pp.  Iii-giinncii,  ingnnnen, 
begiinnc,  etc;),  <  AS.  begiiiiiiin,  higiniiini  (pret.  be- 
gan, pi.  begunnon,  pp.  begunnen)  =  OS.  biginnan 
=  OFries.  beginna,  bejenna  =  D.  beginnen  = 
OHG.  biginnan,  MHG.  G.  beginnen,  begin;  AS. 
more  commonly  onginnan,  raviAy  dginiian,  ME. 
aginnen,  and  by  apheresis  ginnen,  mod.  E.  obs. 
or  |iort.  gin ;  also  with  still  different  prefixes, 
OHG.  iiiginnan,  cnginnen,  and  Goth,  duginnan, 
begin :  <  be-  (E.  6e-l)  or  on-,  cl-  (E.  a-2),  -I-  *(;««- 
nan,  not  found  in  the  simple  form,  prob.  orig. 
'open,  open  up'  (a  sense  retained  also  by  the 
OHG.  inginnan,  MHG.  cnginnen),  being  prob. 
connected  with  (a)  AS.  ginian=:  OHG.  ginen, 
MHG.  gineii,  geiien,  G.  gahnen,  gape,  yawn,  (6) 
AS.  gina-ii  =  loel.  gina,  gape,  yawn,  (c)  AS. 
ganiau,  E.  yawn  =  OHG.  geinon,  MHG.  geinen, 
gape,  yawn  (cf.  Gr.  x''-'^veiv,  gape,  yawn);  all 
"variously  with  n-  formative  from  the  root  *gi, 
seen  also  in  OHG.  gien  and  giwcn,  gewon,  MHG. 
giwen,  gewen  =  L.  hiare  =  OBulg.  eijati  =  Russ. 
ryatj  =  Bohem.  .sitiafi  =  Lith.  zhioti,  etc.,  gape, 
yawn  (of.  Gr.  ;fd<TKfn',  yawn,  x^oc,  chaos,  ;i'dc/za, 
■chasm,  etc.:  see  chaos,  cliasm):  see  yawn  and 
hiatus.  Cf.  o])en  as  equiv.  to  begin,  and  close  as 
•equiv.  to  end.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  the  first 
step  in;  set  about  the  performance  or  accom- 
plishment of ;  enter  upon ;  commence. 

Ye  nymphs  of  Solyma,  begin  the  song. 

Pope,  Messiah,  1.  1. 

2.  To  originate;  be  the  originator  of:  as,  to 
begin  a  dynasty. 

Proud  Nimrod  first  the  savage  chase  began. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  61. 

3.  To  trace  from  anything  as  the  first  ground; 
■date  the  beginning  of. 

The  apostle  beginn  our  knowledge  in  the  creatures 
■which  leads  us  to  the  knowledge  of  God.  Locke. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  set  about,  institute,  undertake,  originate, 
initiate. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  come  into  existence;  arise; 
■originate :  as,  the  present  German  empire  be- 
^an  with  William  1. 

Made  a  selfish  war  begin. 

Tenngaon,  To  F.  D.  Maurice. 

a.  To  take  a  first  step ;  commence  in  any  course 

■or  operation ;  make  a  start  or  commencement. 

No  change  of  disposition  begum  yet  to  show  itself  in 

England.  Jefferson,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  436. 

The  contest  raged  from  morning  until  night,  when  the 
Moors  began  to  yield.  Jrving,  Granada,  p.  35. 

To  begin  the  board.   See  ^"««/.— To  begin  with,  (a) 

To  eiilei-  u,Kin  tirst ;  iisi'  ur  etiiplny  first ;  as,  to  hegin  uitli 
the  Latin  ^rannnar  ;  li>  hegiii  irtth  prayer,  (b)  At  the  out- 
Set  ;  as  the  first  thing  to  lie  considered ;  first  of  all :  as,  to 
beg-In  with,  I  do  not  like  its  color. 

Animals  can  be  trained  to  behave  in  a  way  in  which,  to 
begin  with,  they  are  incapable  of  behaving. 

T.  H.  Green,  Prolegomena  to  Ethics,  §  113. 

legint  (be-gin'),  m.     [<.begin,v.'\    A  beginning. 

Let  no  whit  thee  dismay 
The  hard  beginne  that  meetes  thee  in  the  dore. 

.'■Ipenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  iii.  21. 

beginner  (be-gin'er),  w.  [ME.  begy liner;  <  be- 
gin  +  -eri.]    1.  One  who  begins  or  originates ; 


507 

one  who  starts  or  first  loads  off ;  an  author  or 
originator. 

Wliere  are  the  vile  beginners  of  this  fray? 

Shale,  K.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 
2.  Onebeginningto learn orpractise  ;  anovice; 
r  tyro:  as,  "a  sermon  of  a  new  beginner," 
Smifl.    . 

There  are  noble  passages  in  it,  but  they  are  for  the  adept 
and  not  f(jr  the  beginner. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  R.  W.  Emerson,  xiv. 

beginning  (be-gin'ing),  «.     [<  ME.  beginninge, 

beginnunge  {=  MHG.  beginimnge) ;  verbal  n.  of 

begin.]     1.  The  origin  ;  source;  first  cause. 

I  am  .  .  .  the  beginning  and  the  ending.  Rev.  i.  8. 

2.  The  point  of  time  or  epoch  at  which  any- 
thing begins ;  specifically,  the  time  when  the 
universe  began  to  be. 

In  the  beginning  God  created  the  heaven  and  the  earth. 

Gen.  1.  1. 

It  was  reserved  for  Hutton  to  declare  for  the  first  time 
that  the  rocks  around  us  reveal  no  trace  of  the  beginning 
of  things.  Geikie,  Geol.  Sketches,  ii. 

3.  The  initial  stage  or  first  part  of  any  pro- 
cess or  ])roeeeding;  the  starting-point:  as,  a 
small  beginning. 

He  was  come  to  that  height  of  honour  out  of  base  be- 
ginnings. Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  SS-l. 

The  beginning  of  writing  is  the  hieroglyphic  or  symbol- 
ical picture,  the  beginning  of  worship  is  fetishism  or  idol- 
atry, the  beginning  of  eloquence  is  pictorial,  sensuous, 
and  metapliorical,  the  beginning  of  philosophy  is  the 
niytli.  Leeky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  1.12. 

beginningless  (l)e-gin'ing-les),  a.  [<  beginning 
+  -less.']  Having  no  beginning:  correlative  to 
endless.  [Rai'e.]' 
begird  (be-gerd'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  begirt, 
begirded,  ppr.  begirding.  [<  ME.  begirden, 
only  in  pret.  or  pp.  begurt,  <  AS.  begyrdan 
{—  OHG.  bigiirtjan;  cf.  Goth,  bigairdan,  strong 
verb),  <  be-  +  gijrdan,  gird :  see  ftc-l  and  gird^.] 
1.  To  bind  witii  a  band  or  girdle. —  2.  To  sur- 
round ;  inclose ;  encompass. 

Uther's  son 
Begirt  with  British  and  Armoric  knights. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  581. 

begirdle  (be-ger'tU),  v.  t.  [<  6c-l  +  girdle.] 
To  sm-round  or  encircle  as  with  a  girdle. 

Like  a  ring  of  lightning  they  .  ,  .  begirdle  her  from 
shore  to  shore.  Carlgle,  French  Rev.,  III.  vii.  3. 

begirtt  (be-gerf),  V.  t.  [A  form  of  begird,  inf., 
due  to  the  frequent  pp.  begirt,  pret.  and  pp. 
being  the  same  as  those  of  begird.]  To  be- 
gird; encompass. 

Begirt  the  wood,  and  fire  it. 

Massinger,  Bashful  Lover,  iii.  5. 
To  begirt  the  almighty  throne, 
Beseeching  or  besieging.  Milton,  P.  L,,  v.  868. 

beglare  (be-glar'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  glare.]  To 
glare  at  or  on.     [A  humorous  coinage.] 

So  that  a  bystander,  without  beholding  Mrs.  Wilfer  at 
all,  nnist  have  known  at  whom  she  was  glaring  by  seeing 
her  refracted  from  the  countenance  of  the  beglared  one. 
Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  I.  xvi. 

beglerbeg  (beg'ler-beg'),  n.   Same  as  bei/lerbey. 

beglerbeglic  (beg'ler-beg'lik),  n.  Same  as 
bei/lvrbciilik: 

beglooni  (be-gl6m'),  f.  *•  [<  fte-^  +  gloom.]  To 
make  gloomy ;  darken.     [Rare.] 

begnaw  (be-na'),  V.  t.  [ME.  not  found;  <  AS. 
begnagan,  gnaw,  <  be-  -h  gnagan,  gnaw:  see 
Je-l  and  gnaw.]  To  bite  or  gnaw;  eat  away; 
corrode  ;  "nibble  at.     [Rare.] 

The  worm  of  conscience  still  be-gnaw  thy  soul. 

Sliak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

begot  (be-go'),  V.  t;  pret.  bewent,  pp.  begone. 
[<  ME.  began,  bigon,  <  AS.  began  (=  D.  beguan 
=  OHG.  bigan,  SIHG.  began,  begen,  G.  begelun), 
<  be-,  by,  about,  +  gan,  go :  see  6e-l  and  go.] 
1.  To  go  about;  encompass;  suirouud. —  2. 
To  clothe;  attire. —  3.  To  surround  or  beset; 
affect  as  a  circumstance  or  influence:  now 
only  in  the  perfect  participle  begone,  in  woebe- 
gone, beset  with  woe  (originally  in  the  con- 
struction him  was  wo  began,  in  which  wo  is  the 
subject  and  him  the  dative  object,  subsequent- 
ly made  the  subject). 

So  was  I  glad  and  wel  begon. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1,  171. 

begodt  (be-god'),  «>•  t-  [<  6e-l  +  god.]  To  dei- 
fy: as,  -'begodded  sa'mts,"  South,  Sermons,  V. 
xevii. 
begonel  (be-gon').  [Prop,  two  words,  be  gone 
(he,  inf.  or'impv. ;  gone,  pp.),  irreg.  united,  as 
also  in  beware.]  Begone;  go  away;  depart. 
Begone !  you  ai-e  my  brother ;  that's  your  safety. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iv.  1. 

"  You  must  begone,"  said  Death ;  "  these  walks  .ire  mine." 
Tennyson,  Love  and  Death. 

begone^t  (be-gon').    Past  participle  of  bego. 


Beguard 

Begonia  (be-go'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Micliid  Began  (1G;38-1710),  a  French  promoter 
of  science.]  A  very  largo  genus  of  polypeta- 
lous  exogenous  plants,  the  type  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Begoniacem.  They  are  mostly  herbaceous, 
natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  and  are  fre- 


Mm%^ 


Begonia  pannosa. 
(z,  branch  with  male  flowers  ;  b,  c.  two  forms  of  styles  and  stigmas; 
(t.  fruit.    ( 1-rom  Lc  Maout  and  Decaisnc's  "  'Traits  general  dc  Bota* 
nique.") 

tpient  in  ctlltivation  as  foliage-phuits  and  for  their  showy 
or  singular  flowers.  A  very  great  diversity  in  the  often 
brilliant  coloring  of  the  leaves  has  been  reached  by  skilful 
crossing.  From  the  shape  of  their  large,  obliijue,  fleshy 
leaves  some  species  are  known  by  the  name  of  elephant's- 
ear.  The  succulent  acid  stalks  of  several  species  are  used 
as  i»nt-berbs. 
Begoniacese  (bf-go-ni-a'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Be- 
gonia -(-  -acece.]  A  natiu'al  order  of  plants,  al- 
lied to  the  Cucurbitaceie  and  Cactacece,  of  which 
Begonia  is  the  typical  genus.  The  only  other  genera 
are  milebrandia  of  the  .Sandwich  Islands,  monotypic,  and 
Begoniella  of  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  of  only  two 
species. 

begoniaceous  (be-go-ni-a'shius),  a.  Belonging 
to  or  resembling  tiie  Begoniacew. 

begore  (be-gor'), «).  t  [<  ie-l  +  j/orel.]  To  be- 
smear with  gore.     Spen.-ier. 

begot  (be-gof).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
beget, 

begotten  (be-got'n).    Past  participle  of  beget. 

begrace  (be-gras'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  grace.]  To 
say  "your  gi-ace"  to;  addi'ess  by  tlie  title  of  a 
duke  or  bishop.   Holinshed.    [Rare.] 

begra'Vet  (bf-grav'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  begraven,  <  AS. 
begrafan,  bm-y  (=  OS.  bigrabhan  =  D.  begraven 
=  OHG.  bigraban  =  Sw.  begrafva  =  Dan.  be- 
grave,  bury,  =  Goth,  bigraban,  dig  around),  <  be- 
+  grafan,  grave,  dig:  see  6e-l  and  graved,  v.] 
1.  To  bury.  Gower. — 2.  To  engi'ave. 
With  great  sleight 
Of  workmanship  it  was  hegrave. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  L 

begrease  (be-gres'),  v.  t.  [<  6c-l  +  grease.]  To 
soil  or  daub  with  grease  or  other  oily  matter. 

begrime  (bf-grim'),  r.  *.      [<.  be-^  +  grime.]   To 
make  grimy;  cover  or  impress  as  with  dirt  or 
grime. 
The  justice-room  begrimed  with  ashes. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 
=  Syn.  Tarnish,  etc.    See  soil. 

begrudge  (be-gruj'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
begrutch,<.  ME.  begrucchen :  see  6e-l  and  grudge.] 
To  grudge ;  envy  the  possession  of. 

There  wants  no  teacher  to  make  a  poor  man  begrudge 
his  powerful  and  wealthy  neighbour  both  his  actual  share 
in  the  government,  and  his  disproportionate  share  of  the 
good  things  of  this  hfe.  Brougham. 

begruntlet  (be-grun'tl),  v.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  gritntle. 

Ct.  disgruntle.]    To  render  imeasy ;  disconcert. 

The  Sijaniards  were  begnaitled  with  these  scruples. 

Bp.  Haeket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  L  131. 

begrutcht,  ''•  t-    Obsolete  form  of  begrudge. 

begrutten  (be-gmt'n),  a.  [<  6e-l  +  grutten, 
pp.  of  greit,  greet,  cry :  see  greet^.]  Showing 
the  effects  of  much  weeping ;  marred  or  swollen 
in  face  through  sore  or  continued  weeping. 
[Scotch.] 
Poor  things,  .  .  .  they  are  sae  begrutten. 

Scott,  Monastery,  viii. 

begstert,  "•  A  Middle  English  form  of  beggar. 
(hanrtr. 

Begtashi  (beg-ta'she).  H.  [Turk.]  A  secret 
religious  order  in  Tm'key  resembling  the  order 
of  Freemasons,  employing  passwords  and  signs 
of  recognition  very  similar  to,  and  in  some 
cases  identical  with,  those  of  the  latter  order, 
and  including  many  thousands  of  influential 
members.     Imp.  Diet. 

beguan  (beg'wan),  n.  [Prob.  a  native  name.] 
A  bezoar  or  concretion  found  in  the  intestines 
of  the  iguana. 

Beguard,  «.     See  Beghard. 


beguile 

■begnile  (be-gU'),  r.  t.     [<  ME.  hegilen,  hegylen 

(=  MD.  beghijlen),  <  be-  +  gilen,  gylen,  guile, 

deceive:  see  6«-l  and  (7i(i7f .]    1.  To  delude  with 

guile;  deceive;  impose  on  by  artifice  or  craft. 

The  serpent  beguiled  me,  and  I  did  eat.         Gen.  iii.  13. 

By  expectation  ever>-  day  beffuWd, 

Dupe  of  to-morrow  even  from  a  child. 

Cowper,  My  Mother's  Picture. 

2.  To  elude  or  check  by  artifice  or  craft ;  f oU. 

Twas  yet  some  comfort, 
When  miser>-  could  beguile  the  tyrant's  rage. 
And  frustrate  his  proud  will.        5Aai'.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

3.  To  deprive  of  irksomeness  or  unpleasant- 
ness by  diverting  the  mind;  render  unfelt; 
cause  to  pass  insensibly  and  pleasantly;  while 
away. 

I  would  bfffxtiU 
The  tedious  day  with  sleep.     Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 
Chiefs  of  elder  Art ! 
Teachers  of  wisdom  !  who  could  once  b^guUe 
My  tedious  hours.  Roncoe^  To  my  Books. 

4.  To  transform  as  if  by  charm  or  guile ;  charm. 

Till  to  a  smile 
The  goodwife's  tearful  face  he  did  beguile, 

Wiltiam  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  11.  225. 

5.  To  entertain  as  with  pastimes ;  amuse. 

The  tales 
'With  wliich  this  day  the  children  she  beguiled 
She  glean'd  from  Breton  grandanies  when  a  child. 

J/.  Arnold,  lYistram  and  Iseult,  iii. 

To  beguile  of,  to  deprive  of  hy  guile  or  pleasing  artifice. 

The  writer  who  beguiles  of  their  tediousness  the  dull 

hours  of  life.  Everett,  Orations,  I.  302. 

=SyiL  1.  Cheat,  mislead,  inveigle. —  3-5,  Amuse,  Divert, 

(tc.  (?rt-  umu.^e);  clieer,  solace. 
beguilement  (be-gil'ment),  «.      [<  beguile   + 

-HI'  H^]    Tho  act'  of  beguiling;  the  state  of  bc- 

in2  beguiled. 
beguiler  (be-gi'ler),  n.    One  who  or  that  •which 

b.-^'iiili-s  or  deceives, 
beguilingly  (bf-gJ'ling-ll),  adv.     In  a  manner 

I.I  licguile  or  deceive, 
beguiltyt  (be-gil'ti),  c.  t.    [<  6e-l  -1-  giiilty.]   To 

rcuJcr  guilty ;  burden  with  a  sense  of  guilt. 

By  easy  commutations  of  public  penance  for  a  private 
pecuniary  mulct  Ithtm]  dost  at  once  beguilty  tlline  own 
c'.n.si-iciicL-  witli  Sordid  bribery. 

Bp.  Sanderson,  Sennons,  p.  27r». 

Beguin,  Beguine  (beg'in;  sometimes,  as  mod. 
F.,  ba-gau',  m.,  -gen',  f.),  n.  [(1)  Beguin,  Be- 
guine, fem.:  early  mod.  E.  also  begin,  bcginc, 
begliine,  bcggiii,  higin,  higgaijne,  <  AIE.  begync, 
hygynnc.  <  OF.  bcgiiiiic,  mod.  F.  hegidnc  =  Sp. 
Pg.  begiiinti  =  It.  heghinn,  bighina  (MU.  begliijne, 
D.  begijn,  LG.  and  G.  hegine),  <  ML.  begliina, 
beginii,  beggiua,  beguina,  biginii,  etc.  (cf.  E.  ?«';/- 
(/iiil,  from  the  same  source).  (2)  Beguin,  masc, 
<  OF.  beguin,  mod.  F.  beguin  =  Sp.  Pg.  beguino 
=  It.  bigliino.  bighino,  <  AIL.  beghiiiii.s,  beginus, 
begginu.s,  biguinus,  biginus,  etc. :  formed,  first  as 
fem.,  with  siiffi.x  -in,  ML.  -itia,  -inns,  from  the 
name  of  Lambert  liegue  or  le  Begue  (i.  e.,  tho 
stammerer :  OF.  begue,  mod.  F.  begue,  dial. 
beitjue,  biegne,  stammering ;  of  unknown  origin), 
a  priest  of  Li<>ge,  who  founded  the  sisterhood. 
See  also  Beglmrd.  The  origin  of  the  name  was 
not  generally  known,  and  the  forms  varied, 
leading  to  many  etymological  conjectures. 
The  connection  with  E.  beggar  nnil  /<«/'  is  per- 
haps real;  in  the  sense  of  'hypocrite'  and 
'bigot' (as  in  It.  begliino),  the  word  was  later 
eonfu.'icd  with  bigot,  q.  v.]  1.  A  name  given 
to  the  members  of  various  religious  eoniinuni- 
ticHof  women  who,  pirofessiiig  a  life  of  jiovcrly 
and  self-denial,  went  about  in  course  gray 
clothing  (of  midyed  wool),  reading  the  Scrip- 
tur«-.s  and  exhorting  the  i)eople.  They  orlKlnaled 
in  Hj."  twelfiti  or  tlitrteeiith  ccnturv.  and  foniuTly  Hour- 
i.!r  1  iriiMTniany,  the  NetbertandN,  i'raiirf,  and  Italy:  and 
• '  1.  iiiiiiltiftt  i,f  the  name  Htlil  t\iM  in  I'.cl^lum.  Hnv  be* 
T'-n'tf.    (Now  ijenurally  written /;.-,'/"iiic.J 

And  I'arnt-  Atmlincnci-  fttrcyiicd, 

1'oke  nn  a  robe  of  kanii-lyne. 

And  Kan  her  graithu  (tlri-MM)  ajt  n  In/f/i/nne. 

Itiim.  i,f  the  llotr,  I.  7368. 

«  .■  •   .   «.,,,(,,.„  t,nd  begiiins.    World  nf  Wonders,  1(J08. 

'I  the  cX'bnruomanterH  and  liln  dnUKh- 

'■  --..M,  went  l»y  iiU  Bide  nn  he  wiut  led  to 

'«'■  "'  Mulleg,  Dntrll  Itejillblli:,  II.  412. 

[Only  Itiguin.']  A  memlwr  of  a  eomniiiiiity 

'         '   'I  'in  the  Hnine  general  prin<'i|)le 

1    llie  MegnilieH  (xee   1).      Iliiybu. 

IlidIM  fllTlnil  -.  '  ■piTbllly  Wllb  li)M. 
vUiirJi  Wire  iifltTHitril  Iil"Ii:ti;.ll<'d 
'   .  i.f  Wonii'll.     TIm)   W.Ti    '  'ill't.   MUM  «| 

'I  ibi'  ■•nrly  part  of  IIm'  rem  i.i nlli 

I    ^-11  Inn  Jiiiiii-d  tb<-riiM<  Im  '  III  iiiiiii- 

I.  r»  of  frlnr*.     I  lir  «.^  l,  i;.  m  i 

.I'Jcrtof    ni-viTi-    nii'ioiill'  -,    Itliil 

'    folUiwIiiu   •  i-hlury,  but   i'in- 
V   nilddlcof  (iMnlflcenlb.    AIM! 


2. 

..f 


iieni  have  \n'' 
ithuui  lapltali.] 


n  fref|iienlly  uiied 


508 

begninage  (beg'in-5j,  or,  as  mod.  F.,  ba-ge- 
niizh'),  n.  [F.  ht'guinage,  OF.  beguinage  (> ML. 
beghinagium),  <  beguine,  a  Beguine.  See  Be- 
guin and  -age.']  A  community  of  Beguines. 
A  beguinage  usually  consists  of  a  large  walled  inclosure, 
containing  a  number  of  small  detached  houses,  each  in- 
habited by  one  or  two  Beguines ;  there  are  also  some  com- 
mon houses,  especially  fur  the  novices  and  yoilnger  mem- 
bers of  the  community.  In  the  center  is  the  church,  where 
certain  religious  offices  are  performed  iu  common.  Each 
Beguine  keeps  possession  of  her  own  property,  and  may 
support  herself  from  it,  or  from  the  work  of  her  hands, 
or  by  serving  others  in  their  houses.  Tliey  are  free  to 
leave  at  any  time,  and  take  only  simple  vows  of  chastity 
and  obedience  during  residence.  Pious  women  may  also. 
under  certain  restrictions,  rent  houses  and  live  inside  the 
inclosure  without  formally  joining  the  community.  Such 
establishments  are  now  chietly  met  with  in  Belgium;  the 
immense  one  near  Ghent,  built  by  the  Duke  of  Aremlierg 
in  IS74,  is  the  finest  example,  and  oue  of  the  most  recent. 

Beguine,  «.     See  Beguin. 

begumi  (be-gum'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  begummed, 
ppr.  begumming.  [<  fce-l  +  </«)«'-.]  To  daub 
or  cover  with  gum.     Swift. 

begum-  (be'gum),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  bee- 
gum,  begaum,  <  Hind,  begam  (cf.  Pers.  baigim, 
a  lady),  <  Tm'ki  bigim,  a  princess,  fem.  of  big, 
bik  =  Turk,  beg,  bey,  a  prince :  see  bey'^.']  The 
title  of  a  Hindu  princess  or  lady  of  high  rank. 

begun  (bf-gun').  Past  participle  and  some- 
times preterit  of  begin. 

begunk   (bf-gungk'),  c.  t.     [Also  spelled  be- 
gink,  perhaps  a  nasalized  variation  of  equiv. 
Se .  begeek,  q.  v.    See  also  remark  under  l)etlu ni . ] 
To  befool;  deceive;  balk;  jilt.     [Scotch.] 
Whose  sweetheart  has  beijuitked  him. 

lUaclnmud's  Hag.,  VIII.  426. 

begunk  (bf-gungk'),  n.  [<  begunk,  «>.]  .An 
illusion;  a  trick;  a  cheat.     [Scotch.] 

If  I  havena'  gien  Inchgrabbit  and  Jamie  Howie  abonnie 
begunk,  they  ken  tliemscl's.        .Scott,  Wavcrley,  II.  x.V-W. 

behad  (be-hiid').  a.     [Contr.  of  Sc.  *hehald  = 
E.  beholden.']    Beholden;  indebted.     [Scotch.] 
behalf  (be-haf),  n.     [<  ME.  behiilre,  hilialre.  iu 
the  phrase  on  (or  upon,  or  in)  Inlialrc,  iu  be- 
half, incorrectly  used  for  on  halce  (<  AS.  oh 
hcalj'c,  on  the  side  or  part  of),  owing  to  confu- 
sion with  ME.  Itehalre,  hehalven,  bchiilrcs,  adv. 
and  prep.,  by  the  side  of,  near,  <  AS.  6c  healfe, 
by  tho  side:  see  be--,  by''-,  and  half,  n.    Cf.  be- 
hoof]    1.  Advantage,  benefit,  interest,  or  de- 
fense (of  somebody  or  something). 
In  the  behalf  of  his  mistress's  beauty.       Sir  P.  Sidne;/. 
I  was  moved  to  speak  in  behalf  of  the  absent. 

.Sumner,  Prison  Discipline. 

2t.  Affair;  cause;  matter. 

In  an  unjust  behalf.  .Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 

[Always  governed  by  the  preposition  in,  on, 
or  uj>on.  See  note  under  behoof] —  In  this  or 
that  behalf,  in  respect  of,  or  with  regard  to,  this  or  tliat 
iiKiltcr. 

behapt  (lie-hap'),  r.».   [<  6c-i  + /iopi.]  Tohap- 

lirll. 

behappent  (be-hap'n),  v.  i.    [<  6c-i  +  happen, 
appar.  suggested  by  befall.]     To  happen. 
That  is  the  greatest  sliame,  and  foulest  scorne, 
Which  unto  any  knight  behanjien  may. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  .\1.  !,i. 

behatet,  '••  <•     [ME. ;  <  6e-i  +  hate.^    To  hate ; 

<letcst.     Chaueer. 

beha'7e  (bo-hav'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  behaved, 
ppr.  Iiehai'ing.  [<  late  ME.  beharen,  restrain, 
refl.  behavo  (see  iir.st  quot.),  <  ic-1  +  hare 
(which  thus  coiii])oun(tc(l  took  tlio  full  inflec- 
tions (])ret.  rarely  hi  had  and  irreg.  Inhrft)  and 
developed  rog.  into  tlic  mod.  ]iriin.  hav).  'I'lic 
word  is  formally  identical  with  AS.  Inliahhan, 
hold,  surrciuiid,  restrain  (=  I  )S.  bihihhian,  hcilil, 
surround,  =<JH(i.  bihaben,  MUG.  /«7in/)i;i,  hold, 
take  possession  of),  <  be,  about,  +  habban,  have, 
hold:  see  6c-i  and  Artir.]  I,  tran.i.  If.  To  gov- 
ern; manage;  conduct;  regtdato. 
To  Fliirciue  they  can  hnr  ki'iuie. 
To  Icrne  luir  to  bi'.have  hiir  among  men. 

he  Hone  l''lorewe,\.  IGOi. 
He  dill  behave  his  nnKcr  ero  'twiw  spent. 

Shnk.,  T.  of  A.,  III.  .'.. 

[The old  editions  read  hehonre'm  this  iinssnge.] 
—  2.    AVith  a  rellexivo  jironoun,  to  eonduct, 
comport,  acquit,  or  demean,  (n)  In  some  speci- 
lied  way. 
Thone  that  behaved  themselves  niandilly.     2  Mac.  II.  21. 

We  behaved  not  ourselves  dlnordrrly  among  ymi. 

2  The*.  III.  7. 

(fc)  Absolutely,  in  a  eomniendablo  or  jiroper 
way;  well  or  properly:  as,  biliare  uoumelj ;  they 
will  not  behavo  tUemnelvcu. — 3f.  To  employ  or 
occupy. 

Where  eaue  alKiwnilH  yt'it  rath  to  doe  ntnlR  : 
lint  who  IiIh  Ihiibn  with  biliunrii,  and  hU  niynil 
Uehavet  with  cureH,  cunnol  no  cany  iiiln. 

iilHiuer,  y.  U  .  11    III   40. 


behavior 

H,  intrans.  [The  reflexive  pronoun  omitted.  J 
To  act  iu  any  relation ;  have  or  exhibit  a  mode 
of  action  or  conduct :  used  of  persons,  and  also 
of  things  ha\ing  motion  or  operation,  (a)  In 
a  particular  manner,  as  specified :  as,  to  behave 
well  or  ill ;  the  ship  behaves  well. 

But  he  w.is  wiser  and  well  heheft. 

B.  Jonson,  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 
Electricity  behaves  like  an  incompressible  fluid, 

Atkinson,  tr.  of  Mascart  and  Joubert,  I.  110. 

(Zi)  Absolutely,  in  a  i)roper  manner:  as,  why 
do  you  not  behave? 
beha'Ved  (be-hiivd'),  ji.  o.    Mannered;  conduct- 
ed :  usually  with  some  qualif  j-ing  adverb  ■.  as, 
a  well-6e7iai?e(J  person. 

Gather  by  him,  .as  he  is  hchav'd. 
If  *t  be  the  affliction  of  his  love,  or  no, 
That  thus  lie  sutlers  fur.        Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 
Why,  I  take  the  French-/)i'/i«  I'fif  gentleman. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2, 
.\  very  pretty  behaved  gentleman. 

.Sheridan,  Tlie  Rivals,  v.  1. 

behavior,  behaviour  (be-hav'yor),  h.  [Th& 
latter  spt-'lliug  is  usual  in  England;  early  mod. 
E.  behavoure,  behavior,  behavicr,  behaviour,  be- 
haver,  behavor,  behavour,  <  liehave  -i-  -oure,  -ioiir, 
-ior,  appar.  in  simulation  of  liavior,  haviour, 
havour,  var.  of  haver  for  aver,  possession,  hav- 
ing (see  aver-),  of  F.  origin.  In  poetry  some- 
times haviov,  which  may  be  taken  as  formed 
directly  from  have;  cf.  Sc.  have,  behave,  hav- 
ings, behavior.]  1.  Manner  of  beha\'ing,  whe- 
ther good  or  bad;  conduct;  mode  of  acting; 
manners ;  deportment :  sometimes,  when  used 
absolutely,  implying  good  breeding  or  projier 
deportment. 

Some  men's  behavientr  is  like  a  verse  wherein  every  syl- 
lable is  measured. 

Baeon,  Essay's,  Of  Ceremonies  and  Respects. 

.\  gentleman  that  is  very  singular  in  his  behaviour. 

Steele. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  manner  in  which  anything 

acts  or  operates. 

The  beJtamour  of  the  nitrous  salts  of  tho  amines  is 
worthy  of  attention.      Austen-Pinner,  Org.  Cliem.,  p.  4ti. 

'J'bc  I'beniinicria  of  electricity  and  magnetism  were  re- 
durt'd  to  the  same  category;  ami  the  behaviour  of  tho 
magnetic  needle  wius  assimilated  tu  that  of  a  needle  sub- 
jected to  the  intluencc  of  artitlcial  electric  currents, 

//.  Sjjencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol. 

3t.  The  act  of  representing  another  person; 
the  manner  in  which  one  jiersonates  the  char- 
acter of  another;  representative  character. 
[Very  rare,  possibly  uniiiue.  Knight,  however,  believes 
that  the  word  is  used  here  in  its  natural  sense,  that  is, 
the  numner  of  having  or  conducting  one's  self.] 
King  John.    Now,  say,  Chntillon,  what  would  France 

with  us? 
Chat.    Thus,  after  greeting,  speaks  the  king  of  France, 
In  my  hehavfour,  to  the  nnijesty. 
The  borruw'd  nnijcsty,  of  Englantl  here. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

Beha'Vior  as  heir  (law  I.atin,  gestio  pro  herrede),  in  Scot* 
law,  a  jiassive  title,  by  which  an  heir,  by  intromission  with 
bis  ancestur's  heritage,  incurs  a  niiiversjil  lialiility  for  his 
debts  anil  ubligatiuiis,  — During  Eood  behavior,  as  long 
as  uiu-  remains  bbtniilcss  in  tin-  ilisibargr  uf  ones  duties 
or  the  conduct  of  one's  life  :  as,  an  ulliri-  bi-bt  during  good 
behavior;  a  eonvict  is  given  certain  ]ii  i\  ilegcs  (/iii-i'/ii/i/iMirf 
behavior.— On  one's  behairtor  oi-  good  behavior,  (n) 
Behaving  or  bunmi  to  behave  with  a  regard  to  conven- 
tional decorum  ami  |iiiiiiriel,v.  |l'ulliii|,l  (/i)  Inastatoof 
Iirubation;  liable  to  be  called  to  account  in  caae  of  mis. 
conduct. 

Tyrants  themselves  arc  t/;)oii  their  behaviour  to  a  su- 
pel'ior  power.  Sir  it.  L' Estrange,  Fables. 

"Syn.  1.  Carriage,  Behavior,  Comiuet,  Deportment,  De- 
uieaoor,  bearing, 'manner,  nninners,  all  denote  prhnarlly 
outward  nninner  or  conduct,  hut  miturally  are  freely  ex- 
tended to  internal  states  or  activities.  Carriage,  the  way 
of  carrying  one's  self,  nn»y  be  mere  ph^-sical  attitude,  or  It 
may  be  personal  nnumera,  as  exjiressntg  states  of  ndnd : 
wc'spcak  of  a  haughty  or  nobh-  carriage^  but  not  ordl- 
naril,v  of  an  ignoble,  cringing,  or  base  earringe.  Behavior 
Ik  the  most  gclu'ral  expression  of  one's  mode  of  acting ;  it 
also  reteis  particularly  to  eoni|mratlvcly  cunspicuons  ac- 
tions and  eiiniluet.  I^onduel  is  mure  aiiplicabte  to  actions 
viewed  as  iiinncitcd  into  a  course  uf  lltcj  especially  to  ac- 
tions cuMslilircd  with  reference  to  niunility,  Deiiortment 
Isespeeially  bilnuiorlntbe  llneut  llii  |iruprietics  unlutlcs 
of  life:  as,  Mr,  'I'nrveyilrup  was  a  niuiiel  of  dejiorttuent ; 
the  scholars'  rank  ilcp'ends  partly  upon  their  deiiortment. 
Demeanor  is  must  nseil  fui-  inaiiliers  as  expressing  charae- 
ler;  It  Is  a  more  ili'llcale  wunl  lliaii  the  ulbcrs,  and  Is 
generally  uhciI  In  a  giiuil  seiiHe,  We  nmy  speak  uf  hifty 
orKraelonsrtiiTi'in/c;  guuil,  biul,  wise,  luuljsb,  inuilest,  con- 
l'elt*Ml  behavior:  cxenililiiry  roiohtet  ;  gliuiil,  modest,  cor- 
rvt'l  de/Mtrt me nt ;  ipilet,  lelliieil  ileuiiiiuor. 

Nothing  can  be  mure  ilelleate  witliunt  being  fantuitl- 
eal.  niithlng  inure  llrin  and  based  in  nature  and  sentiment, 
than  the  eoiirlMliiii  and  mutual  ri/rn'iiiic  of  the  sexes  [In 
I'jiglanil],  Emerson.  Ijig,  'I'ratts,  p.  112. 

.Men's  (iWinrniiir  should  be  like  their  apparel,  not  too 
strait  or  jioint-dcvlce,  hut  free  for  exercise  or  mutiun, 

llaeiin.  Essays,  llil. 

It  Is  liiith  mure  satisfactory  and  mure  sate  to  tiust  to 
the  eonduct  of  u  party  than  their  professloiiH. 

^iiicD,  Works,  II,  214. 


▲« 


behavior 

nven  ftt  dancing  parties,  where  it  would  seem  tliatthe 
poetry  of  motion  might  do  suiuething  to  soften  the  rigid 
lM)st)m  of  Venetian  deportment,  tlie  poor  young  people 
si-Iiarate  after  eacii  dance.       Iluwells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

An  elderly  gentleman,  large  and  portly  and  of  remark- 
alily  digiiiiled  ttemcanor,  passing  slowly  along. 

llaLCthinic,  Seven  Gables,  iv. 

behead  (be-hed'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bclicfien,  bihef- 
(Irii,  liilicveden,  <  AS.  bchctifdkiii  (=  MHG.  bc- 
iKinbclcii ;  cf.  G.  cnt-liaiiptcn  =  D.  on-tlioofdcn), 
lielieatl,  <  be-,  here  priv.,  +  linifod,  head:  see 
/h-1  and  head.]  1.  To  cut  off  the  head  of ;  kill 
(ir  execute  by  decapitation. 

Kussell  and  Sidney  were  beheaded  in  defiance  of  law 
and  justice.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

2.  Figm-atively,  to  deprive  of  the  head,  top,  or 
Idreraost  part  of:  as,  to  behead  a  statue  or  a 
word. 
beheading  (be-hed'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  be- 

hriKl.']  The  act  of  cutting  off  the  head;  spe- 
ritieiiUy,  execution  by  decapitation. 

lu  Dahomey  there  are  frequent  belieadinfjs  that  the  vic- 
tims, going  to  tlie  other  world  io  serve  the  dead  king,  may 
ciirry  messages  from  his  living  descendant. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  141. 

beheld  (be-held')-    Preterit  and  past  participle 

,it'  hi'hold.' 
behellt  (be-hol'),  v.  t.     [<  bc-^  +  helJ.'i    To  tor- 
ture as  with  pains  of  hell. 
Did  bcliell  and  rack  him.  Ueivyi. 

behemoth  (lie-he'moth),  11.  [<  Heb.  b'hemoih, 
ai'jiar.  pi.  of  excellence,  'great  beast,'  sing. 
b'liiinah,  a  lieast,  but  supposed  to  be  an  adap- 
tation of  Eg,yi)t.  p-ehe-niau,  lit.  water-ox.]  An 
animal  mentioned  in  Job  xl.  15-24;  probably, 
from  the  details  given,  a  hippopotamus,  but 
sometimes  taken  for  some  other  animal,  or  for 
a  type  of  the  largest  land-animals  generally. 

Behold  now  behemoth,  which  I  made  with  thee,  he  eat- 
etli  grass  as  an  o.x.  Job  xl.  16. 

Behold  in  plaited  mail 
Behemoth  rears  his  head. 

Thomson,  Sumnter,  1.  710. 

behen,  ben''  (be'hen,  ben),  »(.  [Also  written  be- 
krii,  been,  appar.  a  corruption  of  Ar.  bahman, 
behmen,  a  kind  of  root,  also  the  flower  liosa  ca- 
iiina.']  An  old  name  of  the  bladder-campion, 
Silene  injlata.  The  behen-root  of  old  pharmacists  is  said 
to  have  been  the  root  of  Centaurea  Behen  and  of  Statice 
Limonium,  distinguished  as  irhlte  and  red  behen. 
behest  (be-hesf),  n.  [<  ME.  behest,  bihest,  be- 
hcste,  etc.",  with  excrescent  t,  earlier  behcse,  < 
late  AS.  behms,  a  promise,  vow  (equiv.  to  behdt 
=  OHG.  bihei:,  apromise;  cf.  behiglit,  n.),  <  be- 
/lafflK,  promise:  see  6e/i(V/7i(,i>.,  and  7«;s^.]  it.  A 
vow;  apromise.  Chaucer;  Gower ;  Holland. — 
2.  A  command ;  precept ;  mandate. 

Wlieie  I  have  learn'd  me  to  repent  the  sin 

Of  disobetlient  opposition 

To  you  and  your  behests.       Shak.,  E.  and  J.,  iv.  2. 

He  did  not  pause  to  parley  nor  protest. 

But  hastened  to  obey  the  Lord's  behest. 

Lonfjjellow,  Torquemada. 

behestt  (be-hesf),  »'•  t.  [<  ME.  behesten,  prom- 
ise, <  beheste,  a  promise:  see  behest,  »t.]  To 
promise ;  vow. 

behetet,  v.    A  Middle  English  form  of  behigh  t. 

behewt,  ''■  t.    [<  ME.  behewen,  hew  about,  carve, 

<  AS.  behedwan,  hew  off,  <  be-  (in  AS.  priv.) 
+  hedwan,  cut,  hew.]  To  carve ;  adorn ;  embel- 
lish. 

A!  with  gold  hehewe.  Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1306. 
behightt  (be-hif),  V.  [The  common  spelling 
in  Spenser'  and  his  contemporaries  of  both 
present  and  preterit  of  ME.  pres.  inf.  beheten, 
Tega\a.T\y  beholen,  earlier  behnten  (pret.  beliight, 
iehUjhte,  earlier  belieht,  belief,  pp.  behotcn,  later 
behiriitt),  <  AS.  bikdtiin  (pret.  Ixliet,  pp.  behdten) 
(=  OHG.   bilini::(iii,  JIHtx.   beliii::cn),   promise, 

<  be-  +  hdtait,  command,  call :  see  6e-l  and 
hight^.  The  forms  in  ME.  were  confused,  like 
those  of  the  simple  verb.  The  proper  sense  of 
beliiijht  is  'promise';  the  other  senses  (found 
only  in  Spenser  and  contemporary  archaists) 
are  forced,  being  in  part  taken  from  ltig]it~.~\  I. 
trans.  1.  To  promise;  vow. 

The  trayteresse  fals  and  ful  of  gyle. 
That  al  behoteth  and  nothing  halt. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  621. 
Behbiht  by  vow  unto  the  chaste  Minerve. 

Surrey,  .iEneid,  ii. 

2.  To  call ;  name. 

That  Geauntesse  Argante  is  behiqht. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  47. 

3.  To  address. 

Wliom  suone  as  he  beheld  he  knew,  and  thus  behipkt. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iv.  25. 

4.  To  pronounce ;  declare  to  be. 

Why  of  late 
Didst  thou  behiiiht  me  borne  of  English  blood? 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  1.  x.  64. 


500 

5.  To  mean;  intend. 

Words  sometimes  mean  more  than  the  heart  behitcth. 
Mir. /or  Mags.,  p.  461. 

6.  To  commit ;  intrust. 

The  keiea  are  to  thy  hand  bchiriht. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  .M. 

7.  To  adjudge. 

There  was  it  judged,  by  those  worthie  wights, 
That  Satyrane  the  first  day  beat  had  dotnie  ;  .  .  . 
The  second  was  to  Triamond  behiejht. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  7. 

8.  To  command ;  ordain. 

So,  taking  courteous  congd,  he  behight 
Those  gates  to  be  unbar"d,  and  forth  he  went. 

Spenser,  F.  (J,,  U.  xi.  17. 

II.  intrans.  To  address  one's  self. 
Aiul  lowly  to  her  lowting  thus  behight. 

Spemer,-¥.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  23. 

behightt  (be-luf),  n.    [<  bekight,  v.    Cf.  ME.  be- 
het,  bchot,  beluit,  <  AS.  behdt,  a  promise.     See 
beliest.]    Apromise;  vow;  pledge.     Surrey, 
behind  (be-hind'),  ado.  and  prep.     [<  ME.  be- 
hinde,  behiiideii,  <  AS.  Iiehindan  (=  OS.  bihindan), 
adv.  and  prep.,  behind,  <  be,  by,  +  hindan,  adv., 
behind,  from  behind,  at  the  back :  see  6e-2  and 
hiiidS.]     I.  adv.  1.  At  the  back  of  some  person 
or  thing ;  in  the  rear :  opposed  to  before. 
So  nuni'st  thou  after  that  which  flies  from  thee, 
Whilst  I  thy  babe  chase  thee  afar  behind. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxliii. 

2.  Toward  the  back  part;  backward:  as,  to 
look  behind. 

She  that  could  think,  and  ne'er  disclose  her  mind, 
See  suitors  following,  and  not  look  behind. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1. 
Worse  things,  unheard,  tinseen,  remain  behiml. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unljoimd,  i.  1. 

3.  Out  of  sight;  not  produced  or  exhibited  to 
view ;  in  abeyance  or  reserve. 

And  fill  up  that  which  is  behind  of  the  afflictions  of 
Christ  in  my  Hesh.  Col.  i.  24. 

We  cannot  be  siu-e  that  there  is  no  evidence  behind. 

Locke. 

4.  Remaining  after  some  occurrence,  action, 
or  operation :  as,  he  departed  and  left  us  be- 
hind. 

Thou  shalt  live  in  this  fair  world  behind. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

Where  the  bee  can  suck  no  honey,  she  leaves  her  sting 

behind.    Bean,  and  Ft.,  Prol.  to  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle. 

5.  Past  in  the  progress  of  time. 

Forgetting  those  things  which  are  behiiui.     Phil.  iii.  13. 

6.  In  arrear;  behindhand:  as,  he  is  behind  in 
his  rent. 

So  that  ye  come  behind  in  no  gift.  1  Cor.  i.  7. 

II.  prep.  1.  At  the  back  or  in  the  rear  of,  as 
regards  either  the  actual  or  the  assumed  front: 
the  opposite  of  before :  as,  the  valet  stood  be- 
hind his  master;  crouching  behind  a  tree. 

Behind  you  hills  where  Lugar  flows. 

Burns,  My  Nannie,  O. 
A  tall  Brabanter  behind  whom  I  stood. 

Bp.  Hall,  Account  of  Himself. 
The  lion  walk'd  along 
Behind  some  hedge. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1094. 

2.  Figuratively,  in  a  position  or  at  a  point  not 
so  far  advanced  as ;  in  the  rear  of,  as  regards 
progress,  knowledge,  development,  etc.;  not  on 
an  equality  with:  as,  behind  the  age;  he  is 
behind  the  others  in  mathematics. 

i'qr  I  suppose  I  was  not  a  whit  behind  the  very  chiefest 
apostles.  2  Cor.  xi.  6. 

In  my  devotion  to  the  Union  I  hope  I  am  behind  no  man 
in  the  nation.  Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  99. 

3.  In  existence  or  remaining  after  the  removal 
or  disappearance  of :  as,  he  left  a  large  family 
behind  him. 

What  he  gave  me  to  publish  was  but  a  small  part  of 
what  he  h-tCbehind  him.  Pope. 

Behind  one's  back.  See  iwrcti.— Behind  the  curtain. 
.See  c«/(aiH.— Behind  the  scenes.  See  .«vhc.— Behind 
the  times,  not  w  ell  informed  as  to  ctirreut  events  ;  hold- 
ing to  older  ideiis  and  ways.  -  Behind  time,  later  than 
the  proper  or  appointed  time  in  doing  anytliing.  =Syn.  Be- 
hind, After.  Behind  relates  primarily  to  position  ;  a/ter, 
to  time.'  When  a/tcr  notes  position,  it  is  less  close  or  ex- 
act than  behind,  and  it  means  position  in  motion.  To  say 
that  men  stood  one  after  another  in  a  line  was  once  cor- 
rect (see  Chaucer,  Kinghfs  Tale,  1.  901,  "kneeled  .  .  . 
each  a,fter  other"),  but  is  iu>t  so  now.  They  may  come  one 
after  another,  that  is,  somewhat  irregularly  and  apart; 
they  came  one  beliind  auotli.r.  that  is,  close  together, 
one  covering  another.  The  distinction  is  similar  to  that 
between  beneath  and  below. 

Out  boiniced  a  splendidly  spotted  creature  of  the  cat 
kind.  Immediately  behind  him  crept  (mt  his  mate  ;  and 
there  they  stood.         P.  Kobimon,  Under  the  Sim,  p.  144. 

On  him  tliey  laid  the  cross,  that  he  might  bear  it  after 
Jesus.  Luke  xxiii.  26. 

behindhand  (be-hind'hand),  prep.  phr.  as  adr. 
or  a.  [<  behind  +  hand;  cf.  beforehand.]  1. 
In  the  rear;  in  a  backward  state;  not  sufficient- 


beholding 

ly  advanced;  not  equally  advanced  with  some 
other  j)erson  or  thing :  as,  behindhand  in  studies 
or  work. 

And  these  thy  offices, 
So  rarely  kind,  are  as  interpreters 
Of  my  behind-hand  slackness. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  v.  1. 

Up,  and  all  the  morning  within  doors,  beginning  to  set 

my  accounts  in  order  from  before  this  lire,  I  being  tiehind- 

hand  with  them  ever  since.  J'ejnjs,  Diary,  II.  480. 

Nothing  can  exceed  the  evils  of  this  spring.  All  agri- 
cultural operations  are  at  least  a  month  liehindhaitd. 

Sydney  .Smith,  To  Lady  Holland. 

2.  Late ;  delayed  beyond  the  proper  time ;  be- 
hind the  time  set  or  expected. 

CJovernment  expeditions  are  generally  liehindhand. 

Cornhill  May.,  March,  1862. 

3.  In  a  state  in  which  expenditure  has  gone 
beyond  income  ;  in  a  state  in  which  means  are 
not  adequate  to  the  supply  of  wants;  in  arrear: 
as,  to  be  behindhand  in  one's  circumstances ; 
you  are  behindhand  with  your  payments. 

Having  run  something  behindhand  in  the  world,  he  ob- 
tained the  favour  of  a  certain  lord  to  receive  him  into  his 
house.  .Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ii. 

4.  Underhand;  secret;  clandestine.     [Rare.] 

Those  behindhand  and  paltry  maucenvres  which  destroy 
confidence  between  human  beings  and  degi'ade  the  char- 
acter of  the  statesman  aiul  the  man. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xv. 

behithert  (be-hiTH'er),  prep.  [<  6c-2  as  in  be- 
yond, behind,' etc,  +  hither.]     On  this  side  of. 

Two  miles  behitker  Clifden. 

Eeelyn,  Diary,  July  23,  1679. 

behold  (be-hold'),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beheld,  ppr. 
beholding.  [<  ME.  beholden,  biholdan,  bihalden, 
hold,  bind  by  obligtition  (in  this  sense  only  in 
pp.  beholden,  beholde :  see  beholden),  commonly 
observe,  see,  <  AS.  behealdan,  hold,  keep,  ob- 
serve, see  (=  OS.  bihaldan  =  OFries.  bihalda 
=  D.  behouden  =  OHG.  bihaltan.  5IHG.  G.  be- 
halten,  keep),  <  be-  +  heaklan,  hold,  keep:  see 
6e-l  and  hohV-.  Other  words  combining  the 
senses  '  keep '  and  '  look  at '  are  observe  and 
regard.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  hold  by;  keep;  re- 
tain.—  2t.  To  hold;  keep;  observe  (a  com- 
mand).—  3.  To  hold  in  view;  fix  the  eyes 
upon;  look  at;  see  with  attention;  observe 
with  care. 

When  he  beheld  the  serpent  of  brass,  he  lived. 

Num.  xxi.  9. 
Behold  the  Lamb  of  God,  which  taketh  away  the  sin  of 
the  world.  John  i.  29. 

=  Syn.  Observe,  Witness,  etc.  (see  see);  look  upon,  con- 
sider, eye,  view,  survey,  contemplate,  regard. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  look;   direct  the  eyes  to 
an  object;  view;  see:  in  a  physical  sense. 
Virginias  gan  upon  the  cherl  beholde. 

Chaucer,  Doctors  Tale,  L  191. 

And  I  beheld,  and  lo,  in  the  midst  of  the  throne  .  .  . 

stood  a  Lamb  as  it  had  been  slain.  Rev.  v.  6. 

2.  To  fix  the  attention  upon  an  object;  at- 
tend; direct  or  fix  the  mind :  in  this  sense  used 
chiefly  in  the  imperative,  being  frequently  little 
more  than  an  exclamation  calling  attention,  or 
expressive  of  wonder,  admiration,  and  the  like. 
Behold,  1  stand  at  the  door  and  knock.  Rev.  iii.  20. 
Prithee,  see  there  I  behold .'  look  !  lo ! 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  UL  4. 

3t.  To  feel  obliged  or  bound. 

For  who  would  behold  to  geue  counsell,  if  in  counselling 
there  should  be  any  perill  ? 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  iiL 

beholden  (be-hol'dn),  p.  a.  [Formerly  often 
erroneously  beholding ;  <  ME.  beholden,  beholde, 
prop.  ppr.  of  behold,  c]  Obliged;  bound  in 
gratitude ;  indebted ;  held  by  obligation. 

Little  are  we  beholden  to  your  love. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iv.  1. 

We  had  classics  of  our  own,  without  being  beholden  to 
"  insolent  Greece  or  haughty  Rome." 

Lamb,  Clirisfs  Hospital. 

beholder  (bf-hdl'der),  n.  [<  ME.  beholder, 
biliolder,  -ere;  <  behold  +  -e;!.]  One  who  be- 
holds;   a  spectator;   one  who  looks  upon   or 

sees. 

Was  this  the  face 
That,  like  the  sun,  did  make  beholders  wink? 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iv.  1. 

beholdingi  (be-hol '  ding),  h.  [<  TdE.  behold- 
ynge,  bihaldiinge  ;  <  beholden,  behold.]  The  act 
of  looking  at;  gaze;  view;  sight. 

The  revenges  we  are  bound  to  take  upon  your  traitor- 
ous father  are  not  fit  for  your  beholding. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7. 

beholding^t  (be-hol'ding),  a.     [Corrupt  form  of 
bthiihUn.]     1. 'Under  obligation;  obliged. 
The  stage  is  more  beholdiny  to  love  than  the  life  of  man. 

Bacon.  Love. 


beholding 

Oh  I  thank  yon,  I  ani  much  btholding  to  you. 

Chapman,  Blind  Beggar. 

It  is  in  the  power  of  ever>-  hand  to  destroy  us,  and  wc 

are  beholding  unto  ererj'  one  we  meet,  he  doth  not  kill  us. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  i.  44. 

2.  Attractive;  fascinating. 

When  he  saw  me,  I  assure  you,  my  beauty  was  not  more 
beluMinn  to  liim  than  my  harmony. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i.  50. 

beholdingness  (bf-hol'ding-nes).  n.  The  state 
of  biiug  beholden  or  under  obligation  to  any 
one. 

Thank  me,   ye  gods,  with  much  beholdingnesse.     For 
niarke.  I  doc  not  curse  you.       3larslon,  Sophonisba,  v.  2. 

behoney  (be-hun'i),  i:  t.  [<  6f-l  +  hone;/.']  To 
cov.r  or  smear  with  honej' ;  sweeten  with  honey, 
or  with  houeved  words. 

behoof  (be-h6f'),  «.  [<  ME.  behof  (chiefly  in 
thi-  dat.  hdioie,  with  prep,  to,  til.  or  for),  <  AS. 
*lKliof\  advantage  (inderiv.  hehoflic.  advantage- 
ous, bchet'e,  useful,  necessary,  bcliojian,  behoove : 
see  bihooie)  (=  OFries.  behof,  biliof  =  D.  be- 
hot  r  =  MLG.  behof  =  MHG.  6i7i«o/,  G.  bchuf 
advantage,  =  Sw.  behof  =  Dan.  behoi;  need, 
necessity;  cf.  Icel.  hof,  moderation,  measure, 
Goth,  ga-hobains,  self-restraint),  <  'behebbaii 
(pret.  'behof)  —  MHG.  beheben,  take,  hold,  < 
be-  +  hebban,  heave,  raise,  orig.  take  up,  take  : 
see  fce-l  and  heave.  In  the  phrase  in  or  on  be- 
hoof of,  the  word  is  confused  with  behalf] 
That  which  is  advantageous  to  a  person ;  be- 
half; interest;  advantage;  profit;  benefit. 

Accordeth  nought  to  the  behove 
Of  resonable  mannes  use. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i.  lo. 

No  mean  recompense  it  brings 
To  your  behoof.  ilillvn.  P.  L.,  ii.  982. 

Who  wants  the  finer  politic  sense 
To  mask,  tlio'  but  in  his  own  behmf, 
Witii  a  glassy  smile  liis  brut.'il  scorn. 

Temtygon,  Maud,  vi. 

Is  not.  indeed,  every  man  a  student,  and  do  not  all  things 
exist  for  the  students  behoo/!  Einerson,  Misc.,  p.  73. 

[Thi*  word  is  probably  never  used  as  a  nominative,  being 
regularlv  governed  by  one  of  the  prepositions  to,  for,  in, 
or  '■II.  and  limited  by  a  jiossessivc  Aord  or  phrase.    BehalJ 
i-  ii-'-'l  stiiiilurly.J 
behooffult,  a.     The  more  correct  form  of  be- 

hnnr,  l,d. 

behodvable  (be-hti'va-bl),  n.  [<  behoove + 
-able.]  L'seful  ;■  profitable  ;  needful ;  fit.  Also 
spelled  behovabh  and  bchoveable.     [Rare.] 

All  spiritual  graces  behoveabte  for  our  soul. 

JiooK-  of  IIontilii-R,  ii. 

behoove  (be-hov'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  behooved, 
iijir.  l/ehoovi'nij.  [Also  spelled,  against  analogj-, 
behove;  <  ME.  behoven,  behofen,  AS.  behOJiaii, 
need,  be  necessary  (=  OFries.  bihOvia  =  D.  6c- 
hoeven  =  A[LG.  behoven,  LG.  behoben,  behiiben  = 
G.  behufen  (obs.)  =  Sw.  behof ra  =  T>an.  behove); 
from  the  noun:  see  behoof.  Cf.  Icel.  ho  fa,  nun 
at.  hit,  behoove,  =  Sw.  hifvas,  besccni.  The 
pret.  behooved  is  worn  down  in  Sc.  to  bud,  bid  : 
sec  bid.]  I.  tratis.  1.  To  be  (it  or  meet  for, 
witli  respect  to  necessity,  duty,  or  convenience ; 
be  necessary  for;  become:  now  used  only  in 
the  third  person  singular  with  it  as  subject. 

It  behoFett  the  high. 
For  their  own  sakes,  to  do  things  worthily. 

Ii.  Jntutfin,  (Cynthia's  Itevels,  v.  3. 

Indeed,  if  ttehoved  him  to  keep  on  kooiI  tenns  with  tils 
pnplln.  Irving,  .Sketch-Hook. 

He  U  sure  of  himself,  and  never  needs  Ut  ask  another 
what  in  any  crlnfM  it  Itehimivn  hlln  (o  do.        i'linrrtioit.  War. 

2t.  To  relate  to  the  advantage  of;  concern  tlie 
well-being  of:  formerly  used  with  a  regular 
nominative. 

ir  >on  know  aught  which  docH  tirhore  my  knowledge 

'rhercid  lo  lie  infonod.  imprhon  It  not 

In  Ignorant  coneealnient.  .S'/iaJt..  W.  T.,  I.  2. 

II, t  intrant.  To  be  neccHHary,  suitable,  or  fit. 
.Sometime  bdwuee.th  It  t4i  be  (-oiniNelled. 

t'hnurer,  .VlelilH'Us. 
II     !i  id  alt  IhoM)  cndowmcntii  mlghllly  at  conmuiml 
will'  Ii  .tn-  behored  In  a  ludiolnr. 

Ill>.  Ilarket.  l.lfo  of  Atjp.  Williams,  I.  3!). 
Ali'i  ^lulled  behove. 
beh'iov  •,  ".     An  obHoloto  form  (properly  da- 

I  •  I'nlf 

behoovofult '  lio-hHv'ffil),  a.    [r'ro|i.,  nn  in  eiirlv 

nml     I        '.,  t.„„)M,  <  MK.  Iilhnrrfnl,  <  lirhtf,  be- 

hoot,  t  -i,ii.\  "Needful;  UHornl;  lit;  profitable; 

Wivilhl.i'. X. 

^^ '■  liaro  culi'd  Mich  nrcewMirlrii 
'  ■'■rftd  for  our  ■tjile  to-momiw. 

.slink.,  It.  and  .1.,  tv.  3. 

I'                                   '  .'re/ul  for  prliicri,  In   nmd.t*  of 
ur  !■  publiilv.  (V,. ;.,„, 

behoov ,:.... ,  i.i  luiv'fdl-ii.  '"''■.  Timrmiv: 
prolitnlily;  uiii'SWrily. 


510 

behomt  (be-h6m'),  V.  t.     [<  be-l  +  horn.]     To 

jiiit  horus  on;  cuckold, 
behotet,  i'.     Same  as  behight. 
behourd,  «.    [OF.,  also  written  jehourt,  behoiir, 

bihour,  bohoiird,  etc.,  "a  juste  or  tourney  of 

many  together  with  latmces  and  batleaxes; 

also  "a  bustling  or  blustering  noise  "  (Cotgrave) ; 

<  bchourder,  behoitrtlir,  '•  to  just  together  with 
latmces,"  <  behoiirt.  a  lance.]  A  variety  of  the 
just  practised  in  the  thirteenth  century,  or,  in 
some  cases,  a  variety  of  the  tourney. 

behovable,  behoveable,  a.    See  bthoovable. 

behove,  '■•     Less'  correct  spelling  of  behoove. 

behovelyt,  «•  [ME.  (mod.  as  if  'behoof;/):  see 
beho(f  and  -/yl.]  Necessary;  advantageous. 
Chaitcev. 

behowl(be-houl'),  I'.  ?.      [<  6c-l -t- ;(0h7.]     To 
howl  at. 
Ihe  wolf  6c/io«fa  the  moon.  Shak.,  ^r.  N.  D.,  ,v.  2. 

behung  (be-hung'),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  'behang,  not 
used,  <  6f-l  -I-  hang.]  Draped;  ornamented 
■nath  something  hanging:  as,  a  horse  behung 
with  trappings.     [Rare.] 

beid-el-sar(bad-el-s!ir'),  n.  [Ar.]  A  plant  used 
in  Africa  as  a  remedy  for  various  cutaneous 
atfections.  it  is  the  Calotropis  procera.  an  asclepiada- 
ceous  shrub  of  tropical  Africa  and  southern  .Asia.  The 
Egj-ptians  use  the  down  of  its  seeds  as  tinder. 

beige  (bfizh).  «.  [F.,  <  It.  bigio,  gray:  see  ))iei.] 
Having  its  natural  color:  said  of  a  woolen  fab- 
ric made  of  uiidyed  wool. 

beild,  »•  and  V.  t.     See  bicld. 

beildy,  a.     See  liieldi/. 

bein  (Ijcn),  a.     [Also  been,  bene,  Sc.  also  bien, 

<  ME.  been,  beeiie,  bene  :  origin  imknown.  The 
Icel.  beinn,  hospitable,  lit.  straight,  is  a  different 
word,  the  source  of  E.  bain\  ready,  willing, 
etc.:  seebain^.]  1.  Wealthy;  well  to  do  :  as, 
a  6eJ«  farmer;  a  6f ('«  body. — 2.  Well  provided ; 
comfortable;  eozy. 

This  is  a  gey  lii'in  place,  and  it's  a  comfort  to  hae  sic  a 
corner  to  sit  in  in  a  bad  day.      ,Scott,  .Vntiiplary,  II.  .\xiv. 

[Now  only  Scotch.] 
bein  (ben),  t'ldv.     [Also  bien;  <  bein,  a.]     Com- 
fortably.    [Scotch.] 

I  grudge  a  wee  the  great  folks'  gift. 
That  live  sac  bien  and  snug. 

BurnJt,  F-p.  to  Davie,  i. 

being  (be'ing),  H.  [<  ME.  beijnge,  bijinge,  verbal 
n.  of  been,  be.]  1.  E.xistence  in  its  most  com- 
prehensive sense,  as  opposed  to  non-existence; 
existence,  wild  her  real  or  only  in  thought. — 2. 
In  niiidjili..  sulisisti'uce  in  a  state  not  necessa- 
rily amounting  to  actual  existence;  rudimentary 
existence.  But  the  word  is  used  in  dilferent  .senses  by 
ilitferent  philosophers.  Hegel  defines  it  as  inilnediacj. 
that  is,  the  abstract  character  of  the  present.  In  its  mo.st 
proper  acceptation,  it  is  the  name  given  by  philosophical 
rcllection  to  that  which  is  revealed  in  inlinediate  con- 
sciousness independently  of  the  ilistinction  of  sulijcd  and 
object.  It  may  also  be  licllncd,  but  with  less  pleci.sinn,  at 
the  abstract  noun  corrcsiioiidiiig  to  the  concrete  class  em- 
bracing every  object.  Ilcing  is  also  used  in  philosophy  in- 
Muenccd  by  Aristotle  to  signify  the  rudiment  or  germ  nf 
e-vistence,  consisting  in  a  nature,  or  principle  of  growth, 
before  actual  existence.  It  is  al.so  freiiuently  used  to  inean 
actual  existence,  the  comidcle  preparation  to  iiroducc  cf 
fectson  the  senses  and  on  other  objects.  l*sychologicaIl> , 
fcei'ii./ niav  be  dclbled  as  the  objectillcatlon  of  cmiselousncss, 
thougli  tin-  .lisiinction  of  subject  from  object  logically 
presujipiiscs  being. 

Wee  nniy  well  reject  a  Utin'gie  which  had  no  being  that 
wee  luui  kiiow  of,  but  from  the  corruptest  times. 

.Milton,  l>ef.  of  Hunib.  Itcmonst. 

First,  Thou  mailcst  things  which  should  have  /ii-i'ii;7  with- 
out life.  /)'/).  Hall,  fontcinplations.  The  irealloii. 

I'ouBider  eveiTlhing  as  not  .vet  in  being;  then  consider 
if  it  must  needs  have  been  at  all.  Ilentlrg. 

Our  noisy  years  H*-ein  momenta  In  Ihe  being 
Of  the  eternal  .sllemc. 

Wordnmrlh.  Ode  to  Inunortalily. 

3.  That  which  exists;   aaylhing  that  is:  us, 

inaninnite  beings. 

What  a  sweet  fni'iii/  Is  an  honest  nilml ! 

Middleton  (ami  olliem),  The  Widow,  v.  1. 

4.  Life;  conscious  existenco. 

I  wHI  aing  praises  unio  my  dod  while  I  have  any  Ifring. 

r».  i\hl.  J. 
I  fetch  my  life  and  l/eimi 
From  men  of  royal  siege,      .shak.,  Othello,  I.  2. 
I  felt  and  feel.  Ilio'  left  alone. 
Ills  bfiii'i  working  In  ndnc  own. 

Teiiiiiimin.  Ill  .Meiiiorlnin,  Ixxxt. 

5.  Ijifotimo;  mortal  exiHlence. 

Clalldliia,  thou 
Wont  follower  of  lil«  fortunes  In  his  bring. 

n'rhtlrr. 
It  Is,  ox  Inr  OS  It  relnles  lo  our  present  Itrtiig,  the  gn  at 
end  of  edliintbin  to  ralne  oiimelves  nbme  the  vulgar. 

.st.ete.  Tiiller,  No.  (111. 

6.  Tlinl  wliielilniHlili';nliviiiKixiMt<ince,in  coii- 
Iruilislinctioiito  what  is  williniit  life;  acreiiliire. 
—  7.  Allying;  livelihood;  uieunHofHubHistence. 


bekiss 

Speetator,  No.  544.  [Obsolete  or  Prov.Eng.]  — 
Accidental  being,  the  being  of  an  accident,  mark,  or 
qualitv.  Actual  being,  complete  being:  being  really 
bniw.;iit  I.'  puss;  :ictuiiliiy.-  Being  in  Itself,  being  apart 
from  the  sentient  eunscinusncss ;  being  per  se.  — Being  Of 
existence,  liistoric:il  iieing ;  existence.  -  Being  peracci- 

dens,  lieiiej  tlirnugh  something  extraneeus.— Being  per 
se,  essential  and  necessary  being.— Coimotatlve  being, 
a  mode  of  being  relativcto  s<.methini;  els,  Dinunute 
being.  See  (/imiiiiife.— Intentional  or  spiritual  being, 
tlie  being  of  that  which  is  in  the  miml.  —  Material  being, 
what  belongs  to  material  bodies  —  Natural  being,  iliat 
which  belongs  to  tilings  and  pel-sons.-  Objective  being, 
an  expression  formerly  applied  to  tlie  mode  ol  being  ot  an 
inunediate  object  i'f  thought,  but  in  a  modern  writing  it 
would  Ik-  nnderstood  to  mean  the  being  of  a  real  thing, 
existing  ilulelicndently  of  the  mind.  See  e/iiec^'rc— Po- 
tential being,  that  which  belongs  to  something  which 
satisfies  the  prereiiuisite  conditions  of  existence,  but  is 
not  yet  complete  or  an  actual  fact.  — Pure  being,  in 
nietaph.,  the  conception  of  being  as  such,  that  is.  devoid 
of  all  predicates  ;  being  of  which  nothing  can  be  atliriued 
except  that  it  is.— Quidditatlve  being,  or  being  of  es- 
sence, that  being  that  belonas  t.i  tbiiii;s  before  they  exist, 
in  the  iiosoin  of  the  eternal.-- Substantial  being,  the 
being  i.f  a  substance.- To  differ  by  the  whole  of  be- 
ing.    See  (/i7/i'i-. 

being-placet  (be'ing-plas),  n.  A  place  to  exist 
in ;  a  state  of  existence. 

Before  this  worlds  great  frame,  in  which  al  things 
Are  now  contaiiid,  found  any  being-plaee. 

Spenser,  Heavenly  Lov^  I.  23. 

beinly  (ben'li).  adv.  [<  bein  +  -hj.]  Comforta- 
bly; abundantly;  happily;  well.  Also  spelled 
bienlij.     [Scotch.] 

The  children  xvere  likewise  beinly  apparelled. 

Jt.  Oilhaize,  ill.  104. 

beinness  (ben'nes),  H.  [Also  spelled  bienncss. 
Kbein,  bien,  +  -ncss.]  Plenty;  affluence;  pros- 
pcrousuess ;  the  state  of  being  well  off  or  well 
to  do.     [.Scotch.] 

There  was  a  prevailing  air  of  comfort  and  biennesi 
about  the  peojile  and  their  houses. 

W.  Black,  Princess  of  Thule,  ii. 

Beiram,  ".    See  Bairam. 

belstings,  ".  ■'••i»g.  orjd.    See  beestings. 

belt  U'l't).  e.  /.   "  [Sc]     Same  as  ft«'(',2. 

bejadet  (bc-jad'),  v.  t.    [<  be-i  +  jffrffi.]    To 

tire. 

Lest  you  bejade  the  good  galloway. 

Milton,  Del.  of  Humh.  Remonst. 

bejan  (be'jan),  n.  [Se.,  <  F.  6cV«khc,  <  OF. 
biejauiie.  a  no\'ice,  lit.  a  yellow-beak,  i.  e.,  a 
yoiiiig  bird,  <  bee,  beak,  -I-  .jaune,  yellow,  a 
yellow  boak  Vicing  characteristic  of  young  birds. 
See  6f«Al  and  jaiindiee.]  A  student  of  the 
first  or  lowest  class  in  the  universities  of  St. 
Andrews  and  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 

bejapet  (bc-jap').  r.  t.     [ME.;  <  ftc-l  -1-  jape.] 

1.  To  trick;  deceive. 

Thou  .  .  .  hast  byjanrd  here  iluk  Theseus. 

Chaitecr,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  727. 

2.  To  laugh  at ;  make  a  mock  of. 

I  shal  In/iapnl  ben  a  thousiind  tyme 

More  tlian  that  fool  of  whos  folye  men  rynie. 

Chntieer,  Trollns,  i.  .'>82. 

bejaundice  (lie-jan'dis).  v.  t.  [<  fic-i  +  jaiin- 
ili,-: .]     To  JMrcel  Willi  till'  jaundice. 

bejesuit  (ln;-jcz'i;i-il),  v.  t.  [<  In-^  +  Jesuit.] 
To  infect  or  intliience  with  Jesuitry. 

Who  hath  so  beje.iulted  us  that  we  should  trouble  that 
man  with  asking  lieensc  to  doe  so  worthy  a  lieed*/ 

Milton,  Areopagiticn,  p.  fi4, 

bejewel  (be-jo'el),  r.  ^  [<  be-^  +  jetvel.]  To 
Iiriivide  or  adorn  with  jewels. 

Her  bejewelled  hamls  lay  sprawling  In  her  amber  satin 
lap.  Thaekerag,  N'anity  Fair,  I.  xxl. 

bejuco  (Sp.  pron,  bii-hd'ko),  H.  [S]i.]  A  Sjuin- 
isli  iiniiK'  fur  scvi'ral  species  of  tlii"  liiiiii's  or 
tall  climbing  iilanlsof  tlie  tropics,  such  as  Iliji- 
poeratea  seandrns,  etc. 

I'lie  serpent-like  bejnen  winds  his  spiral  folil  on  fulil 
Hound  the  tidl  and  stately  eellm  till  It  withers  in  his  hold. 
Whittier,  Slaves  of  .Marlbiii|UO, 

bejumble  (be-juni'lil),  r.  t.  [<  /ic-l  +  jumlile.] 
'I'll  tliriiw  iiilo  eoiiftision  ;  jnmhlo.     .ish. 

bekah  (btVkii),  H.  [Ilih.]  An  ancient  Hebrew 
unit  of  weiglil,  I'ipiiil  to  litilf  a  shekel,  7.08 
gintiis.  or  W.)\  grains.     Ex.  xxxviii.  26. 

beken't,  v.  t.  [ME.  hel.-ennen,  bikcnnen  ;  <  fcc-l 
+  l:<iiK]  1.  '1(1  niaki' known.  —  2.  To  deliver. 
—  3.  To  commit  or  commend  lo  the  care  of. 

The  devil  I  bidmne  him. 
flnnie.-i;  I'n.l.  to  Pardoner  s  lidr,  I.  (l(llarlcinn  MS.). 

beken'-'t,  "•    Same  «H  Inheii. 

bekisa  die-kis').  '••  '■    l<  '"■-'  +  '■■'••■'■••■■]    T"  '''«» 

re)M-nli(lly  ;  cover  with  kisses.     [Riire.] 

•She's  sick  of  the  young  shepherd  that  Itekinxeil  her. 

U.  Jonnun,  Mad  Shoplnrd,  I.  2. 


bekko-ware 

bekko-ware  (bek'6-war),  II.    [<  Jap.  helck-n,  tor- 
toise-shell (<  Chinese  kwei,  tortoise,  +  Ida,  ar- 
mor), +  Wdi-c'^.]     A  kind  of  pottery  anciently 
made   in   Japan,    imitating    tortoise-shell,   or 
veined  with  f,'r('en,  yellow,  and  brown. 
beknave    (bG-mlv'),    v.    t. ;    pret.   and   pp.    be- 
h-iiavcit,  ppr.  bekiiavinij.     [<  6f-l  +  knm'c.']     To 
call  (one)  a  knave.     [Rare.] 
•|'lu'  liiwycr  bclmavcs  the  divine.      Gnii,  Begcar's  Opera, 
beknight  (be-nif),  !'.  ?.     [<  he-^  +  knight.']     1. 
To  make  a  knight  of.     [Rare.] 

Till!  last  MniUiMed  booby.  T.  Iluvk. 

2.  To  adtlress  as  a  knight,  or  by  the  title  Sir. 
beknit  (be-nif),  v.  t.    [<  te-l  +  knit.}    To  knit ; 
girdle  or  encircle. 

Her  filthy  arms  beknit  with  snalxes  about. 

Ooldinn,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metaniorpli.  (Ord  JIS.). 

beknotted  (be-not'ed),  a.  [<  6t'-l  +  knotted.'] 
Knotted  again  and  again;  covered  with  knots. 

beknottedness  (bf-not'ed-nes),  n.  In  math., 
tlie  degree  of  complication  of  a  knot ;  the  num- 
ber of  times  that  it  is  necessary  to  pass  one 
jiart  of  the  curve  of  the  knot  projected  upon 
ii  plane  through  another  in  order  to  untie  the 
knot. 

beknowt  (be-no'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beknowen,  hi- 
kiiowen,  <  AS.  bccndioan,  know,  <  be-  +  cndw- 
(in,  know:  see  ie-1  and  know.]  1.  To  know; 
recognize. —  2.  To  acknowledge  ;  own  ;  con- 
fess. Aijcnbyte  of  Inwyt  (1340,  ed.  Morris). 
For  I  dare  not  bekaowe  mill  owen  name. 

Chaucer.  Knigllfs  Tale,  1.  698. 

beUt,  a-  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bell;  <  ME.  bele, 
hcl-,  <  OF.  (and  mod.  P.)  bet,  beau,  fern,  belle,  < 
L.  belliis,  fair,  fine,  beautiful:  see  bean,  beautii, 
i)d(^  etc.]  1.  Fair;  fine;  beautiful. —  2.  [Lit. 
fair,  good,  as  in  beausire,  fair  sir,  heanpere,  good 
father,  used  in  F.  and  ME.  to  indicate  indirect 
or  adopted  secondary  relationship ;  so  in  mod. 
F.  beau-  as  a  formative  in  relation-names, 
'step-',  '-in-law';  ME.  bel-,  'gi-and-',  as  in  bel- 

_  dame,  grandmother,   helsire,  grandfather,  also 

"  with  purely  E.  names,  belmoder,  belfader,  and 
later  belchild.  Cf.  8c.  and  North.  E.  goodmother, 
goodfather,  etc.,  mother-in-law,  father-in-law, 
etc.]  Grand-:  a  formative  in  relation-names, 
as  belsire,  grandfather,  beldam,  grandmother, 
etc.     See  etymology. 

Bel"  (bel),  n.     Same  as  Belus. 

beF  (bel),  «.  [Also  written,  less  prop.,  bhel, 
bael,  repr.  Hind,  bel.]  The  East  Indian  name 
of  the  Bengal  quince-tree,  Aigle  Marmelos.  See 
JEgle,  1. 

bela  (be'la),  n.  [Hind.]  The  Hindustani  name 
of  a  species  of  jasmin,  Jasminum  Sambac,  which 
is  often  cultivated  for  its  very  fragrant  flowers. 

belabor,  belabour  (be-la'bor),  v.  t.     [<  6e-i 
+  labor.]     It.  To  work  hard  upon ;  ply  dili- 
gently. 
If  the  earth  is  belaboured  with  culture,  it  yieldeth  corn. 
Barroir,  Works,  III.  xviii. 

2.  To  beat  soundly ;  thump. 

They  so  cudgelled  and  belabored  him  bodily  that  he 
might  perhaps  have  lost  his  life  in  the  encounter  had  he 
not  been  protected  by  tiie  more  respectable  portion  of  the 
assembly.  Motley,  Dutch  Kepublic,  I.  545. 

bel-accoilt,  bel-accoylet  (bel-a-koil'),  n.  [<0F. 

bel  acoil,  fair  welcome:   see  bel^-  and  accoil.] 

Kindly  greeting  or  reception.     Spenser. 
belacel  (he-las'),  v.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  lace.]     1.  To 

fasten  as  with  a  lace  or  cord. —  2.  "To  adorn 

with  lace. 

When  thou  in  thy  bravest 
And  most  belaced  servitude  dost  strut, 
Some  newer  fashion  doth  usurp. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  xvi.  10. 

St.  To  beat ;  whip.     Wright. 

belace^t,  ".  t.  An  error  (by  misprint  or  con- 
fusion with  belace'^)  in  Bailey  and  subsequent 
dictionaries  for  belage  or  belay.     See  belage. 

belacedness  (be-la'sed-nes),  n.  In  math.,  the 
number  of  times  one  branch  of  a  lacing  must 
be  passed  through  another  to  undo  it. 

beladle  (be-la'dl),  *'.  t.  [<  be-l  +  ladle.]  To 
pour  out  with  a  ladle ;  ladle  out. 

The  honest  masters  of  the  roast  beladliiig  the  dripping. 

Thackeray. 

belady  (be-la'di),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beladied, 
ppr.  belailying.  [<  6e-l  -1-  lady ;  ef.  belord,  be- 
grai-c,  bcknight.]  To  address  by  the  title  Lady, 
or  the  phrase  "  ray  lady." 

belaget,  p.  [Either  a  misprint  for  belaye,  belay, 
or  less  prob.  a  phonetic  variant  of  that  word 
(ME.  belegqen,  etc.):  see  belay.]  Naut.,  to  be- 
lay.    Pft«H;).s  (1678);  Kersey. 

belam  (bf-lam'),  v.  t.  [<  ftc-i  -I-  lam.]  To  beat; 
bang.     Sherwood.     [North.  Eng.] 


511 

belamourt  (bel'a-mSr),  n.  [Also  bellamour,  < 
F.  brl  amour,  lit.  fair  love:  see  6eU  and  amour.] 

1.  A  gallant;  a  consort. 

Loe,  loe  !  bow  brave  she  decks  her  bounteous  boure 
With  silkin  curtens  and  gold  coverletts. 
Therein  to  shrowd  her  sumptuous  Belamoure. 

Spenser,  I\  Q.,  II.  vi.  16. 

2.  An  old  name  for  a  flower  which  cannot  now 
be  identified. 

Her  snowy  browes,  lyke  budded  Bellamoures. 

Spenter,  Sonnets,  Ixiv. 

belamyt    (bel'a-rai).  ».     [Early  mod.  E.,  also 

belliimy,  <  ME.   belamy,  belami,  <  OF.  bel  ami, 

fair  friend:  sec  6eZl  and  am?/.]     Good  friend; 

fair  friend  :  used  principally  in  address. 

Thou  bdainii,  tlu)U  pardoner,  he  seyde. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  I'ardoner's  Tale,  1.  32. 
Nay,  bcltamy,  thou  bus  [must]  be  smyttc. 

York  Playn,  p.  391. 
His  dearest  Belamy.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  52. 

belandre  (lie-lan'dfer;  p.  pron.  ba-londr'),  «. 
[F.,<  1).  bijiiiiiiler,  whence  also  E.  bilander,  q.  v.] 
A  small  tiat-bottomed  craft,  used  principally  on 
the  rivers,  canals,  and  roadsteads  of  Prance. 
belate  (be-laf),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  late.]  To  re- 
tard ;  make  late ;  benight. 

The  morn  is  young,  quoth  he, 
A  little  time  to  old  remembrance  given 
Will  not  belate  us.  Southey,  Madoc,  i.  10. 

belated  (be-la'ted),  p.  a.  Coming  or  staying 
too  late ;  overtaken  by  lateness,  especially  at 
night;  benighted;  delayed. 

Faery  elves. 
Whose  midnight  revels,  by  a  forest  side, 
Or  fountain,  some  belated  peasant  sees. 

Milton,  P.  L.,i.  783. 

Wlio  were  the  parties?  who  inspected?  who  contested 
this  belated  account?  Burke,  Nabob  of  Arcot's  Debts. 

belatedness  (be-la'ted-nes),  n.  [<  belated,  pp. 
of  belate,  +  -ncss.]  The  state  of  being  belated, 
or  of  being  too  late ;  slowness;  backwardness. 

That  you  may  see  I  am  sometimes  suspicious  of  myself, 
and  do  take  notice  of  a  certain  belatedness  in  me,  I  am 
the  bolder  to  send  you  some  of  my  nightward  thoughts. 
Milton,  Letter  in  Birch's  Life. 

belaud  (be-lad'),  V.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  laud.]  To 
load  with  praise ;  laud  highly. 

[Volumes]  which  were  commended  by  divines  from  pul- 
pits, and  belauded  all  Europe  over. 

Thackeray,  Virginians,  xxvi. 

belave  (be-lav'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bilaven,  bathe,  < 
hi-,  be-  +'laven,  lave:  see  6e-l  and  lave^.]  To 
lave  about ;  wash  all  over ;  wash. 

bela'Wgi'Vet  (l>f-la'giv),  v.  t.  [A  forced  word, 
used  only  in  the  passage  fi'om  Milton,  <  Je-l  -t- 
*lawgice,  assumed  from  lawgiver.]  To  give  a 
law  to. 

The  Holy  One  of  Israel  hath  belawgiven  his  own  people 
with  this  very  allowance.  Milton,  Divorce. 

belay  (be-la'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beleggen,  bileggen,  < 
AS.  bele'cgan,  lay  iipon,  cover,  charge  (=  D.  be- 
leggen, cover,  overlay;  as  a  naut.  term,  belay; 
=  OHG.  bilcijcn,  MHG.  G.  belegen),  <  be-,  about, 
around,  by,  +  lecgan,  lay.  The  naut.  use  is 
perhaps  due  to  the  D.  In  the  sense  of  '  sur- 
round,' cf.  beleaguer.]  If.  To  surround;  en- 
viron; inclose.— 2t.  To  overlay;  adorn. 
All  in  a  woodman's  jacket  he  was  clad 
Of  Lincolne  greene,  belayd  with  silver  lace. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  ii.  6. 

3t.  To  besiege ;  invest;  surround. 

Gaynst  such  strong  castles  needeth  greater  might 
Then  those  small  forts  which  ye  were  wont  belay. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  xlv. 

So  when  Arabian  thieves  belayed  us  round. 

Sandys,  Hymn  to  God. 

4t.  To  lie  in  wait  for  in  order  to  attack;  henee, 

to  block  up  or  obstruct. 

The  speedy  horse  all  passages  belay. 

Bryden,  Mneid,  ix. 

5.  Naut,  to  fasten,  or  make  fast,  by  winding 
round    a    belaying- 
pin,  cleat,  or  cavel : 
applied    chiefly    to 
running  rigging. 

When  we  belayed  the 
halyards,  there  w.os  no- 
thing left  but  the  bolt- 
rope. 
It.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  P.eforo 
[the  Mast,  p.  266. 

belaying-bitt  (be- 
la'ing-bit),  «.  Any 
bitt  t"o  which  a  rope 
can  be  belayed. 


Belaying-pins  in  rail,  with  ropes  be- 
layed on  them. 


belaying-pin  (bf-la'ing-pin),  «.  Naut..  a 
wooden  or  iron  j)in  to  which  running  rigging 
may  be  belayed. 


beleave 

belch  (belch),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  belche, 
bache,  <  ME.  helchcn,  assibilated  form  of  early 
mod.  E.  and  E.  dial,  (north.)  belk,  <  ME.  belkcn, 
<  AS.  baieian,  bealcian,  also  with  added  forma- 
tive, bcalceltun,  belch,  ejaculate;  allied  to  6a(fc- 
and  boUtj  all  ])rob.  ult.  imitative :  see  belk,  balk'^, 
bolk.]  "i.inlrans.  1.  To  eject  wind  noisily  from 
the  stomach  through  the  mouth;  eructate. 

All  radishes  breed  wind,  .  .  .  and  provoke  a  man  that 
eatcth  them  to  belch.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xix.  5. 

2.  To  issue  out,  as  with  eructation :  as,  "  belch- 
ing flames,"  Dryden. 

II.   trans.  1.    To  throw  or  eject  from  the 
stomach  with  ■violence  ;  eructate. 

Belching  i-aw  gobbets  from  bis  maw. 

Addison,  MncU},  iii. 

2.  To  eject  violently  from  withrn ;  cast  forth. 

The  gates,  that  now 
Stood  open  wide,  belching  outrageous  flame. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  232. 
Though  heaven  drop  sulphur,  and  hell  bekh  out  fire. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  ii.  2. 

3.  To  ejaculate;  vent  with  vehemence:  often 
with  out :  as,  to  belch  out  blasphemies ;  to  belch 
out  one's  fury. 

belch  (belch),  n.  [<  belch,  v.]  1.  The  act  of 
throwing  out  from  the  stomach  or  from  within ; 
eructation. —  2t.  A  cant  name  for  malt  liquor, 
from  its  causing  belching. 

A  sudden  reformation  would  follow  among  all  sorts  of 
people  ;  porters  would  no  longer  be  drunk  with  betch. 

Dennis. 

belcher^  (bel'cher),  n.    One  who  belches. 

belcher"  (bel'cher),  n.  [So  called  from  an 
English  pugilist  named  Jim  Belcher.]  A  neck- 
erchief with  darkish-blue  ground  and  large 
white  spots  with  a  dark-blue  spot  in  the  center 
of  each.     [Slang.] 

belchildt  (bel'child),  m. ;  pi.  belchildren  (-chil"- 
dren).  [<  bel-,  grand-,  as  in  beldam,  behire, 
etc.  (see  bel^),  +  child.]    A  grandchild. 

To  Thomas  Doubledaye  and  Katherine   bis  wife,  my 
daughter,  a  cowe.    To  their  children,  my  belchildren,  etc.  I 
Will  0/1664,  quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7tb  ser..  III.  77. 

beldam,  beldame  (bel'dam,  -dam),  n.  [<  ME. 
beldam,  beldame,  only  in  sense  of  grantlmother 
(correlative  to  belsire,  grandfather),  <  ME.  bel-, 
grand-,  as  in  belsire,  etc.  (see  6e/l),  -I-  dame, 
mother.  The  word  was  thus  in  E.  use  lit.  '  good 
mother.'  used  distinctively  for  grandmother, 
not  as  m  P.  belle  dame,  lit.  fair  lady:  see  bel^, 
belle,  and  dame.]  If.  Grandmother:  corre- 
sponding to  belsire,  grandfather :  sometimes 
applied  to  a  great-grandmother. 

To  show  the  beldame  daughters  of  her  daughter. 

Shak,,  Lucrece,  1.  953. 

2.  -An  old  woman  in  general,  especially  an  -ugly 

old  woman ;  a  hag. 
Around  the  behiam  all  erect  they  hang.  Akemide. 

Our  witches  are  no  longer  old 
And  wrinkled  beldames,  Satan-sold. 

Whittier,  ?*'ew-England  Legend. 

3t.  [A  forced  use  of  the  F.  belle  dame.]  Fair 
dame  or  lady.  Sjienser. 
beleadt,  r.  t.  [<  ME.  beledcn,  <  AS.  belmlan,  <  be- 
+  Icedan,  lead:  see  ic-land  lead^-.]  1.  To  lead 
away. —  2.  To  lead;  conduct, 
beleaguer  (be-le'ger),  v.  t.  [<  D.  belegeren,  be- 
siege (  =  G.  belagern  =  Sw.  beldgra  =  Dan.  be- 
leegre,  also  belcjre,  perhaps  <  D.  belegeren),  < 
be-  +  Icyer,  a  camp,  encamping  army,  place  to 
lie  down,  a  bed  (=  E.  lair  and  layer  =  G.  lager, 
a  camp,  =  Sw.  liiger,  a  bed,  etc.):  see  6e-l  and 
leaguer,  ledger,  lair,  layer,  lager.]  To  besiege; 
siuTound  with  an  army  so  as  to  preclude  es- 
cape; blockade. 

The  Trojan  camp,  then  beleaguered  by  Turnus  and  the 
Latins.  Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy. 

=  Syn.  To  invest,  lay  siege  to,  beset. 
beleaguerer   (be-le'ger-er),  11.     One  who  be- 
leaguers or  besieges ;  a  besieger. 

O'er  the  walls 
The  wild  beleayuerers  broke,  and,  one  by  one. 
The  strongholds  of  the  plain  were  forced. 

Bryant,  The  Prairies. 

beleaguerment  (b|-le'ger-ment),  ?i.  [<  6c- 
leagucr  +  -iiient.]  The  act  of  beleaguering,  or 
the  state  of  being  beleaguered. 

Fair,  fickle,  courtly  France,  .  .  . 

Shattered  by  hard  beleaguerment,  and  ^T^d  ire, 

That  sacked  and  set  her  palaces  on  fire. 

R.  11.  Stoddard,  Guests  of  State. 

beleavet  (be-lev'),  v.  [<  ME.  beleven,  bileren, 
etc.,  also  by  syncope  bleven.  leave,  intrans. 
remain,  <  AS.  belie/an,  leave,  <  be-  +  Iwfan, 
leave ;  prop,  the  causal  of  belire^,  q.  v.  See  6e-l 
and  ?eorel.]  I.  (™«6'.  To  leave  behind;  aban- 
don; let  go. 
There  was  nothynge  bele/te.       Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  iL 


beleave 
H.  intram.  To  remain;  continue;  stay. 

Bot  the  lettres  bilmed  ful  lai-ge  upon  plaster. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1549. 

Iwlection  (be-lek'shon),  n.     Same  as  bolectioii. 

belectTire  (be-lek'tur),  r.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  lecture.'] 

To  vc-x  with  leetm'es:  admonish  persistently. 

.'ihe  no»-  had  somebody,  or  rather  something,  to  lecture 

and  belecture  as  before.    Savage,  Reuben  Medlicott,  I.  .\vi. 

beleei  (be-le'),  r.  /.     [<  be-i-  +  /fei.]    To  place 

on  the  lee.  or  in  a  position  tmfavorable  to  the 

wind.     [Kare.] 

I  .  .  .  must  be  ielee'd  and  calm'd 

B.v  debitor  and  creditor.      Shak.,  Othello,  i.  1. 

belee-t,  r.  '•  An  apocopated  form  of  beleeve,  now 

wTitten  believe. 

Fi»l.    Belee  me,  sir. 

Clii.    1  would  I  could,  sir !     Fletcher, 'Slail  Lover,  \:  i. 

■beleftt.    Preterit  and  past  participle  of  beleave. 
telenmite  (be-lem'nit),  «.     [=  F.  belemnite,  < 

NL.  bdeiiiiiiles,  <  Gr.  iii/J:uvov,  poet,  for  /3f/oc, 

a    dart,    missile    (<    iia?j£iv, 

throw,  cast),  +  -ites.']     1.  A 

straight,  solid,  tapering,  dart- 
shaped   fossil,    the    internal 

bone  or  shell  of  a  molluscous 

animal  of  the  extinct  family 

Belemnidila;  common  in  the 

Chalk  and  Jurassic  limestone. 

Beleniiiilcs  are  popularly  known  as 

arrow-heads  or  Jinijer-stones,   from 

their   shape;    also  as  thumierbnlls 

and  thunder-stoties,  from  a  belief  as 

to  their  origin.     See  Belemnitidoi. 

2.  The  animal  to  which  such 

a  bone  belonged. 
Alsii  called  ceroiinite. 
Belemnitella     (be-lem-ni- 

tel'ii).  II.     [XL.,  dim.  of  ife- 

lemiiitis.'\     A   genus    of    the 

Jaraih'    Heleiiiiiitidfc,    charac- 
terized by  having  a  straight 

fissure  at  the  upper  end  of 

the  guard,  on  the  ventral  side 

of  the  alveolus.     The  species 

arc  all  f 'retaceous. 
Belemnites  (bel-em-ni'tez), 

II.    [Slj.:  see  belemnite.']   The 

typical  genus  of  the  family 

Hrlemiiilidtc. 
'belenmitiC  (bcl-em-nit'ik),  a. 

I  ><  iiT  )HM'taining  to  a  belem- 
nite, or  to  the  familj'  to  which  it  belongs:  as,  a 

bclemnitic  animal;  a  belemnitic  shell;  belemnitic 

deposits. 
'belemnitid  (be-lem'ni-tid),  ».     A   cephalopod 

of  the  family  liclcmiiilidn: 
Belemnitidae  (bel-em-nit'i-de),  h.^)?.     [NL.,  < 

liili  iiiiiilt:s  +  -iiln:']      A   family  of  extinct  di- 

biauchiate  cephalopods,  having  10  anus  near- 


Belemnite,      with      re- 
mains of  the  animal. 
tt,  arms  with   hoots: 

*.    head :    c.    ink-bag ; 

rf,     phnijrmaconc ;     e, 

guard,  or  rostrum. 


512 

belemnite.  Some  specimens  have  been  found  exhibiting 
other  points  of  their  anatomy.  Thus  we  learn  that  the 
organs  were  inclosed  in  a  mantle  ;  that  there  were  10  arm- 
like  processes,  S  of  them  houked  at  the  eud,  called  the  tin- 
ciliated  anus,  and  2  not  uiicinated,  called  the  tciitaciila  ; 
that  the  animal  Avas  furnished  with  an  ink-bag,  and  that 
its  mouth  was  armed  with  mandibles.  There  are  four 
known  genera,  Bdcmnites,  Beleiniwtcuthis,  Belemnitella, 
and  Xiplioteitthis. 

belenmoid  (be-lem'noid),  a.     [<  belcmn-itc  + 

-()((/-]     Like  a  belemnite. 
beleper  (be-lep'er),  V.  t.     [<  te-l  +  leper.']     To 

infect  witli  or  as  with  leprosy. 
Belcpered  all  the  clergy  with  a  worse  infection  than  Ge- 

hazis-  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xiv. 

bel  esprit  (bel  es-pre')  ;  pi.  beaux  esprits  (boz 
es-pre').  [F.,  a  fine  spirit :  see  6e(l  and  esprit.] 
A  tine  genius  or  man  of  wit. 

Men  who  look  up  to  me  as  a  man  of  letters  and  a  brl 
esprit.  Irciti'i. 

belfried  (bel'frid),  a.  [<  belfry  +  -c(P.]  Hav- 
ing a  belfrj  :  as,  a  belfried  tower. 

belfry  (bel'fri),  n. ;  pi.  belfries  (-friz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  belfreij,  belfery,  bclfrie,  etc.,  <  ME. 
bclfray,  earlier  herfray,  berfrey,  berfreid,  ber- 
freit,\  OF.  berfrai,  berfrnij,  bcrfrei,  bcrefreit, 
berfroi,  later  b'elfrei,  bclcfreit,  beUfroi,  belfroi, 
befroi,  baffray,  etc.,  mod.  F.  beffrui  —  It.  biitiifre- 
dii,  <  ML.  berefredus,  berrfridus,  bcrf reditu,  '\^■ith 
numerous  variations,  bel-,  bil-,  buU,  birti-, 
balte-,  bail-,  biitifredus,  <  MHG.  hercrrit,  bircfrit, 
herchfrit,  bcrlifride,  MD.  bergfert,  berafrvdc  (in 
sense  1),  lit.  'protecting  shelter,'  <  OHG.  bcr- 
gan,  MHG.  G.  bcrgen  (=AS.  beorgan),  cover, 
protect,  +  OHG.  fridu,  MHG.  fride,  G.  friede 
=  AH.  fritlni,  fiilli,  E.  ohn.  friili,  peace,  secu- 
rity, shelter.  The  origin  of  the  word  was  not 
known,  or  felt,  in  Rom.,  and  the  forms  varied; 
the  It.  biittifredo  (after  ML.  batifredus)  simu- 
lates battcrc,  beat,  strike  (as  an  alarm-bell  or 
a  clock),  and  the  E.  form  (after  ML.  bclfrediis) 
simulates  hell,  whence  the  restriction  in  mod. 
E.  to  a  bell-tower.  The  same  first  element 
also  occurs  in  bainbcrg  and  huubrrl: ;  tlic 
second,  with  ac- 
cent, in  affray.] 
It.  A  movable 
wooden  tower 
used  in  the  mid- 
dle ages  in  at- 
tacking fortified 
places.  It  consist- 
ed of  several  stages, 
was  mounted  on 
wheels,  and  Wiis  gen- 
erally covered  with 
raw  hides  to  protect 
those  under  it  from 
fire,  lioiling  oil,  etc. 
The  luwci-most  story 
sometimes  slndtered 
abatteriug-lam  ;  the 
stories  intermediate 
lietweeii  it  and  the 
uppermost  were  till- 
ed with  bowmen, 
arbalisters,  etc.,  to 
gall  the  defenders ; 
while  the  nppermo.st 
story  was  furnished 
with  a  drawltridge  to  let  down  on  the  wall,  over  which 
tile  stunning  parly  rushed  to  the  assaiilt. 
2t.  A  stationary  tower  near  a  fortified  iilace, 
in  which  were  stationed  sentint^ls  to  waleli  Ihe 
surrounding  country  and  givo  notice  of  Iho 
approach  of  an  enemy,     it  was  fminslii'd  with  a 


iru'p 
Htrni 


.S^? 


Belfry  used  in  the  assault  of  a  medieval 
fortress,  f  From  Viollet-lc-Duc*s  "  Diet,  dc 
rArclntecturc."J 


Deletnnltcft. 
aMli.fui4t.  vniirat  ftlde.    9.  tItlfmHiIti  OivtHii 

'     I '<r  1.; lie;  /7,  muv.ulnr  tlMue  of  man. 

'irmti  A'.A'.tcntaculaiiV.lnk- 


1  I;,  iji'veloiiid  and  proviiled  with  hooks, 
'■  immI  -hell  terminated  liehind  by  a  roH- 

I'l  \:irnililo  form,  mid  a  well-developed 
.'li'    }ilii  .ii/Mlllcono.      The  nfiei'lfn  nr<>  niinii-rnnH 


it*'"        ill      ; II niliiiiti   i«(t( till-   I I'lii    rip- 

rrw iitatlvu,  thuiiKh  on  an  Infarlur  lunlc,  of  Iho  Miclent 


llclfry  of  the  l>uomo  lit  I'Im,  lll|l^     < '.niiiiniii^  '.nli  iitic 
LcatiInK  I  ower. 


belie 

bell  to  give  the  alarm  to  the  garrison,  and  also  to  sum- 
mon the  vassals  of  a  feudal  lord  to  his  defense.  This 
circumstance  helped  the  Ijelief  that  the  word  was  con- 
nected witli  bell. 

3.  A  bell-tower,  generally  attached  to  a  ehtirch 
or  other  building,  but  sometimes  standing  apart 
as  an  independent  striteture. 

The  same  dusky  walls 

(If  cold,  gray  stone. 

The  same  cloisters  and  bel/ri/  and  spire. 

Lonrifellow,  Golden  I^igend,  iL 

4.  That  part  of  a  steeple  or  other  structure  in 
which  a  bell  is  himg;  particularly,  the  frame 
of  timberwork  which  sustains  the  bell.  See 
cut  tinder  bell-gable. —  5.  Saiit.,  the  ornamen- 
tal frame  in  which  the  ship's  bell  is  hung. 
[Eng.]  — 6.  A  shed  used  as  a  shelter  for  cattle 
or  for  farm  implements  or  iJroduce.  [Local, 
Eng.] 

belfry-owl  (bel'fri-owl),  n.  A  name  of  the 
barn-owl  (which  see),  from  its  frequently  nest- 
ing in  a  belfry. 
belfry-turret"  (bel'fri-tur''et),  n.  A  turret  at- 
tached to  an  angle  of  a  tower  or  belfry,  to  re- 
ceive the  stau-s  which  give  access  to  its  upper 
stories.  Belfry-turrets  are  polygonal,  square,  or  round 
in  external  plan,  but  always  round  within  for  convenient 
adapuitiiin  to  winding  stall's. 
belgardt  (bel-gard'),  «•  [<  It.  bel  guardo,  lovely 
look :  see  bel^  and  guard,  regard.]  A  kind  look 
or  glance. 

Upon  her  eyelids  many  Graces  sate, 
X'luler  the  shadow  of  lier  even  browes. 
Working  belqardett,  and  amorous  retrate. 

.Spenscr,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  25. 

Belgian  (bel'jian),  a.  and  n.  [See  Bclgie.]  I. 
II.  Belonging  to  Belgium,  a  small  country  of 
Europe,  between  France  and  Germany,  for- 
merly part  of  the  Netherlands,  erected  into 

an  independent  kingdom  in  1830-31 Belgian 

blocks,  nearly  cubical  blocks  of  granite  trap,  or  oilier 
suitalile  stone  used  for  pavements.— Belgian  syllables, 
syllables  applied  to  the  musical  sciUe  by  tlte  lielguin  W'ael- 
rant  about  1550.     See  bobization  and  bocedizativn. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  king- 
dom of  Belgium. 
Belglc  (bel'jik),  a.  [<  L.  Selgicu.'),  <  Belga:]  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  Belga^,  who  in  Ca'sar's  time 
possessed  the  country  bounded  by  the  Khine, 
the  Seine,  the  North  Sea,  the  Strait  ot  Dover, 
and  the  English  Oliannel.  ■j'licywerc  pmliably  of 
mixed  TeuUinic  and  Celtic  origin.  At  the  time  ot  Otcsar'B 
invasion  triltes  of  Belga)  were  found  in  smitliern  Britain, 
whose  connection  with  the  contiuentjil  Belgie  is  disputed. 
2.  Pertaining  to  Belgium. 
Belgravian  (bel-grii'vi-an),  a.  and  1I.  I.  a.  Be- 
longing to  Belgravia,  an  aristocratic  district  of 
Loiidiin  aroinui  Pimlico;  hence,  aristocratic  J 
tasliionable.     Thach-ray. 

II.  «.  An  inhabitant  of  Belgravia;  an  aris- 
tocrat ;  a  member  of  tlie  upper  classes.  Thach- 
iraij. 

Belial  (be'lial),  n.  [Karlv  mod.  E.  also  Jklyall, 
MK.  Ill  Hal,  '<  LL.  (in  Viilgatc)  llelial,  <  Gr.  He 
7.ia'A,  <  ]Ii>b.  b'liya'al,  ustnl  in  the  Old  Testament 
usually  in  phrases  tiaiislated,  in  the  English 
version,  "man  of  Belial,''  "son  of  Belial," as  if 
Jlilial  were  a  ]ir<)|iir  name  0(|uiv.  to  ISalaii; 
hence  once  in  New  Testament  (Gr.  iit'Aiiif))  as 
an  appellntivt^  of  Satan  (2  Cor.  vi.  1.')).  But  the 
Heb.  b'liya'iil  is  a  common  noun,  meaning  worth- 
lessuess  or  wickedni>ss;  <  b'li,  without,  +  ya'al, 
use,  ])rofit.l  The  spirit  ot  evil  ]ii>rs(Uiili('d; 
the  devil;  Satan;  in  Milton,  one  of  the  fallen 
inigels,  distiiu't.  from  Satan. 

What  concord  hath  Christ  with  llelial/        2  Cor.  vi.  16. 

/*'(7iVi/  came  lust,  than  whom  a  spirit  more  lewd 
Kdl  not  from  heaven.  Milton,  1'.  I,.,  1.  400. 

belibel  (be-li'bel),  r.  t.  [<  /)(■-!  +  libi'l.]  To 
lilii'l  or  traduce. 

Belideus  (b(;-lid'e-us),  w.  [NL.l  A  genus  of 
siiiiiU  Hying  phalangers,  of  tliefiiiiiily  I'lialangis- 
lidir ;  the  sugiii'-8(|uirrels.  Tbise  litlle  marsupiala 
rcNcniblc  llyltiK-Hi|iilrrclH  in  siipcidcliil  iippcarancc,  having 
a  large  )>itraeliule.  largi>  niiki<l  cars,  long  liusb.^  tall,  ana 
very  soft  fur.  Tlieri'  are  Bevenil  species,  such  as  //.  Kriw. 
reus,  B.  arid,  and  //.  jfavtveiiter,  inhabiting  Australia, 
New  tiiiineii,  and  some  i>f  the  neighboring  islaiKls. 

belie't  (be-li').  r.  t.\  iiret.  Iiilai/,  p]!.  Iielaiii, 
|>|ir.  Ill  lying.  (,<  Ml".  Iirhiin.  Iiiliiiijin,  <  AS.  6c- 
liiiian.  iiilirijan  (=  ( )\Ui.' biligiinj  Klllti.  biligeii, 
C' liiliiiiin),  <  III-,  iilioul,  by,  -t-  liriiiin,  lie:  HOO 
/«-'  iitid  //(',  and  cf.  bilii'y.]  To  lie  around; 
encoinimsH ;  especially,  to  lie  around,  as  an 
army;  belengiHT. 

belle-  (l)i;-li'),  I',  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  Inlird,  ypT. 
beli/inii.  '[<  MIO.  licUien,  hrlriiyni,  <  AS.  Iiilioijun 
(='(Jl''ries.  hiliaija  '=0\U',.  bilingnn,  MIK!.  he- 
liegrn,  G.  beliigin),  <  bi-,  about,  by,  +  lii'iijan, 
lie':  (tee  /«-l  and  lie".]  1.  To  tell  TieM  concorn  ■ 
itig;  ciiliiiiinint('  by  fnlso  ri'inirts. 


belie 

Thou  dost  hciie  him,  Percy,  thou  dost  belie  him  : 
Ho  never  did  encounter  witli  Gleiidowcr. 

Shak.,  1  Uen.  IV.,  i.  3. 

Who  is  he  that  belies  the  blood  and  libcis  tlic  lame  of 

liis  own  ancestors  ?  , 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

The  clamor  of  liars  belied  in  the  hublnil)  of  lies. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  iv.  9. 

2.  To  give  the  lie  to ;  sbow  to  be  false ;  con- 
tradict. 

Their  trembling  hearts  belie  theil-  boastful  tongues. 

Dryden. 
Novels  (witness  ev'ry  month's  review) 
Belie  their  name,  and  offer  notlling  new. 

Cowper,  Retirement. 

3.  To  act  unworthily  of ;  fail  to  equal  or  come 
up  to ;  disappoint :  "as,  to  belie  one's  hopes  or 
•expectations. 

Shall  Hector,  born  to  war,  his  birthright  yield, 
Belie  his  courage,  and  forsalie  the  field  ? 

Dryden,  Hector  and  Androm.,  1.  109. 
Tuscan  Valerius  by  force  o'ercame. 
And  not  iely'd  his  mighty  father's  name. 

Dryden,  ^neid. 

4.  To  give  a  false  representation  of ;  conceal 
the  true  character  of. 

Queen.    For  heaven's  sake,  speak  comfortable  words. 
I'orifc.     Should  I  do  so,  I  should  belie  my  thoughts. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2. 
5t.  To  fill  with  lies. 

'Tis  slander,  .  .  .  whose  breatli 
Rides  on  the  posting  winds,  and  dotli  belie 
All  corners  of  the  world.    Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  4. 


6t. 

to. 


To  counterfeit ;  mimic ;  feign  resemblance 

With  dust,  with  horses'  hoofs,  that  beat  the  ground. 
And  martial  brass,  belie  the  thunder's  sound. 

Dryden,  Astra^a  Eedu.\. 

belief  (be-lef),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  beleef,  he- 


513- 

In  the  cathedrals,  the  popular  heliffs,  hopes,  fears,  fan- 
cies, ami  asi>irations  fouml  expressinn  anrl  were  perpet- 
uated in  a  language  intelligil)le  to  all. 

C.  I'j.  Norton,  Travel  and  Study  in  Italy,  p.  105. 

5.  The  whole  body  of  tenets  held  by  the  pro- 
fessors of  any  faith. 

In  the  lieat  of  persecution,  to  which  tlie  Cliristian  belit.f 
was  sui)jcct,  upon  its  first  promulgation.  Hooker. 

The  belief  iti  CIn-istianity  is  a  belief  in  the  beauty  of  holi- 
ness ;  tlie  creed  of  Hellas  was  a  belief  in  tlie  beauty  of  tlie 
world  and  of  mankind.  Keary,  I'rim.  Belief,  iv. 

6.  A  creed;  a  formula  embodying  the  essential 
doctrines  of  a  religion  or  a  church. 

Ye  ought  to  see  them  have  their  belief,  to  know  the  com- 
mandments of  Ood,  to  keep  their  holy-days,  and  not  to 
lose  their  time  in  i<lleness.  Latimer,  Sermons,  p.  14. 

=  Syn.  1  aiul2.  Opinion,  Conviction,  etc.  (see persuasion); 
riLiirnce,  ti'ust,  credit,  confidence.— 4.  Doctrine. 

beliefful  (be-lef 'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  Ulefftil,  <  bilcf, 
belece,  belief,  -I-  -ful.  Cf.  AS.  geleufful.'i  Hav- 
ing belief  or  faith.     Udall.     [Rare.] 

belieffulness  (be-leffid-nes),  n.  [<  beliefful  + 
-ness.}     The  state  of  being  beliefful.     [Kare.] 

The  godly  belieffulness  of  the  heathen. 

Udall,  On  Luke  iv. 

There  is  a  hopefulness  and  a  belieffulness,  so  to  say,  on 

your  side,  which  is  a  great  compensation.  Clough. 

belier  (be-ll'6r),  n.     [<  belie"^,  r.,  +  -crl.}     One 

who  belies. 

Foul-mouthed  beliers  of  the  Christian  faith. 

Coleridye,  Aids  to  Reflection,  i.  89. 

belie'7ability  (be-le-va-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  believ- 
able: see  -bility.)  Credibility;  capability  of 
being  believed.     J.  S.  Mill. 

believable  (be-le'va-bl),  a.  [<  believe  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  believed;  credible. 

That  lie  siiin'd,  is  not  believable. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 


leeve,  <  HE.  beleve,  beleafe,  with  prefi.x  be-  (as  believableness  (be-le '  va-bl-nes),  m.     Credi. 

in  believe,  q.  v.),  parallel  with  the  earlier  levc,     i^iijty. 

by  apheresis  for  ileve,  <_^AS.  gelcdfa  =  OS.  ftrj-  Ijelieve  (be-lev'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  believed,  ppr. 


lobho  =  D.  geloof=  MLG.  gclove,  gclof=  OHG. 
giloubo,  MHG.  geloube,  G-.  glaube,  masc,  =  Goth. 
galatiheiiis,  fern.,  belief,  "<  galaiibs,  dear,  valu- 
able: see  believe.]  1.  Confidence  reposed  iu 
any  person  or  thing;  faith;  trust:  as,  a  child's 
belief  in  his  parents. 

To  make  the  worthy  Leonatus  mad. 
By  wounding  his  belief  in  her  renown. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  ft. 

2.  A  conviction  of  the  truth  of  a  given  proposi- 
tion or  an  alleged  fact,  resting  upon  gi-ouuds 
insufficient  to  constitute  positive  knowledge. 
Knowledge  is  a  state  of  mind  wliich  necessarily  implies  a 
corresponding  state  of  things ;  belief  is  a  state  of  mind 
merely,  and  does  not  necessarily  involve  a  corresponding 
state  of  things.  But  belief  is  sometimes  used  to  include 
the  absolute  conviction  or  certainty  which  accompanies 
feuowledge. 

Neither  do  I  labor  for  a  greater  esteem  th.an  may  in 
some  little  measure  draw  a  belief  from  you,  to  do  yourself 
good,  and  not  to  grace  me.        Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  2. 

Belief  admits  of  .all  degrees,  from  the  slishtest  suspicion 
to  the  fullest  assurance.  lieid. 

He  IJames  Hill]  uses  the  word  belief  as  the  most  gen- 
■eral  term  for  every  species  of  conviction  or  assurance  ;  the 
assurance  of  wliiit  is  before  our  eyes,  as  well  as  of  tliat 
which  we  only  remember  or  e-xpect ;  of  what  we  know  by 
direct  perception,  as  well  as  of  what  we  accept  on  the 
evidence  of  testimony  or  of  reasoning.  J.  S.  Mill. 

By  a  singular  freak  of  language  we  use  the  word  belief 
to  designate  both  tlie  leiist  persistent  and  the  most  per- 
'sisteut  coherence  among  our  states  of  consciousness, —  to 
describe  our  state  of  mind  with  reference  both  to  those 
propositions  of  the  truth  of  which  we  are  least  certain, 
and  to  those  of  tlie  truth  of  which  we  are  most  certain. 

J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  61. 

3.  Persuasion  of  the  truth  of  a  proposition, 
■but  with  the  consciousness  that  the  positive 
evidence  for  it  is  insufficient  or  wanting ;  espe- 
cially, assurance  of  the  truth  of  what  rests 
chiefly  or  solely  upon  authority.  («)  in  this  sense, 
the  word  sometimes  implies  tiiat  the  proposition  is  ad- 
mitted as  only  probable,  (b)  It  sometimes  implies  that 
the  proposition  is  admitted  as  being  so  reasonable  that  it 
needs  no  proof,    (f)  Sometimes  used  for  religious  faith. 

Knowledge  and  belief  differ  not  only  in  degree  but  in 
kind.  Knowledge  is  a*  certainty  founded  upon  insight ; 
belief  is  a  certainty  founded  upon  feeling,  'i'he  one  is 
perspicuous  and  objective :  the  other  is  obscure  and  sub- 
jective. Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Lectures  on  Logic,  xxvii. 

One  in  whom  persuasion  and  belief 
Had  ripened  into  faith,  and  faith  become 
A  passionate  intuition.  Wordsivorth,  Excursion,  iv. 
They  Iwonien]  persuade  rather  th-an  convince,  and  value 
ie^M!^  rather  as  a  source  of  consolation  tlian  as  a  faitliful 
expression  of  the  reality  of  things. 

Leeky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  381. 

4.  That  which  is  believed;  an  object  of  belief. 

Superstitious  prophecies  are  the  belief  of  fools.     Bacon. 

We  have  but  to  read  the  accounts  of  the  early  beliefs  of 
mankind,  or  tlie  present  belie.fs  of  savages  and  semi-cul- 
tivated nations,  to  see  how  large  a  field  pure  fiction  occu- 
pies.      Q.  H,  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  .Mind,  H.  iii.  §  7. 


believing.  [Early  mod.  E.  beleeve,  <  ME.  beleveii, 
bilevcn,  bihfeii,  with  prefix  be-  (as  in  belief,  q. 
v.),  parallel  with  the  earlier  leven,'by  apheresis 
for  ileve II,  <  AS.  geliifan,  gelyfan,  geUfun  =  OS. 
gilObhian  =  D.  (/c'tooreH  =  MLG.  geloven  =  OHG. 
giloiihen,  MHG.  gelouben,  glouben,  Q.  gleuben, 
now  glauben,  =  Goth,  galaubjan,  believe,  lit. 
hold  dear  or  valuable  or  satisfactory,  be  pleased 
with,  <  Goth,  galaubs,  dear,  valuable  (found  only 
in  the  special  sense  of  'costly'),  <  ga-  (AS., 
etc.,  ge-),  a  generalizing  prefix,  -I-  *laub,  a  form 
(pret.)  of  the  common  Teut.  root  *lub,  whence 
also  Goth.  Hubs  =  AS.  leaf,  E.  lief,  dear,  AS. 
lufu,  E.  love,  etc. :  see  lief,  leave'^,  love,  liberal, 
etc.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  "have  faith  or  confi- 
dence, (a)  As  to  a  person,  to  have  confidence  in  his 
honesty,  integrity,  virtue,  powers,  ability,  etc. ;  trust,  (b) 
As  to  a  thing,  to  have  faith  in  its  existence,  or  in  its  genu- 
ineness, efficacy,  virtue,  usefulness,  soundness,  and  the 
like  ;  credit  its  reality  :  as,  to  believe  in  ghosts  ;  to  beliere 
in  the  Biljle,  in  manliood  suftrage,  in  the  ballot,  in  repul>- 
licanism,  in  education,  etc. :  usually  with  in  or  on  (for- 
merly also  witli  to),  rarely  aljsolutely. 

He  saith  unto  the  ruler  of  the  synagogue.  Be  not  afraid, 
only  believe.  Mark  v.  30. 

3.  To  exercise  trust  or  confidence;  rely  through 
faith:  generally  with  on. 

And  they  said,  Believe  on  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and 
thou  Shalt  be  saved,  and  thy  house.  Acts  xvi.  31. 

And  many  believed  on  him  there.  John  x.  42. 

To  them  gave  he  power  to  become  the  sons  of  God,  even 
to  them  tliat  believe  on  his  name.  John  i.  19.. 

3.  To  be  persuaded  of  the  truth  of  anything ; 
accept  a  doctrine,  principle,  system,  etc.,  as 
true,  or  as  an  ob.ject  of  faith:  with  in:  as,  "I 
believe  in  the  Holy  Ghost,  the  holy  Catholic 
Church,  the  communion  of  saints,"  etc.,  Jpo.9- 
iles'  Creed;  to  believe  in  Buddhism.     See  belief. 

If  you  will  consider  the  nature  of  man,  you  will  find  that 
with  him  it  always  has  been  and  still  is  true,  that  thiit 
thing  in  all  his  inward  or  outward  world  which  lie  sees 
worthy  of  worsliip  is  essentially  the  thing  in  which  he  be- 
lieves.' Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  i. 

To  make  believe.    SeenKiJ-ci. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  credit  upon  the  ground  of 

authority,  testimony,  argument,  or  any  other 
ground  than  i-oinplete  demonstration;  accept 
as  true ;  give  credence  to.     See  belief. 

We  know  what  rests  upon  reason ;  we  believe  what  rests 
upon  authority.  Sir  \V.  Hamilton. 

Our  senses  are  sceptics,  and  bdiem  only  the  impression 
of  the  moment.  Emerson,  Farming. 

We  may  belirve  wliat  goes  beyond  our  experience,  only 
when  it  is  inferred  from  that  e.vperience  by  the  assump- 
tion that  what  we  do  not  know  is  like  what  we  know. 

ir.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  210. 

Wlio  knows  not  what  to  believe 
Since  he  sees  nothing  clear. 

31.  Arnold,  Empedocles. 


belive 

2.  To  give  credence  to  (a  person  making  a 
statement,  .anything  said,  etc.). 

Lo,  I  come  unto  tliee  in  a  thick  cloud,  that  the  people 
may  hear  wlien  I  speak  with  thee,  and  believe  thee  for  ever. 

Ex.  xix.  9. 

Vou  are  now  bound  to  betievehim.     Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 

3.  To  expect  or  hope  -with  confidence ;  trust. 
[Archaic] 

I  liad  fainted  unless  I  had  believed  to  see  the  goodness 
of  tlie  Lord  in  Uie  land  of  tlie  living.  P».  xxvii.  13. 

4.  To  be  of  opinion ;  think ;  understand :  as, 
I  believe  he  has  left  the  city. 

lliey  are,  I  believe,  as  high  as  most  steeples  in  England. 
Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

believer  (be-le'ver),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  belcever, 
bclever  (not  in  Affi.  or  AS.);  <  believe  +  -er^.] 

1.  One  who  believes;  one  who  gives  credit  to 
other  evidence  than  that  of  personal  know- 
ledge; one  who  is  firmly  persuaded  in  his  own 
mind  of  the  trutli  or  existence  of  something : 
as,  a  believer  in  ghosts. 

Johnson,  incredulous  on  all  other  points,  was  a  ready 
believer  in  miracles  and  apparitions. 

Macaulay,  Von  Rankc. 

2.  An  adherent  of  a  religious  faith ;  in  a  more 
restricted  sense,  a  Christian ;  one  who  exercises 
faith  in  Christ. 

And  believers  were  the  more  added  to  the  Lord. 

Acts  v,  14. 

3.  In  the  early  church,  a  baptized  layman,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  clergy  on  the  one  hand, 
and  to  the  catechumens,  who  were  preparing 
for  baptism,  on  the  other. 

The  name  believer  is  here  taken  in  a  more  strict  sense 
iinly  for  one  order  of  Christians,  the  believing  or  bap- 
tized laity.  Binyham,  Antiquities,  I.  iii.  1. 

believing  (be-le'ving),  J),  a.  1.  Having  faith; 
ready  or  disposed  to  believe  or  to  exercise 
faith. 

Be  not  faithless,  but  believing.  John  xx.  27. 

Now,  God  be  prais'd !  that  to  believing  souls 
Gives  light  in  darkness,  comfort  in  despair. 

S/iaJ-.,2Hen.  VL,  ii.  1. 

2.  Of  the  number  of  those  who  are  disciples. 

.\ud  they  that  have  believing  masters,  let  them  not  de- 
spise them,  because  they  are  brethren.  1  Tim.  vi.  2. 

believingly  (be-le'ving-li),  adv.     In  a  believ- 
ing manner  ;  with  belief:   as,  to  receive  a  doe- 
trine  belieringly. 
belight  (be-lif),  V.  t.     [<  6e-l   +  lightK]     To 

light  up;  illuminate.  Coivley.  [Rare.] 
belike  (be-lik'),  adv.  [First  in  early  mod.  E., 
also  written  belyVe,  bylyke  ;  also  belikely,  q.  v. ; 
appar.  of  dial,  "origin,  <  be,  by,  prep.,  +  lilce, 
likely,  i.  e.,  by  what  is  likely;  but  perhaps  a 
reduction  of  "an  introductory  phrase  it  may  be 
(or  ivill  be)  like  or  likely.  Cf.  maybe  and  likely, 
as  similarly  used.]  Perhaps;  probably.  [Now 
chiefly  poetical.] 

Then  you,  belike,  suspect  these  noblemen 

As  guilty  of  Duke  Humphrey's  timeless  death. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 
Belike  this  is  some  new  kind  of  subscription  the  gallants 
use.  />.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 

If  he  came  in  for  a  reckoning,  belike  it  was  for  better 
treat  than  mine.  Scott. 

belikelyt  (be-lik'li),  a(?f.  [See  belike.]  Prob- 
ably. 

Having  belikely  heard  some  better  words  of  me  than  I 
could  deserve.  Bp.  Hall,  Account  of  Himself. 

belime  (be-lim'),  v.  t.  [<  6c-l  -1-  lime^.]  To 
besmear  or  entangle  -with  or  as  -with  bird-Umo. 
Bp.  Hall. 

beiinkedness  (be-lingkt'nes),  n.  [<  6e-l  -H 
link^  +  -cd^  +  -ness.]  In  math.,  the  number  of 
times  one  branch  of  a  link  must  be  passed 
through  the  other  in  order  to  undo  it. 

belittle  (be-lit'l),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  belittled. 
ppr.  belittling.  [First  in  U.  S. ;  <  fee-l  -1-  little.] 
1.  To  make  small  or  smaller;  reduce  in  pro- 
portion or  extent.  [Rare.] — 2.  To  cause  to 
appear  small;  depreciate;  lower  in  character  or 
importance ;  speak  lightly  or  disparagingly  of. 

belittlement  (be-lit'l-ment),  n.  [<  belittle  -H 
-ment.]  The  act  of  belittling,  or  detracting 
from  the  character  or  importance  of  a  person 
or  thing. 

A  systematic  belittlement  of  the  essential,  and  exaggera- 
tion of  the  non-essential,  in  the  story. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XX.  370. 

belivelf,  *'■  i-  [ME.  (rave),  <  AS.  belifan  (pret. 
beldf,  pi.  belifon,  pp.  belifcn)  (=  OS.  bilibhan  = 
OFries.  biliva,  bliva  =  'D.bliiven  =  0'HG.  biliban, 
ATHG.  belibcn,  blibcn,  G.  bleiben  =  Goth,  bilei- 
ban),  remain,  <  be-  +  *lifan  (pret.  laf).  remain. 
Hence  the  causal  bclcave,  q.  v.,  now  also  obso- 
lete :  see  leave'^.]    To  remain. 


belive 

belive-t,  «^('.,  orig.  prep.  phr.  [Now  only  E. 
dial.,  also  written  helyvCj  Sc.  Mifey  helyre, 
liclitY,  <  ME,  helive,  helyve,  heUfey  Wife,  hlife, 
l>!ir(,  also  Wife^.  hiliveSj  etc. ;  sometimes  used 
cxpletively;  prop,  two  words,  he  UvCj  be  Ufe^ 
lit.  by  life*,  i.  e.,  with  life  or  activity;  ef.  alive 
smd  lively.^  1.  With  speed;  quickly;  eagerly. 
Rise,  rise  bt/live. 
And  unto  batteil  doe  yoiu*  selves  addresse. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  II.  viii.  18. 
Thou  schalte  haue  delyueraunce 
Bflxfue  at  thi  list.  York  Plays,  p.  231. 

2.  Presently;    ere   long;   by  and  by;   anon: 
sometimes  merely  expletive. 

Twenty  swarm  of  bees, 
Whilk  all  the  summer  hum  about  the  hive, 
And  bring  me  wax  and  honey  in  bilive. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  1. 
Bell/re  the  elder  bairns  come  drapping  in. 

Burtu,  Cottars  Sat.  Night 

[Obsolete  in  both  senses,  except  in  Scotch.] 

beltf  (belk),  r.  t     [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  belkett,  the 

Unas  sibilated  form  of  helcheny  hclch  :  see  belehf 

and  cf.  balk^,  bolk\']     To  belch;  give  vent  to. 

Till  I  might  beike  revenge  upon  his  eyes. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  II.  i.  1. 

bell^  (bel),  H.  [Earlv  mod.  E.  also  hel,  <  ME. 
bel,  heUe,  <  AS.  belle  (=J).  Z^W  =  MLa  LG.  belle; 
ef.  Icel.  bjalUiy  <  AS.  belle),  a  bell.  Perhaps  con- 
nected with  bell-,  v.,  roar.]  1.  A  hollow  metal- 
lic instrument  which  gives  forth  a  ringing 
sound,  generally  of  a  musical  quality,  when 
struck  with  a  clapper,  hammer,  or  other  appli- 
ance. Its  usual  shape  resenililes  that  of  an  inverted  cup 
with  a  flaring  rim.  If  the  bell  is  sta- 
tionarj',  it  is  often  made  saucer- 
shapt'd.  and  in  this  case  is  commonly 
termed  a  wivi.  Belts  of  this  fcnu  are 
generally  used  as  call-bells  or  signal- 
bells.  Bells  are  made  fur  many  pur- 
poses and  in  a  great  variety  of  forms 
and  sizes.  They  usually  consist  of  an 
alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  called  bell- 
metal  (which  see).  Church-bells  are 
known  to  have  been  in  use  in  Italy 
about  A.  1>.  400,  and  in  France  in  the 
sixth  century*.  The  earlier  bells  were 
often  four-sided,  made  of  thin  plates 
of  iron  riveted  together.  The  manu- 
facture of  the  largest  and  finest 
bells  has  been  developed  snice  the 
fifteenth  century.  Tlie  largest  ever  made  is  the  great 
bell  of  .Moscow,  called  tlie  Czar  Kolokol,  cast  in  ll'.iS, 
and  computed  to  weigh  about  440,000 pounds.  It  is  about 
19  feet  in  diameter  and  the  same  in  height.  It  is  sup- 
IK>3ed  never  to  have  been  hung,  and  is  now  used  as  a 
chapel,  having  been  raised  in  l»3ti  after  lying  half  buried 
since  17.'17,  when  a  piece  was  broken  out  of  its  side  in  &  fire. 
Tlie  largest  bell  in  actual  use  weighs  VM  tons,  and  is  also 
in  .Moscow.  The  bell  of  the  Buddhist  monastery  Chi-on,  in 
Kioto,  Japan,  was  ciist  in  ICiS,  and  weighs  125,000  catties, 
or  over  74  tons  of  2,240  pounds  each.     Among  the  great 


Bell  (section). 
/},  cl.'tpper,  or  tongtie ; 
C.  clapper-bolt ;  A 
yoke ;  F,  cannon,  or 
car  ;  J/,  mouth  ;  P  P. 
souod-bow ;  .S',  shoul- 
der; T  T,  ban-el. 


^r.n'll  licIU.  the  hourdon  of  Notro  Dnmn,  PariH,  weight 

■       ...„^     ti,.  i..r-„.-t  »M>||  of  HenH  ciitlirdral,  Ifl  tonii ; 

Ir;il.  11    t4>nH.      In    r;i>Kluiid,  the 

•r  weighs  over  i:;  Iotik,  hut  In 

r.  hr,"    at    York,   lo   bMin ;   and 

'  '  oxford,  7  torit*      TIm  inw  "  KaUer- 

i  ithedrnl  wiluli"  '/-'<  tonn.     For  cJninJi* 

'  tv  Miildon.  «•••■  c/o;/!''      1m  heraldry, 

t''  '  ritt-d  art-  liiivtk-   )'  lu.  In  Rhapo 

h'  .  hawk  ri|tt<  -  III- .|  with  thewj 

••  -Ml  1-.  in-  ^«c<i.      Wh.l.  a  Ull  of  ordl- 

I  -  ''•1  AA  A  Iwarlngt  It  li  callud  church-btU  (or 

'         :  .r  art  thou  that  m'y\  thli  Ulu, 
I '  r< xt  '(II  thyn  hoit«-  n  \>n\v, 

Ar   ;      .  :),>  tipet  nuch  a  'W/--/ 

Chaucer,  fiounr'  of  Fame,  I    i  ^  1 1 

2.  Anything  in  the  fonn  ol  a  bill  or  coinpand 
to  a  bf'll.  -;  iflcally  — (a)  A  boUahapoU  corolla  .-f  a 
flower. 


■514 

VThere  the  bee  sucks,  there  suck  I ; 
In  a  cowslip's  bell  I  lie.  Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
(6)  In  arch.,  the  plain  echinus  of  a  Corinthian  or  compo- 
site capital,  around  which  the  foliage  niM\  volutes  are  ar- 
ranged. Also  called  basket,  (c)  The  large  end  of  a  fun- 
nel, or  the  end  of  a  pipe,  tube,  or  any  n^usical  instrument, 
when  its  edge  is  turned  out  and  enlarged  so  as  to  resem- 
ble a  bell.  ((/)  The  strobile,  cone,  or  catkin  containing  the 
seed  of  the  hop.  (c)  The  pendulous  dermal  appendage 
under  the  throat  of  the  male  moose.  (/)  In  hydroid 
polyps,  the  umbrella  or  gelatinous  disk. 
3.  pi.  A  number  of  small  bells  in  the  form  of 
hawks*  bells  or  sleigh-bells,  fastened  to  a  han- 
dle and  constituting  a  toy  for  amusing  an  in- 
fant.— 4.  j>/.  Xaitt. jihe  term  employed  on  ship- 
board, as  o^clocl'  is  on  shore,  to  denote  the 
divisions  of  daily  time,  from  their  being  mark- 
ed by  bells,  ■which  are  struck  every  half-hour. 
The  day,  beginning  at  midnight,  is  divided  into  watches 
of  foiu"  hours  each,  except  the  wat^'h  from  4  to  8  P.  M., 
which  is  subdivided  into  two  dog-watches.  A  full  watch 
thus  consists  of  eight  half-hours,  and  its  progress  is  not*d 
by  the  number  of  strokes  on  the  bell.  For  instance,  1 
o'clock  P.  M.  is  equivalent  to  two  bells  in  the  afternoon 
watch ;  3  o'clock,  to  six  bells ;  4  o'clock,  to  eicht  bells,  etc. 
—  Angelas  bell,  Gabriel  beUt^  Lady  bell,  a  church- 
bell  rung  to  remind  those  witlun  li(?aring  to  recite  the 
angelus.  See  anriehtg. — Ave  bell,  Ave  Maria  bell,  or 
Ave  Mary  bell.'  Same  as  aiyjclus  bell. 

1  could  never  hear  the  Ave  Manf  hell  without  an  eleva- 
tion, or  think  it  a  sufficient  warrant  because  they  erred 
in  one  circumstance  fur  me  to  err  in  all  —  that  is,  in  si- 
lence and  dumb  contempt. 

Sir  T.  Brounie,  Religio  Medici,  i.  3. 
Bell,  book,  and  candle,  a  phrase  popularly  used'in  con- 
nection with  a  mode  oi  solemn  excomnmnication  for- 
merly practised  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  After 
the  fonnula  had  been  read  and  the  book  closed,  the  assis- 
tants east  the  lighted  candles  they  held  in  their  hands 
to  the  ground  so  as  to  extinguish  them,  and  the  bells 
were  rung  together  without  order ;  the  last  two  cere- 
monies symbolized  the  disorder  and  going  out  of  gi'ace 
in  the  souls  of  the  persons  e.\communicatcd.  — Blessed 
or  hallowed  bell,  in  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  bell  which  has 
received  the  solemn  blessing  of  the  church,  in  which  tlie 
bishop  prays  that  its  sound  may  avail  to  suimnnn  the 
faithful,  to  excite  their  devotion,  to  drive  aw;iy  storms, 
and  that  the  powers  of  tlie  ail",  hearing  it,  may  tremlde 
and  flee  before  the  standard  of  the  holy  cross  of  the 
.Son  of  God  engraved  upon  it,  etc.— Elevation  or  Sanc- 
tUS  bell,  in  the  Jiom.  Cath.  Ch.,  a  bell  rung  during  the 
celebration  of  mass  to  give  notification  of  the  more  solemn 
portions:  now  usually  a  small  hand-bell,  but  in  lire- 
Reformation  English  chm-chcs  a  large  bell  often  Imng 
in  a  bell-gable  erected  over  the  nave,  immediately  above 
the  entrance  of  the  chancel,  from  which  it -was  rung  by 
one  of  the  acolytes.  0.r/»r,l  Glossartf,  p.  74.  — In  the 
belL  (a)  In  flower.  [Scotch.]  (h)  In  seed,  or  having  the 
seed-capsules  formed,  as  hops.— Mass  belL  Same  as 
sachnff  &f/^.— Recording  bell,  a  bell  attachetl  to  a  hand- 
punch,  or  to  an  instiunuiit  "f  similar  purpose,  with  which 
fares  collected,  as  by  a  conductor,  etc.,  or  moneys  taken 
in,  as  at  a  bar,  arc  recorded.- Sacring  bell,  a  bell  rung 
during  the  celebration  of  the  Koinan  ('atliolic  mass,  at 
the  elevation  of  the  host,  at  tli<-  S:iiictus,  and  at  other 
solemn  services.  A\'lien  rung  at  the  consecration  it  is 
also  called  the  A'jmt^  bell ;  at  the  time  of  the  Sanctus. 
the  Sanctus  bell,  "etc.  Also  called  mint.'i'  Mi.— Saints* 
bell.  Same  as  xacrituj  bell.  The  term  is  a  corrupted  form 
of  Sanctus  bell,  but  is  no  longer  spccitlcally  restricted  to 
the  bell  rung  at  the  Sjinctus.  The  saints'  hell  is  now  a 
small  hand-bell  rung  within  the  church,  but  fonncriy  it 
was  sometimes  a  small  church-bell  suspended  in  a  turret 
outside  the  church  and  rung  by  a  rope  from  within. 

And  it  is  said  tliat  his  i>eoi_de  would  let  their  plough 
rest  when  George  llerViert's  samts'-bell  rang  to  ])rayfrs. 

Waleott,  Sacred  Archicoloj^j-.  ji.  f.J7. 
Sanctus  belL    See  elevation  bell.— To  bear  away  (or 
gain,  etc.)  the  bell,  to  win  the  prize  at  a  race.     In  for- 
mer times  a  hell  was  a  usual  i)rize  at  a  horse-race. 
Here  lyes  the  man  whose  horae  did  yaine 
The  bell  in  race  on  Sulisluiry  jtlain. 

Cannlen,  F.pitai)hc8. 

To  bear  the  bell,  to  be  the  first  or  leader:  in  allu»ion 
to  the  hfll-wcthiT  of  a  Hock,  or  the  leading  horse  of  a 
team  or  drove,  that  wears  a  bcU  or  bella  on  its  collar. 
Lat  se  whicli  of  you  shal  l>ere  the  belle 
To  speke  of  love.  Chaueer,  Trollus,  lii.  I'.is. 

In  memory  of  the  man  but  for  whom  had  gone  to  wrat  k 
All  tlutt  Franco  saved  from  the  light  whence  Kngland  h<>re 
the  hell.  Broirniwi.  Ilerve  Jtlcl. 

To  clamor  bellB*.    See  c/amor.— To  lose  the  bell,  tu 
In-  w<irMtttI  in  contest. 

In  single  fight  !in  lout  the  bell. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tiuwo,  xvil.  00, 
To  ring  the  bells  backward,    seo  Imckwani.  -To 
ling  the  hallowed  bell,  to  ring  a  bill  con«ecra(ed  hy  a 
iirltht.  IIS  wiiK  f..nii.*rl>  donr  in  the  belief  that  lt»  Konnd 
Iiad  virtur  to  lUHpcrtse -itorniH,  drive  awnv  a  prutlli-nr*- or 
devils,  and  extingulNh  ftre.  — TO  shake  tho  bellfl*.  to 
move,  or  give  notbr  oralarni :  In  alhiMi.in  (o  \\u-  lullrt  on 
u  falcon'H  neck,  which  when  sournhd  uhirmed  Um  pr.  y. 
Neither  the  kln«,  nor  he  that  Iovch  hlin  IkhI. 
'IIm-  proudcHt  he  that  IioMh  up  I,iine(n»t<  r. 
iJiin'H  Htir  a  wing.  If  Warwick  nhake  IiIh  thlU. 

Shak.,  .1  H-n.  VI.,  I.  1. 
To  take  one's  bells,  t<>  tnk»^  one  «  diparture  :  from  tho 
cuiit4>m  in  falconry  of  attaching  belU  to  a  hawk  n  leg  bu- 
forc  letthiK  It  liy. 

If  ever  for  Ihc  Spring  you  do  but  sigh, 
I  takt  my  beUn. 

Ifekkrrand  Font,  Hun'*  DnrlinR,  111.  2. 

belli  o„-l),  r.     [<  hrin.  71. T     I.  iittrantt.  To  pro- 
tliHT  Im'IIh;  be  III  bell :  Huid  of  imjjH  when   llio 
Bot'<l-voH8ol«  arc  fttruuna.     Hcc  /«//',  ;*.,  2  (tl). 
liupt  iu  Uic  bciflnulutf  uf  August  bell.  Mortimer. 


belladonna 

n.  trans.  1.  To  put  a  bell  on. — 2.  To  swell 

or  pnff  ont  into  the  shape  of  a  bell. 

Devices  for  bellinfj  out  dresses.  Mrs-.  Bidihll. 

To  bell  the  cat,  to  grapple  or  cope  with  an  adversary  of 
greatly  superior  power:  a  phrase  derived  from  a  well- 
kjiown  fable,  according  to  which  the  mice  at  one  time  re- 
solved to  put  a  bell  on  the  eat  to  warn  them  vi  its  ap- 
proach ;  but  after  the  resolution  was  passed,  on  inipiiry 
being  made,  "Who  will  undertake  it?"  none  was  found 
daring  enough  to  do  so. 
bell2  (bel),  V,  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bel  (dial, 
also  beal)y  <  ^lE.  hclh\  <  AS.  bellan,  roar,  bellow, 
frmnt,  =  OHG.  bellan,  MHG.  G,  bcllen,  bark,= 
Icel.  belja,  bello-w;  perhaps  connected,  as  the 
orig.  verb  (ef.  D.  hellen,  ring,  MLG.  bellen,  pro-- 
claim  loudly),  -with  AS.  belle,  E.  bein,  q.  v.  Cf, 
belloic,  a  later  form  parallel  to  bell-,  v.,  and 
see  belk,  beleh,  bolk-,  bolk,  etc.,  a  series  of  verbs 
of  similar  form,  assumed  to  be  ult.  imitative. 
Hence  prob.  6k?/1.]  I,  intrans.  If.  To  bellow; 
roar. 

As  loud  as  belleth  wind  in  hell. 

Chaucer,  Uouse  of  Fame,  1.  1S03. 

Specifically — 2.  To  bellow  like  a  deer  in  init- 
ting-time. 

The  wild  buck  hells  from  ferny  brake. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iv.  15, 

Enjoining  perfect  silence,  we  crept  from  tree  to  tree  with 
stealthy  pace  and  occasionally  sweeping  the  opposite 
brow  of  Hangerton  with  a  deer  glass  to  discover  some  of 
the  numerous  harts  which  were  hellinq  and  calling. 

ForeM  and  Stream,  XXIV.  449. 

II.  trans.  To  bellow  forth.     [Rare.] 
bell-  (bel).  n.     [<  hem,  r.]      The  bellow  of  the 
^slld  deer  in  rutting-time. 

In  Ireland  the  deer-stalker  has  to  put  aside  his  rifle  in 
October.  The  first  hell  of  the  hart  is  a  notice  for  him  to 
quit,  so  that  these  wild  denizens  of  the  woods  may  carry 
on  their  coiu'ting  at  their  leisure. 

Forent  and  Stream,  XXIV.  449. 

belief,  r.  i.  [<  ME.  bellen  (pp.  bollen)^  perhaps 
(\\ith  loss  of  orig.  guttural)  <  AS.  behjan  (pp. 
bolejen)  =  OHG.  belgan,  MHG.  behjen  =  Icel. 
*hilgja,  in  pp.  bolginn,  swell  (in  AS.  and  OHG. 
and  MHG.  also  bo  angry).  Cf.  belV^  and  bel- 
low, j-epr.  parallel  forma  without  and  with  an. 
orig.  gnttiiral.  See  boln^.]  To  swell  up,  like  a 
boil  or  beal. 

Jesus  .  .  .  was  pricked  both  with  nail  and  tliorn.  It 
neither  wealed  nor  belled,  rankled  nor  boned. 

Pepys,  Diary,  III.  iUi.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

bell^  (bel),  ik  [<  lato  ME.  belle  =  D.  bel,  a 
bubble;  ef.  OD.  (MD.)  bellen,  bubble:  origin 
luicertain,  perhaps  connected  ■with  E.  bell'-^,  or 
with  L.  bulla,  a  bubble  :  see  bcll^.'}  A  bubble 
formed  in  a  liquid. 

The  twinkling  of  a  fln,  tho  rising  of  an  nir-bell. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  xxvi. 

Certain  (pialities  of  coloured  glass  are  cast  by  ladling 
the  molten  nieUxl  from  huge  pots.  .  .  .  By  this  ladling 
nuiiu  rous  air  bells  arc  enclosed  in  the  glass,  hut  the  cir- 
cunislaitce  docs  not  allect  the  durability  and  usefulness 
of  the  ^;lass.  Fnei/c.  Brit.,  X.  OtJS. 

belli  (bel),  r.  i.  [<  bcm,  «.]  To  bubble. 
I  Scotch.] 

belPt,  o.  [Earlv  mod.  E.  also  bel,  <  ME.  bel,  bele, 
<  OF.  (mod.  F,)  bel,  beau,  m.,  belle,  f..  =  Sp.  P^. 
It.  belhf,  <  L.  bifhis,  fair,  beatitiful.  line.  This 
adj.,  tho  nearest  n'preseiitativc  of  IhoL.,  ob- 
tained a  liold  iii  E.  chiefly  in  its  dcriv.  beauty 
(>  beautiful,  etc.),  and  some  half-Ercneh  uses: 
see  beO,  belle,  beau,  etc.]     Fair;  beautiful. 

bellacityt  (bo-lns'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *'l)elhiei- 
t<i{t-)s,  \  lutlax{bel}ae-),  warlike,  <  bellum,  war.] 
T<'nd('n('y  to  \s\\\",  warlikeiu^ss.     [Kare.J 

belladonna  (iMl-a-dnn'ii),  ».     [nIj.,  <  hella 

(luntia.  lit.  beautiful  lady  (tlie  berries  of  tho 
plant  having  been  used  by  tlie  Italiiiii  ladies  as 
aeosmetic):  belhtf  fem.  of  bcllit,  bcaulil'ul  (see 
belle)  j  donnayK  h.domina,  lady,  fem.  of  donii- 


n,  flnwcrliiic  brnnch,  with  fruit :  #,  fruit,  un  lanfcr  ftcnlt?. 

nus,  lord,     Ult.  a  doublet  of  heldam^  q.  v.]    A 
plant,  Airopa  lidladonnaf  or  deadly  nightshade^ 


belladonna  515 

SoIa)i(icf'(r,  a  native  of  central  bell-COte  (bel'kot),  n.     In  orc7i. ,  an  ornamental 


natural  order 

and  southern  Europe.  All  parts  of  the  plant  an^ 
m.iaonous,  and  ili'inml  t"r  tlicir  pliarraacoclynamic  prop- 
erties on  the  alkaloid  atropin.  The  plant  and  its  alkaloid 
are  largely  used  in  medicine  to  relieve  pain,  to  cheek  sjiasm 
and  excessive  jierspiratiori,  and  especially  in  snriiery  to  di- 
late the  pupil  and  paralyze  the  aeeominodation.it  the  eye. 
bell-and-hopper  (bel'and-hop'er),  n.  A  eharg- 
iut;  <levice  on  top  of  a  blast-furnace.  The  hot- 
torn  I'f  the  hopper  is  closed  fromhencath  hya  bell-shaped 
nitce,  whicii,  when  lowered,  permits  the  ore  to  fall  into 

the  stock. 

bellandine   (bel'an-din),  h.     [So.  ;   ef.  ballan, 

afit-'ht.  eombat.]   A  quarrel ;  a  squabble.  Hogg. 
bell-animal  (beran"i-mal),  n.     Same  as  bcll- 

aiii»i((lci(lc. 
bell-animalcule  (beran-i-raal"kul),  n.    The  bell-crank(bel'- 

usual  English  name  of  a  peritrichous  ciliated     krangk),  >i.     In 

infusorian,  of  the  family  rorticellida;  (which 

see).     See  cut  under  Vorticella.     Also  called 

bcU-polijp. 
bellarmine  (bel'ar-min),  n.    [See  def.]   A  large 

stoneware  jug  with  a  capacious  belly  and  nar- 
row neck,  decorated  with  the  face  of  a  bearded 

man,  originally  designed  as  a  caricature  of  Car- 
dinal Bellarmin,  who  made  himself  obno.xious 

to  the  Protestant  party  in  the  Netherlands  as 

an  opponent  of  the  Reformation,  in  the  end  of 

the  sixteenth  century  and  the  early  part  of  the 

seventeenth. 


construction  designed  to 
Vk'Us,  and  often 
crowned  by  a 
small  spire.  The 
bell-cote  I'l-sts  npon 
a  wall,  and  is  stmie- 
tinii's  supported  by 
corbels ;  but  no 
chanj;e  is  made  on 
account  of  its  pres- 
ence in  the  archi- 
tectural disposition 
of  the  lower  parts 
of  the  buildieiK. 
>ivi-h,'ll-liin;'l.  Also 
written  l„ll.,-i,t. 


macli.,  a  rectan- 
gular lever  by 
which  the  di- 
rection of  mo- 
tion is  changed 
through   an  an- 


contain  one  or  two 


bellied 

Reviews  of  publications  not  purely  hfUetriafic  or  ephem- 
eral in  their  nature  arc  (generally  written  by  professors, 
./.  i\l.  Ilarl,  German  Universities,  p.  273. 

bell-flower  (berflou"i'r),  n.  1.  Acommonname 
for  the  species  of  Campanula,  from  the  shape 
of  the  flower,  whicli  resembles  a  bell.  See  cut 
under  Canip(iiiiil((. —  2.  In  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land, the  (liilToilil,  Xareissus  I'seudo-Narcissus. 
~  Autimin  bell-flower,  a  species  of  gentian,  Oentiuna 

I'tHininmiliitlir. 

bell-founder  (berfomi"d6r),  n.    A  man  whose 

occuj)ation  is  to  found  or  cast  bells. 

bell-ioundry  ( lierfoun"dii),  n.  A  place  where 
bells  are  founded  or  cast. 

bell-gable  (berga"bl),  «.  1.  The  continuation 
upward  of  a  portion  of  a  wall  terminated  by  a 
small  gable,  and  pierced  to  receive  one  or  more 
bells.    Such  a  feature  sometimes  surmounts  the 


Bell-cotc. 
Darnetal.  near  Rouen,  Normandy. 


Or  like  a  larger  jug  that  some  men  call 

A  Bellarmine.         W.  Cartwright,  The  Ordinary. 

Large  globular  jugs,  stamped  in  relief  with  a  grotesque 
bearded  face  and  other  ornaments,  were  one  of  the  favour- 
ite forms  (in  stoneware].  .Such  were  called  "greybeards  " 
or  bellannmes,  from  the  unpopular  cardinal  of  that  name, 
of  whom  the  bearded  face  was  supposed  to  be  a  caricature. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  631. 

bellasombra-tree  (bel-a-som'bra-tre),  n.  [< 
Sp.  heUa,  beautiful,  +  sombra,  shade.]  A  South 
American  tree,  PhytoJacca  cUoica,  cultivated  as 
a  shade-tree  in  Spain,  Malta,  and  some  of  the 
cities  of  India. 

Bellatrix  (be-lii'triks),  n.  [L.,  fem.  of  bellator, 
a  warrior,  <  belhire,  wage  war,  <  bellion,  war: 
see  bellicose,  belligerent.  In  1  it  is  the  trans- 
lation by  the  authors  of  the  Alphonsine  Tables 
of  the  Ar.  name  Alndrlsliid,  the  real  meaning  of 
which  is  doubtful.]  1.  A  very  white  glittering 
star  of  the  second  magnitude,  in  the  left  shoul- 
der of  Orion.  It  is  y  Orionis. —  2.  In  ornith.,  a 
genus  of  humming-birds.    Boie,  1S31. 

bell-bind  (borbind),  ».  Another  name  of  the  belleric  (l)C-'lcr'ik),  n.  [<  F.  belleric,  ult.  <  Ar. 
hedge-bells  or  hedge-bindweed  of  Europe,  Con-  halllaj,  <  Pers.  bitlilah.'\  The  astringent  fruit  of 
rolnilns  sepium.  Terminalia  liellcrica,  one  of  the  fruits  imported 

bell-bird  (bel'berd),  n.  1.  The  arapunga. —  2.  from  India,  under  the  name  of  myrobalans,  for 
An  Australian  bird  of  the  family  Melipliagidw,     the  use  of  calico-printers. 

the Manorliiiia{orMy:;a)itlia)»ie1anophrys,whose  Bellerophon  (be-ler'o-fon),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Be?.- 
notes  resemble  the  soimd  of  a  bell. — 3.  An  Aus-  '/.epoipur,  also  B£Ucpo<p'6vT!i(,  a  local  hero  of  Cor- 
tralian  piping  crow,  of  the  genus  Sirepera,  as  S.     intb,  in  Greek  myth,  the 


gle  of  90°,  and  by  which  its  velo- 
city-ratio andrange  maybe  altered 
at  pleasure  by  making  the  arms 
of  different  lengths,    it  is  much  em- 
ployed in  machinery,  and  is  n.amed  from 
the  fact  that  it  is  the  form  of  crank  em- 
ployed in  changing  the  direction  of  the 
wires  of  house-bells.    F  in  the  cut  is  the 
center  of  motion  about  which  the  arms  oscillate.     See 
also  cut  under  crank. 
belle  (bel),  a.  and  «.     [<  F.  belle,  fem.  of  beau, 
OP.  bel,  <  L.  hrllus,  beautiful:  see  6e/l,  beW.'] 

I.  a.   Beautiful;  charming;  fair Belle  cheret. 

[ME.,  <  OF.  belle  ckere  :  see  belle  and  cheer.]    Good  enter- 
tainment ;  good  cheer. 

Bele  chere 
That  he  hath  had  ful  ofte  tynies  here. 

Chaucer,  Shipman's  Tale,  1.  409. 

II.    n.   A  fair  lady;  a  handsome  woman  of 
society ;  a  recognized  or  reigning  beauty. 

Where  none  admii-e,  'tis  useless  to  excel ; 
Where  none  are  beaux,  'tis  vain  to  be  a  belle. 

Lord  Lyttelton,  Beauty  in  the  Country. 

Beauty  alone  will  not  make  the  belle;  the  beauty  must 
be  lit  up  by  esprit. 

Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  148. 

belled  (beld),  p.  a.  Hung  with  bells;  in  her., 
having  hawk-bells  attached:  said  of  a  hawk 
when  used  as  a  bearing. 

bellelettrist,  n.     See  belletrist. 


gniniliiia.     Also  called  bell-magpie. 
bell-bloomt,  «.    [Early  mod.  E.SeHe-ftZome.]   An 

old  name  of  the  daffodil. 
bell-bottle  (bel'bot  "l),  n.   Another  name  of  one 

of  the  two  European  plants  called  bluebell, 

Scillii  nutans.     See  bluebell. 
bell-boy  (bel'boi),  n.     A  boy  who  answers  a 

bell ;  specificall}',  an  employee  in  a  hotel  who 

attends  to  the  wants  of  guests  in  their  rooms 

when  summoned  by  bell, 
bell-buoy  (bel'boi),  n.     See  buoy. 
bell-cage  (bel'ka.i),  n.     A  belfry. 
bell-call  (bel'kal),  n.     Same  as  call-bell. 
bell-canopy  (berkan"o-pi),  «.     A  canopy-like 

construct  ion  of  wood  or  stone,  designed  to  pro- 
tect ii  licU  and  its  fittings 

from  the  weather. 
bell-chamber  (bel'cham"- 

bor),  n.  The  portion  of 
a  tower,  usually  near  its 
summit,  in  which  bells 
are  himg.  It  is  commonly 
constructed  with  large  open- 
ings on  all  sides,  to  permit  the 
sound  of  the  bells  to  dilfuse 
itself  without  impediment. 

bell-chuck  (bel'chuk),  «. 

A  bell-shaped  lathe- 
chuck,  which,  by  means 

of  set-screws,  holds   the 

piece  to  be  turned. 
bell-cord  (bel'kord),  H.  A 

cord  attached  t»  a  bell; 

si.eeifieally,    a    cord     at- 

taehi'd    to    a    bell    on    a 

locomotive   and  running 

through    the    cars    of    a 

train,  tised  by  conductors 

or  brakemen  in  the  United  States  and  Canada 

to  signal  the  engineer. 


BelUroJihon  expanses.  Upper 
Silurian,  Britain. 


■  -..~e_  ,, 


Bell-canopy,  Harvard  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  Mass. 


slayer  of  the  monster 
Chimasra;  <  'Bt/./.trpof, 
supposed  to  mean  'mon- 
ster,'    +     -^Ul',     -'pivT'lC, 

slayer,  <  *ipav,  kill,  akin 
to  "E.  banel,  q.  v.]  An 
extinct  gouus  of  gastro- 
pods, typical  of  the  fam- 
ily Bellcrophoiitidw.  It  is 
one  of  the  genera  whose  shells  largely  enter  Into  the  com- 
position of  limestone  beds  of  the  Silm-ian,  Devonian,  and 
Carhcniiferous  epochs. 

bellerophontid (be-ler-0-fon'tid),  n.  [<  Bellero- 
phontidd-.]  A  gastropod  of  the  family  JSellcro- 
pliontida: 

Bellerophontidae  (be-ler-o-fon'ti-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Hellcroplwn{t-)  +  -idee.']  An  extinct 
family  of  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Bel- 
lerophon. The  shell  was  symmetrically  involute  and 
nautiliform,  with  the  periphery  carinateil  or  sulcated  and 
notched  or  incised  at  the  lip.  The  species  flourished  and 
were  numerous  in  the  Paleozoic  age.  Their  affinities  are 
uncertain.  Formerly  they  were  associated  by  most  au- 
thors with  the  heteropod  Atlantidm,  but  they  are  now 
generally  approximated  to  tlie  PUurotomariidce,  of  the 
^•tdi-r  Jlhij'iildiilussa.  _ 

belles-lettres  (bel'let'r),  n.  j)i.  [P.,  lit.  'flue 
letters'  (like  beaux-arts,  fine  arts):  belle,  fine, 
beautiful;  lettre,  letter,  pi.  lettres,  literature: 
see  belle  and  letter.']  Polite  or  elegant  litera- 
ture: a  word  of  somewhat  indefinite  applica- 
tion, including  poetry,  fiction,  and  other  imagi- 
native literature,  and  the  studies  and  criticism 
connected  therewith ;  literature  regarded  as  a 
form  of  fine  art. 

belletrist,  bellelettrist  (be-let'rist),  «.  [< 
helles-lctlrcs  +  -ist.]  One  devoted  to  belles- 
lettres. 

bellettristic  (bel-et-ris'tik),  a.  [<  belleis)- 
lettr{es)  +  -iat  +  -ic;  G.  belletristisch.]  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of  belles-lettres. 


Bell-gable,  Church  of  S.  S.  Annunziata,  Florence. 


apex  of  a  church-gable. —  2.  Any  gable  when 
the  wall  composing  it  is  pierced  for  bells. 
[Bell-gables  of  both  varieties  are  not  uncom- 
mon in  medieval  architecture.] 

bell-gamba  (bergam"ba),  n.  Same  as  cone- 
gamba  (which  see). 

bell-gastrula  (bergas"tr6-la),  n.  In  biol.,  the 
original,  primary  palingenetic  form  of  gas- 
trula,  according  to  the  views  of  Haeekel :  same 
as  arehigastrida.     See  cut  under  gastrula. 

bell-glass  (bel'glas),  n.  A  bell-shaped  glass 
vessel  used  to  cover  objects  which  require  pro- 
tection from  variations  of  the  atmosphere,  dust, 
and  influences  of  like  character,  as  delicate 
plants,  bric-a-brac,  small  works  of  art,  clocks, 
etc.,  or  to  hold  gases  in  chemical  operations. 

bell-hanger  (bel'hang"er),  n.  One  who  hangs 
;ind  rejiairs  bells. 

bell-harp  (bel'harp),  n.  An  old  stringed  in- 
strument, consisting  of  a  wooden  box  about 
two  feet  long,  containing  a  harp  or  lyre  with 
eight  or  more  steel  strings.  The  player  twanged  the 
strings  with  the  thumbs  of  both  hands  inserted  througil 
lioles  in  the  box,  meanwhile  swinging  the  box  from  side 
to  siile,  like  a  bell. 

bellibonet,  ".  [One  of  Spenser-'s  words,  appar. 
<  F.  hille  et  bonne,  beautiful  and  good.  See 
belle,  bonne,  and  boon^.]    A  bonny  lass. 

bellict,  bellicalt  (bel'ik.  -i-kal),  a.  [Also  bel- 
lique,  <  P.  bellique,  <  L.  bellicus,  warlike,  < 
ftcHioH,  war.]  Pertaining  to  war  ;  warlike:  as, 
"  6eHiV/»e  Csesar,"  Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  52. 

bellicose  (bel'i-kos),  a.  [<  L.  bellicosus,  <  bel- 
Inm,  OL.  duellum,  war,  orig.  a  combat  between 
two,  <  duo  =  E.  two.  Cf.  duel.]  Inclined  or 
tending  to  war;  warlike;  pugnacious:  as,  bel- 
licose sentiments. 

Arnold  was  in  a  bellicose  vein.  Irving. 

I  s.!"'  the  bull  always  alert  and  bellicose,  charging  the 
footmen,  who  pricked  and  baited,  and  enraged  him  with 
their  scarlet  mantles. 

C.  D.  ^'arncr.  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  271. 

bellicosely  (bel'i-kos-li),  eidr.  In  a  bellicose 
or  warlike  manner ;  pugnaciously. 

Anything  like  ralljing  the  more  bellicosely  inclined  ot 
the  pilgrims  would,  under  the  circumstances,  be  ont  of 
the  question.  V  Donovan,  Merv,  x. 

bellicoust  (bel'i-kus),  a.  [As  bellicose,  <  L.  bel- 
licosus; or  <  h.  bellicus;  see  bellicose,  bellic] 
Bellicose:  as,  " bellicous  nations,"  Sir  T.  Smith, 
Commonwealth  of  Eng. 

bellied  (bel'id),  a.  [<  6(H;/ -t- -e(?2.]  1.  Having 
a  belly  (of  the  kind  indicated  in  composition): 
as,  'big-bellied;  -pot-bcUicd. — 2.  In  bot.,  ventii- 
eose;  swelling  out  in  the  middle. — 3.  Jnanat., 


bellied 

having  a  swelling  fleshy  part,  or  beUy.  as  a 
muscle. — 4.  Eoimded;  bulging. 

When  a  raised  handle  ...  is  used,  the  most  roimded 
or  bellied  side  of  the  file  should  be  applied  to  the  work. 
J.  Rose,  Pract.  Machinist,  p.  "270. 

belligeratet  (be-lij'e-rat),  r.  i.  [<  L.  belligc- 
ratu-s,  pp.  of  helUgerare,  wage  war,  <  bcUiffcr, 
waging  war,  <  lellum,  war,  +  gercre,  can\v : 
see  f/est,  jest.  Cf.  belligerent.]  To  make  war. 
C'ickcram. 

belligerence  (be-Uj'e-rens),  n.  [<  belligerent: 
see  -ence.']  The  act  of  carrying  on  war;  war- 
fare. 

Merely  diplomatic  peace,  which  is  honeycombed  with 
suspicion,  .  .  .  bristles  with  the  apparatus  and  establish- 
nienu  of  war  on  a  scale  far  beyond  what  was  formerly 
required  fnr  actual  belligerence. 

Gladstone,  Gleanings,  I.  67. 

belligerency  (be-lij'e-ren-si),  n.  [<  belligerent: 
see-eiicy.]  Position  or  status  as  a  belligerent; 
the  state  of  being  actually  engaged  in  war. 

They  were  acting  for  a  Government  whose  helligerency 
had  been  recognized.    Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  22-1. 

I  cannot  conceive  of  the  existence  of  any  neutral  duties 
when  no  war  exists.  Neutrality  ex  vi  termini  implies 
betti'jerencti :  and  a  breach  of  neutrality  can  only  occur 
witli  reirard  t<»  a  matter  arising  during  a  war. 

.V.  .4.  ifec,  CXXVII.  39. 

belligerent  (be-lij'e-rent),  a.  and  n.  [Earlier 
belligerant,  <  F.  belligerant,  <  L.  belligeran(t-)s, 

fpr.  of  belligerare,  wage  war:  see  belligeratc] 
,  a.  1.  Warlike;  given  to  waging  war;  char- 
acterized by  a  tendency  to  wage  or  carry  on  war. 

History  teaches  that  the  nations  possessing  the  greatest 
armaments  have  always  been  the  most  belligerent. 

Sumner,  Orations,  I.  97. 

2.  Of  warlike  character ;  constituting  or  tend- 
ing to  an  infraction  of  peace:  as,  a  belligerent 
tone  of  debate. 

Jtistice  re<|uires  that  we  should  commit  no  belligerent 
act  nut  founded  in  strict  right  as  sanctioned  by  public 
law.  Lincoln,  in  Kaymond,  p.  1G7. 

3.  Actually  engaged  in  war:  as,  the  belligerent 
powers. — 4.  Pertaining  to  war,  or  to  those  en- 
gaged in  war:  as,  ie//i(/crcH<  rights,  etc. 

n.  n.  A  nation,  power,  or  state  carrying  on 
war;  also,  a  person  engaged  in  fighting. 

Tlie  position  uf  neutrals  in  relation  to  betligerentjt  is  ex- 
actly  ascertained.  tomlon  Timei. 

The  possibility  of  intercourse  in  war  depends  on  the 
confidence  which  the  beltigereuts  repose  in  each  otliers 
grxi<l  faith ;  and  this  conlidcnce,  on  ttic  unchangeable  sa- 
credness  of  truth.      It'ootiey,  Intrud.  to  Inter.  Ijiw,  §  249. 

The  reliel  Poles  had  never  risen  to  tlic  rank  of  bellige- 
rentx.  Lotpe,  IMsniarck,  I.  309. 

belligeroust  (be-lij'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  belliger, 
wiiKiii;?  war,  <  helium,  war,  -I-  gcrcre,  carry  on.] 
S:iTiii-  iis  hclli/ierent.     ISaiUy. 

bellingl  (bfl'ing),  «.  [Vorlial  n.  of  6eHl,  c]  In 
.■■iiliiiiariiic  operations,  the  use  of  the  diving- 
Im.1I. 

belling^  (bel'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  helhjngc ;  verbal 
n.  of  bell",  r.]  Formerly,  bellowing ;  in  modern 
use,  the  noise  made  by  a  deer  in  rutting-time. 

bellipotent  (Vie-lip'y-tent),  a.  [<  L.  bellipo- 
t'ii(t-)x.  <  helium,  war,  -f-  ]i(ilen(t-)s,  powerful: 
h<-i-  )inti  III.]  Powerfulormighty  in  war.  lilount. 
[Kiiro.] 

Bellis  (bel'is),  H.  [L.,  <  bellu.i,  beautiful :  see 
hell^.]  Tlic  dais}-,  a  sraall  genus  of  annual  or 
perennial  herbs,  natural  order  ComjinniUt:,  in- 
digi-nous  to  llie  teniiicrato  and  cold  regions  of 
the  northern  heinispliore.  The  dai»y,  II.  p-irnnit,  i» 
aliiniiluiit  in  |i;i>.tur'-H  and  nieadowH  of  Ivui-ope,  arid  iti  very 
ciinnon  in  eultivatioli.  .Hee  daintf.  Only  one  Hpeeies  is 
fi-inid  In  Nortli  Aiiiericn.  li.  inlegn'hitifi,  (he  weHteru  daisy. 

bellitudet  (bi^'i-tiid),  «.  [<  L.  bellitudo,  <  bel- 
luji,  beautiful :  see  bcll^.']  Beauty  of  person ; 
loveliness;  elegance;  neatness.     Corhrnm. 

bell-jar  (bel'jiir),  »i.     A  belI-Hha))cd  glass  ,iar, 

u-'  J  livcIieiiiistM,  inphysicnl  laliorntorleH,  etc., 

^'as  lighter  than  till' alrnoHpherc 

iin  in  whii'li  it  ih  pliiiigiil,  and 

It  is  a  form  of  licll-glass. 

1  .  s),  o.    [<  6oH»  + -/t™.]    Having 


1 


belli 

[A 


n  m. 
to... 
ftiiil 


'       ....,'  ii't),   n.    An   alarm  in 
I'l  Htriko  a  bell  by  the 
•  r  ;iij  iii.|.|n>-  circuit. 
10   (liermag'pl),   n.      Hamo  uo  hell- 

iian),    n. :    pi.    hrllmnn   (-men). 

I,,  II;    -,....,1:...,-: 
■  t  i..,wi ;;. 


516 

I  staid  up  till  the  bell-man  came  by  with  his  bell  just 
under  my  window  as  I  was  writing  of  this  very  line,  and 
cried,  "Past  one  of  the  clock,  and  a  cold,  frosty,  windy 
morning."  Pepi/.^,  Diary,  I.  S. 

bell-mare  (bel'mSr),  n.  Amaro  used  bymide- 
herders  as  an  aid  in  keeping  their  herds  to- 
gether. The  mules  follow  the  bell-mare  wher- 
ever she  goes.  Also  called  modrina  in  the 
originally  Spanish  parts  of  the  United  States. 

bell-metal  (bel'metal),  H.  A  variety  of  bronze, 
an  alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  of  which  bells  are 
made.  The  proportions  in  which  the  two  metals  are 
employed  are  variable.  In  some  very  large  English  bells 
there  is  from  22  to  24  per  cent,  of  tin  and  from  7t»  to  7S  of 
copper.  Four  parts  of  tlie  latter  metal  to  one  of  the  for- 
mer is  said  to  be  the  priiii..rtinn  used  in  many  of  tlie  lar- 
gest bells.  See  ^rojuc— Bell-metal  ore,  a  name  by  which 
tlie  mineral  stannite,  or  siilpliid  uf  tin,  copper,  and  iron, 
found  in  Cornwall,  is  frequently  known,  owing  to  its  re- 
semblance  in  appearance  to  bell-metal  or  bronze. 

bell-metronome  (bel'mefro-nom),  n.  A  met- 
ronome provided  with  a  bell  that  may  be  set  to 
strike  after  a  given  number  of  oscillations  of 
the  pendulum,  thus  marking  the  beginning  of 
measures  as  well  as  the  pulses  within  measiu'es. 

bell-mouth  (bel'mouth),  n.  A  mouthpiece  ex- 
panding like  a  bell. 

.-V  betlmouth  may  also  have  the  form  of  the  contracted 
jet.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  403. 

bellmouth  (bel'mouth),  V.  t.  [<  bell-mouth,  «.] 
To  pro^^de  with  a  bell-shaped  mouthpiece; 
shape  like  the  mouth  of  a  bell. 

It  is  often  desirable  to  bellmouth  tlie  ends  of  pipes. 

Enctic.  Brit.,  XII.  463. 

bell-mouthed   (beKmoutht),  a.     1.  Gradually 
expanded  at  the  mouth  in  the  form  of  a  bell. 
His  belt-mouth'd  goblet  niakes  nie  feel  quite  Danish, 
Or  Dutch,  with  thirst.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiii.  72. 

2.    Having  a  clear,  linging  voice :  said  of  a 

hound. 
bell-nosed   (bel'nozd),   a.      Expanded  at  the 
muzzle  in  the  shape  of  a  bell :  said  of  lirearms. 
In  blunderbusses  the  barrels  are  generally  bell-nosed. 
W.  W.  Greener,  Gun  and  its  Development,  p.  77. 

bellon  (bel'on),  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  Lead- 
colic,  or  painters'  colic. 

Bellona  (be-16'nil),  n.  [L.,  OL.  liuellona,  <  bel- 
Itiiii,  OL.  ducllum,  war.]  1.  In  Horn,  myth.,  the 
goddess  of  war.  Ilcr  temple  stood  in  the  Campus 
Martius,  without  the  walls,  and  was  held  to  symbolize 
enemies*  territory.  In  it  the  Senate  received  foreign  am- 
bassadors  and  victorious  generals  entitled  to  a  triumph. 
2.  [NL.]  In  0)-Ki7A.,  agenusof  huniining-birds. 
Muhant  and  Verreaux,  1865.— 3.  [/.  <-.]  [NL.] 
In  herpet.,  the  specific  name  of  a  snake,  I'ityo- 
l>his  bcltona. 

bellonion  (be-lo'ni-ou),  n.  A  musical  instru- 
Tnent,  invented  at  Dresden  in  Iril'J,  consisting 
of  twinty-tour  trumpets  and  two  drums,  which 
were  played  by  machinery. 

bellow  (bd'o),  V.  [<  ME.  belowen,  bellewen, 
belwen,  bellow,  low,  <  AS.  hylgean  (o(>cm-ring 
only  once),  bellow  (as  a  bull),  appar.  witli 
added  formative  anil  mnlaiit  i'roin  tlio  same 
root  as  belUin,  low,  bellow,  E.  hell:  see  Inll-.] 

1.  inlrans.  1.  To  roar;  make  a  hollow,  loud 
noise,  as  a  bull,  cow,  or  deer. 

Jupiter 
Became  a  bull,  and  bcUuii'd.      Sliak.,  W.  T.,  Iv.  3. 

2.  Of  persons,  to  make  any  violent  outer)- ;  vo- 
ciferate; clamor:  used  in  ridicule  or  contempt. 

This  gentleman  ...  is  aceustomcil  to  rojir  aiul  Ifetlnir 
so  ten  ibly  loud  .  .  .  that  he  frightens  ns.     7'(1((it.  .No.  f,l. 

3.  To  roar,  as  the  sea  in  a  tempest,  or  as  the 
wind  when  violent;  make  a  loud,  hollow,  con- 
tinued sound. 

Ever  overhead 
Bettow'J  the  tempest. 

Tcnngnvn,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

II.  Irans.  To  utter  in  a  loud  deep  voioo ;  vo- 
cift-rate:  generally  with  out  or  forth. 
To  bellow  out  "  Green  pease"  inider  my  wlmlow. 

.inuitlett,  JJuinphrey  Clinker. 

bellow  (bel'o),  n.     [<  bellow,  v.  f.]     A  roar,  as 
(if  a  bull ;  a  loud  outcry, 
bellower  (bel'o-iT),  «.     One  who  bellowM. 
bellows  (bel'oz  or  -lis),  )i.  Hint/,  ami  />'.    [Also, 
<  MIO. 


Bellows. —  French.  17U1  century. 
(From  "  L'Art  pour  Tous.") 


r 


ii 


llll'    Sll.I'     ol     IIp 

luatiiMi,  M  lie  panxud. 


coll<ic|wially,  iKtlownes,  n  double  plural 
beloiris,  helwis,  also  lu:liin,  u  bclloWH,  Jirop. 
pi.  of  hiliiirc,  hilii,  also  hely,  bili,  a  bellowH,  a 
bag.  the  lnOly  (Name  word  as  billy),  <  .AS.  Imlg, 
biclig,  hilg,  hitig,  a  bag,  n  bellowH  (eurliiT  spc- 
cilleiilly  bliiMthrlid  =  \vf\.bluHlrbrl<ir;  cf .  I),  hliinn- 
hitlij  =  Dun.  hlii'.iihirig  =  Sw.  hlAnliiilg  =  Ollll. 
hlii'shiilg,  (i.  blii.tihiilii,  lit.  bliiMt-bag:  nee  I1I11.1I)  : 
hii'  h'ihj,  of  wliii'h  hilliiwn  is  a  dilTerentialeil 
plural.]  An  iuNtruinoiit  or  mncliiiii'  fur  pro- 
•  lii'ing  n  current  nf  air:  prifK'ipallv  used  for 
Mowing  fire,  eithiT  in  private  dwellingK  rir  in 
fiirgug,  fumacua,  miiii>H,  etc. ;  alho  uhciI  in  or- 


bell-roof 

gans  for  producing  the  current  of  air  by  which  ' 
the  pipes  and  reeds  are  sounded,  it  consists  e»- 
sentiallj  of  an  air-chamber 
which  can  be  alternately 
expanded  and  contracted, 
and  a  nozle  by  wliich  the 
current  of  air  can  be 
directed.  When  the  air- 
chamber  is  expanded,  air  i.s 
admitted  through  a  valve 
opening  inwai'd.  The  pres 
siu-e  produced  by  the  con- 
traction of  the  air-cham- 
ber closes  this  valve,  and 
leaves  the  nozle  the  only 
available  avenue  of  escape 
for  the  air  in  the  chamber. 
Bellows  are  made  in  many 
dilferent  forms,  a  usual  one 
being  the  small  hand-bel- 
lows, an  ornamented  ex- 
ample of  which  is  shown. in 
the  cut,  used  for  promoting 
the  combustion  of  a  house- 
fire.  Bellows  of  great  pow. 
er  are  called  bburing-ma- 
c/;(;i'',v,  niul  are  operated  by 
nKu!iinei>  driven  by  steam. 

—  Blindman's  bellows. 
See  btindman.  —  Hydro- 
Static  bellows.     See  hy. 

drontatie. 

bellows-camera  (bel'- 
6z-kam' e-rii),  n.  In 
photog.,  a  form  of  ex- 
tensible camera  in  which  the  front  and  after 
bodies  are  connected,  for  the  sake  of  lightness 
and  ecouomj'  of  space  when  the  camera  is  not 
in  use,  by  a  folding  tube  or  chamber  made  of 
leather,  rubber,  or  a  similar  light-proof  mate- 
rial. The  tube  is  made  to  fold  upon  itself  in  the  .same 
way  as  tile  air-clianiber  of  an  accordion  or  of  bellows  of 
the  usual  form ;  that  is,  it  is  made  in  a  series  of  small 
folds,  each  carried  entirely  around  it  in  a  direction  per- 
pendicular to  its  axis,  and  having  their  edges  turned  alter- 
nately inward  and  outward.  The  edges  of  those  folds  which 
are  turned  outward  are  usually  stitlened  by  a  wire  frame. 
When  the  tube  is  ]uilled  out  to  its  full  extent,  its  walls  are 
Hat;  when  it  is  eontraeted,  it  requires  merely  the  space 
taken  up  by  the  fohls  of  its  nniterial.  In  use,  the  back  of 
a  camera  of  this  form  can  be  llxeil,  by  a  screw  or  other 
device,  at  any  distance  from  the  front  or  lens  end,  within 
the  limits  of  the  contracted  or  expanded  tube,  that  the  fo. 
ens  of  tile  lens  or  the  particular  work  in  hand  may  require. 

bellows-fish  (bel'oz-fish),  H.  1.  A  local  name 
in  England  of  the  trumpet-fish,  Centriscnsscolo- 
])ii.e. —  2.  A  local  iianie  of  sundry  plectognath 
fishes,  of  the  suborder  (lymnodoiite.s  and  family 
Tiiriidiintidiv. — 3.  A  local  name  in  Rhode  Is- 
land of  the  angler,  Lojihiiis  jii/ictiloriii)<.  See  cut 
under  iiiiglir. 

bellows-pump  (bel'oz-pump),  n.  A  sort  of 
atniosphoric  pump,  in  which  the  valve  is  in 
the  lower  side  of  a  bellow.s-chamber,  while  the 
uiijier  side  ]ierforms  the  function  of  the  piston. 

bellows-sound  (bel'oz-souud),  H.  In  jKithol., 
an  iiliiHirninl  sound  of  the  heart,  resembling 
till'  pulling  of  a  .siniall  bellows. 

bell-pepper  (berimp  or),  n.  The  fruit  of  Cap- 
.'.■iciiiii  i/i-iissitiii,  much  used  for  pickling  and  as  a 
vegetable;  (iuinea  jieppor. 

bell-polyp  (bel'pol'ip),  H.  Same  as  bell-<iui- 
miilfiile. 

bell-pull  (bel'pul),  w.  The  handle  or  knob  by 
whieli  a  bell  attached  to  a  wire  or  rope  is  rtmg, 
as  a  door-bell. 

bell-pump  (liel'pump),  n.  A  bell-shaped  pump 
usiif  ill  eleaiiing  gas-  and  serviee-piiies. 

bell-punch  (berpunch),  H.  A  hand-punch oon- 
taimng  a  signal-bell,  used  for  punching  a  hole 
ill  u  ticket,  trip- 
slip,  etc.,  in  or- 
iler  lo  record 
and  call  atleii- 
tion  to  the  num- 
ber of  fares 
taken. 

bell-ringer 

(berring'(''r),  n. 
1.  One  whosi! 
business  is  to 
ring  a  bell,  espe- 
cially a  ehurch- 
liell  or  one  of  a 


ll<.|l-|iiin.li. 
W.    cniiiliin.-itkiti    lock  :    fl,    npertiiro    In 
which  trl|i-sll|>orticket  U  Inserted  ;  L.door 
Incloktni;  bell:  />,  recc|>t;icle  tor  i:niinlcn. 


cliirne  of  bells;  also,  a  performer  with  musical 
hanil-bellB. —  2.  An  automatic  device  upon  a 
liMMUiiiitive  for  ringing  the  bell.. —  3.  Meeluiiiisin 
fur  ringing  chimes  by  hainl,  by  means  of  Icver- 
liaiiilleH  wliich  are  connecteil  Jiy  wires  with  the 
elappers  or  the  axes  of  (he  bells,  or  by  waler- 
piiwer,  compresHed  air,  or  sleain  o]ieraling  in 
vnriiiiiN  ways  lo  uccomplish  Ihn  Hiime  object. 
bell-roof  (bel'rilf),  «.  A  loiif  shaped  some- 
«lial  like  a  bell.  Its  (igiire  is  geiieialed  by 
Hie  revolution  of  an  ogee  curve  about  the 
apex.     See  cut  on  iiexl  page. 


Belt-roof. 
ContCTuporancous  American. 


bell-rope 

bell-rope    (iicl'rop), 

n.      1.   A  ropo   for 

ringiug  a  bell. — 2. 

A  boll-cord. 
bell-rose    (bel'ioz), 

n.     A   Miiine    some- 
times used  for  tlie 

daffodil,      NarcissKS 

I'scudo-  Ka  rciss  us. 

bell-screw       (bel'- 

Bkrii),  II.     A  rod  or 

bar  of  iron  witb  an 

internally   threaded 

bell-shapi'd  end,  for 

recovering      broken 

or   lost    tocds    in    a 

deep  borc-bok". 
Bell  s  disease,  fincb.    See  disease,  finch. 
bell-shaped  (bel'shapt),  a.     Having  the  form 

of  a  liell,  or  of  a  somewhat  deep  vessel  whose 

lip  turns  out  and  then  begins  to  turn  in  again ; 

specifically,  in   hot.,   eampauulate.      See    cut 

under  Campanula —  Bell-shaped  pa- 
rabola, a  diver^'eiit  itaralmt-a  liavinj.-  Tiei- 

thcr  cruiioile  nor  ctisp.     Some  ycoiiietri- 

ciaiis,  without  sufficient  reason  or  author- 
ity, restrict  the  name  to  tliose  iliver<,'ent 

paraliitlns  to  whicli  from  some  points  of 

the  iil.me  six  je;\l  tani,'-titsc:iii  lie  drawn. — 

Pure  bell-shaped  parabola,  one  which 

cnlistltllirs  tllc  entile  r«al  part  of  a  culjic 
curve  of  tile  sixtli  class. 
bell-sound  (bel'sound), «.  In  aus- 
cultation, a  peculiar  sound  indica- 
tive of  pneumothorax.  It  may  be 
ol>served  by  applying  a  small  piece  of 
ntetal,  as  a  coin,  to  the  arfeeted  part  of  the 
chest,  and  striking  it  with  a  second  piece. 
when  a  clear,  bell-like  sound  is  heard 
tlii-oii^h  the  stethoscope  applied  in  the 

vii-iiiily. 

bell-telegraph  (bel'tel"e-graf),  n. 
1.  A  telegraphic  apparatus  in  which  two  dif- 
ferently toned  bells  take  the  place  of  a  vibrat- 
ing needle  in  giving  the  signals. — 2.  An  an- 
nunciator ;  a  fire-  or  bm-glar-alarm. 

bell-tower  (bel'tou'er),  n.  A  tower  of  any 
kind  built  to  contain  one  or  more  bells.  See  cut 
under  campanile. 

The  unsurpassed  hell- 
tower  of  the  Duomo, 
known  and  admired  by 
all  men  .as  the  Campa- 
nile of  i:i,itto,  {is]  the 
most  splendid  memorial 
of  the  arts  of  Florence. 

C  E.  Norton,  riiurch- 
[building  in  iliddle 
[Ages,  p.  2-22. 

bell-trap  (bel'trap), 
n.  A  small  stench- 
trap,  usually  fixed 
over  the  waste-pipe 
of  a  sink  or  other  in- 
let to  a  drain.  The 
foul  air  is  prevented 
from  rising  by  an  invei-t- 
ed  cup  or  bell,  the  lips  of 
whiih  dip  into  a  cham- 
ber JiUed  with  water  sur- 
rouiiilin;^  the  top  of  the 
pipe. 

bell-turret  (bel'- 
tur"et),  H.  A  turret 
containing  a  bell- 
chamber,  and  usu- 
ally crowned  with 
a  spire  or  other  ornamental  feature.  In  medie- 
val architecture  the  lower  part  of  such  turrets  is  often 
used  as  a  staircase.  A  bell-turret  is  distinguished  from 
a  bell-cote  in  that  the  fonner  always  appears  upon  the 
gl-ouiul-plan  of  the  building  to  which  it  belongs. 

Belluae  (bel'u-e),  ».  jil.  [NL.,  fern.  pi.  of  L. 
bellua,  prop,  heliia,  a  beast,  particularly  a  large 
beast.]  In  the  Linnean  system  of  classification 
(1766),  the  fifth  of  the  six  order.s  of  the  class 
Mammalia,  containing  hoofed  quadrupeds  with 
incisors  in  both  jaws,  and  consisting  of  the  four 
genera  Equus,  tiippupotanins,  Siis,  and  Rhino- 
ceros. It  is  occasionally  used  in  a  modified  sense,  cor- 
res])onding  to  some  extent  with  the  Pachydemuita  of 
Cuvier,  for  the  perissodactyl  as  distinguished  from  the 
artiudactyl  ungulates,  though  the  Linnean  Belluce  in- 
cliulcd  representatives  of  both  these  suborders  of  Uiigu- 
latti. 

belluine  (bel'u-in),  a.  [<  L.  ielluinus,  prop,  he- 
luiiiits,  <  bellua,  prop,  hehm,  a  beast.]  1+.  Beast- 
ly; pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  beasts; 
brutal:  as,  '•  animal  and  belluine  life,"  Bp.  At- 
terbury. —  2.  In  zooL,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Belliiw. 

bellum  internecinum  (bel'um  in-ter-ne-si'- 

luiiii).  [Ij.:  hdluni,  war;  internecinum,  interne- 
cine.] A  murderotis  war ;  a  war  of  mutual  ex- 
termination ;  war  to  the  death. 


Bell-turret, —  Abbaye-aux-Homtnes, 
Caen,  Nomaandy. 


517 

bell-wether  (berweTH'tr),  n.  [<  ME.  hel- 
wetlur,  Ixileveder ;  <  bcW^  +  wether.^  A  wether 
or  sheep  whicli  leads  the  flock,  usually  cann- 
ing a  bell  on  its  neck. 

[.\8j  a  hell-wether  (will)  form  the  flock's  connection 
I'.y  tinkling  sounds,  when  they  go  forth  to  victual ; 
Such  is  the  sway  of  our  great  men  o'er  little. 

liyrmi,  Don  Juan,  vii.  48. 

bell-work  (bel'werk),  n.  In  mininf/,  a  system 
of  working  Hat  ironstone-beds  by  underground 
excavalions  in  the  form  of  a  bell  arounil  the 
jiits  or  shafts;  also  used  on  a  grand  scale  in 
working  the  s;Ut-niincs  of  Transylvania. 

bellwort  (bcrwert), )).  1.  A  general  name  for 
[ilants  of  the  natural  order  Campannlaccir. — 2. 
In  the  United  States,  a  common  name  for  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Uoularia,  spring  flowers  of  the 
natiu-al  order  JAliaccce. 

belly  (bel'i),  n. ;  pi.  bellies  (-iz).  [Early  mod. 
E.  and  E.  dial,  also  balli/jK.  ME.  bcli/,  6c/f,  belly, 
stomach,  womb  (in  early  ME.  the  body),  also 
a  liellows  (see  hcllows),  <  AS.  bclij,  lia.'lij,  birli/, 
bijUj  (also  ha-lig,  beliy,  hijlirj,  with  intrusive  /) 
also  btvlye,  hi/lge,  a  ba^,  bell,  pouch,  purse,  hull, 
bellows,  a  bag  of  any  kind,  esp.  of  skin  (= 
OFries.  bah/a  =  D.  hah/,  skin,  belly,  =  OHG. 
baly,  MHG.  bale,  (i.  bale/,  skin,  case,  bellows, 
paunch,  =  Icel.  bcl(jr  (whence  perhaps  hikjur,  ti 
bag,  baijiji,  a  bag,  whence  perhaps  E.  haij^)  = 
Sw.  6(j7(/  =  I)an.  t/<vl(j,  skin,  case,  pod,  belly,  bel- 
lows, =  Goth,  balgs,  a  ■wine-skin,  orig.  a  bag, 
esp.  of  skin),  <  belgan  (pret.  bealg)  (=  OH(i. 
hrlgan),  swell,  swell  up,  be  inflated.  Cf.  helH 
and  holn.  Doublet  (orig.  pi.)  hellovcs,  ({.  v. 
Similar  forms  are  Gael,  halg,  bolg  =  Ir.  halg, 
bolg,  bag,  belly,  =  W.  hoi,  bula,  holij,  belly, 
appar.  an  old  Celtic  word,  >LL.  hulga,  bag:  see 
bulge,  hfiugeX,  budget,  etc.]  1.  That  part  of  the 
human  body  which  extends  from  the  breast  to 
the  groin,  and  contains  the  bowels;  the  part 
of  the  trunk  between  the  diaphragm  and  the 
Ijelvis,  considered  as  to  its  front  and  side  walls 
and  its  ca'vity  and  contents ;  the  abdomen.  See 
cut  under  abdomen. —  2.  The  part  of  any  animal 
which  corresponds  to  the  human  belly ;  the  ab- 
domen in  general. 

Ihiderneatli  the  helly  of  their  steeds, 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 

3.  The  stomach  with  its  adjuncts :  as,  a  hungry 
helly. 

He  would  fain  have  filled  his  belly  with  the  husks. 

Luke  XV.  IG. 

4t.  The  womb. —  5.  The  fleshy  part  of  a  muscle, 
as  distinguished  from  its  tendinous  portion :  as, 
the  anterior  belly  of  the  digastricus  muscle. — 

6.  The  hollow  or  interior  of  an  inclosed  place. 
Out  of  the  bdhj  of  hell  cried  I.  Jonah  ii.  2. 

7.  The  part  of  anything  which  resembles  the 
belly  in  protuberance  or  ca'vity,  as  of  a  bottle, 
a  tool,  a  sail  filled  by  the  -wind,  a  blast-furnace, 
etc. 

If  you  were  to  fall  from  .aloft  and  be  caught  in  the  belly 
of  a  sail,  and  thus  saved  frum  instant  death,  it  would  nut 
do  to  look  at  all  disturl)ed. 

it  Ii,  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  "Ma-st,  p.  3.->. 

Neither  hollow  nor  swelling,  called  a  helly,  is  made  on 
the  flat  part  of  the  brick.    C.  T.  Davis,  Bricks,  etc.,  p.  124. 

8.  In  technol.,  the  inner,  lower,  or  front  sur- 
face or  edge  of  anything,  (a)  In  ennrarinri,  the 
lower  edge  of  a  graver.  (6)  In  locks,  the  lower  edge  of  a 
tumbler  against  which  the  bit  of  the  key  plays,  (c)  In 
masonry,  the  batter  of  a  wall,  (d)  In  saddlery,  a  piece  of 
leather  sometimes  attached  to  the  cantle  or  hind  pommel 
of  a  saddle  to  serve  as  a  point  of  attachment  for  valise- 
straps,  (e)  In  sMp-carp.,  the  inside  or  concave  side  of  a 
piece  of  curved  timber,  the  outside  being  termed  the  hack. 
(/)  In  earriage-makiim,  the  wooden  covering  of  an  iron 
axle,  (i?)  In  archery,  the  interior  side  of  a  bow,  which  is 
concave'  when  the  liow  is  bent.  See  hack  of  a  how,  under 
bachi.  (A)  The  widest  part  of  the  shaft  of  a  bl.ast-furnace. 
(0  The  middle  or  bulging  part  of  a  cask.  .-Mso  called  the 
buli/e.  (;)  Theunburntsideof  asKabof  cork.  (J-)  .-V  swell 
on  'the  tinder  side  of  an  iron  bearer  or  girder.  (I)  The 
upper  plate  of  that  part  of  a  musical  instrument,  as  a 
violin,  which  is  designed  to  increase  its  resonance;  the 
sounding-board  of  a  piano.  In  instruments  of  the  violin 
class  the  bridge  rests  upon  the  belly,  (in)  In  mininrj,  a 
mass  of  ore  swelling  out  anil  occupying  a  large  part  of  the 
breadth  of  the  lode.—  Back  and  belly.    .See  hackl. 

belly  (bel'i),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bellied,  ppr.  belly- 
ing.    [<  belly,  «.]     I.  Irans.  To  fill ;  swell  out. 
Your  breath  of  full  consent  bellied  his  sails. 

Shak.,  T.  audC,  ii.  2. 

Nor  were  they  [the  Pilgrim  fathers]  so  wanting  to  them- 
selves in  faith  as  to  burn  their  ship,  but  could  see  the  fair 
west  wind  belly  the  homeward  sail,  and  then  tuj-n  unre- 
pining  to  griipple  with  the  terrible  Unknown. 

Lowell,  Introd.  to  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser. 

II.  intrans.  To  swell  and  become  protuber- 
ant, like  the  belly;  bulge  out. 

The  bellying  canvas  strutted  with  the  gale. 

Dryden,  Iliad,  i,  654. 


belly-timber 

To  belly  out,  in  mining,  to  increase  rapidly  in  dimeii- 
hions  :  said  of  a  lode. 
belly-ache  (bel'i-ak),  n.     Pain  in  the  bowels; 
(he  colic. 

The  helly-ache, 
Caused  by  an  inundation  of  pease-porridge. 

lieau.  and  i''l.,  Mons.  Thomas. 

belly-band (bel'i-band),«.    1.  Abandthatgoes 

•  round  the  belly ;  speeifieally,  a  saddle-girth ; 
also,  a  band  fastened  to  the  shafts  of  a  vehicle, 
and  passing  under  the  belly  of  the  animal  draw- 
ing it. —  2.  yaut.,  a  band  of  canvas  placed 
across  a  sail  to  strengthen  it. 

belly-boards  (bel'i-bordz),  «.  pi.  A  kind  of 
fir  and  jjino  Vjoards  jiroduced  in  Switzerland, 
used  for  the  soujiding-boards  of  musical  instru- 
ments. 

belly-bound  (bel'i-bound),  a.  Constipated; 
costive.     ['Vulgar.] 

belly-brace  (bel'i-bras),  n.  A  cross-brace  be- 
tween the  frames  of  a  locomotive,  stayed  to  the 
boiler. 

belly-button  (belM-bufn),  n.      The  navel. 

[Collori.] 

belly-cheatt  (bel'i-ehet),  n.     [<  helly  +  cheat, 

also  spelled  chete,  a  thing:   see  cheat^.']     An. 

apron  or  covering  for  the  front  of  the  person.. 

Beau,  and  Fl.     [Old  slang.] 
belly-cheert  (bel'i-cher),  n.     Good  cheer;  meat 

and  drink;  food.     Elyot,  Diet.,  1559. 

Bald-pate  friars,  whose  summum  bonum  is  in  helly-checr.. 

Marlowe. 
Loaves  anil  Itelly-cheer.     Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  RemoilsU 
belly-cheert  (bel'i-cher),  v.  i.     To  indulge  in. 
belly-cheer;  feast;  I'evel. 

Let  them  assemble  in  consistory,  .  ,  .  and  not  .  .  .  by 
themselves  to  belly. cheer  ...  or  to  promote  designs  to. 
atiuse  and  gull  the  simple  laity. 

Milfoil,  Tenure  <if  Kings  and  Magistrates  (Ord  MS.), 
belly-cheeringt  (beri-cher"ing),  «,     Feasting; 
revelry. 
Riotous  banqueting  and  belly-cheering. 

Udall,  Prol.  to  Ephesians. 

belly-churlt  (bel'i-cherl),  H.     A  rustic  glutton. 

Ihaiitiin. 
belly-doublett  (bel'i-dub"let),  n,  A  doublet 
made  very  long  in  front,  and  stuffed  or  bom- 
basted  so  as  to  project  somewhat,  as  in  the 
representation  of  Punch  in  English  puppet- 
shows.  This  fashion  prevailed  about  1585  and 
after.  See  doublet. 
Your  arms  crossed  on  your  thin  belly-doublet. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iii.  I. 

belly-fretting  (beri-frefing),  n.  1.  The 
chafing  of  a  horse's  belly  with  a  fore-girth. — 2. 
A  violent  pain  in  a  horse's  belly,  caused  by 
worms. 

bellyful  (bel'i-ful),  H.  Asmueh  as  fills  the  belly 
(stomach)  or  satisfies  the  appetite;  hence,  a 
great  abundance;  more  than  enough. 

Every  jack-slave  has  his  belly-fall  of  lighting,  and  I  must 
go  up  and  down  like  a  cock  that  no  body  can  match. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  1. 

belly-god  (bel'i-god),  n.  One  who  makes  a  god 
of  his  belly,  that  is,  whose  great  business  or 
pleasure  is  to  gratify  his  appetite;  a  glutton; 
an  epicure:  as,  "Apicius,  a  famous  belly-god," 
HakeiciU,  Apology,  p.  378. 

belly-guy  (bcl'i-gi),  n.  Naut.,a.  tackle  or  guy, 
attachetl  half-way  up  a  sheer-leg  or  spar  need- 
ing support  in  the  middle.     See  belly-stay. 

belly-piece  (bel'i-pes),  n.  It.  The  flesh  cover- 
ing the  belly;  hence,  an  apron. —  2.  The  piece 
forming  the  belly  of  a  violin,  etc. 

belly-pinched  (bel'i-pincht),  a.  Pinched  -with 
hunger;  starved:  as,  "the  belly-2>i»ched  v^oU," 
SItal:,  Loar,  iii.  1. 

belly-pipe  (bel'i-pip),  n.  A  flaring  nozle  for  a 
blast-pipe  in  a  blast-ftimace. 

belly-rail  (bel'i-ral),  n.  1.  In  a  pianoforte,  a 
transverse  rail  forming  a  portion  of  the  main 
body  of  the  framing. — 2.  In  railway  cngin.,  a 
rail  with  a  tin  or  web  descending  between  the 
flanges  which  rest  on  the  ties. 

belly-roll  (bel'i-rol).  H.  A  roller  of  greater 
diameter  in  the  middle  than  at  the  ends,  used 
for  rolling  land  between  ridges  or  in  hoUows. 

belly-sla'7e  (bel'i-slav),  ».  A  person  who  is  a 
slave  to  his  appetite. 

Beastly  helly-slaveg,  which,  .  .  .  not  once,  but  continu- 
ally, day  and'  night,  gfve  themselves  wholly  to  bibbing 
and  bamiueting.  Homily  against  Gluttony. 

belly-stay  (bel'i-sta),  n.  Xaut.,  a  tackle  ap- 
plied from  above  half-mast  down  when  the 
mast  requires  support,  as  the  beUy-guy  is  ap- 
plied from  below.     See  belly-guy. 

belly-timber  (beri-tim'''ber\  ji.  Food;  that 
which  supports  the  belly.  [Formerly  in  serious 
use,  but  now  only  humorous.] 


belly-timber 

Through  deserts  vast 
And  regions  desolate  they  pass'd, 
^Vhe^e  belly-timber,  above  ground 
Or  under,  was  not  to  be  found. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  i.  331. 

belly-vengeance  (bel'i-ven'jens),  n.  A  name 
given  in  some  parts  of  England  to  weak  or  sour 
beer. 

belly-wash  (bel'i-wosh).  «.  Any  kind  of  drink 
of  poor  quality.     [Vulgar.] 

belly-wonn  (bel'i-werm),  «.  A  worm  that 
breeds  in  the  bellv  or  stomach.     Ray. 

belock  (be-lok'),  i".  t.  [<  be-l  +  lockl;  not  di- 
rectly <  ME.  belouJ;en,  pp.  ieloken,  <  AS.  belil- 
can,  pp.  belocen,  <  be-  +  Ifican,  lock.]  To  lock, 
or  fasten  as  with  a  lock. 

This  is  the  hand  which,  with  a  vow'd  contract. 
Was  fait  beliKkd  in  thine.        Shak.,  M.  for  il.,  v.  1. 

Belodon(bero-don),n.  [NL.,  <  6r.  .3£/.of ,  a  dart, 
■+  uioi  f  (o'lorr-)  =  E.  tooth.']  The  typical  genus 
of  crocodiles  of  the  family  Belodontidir,  belong- 
ing to  the  Triassic  age,  and  including  the  oldest 
known  crocodilians,  remains  of  which  oeem' 
both  in  European  and  American  formations.  B. 
Upturns,  the  largest  species,  attained  a  length 
of  10  feet. 

belodontld  (bel-o-don'tid),  n.  [<  BelodontidtE.'] 
A  I  roi'.iiiilian  reptile  of  the  {aim\y  Belodontida. 

Selodontidse  (bel-o-don'ti-de),  h.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bilodon^t-)  +  -ida.]  A  family  of  fossil  pre-Cre- 
taceous  crocodiles,  order  Crocodilia.  They  have 
ami>hic<clous  vertebne,  ptery^roids  separate  below,  pos- 
terior nares  bounded  by  the  jialatines,  and  external  nos- 
trils near  the  orbits  on  "the  upper  part  of  the  base  of  the 
sn-'Ut. 

helomancy  (bero-man-si),  n.  [<  LGr.  ^e'/.ojiav- 
Tia,  <  Ijr.  ,i0.or,  dart,  arrow,  -f-  /lavreia.  divina- 
tion.] A  kind  of  di\'ination  by  means  or  arrows, 
practised  by  the  Scythians,  Babylonians,  Ara- 
bians, and  other  ancient  peoples.  A  number  of 
Imiiitless  arrows  were  variously  marked  and  put  into  a  bag 
or  quiver,  and  then  drawn  out  at  random ;  the  marks  or 
words  on  the  arrow  drawn  were  taken  as  indications  of 
what  was  to  happen.  Thus,  Ezek,  xxi.  21  (revised  version) : 
"  For  the  king  of  Babylon  stood  at  the  parting  of  the  way, 
at  the  head  of  the  two  ways,  to  tise  divination  :  he  shook 
the  arrows  to  and  fro." 

The  arrow-divination  or  belomanc}f  here  mentioned 
lEzek.  xxi.  i\]  was  done  with  pointless  arrows  marked 
and  drawn  as  lots.  Encyc.  Brit.,  X\'.  201. 

Belone  (bel'o-ne),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  iW.ivr/,  any 
-sharp  ])oint,  a  needle,  <  jJi^JiC,  an  arrow,  dart, 
any  missile,  <  .id'/./.i:n;  throw.]  A  genus  of 
fishes  remarkable  for  their  slender  and  elon- 
gated jaws,  representing  in  some  systems  a 
family  Behnidw,  in  others  referred  to  the  Scom- 
bcrisncidiE :  the  garfishes. 
belong  (be-long'),  t:  i.  [<  ME.  bclongcn  (=  D. 
bi  liiiiijcn,  concern,  =  OHG.  bclaitgen.MUG.  G. 
bcUiiigeii, reach  to,  attain,  concern,  affect;  asso- 
ciated with  the  adj.,  early  JIE.  bcloiit/  (=  OS. 
billing  =  MD.  belangli),  cquiv.  to  AS.  gdang, 
ME.  ijliiiig.  Hong,  along,  long,  mod.  E.  along'^, 
longS,  belonging,  along),  <  i)c-l  -f-  longcn,  be- 
long (there  is  no  AS.  'belanqian  or  'bclang) : 
see  along^,  long'^,  long'^.]  1.  To  go  along  with 
anything,  or  accompany  it  as  an  adjunct  or  at- 
triliute ;  pertain ;  appertain ;  be  a  property  (of) ; 
be  in  the  power  or  at  the  disposal  ^of).  [In  all 
senses  except  7  followed  by  to,  or  tn  the  older 
English  by  unto.] 

Her  hap  waa  to  light  on  a  part  of  the  field  hrlonaiivj 
unto  lloaz.  Kuth  li.  3. 

And  David  said  unto  him,  To  whom  bdongeit  thou? 

1  .Sam.  XXX.  13. 

To  the  Lord  our  God  belong  mercica  and  forgivenesses. 

Dan.  Ix.  ». 

lie  ,  ,  .  careth  for  the  things  that  belong  to  the  Lord. 

1  Cor.  vU.  .32. 

Moitt  nf  the  males  foitijert  to  him  (tile  father  of  the 
fuiiillyl  are  r>-iilty  IiIn  ehtbin.-n,  liut,  evrn  if  they  have  not 
»|irimK  from  blni,  they  an?  KUbJect  toliiio,  they  fcirni  part 
of  hli  household,  they  (If  n  word  coloured  by  lat<T  notions 
be  used)  Iftfrnf/  to  hlni. 

.Vainf,  Karly  Ijiw  ami  f'ustom,  p.  ts7. 

2.  To  be  the  concern  or  jiropir  IpuHincHs  (of) ; 
^M'l'ortiiin  (to):  as,  it  bilong.i  to  .John  Doo  to 
I'l.vo  the  title. 

To  you  It  diptli  f»/<>ii7 
Vouraeir  Ut  pardon  of  Milf-dolng  irliiie. 

.Shak.,  .Sonnetji,  Ivlll. 

'■'•.  I  ■  (■  iippfindnnt  (to);  be  connected  (with); 
il  rotation  (to):  an,  a.  beam  or  ruftor 
<Mi'h  u  franio,  or  to  Huch  a  place  in 

Old  went  a>ldi<  jirlvnU'ly  Into  a  donort 
I'  the  rlly  railed  Ik  llivtlda.     Luke  Ix.  10. 

4.    ;  .hie;  }»!  due. 

Atr  li'/eth  III  them  that  arc  of  full  age. 

II.  b.  V.  II 

thy  beauty  Honit'ted, 
'!■  t  |i|>  AA  to  till-'    Utonif.) 

iiiu\  'I  lo  wo*j  tlin  for  my  wlb-. 

Shak.iT.  ut  th«H.,  II.  I. 


518 

Sir,  monuments  and  eulogy  belong  to  the  dead. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Bunker  Hill. 

5.  To  have  a  settled  residence  (in);  be  domi- 
ciled (in) ;  specifically,  have  a  legal  residence, 
settlement,  or  inhabitancy  (in),  whether  by 
birth  or  operation  of  law,  so  as  to  be  charge- 
able upon  the  parish  or  town :  said  of  a  pau- 
per, or  one  likely  to  become  such. 

B-astards  also  are  settled  in  the  parishes  to  which  the 
mothers  belong.  Black.^lone,  Com.,  T.  xvi. 

6.  To  be  a  native  (of) ;  have  original  residence 
(in). 

There  is  no  other  country  in  the  world  to  which  the 
gipsies  could  belong.  M.  Raper. 

7.  To  have  its  (or  one's)  proper  place;  be  resi- 
dent :  as,  this  book  belongs  on  the  top  shelf ;  1 
belong  here  (in  this  house  or  town).     [U.  S.] 

belonging  (be-16ng'ing),  n.  [<  belong  +  -i«(/l.] 
That  which  belongs  to  one :  used  generally,  if 
not  always,  in  the  pltiral.  (a)  Qualities;  endow- 
ments ;  faculties. 

Tliyself  and  thy  belongingn 
Are  not  thine  own  so  proper,  as  to  waste 
Thyself  upon  thy  virtues,  they  on  tllec. 

Sliak.,  U.  for  51.,  i.  1. 
(&)  Property  :  possessions  :  as,  "I  cai'ry  all  my  bclmigiugn 
with  me,"  Trollope.  (o)  Members  of  one's  family  or  house- 
hold; relations  or  dependants-    [Humorous.] 

When  Lady  Kew  said,  "  aic  volo,  sic  jttbeo,"  I  promise 
you  few  persons  of  her  ladyship's  belongings  stopped,  be- 
fore they  did  her  biddings,  to  ask  her  reasons. 

Thackeray,  Kewcomes,  xxxiii. 
I  have  been  trouble  enough  to  my  belongings  in  my  day. 
Dickens,  Bleak  House,  II.  103. 
(d)  Appendages. 
The  bclongijigs  to  this  Indian-looking  robe- 

Cornhitl  Mag. 

belonid  (bel'o-nid),  ».  l<.  Beldnidw.]  A  fish 
of  the  tsmily  Belonidw. 

Belonidse  (b"e-lon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Belone  + 
-irfff.]  A  familj'  of  fishes,  represented  by  the 
genus  Belone,  containing  HijnentognatUi  with  an 


Silver  GaHish  ( Tylorurus  lonsirostris). 

elongate  stout  body,  oblong  wide  head  flat- 
tened above  and  terminating  in  long  stout 
jaws,  the  upper  of  which  is  composed  of  the 
coalesced  intermaxillaiies,  supramaxillaries, 
and  facial  bones,  while  the  lower  has  an  addi- 
tional bone  behind.  The  vertebra;  have  zygapophyses, 
and  the  bones  are  generally  green.  The  species  are  called 
garpikes,  garfish,  or  gars,  'j'he  English  species  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  Belone,  B.  vutgari/i,  but  those  of  the 
I'nited  .States  belong  to  the  geiius  Ti/losurus,  of  which 
there  are  nine  species,  as  T.  niarinus,  T.  cratsus,  T.  ejcili.^, 
T.  lon;/irostri.t,  etc. 

belonite  (bel'o-nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  peMvii,  any  sharp 
point,  a  needle  (see  Belone),  +  -itc-.]  A  kind 
of  minute  imperfect  crystals,  usually  acicular  in 
form,  sometimes  dendritic,  obseired  in  glassy 
volcanic  rocks.  The  term  is  now  liiiiilod  to 
such  as  e.xert  no  action  on  polari/ed  light. 

belonoid  (bel'o-uoid),  a.  [<  Ur.  lic'MivoeM/r, 
nt'idl(-shaped,'<  fieUvt/,  a  needle  (see  Belone), 
+  liihc,  form.]  Resembling  a  bodkin  or  nee- 
dle; styloid:  applied  to  processes  of  bone. 

Beloocliee  (be-lii'chc),  ».     Same  as  Biitiiehi. 

Beloptera  (be-loi>'te-ril),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /Jf^.of, 
ilurt,  +  TTTKiiuv,  wing.]  1.  Agenusof  diliranchi- 
ate  cephalopods,  with  a  wing-like  expiinsion  of 
the  sides  of  the  shells, —  2.  [/.  c]  I'lural  of 
hilnplrrini. 

belopterid  (bc-lop'to-rid),  n.  [<  Beloutenda:'] 
A  cciihiildjiod  of  the  family  Belopteridiv. 

Belopteridse  (bel-(ip-ier'i-<l«),  «.  vl.  [NL.,  < 
lii'liiiilirii  +  -((/<(■.]  A  family  of  diliranchiuto 
cephalopods,  typilicd  by  the  genus  Biloiiteni, 
closely  related  to  the  Bv.Uninitidw,  and  by  .Home 
authors  combined  in  tho  sarao  family.  The 
species  are  extinct. 

belopteron  (be-lop'to-ron),  «. ;  id.  bilimtera 
(-rii).  [i\L.,  <  Or.  jU^mc,  a  dart  (see  Belom), 
+  ■KTipm',  a  wing.]  Tho  fossil 
intenial  bono  of  an  extinct 
ceplialopod,  soniewliat  like  a 
belcniiiito,  but  blunter  mid 
having  a  wing-like  jirojectioii 
<iii  ea<'h  siile. 

belord  (l"-l<>rd'),  r,  I.  [<  fcr-1 
-I-  lord.]  '  1.  To  njiplv  tho  title 
Lord  to;  address  liv  Ih"  plinme 
"my  loril." — 2.  'I'o  iloiiiiiner 
over.     I  Hure.] 

BeloBtoma  (tio-los'io-mll),    m. 

I  Mi,,  <  (ir.  iii>iir.,  li  diiVt,  + 
<Tr({/;o,  moiitli.]  The  typieol 
geiiim  of  heter(i|)leroUH  iliHVCtH 
of  the  family  Bcloatomida,  for-   'Jll 


belO'W 

merly  referred  to  the  Nepidw.  The  largest  species 
is  B.  grandis  of  South  America,  the  great  water-bug,  at- 
taining a  length  of  4  inches.  B.  americana  and  B.  grista 
inbaliit  the  Atlantic  States  of  North  America.  A  Chinese 
and  Indian  species  is  B.  indica. 

Belostomicls  (bel-os-tom'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Biliiftomii  +  -irfrt'.]  A  family  of  heteropteroug 
insects,  containing  the  largest  liWng  members 
of  the  order  Heteroptera.  They  are  large,  broad, 
flat-bodied  aquatic  insects,  with  powerful  swimming-legs 
and  curved  fore  tibise,  able  to  prey  upon  fish  and  other 
aquatic  animals  of  considerable  size.  There  are  about  12 
genera,  generally  distributed  in  temperate  and  torrid  re- 
gions. The  head  is  much  narrower  than  the  prothoraz, 
with  prominent  eves,  short  3-jointed  rostrum,  and  short 
4-jointed  aiitennte  ,  the  prothorax  is  wide  and  trapezoi- 
dal;  the  scutellum  is  large  aiui  triangular;  the  elytra  are 
distinguished  into  coriuni  aiitl  ntcntbrane;  and  the  body 
ends  in  a  pair  of  ligulate  extensili-  ;ipiieiidages- 

beloutt  (be-louf),  »■•  t.  [<  be-^  +  lout.]  To 
call  (a  person)  a  "lout";  addiess  or  speak  of 
with  contemptuous  language. 

Sieur  tiaularil.  when  he  heard  a  gentleman  report  that 
at  supper  they  had  not  only  good  cheer  but  also  savoury 
epigrams  and  fine  anagrams,  returning  home,  rated  and 
beton-ted  his  cook  as  an  ignorant  scullion,  that  never 
dressed  .  .  .  hiin  either  epigrams  or  anagrams. 

Camden,  Remains, 
belcvet  (be-luv'),  »•  [<  ME.  beloven,  bihiren  (= 
Y>.  belie  fen,  please,  gratify,  =  G.  belieben,  like, 
wish,  impers.  please),  love,  <  be-,  bi-,  +  loien, 
lueen  :  see  6c-l  and  love.]  I.  iutrans.  To  please. 
[Early  Middle  EngUsh.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  be  i)leased  ■with;  like. — 3. 
To  love.  [Little  used  except  in  the  past  parti- 
ciple.] 

If  beauty  were  a  string  of  silke.  I  would  wear  it  about 
my  neck  for  a  certain  testimony  that  1  betovc  it  much. 

Wudri'ijilte,  French  and  Eng.  Grammar,  p.  322, 

belo'ved  (be-luv'ed  or  -luvd'),  p.  a.  and  n.     [< 

^l^E.  beloreii,  belured,  biluved,\>p.:  see  love.]    I, 

p.  a.  Loved;  gi'eatly  loved ;  dear  to  the  heart. 

This  is  my  beloved  Son.  Mat.  iii.  17. 

Beloved  of  all,  and  dying  ne'er  forgot. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Taiadise,  11.  307. 

II.  H.  One  who  is  greatly  loved;  one  very 
dear. 

Ue  giveth  his  beloved  sleep.  Ps.  cxxvii.  R. 

belO'W  (be-16'),  adr.  and  inrp.  [<  ME.  bilooghe 
(found  only  once),  adv.,  <  bi,  be,  prep.,  by,  -(- 
loogh,  high,  adv.,  low:  see  be--  and  low'".  The 
older  form  was  aloie  ;  cf .  afore,  before,  ahind, 
behind.]  I.  adr.  1.  In  or  to  a  lower  place  or 
level;  beneath;  downward  from  a  higher  point: 
as,  look  below  ;  in  tho  valley  below. 

Hear  the  rattling  thunder  far  below.  Wordtiivortll 

2.  On  the  earth,  as  opposed  to  in  the  heavens. 
The  blessed  spirits  above  rejoice  at  our  happiness  belotti 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  iii.  6, 

3.  In  hell,  or  the  regions  of  the  dead :  as,  ''the 
rialins  below,"  Dryilen. — 4.  On  a  lower  floor; 
downstairs. 

sir  Anthony  Absolute  is  lielow.  im^uiring  for  the  captain. 
Sliendan,  The  Rivals,  tv.  1. 

Hence  —  5.  JN'nwY.,  off  duty:  as,  the  watch  Mow, 
in  coutradistinetion  to  tho  watch  on  deck. — 6. 
At  a  later  point  in  a  page  or  writing;  further 
on  in  the  same  part  or  ilivisioii :  as,  particulars 
are  given  heloir  ;  see  the  statistics  oc/oic. —  7, 
Lower  down  in  a  course  or  direction,  as  toward 
tho  mouth  of  a  river  or  harbor,  etc. :  as,  the 
vessel  bus  just  arrived  from  below. —  8.  In  a 
lower  rank  or  gi-adc :  as,  at  tho  trial  below,  or 
in  the  court  belnw. 

II.  prcj).  1.  Under  in  place;  beneath;  not 
so  high  as  :  as,  below  tho  knee. 
The  .  .  .  dust  below  thy  feet.  Sliak.,  I.ear,  v.  3. 

All  the  abhorred  births  below  crisp  heaven 
Whereon  Hyperion's  quickening  fire  doth  shine. 

.Shak.,  r.  of  A.,  Iv.  3, 

2.  Lower  than  in  position  or  direction :  lower 
down  :  iis,  lie  livi's  n  little  In  low  our  lioiisi',  that 
is,  a  little  lower  down  the  street,  road,  hill,  etc. 

The  castle  was  now  taken  ;  but  the  town  heloiv  it  was  In 
nrniH.  /rving,  (iranada,  ji.  32. 

3.  Lower  than  in  d(>gree,  amount,  weight,  price, 
vnlue,  etc. — 4.   Later  in  time  than.     [Knre.] 

The  more  eminent  HcllolarH  wblcli  I'.nglanil  produced  bo- 
foicanil  even  bettiii'  the  twelfth  rentury,  were  cdiicateil  In 
our  rellgioUH  hollHcs.      T.  Wtnlmi,  Hint.  Kng.  Poetry,  I.  III. 

5.  Inferior  in  rank,  <'xcelleiiee,  or  dignity:  as, 
"one  degree  lieliiw  kiiigK,"  .((Wi.wH,  Hcniarka 
on  Italy,  Venice. —  6.  Too  low  to  bo  worthy  of; 
inferior  to. 

They  bi-lii'lil,  with  a  Just  loathing  and  disdain,  ,  .  .  how 
I'elitw  all  history  the  persoiiH  and  their  actions  were. 

union. 

The  works  of  Petrarch  wen*  tielnw  both  his  genius  and 
III"  .lii-bilty.  Maeaiitay,  Dante, 

Below  the  salt.  Si-e  salt.  -Syn.  Ilebiw,  r niter.  Beneath. 
Below,  lower  than  the  plane  of  ;  ntuter,  lower  In  the  per- 


below 

pet)(li4-ul:u-  line  »if ;  Iwneath,  close  under :  as,  the  sun  sinks 
ieloic  the  hitrizun ;  a  thins  is  under  a  chair  or  tree,  hi'- 
neath  a  pile  of  rubbish,  tinder  has  often  the  8i:Mse  of 
betwath :  as,  "  under  whose  wings,"  Ruth  ii.  1*2.  Compare 
the  ohl  use  of  beneath  in  E.x.  .\xxii.  19  —  ^*  Beneath  the 
mount." 

(A  sail)  that  sinks  with  all  we  love  below  the  verge. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

Whereon  a  hundred  stately  beeches  grew, 
.-\nd  here  and  there  great  hollies  under  them. 

Tenm/son,  Pelleas  and  Ettare. 

Heneatit  the  milk-white  thorn  that  scents  the  ev'ning  gale. 
Burns,  Cottar's  Sat.  Night. 

belsiref  (bd'sir),  u.  [<  ME.  bctsirc,  lit.  good 
sire,  <  bcl,  fair,  good,  as  a  prefi.\,  grand-  (as  ia 
beldam,  q.  v.),  +  sire.  Cf.  beausire.']  1.  A 
grandfatlipr :  correlative  to  beldam,  grand- 
mother.—  2.  Au  ancestor.     Drayton. 

belswaggert  (bel'swag"er),  n.  [Perhaps  for 
bvUij-swuijijer,  a  form  given  by  Ash,  <  belly  + 
SH'oi/,  sway.]     A  bully;  a  pimp. 

belt'  (belt),  n.  [<  ME.  belt,  <  AS.  belt  =  OHG. 
balz  =  leel.  bclti  =  Sw.  bdlte  =  Dan.  bmlte  = 
Jr.  and  Gael,  halt,  a 
belt,  a  border ;  prob.  ]r  ^:i 
<  L.  balteus,  a  belt.] 
1.  A  broad  flat  strip 
or  strap  of  leather  or 
otlier  tie.xible  mate- 
rial, used  to  encircle 
the  waist;  a  gir- 
dle ;  eiuctiu'e ;  zone  ; 
band,  ordinarily  it  is 
worn  buckled  or  hooked 
ti;;ht  tn  tlie  waist,  and  in 
all  a^es  it  has  1  teen  a  com- 
luiin  article  of  appjirel, 
both  Ui  keep  the  gar- 
ments in  place  and  to 
support  weapons,  or  a 
purse,  a  writing-case,  or 
the  like:  it  maybe  made 
of  any  material.  The  mil- 
itary belt  of  the  middle 
ages  was  sometimes  com- 
posed of  .small  plates  of 
metal  held  In  eaeli  other 
by  rillLis,  was  attached  to 
the  armor,  antl,  accord- 
ing to  the  fashion  of  the 
latter,  was  worn  more 
or  less  low,  sometimes 
resting  bclnw  the  hips 
upon  the  skirt  of  plate- 
artnor.  .Sometimes  the 
sword  was  not  secui'ed 
to  the  belt,  which  was 
then  rather  a  mark  of 
rank  and  dignity  than  a 


Quarter-turn  Belt. 


Military  Belt,  end  of  i^tti  century. 

ji,  tlie  l>elt,  consisting  of  plates  of 
metal  lield  togettier  by  rings  or  links 
and  supporting  tile  sword  Dy  chains 
secured  to  the  scabbard  :  the  dagger 
is  secured  to  the  right  side  and  be- 
hind the  hip  in  a  similar  way;  B, 
leather  girdle  buckling  around  the 
channel-shaped  steel  belt  to  whicti 
the  braconnit-re  is  attached  ;  C,  brig- 
antine.  buckleri  at  the  left  side;  D, 
braconnifire  of  plates  slidingone  over 
another ;  E,  a  ring  secured  to  the 
brigantine  from  which  a  chain  passes 
to  the  Ijarrel  of  the  sword-hilt  to  pre- 
vent it  from  falling  if  the  hand  lets  it 
go  during  combat.  (  From  VioUet-le- 
Duc's  "Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^ais.") 


necessary    part    of    the 

dress.  (.See  sword-belt  and 

baldric.)   The  broad  bands  supporting  the  bayonet-sheath 

and  cartridge-bo.x,  worn  by  infantry  in  Europe  during  the 

century  ending  about  1850,  were  also  called  belts  or  eross- 

ielts.    See  girdle. 

The  shining  belt  witli  gold  inlaid.  Dryden. 

2.  Any  broad  baud  or  strip  of  leather  or  other 
fle.xible  material,  designed  to  pass  romid  any- 
thing, with  its  ends  joined,  (a)  in  marh.,  a  flexible 
cord  or  li:tiid  p:issiij;.;  ;i I miittlie  periphery  of  wheels,  drums, 
or  pulleys,  Ini-  the  purpose  of  transmitting  motion  from 
one  to  another.  Belts  are  usually  made  of  leather,  but 
inilia-nililiri'  :ind  gutta-percha  are  occasionally  used  ;  also 
hempen  cord,  wire  rope,  and  cords  for  small  pulleys.  See 
bettiny.  (b)  In  surr;.,  a  bandage  or  band  used  by  surgeons 
for  various  purposes. 

3.  Any  broad  band  or  stripe  or  continuous 
broad  line  distinguished  in  color  or  otherwise 
•from  adjacent  objects,  and  encircling  or  ap- 
pearing to  encircle  something.  Specifically  — («) 
In  a^tron.,  one  of  certain  girdles  or  rings  which  surround 
the  planet  Jupiter,  (b)  .\  broad  band  or  stripe  on  the 
-earth's  surface  extending  over  or  along  a  surface  or  re- 
gion, and  distinguished  from  it  by  difference  of  color,  as- 
pect, etc. ;  a  tract  or  district  long  in  proportion  to  its 
breadth,  and  characterized  by  the  presence,  occurrence, 
or  absence  of  some  marked  physical  or  other  peculiarity 
or  phenomenon:  as,  the  oil  belt;  abelt  of  vegetation;  the 
corn  hell,  wheat  belt,  etc. ;  a  belt  of  trees. 

Pinks  were  gleaming  in  every  direction  through  the 
-clumps  and  belts  of  the  plantation.  Lawrence. 

You  see  green  trees  rising  above  the  belt  of  sand. 

W.  H.  Russell. 

The  proposed  Nicaragua  Canal  has  proved  to  lie  within 

the  earthnuake  belt.  Sci.  Amr.r.,  N.  S.,  LV.  64. 

The  manufacturers  of  this  favored  region  have  decidedly 
the  advantage  of  their  less  fortunate  competitors  away 
from  the  gas  bell.  Jour.  Franklin  Inst,  CXXI.  310. 

(c)  In  masomij,  a  band  or  string-course. 
■4.  That  which  restrains  or  confines  like  a  gir- 
dle. 

He  cainiot  buckle  his  disteraper'd  cause 

Within  the  hell  o(  rule.  Shak:.  Macbeth,  v.  2. 

5.  A  disease  among  sheep.— Angular  chain- 
l)elt.  See  fjn>)w(«/-.  — Belt  of  Orion.  See '^Wo/!  and  ell- 
mod.  Black  belt.  See  (<?n.A-.— Chain-belt,  a  chain 
lorniing;i  h;iud  or  belt  for  conveying  or  ti;insniitting  power. 
It  is  sometimes  covered  with  piping,  or  overhiid  with  strips 
«i  various  materials  to  form  around  belt.— Crossed  belt, 


519 

a  belt  connecting  two  pulleys  and  crossed  between  them, 
so  as  to  cause  them  to  revolve  in  opposite  directions.  It  idl- 
ers are  iil:iee<l  between  the  belts, 
if  nei;e,ss;iiy,  to  jn-event  rubbing. — 
Endless  belt.  See  cni/fc.**.— Hy- 
draulic belt.  See  hydraulic.— 
Quarter-turn  belt,  a  belt  having 
a  twist  of  '.Hi',  used  to  transmit 
motion  between  jmlloys  on  shafts 
pbieed  ;it  right  angles  to  each  other;  a  iiuartering-belt.— 
To  hold  the  belt,  to  hohl  the  championship  in  pugilism 
or  some  other  iithletic  exercise. 
belt  (belt),  V.  t.  [<  belt,  «.]  1.  To  gird  witli  a 
belt;  specifically,  to  invest  with  a  distinctive 
belt,  iis  in  kiiigliting  some  one. — 2.  To  fasten 
or  secure  witli  a  belt;  gird:  as,  to  belt  on  a 
sword. — 3.  To  encircle;  surround  as  if  with  a 
belt  or  girdle. 

Belted  with  young  children.  De  Quineeii. 

The  general  college  of  civilization  that  now  beltid  the 
Mediterranean.  De  Qidncey,  Herod. ,tns. 

Come  from  the  woods  that  hell  the  gray  hill-side. 

Tennyson,  (Jde  to  Memory. 

4.  To  strike  with  or  as  with  a  belt ;  strap ;  flog. 
[CoUoq.] 
Beltane  (bel'tan),  n.  [Also  -written  Beltein  and 
JSelten :  <  Gael!  Ilealltainn,  Beilteine  =  Ir.  Beal- 
teine,  Bcalltaine,  GIr.  Belltaine,  Beltcuc;  usual- 
ly explained  as  Deal's  fire,  <  *Bcal,  "Bial,  an 
alleged  Celtic  deity  (by  some  writers  patrioti- 
cally identified  with  the  Oriental  Belu.s  or  Ilaal), 
+  teine,  fire.     But  the  origin  is  quite  unknown.] 

1.  The  first  day  of  May  (old  style);  old  May- 
day, one  of  the  four  quarter-days  (the  others 
being  Lammas,  Hallow-mass,  and  Candlemas) 
anciently  oliservod  in  Scotland. —  2.  An  ancient 
Celtic  festival  or  anniversary  formerly  observed 
on  Beltane  or  May-flay  in  Scotland,  and  in  Ire- 
laud  on  June  21st.  Bonfires  were  kindled  on  the  hills, 
all  domestic  tires  having  been  previouslyextinguished.  only 
to  be  relighted  fi-oiii  llie  embers  of  the  Beltane  tires.  This 
custom  is  siippo,.  ii  lo  ileiive  its  origin  from  the  worship 
of  the  sun,  (»r  im-  m  -iruial,  which  was  formerly  in  vogtte 
among  the  Celt.s  a,s  uell  .as  among  many  other  heathen 
nations.  The  practice  still  survives  in  some  remote  local- 
ities.    [Sometimes  w  itliout  a  capital.] 

belt-armor  (beIt'ar'''mor),  n.  In  a  war-ship, 
armor  placed  upon  the  sides  along  the  water- 
line. 
belt-clamp  (belt'klamp),  n.  An  apparatus  for 
bringing  together  and  holding  in  position  the 
ends  of  belts  while  they  are  being  cemented, 
laced,  or  coupled. 
belt-clasp  (belt'klasp;,  n.  A  clasp  for  a  belt ; 
specifically,  in  much.,  a  deWee  for  connecting 
the  ends  of  belting  so  as  to  make  a  continuous 
band. 

belt-coupling  (belt'kup"ling),  n.  In  macli.,  a 
device  for  connecting  the  eniis  of  a  belt.  It  is 
a  substitute  for  the  ordinary  method  of  lacing 
them  together  with  thongs  of  leather. 
belt-cutter  (belt'kuf'er),  n.  A  tool  or  machine 
for  slitting  tanned  hides  into  strips  for  belting. 
belted  (bel'ted),  p.  a.  [<  belt  +  -fd2.]  1. 
Wearing  a  belt;  specifically,  wearing  a  dis- 
tinctive belt,  as  a  knight. 

A  prince  can  mak  a  belted  knight, 
A  martpiis,  duke,  and  a'  that. 

Bums,  For  A'  That. 
The  nielodraiuatic  attitude  of  a  general,  belted  and 
plumed,  with  a  glittering  staff  of  officers  at  his  orders. 

De  Quincey,  Essenes,  ii. 
With  puff'd  cheek  the  belted  hunter  blew. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

2.  Marked  or  adorned  with  a  band  or  circle : 
as,  a  belted  stalk;  the  belted  kingfisher. — 3. 
Worn  in  the  belt,  or  hanging  from  the  belt: 
said  especially  of  a  sword  the  sheath  of  which 
is  secm-ed  permanently  to  the  belt. 

Three  men  with  belted  brands.  Scott. 

He  was  dressed  in  his  pontifical  robes,  with  a  helled 
sword  at  his  side.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

Belted  plaid,  the  plaid  worn  by  the  Highlanders  of  Scot- 
land in  full  military  dress :  so  called  from  being  kept  tight 
to  the  body  by  a  belt :  as,  "  wi'  belted  plaids  and  glittering 
blades."  Ale.v.  Lning. 

Beltein,  Belten,  ».     See  Beltane. 

belting  (bel'ting),  «.  [<  belt  +  -ing.'}  Belts 
collectively  or  in  gtmeral ;  the  material  of  which 
belts  are  niatle.  i^ve  belt — Angular  belting.  See 
««<;»(« I-.— Round  belting,  belting,  usually  made  from  a 
flat  striip.  wliieb  is  rolled  into  a  tubular  form.— Scandi- 
navian belting,  a  cotton  cloth  woven  solid  and  treated 
with  Stockliolni  far.     K.  II.  Knight. 

belt-lacing  (belt'la"sing),  n.  Leather  thongs 
for  lacing  together  the  ends  of  a  machine-belt 
to  make  it  continuous. 

belt-pipe  (belt'piii),  «.  In  a  steam-engine,  a 
steam-pipe  surroimding  the  cylinder. 

belt-rail  (belt'ral),  H.  A  longitudinal  strip  or 
guard  of  wood  along  the  outside  of  a  street- 
car, beneath  the  windows — Belt-rail  cap,  a  strip 
of  wood  fastened  to  the  top  of  a  belt-rail  and  forming  the 
seat  of  the  wilulow-sill. 

belt-saw  (belt'sa),  n.     Same  as  band-sair. 


belvedered 

belt-screw  (belt'skrij),  n.  A  double  clamping- 
screw  Willi  l)i'oad,  flat  heads,  used  for  joining 
thi-  I'll. Is  of  a  belt. 

belt-shifter  (belt'shif'tfer),  n.  A  contrivance 
for  sliifliiig  a  machine-belt  from  <me  pulley 
to  anotlioi',  ill  oi-iler  to  stop  or  set  in  fnotion 
certain  purls  of  the  machine,  or  to  change  tho 
motion,     /i".  //.  Knitjlit. 

belt-shipper  (belt'ship"er),  n.    A  belt-shifter. 

belt-speeder  (belt'spe"der),  n.  A  contrivance 
in  a  mai-hino  for  transmitting  varying  rales 
of  motion  by  means  of  a  belt.  It  is  much  used 
in  Kpiiining-nniebiiieH  to  vary  the  rate  of  rotation  of  the 
spool  as  till-  cop  inei-e:iscs  in  size. 

belt-tightener  (belt'tit'ntr),  m.  An  idle  or 
inile]iendi-iit  pulley  resting  on  a  machine-belt, 
and  teiiiling  by  its  weight  to  keep  the  belt 
stretclied,  tliiis  securing  better  adhesion. 

belt-tool  (belt'tol),  n.  A  eombineil  cutter, 
punch,  awl,  and  nippers,  used  in  making  belts. 

beluga  (be-lij'gil),  II.  [<  Rnss.  bielnf/a,<.  bieluii, 
white  ;  cf.  Litii.  balli,  be  white.]  1.  The  large 
white  sturgi'DU,  Aeipinscr  lin.so,  fi-om  the  roe  of 
which,  .sometimes  weighing  800  pounds,  ca^viar 
or  botargo  is  prepared.  Tiie  nsh  is  from  12  to  15  feet 
in  length,  weighing  in  some  cases  2,000  pounds  or  more. 
Isinglass  is  prepared  from  its  swim-bladder. 
2.  [crtj).]  [NL.]  A  generic  name  of  the  white 
whales:  a  synonym  oi  Delphinapterus.  The  only 
species  found  in  northern  seas  is  Jl.  arctica,  leucas,  or 
albicans,  which  from  its  color  is  commonly  called  white 
whale  or  whitefish.  it  is  from  12  to  18  feet  in  length. 
The  tail  is  divided  into  two  lobes,  lying  horizontally,  ami 
there  is  no  dorsal  tin.  In  swimming,  the  animal  bends  its 
tail  under  its  body  like  a  lobster,  and  thrusts  itself  along 
with  the  rapidity  of  an  arrow.  It  is  found  in  the  arctic 
seas  and  rivers,  and  is  caught  for  its  tul  and  its  skin. 

Belus  (be'lus),  H.  [L.,  <  Gr.  B);/oc,  the  tradi- 
tional foumler  of  Babylon;  the  Greek  form  of 
Baal,  q.  v.]  1.  The  chief  deity  of  the  Baby- 
lonians autlAssjTians;  Baal  (which  see).  Also 
Bel. — 2.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  weevils,  of  the 
family  Cnreiilinmdce. 

belute  (be-liit'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  belated,  ppr. 
belutiuy.      [<  ic-l  -1-  lute^,  <  L.   Intum,   mud.] 

1.  To  cover  or  bespatter  with  mud.     [Rare.] 
Never  was  a  Dr.  Slop  so  belated. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  9. 

2.  To  coat  with  lute  or  cement  of  any  kind, 
bel'vedere  (bel-ve-der'.  It.  pron.  bel-ve-da're), 

II.  [Also  less  correctly  bcluidere,  <  It.  belvedere, 
lit.  a  beautiful  view,  "<  bel,  bcllo,  beautiful,  -I- 
redere,  a  view,  <  L.  ridere,  see:  see  vision,  view.'] 
1.  In  Italian  arch.,  an  upper  story  of  a  build- 
ing, or  a  portion  of  such  a  story,  open  to  the 


Belvedere.—  Palazzo  [ 


air.  at  least  on  one  side,  and  freciuently  on  all, 
for  the  purpose  of  affortling  a  \-iew  of  the  coun- 
try and  providing  a  place  for  enjoying  the  cool 
evening  breeze.  The  belvedere  is  sometimes  a 
sort  of  lantern  or  kiosk  erected  on  the  roof. 

Here  and  there  among  the  low  roofs  a  lofty  one  with 
round-topped  dormer  windows  and  a  breezy  belvidere 
looking  out  upon  the  plantations  of  coffee  and  intiigo  be- 
yond the  town.  G.  II'.  Cable,  The  Graudissimes,  p.  220. 
2.  In  France,  a  summer-house  on  an  eminence 
in  a  park  or  garden. 

They  build  their  palaces  and  belvederes 

With  musical  water-works. 

Webster,  Devil's  Law-Case.  i.  1, 

bel'vedered  (bel-ve-derd'),  a.     Provided  with  a 
belvedere. 
Gardened  and  belvedered  villas. 

G.  If.  Cable,  The  Graudissimes,  p.  U. 


~> 


SetzvisiiJi  trifasciata,  natu- 
ral size. 


Belvoisia 

Belvoisia  (bel-voi'si-a),  n.     [NL.,  named  after 
M.  /)<«i'rf)/;<.  a  Frenet  scientist.]    A  genus  of 
two- winged  flies,  of  the 
family  Tachinida-,  com- 
prising numerous  gen- 
era, parasitic  on  other 
insects.  They  are  most  iliffi- 
fult  to  distinguish  on  account 
of    the    uniformity  of  their 
somber  colors  and  the  simi- 
larity   of    their    structural 
characters.    The  only  species 
of   Bdroisia    in  the  United 
States  is  e.xceptional  by  the 
beauty  of  its  coloration,  the  third  and  fourth  abdominal 
j.ints  being  briiht  golden  yellow,  with  only  the  hind  bor- 
■  l--rs  black.     It  has  been  described  as  B.  Iri/asciata  (Fa- 
bvicius).  and  is  parasitic  on  the  green-striped  maple-worm, 
AiiiMita  rubieuwla,  and  allied  species. 
belyet,  i'.  t-    -An  old  spelling  of  helie'>: 
belyvet,  "*•     -Aji  old  spelling  of  fee/irel. 
Belzebub  (bel'ze-bub),  n.    See  Beehebub. 
bema  (be'mii),  «.;   pi.  hemata  (-ma-ta).     [Gr. 
pi]ua,  a  step.'a  stage,  platform,  <  ;iaivuv  (•/  *,5a), 
go,  =  E.  come,  q.  v.]     1.  In  (rr.  antiq.,  a  stage 
or  kind  of  pulpit  on  which  speakers  stood  when 
addressing  an  assembly. 

If  a  man  could  be  admitted  as  an  orator,  as  a  regular 
dcmagogus.  from  the  popular  bema,  or  hustings,  in  that 
case  he  obtaiued  a  hearing.  De  Quincey,  Style,  iv. 

2.  In  the  Gr.  Church,  the  sanctuary  or  chan- 
cel :  the  inclosed  space  surrounding  the  altar. 
It  is  the  part  of  an  Oriental  church  furthest  from  the  front 
or  main  entrance,  originally  and  usually  raised  above  the 
level  of  the  nave.  The  holy  table  (the  altar)  stands  in  its 
center,  and  behind  this.  ne:ii' or  skirling  the  real- W.1II  of  the 
apse,  is  the  gt/hthronu.^,  >jy  ^t•at  for  the  bishop  and  clergy. 


Digger-wasp  ( Bemttx  /asci. 
ata],  natural  size. 


Bema. — Typical  plan  of  Byzantine  Church,  St.  Theodore,  Athens. 
A  D.  bema;  S  H  and  B'  f.  .  paralicmata  (A  P..  prothesis;  B'  E' , 
diAconicon  :  C.alur:  />.  apse:  A", /:,  secondary  apses  :  F  F.'viono- 
stasis ;  t#'.  dome  and  choir :  //,  nave :  /  /  ,  antiparabcmata :  y  y  jf, 
narthcx:  A',  chief  entrance ;  Z..  south  porch ;  A/,  holy  doors,  or  dwarf 
foldinf  doors,  with  ampbilhyra. 

An  architectural  screen  (iconostaitU))  with  a  curtain  (^amphi- 
tliiira)  at  its  doors,  or,  a.s  was  the  case  especially  ni  early 
times,  a  curtain  only,  separates  the  bema  from  the  boily 
of  the  church.  On  either  side  of  the  bema  are  the  i>ara- 
bemata,  called  respectively  the  yrothcxis  and  the  diacoiii- 
con.  These  regularly  communicate  with  the  bema,  and 
in  poor  churches  often  have  little  more  than  an  indication 
of  separation  from  it.  Rubrically  they  are  often  counted 
as  part  of  the  bema. 

The  Jewish  type,  which.  If  anywhere,  prevails  in  the. 
Eastern  Church,  ropiires  a  fourfold  division;  the  Holy 
of  Holies  anawering  to  the  Uma,  the  Holy  flace  to  thi' 
choir,  the  LVuirt  of  the  Jews  to  the  nave,  and  that  of  the 
Gentiles  to  the  narthex. 

./.  3t.  yetilc,  Eastern  Church,  i.  17". 

8.  A  step;  a  rough  measure  of  length  employed 
by  the  Oreek.s  and  Macedonians  when  slmliii 
were  paced  off,  ami  not  raerely  estimatfd  by 
shouting.  It  was  conildered  to  be  2)  feet,  which  tor  this 
pur|H>»e  are  prni  tically  iilenllcHl  with  English  feel.  In  a 
late  lonn  of  llie  I'hiletierelan  (i.  <•.,  rergameninn)  system 
it  became  as  exait  measure  21  feet;  but  these  feet  were 
of  Ih''  Itabylonlan  nibit,  so  that  the  bema  was  U.HitS  meter, 
ai  cording  to  lA'p»iii.>t.  In  the  later  Jewish  system,  the 
l..-inJi  appears  AS  two  royal  cubits,  or  l.O.'il  meters. 

bemadt  (be-mad'),  v.  t.     [<  6c-i  +  mad.']    To 
iii;ik<'  mad. 

i  he  patriarch  herein  did  bewitch  and  Ittmad  Godfrey. 
fiilhr.  Holy  War,  II.  r.. 

bemangleCbe-manK'Kl),  r.  t.   [<  ln-i  +  mtniiilc^.'] 

riig-ji';  lonr  aMUiider.    lirdnmimt.    [linn.  | 

b;iii.irt3rr  (bi;-iiiiir'tiT),  I-.  t.    [<  '«-l  +  martyr.] 

I     lilt  to  dfiith  ns  a  mnrtyr.     J^'iillcr. 
bciii.-i.Hk  n>e-ini'i.sk'),  r.  t.    [<  fcc-'  +  mask.]    To 

'II      ;  'oiiceal.     Shrllon. 
bemritn,  n.     I'liinil  of  bema. 
h  '     '      '  .  '         •■   fl,    H.       [<   dr.    IhinnririT^r, 

iiV  pttOCB,  <  flr/IIIITI^iiV,    iMca- 

,iiri(r-),  n  Btep,  piieo,)     An 
I  oimurer   undiT   Alcxamlor   the 
'■  I'lolemieii.     Hi'n  brma,  3. 

beni    '  i;it'(  r),  c. /.     \<  hc-^  +  mailer.] 

'I'm  it  with  maftiT.     Niri/I. 

bem.i  1'),   I-.  I.     [<hr-l  +  maul.]     To 

rfjii  ii  ■  \  croly.     Slcrni'. 

bemaz';  </.'),  I'l.     [MK.  hcmaiien;<.  te-l 

•¥  ma:c.\     1  u  bewilder.    Seu  mase. 


520 

With  intellects  bemaz'd  in  endless  doubt. 

Coipper,  The  Task,  v. 

Bembecidae  (bem-bes'i-de),  )i.j>l.  [XL.,  prop. 
Bcmbici(i(F.  <  Bembex,  prop.  Bembix  (Bembic-)  + 
-iil(C.]  A  family  of  solitary,  aculeate  or  sting- 
bearing  hymenopterous  insects,  resembling 
wasps  or  bees,  and,  along  with  the  i<phegiilw 
and  other  kindred  families,  known  as  sand- 
ica.^ps.  The  female  e.vcavates  cells  iu  the  sand,  in.which 
she  deposits,  together  with  her  eggs,  various  hu-vre  or  per- 
fect Insects  stung  into  insensibllit.v,  as  support  for  her 
progeny  when  hatched.  They  are  very  active,  fond  of  the 
nectar 'of  flowers,  inhabitants  of  warm  countries,  and  de- 
light in  sunshine.  Some  species  emit  an  odor  like  that 
of  roses.  Bembex  is  the  typical  genus.  See  cut  under 
Dt-mhfx.     -A-lso  IieiiibicHl(e. 

Bembecinae  (bem-be-si'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Bern- 
hex  (Bcmbee-)  +  -ina-.]  A  subfamily  of  digger- 
wasps,  of  the  family  Sjihegidie,  tj^iified  by  the 
genus  Bembex,  iu  which  the  body  is  large  and 
long,  the  head  large,  the  labrum  long,  triangu- 
lar, and  exserted,  and  the  legs  are  short. 

Bembex  (bem'beks),  n.  [NL.,  prop.  Bcmbix,<. 
Gr.  ,ieuiiii  (iieu:3iK-),  a  spinning-top,  a  whirl- 
pool, a  buzzing  insect; 
prob.  imitative.]  The 
typical  genus  of  digger- 
wasps  of  the  subfamily 
Bembeciitm.  B.  rostrala 
and  the  American  B. 
fasciata  (Fabricius)  are 
examples.  A\soBemhix. 

Bembicidae  (bem-bis'i- 
dv }.  II.  jil.  Same  as  Bem- 
hrciihr. 

Bembidiidae  (bem-bi-di'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
JScmbidiiim  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  adephagous 
beetles,  typified  by  the  genus  Bcmbidium  :  now 
usually  merged  in  Carahidce. 

BembiiHum  (bem-bid'i-um),  n.  [NL,,  <  7>'cm- 
/».)■  +  dim.  -Idiiim.]  A  genus  of  minute  preda- 
tory caraboid  beetles,  sometimes  forming  tlic 
type  of  a  family  BembidiUlce,  sometimes  jilaced 
in  Carabida:  The  species  are  characterized 
by  an  ovate  body  and  large  eyes.  -Also  Bcm- 
bidion. 

Bembix  (bem'biks),  n.  [NL.]  1.  Same  as 
J!i  iiihix. — 2.  A  genus  of  gastropods.  Watsaii, 
IHTIJ. 

Bembridge  beds.    See  bed^. 

bemet,  «.     [ilK.,  <  AS.  heme,  bymc,  a  trumpet; 
supposed  to  be  uU.  imitative.     Cf.  boom'^,  bum- 
ble, bomb^,  Bembex,  etc.]    A  trumpet. 
Of  brass  they  broughten  be.mfS. 

Chaucer,  Nmi's  Priest's  Tale,  I.  577. 

bemet,  v.  [<  ME.  bemen,  <  AS.  bymian,  <  bymc. 
a  trumpet:  see  bcmc,  n.]  I,  intrans.  To  sound 
a  trumpet. 
II.  tnins.  To  summon  with  a  trumpet. 
bemeanif,  t'-  '•  [Early  mod.  E.  bemeiic,  <  ME. 
bcmenCH  (=  UHG.  biii'irinan,  MHG.  bemciiicii), 
mean;  <  6f-l  +  mcaii^.]  To  mean;  signify; 
inform. 

The  croune  of  thorne  that  garte  me  blede, 

Itt  be-infiies  my  digrnte.  I'orA  riat/i,  p.  424. 

bemean'- (be-raen'),  I',  f.  [<  bc-^  +  mean".]  To 
ni!il<o  mean;  d(>baae;  lower:  as,  to  bcmmn 
one's  self  by  low  associations;  to  hinienii  hu- 
man nature.  [Dniinui  is  commonly  but  incor- 
rectly used  in  this  sense.     See  deiiiiiiii-.] 

It  is  a  pity  that  men  should  .  .  .  beiivnii  themselves  by 
ilcfending  themselves  against  charges  of  which  the  giaml- 
Jury  of  their  own  hejirt  Ilinis  them  Innocent. 

Mux  Mailer,  lilograph.  Essays,  p.  li". 
I  felt  iiulte  ashamicl  that  a  pal  of  mine  should  have 
so  bemeaned  himself  for  a  few  ounces  of  silver. 

Jatncn  J'otin,  Canon's  Warcl. 

bemercyt  (be-m^r'si),  v.  t.     [<  6c-l   +  mercy.] 

'I'll  I  lent  wild  mercy. 
bemetet  (be-niof),  k  t.     [ME.  wanting;  <  AS. 

bcmelun,  measure,  compare,  consider;  <  /»•-!  + 

mile]     To  measure.     Shak.     [Karo.] 
bemingle(b<"'-nnng'Kl),  r.l.     [<fcr.l  -f-  mhiiib.] 

'ill  rniritxlc  ;  'mi.\.     Mir.  fur  Miii/.i.     [Unri-.  | 
bemire    (bc-mir'),    r.    1.     [<  ?"-'   +   mire]     1. 

'I'd  Hiiil   or   befoul   will)    mire,   as   in    passing 

through  muddy  or  miry  places. 
Ills  clothes  were  soniewhal  torn  and  imich  hnnirfil. 

ttarhfiin.  Ingoldsliy  liegenilM.  1.  111). 

2.   rChiefly  in  tho  imsMive.]     To  sink  or  slicli 

in  the  mire;  be  or  beconi(<  boggeil. 

Uemired  and  beldghted  In  llie  bog. 

Hurke,  A  Regicide  Pence. 
nrmlrrd  In  the  deeply  rutted  roads. 

Thf  rniliirii,  XXV.  .-ITV 

bemirement  (be-mir'ment),  w.  (<  bemire  + 
III' III.]  Tho  Htiitd  of  being  denied  with  mud. 
I  Knrc] 

bemiBt  (bfmiHl'),  v.  1.  f<  hc-^  +  mist.]  To 
cover  or  involve  in  <>r  as  in  iniBt. 


ben 

How  can  that  judge  walk  right  that  is  bnnisted  in  his 
way?  Fetthnm,  Resolves,  ii.  4. 

bemitered,  bemitred  (be-mi'terd),  a.  [<  6e-i 
-I-  mitir  +  -f</-'.]  Crowned  with  or  wearing  a 
miter.    Carhjle. 

bemoan  (,bc-m6n'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  (with  change 
of  vowel;  of.  monii)  bemcneii.bimcncii,  <  AS. 
bema'iiaii,  bemoan,  <  be-  +  niwtiaii,  moan :  see 
ific'-l  and  moan.]  1.  To  lament;  bewail;  ex- 
press sorrow  for:  as,  to  bemoiin  the  loss  of  a 
son. —  2.  Eeflexively,  to  bewail  one's  lot. 

People  grieve  and  ht-moan  themsctres,  but  it  is  not  half 
so  bad  with  them  as  they  say.  Kuiei\w»,  Experience. 

3t.  To  pity ;  feel  or  express  sj-mpathy  with  or 
pity  for. 

Bastards,  ...  if  proving  eminent,  are  much  Itenwaned, 
because  merely  passive  in  the  blemish  of  their  birth. 

Fuller. 

bemoanable  (be-mo'na-bl),  a.     [<  bemoan  + 

-able.]    Capable  or  worthy  of  being  lamented. 

Sherwood. 

bemoaner  (be-mo'nfer),  n.     One  who  bemoans. 

bemock  (be-mok'),  r.  t.     [<  bc-^  +  mock.]     1. 

To  mock  repeatedly ;  flout. 

Have  we  not  seen  him  disappointed,  bemocked  of  Des- 
tiny, through  long  years  ? 

Carhjle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  111. 

2.  To  cause  to  appear  mock  or  imreal ;  excel 
or  smrpass,  as  the  genuine  surpasses  the 
counterfeit. 

Her  beams  bemocked  the  sultry  main 
Like  April  lioarJrost  spread. 

Coleridffe,  Auc.  Mariner,  iv. 
A  laugh  which  in  the  woodland  rang, 
Bemoektiiff  April's  gladdest  bird. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook,  ill. 

bemoilt  (be-moil'),  ('.  t.     [<  &f-l  +  moiU.]     To 
bedraggle ;    bemire ;    soil  or    encumber  with 
mire  and  dirt. 
Thou  shouldst  have  heard  .  .  .  how  she  was  bemoiled. 
Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Iv.  1. 

bemoisten  (be-moi'sn),  1'.  t.    [<  ie-1  -I-  moisten.} 

'I'o  moisten;  wet. 
bemol  (ba'mol),  «.    [<  F.  bemol,  <  ML.  B  mollc, 

soft  B.]     In  iitu.iic,  B  flat,  a  half  step  below  B 

natural :  the  general  term  in  French  for  a  flat 

on  any  note. 
bemorister  (be-mon'ster),  r.  t.     [<  ftc-l  +  mon~ 

sti  r.]     To  make  monstrous.     [Rare.] 

'rlinu  changed  and  sclf-cover'd  thing,  for  shame, 
Il,-iii„iisler  not  thy  feature.  Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  2. 

bemoralize  (lie-mor'al-iz),  v.  t.  [<  ft«-i  + 
nwraliic.]  To  apply  to  a  moral  purpose. 
Eclectic  liev.     [Rare.] 

bemourn  (be-morn'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  bemornen, 
hi  iiiiiriieii,  <  -\S.  brmiiniaii  (=  OS.  bciiioniiau), 
<  /)(■-  +  muriKiii,  mourn:  see  6c-i  and  mourn.} 
To  weep  or  moin-n  over:  as,  "women  that 
.  .  .  brmoiirned  him,"  IViiclif,  Luke  xxiii.  27. 
[Karc.l 

bemuddle  (be-mud'l),  v.  t.  [<  ftr-i  +  muddle.} 
To  confuse ;  stupefy. 

The  whole  subject  of  the  statistics  of  pauperism  is  in  a 
hopelessly  iHiiiiiddlni  condition.      -V.  .1.  Her.,  CXX.  320. 

bemuffle  (be-muf'l).  c  t.  [<  bc-^  +  muffle.]  To 
wrap  up  as  with  a  mufllor. 

Beiiivjlled  with'  the  externals  of  religion. 

Sterne,  Sermons,  xvil. 

bemuse  (be-mi'i//).  r.  t.  [<  7)c-l  +  mime-;  in 
sense  perliaps  alTected  by  bema:c.  Cf.  amune.} 
To  imt  into  a  muse  or  reverie ;  confuse  ;  mud- 
tile;  stupefy, 

\Vc  almost  despair  of  convincing  a  Cabinet  bemused  wltlk 
the  notion  that  danger  can  only  come  fi-om  Krance. 

Spectator. 
The  archdeacon  must  have  been  slightly  bemused  when 
he  dcllncd  arlstnrchy  its  we  have  seen. 

F.  Unit,  Mod,  Eng.,  p,  14,1,  imto. 

ben^  (ben),  71)77).  and  ndr.  [<  ME.  ben,  bene, 
var.  of  bin,  biiinc,  <  AS.  binniin,  within:  see 
hill-.]  In,  into,  or  lowai'd  tlie  inner  a])artment 
of  u  limis(<;  ill  (U-  into  (hi'  parlor.  See  bcn^,  H. 
[I'niv.  I'Jng.  and  Scolcli.] 

\Vl'  kindly  wclcomo  Jenny  brings  him  fccii. 

Hunm,  Cottar's  8at.  ^'lght. 
Ben  the  house,  Into  the  tmuT  npnrtnu'nt,  or  Into  the 
a|m)'tnielit  or  ihvcllilig  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  hiUl  or 
puRKagc. 
That  she  might  riM)  hen  the  tiouMc. 

.ScntI,  (Illy  Manncrlng,  I.  kxlU. 
To  bo  far  ben  with  one,  to  be  on  tcnmi  of  Intimacy  or 

fainlliioily  Willi  I ;  be  in  urciit  honor  tilth   one.— Tff 

bring  Inr  ben,  to  ir.id  wiih  ureal  riKncct  imd  hospii.allty. 
ben'  I  lii'ii),  )'.  I  </)'))',  (I'^'.l  Tlie  iiilier  npart- 
niiiit  of  II  lioiise:  tlie  piii'lor  or  "niiun''  of  tt 
ilwelliiig  consisting  of  11  Imt  or  iiiilor  room, 
UHi'il  lis  a  lulclien,  and  a  bin  or  inner  room, 
used  as  a  inirlor  or  chiimber,  access  to  llio  ben 
boiug  originally  through  tho  but  or  kitchen. 


ben  521 

nrto  stop,  as  thp  work  requires. — Free  bencli.  See/rcc- 
bench.-  Front  bench,  in  J'ritisli  parlianiciitury  usage,  the 
leaders  of  a  party  ;  so  called  because  tliey  uecupy  the  front 
benches  on  tlieir  respective  sides  o(  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

It  is  an  old  and  honourable  pi-acti(;e  that  in  any  changes 
albM-tinii  the  llntmc  itself,  an  understanding  should  be 
c<Hue  to  between  the  two  /'r(HU  hi'tirhi'X. 

' FurlmnhllH  /(I'C,  XXXIX.  280. 

Ministerial  bencliea,  opposition  benches,  in  the  Brit- 
ish Parliament,  tile  benclies  occupied  respectively  by  the 
siii)porters  and  the  opponents  of  the  administration. 
.  bench  (bench),  V.     [<  bench,  h.]     I.  (ra»j.?.  1. 
To  luruish  with  benches. — Sf.  To  bank  up. 
"Twas  benched  with  turf.  Dnjden. 

3t.  To  seat  on  a  bench;  place  on  a  seat  of 

honor. 

His  cup-bearer,  whom  I  from  meaner  form 
Have  b&nch'd,  and  reai-'d  to  worship. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2. 

4.  To  place  on  a  show-bench  for  exhibition,  as 
a  dog. —  b .  Jn  minincj  :  (a)  To  undercut,  kirve, 
or  hole  (the  coal).  [Eng.]  (b)  To  wedge  up 
the  bottoms  below  the  holing  when  this  is  done 
in  the  middle  of  the  seam.  [Leicestershire, 
Eng.] 

II.  intran.t.  To  sit  on  a  seat  of  justice. 
[Rare.] 

Tlutu  robed  man  of  justice,  take  thy  place ; 

.\nd  thou,  his  yoke-fellow  of  equity, 

llenc/t  by  his  side.  Shak.^  Lear,  iii.  6. 

bench-clamp  (bench'klamp),  n.     A  clamp  at- 
tached to  a  work-bench  for  holding  firm  an 
article  on  which  the  mechanic  is  working. 
bench-drill  (benoh'dril),  «.    A  hand-  or  ma- 
chine-drill so  made  that  it  can.  be  attaelied  to 
a  bench. 
5>e(wei-,.Shep.Cal., November,  bencher  (ben'eher), »(.    l<  bench,  n.,  + -eA.']    1. 
[E.  dial,  and  Se.  also  benlc,     In  England,  one  of  the  senior  members  of  an 

•    •         '     •        inn  of  court,  who  have  the  government  of  the 

society.  Benchers  have  been  readers,  aTid,  being  ad- 
mitted to  plead  withiu  the  bar,  are  called  inner  barristers. 
These  were  followed  by  a  great  crowd  of  superannuated 
benchers  of  the  inns  of  court,  senior  fellows  of  colleges, 
and  defunct  statesmen. 

Addison,  Trial  of  the  Dead  in  Reason. 

2.  One  who  occupies  an  oflfieial  bench ;  a  judge ; 
sometimes,  specifically,  a  municipal  or  local 
magistrate ;  an  alderman  or  justice.     [Rare.] 

You  are  well  understood  to  be  a  perfecter  giber  for  the 
table,  than  a  necessary  bencher  in  the  Capitol. 

Shak., Col'., ii.  1. 

This  corporation  (New  Windsor]  consists  of  a  mayor, 
two  bailiffs,  and  twenty-eight  other  persons,  .  .  .  thirteen 
of  which  are  called  fellows,  and  ten  of  them  aldermen  or 
chief  benchers.  Ashmole,  Berkshire,  iii.  68. 

Each  town  [of  colonial  Virginia]  was  to  be  a  free  bor- 
ough with  markets  and  an  annual  fair.  For  their  gov- 
ernment, whenever  the  number  of  inhabitants  should 
have  become  thirty  families,  they  were,  upon  summons 
from  the  Governor,  to  elect  eight  benchers  of  the  guild 
hall,  who  should  annually  elect  one  of  their  number  di- 
rector. Johns  Hopkins  Hist.  Studies,  3d  ser.,  p.  106. 

3t.  One  who  frequents  the  benches  of  a  tav- 
ern ;  an  idler 


Sometimes  from  the  ben  another  apartment,  called  the 
iar-hcii.  is  roacheil.  The  terms  hut  and  bcii  arc  now  fre- 
"oiioiitlv  ainilied  to  kitchen  and  parlor  (or  bedmoni)  of  a 
two  ri"  ■Hied  dwelling,  even  when  they  .are  on  ojiposite  sides 
.if  a  linle  liall  or  passage.  Hence,  to  lice  but  and  ben.  with 
iiiiV  one  is  to  occupy  an  apartment  or  series  of  apartments 
uii'the  opposite  side  of  the  hall  or  passage  from  that  oceu- 
])ied  Ity  liim. 

ben-t,  beneH,  ".  [ME.,  also  bene,  <  AS.  ben,  a 
prayer,  =  Icel.  been,  a  prayer,  parallel  with  bon, 
>E.  ^)0"«l,  (I.  v.]    A  prayer;  a  petition. 

ben''!.     Obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of  been^. 

ben*  (Ijcn),  ».  [<  Oael.  and  Ir.  beinn,  peak,  sum 
ijiit,  mountain,  =  W.  jKu,  top,  srmimit,  head.] 
.•\  mountain-peak:  a  word  occurring  chiefly  in 
t  he  names  of  many  of  the  highest  summits  of  the 
ijKiimtain-ranges  which  traverse  Scotland  north 
of  the  friths  of  Clyde  and  Forth:  as,  Ben  Nevis, 
Ben  Mac-Dhui,  Ben  Lawers,  etc. 

Sweet  was  the  red-blooming  heather 
\nd  the  river  that  flowed  from  the  Ben. 

Jacobite  So7iff. 

ben^  (t>en),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bcnn,  <  Ar. 
hi'iii,  the  tree  which  produces  the  ben-nut :  see 
In  n-nut.'i     The  ben-nut,  properly  the  ben-nut 
free. 
ben",  n.    See  behen. 

benamet,  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bcnamed,  benempt, 
pjir.  bcnaming.  [<  ME.  benemnen,  <  AS.  benem- 
niiH  (=  G.  benennen  =  Sw.  bendmna),  <  &e-l  4- 
iiimiKtn,  name:  see  6e-i  and  name,  ■«.]  1.  To 
name ;  denominate. 
He  that  is  so  oft  bynempt.  Spenser,  Shep.  Cat,  July. 
And  therefore  he  a  courtier  was  benamed.  Sir  P.  Sidnei/. 
2.  To  promise ;  give. 

Much  greater  gyfts  for  guerdon  thou  shaft  gayne, 
Than  Kidde  or  Cosset,  which  I  thee  bynempt. 


bench  (bench),  n. 
link,  <  ME.  bench,  benk,  bynk,  <  AS.  bene  (orig. 
*banki)  =  OS.  bank,  benki  =  D.  bank  =  OHO. 
lanch,  MHG.  G.  bank  =  Icel.  bekkr  =  Sw.  bank 
=  Dan.  bwnk,  a  bench:  see  6a«/il,  bank".]  1. 
A  long  seat,  usually  of  board  or  plank,  or  of 
stone,  differing  from  a  stool  in  its  greater 
length. 
He  took  his  place  once  more  on  the  bench  at  the  inn  door. 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  64. 

S.  The  seat  where  judges  sit  in  court ;  the  seat 
of  justice. 

To  pluck  down  justice  from  your  awful  bench. 

Shak.,  2  Heu.  IV.,  v.  2. 

Hence — 3.  The  body  of  persons  who  sit  as 
judges ;  the  court :  as,  the  case  is  to  go  before 
the  full  bench.— 4:.  A  strong  table  oil  which 
carpenters  or  other  mechanics  do  their  work ; 
a  work-bench,  in  this  sense  bench  forms  an  element 
in  a  immber  of  compound  words  denoting  tools  used  on 
a  bench,  such  as  bench-drill,  bench-hammer,  bench-plane. 
5.  The  floor  or  ledge  which  supports  muffles 
and  retorts. —  6.  A  platform  or  a  series  of  ele- 
vated stalls  or  boxes  on  which  animals  are 
placed  for  exhibition,  as  at  a  dog-show. 


Bench-table.—  Church  of  Notre  Dame,  Ch4- 
lons-sur-Marne,  France. 

A  vise  which  may 


Excellence  on  the  bench  and  exceUence  in  the  field  may  bcnchership  (ben'cher-ship),  n.     [<  bencher  + 
be  two  utterly  diverse  things.  -ship.']     The  office  or  condition  of  a  bencher. 

Forest  ctml  Stream.  XXII  361.  .j,,^^^  ^^^^^  benchers  of  the  Inner  Temple]  were  coevals, 

7.  In  eiifirin.,  a  ledge  left  on  the  edge  of  a  cutting      and  had  nothing  but  that  and  their  tenc/icrsAi/j  in  com- 
in  earthwork  to  strengthen  it.— 8.  In  (jeol.  and     mou.  Lamb,  Old  Benchers. 

mining:    (a)  A  natural  terrace,   marking  the  bench-forge  (bench'forj),  n.    A  small  hearth 
outcrop  of  a  harder  seam  or  stratum,  and  thus     and  blower  adapted  for  use  on  a  workman's 


indicating  a  change  in  the  character  of  the  rock 
On  this  rest  argillaceous,  splendent,  siliceous  talc  scllists, 
sometimes  containing  chiastolite ;  and  on  these,  three 
benches  of  conglomerates,  tuffs,  and  argillaceous  schists 
and  lime-stones,  which  he  refers  to  the  Potsdam  sand- 
Btones.  Science,  III.  72t). 

(b)  In  coal-mining,  a  division  of  a  coal-seam 
separated  from  the  remainder  of  the  bed  by  a 
parting  of  shale  or  any  other  kind  of  rock  or 


bench. 

bench-hammer  (beneh'ham"er),  n.  A  finish- 
ers' or  blacksmiths'  hammer. 

bench-hook  (beneh'hiik),  n.  A  hook  with  pro- 
jecting teeth  used  on  a  carpentei-'s  bench  to 
keep  the  work  from  moving  sidewise.  It  is  fitted 
in  amortise,  so  that  it  can  be  placed  at  any  required  height. 
It  is  also  made  in  various  clasp-shapes,  and  called  a  bench- 
jf. p,    — —    — ., clamp.  7  _i_     -      1  n     1 

mineral.     [Pennsylvania.] — 9.    A  small  area  benching  (I)en'ehing),  n.    l<be)tch  + -ing^.J    1 


of  nearly  level  or  gently  sloping  land,  rising 
above  the  adjacent  low  region,  and  forming  a 
part  of  a  terrace  or  wash,  disunited  from  the 
remainder  by  erosion.  Sometimes,  though  rare- 
ly, used  as  synonymous  with  terrace. 

After  a  few  smooth,  grassy  benches  and  rounded  hills, 
here  come  precipitous  ranges  of  real  mountains,  scarcely 
less  imposing  than  those  of  the  central  mass. 

Science,  VII.  243. 

The  wide  level  benches  that  lay  between  the  foot-hills 
and  the  prairies  .  .  .  were  neglected. 

Harper's  Mat;.,  LXIX.  602. 

10.    The  driver's  seat   on   a  coach Bench  of 

bishops,  or  episcopal  bench,  a  collective  designation  of 
tllebishoiis  wliolcne  seats  in  the  English  House  of  Lords. — 
Court  Of  King's  or  Queen's  Bench.  See  co?(r(.— Edging- 
and-dividing  bench,  aneuliirej  fur  cutting  wooden  blocks 
into  voussoir  sliajies,  siieh  a>  are  used  in  making  a  certain 
kind  of  car-wheels.  It  consists  of  a  circular  saw  with  a 
traveling  bed  which  is  moved  by  a  screw,  and  by  means  of 
a  system  of  levers  actuated  by  projecting  and  adjustable 
pins  throws  the  belt  automatically  from  one  to  another  of 
three  pulleys,  causing  the  action  to  be  direct  or  reversed, 


Benches;  seats  generally.— 2.  la  coal-mining, 
one  of  the  many  names  given  to  the  process  of 
getting  the  coal  after  it  has  been  holed.  See 
/(o?ei  and  kirve. 

bench-lathe  (bench'lain),  n.  A  small  lathe 
which  can  be  mounted  on  a  post  placed  in  a 
socket  in  a  bench. 

bench-level  (beneh'lev"el),  n.  A  level  used  in 
setting  up  a  machine,  to  bring  its  bed  into  an 
exactly  horizontal  position.   » 

bench-'mark  (bench'mark),  n.  [<  bench  + 
»iO)7;l :  in  reference  to  the  angle-iron  which  in 
taking  a  reading  is  inserted  in  the  horizontal 
cut  so  as  to  form  a  support  or  bench  for  the 
leveling-stafl'.]  In  surv.,  a  mark  cut  in  stone 
or  some  durable  material  as  a  starting-point  in 
a  line  of  levels  for  the  determination  of  alti- 
tudes over  any  region,  or  one  of  a  number  of 
similar  marks  made  at  suitable  distances  as 
the  survey  advances. 


bend 

They  [places  of  the  stars]  are  the  reference-points  and 
bench-marks  of  the  universe.  Science,  IV.  202. 

bench-master  (beneh'mas*t6r),  n.  In  England, 
a  governor  of  an  inn  of  court;  an  alderman. 
/«(/*.  Dili. 

bench-plane  (bonch'plan),  n.  Any  form  of  piano 
used  on  Hat  surfaces,  as  the  block-plane,  the 
compass-piano,  the  jack-plane,  the  jointer,  the 
long  plane,  the  smoothing-plane,  and  the  try- 
ing-plane. 

bench-reel  (bench'rel),  «.  A  spinning-wheel 
on  tlio  jiirn  or  bobbin  of  which  a  sailmaker 
winds  tlio  yarn.     E.  H.  Knight. 

bench-screw  ( bench'skrci),  n.  The  screw  which 
secures  tlie  vise-jaw  of  a  carpenter's  bench. 

bench-shears  (bench'sherz),  n.  j;/.  Large  hand- 
sliears  for  cutting  metal. 

bench-show  (boneh'slio),  H.  An  exhibition  of 
animals,  as  of  dogs  or  cats,  which  are  arranged 
on  benches  for  a  comparison  of  their  physical 
merits  according  to  a  fixed  scale  of  points:  in 
contradistinction  to  a  field-show,  or  field-trial, 
where  awards  are  made  for  performance. 

Bench-shows  and  field  trials  in  America  .  .  .  have  be- 
come permanent  institutions.    Forest  and  Stream,  XXI.  3. 

bench-stop  (bench'stop),  n.  Abench-hookmade 
to  bo  fastened  down  on  a  piece  of  work,  some- 
times by  means  of  a  screw. 

bench-strip  (bench'strip),  n.  A  strip  of  wood 
or  metal  capable  of  being  fixed  on  a  work- 
bench at  any 

'"">{.   I'flf*-'!' I,  '''. 


required  dis- 
tance from  the 
edge,  to  assist 
in  steadying 
the  article  or 
material  being 
worked  on. 

bench-table 

(beuch'ta"bl), 
n.  A  low  stone 
seat  carried 
around  the  in- 
terior walls  of 
many  medie- 
val churches. 

bench-vise  (beneh'vis), 
be  attached  to  a  bench. 

bench-warrant  (bench'wor"ant),  n.  In  /«!(>, 
a  warrant  issued  by  a  judge  or  court,  or  Ijy  order 
of  a  judge  or  court,  for  the  apprehension  of  art 
offender:  so  called  in  opposition  to  a,  justices 
warrant,  issued  by  an  ordinary  justice  of  the 
peaceorpolioe magistrate.  Mozleyand  Wkiteley. 

bendl  (bend),  n.  [<  ME.  bend,  <  AS.  bend, 
rarely  ba'nd,  fern,  and  masc.  (=  OS.  b&ndi  = 
OFries.  bendc  =  OD.  bende  =  Goth,  bandi),  a 
band,  bond,  fetter ;  cognate  with  'band,  E- 
band'-,  <  bindan  (pret.  band),  bind:  see  band^. 
Bend'-  is  practically  identical  with  band'-,  th& 
two  being  partly  merged  in  use  with  the  closely 
related  pair  hand'^.  bend".  In  senses  4-11  bend 
is  modern,  from  the  corresponding  verb :  see- 
6c»rfi,  c]  It.  A  band;  a  bond;  a  fetter;  in. 
plural,  bands;  bonds;  confinement. — 2f.  A. 
band  or  clamp  of  metal  or  other  material  used 
to  strengthen  or  hold  together  a  box  or  frame- 
In  all  that  rowme  was  nothing  to  be  scene 
But  huge  great  yron  chests,  and  coffers  strong, 
All  bard  with  double  bends. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  viL  30; 

3.  Naut.:  (a)  That  part  of  a  rope  which  is- 
fastened  to  another  or  to  an  anchor.  (6)  A 
knot  by  which  a  rope  is  fastened  to  another 
rope  or  to  something  els?.  The  different  sorts 
are  distinguished  as  fisherman's  bend,  carrick- 
bend,  etc.  See  cut  under  carrick-bend.  (c)  One 
of  the  small  ropes  used  to  confine  the  clinch  of 
a  cable,  (d)  pi.  The  thick  planks  in  a  ship's 
side  below  the  waterways  or  the  gun-deck  port- 
sills.  More  properly  called  uales.  They  are  reck- 
oned from  the  water  ^s  first,  second,  or  third  bend.  They 
liave  the  beams,  knees,  and  foot-hooks  bolted  to  them,, 
aiul  are  the  chief  strength  of  the  ships  sides. 

4.  [See  etym.]  The  action  of  bending,  or  state- 
of  being  bent  or  curved ;  incirrvation  ;  flexm-e  : 
as,  to  give  a  bend  to  anything:  to  have  a  bend 
of  the  back. —  5.  An  incUnation  of  the  body;  a 
bow. — 6t.  -An  inclination  of  the  eye;  a  turn 
or  glance  of  the  eye. 

And  that  same  eye,  whose  bend  doth  awe  the  world, 
Did  lose  his  lustre.  Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2. 

7t.  Inclination  of  the  mind ;  disposition ;  bent. 
Farewell,  poor  swain  ;  thou  art  not  for  my  boul, 
I  must  have  quicker  souls. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  i.  3. 

8.  A  part  that  is  bent ;  a  curve  or  flexure ;  a 
crook;  a  turn  in  a  road  or  river,  etc.:  as,  the 
bend  of  a  bow,  or  of  a  range  of  hills. 


bend 

Just  ahead  of  ns  is  a  great  bend  in  the  river,  beyond 
wlik-h  the  wind  drops  dead  and  the  current  hurls  us  up  un- 
der a  beetling  crajr.  C.  TT.  Stoiidard,  Mashallah.  p.  137. 
9.  A  ctirved  or  elbow-shaped  pipe  used  to 
change  direction,  as  in  a  drain. — 10.  A  spiing; 
a  leap;  a  bound.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.]  — 11. 
A  •■pull"  of  liqnor.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 
Come,  gie's  the  other  bt-nd, 
Well  drink  their  health,  whatever  way  it  end. 

AUan  Rarnsat/,  Gentle  Shepherd.  iiL  2. 

12.  In  mining,  indurated  clay,  or  any  indurated 
argillaceous  substance — Close-return  bend,  a 
sh^rt  r.shaped  tube  joining  the  e.xtreniities  ot  two 
wruught-iron  pipes.— Grecian  bend,  a  nii'de  of  wsiUdng 
with  a  slight  stoop  forward,  at  one  time  alfected  by  some 
women. 

bendi  (bend),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bent,  rarely  bend- 
ed, ppr.  bending.  [<  ME.  benden.  <  AS.  bendan, 
bind,  fetter,  restrain,  bend  a  bow  (=  MHG. 
bendt.  ii ,  fetter,  =  Icel.  benda  =  S w.  bdnda  =  Dan. 
b(ende,  bend;  cf.  OF.  bender,  mod.  F.  bander, 
tie,  bind,  bend,  hoodwink,  =  Pr.  bcndar  =  Sp. 
Pg.  vender,  bind,  hoodwink.  =  It.  hendare,  hood- 
wink), prop,  fasten  with  a  bend  or  band,  <  bend, 
E.  bend^,  a  band,  the  noun  being  practically 
identical  with  band^,  n.  The  nouns  and  verbs 
of  these  groups  {hancP-.  bend\  band",  bend^, 
etc.)  reacted  on  each  other  both  in  Teut.  and 
Koni.,  developing  a  variety  of  senses  which 
have  a  double  reference.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
bring  or  strain  into  a  state  of  tension  by  cur- 
vature, as  a  bow  preparatory  to  launching  an 
aiTow. 

What,  are  the  hounds  before  and  all  the  woodmen, 

Our  horses  ready  and  our  bows  bent  i 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  iv.  1. 

Our  English  archers  bent  their  bowes. 
Their  harts  were  good  and  trew  ; 

Att  the  tlrst  Might  of  arrowes  sent, 
Full  four-score  Scots  they  slew. 

Percrt's  lieliques,  p,  142, 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  to  brace  up  or  bring 
into  tension,  like  a  strong  bow:  generally  with 
up.     [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

Now  set  tile  teeth,  and  stretch  the  nostril  wide ; 
Hold  h,ard  the  breath,  midbend  up  every  spirit 
To  his  (nil  height !  Shak.,  Hen.  V,,  iii.  1, 

Her  whole  mind  apparently  betit  up  to  the  solemn  in- 
terview. Scott,  Old  .Mortality,  vii. 

3.  To  curve  or  make  crooked;  deflect  from  a 
nonnal  condition  of  straightness ;  flex :  as,  to 
bend  a  stick ;  to  bind  the  arm. 

In  duty  bend  thy  knee  to  me.       Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 
A  kindly  old  man, .  .  .  somewhat  6«i(  by  his  legal  eru- 
dition, as  a  shelf  is  by  the  weight  of  the  books  upon  it. 

Lonftfellow,  Kavanagh,  xvi. 

4.  To  direct  to  a  certain  jioint :  as,  to  bend  one's 
course,  way,  or  steps;  to  bend  one's  looks  or 
eyes. 

Towards  Coventry  bend  we  our  course, 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  8. 
Southwards,  you  may  be  sure,  they  bent  their  ilight. 
And  harljour'd  in  a  hollow  mck  at  niglit. 

Drijden,  Hind  anil  Panther,  1.  1747. 

How  sweet  are  looks  that  ladies  bend 
On  whom  their  favors  fall ! 

Tennyton,  Sir  Galahad. 

6.  Figuratively,  to  apply  closely:  said  of  the 
mind. 

It  must  needs  lie  they  should  liend  all  tlicir  Intentions 
and  services  to  no  other  ends  but  t^)  bis. 

Mitton,  Church-Government,  ii. 

To  bend  his  mind  to  any  public  business, 

.Sir  W.  Temple. 

6.  To  incline ;  determine :  said  of  a  person 
or  of  his  disposition:  as,  to  bo  bent  on  mis- 
chief. , 

Where  will  Incllneth  to  goodncs,  the  myndo  Is  bent  to 
truth.  AMcham,  The  .Scholemnstcr,  ji.  70. 

One  great  design  on  which  the  king's  whole  soul  was 
Unf.  Maraidaif,  Hist.  Eng.,  vl. 

^tlll  bent  to  make  some  port  he  knr^wH  not  where, 

M.  A  rnittd,  A  Hummer  Night, 

'•  cause  to  bow  or  yield;   Hulidue;  make 
■ivo:  us,  to  bend  a  man  \i>  one's  will. 

Except  she  bend  her  hinnour. 

Shak.,  (ytnbellne,  I.  8, 
Oh  there  arc  words  and  looks 
To  bend  the  stenieat  |Mir|><nie  I 

.Shrllry,  The  CencI,  V.  4, 

8.  ■    '    '    Tnutfn  liy  means  of  n  bcnil  or  knot, 

:i  '.  another,  or  to  an  iini'lior;   to 

hI  ii:iin->'abl<'  t»  an  unclior.     Bent 

levi  I  raver, 'ii-     M.cib.  ,.      To  bend 

an.i.  .  ,!,•■  It  (ii»l  I"  ll«  |.r..i"t  yiir.l.  L-.iir,  ..i 

•I.  ,,-     To  bend  the  brow  or  brows. 

i**  ki>  ■»! ;  Iritwn. 

n.  1 .  To  b«  or  become  curved  or 

crook-  'i. 

TTicn  was  I  as  a  Iffe 
Wh'jue  Imighs  did  bend  wlih  (nilt. 

^A'lJ.-.,  Cynilielliic,  1  I 


2.  To  incline;  lean  or  turn 
the  road  bends  to  the  west. 

To  whom  oiu-  vows  and  wishes  bend. 

.Milton,  Arcades.  1.  fi. 

Our  states  daily 
Bendinj  to  bad,  our  hopes  to  worse. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  i.  1. 

Descend  where  alleys  bend 
Into  the  spai-ry  hollows  of  the  worlil.        Krats. 

3.  To  jut  over ;  overhang. 

There  is  a  cliff  whose  high  and  betiding  head 
Looks  fearfully  in  the  confined  deep. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  1. 

4.  To  bow  or  be  submissive:  as,  to  bend  to 

fate. 

Most  humbly  therefore  bending  to  your  st.ite. 

Shak.,  Othello,  L  3. 

Must  we  bend  to  the  artist,  who  considers  us  as  nothing 
unless  we  are  canvas  or  marble  under  his  hands? 

/.  D' Israeli,  Lit.  Char.  Men  of  Genius,  p.  14.'>. 

5.  To  spring;  bound,    Jamieson.    [Scotch,] - 


[Scotch.]— To 


Beiiiilt-'ts  gules. 


A  Bend  azure. 


522  beneath 

be  directed:  as,  bendingl  (ben'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bendfi-, 
!'.]  The  act  of  causing  to  bend,  or  the  state 
of  being  bent  or  deflected;  a  deflection. 

If  matter  that  will  not  yield  at  each  bend  is  deposited 
while  the  bendinrjs  are  continually  taking  place,  the  bend- 
inys  will  maintain  certain  places  of  discontinuity  in  the 
deposit.  /f.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  257._ 

bending-t,  »■    [<  bend^,  «.,  +  -imj.'i    Decoration 
(of  clothes)  with  stripes  or  horizontal  bands. 
ClKiiicer. 
bending-machine  (ben'ding-ma-shen"),  n.    Att 
.npparatus  for  bending  to  shape  timber,  rails, 
iron  beams  for  sliips,  plates  for  boilers,  etc. 
bending-Strake  (ben'dtng-strak),  «.     In  ship- 
buildinfi,  one  of  two  strakes  wrought  near  tna 
deck-coverings,  worked  all  fore  and  aft.    They 
are  about  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  thicker  than  the 
remainder  of  the  deck,  but  are  lowered  between  the  beamB 
and  ledges  to  make  the  upper  side  even  with  the  rest 
Their  use  is  to  make  a  more  complete  tie  between  the 
(leck-fr:inie  ami  deck-plank. 
bend-leather   (bend'lcTH'fer),  n.     [<  bend^  + 
kuther.']     The   strongest  kind  of  sole-leather 
for  shoes.     See  bend~,  2. 
bendlet  (bend'let),   «.      [Early  mod.  E.   also 
bendelet,  appar.  <  bendel  +  -et ;  but  cf.  OF. 
bendelette,  dim.  of  bende,  band. 
Doublet  baiidlet.]     1.    lu  her., 
a  bearing  of  the  nature  of  the 
bond,   but  half  as  wide.    Also 
called  garter. —  2.    A  name  of 
the   common    British    sea-ane- 
mone.   Actinia    mcsfnihri/anthe- 

inuni Bendlet  sinister,  in  her.,  a 

beiidlet  drawn  troin  the  sinister  chief 
to  the  dexter  base. 
bendsome   (bend'sum),   a.     [<  6fH((l  +  -some. 
Cf.  hi(.nini.~\     Flexible;  pliable.     [Kare.] 
bendways  (bend'waz),  adr.    Hsiiae  us  bendtoise. 
bendwise  (bend'wiz),  adr.     [<  bend-  +  icise^.] 
In  lur.,  lying  in  the  direction   of   the   bend: 
said  of  any  bearing :  as,  a  sword 
beiidirise. 
bendwitht,  ".     [ME.  henwyt-tre 
(latervar.  benewith  tre — Prompt, 
Parv.) ;  perhaps  <  bendl  -1-  tcitli^ 
(cf.  bindiritli);  but  cf.  Sw.  hen- 
red,    dogborry-trec,    Icel.    hein- 
ridhr,  bcincidlii,  ebony  (lit.  bono- 
wood);    also   Icel.   beincidliir,  a 
willow  {Sulix  arbtiscula),  lit.  bone-withy.]    An 
old  name  of  a  shrnb  not  identified.     Its  twigs 
were  used  to  tie  up  fagots. 
bendy  (beu'di),  a.     [<  OF,  bende,  F.  band/',  pp. 
of  bander,  cross  with  Viands:    see  bend-.]     In 
lier.,  divided  into  four  or  more  diagonal  parts 
in  the  direction  of  the  bend  :  said  of  the  field. 
This  word  is  used,  no  matter  bow  great  the  nuinl)er  of 
the  divisiiuis,  as  brndletii  ami  coltisit,  which  would  he  the 
regular  forms,  are  awkwanl  in  use.— Bendy  barry,  in 
her.     Sec  bariij  bendy,  under  (iarii/2.—  Bendy  paly,  in 
/('/■.,  «iivi(lcd  by  lines  iteiidwise  and  palcwise,  and  tliere* 
foiT  'Uvi.icd  into  lozenges. 
bendy-tree  (ben'di-tre),  ».     The  Thexpesia  po- 
jinlnea,  an  ornamental  tree  of  rapid  growth, 
often  planted  in  gardens  and  avenues  in  India, 
bene't,  ".     See  ben". 
bene-'t,  "■     See  bein. 
bene-',  ",     See  bennc. 

bene-.  [Ij.  bene-,  sometimos  beni-,  combining 
I'lirin  of  litne,  adv,,  well,  <  bonus,  good:  see 
lioon-,  bonu.s:]  An  elenienl  of  some  words  of 
Latin  origin,  meaning  well,  good,  as  in  ^ciic- 
liirliiin,  benefit,  benevolence,  etc.:  opposed  to 
male-,  mill-. 
beneaped  (be-nejit'),  a.   [<  fte-i  +  neap  +  -ed^.] 

.\inil..  same  as  neaped. 
beneath  (lio-nflh'),  adv.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  be- 
nellie,  bintihe,  binellien,  adv.  and  prep.,  <  AS. 
hrneothan,  binitluin,  pr(>p,  (=  OFrics.  hinethas 
1).  liineiUn  =  ^Ai.  In  nedden  =  {}.  Iirnir<len),  <  he, 
liy,  -I-  niothan,  iiitlian,  nenlhane  (=OH.  nilhana 
=  OlKi.  nidana.  MlUi.  iiidenc,  niclen,  G,  nieilen), 
below,  orig,,  like  nitlie,  below,  from  compar. 
nillier,  nilher:  aoe  nether.  Hence  by  aplierosis 
nealh.  'neutU.]  I.  adr.  1.  In  a  lower  place, 
position,  or  stato,  literally  or  (iguralively. 

Thou  shall  be  above  only,  anil  tllou  shall  not  be  beneath, 

lieut,  x.\vill,  U. 
Kvery  brain 
'I'hal  looks  so  niaiiv  falhoins  to  the  sea. 
Ami  hears  it  roar  benrath.  Shak.,  liamlct,  I.  4. 


6.  To  drink  hard.  Jamieson. 
bend  to  the  oars,  to  row  vigorously 
bend^  (bend),  n.  [<  ME.  6e«<7,  bende,  partly 
<  AS.  bend,  a  band  used  as  an  ornament  (a 
sense  of  bend,  E,  bend^);  partly  <  OF.  bende, 
mod.  F.  bande  =  Pr.  benda  =  Sp.  Pg.  r-endn 
and  banda  =  It,  benda,  banda,  <  ilL,  benda, 
hinda,  <  OHG,  binda,  a  band,  fillet,  tie,  mi.\ed 
with  ML.  (etc.)  banda,  <  OHG.  bend,  etc, :  see 
hand^.  Bend"  is  thus  in  part  historically  iden- 
tical with  bend"^,  but  in  part  -nith  band-.  The 
separation  is  now  merely  formal,]  If.  A  band 
or  strip  used  to  bind  around  anything;  a  strip, 
whether  as  a  fastening  or  as  an  ornament ;  a 
fillet,  strap,  bandage,  etc. ;  specifically,  a  rib- 
bon or  bandeau  for  the  head,  tised  by  ladies  in 
the  fifteenth  century. 

And  on  her  legs  she  painted  buskins  wore. 
Basted  with  bends  of  gold  on  every  side. 

Spemer,  V.  Q.,  V.  v.  3. 

2.  Anamein  the  leather  trade  fora  butt  or  round- 
ed crop  cut  in  two ;  the  half  of  a  hide  of  sole- 
leather  that  was  trimmed  and  divided  before 
tanning. —  3.  In  her.,  one  of  the  nine  ordinaries, 
consisting  of  a  diagonal  band  drawn  fmm  the 
dexter  chief  to  the  sinister  base :  when  chargoil, 
it  occupies  a  third  of  the  field ;  when  uncharged, 
a  fifth.  Bearings  are  said  to  be  in 
bend  when  they  are  placed  upon  the 
field  obliiiuely  in  the  direction  of  the 
bend  ;  the  Held  is  sjiid  to  be  divided  per 
bend  when  divided  diagonally  in  that 
direction,  usually  by  a  straight  line,  but 
sometimes  a  broken  line,  battled,  un- 
d6,  or  the  like,  or  by  a  still  more  com- 
plicated mark  of  division,  .See  bend, 
wise.  Also  applied  to  a  row  of  charges 
an-anged  in  bend.  In  bend  sinister 
and  per  bend  sinister  are  used  In  a 
similar  way. —  Bend  archy,  in  her.,  a  bund  diticiing  from 
the  bend  in  that  it  is  curved  toward  the  siiii.'itcr  chief. 
Also  called  h,'nd  enarched  or  bowed. —  Bend  axchy,  COr- 
Onetty  on  the  top,  in  her.,  a  beinl  archy  having  the 
points  or  ornaments  <»f  a  cri>wn  <tn  the  unper  hide.  Tins 
is  the  well-kiio\\ii  bearing  of  Sa.vony,  which  occurs  in  some 
Knglish  royal  arms,  notalily  in  those  of  the  present  Prince 
of  Wales.—  Bend  arrondl,  in  her.,  a  bend  having  one  or 
botli  si<ies  broken  into  concave  curves.  See  'jvr-d. 
Bend  COttlsed,  in  tier.,  a  bend  having  on  each  sl<ie  a 
cntllse,  separated  from  the  bend  by  its  own  width.  A 
bend  may  lie  double  cottised  or  treble  cottised ;  that  is, 
it  nwiy  have  two  or  three  cottlses  on  each  side. —  Bend 
sinister,  in  her.  Same  as  bend,  3,  except  that  it  Is  lirawn 
from  the  sinister  chief  to  tlie  dexter  base. 
bend^t  (bend),  n.  [<  late  ME.  bende,  <  OF. 
bende,  var.  of  bande,  a  baud :  see  band^."]  An 
obsolete  form  of  band'^. 


A  Sword  Bendwise. 


A  fayre  llockc  of  faeries,  and  n  fresh  l>end 
Of  lovely  Nymphs,  Spenaer,  Shep,  Cal,,  May. 

The  Duke  of  Gloucester  .  .  .  and  other  I.ord«,  tlii'  chief 
of  Ills  Wnd.  Speed,  Hist.  (It.  llrll.,  I.\.  xvlll.  l... 

bendable  (ben'da-bl),  a.      [<  i'«(/l   +  -able.} 

i'niialiio  of  being  bent ;  flexible,     .^heriraiid. 
bende  (lieiid),  »,     [Origin  uiiknown,]    Avariety 

of  the  iilieliiioselmSiUsed  iniMidkery.  MilUriilli. 
bendelt,    "•     [ME,,   <  OF.  bendel,  bamlel,  dim. 

of  III  uilr,   bande,   a  band ;   doubh-t    of   bamlel, 

handian.]     1.  A   little   band  or   fillet.— 2.   In 

her.,  a  little  bend. 
benaer    (bi-nMer),    ».      1.    Ouo   who   or   that 

which  bends,— 2.  A  HJxpi'nco.     [Eng.  slang.] 

—  3.   A  leg,     [U.*i.  slang.] 

The  prospectus  (of  a  new  fiislilonable  bonnUng  scliiiolj 
has  been  sent  to  our  house.  One  of  the  reuillatlolis  is. 
"  Young  la<lles  arc  not  allowed  lo  i  ni«»  llolr  lirndcru  in 
rchiiol!"  l.tin'lMI"ie.  Kiivanilgh,  xil. 

4.  A  spree;  a  frolic.     |U.  H.  HJang.]  — 6.   [Cf, 
bcnd^,  n.,  11.]     A  liard  drinker.  [Hcoteli,] 

Now  lend  yiHir  lungs,  ye  liendrrM  flue, 

Wha  km  the  bin.  Ill  of  whir. 

,l/(o>i  Kamnai/.  I'octna,  III    112(1048), 

Bendigo  ware,    iii-n  pollcry. 


The  generars  dtsdaiird 
Uy  him  one  step  below  ;  he,  by  the  next; 
I'hal  next,  by  hlin  henealh.      Shak.,  T,  anil  C, 


1,8. 


next,  by  1 

2.   Hi'low,  as  op])OHi'd  to  on  high,  or  in  heaven 
or  oilier  su])erior  region. 

Thou  nhalt  not  make  .  ,  ,  any  likeness  of  anything  that 
Is  In  heaven  nliove,  or  that  Is  hi  the  earth  beneath. 

Ei.  IX.  4. 


beneath 

II.  prep.  1.  Below;  under:  with  reference 
to  what  is  overhead  or  towers  aloft :  as,  beneath 
the  same  roof. 

For  all  beneath  the  moon 
Would  I  not  leap  upright.  Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  C. 

A3  I  lay  beneath  the  woodland  tree. 

Whiltier,  M(jgg  Megone. 
Tliey  sat 
Beneath  a  world-old  yew-tree,  darkening  half 
The  cloisters.  Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

2.  Underneath,  whether  in  immediate  contact 
■with  the  under  side  of,  or  further  down  than  ; 
lower  in  place  than :  as,  to  place  a  cushion  be- 
neath one;  beneath  one's  ieet;  beneath  the  sut- 
face:  sometimes  with  verbs  of  motion:  as, 
he  sank  beneath  the  wave. 

As  he  was  raising  his  arm  to  make  a  blow,  an  arrow 
pierced  him,  just  beneath  the  shoulder,  at  the  open  part 
of  the  corselet.  Irmny,  Granada,  p.  (i'J. 

3.  Under  the  weight  or  pressiu'O  of;  under  the 
action  or  influence  of:  as,  to  sink  beneath  a 
turden. 

Our  country  sinks  beneath  the  yoke. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

It  is  my  fate 
To  bear  and  bow  beneath  a  thousand  griefs. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  JIaid's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 

Wherever  lights  appeared,  the  flashing  scinietar  was  at 

Its  deadly  work,  and  all  who  attempted  resistance  fell 

beneath  its  edge.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  21. 

4.  Lower  than,  in  rauk,  dignity,  degi'ee,  or  ex- 
cellence; below:  as,  brutes  are  beneath  man; 
man  is  beneath  the  angels. 

Maintain 
Thy  father's  soul :  thou  hast  no  blood  to  mix 
With  any  beneath  prince.     Shirley,  Bird  in  a  Cage,  i.  1. 
Beyond  the  limits  of  a  vulgar  fate. 
Beneath  the  Good  how  far  —  but  far  above  the  Great. 

Gray,  Prog,  of  Poetry,  iii.  3. 

5.  Unworthy  of;  unbecoming;  not  equal  to; 
telow  the  level  of:  as,  beneath  contempt. 

He  will  do  nothing  that  is  beneath  his  high  station. 

Atterbury. 

He  had  never  sullied  himself  with  business,  but  had 
chosen  to  starve  like  a  man  of  honour,  than  do  anything 
hemath  his  quality.  Addison,  Trial  of  Punctilios. 

Beneath  the  saltt,  in  a  subordinate  or  inferior  position. 
My  proud  lady 
Admits  him  to  her  table  ;  marry,  ever 
Beneath  the  salt,  and  there  he  sits  the  subject 
Of  her  contempt  and  scorn. 

Massinger,  The  City  Madam,  i.  1. 

=  S5T1.  Under,  etc.     See  below. 

beneatht  (be-neth'),  a.     Lower. 

This  beneath  world.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1. 

Benedic  (ben'e-dik),  n.  [LL.,  prop.  2d  pers. 
sing.  pres.  imp'v.  of  benedicere,  bless:  see  bene- 
dict.'] 1.  The  canticle  beginning  in  Latin 
"Benedic,  anima  mea,"  and  in  English  "Praise 
the  Lord,  O  my  soul,"  from  Psalm  ciii.  In  the 
American  Prayer-Book  it  is  an  alternative  of  the  Deus 
misereatur  (as  ordered  in  1SS6,  either  of  the  Nunc  dimit- 
tis  or  Dens  miserealur)  at  Evening  Prayer. 
2.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle. 

Benedicite  (ben-e-dis'i-te),  n.  [LL.,  prop.  2d 
pers.  pi.  pres.  inipv.  of  benedicere,  bless:  see 
benedict.']  1.  The  canticle  or  hymn  beginidng 
in  Latin  "Benedicite  omnia  opera  Domini,"  and 
in  English  "  O  all  ye  works  of  the  Lord,  bless  ye 
the  Lord,''  taken  from  "  The  Song  of  the  Three 
Holy  Children  "  forming  part  of  the  Apocrypha 
in  the  English  Bible,  it  is  essentially  an  expansion 
■of  Psalm  cxiviii.,  and  has  been  used  from  a  very  early 
period  in  the  Christian  church.  In  the  Anglican  service 
it  is  used  as  an  alternate  to  the  Te  Deum. 
2.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle. —  3. 
[l.  c]  An  invocation  of  a  blessing,  especially  a 
blessing  before  a  repast,  as  said  in  religious 
communities,  etc.,  answering  to  the  grace  ov 
thanksgiving  after  it. —  4t.  [A  common  use  in 
ME.,  where  the  word  was  often  contracted  ben- 
dicite,  benste.]  Usedinterjectionally:  («)  Bless 
you!  expressing  a  wish.  (6)  Bless  us!  bless  me! 
expressing  surprise. 

benedick  (ben'e-dik),  V.     See  benedict. 

benedict  (beu'e-dikt),  «.  and  n.  [In  ME.  bene- 
du/ht,  <  LL.  bencdicttw,  blessed  (in  ML.  often  as 
a  proper  name  Bencdictus,  whence  in  E.  Bene- 
dict, Benedick,  and  (through  F.)  Bennet,  Ben- 
nett; cf.  also  benet'^,  bennet^),  pp.  of  benedicere, 
bless,  use  words  of  good  omen,  in  class.  L.  al- 
ways as  two  words,  bene  dicere:  bene,  well; 
dicerc,  say,  speak.]  I.t  o.  Blessed;  benign; 
salutary;  especially,  in  med.,  having  mild  and 
salubrious  qualities :  as,  "medicines  that  are 
benedict,"  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  ^  19. 

II.  n.  [In  allusion  to  Benedick,  one  of  the 
characters  in  Shakspere's  play  of  "Much  Ado 
about  Nothing  " ;  esp.  to  the  phrase, ' '  Benedick, 
the  married  man"  (i.  1.).  Benedick  is  an  easy 
lorm  of  Benedict.]     A   sportive   name   for   a 


523 

newly  married  man,  especially  one  who  has 
been  long  a  bachelor,  or  who  has  been  iir  the 
habit  of  ridiculing  marriage. 

Having  aliandoned  all  his  old  misogyny,  and  iiis  pro- 
fe.s.siuiis  of  single  independence,  Ctelebs  has  lieconie  a 
benetiiek.  ix.  p.  Jt.  James,  Hern'y  Masterton. 

Benedictine  (ben-e-dik'tiu),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML. 
Biiiiilirlinm,  <  Bencdictus  :  see  benedict.]  I,  a. 
I'ertainiiig  to  St.  Benedict,  or  to  the  order  of 
monks  or  the  monastic  rule  originating  from 
him. 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  an  order  of  monks 
founded  at  Monte  Cassino,  between  Rome  and 
Naples,  by  St.  Benedict  of  Nursia,  about  A.  D. 
530.  The  rules  of  the  order  (which  was  open  to  persons 
of  all  ages,  conditions,  and  callings)  enjoined  silence  and 
some  useful  employment  when  not  engaged  in  divine  ser- 
vice. Every  monastery  llad  a  library,  every  monk  a  pen 
and  tablets,  and  study  anti  the  copying  of  maimscripts 
were  encouraged.  The  monasteries  became  centers  of 
learning  and  the  liberal  arts,  and  the  name  of  the  order 
synonymous  with  scholarship  and  erudition.  The  order 
was  introduced  into  England  about  A.  D.  600,  by  St.  Au- 
gustine of  Canterbury.  The  oldest  establishment  in  the 
United  St.ates  is  that  of  St.  Vincent's  Abbey  in  Westmore- 
land county,  Pennsylvania,  founded  by  a  colony  of  inonks 
from  Bavaria  in  184(i.  There  are  also  diiferent  eongregu- 
tions  of  nuns  known  as  Benedictines,  and  following  llio 
rule  of  St.  Benedict ;  they  date  from  the  same  lime,  owing 
tiieir  foundation  to  his  sister,  St.  Scliolastica. 
2.  A  cordial  or  liqueur,  resembling  chartreuse, 
distilled  at  Fecamp  in  Normandy.  It  w:is  ori- 
ginally preiiared  by  the  Benedictine  monks,  but  since  tlie 
French  revolution  has  been  made  by  a  secular  company. 
benediction  (ben-e-dik'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  bene- 
dictio(n-),  blessing,'  <  benedicere,  bless,  use  words 
of  good  omen :  see  benedict.  Benison  is  a  shorter 
form  of  the  same  word.]  1.  The  act  of  speak- 
ing well  to  or  of;  blessing. — 2.  (a)  An  invo- 
cation of  divine  blessing,  either  by  a  private 
individual  or  a  church  official;  specifically,  in 
the  Christian  church  generally,  the  form  of 
blessing  pronotmced  by  the  person  officiating, 
at  the  close  of  divine  service  and  on  several 
other  occasions,  as  man'iages,  the  visitation  of 
the  sick,  etc. 

The  benedictions  of  the  good  Franciscans  accompanied 
us  .as  we  rode  away  from  the  convent. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  103. 

The  benediction  ...  is  given  in  a  different  manner  by 
the  Oriental  Church  from  that  used  by  the  Latins.  The 
Priest  joins  his  thumb  and  third  finger,  and  erects  and 
joins  the  other  three  :  and  is  thus  supposed  to  symbolise 
the  procession  of  the  Holy  Ghost  from  the  Father  alone ; 
and,  according  to  others,  to  form  the  sacred  letters  I  H  C 
by  the  position  of  his  fingers. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  352,  note. 
When  the  benediction  is  pronounced  officially  by  a  priest 
or  clergyman,  he  usually  stands  with  hands  uplifted,  and 
the  congregation  receive  it  with  bowed  heads.  Illustra- 
tions of  ancient  benedictions  are  afforded  by  Gen.  xxiv.  60 
(a  nuptial  blessing) ;  Gen.  xxvii.  27-29  (a  death-bed  bless- 
ing); Num.  vi.  2i-27(a  priestly  blessing).  The  apostolic 
benediction  is  that  proceeding  from  the  pope,  and  is  either 
given  personally,  as  at  Rome,  or  by  delegation  in  other 
parts  of  tlie  world.  See  blessing,  (h)  The  rite  of  in- 
stituting an  abbot  or  an  abbess,  and  of  receiving 
the  profession  of  a  nun  or  of  a  religious  knight. 

The  action  of  the  archbishops  was  excluded,  and  the 
abbots  elect  sought  confirmation,  if  not  benediction  also, 
at  Rome.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  710. 

((■)  An  additional  ceremony  performed  by  a 
priest  after  the  regular  celebration  of  matri- 
mony: called  the  nuptial  benediction,  (d)  The 
ceremony  by  which  things  are  set  aside  for 
sacred  uses,  as  a  church  or  vestments,  bells, 
etc.,  or  things  for  ordinary  use  are  hallowed, 
as  houses,  etc.— 3.  The  advantage  conferred 
by  blessing  or  the  invocation  of  blessings. 

Prosperity  is  the  blessing  of  the  Old  Testament ;  adver- 
sity is  the  blessing  of  the  New,  which  carried  the  greater 
benediction,  and  the  clearer  revelation  of  God's  favour. 

Bacon,  Of  Adversity. 

Over  and  above  this  [sense  for  light  and  shade]  we  have 
received  yet  one  more  gift,  something  not  quite  necessary, 
a  benediction,  as  it  were,  in  our  .sense  for  and  enjoyment 
of  colour.  0.  .V.  Hood,  Modern  Chromatics,  p.  304. 

Benediction  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament,  one  of  the 
more  connuon  religious  services  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  in  which,  after  the  solemn  exposition,  incensing, 
and  adoration  of  the  eucharist,  which  is  inclosed  in  a 
monstrance  and  placed  under  a  canopy  on  the  altar,  the 
officiating  priest,  taking  the  monstrance  in  his  hands, 
makes  the  sign  of  the  cross  with  it  in  blessing  over  the 
kneeling  faithful.— The  apostolic  benediction,  a  bene- 
diction in  the  words  of  2  »\>r.  xiii.  U. 

benedlctional,  benedictionale  (ben-e-dik'- 
shou-al,  ben-e-dik-sho-na'le),  n.  [<  ML.  bene- 
dictio'iudis  (sc.  Jiber,  book),  <  LL.  benedictio(n-): 
see  benediction.]  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Cli.,  a  book 
containing  a  collection  of  benedictions  or  bless- 
ings used  in  its  religious  services. 

Psalters,  liooks  of  Gospels,  Benedictionals,  Canons,  and 
other  treatises  relating  to  the  discipline  and  ceremonial 
of  the  Church.  Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXIII.  63. 

The  Sarum,  like  the  Anglo-Saxon  Bemdictiovial,  con- 
tained the  forms  for  blessing  the  people,  by  the  bishop,  at 
high  mass.  Kock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  213. 


benefic 

benedictionary  (ben-e-dik'shon-a-ri),  n.    [< 

ML.a.sif  ' lienediclionarium,<.  LL'.  benedictio{n-) : 
see  benediction.]    A  collection  of  benedictions 
or  blessings ;  a  benedlctional. 
Tile  betii'.dietionarg  of  Bishop  Athelwood.  Bj).  Still. 

benedictive  (ben-e-dik'tiv),  a.  [<  LL.  bene- 
dictus  (see  benedict)  +  -ive.]  Tending  to  bless; 
giving  a  blessing. 

His  paternal  jirayers  ami  benedictive  comprecations. 

liji.  tiatiden,  Mem.  of  Bp.  Brownrigg,  p.  201. 

benedictory  (ben-e-dik'to-ri),  a.  [<  LL.  as 
if  "liincdictoriu.s,  <  bencdictus :  see  benedict.] 
Blessing;  expressing  a  benediction  or  wishes 
for  good:  as,  "a  benedictory  prayer,"  Thack- 
eray. 

BenedictUS  (ben-e-dik'tus),  n.  [LL.,  blessed: 
aee  lii'iicdict.]  1.  The  short  canticle  or  hymn, 
also  distinctively  called  the  Bencdictus  qui  rc- 
nit,  beginning  in  Latin  "Bencdictus  qui  venit 
in  nomine  Domini,"  and  in  English  "Blessed 
is  He  that  eomoth  in  the  name  of  the  Ijord," 
preceded  and  followed  by  "Hosanna  in  Exeel- 
sis,"  that  is,  "Hosanna  in  the  highest,"  which 
is  usually  appended  in  the  Roman  (.'atholio 
mass  to  the  Sanctus,  from  Psalm  cxviii.  26, 
Luke  xix.  38,  etc.  The  Bencdictus  qui  venit  was  re- 
tained in  the  Prayer-Book  of  1549,  and  is  sung  in  some 
Anglican  clmrclies  at  choral  or  solemn  celebrations  of  the 
lioly  eonnnuiiinn,  just  before  the  prayer  of  consecration. 
2.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle,  forming 
a  separate  movement  in  a  mass. — 3.  The  can- 
ticle or  hymn  beginning  in  Latin  "  Bencdictus 
Dominus  Deus  Israel,"  and  in  English  "Blessed 
be  the  Lord  God  of  Israel" ;  the  song  of  Zach- 
arias,  Luke  i.  68-71.  in  the  English  Prayer-Book  it 
is  the  canticle  following  the  second  lesson  with  the  Jubi- 
late as  its  alternate.  In  the  American  Prayer-Book  only 
the  first  four  verses  are  given ;  alterations  made  in  1886 
direct  the  use  of  the  whole  canticle  on  Sundays  in  Advent, 
but  permit  the  omission  at  other  times  of  the  portion  fol- 
lowing the  fom'th  verse. 
4.  A  musical  setting  of  this  canticle. 

benedightt  (ben'e-dit),  a.  [ME.  bcnedyght,  ben- 
edight,  <  LL.  bencdictus :  see  benedict.]  Blessed. 

And  soul  more  white 
Never  through  martyrdom  of  fire  was  led 
To  its  repose  ;  nor  can  in  books  be  read 
The  legend  of  a  life  more  benedight. 

Long/elloiv,  The  Cross  of  Snow. 

bene  discessit  (be'ne  di-ses'it).  [L.,  he  has  de- 
parted honorably.]  In  English  universities, 
a  permission  by  the  master  and  fellows  of  a 
college  to  a  student  to  leave  that  college  and 
enter  another. 

Mr.  Pope,  being  about  to  remove  from  Trinity  to  Em- 
manuel by  bene  discessit,  was  desirous  of  taking  my  rooms. 

Alma  Mater,  i.  167. 

bene  exeat  (be'ne  ek'se-at).  [L.,  let  him  depart 
honoralily.]  A  certificate  of  good  character 
given  by  a  bishop  to  one  of  his  clergy  remo'ving 
to  another  diocese :  as,  he  brought  a  bene  exeat 
from  his  last  bishop. 

benefaction  (ben-f-fak'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  bene- 
J'actio{n-),  <  bene/actus,  pp.  of  benej'acere,  in 
class.  L.  always  written  as  two  ■nords,  bene 
facere,  do  good  to,  benefit :  bene,  well ;  fncere, 
do.  Cf.  benefit.]  1.  The  act  of  conferring  a 
benefit;  a  doing  of  good ;  beneficence. 

Worshipping  God  and  the  Lamb  in  the  temple :  God,  for* 
his  benefaction  in  creating  all  things,  and  the  Lamb,  for 
his  heixefactvin  in  redeeming  us  with  his  blood.     Sewtoru 

2.  A  benefit  conferred;  especially,  a  charitable 
donation. 

A  man  of  true  generosity  will  study  in  what  manner  to 
render  llis  benefaction  most  advantageous. 

Melmoth,  tr.  of  Pliny,  vii.  18. 

=  Syn.  1.  Kindness.— 2.  Gift,  contribution,  alms,  charity. 
benefactor  (ben-e-fak'tor),  «.  [<  LL.  benefactor, 
<  benej'acere,  do  good  to:  see  benefaction.]  1. 
Literally,  a  well-doer;  one  who  does  good. 
[Rare.]  * 

Bene.factors  ?  Well ;  what  benefactors  are  they  ?  are  they 
not  malefactors?  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  I. 

2.  One  who  confers  a  benefit :  a  kindly  helper: 
as,  "the  gi'eat  benefactor oi  mankind,"  Milton, 
P.  E.,  iii.  82. 

He  is  the  true  benefactor  and  alone  worthy  of  Honor 
who  brings  comfort  where  before  was  wretchedness,  who 
dries  the  tear  of  sorrow. 

Sumner,  True  Grandeur  of  Nations. 

3.  One  who  makes  a  benefaction  to  or  endows 
a  charitable  or  other  institution ;  one  who 
maki's  a  bequest. 

benefactress  (ben-f-fak'tres),  «.     [<  benefactor 

+  -r.w.]     xV  female  benefactor. 
benefic  (be-nef'ik),  a.  and  n.     [Formerly  bene- 

fiquc  ;  <  L.  beneficus,  <  bene,  well,  +  facere,  do.] 

I.  a.  1.  Beneficent.     [Rare.] 


benefic 

He  being  equally  neere  to  his  whole  Creation  of  Man- 

ki.i'!   :t:,  i  .>f  free  power  to  turn  his  betu-jick  awl  fatherly 

r.  il  Region  or  Kingtlome  he  plt-ases.  hatli  yet 

-  Hand  under  tlie  spec-iall  indulgent  eye  of 

_;■.  Milton,  Del",  of  Humb.  Kenionst, 

2.  In  astrol.,  of  good  or  favorable  influence. 
The  kind  and  truly  benejit/ue  Eucolos. 

B,  JoiiKon,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

H.  ".  In  asfro/.,  a  favorable  planet;  Jupiter 
or  ^'pnus. 
benefice  (ben'e-Ss),  n.  [<  ME.  benefice,  bene- 
fise,  <  OF.  benefice,  F.  benefice,  <  LL.  beneficium, 
estate  granted,  L.  beneficium,  a  favor,  kind- 
ness, (.beneficiig,  kind,  liberal:  see  bcnefic.1  1. 
In  feudal  laic,  originally,  a  fee  or  an  estate  in 
lauds  granted  for  life  only,  and  held  «•  ineio 
beneficio  (on  the  mere  good  pleasure)  of  the 
donor.  Such  estates  afterward  becoming  hereditary, 
the  word  /gud  was  used  for  gi'ants  to  indii'iduals,  and 
beimjice  became  restricted  to  church  livings. 

The  Beneticiuni,  or  Beuencc,  an  assignment  of  land  by  a 
coni|uering  Teutonic  king  as  the  reward  or  price  of  mili- 
tary service,  is  allowed  on  all  sides  to  have  had  much  to 
do  with  this  great  chancre  (from  allodial  to  feudal)  in  the 
legal  point  of  view.    Main';,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  345. 

The  kings  gave  their  leading  chiefs  portions  of  con- 
quered land  or  of  the  royal  domains,  uniler  the  name  of 
benefices.  Lecki/,  Em'op.  Morals,  II.  '2S6. 

2.  An  ecclesiastical  living;  a  church  office 
endowed  with  a  revenue  for  its  proper  fulfil- 
ment; the  revenue  itself.  The  following  terms 
of  canon  law  are  freijuently  found  associated  with  this 
word,  which  is  of  historical  imjmrtance  :  A  benefice  in- 
volving no  other  obligation  than  service  in  the  public 
otfices  of  the  church  is  tdmpie ;  if  the  cure  of  souls  is  at- 
tached to  it,  double :  if  with  a  certain  rank  attached,  diif- 
nitary  or  tnajor ;  the  two  former  without  rank,  minor. 
Thus,  a  chnntni  was  a  simple  benefice ;  a  prebend  gives 
the  right  to  only  a  part  of  the  income  of  a  canom-y  at- 
tached to  a  collegiate  or  cathedral  church  ;  while  the  hen£- 
Jiee  is  perpetual  and  has  a  charge,  though  there  are  some 
(catleit  manual,  from  their  being  in  the  bands  of  the  one 
conferring  them)  revocable.  The  benefice  issaid  tobe  r<'.7»- 
tar  if  held  by  one  i|nali>led  to  fulfil  the  duties  <if  the  olHce ; 
secular  if  held  by  a  layman  ;  and  in  eommendam  when 
in  the  charge  of  one  conmiended  by  the  proper  authori- 
ties until  one  duly  iinalified  to  fulfil  its  duties  is  appoint- 
ed. In  the  last-named  case  the  discharge  of  the  ottice  is 
provitied  for  at  the  expense  of  the  holder.  (See  abfitK)  A 
benefice  is  received  by  election,  for  example,  by  a  chapter, 
or  from  a  patron,  who  is  properly  said  to  present  to  it, 
or  is  conferred  by  the  proper  ecclesiastical  superior ;  these 
nominations,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  regularly 
neeil  confirmation  from  the  pope.  His  action  may  cause 
a  benefice  to  l>e  reserved  or  afected  (which  see);  or  the 
collation  is  made  alternative,  that  is,  to  the  pope  and 
regular  patron  or  superior,  according  to  tlie  months  in 
which  the  benefice  falls  vacant,  by  definite  system. 
Ful  thredbare  was  his  overeste  courtepy. 
For  he  baddc  geten  him  yet  no  benefice. 

Chaucer,  (ien.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  291. 

The  estates  of  a  bishop  or  abbot  came  now  to  be  looked 
on  as  a  fief,  a  ttenefice,  held  personally  of  the  King. 

A*.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  V.  hi. 

One  priest,  being  little  learned,  would  liold  ten  or 
twelve  benefices,  and  reside  on  none. 
jB  /(.  ir.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  i. 

3t.  Benefit. 

Verely.  this  thyng  by  the  benefice  of  philosd^bie  was 
roted  in  hym,  that  he  sUxle  in  rlredeof  no  man  liuying. 

Udall,  tr.  of  Eriisnnis's  Apopbthcgmes,  p.  70. 
B^n^flCe  de  discussion,  in  French  law,  the  legal  right 
of  a  debtor  who  is  Hecundarlly  liable  to  demand  that  the 
creditor  should  be  required  first  to  reach  and  comi)el 
application  of  the  property  of  the  prlncii>al  debtor  before 
dl^cuHMJng  his  property. 
tbeneflced  (ben'e-list),  a.  [<  benefice  +  -ed-.] 
Possessed  of  a  benefice  or  church  preferment. 

All  manner  persons  of  holy  church  .  .  .  beneficed  in  ihtr 
realm  of  France.  Hall,  lien.  V.,  an.  h. 

My  Father  sent  me  thither  to  one  Mr.  Oeorge  Bradshaw 
(nomen  Invlsum  !  yet  the  son  of  an  excellent  father,  bene- 
ficed in  .Surrey).  Hreli/n,  lilary.  May  10,  )«:i7. 

ftenefieed  men.  Instead  of  residing,  were  found  lying  at 
the  Court  in  lorils'  house.* ;  they  tiiok  all  from  their  parifll). 
loners,  and  did  nothing  for  Ibem. 

It.  »'.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  I. 
beneficeleSS  (ben'o-fis-les),  a.  [<  benefice  + 
■''  .]  Miivitig  no  hi-nclieo;  ns,  " bencficeless 
jr' '  r-inFis,"  .Shrlilon,  Mirai'les,  ]i.  I'.tO. 
beneficence  (b^-nef  i-»<;iiM),  ».  [<  h.  bcneficen- 
1,11  '  •'irri<')fc< «({-)»,  beiieilcent:  ni'i' hem ficcn I. "] 
i  '•  pnicticti  of  doing  go<Hl ;  active  good- 
'  Tidni'ss,  or  ohurity. 

•    ■     .  r.i.  -  111  II.    ■      '  ■        •  loillohllgcd 

'  '     '  n  golden 


//■f  .  O'r,    Ki  1.  k,  •  r    .       ker.  p.  40.1. 

'"•'■   \n  thftt  which   help^  ft  II, an  to  do  thr 
i-<  inrmt  ntu-A  for,  noitbiii  which  keepn  and 
itn  in  IdlencMM. 

»'.  K.  CUffierd,  \xKi\m*,  II.  20!t 

'    ■'■in;  a   br-neflccnt    •■•■'      -   :-ifl. 

nene/irrnr,\      !;■  J,,^ 

'••  ':ff,  Chnrilii.     /.v..  .Ill 

"■  ■  -'Ive  of   III.'  di.lM,   111.. I,   ...  I, 

li'  ii  t.i  I...    opplh.l  I..  .  Imiil.il.l        iM 

/•' "  v\ I'll  doing.  U  til'    oiili.iin'  ;iN.;     Ill 

ble    ■  »(■,,  ^-1  .,,     ,1    iM'nev'denec.      II  is   n  strong  tb..iig|i 
ftncral  word  for  active  and  •bundant  liulplulneM  tollioso 


eiicoui 

2.     A 

;i'. 


524 

who  are  in  need.  Benerolence  may  exist  without  the 
means  or  opportunity  for  beneficence,  but  beneficence  al- 
ways presupposes  benevolence.  Bounty  is  expressive  of 
kind  feeling,  but  more  expressive  of  abuiidaut  ginng. 
Liberality  is  giving  which  is  large  in  p.uportion  to  tlie 
means  of  the  giver,  trenerofity  adds  to  the  imtiou  of 
libei-ality  that  of  largeness  or  nobleness  of  spirit  in  con- 
nection with  the  gift.  Mitnificence  is  giving  on  a  large 
scale,  not  restricting  itself  to  'necessary  things,  but  giving 
lavishly;  it  is  the  one  of  these  words  most  likely  to  be 
applied  to  ostentatious  or  self-seeking  liberality,  fmt  not 
necessarily  so.  Charity,  while  having  the  liest  original 
meaning,  has  come  to  be  a  general  word  ;  as  to  gifts,  it  is 
what  is  bestowed  upon  the  jioor  or  needy,  but  not  always 
with  warm  or  kindly  feelings :  as,  ofticial  charitij. 

With  a  how  to  Hepzibah,  and  a  degree  of  paternal  benev- 
olence in  his  parting  nod  to  Phoebe,  the  Judge  left  the 
shop,  and  went  smiling  along  the  street. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  ix. 
Few  men  have  used  the  influence  of  a  grand  seigneur 
W'ith  such  enliglitened  beneficence,  with  such  1,-isting  re- 
sults on  human  culture  and  civilization,  with  such  genu- 
ine simplicity  and  cordial  loyalty  [as  Ma)ccnas]. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  195. 
Deserted  at  his  utmost  need 
By  those  his  former  bounty  fed. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast,  st.  4. 
Over  and  beside 
Signior  Bnptista's  liberality, 
I'll  mend  it  with  a  largess." 

S/iuX-.,  T.  of  theS.,  i.  2. 
With  disinterested  generosity,  [Byron]  resolved  to  de- 
vote his  fortune,  his  pen,  and  his  sword  to  the  |Grcck) 
cause.  Godicin's  Biog.  Cyc. 

Such  were  his  temperance  and  moderation,  such  the 
excellence  of  his  breeding,  the  purity  of  his  lite,  his  lib- 
erality and  munificence,  and  such  the  sweetness  of  his 
demeanor,  that  no  one  thing  seemed  wanting  in  him 
which  belongs  to  a  true  and  perfect  prince. 

Quoted  by  Preseott,  in  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  2. 

Charity  finds  an  extended  scope  for  action  only  where 
there  exists  a  large  class  of  men  at  once  imlepcndent  and 
impoverished.  Lccky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  78. 

beneficency  (bf-nef 'i-sen-si),  «.  The  quality  of 
lit'ing  Vieiu'ficeut. 

beneficent  (be-uef'i-seut),  a.  [<  L.  "beiiefi- 
c('ii(t-).?,  compav.  bencfiicntior,  assumed  from  the 
noun  beneficeiitia,  but  the  L.  adj.  is  bciicficii.i: 
see  benefic  and  beneficence.']  Doing  or  effecting 
good ;  performing  acts  of  kindness  and  charity ; 
marked  by  or  resulting  from  good  will. 
The  beneficent  truths  of  Christianity.  J'rcscoll. 

She  longed  for  work  which  would  be  directly  beneficent, 
like  the  sunshine  and  the  rain. 

George  Eliot,  Middlcmarch,  11.  55. 

The  worship  of  the  beneficent  powers  of  nature  so  per- 
vades  Teutonic  and  Scandinavian  religion,  that  it  may 
almost  be  said  to  constitute  that  religion. 

Faiths  0/  the  World,  p.  232. 
=  SyTl.  Beneficent, Beneficial.hoMiitihil, bounteous, IWwrii], 
munificent,  generous,  kind.  Beneficent  always  implies  a 
kind  and  worthy  purpose  back  of  ihat  to  which  the  adjec- 
tive applies  ;  beneficial  does  not. 

Power  of  any  kind  readily  appears  in  the  manners ;  and 
beneficent  power  .  .  .  gives  a  majesty  which  cannot  bo 
concealed  or  resisted.  Emerson,  Eng.  Traits,  jj.  Ib7. 

That  such  a  beeclk^an  with  his  very  bulk 
Take  uji  the  rays  o'  the  benetieial  sun. 

Shak.,  lien.  VIII.,  i.  1. 

Iodide  of  potassium  has  been  tried  in  large  doses  lin 

chyluria],  and  in  some  cases  appears  to  have  been  bene. 

ficial.  t^uain,  Med.  Diet.,  ]>.  2.'>.'5. 

beneficential  (be-nef-i-sen'slial),  a.  [<  L.  be- 
iirfirentia  (see  beneficence)  +  -n/.]  Of  or  ihm-- 
taiuiiig  to  beneficcuce;  coucorncd  witli  wlint 
is  most  bonolicial  to  mankind.     \.  E.  1). 

beneficently  (be-nefi-sent-li),  adr.  In  a  bc- 
Mi'lieiiil  manlier. 

beneficia,  ".     I'lural  of  beneficium. 

beneficial  (ben-f'-fisli'iil),  a.  and  H.  [<  \j\j. 
brntfirittli^,  <  L.  hrnefii'inm,  ii  benefit  ;  see  hrnc- 
fice.']  I.  a.  1.  Conlriliiiliiig  tci  n  vnliiiilile  eiiil ; 
conferring  benelit;  advantageous;  prolitablo; 
useful ;  helpful. 

The  war  which  would  have  been  most  beneficial  to  us. 

,S'in/f. 

That  which  Is  beneficial  tntho  community  as  a  whole,  it 
will  becnnie  the  private  Inten^st  of  some  jiart  of  the  com. 
munity  to  uceoniplish.     //.  .•>peneer,  .Hoelul  Statics,  p.  41:!. 

2.  Having  or  conferring  tlio  right  to  the  use  or 
benefit,  as  of  proiierly;  jiertaining  orenlillnl 
to  the  usufruct:  as,  a  /(riir/iVi'a/ owner  (wliiili 
seo,  below);  a  binrficial  interest  in  an  estate. — 
3t.  Pertaining  to  or  having  a  heiieflco;  beiie- 
ftecd. 

An  I'ligaKemrnt  wo«  tendered  to  nil  clvl'  olllrorB  and 
hrnefieial  clergy.  Ilnltam. 

4t.  Kiiiil;  generous:  as,  a  "  brneficial  tm;"  U. 
•loHHiin.  Boneflclal  owner,  one  who.  (hough  not  hiiv- 
tug  apparent  b-giil  tllli-.  Ii  In  equity  entitled  to  en)oy  tin- 
advnnliige  of  owiiernblp  Syn.  1.  Beneficent,  lleneficiat 
(hcc  lienefieeni),  good,  Hiililliiry. 

Il.t  »•  A  benellce;  a  eliiirch  living. 
For  that  the  ground  work<-  In,  and  end  of  all, 
llow  to  obtainn  a  Itenefieiatl. 

Hpeixtrr,  Mather  Hub.  Talc,  I.  4M). 


benefit 

[A  license  for  the  sake  of  the  rhyme,  benefice 
being  also  used  several  times  in  the  same  pas- 
sage of  the  poem.] 
beneficially  (beu-e-fish'al-i),  adv.     If.  liber- 
ally; bountiful!}';  with  open  hand.     Cott/rave. 
— 2.  lu  a  beneficial  manuer;  advantageously; 
profitably ;  lielpfully. 
beneficialness  (beu-e-fish'al-nes),  H.     [<  6c)ie- 
ficial  + -nes.^.]    If.  Beneficence. —  2.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  beneficial;  usefulness;  profitable- 
ness. 
Usefulness  and  beneficialness. 

Sir  it.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  r.. 
For  the  eternal  and  inevitable  law  in  this  matter  Is,  that 
the  beneficialne.'is  of  the  inetiuality  depends,  first,  on  the 
methods  by  which  it  was  accoiiiplislied. 

Jiuskin,  Unto  this  Last.  ii. 

beneficiary  (beu-e-fish'i-a-ri),  (7.  and  n.     [<  L. 

bcneficiarius,  <  beneficium  :  see  benefice.']  I,  a.  1. 
Arising  from  feudal  tenure;  feudatory;  hold- 
ing under  a  feudal  or  other  superior";  subor- 
dinate: as,  "  beneficiary  services,"  Spelinan, 
Feuds  and  Teuiu'es,  xxv. ;  "  a  feudatory  or 
bcneficiarji  king."  Bacon. — 2.  Connected  with 
the  receipt  of  benefits,  profits,  or  advantages; 
freely  bestowed:  as,  beneficiart/  gifts  or  privi- 
leges. 

There  is  no  reason  whatever  to  sxippose  that  Beneficia  ry 
grants  and  Commendation  arose  suddenly  in  the  \vorld  at 
the  disruption  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

Maine,  Early  Hist,  of  InstS.,  p.  158. 

II.   ". ;   pi.  beneficiaries    (ben-e-fish'i-a-riz). 

1.  One  who  holds  a  benefice. 

The  beneficiary  is  obliged  to  serve  the  parish  church  in 
his  own  proper  person.  Ayliffe,  Parergon,  p.  112. 

2.  lu  feudal  law,  a  feudatory  or  vassal. —  3. 
One  who  is  in  the  receipt  of  benefits,  profits, 
or  advantages ;  one  who  receives  something  as 
a  free  gift.  Specifically  — (a)  In  American  colleges,  a 
student  supported  from  a  fund  or  by  a  religious  or  edu- 
cational society,  {b)  One  in  receipt  of  the  profits  arising 
from  an  estate  held  in  trust ;  one  for  whose  benefit  a  trust 
exists. 

The  fathers  and  the  children,  the  benefactors  and  the 
heneftciary,  shall  .  .  .  bind  ejieli  other  in  the  eternal  in- 
closiircs  and  circlings  of  iniiiiortality. 

./(■r.  Taylor,  Works.  II.  xiil. 

beneficiate  (ben-e-fish'i-at),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bcnefn-iated,  ppr.  benefieiating.  [<  NL.  'bene- 
ficia tus,  pp.  of  beneficia  re,  after  Sp.  beneficiar, 
benefit,  improve,  cultivate  tlie  ground,  work 
and  improve  mines,  <  L.  beneficium  (>Sp.  bene- 
ficio), benefit,  improvement  (in  Sp.  of  ground, 
mines,  etc.).]  1.  To  work  and  improve,  as  a 
mine;  turn  to  good  account;  utilize. —  2.  To 
reduce  (ores);  treat  inetallurgically.  Also 
called  benefit.  [Little  used  except  by  writers 
on  Mexican  mining  and  metalhirgy.] 

There  are  a  great  number  of  mines  located  and  owned 
by  natives,  some  of  whom  have  nrrastras,  and  others  not 
even  those,  to  beneficiate  their  minerals  extracted. 

IJnoted  in  IlamiUon\-i  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  2,10. 

beneficiation  (ben-e-fish-i-il'shon),  n.  [<  bene- 
ficiate +  -ion.]  The  reductiou  or  metallurgical 
treatment  of  tlie  metalliferous  ores. 

beneficience,  beneficient.    Erroneous  forms  of 

hrnrlirrHCr,  In'mficenl. 

beneficioust  (ben-e-fisli'us),  a.  [<  L.  beneficium, 
bi'iii'lit  (see  henifire),  +  -ons.]     Heneficent. 

beneficium  (ben -e- fish 'i-um),  H. ;  jd.  brnifieia 
(-ii).  [<  LL.,  L. :  see  benefice.]  1.  A  right  or 
jirivilege:  a  terra  more  especially  of  the  civil 
law:  as,  beneficium  ahstiumdi,  that  is,  right  of 
abstaining,  the  power  of  an  lieir  to  abstain  from 
accepting  the  inheritance. — 2.  In  feudal  law,  a 
beiielice. 

Till-  benefieium  originated  partly  in  gifts  of  land  made 
by  the  kings  out  of  tlietr  own  estates  to  their  own  klni- 
men  iind  servants,  witli  a  special  uiiderti)kliig  to  be  faith- 
ful ;  piirtlv  in  thr  surrender  by  landowners  of  their  es- 
tates to  elmrclies  nr  powerful  men,  to  be  received  back 
again  and  held  by  tliem  as  teniints  for  rent  or  service.  By 
the  latter  arnillgement  the  weaker  niim  oblalneil  the  pro- 
tectlon  of  the  stronger,  anil  ho  who  felt  liinisclf  insecura 
placed  his  title  uniler  the  defence  of  the  ebureh. 

.S'JkWm.  Const.  Hist.,  I.  276. 

benefit  (ben'e-fit),  n.  [lOarly  mod.  K.  also  bent- 
til,  bini/fil,  etc.  (also  benefa'cl,  after  L.) ;  <  ME. 
benefet,  benfret,  benfit,  brnfait,  benfvtjie,  etc.,  < 
AF.  benfel,  bienfel,  OK.  Iiieiifail,  l'\  bienfait  = 
It.  bcnrfallo,  <  LL.  hinrfactnm,  a  kindiieHS, 
benefit,  neut.  of  hcnifaclu.i,  )ip.  of  bini fiieerc,  do 
good  to:  see  bimfaelion.  'Ine  same  lerniinal 
cleUKUit  occurs  in  cinnti  rfril,  forfeit,  and  .««»'• 
feit.]     If.   A  thing  well  lione;  a  goml  deed. — 

2.  Aiiact  of  kindness;  a  favor  I'onl'erred;  good 
done  to  a  pi'rson. 

ItlesM  the  Loi'il,  o  niy  Hoiil,  and  forget  not  all  his  henefttf, 

I'M,  eld.  2. 

3.  Advantage ;  profit ;  concretely,  anything 
tbftt  ia  for  the  good  or  advantago  of  a  person 


benefit 

or  thing ;  a  particular  kind  of  good  receivable 
or  received. 
Men  have  no  right  to  what  is  not  for  their  benefit. 

Burke. 
The  benefits  of  affection  are  immense. 

Kmcrson,  Society  and  Solitude. 

Certain  benefits  arise  [to  herijivorous  animals]  from  liv- 
ing together.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  503. 

4t.  Bestowal,  as  of  property,  office,  etc.,  out  of 
good  will,  grace,  or  favor;  liberality;  gene- 
rosity. 

Either  accept  the  title  thou  usurp'st, 

Of  benefit  proceeding  from  our  king, 

And  not  of  any  challenge  of  desert, 

Or  we  will  plague  thee  with  incessant  wars. 

Slia/c.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  4. 

6.  A  performance  at  a  theater  or  other  place 
of  public  entertainment,  the  proceeds  of  which 
go  to  one  or  more  of  the  actors,  some  indigent 
or  deserving  person,  some  charitable  institu- 
tion, or  the  like.  In  Great  Britain  also  called 
a  bespeali. —  6.  A  natui'al  advantage;  endow- 
ment; accomplishment.     [Rare.] 

Look  you  lisp  and  wear  strange  suits ;  disable  [under- 
value] all  the  benefits  of  your  own  country. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  1. 
Wlien  these  so  noble  benefits  shall  prove 
Not  well  dispos'd,  the  mind  growing  once  corrupt, 
They  turn  to  vicious  forms.       Shah:,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 

Benefit  of  clergy,  in  Ian:  See  ffcri/.i/.— Benefit  of  dis- 
cussion. See  discussion.— Beneht  Of  inventory.  See 
inventory. —  Benefit  play,  a  ]>lay  acted  for  some  one's 
benefit  or  advantage.  — Benefit  society,  a  friendly  so- 
ciety. Hee  J'riendlif.  —  Benefit  ticket,  a  winning  ticket 
at  a  lottery.— By  the  benefit  oft,  by  the  kindness  or 
favor  of;  by  the  lielp  of.  =  Syn.  2  and  3.  Admntage, 
Benefit,  etc.  (see  admntaifc),  service,  gain,  good,  avail,  use. 
benefit  (ben'e-fit),  V.     [<  benefit,  «.]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  do  good  to;  be  of  service  to;  advantage: 
as,  exercise  benefits  health ;  trade  benefits  a  na- 
tion. 

What  course  I  mean  to  hold 
Shall  nothing  benefit  your  knowledge. 

Skak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

2.  Same  as  beneficiate,  2. 

These  ores  [silver]  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  water 
cannot  be  benefited  in  Catorce. 

U.  S.  Cons.  Rep.,  No.  l.wii.  (1886),  p.  619. 

'■  II.  intrans.  To  gain  advantage;  make  im- 
provement: as,  he  has  benefited  by  good  ad- 
vice. 

To  tell  you  what  I  have  benefited  herein. 
f  Milton,  Education. 

Each,  therefore,  benefits  egoistically  by  such  altruism 
as  aids  in  raising  the  average  intelligence. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  7S. 

benegrot  (bf-ne'gro),  v.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  negro.} 

1.  To  render  dark ;  blacken. 

The  sun  shall  be  bcncgroed  in  darkness. 

Heimjt,  Sermons,  p.  79. 

2.  To  people  with  negroes.     Sir  T.  Broione. 
benemptt.     Obsolete  preterit  and  past  partici- 
ple of  bename. 

beneplacitf,  a.  and  n.  [<  LL.  beneplacitus,  pleas- 
ing, acceptable,  pp.  of  beneplacere,  please,  < 
bene,  well,  +  placcre,  please:  sqq please.']  I,  a. 
Well  pleased ;  satisfied. 

God's  Beneplacite  wil,  commonly  stiled  his  wil  of  gooil 
pleasure,  ...  is  that  wheleby  he  decrees,  effects  or  per- 
mits al  events  &  effects.     Gale,  'Works,  III.  18.    (iV.  E.  D.) 

II.  n.  [<  LL.  beneplacitum,  good  pleasiu'e, 
■wUl,  decree,  neut.  of  beneplacitus,  pleasing,  ac- 
ceptable :  see  I.  Cf.  placi'tum,  pleasiu'e,  what  is 
decreed,  neut.  otplacitus,  pp.  otplacerc,  please.] 
Good  pleasure  ;  will ;  choice.     ISir  T.  Browne. 

bene  placito  (ba'ne  pla'che-to).  [It. :  bene,  < 
L.  bene  (see  bene-);  placito,  <  L.  placitum:  see 
hencplacit.]     In  mmic,  at  pleasiU'e. 

beneplacituret,  "•  \_<beneplacit+  -ure.']  Same 
as  benephicit. 

Hath  he  by  his  holy  penmen  told  us,  that  either  of  the 
other  ways  was  more  suitatjle  to  liis  beneplacituret 

Glanvitle,  Preexistence  of  Souls,  iv. 

benetlf  (be-nef),  V.  t.  [<  bc-T-  +  He«l.]  To 
catch  in  a  iiet ;  insnare. 

Being  thus  bcnettcd  round  with  villains. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

benet^t  (ben'et),  «.  [<  ME.  benet,  <  OF.  beneit, 
niod.  F.  beni,  <  LL.  bcnedictus,  blessed:  see 
benedict.']  In  the  Eom.  Cath.  Cli.,  an  exorcist, 
the  third  of  the  four  lesser  orders. 

benevolence  (IxVuev'o-lens),  n.  [<  ME.  beiiev- 
oleiice,  beniriihiice,  <  OF',  benivolence  (vernacu- 
larly bienvoillance,  bienvouillance,  mod.  F.  bicn- 
veillance),  <  L.  benevolentia,  <  benevolen(t-)s, 
■well-wishing:  see  benevolent.]  1.  The  disposi- 
tion to  do  good ;  the  love  of  mankind,  accom- 
panied with  a  desire  to  promote  their  happi- 
ness; goodwill;  kindness;  charitableness. 


525 

The  man  whom  benevolent  warms 
Is  an  angel  who  lives  but  to  bless. 

Bloorn/icld,  Banks  of  Wye. 

Of  another  saint  it  is  recorded  that  his  benevolence  was 

such  that  he  was  never  known  to  be  h.ard  or  inhuman  to 

any  one  except  his  relations.  Lecky,'Em-(ii).  Morals,  11. 144. 

2.  An  act  of  kindness;  good  done;  charity 
given. 

The  Courtier  needes  nmst  recompenccd  bee 
With  a  Benevolence. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  510. 
That  which  we  distribute  to  the  poor,  St.  Paul  calleth  a 
blessing  or  a  benevolence. 

Outred,  tr.  of  Cope  on  Proverbs,  fol.  151  b. 

3.  In  England,  an  arbitrary  contribution  or  tax 
illegally  exacted  in  the  guise  of  a  gratuity  to 
the  sovereign,  from  the  time  of  Edward  IV., 
and  forbidden  Vjy  act  of  Parliament  under  Wil- 
liam and  Mary:  sometimes  used  of  similar  ex- 
actions elsewhere. 

The  same  year  [147:;|  Edward  began  to  collect  the  con- 
tributions which  were  so  long  and  painfully  familiar  un- 
der the  inappropriate  name  of  Benevolences :  a  method  of 
extortion  worse  than  even  the  forced  loans  and  black 
charters  of  Richard  II.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  C82. 

Love  Of  benevolence,  in  New  England  theol.,  that  .-if- 
fection  or  propensity  of  the  heart  to  any  being  whicli 
causes  it  to  incline  to  its  well-being,  or  disposes  it  to 
desire  and  take  pleasure  in  its  hapi)iness:  distinguished 
from  the  love  ofi  complacency,  or  the  disposition  to  take  de- 
liglit  in  a  person  for  his  moral  excellence.  =Syn.  1.  Bonn- 
t>t.  rharitij,  etc.  (see  beneficence),  benignity,  humanity. 

bene'VOlencyt  (be-nev'o-len-si),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  benevolent ;  tien'evolenoe. 

benevolent  (bo-nev'o-lent),  a.  [<  late  ME. 
benevolent,  beni/volent,  <'0F.  benivolent,  <  L.  be- 
nevolen(t-)s  (usually  bcnerolus),  well-wishing,  < 
bene,  well,  +  volens,  ppr.  of  vellc,  wish,  =  E. 
will.]  1.  Having  or  manifesting  a  desire  to 
do  good ;  possessing  or  characterized  by  love 
toward  mankind,  and  a  desire  to  promote  their 
prosperity  and  happiness;  kind:  as,  a  benevo- 
lent disposition  or  action. 

Beloved  old  man !  benevolent  as  wise. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  iii.  466. 
The  benevolent  affections  are  independent  springs  of  ac- 
tion equally  with  the  self-regarding  affections. 

Fowler,  Shaftesbury  and  Hutcheson,  p.  77. 

2.  Intended  for  the  conferring  of  benefits,  as 
distinguished  from  the  making  of  profit :  as,  a 
benevolent  enterprise;  a  benevolent  institution. 
=  Syn.  Kind-hearted,  humane,  charitable,  generous. 

benevolently  (be-nev'6-lent-li),  adv.  In  a 
benevoleut  manner;  ■svitti  good  will ;  kindly. 

benevolentness(be-nev'o-lent-nes),  n.  Benev- 
olence.    [Kare.] 

benevoloust  (be-nev'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  benevolus, 
well-wishing :  see  benevolent.]  Kind ;  benevo- 
lent. 

A  benevoloiis  inclination  isiniplanted  into  the  very  frame 
and  temper  of  our  church's  constitution. 

T.  Puller,  Mod.  of  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  509. 

beng  (beng),  ».    Same  as  bhang. 

bengal  (ben-gal'),  n.  [From  the  province  of 
Jkiii/al,  Hind,  and  Beng.  Bangal:  said  to  be 
named  from  a  city  called  Bdngdlcl;  in  Skt., 
Banga.]  1.  A  thin  stuff  made  of  silk  and  hair, 
used  for  women's  apparel:  formerly  made  in 
Bengal. — 2.  An  imitation  of  striped  muslin. 
Also  called  Bengal  stripe. 

Bengalee,  a.  and  n.     See  Bengali. 

Bengalese  (ben-ga-les'  or  -lez'),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Bengal  +  -cse.]  1.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ben- 
gal,.a  province  of  British  India,  and  also  a  lieu- 
tenant-governorship comprising  several  other 
provinces. 

II.  n.  sing,  and  jii.  A  native  or  jiatives  of 
Bengal ;  a  Bengali  or  the  Bengalis. 

Bengal  grass,  light,  quince,  root,  etc.  See  the 
nouns. 

Bengali,  Bengalee  (ben-ga'le  or  -ga'le),  a.  and 
n.  [<  Hind,  and  Beng.  Bangali.]  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Bengal,  its  inhabitants,  or  theii- 
language ;  Bengalese. 

II.  H.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Ben- 
gal ;  a  Bengalese. 
The  wretched  Bengalis  fled  in  shoals  across  the  Ganges. 
J.T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  267. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Bengalis. 

benic  (ben'ik),  ((.  [<  ben''  +  -ic.]  Obtained 
from  oil  of  ben :  as,  benic  acid. 

Beni  Carlos  (ba'ni  kiir'los),  n.  [Formerly  beni- 
carlo,  bvneciirlo,  <  Benicarlo,  a  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Castellon,  Spain.]  A  red  'wine  of 
dark  color  and  considerable  strength,  made  on 
the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  in  eastern 
Spain.  Much  of  it  is  exported  to  France,  where 
it  is  mixed  with  lighter  ■wine  for  table  use. 

benight  (lie-nif),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  night.]  1. 
To  overtake  with  night.  [Rare  in  this  sense, 
except  in  the  past  participle.] 


benignity 

Rome  virgin,  sure,  .  .  . 
Benighted  in  these  woods.      Milton,  Comus,  1.  160. 

2.  To  involve  in  darkness,  as  with  the  shades 
of    night;     shroud    in    gloom;     overshadow; 
eclipse ;  figuratively,  to  involve  in  moral  dark- 
ness or  ignorance. 
And  let  ourselves  benight  our  happiest  ilay. 

iJouiie,  Tlie  Expiration. 
Her  visage  was  benighted  with  a  talteta-maak,  to  fray 
away  the  naughty  wind  from  her  face. 

Middleton,  Father  Hubbard^s  Tales. 

But  oh  !  alas  I  what  sudden  cloud  is  spread 

About  this  glorious  king^s  eclipsed  head? 

It  all  his  fame  benif/hts.  Cowley,  Davideis,  ii. 

Shall  we  to  men  benighted 

The  lamp  of  life  deny? 

Bp.  Ueber,  Missionary  Hymn. 
benighten  (be-ni'tn),  v.  t.     [<  benight  4-  -enl, 

alti^r  enlighten,  etc.]     To  benight.  '  [Rare.] 
benighter  (be-ni'ter),  n.      [<  benight  +  -er^.] 
'  iiii'  who  benights  or  keeps  others  in  darkness, 
benightment  (be-nit'ment),  n.     [<  benight  4- 
-nient.]     The  state  or  condition  of  being  be- 
nighted. 
benign  (be-nin'),  a.     [<  ME.  benigne,  <  OF.  be- 
nigiic,  benin,  F.  benin  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  benignn,  <  L. 
benignus,  kind,  <  benus,  old  form  of  bonus,  good, 
+  -genus,  born,  <  gignere,  OL.  genere,  beget :  see 
-genous,  etc.    Cf.  malign.]    1 .  Of  a  kind  disposi- 
tion; gracious;  kind;  benignant;  favorable. 

Thou  liast  fuinlld 
Thy  words.  Creator  bounteous  and  benign. 
Giver  of  all  tilings  fair  !         Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  492. 

2.  Proceeding  from  or  expressive  of  gentle- 
ness, kindness,  or  beniguity. 

To  whom  thus  Michael,  with  regard  benign. 

Milton,  P.  L,  xi.  334. 
What  did  the  benign  lips  seem  to  say? 

Hawthorne,  Great  Stone  Face. 

3.  Favorable;  propitious:  as,  fccHii/H  planets. 

Godlike  exercise 
Of  influence  benign  on  planets  pale. 

Keats,  Hyperion,  \. 

4.  Genial;  mild;  salubrious:  applied  to  weather, 
etc. —  5.  Mild;  not  severe;  not  violent;  not  ma- 
lignant: used  especially  in  medicine:  as,  a  be- 
nign medicine;  a  benign  disease. =3301.  Gradoiu, 
etc.     See  benignant. 

benignancy  (be-nig'nan-si),  11.  [<  benignant: 
see  -iincy.]     Benignant  quality  or  manner. 

benignant  (be-nig'naut),  «:  [In  sense  like 
benign;  in  form  <  LL.  benignan{t-)s,  ppr.  of 
benignari,  rejoice,  ML.  benignare,  appease,  <  L. 
benignus,  benign,  kind:  see  benign.  Cf.  malig- 
nant, malign.]  1.  Kind;  gracious;  favorable: 
as,  a  benignant  sovereign. 

And  thank  benignant  nature  most  for  thee. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 
2.  Exerting  a  good,  kindly,  or  softening  influ- 
ence ;  salutary;  beneficial:  as,  the  benignant 
influences  of  Christianity  on  the  mind. — 3.  In 
med.,  not  malignant;  not  dangerous:  said  of 
diseases.  =Syil.  1.  Benignant,  Gracious,  Benign,  Kind, 
Good-natured.  Benignant  and  gracious  are  generally  ap- 
plied to  superiors,  and  imply  especially  a  certain  manner 
of  kindness  or  favor.  Benignant  is  more  tender  or  gentle ; 
gracious  is  more  civil  or  condescending ;  both  are  winning. 
'Benign  has  largely  given  up  to  benignant  the  associations 
with  activity  or  manner,  and  is  applied  especially  to  looks 
and  influences:  as,  a  benign  smile.  Kind  often  implies 
s<nne  superiority  of  circumstances  on  the  part  of  the  per- 
son acting  :  thus,  we  donotspeakof  a  servant  as  hein'^:  kind 
to  liis  master,  unless  the  latter  is  ill  or  otherwise  made  de- 
pendent on  his  servant  for  aid.  X  good-natured  person  is 
one  who  is  not  only  willing  to  oblige,  but  will  put  up  with 
a  good  deal  of  annoyance.  Kind  implies  discrimination 
in  benevolence  ;  good-nattired  does  not,  but  often  implies 
a  weakness  for  indiscriminate  giving  to  those  who  solicit 
help  or  favors. 

Stern  lawgiver  I  yet  thou  dost  wear 

The  Godhead^s  most  benignant  grace ; 
Nor  know  we  anything  so  fair 
As  is  the  smile  upon  thy  f.ace. 

Wordsworth,  Ode  to  Duty. 
She.  having  the  truth  of  honour  in  her,  hath  made  him 
that  gracious  denial  which  he  is  most  glad  to  receive. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
There  she  lost  a  noble  and  renowned  brother,  in  his  love 
toward  her  ever  most  kind  and  natural. 

Slink.,  M.  forM.,  iii.  1. 
An  entertainment  throughout  w'ith  which  everybody  was 
pleased,  and  the  good-natured  f:Uhei-s  seemed  to  be  moved 
with  a  delight  no  less  hearty  than  that  of  the  boys  them- 
selves. Howclls,  Venetian  Life,  xiii. 

benignantly  (be-nig'nant-li),  adv.  In  a  be- 
nignant manner;  with  kindly  or  gracious 
manner  or  intent. 

benignity  (bf-mg'ni-ti), «. :  pi.  benignities  (-tiz). 
[<  L.  benigni'ta{t-)s,'<.  benignus,  benign:  see  be- 
nign.] 1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  benign; 
goodness  of  disposition;  kindness  of  nature; 
graciousness ;  beneficence. 

The  benignit;/  of  Providence  is  nowhere  more  clearly  to 
be  seen  than  in  its  compensations. 

Lomtl,  Study  Windows,  p.  349. 


benignity 

2.  Mildness ;  want  of  severity. 

Like  the  mildness,  the  serenity,  the  continuing  benipnitv 
of  a  stmuner's  day.  V,  ifeb^ter,  Adams  and  Jetferson. 

3.  A  benign  or  beneficent  deed ;  a  kindness. 
benignly  (be-nin'U),  adv.    In  a  benign  manner ; 

fuvniably;  kinJly;  graciously, 
benimt,  '■•  '•  [<"ME.  benimen,  binimen,  <  AS. 
leniman  (=  OS.  biniman  =  OFries.  binima  =  \). 
htnemen  =  OHG.  bineman,  MHG.  benemen,  G. 
bcnehmen  =  Goth,  biniman),  take  away,  <  be-  + 
niman,  take:  see  be-^  and  nim,  and  cf.  pp.  and 
dcriv.  verb  benum,  benumb.']  To  take  away; 
deprive. 

All  togider  he  is  beiwme 

The  power  both  of  honde  and  fote. 

Golfer,  Conf.  Amant.,  iii.  2. 
Ire  .  .  .  beniitietk  the  man  from  God. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

benincasa  (ben-in-ka'sa),  n.  [NL.,  named  af- 
ter Giuseppe  Beniticasaj  a.n  early  patron  of  bot- 
any, and  founder  of  the  garden  at  Pisa.]  The 
white  gourd-melon,  Benincasa  hispida,  resem- 
bling the  pumpkin,  but  covered  with  a  waxy 
pulverulent  coat.  It  is  very  generally  culti- 
vated in  tropical  countries. 

benish  (be-nesh'),  H.  [At.  benish.']  A  kind  of 
pelisse  worn  by  iVrabs. 

A  bfneeeh,  or  benigh ;  which  is  a  robe  of  cloth,  with 
lunj,'  sleeves.  E.  W.  Laiie,  Modern  Egyptians,  I.  34. 

benison  (ben'i-zn),  «.  [<  ME.  benisoun,  bene- 
son.  benesun,  beneysun,  <  OF.  beneison,  benei(;un, 
bcnci^on,  <  LL.  bencdictio{n-),  a  blessing:  see 
benediction,  and  cf.  malediction,  tnaUson.'\  Bless- 
ing; benediction.  [Cliiefly  in  poetry.] 
God's  benUon  go  with  you.  Sftak.,  Macbetli,  ii.  4. 

More  precious  than  the  beniion  of  friends. 

Talfourd,  Ion,  i.  2. 

Ben-Israel  (ben'iz'ra-el),  n.  An  Abyssinian 
pyL'iiiy  anteio])e  of  the  genus  Xcotragus. 

b^nitier  (F.  pron.  ba-ne'tia),  n.  [F.,  <  ML. 
bcncdictarium,  holy-water  font,  <  LL.  benedic- 
tus,  blessed :  see 
benedict.']  A  font 
or  vase  for  lioly 
water,  placed  in 
a  niche  in  the 
chief  porch  or 
entrance  of  a 
Eoman  Catholic 
church,  or,  com- 
monly, against 
one  of  the  in- 
terior pillars 
close  to  the 
door,  into  which 
the  members  of 
the  congrega- 
tion on  entering 
dip  the  fingers  of 
the  right  hand, 
blessing  them- 
selves by  mak- 
ing the  sign  of 
the  cross.  Also 
called  axfirmo- 
riinn,  utoiij),  and 
hohi-iratir  font 
(which  see,  un- 
der /'<«  0- 

benjamin'fbon'- 
ja-niin  J,  «.  [Appar.  from  the  proper  name  lien- 
jamtn.]  A  kind  of  top  coat  or  overcoat  for- 
merly worn  by  men. 

Hlr  TeleKriiidi  |)rocee<leif  U}  peel,  and  emerge  from  his 
four  b*-n}nmiiiA,  like  a  butterfly  from  lt«  chrysalis. 

I'eacork,  .Melini-nurt,  xxi. 
benjamin-   fben'JB-min),   n.     [=  (}.  Iirnjamin  ; 
II  iorru|>tion  of  bcnjoin,  an  earlier  form  of  ben- 
zoin, ().  v.]     1.  Oum  benjamin.    See  benzoin. 
—  2.  An  essence  mudo  from  benzoin. 

)-pirc  ttrnjiitnin,  the  only  splrlt^-d  scent  that  ever  awaked 
'■•  :i[>olltari  noHtrfl.       75.  Jinmi/n,  Cynthia's  Itevi-ls,  v.  ^. 

bf:;il,imin-bU8h  fben'jn-inin-busli),  n.     An  aro- 

^liruti  of  .North  America,  I.indrrn   lleti- 

I  <U\Tu\  onh-T  iMuracca;.   Also  called  »/jicc- 

bey,  i:iTn;n-tree  (ben'jft-mln-tre),  n.     A   popu- 

''/)   of  Ihe'lree   Sli/rax   lirnzoin,  of 

•  I-  l>rn:oin),  and  (li)  of  Fien.i  lUn- 

KuhI  Indian  tree. 

bii  'jii-in),  n.    An  earlier  form  of  fc™- 

bcn  .   n.      [Origin  obBCiire :    perlmiPH 

ff'  .Inn.  of  Jlenjamin,  n  proper  niiinc] 

A  1'  '.  cru'.vneU  straw  hat  having  a  very  broiid 
brint. 

bra-kit  (beii'kJt),  >i.  A  large  wooden  vikkoI 
■with  a  cover  to  it.     Thoruby.     [Local,  Eng.] 


B^nilicr.—  Villcneuve.lC'Roi,  Fr.ince ; 
i3lh  century.  (From  Viollct.lc Due's 
"Diet,  tic  r Architecture.") 


Benne-plaot  {Sesamum  Indicu 


526 

bemnost  (ben'most),  a.  [<  Jf«i  -1-  -most.  Cf. 
innidsl.']     Innermost.     See  ?/c«i.     [Scotch.] 

benne,  bene-^  (ben'e),  H.  [Of  Malav  origin.]  An 
annual  plant,  Scsamum  Imlicum,  natural  order 
Pcdaliacea;  a  native  of  India,  but  largely  cul- 
tivated in  most  tropi- 
cal and  subtropical 
countries  for  the  sake 
of  the  seeds  and  the 
oil  expressed  from  it. 
The  leaves  are  very  muci- 
laginous, and  readily  im- 
part this  quality  to  water. 
The  seeds  have  from  an- 
cient times  been  classed 
with  the  most  nutritious 
grains,  and  are  still  exten- 
sively used  for  food  in  Asia 
anil  Africa.  They  yield 
about  half  their  weight 
of  oil  (known  as  benne-, 
pingili-,  teel-,  or  sesame- 
oil),  which  is-  inodorous, 
not  readily  turned  rancid 
by  exposure,  and  in  uni- 
versal use  in  India  in  cooking  and  anointing,  for  soaps, 
etc.  Large  quantities  of  both  oil  and  seeds  are  imported 
into  France,  England,  and  tlie  United  States,  and  are  used 
chiefly  in  the  manufacture  of  soap  and  for  the  adultera- 
tion of  olive-oil,  or  as  a  substitute  for  it. 

bennetl  (ben'et),  n.  [Var.  of  601^2^  ult.  <  AS. 
"beonct :  see  bent'^.]  A  grass-stalk ;  an  old  stalk 
of  grass.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bennet"  (ben'et),  n.  [<  ME.  benet,  beneit,  in 
herhe  beneit,  <  OF.  *lierbe  beneitc  (mod.  F.  bc- 
noite)  =  It.  erba  benedetta,  <  ML.  hcrba  bcnc- 
dicta,  i.  e.,  'blessed  herb':  see  herb  and  bene- 
dict.] The  herb-bennet,  or  common  avens, 
Geiim  urbannm. 

bennick,  binnick  (ben'ik,  bin'ik),  v.  [E.  dial. 
(Somerset);  origin  obscure.]  A  local  English 
name  of  the  minnow. 

ben-nut  (ben'nut),  H.  [<  ie«5  +  nut]  The 
winged  seed  of  the  horseradish-tree,  Horinria 
pterygosperma,  jielding  oil  of  ben,  or  ben-oil. 
See  horseradish-tree. 

ben-oil  (ben'oil),  n.  [<  ben^  +  oiJ.]  The  ex- 
pressed oil  of  the  ben-nut,  bland  and  inodorous, 
and  remarkable  for  remaining  many  years 
without  becoming  rancid.  At  a  temperature  near 
tlie  freezing-point  it  deposits  its  solid  fats,  aiul  the  re- 
maining liquid  portion  is  used  in  extracting  the  perfumes 
of  flowers,  ami  l)y  watchmakers  for  the  lubrication  of  deli- 
cate machinery.  The  true  ben-oil,  however,  is  said  to  be 
derived  from  the  seeds  of  Mon'npa  aptera  of  Abyssinia 
and  .'\rabia.     Also  called  oil  of  ben. 

benome't,  7'.  o-     Soo  benumb. 

benome'-'t,   benoment.    [See  benumb,  benim.] 

Karlier  forms  of  licnuni,  past  participle  of  benim. 

benorth  (be-north'),  prep.  [<  ME.  be  (bi,  by) 
uiirthe,  <  AS.  In-northan  (=  MLG.  benorden), 
<  lie,  prep.,  -t-  northan,  from  the  north :  see  be-- 
and  north,  and  cf.  besonth,  etc.]  North  of:  as, 
III  north  the  Tweed.     [Scotch.] 

benote  (be-nof),  v.  t.  [<  /«-l  -I-  note.]  To 
aiiMnlute  or  make  notes  upon. 

benothing  (bo-nuth'ing),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  no- 
thiiii/.]     To  reduce  to  nothing;  annihilate. 

bensel  (ben'sel),  n.  [Also  bcnsall,  benxil,  ben- 
sail,  and  bentsail  (simulating  bent  +  sail),  < 
leel.  bcn:l,  bending,  tension,  <  benda,  bend : 
Bee  ben d^.]  1.  Force;  violence;  impetus. —  2. 
A  severe  stroke  or  blow,  properly  that  re- 
ceived from  a  ijush  or  shove.  [Scotch  and 
prov.  Eng.] 

bensel  (ben'sel),  «.  f.  [<  hensel,  71.]  To  boat ; 
liaiig.     Jamieaon.     [Scolch.] 

benshie  (l)en'slie),  ».     Same  as  banxhee. 

bent'  (lieiit),  a.     [Pret.  and  i)p.  of  brnd^.]     1. 
Curved;  dellected;  crooked:  as,  a  bent  stick, 
—  2t.  Determined;  sot. 
Tlie  brnt  eiiemie  against  flod  and  gooil  order. 

.l»(7i«i/i,  The  Scholemastor.  p.  ,H7. 

bent'  (bent),  ».  [Var.  of  lirnd^,  ».,  ]ierlia]is 
after  fco«<l,pret.  and  p]). ;  but  cf.  (hseenl,  <  <?(■- 
Heend;  ascent,  <  ascend,  etc.]  1.  The  state  of 
being  bent;  curv'ed  form  or  jiosition;  flexure; 
curvature.     [Now  rare.] 

with  reverence  and  lowly  hml  of  knee. 

Ureene,  Memtphon'a  Kclogiie. 
Hold  your  rod  at  a  lirnt  a  little. 

/.  Walton,  Titrnpleto  Angler. 

2t.  A  curved  part ;  a  crook  or  bend. — 3.  De- 
gree of  flexure  or  curvature;  tenxion;  strain- 
ing; iifmoHt  foroi'  or  (lower:  on  anOinry  expres- 
sion,  but  used  (Igiiratively  of  mental  disiiosi- 
lion. 
Her  aftcclloni  have  their  full  tirnl. 

fthak.,  Much  Ado,  II.  3, 
Tfion  let  thy  love  he  yiiiiiigrr  llian  thyself, 
t)r  tiiy  ■fToctlon  cnniint  liohl  tin-  brnt. 

Shiik.,  T.  N.,  II.  4. 

ThrreareillventKtilitlelnipilrlesconrenillig  theitlrrtigMi 

rer|ulred  Ui  the  iH-iidliig  of  buws ;  tho  force  they  have  In 


ben-teak 

the  discharge  according  to  the  several  bnits,  and  ihe 
strength  required  to  be  in  the  string  of  them.   Bp.  WilkiTu, 

4.  Declivity;  slope.     [Rare.] 

-And  downward  on  an  hill  under  a  bente 
Tlier  stood  the  temple  of  Marz  arniipotent. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  I.  1123. 
The  free  hours  that  we  have  spent. 
Together,  on  the  brown  hill's  bent. 

Scott,  Mamiion,  Int.,  ii. 

5.  Inclination  ;  disposition  ;  a  leaning  or  bias 
of  mind:  propensity:  as,  the  bent  of  the  mind 
or  wiU ;  the  bent  of  a  people  toward  an  object. 

It  is  bis  [the  legislator's]  best  policy  to  comply  with  the 
common  bent  of  mankind.         Hume,  Essays,  Commerce. 

My  smiling  at  this  ol^servation  gave  her  spirits  to  pur- 
sue thefcrnf  other  inclination.    Goldsmith,  The  Hee,  No.  2. 

The  strong  bent  of  nature  is  seen  in  the  proportion 
which  this  topic  of  personal  relations  usurps  in  the  con- 
versation of  society.  Kmerson,  Love. 

6.  Direction  taken ;  turn  or  winding. 

For  souls  already  warp'd  receive  an  easy  bent. 

Drydcn,  Hind  and  Panther,  iii.  399. 

If  your  thoughts  should  assume  so  unhappy  a  bent,  you 

will  the  moi-e  want  some  mild  and  affectionate  spirit  to 

watcli  over  and  console  you.      SlierUtan,  The  Rivals,  v.  1. 

7.  In  carp.,  a  segment  or  section  of  a  framed 
building,  as  of  a  long  barn  or  warehouse. — 

8.  A  framed  portion  of  a  wooden  scaffolding 
or  trestlework,  usually  init  together  on  the 
grotmd  and  then  raised  to  its  place. — 9.  A 
large  piece  of  timber. —  lOf.  A  cast,  as  of  the 
eye;  direction. 

Who  neither  looks  on  heaven,  nor  on  earth. 
But  gives  all  gaze  and  bent  of  amorous  view 
On  the  fair  Cressid.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  6. 

=  Syn.  5.  Bent,  Propen^ty,  Bias,  Inclination,  Tendency, 
Pri'iieitcifs.  Dispo»-itiun,  all  keep  more  or  less  of  their  ori- 
ginal ligurativcness.  Bent  is  the  general  and  natural  state 
vf  tile  mind  as  disposed  toward  something ;  a  decidetl  and 
tixed  turning  of  the  mind  toward  a  particular  object  or 
mode  tif  action.  Propensitij  is  less  deep  than  hent,  less  a 
matter  of  the  whole  nature,  and  is  often  applied  to  a  strong 
appetency  toward  that  which  is  evil.  Bian  has  often  the 
same  meaning  as  bent,  but  tends  specially  to  denote  a 
sort  of  external  and  continued  action  upon  the  mind: 
as,  "  morality  influences  men's  minds  and  gives  a  bias  to 
all  their  actions,"  Locke.  Bias  is  often  little  more  than 
prejudice.  Jnclination  is  a  sort  of  bent ;  a  leaning,  more 
or  less  decided,  in  some  direction.  Tcndcnei/  is  a  little 
more  than  inclination,  stronger  and  more  permanent 
I'roncnes.^  is  liy  derivation  a  downward  tendency,  a  strong 
natural  inclination  toward  that  which  is  in  some  degree 
evil:  as,  pronencss  to  err,  to  sclf-justillciitinn.  to  vice; 
but  it  is  also  used  in  a  good  sense.  ]>i.siios)liim  is  often  a 
matter  of  character,  with  more  of  choice  in  it  than  in  the 
others,  but  it  is  used  with  freedom  in  lighter  senses:  as, 
the  disposition  to  work ;  the  disposition  of  a  plant  to  climb. 
They  fool  mc  to  the  top  of  my  bent. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ill.  2, 

Without  the  least  propemntif  to  jeer. 

Biiron,  Don  .fnan,  x.  42. 
The  bias  of  human  nature  to  lie  slow  in  correspondence 
trinni]>hs  even  over  the  present  tiuickening  in  the  general 
pace  of  things.  Qcorije  tUiot,  Mlddleinarch,  II.  '263. 

H  is  BO  much  your  inclination  to  do  good,  that  you  stay 
not  to  lie  asked ;  which  is  an  approach  so  nigh  to  the 
Deity,  that  human  pature  is  not  capaldc  of  a  nearer. 

Dri/dcn,  Ded.  to  Indian  Emperor. 

Everywhere  tholiistory  of  religion  heti'aysa  Icndencitta 

enthusiasm.  Emerson,  Essays,  Ist  ser.,  p.  256. 

Actions  that  promote  society  and  niiitiial  fellowship 
seem  reducilile  to  a  pronencss  to  do  good  to  others  and  a 
ready  sense  of  any  good  done  by  others.  .South. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  there  is  now  a  greater  disiiosi. 
tion  amongst  men  toward  the  assertion  of  Individual  lib- 
erty than  existed  (fliring  the  feudal  ages. 

//.  S/ieiicer,  Social  Statics,  p.  187. 

bent-  (bent),  n.  [Also  dial,  hennet :  <  ME.  bent, 
<  AS.  'Iwonet  (found  only  in  comp.,  in  local 
names,  as  in  liennetledb,  >  E.  Jientley)  =  OS. 
'binet  (not  iinthenticated)  =  LG.  Iiihnil  (Hrem. 
Wiirferii.)  =  one.  hinu:,  bine:,  MlKi.  bin^.Q,. 
binse,a.  bent,  rush;  origin  unknown.]  1.  .\ny 
stiff  or  wiry  grass,  such  as  grows  cm  coniiiiong 
or  neglected  grounil.  The  name  is  given  to  many  spe- 
cies, as  Aijrostis  ruliniris,  A'jroiiuruin  juiiccum,  species  of 
Alia,  etc. ;  ill  America  it  Is  applicil  exclusively  to  Aijrottil 
riiliHiris  it\)i\  A.  ettiiiiiii.     A\nit  bcnl-;trass. 

2.  The  culm  or  stalk  of  bent ;  a  stalk  of  coarse 
withered  grass;  a  ilead  stem  of  grass  which 
has  borne  seed. 

Ills  spcnr  n  bent  both  stlir  and  strong. 

Drai/ton,  .Nymplildlo. 

3.  A  place  covered  with  grass;  a  field;  unin- 
closed  pasture-land  ;  a  heath.  ^ 

Vcho  hcflto  to  the  bent  that  (bat  bytes  on  erbeg.  j 

Allitcrntii'c  Poems  {ci\.  Morris),  II.  MS.  ' 

Black  bent,  .tlopccorus  n;iicsiix.  Dob  •"  brown  bont, 
.ioioniis  cnninii.    Marsh,  creeping,   fine,  "r  white 

bent,  .Xoionlis  loihiniin.      Reed  bont,  .tinmo/diihi  iirun- 

diiiihcii  Wire  bent,  .v.ii-i/ii»  siricia.  To  take  tM 
bent,  to  taki'  t"  the  bent;  inn  away.     |.Siolch.) 

ae  pair  o'  logl 
lt..li  ll.iy,  II.  4. 


Mr.  Ilashlelgh. 
'  llalldN. 


Make 

ScnII, 


Take  the    bent, 
wnrlh  twa  pair 

ben-teak  (ben'tek),  «.     A  elose-griiined,  infe- 
rior kind  of  toak,  used  in  Indin.  for  buildings 


ben-teak 

and  other  ordinary  purposes.   It  is  the  wood  of 
Lagemtram  Ui  m  icrocarpa. 

bent-grass  (benfgriis),  n.     Same  as  henf^,  1. 

benthal  (beu'thal),  n.  [<  Gr.  fiivftoc,  the  depths 
of  tho  sea,  +  -o/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  depths 
of  tho  sea  of  a  thousand  fathoms  and  more. 
See  extract. 

In  his  presidential  address  to  the  hiological  section  of 
the  Britisli  Association  at  Plymouth  in  1877,  Mr.  Gwyn 
JelTreye  sutc^csted  the  use  of  the  name  "  benthal  .  .  .  for 
depths  of  one  thousand  fathoms  and  more,"  while  retain- 
ing' the  term  "abyssal"'  for  depths  down  to  one  tilousand 
fathoms.  /*.  //.  Carpenter,  in  .Science,  IV.  223. 

Benthamic  (ben-tham'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  .Jeremy  Bentham  or  to  his  system.  See  Bcii- 
tliamiam. 

The  Benthamic  standard  of  the  greatest  liappiness  was 
that  wluch  I  had  always  been  taught  to  apply. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Autobiog.,  p.  64. 

Benthamism  (hen'tham-izm),  «.  [<  Bentham 
+  -ism.]  The  political  and  ethical  system 
taught  by  Jeremy  Bentham  (1748-1832),  who 
held  that  the  greatest  happiness  of  the  gi'eat- 
est  number  is  the  rational  end  of  moral  rules, 
and  ought  to  be  the  aim  of  governments  and 
individuals  alike;  utilitarianism  (which  see). 

My  previous  education  [that  is,  before  1821-2]  had  been, 
in  a  certain  sense,  ali'eady  a  course  of  Benthamism. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Autobiog.,  p.  64. 

Is  Benthamism  so  absolutely  the  truth,  that  the  Pope  is 
to  bo  denounced  because  he  has  not  yet  become  a  convert 
to  it?  J.  H.  Jfemnan,  Letters  (1ST5),  p.  114. 

Benthamite  (ben'tham-it),  n.  [<  Bentham  + 
-itc-.]  A  follower  of  Bentham ;  a  believer  in 
Benthamism;  an  adherent  of  the  Benthamic 
philosophy. 

A  faithful  Benthamite  traversing  an  age  still  dimmed  l)y 
the  mists  of  transcendentalism. 

M.  Arnold,  Essays  in  Criticism,  p.  13. 

bentinck  (ben'tingk),  n.  [From  Captain  Ben- 
tiiicl-  (1737-75),  the  inventor.]  Naut.,  a  trian- 
gular course,  used  as  a  trysail :  now  generally 
superseded  by .  the  storm-staysail.  —  Bentinck 
boom,  a  small  boom  on  the  foot  of  a  square  foresail.— 
Bentinck  shrouds,  ropes  extending  from  the  weather 
futtocl<-staft'  t,  >  the  lee-channels,  to  support  the  mast  when 
the  ship  is  rollin^r  beavily.     [No  longer  used.] 

bcntiness  (ben'ti-nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
benty. 

benting  (ben'ting),  n.     [<  bent^  +  -ing.']     The 
act  of  seeking  or  collecting  bents  or  bent-stalks. 
The  pigeon  never  knoweth  woe 
I'ntil  she  doth  a  benting  go.     Ray's  Proverbs. 

benting-time  (ben'ting-tim),  n .  The  time  when 
pigeons  feed  on  bents  before  peas  are  ripe :  as, 
"rare  Inntiiiij-times,"  Dryden,  Hind  and  Pan- 
ther, iii.  1L!83. 

bentivi,  bentiveo  (ben-te've,  -te-va'o),  n. 
[Said  to  be  Braz.]  A  name,  said  to  be  used  in 
Brazil,  of  a  elamatorial  passerine  bird  of  the 
family  Tyranii icUe,  the  Pitanyus  sulphnratus  of 
authors  in  general,  Tyrannits .stiljihnratus  (Vieil- 
lot),  LaiiiHs  sid/ihuratns  (Linuieus),  originally 
described  in  1700  by  Brisson  as  la  pic-griesche 
jaiine  de  Cayenne,  and  hence  long  supposed  to 
be  a  shrike. 

ben  trovato  (ban  tro-va'to).  [It.:  ben,  <  L.  bene, 
well;  trovato  (pi.  trovati),  pp.  of  trovare,  find, 
invent:  see  trove.']  Well  feigned;  well  in- 
vented :  a  part  of  a  familiar  Italian  saying,  Se 
non  ^  vero,  e  ben  trovato  (If  it  is  not  true,  it 
is  well  imagined),  sometimes  introduced,  in 
various  relations,  in  English. 

A'arious  anecdotes  of  hira  [Dante]  .are  reljited  by  Boccac- 
cio, Sacchetti,  and  others,  none  of  them  verisimilar,  and 
some  of  them  at  least  fifteen  centuries  old  when  revamped. 
Most  of  them  are  neither  veri  nor  ben  trovati. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  19. 

benty  (ben'ti),  a.  [<  bent^  +  -j/l.]  1.  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of  t)ent  or  bent- 
gi-ass. — 2.  Covered  with  or  abounding  iu  bent. 

benumt,  P-  a.  and  v.  t.    An  earlier  form  of  be- 

H  II  III  I). 

benumbt,  benomeif,  7:1.  a.     [Karly  mod.  E.,  < 

ME.  beiioDic,  liciiomeii,  <  AS.  beniinien,  pp.  of  bc- 
iiimaii,  deprive:  see  benim.]  Benumbed. 
benumb  (be-num'),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  benum, 
lieiwinbe,  benomc,  <  benumb,  benum,  benome,  p.  a.: 
see  benumb,  p.  a.]  1.  To  make  torpid ;  deprive 
of  sensation :  as,  a  hand  or  foot  benumbed  by 
cold. —  2.  To  stupefy;  render  inactive. 
It  seizes  upon  the  vitals,  and  benumba  the  senses.    South. 

My  mind  revolts  at  the  reverence  for  foreign  authors, 
which  stitles  inquiry,  restrains  investigation,  benumbs  the 
vigor  of  the  intellectual  faculties,  subdues  anil  debases 
"le  mind.  N.  Webster,  in  .Scudder,  p.  230. 

benumbed  (be-numd'),  j).  «.  Numb  or  torpid, 
either  physically  or  morally:  as,  benumbed 
limbs;  benumbed  ia,ith. 


627 

benumbedness  (bo-numd'nes),  n.  [<  benumbed, 
pp.  of  iiinnmb,  +  -ness,]  The  state  of  being 
Ixniunibi'd  ;  absence  of  sensation  or  feeling. 

benumbment  (be-num'ment),  n.  [ibennmh  + 
-iiieiil.]  'I'hc  net  of  benumbing;  the  state  of 
being  bciiuiuJKid  ;  torpor. 

benweed  (beu'wed),  n.  [Also  bin-,  bind-,  bun- 
wriil ;  <  lii-ii  (uncertain)  -I-  weed^.  Cf.  bcndwith, 
hindivrnl.]  Ragwort.  [Scotland  and  North. 
Ireland.] 

benzaldehyde  (ben-zal'do-hid), «.  [<  benz{oic) 
-I-  aldehyde.]  Tho  oil  of  bitter  almonds,  C'c 
H5COH,  a  colorless  liquid  having  a  jjleasant 
odor  and  soluble  in  water,  it  is  prepared  artifi- 
cially on  a  large  scale,  and  used  in  making  benzoic  acid 
as  well  as  various  pigments. 

benzamide  (ben'za-mid  or  -mid),  n.  [<  ben- 
:{oic)  +  amide.]  A  white  crystalline  suV)stance, 
CeHK.CO.NH2,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the 
amide  of  benzoyl. 

benzene  (ben'zen),  ».  [<  benz{oic)  +  -ene.]  1. 
A  hydrocai-fcon  (CgHg)  formed  whenever  or- 
ganic bodies  are  subjected  to  destructive  dis- 
tillation at  a  high  temperature,  and  obtained 
commercially  from  coal-tar.  it  is  a  clear,  colorless 
liquid,  of  a  peculiar  <-th'-real,  agreeable  odor,  used  in  the 
arts  as  a  solvent  for  KUins,  resins,  fats,  etc.,  and  as  the 
material  from  which  .-iniliiie  and  the  aniline  colors  are 
derived.  Also  called  benzol,  benzolin. 
2.  Same  as  bemin  or  benzine. 

benzil  (ben'zil),  n.  [<  benz{oin)  +  -it.]  A  com- 
pound (C14H1QO2)  obtained  by  the  oxidation 
of  benzoin,  and  also  by  heating  bromotoluyleue 
with  water  at  150°  C. 

benzilic  (ben-zil'ik),  a.  [<  benzil  -I-  -(<;.]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  formed  from  benzil :  as,  ben- 
silic  acid. 

benzimide  (ben 'zi -mid  or  -mid),  «.  [<  ben- 
zi{ne)  +  {a)mide.]  A  compoimd  (C25HigN202) 
formed  by  the  action  of  hydrocyamc  acid  on 
hydrid  of  benzoyl,  it  occurs  also  in  the  resinous  resi- 
due of  the  rectification  of  the  oil  of  bitter  almonds. 

benzin,  benzine  (ben'zin,  ben-zen'),  n.  [<  ben- 
z{oic)  +  -ill",  -iiiC".]  A  colorless  limpid  liquid 
consisting  of  a  mixture  of  volatile  hydrocarbons 
and  having  a  specific  gravity  of  between  62° 
and  65°  B.  it  is  obtained  by  the  fractional  distillation  of 
petroleum.  It  is  essentially  different  from  benzene,  being 
a  mixture  of  hydrocarbons,  wliile  benzene  is  a  single  hy- 
drocarbon of  constant  composition.  Its  chief  use  in  the 
arts  is  as  a  solvent  for  fats,  resins,  caoutchouc,  and  certain 
alkaloids.     Also  improperly  written  benzene. 

benzoate  (ben'zo-at),  n.  [<  benso{ie)  +  -ate^.] 
A  salt  of  benzoic  acid. 

benzoated  (ben'zo-a-ted),  a.  Mixed  with  ben- 
zoin or  benzoic  acid. 

benzoic  (ben-z6'ik),  a.  [<  bemo(in)  +  -ie.] 
Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  benzoin Ben- 
zoic acid,  C^jHsCOOH,  a  peculiar  vegetable  acid,  ob- 
tained from  benzoin  and  other  balsams  by  sublimation  or 
decoction.  It  forms  light  feathery  needles ;  its  taste  is 
pungent  and  bitterish,  and  its  odor  sligliti.v  arnuiatic  ;  it 
is  used  in  making  incense  and  pa.stils.— Benzoic  ether,  a 
substance  obtained  by  distilling  together  4  parts  of  alco- 
hol, 2  parts  of  crystallized  benzoic  acid,  and  1  part  of  con- 
centrated hydrochloric  acid.  It  is  a  colorless  oily  liquid, 
having  a  feeble  aromatic  smell  like  that  of  friiits,  ami  a 
pungent  aromatic  taste. — Benzoic  fennentation.  See 
.fermentatioJi. 

benzoin  (ben'zo-in  or  -zoin),  n.  [First  in  IGth 
centmy;  also  written  benjoin,  bengewyne,  ben- 
gtein,  later  benzion,  etc.  (also  corruptly  benja- 
min'^, q.  v.),  =  D.  henjuin  =  G.  benzoe,  benzoin  = 
Dan.  benzoe,  <  F.  benjoin,  <  Pg.  beijoim  =  Sp. 
benjid,  menjui  =  It.  benzol,  <  Ar.  luhdn  jdwa, 
lit.  'incense  of  Java'  (Sumatra).  The  omission 
in  Rom.  of  the  syllable  lu-  was  prob.  due  to  its 
being  mistaken  for  tho  def.  art.]  Gum  benja- 
min ;  the  concrete  resinous  juice  of  Styrax 
Benzoin,  a  tree  of  Sumatra,  Java,  and  tho  Ma- 
lay peninsula,  obtained  by  incisions  into  tho 
bark.  The  benzoin  of  commerce  is  obtained  from  both 
.Sumatra  and  Siam,  that  from  Siam  being  much  superior 
to  the  other  in  quality.  Wien  rubbed  or  heated,  it  lias 
a  fragrant  and  agi'eeable  odor.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  cos- 
metics and  perfumed,  and  in  jnceuse  in  Koman  Catholic 
and  Greek  churches,  and  is  the  base, of  the  tincture  called 
.friars'  or  Turliin/ton's  balsam,  long  famous  as  a  remedy 
for  bronchitis  aiid  an  effective  application  to  indolent 
sores,  etc.  It  forms  the  medicinal  ingredient  of  court- 
plaster.     See  Styrax. 

benzol  (ben'zol),  n.  [Less  prop,  benzole;  <  ben- 
z(oic)  +  -ol.]     Same'as  benzene,  1. 

benzolin  (ben'zo-lin),  n.  [<  benzol  +  -in-.] 
.Same  as  benzene,  1. 

benzolize  (ben'z6-liz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ben- 
zoUzed,  ppr.  benzolizing.  [<  benzol  +  -ize.]  To 
treat,  impregnate,  or  cause  to  combine  with 
benzene  or  a  benzene  derivative. 

benzoyl  (ben'z6-il  or  -zoil),  n.  [<  benzo(ie)  -\- 
-t/l.]  The  radical  (C7H5O)  of  benzoic  acid,  of  oil 
of  bitter  almonds,  and  of  an  extensive  series  of 
compotmds  derived  from  this  oil,  or  connected 
■with  it  by  certain  relations. 


bequeath 

benzyl  (ben'zil),  n.  [<  lienz(oie)  I-  -yl.]  An 
organic  radical  (CgMgC'II^)  which  does  not  ex- 
ist in  the  free  state,  but  in  combination  forms 
;i  consiclcnibli!  numlx'r  of  compounds. 

benzylation  (bcn-zi-la'shon),  n.  [<  benzyl  + 
-ation.]  Tho  act  of  adding  benzene  to  rosani- 
line  or  some  similar  substance. 

The  tendency  of  the  benzylation  being  to  give  the  colour 
a  bluer  shade. 

Craee-Calvert,  Dyeing  and  Calico-printing,  p.  399. 

benzylic  (ben-zil'ik),  a.     [<  benzyl  +  -ic.]     Ee- 

latc(l  to  or  containing  the  radical  benzyl, 
bepaint  (be-pauf),  »•.  (.     l<he-''--hpai>tt.]     To 
paint ;  cover  with  paint,  or  as  with  paint. 
Else  would  a  maiden  blush  bepaint  ray  cheek. 

Shak.,  K.  and  .1.,  ii.  2. 

bepale  (be-pal'),   o.   t.     [<  6e-i  +  jiale^.]    To 

make  pale. 

Those  perjur'd  lips  of  thine,  bej>aled  with  blasting  sighs. 

Carew,  To  an  Inconstant  .Servant. 

bepat  (be-paf),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bepatted, 

ppv.  bepdtting.     [<.  be-^  +  pat.]    To  beat  upon; 

patter  upon. 

As  timing  well  the  equal  sound 
Thy  clutching  feet  bepat  the  ground. 

J.  Baillie,  'The  Kitten. 
bepearl  (be-perl'),  v.  t.     [<  Jc-l  -f-  pearl.]     To 
cover  with  pearls,  or  with  shining  drops  like 
pearls. 

This  primrose  all  bepearled  with  dew. 

Carew,  The  Primrose. 

bepelt  (be-pelf),  1'.  t.    [<  6e-l  +  ^^eHl.]   To  pelt 

soundly. 
bepepper  (bf-pep'er),  v.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  pepper.^ 

To  pepper ;  pelt  with  thickly  falling  blows. 
bepester  (be-pes'ter),  V.  t.     [<  6e-l  -)-  jjcsfec] 

To  pester  greatly ;  plague ;  harass. 
bepinch  (be-pineh'),  r.  /.    [<bc-'^  +  pineh.]    To 

pinch  or  Ijruise  all  over. 

In  their  sides,  arms,  shoulders,  all  bepincht. 

Ran  thick  the  weals.  Chapman,  Iliad,  xxiii. 

bepinkt  (bf-pingk'),  v.  t.     [<  6e-l  +pinl:'\     To 

pink ;  cut  in  scallops  or  pierce  with  small  holes, 
bepiss  (be-jjis'),  f.  f.    [<  be-^  +  2)iss.]     To  piss 

upon ;  wet  with  ui'ine. 
bepitcht  (be-pieh'),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  -t- j;(7c/(2.]    To 

cover  or  stain  with  pitch ;  hence,  to  blacken  or 

darken.     Sylrester. 
bepity  (be-pit'i),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bepitied, 

ppr.  bepiiying.     [<  Je-l  -t-  jnty.]     'To  pity  ex- 
ceedingly. 
Mercy  on  him,  poor  heart !    I  bepitied  him,  so  I  did. 

Fielding,  Tom  Jones,  x.  9. 
beplait  (be-plaf),  V.  t.     [<  6e-i  +  plait.]     To 

plait. 
beplaster  (be-plas'ter), !'.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  plaster. ] 

To  cover  with  plaster;   cover  or  smear  over 

thickly;  bedaub. 

Beplaster'd  witli  rouge.  Goldgmilh,  Ketaliation. 

beplume  (be-plom'),  v.   t.     [<  6e-l  -t-  plume.2 

To  furnish  or  adorn  with  feathers;  plume, 
bepommel  (be-pum'el),  v.  t.     [<  fcf-l  -l-  jwm- 

HieL]     To  pommel  soundly;  di-ub. 
bepowder  (be-pou'der),  v.  t.     [< fte-l  -1- ponder.'\ 

To  powder;'  sprinkle  or  cover  all  over  with 

powder,  as  the  hair. 

Is  the  beau  compelled  against  his  will  to  .  .  .  employ 

...  all  the  thouglit  withinside  his  noddle  to  bepowder 

and  beciu"!  the  outside? 

A.  Tucker,  Freewill,  Foreknowledge,  etc.,  p.  98. 

bepraise  (be-praz'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  praise.]  To 
praise  greatly  or  extravagantly ;  pulf . 

Bepraised  by  newspapers  and  magazines. 

Goldsmith,  Essays,  viii. 
Hardly  any  man,  and  certainly  no  politician,  has  been    • 
so  bepraised  as  Burke.  Contemporary  Rev.,  L.  27. 

bepray  (bf-pra'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  -1-  pray. 2  To 
pray;  beseech.     Shak. 

bepfose  (be-proz'),  (■.  t.     [<  ftf-l  +prose.]     To 
reduce  to  prose. 
To  bej'i-ose  all  rhyme.  Mallet,  Verbal  Criticism. 

bepucker  (be-puk'er),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  x^'cker.'] 
To  jnicker. 

bepuff  (be-puf' ),  f. «.  iibe-^+puff.]  To  puff; 
bepraise. 

Doggeries  never  so  diplomaed,  bepu^ed.  gaslighted,  con- 
tinue doggeries.  Carlyle,  Past  and  Present,  p.  392. 

bepurple  (be-per'pl),  V.  t.  [<  if-1  -t-  piurpile.] 
To  tinge  or  dye  with  a  pm-ple  color.     Digges. 

bepuzzle  (be-puz'l),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  puzzle.]  To 
puzzle  greatly;  pei-plex. 

bepuzzlement  (be-puz'1-ment),  n.  [<  bepuzzle 
+  -nil  lit.]     Perplexity. 

bequeath  (be-kweTH'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  beqnethen, 
biqiiethen,  earlier  bicirvtlien,  <  AS.  becicethan, 
declare,  affirm,  give  by  will,  <  be-  +  cwethan, 
say.  The  simple  verl>  became  obsolete  in  the 
ME.  period,  except  in  the  pret.  quoth,  which 


528 

berat  (be-raf),  n.      [Armen.] 

patent  of  dignity  or  privilege 

ental  monarch.  „-,„,,., 

berate  (be-raf),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  +  rate^.^   To  chide 

vehemently;  scold. 

ZoDvrus  berated  Socrates  as  if  he  had  caught  a  pick- 
po^.);e"t  Pop.  Set.  ilo.,  XXII.  65. 

berattlet  (be-rat'l).  v.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  rattle.^     To 

orv  do ^^•n;  abuse;  run  down.     Shak.     [Kare.J 

■  "'  [<  Bern K)i  (see  def.) 


bequeath 
Temains  arehaicallv  in  an  idiomatic  construc- 
tion (see  quoth).    The  compound  has  been  pre- 
sen-ed  thi-ough  its  technical  use  m  wills.J     It. 
To  give  away;  transfer  the  possession  ot;  as- 

.sign  as  a  gift.  .    ,^   ,  ..» 

Wilt  thou  forsake  thy  fortune. 
Bequeath  thy  land  to  him,  and  follow  me? 

^  Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

2   To  give  or  leave  by  wiU ;  assign  as  a  legacy : 

more  commonly,  but  not  necessarily,  used  «*  v-j-mjitg  (be-ra'nit).  «.     [<  Bermn 

personal  property,  in  contradistmction  to  real  "^       ._,       ^  hvdi-ous  phosphate  of  iron  of  a 


berg 


4t. 


■5t. 


property,  which  is  said  to  be  devised. 
Mine  heritage. 
Which  my  dead  father  did  i«oiiea(A  to  me. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  u.  1. 
3.  To  hand  down ;  transmit. 

One  generation  has  bequeathed  its  reUgions  gloom  and 
toe  counterfeit  of  its  religious  ardor  1.othe^nex^_^  ^^^^^ 

Greece  has  bequeathed  to  us  her  ever  living  tongue,  and 
the  immortal  productions  of  her  int*-llect 

Glad.<tone,  Might  of  Right,  p.  16. 

To  commit ;  commend ;  intrust. 
We  to  names  our  slaughtered  friends  bequeath. 

Pope,  Ihad,  ^^I.  399. 

To  give  or  yield;  furnish;  impart. 
\  niggards  purse  shall  scarce  bequeath  his  master  a 

p^nyfeTpaW.,  in  Hail.  Misc.  (ilalh.).  III.  72.  (.V.  E.  D.) 
That  which  btmeaths  it  tliis  slow  pace. 

jV.  Fairfax,  Bulk  and  Selv.,  p.  122.    (-> .  E.  V.) 
6t.  Reflexively,  to  commit ;  dedicate ;  devote. 

Orpheus  .  .  .  iK'«M?a(/iJ!/iim««('' to  a  solitary  life  ill  the 
diMTts.  K.Z>i/;6;/,  Broad Stoneof  Honour, 1. 166.  (.\.E.V.) 

bequeatht  (bf-twera'),  «•     [<  bequeath,  r.]    A 

bciiuest. 
■bequeathable  (be-kwe'THa-bl),  «.     [<  hequcath 

+  .nhl<-.}    Capable  of  being  bequeathed, 
"bequeathal   (be-kwe'THal),  n.     [<  bequeath  + 

-<(/.]     The  act  of  bequeathing;  bequest. 
The  h-nu^-athnl  of  their  savings  may  be  a  means  of  giv- 

iiig  unalloyed  happiness.  The  Amenean,  %  I.  iH. 

■bequeather   (be-kwe'?Hfer),  «.     One  who  be- 

<(U'-:itii>.  . 

bequeathment    (be-kweTH ' ment),  «.    [< 
queulh+  -ment.']     The  act  of  bequeathing,  .. 
l>o(iucst 

bequest  (be-kwesf),  H.  [<  ME.  hequestf,  hij- 
<liiy.it<.  prob.  (with  e.Kcresceut  -t,  as  m  be- 
hcjit,  and  shitted  accent,  after  the  verb)  <  AS. 
'bictcis  (equiv.  to  bicuidc,  ME.  bequiik,  after 
leciccthan,  ME.  bequethen),<  bi-,  accented  form, 
in  nouns,  of  bi-,  be-,  +  cwis  (eicm-)^  saying,  < 
ctcethaii,  say:  see  bequeath.]  1 
bequeathing  or  leaving  by  will. 


be- 


The  act  of 


reddish-brown  color,  found  at  St.  Benigna  near 
Beraun  in  Bohemia. 

berayt  <be-ra'),  v.  t.  [<  be-^  +  rayS.]  1.  To 
make  foul;  defile;  soil. 

Beravimr  the  font  and  water  while  the  bishop  was  bap- 
tizing him".  MUton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

2.  To  scent. 

How  comes  your  handkercher 
So  sweetly  thus  beray'd  / 

Middleton,The  Witch,  i.  2. 

berbe  (berb),  n.    The  name  of  an  African  genet, 

Gcnetta  pardina. 

Berber  (ber'ber),  ■».  and  a.  [<  Ai-.  Berber,  Bar- 
bar,  the  Berbers:  see  barburtj  and  iarfcS.]  I.  «. 
1.  A  person  belonging  to  any  one  of  a  group 
of  tribes  inhabiting  the  mountainous  parts  of 
Barbary  and  portions  of  the  Sahara,  descended 
fromtlie  primitive  race  of  those  regions.— 2. 
The  language  spoken  by  the  Berbers.  It  is 
one  of  the  Hamitic  languages. 

II.  a.   Of  or  pei-tahiing  to  the  Berbers  or 
their  lansruage. 

Berberidaceae  (ber"be-ri-da'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Utrbcris  (Bcrberid-)  +  -acea;.]  A  natural 
order  of  plants,  belonging  to  the  thalamifloral 
dicotyledons,  distinguished  from  allied  orders 
by  having  the  few  stamens  in  two  or  three 
whorls  and  the  anthers  opening  by  valves.  The 
genera  are  widely  distriliiited,  but  are  small,  with  the 
e.^cej)!!"!!  of  r:rrheri.i.  Of  the  smaller  genera,  the  blue 
cohosh  (t'ni'd);)'"/''"!"),  the  mandrake  (/'u((iv</i.i/»!i»0.  and 
the  twin-leaf  (JegerKuida)  are  ot  more  or  less  repute  in 
medicine,  and  the  Akebia  is  an  ornamental  climber.  See 
cut  under  Bcrbcris.  ,    ,  ,  .      >  ^. 

berberidaceous  (ber'be-n-da'shius),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Bcrbcridaccw. 

berberine  (ber'bo-rin),  «.  [<  NL.  berberina  : 
see  Bcrhcris  and  -inc'-.]  An  alkaloid  (C20H17 
NO4)  widelv  distributed  in  the  vegetable  king- 
dom, being"  found  in  the  barberry  and  a  con- 
siderable number  of  ])lants,  or  jmrts  of  plants, 
whose  extracts  combine  a  yellow  color  and  bit- 
ter taste.  It  forms  line  yellow  acicular  crystals,  spar- 
ingly soluble  in  water,  having  a  bitter  taste.  The  sul- 
lihate  and  livdroclilorate  are  si>lilbk-,  but  «  itll  dillKiilty. 


He  claimed  the  crown  to  himself,  pretendiiiR  an  adop-  BerberiS  (ber'be-ris),  n.      [NL. :  see  barhrrry.'] 

_    .   .   ,*    .,,„    i-t.....lnt.,  iiiit/k  linn     hv  till'  {.utiles-    **>.*"«**"    \  ,  "..,,*-  ,  ,        .    i     _.    t»_.. 


lion  or  bequcft  of  the  kingdom  unto  him,  by  the  Coiife 
^j  Sir  il.  Halt. 

Fosaeaaion,  with  the  right  of  bequest  and  hiheritaiicc,  is 
the  stimulant  which  raises  property  to  iU  highest  value. 
A'.  A.  Jlev.,  CXLIJI.  5b. 

2.  That  which  is  left  by  will;  a  legacy.— 3. 
That  which  is  or  has  been  handed  down  or 
transmitted. 

11,1  "ur  creeds,  our  liturgies,  our  varied 

„,li,,  .i:i.v!ion  fur  every  form  o(  human  sulfer- 

liii;  '  Ir.iiii  the  age  n(  tuitli. 

Jl.  X.  Ozenham.  Short  Studies,  p.  2«3. 

bequestt  (be-kwesf),  v.  t.    [<  bequest,  «.]    To 

give  us  a  be'tiuest;  bequeath, 
bequethet,  r.  t.     An  obsolete  form  of  bequeath. 

C  1,11  nil  r. 
bequia-SWeet  (ba-ke'ii-«w6t).  ii.  [See  qiiot.] 
All  oHciiie  pasHerine  bird,  of  the  family  Ictiridie 
and  subfamily  Qui.scnlhiii: ;  the  Quiscalits  lumi- 
wjsuM,  a  grakle  found  in  tlie  ( 'aribbees :  so  named 
from  itH  note. 

In  1;.  .inia  |ln  the  Curlbbtesj,  and  extending  through. 
..ni   i^.    .bain  (of  iBlniid-;,  I-  a  Mii'kliird,  a  new  species 

ijiiitmtwil"  'i'-  nlr  r"- 

•1,  ItH  loyoii>.  \  lliqma 

(,h.      ■  ,  p..!M«. 


Uiitltcrry  i,lterhfris  vMifitris).  with 
fniil,  nower.  nnil  ontlier  (a  a)  In  the 
net  of  dchlKclicc. 


bcquotenw-kwof ),  r.  r.    [<'"-'  +  «""'«•]    To 
'  '(liifntly  or  much. 

A  Miildlt)  KngliHh  piiHt  participle 


ber 


ber 

If 

''.  1'.  1,     [^  MK.  hiriuii)i-ti\  brrii- 

■  iniii'iii,  <i.   hiriijii'  n),  ■'    til-  + 

■  '.. -1  uikI  r«("'.  1   'I'l  1.111  upon. 

V.  Ill,  hit 

1  terU iait  hire  hi" 

C/.n                                    >V.    llVa. 

Ber 

riir'di-iiH),  n.    (.NL.. 

,\l 

A    gi-iiii«  of  odoiit" 

of 

'■'  7  1  liriilir  and  kuI'I 

nil 

....•titinal  Ititlii.i.                       1 

tiM 

inl.llNsi-.        II   l<  1'  1                                         <i 
>1.       Till  nl.l:,      |..  .  1.  f. 

//  • 

Beran 

.iltMfcvt,  l>l'>iiiidlii 

ci  Steel. 

Uce  Htcel. 

The  prbicipal  genus  of  the  natiu'al  order  Ber 
beridacea-,  including  the  common  barberry. 
It  contains  about  50 
species  of  shrubby 
plants,  mostly  Ameri- 
can, and  ranging  from 
Oregon  to  Tierra  del 
Kiiego.  The  common 
barberry,  JS.  mliiaris, 
the  only  Knropeaii  spe- 
cies and  e.vteiisivcly  na- 
turalized in  the  I'liitfd 
States,  is  well  known 
for  its  red  acid  berries, 
which  make  a  pleasant 
preserve.  The  leaves 
also  are  acid,  and  the 
bark  and  root,  us  In 
many  other  species,  are 
astringent  and  yield  a 
yellow  dye.  'Jlle  bark 
of  the  root  of  this  and 
of  several  Asiatic  «iie. 
cies,  as  IS.  hiiciiim,  IS. 

Aiiiil'i'n,  anil  IS.  aria-  ,  ,      ..         .       .1         > 

lata  is  used  as  n  bitter  tonic  and  for  the  exlraetloii  of 
berberine  (wliiili  see).  Some  of  the  Mahimia  gliilip  of 
sneeles,  dlslillgnlsheil  by  pinliute  evenireell  leaves  aii.l 
including  the  Oivgnii  grapi'  "f  the  rai-lllc  coast.  It  Ami- 
Mium,  nn  freiiuenlly  riilllvaleil  .tnr  ornanienl  llie 
staniens  In  this  genus  are  eurlmisly  Irritable,  »P>hig  ng 
fonvard  iipmi  the  jilstll  when  the  Inner  side  of  the  Ilia- 
nii'iit  is  lonched. 

berberry  (b^r'ber-i),  n.     Hame  an  barlierrii. 
berbine  (iHr'liin),  n.     [<  Brrb(eris)    +  -<"'-.  I 

All  nlknloid  e.xlniclrd  from  Ihc  root  and  inner 

linik    of   the    liarl>erry.     It   iH   an    uiiiorphoiis 

while  iiowder,  hitler  lo  the  liisle. 
berceuse  (luir-H.'z'),  «.    [F.,  "  rocker,  n  liillal.v. 

Cf.    liircrini,    a   eratlle,   <  berrer,   rrii'k,   lull    t" 
I.ep.]     A  crudli'-Hong;  cHpfcinlly,  n  vocnl  or 

.iiilniiiu'iilHl  I'oinpnHilion  of  u  lender,  (jiiiet, 
.Nil  HiMilliing  ehiinn'ter. 

bcrcheroot  (ber'ehe-rat),  »..  Th.^  ,K"»hih.i 
in.iind,    the   unit    of   weight  in   Hiihhib,     1  he 

Hi lard   "f    lK:i-'i   eqiiiilH   401t..'>174   grnmH,    or 

(i.!mii;h.107  of  n  pmiiid  iivnirdiipoiH. 

borcowetZ,  "•     Hee  brrkoxctn. 


A  warrant  or  berdasht,  n.    See  burdash. 
given  bv  an  On-  berdet,  ».    An  obsolete  form  ot  beard. 

'  bereH, '■..  bereft,  ».,  etc.    An  obsolete  form  of 

III itr'^'.  bear",  etc.,  berrij*,  etc. 
Berean  (be-re'an),  a.  and  «.  [Also  written  Be- 
nvaii.  <  L'.  Beroeus,  <  Bercea,  <  Gr.  Bqmia,  Bip- 
po(o.]  I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ancient  town 
of  Berea  (Bercea,  now  Verria)  in  Macedonia; 
in  religious  use,  resembling  the  people  of  Berea 
as  described  in  the  Acts.     See  II..  2. 

II.  II.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  ancient  Berea.— 
2.  One  of  a  sect  of  dissenters  from  the  Church 
of  Scotland,  who  took  their  name  from  and 
profess  to  follow  the  ancient  Bereans  men- 
tioned in  Acts  xvii.  11,  in  building  their  sys- 
tem of  faith  and  practice  upon  the  Scriptures 
alone,  without  regard  to  human  authority. 
Also  called  Bardaiiitcs,  from  their  founder, 
John  Barelav  (173-t-98),  of  Muthill,  Perthshire. 
Berea  sandstone.  See  .landstone. 
bereave  i,be-rev').  '••;  pre*,  and  pp.  bereaved  ot 
bereft,  p-pv.'  bereai-ini).  [<  ME.  bereven,  bireten 
(pret.  bererede,  bereftc,  bereft,  berafte,  pp.  69- 
reved,  bereft,  bernft),  <  AS.  bcredfian  (=  OFries. 
birCiva  =  OS.  birobhoii  =  D.  berooven  =  OHG. 
birouboii,  MHG.  berouben,  G.  berauben  =  Goth. 
biraubon),  rob,  bereave,  <  be-  +  redjian,  plun- 
der, rob:  see  hc-l  and  JTotr.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
deprive  by  or  as  if  by  violence;  rob;  strip: 
with  0/ before  the  thing  taken  away. 
Me  have  ye  bereaved  of  my  children.  Gen.  xlii.  Sa. 

Fate  had  weaven 
The  twist  of  life,  and  her  0/  life  bei-eaven. 

Pord,  Fame's  MemoriaL 
Wilt  thou  die  e'en  thus. 
Ruined  midst  ruin,  ruining,  bereft 
Of  name  and  honor '( 

WilUain  MorrU,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  18. 
[It  is  sometimes  used  without  of,  more  especially  in  the  ■ 
passive,  the  subject  of  the  verb  being  either  the  person 
deprived  or  the  thing  taken  away. 

And  'tis  your  fault  I  am  bereft  him  so. 

SlMk. ,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  SSL 

All  your  interest  in  those  territories 

Is  utterly  bcirft  you.     Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ill,  1.) 

2t.  To  take  away  by  destroying,  impairing,  or  1 
spoiling;  take  away  by  violence. 
Shall  move  you  to  beream  my  life.  .Wnrfoiw. 

I  think  his  understanding  is  bereft. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  6. 

3t.  To  deprive  of  power;  prevent. 

No  thing  may  bireve 
A  man  to  love,  til  that  him  list  to  leve. 

Chaiirer,  Troilus,  i.  6S&,  • 

II.  iiitriiii.'!.  To  destroy  life  ;  cut  oft".     [Rare.] 
bereavement  (be -rev 'ment),  «.     [<  bereave  +  ■ 
-incut.']    1.  The  act  of  bereaving.— 2.  The  state  t 
of  being  bereaved ;  grievous  loss;  particularly,  , 
the  loss  of  a  relative  or  friend  by  death. 

Ho  bore  his  (if rca Dement  with  stoical  fortitude. 

n.  Smith,  TorHiU.  ll 

bereaver  (be-re'v('r),  n.  One  who  bereaves  orf 
d<'i>rivcs  another  of  something  valued.  ' 

bereft  (bo-reff ).  Preterit  and  past  participle  d 
of  III  riiire.  \ 

Berengarian  (ber-cn-ga'ri-nn),  H.  and  a.  \S\ 
ML.  iHirniiariiis.  Berengar,  a  theologian,  bom< 
about  A,  1).'  !i!>S.  died  about  1088.]  I.  ».  One  of  j 
asect  wliicli  followed  Berengarius  or  Berengar  j 
of  Tours,  arelideacou  of  Angers  in  the  eleventh  1 
century,  who  denied  tho  doctrine  of  transub-^ 
staiitiation. 

II.  II.  or  or  pertaining  to  the  Berengarian 
or  llieir  opinions.  _ 

Berengarianism  (ber-en-ga'ri-an-izm),  n.      \s 
Birriiiiiiriaii  +  -i.s/».]    Tlii>  opinions  or  doctrineB « 
of  He'reiigarius  and  his  followers.     See  Beren- 
ffiirii'ii. 

Berenice's  hair.     See  Coma  Berenirc.i. 

beresite  (lier'e-sit),  «.  [<  /(<;r.s(or.s/,)  +  -i(ea.] 
,\  line-grained  granite  found  near  Beresovsk, 
UiisKia,  in  llie  Ural,  associateii  witli  gold-bear- 
ing <|iiart/.. 

beret,  berreti  (ber'et),  «.  [F.  hdret,  <  ML.  M- 
rilta,  biri'tia,  a  cap:  see  barrel'^  ami  birettti.} 
1.  A  riiiiiid  lint  woolen  cup  worn  liy  tlie  Hasiiue 
pe»Hiiiitry.     X.K.D.—  Z.  Same  us  ('(rcffd. 

beretta,  ».    See  biretla. 

berettina,  ».     S(><<  berreltina. 

berewickt,  ".    See  binrU-k. 

berg '  ( I leig),  ».    r<  I''"''-  '^"'-  Norw.  berg  =  Dan. 
/;/.)■(/,  n  rock.  (!.  brrij  =  E.  barrow^,  a  hill. J    A\ 
ruik.     (Slielland.] 

berg-   (b^Tg),  Jl.     [From  -berq  in  iccfccr/;,  <  O. 
( inTnrq :  see  ieebcrii.    Nol  from  AS.  biiirij,  a  hlUJ 
whieli  given  K.  fcHmdc',  a  niounil  (but  t^f.  bergh)^ 
Hce  barriiiiti.]     A  large  lloating  mass  or  mou 
tain  of  ice;  an  iceberg. 
Like  glittering  terff*  of  Ice.  T,-nn]inon,  I'rIiiccM,  IVr^ 


bergall 

bergall  (bfer'gal),  n.  [Also  written  burgaV,  var. 
i)f  liirgelh  hergle,  (i.  v.]  The  ctinner  or  blue- 
Iierch.a  very  common  New  England  fish,  Clvno- 
labriis  adspersus.  See  bun/all,  and  cut  under 
ciDiiici: 

Bergamask  (ber'ga-mask),  a.  and  )8.  [<  It. 
};cr<i<imasco,  adj.,  <.  Bergamo,  a  town  in  Italy. 
(!f.  'bergumot^.'\  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
lity  or  province  of  Bergamo  in  northern  Italy, 
or  "the  district  of  Bergamasca:  as,  Bergamask 
traditions;  the /fcr/7(rm«sJ;  Alps ;  "aBergomask 
dance,"  Shak.,  U.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 

II.  H.  1.  Aa  inhabitant  of  Bergamo  or  Ber- 
gamasca. 

A  gilie  at  the  poverty  of  the  Beniamasks,  anion!:;  whom, 
moreover,  the  extremes  of  stupiclity  urid  ciniiiiii^'  are 
most  usually  found,  according  to  the  popular  notion  in 
Italy.  Hoivelh,  Venetian  Life,  v. 

2.  [=  F.  bergamasqae.']  A  rustic  dance  in  im- 
itation of  the  people  of  Bergamasca,  who  were 
ridiculed  as  clownish  in  manners  and  speech. 

bergamotl  (ber'ga-mot),  n.  [Formerly  also 
biirgainot,  biirgeniotl,  bourgamot,  appar.  <  Ber- 
//((/«(),  a  town  in  Italy.  Ct.  berg<imofi.']  1.  A 
variety  of  the  lime  or  lemon,  Citrus  medica,  with 
a  very  aromatic  rind,  from  which,  either  by  me- 
chanical means  or  by  distillation,  the  volatile  oil 
of  lirrt,'iiiuot  (known  in  trade  as  essence  ofbcr- 
tliniiol)  is  obtained.  The  essence  is  a  product 
cliictly  of  southern  Italy,  and  is  much  em- 
ployed in  perfumery. —  2.  The  popular  name 
of  several  labiate  plants,  as  in  England  of 
Mentha  citrata,  and  in  the  United  States  of 
Moiiarda  fstidosa  and  M.  didyma. —  3.  A  kind 
of  snuff  perfumed  with  bergamot. 

(lives  tiie  nose  its  bergamot.  Cowptn;  Taslc,  ii. 

4.  A  coarse  tapestry  manufactured  from  flocks 
of  wool,  silk,  cotton,  hemp,  and  from  the  hair 
of  oxen  and  goats,  said  to  have  been  made  origi- 
nally at  Bergamo. 

bergamot-  (ber'ga-mot),  n.  [<  F.  bergamotc,  < 
It.  bcrgamotto,  appar.  a  perversion,  simulating 
a  connection  with  Bergamo,  a  town  in  Italy  (cf. 
bcrgamiit'^),  of  Turk,  bcgarmiidi,  lit.  (like  the  G. 
mime  fiirsteubiriic)  prince's  pear,  <  bvg,  a  prince 
(see  /'('.'/-).  +  ariuiid,  a  pear.]   A  variety  of  pear. 

bergander  (ber'gan-der),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
hirgiiiider,  bwgander,  appar.  <  ME.  berge,  a  bur- 
row (see  berrifi,  burrow^),  +  gander  (i.  e.,  burrow- 
gander;  cf .  its  other  name,  burrow-duck).  Cf .  D. 
bergeend  =  NFries.  bargaand  =  MLG.  herchant 
=  G.  bergente,  lit.  'hill-duck,'  G.  erdgans,  lit. 
'  earth-goose.']  A  name  of  the  sheldrake  or 
burrow-duck,  Tadornavulpanser.   Seeslieldrakc. 

bergell,  «.     See  hergle. 

bergert,  ».  [Appar.  <  F.  bergh-e,  a  n6glig(5  style 
of  dressing  the  hair.]  A  lock  of  hair  worn 
long,  and  with  the  end  curled,  by  ladies  in  the 
time  of  Charles  II. 

Bergerac  (ber'je-rak;  F.  pron.  berzh-rak'),  n. 

1.  .V  red  wine  of  good  quality,  made  in  the 
department  of  Dordogne  in  southwestern 
France,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  of  Bergerac. 
It  is  seldom  in  tlie  market  under  its  own  name,  but  is  ex- 
ported from  Bordeaux,  and  confounded  with  claret.  It  is 
very  popular  throughout  central  France. 

2.  A  white  wine  from  the  same  district,  gen- 
erally very  sweet  and  of  a  high  flavor. —  3.  A 
dry  wine  not  unlike  Barsac. 

bergerett,  «.  [OF.,  <  bergcr,  a  shepherd,  <  ML. 
bcrliicarius,  a  shepherd,  <  berbex,  L.  vervex,  a 
wether.]  A  pastoral  or  rustic  song  or  dance. 
Also  bargeret,  bargaret. 

There  began  anon 
A  lady  for  to  singe  right  womanly 
A  barijaret  iu  praising  the  daisie. 

Flrnver  and  Lea/,  1.  348. 

berght,  n.  [Cf.  bargh :  obsolete  form  (after 
Seand.)  of  barrow'^,  a  hill.]     A  hill. 

berglax  (berg'laks),  n.  [Norw.  berglax,  berg- 
/«/Vs,  lit.  rock-salmon  (=  Dan.  bjerglax,  the 
common  hake),  <  berg  =  Sw.  berg,  Dan.  bjerg, 
a  hill,  rock,  +  Norw.  Sw.  Dan.  lax  =  AS.  leax  = 
G.  lacks,  salmon.]  The  Norwegian  name  of  a 
gadoid  fish,  Coryphwnoides  noroegicus,  of  the 
family  Mucruridw. 

bergle  (ber'gl),  ».  [Also  written  bergell,  ber- 
gill  (and  bergall,  burgall,  q.  v.),  appar.  a  var.  of 
bergijlt,  q.  v.]  A  name  in  the  Shetland  islands 
of  the  ballan-wrasse,  Labrus  mncnlatus. 

bergmanite  (berg'man-it),  n.  [<  T.  O.  Bergman, 
a  Swedish  mineralogist  (1735-84),  +  -ite2.]  A 
variety  of  the  zeolite  natrolite.  It  occurs  massive 
:uiil  fiiirous  in  the  zirconsyenite  of  Brevig  in  Norway.  Its 
loli.t-  air  -reeiiish,  grayish-white,  and  red. 

bergmaster  (berg'mas"t6r),  n.  [After  G.  berg- 
meistir :  see  barmaster.']     Same  as  barmaster. 

bergmehl  (berg'mal),  H.  [G.,  <  berg  =  E.  bur- 
row^, a  mountain,  +  mehl  =  E,  meal^,]  Moun- 
34 


629 

tain-meal  or  fossil  farina,  a  geological  deposit 
in  the  form  of  an  extremely  fine  powder,  con- 
sisting almost  entirely  of  the  silicious  frustules 
or  eoll-walls  of  diatoms,  it  has  been  eaten  in  Lap- 
land in  seasons  of  great  scarcity,  mixed  with  ground  corn 
and  t)ark, 

bergmote  (bferg'mot),  n.     Same  as  barmote. 

bergy  (bfer'gi),  a.     [_<  berg^  + -y\']     1.  Full  of 
bergs  or  icebergs. —  2.  Resembling  or  of  the 
natiu'e  of  a  berg. 
A  considerable  bert/y  mass  of  ice. 

'C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Expedition,  p.  266. 

bergylt  (ber'gilt),  n.  [Also  written  bergiiylt 
(see  also  berglc,  bergall,  burgall) ;  <  Norw.  berg- 
gylta,  dial,  berggalt,  appar.  <  berg,  cliiT,  preci- 
pice, hill,  +  gylta  =z  leel.  gylta  and  gyltr,  a  sow.] 
A  name  in  Shetland  of  tlie  rose-fish,  Sebastes 
marinus,  a  fish  of  the  family  Scorpainid(e.  Also 
called  Norwegian  haddock.  See  cut  under  Se- 
bastes. 

berhyme,  v.  t.    See  berime. 

beriberi  (ber'i-ber-i),  n.  [Singhalese;  an  in- 
tensive redupl.  of  beri,  weakness.]  A  disease 
characterized  by  anemia,  muscular  and  sen- 
sory paralysis,  more  or  less  pain,  general  drop- 
sical symptoms,  effusion  into  the  serous  cavi- 
ties, and  dyspnoea  on  exertibn.  Hydropic  and  dry 
forms  are  distinguished  by  the  presence  or  absence  of 
dropsy.  It  may  be  acute,  or  subacute,  or  chronic.  It 
does  not  appear  to  be  contagious,  though  it  infects  local- 
ities. Beriberi  occurs  in  India  and  adjacent  countries, 
is  frequent  in  Japan  under  the  name  of  kakke,  and  seems 
to  be  identical  with  the  "sleeping  sickness"  of  the  west 
coast  of  Africa.  It  is  said  to  occur  in  South  America 
also. 

Beridse  (ber'i-de),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Beri{d-)s  + 
-/rfff.I  A  family  of  tetraeheetous  or  tanysto- 
matous  l)rachyeerous  Diptera,  represented  by 
such  genera  as  Beris,  Xylo2)hagus,  etc.  Also 
called  Xylophagidm. 

beridelt,  «.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  garment  of 
linen,  worn  in  Ii'eland  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.     Blanche. 

berigora  (ber-i-go'ra),  n.  A  name  of  an  Aus- 
tralian falcon,  the  berigora  hawk,  Bieraddea 
(or  IcrucUlrii)  berigora. 

berime  (be-rim'),  r.  t.  [<  ie-1  -I-  rime^.']  To 
celebrate  in  rime  or  verse.     Also  berhyme. 

She  had  a  better  love  to  berime  [as  in  old  editions]  her. 
Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4. 

beringed  (be-ringd'),  «•  [<  6e-^  +  ringed.'] 
Supplied  or  surrounded  with  rings. 

A  curiously  bcrinfjed  disc  [.Saturn]. 

E.  F.  Burr,  Ecce  Coclum,  p.  99. 

Beris  (ber'is),  M.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Beridw,  or  Xylophagid(E.  B.  clavipes 
is  an  example. 

Berkeleian  (berk'le-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining or  relating  to' George  Berkeley,  bishop 
of  Cloyne,  Ireland  (born  1684,  died  1753),  or  to 
Berkeleianism. 

The  Berkeleian  Idealism  is  little  more  than  the  easy 
demonstration  that  this  view  [that  the  world  of  reality 
exists  quite  independently  of  being  known  by  any  know- 
ing beings  in  it],  from  a  philosophical  standing  point,  is 
untenable.         J.  C.  Shairp,  Culture  and  Religion,  p.  185. 

II.  n.  One  who  holds  Bishop  Berkeley's  sys- 
tem of  idealism ;  one  who  denies  the  existence 
of  a  material  world. 
Berkeleianism  (berk'le-an-izm),  n.  The  phi- 
losophy of  Bishop  Berkeley.  See  Berkeleian. 
He  holds  thivt  material  things  exist  only  in  so  far  as 
they  are  perceived ;  their  esse  is  percipi.  It  is  by  think- 
ing them,  and  making  us  think  them,  that  the  Divine 
Being  cre.ates  the  material  universe.  But  Berkeley  gives 
to  souls  a  substantive  existence,  so  they  must  be  created 
otherwise.  The  Berkeleian  idealism  is  intimately  inter- 
woven with  an  extreme  nominalism,  which  denies  the  exis. 
tence  of  general  conceptions.  Berkeley's  theory  of  vision, 
which  iu  a  modified  form  is  now  generally  adopted  by 
scientillc  men,  is  that  while  we  see  two  dimensions  of 
space,  the  third  is  recognized  by  touch  (that  is,  by  the  mus- 
cular sense),  until  the  eyes  become  educated  to  associat- 
ing certain  appearances  with  certain  feelings  of  touch. 

Berkeley's  Act.    See  act. 

berkovets  (ber'ko-vets),  n.  [Russ.  berkovetsii.'] 
A  Russian  weight,  legally  equal  to  400  Russian 
pounds,  or  361  pounds  2  ounces  avoirdupois. 
In  other  parts  of  Russia,  where  older  pounds 
have  not  gone  out  of  use,  the  value  of  this  unit 
is  somewhat  greater.    Also  bercotvetz. 

berkowitz  (ber'ko-vitz),  n.  [G.  berkowitz,  repr. 
Russ.  berkovetsii.  ]     Same  as  berkovets. 

berlinl  (ber'lin  orber-Hn'),  n.  [In  first  sense, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  berlina  =  G.  berline,  <  F.  berline  ; 
<  Berlin,  the  capital  of  Prussia.]  1.  A  large 
four-wheeled  carriage  with  a  suspended  body, 
two  interior  seats,  and  a  top  or  hood  that  can 
be  raised  or  lowered:  so  called  because  first 
made  in  Berlin,  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
from  the  designs  of  an  architect  of  the  elector 
of  Brandenburg.— 2.  A  knitted  glove. 


Bernlcla 

A  fat  man  in  black  tights  and  cloudy  Berlinf. 

Diekeiis,  Tuggses  at  Ramsgate. 

berlin^  berling,  n.    See  Mr  tin. 

Berlin  blue,  iron,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

berloque  (ber-lok'),  n.  [F.]  Milit.,  the  tattoo 
upon  a  ilrum  announcing  a  meal-time. 

berm  (berm),  n.  [Also  written  berme,  rarely 
birm,  barm;  cf.  F.  berme,  =  Russ.  bcrma,  etc., 
<  MD.  berme,  D.  berm,  berme,  =  MLG.  bernw, 
barm,  =  G.  berme,  a  berm,  xtrob.  :=  Icel.  barmr, 
edge,  border,  brim,  as  of  a  river  or  the  sea,  etc.: 
see  iriml.]  1.  A  narrow  ledge ;  specifically, 
in  fort.,  a  space  of  ground  or  a  terrace  from  3  to 
5  feet  in  width,  loft  between  the  rampart  and 
the  moat  or  foss,  designed  to  receive  the  ruins 
of  the  rampart  in  tlie  event  of  a  bombardment, 
and  to  prevent  tlie  earth  from  filling  the  foss. 
Sometimes  it  is  palisaded,  and  in  the  Netherlauds  it  ia 
generally  plantecl  with  a  quickset  hedge. 

If  we  accept  the  Hindu  Kush  as  our  mountain  fortress, 
then,  to  use  a  technical  phrase,  vVfghan  Turkistan  is  our 
benn  and  the  Oxus  our  ditch. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  .Short  Hist.  India,  p.  668. 
2.  The  bank  or  side  of  a  canal  which  is  oppo- 
site to  the  towing-path.   Also  called  berm-bank. 

bermelf,  «•     A  Middle  English  form  of  barm^. 

berme-,  n.    See  berm. 

bermillians  (ber-mil'yanz),  n.  pi.  [Origin  un- 
known.]    Pieces  of  linen  or  fustian. 

Bermuda  grass,  fan-palm,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 

Bermudian  (ber-mu'di-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Bermudas  or  to 
their  inhabitants. 

II.  )(.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bermuda 
or  the  Bermudas,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  At- 
lantic, about  600  miles  east  of  Cape  Hatteras  in 
North  Carolina,  belonging  to  Great  Britain. 

bernif,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of  barn^. 

bern^t,  bernet,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc),  <  ME. 
berne,  bcrii,  hurne,  hum,  etc.,  <  AS.  beorn,  hiorn, 
a  warrior,  hero,  a  word  used  only  in  poetry,  and 
prob.  =  Icel.  bjiirn,  a  bear,  appar.  a  deriv.  of 
*heri,  m.  (bera,  t.),  =  AS.  bcra,  a  bear, E.  bear'^. 
It  was  a  common  poetical  practice  to  give  the 
names  of  fierce  animals  to  warriors;  cf.  AS. 
eofor,  a  boar,  =  Icel.  jofurr,  a  warrior,  hero.] 
A  warrior ;  a  hero ;  a  man  of  valor ;  in  later 
use,  a  poetic  term  i:or  man. 

bernacle^^  (ber'na-kl),  n.     Same  as  barnacle^. 

bernacle-t,  »•     Same  as  barnacle'^. 

Bernardine  (ber'nar-diu),  n.  and  a.  [F.  Ber- 
nardin,  <  ML.  Ber'nardinus,  <  Bernardus,  Ber- 
nard.] I.  n.  The  name  given  in  France  to  the 
members  of  the  Cistercian  order  of  monks.  It 
is  derived  from  .St.  Bernard  (1091-115a),  who  was  the  most 
distinguished  member  of  the  order  and  was  regarded  as  its 
second  founder.     See  Cistercian. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Bernard  or  the  Ber- 
nardines. 

Bernard's  canal.    See  canal. 

bernet,  «■    See  bem^. 

bernert,  «.  [^  ME.  herner,  <  OF.  bemer,  bernier, 
brcnier  (ML.  bcrnarius),  a  feeder  of  hounds,  < 
bren,  bran,  bran:  see  bran,']  An  attendant  in 
charge  of  a  pack  of  hounds.     K.  E.  D. 

Bernese  (ber-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  n.  [<  G. 
Bern,  F.  Berne,  in  Svritzerland,  -I-  -ese.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Bern  or  its  inhabitants. 

II.  n.  sing,  and  pi.  A  citizen  or  citizens  of 
Bern,  the  capital  of  Switzerland,  or  of  the  can- 
ton of  the  same  name. 

bernesque  (ber-nesk'),  a.  [<  It.  Bernesco,  < 
Berui:  see -esqiie.]  In  the  humorous  and  bur- 
lesque style  of  the  writings  of  Francesco  Bemi, 
an  Italian  poet,  who  died  in  1536. 

Bentesque  poetry  is  the  clearest  reflexion  of  that  reli- 
gious and  moral  scepticism  which  was  one  of  the  charac- 
teristics of  Italian  social  life  in  the  16th  century,  and 
which  showed  itself  more  or  less  in  all  the  works  of  that 
period,  that  scepticism  which  stopped  the  religious  Refor- 
mation in  Italy,  and  which  iu  its  turn  was  an  effect  of  his- 
torical conditions.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  510. 

Bernicla  (ber'ni-kla),  n.  [NL.  (adopted  as  a 
genus  name  by  Stephens,  1824),  <  ML.  bernicla. 


Canada  Goose  ^Bernu 


Bemicla 

the  tiarnacle :  see  larnacle'^.'i    A  genns  of  geese, 
containing  the  baraacle-goose,  breut-goose,  and 
related  species,  which  have  black  bills,  black 
head  and  neck  -vrith  ivhlte  markings,  and  the 
general  color  dark,  with  white  or  light  tail-cov- 
erts.   The  type-species  is  A  ii;ier  beniida,  now  B.  leiicopsis; 
f»...  r.r.-nt-jroose  is  B.  brenta ;  the  black  breut  of  North 
1  15^ i>.  iii'jrtt:aii^ ;  the  common  wild  goose  of  North 
A,  or  Canada  goose,  is  B,  canadensis ;  Uutchins's 
-    i7  a  similar  but  smaller  species,  B.  hutching ;  there 
arv  others  also.     See  cuts  under  barnafle  and  brrnl-irooKe. 

bemicle,  bemicle-goose  (ber'ni-kl,  -gos),  «. 
[A form  of  barimch^,  liistoricaUy  obsolete,  but 
now  occasionally  used  with  ref.  to  the  XL. 
generic  name  Bemicla.']  The  barnacle  or  bar- 
nacle-goose.    See  barnacle^,  1. 

Bemissartia  (ber-ni-sar'ti-a),  71.  [NL.,  <  BfT- 
nissart.  name  of  a  quarry  in  Belgiimi.]  A  ge- 
nus of  extinct  Wealden  crocodiles,  t,^-pical  of 
the  family  Bcriiissartiidee,  whose  remains  have 
bt'in  found  in  a  quarry  in  Bernissart,  Belgium. 

Bemissartiidae  (ber-m-sar-ti'i-de),  n.2'J-  [NL.. 
<  Jientissartia  +  -irfff.]  A  famUy  of  extinct 
crocodilians.  The  technical  characteristics  are:  the 
choana;  comparatively  approximated;  the  supratemporal 
tosAX  smaller  than  the  orbits ;  a  well-defined  orbitolatero- 
temporal  sirnis  ;  the  doreal  plates  imbricated  and  forming 
more  than  two  longitudinal  rows;  and  the  lentral  arma- 
ture reduced  to  one  buckler  of  imbricated  plat«s.  The 
family  occurs  in  the  Wealden  and  Purbeck  formations. 

Bemoollian  (ber-no'lian),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  disi'overed  by  one  of  several  famous  mathe- 
maticians belonging  to  the  Basle  family  Ber- 
noulli, which  originated  in  Antwerp Bemoul- 

lian  function,  a  function  defined  by  an  equation  of  the 
fonu  A  F(jr)  =  X'.— Bemotilllan  numbers,  a  certain 
series  of  numbers  discovered  by  Jacob  IjernouUi  {1654- 
1705),  of  which  the  Urst  menibcr's  are  : 

l-j  =  J    r-»  =  3\t    Bo  =  ^    Bs  =  A    Bio  =  ^. 

BemouUlan  series,  in  math.,  the  series /o  =  /x  —  x/'z 

I-  x3 

+  p/"x  —  —/'"x+,etc 

bemonse,  ".    See  bumoose. 
berob   (be-rob'),  r.  t.     [<  ME.  lerohben ;  <.  Jc-1 
+  rub.]     To  rob ;  plunder. 

What  evill  starre 
t         On  you  liath  frowud,  and  pourd  his  influence  bad, 
'        That  of  your  self e  ye  thus  berobbed  arre '; 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  Tiii.  42. 

Beroe  (ber'o-e),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Bepdri,  one  of  the 
ocean  nymphs.]  The  tj'pical  genus  of  cteno- 
phorans  of  the  family  Beroida:  B.  furskali  is  an 
example.  The  species  are  of  the  size  ami  shape  of  a  small 
lemou.  The  Kenus  was  formerly  of  much  greater  extent 
than  now,  including  species  now  referred  to  other  fanii- 
lic-i,  iUi  Clldiiijif.  etc. 

beroid  (ber'o-id),  «.  A  ctenophoran  of  the 
fatiiilv  licrdifltc. 

Beroidae  (be-ro'i-de),  K.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bcroe  + 
-III)!.]  A  family  of  the  class  Ctcnojihora,  sub- 
kingdom  I'a'kiiteiatii,  having  the  body  globular 
or  oval,  without  oral  lobes  or  tentacles,  and 
with  fringed  appendages  of  the  periphery  of 
the  polar  spaces.  They  are  transparent  jelly-like  ma- 
rine oi-gani^^ms,  <)iffering  from  most  of  the  ctenophorans 
ill  liaviuK  a  large  tnouth  and  digestive  cavity.  Jtepresen- 
tJttivf  genera  are  Beroi;  Idi/ia,  and  J'andora. 

beroon  (be-rcin'),  «.  [Pers.  hirun,  without,  ex- 
terior.] 'rho  chief  court  of  a  Persian  dwelling- 
house.  8.  G.  >r.  Benjamin,  Persia  and  the  Per- 
HiuiiH. 

berret',  «.     See  beret. 

berret'-'  (ber'et),  n.  A  kind  of  opal  bead  of  the 
nizo  of  a  marble. 

It  Has  mttnt  amusing  to  witness  his  [the  chief  of  Latoo. 
I<a'«i  delight  at  a  string  of  fifty  little  Imrreli)  .  .  .  which 
I  had  brought  int^  the  country  for  the  first  time. 

Sir  S.  H'.  Baker,  Ueart  of  Africa,  xvl. 

berretta,  n.     See  biretln. 

berrettina  (ber-e-te'nii),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  ber- 
rilUt :  Huo  biretla.']  A  scarlet  skull-cap  worn 
by  carditialH.     Also  brntlina. 

berrl,  ".  The  Turkisli  mile,  of  which  there  are 
hai'l  to  bo  (KiJ  to  a  degree. 

berried  Ox-r'id),  a.  [<  ftern/i  +  -erf-'.]  1. 
1  111  ,i-ii.-.|  wifliberries:  as,  " tno  fcerrierf holly," 
hi'ii  .  —  2.  Of  the  form  or  nature  of  a  berry; 
buniit'-. — 3.  Jlavitig  egKH  or  spawn,  as  a  fe- 
mali'  loliHter  or  othiT  cruHtacean. 

berry'  nxr'i),  ». ;  pi.  fc^mra  (-iz).  [Karly  mod. 
1/  :iU<i  hirric,  <  MK.  brrij,  biric,  <  AH.  birir, 
I,,,,, I,  —  (>j.j_  ii-fi  (ii,  tciuberi,  grapej  =  ,M1). 
birr ,  u\ni)hc:e,  I),  bedc,  brii=  MLO.  hirr  =OII(l. 
Aim,  Mfl'l.  hrrr,  brr,  O.  I>ci-rc  =  Iccl.  bcr  =  Hw. 
b'n  iiifr  _  Ooth.  bum  (in  iriinabiisi  = 

' ''  AH.  irinberir,  '  wine-biTry,'  grapp) 

(ii'-'i  I  ii  in.  forma  mixed),  a  berry.    Origin 

unkti'.  •.  II ;  I.  sDiiK;  referred  to  till' root  of /"(re, 
tu  If  ih<-  ■  l.ir.  '  (,r  •uncoveri-d'  fruit.)  1.  In 
bol.:  (a)  In  ordinary  use,  any  nmtill  pulpy 
fruit,  Bs  the  hucklx'iCTTV,  Htrawborri/,  lilmk- 
beny,  mtilfrcrry,  checkorocrri/,  etc.,  of  wliich 


630 

only  the  first  is  a  berry  in  the  technical  sense. 
(6)  Technically,  a  simple  fruit  in  which  the 
entire  pericarp  is  fleshy,  excepting  the  outer 
skin  or  epicai-p,  as  the  banana,  tomato,  grape, 
cm'rant,  etc.  (o)  The  dry  kernel  of  certain 
kinds  of  grain,  etc.,  as  the  hcrrii  of  wheat  and 
barley,  or  the  eoSee-berri/.  See  cut  under 
icheai. — 2.  Something  resembling  a  berry,  as 
one  of  the  ova  or  eggs  of  lobsters,  crabs,  or 
other  crustaceans,  or  the  di-upe  of  Bhamniis 
iiifcctoriiis,  used  in  dyeing — Avignon  berry,  the 
drupe  of  Rfuiuinus  alaternus,  used  in  dyeing  yellow. 
.\lso  called  French  berry. 

berryi  (ber'i),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  berried,  ppr. 
berryimj.     [<  berrii\  m.]     1.  To  bear  or  pro- 
duce berries. —  2.  To  gather  berries :  as,  to  go 
btrryinff. 
berry-  (ber'i),  n. ;  pi.  berries  (-iz).    [Early  mod. 
E.  also  berye,  berie,  <  ME.  berijUe,  ber^e  (prop, 
dat.),  a  barrow:   see  barrow^.]     A  mound;  a 
barrow.     [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 
This  little  berri/  some  ycleep 
An  hillock. 

ir.  Browne,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  i.  2. 
Tlie  theatres  are  bern^s  for  the  fair : 
Like  ants  on  mole-hills  thither  they  repair. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love,  i.  103. 

berrySf  (ber'i),  ».'  [E.  dial.,  <  late  ME.  bery : 
see  burrou-.']  1.  A  biu'row,  especially  a  rab- 
bit's burrow. —  2.  An  excavation;  a  military 
mine, 
berry'  (her'i),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  berried,  jipr. 
berryiiii/.  [E.  dial,  and  Se.,<  ME.  bcrycii,  bcritn, 
<  AS.  'berian  (only  in  pp.  gebcrcd)  =  OHG. 
berja,  MHG.  berren,  bcren  =  loel.  berja  =  L. 
ferire  (>  ult.  E.  ferule,  interfere),  strike.]  1. 
To  beat ;  give  a  beating  to. 

Here  this  boy  is,  ge  bade  vs  go  bary 

With  battis. 
We  arc  combered  his  corpus  for  to  carry. 

York  Plays,  p.  834. 
2.  To  thresh  (grain,  etc.). 

I'll  berry  yotu-  crap  by  the  light  o*  the  moon. 

W.  yicholnon. 

berry^t,  n.  [Also  berrie;  a  corrupt  form  of 
jierrie,  pirrie:  see  jdrrie.]    A  gust  of  wind. 

bersaglieri  (bar-sii-lya'ri),  n.  })l.  [It.,  pi.  of  bcr- 
.'<ui/li(re,  a  sharpshooter,  <  bcrsaglio  (=  OF.  litr- 
.<<(iil,  bemeil),  a  mark,  butt,  <  "bcrciarc,  in  im- 
bcrciare,  aim  at  (=  OF.  bcrcer,  bersei-);  cf.  ML. 
bersarc,  shoot  with  the  bow,  hunt.  Cf .  ML.  brr- 
cellum  (var.  barbizellum),  a  battering-ram  ;  per- 
haps <  berbex,  L.  rervex,  a  wether,  ram.]  The 
name  for  riflemen  or  sharpshooters  in  the  Ital- 
ian army. 

berserk  (btr'strk),  «.  [<  Icel.  ierserfcr  (omit- 
ting, as  usual,  the  nom.  suffix  -r):  see  berser- 
/,■((•.]     Same  as  berserker. 

berserker  (ber's6r-k6r),  n.  [Also  berserkir  and 
hi  rsi  rl:,  <  Icel.  berserkr  (the  E.  retaining  the 
nom.  suffix  -)•),  pi.  berserkir;  commonly  ex- 
plainetl  as  'bare-sark,'  <  bcrr,  =  E.  &«»•<!,  -I- 
serkr,  >  E.  *'«)'A',  coat,  shirt;  but  prob.  rather 
'bear-sark,'  <  'beri,  m.  (only  in  comp.)  {bera,  f.), 
=  AS.  bera,  E.  bear-,  +  serkr.  "  In  olden  ages 
athletes  and  champions  used  to  wear  hides  of 
bears,  wolves,  and  reindeer  "  (Vigfusson).  The 
"berserker's  rag(> "  is  expressed  by  Iccl.  bvr- 
scrksifaiiiir,  <  iMrscrkr  +  (jaiiyr,  a  going,  esp.  a 
rapid  going,  furious  rush:  seef/foir/.]  1.  A  wild 
warrior  or  chatnpicm  of  heathen  times  in  Scan- 
dinavia. In  battle  the  berserkers  an  salil  to  have  been 
subject  to  fits  of  fury,  when  they  hoivlcd  like  wild  biasl.t, 
foamed  at  the  mouth,  gnawed  the  rim  of  their  sliiil.l», 
etc. :  and  on  sin-h  occasions  they  were  popnlutly  bclirvid 

to  be  jiroof  against  lire  and  steel.     Il-'om nly  written 

with  a  capital.] 

Out  of  unhnndseled  savage  nature,  out  of  terrible  Undds 
and  Berterkim,  come  at  last  Alfred  and  .shakspere. 

Kmcrmnt,  .Nlisc.,  p.  85. 
The  wild  pirates  of  the  Nortli  Sea  have  Income  con. 
verteil  Into  warriors  of  oriler  ami  ihampioiis  of  jicaceful 
freedom,  exhausting  what  still  renndns  <if  the  old  Iter- 
Hrrk  spirit  in  subduing  nature,  and  turning  tlie  wilderness 
Into  a  garden.  Ilnrtry,  Ainer.  Acldrisscs,  p.  IJI. 

Henco  —  2.  A  person  of  extreme  violence  and 
fury. 

berstlet,  »■     A  variant  of  bristle.     Chaucer. 

berth't,  «.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  birth^. 

berth-  (bi  r(h),  n.  [First  l'(iiiii(l  nl  tlio  end  (if 
IIk-  Kith  cctiluiy;  also  wriUcn  Injrth,  birlh  (Iho 
latter  Niielling  being  but  recently  obsolet  c) ;  <iri- 
gin  unknown  (Ihe  K.  dial,  birth,  a  place,  stii- 
tiim,  is  l)iit  a  later  use  of  Ihe  sami-  word) ;  jht- 
hapK  ult.  <liTive(lf like lheeurlii'r/irr//i'  —  birlli^) 
frotn  fc/Y/r'.]  1.  Saul.:  (a)  Sea-riMPin ;  hpai'o 
Id  pi  or  lo  be  kept  for  Hiifcly  or  (•oiivoiiietice 
lictweeii  a  vessel  utiiliT  sail  and  of liir  vessels 
or  Ihe  shore,  locks,  etc.:  especially  iti  Ihe 
]>hraHeH,  also  UBcd  ligiiralively,  to  f/iie  it  iiniid, 
clear,  or  aide  berth  to,  keep  a  wMv  berth  of 


berwick 

(to  keep  clear  of,  keep  well  away  from),  (ft) 
Koom  for  a  vessel  to  turn  around  or  to  ride  at 
anchor,  (e)  A  station  in  which  a  ship  lies  or 
can  lie,  whether  at  anchor  or  at  a  wharf,  (rf) 
A  room  or  an  apartment  in  a  ship  where  a 
number  of  officers  or  men  mess  and  reside, 
(f)  The  shelf-like  space  allotted  to  a  inissen- 
ger  in  a  vessel  (and  hence  in  a  railroad  sleep- 
ing-car) as  a  sleeping-place ;  a  sailor's  bunk 
on  board  ship ;  a  place  for  a  hammock,  or 
a  repository  for  chests. —  2.  A  post  or  an 
appointment;  situation;  emplojanent:  as,  he 
has  got  a  good  berth  at  last — Berth  and  space,  in 
ship-bnildinir,  the  distance  between  the  molding-edge  of 
one  timber  and  tile  molding-edge  of  the  one  next  Ut  it. 
berth-  (bOrth),  r.  t.  [<  bcrtlfi,  «.]  Xaiit.:  (a) 
To  assign  or  allot  anchoring-ground  to:  give 
space  to  lie  in,  as  a  ship  in  a  dock.  (6)  To  al- 
lot a  berth  or  berths  to:  as,  to  berth  a  ship's 
company. 

The  special  object  of  these  [changes  on  the  aj)proach  of 
winter)  was  the  economy  of  fuel  and  the  berthing  of  thfr 
whole  crew  below  deck.       C.  F.  Halt,  Polar  Exp.,  p.  122. 

berth^  (berth),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  byrth,  per- 
haps <  'berth,  n.  (not  found),  <  Icel.  byrdhi, 
board  or  side  of  a  ship,  <  bordh,  board:  se» 
board.]  To  board;  cover  with  boards :  chiefly 
in  ship-building. 

bertha  (ber'thii),  »i.  [Also  berthe,  after  F. ;  from, 
the  proper  name  iJer^a.]  1.  A  small  cape  worn, 
by  women  over  the  shoulders,  usually  crossed 
ill  front  and  open  at  the  throat. — 2.  A  trim- 
ming of  lace  or  of  other  material  in  the  shape 
of  a  small  cape  wont  round  the  upper  edge  of  » 
low-uecked  waist,  or  in  a  corresponding  posi- 
tion on  the  body  in  the  case  of  a  high-necked 
>vaist. 

berthage  (b^r'thaj),  n.  [<  berths  +  -age.]  1. 
The  dues  paid  by  a  vessel  anchored  in  a  harbor 
or  dock,  or  berthed  at  a  wharf. —  2.  Accommo- 
dation for  anchoring;  harborage. 

berth-brace  (bcrth'bras),  n.  A  metal  rod, 
rope,  or  chaiu  for  supporting  the  upper  berths 
of  a  sleeping-ear. 

berth-deck  (berth'dek),  n.  In  a  man-of-war, 
the  deck  next  below  the  gun-deck.     See  deck. 

berthe  (berth),  «.     [F.]     Same  as  bertha. 

ber'thierite  (b6r'thi-er-it),  «.  [After  Pierre 
/)()■;//(()',  a  French  mineralogist,  died  18G1.]  A 
sulphid  of  antimony  and  iron  occurring  in  dark 
stcil-gray  ju'israatic  crystals  or  fibrous  masses. 

berthing!  (ber'thing),  11.  [<  berth-  +  -»»(/!.] 
The  arrangement  of  berths  in  a  ship;  th» 
berths  collectively. 

Brrtliinff  requires  the  earliest  attention,  and  the  opera- 
tion may  be  facilitjited  by  having  a  plan  of  the  decks. 

Luce,  .Seamanship,  p.  2iH. 

berthing-  (b^r'thiug),  n.  [<  berth^  +  -ing^.] 
1.  The  (xtorior  planldng  of  a  ship's  side  above 
the  shcer-strake,  designated  as  the  berthing  of 
the  (luarter-deck,  of  the  poop,  or  of  the  forecas- 
tle, as  the  case  may  be;  the  bulwark.  [E'lgO 
—  2.  The  rising  or  working  up  of  the  planks  of  a 
ship's  side,     llaiiirrshi. 

ber'thing-rail  (ber'thlng-ral),  n.  In  ship-huild- 
nig.     Sec  extract. 

The  brrtliinil-rnit,  which  was  the  uppermost  rail  in  Ui» 
shij),  was  let  into  the  lace  piece,  and  had  an  iron  knee  at 
the  fore  end  embracing  the  rails  on  each  side.  It  also 
abutted  against  the  cathead,  ami  an  iron  knee  connected 
it  with  the  cathead  ami  ship's  side. 

Tliearle,  Naval  Arch.,  S  238. 

berth-latch  (bcrth'lach),  n.  A  spring-catch 
I'lir  keeping  the  upper  berth  of  a  sleeping-car 
ill  place  when  closed. 

Bertholletia(ber-tho-16'shi-ii), 91.  [NL., named 
alter  (!laude  Louis  lirrtholhl,  a  French  chem- 
ist, 1748-1822.]  A  genus  of  Mi/rtacea;  of  which 
only  one  species,  It.  cxctl^a,  is  known.    It  la  a 

tl'( f  largo  dimensions,  and  forms  vast  forests  on  the 

banks  of  Ihe  Anni/on,  Hlo  Negro,  and  Orinoco.  It  grows 
to  a  height  of  l.'iO  feet,  and  its  stem  is  from  :i  to  4  feet  in 
dlanii'lir.      The  fruit  Is  known  as  the  lirazlbinit  (which 

bertram,  bartram  0>('r'-,  biir'tram), «.  [A  cor- 

riipliou  of  ]j.  pi/nlhniiii ;  see  I'yrithritm.]  An 
old  iiaiiie  (if  the  jiliint  J'yrelhnim  I'lirlhcniltm, 
bnslnrd  jielliliirv  or  feverfew. 

bertrandite  (lM''r'tniiid-it),  h.    [After  E.  licr- 

triinil,  a  l''i'eiich  crvslallognipher.]  A  liydrouB 
Hllii'iiit^  of  glue  I II  mil,  oceiiri'liig  in  niiiiiili' iiHIio- 
rhdinbic  erysliils  in  jiegmalile  near  Nantes  in 
l''rn.iice. 

berwickt,  berewickt,  «.  [Used  only  as  a  his- 
liiriciil  term,  <  MK.  Iirnwil.r,  <  AS.  brrriric,  < 
/")•'•,  barley,  +  trie,  dwelling,  villnge:  see  heal* 
and  wick-,  and  cf.  Ixirlon.]  Siiiik-  as  barton,  1. 
In  the  courts  of  the  Forest  of  KnarcHlMtrough  each  of 
the  townships  or  brrnmcH  whh'h  form  Ibc  iinnior  of  tho 
forest  Is  representetl  liy  the  constalile  and  four  men  ;  from 


berwick 

these  the  jurors  of  the  leet  are  chosen  ;  anil  by  them  the 

nraenositus  or  crave,  and  the  bedel. 

,,iaepo8icus      b  S(w66s,  Const.  Hist.,  I.  120. 

A  fish  of  the  family  Bery- 


berycid  (ber'i-sid),  n. 
ciiliv.    Also  herycoid. 
Berycidse  (be-ris'i-de), 


pi.     [Nil.,  <  Beryx 


531  beset 

honey-yellow  masses,  also  less  frequently  in  ^^^^;^^^Z^:^^SZu^,en. 

isouiolnc  crvs1  ills.  /j.  Jonmn,  I'oetaster,  v.  1, 

berzeline  (b6r'ze-lm),  «.    i<  ^er'^elius  {see  ber-  (be-skuch'on),  v.  t.     [<   hc-T-   + 

.cHanite)   +  -ine^.l  _    1,  The_ copper  selemde  ^^escutclieon  ,(^V  «kuch^9J^^;,^t .^  .^  «^e„tcheon: 

as,  "  hesciilchconed  and  betagged,"  Churchill, 


usually  called  herselianitc. — 2.  A  name  early 
given  to  the  mineral  haiiyno. 


(lUnjc 


)  +  -idd'.']   A  family  of  acanthopterygian  ]jes  (bes),  ii.    [L.,  rarely  bessis  {hess-),  <  hi-,  two-, 


fishes,  of  which  Beryx  is  the  typical  genus.  Vary 
iiig  limits  have  been  assigned  to  it.    (a)  In  Gunther's  sys. 


Cautotepis  totigidens. 

teni  it  is  the  only  family  of  the  BertKiformes.  (h)  In  Gill's 
system  it  is  limited  to  Berycoidea,  with  a  single  dorsal  Bn 
h'aviTi),'  few  spines  in  front,  and  ventral  flns  with  many  soft 
rays  luid  moderate  spines.  It  includes  the  genera  Beryx, 
Aii'ijiliiauairr,  Cmdolepis,  and  others. 

beryciform  (be-ris'i-form),  a.  Having  the 
cliarai-f  ITS  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Beryciformes. 

Beryciformes  (be-ris-i-for'mez),  «.  pi.  [Nl., 
<  Beryx  {Beryc-)  +  Ij.  forma,  shape.]    In  ichth.. 


+  Hit  (ass-),  as, unit :  sec  as^.}'  In  Bom.  mctrol- 
0(jy,  two  thirds  of  a  unit  or  eight  twelfths  of  an 
as;  especially,  eight  cyathi  or  two  thirds  of 
a  sextarius;  also,  the  name  of  a  small  copper 
coin.     Also  hessi.'i. 

besa  (bo'sii),  ?(.  [Heb.]  A  measure  of  capacity 
mcul  iciiicd  in  rabbinical  writings,  equal  to  about 
one  sixth  of  a  United  States  pint. 

besabol  (bos'a-bol),  n.  [Ar.]  A  fragrant  res- 
inous balsam  obtained  from  a  biirseraeeouj, 
tree,  ('iiniiiiiphnra  kataf,  of  the  Somali  country 
in  eastern  Africa,  it  was  formerly  called  Fast  Indian 
inyrrh.  and  dilters  from  true  mynh  chiefly  in  its  odor. 
Also  bi^sahol. 

besagne  (be-san'),  n.  [OF.  hesange  (Koque- 
fort),  a  piece,  bit;  perhaps  same  as  OP.  bosant, 
bezant:  see  6cjn«i.]  In  medieval  armor,  a 
round  plate  protecting  the  interval  between 
two  pieces  of  plate-armor,  as  at  the  knee-joint 
or  elbow-joint.  During  the  period  from  the  flrst  in- 
troduction of  plate  in  the  earliest  rerehrac  to  the  com- 
plete suit  of  steel  (nearly  a  century  aTiil  a  half),  till-  pirilic- 
tion  of  these  joints  was  one  of  the  most  ditlicnU  prolilciiis, 
and  the  use  of  the  roundel  of  steel  (easy  to  forge  and  to 
attach),  to  protect  the  outer  side  of  the  elbow  or  knee,  was 
.almost  uinversal ;  it  it  disappeared  for  a  few  years,  it  was 
f>nly  to  come  into  use  again.    See  roundel. 


TllO  Oliost,  iv. 
beseet  (be-se'),  v.  [<  ME.  besen,  beseon,  Useon, 
<  AS.  Ijeiicdii,  look,  look  about  (=  OS.  bischan, 
OFries.  hisia  =  Goth.  Usaihwan),  <  he-  +  seon, 
see:  see  ftt-l  and  seel.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  look 
at;  see.— 2.  To  look  to;  see  to;  attend  to;  ar- 
range.— 3.  Reflexively,  to  look  about  one's  self ; 
looli  to  one's  self. 

II.  iutraiis.  To  look  about;  look. 
beseech  (be-sech'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  besought, 
ppr.  beseeching.  [Early  mod.  E.  (north.)  also 
heseek,  <  ME.  besechen,  hisechen,  also  beselcen 
(not  in  AS.)  (=  OFries.  6jseA-a  =  D.  bezneken  = 
OHG.  bisuochan,  MUG.  besuochcn,  G.  hesuchen 
=  Sw.  ie.TOte  =  Dan.  besiige,  visit,  go  to  see),  < 
be-  +  seJcen,  seek:  see  ie-l  and  .see/t.]  1.  To 
entreat ;  supplicate ;  implore ;  ask  or  pray  with 
m-gency:  followed  by  a  personal  object. 

I  Paul  myself  beseech  you  by  the  meekness  and  gentle- 
ness of  Clu-ist.  2  Cor.  x.  1. 
I  do  beseech  you 
(Chiefly,  that  I  might  set  it  in  my  prayers). 
What  is  your  name?               SUalc,  Tempest,  ill.  1. 

followed  by 


in  Giinther'ssystemof  classification,  the  second  besague  (bes'a-gu),  re.     [OF.,  also  bisatgue,  F. 

division  of  the  order  JcoHiftopferi/r//*,  character-     '--■—•"      ^~    '- ->-   ■'  t     >..<.    ^«..Wa    -4- 

ized  by  a  compressed  oblong  body,  a  head  with 

large   mueiferous   ca^■ities  covered  with  thin 

skin  only,  and  the  ventral  fins  thoracic  with 

one  spine  and  more  than  five  soft  rays  (in  Mo- 

nocentris  with  only  two). 
berycoid  (ber'i-koid),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  superfamUy  Berycoidea  or  family 

Berycidee. 

II.  n.  Same  as  berycid. 
Berycoidea  (ber-i-koi'de-a),  ».  pi.     [Nliv  <  Be- 

rifx  (Beryc-)  +  -oidea.']    A  superfamily  of  acan- 
thopterygian fishes  having  nearly  the   same 

limits  as  the  group  Beryciformes,  and  including 

the  families  Berycidfe,  Monocentridw,  Stejjhano- 

hen/cidxe,  and  Solocentridce. 
beryl  (ber'il),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  beiil,  berel,  ber- 

rel,  etc.,  <  ME.  beryl,  beril,  berel,  <  OF.  beril,  < 

L.  berylhis,  berilhis,  <  Gr.  ^iifrvXhiQ,  beryl,  per- 
haps <  Skt.  vaidurya  (with  lingual  d),  beryl.  Cf. 

Ar.  Pers.  ballur,  bellaur,  crystal]     A  colorless, 

bluish,    pinkish,   yellow,   or  more   eomnionly 

freen  mineral,  occurring  in  hexagonal  prisms, 
he  precious  emerald  is  a  variety  which  owes  its  beanty  besailt,_«. 


besalgiie  =  Pr!  bezagudo,  <  L.  his,  double,  -I- 
acuta,  acutiis, 
pointed,  sharp: 
see  bis-  and 
acute,  and  cf. 
E.  twibill.']  In 
medieval  antiq.: 
(a)  A  two- 
edged  or  two- 
pointed  wea- 
pon, especial- 
ly a  sort  of 
pick  having 
one  short  jjoint 
and  one   blunt 

or  four-pointed  head;  a  variety  of  the  martel- 
de-fer  (which  see),  (b)  A  carpenter's  tool  with 
perhaps  an  ax-blade  on  one  side  and  an  adz- 
blade  on  the  other. 
besaint  (be-siint'),  v.  f.  [<  Je-l  4-  saint]  To 
make  a  saint  of. 

Their  canonizing  .  .  .  and  besainiing  themselves. 

Hammond,  Works,  IV.  Ix. 

See  begant. 


Besagues.    (From  Viollct-le-Duc's  " 
Mobilier  fran^ais." ) 


of  color  to  the  presence  of  a  small  amount  of  chronnum 
See  emerald.  Aquamarine  is  a  pale-green  transparent  va- 
riety, also  used  as  a  gem,  though  not  highly  prized.  Beryl 
is  a  silicate  of  aluminium  and  beryllium  (glucinum).  The 
best  beryls  are  found  in  Brazil  and  Ceylon,  and  in  Transbai- 
kalia and  elsewhere  in  Siberia.  Beryls  occur  also  in  many 
parts  of  the  United  States,  especially  in  the  New  Eng- 
land States  and  North  Carolina ;  the  latter  State  has  af- 
forded some  good  emeralds. 

beryllia  (be-ril'i-a),  n. 
as  glucina. 

Befyllian  (be-ril'ian),  n.    One  of  a  sect  found- 
ed in  tlie  third  ceiitury  by  Beryllus,  bishop  of 
Bostra  in  Arabia,  who  taught  that  Christ  was 
non-existent  previous  to  his  incarnation,  and  '(jegcorn  (be-skoru'),  i'-  *•    [<  *e-^  +  scorn.l 
that  at  his  birth  a  portion  of  the  divine  nature     lYcat  with  scorn;  mock  at. 


bes-antler,  «.    See  bez-antJer. 

besaylet,  "■  [ME.,  <  OF.  besayel,  besaiol  (F. 
hisaieul),  a  great-grandfather,  <  bes-,  bis-  (<  L. 
bis,  twice)  -t-  ayel,  aiol,  aieid,  grandfather:  see 
bis-  and  ayle.'\  A  great-grandfather.— Writ  of 
besayle,  in  oM  law,  a  writ  by  which  a  great-grandchild, 
wrongfully  excluded  from  an  ancestor's  property,  vindi- 
cateil  his  or  her  claim  to  it. 

[<  be-'-  +  scatter.] 


[KLi.,<beryllium.'\  Same  bescatter  (be-skat'er),  ti.  <• 
To  scatter  over. 

With  flowres  bcscaUered.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  xi.  4G. 

The  battlemented  -^iae-bescattered  ridges  on  the  further 
gidg^  The  Century,  XXVII.  31). 


entered  into  him, 
berylline  (ber'i-lin),  a.    [<  beryl  +  -inei-.']   Like 

a  beryl ;  of  a  light-  or  bluish-green  color, 
beryllium (be-ril'i-um),«.   [NL.,<Gr./?)?pt'A;i;o)', 

dim.  of  mpvUoc,  beryl]     Same  as  glucinum. 
berylloid  (ber'i-loid),  re.     [<  beryl  +  -nid.J     A 

solid  consisting  of  two  twelve-sided  pyramids 

placed  base  to  base:   so   called  because  the 

planes  of  this  form  are  common  in  crystals  of 

bervl. 
Berytidae  (be-rit'i-de),  «.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Berytus 

+  -idw.'i      A  family  of  heteropterous  insects, 

containing  the  most  aberrant  bugs  of  the  series 

Coreoidea. 
Berytus  (be-ri'tus),  n.     [NL.]     A  genus  of  he- 


Then  was  he  bescorned  that  onely  should  have  been  hon- 
oured in  all  things.  Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

bescratch  (be-skrach'),  V-  t.    [<  6e-l  +  scratch^ 
To  scratch ;  'tear  with  the  nails.     Spenser,  F. 
Q-,  III-v.  3. 
bescrawl  (be-skr41'),  v.  t.     [<  6e-l  -I-  scrawl.^ 
To  scrawl ;  scribble  over. 

So  far  is  it  from  the  kenne  of  these  wretched  projectors 
of  ours  that  bescraull  their  Pamflets  every  day  with  new 
formes  of  government  for  our  Church. 

Miltan,  Church-Government,  l.  1. 

bescreen  (be-sfaen'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  screen.-] 
To  cover  with  a  screen,  or  as  with  a  screen ; 
shelter;  conceal 

Bescnened  in  night.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  2. 


mipteroas  insects,  typical  of  the  family  Be-  ]jgggi.ibble  (be-skrib'l),  v.  t.    [<  6e-l  -I-  scribble.'] 


ryiidw. 

Beryx  (ber'iks),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  percoid 
fishes,  typical  of  the  family  Beryeida:. 

berzelianite  (bfer-ze'lian-it),  n.  [<  Berzelian  (< 
B'lrzelius,  a  celebrated  Swedish  chemist,  1779- 
1848)  -I-  -itc^.']  A  rare  selenide  of  copper,  found 
in  thin  incrustations  of  a  silver-white  color. 

berzeliite  (bSr-ze'li-it),  n.  [<  BerzeUus  (see 
berzethinite)  +  -»(e2.]  An  arseniate  of  calci- 
um, magnesium,  and  manganese  occurring  in 


To  scribble  over. 

Bescribbled  mth  a  thousand  trifling  impertinences. 

Milton,  Divorce,  u.  12. 


bescumbert  (be-skum'ber),  V.  t.  [Also  bescum- 
mer,  <  ie-1  +' scmnber  or  scummer.]  To  dis- 
charge ordure  upon;  befoul;  besmear.  Mar- 
ston. 

Did  Block  bescumber 
Statute's  white  suit  mth  the  parchment  lace  there? 

£.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  V.  2 


2.    To  beg  eagerly  for;   solicit: 
the  thing  solicited. 

But  Eve  ...  at  his  feet 
Fell  humble;  and,  embracing  them,  besought 
His  peace.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  912', 

His  sad  eyes  did  beseech 
Some  look  from  hers,  so  blind  to  him,  so  blind  1 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  WT- 
=  Syn.  Ask,  Request,  Beg,  etc.  (see  ask),  plead  for  or  with,. 
l)etition,  conjure,  appeal  to. 
beseecht  (be-sech'),  re.      [<  beseech,  v.\     A  re'- 
quest:   as,  '"such  submiss  beseeches,'"  Fletcher 
(and  others).  Bloody  Brother,  iv.  2. 
beseecher  (be-se'cher),  n.     One  who  beseeches, 
beseechingly   (bf-se'ching-li),   adv.     In  a  be- 
seeching manner. 
beseechinguess  (be-se'ching-nes),  n.   The  state 
or  quality  of  being  beseeching  or  earnestly  so- 
licitous.    George  Eliot. 
beseechment  (be-sech'ment),  n.     [<  beseech  + 
-mciit.]     The  act  of  beseeching.     Goodwin. 
beseekt  (be-sek'),  v.  t.     Obsolete  variant  of  be- 
seech.    Chaucer. 

There  with  prayers  meeke 
And  mvld  entreaty  lodging  did  for  her  beseeke. 

Syenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  iii.  37. 

beseem  (be-sem'),  v.  [<  ME.  besemen,  bisemen, 
<  be-  +  semen,  seem :  see  6e-l  and  seem.]  I.f 
intrans.  1.  To  seem. 

As  beseemed  right.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.x.  26. 

2.  To  be  seemly ;  be  meet. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  become;  be  fit  for  or  wor- 
thy of. 

Grave,  beseemino  ornament.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1. 

In  general,  it  has  a  quiet,  didactic  tone,  such  as  beseems 
its  subject  and  its  age.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  91. 

2t.  To  seem  fit  for. 

But  foui-e  of  them  the  battell  best  beseemed. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  ix.  20. 

beseemingt  (be-se'ming),  re.     Comeliness. 

beseemingly  (be-se'ming-li),   adv.      In   a  be- 
seeming manner. 
To  beseemingness  (be-se'ming-nes),  n.   The  qual- 
ity of  being  beseeming. 

beseemlyt  (be-sem'li),  a.  [<  beseem,  confused 
witli  sdiidy.i  Seemly;  fit:  suitable:  as,  "6e- 
.iirmhj  order,"  Shenstone,  Schoolmistress. 

beseent  (be-sen'),  pp.  [<  ME.  beseyn,  besein, 
hesei/e,  byscyn,  etc.,  pro-vided.  arrayed,  having 
a  certain  appearance,  pp.  of  besen,  beseon,  be- 
see:  seebesee.]  1.  Seen;  -viewed;  with  refer- 
ence to  appearance,  looking :  as,  a  weil-beseen 
man. 

Arayd  in  .  ,  .  sad  habiliments  right  well  beseene. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xii.  5. 

Hence — 2.  Clad;  arrayed;  equipped. 

The  Curate  in  his  best  beseene  solemnly  received  him  at 
the  Churchyard  stile. 

B.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall,  p.  137  b. 

3.  Provided  with  as  accomplishments;  fur- 
nished. 

beseket,  ''•  *•  A  Middle  EngUsh  spelling  of  be- 
seech. 

besenna  (be-sen'a),  n.    Same  as  mesenna. 

beset  (be-sef),  «".  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beset,  ppr. 
besetting.  [<  ME.  besetten,  bisetten,  <  AS.  be- 
scttan  (=  OFries.  bisetta  =  D.  bezetten  =  LG. 
besetten  =  OHG.  bisezan,  MHG.  G.  besetzen  = 
Sw.  besdtta  =  D.  besirtte  =  Goth,  bisatjan),  sur- 
round, <  be-,  about,  +  settan,  set:  see  6e-l  and 


beset 

set.]  It.  To  set  or  place. —  2.  To  set  or  place 
upon :  distribute  over;  bestad ;  besprinkle :  now 
only  in  the  perfect  participle. 

The  garden  is  so  beset  with  all  manner  of  sweete  shrubbs. 
that  it  perfumes  the  aire.        Etelyn,  Diary,  Oct  22,  I650. 

A  robe  of  azure  beset  with  drops  of  gold. 

Spectator,  No.  425. 

BtKt  on  its  external  surface  with  spines. 

IT.  B.  Carpenter,  5Iicros.,  §  532. 

3.  To  come  upon  or  against ;  set  upon  in  at- 
tack, or  so  as  to  perplex,  endanger,  or  hem  in ; 
press  upon  severely,  vigorously,  or  from  aU 
sides :  as,  to  beset  one  with  blows  or  with  en- 
treaties. 

Let  us  laj*  aside  .  .  .  the  sin  which  doth  so  easily  6e*-(.'f  us. 

Heb.  xii.  1. 

We  are  beset  with  thieves.        Shah.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

Adam  sore  beset  replied.  Stilton,  P.  L.,  x.  124. 

Let  thy  troops  beset  our  gates.  Addison,  Cato. 

We  had  been  beset  [with  icej  fifteen  days,  and  had 
drifted  twenty-two  miles  to  the  southward. 

A.  n'.  Greety,  Arctic  Senice,  ixxviiL 

The  main  difficulty  besetting  the  theorj*  of  the  excava- 
tion of  the  rock  basins  by  ice  is  to  e.vplain  how  the  ice 
after  entering  the  basin  manages  to  get  out  again. 

J.  Crolt,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  254. 

4t.  To  employ;  spend;  use  up.     Chaucer. —  5t. 
To  become ;  suit ;  look  well  on — To  be  beset  ont, 
to  be  occupied  with ;  have  one's  mind  fixed  on. 
God  wolde, 
S>Ti  thou  most  love  thurgh  thy  destenee 
That  thou  beset  rcere  on  swich  on  that  sholde 
Know  al  thi  wo,  al  lakkede  here  pitee. 

Chaueer,  Troilus,  i.  521. 

besetment  (be-set'ment),  n.    [<  beset  +  -ment.'] 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  beset. 

The  breeze  freshened  off  shore,  breaking  np  and  send- 
ing out  the  floes,  the  leads  rapidly  closing.  Fearing  a  be- 
tetment,  I  determined  to  fasten  to  an  iceberg. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  I.  33. 

2.  The  sin  or  failing  to  which  one  is  most  li- 
able ;  a  besetting  sin  or  tendency.  [From  the 
expression  in  Heb.  xii.  1.] 

It's  ray  besetment  to  forget  where  I  am,  and  everything 
arriund  me.  Geortje  Elir>t. 

bese'tting  (be-set'ing),  p.  a.  Habitually  at- 
tacking or  waylaying. 

We  have  all  nf  us  our  besettinij  sins,  our  special  moral 
daii^rer,  and  our  special  moral  strength. 

J.  F.  Clarke,  Sell-Culture,  ix. 

besewt  (be-so'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beseieen,  <  be-  +  sew- 
(71,  sew:  see  ic-l  and  .s-eifl.]    To  sew.    Gower. 

beseyet,  pp.    A  Middle  English  form  of  beseeii . 

besha  (be'sha),  H.  An  ancient  Egyptian  mea- 
sure of  capacity,  said  to  be  equal  to  4.5  liters, 
or  one  imperial  gallon. 

besbett,  iJ>i>-  A  past  participle  of  6e«7iM<.  CVkik- 
rrr. 

beshinet  (be-slun'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  beshone, 
jipr.  III. shining.  [<  ME.  bc.shinen,  bischinen,  < 
AS.  i(j»cinaK  (=  OFries.  hischina  =  1).  beschijnen 
=  OHG.  bisceinan,  MHG.  beschinen,  G.  bescheinen 
=  Goth.  biskcinan),  shine  upon,  <  be-  +  scinan, 
sthine  :  see  6e-l  and  shine."]  To  shine  about  or 
upon.     Chaucer. 

[.She]  was  as  fair  a  creature  as  the  sun  might  beshine. 

Benjn,  1.  3S1. 

besblik  (besh'lik),  n.  A  Turkish  silver  coin,  of 
t  111'  value  of  Jl  United  States  cents.  Also  beslik. 
beshmet  (bcsh'met),  n.  [Native  term.]  An 
article  of  food  consisting  of  grapes  made  into 
the  consistenee  of  honey,  used  among  the  tribes 
tit  tlic  mountainous  districts  of  Aam  Minor, 
beshonet  (be-shon').    Preterit  and  past  purtici- 

jil"'  of  liishine. 
besho'W  (be-sho'),  II.    A  nuine  given  by  the  In- 
ilmii'i  of  the  strait  of  .Tuan  do  fnca  to  the  can- 
ill'-liNh,  AnoploponM  fimbria.      Hee  cut  under 
rftiiiHr-Jish. 
beshrew  'be-shrii'),  r.  t.      [<  ME.  bcshrewen, 
I  111-.  ,   |,irv('i-t,   <   be-  +  shrew :   si'O  ic-l  and 
shrill^.]     If.  To  wish  a  curse  to ;  execrate. 
Alle  »tiche  freendU  1  beshreuv.  Rom.  o/the  Hose. 

^' ,  a  bUiMOm  from  the  IkiiikIi  : 
I'.iil  ifhreir  bin  In  iirl  ilml  ipiill'd  It. 

Fli-leher,  Faltblul  Hhcpherdeiui,  Iv.  2. 

N  ny.  '|i"''h  the  cock  :  but  I  limhreu!  tu  b<illi, 
If  I  )H-lii:vc  a  saint  ii\Hm  IiIh  oath, 

ttnjden.  Cock  anil  Fox. 

2.  In  mwlem  n.se,  a  mildly  iinpn'catory  or 
merely  expletive  introductory  exdiiiuation,  in 
the  form  of  the  imperative. 

BahrtiP  your  Itcari, 
Fair  dnnghter  I  you  do  ilnw  my  nplritii  from  mo. 

Shall. .  2  Hen.  IV.,  II.  8. 

B4thre\e  mc,  but  It  w««  an  alMuiliil"'  kikkI  )cil. 

n.  .I'inson,  Kvi-ry  Man  In  tiio  lluniour,  lit.  2. 
BiAnw  the  Kjtul.ro  pencil :  nalil  I  vntmilriKly. 

Sterne,  Hcntltiiental  Jourip  y. 


532 

It  was  an  idle  bolt  I  sent,  against  the  villain  crow ; 
Fair  sir,  I  fear  it  harmed  thy  hand ;  beshreic  my  erring  bow ! 
Bryant,  Strange  Lady. 

beshroud  (be-shroud'),  r.  t.  [<  be-^  +  shroud.] 
To  cover  with  or  as  with  a  shroud;  hide  in 
darkness,  as  ■with  a  cloak. 

beshutt  (be-shuf),  r.  /.  [<  ME.  beshiittcn,  bi- 
shetten.  <  be-  -t-  shutten,  shut :  see  be-1  andshut.] 
To  shut  in  or  inclose :  shut  up  or  confine. 

besiclometer  (bes-i-klom'e-t6r).  n.  [<  F.  besi- 
des, spectacles  (modified  (as  if  <  bes,  L.  bis, 
twice,  +  L.  ocuhis,  eye)  <  OF.  bericle,  crj'stal, 
spectacles,  dim.  <  L.  beriillus:  see  beri/l  and 
brills),  +  Gr.  fierpor,  a  measure.]  An  "instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  distance  between  the 
hinges  of  a  pair  of  spectacles;  a  forehead-mea- 
sure. 

beside  (bf-sid'),  adv.  Aniprep.,  prop.  2irep.phr. 
[<  ME.  beside,  biside,  byside,  besidcn,  bisidcn, 
etc.,  also  (with  adv.  gen.  suffix  -es)  besides,  bi- 
sictes,  adv.  and  prep.,  <  AS.  be  sidan  (=  MHG. 
besiten,  be^ite),  by  (the)  side:  be,  prep.,  E.  by  : 
sfdan,  dat.  of  side,  side.]  I.  adv.  Same  as  6c- 
si'dcs,  which  is  now  the  common  form. 

II.  prep.  1 .  At  the  side  of ;  near :  as,  sit  down 
beside  me,  or  beside  the  stream. 
Beside  him  hung  his  bow,  Milton,  P.  L.,  \i.  763. 

I  walking  to  and  fro  beside  a  stream. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

2.  Over  and  above ;  distinct  from.  [In  this 
sense  now  rare,  besides  being  used  instead.] 

A  woollen  shirt  is  generally  the  only  article  of  dress 
worn  by  the  monks,  besid.:  tlie  turban. 

E.  If.  Lane,  llodern  Egjptians,  II.  316. 

3t.  Out  of ;  away  from. 

One  of  them  taking  displeasure  with  his  father  .  .  .  step- 
ped to  him,  and  plucking  her  [a  falcon]  beside  [out  of]  his 
fist,  >vrong  her  neck. 

HoUnshed,  Chron.,  Scotland  (ed.  1806),  II.  CO. 

Neleus,  Son  of  Codrus,  being  put  beside  [out  of]  the  King, 
dom  of  Athens  by  his  younger  Brother  Medon. 

Stanley,  Hist.  Philos.  (ed.  1701).    (X  E.  D.) 

4.  Apart  from;  not  connected  with;  not  ac- 
cording to. 

It  is  beside  my  present  business  to  enlarge  upon  this 
speculation.  Locke. 

5t.  Contrary  to. 
.It  Durham,  beside  all  expectation,  I  met  an  old  friend. 
Johnson,  Letters  (ed.  1788),  I.  Ixxiii.  106. 

6.  Out  of ;  in  a  state  de'viating  from. 
Enough 
To  put  him  quite  beside  his  patience. 

67iaA-„  1  Hen.  I\'.,  iii.  1. 
7t.  Without. 

Execut  was  al  byside  hire  leve. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  622. 

Beside  the  mark,  away  from  the  mark  aimed  at ;  not  to 
the  point;  in-elevant  or  irrelevantly:  as,  to  shoot  or  to 
argue  beside  the  mark. 

To  reason  with  such  a  writer  is  like  talking  to  a  deaf 
man  who  catches  at  a  stray  word,  nnikes  answer  beside  the 
mark,  and  is  led  fiuther  and  further  into  error  by  every 
attempt  to  explain. 

Macaulay,  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Ooverniuent. 

To  be  beside  one's  self,  to  lie  out  of  one's  wits  or  flenses ; 
In;  in  a  lii^'li  state  of  mental  exaltation  or  excitement ;  lose 
one's  aelf-coniniand  tln-ough  strong  feeling. 

Paul,  thott  art  beside  thyself;  niuch  learning  doth  make 
thee  mad.  Acts  xxvi.  24. 

He  came  domi  with  a  hiigi'  long  naked  weapon  in  botli 
his  hands,  and  looked  sodreadlnlly .'  sure  he's  beside  him- 
^elf.  li.  Jonsfin,  F'pictene,  iv.  2. 

To  go  besldet,  to  pass  by  ;  pass  over.  — To  look  besldel, 
to  overlook  ;  fail  to  see;  miss  seeing. 
Let  vs  but  open  our  eyes,  we  cannot  looke  beside  a  lesson. 
Bp.  Halt  (1027),  Epistles,  Iv.  341. 
=  Syn.  Beside,  Besides.  Beside,  by  the  side  of ;  besides.  In 
addition  to. 

Then  went  Sir  Bedlvere  the  second  time 
Acrosa  the  ridge,  and  paced  beside  the  mere. 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

His  IMulcy  Ablll  Hassan's]  kingiloni  now  contained  four- 
teen cities,  nincty.seven  f<)rtillcii  places,  liesides  nnuwrtiu^ 
nnwallcd  towns  and  \illages  defenilcd  by  formidable  cuh- 
tI,H.  /rtn'nj/,  Gnmadii,  p.  ];{. 

besideryt  (htj-si'do-ri),  »•  [Origin  unknown.] 
A  snccK^H  of  pear,     .fohn.ion. 

besides  (be-sidz'),  adv.  and  prep.  [<  MK.  hr- 
siilr.i,  hisiiliH,  <  beside  +  adv.  gen.  suftlx  -is:  hi'h 
beside.]    I,  adv.  1.  Moreover;  more  than  that; 

further. 

Tlie  match 
Were  rlrli  and  honourable  ;  liesidrt,  the  geiilluman 
Is  full  of  virtue,  iHiiinly,  worth,  and  i|niillllc« 
Ih'scendng  su<;h  a  » lie  us  vour  fair  diiugliler. 

.s'/i.iJt.,T.  (i.  of  v.,  111.  1, 

2.  In  addition;  over  and  above;  as  well. 

'Die  men  said  unto  Ixil,  llast  thou  here  any  IftiiUi' 

Gen.  x\%.  12. 

Tllrre  arc /MiTi'dr*  many  jHinii »  volumes,  someembowt'd 

with  gold,  and  Intatfllaa  on  nelintJt,  mcdnllrw,  etc. 

Hvelyn,  Diary,  .'Icpl.  2,  lOMO. 


besmear 

3.  Not  included  in  that  mentioned ;  otherwise; 
else. 

She  does  %vrite  to  me 
.\s  if  her  heart  were  mines  of  adamant 
To  all  the  world  besides. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  iii.  L 

4t.  On  one  side ;  aside. 

To  gon  besydes  in  the  weye. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  405. 
Thou  canst  not  light ;  the  blows  thou  mak'st  at  me 
.Vre  quite  besides.    Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  4, 

Sometimes  beside. 

11.  prep.  If.  By  tie  side  of;  near.  Spenser. — 
2.  Over  and  above;  separate  or  distinct  from; 
in  addition  to:  as,  besides  these  honors  he  re- 
ceived much  money. —  3.  Other  than;  except; 
bating. 

No  liWng  creature  ever  walks  in  it  besides  the  chaplain. 
Addison,  Spectator,  No.  110. 

4t.  Beyond ;  away  from :  as,  quite  besides  the 
sub.iect.  — Besides  himselft,  beside  himself.  Holland, 
tr.  of  Livy,  p.  4:»t'..  =  Syu.  Beside,  Besides.  Sec  beside,  IL 
besiege  (bo-sej'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  besieged, 
ppr.  besieging.  [<  ME.  besegen,  bisegen,  <  be-  + 
segen,  besiege :  see  be-^  and  siege,  r.']  1.  To  lay 
siege  to;  beleaguer;  beset  or  stuTOiuid  with 
armed  forces  for  the  purpose  of  couipelling  to 
surrender,  either  by  famine  or  by  violent  at- 
tacks: as,  to  besiege  a  castle  or  city. 

Till  Paris  was  besicg'd,  famish'd,  and  lost. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  ■\rL,  L  3. 
2.  To  beset;  throng  around ;  harass. 

All  frailties  that  besiege  all  kinds  of  blood. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cix. 
The  arras,  rich  with  horseman,  hawk,  and  hound, 
Flntter'd  in  the  besieging  wind's  uproar. 
And  the  long  cai'pets  rose  along  the  gusty  floor. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  xL 
-  Syn.  L  To  beset,  hem  in,  invest,  blockade, 
besieged  (be-sejd'),  p-  a.  In  astral.,  said  of  a 
]il:uR't  whiok  is  between  two  others, 
besiegement  (be-sej'meiit),  «.  [<  besiege  ■^■ 
-ment.]  1.  The'act  of  besieging. —  2.  A  state 
of  siege ;  beleaguermeut. 

It  is  not  probable,  however,  that  Pemberton  would  have 
permitted  a  close  besiegement. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  495. 

besieger  (be-se'j6r),  «.     One  who  besieges. 

On  tlie  27th  of  November,  the  besiegers  made  n  despe- 
rate though  ineffectual  lissault  on  the  city. 

Prescott,  VeVii.  and  Isa..  ii.  23, 

besieging  (be-se'jing),».  a.  Surrounding  in  a 
hostile  manner;  employed  in  a  siege:  as,  a 
hisiigini/  army. 

besiegingly  (be-se'jing-li),  adi:  lu  a  besieging 
niniuior.      [Rare.] 

besil'Ver  (be-sil'vSr),  f.  t.  [<  6e-l  -1-  silver.] 
To  cover  with  or  as  with  silver.     G.  Fletcher. 

besing  (be-sing'),  r.  t.  [<  ^c-l  +  sing.]  To  sing 
about ;  celebrate  in  song.     Varlyle. 

besitt  (l)e-sit'),  I',  t.  [<  ME.  besitttn,  <  AS.  bc- 
sitlan,  sit  about,  <  be-,  about,  -H  sittan,  sit:  see 
ftf-l  and  sit,  and  cf.  llio  causal  form  beset.]  1. 
To  sit  about;  bosiogo. —  2.  To  sit  upon. —  3. 
To  sit  properly  upon,  as  clothes ;  suit ;  bo- 
come. 

That  which  is  tor  Ladies  most  besiUing. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  19. 

beslabbert  (be-slab'6r),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  beslaber- 
(•«,  also  be.slnberen  (=  LG.  beshibbrrn),  <  be-  -h 
slabcrcn,  slabber,  slobber :  see  be-'^  and  slabber, 
slabber.]  To  beslaver ;  beslobber.  I'iers  I'loiv- 
inaii. 
besla'^e  (be-slav'),  v.  t.  [<  6c-l  +  slave.]  To 
make  a  slave  of;  enslave. 
[Covetousness]  besUti'es  the  nITectlons. 

Qitarles,  .TudginiMit  and  Mercy. 
besla'Ver  (be-slav'6r),  r.  t.     [<  /)(-!   -I-  .slaver^. 
t't.  btslablier.]     To  cover  with  slaver,  or  any- 
thing suggesting  slaver;  hence,  to  cover  with 
fiilsonio  llattery. 
beslik  (b(>s'lik),  n.     Same  as  beshlik. 
beslime  (be-Hlim')j  r.  t.     [<  /«;-!  +  slime.]     To 
daub  with  or  as  with  slime;  soil. 

Our  fry  of  writers  nuiy  beslime  his  fame. 

B.  ,/onson.  Pro!,  to  Toetastor. 

beslobber  (be-slob'^r),  f.  t.  \<.'MV..  heslnhiren, 
Hiimo  lis  hisliiiirren  :  see  beslidihir.]  To  bi'smciir 
or  befoul  will)  H|iittlo  or  iniylliiiig  ninnitig  I'l'oin 
tho  nioiitli;  Hlnbbi'i-  over  with  cITiisivi'  kisscH; 
lieni'i',  to  lliiltcr  ill  a  fulsome  manner  or  to  a 
fiilsonio  dogree. 

beslubber  ( lie-slub't'r),  v.  t.  [Var.  of  be.ilobber.] 
Tu  besuicar  or  b(<foul. 

Beshiblter  our  giirmcntswllh  It  [blood]. 

•S'/oi/,..  1  Men.  IV.,  II.  4. 

be8lurry(bt'-sliir'i),i>. /.  [</»■-'  +  K.<\\»\.  slurry, 
Hiiil:  HOC  .v/»r.]     To  soil.     Driiylon.     ( Kai-e.] 

besmear  (be-wnOr'),  »>.  I.     [Early  i 1.  K.  also 

bcsmeir,  hcsmcrc,  bcsmire,  etc.,  <  MIO.  bismior- 


besmear 

wfn,  <  AS.  'hismerunan,  hesmyrian  (=  MHG.  he- 
smirwen),  besmear,  <  he-  +  smyrwan,  smierwan, 
smear :  see  6r-l  and  xmcur.']  To  smear  over  or 
about;  bedaub;  overspreiid  with  any  viscous 
matter,  or  with  any  soft  substance  that  adheres ; 
hence,  to  foul ;  soil ;  sully. 

ily  honimr  would  not  let  ingratitude 
So  much  besmear  it.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  i. 

His  dear  friends  Acates  and  Acanthes 
Lie  in  the  field  besmired  in  their  bloods. 

Chapman,  Blind  Beggar. 

Her  gushing  blood  the  pavement  all  besmear'd. 

Dry  den. 

besmearer  (be-smer'6r),  n.   One  who  besmears. 

besmirch  (be-'smerch'),».  *•     [<  he-^  +  smirch.'\ 

To  soil ;  djseolor,  as  with  soot  or  mud ;  hence, 

to  sully  ;  obscure.     [The  figurative  use  is  now 

the  more  common  one.] 

Our  gayness,  and  our  gilt,  are  all  besmircKd 
With  rainy  marciiing  in  the  painful  field. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  3. 

The  dishonor  that  besmirches  the  husband  of  a  faithless 

woman.  Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  p.  87. 

besmoke  (be-smok'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  besmoken,  < 
Ic-i.   +■  smohen,  smoke:   see  6e-l  and  smoJcc.'] 

1.  To  befoul  or  fill  with  smoke. —  2.  To  harden 
or  dry  in  smoke.  Johnson. — 3.  To  fumigate. 
[Rare.] 

besmooth  (be-smoTH'),  «'■  t.     [<  fte-l  +  smooth.} 

To  make  smooth.     Chapman. 
besmoteredt,  pp.     [ME.,  pp.  of  'lesmoteren ; 

appar.  freq.  of  besmut,  which,  however,  does 

not  .appear  in  ME.]     Smutted;  spotted;  made 

dirty. 

A  gepouu 
Al  bysinotered  with  his  habergeoun. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  7fi. 

besmut  (be-smuf),  v.t;  pret.  and  pp.  besmut^ 

ted,   ppr.   hesmutting.     [<   be-^    +   smut.']     To 

blacken  with  smut ;  foul  with  soot. 
besmutch  (bf-smuch'),  v.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  smutch.] 

To  besmirch."    Carlyle. 
besnow   (be-sno'),  V.  t.      [With  altered  vowel 

(after  snow),  for  earlier  besneu;  <  ME.  besnewen, 

<  AS.  besniiean  (=MHG.  hesnlcii,  G.  beschneien), 

<  be-  +  sniwan,  snow:  see  he-^  and  snow.]  To 
cover  with  or  as  with  snow ;  whiten. 

A  third  thy  white  and  small  hand  shall  besnow. 

Carew,  To  Lady  Anne  Hay. 

besnuflf  (bf-snuf'),  v.  t.      [<  6e-l  +  snuff.]     To 
befoul  with  snuff.     [Eare.] 
Unwashed  her  hands,  and  much  beanuffed  her  face. 

Young,  Satires,  vi. 
besogniot,  «•     Seebisognio. 
besoil  (be-soil'),  r.  /.     [<  ME.  besoylen,  <  6f-l  + 
soiUn,  soil:  see  fte-l  and  soil.]     To  soil;  stain; 
sully. 

Venerable  too  is  the  rugged  face,  all  weather-tanned, 
hesoiled,  with  its  rude  intelligence. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Kesartus,  iii.  4. 

besom  (be'zum),  n.  [<  ME.  besum,  besem.  besme, 
a  broom,  a  rod,<  AS.  besema,  besma,  a  rod,  in  pi. 
a  bundle  of  twigs  or  rods  used  as  a  broom,  also 
as  an  instrument  of  punishment,  =  OFries. 
besma  =  OD.  bessem,  D.  bczem  =  LG.  bessen  = 
OHG.  besamo,  MHG.  besemc,_  G.  besen,  a  broom, 
a  rod;  orig.  perhaps  a  twig,  hence  a  bundle 
of  twigs,  a  broom.]  1.  A  brush  of  twigs  for 
sweeping ;  hence,  a  broom  of  any  kind. 

1  will  sweep  it  with  the  besom  of  destruction,  saith  the 
Lord  of  hosts.  Is.  xiv.  23. 

The  Lord  Bacon  was  wont  to  commend  the  advice  of 
the  plain  old  man  at  Buxton,  that  sold  besoms. 

Bueun's  Apophfheyms,  p.  190. 

There  is  little  to  the  rake  to  get  after  the  bissome. 

Scotch  proverb,  in  Ray  (167S),  p.  S'.W. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  common  broom  of  Eu- 
rope, Cytisiis  scoparius,  and  to  the  heather,  Cal- 
luna  vulgaris,  because  both  are  used  for  besoms. 
— 3.  [Pron.  biz'um.]  A  contemptuous  epithet 
for  a  low,  worthless  woman.     [Scotch.] 

besom  (be'zum),  *.  /.  [<  besom,  n.]  To  sweep 
as  with  a  besom.     Cowper.     [Rare.] 

besomer  (be'zum-er),  n.   One  who  uses  a  besom. 

besoothment  (be-soTH'ment),  n.  [<  *besoothe 
(not  in  use)  (<  fc'e-l  +  soothe)  +  -ment.]  That 
which  yields  consolation ;  solace ;  comfort. 
Quarterly  Rev.     [Rare.] 

besortt  {be-s6rt'),  V.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  sort.]     To 
suit;  fit;  become. 
Such  men  as  may  besort  your  age.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

besortt  (be-sorf),  n.  [<  besort,  v.]  Something 
fitting  or  appropriate ;  suitable  company. 

I  crave  fit  disposition  for  my  wife,  .  .  . 

With  such  accommodation  and  besort 

As  levels  with  her  breeding.       Shak..  Othello,  i.  3. 

besot  (be-sof),  !'.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  besotted, 
ppr.  besotting.  [<  6e-l  +  sot.]  1.  To  infat- 
uate ;  make  a  dotard  of. 


533 

A  fellow  sincerely  besotted  on  his  own  wife. 

li.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  Pref. 

2.  To  stiipcfy;  affect  with  mental  or  moral 
stupidity  or  blindness. 

A  weak  and  besotted  prince — who  had  .  .  .  produced 
a  revolt  in  wliich  six  thousand  lives  were  lost  — is  per- 
mitted, uinnolested  and  in  safety,  to  leave  the  city. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  517. 

3.  To  make  sottish,  as  with  drink;  make  a 
sot  of. 

Permitted  ...  to  besot  themselves  in  the  company  of 
theu'  favourite  revellers.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

besotment  (be-sot'ment),  n.  [<  besot  +  -ment.] 
The  act  of  making  one's  self  sottish  by  drink; 
the  state  of  being  besotted. 

The  debasing  habit  of  unsocial  besotment  is  not  l)rought 
under  the  eyes  of  his  superior.  liidwer. 

besotted  (be-sot'ed),  ;;.  a.  1.  Characterized  by 
or  indicative  of  stupidity;  stupid;  infatuated. 

Besotted,  base  ingratitude.  Milton,  Conius,  1.  778. 

Historical  painting  had  sunk  ...  on  the  north  into  the 
patient  devotion  of  besotted  lives  to  delineations  of  bricks 
and  fogs,  fat  cattle  and  ditch  water.  Buskin. 

2.  Made  sottish  by  drink ;  stupefied  by  habit- 
ual intoxication. 

besottedly  (be-sot'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  besotted 
or  foolish  manner. 

besottedness  (be-sot'ed-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  besotted ;  stupidity ;  arrant  folly ;  infat- 
uation. 

besottingly  (be-sot'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  besotting 
manner. 

besought  (be-sof).  Preterit  and  past  participle 
of  beseech. 

besour  (bf-sonr'),  r.  t.  [<  Se-l  +  sour.]  To 
make  sour.     Hammond. 

besouth  (be-south'),  ^»-f;).  [<  M'E.be-sotcth ;  <. 
6e-2  +  south.  Cf.  benorth.]  To  the  south  of. 
[Scotch.] 

bespangle  (be-spang'gl),  v.  t.  [<  ie-l  -t-  span- 
gle.] To  adorn  with  spangles;  dot  or  sprinkle 
with  small  glittering  objects. 

Not  Berenice's  lock  first  rose  so  bright, 

The  heav'ns  bespangling  with  dishevell'd  light. 

Pope,  K.  of  the  L.,  v.  ISO. 

bespat  (be-spaf).     Preterit  of  bespit. 
bespatter  (be-spat'er),  V.  t.     [<  6e-i  +  spatter.] 
X.   To  soil  by  spattering;  sprinkle  with  any- 
thing   liquid,   or  with   any  wet  or   adhesive 
substance. —  2.  Figuratively,  to  asperse  with 
calumny  or  reproach. 
Wliom  never  faction  could  bespatter.    Swi.ft,  On  Poetry. 
bespattlet  (be-spat'l),  v.  t.     [<  ftc-l  +  spattle.] 

To  spit  on.     Bp.  Bale. 
bespawlt  (be-spal'),  V.   t.     [<  be-l   +  spawl.] 
To  soil  or  make  foul  with  or  as  with  spittle. 

Bespaicls 
The  conscious  time  with  humorous  foam  and  brawls. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 

This  remonstrant  would  invest  himself  conditionally 
with  all  the  rheum  of  the  town,  that  he  might  have  suffi- 
cient to  bespawl  his  brethren. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Eemonst. 

bespeak  (be-spek'),  v. ;  pret.  bespoke  (formerly 
bespake),  pp.  bespoken,  bespoke,  ppr.  bespeak- 
ing. [<  ME.  bespekcn,  bispeken,  speak,  agree 
upon,  complain,  <  AS.  besprecan,  complain  (= 
OS.  bisprekan  =  OFries.  bispreka  =  D.  bespreken 
=  OHG.  bisprehhan,  MHG.  G.  besprechen,  be- 
speak), <  be-  +  sprecan,  speak:  see  &e-l  and 
speak.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  speak  for  beforehand ; 
engage  in  advance;  make  arrangements  for: 
as,  to  bespeak  a  place  in  a  theater. 

Staying  in  Paul's  Churchyard,  to  fcrajJcaJrOgilby's.Esop's 
Fables  and  TuUys  Offlcys  to  be  bound  for  me. 

Pepys,  Diary,  I.  138. 

'Tis  very  true,  ma'am  ;  every  thing  is  fixed,  and  the  wed- 
ding liveries  bespoke.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 
2.  To  stipulate,  solicit,  or  ask  for,  as  a  favor: 
as,  to  bespeak  a  calm  bearing. 

This  is  a  sinister  and  politic  kind  of  charity,  whereby 

we  seem  to  bespeak  the  pities  of  men  in  the  like  occasions. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Eeligio  Jledici,  ii.  2. 

3t.  To  forebode ;  foretell. 

They  started  tears,  bespoke  dangers,  and  formed  omi- 
nous prognosticks,  to  scare  the  allies.  Swift. 

4.  To  speak  to ;  addi-ess.  [In  this  sense  mostly 
poetical.] 

He  thus  the  queen  bespoke.  Dryden. 

5.  To  betoken;  show;  indicate,  as  by  signs. 
When  the  abbot  of  St.  Martin  was  born,  he  had  so  little 

the  figm-e  of  a  man  that  it  bespoke  him  rather  a  monster. 

Locke. 
His  face  bespeaks 
A  deep  and  simple  meekness. 

Wordsit'orth,  The  Borderers,  i. 
The  object,  alike  paltry  and  impossible,  of  this  ambi- 
tion, bespoke  the  narrow  mind. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  613. 


Bessel's  function 

Il.t  inirans.  To  speak  up  or  out;  exclaim; 
speak. 

Until  their  Lord  himself  bespoke,  and  bid  them  go. 

Milton,  Nativity,  vi. 

And  thus  the  chief  bespake.  Cowper,  Iliad,  ii.  201. 

bespeak  (be-spek'),  n.  [(.bespeak, r.,\.]  Among 
actors  in  Great  Britain,  a  benefit :  so  called 
from  the  bespeaking  of  patronage  by  the  actors, 
or  of  the  play  by  the  patrons.     See  benefit,  5. 

bespeaker  (>ie-.spe'ker),  n.     One  who  bespeaks. 

bespeaking  (be-spe'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  be- 
speak.] The  act  of  speaking  for  or  soliciting; 
solicitation. 

A  preface,  therefore,  which  ia  but  a  bespeaki^i{f  of  favour, 
is  altogether  useless.       Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  Pref. 

bespeckle  (be-spek'l),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  speckle.] 
To  mark  with' speckles,  spots,  or  binght  patches. 

Bespeckted  her  with  .  .  .  gaudy  allurements. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  L 

bespendt  (be-spend'),  V.  t.  [<  Je-1  +  spend.] 
To  expend;  bestow;  employ. 

All  his  craft 
Bespent  about  the  bed. 

Ctiapman,  Odyssey,  viii. 

bespett,  V.  t.  [ME.  bespeten  (weak  verb^pp. 
besjjct,  bespat),  <  be-T-  +  speten,  <  AS.  spwtan, 
spit:  see  spit,  and  cf.  bespit.]    To  bespit. 

bespe'W  (be-spu'),  r.  t.  [<  6e-i  -I-  spew.]  To 
spew  or  vomit  on. 

bespice  (be-spis'),  r.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  spice.]  To 
season  witli  spices  or  drugs;  hence,  to  drug; 
poison. 

Ay,  and  thou. 
His  cup-bearer,  .  .  .  mightst  bespice  a  cup. 
To  give  mine  enemy  a  lasting  wink. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  L  2. 

bespirtt,  ".  t.     See  bespurt. 

bespit  (be-spif),  V.  t.;  pret.  bespit,  hespat,  pp. 
bespit,  be'spittcn,  bespitted,  ppr.  besjntting.  [< 
ME.  bispitten,  <  bi-  +  sjjitten,  spit:  see  6e-l  and 
sjnt,  and  cf.  bespet.]  To  spit  upon;  soil  with 
spittle. 

bespoke  (be-sp6k').  Preterit  and  past  partici- 
ple of  bespeak. 

bespot  (be-spof),  v.  t.     [<  ME.  bispotten,  <  bi- 

+  spotteyi,  spot:  see  be-^  and  spot.]     To  make 

spots  on ;  mark  with  spots  ;  cover  with  or  as 

with  blots  or  blemishes. 

Lcspotted  so  with  sin.        Drayton,  Matilda  to  K.  JohB. 

bespread  (be-spred'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  spread.] 
To  spread  over;  cover  with. 

His  nuptial  bed. 
With  curious  needles  wrought,  and  painted  flowers  be- 
spread. Dryden. 

bespreng  (be-spreng'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  bespreiigen, 
bisprengeii  (pp.  besprenged,  bespreynt,  etc.),  < 
AS.  besprengan  (=  D.  and  G.  besprengen),  be- 
sprinkle, <  be-  -h  sprengan,  sprinkle:  see  be-^ 
and  spreng,  and  cf.  besprinkle.]  1.  To  sprinkle 
over;  besprinkle:  as,  "besprent  with  teares," 
Alir.  for  Mags.,  p.  26. 

The  floor  with  tassels  of  fir  was  besprent. 

Longfellow,  Wayside  Inn,  King  Olaf,  iv. 

2.  To  spread;  scatter. 

His  silver  tresses  thin  besprent. 

T.  Warton,  Grave  of  King  Arthur. 

[Obsolete  except  in  the  perfect  participle  be- 
sprent.] 
besprent  (be-sprent'),  p.  a.     [Pp.  of  bespreng.] 

Besprinkled. 

In  the  ^ovier-besprent  meadows  his  genius  we  trace. 

Wordsworth,  At  Vallombrosa. 

besprinkle  (be- spring 'kl),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  -I- 
sprinkle.  Cf.  bespreng.]  To  sprinkle  over; 
scatter  over :  as,  to  besprinkle  with  dust. 

Herodotus  .  .  .   hath  besprinkled  his  work  with  many 
fabulosities.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Besprinkles  with  Cimmerian  dew.  Pope,  Dunciad,  iii  4. 

besprinkler  (bf-spring'kler),  n.  One  who  be- 
sprinkles. 

bespurt,  bespirtt  (be-spert'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  -I- 
spurt.]  To  spurt  out  or  over;  throw  out  in  a 
stream  or  streams. 

Well  bespurted  with  his  own  holy  water. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

bespurtlet  (be-sper'tl),  r.  t.  [<  be-i-  +  spurtle.] 
To  bespatter,'  as  with  conttunely;  asperse. 

I  give  thy  dogged  sullennes  free  libertie :  trot  about,  and 
besjntrtle  whom  thou  pleasest. 

Marston  and  Webster,  The  Malcontent,  L  2. 

besputter  (be-sput'er),  V.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  sptitter.] 
To  sputter  over. 

Besselian  (be-sel'yan),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  ori- 
ginated by  the  German  astronomer  Friedrich 
WUhelmBessel  (1784-1846) — Besselian  function. 
Same  as  Be.^scl's function  (which  see,  under /uncfio?j). 

Bessel's  function.    See  function. 


Bessemer  converter 
Bessemer  converter,  iron,  process,  steel,  etc. 

See  the  nouns.  ^     ^      *, 

Bessera  (bos'e-rii),  n.  [>rL.,  named  after  the 
KvLSsian  naturalist  Besser.2  A  genus  of  Mexi- 
can bulbous  liliaceous  plants,  consisting  of  a 
single  species,  £.  elegans,  frequently  cultivated. 
Its  showy  crimson  flowers  are  borne  in  a  termi- 
nal umbel. 

tessisXbes'is),  n.     Same  as  6fs. 

bessognet,  "•    See  hinogno. 

best  (best),  a.  and  n.  (superlative  of  good). 
[See  better,  a.,  and  good.']  I.  a.  1 .  Of  the  highest 
quality,  excellence,  or  standing:  said  of  both 
persons  and  things  in  regard  to  mental,  moral, 
or  physical  qualities,  whether  inherent  or  ac- 
quired: as.  the  6fsf  writers  and  speakers;  the 
best  families ;  the  best  judgment :  the  best  years 
of  one's  life;  a  house  built  of  the  6e«t materials,  best  (best),  r.  t. 


534 
6fS«-behaved  boy  in  the  school ;  the  6es«-culti-  bestial   (bes'tial) 
vated  fields. 

Speak  ye,  who  best  can  tell. 

Milton,  P.  L,  V.  160. 
Most  solicitous  how  best 
He  may  compensate  for  a  day  of  sloth. 

Cou'per,  Task,  iv. 
He  prayeth  best  who  loveth  bc.it 
All  things  both  great  ami  small. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  vii.  23. 

2.  In  or  to  the  highest  degree ;  to  the  fullest 
extent;  most  fully:  as,  those  who  know  him 
best  speak  highly  "of  him ;  those  best  informed 
say  so ;  the  ftesf-abused  man  in  town. 

Old  fiishions  please  me  best.      Sliak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  1. 

Tell  whom  thou  lovest  best.       Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

I  relish  best  the  free  gifts  of  Providence. 

Baivthorne,  Old  Manse,  I, 


[<  best,  a.  or  k.]     1. 


■nijen  he  is  best,  he  is  a  little  worse  than  a  man ;  and 
when  he  is  worst,  he  is  little  better  than  a  beast. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  1.  2. 

What  she  wills  to  do  or  say 
Seems  wisest,  ^irtuousest,  discreetest,  best. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  550. 

2.  Of  greatest  advantage,  usefulness,  or  suita- 


the  better  of ;  outdo ;  surpass. 

I  cannot  stand  quiet  and  see  the  dissenters  best  the  es- 
tablishment.      Trafford,  World  in  Ch.,  ii.  77.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

2.  To  overreach  or  outwit :  as,  to  best  a  client. 
—  3.  To  defeat  in  a  contest;  do  better  than; 
beat;  hence,  in  pugilism,  to  thrash  soimdly; 
drub;  defeat  at  fisticuffs 


To 


bilitv  for  the  purpose  intended ;  most  advan-  ^ggtadt    An  obsolete  preterit  corresponding  to 
tagebus,   suitable,  appropriate,  or  desirable :     jj^^        '^  participle  bestead^. 
as,  the  bett  man  for  the  place ;  the  best  way  to  ijggta,in  (be-stan'),  r.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  stain.'] 
do  anything.  "'      " 

His  best  companions,  innocence  and  health. 

And  his  best  riches,  ignorance  of  wealth. 

Gotdtmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  61. 

3.  Most  kind,  beneficent,  or  good :  applied  to 
persons:  as.  the  best  husband  imaginable ;  which 
of  your  brothers  is  best  to  you  T  —  4.  Largest ; 
greatest ;  most :  as,  we  spent  the  best  part  of 
three  days  in  getting  there — Best  man,  tin- 
groomsman  or  chief  attendant  on  the  bridegroom  at  a 
wedding. 


mark  with  "stains;  discolor;  spot, 

All  with  blood  bestain  his  cheeks. 

Percy's  Jieliques,  p.  1.'14. 

bestand  (be-stand'),  r.  t.  [<  be-^  +  stand.']  To 
serve ;  be  of  service  to ;  be  ready  to  serve  or 
aid.     [Rare.] 

To  such  practical  lessons  as  would  always  bestand  them 
„,.ll  D.  G.  Mitctiell,  Bound  Together. 

best-best  (best'best),  n.    The  very  best:  some 
times 
quality 


bestorm 

a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bestialis,  < 
bcstia,  beast:  see  beast.]  I.  «.  1.  Belonging 
to  a  beast  or  to  the  class  of  beasts;  animal. 

Of  shape  part  human,  part  bestial.  Tatler,  No.  49. 

2.  Ha^"ing  the  qualities  of  a  beast ;  brutal;  be- 
low tlie  dignity  of  reason  or  humanity;  carnal: 
as,  a  bestial  appetite. 

I  have  lost  the  immortal  part  of  myself,  and  what  re- 
mains is  bestial.  Skak.,  Othello,  ii.  S. 
Bestial  automaton.  See  automaton.  —  Bestial  slfn, 
in  nxIroL.  a  zodiacal  sign  denoted  tiy  a  quadrupid,  .\ne8, 
Taurus,  l.eo,  Sagittarius,  or  Capriconuis.  =  Sjm.  Brutish, 
Bestial,  etc.  fsee  bnile'l:  vile,  depraved,  sensual. 

II.  n.    [<  LL.  bestiale,  cattle,  neut.  of  L.  bes- 
tialis :  see  above.]     1.  In  Scot.s  law,  the  cattle 
on  a  farm  taken  collectively. —  2\.  A  work  on 
,i,i,i,r  .      zoology.     Brewer. 

T^apt  bestiality  (bes-tial'i-ti),  «.     [<  LL.  bestialitas,  < 
^        bestialis  :  see  bestial.]     1.  The  qualities  or  na- 
tui-e  of  a  beast;  conduct  or  mental  condition 
unworthy  of  human  nature  ;  beastliness. 

WHiat  can  be  a  greater  absurdity  than  to  affirm  6es(iai- 

ilu  to  lie  the  essence  of  humanity,  and  darkness  the  centre 

of  light  ?  Martinus  Scriblertts. 

2.  Uniiiituval  connection  with  a  beast. 

bestialize  (bes'tial-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bes- 

tiali^cd.  ppr.  bestiali::ing.    [<  bestial,  a.,  +  -ize."] 

To  make  like  a  beast ;  bring  or  reduce  to  the 

state  or  condition  of  a  beast. 

Tlie  process  of  bestialisinri  humanity.  Sare. 

bestially  (bes'tial-i),  adv.    In  a  bestial  man- 

ukT ;  brutally ;  "as  a  brute  beast, 
bestiant  (bes'tian),  a.     Of  or  belonging  to  the 
beast  spoken  61  in  the  Apocalypse  (Bev.  xiii. 

XX.). 

bestianismt   (bes'tian-izm),  n.     [<   bestian   + 
The  power  of  the  beast.     See  besti<in. 


,^^t^^:^  •"''  """"'•"  """'"  "  ""'  ""^.^*""  besteail  (bf-sted'),  ..  t.;  pret,  and  pp.  bestead 


best  ( best- oest),  fl..  rne very  oest:  some-  v'g*-2rian  (bes-ti-a'ri-an),  «.  [<  L.  bestia,  a 
s  used  in  trade  to  indicate  the  very  best  ''^If^^^l^J,.^^,,  .  suggested  by  humanitarian.-] 
'*"  One  who  is  an  advocate  of  the  kind  treatment 

of  animals;  specifically,  in  Great  Britain,  an 
antivivisei'tiouist. 
bestiary  (bes'ti-a-ri),  n.  [<  ML.  besiia-rium, 
neat,  of  L.  beslia'riiis.  pertaining  to  wild  beasts 
(as  a  n.,  a  beast-fighter),  <  bestia,  a  wild  beast.] 
It.  A  figliter  with  wild  beasts  in  the  ancient 
Roman  amphitheater.— 2.  A  name  formerly 
sometimes  given  to  a  book  treating  of  animals. 
Mr.  Watkins  has,  however,  gone  further  back,  and  com- 
mences witli  Hoiucr  and  Ilesiod.  His  opening  chapter, 
"  A  Homeric  Uestiarii,"  is  one  ot  the  most  charactertstio 
and  satisfactory  portions  of  Ids  work. 

X.  and  Q.,  6th  ser,.  XI.  260. 

bestiate  (bes'ti-at),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  besti- 
ated,  i>pr.  besdatiiKj.  [<  L.  bestin,  a  beast,  -t- 
•aiei.]     To  make  beastly;  bestialize.    [Rare.] 

Drunkenness  bestiate.'i  the  heart. 

Jl.  Junius,  .sinno  Stigmatized,  p.  2SS. 


bridegroom. 

In  our  own  marriages  the  best  man  seems  originally 
tu  have  been  the  chief  abettor  of  the  bridegroom  in  the 
act  of  capture.  Dancin,  Des.  of  Man,  II.  xx. 

Best  work,  in  mining,  the  richest  class  of  ore.— To  put 
one's  best  foot  foremost.    See  foot. 

n.  "•  1.  The  highest  possible  state  of  ex- 
cellence; the  best  quality  or  property  of  a 
person  or  thing. 

Yf  thou  wylte  levc  in  peas  &  Kcste, 
Here,  &  see,  &  sey  the  beste. 

Prop.  0/  Good  Countei,  62. 

But  you,  O  you. 
So  perfect,  and  so  peerless,  are  created 
Of  every  creature's  best.     Shak.,  Tempest,  ill.  1. 

2.  All  that  one  can  do,  or  show  in  one's  self : 

often  used  in  this  sense  with  the  possessive 

pronouns  m//,  thy,  his,  their,  etc. :  as,  I  will  do 

TOy^c.^(  to  advance  your  interests;  she  is  bent  ""•"  A',ii/7,'Haue  with  you  to  Saftronwalden.  Vestick  (be-stik'),  r.  ^  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bestiick, 

on  looking  hcrl^st;  he  did  all  he  could  to  ap-  ^  ^,        ,,      g^,  j,,^,^.  pp"^,!^,/,/'/,;,.     [<  be-l  4  stielA.]   Y.  To  sticli 

T>«ar  at  h,s  best  in  that  oerformanco.  halted  bestead  (be-sted'),  P-  a.     [Prop,  only    Ii  tlie  surlace  of ;   cover  over.- 2.  To  pierce 

as  a  pp.  or  \k  a.;' but  Spenser  uses  a  pret.     in  various  places ;  pierce  tlirough  and  through. 

c.Hlad  and  pp.   Iwstedded,  and  other  authors 
.  ^t    ..*    r /    'K\^?     I.....*..,; 


.(/,  besteil,  ppr.  besteading.     [<  fcc-l  +  stead,  r. 
support,  help.]     1.    To  help;  assist.— 2.    To 
profit;  benefit;  serve;  avail. 

Kcmember  this,  Gil  Bias,  .  .  .  pay  your  court  to  Signior 
Rodriguez,  .  .  .  his  friendship  will  bestead  you  much. 

''       '  Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  iii.  3. 

In  this  ship  was  great  store  of  dry  Newfoundland  fish, 
.  .  .  the  same  being  so  new  and  good  as  it  did  very  grcitly 
bestead  us  in  the  whole  course  of  our  voyage. 

Sir  F.  Drake,  West  India  Voyage. 
Hence,  vain  deluding  .Toys, 
The  brood  of  Folly  without  father  bred  ! 
How  little  you  bested 
Or  fill  the  fixed  mind  with  all  your  toys  ! 

Milli:ii.  II  I'l'iiseroso,  1.  X 

bestead^t (be-sted'),  v.  t.  [<  ie-i  +  stead,  place.] 
To  take  the  place  of. 

Hys  missing  ot  the  Vniuersitle  Oratorship,  wherein  Doc- 
tor Perne  besteaded  him. 


pear  at  his  best  in  that  performanc 

Then  gan  I  him  to  comfort  all  7/11/  best. 

Spenser,  Dapiniatda,  1.  liH). 

Win  shall  I  not,  but  do  m;/  best  to  win. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

At  best,  in  the  utmost  degree  or  extent  applicable  to  the 
case  ;  in,  life  Is  at  best  very  short. 

The  Law  ot  England  Is  at  best  but  the  reason  of  I'arlia. 
nn-nl.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  x. 

For  bestt.  Anally ;  for  good  and  all. 

lliose  constitutions  ...  are  now  established  /or  brM, 
and  nut  to  be  mended.  Hilton.^ 

For  the  best,  »o  ns  to  secure  the  most  advantageous  re. 
suit;  with  the  best  Intentions.— The  best.    (")  The  best 
people  collectively  ;  tli.me  of  the  highisl  standing  In  any 
respect,  but  especially  socially  or  Intellectually. 
Tliroiig,  their  rags  and  they. 
The  bnwst,  far  lnt<i  that  count  ilhall 
Where  »lt  the  bat  and  staU-llest  of  the  land. 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

((.)  The  best  things,  or  a  thing  ot  the  best  quality :  as,  he 
alwu)'4  buys  tlie  tx'sl ;  dressed  In  f>ui;'h  lust. 

The  lails  and  lassies  In  their  bent 

Were  dressed  from  top  t*»  toe. 

X.  Raruford,  Oypsylng. 

"n  ,    ■  '  ,liantage  In  (a  contest  or  proceeding) 

.  trointhistart  A.  II.  hail  (/"•  ("•«(«/ It. 

I  one  emed.  .Steele  has  certalldy  the 

I  ...    ,1. /V«im,  Inlrod.  to.stcele,  p.  xxxix. 
T'                       lient  of,  to  use  Ut  the  Ix'st  ailvantagc ;  get 

I  .rn  to  carry  IhclrcommodlUes  whiTe 

I I  t  of  thcin.  Il'iron. 

<i"  ..,:■  ..I  tiling,  ni 

.1 


bCi.t 
hrllir.  II 
Hllitnbji' 
com:  iu 


'.  oi 

■I 

ml, 
1  1. 
.nnor 


,.i,.i,M"-'i 
I  ill  fi.rtnfK-  or  j,  1 
one's  way,  i"  iravi  I  ■ 


|.ii. 


To 

I  »ilb 


(8in>i'rlfttlv«<    of    itcH).      [Hoe 

III  itio  rnoHt  exoollent  or  inoHt 

Willi  iriont  n<lviiiit«Ke  or  hui'- 

liii  wlio  runs  hf^l  gctH  the  prize;  tlie 


be —  ^   r,-- 

have  adopted  preai'iit  fonns;  <  ME.  bested, 
bisied,  commonly  bestad,  bislad,  earliest  forms 
bistathed,  bisteathcl,  pp.,  without  pres.  or  pret. 
(=  Dan.  bestedt),  <  hr-  +  stad,  stadd,  later 
sted,  etc.,  <  leel.  staddr  =  S\v.  stiidd,  circuni- 
stanced,  pp.  oisMhja,  fix.  appoint,  =AS.  slteth- 
thaii,  set,  set  fast,  plant,  <  stitth,  a  place,  re- 
lated to  stcdc,  a  place,  stead:  see  .ilead  and 
steady.]  1.  Placed;  situated:  of  things.— 2. 
I'laeed  or  circumstanced  as  to  condition,  con- 
venience, benefit,  and  the  like;  situated:  of 
persons. 

.she  salth  that  she  shall  not  be  glad, 

Till  that  she  se  liyni  so  liestad. 

(/oiwr,  Conf.  Amant.,  I. 
Many  far  worse  bestead  than  ourselves.  Barrow. 

Ill  old  liassora's schools  I  seemed 

lliniilt  vowed  to  books  and  gloom,— 

111  bested  tor  gay  liridi'grooni. 

Emerson,  llcmilone. 

3t.  Disposed  mentally ;  ttfTected  :  nsj  "sorrow- 
fully bcstad,"  Chaucer.— M.  Provided;  fiir- 
nislicd. 

Tile  Ladle,  III  of  friends  Uitrddrd. 

Sjienier,  V.  I}.,  IV.  1.  3. 

[Tills  word  is  scarcely  if  at  all  used  now,  ox- 
.•(•pt  in  Hiich  jilirascH  lis  ill  or  sore  brsUd.] 
Bestise  (heH'ti-e).  «./''.     |N1-.,  pi.  of  L.  bestia, 
11  beast:  seo  lien.il.]     A  Hiiliiiidcr  of  llio  iiiam- 
iiialilin  order  Iiiserlironi,  iiicliiding  Hie  true  iii- 
hectivorcH  hh  iliHliiigMlslii'd   from   the  fnigivo- 
l-ous  liiiUiipillieeidii-,  liaviiig  Hie  liliiliH  fitted  for 
wiilkiiig.  but  not  for  llyliig  dicing  dcvolil  of  n 
juiriicliiile),  and  the  lower  liiciHorH  not   lie. 
nate.    Tlie  groilli  contiiiiiM  the  whole  of  llie 
der,  excepting  tlio  fumily  jnsl  iiiimed, 


rriith  shall  retire, 
Itesluek  »  ith  slanderous  liarts. 

.Milton,  P.  L.,  xll.  53(1. 

In  these  little  visual  interpretations  Ivalentinesl  no 

cmbleiii  is  so  common  as  the  heart,  .  .  .  the  bestuek  and 

li|i,,,iiiiig  heart.  Lamb,  Valentine's  Day. 

bestill  (be-stil'),  r.  t.  [<  6«-l  +  stiHl.]  To 
make  (piiet  or  still. 

t'oiiinierce  bestilled  her  nniiiy-iiationed  tongue. 

J.  Cnnninijham,  KIcglac  Ode. 

[Ill  the  folloniiig  passage  unccrtiiln : 

They,  bestiWd 
Almost  to  jelly  with  the  act  of  fear. 
Stand  dumb,  and  speak  not,  to  him, 

.s'/inA-.,  Hamlet,  1,  2. 
Tills  is  the  reading  of  the  folios;  the  qimrtiis  and  mod- 
iril  editions  lead  distilled.] 

bestir  (be-st,er'),  r.  t.;  prot.  and  p]i.  bestirred, 
jijir.  bestirring.  [<  MIO.  lirsti/rirn,  beslirieii,  bc- 
sterien,  bestir,  <  AH.  besh/rian,  heap  up,  )iile  up, 
<  be-  +  .ityrian,  stir:  see  be-i  and  stir.]  To  put 
into  brisk  or  vigorous  action ;  rellexively,  move 
with  life  and  vigor:  as,  bestir  yourself. 

You  have  .  .  .  bestirred  your  valour. 

.sVm*.,  Lear,  II.  2. 

('oiiie  on,  clowns,  forsake  your  dumps, 
Anil  (iinJir  your  liobnalli'd  stilin|is. 

/(.  .Innson,  The  Satyr. 

Itiinsc  and  bestir  themselves  ere  well  awake. 

Milton,  V.  1...  I.  .'t.'U. 

bestness  (liesl'iicH).  )i.     U  best  + -nesa.]    The 

•liiiility  of  lieiiig  best.     [Uaro.] 

The  hestnmt  of  a  thing. 

//;).  ^fortoii,  Episcopacy  ABserted.  9  *■ 

i-  beRtorm  (be-slArin'),  r.  I.      [<  '"^-  +  "'"'■'"  ■    ""^ 

r-     iloHeoiiiloil  'from  AH.  Iirslyrman  =  ().  hisliiriiiin 

=  Hw.  bistorma.  =  ].)au.  bestornw,  attack  with 


bestorm 

storm,  agitate.]  To  overtake  with  a  storm ; 
assail  with  storms :  as,  "  boats  bestormed,"  Sir 
IK  Davviiant,  Gondibort,  iii.  0. 

AH  is  sea  besides, 
Sinks  under  us,  bestornut,  and  then  devours. 

Young,  Nii^lit  Tlioughts,  iv. 

bestow  (be-sto'),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  hestowcn,  histow- 
(«;  <  6c-l  +  sloa\  place:  see  stow.']  1.  To  lay 
up  in  store;  deposit  for  safe  keeping;  stow; 
place. 

I  luive  no  room  where  to  bestow  my  fruits.    Luke  xii.  17. 

He  bestowed  it  in  a  pouch  lined  with  perfumed  leather. 

Scott. 

To  all  appearance  I  must  be  [engaged]  for  many  months 
to  come  in  turning  out,  examining,  sorting,  and  bestoitnng 
these  materials. 

Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray,  8tli  Ann.  Add.  to  Philol.  Soc. 

2.  To  lodge,  or  find  quarters  for;  provide  with 
accommodation. 

Well,  my  masters,  I'll  leave  him  with  you ;  now  I  see 
him  bestowed,  I'll  go  look  for  my  goods. 

B.  Jonson,  Bai'tholomew  Fair,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  dispose  of. 

Give  me  but  tlie  name  and  nature  of  your  malefactor, 
and  I'll  bestow  him  according  to  his  merits. 

Middletoii  (and  others).  The  Widow,  i.  1. 

4.  To  give ;  confer ;  impart  gratuitously :  fol- 
lowed by  on  or  upon  before  the  recipient:  as, 
to  bestoio  praise  or  blame  impartially. 

Consecrate  yourselves  .  .  .  to  the  Lord, .  .  .  that  he  may 

•bestow  upon  you  a  blessing.  Ex.  xxxii.  29. 

Though  I  bestow  all  my  goods  to  feed  the  poor  .  .  .  and 

have  not  charity,  it  proflteth  me  nothing.       1  Cor.  xiii.  3. 

Around  its  entry  nodding  poppies  grow, 

And  all  cool  simples  that  sweet  rest  bestow. 

Dryden,  Ceyx  and  Alcyone,  1.  287. 
Did  you  bestoio  your  fortune,  or  did  you  only  lend  it? 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixvi. 

6.  To  give  in  marriage. 

I  could  have  bestowed  her  upon  a  fine  gentleman.  Taller. 
6.  To  apply ;  make  use  of ;  use ;  employ. 

I  determine  to  bestow 
Some  time  in  learning  languages  abroad. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  i.  1. 

Otherwise  the  whole  force  of  the  war  would  have  been 
infallibly  bestowed  there.  Swi^ft. 

7t.  To  behave  or  deport. 

The  boy  .  .  .  bestoivs  himself 
like  a  ripe  sister.     Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 
=  Syil.  4.  Confer,  Grant,  etc.    See  (five. 
"bestowable  (bf-sto'a-bl),  a.    [<  hestotv  +  -able.] 

Capable  of  being  bestowed. 
'bestO'Wage+,  «.     [<  bestow  +  -age.]     Stowage. 
bestowal  (bf-sto'al),  n.    [<  bestow  +  -al.]    Be- 
sto  wment. 

The  one  did  himself  honour  in  the  bestoival,  the  other 
in  the  acceptance,  of  such  a  gratuity. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  iv.  3. 

T)estower  (be-sto'er),   m.    One  who  bestows ; 

a  giver ;  a  disposer. 
bestowment   (be-sto'ment),   n.     [<   hestow  + 

-ment.]     1.  The  act  of  giving  gratuitously;  a 

conferring. —  2.    That  which  is  conferred  or 

given ;  a  donation. 

They  almost  refuse  to  give  due  praise  and  credit  to 
God's  own  bestowments.  Is.  Taylor. 

bestraddle  (be-strad'l),  v.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  straddle.] 
To  bestride.   '  See  straddle. 

bestraughtt  (be-straf ),  pp.  [A  modification  of 
distraught,  with  prefix  be-  for  dis-:  see  dis- 
trauqht.]  Distracted;  mad:  as,  "I  am  not 
bestmught,"  Sliak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  ii. 

bestraughtedt  (be-stra'ted),  «.  [Irreg.  <  6c- 
stritnglit.]     Distracted.     Nordcii.     [Rare.] 

bestrawt  (be-stra'),  v.  t.  [<  fef-1  +  straw  for 
strew.]    An  obsolete  form  of  bestrew. 

bestreak  (be-strek'),  v.  t.  [<  6e-i  +  streak.] 
To  mark  or  cover  with  streaks. 

"bestrew,  bestrow  (be-stro',  -stro'),  v.  t. ;  pret. 
bestrewed,  bestrowed,  pp.  bestrewed,  bestrewn,  be- 
strowrd,  hrstrown,  ppr.  bestrewing,  bestrowing. 
[<  ME.  bistrewen,  C  AS.  bestreowian  (=  D.  be- 
strooijen  =  MHG.  bestruuwen,  G.  bestreuen  =  Sw. 
bestrb  =  Dan.  bestrii),  <  be-  +  streowian,  strew : 
see  6e-l  and  strew,  strow.]  1.  To  strew  or  scat- 
ter about ;  throw  or  drop  here  and  there. 

Those  blossoms  also,  and  those  dropping  gums, 
That  lie  bestrown.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  631. 

2.  To  strew  anything  upon ;  cover  or  partially 
cover  with  things  strewn  or  scattered. 
Discord  shall  bestrew 
Tile  union  of  your  bed  with  weeds  so  loathly. 
That  you  shall  hate  it  both.     Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

Strip  the  bough  whose  mellow  fruit  bestrews 
The  ripening  corn  beneath  it. 

Wordswo}-th,  Between  Namur  and  Liege. 

4>e3trid  (be-strid' ).  Pretei-it  and  past  participle 
of  bestride. 


535 

bestride  (be-strid'),  v.  t.;  pret.  bestrode  or  be- 
strid,  pp.  hestridden,  bestrid,  improperly  he- 
stridedf  (Sterne),  ppr.  bestriding.  [<ME.  be- 
striden  (pret.  bcstrood,  bestrode,  pp.  wanting), 

<  AS.  bestridan  {hors  bestridan  —  L.ye),  <  be-  + 
strulan,  stride.]  1.  To  straddle  over;  mount 
astride  of;  stretch  the  legs  or  corresponding 
parts  across  so  as  to  embrace  :  as,  to  bestride  a 
horse  ;  spectacles  bestriding  the  nose. 

Why,  man,  he  doth  bestride  the  narrow  world 
Like  a  Colossus.  Sttak.,  J.  C.,  i.  2. 

The  animal  he  bestrode  was  a  broken-down  plough-horse. 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  436. 
2.  To  stop  over ;  cross  by  stepping. 

When  I  first  my  wedded  mistress  saw 
Bestride  my  threshold.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

bestrode  (be-strod').    Preterit  of  bestride. 
bestrow,  r.  t.     See  bestrew. 
bestrutt  (be-struf),  V.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  strut.]    To 
distend. 
Her  paps  bestrut  with  milk. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  519. 

bestuck  (be-stuk').     Preterit  and  past  parti- 
ciple of  bes'tick, 
bestud  (be-stud'),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bestudded, 
ppr.  bestiidding.    [<  6f>l  -I-  stud"^.]    To  set  with 
or  as  with  studs;  adorn  with  bosses. 
The  unsought  diamonds 
Would  so  imblaze  the  forehead  of  the  deep, 
And  so  bestud  with  stars,  that  they  below 
WovUd  grow  inured  to  light.     Miltmi,  Comus,  1.  734. 

beswaddle  (be-swod'l),  v.  t.  [<  6c-l  +  swad- 
dle.] To  envelop  in  swaddling-clothes.  W, 
Whitehead. 

bes'wiket,  ''•  *•  [ME.  beswiken,  <  AS.  beswican 
(=  OS.  biswikan  =  D.  bezwijken  =  OHG.  beswih- 
lian  =  Sw.  besvika  =  Dan.  besvige),  deceive,  be- 
tray, <  be-  +  swican  (=  OS.  swikan  =  OFries. 
swika  =  OHG.  swihhan  =  Icel.  srikja  =  Sw. 
svilm  =  Dan.  svige),  deceive,  weaken.]  To  al- 
lure.    Gower. 

beS'Winget  (be-swinj'),  v.  t.  [ME.  not  foimd; 
AS.  bcswingan,  only  in  pp.  beswungen,  scourge, 
beat,  <  be-  +  swingan,  scourge,  swinge.]  To 
scourge;  beat. 

Vou  had  best  to  use  your  sword  better,  lest  I  beswinge 
you.  Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 

beswinkt,  c  t.  [^  ME.  beswinken,  <  AS.  beswin- 
can,  earn  by  toil,  <  be-  +  sioincan,  swink,  toil: 
see  6e-l  and  swink.]     To  earn. 

That  of  a  poison  which  they  drunke 
They  hadtlen  that  they  have  besivimke. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i.  131. 

besyt,  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of  busi/. 

betlf  (het),  adv.  [<  ME.  bet,  <  AS.  bet  =  OFries. 
bet  =  OS.  bat,  bet  .=  OD.  bat,  bet  =  OHG.  MHG. 
bag,  G.  bass  =  Icel.  betr  =  Goth.  *batis  (in  adj. 
batiza),  better,  orig.  adj.  in  the  neut.  ace.  -nith 
reg.  compar.  suffi.x  (lost  in  AS.,  etc.;  hence  the 
later  form  betere,  betre,  E.  better,  adv.,  prop, 
neut.  of  the  inflected  adj.  betera:  see  better^), 

<  "bat,  a  positive  not  used,  from  the  root  which 
appears  also  in  Icel.  batna,  E.  batten'^,  become 
or  make  better,  improve,  AS.  bot,  E.  boot^,  ad- 
vantage, improvement,  AS.  betan,  E.  beet^,  im- 
prove, etc. :  see  batten'^,  battle^,  boot^,  beet", 
etc.]  Obsolete  and  earlier  Middle  English  form 
of  better^. 

"Go  het,"  quod  he,  "and  axe  redily 
Wli.it  cors  is  this  that  passeth  heer  forby." 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  205. 

It  had  been  bet  for  me  still  to  have  kept  my  quiet  chair. 

Gascoigne. 

bet2  (bet),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bet  or  betted,  ppr. 
betting.  [First  in  early  mod.  E.;  prob.  short 
for  abet  (cf .  bate'^,  short  for  ahate) ;  if  so,  prob. 
first  as  a  noun,  instigation,  eneom'agement, 
support,  backing,  whence  the  verb,  to  give  sup- 
port, etc.]  I.  trans.  To  pledge  as  a  forfeit  to 
another  who  makes  a  similar  pledge  in  return, 
on  a  future  contingency,  in  support  of  an  aflir- 
mation  or  opinion ;  stake ;  wager. 

John  of  Gaunt  loved  him  well,  and  betted  much  money 
on  his  head.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  lay  a  wager;  stake  money  or 

anything  of  value  upon  a  contingency — You 

bet,  certainly;  of  course.    [U.  S.,  originally  California, 

slang.] 

"  Friend,"  said  I  to  a  Jehu,  whose  breath  suggested  gin, 

"Can  thee  convey  nie  straightway  to  a  reputable  inn?" 

His  answers  gross  irrelevance  I  shall  not  soon  forget—  ^ 

Instead  of  simply  yea  or  nay,  he  gruffly  said,  "You  bet!" 

The  Century,  XI.  1-12. 

bet2(bet),  H.  [See  the  verb.]  1.  The  pledging 
of  some  valuable  thing,  as  money  (or  of  the  do- 
ing of  some  onerous  act),  to  be  forfeited,  in  case 
some  future  event  happens  contrary  to  the  as- 
sertion or  belief  of  the  one  making  the  pledge, 


beteacb 

to  another  who  pledges  a  forfeit  in  return  on 
the  opposite  contingency. — 2.  That  which  is 
wagered;  also,  that  about  which  a  wager  is 
made. 

But,  on  :  Six  Barbary  horses  against  six  French  swords, 
their  assigns,  and  three  liberal  conceited  carriages:  that's 
the  French  bet  against  the  Danish.      Sluik.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

bet'H.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  beat^. 

Betal  (be'tii),  n.  [L.,  a  beet:  see  becf^.]  A 
genus  of  apetalous  plants,  natural  order  Che- 
nopodiacea;.     See  bei:t^. 

beta-  (be'ta),  n.  [L.,  repr.  Gr.  ji^ra,  name  of  the 
character  15,  p.]  1.  The  second  letter  of  the 
Greek  alphabet,  corresponding  to  English  B  or 
6. —  2.  As  a  classifier  in  astronomy,  chemistry, 
etc.,  the  second  in  any  series.    See  alpha,  3. 

betacism  (be'ta-sizm),  n.  [<  NL.  betacismus, 
<  L.  beta,  the  ((jreek)  letter  ji,  b.  Cf.  iotaeism, 
rhotacism.]  Conversion  of  other  sounds  to,  or 
their  confusion  with,  a  /;-souud. 

Kven  these  forms  were  threatened  with  destruction  by 
the  spread  of  lletacismus,  whereby  amavit  was  jironounced 
like  .aniabit,  and  vice  versa.     Atiu;r.  Jour.  Philol.,  VI.  501. 

betag  (be-tag'),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  betagged, 
ppT.  bctagging.  [<.be-^  +  tag.]  To  furnish  with 
a  tag;  deck  with  tags. 

Betagged  with  verse.  Churchill,  The  Ghost,  iv. 

betail  (be-tal'),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  -f-  taiU.]  1.  To 
furnish  with  a  tail:  as,  "betailed  and  bepow- 
dered,"  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  iii. — 
2.  To  take  the  tail  off:  a  word  jocularly  form- 
ed on  the  analogy  of  behead. 

[Tlie  sportsman]  puts  his  heavy  boot  on  the  beast's  body, 
and  there  Ijotli  ijeheads  and  hetails  him.  TroUope. 

betain  (be'ta-in),  n.  [Irreg.  <  L.  beta  +  -in^.] 
A  chemical  base  found  in  the  common  beet  and 
mangel-wurzel. 

betakel  (be-tak'),  t).  l<be-^  +  take.  The  corre- 
sponding SlE.  form  betaken,  bitaken  (pret.  betok, 
pp.  botaX-en)  seems  to  have  been  used  only  in 
the  senses  of  betake^  or  beteach,  with  which  it 
was  confused.  There  is  no  AS.  *betaean ;  but 
cf.  Sw.  betaka  =  Dan.  betage,  take,  deprive, 
cutoff.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  seize;  take  hold  of; 
take. 

Then  to  his  handes  that  writt  he  did  betake. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xii.  25. 

2.  Reflexively,  to  take  one's  self  (to);  repair; 

resort ;  have  recoui'se. 

The  rest,  in  imitation,  to  like  arms 

Betook  them.  Jtiiton,  P.  L.,  vi.  663. 

Betake  you  to  your  silence,  and  your  sleep. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  1. 
They  betook  themselves  to  treaty  and  submission. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  L  1. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  take  one's  self. 

But  here  ly  downe,  and  to  thy  rest  betake. 

Spender,  F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  4-1. 

betake^t,".  '.;pret.  betook,  betaught,  pp.  betaught, 
ppr.  betaking.  [ME.  betaken,  etc.,  with  forms 
prop,  belonging  to  betake^,  q.  v.,  but  with  va- 
rious senses  of  betcecen,  betcchen,  beteach:  see 
beteach.]     Same  as  beteach. 

betalkt  (be-tak'),  V.  i.  [<  6e-l  +  talk.]  To  talk 
repeatedlv.     Drayton. 

betallow  (be-tal'6),  (•.  t.  [<  fte-l  +  tallow.]  To 
cover  with  tallow.     Ford. 

betaughtt  (bf-taf).  Preterit  of  betake'^  and  he- 
teach. 

beteif,  «'..  bete'-t,  ".,  bete-''t,  v.,  etc.  Obsolete 
form  of  bcut^,  beetX,  beet",  etc. 

b§te  (bat),  n.     [F.,  <  OF.  beste,  a  beast:    see 

beast.]     In  the  game  of  solo,  a  forfeit B6te 

noire  (F.  pron.  bat  nwor).  [F..  literally  black  beast.]  A 
bugbear  ;  a  person  or  thing  regarded  with  special  dislike 
or  aversion. 

The  newspapers  have  some  words  of  this  sort  dear  to 
them,  but  the  betes  noires  of  all  lovers  of  straightforward 
English,  such  as  "peruse"  and  "replete." 

The  Atlantic,  LVU.  425. 

beteacht  (be-tech'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  betechen,  bitech- 
en,  between  (pret.  bctauhte,  betahte,  pp.  betauht, 
betaht),  <  AS.  hetScan  (pret.  betahte,  pp.  betceht), 
show,  assign,  give  over,  deliver,  commit,  <  be- 
+  twcan,  show,  teach:  see  fte-l  and  teach.  Ow- 
ing to  a  similarity  of  form,  the  ME.  betaken 
(pret.  betook,  betok,  pp.  betaken),  <  be-  +  taken, 
take  (see  betake'^-),  was  confused  with  betechen, 
and  used  in  the  same  senses.]  1.  To  give; 
hand  over ;  deliver  up. 

Judas  Iscariot  wente  forth  to  the  princis  of  prestis,  and 
said  to  hem,  What  wolen  ye  give  t^j  me  and  I  schal  bitake 
him  to  you?  Wyclif,  Mat.  xxvi.  14,  15. 

2.  To  inti-ust;  commit;  recommend  to  the 
care  of. 

Such  a  ryni  the  devel  I  byteche. 

Chaucer,  Pro],  to  Tale  of  Melibeus,  I.  6. 


beteach 

And  hem  she  yaf  hire  moebles  and  hire  thing, 
And  to  the  pope  Crban  bitook  hem  tho. 

Chauctr,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  L  541. 

Dame  Phoebe  to  a  Xymphe  her  babe  betooke. 

Sfemer,  F.  Q.,  in.  vi.  28. 
3.  To  impart  or  teach. 

\niereof  that  he  was  fully  taught 
Of  wisdom  which  was  him  betautjht. 

Gotcer,  Conf.  .\mant.,  ™. 

betear  (be-ter').  r.  t.     [<  6e-l  +  tear2.]    To  Tvet 

irith  tears.     Sir  P.  Sidney. 
betecbet,  i'.  '.    Same  as  beieach. 
beteemH  (bf-tem'),  »•  '•     [<  6e-^  +  teem^."]     To 

bring  forth;  produce;  shed. 

Lvi'  Why  is  your  cheek  so  pale? 

How  chance  the  roses  there  do  fade  so  fast? 

Her.  Belike  for  want  of  rain  ;  which  I  could  well 
Beteem  them  from  the  tempest  of  mine  eyes. 

Shak.,  Jl.  X.  D.,  i.  1. 

beteem^t  (be-tem'),  v.  t.  [Appar.  <  fcc-l  + 
kem-.']     1.  ^o  allow;  permit;  suffer. 

So  loving  to  my  mother. 
That  he  might  not  betetm  the  winds  of  heaven 
Visit  her  face  too  roughly.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

2.  ToTOUchsafe;  accord;  give. 

"So  would  I,"  said  the  Enchanter,  "glad  and  faine 
Beteeme  to  you  this  sword. "   Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  viii.  19. 
Although  hee  could  have  well  beteem'd  to  have  thankt 
him  of  the  ease  hee  profer'd,  yet  loring  his  owue  handi- 
worke,  modestly  refus'd  him. 

.Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

betel  (be'tl),  n.  [Also  written  betle,  and  for- 
merly also  beiele,  bcttel,  etc.;  =  F.  bek'l  =  Sp. 
betel,  betle,  <  Pg.  betel,  bethel,  betelhe,  formerly 
also  betle,  ritele,  <  ilalayalam  vettila  =  Tamil 
rettilei  (cerebral  /),  betel;  cf.  Hind,  bua  or  biri. 
<  Skt.  filika  (cerebral  0.  betel.]  1.  A  species 
of  pepper,  Piper  betle,  a  creeping  or  climbing 
plant,  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  natural  order 
Piperacete.  Tlie  leaves  are  used  as  a  wTapper  for  the 
little  pellets  of  areca-nut  and  lime  which  are  extensively 
chewed  in  the  East.  Tlie  pellet  is  hot  and  acrid,  but  lu;s 
aromatic  ami  astringent  properties.  It  tinges  the  saliva 
red  and  blackens  the  teeth.  Also  called  betel-pepper. 
2.  A  piece  of  betel-nut. 

betel-box  (be'tl-boks),  «.  A  box  for  carr\Tng 
pellets  prepared  of  betel-leaves,  lime,  and 
areca-nnt.-i.  Such  boxes  are  commonly  made 
of  silver  filigree. 

betel-nut  (be'tl-nut), 
H.  [<  betel  +  tiitt.'} 
The  nut  of  the  areca- 
palm,  Jreca  C/itechu, 
of  the  East  Indies, 
highly  esteemed 

among  the  Asiatics 
as  a  masticatory. 
See  nrcen-nut. 

betel-pepper  (be'tl- 
pop  tr;,  11.  Same  as 
betel,  \. 

bethf,  V.  I.  impv. 
[ME.,  <  AS.  hedth,  2d 
pers.  x>l.  of  hcon,  be: 
see  it.]  Be  ye.  Chau- 
cer. 

bethankit  (be-thang'kit),  V.  [Sc,  humorously 
ndiijiti-d  from  the  formula  God  be  thankit,  where 
llitiiikit  =  K.  tlmtikcd,  lip.}  Grace  after  meat. 
Bumn, 

bethel  (beth'el),  n.  [Hob.  betli-el,  house  of 
(ioil,  <  belli,  house,  +  el,  God;  hence  Bithel 
(Ilitti-d),  name  of  a  place  :  see  Elohim.']  1. 
A  liallowed  spot. —  2.  A  name  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  a  ]>l«co  of  worsliip  in  England,  ok])C- 
cially  to  a  dissenting  chaix-l. — 3.  A  oliurch  or 
chapel  for  seamen,  whetlicr  located  on  shore 
or,  as  is  nfttm  the  cas(^,  alloat  in  a  harbor. 

Bethell  process.    See  proecss. 

bethink  dii'-thingk'),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  6c- 
rh'nn/h!,  |it)i-'.  bi:lhiiikina.  [<  ME.  bclhcnken,  bi- 
Ihiol' II,  commonW  betlienche)!,  <  AS.  belhencan, 
litth- 1,1,111  (=  I),  bedenken  =  OH(l.  bidetichan, 
iMin:.  I.,  Iiidriiken  =  Hw.  biliinhi  =  Dan.  hr- 
tiihl '  ,  ■  ..iiHidcr,  tliink  about,  <  In-  +  llimeini, 
think;  h.i.  he-l  and  think.]  I.  Iraus.  If.  To 
think;   imat^ine. 

II>  Kj.iik  in'To  hnmi  than  hert*-  ntay  Uthinkc. 

ri.n.,.-,-r,  I'r.il.  to  Wife  of  lialhn  Tnl. ,  1.  77'.'. 

2<.  To  tliink  almnt;  reflect  upon ;  consider. 

With  patience  rnlm  the  Htifrui, 
Whilo  wo  Ijflliiiik  a  meanii  lo  break  It  "If. 

.VArtt.,  :i  II.  n.  VI  ,  III.  a. 

3.  Rfflexivcly:  («)  To  call  lo  mind;  take  into 
conHideri.ti<,n  ;  remind  one's  Mclf:  with«/(for- 
merty  nl  ■■■  "ii  nr  upon)  before  tho  name  of  tho 

ObjO<-|    Ol     IlLMl^llt. 

k  yt/urt'tr^ji  tH'torelinnil  what  iii»tt'Ic«  you  wniil. 
Bp.  heMridffe,  ,H<>nnonii,  11.  <  viv. 


Arcca-palm  ijirfca  Catec/iit,, 
lU  fnilt.  the  Betel.nut. 


536 

Bethink  thee  of  thy  Lord, 
Who  healed  again  the  smitten  ear. 
And  sheathed  his  follower's  sword. 

ir/ii«uT,TheE.\iles. 

(6)  To  reflect;  deliberate ;  commune  with  one's 
self. 

Rip  bethmtght  himse^  a  moment  and  inquired. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  60. 

H,  intrans.  To  deliberate ;  consider. 

Bt'fhink  ere  thou  dismiss  us.  Byron,  Manfred,  i.  1. 

Bethlehem  (beth'le-em),  «.     See  bedlam. 

Bethlehemite  (beth'ie-em-it),  n.  [<  Bethle- 
hnii  +  -fft'l.  See  bedlam.']  1.  An  liihabitaut 
of  Bethlehem  of  Judea  (2  Sam.  xxi.  19). —  2. 
An  inmate  of  Bethlehem  hospital  or  other  luna- 
tic asylum;  a  bedlamite.  See  bedlam  and  bed- 
lamite.—  3.  Eccles.:  (a)  One  of  an  order  of 
monks  introduced  into  England  in  the  year 
1257,  who  were  habited  like  the  Dominicans, 
except  that  they  wore  a  star  with  five  rays, 
in  memory  of  the  comet  or  star  which  appeared 
over  Bethlehem  at  the  birth  of  Christ.  (6)  One 
of  an  order  founded  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury for  the  service  of  the  hospitals  in  Spanish 
America. 

Bethlemitef  (beth'lem-it),  n.  Same  as  Beth- 
lehemite. 

bethought  (be-thof).  Preterit  and  past  parti- 
ciple of  bethink. 

bethrall  (be-thral'),  f.  *.  [<  be-^  +  thrall.'] 
To  enslave ;  reduce  to  bondage ;  bring  into 
subjection. 

She  it  is  that  did  my  Lord  bethrall. 

Spenjser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  '2S. 

bethroot  (beth'rot),  n.     Same  as  birthroot. 
bethule  (beth'ul),  n.     [<  Beth>/lus.]     A  bird  of 
the  genus  Bethijlus  (Cu'vier),  or  Cissopis  (Vieil- 
lot). 
bethump  (bf-thump'),  «'•  '■     [<  6«-^  +  thump.] 
To  beat  soundly. 

I  was  never  so  bethuinp'd  with  words 
Since  1  first  call'd  my  brother's  father  dad. 

Shak..  K,  .lohn,  ii.  2. 

beth-wack  (bc-thwak'),  v.  t.  [<  Ic-l  +  thivuck.] 
To  tlirash  soundly. 

Bethylus  (beth'i-lus),  «.  [NL.]  1.  A  genus 
of  pupivorous  hymenopterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Proctotrypida;  having  an  elongated  and 
somewhat  triangular  j'l'othorax,  a  flattened 
head,  and  13-,iointed  antennre. —  2.  In  oriiilli.. 
a  genus  of  South  American  tanagroid  i'o.f.sf  )•<  ,v, 
based  on  the  Laniiis  lei'erianus  of  Shaw,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  shrike.  Antedated  by  Cinsopis  of 
\icill()t,  ISIG.  based  upon  the  same  bird,  and  also  in  en- 
tniiir.logy.     Also  spelleil  iJt'*/(u/^us.     [Not  in  use.] 

betide  (be-tid'),  v.  [<  ME.  bitideu,  <  hi-,  be-,  + 
lidcn,  happen:  see  he-^  and  tide,  v.]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  happen;  befall;  come  to. 

What  will  betide  the  few?  ililton,  P.  L.,  xil.  -ISO. 

"  El  luck  betide  them  all" — he  cried. 

II7ii((icr,  The  Exiles. 

2.  To  betoken ;  signify.     [Rare.] 

llow  could  I  but  muse 
At  what  such  a  dream  should  betide  f 

Cowpcr,  The  Morning  Dream. 

II.  intrans.  To  come  to  pass;  happen — To 
betide  ont,  to  become  of. 

If  be  were  dead,  what  would  betide  on  me? 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  I.  3, 

betidet (be-tid'),  «.  l<betide,v.]  Hap;  fortune. 
—  Bad  hetl'det,  ill  Imp ;  misfortune  :  a  forced  use. 

My  urctched  heart  wouiuUmI  with  had  betide. 

(Jreriie,  FraiiccHcn's  .'bonnet. 

betightt  (bf-tif).  An  erroneously  formed  ])ast 
particiiilc  of  betide:  one  of  Spenser's  forced 
torms. 

Why  wayle  we  then?  why  weary  we  tho  Oo<l8  with  jilaynl*, 
Ah  If  some  evill  were  to  lier  beti.ahtf 

Sprnjier,  Slicp.  Cat,  Novemlier. 

betimet  (be-tim'),  adr.,  oTig. prep.  phr.  [<  ME. 
lirlijme,  hilime,  prop,  separate,  6i  time,  by  time.] 
Oilier  form  of  betimes. 

Loke  thou  go  to  bedi-  tij/  tj/mr. 
llow  ttie  (Joode  H'j/fr  Tauahl  hiir  Daughter,  1.  l(l.'i. 
All  In  the  morning  Itrlitne.    Slink..  Hamlet,  Iv.  (>  (song). 
1  went  one  ilay  myself  liriinie  In  the  morning  to  n  great 
nian'fi  houne  li>  sfieak  with  him. 

l.atimrr.  Semi.  brf.  Edw.  VI.,  l.'.,'.n. 

betimes  (bo-timz'),  adv.  [<  ME.  brtijmrn,  l>i- 
lijmen,  <  beiime  +  adv.  gen.  Huflix  -».]  1.  Scii- 
Honably  ;  in  good  season  or  time ;  boforo  it  is 
too  late ;  early. 

Not  to  bo  a-hcd  after  midnight  Is  to  bi-  up  lielimrt. 

.SImk.,  T.  N.,  II.  :i. 

To  measure  life  learn  Ihcui  lirlimrn. 

Milton,  Honnctx,  xvl. 
Partake'  »c  their  blithe  cheer 
Whr,  gathered  In  ffflime/i  the  nnshorri  Mock 
liiwonhthcflecuc.  Wordtuairth,  Klver  lluddon,  lllll. 


betrap 

Having  engaged  our  guide  and  horses  the  night  befon^ 
we  set  out  betimes  this  morning  for  Orlevano. 

Lowell,  Fireside  lYavels,  p.  240l 

2.  Soon  ;  in  a  short  time. 

He  tires  betimes,  that  spurs  too  fast  betimes. 

.Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1, 

3.  Occasionally ;    at   times.      [Scotch.]  =  syn. 
Earl;/.  Soon.  Betimes.     See  earlif. 

betinet,  ''•  t.  [<  6e-t  +  tine  for  tind,  kindle.] 
To  set  fii'e  to. 

betitt,  ''•  Obsolete  shortened  form  of  betideth. 
Vhiiiiccr. 

betitle  (bf-ti'tl),  r.  t.     [<  6e-i  +  title.]     To 
give  a  title  or  titles  to;  entitle:  as,  a  betitled 
man;  a  "pictiu-e  .  .  .  betitled.  Glorious  Revo-  • 
lutiou,"  Carlyle,  Misc.,  HI.  82. 

betle,  n.     See  betel. 

betoilt  (be-toil'),  V.  t.  [<  be-l  +  toin.]  To 
worrv  with  toil. 

betokt.     iliddle  English  preterit  of  betal-e^. 

betoken  (be-to'kn),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  betokeneu,  bi- 
tocneii,  <  AS.  *betdcnian  (not  found:  equiv.  to 
petdeiiian,  with  diff.  prefix;  cf.  believe)  (= 
OFries.  bitekna  =  D.  beteekenen  =  IjG.  beteik- 
en  =  OHG.  bixiehanon,  G.  be:cichnen  =  Sw. 
betcekna  =  Dan.  bcteffne),  <  be-  +  tdvn,  tdccn, 
token:  see  6f-l  and  token.]  If.  To  signify; 
mean ;  denote  in  words. —  2.  To  be  a  token  of; 
be  a  visible  sign  of ;  give  promise  of. 

A  dewj'  cloud,  and  in  the  cloud  a  bow,  .  .  . 
Betokening  peace  from  God.   Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  867. 

3.  To  foreshow  by  signs ;  be  or  furnish  a  pre- 
monition of;  indicate  the  probability  of:  as, 
this  fact  betokens  a  good  result. 

The  morning  betokened  foul  weather. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  261. 

4.  To  give  evidence  of ;  show. 

This  doth  betoken 
The  corse  they  follow  did  with  desperate  hand 
Fordo  its  own  life.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  V.  1- 

=Syil.  To  signify ;  presage,  portend,  augur,  bode. 
beton   (bet'on;   F.   pron.  ba-ton'),    «.      [<   F. 
lieton,  <  OF.  hetun,  rubble,  of  disputed  origin, 
but  prob.  <  Pr.  beton  =  Sp.  betun,  <  L.  bitumen, 
bitumen:  see  bitumen.     Some  compare  F.  be- 
ton, beestings,  ciu-ded  milk,  <  OF.  bcter,  co- 
agulate.]    A  mixture  of  lime,  sand,  and  grav- 
el, forming  a  kind  of  concrete,    it  is  much  used 
as  a  hydraulic  cement  in  submarine  works,  and  whole 
buiblint.'S  have  been  constructed  of  it. 
betongue  (be-tung'),  r.  t.     [<  ?)c-l  +   tonfiue.] 
To  sciild  :  attack  with  the  tongue  ;  rail  at. 
H.Av  lit-n  Jimsun  and  Sliakspere  betongued  each  other. 

A'orth  British  Beo, 

betonica  (be-ton'i-kii),  n.    Same  as  betontj. 

betony  (bet'o-ni),  ji.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
betonie,  betloni/,  etc.,  <  ME.  betony,  betani/, 
earlier  bctone,  bctan  (cf.  ML.  bctonia),  <  (IF. 
beteine,  F.  betoine  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  betonien  = 
G.  betiinie  =  AS.  betonica,  <  L.  betonica,  a  cor- 
rupt form  of  vettonica,  so  named,  according  lo 
Pliny,  from  the  Vettones,  otherwise  1'eetoiie.i.  a 
people  of  Lusitania  in  the  Sjmiiish  peninsu- 
la.] The  jiojiular  name  of  Slochys  Jtetonica  or 
Betonica  officinali.'i,  a  European  labiate  j^lant, 
gl'owiiig  in  woods.  It  is  sometimes  used  to  dye  wool, 
producing  a  dark  .yellow  ciHor.  It  Is  usually  lUstinguisliert 
frniu  water-hffting  (an  aquatic  plant,  .*>i'ii'jihiilaria  aguati. 
c(i)as  wood-belong,  which  name  is  also  given  in  the  I'liited 
States  to  I'eilintlaris  Caniutensis,  and  sMimtinies  to  l.ij- 
eopuM  Virginicu^.  The  Veronica  nerpglli/olia  Is  called 
Paul'n  beionif.  because  described  as  a  betony  by  an  old 
lierliulist.  I'aiilus  .-l>)giiieta. 

betook  (bc-tuk').     Preterit  of  betake^  and  he- 
ld h-. 
betornt  (lie-torn'),  p.  a.     [Pp.  of  verb  'betear^ 
(111. I  usoil)',  <  /«•-!  -I-  tcar^.)     1.  Torn. 
\\  hose  heart  betorn  out  of  bis  jianting  breast. 

Norton  ami  Sackmlle,  Oorliodue,  iv.  1. 

2.  Torn  in  pioeos. 
betoss  (be-los'),  r.  ^    [<  hc-1  +  /rt.f.f.]    To  toss; 
iigiliile;  disturb;  jiut  in  violent  motion. 
The  miserable  betonned  siiuire. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  (Juixote,  T.  ill.  3. 
My  lietonfed  soul.  ,Shak.,  K.  and  .1.,  v.  .S. 

betraiset,  betrasht,  '■. '.  [MK.  belrai.ien,  betray- 
si  n,  hitrni.ssliin,  liilnis.ihcn,  <  be-  +  OF.  traiiK-, 
stem  of  certain  jiiirts  of  tniir,  F.  trahir,  betray: 
see  brlniy  and  -w//'-.]     To  betray. 

'rlley  buvc  hrfnii^rit  thee.  Jiohrrt  of  Itnimie. 

betrap't  die-trap'),  r.  t.;  Tirel.  and  pp.  he- 
Irtijijiid,  ppr.  bctrappin;}.  [<  ME.  bctrapven,  < 
AH.  bilnrppan,  betreppan,  insnare,  <  he-  + 
Irnppiin,  Irciipan,  trap :  see  fcr-'  and  trap"^.] 
'I'll  I'litrap;  insnaro.     (lower. 

betrap'-'t  (bo-lrap'),  r.  t.;  prot.  and  pp.  be- 
Inijiiiid,  ppr.  liitriippint/.  [<  lie-'^  +  trap^.]  To 
]iut  InippiiigH  oil ;  I'liillie;  deck. 

After  tlielii   tolloived  two  utiier  cbiiriotH  covered  with 
red  satin,  and  the  horsoi  t/etrajiiird  with  tin-  hiiiiic. 

Stoit',  Ijiieeii  Mary,  an.  ItttiH. 


betrash 

betrasht,  »'•  '■     See  betraise. 

betray  (be-tra'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  hetrayen,  hi:train, 
<  be-  +  t'raien,  betray,  <  OF.  trair,  F.  trakir,  < 
li.  tradere,  deliver,  give  over :  see  traitor,  trea- 
son, tradition.  The  form  of  betraij  was  influ- 
enced by  that  of  bewray,  a  quite  different  word.] 
1.  To  deliver  to,  or  expose  to  the  power  of,  an 
enemy  by  treachery  or  disloyalty:  as,  an  officer 
betraijed  the  city. 

The  Son  of  man  shall  be  betrayed  into  the  hands  of 
men.  Mat.  xvii.  •1-i. 

,  2.  To  violate  by  fraud  or  unfaithfulness ;  be 
unfaithful  in  keeping  or  upholding :  as,  to  be- 
truii  a  trust. 
Bi'trai/'d  her  cause  and  mine.        Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

3.  To  act  treacherously  to ;  be  disloyal  to ; 
disappoint  the  hopes  or  expectations  of. 

Do  not  betray  me,  sir.    I  fear  you  love  Mistress  Page. 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 
I  will  betray 
Tawny-finn'd  fishes ;  my  bended  hook  shall  pierce 
Their  slimy  jaws.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  6. 

But  when  I  rise,  I  shall  find  my  legs  betraying  me. 

Bostoell. 

Men  of  unquiet  minds  and  violent  ambition  followed  a 

fearfully  eccentric  course,  .  .  .  served  ami  hrtruiird  all 

parties  in  turn.  Macaulay,  Sir  \SilIiani  Temple. 

4.  To  deceive ;  beguile ;  mislead ;  seduce. 

Far,  far  beneath  the  shallow  maid 
He  left  believing  and  betrayed. 

Byron,  The  Giaour. 
Our  impatience  betrays  us  into  rash  and  foolish  alli- 
ances which  no  God  attends. 

Emerson,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  195. 

5.  To  reveal  or  disclose  in  violation  of  confi- 
dence ;  make  known  through  breach  of  faith  or 
obligation:  as,  to  betray  a  person's  secrets  or 
designs. 

Secrets  are  rarely  betrayed  or  discovered  according  to 
any  programme  our  fear  has  sketched  out. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  v.  5. 

6.  To  show  in  true  character ;  allow  to  be  seen ; 
permit  to  appear  in  spite  of  will  or  desire. 

Be  swift  to  hear,  but  cautious  of  your  tongue,  lest  you 
betray  your  ignorance.  Watts. 

And  scarcely  look  or  tone  betrays 
How  the  heart  strives  beneath  its  chain. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  i. 
My  own  too-fearful  guilt. 
Simpler  than  any  child,  betrays  itself. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

7.  To  indicate;  give  indication  or  evidence  of: 
said  of  something  not  obvious  at  first  view,  or 
that  would  otherwise  be  concealed. 

Yon  azure  smoke  betrays  the  lurking  town. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  iv. 
All  the  names  in  the  country  betray  great  antiquity. 

Bryant. 

-A.  turned  leaf,  a  broken  twig,  the  faintest  film  of  smoke 

against  the  sky,  betrayed  to  him  the  passage  or  presence  of 

an  enemy.  J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  v. 

betrayal  (be-tra'al),  «.  [<  hetray  +  -al.'\  The 
act  of  betraying." 

Gained  his  freedom  by  the  betrayal  of  his  country's 
cause.  S.  Sharpe,  Hist,  of  Egypt,  xii. 

He  seldom  lost  his  self-control,  and  slu-ank  with  the 
most  sensitive  pride  from  any  noticeable  betrayal  of  emo- 
tion. George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vi.  7. 

betrayer  (be-tra'er),  n.    One  who  betrays;  a 

traitor ;  a  seducer. 
betraymentt   (be-tra'ment),   11.      [<  betray  + 

-niciit.}     Betrayal;  the  state  of  being  betrayed. 

foTifessing  him  to  be  innocent  whose  betrayment  they 
had  sought.  Udall,  Com.  on  Mat.  xxvii. 

betrendt  (bf-trend'),  v.  t.  [ME.  betrendeii;  < 
6f-l  +  t)-ctid.'}  To  wind  about;  twist;  turn 
round. 

Aboute  a  tre  with  many  a  twiste 
Bytrent  and  wrythe  the  soote  wodebynde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  1231. 

betrim  (bf-trim'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  betrimmed, 
ppr.  betr'immintj.  [<  6e-l  +  trim.'\  To  trim; 
set  in  order;  decorate;  beautify. 

Thy  banks  vnih  pioned  and  twilled  brims, 
Which  spongy  .\pril  at  thy  best  betrims. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

betroth  (be-tr6th'  or  -troth'),  v.  t.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  be'trothe,  betroatk,  betrouth,  <  ME.  bc- 
troutlmi,  betreuthen,  Utreuthien,  betroth,  <  bi-, 
be-,  -^^  treuthe,  treowthe,  <  AS.  treowth,  troth, 
truth:  see  fce-l  and  troth,  truth.']  1.  To  con, 
tract  to  give  in  marriage  to  another;  promise 
or  pledge  one's  troth  for  the  marriage  of ;  affi- 
ance. 

You,  to  remove  that  siege  of  grief  from  her, 
Betroth'd  and  would  have  married  her  perforce 
To  County  Paris.  Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

2.  To  engage  to  take  in  marriage ;  pledge  one's 
troth  to  marry. 


537 

What  man  is  there  that  hath  betrothed  a  wife  and  hath 
not  taken  her?  Deut.  xx.  7. 

To  her,  my  lord. 
Was  I  betroth'd  ere  I  saw  Hennia. 

Shak.,  il.il.  D.,iv.  1. 
3t.  To  nominate  to  a  bishopric  in  order  to  con- 
secration. 

It  any  person  be  consecrated  a  bishop  to  that  church 
whcreunto  he  was  not  before  betrothed.     Ayliffe,  Parergon. 

betrothal  (l)e-tr6th'-  or  be-troth'al),  n.     [<  be- 
troth -t-  -«;.]     The  act  of 'betrothing;  betroth- 
ment. 
The  feast  of  betrothal.  Longfellow,  Evangeline,  iv. 

betrothment  (be-tr6th'-  or  be-troth'ment),  «. 
[<  betroth  +  -nlent.']  A  mutual  and  "formal 
promise  or  contract  made  for  or  by  a  man  and 
a  woman  with  a  view  to  their  marriage;  be- 
trothal ;  the  act  or  state  of  being  betrothed,  or 
promised  in  marriage. 

How  the  strange  betrothment  was  to  end. 

Tennyson,  Princess. 

betrust  (be-trusf),  V.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  trust.']  1. 
To  intrust;  commit  to  another  in  confidence 
of  fidelity. 

Whatsoever  you  would  betritst  to  your  memory,  let  it 
be  disposed  in  a  proper  method.  Watts. 

2.  To  confide  in. 

To  esteem  themselves  Maisters,  both  of  that  great  trust 
which  they  serve,  and  of  the  People  that  betrusted  them. 
Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xiii. 
[Rare  iu  both  senses.] 

betrustment  (be-trust'meut),  n.  [<  betrust  + 
-iiient.]  The  act  of  intrusting;  the  thing  in- 
trusted.    [Rare.] 

betsot,  betsat  (bet'so,  -sa),  n.  [<  It.  beazo  (pron. 
bet'so),  farthing,  piece  of  money;  appar.  same 
as  It.  pe:M,  a  piece,  bit  (see  piece);  but  cf.  G. 
betz,  bate,  also  batceii,  a  small  Swiss  coin:  see 
batz.]  A  small  copper  coin  of  Venice,  current 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  in 
the  system  establislied  in  1750  it  was  equal  to  a  quarter 
of  a  XTnited  States  cent,  being  the  fortieth  part  of  a  lira 
piccola ;  a  bagattino. 

The  last  and  least  [coin]  is  the  betsa,  which  is  half  a  sol ; 
that  is,  almost  a  fartliing. 

Coryat,  Crudities  (ed.  1776),  II.  69. 

bettt,  bettet,  "di:   Middle  English  forms  of  beti-. 

betterl  (bet'er),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  bettere,  he- 
tere,  <  AS.  betera,  bctra  =  OFries.  betere,  betre  = 
OS.  betara,  betera  =  D.  beter  =  OHG.  bezziro, 
MHG.  bezzer,  G.  besser  =  Icel.  betri  =  Sw.  bdt- 
tre  =  'Da,n.  bedre  =:  Goth,  batiza;  conipar.  with 
weak  inflection;  with  superl.  best,  <  ME.  beste, 
<  AS.  betst,  betcst  =  OFries.  beste  =  OS.  betsto 
=  D.  best  =  OHG.  bezzisto,  MHG.  beszi.it,  best, 
G.  best  =  Icel.  beztr,  older  baztr,  =  Sw.  bast  = 
Dan.  bedst  =  Goth,  batists;  with  regular  com- 
par.  and  superl.  suffixes  from  a  positive  not  in 
use,  Teut.  *but,  of  which  the  eompar.,  with  loss 
of  the  suffix,  appears  in  the  AS.,  ME.,  and 
early  mod.  E.  adv.  ftc'i.- see  bef^.]  I.  a.  1.  As 
comparative  of  (/oofj;  (a)  Of  superior  quality  or 
exeellenee,  whether  personal,  physical,  mental, 
moral,  or  social,  essential  or  acquired:  as,  he 
is  a  better  man  than  his  brother;  better  times 
are  at  hand;  a  better  position. 

Man's  better  nature  triimiphed  then. 

Bryant,  The  Prairies. 
Our  institutions  had  been  so  good  that  they  had  edu- 
cated us  into  a  capacity  for  better  institutions. 

Macaulay,  Slirabeau. 
(6)  Of  superior  value,  use,  fitness,  acceptable- 
ness,  etc. ;  more  profitable  or  suitable  for  a 
purpose ;  more  useful,  eligible,  or  desirable : 
as,  copper  is  a  better  conductor  than  iron. 

Better  is  a  dinner  of  herbs  where  love  is,  than  a  stalled 
ox  and  hatred  therewith.  Prov.  xv.  17. 

Sleep 
Doth,  in  my  estimate  of  good,  appear 
A  better  state  than  waking  ;  death  than  sleep. 

Wordsivorth,  Excursion,  iii. 
(c)  Larger;  greater:  as,  the  better  part  of  a 
day  was  spent  in  shopping. 

Y^ou  are  as  a  candle,  the  better  part  burnt  out. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2. 
How  have  we  wander'd,  that  the  better  part 
Of  this  good  night  is  perish 'd  ! 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  ii.  4. 

2.  As  comparative  of  well:  (a)  More  in  accor- 
dance with  one's  ■wish  or  desire ;  more  satis- 
factory, (b)  More  healthy ;  ha-ving  sounder 
health,  (c)  More  just,  right,  or  proper — Better 
arm.  See  armi.— Better  half,  a  wife.  [Colloq.]— Tobe 
better,  (a)  To  be  improved,  as  in  health,  estate,  etc. : 
as,  the  patient  w  better,  (ft)  To  be  quite  well  again;  be 
fully  recovered.    [Scotland.] 

II.  H.  1.  That  which  has  superior  excellence ; 
that  which  is  better. 

That  ideal  better,  towards  which  both  men  and  institu- 
tions must  progress,  if  they  woiUd  not  retrograde. 

EwUey,  Universities. 


betterment 

2.  A  superior ;  one  who  has  a  claim  to  prece- 
dence on  account  of  rank,  age,  merit,  skill, 
power,  or  office :  as,  give  place  to  your  betters. 
[In  this  sense  generally  used  in  the  plural,  and 
with  a  possessive  pronoun.] 

In  al  Ynglelond  was  non  hys  beter. 

Rich.  C.  de  L. 

Their  betters  would  hardly  be  found.  Hooker. 

Thou  poor  shadow  of  a  soldier,  I  will  make  thee  know 
my  master  keeps  servants  thy  betters  in  quality  and  per 
forniance.  Ford,  'Tis  Pity,  i.  2. 

The  better,  (a)  improvement :  generally  in  the  adver- 
bial phrase  for  the  better,  that  is,  in  the  direction  of  im- 
provement. 

If  I  have  altered  him  anywhere /or  the  better. 

Dryden,  Preface  to  Fables. 
Qj)  Advantage ;  superiority  ;  victory :  cliiefly  in  the  phrases 
to  get,  gain,  or  have  tfie  better  of  {a  person  or  thing). 

Dionysius,  his  countryman,  in  an  epistle  to  Pompey, 
after  an  express  comparison,  affords  him  the  better  of 
Thucydides.  Sir  T.  Broivne,  Vulg.  Err. 

She  took  her  leave,  charmed  with  the  prospect  of  finally 
getting  the  better  of  the  only  woman  in  London  whom  she 
acknowledged  as  her  equal  in  subtlety  and  intrigue. 

J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  334. 

better^  (bet'Sr),  adv.  (comparative  of  well,  adv.). 
[<  ME.  better,  beter,  betre,  <  AS.  betere,  betre; 
with  superl.  best,  <ME.  best,  <  AS.  betst,  betost; 
prop.  neut.  ace.  of  the  adj. :  see  better'^-,  a.  The 
older  adv.  was  bet:  see  6e(l.]  1.  In  a  more 
excellent  Way  or  manner:  as,  to  behave  better ; 
the  land  is  better  cultivated  and  the  govern- 
ment better  administered. 

The  plays  of  Shakspeare  were  ^e(^er  acted,  better  edited, 
and  better  known  than  they  had  ever  been. 

Macaulay,  Moore's  BjTon. 

2.  In  a  superior  degi-eo:  as,  to  know  a  man 
better  than  some  one  else  knows  him. 

Which  is  the  better  able  to  defend  himself :  astrong  man 
with  nothing  but  his  fists,  or  a  paralytic  cripple  encum- 
bered with  a  sword  which  he  cannot  lift? 

Macaulay,  Utilitarian  "Theory  of  Government. 

3.  More,  without  any  idea  of  superior  excel- 
lence :  as,  it  is  better  than  a  mile  to  the  town. 
[CoUoq.] 

Dorlcote  Mill  has  been  in  our  family  a  hundred  year  and 
better.  George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss. 

To  be  better  off,  to  be  in  improved  cu-cumstances. 

The  mechanic  teaches  us  how  we  may  in  a  small  degree 
be  better  of  than  we  were.  The  Utihtarian  advises  us  with 
great  pomp  to  be  as  well  off  as  we  can. 

Macaulay,  West.  Reviev.-er's  Def.  of  Mill. 
Men  had  become  Romans  ;  they  were  proud  of  the  Ro- 
man name;  .  .  .  they  felt  that  they  were  6e((ero//' as  mem- 
bers of  a  civilized  community  ordered  by  law  than  they 
could  be  under  the  dominion  of  any  barbarian. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  126. 

To  go  one  better.  See  go,  v.  t. 
better!  (bet'er),  V.  [<  ME.  bettren,  betren,  <  AS. 
beterian,  bvtrian,  intr.,  be  better,  (je-beterian, 
ge-betrian,  trans.,  make  better  (=  OFries.  be- 
teria  =  Icel.  betra  =  Sw.  bdttra  =  Dan.  bedre 
=  OHG.  bczziron,  MHG.  G.  bessern ;  cf.  OS. 
betian,  <  bet,  the  older  eompar.  adv.),  <  betera, 
better:  see  better'^,  a.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make 
better ;  improve ;  ameliorate  ;  increase  the 
good  qualities  of:  as,  manure  betters  land;  dis- 
cipline may  better  the  morals. 

The  cause  of  his  taking  upon  him  our  nature  was  to  bet- 
ter the  quality,  and  to  advance  the  condition  thereof. 

Hooker. 

2.  To  improve  upon ;  surpass ;  exceed ;  outdo. 

He  hath  borne  himself  beyond  the  promise  of  his  age; 

...  he  hath,  indeed,  better  bettered  expectation  than  you 

must  expect  of  me  to  tell  you  how.     Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

What  you  do 

Still  betters  what  is  done.       Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

3.  To  advance  the  interest  of;  support;  give 
advantage  to. 

Weapons  more  violent,  when  next  we  meet, 
May  serve  to  better  us  and  worse  our  foes. 

MUton,  P.  L.,  ri.  440. 

=Syn.  1.  Amend,  Improve,  Better,  etc.  (see  amend),  meli- 
orate, promote. 

II.  intrans.  To  grow  better;  become  better; 
improve  :  as,  his  condition  is  bettering.    [Rare.] 
better^  (bet'er),  «.     [<  6e<2  -t-  -e^l.]     One  who 
lays  bets  or  wagers.     Also  bettor. 

Be  able  to  give  them  the  character  of  every  bowler  or 
better  on  the  green.  B.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  i.  1. 

betterlng-houset  (bet'er-ing-hous),  n.  A  refor- 
matory. 

Soldiers  buried  iu  this  gl'ound,  from  the  hospital  and 
the  bettering-house.       Annals  of  Phil,  and  Penn.,  1.  406. 

betterment  (bet'er-ment).  n.  [<  better'^,  r..  + 
-ment.]  1.  A  making  better ;  improvement. — 
2.  In  American  luw,  an  improvement  of  real 
property  which  adds  to  its  value  otherwise 
than  by  mere  repairs :  generally  used  in  the 
plural. 


bettennost 

bettennost  (bet'er-most),  a.  and  n.  [<  Mterl 
-i-  -most.]  I.  «.  Best:  highest  in  any  respect, 
as  in  social  rank  or  mental  qualities. 

It  first  became  operative  in  the  diftusion  of  knowledge 
smuiK  the  people,  at  least  among  the  bettermoet  classes. 
*         r     »■  Brougham. 

n   1.   That  which  is  hest ;  especially,  one's 
best'  clothes.     [Local  in  England  and  United 
States.] 
«o  Hepzibah  and  her  brother  made  themselves  ready 
•  in  their  faded  bettennost,  to  po  to  church. 

Haicthome,  Seven  Gables,  xi. 

bettemess  (bet'er-nes),  «.  [<  ME.  betternes;  < 
better  +  -new.]  1.  The  quaUty  of  being  better; 
superioritv.  Sir  P.  Sidney. —  2.  In  minting,  the 
amount  by  which  a  precious  metal  exceeds  the 
standanl  of  tineness. 

bettet  (bft'et).  II.  [Native  name.]  A  name 
of  an  Indian  paiTot,  Palcrornis pondiceriaiiiis. 

bettong  (bet'ong),  «.  [Native  name.]  A  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Bettongia,  a  gi-oup  of  small 
brush-tailed  kangaroos. 

bettor  (bet'or),  n.     Another  form  of  better-. 

bettylbcfi)','".:  yX.lettiesi-Kz).  [From  the  fem. 
name  Betty,  dim.  of  Bet  (ef.  equiv.  OF.  Beti, 
Betie.  &\so  Betiaiiie,  Betion,  Betionette),  abbr.  of 
Eli:tibet,  i:ii:abeth.'\  1.  A  man  who  interferes 
with  the  domestic  duties  of  women,  or  engages 
in  female  occupations.  Also  called  cot-betty. 
[Used  in  contempt.]  — 2t.  A  short  bar  used 
by  thieves  to  wrench  doors  open.  Also  called 
a"  bess,  a  jenny,  and  now  a  jimmy  or  jemmy. 
[Thieves'  slang.] 
The  powerful  betty  or  the  artful  picklock. 

Arbuthnat.  Hist  John  Bull. 

3.  A  pear-shaped  bottle,  covered  with  maize- 
leaves  or  the  like,  in  which  olivi-oil  is  exported 
fromltalv;  a  Florence  flask — Brown  betty,  a  baked 
pu.Ming  made  of  slicea  apples,  bread  crumbs,  andmolasscs. 

Betula  (bct'u-lii),  n.  [L.,  the  birch,  also  spelled 
betiilla  (>  It.'  betula,  betiiUa,  also  bedello,  =  Pg 
betiilla  =  Sp.  abediil  = 
F.  dim.  bouleaii) ;  cf. 
Corn,  betho,  /)fro=Bret. 
be^o  =  W.  bedic  =Gael. 
belli  =  Ir.  beth.  beit, 
the  birch.]  A  genus  of 
hardy  trees  or  shrubs, 
natives  of  the  north 
temperate  and  arctic 
regions;  the  birches. 
It  if*  the  type  of  the  order 
iifiulncfw,  and  is  distiu- 
(.'ui-luil  from  the  accom- 
p:iTiyirn;  genus  ^1/nu*  by  a 
diltvrence  of  habit  and  by  its 
»ini:eil   nutlet.     There   are 

al t  ;tO  njiecies  of  Betula, 

..(  wliiih  ID  are  N'orth  Amer- 


538 
ticeen  the  eyes;  between  Washington  and  Phila- 
delphia; the  prisoner  was  placed  between  two 

policemen.  ^^ 

'^  The  sea 

Swallows  him  with  his  host,  but  thef  i  lete  pass 
\s  on  drv  land,  betireen  two  crj-stal  avails. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xil.  197. 

2.  In  intermediate  relation  to,  as  regards  time, 
quantity,  or  degree :  as.  it  occurred  between  his 
incoming  and  outgoing:  a  baronet  is  between 
a  knight  and  a  barou ;  they  cost  between  §5  and 
§6  each;  between  12  and  1  o'clock. 

Bolus  arrived,  and  gave  a  doubtful  tap, 
Between  a  single  and  a  double  rap. 

Colman,  Broad  Gnns. 

Her  lips  to  mine  how  often  hath  she  joined, 
Betmen  each  kiss  her  oaths  of  true  love  swearing! 

Shak.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  vii. 

3.  In  the  mutual  relations  of:  &s,  discord  ex- 
ists between  the  two  families. 


Friendship  requires  that  it  be  between  two  at  least. 

South. 

\n  intestine  struggle,  open  or  secret,  betiveen  authority 
and  liberty.  Hume,  Essays,  v. 

The  war  between  Castile  and  Portugal  had  come  to  a 
close-  the  factions  of  the  Spanish  nobles  were  for  the 
most  part  quelled.  Irvimj,  Granada,  p.  26. 

Differences  of  relative  position  can  be  known  only 
through  differences  between  the  states  of  consciousness 
accompanving  the  disclosure  of  the  positions. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  93. 

4.  From  one  to  another  of,  as  in  the  exchange 

of  actions  or  intercourse. 

If  things  should  go  so  fcediwn  them. 

Baeon,  Hist,  of  Hen.  \  II. 

Thus  graceless  holds  he  disputation 

'Tween  frozen  conscience  and  hot-burning  will. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  247. 

France  has  been  the  interpreter  between  England  and 
mankind.  Macaulay,  Horace  Walpolo. 

5.  In  the  joint  interest  or  possession  of:  as, 
they  own  the  property  between  them. 

There  is  between  us  one  common  name  and  appellation. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  lledici,  i.  ;i. 

Castor  and  Pollu.\  with  only  one  soul  between  them. 

Locke. 

6.  By  the  action,  power,  or  effort  of  one  or 
both  of. 


bevel 

betwixet,  betwixent,  prep.  [Now  only  dial, 
or  archaic;  <  ME.  betwixe,  bctwixen,  belwexen, 
bitwiixeii,  etc.,  bilwixe,  bitwixen,  etc.,  <  AS.  *be- 
tweoxan  (occurs  once  spelled  bctweoxn),  prob. 
for  earlier  *betwcoxum  (=  OFries.  bitwiskum,  bi- 
twiseha).  <  he,  prep.,  by,  +  'twro.tum  for  *twih- 
sum.  "twincum,  dat.  pi.  of  *twi.sc  =  OS.  twi.sk z= 
OHCt.  .-h(.5A-.  :wisk-i,  MHG.  zwi.'ie,  twofold,  < 
twd  {twi-).  two,  +  sc,  -iac,  E.  -is/il.  Forms 
with  other  prepositions  appear  in  OS.  undar 
twi.sk,  OFries.  entiriska,  ontwiska,  atwi.ika,  abbr. 
iwisk-a,  twisk,  twischa,  NFries.  twissehe,  D.  <««-• 
schen.  OHG.  in  ;:wisk-en,  unter  -wisken,  MHG.  in 
.Twischen.  unter  cwijielicn,  G.  libhr.  cwiselien.  be- 
tween. This  form  was  early  mixed  with  betwix, 
betiri.rt.]     Betwixt;  between. 

betwixt  (be-twikst').i)rfjj.  and  adv.  [Also  by 
apheresis  t'wixl,  'twixt.  Sc.  hetwi.sht,  betweesht,  < 
late  ME.  betwixt,  byiwyxte,  earlier  betu-ix,  bettixt, 
betuixtc,  hetwex,  betuix.  bitwix,  etc.,  <  AS.  6e- 
twi/xt,  betwuxt  (mth  excrescent  -0,  betwyx,  be- 
tweox,  hetweohs.  betwiix,  betux,  appar.  shortened 
from  the  dat.  form  (or  perliaps  repr.  an  orig. 
ace.  form)  'betweoxum,  >  ME.  betwixen,  betwixe, 
a.  v.  In  ME.  the  words  were  mixed.]  I.  prep. 
Between ;  in  the  space  that  separates ;  in  inter- 
mediate relation  to  as  regards  time,  quantity, 
or  degree ;  passing  between ;  from  one  to  an- 
other, etc.,  in  most  of  the  uses  of  between 
(which  see). 

Betwixt  two  aged  oaks.  .Milton,  L' Allegro,  1.  82. 

The  morning  light,  however,  soon  stole  into  the  aper- 
ttire  at  the  foot  of  the  bed,  betwixt  those  faded  curtains. 
Ha  wllwrne.  Seven  Gables,  v. 

There  was  some  speech  of  nnirriage 

Betwixt  myself  and  her.     Shak.,  U.  for  JI.,  v.  1. 


fleliita. 
ct,  branch  of  ft.  fiumila,  wiUi 
male  and  fcm.alc  anieiils:  t,  a 
sln^ilc  scale  of  fertile  amirnt. 
with  fruit,  f  Trom  Le  Maout  and 
Decai&nc's  "Traili  giniral  tfe 
Dotanique.") 


Betulaceae  (bet-u-la  - 

se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
lietula-\-  -ace(T.'\  A  nat- 
ural order  of  apetalous 
dicotyledonous  trees 
and  "slirubs,  of  which 
Betula  is  the  tj-pical 
genus,  and  containing 
besides  this  only  the  genus  Minis,  with  60  spe- 
cies belonging  to  the  two  genera.  See  cut  un- 
der aUlir. 

betulin,  betuline  (bet'u-lin),  v.  [<  Betula, 
binli,  +  -ill-,  -("<-.]  An  alkaloid  (Van^lao^h) 
obtuini'il  from  the  bark  of  the  wliite  birch.  It 
crVHtallizeH  in  the  form  of  long  needles,  which 
all'  fusible  and  volatile. 

betumble  (iHVtum'bl),  «.  t.  [<  fcc-l  +  tumble.^ 
To  tumble ;  disarrange  tho  parts  of. 

From  her  be-lumUed  couch  iilie  Htartcth. 

.S/inlt.,  Lucrcoo,  L  1037. 
bettltor  (be-tii'tor),  V.  t.     [<  fcf-l  +  tutor.']     To 

iiiiMiot;  tutor.     Coleridge. 
between  (bf-twen'),  prep,  anil  iidr.    [<  (1)  ME. 
,    hi'liriiirn,    etc.,    <  AS.    hilweonitm,   be- 
,  III  lirinun,  lietwednan,  betirman,  bilwidn- 
.  (iirig.  sepanitc,  oh  in  he  mem  twvdiium, 
u  till;  seaH,  lit.  'by  HcaH  twain'),  <  6c. 
p..  I.v.  -I-  lirn'nium,  dat.  pi.  of  'Iwiiin;   (2) 
',.  I.ii'i.io,  1)1  tin  lie,  liilirnu;  ete.  (inl.xid   with 
'■'■1"   '),  <    AS.  (OXorth.)   brtiriYm,   helwin, 
<   be,  prep.,  by,  +  'Iwe6n,  ace.  of 
•Iwrnc   (=   f)t^.    OKricH.     hreiie  — 
.  iinie,  a.  sirern),  two,  I  wain,  orit;. 
.th.1wnihnai=  It.  hini,  <»lj.  'iliiinii, 
^r<■(   (liri-),  two:  see  Iwo.  iiiid  'f. 
'I'lii'  foniiH  of  III  tin  in  liftvi'  iilwiiy.s 
I      lb  ilii.Hcof  fc(fHir/(wliich  ^(lej.J 
piice  wliii'li  Hi'piiriili'H  (I wo 
..H  .  iM,  or  liiii'H);  at  any  point 
•  ■  iroui  one  to  the  other  of :  ax,  '« - 


hi  I,, 

linjn 

um,  I 

betw 

i.n 

Ml 

i.re.. 

hi  I II 

'lin 

OlHi.  "Ill 
diKlril 


I'l. 


iinn.  '<'  "■  ' 

I.  r' 

jKiiii 

«f  UlC'  iIinI, 


Unless  you  send  some  present  help. 
Between  them  they  will  kill  the  conjurer. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1. 

7.  In  regard  to  the  respective  natures  or  qual- 
ities of:  as,  to  distinguish  between  right  and 
wrong. 

There  is  an  essential  difference  between  aland  of  which 
we  can  trace  the  gradual  formation  from  the  sixth  century 
onwards  and  a  land  whose  name  is  not  heard  of  till  the 
eleventh  century.        £.  A.  Freeman,  Eng.  Towns,  p.  12U. 

8.  In  regard  to  one  or  the  other  of:  as,  to 

choose  between  two  things. 

Between  two  dogs,  which  hath  the  deeper  mouth? 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

{Between  is  literallv  apiilii-iilde  only  to  two  objects ;  but  it 
maybe  and  comnwuil.v  is  iisrd  of  more  than  two  wliere 
they  are  spoken  ..f  distnlmtively.  or  so  that  t  ley  can  bo 
thought  of  as  divided  into  two  parts  or  categories,  or  with 
reference  to  the  action  or  being  of  each  imlividnall.y  as 
coiiinareil  with  that  of  any  other  or  all  the  others,  \N  ben 
more  than  two  objects  arc  spoken  of  collet-lively  or  in- 
divUibly  ainon'i  is  the  proper  word.]  —  Between  our- 
selves not  to  be  coinimiiiieuted  to  others  ;  m  t-.inmbii.-.-. 

Between  the  beetle  and  the  block.    See  ijeeilei. 
To  go  between.    S"- ../..,  =Syn.  Ao,i,l,<t,  In  the  miJKt ..», 

'  n.  '"'c.  In  the  intfrineiliate  space;  in  inter- 
mediate relation  as  reganls  time,  etc.:  with  an 
object  understood. 

Your  bidy  seeks  my  life ;— conic  yon  between. 

And  save  | r  me.  .SViii*.,  Pericles,  Iv.  I, 

between  (b.-Mwen'),  n.    [<  between,  iirip.]    One 

(if  11  (.Made  of  needles  between  .iliar/Li  and  lilunt.i. 

between-decks  (Ix'-t  wtniMeks),  udr.  and  h.    I. 

ailr.   Ill  llie  spiice  lietween  two  decks  of  a  ship; 

on  any  deck  but  tlie  upper  one.  „       ,. 

II    »l.  'I'lie  spilce  between  t  wo  decks  of  a  sllip, 
or  llie  whole  space  between  the  upper  antl  the 

betweenity  (be-twen'i-ti),  «.  [<  bctw'-en  +  -itii, 
aa  in  extremili/.]  Tlie  slate  or  quality  of  being 
between;  interiiiedinte  contlilion;  anyt lung  in- 
termediate.    [Colloq.] 

■Ill  rejoin  heads,  tails,  nn.UWwwniUVj.  ,,,    .„ 

'  .S'onfAr)/,  Ix'ttcr*,  III.  Iix. 

The  hoUKC  Is  not  (i.,tlile,  but  of  Ibiit  belwe,nil,l  that  In 

t<.rvt.ned  when  llolbb fllned  and  '""I  '"'"':.",!'",','";-''■ 

i„„  ii,  ;/.  I|-|if;"if.',  Ix'tlem  (id.  isai),  11.  111. 

betweenwhiles  (be-iwf.n'hwilz),  nrfr.,  prop. 

;i)7;i.  iibr.     Al  intervalH, 

betWit(bi--t wit' )■>•.(.    [<beA  +  l,rin.]   Totwit. 

.slTiiiKO  how  tlii-iie  men,  wlioiit  i.lhcr  tlmen  are  all  wlm- 

men.  do  now.  In  tliilr  drink,  Mwin  and  repronili  one  an 

iitbir  with  Ihelr  termer  londllloiiK.      /Vj.in.  IMnry,  I,  1114, 

betwixt,  /"•'/'•  "'"'  '"'' '■     ^''''  '"'"'■'"'• 


=  Syn.  See  etimpiirison  under  ainonij. 

II.  adi\  Between,  in  either  space  or  time. 
—Betwixt  and  between,  in  an  intermediate  position; 
neither  llie  one  nc.r  the  other-  a  colloquial  intensive  ot 

1,,-lirl.rl  or  of  iHlie.rii. 

betylus,  ».     See  btetyhw. 

beudantite  (bii'thm-tit).  n.     [After  the  Fi-ench 

mineralogist  Beudant  (1787-1850).]     A  hydrous 

phosphate  niitl  arseniate  of  iron,  oceumng  in 

small,  closely  aggregated  crystals  in  Nassau, 

Piussia.  and" also  near  Cork,  Ireland. 

beuk  (bilk),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  book. 

.\ly  grannie  she  bought  me  a  (ii'iiA-, 

And  I  held  awa'  to  the  school. 

Burns,  The  .lolly  Beggars. 

bevel  (bev'el),  11.  and  a.  [Formerly  also  herelL 
as  a  term  of  heraldry  beril  herile,  <  OF.  'bevel 
or  'huvel  (not  recorded),  mod.  F.  bireou,  also 
spelled  hrreau,  bureau,  beurenu,  beaureau.  etc. 
(cf.  Sp./jrtfi-iV),  bevel;  origin  unknown.]  I.  n. 
1.  The  obliquity  or  inclination  of  a  particular 
surface  ot  a  solid  body  to  another  surface  of 
the  same  body;  the  angle  contained  by  two 
adjacent  sidos'of  anvtliing,  as  of  a  timber  used 
in'ship-buililing.  AVheu  this  angle  is  acute  it 
is  calletl  an  under  herd  (or  beveling),  and  when 
ibtuse    a   .standing 


bevel.— 2.  An  in- 
strument used  by 
mechanics  for 

drawing  angles  and 
lor  atl justing  tho 
abutting  surfaces 
of  work  to  the 
saniit  ineliniition. 
It  consUts  ot  two  limbs 
jointeil  together,  olio 
i:Mo,l  the  stock 
liiindle  ami  the  oilier 
the  blade;  the  hitter  l« 
movable  on  a  pivot  at 
the  joint,  and  can  bo 
adjusted  so  as  to  inclndo 
any    angle    between    11 

and  Ihe  slock.     The  blade  Is  often  curved  on  the  eilgo  to 

.nit  Ihe  sweep  of  an  an-b  or  vault.     See  beret-Kijuare. 

3.  A  piece  of  type-nietnl  nearly  type-high,  with 

a  beveled  eilgt''.  iisetl  by  stereo- 


Mechanics'  Beveli:. 


tyiicrs  to  form  the  tiange  on  the  ^ 
Hitles  111'  the  plates.  Il'orer.itrr.  [ 
—  4.    Same   as    hivil-angle. —  5. 


.^ 


Herahltc  Bevel. 
(See  tiTLflnt,  y\ 


111  her.,  an  angular  break  in  any 
right  line. 

II.  rt.  Having  the  form  of  n 
bevel ;  iiHliiiil;  sloping;  eiil  id' 
tlie  iierpendieiiliir;  mil  upright,: 
iiHed  iigiiratively  by  Slmkspere. 

I  may  bu  straight  llimigh  they  Ihemselves  be  Iwrrl. 

Sliah.,  Sonnets,  cxxL 

Their  houses  arc  very  111  built,  the  walls  bevel,  without 

one  right  angle  In  any  aparliru-nt.       

SiriJ'l.  Gullivers  I  ravels.  111.  ». 

bevel  (bev'el),  ('.;  pret.  anil  pp.  beveled  or  he^ 
ellrd,  piir.  beveling  or  bevelling.     [<  bevel,  «.]     I. 


bevel 


539 


■bewest 


iran^.  To  out  to  a  bevel-angle:  as,  to  level  a  bevel-ways  (bev'el-waz),  adv. 
piece  of  wood.  ""'>■''• 

II.  intrans.  To  incline  toward  a  point  or  bevel-wheel   (bev'el-hwel)     ' 
liom'  a  direct  line;   slant  or  incline  off  to  a 
l)cv<>I-angle. 

bevel-angle  (bev'el-ang"gl),  n.  Any  angle  ex- 
cept, a  right  angle,  whetlier  it  be  acute  or  ob- 
tuse.    Also  called  bevel. 

leveled,  bevelled  (bev'eld),  p.  a.     1.  Having  bevel-wise  (bev'el-wiz),  adv 
a  bevol;  formed  with   a  bevel-angle. —  2.  In    form  or  direction  of  a  bevel 


Same  as  ieoeV-    4.  A  small  collection  of  objects ;  an  assem- 
blage of  things.     [Karo  or  obsolete.]  =  syn.  1. 
,y,,^^  ^^^y^j.    ,.^^.   ^.  ....^.„    ...       In     mack.,    a      Com-;/,  etc.     See /Oct. 

cog-wliecl  of  which  the  worldng-face  is  oblique  bewail  (be-wal'),  v.     [<  ME.  bewaikn,  hewmhn 
to  the  axis.    .s,>el,  a  wheel  is  commonly  u.se.i  in  con-     hiwaikn^otc,  <  6e-  -t-  loathn,  wail:  see  ?;c-l  and 


nection  with  another  revolving  with  a  shaft  at  right 
angles  to  that  of  the  first.  These  wheels  are  often  called 
coni('iil  wheels,  as  their  general  form  is  that  of  fnista  of 

cones.     See  ht'Del-gear. 

In  her.,  in  the 

said  of  a  ribbon 

Also 


»jwcra/.,replaoedbytwoplanesincliningequal-     or  pennon  charged  thus  upon  the  field. 

iy  upon  the  adjacent  planes,  as  an  edge ;  hav-     betvl-wat/s: 

iug  its  edges  replaced  as  above,  as  a  cube  or  beverlf,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  beaver^. 

■other  solid. —  3.  In  her.,  broken  by  an   acute  bever'-t,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  beaver^. 

angle:  thus,  in  the  cut  under  bevel,  the  blazon  bever'*!  (be'ver),  n.    [Now chiefly E.  dial.;  also 

-would  be  a  chief  vert,  ftecefed Beveled  bushing,     written  beaver,  i  MK.  bever,  later  also  bevoir, 

boevcr,  <  OF.  bevrc,  boivre,  vaod.  F.  fioire  =  It. 
bevere,  bere  (ML.  biber),  a  drinlj,  prop,  inf., 
drinli,  <  L.  bibere,  drink:  see  fciftl,  bibber. 
Hence  beverage.']  1.  A  collation  or  slight  re- 
past between  meals. 

Are.   What,  at  your  bever,  gallants  ? 

Mor.  Will  't  please  your  ladyship  to  drink  ? 

B.  Jowfon,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 
Some  twenty  mark  a-year  !  will  that  maintain 
Scarlet  and  gold  lace,  play  at  th'  ordinary. 
And  bevera  at  the  tavern  ? 

Middleton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  i.  1. 
Formerly,  at  some  colleges  and  schools,  a 


Bevel-gear. 


a  biiahiiiK  in  which  tile  sides  are  inclined  to  the  ends.- 
Beveled  douWe,  in  ln-r.,  lieveled  on  either  side.— Bev- 
eled furniture,  m  jiriiiHufl:  (a)  The  tapering  side-sticks 
and  font-sticks  used  in  imposing  forms  or  locking  up  gal- 
leys. (/')  Be\eled  pieces  of  wood  less  than  type-higb. — 
Beveled  gearing.  See  ffeanncj.— Beveled  washer,  a 
washer  having  its  two  faces  not  parallel  to  each  other, 
used  to  give  a  proper  bearing  to  a  head  or  nut  when  the 
rod  or  bolt  is  not  perpendicular  to  the  surface  against 
which  the  washer  presses. 

bevel-gear  (bev'el-ger),  «.  In  much.,  a  species 
of  wheelwork  in  which  the  axis  or  shaft  of  the 
leader  or  driver 
forms  an  angle 
with  the  axis  or 
shaft  of  the  fol- 
lower or  the  wheel 
driven. 

bevel-hub  (bev'el- 
hub),  n.  A  hub 
or  short  conneet- 
iug-pipe  having  a 
bend. 

beveling,  bevel- 
ling (bev'el-ing), 
71.  Same  as  bcv- 
el,l. 

It  is  evident  from 
tlie  preceding,  that  by  applying  the  bevel  in  the  work- 
man's usual  manner,  viz.,  with  the  stock  against  the  left- 
hand  side  of  the  board  and  directed  towards  his  body,  all 
the  beveliii'18  will  be  under,  that  is,  less  than  a  right  angle. 
.  .  .  We  ttius  find  that  when  the  first  futtock  frames  are 
on  the  amidship  side  of  the  joint,  their  bevelin<js  are  always 
standing,  or  greater  than  a  right  angle. 

Thearle,  Naval  Architecture,  p.  53. 

beveling-board  (bev'el-ing-bord),  n.  1.  A 
board  cut  to  any  required  bevel.  It  is  used  in 
adjusting  frames  or  the  parts  of  an  angular 
construction,  as  in  a  ship. —  2.  A  flat  board 
upon  which  the  bevelings  of  the  various  por- 
tions of  a  construction,  as  the  framework  of  a 
ship,  are  marked. 

beveling-frame  (bev'el-ing-fram),  n.  Awooden 
frame  in  whieli  a  beveling-board  is  placed  to 
be  marked,  it  consists  of  a  wide  board,  on  one  edge  of 
which  is  placed  a  fixed,  and  on  the  opposite  a  movable, 
batten.     Across  both  battens  parallel  lines  are  marked. 

beveling-machine  (bev'el-ing-ma-shen''''), «.  A 
machine  for  beveling  or  angling  the  outer  edges 
of  a  book-cover,  or  of  an  electrotyped  plate  for 
printing. 

bevel-jack  (bev'el-jak),  n.  A  device  used  in 
transmitting  motion  from  a  motor  to  a  machine. 
It  consists  of  a  pair  of  bevel-gears,  one  of  which  is  con- 
nected with  a  tumbling-shaft  turned  by  the  motor,  while 
the  other  has  a  pulley  which  by  a  belt  drives  the  machine. 

bevel-joint  (bev'el-joint),  n.    A  miter  or  slop-  bevil,  b'evile, 


wail.']  I.  trans.  To  motirn  aloud  for ;  bemoan; 
lament ;  express  deep  sorrow  for :  as,  to  bewail 
the  loss  of  a  child. 

i}t>,  give  your  tears  to  those  that  lose  their  worths. 
liewaU  their  miseries.        Fletcher,  Valentinian,  iv.  4, 
The  nightingale 
Her  ancient,  hapless  sorrow  must  bewail. 

Willium  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  391. 

H.  intrans.  To  express  grief. 

Mourning  and  heivailiiig  exceedingly. 

lIMand,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  70. 

bewailable  (be-wa'la-bl),  «.  [<  bewail  +  -able.] 
t^itpiibhi  or  worthy  of  being  bewailed. 

bewailer  (be-wa'ler),  «.  One  who  bewails  or 
laiiK'nls. 

bewailing  (be-wa'Un^),  n.     Lamentation. 

bewailingly  (be-wa'hng-li),  adv.  In  a  bewail- 
ing manner. 

bewailment  (be-wal'ment),  n.  [<  bewail  + 
-ment.]     The  act  of  bewailing;  a  lamentation. 

bewaket  (be-wak' ),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bewaken,  watch, 
"  wake"  a  clead  body,  watch  through  (=  D.  be-, 
waken  =  G.  bewachen  =  Hw.  bevaka),  <  be-  + 
tvaken,  wake:  see  be-^  and  icake'i-,  and  cf.  bi- 
vouac.] To  watch,  especially  a  dead  body ;  ob- 
serve funeral  rites  for.     Gower. 

beware  (be-war'),  v.,  prop.pAr.    [Formerly  and 

prop,  written  separately,  be  ware,  a  phrase  com- 

Wlien  I  was  at  Eton  — now  more  than  thirty  years  ago     posed  of  the  impv.  or  inf.  of  the  verb  be  and  the 

upplied  in  the  dining-     „/ii   ,„/,,,•«.•  ph  in  AS.  ftm  uircr  f/jprf.  2(1  Tiers,  sinff. 


slight  meal  which  the  students  received  at  the 
buttery-hatch  and  took  to  their  rooms. 

No  scholar  shall  be  absent  above  an  hour  at  morning 
bever  and  half  an  hour  at  evening  bemr. 

Quinaj,  Hist.  Harv.  Univ.,  I.  517. 


Bevelmentof  the  edges 
of  a  cube  by  planes  of  a 
tetrahexaheuron. 


ing  joint  having  its  faces  dressed  to  an  angle, 
generally  of  45°. 

bevelled,  bevelling.    See  beveled,  beveling. 

bevelment  (bev'el-ment),  11. 
[<  bevel  +  -merit.]  In  mineral., 
the  replacement  of  an  edge  by 
two  similar  planes,  equally 
inclined  to  the  including  faces 
or  adjacent  planes. 

bevel-plater  (bev'el-pla"ter), 
11.  A  machine  for  rolling  the 
bevel-edged  plates  of  shin- 
gling and  veneering  saws. 

bevel-protractor  (bev'el-pro-trak"tor),  n.  A 
drafting  instrument  with  a  pivoted  arm  sliding 
upon  a  graduated  sector, 
used  in  laying  off  angles. 

bevel-rest  (bev'el-rest),  11. 
A  clamp  for  holding  wood 
to  a  saw  in  making  a  bevel- 
ed cut. 

bevel-square  (bev'el-skwar),  n. 
the  blade  of  which  can  be  adjusted  to  any 
angle  with  the  stock,  and  held  at  such  an  angle 
by  a  set-screw,  it  is  an  artisan's  instrument  for  try- 
ing his  work  to  see  if  it  has  been  made  with  the  proper 
Angle.    Also  called  angle-bevel. 


—  the  boys  on  the  foundation  were  supplied  in  the  dining 
hall  with  an  intermediate  meal  (if  meal  it  could  be  called), 
which  went  under  the  name  of  beaver.  According  to  my 
recollection  it  consisted  of  beer  only,  and  the  hour  was 
4  l:  M.  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  454. 

bever^t  (be'ver),  v.  i.     [<  bever^,  n.]    To  take  a 
bever  or  slight  repast  between  meals. 

Your  gallants  never  sup,  breakfast,  nor  bever  without 
me.  A.  Brewer  (?),  Lingua,  ii.  1. 

beverage  (bev'e-raj),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
beveridge,  beuvrag'e,  etc.,  <  ME.  beverage,  bev- 
erege,  bcverache,  beurage,  etc.  (cf.  ML.  bevera- 
giiim),  <  OF.  bevrage,  beuvrage,  breuvraige,  mod. 
F.  breurage  (=  Pr.  beurage  =  Sp.  bebrage  = 
Pg.  beberagem  =  It.  beveraggio  ;  ML.  as  if  *bi- 
beraticiim),  <  bevre,  boivre  =  It.  bevere,  <  L.  bi- 
bere, drink:  see  bevcr^,  n.,  and -age.]  1.  Drink 
of  any  kind ;  liquor  for  drinking :  as,  water  is 
the  common  beverage;  intoxicating  beverages. 
A  pleasant  beverage  he  prepared  before 
Of  wine  and  honey  mixed. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  IL 

2.  A  name  given  specifically  to  various  kinds 
of  refreshing  drinks,  (a)  In  Devonshire,  England, 
water-cider;  a  drink  made  by  passing  water  through  the 
crushed  apples  from  which  cider  has  been  made.  (&)  A 
liiiuor  made  by  passing  water  through  the  pressed  grapes 
after  the  wine  has  been  expressed. 

Touching  price  and  quality  of  a  liquor  or  drink  called 
in  England  "bevaradqe  "  and  in  France  "  pimpeene." 

Record  Soc.  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  xi.  117. 
(c)  In  the  West  Indies,  a  drink  made  of  sugar-cane  juice 
and  water. 

3.  In  Great  Britain,  drink-money,  or  a  treat 
provided  with  drink-money,  as  on  wearing  a 
new  suit  of  clothes,  or  on  receiving  a  suit  from 
the  tailor;  a  treat  on  fii-st  coming  into  prison; 
a  garnish.     [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 

bevewt,  n-     See  bevue. 

In  her.,  same  as  bevel,  5. 


adj.  ware  ;  as  in  AS.  beo  war  (be_6,  2d  pers.  sing, 
impv.  of  bedn),  bed  the  wwr  (the,  thee,  reflexive 
dative),  be  ware,  just  like  E.  be  careful.  So 
ME.  "6c  war  therfor"  (Chaucer);  "A  ha!  fel- 
awes !  beth  war  of  such  a  lape ! "  (Chaucer),  where 
beth  is  2d  pers.  pi.  impv.,  <  AS.  beoth.  (See 
other  ME.  examples  below.)  Like  be  gone,  now 
begone,  be  tvare  came  to  be  written  as  one  word, 
beware,  and  then  was  classed  by  some  authors 
with  the  numerous  verbs  in  ie-i,  and  inflected 
accordingly;  hence  the  eiToneous  forms  be- 
wares in  Ben  Jonson,  and  beivared  in  Dryden. 
This  confusion  may  have  been  promoted  by  the 
existence  of  a  ME.  verb  beicaren,  show,  exhibit, 
descended,  with  some  change  of  sense,  from 
AS.  bewarian,  guard,  keep,  preserve  (=OFries. 
biwaria  =  D.  beicaren  =  OHG.  biwarmi,  MHG. 
bewaren,  G.  bewahren  =  Sw.  bevara  =  Dan.  be- 
vare,  keep,  guard),  <  be-  +  warian,  guard,  <  wcsr, 
cautious,  observant,  E.  ivare^,  as  in  be  ware 
above.  In  the  quotation  from  Chaucer,  below, 
both  fonns  appear.  See  ware^.]  To  be  wary 
or  cautious ;  be  on  one's  guard ;  exercise  care 
or  vigilance :  properly  two  words,  be  ware,  con- 
sisting of  the  infinitive  or  imperative  of  be  with 
the  adjective  xvare :  followed  by  of,  expressed 
or  understood,  with  the  force  of  'against,'  'in 
regard  to':  as,  fteioare  of  evil  associations;  be- 
ware how  you  step;  "beware  the  bear,"  Scott. 

Thus  oughte  wise  men  ben.  ware  of  foils ; 
If  thou  do  so  thi  wltte  is  wele  bywared  [shown], 
Chaucer,  Troilus,  1 


635. 

Wycli/,  Mat.  viL  15. 

war  of  him  ben. 


Be  ye  war  o/ false  prophets. 

That  uo  man  no  scholde  .  .  . 

Life  of  Thomas  Beket  (ed.  Black),  1150. 

Beware  o/aU,  but  most  beware  o/man. 

Pope,  E.  of  the  L.,  L  114. 

Every  one  ought  to  be  very  careful  to  beware  what  he 
admits  for  a  principle.  Locke. 

Beware  the  pine-tree's  withered  branch. 
Beware  the  awful  avalanche.     Longfellow,  Excelsior. 

bewash  (be-wosh'),  v.  t.     [<  6e-l  -f  wash.]    To 
chench  with  water.     [Rare.] 

Let  the  maids  bewa.sh  the  men. 

Herrick,  St.  DistafT's  Day. 


Bevel-protractor. 

A  try-square 


bevort,  «.     See  bearer". 

bevue  (be-vu'),  n.  [Formerly  also  bevew,  <  F. 
bevue,  OF.  besvue,  <  he-,  bes-  (<  L.  bis-,  double), 
-f-  vus,  -view :  see  vietv.]  An  error  of  inadver- 
tence ;  a  slip.     [Rare.] 

be'Vy(bev'i),  «.;  pi.  femes  (-iz).  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  be.avi/,  beavie,  <  ME.  bet^,  bevey,  beve,  <  OF. 
beveye  ("'beueye  [printed  deueije]  des  heronez," 
in  a  poem  cited  by  Leo,  Rect.  Sing.  Perso-  ijeweep  (be-wep'),  «'• ;  pret.  and  pp.  bewept,  ppr. 

narum,  p.  40);  cf.  It.  "6pra,  abeavie,"Flono:     -  ' ■'  .  .  r,  i . 

applied  esp.  to  a  flock  of  birds  and  thence  to  a 
company  of  ladies;  orig.,  perhaps,  a  drinking 
company,  or  a  number  of  animals  at  a  water- 
ing-place, being  thus  a  particular  use  of  OF. 
bevee,  buvee,  drink,  drinking  (cf.  It.  beva,  a 
drink),  <  bevre  =  It.  bevere,  drink :  see  berer'', 
n.,  and  beverage.]  1.  A  flock  of  birds,  espe- 
cially of  larks  or  quails.— 2.  A  small  company 
or  troop,  as  of  roebucks,  heifers,  etc.— 3.  A 
group  or  small  company  of  persons,  especially 
of  girls  or  women,  but  also  used  of  the  male 
sex:  as,  "a  bevy  of  powdered  coxcombs,"  Gold- 
smith; "a  bevy  of  renegades,"  Macaulay,  Hist. 

Eng. 

A  lovely  bevy  of  faire  Ladies  sate, 
Courted  of  many  a  jolly  Paramoure. 

Spemer,  i\  Q.,  II.  ii.  S4. 


beiceeping.  [<"ME.  bewepen,  biwepeii,  <  AS.  be- 
wepan  (=  OFries.  hiwepa  =  OS.  biwopian),  <  be- 
+  wepan,  weep :  see  6e-l  and  iveep.]    I,  trans. 

1 .  To  weep  over ;  deplore. 
Old  fond  eyes, 

Beweep  tliis  cause  again,  I'll  pluck  ye  out 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

2.  To  bedew  or  wet  with  tears ;  disfigure  or 

mark  with  the  signs  of  weeping. 

Fast  by  her  syde  doth  wery  labour  stand. 
Pale  fere  also,  and  sorrow  all  bewept. 

Sir  T.  More,  T.j  Them  that  Trust  in  Fortune. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  weep  ;  make  lamentation. 

bewest  (be-west'),  pnp.     [<  ME.  be  west,  bi- 

icesten,  <  AS.  be  westan  :  be,  prep.,  by ;  wcstan, 

adv.,  west,  from  the  west.     Cf.  be-east,  benorth, 

besotith.]     To  the  west  of .     [Scotch.] 


bewet 

bewetl  (be-wef),  r.  1. ;  pret.  and  pp.  heirettfd, 

heictt.  ppr.  beicetting.     [<  ME.  beweten,  <  h(-  + 

iceten,  wet :  see  6e-l  and  icet.'\   To  Tvet ;  moisten. 

Bis  napkin  with  his  true  tears  all  bt-icet. 

Skak.    ■"■-    ■- 


540 


The  more  he  considered  it,  the  more  betritchinrj  the 

scene  appeared  to  him.        Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  S. 

bewitchingly  (be-wich'ing-li),  adv.     In  a  be- 
witoiiint:  manner. 
Tit.  And.,  iii.  1.  bewitcluilgness   (be--srich'ing-nes),   «.      The 


bewet-,  bewit  (bu'et, -it),  «.     [<  late  ME.  6eir-    quality  which  makes  a  person  or  thing  be 
ette.  dim.  of  OF.  beue.  bue,  earlier  bitie,  boie.  a  ,  witehmg.  .,  ,    . 

collar,  chain,  fetter,  <  L.  bokc,  a  collar  for  the  bewitchment  (be-wich  ment),  «.     [<  bemtch  + 


neck,  whence  also  nit.  E.  buoy,  q.  v.]  In  f<il 
eonry,  the  leather  with  which  the  bell  was  at- 
tached to  a  hawk's  leg.  [Commonly  in  the 
plural.] 

bewhisper  (be-hwis'per),  r.  t.  [<  ?/f-l  +  wliis- 
ptr.']     To  whisper.     Fairfax.     [Rare.] 

bewhoret  (be-hor'),  r.  t.  [<  6e-l  +  vhore.'\  1. 
To  make  a  whore  of.  Beau,  and  FI.—  2.  To 
call  ca-  pronounce  a  whore.     Sha):. 


i»cnt.^     Fascination;  power  of  charming ;  the 
effects  of  witchcraft. 

I  will  counterfeit  the  bctcitchment  of  some  popular  man, 
and  give  it  bountifully  to  the  desirers.     Sftak.,  Cor.,  ii.  3. 
To  wash  in  Mav  dew  guards  against  bewitchment. 

Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  37S. 

bewith  (be'wiTH),  n.  [<  fcfl  -1-  witIA:  what  one 
can  be  irith  or  do  with.]  A  makeshift;  a  sub- 
stitute.    [Scotch.] 


bewield  (be-weld'),   r.  t.  '[<  ME.  heweldeii,  <  bewonder  (be-^vim'der)   r.  f.    [<be-T-  + wonder; 


bi-  +  icehl'en,  wield:  see  6e-l  and  icield.']  To 
wield,  handle,  or  control ;  manage.  J.  Harri- 
son.    [Eare.] 

bewigged  (bf-wigd'),  p.  a.    [<  6e-i  +  tcigged.'] 
Wearing  a  wig. 

Ancient  ladies  and  beicigged  gentlemen  seemed  hurry- 
ing to  enjoy  a  social  cup  of  tea. 

L.  il.  Ateott,  Hospital  Sketches,  p.  20. 

bewilder  (be-wU'der),  V.  t.     [<  ic-1  +  wilder: 
see  wilder.^  '  1.  To  confuse  as  to  diiectiou  or 
situation;    catise  to  lose   the  proper  road  or 
course:  as,  the  intricacy  of  the  streets  bewil- 
dered him;  to  be  bewildered  in  the  woods. 
Can  this  be  the  bird,  to  man  so  good, 
That,  after  their  bewildering. 
Covered  with  leaves  the  little  children. 
So  painfully  in  the  wood? 
iror(i*icor(/i.  Redbreast  Chasing  the  Butterfly. 

2.  To  lead  into  perplexity  or  confusion;  per- 
plex ;  puzzle ;  confuse. 

Betcildering  odors  floating,  dulled  her  sense, 

And  killed  her  fear. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  259. 


1. 


=  D.  bcwonderen  =  G.  bewundern,  admire.] 
To  fill  with  wonder ;  amaze. 

Seeing  his  astonishment. 
How  he  bewondered  was. 

Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  x.  17. 

2.  To  wonder  at ;  admire, 
beworkt  (be-werk'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bewurchcn,  < 
AS.  htwijrcan  (=  D.  beioerken  =  CI.  bcwirkcn  = 
Dan.  be'rirl'c),  work,  work  in,  adorn,  <  be-  + 
wyrean,  work:  see  6f-l  and  jcort\]  To  work, 
as  with  thread  ;  embroider. 

The  mantelle  and  the  gjTdyllc  both 
That  rychely  was  bexvro<jht.     Sir  Kglamour,  1.  lir>2. 
Smocks  all  bewroufjkt.  B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Owls. 

bewpers,  «.  See  beaupers. 
bewrap  (be-rap'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bewrapped, 
bi  wrnpt,  ppr.  bewrappimj.  [<  JIE.  bewrappen, 
also  bewrahben  (with  var.  hcwlappen),  <  be-  + 
wrappen.  wrap:  see  be-^  and  wrap.']  To  wrap 
up;  clothe;  envelop. 

His  sword.  .  .  . 
Betcrapt  with  flowers,  hung  idlie  by  his  side. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xvi.  30. 


We  have  elementary  disturbances  of  consciousness  in  hewravt  (be-ra'),1'.  <•    [<  ME.  fccicraicn,  fciicm/oi 

disclose,  reveal  (=  OFries.  biwrogta  =  OHCi. 
biruogan,  MH6.  beriiycn),  <  be-  +  wraicn,  wrey- 
en,  obs.  E.  wray,  disclose,  reveal,  <  AS.  irre- 
gan,  accuse  (=  OFries.  xcrogia,  wreia  =  OS.  wro- 
gian  =  D.  wroegcn,  accuse,  =  OHG.  ruogen, 
MHG.  ruegen,  G.  riigcn,  censure,  =  Icel.  ragja, 
slander,  =  Sw.  riij'a,  betray,  =  Goth,  wrolijan, 
accuse),  from  a  noun  repr.  by  Goth,  irrolis,  an 
accusation,  =  Icel.  rog,  a  slander.  Somewhat 
affected  in  sense  by  betray,  a  quite  different 
word.]  1.  To  accuse;  malign. —  2.  To  re- 
veal ;  divulge ;  make  known ;  declare. 


The 
In  a 


diseases  of  the  mind,  such  as  epileptic  states,  ecstacy, 
.  .  .  and  the  bewildered  state  of  the  mind  in  paralytic  dc 
mentia.  E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  35, 

=  Syn.  To  confonnd,  confuse,  mystify,  nonplus. 

bewilderedness  (be-wil'd^rd-nes),  n. 

,Kt:iti-  I'f  b.inL'  bewildered;  bewilderment 
bewilderingly  (be-wil'd6r-iug-li),  adv. 
1m  Willi,  riii^  manner;  so  as  to  bewilder, 
bewilderment  (be-wil'dfer-ment),  n.     [<  bewil- 
der +  -ment.']     The  state  of  ij'eing  bewildered. 
Thought  was  arrested  by  utter  beunlderme7it. 

Geur;ie  Uliot,  Silas  Marner,  ii. 
bewimple  (bf-wim'pl),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bewimplen 
(=  V.lwwimpelen),  <  be-  +  mmjielcn,  wimj)lo : 
see  6e-i  and  wimple.]  To  cover  with  a  wimple ; 
veil.  Cower. 
bewinter  (be-win't<T),  f.  <.  [<6f-l  -I-  winter.] 
Td  make  like  winter. 

Tears  that  beivinter  all  my  year. 

Cowley,  Sleep. 
bewit,  «.     See  bewel^. 

bewitch  (be-wich'),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  bewicchen,  bi- 
tiiciliin,  <  be-  +  icicchen,  witch:  see  6e-l  and 
wilrli,  I'.]  1.  To  subject  to  the  influence  of 
witchcraft;  affect  by  witchcraft  or  sorcery; 
throw  a  charm  or  spell  over. 

Ijixik  how  I  am  bewitch'd ;  liehold,  mine  arm 
I»,  like  a  blasU'd  sapling,  wltlKT'd  up. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iil.  4. 

2.  To  charm ;  fascinate ;  please  to  such  a  de- 
gree as  to  take  away  the  power  of  resistance. 
Love  doth  bewitch  and  strangely  change  us. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  46S. 

Tlic  charms  of  poetry  our  souls  bewitch. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  .Uivenal's  .Satires. 
Ills  (Teririywrn's)  ventes  stilt  l>cii'itch  youths  and  artists 
by  their  HentlmentJi  and  beauty,  l>ut  tlieir  thought  takes 
hi. Id  of  tbink'-ni  and  men  of  the  world, 

.Stcdman,  Vlit.  Poets,  p.  IfiO. 

bcwitchedness  (b§-wicht'ncH),«.  [<bcicitclicil, 
]  ]  •!  liririteli,  +  •netis.']  The  stiito  of  being  be- 
■■'.'   '  Ml. 

be witcher  (be-wich'ir),  n.  One  wlio  bewitclies 
or  laieinateg. 

bewltchery  (be-wich'6r-i),    n.     [<   bewiteh,  in 


Write  down  thy  mind,  ben-ray  thy  meaning. 
Shak.,  T.  of  A., 


11.  0. 
he 


Whoso  is  partner  with  a  thief  hateth  his  own  soul: 
heareth  cursing  and  bewrayeth  it  not.  Prov.  xxix.  24. 

3.  To  disclose  or  reveal  (the  identity  or  the 
secrets  of  a  person)  perfidiously  or  prejudi- 
cially; betray;  expose. 

Thou  bcwreiest  alle  secrenesse. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  CT.'i. 
For  feare  to  be  enforced  by  torment*  to  beierauhis  con- 
federates. Knolles,  Hist.  Turks,  j).  7.    (A'.  Ji.  D.) 
Like  slaves  you  sold  your  souls  for  golden  dross. 
Bewraying  her  to  death. 

Maxnin'jer,  Virgin-Martyr,  ii.  3. 

Hide  the  outcast,  bewray  not  him  that  wandercth,  is 
the  simplest  lesson  of  common  liumanity. 

ir.  J'hillipf,  Sl>eeclies,  p.  07. 

4.  To  reveal  or  disclose  unintentionally  or  in- 
cidentally ;  show  the  presence  or  true  character 
of;  show  or  make  visible. 

Tlle  ointment  of  his  right  bund  which  bewrayelh  itself. 

I'rov.  xxvii.  111. 

Thy  speech  brnrayeth  tlict;.  Mat.  xxvi.  73. 

[Bewray  is  still  sometimes  used,  especially  in 
jioetrv,  as  an  archaic  word.] 
bewraiyert   (lie-ra'er),   n.      A   betrayer   or   di- 
viil^cr. 

\  liiirriiycr  of  secreta.  Addition,  Spectator,  No.  22.'., 

bewraylnglyt  (be-rii'ing-li),  adv.    In  a  manner 

Id  howniv. 

bewraymentt  (bo-rfi'ment),  ».     [<  brwmy  + 
w  ni.  I     Till'  ai'l  (if  bcwTayinK. 


imitntionof  ir.fc/iCT-y.]   Witchery;  fuHcinaliou;  i,e,;yreak»   (iH-rf-k'),  r.  t.     [<ME.  hrwrekin,  < 
charm.     fUare.]  /„-  -I-  „t'.A-,h:  wreak,     ff.  Ak.  ftcmr,,,,,  exile, 


•  ertAin  itextiuhfry  or  faschiatton  In  wonls. 

.•iiulh.  Workii,  II.  Ix. 

bewitchful  a.e-wich'f(il),  a.     [<  Iwaitch  +  -ful 


(im  i.- 

f Bdc 1 1 

III 
bewitr 

Ilnvi. 
nntiii! 
Aiidw 


a  verb 


Alluring ; 


llixed   to 

i  Ware.] 

'  I'll  to  entice  away.  Millim,  Tyjttem. 
•vicli'inK),  a.  f  I'pr.  of  hruitrh,'] 
'..  liiwitch  or  fiiHciniite  ;  fiiJoi- 
r.t,';  11.1.  "bevitchiny  teniliTin  mm," 

;  itor,  No.  <!23. 


send  forth:   see  6t->  and  «TfflA-.J     To  avenge 
revenge. 

Thus  murh  am  I  lieirrrkr. 
fhnorrr,  IT..),  to  Wife  of  llntlls  Tale  (eil.  Sjieghl),  I.  will. 

bewreckt  Oif-rek'),  r.  I.  [<  /<r-l  -I-  wreck,  Cf. 
AH.  hrurrrah,  drive  or  bring  lo.  of  nhii)H:  hcc 
ftf-1  and  irrrrk.']     To  ruin;  deMlrny. 

V.  t  >in«  I.  ..r  I  parlcil  llienie,  Imrreckl.    Mir., for  Main. 

bewroughtt  (be-r6l').  Obsolete  pttHt])articiple 
of  bework. 


beyond 

beyl  (ba),  n.  [=  F.  Sp.  bey,  <  Turk,  bey,  beg  = 
Pers.  bdig.  a  lord:  see  '»;/'-,  brglerbcg,  and  be- 
gun,.] 1.  The  governor  of  a  minor  pro\inc6 
"or  sanjak  of  the  Turkish  empire. —  2.  A  title 
of  respect  given  in  Turkey  to  members  of 
princely  families,  sons  of  pashas,  military  offi- 
cers above  the  rank  of  major,  the  wealthy  gen- 
try, and,  by  eom-tesy,  to  eminent  foreigners. 

We  therefore  rode  out  of  Beyrout  as  a  pair  of  S>Tiaii 
Beys.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  33. 

3.  The  title  usually  given  by  foreigners  to  the 
former  Mohammedan  rulers  of  Tunis. 
Frequently  written  beg. 

bey-t,  V.     A  Middle  English  form  of  buy. 

beyetet,  '■■  '•     A  Middle  English  form  of  beget. 

beylerbey  (ba'lcr-ba'),  n.  [<  Turk,  beylerbey, 
beglerbeg,  prince  of  princes,  lit.  'bey  of  beys.'] 
The  title  of  the  governor-general  of  a  province 
of  the  Turkish  empire,  ranking  next  to  the 
grand  vizir,  and  so  called  because  he  has  under 
him  the  beys  at  the  head  of  the  several  san- 
jaks  or  districts  composing  his  province.  Also 
written  beqlerbeg. 

beylerbeyiik  (ba'ler-ba'lik),  «.  [Turk.,  <  bey- 
It  rb<  II  +  -lik,  a  common  noun  formative;  cf. 
bvi/li'k.]  The  territory  governed  by  a  beyler- 
bey.    Also  beglerbeglik  or  begUrbcglic. 

beylik  (ba'lik),  «.  [Turk.,  <  bey,  a  bey,  +  -lik; 
cf.  beylerbeyiik.]     The  district  ruled  by  a  bey. 

beyond  (be-yond'),  jirc;).  and  adv.  [<  ME.  be- 
yonde,  beyeiide,  etc.,  <  AS.  begeondan,  <  be,  by, 
-I-  geondan,  from  the  further  side,  <  geond, 
prep.,  across,  over,  beyond  (=  Goth,  jdins, 
yonder),  +  -an,  adv.  suffix:  see  be--  and  yon, 
yonder.]  I.  jirep.  1 .  On  or  to  the  other  side  of: 
as,  beyond  the  river;  beyond  the  horizon;  "be- 
yond that  flaming  hill,"  G.  Fleteher,  Christ's 
Victory  and  Triumph. 

We  send  our  best  commodities  beyond  the  seas. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  69. 

2.  Further  on  than;  more  distant  than:  as,  a 
mile  beyond  the  river;  a  hundred  miles  be- 
yond Omaha ;  he  never  could  get  beyond  simple 

"equations. 

So  far  your  knowledge  all  their  power  transcends, 
As  what  should  be  bei/ond  what  is  extends. 

Vniden,  I'rol.  to  Univ.  of  Oxford,  L  39, 

It  is  not  necessary  to  look  beyond  Nature  or  beyond  ex- 
perience in  order  to  find  tliat  unique  Object  of  which  the- 
ology speaks.  J.  II.  Secley,  Nat.  Religimi,  p.  62. 

3.  Past  in  time;  later  than:  as,  a  day  beyond 
the  proper  time. — 4.  At  a  place  or  time  not 
yet  reached  by ;  before ;  ahead  or  in  advance  of. 

What's  fiuue?    A  fancied  life  in  otliers'  breath; 
A  tiling  beyond  us,  even  before  our  death. 

i'..;ii',  Kssay  on  Man,  iv.  288, 

5.  Out  of  reach  of;  outside  of  the  capacity, 
limits,  or  sphere  of;  past :  as,  beyoniiouT  power; 
beyond  comprehension ;  that  is  beyond  me. 

We  bring  a  welcome  I.,  the  liigbest  lessons  of  religion 
and  of  poetry  out  of  all  proportion  beyond  our  skill  to 
teacb.  Emerson,  Success. 

That  the  Antarctic  continent  has  a  Hat  and  even  sur- 
face, the  character  of  the  icebergs  shows  b,-yond  dispute. 
J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Cosmolog.s ,  p.  74. 

6.  Above;  superior  to:  in  or  to  a  degree 
which  rivals,  exceeds,  or  surpasses,  as  in  dig- 
nity, excellence,  or  quality  of  any  kind. 

Bcuond  any  of  the  great  men  of  my  country. 

Sir  P.  Sidntg,  -l 

Iianyle.  Egad,  we  were  just  speaking  of  your  tragedy.— 
Admirable,  Sir  I'Vetful,  adiiiiralile ! 

Sneer.  Von  never  did  anytblng /ici/oiii/  it.  Sir  Kretful  — 
never  in  your  life.  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  t. 

sbe  is  beautiful  lieyoml  the  race  of  women. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  118. 

7.  Morn  than;  in  excess  of;  over  and  above. 
O,  I've  been  vexed 

And  tortured  with  him  tteyond  forty  fevers. 

Ii.  Jonson,  PoetaMter,  iil,  1. 

lie  IPKtl  refused  lo  accept  one  farlhlng  lieyond  the  sal- 
ary which  tlie  law  bad  annexed  to  bis  oMice. 

Maeaulny,  William  I'ltt. 
Beyond  all.  s.io/?.     Beyond  Beafl.onl  of  ibe  country; 

iibr.iiui.    To  go  beyond,  i-.  t-xccc.i  in  ..pcnitt ibility, 

iittiiliiMii-nt,  or  the  like  ;  hence,  in  a  bail  sense,  lo  duculVQ 
or  clrciinivent. 

'I'liiit  no  man  go  beyond  and  defraud  his  brother  In  any 
mailer.  1  Tlios.  Iv,  0. 

Till-  king  lias  yotte  brj/ond  nie ;  all  my  glories 
In  Unit  one  woman  I  have  lost  for  ever. 

.SVinfr.,  lien.  VIII.,  ill.  2. 

To  go  beyond  one's  self,  to  he  much  excited  hy  any- 
tllllig  ;  be  lieside  one's  self.      Xarcs, 

II.  adv.  At  a  distance ;  yonder. 

IWo"ud  be  lyi'tb.  bingiilNlilng.     Si'cnner,  V.  (^.  III.  i.  38. 

beyond    (be-yoml'),    n.      Tliat    place   or   state 

wiiieli  lies  iiii  the  other  side;  an  exporieni'e  or 


beyond 

life  beyond  our  present  life  or  experience :  as, 
the  great  beyond. 
They  are  the  All,  with  no  beyond. 

J.  Martineau,  Eth.  Theory,  I.  281.    (JV.  E.  D.) 

The  back  of  beyond,  a  very  distant  or  out-of-the-way 

place.     [I'olloii.l 

beyond-sea  (be-yond'se),  a.     From  beyond  the 

sea;  foreign;  outlandish:  as,  beyond-sea  woTds. 

Nay,  my  beitond-sea  sir,  we  will  proclaim  you ; 

You  would  be  king  !     beau,  and  Fl.y  Philaster,  V.  4. 

beyship  (bii'ship),  «.  [<  bey^  +  -ship.']  The 
office  of  11  bey ;  incumbency  of  such  office. 

Those  siiKill  pt-iitieal  offences,  which  in  the  days  of  the 
Miuiieliikes  wtuilii  liave  led  to  a  liey^^hip  or  n  bowstring, 
receive  luur-fold  punishment  by  deportation  to  Kaizoghli, 
the  local  Cayenne.  I{.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  31. 

bezan  (bez'an),  n.  [=  F.  bezan,  prob.  of  E.  Ind. 
origin.]  A  wliite  or  striped  cotton  cloth  from 
Bengal. 

bezant  (bez'ant  or  be-zant'),  m.  [<  ME.  bezant, 
besant,  besau,  <  OF.  bvsant,  besan,  besan  =  Pr. 
be:a)i  =  Sp.  bezante  =  Pg.  besante  =  lt.  bisante, 
<  ML.  Bezantius,  L.  Byzantius  (sc.  nummus),  a 
Byzantiue  coin,  <  Byzantium,  <  Gr.  "BvCavrtov, 
older  name  of  Constantinople.  Ci.  florin.']  1. 
A  gold  coin  (the  proper  name  of  which  was 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Bezant  (Solidus)  of  Romanus  III.— British  Museum. 

( Size  of  the  original. ) 

solidus)  issued  by  the  emperors  at  Constanti- 
nople in  the  middle  ages.  Bezants  had  a  wide 
circulation  in  Europe  till  the  fall  of  the  Eastern  Empire, 
more  especially  during  the  period  from  about  A.  D.  800  to 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  when  European 
countries,  except  Spain,  had  no  gold  currencies  of  their 
own.    Also  called  byzant,  byzantine. 

And  who  that  did  best  should  have  a  rich  circlet  of  gold 
worth  a  thousand  bezants.   Sir  T.  Malory,  Jlorte  d'.\rthur. 

2.  In  her.,  a  small  circle  or;  a  gold  roundel.  It 
is  a  common  bearing,  and  is  supposed  to  have  originated 
from  the  coins  of  Constantinople,  assumed  as  bearings  by 
crusailer.s. 

Also  spelled  besant. 
White  bezant,  a  silver  coin  of  Byzantium,  worth  about 

"0  cents. 

bezante,  bezant^e, 
bezanted  (bez-an- 
ta',  be-zan'ted),  a. 
In  /(')■.,  same  as  he- 
zaiity. 

bezaht^e  (bez-an-ta'), 
n.  [OF.,  prop.  fem. 
of  bezante,  besante: 
see  bezanty.']  A  mold- 
ing ornamented  with 
roundels  or  small 
disks  resembling  be- 
zants, of  frequent  oe- 
cuiTence  in  Norman 
architecture.  Encyc. 
Brit.,  II.  461. 

bez-antler  (bez-anf- 
Icr),  II.  [Also  bcs-ant- 
Irr  and  bay-antler;  < 
(IF.  bcz-,  bes;  secon- 
dary, inferior  (prob.  < 
L.  bis,  twice),  +  E.  ttntler.]  The  branch  of  a 
deer's  horn  next  above  the  brow-antler;  the 
bay-antler.     See  antler. 

bezanty  (be-zan'ti),  a.  [Also  bezante,  hezantee, 
<  F.  besante,  <  besant,  bezant."]  In  her.,  strewn 
or  studded  with  bezants :  said  of  the  field,  or  of 
any  charge.     Also  bezanted. 

bezel  (bez'el),  ji.  [Also  bezil,  basil,  and  for- 
merly bea:;el,  bazil,  bczle,  etc.,  <  OF.  *bcsel,  bisel 
(F.  biseau),  sloping  edge,  a  bevel,  =  Sp.  Pg. 
Iiisel;  origin  uriknown ;  perhaps  (a)  <  L.  bis,  dou- 
ble, -1-  dim.  suffix  -el,  or  {li)  <  ML.  bisalus,  a  stone 
with  two  angles  or  slopes,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  -I- 
ala,  a  wing.  Cf.  axil  and  aisle.]  1.  The  slope 
at  the  edge  of  a  cuttiug-tool,  as  a  clusel  or 
plane.  It  is  generally  single,  but  sometimes 
double.  [In  this  sense  commonly  basil.]  —  2. 
The  oblique  side  or  face  of  a  gem ;  specifically, 
one  of  foiu'  similarly  situated  four-sided  facets 
on  the  top  or  crown  of  a  brilliant,  which  are 
sometimes  called  templets.  See  cut  under  bril- 
tiant.  Bezel  is  also  sometimes  used  to  denote  the  space 
between  the  table  and  the  girdle,  that  is,  the  "crown," 
with  the  e.\ception  of  the  table. 


Bezantee.— Tower  of  Church  of  La 

Charite-sur-l-oire.  France. 

(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de 

['Architecture.") 


541 

3.  In  jewelry  :  (a)  That  part  of  the  setting  of 
a  precious  stone  which  incloses  it  and  by  which 
it  is  hold  in  place,  (b)  A  Hat  surface  of  gold 
engravtitl  with  any  device  to  serve  as  a  seal, 
when  a  stone  is  not  used.  Seecliatun.  [Rare.] 
—  4 .  In  watch-making,  the  grooved  flange  or  rim 
in  which  the  crystal' of  a  watch  is  set. 

bezel  (bez'el),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bezeled  or 
bczcllcd,  ppr.  bezelinii  or  bezelUng.  [Also  basil; 
<  bezel,  n.]  To  grind  to  an  edge;  cut  to  a  slop- 
ing P(.lge ;  bevel. 

bezesteen  (bez'es-teu),  n.  [Also  written  bezcs- 
tein,  bezestan,  <  Turk,  bazistdn,  orig.  Pers.,  a 
clothes-market.]  .An  exchange,  bazaar,  or  mar- 
ket-place in  the  East.     A'.  E.  D. 

bezetta  (be-zet'a),  n.  [A  corruption  of  It. 
pezzctta,  red  paint,  prop,  a  piece  of  cloth  dyed 
red  used  for  rouging,  lit.  a  little  piece,  dim.  of 
pezza,  a  piece,  esp.  of  cloth :  see  piece.  ]  Coarse 
linen  rags  or  sacking  soaked  in  certain  pig- 
ments, which  are  preparer!  thus  for  exporta- 
tion; the  pigment  itself.  Eed  bezetta  is  colored 
with  cochineal,  atid  the  pi^'ment  is  used  as  a  cosmetic. 
Blue  bezetta  is  prepared  from  the  juice  of  some  euphor- 
biaccous  plants,  treated  with  dtnig  and  urine,  and  is  used 
to  color  the  rind  of  Dutch  cheese. 

Beziers  (ba-zia'),  n.  A  sweet  wine,  named 
from  the  town  of  Beziers  in  the  department  of 
H^rault,  France. 

bezique  (be-zek'),  n.  [Also  bazique ;  <  F.  be- 
ni'jiif,  bezigue,  besy ;  of  obscure  origin.  Some 
compare  Pers.  bdzlchi,  sport,  a  game,  <  bdzi, 
play,  sport;  but  the  resemblance  is  appar.  ac- 
cidental.] 1.  A  game  of  cards  played  by  two, 
three,  or  four  persons,  with  two  packs  from 
which  the  cards  having  from  two  to  six  spots 
have  been  removed.  The  object  of  the  game  is  to 
win  the  aces  and  tens,  and  to  secure  various  combinations 
of  cards,  which  when  shown  or  "declared"  entitle  the 
player  to  score  a  certain  number  of  points. 
2.  The  queen  of  spades  and  knave  of  diamonds, 
one  of  the  counting  combinations  in  the  game 
of  bezique — Double  bezique,  the  two  queens  of 
spades  and  two  knaves  of  diamonds,  the  highest  counting 
combination  in  bezique. 

bezoar  (be'zor),  «.  [Also  bezoard,  early  mod. 
E.  bezor,  bcazor,  beazer,  bezar,  bezer=¥.  bezoard, 
formerly  bezar,  bezahar,  =  Sp.  bezoar,  bezaar, 
bezar,  =  Pg.  bezoar  =  NL.  bezoar,  bezaar,  be- 
zahar, <  Ar.  bdzahr,  bddizahr,  <  Pers.  bddzahr, 
pddzahr,  the  bezoar-stoue,  <  pad,  expeUiug,  -1- 
zahr,  poison :  so  called  because  it  was  consid'J 
ered  an  antidote  to  poison.]  A  name  for  certain 
calculi  or  concretions  found  in  the  stomach  or 
intestines  of  some  animals  (especially  rumi- 
nants), formerly  supposed  to  be  efficacious  in 
preventing  the  fatal  effects  of  poison,  and  still 
held  in  estimation  in  some  eastern  countries. 
They  are  used  in  China  both  as  a  pigment  and  as  a  drug, 
buth  calculi  are  generally  formed  around  some  foreign 
substance,  as  a  bit  of  wood,  straw,  hair,  etc.  Many  vari- 
eties have  tteen  mentioned,  but  most  value  was  put  on  the 
1  e/  I  ir  from  the  East  Indies  and  that  from  Peru. — Be- 
zoar mineral,  an  oxid  of  antimony,  or  antimonic  acid, 
especially  that  prepared  from  butter  of  antimony  by  the 
action  of  nitric  acid. — FOSSil  bezoar,  a  formation  like 
animal  bezoar,  consisting  of  several  layers  around  some 
extraneous  body  which  serves  as  a  nucleus. —  Vegetable 
bezoar.     Same  as  calapitte. 

bezoardic  (bez-o-ar'dik),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  bezo- 
ardique  (NL.  bezoardicus,  bezoarticus),  <  bezo- 
ard, bezoar.]  I.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or  per- 
taining to  bezoar;  compounded  of  or  possess- 
ing the  supposed  antidotal  properties  of  bezoar ; 

sendng  as  an  antidote Bezoardic  acid.  Same  as 

ellmiic  add  (which  see,  umier  ellarfie). 

II.  n.   A  medicine  having  the  properties  of 
bezoar;  an  antidote. 

bezoar-goat  (be'zor-got),  «.  A  name  given  to 
the  wild  goat,  Capra  a-gagrus,  fi'om  the  fact 
that  it  produces  the  bezoar.     See  wgagrus. 

bezoartict,  bezoarticalt  (bez-o-ar't'ik,  -ti-kal), 
a.    [<  NL.  bezoarticus :  see  bezoardic]   Same  as 
bezoardic. 
The  healing  bezoartieal  virtue  of  grace. 

Chillingworth,  Works,  p.  378. 

bezonian  (be-zo'ni-an),  )(.  [Also  besonian,  bi- 
sonian,  <  bes'onio,  besegnio,  bisogno,  etc.,  a  beg- 
gar: see  bisogno.]  An  indigent  wretch;  a 
beggar  or  scoundrel. 

Under  which  king,  Bezonian?   Speak  or  die. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 

Eezoutian  (be-zo'ti-an),  a.  Belonging  to  the 
French  mathematician  Etienne  Bezout  (1730- 
83) Eezoutian  method  of  elimination,  a  method 

published  by  Bezout  in  17t)5. 

bezoutiant  (be-zo'ti-ant),  n.  [<  Bezout  (see 
Bczoutian)  +  -i-ant.]  In  math.:  (a)  The  ho- 
mogeneous quadratic  function  of  n  variables, 
whose  discriminant  is  the  resultant  of  two 
equations,  each  of  the  «th  degree,  (h)  Incor- 
rectly used  for  bezoutoid. 


Bhutanese 

bezoutoid  (be-zo'toid),  n.  [<  Bezout  (see  Be- 
ziiuliaii)  +  -old.]  In  math.,  the  bezoutiant  to 
two  lioiiiogciieons  functions  obtained  by  differ- 
entiation I'rotii  one  homogeneous  function  of 
two  variables. 

bezzle  (bez'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bezzlcd,  ppr.  bez- 
zling.  [Now  only  E.  dial. ;  early  mod.  E.  also 
bezzel,  bezel,  bizlc,  bissel,  <  late  ME.  hesile,  <  i)V. 
besiler,  beziller,  besillier,  by  apheresis  for  embe- 
sillier,  waste,  embezzle :  see  embezzle.]   I.  trans. 

1.  To  purloin  or  make  away  with;  emljezzle. 

I  must  be  shut  up  and  my  substance  bezel'd. 

Fletcher,  Woman's  I*rize,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  consume  a  large  quantity  of,  as  food  or 
drink;  waste  or  squander,  as  money.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

II.  intrans.  To  di-ink  to  excess.    Dekker. 

bezzlet  (hez'l),  9i.  [<.  bezzle,  v.]  A  debauchee; 
a  sot.     A'««7i. 

bezzlert  (bez'ler),  n.     Same  as  bezzle,  n. 

bezzlingt  (bez'ling),  «.  [<  bezzle,  v.]  Dissipa- 
tion ;  excessive  drinking. 

From  haughty  Spayne,  what  broiight'st  thou  ela  beside 
But  lofty  lookes  and  their  Lucifrian  pride? 
From  Bclgia,  what  but  their  deep  bezelinrj, 
Theii'  boote-carouse,  and  their  beere-buttering? 

Marxton,  .Satyres,  iL 
I  have  proposed  and  determined  with  myself  to  leave 
the  bezelings  of  these  knights  and  return  to  my  village. 

Shelton,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  fol.  168. 

bhadoee  (ba'do-e),  n.  [<  Hind,  hhddiil  or  bha- 
douiei,  adj.,  relative  to  the  month  Bhddou,  the 
fifth  month  of  the  Hindu  year,  answering  to 
the  last  half  of  August  and  the  first  of  Septem- 
ber.] The  earliest  of  the  three  annual  crops 
in  Hindustan,  consisting  of  rice,  maize,  etc.  It 
is  laid  down  during  the  rainfall  in  -April  and  May,  and  ia 
reaped  in  August  and  .September.  It  furnishes  about  one 
fourth  of  the  food-supply  in  a  normal  year. 

bhainsa  (bin'sa),  n.  [Hind,  bhainsd  (masc), 
bhaiiis  (fem.).]  A  name  of  the  domestic  Indian 
buffalo,  Bos  bubulis. 

bbang,  bangS  (bang),  «.  [Also  bhung,  and 
formerly  bangue,  also  (after  Ar.)  benj ;  <  Hind. 
etc.  bhang,  bhang,  bhung  (=  Pers.  bang,  >  Ar. 
banj,  benj),  bhang,  <  Skt.  bhangd,  hemp.]  The 
dried  leaves  of  the  hemp-plant,  C(/)i;iaAis/«f/ica, 
which  as  grown  in  India  contain  a  powerfully 
narcotic  resin  and  a  volatile  oil.  in  India  bhang  is 
used  for  smoking,  either  with  or  without  tobacco,  and  Is 
also  made  up  with  Hour,  sugar,  etc.,  into  a  kind  of  sweet- 
meat called  vtajun  (majun).  An  intoxicating  drink  is 
prepared  by  infusing  the  pounded  leaves  in  cold  water. 
As  prepared  and  used  by  the  Arabs,  it  is  known  as  haahUh. 
(See  hemp'i.)  It  is  also  employed  in  medicine  for  its  ano- 
dyne, hypnotic,  and  antispasmodic  qualities. 

bharadar  (bar'a-dar),  ji.  [Hind,  bharaddr.] 
One  of  the  Gorkia  chiefs  who  invaded  Nepal  in 
1768,  and  parceled  out  the  land  among  them- 
selves. The  bharadars  form  a  kind  of  feudal  aristoc- 
racy, and  in  times  of  emergency  act  as  a  council  of  state. 

bharsiah  (bar'se-a),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The  native 
name  of  an  East  Indian  badger-like  quadruped, 
Ursitaxus  inauritus  of  Hodgson. 

bhat  (biit),  n.  [Hind,  bhdt,  also  bhdrata.]  In 
India,  a  man  of  a  tribe  of  mixed  descent,  the 
members  of  which  are  professed  genealogists 
and  poets;  a  bard.  These  men  in  Kajputana  and 
Guzerat  had  also  extraordinary  privileges  as  the  guaran- 
tors of  travelers,  whom  they  accompanied,  against  attack 
or  robbery.     Yule  and  Burnell,  Gloss. 

Bheel,  n.    See  Bhil. 

bheesty,  bheestie  (bes'ti), «.  [Anglo-Ind..  also 

written  bccsty,  beestie.  beasfy,  brastie,  <  Hind. 
bhtsti,  bihisti,  Pers.  bihisti,  a  water-carrier,  lit. 
heavenly,  <  bihist  (>  Hind,  hihist),  paradise, 
heaven.]  An  Indian  water-earner,  who  sup- 
plies domestic  establishments  with  water  from 
the  nearest  river  or  reservoir,  ean-ying  it  in  a 
sheepskin  bucket  or  bag. 

In  particular  there  is  a  queer  creature,  like  what  I  fancy 
a  brownie  should  be,  called  a  beestie  or  bhextie,  whose 
special  calling  is  to  fill  the  baths  in  that  refreshing  apart- 
ment .  .  .  attached  to  every  Indian  bedroom.   S.  Macleod. 

bhel  (bel),  n.     See  bel'i. 

Bhil  (bel),  n.  [Also  spelled  Bheel,  repr.  Hind. 
Bhil.]  1.  A  member  of  the  aboriginal  tribes 
of  India  which  occupy  the  valleys  of  the  Ner- 
budda  and  Tapti,  and  the  slopes  of  the  Vind- 
hya  and  Satpura  moimtaius. 

The  language  of  the  BbfU  in  the  Bombay  province, 
Kiijpootana,  and  Central  Intiia.  is  understood  to  be  a  dia- 
lect of  Hindi.  B.  S.  Cmt,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  ». 
2.  The  language  of  the  Bhils. 

bhogai  (bo'gi),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  An  inferior  cot- 
ton made  in  India. 

Bhotanese  (bo-ta-nes'  or  -nez').  a.  and  n.  See 
Bhutantse. 

Bhutanese  (bo-ta-nes'  or  -nez'),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Bhutan,  the  country  {Bhutia,  a  native  of  Bhu- 
tan), -I-  -cse.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Bhutan,  its 
people,  or  their  language. 


Bhatanese 

In  reality  the  Bhutan^^  authorities  did  not  want  to  re- 
ceive a  mission  at  alL 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  074. 

n.  «•  1.  sing,  or  pi.  A  native  or  the  na- 
tives of  Bhutan,  a  mountainous  state  in  the 
Himalayas,  having  Tibet  on  the  north,  Bengal 
and  Assam  on  the  south,  and  Sikhim  on  the 
■west.  The  Bhutanese  have  flat  faces,  high  cheek-bones, 
brown  complexion,  almond  e.ves.  and  black  hair.  They 
profess  a  corrupt  form  of  Buddhism,  and  are  subjects  of 
a  dual  government  imder  a  pontiff  and  a  prince. 
2.  The  language  of  Bhutan. 

Also  written  Bhotanese  and  Bootanese  (Bho- 
tan,  Bootan). 

bhyree  (bi're).  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  kind  of  falcon 
used  in  hawking  in  India.    Also  behree. 

bit,  P^cp-  [ME.,  <  AS.  he,  in  comp.  with  nouns 
bl:  see  hy^,  ie-l.]  A  common  Middle  English 
form  of  the  preposition  by. 

Bi.     The  chemical  symbol  of  bismuth. 

bi-if.  A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  form 
of  ie-l  or  be-~. 

bi--.  [L.  bi-,  combining  form  of  his  (=  Gr.  Af-, 
<)(-  =  Skt.  dvi-  =  OHG.  MHG.  :ui-,  G.  pcie-  = 
AS.  twi-,  E.  twi-),  orig.  "duis,  twice,  doubly, 
two-,  <  duo  =  E.  tiro :  see  tico,  twi-,  <fi-'-.]  A. 
prefix  of  Latin  origin,  cognate  with  </('-  and 
tiri-,  meaning  two,  two-,  twice,  double,  twofold, 
as  in  biaxial,  bicornous,  bimanous,  biped,  bifur- 
cate, etc. :  especially  in  chemical  terms,  where 
it  denotes  two  parts  or  equivalents  of  the  in- 
gredient referred  to,  as  in  bicarbonate,  bichro- 
mate, etc.  Such  words  are  properly  adjectives,  to  be 
analyzed  as  bi-  ■+  noun  -f  adjective  suiS-x  (for  example, 
bi-axi'Ol,  bi-/urc-<ltg,  two-fork-ed,  bi-maii-ous,  two-hand- 
ed, etc.),  but  may  also  be  briefly  treated  as  6i'-  +  adjective 
(tfi-axiai,  bi-/urcate,  etc.).  Words  in  bi-  rest  actually  or 
theoretically  upon  Latin  or  New  Latin  forms,  ^biaxiaUs, 
'biacuiitinatujt,  'biangidatus,  'biarticulattts,  ete. ;  but  it 
is  often  convenient  to  refer  them  to  English  elements. 

biacid  (bi-as'id),  a.  [<  6i-'-  -t-  acid.l  In  chem., 
capable  of  combining  with  an  acid  in  two  dif- 
ferent proportions:  said  of  a  base. 

biacuminate  (bi-a-kii'mi-uat),  o.  [<  hi-"  +  acu- 
miiKit'  .^  In  bot.,  having  two  diverging  points, 
as  the  hairs  on  the  leaves  of  some  Malpighiacea; 
which  are  attached  by  the  middle  and  taper  to- 
ward the  ends. 

bialar  (bi-a'liir),  a.  [<  6i-2  -t-  alar.'i  Having 
two  wings — Bialar  determinant,  in  math.,  one  in 
which  the  constituents  of  the  principal  diagonal  are  all 
zeros. 

bialate  (bl-a'lSt),  «.  [<  hi-"  +  alate-.l  Having 
twd  ;il!e  or  wings;  two-winged. 

bianco  seCCO  (biiing'ko  sek'6).  [It.,  lit.  dry 
white:  bianco  =  F.  blanc,  white,  <  OHG.  blanch, 
shining  (see  blanl-);  sccco,  <  L.  siccus,  dry:  see 
gee,  sack''^.']  A  white  pigment  used  in  fresco- 
painting.  It  consists  of  lime  and  pulverized  marble, 
the  former  before  mixing  being  macerated  in  water  un- 
til its  causticity  is  removed. 

Lomazzo  observes  (Trattato,  p.  194)  that  Perino  del 
Vaga  invented  a  colour  formed  of  Verdetto  and  bianco 
aeeco,  that  is,  liinewhite  in  powder. 

.Vrj*.  Merri/tehi,  ^Vrt  of  Fresco  Painting,  Hi. 

biangular  (bi-aug'gu-liir),  «.  [<  hi-"^  +  nngu- 
litr.\     1  111  ving  two  angles  or  corners.     [Uarc] 

biangulate,  bian^^ulated  (bi-ang'gu-lat,  -la- 
ti'ilj.  (I.  [<  hi--  -H  fiiii/iilulc.2  Same  as  biatigu- 
Inr. 

biangtllOUS  (bi-ang'gii-lus),  a.  [<  fci-2  -(-  (,ngu- 
liiii.i.  I     Sumo  as  bianijular. 

biannual  (bi-an'u-al),n.  l<.hi-^  +  annual.  Cf. 
I'll  iiiiiiil.']  (Jccurri'ng  twice  a  year:  arbitrarily 
rlistiii^'iiislicd  from  biennial  (which  gee). 

biannually  (bi-an'u-al-i),  adv.     Twice  a  year. 

.Sot  I'veri  an  HJ4i»irutiori  t«)ward  a  change  in  the  fashitin 

of  her  clothes  bi-annuatty,  at  least. 

The  Century,  XXIII.  047. 
biannnlate  (bi-an'ii-lat),  «.   [<  fci-2  -j-  annulat/:'] 

III  cooV.,  having  two  encircling  rings,  generally 

cf  color. 
biantheriferOtlB  (^bi-an-the-rif '••-ru»),  a.    [<  W-2 

+  II II I  hi  rij'iriius.^     In  bill.,  having  two  anthers, 
biarchy  (bl'ijr-ki),  «.;  y\.  binrchir.i  (-kiz).     [< 

//i-~  -f  Or.  itpxitfi.  apxi/,  rule;  after  nmnurchy, 

'■•'■.    <{.  diarchy.']    iJuul  govcniment  or  Bover- 

eiKiily. 
blarciiate,  biarcnated  (bi-ttr'kfi-iit,  -ii-ted),  a. 

[<  /;i  ■  f  iirrualf.]  Twi<T  ciir\'ed;  nH,iihiarcu- 
iili'  Hi  ii/iii,  <in<'  having  a  convex  curve  piiHsing 
•  '||''  ir'Mve  one. 

Biar  (;l.i.4H.    '^••f-  glass. 

Bianiil.TTi  liiiir'tni-an),  ».  ami  n.  |<  liuiniiiii, 
I'll!  I   lipiii   Ii'cl.   Iljiirmiiliinil,   tin-  land  of 

the  /.  ,1,.  ^  A.S.  lictirmas,  now  <'alleil  I'lr- 
miiiii  .  I'l  rmian.'i  I,  n.  One  of  the  Kin- 
DImIi    n.li:.i,il;iiit,M    of   Pi 

mian  (wliidi  turn). 

U.  a.  Ur  or  pertaining  to  the  liianniaus  or 
Permians. 


ferm  in  UuHsiu;   u  I'er- 


542 

biarritz  (biar'its),  ».  [Named  from  Biarrit:.  a 
town  in  the  department  of  Basses-Pyrdnees, 
France.]  A  thin  corded  woolen  cloth." 
biarticulate  (bi-iir-tik'u-lSt),  a.  [<  hi--  +  ar- 
ticulate.] Having  two  joints,  as  the  antennw 
of  some  insects. 
bias  (bi'as),  H.,  a.,  and  adv.;  pi.  biases,  improp. 
biasses  (^z).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  biass.  byas, 
hiace,  biais,  <  F.  (and  OF.)  biais,  a  slant,  a  slope, 
=  Pr.  biais  =  OCat.  biais.  Cat.  biax  =  It. s-hiescio, 
dial,  biasciu,  slrias,  bias  (cf.  also  It.  bicco,  siiiiiut- 
ing,  oblique,  bias);  origin  unknown;  hardly  < 
LL.  bifacem,  ace.  of  bi/ai,  squinting  (cf.  ML. 
bifacius,  two-faced),  <  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  fades, 
face.]  I.  «.  1.  An  oblique  or  tUagonal  line: 
especially,  a  cut  which  is  oblique  to  the  tex- 
ture of  a  fabric ;  hence,  in  dressmaking,  a  seam 
formed  by  bringing  together  two  pieces  thus 
cut;  specifically,  one  of  the  front  seams  of  a 
close-fitting  waist :  sometimes  called  a  dart. — 
2.  In  bowling,  a  bulge  or  greater  weight  on  one 
side  of  a  bowl;  a  difference  in  the  shape  and 
weight  of  the  two  sides  or  poles  of  a  bowl, 
causing  it  to  ciu-ve  in  its  course  toward  the 
lighter  and  less  bulged  side ;  hence,  the  curved 
course  of  such  a  bowl. —  3.  A  one-sided  ten- 
dency of  the  mind ;  undue  propensity  toward 
an  object ;  a  particular  leaning  or  inclination ; 
bent;  specifically,  in  law,  prejudice,  as  of  a 
witness :  used  most  frequently  to  denote  preju- 
dice and  habits  of  thought  which  prevent  the 
fair  or  dispassionate  consideration  of  any  sub- 
ject or  question. 

Morality  influences  men's  lives,  and  gives  a  bias  to  all 
their  actions.  Locke. 

Alas !  what  years  you  thus  consume  in  vain, 
Ruled  by  this  wxetched  bicLs  of  the  Itrain  ! 

Crabbc,  Tlie  Newspaper. 

One  cannot  mistake  the  prevailing  bian  of  her  mind. 

Barhain,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  '202. 

The  6i'(W  of  education,  the  bias  of  class-relationsliips. 
the  bian  of  nationality,  the  political  bias,  tin-  tlu'uloL^ical 
bias — these,  added  to  the  constitutional  syiupatliii-s  iiiui 
antipathies,  have  much  more  influence  in  dctenniniiig 
beliefs  on  social  questions  than  has  the  small  amount  of 
evidence  collected.  II.  Spencer,  Study  of  Sociol.,  p.  11. 
On  the  bias,  diagonally ;  slantingly.  =  Syn.  3.  Propenxitii, 
Inclination,  etc.  (see  bent"^),  prepossession,  predisposition, 
predilection,  partiality. 

II.  a.  1.  Oblique;  slanting;  diagonal  to  the 
outline  or  to  the  texture :  now  used  only  or 
chiefly  of  fabrics  or  dress:  as,  a  bias  line  (in 

lEormer  use)  in  a  drawing;  a  bias  piece  in  a  gar- 
ment.—  2t.  Loaded  or  swelled  on  one  side, 
like  a  biased  bowl. 

Blow,  villain,  till  tliy  spliered  6m.v  cheek 
Out-swell  the  colic  of  pulf 'd  Aquilon. 

Sliak..  T.  and  C,  iv.  6. 

III.  adv.  [<  bias,  a.]  In  a  slanting  mau- 
ner;  obliquely. 

Trial  did  draw 
Bi<is  and  thwart,  not  answering  tlio  aim. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.  i.  .1. 

bias  (bi'as),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  biased  or  bias.'^ed, 
ppr.  biasing  or  biassing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
iiVi.w,  biacc,  hyas  (cf.  F.  l>iai.'<er  =  Pr.  hiai.^ar); 
from  the  noun.]  1.  To  give  a  bias  to,  as  a 
bowl;  fiu-uish  \vith  a  bias.     See  bias,  «.,  2. 

To  ginc  you  tlic  .Morall  of  it  [game  of  bowls] :  It  is  tlie 
Emblemc  of  the  world  or  tlie  worhi's  am)>ition ;  where 
moat  are  short,  or  over,  or  wide,  or  wrong  liijas'l,  and 
some  few  jnstlc  in  to  the  Mistris  Fortune. 

Bp.  Karlc,  llicro-Oosmograithic.  xli. 
2.  To  incline  to  one  side;  give  a  particiihir 
direction  to  the  mind  of;  prejudice;  warp; 
prepossess:  as,  the  judgment  is  often  biased 
by  interest. 

.My  Judgment  of  desert  Iiath  not  been  hiassrii  by  jjer- 
sons  lieing  of  my  own  purticiiliir  judgiMent,  In  matters  of 
disputation,  among  the  Churches  of  Ood. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  Int. 

No  nnin  Is  allowed  to  be  n  judge  In  his  own  cause  ;  be- 
cause Ills  Interest  will  certainly  hinii  Ills  judgment,  and, 
not  Improbatily,  corrupt  his  integrity. 

Mnitison,  Federalist,  No.  10. 

bias-drawing  (bi'as-dra'ing),  )i.  A  turning 
iiwrv;  Im'Iii'c,  partiality;  prepossession.    Shnk. 

biasness  (bi'iiK-ncs),  «.  [<  bias  +  -ness.]  Tlio 
stnto  iif  lieiiig  biased;  inclination  to  a  parlicii- 
larsiilr;  imrliHiity.     Shiruood. 

Blatora  (tii-n-ld'ril),  n.  (NIj.]  An  extonHive 
genus  of  licheim  wliich  liiive  ii  criiHlaceoiiH  lliiil- 
liiB  ailhering  closely  to  llie  sub.staiice  on  whirh 
it  grows,  and  sessile  aiiolliccin,  of  which  (lie  cx- 
ci|»I('  is  cfilored  or  lilacUening. 

biatorine  (bi-M-tri'rin),  «.    \<  liintnra  +  -iHr'.] 

Ill  liclicns,  pertaining  l<i  or  reHombling  the  ge- 
nus liialorii ;  having  a  proper  exciiili',  wliiili 
is  not  coal-black,  but  c<ilore<l  or  lilackening, 
iiM  in  many  spncicH  of  the  tribe  hrcidriicri. 
biatoroid  (bi-ii-to'roid;,  a.  [<  lUaUira  +  -oW.] 
.Same  as  biatorine. 


bibble 

biauriculate  (bi-a-rik'li-lat),  a.  [<  fii-S  +  aurio- 
uliiti.]  1.  In  cwJ7.  and  auat.,  having  two  au- 
ricles, in  any  sense  of  that  word:  especially- 
applied  to  the  heart  of  the  higher  vertebrates. 
—  2.  In  hot.,  having  two  ear-like  projections, 
as  a  leaf. 
Also  biaurite. 

biaxal  (bi-ak'sal),  a.    Same  as  biaxial. 

The  great  majority  of  non-isotropic  substances  are  doub- 
ly refracting,  and  in  general  are  biaxal,  i.  c.,  have  two- 
eiiually  important  optic  axes,  whose  mutual  ineliiiation 
may  Iiave  any  value  from  0^  to  ilO.  Tail,  Light,  §  290. 

biaxial  (bi-ak'si-al),  a.  [<  hi-"  +  axial.]  Hav- 
iug  two  axes :  as,  a  biaxial  crystal.     See  optic. 

biaxiality(bi-ak-si-ari-ti),  H.  'l<  biaxial  +  -ity.] 
Tlie  quality  of  being  biaxial;  biaxial  character. 

biaxially  (bi-ak'si-al-i),  adc.     With  two  axes. 

biaz  (be'az),  ».  illative  name.]  A  cotton 
cloth  resembling  linen,  manufactured  in  cen- 
tral Asia  for  home  use  and  for  export  to  Bus- 
sia.     McElrath,  Com.  Diet. 

bib^t  (bib),  r.  t.  and  (. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bibbed, 
ppr.  hihbing.  [=  North.  E.  bcb,  <  ME.  bibhen, 
tipple,  drink ;  cf.  freq.  hihble,  nearly  =  OD.  bib- 
eren,  drink  frequently.  ME.  bibben  "must  have 
been  borrowed  directly  from  L.  bibere,  to  drink, 
and  may  be  imagined  to  have  been  .  .  .  used 
jocularly  by  those  familiar  with  a  little  monkish 
Latin  "  (Skeat) ;  but  perhaps  of  nattu-al  origin. 
See  imbibe,  bibulous,  bevcr^,  and  beverage.]  To 
sip ;  tipple ;  drink  frequently. 

This  meller  [miller]  hath  so  wysly  bibbed  ale. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  242. 
He  was  constantly  bibbinij,  and  drank  more  in  twenty- 
four  hours  than  I  did.  Locke,  Kducation,  §  18. 

bib"  (bib),  «.  [Supposed  to  be  derived  from 
the  verb  ftifcl,  because  it  absorbs  moisture. 
Cf.  bavette  and  beaver'^.]  1.  A  cloth  worn  by 
children  under  the  chin  to  keep  the  front  of 
the  dress  clean,  especially  when  eating. —  2. 
A  similar  article  worn  by  adults,  especially  as 
forming  the  upper  part  of  an  apron. 

We'll  have  a  bib,  for  spoiling  of  thy  doublet. 

Hcau.  and  FL,  Captain,  ill.  5. 
3.  A  curved  vent  or  nozle  used  to  alter  th» 
direction  of  the  flow  of  liquids. —  4.  Naut., 
same  as  bibb,  the  usual  spelling  in  this  sense. 

bib'*  (bib),  n.  [So  called  from  a  membrane 
which  covers  the  eyes  and  other  parts  about 
the  head,  and  which,  when  inflated,  may  be 
compared  to  a  bib;  <  bib".]  The  most  com- 
mon name  of  the  whiting-pout,  Uadus  luseus,  a. 
fish  of  the  family  Gadida:     See  blcns,  -. 

bibacious  (bi-ba'shus),  a.  [<  L.  hihax  (bihaci-), 
given  to  drink  (<  bibere,  drink),  +  -OH.v.]  Ad- 
dicted to  ilriiiking ;  disposed  to  imViilie.  [Rare.] 

bibacity  (bi-bas'i-ti),   H.     [Formerly  bibacitie, 

<  L.  as  if  'bibacitas,  <  bibax :  see  bibacious.^ 
The  qutility  of  being  bibacious,  or  addicted  to 
drink.     Blount.     [Rare.] 

bibasic  (bi-ba'sik),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  basic]  Liter- 
ally, having  two  bases:  in  chem.,  applied  to  acids 
(such  assul|iliuric  acid,  lIoSO.j)  which  have  two 
hydrogen  atoms  replaceable  by  a  base  or  bases. 
See  iiionobii.sic,  tribasic,  dibasic,  and  politbnsic. 

bibation  (bi-ba'shon),  n.     [In-eg.  for  *hiliilion, 

<  ML.  biliitiii(n-).  Cf.  inihihilion,  and  see  Wftl.j 
The  act  of  drinking ;  a  drink  or  draught. 

Uoyal  cheer  and  deep  bihation. 

.*>'.  .Yni//ir,  Kcyniud  the  Fox,  4. 

bibativeness  (bib'a-tiv-nes),  H.  [<  6(^1  +  -ative 
+  -Mcsi'.J  Fondness  for  liquor;  tendency  to 
drink :  a  term  used  in  ])lirenology. 

bibb  (bib),  n.  [A  particular  use  of  bilfi.  A 
somewhat  similar  compiu'isoii  ajipears  in  the 
case  of  braver",  originally  a  bib.]  Naut.,  B, 
bracket  of  t  iiiiber  bolt- 
ed to  the  hound  of  a 

lowi'r  mast  for  I  he  ]mr-   

jiose  of  supporting  the    — J 

trestletree.  

bibber  (bibV'r),  «.    |  < 

/„/,!  -f  -H-l.  Cf.  Ol). 
hihercr,  a  bibber.  Seo 
liili^.]  A  ti))]iler;  a 
Jierson  given  to  drink- 
ing: chii'lly  used  in 
cf)tii|>oHition :  as,  a 
wine-/»7)/)(T. 

hero, 


Dlhh  on  fttarho.itd  stric  nf  miut. 
d,  mimt'  ^lill>l>;  c,  trcRlIetroe. 


All  I    /I'pliyniH  1    art 

and  Klora  t^io  ? 
Vf    teiidt-r  tiihbers  of    tho 

I'liln  and  dew, 
Ketitx,  l<'ndymton,  Iv, 

bibblet,  I',  f  lOarly  mod.  E.  also  bible,  bibil  (cf. 
er|uiv.  ( »I).  Iiiliercn),  freij.  of  bih^.]  I,  trans.  To 
drink  ;  drink  of  or  from. 

II.   iiitrans.    1.  To  drink  often. —  2.  To  sip. 


I 


Biberon.—  Oiron  faience  (France). 
in  South  Kensington  Museum,  Lon- 
don.    (From  "  L,  Art  pour  Tons.") 


bibble-babble 

blbble-babble  (bib'l-bal)"l),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  hihlr-tiablc,  a  varied  redupl.  of  bahhic. 
Cf.  Uttlc-taUlc,  shilly-shaUy,  etc.]  Idle  talk; 
prating  to  no  purpose. 

Thy  wits  till!  Iiwivpiis  restore  !  endeavour  thyself  to  sleeii, 
anil  luavc  tliy  vuni  bibble-babble.  Shall-.,  T.  N.,  iv.  2. 

bibblert  (bib'lor),  ».     One  who  bibbles  ;  a  bib- 
ber. 
Kare  ye  well,  bibbler.  Udall,  Roister  Doister,  Hi.  5. 

bib-cock  (bib'kok),  n.  [<  hib'^  (in  reference  to 
the  bent-down  nozle)  +  cock^,  3.]  A  cock  or 
faucet  having  a  bent-down  nozle.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

bibelot  (bib'lo),  ».  [F.]  A  small  object  of 
curiosity,  beauty,  or  rarity ;  especially,  an  ob- 
ject of  this  kind  which  can  be  kept  in  a  cabinet 
or  on  a  shelf.     See  curio. 

biberon  (bib'ron),  n.     [F.,  artificially  formed, 

<  L.  bibere,  driiik,  and  F.  suffix  -oh.]  1.  A  ves- 
sel having  a  spout 
through  which  to 
drink,  designed  for 
the  use  of  sick  per- 
sons and  children. — 
2.  An  infant's  nurs- 
ing-bottle. 

Bibio  (bib'i-6),  11. 
[NL.,  <  LL.  bibio,  a 
small  insect  said  to 
be  generated  in  wine, 
<L.W6ere,  drink.]  A 
genus  of  dipterous 
insects,  typical  of 
the  family  Bibioni- 
dw.  The  sexes  are  col- 
ored ditterently.  B.  hor- 
ttUanus  is  an  example  ; 
the  male  is  black,  the 
female  brick-red  with  a 
black  head. 

Bibionidse(bib-i-on'- 

i-de),  n.  pi.      [NL., 

<  £ibio(n-)  +  -idw.^ 
A  family  of  nemo- 
cerous  dipterous  in- 
sects, typified  by  the  genus  Bibio,  having  the 
prothorax  much  developed,  no  transverse  tho- 
racic suture,  7  abdominal  segments,  6  to  11 
antennal  joints,  3  ocelli,  wings  without  a  discal 
cell,  and  the  coxce  not  prolonged.  There  are 
about  ;100  described  species.  The  family  formerly  in- 
cluded the  genus  Simulium,  now  separated  as  the  type 
of  anotlier  family. 

bibiru  (bi-be'ro),  n.     See  bebeeru. 
bibitory  (bib'i-to-ri),  a.    [<  NL.  bibitorius,  <  LL. 
bibitor,  a  drinker,  toper,  <  L.  bibere,  drink.]   Per- 
taining to  di'inking  or  tippling.     [Rare.] 
Bible  (bi'bl),  n.     [<  ME.  bible,  bibel,  <  OP.  bi- 
ble (P.  bible  =  Pr.  bibla  =  Sp.  Pg.  biblia  =  It. 
bibbia  =  D.  bijbel  =.  MHG.  and  Gr.  bibel  =  Icel. 
biblia,  old  form  bibla  =  Sw.  Dan.  bibel),  <  LL. 
biblia  (usually  biblia  sacra)   (prop.  neut.  pi., 
but  in  ML.  taken  also  as  fern,  sing.),  <  Gr. 
Btj^'Aia  {to.  litfiVM  ra  ayia,  i.  e.,  biblia  sacra,  the 
holy  books),  pi.  of  [iijiXiov,  often  spelled  (iv- 
piiov,  a  little  book,  a  book  as  a  division  of  a 
large  work,  dim.  of  /i//i/lof,  also  jivjilo^,  a  book, 
writing,  scroU,  lit.  paper,  same  as  jivjiTioq,  the 
Egyptian  papyras,  of  the  inner  bark  of  which 
paper  was  made.     Cf.  L.  liber,  a  book,  <  liber, 
the  inner  bark  of  a  tree  ;  E.  book,  <  AS.  boc,  a 
book,  as  related  to  boc,  a  beech-tree ;  and  cf. 
paper.    The  orig.  sense  of  LL.  biblia,  the  books, 
IS  made  prominent  in  ML.  bibliotheca,  the  Bi- 
ble, lit.  a  library:   see   bibliotheca.']      1.    The 
Book,  or  rather  the  Books  (see  etym.),  by  way 
of  eminence;   the  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments.     The  word  bible  is  not  found  in  the 
English  version,  but  the  Greek  word  occurs  frequently, 
being  always  translated  "book  "  or  "books,"  sometimes  in- 
dicating the  books  of  the  Old  Testament.     The  Bible  con- 
sists of  two  parts  ;  the  Old  Testament,  written  in  Hebrew, 
containing  the  Law,  the  Prophets,  and  the  sacred  writings, 
or  Hagiographa ;  and  the  New  Testament,  written  in  Greek, 
consisting  of  the  four  Gospels,    the  Book  of   Acts,  the 
Epistles  of  Paul  and  other  apostolic  WTiters,  and  the  Apoc- 
,      alypse  or  Book  of  Revelation,  the  only  strictly  prophetic 
book  which  it  contains.    Roman  Catbolic  writers  accept, 
in  addition  to  these,  most  of  the  books  contained  in  the 
Apocrypha  of  the  King  James  version,  which  occur  in  the 
Septuagint  (see  below)  and  Vulgate,  distributed  among 
the  other  hooks  of  the  Old  Testament.    The  principal  an- 
cient versions  of  the  Bible,  or  of  portions  of  it,  are  the 
Targunui,  a  Chaldee  or  Aramaic  paraphrase  or  interpreta- 
tion of  the  more  ancient  Hebrew  Scriptures  ;  the  Samar- 
itan Pentatntch,  a  Hebrew  version  of  the  first  five  books 
of  the  Old  Testament,  ancient  in  its  character,  and  pre- 
served with  jealous  care  among  the  Samaritans ;  the  Sep- 
tuamnt.  a  Greek  version  of  the  Old  Testament  prepared 
by  Jewish  schoLars  at  Alexandria  under  the  Ptolemies, 
principally  in  the  tliini  irntiiry  B.  c. ;  the  Vulfiate,  a  Latin 
version  of  both  Old  rrstiiiiuiit  and  New  Testament,  pre- 
pared by  Jerome  at  the  close  of  the  fourth  century  A.  D.  ; 
and  the  Peshito,  a  Syriac  version  of  the  Old  TeSitament 


bibliolatrous 

or  to  the  sacred  writings :  as,  biblical  learning; 
biblical  criticism. — 2.  In  accord  with  the  teach- 
ings of  the  Bible;  scriptural.  Henco  —  3.  Au- 
thoritative; true. 

Kirst  and  la.st,  eloijucnce  must  still  bo  at  bottom  a  bibli- 
eal  statement  of  tact.  Emerson,  Eloquence. 

[Often  written  with  a  capital,  as  a  proper 
ailji'i-tive.] 

Biblical  geography.    See  geographj.—'BiWica.l  her- 
meneutlCS.     S.-.-  In-nneneutics.  =Syn.  See  Kcriplurul. 
biblicality   (bib-li-kal'i-ti),    n.      [<    biblical  + 
-?7/y.]     1.  The   quality' of  being  biblical. —  2. 
Tliat  which  has  the  quality  of  being  biblical. 


543 

and  the  major  part  of  the  New  Testanu-nt.  probably  pre- 
pjiri'd  in  the  second  century  A.  u.  Traii.-.l:i1  ions  were  early 
madi-  into  the  jirincipal  languages  of  cht  istni.lom.  'J'he 
first  ioiii|il.tc-  tniiiHlatioij  into  English  was  that  of  Wyi-lif 
and  Ni(h..]aH  lleieford,  about  1382  ;  and  the  nr.st  print.-d 
Enk'li^h  \  ciMioMs  i\  fii-  thi  ise  of  Tyniiale  and  Cover(la]e,1524- 
l.o:ir,.  othci- itnpMjt;i  lit  versions  are  the L7/^//crrt7i,in  the  Ger- 
man, by  Matliri  l.illlier,  1521  34 —the  basis  of  the  Swedish, 

Danish.lcc  laiidir.Duteli, and  Finnish  versions;  the .dK(Aor- 
izf.d  or  iiimi  .Jaiiu's,  prepared  by  a  special  comniission  nf 
scholars  inHngland  under  James  I.,  1(104-11 ;  the  Dmuiii, 
a  popular  name  given  to  a  translation  into  English  pri- 
pared  liy  Homan  Catholic  divines  —  the  Old  Testament  at 
lloiiay  ( iliilfl-lO),  the  New  Testament  at  Reims  (1682) ;  and 
the  lin'i.-!e<l,  a  recension  of  the  King  James  Bible  prepared 
by  a  comniittee  of  British  and  American  Protestant  di- 
vines, the  New  Testament  appearing  in  1881,  and  the  Old      [Rare.  ] 
Testament  in  1885.    The  number  of  minor  versions  is  ■bjV.licallvCbib'li-kal-i),  ar7w.    In  a  biblical  man- 
indicated  by  the  fact  that,  since  1804,  translations  of  tin-  ....,•'  „.i:„„  +„  tbo  Riv.la 
Bible  or  portions  of  it  have  been  published  in  upward  of     'i( '  .  •."  '  o    n  i^  to  tne  citjie. 

225  languages.  Ri>man  Catholics  and  Protestants  dilfer  BlbllClSm(blb  h-sizrn),  n.  [<  ML.  blMlcuS,  blb- 
in  the  degree  of  .authority  which  they  attach  to  the  I'.ible.  Heal,  +  -isin.'\  1.  Adherence  to  the  letter  of 
Tlie  Roman  Catholic  Church  "receives  with  piety  and  jj^,,  Biljle. —  2  Biblical  doctrine,  learning,  or 
reverence  all  the  books  of  the  Old  and  New 'i'l-stamentK,     ,  j,'„/„„*,-.»  /?>-.„ 

liti^niiiire.     Eclectie  liev, 

Biblicist  (bib'li-sist),  n.    [<  ML.  biblicus,  bibli- 
cal, +  -ist.]     1.  A  professed  adherent  of  the 


since  one  God  is  the  Author  of  each  "  (Council  of  Trent) ; 
but  "at  the  same  time  it  maintains  that  there  is  an  un- 
written word  of  God  over  and  above  Scripture"  (Cath. 
Diet.).  Protestants  generally  hold  that  "the  Supreme 
Judge,  by  which  all  controversies  of  religion  are  to  lie  de- 
termined, and  all  decrees  of  councils,  opinions  of  ancient 
writers,  and  private  spirits  are  to  be  examined,  and  in 
whose  sentence  we  are  to  rest,  can  be  no  other  but  the 
Holy  Spirit  speaking  in  Sciiptm-e"  (Westminster  Conf. 
of  Faith). 

Hence  —  2.  Any  hook  or  collection  of  reli^ous 
writings  received  by  its  adherents  as  a  divine 
revelation :  as,  the 
Koran  is  the  Bible  of 
the  Mohammedans ; 
the  Mormon  Bible. — 
3t.  [/.  c]  Any  great 
book. 

"To  tellen  all  wold  passen 

any  bibte. 

That  owher  [anywhere]  is. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's 

[Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  364. 

4.  II.  c]  A  medie- 
val military  engine 
for    throwing    large 

stones.  Grose Bible 

Christian,  one  of  a  re- 
ligious sect  in  England 
and  Wales,  sometimes 
called  Brtjanitex  from 
their  founder,  William 
Bryan,  a  Wesleyan  local 
preacher,  who  separated 

from  the  Wesleyans  in  1815.  In  doctrines  and  forms  of 
worship  they  do  not  differ  widely  from  the  Arminian 
Methodists.— Bible  Commimist.  Same  as  Per.t'ectiuHist 
(which  see).  — Bible  Society,  an  association  for  the  pur- 
pose of  priiitiij'4  and  einulating  the  I'.ilde.  — Breeches 
Bible.  See  (A  ;i- 171  liihl,: -Geneva.  Bible,  an  English 
translation  of  the  Bible  issued  from  Geneva  in  15GU  by  sev- 
eral English  divines  who  had  fled  thither  to  escape  the 
persecution  of  the  reign  of  Mary.  It  was  the  first  complete 
Bible  to  appear  in  Roman  type,  the  first  to  omit  the  Apoc- 
rypha, and  the  first  to  recognize  the  division  into  verses. 
This  translation  was  in  common  use  in  England  till  the 
version  made  by  order  of  King  James  was  introduced  in 


Bible  for  fiurling  missiles. 
(From  a  drawing  dated  1472.) 


letter  of  the  Bible ;  specifically,  in  the  twelfth 
century,  one  who  adhered  to  the  Bible  as  the 
solo  rule  of  faith  and  practice,  as  opposed  to  a 
scholastic,  who  prof essetl,  to  bring  all  the  doc- 
trines of  faith  to  the  test  of  philosophy.— 2. 
A  biblical  scholar. 

Also  Biblift. 
bibliochresis  (bib'li-o-kre'sis),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
jiiji'/duv,  a  book,  +  XPW'S,  iise,  <  ^p^tTtfai,  use.} 
The  use  of  books. 

The  public  librarian  may  soon  deserve  the  additional 
title  of  .Master  of  Bibliochresis.    The  Nation,  XXXVI.  297. 

bibliognost  (bib'li-og-nost),  n.  [<  F.  hiblio- 
f/noste,<  Gr.  jiilS'/Jov,  a  book,  +  ^tuot^c,  one  who 
knows:  see  gnosis,  gnostic.}  One  versed  in. 
bibliography  or  the  history  of  books.  /.  D'ls- 
racli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  251. 

bibliognostic  (bib'li-og-nos'tik),  a.  [<  bibli- 
ognost +  -ie.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bibliog- 
nost, or  to  a  knowledge  of  bibliography. 

blbliogony  (bib-U-og'o-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiijiMov, 
book,  -I-  -yovia,  production:  see  -gony.}  The 
production  of  'books.     Soutliey. 

bibliograph  (bib'li-o-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  ^ifiTM- 
ypa^oq:  see  bibliographer .}  Same  as  bibliog- 
rapher. 

A  thorough  librarian  must  be  a  combination  of  the  trio^ 
^bihliDiiraphe,  bibliognoste,  and  bibliophile. 

J.  t'.  Van  Dyke,  Books  and  How  to  Use  Them,  p.  132. 

bibliographer  (bib-li-og'ra-fer),  n.  [<  Gr. 
litli'AioyfMipog:  see  bibliography.']  If.  One  who 
writes  or  copies  books. —  2.  One  who  writes 
about  books,  especially  in  regard  to  their  au- 
thorship, date,  typography,  editions,  etc. ;  one 
skilled  in  bibliography. 

bibliographic,  bibliographical  (bib'li-o-graf '- 

ik,  -i-kal ),  a.    [As  bibliography  +  -ic,  -ical.]    Per- 

.— .  „  „  J  .,_    „       ,        tainiug  to  bibliography. 

1611.  The  Geneva  Bible  has  also  been  called  the  Brcec/iM  vjViiinirraTi'hif  allv  (■bib''li-6-ffraf'i-kal-i').  adv. 
Bible,  because  Gen.  iii.  7  is  translated,  "Then  the  eyes  of  DlDllOgrapmcauy  y>w  u-o  gr^  Kd.i  1;, 
them  both  were  opened,  and  they  knew  that  they  were 
naked,  and  they  sewed  flg  leaves  together  and  made  them- 
selves (ircfi'/jcs."  "  Breeches  "  occurs  in  previous  transla- 
tions, though  the  name  is  given  especially  to  this  one.—  Ma- 
zarln  Bible,  an  edition  of  the  Bible  printed  by  Gutenberg 
at  Jlentz  in  1450-65,  being  the  first  book  ever  printed  with 
movable  types.  It  was  so  called  because  the  first  known 
copy  of  it  was  discovered  in  the  Mazarin  library  at  Paris 
in  1760.— Vinegar  Bible,  an  edition  printed  at  the  Claren- 
don press,  Oxford,  in  1717,  with  the  heading  to  Luke  xx.  as 
the  "Parable  of  tlie  I'ih.'.m)-,  '  instead  of  the  "Parable  of 
the  rinfii/nrrf."— Wicked  Bible,  an  edition  printed  in  1632 
in  whieirthe  word  nut  is  omitted  from  the  seventh  com- 
mandment. .,.„,., 
Bible-clerk  (bi'bl-klerk),  m.  1.  In  Engbsh  uni- 
versities, a  student  whose  duty  it  originally 
was  to  read  the  Bible  during  meals :  now  often 
required  to  note  absences  from  chapel. —  2. 
The  holder  of  a  certain  scholarship  in  Corpus 


In  a  bibliographical  manner. 
bibliography  (bib-li-og'ra-fi),  n.  [=  F.  biblio- 
(/raphie,  <  Gr.  jit,3?.ioypa(pia,  the  act  or  habit  of 
writing  books,  <  jiijiMoypaipoi;,  a  writer  of  books^ 
<  jitjUJov,  a  book,  +  ypa(jieiv,  -write :  see  Bible.^ 
if.  The  writing  of  books. —  2.  The  science 
which  treats  gf  books,  their  materials,  authors, 
t j-pography,  editions,  dates,  subjects,  classifica- 
tion, history,  etc. 

Biblioaraphy  .  .  .  being  the  knowledge  of  books,  which 
now  is  liot  confined  to  an  "erudition  of  title-pages,"  but. 
embraces  the  subject-divisiou  of  all  the  branches  of  hu- 
man learning. 

J.  C.  Van  Dyke,  Books  and  How  to  Use  Them,  p.  113. 

3.  A  classified  list  of  authorities  or  books  on 
any  theme:   as,   the   bibliography  of  political 

_   __     _  economy. 

Christ!  College,  Cambridge,  established  in  1473.  biblioklept  (bib'U-o-klept),  n.     [<  Gr.  pi^Viov, 
Bible-oath(bi'bl-6th),  ».  An  oath  on  the  Bible ;    book,  +  K/J-n-TK,  a  thief.]    A  book-thief;  one 
a  sacred  obligation.  who  purloins  or  steals  books.     [Rare.] 

So  long  as  it  was  not  a  Bible-Oath,  we  may  break  it  with  bibliokleptomaniac    (bib "  li  -  o  -  klep ''  to  -  ma  '- 
a  safe  conscience.  Con^rCTe,  Way  of  the  World,  v.  2.     ni-ak),   H.      [<  Or.    jiiMioi;  book,   +   kleptoma- 

I  doubted  the  correctness  of  your  statement,  though     niac.]     One  affected  by  a  mania  for  steaUng 
backed  by  your  lordship's  Bi6Ie-oa(A.  .   .  ..       books.      [Rare.] 

Thackeray,\  irgimans,  xcii.  |,i|,iioiater  (bib-li-ol'a-ter),  n.    [See  bibliolatry  ; 
bible-press   (bi'bl-pres),   «.      [<   bible,   appar.     cf.  idolater.]     1.  A  book-worshiper;  one  who 


with  thought  of  'a  large  book  bound  in  heavy 
boards,'  +  press.]  Naut.,  a  hand-rolling  board 
for  cartridges,  and  for  rocket-  and  port-fire 
C3SCS  rEii''.  1 
bibiic  (bib'lik),  n.  [<  ML.  biblicus,  <  LL.  biblia, 
Bible.]  In  the  medieval  universities,  the  lowest 
grade  of  bachelor  of  theology.  The  ordinanj  ("'''- 
fie  read  and  expounded  the  Bible  on  the  days  of  the  ordi- 


pays  undue  regard  to  books.  Specifically — 2. 
One  who  is  supposed  to  regard  the  mere  letter 
of  the  Bible  with  undue  or  extravagant  re.spect ; 
a  worshiper  of  the  Bible.     Be  Quincey. 

The  mistaken  zeal  of  Bibliolaters. 

Hxtxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  278. 

bibliolatrist  (bib-li-ol'a-trist),  n.     [<  bibliola- 
try +  -/.«(.]     Same  as  b'lbliolater. 


nary  lectures ;  the  curs^  bibiic  did  so  in  extraordinary  {{{-^^{^^^^^^l^^^.^^.^y ^.^^^  'a.     (;<  miiola- 
courses,     hee  fxti/tfior,  .i.  _^  — ^     ,.,,.  r  -r  x         /ri/  -I-  -ri«s- 1      ^:"—  t-^  "'«  nl^"''"''*-^'^™"'^  l-»Tr  Tm'K. 

liolatry. 


biblical  (bib'li-kal),  a 
biblia,  Bible,  +  -al]    1 


[<  ML.  biblicus,  <  LL. 
Pertaining  to  the  Bible 


Given  to  or  characterized  by  bib- 


tibliolatry  544 

bibliolatrv  rbib-li-ol'a-tri),  n.    [<  Gr.  Pi^h'ov,  bibllophobia  fbib'li-o-fo'bi-a),  n.      [<  Gr. 
book  +/a7pria,  worship.  Ct.  idolatry.]    l.'^or-     3i3hoi:  book,  +  -oo^'o,  fear:  see  -phobia.]     A 
ship  or  homage  paid  to  books.— 2.    Speeifi-    dread  or  hatred  of  books. 
caliv  excessive  reverence  for  the  letter  of  the  bibliopoesy  (bib'U-o-p6'e-zi),  n.    [<  Gr.  ^i^rmv, 
gjjj{g_  a  book,  +   -oiriaca,  making :  see  poesy.]     The 

It  was  on  account  of  this  exclusive  reference  to  Scrip-     making  of  books.      Carb/le. 
rare  that  the  Protestant  divines  laid  more  stress  on  the  in-  bibliopolar  (bib-li-o-jio'lar),  a.      [<  bibliopole  + 
spiration  of  the  holy  writings  than  the  theologians  of  the     _,„.  -i     Bibliopolie.  '   [Rare.] 

on"Sll?irnr''  ^""^  ""''  *"'  ^'*"*°'^  "'■■"'  ■"•'"""*  bibUopole  (bib'U-o-p61),  h.    [<  L.  bibliopdla,  < 
"'  ""^ir^a'C  Ifini,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  V.     Gr.   fiiS/JO-uhj^,  si  bookseller,  <  ,ii;iP:(oi',  book, 

biblioUte  (bib'U-6-lit),  n.     [<  Gr.  3i3>.iov,  book,     +  -"/.rix-.  seU.]     Abookseller;  now,  especially, 
+  >.,i)oc,  stone.]   'A  name  sometimes  given  to     a  dealer  m  rare  and  cimous  books.     _ 
certaiii  laminated  schistose  rocks,  otherwise  blbliopohc,    blbliopolical    (bib'li-o-pol   ik, 
failed  bool--sto,,es.  -i-ks')-,  ""^.C^  ^'''''"i"*  +  -'<■'  -'«''•]     Relating 

bibUological  (bib  li-6-loj'i-kal),  a.     [<  bibliol-    to  IJooksellmg  or  booksellers 
',,7+  fc-/?.]    Relating  to  bibUology.  blbliopolically  (bib  li-9-pol'i-kal-i),  arfi'.    By 

bibliologist(bib-U-ol'6-jist),  «.    [<6,Wo%i/+     1;i[bhopoles;  as  a  bibliopole. 
/""]     One  versed  in  bibUology.  blbliopolism  (bib- li-op'o-lizm),  h.     [<b,bliopoIe 

After  so  much  carefU  investigation  by  the  most  emi-      +  "'r"'-]    jf.^f^^^l^^^^^  ^""' 
Soii(Ai?T/,  The  Doctor,  Interchapter  xvm.  blbliopolist  (bib-ll-op  o-list),  «. 


bibliology  (bib-li-ol'6-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  i3i3?.iov, 
book,  +  -'/.oyia,  <  ?ij£iv,  speak:  see-ologij.]  1. 
Biblical  literature,  doctrine,  or  theology. —  2. 
A  treatise  on  books;  bibliography. 

bibliomancy  (bib'U-o-man-si),  H.  [<  Gr.  jiiPuov, 
book.  +  uavrsia,  divination.]  A  kind  of  divi- 
nation performed  by  means  of  a  book ;  speeifi 


bice 

absorbing:  or  imbibing  fluids  or  moisture ;  ab- 
sorbent; spongy. 

The  soul  that  ascends  to  worship  the  great  (lod  is  plain 
and  true,  .  .  .  having  become  porous  tn  thought  antl  W6. 
iiiousof  theseaoflight.     Emerson,  K.ssays,  Isl  scr.,  p.  264. 

The  carbon  is  replaced  by  bibulous  paper. 

G.  B.  rrescoti,  Elect.  Invent.,  p.  527. 

2.  Fond  of  drinking  intoxicating  liquors;  ad- 
dicted to  drink;  proceeding  from  or  character- 
ized by  such  tendency :  as,  bibiil<)u,<i  propensities. 
— 3.  Relating  to  drink  or  drinking :  as,  bibulous 
lore.     [Rare.] 

bibulously  (biVi'u-lus-li),  adv.  In  a  bibulous 
manner;  by  drinking  in  or  absorbing. 

bicalcarate  (bi-kal'ka-rat),  a.    [<  fti--  +  calca- 

rntc]     Armed  with  or  having  two  spiu's,  as  the 

limbs  of  some  animals  and  the  anthers  of  some 

plants. 

Bookselling  ;  the  b'iisines"s  of  abibli-  bicallose  (bi-kal'6s),  a.    [<  bi-'-  +  callose.]    In 

bot.,  having  two  callosities  or  hard  protuber- 
ances. 

bicallous  (bi-kal'us),  a.    Same  as  bicallose. 

bicameral  (bi-kam'e-ral),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  L.  ca- 
iiura,  a  chamber:  see  camera.]  Two-cham- 
bered; pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  two  cham- 
bers: as,  a  bicameral  legislatui-e. 

An  increase  of  the  number  of  Houses  beyond  two  gives 
no  advantage  which  the  bicameral  plan  does  not  alford. 
Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  179. 


[<  bibliopole 
+  -ist.]    A  bookseller ;  a  bibliopole. 

If  civility,  quickness,  and  intelligence  be  the  chief  requi- 
sites of  a  bibliopoti^t,  the  young  Frere  stands  not  in  need 
of  parental  aid  for  the  prosperity  of  his  business. 

Dibdin,  Bibliographical  Tour,  i.  149. 

bibliopolistic  (bib-li-op-o-lis'tik),  a.  [<  bibli- 
(ipi>li.<;t  +  -((•.]  Eelating'to  a  bookseller  or  to 
bookselling.     [Rare.] 


mg  to  tne  very 
ing  the  Scriptures. 


Encyc.  Metropolitana. 


lock,  or  framing  them  in  glass  cases. 

/.  D'Israeli,  Curios,  of  Lit. 


IV. 


.     [As  bicamer-al 
advocates  the  bicameral 


ness,  mama.]      Book-madness;  a  rage  for  col-  -bibliotheca  (bib  li-o-tlie'kii).  n.     [Cf.  AS. 


lecting  and  possessing  books,  especially  rare 
and  curious  ones.     Also  bibliomany. 
bibliomaniac  (bib'li-o-ma'ni-ak),  n.  and  a.    [< 
bihlinnmitia.  td\.eT  maniac]    I.  n.  One  affected 
with  bibliomania. 

I  found,  in  the  owner  of  a  choice  collection  of-  books,  a 
well-bred  gentleman  and  a  most  hearty  bibliomaniac. 

Dibdin,  Bibliographical  Tour,  i.  155. 

n.  a.  Affected  by  or  pertaining  to  biblio- 
mania ;  book-mad. 
.\lso  bihUi'tiianian. 

bibliomaniacal  (bib'li-o-ma-ni'ar-kal),  a.  [< 
bibliomania,  after  maniacal.]  Of  or  pertain- 
\i\K  to  bitilioraania  or  bibliomaniacs. 

bibliomanian  (bib'li-o-mil'ni-an),  n.  and  a.  [< 
liililinnKiiiia  4-  -ail.]'  Same  "as  bibliomaniac. 
[Kare.] 

bibliomanianism  (bib'li-o-ma'ni-an-izm),  H.   [< 

l„hl„  -     -•    .        .■         .  - 


bibliotheca 
;'arv 

bib 
liothece,  the  Bible ;  =  F.  bihliotbcqiw  =  Pg.  bih 
liotlieca  =  Sp.  It.  bibliolcca  =  G.  Dan.  bibliolliik, 
a  library,  <  L.  bibliotheca,  a  library,  collection 
of  books,  in  LL.  and  ML.  esp.  the"  Bible,  <  (ir. 
3iji/.MyjK>i,  a  library,  a  bookcase,  <  iii,iXm;  book, 
-f-  BiiKTj,  case,  place  to  put  things,  <  TiOivai,  put : 
see  Bible  and  theca.]  1.  A  library ;  a  place  to 
keep  books;  a  collection  of  books. 

Cairo  was  once  celebrated  for  its  nuigniflcent  collection 
of  books.  Besides  private  libraries,  each  large  nioscjue 
had  its  bibtiMheca.  Ji.  F.  Burt07i,  El-Medinah,  p.  711. 

2t.  The  Bible. 

From  the  circumstance  of  the  Bible  lllling  many  rolls  it 
acquired  such  titles  as  pandectes  and  hibliutheca,  the  lat- 
ter of  which  remained  in  use  down  to  the  14tli  century. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  144. 
It  is  a  bibliotheca,  or  a  copy  of  the  Bible  of  the  large 
folio  size,  and  now  bound  up  into  several  large  volumes. 
liock.  Church  of  our  Fathers,  i.  ■JJS4. 


which  their  senate  is  to  bo 
fault. 
Contemporary  Rev.,  XLVII.  323. 

[As  biblio-  bicapitate  (bi-kap'i-tat),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  capitate.] 
llaviiii:  two  heads;  two-headed. 

bicapitated  (bi-kap'i-ta-ted),  a.  Furnished 
with  two  heads. 

bicapsular  (bi-kap'su-lar),  a.  [<  6»-2  -*-  cap- 
sular.]    In  bot..  haviiig  two  capsules. 

bicarbonate  (bi-kiir'bo-nat),  «.  [<  bi-^  +  car- 
bonate.] A  carbonate  containing  two  equiva- 
lents of  carbonic  acid  to  one  of  a  base ;  one  of 
the  supercarbonatos. 

bicarbureted,  bicarburetted    (in-kar'bu-ret- 

-ed),  <(.    [<  bi--  +  ciirburtttd,  carburvttcd.]  Com- 
bined with  or  containing  two  atoms  of  carbon : 


as,  bicarbureted  hydrogen,  C2H4. 

bicarinate  (bi-kar"'i-uat),  a.  [<  bi--  -t-  carinate.] 
1.  In  hilt,  and  :o<>l.,  two-keeled;  doubly  cari- 
nate; having  two  keel-like  projections,  as  the 
upper  palea  of  grasses. — 2.  In  entom.,  having 
two  carinas  or  sharp  longitudinal  raised  lines. 

bicarpellary  (In-kiir'pe-la-ri),  a.  [<  bi--  +  car- 
IH'lhirj/.]  In  bot.,  formed  of  two  carpels  or 
seed-vessels,  whether  distinct  or  united;  di- 
carpellarv  (the  more  common  word). 


an„in  +  -i.wi.]      Book-maduess ;  biblio-  ■bibliothecal  (bib"li-9-the'kal),  n.     [<  h.  biblio-  bicaudar(bi-ka'dal),  a.    l<  bi-^  -I-  caudal.     Cf. 


mama.     [Rare.] 
bibliomanist  ( bib-li-om'a-nist),  n.    [As  bibliom- 
any +  -i.it.]     A  bibliomaniac. 

Not  bibtiomaniut  enough  to  like  black-letter. 

hamb.  Letter  to  Ainsworth. 

bibliomanv  (bil)-li-oin'a-ni),  n.  [<  F.  biblio- 
miiiiii,  <  XL.  bibliomania:  see  bibliomania.] 
Siirne  lis  hibliotnania.     Imp.  IHct. 

bibliopegic  (blb'li-o-pej'ik),  a.  l<  bibliopeny  + 
-ic.J   Of  or  pertaining  to  bookbinding.    [Rare.] 

A  mainiiflcent  flpeclmen  of  bibliopcffic  art. 

JV.  1',  Tribuiw,  April  21, 1884. 

bibliopegist  (iMli-li-op'o-jiHt),  n.  [<  bibliopegy 
+  -int.]     A  l)i>okl)iiiiler.     [Rare.] 

bibliopegistic  (bib'H-o-pe-jiH'tik),  a.  [<  bih- 
liniiri/ist  +  -ir.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  abibliojx'- 
L'lsi  iir  to  bibliojx'gy :  as,  hibliojiet/istic  akiU. 

bibliopegy   (bib-li-op'e-ji),   n.     [i  Gr.   jUii7.iov, 
lio'jk,  -f-  --r/yia,  <  Trrnvivai,  fasten,  fix,  bind:  see 
part.]     The  art  of  bimiing  books.     [Rare.] 
Ii  riif.'  th.'  mill  and  17th  centurliM  lilndlnKS  were  pri 


thccalis,<  bibliotheca':  see  bibliotlieca.]    Belong-    LL./jkvk/h/h.v.  having  two  tails.]  Double-tailed; 
ing  to  a  library.  terminating  in  two  tails  or  prolonged  extremi- 

bibliothecarian  (bib"li-o-the-ka'ri-an),  a.      [<     tics. 
hiliUiilhicarii  +  -an.]     ( )f' or  pertaining  (0  a  bib-  bicaudate  (bi-kii'dat),  a.     f<  bi-^  +  catidatc.] 
liothecary  or  librarian.  In  entom.,  liaving  two  circi  or  jointed  appen- 

We  confess  a  bililiuthecarian  avarice  that  gives  all  books     dages  at  t  lie  eiul  of  the  abdomen,  or  t  wo  t  ail- 


Of  or  "pertaining  to  a  library  or  libra- 


mterii 

/./.../.■.  llril.,  IV.  42. 

bibliophile  (bib'li-o-fil),  n.  [<  V.  hililiophilf.  < 
lir.  ;i  (/loii,  book,  -I-  ipiynr,  loving.]  A  lover  of 
li<">U-.     .Siitnotinicg  WTittoM  hililioiiliil, 

bibliophilic  (bib  li-o-fll'ik),  ".  \<  liUdiophil'  + 
-i< .  I  <  pi  >,r  pertaining  to  a  bibliopliilu  or  book- 
faii'i,  r. 

A  '..' '  .7./,  ,i-  rnrliMlty  ■•  »  conjr  of  the  flmt  Aineri'nu 
pUy,  "tlH:  (  ohtnuit, "  from  the  lllirarjrof  flrorge  Wt..' 10.  • 

t<ili.  Art  A'le,  III        '■ 

Wbllophilisra  ttMl)-II-of'i-lizm),  n.      [<   t.d.l,..- 

iihih   +        ■     I      I, live  of  bookH. 
bibllophilist    l.il,-li.of'l-lint),   ".     \<  hibU',),l,iU 

+  -M/.  I      \  1    •••r  of  bookn;  a  bibliophile. 

bibliopnily  t.-ii-ofi-li),  n.  \.^  V.  biiiU^pin 
lie;  as  bMtoplulc  +  -y.]    Lovo  of  booko. 


a  value  in  our  eyes.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p. 

bibliothecary  (bib-H-oth'e-ka-ri),  «.  and  a.     [< 

liL.  bililiiith<carius,  a  librarian,  jiroii.  ad,).,  <  L. 

bibliotheca:  see  bihliotlirca,  and  cf.  apothecary.] 

I.  n.  1.  A  librarian. — 2.  [<  Lh. 'bibliotliecari- 

«»(.]     A  library. 
II.  ". 

rian. 
bibliotheket  (bib'li-d-thek),  n.     [Also  written 

Inlitiiithtk,  -Hue,   -theiiue,<  V.  bibtiothn/ue,  <  L. 

bibliotheca:  see  biblinlhieii.]   A  jilace  for  books. 
The  king  aaked  him  how  many  thouKarnl  voluinen  be 

hurl  gotten  together  In  Ida  bililivlbrke.  Dniiiie. 

BibliBt  (bib'listl.  H.     [=  F.  biblistr,  <  ML.  bili- 

lislii :  »!•<•  Jlilile  ami -i.it.]    Hnmv  ux  Hiblirist. 


'  r'mili^S^r  or^',r:l;^u:irri  bibiu8'(bib'iuH), «.  ri>..  <nr.  ii.,iy.o,:,  nu. 


J'/nr,  piipvTns:  Hfi^  JMilr.]     Hanw  an paiiyrus. 

Biboa  (bi'bos),  N.  [NL.,  <  hi-  (either  lor  ^i--', 
Iwiec.  here  in  sensft  of  secondary,  or  sliort  for 
himn)  +  Hon,  q.  v.]  A  Ri'niis  or  Hubgcniis  of 
lioviiii'  riiminaiitH,  of  the  family  Jliirida-  and 
Hiibfaiiiily  Jtorina;  witli  pmniiiient  froiil  and 
doprcBHeil  lionm  direetiMl  oiilHard.  ItconlainN 
the  Indian  gayul  or  ganr  and  tlie  banleng  or 
SDiidiiie  ox.      See  (ill  under  ;/<(.i/'i/. 

bibracteate  fbi-brak'le-al),  a.'  [</<i--  +  brac- 
liati .]     In  hot.,  having  two  brai'ts. 

bibracteolate  (bi-i.rak'ie-<>-hii),  «.    [<  bi-'^  + 

liniilrolali .]     In  '"''..  having  two  bnetli'ts. 
bibulose  (bil>'fi-loH),  a.     Same  «h  bihubin.i,  1. 
bibulous  (bib'ii-biH),  a.     |<  L.  Inlndux,  <  bilirre, 

dniik:   8oe  fcifc'.J      1.    Having  the  cpiality  of 


like  ])osterii)r  processes,  as  the  posterior  wings 
of  some  insects. 

bicavitary  (bi-kav'i-ta-ri),  a.  [<  bi-'^  +  cav- 
ity +  -ary.]  Consisting  of  or  possessing  two 
I'avities. 

bicchedt,  a.  [ME.,  also  written  bicchid,  byched, 
liieehni,  hieche,  a  word  of  uncertain  meaning, 
a)iplied  to  the  basilisk,  to  a  body,  to  dice,  and 
hiter  to  tlie  conscience,  a  burden,  etc.,  in  a 
vagiK'ly  opprobrious  sense,  apjiar.  'cursed,'  and 
hence  taken  by  some  to  be  iieoiitraclion  of  ME. 
biwicehe<t.  bewitelied  ;  but  liiuieehi  d  is  not  found 
in  such  a  seiisi',  and  I  lie  con  tract  ion  is  improba- 
ble. I'rob.  at  lirst  hieche,  being,  in  this  view,  an 
allrib.  use  (and  hi'iu'e  soon  with  added  pp.  ailj. 
tornialiv(> -»'(/'- :  botli  reailings  occur  in  ilitTer- 
eiil  M.SS.  in  the  first  instance  <|iioted)of  hieche, 
a  bitcli,  iisi'il  oii|irobriously.  Cf.  .ihreuil,  (>arlier 
nliriuid,  in  sense  of 'iMirseil,'  'curst,'  siniihirly 
formiMl  (but  su])i)orted  by  a  verb)  from  tho 
earlier  attril).  .ihrewe:  see  shrew.  In  the  allit- 
eliilive  phrase  liieehed  bones,  dice,  the  word  lias 
evi<h'nlly  the  same  Hcnso  (tlie  '<'ursed  bones'); 
there  is  no  connection  with  D.  hihhel  =  G. 
biebl,  astragalus,  ankle,  nnkle-bmie,  a  die.] 
Cursed:  an  opprobrious  word  of  uncertain 
meaning. 

This  friiyt  i-omoth  of  the  hieelieit  bones  two, 
Forsweilng,  Ire,  falsncKHe,  ami  hiunlcide. 

Cliiiurer.  rurdiunTH  Tale,  1.  104. 

bice  (his),  n.  [Also  written  bi,ie,  <  ME.  bise, 
bys,  bis,  <  OF.  (and  F.)  bis,  I'cm.  bise,  brown, 


bice 

foi-merly  dusky,  dark  (cf.  OF.  asur  bis,  dark 

blue,  vert  bis,  dark  Rrcen,  V.  bis  blanc,  whity 

brown),  =Pr.  bis  =  lt.  biijiii,  grayish,  prob.  =Pg. 

buzio,  brown,  dusky;  uL  Mh.  "  biisius.  fealu," 

i.  0.,  fallow,  in  an  AS.  glossary.     The  same 

word  (F.  tee  =  Pr.  Wsa  =  It.  dial.  Wsrt  =  Bret.  .,,.,,     .,    ,^.  ,,-,.,      .,         -,, 

//jj  =  Swiss   bise,   bcisc)   was   applied  to  the  bichlond,  bichloride  (bi-klo'nd, -rid.or-nd),n, 

uorth  or  northeast  wind,  from  the  accompany- 


545 

the  most  interesting  features  in  connection  with  the  flsh 
is  th.1t,  in  tlie  youns,  oxtcrnai  gills  are  present.  Two 
(itlicr  species,  J'.  seneKalensis  and  1'.  endlielieri,  are 
known.  All  live  in  the  deeper  pools,  and  apparently 
bury  tliemselves  in  the  slime  and  ooze  on  the  bottom, 
where  they  feed  on  (Islies  and  other  aquatie  animals. 

Stand.  Nal.  Hist.,  III.  95. 


A  eompound  in  which  two  equivalents  of  chlo- 
rin<!  are  coinbiued  with  a  base:  as,  a  bichluricl 
of  ineri'ury. 

bicho-do-mar  (be'cluj-da-mar'),  ».  [Pg.,  lit. 
worm  of  the  sea,  sea-slug.]  Same  as  b£chc- 
dc-mcr. 

[<  6i-2  +  chord.1 


iug  darkness,  like  L.  aqnilo,  <   aquilus,  dark, 

dusky:   see  bisc.     The  origin  of  the  word  is 

uncertain.]     A  name  given  to  two  colors  used 

in  painting,  one  blue,  the  other  green,  both 

native  carbonates  of  copper,    inferior  kinds  of  j   /,,  ,,  .   ix 

them  are  also  prepared  artilieially.    The  former  is  often  blCnOrd   (bi  kord),  a.  and  11. 

called  mountain-blue,  the  latter  mountain-green,  mala-     I_  (,.   Having  two  chords. 

chite-greeii,  ete.    AJso  called  biadetto.  — 

Ground  smalts,  blue  verditer,  and  other  pigments  have 
passed  under  the  name  of  bice :  which  has  therefore  be- 
come a  very  c(iuiv"ial  pigment,  and  its  name  nearly  obso- 
lete :  noris  it  at  present  to  be  found  in  the  shops,  although 
much  commended  by  old  writers  on  the  art. 
Field's  Grammar  of  Culourinij  {Davidson's  ed.,  1877),  p.  63. 

licellaria   (bi-se-la'ri-ii),   «.     [NL.,    <  L.  bi; 

two-,  -t-  cclla,  cell,  +  -aria.']    A  genus  of  chilo- 

storaatous  gymnoUeraatous  polyzoans,  tj^pical 

of  the  family  Bicellariidce. 
Bicellariidae  (bl'sel-a-ri'i-de),  ».  pi.    [NL.,  < 

BinHiiria  +  -idw.']    A  family  of  Chilostomata. 
bicellular  (bi-sel'u-liir),  a.     [<  bi-2  +  celUdar.'] 

Having  two  cells  ;  consisting  of  two  cells. 
Bicelluli  (bl-sel'ii-li),  m.  jjL   [NL.,  <L.  W-,  two-, 

-t- NL.  ceHwte,  dim.  of  L.  cei/rt,  cell.]     A  grotip  bichromatic  (bi-kro-mat'ik),  a.     [<   6«-2   + 

of  heteropterous  hemipterous  insects  contain-     cJiroiiuitic.']     Same  as  dichromatic. 

ing  bugs  of  the  division  Gcocorisa  or  Auro-  bichromatize  (bi-kro'ma-tiz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 

corifia,  which  have  two  basal  cells  of  the  mem-     pp.  bichromatized,  lypr. J)ichromati::in{i.     [<  bi 


Fig.  2. 

First  genus,  second 
division ;  one  real 
oval. 


II.  n.  In  music,  a  general  name  for  an  in- 
strument having  two  strings  tuned  in  unison 
for  each  note,  as  the  mandolin  and  several 
other  instruments  of  the  lute  or  guitar  class. 

bichromate  (bi-kro'mat),  n.  [<  l>i-'^  +  chro- 
1)11110.]  A  compound  containing  twice  as  much 
chromic  acid,  combined  with  the  same  amount 
of  base,  as  the  normal  chromate  contains. — 
Bichromate  or  blchromic  battery.    See  cell,  s. 

bichromate  (bi-kro'mat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
bichrumated,  ppr.  bichromating.  [<  bichromate, 
n.]     Same  as  bichromatize. 

The  gelatine  mass  may  be  bichramated  after  it  is  set  by 
soaking  it  in  a  solution  of  bichromate  of  potassium  or 
anunoniiHH.  Sci.  Amer.  (N.  S.),  LVI.  161. 


brunous  hemielytra.     [Not  in  use.] 
bicensal  (bi-sen'sal),  a.    [<  6»-2  -I-  census  +  -al.] 
In  gcom.,  cousistiiig  of  two  ovals,  real  or  imagi- 
nary, finite  or  infinite. 
"bicentenary  (bi-sen'te-na-ri),  a.  and  n.    [<  iJ-2 


chromate,  n.,  +  -ize.]  To  treat  with  a  bichro- 
mate, especially  bichromate  of  potassium. 
Also  bichromate. 

The  film  of  a  bichromatUed  gelatine,  used  as  a  photo- 
graphic negative.  lire.  Diet.,  II.  299. 


Fig.  4- 
Third  genus,  cuspi- 
dal curve. 


-I-  ccHtcnafji.]     I.  a.  Relating  to  or  consisting  bichromic  (bi-kro'mik),  a.     [<  bichrom{ate)  + 
of  two  hundred,  especially  two  hundred  years;     -jc]     Pertaining  to  or  using  a  bichromate, 
bicentennial:  as,  a  bicentenary  celebration.  j„  jj,).  construction  of  the  induction  balance  a  bichro- 

II.  ».   1.   That  which  consists  of  or  compre-     im'c  battery,  is  used.  .Scievicc,  IX.  190. 

bends   two  htmdi-ed  (commonly  the  space  of  ]3igiiy  (bich'i),  n.     [Appar.  a  native  name.]     A 

'—  ' '—' "'      "    *  *^"'"  i,,,^.!-.,.!*!,  „.,      ^^^^  sometimes  given  to  the  Cola  acuminata, 

a  tree  of  the  natural  order  StercuUaceai.     See 


-2.  A  two  hundredth  an- 


two  hundred  years), 
niversary. 

Part  of  the  enthusiasm  of  a  bi-centeiiary. 

The  American,  VI.  23. 

bicentennial  (bi-sen-ten'i-al),  a.  and  H.  [<  bi-2 
+  centennial.]  I.  a.  1.  Consisting  of  or  last- 
ing two  hundred  years :  as,  a  bicentennial  pe- 
riod.—  2.  Occurring  every  two  hundred  years. 


cola-nut. 
biciliate  (bi-sil'i-at),  a.    [<  6J-2  -I-  ciliate.]  Hav- 
ing two  cilia. 

The  biciliate  swarmspores  that  escaped  were  observed 
for  some  hours  under  the  microscope. 

Trans.  Boij.  Soc.  of  Edinburgh,  XXXII.  597. 


II.   re.   The   two  hundredth  anniversary  of  bicipital  (bi-sip'i-tal),  a.    [<  L.  bice2)S  (bicipit-). 


an  event ;  a  bicentenary, 
bicephalic  (bi-se-fal'ik  or  bi-sef'a-lik),  a.  [< 
L.  bi-,  two-,  -I-  Gr.  K^nijia'Aij,  head:  see  cephalic] 
Having  two  heads  ;  bicephalous  ;  specifically, 
ornamented  with  two  heads  or  busts,  as  an 
engraved  gem  or  the  like.     Jour.   Archwol., 

XXIX.  :ni.» 
"bicephalous  (bi-sef'a-lus),  a.     [As  bicepkalie 

+  -ous.]     Having  two  heads. 
1)iceps  (bi'seps),  a.  and  «.    [<  L.  biceps  (bicipit-), 
<  bi-,  two-,  +  caput,  head.]    I.  a.  Two-headed, 
or  having  two  distinct  origins :  specifically,  in 
anat.,  applied  to  certain  muscles. 

II.  n.  1.  In  anat.,  a  muscle  having  two  heads 
or  origins;  specifically,  the  biceps brachii. — 2. 
Figuratively,  strength  or  muscular  develop- 
ment. —  3.  Muscular  strength  of  the  arm ; 
ability  to  use  the  arm  effectively :  from  such 
strength  or  ability  depending  on  the  devel- 
opment of  the  biceps  muscle — Biceps  brachii, 
or  biceps  humeri,  tlie  Iwo  headed  muscle  of  the  arm, 
arising  l>y  its  lon;^  liead  from  the  glenoid  fossa,  and  by  its 
short  liead  from  the  enraeoid  process  of  the  scapula,  and 

inserted  into  the  tul)erosity  of  the  radius.     It  is  a  strong  ^  ^ii^i^. 

flexor  and  supinator  of  the  forearm,  and  a  guide  to  the  v°^^.^""^'i!^J~'7T^n^""Jov'VTi  liir^  a 
brachial  artery  in  surgical  operations  upon  that  vessel.  DlCirCUlar  (.Dl-sei  J^V-'SVi^JJ. 
See  cut  under  m fi.sr/e.  —  Biceps  femoris,  the  two-lieaded 
muscle  of  the  thigh,  arising  by  its  long  luad  lioni  the  tube- 
rosity of  the  ischium,  and  I'y  its  sliort  laud  tiniii  the  shaft 
of  the  femur,  and  inserted  into  the  head  of  the  hbula,  its 
tendon  forming  the  outer  hamstring.  Its  action  is  to  fle.x 
the  leg  upon  the  thigli. 
Mcessis  (bi-ses'is),  n.  [L.,  <  bic-,  a  reduced 
form  of  viginti,  =  E.  twenty,  +  as  (ass-),  an  as,  a 
unit :  see  as^.]  In  lUim.  metrology,  twenty  asses. 
bichet,  ''•  [<  F.  liichc,  OP.  also  bisse  =  Wal- 
loon bih  =  mod.  Pr.  bicho  =  It.  dial,  becia,  a 
hind  or  roe ;  of  uncertain  origin.]  A  kind  of 
fur ;  the  skin  of  the  female  deer. 
bichir  (bich'er),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  re- 
markable living  ganoid  fish,  Fohjjiterus  bichir, 
of  the  family  Polyptcridu'  and  order  Crosso- 
pterygii,  inhabiting  the  Nile  and  other  African 
rivers,  attaining  a  length  of  18  inches,  and 
esteemed  as  food.     See  Folypterus. 

In  the  system  of  Cuvier,  the  bichir  was  placed  among 
the  bony  fishes,  in  the  vicinity  of  tlie  herrings.    One  of 
35 


two-headed  (see  biceps),  +  -al.]  1.  Having 
two  heads;  two-headed.  [Rare.]  — 2.  In  aHflt: 
(a)  Having  two  heads  or  origins,  as  a  muscle. 
See  biceps,  (b)  Pertaining  to  the  biceps  mus- 
cles.—  3.  In  bot.,  dividing  into  two  parts  at  the 
top  or  bottom. 

Also  bicipitous. 
Bicipital  fascia,  an  expansion  of  the  tendon  of  the  bi- 
ceps l>raeliii  into  the  deep  fascia  of  the  forearm.— Bicipi- 
tal groove,  a  furrow  along  the  uijper  i)art  of  the  humerus, 
in  whieli  the  tendon  of  the  long  head  of  tlie  Ideeps  muscle 
lies,  .^ee  cut  under  /i«»icii(.i.  — Bicipital  ridges,  the  lips 
of  the  liiciiiital  groove. 

bicipitosus  (bi-sip-i-to'sus),  ». ;  pi.  bicipitosi 
(-si).  [NL.,  <  L.  biceps  (bicipit-),  two-headed: 
see  hicciis.]  The  bicipital  muscle  of  the  thigh ; 
the  biceps  femoris. 

bicipitous  (bi-sip'i-tus),  a.    Same  as  bicipital. 

Biri/Htous  serpents.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  15. 
bicircloid  (bi-ser'kloid),  ».  [<  bi-^  +  circle  + 
-oid.]  A  curve  generated  by  the  uniform  mo- 
tion of  a  point  around  the  circumference  of  a 
circle  the  center  of  which  itself  uniformly  de- 
scribes a  circle.  ,       „   ,     . 

_  "  -  ',,  [<  bi-^  +  circu- 

'/arT"composed  of '  or  similar  to  two  circles. 

—  Bicircular  oval,  a  real  branch  of  a  bicircular  quartic. 

—  Bicircular  quartic,  a  quartic  curve  which  passes  twice 
tlirou^di  each  of  the  circular  points  at  infinity,  having  thus 


Fig.  I. 

Bicircular  Quartic. 

Curve  of  first  genus,  first  division  ;  two  real  ovals  with  focal  circle 

and  central  hyperbola. 

an  essential  analytical  similarity  to  a  pair  of  circles,  which 
it  also  somewhat  resembles  to  the  eye.  For  the  purpose 
of  traciii"-  it  it  may  be  aetined  as  the  envelop  of  all  the 
circles  liaving  their  centers  on  a  fixed  ellipse  or  hyper- 


bickerer 

bola,  and  cutting  a  fixed  circle  orthogonally.  This  circle  is 
called  t\ui  focal  circle,  because  its  intersectionB  with  the 
fixed  collie  are  foci  of  the  quartic. 
Tlie  latter  has,  besides,  two  double 
foci,  which  are  the  foci  of  the  conic. 
The  perpendiculars  from  the  center 
of  the  focal  circle  to  the  asymptotes 
of  the  conic  arc  bitangents  <if  the 
quartic.  (See  fig.  1.)  The  intersec- 
tions of  the  focal  circle  with  the 
quartic  arc  cyclic  poinU  of  the  lat- 
ter. There  are  three  genera  of  bi- 
circular (juartics.  'J'hu  first  embracee 
all  the  Ijicursal  forms,  and  these  are 
curves  of  the  eighth  class.  For  these  there  arc  two  real 
focal  circles  and  two  imaginary  ones.  'Jlie  two  real  conies 
of  centers  are  an  ellipse  and  a  confoca!  hyperbola.  There 
arc  four  real  foci  and  four  r«;al  cyclic  points.  This  genus 
lias  two  divisions.  In  the  first,  the  four  real  foci  are  con- 
cyclic,  and  tlie  real  curve  consists  of  two  ovals,  one  of  which 
lies  witliout  or  within  the  <ither,  accord- 
ing as  the  four  real  foci  are  on  a  central 
ellipse  or  hyperbola.  Fig.  1  shows  the 
latter  case,  an<l  fig.  2,  modified  so  as  to 
make  the  upper  part  like  the  lower, 
would  show  the  former,  liicircular 
(juartics  of  this  division  have  the  prop- 
erty that  three  points  can  be  taken  so 
that  the  distances  r^,  ro,  r^,  of  any  point 
of  the  curve  tiierefrom  shall  be  expresa- 
ahle  by  an  equation  ar^  +  bt'*  -f  cr;j  =  0. 
The  second  division  of  the  first  genus  embraces  curves 
whose  four  real  foci  lie  in  two  pairs  or  two  focal  circles. 
These  real  curves  consist  of  single  ovals,  as  in  fig.  2,  Tlie 
second  genus  comprises  unicursal  curves  with  one  node 
(besides  those  at  the  circular  points^. 
Tliey  are  of  the  sixth  class.  There  is 
one  real  and  one  imaginary  focal  circle. 
The  node  may  be  a  erunode  with  an 
outloop  (shown  by  slightly  modifying 
fig.  2  in  the  upper  part)  or  with  an  in- 
loop,  as  in  fig.  3;  or  it  may  be  an  ac- 
node  without  or  within  the  oval.  The 
third  gcTius  contains  curves  with  an 
ordinary  cusp.  TTiese  are  of  the  fourth 
class.  There  is  but  one  focal  circle  and 
but  one  focus.  The  cusp  may  point  out- 
ward, as  in  fig.  4,  or  inward,  as  in  a  modification  of  fig.  3. 
bicker^  (bik'er),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hecker, 
<  ME.  hichereHj  hikkeren,  bekereu,  hikereii,  appar. 
a  freq.  in  -er;  oiigin  unknown.  The  W.  fcicra, 
fightj  is  appar.  from  the  E.]  I.  in  trans.  If. 
To  exchange  blows ;  skirmish;  fight  off  and  on: 
said  particularly  of  the  skirmishing  of  archers 
and  slingers. 
Two  eagles  had  a  conflict  and  bickered  together. 

Holland,  It.  of  Suetonius,  p.  243. 

2.  To  quarrel;  contend  in  words;  engage  in 

petulant  altercation;  wrangle. 

Those  petty  things  about  which  men  cark  and  bicker. 

Jiarrmo. 
Tho"  men  may  bicker  with  the  things  they  love. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

Hence — 3.  To  make  a  brawling  sound ;  make 
any  repeated  noisy  action ;  clatter. 
Meantime  unnumher'd  glittering  streamlets  played,  .  .   . 
That,  as  they  bickered  through  the  sunny  shade, 
Though  restless,  still  themselves  a  lulling  murmur  made. 
Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  iii.  26. 

4.  To  run  rapidly;  move  quickly;  quiver:  "be 
tremulous,  like  flame  or  water. 

I  make  a  sudden  sally 
And  sparkle  out  among  the  fern, 
To  bicker  down  a  valley. 

Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

There  is  a  keen  relish  of  contrast  about  the  bickering 

flame  as  it  gives  an  emphasis  beyond  Gherardo  della  Notte 

to  loved  faces.  Lowell,  Study  Window.s,  p.  38. 

5.  To  make  a  short  rapid  run.  [Middle  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  To  strike  repeatedly. 
bicker^  (bik'er),  «.     [<  ME.   bikerj  heker:  see 
bicker'^,  v,']     1.  A  fight,  especially  a  confused 
fight. 
Bickers  were  held  on  the  Calton  Hill.  Campbell. 

2.  A  quarrel ;  an  angry  dispute ;  an  alterca- 
tion. 

If  thou  say  nay,  we  two  shal  make  a  bycker. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2660. 

3.  A  confused  or  rapid  succession  of  sounds; 
a  rattling  or  clattering  noise. 

A  ()iV*-f  r  of  musketrj'-flre  rattled  down  in  the  valley,  in- 
termingled with  the  wild  yells  and  defiances  of  the  hill- 
men,  who  were  making  a  chapao  or  night  attack  on  the 
camp.    Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  194. 

4.  A  short  rapid  run  or  race ;  a  staggering  run, 
as  from  loss  of  equilibrium.  [Middle  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

Leeward  whiles,  against  my  will, 
I  took  a  tiieker. 

Burns,  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 

bicker^  (bik'fer),  »i.  [Var.  of  6cnto-,  q.  v.]  A 
bowl  or  dish  for  containing  liquor,  properly  one 
made  of  wood;  a  drinking-eup;  also,  specifi- 
cally, in  many  parts  of  Scotland,  a  wooden  dish 
made  of  staves  and  hoops,  like  a  tub,  for  hold- 
ing food.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

bickerer  (bik'er-ir).  n.  One  who  bickers,  or 
engages  in  petty  quarrels. 


546 


bickering 
Wckering  fbik'er-ing),    n.      [<   ME.    hilering,  bicomueUS  (bi-kor-nu-us),  a.\ 
Y^h^oibikeren  :  see  bicker^,  r.]    If.  Askir-  j:'»:'i'i=  ^;,'f,';';u,t-.;''"!;^     r/ 
misb. 

Then  was  the  war  shivered,  as  it  were,  into  small  frays 
and  bickerings.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.  (ed.  1S51),  ii.  55. 

2.  Petulant  contention;  altercation, 


bid 


[<  Ii.  6i"-,  two-,  +    cliis  (see  cycle)  +  -lo.]     Consisting  of  or  having 

Same  as  bicoinoiis.    two  circles;  specifically,  in  boi.,  iu  two  whorls, 

bicornute  (bi-k6r'uiit),  a.      [<  hi-~  +  coniiite.     as  the  stamens  of  a  flower.-Bicyclic  chuck.   See 

Vi.  bii:oni.'\     Two-liorned;  bicornous ;  speeifi- .<:SticA4  .,„.,.  r/ 7  ■      7    _i-        i    -n 

caUv   in  bit.,  having  two  hom-UKe  processes,  bicyclic-'  (bi-sik'lik),  a      [<  bmjclc  +  ->c.]    Re- 

as  the  fi-iiit  of  Traim  bicomis.  la'i"S  ^^  ™'  connected  with  bicycles. 


,.,    .  .    ,  ..         -.v  bicorporal  (bi-kor'po-ral).  «■      [<  L.  Wcojyor,  bicycling  (bi' si -klinj^),". 

There  remained  .6l<^t^";y,.,  not  a,lways  carried  onwith  '',\'=°J.P,^^;^,-^„^,,„.,   ^fiv.hlp-bortied,  <  hi-,  two-,  +     Tlio  art  or  practice  ot  rulin 


the  best  taste  or  »1th  the  best  temper,  between  the  man- 

agers  of  the  impeachment  and  the  counsel  for  the  defence, 

itacaulaii,  Warren  Hastings. 


later  bicorporeiis,  doxible-bodied, 

corpus  {corpor-),  body.]    In  her.,  same  as  bicor- 

purate Kcorporal  sign,  in  antral.,  a  zodiacal  sign 

whose  fig:ure  represents  two  animals,  namely,  Pisces,  Gem- 
ini, or  Sai:ittarius. 


bickennentt  (bik'er-ment),  II.     [<  bicker^,  v.,  + 
-iiieiit  ^     Contention;  conflict.     Spenser.  ,  .  -      -  -  ,      ,,-,.,-   _-.»    „ 

bickem  (bik'em),  „:  [Also  by  popular  etyzn.  ''ff  JP?-:,**;,,  .t^l^'^a'^r  "ifL"- 
bickhoiii.  and  bickiron,  beak-iron,  q.  v.,  also  jxt-  L^  ''.'  \  ^ZV-'V'i„-T^  "t  ' 
iron"  v^op.  bicorn,  eaily  mod.  i:.b,,ckor„e:  by^    l^a""'^   t^°   I'^dies:    said   of    a 


Bicorporate. 


coVn'e,  <'¥.'bigorne,  a  bickern  (cf.  OF.  bicorne:<    T^east  or  bird  used  as  a  bearirjg. 
ML.6.cor««,6,cor»«.,atwo-handledcup),=Sp.  Bicosoeca  (bi-k^-se  ka^"-    |^L., 
Pff   fci<7or«iVi  =  It.  bicornia,  a  bickem,  <  L.  bi-    "'reg.  <   hv.  ^ikoc   a  wine-jar    a 
ci^nia.  leMt.  pi.  of  6;<.<,rm-.,'two-ho™ed :  see  6/-    bowl,  +  o.koc,  a  house.]      bame 
com.}     1-  An  anvil  with  two  projectiiig.  taper-    a^_«'^^i^«-  _^ 

L,  in  Son  to  its  double  head,  of  which  one    «^renate  leaves  when  the  crenatures  are  them- 
side  was  made  pointed  and  the  other  bltint;  J^J.'^^^.^f^t^^^n,,  v-p   sen 'tiki    a       [<  Ji-2  + 

if  a  contracted  form  of  6eaA:-irc.«  (which  see),  ^.^^l;^^^  (bi-kro'ral),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  crurall 
bictoon  (Wi-em),n.  S^.me  .s  bickern,  beak-  ^-^-^^^o  '^S^'  ^  ^^^  elongations  resem- 
i.'-"i"'     4.    /v,-  1  iT'^sf-i   y,      r<'  7.;  2  4- /.7/77'«/p  1  bicuspid  (bi-kus'pid),  o.  and  H.     [<  NL.  6/cks- 

T>!™^-'/'»,i  oS'bs\  «       rNTT.    ^  fir  ,'?;/.or  n  drink-  cusps.     Specifically  applied— (a)  In  j/ram.,  to  a  cui-ve 

Bicoeca  (bi-se  ka),  n.     l^^iU.,  <.  Ur.  liiKog,  a  onnK  ^^^r    ,„,„';.„  (^)  ]„  ,,,„„„„  anat.,  (l)  to  the  premo- 

ing-bowl  (see  beaker),  +  oinoc,  house.  J     A  genus  |^j.  ,,..i.,^  ^^  f^i^^.  „i„iars,  of  which  there  arc  two  on  each 

of  infusorians,  typical  of  the  family  Bicacida:  si,iea\ioveandbel..w,rei)laoins  the  milk-molars;  (2)  to  the 


Previouslv  written  Bicosccca. 

BiC(BCidae'(bi-se'si-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Bicceca 
-t-  -i</(r.J     A  familv  of  sedentary  animalcules. 

bicoUateral  (bi-ko^lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  cnl- 
laUral.'\  In  bot.,  taring  the  two  sides  aUko: 
applied  to  a  fibrovascular  bundle  in  which  the 
woody  portion  lies  between  two  layers  of  li- 
ber, or \ice  versa. 

In  rucurbita,  Solanum,  and  others  the  bundles  are  hi- 
cnlUtl.rfil.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  IS. 


mitral  valve  giianliMi;  tlic  lift  auriculov  (.utricular  orifice 
of  the  heart,  the  correspondnii;  ridit  urilicc  lieingiiu.irded 
liy  the  tricuspid  valve,  l^r)  Inmlurn.,  to  a  claw  or  mandible 
haviuK  two  pointed  processes  or  teeth.  Also  bicuttpidal, 
^iVi«;;i'(in(t>.— Bicuspid  forceps,  dentists'  forceps  with 
curved  beaks  for  e.vtractini;  bicuspid  teetli. 

II.  H.  One  of  the  premolars  or  false  molars 
iu  man,  of  which  there  are  in  the  adult  two  on 
each  side,  above  and  below,  between  the  canines 
and  the  true  molars.  They  are  the  teeth  which  suc- 
ceed and  replace  the  milk-molars  of  tlie  cllild.     Also  bi- 


bicolligate(bi-kol'i-gat),a.  [<  L.  6i-,  two-, -1- c»?-  tjcugpidal  (bi-kus'pi-dal),  a.     Same  as  biciis- 
.-  1  w       n,  ^.^^     tlie  usual  form  of  the  word  in  geometry. 

bicuspidate  (bi-kus'pi-dat),  a.      [<  bi-~  +  cus- 


Bicolligatc— Foot  of  Uuck . 


Same  as  bi- 


ligatus,  bound  togeth 
er:  see  bi-^  and  colli 
gate,    r.]     In  ornith., 
palmate,  but  not  toti- 
palmate;    having  the 
three  front  toes  unit- 
ed by  two  webs, 
bicolor  (bi'kul-or),  a. 
[<   \j.  birolor,  of  two 
colors,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  color,  color.] 

Clll"lttl. 

bicolored  (bi'kul-ord),  a.     [<  &i-2   +   colored. 

Cf.  Ij.  bicolor,  of  two  colors.]   Of  two  colors,  as 

a  flower. 

bicolorous  fbi-kul'o-nis),  a.    Same  as  bicolored. 
biconcave  (bi-kou'kav),  a.     [<  /'!-"  +  roiicavc.'i 

Jli.Uow  oi-  ((incavo  on  both  sides;  doubly  con- 
cave, a-i  a  liiis.     See  lens. 
biconic,  biconical  (bi-kon'ik,  -i-kal),  a.    [<  6!-2 

+  conic,  conical.'i    Doubly  conical;  resembling 

two  cones  placed  base  to  base. 
ITlie)  cKf"  of  the  (jrebcs,  .  .  .  which  also  have  both 

cnilii  nearly  alike  but  pointed,  arc  bo  wide  in  the  ndddle 

OA  Ut  present  ft  Ijiconical  appearance. 

Knctir.  Jlrit.,  III.  775. 

biconjugate  (bi-kon'jB-gSt).  a.  [<  ii-2  -f-  con- 
jiii/iilr.]  1.  In  imirs;  f)laced  side  by  side. — 
2.  In  bot.,  twice  iiuircil,  as  when  each  of  the 
divisions  of  a  forked  ptdiolo  bears  a  i>air  of 

lo!itll-|S, 

biconsonantal  (bi-kon-»9-nan'tal),   a.     Com- 

jK.-o.j  <if  or  I'OiitaininK  two  coiisonaiits. 
biconvex  (bi-kon'veks),  a.     [<  hi--  +  convex.] 
Cijiinx  ou  both  sides;   doubly  convex,  as  a 
lens.     Bco  lens. 

«l  llie  varlr)n»  forms  of  Icniics  wc  need  only  conildor 
th'   '■■      ,    .  r  mill  biconcave.  Uimmrl,  l.tuhl,  p.  »9. 

blcoquett,  ".     Same  as  hycochl.     I'airliolt. 
bicom  1  lii'korn),  o.     [<  L.  hicorniii,  two-homed, 

<  b,  .  two-,  +  cornu  =  K.  horn.     Cf.  biekcm.\ 

IIiiviTi;;  two  honiH;  bicomou«. 
blcorned  (bi'k6rnd),  a.     [<  6(<»rn  + -erf'A]    Bi- 

coriml"'. 
bicornous  n.i-kor'nus),  a.     [<  bicorn   +  -»««.] 

Iln%n.. 


jiidiitr.     Cf.  bicunjiiil.'i     Same  as  bicuspid. 

biCUSpis  (bi-kus'pis),  n. ;  pi.  bicus/iiiirs  (-pi-dez). 
|N1j.  :  see  bicuspid.'\     dame  as  bicuspid. 

bicycle  (bi'si-kl),  h.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  cycliis,  < 
(ir.  KiK/oc,  a  circle,  a  wheel:  see  cycle.]  A 
modification  of  the  two-wlieelod  velocipede 
(which  see).  The  velor-jpede  of  1860  was  worked  by 
treadles  operating  cranks  on  tlie  axle  of  the  front  wheel. 
This  was  modified  in  the  earliest  form  of  the  bicycle  by 


a,  fTinn's  bicycle ;  fi,  tandem  bicycle  i 
Sprocket-wheel  witli  pe(l.\l-crank  fthnft. 


c,  woman's  bicycle:   d. 


(friatly  Incrcaslnn  the  relative  size  ot  the  drlvlnRwheel 
nndbrinKlnittlicrblcrdlrectlyovcrlt.  Laler  llie  "»ufely 
bicycle  wa-H  lntrociui:i'il.  In  whirb  tlie  wbecln  were  maile  ..I 
ciliialor  nearly  eiinal  ..Ize,  and  tor  the  ilirect  action  niiontho 
front  whi^el  was  milmllluicil  Inillrecl  neilon  niioii  the  ii'ar 
wheel,  by  means  of  a  chain  ami  nimicket-wbeelii,  theillum- 
ttcm  "f  the  sprocket  wliicls  belnu  so  prnpi.rlloMiMl  lis  to 
compensate  tliedecreasu  In  size. if  Ibedrlvliig  wheil,  Hlcy- 
clesliavinitseatiiBnd  ilrlvliiu  Kcnr  (or several  rlib  rspbiciil 
onobeliliiil  Die  other  are  luilli  il  »<.;iif.nM-  a  name  ofleii 
restrlcled  to  siicli  H  bley.  h'  tor  two  ridim.  A  bii  yele  b.r 
three  llilers  Is  calbd  a  IripM,  one  (or  (onr  a  ./iinWni- 
iM,  one  (or  (Ive  a  qmntuM,  one  (or  sli  a  »i'Tt.(  or 
»<^j:/f/,^W.  cte.-Chalnl088  blcyclO,  "  bl.yile  In  wb.li 
llm  power  Is  trnnKinllli  d  lo  llie  r.  nr  wliee  by  bevHnl 
■     -  ■  •     '  ■  — '  ■l-\ilinels.-   Du- 


I 

..,-..    .....,„...      I-  ..     Keiirs  ln«l-ad  o(  bv  a  chain  nnil  npriieke      

liiirriMorantlcrH;  crcHcenl-Mlinpid;    piex  bicycle,  a  bicycle  d.  signed  for  two  rlilem  sitting 
,„  onat.,  having  two  prolonp.tinnH  bJ^c'leo'.i'Hi-kl)..'. -•.;  prel.  nnd,.p./m'../W.,/,p,;r, 

THo  „i,.  ,  ;;:?Lr,i.«olcman...,  r,th.«o,a..  ^"■"'^";;';,  .5<.'^^f:;!''';'\<'^;;"t +  ",  T''o m 

.Sir  r.  flrwiK,  Vnlg.  Kir..  V.  lit.  bicycler  (bi  HI  kl.r),  11.     I <;  f;ic//( (C -r    <i.j    uiii 

[<  L.  fci-,  two-,  +  Ci/- 


f'Hpi'el.i 

lik'iK'l 


blcomnate  Oii-kor'nfi-at),  n.    , ,,      ,,  ,    ..    .,,,■.,  „ 

cornu  =  v..  hori,,  +  -afcl.]    Same  an  bicornous.  bicycUci  (bi-Hik  lik),  </ 


[<  bicycle  4-  -ing.J. 
g  on  a  bicycle, 
bicyclism  (bi'si-klizm).  II.     [<  bicycle  +  -ism.] 
Tlie  hiibit  or  art  ot  riding  the  bicycle.    X.  and 
Q.,  7th  ser.,  I.  290. 
bicyclist  (bi'si-klist ),  II.    [<  bicycle  +  -ist.]    One 
who  rides  ou  a  bicycle.   The  Centunj.  XX^^II.  44. 
bid  (bid),  V. ;  pref .  bade,  bad,  or  bid,  pp.  bidden 
or  bid,  ppr.  bidding.      [Under  this  form  two 
verbs,  orig.  distinct  in  form  and  sense,  have 
been  confounded  from  the  12th  century  or  ear- 
lier:   (1)  Bid'^,  ask,  pray,  <  ME.  bidden  (pret. 
bad.  pi.  bedeii,  badeii,   pp.  beden,  bideii),  ask, 
pray,  im-ite,  wish,  and  also  (by  confusion  with. 
biiV-)   command,  <  AS.   biddan    (pret.  bad,  pi, 
badon,  pp.  bcdcii),  ask,  pray,  invite,  in  some 
cases   equiv.  to  command,    =  OS.    biddian  = 
OFries.  bidda  =  D.  bidden  =  OHG.  bittan,  MHG. 
G.  bitten  =  Icel.  bidlija  =  Sw.  bedja  =  Dan.  Iicde 
=  Goth,  bidjan  (pret.  bath,  pi.  beduiii,  pp.  bi- 
daiis)  (cf.  Goth,  bidagwa,  a  beggar,  and  AS.  bede- 
cian,  beg:  see  bcg^),  perhaps  =  Gr.  V  *-iO  (orig. 
•p(fl)  in  ^ciecn;  Tttdeiv,  persuade,  move  by  en- 
treaty, mid.  -ciOsadai,    -tOiadai,  be  persuaded, 
obey^  trust,  =  L.  fidere,  trust.    Hence,  from  the 
AS.",  E.  bead;  from  the  L.,  E.  faith,  Jidelity, 
affy,  atHdarit,  confide,  confident,  infidel,  perfidy, 
etc.      (2)  Bid^,  command,  order,  direct,  pro- 
pose, offer,  etc.,  <  ME.   bcden,  bcoden  (whieli 
would  regularly  give  E.  "beed  or  *bead),  com- 
mand, order,  offer,  annotuice,  also  invite  (pret. 
bead,  bed.  bead,  pi.  beden,  boden,  pp.   hoden), 
<  AS.  beodan  (pret.  bead,  pi.  biidon,  pp.  boden), 
command,   order,    offer,    announce,    threaten, 
etc.,  =OS.  biodan  =  OFries.  biada  =  D.  biedcu 
=  OHG.  biotan.  MHG.  G.  bieten  =  Icel.  bjodlia 
=  Sw.  bjuda  =  Dan.  bydc  =  Goth,  biiidan  (pret. 
bauth,  pi.  biiduin,  pp.  biidans;  only  in  corap., 
anabiudan,  command,  fanrbiudon  =  'E.  forbid), 
command,  offer,  announce,  etc.,  =  Gr.  ■/  *:ri# 
(orig.  *<>i'")i  ii  -vfOiivtcDai,   -lOiaOai,  learn   by 
asking,  ask,  =  Skt.  •/  budh  (orig.  *bhudli),  be 
awake,  understand  (see  Buddha);   cf.  OBulg. 
hiidcli,  be  awake.     From  AS.  beodan  come  boda, 
E.  bode,  a  messenger,  l)odian,E.  bode,  announce, 
portend,  AS.  Iiydel,  E.  beadle,  etc. :  see  bodc^, 
bode",  beadle.    "While  some  senses  of  bid  are 
obviously  those  of  AS.   biddan,  and  others  ob- 
viously those  of  AS.  beodan,  no  formal  sepa- 
ration" can  conveniently  be  made.     The  mod. 
forms  correspond  to  those  of  AS.  biddan,  the 
senses  chiefly  to  those  of  AS.  bcddan.]   I.  trans. 

1.  To  ask;  retiuest;  invite. 

Go  ye  therefore  inlii  tlie  highways,  aiiA  as  many  as  ye 
shall  iliiil  hill  to  the  marriane.  Hat.  xxil.  9. 

rrovide  the  feast,  father,  and  hid  the  Ruests. 

Shak-.,  T.  ot  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  pray;  wish  earnestly  or  devoutly;  hence, 
to  say  by  way  of  greeting  or  benediction:  as, 
to  bid  good-day,  farewell,  etc. 

Neither  hid  him  Hod  speed.  2  John  10. 

3.  To  command;  order  or  direct ;  en.ioin. 

And  I'eter  aiiswerecl  him  imd  sulci,  Lord,  if  it  be  thou^ 
bid  me  come  iiiitci  thee  on  the  water.  Mat,  xlv.  28. 

I  was  /.ic(  to  come  (or  yon.       Shnk.,  As  you  Like  it,  I.  2. 

Because  Ood  his  Kather  had  not  bidd,-ii  liiin  to  do  lt» 
and  therefore  He  wiiilld  not  tempt  the  Lord  his  (lod. 

Kiti'inlft/ 

[Occasionally  a  simple  infliiitivc  ftdlows:  as,  "the  lady 
liadr  take  away  the  fool,  "  Sliak.,  T   N.,  I.  5.] 

4.  To  offer ;  propose :  as,  to  bid  a  price  at  an 
auction. 

The  king  will  bid  you  battle  presently. 

•S'/m*-  ,  1  Hen    IV.,  V.  2. 

Koiir  guineas  1  Gad's  life  yon  don't  hid  me  the  price  of 
his  wig.  .S'/icric/ini,  .School  for  Scandal,  Iv.  1. 

In  buying  Hooks  or  other  Commodilies,  'tis  not  always 
the  best  way  to  hid  half  so  much  as  Ihe  seller  asks. 

Sridiii.  Tuble-Talk,  p.  .10. 

6.  To  raiso  the  price  of  in  bidding;  increaso 
the  ninounl  olTcrcd  for:  with  up:  as,  to  bid  up 
a  Ihiiig  beyond  its  value. —6.  To  iiroclaim; 
niiiki'  known  by  n  iiiiblic  uiniouiiccuieut 
dare:  ns,  "  our  bans  lliric 
d'ye  Call  it?  -To  bid  beads,  t 

brad. 

All  night  she  spent  In  bidding  of  lier  Imli-n. 

.Spnifirr.  K.  ().,  I.  X.  .1, 

To  bid  doflanco  to.    »>■<■  driimirr.    To  bid  the  baims, 

,Hie  /,,i,n,«.     To  bid  the  IT  a  baael.    Sn  («.<.'■:.    Syn. 

1.    /iM'id,  ,Vio/i?;iiili.  cic.      Sic  m/(. 

II,  iiilrans.  To  iimkc  uii  oITim';  oll'er  ii  price: 
as,  to  bid  at  an  auction. 


do- 
<  bid."  (lay,  What 
I  Jiray  Willi  bends.    .Seo 


Did 

Aiiliiponisms  between  different  powers  in  the  State,  or 
diilereiit  factions,  have  caused  one  or  otlierof  tliem  to  bitl 
for  iiiipular  support^  witli  tliu  result  of  increasing  popular 
p,,wer.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  498. 

To  told  fair,  to  open  or  offer  a  good  prospect ;  seem  likely. 

bid(Wil),  «•  An  offer  of  a  price;  specifically, 
an  otTer  made  or  the  price  offered  at  an  anctiou : 
as,  to  increase  another's  bid. 

bidactyl  (bi-dalc'til),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  Gr. 
(iaK-c/oi-,  finger,  toe.]     Same  as  didcictyl. 

bidagova  (bid-a-go'vii),  )/.  [Braz.]  The  name 
given  in  Brazil  to  a  substitute  for  coffee  lire- 
pared  from  the  seeds  of  the  Cassia  occiitentalis. 
McElmth. 

bidale  (bid'al),  n.  [<  Ud,  invite,  +  ale.']  An 
entertainment  to  which  jiersous  were  invited 
for  the  purpose  of  contributing  to  the  relief  of 
some  one  in  distress.  [Prov.  Eug.]  Also  writ- 
ten bidall. 

There  was  an  antient  Custom  cjilled  a  Bid-Ale  or  Bid- 
der-Ale, from  the  Saxon  liiddcu  |/i/i/(/«h],  to  pray  or  sup- 
plicate, when  any  honest  Alan  dei^iyed  in  his  Estate,  was 
setup  again  by  the  liberal  Benevolence  and  Contributions 
of  Friends  at  a  Feast,  to  which  those  Friends  were  bid  or 
invited.  It  was  most  used  in  the  West  of  England,  and 
In  some  Counties  called  a  Help  Ale. 

Brand's  Pop.  Antiq.  (1777),  p.  339,  note. 

bidarkee  (bi-dar'ke),  n.  [Also  written  Udarlca  ; 
native  name.]  A  boat  of  skins  used  by  the 
Aleutian  Islanders. 

There  are  three  miles  to  traverse  to  reach  the  nearest 
river,  and  here  I  trusted  my.self  to  one  of  the  far-famed 
hidarkics.  Furtnirilitly  Rei\,  XLI.  399. 

biddable  (bid'a-bl),  «.  [<  hid  +  -alilc.l  Obe- 
dient to  a  bidding  or  command ;  willing  to  do 
what  is  bidden  ;  complying;  docile. 

She-  is  exceedingly  attentive  anil  useful ;  .  .  .  indeed, 
I  never  saw  a  more  biddable  woman. 

Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son,  viii. 

A  more  gentle,  biddable  invalid  than  the  poor  fellow 
made  can  hardly  be  conceived. 

H.  Kiiuisley,  Ravenshoe,  xliv. 

biddance  (bid'ans),  ».  [<  hid  +  -ance.]  Bid- 
ding; invitation.     [Kare.] 

bidder  (bid'er),  n.  [<  ME.  bidder,  hiddere ; 
<  bid,  ask,  offer,  +  -eel.]  One  who  bids;  spe- 
cifically, (a)  one  who  begs;  (b)  one  who  com- 
mands or  orders ;  (e)  one  who  asks  or  invites ; 
((()  one  who  offers  to  pay  a  specified  price  for 
an  article,  as  at  a  public  auction. 

Bidders  at  the  auction  of  popularity.  Burke. 

biddery-ware  (bid'e-ri-war),  n.    Same  as  bidri. 

bidding  (bid'ing),  ti.  [ME.  bidding,  biddincje ; 
verbal  n.  of  hid  in  both  the  original  senses.] 

1.  Invitation;  command;  order;  a  proclama- 
tion or  notifying. 

At  his  second  bidding  darkness  fled. 

Milton,  P.  L,  iii.  712. 

They  had  chalked  upon  a  slate  the  psalmes  that  were  to 
be  sung,  so  that  all  the  congregation  might  see  it  without 
the  bidding  of  a  Cleark.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  19,  1641. 

Henry  .  .  .  nominated  Richard  Henry  Lee  and  Gray- 
Bon  for  the  two  senators  from  Virginia,  and  they  were 
chosen  at  his  bitlding.  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  364. 

2.  The  act  of  making  an  offer  at  an  auction : 

as,  the  bidding  was  lively. 
bidding-prayer  (bid'ing-prar),  «.  [See  be- 
low.] hi  England,  the  prayer  before  the  ser- 
mon. As  directed  in  the  65tli  canon  of  the  Chui-ch  of 
England,  this  is  a  form  in  which  the  preacher  calls  on  the 
congregation  to  pray  for  the  church  catholic,  the  sover- 
eign, and  dW'erent  estates  of  men.  A  similar  form  of 
prayer  preceding  the  sermon  has  been  in  use  since  long 
before  the  Reformation.  At  first  it  was  called  bidding  o/ 
the  beads  (literally,  praying  of  the  prayei-s),  after  the 
Reformation  bidding  of  the  common  pragers,  biddiiuf  (of) 
prayers  or  prayer  {the  last  word  being  object  of  the  first) ; 
but 'after  the  sixteenth  century  the  word  bidding  came 
to  be  popularly  regarded  as  an  adjective,  or  the  phrase  bid- 
ding prager  as  a  quasi-compound,  a  pr,ayer  which  bids  or 
directs  what  is  to  be  prayed  for.  A  collect  is  now  generally 
substituted  for  the  bidding-prayer  (and  sometimes  called 
by  the  same  name),  but  on  special  occasions,  and  in 
cathedrals  and  at  university  sermons,  the  bidding-prayer 
is  always  used.  Liturgiologists  often  designate  the  dea- 
con's litanies  of  the  primitive  and  the  Greek  Church  as 
bidding-prayers.     See  ectene  and  litany. 

Our  people,  as  of  yore,  may  all  join  their  priest  and 
say  along  with  him,  before  he  begins  his  sermon,  the 
truly  Catholic  petitions  of  the  bidding-prayer. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  354. 

biddyl  (bid'i),H.;  -p^.  biddies  (-i7j).  [E.  dial,  and 
XI.  S.,  perhaps  of  imitative  origin.  Cf.  chiclca- 
biddi/.']     A  familiar  name  for  a  hen. 

Biddy-  (bid'i),  ».  [Dim.  of  Bridget,  a  fern, 
proper  name,  usually  given  in  honor  of  St. 
Bridget  (Ir.  and  Gael.  Jlrighid  (gen.  Brighide, 
Bride,  whence  the  form  St.  Bride),  <  brigh, 
strength),  who  lived  in  Ireland  in  the  5th  and 
6th  centuries.]  An  Irish  female  domestic;  a 
servant-girl.     [CoUoq.,  U.  S.] 

bide  (bid),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bode,  ppr.  biding. 
[<  ME.  bidcn,  <  AS.  bidan  (pret.  bad,  pi.  bidon, 
pp.  bidcn)  =  OS.  6tdaK  =  OFries.  hida=  D.  bei- 


547 

den  =  OHQ.  hitan,  MHG.  hiten,  G.  dial.  beiten  = 
Icel.  bidha  =  Sw.  hida  =  Dan.  hie  =  Goth,  bei- 
dati,  wait.  Cf.  Ir.  feithim,  I  wait,  =  Gael.  J'eith, 
wait.  Sec  abided  and  abode.}  I.  intrans.  If. 
To  remain  in  expectation  ;  wait. —  2.  To  bo  or 
remain  in  a  place  or  state ;  wait. 

In  whose  cold  blood  no  spark  of  honour  bides. 

Sliak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  I. 
Safe  in  a  ditch  he  bides. 
With  twenty  trenched  gashes  on  his  head. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 
3.  To  dwell;  reside. 

AH  knees  to  thee  shall  bow,  of  them  tliat  bide 
In  heaven,  or  earth,  or  under  earth  in  hell. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  321. 

And  Lancelot  saw  that  she  withheld  her  wish, 
Ajul  bude  among  them  yet  a  little  space 
Till  he  should  learn  it. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  wait  for;  await. 
He  has  the  elements  of  greatness  within  him,  and  he 
patiently  bides  his  time.  Prcscott. 

I  will  bide  you  at  King  Tryggve's  hill 
Outside  the  city  gates. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  0. 

2.  To  endure;  suffer;  bear. 

Poor  naked  wretches,  wheresoe'er  you  are, 
That  bide  the  pelting  of  this  pitiless  storm. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4. 

Oh,  humble  me  !  I  cannot  bide  the  joy 
That  in  my  Saviour's  presence  ever  flows. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  58. 

Bidens  (bi'denz),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  hidens,  having 
two  teeth:  see  bident.']  1.  A  genus  of  herba- 
ceous composite  plants,  closely  related  to  Dali- 
lia  and  to  Coreopsis,  having  aehenes  armed 
with  two  or  more  rigid,  persistent,  retrorsely 
barbed  awns.  They  are  coarse,  useless  weeds,  but 
some  of  the  species  have  conspicuous  yellow  flowers  and 
are  known  as  bur-marigolds.  The  persistency  with  which 
the  aehenes  adhere  to  clothing  and  the  coats  of  animals 
has  given  rise  to  the  common  name  of  beggar's-tirks  or 
beggar's-lice.  The  root  and  seeds  of  B.  bipinnata,  known 
as  Spanish  needles,  have  had  an  ill-founded  re[iut;tfi<>n  as 
emmenagogues  and  as  a  remedy  for  acute  hronelii;d  atfec- 
tions. 

2.  In  ro67.,  a  genus  of  hawks  with  two-toothed 
beak ;  same  as  Diodon  or  Earpagus  (which  see). 
Spix,  1834. 

bident  (bi'dent),  n.  [<  L.  biden{t-)s,  OL.  dui- 
dcn{t-)s,  witii  two  teeth,  <  hi-,  dui-,  =  E.  twi-, 
two-,  +  den(t-)s  =  E.  tooth.  Cf.  trident.']  1. 
In  archwol.,  an  instrument  or  a  weapon  with 
two  prongs.  Hence  —  2.  Aaj  two-pronged  in- 
strument. 

The  conversion  of  the  bident  into  a  trident,  by  which, 
instead  of  two,  you  chalk  three  for  one. 

Foote,  in  Jon  Bee's  Samuel  Foote,  cv. 

bidental  (bi-den'tal),  a.  [<  L.  hiden(t-)s,  with 
two  teeth  (see  fcfdeHO,  +  -al.]  Sameasfc/rfc/itote. 

bidental  (bi-den'tal),  «.  [L.,  so  called  from 
the  animal  sacrificed  at  its  consecration  (<  hi- 
dcn{t-)s,  an  animal  for  sacrifice  whose  two  rows 
of  teeth  are  complete),  or  from  the  forked  light- 
ning (a  sense  of  bidentalin'Mli.),  <  hiden{t-)s, 
with  two  teeth  or  prongs :  see  biden  t.]  In  Horn, 
antiq.,  a  monument  marking  a  place  that  had 
been  struck  by  lightning.  It  consisted  of  a  wall,  not 
roofed,  carried  around  the  site,  which  was  considered 
to  be  sacred  and  neither  to  be  trodden  nor  looked  upon, 
and  often  resembled  a  raised  well-curb.  Sucn  monuments 
were  consecrated  by  the  pontiffs,  or,  later,  by  the  harus- 
pices,  by  the  sacrifice  of  a  sheep  or  other  victim,  and 
were  probably  given  in  charge  of  guardians,  themselves 
called  bidentales. 

bidentate  (bi-den'tat),  a.  [<  L.  biden(t-)s,  hav- 
ing two  teeth  (see  bident),  +  -ate^.]  HaWng 
two  teeth  or  processes  Uke  teeth;  two-toothed. 
Other  forms  are  bidentated,  bidental,  bidcniial, 
and  (rarelv)  hidcnted. 

bidential  (bi-den'shal),  a.     Same  as  bidentate. 

bidenticulate  (bi-den-tik'u-lat),  a.  [<  6i-2  + 
denticulate.  Cf.  bidentate.]  Having  two  mi- 
nute teeth. 

bidery  (bid'e-ri),  n.    See  bidri. 

bidet  (bi-det' ;  P.  pron.  be-da'),  n.  [<  F.  bi- 
det (>  prob.  It.  bidetto),  a  small  horse;  of  un- 
known origin.]  1.  A  small  horse;  formerly, 
in  the  British  armv,  a  horse  allowed  to  each 
trooper  or  dragoon  for  eaiTying  his  baggage. 

For  joy  of  which  I  will  .  .  .  mount  my^Ji'def  in  a  dance, 
and  curvet  upon  my  curtal.  B.  Jonson,  Chloridia. 

2.  The  basin  of  a  water-closet  so  made  that, 
in  addition  to  the  ordinary  places  of  entrance 
of  water-  and  discharge-pipe,  there  is  a  contri- 
vance for  washing  or  administering  injections: 
sometimes  made  as  a  separate  article  of  bed- 
room furnitui'e. 

bid-hook  (bid'huk),  n.  [A  variant  of  bead- 
hool-.]     Naut.,  a  small  kind  of  boat-hook. 

bidigitate  (bi-dij'i-tat),  a.  [<  hi-"  +  digitate.] 
Having  two  digits,  or  two  finger-like  processes. 


biens^ance 

biding  (bi'ding),  «.  {^(.liiE.  biding,  bydi/ng ;  ver- 
bal M.  of  hide.]  1.  An  awaiting;  expectation. 
—  2.  Residence;  habitation. 

At  Antwerp  has  my  constant  bidinf/  been. 

Howe,  Jane  Shore,  i.  2. 
bidiri,  ».     See  bidri. 

bidogyn  (bi-do'giu),  n.  [W.,  a  dagger:  see  ^m- 
dcr  hixll.in.]     In  Celtic  antiq.,  a  dagger. 

bidri,  bidry,  bidree  (bid'ri,  bid-re'),  n.  [An- 
glo-Ind.,  also  liiderij,  hidiri,  <  Hind,  bidri,  < 
Bidar,  a  town  in  the  state  of  Hyderabad,  In- 
dia.] A  kind  of  ornamental  metal-work  of  In- 
dia, consisting  essentially  of  damascening  of 
silver  upon  some  metal  ground  which  is  made 
black  by  coating  it  with  certain  chemicals.  The 
alloy  used  as  the  Ijasis  of  the  damascene  work  varies  in 
composition  in  diffeivnt  localities ;  it  may  be  cither  bronze 
or  brass,  in  the  latter  case  sometimes  containing  a  very 
large  pei'centage  of  zinc.     Also  called  biddery-ware. 

bidri-ware,  bidri-'work,  «.    Same  as  bidri. 
bid-standt  (biil'stand),  n.    A  cant  term  for  a 
highwayman. 

Why,  I  tell  you,  sir:  he  has  been  the  only  Bid-stand 

that  ever  kept  Newmarket,  Salisbury-plain,  Hockley  i' 

the  Hole,  Gads-hill,  and  all  the  high  places  of  any  request. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  -\lau  out  of  his  Humour,  iv.  4. 

biduOUS  (bid'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  biduus,  <  bi-,  two-, 
4-  dies,  dayT]  Lasting  two  days  only,  as  some 
flowers. 

bieberite  (be'ber-it), «.  [<  Bieber  (see  def.)  + 
-ite-.]  Native  cobalt  sulphate  or  cobalt  vitriol : 
a  decomposition-product  of  other  cobalt  min- 
erals found  at  Bieber,  near  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main. 

bielaga,".  The  Russian  sturgeon,.4eJ7)enser  'huso, 

bield  (beld),  n.  [Now  only  North.  E.  and  Sc., 
in  Sc.  also  written  beild,  hiel ;  early  mod.  E. 
hield,  hceld.  etc.,  <  ME.  heeld,  beld,  helde,  <  AS. 
hyldo  (=  OHG.  baldi.  MHG.  belde  =  Goth,  bal- 
tliei),  boldness,  courage,  <  beald,  bold:  see  bold.] 
It.  Boldness;  courage;  confidence;  feeling  of 
security. — 2t.  Resoui'ce;  help;  relief;  means 
of  help  or  relief ;  support;  sustenance. 
For  fuid  thou  gettis  nane  utlier  beild. 
But  eit  the  herbis  upon  the  field. 

Sir  D.  Lymhriy,  The  Monarchic,  L  1087. 

3.  Shelter;  refuge;  protection. 
This  bosom  soft  shall  be  thy  beeld. 

Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xvi.  49. 
The  random  beild  o'  clod  or  stane.  Burnt. 

Folk  maun  bow  to  the  bush  that  they  seek  beild  frae. 

Hogg,  Brownie,  ii.  197. 

4.  A  place  of  shelter. 
These  evil  showers  make  the  low  hush  better  than  no 

beild.  Seott,  Monastery,  I.  iii, 

bield  (beld),  r.  [Now  only  North.  E.  and  Sc, 
in  Sc.  also  written  beild,  hiel,  etc. ;  early  mod. 
E.  hield,  heeld,  etc.,  <  ME.  bcelden,  helden,  <  AS. 
biehUm,  byldan  (=  OS.  beldjan  =  OHG.  balden, 
MHG.  helden  =  Goth,  balthjan,  intr.),  make 
bold,  <  beald,  bold:  see  hold,  a.,  and  cf.  bold, 
('.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  make  bold;  give  courage 
or  confidence  to. —  2.  To  defend;  protect;  shel- 
ter. 
Scorn  not  the  bush  that  beilds  you. 

Scott,  Monastery,  I.  xiv. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  be  bold  or  confident;  grow 
bold  or  strong. 
bieldy  (bel'di),  a.     [Sc,  also  -written  beildy,  < 
hield  +  -//.]     Sheltered  from  the  weather;  af- 
fording shelter. 

His  honour  being  under  hiding  lies  a*  day,  and  whiles 
a'  night,  in  the  cove  in  the  dern  hag;  .  .  .  it's  a  beildy 
enough  bit.  Scott,  Waverley,  II-  xxnlL 

biemarginate  (bi-e-miir'ji-nat),  a.  [<  6i-2  + 
cmarginate.]  In  entom.,  ha\-ing  two  emargina- 
tions  or  concavities  in  the  margin. 

bien,  bienly,  bienness.    See  bein,  etc. 

biennial  (bi-en'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  biennium, 
a  space  of  two  years,  <  biennis,  lasting  two  years 
(>  hiennalis,  adj.),  <  hi-  +  annus,  year:  see  bi-~ 
and  annual]  I.  a.  1.  Happening  or  taking 
place  once  in  two  years :  as,  biennial  games. 

I  consider  biennial  elections  as  a  security  that  the  sober 
secoud  thought  of  the  people  shall  be  law.  Ames  (1788). 
2.  Continuing  or  lasting  for  two  years;  changed 
or  renewed  every  two  years:  said  especially  of 
plants. 

H.  ».  1.  A  jjlant  which  requires  two  seasons 
of  growth  to  produce  its  flowers  and  fruit, 
growing  one  year  and  flowering,  fruiting,  and 
dying  the  next.— 2.  An  exercise,  as  a  college 
examination,  occurring  once  in  two  years. 
Sometimes  also  bisannual. 

biennially  (bi-en'i-al-i),  adv.  Once  in  two 
years ;  at  the  return  of  two  years. 

bienseance  (F.  pron.  byaii-sa-ons'),  «.  [F.,  < 
bienscant,  becoming,  seemly,  <  hien  (<  L.  bene), 
well,  +  scant,  becoming,  seemly,  lit.  sitting. 


biens^ance 


ppr.  of  seoir,  sit,  befit.  <  L.  sedere  =  E.  sif.] 
Decency:  deconun;  propnety;  seemliness. 

•n.e  rule' of  ol.servina  what  the  French  caU  the  bim- 
«j;.«  io  an  allusion  has  been  found  out  of  later  years, 
„d  in  U.e  colder  region,  of  i^^^.  ^^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^ 

He  rSir  Robert  Peel]  scarcely  ever  offended  against 
either  the  conventional  or  the  essential  btemeances  of  so- 
ciety ""■  ^  ''"•''•  ^"^-  ^^^'^'  ^"-'  ^' 
bienvenuet  (F.  pron.  byan-ve-nu'),  n.  [Early 
mod  E.  also  benremie,  ME.  btenvenu,  <  Oi . 
(and  F.)  bienrenue,  <  bien,  well,  +  renu,  coin- 
ing, pp.  of  leiiir,  <  L.  venire,  come.]  1.  wel- 
come. .  ^.. 

They  by  this  have  met  him, 
And  given  him  the  6i>n«n«.  . 

*  Jlaisinger,  The  Picture,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  fee  exacted  from  a  new  workman  by  his 
fellows,  especially  in  printing-offices. 

A  ne«-  bien  rf/iu.  or  sum  for  drink,  was  demanded  of 
me  bv  the  compositors.  I  thought  it  an  imposition,  as  I 
had  paid  it  below  [to  the  Pressn^iJ).^^.  _  ^^^^^,^^^^^^ 

bier  (ber),  n.  [The  present  spelling  is  perhaps 
in  imitation  of  the  F.  biere  ;  early  mod.  E.  reg. 
beer,  <  ME.  beere,  beer,  berc<  AS.  6<w-  (= 
OFries.  bere  =  OS.  bara  =  D.  baar  =  OHb;. 
bdra.  MHG.  bare,  G.  bah  re  O  Pr.  bera  =  F. 
biere)  =  Icel.  barar,  mod.  ftoci/r,  pi.,  =  bw. 
bar  =  Dan.  6a«re),  a  bier,  <  beran  (pret.  ba^r, 
pi.  6<«-0H),  bear.  Cf.  L.  ferclriim,  <  Gr.  .^fpfr^or, 
ind  E.  irt/Toir'-,  from  the  same  ult.  root,  bee 
6e<jrl  ]  It-  A  frame,  usually  o£  wood,  on  which 
to  ca'iTV  a  load;  a  baiTOw;  a  litter;  a  stretch- 
er Specificallv  — 2.  A  framework  on  which  a 
corpse,  or  the  coffin  containing  it,  is  laid  be- 
fore burial ;  also,  one  on  which  it  is  earned  to 
the  grave  bv  hand. 

\fter  Mass  was  done,  the  priest  walked  down  and  stood 
by  the  our  whereon  lay  stretched  the  corpse 
'  Jtoek,  Church  of  our  tathers,  ii.  306. 

3.  A  count  of  forty  threads  in  the  warp  or 

chain  of  woolen  cloth.     /»(;>.  Diet. 
bier-balkt   (ber'bak),  «.     [<   bier   +   6"'*^^,  a 

ridge,  a  path.]     A  balk  left  in  a  field  for  the 

passage  of  funerals. 
A  broad  aud  sufficient  bier-balk.  .      «,    ,    • 

A  i.roau  »u  UomHy/or  Rogation  Week,  iv. 

bier-right  (ber'rit),  H.  An  ancient  ordeal,  in 
which  those  who  were  suspected  or  accused  of 
murder  were  required  to  approach  and  touch 
the  eorfise  of  the  murdered  person  as  it  lay  on 
the  bier.  If  when  touched  the  corpse  bled,  this  was 
g„|,,, I  1,,  ii„li.at«;  the  guilt  of  the  person  touching  it. 

biest,  biestings.  «.    See  bce.itiniis 

bietle  (be'tl),  ».  [Amer.  Ind.]  A  kind  of 
iucket.  made  of  an  entire  dcor-skm,  worn  by 
the  women  of  the  Apaches.  L.  Uamilton,  Jlex. 
Handbook,  p.  49.  .,..„.    .r     ■  ,  ■,     i 

bifacial  (bi-la'shial),  «.  [<  bi-^+ facial]  1. 
Having  the  opposite  surfaces  alike.— ^.  in  uol., 
having  the  opposite  faces  unlike :  as,  the  bi- 
facial Hrran(,'iment  of  the  parenchyma  or  gi-een 
■pulr.  upon  the  two  faces  of  a  leaf.  Also  ilorsi- 
,'.(,„ (r«/.— 3.  Having  two  fronts  or  principal 
faces ;  specifically,  ha\niig  two  human  faces 
turned  in  opposite  directions,  as  a  medal  or  an 

bifara'(bif'a-rii),  «.     [It.,  also  biffant,  jn/nra, 

inltrrn,  a  pipe :'  see  pipe.]    In  nrniin-biiMiiui,  a 

stop  the  piin's  of  which  are  either  two-mouthed 

or  sounded  in  pairs,  and  are  so  tuned  that  the 

two  tones  emitt<'d  differ  sliglitly  in  pitch,  thus 

producing  a  wavy  tone.      Also  called  p<j}<ro, 

uiiilii  muriK,  ccltnliiia,  etc. 

bifarious  (bi-fa'ri-us),  a.      [<  L.   bifarius  (= 

(,r    rW<;..i-7/«. ),  twofohl,   <  bi-  +  -funus,  </«-'."' 

1=  dr.  i^'i-ia/),  speak.     i:i.  mnltif'iriotts.]     Di- 

v|. lid  into  two  parts;  double;  twofold.    Hiiedll- 

.  ,11.      (,ii  111  W.,  polutinKln  lwowiiy«,nrarrnliKcd  In  two 

.,,,  ,     11.  r..wil,  ii«  leaves  that  Kr..w  orily  on  "ppo»He  sides 

1,      (/,)  In  zoo/.,  two-roweil  .  Iwir milked;  din 

holoMiou".  IK  th.r  hiilm  of  II  K.iiilrrerii  lull, 

bi,      ,  M.,;y  ri.i-fa'''ri-u»-Ii),  adr.    In  a  bifarious 


548 

biferous  (bif >-rus),  a.  [<  L.  bifer,  bearingtwiee 
,<  hi-,  t«-ice,"-l-  ferre  =  E.  ftffl/l),  +  -(>»■<•]  In 
bot.,  bearing  flowers  or  fruit  twice  a  year,  as 
some  plants  in  warm  climates. 

bifan  (bif 'in),  «.  [Also  spelled  beefin  becfen 
(and  bv  a  false  etTm.,  heuulm,  as  it  <  !• .  beau, 
beautiful,  +  1in,  tine);  a  tUal.  eomiption  of 
bvejing,  <  beef  +  -i'lg :  so  called  from  tlie  red 
color  of  the  apple.]  1.  An  excellent  cooking- 
apple  cultivated  in  England,  especially  in  the 
countv  of  Norfolk.  It  is  often  sold  in  a  dried 
aud  flattened  condition.  Hence  — 2.  Abaked 
apple  crashed  into  a  flat  round  cake. 

bifid  (bi'fid),  a.  [<  L.  bifidus,  forked,  <  6/-,  two-, 
4-  fmdcre  (fid-),  cleave,  divide,  =  E.  hite,  q.  v.] 
Cleft  or  di\-ided  into  two  parts;  forked,  as 
the  tongue  of  a  snake;  specifically,  in  hut., 
divided  half-wav  down  into  two  parts;  open- 
ing with  a  cleft ;"  divided  by  a  linear  sinus,  with 
straight  margins 


b'ifasciate  (bi-fao'i-at),  a.  (<  W-2  +  /flj,ciafe.] 
In  -"../.,  liiiving  two  transvorso  or  encircling 

BIfaicaria  "irrak-sa'ri-ft),  n.  (NI..,  <!-!-.  hifnr, 
two  1  I  .  I,  •  hi-,  two-,  -♦■  fnrie^,  face,]  A  genus 
of  p.. I,,. ..I,.-  with  two  rows  of  cells  fiiciiiK  iii 
oppo-i'  iiriclioiiB,  typical  of  the  family  llijiii- 
nnilii 

Blfaxai,ul,-B  il.i-fak-Ha-ri'i-dei.  ...  ;./.  (M..,  < 
llii.i,:,  f  .,./,..1  Afmiiilyof  .■hil'.sloiimlooM 
p.ily/  .         I'  ■  •' ■  /■■■""""<'      '- 

the  •■  I 


mtv  kiioMi 


■PI- 


It  will  be  observed  that  each  of  the  simple  cells  has 
a  Wrirf  wart-like  projection  of  the  cellulose  wall  on  either 
sije.  IT.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  263. 

Bifid  circle  a  circle  cut  at  the  extremities  of  a  diameter 
bv  nncithtr  ciicle  in  regard  to  which  it  is  said  to  be  bind. 
-^ Bifid  substitution,  in  math.,  a  substitution  lelatiiig 
to  paii-s  of  S  letters  as  elements,  and  proceeding  by  the 
rule  that  the  whole  8  are  to  be  distinguished  into  2  sets 
of  4  and  that  every  pair  both  members  of  which  behuig 
to  the  same  set  of  4  is  to  be  replaced  by  the  other  pair 
of  the  same  set  of  4,  while  the  rest  of  the  pairs  remain 
unchanged.  .    ,    .       ,-  ^    3n  r.^  t 

bifidate,  bifidated  (bif'i-dat,  -da-ted),  a.  [<  L. 
biiiihitiis,  ./quiv.  to  bifidits:  see  bifid.}  bame 
akbilid.     [Rare.]  ,,..,,      .,    -,     m, 

bifidity  (bi-fid'i-ti),  «.  [<  hifid  +  -itij.]  The 
qualitv  or  state  of  being  bifid. 

bifilar"(bi-ti'lar),  fl.  and  .(.  [<  bi-^  +  .'''"'■•  ,< 
L.  rt'Mm,  thread:  see. /i/ci.]  I.  a.  iwo-throad- 
ed";  having  two  threads — Bifilar  magnetometer, 
an  instrument  invented  in  1837  l.y  Hm'  iM:.th.in;itician 
(iauss,  depending  on  the  use  of  the  bilihii-  sll^l,^^IlMon.— 
Bifilar  suspension,  an  importunt  contrivance  lor  mea- 
"'h7.- Iiniizfiinal  cuples  or  forces  of  rotation,  first  used 
ill  iliT-  l,illl;u-  iiia'.'Mctometer.  The  needle,  bar,  disk,  or 
otii.r  body  whicli  the  couple  to  be  measured  is  to  turn  is 
MHiRii.lfd  at  ciual  distumcs  from  and  on  opposite  sides 
of  its  center  of  gravity  by  two  equally  long  threads  from 
two  fLxcd  points  on  one  higher  level.  Ihns  under  the 
inlluence  of  gravity  alone,  the  suspended  body  conies  to 
couilibrium  with  the  two  threads  in  a  vertical  plane 
Whin  it  is  turned  through  any  angle  about  a  vertical 
avis  thr.mgh  its  center,  its  weight  tends  to  restore  it  to 
its  ori-inal  position;  and  the  moment  of  this  force  ol 
restitution  can  be  accurately  calculated  from  the  lengths 
of  the  threads,  the  distances  of  their  attachments,  and 
the  weight  of  the  suspended  boily.  This  moment  in- 
creases with  the  angle  of  ,lisphiccment  up  to  00- ;  conse- 
quently, if  the  force  t..  be  nwasured  is  not  too  Breat  It 
will,  when  it  is  npplie.l,  bring  the  suspended  body  to  cqui- 
libiiuni  in  a  n,w  ,„.siti.m,  the  inclin.ltion  of  which  from 
the  old  position  being  ,,bservcul  affords  tile  means  of  calcu- 
lating the  magnitude  .,f  the  force. 

II    II.  A  micrometer  lifted  with  two  threads. 

bifilarly  (bi-fi'liir-li),  ("/)■.  In  a  bililar  man- 
ner; bv  means  (if  two  threads:  as,  "supported 
hifilitrlii,"  .S.  /'.  Tliompsoii,  Elect,  and  Mag.,  p. 
2!»8.     "  ,         ,     V 

bifistular,  bifistulous  (bi-fis'tu-liir,  -lus),  a. 

[<  //.-■-'  +  fi.'ilidiu;  fistiiloii.f.}    Having  two  tubes 
or  i-liannels.  ,,  , .  o   i    .o  i   . 

biflabellate  (bi-fla-bel'at),  a.  [<.ii-2  +  flabel- 
liilc]  In  eiitiim.,  having  short  joints,  as  an 
antenna,  each  provided  on  two  opposite  sides 
with  a  very  long,  soiiiewliat  flattened  process, 
the  processes  Iviug  ^■los(^  t  ogether,  so  that  t  he 
whole  organ  is  somewliat  fan-like.  It  is  an 
.•Ntivmc  iiKMlilicatinn  of  the  bipectiiiate  type. 

biflagellate  (bi-il.\-.ierai),  a.  [<  '"-;•;  +  ./'".'/''- 
/.(.;.  +  -«/<'.]  Ilaving  two  whip-like  appen- 
dages or  flagella:  as,  a  bifiiifirlliiti-  iiifiisorian. 

I'll,-  '■  1 ke,l  Monad  ■■  is  another  bijUuii'lliilf  fi'rin. 

If.  It.  CuriH'nIer,  .Micros,,  $  420. 

biflecnode  (bi-flek'nod), ...  [lrreg.<  !>.  bi-,  twice, 
■k-  lUc(Ure),  benil,  +  imdim.  node.]    In  ""('"-  ii 
node  or  point  at  wliiiOi  a  curvo  crosses  itscll, 
anil  which  is    at   tlie   same 
I  iiiie  a  point  of  iiillection.  or 
a  point  wlieie  the  direction 
of    the    bending     changes. 
This  is  a  singularity  found 
among  quart ic  and  liiglier 

curves.  lunccnode. 

blflorate  (bi-flo'rat).  <i.    [<    .      ,      „^^,  ,.^ 

/„  2  -f  H<,r,il,:'\     In  bid.,  bearing  two  flowers. 
biflorouB (bi-ll6'niH).  fl.    [<  Nl-  W"'""'  < ''•  '''-• 

t  WO-,  -I-  fioK  {  lU,r-),  flower.]     Same  as  b,nm<ilc. 
blfocal(bi-f6'kal).fl.    \(.  hi-^  +  focal]    Having 

bifoiiTbV'foii),  V.   (<  hi-"-  +./;'''■'•  !';,»';'i  /" 

,,1,|  „Mil  synonymous  name  of  the  Hntish  jdanl 
iw,(vblade,  /.iV<fcra<.r«/fl. 
bifoid  (bi'fold),  fl.     I  <  '"-2  -f-  -fold.]     Twofold  ; 
ib.iil.le;  of  two  kinds,  degrecB,  I'tc. 


big 

O  madness  of  discourse, 
That  cause  sets  up  with  and  against  thyself ! 
lii-f„UI  authority  I  ~        •i''"'*-.  i-  »"<•  C.,  v.  2. 

hifoUa   ".     Plural  of  hifoUum. 
bifoliate  (bi-fo'li-at),  «.     [<  6i-2  +  foliate.]    In 

/„.(,,  having  two  leaves.  ^,,.„    ,    ^  ,- 

bifoliolate  (bi-fo'li-o-lat),  a.  [<  6^-2  +,.'^''"- 
lah-.]  In  hot.,  having  two  leaflets:  appned  to 
a 'compound  leaf.  , ,,  ,.    ,  ...      txtt 

bifolium  (bi-fo'li-um),  n.\  pi.  bifolM  (-a).  [NL., 
<  L.  bi-,  two-,  -t-  foUiim,  leaf.]  In  math.,  a  plane 
curve  having  two  folia  or  depressions.  See  cut 
under  hitiviijrnt.  r/  i  ■  o    .    j-  . 

bifolliCUlar(bi-fo-lik'u-l;ir),  a.     [<  ^'--.  +  /«'- 
Ucidar.]     In  hot.,  ha^nng  a  double  folbcle,  as 
apocvnaceous  plants.       ,  ^    , .    ,    .      ^ 
biforate  (bi-fo'rat),  «.     [<  L.  hi-  +  foratm,  per- 
forated, pp.  of  forarc  =  E.   borel.]     In  bot., 
having  two  pores  or  perforations,  as  the  an-, 
thers  of  a  rhododendron.     Also  biforous. 
biforine   (bif'o-rin),    «.      [<   L     hifons,   two- 
doorcd.  <  ;.;-,  two-,  -l-.fo.-is  =  E.  door.]     In  hot 
a  minute  oval  sac  found  in  the  interior  of  the 
ffreen  pulpy  part  of  the  leaves  of  some  arace- 
Sus  plants.with  an  aperture  at  each  end  through 
which  rapbides  are  expelled. 
BiforipaUa  (bi-fo-ri-pal'a),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  6.-, 
,„^,_    +    f„rif  —  K.    dour.  -I-  palta,  mantle.] 
An  ord.'i'  of  bivalve  mollusks,  supposed  to  be 
distinguished  by  having  two  openings  in  the 
mantle   one  for  the  foot  and  the  other  for  ex- 
crement. It  was  thus  based  on  a  misconception. 
Its  constituents  were  the  ilijtilacea  and  Xaya- 

biforked  '(bi'forkt),  a.  [<  hi-'i  +  forl-ed.  Cf. 
hifiiniilt.]  na\ing  two  forks  or  prongs  ;  two- 
forked-  as,  "a  hiforkcd  beam,''  Soiitheii. 

biform,  biformed"  (bi'form,  -formd),  «.  [<  L. 
hiforniis.  <  (..-,  two-,  +  forma,  shape.]  Ha^^ng 
two  forms,  bodies,  or  sliapes :  double-bodied. 

biformity  (bi-for'mi-ti),  II.  L<  Hto'-i"  +  -"y-l 
The   state   of  being  biform;  a  doubleness  Of 

form.  ^  ,  -J.       , 

biforous  (bi-r6'rus\  o.     Same  as  hiforate. 

bifoveolate,  bifoveolated  (bi-f 6' ve-o-lat,  -la- 
ted)  fl.  l<  bi-- +  foi'i'olale.]  In  CH torn.,  hav- 
ing 'two  round  shallow  pits  or  fovesB  on  the 
surface.  ^  , ..      ^ ,     „ 

bifrons  (bi'fronz),  a.     [h. :  see  bifront.]    Same 

bifront'oii'fnint),  a.  [<  I..  h>froiiit-)s,  having 
two  foreheads  (an  epithet,  of  .laniis),  <  ''.-,  two-, 
-t-  i;-oii{l-)s.  forehead,  front.]  Having  two 
froiits  or  faces,  as  the  god  Janus. 

bifronted  (bi-frun'ted),  fl.  [As  bifroiit  +  -ed^.] 
Same  as  lufronl 

bifurcate  (bi-f6r'kat),  v.  i. :  pret.  and  pp.  btfur- 
aitcd,  ppr.  hifiircitiiuj.  [<  ML.  bijiireatiis  pp. 
adi.,  two-forked  (cf.  E.  bifiircio<,  two-forked), 
<  Li.  hi-,  two-,  +  fiircdtiis,  forked:  seejiircate.] 
To  divide  into  two  forks  or  branches. 

The  contnil  trnnii  which  runs  up  the  foot-stalk  b\fur- 

cito  near  tlic  centre  ,,1  tlie  leiif,  ni.,.,(=  „  .m7 

Diinnn,  Inscctiv.  riiil'ts,  p.  247. 

bifurcate,  bifurcated  (bi-fer'kat, -ka-tod),  «. 

[<  ML.  hifiirciitii.i:  see  the  verb.]   Two-lorked; 

divided  i'lilo  two  branches. 
bifurcately  (bi-fer'kat-li),  adv.    In  a  bitm-cate 

bifurcation  (bi-fer-ka'shon),  «.  [<  bifurcato 
-t-  -ton.]  1.  A  forking  or  division  into  two 
brandies;  separation  into  two  parts  or  things; 
in  oplic.i,  same  as  doidile  rifnictioii.  See  irjrnc- 
tion.—2.  A  point  at  wliicli  forking  occurs;  one 
or  bolli  of  the  bifurcating  ii.arts.— 3.  Specifi- 
cally, in  ./.•((fl.,  the  division  of  a  stiviim  into  two 
parts,  eiich'of  which  connects  with  a  difleront 
river  system:  as,  the  bifurcation  of  tho  uppe' 

bifurcOUS  (bi-f^r'kns),  fl.  [<  L.  bifurciis,  two- 
foil;...!,  <  /..-,  two-,  -1-  fiirea,  a  fork.]  Same  as 
hifiirriilr. 
big'  (big),  fl.  [<  mi;,  /'.fl,  '",'/,fl.  biiific  biif],  oto., 
iDW.'rful,  strong,  large;  orik'in  uMknown.  Iho 
E  dial,  bun,  boil,  proud,  imi.orlant,  selt-siUn- 
cient,  agrees  jiartly  in  sens.',  but  app.'iirs  to 
1...  iinr.dal.Ml:  see  ho,f\  '..../'.]  If.  »>1  great 
Mn'Mk'lliorp..w.'r.— 2.  Ilaving  gri'ut  size;  larBe 
in  bulk  or  iiiagniludo,  absolutely  or  relatively. 
M.thlnkH  he  seeuiB  no  bigger  than  his  head. 

Slink.,  I,car,  Iv.  8. 
■1  Ii.'  worl.l  wiigg..l  on  In  lis  nce.i»to.nc.l  way   brlnglnR 
all  inaiiiier  of  chaiiKes  liig  ami  llltl.',  "     """" 

3.  (ir.'iit  with  vouiig;  i.regnnnt;  read.vtogive 
birth;  li.'ii.-.',  li'guialiv.'ly,  full  of  something im- 
p.irtiinl;  rcaily  l.i  pi'o'bn-.';  t.'cming. 

At  himlh  Ih.'  m.iineiitoiw  hour  an  Ivch,  as  bi,i  with  con- 
m'cin.n.'.".  to  man  lis  liny  that  cv.r  stni.U  in  IiIh  hlNt.iry. 
Jiva-ctI,  oriitloiiB,  p.  HI. 


big 

4.  Distended;  full,  as  of  grief,  passion,  cour- 
age, determination,  goodness,  etc. 

Thy  heart  is  big ;  get  thee  apart  and  weep. 

.SViafc.,  .1.  C,  iii.  1. 
For  myself,  I  find  my  heart  too  hig ;  I  feel  Iliave  not  pa- 
tience to  look  on,  whilst  you  run  tlieae  forl)idden  courses. 
Beau,  ami  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  iii.  3. 

5.  Tumid;  inflated,  as  with  pride;  hence, 
haughty  in  air  or  mien,  or  indicating  haughti- 
ness ;  pompoiis ;  proud ;  boastful :  as,  big  looks ; 
big  words. 

He  began  to  loolt  big,  and  talie  niiglitily  upon  him. 

Swi/t,  Tale  of  a  Tul>,  iv. 

6.  Great  as  regards  influence,  standing,  wealth, 
etc.  [CoUoq.]— Big  game.  Si-e  ./hiuci.— Big  tree, 
tlie  luanimotli  tree,  Sequoia  'juianlia.  found  on  tlic'  slopes 
of  tile  Sierra  Nevada,  central  California,  particularly  in 
the  "  big-tree  grove  "in  Calaveras  county.  =  S3ni.  2.  Large, 
etc.  (see  great),  bulky,  huge,  massive. — 5.  lofty,  pompous, 
arrogant,  important. 

big'-^,  bigg2  (big),  V.  [<  ME.  Uggen,  lyggen,  < 
leel.  hijggja,  older  form  hijggva  (=  Sw.  bygga 
=  Dan.  iygge  =  AS.  buian),  build,  dwell  in,  in- 
habit, a  secondary  form  of  bila  (pret.  pi.  bjoggii) 
=  AS.  bmn,  dwell:  see  6el,  bower,  boor.']  I. 
trans.  If.  To  inhabit;  occupy. —  2t.  Eeflex- 
jvely,  to  locate  one's  self. —  3.  To  build;  erect; 
fashion.     [Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 

O  bigged  hae  they  a  bigly  hour 

Fast  by  the  roaring  stnind. 
Rose  the  Red,  and  White  IJllii,  Iti  Child's  Ballads,  V.  174. 

Il.t  iutrans.  To  dwell ;  have  a  dwelling. 

big^,  bigg*  (t>ig)>  "•  [Se.  and  North.  E.,  more 
commonly  bigg,  early  mod.  E.  also  bi/gg,  bijgge, 
late  ME.  byge,  <  Icel.  bygg  =  Sw.  bjiigg  =  Dan. 
byg,  barley,  =  AS.  beow,  grain,  ult.,  like  the 
remotely  related  big^,  bigg^,  <  y  bu,  gi'ow,  be, 
Skt.  -y/  bhii,  be,  Gv.' (jikaOai,  grow:  see  6el.]  A 
kind  of  winter  barley  cultivated  in  northern 
Europe,  especially  in  Scotland ;  properly,  four- 
rowed  barley,  Hordeum  vulgare,  inferior  to  but 
hardier  than  H.  hexastichon,  of  which  it  is  some- 
times called  a  variety.     See  bear^. 

biga  (bi'ga),  n.  [L.,  sing,  from  earlier  pi. 
higie,  a  pair  of  horses,  a  chariot  or  ear  drawn 
by  them,  eontr.  of  bijugm,  fern.  pi.  of  bijugus, 
yoked  two  together,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  jugum  =  E. 
yoke.]  In  Rom.  antiq.,  a  chariot  or  ear  drawn 
by  two  horses  abreast. 

bigamt  (big'am),  n.  [<  ME.  bigam,  <  OF.  big- 
ame,  <  LL.  bigamus,  twice  mamed:  see  big- 
amy.]    A  bigamist. 

Some  parts  thereof  teach  us  ordinances  of  some  apostle, 
as  the  law  of  bigamy,  or  St.  Paul's  ordaining  tliat  a  bigam 
should  not  be  a  deacon  or  priest. 

Bp.  Pecock,  in  his  Life  by  J.  Lewis,  p.  2S6. 

bigamist  (big'a-mist),   H.     [<  bigamy  +  -ist.] 

One  who  has  committed  bigamy,  or  had  two 

or  more  wives  or  husbands  at  once. 

Lamecli  the  prime  bigamist  and  corrupter  of  maiTiage. 

Doiim,  Hist,  of  the  .Septuagint,  p.  202. 

bigamous  (big'a-mus),  a.  [<  LL.  bigamus: 
see  bigamy.]  Df  or  pertaining  to  bigamy; 
guilty  of  bigamy ;  involving  bigamy :  as,  a  big- 
amous marriage. 

And  very  good  reading  they  [the  novels  of  our  grand- 
mothers] were  too  in  their  way,  though  it  was  not  the 
way  of  the  bigamoits  and  murderous  sclxool  that  lias  come 
after  them.  JV.  A.  Rev.,  CXXIII.  223. 

bigamy  (big'a-mi),  h.  [<  ME.  bigamie,  <  OF. 
bigaiuie,  <  ML.  bigamia,  bigamy,  <  LL.  bigamus, 
twice  married,  a  bigamist  (equiv.  to  Gr.  oiya/joc, 
>  diya/jia,  bigamy),  <  L.  bi-  (=  Gr.  Si-),  t-wice,  -l- 
ya/joi,  marriage.]  1.  Literally,  double  mar- 
riage ;  remarriage  during  the  existence  of  a 
former  marriage;  in  /««',  the  offense  of  having 
two  or  more  wives  or  husbands  at  the  same 
time.  To  constitute  the  offense,  which  by  statute  law 
is  a  felony,  it  is  necessai-y,  by  the  law  of  many  jurisdic- 
tions, that  the  accused  should  liave  actual  or  constructive 
knowledge  tliat  the  first  wife  or  husband  was  still  living 
when  the  second  one  was  taken,  and  that  tlie  second  mar- 
riage should  liave  been  one  solemnized  under  the  forms  of 
Jaw,  and  not  merely  an  informal  marriage  resting  on  the 
contract  of  the  parties,  or  their  holding  out  each  other  to 
the  world  as  husband  and  wife.  Where  these  elements  of 
knowledge  and  of  formality  are  wanting,  the  second  mar- 
riage is  still  generally  invalid,  but  not  bigamous  in  the 
criminal  sense. 

2t.  Second  marriage ;  remarriage  of  a  widow 
or  -widower,  in  the  early  church,  before  the  establish- 
ment of  clerical  celibacy,  such  reniarriai,'e  on  the  part  of 
a  man  was  generally  regarded  as  an  impediment  to  holy 
orders.  Marriage  with  a  widow  is  called  tnira  ing  by  Shak- 
spcre  in  Richard  III.,  iii.  7. 

bigarade  (big'a-riid),  n.  [F.]  The  bitter  or 
Seville  orange,  C'itCMS  Aitrantium,  variety  Biga- 
rudid. 

bigaroon  (big-a-ron'),  n.  [With  term,  altered 
in  E.,  <  F.  bigarreau,  white-heart  cherry  (ef. 
bigarrure,  motley,  medley,  mixture),  <  bigarrer, 
streak,  checker,  variegate;  of  disputed  origin.] 


549 

The  largo  whito-heart  cherry,  red  on  one  side 

and  white  on  the  other. 
bigaster  (bi-gas'ter),  u.     [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  Gr. 

■janri/ii,  belly.]     Same  as  biventcr. 
big-bellied  (liig'bel"id),  a.     1.  Having  a  large 

or  protulKTant  belly, 
lie  IWilliaiu  lliifus]  was  in  stature  somewhat  below  the 

usual  size,  and  big-bellied.  Sjeijt,  Hist.  Eng. 

2.  Advanced  in  pregnancy.     [Vulgar.] 
big-boned  (big'bond),  a.    Having  large  bones; 

stout;  very  strong. 

nig-hiiiiei/,  and  large  of  limb,  with  sinews  strong. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  iii.  45. 

big-COrnedt  ( big'komd),  a.  Having  large  grains. 
The  strength  of  big-corn'd  powder. 

Dryden,  Annus  Mirabilis,  ii.  149. 

BigelOVia  (big-o-16'vi-ii),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Dr.  Jacob  Jligclow  (17^7-1879),  a  physician  and 
botanist  of  Boston,  U.  S.  A.]  A  genus  of  Com- 
positw,  nearly  related  to  SoUdago,  containing 
over  30  species,  natives  of  western  North  Amer- 
ica. They  are  mostly  suffrutescent  or  shrubby,  with  nar- 
row and  entire  leaves,  and  small  rayless  heads  of  yellow 
flowers.  B.  veneta,  from  the  borders  of  Mexico,  is  one 
of  the  sources  of  a  drug  called  damiaiia. 

bigemina,  «.     Plural  of  bigeminum. 

bigeminate,  bigeminated  (bi-jem'i-nat,  -na- 
ted),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  gciiiiiiate.  Cf.  L.  bigeminus, 
doubled.]  Twin-forked;  doubly  paired;  bi- 
conjugate:  in  bot.,  said  of  a  decompound  leaf 
having  a  forked  petiole,  with  a  pair  of  leaflets 
at  the  end  of  each  division. 

bigeminum  (bi-jem'i-num),  «.;  pi.  bigemina 
(-na).  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  bigeminus,  doubled,  < 
bi-,  twice,  -I-  gctmims,  twin.]  One  of  the  cor- 
pora bigemina  or  twin  bodies  of  the  brain ;  one 
of  the  anterior  pair  (nates  cerebri)  of  the  cor- 
pora quadiigemina ;  one  of  the  optic  lobes, 
when  there  are  only  two,  instead  of  four  as  in 
the  higher  mammals.     Wilder. 

big-endian  (big-en'di-an),  n.  and  a.  I.  m.  A 
member  of  the  Lilliputian  party  in  Swift's 
"GuUivei-'s  Travels"  who  maintained,  in  op- 
position to  the  liUle-endians,  that  boiled  eggs 
should  be  cracked  at  the  big  end ;  hence,  one  of 
any  con-esponding  set  of  disputers  about  trifles. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  big  end 
of  an  egg,  or  any  equally  foolish  matter,  as  a 
subject  of  controversy. 

bigener  (bi'je-ner),  n.  [L.,  hybrid,  mongrel,  < 
bi-,  two-,  +  genus (gener-),  kind:  see  genus.]  A 
cross  between  two  species  of  different  genera; 
a  mule. 

bigeneric  (bi-jf-ner'ik),  a.  [As  bigener  -\-  -ic  : 
see  bi-"  and  generic.]  Having  the  characters 
of  two  different  genera;  having  the  character 
of  a  bigener. 

bigential  (bi-jen'shal),  a.  [<  ML.  bigen(t-)s,  of 
two  nations,  <  bi-,  iv/o-,  +  gen{t-)s,  a  nation.] 
Comprising  two  tribes  or  peoples. 

big-eye  (big'i),  «.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Priacan- 
tlius  ami  family  Priacanthidw :  so  called  from 
its  very  large  roimd  eyes. 

big-foot  (big'fiit),  H.  [Tr.  of  the  generic  name 
Alcg(i2>odiiis.]  A  book-name  of  a  moimd-bird 
of  the  genus  Megapodius. 

bigg^t,  "•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  big'^. 

bigg-,  '••     See  big". 

bigg-',  >'.     See  big'i. 

biggab,  ".    See  bega. 

biggen  (big'n),  v.  [<  big^  +  -e«l.]  I.t  trans. 
To  make  big ;  increase. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  grow  big;  become  larger. 
[Dialectal.]— 2.  To  gain  strength  after  con- 
finement.    [North.  Eng.] 
The  gossips  regularly  wish  the  lady  a  good  biggening. 
Brockett,  North  CountlT  Words,  p.  16. 

bigger  (big'er),  n.  [<  big^,  bigg^,  +  -eri.]  A 
builder.     [Scotch.] 

biggini  (big'in),  n.  [Also  -written  bujgen,  big- 
gon,  early  mod.  E.  also  byggen,  begin,  <  OF.  bc- 
guin,  mod.  F.  beguin  =  It.  beghino,  a  cap,  so 
named  from  thatworn  by  the  nims  called  Jie- 
guines,  ME.  begine,  beggin  (early  mod.  E.  iiigin, 
bi(/gayne,etc.):  see  Beguin.]  1.  A  child's  cap. 
-^2.  A  nightcap. 

Brow  with  homely  biggin  bound. 

Shak.,  i  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

An  old  woman's  Wyji'ft  for  a  nightcap. 

Massinger,  The  Picture,  iv.  2. 

3.  In  England,  the  coif  of  a  Serjeant  at  law.— 

4.  A  head-dress  worn  in  the  later  midiUe  ages, 
and  throughout  the  seventeenth  eentmy,  by 
both  men  and  women.  That  worn  by  women 
was  broad  at  the  top,  vrith  projecting  corners, 
like  ears. 

biggin'-^  (big'in),  n.  [Another  form  of  piggin, 
q.  v.]    A  small  wooden  vessel ;  a  can. 


biglandular 

biggin'' (big'in),  n.  [Named  from  the  inventor, 
Mr.  Biggin,  about  1800.]  A  kind  of  coffee-pot 
containing  a  strainer  for  the  infusion  of  the 
eolTee,  without  allowing  the  grounds  to  mix 
with  the  infusion.     N.  JJ.  D. 

bigging  (big'ing),  K.  [Also  biggin,  <  ME.  big- 
ging,  a  Ijuilding,  <  biggen,  build :  see  big".]  A 
building;  a  habitation;  a  home.  [Scotch  and 
North.  Eng.] 

biggont,  ".     -A-n  obsolete  spelling  of  biggin^. 

biggonet  (big'o-net),  n.  [Also  bigonet,  after 
equiv.  OF.  beguinet;  dim.  of  biggon,  biggin^,  q. 
v.]  A  cap  or  head-dress;  a  biggin.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 

And  gi'e  to  me  my  biggonet. 

My  bisliop's  satin  gown, 
For  I  maun  tell  the  bailie's  wife 

That  Coliu's  come  to  town. 

Jean  Adaiwi,  There's  nae  Luck. 

bigba  (big'ii),  n.     Same  as  bcga. 

bigbead  (big'hod),  n.  A  local  name  of  aCali- 
foruian  species  of  sculpin,  Hcttrpcenichthys  mar- 
moratus,  a  fish  of  the  family  Cottida;.  Also  call- 
ed cabezon. 

bigborn  (big'hom),  m.  1.  The  Rocky  Moun- 
tain sheep.  Oris  montuna:  so  called  from  the 
immense  size  of  the  horns,  which  resemble  those 
of  the  argali,  but  are  shorter  and  comparatively 
stouter  and  not  so  spiral.  The  animal  in  other  re- 
spects resembles  and  is  closely  related  to  the  argali,  of 


^-^ 


Bighom  of  the  Rocky  MouDtains  {Ovij  tnotitana). 

which  it  is  the  American  representative.  In  color  it  is 
grayish-brown,  with  whitish  buttijcks,  like  the  other  wild 
sheep.  It  stands  about  3^  feet  high  at  the  withers,  and 
is  vei-y  stoutly  built.  It  inhiibits  the  higher  mountain 
ranges  of  the  western  United  States  from  New  Mexico 
and  southern  California  northward,  down  nearly  or  quite 
to  sea-level  in  the  higher  latitudes,  and  is  abundant  in 
suitable  localities  in  Colorado,  Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho, 
etc.  It  is  much  hunted  for  its  flesh,  w-hich  makes  excel- 
lent mutton.     Like  other  wild  sheep,  it  is  gregarious. 

2.  The  great  fossil  Irish  elk  of  the  peat-bogs, 
Ccrrus  megaceros.     [Bare.] 

bight  (bit),  n.  [<  ME.  bycht,  bygt,  <  AS.  byht, 
a  bend,  a  coi'ner  (=  D.  boclit  =  (i.  buch  t,  a  bay, 
bight,  =  Sw.  Dan.  bugt,  bend,  bight  of  a  rope, 
a  bay);  ef.  byge,  a  bend,  angle,  <  bugan  (pp. 
bogen),  bend,  bow:  see  ftoH'l,  and  ef.  the  ult. 
identical  E.  bought'^,  boutl,  and  the  related  bailX, 
a  ring,  hoop:  see  6oH<l.]  It.  Abend  or  bend- 
ing; an  angle,  especially  in  a  liring  body,  as 
of  the  elbow,  or  the  inward  bend  of  a  horse's 
chambrel,  or  the  bend  of  the  fore  knees. — 2. 
A  loop  of  a  rope,  in  distinction  from  the  ends; 
any  bent  pai-t  or  turn  of  U  rope  between  the 
ends. 

They  put  the  bight  of  a  rope  round  Ben's  neck  and  slung 
him  right  up  to  the  yard-arm. 

S.  O.  Jeicett,  Deephaven,  p.  95. 

3.  A  narrow  bay  or  recess  in  a  sea-coast  be- 
tween comparatively  distant  headlands ;  a  long 
and  gradual  bend  of  a  coast-line :  used  especial- 
ly in  the  names  Bight  of  Benin  and  of  Biafra 
in  Africa,  and  the  Great  Australian  Bight  (on 
the  south  coast). 

The  spangle  dances  in  bight  and  bay. 

Tennyson,  Sea-Fairies. 

On  the  warm  bights  of  the  Florida  shores. 

D.  a.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together,  iii. 

4.  A  similar  bend  in  the  shore  of  a  river  or  a 
bay,  or  recess  in  a  mountain ;  a  bay-like  inden- 
tation.    [Rare.] 

In  the  very  bite  or  nook  of  the  bay  there  was  a  great 
inlet  of  water. 

De  Foe,  Voyage  aroimd  the  World.    (X  E.  D.) 

Bowline  on  a  bight.    See  bowline. 
bight  (bit),  i'.  ?.    [<  bight,  n.]   To  fold  or  double 

so  as  to  make  one  or  more  bights, 
biglandular   (bi-glan'du-lar),  a.      [<  6i-2  + 

glandular.]     Having  two  glands. 


biglot 

biglot  (bi'glot),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  6r.  yP-orra, 
tongue.  ]  In  two  languages ;  bilingual.  X.  E.  D. 
[Rare.] 
biglyt  (big'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  higly,  powerfully, 
bravely;  <  hig^  +  -?j/-.]  In  a  tumid,  swelling, 
blustering  manner;  haughtily;  arrogantly. 
He  brawieth  biglii.  Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  70L 

bigmouth  (big'mouth),  )i.  A  fish  of  the  family 
(entrarcltida:.  Chwnobryttus  gulosus.  Also  called 
irarmoitth.  See  cut  under  Centrarchida. 
bigness  (big'nes),  H.  [<  big^  +  -n€ss.~\  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  big;  largeness  of  propor- 
tions ;  size,  whether  large  or  small ;  bulk,  ab- 
solute or  relative. 

Hayle  of  sache  by(pmse  that  it  slewe  both  men  and 
beestys.  Fabyan,  I.  238. 

Their  legs  are  both  of  abi^rusg.  ShaJc.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
The  biffnei^  and  uncouth  deformity  of  the  cameL 

Sir  R.  L'Estranfie. 
Large  oals,  walnut,  hickor>%  ash,   beech,  poplar,  and 
■many  other  sorta  of  timber,  of  surprising  bifrness. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  ii.  U  2. 

Bignonia  (big-no'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Bigiton.  librarian  to  Louis  XV.]  A  genus  of 
plants  of  many  species,  natiu'al  order  Bigno- 
niacece,  natives  of  the  ■warmer  portions  of  the 
new  world.  The  species  are  characterized  by  a  twin- 
ing or  climbing  stem,  frequently  in  the  tropics  reaching 
the  tops  of  the  highest  trees,  with  divided  leaves  and  often 
magnificent  tnimpet-shaped  flowers.  In  the  stems  of 
some  species  the  wood  is  so  arranged  as  to  have  a  cross- 
like  appearance  in  section.  The  most  northern  species, 
B.  capreolata  of  the  southern  United  States,  is  frequent- 
ly cultivated  in  gardens,  and  others  are  ornnments  of 
greenhouses.  B.  Chica  of  South  .\merica  jields  an  orange- 
red  c"l),ring  matter  called  chico  (which  see). 

Bignoniaces  (big-no-ni-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Bignvnia  +  -<jc«r.]  A  natural  order  of  mono- 
petalous  dicotyledonous  plants  ■with  iixegular 


Bignentacia. 
Flowering  Branch  of  Tnimpet^rccpcr  C  Tttotnn   rttdicaiu),    a, 
opened  follicle  of  vime,  khowtn^  seeds :  tf,  seed  of  Catalfa  bignoni- 
cijei.      From  Le  Moout  and  ueciline's  "  Traits  g^niral  de  liota- 
nlquc.")  , 

flowers,  a  pod-like  fruit,  and  winged  seeds 
without  albumen.  Tliey  are  trees  or  slirubby  climb, 
ern  or  twlncri*,  niitivcH  chiedy  of  warm  regions,  and  arc 
iii^p.  ■  Irilly  nl. Till. hint  In  South  America.  f>f  tlie  many 
V  ■  ■  kri'iwn  are  Ititiiumin,  'JWoinri  (the  trum- 

I>-  I'ldini;  Home  Ireen  that  fiirrihh  liaril  and 

'  1  U,  f'rrjirfntia  (the  caliibii.shtrce),  and 

''■:■  (  11,1    I  iilt>>.l  Slntc». 

bif(noniaceOU8  (big-nf'j-ni-a'HhiuH),  a.      In  bol., 
[■'I    i.iiiriu  to  yr  having  the  characttTS  of  the 

/•'"( iirliw. 

biRolfl'    l.i'troUl),  n.    The  yellow  oxeyo  or  com- 

II  '  '  riisiinthcmumncgrtum.     (Irrnrd. 

big'  .  n.  and  a.     [Kirst  at  end  of  )6th 

<•'  hiijiil,  a  bigot,  n  liy|i(icritf,  <  OI''. 

bi<i  liter)  ofij^in.     Uiiil«"r  tills  form  I  wo 

or  {ii^iiili'iit   wordH    appear  to   Imve 

tw  I  I.  involving  the  ftyin.  in  a  iiuiks 

of  I  .Mj'ftiiro.      Whatever  its  origin, 

Inii''  ;..  lerifi  of  eonteiiipl,  eiiino  to  bo 

p(iu\  I'.' iiiiin  HnA  linihiiril.     This  eon- 

fUHi"'  Ml,,  llifiiilli,  lliijiitltr,  vised  in 

the  I.'.'  .  .|iiiviilenlH  of /(e(//,/ir(/i  and 

Hrniiif,:  l,,ir,l  and  ISfguiii.]     I.  n.  If. 

A  nyjio  feHHor  of  religinn;  n  liypn- 

rrito ;   11  "ratitious  adherent  of   reli- 

^ua.    A.  L,  l>.  -  2,  A  punKm  who  in  obstinalo- 


550 

ly  and  unreasonably  wedded  to  a  particular 
religious  or  other  creed,  opinion,  practice,  or 
ritual ;  a  person  who  is  illiberally  attached  to 
any  opinion,  system  of  belief,  or  party  organi- 
zation; an  intolerant  dogmatist. 

In  philosophy  and  religion  the  bif/ots  of  all  pai*ties  are 
generally  the  most  positive.  Il'affs. 

The  bic/ots  of  the  iron  time 
Had  called  his  harmless  art  a  crime. 

Scoff,  L.  of  L.  M.,  Int. 

The  existence  of  genuine  piety  amid  serious  errors  is 
forgotten,  or  rather  rejected,  by  certain  illiberal  minds, 
the  bigoU  of  exclusive  ecclesiastical  hypotheses,  who,  in 
maintaining  that  "  out  of  the  church  there  can  be  no  salva- 
tion," would  have  us  believe  that  tliere  is  none  out  of  tlieir 
own.  Is.  Taylor,  Spiritual  Despotism,  §  10. 

Il.t  «•  Same  as  bigoted. 

In  a  country  more  bigot  than  ours. 

Drydeit.  Ded.  of  Limberham. 

bigoted  (big'ot-ed),  a.  [<  bigot  +  -ed-.'i  Having 
the  character  of  a  bigot ;  obstinately  and  blind- 
ly wedded  to  a  particular  creed,  opinion,  prac- 
tice, or  ritual ;  unreasonably  and  intolerantly 
devoted  to  a  system  of  belief,  an  opinion,  or  "a 
party.    Also  rarely  spelled  bigotted. 

A  more  abject,  slavish,  and  biyoted  generation.     Steele. 

So  nursed  and  biyoted  to  strife.  Byron. 

A  bigoted  Tory  and  High  Churchman. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xvii, 

bigotedly  (big'ot-ed-U),  adv.    In  a  bigoted 
manner ;  with  irrational  zeal. 
bigoticalt  (bi-got'i-kal),  a.     [<  bigot  +  -icni.'] 
Bigoted. 
Some  biyoticat  religionists. 

Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  18. 

bigotry  (big'ot-ri),  n. ;  pi.  bigotries  (-riz).  [<  F. 
bigotcrie,  <  bigot.]  The  character  or  mode  of 
thought  of  a  bigot;  obstinate  and  um-easona- 
ble  attachment  to  a  particular  creed,  opinion, 
practice,  ritual,  or  party  organization;  exces- 
sive zeal  or  warmth  in  favor  of  a  party,  sect, 
or  opinion;  intolerance  of  the  opinions  of 
others. 

Tliose  bigotries  which  all  good  aud  sensible  men  despise. 

Pope. 

Were  it  not  for  a  bigotry  to  our  own  tenets,  we  could 
hardly  imagine  that  so  many  absurd,  wicked,  and  bloody 
principles  shoidd  pretend  to  support  themselves  by  the 
gospel.  Vi'atts. 

James  was  now  a  Roman  Catholic.  Religious  bigotry 
had  become  the  dominant  sentiment  of  his  narrow  and 
stubborn  mind.  Macaulay,  Hist.  F.iig.,  ii. 

=  Syn.  Cred^dity,  Fanaticism,  etc.  (see  superstition),  !iar- 

rowniiiidedness,  prejudice,  intolerance. 
bigroot  (big'rot),  n.     The  name  in  California 

of  species  of  Megarrlii:a,  acucurbitaceous  vine 

the  roots  of  which  gi'ow  to  an  immense  size. 
big-sounding  (big 'souu"  ding),  a.    Ua^^ng  a 

pomjious  sound. 

Biii-soundin(i  sentences  and  words  of  state. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  i.  3. 

big-swollen,  big-swoln  (big'sw6"len,  -swoln), 
a.  Greatly  iutlated;  swelled  to  great  bulk; 
turgid ;  ready  to  burst. 

My  hignuoln  heart.  .f/mj-.,  3  Hen,  VI.,  ii.  2. 

bignttate  (bi-gut'at),  (I.  [<  bi-"^  +  guttatc.'] 
Ill  -i">7.,  marked  ■with  two  small  spots. 

bigwig  (big'wig),  H.  [<  /)(V/1  +  wig.  in  refer- 
ence to  the  large  wigs  worn  in  Great  Britain 
by  judges  and  others  in  authority.]  A  great 
man;  a  person  of  consequence;  one  high  in  au- 
thority or  rank.     [Slang.] 

Her  husband  was  a  nieinbcr  of  the  Chamberof  Deputies, 
a  f'oiiHclllcr  dT.tat,  or  other  French  big-wi'f. 

Thackeray,  .Newconies,  xlvl. 

bigwigged  (big'wigd),  a.  Pompous;  solemnly 
authoritative. 

Towards  nightfall  comes  the  chariot  of  n  phyBlclan  and 
dcpositA  lis  bigiriygcd  uiiil  solemn  tiiirden. 

Ilawtlmrne,  TwIccToId  Tales,  I. 

bibamate  (bi-ha'mat),  a.  [<  bi--  +  hamate.] 
iJoubly  hooked;  having  two  hooks. 

The  hi/inuiatc  "  hpinilcs  nf  the  »nrcodo"80  chararter- 
Istle  of  the  genilH  I'^Hiieria  and  its  allies. 

SirC.  It.  Tliunmun,  Depths  of  the  Sea,  p.  li:i. 

bihourlT  (bi-oiir'H ),  fi.  and  adv.  [<  6i-2  -t- 
liiiiirli/.]  Kviry  I  wo  lioiirs;  nncc  ovory  (wo 
liiiiirs;  as,  /ii/xiHr^/ observalioiiH. 

bihydrognret  (bi-hi-drog'ii-ret),  «.    [<  'n-"  + 

hiidrogii  II)  +  -urrl.]  A  compound  of  liyilrogen 
with  a  non-Mietallic  or  negalive  eleiiienl  or 
riidieal,  in  the  jiroportion  of  twoalonis  nf  liy- 
ilnii;eii  to  one  atom  or  group  of  the  other  nieiu- 
l"r  of  the  compound. 
bijou  (lie-zhii'),  n.  f  K. ;  of  unknown  origin.] 
1.  A  jewel;  Hpociflciilly,  a  jewel  of  gold  ridily 
wroiiglit  in  the  metal  itHclf  willioiil  the  aid  of 
precious  stones.    Hoe  bijouterie,     lienco  —  2. 


bilander 

An  object  of  beauty  of  small  size ;  something 
delicately  pretty  ;  any  relatively  small  charm- 
ing oliject. 

bijouterie  (be-zho'tre),  «.  [F.,  <  bijou.]  Jew- 
elry ;  small  ornaments  for  personal  decoration ; 
specifically,  jewelry  of  gold  richly  adorned  in 
the  metal  itself,  with  little  or  no  use  of  precious 
stones. 

bijoutry  (be-zho'tri),  n.     Same  as  bijouterie. 

bijugate  (bi-j6'gat),  a.  [<  fti-2  +  jugate.]  1. 
In  mimis.,  bearing  two  prolile  heads,  one  of 
them  overlapping  the  other.  See  cut  under  uc- 
colated. —  2.  In  bot.,  having  two  pairs  of  leaf- 
lets or  pinnie:  used  of  pinnated  leaves. 

bijugous  (bi-jo'gus),  «.  [<  L.  bijugii.'i.  yoked 
two  together:  see  biga.]     Same  as  bijugate. 

bijugue  (bi'jog),  H.  [<  L.  bijugus.  yoked  two  to- 
gether: seebijugou.1.]  A  double  bottle  consist- 
ing of  two  complete  vessels  attached  to  each 
other  by  strips  of  the  same  material,  so  that 
they  form  one  piece. 

bikel  (bik),  II.  [Sc,  also  written  bi/ke,  <  ME. 
biki,  bi/kc,  a  hive.]  A  nest  of  wild  bees,  hor- 
nets, or  wasps. 

A  feld  with  flouris,  or  bony  byke. 

Toirncley  Mysteries,  p.  43 

bike-  (bik),  H.  and  i:     A  corruption  of  bicycle. 

bikh  (bik),  n.  The  name  given  by  the  natives 
of  Nepal  to  a  mo.st  virulent  poison  derived 
from  the  roots  of  Acoiiituiit  fero.i-  and  proba- 
bly other  species  of  aconite,  and  to  the  roots 
themselves;  Nepal  aconite.  Also  called  hish, 
hishma,  or  bisk. 

bikos  (bi'kos),  H.;  pi.  bikoi  (-koi).  [Gr.  fiiKo^: 
see  beal'cr.]  In  Gr.  aiitiq.,  a  form  of  earthen- 
ware vase,  usually  of  large  size,  used,  like  other 
large  vases  of  similar  character,  for  storing  pro- 
■dsions,  liquids,  etc.  it  was  sliapcd  like  a  stainiios 
with  handles,  and  is  mentioned  also  as  made  of  small 
size,  sometimes  in  glass,  to  serve  as  a  driiikiug.vessel  or 
a  perfumo-jar. 

biksbu  (bik'sho),  n.  [Skt.  bliilshu.]  A  Bud- 
dhist mencUeant  monk. 

biksbuni  (bik'shii-ne),  «.  [Skt.  bbikshuni.]  A 
Buddhist  nun. 

bil  (bil).  )i.  [Also  called  billard  andbiUet ;  ori- 
gin obscure ;  perhaps  connected  with  biUel",  a 
stick  or  club.]  A  local  English  name  of  tho 
coal-lish,  I'ollachiiis  rimts. 

bilabe  (bi'lab),  ».  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  4-  labium,  lip.] 
In  siirg..  an  instrument  for  removing  small  for- 
eign bodies  from  the  bladder  through  the  ure- 
thra. 

bilabiate  (bi-la'bi-at),  a.     [<  bi-^  +  laliiate.'] 

1.  Possessing,  or  having  the  appearance  of 
possessing,  two  lips:  in  bot., 
apjilied  to  an  irregular  corolla 
or  caly.\  whose  lobes  are  so 
arranged  as  to  form  an  upper 
and  a  lower  lip.  This  cliaiacter 
lirevails  in  tlic  natural  order /.n^iflfir, 
and  is  freqiit'iit  in  some  other  orders. 

2.  In  eoiieli.,  ha\nng  tho  outer 
li]i  doubled  by  a  thickening 
behind  the  margin  or  true  lip. 

bilabiation    ( bl-la-bi-a'shon), 

«.  [<  hilabiute  +  -ion.]  'I'ho 
quulity  or  condition  of  being 
two-li]iiied,  or  having  two  lips ; 
a  bilabiate  formation.  Amcr. 
■hiiir.  Sri.,  M  ser.,  XXIX.  319. 

bilaciuiate  (bi-la-sin'i-at),  a. 
iiili .]     In  bot.,  doubly  hiciniate. 

bilalo  (bi-lll'16),  II.  [Also  written  guilala;  a 
native  mime.]  A  two-masted  passenger-boat, 
aliout  (i.'i  feet  long  and  10  feet  broad,  peculiar 
to  Manila  bay.  it  carries  an  outrigger  for  use  when 
the  wind  blows  fresh,  and  has  u  large  cabin  behind  the 
niiilniiijist. 

bilamellate  (bi-lum'e-lat).  a.     [<  bi-"  +  lamel-^ 
Inli.]     Doubly  hiiuelliite  ;  liiiviiigtwo  lamelUn: 
specitieally,  in  but.,  eiim])Ose(l  of  two  plates  and 
as  many  sliginiis  iind  pliicentiis,  or  bearing  two 
phlles,  as  llie  lip  of  Home  orchids. 

bilamellated  (l>i-lam'o-lu-ted),  a.    Same  as  6i- 

linnrlhllr. 

bilaminar  (bi-lam'i-njlr),  a.  [<  fci-'-'  +  laminar.] 
•  'iiiisisliiig  of  two  thiii  plates  or  laminio  ;  two- 

lliyereil. 

bilaminate  (bl-lam'i-nat),  a.  [<  bi--  +  lami- 
iiiiti .  I     Having  (wo  plates  or  lamime. 

bilan  d''.  jiron.  be-loh'),  II.  [!''.,<  LL.  bilanx 
(se.  libra),  a  balance:  ki'o  balance.]  A  baliuico- 
slieel ;  the  mime  given  in  liOuiniiina  (o  a  book 
in  wliiili  meicliants  keep  account  of  their  assets 
iiiid  liiibilities. 

bilandt,  ".     Si^e  byland. 

bilander  (bil'an-derorbi'lan-d6r),  n.  [Alsofty- 
luiidvr  (cf.  V,  bilandrc),  <  b.  bijlandcr,  <  ty,  = 


nil.iMiite  Calvx  and 
Corolla  of  Sa/via 
(sngc). 

[<  6«-2  -I-  laciti- 


bilander 

E.  h>J^,  +  '("'^  =  E.  land.}     A  small  merchant 
vessel  with  two  masts,  and  the  muiiisail  bent 

to  tlie  whole 
lenfcth  of  a 
yard,  hanging 
fore  and  aft, 
and  inclined 
to  the  horizon 
at  an  angle 
of  about  45 
(lrj,'reos,  the 
foremost  low- 
er corner, 
called  the 
tacic,  being 
secured  to  a 
ring-bolt  in 
the  deck,  and 
the  after- 
most, or  s/iee(, 
to  the  taffrail.  Few  vessels  are  now  rigjieil  in  this 
manner.  The  bilander  is  a  kind  of  hoy,  manageable  by 
}our  or  five  men,  and  used  chiefly  in  the  canals  of  the  Low 
Countries. 

Why  choose  we,  then,  like  bila>}dfrx  to  creep 
Alon;;  tlie  coast,  and  land  in  virw  to  kirp? 

Drydcn,  ilind  anil  I'anther,  i.  128. 

bilateral  (bi-lat'e-ral),  a.     [<  NL.  Ulateralis,  < 
L.  ()(-  +  lattis  (later-),  side:  see  lateral.]     1. 
Having  two  sides ;    of  or  pertaining  to   two 
sides;  two-sided. 
The  bilateral  movements  escape  in  cases  of  hemiplegia 


551 


bilge  (biij), 
and  hilliifii'i 


Spain,  such  swords  being,  like  those  of  Toledo  bileve^t,  " 
(see  Toledo),  held  in  high  esteem  for  their  tern-  bileve-t, 
per.]     1.  Formerly,  a  sword  or  sword-blade, 
famous  for  e.\tremo  elasticity,  made  in  Bilbao 
in  Spain. 

Conipass'd  like  a  good  bilbo  in  the  circumference  of  a 
peck,  hilt  to  iioint,  heel  to  head. 

SAo;i:.,M.  W.  of  W.,ili.  5. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  sword.     [Poetical.] 

At  Poitiers  bath'd  their  bilboes  in  1^'rench  blood. 

Drayton,  I'olyolbion,  xvl.  72. 

bilbo^  (bil'bo),  n. ;  pi.  bilboes  or  -bos  (-boz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bilbow,  bilboe,  usually  in 
pi. ;  prob.  so  named,  like  bilhA,  from  Jiilbao 
in  Spain;  but  direct  evidence  is  lacking.]     A 


bilifulvin 

See  bclcave. 

See  biiieve. 

II.     [In  17th  century  also  bildge 

;  var.  of  bnlffc:  sae  bulfjc]  1.  The 
wider  part  or  belly  of  a  cask,  which  is  usually 
in  the  middle. —  2.  The  breadth  of  a  ship's 


Bilander. 


'-^^^ 


Bilboes,  from  the  Tower  of  London. 

long  bar  or  bolt  of  iron  having  sliding  shackles 
and  a  lock,  formerly  used  to  confine  the  feet 
of  prisoners  or  offenders,  especially  on  board 
ship :  usually  in  the  plural. 

Methought  I  lay 
"Worse  than  the  mutines  in  the  bilboes. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

bilbo-mant  (bil'bo-man),  n.     A  swordsman. 
You  are  much  bound  to  your  bilbo-vien  ; 
I  am  glad  you  are  straight  again, -captain. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  v.  3. 


Hard  Bilgrc. 


Easy  Bilge. 


in  spite  of  destruction  of  some  of  the  nervous  arrange-  ^jjlljonuet  (bil-bo-kef),  n.      [Also  dial.,  in  def. 
ments  representing  them.  Pop.^ci.  Mo    XXV.  1,5.      ,^  ^/Hioi-. icA,  bilhocatcll,   hilverlcetcho,   etc.,  <  F. 


2.  In  bot.,  having  the  sides  different. 
The  vegetation  in  all  Hepaticie  is  bilateral,  that  is,  dif- 
ferently developed  on  the  upper  and  under  sides. 

Lull,  of  III.  State  Laboraturij,  II.  6. 

3.  In  biol. ,  having  the  sides  symmetrical — Bilat- 
eral contract,  in  /««•,  a  i-ontrait  wliic-li  hiinls  thi-  parties 
to  perform  rt-ripr 
Rai.alj' 


ocal  • 


u-t  whic-li  biiMl 
ilisatioMS  rarli  tM«ard  llir  otller 

!•/ /w,«'i-(HCi'.— Bilateral  restriction,  ill  (";/i>, 
tlic  i-L-strictinii  of  a  proposition  at  once  in  its  suljject  and 
in  its  pri'diriLte,  as  in  the  following  example:  All  triangle 
is  all  trilatL-ral  ;  some  triangle  is  some  trilateral. —  Bilat- 
eral SSTnmetry,  the  symmetry  of  right  and  left  halves 
or  .itlur  iKirls  of  the  body;  sinistrode.xtral  symmetry; 
transverse  antitypy.     Also  called  lateritypy. 

In  both  the  foregoing  cases  it  is  the  bilateral  symmetry 

which  is  so  peculiarly  characteristic  of  locomotive  power. 

ir.  B.  Carpenter,  Prin.  of  Physiol. 

Bilateralia  (bi-lat-e-ra'li-a),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  bilatcralis :  see  bilateral.]     1.  A  collec- 
tive name  of  those  animals  which  exhibit  bilat-  i^j,eTx(y,ii)   „.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bijle,  <  ME. 
erahty  or  bilateral  symmetry,  as  of  right  and  "j|J-J^   ;„;/"/  .-•'-.--     ,,„.■'', 

left  sides.    J.  A.  Ryder. — 2.  A  division  of  Aiii- 
bidacraria  represented  by  Balanoglossus  alone 


bilboquet,  OF.  billeboquet,  billebauqiict ;  origin 
obscure.]  If.  A  gardener's  measuring-cord  or 
-line.  Cotgrurc. —  2.  The  toy  called  cup-and- 
ball. — 3t.  An  8-ineh  mortar  for  throwing  shells. 
—  4.  An  implement  for  curling  hair.    Fairholt. 

bilcock  (bil'kok),   II.     [Also  called   bidcock.  <  ^,^^■^■n  -i\  „     r/ j  •>„„  j.  7.„.,7i  t    h-„..* 

In    or  bid-  (origin  nnkno^™)  +  cockL]     The  fcllge^keelCbilpJ^d). «.   [<6t;|e +  ^edlO  A««*., 
water-rail  of  Europe,  Kalliis  aquaticiis. 


bottom,  or  that  part  of  her  floor  which  ap- 
proaches a  horizontal  direction,  and  on  which 
she  would  rest  if  aground. 

bilge  (bilj),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bilged,  ppr.  hilg- 
iiig.  [(.  bilge,  ii.]  I.  inlraiis.  1.  A'aut.,  to  suf- 
fer a  fracture  in  the  bilge ;  .spring  a  leak  by  a 
fracture  in  the  bilge. —  2.  To  bulge  or  swell  out. 
II.  trans.  To  break  or  stave  in  (the  bilge  or 
bottom  of  a  ship). 

bilge-board  (bilj'bord),  n.  In  ship-building, 
one  of  the  boards  used  to  cover  the  timbers 
where  the  bilge-water  collects. 

bilge-coad  (bilj'kod),  «.     Same  as  hilgctcays. 

bilge-free  (bilj'fre),  a.  Xaut.,  so  stowed  on 
beds  that  no  weight  rests  on  the  bilge :  said  of 
a  cask. 


bildt,  bildert.     Old  spellings  of  build,  builder. 

bildstein  (bild'stin),  ii.  [G.,  <  bild,  image,  fig- 
ui-e  (<  MHG.  bilde,  <  OHG.  biUdi  (=  OS.  bilithi 
=  OFries.  *bikthe,  bijld  =  D.  heeld  =  Sw.  be- 
Idte  (also  bild.  prob.  borrowed)  =  Dan.  billede, 
billed),  prob.  <  hi-  =  E.  AS.  bi-,  by-,  -f-  lid  =  OS. 
nth  =  Goth,  litlins  =  E.  lith,  a  limb,  member: 
see  by-,  (/c-l,  and  litli),  4-  stein  =  E.  stone]  Same 
as  agalinatolitv. 


A,  A,  Bilge-keels. 

Same  as  bilge-leel. 


contrasted  with  other  echinoderms  which  are 
called  lOtdiata.     iletsclmikoff. 

bilateralism  (bi-lat'e-ral-izm),  11.  [<  bilateral 
+  -ism.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bilate- 
ral; bilateral  symmetry. 

bilaterality  (bi-lat-e-ral'i-ti),  »»•  [<  bilateral 
-i-  -ill/.]     Same  as  bilateralism. 

bilaterally  (bi-lat'e-ral-i),  adv.  In  a  bilateral 
manner;  on  both  sides:  as,  a  bilaterally  sjm- 
metrical  larva. 

bilateralness  (bi-lat'e-ral-nes),  n.  [<  bilateral 
•f  -iiess.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bilat- 
eral; bilateralism;  in  roo7.,  bilateral  symmetry. 
In  the  Sycamore  ami  the  Vine  we  have  a  cleft  type  of 
leaf  in  which  a  decided  bilateralnexs  of  form  co-e.xists 
with  a  decided  bilateralness  of  conditions. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  2-29. 

■bilberry  (birber"i),  «. ;  pi.  bilberries  (-iz). 
[Fcirmerly  also  spelled  bill-berry  and  bull-berry. 
The  last  form,  if  not  simulated,  is  prob.  right, 
<  buW^-  +  berry'^.  Another  species,  the  red 
whortleberry,  is  named  cowberry,  and  the  NL. 
name  of  the  genus,  Vaccinium,  means  'cow- 
berry.' The  word  bull  enters  into  the  names 
of  several  other  plants,  as  buUweed,  bull  wort, 
bulrush.  Cf.  hartberry,  another  name  for  bil- 
ierry.  But  the  relation  of  the  equiv.  Dan.  bfille- 
6(er,  also  simply  bolle,  whortlebeny,  to  Dan. 
ioll,  a  castrated  bull  (ef.  Icel.  boli  =  Norw.  bol 
-=  E.  liull^),  is  not  clear.  The  usual  Dan.  term 
for  bull  is  tyr  =  Sw.  tjur  =  Icel.  stjorr  =  E. 
steer.    The  name  blaeberry  is  of  different  origin : 


piece  of  timber  fastened  edgewise  under 
the  bottom  of  a  ship,  for 
the  purpose  of  keeping 
her  from  rolling  heavily 
and  from  drifting  to  lee- 
ward. Also  called  bilge- 
piece. 

bilge-keelson  (bil.i'kel"- 
sou),  II.  A  timber  ex- 
tending fore  and  aft  in  a 
ship,  inside  the  bilge,  to 
strengthen  the  frame. 

bilge-piece  (bilj 'pes),  ». 

bilge-plank  (bilj'plangk),  «.  Naut.,  one  of 
the  thick  planks  which  ran  round  the  bilge  of 
a  ship,  both  inside  and  outside. 

bilge-pump  (bil.i'pump),  «.  Xaut.,  a  pump  for 
removing  bilge-water  from  a  ship. 

bilge-water  (bilj'wa"ter),  n.  Naut.,  water 
which  enters  a  ship  and  lies  upon  her  bilge  or 
bottom.  If  allowed  to  remain,  it  acquires  an 
offensive  penetrating  smell — BUge-water  dls- 
charge,  a  device  for  discharging  bilge-water  automati- 
cally. 

bilgeways  (bil.j'waz),  n.  pi.  Naut.,  a  series  of 
timbers  placed  on  each  side  of  a  vessel  on  the 
lauuching-ways,  to  assist  in  supporting  her 
hidl  in  launching.  Also  called  bulgeicays  and 
bilge-coad.     See  cut  under  laimching-icays. 


bile,  byle  (occasionally  Uel,  beel,  >  E.  beal,  prop, 
a  dial,  form:  see  bean),  <  AS.  byle  =  OFries. 
beil,  bel  =  MD.  bule,  D.  bull  =  LG.  bule,  biile  = 
MHG.  biule,  G.  beule,  bile,  =  Icel.  beyla  =  Sw. 
bula  =  Dan.  bule,  bugle,  a  swelling;  cf.  Icel. 
bola  =  Sw.  bold  =  Dan.  bijld,  a  blain,  a  blister ; 
<  Teut.  V  *bul,  seen  in  causal  form  in  the  Goth. 
ufbauljan,  puff  up:  cf.  boin.  Bile  is  the  true  E. 
form,  "still  retained  in  the  vernacular  speech ; 
but,  owing  to  a  confusion  with  the  verb  boifi 
(or  perhaps  with  the  D.  form  buil,  pron.  nearly 
as  E.  boil),  the  word  has  taken  in  mod.  literary 
E.  the  corrupt  form  boil.  See  boil^.]  An  in- 
flamed tumor;  aboil.  See  fto(7l. 
bile2  (bil),  n.  [<  F.  bile,  <  L.  bilis,  bile,  anger; 
atra  (or  nigra)  bilis,  equiv.  to  Gr.  iiclayxo'/ua, 

black  bile:   see  atrabile,   melancholy.]     1.   A     ^_^^  ^^ 

yellow  bitter  liquid  secreted  by  the  liver  and  fcilgy  (bil'ji),  a.     [<  bilge  -h  -;/l.]     Having  the 


collected  by  the' biliary  ducts  to  be  conveyed 

into- the  duodenum,    its  most  important  constituents  Bilharzia  (bil-hsir'zi-a) 
are  the  bile-salts,  socHum  glycocholate  and  sodium  taiiro  -    - 

chelate,  and  the  bile  pigments,  bilirubin  and  bihverdin, 
with  cholesterin.  The  bile  renders  the  contents  of  the 
duodenum  alk.aline.  It  aids  the  enmlsiouizing  of  the 
fats,  apparently  by  increasing  the  solubility  of  soaps 
assists  the  passage  of  the  fats  through  the  intestinal 
walls,  and  stimulates  peristalsis.  Also  called  !7a". 
2.  Figm-atively,  ill  nature ;  peevishness ;  bit- 
terness of  feeling :  because  the  bile  was  fancied 
to  bo  the  seat  of  ill  humor, 


properties  (as  the  smell,  etc.)  of  bilge-water. 
Mlliarzia  (bil-har'zi-a),  h.  [XL.,  named  after 
Theodor  Bilharz,  an  old  helminthologist.]  A 
genus  of  the  order  Trcmaloidea,  or  fluke-worms, 
endoparasitic  in  the  blood-vessels  of  man,  espe- 
cially in  the  minary  organs,  the  ova  escaping 
through  an  ulceration  which  the  presence  of 
the  parent  causes.  The  animal  is  dicecious,  the  male 
being  the  larger  and  retaining  the  female  in  a  gyiia;co- 
phore  or  canal  formed  by  an  involution  of  the  edges  of 

,  uu  LUC  oetvu  "i  ^.*  " the  c<.'ncave  side  of  the  body. 

\nthing  apnears  to  have  stirred  his  bile  so  much  at  biliary    (bil'i-a-ri),    a.     [=  F.    biUaire,    <    NL, 


see  blaeberry.] 
dnium  Mijriillus. 


Yuste  as  the' proceedings  of  some  members  of  the  board 
of  trade  at  Seville.  Pre^ott. 

Black  bUe.    See  atrabile 

bile^t   "■    -An  obsolete  form  of  btln. 

bilection  (bi-lek'shon),  II.     Same  as  ^o'cchoK. 

bile-cyst  (bil'sist),  n.   In  anat.,  the  gall-bladder. 

—      -•'-■-'-'''-  «    j-,»j-  Qj.  eanal  con- 


n. 


coloring  matte 


I  the  bile  of  carnivorous 


1.  A  shrub  and  its  fruit,  CrtC-    „ji>^-.^_,„„  ^ ,, 

In  Scotland  the  bilberry  is  usually  bile-dUCt  (bil'dukt),  H.     A  duct 
called  blaeberry,  from  its  blae  or  dark-blue  color.    See     ve\iii°'  bile;  a  gall-duct. 
Vaccinium  And  loliortleberry.  .       ^u      rr    ■<■   A   bile-nigment    (bil'pig"ment), 

2.    A  name  sometimes  given  m  the  United  ""j  PJ°„  inatters  in  the  bile. 
States  to  the  fruit  of  the  shad-bush,  Amelan-    eoioim„  maiieiB 

chier  Canadensis Bog-bilberry,  Vaceinium  ulitii- 

nosum  of  the  United  States  and  Europe.  — Dwarf  bU- 
berry,  v.  cfespitosuin,— Jamaica  bilberry,  l'.  meridio- 
nale. 
l)ilbol  (bil'bo),  «. ;  pi.  bilboes  or  -bos  (-boz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bilbow,  bilboe,  bilboa,  prop, 
a  sword  of  Bilbao  (in  E.  formerly  Bilboa)  in 


ig  matter  in  lhl-  one  l^.  ^........ t— ■■- — -:, 

man;  bilitvrdin.  is  the  greenish  pigment  m  the  bile  of 
herbivorous  animals.  A  considerable  iiuniber  of  other 
bile-ni-nients  have  been  described,  some  of  which  are  prob- 
ably mixtures  of  pigments,  and  others  oxidation  or  reduc- 
tion products  not  existing  in  the  Uviiig  body. 

bilestone  (bU'ston),  n.    A  bihary  calculus  or 
gallstone. 


biliaris,  <L.  bilis,  bDe.]  1.  Belonging  to  the 
bile;  convejing  thf  bile:  as,  a  fcid'ari/ duct. — 
2.  Bilious.  [Rare.]— Biliary  calculus,  a  concre- 
tion which  fonns  in  the  gall-bladder  or  bile-ducts;  gall- 
stone. These  calculi  are  usually  composed  for  the  most 
part  of  cholesterin.— BUiary  colic.  See  colic—  Biliary 
duct.  See  duet. 
biliation  (bil-i-a'shon),  «.  [<  NL.  *biliatio(n-), 
<  L.  bilis,  bile.]     The  excretion  of  bile.    JJun- 

aniinals  audof  b'ilicyanin  (bil-i-si'.a-nin),  71.     [<  L.  bilis.  bile. 


One  of  the 
BUiruhin  is  the  chief 


E.  cyan  in.]  A  product  of  the  oxidation  of 
bilirubin  which  appears  blue  in  an  acid  and 
violet  in  a  neutral  solution.  See  bilirubin. 
bilifulvin  (bil-i-ful'vm),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  -1- 
fulvus,  fulvous.]  An  old  name  for  more  or  less 
impure  bilirubin. 


bilifoscin 

bilifnscin  (bil-i-fus'in),  n.  [<  L.  hilis,  bile,  + 
fusciis.  fuseous,  +  -i«2.]  A  substance  described 
as  existing  in  very  small  quantities  in  gall- 
stones. It  is  of  a  dark-green  color,  insoluble  in  water, 
chlTolorm,  and  ether,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  alkalis, 
and  reacts  with  nitric  acid  like  bilirubin.  Its  formula  is 
C,sHyiN'"04. 

bilihumin  (bil-i-hu'mln),  n.  [<  L.  bilis.  bile.  + 
liiimu^.  ground,  +  -iii-.^  The  insoluble  black- 
ish residue  left  after  bile  or  gallstones  have 
been  exhausted  by  ether,  water,  chloroform, 
alcohol,  and  dilute  acids. 

bilimbi,  bilimbing  (bi-lim'bi,  -bing),  n.  [Also 
liiliiutiy.  blimhiiiij,  repr.  Tamil  bilimbi,  Malay  6/- 
limbiiifi,  Singhalese  bilin.]  The  native  name  of 
the  fruit  of  an  East  Indian  tree-sorrel,  Ater- 
rhoa  Bilimbi.  It  is  very  acid,  but  is  much 
esteemed  -when  made  into  syrup,  candied,  or 
pickled.     SeeAierrhoa. 

bilimentt,  «•  [Also  biUimenI,  beUimeiit,  etc.,  by 
apheresis  for  habiliment.'i  An  ornamental  part 
of  a  woman's  dress;  especially,  the  attire  of 
the  head  or  neck. 


Then  beganne  alle  the  (lentylwomen  of  Tngland  to  were 
Frenche  whooiles  with  fx-Ueinentte^  of  golde. 

Chrvn.  0/ Grey  Friarg {lib6),  ed.  Cuiaden  Soc.    „^^,^        „»„•>,   ,.      

Blllment  lace,  an  omamentaa  lace  used  in  the  sixteenth  biliveroin  (bil-i-ver'din),  ?!. 
century  for  trimming.^  _  ^    ^ _       ^      .  „  ,    mi         l'  ''''''  (''^''^  vert),  green,  + 


bilin  I'bil'in).  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  +  -i«2.]  The 
mixture  of  sodium  glycocholate  and  taurocho- 
iate  isolated  from  the"  bile,  constituting  a  gum- 


552 

chief  coloring  matter  of  human  bile  and  that 
of  carnivorous  animals,  to  which  the  formula 
Ci6Hi8^»2<^3  I'SS  been  given,  wnien  isolated  it 
forms  an  orange-ivd  powder  or  red  rhombic  prisms.  It  is 
insoluble  in  water.  little  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  but 
readily  soluble  in  chloroform  or  alkalis. 
biliteiral  (hi-Ut'e-ral),  a.  and  ;i.  [<  L.  bi-.  two-, 
-I-  /i7f ca, /i7/f TO,  letter:  see  literal.']  I.  a.  Con- 
sisting of  two  letters:  as,  a  biliteral  root  in 
language.     Sir  F'.  Jones. 

Although  we  may  call  all  these  verbal  bases  roots,  they 
stand  to  the  first  class  in  about  the  same  relation  as  the 
triliteral  Semitic  roots  to  the  more  primitive  biliteral. 

itax  Miiller,  Sci.  of  Lang.,  p.  263. 

n.  «.  A  word,  root,  or  syllable  formed  of 
two  letters. 
-bility.  [F.  -biliie  =  Sp.  -bitidad  =  Pg.  -bilidade 
=  It.  -biliii),  also  in  older  form  F.  -blcte,  OF. 
-blete  (>  ME.  -blete),  etc.,  <  L.  -bilit<i(t-)s  (ace. 
-bilitatem),  <  -bili-s  (E.  -blc)  +  -ta(t-)s  (E.  -ty), 
being  the  termination  of  nouns  from  adjectives 
in -bilis:  see  -blc]  A  termination  of  English 
nouns  from  adjectives  in  -blc,  as  in  nobility, 
caj>ability,  credibility,  etc.,  from  noble,  capable, 
cndibli,  'etc.  See  -able. 
bilive^t,  bilive-t.     See  belire^,  helire^. 

'"   '  [<L.  6i7is,  bile,+ 

i?i2.]     The  green 


pigment  found  in  the  bile  of  herbivorous  ani- 
mals, to  which  the  formula  C'igH.2QN.205  has 
been  given.     It  is  produced  artificially  by  the 
ray  mass  of  a  pale-yellow  color.  oxidation  of  bilirubin.     See  biliprasin.' 

)ililiear  (bi-liu'e-iir),  a.    [<  bi--  +  linea,  line,  +  ^,j]^  (bilk),  v.  t.    [Origin  obscure ;  appar.  slang ; 


bilinear  y,  

-nr.]    Consisting  of  or  having  reference  to  two 
lines:  as.  bilinear  coordinates. 

bilineate  (bi-lin'e-at),  a.  [<  li.  bi-,  two-,  + 
lined,  line,  +  -atc^.]  In  zool.,  marked  with  two 
lines,  generally  parallel. 

bilineated  (Vii-iin'f-a-ted),  a.    Same  asbilineatc. 

bilingual  (bi-ling'gwal),  a.  [<  L.  bilinguis, 
speaking  two  languages,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  lingua 
=  E.  tongue,  language.]  1.  Containing  or  ex- 
pressed in  two  languages ;  recorded  in  two  ver- 
sions of  different  language. 

I  endeavored  by  the  help  of  a  Inlinmial  inscription  to 

determine  the  values  of  certain  of  the  Hittite  characters. 

A.  H.  Sayce,  Pref.  to  Schliemann's  Troja,  p.  xxiii. 

2.  Speaking  two  languages  or  a  mixture  of  two. 
[Rare.] 

Large  numbers  of  Chinese,  Arabs,  and  Africans,  who 
come  to  India  for  a  short  or  long  time,  and  become  prac- 
tically bilingual.      R.  N.  Cmt,  Jlod.  Langs.  E.  Ilid.,  p.  16. 

bilinguar  (■bi-linK'g\var),  a.     Same  as  bilingual. 

bilinguist  ibi-linK'gwist),  n.  [<  1j.  bilinguis 
I  M-i-  Inluiguid),  after  linguist.]  One  who  speaks 
two  lanffuages.     Hamilton. 

bilingUOUS  (bi-ling'gwus),  a.  [<  L.  bilinguis: 
gee  bilinaual.]  HaWng  two  tongues,  or  speak- 
ing two  languages.     Johnson. 

bilious  (bil'yus),  a.  [<  L.  biliosus,  full  of  bile,  < 
ii/w,  bile:  seebile-.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to.  or 
partaking  of  the  nature  of,  bile. —  2.  In  jiatliol., 
noting,  subject  to,  or  characterized  by  a  dis- 
ordered condition  of  the  system,  once  supposed 
to  depend  on  a  derangement  of  the  secretion  of 


by  some  supposed  to  be  a  minced  form  of  fto/Al. 
Cf.  the  senses  of  bilk,  n.]  1.  In  cribbage,  to 
balk  or  spoil  any  one's  score  in  his  crib. — 2. 
To  frustrate  or  disappoint. — 3.  To  deceive  or 
defraud ;  leave  in  the  lurch ;  cheat :  often  with 
of:  as,  to  bilk  one  of  his  due;  to  bilk  a  credi- 
tor; "don't  you  bilk  me,"  Spectator. —  4.  To 
evade  or  escape  from  ;  dodge ;  elude. 

I  don't  intend  to  bilk  my  lodgings.  Fielding. 

He  cannot  drink  five  bottles,  bilk  the  score. 
Then  kill  a  constable,  and  drink  five  more. 

Cou'per,  Progress  of  Error,  1.  193. 

bilk  (bilk),  n.  [See  the  verb.]  1.  In  cribbage, 
the  spoiling  of  one's  score  in  the  crib. —  2t. 
Nothing;  vain  words. 

Tub.    He  will  have  the  last  word,  though  he  talk  bilk 
fort. 

Hugh.    Biit.' what  s  that? 

Tub.    Why,  nothing ;  a  word  signifying  nothing,  and 
borrowed  here  to  express  nothing, 

B.  Jonmn,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i.  1. 

Bilk  is  said  to  be  an  Arabick  word,  and  signifies  no- 
thing ;  cribbidge  players  understand  it  best. 

Bloiutl,  (ilossographia  (ed.  1681),  p.  Sf.. 

(To  call  a  word  "Arabic  "or  "Hebrew  "was  and  still  is 
a  way  of  dignifying  slang  or  jargon.] 
3.  A  trick;  a  fraud.    [Bare.]— 4.  A  cheat;  a 
swindler, 
bilkt  (bilk),a.    [See  the  verb.]   Fallacious;  un- 
reliable. 

Tc]  that  [Oates's  plot]  and  the  author's  bilk  account  of  it 
I  am  approaching.  Buyer  Surlh,  Examen,  p.  121I. 


a,  conirostral :  />.  dentirostral ;  c.  tenuirostral ;  d,  fissirostral ;  e,  loDgi- 
rostral ;  /.  pressirostral ;  ^,  cultrirostral ;  A,  lamelliroslral. 

2.  The  beak,  snout,  rostrum,  or  jaws  of  sundry 
other  animals,  as  tm-tles,  cephalopods,  many 
fishes,  etc. 
billl  (bil),  I'.  ('.  [<  ME.  billcn.  peck  as  birds,  < 
bil,  6f7f,  beak:  see  WHl,  n.]  1.  To  join  bills  or 
beaks,  as  doves ;  caress  in  fondness. 

Doves,  they  say,  will  bill. 
After  their  pecking  and  their  murmurhig. 

B.  Junson,  Catiline,  11.  U 

2t.  To  rub  the  bill.     [Rare.] 

Thanne  ^'eth  he  (the  eagle)  to  a  ston, 
And  he  InHcih  ther  on. 
Billelh  til  Ills  life  liifoiii 
Haveth  the  wTfiigthe  [crookedness]  forloren. 
Bc.tlinry,  in  Old  Eng.  Misc.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  82. 
Bill  and  coo,  to  kiss  and  caress  and  talk  nonsense,  as- 
lovers  :  a  phrase  derived  from  the  habits  of  doves- 
Come,  we  must  interrupt  your  biUintj  awl  cooing  awhile. 
Sheriilan,  The  Rivals,  iv  :!. 

bill2  (bil),  n.  [<  ME.  bill,  bille,  bil,  a  pick  or 
mattock,  poet,  a  sword,  <  AS.  bil,  bill  (only 
poet.)  =  OS.  bil,  a  sword,  =  MD.  billc  =  OHG. 
bill,  fern.,  MHG.  bil,  neut.,  G.  bille.  a  pick  to 
sharpen  millstones,  =  Sw.  hill,  a 
plowshare ;  prob.  connected  with 
t)(7^l,  a  beak,  and  perhaps  ult.  with 
Skt.  ■\/  bhid,  split,  cleave.  Associ- 
ated in  sense  with  these  words  and 
somewhat  confused  with  them,  but 
etvmol.  distinct,  are  OHG.  bilud,  hi- 
af,  bil,  MUG.  biliel,  bil.  G,  bed  = 
MD.  bijl.  an  ax.  hatchet,  =  Dan.  (iiV 
=  Sw.  bila ;  prob.  =  Icel.  hildr,  hiUln, 
an  ax ;  cf .  Ir.  Gael.  hiad.  ax,  hatchet. 
In  sense  o,  bill-  may  bo  an  applica- 
tion of  /i(7/l.]  It.  In  the  earliest 
use,  a  kintl  of  broadsword. —  2.  An 
obsolete  niilitarv  weapon,  consist- 
ing of  a  broad  liook-shaiied  blade, 
having  a  short  pike  at  the  back 
and  another  at  the  summit,  fixed 
to  a  long  handle.  It  was  used  until  the 
century  by  the  English  infantry,  especially  ill 


bile,  niarked  by  anorexia,  furred  tongue,  a  bad  ^jj^i  (j^;])^  „      [^  mk_  j,7/_  m^  mif,  hUc,  <  AS. 


taste  in  the  mouth,  dull  headache,  drowsiness 
disturbed  sleep,  with  general  malaise  and  de- 
pression. It  la  peculiarly  amenable  t<i  mercurial  ca- 
thartic!. Thin  slate  seems  to  depend  on  a  subacute  dys- 
pepsia, with  possibly  a  derangement  uf  the  elaboratlvo 
functions  uf  the  liver. 

3.  Suffering  from  biliousness. — 4.  Figurative- 
ly, choleric;  testy;  cross. 

Controversy  seems  altogether  to  have  been  the  very 
breath  fif  hlx  nostrils  ;  he  was  railed,  and  not  without  rea- 
•on,  "bitiout  Hale.'       A.  H'.  Ward,  fing.  liram.  Lit., I.  l().'i. 

At  constant  quarrel  with  the  angry  and  biliou*  Island 
leglalaturc,  Emfrmn,  West  Indian  Eniancl|mtion. 

Bargain  struck, 

They  straight  grow  tntitnu,  wished  their  money  back, 

Kelxlitcd  them,  no  doubt. 

Broirning,  Hlllg  and  llook,  I.  '216. 

blli0U8ne88(biryiiH-neH),  n.  (<  hilioun  +  -ness.] 
Ill"  condition  of  being  bilioim. 

blllphaein  (l>il-l-f6'in),  nr  [Also  written  bili- 
phi  in,  hiliiihain,  <  L.  biliii,  bile, -t-  dr.  ^«if, 
dii.iky,  ijnii-gniy,  +  -in"^.]  A  name  foniiorly 
given  111  an  impure  bilirubin.    Also  rlndniiluein. 

bilipraBin  'hil-i-pru'Hin),  «.  [<  L.  bilis,  liile,  + 
rrii^iiiii,  II  leek  (see  firiisr,  jirn.mn),  +  -in".]  A 
bile-|.it'i"eiit,  found  in  hiiinnii  giillMlones  and 
in  til"  liile  of  neat  lallle,  mid  retarded  hy  some 
millioritiiB  «H  identical  with  liiliverdin. 

Ullpurpin  (bil-i-p^r'pin),  «.  [<  I-  bilis,  bile, 
-♦•  jiiirpturii),  piir|ple  color,  +  -in'^.]  A  purple 
comi.oiiM.I  olilftiiied  from  liiliverdin.  See  bile- 
piqini  II '. 

nllnibln  (tiil-i-rirbin),  n.  (<  L.  Wit,  bilo,  + 
■ntb(er),  rod,  +  -<«*.]    A  red  bile-pigniont,  the 


bile,  beak,  also  used  of  an  elephant's  jiroboscis; 
not  found  in  otlii'r 
"Teut.  languages;  iirob. 
connected  with  bill-. 
The  Ir.  (iael.  bil,  beak, 
moutli,  is  aiijiar.  of  K. 
oritfin.]  1.  Tliebciikor 
nel)  of  a  bird.  Ii  consists 
of  the  upper  iiiul  lower  man- 
dibles, so  lur  li-s  these  are 
sheathed  in  hoi-n.  The  ap- 
posed edges  of  the  iiiandibles 

are  the  tolniil  ;  the  line  of 
»Iipc»sitioii,  the  rinniniiiniirr ; 
the  highest  midille  lenglh- 
wlse  line  of  the  iipiier  mandi- 
ble, thef»/i/i''n  or  ridge  ;  anil 
the  corresponding  line  of  the 
lower  lliatnllbh',  the  gtniymtv 
keel.  Tin-  ittmill  /lutml  is  a 
pit,  usually  close  to  the  base 
i>f  the  Upper  inandlbh',  in 
which  the  nostrils  open;  a 
sheath  at  the  base  of  the 
bill  Is  the  eere.  The  lending  shaiies  of  the  hill  among 
birds  are  teeliiilially  expresseil  by  derivatives  iinri  eom- 
jHiUiids  of  riMfruiii  (whbh  see),  as  ronlroslrni,  delillioB 
tral,  tenuirostral,  llsslrostral,  eiiivlro.tnii,  prisslroslial, 
Uiiiglrostral,  eultrirostral,  himelllroslral,  etc,;  ami  many 
other  descriptive  teniis  arc  eiiuiilly  teehiilcnl  in  this  ap 
plication. 

Tile  hilt  Is  halKl  and  inoulh  In  one;  Hie  Inslrui it  of 

Iirehonslon.     As  hand.  It  takes,  h.dds.  and  i  arrles  tooil  „r 

other  substances,  and  In  iiiaiiy  Install (eels ;  as  mouth.  It 

tears,  cut*,  or  crushes,  ii.cirdliig  to  the  iintnre  of  the  siili- 
stnnees  Uken:  assuming  the  (unctions  of  bidli  lips  and 
teeth   neither  of  which  do  any  recent  birds  possess. 

Couu,  Key  lo  N,  A.  lllrds,  p.  100. 


J 

Dlagraiii  of  Bill. 
a,  upper  iiiADchhlc :  #.  ciiliiicn  ; 
e,  nnhjilf<»wi ;  it,  nofttrll ;  /,cnm- 
miuuriil  uoliil;  /,  »ip|>cr  t„iiit- 
uiii :  jr.  (icluhi  A,  forehead;  i', 
rotiiut :  J.  lower  lomium ;  ,*, 
gonys :  /,  lower  mondiltle. 


Old  Englisli 
Bil),  time  of 
Elizabeth. 

Ilfte .,    .,,, „ ...    - 

defending  tlieniselves  against  cavalry,  and  to  the  end  ol 
the  .srvcnteenth  century  by  civic  guards  or  watchmen,  etc. 
They  were  formerlv  scuiietimes  called  bniwn-bilUi  or  black- 
bill.1.  probuldy  because  not  brightened,  hut  colored  like 
tile  modern  rillebarrcl. 

I  cannot  sec  how  sleejiing  should  olfeiid.  only  have  » 
care  that  yourdi'ifs  be  not  stolen.    Slink.,  Much  Ado,  lil^S, 

Make  us  n  round  ring  with  your  hill.<,  my  Hectors, 
And  let  us  see  what  this  trim  man  dares  do. 

Ilenii.  anil  Fl..  I'hilaster,  v,  t. 

3.  A  cutting  instrument  with  a  blade  hook- 
slmped  toward  the  (loint,  or  having  a  concave 
cutting  edge,  used  by  (iliimbers,  basket-mak- 
ers, gardeners,  anil  ol  hers.  Such  instriimeiits,  when 
used  liv  gardeners  [or  pi  lining  IiedgcH,  trees,  etc..  arccalleil 
heilyc-billii  or  bill-hookn.     -See  bHI-hook. 

The  shomaker  must  not  goe  aboue  his  liitchel,  nor  the 
hedgcr  meddle  with  anv  thing  Init  his  '.i7. 

Lilly,  r.Mphues,  Anat.  of  Wit.  p.  SW. 

4.  A  pickax;  a  mattock.— 6.  Saut.:  (a)  The 
point  or  extremity  of  the  lluko  of  an  anchor. 
(/))  Tlie  end  of  compass- or  knee-timber.  BOW» 
and  bills.    .'<ee  (.i.w  ■-'. 

bill-'  (bin,  n.  |<ME.  bille,  a  letter,  writing, 
<  AF.  bille,  <  ML,  (Anglo-li,)  billa,  a  writing, 
also  a  seal,  niiotlier  form  of  bulla,  a  writing,  nn 
edict,  pro]i,  a  sealed  writing,  a  luirticular  use 
of  bulla,  n  seal.  Htiim(i,  same  as  1,,  bulla,  a  bosn, 
knoll,  stud,  liiililile;  hence  Uidl'^.  of  uliich  /)(«» 
is  a  doublet,]  It.  A  writing  of  any  I'j"''.  i"*  * 
will,  a  medical  proscription,  i"tc. ;  a  billet, 

llis(o7( 
In  which  that  he  Iwrlten  had  bis  will. 

Chaiicrr,  Menbants  Tale,  I.  DOS. 
The  I'ntlciit  sendeth  for  a  riiyslcbiii.  who  fccleth  lil» 
I'ulse  anil  .  .  .  then  preserlbeth  a  Uecelpt  In  a  Bill. 

CumeniuH.  Visible  World,  p,  188. 

2t.   A  written  iiotilion;  ii  iirayer. 

And  Ibalinrcolne  Pees  illlo  pilllcMirliliilld  put  forth  aWb.  • 

How  Wrollge  ajellles  his  willc  had  his  wyf  taken. 

I'iera  Jiloteman  (B),  Iv.  47- 


bill 

8.  In  laic,  a  name  fjiven  to  several  papers  in 

lawsuits  ;  particularly,  when  used  alone,  to  the 
hill  in  equity  or  bill  of  indictment  (see  below). 
It  is  a  statement  of  complaint,  and  contains  the  fact  com- 
plained of,  the  damage  sustained,  and  a  petition  or  process 
against  the  (ieferulunt  for  redress.  It  is  used  both  in  equity 
and  in  criminal  cases.  In  Scots  laio,  every  summary  appli- 
cation in  writing,  by  way  of  petition  to  the  Court  of  .Ses- 
sion, is  called  a  bill. 

4.  In  com. J  a  written  statement  of  the  names, 
quantities,  and  prices  of  articles  sold  by  one 
person  to  another,  with  the  date  of  sale,  or  a 
statement  of  work  done,  with  the  amount 
charged  j  an  account  of  money  claimed  for 
goods  supplied  or  services  rendered. 

Why,  please,  ma'am,  it  is  only  thy  little  bill,  a  very 
Braall  account;  I  wanted  thee  to  settle. 

tiuoted  in  Lady  Holland's  Sydney  Smith,  vii. 

6.  An  acknowledgment  of  debt;  a  promissory 
note :  now  obsolete  except  as  sometimes  used, 
especially  in  the  United  States,  for  hank-note. 
See  10. — 6.  A  bill  of  exchange  (which  see, 
below). —  7.  Any  wi-itten  paper  containing  a 
stateivient  of  }Kirticulars :  as,  a  hill  of  charges 
or  expenditures ;  a  hill  of  fare  or  provisions, 
etc. — 8.  A  form  or  draft  of  a  proi»osed  statute 
presented  to  a  legislature,  but  not  yet  enacted 
or  passed  and  made  law.  in  some  cases  statutes  are 
called  bills,  but  usually  they  are  qualified  by  some  de- 
Bcription  :  as,  a  bill  of  attainder. 

9.  A  paper  written  or  printed,  and  intended 
to  give  public  notice  of  something,  especially 
by  being  exhibited  in  some  public  j>laee ;  an  ad- 
vertisement posted;  a  placard. — 10.  A  bank- 
note :  usually  with  its  amount :  as,  a  five-dollar 

hill.  [U.  S-]— Accommodation  bill.  See  accymmtJ- 
da^toyi.—  Appropriation  bill.    See  a-ppnipriatioa.  —  k'p- 

proved  bill  or  note.  See  rt^/^mud.— Bank  post-bill, 
a  bill  for  a  sum  not  less  than  £10  issued  by  the  Iiank 
of  England  without  charge,  payable  at  seven  days'  si^^lit 
and  accepted  at  time  of  drawing,  for  conveniLiicc  in  re- 
mitting by  post.  Bills  of  this  kind  originated  in  1738, 
when  mail-robberies  were  frequent  in  England,  and  are 
not  now  in  use. —  Bill  in  eqidty,  in  an  equity  suit,  the 
pleading  in  which  the  plaintiff  sets  forth  the  circum- 
stances on  which  he  bases  his  claim  for  relief.  It  corre- 
sponds to  the  complaint  or  declaration  at  common  law. 

—  Bill  of  adventure,  a  writing  signed  by  a  merchant, 
ship-owner,  or  master  to  show  that  goods  shipped  on  board 
a  certain  vessel  are  at  the  venture  of  another  person,  he 
himself  being  answerable  only  for  their  delivery. — Bill  of 
credit,  (a)  A  letter  sent  by  an  agent  or  other  person  to 
a  merchant  requesting  him  to  give  credit  to  the  bearer  for 
goods  or  money,  (b)  Paper  issued  by  the  authority  and 
on  the  faith  of  a  State  to  be  circulated  as  money.  The 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  (Art.  I.  §  10)  provides 
that  no  State  shall  emit  bills  of  credit,  or  make  anything 
but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts. 

Mr.  Bancroft  shows  by  a  careful  upturning  of  the  colo- 
nial records  that  bills  of  credit  were  nothing  else  than 
Government  legal-tender  notes.  The  Century,  XXXII.  160. 
Bill  of  debt,  an  old  term  including  promissory  notes  and 
bonds  fur  the  payment  of  money.  — Bill  Of  entry,  a  writ- 
ten account  of  goods  entered  at  the  custom-house,  whether 
imported  or  intended  for  export.— Bill  of  exceptions. 
See  exception.^'R)M  Of  exchange,  an  order  in  writing, 
addressed  by  one  person  to  another,  to  pay  on  demand  or 
at  a  tlxed  or  determinable  future  time  a  certain  sum  in 
money  to  a  specified  person  or  to  his  order.  Every  com- 
pleted bill  of  exchange  should  bear  on  its  face  the  follow- 
ing :  (a)  three  names,  namely,  those  of  the  drawer,  the 
drawee,  and  the  payee ;  (6)  the  sum  to  be  paid;  (o)  two 
dates,  namely,  the  date  of  drawing  and  a  time  for  pay- 
ment or  the  means  of  determining  the  time,  as  where  the 
bill  is  payable  at  sight  or  a  certain  time  after  sight,  that 
is,  presentment;  (d)  the  place  where  it  is  drawn.  If  the 
drawer  and  drawee  are  the  same  person,  even  in  legal 
effect  of  name,  as  where  a  corporation  by  one  officer 
draws  on  itself  by  naming  another  officer,  as  such,  as  the 
payee,  the  paper  is  not  a  bill  of  exchange,  but  a  mere 
draft  or  promissory  note.  The  drawer  and  the  payee, 
however,  may  be  the  same,  as  where  one  draws  to  his  own 
order  and  indorses  to  a  third  person.  If  the  paper  is  not 
payable  alisolutely,  as  where  it  is  expressed  to  be  paya- 
ble only  out  of  a  particular  fund,  it  is  not  a  bill  of  ex- 
change ;  but  a  payment  absolutely  ordered  may  be  di- 
rected to  be  charged  to  a  particular  account  of  the  drawer. 
The  words  "value  received  "  are  usually  inserted,  hut  are 
not  essential  to  validity.  The  drawee  of  a  bill  becomes 
liable  by  accepting  it,  usually  done  by  writing  his  name 
across  its  face,  and  he  is  thereafter  called  the  accepter;  but 
a  bill  is  negotiable  before  acceptance.  In  a  foreign  bill 
of  exchange,  the  drawer  and  drawee  are  residents  of  differ- 
ent countries.  In  tliis  respect,  in  the  United  States,  the 
residents  of  tliedittVrnit  States  are  foreign  to  one  another, 

—  Bills  Of  exchange  acts,  a  short  name  by  which  are 
known  sevt-ral  British  statutes  (1S71.  1S7S.  and  1882),  the 
last  of  which  codifies  the  whole  body  of  British  law  re- 
lating to  negotiable  paper.— Bill  of  fare,  in  a  hotel  or 
restaurant,  a  list  of  dishes  to  be  served  in  due  course  at  a 
regular  meal,  or  which  may  be  ordered.  — Bill  Of  health, 
a  certificate  signed  by  a  consul  or  other  autliority  as  to 
the  health  of  a  sliips  company  at  the  time  of  her  clear- 
ing any  port  or  place.  A  clean  bill  imports  that  the  ship 
sailed  at  a  time  when  no  infectious  disorder  was  supposed 
to  exist;  a  suspected  or  touched  bill  imports  that  there 
were  rumors  of  such  a  disorder,  but  that  it  had  not  ap- 
peared ;  tifoal  bill,  or  the  absence  of  a  clean  bill,  imports 
that  the  place  of  (leparture  was  infected  when  the  vessel 
left.— Bill  of  indictment.  See  indictment.— THU  of 
lading,  a  rL-ct-ipt  for  goods  delivered  to  a  carrier  for 
transportation.  It  is  usually  of  goods  shipped  on  board 
of  a  vessel  and  signed  by  the  master  of  the  vessel,  ac- 
knowledging the  receipt  of  the  goods,  and  usually  prom- 
iBing  to  deliver  them  in  good  condition  at  the  place  di- 


553 

reeled,  dangers  of  the  sea,  the  act  of  God,  perils  of  war, 

etc.,  excepted.  In  foreign  trade  they  are  UHually  ilrawn 
up  in  triplicaUis,  one  of  wliicli  goes  to  the  nhipiier,  one  to 
the  consignee,  and  one  is  ndained  by  the  master.  Often 
abbreviated  />■.  /..  — Bills  Of  Lading  Act.  a  British  stat- 
ute of  185.'),  vesting  riglits  under  bills  of  lading  in  the 
consignee  or  indorsee,  but  reserving  riglitoi  ^loppa^'f  in 
transitu  and  chums  for  freight.  Similar  statiiti-s  in  ntlu-r 
jurisdictions  are  variously  known.— Bill  ol  mortality. 
Sec  uifyrtality.—'RWX  of  paxcels,  an  ac<<iunt  giv.;n  l)y  the 
seller  to  the  buyer,  containing  particulars  of  the  goods 
bought  and  of  their  prices;  an  invoice.  Bill  of  particu- 
lars, u  writing  setting  forth  in  d«tail  tbt-  luirtifMibirfi  of  :i 
matter  stated  in  a  more  g'inr:il  form  in  a  pb-adint;.  — Bill 
Of  Rights.  («)  An  Engli.sh  statute  r.f  i(i^;t  (i  W m.  and 
Mary,  Sess.  2,  c.  2)de(  binng  tin-  rights  utid  hliirtics  of  the 
subject,  and  settling  tbLSUi_ccssi<in  of  the  crown  in  William 
of  Orange  and  Mary,  and  to  the  rightful  heirs  of  tb--  lat- 
ter, but  excluding  any  being  Koinan  i'atholics;  it  also 
provided  that  Protestants  might  have  in  their  possession 
arms  for  defense  suitalile  to  their  (-onditious.  <^)  A  simi- 
lar statement  or  declaration  of  personal  rights  in  the 
constitution  of  a  State  of  the  American  Union,  and  incor- 
porated in  the  amendments  to  tiie  Constitution  of  the 
United  States.— Bill  Of  sale,  a  formal  instrument  for 
the  conveyance  or  transfer  of  personal  cliattels,  as  house- 
hold furniture,  stock  in  a  shop,  shares  of  a  ship,  or  the  like. 
It  is  often  given  to  a  creditcu-  in  security  for  money  bor- 
rowed, or  an  obligation  otherwise  incurred.  When  it  ex- 
pressly empowers  the  receiver  to  sell  the  goods  if  the 
money  is  not  repaid  with  interest  at  the  appointed  tinu-, 
or  the  obligation  not  otherwise  discharged,  the  eoTitract 
is  commonly  called  in  the  United  States  a  chattH  in»rt- 
gayc,  not  a  bill  of  sale.—  Bills  of  sale  acts,  a  iKime  ^dven 
to  several  English  statutes  ( i  ^7s,  1^7:i,  l^^J.aml  1>>.:1),  regu- 
lating bills  of  sale,  esi^'ciatly  when  given  without  trans- 
ferrin^r  ]•■ -ssession  of  the  property,  ami  requiring  a  schedule 
and  re-l^tI;ltiMlt,  for  the  prevention  of  fraud  on  creditors, 

—  Bill  of  sight,  a  form  of  entry  at  a  custom-house  by 
which  goods  respecting  which  the  importer  has  not  the 
full  particulars  may  lie  provisionally  lauded  for  examina- 
tion. —  Bill  of  stores,  a  license  granted  at  a  custom-house 
to  merchaut-shii)3  to  carry  stores  and  provisions  for  their 
voyage  duty-free.—  Bill  Of  sufferance,  a  coasting  license 
to  trade  from  port  to  port  witliout  paying  customs  duty, 
the  dutialile  iroods  Itt-ing  loaded  and  landed  at  suff'erance 
wharfs,— Bill  payable,  bill  receivable,  a  bill  of  ex- 
change, proniissory  note,  or  other  commercial  paper.  It 
is  called  a  bill  payable  by  the  peison  wlio  is  to  pay  it,  and 
a  bill  -receivable  by  the  person  who  holds  it.  Separate  ac 
counts  under  these  names  are  usually  kept  in  mercantile 
books.— Blackstone's  Hard-labor  Bill,  an  English  stat- 
ute of  177!>  (lU  Geo.  III.,  c,  74)  relating  to  the  transporta- 
tion, imprisonment,  and  punishment  of  convicts.  It  es- 
tablished "penitentiary  houses,"  required  that  prisoners 
should  be  put  to  severe  work  according  to  their  ability 
and  be  separately  confined  when  at  rest,  and  prescribed 
minute  regulations  for  their  care  and  control,— Bland 
Silver  Bill,  a  United  States  statute  of  1878  (20  Stat.,  2r.) : 
so  called  from  its  author,  Richard  P.  Bland,  a  member  of 
the  House  from  Missouri.  It  reestablished  the  silver  dol- 
lar containing  412^  grains  troy  of  standard  silver  as  a  legal 
tender ;  but  its  special  feature  was  a  clause  requiring  the 
Treasury  to  purchase  every  month  not  less  than  two  mil- 
lion nor  more  than  four  million  dollars'  worth  of  silver 
bullion  and  to  coin  it  into  dollars, — Boston  Port  Bill,  an 
English  statute  of  1774  (14  Geo.  III.,  c.  19)  incited  by  the 
destruction  of  tea  in  Boston  harbor.  It  closed  tliepoi  t  of 
Boston  to  trade,  allowing  the  admission  only  of  food  and 
fuel  brought  from  other  parts  of  America.  — Creditor's 
bill.  See  c/-(''//^'r.— Deceased  Wife's  Sister  Bill,  a  I'ill 
repeatedly  introduced  into  the  British  I'ailianient  to  ab- 
rogate the  rule  of  English  law  which  forbids  a  widower  to 
marry  the  sister  of  his  deceased  wife.  In  the  summer  of 
1806  it  passed  its  tliiid  reading  in  the  House  of  Lords. — 
Deficiency  bilL  (a)  A  short  loan  or  advance  made  to  the 
British  governnieut  by  the  Bank  uf  England  whenever  the 
taxes  received  are  insufficient  to  pay  the  dividends  due  on 
government  stocks,  {b)  A  legislative  bill  appropriating 
aa  amount  of  money  required  to  make  up  a  deficiency. — 
Exchequer  bilL  See  exchequer.—  General  Deficiency 
Bill,theuame  of  that  one  of  the  appropriation  bills  passed 
by  Congress  which  covers  the  deficiencies  of  previous  ap- 
propriation bills.—  Home-Rule  Bill,  («)  A  bill  intro- 
duced into  the  British  Parliament  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  in 
I8S6,  to  provide  a  separate  parliament  for  Ireland.  It  was 
defeated  in  its  second  reading,  June  7, 1886.  ('')  A  simi- 
lar bill  introduced  by  Mr.  Gladstone  on  Feb,  13, 1893.  and 
defeated  In  the  House  of  Lords  t)n  Sept,  8. — Jew  BiU,  aa 
EiTglish  statuteof  1753(repealed  in  1754)  enidding  Jewswho 
were  foreigners  to  be  natur.i  I  ized  without  first  partaking  of 
the  sacrament.  — Kansas-Nebraska  BiU,  an  act  of  the 
United  States  Congress  of  1854  for  the  oigauization of  the 
Territories  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska.  It  abrogated  that  pro- 
vision of  the  Missouri  compromise  of  1820  which  foriiade 
slavery  north  of  latitude  o(i'  30'  (the  southern  boundary  of 
Missouri),  left  the  decision  of  all  questions  as  to  slavery 
in  the  TeiTitories  or  States  formed  from  them  to  the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  people  residing  there,  extended  the 
fugitive -slave  law  to  these  Ten-itories,  and  allowed  appeal 
in  cases  affecting  the  title  to  slaves  from  the  local  courts 
to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  The  political  conse- 
quences of  the  bill  were  most  important,  causing  the  de- 
struction of  the  Whig  party  and  the  struggle  between  the 
proslavery  and  antislavery  parties  for  the  control  of  the 
Territories,  which  culminated  in  the  war  of  secession  and 
the  total  abolition  of  slavery,— Ori^al  bill  in  equity, 
in  law,  a  bill  of  complaint  originating  a  litigation;  one 
not  connected  with  a  previous  bill,  as  distinguished  from 
one  growing  out  of  a  matter  before  litigated  in  the  court 
by  the  same  person  standing  in  the  same  interests.— Pen- 
dleton Bill,  a  I'liited  States  statute  of  1SS3  (22  Stat.,  403) 
regulatinL.'  and  improving  the  ci%il  service  :  so  called  after 
its  promoter,  Senator  George  H.  Pendleton  of  Ohio.  It 
provides  for  the  competitive  examination  of  applicants  for 
office,  and  tbeir  appointment  to  vacancies  according  to 
their  grade  as  estal)lished  by  the  examining  commission. 

—  Poland  Bill,  a  rnited  States  statute  of  1874  (18  Stat., 
253),  so  called  after  its  author,  Luke  P.  Poland,  a  member  of 
the  House  of  Kepresentatives  from  Vermont,  the  design  of 
which  was  to  render  effective  the  authority  of  the  officers 
and  courts  of  the  United  States  in  the  Territory  of  Utah, 
by  prescribing  the  duties  of  the  United  States  marshal 


billet 

and  attorney,  the  jiirisdictiuii  of  tlie  courts,  the  inipanei- 
iiiKof  juritiH,  ai»iir;ilH,  etc.  -Private  bill,  an  act  of  a  legis- 
lature wiiich  (IcalK  with  the  rit,'hts  rjf  a  siiiyle  individual 
or  asBociatiuii,  or  of  a  f;rouj>  rjf  iii(iividual»,  a.**  distinguish- 
ed from  one  affecting  tile  cominuuity  generally,  or  all  per- 
sons of  a  siiccified  class  or  locality.  It  is  regarded  rather 
as  it)  the  nature  of  a  judicial  award  r»r  decree  than  as  a 
statute;  or  law,  -  To  enter  a  bill  short.  Hee  «n(er.  — Ta 
note  a  bill  of  exchange.  See  n<iU',  c.  t.  [Kor  other 
noted  bills  on  parlirular  sulijects,  such  xs  Itf^/orm  Hill,  see 
the  word  characterizing  the  hill.  For  others  better  known 
by  the  term  ai-t,  xtatntr,  4-tc. ,  see  tlujse  wrjrds. ) 
bilF  (bil),  V.  t.  [<  ij//:*,  M.]  1.  To  enter  in  a 
bill ;  make  a  bill  or  list  of;  charge  or  enter  in 
an  account  lor  future  payment :  as,  to  bill  goods 
or  freight  to  a  consignee ;  to  bill  passengers  in  a 
stage-coach;  to  bill  a  customer's  purchases. 
See  600/1;,  V.  t. 

Parties  in  the  United  States  having  goods  to  ship  to 
Corea  may,  aa  heretofore,  have  them  hilUd  to  Yokohama 
by  American  or  other  lines  and  then  rebilled  to  Corea. 

U.  S.  Cons.  Hep. ,  No.  73,  p.  cxli. 

2.  To  advertise  by  l)ill  or  public  notice;  an- 
nounce on  a  play-bill :  as,  he  was  billed  to 
appear  as  Othello. 
blip  (bil),  M.  [Var.  of  E.  dial,  beel,  heal,  <  beal, 
v.,  var.  of  ieH2.]  A  bellow  or  roar:  applied  tO' 
the  boom  of  the  bittern. 

The  bittern's  hollow  hill  was  heard. 

Wordttworlh,  Evening  Walk. 

billagel  (bil'ii.i),  v.  [E.  dial.,  prob.  <  ML.  hir- 
Icfjia:  see  bii-Uni\']  A  inethod  of  settling  dis- 
putes about  boundaries  by  arbitration.  [Local, 
Eng.  (Kent).] 

billagC't,  "•  and  V.     A  corruption  of  bilge. 

billard  (bil'ard),  n.  [See  ii/.]  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  eoalfish. 

Billbergia  (bil-b&r'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
J.  G.  liillbcrg.  a  Swedish  botanist.]  A  genus 
of  epiphytic  plants,  natural  order  Uronieliacew. 
There  are  'M  sjiecie-s,  with  crowded  spinosely  serrate  leaves 
and  iiaiiicled  or  racemose  Howers.  They  grow  on  trees  in 
trnpiial  .Uiieriia,  and  liave  been  introduced  into  hothouses 
for  the  sake  of  their  beautiful  and  fi'agrant  flowers. 

bill-boardl  (bil'bord),  »i.  [<  bill-  +  borird.'] 
Naut.,  a  projection  sheathed  with  iron  placed 

abaft    the    cathead,  

for  the  bill  of  the  an- 
chor to  rest  on.  See 
nnc]i(ir-liiii)iff. 

bill-boards  (bil'- 
bord), n.  [<  bilia  + 
board.}  A  board  or 
tablet  on  which  ad- 
vertising bills  or  pla- 
cards may  be  posted. 

bill-book  (bil'bilk), 
n.  A  book  in  which 
a  merchant  keeps  a 


1,  Bill-board  ;  =.  Bill-port. 


record  of  the  details  of  his  bills  of  exchange, 
promissory  notes,  etc.,  payable  and  receivable. 

bill-broker  (birbr6"ker),  «.  One  whose  busi- 
ness it  is  to  negotiate  the  discount  of  bills  of 
exchange,  either  simply  as  agent  or  by  buying 
and  selling  again,  with  or  without  a  guaranty. 
[British.] 

bill-chamber  (bil'cham'ber),  «.  [<  bill^  + 
chamlwr.']  A  department  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion in  Scotland  in  which  one  of  the  judges 
officiates  at  all  times  during  session  and  vaca- 
tion. All  proceedings  for  summary  remedies  or  for  pro- 
tection against  some  threatened  action,  as,  for  example, 
interdicts,  begin  in  the  bill-chamber.  The  process  of  se- 
questration or  bankruptcy  issues  from  this  department  of 
the  court. 

billed  (bild),  a.  [ME.  Ullid ;  <  biin  +  -ft?2.] 
Furnished  with  or  having  a  bill  or  beak:  used 
chiefly  in  composition  :  as,  a  short-6/7/ed  bird. 

billementt,  ».     See  biUment. 

billetl  (bil'et),  »(.  [<  JIE.  biUette.  <  AP.  billette 
(ML.  billeta,  F.  billet,  billette),  dim.  of  bille,  a 
writing:  see  bill^.J  1.  A  small  paper  or  note  in 
writing;  a  short  letter  or  document. 

I  got  your  melancholy  billet  before  we  sat  down  to  din- 
ner. Sterne,  Letters,  Ixxxiv. 

2.  A  ticket  given  by  a  bUlet-master  or  other 
officer  directing  the  person  to  whom  it  is  ad- 
dressed to  provide  board  and  lodging  for  the 
soldier  bearing  it. 

The  soldiers  distributed  themselves  among  the  houses 
of  the  most  opulent  citizens,  no  one  escaping  a  bilht  who 
was  rich  enough  to  receive  such  company. 

llollc;/,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  517. 

Hence — 3.  The  place  where  a  soldier  is  lodged; 
lodging;  accommodation. — 4.  The  place  (mark- 
ed by  a  numbered  hammock-hook)  assigned  to 
each  of  the  crew  of  a  man-of-war  for  slinging 
his  hammock.  Hence — 5.  A  place,  situation, 
position,  or  appointment:  as,  he  is  looking 
foT  abillet.      [Vulgar.]— 6+.    A  ballot  or  vot- 

ing-paper.^Act  of  Billets  (Scotch  Parliament.  1662), 
a  measure  by  which  the  twelve  persons  exempted  from 


the  Kir 
.V.  E.  1 


lUle: 


Three  Billets  azure 
in  chief. 


biUet 

were  to  bt  chosen  by  secret  voting. 

change.    [F.J    In  late,  a  contract  to 

-!iye  :  a  contract  to  pay  the  value  uf 

-..„^  :ili-eady  fumishetl.     /JuwnVr.— Every 

■  s  billet,  ever>"  Imllet  has  its  destination  :l-;- 

■-.uJy  those  are  killed  in  battle  whose  death 

,<-d  bv  Providence  :  a  saying  attributed  to 

III.  of  England. 

ct).  f.     [<  bmet\  )!.]     I.  trans.   To 

"direct  (a  soldier)  by  a  ticket  or  note  where  to 
lodge:  hence,  to  quarter  or  place  in  lodgings, 
as  soldiers  in  private  houses. 

Betire  thee  ;  go  where  thou  art  bitUted. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iL  3. 
If  at  home  any  peace  were  intended  «s.  what  meant 
those  bUUIed  Soldiers  in  all  pans  of  the  Kingdom,  and 
the  design  of  German  Horse,  to  subdue  us  in  our  jwace- 
full  Houses';  Jliltun,  Eikonoklastes,  ix. 

The  rude,  insolent,  unpaid  and  therefore  insubordinate 
soldier^'  were  bitUted  in  everj-  house  in  the  city. 

ilotteii,  Dutch  KepuWic,  II.  2S9. 
n.  intrans.    To  be  quartered;   lodge:   spe- 
cifically applied  to  soldiers. 
He  bilUtt  in  my  lodgings.  Dr.  Prideaux,  To  Abp.  I'ssher. 
tillet^  (bil'et),  n.     [Also  hiUot,  <  ME.  billettc, 
byli  t,  <  OF.  billete,  F.  billette,  also  billot,  a  block 
or  log  of  wood,  diminutives  of  billc,  <  ML.  billits, 
a  log.  a  stock  of  a  tree ;  origin  uuknown.     Cf . 
billiards.]    1.  A  small  stick  of  wood;  especial- 
ly, a  stick  of  wood  cut  for  fuel.    A  billet  of  flre- 
woikI  must,  by  a  statute  of  Elizabeth,  measure  3  feet  4 
inches  in  length.  Bundles  of  billets  are  called  bilM-icood. 
What  aliall  these  billetii do?  be  pild  in  my  wood-yard? 
Btau.  and  t'L,  King  and  .No  King,  v.  3. 
He  slept  on  the  ground,  or  on  the  hard  floor,  with  a  bit- 
Ut  of  wood  for  his  pillow.       Prenxtt.  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  5. 

2.  In  her.,  a  bearing  in  the  form  of  a  small 
rectangle,  usually  set  with  the  long  sides  verti- 
cal. Tlic  immlter,  jiosition,  and  tincture  must  always  be 
specilled  :  thus,  the  illustration  shows 

three  billeU  azure  in  chief.     Billets    <^ ^ 

should  always  be  represented  flat,  with- 
out shadow  or  relief.     .See  brick',  4. 

3.  In  arch.:  (a)  An  ornament 
much  used  in  early  medieval 
work,  consisting  of  an  imitation 
of  a  wooden  billet,  or  a  small 
section  of  a  rotl,  of  which  a  se- 
ries arc  placed  at  regular  inter- 
val.s  in  or  upon  a  molding,  usu- 
allv  a  concave  molding.  See  cut  under  billet- 
moliling.  (b)  A  checker.— 4.  A  short  strap 
used  for  connecting  various  straps  and  portions 
of  a  harness. — 5.  A  pocket  or  loop  into  which 
the' end  of  a  strap  is  inserted  after  passing 
through  a  buckle. —  6.  A  small  bloom;  a  short 
bar  of  iron  or  steel,  with  a  square  section,  and 
of  smaller  size  than  an  ordiuar^V  "pile."  A  billet 
M  rolle'l  of  the  size  and  weight  required  for  the  finished 
article  » liich  is  to  be  produced  from  it.  —  Billet  and  Zig- 
zag, a  fre4iuent  inoliling  in  medieval  archilcclnre.  consist- 
ing  of  a  torus  onianiented  Ity  alternate  checkers.  —  Cast 
billet, a  nii>denite.size'i  billet,  formerly,  liylaw,  lu  inches 
in  circumference.— Single  billet,  a  siimll  billet,  former- 
ly, by  law,  71  Inches  in  circumference.— Two-cast  billet, 
a  large  billet,  fonnerly,  by  law,  14  inches  in  circunifer- 
ence. 

billet^  fbil'ct),  n.  [Cf.  billard  and  bU.\  A 
local  Kiiglish  name  of  the  coal-fish,  especially 
whin  iiiio  vi'iir  old. 

blllet-cable(bil'et-ka'bl),H.  [<}>iUefi+  cable.) 
A  nioldirig  oci'urring  iu  early  medieval  archi- 
tecture, consisting  of  a  torus  or  cable  orna- 
mented with  billets. 

billet-doux  (bil-e-do'),  II.;  \>\.  hilleti-doiix.    [F. ; 

lit.,  Mwiit  li-ltor:  billet,  sec  billill,  n. ;  (Inux,  <  L. 

dutcDi,  sweet.]    A  love-note  or  .short  love-letter. 

ValrntlncHDay  kept  courting  pretty  May,  who  sate  next 

hltn,  Mllpping  amorouM  biUetg-ilnux  under  the  table. 

Lamb,  New  Year's  Cointng  of  Age. 

billetde  (bil-e-ta'),  a.  [F.  biUctf,  -(c,  <  billette: 
••••o  hilh  I'-.)     In  hir.,  sumo  as  billi  li/. 

billet-head  fbil'rt-hcd),  «.  [<  bilbr-:  +  hentl] 
1.  \<iiit. :  I  a)  A  (^yliiidriciil  piece  of  limber  fixed 
ill  the  bow  or  stern  of  a  wliiiling-lioiit,  round 
wliicli  till,  linn  iH  run  out  when  the  wliali-  darts 
off  nttor  biiiig  harpooni'd.  Also  ciillccl  Imllard. 
(hi  Siiiiio  iiM  itrroll-hrad. —  2.   A  loKK'Tlioiid. 

bllV""" '•'M  '  il'ot-ing-rol).  n,  [<  billilinff 
-t-  -iiii/i)  +  roll.]  A  Hit  of 
r  itti'iiinK  and  edtn'iK  grooves, 

nx-'l  111  f Til,'  iron  into  mercliaiilnble  bars. 

blllet-ma«t<«r  'bil'et-mhs'ter),  ».  One  whoso 
illotH  to  «ol(lii-r«. 

br.  il'it-mol'ding),  ii.  In  anh., 
iiiienteil 


bi      ■  X,   n.     Plural         ^^ 

bi.  -til.n.    [Bee     W^  i 


Hiiinn 

<,f  Do. 


ll||le^llloMlrlg. 


554 

field.  Also  called  billety  countcr-billety.  (b) 
Strewed  all  over  with  billets.  It  is  usual  to 
arrange  the  billets  alternately,  each  coming 
imder  a  space,  and  the  reverse. 

bill-fish  (bil'fish),  II.  [<  bill^  (cf.  its  L.  name, 
beloiie,  <  Gr.  iSc/.ovi/,  a  sharp  point)  +  .fe7i.]  1. 
The  long-nosed  gar,  or  common  garpike,  Lepi- 
dosteus  osseiis,  a  fish  of  the  family  Lepidosteida. 
See  garpike. — 2.  The  skipper,  Scombcresox  saii- 
riis,  a  synentognathous  fish  of  the  family  Scoiii- 
beresocidee  or  family  Exoeatida:.  Also  called 
saury. — 3.  The  spear-fish,  Tetrajitunis  albidus, 
of  the  family  Hiiitinithorid(F.  It  has  a  prolonged 
beak  like  a  swordlisb.  and  occurs  along  the  eastern  coast 
of  the  I'nited  .States  and  in  the  Caribbean  sea. 
4.  One  of  the  garfishes,  Tylosiiriis  loiigirostris, 
of  the  family  Seloiiidee.  See  gaijish,  and  cut 
under  Biloiiida: 

bill-hawk  (bil'hak),  )i.  A  form  of  saw-tooth, 
so  called  from  a  certain  resemblance  to  a  hawk's 
bill. 

bill-head  (bil'hed),  n.  [<  bill3  +  head.]  A 
printed  paper  containing  the  name,  address, 
and  business  of  a  person  or  firm,  etc.,  with 
space  below  for  adding  an  account  in  -^vriting. 

bill-hook  (birhiik).  «.  [<  bilP  +  hook.]  A 
form  of  small  hatchet  ciu-ved  inward 
at  the  point  of  the  cutting  edge,  used 
for  pruning  trees,  hedges,  ami  the 
like,  and  by  sappers  and  miners  to  cut 
pickets,  rods,  and  withes  for  gabions, 
fascines,  hurdles,  saprollers,  etc. 

billiard,  ".     See  billiards. 

billiard-ball  (bil'yard-bal),  n.  A 
small  round  ivory  ball  used  in  play- 
ing billiards. 

billiard-cloth  (bil'yiird-kloth),  n.    A 
tine  green  woolen  cloth,  piece-dyed, 
from  72  to  81  inches  wide,  manufacttired  to 
cover  billiard-tables. 

billiard-cue  (bil'yiird-ku),  «.  The  tapering 
stick  with  which  billiard-players  strike  the 
balls. 

billiardist  (bil'yiir-dist),  II.  [<  billiards  +  -ist.] 
One  skilled  in  the  game  of  billiards  ;  a  profes- 
sional billiard-player. 

billiard-marker  (biryarJ-mar"ker),  II.  1.  One 
who  attends  on  ]>layers  at  billiards  and  records 
the  progress  of  the  game. —  2.  An  apparatus 
for  registering  the  points  and  games  scored  at 
billiards. 

billiards  (bil'yiirdz),  n.  [Formerly  also  spelled 
billiard,  billyards  {-Hi-,  -lUj-,  to  indicate  the  for- 
m'er  pronunciation  of  F.  -//-),  billards,  etc. ;  <  F. 
billard,  billiards,  billiard-table,  formerly  a  bil- 
liard-cue, orig.  a  stick  with  a  curved  end,<  billc, 
a  log  of  wood,  a  young  stock  of  a  tree  (see  bil- 
Ut-);  a  different  "word  from  billc,  a  ball,  a  bil- 
liarcl-ball,  =  Sp,  lnlln  =  \\.  hilia,  biiilia;  ML,  billa, 
a  ball,  same  as  billa,  a  seal,  a  writing,  a  bill :  see 
biW^.]  A  game  played  by  two  or  more  persons, 
on  a  rectangular  table  of  special  construction 
(see  liilliard-tablc),  with  ivory  balls,  which  the 
players,  by  means  of  cues,  cause  to  strike 
against  each  other.  Formciiy  in  the  Initcd  states 
the  game  wa.s  played  with  four  balls  on  a  tabic  having  six 
pockets,  the  players  scoring  both  for  caroms  and  for  driv- 
ing the  balls  into  tile  pockets,  (See carom.)  This  is  nearly 
the  present  Eii'ilisli  <i(uiie.  Since,  however,  expert  jilnycrs 
could  continue  an  inning  at  the  game  thus  jilaycd  almost 
without  limit,  the  pockets  were  dispcnscil  with  and  count- 
ing was  made  to  depend  entirely  upon  caroms.  Later,  pro. 
fessiolial  players  adopted  what  Is  known  lui  the  Frrmh 
flaiiie,  in  which  only  three  balls  arc  useil.  anil  this  was  mod. 
Hied  to  the  chamjiion^'  iiamr,  in  which  a  line,  culled  a  bulk- 
fine,  is  drawn  crossing  t-ach  corner  of  the  tabic  iliugonally, 
within  which  two  counts  only  can  lu'  niiulc.  Ilxpcrls  now 
play  alsocHx/ii'on.cnrnnw,  in  which  the  cue-ball  must  touch 
the  cushion  before  hitting  the  second  object  ball,  or  lilt  the 
second  liall  again  tin  a  return  from  the  i-usliloii ;  the  balk- 
llnr  iiamr,  which  is  the  sainc  lus  the  champions'  game,  but 
with' balk-lines  14  inches  from  the  cushion  all  round  the 
table;  and  Ihv  liaiik'iiiuii\  in  which  the  ciicball  niusl  hit 
the  cushion  before  toiicblng  any  other  ball.  I'l'lo'  Blngiilar 
fonn,  f/iVfmn/,  Is  occasionally  used,  anil  Is  always  employed 
in  com]>oKltioii, 

With  aching  heart,  and  discontented  looks, 
Kctiims  at  noon  to  billiard  or  i**  books, 

Cou'jHtr,  Kellrement.  I 

billiard-table  (bil'vilrd-tii'bl),  n.  A  table  on 
whicli  the  game  of  lilliiiirdH  iK|)layed.  It  is  made 
of  iiialiouiiny  or  oilier  bard  wood,  of  sliong  and  heavy 
construction,  and  has  u  niliid  cuBliloncd  bduc  all  round, 
llie  area  thus  formed  consisting  of  a  bed  of  slalcor  liial  ble 
covered  with  line  gncn  clolll.  The  sl/e  varies,  Ihr'  snialb  n( 
cominoii  kIzi- being  in  by  r.  fic-t,  and  lln-largi-Bl  IJby  II  fe.  I. 
.Some  lalili'S  arc  jirovlded  with  six  poi  kel«,  one  at  ciii  h  cor 
neraml  one  In  the  inbldle  of  each  of  I  he  long  sides;  olhei-« 
li'ive  lour  pockets;  but  bllllald  lablcs  arc  now,  except  In 
I  iiLliind.  lommonly  made  wllhont  puckeU. 

billicock,  n.     Hee  bilhiciirk. 

billing  (bil'iiig),  II.  |1'pr,  of  /)///',  r,]  A  cnresH- 
iiit?  lifter  the  fasliiiiii  of  iIovih;  love-nuikiiig: 
as,  "your  Irillinyii  and  cooingB,"  Ixiiyh  Hunt. 


billowy 

billingsgate  (bil'ingz-gat),  II.  [Formerly  also  , 
Billin^fliitr.  Bfcliiigsijate,  <  ME.  Jtelliiigcs  f«(e, 
i.  e.,  Billings  gate  (cf.  AS.  Billiiiy,  a  patro- 
nvmic  name),  the  name  of  one  of  the  ancient 
gates  of  the  city  of  London,  and  of  a  fish- 
market  near  it,  iioted  for  the  foulness  of  the 
language  used  there.]  Profane  or  sciuTilous 
language  or  abuse ;  blackguardism. 

Satire  is  nothing  but  ribaldry  and  billingsgate. 

Addison.  Papers. 

billion  (bil'yon),  n.  [F.,  contracted  from  *W- 
iiiillidii,  <  L.i/-,  tvrice  (second  power),  -\-  F.  mil- 
lion, million.]  1.  In  Great  Britain,  a  million 
of  millions ;  as  many  millions  as  there  are  units 
in  a  million  (1,000,000,000,000).— 2.  In  France 
and  the  United  States,  a  thousand  millions 
(1,000,000,000).  [The  word  Ullion  was  introduced  into 
French  in  the  sixteenth  century,  in  the  sense  of  a  million 
to  the  second  power,  as  a  trillion  was  a  million  to  the  third 
power.  .\t  that  time  numbei-s  were  usually  pointed  oil 
in  periods  of  sL\  figures.  In  the  seventeenth  century  the 
custom  prevailed  of  pointing  otf  numbers  in  periods  of 
three,  and  this  led  to  the  change  in  the  meaning  of  the 
word  billion  in  French,  The  wnrds  hiUion.  trittinn.  etc,, 
did  not  apparently  come  into  use  in  English  until  a  later 
date,  for  Locke  (''Essay  on  the  Human  I  nderstanding," 
ii,  10,  g  t>,  Iti'.xi)  speaks  of  the  use  of  billion  as  a  novelty. 
The  Eiiglish  meaning  of  the  word  is  thus  the  original  and 
most  systematic.  The  word  billion  is  not  used  in  the 
French  of  every-day  life,  one  thousand  millions  being 
called  a  i/ii/fiai'(f,I 

billionaire  (bil'yon-ar),  n.  [<  billion  +  -aire, 
as  in  iiiilliiiiiaire.]  One  who  possesses  property 
worth  a  billion  reckoned  in  standard  coin  of 
the  coimtry.     [Rare.] 

One  would  like  to  give  a  party  now  and  then,  if  one 
could  be  a  hillionaire.      O.  H  ,  Holmes,  Elsie  Vcniicr,  vii. 

billman  (bil'man),  n.;  pi.  hillmcn  (-men).  [<  bill^ 
+  man.]  1.  A  soldier  or  civic  guardsman  of 
former  times  armed  with  a  bill. 

In  rushed  his  bill-men.  Mir.  for  Mags.,  p,  4*27. 

A  billman  of  the  guard,        Saville,  tr,  of  Tacitus,  i,  24. 

"When  the  bill-men  saw  that  the  fire  was  overaw'd,  and 
could  not  doe  the  deed  lliuni  the  martyr],  one  of  them 
steps  to  him,  and  stabs  him  with  a  sword. 

Milton,  Prelatical  Episcopacy. 

2.  A  laborer  who  uses  a  bill  for  cutting. 
[Rare.] 
billon  (bil'on),  «.  [F.,  copper  coin,  base  coin, 
a  mint  for  such  coin  (=  Pr.  hillo  =  Sp.  vcllon  = 
Pg.  bilhSo  =  It.  bii/lionc;  ML.  billio{n-),  bil- 
lon), orig.  a  'mass'  of  metal,  <  billc,  a  log:  see 
billet-,  billot.  In  older  E.  form  (by  confusion) 
bullion:  see  ?jk///oh'-.]  1.  Gold  or  silver  alloyed 
with  copper  in  large  proportions,  so  as  to  make 
a  base  metal. 

In  many  continental  countries  the  smaller  currency  has 
been  made  of  a  very  low  alloy  of  silver  and  copper,  called 
billon.  .  .  .  According  to  an  analysis  performed  at  the 
Owen's  College  chemical  laboratory,  one  part  of  silver  and 
three  of  copper,  /iillon  is  still  being  coined  in  Austria. 
,/epons,  Money  and  Mcch.  of  Exchange,  p.  125. 

2.  Coin  struck  from  an  alloy  over  half  copper. 

billot  (birol),  ".  [F.,  dim,  of  billc  :  see  billel-.] 
Snmo  as  billi  l~. 

billow  (bil'o),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bellow; 
pnil).  <  Icel,  bylgja  (through  an  tinreconled 
ME.  "bijUic)  =  Sw.  biilja  =  Dan.  biilge,  a  billow, 
=  OI).  iiolghe,  Imlghe  =  LG.  bulge  =  OllG. 
'bull/a,  Mliti.  G.  Iiiili/e,  a  billow,  prob,  related 
to  IIIIG.  bnlgd,  MlKl,  »i,  /i»/,</i',  a  bag;  ull.  < 
AS.  (etc.)  belgan,  swell,  swell  up,  whence  also 
bellows,  belly,' otv.  Cf.  bulge.]  A  great  wave 
or  surge  of  the  sea,  occasioned  usually  liy  a 
^^olent  wind  :  much  used  in  figurative  api'lica- 
tions,  and  often,  e.sjiecially  in  the  plural,  as 
merely  eiiiiivalent  to  trace:  as,  the  bilious  nt 
sorrow  rolled  over  him. 

Vou  stand  upon  the  rivagc  and  behold 
A  city  on  the  inconstant  lo'llows  dancing, 

.Sbiik..  Hen,  V,,  ill,  (cllo,). 

.Strongly  It  bears  n«  along,  In  swelling  and  limitless  bil- 

loirn.      Coleridge,  tr.  of  Schiller,  Homeric  llcxameler, 

-Byn,     Sec  icfirr, 

billow  (bil'o),  I'.     [Kbillow,  n.]     I.  intrans.  To 

swell ;  rise  and  roll  in  large  waves  or  surges. 

'rlieblack  browed  Marselllcse  ,  ,  ,  do  (n'ffoic on  towntd* 
the  'rnllerles,  where  their  crraml  is, 

Carliile,  Krencli  Rev,,  11.  Iv,  7. 

II.    trans.    To   raise   in   waves   or   billows. 
Young. 
billo'wed   (bil'od).   p.   n.     \\'y>.   of   billoii\   p.] 

•Swilli-il  like  a  billow. 
billowy  (liil'ii-i),  a.  [<  billoic  +  -i/K]  Swell- 
ing or  swilled  into  large  waves:  full  "I'  bil- 
lows or  singes;  having  an  appearance  or  rITect 
as  of  billows:  as,  "the  billowic  ocean,"  (Imp- 
man,  (hlyssey,  v.;  billowy  llames. 

Wc  had  gIllii|meH  of  the  bilhnn/  I'ainpiignn,  with  tho 
great  dome  bulging  from  lis  tiin. 

Loiirlt,  Klrcslilu  Travels,  p,  'iOb. 


bill-poster 

lill-poster  (birp6s"t6r),  II.  One  whose  busi- 
ness it  is  to  post  up  bills  and  advertisements. 
Also  called  hill-sticker. 

Mil-scale  (bil'skal),  71.  The  hard  scale  or  nib 
on  the  tip  of  the  beak  of  a  chiek,  aiding  it  to 
peek  the  shell  in  order  to  make  its  escape  from 
the  egg. 

bill-sticker  (bil'stik'^r),  n.  Same  as  Ull-poster. 

billyh  (bil'i),  H. ;  pi.  hillies  (-iz).  [Also  spelled 
bUlie ;  of  unknown  origin.  The  sense  is  rather 
too  definite  to  be  considered  an  application 
(like  "Jack,"  "Jill,"  "Tom,  Dick,  and  Harry") 
of  the  familiar  proper  name  Billy,  dim.  of  Bill,  a 
corruption  of  Will,  which  is  short  for  WiUiam.'] 
A  comrade  ;  a  companion  ;  a  brother  in  arms, 
trade,  and  the  like;  a  fellow;  a  young  man. 
[Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 

When  chapman  billies  leave  the  street. 

Burns,  Tam  o'  Shanter. 

hilly"  (bil'i),  n. ;  pi.  billies  (-iz).  [A  slang  word, 
perhaps  a  particular  ajiplication  of  the  familiar 
proper  name  Billy  :  see  billy'^,  and  cf.  betty  and 
11)111111/.  Cf.  also  F.  bille,  a  stick  or  stock,  under 
billet^  and  billidrds.'i  1.  Stolen  metal  of  any 
kind.  [Slang.]  —  2.  A  small  metal  bludgeon 
that  may  be  carried  in  the  pocket ;  hence,  a 
policeman's  club.  [Slang.]  —  3.  A  slubbing- 
machine.     See  slubber. 

billy-biter  (bil'l-bi'ter),  n.  [<  Billy,  a  familiar 
name,  +  biter.']  A  name  for  the  blue  titmouse, 
I'arus  caruleus.  Macgillivray.  [Local,  Brit- 
ish.] 

Billy-blind  (bil'i-blind),  n.  1.  In  ballads,  the 
name  of  a  benevolent  household  demon  or  fa- 
miliar spirit.  Also  written  Billy  Blind. —  2. 
[;.  c]    The  game  of  blind-man's  buff.    N.  E.  JJ. 

billyboy  (bil'i-boi),  n.  [Appar.  a  humorous 
application  of  Billy  boy  (<  billyh  +  boy),  a  fa- 
miliar phrase  of  address ;  but  prob.  an  aecom. 
to  this  form 
of  some 

other  name.] 
A  flat-bot- 
tomed, bluff- 
bowed  barge, 
of  very  light 
draft,  espe- 
oially  built 
for  the  navi- 
gation of  the 
river  Humber 
in  England 
and  its  tribu- 
taries. Sea-go- 
ing Ijillyboys  are 
generally  clincher-built  and  sloop-rig^'ed,  but  some  are 
carvel-built  and  schooner-rigged.  Many  carry  a  square 
topsail  and  lee-boards.  Tile  mast  is  fitted  to  the  deck  by 
a  liinge,  so  that  it  can  be  lowered  when  passing  under 


Bilocellate. —  Enlarged  section  of 
a  biloccllute  anther,  in  which  each 
of  the  two  cell^is  also  bilocellate. 


D.Iiyooy. 


a  bridge. 

You  look  at  the  clustered  houses,  and  at  the  wharves 
with  the  black  old  billyboys  squattering  alongside. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  ii. 

billycock  (bil'i-kok),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
stiff,  round,  low-crowned  felt  hat :  often  called 
a  hitliieock  hat.  Also  spelled  billicncl:.  [Colloq.] 

billy-gate  (bil'i-gat),  «.  The  moving  carriage 
in  a  slubl  ling-machine. 

billy-goat  (bil'i-got),  n.  A  familiar  name  for 
a  he-goat,  as  nanny-goat  is  for  a  she-goat. 

billy-piecer  (bil'i-pe"ser),  n.  In  u-oolen-mamif., 
a  child  who  pieces  or  joins  together  roving  on 
a  carding-engine  called  a  billy  or  slubbing- 
billy.     [Not  used  in  U.  S.] 

billy-roller  (biri-r6"ler),  ».  In  woolen-mamif., 
a  wooden  roller  in  the  slubbing-maehine,  under 
which  cardings  are  passed,  and  by  which  they 
are  .'ilifihtly  compressed. 

billy-web  (bil'i-web),  n.  A  name  given  in 
Honduras  to  the  wood  of  a  little-known  timb«r- 
tree. 

bilobate  (bi-lo'bat),  a.  [<  6i-2  -f  lobate.']  Hav- 
ing or  divided  into  two  lobes:  as,  a  bilobate 
leaf. 

bilobed  (bi'lobd),  a.     Same  as  bilobate. 

bilobular  (bi-lob'u-liir),  a.     Same  as  bilobate. 

Round  or  bilobular  structures  of  very  variai^le  size. 

Frey,  Histol,  and  Histo-chem.  (trans.),  p.  29. 

bilocation  (bi-lo-ka'shon),  n.  [<  bi-^  -t-  loca- 
tion.] The  power  of  ijeing  in  two"  places  at 
the  same  time.     See  extract. 

The  word  bilocation  has  been  invented  to  express  the 
miraculous  faculty  possessed  by  certain  saints  of  tlie 
Roman  Church,  of  being  in  two  places  at  once. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  404. 

bilocellate  (bi-lo-sel'at),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  locellus 
+  -afci.]  In  bot.,  divided  into  two  locelli  or 
secondary  cells.     See  cut  in  next  column. 


565 

bilocular  (bl-lok'u-lar),  a.     [<  L.  U-,  two-,  -I- 
lociilu.s,  a  cell  (<  locus,  a  place),  +  -ar''^.']    Divid- 
ed into  two  cells,  or 
containing  two  cells 
internally:  as,  a  bilo- 
cular jiericarp. 

biloculate  (bi-lok'n- 
lat),  a.  [As  bilocul-ar 
+  -rttei.]  Same  as 
bilocular. 

bilophodont  (bi-lof- 
o-dont),  a.  [<  L.  bi-, 
two-,  +  Gr.  A(i(/iof,  a 
crest,  +  bSohg  {oAovT-) 
=  E.  tooth.]  Having 
two  transverse  crests  on  a  molar  tooth,  as  the 
tapirs,  dinotheriids,  and  kangaroos. 

Tile  bilophodont  sub-type  liecoines  more  marked  in  Di- 
notherium  and  in  the  anterior  small  molar  of  Mastodon. 
Owen,  Anat.  Vert.,  III.  34:f. 

biloquial  (bl-lo'kwi-al),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  -f- 
/t»/«t,  speak;  after  coHot/iwraL]  Speaking  with 
two  diti'erent  voices.     N.  E.  D. 

biloquist  (bil'o-kwist),  n.  [As  biloquial  +  -ist.] 
One  who  can  speak  with  two  different  voices. 
N.  E.  D. 

bilsah  (bil'sii),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  fine  kind  of 
tobacco  grown  in  the  district  of  Malwa  in  cen- 
tral India. 

bilsted  (bil'sted),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
Another  name  of  the  American  sweet-gum  tree, 
Liquidamlmr  Styraciflua. 

biltong,  biltongue  (bil'tong,  -tung),  n.  [S. 
jU'rican  D.  biltong,  <  D.  bit,  buttock,  pi.  rump, 
-I-  tong  =  E.  tongue.]  A  South  African  name 
for  lean  meat  cut  into  thin  strips  and  dried  in 
the  sun. 

bimaculate,  bimaculated  (bi-mak'u-lat,  -la- 
ted),  a.     [<  hi-'^  +    maculate.]      Having  two 

spots;   marked  with  two  spots Bimaculated 

duck,  Anas  frlocitans  or  Querquedula  biinaculata,  a  Euro- 
pean species  uf  teal. 

Bimana  (bim'a-nii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  (sc. 
animalia)  ot  bimanus,  two-handed:  see  bima- 
noiis.]  An  order  of  Mammalia,  including  man 
alone,  established  by  Blumenbach,  and  retained 
by  Cuvier  and  most  naturalists  until  qidte  re- 
cently. The  order  is  now  practically  abolished,  since  it 
has  been  shown  that,  zoologically  and  morpliologically, 
man  differs  less  from  the  anthropoid  apes  tlian  these  apes 
do  from  most  monkeys.  The  custom  is  now  to  revert  in 
this  particular  to  the  classification  of  Linna)us,  who  in- 
cluded man  with  the  apes,  monkeys,  and  lemurs  in  one 
order,  Primates.  The  zoological  rank  now  usually  assigned 
to  the  genus  flomo  is  that  of  the  type  of  a  family  Uorni- 
nidcE  or  Anthropidce,  the  term  Bimanu  being  used,  if  at 
all,  as  the  name  of  a  superf  amily  or  suborder,  by  means  of 
which  man  alone  is  thus  contrasted  with  Simice. 

bimanet  (bi'man),  a.  [<  F.  biviane,  <  NL.  bi- 
vianus  :  see  bimanous.]     Same  &s  bimanous. 

bimanous  (bi'ma-nus),  a.  [<  NL.  bimanus, 
two-handed,  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  manus,  hand. 
Ct.  Bimana.]     1.  Having  two  hands. 

Two-handed  and  two-footed,  or  bimanous  and  biped. 

Lawrence,  Lectures,  p.  lf»9  (Ord  MS.). 

Specifically — 2.  In  moL,  belonging  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Bimana. 

bimanual  (bi-man'u-al),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
manus  (manu-),  hand,"+ -at.  Cf.  manual.]  In- 
volving the  employment  of  both  hands. 

bimarginate  (bi-mar'Ji-nat),  a.  [<  6J-2  + 
marginate.]  In  conch.,  furnished  with  a  dou- 
ble margin  as  far  as  the  tip. 

bimbo  (bim'bo),  n.  A  kind  of  punch,  dnmk  as 
a  liqueur,  made  with  six  lemons  and  a  pound 
of  sugar  to  a  quart  of  brandy  and  a  quart  of 
water. 

bimedial  (bi-me'di-al),  )(.  [<  iJ-2  -1-  medial; 
tr.  of  Gr.  ka  6vo  /icauv,  from  two  medials.]  In 
anc.  math.,  a  line  compounded  of  two  medials. 
If  these  latter  make  a  rational  rectangle,  the  compound 
is  called  a  first  bimedial :  if  they  make  a  medial  rec- 
tangle, the  compound  is  termed  a  second  bimedial.  In 
modern  language  this  would  be  expressed  by  saying  that 
a  bimedial  is  a  quantity  of  the  form  (/a  +  yb)  yc,  where 
a,  b,  and  c  are  commensurable.  It  is  a  first  or  a  second 
bimedial  according  as  a  (i  c  is  or  is  not  a  perfect  square. 

bimembral  (b!-mem'bral),  a.  [<  L.  Umembris, 
<  bi-,  two-,  -t-  membrum,  member.]  Consisting 
of  two  members,  as  a  sentence.     Gibbs. 

bimenet,  «'•  *•  -A-  Middle  English  form  of  bemoan. 

bimensal  (bi-men'sal),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  + 
mensis,  a  month.  Cf.  bimestrial.]  Occurring 
once  in  two  months;  bimonthly. 

Bimeria  (bi-me'ri-a),  H.  [NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-, 
-I-  Gr.  /tipoc,  part.]  A  genus  of  hydrozoans, 
typical  of  the  family  Bimeriidm. 

Bimeriidae  (bi-me-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NTj.,  <  Bi- 
meria +  -idic.]  A  family  of  tubularian  hydro- 
zoans, typified  by  the  genus  Bimeria.  The  polyp, 
stock  is  covered  with  a  per'isarc,  the  generative  buds  are 
sessile,  and  the  tentacles  of  the  polyps  are  simple. 


bin 

bimestrial  (bi-mes'tri-al),  a.  [<  L.  bimestris, 
of  two  months'  duration,  <  hi-,  two-,  +  mensis,  a 
month.]  Happening  every  two  months;  con- 
tinuing two  months. 

Dante  beraiiic  one  of  tlie  ei.x  priors  (June,  ISOO),  an 
office  which  tlie  I'lorentincs  itad  made  bimestrial  in  its 
tenure,  in  order  ajiiiarcntly  to  secure  at  least  six  constitu- 
tional chances  of  revolution  in  tlie  year. 

Lowell,  Among  my  liooks,  2d  ser. ,  p.  11. 

bimetallic  (bi-me-tal'ik),  a.    [<  P.  bimtStalligne, 

<  hi-  (<  L.  hi-,  two-)  -I-  melallique ;  or  <  Ai-*  + 
metallic.  This  word  and  its  derivatives  are  of 
recent  origin,  M.  0(!rnuschi  having  been  the 
first  to  use  bimetallique  in  186&,  and  bimetallic  in 
1876.  N.  E.  J>.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  two  met- 
als; specifically,  pertaining  to  the  use  of  a 
double  metallic  standard  in  currency.  See  bi- 
metallism. 

The  fallacy  that  prices  depend  directly  on  the  volume 

of  currency,  that  a  bi-metallic  standard  is  practicable,  etc. 

A'.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVII.  352. 

bimetallism  (bi-met'al-izm),  n.  [<  bimetall-ic 
+  -ism.]  The  use  of  two  metals  as  money  at 
relative  values  set  by  legislative  enactment; 
the  union  of  two  metals  in  circulation  as  money 
at  a  fixed  rate.  Specifically,  that  system  of  coinage 
which  recognizes  both  coins  of  silver  and  coins  of  gold 
as  legal  tender  to  any  amount,  or  the  concurrent  use  of 
coins  of  two  metals  as  a  circulating  medium  at  a  fixed 
relative  value. 

This  coinage  was  superseded  by  the  bimetallic  (gold  and 
silver)  coinage  of  Crojsus,  and  bimetatlissn  wa-s  tlic  rule  in 
Asia  down  to  Alexander's  time  in  tJie  fixed  ratio  of  one  to 
thirteen  and  a  lialf  between  tlie  two  metals.       Academy. 

bimetallist  (bi-met'al-ist),  n.  [<  bimetall-ic  + 
-ist.  Cf.  bimetallism.]  One  who  advocates  the 
use  of  a  double  metallic  standard  in  currency. 

bimetallistic  (bi-met-a-lis'tik),  a.  [<  bimetal- 
list  ■+■  -ic]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Vjimetal- 
lism.    Contemporary  liev. 

bimodular  (bi-mod'u-lar),  a.  [<  bimodulus  + 
-ar''^.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the  bimodulus. — 2. 
Having  two  moduli. 

bimodulus  (bi-mod'u-lus),  n. ;  pi.  bimoduli  (-li). 
[NL.,  <  t(-2  -t-  modulus.]  In  math.,  the  double 
of  the  modulus  of  a  system  of  logarithms. 

bimonthly  (bi-munth'li),  a.  [<  ii-2  +  monthly.] 
Occurring  every  two  months.  Sometimes  errone- 
ously used  for  semi-monthly ,  as  applied  to  periodicals  ap- 
pearing twice  a  month. 

bimucronate  (bi-mu'kro-nat),  a.  [<  6(-2  -)-  „[„. 
cronate.]  In  zool.,  having  two  mucros  or  angu- 
lar projections:  as,  bimucronate  e\ytva. 

bimuscular  (bi-mus'ku-liir),  a.  [<  6J-2  -t-  muscu- 
lar.] In  conch.,  having  two  adductor  muscles, 
as  some  bivalves ;  dimyarian. 

Bimusculosa   (bi-mus-ku-16'sa),  «.  pi.     [NL., 

<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  musculosus,  muscular,  <  mus- 
culus,  muscle.]  In  conch.,  an  order  of  bivalve 
moUusks:  synonymous  with -Djmyaria.  Gould, 
1841. 

bini  (bin),  n.  [<  ME.  hinne,  bynne,  byn,  a  re- 
pository for  grain  or  bread,  usually  a  manger, 

<  AS.  binn,  a  manger.  Origin  uncertain;  per- 
haps, like  D.  benne,  hen,  =  G.  benne,  a  basket- 
wagon,  =  It.  benna,  a  sleigh,  cart,  =  F.  banne, 
benne,  a  basket,  creel,  pannier,  basket-wagon,  < 
ML.  benna,  a  basket,  a  hamper,  appar.  the  same 
as  L.  benna,  quoted  as  an  old  Gaulish  name  for 
a  kind  of  vehicle;  cf.  W.  ben,  a  cart,  wagon.] 
1.  A  box  or  inclosed  place  used  as  a  repository 
for  any  commodit}-:  as,  a  com-ftm;  a  coal-W». 

—  2.  One  of  the  open  subdivisions  of  a  cellar 
for  the  reception  of  wine-bottles. 

Also  spelled  binn. 

binl  (bin),  ('.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  binned,  ppr.  bin- 
ning. [<  bin''-,  «.]  To  put  into  or  store  in  a  bin: 
as,  to  bin  liquor. 

bin^t  (bin),  adv.  anAprep.  [=E.  dial,  and  Sc. 
hen  (see  ben'^),  <  ME.  hinne,  binnen,  binnon,  < 
AS.  binnan,  ONorth.  hinna  (=  OS.  *binnanz= 
OFries.  hinna  =  D.  btnncn  =  MHG.  6.  binnen), 
within,  <  be-,  by,  -t-  innan,  within:  see  6e-2  and 
i«l;  et.buti.]  I.  adv.  Within;  inside. 
II.  j>rcp.  1.  Of  place,  within;  inside  of;  in. 

—  2.  Of  time,  within  ;  during. 

bin^t,  r.  A  shortened  form  of  been,  past  partici- 
ple, and  obsolete  infinitive  and  present  indica- 
tive plural,  of  he.  Bin  is  the  ordinary  pronun- 
ciation in  the  United  States  of  the  past  partici- 
ple been. 

Out  of  whom  [Beda]  cheifly  hath  bin  gatherd  since  the 
Saxons  arrival,  such  as  hath  bin  deliverd,  a  scatterd  story 
pickt  out  heer  and  there.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

Witll  ev'ry  thing  that  pretty  bin 
My  lady  sweet  arise. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  il  3  (song). 
Blushes  that  bin 
The  burnisli  of  no  sin. 
Crashaic,  \\  ishes  to  his  supposed  ilistress. 
As  fresh  as  bin  the  flowers  in  May.  peele. 


bina 

bina  fbe'na),  n.  [<  Hind.  bin.  Ct.  been*.']  An 
East  Indian  guitar  with  seven  strings.  Also 
called  rina. 

binacle,  "•     See  binnacle. 

binal  (bi'nal),  a.  [<  ilL.  binalis,  double,  <  L. 
bini,  two  by  two:  see  binary.'}  Twofold; 
double;  binary:  as,  "binal  revenge,"  Ford, 
Witch  of  Edmonton,  iii.  2. 

The  attenipt  of  tlie  French  to  compel  the  use  of  the 
decimal  system  shows  the  difficulty  of  such  an  undertak- 
ing. Popular  necessities  compelled  the  introduction  of 
irinat  divisions.  Pop.  Set.  Jlo.,  XIII.  423. 

binariant  (bi-na'ri-ant),  Ji.  A  solution  of  the 
diflterential  equation,  bDa  +  cDli  +,  etc.,  =  0. 

binary  (bi'na-ri),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  binarius, 
consisting  of  two  things,  <  bini,  pi.  (rarely 
sing,  biniis),  two  by  two,  two,  <  bis,  double: 
see  6i-2.  Cf.  bettc'een.]  I.  a.  1.  Twofold; 
dual;  double;  twain;  twin;  paired:  said  of 
anrthing  which  is  composed  of  two  things  or 
considered  as  divided  into  two  things. —  2.  In 
bot.,  having  the  organs  in  twos :  applied  to 
flowers :  equivalent  to  dimerous — Binary  arith- 
metic, that  system,  invented  by  Leibnitz,  in  which  two 
figures  only,  0  and  1,  are  used  in  lieu  of  ten,  the  cipher 
being  placed  as  in  common  arithmetic,  but  denoting  mul- 
tiplication bv  2  instead  of  by  10.  Thus.  1  is  one ;  10  is 
two ;  11  is  tliree  ;  100  is  four  ;  101  is  live  ;  110  is  sut ;  111  is 
seven:  1000  is  eight ;  1001  is  nine;  1010  is  ten.  — Binary 
classification,  binary  system,  in  zwl, .  one  which  di- 
vides a  group  of  objects  into  two  series,  as  the  class  of 
birds  into  two  subclasses,  Attrices  and  Pretcoces  ;  adicliut- 
omous  arrangement;  opposed  to  quinarij,  etc. —  Binary 
compound,  in  chem.,  a  compouna  of  two  elements,  or  of 
an  element  ami  a  compound  performing  the  function  of 
an  element,  or  of  two  compounds  performing  tlie  functions 
of  elements,  according  to  the  laws  of  combination.  Fara- 
day assigns  as  the  distinctive  character  of  a  itinary  com- 
pound that  it  admits  of  electrolysis.  —  Binary  Cubic.  See 
cuiic  — Binary  engine,  an  engine  having  the  piston  of 
one  cylinder  impelled  by  steam  which,  being  exhausted 
into  another  part  of  the  apparatus,  connnunicates  its  un- 
utilized heat  to  some  volatile  liquid  at  a  luwt-r  tempera- 
ture ;  the  vapor  of  tliis  second  liquid,  by  its  e\p;iiision  in  a 
second  cylinder,  yields  additional  force. — Binary  enun- 
ClatlOZl,  iu  logic,  a  categorical  proposition  who.st-  verb  is 
not  to  be:  as,  Socrates  dies.  Usually  called  a  jimpoitition 
qfucond  adjacent.— Binary  form,  or  binary  quantic, 
ill  alg.,  a  homogeneous  function  of  two  variables ;  as : 
ax  +  bti, 
ax-  +  bx\j  -f  ct/-, 
0x3  -f  6i2y  +  acy^  +  tly^,  etc. 

So  binary  cubic  quartic,  etc.— Binary  form,  In  muric, 
a  movement  based  upon  tw-o  subjects  or  ilivided  into  two 
distinct  or  contrasted  sections.— Binary  logarithms,  a 
system  of  logarithms  contrived  and  calculated  by  Euler 
for  facilitating  musical  calculations.  In  this  .system  1  is 
the  logarithm  of  -1,  2  of  4,  etc.,  and  the  modulus  is  1.442- 
605 ;  wliereas  in  the  kind  commonly  used  1  is  the  loga- 
rithm  of  10.  2  of  100,  etc.,  and  the  modulus  is  .4:i429448. 

—  Binary  measure,  in  muaic,  the  measure  used  in  com- 
mon time,  in  which  the  time  of  rising  in  beating  is  eijual 
to  the  time  of  falling.— Binary  nomenclature,  binary 
name,  in  zonl.  and  hot.,  a  binniMiiil  tioniiinlatitrf  or  tiinu- 
mialname.  .Sec  ftinomiaf.  —  Binary  number,  u  nunibcr 
which  iacomposedof  two  units.— Binary  scale,  the  scale 
of  notation  used  in  binary  arithmetic.  —  Binary  Star,  a 
double  star  whose  members  have  a  revolution  ;iround 
their  common  center  of  gravity.— Binary  theory  of 
salts,  the  theory  which  regards  salts  a.s  consisting  of  two 
elements,  a  basic  or  electropositive,  which  may  be  a  metal 
or  a  radical,  and  an  acid  or  electronegative  element  or  rad- 
ical ;  as,  potaseium  nitrate,  K-NO3 ;  potassium  acetate, 
K-roH:,iJo. 

H.  n. ;    pi.   binaries  (-riz).    A 
whole  composed  of  two ;  a  dyad. 

To  make  two,  or  a  binary,  .  .  .  add 
bat  one  unto  one. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  307. 

binate  (Vn'nat),  a.     [<  NL.  bina- 

tun.  <.  h.  bini,  two  aud  two:  sec 

binnrij.]     In  bot.,  being  double  or 

in  couples;  having  only  two  leaflets  to  a  peti- 

olo  ;  growing  in  pairs, 
binaural  (bin-u'rnl),  a.      [<  L.  bini,  two  and 

t  wii. -(- rturi*  =  E.crtcl.]     1.  Having  two  ears. 

—  2.  Pertaining  to  or  involving  tho  uho  of  both 
ears;  fitted  for  being  simultaiicouHly  used  by 
two  ears :  as,  a  binaural  str>tlioHcope,  whien 
haH  two  connected  tubes  capped  by  sraall  ear- 
pieces. 

There  U  even  a  kind  of  hinnurnl  audition,  by  means  of 
which  wo  Judge  imperfectly  of  direction  of  nonnd. 

/.r  Ci,i,l,-,  sight,  p.  205. 

blnchine  niin'cbing),  n.  [Appnr.  11  dial,  form 
of  //'  iiiTiiiif/.  Cf.  dial,  bink,  hmlc  =  biuch.']  In 
coat-mining,  the  bed  or  rock  on  wliich  u  layer  of 
I'oiil  roHtH.     [HomerHetHliirc,  Kng.] 

bind  (biijil),  I.;  pret.  boinut,  pp.  Iminiil  ({ar- 
ini  rly  hnundcn,  now  only  iittrib. ),  ji|ir.  hindinii. 
[<  .MK.  Inii'lfii  (pret.  bund,  himd,  Intor  hoiindf, 
pi.  Ijiiiiinli n,  liiiiiiidf.fjt.  biiundrn),  <  Af^.  Iiindiin 
(nrol.  Iiiinil,  j,|.  Imndnn,  Iip.  hundin)  =  OS.  Iiin- 
dun  =  OI-'rieH.  binda  =  I),  hindm  =  OIKl.  bin- 
tan,  MHd.  (I,  bindrn  =Icel.  binda  =  Hw.  binda 
B  Dim.  hiiKit  =  (loth,  liinitan.  bind,  lie,  =  ,Skl. 
■^bandh,  on;/,  'hhiindh,  bind.  tii-.  Tlii'Hiiiiic  root 
prob.  appiunt  in  L.  of-fend-ix.  iff-fcnd-irnvntum. 


tassium  acetate, 

Illnate  I^avei. 


556 

the  knot  of  a  hand,  Gr.  -elaua  (for  "Tttvdfia, 
*(pei'6fta),  a  rope.  See  band^,  band-,  bend^, 
bemP,  etc.,  bond^,  bundle,  etc.]  I.  traiDi.  1.  To 
make  fast  (to,  on,  or  upon)  vrith  a  band  or  bond 
of  any  kind. 

Thou  Shalt  bind  them  for  a  sign  upon  tliine  hand. 

Deut.  \1.  8. 

Bind  the  chariot  to  the  swift  beast.  Micali  i.  13. 

2.  To  unite  by  any  legal  or  moral  tie ;  attach  by 
considerations  of  love,  duty,  interest,  obliga- 
tion, etc.:  as,  bound  hi  the  bonds  of  matrimony ; 
bound  by  gratitude,  duty,  debt,  etc. 

Distrust  and  grief 
Will  kind  to  us  each  Western  chief. 

.Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  30. 

3.  To  put  in  bonds  or  fetters  ;  deprive  of  lib- 
erty or  of  the  use  of  the  limbs  by  making  fast 
physically. 

Bind  him  hand  aud  foot,  and  take  him  away. 

Mat.  xxii.  13. 

He  took  PatU's  girdle,  and  bound  his  own  hands  and 
feet,  and  said.  ...  So  shall  the  Jews  at  Jerusalem  bind 
the  man  that  owueth  this  girdle.  Acts  .\xi.  11. 

4.  To  restrain ;  hold  to  a  particular  state, 
place,  employment,  etc.  < 

He  bindeth  the  floods  from  overflowing.    Job  xxviii.  11. 
I  have  no  official  business  to  bind  me. 

Macautay,  in  Trevelyan,  II.  vii. 

5.  To  hinder  or  restrain  (the  bowels)  from 
their  natural  operations ;  make  costive ;  con- 
stipate.—  6.  To  fasten  around  anj'thing ;  fix  in 
place  by  girding  or  tying :  as,  to  bind  a  cord 
round  the  arm. 

I,  maiden,  round  thee,  maiden,  bind  my  belt. 

Tcnni/son,  Holy  Grail. 

7.  To  encircle  with  a  band  or  ligature ;  gird ; 
confine  or  restrain  by  girtling:  as,  "bind  up 
those  tresses,"  Sliak:,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

A  fillet  binds  her  hair.        Pope,  AVindsor  Forest,  1.  ITS. 

8.  To  swathe  or  bandage;  cover  and  swathe 
with  dressings :  with  ty). 

He  healeth  the  broken  in  heart,  and  bindeth  up  their 
woimds.  Ps.  clxvii.  3. 

Give  me  another  horse,  bind  up  my  wounds. 

Shak.,  Kich  III.,  v.  3. 

9.  To  form  a  border  or  edge  on,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  strengthening  or  ornamenting  ;  edge : 
as,  to  bind  a  wheel  with  a  tire  ;  to  bind  a  gar- 
ment or  a  carpet. 

Her  mantle  rich,  whose  borders  roimd 
A  deep  and  fretted  broidery  bound. 

.Sciitt,  Marmion,  vi.  3. 
Black  clilTs  and  high. 
With  green  grass  growing  on  the  tops  of  tlicui, 
Binding  them  round  as  gold  a  garment's  hem. 

Wittiam  MoiTij^,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  172. 

10.  To  tie  or  fasten  (loose  things)  together 
with  a  band,  cord,  or  tie ;  tie  up  into  one  bun- 
dle or  mass:  as,  to  bind  sheaves  of  grain. — 11. 
To  fasten  or  secure  within  a  covei\  as  a  book 
or  pamphlet.  See  bookhindiny. — 12.  In  fcn- 
cintj,  to  secure  (the  sword  of  an  adversary). 
See  binding,  n.,  3. — 13.  To  cause  to  cohere; 
cement ;  knit ;  unite  firmly :  as,  to  bind  the 
loose  sand. 

The  sooner  to  effect, 
And  surer  bitut,  this  knot  of  andty, — 
The  Earl  of  Arniagnac  .  .  . 
Prollirs  bis  only  daughter  to  your  grace 
In  niJirriage.  Shttk.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

God  has  so  hound  society  together  that  if  one  membir 
sutler,  all  sulfcr.  J.  !■'.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  no. 

Have  enough  oil  in  the  colours  to  bind  them. 

Worktthtip  ItiTciptit,  ]Ht  Bcr.,  ji.  423. 

Binding  the  Ink  to  prevent  lis  smearing. 

Workulutp  W-ceiptH,  2d  ser.,  p.  343. 

14.  To  place  under  obligation  or  compulsion: 
as,  all  are  bound  to  obey  the  laws. 

This  ring  I  gave  liirii,  when  In-  parted  from  me, 
To  biiul  him  to  remember  my  good-will. 

.Shak.,  T.  <).  of  V.,  Iv.  4. 
'TIs  true,  by  my  father's  will.  I  am  for  a  short  period 
boutul  to  regard  you  as  his  substitute. 

.Slieridun,  .Sihoid  for  Scandal,  111.  I. 

16.  To  put  under  legal  obligation:  often  with 
ofir:  as,  to  hind  a  man  orir  to  ker'p  the  |iciic<'. 
Specifically — 16.  To  indenture  as  an  appren- 
tice: often  with  out. 

.My  mother  h)ic  wanted  to  bind  ino  out  tu  a  bincksmltli. 
MrM.  .Slowe,  Oldtown,  i.,  s;i. 

To  bind  hand  and  foot.    «oe  hand.—  To  bind  In,  to 

IncloHc ;  surroinid. 

Bound  in  with  the  triumphant  sea. 

.Shnk.,  KIch.  II.,  II.  1. 
A  costly  Jewel  .  .  .  bound  in  with  dlamiunlH. 

.Shak., ::  Ibii.  VI,,  III.  2. 
To  bind  up  In.  locaustJ  to  be  wlndly  engro«*ed  with  ;  ab- 
Horb  in;  cotmei-t  Intimately  with  :  chtwlly  In  the  pitHHtvi-. 
Seeing  thai  his  11f«>  Is  Otiund  up  in  the  lad's  111)-. 

Uen.  Illv.  30. 


binding 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  cohere ;  stick  together.— 

2.  To  become  indurated,   hard,  or  stiff:  as,  < 
clay  binds  by  heat. — 3.  To  be  obligatory  or  of 
force. 

Those  canons  or  imperial  constitutions  which  have  not 
been  received  here  do  not  bind.  Sir  M.  HaU. 

4.  To  tie  up  anything;  specifically,  to  tie  up 
sheaves. 

They  that  reap  must  sheaf  and  bind. 

Shak..  .As  you  Like  it.  iii.  2, 

5.  In  falconry,  to  seize  a  bird  in  the  air  and 
cling  to  it:  said  of  a  hawk. 

bind  (bind),  n.  [<  bind,  v.  In  third  sense,  cf. 
bundle,  and  see  lie,  n.  In  the  botanical  sense, 
<  ME.  bynde,  a  climbing  stem,  esp.  woodbine, 
ivy ;  chiefly  in  comp.  as  wudcbindc,  woodbind. 
The  word,  by  its  use  in  comp.,  has  suffered  cor- 
I'uptiontoftiHe,  Se.  bin-,  ben-:  seebine^,  woodbine, 
bearbine,  etc.,  and  the  compounds  of  bind  be- 
low.] 1.  A  tie  or  band;  anything  that  binds. 
Specifically — (a)  A  connecting  timber  in  a 
ship.  (6)  In  music,  a  tie,  slur,  or  brace. —  2. 
In  coal-mining,  indurated,  argillaceous  shale 
or  clay,  such  as  frequently  forms  the  roof  of 
a  coal-seam:  same  as  hend^,  12,  aud  baf^.  10. 
[Eng.] — 3.  A  unit  of  tale.  A  bind  of  eels  is 
250.  A  bind  of  skins  is  32,  or  of  some  kinds  40. 
[Eng.] — 4.  Bounds;  limit;  stint;  as,  I  am  at 
my  bind.     [Scotch.] 

Their  hind  was  just  a  Scots  pint  overhead,  and  a  tapplt. 
hen  to  the  bill,  and  no  man  ever  saw  them  the  waur  o  t, 
Scott,  St.  Konan's  Well,  I.  I. 

5.  A  climbing  stem;  a  bine;  specifically,  a 
stalk  of  hops.     See  bine'^. 

The  whyle  God  of  his  grace  ded  growe  of  that  soyle 
The  fayrest  bynde  hym  [Jonah  I  abof  that  ever  burne  wyste. 
Alliterative  Pocws  (ed.  Morris),  iii.  444. 

binder  (bin'dfer),  n.  [<  ME.  bynderc,  <  AS.  bin- 
dere,  <  bindan,  bind:  see  bind,  r.,  and  -crl.]  1. 
A  person  who  binds.  Specifically  —  (n)  One 
who  binds  books;  a  bookbinder,  (ft)  One  who 
binds  sheaves. —  2.  Anything  that  binds,  in  any 
sense  of  that  verb. —  3.  In  bricklayinei,  a  header 
which  extends  partly  through  a  wall ;  a  bonder. 

—  4.  In  carj).,  a  tie-beam;  a  binding-joist  serv- 
ing as  a  transverse  support  for  the  bridging- 
joists  above  and  the  ceiling-joists  below. — 5. 
An  attachment  to  a  sewing-machine  for  folding 
an  edge  or  a  binding. — 6.  In  iii/ri.:  (a)  An  at- 
tachment to  a  reaper  for  tying  the  buiuUcs  of 
grain.  (6)  A  separate  horse-power  machine  for 
gathering  up  and  binding  grain  already  cut. — 
7.  An  arrester  or  stop  for  tho  shuttle  of  a  loom. 

—  8.  A  temporary  cover  for  loose  sheets  of  mu- 
sic, papers,  etc. —  9.  ]il.  Same   as   binding,  i. 

—  Binders'  board,  thick,  smooth,  calendered  pastelioard 
used  for  the  covers  of  hooks. 

binder-frame  (binMer-fram).  n.  In  niach..  a 
hanger  supporting  shafting,  and  having  adjust- 
able bearings  by  which  the  position  of  the  pul- 
leys can  be  regulated  to  suit  the  direction  of 
the  motion  of  the  belts. 

bindery  (bin'd6r-i),  ».;  pi.  binderies  (-iz).  [< 
bind,  i:,  +  -ery.]  A  place  where  books  are 
bound. 

bindheimite  (bind'hi-mit),  n.  [<  liindheini  (a 
ticrman  chemist)  -h -1  ?<■'-.]  An  amorphous  an- 
timouiate  of  lead  produced  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  antiraonial  minerals,  especially  jarac- 
sonile. 

binding  (bin'ding),;).  n.  [Pjir.  of  bind,  c]  1. 
Serving  to  bind,  fasten,  or  toniioct;  making 
fast. — 2.  Having  power  to  bind  or  oblige;  obli- 
gatory ;  as,  a  bindimj  engagement. 

I'ivil  contracts  nniy  be  held  liliiiliwi  ultlunigh  made  hjr 
hmiitlcs,  E.  C.  .WdiiM,  I'sycbol.  Med.,  p.  «7. 

3.  Astringent. — 4.  Causing  constii)ttl ion;  cor- 
sti|in1ing.      [t'ollocj.] 

binding  (bin'ding),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of /i/nff.  r.]  1. 
The  act  or  action  of  making  fast,  securing,  unit- 
ing, etc.,  in  any  sense  of  tlie  verb  liind:  as,  the 
bindinij  of  jirisoiiers;  wire  that  serves  for  hind- 
infi. —  2.  Anything  that  binds;  a  bandage;  tho 
cover  (if  n  Ixiok,  with  the  sewing  and  accom- 
panying work  ;  SDinclliing  that  secures  I  he  edges 
of  riolli  or  of  u  garnieiit. —  3.  In  fencing,  a 
method  of  securing  1  lie  adversary's  sword,  con- 
sisting in  crossing  it  with  a  jiressure,  accom- 
l)ani(Ml  with  a  spring  of  lln'  wrist. — 4.  /''.  In 
.iliip-bnilHinii,\\\v\>fn\\\n.  Ii'iiiisoins, knees,  wales, 
ke<'ls<)n,  aM<l  (ither  chief  tinibiTs  used  fur  I'on- 
necting  and  slrcngtlieniiig  tln'  various  jmrls  of 
a  vessel.  Also  cnllod  binders. —  .5.  Thi>  I'ondi- 
tion  assumed  by  adhesive  soils  in  hot  dry  sea- 
sons; a  similar  c(>iidilii>n  in  the  siill  of  llower- 
polH  in  whicli  phinlN  luivo  been  ki'|d  too  long  or 
1(1(1  dry  ;  cIokciicsn.  (Iryncss.  or  lini'dnoHS  of  l(^x- 
turc. —  6.   In  niticli.,  the  prevention  of  free  ino- 


Binding-screw. 


binding 

tion  in  one  part  of  a  machine  by  the  sagging  or 
any  deviation  from  a  straight  line  of  another 
portion. —  7.  A  jirojection  of  a  part  of  a  struc- 
ture or  machine  by  which  parts  intended  to 
toucli  are  prevented  from  coming  into  perfect 
contact. — 8.  Naiit.,  a  wrought-ii'on  ring  around 
a  dead-eye — Binding-cloth,  a  <lye(l  and  stamped 
labrlu  usbtl  for  tliu  Ijindiiis;  uf  bocjks.  -Bindlng-Jolsts, 
beams  in  tlooring  wliich  support  tlie  lirid'^iim  joists  above 
and  the  ceiliiik'-joists  below.  — Binding-piece,  a  pieee 
nailed  iietween  two  njipi.site  l)eams  or  joists,  to  prevent 
lateral  delleLtinti ;  a  strutting- or  straining-piece.— Bind- 
ing-rafter,  a  luMLtitudnial  tiinber  wbicli  supports  tbe  roof- 
rafters  between  tlie  ridge  and  tlie  ea\rs  or  the  comb  and 
the  cave.  See  /iiird/i.  —  Binding -strake,  in  sliip-buiki- 
iuff,  a  thick  straking-wale,  plaied  wlieie  it  can  be  bolted 
to  Itnees,  etc.— Binding- wire,  a  wire  made  of  ver>' soft 
iron,  used  to  ei.nnrct  ].i.ees  which  are  to  be  soldered  to- 
gether. —  Extra  binding.  .See  hon nd  extra,  under  bound'J. 
—  Half  binding,  m  h.,nkh;ndiii>i.  a  leather  back  and  pa- 
pend-bii.inl  .^ides.     Quarter  binding,  in  buukblndimi, 

aelieap  leather  ..r  elotli   buek  with  hoard  sides  cut  liusll 

witli  the  leaves.— THree-quarter  binding,  in  buokbind- 
intl,  a  leather  back  of  e.xtra  width  witlt  leather  corners 
and  papered  board  sides. 

bindingly  (bin'ding-li),  adv.  In  a  bindingman- 
ner;  so  as  to  bind. 

bindingness  (bin'ding-nes), )(.  [<  binding,  p.  a., 
+  -;i(.s.y.]  The  quality  of  being  binding  or  ob- 
ligatory. 

The  unconditional  bindingiiess  of  the  practical  reason. 

Coteridge. 

binding-post  (bin'ding-post),  II.  In  an  elec- 
trical apparatus,  a  small  post  having  a  hole 
into  which  a  wire  is  inserted,  or  through  which 
it  passes  and  is  held  by  a  screw. 
binding-screw  (bin'ding-skro),  n.  1.  A  screw 
desiy;iied  to  bind  and  fasten  two  parts  of  any 
adjustable  tool  or  apparatus,  as  the  blade  of 
a  bevel;  a  set-screw;  espe- 
cially, a  screw  set  in  at  right 
angles  to  another,  either 
abutting  against  it  or  tight- 
ening the  female,  so  as  to 
prevent  the  male  fr»m  turn- 
ing.—  2.  In  elect.,  a  simjile 
arrangement  by  which  two 
electrical  conductors  may  be 
brought  into  metallic  con- 
nection. (See  cut.)  A  sim- 
ilar stationary  arrangement 
is  called  a  Unding-post — Binding-screw  clamp,  a 
combined  clamp  and  set-screw  used  to  connect  a  wire  with 
the  elements  of  a  galvanic  battery. 
bind-rail  (bind'ral),  n.  1.  In  engin.,  a  piece 
to  which  the  heads  of  pipes  are  secured. —  2. 
A  timber  cap  or  tie  placed  on  top  of  a  gi'oup 
of  piles,  to  hold  them  together  and  make  a 
support  for  floor-beams. 

bindweb  (bind'web),  n.  In  anat.,  neuroglia, 
bindweed  (bind'wed),  n.  [AXsohineweed;  early 
mod.  E.  bifiideweed :  <  hind  +  weerfl.]  The  com- 
mon name  tor  plants  of  the  genus  Convolvulus, 
especially  of  C.  arvensis,  C.  (or  Calystegia)  se- 
piimi.  and  ('.  (or  Ctili/stegia)  Soldanella Black 

bindweed,  irt)  l'<jl>in<>mnnC'-im-olvulus.  Qj)  Tamus  com- 
m  ini  is .  ,t  Iji  rojie.  —  Blue  bindweed,  the  bittersweet,  Sola- 
ninii  liiiirii  Ilia m. — Rough  bindweed,  a  species  of  smilax, 
SmUnx  ilxpera. 

bindwith  (bind'with),  n.  [<  bind  +  witli^.']  A 
name  given  to  the  plant  Clematis  Vitalba  (the 
traveler's  joy),  from  its  stems  being  used  to  bind 
up  fagots. 

bindwood  (bind'wM),  n.  [<  bind  +  icootZl.] 
A  Scotch  name  for  ivy,  from  its  entwining  or 
binding  itself  around  stronger  plants,  etc. 

bine^  (bin),  n.  [A  dial,  form  of  bind,  n.,  now 
accepted  in  the  botanical  use,  esp.  in  eom- 
potmds,  as  woodbine,  Impbine,  bearbine :  see  bind, 
«.]     The  slender  stem  of  a  climbing  plant. 

WTieu  burr  and  biiie  were  gathered. 
.  _  Tennymn,  Aylmer's  Field. 

bine^  (bin),  H.     See  boijn. 
binervate  (bi-ner'vat),  a.     [<  hi-"  +  nei-vate.l 

1.  Tvvo-nerved;  especially,  in  hot.,  having  two 
longitudinal  ribs:  applied  to  certain  leaves. — 

2.  In  en  ton/.,  having  two  nervures  or  veins,  as 
an  insect's  wing. 

Binet's  function.    See  fimetion. 

bingi  (bing),  n.     [<   ME.  bing,  binge,  hengc,  < 

•leel.  bingr=S-w.  binge,  aheap;  also,  with  trans- 
ferred sense,  Dan.  bing,  a  bin.  Cf.  bin^,  with 
which  i(Hr/hasprob.  been  confused.]  1.  Aheap 
or  pile  of  anything:  as,  a  bine;  of  corn,  potatoes, 
coal,  ore,  etc.— 2.  A  definite  quantity  of  lead 
ore,  equal  to  8  hundredweight.     [North.  Eng.] 

bing2  (bing),  v.  i.     To  go.     [Old  slang.] 

Kiiuj  out  and  tour,  ye  ailld  devil. 

!:icott,  Guy  Mannering,  I.  xxviii. 

Ijinge  (binj),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  hinged,  ppr. 

Ungeing.   [Se. ,  also  beenge,  beenje,  appa'r.  formed 


567 

by  fusing  bend  and  cringe.'}  1.  To  make  a  low 
obeisance;    courtesy. — 2.   To  cringe;  fawn. 

bing-ore  (bing'or),  n.  Lead  ore  in  small  lumps. 
LKng.J 

bingstead  (bing'sted),  n.  In  mining,  the  place 
where  bing-ore  is  stored  ready  to  go  to  the 
smelter.     [North.  Eng.] 

bink  (bingk),  n.  [Sc.  and  North.  E. ;  <  ME. 
hill/.;  binke,  var.  of  benk,  benlcc,  unassibilated 
form  of  beneh,  q.  v.  Cf.  hankl,  hank^.']  1.  A 
bench;  a  seat.— 2.  A  wooden  frame,  fixed  to 
the  wall  of  a  house,  for  holding  dishes. —  3. 
A  bank;  an  acclivity. — 4.  In  coUon-manuf.,  a 
stock  of  cotton  composed  of  successive  layers 
from  different  bales;  a  bunker.  In  supplying 
cotton  to  the  machinery,  the  stock  is  raked  down  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  mi.x  the  material  thoroughly. 

binn,  ».    See  6mi. 

binna  (bin'ji).  [So.,  =  be  na,  be  not:  na  =  B. 
Hol,  adv.  Cf.  dinna,  do  not,  winna,  will  not.] 
Be  not. 

binnacle  (bin'a-kl),  n.  [Also  written  binacle,  a 
corruption  of  earlier  bittaclc,  bittiele,  <  Pg.  bita- 
cola  =  Sp.  hitdcora  =  P.  habita- 
cle,  a  binnacle,  orig.  an  abode, 
<  L.  hahitaculum,  a  little  dwell- 
ing, <  habitare,  dwell :  see  liahi- 
tation.}  A  framework  or  case 
on  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  front 
of  the  steersman,  and  also  in 
various  other  positions,  con- 
taining a  nautical  compass, 
and  fitted  with  lights  by  which 
the  compass  can  be  read  at 
night.  Men-of-war  generally  carry 
two  steering-binnacles,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  steering-wheel,  for  the 
steering-compasses,  and  an  azimuth 
binnacle  in  a  convenient  place  to 
bold  the  azimuth  compass. 

binnacle-list  (bin '  a  -  kl  -  Ust), 

Binnacle.  "•     A  list  of  the  sick  men  on 

board  a  man-of-war,  placed  in 

the  binnacle  for  the  information  of  the  officer 

of  the  deck. 

Binneya  (bin'e-ya),  n.  [NL.,  after  Binney,  an 
American  naturalist.]  A  genus  of  land-snails, 
family  Helicidw,  peculiar  to  Mexico  and  Cali- 
fornia. The  shell  is  too  small  to  contain  the  whole  body, 
so  that  when  the  animals  retreat,  as  they  do  at  the  ai»- 
proaeh  of  the  dry  season,  the  parts  of  the  body  which 
would  otherwise  be  exposed  are  covered  and  protected  by 
the  greatly  enlarged  epipbragm. 

binnick,  ».    See  bennick. 

binnite  (bin'it),  n.  [<  Sinn  (see  def.)  +  -ife2.] 
A  sulphid  of  arsenic  and  copper  oeeiu'ring  in 
isometric  crystals  in  the  dolomite  of  the  Bin- 
nenthal,  or  valley  of  Binn,  in  the  canton  of 
Valais,  Switzerland. 

binnogue  (bin'nog),  «.  A  head-dress  formerly 
worn  by  the  women  of  the  Irish  peasantry, 
described  as  a  kind  of  kerchief.     Plancke. 

binny  (bin'i),  «.;  pi.  binnies  (-iz).  [Appar.  of 
native  origin.]  A  fish  {Barhus  bijnni)  of  the 
family  CjiprinidcB,  related  to  the  barbel.  It  in- 
habits the  Nile. 

binocle  (bin'o-kl),  n.  [=  F.  binocle  =  Sp.  bind- 
colii,  <  L.  bini,  two  and  two,  double,  +  oculiis, 
eye :  see  ocular.']  A  dioptric  telescope,  fitted 
with  two  tubes  for  the  use  of  both  eyes  at  once : 
also  used  for  opera-glass. 

binocular  (bi-nok'-  or  bin-ok'u-lar),  a.  [<  L. 
bini,  double,  +  oculus,  eye,  +  -ar^.  Cf.  binocle.'] 
1.  Having  two  eyes:  as,  "most  animals  are 
binocular,''  Dcrliam.  Also  binocidatc.  [Rare.] 
—  2.  Referring  to  both  eyes;  suited  for  the 
simultaneous  use  of  both  eyes:  as,  a  hinoctdar 
telescope  or  microscope. 

The  want  of  biiwcular  perspective  in  paintings  interferes 
seriously  with  the  completeness  of  the  illusion. 

Le  Cmiti;  Sight,  p.  14-1. 
Binocular  microscope.    See  microscope. 

binocularity  (bi-nok-  or  bin-ok-u-lar'i-ti),  n. 
[<  binocular  +  -ity.]  Binocular  quality  or  con- 
dition; the  simultaneous  employment  of  both 
eyes.     Lc  Conte. 

binocularly  (bi-nok'-  or  bin-ok'u-lar-U),  adv. 
By  means  of  two  eyes;  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
be  viewed  by  both  eyes. 

The  reticulation  presents  itself  in  clear  relief,  wljen 
viewed  binocularly  with  a  sufficiently  high  power. 

IF.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  276. 

If  these  two  photographs  be  binocularly  combined,  .  .  . 

they  ought  to  and  must  produce  a  visual  effect  exactly  like 

an  actual  object  or  scene.  Le  Conte,  Sight,  p.  127. 

binoculate  (bi-nok'-  or  bin-ok'u-lat),  a.  [<  L. 
hini,  double,  +  oculus,  eye,  +  -afel.]  Same  as 
binocular,  1. 

Binoculus  (bi-nok'ii-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bini, 
twd  and  two,  +  oculus,  eye.]  1.  A  genus  of 
branehiopod  cnistaceans.    See  Apus,  2. — 2.  A 


binomialism 

genus  of  neuropterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Jiphcmcrida:  [.atreille,  1802.— 3.  [I.  c]  An 
X-shaped  bandage  for  maintaining  di'essings 
on  botii  eyes.     Also  called  diophtltalmns. 

binodal  (bi-nO'dal),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  -I-  nodiix, 
kiiolj  node,  +  -«/.]   Having  two  nodes  or  joints. 

binode  (bi'nod),  n.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  nodus, 
knot.]     1.  In  math.,  a  singularity  of  a  surface 


Fig.  2.  Fig.  3. 

Binode  and  Neightjoring  Parts  of  the  Surface  a3  z=  xy. 
Fiff.  1.  View  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  z.     Fig.  2.  Sections 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  x.    Fig.  3.  Sections  inclined  45*  to  the  axes  of 
X  and.y. 

consisting  of  a  point  at  which  there  are  two 
tangent  planes.     In  the  siu-face  shown  in  fig. 

1  each  of  these  planes  is  tangent 
along  the  whole  length  of  a  line ;  but 
this  circumstance  is  not  a  necessary 
concomitant  of  the  singularity. — 2. 
A  crunode  formed  by  the  crossing  of 
two  branches  of  a  curve. 

binodose,binodous(bi-no'd6s,-dus), 
(/.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  nodus,  knot, 
-t-  -ose,  -otts.]  In  ;:oiJl.,  having  two  knot-like 
swellings. 
binomial  (bi-no'mi-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML.  bi- 
nomius,  tr.  of  Gr.  £k  6io  ovouaTuv,  having  two 
names  (<  L.  hi-,  two-,  -f-  nomen,  name),  +  -al ; 
theftdler  form  wouldbe  ii«o»i!««/,  q.  v.]  I.  a. 
1.  In  alg.,  consisting  of  two  terms  connected 
by  the  sign  -t-  or — ;  pertaining  to  binomials. 
—  2.  In  :ool.  and  hot. :  (a)  Using  or  having  two 
names:  applied  to  the  system  of  nomencla- 
ture introduced  by  Linnseus,  in  which  every 
plant  and  animal  receives  two  names,  one  in- 
dicating the  genus,  the  other  the  species:  as, 
Fclis  leo,  the  lion;  Bellis  perennis,  the  daisy. 
The  generic  word  is  always  written  first,  and  with  a  capital 
initial  letter ;  it  is,  or  is  taken  as,  a  noun.  The  specific 
word  follows,  and  is  usually  an  adjective,  or  used  adjec- 
tively,  though  it  may  be  a  uoun.  In  zoology  the  practice 
is  now  to  write  all  specific  words  with  a  lower-case  (or 
small)  initial,  though  substantive  and  personal  and  geo- 
graphical words  are  often  written  with  a  capital,  which 
is  the  common  practice  in  botany.  Hence  —  (h)  Con- 
sisting of  two  names :  as,  binomial  terms.  Also 
binominal. —  Binomial  COeflQclent,  the  numerical  co- 
efficient of  any  term  in  the  development  of  (.r  —  ii)".  where 
n  is  any  wiiole  number.  —  Binomial  deveiopment, 
a  development  t>y  the  binomial  theorem. —  Binomial 
equation,  an  algebraical  equation  consisting  of  tw-o 
terms:  as,  ax" -t  6aT-=o.— Binomial  theorem,  the  the- 
orem invented  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton  for  raising  a  binomial 
to  any  power,  or  for  extracting  any  root  of  it  by  an  ap- 
proximating infinite  series.  According  to  this  theorem, 
we  have : 

(i-t-t/)2=i2-l-2a:!/+jr2 
(a;-t-i/)3=z3-|-3a:2y-4-3a^/2.fy3 
lx+y)*=xi+ixSy+6xiy^+ixift+y*;  or,  In  general, 

n(n— 1)        „   „     7!(n— l)(n— 2) 
(x  +  yy=x-+nx'-^y  +  -^ — i^— 21/2-f-i — ^ -' 

II.  «.  1.  "hi  alg.,  an  expression  or  quantity 
consisting  of  two  terms  connected  by  the  sign 
+  or  — ,  denoting  the  simi  or  the  difference  of 
the  two  terms :  as,  a  +  h,  3fl  —  2f ,  o2  -)-  j,  ^2  — 

2  ■/.'/■ — 2.  In  zool.  and  hot.,  a  name  consisting 
of  two  terms,  generic  and  specific,  as  the  proper 
name  of  a  species,  the  .generic  always  preced- 
ing the  specific  word:  as,  Felis  leo,  the  lion. 

binomialism (bi-n6'mi-al-izm),H.  {<.hinomial  + 
-ism.]    1.  The  binomial  method  of  nomencla- 
ture, especially  in   zoiilogy  and  botany.— 3. 
The  doctrine  or  use  of  that  method. 
Also  binomiality. 


binomialist 

binomialist  (bi-no'mi-al-ist),  n.  [<  binomial,  n.. 
+  -i>?.]  One  who  uses  the  binomial  system  of 
nomenelature  in  zoology  and  botany.  See  6i- 
nomial,  a.,  2. 

binomiality  (bi-no-mi-al'j-ti),  n.  [<  binomial 
+  -iti/.]     Same  as  biiiomialism. 

binomially  (bi-no'mi-al-i).  adv.  In  a  binomial 
manner :  after  the  binomial  method  of  nomen- 
clatare  in  zoology  and  botany. 

binominal  (bi-noin'i-nal).  a.  [<  L.  binominis, 
haviut;  two  names  (<  bi-,  two-,  +  nomen,  name), 
+  -a!.]     Same  as  binomial,  2. 

binominated  (bi-nom'i-na-ted),  a.  [<  L.  bi-, 
twii-.  +  nomitiatus,  named  (see  nominate),  + 
-f<r-.]     Having  two  personal  names. 

binominoost  (bi-nom'i-nus),  a.  [ill.  binomi- 
nis :  see  binominal.^  Having  or  bearing  two 
names.  , , 

binomial  (bi-n6r'mal),  Ji.     [<  bi-^  +  normal.^ 


558 


biomagnetic 


biodynamical  (bi'6-di-nam'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  biography  (bi-og'ia-fi),  «.;  pi.  oiograplnes  (-fiz). 

hiiHlijuamic.              '                      "  [=  F-  buxjrapluc,  <  LGr.  iicir,i>a<^ia,  biography,  <  • 

The  ljiostatic.ll  anil  the  hiodnnamical  —  X.  e.,  the  consid-  *;'''o; imoot:  ( >  ML.  hiograplius,  >  F.  hiogra/ilic,  a 

eration  of  the  structure  ready  to  act,  and  the  considera-  biogi'apher),  <  Or.   Jioc,  life,  +   J/Mpea'.  \\Tite.] 

tiou  of  the  structure  acting.                       ,,..,,  1    The  history  of  the  life  of  a  particular  person. 

G. //.  Acirc*.  Frobs.  of  Li.e  and  Mind,  I.  119.  •                                re 

_.    ,              .       ,,--]- /:u„\    „       r/ n«    :/' There  is  no  heroic  poem  in  the  world  nut  is  at  bottom 

blodynamiCS  (bi  o-ib-uaia  iks),  «.      [<  Gr.  3.0f,  ^  hionraph!/,  the  life  of  a  man.                     Carlyle,  Essays, 
life,  +  lij/iiamics.^     The  doetrme  of  vital  force 


or  energy,  or  the  action  of  living  organisms: 
opposed  to  biostatics. 

biogen  (bi'o-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3iof,  life,  +  -yei'iK, 
producing:  see  -gen.J  A  hypothetical  soul- 
stuff;  the  substance  of  a  supposed  spiritual 
bodv ;  the  od  of  organic  life.     Coties. 

biogenation  (bi  o-je-na'shon),  «.  [<  biogen  + 
-atiOK.']  The  state  or  quality  of  being  affected 
by  biogen;  animation;  vitalizatiou. 

All  animals  are  probably  also  susceptible  of  biorienation, 
which  is  the  affection  resulting  from  the  intlucnce  of  bio- 
gen. Coues,  Key  to  N.  A,  Birds,  p.  192. 


In  math.,  a  normal  to  two  consecutive  elements  biogenesis  (bi-6-gen'e-sis),  n.     [<  Gr.  /3/of,  life. 


of  a  cur\-e  in  space;  a  nor- 
mal perpendicular  to  the 
osciUating  plane. 

binotate,  binotated  (bi- 
no'tat,  -ta-ted),  a.  [<  L. 
bi-,  tn-o,  -t-  nota,  mark,  + 
-ate^,-ated.'\  In  roo(., mark- 
ed with  two  dots. 

binotonoos  (bi-not'o-nus), 
a.  [<  L.  bini.  two  by 
two  (see  binary),  +  tonus, 
note,  tone  (see  tone) ;  after      Dinormai.— The  fuii  lines 

.  T         /-,„„„:«♦;«„     showacylinder  with  a  helix 

monotonous.]      Consisting   '^„„„  „'p<,„  j,  ^^  ,„„  bi- 

Of  two    tones  or  notes  :   as,     normaU.     The  dotteJ  lines 

...  J  '     show  the  tangents  and  prin- 

a  binOiOnOllS  SOnna.  clpal  normals  at  the  same 

binous  (bi'nus),  «.    [<  L.  ZS\Soft:''c^-il:.tV'"' 

binus,  usually  in  pi.  bihi, 

two  and  two,  double :  see  binary  and  between.'] 

Double;  in  a  pair;  binate. 

binozalate  (bi-nok'sa-lat),  n.  [<  L.  bini,  two 
and  two  (see  binary),  +  oxalate.]  In  cJiem., 
an  oxalate  in  which  only  one  of  the  hydrogen 
atoms  of  the  acid  is  replaced  by  a  metal. 

binozid,  binoxide  (bi-uok'sid,  -sid  or-sid),  H. 
[<  L.  hini,  two  aud  two  (see  binary) 
In  rhi  m.,  same  as  (lioiid. 

binozyde,  »■     See  binoxid. 

bintt.  A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  con- 
tra<ted  form  of  biudetli,  the  third  person  singu- 
lar of  liind. 

binturong  (bin'tu-rong),  n.  The  native  name, 
aiul  now  the  usual  book-name,  of  Arclictis  bin- 
turong, an  Iiidiaii  prehensile-tailed  carnivorous 
mammal  of  the  family  Viverrida;  and  subfamily 
Arctictidinw.  Also  called  Ictides  ater  or  /.  al- 
bifrons,  and  formerly  V'iverra  binturong.  See 
Arrticli.<<. 

binnclear  (bi-nu'kle-iir),  a.  [<  bi-'  +  mtclear.] 
Having  two  nuclei  or  central  points. 

binucleate  (bi-nu'kle-at),  a.  [<  bi--  -t-  nuclc- 
ali .]     Jlaving  two  nuclei,  as  a  cell. 

binucleolate  (bi-nii'kle-o-lat),  a.  [<  6i-2  -t- 
nurkiilati-.]  In /^/((/..having  two  nucleoli:  ap- 
plied to  cells. 

bio-.  [NIj.  etc.  bio-,  <  Gr.  /3iof,  life,  akin  to  L. 
titwi,  living  (>  rita,  life:  see  rivid,  vital),  = 
Goth,  k-wius  =  AS.  cwicu,  E.  quick,  living :  see 
quick.]  An  element  in  many  compound  words, 
chiefly  scientific,  meaning  life. 


2.  Biographical  writing  in  general,  or  as  a  de-  . 
partment  of  Uteratm-e. 

This,  then,  was  the  first  great  merit  of  ilontcstiuieu, 
that  he  etfected  a  complete  separation  between  hiwrraphy 
and  history,  and  taught  historians  to  study,  not  the  pecu. 
iiarities  of  individual  character,  but  the  general  .ispect  of 
the  society  in  which  the  peculiarities  ai>peared. 

BucUi\  Civilization,  I.  xiU. 

3.  lu  nnf.  hist.,  the  life-history  of  an  animal  or 
a  plant.  =  Syn.  1.  Bioijraph)/,  Memoir.  When  there  is 
a  ililference  between  these  words,  it  may  be  that.»iemoir 
indicates  a  less  ciuuplete  or  minute  account  of  a  person's 
life,  or  it  may  be  that  the  person  himself  records  his  own 
rcLul].  ^  liMiis"..f  the  past,  especially  as  connected  with  his 

ttie  latter  case  t»t';/(ON- should  be  in  the  plural. 


-1-  )ti'fOTc,  generation:   see  genesis.']     1.    The  ^jokinetics  (bi"  o-ki-net 'iks),  h.     _[<  Gr.  ,i(of, 


genesis  or  production  of  living  beings  from  liv- 
ing beings;  generation  in  an  ordinary  sense: 
the  converse  of  spontaneous  generation,  or  abio- 
gcnesiS.  Various  methods  in  which  biogenesis  is  known 
to  occur  give  rise  to  special  terms,  &a  gamogejuifis,  parthe- 
mtifeuesis,  etc. 

2.  The  doctrine  which  holds  that  the  genesis 
of  li\-iug  beings  from  living  beings  is  the  only 
one  of  which  we   have   any  knowledge,  and 


life,  +  kinetics.]  That  part  of  biological  science 
which  treats  of  the  successive  changes  through 
which  organisms  pass  dui'ing  the  different 
stages  of  their  development. 
biologian  (bi-o-16'jian),  n.  [<  biology  +  -ian.'i 
A  biologist. 

Those  great  classes  into  which  systematists  and  biolo- 
ifiaimhave  divided  existing  vertebrate  forms. 

The  Century,  XXXI.  362. 
which  investigates  or  speculates  upon  the  facts  ^j  logj,.  (bi-6-loj'ik),  a.  [<  biology  -I-  -ic.]  Same 
in  the  case  upon  such  premises:  the  opposite  ",'"^!'^^yV,-      J      '!       \.  J  J  J 

of  flftiooenesis.— 3.  Same  as  ft(Ooe««,  1.  ...        '.  ..        .    .      »               ■     -ij,     . 

v; „„„,•„+    /i,T  ?,  i,.„'Q  oSof-i     ,i       U   ;,.-n/,/.>i^o;o  The  interpretation  of  structure  ...  is  aided  by  two 

blOgenesist    (bi-o-jen  e-sist),   n.     [<   biogenesis  ^^y,^^^^^.^,.,^,  .livjsions  of  bioloqic  inquiry,  named  Compara. 

-I-  -isl.]     One  who  favors  the  theory  or  biogen-  tjye  Anatomy  (properly  Comparative  Jlorphology)  and 

t'sis.      Also  called  iio<7eHiSf.  Comparative  Embryology.                                    II.  Spencer. 

biogenetic  (bio-je-net'ik),  o.     [(.biogenesis  {in  biological  (bi-6-loj'i-kal),  a.     1.  Pertaining  to 

sense  li,  <  biogen),  after  genetic]     1.  Of  or  per-  biology  or  the  science  of  life. 


tainiug  to  biogenesis  or  biogeny  in  anyway: 

as,   a  biogenetic  process;   a  biogenetic  law  or 

principle. 
This  fundamental  hiogenitic  law.  Haeckel  (trans.). 

2.  Consisting  of  biogen;  done  by  means  of  bio- 

tJi'ii;  relating  to  the  tlieory  of  biogen.     Coues. 
oxirf.j  biogenetically  (bi  o-jf-net'i-kal-i),  adv.     In  a 

biogenetic  manner;  by  means  of  or  according 

to  the  principles  of  biogenesis  or  biogeny. 
biogenist  (bi-o,i'c-nist),  n.     [<  biogeny  +  -ist.] 

Same  as  biogencsist. 
biogeny   (bi-oj'e-ni),   n.     [<  Gr.   ^io;,   life,   -I- 

-jtrtm,  generation:  see -geny.     Ct.  biogenesis.] 

1.  The  genesis  or  evolution  of  the  forms  of 
matter  vrtiich  manifest  the  phenomena  of  life. 
It  is  ilivided  into  two  main  branches :  ontwien;/.  or  the 
genesis  of  the  indiviilual  organism,  and  ;i*.i;(";"'".".  "■"  H'e 
genesis  of  the  species,  race,  stock,  or  tribe  to  which  the 
indiviilual  belongs.     Also  binpcneniii. 

2.  The  science  or  doctrine  of  biogenesis;  the 

history  of  organic  evolution.     As  in  the  preced-  ,,-.. 

ing  sense,  it  is  iliviilcd  into  untorieny,  or  germ-history,  or  blOlOglSt    (bi-ol  o-jist),    n 


They  [the  discoveries  of  Cuvier]  contain  a  far  hirger  por- 
tion of  important  anatomical  and  bioloijieal  truth  than  it 
ever  before  fell  to  the  lot  of  one  man  to  contribute. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  I.  tv:9. 

The  prick  of  a  needle  will  yielil,  in  a  drop  of  one's  blood, 
material  for  microscopic  observation  of  iihcnomena  which 
lie  at  the  foundation  of  all  biuloqical  conceptions. 

Huxley,  Pop.  Sci.  JIo.,XI.  670. 

2.  In  zool.,  illustrating  the  whole  life-history 
of  a  group  or  species  of  animals:  as,  a  biologi- 
cal collection  of  insects, 
biologically  (bi-o-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  biologi- 
cal iiiaiiiicr;  according  to  the  doctrines  or  prin- 
ciples of  biology. 

That  which  was  physically  defined  as  a  moving  equilib- 
rium we  define  biologically  as  a  balance  of  functions. 

)/.  Speneer,  Data  of  Ethics,  5  39. 

Ethics,  if  positive,  must  rest  on  sonic  empirical  data. 
These  data  are  furnished  partly  by  bi^l.ny.  partly  by  hu. 
man  natiu-c,  either  bioloqicalhi  or  psychologically  consid- 
ercd,  .V.  .1.  iiVr.,  CXX.  266. 

[<  biology  +  -ist.'] 


One  skilled  in,  or  a  student  of,  biology, 
biologizet  (bi-ol'o-jiz),  v.  t.     [<  biology  +  -iw.] 
To  mcsnic'rizc. 


bio-bibliographical     (bi  6-bib"li-6-graf'i-kal),  biographer  (lji-og''ra-fer 
a.   [<  (ir.  ifi'ir,  life,  -l-  bihiior/rajihical.]     Treat-     pim.y  (si^e  biography)  +  ■ 


biograph  (bi'6-graf),  n.  [Gr.  (iioc,  \\fe,  +  ypAd>ew, 

write.  J    A  niecliaiiical  device  invented  by  Iler- 

nian  Casler,  for  projecting  upon  a  screen  jiic- 

tm-es  of  moving  objects  taken  by  a  niulogniph. 

r),  n.     i<  ML.  biogra- 

,     ,  .  ,, ^..,  V.  .,...i„..,,   .   -cr^.    a.  j'hilosoiihtr.] 

ing  of  or  dealing  with  both  tho  life  and  the     Oiie  who  writes  a  biography,  or  an  uccnunt  of 
writings  of  an  author.  tlie  lite  and  actions  of  a  particular  person;  a 

bioblast  (bi'6-bla»t),  H.     [<  Gr.  /?iof,  life,  -I-     wr it.  r  of  lives. 

',bud,Bprout,  grow.]  ],iQgi.aphic(bi-o-graf'ik),a.  l<biography+-ic.] 
'"■  ''      I't-rlnining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  biogrniiliy. 

To  all  which  (|Ue»tloiiw,  not  unessential  In  a  biographic 
work,  mere  conjecture  must  for  most  part  nliirn  answer. 
Ci'riyte,  Sartor  lle»aitil«,  p.  Hfi. 
biographical  (tu-o-giafi-kal),  «.     Kelalingor 
Iiertaining  to  llie  iil'ii  of  an  indiviilual;  ilenling 
with  or  containing  liiu),'i'apliics:  as,  biographi- 
cal dolails;  a  liiiiiirai)hiiiil  (liclionary. 
biographically  (iii-6-graf 'i-knl-i),  adv.    In  a 


the  history  of  the  cmbryological  development  of  the  iiuli- 
viilual  organism,  anil  phytogeny,  or  tribal  history,  or  the 
history  of  the  paleontologlcal  evolution  of  organic  sjiccics. 

The  first  of  these  studies  [biology)  gives  rise  to  the  i,! 'i '''V»'ort"/l,i  nl'n  ii  7Ar^    «      Ono  who  nrao- 

8cicnccsofanat<miy  an.lphy.siology,  aswellastothesuli-  DlOlOglZert    (1>1-01  O-Jl-zer;,  n.     une  wno  prao 

sidlary  science  of  jiathology.    On  the  other  hand,  lliognui  t  iscs  nu'snierism. 

comprisesenibryology.niorphology.andquestionsrelating  biology  (bi-ol'o-ji),  m.    [=F.  biologic,  <  Gr.  /1/of, 

to  the  origin  of  species.       J.  /•VsAre,  Cosmic  I'lillos., j^221.  jj|-^,^  +  _'^g^  -^^  ^  ?,iyetv,  speak  (see  -ology) ;  cf.  Gr. 

i1m'/.ii)nc,  a  player,  one  who  represents  to  the 


i</aT7or,  a  germ,  < /l/affrrivtiv. 
In  biol.,  a  formative  cell  of  any  kind ;'  a  minute 
mass  of  bioplasm  or  protoplasm  about  to  be- 
.i..«_l»_  .--.11  ,.e 1.1. 


'J'hus,  osteoblasts, 
Ijinph-corpusclcs, 


come  a  definite  cell  of  any  kind, 
wldt»-  blorHl'CorpiiHcleH  or  leiieocytcs, 
t'U..  arc  all  liloblaMtJt. 

bioblaatic  (bi-o-blaH'tik),  a.  [<  bioblast  +  -ic] 
•  >f,  |iirlaining  to,  or  of  tho  nature  of  bioblasts. 

biocellate  (bi-o-Hel'at),  a.  [<  '«--  +  oceltate.] 
.Miirkiil  with  two  cyo-liko  spots,  as  tho  wings 
of  M(,nii'  insecttt. 

biocentric  (lii-o-Hon'trik),  n.  (<  dr.  fiior,  life, 
+  '■■i-,,;:;  center.]  Trottling  lifo  as  u  central 
fact. 

blochemic  (hi-o-kom'ik).  a.  [<  Or.  /?/oc,  life,  -f- 
c/ir/iiir.J  Of  or  portoinuig  to  tho  chomiBtry  of 
lifo. 

Mod  fbi'od),  II.  f<  Or.  fiinr.  lifo,  +  nd,  i\.  v.) 
The  .,.1  ,,f  animal  lifo;  biogen;  animal  iiing- 
neti-Tii,  -.>.  ciillr.d.      Ton  Ilnchridiach. 

Uodynamic  (lii'o-di-iiam'ik),  a.  f<  <ir.  /fiof, 
life,  -t-  ili/nnmic.']'  ( If  or  perlaining  to  Itie  doc- 
trine of  vital  force  or  enorgy ;  biophyHiolnu'ical. 


c,  a  playe 
life.]  1.  The  science  of  life  and  living  things 
in  the  widest  sense;  the  body  of  tloctrine  ro- 
spocting  li-ving  beings;  the  knowledge  of  vital 
IMieiiomena. 

It  is  roninrkable  that  each  of  these  writers  ITrevlranm 
and  Lanuirck)  seems  to  have  been  led,  indcpcndcntl,y  and 
eonteniporanconsly,  to  invent  the  same  name  of  liiologu 
for  the  science  of  the  phenomena  of  life.  .  .  .  And  it  w 
hard  to  say  whether  Lamarck  or  Trevlranus  has  the  pri- 
ority. .  .  .  Though  the  llrst  viduine  of  Trevlranus'  "  lllo- 
logic  "  njiiiearcd  only  in  1S02,  he  says  .  .  .  thai  he  wrote 
tho  llrst  volume  .  .  .  about  IVim.  The  "  lieeherches, " 
etc..  Ill  which  the  outlines  of  Lamaick's  doctrines  art) 
given,  was  published  In  1802. 

Huxley,  Science  and  Culture  (Am.  ed.,  1882),  p.  .105. 

2.  Tn  a  more  special  sense,  physiology :  bio- 
physiology ;  liiotics.— 3.  In  a  leclinical  sense, 
the  lil'i'-liistory  of  an  animal  :  es) ially 

..„._^ „   ....  ...  in  onloniologv. — 4t.   Animal  magnetism. 

liio(;ra|iliical  senso  or  manner;  with  reference  biolysis  (bi-ol'i-sis),  n.     |Nli..  <  tir.  /("if,  lifo, 


iiseii 


liiotri'a|»liv 

biOgraphist"(bi-og'ra-flBt),  n.     [<  biography  + 
-1st.]     A  liiographer.     [Rare.] 

Want  of  Iwiiimt  heart  In  the  llingrnithiiila  i>(  these Sninlil 
.  .  .  betray,  il  their  pens  to  Biiih  nboniliinble  untruths. 


/•|i«<T,  Worlhle 


III. 


biographize  (hi-og'ra-nz).  v.  I. ;  pret.  and  jii.. 
biiKirophKid,  ppr.  biographi-ing.  (<  biograjihy 
+  -i:/.]  To  write  the  biograjihy  or  ii  history  of 
the  life  of.     (Rare.] 

Now  do  I  blewi  (he  man  who  iiiiderlook 
These  monks  nnd  iimrlyrs  to  bi'iftriftnre. 

:souttici/.  Ml,  iJuiillxj'to,  St.  '»:>. 


+  /.ivir,  loosening,  solution,  <  '/.iiiv,  loose,  ilis- 
solve.]  Dissolution  of  a  living  being;  deatll, 
IIS  tlicri'Holntidn  of  an  orgaiiiHiii  into  itsconstit- 
iii'iit  imrls,  and  ciiiise(|uently  the  destruction 
of  I  lie  |ilieiioniena  of  life. 

biolytic  (lii-o-lit'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  (Hoe,  life,  + 
/IT/MI.,  utile  til  loose,  <  /tiTiif,  verbal  adj.  of 
/iui',  loose.]  Ill  mcd.,  tending  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  life:  HH,  a  bioli/tic  agent. 

biomagnetic  (bi'..-niiig-ni't'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  plot, 
liio.  +  miiguilic]  I'ertaining  or  relating  to 
biiiniagnetlHUi. 


i 


biomagnetism 

biomagnetism  (lji-r)-iniin;'ne-tizra),  ».  [<  Gr. 
/Jk«.  lil'i',  +  >ii(i<iiiilism.'\  Animal  magnetism. 
Sec  nuiiiiietiniii.  Kiiuith. 
biometry  (bi-om'e-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  /?/of,  life,  + 
-ftirpia,  <  iiirpov,  a  measure.]  The  measure- 
ment of  life ;  specifically,  the  calculation  of 
the  probable  duration  of  human  life. 
biomorphotic  (bi"o-m6r-fot'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  hio- 
miir/ilKiliciix,  <  Gr.  /<("<;,  life,  +  MGr.  fiopipuTi- 
k6i;,  lit  fur  shaping,  <  Gr.  '/lopffiuTug,  verbal  adj.  of 
fiojxpoiiv,  shape,  <  /'o/nP'/,  form,  shape.]  In  cii- 
tom.,  having  an  active  pupa.  U'cstit'ood. 
Biomorphotica  (bi"o-m6r-fot'i-kii),  n.pl.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  biomorphoticus  :  see  biomorphotic..'] 
In  cntoiH.,  a  name  proposed  by  Westwood  for 
those  insects  of  the  old  order  Ncuroptera  hav- 
ing an  active  pupa.  They  are  now  generally 
kiiou'u  as  I'seudoneuroptcra. 
bionomy  (bi-on'o-mi),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /3('of,  Ufe, 
-t-  j'offof,  law:  see  nomc.']  1.  The  science  of  the 
laws  of  life,  or  of  living  f imetions ;  dynamic 
biology. 

He  [Comte]  also  employs  the  term  bionomy  as  embra- 
cing the  general  science  of  the  laws  of  living  functions,  or 
dynamic  biology.         L,  F.  Ward,  Dynam.  .Sociol.,  I.  120. 

2.  In  anthropology,  the  third  and  final  or  deduc- 
tive and  predictive  stage  of  anthi'opobiology. 
0.  T.  Maaoii. 

biophagOUS  (bi-of'a-gus),  a.  [<  Gr.  /3/of,  life,  + 
ipayeiv,  eat.]  Feeding  on  living  organisms :  ap- 
plied especially  to  insectivorous  plants. 

biophysiography  (bi'6-fiz-i-og'ra-fi),  n.  [<  Gr. 
/3(0f,  life,  +  phi/sinpraithi/.']  The  physical  nat- 
m-al  history  of  organized  beings;  descriptive 
and  systematic  Zdiilogy  and  botany,  as  distin- 
guished from  physifilogical  zoology  and  botany. 


559 


morphological  ctiaraeters;  a  biological  system; 

taxonomy. 
biotic  (bi-ot'ik),  a.    Same  as  biotical. 
biotical  (bi-ot'i-kal),  a.     [<  Gr.  (kuTiK6<:,  relat- 
ing to  life  (<  j3iuTi'ir,  verbal  adj.  of  fiiovv,  live, 
<  li'ioc,  life),  -t-  -nl.']    Of  or  pertaining  to  life, 
or  to  biotics;  biophysiologieal. 
The  hi.itiiiil  :ictivitirs  of  mutter.  T.  stern/  Hunt. 

Oiwrnizalinn  ai,,!  bi.,i/,;,l  functions  arise  from  the  nat-  bipectinate  (bi-pek'ti-nat),  a.      [< 

uralopcralioiis..!  f.>ivrs  inherent  in  clemcnta  matter.  tnintfl      TTivinrJ  two    ^JZ,-,^^  f„ 

ir.  /;.  Can>e,dcr,  Cyc.  of  Anat.  and  Pliys.,  lit.  IM.     l"  "u.  ..,."         ,^  .•   n  .  .™f '?'"**  *«' 

biotics  (bi-ot'iks),  «.    [<Gr./V(ur((.w;,  pertaining     " 

to  life :  see  bioticol.']  The  science  of  vital  func- 
tions and  manifestations  ;  the  powers,  proper- 
ties, and  qualities  peculiar  to  living  organisms ; 
vital  activities  proper,  asdistinguislicd  Irointho 
chemical  and  physical  attributes  of  vitality 
These  activities  are  often  designated  as 


Blpinnaria 

a  period  containing  only  two  passover  anni- 
versaries. 

Atmuttiie  length  .  .  .  [of  Christ's  public  ministry)  there 
arc  (besi.lcs  IMc  isolated  and  decidedly  erroneous  view  o( 
Irena^us)  thrc.-  theories,  allowing  respectively  one,  two,  or 
three  years  and  a  few  months,  and  designated  as  the  hi- 
pmchat,  tripaachal,  and  (|nadripaschal  schemes,  accord- 
ing to  the  munber  of  I'assovers. 

ficlial)'.  Hist.  Christ.  Church,  I.  §  16,  iv. 
6/-2  +  pcc- 
toothed  like  a 
comb :  used  especially  in  botany  and  zoology. — 
Bipectinate  antennae,  in  niinm.,  antennrc  in  which  the 
bodies  of  the  joints  are  short,  but  with  both  siiles  pro- 
longed into  more  or  less  slender  processes,  which  arc 
turned  obliquely  outward,  giving  the  whole  organ  a 
feather-like  appearance,  as  in  many  moths.  This  form  is 
often  called  jiirliimlr ;  but  this  word  is  pro|jcrly  used 
where  the  processes  are  on  one  side  of  the  joint  oidy. 
iiv^Af^  ^ViT'*^rt^l\    r,    n.-^l  .v^         ry  T      I..- //• ,,  \ 


this  word  IS  generally  made  to  include  at  the  saiife  tini 
other  manifestations    which    are    simply  dynamical  or 
chemical,  I  have  .  .  .  proposed  for  the  activities  charac- 
teristic of  the  organism  the  term  biotics.    T.  Sternj  Hunt. 

biotite  (bi'o-tit),  n.  [<  J.  B.  Eiot  (1774-1862),  a 
French  physicist,  -1-  -jteS,]  An  important  mem- 
ber of  the  mica  group  of  minerals.  See  mim. 
It  occurs  in  he.vagonal  prisms,  sometimes  tabular,  of  a 
black  or  dark-green  color.  It  is  a  silicate  of  aluminium 
and  iron  with  magnesium  and  potassium,  and  is  often 
called  iii'iimesia  mica,  in  distinction  from  muscovite  or 
jmtasit  mica.  It  is  sometimes  divided  into  two  varieties, 
called  niiniiitfe  and  meroxene,  which  are  distinguished  by 
optical  characteristics. 

biotome  (bi'o-tom),  n.  [<  Gr.  [Hoc,  life,  +  to/i^, 
a  cutting,  section  :  see  anatomy.']  A  term  ap- 
plied by  Cobbold  to  a  life-epoch  in  the  develop- 
ment of  some  of  the  lower  animals,  as  Ento. 

biovulate  (bi-6'vii-lat) 


. ,  a.     [<  6j-2  + 
„.                    . ,     In  hot.,  having  two  ovules. 
or  biotics ;  organography :  distinguished  from  bipaleolate  (bi-pa'le-o-lat),  a.     [<  6i-2  -t-  paleo- 
Uophii-volorjij.                                                               late]    Having  two  paleola;  or  diminutive  scales 
biophysiologieal  (bi''6-fiz"i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.    [<     (lodiculcs),  as  the  flowers  of  some  grasses. 
biophi/.tinlnpi/  +  -ical.]    Of  or'pertaiu'ingto  bio-  bipalmate  (bi-pal'mat),  a.     [<  M-~  +  palmate.] 
physiology.                                                                   In  bot.,  doubly  or  suborilinately  palmate. 
biophysiologist  (bi"6-fiz-i-ol'o-jist),  n.     [<  bio-  biparietal(bi-pa-ri'e-tal),  rr.  l<bi-"  +  2)arietal.] 
phi/siiiloyi/  +  -ist.]    A  student  of  biophysiology;     Pertaining  to  both  pairietal  bones Biparletal 


a  student  of  biology,  or  an  expert  in  the  science 
of  biotics.     Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  169. 

biophysiology  (bi"6-flz-i-oro-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  fiiog, 
life,  -t-  jiiii/.'iioloiii/.]  The  science  of  organized 
beings,  emliraeing  organogeny,  morphology, 
and  physiiilogieal  zoology  and  botany :  distin- 
gmshed  from  biopliysiography. 

bioplasm  (bi'o-plazm),  n.  ['<  Gr.  /3('of,  Ufe,  -t- 
irlaaua,  anything  formed,  <  Trhiacssiv,  form.] 
Livinp;  and  germinal  matter ;  formative,  as  dis- 
tinguished from   formed,  matter.    The  term  w 


diameter,  the  diameter  of  the  skull  from  one  parietal 
emiiieiKe  to  the  other. 

biparous  (bip'a-ms),  a.  [<  L.  U-,  two-,  +  pu- 
rer e,  bring  forth.]  1.  Bringing  forth  two  at 
a  birth. —  2.  In  bot.,  having  two  branches  or 
axes :  applied  to  a  cyme. 

biparted  (bi-piir'ted),  a.     [<  U-'^  +  parted.    Cf. 
bipartite]    1.  In /(tr.,  bipartite:  applied  to  any-  v,,-„Qrrr.-i +,•«,! 
thing  cut  off  in  the  form  of  an  indent,  showing  HiSpTirif=    n,^ 
two  projecting  pieces. —  2.  In  ^ool.,  divided  in" 
to  two  parts ;  bipartite. 


iiiti'oiluced  by  Prof.  L.  S.  Beale,  al)0ut  Is! 


or  condition  of  protoplasm  in  wliich  it  is  living  and  ger- 
minating. 

Bioplasm  .  .  .  moves  and  grows.  ...  It  may  be  cor- 
rectly called  living  or  forming  matter,  for  by  its  agency 
every  kind  of  living  thing  is  made,  and  without  it,  as  far 
as  is  known,  no  living  thing  ever  has  been  made  ;  .  .  .  but 
the  most  convenient  and  least  objectionable  name  for  it  is 
living  plasma  or  bioplasm  (Sios,  life,  irMa/ia,  plasm,  that 
which  is  capable  of  being  fashioned). 

Beale,  Bioplasm,  §  14. 

bioplasmic  (bi-o-plaz'mik),  a.  [<  bioplasm  -H 
-ic]     Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  bioplasm. 

bioplast  (bi'o-plast),  n.  [<  Gr.  I^io^,  life,  -t- 
TrAaartif,  verbal  adj.  of  Tr'/^daGcii/,  mold,  form.] 
A  particle  of  bioplasm;  a  living  germinal  cell, 
such  as  a  white  blood-corpuscle  or  a  lymjih- 
eorpusele;  an  amoeboid;  a  plastidule. 

In  many  diseases  these  l/mpiaHs  of  the  capillary  walls 
are  much  altered,  and  in  cholera  I  have  found  that  num- 
bers of  them  have  been  completely  destroyed. 

Beale,  Bioplasm,  §  298. 

bioplastic  (bi-o-plas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  jViog,  life, 
+  irAaorwA;:  see  plastic]  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  a  bioplast. 

biordinal  (bi-6r'di-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  6j-2  -1- 
ordinat.]     I.  a.  Of  the  second  order. 

II.  H.  In  math.,  a  differential  equation  of 
the  second  order. 

biqstatical  (bi-o-stat'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  ^log, 
life,  -I-  (Trarwdf,  causing  to  stand:  see  static] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  biostaties. 

No  philosophic  biologist  now  tries  to  reach  and  modify 
a  vital  force,  but  only  to  reach  and  modify  those  bii>- 
statu'ah-n\u\\V\'n\ii  which,  when  considering  them  as  causes, 
ami  cniKji  msIm;,'  tlifiu  all  into  a  single  expression,  he  calls 
Vitality,  or  tli.'  Vital  Forces. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  I'robs.  of  Life  and  jMind,  I.  ii.  §  2. 

biostaties  (b!-6-stat'iks),  «.  [PI.  of  hiostatic: 
see  -ics.]  That  branch  of  liiology  which  deals 
with  the  statical  and  coexistent  relations  of 
structure  and  function 
ic..<:  and  bioidnetics. 

biotaxy  (bi'o-tak-si),  ».  [<  Gr.  /3/oc,  life,  + 
-Ta^ia,  <  raiiQ,  arrangement:  see  tartic]  The 
classification,  arrangement,  or  coordination  of 
living  organisms,  according  to  the  sum  of  their 


72,  for  the  sta?e  bipartiblo  (bi-piir'ti-bl),  a.    [<  bi-^  +  partible.] 
Divisilile  into  two  parts.     Also  bipartite. 

bipartient  (bi-piir'ti-ent),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bipar- 
tieii(t-)s,  ppr.  of  bipartire:  see  bipartite]  I.  a. 
Dividing  into  two  parts ;  seiwing  to  divide  into 
two — Bipartient  factor,  a  number  whose  stpiare  di- 
vides a  given  nnmlier  without  remainder. 

II.  n.  In  matli.,  a  number  that  divides  an- 
other into  two  equal  jiai'ts  vrithout  remainder: 
thus,  2  is  the  bipartient  of  4. 

bipartile  (bi-par'til),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  LL. 
partilis,  <  L.  p>artire,  part:  see  part,  v.]  Same 
as  bipartiblc. 

bipartite  (bi-par'tit),  «.     [<  L.  biparUtus,  pp. 

of  bipartirc,  divide  into  two  parts,  <  bi-,  two-, 

-(-  partire,  divide :  see 


tal ;  but  since  biped  (bi'ped),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bipcs  {biped'-)  (= 
tir.  (S/-o«f  (Affot!-) :  see  dipody),  two-footed,<  bi-, 
two-,  +  pes  (ped-)  =  E.  foot.  Cf.  r/iiadruped, 
ceniiped,  milliped.]    I.  a.  1.  Having  two  feet. 

An  heliiless,  naked,  biped  beast.        Ili/roin,  An  Epistle. 
2.  In  hcrpct.,  having  hind  limbs  only. 
II.  n.  An  animal  having  two  feet,  as  man. 
bipedal  (bi'ped-al),  a.     [<  h.  bipedalis,  measur- 
ing two  feet,  <  bi-,  two-,  -h  pes  (ped-),  foot.   Cf. 
biped.]     X.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  biped;  hav- 
ing or  walking  upon  two  feet. 
The  erect  or  bipedal  mode  of  progi'es.sion. 

E.  D.  Cope,  Origin  of  tile  Fittest,  p.  335. 
2t.  Measuring  two  feet  in  length. 
bipedality  (bi-pe-dal'i-ti),  v.    [<  bip)edal  +  -ity.] 
The  qualitv  of  being  two-footed. 
Jintozoa.  Bipeltata  (bi-pel-ta'ta),  H. ;)/.     [NL.,  neut.  id. 
ovmaie.\     ^j  bipeltatus:  see  bipHtate.]    A  tei-m  adopted 
by  Cuvier  from  Latreille  as  a  family  name  for 
sundry  organisms  known  as  glass-crabs,  of  a 
certain  genus   called   I'hyllosoma   by    Leach. 
The  forms  in  tiuestion  are  larvx  of  scyllaroid  crustaceans. 
See  glass-crab,  Piiyllosomata.     [Not  in  use.] 
bipeltate  (bi-pel'tat),  a.    [<  NL.  bipeltatus,  <  L. 
bi-,  two-,  -I-  prlta,  shield:  see  bi-"  and  i)eUate.] 
1.  In  zoiil.,   having  a  defense  like  a  double 
shield. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Bipeltata. 
bipennate,  bipennated  (bi-pen'at,  -ii-ted),  «. 

[<  L.  bipcnnis,  bipinnis,  two-winged,  <  bi-  + 
penna,  pinna,  wing:  see  pen^.]  1.  Having 
two  wings:  as,  "  bipennated  inseets,"  Berliam, 
Phys.  Theol.,  viii.  4,  note.— 2.  In  bot,  same 
as  bipinnatc,  (a). 

lipennatifid,  a.     See  bipinnatifid. 
bipennis    (lu-pen'is),    «. ;    pi.   bipennes   (-ez). 
[L.,  prop.  adj.   (se.  securis,   ax),   two-edged ; 
confused  with  bipen 


nis,  bipinnis,  two- 
winged,  but  accord- 
ing to  QuintUian 
and  other  Latin 
writers  a  different 
word,  <  bi-,  two-,  -I- 
*pennus  or  *pinnus, 
sharp.  Cf.  jniiT-  and 
2>eti'>:]     An  ancient 


Bipennis. 
(From  a  Greek  red-fiffured  vase.) 


o 


part,  r.]  1 
parts  ;  ha\-ing  two 
coiTespondent  parts, 
as  a  legal  contract  or 
wi'iting,  one  for  each 
party;  duplicate. 

The  divine  fate  is  also 
bipartite. 

Cudwortli,  Intellectual 
[System,  Pref.,  p.  1. 

2.     In    bot. 
into  two  parts  near- 
ly to   the    base,    as 
the  leaves   of  many 
passion-fiowers — Bipartite  curve,  in  grnm..  a  curve 
consisting  of  two  distinct  continuous  series  of  points. 
Bipartiti  (bi-par-ti'ti),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  pi.  of  L. 
bipartitus:  see  bipartite.]    In  Latreille's  system 
of  classification,  a  grou])  of  carnivorous  Coleop- 
tera  containing  fossorial  caraboid  beetles. 
bipartition  (bi-piir-tish'on),  n. 
(see  bipartite),  altev partition .] 


Bipartite  Curve. 
>2  =*(*-!)  (j:- 


ax  with  two  blades, 
one  on  each  side  of 
the  handle,  in  art  it  is 
a  characteristic  weapon 
often    depicted    in    the 
bands  of   the  Amazons, 
and  also  attributed  to  Heplijestus  or  Vulcan. 
In  two  Bipes  (bi'pez),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  bipes,  two-foot- 
ed: see  biped.]     1.  A  genus  of  lizards,  of  the 
family  Jnffuida;  or    Gerrhonotida;  :    by  some 
united  with  Ojyhisaurus.      Oppel,  1811. —  2.  A 
genus  of  lizards,  of  the  family  Scincida-:  now 
called  Scelotes.     The  species  are  African ;  the 
.S.  bi]}es  inhabits  South  Africa.     Merrem,  1820. 
bipetalous  (bi-pet'a-lus),  a.    [< 
hi--  -I-  petaloiis.]     Ha\ang  two 
flower-leaves  or  petals, 
divided  Biphora(bi'fo-ra),  Ji.pi.    [NL., 
<  L.  bi-,   two-,  +  Gr.  -<p6poc,  < 
(^t7jf"'  =  E.fto(rl.]     A  group  of 
ascidians,  such  as  the  Saljtida:. 
The  term  is  sometimes  used  as  the 
name  of  an  order  of  the  class  Tunica- 
ta  or  Ascidia,  containing  the  families 
Satpidce  and  Doliulida;.  characterized 
by  their  single  ribbon-like  brauchia. 
They  are  free-swinnning  forms  with 
the  sexes  distinct. 
[i'Li.bipartire  biphore(bi'f6r),«.  [iBiphora.] 
The  act  of  di-     One  of  the  Biphora. 


viding  into  two  parts,  or  of  making  two  cor-  Bipinnairia     (bi-pi-na'ri-a),   n. 


opposed  to  biodynam-    respondent  parts. 

bipaschal  (bi-pas'kal),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
LL.  po.se7(rt,  passover :  see  paschal.]  Including 
or  relating  to  two  consecutive  passover  feasts: 
applied  by  theologians  to  the  scheme  of  chro- 
nology wliich  limits  Christ's  public  ministiy  to 


[NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  pinna, 
penna,  wing:  see  2>en'^.]  A 
generic  name  given  to  the  bi- 
lateral larval  form  of  some 
echinoderms,  as  a  starfish, 
under  the  impression  that    it 


stages  of  develop- 
ment of  a  lar^-al  aste- 
rid  termed  Btpmna- 
rta.  Upper  tigure. 
later  P/itffus;  lower, 
earlier  Ec/tinopaiii-^ 
um. 


Bipinnaria  ^^^ 

was  a  distinct  animal:   nearly  the  same  as    when  it  has  within  it  two  dots  or  pupils  of  a 
B^chiolaria.    The  term  is  retained  to  desifrnate     different  eolor 

f,rh  larvffi  or  sta-e  of  development.     See  also  bipyramidal  (bi-pi-ram  i-dal),  a.      l<  J»-  + 
sueh  larvaj  or  sia^e  ui.  uc        f  "v,,.,;rf<7;  1     In  ccf/sfn?.,  having  the  form  of 


cut  under  Js?<roiV?t  a 

bipinnate,  bipinnated  (bi-pin  at, -a-ted),  «. 

\l  hi-ii +pi>inafe.  Ct.bijtemiate.}  Doubly  pin- 
nate, (a)  In  bot.,  applied  to  a  pinnate  leaJ  when  its  divi 
sions  are  themselves  again  pin- 
nate. Also  biprnnate  and  bijjen- 
naled.    (b)  In  :av!.,  having  op- 


site  sides  oi  a  main  or  axial 
in  entum.,  speeiflcally  ap- 


Bipinnate  Leaf. 


opp. 

line.   - ,    .  -     - 

plied  to  certain  leathery  forms 
of  antenn.t.  See  antenna.  (<■)  In 
anat.,  having  the  Heshy  flliers 
inserted  on  opposite  sides  of  a 
tendinous  intersection:  said  of 
a  muscle.  The  rectus  femoris 
muscle  is  an  example. 

bipinnately  (bi-piu'at-li), 

adr.  In  a  bipinnate  man- 
ner. 

bipinnatifid,  bipennatifid  (bi-pi-,  bi-pe-nat  i- 
fid)  a.  L<  *"'-'-  +  piiniatilid,  pennatijid.]  In 
fto^'doublvpinnatifid;  ha's-ing  the  primary  and 
secoudarv"divi3ions  of  the  leaves  pmnatifid. 

bipinnatlform  ibi-pi-nat'i-fdrm).  a.  [As  bi- 
piiiniiu-  +  -fonii.'i  Doubly  pinnate  m  form; 
bipinnate  :  as,  a  bipinnaii/orm  muscle. 

bipinnatipartite  (bi-pi-nat-i-piir'tit),  a.  [As 
bipinmitc  +  L./<arfi7««.  divided:  see  partition.] 
Bipinnatifid,  but  having  the  divisions  extend- 
in^'  to  near  the  midrib. 

bipinnatisect,  bipinnatisected  (bi-pi-nat  i- 
sekt,  -sek-ted),  o.  [As  bipinnttte  +  L.  sectiis, 
cut:  see  section.}  In  bot.,  twice  di%'ided  pin- 
nately. 

The  leaf  is  said  to  be  bipinnatilld,  bipinnatipartite,  or 
bipinnalitecUd.  lienlleij.  Botany,  p.  153. 

biplanar  (bi-pla'nar),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
;./'( I,  H.s,  plane.]  Lving  or  situated  m  two  planes. 

biplane  (bi'plan),')i.     In  math.,  the  pair  of  co- 


jiiiraiiiidaL'i 

two  pvramids  joined  base  to  base,  as  quartz 

crvstals. 
biquadrate  (bi-kwod'rat),  n.     [<  bi-~  +  qtiad- 

iiih'.l     Same  as  biquadratic. 
biauadratic  (bi-kwod-rat'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  bi-" 

+    quadratic]     I.  «.  Containing  or  refeiTing 

to  a  fourth  power,  or  the  square  of  a  square  ; 

quartic.  The  word  qiiartic  has  now  completely  super- 
seded bi<juadr,itu:  except  in  the  following  phra-ses.— Bi- 
quadratic equation,  an  ei|uation  with  one  unknown 

quautitv  the  hinliest  power  of  which  contained  in  the 

etiuation  is  the  fourth.    Biquadratic  equations  are  always 

susceptible  of  algebraic  suhition ;   equations  of   higher 

dcTces  are  generally  capable  only  of  numerical  solutinn. 

—  Biquadratic  function,  involution.    See  the  nouns. 

—  Biquadratic  parabola,  in  nfom.,  a  curve  line  of  the 
third  ..nler.  having  two  infinite  legs  tending  the  same 
wav.  — Biquadratic  root  of  a  number,  the  square  root 
of  the  s.iuari-  r.mt  .if  that  number.  Thus,  the  square  root 
of  81  is  •'.  an.l  the  square  rout  of  9  is  3,  which  is  the  bi- 
ijuatlratic  root  of  SI. 

II.  H.  In  math.,  the  fourth  power,   arising 

from  the  multipUeatiou  of  a  square  number 

or  quantity  by  itself.    Thus,  4x4  =  lo,  whicli  is  the 

square  of  4,  and  16  X  16  =  26ti,  the  biquadratic  of  4. 
biquarterly   (bi-kwar't*r-li),   a.     [<   fci-2   -f. 

qunrterhi.']     Properly,  happening  or  appearing 

once   every  two  quarters,   or  semi-annually, 

but  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  semi-qnar- 

tcrlii,  twice  in  each  quarter.     [Rare.] 
biquartz  (bi'kwartz),  n.     [<  6i-2  +  quart::.']    .\ 

double  quartz  plate  used  in  a  form  of  sacclui- 

rimeter  (which  see).     It  consists  of  two  semicircular 

plates  of  quartz  joined  in  a  vertical  line ;  the  two  halves 

.are  so  taken  that  they  respectively  deviate  the  plane  of 

polarization  of  incident  plane-polarized  light  thro\igh  '.HJ- 

iri  opposite  directions. 

biquaternion  (bikwa-ter'ni-on),  )!.     [<  ?-i  (see     ^   _  

dei.)  +  quatcriiioii.]    1.  In  »»(«(.,  aii  imaginary     <  ft,-,-of,  birch  :  see  birch.]    Of  or  pertaining  to 
quaternion;  a  quantity  expressible  in  the  form    ^ii-eV,;  consisting  or  made  of  birch:  as.  "birchen 


bird 

North  \merica,  B.  papyri/era,  is  a  large  tree  with  a  very 
tou-'h  durable  bark,  which  is  largely  used  by  the  Indians 
In  the'  manufacture  of  canoes  and  tents.  The  timber  is 
valuable.  The  yellow  or  gray  birch,  B.  lutea,  is  one  of 
the  most  impoitant  deciduous  trees  of  the  northern  At- 
lantic forests,  growing  to  a  very  large  size;  its  wood  is 
he.avT  very  strong,  and  hard.  The  black,  sweet,  cherry-, 
or  ma'hoganv-birch,  B.  lenta,  has  a  very  spicy,  aromatlo 
bark  yieUiiiig  a  volatile  oil  identical  with  oil  of  winter- 
green  and  its  heavy,  dark-colored  wood  is  largely  used 
for  making  furniture  and  in  ship-building,  lltlier  promi- 
neiit  species  are  the  red  or  river-birch,  B.  ni<rra,  of  the 
.Southern  States,  ami  the  bUack  birch,  B.  occidentalis,  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward.  Several  shrubby 
species  are  widely  distributed  in  mountainous  and  arctic 
regions,  reaching  a  higher  latituile  than  any  other  decidu- 
ous tree,  as  the  alpine  birch  (B.  tiann),  the  low  or  dwarf 
birch  (B.  pumila).  and  the  scrub  birch  (/>'.  iihindiiti'm). 
2.  A  birch  rod,  or  a  number  of  birch-twigs 
bound  together,  sometimes  used  for  punishing 
children.— 3.  A  birch-bark  canoe.  Lowell. — 
Jamaica  or  West  Indian  birch,  or  gumbo-limbo,  a 
species  of  Biirffrn.  B.  ittmmi/fi-a,  a  small  tree  with  ex- 
ceedingly soft,  liL'lit,  aiid  spongy  wood,  yielding  a  kind  of 
gum  elemi.  whicii  is  used  .as  a  remedy  for  gout  and  as  the 
chief  ingreilient  of  a  valuable  varnish. 
birch  (berch),  r.  t.  [<  birch,  n.]  To  beat  or 
punish  with  a  birch  rod;  flog. 

From  the  child  sentenced  to  be  birched,  to  the  assassin 
doomed  to  lose  his  life.    //(';(</i  «su/i,  Eng.  Statesmen,  p.270. 

There  I  was  birched,  there  I  was  bred, 

There  like  a  little  Adam  fed 
From  Learning's  woeful  tree ! 

Uood,  Clapham  Academy, 

bircb-broom  (berch'brom'),  "•  Acoarse broom 
made  of  the  twigs  and  small  branches  of  the 
bireh-trco,  used  for  sweeping  stables,  streets, 
etc. 

birch-camphor  (berch'kam'for),  n.  A  resin- 
ous substance  obtained  from  the  bark  of  the 
black  birch. 

birchen  (bOr'ehen),  a.  [=  Sc.  birien,  birh-iu,  < 
MK.  birchen,  bifkiii,  <  AS.  '•bircen  (Somner)  (= 
D  LG.  bcrk-eii  =  OHCt.  birchiii.  MHG.  G.  birkcn), 


mei'dent'pianes  to  which  the  tangent  cone  of  a  a  +  bi  +  cj  +  dh:  where  J,  j,  k  are  three  mu 

node  reduces,  when  that  node  is  a  binode.  tually  perpendicular  vectors,  and  a,  b,  c,  d  are 

'  -   -  -  r<  1)1.2  +  plicate.]  real  or  imaginary  numbers.    This  is  the  sense  in 

•  ■■  ■  which  Sir  W.  R.  llamiltou  used  the  word.    He  distiTi- 


biplicate  (bi'pU-kat),  a.      ^ 
lii.ubly  folded;   twice  folded  together,  trans- 
v.rsely,  as   the    cotyledons   of  some   plants. 
Hiii.^Idw. 

biplicity  (bi-plis'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  biplex  {biphe^ 
lequiv.  to  duplex,  in  a  glossary)  (<  hi-,  twice,  + 
plicarc,  fold)  +  -ity.  Cf.  dupliciti/.]  The  state 
of  lieing  biplicate  or  twice  folded  ;  the  quality 
of  being  twofold;  doubling.     Jloi/et.     [Rare.] 

bipolar  (bi-po'liir),  o.  [<  ii-2  +  2'olar.]  1. 
Doubly  polar;  liia\-ing  two  poles 


brooms,"  ISeau.  and  FL,  Loyal  Subject. 

We  say  of  a  wanton  child,  ...  ho  must  be  annoynted 
with  6»/r<'/(iH  salve. 

Tjindale,  Works  (l.'i"3),  p.  166.     (.N.  E.  D.) 

llis  beaver'd  brow  a  birchen  garland  wears. 

i'(>;«',  liunciad,  iv.  141. 


these  are  the  twofold  xspects  of  reality.  ,„..,,, 

<i.  II.  /-,•"(«,  I'robs.  of  Life  and  ilind,  II.  n.  §  i'.l 
Specifically  — 2.  In  anat.,  having  two  process- 
es from  opposite  poles :  said  of  certain  nerve- 
cells. 

bipolarity  (bi-po-lar'i-ti),  n.  [<  bipolar  +  -tty.] 
■|  ho  stnic  rit  being  bipolar;  double  polarity. 

Bipont,  Bipontine  (bi'pont,  bi-pon'tin),  a.  [< 
.\L.  liijionlinus,  <  liiponlium  (a  Ir.  of  Gennau 
Zireibnicktn,  V.  Ihux-l'onis,  lit.  two  briilgcs), 
<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  pon{t-)s,  bridge.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Bipontium  (the  Latin  name  of  Zwei- 
briicken  or  Deu.v-Ponts)  in  Hhonish  Bavaria: 
applied  to  editions  of  the  cbissics  the  ])rinting 
of  which  was  bogun  there  in  1770. 

biporose  (bi-p<')'i<">s),  n.     [<  L.  U-,  two-,  + 


guished  such  a  quantity  from  a  real  quaternion,  because 
the  whole  algebraic  procedure  with  imaginary  qualeriuons 

is  difterent  from  aiul  more  difficult  than  that  with  r.al  .,  .,  ,     i  /   -ix   «,       a„  „;i  „vf„D..to,l  from 

-        -    -  .-...,  ,  nj  birch-Oll  (bt-rch  oil),  »i.     An  oil  extractea  liom 

birch-bark,  said  to  be  used  in  preparing  Russia 
leather. 

birch-water  (berch'wa"t6r),  n.  The  sap  of  the 
liireh.     See  birch-Kinc. 

birch-wine  (bfrch'win),  n.  A  fermented  11- 
(;u(ir  made  from  the  sap  of  the  birch-tree,  which 
is  collected  in  the  siting  throughout  the  moun- 
taiiunis  and  wooded  districts  of  Germany  and 
Scandinavia.  It  is  called  by  names  whicli  signify  bireh- 
water  i>r  birch-wine  in  the  dilferent  languages.  It  is  said 
to  be  possessed  of  diuretic  and  antiscorbutic  properties. 


quaternions,  instead  of  being  essentially  the  same  bni 
more  easy,  as  is  the  case  xvith  ordinarj-  imaginary  alge 
bra  .as  compared  with  real  algebra. 
2.  The  ratio  of  two  rotors.  Tliis  meaning  was  given 
to  the  word  by  W.  K.  Clitford,  who  conceived  that  Uamil 
tons  biquaternicms  did  not  deserve  a  separate  name.  I- 
this  sense  a  biquaternion  is  the  sum  of  two  quaternion 
belonging  to  dilferent  systems,  so  that  their  product  vai 
ish 


In 


]-}4°  or  twice 


iiurt  of  a  ffi'cat  cir  , 

biradiatei  biradiated  (bi-ra'di-at,  -a-ted),  a.  ^jij-cii  (i,i.rd),  „.     [<MK.  bird,  bcrd,  bi/nlr,  »  me- 


l<  //(--  -i-  radialr.]     Having  two  rays:  as,  a  bi 

radio  Ic  Hn. 
birambi  (bi-ram'bi),  n.     [Native  name,]    The 

fruit  of  the  Avcrrhoa  Bilimbi,  a  ])lantof  British 

Guiana,  from  which  an  excellent  preserve  is 

made. 
biramose  (bi-ra'mos),  a.    Same  as  bvamom. 

Six  pairs  of  powerful  biramose  natiit*jry  feet. 

Enciic.  Bril.,  VI.  652. 

biramOUS  (bi-rii'mus),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  + 
TOm»,s  a  brunch,]  Possessing  or  consisting  of 
(wo  branches:  dividing  into  two  branches,  as 
111.-  liiiilis  of  cirripeds.     //,  J.  Mchohon. 

[=  Sc.  and  North.  K. />irA-.  < 


riHu-sectioii  being  an  obtuse-angled 
Iriiiiigle. 
blpnlmonary  (bi-pul'mo-mi-ri),  a.    [<  bi-^  + 

jiuhii-ii.oni.]  In  y(rnWiiiii/o,  liaving  only  one 
pair  of  pultnoniiry  sacs:  oppo.tcil  lo  quadri/iul- 
niinuirii, 

Wpunctate  aii-piingk'tftt),  a.  [<  W-'-i  +  puno- 
liiti .  1     Having  two  punctures  or  Hpotn. 

Wpnnctnal  (i.i-pungk'iti-|il).  a.  [<  W-*  + 
jiiiniiii.il.  ill  llio  liteml  mii-fe.]  Having  two 
iMiiiii-.     p.jpuncluiU  cotiTdlnatei.    n<'v  c„<,rdiunic. 

mpnpillate  d.i-pu'i-i-liU),  a.    [<  '"-"  +  /»w;n'- 

lal' .  I  ll.iviiig  a  (liHible  pupil:  in  rnlom.,  miimI 
of like  Hpol  on  tlio  wing  -jf  it  b 


connected  with  L.  brUda,  birch:  see  liitula.] 
1.  A  tree  or  shrub  belonging  lo  tho  genus  lU- 
tuUt  (wllicll  see).  The  bliiheii  have  miiootli,  hinij. 
naled  ..ut.r  bark  and  i-los.-  gniliied  wooil,  wlilch  In  Home 
ipeeles  U  liai  d  and  lough,  taking  a  line  polluli,  and  l«  iiKcd 
In  till-  iimiiiilaeture  of  fiiniltiire  ami  (or  many  oiinr  pur- 
poneH.  The  whlU',  Kray,  or  (."plar  bireli,  llclnln  <W,„.  ihe 
priiic  liinl  CliroiM-nli  iipecle.,  Ih  n  mimll  tree,  but  Ih  put 

!  - i..ii..    I.,    *l...   ..I.I   u^.,i'l,l         ('III'    bulk    In 


inlliTlI'. 


Ie»,   Ih   . 

to  many  «.  eM(ieela"lly  111  the  idd  world 

imed  (or  taiiiiliig  and  lluileliliig,  ami  ybldn  an  oil  whl.  h 
In  i-alil  to  lie  UHi'd  to  give  (lUK.Ia  leallier  It*  liei  iilliir  od..r; 
■priii'i'-oll  Ih  aUo  iiM'd  (or  tlil«  piirpo«e.  1  lie  leave...  lu. 
w.'ll  an  Ihe  «a|i  ami  .dl,  are  iih.'.I  In  111.'  tn-allii.nl  ..(  vail- 
oin  .'hrnnl.'  .Ili..'ii«<'».  an.l  III.-  «..".l  I"  '""e.l  b.r  (ii.  I  an.l 

liiaiiv  .ith.r  piir|.o«.'H      M.v.rnl  vnl'lelle»..(  IIiUh| I.  «,  an 

Ihe  weeping,  .111  |.'ii(..l.  an.l  purple  lilr.h. ..  are  ii.ii.li 
.  ,.lili„l.'.l  (.a  orinimciit.      The  canoe- or  piipel-lilicli  o( 


tatliesis  of  the  usual  form  brid,  bred,  bri/d,  pi. 
bridilc.i,  a  bird,  also,  as  orig,,  the  young  of  anv 
bird,  <  AS.  brid.  pi.  briddas  (ONortli.  bird,  bird- 
((.v),  the  young  of  any  bird.  Origiiuinkii.irt-n;  it 
citn  liarilly  be  connected  with  bmoil,  as  usually 
stated.  Possibly  tho  form  bird  is  the  more 
orig.  form,  standing  for  'bi/rd.  <  borcn,  born, 
pp.  of  bcran,  bear;  cf.  bi/rdc,  (well-)  b.ini,  go- 
bi/rd,  birth,  of  stime  origin  :  see  birlh'^.  For  the 
metathesis,  cf.  that  of  bin  ft.  For  the  devel- 
opment of  sense,  cf.  the  history  of  i>:dlrl  and 
liiqron.  Tho  common  Tent,  wor.l  fin-  'bird' 
(.lef.  2)  is/(»r^  now  reslricled  in  Knglish:  see 
fowl.]     It".  The  young  of  any  fowl. 

Ileiug  fell  bv  us,  you  ns.il  us  so 

As  that  nngeiille  gull  the  eu.'k.io's  ()ird  , 

I'seth  the  »|iarrow.  .sliak.,  I  Hen.  IV.,  V.  1. 

2.  A  feathered  vertebrate  animal  of  the  dnss 
.Irr.i.  fri'.|ueiilly  in.'lu.l.'.l  "illi  reptiles  in  ii  su- 
perclass Sai(roii.-<ida,  bul  distinguisheil  by  liav- 
ing  warm  blood,  by  being  covered  wilh  fea- 
thers, and  by  having  the  fore  limbs  so  moilifiod 
as  to  form  wings.  See  /trrii. —  3.  Any  small 
feathered  game,  as  a  jiarl  ridge,  i|Uiiil,  snipe,  or 

wood -k,  lis  distinguislied   from   water-fowl, 

e(i'.  Aerial  birds,  s..'  o./-i.i(.  A  little  bird  told 
mo,  I  lieai',1  111  a  way  1  will  not  reveal. 

Imagine  anv  one  explaining  the  trivial  Haying,  "A  litOt 

bird  Inbl  111.','''  wlth.ait  kn.>»llig  of  the  old  belief  In  UM 

language  of  lilrds  and  lieilHtH.  ,  ,   , 

A',  n.  'I'ulvr,  Prim.  Cnllnr.',  I.I. 

Aquatic  birds.  Hcc  aqnalic-  Arabian  bird,  the  (nl>- 
nl.iiiH  i.li.nlx.  s.'i'  .Ini/onii.- Baltimore  bird,  s,-.- .pr^ 
../.'     Blrd-con)urer.   sce  ciijn,...     Bird  of  iroedpm. 

lb.-  .\ln.li.'an  lial.l  .'agle.  |  All  Am.  i  iianisni,  I  Bird  01 
Jove,  lb.'  .'iigli'  Bird  of  Juno,  lb.'  i..  a. ...  K.  Bird  Of 
Minerva,  lb.' owl.  Bird  of  nlKht,  lb.' owl.  Bird  of 
paradlBo,  ("1  'hi.'  "I  lb.'  r,u„.l,.r,d,r,  ..»,-in.'  pa^s.-rliio 
blr.lH  ri'hile.l  t..  lb.'  .'..rviii,'  an.l  slninol.l  pass.'rlllM. 
.'..illlii.-il  lo  the  Papuan  i.'ul..n.  an.l  long  fanioiiH  for  mag-  ^ 
lillleelleu  o(  plumage  aii.l   (oi    the  exliaor.lhiary  dcvsl- 


bird 


Topography  of  a  Bird.    (From  Coues's  "  Key  to  North  American  Birds.") 
,  forehead  {/rons);  a,  lore:   3,  circuinocular  region;  4,  crown  (-vfrtex);  s.  eye 
e  \tiucha) ;  8,  '  ■     '  ■    ■        -  -    -  -'  •       ' 

rsutft.  or  back 


10,  interscapular  region  ;  11,  aorsutn.  or  back  proper,  including  10  ;  12,  nottxum,  or 
upper  part  of  body  proper,  including  10.  ir,  anu  13;  13,  rump  [uropygmtn) ;  14,  up- 
per tail-coverts;  15,  tail;  16,  under  tail-coverts  {crjssH>n)x  17,  tarsus;  18,  abdo- 
men; 19,  hind  toe  (Aa//«A-) ;  2o,^aj'^r<?«w,  including  18  and  24  ;  21.  outer  or  fourth 
toe;  22,  middle  or  third  loe ;  2^,  side  of  body;  24,  breast  [pectus]  ;  25,  primaries; 
a6,  secondaries  ;  27,  tertiaries  (Nos.  25,  26,  and  27  are  all  reniiPfs) ;  28,  primary  cov- 
erts :  29,  alula,  or  bastard  wing  ;  30,  greater  coverts ;  31.  median  coverts ;  32,  lesser 
coverts;  ^3,  the  throat,  includmg  34,  37,  and  38;  yi„  jiigtiliitn,  or  lower  throat; 
35,  auriculars;  36,  malar  region  ;  37,  ^»/ii,  or  middle  throat;  38,  we«^«w,  or  chin; 
39,  angle  of  commissure,  or  comer  of  mouth  ;  40,  ramus  of  under  mandible  ;  41,  side 
of  undfer  mandible ;  42,  gonys  ;  43,  apex,  or  tip  of  bill ;  44,  totnia,  or  cutting  edges 
of  the  bill ;  45,  cuhnen,  or  ridge  of  upper  mandible,  corresponding  to  gonys ;  46,  side 
of  upper  mandible ;  47,  nostril ;  48  passes  across  the  bill  a  little  in  front  of  its  base. 

opnient  of  some  of  the  feathers  in  most  species.  There 
are  about  forty  species  of  birds  of  paradise,  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  which,  Paraduea  apoda,  is  also  the  best 
known ;  it  was  called  apode  from  the  fable  that  it  was 
always  on  the  wing  and  had  no  feet,  a  notion  which  was 


Bird  of  Paradise  {Paradisea  apoda). 


561 

thets  hright,  comely,  etc. :  see  Jnrfcl.] 
A  maiden ;  a  girl ;  a  young  woman. 

Ther  nis  no  bui/rde  so  briht  in  liouri!  .  ,  . 
Tliat  heo  [she]  ne  schal  fade  as  a  Hour. 
Early  Eng.  PoeniH  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  134. 

Hire  cheere  was  simple,  as  birdc  in  lioiire. 
Rom.  of  the  Hose,  1.  1014. 
And  by  my  word  the  bonnie  iiird 
In  danger  shall  not  tarry. 

Campbell,  Lord  UUin's  Daughter. 
[In  this,  as  in  other  modern  instances,  tlie 
word  is  archaic,  and  is  probalily  associated 
with  binU  as  a  term  of  endearment.] 

bird-baiting  (bfrd'ba"ting),  «.  The 
eateliing  of  bii'ds  with  clap-nets. 
FicldiiKi. 

bird-boltl  (berd'bolt),  H.  [<  iiiY/l  + 
boltX.']  A  blunt-headed  arrow  for  the 
longbow  or  crossbow,  formerly  used 
for  shooting  birds.  It  was  intended 
to  stun  without  piercing. 

bird-bolt^  (berd'bolt),  n.  [A  corrup- 
tion of  burbot.']  A  local  English 
name  of  the  burbot,  Molva  lota. 

bird-cage  (berd'kaj),  n.  A  portable 
inclosiire  tor  birds. 

bird-call  (berd'kal),  n.  An  instru- 
ment for  imitating  the  cry  of  birds 
in  order  to  attract  or  decoy  them. 
It  is  generally  a  short  metal  pipe,  having  a 
circular  plate  at  each  end  pierced  with  a 
small  hole. 

bird-catclier  (berd'kach"6r),  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  catches  birds,  as  a  person,  a 
bird,  or  an  insect. 

bird-catching  (berd'kach"ing),  n.  The  act  of 
catching  birds  or  wild  fowls,  either  for  food  or 
)ileasure,  or  for  their  destmction  when  perni- 
c'iiius  to  the  husbandman. 

bird-dog  (berd'dog),  n.  A  dog  used  by  sports- 
men in  the  field  in  himting  game-birds. 

bird-duffer  (berd'duf'er),  n.  A  dishonest  deal- 
er in  birds,  who  "makes  up"  his  wares,  either 
by  painting  the  plumage  of  live  birds,  or  by 
fabricating  bird-skins,  affixing  false  labels, 
etc. 

birdet,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  bird. 

birder  (ber'der),  n.    [<  late  ME.  byrder;  <  binU, 
V.  i.,  +  -eel.]     If.  A  bird-catcher ;  a  fowler. 
As  tlie  byrder  heguyleth  the  byrdea.  Vives. 

2.  One  who  breeds  birds. —  3.  A  local  English 
name  of  the  wild  cat.     N,  E.  D. 
bird-eye  (berd'i),  a.    See  bird's-eye. 
bird-eyed  (berd'id),  a.    Having  eyes  like  those 
of  a  bird;  quick-sighted;  eatcmng  a  glimpse  as 
one  goes. 

Where  was  your  dear  sight, 
When  it  did  so,  forsooth!  what  now  !  bird-eyed? 

B.  Joiison,  Volpone,  iii.  2. 


To  hunt  or  search 
A  net  used  for  catch- 


strengthened  by  the  fact  that  the  specimens  which  used 

to  reach  naturalists  were  without  feet,  tliese  having  been  ■K,V,1  fovifior  (■hpriI'fnTi"si  pr^    »       1      Onn   who 

removed  in  prep,aring  the  sltins.     Tlie  pacliets  of  beautiful    Bira-lanCier  (,  tjera  tan  Sl-er;,  «.      1     Une   Who 


orange  and  yellow  plumes  worn  as  ornaments  are  from 
this  species  and  a  near  relative,  P.  minor.  P.  sanyuinea 
is  a  still  more  gorgeous  bird.  The  king  bird  of  paradise, 
Clncinnurus  reyiui,  is  one  of  the  most  magnificent.  Schk- 
gelia  wilsoni,  Diphyllodes  speciosa,  Parotia  sexpennis,  and 
Lophorhina  atra  are  other  leading  species.    The  name  i; 


takes  pleasure  in  rearing  or  collecting  birds, 
especially  such  as  are  rare  or  curious. — 2.  A 
dealer  in  the  various  kinds  of  birds  which  are 
kept  in  cages. 
bird-fauna  (berd'fa"na),  Hj.     Same  as  avifauna. 


also  given  to  a  few  species  which  are  excluded  from  the  bird-foOt  (berd'fut),  a.     Divided  like  a  bird's 
•„.,       ,  ,,...„-.. .^  ^.  n      ,_._.,_,._,-..,_  .__,     ,.,  ,      jioQf.   peijate,  as  the  leaves  of  the  bird-foot 

violet,  I'iold  jiedata. 
birdgazer  (berd'ga"zer),  n.     [<  bird^  +  gazer  ; 
a  tr.  of  L.  auspex:  see  a^ispex.']    An  augur  or 
haruspex. 
Accius  Navius,  the  great  birdyazer  of  Rome. 

Trewtiesse  of  the  Christian  Religion,  p.  401. 

bird-house  (berd'hous),  n.    A  box,  pen,  or  small 
house  for  birds;  a  place  in  which  birds  are 

housed. 

riser;  one  who  gets  up  betimes  in  the  morning :  in  tiiiusioli  birdie^  (ber'di),  «.      [<  bird^  +  dim.  -ie.J     1.  A 
^-«,  ^  ......  ,     ,  ,     .,  ..    ..  childish  diminutive   of  birdX. —  2.  A  tenn  of 

endearment  for  a  child  or  a  yoimg  woman. 


technical  definition  of  Paradiseidee  (which  see),  (b)  In 
astron.,  a  southern  constellation.  See  Apus,  1. — Bird  of 
passage,  a  migratory  bird ;  a  migrant ;  a  bird  which  regu- 
larly passes  in  the  spring  from  a  warmer  to  a  colder  cli- 
niutf,  and  back  in  the  fall.  .See  viiyration  and  isepiptenen. 
—  Bird  of  peace,  the  dove,  with  reference  to  the  story  of 
Noah.  -  Bird  of  prey,  any  member  of  the  order  Raploi-es 
or  .iiripifrrs,  as  the  hawk,  eagle,  owl,  etc.  —  Bird  of  the 
year,  a  bhd  bss  than  a  year  old. — Bird  Of  wonder,  tlie 
phenix.  —  Birds  of  a  feather,  persons  of  similar  tastes  and 
hal>its :  chiclly  in  the  saying,  "Birds  of  a  fe.itller  flock 
together,"  indicating  tile  usual  association  with  one  an. 
other  of  persons  of  like  proclivities. — Early  bird,  an  early 

"      "  ;  morning  :  i 
to  the  proverb,  "  The  early  bird  catches  the  worm. "—  Man- 
of-war  bird.    Same  as  friyate-bird.^  Sea-cow  bird,  th 

treblf-cnllared  plover  of  Africa, -fi(7iff;/f..s' /;/(v.H«ri4;  Si,  ,.,.,,,       ,  ,.,  .  -u   -  ^    .  i        i 

called  l.y  i.'liapman,  a  traveler  in  southern  Africa.  — To  birdie-   (ber  di),  ».     A  name  about  Aberdeen, 


hear  a  bird  sing,  to  receive  private  communication ;  be 
informed  privately  or  secretly. 

I  heard  a  bird  so  sing.  Skak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  5. 

I  heard  a  bird  siny,  they  mean  him  no  good  office. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  2. 

birdi  (berd),  V.  i.     [<  bird^,  «.]     1.  To  catch 
birds ;  go  bird-shooting  or  fowling. 

I  do  invite  you  to-morrow  morning  to  my  house  to  break- 
fast :  after,  well  Si-birdiny  together. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

Hence  —  2t.  To  look  for  phmder ;  thieve. 

Mam.   These  day  owls 

Sur.   That  are  birdiTig  in  men's  purses. 

B.  Jonvon,  Alchemist,  v.  3. 

birdet  (bferd),  M.     [Sc.  bird,  burd,  etc.;  <  ME. 

bird,  herd,  burd,  byrd,  etc.,  a  transposition  of 

the  somewhat  less  common  brid,  bride,  etc., 


Scotland,  of  the  young  halibut. 
birding-piecet  (ber'ding-pes),  n.    A  fowUng- 
piece.    Shak:,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 

My  Lord  Hinchingbroke,  I  am  told,  hath  had  a  mis- 
chance to  kill  his  boy  by  his  birdiny-piece  going  off  as  he 
was  a-fowling.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  420. 

bird-lime  (berd'ljm),  n.  A  viscous  substance 
prepared  from  the  inner  bark  of  the  holly.  Ilex 
Aquifolium,  used  for  entangling  small  birds  in 
order  to  capture  them,  twigs  being  smeared 
with  it  at  places  where  birds  resort  or  are  like- 
ly to  alight. 

Holly  is  of  so  viscous  a  juice,  as  they  make  birdlime  of 
the  bark  of  it.  Baeori,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  692. 

Not  bird-lime  or  Idean  pitch  produce 
A  more  tenacious  mass  of  clammy  juice. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  iv.  57. 


prop,  a  bride,  but  much  used  in  poetry  in  the  birdlime  (biSrd'lim),  v.  t.     To  smear  ■with  bird- 
general  sense  of  'maiden,'  'girl,'  -with  the  epi-     lime. 
36 


bird's-nest 

When  the  heart  is  thus  bird-liined,  then  it  cleaves  to 
everything  it  meets  witli. 

Goodwin,  A  Christian's  Growth,  it  3. 

bird-louse  (berd'lous),  n.  One  of  a  kind  of  lico 
whicli  iiil'(!Ht  tho  plumage  of  birds.  The  genera 
and  species  are  numerous.  They  arc  mostly  degl-aded 
parasitic  insects  of  the  order  Mallophaga,  and  constitute 
most  of  tliat  order. 

birdman  (bt-rd'man),  n.;  pi.  birdmen  (-men). 
[<  bird^  +  maii.y  1.  A  bird-catcher;  a  fowl- 
er.—  2.  An  ornithologist. —  3.  One  who  stuffs 
birds. 

birdnest  (berd'nest),  V. 
for  the  nests  of  birds. 

bird-net  (berd'net),  n. 
iiig  birds. 

bird-organ  (b6rd'6r"gan),  n.  A  small  barrel- 
organ  used  in  teaching  birds  to  whistle  tunes. 

bird-plant  (berd  '  plant),  M.  A  lobeliaceous 
plant,  Uetcrotoma  lobelioides,  from  Mexico,  with 
yellow  irregular  flowers  somewhat  resemjjling 
a  bird.     Also  called  eanary-bird  Jtoiver. 

bird's-bread  (berdz'bred),  11.  A  name  of  the 
coiniiion  stonecrop,  Sedum  aere. 

bird-seed  (berd'sed),  n.  Small  seeds  used  for 
fcciliiif,'  birds,  as  those  of  hemp  or  millet ;  more 
spccilicnlly,  the  seed  of  Phalaris  t'anarieiisis,  or 
eanary-gi'ass. 

bird's-eye  (berdz'i),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  1.  In  bot: 
(a)  The  pheasant's-eye,  Adonis  autumnali.<i.  (6) 
The  speedwell,  Veronica  Chamadrys :  so  named 
from  its  bright-blue  flower,  (c)  A  species  of 
primrose,  Primula  farinosa. —  2.  A  fine  kind 
of  tobacco,  partly  manufactured  from  the  leaf- 
stalks of  the  plant,  and  forming,  when  ready 
for  use,  a  loose  fibrous  mass  with  thin  slices 
of  stalk  interspersed,  the  latter  marked  some- 
what like  a  bird's  eye Red  bird's-eye,  the  herb- 

robert,  Geraniuin  Robertianum. 

II.  a.  1.  Seen  from  above,  as  if  by  a  flying 
bird;  embraced  at  a  glance;  hence,  general; 
not  minute  or  entering  into  details:  as,  a 
bird's-eye  landscape ;  a  bird's-eye  view  of  a  sub- 
ject. 

Thereupon  she  took 
A  bird's-eye  view  of  all  the  ungi'acious  past. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

2.  Resembling  a  bird's  eye;  having  spots  or 
markings  somewhat  resembling  birds'  eyes. 

He  wore  a  blue  bird's-eye  handkerchief  round  his  neck. 
Huyhes,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  xviii. 

Bird's-eye  crape ,  diaper,  limestone,  maple,  etc.  See 
the  nouns.— Blrd'3-eye  'new,  a  mode  of  perspective 
representation  in  whidi  portions  of  countl-y,  towns,  etc., 
.appear  as  they  would  if  viewed  from  a  considerable  ele- 
vation. 
bird's-foot  (berdz'fiit),  H.  1.  A  common  name 
for  several  plants,  especially  papilionaceous 
plants  of  the  genus  Ornithopus,  theu'  legumes 
being  articulated,  cylindrical,  and  bent  in  like 
claws. —  2.  The  name  of  a  spurge.  Euphorbia 
Oniithiipiis,  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope Bird's- 
foot  trefoil,  the  popular  name  of  Lotits  cornicvlatus :  so 
called  because  its  legumes  spread  like  a  crow's  foot.  See 
Lotwi. 
bird's-mouth  (berdz'mouth),  n.  In  carp.,  an 
interior  angle  or  notch  cut  across  the  grain  at 
the  extremity  of  a  piece  of  timber,  for  its  re- 
ception on  the  edge  of  another  piece. 
bird's-nest  (bferdz'nest),  n.  1.  A  name  popu- 
larly given  to  several  plants,  from  some  sug- 
gestion of  a  bird's  nest  in  their  form  or  manner 
of  growth,  (a)  A'eottia  Xidtim  vis.  a  British  orchid  found 
in  beech  woods  :  so  called  because  of  the  mass  of  stout  in- 
terlaced fibers  which  form  its  roots.  (6)  Monotropa  Hypo- 
pitys,  a  parasitic  ericaceous  plant  growing  on  the  roots  of 
trees  in  fir  woods,  the  leafless  stalks  of  which  resemble  a 
nest  of  sticks,  (c)  As- 
pleniinn  Xidns,  from 
the  manner  in  which 
the  fronds  gi'ow,  leav- 
ing a  nest^like  hollow 
in  the  center,  (rf)  llie 
wild  carrot,  Davcvs 
Carofa,  from  the  form 
of  the  umbel  in  fruit. 
2.  Same  as  crow's- 
nest. —  3.  pi.  An 
article  of  com- 
merce between 
Java  and  China, 
^-  K.'"^fe  consisting  of  the 
^  «p  jiMiiaBK  m-  ^fe  gelatinous  brack- 
M  g'  JH||H  "B  ^  ets  which  the 
M  f  IHf  I  1|  s-n-ifts  of  the  fam- 
W  B  %.  \  '^^  Cypselida:  and 
f  M  1  '  genus  Collocalia 
attach  to  cliffs, 
and  on  which  they 
bidld  their  nests. 
These  so-called  bird's- 
nests  consist  principal- 

^ai-s^\dit  {.ivicuiaria  avicutaria).      ly    of    the     iaspissaled 


bird's-nest 

saUva  of  the  birds,  nn.l  are  much  esteemed  by  the  Chinese, 
X^e  thenl  in  ......kuiB  the  wellknowil  bud  s-nest  soup. 

—  Bird's-nest  fungus,  :uiy  species  of  fungus  belouguig 
to  the  -roup  yidukiriacett.  wlmh  resemble  small  uests 
contaiiiTn..' e..-ss.     Also  called  6ir(is.n<-.(p«Tja.  . 

■bird-spider  (berd'spi'der).  n.  A  large  hairy 
spider  of  the  familv  Tlieraphosidw  and  genus 
Aiicularia  (often  called Myjcih).  A.aviculana, 
a  native  of  tropical  America,  is  able  to  capture 
and  kill  small  birds.  See  cut  ou  preceding  page. 

bird's-tares,  bird's-tongue  (berdz'tarz.  -tung), 
n  Names  of  the  species  of  Ornithoglossum.  a 
genus  of  bulbous  plants  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  The  name  bird'e-tonffue  is  also  applied  to  the 
door-weed  Polyoonum  aviculare,  from  the  shape  of  its 
leaves,  and  some"times  to  the  keys  of  the  European  ash, 
Fraxin  >tA  cJt-f'/.W'jr. 

bird-tick  (berd'tik),  n.  A  name  of  some  pnpip- 
arous  dipterous  insects  which  infest  the  plu- 
mage of  birds,  creeping  quickly  about  among 
the  feathers.  A  good  example  is  Olfersia  ameri- 
cam.  which  is  found  on  manv  species  of  birds,  birl^  (berl) 

bird-witted(bcrd'wit'ed),  a.     Having  only  the     ^    ■"     •■■•■•■■ 
wit  of  a  bird ;  passing  rapidly  from  one  subject 
to  another ;  flighty. 

It  a  child  be  birdtrilted,  that  is,  hath  not  the  faculty  of 
attention,  the  mathematicks  giveth  a  remedy  thereunto. 
Bacort,  Works,  I.  l(il. 

birectangular  (bi-rek-tang'gu-liir),  a.  [<  bi-^ 
+  ifctanijiilur.']  Ha\-ing  two  right  angles :  as, 
a  birectaiu/iilar  spherical  triangle. 

birefractive  (bi-rf-frak'tiv),  a.  [<  hi--  +  re- 
name as  birefringent. 


562 


II.  n.  1.  A  lively  yoimg  fellow;  a  self-as- 
sertive fellow. 

Ye  see  yon  birlcie  ca'd  a  lord, 
Wha  struts,  an'  stai-es,  an'  a'  that. 

Burns,  For  A'  Tliat. 

2.  Beggar-mv-neighbor:  a  game  a',  cards — Auld 

tirWe,  t'U  boy".     [Oi.lloq.l       ^    .^      ,.    ,         ,        ,       ,     , 

birll  (berl),  f.  [Sc.  and  E.  dial.,  also  burl,  < 
MK.  birleii.  byrhn,  <  AS.  byrelian,  byrlian,  bir- 
Uan  (>  Icel.  byrla),  pour  out  drink,  <  byrde  (> 
Icel.  byrti),  a  cupbearer,  butler  (perhaps  con- 
nected with  OS.  biril  =  OHG.  biril.  a  basket), 
prop,  a  carrier,  bearer,  <  beran,  bear:  see  bear^.'i 

1.  trans.  1.  To  pour  out  (wine,  etc.)  for. 
Dame  Elynour  entrete 

To  byrle  them  of  tlie  best. 

Skelton,  Elynour  Eummyng,  1.  269. 

2.  To  supply  or  ply  with  drink. 
II.  iiitraiis.  To  drink  in  company;  carouse. 

[A  modern  forced  use.] 

"~  -  -  J,  [Appar.  imitative;  cf.  birr", 
bur-,  whirl,  ifhir.  tirl,  etc.]  I.  iiitrans.  To 
move  or  rotate  rapidly;  make  a  noise  like  that 
made  by  wheels  moving  rapidly  over  stones  or 
gravel. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  rotate;  twirl  or  spin 
(as  a'  coin)  in  the  air  or  on  a  table,  as  in  pitch- 
and-toss;  hence,  to  toss  out  (a  coin  or  coins) 
on  the  table  as  one's  contribution;  contribute 
as  one's  share  in  paying  for  drinks:  as,  "I'll 
birl  mv  bawbee,"  Scotch  soikj. 
birla'w",  birley,  birlie,  «.    See  byrlaw. 


t'ractirc.']     . -u.^.^  «., ., — ^ .,.•. — , •"  ;-. ■     ,.  ., -  o      i. 

tirefringent  (bi-re-frin'.jent),  a.    [<  hi--  +  re-  birla'wman,  birlieman,  birlyman, ».  See  byr- 
fhnncnt.'i     Doubly  refractive ;  possessing  the     l,,u-iiiaii. 

property  of  separating  a  ray  of  light  into  two  birlin  (bcV'lin),  n.     [Also  birUnn,  birhng,  berhn, 
ravsbv  double  refraction.     See  refraction.  bcrlimj ;  <  Gael,  birliiin,  btoirhnn,  a  barge   or 

bireme  (bi'rem),  «.     [<  L.  biremis,  <  li-,  two-,     pleasure-boat.]     A  kind   of  boat  used  m  the 
-I-  remus,  an  oar.]     An  ancient  galley  ha^-ing 
two  banks  or  tiers  of  oars. 

K  few  were  biremes,  the  rest  stout  triremes. 

i.  n'allacr,  Ben-Hur,  p.  149. 

biretta  (bi-ret'a).  n.     [Also  birrelta.  herrelta; 
<  It.   berrctta  ="Sp.   birreta  =  Pr.  berreta,  bar- 


Hebrides,  rowed  with  from  four  to  eight  long 
oars,  but  seldom  furnished  with  sails. 

There's  a  place  where  their  berlins  and  galliea,  as  they 
ca'd  them,  used  to  lie  in  lang  syne. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  xl. 


reta  =  F.  barette  (>  E.  barret"),  fem. ; 
form.  Pr.  birret  = 
Cat.  baret  =  F.  beret 
(see  beret),<.'Slh.bir- 
rettiim,  birrctum,  al- 
so bereta,  etc.,  dim. 
of  birru.t,  a  hood  or 
cape,  Llj.  a  cloak: 
seefcirriw.]  1. Origi- 
nally, any  small  cap 
worn  as  "distinctive 
of  a  trade  or  pro- 
fession ;  afterward, 
a  scholastic  cap,  or 


Sailing  from  Ireland  in  a  birlinn  or  galley. 

Quoted  iu  N.  and  Q.,  Ctliser. 


birlingi  (b^r'ling), 

A  drinking-match. 


XII.  79. 
[Verbal  n.  of  hirn,  c] 


birtb-hour 

older  Ti'p(7i5f,  red,  flame-colored;  cf.  iri'piTiif,  ;i 
fire-brand,  usually  referred  to  irii/i  =  E.  fire. 
Hence  ult.  biretta,  berrctta,  etc.  (see  biretta), 
burrcl,  bureau,  etc.]  1.  Under  the  Roman  em- 
pire, and  later,  a  cloak  with  a  hood  worn  as 
an  outer  garment  for  protection  from  the  wea- 
ther. It  was  strictly  a  heavy  anil  niuifh  garment,  woven 
of  co.irse  woi^  in  its  natural  color ;  but  after  a  time  cloaks 
of  the  same  form  and  name  came  to  be  made  of  Hue  qual- 
ity also. 

2.  A  species  of  coarse  thick  woolen  cloth  used 
by  the  poorer  classes  in  the  middle  ages  for 
cloaks  and  external  clothing. 
birse  (bers),  H.     [Sc,  also  birs,  <  ifE.  brust,  < 
AS.  b)/rst  =  OHG.  burst,  bursia,  MHG.  borst, 
biirst.'  borste,   G.    borstc  =  Icel.  burst  =  Sw. 
borst  =  Dan.  borste,  bristle:  the  primitive  of 
bristle,  q.  v.]     A  bristle ;  collectively,  bristles. 
[Scotch.]  —To  set  up  one's  blrse,  to  put  one  on  his 
mettle;  put  one  in  a  towering  pasiiion. 
birsle  (ber'sl),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  birsled,  ppr. 
birslin(i.     [Sc,  also  brissle.  bruslc  =  E.  brustle, 
make  a  crackling  noise:  see  brustle^.]     1.  To 
scorclt  or  toast,  as  before  a  fire:  as,  to  birsle 
one's  self  or  one's  shanks  before  the  fire. —  2. 
To  parch  or  broil :  as,  to  birsle  peas  or  potatoes. 
[Scotch.] 
birt  (bcrt),  II.     [Also  written  burt,  and  formerly 
bcrt,  bi/rt;  also  brit,  bret,  q.  v.]     A  local  Eug- 
lisli  name  of  the  turbot,  P.<ielta  maxima. 
birt-fish  (bert'fish),  «.     Same  as  birt. 
birth'  (berth),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  berth, 
<  ME.  birth,  berth,  byrth'  birthe,  burthe,  byrthe 
(appar.  assimilated  to  Icel.  'biinlhr.laierburdhr 
=  OSw.  bi/rth,  Sw.  bonl  =  Dan.  byrcl),  reg.  ME. 
byrde,  bur'dc,  <  AS.  gchyrd  (=OFries.  berd,  berth 
=  t)S.  i]iburd  =  X).  geboortc=  OBG.  giburt,  MHG. 
G.  iieburt  =  Goth,  galiaurths,  birth,  nativity; 
cf.  Ir.  brith  =  Gael,  breith,  birth;  Skt.  bhriti), 
witli  formative  -d  (and  prefix  gc-),   <  beran, 
bear:  see  fteurl.]     1.  The  fact  of  being  bom ; 

nativity. 

Had  our  prince 
(.Tcwel  of  children)  seen  this  hour,  lie  liad  pair'd 
Well  with  this  lord ;  there  was  not  full  a  month 
Between  their  births.  Slink.,  \V.  T.,  v.  1. 

2.  By  extension,  any  act  or  fact  of  coming  into 


The  Tods-hole,  an  house  of  entertainment  where  there     existence ;  beginning ;  origination :  as,  the  birth 
has  been  mony  a  blithe  Urling.  Scott,      pf  Protestantism. 


birling^  (ber'ling),  n.     Same  as  birlin. 

birnl  (bem),  n.  [Sc. :  see  burn'^.']  A  stem  of 
dry  heather;  specifically,  one  of  the  stems  of 
burnt  heath  which  remain  after  the  smaller 
twigs  have  been  consumed,  as  in  moor-burning. 

birn'-  (btrn),  n.  [<  G.  birnc,  a  pear,  dial,  hir,  < 
.\niG.  bir,  pi.  birn,  <  OHG.  bira  =  L.  ]>irum.  pi. 
pira,  whence  also  ult.  E.  pear,  q.  v.]  That  jiai-t 
of  an  instrument  of  the  clarinet  class  into  which 
the  mouthpiece  fits:  so  called  from  its  shape. 


-y 


1.]    Abounding 


such   as  was  worn  —  —         , 

indoors    by    mem-  Bircna.  birny  (b6r'm),  a.    [<  birn^  -t- 

bers  of  the  learned  in  birns.     [Scotch.]  ,.i  -x     *  -  ,    n 

professions;   now,  in  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  birostrate,  birostrated  (bi-ros  trat,  -tra-ted), 

ecclesiastical  cap.    This  last  is  square,  and  ha.s  three     „.     [</,(-'- -f  ms7/v(^. J    Having  a  double  beak, 

and  sonu-tiraea  four  horns  or  projections  on  top,  crossing     ,„,  ,„,||,.pss  ri'sciiibliiig  a  beak. 

It  at  equal  angles,  and  frequently  having  a  tuft  or  tassel  v;-„tation  ( bi-ro-ta'shon),  n.      [<  bi-"   +  rota- 

by  some  sugar,  which  jiossesscs  a  rotatory  power  that  is  at 
llrst  nearly  equal  to  twice  tlie  normal  amount,  uil  gradu- 
ally diminishes  and  rciuains  constant  when  the  nornuil 
IM.wer  is;;caclicd.   The  sugar  liavlng  this  property  is  called 

to-ri),  a.     [<   bi-'i  +  rota- 
ilouble  rotatory  power.    See 


least  in  Rome,  though  elsewhere  they  commonly  wear 
one  of  violet,  corresponding  with  the  color  of  the  cassock  ; 
for  canlinals  it  is  red.  It  seeius  to  have  been  introduced 
in  olhces  of  the  church  when  the  amice  ceased  to  lie  worn 
over  the  head  in  |>rocecdlng  to  and  from  the  altar  at  mass. 

2.  Bvoxtension,  aTuniscap;  a  smoking-cap.  ';'■''/'';';'' J^-"'/,'';"'';.-,,,-,  , 
birgandert,".     ^ee  bergander.  ^}'^°H*°f7  ^''':  "J'^" 

birlomboidal   (bi.rom:boi'dal),   a.     [<  6.f  +      "'V/.J     1  ossessing  dc 

rho,nbo,dal]n..Su^  a  si.rtaco  composed   of  ^";;^^;    {.^'o-tin).  « 


twelve  rhomlii 


■faV"?,  which','"being "taken  six  birotine  (.'"r'a-tin); 
---   -  ^    -  luiid  i>l  silk  from  tlie 


[Origin  tmcertain.] 
Levant. 


8hadow«  i.f  the  sllvfr  hirk 

«wceii  tho  green  that  folds  thy  grairo. 

'/''•«ni/jion,  A  Dirge,  I. 

birk'-   fb/rk),  r.  I.     [Sc;   origin  obscure;   cf. 

I..      '..;,-<,  bark,  bluster.]     To  give  a  tart  an- 

■.•.THO  in  a  sharp  and  cutting  way, 


birkcn     i"  r'kcn),   a.     Northern  English  and 

S.i.'-li  1i:nn  lit  birchen. 
birkent  dior'ken),   r.  I.     [<  birkcn,  a.,  or  (.irA.1 
+  -r«'.]     To  beat  with  a  liin-h  or  nxl. 

■niey  ran  up  ami  ilown  like  ("rh  «.  ami  liirkrnM  \hm>' 
Ihejr  m«l  with. 

Chritltan  ttrliilinni  Apiirnl.  p.  Ill 


brarl.]     It.   A  strong  wiml.— 2.   The  force  of 

tho  wind;  impetus;  momentum.  — 3.  A  thrust 

or  juiKh.— 4.  Force;  vigor;  energy.     [Scotcli 

anil  North.  Eng.] 
birr-  (bi'T),  v.i.    [Sc,  also  hir.  her.  etc,  appiir. 

imitative,  like  bur",  burr",  and  birl".  ij.  v.  |    To 

make  n  whirring  noise;  make  a  noise  like  thai 

of  revolving  wIiocIh,  or  of  inillBtoneH  at  work, 

[Scotch.]  .... 

birr-(bi'T),»i.    [<hirr-i,r.]    1.  A  whirring  noise,  birthdomt  (bi'illi 


2.  Strong  trilling  jironunciation 
[Scotcli.] 
blrretta,  n.     Hoe  birrlla 


See  bur". 


birkie  fWr'Vl),  a.  and  n.  [Sc,  alHO  npell...l  bir-  birrUB  (bir'ns),  .i. ;  pi.  '-irri  (-i).  [bl-  »  ''loaU  of 
kv  of.  I„rr-  I  I  <i.  Lively;  Hi.irited;  turt  iu  wool  ..r  nilk,  orig.  of  a  reddi»h  color,  worn  to 
gjleoch  ■  keep  oir  rain,  <<)L./<i/rra/(,  red  (T),<  fir.  !i-iw»f, 


After  .an  hour's  strict  search  we  discover  the  cause  of 
the  reports.    They  announce  the  birth  of  a  crevasse. 

Tiindall,  Forms  of  Water,  p.  98. 

3.  Tlie  act  of  bearing  or  bringing  forth;  par- 
turition: as,  "at  her  next  birth,"  Milton,  Ep. 
M.  of  Win.,  1.  G7.— 4.  The  condition  into  which 
a  person  is  born;  lineage;  extraction;  descent: 
as,  (Jrecian  birlh  :  noble  birth:  sometimes,  ab- 
solutely, descent  from  noble  or  honorable  pa- 
rents and  ancestors:  as,  a  man  of  birth. 

He  l.lames]  had  an  obvious  interest  in  inculcating  tho 

superstitious  notii>n  that  birtit  confers  rights  anterior  to 

law  and  unalterable  by  law.  .Miicaubiil. 

5.  That  which  is  born  ;  that  which  is  produced. 

Poets  are  far  rarer  liirtlis  tlian  kings. 

JS.  Jvn.iiin,  Epigrams. 

Others  hatch  their  eggs  and  teml  the  birth  till  it  Is  able 
to  shift  for  itself,  .iddixvn.  Spectator,  No.  120. 

Lines,  the  birth  of  some  chance  morning  or  evening  at 
an  Ionian  teatival,  or  among  the  Saliine  hills,  have  lasted 
generation  after  generation. 

J.  H.  A'eiriiiaii,  Oriun.  of  Assent,  p.  i6. 

6t.  Nature;  kind;  sex;  natural  character. 
y.  E.  J>.—  7t  In  astrol.,  nativity;  fortime. 

A  cunning  man  did  calculate  my  liirlh, 
And  told  me  that  by  water  1  sllould  die. 

Shak.,  -i  Hen.  VI.,  Iv.  1. 
New  blrtb,  regeneration  (which  sec), 
birth'-',  ".     See  berth-. 

birth-childt(beilli'chil<l),  "■  A  child  ascribed  to 
the  doiiiaiii  of  its  birth,  or  lo  the  ruler  of  it:  as, 
" ThetlH'  hirth-child"  (Shak. ,l'cvk-\e8,  iv.4),  that 
is,  one  born  on  tho  sea,  the  domain  of  Thetis, 
birthday  (lierlliMa),  ».  and  a.  [MK.  birlhdai, 
hirlh((l(iii  {'■(.  AS.  giliyrd-do'g);  <  birlh^  +  (biy.] 
I.  II.  'I'll!'  day  on  whicli  a  iierson  is  born,  or  tho 
aiiniversnry'ol'  (he  ilny;  lieiice,  day  or  time  of 
origin  or  commeuceiiienl. 

This  is  my  hirlhilnii,  lui  this  very  day 
Was  I'assius  born.  Slink.,  J.  0.,  v.  1. 

succeeded  m'Xt 

f..jc/»f';-.  Task,  1. 

II.  a.  KiOaling  or  perlnining  to  the  day  of 
a  person's  liirtli, Or  to  its  iiiiniversary :  as,  a 
hirthibii/  i»h-  or  gift;  birlhdaii  I'estivilii^s. 
"  "  "  '  (berlliMmn),  ».  [<  birlh^  +  -dom.^ 
I'ri\ile|,r,.  „f  liirlli;  lliiil  wliich  belongs  to  oiio 
by  l.irlli;  birthright.  Shak. 
birth-hour  (berlli'our),  n.  Tlio  hmir  nt  which 
one  is  born. 

Worse  than  a  slavlsli  wipe  or  a  Inrth-hmir'a  blot. 

Shak.,  Lucrcco,  1.  037. 


'I'lioHc  barbarons-agcs  pasl. 
The  Inilh-ilaii  of  Invention. 


birthing 

birthing,  »•     See  berthing. 
birthland  (bei-th'land),  H.     The  land  of  one's 
birth,  or  where  one  was  bom. 
In  the  direction  of  their  hirthlanil. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  104. 

So  mav  the  dead  return  to  their  birthland. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  47. 

birthless  (berth'les),  a.  [<  hirtlA  +  -less.'] 
Not  cif  good  or  honorable  birth  ;  of  low  or  com- 
mon liiii'iige.     Scott. 

birth-mark  (berth'milrk),  ?i.  Some  congenital 
mark  or  Ijlemish  on  a  person's  body;  a  straw- 
berry-mark ;  a  mole  ;  a  naevus. 

Most  part  of  tliis  noble  lineage  carried  upon  their  body 
even  for  a  naturall  birth-mark,  from  their  mother's  womb, 
a  snake.  North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  917. 

birthnight  (bferth'nit),  n.  The  night  of  the  day 
ou  wliich  a  person  is  born;  the  anniversary  of 
(hat  night. 

birthplace  (bferth'plas),  n.  The  place  of  one's 
birth ;  the  town,  city,  or  coimtry  where  a  per- 
son is  born ;  more  generally,  place  of  origin. 

birth-rate  (berth'rat),  K.  The  proportion  of 
births  to  the  number  of  inhabitants  of  a  town, 
district,  country,  etc.,  generally  stated  as  so 
many  per  thousand  of  the  population. 

An  increase  in  prosperity,  as  measured  by  the  birth- 
rate, is  accompanied  by  a  decrease  in  the  ratio  of  boy- 
births,  and  vice  versa.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV'I.  327. 

birthright  (bSrth'rit),  «.  Any  right  or  privi- 
lege to  which  a  person  is  entitled  by  birth, 
such  as  an  estate  descendible  by  law  to  an 
heir,  or  civil  liberty  imder  a  free  constitution; 
specifically,  the  right  of  primogenitm-e. 

Ami  they  sat  before  him,  the  first-born  according  to  his 
birthright,  and  the  youngest  according  to  his  youth. 

Gen.  xliii.  33. 

For  Titan  (as  ye  all  acknowledge  must) 
Was  Saturnes  elder  brother  by  birthright. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vi.  27. 

We  were  very  nearly  dead,  .  .  .  and  my  idea  of  happi- 
ness was  an  English  beefsteak  and  a  bottle  of  pale  ale ; 
for  such  a'luxury  I  would  most  willingly  have  sold  my 
birthright  at  that  hungry  moment. 

Sir  S.  W.  Baker,  Heart  of  Africa,  p.  264. 

birthroot  (berth'rot),  n.  In  hot.,  a  name  given 
to  various  species  of  Trillium,  especially  T. 
pendulum,  the  roots  of  which  are  reputed  to  be 
astringent,  tonic,  and  alterative,  and  to  have 
a  special  effect  upon  the  uterus  and  connected 
organs.  Also  called  birthwort,  and  corruptly 
iethroot  and  bathwort. 

birth-sin  (berth'sin),  n.     Sin  from  birth;  origi- 
nal sin.     [Rare.] 
Original  or  birth  sin.  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

birth-song  (b6rth's6ng),  w.     A  song  sung  at  a 

birth,  or  in  celebration  of  a  birth  or  birthday. 

A  joyful  birth-song.  Fitz-Oeofry,  Blessed  Birthday,  p.  45. 

birth-strangled  (b6rth'strang"gld),  a.     stran- 
gled or  suifocated  at  birth. 
Finger  of  binh-strangled  babe.      Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

birthwort  (berth'wfert),  n.  [<  birth'^  +  tvort^.'] 
In  hot. :  (a)  The  common  name  of  the  European 
species  of  Aristolochia,  A.  Clematitis,  from  its 
supposed  remedial  powers  in  parturition,  and 
from  it  transferred  to  some  American  species, 
which  are  more  usually  known  as  snakeroot. 
(b)  Same  as  birthroot. 

bis  (bis),  adv.  [L.,  twice,  for  'duis,  <  duo  =  E. 
two  ;  in  compounds,  hi- :  see  6i-2.]  Twice,  (a) 
In  accounts,  tabular  statements,  books,  etc.,  used  to  de- 
note a  duplicate  or  repetition  of  an  item  or  number  or 
page  :  as,  p.  10  bis.  (/,)  In  music,  a  term  indicating  that  a 
passage  or  section  is  to  be  repeated,  (c)  An  exclamation,' 
used  like  encore,  as  a  request  for  the  repetition  of  a  mu- 
sical performance,  etc.  (rf)  As  a  prefix,  twofold,  twice,  two  : 
in  this  sense  it  generally  becomes  bi-.     See  bi--. 

bisa,  biza  (be'za),  K.  [Native  name.]  A  coin 
used  in  Pegu  in  British  Burma,  worth  about 
27J  cents. 

bisaccate  (bi-sak'at),  a.  [<  6t"-2  -f  saccate ;  ef. 
L.  6isaccj«/n,  a  saddle-bag:  see  bisaccia.']  Hav- 
ing two  little  bags  or  pouches  attached :  used 
especially  in  botany. 

bisaccia  (bf-zach'a),  n.  [It.  bisaccia,  a  saddle- 
bag, <  L.  bisaccium,  pi.  bisaccia,  saddle-bag, 
<  hi-,  two-,  -1-  saccus,  a  bag:  see  sack^.]  A 
Sicilian  measure  of  capacity,  equal  to  1.94 
bushels. 

bisannualt  (bis-an'u-al),  a.    [=  F.  bisannuel;  < 
L.  bis,  twice,  -t-  E.  annual,  F.  annuel.']     Same  as 
biennial. 
biscacha  (bis-kaoh'a),  n.     Same  as  viscacha. 
biscalloped  (bi-skol'upt),  a.     [<  ?»-2   +  scal- 
loped.]    Finished  in  or  ornamented  with  two 
scallops ;  bilobate. 
Biscayan   (bis'ka-an),   a.    and  n.      [Formerly 
also  Biscan,   Biskiiine :  <  Biscay,  Sp.   Vixaya. 
See  Basque^.]     I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Biscay,  one 


563 

of  tho  three  Basque  provinces  of  Spain,  or  to  its 

people. 

II.  ».  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Biscay. 
— 2.  [I.e.]  JUilit.:  {a)  A  long  and  heavy  mus- 
ket, usually  carried  on  a  permanent  pivot,  for 
use  on  fortifieations  or  the  like.  [Obsolete.] 
(6)  A  heavy  bullet,  usually  of  the  size  of  an 
egg ;  one  of  the  separate  balls  of  grape-  or 
case-shot. 

biscoctiform  (bis-kok'ti-form),  a.  [<  L.  as  if 
'hisi-iictiis,  biscuit  (<  his,  twice,  -I-  coctus,  cooked: 
see  lii.-iciiit),  -t-  forma,  form.]  In  hot.,  biscuit- 
shaped  :  as,  biscoctiform  spores.    Tuckermam. 

biscornet,  «.     Same  as  bickern. 

biscotin  (bis'ko-tin),  n.  [F.,  <  It.  hiscottino, 
dim.  of  biscotto  =  F.  biscuit:  see  biscuit.]  A 
confeftiou  made  of  flour,  sugar,  marmalade, 
and  eggs;  sweet  biscuit. 

biscroma  (bis'kro-ma),  n.  [It.,  <  his-,  twice-, 
-I-  croiiia,  a  quaver:  see  croma.]  In  music,  a 
semiciuaver;  a  sixteenth-note. 

biscuit  (bis'kit),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hisket; 
<  ME.  hysket,  hiscute,  bysquyte,  hesqnito  {■=  D. 
heschuit,  >  Dan.  beskojt),  <  OF.  hescoit,  bescuit, 
later  biscut,  F.  biscuit  =Pr.  bcscueit  =  Sp.  biz- 
cocho  =  I'g.  hiscouto  =  It.  biscotto,  lit.  twice 
cooked,  <  L.  his,  twice,  +  coctus,  pp.  of  coquere, 
cook.]  1.  A  kind  of  hard,  dry  bread,  consist- 
ing of  flour,  water  or  milk,  and  salt,  and  baked 
in  thin  flat  cakes.  The  name  is  also  extended 
to  similar  articles  very  variously  made  and  fla- 
vored.    See  cracker. 

As  dry  as  the  remainder  biscuit 
After  a  voyage.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 

2.  A  small,  round,  soft  cake  made  from  dough 
raised  with  yeast  or  soda,  sometimes  shortened 
with  lard,  etc.  [U.  S.]  —  3.  In  ceram.,  porce- 
lain, stoneware,  or  pottery  after  the  first  bak- 
ing, and  before  the  application  of  the  glaze. 
Formerly  bisque Meat  biscuit,  a  preparation  con- 
sisting of  the  matter  extracted  from  meat  by  boiling,  com- 
bined with  flour,  and  baked  in  the  form  of  biscuits. 

biscuit-oven  (bis'kit-uv"n),  n.  In  ceram.,  the 
oven  used  for  the  first  baking  of  porcelain, 
bringing  it  to  the  state  known  as  biscuit. 

biscuit-root  (bis'kit-rot),  n.  A  name  given  to 
several  kinds  of  wild  esculent  roots  which  are 
extensively  used  for  food  by  the  Indians  of  the 
Columbia  river  region,  especially  to  species  of 
Camassia  and  Peucedanum. 

biscutate  (bi-ski\'tat),  a.  [<  hi-^  +  scutate.] 
In  hot.,  resembling  two  shields  or  bucklers 
placed  side  by  side ;  having  parts 
of  such  a  character. 

bisdiapason  (bis"di-a-pa'zon),  n. 
[<  his  +  rf(nj)OSon.]  In  music,  an 
interval  of  two  octaves,  or  a  fif- 
teenth. 

bise  (bez),  n.  [F. :  see  bice.]  A 
dry  cold  north  and  northeast 
wind,  prevailing  especially  in 
Provence  and  the  Rhone  valley, 
and  very  destructive  to  vegeta- 
tion, so  that  "  to  be  struck  by  the 
hise"  has  become  a  proverb  in 
Provence,  meaning  to  be  over- 
taken by  misfortune:  nearly  the 
same  as  mistral. 

bisect  (bi-sekf),  V.  t.  [<  L.  hi-, 
two-,  -t-  sectus,  pp.  of  secare,  cut : 
see  section.]  To  cut  or  divide  into  two  parts ; 
specifically,  in  geom.,  to  cut  or  divide  into  two 
equal  parts.  One  line  bisects  another  when  it  crosses 
it,  leaving  an  equal  pai't  of  the  line  ou  each  side  of  the 
point  of  intersection. 
He  exactly  bisects  the  effect  of  our  proposal.  Gladstone. 
An  inevitable  dualism  bisects  natm-e,  so  that  each  thing 
is  a  half,  and  suggests  another  thing  to  make  it  whole  :  as, 
spirit,  matter ;  man,  woman.  Emerson,  Compensation. 
Bisecting  dividers.  See  divider.— Bisecims  gage. 
See  '7a<r''. 

bisection  (bi-sek'shon),  n.  [<  bisect,  after  sec- 
tion.] 1.  The  act  of  bisecting,  or  cutting  or 
dividing  into  two  parts ;  specifically,  the  act  of 
cutting  into  two  equal  parts :  the  di\asion  of 
any  line,  angle,  figure,  or  quantity  into  two  eqnal 
parts. —  2.  One  of  two  sections  composing  any- 
thing, or  into  which  it  may  be  diWded:  as, 
"  one  whole  bisection  of  literature,"  Dc  Quincey, 
Herodotus Bisection  of  the  eccentricity,  in  as- 
iron.,  a  contrivance  of  the  Ptolemaic  system  of  astronomy 
by  which  the  center  of  the  orbit  of  every  superior  plantt 
and  of  Venus  is  placed  midway  between  the  earth  and  the 
center  of  the  eqirnnt. 
bisectional  (bi-sek'shon-al),  a.    Pertammg  to 

or  of  the  natureot  bisection. 
bisectionally  (bi-sek'shou-al-i),  adr.    By  bisec- 
tion ;  so  as  to  bisect,  or  divide  into  two  parts, 
especially  equal  parts. 


Biscutate  Leaf 
(Viottcza  ntusci- 
puta ). 


bishop 

bisector  (bi-sek'tor),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  hi-,  two-, 
■¥  sector  (see  sector) ;  E.  as  if  <  bisect  +  -or.'] 
A  line  drawn  through  the  vertex  of  a  triangle 
so  as  to  bisect 
either  the  oppo- 
site side  (bisec- 
tor of  tlie  side) 
or  the  angle  {bi- 
sector of  the  an- 
(jle,    or    internal 
bisector),   or    to 
bisect  tile  exter- 
nal angle  form- 
ed by  the  adja- 
cent   sides   {ex- 
ternal   bisector).  Bisector. 
Thus,  in  the  figure, 

ABU  being  the  triangle,  AD  is  the  bisector  of  the  side 
BC ;  AE  is  the  internal  bisector,  and  AF  the  external  bi- 
sector, of  the  angle  A. 

bisectrix  (bi-sek'triks),  «. ;  pi.  bisectrices  (bi- 
sek-tri'sez).  [NLi.,  fem.  of  bisector :  see  bisec- 
tor.] 1.  In  cr^.fto/.,  the  line  which  bisects  the 
angle  of  the  optic  axes.  That  bisecting  the  acute 
angle  is  culled  the  acute  bisectrix,  the  other  is  the  obtuse 
bisectrix.  These  are  also  called  the  ^irst  mean  line  (or  me- 
dian line)  and  the  second  mean  line  respectively.  Tlie 
bisectrix,  or  mean  line,  is  said  to  be  positive  or  negative, 
according  to  the  character  of  the  double  refraction.  See 
refraction. 

2.  In   (jcom.,   same   as   bisector Dispersion  of 

the  bisectrices.    See  dispersion. 

bisegment  (bi-seg'ment),  n.  [<  hi-'-  +  seg- 
ment.] One  of  the  parts  of  a  line  which  has 
been  bisected,  or  divided  into  two  equal  parts. 

bisegmental  (bi-seg-men'tal),  a.  [<  frj-2  -I- 
seijmciit  +  -al.]     Consisting  of  two  segments. 

The  bisc'nncntal  constitution  of  the  region  in  question. 

B.  G.  Wilder. 

biseptate  (bi-sep'tat),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  septum  -h 
-ate^.]     Having  two  septa  or  partitions. 

biserial  (bi-se'ri-al),  a.  [<  6j-2  -1-  serial.]  Con- 
sisting of  or  arranged  in  two  series  or  rows ;  bi- 
farious;  distichous.     Also  6(4'en'a(e. 

Thus  we  are  led  to  the  biserial  arrangement  of  the 

chambers,  which  is  characteristic  of  the  Textularian  group. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Jlicros.,  §  467. 

Biserial  perianth,  in  hot.,  a  perianth  consisting  of  both 

calyx  and  cnrolla, 

biserially  (bi-se'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  a  biserial 
manner  or  order;  in  a  double  row.     Also  hi- 

seriately. 

Tbe  chambers  are  arranged  biserially  along  a  straight 
axis.  )r.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  482. 

biseriate  (bi-se'ri-at),  a.  [<  bi-^  +  seriate.] 
Same  as  biserial. 

biseriately  (bi-se'ri-at-U),  adv.  Same  as  bi- 
serially. 

The  anterior  tarsi  of  the  males  are  dilated  and  biseri- 
ately squamulose.  Horn. 

biserrate  (bi-ser'at),  a.  [<  iJ-2  -1-  serrate.]  1. 
In  hot.,  doubly  serrate:  said  of  leaves  the  ser- 
ratures  of  which  are  themselves  serrate. — 2. 
In  entom.,  having  two  small  triangular  teeth 
placed  close  together,  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw. 

[Rare.]  — Biserrate  antennae,  antenna;  in  which  the 
joints  are  compressed  and  triangular,  each  attached  to  the 
center  of  the  base  of  the  preceding  one  by  one  of  its  points, 
so  that  fioth  sides  of  the  organ  present  a  serrate  outline. 

bisetigerous  (bi-sf-tij'e-ms),  a.  [<  6i-2  -f-  se- 
tigerous.]  In  entom.,  ha%'ing  two  terminal  setee 
or  bristles ;  bisetose. 

bisetose  (bi-se'tos),  a.  [<  fc;-2  -f-  setose.]  In 
zoiil.  and  hot.,  furnished  with  two  setse  or  bris- 
tle-like appendages. 

bisetous  (bi-se'tus),  a.     Same  as  bisetose. 

bisette  (bi-zef),  «.  [F.  (cf.  masc.  hiset,  a  rock- 
dove),  coarse  brown  stuff,  dim.  of  OF.  bise, 
dark -brown  or  gray.]      A  narrow  French  lace. 

bisexed  (bi'sekst),  a.  [<  6i-2  -(-  sex  +  -ed",] 
Same  as  bisexual. 

bisezoust  (bi-sek'sus),  a.  [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  + 
sexus,  sex.     Cf.  bisexual.]     Same  as  bisexual. 

Thus  may  we  also  concede  that  hares  have  been  of  both 
sexes,  and  some  have  ocularly  confirmed  it,  but  that  the 
whole  species  or  kind  should  be  bi.'iexous  we  cannot  af- 
finn.  Sir  T.  Broitne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  17. 

bisexual  (bi-sek'sia-al\  a.  [<  hi-"  -t-  sexual.] 
Having  the  organs  of  both  sexes  in  one  indi- 
vidual; of  two  sexes;  hermaphrodite,  in  bot., 
said  of  flowers  which  contain  both  stamen  and  pistil  w  ith- 
in  the  same  peri.anth,  and  of  mosses  having  antheridia 
jind  archegouia  in  the  same  involucre ;  synoecioiis.  Also 
bisexed. 

bish,  bishma  (bish,  bish'mii),  n.   Same  as  bikh. 

bishop  (bish'up),  n.  [<  JitE.  bishop,  bisshop, 
bischop,  bi.'ihup,  byshoji,  etc.,  <  AS.  biseop,  bis- 
ceop  =  OFries.  hiskop  =  OS.  biskop  =  I),  bis- 
schop  =  OHG.  biscof  MHG.  G.  bischof=  Icel. 
bisktip  =  Sw.  hiskop  ==  Dan.  biskop,  bisp  =  It. 
vescovo  =  Sp.  ohisiio  =  Pg.  bispo  =  Pr.  veskes  = 
OF.  evesquc,  vesquc,  F.  eveque  =  Gael,  eashuig 


bishop 

a=  It.  easbog  =  W.  esgoh  =  Bret,  esl'op  =  (prob. 
<  Tent.)  OBulg.  hiskupii  =  Serv.  Bohem.  Pol. 
hiskiq)  =  Sloven.  shkof=  Lith.  viskitpas  =  Lett. 
bi^h-aps  =  Alb.  upeshk  =  Finn,  piisjia,  <  LL. 
episcopuSy  eormptly  *biscopug.,  =  Goth,  aipistcati' 
pus  =  Euss.  episkopuj  <  Gr.  eTtcKo-o^y  a  bishop, 
an  overseer,  <  f-i,  npon  (see  epi-),  +  OKorreiVy 
look  at,  view  (>  oAo-of,  a  watcher),  <  -y/  *crK^~ 
=  L.  sptecercy  look  at:  see  scope,  specieSj  specta- 
cle, spy,  etc.]  1.  An  overseer:  once  applied 
to  Christ  in  the  Xew  Testament. 

For  ye  were  as  sheep  going  astray ;  but  are  now  retxim- 
ed  unto  the  Shepherd  and  Biihop  of  your  souls. 

1  Pet.  u.  25. 

2.  In  the  earliest  usage  of  the  Christian  church, 
a  spiritual  overseer,  whether  of  a  local  church 
or  of  a  number  of  churches;  a  niler  or  director 
in  the  church.     See  elder  and  presbyter. 

Paul  and  Timotheus  ...  to  all  the  saints  in  Christ 
Jesus  which  are  at  Philippi,  with  the  bishops  and  deacons. 

Philip,  i.  1. 

The  English  version  lias  hardly  dealt  fairly  in  this  case 
with  the  sacred  text,  in  rendering  ennTKovov^y  verse  28 
(Acts  XX.),  "overseers";  whereas  it  ought  there,  as  in 
all  other  places,  to  have  been  "bishops";  that  the  fact 
of  t-Klers  and  bi.<hops  having  been  originally  and  apostoli- 
cally  synonj-raous  might  be  apparent  to  the  ordinary  Eng- 
lish reader,  which  now  it  is  not. 

Dean  Afford,  Greek  Test..  Acts  xx.  17. 

Bishops  and  Presbyters,  literally  overseers  and  elders, 
are  universally  admitted  to  be  terms  equivalent  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  and  often,  at  least,  applied  to  the  same 
officers.  Smith,  Student's  Eccles.  Hist.,  p.  176. 

3.  From  an  early  time,  an  overseer  over  a 
number  of  local  churches;  particularly,  in  the 
Greek,  Oriental,  Roman  Catholic,  and  Angli- 
can churches,  the  title  of  the  highest  order  in 
the  ministry.  See  eniscopaci/.  The  origin  of  the 
office  of  bishop  in  the  Christian  church  is  a  matter  of 
dispute.  The  terms  bvfhop  and  prejtbyter  appear  to  be 
used  interchangeably  in  the  New  Testament ;  but  those 
who  support  the  episcopal  form  of  government  maintain 
that  while  these  terms  were  not  yet  limited  to  their  later 
meanings  a  difference  of  rank  was  indicated  by  them,  that 
the  office  of  the  apostles,  as  overseers  over  the  local 
churches  and  their  pastors,  was  episcopal  in  its  nature,  and 
that  the  term  bishop  is  appropriately  used  to  designate 
those  whom  they  ordained  as  tneir  successors  in  an  otfice 
which  was  intended  to  be  permanent;  while  those  who 
reject  the  episcopal  form  of  government  hold  that  the 
apostolic  office  was  purely  personal,  and  that  the  apostles 
had  not  and  could  not  have  successors.  The  Koman  Cath- 
olic Church,  the  Greek  and  other  Oriental  churches,  and 
the  Anglican  Church  claim  an  unbroken  succession  of 
bisliops  from  apostolic  times.  Moravian  bishops  also  claim 
an  unnruken  episcopal  succession,  but  exercise  jurisdic- 
tion not  as  diocesans,  but  jointly.  The  first  Methodist 
superintendent,  the  title  aftenvard  superseded  by  bishop, 
was  ordained  by  Wesley  in  1784.  (See  itineraitt  bishop.) 
In  the  Greek,  Oriental,  and  Koman  Catholic  churches,  the 
different  grades  of  the  office,  besides  simpU  or  ordiuan/ 
bishop,  are  archbixhop,  ui^troi/olitan,  primate,  vznrch,  and 
patriarch;  these  were  ecclesiastically  instituted  for  conve- 
nience of  government.  (See  pope.)  The  Anglican  Cliurch 
also  has  archbishops  and  metropolitans.  By  virtue  of  con- 
cordats, thenominationof  Koman  t'atholic  bishops  is  some- 
times made  by  the  temporal  power;  the  former  election 
by  the  cKrgy  remains  in  some  cathedral  chapters,  but 
more  coninmidy  names  are  proposed  by  tlie  fellow-suffra- 
gans and  metropolitan,  and  by  the  clergy  of  the  diocese 
to  be  provided  (or,  to  the  Pope,  wlio  directly  appoints  and 
in  any  case  conflrms  the  new  bishop.  I[i  P^ngland  bish- 
ops are  nominated  by  the  sovereign,  who.  upon  retiuest 
of  the  dean  and  chapter  for  leave  t^)  elect  a  liisiiop, 
•ends  a  congJt  d'Hire,  or  license  to  elect,  with  a  letter 
missive,  nominating  the  person  whom  he  woiihl  have 
chosen.  The  election,  by  the  chapter,  nmst  be  made  with- 
in twelve  days,  or  the  sovereign  lias  a  right  to  apfM)int 
whom  he  pb^aKcs.  In  the  rrotestant  Fplsconal  rhurch  In 
the  t'niteiu  Stat«_*B  tlie  tilshr)pB  are  elected  by  the  clergy 
and  laity.  HlHhops  are  said  to  be  cojmecratrd  rather  than 
ordained.  J-Jnihroniz/itinn  Is  the  solemn  Installation  fol- 
lowing the  consecration.  A  bishop  changed  from  one  see 
U>  another  Is  B;ild  U>  be  Irnntlatfd ;  the  church  contain- 
ing bin  cathedra  or  episcopal  throne  Is  called  cathedral. 
and  the  local  JiirlsdlrtlDU  indicated  by  this  throne,  and 
thf  city  or  locality  in  which  Ibis  standi,  together  with  the 
dio<:.'«e  or  terrll'jry  attached  to  it,  bis  */■-,  to  which  he  Is 
uiid  to  be  itrddf'd,  and  which  In  in'dowfd  when  deprived 
of  him.  This  relation  Is  symlKillztd  by  the  bishop's  ring, 
which  In  the  \Ve«t»*ni  rhurcb  Is  a  part  of  the  Insignia  of 
hi*  '.jtire,  t/>«<ther  with  the  miter,  hlaff.  and  cross.  To 
thii  '.lime  nlwf  are  applied  the  term  /x-nfi'/and  its  ileriva- 
li.  Iw.tify  four  of  thn  r,nglt«b  bih|iopn  iuhI  the  two 
u  J.  |,.irH  of  till!  realm.  w|(h  wi-uth  in  thirjlonso 
•  '                     I     •  rtiilii  jiojltlcnl  and  Jiidli-lnl  or  ((UiihI  Judi- 

Iti  tlie  Monnon  rhurrh  Dm-  bJHliop  Is  an 

\  ir..iii'-  r.r  leiwer  prleHlln^Ml,  pri-hldeHover  It, 

'itunrd  ordlnnncm,  condmin  Ih'-  temimral 

'  ■    •   rbnn-h.  ami  acts  ax  Judge  r,n  iraufigreM- 

1.1^     I '.  '  .1  ,il<l»ruviated  /;;/.     Heo  chorrpi*copH«  and  vicar 


564 

lady-birds,  the  small  beetles  of  the  family  Coc- 
cinellidfe. — 8.  One  of  the  pieces  or  men  in  chess, 
ha\-ing  its  upper  part  carved  into  the  shape  of 
a  miter.  Formerly  called  archer.  See  chess. — 
Assistant  bishop,  ti  liishop  who  assists  a  I'iocesan  bishop. 
—Bench  Of  bishops,  see^.iic/i.— Bishop's  court,  a  name 
snuulimes given  in  En^iandlo  an  ecclesi;i:;tical  court  held 
in  the  cathedral  of  each  diocese,  the  judge  whereof  is  the 
bishops  chancellor,  who  judges  by  the  civil  canon  law. 
The  proper  name  is  the  consistory  tft«/^^— Blsliop's 
cross.  Same  as  pastoral  staf(v,]ui:\i  see,  under  sfaj).~ 
Bishop's  cross-staff,  a  stalT  beurini;  a  simple  cross.  See 
epi.scopat  i<taf,  \mder  staf.—  Bishop's  lawn,  a  variety  of 
tine  lawn,  used  tor  tlie  sleeves  of  the  vestments  of  Anglican 
bishops  (wbeuLf  the  iianie),  and  also  by  women  for  many 
purposes.— Bishop's  ring,  a  part  of  the  pontificals  or  in- 
signia of  office  of  a  bishop  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
It  is  a  massive  ring  of  gold,  set  with  a  sapphire,  emerald. 
or  ruby,  worn  on  the  third  finger  of  the  right  hand.— 
Bishop's  staff.  See  crozier. —Bishop's  throne,  the  offl- 
ci;d  or  ceremonial  seat  of  the  bishop  in  tlie  cliancel  or  choir 


Z 


•'  "••■■  formerly  (fivpn  to  a  chief  pricHt  of 
I'  —6.  A  name  (fivcn  in  llie  United 

."^  .1  IHTiO  to  B  womiin'H  biiHlle. — 6.  A 

hot  'liiiik  iiiude  with  bitter  oranges,  cloves,  and 
port  wiiip. 

Ho  »nil  Iho  landlnrd  wtre  drinkliiK  »  bowl  o(  bithm  l<>. 
gothT.  JUrltfHS. 


7.    !• 


A  name  of  viirions  hptcron- 

ijx  iriMiTtd,  ttN'!  inllfd  IttHli'iii  f(- 


"II''  iijiiri-  fniit  by  pifreing  il,  and 

euiit  an  inliiicraDlu  oilor.     (o)  A  oamo  of  the 


Bishop's  Throne  and  Synlhronus. —  Basilica  of  Torcello.  near  Venice. 

of  the  principal  or  cathedral  church  of  his  diocese.  In  the 
early  church,  as  stil!  in  the  Greelv  Church  and  in  some 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  it  stood  hehind  the  altar  in  the 
apse,  and  formed  the  central  and  highest  seat  of  the  syn- 
thronus  (which  see).  Accordinj:;  to  a  later  arrantiement. 
which  continues  to  be  the  j^eneral  rule  in  Roman  ("atholic 
and  Anglican  catheiirals,  it  is  placed  at  the  extreme  east 
end  of  the  stalls  on  either  (preferaldy  tlie  nortliern  or  gos- 
pel) side,  and  is  generally  separate,  hut  sometimes  forms 
part  of  tlie  stalls.  It  is  usually  of  wood,  but  often  of  mar- 
ble or  bronze.  .\lso  called  cn^Aerfra. — Boy-blshop.  .'^ee 
fcci/i.— Cardinal  bishop.  See  cardijiat.—Cskse  of  the 
seven  bishops,  a  famous  English  trial,  in  ItV^s,  of  the  nrl- 
jii;itr  and  !-i\  bishops  on  a  charge  of  libel  in  protesting,  in  a 
petition  to  James  II.,  against  his  order  that  his  "declara- 
tions for  liberty  of  conscience"  be  read  in  the  churchea. 

—  Chancellor  of  a  bishop.  See  c/ifoio/ior.— Coadju- 
tor bishop,  a  bishop  who  assists  t!ie  bishop  of  tlie  tlio- 
ccse  in  discharging  the  duties  of  his  bishopric. —  Dio- 
cesan bishop,  a  bishop  having  jurisdiction  over  the 
churches  and  clergy  in  a  regularly  organized  diocese,  and 
having  his  canonical  place  of  resitience  anti  his  catlu-dral 
church  in  a  city  (called  his  see-cittt  or  ratfietlral  rit;/),  fr.iin 
which  heusually  takes  his  title,  and  from  which  he  governs 
ami  visits  his  diocese  :  opposed  to  an  asgislant,  coddjulur. 
missionani ,  or  itim'niiii  t'i.^h'ip.  -Ecumenical  bishop. 
Sec  ccuwu-nicn;.—  Itinerant  bishop,  a  bisliop  not  having 
a  separate  teiTitorial  jurisdiction,  but  possessing  joint 
authority  with  others  over  all  the  churches  of  the  same 
organization.  The  bishops  of  the  Methodist  anil  Moravian 
churches  are  itinerant  bishops.—  Suffragan  bishop.  (<i) 
A  bishop  consecrated  to  assist  another  bishop  w  ho  is  dis- 
abled by  age,  illness,  or  other  cause ;  an  auxiliary  hishoii. 
lie  diders  from  a  coadjutor  hishitp  in  having  no  power  to 
exercise  jurisdiction.  (0)  A  bishop  in  relation  to  liis  com- 
provincial bishops  and  their  archliishop  or  nietroi>olitiin. 
This  title  is  used  of  the  other  bishops  of  the  Church  of 
I-ltig1and  in  relation  to  the  archbishops. 

bishop  (bi.sli'up),  !•.  t. ;  prot.  mid  pp.  hishnjml  or 
hitiliojiped,  \<\>v.  hisltopituj  or  bishopjriny.  [<  MK. 
bigchopcn,  <  AS.  bixcopiav,  <  biscop ;  from  tlic 
uouu.  In  the  last  two  senses,  from  the  ]>ro]>i'r 
name  Jiishnp.']  1.  To  administer  the  rite 
of  confirmation  to;  admit  solemnly  into  the 
church;  confirm.     [Arcliaic] 

They  are  prophane,  imperfect,  oh  !  too  bad  .  .  . 

Except  conllrm'd  and  t/ijthoppftt  by  thee. 

Ikmni',  I'oenis,  p.  172. 

2.  To  confirm  (anything)  formally.  [Jocular.] 

And  chtjse  to  Iicar 
The  name  of  fool  confirmed  and  Itiji/topt'tt  by  the  fair. 

/fru'lru,  Cyin.  and  Iphlg.,  I.  'Jt;t. 

3t.  To  appoint  to  the  office  of  bishop. 

This  trii'lition  of  lliahiipinij  Timothy  over  Ephesus  was 
lilit  taken  for  granted  out  of  that  place  In  St.  I'aul,  which 
wall  only  an  intreatliiK  lillii  tu  tnrry  at  Ephenlla,  to  do 
floniethlng  left  him  in  charge. 

MUlon,  Prelfttlcftl  KplRropaey, 

4.  To  let  (milk,  Mc.)  bum  wliile  conkinj;:  in 
alltiHion  to  (ho  ])rovi'rb,  "The  hiHlmii  Iium  put 
hiH  foot  in  it."     rinirl.ill.     [North.  Kn^.  dinl.  | 

—  5.  [Supposed  lo  bo  from  Jtinliap,  tlic  niinii' 
of  a  horHc-dcaler,  J  In  farriiri/,  to  make  (iin 
old  horse)  look  like  a  young  one,  or  to  give  a 
good  appearance  to  (a  bad  liorse)  in  ordiT  to 
deei-ivi'  iiurcluiHers. — 6.  [From  a  man  nnmed 
Jlislinj),  who  in  IKll  drowned  a  boy  in  nnliT  to 
Ki'll  liiH  body  for  disNi'ction.  ('f.  biiih.]  To 
niiiribr  by  drowning. 

biflhop-blrd  (biHh'up-l)/'rd),  H.  A  name  of  sun- 
dry African  woavor-birds  of  tho  family  I'locci- 


bisbop's-weed 

da,  especially  of  the  restricted  genus  Eupiec- 
tes  (Swainson)  or  Pyromelana  (Bonaparte). 

bishopdom  (bish'up-dum),  «.  [<  bishop  + 
-<bim  ;  not  found  in  ME. ;  ef.  AS.  bisceopilom  = 
OHG.  biscoftuom,  biscetuom,  MHG.  bischtumn, 
G.  bistum  =  D.  bispdom  =  Icel.  biskiqis-dOmr  = 
Dan.  bispedomme  =  Sw.  biskopdomc.y  1.  The 
jurisdictiou  of  a  bishop ;  episcopate ;  episco- 
pacy.    Also  bishojisliip. 

He  would  persuade  us  that  the  succession  and  divine 
right  of  bishopdom  hath  been  unquestionable  through  all 
ages.  Milton,  Dei,  of  Humb,  KemunsU 

2.  Bishops  collectively. 

bishopess  (bish'up-es),  n.  [<  bishop  +  -ess.'] 
The  wif<>  of  a  bishop.     Thackcraij.     [Kare.] 

bishophood  (bish'up-hiid),  H.  [<  ME.  bischop- 
hoiid,  <  AS.  bisccophdd,  <  bixccop,  bishop,  -t- 
hdd,  condition:  see  bishop  and  -hood.~i  The  of- 
fice, dignity,  or  rank  of  bishop. 

bishoplyt  (bish'up-li),  0.  [<  ME.  bisshoply,  etc., 
<  AS.  bi.sceojdic :  see  bishop  and  -/^t.]  Bishop- 
like ;  episcopal. 

If  he  preach  .  -  .  before  a  bishop,  then  let  him  treat 
of  bijshoply  duties  and  orders. 

Latimer,  1st  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.  (1549). 

Episcopal,  which  has  supplanted  bishoplij,  is  only  a  Latin 

wi  'rd  in  an  English  dress.    Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  104. 

bishoplyt  (bish'up-li),  adv.  [<  bishop  +  -ly'^.] 
In  the  manner  of  a  bishop. 

bishop-ray  (bish'up-ra),  H.  1.  A  raioid  sela- 
chian of  the  family  Myliobatidw,  Jitobatis  (or 
Stoasodon)  narinari,  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
seas,  sometimes  wandering  in  summer  north- 
ward along  the  coast  of  the  United  States  to 
^*irgillia.  Its  disk  is  twice  as  wide  as  long,  and  is 
briovnish  diversified  with  small  round  pale  spots. 
2.  Any  fish  of  the  genus  JEtobatis. 

bishopric  (bish'up-rik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bishoprifhc,  hishoprick ;  <  ME.  bisshoj>rikr,  bis- 
i-choprichc.  also  contracted  bispriche,  <  AS.  bis- 
ccdjirii'c  (=  Icel.  biskup.Rriki),  <  bisciop,  bishop, 
+  rice,  ,iurisdiction,  kingdom,  =Icel.  riki  =  u. 
reich,  kingdom;  connected  with  AS.  rice,  pow- 
erful, rich:  see  -no,  rich.']  1.  The  office  or 
dignity  of  a  bisliop. 

A  virtuous  woman  should  reject  marriage  as  a  good 
man  does  a  bishaprick ;  but  I  would  ailvise  neither  tii  per- 
sist ill  refusing.  Adilisim.  Spectator,  No.  81). 

2.  The  district  over  which  the  jurisdiction  of  a 
bishop  extends ;  a  diocese. 

On  the  17th  of  April,  1420,  a  question  was  raised  in 
council  which  involved  liis  right  to  retain  the  hisbajn-ic  of 
Winchester.  Slubbs,  Const.  Hist,§ti&7, 

3t.  The  charge  of  instructing  and  governing 
in  spiritual  concerns;  overseorship. 
His  hishi'pric  let  another  take.  Acts  i.  20. 

bishop's-cap  (bish'ups-kap),  n.  A  name  of  two 
species  of  Mitclhi  (If.  diphylla  and  M.  iiiida), 
natural  order  Saxifraijacca;  which  are  natives 
of  the  United  States :  so  called  from  the  form 
of  the  pod.     Also  called  mitcrwort. 

And  bishop's-caps  have  golden  rings. 

lAmcifclhnv,  Prel.  to  Voices  of  the  Night 

bishop's-elder  (bish'ups-el'd6r),  n.    Same  as 

hishiiji'.i-ira  il,  1. 
bishop's-hat  (bish'up.s-hat),  H.    Another  name 

111'  I  lie  barrenwort,  Kpimcdium  alpinum. 
bishopship   (bish' up-ship),   n.      [<   bishop  •¥ 

-ship.]     Sumo  as  bishopdom,  1.     Miltoti. 
bishop's-leaves  (bisli'uiis-levz),  >i.    A  species 

of  tif^wiirt,  Scrojiliiddrid  atjiidlico. 

bishop-sleeve  (bish'up-slev),  ".  A  peculiar 
wide  form  of  sleeve  formerly  worn  by  women: 
so  nam(<d  from  its  resemblance  to  tho  full 
sleeve,  drawn  in  at  the  wrist,  worn  by  Angli- 
can bish<ii>s. 

bishop's-length  (bish'ups-length),  H.  In  paint- 
iiiil,  eniivns  iiii'usuring  M  inches  by  !M.  The 
Imll'-liisliop  measures  4.')  inches  by  .V). 

bishop's-miter  (bish'ups-mi  ter),  «.  1.  Same 
US  /ii.v/ii//),  7  («)• — 2.  A  name  of  the  mitor- 
sholl,  Milro  ijiiscoiiali.i,  of  the  family  ^filrid<r. 

bishop-stoolt  (bish'up-stiil),  II.  f<  Vli;,  bisscop- 
nlol,  <  AS.  Iiisccoji.itol  (=  Icel.  Iii.'ikiiii.'nitoll  =  Sw. 
biskojislol  =  Dan.  bi.tpe.stol),  <  bi.iceop,  bishop,  + 
Htol,  seat,  slool.]     A  bi.shoji's  see  or  seat. 

.\crordinK  to  a  enstoin  in  «hicli  we  liineri-d  from  con- 
ttnentiil  churches  and  wtlangrly  iiglced  with  our  Celtic 
iieigliliours,  ,  .  .  the  temporal  iiqiilal  wiiH  not  In  early 
limes  the  sc  at  of  the  I'inhiiiiHliHtl,  K.  A.  h'rmnaH. 

bishop's-weed,  bishop-weed  (bish'ups-,  bish'- 

np-wed),  H.  1.  .lu/opiidiiim  podaiiroriii.  See 
jiouttlort.     In  SioUand  it  Is  pn|iularly  believed  to  havo 

r> Ived  this  name  fi the  great  illlllcnlty  of  extlriial- 

Ing  II.     Also  called  l/i«hiip'ii-rlilrr. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  jilants  of  tho  genua 
.tiiimi,  anil  in  Iho  Tiiiloil  Slates  to  a  somewhat 
similar  iiiMbrllifi'mim  )ilant,  Disrojdnira  enjril- 
Idcett.—  Xrue  bUllop'a-woed,  tlie  ujowui.'  f-'orum  C'o|>' 
ticum. 


bishop's-wort 

bishop's-WOrt  (bish'ups-wert),  n.  A  name 
givou  to  the  devil-iiJ-:i-V)usli,  NujcUa  Damasccna, 
and  to  betouy,  SUwhi/.i  BcUmiea. 

bishop-weed,  n.     See  bishop's-wced. 

bisilicate   (bi-sil'i-kat),  n.     [<  6(-2  +  silicate.'] 

1.  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  a  base  and  a 
eilicic  acid  containing  two  atoms  of  silicon.  It 
may  be  a  bibasio  or  a  polybasie  acid. —  2.  A 
Bait  of  metasilicie  acid,  Hof!ii(.);j,  in  which  the 
ratio  of  oxygen  atoms  combined  with  the  base 
and  silicon  respectively  is  as  1:2:  for  example, 
calcium  metasilicate  (the  mineral  woUaston- 
ito),  CaSiOg  or  CaO.Si02. 

bisiliO[UOUS  (bi-sU'i-k\vus),  a.  [<  iJ-2  +  sili- 
giioiis.]     In  hot.,  having  two  pods. 

bisinuate  (bi-sin'u-at),  «.  [<  ?)i-2  +  simiate.'i 
III  :oi>l.,  having  two  concave  em'ves  meeting  in 
a  convex  curve  :  as,  a  bisinuate  margin. 

bisinuation  (bi-sin-u-a'shon),  n.  [<  bisinuate, 
alter  sinuation.']  In  entom.,  the  state  of  being 
bisinuate  ;  a  double  curve  on  a  margin. 

bisk^  «.     See  bisque". 

bisk'-',  bisque''  (bisk),  n.  [<  F.  bisque,  odds  at 
play,  a  fault  at  teunis;  cf.  It.  bisca,  a  gaming- 
house; origin  imknown.]  Odds  at  tennis-play ; 
specifically,  a  stroke  allowed  to  the  weaker 
jilayer  to  equalize  the  parties. 

bisk-'  (bisk),  )(.     Same  as  bikh. 

biskett  (bis'ket),  II.  A  former  spelling  of  bis- 
cuit. 

Biskra  bouton,  Biskra  button.  Same  as  Alep- 
po ulcer  (which  see,  under  ulcer). 

bismar,  «.     See  bismer^. 

Bismarck  brown.    See  brown. 

bismet,  «•     An  apheretie  form  of  abisme. 

bismerlf,  '»•  [ME.,  also  bismar,  bisemer,  etc.;  < 
AS.  hismer,  bismor  (=  OS.  bismer  =  OHG.  bi- 
smcr,  reproach,  opprobrium,  derision,  abuse), 
<  bi-  (accented),  by,  -t-  -smer,  perhaps  con- 
nected with  MHG.  smieren,  smile,  AS.  smercian, 
E.  smirk,  and  ult.  with  E.  smile,  hence  orig.  a 
laughiiif,'  at,  ridicule.  Hence  the  verb  bismeri- 
an,  blsiiirian,  reproach,  deride,  abuse.]  1.  Abu- 
sive speech:  as,  "bakbitynge  and  bismer," 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  89. 

Ful  of  hokur,  and  of  bissemare. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  45. 

2.  A  person  worthy  of  scorn. 

bismer-,  bismar  (bis'mer,  -mar),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten bijsmer,  bismorc,  sometimes  bissiiuar;  <  leel. 
bismari  =  OSw.  bisiiiiirr.  Sw.  bcsmnii  =  Dan.  bis- 
mer =  MD.  besemcr  =  MLG.  bcscmcr,  bisemer,  a 
steelyard,  balance ;  <  Lett,  besmens,  besmers, 
Lith.  be-menas,  Russ.  bezmenu,  Pol.  besmian,  a 
balance.]  A  balance  or  steelyard  used  in  the 
northeast  of  Scotland,  and  in  the  Orkney  and 
Shetland  islands. 

bismer''  (bis'mer),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.]  The 
name  in  the  Orkney  islands  of  the  sea-stickle- 
back, Spinachia  vulgaris. 

bismer pund  (bis'mer-pond),  n.  [Dan.,  <  bis- 
mer, a  steelyard,  -I-  pund  =  E.  pound.']  A 
■weight  used  in  Denmark,  equal  to  6  kilograms 
precisely,  or  13  pounds  3|  ounces  avoirdu- 
pois. It  was  formerly  one  three-hundredth  part 
less. 

bismillah  (bis-mil'a),  iuterj.  [Turk.  Ar.  bi- 
's;h-(7?«/(,  in  the  name  of  Allah:  see  Allah. ]  In 
God's  name :  an  adjuration  or  exclamation 
common  among  Moslems.  Sometimes  written 
bizmellah. 

bismite  (biz'mit),  n.  [<  bism{uth)  +  -ite^.] 
Native  oxid  of  bismuth,  or  bismuth  ocher. 

bismore  (bis'mor),  «.     Same  as  bismer^. 

bismuth  (biz'muth),  n.  [=  F.  bismuth,  <  G. 
bismuth,  now  commonly  iinsmiit,  toismuth,  orig. 
wissmuth  ;  of  mod.  (17th  centmy)  but  unknown 
origin.]  Chemical  symbol,  Bi ;  atomic  weight, 
208  ;  specific  gravity,  9.6  to  9.8.  A  metal  of  a 
peculiar  light-reddish  color,  highly  crystalline, 
and  so  brittle  that  it  can  be  pulverized,  its  crys- 
talline form  is  rhombohedial,  closely  approximating  that 
of  tlie  cube.  It  occurs  native  in  imperfect  crystallizations, 
filiform  shapes,  and  disseminated  particles,  in  the  crystal- 
line rociis  ;  also  as  a  sulphuret,  and  in  combination  with 
tellurium  and  some  other  metals,  and  in  various  oxidized 
combinations.  The  native  metal  and  the  carbonate  (bis- 
mutite)  are  the  chief  important  sources  of  the  bismuth  of 
commerce.  Until  recently,  almost  the  entire  supply  of 
the  metal  came  from  Sclnieeberg  in  Sjixony,  where  it  oc- 
curs in  combination  with  ores  of  cobalt,  arsenic,  and  sil- 
ver. Nearly  all  the  bismuth  of  commerce  contains  at 
least  a  trace  of  silver.  Bismuth  is  a  remarkable  metal  in 
that  its  specific  gravity  is  diminished,  instead  of  being  in- 
creased, by  pressure.  It  is  the  most  diamiignetic  of  the 
metals.  It  fuses  at  a  comparatively  low  temperature 
(507"),  and  is  volatilized  at  a  white  heat.  Alloys  of  bis- 
mutli  with  tin  and  lead  fuse  at  a  temperature  considerably 
less  tlian  that  of  l)oiliug  water.  (.See  Xt^wtun'g  and  Rose's 
iiufitts,  under  metal.)  Alloys  of  the  same  meials  with 
the  addition  of  cadmium  fuse  at  still  lower  temperatures ; 


566 

one  prepared  by  Lipowltz  remains  perfectly  fluid  at  I'lO". 
These  alloys  have  Ijcen  used  to  some  extent  for  clidies  and 
for  stcreotyi)iiig,  but  are  ju)w  of  little  practical  im[Mti-- 
tance.  Tlie chief  uses  of  bisirnith  areas  a  jiK'.lii  ineainl  asa 
cosmetic.  l''..rth.-Nc  purposis  it  is  prepare  .1  in  tin-  loiniof 
the  subnitrat.'  .  alld  in  tllc  old  iiliarniatcutiral  laiiKiiaue 
nuitjisteriuiti  hisittnflit.  The  cosmetic,  in  preparing  wliicli 
the  liasic  clilorid  has  also  been  employed,  is  known  as 
pcarl-powder  or  blanc  d'Espagnc.  Bismuth  has  of  late 
years  been  nmch  experimented  with  a.s  a  pos8il)le  compo- 
nent of  useful  alloys,  for  several  of  whicli  patents  liave 
been  issued  ;  Iiut  no  one  of  these  alloys  is  known  to  luive 
come  into  general  use.  iiisnmth  has  also  been  used  to  a 
limited  extent  in  the  manufacture  of  liighly  refractive 
glass,  anil  of  strass  (which  see).  It  is  used  with  antimony 
in  the  thermo-electric  pile  or  battery.  (.Sec  ttieniiu-etce- 
triciUi.)  It  has  also  begun  to  be  used  to  some  extent  in 
the  manufactui-e  of  porcelain,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  to 
its  surface  a  peculiar  colorless,  iri.Hed  luster,  which  can 
also  be  bail  of  v;uious  colors  when  other  metals  are  used 
in  lonibiiiatioii  with  the  bismuth.  This  metal  is  one  for 
which  the  demand  is  extremely  fluctuating,  but  on  the 
whole  increasing;  audj  as  its  ores  have  nowhere  been  dis- 
covered in  large  quantity,  its  price  has  been  more  variable 
than  that  of  any  other  metal,  with  the  possible  exception 
of  nickel,  running  between  55  cents  and  S5  a  pound.  The 
total  consumption  of  the  metal  is  probably  between  25 
and  50  tons  a  year,  and  it  comes  chiefly  from  the  Erz- 
gebirge  (lietween  Saxony  and  Bohemia),  France,  South 
America,  and  New  South  Wales.  It  wa.s  called  by  the  al- 
chemists, while  in  their  uncertain  condition  of  knowledge 
as  to  its  nature,  by  various  names,  as  marcasita  arr/entea, 
pluuthuni  cbiereum,  staiinum  ciiwreum,  etc. ;  also  called 
formerly  in  French  rldia  ile  ,ilni-e,  corrupted  in  English 
into  (iii-(7(ossc.— Bismuth-biende,  the  mineral  eulytite 
(which  see).— Bismuth-glance,  an  ore  of  bisnmth.  J'ris- 
7imtic  bismuth-glaiir,'  is  a  snljibid  of  bismuth  or  bismuth- 
iuite,  and  acicular  hisntiitli-tjUince  is  the  same  as  needle, 
ore  or  (lifadiVe.— Bismuth  ocher,  the  mineral  bismite.— 
Bismuth  silver.  Sec  ^r./.;l^.^|■^u^  HfiV,'.— Butter  of  bis- 
muth, an  old  name  for  the  cblorid  of  hi.^Tiuith.  — Flowers 
Of  bismuth,  a  yellow-colond  oxid  formed  by  the  subli- 
mation of  bismuth.— Magistery  of  bismuth,  the  subni- 
trate  or  basic  nitrate  (tf  bismuth.  — Telluric  bismuth, 
the  mineral  tetradymitc. 

bismuthal  (biz'muth-al),  a.  [<  bismuth  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  bismuth. 

bismuthic  (biz'muth-ik),  a.  [<  bismuth  +  -ic] 
Of  bismuth:  as,  bismuthic  oxid  and  bismuthic 
acid. 

bismuthid  (biz'muth-id),  n.  [<  bismuth  +  -id^.] 
An  alloy  of  bismuth  with  another  metal. 

bismutHiferous  (biz-muth-if'e-rus),  a.  [<  Ws- 
mutJi  -\-  -i-ferous.]   Containing  bismuth. 

Bisimithtferous  calcium  carbonate  yields  only  a  violet 
fluorescence,  differing  little  from  that  produced  without 
the  bismuth.  Scl.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  9121. 

bismuthin,  bismuthine  (biz'muth-in),  n.    [< 

bismutit  -h  -ill",  -inc".]     See  bismuthinitc. 

bismuthinite  (biz-muth'i-nit),  n.  [<  bismuth- 
ill  +  -/(('-.]  Native  bismuth  sulphid,  a  mine- 
ral of  a  lead-gray  color  and  metallic  Ulster  oc- 
curring in  aeieular  crystals,  also  massive,  with 
a  foliated  or  fibrous  structure.  It  resembles 
stibnite,  mth  which  it  is  isomorphous. 

bismuthite,  ".    See  bismutite. 

bismuthous  (biz'muth-us),  a.  [<  bismuth  -f 
-oiis.]  In  cheni.,  combined  with  bismuth  as  a 
triad:  as,  bismuthous  oxid,  BigOg. 

bismutite,  bismuthite  (biz'mut-it,  -muth-it), 
n.  [<  bismuth  -t-  -itc".]  A  hydrous  carbonate 
of  bismuth. 

bismutosphserite  (biz'''mut^o-sfe'rit),  n.  [<  bis- 
muth -(-  Gr.  aipalpa,  sphere,  -I-  -ite".]  Anhydrous 
bismuth  carbonate  (Bi.2C05),  sometimes  occur- 
ring in  spherical  forms  with  radiated  struetm-e. 

bisogniot,  bisognot  (bi-s6'ny6),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten besognio,  bessognc,  bessogno,  bezonian,  etc. ; 
<  It.  bisogno,  need,  a  needy  fellow,  beggar.]  A 
person  of  low  rank ;  a  beggar. 

Spurn'd  out  by  grooms  like  a  base  bisofjno. 

Cliapinan,  Widow's  Tears,  i.  4. 

Beat  the  beisognes  that  lie  hid  in  the  carriages.    Brome. 

He  that  would  refuse  to  swallow  a  dozen  healths  on 
such  an  evening,  is  a  base  besognio,  and  a  puckfoist,  and 
shall  swallow  six  inches  of  my  dagger. 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  xviii. 

bison  (bi'son),  n.  [=  D.  bison  =  G.  bison  =  Sw. 
bison  =  Dan.  bison  {-oxe),  <  F.  bison  =  Pr.  bi~on 
=  Sp.  bisonte  =  Pg.  bisao  =  It.  bissonte,  <  L. 
bison{t-)  (first  in  PUny  and  Seneca),  >  Gr. 
fliauv  (in  Pausanias) ;  prob.  from  OTeut. :  cf . 
OHG.  wisunt,  wisant,  wisint,  MHG.  G.  wisent 
=  Icel.  (perhaps  borrowed)  nsuiidr,  bison,  = 
AS.  wesend,  a  wild  ox;  origin  uncertain.]  1. 
The  aurochs,  or  bonasus,  a  European  -wild  ox: 
hence  applied  to  several  similar  animals,  re- 
cent and  extinct.— 2.  Bison  or  Bos  americanus, 
improperly  called  the  buffalo,  an  animal  which 
formerly  ranged  over  most  of  the  United  States 
and  much  of  British  America  in  countless  num- 
bers, now  reduced  to  probably  a  few  thousands, 
and  apparently  soon  to  become  extinct  as  a-wild 
animal.  It  formerly  extended  into  some  of  the  Atlantic 
States,  as  Virginia ;  the  contraction  of  the  area  of  its  habi- 
tat and  the  reduction  of  its  numbers  have  gone  on  steadily 
with  the  advance  of  European  occupatioii ;  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  cut  the  great  herd  in 


bissextile 

two,  leaving  a  soutliern  or  Texan  herd,  chiefly  in  the  re- 
gion rif  the  Staked  Plains,  and  a  northern  or  Yellowstone 
or  Saskatchewan  herd,  in  the  region  of  the  upper  .Missouri 
and  northward.  The  animal  reM(-rnbles  the  aurochs  (which 
see),  but  is  considerably  smaller ;  the  hump  is  very  high 
and  large ;  the  hind  quarters  are  li^lit ;  the  tail  ia  a1>out 


American  Uison  (BijeH  atnericanut). 

20  inches  long,  ending  in  a  wisp  of  hairs  of  about  6  inches 
additional ;  the  liorns,  especially  in  the  male,  are  short, 
thick,  and  much  curved  ;  the  head  is  can-ied  very  low  ;  the 
long  shaggy  hair  of  the  fore  parts  sometimes  sweeps  the 
ground  ;  the  color  is  bljiekish  in  fresh  pelages,  more  brown 
or  gray  in  worn  ones  and  in  aged  individuals  ;  the  calves 
are  reddish.  Formerly  the  hair-covered  skins  were  much 
used  as  robes,  but  only  the  cows  were  killed  for  them, 
the  hides  of  the  bulls  being  not  easily  manageable.  In 
summer,  after  shedding  its  hair,  the  animal  is  nearly 
naked. 

3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  or  subgenus  of  the 
family  Bovidcr,  inchuiing  the  aurochs,  B.  bona- 
sus (see  cut  under  aurochs),  the  American  bi- 
son, B.  americanus,  and  several  related  fossil 
species,  as  B.  latifrons. 

bisonant  (bi'so-nant),  a.  [<  6i-2  -t-  sonant.  Cf. 
LL.  bisonus,  sounding  twice.]  Having  two 
sounds,  as  an  alphabetical  letter. 

bisontine  (bi'son-tin),  a.  [<  NL.  bisontinus,  <  L. 
bisiiii{t-),  bison.]  Bison-like;  related  to  or  re- 
sembling a  bison ;  belonging  to  the  genus  Bison. 

bispherical  (bi-sfer'i-kal),  a.  [<  bi-'^  -\-  spheri- 
cal.]    Composed  of  two  spheres. 

Tiie  second  form  [of  Schizophytae]  is  bijtj/hericat :  the 
spherical  cell  has  grown  and  become  contracted,  or  in- 
dented in  the  middle,  forming  two  uinted  gr'anules. 

Scleiwe,  III.  157. 

bispinose   (bl-spi'nds),   a.     [<  bi-"^  -\-  spinosc.] 

In  ziiol.  and  bot.,  having  two  spines Bispinose 

eljrtra,  in  eiilom.,  those  having  each  two  apical,  spine-like 

processes, 

bispinous  (bi-spi'nus),  a.  [<  6i-2  -i-  spinous.] 
Same  as  bispinose. 

bispiral  (bi-spi'ral),  a.  [<.  bi-^ -h  spiral.]  Con- 
taining two  spiral  fibers;  doubly  spiral:  ap- 
plied to  the  elaters  of  some  Hepaticie. 

bispore  (bi'spor),  n.  [<  Ji-2  -)-  spore.]  One  of 
a  pair  of  spores  formed  by  the  division  of  a 
vegetative  cell  in  red  algae,  Floridew.  It  is  the 
same  as  a  tetraspore,  except  as  regards  num- 
ber.    See  tetra.yiore. 

bisporous  (bi-spo'ms),  a.  [<  6i-2  -f  sporous.] 
Containing  or  bearing  two  spores. 

bistjue^  (bisk),  ji.  [See  biscuit.]  In  ceram.:  (a) 
Formerly,  same  as  biscuit,  3.  (b)  A  variety  of 
unglazed  white  jiorcelain  used  for  statuettes 
and  other  small  figures. 

bisque-  (bisk),  «.  [F.,  crawfish  soup;  origin 
unknown.]  In  cooker;/,  a  soup  made  of  meat  or 
fish  slowly  stewed  until  all  the  strength  is  ex- 
tracted, and  thickened  with  finely  minced  or 
shredded  forcemeat;  specifically,  such  a  soup 
made  from  crabs,  crawfish,  shrimps,  and  the 
like.     Also  spelled  bisk. 

bisque'',  ".    See  bisk'^. 

bissabol  (bis'a-bol),  n.     Same  as  besabol. 

bisse'^  (bis),  n.  [<  OF.  bissc,  an  adder.]  In 
her.,  a  snake  borne  as  a  charge. 

bisse^  (bis),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  weight  used  in 
PondicheiTy,  a  French  possession  in  India.  It 
is  exactly  2^  French  pounds,  or  about  3  pounds 
2  ounces  avoirdupois. 

bisselt,  !'.     A  variant  of  bez::lc. 

bissemaref,  ».  An  unusual  Middle  English 
form  of  bismer'^. 

bissett,  ".     Same  as  bisctte.     [Scotch.] 

bissex  (bis'seks),  «.  [<  I./,  bis.  twice,  -I-  sex  = 
E.  six.]  A  musical  instrimient  of  the  guitar 
kind  having  twelve  strings,  the  pitch  of  the  up- 
per si.x  of  which  could  be  altered  by  stopping 
on  frets.  It  was  invented  in  1770,  but  never 
extensively  used. 

bissextt,  "•  [<  ME.  bisext,  <  L.  bisexius.  bissex- 
tiis  (se.  dies,  day),  an  intercalary  day,  <  bi-,  bis, 
twice,  +  .wxtiis  =  E.  sixth  :  so  called  because 
the  sixth  day  before  the  calends  of  March  was 
reckoned  twice  in  even-  fourth  year.  See  &is- 
sexhis.]     The  intercalary  day  in  leap-year. 

bissextile  (bi-seks'til),  a.  and  n.  [<'ML.  bis- 
scxtilis,  bisextilis  (sc.  annus,  year),  leap-year,  \ 
L.  bisextus.  bissextus :  see  bi.'isext.]  I.  a.  Con- 
taining the  bissextus  or  intercalary  day:   aj)- 


bissextile 

plied  to  those  years  which  have  366  days,  the 
extra  day  being  inserted  in  the  month  of  Febru- 
ary. See  bisi'eJCttts,  This  occurs  every  fourth  year, 
taken  as  each  year  of  which  the  number  is  divisible  by  4 
without  remainder.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  a  year  of  365i 
days  exceeds  the  true  length  of  a  solar  astronomical  year 
by'll  minutes  and  14  seconds,  amounting  to  an  error  of  a 
day  in  12S  years,  it  was  provided  in  the  Gregorian  calendar 
that  the  intercalarj"  day  should  he  omitted  in  all  cente- 
nary years  except  those  which  are  multiples  of  400. 
n.  n.  A  leap-year  (which  see). 

bissextUS  (bi-seks'tos).  h.  [L.  :  see  bissext,  and 
cf.  bissextile.']  The  extra  or  intercalary  day  in- 
serted by  the  Julian  calendar  in  the  month  of 
February  every  fourth  year,  in  order  to  make 
np  the  six  hours  by  which  (it  was  reckoned)  the 
natural  or  solar  year  exceeds  the  common  year 
of  365  days.  TJiis  extra  day  was  provided  for  by  reckon- 
ing twice  tile  sixth  day  before  the  calends  (or  first)  of  March 
(or  the  sixth  day  from  the  calends  of  March,  both  days  in. 
eluded,  reckonini:  backward  from  the  succeeding  month, 
as  was  the  custom  of  the  Romans),  the  "sixth  "  (or  first 
sixth)  day  proper  thus  corresponding  to  February  25th, 
according  to  our  reckoning,  and  the  extra  sixth,  or  "second 
sixth,"  to  our  February  24th.  Since  1662,  when  the  .Angli- 
can liturgj*  was  revised,  the  29th  day  of  Februar>'  has  been, 
more  conveniently,  regarded  as  the  intercalated  day  in  all 
English. speaking  countries.  In  the  ecclesiastical  calen- 
dars of  the  countries  of  continental  F.urope,  however,  the 
24th  day  of  February  is  still  reckoned  as  the  bissextus  or 
intercal'ar>'  day. 

bissont  (bis'on),  a.  [Also  E.  dial,  heesen,  bee- 
zen  ;  <  ME.  bhen,  bisne,  ONorth.  bisene,  blind,  of 
uncertain  origin ;  perhaps  <  AS.  bi,  be,  by,  -I- 
*sene,  *syne,  as  in  gesyne,  adj.,  seen,  visible,  < 
seon,  see.  Cf.  D.  bijziend,  short-sighted,  <  bij, 
=  E.  by.  +  :iend,  ppr.  of  :ien,  =  E.  see;  G.  bei- 
sichtig,  short-sighted,  <  bei,  =  E.  by,  +  sicht  = 
E.  sight.']  Blind  or  purblind;  blinding:  as, 
"bisson  rheum,"  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

What  harm  can  your  bUgon  conspectuities  glean  out  of 
this  character?  .Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  1. 

bisteptaanic  (bi-ste-fan'ik),  a.  [<  bi-~  +  stepha- 
nion  +  -!<■.]  In  craniom.,  pertaining  to  both 
stephanious :  as,  bistephaiiic  diameter. 

bister,  bistre  (bis'ti-r),  n.  and  a.  [=  6.  hicstir 
=  Sw.  bister,  bister,  <  F.  bistre,  a  dark-brown 
color.  Origin  uncertaiu ;  prob.  not  connected 
with  G.  dial,  bicstcr,  dark,  gloomy,  =  D.  bijster, 
confused,  troubled,  =  Icel.  bistr  =  Sw.  bister 
=  Dan.  bister,  angry,  fierce.]  I,  h.  In  paint- 
ing, a  brown  pigment  extracted  from  the  soot 
of  wood.  To  prepare  it,  soot  (that  of  beech  is  the  best) 
is  put  into  water  in  the  proportion  of  two  jiounds  to  a  gal- 
lon, and  iKdIed  half  an  hour ;  after  standing  to  settle,  and 
while  hot,  the  clearer  part  of  the  fluiil  must  be  poured  olf 
to  remove  the  salts,  and  the  sediment  (which  is  bister) 
evaporated  to  dryness.  It  h.is  been  nmch  used  as  a  water- 
color,  particularly  by  the  old  masters,  for  tinting  drawings 
and  shading  sketches,  before  India  ink  came  into  general 
use  for  such  work.  In  oil  it  dries  very  slowly. 
II.  fi.  Of  the  color  of  bister;  blackish-brown. 

bistered,  bistred  (bis'terd),  a.  [<  bister,  bis- 
irr,  +  -III-.]  Of  the  color  of  bister;  swarthy; 
browned. 

The  beak  that  crowneil  the  bitttred  face 
Betrayed  the  mould  of  Abraham's  race, 

O.  »'.  IJalmen,  At  the  Pantomime. 

bistipulate  (bi-stip'u-lat),  a,  [<  fci-2  -t-  stipit- 
liit/.\      Same  as  bisliiiiilcd. 

bistipaled  (bi-stip'iild),  a.  [<  bi--  +  stipuled.] 
In  bill.,  having  two  stipules. 

bistort  (bis'tort),  w.  f=  F.  bistorte  =  It.  bis- 
torta.  <  NL.  bistorta,  <  L.  his,  twice,  +  tortii, 
fern,  of  tortus,  pp.  of  tori/uerc,  twist:  see  tort.] 
A  plant.  I'lili/goiium  Bistorta,  so  called  because 
of  its  twisted  roots :  poi>iilarly  called  snnUeicecd 
and  addcr'n-uorl.  Al/nw  lni,iorl  U  a  dwarf  allied  spe- 
cleit,  niplne  and  arctic,  /'.  virijtarum. 

bistoomage  (bi«'tSr-naj),  n.  [F.,  <  bistourncr 
(=  It.  hi.tloniare),  twitit,  deform  by  twisting,  < 
his-,  bes-,  a  pejorative  jirefix  (])rol).  ult.  <  L. 
Iji.1,  twice),  +  tourner.  turn.]  In  rit.  surg.,  an 
operation  which  consists  in  twisting  the  testi- 
olfs  of  bulls  and  otiier  male  aninmls  round  the 
coril,  so  as  to  produce  atrf)i)liy,  but  leave  the 
Hcrotiini  intact:  a  form  of  castration  or  gelding. 

bistoury  fbi»'t<)-ri),  ».;  pi.  hislmini.i  (-ri/.).  [< 
V.  !,,•>,,, in,  ft  bistoury,  <  OK.  hi.ilorii ,  a  dagger,  a 
biHi  ,  ir  .  Origin  uncertain;  cornnionly  conjec- 
turi  ■!  i<.  I,.  HO  called  from  I'isloriiim,  It.  I'istojii, 
Ii  I""  11  III  'I'liHcanv,  whence  also  the  E.  words 
/M  ''.'  ,:  I  iiislolr.']  A  Hmall,  narrow  surgical 
^'  -tniight,  convex,  or  concave  edge, 

11'  "r  blunt  point,  used  for  making 

1'  lor  other  purjM'HcH. 

bi-'i  td.     Si-v  histrr,  liislrrrd. 

bistri..  in'at),  a.     [<.  ht-- +  striate]     In 

lioi.  nii'i  .  I'l,,,,,,,  marked  vrtthtwo  imrBllcl  Htrio) 
orgr..... .  ,, 

bistnrriH  (■;  (nr'is),  «.;  pi.  hiaturrps  (-6/.). 
[Mh..'  I.. '.  1 1.  ICC, -f- fiirri/i,  a  lower:  net- tur- 
ret, toiccr.]      ((Ill,  of  a  sorieii  of  small  toweru 


566 

upon  a  medieval  fortification-wall;  a  bartizan: 
sometimes  equivalent  to  barbican^.  See  cut 
under  bartizan. 

bisulct  (bi'sulk),  a.  [<  L.  bisulcus,  two-fur- 
rowed: see  bisideotis.]     Same  as  bisulcate. 

bisulcate  (bi-sul'kat),  a.  [<  bi--  -^■  silicate.] 
1.  Having  two  fiuTows  or  grooves. —  2.  In 
zool.,  cloven-footed,  as  oxen,  or  haviug  two 
hoofed  digits,  as  swine — Bisulcate  anteimje,  an- 
tenna? in  which  the  joints  are  longitudinally  grooved  on 
each  side. 

bisulcoust  (bi-sul'kus),  a.  [<  L.  hisulcus,  two- 
furrowed,  <  bi-,  two-,  -t-  sulcus,  furrow.]  Same 
as  bisulcate. 

Swine,  .  .  .  being  bistdcoiis,  .  .  .  are  farrowed  with 
open  eyes,  as  other  bi-^ulcous  animals. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vi.  6. 

bisulphate  (bi-sul'fat).  «.  [<  hi--  -(-  sulphate.] 
In  chein.,  a  salt  of  sulphuric  acid,  in  which  oue 
half  of  the  hydrogen  of  the  acid  is  replaced  by 
a  metal. 

bisalphid  (bi-sul'fid),  n.  [<  hi--  -\-  sulphid.]  A 
compoimd  of  sulphur  with  another  element  or 
radical,  forming  a  sulphid  which  contains  two 
atoms  of  sulphur  to  one  atom  of  the  other  mem- 
ber of  the  compoimd:  as,  carbon  bisiili>hid,  CSo. 
—  Blsulphid  of  carbon  (C82),  a  compound  of  carbon  ai^d 
sulphur  w  hich  forms  a  colorless  mobile  liquid,  having  usu- 
ally a  fetid  odor,  due  to  impurities,  and  a  sharp  aromatic 
taste.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and 
ether.  It  is  used  in  the  arts  as  a  solvent  for  vegetable 
oils  and  for  caoutchouc.  Taken  internally,  it  is  a  violent 
poison.  Externally  it  is  tised  as  a  counter.irritaiit  and 
local  anesthetic— Bisulphid  prism,  a  prism  filled  with 
carlion  bisulphid. 

bisulphite  (bi-sul'fit).  n.  [<  6(-2  +  suliihite.] 
In  clinii.,  a  salt  of  sulphurous  acid,  in  which 
mil'  lialfof  the  hydrogen  of  the  acid  is  replaced 
Viy  a  luetal. 

bisulphuret  (bi-sul'fu-ret),  n.  [<  hi-"  +  sul- 
phuret.]  In  chem.,  a  compound  of  sulphur  and 
another  element,  containing  two  atoms  of  sul- 
phur. 

bisunitjue  (bis-u-nek'),  ».  [<,  bis  +  unique.]  A 
luinie  given  about  18.^0  to  a  reversible  jacket, 
coat,  or  the  like,  made  with  two  faces. 

bisyllabic  (bi-si-lab'ik),  a.  [<  J(-2  +  syllabic] 
Composed  of  two  syllables ;  dissyllabic. 

The  verbal  steins  exhibit  bisyllabism  with  such  re- 
markable  uniformity  that  it  would  lead  to  the  impression 
that  the  roots  also  must  have  been  bisyllabic. 

Smith'K  Bible  Diet.,  art.  Confusion  of  Tongues. 

bisyllabism  (bi-sil'a-bizm),  n.  [<  bisyllab-ic  + 
-ism.]  The  state  onjualityof  being  bisyllabic, 
or  of  haviug  two  syllables. 
bisymmetrical  (In-si-met'ri-kal),  a.  [<  hi-~  4- 
.s-ifiiiiiKtrical.]  Bilaterally  sjTnmetrical ;  having 
bi.syiiinietry, 

bisymmetry  (bi-sim'e-tri),  n.  [<  hi-~  -{-  sym- 
mitrij.]  The  state  of  being  bilaterally  sym- 
metrical ;  correspondence  of  right  and  left 
parts,  or  of  the  two  equal  sections  of  anything. 
bit'  (bit),  11.  [Also  in  some  senses  occasionally 
liitl:  early  moil.  E.  hit,  hitt,  bitte,  hytte,  <  UK. 
byl.  byte,  bite,  <  AS.  bite  (=  OFries.  biti,  bile,  hit 
=  OS.  hiti  =  MD.  bete,  D.  beet  =  LG.  hrt  =  OHO. 
MIIG.  hi::,  G.  hiss,  strong  masc,  =  Icel.  hit  = 
Sw.  hett  =  Dan.  bid,  nout.),  a  bite,  act  of  biliiig. 
<  liituu  (pp.  biten),  bite:  see  bite.  In  ME.  and 
mod.  E.  (as  well  as  in  some  other  languages) 
confused  in  spelling  and  sense  with  hit-,  which 
is  from  the  same  verli,  but  with  an  orig.  differ- 
ent formative.  In  the  general  sense,  now  rcji- 
resentcd  by  bite,  n.,  directly  from  the  mud. 
vi'i-b:  SCO  iiitc,  71.  The  concrete  senses  are 
later,  and  are  expressed  in  part  bv  forms  with 
other  suffixes:  cf.  ME.  bitte,  bytte,  'hytt  =  MLG. 
hcle,  bet,  bitte,  bit,  lAi.  bit,  neut..  =  Sw.  hrti, 
nout.,  bridle-bit,  =  G.  i/ebi-is,  neul.,  bridle-bit 
(=  AS.  gehit,  biting);  cf.  Icel.  /ii7/7/,  liridle-bit ; 
AS.  gebwtel,  bridle-bit,  <  AS.  biilan,  giliatiin, 
bit,  curb:  see  biiil^,  and 
cf.  hitt.  Th(!  other  con- 
crete senses  are  recent.] 
It.  The  act  of  biting;  a 
bite. 

Voii  may.  If  you  atund  clone, 
be  fiure  of  a  bit,  but  not  sure 
to  rilt<-ll  htm, 

/.  W'ltltun.  Cnmpleto  Angler, 
Ip.  bl>. 


S|<l»l  DIU. 


a,  Counureink  lilt;  t,  lit|tandlii|{ 
Centflr'bli. 


bit 

2t.  The  action  of  bitingfood;  eating;  grazing. — 
St.  The  biting,  cutting,  or  penetrating  action  of 
anedged  weapon  or  tool. — 4.  The  biting,  catch- 
ing, holding,  cutting,  or  boring  part  of  a  tool. 
Specifically  — (a)  The  cutting  blade  of  an  ,ax,  hatchet, 
plane,  drill,  etc.  (6)  pi.  The  blades  of  the  cutter-head  of  a 
molding-machine,  (c)  pi.  The  jaws  of  a  pair  of  tongs,  (d) 
The  part  of  a  key  which  enters  the  lock  and  acts  on  tiie 
bolts  and  tumblers. 

5.  A  boring-tool  used  in  a  carpenter's  brace. 
Bits  are  of  various  kinds,  and  are  applied  in  a  variety  of 
ways.  The  similar  tool  used  for  metul,  and  applied  by 
the  drill-bow,  ratchet,  brace,  lathe,  or  drilling-machine,  is 
termed  a  drill,  or  drilUbit.  See  auqer,  borer,  driit,  irnter- 
bit,  (jott'je-bit,  quiil-bit,  rose-bit,  shell-bit,  spoon-bit,  and 
phrases  below. 

6.  The  metal  part  of  a  bridle  which  is  inserted 
in  the  mouth  of  a  horse,  w-ith  the  appendages 
(rings,  etc.)  to  which  the  reins  are  fastened. 

Those  that  tame  wild  horses  .  .  . 
Stop  their  mouths  with  stubborn  bits,  and  spur  them 
Till  they  obey  the  manage.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  2. 

7.  The  joint  of  an  umbrella. — 8.  Aharamerused 
by  masons  for  dressing  granite  and  for  rough 
pickiug. — 9.  In  music,  a  short  piece  of  tube 
used  to  alter  slightly  the  pitch  of  such  wind-in- 
struments us  the  trumpet,  cornet-a-pistons,  etc. 
—Annular  bit.  see  m/i/ii(;,ii-.— Baldwin  bit,  a  iiii  imv. 
ingt\\o  Mioiithpicccs,  used  fur  coiitrulliiig  vicious  horses. 
—  Brace-bit,  a  bit  intended  to  be  used  with  a  brace.— 
Chifney  bit,  a  curb-bit  havijig  a  short  movable  arm  con- 
nected with  the  cheek-piece,  just  above  the  mouthpiece, 
for  receiving  the  check-straps  of  the  bridle,  while  the 
strap  or  gag-rein  is  attached  to  the  short  arm  of  the 
cheek-piece.  E.  II.  Kntiiht. —  Coal-borlng  bit,  a  boring- 
bit  having  an  entering  jioint  and  a  succession  of  cutting 
edges  of  increasing  radius.— Copper  bit  or  bolt,  a  name 
given  to  a  soldering-u-on.— ConUsh  bit,  a  lathe-drill  in 
which  the  cutter  is  inserted  diaiiicti  icaily  in  a  mortise  at 
the  end  of  the  drill-stock. —  Ducknose  bit,  a  boring-liit 
the  ciul  of  which  is  bent  horizontally  into  a  semicircular 
form.  -Duck'S-blll  bit,  a  wood. boring  tool  which  has 
no  lip,  the  screw  cylinder  forming  the  barrel  of  the  tool 
ending  in  a  sharp-edged  rountiing  jiai't  which  forms  the 
cutter:  used  in  a  bi Lice.— Expanding  bit,  a  boring-tool 

of  which  the  cutting  diameter  is  ad- 
justalil<\— German  bit,  a  wood-boring 
tool  with  a  long  elliptical  pod  and  a 
screw-point.  It  is  used  in  a  brace,  and 
makes  a  taper  toward  the  end  of  the  hole 
when  not  driven    entirely   through  the 

wood,— Half-round  bit,  or  cylinder- 
bit,  a  drill  used  for  liard  woods  and  met- 
als. Its  section  is  a  semicircle,  the  cut- 
ting edges  at  end  and  side  making  an 
angle  of  ss"  or  80',- Hanoverian  bit,  a 
check-bit  for  horses  having  on  the  long 
or  lower  arm  two  or  more  loops  for  reins, 
and  at  the  extremity  of  the  short  I'lieek 
a  loop  which  receives  the  lc;itlicr  check; 
there  is  a  rein.ring  at  the  cheek.pieee,  — Hessian  bit,  a 
peculiar  kind  of  jointed  bit  for  bridles.-  Plug-center 
bit,  a  boring-tool  having  a  cylinder  of  metal  in  the  center 
instead  of  a  point.  The  cylinder  fits  a  hole  ready  made, 
and  tile  bit  countersinks  or  removes  the  metal  aliuve  it,— 
Sllt-nose  bit.    same  as  nose-bit.—To  take  the  bit  In 

the  teeth,  to  Imld  the  bit  between  the  teeth,  .so  that  it 
cannot  hurt  the  mouth  when  pulleil  upon,  and  run;  be. 
come  nnmaiia-ealde  :  .said  of  a  horse,  and.  Ilgiirativelv.  of 
persons.— Twisted  bit,  a  boring-tool  formed  of  a  bar  bent 
into  a  spiral,  as  in  the  auger, 
bit'  (lilt), )'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bitted,  ppr.  bitting. 
[<  /ii7',  H,]  To  put  a  bridle  upon  ;  ])ut  the  bit 
in  the  mouth  of  (a  horse) ;  accustom  to  the  bit; 
hence,  to  curb;  restrain, 
bit-  (bit),  u.  [<  ME.  bite,  a  bit,  morsel,  <  AS. 
/ii7i;,  a  bit,  piece  bitten  off  (=  OFries.  bilii  = 
1).  beet,  a  morsel,  hirtjr,  a  small  portion,  = 
MLG.  bete,  bet,  LG.  beten  =OHti.  hi::i>,  MHO. 
bi::c,  G.  bis.ie,  bissen  =  Icel.  hiti  =  Sw.  hit  = 
Dan.  /)(■(/,  a  morsel),  weak  masc,  <  bilini  (pp. 
bitrii),  bite:  see  bitt^,  v.,  bite,  n,,  and  bit^,  with 
whicli  hit"  has  been  in  jiart  confused.]  If.  A 
portion  of  food  bitten  off;  a  mouthful;  a  bite. 
—  2.  A  morsel  or  a  little  piece  of  food. 
Follow  your  function,  go  I  and  batten  on  cold  bitt. 

Shak.,  Cot.,  iY.  b, 
rtalnty  liitH 
Make  rich  tlie  ribs,  but  baiikeroiit  the  wits. 

Shak..  I„  I,.  I„,  I.  1, 

Henc(>  —  3.  A  small  quantity  of  food;  a  modi- 
cum or  iiiodei'iite  supply  "f  iirovisious;  as,  to 
take  a  bit  andji  sup.     [bialectal.] 

He  desh'us  no  more  in  this  world  lint  a  bit  and  a  brat; 
that  iH,  only  as  much  food  and  raiiiu-iil  ns  nature  craves. 
Scotch  I'rrnbiili-riao  Ktoiiuenee,  p.  .Hfl. 

4.  A  .small  piece  or  fragment  of  anything;  a 
small  ))orlion  or  quantity  ;  a  little  :  as,  a  hit  of 
glass;  n  hit  n(  Innd;  a  hit  of  one's  mini!,  I'ho 
word  Is  oltiM  used  ill  certain  plirasrs  rxpn  khIvc  of  ex. 
tent  or  degret^ ;  thiiK,  "  a /'i7  older"  nieiiim  soinew  hat  old* 
er.  otdf-r  to  Home  extent:  "not  a  ''iV,"  not  a  whit,  not  in 
any  ilcgree  :  "  a  good  tot  olih'r,"  ii  good  deal  older  ;  "  n  liit 
id  a  hnmorlBl."  somiwhnt  of  a  hiimortnt.  etc.  It  l«  used 
depreciatingly  or  conipaMHloniilelv  :  as,  a  llltic  Int  of  ft 
man;  Mf«  of  ehlldren,  that  Is,  | r  IKtIi' elilldren. 

llln  majesty  lias  power  to  grunt  a  |iiitciit  for  stampInK 
round  bits  id  copper,  Sivift. 

There  an-  Heveral  liitH  at  Vatliioiitoiic  to  delight  an  artist, 

ei»IM'cliitly  at  the    elltrail if    the    town,  where  II  lllllglllrt- 

cent  fragniciit  of  the  ancient  wall  forms  the  foregroiiiid 
Ui  some  ]ilclure8<|Ue  hoUHcs.  A.  (J.  C.  liar* 


Exp.inding  Bit. 


bit 

Your  case  is  not  a  bit  clearer  than  it  was  seven  years 
«o.  Arbiithnot. 

My  young  companion  was  a  bit.  of  a  poet,  a  bit  of  an  ar- 
tist, a  bit  of  a  musician,  and  ...  a  hit  of  an  actor. 

7'.  Houli,  <!ill)ert  (lurncy,  I.  i. 

5.  Crisis ;  niek  of  time.  [Scotch.  ]  —  6.  A  small 
piece  of  groxmd ;  a  spot.     [Scotch.] 

It's  a  Ijieliiy  enougli  bit.  Scott,  VVavcrley,  II.  xxiii. 

7.  Any  small  coin  :  as,  a  fourpenny-hji;  a  six- 
■nenny-bit.  Specifically,  the  name  of  a  small  West  In- 
dian coin  worth  about  10  cents ;  also,  in  parts  of  the 
United  States,  of  a  silver  coin  formerly  current  (in  some 
States  called  a  Mexican  sliiltinfl),  of  the  value  of  12J  cents ; 
now,  chiefly  in  the  West,  the  .sum  of  12A  cents. 

With  si.x  bits  in  his  pocket  and  an  axe  upon  his  shoul- 
der. The  Century,  XXVII.  29. 
A  bit  of  blood.  See  hlooiL—k  long  bit,  fifteen  cents. 
(Western  U.  S.  ]  —  A  short  bit,  ten  cents.    [  Western  U.  S.] 

—  Bit  by  bit,  little  by  little  ;  imperceptibly. 

And,  bit  Ijif  bit. 
The  cunning  years  steal  all  from  us  but  woe. 

Lowell,  Conini.  Ode. 
To  give  a  bit  of  one's  mind,  to  speak  out  frankly  what 
one  thinks  of  a  person  or  a  transaction  ;  express  one's  can- 
did conviction  unrestrained  by  reserve  or  delicacy :  gener- 
ally to  the  person  himself,  and  in  undattering  terms. 

He  had  given  the  house  what  was  called  a  bit  of  hiis  mind 
on  the  subject,  and  he  wished  very  much  that  he  would 
give  them  the  whole, 

LoTd  Campbell,  London  Times,  April  12,  1864. 
=  Syn.  4,  Scrap,  fragment,  morsel,  particle,  atom. 

bit'*  (bit).  Preterit  and  occasional  past  partici- 
ple of  hite. 

bit''t.  A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  con- 
traction of  biddeth,  third  person  singular  indi- 
cative present  of  bid. 

hiV'i,  n.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  hiit. 

bif't,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  butt^. 

bitangent  (bi-tan'Jent),  n.     [<  Z)J-2  -f-  tangent.'\ 
In  math.,  a  double  tangent;    a  straight  line 
which  touches  a  given  curve  at 
two  points.    If  m  denotes  the  degree 
and  n  the  class  of  a  curve,  then  {n — m) 
{n  -^  m  —  9)  is  the  excess  of  the  ninnber 
of  its  bitangeuts  over  the  number  of  its 
double  points. — Isolated  bitangent,  a    Bitangent  to  cas- 
real  line  tangent  to  a  curve  at  two  ima-         siman  uvai. 
ginary  points. 

bitangential  (bi-tan-jen'shal),  fl.  [<  bitangent 
+  -iVi/.]     In  math.,  pertaining  to  a  bitangent. 

—  Bitangential  curve,  a  curve  which  passes  through  the 
points  of  cuntact  of  the  bitangents  of  a  given  curve. 

bitartrate  (bi-tar'trat),  n.  [<  bi-"  +  tartrate.'] 
A  tartrate  which  contains  one  hydrogen  atom 
replaceable  by  a  base — Potassium  bitartrate. 
8anie  as  cream  o/  tartar,  or  argol  (which  see). 

bit-brace  (bit'bras),  n.  A  tool  for  holding 
and  turning  a  boring-bit ;  a  brace ;  a  bit-stock. 

—  Bit-brace  die,  a  small  screw-cutting  die  used  witli  a 
brace. 

bitch  (bieh),  re.  [<  ME.  bicche,  biche,  <  AS. 
biccc,  also  bicge,  =  Icel.  hikkja  =  Norw.  biklje, 
a  bitch.  Cf.  G.  betze,  petze,  a  bitch,  and  F.  biche, 
a  bitch,  also  a  fawn.  The  relations  of  these 
forms  are  undetermined.]  1.  The  female  of 
the  dog;  also,  by  extension,  the  female  of  other 
canine  animals,  as  of  the  wolf  and  fox. —  2.  A 
coarse  name  of  reproach  for  a  woman. 

John  had  not  run  a-madding  so  long  had  it  not  been 
for  an  extravagant  bitch  of  a  wife. 

Arbuttinot,  John  Bull,  p.  9. 

bitcheryt  (bich'e-ri),  re.  [<  bitch  +  -erij.'\  Vile- 
ness  or  coarseness  in  a  woman ;  unchastity  or 
lewdness  in  general. 

bitch-'WOOd  (bieh'wud),  n.  The  wood  of  a  le- 
guminous tree,  Lonchocarpits  latifoliii,?,  of  the 
West  Indies  and  tropical  South  America. 

bite  (bit),  V. ;  pret.  bit,  pp.  bitten,  sometimes  bit, 
ppr.  biting.  [<  ME.  biten  (pret.  bot,  boot,  pi.  biten, 
pp.  biten),  <  AS.  bit/in  (pret.  bat,  pi.  biton,  pp. 
biten.)  =  0S.  fei(o«  =  OFries.  bita  =  !>.  bijten  = 
MLG.  biten,  LG.  biten  =OHG.  lii:itn,  MHG.  bi- 
zen,  G.  beissen  =  Icel.  bita  =  Sw.  bita.  =  Dan. 
bide  =  Goth,  beitan,  bite,  =  L.  findere  {s/  *fid), 
cleave,  =  Skt.  •/  bhid,  divide.  From  the  AS. 
come  bite,  n.,  bit^,  bit",  bitter^,  beetle^,  beetle^; 
to  the  Icei.  are  due  bait^,  and  prob.  bitt ;  from 
L.  findere  come  fissile,  fissure,  bifid,  etc.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  cut,  pierce,  or  divide  with  the 
teeth:  as,  to  bite  an  apple. 

The  fish  that  once  was  caught  new  bait  wil  hardly  byte. 
Spemer,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  4. 

2.  To  remove  with  the  teeth;  cut  away  by  bit- 
ing: with  off,  out,  etc. :  as,  to  bite  off  a  piece  of 
an  apple,  or  bite  a  piece  out  of  it ;  to  bite  off 
one's  nose  to  spite  one's  face. 

I'll  bite  my  tongue  ont,  ere  it  prove  a  traitor. 

Eeau.  and  Ft.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  grasp  or  grip  with  the  teeth ;  press  the 
teeth  strongly  upon:  as,  to  bite  the  thumb  or 
lip.     (See  phrases  below.) 

There  Faction  roar,  Rebellion  bite  her  chain. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  I.  421. 


567 

4.  To  sting,  as  an  insect:  as,  to  be  bitten  by  a 
flea. —  5.  To  cause  a  sliarp  or  smarting  pain  iti ; 
cause  to  smart:  as,  pepper  bites  the  mouth. — 

6.  To  nip,  as  with  frost;  blast,  blight,  or  injure. 

Like  an  envious  sneaping  frost. 
That  bites  the  first-born  infants  of  the  sjiring. 

Shale,  L.  L.  L,,  i.  1. 
All  three  of  them  are  desperate  ;  their  great  guilt, 
Like  poison  given  to  work  a  great  time  after, 
Now  gins  to  bite  the  spirits.       Sliak.,  Tempest,  ill.  3. 

7.  To  take  fast  hold  of;  grip  or  catch  into  or 
on,  so  as  to  act  with  effect ;  get  purchase  from, 
as  by  friction :  as,  the  ancnor  bites  the  ground ; 
the  file  bites  the  iron  ;  the  wheels  bite  the  rails. 

The  last  screw  of  the  rack  having  been  turned  so  often 
that  its  purchase  crumbled,  and  it  now  turned  and  turncil 
with  nothing  to  bite.  Diekenn. 

8.  In  etching,  to  corrode  or  eat  into  with  aqua- 
fortis or  other  mordant,  as  a  metal  surface 
that  has  been  laid  bare  with  an  etching-needle: 
often  witli  in :  as,  the  plate  is  now  bitten  in. — 

9.  To  cheat;  trick;  deceive;  overreach:  now 
only  in  the  past  participle :  as,  the  biter  was  bit. 

The  rogue  was  bit.  Pojte,  Moral  FiSsays,  iii.  304, 

At  last  she  played  for  her  left  eye  ;  .  .  .  this  too  she  lost ; 
however,  she  had  the  consolation  of  bitiwj  the  sharj'cr, 
for  he  never  perceived  that  it  was  made  of  glass  till  it  he- 
came  his  own.  GoltL^iuith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  cii. 
To  bite  the  dust  or  the  ground,  to  fall ;  be  tlirown  or 
struck  down  ;  be  vanquished  or  humbled. 

Uis  vanquished  rival  was  to  bite  the  dust  before  him. 

Disraeli. 
To  bite  the  glove.    See  glove.  —  To  bite  the  lip,  to  press 

tile  lip  lirtu.en  tlic  teeth  i[l  order  to  ri-jirrss  si^^lis  of  an- 
ger, niirtli,  nr  ,,tii.;r  einntion.  (Coiniiart-  to  I'ile  tin'  tongue.) 
—  To  bite  the  thumb  att,  to  insult  or  defy  by  putting 
the  thumb-nail  into  the  mouth,  and  with  a  jerk  making 
it  knack. 

I  will  bite  my  thwntb  at  them,  which  is  a  disgrace  to 
them,  if  they  liear  it.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1. 

To  bite  the  tongue,  to  hold  one's  tongue  ;  repress  (an- 
gry) speech  ;  maintain  fixed  silence.  (Compare  to  bite  the 
lip, and  to  hold  one's  tongue.) 

So  "Vork  must  sit,  and  fret,  and  bite  his  tongue. 
While  his  own  lands  are  bargained  for  and  sold. 

S/ia/t.,2Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
=  Syn.  See  eat. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  have  a  habit  of  biting  or 

snapping  at  persons  or  things :  as,  a  dog  that 

bites;  a  biting  horse. —  2.  To  pierce,  sting,  or 

inflict  injury  by  biting,  literally  or  figuratively. 

It  [wine]  bitetft  like  a  serpentand  stiugeth  like  an  adder. 

Prov.  xxiii.  32. 
Look,  when  he  fawns  he  bites;  and  when  he  bites. 
His  venom  tooth  will  rankle  to  the  death. 

Shak..  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 
Smiling  and  careless,  casting  words  that  bit 
Like  poisoned  darts. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  327. 

3.  To  take  a  bait,  as  a  fish:  either  literally  or 
figruratively. 

Bait  the  hook  well :  this  fish  will  bite. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
We'll  bait  that  men  may  bite  fair. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase. 

4.  To  take  and  keep  hold ;  grip  or  catch  into 
another  object,  so  as  to  act  on  it  with  effect, 
obtain  purchase  or  leverage-power  from  it,  and 
the  like:  as,  the  anchor  bites;  cog-wheels  bite 
when  the  teeth  of  one  enter  into  the  notches 
of  the  other  and  cause  it  to  revolve. 

In  dry  weather  the  roads  require  to  be  watered  before 
being  swept,  so  that  the  brushes  may  bite.  Mayheu: 

To  bite  at,  to  snap  at  with  the  teeth ;  hence,  figuratively, 
to  snarl  or  carp  at ;  inveigh  against. 

No  marvel,  though  you  bite  so  sharp  at  reasons, 
You  are  so  empty  of  them.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2. 
To  bite  in.  (a)  To  corrode,  as  the  acid  used  in  etching. 
(b)  To  rejuess  one's  thoughts,  or  restrain  one's  feelings. 
bite  (bit),  n.  [<  late  ME.  bi/ie,  bite  {bite),  tak- 
ing the  place  of  earlier  bite  (Mte),  in  mod.  E. 
bit  (see  6^«l);  fi'om  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of 
cutting,  piercing,  or  wounding  'with  the  teeth 
or  as  -with  the  teeth:  as,  the  bite  of  a  dog;  the 
bite  of  a  crab.— 2.  The  seizing  of  bait  by  a 
fish :  as,  waiting  for  a  bite. 

I  have  known  a  very  good  fisher  angle  diligently  four 
or  six  hours  for  a  river  carp,  and  not  have  a  bite. 

I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

3.  A  woimd  made  by  the  teeth  of  an  animal  or 
by  any  of  the  biting,  piercing,  or  stinging  or- 
gans of  the  lower  animals:  as,  a  dog's  bite;  a 
mosquito-ftite ,•  a  tlea-lrite. 

Their  venoni'd  bite.        Dniden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics. 

4.  As  much  as  is  taken  at  once  by  biting;  a 

mouthful :  as,  a  bite  of  bread. 

Better  one  bite  at  forty,  of  Truth's  bitter  rind. 
Than  the  hot  wine  that  gushed  from  the  vnitage  of  twenty  1 
Lowell,  Life  of  Blondel. 

5.  Food;  victuals:  as,  three  days  without 
either  bite  or  sup.— 6.  The  catch  or  hold  that 
one  object  or  one  part  of  a  mechanical  appa- 
ratus has  on  another ;  specifically,  in  a  file,  the 


bituoben 

roughness  or  power  of  abrasion :  as,  the  bite  of 
an  niiclior  on  tlio  ground ;  the  bite  of  the  wheels 
of  a  locomotive  on  the  rails. 

The  shorter  the  Ute  o(  a  crowbar,  the  greater  is  the 
power  gained. 

W.  Matthews,  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  119. 

7.  In  etching,  the  corrosion  effected  by  the  acid. 
— 8.  In  printing,  an  imperfection  in  a  printed 
sheet  caused  by  jiart  of  the  impression  being 
received  on  the  frisket  or  paper  mask. — 9t.  A 
cheat;  a  trick;  a  fraud. 

I'll  teach  you  a  way  to  outwit  Mrs.  Johnson ;  it  is  a 
new-fangled  "way  of  being  wittv,  and  they  call  it  a  bite. 

Swift,  To  a  Friend  of  .\Ir«.  Johnson,  1703. 

lOt.  A  sharper;  one  wlio  cheats.     Johnson. — 
His  bark  is  worse  than  his  bite.    .See  i/arti . 
biteless  (blt'lcs),  a.    [<  Inte,  n.,  +  -ic»s.]    With- 
out bite;  wanting  in  ability  or  desire  to  bite  ; 

harmless. 

Chilled  them  [midges]  speechless  and  biteless. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  780. 

bitentaculate  (bi-ten-tak'u-lat),  a.  [<  bi-^  + 
tcniaculate.']  Having  two  tentacles,  or  a  pair 
of  organs  likened  to  tentacles. 

The  gonophore  contained  in  a  gonangium.  somewhat 
like  ttiat  of  Laomedea,  is  set  free  as  a  ciliated  bitentacu- 
late body.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  120. 

biter  (bi't6r),  n.  [ME.  hiter,  bitere ;  <  bite  + 
-f'i'l.]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  bites;  an 
animal  given  to  biting;  a  fish  apt  to  take  bait. 

Great  barkers  are  no  biters.  Camden. 

A  bold  biter.  I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

2.  One  who  cheats  or  defrauds ;  also,  formerly, 
one  who  deceives  by  way  of  joke. 

A  biter  is  one  who  tells  you  a  thing  you  have  no  reason 
to  disbelieve  in  itself,  and,  if  you  give  him  credit,  laughB 
in  your  face,  and  triumphs  that  he  has  deceived  you. 

Spectator,  No.  504. 

biterminal  (bi-ter'mi-nal),  n.  [Tr.  of  Gr.  Ik  6vo 
oi'o/;drwi'.  ]  A  binomial  line  ;  a  line  that  is  the 
sum  of  two  incommensurable  lines. 

biternate  (bi-ter'nat),  «.  [<  bi--  +  ternate.'i 
In  bat.,  doubly  temate,  as  when  each  of  the 
partial  jjetioles  of  a  temate  leaf  bears  three 
leaflets. 

bite-sheept  (bit'shep),  re.  [So  MLG.  bitcschdp, 
G.  biss-scliaf,  with  the  same  allusion.]  A  once 
favorite  pun  upon  bi-shop,  as  if  one  who  bites 
the  sheep  which  he  ought  to  feed.     N.  E.  D. 

bitheism  (bi'the-izm),  n.  [<  bi-"  +  tJieism.'] 
Belief  in  two  gods,  specifically  a  good  and  an 
evil  one;  dualism.     [Rare.] 

biti  (be'te), )(.  [E.  Ind.]  An  East  Indian  name 
for  species  of  Dalbergia,  especially  D.  latifoUa, 
one  of  the  East  Indian  rosewoods. 

biting  (bi'ting),  «.  [<  ME.  biting;  verbal  n.  of 
bite,  c]  1.  The  action  of  cutting,  piercing,  etc., 
in  any  sense  of  bite. —  2.  The  corroding  action 
of  a  mordant  upon  a  metal  plate,  wherever 
the  lines  of  a  design,  drawn  upon  a  prepared 
ground,  have  been  laid  bare  with  a  needle,  as 
in  etching,  or  the  surface  is  alternately  stopped 
out  and  exposed,  as  in  aquatint. 

biting  (bi'ting),  /).  a.    [Ppr.  of  tiite,  i\]    1.  Nip- 
ping; keen:  as,  biting  koH;  biting  yreSither. 
Tlie  western  breeze, 
And  years  of  biting  frost  and  biting  rain. 
Had  made  the  carver's  labor  wellulKh  vain. 

William  .Morris,  Earlhly  Paradise,  I.  325. 

2.  Severe;  sharp;  bitter;  painful:  as,  a  "bit- 
ing aflliction,"  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5.-3. 
Acrid;  hot;  pungent:  as,  a  biting  taste.  Hence 
— 4.  Sharp;  severe;  cutting;  sarcastic:  as,  a 
biting  remark. 

This  was  a  nipping  sermon,  a  pinching  sermon,  a  bifing 
sermon.  Latimer,  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

Pope's  provocation  was  too  often  the  mere  opportunity 
to  say  a  biting  thing,  where  he  could  do  it  safely. 

Lowell,  .\mong  my  Books,  Ist  ser.,  p.  TO. 

biting-dragon  (bi'ting-drag"on),  n.  An  old 
name  for  tarragon,  Artemisia  Dracunculus. 

bitingly  (bi'ting-li),  adv.  In  a  biting  manner; 
sarcastically ;  sneeringly. 

bitingness(bi'ting-nes),  m.  Pungency;  acridity. 

bit-key  (bit'ke),  «.  A  key  designed  to  fit  r. 
liennutation-loek,  the  steps  of  which  are  form- 
ed bv  movable  bits.     See  lock. 

bitless  (bit'les),  a.     [<  bit\  n.,  +  -less.'i    With- 
out bit  or  bridle. 
Eitless  Numidian  horse.  Fantham,  .Eneid,  iv. 

bitlingt  (bit'ling).  n.  [<  Ut^  +  dim.  -ling.]  A 
vprv  small  bit  or  piece. 

bitmoutht  (bit'mouth),  11.  The  bit  or  iron  put 
into  a  horse's  mouth.    Bailey. 

bitnoben  (bit-no'ben).  11.  [A  corruption  of 
tlie  Hind,  name  bit  lavan.  or  bid  lavan :  bit.  bid 
(cerebral  t  or  d)  is  of  uncertain  meaning :  lavan, 
dial,  laban,  Ion,  lun,  etc.,  <  Skt.  lavana,  salt.]   A 


568 

in  which  they  occur.  The  term  is  now  restricted  to  the 
brown  amorphous  bitter  extract,  generally  not  of  definite 
cuiupositiou.  obtained  from  many  plants  by  boiling  in  wa- 
ter evaporating  to  dryness,  ami  treating  with  alcohol  to 
remove  resin,  etc.— To  tlie  bitter  end,  to  the  last  and 
direst  extremity;  to  death  itself.  =Syn.  3.  Grievous,  dis- 
tressing, alflictiVe,  poignant, 
II.  H.  1.  That  which  is  bitter;  bitterness. 

Hi  no  conne  deme  [judge]  betuene  zuete  [sweet]  and 
ly^jter.  Aycnbite  of  Imcit,  p.  82. 

The  sick  man  hath  been  offended  at  the  wholesome  dif- 
fer of  the  medicine.  Scott,  Abbot,  I.  65. 

Some  bitter  o'er  the  flowers  its  bubbling  venom  flings. 
Bi/raii,  fhilde  Harold,  i.  82. 

Specifically —  2.  A  bitter  medicine,  as  a  bitter 
bark  or  root,  or  an  infusion  made  from  it.  See 
hitters. 
bitterl  (bit'er),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  hiteren,  <  AS.  6/- 
teriaii  (=  OHa.  hittareii,  MHG.  G.  hittrrii),  < 
biter,  bitter:  see  bitter^,  a.]  To  make  bitter; 
give  a  bitter  taste  to  ;  embitter.     [Rare.] 

Would  not  horse-aloes  bitter  it  [beer]  as  well? 

Wolcot  (P.  Pindar). 

bitter^  (bit'er),  n.     [<  bitt  +  -f)-l.]     yaut.,  a 
tiiru  of  a  cable  round  the  bitts. 
Origin  uneer-  bitterSf  (bit'er),  ».     An  old  form  of  bittern'': 
in  the  early  bitter-blain(bit'er-blan),  H.    A  name  given  in 
mod   E   spelling  beetes,  in  form,  -svith  Sw.  be-    Guiana  to  a  scrophulariaeeous  herb,  pimlellia 
ting  =  ban.  beding,  a  bitt.  bitts,  >  D.  beting  =     tliffiu^a^  which  is  used  as  a  remedy  in  fever  and 
G  <<nfi«<7.  a  bitt ;  with  compounds,  Sw.  6f(iH;/-     livcr-oomplamts. 
bull  =  Dan.  bedingsbolt,  a  bitt-bolt;  D.  betiwj-  bitter-bloom  (bit  6r-blom),  n. 
houten,  pi.,  =  G.  bdtingholzer,  pi.,  bitts  (D.  hont    centaury,  &j66fl<io  aiigiilaris,  a  gentianaceous 
=  G.  Ao/r.'wood).     Sw.  beting,  =  Dau.  beding, 

means  lit.  'baiting,  pasturing,'  as  a  horse,  by     of  f*'^'?^'^' ^^f,  -.-^    ,  •  i  n 
tethering  it  (=  AS.  bating,  beting,  a  rope,  a  bltter-bush  (bit  fer-bush) 
cable)   <  Sw.  beta  =  Dan."  fcfrfe  =  leel.  beitci,     maica  for  Eupatorinm  nervosum, 
bait  pasture  =  AS.  b^tan,  bridle,  rein  in,  curb,     ployed  as  a  remedy  in  cholera,  smallpox,  and 
orig!  causal  of  Sw.  bit<i  =  Dan.  bide  =  leel.  bita    other  diseases 
=  Aii.bitnn,hite:seebaitl,bile,bia.    The  ML.  bitter-earth  (bit^  er-erth),  j; 
bitus.  a  whipping-post,  and  leel.  6(7;,  a  cross-     -  G.  ^""' '-'^'f;]     Calcmed  magnesia 
beam  in  a  house,  a  thwart  in  a  boat,  are,  for  bitter-end  (bit'er-end),  «.     [<  bitter-  +  end.^ 
different  reasons,  prob.   neither  of  them  the 


bitnoben 

•white  saline  substance  obtained  from  India,  a 
jilorid  of  sodium  or  common  salt  fused  with 
myrobalan  and  a  portion  of  iron.  Bitnoben  has 
been  used  in  India  from  times  of  high  antiquity,  and  is 
applied  to  an  inflnite  variety  of  pui-poses.  It  is  regarded 
there  as  a  specific  for  almost  every  disorder. 

bito-tree  (be'to-tre),  n.     Same  as  hajilij. 

bitouret,   «•      A  Middle  EngUsh  form  of   bit- 
tern^. 

bit-pincers  (bit'pin'serz),  n.  pi. 
Pincers  with  curved  jaws,  used 
bv  locksmiths. 

bit-stock  (bit'stok).  71.  The  han- 
dle or  stock  by  which  a  boring- 
bit  is  held  and  rotated;  a  car- 
penter's brace. 

bit-strap  (bit'strap),  Ji.  A  short 
strap  connecting  the  bit  to  a  short 
check-bridle  or  to  a  halter.  £.  H. 
Knight. 

bitt  (bit),  H.  [Formerly,  and  still 
occasionally,  written  6(7,  but  usu- 
ally in  pi.  iJitts,  bits,  early  mod.  E. 
beetes;  hence  F.  bittes,  formerly 
bites,  pi.,  =  Sp.  6(7««,  pi.,  =  P| 


a6(7as,  pi.,  =  It.  bitte,  pi.,  bitts. 
tain;   connected  in  sense,  and. 


The  American 
I  gentianaceous 
herb,  used  as  a  simple  bitter  in  the  treatment 

n.  The  name  in  Ja- 
whieh  is  em- 
imallpox,  and 

{_<bitter  + earth; 


Bource  of  the  E.  word.]  Xaut.,  a  strong  post 
of  wood  or  iron  to  which  cables  are  made  fast. 
BitU  are  fasteneil  to  the  deck,  generally  in  pairs,  and  are 
named  according  to  their  uses :  as,  ridingbittx,  towing- 
trittji,  windlass-6i'((*,  etc. 
bitt  (bit),  V.  t.  [<  6(7/,  »(.]  Xaut.,  to  put  round 
the  bitts :  as,  to  bitt  the  cable,  in  order  to  fasten 
it  or  to  let  it  out  gradually.  The  latter  process 
is  called  veering  away. 

The  chain  is  ttlen  passed  through  the  liawse-hole  and 
round  the  windla&i*,  and  bitted. 

K.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  ".!. 

bittaclet  (bit'a-kl),  H.     The  earlier  form  of  bin- 

tuicle. 
bitterl  (bit'fir),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  bitter,  biter, 
<  AS.  biter,  bitor  (=  OS.  6(7fnr  =  D.  MLG.  L(i. 
bitter  =  OHG.  6i7^(r,  MHG.  G.  bitter  =  Icel. 
6i7r  =  Sw.  Dan.  6(7(<>r  =  Goth,  (with  irreg.  ai 
for  i)  biiitrs),  bitter,  <  6t7o((,  bite  :  see  bite.'\  I. 
a.  1.  HaWng  a  harsh  taste,  like  that  of  worm- 
wood or  quinine.  Formerly  tlie  word  was  applied  to 
fiungetit  and  to  salt  things,  as  well  aa  to  those  t«  which  it 
«  now  nearly  always  restricted. 

All  men  arc  agreed  to  call  vinegar  sour,  honey  sweet, 
and  aloes  bitter.  Burke,  .Sublime  and  Itenutiful. 

Hence  — 2.  Unpalatable;  hard  to  swallow,  lit- 
erally or  figuratively:  as,  a  bitter  pill;  a  6(7to- 
lesson. 

But  thou  art  roan,  and  canst  abide  a  truth, 

Tho'  bitter.  Tennyitim,  lialin  and  Balan. 

3.  Hard  to  be  borne;  grievous;  distressful; 
calamitous :  as,  a  bitter  moment ;  liitter  fate. 

.Nailed 


bitters 

bellows  like  a  bull ;  (2)  also  erroneously  iden- 
tified by  some  with  ML.  bitorins.  biturius, 
which,  with  a  var.  pintorus,  is  explained  in 
AS.  glosses  by 
n-renna,  ivra^n- 
na  (>  E.  wren), 
and  once  by 
erdling  (>  E. 
arling) ;  but 
(3)  prob.  a  var. 
of  L.  butio{n-) 
(>  Pg.  6h((()), 
a  bittern  —  a 
word  supposed 
to  be  of  imita- 
tive origin,  re- 
lated to  bubere, 
cry  like  a  bit- 
tern, 6((6((,  an 
owl,  etc.  Cf. 
the  equiv.  E. 
dial.  butter- 
bump,  Sc.  niire- 
drum.  E.  dial. 
bog-buU,¥.tau- 
reuu  d'eiang, 
'  bull  of  the 
swamp,'  hauf 
de  niarais,  G. 
moosoehse,  '  ox 

of  the  marsh,'  etc. ;  and  see  booni'^.  bum}fi,  bull^, 
6((K'/i.  belloic,  etc.]  1.  A  European  wading  bird, 
of  the  family  .Irdeidw  and  subfamily  Holauri- 
nw;  the  BalJturus  stellaris,  a  kind  of  heron,  it 
is  about  2  feet  long,  is  speckled,  niottU-d,  and  freckled 
with  several  shades  of  l)lackish-hrown,  liulf,  etc.,  lives 
solitary  in  bogs  and  morasses,  has  a  hollow  guttural  cry, 
and  nests  usually  on  the  ground. 

As  a  bitore  bumbleth  in  the  mire. 

Cfiaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  116. 

Where  hawks,  seaowis,  and  long-tongued  bittimm  bred. 

Chapman. 

2.  Any  heron  of  the  subfamily  liotaurina:  The 
American  bittern  is  Botauruit  wnfjhan..:  or  />.  trnti'jino. 
.S1W.  The  very  small  raildike  herons  of  tlic  genera  .4r- 
detta,  Ardeola,  etc.,  are  called  little  or  leant  bitterns;  the 
European  species  is -4r(f<?fffl  ?»inMfa,:  the  North  American, 
A.  exilis  :  and  there  are  others.  The  tiner  liitternx  are 
beautifully  striped  species  of  the  genus  'I  iijrisuma,  as  T. 
bra.^itirn.-!i.t. 

bittern-  (bit'^rn),  «.  [Appar.  a  dial,  form 
(through    'bjttcrin)    of    bittering,    <    bitter^    + 


1 

BB^SgB*-,  _  -^j 

1 

I 

Tm  ■ 

fl 

1 

H 

W' 

1 

n 

'"W 

md 

1^1 

ajBKgEl^,  > 

m 

^? 

S^^^"*" 

\% 

.  ^ 

..-** 

■^-^t. 

.-         ^ 

Common  Bittern  i  Jicfiiiiriis  j/c./jr,.. 


-ing 


For  our  advantage  on  the  Inner  cross. 

Shak.,  I  Hen.  IV. 


I.  1. 


4.  Causing  pain  or  smart  to  the  sense  of  feel- 
ing; piercing;  painful;  biting:  as,  6(«<t  cold; 
"tlii//iff(;rbraHt,"/>rv''''n.  — 6.  Harsh,  as  word.s; 
re|.r<.:irliful;  sarcastic;  cutting;  shnqi:  u«,"6i/- 
I'-r  litijMtH,"  .Shak.,  :i  Hen.  V'L,  ii.  0. 

II  .til,..,  ifimplalned  in  bitter  tennai.t  tli.  way  In  which 
Im-  w.'l.  ffiit*.*!.  JUaeautntf,  Warren  IIiuitlngR. 

6.  ClicriHhing  or  exhibiting  animosity,  liato, 
anf'T,  "T  -tevcrity ;  cruel;  Hcvcrc ;  harsh; 
:  I.  I'lltirrst  enmity,"  Shak.,  for.,  iv.  4 ; 

"'  its,"  tVattn,  IJogic— 7.  Evincing 

g  intenne  pain  or  siifTering :  as,  u 


bitter  cry. 


Bltt<>r  al< 

.■*.  •'  ' 

tb' 

pr..r, 
ni»l  AO'i 

tJUt«. 

li/alde,  ' 
iloabtlcw  tlic  .ti.Uvo 


Our  /*i'(f^r  t«'arn 
irii  n^  (heeyea  of  those  that  lnvc  u%  i  bin*.. 

Ilniaiil,   lbi>  Agin,  I. 

bitt.r  hf-BT    .Sec alf.    Bltter-almond  qU. 

■  •  T  aah. bark. cucumber, etc  Sie 

iinclpleB,  a  i-rni  ii|.|.lbd  locTtaln 

,       ,.  liMii  .,(  lilttii     u  Id   III 


I  l> 


!■• 


mil 

ll.T 
l.d- 


■.  II,.;    i  '.in.  r  t:i^''      ■  111'  t'  III-   'I'cn 
iiiodUinal  prUidple  of  the  vegctablo 


y<iul.,  that  part  of  a  cable  which  is  almft  the 
bitts,  and  therefore -within  board,  when  the  ship 
rides  at  anchor. 
bitter-grass  (bit'6r-gras),  n.     Tho  colic-root  of 

tlie  United  States,  Aletrisfarinosn. 
bitter-head  (bit'er-hed),  n.    A  local  name  in 

jiavts  of  Ohio  for  the  calico-bass,  I'omoxi/s  spa- 

roides. 
bitter-herb  (bit'6r-6rb),  n.     1.  The  European 

centaury,  Fri/thra-a  centmiriuni. —  2.  The  bal- 

mony  of  tne  United  States,  Chclone  ghdini. 
bittering  (bit'i'^r-ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  bitter'^, 

)■.]    1.  tiame  us  bittern~,  '2. — 2.  The  acquiring 

by  wine  of  a  bitter  tlavor,  due  to  the  formation 

of  brovni  aldehyde  resin  or  other  bitter  sub- 
stance, from  age  or  high  temperature. 
bitterish  (l)it'er-ish),  a.     [<  bitter^  +    -(s/il.] 

Siiiiiewluit  bitter;  moderatcl.v  bitter, 
bitter-king  (bit'er-kiiig).  H.    "[<6(7ff/'l  +  A'/h.*;.]  bitterness  (bit't'T-nes),  h.     [<  ME.   hitternesse, 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  of  the  Moluccas,  Soula-  '  '   '       '  -  .  ■- 

mca  ainara,  natural  order  I'oli/galacca;,  all  parts 

of  which  are  intensely  bitter  and  are  reputed 

to  possess  antiperiodic  properties. 
bitterling  (bit'.'r-ling),  n.     [<  bitter  +  -lingl-.] 

A  eyjiriiioid  lisli,  llboilrus  amariis,  of  tho  fresh 

waters  of  central  Euroite.     It  resembles  a  bream  in 

form,  but  the  anal  tin  is  conipariitivcly  sliorl  (with  12  rays), 

the  lateral  line  is  imperfect,  and  the  female  has  abuigcx- 

tenial  unigc-nital  tnlic. 
bitterly  (bit'cr-li),  adv.     [<  ME.  bilterli/,  bittcr- 

lichr,   <  AS.   hilerlire,  adv.  (<  'hiferlie,  ail,].,  = 

D.  billerlijk  =  Icel.  hitrliyr  =  Dan.  Iiitlerlig  = 

G.  billerlieh,  adj.),  <  biter  '+  -live:  see  Inllrrl,  a., 

and -/(/'-.]     In  a  bitter  manner,     (n)  Mournfully; 

sorniwdilly  ;  inn  manner  exiircssing  jiolgmint  grief  or  re- 
morse. 
And  he  went  out  antl  wept  bitterlj/.  Mat.  xxvi.  V.'i. 

Everybody  knows  how  bitlerhi  Ixiuls  tho  Fourteelith, 

towards  the  close  of  his  life,  lamented  Ills  former  e\ 

travagance.  .Mnranbiii,  Mill  on  (loverninciit. 

('/)  In  a  severe  or  harsh  manner  ;  sharply  ;  severely ;  an- 
grily :  lui,  to  ccimnre  latterly. 

The  Almighty  hath  dealt  very  bitterln  with  mo. 

Ktith  I.  '.!<i. 

bittern^  (bit'6m),  n.  [Early  moil.  K.  also  6j7- 
torn,  bitturn,  with  irreg.  snfflxed  -n ;  curlier 
liilter.  Iiitlnr,  liitlnnr,  bijller,  liiliiurr,  bntlour, 
lieivtrr,  Initer,  liulurr,  etc.  (K.  dial.  Iiilter-liuniji, 
Imtter-liump,  Sc.  6iifrr,  butter);  <  Ml-:,  liilter, 
biloiirr,  bi/llourr,  bulliirrc,  bulor,  holor,  biilnre, 
etc.,  =  d!  Klcni.  buloor,  formerly  also  putoor,  < 
Ol'".  6«/or,  moil.  V.  bulor,  =  It.  Iiiltnre  (l^'lorio), 
II  liiMeni,  =  Sp.  6(/(/r,  a  liiltcrii,  also  ii  rail 
(l)iril),  <  ML.  biilorins,  a  liillcrn:  (1)  imtoiic- 
ously  HuppiiHcd  by  Home  to  ln>  a  corruption  of 
a  L.  'boliiuruM  (wUriirr  the  NL.  Ilolaunm,  nn- 
Hunicd  UH  the  name  of  the  genus),  as  if  <  bos,  ox, 
+  Itturus,  u  bull,  applied  by  I'liiiy  toabinl  that 


1.]  1.  In  salt-works,  the  brine  remaining 
after  tho  salt  is  concreted.  This,  after  being  ladled 
olT  and  tlic  salt  tlikeil  out  of  the  pan,  is  returned,  and, 
being  again  Imiled,  yieltls  more  salt.  It  is  used  in  the 
preparation  of  Epsmn  salt  (the  sulphate  of  magnesia)  and 
i;liuilier  salt  (tlie  sulphate  of  soila).  ami  contains  also 
chlnritl  of  inagiiesiiim,  iiiiti  iinliiic  jimi  bromine. 
2.  A  very  bitter  comiioinui  of  quassia,  coceulus 
inilifus,  licorice,  tobacco,  etc.,  used  for  adul- 
terating beer.     Also  called  bittering. 


hitivntasi-,  <  AS.  Iiiterniis,  <  6(/<')'  -1-  -ni/s:  see  bit- 
ter', II..  ami  -Hc.sw.]    The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing bitter,  in  any  of  the  senses  of  that  word. 
She  was  in  hitterne.'is  of  soul.  1  Sam.  I.  10. 

Shall  we  be  thus  nitlieteil  in  his  wreaks, 
His  tits,  his  frenzy,  and  his  liittrrnem.' 

.Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  Iv.  4. 
The  bitterness  anil  iinimosily  between  tile  commanders 
was  such  that  a  great  part  of  tlio  army  was  niiirclied. 

I^larentlim. 

The  bitternt'ss  of  anger.  Linui/rlloui. 

In  the  gall  of  bitterness,  in  a  stale  of  l■^lrl■nlc  impiety 
or  cnniity  to  Ib.d.  Acts  vlil.  •J.'l,  Root  Of  blttemesB, 
a  iliingtToils  error  or  schism  tending  to  <\ian  persons  to 
apostasy.  Ilcb.  xil.  IS.  =Syn.  .Irrim.oi;;,  .is/n-rilii.  Harsh- 
ness,  etc.  (see  acrimtinii),  spite,  ill  will,  niallgnity,  heart- 
Imrning ;  grief,  distress,  heaviness. 

bittemut  (bit'i'T-nnt),  ».  The  swamii-hickory 
of  the  United  States,  Voriiit  aniaro.  Its  nuts 
are  very  tliiu-Khelleil,  with  an  iiiteiiHoly  bitter 
Ueriifl. 

bitter-root  (bit'ei-riil),  n.  1.  The  big-root,  3fe- 
gnrrlii:ii  I'dliforniea. — 2.  The  I.eirixiii  mlivirn, 
a  |iluiit  wliieli  gives  its  name  to  the  Hitler  Hoot 
iiiiimitiiiiis  lying  between  Idiilio  antl  Mmitiina. 
—  3.   Dogbane,  Jpoei/nuiii  iindrosiimifolium. 

bitters  (bit'er/.),  H.  ]'il.  |1'1.  of  bitter',  ».]  1. 
Hitler  medicines  generally,  as  eimhona,  qiii- 
iiiiie,  elf. —  2.  Si^iecificall.v,  a  liquor  (geiiernl- 
ly  a  s|iintuinm  liquor)  in  which  liilter  herlis 
lir  riMits  lire  sleeju'il.  Hitters  lire  eiiiployeil 
as  sloniarhics,  autheliniiitliics,  and  in  viiri- 
ous  other  ways.    Angostura  bitters,  a  blili r  ionic, 

1 li  used  ill  Ibi'  Wei.1  Iniliesio.  ii  i.nveiil  ivi'  iigiiliist  inn- 

biilal  fiveis  and  the  Ilk.-,  llrigliiiilly  iiiii.b-  at  AiigeHliiltt 
or  I'liidiid  lli.llvar,  a  illv  In  Veneziicbi,  II  in  n.ov  made 
also   at    I'oit   of  Spain,    riinldiid.      PralrlO    blttorB,   a 

beViTiig llimoil  aliioiig   tlie   Ininlcln  unci    iiinlilillltlleeri 

of  weiitern  Anierbli.  iiiiule  wltb  a  liliil  of  tMilel  and  a 
ililaiterof  a  gill  of  biilfalogall.  It  Is  eoimidereil  by  them 
an  excellent  inedletne. 


bitter-salt 

Wtter-salt  (bit'6r-salt),  n.   [<  hitterl-  +  salt,  n. ; 

=  G.  liilltrsiil::  =  D.  hittcrzout.^     Epsom  salt; 

inaKiicsivira  sulphate. 
bittersgall  (bit'erz-gal),   n.     An  old  Englisli 

iiainii  for  the  fruit  of  the  wild  crab,  Fyrus 

miilns. 
bitter-spar   (bit'er-spiir),   n.      Rhomb-spar,  a 

miuural  crystallizing  in  rliombohedrous.     It  is 

the  same  as  dolomite,  or  carbonate  of  calcium 

and  magncsitnn. 

bitter-stem,  bitter-stick  (bit'er-stem,  -stick), 
n.  The  ehirutta  of  India,  OjjIicUa  Chirata,  a 
gentianaceous  plant  furnishing  a  valuable  bit- 
ter tonic. 
I  bitter-sweet  (bit'er-swet),  o.  and  «.  I.  a. 
Uniting  liitteruess  and  sweetness;  pleasant 
and  painful  at  the  same  time. 

One  by  one  the  f lesh-stirred  memories, 
So  bitter-sweet,  flickered  and  died  away. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  139. 
II.  n.  That  wliich  is  both  bitter  and  sweet : 
as,  the  bitter-sweet  of  life. 

I  have  known  some  few. 
And  read  of  more,  who  have  had  their  dose,  and  deep, 
Of  those  sharp  bitter-sweets. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

bittersweet  (bit'6r-swet),  n.  1.  The  woody 
uifihtsliade,  Solanum  Dulcamara,  a  trailing 
plant,  native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  natural- 
ized in  the  United  States.     Its  root  and  branches 


669 

vent  the  chain  from  jumping  off  while  veering. 

See  cut  under  liitt-stopjin: 
bitt-stopper  (bit'stop"fer),  n.     Naut,,  a  vo\>e  or 


Flowering  branch  of  the  Climbing  Bittersweet  ^Celastrus  scan- 
ifens),  with  fruit  and  flower  on  larger  scale.  (From  Gray's  "  Genera 
of  the  Plants  of  the  V  nited  States." ) 

when  chewed  produce  first  a  bitter,  then  a  sweet  taste ; 
they  have  long  been  used  as  a  remedy  in  various  skin-dis- 
eases. Its  small  scarlet  berries,  resembling  red  currants, 
though  not  absolutely  poisonous,  are  not  wholesome.  The 
skrubbp,  false,  or  climbing  bittersweet  of  the  United  States 
is  the  Ceiastrus  scajidens,  also  known  as  the  staf-tree. 
2.   Same  as  bitter-sweeting. 

bitter-sweetingt  (bit'er-swe"ting), «.  A  variety 
of  apple. 
Thy  wit  is  a  very  bitter  sweeting.    Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  -1. 

bitter-vetch  (bit'er-veeh),  n.  A  name  popu- 
larly applied  to  two  kinds  of  leguminous  plants : 
(fl)  to  Ervum  Ervilia,  a  lentil  cultivated  for 
fodder;  and  (6)  to  all  the  species  of  the  genus 
Orobus,  now  included  in  the  genus  Lathijrus. 
Common  bitter-vetch  is  L.  macrorrhi-us. 

bitter-weed  (bit'er-wed),  n.  A  name  given  to 
American  species  of  ragweed.  Ambrosia  arte- 
misurfolia  and  A.  frifida. 

bitter-wood  (bit'er-wud),  n.  1.  The  timber  of 
Xijhpia  ijlabra,  and  other  species  of  the  same 
genus.  All  of  them  are  noted  for  the  extreme 
bitterness  of  their  wood. — 2.  Aname  applied  to 
the  quassia  woods  of  commerce,  the  West  Indian 
Picrcena  excelsa  and  the  Surinam  Quassia  ama- 

ra.     See  quassia White  bitter-wood,  of  Jamaica, 

a  riieliaceous  tree.  Trtchilia  spondioides. 

bitterwort  (bit'er-wert),  n.  Yellow  gentian, 
Gcntiiiua  lutea,  and  some  other  species:  so 
callod  from  their  remarkably  bitter  taste. 

bitt-head  (bit'hed),  u.  Naut.,  the  upper  part 
of  a  bitt. 

bitting-harness  (bit'ing-har"nes),  n.  A  har- 
ness used  in  training  colts. 

bitting-rigging  (bit'ing-rig"ing),  n.  A  bridle, 
sm-cingle,  back-strap,  and  crupper  placed  on 
young  horses  to  give  them  a  good  carriage. 

bittle  (bit'l),  n.  A  Scotch  and  English  dia- 
lectal form  of  beetle'^. 

bittlin  (bit'liu),  11.  [E.  dial. ;  perhaps  for  "bit- 
tlimj,  <  but,  bifi  (=  6?(H3)  -(-  dim.  -U>ig.'\  A 
milk-bowl.     Grose. 

bittock  (bit'ok),  n.  [<  bit"  +  dim.  -ock.J  A 
little  bit ;  a  short  distance.  Scott;  Mrs.  Gore. 
[Scotch.] 

bittort,  bittourf,  n.   Obsolete  forms  of  bitteriA. 

bitt-pin  (bit'pin),  n.  Naut.,  a  large  iron  pin 
placed  in  the  head  of  the  cable-bitts  to  pre- 


Bitt  and  Bitt-stoppet  on  Chain-cable.    a,  bitt-pin. 

chain  stopper  made  fast  to  the  bitts,  and  used 
to  hold  a  cable  while  bitting  or  unbitting  it. 
bituberculate,  bituberculated  (bi-tu-ber'ku- 

lat,  -la-ted),  a.  [<  /)/-'-'  -I-  tiihrrculiitc.']  In  cii- 
tom.,  having  two  tubercles  or  small  blunt  ele- 
vations. 

bitumet  (bi-tum'),  n.  [<  F.  bitume,  <  L.  6/- 
tumcu  :  .see  bitumen.']  Bitumen :  as,  "  hellebore 
and  black  bitume,"  May. 

bitume  (bi-tum'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bitumed, 
jipr.  bituminti.  [<  bitume,  «.]  To  cover  or  be- 
smear with  bitumen ;  bituminate. 

We  have  a  chest  beneath  the  hatches,  caulked  and  bi- 
tumed. Shale,  Pericles,  iii.  1. 

The  basket  of  bulrushes  for  the  infant  Moses,  when 
thoroughly  bitumed,  was  well  adapted  to  the  imrpose  for 
which  it  was  made.  W.  M.  Thomson,  Land  and  liook. 

bitumen  (bi-tii'men),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bittumcn,  bvtumen  (also  bitume,  betumc,  bclune: 
see  bitume)  =  F.  bitume  =  Pr.  betum  =  Sp.  betun 
=  Pg.  betume  =  It.  bitume,  <  L.  bitumen.']  The 
name  given  by  Latin  writers,  especially  by 
Pliny,  to  various  forms  of  hydrocarbons  now 
included  under  the  names  of  asphaltum,  maltha, 
and  petroleum  (see  these  words).  Bitumen,  as  used 
by  artists,  is  a  mixture  of  asphaltuin  with  a  drying-oil.  It 
produces  a  rich  brow n  traiisjiarent  sinface,  but  is  liable  to 
crack  and  blacken.-  Bitumen  process,  in  j>l"ti<<g.,  an 
early  method  of  pr(jilui;iiig  pi<'tures  resting  npnti  the  pro])- 
erty  of  sensitiveness  to  light  possessed  by  asplialtum  or 
bitumen  of  Judiea.  The  process  has  received  a  modern 
application  in  some  systems  of  photo-engraving.  Sec 
]>h"fi>firapbif,  and  iriW't  process,  under  photo-engraving. 
—  Elastic  bitumen.    See  elaterite. 

bituminate  (bi-tii'mi-nat),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bitumiiiatcd,  ppr.  bituminating.  [<  L.  bituiui- 
natus,  pp.  of  bituminare,  impregnate  with  bitu- 
men, <  bitumen  (bitumin-),  bitumen.]  1.  To 
cement  with  bitumen. 

Bitmninated  walls  of  Babylon.  Feltham,  Resolves,  i.  46. 
2.  To  impregnate  with  bitumen. 

bituminiferOUS  (bi-tii-mi-nif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L. 
bitumen,  bitumen,  -I-  ferre  =  E.  bear^.]  Pro- 
ducing bitumen. 

The  bituminiferOUS  substance  known  as  boghead  Can- 
nel  [coal].  W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  15a7. 

bituminization  (bi-tu'ml-ni-za'shon),  n.  [<  bi- 
fumiuizc  +  -atinu.]  The  transformation  of  or- 
ganic matters  into  bitumen,  as  the  conversion 
of  wood  by  natm-al  processes  into  several  va- 
rieties of  coal.     Also  spelled  bituminisatiou. 

bituminize  (bi-tii'mi-niz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bitiimiuized,  ppr.  bituminizing.  [<  bitumen  (bi- 
tumin-) +  -izc.]  To  form  into  or  impregnate 
with  bitumen.     Also  spelled  bituminise. 

bituminous  (bi-tii'mi-nus),  a.  [=  F.  bitumi- 
ucu.r,  <  L.  bitiimiuosus,  <  bitumen  (bitumin-),  bitu- 
men.] 1.  Of  the  natirre  of  or  resembling  bitu- 
men.—  2.  Containing  bitumen,  or  made  up  in 
part  of  the  hydrocarbons  which  form  asphal- 
tum,  maltha,  and  petroleimi.  See  petroleum. 
Near  that  bituminous  lake  where  Sodom  flamed. 

Miltun,  r.  L.,  X.  662. 

Bituminous  cement,  or  bituminous  mastic,  a  cement 
or  mastic  in  which  bitumen,  especially  in  the  form  of  as- 
phalt is  the  most  important  ingredii-nt :  it  is  used  for  roofs, 
pavements,  cisterns,  etc.—  Bituminous  coal,  soft  coal,  or 
coiil  which  burtis  with  a  bright  yellow  llan?e.  Soft  coal, 
scniibituniin.ius  coal,  and  hard  coal,  or  anthracite,  arc  the 
three  ninst  ii.jp'  irtant  varieties  of  coal.  See  coal—  Bitu- 
minous limestone,  limestone  contfiining   bitumn ,- 

matter  It  is  of  a  brown  or  black  color,  and  when  rulibed 
emits  an  unpleasant  odor.  That  of  Dalmatia  ia  si.  cliarL'cd 
with  bitumen  tliat  it  niavbe  cut  like  soap.— Bituminous 
shale  or  bituminous  schist,  an  argillaceous  shale  much 
impre-iiated  witli  liilumt-n,  and  very  conmion  m  various 
"eolo.'lcal  formations,  especially  in  the  Devonian  and 
Lower  Silurian.  Before  the  discovery  of  petroleum  in 
Pennsylvania  it  was  worked  to  some  extent  for  the  pr"- 
duction  of  paraffin  and  other  useful  products.— Bitium- 
nous  springs,   springs    impregnated    with    petroleum, 

biunguiculate  (bi-tmg-gwik'ii-lat),  a.  [<  6j-2 
+  unguiculate.]  Ha\Tng  two  claws,  or  two 
jiarts  likened  to  claws;  doubly  hooked. 

biunity  (bi-ii'ni-ti),  «.  [<  bi-2  +  unit!/.']  The 
state  or  mode  of  being  two  in  one,  as  trinity 
is  the  stato  of  being  three  in  one. 


Bivalve  Shell  of  Cytherea  chione. 

A,  right  valve ;  B,  left  valve ;  C,  dorsal  mar- 
gin ;  D,  ventral  margin;  E.  anterior  side  or 
front  margin;  F.  posterior  side  or  hinder  mar- 
gin ;  G,  umbo  ;  H,  hmge  and  hinge-teeth  ;  o, 
cardinal  tooth  ;  x,  x.  lateral  teeth ;  /.  ligament, 
ligament  pit  or  groove  ;  y,  lunule;  A",  anterior 
muscular  impression  ;  L,  posterior  muscular  im- 
pression ;  .1/,  pallial  impression  ;  A',  abdominal 
impression  ;  0,  pallial  sinus. 


bivlous 

biuret  (bro-rot),  «.  [<  hi--^  +  urea:  see  -wref.'J 
A  coinjKniiKl  (C<jlf5N^O<j  +  H2O)  formed  by 
<'X])oKiiitc  urcii  to  a  hiK"  tcmpcraturo  for  a  long 
time,  it  forms  crystalH  readily  Boluble  iu  water 
and  alcotiol. 

bivalence  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-lens),  n.  In  chem.f 
a  valciKMi  or  saturating  power  which  is  double 
that  (if  tboiiydrogen  atora. 

bivalency  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-len-si),  7i.     Same 

;ts  liinih'iirf. 
bivalent ( bi'va-  or  biv'a-lent),  a.  [<  L.  hi-^  two-, 
+  ca(rH{t')s,  having  power.  Cf.  equivalent.'] 
In  chcm.j  applied  to  an  element  an  atom  of 
which  can  replace  two  atoms  of  hydrogen  or 
other  univalent  clement,  or  to  a  radical  which 
has  the  same  valence  as  a  bivalent  atom.  tIiuh, 
calcium  in  its  i:lil(jri<i.  (.'iil'lo,  repiact-K  two  atuiiiK  r.f  hydm- 
^.'cn  in  hydrocliloric  aciti,  UCl ;  tlie  bivalent  racJical  nictliy- 
k-n,  0H2- '"  it«  chloritl,  ('Hy(.'ly,  hIiuwm  tlie  Kanit:  vjik-nce, 
bivalve  (bi'valv),  a.  Q,n(\n.  [=F.  hiralre,  <  L. 
hi-,  two-,  +  r(dr(t^  door,  in  mod.  sensf  'valve.'] 
I.  a,  1.  Having  two  leaves  or  folding  parts: 
as,  a  bivalve  speculum. — 2.  In  zoUL,  having 
two  shells  united  by  a  liinge. — 3.  In  bot.^  hav- 
ing two  valves,  as  a  seed-case. 

II.  }i.  If.  /'/.  t'oldiug  doors. —  2.  Jnzool.^a, 
headless  lamelUbranch  raoUusk  whose  shell  has 
two  hinged  valves,  which  are  opened  and  shut 

by  appropri- 
ate muscles: 
opposed  to 
univalve.  in 
rare  cases,  as 
PholaK,  there  are 
also  accessory 
valves  bcHides 
the  two  principal 
ones.  Sec  cut 
under  accejuiory. 
Familiar  exam- 
ples are  the 
oyster,  scallop, 
mussel,  ete. 

These  belonj;  to 
the  asiphonate 
division  of  bi- 
valves; the  clam, 
cob,  cockle,  ra- 
zor-shell, and 
many  others  are 
siphonate.  The 
piddock  belongs  to  the  geniis  Pholan.  nie  ship-wonn, 
T'-rrdo,  is  also  lechnk-ally  a  l>ivalve.  See  laindlihranrh. 
3.  In  hot. J  a  pericarp  iu  which  the  seed-case 
opens  or  splits  into  two  parts.— Equilateral  bi- 
valve. See  equilateral. 
bivalved  (bi'valvd),  a.  [<  bi-"^  +  i-alved.  Cf. 
birah-c]  Ha\nng  two  valves.  Also  birahous. 
Bivalvia  (bi-var\'i-a),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
bioulrius,  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  valva,  door,  in  mod. 
sense  'valve.'  Cf.  bivalve.]  A  term  formerly 
used  for  all  the  bivalve  shells  or  lamelUbrau- 
chiate  moUusks,  but  now  superseded  by  the 
class  names  Accphala,  Conchifcra,  and  Lamelli- 
brauchiata. 
bivalvous  (bi-val'-sTis),  a.      [<  bivalve  +  -oits.] 

Same  as  bivalved. 
bivalvular  (bi-var\'u-lar),  fl.     [<  bivalve,  after 
valvular.]     Having  two  valves:  said  especial- 
ly of  the  shells  of  certain  moUusks  and  of  the 
seed-vessels  of  certain  plants.     See  bivalve. 
bivascular   (bi-vas'ku-lar),  a.     [<  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+   vasculum,  a  small  vessel;   after  vascular.'] 
IlaWng  two  cells,  compartments,  or  vessels, 
bivaulted   (bi'val-ted),  a.     [<  ti-2  -f-  vaulted.'] 

Having  two  vaults  or  arches, 
biventer  (bi-ven'ter),  «.     [XL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  venter,  belly.]     A  muscle  of  the  back  of  the 
neck,  so  called  from  having  two  flesh}-  bellies, 
with  an  intervening  tendinous  portion,  it  is  com- 
monly clistinguisheil  from  other  biveiitral  or  digastric  mus- 
cles ."is  the  biventer  cervicis.     It  occurs  in  man,  various 
inuiiniKils,  birds,  etc.    .\lso  called  bigastcr. 
biventral  (bi-ven'tral),  fl.     [<  bi--  +  ventral.] 
Digastric ;    having  two  bellies,  as  a  muscle. 
See  biventer. 
biverb  (bi'vcrb).  n.     [<  L.  bi-.  two-.  +  rerbum, 
wiiril.]     A  name  composed  of  two  words, 
biverbal  (bi-ver'bal),  a.    [<  bi-i  +  verbal.    Cf. 
biverb.]     Relating  to  two  words ;  punning. 

.\s  some  stories  are  said  to  be  too  pood  to  be  true,  it  may 
with  eiiu.il  truth  be  asserted  of  this  birfrbal  allusion,  that 
it  is  too  good  to  be  natural.         Lainb,  Popular  Fallacies. 

bivial  (biv'i-al),  fl.  [<  L.  birius  (see  biviotis) 
+  -al.  Cf.  trivial.]  1.  Going  in  two  direc- 
tions.—  2.  In  echinoderms,  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  bivium:  as,  the  hivial  (posterior)  ambu- 
lacra.   Hujclexi. 

bivioust  (biv'i-us),  fl.  [<  L.  ?)iri MS,  having  two 
wa\s,  <  bi-,  two-,  -I-  via  =  E.  way.]  Having 
two  ways,  or  leading  two  ways. 

Bivious  theorems,  and  .1  anus-faced  doctrines. 

Sir  T.  Brovme,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii-  S. 


bivittate 

bivittatC  (bi-vit'at),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  ,,,(ta  +  -n/fl.] 
1.  In  b"t..  having  two  rittip  or  oil-tubes:  ap- 
plied to  the  fruit  of  some  CmbeUi/erw. —  2.  In 
^ool.,  marked  with  two  longitudinal  stripes. 

bivinin  (biv'i-am),  (I.  [XL.,  neut.  of  L.  /)(i(«.>.' ; 
see  bilious.']  In  echinoderms,  the  ambulacra  of 
the  two  posterior  anns  or  rays  taken  together 
and  distinguished  from  the  three  anterior  rays 
collectively.  See  trivium,  and  cut  under  Spa- 
tangoida. 

In  the  fossil  genus  Dysaster  this  separation  of  the  am- 
bulacra into  tmiura  and  biviuin  exists  naturally. 

HuxUif,  Auat.  Invert.,  p.  -ISS. 

bivocalized  (bi-v6'kal-izd),  a.    Placed  between 

two  vowels. 
bivouac  (biv'9-ak),  n.     [Also  bivouacl:  in  18th 

century  occasionally  biauac,  biovac,  bilioiac,  < 

F.  birouac,  formerly  bioiiac,  orig.  bivac,  prob.  < 

G.  dial.  (Swiss)  beiwacht,  a  patrol  of  citizens 
added  in  time  of  alarm  or  commotion  to  the 
regular  town  watch  (cf.  G.  beiwache,  a  keep- 
ing watch).  <  hci,  =E.  by,  +  'waclit,  G.  wache  = 
E.  icateh,  h.]  An  encampment  of  soldiers  in  the 
open  air  without  tents,  each  soldier  remaining 
dressed  and  with  his  weapons  by  him;  hence, 
figuratively,  a  position  or  situation  of  readi- 
ness for  emergencies,  or  a  situation  demanding 
extreme  watchfulness. 

We  followed  up  our  victory  until  night  overtook  us 
about  two  miles  from  Port  Gibson  ;  then  the  troops  went 
into  bivouac  for  the  night. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  4S4. 

In  the  world's  broad  field  of  battle, 

In  the  bivouac  of  Life, 
Be  uot  like  dumb,  driven  cattle  ! 

Be  a  hero  in  the  strife ! 

Loiifijelloic,  Psalm  of  Life. 

bivouac  (biv'o-ak),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bii-oii- 
ackcdjppr.  biiouacking.  [<  fcicoMnc,  «.]  To  en- 
camp in  the  open  air  without  tents  or  cover- 
ing, as  soldiers  on  a  march  or  in  expectation 
of  an  engagement. 

We  passed  on  for  al>out  half  a  mile  in  advance,  and 
bivouacked  on  some  rising  ground. 

Sir  S.  If'.  Jlaker,  Heart  of  Africa,  p.  ISO. 
The  Chasseurs  Nonnandie  arrive  dusty,  thirsty,  after  a 
hard  day's  ride,  but  can  find  no  billet-master.  .  .  .  >*or- 
mandie  must  even  bivouac  there  in  its  dust  and  thirst. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev. 

bi'Wal  (be'wa),  «.  [Jap.,  =  Chinese  pi-jia,  the 
Chinese  medlar.]  Theloquat;  the  fruit  of  the 
Photinin  Japonica. 

biwa-  (be'wii),  n.  [Jap.,  =  Chinese  pi-pa,  a 
guitar.]  A  Japanese  musical  instrument  with 
four  strings,  resembling  a  flat  mandolin. 

bi'weekly  (bl-wek'li),  «.  and  orfc.  [<  bi--  + 
iccckli/.]  I.  a.  Occurring  or  appearing  every 
two  weeks:  as,  a  ftiicceWy  magazine.  Sometimes 
erroneously  u-sed  in  jilace  of  iemiu-eekli/,  for  or  occurring 
twice  in  a  week. 
n.  (iili:    Fortnightly. 

bi'wepet,  '■.     An  obsolete  form  of  bcirccp. 

BLzaceaB  (bik-sa'se-e),  11.  pi.  [XL.,  <  liixa,  the 
typical  genus,  +  -acca:']  A  natural  order  of 
jiolypetalous  exogenous  plants,  nearly  related 
to  the  Violaccw.  'Iluy  are  mostly  shrubs  or  trees, 
natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  and  of  little 
economic  im|>ortance.  I'here  are  about  30  genera,  mostly 
small.  The  moat  jiromincat  si>ecle8  is  liixfi  Oretlana, 
yielding  nrnott/>.     .See  cut  under  nnutllit, 

bixin  (bik'sin),  H.  [i  Bifn  + -in'i.']  1.  The  or- 
ange-coloring principle  (CiQlIgnOg)  of  amotto, 
a  vermilion-red  powder,  insohiblo  in  water  or 
ether,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and  benzol. —  2. 
A  variety  of  amotto,  having  from  six  to  ten 
times  the  coloring  ]iower  of  common  arnotto, 
from  (|uicker  extraction. 

biza,  ".     .Sec  liixii. 

bizardt  (t>iz'iird),  «.     Same  as  bi:arrc. 

bizarre  fbi-ziir'),  «.  and  ».  [F.  (formerly  also 
Imiinrri',  feynrre),  Mtriing'",  cajuiciouH,  formerly 
headlong,  angry,  orig.  valiant,  =  It.  bi::arr(i, 
irascilili',  clioieric,  <  Sp.  I'g.  hi::arro,  gallant, 
lirave,  valiant,  pcrliapH  <  liaHcpie  bi:iirni,  a 
l>">nrd;  cf.  S\).  Iioinlirc  ilc  bi(jiili,  u,  man  of  spirit 
(hifiotf,  muMtHche).]  I. '(.  Odd;  fanciful;  fan- 
t»-<iii'al;  whimsical;  grotc8i|ue. 

AllhoUKh  he  wiu  very  grave  In  IiIh  own  jieriKin,  ho  loved 
till;  nioiit  bizarr  niid  Irregutar  witji. 

Ib.,l.r  Snrth,  Lit.'  of  \/,t<\  OnlKord,  I.  117. 

M;»f '.-r  and  Mutlons  are  /*i//irr  tlilngii,  liurnouDMimu  and 

'■■>\'fK<K.  Ofnttffmiii  hmtrurlfft,  y.  t>',i\i. 

'  I  t.:^  .  .  .  dppcnilrd  from  the  walU  not  only 
i"  <  I  i  .>ii  Riirfncca.  but  In  very  many  iiookH  whl'li  the 
buiirrr  nrchlt«cturo  of  tho  chateau  rcmlerfd  n.-*  .■•.^iiry. 

/'♦'<•,  'ralet.  I.  ;ul((. 

n.  ''.  A   variety  of  carnation  in  which  the 
whit-    i-r,,ii,ir|-<.()lor  is  Htri|MMl  witli  two  colom, 
nn<-  ■'       ■  r  >lian  the  other. 
blzarr'ne    i.izii're-ri),  n.     [<  i\  bisarrcHc,  < 
btcn :  l;i/.iirro  ijunlily. 


570 

bizcacha  (bith-ka'cha),  «.     Same  as  viseaeha. 

bizelt,  «.     -^n  obsolete  form  of  bezel. 

Bizen  ■ware.    See  fmttenj. 

bizlet.  ;■.     Same  as  be::le. 

bizmellaht  (.biz-mel'a),  interj.    Same  as  bxsmil- 

lalt. 
bizygomatic  (bi-zi-go-mat'ik),  a.     [<  6i-2  -t- 
zijijiimulic.']     Pertaining  to  the  two  zygomatic 
arches:  as.  the  bi:iigo»iatic  breadth, 
bjelkite  (biel'kit),"  h.     [<  Bjelke  (see  def.)  + 
-ite-.]     A  variety  of  the  mineral  cosalite  from 
the  Bjelke  mine,  Nordmark,  Sweden, 
bk.j  bks.     Abbreviations  of  fcooi',  books. 
B.  L.    -i^n  abbreviation  (a)  of  Bachelor  of  Law  ; 

(b)  in  com.,  of  bill  of  lading. 
blab'   (blab),   f. ;   pret.  and  pp.  blabbed,  ppr. 
blabbing.      [In   ME.   only  in  the    freq.    form 
(which  is  preferred  for  such  words ;  cf.  babble, 
gabble,  gabber,  jabber,   etc.),  but  the  derived 
noun  blabbe,  a  blab,  telltale,  occurs:  see  blalA. 
n.,  and  blabber^,  v.]    I.  trans.  To  utter  or  tell 
in  a  thoughtless  or  unnecessary  manner  (what 
ought  to  be  kept  secret) ;  let  out  (secrets). 
Oh,  that  delightful  engine  of  her  thouglits, 
"That  blabb'd  them  with  such  pleasing  eloquence. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 
Yonder  a  vile  physician,  blabbing 
The  case  of  his  patient. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xxvii.  3. 

H.  intrans.  To  talk  indiscreetly ;  tattle  ;  tell 
tales. 
You're  sure  the  little  milliner  won't  hlab  ? 

Sheridan,  School  for  .Scandal,  iv.  3. 
But  letters,  however  carefully  drilled  to  be  circumspect, 
are  sure  to  hlab,  and  those  of  Pope  leave  in  the  reader's 
mind  an  unpleasant  feeling  of  circumspection. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  4'27. 

blabl  (blab),  n.     [<  ME.  blabbe:  see  blalA.  r.] 
A  babbler;  a  telltale;  one  who  betrays  secrets, 
or  tells  things  which  ought  to  be  kept  secret. 
Good  merchant,  lay  your  fingers  on  your  mouth  ; 
Be  not  a  blab.  Greene,  .lumes  IV.,  v. 

Kxcluded 
All  friendship,  and  avoided  as  a  blab, 
The  mark  of  fool  set  on  his  front ! 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  i'M. 
Show  me  a  very  imiuisitive  body,  I'll  show  you  a  blab. 

Sir  H,  L'EetraiKie. 

blab^t  (blab),  h.  [Another  form  of  bleb,  blob.] 
A  bubble  ;  a  blister ;  a  swelling. 

blab-t  (blab),  r.  i.  or  t.  [<  blab'^,  «.]  To  swell 
out  or  up ;  make  swollen,  as  the  cheeks. 

blabberH  (blab'er),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  blabcrcn,  stam- 
mer, talk  without  reason,  blabber,  blab,  =  LG. 
blubber n  =  G.  plappern,  blab,  babble,  =  Dan. 
blabbre,  blabber,  gabble:  imitative  words,  prob. 
in  part  of  independent  origin.  Similar  forms 
of  imitative  origin  are  Sw.  dial,  bladdra,  blaf- 
fra,  prattle,  D.  LG.  G.  bUiff'rn  (>  E.  l>l<i(f). 
yelp;  OHG.  blalihi:dn,  MHG.'  blcp:cn,  babble; 
ML.  lilubcrarc,  for  L.  bhitcrarr,  babble;  (iacl. 
blabaran,  a  stammerer,  blahhdach,  babl)ling, 
plabair,  a  babbler;  E.  blather,  blether'^,  bali- 
blc,  etc.]  1.  To  speak  inarticulately;  babble ; 
mumble. 

Now  you  may  see  how  easie  It  is  to  speak  right,  and  not 
to  blabber  like  'boors  in  any  speech. 

Wodroeiihe,  Vt.  and  fug.  Gram.  (10-23),  p.  I'2ti. 

2.  To  tell  tales;  blab;  talk  idlv.— 3.  To  fib; 
falter.     ,Sl:inncr. —  4.   To  whistle  to  a  horse. 

blabberl  (blab'fer),  h.  [<  blabber^,  r.]  A  tat- 
tler; a  telltale. 

'TIs  fairies'  treasure. 
Which  but  rcvcal'd,  brings  on  the  btaMiem  ruin. 

MaHtiinger  and  Field,  Fatal  Dowry,  Iv.  1, 

blabber'^  (blab'<>r),  a.  [<  ME.  blahrr,  blabi/r. 
Cf.  blab",  bleb,  blob,  blobbir,  blubber,  etc.] 
Swollen;  protruding:  as,  Wa66cr-lipped ;  blab- 
ber cheeks. 

blabberingt   (blab'6r-ing),   a.     Inarticulate; 

IjMljblillu'. 

blabber-lippedt  (blabv-r-lipt),  a.    [<  ME.  bia- 

bifrhfitiml,  ;ils(t  Itlabln  rlijipril :  see  hlahln  r-  tiin\ 
lilnhhi  r-liji/Kd.]  Having  HWoUcn  or  protruding 
lips;  blubliir-lii)))ed. 

blabbing  (blab'ing),  ;i.  a.  [Ppr.  of  Wrtfc',  v.] 
Having  I  be  character  of  a  blab;  talking  inilis- 
ereedv;  tattling:  as,  "the  blabbing  inMi'vn 
Hcout,""  Milton,  ComiiH,  I.  i:iH. 

black  (blak),  a.  uikI  ".  f<  ME.  blak,  blrk,  bleke, 
<  AS.  bbrr  (in  def.  inlleeli'in  bbira,  blarr,  Honie- 
times  with  long  vowel  bhieti,  blare,  ami  thus 
confiiHcd  with  bliir,  btiic,  ME.  btake.,  etc.,  hIiIii- 
ing.  while  (hi-i' bleak^),  =  ()II(i.  (in  eonip.) /)/<;/(, 
blarh),  black,  =  (willi  np|)iir.  di(T.  orig.  sufllx) 
leel.  blakkr,  dark,  dusky,  =  Sw.  Iiliirl.,  gruyish, 
dark,  =  Uan.  bbik,  dark  (wlionce  the  noun, 
AH.  bUec  =  MLU.  black,  Hi.  blak  =  AUJU.  black 


black 

=  Icel.  blek  =  Sw.  hlack  =  Dan  bltvk,  ink:  see 
bleck) ;  prob.  from  a  verb  repr.  secondarily  by 
D.  biaken,  burn,  scorch,  freq.  blakeren,  scorch, 
MLG.  (>  6.)  hlaken,  biirn  with  much  smoke,  LG. 
i-erblekken,  scorch  as  the  sun  scorches  gi'ain ; 
perhaps  akin  toJj. fagrare,  Gr.  (p'/.i}  eiv,  burn :  see 
Jiagrant.  flame,  phlegm.  Hence  blatcli,  bleck, 
bletch,  bleach'^;  but  not  connected,  unless  re- 
motely, with  bleak'^,  bleach^,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  1. 
Possessing  in  tlie  highest  degi'ce  the  property 
of  absorbing  light;  reflecting  and  transmitting 
little  or  no  light;  of  the  color  of  soot  or  coal; 
of  the  darkest  possible  hue ;  sable ;  optically, 
wholly  destitute  of  color,  or  absolutely  dark, 
whether  from  the  absence  or  from  the  total  ab- 
sorption of  light:  opposed  to  white. 

1  spy  a  black,  suspicious,  threat'ning  cloud. 

SAn*.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 

On  either  hand,  as  far  as  eye  could  sec, 
A  great  black  swamp  and  of  an  evil  smell. 

Tenrnjxon,  Holy  Grail. 
A  black  body  is  one  which  absorbs  every  ray  which  falls 
on  it.    It  can,  therefore,  neither  reflect  nor  transmit.    A 
mass  of  coke  suggests  the  conception  of  such  a  body. 

Tait,  Light,  5  307, 

Hence  —  2.  Characterized  by  the  absence  of 
light ;  involved  or  enveloped  in  darkness. 

In  the  twilight,  in  the  evening,  in  the  black  and  dark 
night.  Prov.  vii.  9. 

And,  beauty  dead,  black  chaos  comes  again. 

Sliak.,  Venus  and  Ationis.  1.  1020. 

3.  Dismal;  gloomy;  sullen  and  forbidding:  as, 
a  black  prospect. —  4.  Destitute  of  moral  light 
or  goodness;  evil;  wicked;  atrocious:  as,  black 
deeds. 

"  Thou  art,"  quoth  she,  "  a  sea,  a  sovereign  king, 
And,  lo,  there  falls  into  thy  boundless  flood 
Black  lust,  dishonour,  shame,  misgoverning." 

Sliak.,  Lucrcce,  I.  8!i4. 

Puring  stages  in  which   maintenance  of  authority  is 

nu>st  imperative,  direct  disloyalty  is  considered  the  black- 

et^t  of  crimes.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  .Sociol.,  §  5S2. 

5.  Calamitous;  disastrous;  bringing  ruin  or 
desolation:  as,  6?«cfc  tidings;  black  Friday . 

Ulaek  tidings  these,  .  .  .  blacker  never  came  to  New 
England.  Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 

6.  Deadly;  malignant;  baneful:  as,  a  bluci: 
augury. 

Taking  thy  part,  hath  rush'd  aside  the  law. 

And  turned  that  black  word  death  to  banishment. 

Shak.,  S..  and  .1.,  iii.  8. 

7.  Clouded  with  anger;  frowning;  threaten- 
ing; boding  ill:  as,  ?</«(■/,■  looks. 

She  hath  abated  me  of  half  my  train  : 
Look'd  black  upon  me;  struck  me  with  her  tongue.    , 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

8.  Wearing  black  or  dark  clothing,  armor,  etc.: 
as,  Edward  the  Black  Prince;   black  friars. — 

9.  Stained  with  dirt;  soiled;  dirty:  as,  6/(ifA' 
hands.    [Colloq.]    Black  Act,  Black  acta.    See  tirt, 

-  Black  amber.  Same  as  jri.  —  Black  and  blue,  having 
the  dark  livid  color  of  a  brnisc  in  the  ticsh,  «liich  Is  ac- 
i-ompanicd  with  a  mixture  of  blue.     Sec  blue  anil  blae. 

Mistress  Ford  ...  is  beaten  black  and  blue,  that  you 
cannot  ace  a  white  spot  about  her. 

Stiiik.,  JI.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  6. 

Black  and  tan.  having  bhu-k  liuir  upon  the  back,  and 
tan  or  yellowish-blfiwn  upon  tlie  face.  Hanks,  antl  \en»,  M 
some  dogs  ;  said  sjiecilleally  of  a  kind  of  terrier  dog,  and 
sometimes  used  elliptically  as  a  substantive. 

ronsltler  the  St.  llermirds  ami  the  mastitTs,  the  pugs 
and  the  bidl-dogs,  the  blaek-aint-tnnit  and  the  Kill^:  t'lmr- 
liis.  /'..;'.  .^ei.  .V..,.  .\X\  III.  .'.119. 

Black  antimony,  art,  aBsembly,  bead-tree,  bear- 
berry,  etc.  See uiuler the noinis.— Black  belt.  Ilia t  region 
of  the  southern  Ignited  States,  cni). rising  p..rti.ins  of 
South  ('ar..linft,  Georgia.  Alalianni,  Mississippi,  ami  l.onl 
siana.  In  whii-)i  the  riiti..  of  the  coli.i.'d  ]...|inli(ti..n  t..  (he 
while'  is  i;reutisi.  Black  bile.  S.I-  iihabile.-  Black 
bindweed,  book,  canker,  chalk,  death,  ci.-.   s,-.  tin- 

nouns.— Black  dlink,  a  .Ii-i'.>.-(lon  ot  llu'  !.'a\csof  Ilex 
eajmine,  usi-d  by  the  In.llans  of  the  sonthcni  I 'nit. '.I  StatcH 
tut  a  meilleinc  uii.l  as  a.h'ink  of  ceremony.-  Black  eartb. 
See  **«rf/i.— Black  Flags,  bantis  of  Irregnlal  K..ldiirH  In- 
festing the  npi..-r  vali.-y  ..(  the  Hi-.l   Itlv.-r  in    I' inln. 

They  were  originally  Kiir\'lv..rs  of  the  Taiping  n-l.clllon  in 
f'hiini;  in.-rense.l  by  the  a.-.-esslon  .>f  vini.tns  a.t\i-ntin-er«. 
tbev  fought  against  tin-  Vf  i-n.-b  In  their  wars  « Itli  Annan), 
al...ntis7:isri.-  Black  Friday,  frost,  etc.  .s,-.-iii,-n..ini». 

—  Black  glass, a  glass  ma. I. -in  \'cnl.-e.)f  Mantl.HtlipInu-.an.t 
l.t  ri.vl.l  ..(inangani-se.  It{H..r:i  .li-.p  l.lack  .'..I..I'.  Black 
nogden.  s.-.-  /"i..;./.-".-  Black  Hand,  mi  .-.Mar.  hisin- 
s.u-Tely  In  Spain  conip.iscil  of  m.-nib.-rs  .il  llu-  liil.i.rliiil 
clasHcH.  .Mimv  of  its  nn'mlnTH  In  Hoiilb.-r-ii  Sp;iin  w.-n- 
ar-n-Ki.-.l  an.l  liu|ii-ls..ni-.l  In  in.s:i-  Black  Harry,  Black 

Will,  l...-id  Tianirs  in  lb.-  I  iiil..l  SImI.-s  ..f  111.-  s.-ii  liaM, 
('.,!(, I.;. i-;<(,-«  /iin>ii.i.  Bl.ack  herrlni?.  s.-..  herriiui.- 
Blackln  the  flesh,  an.l  waxed  and  black  In  the  grain, 

teiniH  apptie.l  lo  skins  i-nrri.-.]  on  III.-  i ran.l  .nil.-r  Hi.lca 

r.-speetively.  The  foiiii.-r-  is  applie.t  to  (b.-  ni.p.-rs  ..f 
men's  hIioch,  an.l  lb.-  Ii.ll.-r  ..f  Moinen's,  Black  Japan. 
See  jn;/n)i.  Black  Mnria,  a  .-los.lv  .-..v.-r.-.l  v. -hi. -I.-,  n«u- 
ally  jialnled  l.lio  i,,  .is.-.l  Ml  <'oMv.>>  iii^'  prison. -Is  to  and 
tr.mi  Jail— Black  martin,  Monday,  naphtha,  ocher, 
el.-,  s.-.-  III.-  n..iiriii.  Black  rent,  exa.li..n»  l'..rni.'rly 
b-vii-.l  by  native  .-lil.-rialnH  in  li.-lan.l,  paltlcnlurly  upou 
districts  where  KnglUh  were  settled. 


I 


black 

Besides  the  payment  of  lihu-k  rent,  the  oomraons  of  Tre- 
iaiul  wure  oi)presse(i  by  iriinuiiL'j;iltl<'  lAactiims. 

Bw/trett,  IrLliiiiil  uihIli-  the  Tailors. 

Black  rot,  rust.  See  the  nouns.— Black  silver.  See 
.s7<7'/h( /iff''.  -Black-spot,  a  disease  of  rose-huslies,  cliarac- 
tf  ri/.cd  liy  dilliisc,  tlarKcoIored  spots  on  tlie  upper  surface 
of  the  leaves.  It  is  <aiised  by  a  parasitic  fungus,  Antemma 
yi'«.«c.  — Black  sugar,  Spanish  licorice.  [Scotch.]— Black 
tin.  Sec ///(.  — Black  ware.  Same  :is//a.srt/(  wan; (which 
see,  under /»i.«n(0.  — Black  witch.  See  aui.  [For  a  num- 
ber of  coniptuuids  with  btnch  as  their  first  member,  see 
belinv  :  in  many  of  these  cases  it  is  generally  printed  as  a 
sei)arate  word.] 

II.  ?J.  1.  Black  color;  tlie  darkest  color, 
propurly  the  negation  of  all  color:  the  opposite 
of  white.  The  darkness  of  this  color  arises  from  the 
circumstance  that  the  substances  composing  or  producing 
it,  as  in  a  pigment  or  dye,  absorb  all  the  rays  of  light  and 
reflect  none.    In  heraldry  this  hue  or  tincture  is  termed 

2.   A  black  dye  or  pigment:   as,  blades  and 
grays. — 3.  A  black  part  of  something,  as  that 
of  the  eye ;  specifically,  the  opening  in  the  iris ; 
the  pupil:  in  opposition  to  the  white. 
The  black  or  sight  of  the  eye.  Sir  K.  Dijby, 

4.  Black  clothing,  especially  'wheu  worn  as  a 
sign  of  mourning :  as,  to  be  in  hlack :  sometimes 
used  in  the  plural. 

He  has  now  put  off 
The  funeral  black  your  rich  heir  wears  with  joy, 
When  he  pretends  to  weep  for  his  dead  father. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 
Should  I  not  put  on  blacks  when  each  one  here 
Comes  with  his  cypress  and  devotes  a  tear? 

Ilerrick,  Death  of  H.  Lawes. 

5.  p!.  Funeral  drapery,  consisting  of  hangings 
of  black  cloth. — 6t.  A  mute;  one  of  the  hired 
mourners  at  a  funeral. 

I  do  pray  ye 
To  give  me  leave  to  live  a  little  longer. 
You  stand  about  me  like  my  Btacktt. 

Fletcher,  Mons.  Thomas,  iii.  1. 
7.  A  member  of  one  of  the  dark-colored  races ; 
a  negro  or  other  dark-skinned  person. — 8t.  One 
with  the  face  blacked  or  disguised;  specifi- 
cally, a  deer-stealer ;  a  poacher. 

The  Walthani  blacks  at  length  committed  such  enormi- 
ties, that  government  was  forced  to  interfere,  with  that 
severe  and  sanguinary  act,  called  the  "Black  Act." 

Gilbert  White,  Hist,  of  Selborne,  vii. 

9.  A  small  flake  of  soot ;  smut:  usually  plural. 
A  fog  out  of  iloors  that  tastes  of  blacks  and  smells  of  de- 
composed frost.  Sir  C.  Young. 

Can  1  hi-lp  it  if  the  blacks  will  fly,  and  the  things  must 
be  rinsed  aj^ainV  D.  Jerrold,  Caudle  Lectures,  xvii. 

10.  A  dark  stain  or  smear. — 11.  pi.  Ink  used 
in  copperplate  printing,  prepared  from  the 
charred  husks  of  the  grape  and  the  residue  of 

.  the  wine-press. — 12.  In  printing,  any  mark  on 
the  paper  between  the  lines  or  letters  caused 
by  the  rising  of  the  leads,  etc.,  to  the  level  of 

the  type :   commonly  in   the    plural Aniline 

black,  a  color  produced  by  dyers  directly  upon  the  fiber 
itself,  tiy  the  oxidation  of  the  hydrochlorid  of  aniline  with 
bichromate  of  potash.  It  is  a  very  permanent  dye. — 
Animal  black,  same  as  bune-black. — Brunswick  black. 

Same  -A^  i'lji^UL  hirija<'r(yi\\\e\i  see,  under  jfryrn;).- Chem- 
ical black,  a  ciilor  formerly  obtained  in  dyeing  cotton  by 
buibii;,;  ^allnuts  in  ])yiMli-iieons  acid,  a<bl"iie^  "  nitrate  of 
iron"  a]id  he mr.— Chrome-black,  a  c.ilur  jiroduced  in 
dyeing  cotton  or  wool  by  mordanting  with  bichromate  of 
potash  and  dyeing  with  logwood.— Common  black,  a 
color  produced  by  dyeing  with  logwood,  sumac,  fustic, 
and  a  mixture  of  green  and  blue  vitriol.— Copperas- 
black,  a  color  produced  in  dyeing  inferior  carpets,  etc., 
by  mordanting  with  a  mixture  of  ferrous  sulphate  and 
CO). per  sulphate  and  dyeing  with  logwood.— Cork-black, 
a  hlack  obtained  by  burning  cork  in  closed  vessels. — 
Drop-black,  a  better  grade  of  bone-black  groiuid  in  wa- 
ter, and  in  this  pasty  state  formed  into  drops  and  dried. 

—  Frankfort  black,  a  pigment  formerly  made  by  burn- 
ing the  lees  of  wine,  but  now  merely  a  better  grade  of 
bone-black.  Also  called  German  fe^flct.- Gas-black,  a 
species  of  lampblack  obtained  by  buruini:  natural  eas  in 
small  jets  against  a  revolving  iron  cylinder.— German 
black.  Same  as  Frankfort  black.— Hart's  black,  a 
''lack  made  from  harts'  horns.— Hydrocarbon  black. 
Sa:ue  as  fftts-black.—  ln  black  and  white,  (n)  In  writ- 
ing or  print:  as,  to  put  a  statement  in  black  and  irhite. 
ib)  In  the  fine  arts,  with  no  colors  but  black  and  white. 
The  term  is  often  extended  to  include  (as  in  exhibitions 
of  "works  in  black  and  white")  monochromes  of  any 
sort,  as  sepia  drawings. —  Iron-black,  a  powder  consist- 
ing of  finely  divided  antimony  obtained  by  precipitating 
it  from  its  solution  in  an  acid  by  means  of  metallic  zinc. 

—  Logwood-black,  in  dyeinr/,  a  black  obtained  by  mor- 
danting the  cotton  with  a  salt  of  iron  an<l  then  dyeing 
with  a  decoction  of  l.igw-ood.- Mineral  black.  See 
mincrai.- Plate-black,  a  comliination  of  lani].black  and 
bone-black  in  various  proportions,  used  in  plate-printing. 

—  Sedan  black,  an  intense  black  color  produced  by  first 
dyeing  cloth  blue  with  woad,  then  washing  it  in  water 
containing  logwood  and  sumac,  ami  boiling  it  for  several 
hours  in  a  liquor  to  which  a  solution  of  iron  sulphate  is 
added.  — Spanish  black,  a  black  pigment  obtained  from 
burnt  cork. --Vine-black.  Same  as  blue-black,  n.,  2.  (See 
h:>iic-ltlack,  ivort/. black,  lampblack,  peach-black,  and  plati- 

oin„-black.) 

black  (blak),  V.  [<  ME.  blaclcen,  Naken;  <  blacl; 
"■]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  black;  blacken  orput 
a  black  color  on;  soil;  stain:  as,  to  t?((ci- one's 
hands. — 2.  To  clean  and  polish  (shoes,  etc.)  by 


571 

blacking  and  brushing  them. —  3.  To  blacken; 

stain;  sully;  defame.     [Rare.] 

Thon  blacked'st  no  man's  character,  devoured'gt  no  man's 
hread.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  34. 

To  black  down  (jiaut.),  to  tar  and  black  (a  ship's  rigging). 

II.  inlrans.  1.  To  become  black;  take  on  a 
black  color.— 2t.  To  poach.  See  blade,  «.,  8. 
blackamoor  (lihik'a-mor),  n.  [Also  formerly 
blademoor,  bliiflcaniorc,  bladcemore,  -iuo'm;  etc., 
Sc.  bladci/morc;  orig.  and  prop,  bladannnr, 
blade  Moor,  <  blade  +  Moor.  The  inserted  a 
is  meaningless;  cf.  bladcavised.']  A  negro;  a 
black  man  or  woman. 

I  care  not  an  she  were  a  black-a-nwor. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  1.  1. 

I  am  sure  I  hated  your  poor  dear  uncle  before  man-iagc 
as  if  he'd  been  iiblack-a-moor.   Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  'J. 

blackavised  (blak'a-visd),  a.  [Sc,  also  blade- 
ai'iced,  blackavi^ad'i  <  blade  +  F.  vis,  face,  vis- 
age, -t-  -(y;2.  Tlie  inserted  a  is  meaningless ; 
ef.  blackamoor.']    Dark-complexioned. 

I  would  advise  her  blackaviced  suitor  to  look  out;  if 
another  comes  with  a  longer  or  clearer  rent-roll,  he's 
dislicd.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xix. 

blackback  (blak'bak),  n.  1.  The  great  blat^k- 
baeked  gull,  Larus  marinits.  Kingsley.  Also 
caWeA  saddle-back,  CO ffin-carricr ,  and  cob. —  2. 
A  local  Irish  name  (about  Belfast)  of  the  com- 
mon llounder. 

blackball  (blak'bal),  n.  1.  A  blacking  com- 
position used  by  shoemakers,  etc.  Also  called 
heel-ball. — 2.  A  name  applied  to  both  the  smut 
and  the  bunt  of  wheat. — 3.  An  adverse  vote. 
See  blackball,  v.  t. 

blackball  (blak'bal),  v.  t.  To  reject  (as  a  can- 
didate for  election  to  membership  or  office  in 
any  club,  society,  etc.)  by  placing  black  balls 
in  the  ballot-bo.x;  exclude  or  defeat  by  ad- 
verse vote ;  also,  simply  to  vote  against.  See 
ballot^,  n.,  3. 

If  you  do  not  tell  me  who  she  is  directly,  you  shall  never 
get  into  "VMnte's.     I  will  blackball  you  regularly. 

Disraeli,  Young  Duke,  II.  ii. 

blackballing  (blak'bal-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
blackball,  c.]  The  act  of  rejecting  or  voting 
against  a  candidate  by  the  use  of  black  balls. 

Y'our  story  of  the  blackballing/  amused  me. 

Lamb,  Letter  to  B.Barton. 

blackband  (blak'band),  n.  In  mining  and 
metal.,  a  kind  of  iron  ore,  which  consists  essen- 
tially of  carbonate  of  iron  intimately  mixed 
with  coal.  It  is  a  very  important  ore  of  iron,  especially 
in  Scotland,  wliere  its  true  nature  was  discovered  aliout 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  Often  called  black- 
band  iron-^tonc. 

black-bass  (blak'bas'),  »•  !•  A  centrarchoid 
American  fish  of  the  genus  Microp  terns.  The  body 
is  oblong;  the  dorsal  fin  is  low,  especially  the  spinous  por- 
tion of  it,  which  is  separated  from  the  soft  pai't  by  an  emar- 
gination  ;  the  anal  fin  is  shorter  than  the  soft  part  of  the 
dorsal,  with  three  small  spines ;  and  the  caudal  rtn  is  emar- 
ginate.  The  color  is  dark,  and  the  cheeks  and  opercules 
are  crossed  by  tlircc  dark  oblitjue  stripes.  Two  species  are 
known,  the  Iar'_a'nioiitlir,l  hlack-bass,  Mieropterus  salmo- 
ides,  extending  from  Canada  and  the  great  lakes  south- 
west into  1'exas  and  southeast  into  Florida,  and  the  small- 
mouthed  black-bass,  Mieropterus  dolomieu,  ranging  from 


black-brush 

blackberry  (blak'ber'i),  «.;  pi.  blacUerries 
(-iz).  L<  MK.  hlakberijc,  blaleeberie,  <  AS.  blwc- 
bcric,  prop,  written  apart,  bkec  berie,  pi.  blace 
herian:  see  black  and  bcrry^.]  1.  The  fruit  of 
those  species  of  Kubus  in  which  the  recepta- 
cle becomes  .juicy  and  falls  off  with  the  drupe- 
lets, in  distinction  from  the  raspberry.  The 
principal  European  species  is  li.  /ruticoms.  In  the 
L'nitcd  States  there  are  several  kinds,  as  the  liigh  black- 
berry. It.  mllosuH,  Home  varieties  of  which  are  extensively 
cultivated ;  the  low  blackberry  or  dewbeny,  U.  Canaden- 
sis; the  bush-blackberry,  /(.  Iriiiialis,  of  the  Southern 
States;  the  running  swanip-blackberry,  li.hispidus;  and 
the  sand-blackberry,  /(.  cuneij'ulius.  In  Scotland  generally 
called  bramble,  and  in  the  west  of  Scotland  blackhuyd  or 
black-bide. 

2.  In  some  parts  of  England,  the  black  currant, 

liibcs  nigrum. 

blackberr3rtng(blak'ber'''i-ing),  n.  [<  blackberry 
-\-  -ing"^;  as  if  from  a  verb  blackberry.     See  the 
quot.  from  Chaucer,  below.]    The  gathering  of 
blackberries — Goablakeberyedt, a  doubtful  phra<e 
occurring  once  in  Chaucer  in  the  l*ardoners  Tale: 
T  rekke  never,  whan  that  ben  beryed, 
'Though  that  her  soules  ;/on  a  blakeherycd. 
[Skeat  exrdains  blakeberyed,  apparently  a  past  participle, 
as  a  verbal  substantive,  and  the  whole  jihrase  as  meaning 
"  go  a  blackberrying,"  that  is,  go  where  they  please.     Tho 
grammatical  explanation  is  doubtless  correct;  but  the 
context  seems  to  show  tliat  the  phrase  is  a  humorous  eu- 
phemism for  "go  to  hell."] 

blackbird  (blak'berd),  n.  1.  The  English 
name  of  a  species  of  thrush,  Merula  mcrula, 
Turdus  mcrula,  or  Mcrula  vulgaris,  common 
throughout  Europe,    it  is  larger  than  the  common  or 


European  lUa^. 


.tJa  m^rjt/a). 


Small-mouthcd  Black-bass  {Mtcrofitertis  dolomiftt). 

the  great  lakes  southward  to  South  Carolina  and  Arkansas. 
Both  are  highly  esteemed  lor  their  game  qualities,  but  the 
small-mouthed  is  regarded  by  most  anglers  as  superior. 
The  sexes  during  the  breeding  season  consort  in  jiairs, 
clear  a  subcircular  spot  near  the  shore  for  a  nest,  and 
guard  the  eggs  till  hatched.  Both  species,  but  especially 
the  small-mouthed,  have  received  the  attention  of  pisci- 
culturists and  been  introduced  into  foreign  countries.  In 
some  parts  of  the  State  of  New  York  the  small-mouthed  is 
specifically  called  the  hlack-bass  and  the  large-mouthed 
the  Oswego  or  green  bass.  Other  names  given  to  one  or 
both  species  are  trout,  in  the  south,  and,  locally,  chub, 
iumj>er,  ma^t-bass,  and  }yelshman. 
2.  A  local  name,  along  portions  of  the  Pacific 
coast  of  the  United  States,  of  a  scorpa;noid 
fish,  Scbastichthys  melanops,  or  black  rock-fish. 

black-beetle  (blak'be"tl),  n.  An  English  name 
of  the  common  cockroach  of  Great  Britain, 
Blatta  (reriplancta)  orientalis,  a  large  black 
orthopterous  insect,  of  the  f&imlyBlattidee.  See 
cut  under  Blattida: 

blackbelly  (blak'bel-'i),  n.  A  local  name  in 
Massachusetts  of  a  variety  of  the  alewife, 
Clupea  cernalis. 


song  thrush  ;  the  male  is  wholly  black,  except  the  bill  and 
the  orbits  of  the  eyes,  which  are  yellow ;  the  female  is  dark 
rusty-brown.  The  male  lia.s  a  fine,  rich,  mellow  note,  but 
its  song  has  little  compass  or  variety.  Also  called  merle 
and  ouzel. 

2.  In  America,  a  bird  of  the  family  Jcieridce 
(which  see).  These  birds  have  no  relation  to  the  Euro- 
pean blackbird,  but  are  nearer  the  old-world  starlings. 
There  are  very  many  species  of  the  family,  to  several  of 
which,  as  the  bobolink,  the  oriole,  and  the  meadow-lark, 
the  term  blackbird  is  not  specifically  applied.  The  lead- 
ing species  are  the  several  crow-blackbirds,  of  the  genera 
Quiscalus  and  Seolccophagus,  and  the  mai-sh-blackbirds, 
Afielceus  and  Xanthocephalus.  The  common  crow-black- 
bird is  Q.  purpureas ;  the  common  red-winged  marsh- 
blackbird,  A.phoEuiceus;  the  yellow-headed  blackbird, X. 
icterocephalus.     See  cut  inider  Ayelo'ince. 

3.  In  the  West  Indies,  the  ani,  Crotophaga  aui, 
of  the  family  Cuculidce,  or  cuckoos;  the  sa- 
vanna-blackbird. See  cut  under  ani. — 4.  A 
cant  term  on  the  coast  of  Africa  for  a  slave. 

blackboard  (blak'bord),  w.  1.  A  board  painted 
black,  used  In  schools,  lecture-rooms,  etc., 
for  writing,  drawing,  or  cipheiing  with  chalk. 
Hence — 2.  Any  prepared  surface,  as  of  plaster 
or  slate,  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

blackbonnet  (blak'bon  et),  n.  One  of  the 
names  of  the  reed-buuting.     [I.,oeal,  Scotland.] 

blackboy  (blak'boi),  H.  The  common  name 
of  the  Australian  grass-tree,  Xanthorrhwa  ar- 
borea,  etc.,  a  juncaeeous  plant  with  a  thick 
blackened  trunk  and  a  terminal  tuft  of  wiry, 
grass-like  leaves.  The  different  species  yield  an 
abundance  of  fragrant  resin,  either  red,  known  as  l>tack- 
boy  fturn,  or  yellow,  called  acaroid  ffum. 

blackbreast  (blak'brest),  «.  1.  Anameofthe 
red-backed  sandpiper,  Tringa  alpina,  variety 
omericana. —  2.  A  local  name  in  the  United 
States  of  the  black-beUied  plover,  Squatarola 
helvetica. 

black-bro'wed  (blak'broud),  a.  Having  black 
eyebrows;  gloomy;  dismal;  threatening:  as, 
•'a  bhick-broued  ^ist.'' Dryden. 

black-brush  (blak'brush),  a.  Aterm  used  only 
in  the  phrase  black-brush  iron  ore,  a  brown 
hematite  or  limonite.  found  in  the  Forest  of 
Dean,  England,  and  used  chiefly  for  making 
tin-plate. 


blackbur 

blackbur  fblak'ber),  n.  A  local  name  in  the 
Uiiited  States  of  the  plant  Geiim  striciiim. 

black-burning  (hlak'ber'ning),  a.  Scandal- 
ous: used  only  in  the  phrase  black-bunting 
slmmc.     [Scotch.] 

blackcap  (blak'kap),  h.  1.  One  who  wears  a 
black  cap. — 2.  A  name  given  to  various  birds 
ha\-ing  the  top  of  the  head  black,  (n)  Tlie 
Europe,in  black-capped  w.irliler,  Sylria  alricapilla.  (b) 
The  European  titraou;*e.  Parity  major,  (c)  The  American 
black-capped  fly-catchini;  warbler,  Miiiodioctes  pu.-nllus, 
also  called  fTU^on's  blackcap.  (</)  Tlie  chickadee,  Parug 
atricapiUug.  (e)  The  black-headed  {ntlK  Lants  ridibtindug. 
3.  The  cattail  reed,  Typha  latifoJia. — 4.  A  pop- 
ular name  of  the  plant  and  fruit  of  the  black- 
fruited  raspberry,  Buhiis  occidentalis,  occurring 
wild  in  many  portions  of  the  United  States,  and 
also  cultivated  in  several  varieties.  Also  called 
thimbleberry. —  5.  .An  apple  roasted  until  it  is 
black. 

black-capped  (blak'kapt),  a.  Having  black 
on  the  top  of  the  head:  applied  to  sundry  birds. 
See  blackcai>,  2. 

black-cat  (blak'kat),  n.  A  name  of  the  fisher, 
pekan,  or  Pennant's  marten,  Miistclapennanti,  a 
large  blackish  marten  peculiar  to  the  northerly 
parts  of  North  America.  Also  called  black-fox. 
See  cut  under  llsher. 

black-cattle  (blak'kat'l),  n.  Cattle  reared 
for  slaughter,  in  distinction  from  dairy-cattle : 
used  without  reference  to  color.  [Great  Britain.] 

blackcoat  (blak'kot),  n.  1.  One  who  wears  a 
black  coat :  a  common  and  familiar  name  for  a 
clergyman,  as  redcoat  is,  in  England,  for  a  sol- 
dier.—  2.  jil.  A  name  given  to  the  German 
reiters,  or  mercenary  troops,  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries,  from  their  black 
armor  and  dress. 

blackcock  (blak'kok),  n.  The  male  blaek- 
grouse  or  black-game;  the  heath-cock;  a 
grouse,  Tetrao  tctrix,  or  Lijrurus  tetrix,  of  the 


•^^ 


Blackcock  t^Lyrums  tfirtx). 

family  TetraonUUc,  found  in  many  parts  of  Eu- 
rope.    It  Is  mostly  black,  with  a  lyrate  tail.    Tlic  female 
in  called  a  'jraif  ht-n,  and  the  young  are  called  poults. 
black-dainp    (blak'damp),    «.     Carbon  dioxid 
gas.  wliiil]  is  found  in  greater  or  less  quantity 
in  all  collieries,  being  given  off  by  many  coals, 
eitlier  mixed  with  flro-<]amp,  or  separately,  or 
produced  in  various  other  ways,  as  by  the  ex- 
iialations  of  the  men,  by  fires,  and  by  explo- 
sions of  firi'-dainp.     Also  called  rlKiki-iiamp. 
black-dog  (blak'dog),  71.     it.   Ahiidsliilling  or 
otlicr  base  Kilvcr  coin. —  2.  Hypochondria;  the 
blues.     fSlang  in  bolli  Honsos.] 
black-draught  (blak'driift),  n.     A pojiular  pur- 
giitive  iiiiiln'iiii',  coiiHisting  of  an   infusion  of 
Kciina  Willi  KpHom  HallH. 
black-drop  (blak'ilrop),  n.     A  liquid  prepara- 
ti<.ii  of  opium    in  vinegar   or   verjuice.     Also 

liillcrl  vinegar  of  opium Lajicaater  black-drop, 

fi  -  ■'■■M'.ii  fif  «>[tinn)  In  verjuice  with  jtiitrur  and  iiutNieif. 
i    ij'fakrr   Uark-ilrop.     The  black-drop  of  the 
rtiiirmni-o|Kcla,  Arttum  opii,  Ik  HJndlar,  ex- 
it.- nr-rllc  acid  In  used. 
.  (luck  (blak'duk),  n.     1.   Tlir'  black  hco- 
'/  'I'  iiiia  nigra,  one  of  the   wa-ducks  or 
Hce    cut   under   urolir. —  2.    Tlie 
of   North  America,  ,lnai<  /iliHciirii, 
Iniitinii;  or  river-ilnckH,  Hiirl  a  near 
'  ho  milliard.    Tlio  male  la  montly  black- 
liidn;£or  the  wlnifR  anil  a  vhdel  Hpccullim; 
■  Inrk. 

Mi),  n.     A  compound  of  oxid 
iK'iil  nii<l  tiiiiniii. 


bl.i 
li 
/ 


hi. 
lie  : 

black 

of  ir 

blacken  ,i'i. 


llackcu  ,  i.i.k«'u;,  I'.    [.ME.  hlakiiin,  htarkonrn ;  < 
liinil ,  II,,  +  -chI.]     I.  intranH.  To  grow  black 


or  liiirk. 


572 

Air  blaekenfd,  rolled  the  thunder.  Dryden. 

H.  trans.  1.  To  make  black  ;  darken. 
The  little  cloud  .  .  .  grew  aud  spread,  and  blackened 
the  face  of  the  whole  heaven.  Soutti. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  sully ;  make  infamous ;  de- 
fame ;  cause  to  appear  immoral  or  vile :  as, 
vice  blackens  the  character. 

To  this  system  of  literary  monopoly  was  joined  an  un- 
remitting industry  to  blacken  and  discredit  in  every  way 
...  all  those  who  did  not  hold  to  their  faction. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

blackener  (blak'ner),  n.    One  who  blackens. 

blackening  (blak'niug),  «.  .Any  preparation 
used  to  render  the  surface  of  iron,  leather,  etc., 
black.     See  blacking. 

blackening (blak'ning),fl.  Blackish;  approach- 
ing black:  as,  in  lichens,  a  biatorine  CKciple  is 
colored  or  blackening,  but  not  coal-black. 

blacker  (blak'er),  n.  One  who  blacks  or 
blackens. 

black-extract  (blak'eks'trakt),  n.  A  prepara- 
tion from  coeculus  indicus,  used  in  adulterat- 
ing beer. 

blackey,  «.     See  blacky. 

blackfin  (blak'liu),  H.  1.  A  local  name  of  the 
smolt  or  yoimg  salmon  of  the  first  year. —  2.  A 
local  English  name  of  the  little  weever. —  3.  A 
whitefish,  Coregonus  nigrijiinnis,  of  the  deep 
waters  of  Lake  Michigan,  conspicuous  by  its 
blacldsh  fins,  but  othei-wise  resembling  a  eiseo. 

blackfish  (blak'fish),  n.  [<  black  +  liah.  Cf. 
MLG.  blackviscli,  LG.  blakfislt,  >  G.  fc?«<*/i«c/i, 
inkfish.]  1.  A  name  of  several  fishes,  (a)  .\ 
local  Enjilish  name  of  the  female  salmon  about  the  time  of 
spawning.  (6)  A  name  of  the  tautog,  Taii^o^'ra  o»iV/.s-.  See 
cut  under  tautofi.  (c)  A  local  Alaskan  name  of  DalVta 
pectoralis,  a  flsti  wliich  alone  represents  the  suborder 
Xenomi.  See  Dallia.  (<f)  A  local  name  in  New  Eni^land  of 
the  common  sea-bass,  Centropristis .funme :  also  applied  to 
other  species  of  the  same  genus,  (c)  A  name  of  a  Euro- 
pean scombroid  fish.  Cenfrotophus  pompilu.t.  (/)  A  lo- 
cal name  in  the  Frith  of  Forth,  Scotland,  of  the  tadpole- 
flsh,  Ranicepg  trifurcatus.  Pamell,  Mag.  ZobL  aud  Bot., 
L  104. 

2.  A  name  of  several  delphinoid  cetaceans, 
especially  of  the  genus  Globicepkalus.  Also 
called  black-wbalc. 

black-fisher  (blak'fish'er).  It.  [<  black/i.th,  1 
(((),  +  -<)l.]  Apoacher;  one  who  kills  salmon 
in  close  time.     [Scotch.] 

By  recruiting  one  or  two  latitudinariau  poachers  and 
htack-jishers,  Mr.  H.  completed  the  quota  of  men  which 
fell  to  the  share  of  Lady  B.  Scolt. 

black-flea  (blak'fle),  n.  A  coleopterous  insect 
injurious  to  turnips;  the  Tlaltica  ncmorum  of 
nnluralisls.     Also  called  tnrnip-tlca. 

black-fly  (blak'lii),  H.  1.  A  snuill  dipterous  in- 
sect, Simnlium  molcstuni,  with  a  black  body 
atld  transparent  wings,  abounding  in  moun- 
tainous and  wooded  parts  of  New  York,  New 
England,  and  northward,  and  exceedingly  an- 
noying to  both  man  and  beast.  It  is  closely 
relateil  to  tlie  buffalo-gnat.  See  Simuliuni. — 
2.   Tlie  bean-plant  louse,  Aphin  faba: 

blackfoot  (blak'fiit),  n.  1.  A  kind  of  matri- 
iiKiiiial  go-between,  who  in  a  friendly  way  acts 
as  introducer,  and  generally  facilitates  the  ear- 
lier stages  of  courtship.  [Scotch.]  —  2.  [ca)>.'\ 
One  of  a  certain  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, tlio  most  western  division  of  the  Algcni- 
kiii  stock.  [In  this  sense  tlie  plural  is  properly 
I'lUickfiiiil.t,  but  commonly  Blackfcct.'] 

black-fox  (liliik'foks),  n.     Same  as  black-cat. 

black-friar  (blak'l'ri'iir),  n.  [So called  from  the 
disliiictivi'  black  gown.  Ci.  gray-fnar,  u'hili- 
friar.]  A  fiiar  of  the  Dominican  ordi'r.  AI»o 
called  a  prctirant  or  ]treachin*j .friar,  anil  in  Kralu'C  ,/aro- 
bin.    See  Jhiminican.    I I'rojierly  written  as  two  wordH. | 

black-game  (blak'gam),  n.  See  blackcock  and 
grnn.^1 . 

black-grass  (blak'griVs),  )i.  1.  A  dark-colored 
rush  (.luncn.s  C.rrarili)  of  salt-marslies.  [U.  S.] 
—  2.  A  species  of  foxtail  grass,  Alopccurus 
(iiir(^lis.     ( Kng.] 

blackguard  (blug'iinl),  «.  and  a.  [<  black  + 
giiarJ,  Sec  dcf.]  I.  h.  If.  In  collective  senses 
(properly  lis  two  words):  (a)  The  sciillidiis  and 
lowest  menials  ccniliecled  willi  a  groat  lioiisc- 
liolil,  will)  altended  to  llie  |ioIk,  coals,  I'tc,  iind 
looked  afler  tliem  wlien  tlie  household  niovcil 
from  ono  place  (o  anollier. 

A  loimy  ulavc.  that  wlllilii  thin  Iwenty  year*  rode  with 
Ihn  hlnrk  iiiiard  in  llle  dllkeli  carrlliKe  'nioi.init  iiplla  and 
ilrl|ipllig-pan»!  Welmler,  While  llrvll,  I.  ■•. 

(fc)  A  guard  of  attendants,  black  in  color  of 
flio  skin  or  dress,  or  in  ctiaraclor. 

relauliiK.  (VImIIiik,  and  other  like  heretlcn  of  tho  dcvll» 
Uark  iiuartl.  Fiilke,  Defence  (U*:i|,  \.  .'IS*!,     (.V,   K.  I).) 

(c)  The  idle  criminal  class ;  vagabonds  gener- 
ally. 


blacking 

How  prevent  your  sons  from  consorting  with  the  black, 
miard  f 

A.  Tucker,  Light  of  Nature  (17(K),  II.  143.     (.V.  E.  D.) 

{(I)  The  vagabond  children  of  great  towns; 
"city  Aiabs,"  who  run  errands,  black  shoes, 
or  do  odd  jobs. — 2.  A  man  of  coarse  and  offen- 
sive manners  and  speech;  a  fellow  of  low  char- 
acter; a  scamp;  a  scoundrel. 

The  troops  which  he  commanded  were  the  greatest 
blackguards  on  the  face  of  the  earth. 

C.  D.  Vonffe,  Life  of  Wellington,  xxvL 

II.  ".  It.  Belonging  to  the  menials  of  a 
household;  serving;  waiting. 

Let  a  blackuuard  boy  be  always  about  the  house  to  send 

oil  your  errands,  and  go  to  market  for  you  on  rainy  days. 

Swi/t,  Directions  to  Servants,  Couk. 

2.  Of  bad  character ;  vicious;  vile;  low;  worth- 
less :  said  of  persons  and  things. 

Marking  certain  things  as  low  and  blackguard,  and  cer- 
tain others  as  lawful  and  right  T.  Ilwiheg. 

3.  Scurrilous;  abusive ;  befitting  a  blackguard : 
as.  blackguard  language. 

blackguard  (blag'iird),  r.     [<  blackguard,  n,] 

1.  trans.  To  revile  in  scurrilous  language. 

I  have  been  called  names  and  blackguarded  quite  suffi- 
ciently for  one  sitting.  Ttiackeray,  Newcomes,  xxix. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  be,  act,  or  talk  like  a  black- 
guard ;  behave  riotously. 

And  there  a  batch  o'  wabster  lads, 
Blackijiiardiu!!  frae  Kilmarnock, 

For  fun  this  day.  Burns,  Holy  Fair. 

blackguardism  (blag'iird-izm),  n.  [<  black- 
guard +  -isni.'i  The  conduct  or  laugiuige  of  a 
blackguard ;  ruffianism. 

This  ignoniinions  dissoluteness,  or  rather,  if  we  may 
venture  to  designate  it  by  the  only  proper  word,  black- 
fftiardigm,  of  feeling  and  manners,  could  not  but  spread 
from  public  to  private  life. 

Macaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

blackguardly  (blag'ard-li),  a.  [<  blackguard 
+  -/i/i.]  Characteristic  of  a  blackguard;  ras- 
cally; villainous:  as,  a  6/flciv/Hflrrf/i/ business. 

blackguardry  (blag'iird-ri),  n.  [<  blackguard 
+  -n/.]  Blackguards  or  scoundrels  collectively. 
[Rare.] 

black-gum  (blak'gum),  n.  A  North  American 
tree,  Xyssu  niultijlora,  40  to  70  feet  high,  bearing 
a  dark-blue  berry.  The  wood  is  strong,  tough,  and 
iinwcdgeable,  and  is  largely  used  fiu-  the  hubs  of  wheels, 
fcir  >okes,  etc.     .Also  called  pepperidije  and  tiour-truin. 

blackhead  (blak'hed),  H.  1.  A  popular  name 
of  the  scaups  or  sea-ducks  of  the  genus. l(f/i(/(a; 
as,  the  greater  and  lesser  blackbeads,  A.  miirila 
a,nd  J.  oltinif!.  See  scaup. —  2.  A  local  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  black-headed  min- 
now, or  fathead,  I'inipbalcs  promclas. 

blackheart  (blak'hiirt),  «.  1.  A  species  of 
cherry  of  many  varieties:  so  called  from  the 
fruit  being  somewhat  heart-shaped  aud  having 
a  skin  nearly  black. 

The  unnetted  black-hearts  ripen  dark, 
All  tlliile,  against  the  garden  wall. 

Ti'iniimm,  The  Blackbird. 

2.  A  wood  obtained  from  British  Guiana,  suit- 
alile  for  use  in  building  and  in  f  urn  it  in-e -mak- 
ing. 

black-hearted  (blnk'hiir'ted),  a.  Having  a 
black  or  iiialigniint  heart. 

black-helmet  (blnk'hel'met),  v.  A  shell  ob- 
tained from  a  sjiecies  of  molliisk,  and  used  by 
cameo-cutters.     McElratli,  Com.  Diet. 

black-hole  (blak'hol).  ».  A  dungeon  or  dark 
cell  In  a  prison  ;  a  |ilace  of  confiueiiient  for  sol- 
diers; any  disiniil  place  for  conliiieiiieiit  by 
way  of  punishment. 

There  grew  up  .  .  .  Inn  academic]  discipline  of  iiidiul- 
ilcd  autocracy  upheld  by  rods,  and  fenilcH,  and  the  tdack- 
li'ilr.  II.  .Spencer,  Education,  p.  98. 

The  black-hole  of  Calcutta,  the  gnnlson  strong-room 
<)r  lilack-hote  at  falciitta,  measuring  about  IS  feet  K(|iiare, 
into  which  llli  Itritish  prisoners  were  thrust  at  the  point 
of  the  sword,  by  the  Nawali  SlraJ-iid-Panln,  on  .luiie  20, 
IT.Ml.  The  next  morning  all  hut  2'.i  were  dead  from  sulTo- 
cation. 

black-horse  (blak'liArs),  n.  A  local  name  of 
tlie  Missiiiiri  sucker,  Cyclcptus clongatns,  of  the 
t'uiiiilv  ('iiliisliimiita: 

blacking  (blak'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.of  black,  v.] 

1.  A  pii'piinitiou  for  bliicking  boots  and  shoos, 
usuiilly  iiiiide  of  powdered  bone-black,  sperm- 
or  linseed-nil,  niiiliisses,  sour  beer  or  vinegar, 
oil  of  vitriol,  and  cop]ienis.  ■nirougbont  the  mid- 
dle ages  boots  were  wciiii  of  tlie  brown  cidor  natural  to 
the  leather,  or  of  a  dark  red  ctdor,  not  iiiiliKc  thi>  modern 
Itlissiii  Ii'iitlier.  There  Is  nicniion  of  lilacking  as  early  U 
the  bcgliiiijm;  of  tile  Kcvelltccndl  century. 

2,  In  Icatlicr-trorking,  any  one  of  a  number  of 
Jiri'iuiratioiis  used  in  dyeing  or  sliiiiiing  leather 
lilai'k. —  3.  Tlie  iiaiiie  given  by  I'oiiinlers  to  a 
black  wasli,  conipoHcil  of  clay,  water,  and  pow- 


blacking 

dered  charcoal,  with  which  cores  and  loam- 
molds  arc  coated,  to  give  the  requisite  smooth- 
ness to  the  surfaces  which  come  into  contact 
with  the  melted  metal — Brass  blacldng,  a  deaci- 
black  ornaineiital  surfai-u  fnrnied  on  brass-work.  It  is 
inadt;  by  phmgiiiiJ:  tbr  In  a.ss  into  a  mixture  of  a  strouK  so- 
lution of  Tutratu  of  silver  uitli  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  oop- 
pii-,  and  licatin;;  it,  after  withdrawal,  until  the  desired 
di-ptli  ol  rnh.i'  is  ..litaini'd. 

blackish(liliik'isli),  ((.  [<6Zacfc -t--is/il.]  Some- 
what black ;  moderately  black  or  dark. 

Benin  to  be  blactciyh.  Hollnnd,  tr.  of  Pliny,  vi.  11). 

black-jack  (blak'jak),  B.  1.  A  capacious  drLuk- 
iiiK-cu]!  or  can  formerly 
luaile  of  waxed  leather, 
but  now  of  thin  metal, 
the  outside  being  ja- 
panned black,  except 
*  the  edge,  which  is  left 
bright,  in  imitation  of 
the  ancient  leathern 
black-jacks  with  silver 
rims. 

There's  a  Dead-sea  of 
drink  in  the  cellar,  in  which 
goodly  vessels  lie  wrecked  ; 
and  in  the  middle  of  this  Leatliern  Black-jiicks. 

<Ielneti  appear  the  tops  of 

llagnns  and  black-jacks,  like  churches  drowned  in  the 
marslies.  Beau,  and  FL,  Scornful  Lady,  ii.  2. 

2.  The  ensign  of  a  pirate. — 3.  A  Cornish  miners' 
term  for  the  common  ferruginous  zinc  sulphid, 
of  which  the  mineralogical  name  is  sphalerite, 
and  the  common  name  blende.  Also  called /aZse 
galena. — 4.  Caramel  or  burnt  sugar  used  for 
coloring  spirits,  vinegar,  coffee,  etc. —  5.  A 
trade-name  for  adulterated  butter. —  6.  A  local 
English  name  of  the  coalfish,  Pollachiiis  virens. 
—  7.  A  common  name  in  the  United  States  for 
a  species  of  oak,  Quercus  nigra,  and  also,  in  the 
Gulf  States,  for  Q.  Catesbeei,  small  trees  of  little 
value  except  for  fuel. —  8.  The  larva  of  a  saw- 
fly,  Athalia  eeiitifoUa  or  A.  spinarum,  one  of  the 
Tenthredinithe,  destructive  to  turnips.  Also 
eaWed  nigger.  J.  0.  JVestwood.  [Local  British.] 
— 9.  A  kind  of  hand-weapon  consisting  of  a 
short  elastic  shaft  having  at  one  end  a  heavy 
metal  head  eased  in  netting,  leather,  etc. 

black-knot  (blak'not),  ».  1.  A  fast  knot:  op- 
posed to  running-knot. —  2.  A  species  of  pyre- 
nomycetous  fungus,  Sphceria  morbosa,  which  at- 
tacks plum-trees  and  some  varieties  of  cherry, 
forming  large,  black,  knot-like  masses  upon 
the  bviuiches. 

black-lead  (blak'led'),  n.     1.  Amorphous  gra- 
phite;  plumbago.    See  gra2)hite.     [Black-lead  is  a 
nusn<init'r.  as  tlie  nnneral  contains  no  lead.] 
2.  A  pencil  made  of  graphite. 

Sir,  I  have  ben  hold  to  note  places  with  my  black-leade, 
.  .  .  and  peradventure  some  expressions  may  be  advan- 
tageously altered  at  your  leasure. 

Evelyn,  Letter  to  Mr.  E.  Thurland. 

blacklead  (blak'led'),  v.  t.  [<  black-lead,  «.] 
To  cover  with  plumbago  or  black-lead;  apply 
black-lead  to. 

The  <ieposit  would  not  spread  over  a  fe/aci'-Zcarft'd  surface 
in  tlie  liquiii.  G.  Gore,  Electro-Metall.,  p.  112. 

Blackleading-machlne,  an  apparatus  for  applying  pow- 
dered graphite  to  the  surface  of  wax-molds  previous  to 
coating  them  with  copper. 

blackleg  (blak'leg),  n.  [<  blacic  +  leg.  The 
allusion  in  def.  3  is  not  clear;  some  suppose 
the  term  was  orig.  applied  to  racing  men  who 
wore  black  top-boots.  The  term  black  is  now 
understood  in  an  opprobrious  sense ;  cf .  black- 
guard.'] 1.  A  disease  in  cattle  and  sheep  which 
affects  the  legs;  symptomatic  anthrax.  See 
anthrax. — 2.  A  severe  form  of  purpura. — 3. 
One  who  systematically  tries  to  gain  money 
fraudulently  in  connection  \vith  races,  or  with 
cards,  billiards,  or  other  games;  a  rook;  a 
swindler.  The  term  implies  the  habitual  frequenting 
of  places  where  wagers  are  made  and  games  of  chance  are 
played,  and  the  seeking  of  subsistence  by  dishonorable  bet- 
ting, but  does  not  always  imply  direct  cheating.  Some- 
times contracted  to  ler/. 
4.  Same  as  black-nob. 

The  police  were  used  to  watch  the  strikers  or  to  protect 
the  bl(ick-l,';fh\  as  those  are  called  who  work  outside  the 
I'nion  inovelnent.   U.J.  Uintiin,  Eng.  Rad.  Leaders,  p.  333. 

blacklegism  (blak'leg-izm),  )(.  [<  blackleg  + 
-ism.}  The  profession  or  practices  of  a  black- 
leg; cheating;  swindling.     Bentley's  Mag. 

black-letter  (blak'lef'er),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  A 
name  now  given  to  the  Gothic  or  Old  English 
letter,  which  was  introduced  into  England  about 
the  niiddle  of  the  fourteenth  centmy,  and  was 
the  cliiiracter  generally  used  in  manuscripts  and 
in  the  first  printed  books.  It  is  still,  with  vari- 
ous modifications,  in  common  use  in  Germany. 

XW  ijS  blath-lcttet. 


573 

II.  a.  Written  or  printed  in  black-letter: 
as,  a  hlack-lcttcr  manuscript  or  book.  — Black- 
letter  day,  any  day  inscribed  in  the  ancient  calendars  in 
black  letter  type,  as  di.stiiigiiishcd  from  the  more  impor- 
tant, wliich  were  entered  in  red-letter;  hence,  a  holy  day 
of  an  inferior  character  and  dignity  ;  an  inauspicious  day, 
as  opposed  to  a  red-letter  or  auspicious  day. 

black-liquor  (blak'lik"or),  n.  A  crude  acetate 
of  iron  prepared  from  scrap-iron  and  crude 
acetic  acid,  very  generally  used  in  dyeing  as  a 
morilaiit  instead  of  green  copperas. 

black-list  (blak'list),  n.  1.  A  list  of  default- 
ers :  specifically  applied  to  printed  lists  of  in- 
solvents and  bankrupts,  published  officially. 
Private  lists,  however,  of  a  more  searching  character,  are 
furnished  by  certain  societies  and  private  individuals  to 
subscribers,  with  the  view  of  affording  protection  against 
had  debts,  frauds,  etc, 

2.  Any  list  of  persons  who  are  for  any  reason 
deemed  objectionable  by  the  makers  or  users 
of  the  list,  as  for  political  or  social  miscon- 
duct, for  joining  in  or  assisting  a  strike,  etc. — 

3.  Xaut.,  a  list  kept  on  board  a  man-of-war  of 
(leliii(|uciits  to  whom  extra  duty  is  assigned  as 
a  punislinicnt. 

blacklist  (bliik'list),  v.  t.     [<  black-list, »(.]     To 

place  on  a  black-list. 
blackly  (blak'li),  adv.    With  a  black  or  dark 

appearance;  darkly;  atrociously. 

Lastly  stood  Warre.  in  glittering  arms  yclad, 

With  visage  grim,  sterne  looks,  and  blnekely  hewed. 

Sackville,  Ind.  to  Mir.  for  Mags. 

Deeds  so  blackly  grim  and  horrid. 

Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  31. 

black-mackt,  n.  [Early  mod.  E. ;  <  black  + 
mack  (uncertain).]     A  blackbird. 

blackmail  (blak'mal),  n.  [Lit.  black  rent  (cf. 
black  nut,  under  black);  <  black  +  mail,  rent: 
see  niail^.']  1.  A  tribute  of  money,  corn,  cat- 
tle, or  the  like,  anciently  paid,  in  the  north  of 
England  and  in  Scotland,  to  men  who  were  al- 
lied with  robbers,  to  secure  protection  from 
pillage.  Blackmail  was  levied  in  the  districts  bordering 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland  till  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century. 

Hence  —  2.  Extortion  in  any  mocje  by  means 
of  intimidation,  as  the  extortion  of  money  by 
threats  of  accusation  or  exposure,  or  of  unfa- 
vorable criticism  in  the  press.  It  usually  implies 
that  the  payment  is  involuntary,  and  the  ground  for  de- 
manding it  unlawful  or  pretended  and  fraudulent. 
3t.  Kent  paid  in  produce,  or  in  baser  money, 
in  opposition  to  rent  paid  in  silver. 

blackmail  (blak'mal),  v.  t.  [<  blackmail,  «.] 
To  extort  money  or  goods  from,  by  means  of 
intimidation  or  threats  of  injury  of  any  kind, 
as  exposm'e  of  actual  or  supposed  wrong-doing, 
etc.     See  the  noun. 

black-match  (blak'mach),  n.   Same  as  amadou. 

blackmoort  (blak'mor),  71.  Same  as  blacka- 
moor.    Jleau.  and  FL 

black-moss  (blak'mos),  re.  The  Spanish  moss, 
Tillandsia  usneoidcs,  of  the  southern  United 
States :  so  called  from  the  black  fiber  that  re- 
mains after  the  outer  covering  of  the  stem  is 
removed.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  horse- 
hair in  mattresses,  etc. 

blackmouth  (blak'mouth),  re.  A  foul-mouthed 
person  ;  a  slanderer.     [Rare.] 

blackmouthed  (blak'moutht),  a.  Slanderous ; 
calumnious ;  foul-mouthed. 

Whatever  else  the  most  blaA-iTWUth'd  atheists  charged 
it  with.  Killingbeck,  Sermons,  p.  118. 

black-mullet  (blak'mul"et),  n.  A  local  name 
about  Chesapeake  Bay  of  a  scitenoid  fish,  Jilen- 
ticirrus  iKbulosus.     See  cut  under  king-fish. 

black-neb  (blak'neb),  n.  1.  A  name  of  the 
carrion-crow. —  2t.  A  person  accused  of  sjTnpa- 
thy  with  the  principles  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion; a  democrat.     [Scotch.] 

Little  did  I  imagine  that  I  was  giving  cause  lor  many  to 
think  me  an  enemy  to  the  king  and  government.  But  so 
it  was  Many  of  tlie  heritors  considered  me  a  black-neb, 
though  I  knew  it  not.     Gait,  Annals  of  the  Parish,  p.  269. 

blackness   (blak'nes),   n.     [<  bleick  +  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  of  being  black;  black  color; 
darkness. 

His  faults,  in  him,  seem  as  the  spots  of  heaven. 
More  fiery  by  night's  blackness.    Skak.,  A.  andC,  L  4. 
Blackness  as  a  solid  wall.  Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

2.  Moral  darkness;  atrocity  or  enormity  in 

■wickedness. 

O'er  a  world  ol  light  and  beauty 
Fell  the  blackness  ol  his  crime. 

Wl.ittier,  Slave  Ship. 

black-nob  (blak'nob),  n.  An  opprobrious  name 
given  in  England  by  trades-unionists  to  a  work- 
man who  is  not  a  member  of  a  trades-union;  a 
knobstick.    Also  called  blackleg.    ■ 


black-snake 

Reports  were  flubmitted  from  the  various  works,  which 
showed  that  all  the  men  employed  by  tlie  iron  companicB 
were  r,n  strike,  with  the  excejjtion  of  six  bfrtek-nohs. 

ScaUnian  (newspai»cr) 

black-peopled  (blak'])e'''pld),  a.  Inhabited  by 
black  persons :  as,  ' '  black-peopled  empire,"  8cm' 
dys,  Christ's  Passion. 

black-pigment  (blak'pig'''ment),  n.  A  fine, 
liglit,  eui'lionacoous  substance,  or  lampblack, 
lireparcdcliiefly  for  the  manufacture  of  printers' 
ink.   It  is  obtained  by  burning  common  coal-tar. 

black-plate  (blak'plat),  n.  Slieet-iron  plate 
bct'rjre  it  is  tinned. 

black-pot  (blak'potV  n.  It.  A  beer-mug; 
hence,  a  toper. —  2.  'The  name  given  in  Eng- 
lish to  a  variety  of  crockery  made  in  Denmark. 
It  is  exposed  while  burning  to  a  very  strong  and  dense 
smoke,  which  i)enctrateH  its  suhBtance  ami  answers  the 
I)urpose  of  glazing.  .Such  pots  are  cheap  and  wholesome 
cooking-vessels,  having  none  of  tlie  inconveniences  of 
lead-glazed  ware. 

black-pudding  (blak'pud'''ing),  n.  A  kind  of 
sausage  made  of  blood  and  suet,  seasoned  with 
salt,  pepper,  onions,  etc.,  sometimes  with  the 
addition  of  a  little  oatmeal.  Also  called  blood- 
pudding. 

black-quarter  (blak'kwar'tfer),  n.  [<  black  + 
quarter,  the  shoulder.]  A  di.sease  in  animals; 
symiitomatic  anthrax.     See  anthrax. 

black-rod  (blak'rod),  n.  In  England,  the  usher 
belonging  to  the  order  of  the  Garter,  more 
fully  styled  gentleman  tisher  of  the  black  rod: 
so  called  from  the  black  rod  wliich  ho  carries. 
He  is  of  the  king's  chamber  and  usher  of  Parliament.  His 
deputy  is  styled  the  yeoman  usher.  They  are  the  (jtficiai 
messengers  of  the  House  of  Lords  ;  and  either  the  gentle- 
man or  the  yeoman  usher  sunnnons  the  Connnons  to  the 
House  of  Lords  when  the  royal  assent  is  given  to  bills, 
and  also  executes  orders  for  the  commitment  of  persona 
guilty  of  breach  of  privilege  and  contempt.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  similar  functionaries  in  the  legislatures  of 
the  Doiniinon  of  Canada  and  other  British  colonies. 

black-root  (blak'rot),  n.  1.  Culver's  root  or 
Culver's  physic,  Veronica  Tirginica. —  2.  I'tero- 
caulon  pycnostachyum ,  a  perennial  herbaceous 
composite  plant  of  the  pine-barrens  of  the 
soutliern  United  States. 

black-salter  (blak'sal'ter),  n.  One  who  makes 
black-salts. 

black-salts  (blak'salts),  n.  pi.  Wood-ashes 
after  they  have  been  ILxi'viated  and  the  so- 
lution has  been  evaporated  until  the  mass  has 
become  black.     [U.  S.] 

black-sampson  (blak'samp"son),  n.  A  popu- 
lar name  in  the  United  States  for  the  species 
of  Echinacea,  the  thick  black  roots  of  which 
were  formerly  supposed  to  have  powerful  me- 
dicinal virtues. 

blackseed  (blak'sed),  n.  The  nonesuch,  Medi- 
cago  hipulina :  so  called  from  its  black,  seed- 
like pods. 

black-shell  (blak'shel),  «.  A  univalve  shell 
of  the  family  Haliotida:,  inhabiting  the  Pacific 
ocean.     See  extract. 

The  black-shell .  .  .  is  so  called  because,  when  polished, 
it  throws  out  a  very  dark  shade,  full,  however,  of  beauti- 
ful rainbow  tints  exquisitely  blended. 

M.  S.  Lowell,  British  Edible  Mollusca,  p.  182. 

blacksize  (blak'siz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  black- 
si:ed,  ppr.  blaeksizing.  In  leather-working,  to 
cover  with  a  coat  of  stiff  size  and  tallow.  The 
size  is  laid  on  with  a  soft  brush  or  sponge,  and  the  leather 
is  then  well  rubbed  with  a  glass  slicker,  after  which  it 
receives  a  final  gloss  from  a  little  thin  size  applied  with  a 
sponge. 

blacksmith  (blak'smith),  n.  [<  late'ME.  black- 
smith, <  bhick  (in  ref.  to  iron  or  black  metal) 
+  smith.  Cf.  whitesmith.']  1.  A  smith  who 
works  in  iron  and  makes  iron  utensils;  an 
ironsmith ;  especially,  in  the  United  States,  one 
who  makes  horseshoes  and  shoes  horses. —  2. 
[A  translation  of  a  native  name.]  In  ornith., 
a  name  of  the  bare-necked  bell-bird  of  Bra- 
zil, Chasniorhynchiis  nudicollis. — 3.  In  ichth.,  a 
pomacentroid  fish,  Chromis  punctipinnis.  hav- 
ing conical  teeth  in  two  or  more  rows  in  each 
jaw,  a  blackish  color  with  violet  luster  above 
relieved  by  greenish  edgings  of  some  of  the 
scales,  and  bluish-black  fins  with  small  brown 
spots.  It  is  not  uncommon  along  the  southern 
coast  of  California. 

blacksmithing  (blak'smith'ing),  n.  [<  black- 
smith +  -(«(/!.]  The  trade  or  process  of  work- 
ing in  iron. 

black-snake  (blak'snak'),  n.  X.  A  name  of 
varinus  serpents  of  a  more  or  less  black  color. 
The  most  nnteworthy  are  :  (a)  X  serpent,  Bascanion  con- 
strictor, of  the  family  C'>liibrid<e,  of  black  color,  not  ven- 
omous, but  attaining  a  large  size,  and  possessing  great 
strength  and  agility,  so  that  it  is  capable  of  exerting  much 
constrictive  force.  It  climbs  trees  easily,  is  often  0  feet 
in  length,  and  is  common  in  the  United  States  east  of  the 
Mississippi.  Some  other  related  species  receive  the  same 
name.    (6)  A  colubroid  snake,  Coluber  obsoletus,  differing 


black-snake 


574 


blade 


fr»m  the  former  bv  haring  keeled  instead  of  smooth  black-WOrk  (blak'Tverk),  H.     Iron  vrrougbt  by  bladder-ketmia  (blad'ei;-kefmi-|i),  ,,. 
sSles  and  preferring hiiihlauds:  alsoknoiynasthe  moi.ii-     l,]aeksmitbs:  SO  called  iu  distmction  trom  tbat 


^nl'lack-S^'^'racer:    (c)  A  colubreid  snake  Oo;/o 
phu  ater,  of  active  habits,  peculiar  to  the  island  of  Jamai 


Black-snake  ^Bascanion  constrictor). 


cn.  It  reaches  a  length  of  about  5  feet,  (d)  A  poisonous 
snake  of  the  family  Xajida:.  PgeudechU  porphynaeuis. 
inhabiting  low  marshy  places  in  nearly  every  part  of  Aus- 
tralix  It  is  black  above,  with  each  scale  of  the  outer 
laural  series  mostly  red,  and  with  ventral  shields  mar- 
gined with  black,  (e)  A  venomous  snake  of  the  family 
\aii'ltr  l£i,f,locephalus  curtm  or  U.  fujscus,  inhabiting- 
Ati'stralia  and  Tasmania.  It  is  the  common  black-suake 
of  Tasnianj;!.  . 

2.  A  kind  of  cowbide  or  borsewhip  made  with- 
out distiuetion  of  stock  and  lasb,  braided  and 
tapering  from  tbe  butt  to  the  long  slender  end, 
and  pliant  and  flexible  throughout .  It  is  a  terribly 
effective  instrument  of  torture,  used  by  drivers  in  parts  of 
the  Initcd  States,  especially  by  the  class  who  are  known 
as  '■  mule-^kinners  "  from  their  use  of  the  instrument. 

black-spaul  (blak'spal),  n.  Symptomatic  an- 
thrax.    See  anthrax. 

Blackstone's  Hard-labor  Bill.    See  Mis. 

black-strap  (blak'strap),  «.  A  name  of  vari- 
ous beverages,  (n)  In  the  l  niled  states,  a  niLxture  of 
spiritiu.iis  liquor,  generally  rum  or  whisky,  with  molasses 
and  vinegar. 

A  mug  of  the  right  black  glrap  goes  round  from  lip  to 
Up.  Uaicthome,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 

(6)  .4  sailors'  term  for  any  strong,  dark-colored  liquor : 
hence  applied  to  the  darkred  wines  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean c^'asts.  , ,      7 

black-stripe  (blak'stiip),  n.     Same  as  blacl- 

blacktail  (blak'tal),  «.  1.  A  percoid  fish,  the 
Acerina  ceniua.  More  generally  called  ruff  or 
pope.  See  ru^. — 2.  A  common  name  among 
hunters  (a)  of  the  black-tailed  deer  or  mule- 
deer,  Cariacus  macrotis  (see  mule-deer);  (6)  of 
the  Columbian  deer.  C.  columbiamis :  in  both 
distinction  from  the  common  or 
-3.  In  India, 


^NTOUght  bv  -n-hitesmiths. 
blackwort"  (blak'wert),    n.     1.  The  comfi-ey, 

Symphytum  officinale.— 2.  An  English  name  of 

the  whortleberry,  tbe  fruit  of  raccinitm  Myr- 

tillus. 
blacky  (blak'i),  ». ;  pi.  hlacl-ies  (-iz).    [Also  less 

prop,  hlacl-ey;  dim.  of  hlack.    Cf.  (Iarky.'\     1. 

A  black  person;  a  negro. — 2.  A  name  used 

colloquially  for  any  black  bird  or  animal,  as  a 

rook. 

I  wonder  if  the  old  blackie^  do  talk.  T.  //iir/Zit-.v. 

blacky-top  (blak'i-top),  ?;.  A  name  of  the 
stonechat,  Saxicnla  or  Pratincola  rubicola.  Mac- 
ilillirrai/.     [Local  British.] 

b'ladi  (blad),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Wadded,  ppr. 
hbiddinq.  [Also /(/(((((/;  perhaps  imitative.  Cf. 
rf»(f2.  beat,  thump.]  1.  To  slap;  strike  with 
violence ;  beat.—  2.  To  maltreat.     [Scotch.] 

bladl  (blad),  n.  [<  hlad\  f,]  A  slap;  a  flat 
lilow.     [Scotch.] 

blad'-  (blad),  «.  [Also  Uaud;  prob.  <  bladi,  v. ; 
cf.  dad~,  a  large  piece,  with  dad,  beat,  thump.] 
A  piece;  a  fragment;  a  large  piece  or  lump. 
[Scotch.] 

blad»  (blad),  II.  [Appar.  =  E.  blade  =  Sw.  Dan. 
blad.  a  leaf.]  A  portfolio;  a  blotting-book  or 
blotting-pad.     [Scotch.] 

bladder  (blad'er),  II.  [Se.  also  blather,  blether; 
<  ME.  bladder,  blader,  bledder,  bleder,  bladdn; 
bleddre,  bledre,  <  AS.  bla-ddre,  prop,  with  long 
vowel  and  single  il,  bUvdre.  hledre,  a  blister,  a 
bladder  (=  MD.  binder,  D.  blaar  =  MLli.  bla- 
dere.  LG.  bladere,  bledder,  blare  =  OB.G.  bldtara, 
Uattara,  bldtra,  MHG.  bldtere,  blatter,  G.  blatter 
=  Icel.  bladhra  =  Sw.  bidddra  =  Dan.  blare, 
bladder),  with  suffix  -drc,  <  bldicaii,  blow:  see 
blow^.'\  1.  A  thin,  elastic,  highly  distensible 
and  contractile  muscular  and  membranous  sac 
forming  that  portion  of  the  m-inary  passages  m 
which  m-ine,  constantly  secreted  by  the  kid- 
neys, is  retained  until  it  is  discharged  from  the 
boilv.  Such  a  vesicle  is  specially  characteristic  of  mam- 
mals', its  size  anil  shape  varying  with  the  species.  Its  cavity 
is  primitively  that  of  the  allantois.  It  is  lined  with  mu- 
cous membrane,  is  move  or  less  invested  with  peritoneum, 
and  is  supplied  with  vessels  and  nerves. 
2.  .Any  similar  receptacle,  sac,  or  vesicle,  com- 
monly "distinguished  by  a  qualifying  prefix.  See 


A  cul- 
tivated annual  species  of  iilants.  of  the  genus  i 
Bibis<-iis.  II.  Trioiium,  with  a  bladdery  calyx. 

bladder-nose  (blad'er-noz),  ».    A  name  of  the  i 
hoodeil  seal,  CyMojihora  cristata.    Eiieijc.  Brit., 
XXI.  o8L\  ^     . 

bladder-nosed  (blad'er-nozd),  a.    Having  am  i 
inflatable  bladdery  appendage  on  the  snout: 
applied  to  the  so-called  hooded  seal,  Vystophora 
eristiila. 

bladder-nut  (blad'er-nut).  H.     1.  The  popular  ■ 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Staphylca,  natn- 


Bladder-nut.— Flowering  uoAc  fit  St,if>hytca  trijctia. 

a  fruit ;  h.  section  of  same.    (From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  the  Plants 

of  the  United  States.") 

ral  order  ftapiiidacea;  given  on  account  of  their  • 
inflated  fniit-eapsule.    The  European  S.  piiiimta  and 
the  .s'.  Irtiiiliri  of  tile  Atlantic  States  are  occasionally  cul- 
tivated lis  oriuiiiieiital  shrubs,    t'eiitral  Asia,  Japan,  and  | 
t'alif<irnia  have  also  each  a  peculiar  species. 
2.  -V  name  sometimes  given  to  the  pistachio, 
I'istaeia  rcra. 

bladder-pod  (blad'er-pod),  H.  1.  A  name  of  a 
leguminous  plant  of  southern  Africa,  Phynolo- 
bium,  with  bladdery  pods.  — 2.  In  the  United 
Stnti-s,  rcsicaria  ,'ihortii,  a  cruciferous  plant 
Willi  globose  capsules. 

bladder-senna  (blad '  er-sen "  a),  n.  A  species • 
of  Cohitea,  C.  arboreseeiis,  natural  order  Lcgu- 
iiiiiiosie,  frequently  cultivated,  it  is  a  slirub  with; 
yclluw  (lowers  and  bladder-like  pods,  a  native  of  southern ' 
Europe.  It  derives  its  name  of  senna  from  its  popular 
use  as  a  jiurgative.     Also  called  btmtard  .» 

bladder-snout  (blad'er-snout),  II.  The  common  | 
bladilerwurt,    I'Iricularia   ridf/aris:    so   named 
I'riun  the  shape  of  the  corolla. 


cases    m 

white-tailed  deer,  C.  virtjiiiiaiius. 

a  name  of  the  ehikara  or  ravine-deer,  Tragops 

ben  netli. 

blackthorn  (blak'tbom),  «.  1.  The  sloe,  Pru- 
nus  sjiiiinsa.  See  .s7«f. —  2.  A  walking-stick 
made  of  the  stem  of  this  shnib. 

black-tongue  (Vdak'tung),  H.  A  form  of  an- 
thrax exhibiting  dark  Viloody  vesicles  and  ul- 
cerating spots  on  the  tongue,  affecting  horses 
and  cattle.     See  anthrax. 

black-turpeth  (blak'ttr'peth),  n.  Mcrciuy  di- 
oxi.l  or  sulioxid,  Ilg./-):  commonly  called  the 
(/rail,  iixh.  cir  bhtel:  olid. 

black-varnish  tree.  Melanorrhoda  usitata.  See 
Mi-buiorrhixa. 

black-wad  (blak'wod),  n.  An  ore  of  manga- 
iiesi'  iisod  as  a  drying  ingredient  in  paints. 

Blackwall  hitch!    See  hitch. 

black-ward  i  lilak'ward),  H.     Under  the  feudal 


bladder,   brain-bladder,   gall-bladder,   swim-  ijiaijjjer-worm    (blad'er-w6rm),   ».      A  tape- 


bladder.— 3.  Any  vesicle,  blister,  bleb,  blain 
or  pustule  containing  fluid  or  air.— 4.  In  bot. : 
(a)  A  hollow  membranous  appendage  on  the 
leaves  of  Utricnlaria,  filled  with  air  and  float- 
ing the  plant.  (/))  A  cellular  expansion  of  the 
substance  of  many  algie  tilled  with  air.  See 
cut  under  oi/--(t».-^5.  Anything  inflated,  emp-- 


wmiii  in  its  cystic  stage;  a  hydatid  or  seolex. 
See  ci/xtic.  and  cut  under  Ta'iiia. 
bladd'erwort  (blad'er- wtM-t),  n.     The  commoni| 
name  of  members  of  the   genus   Vtrieidaria, 
slender  aquatic  plants,  the  leaves  of  which  are- 
fnniished  with  floating-bladders.     See  Ctricur  | 

ty,  or  unsound:   &s," bladders  of  philosopJijV'  fcladder-wrack  (blad't'r-rak),  n.     A  seaweed, 

.^  ^^^.     /VcH.s' (•(■m-«/o.*HA';  so  named  from  the  floating- 

vesicles  in  its  fronds.    Also  called  bladder-lcelp, 
s<  ii-iial\  luid  sea-n-racL:     See  Fiiciis. 


Rochester,  Sat.  against  Mankind.— Atony  of  the 

bladder.     Sec  atuntj.  ,       ,       m 

bladder  (blad'6r),"t!.  ^  [<  bl adder,  n.^  1.  To 
put  ii]i  in  a  bladder:  as,  fc/afWcrcrf  lard.- 2.  To 
puff  iqi;  fill,  as  with  wind.     [Kare.] 

A  hollow  globe  ot  glass  that  long  before 
She  full  of  emptiness  had  bladdcrcd. 

a.  F!cu-h,-r,  Christ's  Victory  and  Tniimpli. 

bladder-blight  {blad'6r-blit),  «.     See  blight. 
bladder-brand  (blad'er-brand),  «.      Same   as 


sv-.t.i„.  ""siii'ivassal'  who'  he'liFward"  of  'the  bladder-campion  (blad'er-kam'pi-on),  «.    The 
kind's  vassal.  popular  name   of  the  plant  Silene  tnflata:  so 

black-wash  (Mak'wosh).  «.    1.  A  lotion  com-    called  from  its  inflated  caly.x. 
poHcd  of  calomel  and  lime-water.  —  2.    Any  bladdered  (blad'erd),  j>.  <» 


wanh  that  blackens. 

Remove  .  .  .  the  m<Hlern  layers  of  Wact-inM/i,  and  let 
the  man  himicU  ...  Ik-  n.-eii.  Kiwitlc'i. 

3.  In  molding,  a  elav  wash  to  which  powdered 
cliari-oul  has  b(-en  ai^ili-d.     See  blacking,  3. 

black -water  (blak'wu'ti'-r),  «.  A  disease  of 
Nh.-.-!i. 

black-whale  (blnk'hwAl),  «.  A  delphinoid  ce- 
t:iii  an,  (itobiei:phaliui  urincval,  more  generally 
cn!l.-.|  liUirllish. 

blackv700d  fl>lak'w<i(l),  n.  1.  The  wood  of  a 
liirL"  I'-t'iimiiioiiH  tree  of  tbe  East  Indies,  Ihil- 
ln  ffi'i  bttil'ntttl.  It  Uextretnely  hard.  nioHtly  of  ailark- 
i.iir;.!  -iLr.  and  l«  vi-ry  valuable  lor  funiitiire  and  carv- 
In;;.  :.<  »•  II  an  for  r-art-wheeU,  Kun-enrrlageii,  etc,  AI»o 
rail'   :    '   '  '  litilinn  r'mfifoiid. 

2.  I   ,,f  the  .icncia  .\filiniiiriiloii,  the 

lj,(,  -    liiiibiT  of  Aintlriilia,   noted  for 

it»  lid  durability.— 3.    In  the  West 

liil  .  ,,,,.  irjveii  to  the  black  inaiik'rovi-, 

Jri:  ■  III,  ii»rimlllreeof  seii-eoast  iiiarMJi- 

fB,  1,  hi-avv,  hard,  ami  ilnrk-brown  or 

ne'nrt.  .,od.'    Tbe  tree  im  also  found  in 

■OUtluirn  I  iindo. 


Swelled  like  a  blad- 
der; |iulTeil  ii|i;  vain. 

A  l.lii.ld.iM  greatness.  Dnjiirn,  Epic  Poetry. 

bladder-fern   (blad'i-r-ftrn),  n.    The  coimiion 
name  i,t  fi/stoideris,  a  genus  of  ferns:  so  called 
from  the  bladder-like  indusium. 
KlveKhecii-sareUli.JWli;  liri-at  Itrilnln  f^-    , 

and  North  Alin-rli-u  have  three  ca.-h, 
anil  of  these  two  are  common  to  both 
eoiintrli-»;  the  llflli  oi-eum  In  Slleula 
and  tile  Cnrpalliiiin  mountains.  »       t-  j        I 

bladder-gastnila     (blad'fr-      >V   J  ..;2 


Same  as  pert 


1* 


giis  trii-lil) 
ffastnda. 

bladder-green  (blad^T-gron), 

II.     Snnie  us  siiji-tirern. 

bladder-herb  (1>1».1''t-<t1>),  «. 

The  winter-chi'rry,  rhy.iati.iAt- 
kekengi :  so  calli'd  from  its  in- 
flated cdlvx.  .,  ,, 
bladder-kelp  (bbulVT-kelp),  n.  1.  Haine  as 
bladilir-irrnck.—2.  A  seaweed  of  the  (  abfornia 
coast,  of  tbe  geniis  SinncyHlin,  having  an  ex- 
ceedingly long  stem  which  dilates  above  into 
H  bjiwldor  sovenil  feet  in  length. 


n;.<<l<l<-r-f<rrii  l-lii- 
nuir  .if  t  yitn/'tfrii 
/rneOit,  wlUl  liooil. 
itiajMld  liidukln. 


bladdery    (blad'er-i),   a.       [<   bladder  +    -i/l.]  1 
'riiiii.  im-iubranous,  and  inflated  or  distended, 
liUi- :i  bliuldcr;  vesicular;  blistered;  pustular. •] 
Bladdery  fever.    Same  as  prmpliiima.        , ,    , ,         : 

blade  (blad),  n.     [<  ME.  blad.  blade,  bladdc.  &i 
l.-iit  of  grass  or  corn  (not  fiiiind  in  the  general 
sense  of  '  leaf),  commonly  the  cutting  part   off 
a   knife  or  sword,  the  sword  itself,  <  AS.  /itol  I 
(]il.  bladn,  libido),  a  leaf,  broad  luirt  of  a  thing,  I 
as  of  an  oar  (=  OS.   blad  =  OEries.  bird  =  D.'l 
blad  =  ML(i.  Mat,  LG.  blad  =  OlKi.  MlKi.  blat,\ 
(i.  blatt  =  Icel.  hladh  =  Sw.  Dun.  blad,  a  leaf),  ' 
lierhaps.  with  orig.  pp.  suflix  -(/  (iis  in  sad,  cold, 
obi.  loud,  etc.),    <  liloiran  (y/'bla,  'libi),  blow, 
bloom,  whence   also  E.    blooiiA,    blossom,  akin 
til  li.  lUis  ( tlor-),  >  E.  Jlouer.     To  the  same  ult. 
root  belongs  perhaps  L.  folium  =  Gr.  ^i7i;ioti, 
leaf:   see  /'o//o,   t'oili.     The  reg.  mod.- K.  form 
would  hv'blad  (like  sad.  glad,  etc.);  the  long  | 
vowel  is  line  to  the  Ml-:,  iiilli-cteil  forms,  bbido, 
eli-.l    1.  The  leaf  of  a  )iliiiil,  imrliciihirly  (now  | 
|H-rhapsexclusively)  of  graniiiieoiiK)ilaiits;  also, 
the  young  stalk  or  spire  of  gramineous  plants. 
Hut  when  the  lilivlr  was  sprung  up  iiml  broughl  forUl 
fruit,  lllcll  a|ipeareil  the  tarcH  also.  Mat.  vlH.  S*. 

Whoever  could  make  .  .  .  two  Wro/i-»  of  grans  to  gi-ow -I 
.  .  .  where  only  one  grew  bi'foi-e.  would  ili-Hi-rve  better  01  I 
mankind  .  .  .  tliiiu  the  wlioli-  race  of  iinlltli-laiiK. 

Siiifl.  (lulllvcl-'s  Travels,  11,  7. 

mid  Hlirlif. 

I.  I  lay-Dream.  I 

2.  In  bot.,  the  lamina  or  binad  )iarl  of  a  leaf,,! 
jielal,    sepal,   etc.,   as  distinguished   I'roin  thOJ 

pvtiiile  or    foot.ittilk.     S ut  und(>r  leaf. —  3. 

Anvlhing  resembling  a  blade,    (n)  A  swnnl;  iilno,! 
tlie'llat,  thill,  cutting  part  of  a  knife  m  other  eult  lug-tool,  \ 


I'lle  varying  year  with  /i/iii/'- 


blade 

If  ere  your  blades 
Had  point  or  prowess,  prove  tlieni  now. 

Moure^  Lalla  Rookli. 
The  famous  Damascus  blades,  so  renowned  in  the  time 
of  tlie  Crusaders,  are  made  here  no  longer, 

IS.  Ttnilur,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  130. 

lb)  Tlie  broad,  flattened  part  of  certain  instruments  and 

utensils,  as  of  an  uur,  a  ijuddle,  a  spailc,  etc. 

The  blade  of  her  light  oar  threw  otT  its  shower  of  spray. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Peruiacook. 

(c)  A  broad  flattened  part  of  a  bone :  as,  a  jaw-blade ; 
specifically,  the  scapula  or  shoulder-blade.' 

Atrides'  lance  did  gore 
Pylffimen's  shoulder  in  the  blade. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  v. 

(d)  The  front  flat  part  of  the  tongue.  H.  Sweet,  Hand- 
biiok  uf  riiouetics.  (e)  A  commercial  name  for  the  four 
large  plates  uM  the  sides,  and  the  ftve  large  plates  in  the 
niiiliile,  uf  tlie  upper  shell  of  the  sea-turtle,  which  yield 
the  hist  tortoise-shell,  {.f)  That  limb  of  a  level  wliich  is 
nuivalite  on  a  pivot  at  the  joint,  in  order  that  it  may  be 
adjusted  to  include  any  angle  between  it  and  the  stock. 
(-7)  The  float  or  vane  of  a  propeller  or  paddle-wheel,  (/i) 
the  web  or  plate  of  a  saw.  (i)  The  edge  of  a  sectorial 
tooth.  (.0  In  eiitnm.,  one  of  the  flat,  two-edged  plates 
forming  the  sword-like  ovipositor  of  certain  Orthopiera 
anil  Iluiiioptera :  in  a  wider  sense,  the  ovipositor  itself. 

4.  A  swordsman. 

The  short  man  I  felt  quite  confident  Hugh  could  handle, 
and  was  surprised,  seeing  his  build,  that  Pike  should  have 
declared  liim  a  good  blade. 

S.  Weir  Mitchell,  Hugh  Wynne,  I.  214. 

5.  A  dashing  or  rolliekiug  fellow;  a  swaggerer; 
a  rakish  fellow;  strictly,  perhaps,  one  who  is 
sharp  and  wide  awake  :  as,  "jolly  Mades,"  Eve- 
lyn, Memoirs,  i. 

A  brisk  young  fellow,  with  his  hat  cocked  like  a  fool 
behind,  as  the  present  fasiliou  among  tlie  blades  is. 

Peijys,  Diar.Vj  III.  142. 
6.  One  of  the  principal  rafters  of  a  roof.  Gwilt. 
(Made  (blad),  j!\;   pret.   and  pp.   bladed,   ppr 


576 

blady  (bla'di),  n.  [<  hhuU  +  -i/l.]  Consisting 
of  blades;  provided  with  blades  or  leaves: 
as,  "  the  hlady  grass,"  Drayton,  Polyolbiou, 
xix.  73. 

blae  (Vila  or  ble),  a.  and  v.  [Sc.  and  North.  E. ; 
also  \\'rit,t<Mi  lilcd,  hlcji,  blay}  <  ME.  hid,  lihiii, 
the  north,  dial,  form  (after  Icel.  hldr,  dark- 
blue,  livid,  =  Sw.  bid  =  Dan.  bhia,  blue)  corre- 
sponding to  the  reg.  southern  bio,  bUio,  bloc, 
bloioc,  mod.  E.  dial.  Woio,  <  AS.  "hlilw  (in  deriv. 
hlwwcH,  bluish)  =  OFries.  bldw,  hlda  =  MD.  bla, 
bluu,  later  hlacmo,  D.  blaauw  =  MLU.  bluic,  LG. 
hlau  =  OHG.  bldo  (bldw-),  MHG.  bid  (bldir-), 
G.  hlau  (whence  (from  OHG.)  ML.  bldvus,  >  It. 
biaro  =  OSp.  blavo  =  Pr.  blau,  f em.  Uava,  =  OF. 
and  mod.  V.  bleu,  >  ME.  bleu,  blewc  (perhaps  in 
part  <  AS.  *bWw  (as  in  blicwen)  tov  *bldtc),  mod. 
E.  blue,  q.  v.),  blue,  prob.  =  L.  Jldvu.t,  yellow 
(color-names  are  unstable  in  application) :  see 
blue.}  I.  a.  1.  Blue;  blackish-blue;  li^nd ; 
also,  bluish-gray;  lead-colored:  a  color-name 
applied  to  various  shades  of  blue. —  2.  Livid; 
pale-blue :  applied  to  a  person's  complexion,  as 
affected  by  cold,  ton-or,  or  contusion. 

Oh  !  sirs,  some  of  you  will  stand  with  a  blae  countenance 
before  tlie  tribunal  of  God.  M.  Urtice. 

II.  "■  [Commonly  in  pi.  blaci ;  also  written 
hlaize,  bla:e.~\  In  coal-mining,  indurated  argil- 
laceous shale  or  clay,  sometimes  containing 
nodules  of  iron  ore.  The  same  term  is  also 
applied  to  beds  of  hard  sandstone. 
blaeberry  (bla'ber"i),  re. ;  pi.  blaeberries  (-iz). 
[Sc. ;  also  spelled  bleoherry,  blaybcrrij ;  <  bine 
-1-  berry,  after  Icel.  bldber  =  Sw.  bl&hdr  =  Dan. 
blaabwr :  see  bilberry.}    The  Scotch  name  of  the 


bilberry 
UadiiKj.  l<  ME.  bidden  {='ML'G.blriden='Sw.  blae-linen  (bla'lin"en),  n.  A  slate-colored 
btmbi,  thin  out  plants);  from  the  noun.]  I,  linen  beetled  in  the  manufacture.  Also  blay- 
trans.    1.  To   take  off  the  blades  of  (herbs),     linen. 

[Now  only  prov.  Eng.]— 2.  To  furnish  with  a  blsesitas   (ble'si-tas),  re.     [NL.,  <  L.  blwstis, 
blade;  fit  a  blade  to To  blade  itt,  to  fight  with     lisping,  stammering;  cf.  Gr.  jSXaiad^,  crooked, 


blades  or  swords. 

II.   intrans.   To  come  into  blade ;   produce 
blades. 

As  sweet  a  plant,  as  fair  a  flower  is  faded. 
As  ever  in  the  Muse's  garden  bladed. 

P.  Fletcher,  Eliza,  an  Elegy. 

I  blade-bone  (blad'bon), «.   The  scapula  or  shoid- 
der-blade. 

bladed  (bla'ded),  p.  a.  [<  blade  -k-  -ed"^.}  1. 
Having  a  blade  or  blades,  as  a  plant,  a  knife, 
etc.:  as,  "bladed  gi-ass,"  Skak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i. 
1;  '^  bladed  field,"  Thomson,  Summer,  1.  57. — 
2.  Stripped  of  Ijlades  or  leaves. —  3.  In  mineral., 
composed  of  long  and  narrow  plates  like  the 


Bladed  Structure,  Cyanite 


bandy-legged.]  1.  Stuttering  or  stammering. 
—  2.  An  imperfection  of  speech  consisting  in 
the  substitution  of  d  for  t,  b  for  }},  etc.  See  2>scl- 
lisniiis.  [Rare.] 
blafft,  V.  i.  [Prob.  <  D.  bluffen  -  MLG.  LG. 
blaffen,  bark;  cf.  ME.  lolajfen,  and  baffen,  E. 
6oJl,  bark:  all  appar.  imitative.]     To  bark. 

Seals  which  would  rise  out  of  the  water,  and  blaff  like  a 
dog,  Capt.  Cowley,  Voy,  (1729),  p,  6.     (iV.  K  D.) 

blaffert  (blaf'ert),  «.  [<  MHG.  blaphart,  pla- 
phart,  plappert  =  MLG.  blaffert  =  MD.  blaf- 
ferd,  hlaffaert  (ML.  blaffardits),  a  silver  coin 
with  a  blank  face,  <  blaffaert,  having  a  blank 
or  plane  face,  <  blaf,  having  a  blank  or  broad 
face:  see  bluff '^.'\  Aji  old  silver  coin  of  Cologne, 
worth  about  4  cents. 

blafluxa  (blaf'lum),  re.  [Also  bleflum.  Cf.  be- 
llnni.}  Deception;  imposition;  hoa.x.  [Scotch.] 

blague  (blag),  re.  [F.]  Humbug;  vain  boast- 
ing ;  pretentious  falsehood. 

blague  (blag),  r.  «.';  pret.  and  pp.  blagued,  ppr. 
bldiiuing.  [<  F.  blaguer,  humbug,  hoax ;  from 
the" noun.]     To  humbug;  boast;  lie  jestingly. 

She  [a  Belgian  shopkeeper)  laughed,  and  said  I  blagued. 
The  Bread-Winners,  vi. 

blain  (blan),  re.  [<  ME.  blane,  blayn,  bleyn, 
blein,  <  AS.  blegen  (=  D.  lilein  =  LG.  bleien  = 
Dan.  blegn),  perhaps,  like  bladder,  ult.  from  the 
root  of  bidwnn,  blow,  puff:  see  Woioi.]  1.  A 
pustule  ;  a  blotch  ;  a  blister. 

Botches  and  blaiiis  must  all  his  flesh  emboss. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  ISO. 

2.  Abubbleof  water.— 3.  In /arrierT/,  a  blad- 
der growing  on  the  root  of  the  tongue  against 
the  windpipe,  and  teni:Ung  to  cause  suffocation. 

.      .„  ,  .    ,.       blaize,  »• /)'■     i^eehlae,n. 

A  mill  for  grinding  .  ,^,  Via'tet  a.   Middle  English  forms  of  ;<?«rf-. 


blade  of  a  knife:  as,  bladed  structure. —  4.  In 

her.,  used  when  the  stalk  or  the  blade  of  any 

kmd  of  grain  is  borne  of  a  color  different  from 

the  ear  or  fruit:  as,  an  ear  of  corn  or,  bladed 

vert. 
blade-flsh  (blad'fish),  re.     A  name  in  England 

of  the  hairtail,  Trichiurus  lepturus. 
blade-metal (blad'mef'al),  re.    Metal forsword- 

blailes.     Milton. 

blade-mill  (bliid'mil),  «. 

off  the  rough  surfaces  of  tools  preparatory  to  Mate '('bTrk)"o.'    '[£•  dial.,°<  ME.  blake,  blak. 


poli.shing  them. 

blade-ore  (blad'or),  n.  A  general  name  for 
the  species  of  seaweed  belonging  to  the  genus 
Luminaria  (which  see). 

blader  (bla'der),  «.  If.  One  who  makes 
swords. —  2t.  A  swordsman. — 3.  In  composi- 
tion with  nimierals,  a  tool  having  the  number 
of  blades  indicated  by  the  prefix:  as,  three-ftte- 
der.     [CoUoq.] 

bladesmitht  (blad'smith),  n.  [<  ME.  bladsmyth, 
<  hill, I,  blade,  +  smith.']  A  sword-cutler.  Yorh 
riuys. 

blade-spring  (blad'  spring) ,  re .  A  form  of  spring 
used  to  hold  piston-rings  in  place. 


the  northern  form  corresponding  to  the  reg, 
southern  early  ME.  bloke,  bloc,  <  AS.  bide  (var, 
blwc,  >  ME.  bleche.  mod.  E.  bleach'^,  adj.,  also 
prob.  without  assibilation  ME.  *bleke,  mod.  E. 
bleak'^:  see  bleach^,  a.,  and  hleak^)  (=  OS.  blek 
=  D.  bleek  =  MLG.  blek  =  OHG.  bleih,  MHG. 
G.  bleieh  =  leel.  hleikr),  shining,  white,  pale,  < 
bllcan  (pret.  bide),  shine,  gleam:  see  blicJ^.}  1. 
Pale ;  pallid ;  wan ;  of  a  sickly  hue,  as  the  com- 
plexion ;  of  a  pale-green  or  yellow  hue,  as  vege- 
tation.—2.  Yellow,  as  butter,  cheese,  etc.— 3. 
Bleak;  cold;  bare;  naked.    Ealliwell.    [North. 

Eng-] 
blaket,  i'-  »'•     [ME.  blaken,  the  northern  form 


Four  arms,  which  serve  a  double  purpose,  connecting     corresponding  to  the  reg.  southern  early  ME. 
£g  at  thrii'«'frenUrieT;U'°(^r-:^;'„^,r^'™'  ''■''  ''"'-     1'lok.nU  AS.bldcian,  become  pale,  <  bide,  pale : 
Cmnpin,  Mech.  Engineering,  p.  142.     see  blake,  a.  J     To  become  paie. 


blamelessly 

blakeling  (blilk'ling),  m.  [E.  dial.,  <  blake,  yel- 
low, +  -tiiu/K]  The  yellow  bunting.  Halli- 
u-ill.     [.Xi.rl'li.  Kng.] 

blamable.  blameable  (bla'ma-bl),  a.  [<  blame 
+  -dhlc.l  Desi'rviiig  of  bliime  or  censure; 
faulty;  culpable;  reprehensible;  censurable. 

Such  feelings,  llii^ugh  blamnl>b\  were  natural  and  not 
wholly  inexciisatile.  M'naulait,  Jliflt.  Eng.,  il. 

blamableness,  blameableness  (bla'ma-bl- 
nes),  re.  The  state  or  (juality  of  being  blama- 
ble; culpability;  faultiness. 

If  we  arc  to  measure  degrees  of  blameabUruss,  one 
wrong  must  be  set  off  against  the  other. 

Kdinhurrjh  Itev.,  CI,.\IV.  450. 

blamably,  blameably  (bla'ma-bli),  adv.     In 

a  blarnaidc  iiiaiiiifr;  culpably. 

I  .  .  .  took  occasion  t^j  observe,  that  the  world  in  gen- 
eral began  to  be  blanicably  indifferent  as  to  doctrinal 
matters.  ♦  Goldstnith,  Vicar,  xiv. 

blame  (blam),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blamed,  ppr. 
hhiming.  [<  ME.  blanien  =  MD.  blamen  (also 
blamcren,  D.  blumcren),  <  OF.  blusmer,  blamer, 
F.  blamer  =  I'r.  blasniar  =  OSp.  bld.'<mar  = 
It.  biasimare,  <  LL.  hlaxphemare,  speak  ill  of, 
blame,  also  blaspheme,  <  Gr.  ji'/.iimj>T//jf iv,  speak 
ill,  whence  the  full  E.  form  bhmplieme,  q.  v.]  1. 
To  express  disapprobation  of ;  find  fault  with ; 
censure:  opposed  io praise  or  commend. 

No  lesse  is  to  be  blam'd  their  odd  pronouncing  of  Latine, 
so  that  out  of  England  none  were  able  U}  understand  or 
endure  it.  Evelyn,  Diary,  May  13,  Vitil. 

We  blaincd  him,  and  with  perfect  justice  and  propriety, 
for  saying  wliat  he  did  not  mean. 

Macautay,  Sadlers  Kef.  Itefut«d. 

Formerly  it  might  bo  followed  by  of. 

Tomoreua  he  blam'd  of  inconsiderate  rashness. 

KnnUes,  Hist.  Turks. 

2.  To  charge ;  impute  as  a  fault ;  lay  the  re- 
sponsibility of:  as,  he  blames  the  failure  on 
you.  [Colloq.]  —  3t.  To  bring  reproach  upon ; 
blemish ;  injure. 

This  ill  state  in  which  she  stood ; 
To  which  she  for  his  sake  had  weetingly 
Now  brought  herselfe,  and  blam'd  her  noble  blood. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  iii.  11. 
[In  such  phrases  as  he  is  to  blame,  to  blame,  by  an  old 
and  common  construction,  has  the  passive  meaning  '  to 
be  blamed,  blamable.'  Compare  a  house  to  let,  hire,  build; 
yrain  ready  to  cut,  etc. 

You  were  to  blame,  I  must  be  plain  with  you. 

Shak.,  II.  of  v.,  v.  1. 
I  was  to  blame  to  be  so  rash ;  I  am  sorry. 

Fletcher,  .Spanish  Curate,  iii.  4. 
In  writers  of  the  Elizabethan  period  it  was  often  written 
too  blame,  blame  apparently  being  mistaken  for  an  adjec- 
tive.i=Syn.  1.  To  reprove,  reproach,  chide,  upbraid, 
reprehend.  See  decry. 
blame  (blam),  n.  [<  ME.  blame  =  MD.  blame, 
D.  bluani,  <  OF.  blasnie,  F.  bldnie  (=  Pr.  blasme 
=  OSp.  Pg.  blasmo  =  It.  biasimo),  <  blasmer,  v., 
blame :  see  blame,  v.}  1.  An  expression  of  dis- 
approval of  something  deemed  to  be  wrong; 
imputation  of  a  fault ;  censure ;  reprehension. 
Let  me  bear  the  blame  for  ever.  Gen.  xliii.  9. 

2.  That  which  is  deserving  of  censure  or  dis- 
approbation ;  fault ;  crime ;  sin. 

That  we  should  be  holy  and  without  blame  before  him, 

Eph.  i.  4. 

3.  Ctilpability ;  responsibility  for  something 
that  is  wrong:  as,  the  blame  is  yotirs. —  4t. 
Hurt ;  injury. 

Antl  [the  blow]  glauncing  downe  his  shield  from  blame  him 
fairly  blest.  Spenser,  F.  Q,,  I.  ii.  18. 

blameable,  blameableness,  blameably.    See 

hhimdhli;  hlaiiiahleness,  hlamahhj. 
blameful  (blam'fid),  a.     [<  blame,  n..  +  -/«/.] 

1.  Meriting  blame;  reprehensible;  faulty; 
guUty;  criminal:  as,  "blameful  thinges,"  Chaur- 
cer,  Melibeus. 

Thy  mother  took  into  her  bUimefxd  bed 
Some  stern  untutor'd  churL 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iiL  2. 

2.  FaultfiniUng;  blaming:  as,  a  blameful  look 
or  word.     Eu.^kin. 

blamefully   (blam'fid-i),  adv.    In  a  blameful 

manner. 
blamefulness  (blam'ful-nes),   ».    [<  blameful 

-t-  -«(,«,]     The  state  of  being  blameful, 
blameless    (blam'les),   a.      [ME.    blameles ;  < 
hlainc  +  -less.}    Not  meriting  blame  or  censure ; 
without  fault ;  undeserving  of  reproof :  inno- 
cent; guiltless:    as,   "the  blameless  Indians," 
Thomson,  Memory  of  Lord  Talbot. 
We  will  be  blameless  of  this  thine  oath.         Josh,  iL  17. 
Wearing  the  white  flower  of  a  blameless  life. 

Tennyson,  Ded.  of  Idylls. 

=  Syn.  Faultless,  irreproachable,  unimpeachable,  unsul. 
lied,  spotless,  stainless,  unblemished. 
blamelessly  (blam'les-U),  adv.    In  a  blameless 
manner;  without  fault  or  crime;  innocently. 


blamelessness 

blamelessness  0)lam'les-nes),  n.    The  state  or 

qxiality  of  being  blameless ;  innocence  ;  purity. 

iliy  white  blamele^neis  accounted  blame. 

Tennymn,  Merlin  and  ViWen. 

blamer  (bla'mer),  n.  One  ■who  blames,  finds 
fanlt,  or  censures:  as,  "blamers  of  the  times," 
Donne,  To  Countess  of  Bedford,  iii. 
blameworthiness  (blam'wer^THi-nes),  n.  [< 
blniiuicorthti  +  -ness.'^  The  quality  of  being 
blameworthy ;  blamableness. 

Praise  and  blame  express  what  actually  are,  praisewor- 
thiness  and  Itameimrthines^  what  natiu-ally  ought  to  be, 
the  seutiiuents  of  other  people  with  reganl  to  our  charac- 
ter and  conduct. 

Adam  Smith,  Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments,  iii.  3. 
Blame  I  can  bear,  though  not  biameivorthittess. 

Brownin(j,  King  and  Book,  I.  140. 

blameworthy  (blam'wer'THi),  a.  [<  ME. 
blameicortliii,  <  blame  +  jcorrti/.]  Deserving 
blame  ;  censurable  ;  culpaDle ;  reprehensible. 
That  the  sending  of  a  divorce  to  her  husband  was  not 
blam^irorthy,  he  allirms,  because  the  man  was  heinously 
vicious.  MUtoHj  Divorce,  ii.  22. 

blanc  (blangk;  F.  pron.  blon),  n.  [OF.  blanc, 
a  silver  coin  (see  def.  2),  <  blanc,  a.,  white :  see 
blanl:}      1.  A  silver  coin,  weighing  about  47 


Obvcise.  Reverse. 

Blanc  of  Henry  \n..  Britisli  MuseuiQ.    (Size  of  the  original.) 

grains,  struck  by  Henry  VI.  of  England  (1422- 
1461)  for  his  French  dominions.     Sometimes 
spelled  blank  or  blanck. 
Have  you  any  money?  he  answered,  Xot  a  blanck. 

a.  Joiuion,  Gayton's  Fest.  Night. 
2.  A  French  silver  coin,  first  issued  bv  Philip  of 
Valois  (1328-1350)  at  the  value  of  10  deniers, 
or  ^i  livre.  Vndcr  King  John  the  Good  (1350-1364) 
the  blanc  was  coined  at  5  deniers.    Under  Charles  VI.  and 


Obycrsc  Reverse. 

Blanc  of  Charles  VI .  of  France,  Bririsb  Museum.  ( Size  of  the  original. ) 

his  successors  the  blanc  was  worth  10  deniers,  and  the 
demi-blanc  5  deniers.  From  Louis  XI.  to  Francis  I.  a 
grand  blanc  was  Issued  worth  12  deniers,  or  5^  livre,  and 
a  petit  blanc  of  one  half  that  value.  After  the  time  of 
Francis  I.  the  grand  blanc  was  no  longer  coined ;  but  the 
petit  blanc  was  retained  as  a  money  of  account,  and  was 
reckonedat  5  deniers,  or  -^  livTe;  it  was  commonly  called 
nim\t\y  blaitr.  The  blanc  was  coined  acconling  to  b<)th  the 
timrwiU  and  the  jinrUiA  systems,  the  hitter  coins,  like 
others  of  the  same  system,  being  worth  one  (plarter  more 
tlian  tliose  of  the  same  name  in  tlie  former  system. 
3.  A  white  paint,  especially  for  the  face. — 4. 
A  piece  of  ware  such  as  is  generally  decorated, 
sold  or  delivered  without  its  decoration.  At  tlie 
.Sevres  and  other  porcelain-factories  pieces  not  (lulte  per- 
fect in  r.\iti\H3  are  sold  undecorateil,  but  bearing  a  special 
Inetfaceatde  mark,  which  distinguishes  them  from  those 
finished  in  the  factory. 

6.  A  rich  stock  or  gravy  in  which  made  dishes 
or  entr^'-oK  aro  somotimes  served.  — Blanc  d'ar- 
gent,  a  pigment,  the  carbonate  of  Irad,  or  white  leari,  uhu- 
iilly  f<fiind  III  romiiKT'-e  In  small  <lr>>pH.  Blanc  flxe,  <'in 
:ii  titl'lally  prcpar«-d  sulphate  of  luiriiirii.  niadc  by  rllMnoIv- 
ir.  -Mil,,  rit.-  friirt'onat^T  of  barinin)  In  liydriH.-lilorle  acid, 
f  (ting  this  iMtlutloii  vs  itii  >.iilpiiurlr- aeld.  It  is 
'tniiierce  In  a  pulpy  hImI*-  in  water,  and  is  used 

'     r.itit  nf  pa|MT,  plgnielltH.  cp-. 

blancard  (blang'kilrd),  n.     [F.,  <  blanc,  white 

(•<.i.  hliink),   +  -ar<l."[     A   kind  of  linen  cloth 

'  irod  in  N<»rTM»iidy ;  (to  i-ulli'd  bcc-uuHe 

)H  half  lihini'hi'd  before  it  in  woven. 

\i i>lanch),    a.    and   n.       [Also    wriltitii 

'•"  ^  ,  '  MK.  blanche,  blnunrhc,  <  OF.  blanche, 
f' •  '  '  I  hiiir,  white:  Reo  blank,  a.'\  I.  n.  If. 
^'  I'-.  — 2t.    Hame    nn    litinrh'^.    Blanch 

!.■  ■I„r/if,lr,n.       Blanch    fOVCr'     ll'     -lirrr.-t 

'■  .    11,  «    whi'n'Wllli    iiifilih'tix    Hint    liii\e   tlii; 

V  ir. Hilled.'   f^f/nitvL    literally,    pale 

'•  n.   till-  blnwh  )•  i»T  Is  ollher  to  lie  In 

1"^ '  ■  itli  wnnt^iniipss. 

1  •'  >'li>»t  harlde  a  lAnnfhe  try^r/- , 
A  t  ijn.i  he  sholdr  n-  verr  fcevcr- 

I7i'iu«r,  Irollim,  I.  tflO. 


576 

Blanch  lion,  anciently,  the  title  of  one  of  the  pursoirants 

of  arms. 

n.  ".  It.  Same  as  blanc,  3. — 2t.  A  white 
spot  on  the  skin. — 3.  In  mining,  a  piece  of  ore 
found  isolated  in  the  hard  rock.  R.  Hunt. 
[Eug.] 
blanch^  (blanch),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blaunch;  <  SIE.  blaunehen,  blanchen,  <  OF.  blan- 
chir  (F.  blanchir),  <  blanc  (>  JIE.  blank,  blanch), 
white:  see  blank.1  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  white ; 
whiten  by  depri\'ing  of  color ;  render  colorless : 
as,  to  blanch  linen. —  2.  In  hort.,  to  whiten  or 
prevent  from  becoming  gi-een  by  excluding  the 
light :  a  process  applied  to  the  stems  or  leaves 
of  plants,  such  as  celery,  lettuce,  sea-kale,  etc. 
It  is  done  by  banking  up  earth  about  the  stems  of  the 
plants,  tying  the  leaves  together  to  keep  the  inner  ones 
from  the  light,  or  covering  with  pots,  boxes,  or  the  like. 
3.  To  make  pale,  as  with  sickness,  fear,  cold, 
etc. 

Keep  the  natural  I'uby  of  your  cheeks, 
WTien  mine  are  blanch'd  with  fear. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

4t.  Figuratively,  to  give  a  fair  appearance  to, 
as  an  immoral  act;  palliate;  slur;  pass  over. 

They  extoll  Constantine  because  he  extol'd  them ;  as 

our  homebred  Plonks  in  their  Histories  blanch  the  Kings 

their  Benefactors,  and  brand  those  that  went  about  to  be 

their  Correctors.  Stilton,  Ref.  in  Eng.,  i. 

Blanch  over  the  blackest  and  most  absurd  things. 

Tillotson,  Works,  I.  SO. 
5.  In  cookery,  to  soak  (as  meat  or  vegetables) 
in  hot  water,  or  to  scald  by  a  short,  rapid  boil- 
ing, for  the  purpose  of  producing  firmness  or 
wliiteness. —  6.  In  the  arts,  to  whiten  or  make 
lustrous  (as  metals)  by  acids  or  other  means; 

also,  to  cover  with  a  thin  coating  of  tin To 

blanch  almonds,  to  deprive  them  of  their  skins  by  hu- 
mersion  in  hot  water  and  a  little  friction,  after  their  shells 
have  been  removed. 

One  word  more,  and  I'll  blanch  thee  like  an  atnwTid. 
Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  L  2. 
=SyTL  1  and  2.  Etiolate,  etc.     See  whiten. 
n,  in  trans.  To  become  white ;  turn  pale. 
The  ripple  would  hardly  blanch  into  spray 
At  the  feet  of  the  clilf.         Tennyson,  The  Wreck. 
Drew  his  toil-worn  sleeve  across 

To  brush  the  manly  tear 
From  cheeks  that  never  changed  in  woe. 
And  never  blanched  in  fear. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Pilgrim's  Vision. 

blanch-t  (blanch),  V.  [A  corruption  of  6?c«c/(l, 
simulating  blanclA,   turn  pale:   see  6/eHoAl.] 

1,  trans.  To  shun  or  avoid,  as  from  fear;  evade. 
The  judges  .  .  .  thought  it  .  .  .  dangerous  .  .  .  to  .iii- 

niit  ifs  and  ands  to  qualifle  the  words  of  treason,  whereby 
every  man  might  expresse  his  malice  and  blanch  his  dan- 
ger, llacon.  Hen.  VII.,  p.  134. 
By  whose  importunitie  was  the  saile  slacken 'd  in  the 
first  encounter  with  the  Dutch,  or  whether  I  am  to  blanch 
this  iiarticular'/                    Erelyn,  To  my  Lord  'lYeasurer. 

II,  intrans.  To  shrink;  shift;  equivocate. 

Books  will  speak  plain  when  counsellors  blanch. 

liacon,  of  Counsel. 

blanched  (blancht), p.  «.  Whitened;  deprived 
of  color;  bleached. 

And  still  she  slept  an  aznre.liddeil  sleep. 
In  blanched  linen,  smooth,  and  lavender'd. 

Keats,  Kve  of  St.  Agnes,  xxx. 
Specifically  applied  to  coins  and  silver  articles  contain- 
ing copper  which  have  hci-ii  submitted  to  the  action  of  liot 
dilute  siilplinrii:  acid,  to  dissolve  a  part  of  the  copper  of  tlu- 
alloy  on  tlie  surface,  and  leave  a  film  or  coating  riclier  in 
silver.  — Blanched  copper,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  arse- 
nic, in  about  the  proportion  of  10  of  tile  former  to  1  of  the 
latter.  It  is  used  for  clock-dials  and  tliermoineter-  and 
barometer-scales.  It  is  prepared  by  heating  copper  clip- 
pings with  white  arsenic  (ai-senions  acid),  arranged  in  al- 
ternate layers  and  coverca  with  common  salt,  in  an  earth- 
en crucible. 

blancher'  (bli'in'ohi'-r),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
hUiuiichrr.  <  MF,.  blancher;  <  blanch^  -I- -rrl.] 
i  liie  who  blanches  or  whitens,  in  any  sense  of 
(he  verb  blanch^. 

blancher-t  (l>li'in'ch6r),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
liUiunrlicr,  bliiunshcr,  etc. ;  <  blanch-  (=  blench^ ) 
+  -ri-l.J  1.  One  who  turns  aside  or  causes 
to  turn  aside ;  a  pervertor. 

These  Itlanrlicrs  will  be  ready  to  whisper  the  king  In  the 

car,  and  to  tell  lilni  that  this  iiliuse  Is  but  a  siiinll  mailer. 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  Hie  I'loiigli. 

2.  One  Htationed  for  the  purj'OHe  of  turning 
game  in  some  direction;  a  sowol  (which  see). 

/.einiane  was  like  one  that  stood  In  a  tree  walling  a 
good  oeitaslon  to  shoot,  and  Oyneeia  a  blancher  wlileli 
kept  the  dearest  deer  from  her.     Sir  I'.  .Sidney,  Arcaiiiii,  I. 

And  lliere  we  found  one  Mr.  (Ircendeld,  11  geiilleiimii  of 
Itiicklngbamsblre.  galherlng  up  pari  of  the  said  liookH' 
leaves  (as  lie  said),  llierewitli  to  make  lilm  seweis  or 
blamulicren  to  keep  the  deer  within  the  wood,  thereby 
to  have  the  liettor  cry  wllb  his  hounds. 

I.aylim,  In  It.  W.  lll<on>  lllsl.  Dl.  of  Kng.,  Iv. 

.3.  One  wlioHlurls  orlinlkHHt  aiiylliing.  X.  E.  f>. 

blanch-farm,  blanch-form,  "."  (<  <>1''.  binnchr 
Jcrmc,    lit.    white   rout:   see  blanch^,  a.,   and 


blandiloquence 

farm.^  Rent  paid  in  silver  instead  of  in  ser- 
vice or  produce ;  also,  a  kind  of  nominal  (niit- 
rent,  paid  with  a  small  piece  of  silver  or  other- 
wise. Also  written  blench-farm,  blencb-Jtrm, 
and  hlench-firm. 

blanch-holding  (blanch '  hoi "  ding),  n.  A 
Scotch  tenure  by  which  the  tenant  is  bound  to 
pay  only  a  nominal  or  trifling  yearly  duty  to 
his  superior,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his 
right,  and  only  if  demanded.  Also  written 
hhnch-hohling. 

blanchimeter  (blan-chim'e-tfer),  n.     [Irreg. 

<  blanch  +  meter.  Cf.  altimeter.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measming  the  bleaching  power  of 
ox^'muriate  (chlorid)  of  lime  and  potash. 

blanching  (blan'ching),  n.  The  act  of  render- 
ing blanched  or  white;  specifically,  any  pro- 
cess applied  to  silver  or  other  metals  to  impart 
whiteness  and  luster. 

blanching-liquor  (blan'cMng-lik"or),  «.  The 
solution  of  chlorid  of  lime  used  for  bleaching. 
Also  called  blcachinjj-liquid. 

blanckt,  "•  and  ».    An  obsolete  spelling  of  blank. 

blanc-mange,  blanc-manger  (bla-monzh', 
-mou-zha' ),  n.  [The  present  spelling  and  pron. 
imitate  the  mod.  F.  Also  WTitteu  blamantje,  blo- 
mange,  blumange,  bliicmange,  according  to  the 
cmTent  pronunciation ;  early  mod.  E.  also  blaice- 
manger,  blowmanger,  etc.,<  ME.  blamanger,  blatc- 
manger,  blammanger,  blanmangcr,  bhinkmanger, 
blancmangcr,  etc.,  a  preparation  of  different 
kinds;  <  OF.  (and  F.)  blanc-mangcr  (=  Sp. 
manjar  bianco),  lit.  white  food,  <  blanc,  white, 
-I-  manger,  eating,  prop,  inf.,  eat:  see  blank 
and  manger.']  In  cookery,  a  name  of  different 
preparations  of  the  consisteiu^y  of  jelly,  vari- 
ously composed  of  dissolved  isinglass,  arrow- 
root, corn-starch,  etc.,  with  milk  and  flavoring 
substances.  It  is  frequently  made  from  a  marine  alga, 
Chondrns  crisp^t^,  called  Irish  moss,  which  is  common  on 
the  coasts  of  Europe  and  North  America.  The  blatw- 
vianfier  mentioned  by  Chaucer  in  the  General  Prologue  to 
the  (Canterbury  Tales,  1.  ;iS7,  was  apparently  a  compomid 
made  of  capon  minced  with  flour,  sugar,  and  cream. 

bianco  (blang'ko),  n.  [Sp.,  <  bianco,  a.,  white; 
see  blank.']  A  grade  of  cochineal-bugs,  often 
(railed  silver-whites,  from  their  peculiar  lus- 
trous appearance,  in  distinction  from  the  black 
bugs  or  zaoatillas.  Tliey  are  picked  into  bags  and 
immediately  dried  in  a  stove,  while  the  others  are  first 
thrown  into  hot  water. 

blandU,  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc),  <  ME.  blan- 
il<  II,  hliindcn,  <  AS.  hlandan  (pret.  blednd,  pp. 
bi(indcn)=OS.  blandan  =OIIG.  blantan  =Icel. 
blanda  —  iivf.Manda  =  Dan.  /)/««(/(•  =  tioth.  blan- 
dan  (reiiupl.  verb,  pret.  baibland,  pp.  blandaiig), 
mix;  rare  in  AS.,  and  in  later  use  superseded 
by  ft/ou/l,  q.  v.]     To  mix;    blend. 

blandl  (bland),  n.  [(I)  MK.,  <  AS.  bland  (= 
Iccl.  lilaiid).  raixtiire  (Icel.  i  bland,  in  union,  to- 
gether), <  hlandan,  mix;  (2)  <  Icel.  blanda,  a 
niixt  lire  of  liquids,  esp.  of  hot  whey  with  water, 

<  blanda  =  AS.  blandan,  mix,  blend  :  see  bland^, 
)'.]  It.  Mixture;  union. —  2.  An  agreeable 
smmncr  beverage  prepared  from  the  whey  of 
churned  milk,  common  among  the  inhabitants 
of   the    Shetland    islands.- In  blandt,  together; 

lileli.leil, 

bland"  (bland),  a.  [<  L.  blandns,  caressing, 
soft,  agi'eeable,  flattering,  perhaps  orig.  "mlati- 
dus,  akin  to  mollis,  mild,  Skt.  niridii,  Gr.  /icih- 
.V"f,  E.  mild,  etc.:  see  niilil,  moll.]  1.  Mild; 
soft;  gentle;  balmy. 
Kxhlhirating  vapour  bland.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  1047. 

The  weather  .  .  .  beingfor  thoniost  jiart  of  a  Witik/ and 
equal  temperature.  I'reseolt,  IVrd.  and  Isa.,  I.  14. 

2.  Affable;  suave;  sootliing;  kindly :  aa,"bland 
words,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  8.').'). 

His  inaiiuers  were  gentle,  coniplyiiig,  and  bland. 

Ooldsmilh,  lletaliation,  I.  140. 

Itland  the  smile  that  like  a  wrinkling  wind 
On  glassy  water  dnive  his  cheek  in  lines. 

Tennyson,  rrlnccu,  I. 

3.  Mild;  free  from  irrilaliiig  qualities:  said 
of  eortiiin  niedicini's:  11s,  hliiiid  oils. — 4.  Not 
stiniulating:    said   of  food._8yn.  .Wi'W,  cU\    Sob 

iientle. 

bland^f,  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc.),  <  ME. 
hlaiidin,  blondcn,  blaiindiii  =  Ml").  blaniUn,  (. 
OK.  hlandir  (>  u\m>  F.  blandish,  11.  v.),  <  I-.  hlan- 
diri,  Halter,  caress;  seo  blandisli.]  To  Hatter; 
b]]iI1iliNll. 

blandationt  (blan-dil'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
'lilanilatio(n-),  ei|uiv.  to'  blanilitia,  <  blandiri, 
pp.  blanititn.i,  flnttor:  see  blandish.]  A  piece 
of  lljillory;  blaiiiliHliini'iil.      Camden. 

blandilotiuence  (iilnn-iliro-kweiis),  n.  I<  L. 
blanUiluijucnttu,  <    Olandiluqucn(t-)s,    spoakiujr 


blandiloquence 

flatteringly,  <  hUiiiiiiis,  flattering,  +  lnqnen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  liiiiiii,  speak.]  Fair,  mild,  or  flattcr- 
iiii:  speech ;  courteous  language;  compliment, 
[h^ire.] 
blandimentt  (blan'di-ment),  n.  [=  Sp.  hlan- 
dimieiiti)  =  It.  blandimento,  <  L.  hlandiiiieiitinii,<. 
blantliri,  flatter:  see  blandish.']  Blandishment; 
alhu'emout ;  enticement. 
Allure  no  man  with  suasions  and  hlandiinents. 

Bp.  Bitrmt,  Injunctions  to  the  Monasteries, 
[temp.  Hen.  VIII.,  I.,  App. 

blandiset,  c  A  Middle  English  form  of  blandish. 
blandish  (blan'dish),  v.  [<  ME.  blaundishen, 
bldiidiscii,  <  OF.  blandiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts 
of  bliiiidir  =  Pr.  Sp.  blandir  =  It.  blandire,  <  L. 
bliiiidiri,  flatter,  caress,  <  bhtiidus,  caressing, 
gentle,  bland :  see  blamf^,  a.]  I.  trims.  1.  To 
flatter;  caress;  coax  or  cajole  with  complai- 
sant speech  or  caressing  act. — 2.  To  render 
pleasing,  allui-ing,  or  enticing. 

In  former  days  a  country-life, 

For  so  time-hononre<I  poets  sing. 
Free  from  anxiety  and  strife, 
Was  blaiiUish'd  by  perpetual  spring. 

J.  G.  Coiiper,  Retreat  of  Aristippus,  Ep.  i. 

3.  To  offer  or  bestow  blandly  or  caressingly : 
as,  to  bUtndish  words  or  favors.  [Kare  and 
archaic  in  all  uses.] 

Il.t  ititrans.  To  assume  a  caressing  or  blan- 
dishing manner. 

How  she  blandishing 

By  Dunsmore  drives  along. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  31S. 

'blandished  (blan'disht),  p.  a.  Invested  with 
flattery,  cajolery,  or  blandishment. 

Mustering  all  her  wiles, 
With  btandish'd  parlies,  feminine  assaults. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  403. 

hlandisher  (blan'dish-er),  n.     One  who  blan- 
dishes ;  a  flatterer. 
blandishing  (blan'dish-ing),  n.     [<  ME.  blaii- 
disingc  ;  verbal  u.  of  blandish.']    Blandishment. 
Double-hearted  friends,  whose  blandit!hin</s 
Tickle  our  ears,  but  sting  our  bosoms. 

J.  Beatimont,  Psyche,  vi.  3. 

blandishing  (blan'dish-ing),  a.  [<  ME.  blaim- 
dyshiiKj ;  -ppv.  of  blandish.]     Mild;  soothing. 

The  see  hath  eke  his  ryght  to  be  somtime  calm  and 
bill  and tishinj  with  smothe  water. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  ii.,  prose  2. 

blandishment  (blan'dish-meut),  n.  [<  OF.  blan- 
dissciiiciif,  <  blandir:  see  blandish  and  -ment.] 

1.  Speech  or  action  expressive  of  affection  or 
kindness,  and  tending  to  win  the  heart ;  an  art- 
ful caress ;  flattering  attention  ;  cajolery ;  en- 
dearment. 

As  thus  he  spake,  each  bird  and  beast  behold 
Approaching  two  and  two  ;  these  cowering  low 
With  blandishment ;  each  bird  stoop'd  on  his  wing. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  351. 
Blandishments  will  not  fascinate  us. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Bunker  Hill. 

2.  Something  bland  or  pleasing;  that  which 
pleases  or  allures. 

The  rose  yields  her  sweete  blandishment. 

Habington,  Castara,  ii. 
The  blandishments  of  early  friendships. 

Lom}/ellou\  Hyperion,  iv.  5. 

blandly  (bland'li),  adr.    In  a  bland  manner; 

with  suavity;  mildly;  gently. 
blandness  (bland'nes),  n.     [<  bland  +  -ness.] 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  bland;  mildness; 

gentleness ;  soothingness. 

Envy  was  disarmed  by  the  blandness  of   Albemarle's 

temper.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

blandurilla(blan-du-rira),?7.  [Sp.,dim.of  blan- 
diira,  softness,  a  wlute  paint  used  by  women, 
<  blandn,  soft,  bland,  <  L.  hlandus :  see  bland^, 
a.]     A  fine  soft  pomatum  made  in  Sjiain. 

blank  (blangk),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  alsp 
blanc,  blanck;  <  ME.  blanl;,  fem.  blanche  (see 
blanchX,  a.),  <  OF.  blanc,  fem.  blanche,  white 
(=  Pr.  blanc  =  Sp.  bianco  =  Pg.  branco  =  It. 
bianco:  ML.  blancus),  <  OHG.  blanch,  MHG. 
blanc,  G.  blank,  shiniug,  bright  (=  MLG.  blank 
=  D.  blank  =  Sw.  Dan.  blank,  shining,  =  AS. 
"blanc,  only  in  poet,  deriv.  blanca,  a  white  or 
gray  horse,  ME.  blanke,  blonke,  Sc.  blank:  ef. 
Icei.  blakkr,  poet.,  a  horse,  steed)  ;  usually  re- 
ferred to  a  Teut.  verb  "blinkan  (pret.  "blank), 
sliine,  which,  however,  is  not  found  in  the 
older  tongues :  see  blink.  In  the  sense  of  a 
coin  (II.,  7,  8),  OF.  blanc,  MLG.  blank,  MD. 
blancke  (ML.  blanca),  orig.  with  ref.  to  the  color 
of  silver.]  I.  a.  1.  White  or  pale:  as,  "the 
blanc  moon,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  656. 

Blank  as  death  in  marlile.  Tenniison,  Princess,  i. 

2.  Pale  from  fear  or  terror;  hence,  dispirited; 
dejected;  confounded;  confused. 
37 


577 

Adam,  soon  as  he  heard 
The  fatal  trespass  done  by  Eve,  amazed, 
Astonied  stood  and  blank.     Milton,  I',  I.,,  ix.  890. 
Th'  old  woman  wox  half  blanck  tho.se  wr)rdes  to  heare. 
Spenser,  F.  i.1..  III.  iii.  17. 

3.  Empty  or  unoccupied  ;  void;  bare. 

.So  lilacken'd  all  her  world  in  secret,  blank 
And  waste  it  secm'd  and  vain. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 
Now  slowly  falls  the  dull  blank  night. 

Bryant,  Rain-Dream. 
Specifically  —  (a)  Free  from  written  or  printed  characters ; 
not  written  upon  :  as,  a  blank  book  ;  blank  paper  ;  blank 
spaces,  {h)  Not  filled  up  :  applietl  to  legal,  banking,  com- 
mercial, or  other  fonns :  as,  a  blank  cheek  or  order ;  a 
blank  haWoi ;  a  Wa?).fc  bond,  (c)  Of  imiform  surface;  un- 
relieved or  unbroken  by  ornament  or  opening  :  as,  a  blank 
wall.  ((/)  Empty  of  results,  of  interest,  etc. ;  as,  a  blank 
outlook  for  the  future. 

4.  Without  contents;  especially,  wanting  some 
part  necessary  to  completeness:  as,  blank  car- 
tridges, that  is,  cartridges  containing  powder 
but  no  ball. —  5.  Vacant  in  expression;  exhil)- 
iting  perplexity,  real  or  feigned;  nonplussed; 
disconcerted. 

Never  be  blank,  Alonzo, 
Because  this  fellow  has  outstript  tliy  fortune. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  ii.  2. 
The  Damsell  of  Burgundie,  at  sight  of  her  own  letter, 
was  soon  blank,  and  more  ingenuous  then  to  stand  out- 
facing. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxi. 

6.  Complete;  utter;  unmitigated:  as,  "blank 
stupidity,"  Percival. 

All  but  the  suffering  heart  was  dead 
For  him  abandoned  to  blank  awe. 
To  vacancy,  and  horror  strong. 

Wordswoi-th,  White  Doe  of  Rylstone,  vi. 

7.  Unrimed:  applied  to  verse,  particularly  to 
the  heroic  verse  of  five  feet  without  rime,  such 
as  that  commonly  adopted  in  English  dramatic 
and  epic  poetry — Blank  bar,  bond,  cartridge, 
charter,  door,  flange,  indorsement,  wheel,  etc.  See 
the  nouns. 

II.  n.  1.  Any  void  space  or  vacant  surface; 
a  space  from  which  something  is  absent  or 
omitted;  a  void;  a  vacancy:  as,  a  blank  in 
one's  memory ;  to  leave  blanks  in  writing. 

I  cannot  write  a  paper  full  as  I  used  to  do,  and  yet  I 
will  not  forgive  a  blattk  of  half  an  inch  from  you.     Swift. 
From  the  cheerful  ways  of  men 
Cut  off,  and  for  the  book  of  knowledge  fair 
Presented  with  a  universal  blank 
Of  nature's  works,  to  me  expvmged  and  rased. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  48. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  prepared  for  some  spe- 
cial use,  but  without  -writing  or  printed  matter 
on  it. 

The  freemen  signified  their  approbation  by  an  inscribed 
vote,  and  their  dissent  by  a  blank.  Palfrey. 

3.  A  form  or  docimient  containing  blank  spaces ; 
a  document  remaining  incomplete  till  some- 
thing essential  is  filled  in. 

And  daily  new  exactions  are  devis'd  — 

As  blanks,  benevolences,  and  I  w-ot  not  what. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 

4.  In  parliamentary  usage,  provisional  words 
printed  in  italics  in  a  bill,  the  final  form  of 
which  is  to  be  settled  in  committee. —  5.  A 
ticket  in  a  lottery  on  which  no  prize  is  indi- 
cated ;  a  lot  by  which  nothing  is  gained. 

In  a  lottery  where  there  are  (at  the  lowest  computation) 
ten  thousand  blanks  to  a  prize,  it  is  the  most  prudent 
choice  not  to  venture. 

Lady  M.  W.  Montagu,  Letters,  Jan.  28, 1753. 

6.  In  arclierii,  the  white  mark  in  the  center  of 
a  butt  or  target  at  which  an  arrow  is  aimed; 
henee  (archaically),  the  object  toward  which 
anything  is  directed ;  aim ;  target. 

As  level  as  the  cannon  to  his  blank. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  1. 
Let  me  still  remain 
The  true  blank  of  thine  eye. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 
Quite  beyond  my  arm,  out  of  the  bla7ik 
Aud  level  of  my  brain.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3. 

7.  Same  as  blanc,  1.— 8.  A  small  copper  coin 

formerly  em'rent  in  France. 

Refuse  not  a  marvedi,  a  blank. 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  1. 

9.  A  piece  of  metal  prepared  to  be  formed  into 
some  finished  object  by  a  further  operation: 
as,  a  blank  for  a  file  or  a  screw;  specifically,  in 
coining,  a  plate  or  piece  of  gold  or  silver,  cut 
aud  shaped,  but  not  stamped. — 10.  A  blank 

verse. 

Five  lines  of  that  number. 
Such  pretty,  begging  blanks. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  ii.  2. 

lit.  A  weight,  equal  to  ijsA-jrcr  of  a  grain. 
blank  (blangk),  V.  t.    [<  blank,  a.]    If.  To  make 
blank;  make  white  or  pale  ;  blanch. 

Blount  arose  and  left  the  hall,  while  Raleigh  looked 
after  him  with  an  expression  that  blanked  for  a  moment 
his  bold  and  animated  countenance. 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  xvii. 


blanketing 

2t.  To  confuse ;  put  out  of  countenance ;  dis- 
concert; nonplus. 

Desi)oil  hirn,  .  .  . 

And  with  confusion  blank  his  worshippers. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  471 

3t.  To  frustrate ;  make  void ;  bring  to  naught. 

All  former  purposes  were  blaiicked. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

4.  A  common  euphemistic  substitute  for  damn, 
refeiTing  to  the  blank  or  dash  which  is  common- 
ly substituted  in  printing  for  that  word  when  it 
is  used  as  a  profane  expression.  [Slang.] 
blank-book  (blangk'buk),  n.  A  book  of  ruled 
or  unruhd  writing-paper  for  accounts,  memo- 
randa,  etc. 
blanket  (blang'ket),  n.  [<  ME.  blanket,  blan- 
ket, <  OF.  blanket  (F.  blanchet,  ML.  blanketus, 
blanchctus),  also  fem.  blankcte,  blanquctte,  dim. 
of  blanc,  white:  see  blank,  a.]  If.  A  coarse 
woolen  fabric,  white  or  uudyed,  used  for  cloth- 
ing.—  2.  A  large  oblong  piece  of  soft,  loosely 
woven  woolen  cloth,  used  for  the  sake  of  its 
warmth  as  a  bed-covering,  or  (usually  made 
of  coarser  material  and  closer  texture)  as  a 
covering  for  a  horse  when  standing  or  exposed 
to  cold,  and  sometimes  worn  as  a  garment,  es- 
pecially among  rude  or  unei'vilized  people. — 
3.  In  printinij,  a  sheet  of  woolen  cloth,  white 
baize,  or  rul/ber,  laid  between  the  outer  and 
inner  tympans  of  a  hand-press,  or  on  a  ma- 
chine-cylinder, to  moderate  and  equalize  the 
pressui'e  on  the  tj-pe. — 4.  In  cloth-j/rintinr/,  the 
cover  of  the  printing-table. —  5.  Same  as  blan- 
(juctlr,  4. — 6.  In  papcr-niakinfi,  an  endless  felt 
upon  which  the  pulp  is  lai<l.  — A  wet  blanket,  one 
who  or  tiiat  which  damp.s.  deijresses,  or  disappoints  any 
hope,  expectation,  or  enjoyment. 

"But,"  said  the  chairman,  and  that  "but"  was  the 
us\nd  wet  blanket.  Dickens. 

Bom  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  blanket,  of  illegiti- 
mate birth. 
blanket  (blang'ket),  v.  t.     [<  blanket,  n.]     1. 
To  cover  with  a  blanket  or  as  vrith  a  blanket: 
as,  to  blanket  a  horse. 

I'll  .  .  .  blanket  my  loins.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  3. 

Blanketted  like  a  dog. 
And  like  a  cul^purse  whipt. 

Massinger,  Parliament  of  Love,  iv.  5. 

The  importance  of  the  blanketing  action  of  our  atmo- 
spheric constituents  has  been  in  no  way  over-stated. 

Science,  V.  4.V). 

2.  To  toss  in  a  blanket  by  way  of  punishment 
or  practical  joke. 

We'll  have  our  men  blanket  'era  i"  the  halL 

B.  Jonson,  Epicoene,  v.  4. 

3.  To  take  the  -wind  out  of  the  sails  of,  as  the 
sails  of  one  vessel  when  it  is  passing  close  to 
■windward  of  another. 

B's  helmsman  will  be  apt  to  sail  his  boat  as  close  to  the 
wind  as  possible,  and  try  to  "  claw  to  windward,"  and 
prevent  A  from  blanketing  him. 

Qnaltrough,  Boat  Sailer's  Manual,  p.  135. 

blanket-bar  (blang'ket-bar),  n.  An  iron  bar 
used  to  keep  the  blanket  of  a  printing-press  in 

place. 
blanket-clause  (blang'ket-klaz),  n.    A  general 
or  indefinite  clause  framed  so  as  to  provide  for 
a  nximber  of  contingencies. 

Suitable  annual  appropriations  .  .  .  require  no  blan- 
ket-clause to  justify  or  cover  them. 

Report  of  Sec.  I'.  S.  Treamnj,  1886,  I.  xli. 

blanket-deposit  (blang'ket-de-poz'it),  n.  The 
name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  Cordilleran 
mining  region,  especially  in  Colorado  and  Utah, 
to  deposits  of  ore  occurring  in  a  form  having 
some  of  the  characters  of  those  elsewhere  des- 
ignated as  flat  sheets,  bedded  veins,  beds,  or  flat 
masses.  They  are  frequently  intercalated  between  rocks 
of  different  lithological  character  and  origin,  in  which 
case  they  partake  of  the  nature  of  contact-deposits.  The 
(iccurreiices  of  ore  at  Leadville  are  of  this  nature. 

blanketeer  (blang-ket-er'),  n.  [<  blanket  + 
-cer.]  It.  One  who  tosses  in  a  blanket. —  2. 
One  of  the  radical  reformers  of  Lancashire 
who,  on  March  10th,  1817,  at  a  meeting  in  St. 
Peter's  Fields,  Manchester,  decided  to  march 
to  London  with  a  petition  for  parliamentary  re- 
form, each  man  having  a  rug  or  blanket  strapped 
on  his  shoulder,  so  that  he  might  bivouac  on  the 
ro.-id  if  necessarv. 

blanketeer  (blang-ket-er'),  V.  i.  [<  blanketeer, 
n.]     To  act  as  a  blanketeer. 

This  ei)istle  awaited  her  at  Beamish's  inn  on  returning 
from  her  blanketeering  adventure. 

The  Husband  Hunter  (1830),  iii.  230.    (A',  and  Q., 
[7th  ser.,  11.3.) 

blanketing  (blang'ket-ing),  n.  1.  Coarse 
woolen  cloth  of  which  blankets  are  made. — 
2.  A  supply  or  quantity  of  blankets. —  3.  The 


blanketing 

process  of  obtaining  gold  by  collecting  it  as 
it  comes  from  the  stamps  on  a  blanket  or  in  a 
blanket-sluice. —  4.  pi.  The  gold  so  obtained. — 
5.  The  operation  of  tossing  in  a  blanket  as  a 
punishment  or  a  joke. 

That  affair  of  the  blanketing  happened  to  thee  lor  the 
fault  thou  wast  guilty  of. 

Smollett,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  iii.  5. 

blanket-leaf  (blang'ket-lef),  n.  The  common 
niiillou.  Verbasciim  Tliajisits. 

blanket-mortgage  (blang'ket-mor'gaj), «.  A 
mortgage  intended  to  cover  an  aggregation  of 
property,  or  secure  or  provide  for  indebtedness 
previously  existing  in  various  forms. 

blanket -sheet  (blang'ket-shet),  n.  A  large 
newspaper  in  foUo  form.     Amer.  Bookmaker. 

blanket-sluice  (blang'ket-slos),  n.  In  mining 
and  metal.,  a,  long  trough  or  sltiiee  in  ■which 
blankets  are  laid  for  the  purpose  of  collecting 
the  particles  of  gold  or  amalgam  which  pass 
over  them  as  the  material  flows  from  under  the 
stamps. 

blankillo  (blang-kjl'd).  w.  Same  as  blanquillo,  1. 

blanking-press  (blang'king-pres),  H.  A  stamp- 
ing-press used  to  cut  out  blanks. 

blankly  (blangk'li),  flf/r.  1.  In  a  blank  or  va- 
cant manner;  vacuously;  aimlessly. — 2.  Di- 
rectly ;  point-blank ;  flatly  ;  utterly. 

We  in  short  blankly  deny  the  possibility  of  loss. 

Forlnightli/  Rei\,  N.  S.,  XL.  540. 

blankness  (blangk'nes),  «.  [<  blanii  +  -ness.'\ 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  blank. 

There  was  nothing  external  by  which  he  [Casaubon] 
could  account  for  a  certain  l}lanknegg  of  sensibility  which 
came  over  him  just  when  liis  expected  jrladncss  should 
have  been  most  lively.      Geortje  Etiul,  lliddleniarcli,  I.  04. 

Blanquefort  (blonk'fort),  n.  [F.  BUmqucfort, 
a  town  in  (iironde,  France.]  A  red  wine  grown 
in  the  department  of  Gironde  in  France. 

blanquette  (bloii-kef),  ?i.  [F.,  dim.  of  blanc, 
white.  Cf.  hlanl.cl.']  1.  In  coohcrij,  a  white 
fricassee  ;  also,  a  minced  dish,  as  of  cold  veal. 
—  2.  A  kind  of  crude  soda,  obtained  at  Aigues- 
llortes,  in  France,  by  the  incineration  of  Sal- 
sola  Tratjiis  and  .S'.  Kali. — 3.  A  kind  of  white 
sparkling  mne  made  in  southern  France,  often 
called  htanquctte  lie  Limimi. — 4.  A  large  va- 
riety fif  pr-ar.     Also  written  blanket. 

blanquil  (l)liing-ker),  »•     Same  as  blanquillo. 

blanquillo  (bliiug-ke'lyo),  n.  [Sp.,  a  small 
coin,  <  blanquillo,  whitish,  dim.  of  bianco,  white: 
see  blank;  n.]  1.  A  small  copper  coin  equiva- 
lent to  about  6  centimes,  or  a  little  over  1  cent, 
current  in  Morocco  and  on  the  Barbary  coast. 
Also  blankillo. —  2.  A  name  of  a  fish  of  the 


578 

MH6.  bleren,  bJerren,  cry  aloud,  bleat,  G.  hlnr- 
ren,  bliirren,  }>larren,  roar,  bellow,  bleat,  blare; 
prob.  an  imitative  word.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To 
roar;  bellow;  cry;  low.  [Now  chiefly  prov. 
Eng.]  —  2.  To  give  forth  a  loud  soimd  like  a 
trumpet;  give  out  a  brazen  soima;  bellow. 
AVarble,  0  bugle,  and  trumpet  blare. 

Tennitson,  Welcome  to  Alexandra. 
H.  trans.  To  sound  loudly;  proclaim  noisily. 
.\nii  sucli  a  tongue 
To  blare  its  own  interpretation. 

Tenniison,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
blare^  (blar),  «.     [<  blared,  c]    1.  A  roaring; 
loud  or  bellowing  noise. 

Whitman  .  .  .  sang  the  blare  and  brawn  that  he  found 
in  the  streets.  .Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  3.^5. 

2.  Sound  Uke  that  of  a  trumpet. 

And  his  ears  are  stunned  with  the  thunder's  blarf. 

J.  B.  Drake,  Culprit  Fay. 
With  blare  of  bugle,  clamor  of  men, 
UoU  of  cannon  and  clash  of  arms. 

Tennymn,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

3.  The  bleat  of  a  sheep,  the  bellowing  of  a 
calf,  or  the  weeping  of  a  child.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

blare-  (blar),  «.  [Origin  imknown.]  Xaiit^,  a 
paste  of  hair  and  tar  used  for  calking  the  seams 
of  boats. 

blare^  (blar),  n.  [Swiss.]  A  petty  copper 
coin,  of  about  the  value  of  2  cents,  struck  at 
Bern,  Switzerland. 

Blarina  (bla-ri'nii),  11.  [NL.:  a  nonsense- 
name.]  A  genus  of  American  shrews,  with  32 
or  30  colored  teeth,  concealed  ears,  and  short 
tail.    It  is  the  short -tailed  mole-shrew  of  North  America, 


Blanquillo  {Caulctalitut  micrcfit). 

genus  Caulolaliliis  and  family  I.atilidce,  such 
as  C.  cliri/sop8,  C.  niicrops,  or  ('.  princeps.  c.  mi- 
crop*  Is  oi  moderately  elongate  form,  and  has  7  dorsal 
Bpinea  and  'i.^  ruyt^,  is  of  n  reddish  color  marked  with  yellow, 
and  ha.H  a  yellow  l)and  below  the  eyes  and  a  dark  axillary 
blotch.  It  iidiabits  the  Caribbean  sea  anil  the  southern 
coEuttH  of  Florida,  and  Is  esteemed  fr,r  the  table.  C.  ;*rrn. 
f**/M  is  n  closely  related  species,  olivacei>us  with  bluish  re- 
flections, ociMirring  along  the  Hontbern  Callfomian  coast, 
where  It  ts  known  as  blan'littlhf  and  irhitrfttth. 

Blaps  (blaps),  H.  [>IL.]  A  goiius  of  beetles, 
gcnorally  referred  to  the  family  Tiiiibrioniila; 
but  by  some  taken  as  tlie  typo  of  a  family 
Blftpgifttr,  illnpn  utitrl iitatia  Is  a  common  European  spc- 
cb'H,  called  churchyard  beetle  In 
f  Jr*  III,    r.rltain  ;    //.    mnrrnnitla  is 

f I  hi   kitchens  and  i?ella|-H;   /;. 

.../   .1,.  I,  ,ir.-.„.,|  Willi  butUTHiid 
'■     I -tlan  Women  t/>  make 

Bi  I  e     lilup'Hi-do),  n.  pi. 

[.'.i...  '  lUaiiH  +  -i(/rt',]  A 
family  of  iitnichelinlc  hele- 
riihi  loii^i  bcetleH,  K''n''nilly 
lu'  r.''  'i       in       'Jriirhrioiiitlir, 


Molc.shrcw  {Blarina  br^vicauita). 

of  which  there  are  several  species,  of  two  subgenera,  lila- 
rina  proper,  with  32  teeth,  and  Soricincun,  with  30  teeth. 
The  best-known  is  B.  brevicaada,  the  common  mole- 
shrew  of  the  United  States,  one  of  the  largest  of  tlie  fam- 
ily  Siiricidoe. 
blarney  (bliir'ni),  ».  [Popularly  referred  to 
Castle  Blame;/,  near  Cork  in  Ireland,  in  tlie 
wall  of  which  is  a  stone  (the  "Blarney  stone") 
said  to  endow  those  who  kiss  it  wilh  unusual 
fiicility  and  unserupulousuessin  the  use  of  flat- 
tery and  compliment.]  Exceedingly  coni]ili- 
mentary  language ;  flattery;  smooth,  wheedling 
talk;  pleasiug  cajolery. 

The  blarney  's  so  great  a  deceiver.  ,S.  Lover. 

Madame  dc  .Stael  was  repi"ctting  to  Lord  Castlcreagh 
that  there  was  no  word  in  the  English  language  whieli 
answered  to  their  "Sentiment."  "  No,"  lie  said,  "there 
is  no  English  word,  but  the  Irish  have  one  that  corre- 
sponds exactly, —  blarney  !"    Caroline  /'oj,  Journal,  p.  Vl\. 

blarney  (bliir'ni),  r.  t.  [<  blarney,  n.]  To  talk 
over  or  beguile  by  wheedling  speeches;  flatter; 
humbug  with  agreeable  talk. 

The  (Jeneral  has  yet  to  learn  tliat  my  father's  country- 
men (I  have  ever  felt  proud  of  my  descent  from  an  Irish 
man),  though  they  sometimes  do  blarney  others,  are  yet 
Iiard  to  be  blarneyed  themselves. 

./.  liuehanan.  In  Curtis,  11.  IB. 

blast,  It.  [Invented  by  Van  Ilelmoni  (l.')77- 
1044).  Cf.  ;/'(.s'.l  A  siilitle  kind  oC  iimlter  sup- 
posed by  Van  lleliiionl,  a  Dutch  inyslii'  )iliilos- 
opher,   to  bo  radinled   from   the  stars  and  lo 


pri 

bla 


odiice  effects  opposite  to  those  of  heat. 


■"-'.■■  I       ill       II  III  111 t 

eci'iH^ini;  iioeturiial  black-       ':i,„„i,,,„.|      ikoic 

1"  ■       -  of  modernte  Hize,  tho   Li^{"«,„,."?°j;i!"""' 

wn        of  •.vliich    are    Rener- 

nli  ■  .ml    llie   i-lvtrii    fo  •    '  il,er. 

1  I  <  olrfl  i-«   niiif  when  ^  .    ti 


11  l.lrflci.niiil  whin  •                            .   Ill 

•■  ''  .      I  "I  (I  |ii-'  tilinr  and  |.<                          t, 

blare'  ,  ■  .;  pret.  fc/«r«/,  jipr. /i/i/imr/.     I  He. 
iiIho  /.'        .  ,  1 1 V  inod.  K.  hhar(»v.  Iilrir) ;  <  late 

MK.  '  r  hlorrii  (nee  htnri^),  and  prob. 

'blari  |,.  -    MD.  Mann,  lilnerrn,  low, 

bleui  idarnn,  LO.  blarren,  blannzz 


bias6  (bla-za'),  a.  [F.,  jiji.  of  bhiHir,  cloy,  wit  into, 
blunt,  of  uncertain  origin.]  ExhaiiHted  liy  en- 
joyment, especially  by  sensuous  ])lensiireK; 
liiiviiig  I  lie  liealtliv  energies  exhausted;  weary 
iind  ilisgiisled  with  lifi'. 

blash  (liliisli),  ('.  /.  [An  iniilativo  word,  aHHiini- 
liileil  to  jiliisli,  Kiiln.-ili,  ilo.'ih,  JlasU,  etc.]  1.  'I'o 
dash  or  splash  willi  a  i|iiaiiti1y  of  lii|iiiil;  dremli. 
—  2.  To  pour  ill  siiiMeiily  and  in  great  ipiiiiilily. 
fSeoteli  and  Norlli.  Eiig.] 

blash  (blash).  n.  [<  lila.sh,  r.]  1,  A  dash  or 
plush,  us  of  rain  falling  in  slieets. 

A  snaw  Htonn  (^anie  down  frne  the  mountiilns,  .  .  .  noo 
n  whirl,  and  noo  a  WrtiA.  J.  Wilntm,  Nncti'S  Ambms, 

2.  A  ipiantity  of  thin,  wulery  hIii(T,  eHpeeially 
an  exceNHiveinumlity :  iin,u,b)aHh  of  tea. —  3.  A 
broad  blaze  or  lliiri'. 

[I'rov.  Kiig.  Hiid  Scotch.] 
BlaBh-bOffgart,  a  geblln  who  appear*  mid  dUnppenm  In 

:,  llii.ll,      Si-r  bailrMnIK     |Sciilcb.| 

blashy  (blnBh'i),  rt.  (< /»/««*  -H  -w'.]  1.  Char- 
ailenzed  by  suddeu  drenching  HliowerH;  delug- 


blasphemy 

ing ;  wet :  as,  blash;/  weather ;  bla.^h;/  ■n-alking. 
—  2.  Thin;  weak;  watery;  of  poor  quality  :  ap- 
plied to  food  or  ili'ink. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

blaspliematoryt  (blas-fe'ma-to-ri),  a.  [<  blas- 
pUenic  +  -atiiri/.  Cf.  LL.  lilasphemator,  a  blas- 
phemer.]    Blasphemous. 

blasphemet  (blas'fem),  a.  and  ».l  [ME.,  also 
hlii.yiiin.  <  OF.  bldsfeme  (mod.  F.  blas/ihenie), 

<  JIL.  blasfeinus.  LL.  blasphemii-s,  <  Gr.  fi.d- 
a<f)^uo(,  evil-speaking,  <  \f/-aa-,  prob.  fqr  /i^a^ 
(cf.  3?.d-ijiic.  damage,  injuiy,  harm)  (<  ,i?.d:TTeiv, 
damage,  harm,  injure),  -I-  (pt/fit/,  speech  (=  L. 
fama,  fame),  <  (idiw  =  L.  fori,  speak.]  I.  a. 
Blasphemous. 

II.  II.  A  blasphemer.  TTijclif. 
blasphemet  (blas'fem),  n."'  [ME.  blaspheme, 
bliisfeme,  bhifcme,  <  OF.  bla/enir,  hla.tpheme, 
moci.  F.  blaspheme  =  Pr.  blasjihi-me,  <  LL.  blas- 
phemia  (JIL.  also  blasfemia),  <  Gr.  lUaaipT//iia, 
evil-speaking,  <  Shiaipi/iioc,  e\'il-speaking :  see 
blnsjiheme,  a.  From  the  same  source,  through 
the  vernacular  OF.  blasme,  comes  E.  blame,  n., 
q.  v.]     Blasphemy. 

In  bla^feme  of  this  goddis. 

Chancer,  Envoy  to  .Scogan,  1.  15. 

blaspheme  (blas-fem'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  blas- 
pUrnioi.  ppr.  blaspheming.     [<  ME.  blasfemen, 

<  OF.  blasfenicr,  mod.  F.  blasjilit'nier  =  Pr.  Sp. 
blaxfeniar  =  Pg.  blasjtJicniar  =  Olt.  blasfemare 
(mod.  It.  blastemiare,  bestemmiare),  <  LL.  bla.'i- 
phemare,  <  Gr.  ji'kaai(i7ijidv,  speak  evil  of,  <  ,W(i- 
a(pi//iog,  e\il-speaking :  see  blaspheme,  a.  From 
the  same  verb,  through  the  vernacular  OF.  bhis- 
vier,  conies  E.  blame,  v.,  q.  v.]  I.  trims.  1.  To 
speak  impiously  or  irreverently  of  (God  or  sa- 
cred things).     See  blasjihcm;/. 

Thou  didst  hla.'ij'bcme  God  and  the  king.      1  Ki.  x.\i.  10. 

O  Goil,  lunv  long  shall  the  adversary  reproach  ?  shall* the 
enemy  blattplieme  thy  name  for  ever"?  Ps.  lx.xiv.  10. 

So  should  tliy  goodness  and  thy  greatness  both 
Be  ipiestioii'd  and  btanp/ieined  without  defence. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  Itk;. 

2.  To  speak  e\'il  of ;  utter  abuse  or  calumny 
against ;  speak  reproachfully  of. 

Voii  do  blaspheme  the  good,  in  mocking  me. 

Shak.,  M.'for  M.,  i.  6. 

U,  intrans.  1.  To  utter  blasphemy ;  use  pro- 
fane or  impious  words;  talk  profanely  or  dis- 
respectfully of  God  or  of  sacred  things:  follow- 
ed by  against. 

He  that  shall  blaap/ienie  against  the  Holy  Ghost  hath 
never  forgiveness.  Mark  iii.  29. 

2t.  To  rail;  utter  abusive  words.  Greene. 
[Kare.] 
blasphemer  (bl&s-fe'mfr),  «.  [<  ME.  blasfe- 
merr,  <  blasfemen,  blaspheme.]  One  who  blas- 
phemes ;  one  who  sjieaks  of  (lod  or  of  religion 
in  impious  and  irreverent  terms. 

Must  .  .  .  each  WiTw^i/ifiiicr  quite  escape  the  rod, 
Itccuuse  tho  insult's  not  on  man  but  (3od'^ 

Po/ie,  Epil.  to  Satires,  il.  195. 

blasphemeress  (blas-fe'mi-r-es),   n.      [<   htas- 
jilicmi  r  +  -e.is.'\  A  female  blaspliemer.  [Rare.] 
A  diabolical  blasphemeresse  of  God, 

Unit.  Hen.  VI.,  an.  ». 

blasphemous  (bhis'fe-mus),  «.  [<  LL.  blasnhe- 
iini.'i  (ML.  also  bliisfemiis,  >  ME.  hlasfeme,  blas- 
])heniing,  a  blasphoiner),  <  Gr.  ji>  dnipt/fioi;  evil- 
speaking:  soi^hta.ijiheme,  a.'\  1.  Uttering,  con- 
taining, or  exliibitiiig  bhisplieiny ;  ini])ioiisly 
irreverent  toward  God  or  siicriMl  tilings:  lis, 
"  bla.ijihcmoiis  publications,"  Bji.  J'orleiis,  Leo- 
tmes,  I.  i. 

\\'e  have  heard  him  speak  blasphemous  words  against 
Mohts  and  against  Goil.  Act.s  vl.  11. 

Mythnliigies  ill  iinderstond  at  (list,  then  perverted  Into 
fn  ble  MclihiiidiMes,  take  tlic  place  of  representations  of 
I'liristiaii  snbJertH,  which  had  become  WiM^v/icmmiw  iindor 
the  treatment  of  men  like  the  Caraecl.  tiunkin. 

[iMirmerly  accented  on  the  second  syllable,  as  below. 
(Ill  urnniuvllt  blasjihrnwn.'i,  false,  mid  proud  1 

.l/i7r../i,  I'.  L.,  V.800.) 

Jf.    Allusive:  defiinuitory ;  railing. 

'  fe-niiis-li),  «(/)».     Impi- 


blasphemously  (blns'i 
oiisfy;  profanely. 


Terribly  eiirsctll  and  btasphriiinuHh/  HWfniith  he  never 
■ 'iiiiniiUr.l  any  Hiieh  net.  .Slow,  t^iieen  Mary,  an.  16fi7. 

blasphemy  (blas'fe-mi),  «. ;  pi.  bliisi)heinies 
(-nil/.).  I  <  MK.  lilasfemie  =  Sp.  hliisfi  iniii  =  Pg. 
btasiihimid  =  {)\\.  blasfemia ,<,  \Ai.  hhixjilieniiitii 
(ir.  lihini^r//iia,<.  Ii2iinilii/iinr;  see  bliis/ihiiiie,  a.,  bllU- 
pheme,  «.'•!]  1.  In  Old  Testament  usage,  imT 
attem|i1,  to  diminish  I  lie  reverence  wllli  whion 
■bOiovah's  inline  was  iiivesleil  lis  llie  Sovereign 
King  of  llie  .lews,  or  lo  liirii  tlie  hearts  of  tuft 
jieople  troni  llieir  I'liMiplnle  allegiance  to  hinu 


blasphemy 

It  was  ft  crime  answeriiiR  to  treason  in  our  own  time,  and 
was  carefully  denned  and  rigorously  punisheil  by  the  Mo- 
saic laws.  It  was  of  this  crime  that  Jesus  was  accused, 
aiui  for  it  condeunied,  because  he  assumed  the  divine 
character  and  accepted  divine  honors. 

p'or  a  good  work  we  stone  thee  not,  but  for  hlanpheiny  ; 
and  because  that  thou,  being  a  man,  niakcst  thyself  God. 

John  X.  33. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  impious  or  profane  speaking 
of  God  or  of  sacred  things ;  reproachful,  con- 
temptuous, or  irreverent  words  uttered  impi- 
ously against  God  or  religion. 

Wa.^l'hi'nnj  is  an  injm-y  offered  to  God,  by  denying  that 
which  i.s  due  and  belonging  to  him,  or  attributing  t(»  bini 
that  which  is  not  agreeable  to  his  nature.  Linwovd. 

Blasphemy  cognizable  by  common  law  is  described  by 
Blackstone  to  be  "  denying  the  being  or  providence  of 
God,  contumelious  reproaches  of  our  Saviour  Christ,  pro- 
fane scoffing  at  the  Holy  Scripture,  or  exposing  it  to  con- 
tempt or  ridicule";  by  Kent  as  "maliciously  reviling 
God  or  religion  " ;  and  by  Chief  Justice  Lenuiel  Shaw  as 
"  speaking  evil  of  the  Deity  with  an  impious  purpose  to 
derogate  from  the  Divine  Majesty,  and  to  alienate  the 
minds  of  others  from  the  love  and  reverence  of  God." 
Blasphemy  is  punished  as  a  crime  or  a  nnsdemeanor  by 
the  laws  of  many  nations.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
language  irreverent  toward  the  Virgin  Mary  and  the 
saiTits  i.s  also  held  to  be  blasphemy. 
3.  Evil  speaking  or  abusive  language  against 
anything  held  sacred:  as,  "blasphemy  against 
learning,"  Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  i. 
(Latham.)  —  4.  An  indecent  or  scurrilous  ut- 
terance, as  distinguished  from  fair  and  respect- 
ful ditscussion;  grossly  irreverent  or  outrage- 
ous language. 

That  in  the  captain's  but  a  choleric  word, 
Which  in  the  soldier  is  flat  blasphemy. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  ii.  2. 

5t.  A  blasphemer;  a  blasphemous  person. 
[Rare.] 

Now,  blasphemy, 

That  swear'st  grace  o'erboard,  not  an  oath  on  shore. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
=  Syil.  Blasphemy,  Profanity,  agree  in  expressing  the  ir- 
reverent use  of  words,  but  the  former  is  the  stronger,  and 
the  latter  the  wider.  Profanity  is  language  irreverent  to- 
ward God  or  holy  things,  covering  especially  all  oaths  that, 
literally  interpreted,  treat  lightly  the  attributes  or  acts  of 
God.  Blasphemy  is  generally  more  direct,  intentional,  and 
defiant  in  its  impiety,  and  is  directed  toward  the  most  sa- 
cred things  in  religion. 

And  he  [the  dragon]  opened  his  mouth  in  blasphemy 
against  God,  to  blaspheme  Ids  name,  and  his  tabernacle, 
and  them  that  dwell  in  heaven.  Rev.  .\iii.  6. 

If  indecency  and  profanity,  inspired  by  "potations  pot- 
tle-deep," were  heard  anywhere  with  peculiar  emphasis 
and  shameless  vociferation,  it  was  at  the  board  of  Eng- 
lantis  prime  minister  [Sir  Robert  Walpole]. 

Whipple,  H.  Fielding. 

blast  (blast),  n.  [<  ME.  blast,  blest,  <  AS.  bUest 
(=OHG.  blast,  MHG.  G.  blasts  Icel.  bldsir=Svr. 
bldst  =  Dan.  bUest),  a  gust  of  wind,  a  blowing, 
<  *btiixau  (=  D.  blazcn  =  MLG.  blascn  =  OHG. 
blmaii.  MHG.  blascn,  G.  hlasen  =  Icel.  blasa  = 
Sw.  bl&na  =  Dan.  bla:se  =  Goth,  blesan  (in  comp. ), 
blow,  breathe,  >  E.  bla::e'^,  q.  v.),  akin  to  bid- 
wan,  blow:  see  blom^,  v.  Perhaps  ult.  connect- 
ed with  AS.  blwst,  a  flame,  blwse,  a  flame,  >  E. 
bla;:e'^,  q.  v.]  1.  A  blowing;  a  gust  or  puff  of 
wind ;  especially,  a  strong  and  sudden  gust. 

Rede  that  boweth  downe  at  every  blast. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  11 
Blasts  that  blow  the  poplar  white. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriara,  LxxU. 

2.  A  forcible  stream  of  air  from  the  mouth, 
from  bellows,  or  the  like. 

At  the  blast  of  his  mouth  were  the  rest  of  the  creatures 
made,  and  at  his  bare  word  they  started  out  of  nothing. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  36. 

Hence  —  3.  A  jet  of  e.xhaust-steam  thrown  into 
a  smoke-stack  to  assist  the  draft. —  4.  In  metal., 
the  air  forced  into  a  furnace  for  the  purpose  of 
accelerating  combustion,  a  furnace  is  said  to  be  in 
blast  when  it  is  in  operation,  out  of  blast  when  stopped, 
either  temporarily  or  permanently. 

5.  The  sound  made  by  blowing  a  wind-instru- 
ment, as  a  horn  or  trumpet ;  strictly,  the  sound 
produced  by  one  breath. 

One  bUist  upon  his  bugle-horn 
Were  worth  a  thousand  men. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  vl.  18. 

6.  Any  sudden,  pernicious,  or  destructive  in- 
fluence upon  animals  or  plants ;  the  infection 
of  anything  pestilential ;  a  blight. 

Blasts  and  fogs  upon  thee  !  Shak.,  Lear,  1.  4. 

Of  no  distemper,  of  no  blast  he  died, 

But  fell  like  autunni  fruit  that  mellowed  long. 

Drydcn,  CEdipus,  iv.  1 

Hence — 7.  Any  withering  or  destructive  in- 
fluence; a  curse. 

By  the  blast  of  God  they  perish.  Job  iv.  9. 

8.  The  product  of  a  blast  or  blight ;  a  bud  which 
tinvm'  blossoms. 


579 

As  in  all  gardeins,  some  flowers,  some  weedes,  and  as  in 

al  trees,  some  blossoms,  some  blasts. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  106. 

9.  The  charge  of  gunpowder  or  other  explosive 
used   at  one  firing  in   blasting  operations. — 

10.  The  explosion  of  inflammable  air  in  a 
mine. — 11.  A  flatident  disease  in  sheep. — 12. 
A  smoke  of  tobacco.  [Scotch.]  —  At  one  Wast,  at 
once.— For  a  blast*  for  once.  — Hot  blast,  airraiscd  toa 
high  temperature  and  forced  into  a  blast-furnace  in  snudt- 
ing,  and  especially  in  the  manvifactnrc  of  pig-iron.  The 
plan  of  heating  the  blast  originated  with  Mr.  James  Beau- 
inont  Neilson  of  Glasgow,  and  a  patent  was  issued  to  Inni 
in  1828.  The  introduction  of  the  hot  blast  has  had  an  im- 
portant inlluenee  on  the  development  of  the  iron  busi- 
ness, since  by  this  method  the  amount  of  fuel  required  is 
considerably  lessened.  — In  full  blast,  in  full  operation  : 
refen-ing  to  a  blast-furnace  when  worked  to  its  fullest  ex- 
tent or  capacity. 

The  business  of  the  day  was  in  full  blast. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  155. 
=  Syn.  Q^ist,  etc.  See  iiyind,  n. 
blast  (blast),  V.  [<  ME.  Hasten,  blow,  breathe 
hard ;  trans.,  blow,  as  a  trumpet ;  <  blast,  a  blow- 
ing: see  blast,  ».]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  blow;  puff; 
breathe  hard ;  pant.  [Scotch  and  Middle  Eng- 
lish.] 

Dragouns  .  .  . 
That  grisely  whistleden  and  hla^ten 
And  of  her  niouthe  fyre  outcasten. 

King  Alisaunder,  1.  5348. 
To  puffen  and  to  blaste. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  18C6. 

2.  To  smoke  tobacco.  [Scotch.] — 3.  To  boast; 
brag;  speak  ostentatiously.  Scott.  [Scotch.] — 

4.  To  wither;  be  blighted. 

Blasting  in  the  bud. 
Losing  his  verdure,  even  in  the  prime. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

5.  To  burst  as  by  an  explosion ;  blow  up. 

This  project 
Should  have  a  back,  or  second,  that  might  hold. 
If  this  should  blast  in  proof.        Shak. ,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  blow  forth  or  abroad; 
hence,  to  utter  loudly ;  proclaim. — 2.  To  break 
or  tear  to  pieces  (rocks  or  similar  materials)  by 
the  agency  of  gun])owder  or  other  explosive. 
In  the  ordinary  operations  of  mining  the  roeks  are  at- 
tacked, or  broken  into  fragments  of  manageable  size,  by 
blasting. 

He  spoke ;  and,  high  above,  I  heard  them  blast 
The  steep  slate-quarry.  Tennyson,  Golden  Year. 

3.  To  confotmd  or  stun  by  a  loud  blast  or  din ; 
split;  burst.     [Rare.] 

Trumpeters, 
With  brazen  din  blast  you  the  city's  ear. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  8. 
I  have  seen  you  stand 
As  you  were  blasted  'midst  of  all  your  mirth. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  2. 

4.  To  blow  or  breathe  on  so  as  to  injure,  as 
a  sudden  gust  or  destructive  ■wind;  cause  to 
fade,  shrivel,  or  wither;  check  the  gro'wth  of 
and  prevent  from  coming  to  maturity  and  pro- 
ducing frait;  blight,  as  trees  or  plants. 

Seven  thin  ears,  and  blasted  with  the  east  wind. 

Gen.  xlL  6. 
Say  .  .  .  why 
Upon  this  blasted  heath  you  stop  our  way? 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  3. 
Since  this  I  live  to  see. 
Some  bitter  north  wind  blast  my  flocks  and  me ! 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iii.  1. 

5.  To  blight  or  cause  to  come  to  nothing,  as  by 
some  pernicious  influence  ;  bring  destruction, 
calamity,  or  infamy  upon ;  ruin :  as,  to  blast 
pride,  hopes,  reputation,  happiness. 

With  Hecate's  ban  thrice  blasted.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

The  prosecutor  urged  that  this  might  blast  her  reputa- 
tion, and  that  it  was  in  effect  a  boasting  of  favours  which 
he  had  never  received.     Addison,  Cases  of  False  Delicacy. 

He  shows  himself  .  .  .  malicious  11  he  knows  I  deserve 
credit  and  yet  goes  about  to  blast  it.  Stillingjicet. 

6.  To  cm'se ;  strike  with  the  -wrath  of  heaven. 

His  name  be  ever  blasted! 
For  his  accursed  shadow  has  betray'd 
The  sweetness  of  all  youth. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  v.  2. 

Calling  on  their  Maker  to  curse  them,  .  .  .  blast  them, 
and  damn  them.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

blast-,  -blast.    See  blasto-. 

Blastactlnota  (blas-tak-ti-no'tii),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  .i'/aornr.  a  germ  (see  blastiis),  +  aKTiiwror, 
furnished  with  rays :  see  actinote.]  A  class  of 
radiate  animals:  same  as  Blastoidea.  Bronn, 
1860. 

blastasa  (blas-to'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iSUarSc,  a 
germ:  see  blastus.^  The  hypothetical  parent 
form  of  the  lilastaidie. 

We  call  this  the  Planioa  or  Blastcea. 

Uaeckel,  Evol.  of  Jlan  (trans.),  II.  61. 

blastaead  (blas-te'ad),  «.  [<  blasta:a  +  -arfl.] 
1.  Same  as  blastwid. — 2.  One  of  certain  exis- 


blasting 

tent  animals,  as  the  Norwegian  flimmer-ball, 
which  permanently  resemble  a  blastula  orpla- 
nul;i. 

blastseid  (blas-te'id),  «.  One  of  the  hypotheti- 
cal lUiisUfidu;. 

Blastseidse  (blas-te'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  blag- 
tica  +  -tdw.'i  A  hypothetical  group  of  animals 
having  permanently  the  form  of  a  blastula, 
planula,  or  vesicular  morula.  Less  con'ectly 
written  liliista-ada;. 

blast-box  (blast'boks),  n.  A  chamber  into 
or  through  which  the  air  of  a  blowing-engine 
passes. 

These  bearers  may  connect  at  their  front  ends  In  any 
desired  manner  with  the  blast-pipe,  and  at  their  rear  ends 
with  a  Mast-box.  Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  46S 

blasted  (blas'ted),  p.  a.  1.  Confounded;  exe- 
crable ;  detestable :  used  as  a  milder  form  of 
imprecation  than  damned. 

Some  of  her  own  blasted  gypsies. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  II.  13. 

2.  In  her.,  deprived  of  leaves:  said  of  a  tree 
or  a  branch. 

blastelasma  (blas-te-las'ma),  Ji. ;  pi.  hlastelas- 
matd  (-uin-tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  li'MarHr,  a  germ  (see 
blustus),  -t-  e'/.aa/ia,  a  (metal)  plate,  <  c'/Jiiviiv 
(t/.n-),  drive,  strike,  beat  out.]  In  embryol.,  a 
secondary  germ-layer ;  a  germ-layer,  as  the 
mesoderm,  api^'aring,  if  at  all,  after  the  for- 
mation of  the  two  primary  layers  called  en- 
dodcrm  and  ectoderm,  or  blastophylla. 

blastema  (blas-te'mii),  n. ;  pi.  blastemata  (-ma- 
ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  0'/MaT7//ja,  a  shoot,  sprout, 
<  liAaarelv,  ji'laaTavuv,  sprout,  bud,  shoot.]  X. 
In  bot. :  (a)  Originally,  the  axis  of  an  embryo, 
consisting  of  the  radicle  and  the  growing- 
point  at  its  summit,  (b)  In  later  use,  the  ini- 
tial point  of  gro-wth  from  which  any  organ  or 
part  of  an  organ  is  developed,  (c)  Sometimes, 
the  thallus  of  cryptogamous  plants. — 2.  In 
anat.  and  phys.,  the  bioplasm  or  protoplasm  of 
a  gei'minating  ovum ;  the  substance  of  the 
blastomeres,  blastoderm,  etc. ;  gi'anular  forma- 
tive material.  [The  term  is  now  being  super- 
seded by  more  special  names  of  substances 
and  stages  of  germination.] 

blastemal  (blas-te'mal),  a.  [<  blastema  +  -ai.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  blastema;  rudimentary:  as, 
bliintinial  formations. 

blastematic  (blas-te-mat'ik),  a.    Blastemic. 

blastemic  (blas-tem'ik),  a.  [<  blastema  +  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  blastema ;  consisting  of  blas- 
tema; bioplasmic ;  bioplastic. 

blast-engine  (blast'en'jin),  n.  1.  A  ventUat- 
injj:-iiiaehine  used,  especially  on  shipboard,  to 
draw  off  foul  air. — 2.  A  machine  for  producing 
a  blast  by  compressing  air  for  use  in  urging 
the  fire  of  a  fm-nace. 

blaster  (blas'ter),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
blasts,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb. 

I  am  no  blaster  of  a  lady's  beauty. 

Nor  bold  Intruder  on  her  special  favours. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  L  1. 

Blast^roidea  (blas-te-roi'df-a),  «.  pi.  [NL.] 
Same  as  Blastoidea. 

blastful  (blast'ful),  a.  [<  bla.ft  +  -/«?.]  Full 
of  blasts ;  exposed  to  blasts  :  windy. 

blast-furnace  (blast'fernas),  «.  A  furnace, 
usiuilly  vertical,  or  a  so-called  shaft-furnace, 
in  which  ores  are  smelted  by  the  aid  of  a  blast 
of  air.     iiee  furnace. 

blast-gate  (blast'gat),  n.  The  valved  nozle  or 
stop-cock  of  a  blast-pipe. 

blast-hearth  (blast'harth),  H.  The  Scotch  ore- 
hearth  for  reducing  lead  ores. 

blast-hole  (bUist'hOl),  «.  1.  In  mining,  the 
hole  through  which  water  enters  the  bottom  or 
wind-bore  of  a  pump. —  2.  The  hole  into  which 
a  cartridge  is  inserted  in  blasting. 

blasti,  «.     Plural  of  bla.^tus. 

blastide  (blas'tid  or  -tid),  ».  [<  Gr.  ^?.aar6c, 
a  germ,  -I-  -idc'^.]  In  biol.,  a  minute  clear 
space  on  the  segments  of  the  fecundated  ovmn 
of  an  organism,  which  is  the  primary  indica- 
tion of  the  cvtoblast  or  nucleus. 

blastie  (blas"'ti),  n.  [<  blast  +  dim.  -;'«.]  A 
blasted  or  shriveled  dwarf ;  a  wicked  or  trouble- 
some creatm'C.     Burns.     [Scotch.] 

blasting  (blas'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  blastynge;  verbal 
n.  of  blast,  c]  1.  A  blast;  destruction  by  a 
pernicious  cause ;  blight. 

I  have  smitten  you  with  blasting  and  mildew. 

Amos  iv.  9. 

2.  The  operation  of  splitting  roeks  by  gun- 
powder or  other  exi>losive — Blasting-compoimds, 
substances  used   in  blasting.     The  more  important  are 


blasting 


580 


gnncotton.blastiiig-gelatin.  blasting-powder.dualin.dyna-  blastocyst  (blas'to-sist),  n. 
mite,  gunpowder, haloxjlifl,  and  lithofracteur.    See  these  "^  -  .  -. - 


words. 

blasting  (blas'ting),  p. 
Affeecing  with  injurj-  or 
A  Ua^tino  auJ  a  scandalous  bl-eath. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  t.  1. 

blasting-cartridge  (blas'ting-kar-'trij),  h.  a 
cartridge  containing  a  substance  to  be  used  in 
blasting.  Such  cai-tridges  are  made  with  various  de- 
vices to  prevent  premature  explosion,  and  are  conuuooly 
evpluded  )>y  means  of  electricity. 

blasting-fuse  (blas'ting-fuz),  n.  A  fuse  con- 
sisting of  a  cord  the  a.xis  of  which  has  been 


a      rPpr  of  blait  r~\     ^P^if'P-     -S.E.D.     See  bhistoiJfrm. 
blight;  destructive.       blastoderm  (blas'to-derm),  n.     [<  Gr.  , 
jij,    ,^  '  '         a  genu, -f- ('fp//a,  skin:  see  rffrm.]     Ine 


[<  Gr.  pXarrrdc,  a 
germ,  +  Kiaric.  bladder  (eyst).]  The  germinal 
vesicle.     S.E.D.     See  blastoderm. 

/3?.0(rr<)f, 
embryol.f 
the  primitive  membrane  or  layer  of  cells  re- 
sulting from  the  subdiWsion  of  the  germ  (the 
segmentation  of  the  vitellus  or  yolk),  it  is  furtlier 
ditferentiated  in  all  Meta:!oa  into  at  least  two  membranes 
or  cell-la.vers,  an  inner  and  an  outer,  the  endoderm  and 
the  ectoderm;  and  still  further  modified  in  most3/eMron 
by  the  production  of  a  third  layer,  the  mesoderm,  between 
the  other  two.  Tlie  outer  layer  is  also  called  epiblast ;  the 
inner,  In  puldast :  the  middle,  mesoUast.  See  extract  un- 
der J/. '.i  ... 


filled  with  fine  powder  during  the  manufaetm-e.  ,'\"  'J' ','-  "'■  -""l  ™'  under  c./ijfAo^w/,/. 
This  bums  slowlv  and  gives  the  workmen  time  blastoderma  (blas-to-der  ma),  n. ;  pi.  blastoder- 
to  iret  to  a  safe  distance  before  the  explosion.       '""'!'  (:™<!-t=!)-  ,,L^L.]     Same  as  blastoderm. 
blasting-gelatin  (blas'ting-iel    a-tin),  11.    A  blastodermal  (blas-tp-der  mal),  a.     [<  blasto- 
-  ■     ^^  ■  .  ^'  "   .  -■■        "  .      ^_  ^  (linii  +  -ai.]     bame  as  blastndcrmic. 

,ta,  «.     Plural  of  bhistodernm. 

Was- 


ezpliifirt  i/i 
blasting-needle  (blas'ting-ne'dl),  « 


der.  tapering  rod  which  is  inserted  into  the 
powder  and  kept  in  its  place  during  the  opera- 
tion of  tamping,  in  preparing  a  blast,  its  object 
is  to  presen'e  a  channel  through  which  the  match  may 
reach  the  powder  or  other  explosive.  At  the  present  day 
the  use  of  the  needle  is  almost  entirely  done  away  with, 
the  so-called  safety-fuse,  or  simply  fuse,  being  used  iu  its 
place.     Als<^  called,  in  England,  a  stemmer. 

blasting-oil  (blis'ting-oU),  «.  Same  as  nitro- 
f/li/c(riii. 

blasting-tube  (blas'ting-tiib),  «.  India-rubber 
tubing  employed  to  hold  a,  charge  of  nitro- 
glycerin. 

blast-lamp  (blast 'lamp),  «.  A  lamp  in  which 
combustion  is  assisted  by  an  artificially  pro- 
duced draft  of  air. 

blastmentt  (blast'ment),  n.  [<  blast,  v.,  + 
-ment.'i  Blast;  a  sudden  stroke  of  some  de- 
structive cause. 

In  the  morn  and  liqnid  dew  of  youth 
Contagious  t^lastmenU  are  most  imminent. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

blast-meter  (blast'me'ter),  n.  An  anemome- 
ter [ihK'd  at  the  uozle  of  a  blowing-engine. 

blast-nozle,  blast-orifice  (blast'noz"l,  -or'i- 
fisi.  «.  The  fixed  or  variable  orifice  in  the 
delivery  end  of  a  blast-pipe. 


A  slen-  blastodermic  (blas-to-der'mik),  a.      [<  blasto- 


derm +  -ic]   Of  or  pertaining  to  the  blastoderm 

Also  blastodermal,  blastodermatic Blastodermic 

disk,  in  einbri/ul.,  the  germ-disk  of  an  impregnated  nuro- 
blastic  egg  which  has  undergone  segmentation  uf  tlie  \itcl- 
lus;  a  flattened  morula  capping  a  portion  of  tlic  fu>i<l-\.tll<. 
—Blastodermic  membrane,  the  bl.istoderm.— Blasto- 
dermic vesicle,  the  vesicular  blastoderm  in  m,amnialian 
embryu.s. 

blastodisc  (bias '  to -disk),  n.  [<  6r.  i3?.a<7T6c,  a 
germ,  +  diaKor,  a  disk:  see  rfist.]  An  aggrega- 
tion of  formative  protoplasm  at  one  pole  of  the 
fertilized  ovum. 

The  fertilised  oviun  .  .  .  consists  of  a  .  .  .  yolk,  at 
one  pole  of  which  is  a  mass  of  protoplasm  forming  the 
bliistodisc. 

J.  T.  Ctnininrjhavi,  Microscopical  Science,  No.  ci.  5. 

blastogenesis  (blas-to-jen'e-sis),  «.  [<  Gr. 
,V/.aaTui;,  a  germ,  -f-  yeveai;,  generation.]  In  biol., 
reproduction  by  gemmation  or  buddirig. 

blastogeny  (blas-to,i'e-ni),  «.  [<  Gr.  fi/.aardc,  a 
germ,  -f-  -yeveia,  generation:  see  -gciuj.']  The 
germ-history  of  an  individual  living  organism ; 
the  history  of  the  evolution  of  a  body  as  a 
whole,  as  distinguished  from  liisto/^en;/  and  or- 
qanogeny,  which  relate  to  the  special  germ-his- 
tory of  the  tissues  and  organs,  it  is  a  term  used 
by  Haeckel  for  one  of  the  subdivisions  of  morphogeny,  it- 
self a  division  of  ontogeny. 


blasto-.     [<  Gr.  (i'/uoTui:,  a  germ,  sprout,  shoot:  blastoid  (blas'toid),  a.  and  n.    ISeeMistoiden.'] 
see  hlaslus.'i     An  element  in  technical  terms     I.   a.  Having  the  characters  of  or  pertaining 
meaning  germ:  wTitten  before  a  vowel  blast-,     to  the  Jilastoidca:  as,  a  blastoid  crinoid. 
al.sci  teniiiually  -blast.  II.    n.     An  eehinoderm  of  tlie  group  Slas- 

blastocarpous  (blas-to-kiir'pus),  n.    [_<  Gi.  Bhi-     toidcn. 
o-of,  a  germ,  sprout,  shoot,  sucker,  equiv.  to  Blastoidea  (blas-toi'de-a),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fiz-aorr/fia  {see  blastema),  +  Kap-oc,  fruit.]     In     liz-aarnc,  a  germ,  +  firiof,  form.]      A  group  of 

».«/    „„ — ; — n — i.,„;^„  t] ._: i;.j     fossil  pelmatozoan  echinoderms  without  arms, 

vrith  ambulacra  fringed  on  each  side  by  pointed 
appendages  in  close  relation  with  side-plates, 
which  rest  on  or  against  a  subambulacral  lan- 
cet-plato  pierced  by  a  canal  which  lodges  a 
water-vessel,  and  with  hydrospiros  arranged  in 
10  or  8  groups  limited  to  the  radial  and  inter- 
radial  ])lates.  The  group  was  (a)  originally  proposed 
by  Say  in  Miit  as  a  family  ;  (li)  accepted  Ijy  Leuckart  in  ists 
!is  an  order;  (c)  by  Koemer  in  \»W1  as  a  suborder ;  (c/)  by 
Brown  in  ISIJO  as  a  clasis ;  (c)  by  others  as  a  8nbchu>s ;  anil 
(,()  modilled  by  Etheridge  and  Carpenter  lu  ISSti  as  a 
class  divided  into  two  orders,  Ref/xUareH  and  JrrefnUarfa. 
The  Hptcies  range  frcmi  the  Uj)per  Silurian  to  tha  Car- 
boniferous. Also  lilaMeruidfa. 
blastomere  (blas'to-mCir),  ».  [<  Gr.  I^laa-ur, 
a  germ,  -I-  /lipor,  a  jiart.]  In  cmbri/ol.,  one  of 
tlie  segments  or  derivative  cells  into  wliicli  (lie 
vitellus  or  yolk  of  an  ovum  of  one  of  (he  Miia- 
soa  divides  after  fecuiulation.  See  cut  under 
fiastritliitiiin. 

blastomeric  (blas-to-mor'ik),  a.  [<  blastomere 
+  -ic]  I'ertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
blastomere ;  chaiacterizod  by  segmentation  of 
tlie  yolk  or  vitellus. 

blastoneuropore  (blas-tci-nu'ro-por),  n.  [< 
lilaslii(i)iiii )  +  niiimixirr.']  A  tranHient  ori- 
lice  ill  (lie  embryo  of  some  anitnalH,  resuKiiig 
from  the  fiiHion  of  a  iieuroiiore  with  the  liliislo- 
iiore.      See  nritntpare. 

blastophore  (blas'lo-for),  n.  [<  Gr.  p?M(nAr,  a 
gerin,  -I-  -i/i'i/ioc,  -lienriiig,  <  ififpeiv  =  E.  hcar^.] 
The  jiaKHive  pordoii  of  a  Hporm-ooll  or  spenno- 
Kpore  which  does  not  give  rise  to  Hlieriniitozoa. 

blastophyllum  (bliiH-dVfll'nm),  «.;  jil.  hlnsln. 
]ilii/ll(i  (-ii).  (Xli.,<  (Ir.  ii'/nnriir,  n  germ.  + 
i,n'/'/iii'—  \j.  J'liliiiw,  a  leaf.]  In  rnibr,inl.,  either 
one  of  tlie  two  priuinry  genn-liiyerH  <if  a  giiH- 
tnila  of  (he  Melazoa ;  an  endoderm  or  iin  octo- 
lenn 


hot.,  germinating  inside  the  pericarp:  appUed 
to  certain  fruits,  such  as  the  mangrove. 

blastocheme  (blas'to-kem),  «.  [<Gr.  jilaard^, 
germ.  +  ijxr/iia,  vehicle,  <  oxclf,  carry,  hold, 
sustain,  fretj.  of  '^f(i',  hold,  have.]  In  cool., 
one  of  the  special  generative  buds  of  the  Mc- 
diisce;  a  medusiform  jilanoblast  which  gives 
origin  to  the  generative  elements,  not  directly, 
but  through  the  medium  of  special  sexual  buds 
whifh  are  developed  from  it.     .tibnun. 

blastOCOele  fblas'to-sel),  ».  [<  Gr.  fiiVa<!T6(,  a 
germ,  -t-  kuV/mc,  hollow.]    In  cmbryol.,  the  cavity 


^i 


l-rnr-firlmmlnf;  Ciliated  Embryo  rPtanuUl  of  Aitftla  mtrabtlO, 
'"     'a/'""/o«r»d',  .luultlc  and  In 
t.  hypohUii :  f,  bLutocwIc. 


nnit  '.f  the  Cattti^onetir,  .luulrlc  and  In  opilcnl  longitudinal  Mction! 
-  -     ' '  *-   -ibUr--  -    "   *- 

of  II  vesicular  inomla;  the  hollow  interior  of 
•    '  '     'iiln  or  blastoHphere.     .See  (/aslrulation. 
'i.^tora-lfnti,  btastaro'loma. 

im.  afler  InipreKiistirm,  lucoiiieii  n  inonihi,  with 
II 1  ci.ti .,:  I  li:avi>(;c. cavity,  or  Uattoarlr. 

lIuiUi/,  Annt.  Invert.,  p.  100. 

Mr  nilaH-to-H«'lik), fl.     f<  hUisimaU  + 

'■ni'il.,  pertaining  to  a   bln.-(.piiili.; 

M  MiiKtoca'le:  ftH.a /'///v/or// /»*■  iliiid. 

r>m,  blantocceloma  (Mn-  i..  -.'lom, 

'''mil),    H.        [Sit.    blllfilnni  hniltl,  \IH 

'ima.\     .Same  liH  blaKlnrulc, 


b1p"+' 


blast 

blllM 

/,'.,    ■ 

bU't 


i.las-t9-kol'ii),  II.     INL.,  <  Gr.  blastophyly  (bluB-tof  i-li),  n.     [<  Or.  flhi(n/«:. 
'"'  +  ""/./la,  ftlne. ]     The  balmim     n  germ, -f  (»i'>//,  trib.'.]     The  tribal  liiH(ory  of 

"?^''';  f-budH  of  Bome   plaatH,  uh  of     pcrHoim   or    of    individual    living   orgaiiiHnis. 

roi,ut..  jrra.  Uacckcl. 


blastus 

Blastopolypidae  (blas''to-p6-lip'  i-de),  n.  pL 
[XL.,  <  'Bl<istiijinliipi(s{<.  Gr.  fl'/.amii;,  a  germ,  + 
-u'/A-ovc,  polyji)  +  -»/«'.]  A  family  of  llijdro- 
poU/phia;  forming  colonies  of  zo6id"s,  which  at- 
tain dift'erent  shapes,  adapting  themselves  to 
different  parts  of  the  work  that  has  to  be  per- 
formed by  the  whole.  There  are  .always  alimentary 
zooids  or  ti'ophosomes  and  generative  zooids  or  polypo. 
styles  in  one  colony.  The  alimentary  zooids  never  mature 
tile  genital  products,  this  duty  devolving  exclusively  on 
the  pijlypnstyles. 

blastoporal  (blas-to-po'ral),  a.  [<  blastopore 
+  -«/.]  Uf  or  pertaining  to  a  blastopore ;  blas- 
(oporie. 

blastopore  (blas'to-p6r),  v.  [<  Gr.  (i>a<rr6c, 
germ,  -I-  -^dpoc,  passage,  pore.]  In  cmbryol., 
the  aperture  of  invagination  of  a  blast  ula  or 
vesicular  morula  which  has  become  agastrula; 
the  orifice  of  an  archenterou;  the  primitive 
combined  mouth  and  anus  of  a  gastrfea-form ; 
an  archreostoma.  See  cut  under  gastrulatioii. 
As  this  unfolding,  or  inv.agination  of  the  blastoderm, 
goes  on,  the  pouch  thus  produced  increases,  while  its  ex- 
ternal opening,  termed  the  bloistopore,  .  .  .  diminishes  in 
size.  Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  209. 

blastoporic  (blas-to-por'ik),  a.  [<  blastopore 
+  -ii\]  Pertaining  to  a  blastopore:  as,  a  blas- 
toporu'  area.     A.  Hi/att. 

blast-orifice,  «.     See  blast-nozle. 

blastOSpll£ra  (blas-to-sfe'ra),  n.\  pi.  blasto- 
sjihara-  (-re).     [NL.]     Same  as  blastosphcre. 

blastospbere  (blas'to-sfer),  n.  [<  NL.  blasto- 
spliwra,  <  Gr.  /J?iaoT(if,  germ,  -1-  a(j>aipa,  sphere.] 
In  embri/ol.:  (a)  A  hollow  sphere  (vesicular 
morula)  eom))osed  of  a  single  layer  of  blasto- 
meres  or  derivative  cells,  inclosing  a  central 
cavity  or  blastocoele.  The  blastomeres  of  one  liemi- 
sphere  of  the  vesicle  may  have  proceeded  from  the  macro- 
mere  ;  of  the  other,  from  a  micromere.  See  these  words. 
The  bhtstomercs  arrange  themselves  into  a  hollow 
sphere,  the  Maslospheiv.       Iliixhii,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  415. 

(6)  By  Haeckel  restricted  to  the  germ-vesicle, 
vesieiilar  embryo,  or  blastodermic  vesicle  of 
the  Mainmalia,  which  follows  after  gastrula- 
(ion,  and  is  called  by  him  a  fiastriici/stis,  or  in- 
testinal germ-vesicle.     Also  called  blastula. 

blastospheric  (blas-to-sfer'ik),  a.  [<  blastn- 
.■ijilirn'  +  -/('.]  Pertaining  to  a  blastospbere: 
SIS,  hhi.'itiisjiju'ric  cells. 

blastostylar  (blas-to-sti'lSr),  a.  [<  blastostyle 
+  -(/)•.]     Pertaining  to  a  blastostyle. 

blastostyle  (blas'to-stil),  ».  [<  Gr.  /WaoTiif,  a 
germ,  -t-  arv'/o;,  a  pillar:  see  style-.']  In  -ooV., 
a  colunmiform  zoiiid  liestiued  to  give  origin  to 
generative  buds;  a  long  simple  zoiiid,  without 
mouth  or  tentacles.  Also  called  ijonoblastidium. 
In  some  Uastostijles,  during  the  development  of  the 
buds  of  the  gonopliores.  the  ectoderm  splits  into  two 
layers.  .  .  .  Into  tile  interspace  between  these  two,  the 
budding  gonophores  project,  and  may  eniei-ge  from  the 
summit  of  the  gonangium  thus  formed. 

Iliixlf<i.  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  119. 

blast-pipe  (bh'ist'pip),  «.  The  exhaust-pipe  of 
a  steam-engine.  In  locomotives  and  in  some  station- 
ary steam-engines  it  is  liirccted  into  the  sinokc-stack, 
with  the  ettect  of  inducing  a  strong  draft. 

blast-recorder  (bli'ist're-k6r'd6r),  ».  A  con- 
trivance I'or  recording  automatically  the  time 
during  which  a  hot-blast  stove  is  in  blast  or 
out  of  blast.  It  is  operated  by  clockwork,  and  is  de- 
signed tt)  give  an  unlnternipteil  record  ot  the  work  and 
rest  uf  a  number  of  stoves  for  a  week. 

blast-regulator  (blast'reg"u-la-tor),  n.  In 
iiiilliiii/,  a  governor  for  controlling  tlio  blast  of 
n  grain-separator. 

blastula  (blas'tij-lji),  «.;  pi.  bla.'itulw  (-le). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  (ir.  /Wnanir,  a  germ:  see  bla.i- 
tiis.]  in  cmbrynl. :  («)  An  eniliryo  of  one  of  the 
Metaziia,  in  the  stage  in  which  it  consists  of 
a  sac  formed  of  a  single  layer  of  I'ells.  (b)  In 
llaeckel's  vocabulary  tif  embryology,  same  as 
hlaslosjihin:  (.b). 

blastulapore  (blas'tu-la-por),  n.  [Prop,  'blas- 
li(li}iiiii( ,  <  Nli.  lilastii)a"i\.  v.,  -I-  h.porus,  jiore.] 
Tile  jicire  iir  orilice  of  a  blastula. 

blastulation  (blas-lu-la'slion),  II.  [<  lila.ilida  + 
-iitioii.]  In  ii)ibn/(il.,  (he  process  by  which  a 
germ  becomes  a  ^iliisdila;  the  conversion  of  a 
germ  iiid)  a  blastula.     Sim'  lilasliila.     in  most  mil- 

nmls  tt  pn lert  (lie  ]H' 'kh  of  gaslrnlal  Ion  (which  secX 

mid  conslHtH  in  the  conversion  rd  u  solid  iniilbrriy-mnssui 
cleavage-eellM  (nionibi  lu-oper)  Into  a  hollow  sphere  or 
bbiHtowidiere  (veslcubir  mnnilal.     In  ciisi-  It  follows  giu- 

(nibidoii,  lis  In  a  manimat,  il  i'oiihIhIs  In  (hi nvci'Hioii  of 

mIiiiI  Ih  ealh'il  a  kinogcnelic  niedigfistriila  (which  see)  Into 

II    liliysiologleally  Hlinllar   but   l plndoglcidly  illlferenl 

linllow  ball,  cominonly  known  as  the  blasttiilermlc  veslolo. 

blastus  (lilas'tuH),  H.;  )il.  blasti  (-(i).  [NL.,  < 
(ir.  fi'/.anT/ir,  a  germ,  bud,  Hjirout,  shoot,  <  ftia- 
nri'iviiv  (.(/r/irr-),  bud,  sprout,  grow,  prop,  of 
plaiitH,  but  also  of  animals.]  Iu  uot.,  the 
plumule  of  grasses. 


blasty  (blas'ti),  a. 


blasty 

[<  blast  + 


■yi.]    1.  Stormy; 


gusty :  as,  a  blasty  day.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] — 2.  Causing  a  blast  oi-  blight  upon 
vegetation:  as,  "a  blasty  noon,"  Boyle,  Works, 
ni.  154. 

blatancy  (bla'tan-si),  n.  [<  blatant:  see  -anoy.l 
Blatant  quality! 

blatant  (bla'tant),  «.  \_A\so  ■v/Yitten  blattant ; 
cue  of  Spenser's  words,  in  blatant  beast,  per- 
haps a  mere  alliterative  invention ;  otherwise 
intended  for  *blatand,  Se.  hlaitaud,  archaic 
ppr.  of  Afate^,  var.  of  fe/c'fl!<.]  Bellowing;  bawl- 
ing; noisy;  loud-talkiug  or  loiid-sounding. 

Olury,  that  blatant  word,  wliich  haunts  some  military 
miniis  Hke  the  liray  of  the  trumpet.  Irmivi. 

Blatant  (or  blattant)  beast,  calumny ;  scandal 
bolizfd  I ly  Spenser  as  a  dr 


581 

hh,  prattle,  etc.,  all  more  or  less  imitative.]  1. 
To  give  forth  or  produce  a  quick  succession  of 
slight  sounds;  patter:  as,  "the  rain  blattered," 
Jeffrey. —  2.  To  speak  or  ijrate  volubly;  rail  or 
rage.     [Kare.] 

However    envy   list    to   blatter 

against  him. 

iilimscT,  State  of  Ireland. 
blatter  (blat'er),  n.     [<  blnU 

tir,  c]   1.  A  rattling  or  chit- 

tcring  noise  (as  of  boards 

falling).— 2.    A    volley    of 

clattering  words. 
blatterer    (blat'(^r-6r),   n. 

(Jno  who  blatters;  a  noisy 

blustering  boaster. 


reiuiful  fiend,  with  a  thousand   •uio+4-rt^^«^    /ii   *./•'   ■      \ 
Jurus  and  Chimera.    Spemtr,    blattering   (blat  er-mg),  )}, 


tonj^'ues,  l)egotten  of  Cerbi 
F.  CJ.,  VI.  i.  7 

Tlie  Isle  of  Dogges  where  the  blatant  beast  doth  rule 
anil  raigne.  Ilet urn  frmii  Parnassvs  (1606),  v.  4. 

blatantly  (bla'tant-li),  adv.    In  a  blatant  man- 
ner. 
blatcht,  «.     [<  ME.  hlacclie,  appar.  <  AS.  *blmcce 
(not  found),  <  bkec,  black:  see  black,  and  cf. 
blefch.'i     Blacking. 
blatcht,  r.  1.    [<  ME.  "blacclien,  blaicchen;  from 
the  noun.    Cf.  black,  v.,  and  bletch,  r.    Not  con- 
nected with  blotch,  q.  v.]    To  smear  with  black- 
ing; black. 
No  man  can  like  to  be  smutted  and  Matched  in  his  face. 
Harmai;  tr.  of  Beza's  Sermons,  p.  195. 
blatel  (blat),  a.     [Formerly  also  written  blait, 
bleat;  appar.   <   ME.  (Sc.)  Mate,  <   AS.   blat, 
pale,    ghastly;    cf.   OHG.    blehza,    lividness.j 
It.  Pale;  ghastly.— 2t.    Dull;  spiritless;  stu- 
pid.—3t.  Blunt;  curt.— 4.  Bashful;  diffident. 
[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Tlie  youngster's  artless  he.irt  o'ertlows  wi'  joy. 
But  blate  and  laithfu',  scarce  can  weel  behave. 

Burns,  Cottar's  Satm-day  Night. 
Says  Lord  JIarIi  Car,  "Ye  are  na  blate 
To  bring  us  the  news  o'  your  ain  defeat  — 
Get  out  o'  my  sight  this  morning." 

Jacobite  Ballad,  Johnnie  Cope. 
blate^  (blat),  a.     [Also  -wi-itten  blait:  appar. 
<  ME.  blete,  naked,  bare,  <  AS.  bleat,  miserable 
(naked?),  =  OPries.  bUlt,  NFries.  hleat,  naked, 
miserable,  =  MD.  blot,  D.  blout,  naked,  bare,  = 
MLG.  blot,  naked,   bare,  miserable,  mere,  = 
OHG.  MHG.  hid;:,  G.  bloss,  naked,  bare,  mere. 
Cf.  ft;o(2.]     Naked;  bare.     [Scotch.] 
blate^  (blat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Mated,  ppr.  blat 
intj.     [Appar.  a  dial.  var.  of   " 
pron.  as  blate).     Cf.  blatant.'] 
babble ;  prate. 
II.  trans.  To  babble  or  prate  about. 
He  blatcs  to  me  what  has  passed  between  other  people 
and  him.  Pepys,  Diary  (ed.  1879),  IV.  46. 

blateratet,  v.  i.     [<  L.  Mater atus,  pp.  of  Mate- 
rare,  babble.     Cf.  Matter.']     To  babble. 
blateration  (blat-e-ra'shon),  n.     [<  LL.  Mate- 
ratin(n-),  <'L.  6/ater«re,  babble:  see  Materate.] 
Senseless  babble.     [Bare.] 
blather  (blasH'er),  v.  i.     [Sc.  also  blether,  = 
Icel.  bladhra,  talk  inarticulately,  talk  nonsense 
(bladhr,  nonsense),  =G.  dial,  bladdern,  talk  non- 
sense ;  partly  imitative,  and  the  same  as  blat- 
ter, q.  v.]     To  talk  nonsense. 
blather  (blain'er),  n.      [Sc.  also  blether;  cf. 
Icel.   bladhr,   nonsense;    from  the  verb.]      1. 
Nonsense ;    foolish  talk. — 2.    A  person  who 
talks  nonsense. 

blatherskite   (blaTH'er-skit),  w.     [Also  in  Se. 
bhfhrrskite,   bletherskate;  <  Mather,  blether,  + 


tomy 
roach  {S/atta  {Peripla- 
neta)  orifnfa/ts).~Ve- 
male,  in  longitudinal  sec- 
tion, /-.r.r,  soniitesnf  the 
body  ;  i-ii,  abdominal  so- 
mites:  W,  antenna ;  //,  po- 
sition of  heart :  A',  thoracic 
ganglia  ;  a,  month  ;  b,  eso- 
phagus :  c.  ingluvies  or 
crop  ;  d,  proveutriculus  ; 
e,  pyloric  c;eca  :  /,  chylific 
ventricle :  ^,  insertion  of 
Malpighian  caeca;  A.  in- 
testine :  I.  rectum  :  *,  sali- 
vary receptacle  ;  t,  sali- 
vary gland  ;  /*.  labrum  ; 
/«,  cerebral  ganglia ;  v, 
vulva ;  X,  cerci. 


[Verbal   n.    of    blatter,    «.] 
Senseless  blustering. 

blatteroont  (blat-o-ron'),  n. 
[<  L.  hl(ilerii{n-),  a  babbler, 
<  blatcrare,  liabble :  see  blat- 
ter.] A  senseless  babbler. 
I  trusteil  'r.  p.  with  a  weighty  se- 
cret, conjuring  him  that  it  should 
not  tal<e  air  ami  go  abroad,  .  .  . 
but  it  went  out  of  him  the  very 
next  day.  ...  I  luvte  such  blat- 
teroons.         HoxceU,  Letters,  ii.  76. 

Blattidae  (blat'i-de),  re.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Blattal  +  -idee.]  A 
family  of  em'sorial  orthop- 
terous  insects,  the  cock- 
roaches, coextensive  -with 
the  di'vision  Bluttina  or  sub- 
order Cursoria,  or  even  the 
ordev  Dictyoptera.  They  have  a 
flattened,  lengthened,  ovate  body, 
with  liead  retracted  into  the  large 
shield-lilie  prothorax;  long,  flla- 
mentoiis,  many-jointed  antennie; 
long,  strong  ciu-sorial  legs,  with 
setose  tibiai;  o-jointed  tarsi,  with 
an  accessory  joint  or  plantula  be- 
tween the  claws ;  large  coriaceous 
fore  wings  which  overlap,  and 
longitudinal  folded  hind  wings, 
both   sometimes  undeveloped  in 

females.  The  genera,  species,  and  individuals  are  numer- 
ous, and  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  .Some  attain 
a  very  large  size  in  the  tropics.  They  are  mostly  noc- 
turnal, or  live  in  dark  places,  and  most  of  them  are 
omnivorous.  When  numerous  they  cause  nmch  annoy 
ance  and  injury,  as  in  bakeries,  granai'ies,  etc.  " 
cut  MUtit-r  Insecta, 

Meat  (formerly  blattiform  (blat'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  blatta,  a 
I.  intrans.  To  cockroach,  +  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  blatta  or  cockroach. 

Blattina  (bla-ti'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Blatta'^  + 
-ilia-.]  A  group  of  cursorial  orthopterous  in- 
sects, including  only  the  family  Blattidw :  same 
as  Cursoria,  2. 

blattoid  (blat'oid),  a.  [<  Blatta''-  +  -oid.]  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characteristics  of  the 
Blatlidw ;  like  a  cocki-oach. 

blaubok,  w.     See  blauwbok. 

blaud  (blad),  n.  [Sc,  also  Mad,  perhaps  same 
as  blade  (see  blad^  and  Made);  but  cf.  Gael. 
bladh  =  Ir.  bladh,  a  part.]  1.  A  large  piece  of 
anything;  a  considerable  portion;  a  flat  piece 
of  an\^hing. —  2.  A  slap ;  a  blow  or  stroke. 

blailfi'sh  (bla'fish),  n.  [<  *blau,  jjrob.  same  as 
Se.  bla,  Mae,  dark,  livid  (see  Mae),  +  fii^h.]  Ac- 
cording to  Pennant,  a  name  of  the  blackfish, 
Ccntrolophus  pompihis.  See  cut  under  Ceittro- 
loj^hus. 

blauncht,  «•    -An  obsolete  form  of  blanch^ 


blaze 

blawort  (bla'w6rt),  n.  [Sc,  also  blavcrt.  Ma. 
ver,  q.  v.,  <  bla,  Mae,  blue,  +  wort^:  see  Mae 
and  (t'o)-<l.]  1.  The  blue  corn-flower;  the 
bluebottle.— 2.  The  round-leafed  bell-flower. 
Jaiuiesim. 

blayl  ( bla),  n.  IMao  written  bley  ;  <  ME.  'blaye, 
"blcye,  <  AS.  bUeffc  =  D.  blei  =  G.  bleike,  a  blay.] 
A  local  English  name  of  the  bleak. 

blay-,  a.  and  n.    Same  as  Mae. 

blayberry,  «.     Same  as  blaeberry. 

blay-linen,  ».     Same  as  Mae-linen. 

blazei  ( bhiz), )(.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hlase  (Sc. 
blic.::e,  I'urlier  Mese) ;  <  ME.  blase,  a  flame,  <  AS. 
blase,  blase,  a  llame,  torch,  =  MLG.  LG.  Mas  = 
MJIG.  bias,  a  torch  (cf.  AS.  blast,  a  flame) ;  akin 
to  MaceS,  q.  v.,  but  only  remotely,  if  at  all,  to 
Maze-,  q.  V.  The  AS.  forms  blysa,  blysii/e,  a  torch, 
etc.,  belong  to  another  root:  see  blush.]  If.  A 
torch  ;  a  iire-brand. —  2.  A  iiarae ;  a  flaming 
fire;  a  conflagration. 
To  heaven  the  blaze  uprollcd.  Croty. 

What  heaps  of  books  and  pamphlets  !   now  we  shall 
have  a  glorious  blaze.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  L 

3.  Figuratively,  brilliant  sunlight;  effulgence; 
brilliance :  as,  tlie  Maze  of  day. 

As  thy  beautie  hath  made  thee  the  blaze  of  It-ily,  so  wU 
thy  lightriesse  make  thee  the  bye  word  of  the  worlde. 

Lyly,  Kuphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  102. 
0,  (lark,  dark,  dark,  amid  the  blaze  of  noon  I 

ililtan,  .S.  A.,  L  80. 

4.  A  suilden  kindling  up  or  bursting  out,  as  of 
fire,  passion,  etc. ;  an  active  or  violent  display ; 
■wide  diffusion. 

In  his  blaze  of  ivrath.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

The  main  blaze  of  it  is  past,  but  a  small  thing  would 

make  it  llame  again.  Shuk.,  Cor.,  iv.  3. 

5.  In  the  game  of  poker,  a  hand  (now  seldom 
or  never  used)  consisting  of  five  court-cards, 
ranking  between  two  jjairs  and  three  of  a  kind: 
so  called  in  allusion  to  the  blaze  of  color  dis- 
played. —  In  a  blaze,  on  fire ;  in  flames.—  Like  blazes, 
furiously;  in  or  to  an  excessive  degree.    [Low.] 

The  other  little  ones  used  to  cry  like  blazes. 


skate,  a  term  of  contempt.]     1.  One  who  talks  blau'wbofc  (blou'bok),  n.     [D.,  lit.  blue  buck, 


nonsense  in  a   blustering  way;    a  blustere: 
Hence- 2.    A    good-for-nothing   feUow;    a 
"beat."     [Scotch  and  Amer.] 

blathery  (blaSH'e-ri),  a.  and  n.  [Sc,  <  Mather 
+  -.'/I.]     I.  a.  Unsubstantial ;  trashy. 

II.  n.  That  which  is  unsubstantial,  trashy, 
or  ileceptive. 

Blattal  (blat'a),  n.  [L.,  an  insect  that  shuns  the 
light,  a  cockroach, -etc.]  1.  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Blattidm:  formerly  coextensive 
with  the  family,  but  now  greatly  restricted. 
'I'hus,  tlie  cockroach  or  common  black-beetle,  introduced 
from  the  East  into  Europe  and  .\merica,  is  Blatta  {Peri- 
plan.la)  nrlentalis.  .See  cut  under  Blattidm. 
2.   [/.  c]  A  member  of  this  genus. 

blatta^  (blat'a),  H.  [ML.]  A  purple  silk  inter- 
woven with  gold,  used  in  the  early  middle  ages. 
/><"■/,-,  Textile  Fabrics. 

blatteant  (blat'f-au),  a.  [<  blatta'^  +  -can.] 
Purple ;  of  a  purple  color. 

blatter  (blat'er),  V.  i.  [=  G.  dial,  blattern, 
bladdern,  prate;  cf.  L.  blatcrare,  blacterare,  talk 
nonsense,  hlatire,  babble  (cf.  Materate) ;  cf. 
blather,  blateS,  bleat,  blab,  blabber,  babble,  brab- 


<  Mauw  (blaai(u-),  =  E.  blue,  -\-  bok  =  E.  ii(rf-l.] 

1.  The  Dutch  colonial  name  of  a  South  African 
antelope,  Hippotragus  {or  JUgoceros)  leucophceus, 
given  on  account  of  its  bluish  appearance, 
caused  by  the  dark  hide  showing  through  light 
hair,  it  is  related  to  the  orj-x,  addax,  etc.,  and  iias 
rather  large  horns  curving  backward.  Also  called  blue- 
buck,  blue  antelope,  and  eta/ic. 

2.  A  small  South  African  antelope  with  very 
short  straight  horns  and  hea\'y  hind  quarters. 

Also  spelled  blaubok. 
blaver,  blavert   (bla'ver,  -vert),  n.     Corrupt 
forms  of  blawort.     [Scotch.] 

Your  gloves  shall  be  o'  the  green  clover 

Come  lockerin'  to  your  hand, 

Well  dropper  o'er  wi'  blue  Havers, 

"That  grow  amang  white  land. 

Gardener  Lad  (.\non.). 
bla'W  (bla),  i'. ;  pret.  blew,  pp.  blown,  ppr.  blaw- 
ing.     [Sc  =  E.  blow^.]    I.  intrans.  To  blow; 
breathe ;  publish :  brag ;  boast ;  magnify  in  nar- 
rative  To  Waw  in  one's  lug,  to  cajole;  flatter  a 

person.    Hence,  blaiv-in-my-lug,  a  flatterer;  a  wheedler. 
Scott. 
II.  trails.  To  flatter;  coax. 


Sfayhew. 

The  horse  was  so  maddened  by  the  wound,  and  the 
road  so  steep,  that  he  went  like  blazes. 

Be  Quincey,  Spanish  Xun,  p.  24. 
The  blazes,  hell ;  perdition.  Hence,  to  go  to  blazes,  to 
go  to  perdition,  or  to  the  deuce.  lSlang.)  =  Syn.  2.  Glare, 
etc.  .-^ee  flame,  n. 
See  also  Dlaze^  (blaz),  ;•. ;  pret.  Mazed,  ppr.  blazing. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  blase  (=  Sc.  blecze,  Mese); 
<  ME.  blasen,  blaze;  from  the  noun.]  I.  in- 
trans. 1.  To  burst  into  flame;  burn  with  a 
bright  flame  or  fervent  heat;  flame:  either 
literally  or  figuratively. 

Two  red  fires  in  both  their  faces  blazed. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  L  1353. 
Starry  lamps  and  blazing  cressets.    Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  728. 

2.  To  send  forth  a    bright  light;   shine  like 
flame  or  fire  :  as,  a  blazing  diamond. 

I  lift  mine  eyes,  and  all  the  windows  blaze 
With  forms  of  saints  and  holy  men  who  died. 

Longfellow,  .Sonnets  on  the  Divina  Commedia,  iv. 

Tlie  cupola  blazes  with  gigantic  archangels,  stationed 
in  a  ring  beneath  the  supreme  figure  and  face  of  Christ. 
J,  A.  Synwnds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  169 

3.  To  be  conspicuous  ;  shine  brightly  with  the 
brilliancy  of  talents,  heroic  deeds,  etc."  [Poetic] 

Jlighty  names 
Have  blazed  upon  the  world  and  passed  away. 

Bryant,  Fifty  Years. 
To  blaze  away,  to  fu'e  away ;  keep  on  firing  (with  guns 
or  artillery) :  work  vigorously  or  with  enthusia.''ni.  See 
away,  12.— To  blaze  out.  (a)  To  tlirow  out  flame  or 
Ught;  sliine  forth,  (b)  To  go  out  with  a  flare,  (c)  To 
break  out  with  passion  or  excitement ;  speak  or  act  vio- 
lently.—TO  blaze  up,  to  burst  into  flame,  and  hence  into 
passion,  anger,  etc. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  set  in  a  blaze.  [Rare.] 
Take  him  in  and  blaze  the  oak.  Hood. 

2.  To  temper  (steel)  by  covering  it  while  "hot 
with  tallow  or  oil,  which  is  then  burned  off. — 

3.  To  cause  to  shine  forth  ;  exhibit  vividly. 
Fiery  eyes  blaze  forth  her  wrong. 

Shak. ,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  219. 
So  spake  the  F.ather ;  and,  unfolding  bright 
Toward  the  right  hand  his  glory,  on  the  Son 
Blazed  forth  uiicloudeil  deity.    .Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  65. 

To  blaze  outt,  to  burn  out ;  figuratively,  exhaust  in  a 
blaze  of  pa.ssion  or  excess. 

blaze-  (blaz),  1!.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blazed,  ppr. 
Mazing. _  [<  ME.  blasen,  blow,  as  a  tnimpet,  < 
AS.  "blwsan,  blow  (=  JID.  blaesen.  D.  blazen. 
blow,  sound  a  trumpet,  =  JILG.  blasen  =  OHG. 
Masan,  MHG.  blasen,  G.  blasen  =  Icel.  bldsa  = 
Sw.  MSsa  =  Dan.  bhcse,  blow,  =  Goth.  Mesan, 
in  comp.  ufblesan,  puff  up) ;  prob.,  with  forma- 
tive -«•.  fi'om  the  root  *Md  of  bldwan,  blow, 
breathe  :  see  bloic^,  and  cf.  Mast.     In  the  later 


blaze 


582 


senses    confused  with   blazon 

blow,  as  from  a  trumpet. 

With  liis  blake  clarioiin 

He  gan  to  blasiii  out  a  soun 

As  loivde  as  beloweth  wjnde  in helle. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1S02. 

Hence— 2.    To  publish; 
announce  in  a  public  manner. 

Till  we  can  find  a  time 
To  Haze  yonr  marriage.      Shak.,  E.  and  J^.,  iii.  3. 
To  tell  you  truth,  lady,  his  conceit  was  far  better  than 
I  have  Maxell  it  yet.  . 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  ii.  2. 

.Such  musick  -worthiest  were  to  bta^e 
The  peerless  liighth  ol  her  immortal  praise. 

J/i7(on,  Arcades,  I.  i4. 

8t.  To  disclose ;  betray ;  defame. 

To  cover  shame.  I  took  thee ;  never  tear 
That  I  would  blaze  myself. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maids  Tragedy,  ll.  1. 

See  hlazon,  n.,  1  and  2. 
he  bears  a  tierce  sable 
Peachain. 


n    vT      It    To     starwort  (CAani«EZin'«m  CaroIinMnum),  natural  order  if-  blazy  (bla'zi),    n. 
q.  >.j      J.T.  ;,•„,.,.,»  thp  roots  nf  which  yield  a  bitter  tonic,    (c)  A  spe-     i,,.;„l,tu-.   Wn^ino 


4.  In  lier..  to  blazon. 

You  should  have  Hazed  it  thus 
between  two  tierces  or. 

Braggadochio  .  .  .  did  shew  his  shield, 
Which  bore  the  Sunne  brode  blazed  in  a  golden  field. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iu.  14. 

blaze^  (blaz),  n.    [<  hlaze^,  v.']   Publication ;  the 

act  of  spreading  widely  by  report.     [Poetic] 

For  what  is  glory  but  the  Maze  of  fame  ? 

Hilton,  P.  R.,  iii.  47. 

blazeS  (tlaz),  w.  [=  D.  bUs  =  MLG.  bUsse  = 
MHO.  hlasse,  G.  Wdsse  =  Icel.  blesi  =  Sw.  Was 
and  hUisa  =  Dan.  bits,  a  white  spot  or  streak  on 
the  forehead  (G.  Masse  also  paleness)  ;  from  the 
adj.  represented  by  0H6.  bias,  whitish,  MHG. 
Has.  bald,  pale,  weak,  G.  bhiss,  pale,  wan,  orig. 
'shining';  connected  vrith  Wflrcl,  a  torch,  flame: 
see  bla:e'^ :  cf.  Icel.  blasa,  lie  open  to  \-iew.]  1. 
A  white  spot  on  the  face  of  a  horse,  cow,  ox, 
etc.  See  cut  under  blesbok. 
A  square  blaze  in  liis  (a  sacred  ox's]  forehead. 

Cuatey,  Plagues  of  Egypt,  note  to  st.  16. 

2.  A  white  mark  made  on  a  tree,  as  by  remov- 
ing a  piece  of  tlie  bark,  to  indicate  a  boundary, 
or  a  path  or  trail  in  a  forest.  [Orig.  American.] 
—  3  A  local  English  name  cf  the  bleak. 
blaze^  (blaz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blazed,  ppr. 
bluzinij.     [=  MLG.   bkssct,  pp.;    <  blazci,  «.] 

1.  To  mark  with  a  white  spot  on  the  face,  as 
ahorse:  onlv  in  the  perfect  participle  blazed.— 

2.  To  set  a  inark  on,  as  a  tree,  usually  by  cut- 
ting off  a  piece  of  its  bark,  so  as  to  show  a 
white  spot. 

As  for  me,  tlie  son  and  the  fatlier  of  Uncas,  I  am  a  blazed 
pine  in  the  clearing  of  the  pale-faces. 

Cooper,  Uist  of  Mohicans,  x.xxlll. 

3.  To  indicate  or  mark  out,  as  by  cutting  off 
pieces  of  the  bark  of  a  number  of  trees  in  suc- 
cession: as,  to  blaze  a  path  through  a  forest. 

(■hampr)Illon  died  in  ISii'i.  having  done  little  more  than 
Un:,-  out  the  road  to  be  traveled  by  othei-s.  Noll. 

blaze*  (blaz),  71.  [E.  dial,  (not  foimd  in  ME. 
or  xVS. ),  =  MLG.  blase,  a  bla<lil(>r,  =  OHG.  bla- 
sa, Mllfi.  hlmc,  G.  blasen,  a  liladdcr,  bubble, 
blister,  pimple ;  from  the  verb  blaze'^  (=  OHG. 
blil^aii,  MHii.  G.  blasen),  blow:  see  blazc^,  and 
cf.  bla.tt  and  btisUr.]  A  pimple.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
blaze^  (blaz),  n.    [Origin  uncertain.]     Same  as 

hrnyhl,  4  (a). 
blaze"  (blaz),  n.  vl.     Irregular  speUmg  of  blaes, 

i.liinil  of  blue.  See  blue,  n. 
blazer'  (bla'z6r),  n.  [<  W«-tl  +  -<?i-l.]  1.  Any- 
thing that  blazes,  or  is  intensely  luminous  or 
hot :  as,  the  day  was  a  blazer.— 2.  A  dish  under 
which  there  is  "a  ri-c<-ptaclo  for  coals  to  kee))  it 
hot.— 3.  Abrighl-'-olorod  loose  coat,  usually  of 
flannel,  worn  by  ti  nnis-  and  cricket-players. 

'Ilii-  oriiiln  of  till-  word  Ib  ik  follnw» :  The  uniform  of 

1  ,.   I  ■.K  Miiranrct  I'K.ul  I'lub  of  St.  Jidin'H  College,  Cani- 

n/hl  irrl.  and  tin-  .lolmian  jacket*  have  for 

i..,n  cnllcd  Uazrrn.     \'\>  to  u  few  yearn  ago 

1     iiiit'-  modern  ii«e  of  blazer  fur  II  Jacket  of  any 

oingr  colour  than  red  wan  unknown. 

N.  nii((Q.,7th«cr.,  HI.  43«. 

blazer^  f  bla'zfcr),  >i.  [<  blazr'^  + -ery]  1.  One 
wii..  l.hi/in;  one  whojiublislies  ami  sproails  ri- 
|...rt  .;  ;.N,  "  blazem  of  crymc,"  Spinsir,  !•'.  t^., 
11.  i\.  J').— 2t.  A  blazoner. 

blazer-  I  lilii'zir),  «.  [<  fctarcS  +  -<»•'.]  Ouo 
w  h'-  lii:'/.r-s  II  tree, 

blazingly  ( bla'zing-li);  adv.  In  ablazing  rnan- 
n'-r. 

bUzlng-star  (bla'zing-Htilr').  "•  1-  Ij>  ''«■•.  ft 
COfii' ■  I  -  1  111  11  bi'ttrintt.  It  l« ri-pr<M?nte<l  licnd- 
wia-  n  i,.,lnl»  Willi  aUII  ult'-HMiIng  from  II. 

2.  .\  llio   Unitwl  States  for  Heveriil 

VVT'  'iii'    .      (.M  11^-     "  •-'■    ' 

1„„-|  ,1  ,.,,t.  ,   //  .    . 

whlli-  I  ■       .    ■    !•--' 

■Oini!  r'|'>'< IhiMc.     .\\tucaiii-'l  •'■I'croni      .    j    i  he 


llacear.  the  roots  of  which  yield  a  bitter  tonic-  (c)  A  spe 
cics  of  IJatrii.,  L.  squarrosa,  natural  order  C'ompo.?i(a',  one 
of  the  many  popular  remedies  for  rattlesnake-bites. 
3.  A  Stampede  of  pack-mules  or  other  animals 
from  a  central  poiut.  [Western  TJ.  S.  slang.] 
„   ,  "  blazon  (bla'zu).  «.     [<  ME.  blasO)i,  blasoioi,  a 

make  well  known;  siiield,  =  MD.  fc/asoeii,  D.  Wa.;ofn,  <  OF.  blasoii, 
blazon  (=  Pr.  blezo,  blizo  =  Sp.  blason  =  Pg.  bla- 
sao.  brasao  =  It.  blasone),  a  shield  with  a  coat  of 
arms  painted  on  it,  the  coat  of  anus  itself  (the 
Pr.  and  Sp.  terms  mean  also  honor,  glory,  fame) ; 
usually  referred  to  MHG.  blasen,  OHG.  blasan, 
blow,  "hence  sound  a  trumpet,  proclaim,  blaze 
(see  blaze^) ;  by  some  to  blaze'^ ;  but  the  orig. 
sense  'shield, 'with  other  facts,  is  against  such 
derivation.  In  ME.  and  mod.  E.  blaze'^  and 
blazon  are  of  coiu'se  associated  iu  thought.]  1. 
In  lier.,  a  shield  with  arms  on  it ;  armorial  bear- 
a  coat  of  arms;  a  banner  bearing  arms. 


bleach-field 

[<  blazed   + 


-1/1.]    Burning 


briglitlv;  blazing:  as,  a  blaz;/  lire.     [Rare.] 
blet   «. "  A  Jliddle  English  form  of  blee. 
-ble.     [ME.  -ble  (-bel,  -6(7,  -byl,  -bid),  <  OF.  -Ut, 
mod.  F.  -ble  =  Pr.  Sp.  -ble  =  Pg.  -vet  =  It.  -bile, 
<  L.  -bdis,  ace.  -bilem,  a  suffix  (<  -bi-  -{-  -lis), 
forming  adjectives,  usually  with  a  passive  sig- 
nification, from  verbs  ending  with  one  of  the 
vowels  -a,  -e,  -i,  -i,  -6,  -ii,  being  the  root-  or 
stem-vowel  or  (as  usually  -0  a  mere  iusertioiL 
as  in  admirS'-bilis,  dele-bilis,  seiiell-bilis,  credJf- 
bills,  igno-bilis,  mo-bilis,  volH-bilis,  etc- ;  rarely 
fi'om  perfect  participles,  as  in  fix-i-bilis,  /<(a«a- 
t-bilis,  etc.     See  further  imder  -able.    Adjec- 
tives in  -ble  are  aecompauied  by  adverbs  in 
-blij,  eontr.  fi-om  -ble-ly,  and  nouns  in  -ble-nesa 
or,  according  to  the  L'.,  in  -bil-iti/,  as  ciedi-ble, 
credi-bleness,  credi-bility.     In  many  words  the 
term,  -ble  is  of  different  origin,  as  in  nimbU, 
hamblc,  humble,  marble,  jmraldc.  siillable,  etc., 
dirided  et\'mologieally  nimb-le,  liiimb-le,  etc., 
the  real  term,  being  -le,  of  various  origin.] 
A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  occurring  in  adjectives 
having  originally  a  passive  signification,  which 
is  retained  more  or  less  fully  in  adjectives  ac- 
companied hy  verbs  derived  "from  the  inliuitive 
or  perfect  participle  (English  -ate  or  -if)  of  the 
same  Latin  verb,  as  in  commendable,  admirable, 
dissoluble,  etc.,  habitable,  imitabic,  tolerable,  navi- 
gable, etc.,  credible,  etc.,  but  is  not  obvious  in 
adjectives  not  accompanied  by  such  verbs,  aa 
m  equable,  delectable,  horrible,   terrible,  ignoble, 
voluble,  feeble,  etc.    In  English  it  is  felt  and  used 
as  a  suffix  only  with  the  preceding  vowel,  -able 
or  -ihlc.     See  -able,  -iblc. 
blea"^,  ".  and  n.     See  blae. 

blea-  (ble),  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps  < 
/(/(((I  =  blae,  pale  (see  blae).  Cf.  Sc.  blae,  blay, 
rough  parts  of  wood  left  in  sawing  or  boring.] 
The  part  of  a  tree  immediately  under  the  bark; 
tlie  alburnum  or  white  wood.     [Rare.] 


mgs; 

The  chief  functionaries  of  city  and  province,  ...  all 
marching  under  emblematical  standards  or  time-honored 
blazons.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  HI.  b'S'S. 

2.  A  description  in  technical  language  of  ar- 
morial bearings.  Peculiar  and  fantastic  changes  in- 
troduced by  certain  heralds  are  chiefly  in  the  blazon,  and 
not  in  the  gi-aphic  rei>resentation  :  thus,  when  the  arms  of 
nobles  aie  desciibed  by  precious  stones  (sapphire  instead 
of  azure,  topaz  instead  of  or,  and  the  like),  or  when  the 
arms  of  sovereigns  are  described  by  the  planets,  the 
description  only  is  peculiar,  the  drawing  and  coloring  of 
the  achievement  being  ot  the  same  character  as  those  of 
ordinary  bearings. 
3t.  Interpretation;  explanation. 

I  think  your  hlazon  to  be  true.  Shak.,  Mucll  Ado,  ii.  1. 
4.  Publication;  show;  celeliration;  pompous 
display,  either  by  words  or  by  other  means. 

But  this  eternal  Uazoti  must  not  be 

To  ears  of  flesh  ami  blood.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  5. 

blazon  (bla'zn),  r.  t.     [=  MD.  blasoencn  =  G. 
lil(isoiiircn,<  F.  blasonner,  blazon,  =  Sp.  blaso- 

nar,  blazon,  brag,  boast,  =  It.  blasonare,  hhi/.on  ■   

(ML.  blazonare) ;  from  the  noun.    Cf.  blaze"  in  bieaberry,  ".     Same  as  blaebcrrij. 

similar  senses.]     1.  To  explain  in  proper  her-  ijleachi  (blech),  v.    JX  ME.  blcchen,  <  AS.  blaican 


aldic  terms  (the  arms  or  bearings  on  a  shield). 

King  Edward  gave  to  them  the  coatof  arms  which  I  am 

not  herald  enough  to  blazon  into  English.  Addison. 

2.  To  depict  (armorial  bearings)  according  to 
the  i-ules  of  heraldry.  [An  incorrect  use  of 
the  word,  not  recognized  by  heralds.]  —  3.  To 
inscribe  with  arms,  or  some  ornament ;  adorn 
with  blazonry. 

The  blood-red  flag  of  the  Sacred  Ofllce  .  .  .  blazojud 
upon  either  side  with  the  portraits  of  Alexander  and  ot 
Ferdinand.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  iii.  Wili. 

^^^lat  matter  whose  the  hillside  grave, 
Or  whose  the  blazoned  stone? 

Whitlier,  The  Countess. 

4.  To  deck;  embellish;  adorn  as  with  bla- 
zonry. 

Then  blazons  in  dread  smiles  her  hideous  form. 

Garth,  The  Dispensary,  ii. 

The  bottom  of  the  valley  was  a  bed  of  glorious  grass, 
blazoned  with  flowers. 

Ii.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  280. 

5.  To  disjilay;  exhibit  conspicuously;  make 

known;  publish. 

For  better  farre  it  were  to  hide  their  names. 
Than  telling  them  to  blazon  out  their  blames. 

Spenser,  Tcares  of  the  Muses. 


Blazoning  our  injustice  everywhere. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And., 

And  blazon  o'er  the  door  their  nnmes  In  bnuss, 
Byron,  Dun  .hum, 


xl.  :il. 
6.  To  proclaim  or  publish  boastingly ;  boast  of. 

My  friend  Lancelot  is  not  a  man  to  blazon  anylliliig. 

Jrmny,  Salmagundi,  p.  124. 

blazoner  (bla'zn-<>r),  »i.     1.  'One  who  blazons; 

a  liinild.— 2.  One  who  publishes  or  proclaims 

with  strong  or  extravagiiiit  praise. 
blazoning  (blit'zn-ing),  ".     In  her.,  the  art  of 

di-si-riliiiig  ariiiiirial  bearings.     See  blazon,  n. 
blazonment    (bla'/n-ineii)),   n.      [<    blazon    + 

-ment.  \     Tlic  ml  of  blazoning;  emblazoniiieTil. 
blazonry  (blii'zn-ri),  n.     [<  blazon  +  -n/.]     1. 

Till-  .lit   of   ileHi'riliiiig  or  explaining  coiits  ol 

iiriiis  ill  proper  lienildic  terms  and  inetliod. 
liub  ban  dune  inure  to  w-t  the  public  rlghl  rui  thin  lin 

niirtant  point  of  lilazonni  Hum  the  whuli-  College  of  llii- 

1,1,1,.  J^ndi.  Ne»-i.|mpi-r«Tlillty-llvc  Vi-am  aiiu, 

2.  Emblazonry;  decoralimi  in  color,  iis  wiUi 
heraldic  dovic'es ;  brilliant  decoration;  H|deii- 
dor. 

Tlie  Korge<)U«  hiillilliiK  anil  wild  blatonry  ot  that  nhrlne 
of.si.  .Miirkn.  Buskin. 

Ho  iiiucli  mihtler  l>  a  human  minil  than  the  uiilnlde 
li««ueB  which  make  a  wirl  r.f  Uaznnry  or  i  lock  line  for  II. 
liroriie  liluil,  Mlihlluiiiarcli,  I.  I'.!. 

3.  Figurativoly,  display. 


(=  D.  bleel-en  =  OHG.  blcichcn,  MHG.  G.  blei- 
Chen  =  Icel.  bleil^ja  =  Sw.  blel;a  =  Dan.  ble.ge), 
make  white,  cause  to  fade  (cf.  btdcian,  become 
white  or  pale),  <  bide,  pale,  bleak:  see  bleakl, 
blakc.'l  I.  trans.  To  make  white  or  whiter  by 
removing  color;  whiten;  blanch;  make  pale; 
specifically,  to  whiten  (as  linen,  etc.)  by  wash- 
ing and  exposure  to  the  action  of  the  air  and 
sunlight,  or  by  chemical  preparations.  See 
bleaching. 

IniiiKU-tal  libcvtv,  whose  look  sulilinie 

Hath  bleached  tiio  tyrant's  cheek  in  every  varying  clime. 
Snwlletl,  Ode  to  Indepcndeuco. 

The  bones  of  men, 
In  some  forgotten  battle  slain, 
And  bleached  by  drifting  wind  and  rain. 

,S'i-c>»,  1..  of  the  L,,  iii.  6. 

The  robed  and  mitred  apostles,  Menrhnt  and  rain-washed 

by  the  ages,  rose  into  the  blue  air  like  lni«c  siiuw  llguivn. 

//.  .iames,  ./;-,,  Trans.  .ski-t<-lu-a,  [i.  2ia 

=  Syn.  ntanrh,  etc.     See  le/ii'fcn. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  become  white  in  any  man- 
ner ;  become  pale  or  colorless. 

Along  the  snows  a  stilfened  corse, 
Stretched  out  and  bleachin'/  in  the  northern  blast 

rhoni.wn.  Winter,  1.  S2L 

2.  To  become  tnorallv  pure.     [Rare.] 
bleach't,  «.     [<  ME.  blcdie  {bleclic),  <  AS.  blice, 
var.  ot  bide,   pale:  see  blciih-^,  blake,  and  of. 
bUacIA,  c]     1.  Pale.— 2.  Bleak. 
bleachl  (blech),  n.     [<  ME.  birclie.  <  AS.  blSico, 
paleness,  <  6/m',  pale:  see  bbnIA.lt     If.  A  dis- 
ease of  the  skin.     Holland.  U:   of  Pliny.— 2. 
[<  bleach^,  v.]    An  act  of  bleaching:  exposure 
to  the  sun  or  other  bleaching  agency  or  intlu- 
enco. 
What  is  known  its 


'  the  three.quarter  blrarh  ' 
Sei.  .Inier.,  N.  S,, 


with  llax. 
I. VI.  '.Ml). 


of   blctch,  n.  v.] 
"  icKing. 


bleach'-'t  (blech),  n.     [A  var. 
Bliicldng;   any  substance  used  for  blacl 

Cidgrape. 

bleacher  (ble'chi'-r).  ?i.  1.  One  who  bleaches; 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  whiten  cloth. —  2. 
A  vessel  used  in  bleaching.  —  3.  A  large  slial- 
low  wooili'ii  tub,  lined  with  metal,  used  in  dis- 
lilliiig  p(-ti-oli'iim;  a  settling-tub. 

bleachery  (blo'ch<'l'-i),  w. ;  jd.  bleacherirs  (-iz). 
|<  tdrach',  v.,  +  -erij.']  A  place  for  bleaching; 
an  establishment  where  the  bleiuliiiig  of  tex- 
tile fabrics,  etc.,  is  carried  on. 

Vonng  rcproliates dyid  In  the  wuul  wllli  perversity  aro 
taken  liilo  a  kind  uf  mural  lileaeheru  ami  c-onie  cult  whlln 
lubiniliK.  (I.   W.  Holmes,  lll.l  Vul.  •,!   Life,  p.  .'IM. 

bleach-field  (blech'fold),  n.  A  field  whore  cloth 
or  yarn  is  bleached. 


bleaching 

bleaching  (ble'fhing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  J/cac7^1.] 
Tlio  art  or  process  of  freeing  textile  fibers  and 
fabrics,  and  various  other  substances  (sucli  as 
materials  for  paper,  ivory,  wax,  oils),  from 
their  natural  color,  and  rendering  them  white, 
or  nearly  so.  The  ancient  in.-tli"il  of  lileadunj,'  liy 
exposing  to  the  action  of  tlie  suns  rays,  and  frequent 
wettint,',  lias  heen  nearly  supersedeil,  at  least  where  the 
business  is  prosecuted  on  a  large  scale,  by  more  compli- 
cated processes  in  connection  with  powerful  chemical 
preparations.  Among  these  preparations,  the  chief  are 
chlorin  and  sulplturous  acid,  the  latter  being  employed 
more  especially  in  the  ease  of  animal  (lljers  (silk  and  wo(d), 
while  cotton.  Hax,  and  other  vegetalile  fibers  are  operated 
upon  with  chlorin,  the  bleaching  in  both  cases  being  pre- 
ceded by  certain  cleansing  processes.  Glass  is  bleached 
by  the  use  of  chemical  agents,  usually  braunite,  saltpeter, 
■     aryeuioiis  acid,  an<l  minium  or  red  lead. 

bleaching-liquid  (ble'ching-lik"wid),  n.  A 
liquid  for  bleaching;  specifically,  blanching- 
liquor. 

bleaching-powder  (ble'ehing-pou'der),  n.  A 
powder  made  by  exposing  slaked  lime  to  the 
action  of  chlorin ;  chlorid  of  lime,  it  may  be 
regarded  as  a  mixture  of  slaked  lime  and  a  double  salt  of 
calcium  chlorid  and  calcium  hypochlorite.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal agent  used  in  bleaching  textile  fabrics,  and  is  also  a 
powerful  disinfectant. 

bleakl  (blek),  a.  [Also  assibilated  bleach 
(obs.),  dial.  hUikc,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  hleke  (assibilated 
hkche)  (also  bleiico,  prob.  due  to  Icel.),  earlier 
blake,  blak  (i.  e.,  bldk,  different  from  bl&k,  black, 
though  to  some  extent  confused  with  it),  pale, 
wan,  <  AS.  bide  (var.  blcec,  whence  prob.  ult.  E. 
meack^,  a.,  q.  v.),  pale,  wan,  also  bright,  shining 
(=  OS.  blCk,  pale,  shining,  =  D.  bleek  =  MLG. 
hlek,  LG.  blek  =  OHG.  bleih,  MHG.  G.  bleich  = 
Icel.  hleikr  =  Sw.  blek  =  Dan.  bleg,  pale,  wan),  < 
hlican  (pret.  bide,  pp.  bliceu),  shine,  =  OS.  blikan 
=  OFries.  blika,  shine,  =  D.  blijken  (pret.  bleek), 
appear,  =  Icel.  blikja,  blika,  shine,  =  OHG.  blih- 
han,  shiue  (MHG.  bllcan,  G.  blcichen,  grow  pale, 
mixed  with  weak  verb  bleichen,  bleach:  see 
bleach'^,  r.),  akin  to  Skt.  -^^  bltrdj,  shine,  and 
perhaps  to  Gr.  (p'Aiyeiv,  bum,  blaze,  (p'/.6i,  flame, 
h.flamma,  flame,  fulgere,  shine,  etc. :  see  flame, 
fuUjent,  piilegm,  phlox,  etc.  Related  E.  words 
are  blank,  blink,  bleach'^-,  perhaps  black,  and 
hriyh  fi.]  If.  Pale ;  pallid ;  wan ;  of  a  sickly  hue. 
With  a  face  dedly,  blctjk,  and  pale.  Lydgate. 

She  looked  as  pale  and  as  bleak  as  one  laid  out  dead. 

Foxe,  Martyrs  (Agnes  Wardall). 

2.  Exposed  to  cold  and  winds ;  desolate  ;  bare 
of  vegetation. 

Say,  will  ye  bless  the  bleah  Atlantic  shore? 

Pope,  Cho.  to  Brutus. 
Wastes  too  bleak  to  rear  the  common  growth  of  earth. 

Wordsworth. 

It  is  rich  land,  but  upon  a  clay,  and  in  a  very  bleak, 

high,  exposed  situation.  Gray,  Letters,  I.  258. 

3.  Cheerless ;  dreaiy. 

Her  desolation  presents  us  with  nothing  but  bleak  and 
barren  prospects.  Addison. 

4.  Cold ;  chill ;  piercing  ;  desolating. 

Entreat  the  north 
To  make  his  bleak  winds  kiss  my  parched  lips. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  7. 
Tlie  night  was  bleak  ;  the  rain  fell ;  the  wind  roared. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

bleakif,  "•     [<  bleak'^,  a. ;  var.  of  bleaeh'^.^    I. 
trans.  To  make  white  or  pale  ;  bleach. 
II.  intrans.  To  become  white  or  pale. 

bleak^  (blek), «.  [Early  mod.  E.  blcke,  dial. 
blick;  =  Icel.  bleikja  =  OHG.  bleicha,  MHG. 
blicke;  from  the  adj.  bleak  (Icel.  bleikr,  OHG. 
bliih),  from  the  pale  color  of  its  scales  (see 
WiviJ-l).  The  synonymous  term  hldij^,  <  AS. 
hld'ae  =  D.  blei  =  G.  bleihc,  is  not  directly  con- 
nected with  bleak^.']  An  English  name  of  a 
small  cyprinoid  fish,  Alburnus  lucidus.  Other 
forms  of  the  name  are  blcik,  blick.  Also  called 
blay. 

bleak^t,  v.  t.  [Var.  of  bleach^  and  black,  v.} 
To  blacken ;  darken.     Cotgrave. 

bleakish  (ble'kish),  a.  [<  bleak^  +  -is7jl.] 
Moderately  bleak ;  somewhat  bleak. 

A  northerly  or  bleakish  easterly  wind. 

Dr.  a.  Cheyne.  Ess.  on  Health. 
bleakly  (blek'li),  adv.    In  a  bleak  manner  or 
situation :  as,  the  wind  howls  bleakly. 
Neere  the  sea-coast  thcybleakely  seated  are. 

May,  tr.  of  Lucan,  ix. 
bleakness  (blek'nes),  «.     [<  blcaki  +  -ness.} 
The  qu;ility  of  being  bleak;  coldness;  desola- 
tion: as,  ''the  bleakness  of  the  air,"  Addison. 

The  landscape  will  lose  its  melancholy  bleakness  and 
acquire  a  beauty  of  its  own. 

Hau>lhorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 
bleaky  (ble'ki),  a.    [Extended  form  of  bleak^, «.] 
Bleak;  open;  fmsheltered ;  cold;  chill.   [Eare.] 
The  bleaky  top  of  rugged  hills. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgils  Georgica,  iii. 


583 

blearl  (bier),  v.  [<  ME.  hl«ren,  make  dim  or 
rlicuiny,  in  reference  to  the  eyes,  esp.  in  the 
pliraso  blear  one's  eyes,  i.  e.,  deceive,  hood- 
wink one; 'rarely  intrans.,  blink;  cf.  Dan. 
Mire,  also  plire,  blink,  =  Sw.  ]>lira,  dial,  blira, 
and  blura,  blink  (cf.  dial,  blirra  J'ojr  augu, 
quivor  before  the  eyes,  of  summer  heat),  = 
LG.  plilren,  plyrcu,  plircn  (also  hleer-  in  blcer- 
oged  =E.  blear-eyed.  q.  v.),  blink;  cf.  G.  dial. 
ftteiT,  an  ailment  of  the  eyes.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
affect  (the  eyes)  with  flowing  tears  or  rheuni 
so  that  the  sight  is  dimmed  and  indistinct; 
make  rheumy  and  dim :  as,  "blered  her  eyes," 
I'icrs  I'lowman. 

To  his  bleared  and  offended  sense, 
There  seems  a  hideous  fault  blazeil  in  the  object. 

Ji.  Jotuiun,  f'oetaster,  v.  1. 
Tease  the  lungs  and  blear  the  sight.      Cmvper,  Task,  iii. 
2.  To  bhir,  as  the  face  with  weeping;  obscure ; 
obfuscate. 

Stern  faces  bleared  with  immemorial  watch. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

To  blear  one's  eyest,  figuratively,  to  deceive;  liood- 

wink;  blind. 

They  wenen  that  no  man  may  hem  bigile, 
But  by  my  thrift,  yet  shal  I  blere  lw,r  eye. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1. 129. 

Entising  dames  my  patience  still  did  prone, 
And  blear'd  mine  eyes. 

Gaseoiyne,  The  Fruits  of  Fetters. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  have  bleared  or  inflamed 
eyes ;  be  blear-eyed, 
blearl  (bier),  a.  and  n.  [Not  an  orig.  adj.,  but 
assumed  from  blear-eyed,  where  blear  is  directly 
from  the  verb.  See  blear-eyed.']  I.  a.  1.  Sore 
or  dim  from  a  watery  discharge  or  other  super- 
ficial affection :  applied  only  to  the  eyes. 

A  wit  that  can  make  your  perfections  so  transparent, 
that  every  blear  eye  may  look  through  them. 

B.  Jonsun,  Evei'y  JIan  in  his  Humour,  iv.  1. 

Half  blind  he  peered  at  me  through  his  blear  eyes. 

Layard,  Nineveh  and  Babylon,  i. 

2.  Producing  dimness  of   vision;    blinding. 
[Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

Power  to  cheat  the  eye  with  Wear  illusion. 

Hilton,  Conms,  1.  155. 

3.  Dim;    indistinct;    confused    in    outlines. 
[Rare.] 

II.  n.  Something  that  obscures  the  sight. 
[Scotch.] 

Nor  is  the  blear  drawn  easy  o'er  her  e'e. 

A.  Ross,  Helenore,  p.  91. 

blear^t  (bier),  v.  [<  ME.  bleren;  origin  ob- 
scure.] I.  trans.  To  thmst  (out);  protrude: 
with  out. 

[TheyJ  stood  staring  and  gaping  upon  Him,  wagging 
their  heads,  writhing  their  mouths,  yea  blearing  out  their 
tongues.  Bp.  Andrews,  Sermons,  ii.  173. 

II.  intrans.  To  thrust  out  the  tongue  in  mock- 
ery. 
He  baltyrde,  he  bleryde,  he  braundyschte  ther-after. 

Mortc  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  782. 

blearedness  (bler'ed-nes),  n.  [<  bleared,  pp. 
of  blear^,  +  -ness.]  The  state  of  being  bleared 
or  blurred  with  rheum.     Holland. 

blear-eye  (bler'i),  n.  [Rather  from  blear-eyed, 
a.,  than  from  blettr^,  a.,  ■¥  eye.  Cf.  LG.  bleer-oge, 
pliir-oye,  blear-eye,  fi'om  the  adj.  See  blear- 
eyed.']  In  med.,  a  disease  of  the  eyelids,  con- 
sisting in  chronic  inflammation  of  the  margins, 
with  a  gummy  secretion  from  the  Meibomian 
elands;  lippitude.     Also  called  blear-eyedncss. 

blear-eyed  (bler'id),  a.  [<  ME.  blereyed,  bler- 
eighed,  etc.,  <  bleren,  blear,  +  eye,  eighe,  eye; 
cf.  Dan.  plir-ojet  =  LG.  bleer-oged,  also  pliir- 
oged,  blear-eyed,  of  similar  formation.  Cf.  also 
LG.  blarr-oged,  with  noun  blarr-oge,  due  to  eon- 
fusion  with  blarren,  cry,  howl,  weep,  =  G.  blar- 
ren,  blerren,  ■asnaWy  plarren,  roar,  bellow,  =  E. 
blare'^;  but  there  is  no  etymological  connection. 
See  blcar'^.]  1.  Having  sore  eyes;  having  the 
eyes  dimmed  or  inflamed  by  flowing  tears  or 
rheum;  dim-sighted. 

Crook-back'd  he  was,  tooth-shaken,  and  blear-ey'd. 

Sackville,  Ind.  to  Mir.  for  Mags. 

2.  Wanting  in  perception  or  understanding; 

short-sighted. 
blear-eyedness  (bler'id-nes),  n.   Same  as  blear- 

ei/e. 
bl'eariness  (bler'i-nes),  n.     [<  bleary  +  -ness.] 

Bleari'ilncss. 
blearnesst  (bler'nes),  n.     [<  blear^,  a.,  +  -ness.'] 

The  state  of  being  blear.     Udall,  Mark  x. 
blear-'witted  (bler'vrit'ed),  n.    Dull;  stupid. 

They  were  very  blear-witted,  i'  faith,  that  could  not  dis- 
cern the  gentleman  in  him. 

B.  Jornon,  Every  ilan  out  of  his  Humour,  v.  2. 


bleed  *» 

blearyl  (bler'i),  a.  [<  W«o>-l -t- -i/l.]  1.  Bleared; 
rheumy;  dim:  as,  Wc/n/ red  eyes. — 2.  Blurred; 
confused;  cloudy;  rnisty. 

Oh  give  me  back  niy  native  hills, 
If  bieak  or  bleary,  grim  or  gray. 
,       .  Cumberland  Ballad, 

bleary-,  n.    See  bleery. 

bleat  (blet),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  blcten,  <  AS.  blietan 
=  D.  blatni,  bleeten  =  MLG.  LG.  bleteu  =  OHG. 
bld;:an,  11  JIG.  bldzen,  G.  dial,  bldssen,  blat:cn, 
bleat;  cf.  G.  itofrew,  bleat,  bellow  (see  balk'^, 
bolk),  L.  balarc,  bleat  (see  balant),  6r.  (iTji- 
XaaOai,  bleat,  (ilrixii.  Dor.  ft>.axa,  a  bleating :  all 
perhaps  ult.  of  imitative  origin,  like  baa,  q.  v.] 
To  cry  as  a  sheep,  goat,  or  calf;  also,  as  a  snipe. 
Then  suddenly  was  heard  along  the  main 
To  low  the  ox,  to  bleat  the  woolly  train. 

f-'oife,  Odyssey,  xil. 
bleat  (blet),  n.      [<  bUat,  v.]    The  cry  of  a 
sheep,  goat,  or  calf;  also,  of  a  snipe. 

The  Meat  of  flocks,  the  breatli  of  flowers. 

Moir,  UarebelL 
And  gf)t  a  calf  .  .  . 
Alncii  like  to  you,  for  you  have  just  his  bleat. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  4. 
bleater  (ble'ter),  n.    An  animal  that  bleats; 
specifically,  a  sheep. 

In  cold,  stiff  soils  the  bleatert  oft  complain 

Of  gouty  ails.  John  Dyer,  Fleece,  L 

bleauntt,  "■  [ME.,  also  written  bleeavnt,  ble- 
hand,  bliand,  btiliand;  ='^WJx.  6Hnn< (with  term, 
varied  from  orig.)=MH(i.  blialt,  bliat  <  OF. 
bliaiit,  bliaitd,  bliat,  earlier  bliult  (mod.  F.  dial. 
Maude,  biaudc:  see  blouse)  =  Pr.  blial,  hliau, 
bliaut,  bli::ant  =  Sp.  Pg.  brial;  ML.  blialdus, 
bliaudus,  blisaudus,  a  kind  of  tunic;  origin  un- 
known.] A  garment  common  to  both  sexes 
in  the  eleventh,  twelfth,  and  thirteenth  cen- 
turies. As  worn  by  women,  it  w.as  a  tunic  placed  over 
the  chemise,  usually  with  long  and  loose  sleeves,  and  held 
by  a  girdle,  except  perhaps  when  a  gai-ment  was  worn 
above  it.  That  for  men  was  worn  as  an  outer  garment, 
and  especially  over  the  armor,  in  which  case  it  is  hard 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  tabard,  which  afterward  re- 
placed it.  For  mounted  men  it  was  divided  nearly  to  the 
girdle,  to  enable  the  rider  to  sit  in  the  saddle. 
A  blewe  bleaunt  obofe  brade  him  al  ovir. 

King  Alisaunder,  p.  167. 
Blysnande  whyt  watj  hjT  bleaunt. 

Alliterative  Poemjt  (ed.  Morris),  L  163. 

bleb  (bleb),  n.     [Another  form  of  blob,  q.  v.] 

1.  A  blister  or  pustule. —  2.  A  bubble,  as  in 
water  or  other  fluid,  or  in  a  substance  that  has 
been  fluid,  as  glass. 

Arsenic  abounds  with  air  blebs.  Kincan. 

blebby  (bleb'i),  a.  [<  bleb  -\-  -yK]  Full  of 
blebs,  blisters,  or  bubbles. 

[Meionite]  fuses  ...  to  a  white  blebby  glass, 

Dana,  System  of  Mineral.  (1868),  p.  31S. 

bleek  (blek),  n.     [Also  (in  def.  1)  assibilated 
bhtch ;  <  ME.  blek,  Meke,  appar.  <  AS.  blwc  (= 
Icel.  blek  =  Sw.  black  =  Dan.  bltvk,  ink),  prop. 
neut.  of  the  adj.  bhec,  black:  see  black,  n.]     1. 
Any  black  fluid  substance,  as  black  ink,  black- 
ing for  leather,  or  black  grease. — 2.    Soot ; 
smut. — 3t.  A  black  man. — 4.  A  local  English 
name  of  the  coalfish,  Pollaehius  rirens. 
[Now  only  prov.  Eng.  or  Scotch.] 
bleckbok  (blek'bok),  n.     Same  as  bleekbok. 
bled  (bled).     Preterit  and  past  participle  of 

bleed. 
bleet  (ble).  n.  [<  ME.  blee,  ble,  bleo,  <  AS.  bleoh, 
Mioh,  usually  contr.  hleo,  blid,  color,  hue,  com- 
plexion, =  OS.  Mi  =  OFries.  bli,  blie.  North 
Fries,  bldy,  color.]  Color ;  hue  ;  complexion. 
Thou  art  brjght  of  blee.  Eglamour,  L  933. 

I  have  a  lemmau 
As  bright  of  blee  as  is  the  silver  moon. 

Greene,  George-a-Green. 
White  of  blee  with  waiting  for  me 
Is  the  corse  in  the  next  chambere. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Romaimt  of  the  Page. 

bleed  (bled),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bled,  ppr.  bleed- 
ing. [<  ME.  bleden,  <  AS.  bledan,  bleed  (= 
OFries.  bleda  =  D.  bloeden  =  LG.  bloden  = 
OHG.  bluotan,  MHG.  6.  bluten,  =  Icel.  blwdha 
=  Sw.  bloda  =  Dan.  blade),  <  blod,  blood:  see 
6/oorf,  and  cf.  6?essl.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  void  or 
emit  blood;  drop,  or  mn  with,  blood:  as,  the 
wound  Med  profusely ;  his  nose  bleeds. 

Many  upon  the  seeing  of  t.thers  bleed  .  .  .  themselves 
are  ready  to  faint,  as  if  they  bled.  Bacon, 

2.  Figuratively,  to  feel  pity,  sorrow,  or  an- 
guish; be  filled  with  s\Tnpathy  or  grief:  with 
for:  as,  my  heart  bleed.ifor  him. 

Take  your  own  will;  my  very  heart  bleeds. for  thee. 

Fletcher  (aud  another),  Queen  of  C^orinth,  u.  3. 
I  bleed  inwardly /or  my  lord.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  2. 

St.  To  come  to  light:  in  allusion  to  the  old 
superstitious  belief  that  the  body  of  a  murdered 


'  bleed 

person  -would  begin  to  bleed  if  the  murderer 
approached  it. 

The  murdering  of  her  Marquis  of  Ancre  will  yet  bleed, 
as  some  fear.  Hoicell,  Letters,  I.  i.  19. 

4.  To  shed  one's  blood ;  be  severely  ivounded 
or  die,  as  in  battle  or  the  like. 

Cjesar  most  bleed  for  it.  Shak.,  J.  C,  ii.  1. 

5.  To  lose  sap,  gum,  or  juice,  as  a  tree  or  a  vine. 

For  me  the  balm  shall  bleed,  and  amber  flow. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  393. 

6.  To  pay  or  lose  money  freely ;  be  subjected 
to  extortion  of  money:  a^,  they  made  him  ftffcrf  ijiemish   (blem'ish),  «.     l<  blemish,  r.]     1.  A 


584 

lent) ;  mar  or  make  defective ;  destroy  the  per- 
fection of ;  deface ;  sully. 

Vanish  ;  or  I  shall  grive  thee  thy  deserving', 

And  bleinUh  C'asar's  triumph.     Shah.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  10. 

Sin  is  a  soil  which  bleinisheth  the  beauty  of  thy  soul. 

Ji.  Bralfurnite. 

2.  To  impair  morally;  tarnish,  as  reputation 
or  character;  defame;  stain:  as,  to  bkmisli 
one's  fair  fame. 

On  a  general  review  of  the  long  administration  of  Has- 
tinijs,  it  is  impossible  to  deny  that,  against  the  great  crimes 
by  which  it  is  blemished,  we  have  to  set  iitf  great  jiublic 
services.  Macaulay,  Warrea  Uastings. 


freely  for  that  whim."  [Slang.]  — 7.  In  dyeing, 
to  be"  washed  out:  said  of  the  color  of  a  dyed 
fabric  when  it  stains  water  in  which  it  is  im- 
mersed. O'Seill,  Dyeing  and  Cal.  Printing,  p. 
105. — 8.  To  leak;  become  leaky. 

The  defects  in  the  plates,  whose  presence  may  not  even 
be  suspected,  become  exposed,  and  being  attacked  anew 
by  the  acids  in  the  water  tised  for  washing  out  the  boiler, 
which  are  not  neutralized  by  the  soda,  are  caused  to 
bUed.  S.  Wilson,  Steam  Boilers,  p.  174. 

9.    To    yield;     produce:    applied    to    grain. 
[Scotch.] 
n.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  lose  blood,  as  by 


■wounding ;  take  blood  from  by  opening  a  vein, 

as  in  phlebotomy. —  2.  To  lose,  as  blood;  emit  blemished (blem'isht),  p.  a. 


defect,  ilaw,  or  imperfection;  something  that 
mars  beauty,  completeness,  or  perfection. 

As  he  hath  caused  a  bletitish  in  a  man,  so  shall  it  be  done 
to  him  again.  Lev.  x.\iv.  20. 

Xaught  had  blemish  there  or  spot. 
For  in  that  place  decay  was  not. 

Williayn  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  35S. 

2.  A  moral  defect  or  injury;  reproach;  dis- 
grace ;  that  which  impairs  reputation ;  imputa- 
tion. 

That  cleare  she  dide  from  blemish  criminall. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  37. 
That  you  have  been  earnest  should  be  no  blemish  or 
discredit  at  all  unto  you.  Hooker. 

Ha\'ing  a  fault  or 


or  distil,  as  juice,  sap,  or  gum, 

A  decaying  pine  of  stately  size  bleeding  amber. 
3.  To  extort  or  exact  money 


on:  as,  the  sharpers  bled  him  freely.    [Slang.] 
He  (Shaykh  M.asudl  returned  in  a  depressed  state,  hav- 
ing been  bled  by  the  soldiery  at  the  well  to  the  extent  of 
forty  piastres,  or  about  eight  shillings. 

R.  F.  Burton,  EMIedinah,  p.  S.iO. 

4.  In  dyeing,  to  extract  the  coloring  matter 
from  (a  dye-drug).  Napier. — 5.  In  bookbind- 
ing, to  trim  the  margin  of  (a  book)  so  closely 


blemish;  specifically,   in  her.,  broken   or  cut 
Miller,    short:    said  of  a  cross,  weapon,  or  the  like, 

- „ used  as  a  bearing. 

fiom,   sponge  ijiemishless  (blem'ish-les),  a.     [<  blemish,  n.. 


+ -less.]     Without  blemish;  spotless;  perfect; 
without  defect. 

A  life  in  all  so  blemishless.        Fellhayil,  Ltisoria,  x.\xvii. 
blemishment  (blem'ish-ment),  n.     [<  blemish, 
n.,  + -ment.']     Damage;  flaw;  impairment. 

For  dread  of  blame  and  honours  bteiitishment. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,IV.  ii.  36. 


as  to    mutilate  the    print.— To  bleed  a  buoy  blemmatrope  (blem  a-trop),  n.     [<  Gr.  p-efifia, 

■    ■     ■  ■  ■  ■       look,  glance,  eye  (<  j3?.i7Teiv,  look),  -I-  TpcTretv, 

turn.]  An  apparatus  for  illustrating  the  va- 
rious positions  of  the  eye. 
blench^  (blench),  V.  [in  early  mod.  E.  some- 
times spelled  blanch  by  confusion  with  blanch, 
make  white  (see  blanch'^  and  blanch-):  <  ME. 
blenchcn,  also  blenken,  occasioually  hiinchcn, 
turn  aside,  evade,  disconcert,  usually  intrans., 
shrink  back,  give  w-ay,  <  AS.  blcncan  (=  led. 
blckkja),  deceive,  supposed  to  be  a  causal  form 
of  *blincan,  blink  (cf.  drench'^,  causal  of  drink). 
but  the  latter  verb  does  uot  occur  iu  the  older 
language:  see  blink.     For  the  sense  'deceive,' 


(wiwM,  to  let  out  of  a  buoy  water  which  has  leaked  into 
it.— To  bleed  the  brakes,  in  a  locomotive,  to  relieve  the 
prc-isure  on  the  air-brakes  by  opening  the  bleeding-valve 
or  release-cock  of  the  brake-cylinder, 
bleeder  (ble'der),  n.  1.  One  who  lets  blood. 
—  2.  A  person  who  is  naturally  predisposed  to 
bleed.  See  hemophilia. 
bleed-hearts  (bled'hiirts),  n.  The  scarlet  lych- 
nis. I.i/chnis  Chalcedonica. 
bleeding  (ble'ding),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  bleed,  c] 
1.  A  running  or  issuing  of  blood,  as  from  the 
nose;  a  hemorrhage;  the  operation  of  letting 
blood,  as  in  surgery. — 2.  Tlie  drawing  of  sap 
from  a  tree  or  plant. —  3.  In  bookbinding,  an 
excessive  trimming  dovra  of  the  margins  of  a 
book,  which  cuts  into  and  mutilates  the  print. 

bleeding-heart  (ble'ding-hiirt).  «.  1.  In  Eng- 
land, a  name  of  the  wall-flower,  Cheiranthus 
Cheiri. —  2.  A  common  name  of  some  species 
of  Vicentra,  especially  IK  spcctabilis  from 
China,  from  the  shape  of  the  flowers. —  3.  A 
name  sometimes  applied  to  cultivated  forms  of 
Coliicasin  with  colored  leaves. 

bleeding-tooth  (ble'ding-toth),  n.  A  common 
name  of  a  shell  of  the  family  Ncritidw,  Xerita 
fieloronta,  the  toothed  colum'ella  of  which  has 
a  red  blotch  suggesting  the  name.     See  Serila. 

bleekbok  (blek'bok),  «.  [D.,  <  bleck,  =  E. 
hU,ik^,  pale,  -I-  bok  =  E.  huck^,  a  goat.]  The 
Dutch  colonial  name  of  the  ourebi,  Scopophorus 
ourebi,  a  small  pale-colored  antelope  of  South 
Africa,  related  to  the  steiuboks.  Another  form 
is  blirkhok. 

bleery  (bler'i),  n.    A  burning  brand;  a  fagot. 
Also  spelled  bleary.     [Scotch.] 
Scowder  their  harigals  iIcIIh  wI'  u  bleary.  Hogg. 

bleezel  (blez),  n.  and  v.   A  Scotcli  form  of  blazc^. 

bleeze",  ''.  <■ ;  prct.  and  pp.  hUe:ed,  ppr.  bleez- 
imi.  To  become  Hlightly  sour,  UH  milk.  [Scotch.] 

bleik't,  a.     See  WenAl. 

blnik-'t,  ".     See  htiak'^. 


blend-water 

3.  One  who  blenches  or  flinches, 
blench-firmt  (blench'ferm),  n.    Sam©  as  llanch- 

farm. 
blench-holding  (blench'hol"ding),  n.    Same  as 

bhiHch-liolding. 
blend^   (blend),  r.;  pret.  blended,  pp.  blended 
or  blent,  ppr.  blending.     [<  ME.  blcnden,  mix, 
sometimes  intrans.,  a  secondary  form  of  blan- 
den, (.AS.  blandan,  a  strong  verb  (=  OS.  blandan 
=  Icel.  blanda  =  Sw.  blanda  =  Dan.  blande  = 
OHG.  blantan,  MHG.  blanden  =  Goth,  blandan), 
mix:    see  bland^.'\     I.    trans.    1.    To  mix  to- 
gether in  such  a  way  that  the  things  mixed  be- 
come inseparable,  or  cannot  easily  be  separated. 
In  p:u-licular:  (a)  To  mix  (ditlerent  sorts  or  qualities  of  , 
a  commodity)  in  order  to  produce  a  particular  brand,  kind, 
orquality:  as,  to  t?^;id  teas ;  to  ^^in/tuliacco.    ('i)Tomix 
so  intimately  or  harmoniously  that  the  identity  or  individ- 
uality of  the  things  mixed  is  lost  or  obscured  in  a  new 
product :  as,  many  races  are  blended  iu  the  modem  Eng- 
lishman. 
Kider  and  horse, —  friend,  foe, —  in  one  red  burial  blent 
Byron,  Childc  Harold,  iii.  29. 

Blended  and  intertwisted  hi  this  life  are  the  sources  of 
joys  and  tears.  De  Quincey. 

I  blend  in  song  thy  flowers  and  thee. 

Whitficr,  First  Flowers. 

(c)  To  cause  to  pass  imperceptibly  into  one  another; 
unite  so  that  there  shall  be  no  peireptible  line  of  division : 
as,  to  blend  the  colore  of  a  painting. 
2t.  To  mix  up  in  the  mind ;  confound  (one 
thing \vith  another). —  3t.  To  stir  up  (a  liquid); 
hence,  to  render  turbid;  figuratively,  disturb. 
—  4t.  To  pollute  by  mixture ;  spoil  or  corrupt. 

And  all  these  stormea,  which  now  his  beauty  Wend. 

Spensej;  Sonnets,  Lxii. 

And  thy  throne  royall  with  dishonour  blent. 

Spmsa;  Mother  llub.  Talc,  1.  1330. 

=  Syn.  ^fi^r,  etc.    See  minfile. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  mix  or  mingle;  unite  in- 
timately so  as  to  form  a  harmonious  whole  j 
unite  so  as  to  be  indistinguishable. 

And  Rupert's  oath,  and  Cromwell's  prayer, 

With  b.attle  thunder  blended.      Whittier,  The  Exiles. 

Changed  seemed  all  the  fashion  of  the  world, 
And  past  and  future  into  one  did  lilend. 

Williani  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  349. 

2.  To  pass  imperceptibly  into  each  other  :  as, 
sea  and  sky  seemed  to  blend. 

The  distant  peaks  gradually  blended  with  the  white  at- 
mosphere above  them.  Tiindatl,  tJlaciers.  p.  196. 

It  would  clearly  be  advant.igcous  to  two  varieties  or 
incipient  species  if  they  could  be  kept  from  blending,  on 
the  same  principle  that,  when  man  is  selecting  at  the 
same  time  two  varieties,  it  is  necessary  that  he  should 
keep  them  separate.        Darwin,  tlrigin  of  Species,  ]).  246. 


cf.  blear  one's  eyes,  deceive,  under  blear^.']     I.  blendl  (blend),  n.     [<  blendl,  «!.]     1.  A  mixing 


t,ii 


bleiti,bleit2(blat),  o, 

'- ■••■''  1 
1,'  Mfl'iirn),   n.      [Ajiimr.    imitative   of 

^ihblc.    Ct.hlrthrr^.]    An  idle,  Hcnso- 
..  -.,    .,,.,].g,  or  noisy  fellow.     [Hcolch.] 

A  blethcrlnf;,  liluatcrlnK,  dninkeii  IMlum. 

JtnriiM,  'rani  ••'  .shnntcr. 


blenii 

hlr,,.  ■ 

Idem 
(V.I. 
<  bb. 
1.   'I 
that  I- 


inirans.    1.  To  "shrink;   start  back;  give  way ; 
flinch ;  turn  aside  or  fly  off. 

Though  sometimes  you  do  blenek  from  this  to  that. 

SAn*-.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  5. 
I'll  tent  him  to  the  quick ;  if  he  but  bleneh, 
1  know  my  course.  Sliah:,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

I  know  his  people 
Are  of  his  own  choice,  men  that  will  not  totter 
Nor  blench  much  at  a  bullet. 

Fletcher,  The  Pilgrim,  v.  3. 

2.  To  quail :  said  of  the  eye. 
Il.t   trans.    1.    To  deceive;  cheat. —  2.    To 

draw  back  from;   shirk;  aVoid;   elude;  deny 
from  fear. 
He  now  blenched  what  before  ...  he  afllrmed.    Eneltjn. 

3.  To  hinder  or  obstruct;  disconcert;  foil. 

The  rebels  besieged  them,  wimiiliK  the  even  grounil  on 
the  lop,  by  carrying  up  great  trusses  of  hay  liefore  thcni 
to  blench  the  detendanU'  sight  and  dead  their  shot. 

(r.  Careir. 

blenchlf  (blench), «.  [<  blench'^,  i\]  1.  Adoceit ; 
a  trick.— 2.  A  sidelong  glance. 

TlicBo  blenches  gave  my  heart  jinother  youth. 

.shak.,  Soiirieta,  ex. 

blench'^  (blench),  a.  or  adr.  [A  variant  form 
of  blanch^,  a.:  see  blanch^  and  blank.]  Upon 
or  liasod  upon  the  puyincul  of  a  iioMiiiuil  or 
trifling  yearlvduty :  apiilicd  Id  a  sort  of  tenure 
of  land  :"aH,  the  estate  is  held  Wen  W»  of  the  crown. 
Hoe  hlanrh-hiililinii. 
Some  as  Wafcl,  Wo<e2.  blench-  (hlincli)',  r.  [Var.  of  blanehK  \mr\\y 
iplionclic  and  partly  bv  notional  confusion  with 
W<;i(7(l.]  I.  inlr<in.i.  To  become  jiale;  lijiincli. 
II.  Irons.  To  nniko  wliite ;  blanch. 
blencher  (blc'ii'ch^T),  ».  [<  blench^,  r.-.  see 
lilonclnr".']  If.  A  Hcnrecrow,  or  whali'ver 
fright i-MM  or  turns  ahide  or  away.  Sir  T.  ICIyot. 
—  2t.  In  hunting,  onr  pincrd  where  lie  can  turn 
tlic  deer  from  going  in  a  jmi'ticuliir  direction;  a 
blanclier. 

I  fill  till'  old  iiian'ii  manlor'il  by  mmh  pniwliin, 
And  loo  hlKlirrick'il,  which  iimken  liini  ovemhool  nil 
Hill  viilipur  iiliouiil  d(re<  t  nt,  nnil  hurt  Ihoiiu 
Tllttt  uliuiil  bnl  hy  a"  Idenrhert. 

Fletcher  {antt  another),  l.ove'R  I'llKrImagv,  11.  1. 


A  Middle  English  form  of  hlain. 
III.     Si'c  lilae,  n 


h    '.:'in'i«h),  r.   /.     [<  MK.   Iilemi.sshen, 

•  -iKh"^),  wound,  injure,  Hpoil,  <  OI''. 

r  'orlain  partM  of  hirniir,  hlrnmir 

;.iilo,  =  I'r.  Wr.iHinr,  «lriki',Hoil), 

palo,  wan;  origin  inn'crtiiin.  | 


inipnir  (oupecially  Hoimdhiiig 
led,  or  in  otnor  reiipoctjt  excel- 


or  mi.Ktiu'e,  as  of  liquids,  colors,  etc. :  as,  tea 
of  our  own  blend. —  2.  The  brand,  kind,  or 
quality  produced  by  mi.'ving  together  different 
sorts  or  qualities  of  a  commodity:  as,  a  fine 
blend  of  tea;  the  finest  blend  of  wliisky. 
blend-t,  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  blended,  blent,  ppr. 
bleiuliiig.  [<  ME.  blendcn.  <  AS.  hiendan  (= 
OKrics.  blinda,  blinda  =  Dan.  hlaiide  —  LG. 
6;c«He«=:01IG.  blenljan.  blendcn,  MUG.  ii.  blcn- 
den), make  blind;  factitive  verb  of  blinil.  blind: 
see  Wi'iirfl,  a.  and  »■.]     To  blind;  deceive. 

This  multiplying  Ment  IblindethI  so  many  oon, 

Chaueer,  Canon's  Yeoman  8  Tale,  1.  .ISO, 
Reason  blent  through  passion.    Spenser,  V.  i).,  II.  iv.  7. 

blendcorn  (blend'k6rn),  JI.  [<  blcnd^  +  com. 
Cf.  Dan.  dial,  blandckorn.']  Wheat  and  rye 
sown  and  grown  together.     X.  K.  /). 

blende  (Idend),  h.  [Also  blend,  blind,  blinde;  < 
(i.  blende,  blende,  <  blendcn.  blind,  da/.zle:  see 
hlenil-.']  An  ore  of  zinc;  a  Tiulive  snlphid  of  zino, 
but  commonly  contnining  more  or  loss  iron, 
also  a  little  cadmium,  and  sometimcK  rarer  ele- 
ments (gallium,  iniliuni).  its  color  Is  uiontly  brown 
anil  bliuk.  but  wliiu  pmc  it  is  yellow  or  even  white.  The 
word  lilrnde  is  also  employed  In  such  coiiinonnd  terms  as 
iiuin«ane»e-lilende,  zinebiencli',  ruliylilende,  to  designate 
certain  ndrieral.H(sulphlils  of  the  niclid.'ticliiuaiterlzed  by  a 
lniUi;oit  non-nu'lnllic  luster.  Al»oiiilled  ^idifileritr,/alM 
■lol.'tHi.  and  by  I'.ngllsh  miners  moel,-  lead  mid  blarkjaek. 

blender  (blen'iU'r),  n.  One  who  or  Ihal  which 
blonds;  specificnlly,  a  bni.sh  made  of  liiidgcrs' 
liiiir,  used  by  grainers  and  artists  in  blen<ling. 
Sco  hienilina. 

blending  (lilen'ding),  )i.  [Verbal  n.  of  lilentii, 
I .  j  The  act  or  process  of  combining  or  min- 
gling, speilllcally,  in  painting:  (a)  A  method  of  liiying 
on  dlllerelit  tints  ho  that  they  may  iiiiiigle  togellier  while 
wil  and  time  Into  inch  oilier  liiKeimlbly.  (Ii)  The  procesi 
of  lansllig  pigiiicnlM  to  melt  or  blend  (ogellier  by  piwNlnK  a 
KotI  brush  of  lltch  nr  luidgerii'  liiilr.  calli'd  n  Idrnder  >»■  siifl- 
nor.  ..VI  r  lb Willi  u  delicate,  fialliiiy  Inii.li. 

blendoUR  (lileii'diis),  a.  [<  blende  +  -ou.i.']  In 
mineral.,  iicrtiiining  lo  or  consisling  of  blende. 

blend-'water  (lili'nd'wa'lcr),  n.  A  ilistemper 
of  cattle.     AIbo  called  niorc-houijh. 


Blenheim 

Blenheim  (blen'em),  «.  [From  Blenheim  House, 
erected  by  the  English  Parliament  for  the  Duke 
of  Marlborough  in  recognition  of  his  military 
sorvieos,  and  especially  of  his  great  victory  at 
Blenheim,  G.  Btiiidlieiiii,  in  Bavaria,  Aug.  i:i, 
1704.]  One  of  a  breed  of  dogs  of  the  spaniel 
kind,  preserved  in  perfection  at  Blenheim 
House,  near  O.xford,  England,  since  the  begin- 
ning of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Blenheim  orange,  wig.    See  the  nouns. 

blenkt,  ''■  '•  [A  var.  of  liliiil:,  q.  v. ;  partly  eon- 
fused  with  i/(Hc/(l.]  1.  To  shine;  gleam;  glit- 
ter.—  2.  To  glance;  give  a  look. 

Sfarslie   .    .  .   Iiuviny  the  leisure  to  blenk  upon  .any 
paper.  Jaiiirs  /.,  in  Disraeli's  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  147. 

blennadenitis  (blen"ad-e-m'tis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  li'AivvoQ,  ji'Mvva,  mucus,  +  aiii/v,  a  gland,  + 
-Hit!.  Cf.  adenitis.']  In  pathol.,  inllammatiou 
of  the  mucous  glands. 

hlennelytria  (blen-e-lit'ri-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fi/tvmc,  mucus,  +  eAvTpov,  sheath  (vagina).] 
Same  as  leiicorrkea. 

blennenteria  (blen-en-te'ri-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ji'Aivmc,  mucus,  +  ivrepov,  intestine.]  Inpathol., 
a  mucous  flow  from  the  intestines. 

blennentery  (blen'en-te-ri),  ».  Same  as  blen- 
nenlrriii. 

blenniid  (blen'i-id),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Blnniiiilte. 

Blenniidse  (ble-ni'i-de),  n.pJ.  [NL.,  <  Blennius 
+  -idle.]  A  family  of  fishes,  typified  by  the 
genus  Bieniiins,  adopted  by  various  authors 
with  tlifferent  limits.    In  Giinther's  system  ol  classi- 


y^yr^: 


Blenny  {Blenniics  gattorugitu). 

flcation  it  is  a  family  of  Acantkopterpffii  bleimiiformes, 
having  the  ventral  flns  jugular  and  composed  of  a  few 
rays  (sometimes  absent),  a  prominent  anal  papilla,  and 
few  or  no  anal  spines. 

blenniiform  (blen'i-i-f6rm),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  Blenniiformes ; 
having  the  form  of  a  blenny. 

Blenniiformes  {blen"i-i-f6r'mez),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  l/lennins,  blenny,  +  forma,  form.]  In 
Giinther's  classification  of  fishes,  a  division 
of  AcaHthopteryyii,  ha\'ing  the  body  low,  sub- 
cylindrical  or  compressed,  and  elongate  (rare- 
ly oblong) ;  the  dorsal  fin  long ;  the  spinous 
portion  of  the  dorsal,  if  distinct,  very  long,  as 
well  developed  as  the  soft  portion,  or  more  so ; 
the  whole  fin  sometimes  composed  of  spines 
only ;  the  anal  more  or  less  lengthened ;  the 
caudal  subtruneate  or  rounded,  and  the  ven- 
trals  thoracic  or  jugular,  if  present. 

Blenniinae  (bleu-i-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Blennius 
+  -ince.]  A  subfamily  of  Blenniidm,  typified  by 
the  genus  Blennius,  to  which  various  limits  have 
been  assigned. 

blennioid  (blen'i-oid),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  blennius, 
bleuuy, -H -o(rf.]  I.  a.  Like  a  blenny ;  blennii- 
form.    Also  blennoid. 

II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  jB?eM«Mcf(s;  a  blen- 
niid.    Sir  J.  Richardson. 

Blennioidea  (blen-i-oi'df-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Blennius  +  -oidea.']  Asuperfamilyof  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  Jiearly  equivalent  to  Bleiiniidtr. 
The  principal  families  are  the  Blenniidce,  Vlini- 
dce,  Mwrwnoididce,  Sticheeidce,  and  Anarrhieha- 
didw. 

Blennioidei  (blen-i-oi'de-i),  n.  pi.  [NL.]  A 
family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes :  synony- 
mous with  Blenniidw.    Ayassiz. 

Blennius  (bleu'i-us),  n.  [L.,  also  hlendius  and 
hhiidea,  <  Gr.  jiTiivvoc,  a  blenny,  <  ji'Ahvoq,  also 
jilivva,  mucus,  slime :  in  reference  to  the  mucous 
coating  of  its  skin.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Blenniidw,  originally  containing'  numer- 
ous species  now  dispersed  in  many  different 
genera:  the  term  is  at  present  restricted  to 
those  species  which  are  closely  related  to  the 
common  blenny  of  Europe.  See  cut  under 
Blenniidce. 

blennogenic  (blen-o-jen'ik),  a.  [As  Uennogen- 
ous  +  -(P.]    Generating  mucus;  muciparous. 

blennogenous (ble-noj'e-nus),  ((.  [<  Gr.  ji'Uvvoi;, 
muc\is,  -f-  -}ti7/f,  producing:  see  -genous.']  In 
med.,  producing  or  generating  mucus. 

blennoid  (blen'oid),  a.  [<  Gr.  jiUmo^,  mucus, 
+  ciiSof,  form.]     Eesembling  mucus. 


585 

blennometritis   Cblen'o-me-tri'tis),  n.     [NL., 

<  (ir.  li/ivvor,  mucus,  +  metritis,  q.  v.]  In  pa- 
IIkiI.,  mucous  flow  accompanying  metritis. 

blennophthalmia(blon-of-thal'mi-ii),«.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  ji'Aivvoc-,  njucus,  +  NL.  npilitlialmia.]  In 
piithol,,  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  eye;  conjunctivitis. 

blennorrhagia  (blen-o-ra'ji-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ji'Aieeiie,  mucus,  +  -pnyi(t,  {  p?/yv(jvai,  burst, 
break.]  In  j;«(/(oJ.,  a  discharge  of  mucus;  spe- 
cifically, gonorrhea. 

blennorrnagic  (blen-o-raj'ik),  a.  [<  blennor- 
rli(i(/i(i,+  -)'c.]  Pertaining  to,  characterized  by, 
or  sufl'ering  from  bleimorrhagia. 

blennorrhea  (blen-o-re'il),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.Ji7.h- 
roe,  mucus,  -l-  poia,  a  ilow,  <  pn'tv,  flow.]  In 
pathnl.,  a  flow  of  mucus.  The  tei-m  is  ai>iilicablc  to 
an  increased  discharge  from  any  of  the  mucous  surfai^es, 
but  is  usually  restricted  to  that  from  the  uretlira  and  Vii- 
gina,  goTKurheu.     Also  sjielled  lilenuorrhcea. 

blennorrhea!  (blen-o-re'al),  a.  f<  blennorhea 
+  -«/.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
blennorrhea.     Also  spelled  hlennorrhaial. 

blenny  (blen'i),  n. ;  pi.  blennies  (-iz).  [<  L.  blen- 
nius: see  Blennius.']  A  fish  of  the  genus  Blen- 
nius, of  the  family  Blenniidee,  and  especially  of 
the  subfamily  Blenniina: 

blennymenitis  (blen"i-me-ni'tis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  /J/ti'i«f,  mucus,  +  vpipi,  membrane,  +  -itis.] 
In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  a  mucous  mem- 
brane. 

blens  (blenz),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  blinds:  see 
def.  2.]  1.  A  local  English  name  of  the  com- 
mon cod. — 2.  A  Coruisli  name  of  the  bib,  a 
fish  of  the  cod  family.  The  fish  is  said  to  have  been 
so  named  from  a  sort  of  loose  bag  capable  of  inflation  and 
resembling  a  bleb  or  blain,  which  is  formed  of  an  outer 
layer  passing  from  the  cheeks  over  the  eye,  and  a  second 
layer  passing  over  the  eyeball.    Day. 

blentl  (blent).     Past  participle  of  blcnd^. 
blent^t.    Preterit  and  past  participle  of  blend?. 

Chaucer. 
blepharadenitis  (blef-a-rad-e-ni'tis),  n.   [NL., 

<  Gt.  ji'Aiipapov,  eyelid,  +  ai'iriv  (drffv-),  gland,  -l- 
-itis.]  Inpathol.,  inflammation  of  the  Meibo- 
mian glands.     Also  written  blepharoadenitis. 

blepharal  (blef'a-ral),  a.     [<  Gr.  fi'ktipapov,  eye- 
lid, -I-  -dl.]     Pertaining  to  the  eyelids. 
blepharedema  (blef-a-re-de'mii),  «.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  ,i'/-iipapov,  eyeWA,  +  ol/irjua,  swelling:  see 
edema.]     Inpathol.,  edema  of  the  eyelids. 

blepharitis  (blef-a-ri'tis),  n.  [NL.j  <  Gr.  lS?.e- 
(j>apoi;  eyelid,  -¥  -iiis.  Cf.  Gr.  j31[(paplTi^,  adj.,  of 
or  on  the  eyelids.]  Inpathol.,  inflammation  of 
the  eyelids. 

blepharoadenitis  (blef'a-ro-ad-e-ni'tis),  n. 
[NL.]     Same  as  blepharadenitis. 

blepharophimosis  (blef'a-ro-fi-mo'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ii'/i(j>apoi',  eyelid,  +  (jtipuaiQ,  a  muz- 
zling, shutting  up  of  an  orifice,  <  cjuuovv,  muz- 
zle, shut  up,  <  ^(/JOf,  a  muzzle.]  Inpathol., 
congenital  tliminution  of  the  space  between  the 
eyelids.     Du)itilison. 

blepharophthalmia  (blef"a-rof-thal'mi-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ji'Ai^apov,  eyelid,  +  ocpdaA/iia,  oph- 
thalmia.] In  iHithoL,  conjunctivitis  accom- 
panied by  blepharitis. 

blepharophthalmic  (blefa-rof-thal'mik),  a. 
Pertaining  to  blepharophthalmia. 

blepharoplastic  (blef'a-ro-plas'tik),  n. 
taining  to  blepharoplasty. 

blepharoplasty  (blefa-ro-plas'ti),  n.  [<  Gr. 
jiM(papov,  eyelid,  +  TtAaarog,  verbal  adj.  of 
-'Aiiaaeiv,  form,  mold.]  In  snrg.,  the  operation 
of  making  a  new  eyelid  from  a  piece  of  skin 
transplanted  from  an  adjacent  part. 

blepharoplegia   (blef"a-ro-ple'ji-a),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  ji'/ ((papoi;  eyelid,  +  rtAVYI,  a  stroke.] 
Same  as  jifusis. 

blepharoptosis  (blef'a-rop-to'sis),  n.    [NL-,  < 

Gr.   li/ij-^apur,  eyelid,  +  tttIxiq,  a  fall.]     Same 

blepharorhaphy  (blef'a-ro-raf''i),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ji'Aiipapov,  eyelid,  -I-  pa>pii,  a  sewmg,  seam,  < 
paTTTetv,  sew.]  The  sm-gieal  operation  of  imit- 
ing  the  edges  of  the  eyelids  to  each  other,  as 
after  enucleation. 

blepharospasm  (blef'a-ro-spazm),  n.  [<  Gr. 
jiAcijiapov,  eyelid,  +  ff-au/zof,  a  spasm.]  Spasm 
of  the  orbicular  muscle  of  the  eyelid. 

blepharostenosis  (blef 'a-ro-ste-no'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  iiAiiiapov,  eyelid,  +  arn'uca;,  a  nar- 
rowing. <  arfvo'vv.  contract,  narrow,  <  cretw, 
narrow.]  Inpathol.,  a  diminution  of  thespace 
between  the  eyelids,  not  of  congenital  origin. 
See  hlephcirophimosis. 

blesbok,  blessbok  (bles'bok).  n.  [Also  Eng- 
lished blessbuck  :  <  D.  blesbok,  <  bles,  =  E.  bhizeS, 


bless 


Per- 


Blesbok  {Atceiafihus  aitt/ro»s). 

+  bote  =  E.  fcMrf'l.]  A  largo  bubaline  or  alcela- 
phine  antelope  of  South  Africa,  Damalis  or 
Alcelaphus  albifrons,  with  a  white  face  or  blaze. 

bleschet,  v.  t.    See  blesh. 

blesht,  "•  t.  [ME.  blesshen,  bUschen,  blessen, 
blisscn,  prob.  of  LG.  origin :  MD.  hlesschen, 
blusschen,  D.  blusschen  =  LG.  blttschen ,  quench, 
extinguish,  appar.  contr.  of  'bcleschen,  <  be-  + 
MLG.  leschcn  =  MD.  lesschcu  =  OHG.  lesken, 
MHG.  Icsclien,  G.  liischen,  put  out,  causal  of 
OIIG.  leskan,  MHG.  leschen  (G.  loschen),  go  out, 
as  the;  prob.,  with  present-formative  -sk  (= 
AS.  -sc,  E.  -sh,  as  in  thresh,  wash,  etc.),  from 
the  root  of  AS.  lece/an,  OHG.  legen,  etc.,  lay: 
see  fai/i.]  To  quench ;  extinguish ;  put  out  (a 
fire). 
Bleschyn  [var.  blesskyn],  or  qwenchyn,  extingiio. 

Promjit.  Pan.,  p.  39. 

blesgi  (bles),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blessed  or  blest, 
ppr.  blessing.  [<  ME.  blessen,  blcssien,  blescen, 
bletsien  (also6Wssf",etc.),<  AS.  blilsian,  bledsian 
=  ONorth.  bladsia,  gi-bladsia,  bless  (>  Icel. 
bletza,  bleza,  mod.  blessa,  bless),  originally 
*bl6dis6n,  which  may  have  meant  'consecrate 
the  altar  by  sprinkling  it  with  the  blood  of  the 
sacrifice'  (Sweet),  lit.  make  bloody,  <  Mod, 
blood,  with  verb-formative  -s,  as  in  clwnsian, 
cleanse,  minsian,  grow  small  (see  cleanse  ami 
■mince).  Confused  in  ME.  and  since  with  the 
unrelated  bliss  ;  hence  the  ME.  parallel  forms 
blissen,  blissien,  bliscen  ;  and  see  bh.isfidly,  bless- 
fulncts.]  1.  To  consecrate  or  set  apart  to 
holy  or  sacred  purposes ;  make  or  pronounce 
holy :  formerly  occasionally  used  of  persons. 
And  God  blessed  the  seventh  day,  and  sanctified  it. 

Gen.  ii.  3. 

2.  To  consecrate  (a  thing)  by  a  religious  rite, 
as  with  prayer  and  thanksgiving;  consecrate 
or  hallow  by  asking  God's  blessing  on :  as,  to 
bless  food. 

Where  the  master  is  too  resty  or  too  rich  ...  to  bleu 
his  own  table.  Milton,  Elkonoklastes. 

And  now  the  bishop  had  blest  the  meat. 

Southa/,  Bishop  Bruno. 

3.  To  sanctify  (one's  self)  by  making  the  sign 
of  the  cross,  especially  as  a  defense  against 
evU  influences  or  agencies:  used  reflexively. 

Aryse  be  tjTne  oute  of  thi  bedde. 
And  blysse  tlii  brest  A  thi  forhede. 

Babees  £ook(B.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 
"When  they  heard  these  words,  some  .  .  .  blest  them- 
selves with  both  hands,  thinking  .  .  .  that  he  had  been  a 
devil  disguised.         Urqultart,  Itabelais,  i.  3.'>.    (X  E.  D.) 
I  fancy  I  see  you  bte^s  yourself  at  tliis  telTible  relation. 
Lady  M.  W.  Moniagu,  Letters,  II.  47.    (-V.  E.  D.) 

4t.  To  defend;  preserve;  protect  or  guard 
from  eril ;  reflexively,  to  guard  one's  self  from ; 
avoid;  eschew. 

And,  were  not  hevenly  grace  that  did  him  blesse. 
He  had  beene  pouldred  all,  as  tliin  as  flowre. 

Spenser.  F.  Q.,  I.  viL  12. 
Bless  me  from  this  woman  !  I  would  stand  the  cannon, 
Before  ten  words  of  hers. 

Fletcher,  "Wildgoose  Chase,  L  3. 
And  therefore  God  bless  us  from  titat  [separation  by 
death],  and  I  will  hope  well  of  the  rest. 

Arabella  .Stuart,  in  D'Israeli's  Curios,  of  Lit,  II.  377. 

5.  To  invoke  or  pronounce  a  blessing  upon 
(another  or  others);  commend  to  God's  favor 
or  protection. 

And  Isaac  called  Jacob,  and  blessed  him.    Gen.  xxviii.  1. 

A  thousand  times  I  blest  him,  as  he  knelt  beside  my  bed. 

Tennyson,  May  Queen. 

6.  To  confer  weU-lieing  upon:  bestow  happi- 
ness, prosperity,  or  good  of  any  kind  upon; 
make  happy,  prosperous,  or  fortunate ;  prosper 
with  temporal  or  spiritual  benefits:  as,  a  nation 
blessed  with  peace  and  plenty. 

The  Lord  thy  God  shall  blet»  thee  in  all  that  thou  doest. 

Dent.  x:v.  IS. 
Heaven  bless  your  expedition.      Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  L  2. 


bless 

If  I  do  well  I  shall  be  blessed,  whether  any  bless  me  or 
not  Seidell,  Table-Talk,  p.  1". 

7.  To  favor  (with);  mate  happy  or  fortunate 
by  some  specified  mtaus:  as,  blessed  with  a 
good  constitution ;  bksstd  with  filial  children. 

You  will  to  your  lute,  I  heard  you  could  touch  it  cun- 
ningly ;  pray  bUis  my  ears  a  little. 

Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  L  3. 

Mrs.  Bull  .  .  .  bUgied  John  with  three  daughters. 

Arbuthnol,  John  Bull  (1755),  p.  SO.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

8.  To  praise  or  extol  (a)  as  holy  or  worthy  of 
reverence,  or  (6)  as  the  giver  of  benefits ;  ex- 
tol or  glorify  with  thankful  acknowledgment 
of  benefits  received. 

Bie^s  the  Lord,  O  my  soul :  and  all  that  is  within  me, 
bUis  His  holy  name.  Ps.  ciii.  1. 

I  am  content  with  this,  and  blejts  my  fortune. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  (."base,  iii.  1. 

9.  To  esteem  or  account  happy ;  congratulate ; 
felicitate :  used  reflexively. 

The  nations  shall  bless  themj<elces  in  him.         Jer.  iv.  2. 

BUts  not  thyne^  only  that  thou  wert  born  in  .\thens. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Chlist.  Jlor.,  i.  35. 
[Often  use<l  in  exclamations  with  various  shades  of  mean- 
ins  ilfjjartiiii:  more  or  less  widely  from  the  literal  sense: 
as^G"»»i  U'-s.<  ine !  bless  yo\l\  bless  the  mark  I  etc.]  —  God 
bless  the  marlc  See  mark.—Soi  to  have  a  pemiy  to 
bless  one's  self  with,  to  be  penniless  :  in  allusion  to  the 
cross  on  the  silver  penny  (of.  Ger.  Kreuzer),  or  to  the  prac- 
tice of  cr«i5sinj:  the  palm  witli  a  piece  of  silver.  N.  E.  D. 
— To  be  blessed,  a  euphemism  for  to  be  damned :  as,  I'm 
fci<««<;(f  if  he  didn't  run  away;  I'm  6/e«<eti  if  I  know.  [Slang.] 

Tm  blessed  if  I  don't  expect  the  cur  back  to-morrow 
morning.  Marryat,  Snarleyyow,  II.  xi. 

An  emphatic  and  earnest  desire  to  be  blessed  if  she 
would.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist,  xiii. 

To  bless  one's  self,  (a)  To  felicitate  one's  self:  exult. 
(6)  To  ejaculate  "Bless  me,"  "God  bless  me,"  ortlielike. 
— To  bless  one's  stars,  to  congratulate  or  felicitate  one's 
self. 
bless-t  (bles).  V.  t.  and  i.  [<  ilE.  hlcsscn,  hhjasen, 
bUchen,  strike,  wound,  <  OF.  hlccier,  bUcliier, 

F.  blesser,  wound,  injure;  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  <  MHG.  zc-bletzen,  cut  to  pieces,  <  re-, 

G.  zer-  (=  AS.  to-,  E.  to-2),  apart,  +  bletz,  blez, 
OHG.  blelz,  a  patch,  a  piece.]  1.  To  wound; 
hurt;  beat;  thump.  Skelton. —  2.  [Appar.  a  de- 
flection of  sense  1.  Some  fancy  that  it  refers 
to  "ths  old  rite  of  blessing  a  field  by  directing 
the  bands  to  all  parts  of  it"  (see  6/«ssl).]  To 
'wave;  brandish. 

He  priked  in  formest 
&  blessed  so  with  his  bri3t  brout  aboute  in  eche  side 
That  what  rink  so  he  raust  he  ros  never  after. 

William  t,/  Palenie,  1.  1191. 
His  sparkling  blade  about  his  head  he  blest. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viiL  22. 

blessbok,  «.    See  blesholc. 

blessed  (bles'ed  or  blest;  as  pret.  and  pp.  com- 
monly pronounced  blest,  and  often  so  written), 
p.  a.  [Pp. of  6/t's«i.]  1.  Consecrated;  holy:  as, 
the  blessed  sacrament. 

I  .  .  .  dii)ped  my  tinat-r  in  the  blessed  water. 

Marridit,  Pliantom  Ship,  1.    (A'.  E.  D.) 

2,  Worthy  of  adoration :  as,  the  blessed  Trinity. 

0  run,  prevent  them  with  thy  humble  ode, 
And  lay  it  lowly  at  his  blessed  feet. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1.  25. 
Jesus,  the  Christ  of  God, 
The  Father's  blessed  Son. 

Bonar,  Hymns  of  Faith  and  Hope. 

3.  Enjoying  supreme  happiness  or  felicity; 
favored  with  blessings ;  highly  favored ;  ha))py ; 
fortunate:  as,  '"England's  W<:*sc(/ shore,"  tSliak., 
'J  Ueu.  VI.,  iii.  2;  the  bksscdest  of  moi^als. 

The  days  arc  coming  in  the  which  they  shall  say,  Blessed 
are  the  barren.  Luke  xxlii,  21}. 

Farewell,  lady; 
Happy  and  bUued  lady,  goodncHs  keep  you ! 

Flrtclur,  Loyal  Subject,  Iv.  1. 
Man  never  Is,  but  always  Ti>  be,  tdest. 

I'fil^e,  F.H.say  on  Man,  I.  90. 

Specifically — 4.  Enjoying  K|>iritual  blesgings 
iitid  tlio  fuvor  of  (jloa;  enjoying  heavenly  feu- 
city;  beatified. 

bUjutd  aru  the  merciful :  for  they  sliull  obtain  mercy. 

Mat.  V.  7. 

f.      ..  ,...-.|  iiitc  a  blftied  nolnt.  .S/i<i*.,  1  Ikn,  VI. ,111.  8. 

I   with  or  imparting  blcHKiiigs;  be- 
l>pin<'SH,  health,  or  jirosiJirily, 
.'>  <if  mercy  ,  .  .  SutvtWv  Idrss'd ; 
■  It  bini  that  K'vcfi,  and  lihn  tbiit  tjiken. 

.S'*<i*.,  M   of  v.,  Iv.  1. 

Thou  UeMKdtiM,  I  Ihaiik  thre  fur  lliv  llulit. 

flelehrr,  Fallhlul  .'<lii  ipliirdiM,  II.  2. 
6.    I'  i|ipine»i(;    plenHuralilo;    juyl'iij: 

aH,  II  ,(/  lime;    "n  lilmsid  n\-^\,\   \„ 

nof,'  V,  Miiy  Z\,  1«M).— 7.  Endowed 

with  ,;_•  lir-iiljng  virlueB. 


586 

8.  By  euphemism:  Cursed;  damned;  eon- 
founded  :  a  term  of  mitigated  objurgation,  and 
often  merely  emphatic  ^"ithout  objiugatiou: 
as,  the  blessed  thing  gave  way ;  our  blessed  sys- 
tem of  caucusing;  he  lost  every  A/es^erf  cent  "he 
had — Blessed  bell.  .See  (..Hi.— Blessed  thistle.  See 
thistle.— The  blessed,  the  saints  in  heaven  ;  the  beatitied 
saints. 

The  state  also  of  the  blessed  in  Pjiradise.  though  never 
so  perfect,  is  not  therefore  left  without  discipline. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  1. 

blessed-herb  (bles'ed-erb),  )i.    [A  tr.  of  ML. 
Iierbd  benedicta,  >  E.  lierb-beniiei.}     The  com- 
mon European  avens,  Geiim  iirbajiiim. 
blessedly  (bles'ed-li),  adr.    In  a  blessed  man- 
ner; happily;  in  a  fortunate  manner ;  joyfully. 
One  day  we  shall  blessedly  meet  again  never  to  dep.art. 
Sic  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 

blessedness  (bles'ed-nes), «.  [<  blessed  +  -«fs«.] 
The  state  of  being  blessed;  happiness;  felicity; 
heavenly  joys ;  the  favor  of  God. 

His  [Wolsey's]  overthrow  heiip'd  liapiiiiiess  upon  him  ; 
For  then,  and  not  till  then.  In-  felt  liiiuself. 
And  found  the  blessedness  of  beinu  little. 

Shak.,  Hen.  ATII.,  iv.  2. 

Nor  lily,  nor  no  glorious  hyacinth. 

Are  of  that  sweetness,  whiteness,  tenderness, 

Softness,  and  satisfying  blessedness, 

As  my  Evanthe.       Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  1. 

It  is  such  an  one  as,  being  begun  in  grace,  passes  into 

glory,  blessedness,  and  inmiortality.  Sotitb. 

Single  blessedness,  the  unmarried  state ;  celibacy. 
Grows,  lives,  and  dies,  in  single  blessedness. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  1. 


I'erlclcii,  III,  2. 


-Syn.  Felieity,  Bliss,  etc.  (see  happiness),  joy,  beatitn.ie, 
blesser  (bles'^r),  «.     One  who  bestows  a  bless- 
ing; one  who  blesses  or  causes  to  prosper. 
God,  the  giver  of  the  gift,  or  blesser  of  the  action. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Uoly  Living,  §  4. 

blessfuUy  (bles'fiil-i),  adv.  [For  bli.isfulhi,  by 
contusiou  of  bless'^  with  bliss;  so  ME.  btcsfiil, 
and  even  blessedful,  as  variations  of  blissful. 
See  bless''-  and  bliss.}     Blissfully.     [Rare.] 

Of  these  many  are  bless/ulhi  incognizant  of  the  opinion, 
its  import,  its  history,  and  even  its  name. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

blessfulness  (blcs'fiil-nes),  n.  [For  blissfidnr.vs. 
i't.  bicssfiilli/.']    Blissfulness.    Drunt.     [Rare] 

blessing  (blcs'ing),  «.  [<  ME.  blessingc,  bles- 
sioiije,  etc.,  <  AS.  bteismuj,  blcdsitiui,  werha}  n.  of 
hletsian,  bless:  see  i/r*vi.]  1.  The  act  of  in- 
voking or  pronouncing  happiness  upon  another 
or  others;  benediction.  Sri'iiilcally,  in  the  I.iitin 
and  Greek  clmrches,  the  act  of  pr..n.nmein"g  a  bent'.li.th.ii 
on  the  laity  or  inferior  clergv,  ]i.i'i..niie.l  by  a  liislj.ip  ..r 
other  priest.  In  the  Roman  Catliolic  I'lmrcli,  the  blcsshig 
is  now  given  with  all  the  fingers  joined  and  extended,  but 
formerly  with 
the  thumb  and 
the  first  two  fin- 
gers of  the  right 
hand  extended 
and  the  two 
remaining  lin- 
gers turned 
down.  In  the 
Greek  chureh, 
the  thumb  and 
the  thud  finger 
of  the  same  band 
are  jolneil,  the 
other  fingers  be- 
ing extended. 
Some  Eastern 
writers  see  in 
this  position  a 
symb.il  of  the  Greek  sacred  monogram  of  the  name  of 
Christ.  In  either  case  the  three  fingers  (or  two  lingers 
and  thumb)  extended  symbolize  the  'Trinity.  In  the  An- 
gllesn  chureh,  either  the  former  or  the  present  Latin  ges- 
ture is  used. 

2.  The  form  of  words  used  in  this  invocation 
or  declaration  ;  a  (or  the)  benedict  ion. ^3.  The 
bestowal  of  divine  favor,  or  of  hallowing,  ]>i'<>- 
tocting,  or  ])rosp<'ring  inllui'iiccK:  as,  lo  ask 
God's  hlessiiui  on  any  miderlaUing. — 4.  A  ti'Ui- 

{)oral  or  spiritual  benefit;  anyt  hiiig  which  iinikes 
lapiiy  or  prosperous;  something  to  be  lliaiik- 
f 111  for;  a  boon  or  inerc^v:  as,  tlie  blessintis  nf 
life,  of  heallh,  or  of  civilization;  it  is  a  bless- 
ing we  fared  so  well. 

.Nature's  full  hlessiniit  Would  he  well  dispensed. 

Milton,  Coniuh,  I.  77'..'. 

5.  EupheniiHiicaUy,  a  eurse  ;  a  scolding;  a  cas- 

t  igat  ion  with  wordg.— To  ask  a  bleSBlng,  to  say  grncu 

bef.ire  a  meal, 
blest  O'li'sl ),  pret.,  pp.,  and  ]>.  a.     A  contrnctod 

liiriii  of  blessed, 
blet  (hlet).  I'.  I.;  pret.  and  pp.  hlrllrd,  piir.  hlci- 

liiiij.     [<   !•".  bifllir,  become  'sleepy,'  <   biritt; 

'sleepy,'  amilii'd  lo  a  pear  (u)w  poire  blilti), 

fem.  of  a  diHUHcd  iniiHC.  'blet,  <  OK.  Iilet,  fein. 

hlelle,  Boft,  mellow,  overripe;  cf.  e«)iiiv.  blnhr, 

lileipie,  np|)lied  also  to  an  overripe  apple  (Cot- 


Latin  Church  (old  use).  Greek  Church. 

Position  of  Hand  In  Blessing. 


blight 

grave),  also  hlesse,  blosse,  blot  (Roquefort).  The 
relations  of  these  forms,  and  their  origin,  are 
uncertain.]  To  become  "  sleepy  "  or  internally 
decayed,  as  a  pear  which  ripens  after  being 
picked. 

Its  [the  medlar's]  fruit  is  hard,  acid,  and  unfit  for  eating 
till  it  loses  its  green  colour  and  becomes  bletted. 

Eneyc.  Brit.,  XII,  271, 

bletcht,  V.  t.  [The  assibUated  form  of  bleck, 
r.  Cf.  blotch,  black.}  To  black;  make  black. 
Lcrins. 

bletcht,  ".  [The  assibilated  form  of  bleck,  n. 
Cf.  hit  tell,  r.]     Blacking.     Levins. 

bletheri  (bleTH'er),  v.  i.    Same  as  blather. 

blether!  (bleTH'er),  n.     Same  as  blather. 

Strin^'in'  blethers  up  in  rhyme.  Burns,  The  'Viaion. 

blether-  (bleTH'er),  H.    A  Scotch  form  of  blad- 

il,  r. 
bletherskate  (bleTH'tr-skat),  n.     Same  as 

hhithirskite. 

bletonism  (blet'on-izm),  n.  [So  called  from  M. 
Blctoii,  a  Frenelmian  living  at  the  end  of  the 
ISth  century,  who  was  said  to  have  this  fac- 
tdty.]  The  pretended  faculty  of  jierceiving 
and  indicating  subterraneous  springs  and  cur- 
rents by  peculiar  sensations. 

bletonist(blet'on-ist),  H.  \QeQ  bletonism.']  One 
who  possesses  or  pretends  to  possess  the  fac- 
ulty of  bletonism. 

bletting  (blet'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blet,  r.] 
The  slow  internal  decay  or  "sleepiness"  that 
takes  place  in  some  fruits,  as  apples  and  pears, 
after  tiicy  are  gathered.     LitidUi/. 

bleu-de-roi  (ble'df-rwo'),  «.  [F.,  kin^s  blue: 
bleu  (see  blue) ;  dc,  <  L.  de,  of ;  roi,  king :  see 
roy.'i  In  ceram.,  the  name  given  to  the  cobalt- 
blue  color  in  Em-opean  porcelain,  first  pro- 
duced m  Sevres,  it  is  sometimes  uniform,  and  some- 
times mottled  or  marbleil.  It  was  one  of  the  first  colors 
used  in  Kuropean  porcelain  decoration. 

ble'7et,  !'•  t.    A  Middle  English  contraction  of 

bell  (ire. 

ble-wi,  ble-w2  (bio).    Preterit  of  blow^,  blow^. 

ble'W-*t,  ('.     See  blue. 

ble'wart  (ble'wart),  n.  [Sc.  Cf.  blawort.']  In 
Sootlaiul,  the  germander  speedwell,  Veronica 
Chiuinrilrys. 

blewits  (blo'its),  n.  [Prob.  same  as  bluets,  pi. 
(if  liliii  t.  a  name  applied  to  several  different 
flowers.]  The  popular  name  ot  Jflorictis  jier.so- 
natus,  an  edible  purplish  mushroom  common  in 
meadows  in  autumn. 

bleymet,  «.  [<  F.  bleime,  of  same  sense,  ro- 
I'crrcil  by  some  to  hit'mc,  formerly  blaime,  OF. 
blcmc,  blesme,  pale:  see  blemish.']  An  inflam- 
mation in  the  foot  of  a  horse,  between  the  sole 
and  the  bone.    BradUij. 

bleynt,  ».     An  obsolete  Ki)elling  of  blain. 

bleyntet.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  blench^. 

Therwithal  he  blninte  and  ervede,  A  ! 

Chanter,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  22a 

bliandf,  «.     See  bleaunt. 

bliaust,  bliautt,  ».     See  bleaunt. 

blick'f,  r.  i.  [In  mod.  E.  appar.  only  in  dial. 
bliekiiit,  shining,  bright,  orig.  (as  in  lid  extract 
below)  piir.  of  blick;  («)  <  ME.  blikkeu,  hlikien, 
blikeii.i  AS. •/)/«■(■((»  =  Ml),  blicken,  shine,  gleam, 
D.  Iilikken,  twinkle,  (urn  pale,  =  MLG.  blieken, 
shine,  glcani,  =  G.  blieken,  glance,  look,  =  Icel. 
blikfi,  sliiiic,  gleam,  =  Sw.  hiickii,  glance,  look; 
a  weak  verb,  m  JIE.  mixed  with  the  orig.  strong 
verb  (/))  bliken,  <  AS.  blicnn  (jiret.  bliie,  })p.  bli- 
eeii)  =  OS.  blikiin,  shine,  gleam,  =  OFries.  lilika 
(P]).  bliken),  apjiear,  =  Ml),  bliken,  1).  blijken, 
look,  appear,  =  01 IG.  blihhan  (in  coiiip.),  JlllG. 
bliehrn,  shine,  gleam;  perhaps  =  OHulg.  Wi»- 
kiili,  MjHirkle,  =  h.  fultjire,  shine,  lighlen,  = 
Gr.  i(i7it)riv,  bm-n :  hih^  fiiliiml,  phliiim,  phlox. 
lleuco  ult.  (from  AS.  liliran)  ]•;.  bleiib,  hleach^, 
q.  v.     Cf.  blink,  blank.]     To  shine  ;  gleam. 

llryat  blykked  iW  lii'in  of  the  lii-.i.le  beuen. 

Allilerutire  Purins  (ed.  Morris),  11.008. 

The  lilykkaiide  belt  he  here  tlu-ralMuitt.. 
.fir  a<\miyne  and  the  (Jreen  Kniijhl  (ed.  Miurls),  1.  2485. 

blickl  (bilk),  «.  [<  G.  bliek  =  I).  Dan.  blik,  a 
look,  glance,  twinkle,  flash,  =  Ml-G.  blick, 
gleam,  sheen;  from  llie  verb:  see  bliek^,  v.] 
The  brightening  or  iridesci'iieo  aiipearing  on 
silver  or  gold  at  llie  end  of  the  i'ii))cliiig  or  ro- 
linin;;  jirocess.     Ildiinuiiid,  Milling  (iloHsai'V. 

blick'-' ( lilik ),  H.  [E.' dial.  var.  of ///<«/,'•!.]  Same 
as  bliiil.-. 

blickey,  blickie  (blik'i),  ».  A  small  pail  or 
Kinki'l.     I  New  .Tersey.] 

blight  (bill ),  n.  [First  certain  iuatancos  in  Cot- 
graven  and  Sherwood,  17(h  century;  later  also 


L 


blight 

spelled  hUtc.  Origin  unknown;  the  various ex- 
planiitions  offered  all  fail  for  lack  of  evidence.] 

1.  Some  influenco,  usually  hidden  or  not  con- 
spicuous, that  nips,  blasts,  or  destroys  plants ; 
a  diseased  state  of  plants  caused  by  the  condi- 
tion of  the  soil,  atmospheric  influences,  insects, 
parasitic  plants,  etc. ;  smut,  mildew,  or  the  like. 
Ill  Iiutimy  it  is  suinetimes  rcstiiotetl  tii  a  class  of  niimite 
piiiasitic  fungi,  tlic  Erijsiplmeeie,  which  grow  upon  tile 
surface  of  leaves  or  steins  without  entering  the  tissues,  and 
prnilucc  a  whitish  appearance,  but  is  frequently  applied  also 
to  those  of  other  groups  which  are  destructive  to  crops. 

The  garden  fears  no  blight,  and  needs  no  fence. 

Cowjicr,  Task,  vi.  772. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  malignant  or  mysterious 
inlluenee  that  "nips,  blasts,  destroys,  or  brings 
to  naught;  anythingwhieh  withers  hope,  blasts 
one's  prospects,  or  checks  prosperity. 

A  bliyht  seemed  to  have  fallen  over  our  fortunes. 

Disraeli. 

The  biting  presence  of  a  petty  degrading  care,  such  as 
casts  the  liliyld  of  irony  over  all  higher  effort. 

George  Eliot,  Middleniarch,  II.  178. 

3.  In  med. :  (ft)  A  slight  facial  paralysis  in- 
duced by  Kudileu  cold  or  damp,  (i)  See  blights. 
—  Bladder-bllglit,  a  disease  of  peach-trees  caused  by  the 
pitriisitir  liiimns  Kxoascxts  deforriiaiiSy  which  produces  in- 
llatcil  ilislorlii'iis  in  the  leaves.  See  Exfjaacu!!. — Pear- 
blight,  an  i'|iiik-niic  disease  attacking  pear-trees,  also 
kiinwii  as  iin--ldi>jlit,  and  when  affecting  the  apple  and 
qiiiiiLc  as  tirni-I'dtiht,  caused  by  a  microscopic  fungus, 
j/(ViiH''M-((i,s'  uiinf/'uvrus,  one  of  the  bacteria.  Also  called 
ilfithnir.  and  .■<nn-scald. 

blight  (but),  V.  t.  [<  blight,  «.]  1.  To  affect 
with  blight;  cause  to  wither  or  decay;  nip, 
blast,  or  destroy. 

A  cold  and  wet  summer  blighted  the  corn. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  58. 

2.  To  exert  a  malignant  or  baleful  influence 
on;  blast  or  mar  the  beauty,  hopes,  or  pros- 
pects of ;  frustrate. 

The  standard  of  police  is  the  raeasureof  political  justice. 
The  atmosphere  will  blight  it,  it  cannot  live  here. 

Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy  of  Last  Century. 

blight-bird  (blit'bSrd),  n.  A  bird,  as  a  species 
of  Zosterops,  useful  in  clearing  trees  of  blight 
and  of  insects. 

blighted  (bli'ted),  p.  a.  Smitten  with  blight ; 
lilasted. 

blighting  (bh'ting),  p.  a.  Producing  the  ef- 
fects of  blight. 

1  found  it  [Tintoretto's  house]  had  nothing  to  offer  me 
but  the  usual  number  of  commonplace  rooms  in  the  nsual 
blighting  state  of  restoration.     Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xv. 

blightingly  (bli'ting-li),  adv.  By  blighting; 
with  blighting  influence  or  effect. 

blights  (blits),  n.  pi.  [See  blight, )).]  A  name 
given  ill  some  parts  of  the  United  States  to  cer- 
tain forms  of  urticaria  or  nettle-rash. 

bliket,  i".  i-  [ME.  bllken  and  bliken :  see  ftJicfci.] 
To  shine;  gleam. 

blikent,  «'.  «•  [ME.  iliknen  (=  Icel.  bliJcna),  < 
6((7,eH,  shine :  see  bUlce,bliclc'^.2  1.  To  become 
pale. — 2.  To  shine. 

blimbing  (blim'bing),  n.    Same  as  bilimbi. 

bhnif  (bliu),  ('.  [<  ME.  blinneii,  rarely  bilinnen, 
usually  intrans.,  <  AS.  blinnan,  intrans.,  cease, 
contr.  of  *belinnan  (=  OHG.  bilinnan),  <  be-  + 
litiiiaii,  ME.  linnen,  mod.  dial,  lin,  Sc.  lin.  Unit, 
leen,  cease,  =  Icel.  Hiina  =  Dan.  linne,  linde  = 
OHG.  *linnaii,  in  bi-linnan  above,  and  MHG. 
ge-limien  =  Goth.  *Unnan,  in  af-linnan,  leave 
off.]    I.  intrans.  To  cease ;  leave  off. 

I  'gan  cry  ere  I  btin, 
O,  her  eyes  are  paths  to  sin ! 

Greene,  Penitent  Palmer's  Ode. 

II.  trans.   To  put  a  stop  to. 
For  natliemore  for  that  spectacle  bad 
Did  th'  other  two  their  cruell  vengeaunce  blin, 
But  both  attonce  on  both  sides  him  bestad. 

.Sjjenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  v.  22. 

blin't  (Win),  n.  [<  ME.  blin,  <  AS.  blinn,  cessa- 
tion, <  blinnan,  cease:  see  the  verb.]  End; 
cessation.     B.  Jonson. 

blin-  (blin),  a.     A  Scotch  form  of  blind. 

blindl  (blind),  a.  [<  ME.  blind,  bhjnd,  <  AS. 
Iituiil  =  OS.  blind  =  OFries.  blind  =  D.  blind  = 
OHG.  MHG.  blint,  G.  blind  =  Icel.  blindr  =  Sw. 
blind  =  Dan.  blind  =  Goth,  blinds,  blind;  cf. 
Lith.  blcndzas,  blind,  Lett,  bleust,  see  dimly, 
OBulg.  blcdii,  pale,  dim;  with  factitive  verb 
AS.  bkndan,  etc.,  make  blind  (see  blend-).  The 
supposed  connection  vrith  AS.  blandan,  etc.,  E. 
bland''',  as  if  'with  confused  sight,'  is  doubtful.] 
1.  Destitute  of  the  sense  of  sight,  whether  by 
natural  defect  or  by  deprivation,  permanently 
or  temporarily ;  not  having  sight. 

They  be  blind  leaders  of  the  blind.  Mat.  xv.  14. 

Hence  —  2.   Figuratively,  lacking  in  the  fac- 
ulty of  discernment;  destitute  of  intellectual. 


587 

moral,  or  spiritual  sight ;  unable  to  understand 
or  judge. 

I  am  full  bhjnde  in  Poets  Arte, 

thereof  I  can  no  skill ; 
All  elloquenco  I  put  apart, 

following  myne  owne  wyll. 
lUwiles,  liuke  of  Nurtui'c  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  71. 
At  a  solemn  procession  I  have  wept  abundantly,  while 
my  consorts,  blind  with  opposition  and  prejudice,  have 
fallen  into  an  access  of  scorn  and  laughter. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  i.  3. 
He  fought  his  doubts  and  gather'd  strength, 
He  would  not  make  his  judgment  blind. 

Tennyson,  In  Memorlam,  xcvi. 
3.  Not  directed  or  governed  by  sight,  physical 
or  mental ;  not  proceeding  from  or  controlled 
by  reason:  as,  i/j«d  groping;  6/iHd  tenacity. 

That  which  is  thought  to  have  done  the  Bishops  hurt, 
is  their  going  about  to  bring  men  to  a  blind  oiiedielice. 

Selden,  'Table-Talk,  p.  23. 
Specifically — 4.  Undisorirainating ;  heedless; 
inconsiderate;  unreflecting;  headlong. 
His  feare  of  God  may  be  as  faulty  as  a  blind  zeale. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix. 

This  plan  is  recommended  neither  to  blind  approbation 

nor  to  blind  reprobation.  ^ay. 

5.  Not  possessing  or  proceeding  fi'om  intelli- 
gence or  consciousness ;  without  direction  or 
control;  irrational;  fortuitous:  as,  a /-//(«(/ force 
or  agency;  blind  clitmee. — 6.  Filled  with  or  en- 
veloped in  darkness;  dark;  obscure;  not  easily 
discernible:  as,  a  ftWjfd  corner.  [Ai'chaic] 
The  blind  cave  of  eternal  night.    Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3,' 

The  blind  mazes  of  this  tangled  wood. 

Milton,  Comns,  1.  181. 

Mr.  Pierce  hath  let  his  wife's  closet,  and  the  little  blind 

bedchamber,  and  a  garret,  to  a  silk-man  for  fiO/.  tine,  and 

30^.  per  annum.  Pepys,  Diary,  11.4.^1*. 

Hence  —  7.  Difficult  to  see,  literally  or  figura- 
tively ;  hard  to  understand ;  hard  to  make  out ; 
unintelligible:  as,  6Hnd outlines ;  6Mnd writing; 
blind  reasoning. 

Written  in  such  a  queer  blind  .  .  .  hand. 

Hawthorne,  Grandfather's  Chair. 
8t.  Unlighted:  as,  6Hnd candles. — 9.  Covered; 
concealed  from  sight ;  hidden. 

On  the  blind  rucks  are  lost.  Dryden. 

lOf.  Out  of  sight  or  public  view;  out  of  the 
way ;  private  ;  secret. 

A  blind  place  where  Mr.  Goldsborongh  was  to  meet  me. 
Pepys,  Diary,  Oct.  15,  1U61. 

I  was  forced  to  go  to  a  blind  chophouse,  and  dine  for 
tenpence.  Swift,  Journal  to  Stella,  Letter  5. 

11.  Without  openings  for  admitting  light  or 
seeing  through :  as,  a  blind  ■window;  "blind 
walls,"  Tennyson,  Godiva. — 12.  Not  serving 
any  apparent  purpose  ;  wanting  something  or- 
dinarily essential  to  completeness ;  not  fulfil- 
ling its  purpose :  as,  a  blind  shell,  one  that 
from  a  bad  fuse  or  other  reason  has  fallen  with- 
out exploding. — 13.  Closed  at  one  end ;  having 
no  outlet ;  cajcal :  as,  a  blind  alley. 

Blind  processes  .  .  .  from  both  the  sides  and  ends  of 
the  air-bladder.  Owen,  Anat.  Vert. 

Offenders  were  supposed  to  be  incarcerated  behind  an 
iron-plated  door,  closing  up  a  second  prison,  consisting  of 
a  strong  cell  or  two  and  a  bliyid  alley  some  yard  and  a 
half  wide.  Viehens,  Little  DtuTit,  n. 

BUnd  arcade.    See  arcade.— Blind  arch.     See  archi. 

—  Blind  area,  a  space  about  the  b.asement  of  a  Iiouse 
dcsigiieit  to  prevent  moisture  from  reaching  the  walls  of 
the  building ;  an  ambit.—  Blind  axle.  See  axfe.— Blind 
beetle  a  name  given  to  two  insects :  (a)  the  cockchafer 
Oleltdiml/iii.  vuli/aris),  so  called  because  it  flies  against 
persons  as  it  it  were  blind ;  (b)  a  small  chestnut-colored 
beeUe  destitute  of  eyes,  found  in  rice.— Blind  blocking. 
See  blockimj. —  Bliad  buckler,  the  stopper  of  a  liawsi- 
hole.— Blind  bud,  an  abortive  bud;  a  bud  that  Ijears 
no  bloom  or  fruit.  Hence  plants  are  said  by  florists  (o 
go  blind  when  they  fail  to  form  flower-buds.— Blind 
coal  coal  altered  by  the  passage  of  a  trap  dike  tlu'ough 
or  near  it.  [Eng.]  — BUnd  copy,  in  printing,  obscurely 
written  copy;  any  copy  haid  to  road.- Blind  door.  See 
iiHMjjmndow,  below.— Blind  fire,  fuel  arranged  on  the 
grate  or  fireplace  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  easily  iL'iiiteil 
on  the  application  of  a  lighted  match.— Blind  holes, 
holes, as  in  pl.ates  to  be  riveted,  which  are  net  n.iiniileiit 

—  BUnd  lantern,  a  dark  or  unlighted  lantern.- Blind 
level  in  minimi,  a  level  or  drainage  gallery  which  has  a 
vertical  shaft  at  each  end  and  acts  as  .-in  inverted  siphon.— 
BUnd  plants,  abortive  plants  ;  plants,  as  of  the  cabbage 
ami  other  iminliers  of  the  genus  Brassica.  which  have 
failed  to  produce  central  buds.— BUnd  side,  the  weak 
or  unguarded  side  of  a  person  or  thing. 

All  people  have  their  blind  side— their  superstitions. 

Lamb,  Opinions  on  ^^^list. 
Blind  spot,  the  point  in  the  retina,  not  sensitive  to  light, 
at  which  the  optic  nerve  enters  the  eye.— Blmd  Stltcb. 
(a)  A  stitch  taken  on  the  imder  side  of  any  fabric  m  such  a 
way  that  it  is  not  seen,  (b)  Ornamental  sewing  on  leather, 
designed  to  be  seen  on  only  one  side  of  the  material. --- 
Blind  story  («)  -^  pointless  tale,  (fc)  Same  as  hlin.l- 
s(on/.-Blmd  tooling.  See  (ooiiH.7.- BUnd  vessel,  in 
ehi-in  a  vessel  with  an  opening  on  one  side  only.—  Blmtt 
window  door,  in  arch.,  a  feature  of  design  introduced 
for  the  sake  of  syinmctry  or  harmony,  identical  in  treat- 
ment ami  (Uiianient  with  a  true  window  or  door,  but 
closed  with  a  wall. 


blind-born 

blind'  (blind),  t'.  [<  ME.  Wixrfcn,  become  blind, 
make  blind,  deceive  (=  D.  blinden  =  OFries. 
blinda  =  OlIG.  blinden,  become  blind,  =  Dan. 
blinde  =  Goth,  ga-blindjan,  make  blind),  <  blind, 
a.,  blind.  The  more  common  ME.  verb  is  that 
represented  Ijy  blnnd'^,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  blind ;  deprive  of  sifjlit ;  render  incajjable 
of  seeing,  wholly  or  partially. 

The  curtain  iliawn,  his  eyes  bc^n 
To  wink,  being  blinded  with  a  greater  light. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  375. 

S.  To  dim  the  perception  or  discernment  of; 
make  morally  or  intellectually  blind. 

And  thou  slialt  take  no  gift:  for  the  gift  Kt/idcf/i  the 
wise,  and  pervertetb  the  words  of  tlie  righteous. 

Ex.  xxiii.  8. 
Superstition  hath  blinded  the  hearts  of  men. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  !>99. 
Wliom  pafisfon  hath  not  btiiuled. 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory,  v. 

3.  To  render  dark,  literally  or  figuratively; 
obscure  to  the  eye  or  to  the  mind ;  conceal. 

Such  darkness  blinds  the  sky.  iJryden. 

'J'he  state  of  the  controversy  between  UB he  endeavoured, 

with  all  his  art,  to  blind  and  confound.  .Stillingjtett. 

4.  To  dim  or  obscure  by  excess  of  light;  out^ 
shine;  eclipse.     [liare.] 

'J'hirsil,  her  beauty  all  the  rest  did  blind, 
'i'liat  she  alone  seeni'd  worthy  of  my  love, 

r.  Fletcher,  Piscatory  Eclogues,  vL 
Thy  sweet  eyes  brighten  slowly  close  to  mine, 
Ere  yet  they  blind  the  stars.      Tennyson,  Tithoniu. 

5.  In  road-making,  to  fill  %vith  gravel,  as  inter- 
stices between  stones;  cover  with  gravel  or 
earth:  as,  to /</(»«<  road-metal. —  6.  In  gnnnr-ry, 

to   provide   with   blindages Blinded  battery. 

See  tiattery. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  blind  or  dim. 
That  ho  [she,  a  pearl]  Idyndes  of  ble  in  hour  ther  ho  lygges, 
No-bot  wascli  liir  wyth  wourchyp  in  wyn  as  ho  askes. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1126. 

blindl  (blind),  n.  [<  blind^,  t).]  1.  Anything 
which  obstructs  the  sight,  intercepts  the  view, 
or  keeps  out  light. 

If  I  liave  an  ancient  window  overlooking  my  neighbour's 
ground,  he  may  not  erect  any  blind  to  obstruct  the  light. 
Blackstom,  Com.,  II.  26. 
Specifically- (a)  A  screen  of  some  sort  to  prevent  too 
strong  a  light  from  shining  in  at  a  window,  or  to  keep 
people  from  seeing  in  ;  a  sun-screen  or  shade  for  a  win- 
dow, made  of  cloth,  laths,  etc.,  and  used  either  inside  or 
outside,  ib)  One  of  a  pair  of  pieces  of  leather,  generally 
square,  attached  to  a  horse's  bridle  on  eitlier  side  of  his 
head  to  prevent  him  from  seeing  sidewise  or  backward;  a 
blinder  or  blinker,  (c)  A  strong  plank  shutter  placed  in 
front  of  a  port-hole  as  soon  as  the  gun  has  been  discharged. 

2.  Something  intended  to  mislead  the  eye  or 
the  understanding  by  concealing,  or  diverting 
attention  from,  the  principal  object  or  true  de- 
sign ;  a  pretense  or  pretext. 

Making  the  one  a  blind  for  the  execution  of  the  other. 
Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

3.  A  hiding-place ;  an  ambush  or  covert,  es- 
pecially one  prepared  for  concealing  a  hunter 
or  fowler  from  his  game. 

So  when  the  watchful  shepherd,  from  the  Wind, 
Wounds  with  a  random  shaft  the  careless  hind. 

Dnjden,  .•Eneid,  iv, 

4.  Milit.,  a  kind  of  bomb-proof  shelter  for  men 
or  material;  a  blindage,  x  single  blind  is  commotilj 
made  of  three  strong  perpendicular  posts  with  planks  be- 
tween them,  covered  with  plates  of  iron  on  the  outride, 
rendering  them  shot-proof.  It  is  used  as  a  protection  to 
laborers  in  the  trenches.  A  double  blind  is  made  by  filling 
large  wooden  chests  with  earth  or  bags  of  sand. 

5.  In  the  game  of  poker,  the  stake  deposited 
in  tlie  pool  previous  to-the  deal — Stamped  In 
the  blind,  in  l/ookbinding.  said  of  ornaments  to  be  printed 
in  ink  wlicn  the  jiattem  is  first  stamped  with  a  heated  die, 
preparatory  to  a  secoiul  staniiiinu'  in  ink  of  tlie  same  de- 
sign over  the  first.— Venetian  blinds,  window-blinds  or 
-shades  made  of  thin  Ught  laths  or  strips  of  wood  fixed  on 
strips  of  webbing. 

blind'-  (blind),  «.     Same  as  blende. 

blindage  (blin'dSj),  n.  [<  6/inrfl  +  -age.'i  1. 
Milit.,  a  blind;  a  screen  made  of  timber  and 
earth,  used  to  protect  men  in  a  trench  or  cov- 
ered way;  also,  a  mantelet. 

When  a  trench  has  to  be  pushed  forward  in  a  position 
where  the  command  of  the  dangerous  point  is  so  great 
that  it  cannot  be  sheltered  from  the  plunging  fire  by 
traverses,  it  is  covered  on  the  top  ami  on  the  sides  by  fas- 
cines and  earth  supported  by  a  framework,  and  is  termed 
a  blindage.  Parrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 

2.  A  hood  SO  arranged  that  it  can  be  made 
to  cover  the  eyes  of  a  horse  if  he  essays  to  run 
awav. 

blindage-frame  (bliu'daj-fram),  n.  A  wooden 
frame  used  in  the  construction  of  a  blindage 
to  support  fascines,  earth,  etc. 

blind-ball  (blind'bal),  «.  Same  as  bUndman-.i- 
buir.  -2. 

blind-born  (blind'born),  a.  Bom  bUnd ;  con- 
genitallv  blind.     [Kare.  ] 


blind-bom 

A  person  ...  is  apt  to  attribute  to  the  blind-bom  .  .  . 
snch  habits  of  thought  ...  as  his  o«ti. 

WhateiVj  Rhetoric. 

blinde  (blind),  n.     Same  as  blende. 
blinded  (bliu'ded),  a.     1.  Provided  with  blinds, 
blinders,  or  blindages :    as,   a  blinded  house ; 
blinded    batteries. — 2.    Having   the  window- 
shades  drawn  down ;  with  the  blinds  closed. 
I  found  the  windows  were  blinded. 

Addison,  Tatler,  Xo.  120. 

He  paced  under  the  blinded  houses  and  along  the  vacant 

streets.  R.  L.  Stevenson,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  13. 

blindedly  (blin'ded-li),  adr.    As  if  blinded. 

blinder  iblin'der),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
blinds. — 2.  A  blind  or  blinker  on  a  horse's  bri- 
dle. 

blind-fast  (blJnd'fast),  n.  The  catch  or  fas- 
tening of  a  bUnd  or  shutter. 

blind-fish  (.blind'fish),  n.  1.  A  eave-flsh,  one  of 
the  Amblyopsidie,  having  eyes  rudimentary  and 
useless  for  \-ision.  The  best-known  is  the  Ambli/opsis 
gpetants,  or  blind-flsh  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky ; 
another  is  Tttphlichthys  subterraneus.  Amblyopsis  spe- 
Iteus  attilins  tHjcasionally  a  length  of  3  to  5  inches  ;  it  has 
rudimentan'  and  functiouless  eyes,  and  ventral  fins  small 
and  of  4  mys  each.  The  color  is  pale  as  if  bleached.  It 
inhabits  the  subterranean  streams  of  Kentucky'  and  Indi- 
an.a,  especially  those  in  the  ^lammoth  Cave.  Typhlichthys 
subterraiuwt  is  a  much  smaller  species  and  destitute  of 
ventral  fins.  It  is  an  occasional  associate  of  the  Ambly- 
opsis.  See  cut  under  Ambtyuims. 
2.  A  myzont  of  the  family  Myxinidm,  Myxine 
qlutinosa ;  the  hag.     [Local,  Eug.] 

blindfold  (blind'fold),  a.  [Earl v  mod.  E.  blind- 
Jhld,  hUitdfckl,  blyndfieM,  etc.,  <  JdE.  blind- 
filled,  -feUl,  -fidd,  pp.  of  blindjdlcn,  blindfold : 
see  blindfold,  r.]  1.  Having  the  eyes  covered 
or  bandaged,  so  as  to  be  unable  to  see. 
To  be  spit  in  the  face  and  be  bofet  and  blynd/uld,  alas ! 

A  udelay,  p.  (K). 
2.  Having  the  mental  eye  darkened;  hence, 
rash ;  inconsiderate  ;  without  foresight :  as, 
"6HMd/oMfury,"  Sliak.,  V.  and  A.,  1.  554. 

Fate's  blindfold  reign  the  atheist  loudly  owns. 

DryJen,  8uum  Cuique. 

3t.  Obscure;  dark. 

If  execnt ion  be  remisse  or  blindjold  now  and  in  this  par- 
ticillar,  what  mil  it  be  hereafter  and  in  other  books? 

Milton,  Areiipagitica,  p.  27. 

blindfold  (bUnd'fold),  r.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  blind- 
fold, blindfeld,  blindficld,  blindfell  (the  second 
element  being  altered  by  confusion  with  fold, 
•vrap  up),  <  SFE.  blindfrllen,  hlinfeUcn,  blyndfcllen 
(pret.  blindfildc,  pp.  blindfelled,  -feld,  -foldc),  < 
blind,  blind,  -t-  I'ellen,  fell,  strike:  see  blind  ami 
fein.]  It.  To  strike  blind;  to  blind.— 2.  To 
cover  the  eyes  of;  hinder  from  seeing  by  cov- 
ering the  eyes. 

Tliauli  tliu  thin  eien  vor  hia  luv  .  .  .  blindfellit  on 
eorthe.  Ancren  Jtiuie,  p.  10*>. 

When  they  bad  blind/olded  him,  they  struck  him  on  tin- 
face.  Luke  xxii.  t^l. 

blindfold  (blind'fold),  w.  [<  blindfold,  f.]  A 
disgui.-ic;  a  ruse;  a  blind.     See  blind^,  n.,  2. 

The  cyotihui  of  a  iloman  is  a  UimJ/old,  impcm-trable  as 
tils  lirca-stplale.  L.  Wallace,  Ucn-Iliir,  p.  l(n;. 

blindfolded  (blind'fol'ded), i>.  a.  [Pp.  of  blind- 
fold, r.J  Having  the  eyes  covered;  hindered 
from  sct'ing. 

blind-Harry  (blind'har'i),  n.  1.  A  name  for 
l>liiiilMi:in'.s-bnlT. —  2.  A  name  for  a  puff-ball. 

blinding  (blin'diiif,'),H.  [Verbal  n.  of /</ih'/1,  r.] 
1.  Till'  aft  fif  milking  blind. —  2.  A  layer  of 
sand  and  line  gravel  laid  over  a  road  whicli 
has  been  rfcently  paved,  to  fill  the  intcrgtiees 
between  the  stones. 

blinding  (blinMing),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  lilind^,  r.] 
•Making  blind  ;  ib-priving  of  sight  or  of  under- 
standing: as,  a  blindinij  stonn  of  rain. 
Sorrow'a  eye  Klazed  with  hiiuitiii'i  learn. 

Shiik:.  Hicb.  II.,  II.  2. 

blindlngly   (blin'dinK-li),  <idv.     In  a  blinding 

iiiaiiner;  ho  as  to  blind, 
blind-ink   (blind'ink),    «.      A  writing-ink  de- 

•\  for  the  usr- of  blind  perHons.     im  tielnu 

i'  ''  '1  to  ttir  paper.  It  Hwelln,  forming  riil4>Ml  charn<;terri 
^'iii'  t'  '  iiTi  bi'  ri'itil  by  the  touch, 

blindleaa  (bliiid'lefi),rt.  [<  blind'^,  n.,  +  -/<•»«.] 
Wiiliout  u  blind  or  Hhado. 

TIte  new  mm 
II-  it  Ihro'  the  UindUu  caumcnt  of  the  riHini. 

'J'rtlltif>^>.i,,  Ceralnt. 

bllnd-lirt:  'bnn(l'llft),»i.     A  metal  book  or.aich 

on  i  ridow-blind,  bv  nionim  of  wliicli  it 

car  l.iwiTi'd.    AIho  r-iiILd /./i;,'/-/,i///. 

blin'l  \i).  "dr.     r<  MK.  /'/i/"''/v, '■  AH. 

'''"'  '.  Iiliiid.l     1.  In  a  blind  liinnii.  T  ; 

a»i>  n;  wilhoMlHigljI.— 2.    WilJKoil 

ren  'loiit  (liHccniiniril  ;   wilbout  rc- 

'|"|"  ;  «  iiliout  exiiniiiiBtion  ;  reok- 

leuly  ;  ;.          iio  led  I'lindly  by  another. 


588 

England  hath  long  been  mad  and  scarr'd  herself; 
The  brother  hlindly  shed  the  brother's  blood, 
The  father  rashly  slaughter'd  his  own  sou. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  4. 
How  ready  zeal  for  interest  and  party  is  to  chai-ge 
atheism  on  those  who  will  not,  withou*  examining,  sub- 
mit, and  blindly  swallow  theil"  nonsense.  Locke. 

blindman  (blind'man),  H.;  pi.  blindmen  (-men). 

1.  A  clerk  in  a  post-office  whose  duty  it  is  to 
decipher  obscm-e  or  illegible  addresses  on  let- 
ters. [Eng.]  Called  6//«(?-renrf«' in  the  United 
States, — 2.  A  blind  or  blinded  person :  used  as 
a  single  word  in  certain  phrases  and  names. — 
Blindman's  ball,  blindman's  bellows.  .SeeWimdnnH's- 
bnf,  -2.  — Blindman's  holiday,  the  time,  just  before  the 
lamps  are  lighted,  when  it  is  too  dark  to  work,  and  one  is 
obliged  to  rest ;  twilight ;  gloaming. 

VMiat  will  not  blind  Cupid  doe  in  the  night,  which  is 
his  blimiman's  holiday  ? 

Xashe,  Lenten  Stuffe  (Harl,  Misc.,  'VI,  167). 

Indeed,  madam,  it  is  blindman's  holiday;  we  shall  soon 
be  all  <A  a  tiil.iur.  Su'i/t,  Polite  Conversation,  iii. 

blindnian's-buff(blind'manz-buf'),  n.  l<blind- 
nian's  +  buf,  a  buffet,  blow.]  1.  A  game  in 
which  one  person  is  blindfolded  and  tries  to 
catch  and  identify  some  one  of  the  company. 
Sometimes  called  blindnuin-huff. 

Jly  light  s  out. 
And  I  grope  up  and  down  like  blind-man-buf. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night- Walker,  ii.  2. 
.\s  once  I  play'd  at  Blind-man'.^  Bu_f,  it  hapt 
.\bout  my  Eyes  the  Towel  thick  was  wrapt ; 
I  miss'd  the  Swains,  and  seiz'd  on  Elouzalind, 
True  speaks  that  ancient  Proverb,  "Love  is  Blind." 
Gay,  Shepherd's  Week.  i.  Oii. 

2.  A  name  of  certain  puff-balls  of  the  genera 
Boi-iffta  and  Lycoperdon.  Also  blindman's  ball 
or  bellows,  and  blind-ball. 

blindness  (blind'nes),  n.  [HE.  blindne.i,  -nrssc, 
<  AS.  bliiidnyssc ;  <  blinil  +  -««.<«.]  1.  The  state 
of  being  blind,  (a)  "Want  of  sight.  (6)  Want 
of  intellectual  discernment;  mental  darkness; 
ignorance ;  heedlessness. 

Wiiensoever  we  would  proceed  beyond  these  simple 
ideas,  we  fall  presently  into  darkness  and  difticnUies,  ami 
can  discover  nothing  farther  but  our  own  blindness  and 
ignorance,  Locke. 

2t.  Concealment. 

Murtlt!  Venn'  false  love  with  some  show  of  blimlnest!. 

Shak.,  C.  otF,.,  iii.  2. 

blind-officer  (bliud'of  ■'i-ser),  n.    Same  as  blind- 

iiHiii,  1.     [Eng.] 

blind-pull  (blind'pul),  n.     Same  as  blind-lift. 

blind-reader  (blind're'''d^r),  w.  In  the  Uiiited 
States  postal  service,  a  clerk  whose ^uty  it  is  to 
ileciplier  obscure  or  illegible  addresses  on  mail- 
matter. 

blinds,  ".     See  blens. 

blind-snake  (blind'snak),  n.  A  snake  of  the 
f a ni il y  Ti/pli lo/iidn'. 

blind-stile  (blind'stil),  n.  The  stile  of  a  blind. 
Bllnd-stile  machine,  a  nniihinc  for  making  the  inor- 
ind  tcnitns  in 

1 


blinkard 


/^SJ 


^ 


blinds,  and  for  h< 
ing  the   holes   fur 
the  slats. 

blindstitch 

(blimrsticli),  c. 
t.  To  sew  or 
take  stitches  in 
(anything)  in 
such  a  way  tlml 
they  will  show 
only  on  one  side 
of  the  thing 
sewed  or  slit  el  i 
ed,  or  not  at  :ill. 

blind-story 

(blind  'slo  *'ri), 
H.  In  nwdicriil 
church  -arch., 
the  Iriforinni: 
properly  re- 
stricted to  such 
exara]ileH  as 
possess  no  ex- 
terior windows, 
as  opposed  to 
the  clerestory, 
from  wliieli  ||ii< 
cliiil'  ligliling  of  tlio  interior  is  derived. 
blind'WOrm  ( bliinl' wrnn),  «.  ( M  E.  blynilimrnn, 
-wiirini(=  Sw,  I  )nn,  blindnrni);  <  blind  +  worm.  | 
A  Kninll  K/iiropean  li/anl,  .Int/nin  fraiiilis,  of  Die 
family  .Iniinidir,  having  a  slenilor  linibless  body 
an<l  tail,  like  a  snake,  rinliinentaiy  slioulilrr- 
girdle,  brensl-bone,  and  pelvis,  a  scaly  skin, 
coneeuled  ears,  and  small  eyes  fiirnislied  wjtli 
Inoviible  tills:  .lo  called  because  niipiiiised  li>  be 
asiglitlesH  worm,  a  nolion  as  erroneous  iiH  is  the 
Mi|ipoHition  thai  it  is  polHunouH.  Also  called 
orvct  and  clow-worm. 


lllllKlsliiry  --  I 


blink  (blingk),  r.  [=  Sc.  blink,  blenk ;  <  ME. 
blynken,  rare  and  appar.  only  as  var.  of  bknk- 
cn  (see  blenk,  blench);  not  found  earlier  (though 
an  AS.  'hlincan  appears  to  be  indicated  by  the 
causal  verb  hlcncan,  deceive,  >  E.  blench'^) ; "=  D. 
blinken  =  Ct.  blinkrn  —  Sw.  blinka  =  Dan.  blinke, 
shine,  twinkle,  blink,  nasalized  forms  parallel 
with  D.  blikken  =  G.  blicken  =  Sw.  blicka  = 
Dan.  blikke,  look,  glance,  fi-om  a  strong  verb 
repr.  by  AS.  blican,  shine  :  see  6/jcA'l,  blike, 
bleak'^;  and  cf.  blench^  and  blink,  n.]  I,  in- 
trans.  1.  To  -svink  rapidly  and  repeatedly; 
nictitate. 

.\  snake's  small  eye  blinks  dull  and  sly. 

Coleridye,  Christabel,  iL 
He  hlinked  with  his  yellow  eyes,  that  seemed 
.Ml  sightless  and  blank  to  be. 

C.  Thuxter,  Oreat  'OTiite  Owl. 

2.  To  see  with  the  eyes  half  shut  or  with  fre- 
quent -winking,  as  a  person  with  weak  eyes; 
hence,  to  get  a  glimpse  ;  peep. 

Show  me  thy  chink,  to  blink  through  with  mine  eyne. 
.S'Ail*.,  M.  X.  D.,  v.  i; 

3.  Figuratively,  to  look  askance  or  indiffer- 
ently. 

Why  then  ignore  or  Mini-  at  moral  purpose  ? 

May.  of  Art,  March,  1S84. 

4.  To  intermit  light ;  glimmer:  as  "a,  blinking 
lamp,"  Cotton,  An  Epigi-am. —  5.  To  gleam  tran- 
siently but  cheerfully;  smile;  look  kindly. 
[Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.]  — 6.  To  become  a  lit- 
tle stale  or  sour :  said  of  milk  or  beer.  [Prov. 
Eng.  and  Scotcli.] 

II.  tran,^.  If.  To  deceive;  elude:  shun. — 2. 
To  see  or  catch  sight  of  with  halt-shut  eyes; 
dimly  see  ;  wink  at. 

I  heard  the  imp  brushing  over  the  dry  leaves  like  a 
black  snake,  and.  hlinkiny  a  glimpse  of  "him.  just  over 
ng  in  yon  big  pine,  I  pulled  as  it  miglit  be  on  the  sct^lt. 
Cooper,  Last  of  tile  Mohicans,  v. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  shut  one's  eyes  to;  avoid 
or  purposely  evade ;  shirk:  as,  to  blink  a  ques- 
tion. 

How  can  I  blink  the  fact? 

Browniny,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  214. 

I'nderstand  us.  We  blink  no  fair  issue.  .  .  .  We  have 
romitcd  the  cost.  H'.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  34. 

4.  To  balk  at ;  pass  by ;  shirk :  as,  a  dog  that 
never  blinked  a  bird. 

In  fear  he  comes  there,  and  consequently  **  blinks  Ids 
birds."  Ditys  o/ Great  Brit,  and  America,  p.  '240. 

5t.   To  blindfold;  hoodwink.     Ltindor. 
blink  (blingk),  n.     [<  ME.  blink,  a  glance,  =  Sw. 
hhnk  =  Dan.  blink;  from  the  verb.]  1 .  A  glance 
of  the  eye  ;  a  glimpse. 

Lo,  this  is  the  first  blinke  that  ever  I  had  of  him. 

Bp.  Hall.  Works,  II.  108. 

2.  A  gleam  ;  a  glimmer;  specilicallv,  the  gleam 
or  glimmer  rcllecti'il  from  ice  in  t'lie  jiolar  re- 
gions: hence  the  term  ice-blink  (which  see). 

Not  a  ?i/i«A' of  light  was  there.    TTorrfsieor^/i,  Sonnets,  vlL    ' 

After  breakfimt  this  morning,  I  ascended  to  the  crow's 
nest,  and  saw  to  my  sorrow  the  omlnoiiH  hlink  of  Ico 
ahead.  Kane,  .Sec.  IJrinn.  Kxp.,  I.  49. 

And  where  north  and  smith  tlie  eoiistOincs  run, 
The  blink  of  tile  si-a  ill  lirceze  and  sun.  | 

Whitlier,  rropliecy  of  .Samuel  .SewBll.    I 

3.  A  very  slioH  time;  a  twinkling:  as,  bide  a 
blink,  [i^coteli,] — 4t.  /V  trick  ;  a  scheme. — 6.  j 
pi.  BoiigliN  lliniwn  (o  turn  aside  deer  from  their  i 
eoiM'se;  also,  feathers,  etc,  on  a  tlireiid  to  scare 
birds.  X.  A'.  J). —  6.  A  fishermen's  name  for 
the  iniickerel  when  about  a  year  old.  See  .ijiikc 
and  linker. 

blinkardf  (bliMg'kiinl),  n.  [<  blink  +  -nrd,  as 
ill  ihnnkoril,  doliird.']  1.  A  person  who  blinks 
or  sees  imperfeclly ;  one  who  squints. 

Aliiniig  tin-  blind  till?  oneeved  Ittinkard  reigllH. 

Char,  of  lloUomI,  In  lliiil.  Misc.  (ed.  IHlll),  V.  (II.'I.    [ 

I'or  I  was  of  ('Iii'IhIh  eluxmlng,  I  Mod's  kiilKht, 
.No  ttliixkard  heathen  Htiliiiblliig  for  Hciiiit  liglit. 

.^n'lnhurne,  LallH  N'enerlll 

2.  That  which  twinkles  or  glances,  as  a  dim 
star  wliicli  a|)pears  and  <lis,'i|ipeai's. 


I 


blinkard 

In  some  parts  we  see  many  glorious  and  eminent  stars, 
in  otiiers  few  of  any  remarkable  greatness,  and,  in  some, 
none  Itut  bliiikardH  and  obscure  ones. 

liakcwill,  Apology,  p.  237. 

3.  One  who  lacks  intellectual  poroeptiou.  Skel- 
fon. —  4.  One  who  wilfully  shuts  his  eyes  to 
what  is  happening;  one  who  blinks  facts. 
[Sometimes  used  attributively.] 
blink-beer  ( bliuRk'ber), «.  [<  blink,  v.,  I.,  6,  + 
li(( r.]  Beer  kept  unbroaehetl  till  it  is  shaiiJ. 
blinker  (bliug'ker),  n.  1.  One  who  blinks. —  2. 
(,)ue  of  two  leather  flaps  placed  on  the  sides  of 
a  horse's  head  to  prevent  him  from  seeing 
sidewise  or  backward ;  a  blind  or  blinder ; 
hence,  figuratively,  any  obstruction  to  sight  or 
discernment. 

Nor  bigots  who  but  one  way  see, 
Tbrough  blinkers  of  authority. 

M.  Green,  The  Grotto. 

Horses  splashed  to  their  very  blinkers.  Dickens, 

blink-eyed  (blingk'id),  a.    Having  blinking  or 

winking  eyes. 

Tlie  fdidisli  blink-eyed  boy.  Gascoigne,  Hearbes. 

blinking  (bling'king),  n.   In  sporting,  the  fault 

in  dogs  of  leaving  the  game  as  soon  as  it  is 

found. 

The  vice  of  blintinij  has  been  caused  by  over-severity  in 
punishment  for  chasing  poultry,  etc. 

D'tt/s  of  Great  Britain  and  America,  p.  240. 

blinking-chickweed  (bling'king-chik'wed),  n. 
The  iluntia  funtana,  a  small  marsh-herb,  natu- 
ral order  Fortulacacece :  so  called  from  its  small 
half-closed  flowers  looking  out  from  the  axils 
of  the  leaves.     Also  called  J>liii!;s. 

blinkingly  (bling'king-U),  adi'.  In  a  blinking 
or  winlving  manner;  evasively. 

Death,  that  fatal  necessity  which  so  many  would  over- 
look, or  blinkingly  survey,  the  old  Egyptians  held  con- 
tinually before  their  eyes.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Mummies. 

blinks  (blingks),  n.    [<  bUnk,  n. ;  a  quasi-plural 
form.]     Same  as  blinking-chickwecd. 
blinky  (bling'ki),  a.    l<.  blink  + -ij^.]    Prone  to 
bUnk. 

We  were  just  within  range,  and  one's  eyes  became  quite 
blinkif  watching  for  the  flash  from  the  bow. 

W.  H.  Russell,  London  Times,  June  11,  1861. 

blirt  (blert),  n.  [A  var.  of  blurt.']  An  outburst 
of  wind,  rain,  or  tears;  specifically,  naut.,  a 
gust  of  wind  and  rain.     [Scotch.] 


blirty,  blirtie  (bler'ti), 


[<   hlirt  +  -^1.] 


Characterized  by  blirts  or  gusts  of  wind  and 
rain:  as,  a  blirtij  day.  [Scotch.] 
bliss  (blis),  n.  [<  ME.  blis,  blisse,  <  AS.  Wis,  bliss, 
contr.  of  the  unusual  blids,  bliths  (=  OS.  blidsea, 
bttt:(a,  bVa::a),  joy,  <  blithe,  joyful,  blithe :  see 
blithe,  and  ef.  bless^,  with  which  the  word  has 
been  notionally  associated.]  1.  Blitheness; 
gladness;  lightness  of  heart. —  2.  The  highest 
degree  of  happiness,  especially  spiritual  joy; 
perfect  felicity;  supreme  delight;  blessedness: 
often,  specifically,  the  joy  of  heaven. 

How  sweet  a  thing  it  is  to  wear  a  crown. 

Within  wliose  circuit  is  Elysium, 

And  all  that  poets  feign  of  bliss  and  joy. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 
All  my  redeem'd  may  dwell  in  joy  and  bliss. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  43. 
=  Syn.  Felicitij,  Blessedness,  etc.  (see  happiness),  trans- 
port, rapture,  ecstasy,  blissfulness. 
blissful  (blis'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  blisful;  <  bliss  + 
-Jul-]  1.  Full  of,  abounding  in,  enjoying,  or 
conf erring  bliss;  full  of  felicity:  as,  "htis.<iful 
jov," l^penser,  P. Q. ;  "blissful  soUtude," Milton, 
P."  L.,  iU.  69. 

The  blissful  shore  of  rural  ease. 

Thomson,  Liberty,  v. 
Ever  as  those  blissful  creatines  do  I  fare. 

Wordsworth. 
2t.   [Cf.  Wessful.']     Blessed;  holy. 
blissfully  (biis'ful-i),  adv.     [<  ME.  blissfuliclie, 
etc.,  <  hiisful  +  -liche,  -ly^.]    In  a  blissful  man- 
ner ;  happily. 

blissfulness  (blis'ful-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  blisful- 
nes.  -vessc,  <  blisful  +  -nes,  -ness.]  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  blissful ;  exalted  happiness ; 
supreme  felicity ;  fullness  of  joy. 

(Joil  is  all-sufficient  .and  incapable  of  admitting  any  ac- 
cession to  his  perfect  blissfulness.    Barrow,  Works,  I.  viii. 

Blissinae  (bli-si'ne),  «.  jj/.  [NL.,  <  Blissus  + 
-(«fc.]  A  subfamily  of  heteropterous  insects, 
of  the  family  Li/f/tEidm,  typified  by  the  genus 
Bli.'txus.     See  cut  under  chinch-bug. 

blissless  (blis'les),  a.  [<  bliss  +  -less.]  Desti- 
tute of  })liss;  wretched  ;  hapless:  as,  "my  bliss- 
If-^x  lot,"  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 

blissom  (blis'um),  a.  [<  leel.  blasmti,  in  heat 
(said  of  a  ewe  or  goat),  =  OD.  blesnie.]  In 
ht'at,  as  a  ewe.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

blissom  (blis'um),  v.  [<  blissom,  a.]  I.  trans. 
To  couple  with  a  ewe :  said  of  a  ram. 


689 

II.  intrans.  To  be  in  heat,  as  a  ewe.    fProv. 

Blissus  (blis'us),  n.    [NL.]    A  genus  of  het- 
eropterous insects,  the  type  of  the  subfamily 
JilisKinii'.     IS.  leuroptcrus  is  tlie  common  chinch- 
bug.     See  cut  under  chhirh-hug. 
blistt.     Obsolete  preterit  of  blcss'^  and  bkss'^. 
And  with  liis  club  him  all  about  so  blist, 
That  he  which  way  to  turne  him  scarcely  wist. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VL  viii.  13. 

blister  (blis'ttr),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bli/s- 
U:r,  bluster  ;  <  ME.  blister,  and  perhaps  'blyster, 
<  AS.  *bly.'iter  =  MX),  bluyster,  a  blister  (but  the 
AS.  form  is  not  found,  and  the  ME.  may  be 
taken  from  OP.  blcstrc,  blostre,  a  swelling  (cf. 
bloustrc,  bloutre,  blotte,  a  clod,  blossc,  a  swelling 
due  to  a  bruise),  of  MD.  or  Seand.  origin);  cf. 
Icel.  blastr,  a  swc^lling  (in  the  medical  sense), 
lit.  a  blast,  a  blowing,  =  AS.  blwst,  a  blowing, 
blast;  ef.  blwdre,  a  blister,  bladder,  etc.,  1). 
Uaas,  G.  blase,  a  blister,  etc.,  E.  dial,  blaze'^, 
71.,  a  pimple,  etc.;  ult.  from  the  root  of  AS. 
bldwan,  etc.,  blow:  see  bladder,  blast,  blaze''^, 
fttoiiil.]  1.  A  thin  vesicle  on  the  skin,  con- 
taining watery  matter  or  serum,  whether  oc- 
casioned by  a  bum  or  other  injm'y,  by  a  vesi- 
catory, or  by  disease ;  a  pustule,  it  is  formed  (a) 
by  disintegration  and  ellusion  of  serum  into  some  of  the 
softer  epidermal  layers,  or  ib)  by  an  effusion  of  serum  be- 
tween the  epidermis  and  corium. 
2.  An  elevation  made  by  the  lifting  up  of  an 
external  film  or  skin  by  confined  air  or  fluid, 
as  on  plants,  or  by  the  swelling  of  the  sub- 
stance at  the  surface,  as  on  steel. —  3.  Some- 
thing applied  to  the  skin  to  raise  a  blister,  as 
a  plaster  of  Spanish  flies,  mustard,  etc.,  as  a 
means  of  counter-irritation;  a  vesicatory. — 4. 
In  castings  of  different  materials,  an  effect 
caused  by  the  presence  of  confined  bubbles  of 
air  or  gas. —  5.  A  distortion  of  peach-leaves 
eausedby  the  fungus  Exoasciis  deformans  ;  blad- 
der-blight. See  Exoascus.  Also  called  blister- 
iug — Flying  blister,  a  blister  applied  for  a  time  too 
short  to  cause  vesication. 
blister  (blis'ter),  V.  [<  blister,  «.]  I,  trans.  1. 
To  raise  a  blister  or  blisters  on,  as  by  a  burn, 
medical  application,  or  friction:  as,  to  blister 
one's  hands. — 2.  To  raise  filmy  vesicles  on  by 
heat:  as,  too  high  a  temperature  will  blister 
paint;  blistered ateel.  See  blister-steel. — 3.  Fig- 
uratively, to  cause  to  suffer  as  if  from  blisters ; 
subject  to  burning  shame  or  disgrace. 

Look,  here  comes  one  :  a  gentlewoman  of  mine, 

Wlio,  falling  in  the  Haws  of  her  own  youth. 

Hath  blister' d  her  report.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  3. 

II.  intrans.  To  rise  in  blisters,  or  become 
blistered. 

If  I  prove  honey-mouth'd,  let  my  tongue  blister. 

Sliak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  2. 
The  house  walls  seemed 
Blisterinff  in  the  sun,  without  a  tree  or  vine 
To  cast  the  tremulous  shadow  of  its  leaves. 

Whittier,  Prel.  to  Among  the  HilLs. 
blister-beetle  (blis'ter-be"tl),  n.  A  popular 
name  of  beetles  of  the  family  Meloida;  de- 
rived from  the  pecu- 
liar poison  (canthar- 
idin)  which  is  con- 
tained in  their  tis- 
sues. This  poison,  when 
brought  into  contact  with 
the  skin,  produces  blis- 
ters, ami  on  account  of 
this  vesicatory  property 
the  dried  beetles  are 
largely  used  in  medicine. 
In  their  earlier  states  the 
blister-beetles  are  para- 
sitic on  gi'asshopper-eggs 
or  in  the  cells  of  mason- 
bees.  Theimagosofmany 
American  species  are  of- 
ten very  injurious  to  field- 
and  garden-crops.  The 
development  of  the  larva, 

which  assumes  successively  several  forms,  is  very  remark- 
able     See  hyjiermelalrwrphosis  and  Epicauta. 

blistered  (blis'terd),  p.  a.  Having  the  disease 
called  blister.     See  blister,  n.,  5. 

blister-fly  (blis'ter-fli),  n.  Abeetle,  also  known 
as  the  Spanish  fly,  used  in  bUstermg;  one  of 
the  blister-beetles.     See  Cantharis. 

blistering  (blis'ter-ing),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Caus- 
ing or  ti-iuliiig  to  cause  blisters — Blistering  fly. 
.Same  as  /'/i.-^h/y-Jlii. 

II.  n.  Same  as  blister,  5. 

blister-plaster  (blis'ter-plas"ter),  n.  A  plaster 
of  Spanish  flies,  designed  to  raise  a  blister. 

blister-steel  (blis'ter-stel),  n.  Steel  made  by 
the  carburizatiou  of  bar-iron  iu  a  converting- 
furnace,  the  iron  being  heated  in  contact  with 
charcoal.  See  cementation.  After  the  conversion 
into  steel,  the  bars  become  covered  with  blisters,  some  not 


Ash-gray  Blister-beetle  (.Wacrota- 
sts  cintrea).  (Vertical  line  shows 
natural  size. )  a.  b,  male  and  female 
antennx,  enlaiged. 


blithesome 

larger  than  peas,  others  as  much  as  an  inch  in  diameter. 
According  to  Percy,  these  blisters  are  probably  due  to  the 
reduction  of  a  part  of  the  protoxid  of  iron  exiBting  in 
the  mass  in  the  form  of  a  silicate  of  the  protoxid,  and  the 
consefjueiit  evolution  of  cai'bonic  oxid.  The  process)  ia  a 
very  old  'me. 

blistery  (blis'ti-r-i),  a.  [<  blister  +  -1/1.]  Pull 
of  bliKt(?rs.     /looker. 

blitt,  «.     See  fcttfc-. 

blite't,  n.     See  blight. 

blite-  (blit),  «.  [Also  blit  and  early  mod.  E. 
blitle,  bkil,  bleti;  X  V .  hletle  =  Pr.  hkda  =  Cat. 
blel  =  ii\).  ble(l(>,<.  Jj.  lilitmn  :  see  lilituni.]  A  com- 
mon name  of  several  succulent-leafed  plants, 
chiefly  of  the  genus  dhenopodium  (or  Blitum), 
sometimes  used  as  pot-herbs.  Tlic  name  is  speclfl- 
cally  given  t^j  good-King-ileiiry  (C.  lionwi'I/cnricwi)  and 
Ui  Amarantus  Blitum.  'J'lie  strawljerry-blit^.-,  C7(^wy/««/t- 
um  cajntatum,  is  so  called  from  its  red  fleshy  clusters  of 
fruit.  The  coast-blite,  C  inarHimum,  is  found  in  saline 
localities.  'J'he  sea-blite,  Suceda  maritima,  is  a  cheno- 
I)odiaceon8  coast-plant  with  nearly  terete  or  cylindrical 
tlesliy  leaves. 

blithe  (bU?H  or  blith),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  blithe, 
blijthe,  <  AS.  blithe,  joyful,  glaxl,  kind,  gentle, 
peaceful,  =  OS.  blithi  =  OPries.  "blule  (in 
composition  blkl-skip,  joy),  North  Fries.  Mid 
=  D.  blijde,  blij  =  OHC.  Midi,  MUG.  blitJe  =, 
Icel.  blidhr  =  Sw.  blid  =  Dan.  blid  =  Goth. 
bleiths,  merciful,  kind ;  root  uncertain :  see 
bliss.]  I.  a.  If.  Kind;  kindly.  Ijirins  (,\.>'(i). 
—  2.  Glad ;  merry ;  joyous ;  sprightly ;  mirth- 
ful ;  gay :  in  colloquial  use  only  in  Scotland : 
as,  "I'm  blithe  to  see  you." 

Ful  blitlic  .  .  .  was  every  wight. 

Cliaucer,  Gen.  Proh  to  C.  T.,  L  84«. 
No  lark  more  blithe  than  he. 

Bickerstajf,  Love  in  a  Village,  i.  2. 
Hail  to  thee,  blithe  spirit ! 
Bird  thou  never  wert. 

Slielley,  Ode  to  a  Skylark. 

3.    Characterized  by  or  full   of   enjoyment ; 
gladsome :  said  of  things. 
0  !  how  changed  since  yon  blitlie  night !  Scott. 

Blithe  would  her  brother's  acceptance  be. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  x.  2. 

In  June  'tis  good  to  lie  beneath  a  tree 
While  the  blitlie  season  comforts  every  sense. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 
=  S3m.  Cheerful,  light-hearted,  elated,  buoyant. 

Il.t   n.    1.    A    blithe    one. — 2.    Kindness; 
goodwill;  favor. —  3.   Gladness:  delight. 
blithet   (biiTH   or   blith),  V.     [ME.   blithen   (= 
OHG.  bliden,  rejoice,  be  blithe,  =  Goth,  bleith- 
jan,  gableithjan,  be  merciful,  pity);  fi-om  the 
adj.]     I,  i>itrans.  To  be  blithe  or  merry. 
II.  trans.  To  make  blithe ;  gladden. 
The  prince  of  planetis  that  proudely  is  pight 
Sail  brace  furth  hid  hemes  that  oure  I>elde  blithet. 

York  Plays,  p.  123. 

blithe  (bUTH  or  bUth),  adv.  [<  ME.  blithe, 
hli/the,  <  AS.  blithe,  adv.,  <  blithe,  a.:  see 
hl'ithc,  a.]      It.  Kindlv.— 2.  Gladlv;   blithely. 

blitheful  (bliTH'-  or"blith'fid),  a.  [<  ME. 
blitheful,  blithful,  <  blithe,  n.,  kindness,  favor  (= 
Icel.  Wi(Hm),  "-f-  -ful.]  If.  Kindly.— 2.  Glad; 
joyous;  jojilul.    [Poetic] 

The  seas  with  blitheful  western  blasts 
We  sail'd  amain. 
Greene  and  Lodge,  lx)oking  Glass  for  Lend,  and  Eng 

[Samuel]  Lover,  a  versatile  artist,  blitheful  humorist 
and  poet.  Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  258. 

blithely  (bliTH'-  or  bUth'U),  adv.  [<  ME. 
hlitheliche,  blethely,  -liche,  etc.,  <  AS.  btithelice 
(=  OHG.  blidlicho),  <  blithe  +  -lice:  see  blithe, 
a.,  and  -ly^.]  If.  Kindly.— 2.  Gladly;  jo.^-ful- 
ly:  gaily. 

blithemeat  (bliTH'-  or  blith'met),  n.  [Sc,  < 
blithe,  glad,  +  meat.]  The  entertainment  or 
refreshment  provided  at  the  birth  or  ehrijsten- 
ing  of  a  child.     [Scotch.] 

blithen  (bli'Tneu  or  -then),  r.  t.  [<  blit]te.  a., 
+  -nA.   CI.  blithe,  r.]   Tomake  blithe.    [Rare.] 

blitheness  (bliTH'-  or  blith'nes).  ii.  [<  ME. 
blitlicnesse,  <  AS.  blithmti,  <  hlilhe  -i-  -nes:  see 
blithe,  a.,  and  -ness.]  The  state  of  being  blithe; 
gaiety ;  sprightliness. 

The  delightfuluess  and  blilhenets  of  their  [poets']  com- 
positions. 5tr  K.  Digby,  On  the  Soul,  iil 

Legend  told  of  his  [Eadw.ird's]  pious  simplicity,  hia 
blitheness  and  gentleness  of  mood. 

J.  II.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  467. 

blithesome  (bliTn'-  or  blith'simi),  a.  [<  blithe 
+  -some.]  Full  of  blitheness  or  gaiety:  gay; 
merry ;  cheerful ;  causing  joy  or  gladness. 

On  blithesome  frolics  bent.  Thomson,  Winter. 

Tlie  rising  sun,  emerging  from  amidst  golden  and  pur- 
ple clouds,  shed  his  blithesome  rays  on  the  tin  weather- 
cocks of  Communipaw.        Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  109. 

Charmed  by  the  spirit,  alternately  tender  and  blithe- 
some, of  Procter's  songs.        Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  110. 


blithesomeness 

blithesomeness  (bllTH'-  or  blith'sum-nes).  ". 
[<  blithesome  +  -«ess.]  The  quality  of  being 
blitbesome ;  gaiety. 

A  glad  blithesoinfness  belonged  to  her,  potent  to  conquer 
even  ill  health  and  suffering.    Jfew  Prinaton  Rev.,  IL  78. 


Blitoin  (bU'tirm),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  jS/Jrov,  a  cer- 
tain plant  nsed  as  a  salad.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Chenopodiacew,  now  included  in 
(henopodium.     See  bUte~. 

blivet,  adi-  A  Middle  English  contraction  of 
fiflirt-.     Chaucer. 

blizzard  (bliz'iird),  n.  [An  expressive  word, 
orijK'Luating  in  the  United  States,  appar.  at  &-st 
loeallv  on  the  Atlantic  coast  (see  first  quot.).  bloated  (blo'ted),  p.  a. 


590 

bloats  (blot),  V.     [<  hloaf^,  n.']    I.   trans.  To 
make  tiirgid  or  swollen,  as  with  air,  water,  etc. ; 
cause  to  swell,  as  with  a  dropsical  humor;  in- 
flate ;  pufi  up ;  hence,  make  vain,  conceited,  etc. 
His  rudf  essays 
Encourage  him,  and  bloat  him  up  with  praise. 

Dnjdf'n,  Vto\.  to  Circe. 
And  then  began  to  bloat  himself,  and  ooze 
All  over  with  the  fat  altectionate  smile 
That  makes  the  widow  lean.    Tennyson,  Sea  Dreams. 

H.  iiifrans.  To  become  swollen;  be  pufiEed 
out  or  dilated ;  dilate. 
If  a  person  of  firm  constitution  begins  to  bloat. 

Arbuthnot. 


and  carried  thence  to  the  West,  where,  in  a 
new  application,  it  came  into  general  notice 
and  u.se  in  the  winter  of  1880-81.  The  word 
is  evidently  a  popular  formation,  and  is  prob. 
based,  with  the  usual  imitative  variation  ob- 
servable in  such  formations,  on  what  to  the 
popular  consciousness  is  the  common  root  of 
blaze,  blast,  blow  (the  latter  notions  at  least  be- 
ing appar.  present  in  the  familiar  third  sense). 
In  the  orig.  sense  a  blizzard  is  essentially  a 
"  blazer,"  of  which  word,  indeed,  it  may  be  con- 
sidered a  manipulated  form:  see  blnzc^^,  and  cf. 
blaze",  blast,  bluster.]  1.  [Appar.  the  earliest 
sense,  but  not  recorded,  except  in  the  figura- 
tive use,  until  recently.]  A  general  discharge 
of  guns  ;  a  rattling  voUey  ;  a  general  "blazing 
See  extract. 


[Pp.  of  bloat^.  r.]     1. 


Along  the  Atlantic  coast,  among  the  gunners  who  often  bloater    (bio  ter),    ii.      [< 
hunt  in  parties  stationed  near  together  behind  blinds,     English   name   tor  a   lierrin. 


Swollen;  puffed  up;  inflated;  overgrown,  so 
as  to  be  unwieldy,  especially  from  over-indul- 
gence in  eating  and  driukiug;  pampered:  as, 
"a  bloated  mass,"  Goldsmith. 

Grotesque  monsters,  half  bestial,  half  human,  dropping 
with  wine,  bloated  with  gluttony,  and  reeling  in  obscene 
dances.  Macanini/,  Milton. 

2.  Connected  with  or  arising  from  self-indul- 
gence :  as,  "  bloa  ted  slumber,"  ilicl.'le,  A  Sonnet. 
— 3.  Inordinately  swollen  in  amotmt,  posses- 
sions, self-esteem,  etc.;  puffed  up  with  pride 
or  wealth:  as,  a  bloated  estate;  bloated  capi- 
talists; a  bloated  pretender. 
bloatedness  (bl6'ted-nes),  H.  [<  bloated  + 
-iiess.]  The  state  of  being  bloated;  turgiiiity; 
an  inflated  state  of  the  tissues  of  the  body; 
dilatation  from  any  morbid  cause.    Arbuthnot. 

■  "   bloati^  +  -«■!.]     An 

which  has  been 


waiting  for  the  flocks  of  migratory  birds,  the  word  UU-  steeped  for  a  short  time,  slightly  salted,  and 

zarif  means  a  general  discharge  of  all  the  guns,  nearly  but  p^rtiaUv  smoke-diied,  but  not  split  open, 

not  quite  together  — a  rattling  volley,  ditfenng  from  a  ,t,          ;',,             rAlsr,7,Mi    S..    hleb     hieih    blnb 

broadside  in  not  being  quite  siumltaneous.    This  use  of  blOb  (blOb),  «.      lAiso  OUUj  !5t.  ttlto,  liieio,  piao,_ 
the  word  is  familiar  to  every  longshore  man  from  Sandy 


Hook  to  Currituck,  and  goes  back  at  least  forty  years,  as 
my  own  memory  attests.  .  .  .  The  'longsluuc  nan  of 
forty  years  ago  were  all  sailors,  and  many  of  tlo-m  had 
•erved  in  the  navy.  That  they  may  have  learneil  the  w  ord 
there  is  rendered  probable  by  the  rather  notilble  accuracy 
with  which  they  always  distinguished  between  a  bliz:urd 
and  a  broadside.  This  points  to  a  nautical  origin  of  the 
word,  though  it  made  no  progress  in  general  use  till  it 
•truck  the  Western  imagination  as  a  term  for  that  con- 
vulsion of  the  elements  for  which  "snowstorm,"  with 
whatever  descriptive  epithet,  was  no  adequate  name,  and 

the  keen  ear  of  the  newspaper  reporter  caught  it  and  gave  blobber  (blob'er) 
It  currency  as  "  reportorial "  English  __    .. 


blob;  cf.  blobber,  blubber.]  1.  A  small  globe  of 
li(iuid ;  a  dewdrop ;  a  blister ;  a  bubble ;  a  small 
lump,  splotch,  or  daub. 

Flawed  rubies  and  emeralds,  which  have  no  value  as 
precious  stones,  but  only  as  barbaric  blohK  of  colour. 

Birdit'oud,  Indian  Arts,  II.  9. 

2.  The  bag  of  a  honey-bee.    [Prov.  Eng.]  — 3t. 
The  under  lip.    Halliieell.     [Karc.]  — 4.  Aoot- 
toid  fish,  Vranidea  richardisoiii,  a  kiud  of  mill- 
thumb On  the  blob,  by  word  of  mouth.   [Slang.] 

Same  as  blubber. 


block 

(c)  A  piece  of  hard  wood  prep.ircd  for  cutting  by  an  en- 
graver, td)  The  stand  on  wiiich  a  slave  «  as  jilaced  when 
being  sold  by  auction,  (c)  In  falconry,  the  perch  whereon 
a  bird  of  prey  is  kept. 

3.  A  mass  of  wood  or  stone  nsed  in  moimting 
and  dismoimting ;  a  horse-block. —  4.  A  mold 
or  piece  on  which  something  is  shaped,  or  placed 
to  make  it  keep  iu  shape.  In  particular— (a)  The 
wooden  mold  on  wiiich  a  hat  is  formed ;  hence,  some* 
times,  the  shape  or  style  of  a  hat,  or  the  hat  itself. 

He  wears  his  faith  but  as  the  fashion  of  his  hat ;  it  ever 
changes  with  the  nc.\t  block.  Shak:,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

The  blocke  for  his  hcade  alters  faster  than  the  Feltmaker 
can  fltte  him,  and  thereupon  we  are  called  in  scorne  Block- 
heades.  Dckker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  37. 

(i>)  .K  wooden  head  for  a  wig  ;  a  barber's  block ;  hence, 
sometimes,  the  wig  itself. 

A  beautiful  golden  wig  (the  Duchess  never  liked  me  to 
play  with  her  hair)  was  on  a  block  close  by. 

Buhver,  Pelhaiu,  xxiiL 

5.  A  person  vrith  no  more  sense  or  life  than  a 
block;  a  blockhead;  a  stupid  fellow. 

Mliat  tongueless  bhcks  were  they  ! 

.Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ill.  7. 

6.  In  ship-building,  one  of  the  pieces  of  timber, 
or  supports  constructed  from  such  pieces,  upon 
which  the  keel  is  laid. 

"Thus,"  said  he,  "will  we  build  this  shipl 
Lay  square  the  blocks  upon  the  slip." 

Lowj/cUow,  Building  of  the  Shipt 

7.  The  solid  metal  stamp  used  by  bookbinders 
for  impressing  a  design  on  a  book-cover. — 8. 
A  piece  of  wood  fitted  into  the  angle  formed  by 
the  meeting  edges  of  two  other  pieces. — 9.  A 
wooden  rubber  covered  with  thick  felt,  used 
in  polishing  marble. — 10.  A  piece  of  wood  or 
metal  serving  as  a  support,  (a)  In  a  sawmill,  one 
of  the  frames  supporting  and  feeding  the  log  to  the  saw. 
(b)  In  vehicles,  a  piece,  generally  carved  or  onnimented, 
placed  over  or  under  the  springs  of  a  carriage,  (c)  In 
priiitiny.  the  piece  on  wiiich  a  stereotype  plate  is  fastened 
to  make  ittype-lligh. 

11.  A  mechanical  contrivance  consisting  of 
one  or  more  grooved  pulleys  mounted  in  a  cas- 
ing or  shell,  which  is  furnished  with  a  hook, 
eye,  or  strap  by  which  it  may  be  attached :  it  is 


,V.  y.£VnV,^7.orf,  March  24, 1887.  blobber-lip(blob'cr-lip),  «.  Same  as  6/K66fr-?,>. 


Hence — 2.    Figuratively,  a  volley;   a  sudden 


His  blubber-lips  and  beetle-brows  commend. 

Vryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  iii. 

lame  as  blub- 

Like  a 
A  gentleman  at  dinner  asked  me  for  a  toast;  and  sup-     blob  ;  abountling  in  blobs. 

posing  he  meant  to  have  some  fun  at  my  expense.  I  con-  blob-klte  (blob'kit),  n.      A  local  English  name 

eluded  to  go  ahead,  and  give  him  and  his  likes  &  blizzard,     ^^j-  (j^p  ),urbot 

barid  Crockett,  Tour  Down  East,  p.  W.   ^^^-^.^y^^Q^  (l.lob'lipt),  a.      [See  blob.]      Same 

8.  Agale  or  hurricane  accompanied  by  intense     .|j.  i,i,ti,i„  i-lip}ic<l. 

cold  and  dry,  driving  snow,  common  m  winter  ij'iob-talet  (blob'tal),  n.    A  telltale;  a  blabber. 

on  the  great  plains  of  the  States  and  Territories 

of  the  northwestern  United  States  east  of  the 

Rocky  Mountains,  especially  Dakota,  and  in 

Manitoba  in  British  America,    it  is  described  in 

the  "American  .Meteorological  Journal"  as  "a  mad  rush- 
ing combination  of  wind  and  snow  which  neither  man  nor 

h«a«t  could  face." 
Whew  I  how  the  wind  howls ;  there  must  be  a  terrible 

blizzard  west  of  us,  and  how  ill-preparetl  are  most  frontier 

homes  for  sncli  severe  cold.  Chicafjo  Advance.,  Jan.  8, 18S0. 

blizzardly   (bliz'jird-li),  a.    Blizzard-like;  re- 

soiiililiug  a  blizzard.     [Kare.] 
bloak,  "•     Si-(!  bliikr. 
bloat'  (blot),  (I.     [Formerly  also  blotc,  <  ME. 

blotc  (uncrTtain),  po.ssibly  <  AS.  blut,  pale,  livid 

(see  hlalc^),  but  prob.  a  var.  or  parallel  form 

of  bloute  (sfo  bloat'^)  =  Icel.  blautr,  soaked,  = 

Hw.  blot  =  Iton.  bifid,  soft,  =  Norw.  WrtK^Hoft, 

wet;  cf.  Icil.  blautr  fi.ihr,  fn-sh  (soft)  fisli,  oji- 

poHcd  to  hnrdhr  fiskr,  dried  (hard)  lish,  =  Sw. 

bloljM;   Hf)aked  'fish,   =   Norw.    blolftsh;    Icol. 

hliitna  =  Sw.  btiitna  =  Norw.  bhitnti,  to  soften. 

H<'f)  blalc^  and  hUiatcr,  and  cf.  blont'^.]     (!urod 

by  HHioking:  us,  a  bloat  herring.     See  bloater. 
h-iy  yiii  on  old  courtier  on  the  coalit  like  a  Hnusnge,  or  a 

/./'.'I'  h>  rring.  B.  Jonson,  .Mercury  VltHllcat4-(l. 

bloat'  'blot),  r.  t.    [Appar.  <  bloati,  «.]   To  euro 

bysMi'.king,  ashcrringH.  FonniTlyBpi.'llod///«fc. 

I  "  'Tnoke  In  my  month  than  wouM  blntr 

ringn.       Fletcher,  Ulanil  Trhu'eM,  II,  0. 

[Earlier  bloirt  (bh  orig.  in  the 

from  HIiakHpiTc,  wliero  bloat  is 

.::■  iTucndalioM,  though  it  oecurs 

Till  eiFitiiry),  liloirle,  hloulr,  prnl). 

jL  Sw.  bliil,  soft,  flc:  HOC  btoiill, 

I'lio  wonl  is  now  rcgiirdcd  ns 

I     I'lifTed;  Hwollon;  turgirl:  hh, 

K,"  .shuk.,  Hamlet,  Iii.  4.     [Now 


bio., 
jm 
an 

<  I. 

an' I 


These  blob-talen  could  find  no  other  news  to  keep  their 
tongues  in  motion.  Dp.  Ilackel,  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  (!7. 

blocfcl  (blok),  n.  [<  ME.  blol;  a  block  (of  wood) ; 
not  in  AS.,  but  borrowed  fioin  IXi.  or  OF. :  Ml). 
bloe,  bloek,  1).  blok  =  MLG.  block,  LG.  hlok  = 
OH(i.  bloh,  MII(}.  bloeh,  G.  block  =  iiw.  bloek  = 
Norw.  blokk  =  Dan.  hlok  (=  Icel.  blokk,  Haldor- 
sen),  >  ML.  blocu.s,  OF.  and  F.  bloc;  all  in  the 
general  sense  of  'block,  log,  Itunp,  mass,'  Init 
confused  more  or  less  witli  the  forms  cited  \m- 
doT  block".  There  are  similar  Celtic  forms:  W. 
jiliic,  a  block,  =  Gael,  ploe,  a  roiin<l  mass,  bliui- 
goon,  block,  slumj)  of  a  (ree,  =  Ir.  iiloe,  a  Jilng. 
bung.  bUienn,  a  little  block,  pcihaps  akin  In  Ir. 
bloiih,  (Jlr.  bloq,  a  fragment,  from  same  root  as 
E.  'break  iu\i\  fraiimcnt  (see  plu(i);  but  tlio  rela- 
tion of  these  to  (ho  Tent,  forms  is  nncortaiii. 
The  senses  of  /)^)c/,l  and  block-  run  into  ea<'h 
other,  and  some  i<lentify  the  words.] >  1.  -Vny 
solid  mass  of  matter,  usually  with  one  or  more 
jilaiie  or  api)r<).\iinately  lilaiie  faces:  a»,a,block 
of  wood,  stone,  or  ice;  BOinetimos,  spociflcally, 
a  log  of  wood. 

Now  all  our  neighbours'  chimneys  smoke, 
And  I'hrlslmaH  bUicks  are  burning.  Wither. 

What  sculpture  Is  to  a  block  of  marble,  edncallon  Is  to 
nn  hinnan  n.pul.  .Si,eetati,r,  No.  '.'l,'). 

2.  A  solid  mnsH  of  wood  the  umior  surface  of 
wiiich  is  used  for  some  H|>ccifl(!  purpose.      In 
liei'c  id  u  iiud  on  u  lllch  »  hutcher 

I   iKKpllt. 


only  in  rar.,  literary  use.] 


particular  -  (d)  The  large  pie 

eliopH  meat,  or  on  which  llr<-- 

llar<l  by,  a  lleshur  on  a  Mock  had  laid  hln  whillte  down. 
Maeanlaii,  Virginia. 

(Ii)  Tlie  iplece  of  wooil  on  whiih  In  placed  llio  neck  of  a  per- 
son I'ondcnined  In  bi-  diTiipl(nt4-il. 
'l"ho  noble  heads  which  have  hien  lirought  to  the  Woe*. 

I^verett. 
Blave  I  to  the  l-loek  /     or  1,  or  they, 
Bboll  face  the  JudKmcnt-ivat  this  iloy  I 

ScoU,  Itokohy,  vl.  81. 


I.  9.  single  .ind  double  l.lo.ks  ,viih  rope  strap;  i.  4,  douMe  »__ 
single  blocks  with  iron  strap  ;  «;.  inct.tllic  block  :  6.  snatcli.block  :  f, 
secret  block  :  8.  clump.block  ;  9,  tail-block  ;  10.  fitldlc.block. 

used  to  transmit  power,  or  change  the  direction 
of  unit  ion,  liy  iiiciiiis  of  a  rope  or  chain  passing 
round  tlie  movable  pulleys,  lilocks  are  single, 
double,  treble,  or  fonrfolil,  according  as  (be  number  of 
sheaves  or  pulleys  is  one,  two,  three,  or  fonr.  A  rnnning 
block  is  atlacheil  to  the  object  to  be  raised  or  moved ;  a 
stondiity  tiloek  is  tlxed  to  some  pcrinam-nt  support.  Hb)ck» 
also  receive  dKfcrent  names  from  (heir  sbiipe,  |iurpo»c, 
ormoileof  npplii^atlon.  Those  to  whiib  the  name  dead- 
ei/es  liiu)  been  given  are  not  )iulleys,  bi  log  unprovliled  wlUl 
sheaves.  Many  <d  the  blocks  used  in  »bi)iB  are  named  after 
Ibe  ro|iesor  liniins  wlili  h  are  rove  tlirough  them :  as,  bow- 
line litoeks,  cIneUne  and  clue.garnet  blocks.  They  ale  made 
of  riiliiT  wood  or  metal.  See  clue-yaniet,  and  cut  under 
eal-blm-k. 

12.  A  connected  mass  of  buildings:  as,  a  block 
of  houses. — 13.  A  portion  of  a  city  inclosed 
by  sirecis,  whether  occuiiied  by  buildings  or 
consisting  of  vacant  lots. 

The  new  tily  was  laid  ou(  In  rciiangular  blt:ckti,  cMh 
block  containing  thirty  bnlbllng  l.ds.  Sneli  an  avrr««o 
bbu-k,  eomiirlsing  '.IS'.!  houses  iijid  covering  »  acres  of 
gronnil,  exists  In  Oxford  street.  11  forms  a  eompacl 
square  mass.  ijiiaiiertii  ll'V. 

14.  On  the  stork-exehaneic,  a  large  luiinlicr  of 
shares  nmsscil  togcdier  and  boiiglit  or  sold  In 
a  lump.  Antifriction  block.  See oiiUfri'.droi -Be- 
tween the  beetle  and  the  block.  See  i>ertle\.  BlooK 
and  block,  ibe  ]iMslil..n  ..t  Iw.i  lil.>eli»  of  a  tackle  when 

.Iruvm  ,l..He  to  eileh  ..lb.  f.  Als..,nlleil  lieol,toeks.  fllO 
a.l    ..(    .Iniwltig    lb.'    Iil..ilis   apinl    Is    called    flertina  (« 

joirehnte.  Block-and-cro8B  bond.  .seiW«iiii/i.  Blow 
and  tackle,  ibe  pull.v  M...  ks  and  n.p.'s  nse.l  f..r  liolslr 
lug  Block  brake,  s..- /.rn*.:'  Block  cornices  ana 
ontablaturcB,  ..niamenlal  leiilur.  s.  .  ..ir.'sii..i"llng  In 
p..Mtl..ri  I..  .'liisKl.'id  condces  anil  .iilnlibilnr.'s.  In  archi- 
tectural elevations  not  composiMl  of  (he  regular  orders.— 


. block 

Center-plate  block,  ;i  pifii;  uf  wood  placed  beneath  tlie 
cfiitir-iilatt'  "t"  u  cin-tniLk  to  briny  it  to  tlie  rutiuired 
li,i' iit.-Cblp  of  the  old  block.  See  c/ii/n.— Dead 
rilock,  one  of  tlie  pair  of  Ijlocks  placed,  one  on  each  side 
u\  llu'draw-lmr  of  a  railroad-car,  to  lessen  the  concussion 
when  two  cars  coine  toL'ether  after  tlie  luilfer-spriiiKS  are 
roinpressed.— Differential  block,  a  donhle  IpIoiI;  hav- 
ini;  sheaves  of  diitii.iii  m/.cs.  A'.  //.  Kiii.ilit.^  Erratic 
block  See.rrafo-.  -  Fly-blOCk,  mint.,  a  niovahle  bloik 
in  a  iiin-ihase  or  compound  tackle  like  a  Spanish  burton.— 

Hydraulic  block,  see  A;/(//n"(iV.  — Long-tackle  block, 
a  nidlev-lilock  having'  two  .sheaves  in  the  same  plane,  one 
an.ive  the  otiier.  -  Made  block,  a  puUey-hloek  formed  of 
seveial  piecis.  - Nineptu  block,  a  block  shaped  some- 
what like  a  niTiepiu,  with  a  single  sheave  pivoted  at  the 
top  and  bottom  that  it  may  accommodate  itself  to  the 
Miotiou  of  the  rope  for  which  it  serves  as  a  guide.  It 
is  plaei'd  under  the  cross-pieces  of  the  bitts  on  a  vessel.— 
Purchase  block,  a  douljli'-strapped  block  with  two  scores 
in  till-  shell,  used  for  moving  heavy  weights  on  shiplioald. 
—  Rouse-about  block,  a  large  snatch-block.— TMck- 
and-thln  block,  a  lichlle-block.  „,.,,„ 

blocki  (blok),  c.  t.  [<  fctocJ:!,  n.  Cf.  block^, 
V.  t.]  1.  To  strengthen  or  support  by  blocks  ; 
make  firm,  as  two  boards  at  their  interior  angle 
of  intersection,  by  pieces  of  wood  glued  to- 
getlier.— 2.  To  form  into  blocks.— 3.  To  mold, 
shape,  or  stretch  on  a  block:  as,  to  block  a  hat. 
—4.  In  hookbinding,  to  ornament  by  means  of 
brass  stamps ;  stainp :  as,  to  block  the  boards 
of  a  book.  [Eng.]— 5.  In  calico-priiitiiif),  to 
press  up  or  apply  to  the  blocks  containing  the 
colors. — 6.  To  s"traighten  and  toughen  by  lay- 
ing on  a  block  of  wood  and  striking  with  a 
naiTow,  flat-faced  hammer;  planish:  said  of 
saw-blades.  — To  block  down,  to  force  sheet-metal, 
without  breaking  it,  into  a  die,  in  cases  where  the  irregu- 
larities of  the  mohl  are  so  great  that  the  metal  is  likely  to 
be  torn,  by  covering  it  with  a  block  of  lead,  which  is  then 
carefully  hammered.  The  yielding  of  the  lead  gives  a 
slow  drawing'  action  to  the  metal  beneath  it,  enabling  it 
to  be  graduallv  brought  to  its  bed.— To  block  in,in  slat- 
mini  or  iininiinii.  to  outline  roughly  or  bring  approxi- 
mately to  the  ilesired  shape ;  form  the  outlines,  founda- 
tion, orgeueral  plan  of  any  work,  disregarding  the  details  ; 
execute  roughly. — To  block  out,  to  form  the  plan  or  out- 
lines of ;  sketch. 


591  blockish 

That  I  could  not  think  of  this  as  well  as  he  ! 
O,  I  could  beat  my  inllnite  hbtrkhmd. 

II.  jitiiho/i,  The  Devil  is  an  Ass,  iii.  1. 

3.  A  person  possessing  such  a  head ;  a  stupid 
follow;  a  dolt;  a  person  deficient  in  under- 
standing. 

Madam,  'twere  dulnesjf  past  the  ignorance 
of  common  bUtckheadH  not  to  understand 
Whereto  this  favour  tends. 

Ford,  Love'8  Sacrifice,  L  2. 
The  hookful  blockhaad,  ignorantly  read. 
With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  his  head. 

I'lijif,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  812. 
the  verbs  eoiTesi)ouding  to  blockheaded  (blok'hed-ed),  a.  [<  hlock'^  + 
]  1.  Till)  shutting  up  of  a  place,  hiiitl  + -cil-.]  Stupid  ;  dull:  as,  "a itoc/tAcarfc/ 
particularly  a  port,  harlior,  or  line  of  coast,  by  boy.''  N/r  /.'.  I' F.striniiir.  [Rare.] 
hostile  ships  or  troops,  so  as  to  stop  all  ingress  blockheadism  (blok'hod-i/.rn),  «.  [<  hlocklteud 
or  egress,  and  to  hinder  the  entrance  of  sup-  -f  -ism.\  The  character  of  a  blockhead;  stu- 
plies  of  provisions,  ammiinition,  or  reinforce-    piility.     [Kure.] 


Weak  saints  being  as  formidable  impediments  as  the 
strong  silmers,  both  hUtckimj  the  ways  of  auiendiiient. 

Alcotl,  'lablets,  p.  1«. 
2.  In  Jiitxc-bdll  and  cricket,  to  stop  (a  ball)  with 
the  bat  witliout  knocking  it'to  a  distance. —  3. 
In  fool-ball,  to  stop  (a  player)  when  running 
with  the  ball. 
blockade  (blo-kad'),  n.     [Cf.  D.  blokkadc  =  G. 
blockiiilr  =  Sw.  blockad  =  Dan.  blokkadc,  from 
the  K. ;  from  t  he  verb  block'^  (F.  bloqucr)  +  -ndc^ ; 
cf.  stockailc,  barricade,  palisade,  etc.     Cf.  Sp, 
bloqiico,  I'g.  bloqucio,  It.  blocco,  also  hloccatvra 
blockade,    from 
block-,  i{ 


ments. 

The  word  ithn-kmlf  properly  denotesobstructing  the  pas- 
sage into  or  from  a  plart;  on  either  element,  but  is  mon- 
especially  ajiplied  to  naval  forces  preventing  conununi 
cation  by  water.         Wtxthfy,  Introd.  to  Inter,  haw,  §  ISfi. 

Hence — 2.  A  hindrance  to  progress  or  action 

caused    by  obstructions  of  any  kind Paper 

blockade,  a  constructive  blockade;  a  blockade  estali- 
lished  by  proclamation,  without  the  actual  presence  of  a 
force  adeciuate  to  make  it  effectual.  -To  break  a  block- 
ade. See  b^raak.—To  raise  a  blockade,  to  remove  or 
break  tip  a  blockade,  either  by  withdrawing  the  ships  or 
troops  that  keeji  the  place  blocked  up,  or  by  driving 
them  away  from  their  respective  stations. — To  nin  a 
blockade,  to  pass  through  a  blockading  squadron  and 
enter  the  port  blockaded  by  it. 
blockade  (lilo-kad'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  block- 
aded, ppr.  blockddiiiij.  [<  blockade,  «.]  1. 
To  subject  to  a  blockade ;  prevent  ingress  or 
egress  from  by  warlike  means. 

The  building  .  .  .  was  on  every  side  blockaded  by  the 
insurgents.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

Hence  — 2.  To  shut  in  by  obstacles  of  any  kind  ; 
block;  obstruct. 

Every  avenue  to  the  hall  was  blockaded. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa. 


publ 


,.„.„..,. ,  ...  Iti. 

But  Washington  had  some  hand  in  WocHn.*/ 0H(  this  re-  _  _      _       ,  ,-,     ,  _,,.   ,  n„„  «-i.«    „„  4-l,«f 

niblic.  S.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  50.  blockadsr  (blo-ka'der),  n.     One  who  or  that 

t,     ,  o  /^,  ,x  rT    i,  •  ii  ■       which  blockades;  especially,  a  vessel  employed 

block-  (blok),  n.      [In  this  sense  the  noun,  m    ^^  blockadino- 

E. ,  is  ill  most  senses  due  rather  to  the  verb :        ^  ^  good  pilot  and  little  depth,  she  could  general- 

See  i/opA--,  C.      The  orig.  noun  is  found  once  in     jy  ^un  well  inside  of  the  blockaders. 

ME.  blok,  an  inclosed  space ;  ef.  OP.  bloc,  bar-  J.  R.  Sulcy,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  160. 

rier,  post,  wall  (>0P.  bloquer,  F.  bloqucr,  stop,  blockade-runner  (blo-kad'run"er),  n.     A  per- 

bloek :  see  the  verb ;  the  mod.  F.  bloc  goes  with    son  or  a  vessel  engaged  in  the  business  of  run- 

block^;  MD.  block,  post,  stocks  (cf.  blocklands,    um^  a  blockade. 

an  inclosed  piece   of   ground,  ditch,  swamp,  blockage  (tlok'aj),  11.     [<  block^  +  -age.']    Ob- 

MLGr.  block,  post,  stocks,  LGr.  blokland,  an  in-    struetion  ;  the  state  of  being  blocked  up  or  ob- 

closed   swamp),  =  OFries.   "hlokk,   in  eomp.     structed. 

hlock-syl,   a   sluice;    OHG.  6J?o^i,   confinement  ijiockan  (blok'an),  h.    [Appar.  due  to  E.  6tocA-. 

(MHG.  block,  a  kind  of  trap,  G.  block,  stocks,     cf.  block.    Ir.  lilocan  means  'a  little  lump.']    A 

prison),  <  bi-,  =  AS.   bi-,  be-,  E.  fe-l,  -I-   loh, 

MHG.  G.  loch,   a  confined  space,  hole,  dim-    eoalfish. 

geon,  =  AS.  loc,  E.  lock,  a  place  shut  in,  etc. :  block-and-block  (blok'and-blok'),  a 

see  lock'^.  Confused  more  or  less  with  the  forms    and  block,  under  block^,  n. 

cited  under  bloclA,  \vith  which  it  is  by  some  block-bond  (blok'bond),  n.    In  bricklaying,  an 

identified.     See  the  verb  following.]     1.  Any    arrangement  in  which  headers  and  stretchers, 

obstruction  or  cause  of  obstruction;   a  stop; 

a  hindrance  ;  an  obstacle. 


Heilueed  to  that  state  of  blocklteadiim  which  is  so  con- 
spicuous in  his  master.  C  Smart. 

blockheadly  (Idok'hed-li),  a.  [<  blockhead  + 
-///'.]  Acting  like  a  blockhead;  densely  stupid : 
as,  "some  blockheadly  hero,"  Dryden,  Amphi- 
tryon, i.  2.  [Rare.] 
blockhouse  (blok'hous),  n.  [<  block'^  +  house; 
=  I),  blokhuis,  OD.  blockhuys  =  MLG.  blockhUg 
=  G.  blocklians  (>  F.  blockhaus)  =  Dan.  hlokhus 
=  Sw.  hlockhns,  blockhouse,  older  form  blociis; 
orig.  a  house  that  blocks  a  passage,  though 
later  taken  as  a  house  made  of  logs  (<  block^ 
+  house).']  Originally,  a  detached  fort  block- 
ing the  access  to  a  landing,  a  mountain 
pass,  narrow  channel,  etc. ;  in  later  use,  an  edi- 
fice of  one  or  more  stories,  constructed  chiefly 
of  hewn  timber,  and  supplied  with  loopholes 

for  musketry 
and  sometimes 
with  embra- 
sures for  can- 
non. When  of 
nujre  than  one 
story,  the  upper  is 
made  to  overhang 
the  lower,  and  is 
furnished  with 
machicolations  or 
loopholes  in  the 
overhung  floor,  so 
that  a  lunging  fire 
can  be  directed 
against  the  enemy 
in  close  attack.  When  a  blockhouse  stands  alone,  it  con- 
stitutes an  independent  fort,  a  form  which  is  often  very 
useful  in  a  rough  country;  when  it  is  erected  in  the  in- 
terior of  a  fieldwork,  it  becomes  a  retrenchment  or  re- 
doubt. Stockades  are  sometimes  called  blockhouses. 
blockiness  (blok'i-nes),  «.  In  photog.,  the  state 
of  being  blocky;  indistinctness  and  uneven- 
ness  of  shading. 


--'^ssfcg^ggai^tSi^i^ 


Blockhouse. 
,  loopholes  for  inusketr>'. 


See  block 


The  good  gods  assuage  thy  wrath,  and  turn  the  dregs  of 
it  upon  this  varlet  here  ;  this,  who,  like  a  block,  hath  de- 
nied my  access  to  thee.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  '2. 

Hence  —  2.    The   state   of    being    blocked  or 
stopped  up ;  a  stoppage,  as  of  carriages :  as,  a 

'block  on  a  railway ;  a  block  in  the  street Block 

system,  a  system  of  working  railway  traffic,  according  to 
which  the  line  is  divided  into  sections  of  a  mile  tu"  more, 
with  a  signal  and  telegraphic  connection  at  the  end  of 
each  section ;  the  principle  of  the  system  being  that  no 
train  is  allowed  to  leave  any  one  section  till  the  next 
succeeding  section  is  entirely  clear,  so  that  between  two 
successive  trains  there  is  preserved  not  merely  a  definite 
interval  of  time,  but  also  a  definite  interval  of  space.  The 
system  thus  defined  is  called  the  "absolute.'*  In  the  so- 
called  "permissive"  system,  a  second  train  is  allowed  to 
enter  a  section  that  is  not  clear  with  orders  to  proceed 
cautiously. 
block^  (blok),  V.  t.  [Associated  with  the  noun 
block^,  but  orig.  (as  an  E.  word)  <  OF.  bloquer, 
F.  bloquer  (>  also  Pr.  blocar  —  Sp.  Pg.  blor/ucar 


local  Irish  (County  Down)  name  of  the  young  ijiogj^jug  (blok^ng),  n.    [Verbaln.  of  block\  f.] 
'^''"''  1.  The  act  of  blocking,  or  the  state  of  being 

blocked,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb  block^.  Specifl- 
cally  — (n)  The  impressing,  either  in  gold  or  ink.  or  with- 
out color,  of  a  design  on  the  covers  of  a  book :  in  the 
Vnited  States  usually  called  stami/inri.  (b)  The  process  of 
bending  leather  into  shapes  for  the  fronts  or  soles  of  boots. 
2.  Blocks  used  to  support  anything  temporarily. 
—  3.  A  small  rough  piece  of  wood  fitted  in 
and  glued  to  the  interior  angle  formed  by  two 
boards,  in  order  to  strengthen  the  joint  be- 
tween them Blind  blocktng, 

in  bookbitulintr,  blind  stamiiiiig;  the 
jirocess  of  decorating  a  book  by  pres- 
sure, usually  w  ith  heat,  but  without 
the  use  of  ink  or  gold-leaf. 

blocking-course  (blok'ing- 
kors),  H.  In  arch.,  a  plain 
member  of  square  profile, 
either  a  single  course  of  stone, 
or  built  up  of  bricks  or  the 
like  to  the  required  height, 
sm-mounting  a  cornice  in  the 
Roman  and  Renaissance  styles.  Its  vertical 
face  is  usually  in  the  plane  of  the  wall  or  frieze 
below  the  coniiec 


or  bricks  laid  lengthwise  and  across,  succeed 
each  other  alternately.  Also  called  garden- 
bond. 

block-book  (blok'bids),  n.  A  book  printed  from 
l>locks  of  wood  having  the  letters  or  figiu-es  cut 
on  them  in  relief.  Specittcally,  a  kind  of  small  book 
so  prhited  in  Europe  before  the  invention  of  movable 
types,  consisting  generally  of  coarsely  cut  religious  or 
historical  pictures,  with  illustrative  texts  or  descriptions 
in  Gothic  letters. 

The  next  step  in  the  progress  of  wood  engraving,  subse- 
quent to  the  production  of  single  cuts,  .  .  .  was  the  appli- 
cation of  the  art  to  the  production  of  those  works  which 
are  known  to  bibliographers  by  the  name  of  block-boukf. 
Chatto,  Wood  Engraving,  p.  .'iS. 

block-coal  (blok'kol),  n.  A  peculiar  kind  of 
coal,  found  in  the  Indiana  coal-fields,  which 
breaks  readily  into  large  square  blocks,  and  is 
used  raw,  or  without  coking,  in  the  smelting  of 
iron.  .J... „^  

block-colors  (blok'kul"orz),  «.  pZ.     Colors  laid  ijiQg^jjjg.jjammer  (blok'ing-ham'er),  n.    A 


a.  blockiRg.course : 
,  cornice ;  c,  face  of 
alL 


on  with  blocks,  as  in  block-printing. 


liainnur  used  in  straightening  saw-blades. 


=  It.  blnccare),  block,  blockade,  stop^'iip,  <  OF.  blocker  (blok'er),  n.    1.  One  who  blocks:  used  blocking-kettle  (blok'ing-ket'l),  n.    In  hat- 


bloc,  block,  barrier,  obstruction  :  see  block'-,  n. 
Cf.  D.  blokkeren  =  Sw.  blockera  =  Dan.  blok- 
kere  =  G.  blockiercn,  blockade ;  D.  bhikken  = 
G.  blockcn,  study  hard,  plod,  =  LG.  blokkcn, 
stay  at  home  and  study  or  work,  orig.,  it  seems, 
lock  one's  self  in ;  MLG.  blockcn,  put  into  the 
stocks.]  1.  To  hinder  passage  from  or  to; 
prevent  ingress  or  egress;  stop  up;  obstruct 
by  placing  obstacles  in  the  way :  often  follow- 
ed by  iijp :  as,  to  block  up  a  town  or  a  road. 

With  moles  would  block  the  port. 

Riiwe,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  ii. 

There  is  no  small  despair,  sir,  of  their  safety, 
Whose  ears  are  blocked  up  against  the  truth. 

Fletcher  {and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  iv.  1. 


specifically  in  hat-making,  shoemaking.  book- 
binding, etc. —  2.  A  blocking-tool  or  -machine. 

block-furnace  (blok'fer'nas),  «.  Same  as 
bloomrrii. 

blockhead  (blok'hed),  n.   [<  bloclp-  +  head;  cf. 


making,  the  hot  bath  in  which  felts  are  soften- 
ed before  being  blocked, 
blocking-machine  (blok'ing-ra,a-shen'),  n.    An 
apparatus  for  yiuUing,  forming,  pressing,  and 
blocking  the  bodies  of  hats;  a  blocker. 


blocki-,  u.,  5.]    It.  A  head-shaped  piece  of  wood  ^jjQp^j°pj.ggg   (blok'ing-pres),  n.      A   press 


used  as  a  block  for  hats  or  wigs.  Hence  — 2t, 
A  head  containing  no  more  intelligence  or 
sense  than  a  block ;  a  blockish  head.- 

Your  wit  ...  is  strongly  wedged  up  in  a  block  head. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  3. 

Are  not  you  a  Portuguese  horn,  descended  o'  the  Moors, 
and  came  hither  into  Seville  with  your  master,  an  arrant 
tailor  in  your  red  bonnet  and  your  blue  jacket,  lousy; 
thoU"'h  now  your  block-head  be  covered  with  the  Spanish 
block?  Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Cure,  iL  1. 


used  f(3r  stamping  designs  on  book-covers: 
knomi  in  the  United  States  as  a  sfampiiig-press. 
blockish  (blok'ish),".  [<Woo/.i-l--iAVil.]  Like 
a  block;  stupid;  dull ;  deficient  in  understand- 
ing: as,  ''blockish  Ajax,"  Shak.,  T.  andC.,i.  3. 

Beauty,  say  we,  is  tlie  maintainer  of  valour.  WTio  is  so 
blunt  as"  knows  it  not  ?  w  bo  is  so  bloekixk  as  will  not  —  and 
may  with  justice  —  defend  it? 

Ford,  Honour  Triumphant,  iL 


blockish 


:  left  onlj"  to  obscure  and  blockish 
Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 


Destitute  of  Beda 
Chronicles, 

blockishly  (blok'ish-U),  adi:    In  a  blockish  or 
stupid  manner:    as,  "so  blocl-ighly  ignorant," 
Haklmit.  Voyages.  11.  ii.  17-1. 
blockislmess    (blok'ish-nes),  n.      Stupidity; 
dullness:    as,   "incurable   blockishness,"  Wliit- 
Joek.  Manners  of  English  People,  p.  140. 
block-like  (blok'lik),  a.    Like  a  block;  stupid. 
Am  I  sand-blind?  twice  so  near  the  blessing 
1  would  arrive  at,  and  Moctiikf  never  know  it. 

Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  iv.  1. 

block-machine  (blok'ma-shen'),  n.  A  machine, 
or  an  assemblage  of  machines,  for  making  the 
shells  and  sheaves  of  the  wood  blocks  used  for 
shijvtackle. 

block-plane  (blok'plan),  n.  A  plane  the  iron 
of  which  is  set  very  obliquely  to  the  direction 
in  which  it  is  moved,  so  that  it  can  plane  across 
the  ?r;iin  of  the  wood. 

block-printed  (blok'prrin'ted),  a.  Printed  from 
blocks.     See  hUjcl-priiiling. 

block-printing  (blok'prin'ting),  «.  1.  The 
act,  process,  or  art  of  printing  from  blocks  of 
wood  on  which  the  letters  or  characters  have 
been  carved  in  reUef ;  specifically,  the  Chinese 
method  of  printing  books,  and  that  employed 
to  some  extent  in  Europe  before  the  invention 
of  movable  t\-pes.  See  block-hook. —  2.  The  pro- 
cess of  impressing  patterns  on  textile  fabrics, 
especially  calicos,  by  means  of  wooden  blocks 
having  the  pattern  cut  in  relief  on  their  sur- 
face and  charged  with  color.  A  similar  method 
is  freiiuently  used  in  printing  paper-hangings. 

block-ship  (blok'ship),  H.  1.  A  ship  used  to 
block  the  entrance  to  a  harbor  or  port. —  2.  An 
old  man-of-war,  unfit  for  operations  in  the  open 
sea,  used  as  a  store-ship  or  receiving-vessel, 
etc. ;  a  hulk. 

block-tin  (blok'tin),  «.  [<  hlock^  +  tin;  =D. 
hliiktin  =  Sw.  blocktriDi.]  Metallic  tin  after 
beiiij,'  refined  and  cast  in  molds. 

block-trail  (blok'tral),  «.  The  solid  trail  of  a 
gun-carriage.  The  stock  is  made  either  of  a  single 
piece  ftt  tiintM.T  or  <»f  two  longitudinal  pieces  properly 
lifi.iire.l  t.r.'.-ther.     lEng.l 

block-tmck  (blok'truk),  n.  A  three-  or  four- 
wlieeled  hand-truck  for  mo\ing  heavj'  boxes, 
without  liandles  or  shafts. 

blockv  (blok'i),  n.  [< 
block'  +  -yl.]  in  photofi.. 
having  the  appearance  of 
being  printed  in  blocks, 
from  an  uneiiual  distribu-  Biock.tmck. 

tion  of  liijlit  and  shade. 

blodbendet,  »•  In  phlebotomy,  a  tape  or  narrow 
liaiida^;.-,  usually  of  silk,  used  to  bind  the  arm 
lielore  or  after  blood-letting. 

blodite  (l)led'it),  «.  [<  Jitode  (name  of  a  chem- 
ist) +  -i((-.]  A  hydrous  sulphate  of  magne- 
sium and  sodium,  found  in  the  salt-mines  of 
Ischl  in  Upper  Austria,  and  elsewhere. 

bloke  (blok),  n.  [Also  spelled  bloak ;  a  word 
•  .!'  oli.scure  origin.]  Man;  fellow:  a  term  of 
||i^^l•spcct  or  contumely.     [Slang.] 

blomary,  ".     Same  as  blooiiiiri/. 

blond  (blonil),  a.  and  n.  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  blond 
(.MUG.  blinil),  <  (Jl'\  V.  hloml,  fem.  blonde,  liglit, 
fair,  =  I'r.  hton  =  Si«.  blondo  =  It.  biondo,  < 
MIj.  hlondim,  hlundiiM  (glossed  Jlaiux),  yellow. 
Origin  unknown.  The  supposed  eoimection 
with  AS.  hlonden-fenx,  gray-haired,  lit.  having 
mixed  hair,  <  blonden,  bOtndrn,  ]>]>.  of  hhnido/i, 
mix  (see  blcnd^),  +  fenx,  hair,  is  hardly  prob- 
able.] I,  «.  Of  a  light  golden-brown  or  golden 
color:  applied  to  hair;  hence,  light-colored; 
fair:  applieil  to  complexion,  and  by  extension 
to  persons  having  light  hair  or  a  fair  comidex- 
iou  :  an,  "(iodfrey's  blond  eountenance,"  (tcorife 
Kliiit,  Silas  Manier,  iii.  Byn.  /"rV,  .ir,  Sw  ii/n7<'. 
II.  ".  1.  A  person  with  blond  hair  and  fair 
coiriploxion. —  2.   Blond-lofio  (which  see). 

L'i'tiit.    lIciKh-ho  !  —  What  ant  tho«o  lt'>fikH  by  the  glajut? 
I'Ucy.  llie  Kreal  one  In  only  "Tlie  Wliole  Inityof  Man," 
wlten;  I  |treiiii  a  few  blowU,  nia'nni. 

Shrriiinn,  Tlie  Itirnia,  I.  2. 

blonde   l.loiid),  rt.  and  «.  The  feminine  of  Monrf. 

1"    ^'w  (I  Mne  and  iMimewhat  full-lilnwn  tUontlr, 

Itjrron,  \hn\  Jiinn,  xlv.  4'.;. 

blondf)-cendr6e  (blond -Bon-dra'),  a.      [F.,  < 

bbf    '  '  '.fiidr,    lilonri,  +   ccndrf,    feni.  no/i- 

dff  I,    iihIiv,    <    rrndii.   <    t>.    cini/i 

(«"•  I  Ash-colorofl:  applied  to  hnir 
whi  iM'own  in  color,  nuamthout  ri'd 
or  y 
blond  iidMiiM),  n,  Tjuee  made  of  Hilk, 
"Til  :l)lejii'lii>d  iiilk  (from  tlii-  yellow- 
ish     ithicb   Iho  name   arose),   now  of 


Human  Blood-corpus- 
cles, magnified  225  diam- 
eters. 


592 

■white,  black,  or  colored  silk,  manufactured  at 
Chautilly  and  other  places  in  France.  The 
name  has  also  been  given  to  a  kind  of  thi-ead- 
laee. 

blond-metal  (blond' met ^al),  n.  A  peculiar 
variety  of  clay-ironstone  of  the  coal-measures 
oceui-ring  near  Wednesbury  in  Staffordshire, 
England. 

blondness  (blond'nes),  ?i.  [<  hlond  +  -«fif5.] 
The  state  of  being  blond;  fairness  of  com- 
plexion. 

With  this  infantine  blondness  showing  so  much  ready, 
Sflf-possessed  grace.  George  Eliot,  Sliddleinarch,  xvi. 

blonkett,  (t-  and  n.  A  variant  of  bUinlet 
blood  (blud),  H.  [=Sc.  hluid,  hhtde :  <  ME. 
blood,  bloud.  blud,  bhd,  <  AS.  blod  (=  OS.  blod 
=  OFries.  blod  =  D.  bloed  =  MLG.  blOt,  LG. 
blood  =  OHG.  bluot,  SIHG.  bJuot,  G.  W»f  =  Icel. 
blodh  =  Sw.  blod  =  Dan.  blod  =  Goth,  bloth), 
blood;  perhaps,  with  formative  -d  {-th),  from 
the  root  of  bl6tvoHy  E.  bloic-,  bloom,  Hourish, 
mth  reference  to  either  life  or  color.]  1.  The 
fluid  which  circulates  in  the  arteries  and  veins. 
From  it  the  sulid  tissues  take  their  fuod  and  oxy^'en,  and 
into  it  tliey  discliarge  tht-ii-  waste  products.  The  Idood 
is  red  in  vertebrates,  except  aniphioxus,  and  colorless, 
red,  bhiish,  greenish,  or  milky  in  other  animals.  In  pass- 
ing through  the  lungs  (see  circulation)  it  is  oxy^'enated 
and  gives  up  carbon  dioxid ;  then,  after  passing  through 
the  heart,  it  is  carried  as  arterial  blood  by  the  arteries 
to  the  tissues ;  from  the  tissues  it  is  returned  to  the  heart 
through  the  veins,  deprived  of  its  nutrient  properties,  as 
vi'iwiift  blood.  The  venous  blood  of  the  Craniota  is  dai'k- 
red,  the  arterial  briglit-scarlet.  The  specitie  gi-avity  of 
liuman  blood  in  health  is  about  1.055.  The  blood  con- 
sists of  a  fluid  pale-yellow  plasma  and  semi-solid  corpus- 
cles ;  the  latter  constitute  between 
one  third  and  one  half  of  it;  they 
are  of  two  kinds,  red  and  white. 
In  acubic  millimeter  of  healthyhu- 
man  blood  there  are  about  5,000,- 
000  corpuscles,  the  red  being  to  the 
white  on  the  average  about  as  350 
tol.  The  red  corpuscles  are  flat  bi- 
concave disks,  non-nucleated  and 
almost  always  round  in  mammals, 
and  niicleated  and  almost  always 
oval  in  other  Craniota.  Their  di- 
ameter averages  in  man  about  7.5 
niicroraiUimeters  (-n^n  inch),  while  in  Ampfmnna  tridac- 
tjfltnn  the  longer  diameter  is  67.2  micromillinieters  (,,\^ 
inch).  Their  color  is  due  to  hemoglobin,  which  constitutes 
about  00  per  cent,  of  their  dried  substance.  The  white 
corpuscles  are  nucleated,  slightly  larger  than  the  red  in 
man,  and  exhibit  active  amoeboid  movements.  Animal 
blood  is  used  in  clarifying  sugar,  in  making  animal  char- 
coal, as  a  manure,  and  in  many  other  ways. 

2.  Blood  that  is  shed;  bloodshed;  slaughter; 
murder. 

I  will  avenge  the  blood  of  Jezreel  upon  the  house  of 
Jehu.  Hos.  i.  4. 

So  wills  the  fierce  avenging  sprite. 
Till  blood  for  blood  atones. 

Uuod,  Dream  of  Eugene  .■Vram. 

3.  The  responsibility  or  guilt  of  shedding  the 
blood  of  others. 

His  blimt  be  on  us,  and  on  our  children.     Mat.  xxvii.  '25. 

4.  From  being  popularly  regarded  as  the  fluid 
in  wliich  more  especially  the  life  resides,  as 
the  seat  of  feelings,  passions,  hereditary  quali- 
ties, etc.,  the  word  blood  has  come  to  bo  used 
tyjucally,  or  witli  ccrlaiu  associated  ideas,  in  a 
number  of  different  ways.  Thus  — (rtt)  The  vital 
princijde ;  life. 

Itomeo  Blew  him.  he  slew  Mercutio; 

Who  now  the  price  of  his  dear  bhod  doth  owe? 

Slmk.,  R.  ami  J.,  ill.  1. 

(b)  Fleshly  nature  :  the  carnal  part  of  man,  m  oppoited  to 
the  spiritual  tuiture  or  divine  life. 

All  fraUlle.-i  that  besiege  all  kinds  of  hlood. 

Shnk.,  Siunieta,  clx. 

For  beauty  i«  a  wHeh, 
Against  whose  charms  faith  inelteth  into  bloiHl. 

Shak.,  Much  .\do.  il.  l. 

(f)  Temper  of  mhid;  natural  dlBpoHJtlon;  !d«h  t*plril; 
mettle;  jjOHflion  ;  anger:  hi  this  kcuhc  often  acmniiiiitded 
with  rold  or  warm,  or  other  ^|ualifyin^'  word.  TIiuk,  to 
commit  an  act  hi  cold  blnoif  in  to  ito  it  delllierately  and 
without  HUdden  piiH'iton.  Hot  or  irnrm  blood  denotes  a 
temper  tntlamed  or  IrrltAtcd;  to  ?(yirMi  or  heat  the  blo4)d 
U  to  excitij  the  pawdons. 

Our  blondt 
No  more  obey  the  heavens. 

Shak.,  rymbrllnr,  I.  1. 

Hirnnge,  unununl  btnud. 
When  mnn'n  womt  shi  Is,  he  doen  I<m>  much  giKMl ! 

5/m*..  r.  «f  A.,  Iv.  '2. 
HIent  codH. 
.Make  all  their  nctloiii  answer  to  their  W"<«/«. 

It.  JtnimoH,  SeJiillUH,  ill.  1. 

The  word*  "ciMTrlon"  and  "hivaslon  "  are  miieh  nwed 

In  tiicHr  days,  and  ofU-n  with  sonic  temper  and  lnd  hU>i>d. 

Lincoln,  In  Kaymund,  \\.  so. 

id)  A  man  of  fire  or  spirit  ;  n  liol  spark  ;  n  rake. 

The  unllnnU  of  these  tlnn-s  pretty  inurli  nsenibled  the 
idiKtdii  of  ours.     tiohUinith,  Urverle  nt  lUxir's  Head  Tavern. 

(r)  ivrsons  of  niiy  Hprelllrd  mcc,  naUoimllty,  ur  family, 
•  •iitsldercd  collertlvrly. 


blood 

Indian  blood,  thus  far  in  the  history  of  this  countrj*,  hat 

tended  decidedly  toward  extinction. 

Quoted  in  Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XXVI.  233.    ' 
(/)  Birth  ;  extraction  ;  parentage  ;  breed  ;  absolutely,  hi-jh 
birth ;  good  extraction  :  often  qualilied  by  such  adjectives 
as  gcud,  base,  etc. 

A  prince  of  blood,  a  son  of  Priam. 

Shak.,  T.  andC,  iii.  3. 
Good  blood  was  indeed  held  in  high  respect,  but  be- 
tween good  blood  and  the  privileges  of  peerage  there  was  ■ 
no  necessary  connection.     Pedigrees  as  long,  an(l  scutch- 
eons as  old,  were  to  be  found  out  of  the  liouse  of  Lords  «, 
as  in  it.  Maeauiay, 

[In  this  sense  the  word  is  often  used  of  the  pedigree  of  ' 
horses. 
She's  a  tine  mare,  and  a  thing  of  sliape  and  blood. 

Colman,  Jealous  Wife,  ii.  L) 

(*7)  One  who  inherits  the  blood  of  another;  child;  col- 
lectively, offspring ;  progeny. 

The  world  will  say  —  He  is  not  Talbot's  blood 
That  l)iisely  fled,  when  noble  Talbot  stood. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  ^^.,  iv.  6. 

(A)  Relationship  by  descent  from  a  common  ancestor; 

consanguinity  ;  lineage  ;  kindred  ;  family, 

'  I  hope  I  do  not  break  the  fifth  commandment,  if  I  cod- 

ceive  I  may  love  my  friend   beftire   the  nearest  of  my 

blood.  Sir  T.  Brvirtie,  lieligio  Medici,  ii.  5. 

Ami  politicians  have  ever,  «  ilh  great  n-ason.  considered 

the  ties  of  blood  as  feeble  ami  jut  cariiuis  links  of  political 

connecti(Ui.  A.  llnniilton,  Federalist,  Ni>.  24. 

Nearer  in  blood  to  the  Spani-sh  throne  than  his  grand- 

father  the  Kmperor.  Macaulaij,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiiL 

It  is  a  maxim  that  none  shall  claim  as  heii'  who  is  not 

of  the  blood  {i.  e.,  kindred)  of  the  purchaser. 

Wharton,  Law  Lex. 
5,  That  which  resembles  blood;  the  juice  of 
anything,  especially  if  red:  as,  **the  blood  of 
grapes,'"  Gen.  xlix.  11. —  6f.   Adi.sease  in  cattle. 

—  7.   A  commercial  name  for  red  coral A  bit 

of  blood,  an  animal  of  good  jiedigree ;  a  thoroughbred. 

—  Bad  blood,  ill  blood,  disagreement ;  disunion ;  strife;  , 
angry  feeling;  unfriendliness. 

PiU'tly  to  make  bad  bloud,  .  .  .  they  instituted  a  method  I 
of  petitioning  the  king  that  the  parliament  might  meet 
ami  sit,  Roger  Xorth,  Life  of  Ltu'd  tiuilford,  ii.  25. 

Tfot  words  passed  on  both  sides,  and  ill  blood  was  plen- 
tifully bred.  Sici/t,  I'.attle  oi  Hooks. 
Baptism  of  blood.  See  &f7/>^".N»i.— Blood  on  bread. 
See  blondfi  bread,  under  Woo(/t/.— Blue  blood,  aristocratic 
bloinl ;  biood  fiowiug  in  the  veins  t>f  old  and  aristocriitic 
fanulies.  The  phrase  is  said  to  have  ori^iinated  in  Spain, 
from  a  notion  that  the  blood  of  some  of  the  oldest  ana 
proudest  families,  having  never  been  tainted  by  intennlx- 
tine  with  that  of  the  Mooiish  invadei-s,  was  of  a  bluer 
tint  than  that  of  the  eonnuon  people. 

The  very  anxiety  shown  by  the  modern  Spaniard  to 
prove  that  only  the  sangre  azul,  bine-blood,  tlows  through 
iiis  veins,  uncontamiuated  by  any  Moorish  or  .lewish 
taint,  nuiy  be  thought  to  afford  some  evidence  of  the  in- 
timacy which  oiuu'  existed  between  his  forefathers  and 
the  trilies  of  eastern  origin.  Pnscott. 

Corruption  of  blood.  See  attainder,  i.— Dissolution 
of  the  bloodt.  See  disnohition.  Doctrine  of  blood- 
atonement.  See  rt?tiHem«'nf.  — Flesh  and  blood.  (-OTlie 
bod\  as  the  seat  of  human  passions  and  desires;  hnnmn 
nature  :  as.  it  was  too  much  for  jfrsfi  mid  blood  to  endure. 
(b)  Offspring;  progeny;  child  oi-  children  :  as.  one's  own 
jU\sh  and  blood  should  be  preferred  to  strangers.-  FlOWOT 
Of  blood,  froth  of  blood,  names  used  in  commerce  to 
deimlr  coral  of  e.rtain  .bun'ees  of  hardness  antl  brilliancy 
of  color.  For  the  blood  of  hlmt,  for  the  life  i>f  him.— 
Fresh  blood,  blood  of  another  strain  ;  hence,  new  mem- 
li<  IS.  or  new  elenu'ut-s  of  vigor  or  strength  ;  pei-sonsof  now 
or  fresh  iilens  and  ways  of  thinking:  as, /resh  blood  U 
netdid  in  the  management  of  the  party. ^Half  blOOd. 
I'rlatinnship  through  one  parent  only,  as  (bat  of  half 
bmtbers  or  sisters,  or  of  pel-sons  of  the  same  race  on  one 
side  an«l  different  races  on  the  other.—  In  blood,  in  a 
state  of  jierfeet  heatth  and  vigor:  proi)erly  a  term  of  the 
chase. 

Hut  when  they  shall  see,  sir,  his  crest  up  again,  and  the 
man  in  h/oml,  they  will  out  of  their  burrows  like  eonles 
aflir  rain.  Shak.,  Cor.,  Iv.  6. 

In  cold  blood,  In  hot  blood.  See  4  (r>,  above,— Min 
of  blood,  a  inunlerons  or  I'loinUhirsty  man  ;  a  murderer. 

The  seciefst  man  o/ blood.  Shak.,  Macbeth.  III.  4. 

Out  of  blood,  in  ba<l  condition  ;  without  vi^'U- ;  lifeless: 
Hiiitl  of  hounds.  The  blood,  royal  faiidly  or  lineage  :  as, 
prinees  of  the  Nood.-  To  be  let  blood*.  ('0  To  have  a 
vein  opened  for  the  wilhilrawal  <d  blood  m  n  remedy  In 
ttiekneHs, 

Vou  look  as  you  were  not  well,  sir,  and  would  he 
Shortly  let  blood.  l-'leteher,  Bognars'  Ihish,  v.  2. 

ib)  To  be  put  to  death. 

I'ommend  me  to  I..ord  William  :  tell  him  .  .  . 
IIIh  ancient  knot  of  danui-rous  adversaries 
To-morrow  are  let  blood  at  l'<imfr<'t-cantle. 

Shak..  Idch.  III.,  111.  1. 
To  let  blood,  In  eunj.,  io  draw  blood  from  (any  one)  by 
opening  a  vein. 

lie  is  feverish,  and  hatli  sent  for  Mr.  Pearco  to  let  him 
blood.  /V;..t/»,  Diary,  I.  374. 

To  restore  to  or  in  blood,  t<>  f>ee  fi i  the  eonse- 

iluriicrM  of  attainder;  rcadmil  (o  the  privllcKes  of  otio'i 
birth  and  rank.  To  nm  In  the  blood,  lo  be  liercilHiiry 
In  the  ramlly,  natioinillty.  or  race.  To  the  bloodt.  t'> 
the  i|ulek  ;  tiiroUKb  (lie  hUIm. 

I  could  not  get  on  my  hoots,  which  vexed  mt;  to  the 
bl„od.  Pein/H,  Diary,  I.  SS2. 

Whole  blood,  relatlnrmhip   thronwii    both    father   and 

mother.      See   full/  blnnd,    td)ovc.       YOUng    blOOd,   yoUUR 

propU-  tfi-nerally  i  the  younger  membeiH  of  a  coniuuiidty, 
|iarty,  etc. 


I 


blood 

l)lood  (lilud),  c  i.  [<  hlood,  B.]  It.  To  lot 
blooii  from;  bleed  by  opening  a  vein.  Joint- 
son. —  2t.  To  stain  with  blood. 

Reach  out  their  spears  af.ar, 
And  bluod  their  points  to  prove  their  partncrsliip  in  war. 

Dnjili-ii,  Faljk's. 

Hence — 3.  To  give  a  taste  of  blood  ;  inure  to 
the  sight  of  blood. 

It  was  must  important  too  that  his  troops  shouUl  be 
blvmkiL  Macnutaij,  Hist.  Kn;<.,  i.\. 

He  [tlie  deerhound]  must  be  made  steady  from  all 
*'riot,"  and,  if  possible,  should  ite  talien  up  in  couples 
to  the  death  of  adccr  onrc  oi'  luire  am!  hhindcd,  so  iis  to 
make  him  undcrsland  I  In'  natiiri  nt  t  lie  scent. 

l)ij(i.^  of  (inut  lint, (ill  ami  America,  p.  221. 

4t.  To  hoat  the  blood  of ;  excite;  exasperate. 

The  auxiliary  forces  of  French  and  English  were  imieh 
blotntal  one  .against  another.  Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII, 

5t.  To  victimize ;  extract  money  from  (a  per- 
son); lilei'd.     [Slang.] 

blood-baptism  (bhid'bap'tizm),  n.  A  term 
applied  by  the  early  Christians  to  the  martyr- 
dom of  those  converts  who  had  not  been  bap- 
tized.    See  haplism  of  blood,  under  baptism. 

blood-bespotted  (blud'be-spofed),  a.  Spot- 
ted with  blood. 

(1  blu„d-luxj„ill,'d  Neapolitan.       Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

blood-bolteredt  (blud'boF'terd),  a.  [<  blood  + 
hollered,  pp.  of  bolter,  a  rare  word:  see  bolter'^.'] 
Clotted  or  clogged  with  blood. 

The  blood-bolter' d  Banquo  smiles  upon  me. 

Shak.,  JIacbeth,  iv.  1. 
In  Warwickshire,  when  a  horse,  sheep,  or  other  animal 
perspires  much,  and  any  of  the  hair  or  wool  becomes 
matted  into  tufts  with  {^rime  and  sweat,  he  is  said  to  lie 
boltered  ;  and  whenever  the  blood  issues  out  and  coagu- 
lates, forming  the  locks  into  hard  clotted  bunches,  the 
beast  is  said  to  be  blood-boltercd. 

II.  N.  Hudson,  note  on  Macbeth,  iv.  1, 123. 

Wood-bought  (blud'bot),  a.  Bought  or  ob- 
tained at  the  expense  of  life  or  by  the  shed- 
ding of  blood,  as  in  the  crucifixion  of  Christ. 

blood-cell  (blud'sel),  n.  A  blood-corpusele, 
especially  an  oval  nucleated  one.     See  blood. 

In  many  Nemertina  the  blood-cells  have  a  red  colour 
(Borlasia).  Gcrjenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  172. 

blood-consuming  (blud'kon-su'ming),  a.  Life- 
wasting;  deathlv:  as,  "  bibod-consuming siehs," 
Shat.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

blood-corpuscle  (blud'k6r"pus-l),  n.  One  of 
the  corpuscles  of  the  blood;  a  blood-oell  or 
blood-disk.     See  blood. 

blood-cups  (blud'kups),  n.  pi.  A  name  given 
to  the  diseomycetous  fungus  Pezi^a  coccinea,  in 
reference  to  the  bright-red  color  of  its  cup-like 
forms,  and  also  to  some  allied  species  of  Pe::i:ti . 

blood-disk  (blud'disk),  n.  A  red,  disk-shaped, 
non-nucleated  blood-corpuscle,  such  as  the 
mammalia  possess. 

blood-drier  {blud'dri"er),  11.  One  who  pre- 
pares blood  for  use  in  sugar-retiniug  and  for 
other  purposes. 

blood-drinking  (blnd'dring"king),  a.  Drink- 
ing blood.  .Specifically,  in  Shakspere  — (a)  Taking  in 
or  si.aked  with  blood:  as,  "this  detested,  dark,  hlood- 
drinkiiiii  pit,"  Tit.  And.,  ii.  3.  (b)  Bloodthirsty:  as,  "my 
bluod -drinking  hate,"  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4.  (c)  Preying  on  the 
blood  or  life ;  wasting :  as,  "  blood-drinking  sighs,"  2  Hen. 
VI.,  iii.  2. 

blooded  (bhid'ed),  a.  [<  blood,  n.,  +  -ed2.] 
1.  Of  pure  lilood,  or  good  breed;  thorough- 
bred; derived  from  ancestors  of  good  blood; 
having  a  good  pedigree:  said  of  horses  and 
other  stock.— 2.  Having  blood  of  a  kind  noted 
or  specified :  used  in  composition :  as,  warm- 
hlonilcd  animals. — 3.  Figuratively,  character- 
ized by  a  temper  or  state  of  mind  noted  iu  the 
prefix:  used  in  composition  :  as,  a  eold-Woofte(Z 
murder ;  a  hot-blooded  answer. 

blood-finch  (bhul'finch),  n.  A  name  of  the 
small  finch-like  birds  of  the  genus  LagenosUctii, 
as  L.  minima,  kuown  to  bird-dealers  as  the  lit- 
tle scnegiil. 

blood-fine  (blud'fin),  «.     Same  as  blood-wite. 

blood-flower  (blud'flou"er),  «.  1.  The  popular 
name  of  some  of  the  red-flowered  species  of 
HtemantUus,  a  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  natives 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.— 2.  The  name  iu 
the  West  Indies  of  Asclepias  Cura.s.meic,a,  a  spe- 
cies with  crimson  flowers,  common  in  tropical 
latitudes. 

blood-frozen  (blud'fro"zn),  a.  Having  the  blood 
frozen;  chilled.     .S>eH«er,  F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  25. 

blood-guiltiness  (blud'gil"ti-nes),  )(.  [<  blood- 
IPiiltij  -\-  -Hf.ss.]  The  guilt  or  crime  of  shed- 
ding blood.     Ps.  Ii.  14. 

He  hath  confessed  both  to  God  and  man  the  bloodfftiilt- 
ziiess  of  all  this  war  to  lie  upon  his  own  head. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes.  xix. 
38 


593  bloodshedding 

^1°°^:??^^^*^®^^  ^''',!"V*^\'*''^*'^}'.  "•  ,  ^^^  '"':?'"  blood^mare  (blud'mar),  w.     A  mare  of  blooded 


the  guilt  or  i-rimo  of  shedding  blood  ;  not  guilty 
ofmurih'r.      Il'oljiolc.     [Rare.] 
blood-guilty  (l)lud'gil"ti),  «.   Guilty  of  murder; 
responsible  for  the  death  of  another. 
This  blood-ijuiltu;  life. 
Fair/nx,  tr.  of  (iodfrey  of  Bullogne,  xii.  M. 

blood-heat  (blnd'het),  «.  A  degree  of  heat 
<'(|iial  (o  that  of  human  blood,  that  is,  aliout 
i)D°  b\  (though  commonly  marked  on  thermom- 
eters as  !)8°), 


bro(Ml;  a  feuiale  bhjod-horse. 

blood-money  (blud'mun"i),  n.  Money  paid  as 
the  priec  (,1  lilooii.  („)  (■ompcnsation  or  reward  for 
bringing  alwiut  llje  death  of  another,  either  by  bringing  a 
capital  charge  against  him  or  by  giving  sncli  testimony 
as  will  lead  to  conviction,  (b)  Coiniicnsation  formerly, 
and  .still  in  sonn'  non-riiiislian  countries,  paid  to  the  next 
ol  kill  f.ir  the  killing  of  a  iclative. 

blood-orange  (blud'or"anJ),  ji.     See  orange. 

blood-pheasant  (blud'fez"ant).  «.  a  bird  of 
the  genus  /«"'.'//«/.s- f  wliich  see). 


blood-horse  (blud'hors),  «.     [<  blood,  4  (f),  -I-   blood-plaque  (lilnd'i.lak),  h.    Ablood-piate 


Itor.te.']  1.  A  liorse  of  a  breed  derived  "origi 
ually  from  a  cross  with  the  Araliian  horse, 
combining  in  a  remarkable  dcgi'co  lightness, 
strength,  swiftness,  and  endurauce.— 2.  A 
T)looded  horse. 

blood-hot  (blud'hot),  a.     As  warm  as  blood  at 
its  natural  t('mi)eraturo. 

bloodhound    (blnd'hound),    n.      [<  ME.   blod 


bipod-plate  (blud'plat),  n.  One  of  the'minute 
discoidal  boilics  I'ound  in  large  numbers  in  the 
blood  of  mammals.  They  are  from  one  fourth  to  one 
half  the  size  of  the  red  corpiiHcles.  ar.d  are  many  times  more 
numerous  than  tin-  white  criiiisclcs.  .See  blood  and  blood- 
corj,nsclr.  Also  called  lirnfotoUoKls  of  JInopm,  and  cor- 
pirsrh's  or  (■hincntoiif  /'orlirli'^  of  Ziniinerntaiin. 

blood-poisoning  (blud'poi  "zu-ing),   n.     See 

. ,  ..  toj-f'miit. 

'r"!,',',''"^;=^A'''''"i''''''f,=,,^^S- */",'';'''''  blood-pudding  (blud'pM"ing).  h.     Same  as 
=  G.  bluthund  =  Dan.  Sw.  blodhimd);  <  blood    bliiek-iinddinij 

+   hound.-]     1.  A  variety  of  dog  with  long,  blood-red  (blu'd'red),  «.     [<  ME.  Worfm/e,  <  AS. 

smooth,  andpenilulous  ears,  remarkable  for  the     hlOdredd  (=  D.  hloedrood  =  G.  blutrotk  =  Icel. 


aouteness  of  its  smell,  and  employed  to  recover 
game  or  prey  which  has  escaped,  tracing  a 
wounded  animal  by  the  blood  it  has  spilled 
(whence  its  name),  or  by  any  other  eflluvium 
or  halitus  left  on  a  trail  which  it  follows  by 
scent.  There  are  several  varieties  of  this  animal,  as 
the  English,  the  Cuban,  and  the  African  bloodhound. 
Bloodhounds  are  often  trained  not  only  to  the  pursuit  of 
game,  but  also  of  man,  as  of  fugitive  criminals ;  in  the 
United  States  they  were  formerly  employed  in  hunting 
fugitive  slaves. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  man  who  hunts  for  blood ; 
a  relentless  persecutor. 
Wide  was  the  ruin  occasioned  by  the  indefatigable  zeal  , 


blodhrnudhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  blodriid),  <  blorl,  blood, 
+  redd,  red.]     Blood-colored;  red  with  blood, 
lie  wrapp(-d  his  colours  round  his  breast. 
On  a  blood-red  field  of  .Spain.  Ilemarut. 

Blood-red  hand,  in  her.,  the  badge  of  Ulster.    See  badgei 
and  bnromd. 

The  event  which  was  to  place  the  bltiod-red  hand  ol  the 
Newcome  baronetcy  on  his  own  brougham. 

Thackeray,  Xewcomes. 
Blood-red  heat,  the  degree  of  heat,  shown  by  the  color, 
reijuired  to  reduce  the  protuberances  on  coarse  iron  by  the 
hammer,  after  it  b;is  been  brought  to  its  shape,  to  prepare 
it  for  filing.  Small  pieces  of  iron  are  often  brought  to  this 
heat  preparatory  to  punching, 
with  which  the  Woori/io!«ids  of  the  tribunal  foTlowed  up  blood-relation  (l)lud'ro-la"shon),  n.  One  re- 
the  scent.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa..  i.  12.     lated  bv  blood  or  descent  ;  a  kinsman. 

bloodily  (blud'i-li),  adv.    In  a  bloody  manner ;  blood-relationship    (blud're-la'sbon-ship),   ti. 
cruelly ;  with  a  disposition  to  shed  blood.  Consanguinity ;  kinship. 

What  feast  is  toward  in  tlSreternal'cell.  J}'"  '■"'"""'^s  "f  difering  gradations  otblood-reMUm- 

That  thou  so  many  princes,  at  a  shoot,  "'"''■  ««««, /.oology  (trans.),  p.  157. 

So  Wood(7y  hast  struck?  SAafc,  Hamlet,  v  2.  bloodroot  (blud'rot),  «.     1.   The  tormentil  (Po- 

bloodiness  (blud'i-nes),  n.     [<  Uoodij  +  -ness.']    tcntilla  Tormentilla)  of  Europe   and  northern 

-2.  Disposition  Asia:  named  from  the  color  of  its  root,  which 
is  rich  in  a  red  coloring 
matter.  It  is  also  rich  in 
tannin,  and  has  been  usecl 
as  an  astringent. —  2.  The 
common  name  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  of  a  papavera- 
ceous herb,  Sanguiiiaria 
Canadensis,  one  of  the  earli- 
est spring  flowers.  Its  fleshy 
roots  yield  a  dark-red  juice,  are 
bitter  and  acrid,  and  contain  a 
peculiar  alkaloid,  sanguiuaiiu. 
It  is  used  in  medicine  a.s  a  stimu- 
lant, expectorant,  and  emetic. 


1.   The  state  of  being  bloody.- 
to  shed  blood. 


This  bloodiness  of  Saul's  intention. 

Delany,  Life  of  David,  i.  S. 
bloodingt  (blud'ing),  n.     A  blood-pudding. 
blood-islands  (blud'i'laudz),  n.pl.  In  embryol., 

the  isolated  red  patches  in  the  vascular  area 

of  the  embryo,  iu  which  red  blood-corpuscles 

are  in  process  of  develoiiment. 
blood-leech  (blud'leeh),  n.     One  of  the  Hiru- 

dinca  which  sucks  blood,  as  the  common  medi- 
cinal leech. 
bloodless  (blud'les),  a.     [<  ME.  blodles,  <  AS. 

blodlcds  (=  D.  bloedeloos  =  6.  bluilos  =  Icel. 

blodltlaus  =  Sw.  Dan.  blodlos),  <  blod,  blood,  +  blood-sacrifice  (blud'sak'' 


drained  of 


ri-fis),  «.   A  sacrifice  made 

with    shedding  of   blood ; 

the   sacrifice   of    a    living 

being. 

Cannot  my  body,  nor  blood-sacri- 
fice. 

Entreat  yon  to  your  wonted  fur- 
therance ? 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI..  v.  3. 


-leas,   -less.]     1.   Without  blood; 
blood ;  dead  fi-om  loss  of  blood. 

The  bloodless  carcass  of  my  Hector.  Dryden,  .^neid. 
2.  Pale  or  colorless  from  defect  of  blood :  pal- 
lid: as,  bloodless  lips. —  3.  Free  from  blood- 
shed; unattended  by  blood:  &s,  a,  bloodless  \-ie- 
tory;  "  y/ith  bloodless  stroke,"  ShaJc.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5. 

Carrying  the  bloodless  conquests  of  fancy  over  regions 
laid  down  upon  - -^-^^^  ^^^  .^^^  blood-shakent  (blud'sha'l^),  «.    Having  the 

.    T^..,      i.      .  .i  blood  set  m  commotion.     B.  Jnnson. 

4.  Without  spirit  or  energy  bloodshed    (blud'shedj,    «.      pne    partly    to 

'^'"'"  """'""■'■•  "TfeS^DoubleManiage.    hU>odsheeMinej,anA  partly  to  the  phi-ase  ftfeod 


Bloodroot  iSattgMinaria 
CaHatUmis). 


5.  Cold-hearted:  as,  bloodless  charity  or  cere- 
mony. 

bloodlessness  (blnd'les-nes),  11.  [<  bloodle.^s 
-{■  -H(".s'.s".]  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
without  blood,  or  of  being  deficient  in  blood ; 
anemia. 

If  a  man  were  placed  on  a  revolving  table,  with  his  feet 
toAvard  the  centre,  the  blood  in  his  body  would  be  urged 
towards  his  liead  ;  and  this  has  actually  been  proposed  as 
treatment  in  bloodlessness  of  the  brain. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  o£  Physics,  p.  143. 

bloodlet  (blud '  let),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  Uodleten,  < 
AS.  blddlwtan  (cf.lcel.  blodhldtinn, -pp.),  <  blod. 
blood,  -(-  livtan,  let :  see  lefi-.J  To  bleed ;  let 
blood;  phlebotomize.     [Rare.] 

bloodletter  iblud'|^et"er),  n.  [<ME.  hlodlctter, 
-leter,  <  AS.  blodlwtere,  <  blddlwtan,  bloodlet.] 
One  who  lets  blood,  as  in  diseases  ;  a  phlebot- 
oraist. 

bloodletting  (blud'let"ing).  n.  [<  ME.  blod- 
leting,  -hinni/r,  <  blodleten,  bloodlet.  Cf.  G.  hlut- 
lo.ssen,  bloodletting.]  In  med.,  the  act  of  letting 
blood  or  bleeding  by  opening  a  vein,  as  a  reme- 
dial measure  in  the  treatment  of  disease ;  phle- 
botomy. 


shed  as  used  in  such  sentences  as  "I  feared 
there  would  be  blood  shed,"  "there  was  much 
blood  shed,"  etc.,  where  shed  is  the  pp.  agreeing 
withWoorf.  Hec  blood eiTidsheil^.']  1.  The  shed- 
ding or  spilling  of  blood ;  slaughter ;  destruc- 
tion of  life:  as,  "deadly  bloodshed,"  Shak.,  K. 
John,  v.  3. 

In  my  view  of  the  present  aspect  of  affairs,  there  need 
be  no  bloodshed  or  war.  Lincoln,  in  Rajnnond,  p.  10.5. 

2t.  The  shedding  of  one's  own  blood;  specifi- 
cally, the  death  of  Christ. — 3+.  A  bloodshot 
condition  or  appearance ;  an  effusion  of  blood 
iu  the  eye. 
bloodshedder  (bind '  shed  ■  er),  n.  One  who 
sheds  blood ;  a  murderer.     [Rare.] 

He  that  defraudeth  the  laborer  of  his  hire  is  a  blood- 
shedder. Ecclus.  xxxiv.  22. 

bloodshedding  (blud '  shed "  ing),  n.  [<  ME. 
blodeshedynge,  <  blod  +  shedynge,  shedding.] 
1 .  The  shedding  of  blood ;  the  crime  of  shed- 
ding blood  or  taking  human  life. 

In  feight  ;iiHi  blodeshedgnijes 
Vs  used  gladly  clarionynges. 

Chaucer,  House  ol  Fame. 


bloodshedding  59* 

Those  hands  are  free  from  giultless  bloodthtdding.  He  governed  with  a  cruelty  imAbloodthirstiiuss  that 

nese  nanas  are  irec  t.     ^^^^    .,  g^^  yj  - ;,.  -      i,ave  „i,tained  for  him  the  name  of  the  northern  Nero. 

l.?;odl;r(VlSot°V°'KXnSan.ed  blpodthirs^^^ 
by  a  turgid  state  of  the  blood-vessels,  as  in  cer- 
tain weak  or  excited  states :  said  of  the  eye. 


,,,,,-  j^  a-     A  mr ^  blood-vascular  (blud'vas'ku-lar),  n.    Vascular 

I  (blud'sizd  ,  a.     Sized  or  shfiened  "^."^"i^^^o^i.^-e,,^!,.  penneatecf  with  blood-ves- 
:  as   "the  Moorf-^f.-erf  ^A,' F^etche,     ^^_j^.       ^.^.^i^;,      jj  ^^  eiroulatiou  of  blood.- 


Betirins  late,  at  early  hour  to  rise, 

With  shrunken  features,  and  with  bloodshot  eyes. 

Crabbe,  Works.  V.  21. 

bloodshottent  (blud'shofn),  a.    Bloodshot. 
J,,/./--."-.  ^ 

bloodshotteimesst  (blud'shot'n-nes),  «.    The 
state  of  being  bloodshot. 

The  enemies  of  the  church's  peace  could  vex  the  eyes 
of  the  poor  people  .  .  .  to  bloodnhotlenneag  and  fury. 

I.  Walton,  Life  of  Hooker. 

blood-sized 

with  blood: 

(ami  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen.     [Rare.] 
blood-spavin  (blud'spav  in),  n.    A  dilatation 

of  the  vein  that  mns  along  the  inside  of  the 

hock  of  a  horse,  forming  a  soft  swelling. 
blood-spiller  (blud'spil  er),  H.     One  who  spills 

or  sheds  blood ;  a  bloodshedder.    Quarterly  Mev. 

[Karo.J 
blood-spilling   (blud'spU'ing),  n.      [<  ME. 

blodespylUiiij :  <  blood  +  spilling.]     The  act  of 

spilling   or'  shedding   blood;    bloodshedding. 

[Rare.] 
blood-stain  (blud'stan),  »i.    A  spot  or  trace  of 

blood. 


(/(i)s/(^,=:  D.  blocd<lorsti{i=G.  bliit(Uirstifi=:Dan. 
Sw.  blodtorstig.]  Eager  to  shed  blood;  mur- 
derous: as,  "his  bloodtliirxtic  blade,''  Spenser, 
F.  Q.,  I.  -^-iii.  16;  ^' bloodthirsty  \ovd,"  Hhak.,  1 
Hen.  VI.,  u.  3. 

Even  the  most  WoodfAirsfi/ monsters  may  have  a  sincere 
piU-tiality  for  their  own  belongings,  paramour  or  friend  or 
ehilii.  IJ.  -V.  Oxeiihant,  Short  .Studies,  p.  00. 

blood-tree  (blud'tre),  n.  In  the  "West  Indies,  a 
native  arborescent  species  of  Crotoii,  C.gossi/pi- 
foliiis,  which  jdelds  a  kind  of  kino  sometimes 
"called  dragon's-blood, 


per 
Blood- vascular  gland.  See  ;;/niirf.— Blood- vascular 
system,  the  s.vstem  of  blood-vessels  ;  the  ciriulatoiy  sys- 
tem of  vessels  containing  blood:  distinguished  from  icnt<-r- 
yij-^t'ttlnr  .vi/»-?ci/i. 

blood-vessel  (blud'ves"el),  w.    Any  vessel  in 

which   blood  circulates  in  an   animal  body, 

wliethcr  artery,  vein,  or  capillary, 
blood-warm  (blud'warm),  a.    Warm  as  blood; 

lukewarm. 
blood-warmed  (blud'warmd),  a.    Having  one's 

blood  warmed  by  excitement,  as  by  a  bloody 

contest.     [Kare.] 

He  meets  the  blood-warmed  soldier  in  his  mail. 

J.  Baillie 


The  beast  of  prey,  btood-stain'd,  deserves  to  bleed. 

Thomiun,  Spring,  1.  358. 

blood-stanch  (blud'stinch),  n.  One  of  the 
various  nanfts  given  to  the  common  fleabane, 
Ehijeron  Oiiiadviisis,  from  its  use  in  aiTesting 
hemorrhages. 

blood-stick  (blud'stlk),  n.     A  stick  weighted  at 


composition  for  the  shedding  of  blood, 

Tlie  bloodiriti\  (»r  compensation  in  money  for  personal 
wTonp,  w!is  the  first  effort  of  the  tribe  as  a  whole  to  ivgu- 
late  private  revenge. 

Ouotcd  in  //.  O.  Forbcs's  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  474. 

(I))  The  right  to  such  compensation,    (c)  A  riot 

'OV1V.A.  V"'""  =...»/, ...     -.  ^ o in  which  blood  was  shed. 

nd  with  lead,  used  for  striking  the  fleam,  bloodwood  (blud'wiid),  n.    1.  A  name  given  to 


bloom 

8.  In  low  language :  (ii)  Excessive;  atrocious; 
heinous :  as,  he's  a  bloody  fool,  or  a  bloody  ras- 
cal, (b)  Used  as  an  intensive  expletive,  espe- 
cially in  negative  expressions :  as,  there  wasn't 

a  bloodi/  soul  there Bloody  bill.    Same  as  roiw- 

bill  (which  SIC,  under  .rb/i-c).— Bloody  bread,  blood  on. 
bread,  blood  of  the  host,  an  appearancf  resfiiililing 
drops  of  blood  which  sonietiiues  ot-curs  uimii  lircad  and 
other  stiu-chy  substances.  The  red  pigment  is  a  jtroduct 
of  either  of" two  microscopic  fungi  growing  in  the  sub- 
stance discolored.  One  of  them  is  Micrococcux  prnd.'tnontts, 
belonging  to  the  bacteria,  and  the  otlu-r  S<i<rlian>iiiiice» 
qliitinux,  one  of  the  yeast  fungi.— Bloody  chasm.  See 
c/ia.«m.— Bloody  flux,  dysentery.— Bloody  hand,  (a)  A 
hand  stained  with  the  blood  of  a  deer,  which,  in  the  old 
forest  laws  of  England,  was  sufficient  eridence  of  a  man's 
trespass  against  venison  in  the  forest,  {b)  Same  as  badge 
of  Vi'ter.  See  batliiei.—  Bloody  murrain.  Same  as  >.ump- 
t'oniatic  anthrax  (whi^'h  ml,.  iitiiUr  anthrax). —  BloOOy 
shirt.  Sec  s/iirt.— Bloody  statute,  a  name  by  which  tlie 
English  statute  of  1639,  the  Act  of  the  Si.\  Articles,  i& 
son'ielimes  referred  to.  See  the  Six  Articles,  under  article. 
=  Syn.  6.  See  saiifiuinan/. 

bloody  (blud'i),  i'.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  bloodied, 
ppr.  bloodying.  [<  bloody,  a.  Cf.  AS.  grblode- 
gian  (=  OHG.  bluotngon,  bhiotcgoii).  <  biddig, 
bloody.]     To  stain  with  blood. 

With  my  own  wouiuls  I'll  hloodtj  my  own  sword. 

Beau,  ami  FL.  Plnlaster.  tv.  4. 

bloody  (blud'i),  a(?i'.  \<Uoody,<i.']  Very;  ex- 
ceedingly; desperately:  as,  "bloody  drunk," 
Driidcn.  "Prol.  to  Soutlieme's  Disappointment. 
[Vulgar.] 

"Are  you  not  sick,  ray  dear?"  .  .  .  "iJ/oody  sick." 

Swift,  Poisoning  of  t'urll. 

bloody-bones    (blud'i-bonz),   «.     A  nursery 
mo  of  a  bugbear, 
hy  does  the  Nurse  tell  the  Child  of  Raw-head  and 
dybom'S,  to  keep  it  in  awe?   Scldcn,  Table-Talk.  p.  ii9. 

Are  you  Milan's  general,  that 
Great  bugbear  Bloodit-bone.-i,  at  whose  very  name 
All  women,  from  the  lady  to  the  laundress. 
Shake  like  a  cold  fit? 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  \Voman-Hater,  iii.  I, 

bloody-eyed  (blud'i-id),  a.     Having  bloody  or 

cruil  c'\  cs.     Lord  Brooke. 
bloody-faced  (blud'i-fast),  a.    Hariug  a  bloody- 
face  i>v  appearance.     SlifiL: 


or  vetei'iiiarv  lancet,  into  a  vein, 
bloodstone  (blud'ston),  «.  [<  blood  +  stone; 
=  D.  liUxd.fteen  =  G.  blutjitcin  =  Dan.  Sw.  blod- 
uten.]  1.  A  variety  of  hematite,  having  a  finely 
fibrous  structure  and  a  reniforra  surface.  The 
color  varies  from  dark  steel-gray  to  blood-red.  It  was 
eitensivelv  cmploved  in  ancient  times,  many  of  the  Baby- 
lonian and  Kgvptian  intaglios  being  in  this  material ;  now 
it  is  nmcli  less  used,  except  for  signet-rings,  and  as  a  polish 
for  other  stones  and  metals. 
2.  A  variety  of  quartz  having  a  greenish  base, 


with  smail'snots  of  red  jasper7  looking  like  blood-womi  (blud'wcrm).  h.   The  active  blood- 
drops  of  blooA.  scattered  through  it.     This  kind     colored  or  scarlet  larva  of  the  species  of  Ch. 
of  bloodstone  is  also  called  heliotrope.  ronomu.i,  found 

blood-stranget,  ".    [A  compound  having  no  ob-    cisterns. 


logwood,  from  its  color.— 2.  In  Jamaica,  a  tree  bloody-fluxed    (blnd'i-flukst),  a.      Having  a 

of  the  natural  order  2'er«s(/'(»/«i"rtC«(', /.((p/nrm m=  ,.  ,  _.-:,^,.  ,j ,. — 

hwnuitoxylon,  with  dark-red  wood. — 3.  In  Aus- 
tralia, a"  name  of  species  of  Euealyptus,  espe- 
cially E.  corymbom,  yielding  the  Australian 
liino". — 4.  A  large  timber-tree  of  Inilia,  l.ager- 
straniia  Ftos-L'egina;  natural  order  Lytliriiatv, 
with  soft  but  durable  blood-rod  wood,  which  is 
largely  used  for  boat-building  and  ship-knees. 
Also  I'iMedjarool-lrce. 


the  rain-water  of  tanks  and 


blimily  flux;  afflicted  with  dysentery. 

Tlie  blondii-jluxed  Woman  fingered  but  the  hem  of  hi» 
ual-nicnt.  Bp.  Hall.  Uenulins,  p.  1*0. 

bloody-man's-finger  (blud'i-mnnz-ling'g^r).  M. 
The  cuckoo-pint,  Jrnin  inacniutnni :  so  called 
from  its  lurid  purple  spadix  or  flower-spike. 
See  cut,  under  .Arum. 
bloody-minded  {blud'i-min'ded).  a.  Having 
a  cruel,  I'ci'iiciims  disposition;  barbarous;  in- 
clined to  shed  blood. 

^\\e  x^bhtoily-miilded. 
And  turns  the  justice  of  the  law  to  rigour. 

Brail,  and  FL,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 


vious  in 


eaning.'as  to  its  second  clement,  in  E.,  bloodwort   (blud'wtrt),  n.     [<  ME.  blodmnt,  Moody-nose  beetle.     See  beetle^. 


liloduirU    (applied  to   several  plants),  <  AS.  'bloody-red  (Idud'i-red),  «.    Ked  with  or  as  •with 

"lilod-in/rt   (=  Sw.   blodiirl).  <   hlod,  bUiod.    +      i,i,„„|.  i,l„od-red. 

icyrt,  wort.]    A  name  applied  to  various  lilants.  Housing  and  saddle  bloodii-red, 

as  (rt)  Iho  bloody  dock,  Jiumexsdnguincu.^,  a  8i>e-  Lm.,i  Mamiion's  steed  rush'd  by. 

cies  of  ih)ck  w"ith  the  stem  and  veins  of  the  Scnlt.  Marmion,  vi.  27. 

leaves  of  a  blood-red  color;  (h)  the  dwarf  elder,  bloody-sceptered,  bloody-sceptred  (bhid'i- 
eelo  the  (supposed)  8t)-ptic  qualities  of  the  SambucHS  libulus ;  (c)  in  the  United  States,  the  ^,,p  |,.,.,i),  ii.  Having  a  sccplcr  oblained  by 
int.   See  N.  E.  D.]   The  mousetaU,  Myo.'turus     Ilicriieium   renosuni,  the  leaves  of  which   arc     i,i„oil  or  slaughter.     [Kare.] 

veined  with  red.  AiiuMtitledtyrnnt,W(iod!/-«cf;)'r'((.  SA(iJ-.,Macbeth,iv.l:5 


and  hence  (being  appar.  only  a  book-name) 
prob.  an  adaptation  of  some  foreign  name,  per- 
haps of  an  unrecorded  (i,  'bhitstrenge,  <  blut, 
=  E.  blood,  +  strc.nge,  tightness,  strictness,  < 
string,  tight,  strict,"  strong,  =  E.  strong:  see 
strong  and  string.  The  name  would  have  refer- 
ent "■  '  ..        .      ^-  -■!.  t 

phint 
minimus. 


blood-Stroke  fblud'strok),  «.     Apoplexy  from  bloody  (blud'i),  «.     [Early  nu)d.^E.alsoj-/oi.r/;/^  y,ioody.,„arrior  (blud'i-wor;_i.6r),  ».     A  dark. 


.  ij'.  plinlii-  hemorrhage  or  congestion, 
bloodsucker  (blud'suk'er),  H.  [<  ME.  Woorf- 
soukere  =  It.  bloodzniger  =  MHG.  bluotsuger  = 
Dan.  btoilsuger  =  Sw.  blodsugare ;  <  blood  + 
snrker.']  1.  Anv  animal  tluit  sucks  blood,  as  a 
leech,  a  mosquito,  etc. —  2.  A  name  of  a  com- 
mon agamoid  Kast  Indian  lizard,  Citlolcs  versi- 
color, perhaps  ho  called  from  the  reddish  hue 
of  the  throat,  as  it  does  not  suck  blood. — 
3.  .\  cruel  or  bloodthirsty  man;  hence,  <me 
who  sucks  the  blood  of  or  preys  ujion  another; 
Hii  !•  ..iortioncr;  a  sponger. 

1  k.ip  the  priiiie  from  nil  Ihi'  pack  of  you! 

■\  », ri,.t  you  are  of  daninerl  IflnixUttrkrrn. 

.•ihak.,  Kleh.  III.,  III.  .1. 

I  li'ii  art  a  villain  and  a  forger, 

V  '/i'-'/^iw*/-!*  of  Innocence,  an  hyrKwrile. 

Ilriiu.  ami  Ft.,  Knight  ol  .Malta,  i.  it. 

blood  sucking  (blud'suk'ing),  n.     Sucking  or 
T;  previngon  the  blood:  U8,"6/oorf- 
,  '  ,s'/„;*'..  :(  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  4. 
ling  (bliKl'HWcl'ing),  n.     Same  as 


bloon 

him 

blood 

f.is., 

blood t 

bio..' 


lplu<l'Hw61n),  ".  Swelled  or  suf- 
I:  as,  "their /i(«Hrf-«iro/n  eyes," 
ij'x   I'liiirKuliii,  vi. 

Mild  '  llii'Tn  '  li-neM),    n.      f< 
TliirHt  for  blood;  a  pro- 
idm^  Idoud;  u  di'Hiro  to  Hiay. 


<  M  !■;.  blndii,  bludii,  blodi 

OS.  hlodntf  =  ()l''i'ic8.  blodich  =  D.  lihcdig  = 
OHG.  blnotiir,  MIKi-  bluotec,  0.  bhttig  =  Icel. 
blodhiqr=  Sw.  Dun.  blodig),  <  Mod.  blood:  sec 
blood  "and  -i/l.]  1.  Of,  of  the  nature  of,  or  piT- 
tainliig  to  lilood;  containing  or  composed  of 
blood:  as,  a  bloiidi/  stream;  "/i/wWi/  tlrops,'' 
.shak..  As  you  J..ike  it,  iii.  .').- 2t.  Existing  iu 
the  blood. 

I.ust  Is  Imt  a  bliiodi/  lire.  *'/i«*,-,,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  r,(Bong). 
3.  Stained  with  blood;  exhibiting  signs  or 
traces  of  blood:  as,  a  bloody  knife.— 4.  Of  the 
color  of  l)lood ;  blood-red. 

I  iiwind  your  blo.nlil  llag.  Shak.,  Hell.  V,,  I.  ■_■. 

5.  Cruel;  murderous;  given  to  the  Hheihling  of 
bloinl,  or  having  a  cruel,  savage  dispositicin. 

The  bonr,  thai  bbmlii  bea«t. 

Sliak.,  VeiiuB  ami  Adonlpi,  \.  \m>. 

He  wan  a  blmidjir  man,  and  regliriled  nol  the  life  of  lier 

KUbJectcH  lloe  more  Ibcli  ilogg.».  .S';»-/i»rr,  State  of  Ireliilnl. 

6.  Attended  with  or  committing  bloodKlieil; 
marked  by  cruelty:  as,  a  bloody  battle. 

'Iliiii  Ireuin  wan  n  iii4>nt  relHll.  and  had  I very  Woii//v 

to  tb.  Kli)g»  party.  A'iy///ii,  Kliiry,  .March  il.  It',.',.!. 

7.  Conceiiioil  with  or  jiortonding  bloodshed; 
sanguinary. 

No  iiimd'ke  arln  liireiil  bad  any  might. 
Jior  kluudu  worilet  ot  bold  i'.m  li«imler«  call. 

SiKtuer,  J',  g.,  I.  vll.  M. 


lured  vai'icly  of  the  wall-tlower,  Cheiranthiis 
( 'hi  ni. 
bloom'  (bloin),  )i.  [=  Sc. /</i(Hic  .•  early  mod.  E. 
hliiiimr.  blonie,  bloumc ;  <  MK.  blom,  btonie,  <  AS. 
•hloniii,  a  blossom  (not  found  in  tliis  sense,  for 
which  reg.  blostnia.  hlostni  (see  blossom),  but 
prob.  the  original  ot  which  bloniii.  a  mass  of 
iron  (>  l''..  /i/o'-m'-'),  is  a  dcllectc.l  sense;  I  he  MK. 
maybe  in  part  from  (he  Scaiid.)  t=OS.  blonio  = 
late  OFrioB.  bbrni,  blom,  NUi'ies.  blommc  =  MD. 
Idoemr,  1).  bloim,  {.,  =  MLG.  blomr  =  OHG. 
bluomo,  m.,  blnomn.  f.,  MIKi.  bluomr.  ni.,t..  G. 
blunw,  f.,  =  Icel.  blomi,  ni..  blinii.  neiit.,  =  Ni>rw. 
blom  =  Sw.  blomnio,  !..  =  Dan.  hlomnie  =  Goth. 
hliimn,  in.,  a  flower),  with  fonnalive  -m  (orig. 
'-won),  <  bliiuuin,  etc.,  )■;.  blou-'-,  lilooni,  whence 
also  bird,  btail,  >  M  V,.  blrdr{=  n\A'x.blot  =  <  HIG. 
MUG.  bluol.  MUG.  111.  bliieti;{i.  bliilr),  allower, 
blossom,  fruit,  and  AS.  bloshno,  hloslni,  >  K. 
blossom,  and  iierhajis  AS,  hlOd,  10.  blood;  also 
from  the  same  ult.  rool,  li.  Jlos  (lliir-).  >  ult.  K. 
Ilouir,  flour  :  see  llnse  words.]  1.  A  blossom; 
the  flower  of  a  pliiiil,  esiiecially  of  an  oriia- 
meiital  ]ilaiit;  an  ex|ianded  liud. 

While  opening  Momiin  dlllUHc  their  »« t»  aroiiiid. 

/'../»•,  Spring.  I.  100. 

Now  Hleepn  the  liuinmlng  biril,  that.  In  the  "ini. 
Wandered  from  'i'"<oii  In  (i/r,„iii.     Ilnjani,  May  Mvciiliig. 


bloom 

2.  The  state  of  blossomiiiK;  tlie  opening  of 
flowers  in  genei'al ;  flowers  collectively :  as,  the 
plant  is  in  bloom,  or  covered  with  hloom. 

Ancient  pear-trees  that  witli  spiiiig-tiiiie  bui'st 
Intfl  such  breadth  of  bloom. 

Bn/ant,  Among  the  Trees. 

3.  A  state  of  health  and  growth  promising 
higlier  perfection;  a  fionrishiiig  condition;  a 
palmy  time :  as,  the  bloom  of  youth. 

He  look'd,  and  saw  a  creature  lieavcniy  fair, 
In  bloom  of  youtli,  and  of  a  charming  air. 

Drydan,  Wife  of  Bath,  1.  531. 

In  our  sad  world's  best  bloom.       Tennyson,  The  Brooli. 

4.  The  rosy  hue  on  the  cheek  Indicative  of 
youth  and  health;  a  glow;  a  flush. 

And  sncli  a  lovely  Idnom, 
Disdaining'  all  adulterated  aids  of  art, 
Kept  a  perpetual  spring  upon  lur  face. 

Masb-inrii'r,  Innatural  <'ond)at,  ii.  3. 

5.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  minerals  having 
a  bright  color :  as.  the  rose-red  cobalt  bloom,  or 
erythrite,  etc. —  6.  A  powdery  deposit  or  coat- 
ing of  various  kinds,  (a)  Tlic  delicate,  powdery, 
waxy  coating  upon  certain  fruits,  as  grapes,  plums,  etc., 
and  leaves,  as  of  the  cabbage. 

The  finest  qualities  of  our  nature,  like  the  bloom  on 
fruits,  can  be  preserved  only  by  the  mo.st  delicate  han- 
dling. Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  9. 
{h)  The  powdery  appearance  on  coins,  medals,  and  the 
like,  when  newly  struck,  (c)  In  imintinfi,  a  cloudy  ap- 
pearance on  the  surface  of  varnish.  ((/)  The  yellowish 
fawn-colored  deposit  from  the  tanning-liquor  on  the  sur- 
face of  leather,  and  penetrating  it  to  a  slight  depth. 

In  tanning  it  (rock  chestnut-oak  bark]  is  used  unmixed, 
and  gives  a  beautiful  bloom.     C.  T.  Damn,  Leather,  p.  119. 

7.  A  fine  variety  of  raisin. 

These  raisins  [dried  on  the  vines]  are  muscatels  or 
blooms.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  692. 

blooml  (blom),   V.      [<  ME.   blomen   (=  MLG. 
hhimin  =  Norw.  bloma,  bloma),  bloom ;  from  the 
noun.]    1,  ill  trans.  1.  To  produce  or  yield  blos- 
soms ;  flower,  literally  or  figiu'atively. 
The  flrst  time  a  tree  bloometh.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

The  Lotos  blooms  below  the  barren  peak. 

Tennyson,  Chorie  .Song,  viii. 

2.  To  glow  with  a  warm  color. — 3.  To  be  in  a 
state  of  healthful  beauty  and  vigor;  show  the 
beauty  of  youth ;  flourish ;  glow. 

Hearts  are  warni'd  and  faces  bloom. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Epil. 

A  better  country  blooms  to  view. 
Beneath  a  brighter  sky.  Logan,  A  Tale. 

II,  trans.  1.  To  put  forth,  as  blossoms. 

Behold,  the  rod  of  Aaron  .  .  .  bloomed  blossoms,  .and 
yielded  almonds.  Num.  xvii.  S. 

2.  To  impart  a  bloom  to ;  invest  with  luster  or 
beauty. 

Kites  and  customs,  now  superstitious,  when  .  .  .  chari- 
table atfection  bloomed  them,  no  man  could  justly  have 
condemned  as  evil.  Hooker,  Eecles.  Pol. 

bloom^  (blom),  n.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  but  in 
late  AS. ;  <  AS.  bloma,  abloom  of  metal  (glossed 
massa  or  mc'tnllum ;  ef.  bloma  othtlioddh,  'bloom 
or  dough'  (of  metal);  isenes  bloma,  a  bloom  of 
iron;  golcl-lil6ina,\\t.  'gold-bloom,' applied  once 
(as  elsewhere  gold-hord,  'gold-hoard,'  'trea- 
sure ')  flgirratively  to  Christ  as  incarnated) ; 
not  found  in  other  languages  in  this  sense, 
and  jjrob.  a  particular  use  of  *hl6ma,  a  flower, 
which  is  not  foimd  in  AS.  in  that  sense :  see 
bloom^.  Tlie  reference  may  have  been  to  the 
glowing  mass  of  metal  as  taken  from  the  fur- 
nace; but  this  sense  as  recorded  is  only  re- 
cent.] A  roughly  prepared  mass  of  iron,  nearly 
square  in  section,  and  short  in  proportion  to 
its  thickness,  intended  to  be  drawn  out  under 
the  hammer  or  between  the  rolls  into  bars. 
Some  blooms  are  made  directly  from  the  ore  in  bloont- 
eries,  but  ntost  of  them  by  shingling  the  puddled  balls 
from  the  pnddling-furnace.    See  bloomei-y,  blooming-mill, 

forae.  and  pinldle,  v. 

bloomary,  ».    See  bloomery. 

bloomed  (blomd),  a.     Covered  with  blooms  or 

blossoms. 
bloomerl  (blii'mer),  n.     [<  blooiii^,  v.,  +  -e;-l.] 

A  i)lant  which  blooms. 
This  "  lily  "  of  .Scripture  [Nymphcea  lotus]  was  a  prolific 

btoorti^r.  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  III.  25. 

bloomer^  (blo'mer),  a.  and  n.  [After  Mrs. 
Bloomer:  see  def.]  I.  a.  Having  the  charac- 
ter of  the  style  of  female  dress  introduced  by 
Mrs.  Bloomer  of  New  York  in  1849-50 :  as,  a 
bloomer  costume ;  a  bloomer  hat. 

II.  n.  1.  A  dress  or  costume  for  women, 
the  distinctive  features  of  which  are  a  short 
skirt,  loose  trousers  buttoned  round  the  ankle. 
and  a  broad-brimmed,  low-crowned  hat.  Spe- 
cifically—  2.  A  bloomer  hat.  —  3.  jj/.  The  arti- 
cles composing  a  bloomer  costume ;  specifically, 


.595 

the  loose  trousers,  now  commonly  buttoned  be- 
low the  knee. — 4.  A  woman  who  wears  them. 

bloomerism  (blo'mer-izm),  n.  [<  bloomer^  + 
-i.siH .  ]  Th(!  wearing  or  adoption  of  a  dress  sim- 
ilar to  tliat  recommended  by  Mrs.  Bloomer. 
See  bloomer'^,  n.,  1. 

bloomer-pit  (blti'mfr-pit),  n.  A  tan-pit  in  which 
liidfs  arc  ])la(!ed  to  be  acted  upon  by  si  rung 
ooze,  a  process  which  produces  a  bloom  upon 
the  skill. 

bloomery  (blo'mer-i),  n. ;  pi.  bloomeries  (-iz). 
[Less  prop,  hloomunj,  blomary,  early  mod.  E. 
blomarir;  <  bloom"  +  -eri/.']  An  establishment 
in  which  wrouglit-iron  is  made  by  tlie  direct 
process,  that  is,  from  the  ore  directly,  or  with- 
out having  been  first  produced  in  the  form  of 
east-irou.  The  direct  process  was  the  original  one  by 
which  wrought-iron  was  made  wherever  that  metal  was 
employed,  .'uid  is  still  in  use  lyiiong  nations  where  morlern 
metallurgical  methods  are  not  yet  introduced,  especially 
in  Bunna,  Hoi-neo,  and  Africa;  it  is  .also  employed,  though 
to  a  very  Hunted  extent,  in  Europe  and  in  the  United  .States, 
especially  in  the  Champlain  disti'ict  of  New  York.  The 
iron  made  in  bloomeries  is  obtained  in  the  form  of  blooms 
(see  bhiojit-).     .Also  called  block-furnace. 

bloom-hook  (blcim'huk),  ».  A  tool  for  han- 
dling metal  blooms.     Also  called  bloom-tonijs. 

blooming^  (lilo'ming),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  blooml, 
i'.]  1.  A  clouded  or  smoked  appearance  on  the 
surface  of  varnish;  bloom. — 2.  In  (h/cint/,  tlie 
addition  of  an  agent,  usually  stannous  clilorid, 
to  the  dye-bath,  toward  the  end  of  the  operation, 
for  the  pm'pose  of  rendering  the  color  lighter 
and  brighter.     Also  called  briyhtening . 

blooming^  (Ijlo'ming),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  blooiiA,  f.] 

1.  Blossoming;  flowering;  showing  blooms. 

And,  ere  one  flowery  season  fades  and  dies, 
Designs  the  blooming  wonders  of  the  next. 

Cowper,  Task,  vi.  197. 
Now  May  with  life  and  music 
The  blooming  valley  fills. 

Bryant,  The  Serenade. 

2.  Glowing  as  with  youthful  vigor;  showing 
the  freshness  and  beauty  of  youth. 

The  lovely  Thais,  by  his  side. 
Sate  like  a  blooming  Eastern  bride. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast,  1.  10. 

3.  Flom'ishing;  showing  high  or  the  highest 
perfection  or  prosperity. 

The  modern  [arabesque]  rose  again  in  the   blooming 
period  of  modern  art.  Fairholt,  Diet,  of  Art,  p.  37. 

4.  Great;  full-blown;  'blessed,'  'blamed,' 
'darned,'  etc.:  as,  he  talked  like  a  blooming 
idiot.     [Slang.] 

blooming^  (blO'ming),  n.  [<  bloom'^  +  -/«f/l.] 
In  metal.,  same  as  shingling. 

bloomingly  (blo'ming-li),  adv.  In  a  blooming 
manner. 

blooming-mill  (blo'ming-mil),  n.  A  mill  in 
which  puddled  balls  of  iron  are  squeezed,  roll- 
ed, or  hammered  into  blooms  or  rough  bars, 
and  thus  prepared  for  further  treatment  in  the 
rolling-mill  proper. 

bloomingness  (bl6'ming-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  blooming;  a  blooming  condition. 

blooming-sally  (blo'ming-sal"i),  n.  The  wil- 
low-herl),  Epilohium  aiigustifolium. 

bloomless  (blom'les),  «.  [<  blooiiA  + -less ;  =: 
Norw.  blomlaus.]   Having  no  bloom  or  blossom. 

bloom-tongs  (blom'tongz),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
bloom-hook. 

bloomy  (blo'mi),  a.  [=  D.  bloemig  =  G.  blumig 
=  Sw.  blommig;  <  bloom^  +  -)^l.]  1.  Full  of 
bloom  or  blossoms ;  flowery. 

We  wandered  up  the  bloomy  land, 
To  talk  with  shepherds  on  the  lea. 

Bryant,  Day-Dream. 

2.  Having  a  bloom,  or  delicate  powdery  ap- 
pearance, as  fresh  fruit. 

What  though  for  him  no  Hybla  sweets  distill, 

Nor  bloomy  vines  wave  purple  on  the  hill?     Campbell. 

3.  Having  freshness  or  vigor  as  of  youth. 

Wliat  if,  in  both,  life's  bloomy  flush  was  lost. 
And  their  full  autumn  felt  the  mellowing  frost? 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  S9. 

blooth  (bloth),  H.  -An  English  dialectal  varia- 
tion of  blowth. 

blorel  (blor),  r.  !.;  pret.  and  pp.  blored,  ppr. 
bloring.  [<  ME.  bloren,  weep,  a  var.  of  blarni, 
blare:  see  hhirc'^.']  To  eiy;  cry  out;  weep; 
bray:  bellow.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

blore^t  (blor),  H.  [Prob.  a  var.  of  blare'-  (after 
fc^orel),  affected  by  fc/oM'l.]  The  act  of  blow- 
ing; a  roaring  wind;  a  blast. 

Like  rude  and  raging  waves  roused  with  the  fervent  blare 
Of  tir  east  and  south  winds.  Chapman.  Iliad,  ii.  122. 

blosmet,  «•  and  V.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
bli.ssniii. 

blosmyt,  "•    -A-  Middle  English  form  of  blos- 

somy. 


blot 

blossom  Oilofi'um),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blossiim,  <  MIO.  blossome,  hlossum,  usually  blosme, 
earlier  bloslme,  <  AS.  hlostma,  blosthma,  some- 
times contr.  blosma  (once  blosan,  glossed  by  L. 
flos,  ai)i)iir.  an  en-or  for  blosma),  weak  masc, 
blostm,  strong  masc,  flower,  blossom  (=0D. 
lilosim,  I),  hlocsem  =  MLG.  blosem,  blo.iscm),  a 
lilossiim,  (lower,  with  suffixes -.*<  +  -ma,(.  ■\/''blo, 
in  AS.  blowaii,  blow,  bloom  (see  blow^);  legs 
prob.  <  "bios-  (=  L.  Jlorere,  flosere),  extended 
stem  of  blowau,  V)low.  The  first  8uffi.x  ap- 
pears in  MIIG.  bluost,  a  blossom,  the  second 
in  ME.  bloiiie,  E.  bloomX,  etc.,  and  botli,  trans- 
posed, in  Icel.  bli'/mstr  =  Sw.  blomster  =  Dan. 
blomst,  a,  flower;  ef.  h.  Jlos  (flor-),  a  (lower: 
see  blow^  and  flower.']  1.  The  flower  of  a 
plant,  usually  more  or  less  conspicuous  from 
the  colored  leaflets  which  form  it  and  which 
are  generally  of  more  delicate  textm'e  than  the 
leaves  of  the  plant.  It  is  a  getieral  term,  applicable 
to  the  essential  organs  of  •reproduction,  with  their  api)en- 
dages,  of  every  species  of  tree  or  plant. 

2.  The  state  of  flowering  or  bearing  flo'wers ; 
bloom:  as,  the  apple-tree  is  in  blossom. — 3. 
Any  person,  thing,  state,  or  condition  likened 
to  a  blossom  or  to  the  bloom  of  a  plant. 

And  tliere  died. 
My  Icarus,  my  blossom,  in  his  pride. 

Sluik.,  1  Hen.  \1.,  iv.  7. 
This  beauty  in  the  6io««om  of  my  youth  .  .  . 
I  sued  and  served. 

Fletclier  and  Massinger,  Very  Woman,  iv.  3. 

4.  A  color  consisting  of  a  white  ground 
mingled  evenly  with  sorrel  and  bay,  occurring 
in  the  coats  of  some  horses. —  5.  The  outcrop  of 
a  coal-seam,  usually  consisting  of  decomposed 
shale  mixed  with  coaly  matter;  also,  some- 
times, the  appearance  about  the  outcrop  of  any 
mineral  lode  in  which  oxidizable  oi'es  occur. — 
To  nip  in  the  blossom.  See  nip. 
blossom  (blos'um),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  blossomen,  blos- 
men,  <  AS.  blostmian  (=  D.  bloesemeii),  <  blost- 
ma,  blossom:  see  blossom,  «.]  To  put  forth 
blossoms  or  flowers ;  bloom ;  blow ;  flower : 
often  used  figuratively. 

Fruits  that  blossom,  first  will  first  be  ripe. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

They  make  the  dark  and  dreary  hours 
Open  and  blossom  into  flowers  ! 

Longfelloiv,  Golden  Legend,  i. 

blossomed  (blos'umd),  a.  Covered  with  blos- 
soms ;  in  bloom. 

Blossomed  fiu"ze,  unprofltably  gay. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vlh 

Not  Ariel  lived  more  merrily 
Under  the  blossom'd  bough,  than  we. 

Scott,  MamiioD,  iv.,  Int. 

blossomless  (bios '  um  -  les),  a.  [<  blossom  + 
-liss.]     Without  blossoms. 

blossom-pecker  (blos'um-pek'er),  «.  A  book- 
name  of  sundry  small  parine  birds  of  Africa,  of 
the  restricted  genus  Anthoscopus :  as,  the  dwarf 
blossom-pecker,  A.  minutus. 

blossom-rifler  (blos'um-ri'''fler),  n.  A  name  of 
species  of  sim-birds  or  honey-sucker's  of  the 
genus  Ciiinyris,  as  ('.  aiistralis  of  Australia. 

blossomy  (blos'um-i),  a.  [ME.  blossemy,  blos- 
my  ;  <  blossom  +  -^1.]  Full  of  or  covered  with 
blossoms. 

A  blossemy  tre  is  neither  drye  ne  deed- 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  I.  219. 

The  flavor  and  picturesque  detail  of  Shakespeare's  hlos- 
soniy  descriptions.  Stedman,  Vict.  I'oets,  p.  105. 

blotl  (blot),  II.  [<  ME.  blot,  blotte,  a  blot ;  ori- 
gin imknown.  By  some  connected  with  Icel. 
blcttr,  blot,  spot,  spot  of  ground,  Dan.  j'fet,  a 
blot,  speck,  stain,  spot,  plette,  v.,  speck,  spot, 
Sw.  plotter,  a  scrawl,  plottra,  scribble;  but 
these  forms  have  appar.  no  phonetic  relation 
to  the  E.]  1.  A  spot  or  stain,  as  of  ink  on 
paper;  a  bliu:;  a  disfigui'ing  stain  or  mark:  as, 
"  one  universal  blot,"  Thomson,  Autimm,  1. 1143. 
— 2.  A  scoring  out;  an  erasure  or  oblitera- 
tion, as  in  a  writing. —  3.  A  spot  upon  charac- 
ter or  reputation ;  amoral  stain;  a  disgrace;  a 
reproach ;  a  blemish. 

A  lie  is  a  foul  blot  in  a  man.  Ecclus.  xx.  24. 

If  there  has  been  a  blot  in  my  family  for  these  ten  gen- 
erations, it  hath  been  discovered  by  some  or  other  of  my 
coiTespondents.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  164. 

4.  Imputed  disgrace  or  stain;  defamation:  as, 
to  cast  a  blot  upon  one's  character. 

He  that  rebuketh  a  wicked  man  getteth  himself  a  blot. 

I*rov.  ix.  7. 

blotl  (blot),  »'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blotted,  ppr.  blot- 
ting. [<  ME.  hl'itten :  from  the  noun.]  I. 
trdiis.  1.  To  spot,  stain,  or  bespatter,  as  with 
ink,  mud,  or  any  discoloring  matter. 


blot 

Oh  !  never  may  the  purple  stain 
Of  combat  Wot  lliese  fields  a^iii. 

Bryant,  Battle  of  Bennington. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  stain  as  with  disgrace  or 
ilifamy;  tarnish;  disgrace;  distigure. 

Blut  not  thy  innocence  with  guiltless  blood.  Jioire. 

Take  bun  !  farewell :  henceforth  I  ani  thy  foe : 
And  what  disgraces  I  can  blot  thee  with  look  for. 

2>V««.  ami  Fi.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  I. 

3.  To  obliterate  so  as  to  render  invisible  or 
not  distinguishable,  as  writing  or  letters  with 
ink :  generally  with  out :  as,  to  blot  out  a  word 
or  a  sentence. 

To  Hot  old  books  and  alter  their  contents. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  £M8. 

Hence  —  4.  To  efface;  cause  to  be  unseen  or 
forgotten:  destroy;  annihilate:  followed  by 
out:  as.  to  blot  out  a  crime,  or  the  remembrance 
o£  anything. 

Will  not  a  tiny  speck  ver>'  close  to  our  vision  Itot  out 
the  glor>  of  the  world,  and  leave  only  a  niai-gin  by  which 
we  see  the  blot?  Gtor'je  Eliot,  Middleniarch,  I.  458. 

Blotting  out  the  fai--away  blue  sky, 

The  hard  and  close-packed  clouds  spread  silently. 

William  Morrit,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  336. 

5.  To  darken  or  obscure ;  eclipse.     [Rare.] 

He  sung  how  earth  blots  the  moon's  gilded  wane. 

Coicley, 
The  moon,  in  all  her  l)rother's  beams  array'd. 
Was  Hutted  by  the  earth's  approaching  shade. 

Rowe,  tr.  of  Lucan's  I'harsalia,  i. 

6.  To  drj-  by  means  of  blotting-paper  or  the 
like. 

The  ship-chandler  clutched  the  paper,  hastily  blotted  it, 
and  thrust  it  into  his  bosom. 

G.  A.  Sttla,  The  Ship-Chandler. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  obliterate  something  writ- 
ten. 

E'en  copious  Dryden  wanted  or  forgot 
The  last  and  greatest  art,  the  art  to  blot. 

Pope,  Iniit.  of  Horace,  II.  i.  280. 

2.  To  become  blotted  or  stained :  as,  this  paper 
blot.f  easilv. 
blot^  (blot),  H.  [First  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
century  ;  origin  unknown.  Plausibly  referred 
to  Dan.  blot  =  Sw.  blolt,  fcare,  exposed  ;  cf.  Dan. 
blotte  =  Hw.  blotta,  lay  bare,  expose  one's 
self;  Sw.  blott.itdlln  =  D.  blootstellen,  e.\pose 
(the  Scand.  forms  are  prob.  of  LG.  origin,  < 
D.  bluot,  bare,  naked,  o.vposed) ;  but  tlicre  is 
no  historical  evidence  for  the  connection.] 
In  bael.flfimnion:  («)  A  single  exposed  piece 
■whicli  is  liable  to  he  forfeited  or  taken  up. 

(/()  The  exposure  of  a  piece  in  this  way To 

hit  the  blot,  to  take  a  single  exposed  piece  in  tile  game 
of  backgaiiuaoii  :  often  used  figuratively, 

Mr.  Ellis  Ai'N  the  blot  when  he  says  that  "  absolute  cer- 
tainty and  a  mechanical  mode  of  procedure,  such  tlnit  all 
men  Hlinuld  be  capable  of  employing  it,  are  the  two  great 
features  of  the  Baconian  system." 

The  .\ation,  April  24,  18S4,  p,  369. 

blotch  (blofh).  H.  [Not  found  in  MIC,  or  in 
ollnr  languages;  appar.  a  var.  of  blot^,  affected 
in  sense  and  form  by  botcli^,  a  pustule,  and 
perhaps  by  dial,  blotch,  q.  v.]  1.  A  pustule 
upon  the  skin. 

Blotche*  and  tumours  that  break  out  in  the  body. 

Spectatur,  No,  10. 

2.  A  spot  of  any  kind,  especially  a  large  iiTegu- 
lar  spot  or  blot;  lience,  anything  likened  to  a 
mere  spot  or  blot,  as  a  poor  i>ainting;  a  daub. 

ftreen  leaven,  fretjuently  marked  with  tlark  httttcheit. 

Treunury  o/  Itotaiiy. 

3,  .\  disease  of  dogs. 

blotch  fblocli),  r.  I.     [<  blotch,  n.]     To  mark 

with  blotches;  blot,  sjiot,  or  blur, 
blotchy  (liloch'i  I,  ".    [<  lilotch  +  -i/i.]    Having 
blotr-hos;   disflgun-d   with   blotches:    as,  "his 
liii.',  bloated,  hloliliii  face,"  ll'iirrcu. 
blotef,  n.  and  v.     Obsolete  spi'lliin;  of  bloiit^. 
blotter  (blot'er),  n.      1.   A  ]iii'cc  of  blotting- 
I  .;  .  r  or  other  (Icvico  for  absorbing  an  excess 
•r  other  lluid,  used  eHpecinllv  in  writing. 
I  rum.,  a  wnsle-book  in  whii'li  «r"  record- 
1,1  Msiicl ions  in  lln'  order  of  lhc>ir  occur- 
.'V   'I'liH  current  rci-ord  of  niTi'sls  and 
ill    a    jiolice    ofllce ;    called    in    'Ireut 
!•  1  I  hfiri/i-nhrrl, 

blot f. •■',,,,»   Milot-enk'),   n.  and   ii.      f<   blot   + 
^    ".  Ill /jni'wfinj/,  executed  with  heavy 
•        ^  ■lll-S, 

li  ■•ting  executed  in  this  styli-. 

blott<  "t-i'Hk'li),  »'/>'.    Ill  II  lilotleHinio 

nui'i  I'lot-like  IoucIich:   as,  lo  iniiiit 

l.h.ir, 

blottlnj;  hook  nOot'ing-bttk),   w.      1.  A   book 

fonii'  ..M   of   hiotting-giaper. —  ii.    In 

<•"<".,  .1  Hi.i.  hliilirr,  l!. 

blottiriKly  iiig-lii,  adv.    Uy  blotting. 


596 

blotting-pad  (blot'ing-pad),  n.  A  pad  consist- 
ing of  several  layers  of  blotting-paper,  which 
can  be  successively  removed  as  they  become 
soiled  or  saturated  with  ink. 

blotting-paper  (blot '  iug-pa  '  per'),  H.  A  bibu- 
lous, unsized  paper,  used  to  absorb  an  excess  of 
ink  from  freshly  written  paper  -without  blur- 
ring. 

blotty  (blot'i),  a.  [<  6/ofi  +  -i/i.]  Full  of 
blots. 

blouse  (blouz),  )i.  [Also  less  prop,  blowttc :  < 
F.  blouse,  of  uncertain  origin,  by  some  identified 
with  F.  dial,  blauile,  biaude,  a  smock-frock,  <  OF. 
bliaut,  biiaud,  pi.  bliaus,  bliau:,  an  upper  gar- 
ment: see  bleu II lit.  But  the  connection  is  pho- 
netically improbable.]  1.  A  light  loose  upper 
garment,  made  of  linen  or  cotton,  worn  by  men 
as  a  protection  from  dust  or  iu  place  of  a  coat. 
A  blue  linen  blouse  -is  the  common  dress  of 
French  workingmen. 

Lelewel  was  a  regular  democrat.  He  wore  a  blouse  when 
he  was  in  Paris,  and  looked  like  a  workman. 

JI.  S.  EdwariLt,  Polish  t*apti\ity,  I,  '270. 

2.  A  loosely  fitting  dress-body  worn  by  women 
and  cliildren. 
Moused  (blouzd),  a.     [<  blouse  +  -cd~.']    'Wear- 
ing a  blouse. 

There  was  a  Housed  and  bearded  Frenchman  or  two. 

Kingsley,  Alton  Locke,  xxxiii. 

blout^t,  «•  and  V.     Same  as  bloat~. 

blout-t,  ".  [Appar.  <  D.  bloot,  bare,  naked,  ^vith 
perluips  some  confusion  as  to  form  with  Icel, 
biduti;  soft,  wet.  Cf.  blof-^,  blatil,  and  bloitt^.'] 
Bare;  naked.   Uoiiyldt:.   {Jamicsoii.)    [Scotch.] 

blout''  (blout\  n.  [Appar.  imitative,  after  />/»H'1, 
blast,  etc.]  The  sudden  lu-eaking  of  a  storm ; 
a  sudden  downpour  of  rain,  hail,  etc.,  accom- 
panied by  wind.     Jaiiiiesoii.     [Scotch.] 

blO'W^  (bio),  r. ;  pret.  bleu;  pp.  blowu  (also  dial, 
and  colloq.  pret.  and  pp.  blowed),  ppr.  hlowiiii/. 
[=  Sc.  blow,  <  ME.  blowen,  bhiwin  (pret.  bli  ii; 
blcwc,  bleu,  blwe,  blu,  pp.  blown,  bloucii,  blouii, 
bluii-eii),  <  AS.  bluican  (strong  verb,  pret,  blrdw, 
pp.  bliiireii),  blow,  =  OHtl.  bhlliau  (strongverb, 
pj).  bldliau,  bh'in),  blow,  also  biden,  bldjau, 
MHG.  bbrwiu,  blcvjen,  G.  bldhcii  (weak  verb), 
blow,  puff  up,  swell,  =  L.  fldre,  'blow.  Fnun 
the  same  root,  with  various  formatives,  come 
E.  bl(i:c-,  blast,  bladder,  perhaps  blister,  and, 
from  the  L„  flatus,  afflatus,  flatulent,  inflate, 
etc.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  produce  a  cuiTent  of 
air,  as  with  the  moutli,  a  bellows,  etc. — 2.  To 
constitute  or  form  a  current  of  air,  as  the  wind. 
A  keen  north  wind  that.  blowiiKj  dry. 
Wrinkled  tlle  face  of  deluge.       Miltim,  P.  L.,  xl.  SI'-'. 

3+.  To  make  a  blowing  sound ;  whistle. — 4.  To 
pant;  puff;  breathe  hard  or  quickly. 

Here's  Mistress  Page  at  the  door,  sweating  and  hlowinn. 
.Shak.,  .M.  \V.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

5.  To  give  out  sound  by  being  blown,  as  a  horn 
or  trumpet. 

There  let  the  pealing  organ  blow. 

Miltiin,  11  i'cnseroso,  1.  Kil. 

6.  To  spout  as  a  whale. 

A  porpoise  comes  to  the  surface  to  blow. 

lluxlcji,  Anat.  Vert.,  p,  348. 

7.  To  explode,  as  gunpowder  or  dynamite ;  be 
torn  to  pieces  by  an  exjilosiou:  with  uji :  as,  the 
magazine  6/cif  «;». —  8.  To  boast;  brag.  [Uol- 
loq.] 

Yini  Mow  l)i'liind  my  Imck,  but  ilftri-  tuit  sny  anytlilim  In 
ii>y  face.  lift  It  Iff  t.  lUct.  tpf  AiiiiTiniiiisins,  ]>.  4s. 

9.  In  found  ill  tf  J  to  tlirow  jimssos  of  fluitl  inrtiil 
from  the  mold,  as  a  castinj;,  whrn,  iiisutlu'iont 
vout  having?  been  jn'ovidod,  tlic  triisi-s  and 
Rtr-am  arc  unable  to  piiHS  olT  quit'tly.  Blowing 
off,  III  iH'jhi.,  Mu-  ]U'«ici'HS  of  rji'ctiriK  wiittr  nr  hi-iliiii<  nt 
fr'nii  11  IiuiliT  hy  iiR-aiiH  of  ii  ciirD'nl  *A  hIi-iiih  puf-sliiji 
tImiiiKli  tliebiowiirr  piix-.    Blowing  through,  ill  ('j.'/i/i., 

thu  u«;t  of  reiiuivliiK  tlif  air  tinjn  trir  i>llrMlnH,  viilve«, 
I'tc-,,  of  a  Ktcunii'rittino  \*y  a  j"(  of  ht4iiiii  incvloim  to  M-t- 
tiiiK  tiRM-iitfliic  in  moli'iii.  I'.iow-()lt"ll^;ll  valvcH  an-  III 
U<l  r<jr  tlilH  imiiioHc— To  blow  down,  to  "liMliaiv  th.- 
i-nitti-iitM  of  a  htratii  hoiiii.  To  blow  hot  and  cold,  to 
!»■  fiivorahlr  ami  llu-ii  iinfavonililc ;  la*  liTi*»oIiit<-.  To 
blow  in,  to  Htart  up  II  bljuil-fnnuK »'.  nr  pnl  II  In  I'laBt, 
To  blow  off,  to  i-Hrajn'  with  vlolunii-  and  iioImi-  :  Hal*l  of 
Htiain,  K'l".  '*('■■  To  blow  out,  to  W  out  of  Iinatli,  or 
liloHM.  To  blow  over,  to  pjiH«ovrr;  puM  away  after  tln' 
forcL-  Ih  I'xprtalrd  ;  riiiBi-,  hulmldr,  or  be  (lliwl]>aU'<l  :  ai*. 
the  pn-HCut  illhtiirban<H-H  will  hoon  tAvw  orvr. 

A  nmn  rotiHrlonn  of  ncthit;  wi  liifauKMin  a  part,  wnubl 
liftvo  unihrtJikiii  iio  (Irfniii-,  but  k-t  lliu  nccuHattouM, 
which  could  not  materially  »lf«'*t  hini,  hhw  iwrr. 

a:lilt<mith,  llollti^fbtoki 
To  blow  Bhort,  to  be  ttiokrh  wjiidt'd  :  Maid  of  a  hoMt- 

To  blow  the  buck'ii  homt.    H.i-  imrkK    To  blow  up. 

("I  ^'  I  7.  al'ovr.  (/.)  in  iirl"!',  I'oini*  Into  rxlnti'nc-i-.  or  in 
•  I'liT  In  iritniiiily  :  ^ald  >'i  Om-  ivIikI.  a  Hlomi.  i  !•', 

II.  tniiiM.  1.  To  tliniw  or  drive  a  cnrmit  o*' 
air  upon;  fuu:  um,  to  lilotv  the  llro. 


blow 

I  with  bloicing  the  f\re  shall  warm  myself. 

Shak.,  T.  of  theS.,iv  1. 

2.  To  drive  or  impel  by  means  of  a  eun'ent  of 
air:  as,  the  temi^est  blew  the  ship  ashore. 

North-east  winds  blow 
Sabtean  odours  from  the  spicy  shore. 

Milton,  V.  h.,  iv.  ICl. 
Along  the  grass  sweet  aii-s  are  hb>wn. 

D.  G.  Itossefti,  A  New  Year's  Burden. 

3.  To  force  air  into  or  through,  iu  order — (a) 
To  clear  of  obstructing  matter,  as  the  nose. 
{}})  To  cause  to  sound,  as  a  wind-instrument. 

Hath  she  no  husband 
That  will  take  pains  to  bloio  a  horn  In-fore  her? 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1, 
The  bells  she  jinglod  and  the  whistle  bh'iv. 

Po/M^,  K.  of  the  L..  V.  94. 

4.  To  form  l\v  inflation  ;  inflate  :  swell  by  in- 
jecting air  into :  as,  to  blow  bul>bles ;  to  blow 
glass. —  5.  To  empty  (an  egg)  of  its  contents 
by  blowing  air  or  water  into  the  shell. —  6.  To 
put  out  of  breath  by  fatigue :  as,  to  blow  a 
horse  by  hard  riding. 

7)/oH'i"«(/lumseIf  in  his  exertions  to  get  to  close  quarters. 

T.  Hu'jheK. 

7.  To  inflate,  as  with  pride ;  puff  up.  [Poetic 
when  up  is  omitted.] 

Look,  liow  imagination  ^^oicshim.       Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  4. 

8.  To  spread  by  report,  as  if  "on  the  wings  of 
tlie  wind." 

She's  afraid  it  will  be  bloivn  abroad, 
And  hurt  lu-r  nuirriage.     B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 
Through  the  court  his  courtesy  was  blown.         Dryden, 

9.  To  drive  away,  scatter,  or  shatter  by  fire- 
arms or  explosives :  now  always  with  modifying 
words  (h/j,  awoify  to  pieces^  etc.) :  as,  to  blow  the 
walls  u})  or  toj>iccesvr\th  cannon  or  gunpowder; 
but  formerly  sometimes  used  absolutely. 

And  t  shall  go  hard, 
Hut  I  will  delve  one  yard  below  their  mines, 
And  bloiv  them  at  the  moon.     Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

10.  To  deposit  eggs  in ;  cause  to  putrefy  and 
swarm  with  maggots;  make  fly-blown:  said  of 
flies. 

Rather  on  Nihis'  mnd 
Lay  me  stark  naked,  and  let  the  water-flios 
liliiw  me  into  abhorring  !  Shak..  A.  nnd  C,  v.  -1. 
To  blow  a  coal.  See  ton?.— To  blow  one's  own  trum- 
pet, to  sound  one's  own  praises.  — To  blow  OUt.  (ft)  To 
I  .\tiiigiiish  by  a  current  of  air,  as  a  candle.  (/<)  To  destroy 
by  lircuniis  :  as.  to  blow  out  one's  brains  ;  to  blmv  an  cne- 
ni\  ssliip-M(/of  the  water.— To  blow  up.  (*0  T*'  till  with 
air  ;  swell :  as.  to  blow  ap  a  bladder  or  a  bnlible. 

In  snnnne,  he  is  a  bhubU-r  blown  rp  with  wind,  which 
the  lejist  flaw  crushes  to  nothing. 

Jip.  Katie,  ilicro-cosmographie,  A  Selfe-conceitcil  Man. 
(b)  To  inllate  ;  i)utV  up :  as,  to  blow  up  one  with  ttattery. 
Jilown  Mj>  with  high  conceits  iugendering  pride. 

Milfon,  V.  L.,  iv.  809. 
(f)  To  fan  or  kindle :  as,  to  blow  V])  a  contention. 
His  presence  soon  blows  up  theunknidly  fight. 

((/)  To  burst  in  pieces  by  explosion  :  as,  to  blow  t/j*  a  ship 
by  setting  Ih'e  to  the  magazine,  (c)  FIgiiratively,  t<t  scat- 
ter ov  bring  to  naught  suddenly :  as,  to  blow  up  a  scheme. 
(/)  To  scold  ;  abn.se  ;  Hud  fault  with.     [Colloq.) 

He  rails  at  his  cousin,  an<I  blows  up  his  mother. 

liarham,  Higoldsby  Legends,  I.  296. 

lA»rd  Gravelton  .  .  .  was  blowing  up  the  waiters  in  the 
cotfce-room.  Bulwer,  i'clham,  Iv. 

(ji)  To  raise  or  produce  by  blowing. 

This  windy  tempest,  till  it  blow  up  rain, 
Hebl  back  his  stirrow's  tide,  ttrmake  it  more. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  17Sa 
To  blow  upon.  («)  To  bring  Into  disfavor  or  discredit ; 
rt  iidi  r  stale,  unsavory,  or  wortldess. 

Since  that  time,  .  .  .  many  of  the  topics,  which  were 
first  starti'd  here,  have  been  hunted  diuvu,  and  many  of 
the  thoughts  blown  i/yMtn.         iJoltlntnifh,  IvsHays,  I'reface. 

Till  the  credit  of  the  false  witnesses  had  been  blnwn 
upiiH.  Macauttti/,  llisl.  ICiiff. 

(/')  To  turn  informer  against :  as,  to  blon>  upon  an  nccon:- 
pli.r,  iSbmg.] 
blow^  (1>16),  ».  [<  blow'i,  r.]  1.  A  blowing;  a 
bhist;  hence,  a  gale  of  wind:  as,  tlicre  cairu'  a 
bhtw  from  the  norllicast. —  2.  The  breatliing  or 
HjKiuling  of  a,  whalr. —  3.  In  mttoL:  (a)  Tlu' 
tinicdm'iiigwliii'li  a  bliiKt  iscontinui'd.  (/*)  That 
(inrlirin  of  lime  occupied  by  a  certain  singe  of  a 
inctallni'gicul  iiroccss  in  wliiidi  flie  blast  isuHod. 
Tluis,  thr  i>prnilion  of  ciinvrrlhik'  last  iron  iul<t  steel  liy 
(he  llrHHenicr  lU'oecMs  Is  often  Kpokcn  of  as  "the  blow,' 
and  IhlH  llrst  portion  Is  sometlmeH  called  th<>  "  l»Hsruu>r 
blow  "or  tin-  blow  proper,  (be  second  btage  itelriK  driiond- 
mit<-d  tlir  "boll."  iiM<l  ihr  third  the  "Ibdiig.  " 
4.  An  egg  dcjiosited  by  a  (ly  on  flesh  or  other 
HubHlain-e;  a  ilyl>h)\v. 
blow-  (l»lo),  r.\  jirel.  blew.  ]>p.  bhtwn,  iipr. 
blowinij.  [<  MI'i.  lilttwot  (j)ret.  "hbirr^  bfrou, 
pp.  blown,  bbtwtn,  blowi)^  <  AS.  blownu  (prot. 
bhow,  pp.  ffcblowm),  blossom,  flower,  HouriHh, 
—  OS.  hlojan  —  OFries.  bloitt  =  1).  hfocijcu  = 
OIK  J,  Ulunjan,  MMt;.  bliirjtn,  bliivu,  it,  bh'ihrn, 
blow,  bloom,  =  L.Jhnrc  (a  Hccondary  lormi. 


blow 

bloom,  flourish ;  cf.  flos  {flor-),  a  flowpr.     From 

tho  same  root,  with  various  fonnatives,  come 

liloom^    (and    prob.    hloom"),   blossom,    hlowtli, 

blood,  and,  from  the  L.,  flower,  flour,  flourish, 

effloresce,  etc.]    I.  intrans.   1.   To  blossom  or 

put  forth  flowers,  as  a  plant ;  open  out,  as  a 

flower :  as,  a  iie\y -blown  rose. 

How  hlowa  the  citron  grove.  Milton,  V.  L.,  v.  22. 

To  me  the  meanest  flower  that  blows  can  give 

Tiloughts  that  do  often  lie  too  deep  for  tears. 

WoriUworth,  Ode  to  Immortality. 

2.  Figxirati vely,  to  flourish  ;  bloom ;  become 
jicrfected. 

II,  trans.  To  make  to  blow  or  blossom ;  cause 
to  produce,  as  flowers  or  blossoms.     [Poetic] 
The  odorous  hanks,  tliat  hloiv 
Flowers  of  more  mingled  hew. 

Milton,  Conms,  1.  993. 
For  these  Favonius  here  shall  hlow 
New  flowers.     B.  Juiimn,  Masque  at  Highgate. 

blow-  (bio),  n.  [<  blow^,  d.]  1.  Blossoms  in 
general;  a  mass  or  bed  of  blossoms:  as,  the 
blow  is  good  this  season. 

lie  Ijelieved  he  could  show  nie  such  a  hlow  of  tulips  as 
was  not  to  be  matched  in  the  whole  country. 

Addison,  Tatler,  No.  218. 
2.  The  state  or  condition  of  blossoming  or 
flowering ;  hence,  the  highest  state  or  perfec- 
tion of  anything ;  bloom :  as,  a  tree  in  full  blo^v. 

Her  beauty  hardly  yet  in  its  full  blow. 

Richardson,  Sir  Charles  Grandison,  I.  ii. 

blow^  (hlo),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  blowe,  bloe, 
<  late  ME.  (Sc.)  hliiw ;  origin  uncertain.  Plau- 
sibly explained  as  from  an  unrecorded  verb, 
ME.  *bleweii,  <  AS.  *blcdiran  (strong  verb,  pret. 
'bledw,  pp.  *bIowen)  =  MD.  blouwen,  hlacuwen, 
strike,  beat,  D.  bloitu-eit,  beat,  esp.  beat  or 
break  flax  or  hemp,  =MLG.  bliiwen,  LG.  blUuen 
=  OHG.  bliiiwan,  bliwan,  MHG.  hlinwen,  bliwcn, 
G.  bliiuen,  beat,  drub  (in  G.  and  LG.  modified 
under  association  with  blnii,  blue,  as  in  'beat 
black  and  blue'),  =  Goth,  blidf/wan,  strike,  beat ; 
not  related  to  L.  fligere,  strike,  beat  ( >  ult.  E. 
afflict,  inflict,  ete.),  flagelhim,  a  flail  (>  ult.  E. 
flail,  JliiiicUate,  etc.).  The  absence  of  the  verb 
from  ME.  and  AS.  records  is  remarkable  (the 
ordinary  AS.  word  for  'strike'  was  sledn,  >  E. 
slay),  but  the  cognate  forms  favor  its  exis- 
tence.] 1.  A  stroke  with  the  hand  or  fist  or  a 
weapon ;  a  thump ;  a  bang ;  a  thwack ;  a  knock ; 
hence,  an  act  of  hostility:  as,  to  give  one  a 
blow ;  to  strike  a  blow. 

He  struck  so  plainly,  I  could  too  well  feel  his  blows; 
and  withal  so  doubtfully  that  I  could  scarce  understand 
them.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 

2.  A  sudden  shock  or  calamity;  mischief  or 
damage  suddenly  inflicted:  as,  the  conflagra- 
tion was  a  severe  blow  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
town. 

It  was  a  dreadful  hlow  to  many  in  the  days  of  the  Re- 
formation  to  find  that  they  had  been  misled. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  243. 
At  a  blow,  by  one  single  action  ;  at  one  effort ;  suddenly. 

Every  year  they  gain  a  victory,  and  a  town  ;  but  if  they 
are  once  defeated  they  lose  a  province  at  a  blow.  Drydcn. 
Opposed  '  '!■  solid  blow,  in  metal-workinfj,  a  blow  which 
stretches  "I-  tliins  the  metal;  miopposed  or  hollow 
blow,  a  blow  wliich  tends  to  thicken  and  hend  it.  —  To 
catcli  one  a  blow.  See  catch.— To  come  to  blows,  to 
eiigiii^^e  in  combat,  whether  the  combatants  be  individuals, 
armies,  fleets,  or  nations. 

In  1766  Georgia  and  South  Caroling  actually  came  to 
bltiws  over  the  navigation  of  the  Savannah  river. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  95. 

blow-ball  (blo'bal),  n.  The  dovmy  head  of  the 
dandelion,  salsify,  etc.,  formed  by  the  pappus 
after  the  blossom  has  fallen. 

Her  treading  would  not  bend  a  blade  of  grass, 
Or  shake  the  downy  blow-ball  from  his  stalk! 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  1. 

blow-cock  (blo'kok),  n.  A  cock  in  a  steam- 
boiler  by  means  of  which  the  water  may  be 
partly  or  entirely  blown  out  when  desired. 

blowen  (blo'en),  «.  [Also  blowing ;  equiv.  to 
blowess,  a  form  of  blowze,  q.  v.]  A  showy,  flaimt- 
ing  woman;  a  courtezan;  a  prostitute.  For- 
merly also  blowess  and  blowinq.     [Low  slang.] 

blower!  (blo'er),  n.  [<  ME.'blower,  blawere,< 
AS.  hlawere,  <  bldwan,  blow:  see  Wowl.]  1. 
One  who  blows.  Speciflcally  — (o)  One  who  is  em- 
ployed in  a  blowing-house  for  smelting  tin.  Cornwall,  (h) 
In  a  glass-factory,  the  workman  who  blows  the  melted 
ghiss  iTito  shape. 

2.  A  screen  or  cover  of  metal  fitted  to  an  open 
fireplace^  in  such  a  way  that  when  it  is  placed 
in  position  access  of  air  to  the  chimney  is 
closed  except  from  the  bottom,  or  through  the 
fire  itself:  used  to  promote  combustion,  espe- 
cially when  the  fire  is  first  kindled,  by  concen- 
trating the  draft  upon  the   substance  to  be 


Rotary  Blower. 
,-/,  F,  cams ;  C,  l)ox. 


597 

ignited. — 3.  In  coal-mining,  an  escape,  under 
pressure  and  with  high  velocity,  of  gas  or  fire- 
damp from  the  coal.  Such  escapes  are  sometimes 
sudden  and  of  short  duration;  but  they  occasionally  con- 
tinue for  weeks  and  sometimes  for  years. 
4.  A  man  employed  in  a  mine  in  blasting. —  5. 
A  muchiiio  for  forcing  air  into  a  furnace,  min(% 
cistern,  liold  of  a  ship,  public  building,  etc.,  to 
assist  in  drying,  evaporating,  and  the  like;  a 
blowing-machine.  See  blowing-engine,  blowing- 
inachine. — 6.   A  marine   animal,  as   a  whale, 

which   spouts  up  water.  —  7. 

One  who    brags;  a    boaster. 

[Slang.] —Blower  and  spread- 
er, a  machine  uniting  tlie  ai'ti'iii  <(f 
beaters  and  l>lowers  in  furming  cot- 
ton into  a  lap.— Hydraulic  blow- 
er. See  A.i«'ifi"(ic.— Oscillating 
blower,  a  Idower  having  ornf  oi- 
more  lilades  hinged  or  pivoted  at 
one  edge,  and  vibrating  tlir''ni;;li  an 
arc  of  a  circle.  — Rotary  blower,  a 
blower  similar  in  coiistiuelion  to  a 
rotary  pump.  It  has  vanes  the  mo- 
tions of  winch  arc  governed  by  cam-faces,  or  which  arc 
shaped  in  various  ways  to  interlock,  inclosing  between 
themselves  and  the  casing  volumes  of  air,  which  they  car- 
ry fiirward, 
blower-  (bl6'6r),  n.  [<  6/021)2,  v.,  +  -erl.]  A 
phiiit  that  blows.  N.  E.  I). 
blowesst  (blo'es),  «.  [A  form  of  blowse,  per- 
haps in  simulation  of  blow^,  with  fem.  suffix.] 
Same  as  blowen. 
blow-fly  (blo'fli),  n.  The  common  name  of 
Musca  {CalUphora)  vomitoria,  Sarcophaga  car- 
naria,  and  other  species  of  dipterous  insects, 
which  deposit  their  eggs  (flyblow)  on  flesh,  and 
thus  taint  it.  Also  called  flesK-fly.  See  cut 
waiXev  flesh-flti. 
blow-gun  (blo'gun),  H.  A  pipe  or  tube  through 
whicli  missiles  are  blown  by  the  breath.  Those 
used  hy  certain  Indians  of  South  America  are  of  wood, 
from  7  to  10  feet  long,  with  a  bore  not  larger  than  the 
little  finger ;  through  them  are  blown  poisoned  arrows 
made  of  split  cane  or  other  light  material,  from  a  foot  to 
15  inches  in  length,  and  wound  at  the  butt  with  some 
fibrous  material  so  as  to  fit  the  bore  of  the  blow-gun.  A 
similar  blow-gun  is  in  use  among  the  Dyaks  of  Borneo. 
Also  called  blow-tube  and  blowpipe. 
blow-hole  (blo'hol),  re.  1.  The  nostril  of  a 
cetacean,  generally  situated  on  the  highest  part 
of  the  head,  in  the  whalebone  whales  the  blow-holes 
form  two  longitudinal  slits,  placed  side  by  side.  In  por- 
poises, grampuses,  etc.,  they  are  reduced  to  a  single  cres- 
cent-shai)ed  opening. 

2.  A  hole  in  the  ice  to  which  whales  and  seals 
come  to  breathe. —  3.  Same  as  air-hole,  2. — 4. 
In  steel-manuf.,  a  defect  in  the  iron  or  steel, 
caused  by  the  escape  of  air  or  gas  while  solidi- 
fication was  taking  place. 

The  following  experiments  were  made  in  order  to  pre- 
pare solid  steel  without  blow-holes  by  the  crucible  process, 
which  would  give  a  good  resistance  and  a  proper  elonga- 
tion. Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  835. 

blowing!  (blo'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blow^,  v.] 
A  defect  in  china  caused  by  the  development 
of  gas,  by  the  reaction  upon  each  other  of  the 
constituents  of  the  glaze,  or  by  a  too  strong 
firing. 

blowing!  (hlo'ing),  ^.  a.  [Ppr.  of  6?o«'!,  ('.]  1. 
Causing  a  cuiTent  of  wind ;  breathing  stronglj'. 
—  2.  In  the  following  phrase.  Liable  to  be 
blown  about.— Blowing  lands,  lands  whose  surface- 
soil  is  so  light  as  to  be  liable,  when  dry,  to  be  blown  away 
l)y  tile  winii. 

blowing"t  (blo'ing),  n.    Same  as  blowen. 

On  a  lark  with  black-eyed  Sal  (his  blowing). 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xi.  19. 

blowing-charge  (blo'ing-eharj),  n.  la  gtmneri/, 
a  small  charge  of  powder  in  a  shell,  sufficient  to 
blow  out  the  fuse-plug  but  not  to  burst  the  shell. 
It  is  used  in  firing  for  practice,  or  for  testing  time-fuses 
when  it  is  desired  to  recover  the  shells  and  use  them 
again.  If  it  is  desired  to  fill  the  cavity  of  the  shell,  coal- 
dust  is  added  to  the  charge  to  increase  its  volume. 

blowing-cylinder  (bl6'ing-sil"in-der),  n.  The 
air-cylinder  of  a  blowing-engine  or  other  form 
of  blast-machine. 

blowing-engine  (bl6'ing-en"jin),  H.  1.  A  mo- 
tor used  for  driving  a  blower  or  blowing-ma- 
chine.—  2.  A  combined  motor  and  blower. 

blowing-fan  (bl6'ing-fan),  H.  A  revohTug 
wheel  with  vanes,  used  to  produce  a  blast. 

blowing-furnace  (blo'ing-fer'nas),  n.  A  fur- 
nace in  whicli  partially  formed  glassware  may 
be  placed  to  be  softened  when  it  becomes  cooled 
and  stift'  in  working ;  sometimes,  the  secondary 
furnace  following  the  melting-furnace. 

blowing-house  (bl6'ing-hous),  ».  A  house  in 
wliich  the  process  of  smelting  tin  ore  is  car- 
ried on. 

blowing-iron,  n.    Same  as  blowpipe,  1. 

blowing-machine  (bl6'ing-ma-shen"),  »•  Any 
apparatus  for  creating  a  blast  of  air,  as  for 


blowpipe 

ventilating,  urging  fires  in  boilers  or  furnaces 
in  glass-making,  cold  storage,  removing  dust, 
etc.     Seo  blower,  5. -piston  blowing-machine,  a 

form  of  lilowing-niachine  in  whieli  thi-  air  is  expelled 
from  :i  I'yliii.ler  hy  a  reciprocating  piston,    /•;.  //.  Kniiiht. 

blpwing-pipe  (I>16'ing-pip),  n.  A  glass-blower's 

pipe ;  a  poiitce. 

blowing-pot  (blo'iiig-pot),  n.  In  the  manufac- 
tiiri^  of  pottery,  an  apparatus  for  distributing 
sli[i  ovor  llio  Wiiri^  before  l)iirniiig. 

blowing-snake  (blo'ing-snak),  ».  A  non-ven- 
oiiiijiis  Hiutke  of  file  family  rw?«/j)7f/rr  and  genus 
Iletrrodon,  notable  for  the  noise  it  makes  by 
the  depression  of  its  anterior  parts  and  the  ex- 
pulsion of  air.  The  best-known  species  is  H. 
^)to<//;T/(!H«.'ioftIieeastern United  States,  which 
IS  also  called  buckwheat-nose  snake,  .ipreading- 
adilir,  etc. 

blowing-tube  (blo'ing-tiib),  n.  In  glass-work- 
ing, a  tube  4  or  .5  feet  long,  with  a  bore  varying 
in  size  according  to  the  character  of  the  work, 
used  in  blowing  glass. 

blow-milk  (blo'milk),  n.  Milk  from  which  the 
cream  is  lijdvvn  oft';  skimmed  milk.     [Eng.] 

blown!  (bloii),  /).  a.  [<  ME.  blowen,  blowen, <Aii. 
blawcn,  pp.  of  bldwan  :  see  blow^.}  1.  Swelled; 
inflated. 

No  blmvii  ambition  doth  our  anus  incite. 

.Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  i. 
I  come  with  no  blown  spirit  to  abuse  you. 

Beau,  ami  Ft.,  Little  Frencli  Lawyer,  iii.  2. 

2.  Spongy  or  porous  from  the  presence  of  bub- 
bles of  air  or  gas:  said  of  metal  castings. — .3. 
Stale  from  exposure,  as  to  air  or  flies ;  hence, 
tainted;  unsavory:  as,  A/oitvi  drink  (obsolete); 
6/()irHmeat;  a  ifoioi  reputation.  Seefli/blown. — 

4.  Out  of  breath;  tired;  exhausted:  as,  "their 
horses  much  blown,"  Scott. 

'Zounds !  I  am  Quite  out  of  breath  — Sir,  I  am  come  to — 
Whew !  I  beg  pardon  —  but,  as  you  perceive,  I  am  devilish- 
ly blown.  Colman  tite  Younger,  Poor  Gentleman,  iii.  3. 

5.  In  farriery,  having  the  stomach  distended 
by  gorging  green  food:  said  of  cattle. — 6. 
Emptied  by  blowing,  as  an  egg. 

blown2  (bion),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  blowen,  <  AS. 
"blowen,  geblowcn,  pp.  of  bldwan:  see  blow^.'i 
Fully  expanded  or  opened,  as  a  flower:  as, 
"tho  blown  rose,"  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  11. 

blow-off  (blo'of),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  used  in 
blowing  off  (which  see,  under  i/o«;!,  v.,  I.). 

Tlie  hlow-og  .apparatus  consists,  in  fresh-water  boilers, 
simply  of  a  large  cock  at  the  bottom  of  the  boiler. 

Rankine,  Steam  Engine,  §  305. 
Blow-ofiF  cock,  a  faucet  in  the  blow-off  pipe  of  a  steam- 
boiler.— Blow-off  pipe,  a  pipe  at  the  foot  of  the  boiler 
of  a  steam-engine,  conmiunicating  with  the  ash-pit  (or 
with  the  sea  in  marine  boilers),  and  furnished  witli  a  cock, 
the  opening  of  which  causes  the  water  and  the  sediment 
or  brine  to  be  forced  out  by  the  steam. 
blow-out  (blo'out),  n.     A  feast ;  an  entertain- 
ment; a  gieat  demonstration;  a  spree.  [CoUoq.] 
The  Russian  [sailors]  .  .  .  hail  celebrated  their  Christ- 
mas eleven  days  before,  when  they  had  a  grand  blow-out. 
B.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  JIast,  p.  289. 

blow-over  (blo'o'ver),  n.  In  glass-making,  the 
surplus  glass,  which,  when  a  vessel  is  blown  in 
a  mold,  is  forced  out  above  the  lip  of  the  mold. 

blowpipe  (blo'pip),  H.  and  a.  I.  n.  1.  An  in- 
strtmient  by  which  a  current  of  air  or  gas  is 
driven  through     „ , 

the  flame  of  a    n    ,,  -^  | 

lamp,  candle,  or     »  '  ^^_^,,i,_|  | 

gas-jet,      to     di-        t  Blowpipes, 

rect     the     flame     "•  common  Wowpipe :  *,  Cahn's  blowpipe, 
,  made  with  cliamtjer  near  ttie  iet. 

upon  a  sub- 
stance, in  order  to  fuse  it,  an  intense  heat  be- 
ing created  by  the  rapid  supply  of  oxygen  and 
the  concentration  of  the  flame  upon  a  small 
area.  In  its  simplest  form,  as  used,  for  example,  by  gas- 
fitters,  it  is  merely  a  conical  tube  of  brass,  glass,  or  other 
substance,  usually  about  7  inches  long,  ^  inch  in  diameter 
at  one  end,  and  tapering  so  as  to  have  a  ver>*  small  aper- 
ture at  the  other,  within  2  inches  or  so  of  which  it  is 
bent  nearly  at  a  right  angle.  The  blowpipe  of  the  n»in- 
eralogist  is  proWded  w  ith  a  small  chamber  near  the  jet, 
in  which  the  moisture  from  the  mouth  collects.  The 
current  of  air  is  often  formed  l)y  a  pair  of  bellows  in- 
stead of  the  human  breath,  the  iustniment  being  fixed 
in  a  proper  frame  for  the  puipose.  The  most  powerful 
blowpipe  is  the  oxyhydrogen  or  compound  blowpipe,  an 
instrument  in  which  oxygen  ami  hydrogen  (in  the  propor- 
tions necess,ary  for  their  combination),  propelled  by  hydro- 
static or  other  pressure,  and  coming  from  separate  reser- 
voirs, are  made  to  form  a  united  cun-ent  in  a  capillary 
orifice  at  the  moment  when  they  are  kindled.  The  heat 
produced  is  such  as  to  consume  the  diamond  and  to  fuse 
or  vaporize  many  substaEiees  refractory  at  lower  tempera- 
tures. The  blowpipe  is  used  by  goldsmitlts  and  je«  elers 
in  soldering,  by  glass-blowers  in  softening  and  shaping 
glass,  and  extensively  by  chemists  and  mineralogists  in  test- 
ing the  nature  and  composition  of  substances.  Also  called 
by  workmen  a  btinnii'i-in'U. 

2.  Same  as  itoH-;/H».—Airohydrogen  blowpipe,  a 
modification  of  the  oxyhydrogen  blowpipe. 


blowpipe  598 

n    1    Relating  in  any  wav  to  a  blowpipe,  or  blubt  (blub),   v.     [Var.  of   blob;  ef.   blitbbei:'} 
toblowpiping:  as,  bloirpipe  analysis.  I.  tiaiis.  To  swell;  puff  out. 

blowpipe  (blo'pip),  I".  J. :   pret.  and  pp.  blow-  My  face  was  blown  ami  blubd  with  liiopsy  wan. 

piljed.  ppr.  blotcpiping .    [<  blowpipe,  «.]   To  use  -«'>■  /"'■  -"«!'«■.  P- 112- 

the  blowpipe;   conduct  chemical  experiments        H.  intrans.   To  swell:  protnule. 
or  perform  mechanical  operations  by  means  of  blubber  (blub'er),  r.    [Also  hlohber:  <  ME.  bliib- 
the  blowpipe.  nii,  bloberen,  weep,  earlier  bubble,  boil,  as  wa- 

blow-pointt  (blo'point),  m.  a  game  supposed  ter  in  agitation.  Cf.  G.  dial,  bliibbcni,  east  up 
tu  have  consisted  in  blowing  small  pins  or  ar-  bubbles,  as  water,  LG.  Itcnit  hliibbcni,  bab- 
ble, chatter.  Appar.  an  imitative  word,  hav- 
ing, like  many  such,  a  frc<i.  form.  The  short 
forms  blub  and  blob  are  modern.  Cf.  blub,  blob, 
blab,  bleb.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  weep,  especially 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  swell  the  cheeks  or  dis- 
figui'e  the  face ;  burst  into  a  fit  of  weeping :  used 
chiefly  in  sarcasm  or  ridicule. 

Even  so  lies  she, 
Blubbering  and  weeping,  weepinfr  and  blubbering. 

Shak.,  K.  and  J.,iiL  3. 

Hector's  inf.aut  bhtbber'd  at  a  plume.     Mrs.  Broicning. 


rows  through  a  tube  at  certain  numbers. 
Shortly  boys  shall  not  play 
At  span.count«r  or  blow-point,  but  shall  pay 
Toll  to  some  courtier.  Donne,  Satires,  iv. 

blowse^,  n.     See  blouse. 
blowse-,  «•     See  blow::e. 

blowser  ^blou'zer),  n.  [E.  dial.]  In  i)ilchard- 
Jisliing,  on  the  south  coast  of  England,  one  of 
the  men  engaged  in  landing  and  carrying  the 
fish  to  the  cm-ing-houses.  Encijc.  Brit.,  IX.  254. 
blowth  (bloth).  H.  [<  6/oir2  +  -th,  after  <irowth, 
<  ^/coir.]  Bloom  or  blossom;  blossoms  in  a  col-  gf.  To  bubble  ;  foam, 
lective  sense ;  the  state  of  blossoming.     [Now  j^^,,  ^^^^^.^  ^-^^^^^  ^.g^,,  5^,  „„y  i^  „  ^^^  j,;,,,^^^ 

onlv  dialectal  in  S.  W.  England  (m  the  form  That  ay  is  drouy  &  dym,  .V  deJ  in  hit  kynde, 

hivoth)  and  in  Xew  England.]  Bio,  hhibramic.  A-  blak.  vnblythe  to  neje. 

The  seeds  and  effects  .  .  .  were  as  yet  but  potential,  and  Alliteratii-e  Poems  (^A.  Morns),  ii.  101,. 

in  the  bloicth  and  bud.        Raleigh,  Hist,  World.  I.  ix.  §  3.         JI.  trans.  To  disfigure  with  weepmg. 

With  us  a  single  blossom  is  a  blow,  while  blowllt  means  blubber  (blub'er),  n.  [Also  blobber  ;  <  ME.  blub- 
the  blossoming  in  peneral.  .4  farmer  would  say  that  there  ^,,,.  a  bubble,  blubcr,  blobcr,  surge,  agitation  of 
was  a  good  WoirtA  on  his  fniit-trees.  _  _         _      water,  bubble :  see  the  verb.]     If.  A  bubble. 


LoireU,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  Int. 

blow-through  (blo'thro).  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
used  in  the  process  of  blowing  through  (which 
see,  under  blow^,  r.,  I.) — Blow-through  cock,  a 
faucet  through  which  the  air  that  may  be  cimtMimil  in  a 
steani-chamber  is  blown  out  when  steam  is  atlmitted.— 
Blow-through  valve,  a  valve  in  the  openiTig  through 
wiuL-h  stoain  enters  a  condensing  steam-engine,  used  in 
bli)\viti_'  tluouiih. 

blow-tube  (bld'tub),  H.  1.  A  hollow  iron  rod, 
from  5  to  G  feet  long,  by  blowing  throiigh  which 
a  glass-blower  expands   the   semi-fluid  metal 


At  his  mouth  a  blubber  stode  of  fome. 

Benryson,  Test,  of  Creseide,  1.  192. 

2.  The  fat  of  whales  and  other  cetaceans,  fi'om 
which  train-oil  is  obtained,  riie  bhibbcr  lies  under 
the  slcin  and  over  the  muscles.  Tlie  whole  quiuitity  yield- 
ed by  a  large  wliale  ordinarily  amounts  to  40  or  60  hun- 
dredweight, but  sometimes  to  SO  or  more. 

3.  A  gelatinous  substance ;  hence,  an  acaleph 
or  sea-nettle;  a  medusii. — 4.  [<  blubber,  c] 
The  act  or  state  of  blubbering:  as,  to  be  in  a 
bliihhcr. —  5.   One  who  blubs.     Carlijle. 


gathered  on  its  further  end  while  shaping  it  on  blubbered  (blub'erd),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  blubber,  !•.] 
the  raarver. —  2.  Same  as  blow-gun.  Swollen;  big;  turgid:  as,  a  blubbered  lip;  "her 

blow-up  (blo'up),  H.    [From  the  phrase  to  blow     blubbered  cheeks,"  Dryden,  Ceyx  and  Alcyone, 
u/< ;  see  KoH-l,  c,  n.]    1.  A  scolding;  a  quarrel.     1.392. 

[CoUoq.]  blubberer  (blub'er-cr),  n.     One  who  blubbers. 

Tlie  Captain  .  .  .  Ba>e  liim  a  grand  blow-uv,  in  true  blubber-lip  (blub'er-lip),  n.     [<  blubber  +  lip.] 
nautical  style.     It.  n.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  >rast,  p.  22.     ^^  swollen  lip;   a  thick  lip,  such  as  that  of  a 
2.  One  of  the  rooms  in  a  sugar-refinery,  usu-    negro.     Also  written  blobber-lip. 
ally  on  the  top  floor,  where  the  raw  sugar  is  gj^  iiM„.i;ps  and  lieetle-brows  conunend. 

first  melted. —  Blow-up  pan,  in  gugar-rejining,  the  /^ri/(/f/,,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  iii. 

pan  ill  wliich  the  raw  suL'ar,  after  being  sifted,  is  placed  •i,i„vv._  1i„r>n.q  ( W,i)>',-.,- i;i,t>  //  TAfP  hlnher 
with  water  to  be  dissolved.  At  the  bottoTu  of  the  pan  is  blubber-lipped  (b  u h  cr-lipt),  a.  L*lf-  blaoet- 
a  perforated  steam-pipe  through  which  steam  blows  uj)  lijipid :  <  lihililiir  +  lip  -t-  -"(-.J  Havnng  DluD- 
through  the  solution;  hence  the  name  of  tlie  pan  and  of  ber-lips.  Also  written  biohber-lippcd:  as,  "a 
the  ro.,1,1  ill  wliieh  the  operation  is  carried  on._  l,l„bher-ll plied  shell,"  A",  drew. 

blow-valve  (bio  valy),  «.     The  sniftmg-valve  i,iui,i,er-spade   (blub'er-spad),   «.     [<  blubber 
of  a  c.in.lensing-eiiKine.  (whale's   blubber)   -f   ,•<;«((/<■.]     A  keen-edged 

blow-weU  Odo  wel),  H  In  some  parts  of  Eng-  gpaaousedtoremovcthelayerof  blubber  which 
land,  a  popular  name  for  an  artesian  well.  (.nvelojis  a  whale's  body. 


At  Mcrton  m  Surrey,  at  Brighton,  at  .Southampton,  alWji^v  (blub'ir-i),    ,).       [<    blubber  + 

along  the  east  coast  of  Lincolnshire,  and  m  the  low  dis-  ,.,,''^;..\  ,,,„,,,,„„.  f,,,  „i  „  /.otni.i.nn 
trictVtwecn  the  challc  wolds  near  I/iuth  and  the  Wash,  ,  luseinliUng  blubber,  fat,  as  a  cetaiean. 
Artesian  iM.rings  have  long  been  known,  and  go  by  the  blucher   (bio  cher),  H.     A  Stroll 


-tfl.] 


name  of  bluw-ieelU  among  the  people  of  the  district. 

Encijc.  lirit.,  II.  640. 


[<   6/o«)l  +   -!/i.]    Windy; 


blowy  (blo'i),  a. 
liluwing;  breezy. 

blowze  (blouz),  H.  [Also  spelled  blowse,  blouse 
blou~e,  E.  i\ia\.  httiwse;  ct.  blowess.  Origin  un- 
certain.]  If.  A  beggar's  trull ;  a  beggar  wench;  ^jj^^^gg^^     (bluj'cni),    II.     [Not    found    befon 


leather  half- 
boot  or  iiigh  shoe,  named  after  l-'icUl-marshal 
von  Bliieher,  commander  of  the  I'nissian  army 
in  the  later  campaigns  against  Napoleon. 

lie  was,  altogether,  as  roystering  and  swaggering  a 
young  gentleman  as  ever  stuod  four  feet  six,  or  somelbiug 
les.s,  in  liis  bluchers.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist. 


a  wench. 

Wed  without  my  advice,  my  love,  my  knowledge, 
Ay,  anil  a  beggar,  too,  a  trull,  a  bhnrse  ! 

Chnjiinnn,  All  FofjlB,  Iv.  1. 

Venus  herself,  the  <|ilecli  of  Cytliero is  but  a 

hlinne.  Shirley,  Love  Tricks,  tii.  r.. 

2.  A  ruddy,  fat-faced  wench ;   a  blowzy  wo- 
man: appUod  in  Shakspero  to  an  infant. 

Sweet  hUtirse,  yon  are  a  iieiillteollH  blossoni  sure, 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  Iv,  2, 

blowzed(blouzd),n.  [<bUiw:(-  +  -<d-.'\  Blowzy; 
iiiiole  rii<ld.vandoottrse-cotn]de.\ioned,  as  Ijy  ex- 
po-iir(!  to  tho  weather;  fiil  anil  liigh-colorod. 

I  'I'pirt  like  to  Bee  my  dallghttTH  trtl'lullig  up  to  their 
Ix.w  all  blowieil  and  red  with  walking. 

iloblifiitilh,  Vlcnr,  X. 
Iltig'-  women  Uomed  with  health  nml  wind  ntnl  rain. 

Trnni/ft'iii,  rrinccHH,  Iv. 

blowzltl^  ndou'zing),  n.  [<  fc/»i/;',  -)-  -ing^.'] 
I  iiiiitiiig:  fluffy:  tin,   "that  blowing 

.1.  Iliiillif. 

blov.  '.,;.  [<  Woir.-ff+-i/I.l  l.Kuddy- 

fa<  •  I  iiiddy  ;  liigh-coloroil. 

A  '.-,/  by  c<ild  niid  ilnmp. 

tteiirttr  l-llini,  Slbi^  Manter,  xl. 

2.  hishnvelnd;  unlc<'ni|>t :  n»,hlow:ii\\\\\r. 
B.    L.    r  ;il)brevialioii    of   hrrtrh-liiatling 

rifli  ..iiliiifi  rilled:  iiwd  in  tlie  tcidi- 

Illl'lll  •,<  t'llllH, 

In  >  /     /.      .;..«  of  rani  lr»tn,  ulrMigthelied 

by  rii'.  .  ijr|  ,    .   il,  ranging  frtmi  "o  I"  .xw> 
pouildei..  Jinriir.  ttrU.,  II.  Wl>. 


ITIill  (I'.ailey);  origin  unknown,  A  plausible 
conjecture  conncH'ts  it  with  1).  bludsoi.  hhilnfii, 
bruise,  beat  (]ia™llcl  with  liulsrn  wilh  same 
meaning:  see  botch-).  The  10.  wonl,  if  fimn 
this  som-ce,  may  havo  bicii  introduced  as  a 
cant  term  in  tiie  Klizabclhan  period,  along 
with  many  other  cant  terms  from  the  1).  wliich 
never,  or  not  until  much  later,  emerged  in 
literary  use.]  A  heavy  stick,  parliculnrly  one 
with  one  end  ImuhMt  or  tliiekiT  nrid  heavii^r 
than  tho  other,  used  as  an  olTensivc  weapon. 

Arms  were  costly,  and  the  gri'iiter  part  of  the  fyrd 
came  e>|iilli|ied  with  blwliiiims  and  lieilge-iitaki'S,  which 
could  do  little  to  meet  the  spear  and  battle-axe  of  the 
Invader.  ./.  II-  Oreen,  Comi.  of  Klig-.  p-  127. 

blue  (blii),  fi.  and  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  reg.  blew, 
blrwe,  rareU-  blue;  <  MIC.  blew,  blewe,  occasion- 
allv  bluiie,  lilne,  blue,  blu,  bleu,  possibly  <  AS. 
•/jfeio  (in  deriv.  hUvven,  bluish)  for  'bliiw 
(whence  tlie  reg.  MK.  bio,  liloo,  mod.  E.dlal. 
blow,  noHh.  MK.  bin,  bloa,  mix},  north.  ]•'..  and 
.Sc.  blue.  Idea,  alter  the  Scaiid. :  see  '''"')  (cf. 
K.  niew,<  AS.  wow,  n  gnll);  bill  i.iiiri'  priili. 
from,  ami  in  any  case  merged  with,  <>1''.  bleu, 
blef,  iiiiifl.  V.  hlru  =  I'r.  bhiu,  fem.  blara  =  OSti. 
hlavn,  Sp.  I'g.  htoo  =  II.  bill ro  (t}hn.  or  dial.) 
(ef.  mod.  It.  /)/«,<  I'',  or  I"..).<  MI,,  bldeu.i,  bloriu.t, 
<  OlKl.  bido  (blow-),  Mrrtl.  Ida  (bldw-),  G,  bhiu 
—  .\ll).  bliieuw,  l>.  binouw  =  (>l''lii'H.  blow  = 
,\II,G.  bid,  bldw,  blauwc,  l.G.  '''<iii,  blaaii.  blue.  = 


blue 

AS.  *b1dw  (above)  =  leel.  bldr  =  Sw.  bid  =  Dan. 
bhia.  lilue,  livid  (see  hiae);  perhaps  =  L.JIdvus, 
yellow  (.color-names  being  variable  in  applica- 
tion). Some  of  the  uses  of  blue  originally  be- 
longed to  the  parallel  form  blac  in  the  sense  of 
'livid,'  as  in  black  and  blue.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  the 
color  of  the  clear  sky ;  of  the  color  of  the 
spectrum  between  wave-lengths  .oOo  and  .415 
micron,  and  more  especially  .487  to  .4(50,  or  of 
such  light  mixed  ■nith  white ;  azure ;  cerulean. 
— 2.  Livid;  lead-colored:  said  of  the  skin  or 
complexion  as  affected  by  cold,  contusion,  or 
fear  (see  blae) :  hence  the  phrase  black  and  blue. 
See  black. — 3.  Figuratively,  afflicted  with  low 
spirits;  despondent;  depressed;  hypochondria- 
c£il ;  having  the  blues. 

E'en  I  or  you. 
If  we'd  nothing  to  do, 
Should  find  ourselves  looking  remarkably  blue. 

Baiham,  Ingidilsliy  Legends,  II.  10. 

Sir  Lucius  looked  blue,  but  he  had  hedged. 

Disraeli,  Young  Duke,  ii,  5. 

4.  Dismal;  unpromising:  applied  to  things:  as, 
a fc'iK' lookout.  [Colloq.]  —  5.  Inflexible;  rigid; 
strict  in  morals  or  religion:  puritanic:  as,  a  blue 
Presbyterian :  often  in  the  form  true  6/h<;  (which 
see,  below). —  6.  [With  ref.  to  blue-.^tocking,  q. 
v.]     Learned;  pedantic:  applied  to  women. 

Some  of  the  ladies  were  very  Wiic  and  well  informed. 

Thackeray. 

7.  Indecent;  obscene:  as,  6?ue stories.  [Colloq.] 

—  Black  and  blue.  See  Wnc*.— Blue  antelope,  same 
as  (.;,ii(»/"i;,-.  — Blue  asbestos.  See  r-rei-;i(u/if,'.-Blue 
ashes,  a  liydiated  basic  cojiper  carboiiiite,  prepared  arti- 
Hciallv.  It  is  found  native  ("  liiouiltaili  blue  ")  in  I'lim- 
berlai'id,  Eniiland.— Blue   beech.     Same  as  valer  beech. 

—  Blue  bindweed,  blood,  bream,  carmine,  clay,  etc. 
See  the  nouns.— Blue  copperas.  Suine  as  hhiestoiie.— 
Blue  flesh-fly.  Same  as  hliieh,:llle.  i-  Blue  funk,  ex- 
treme nervousness  or  nervous  agitation;  nervous  appre- 
hension or  dread.— Blue  glass,  glass  colored  with  cobalt 
niauyaiu'se.— Blue  grotind.     Same  as  Win-  roek  ('<  or  cX 

—  Blue  lake,  a  pigment  similar  to  Antwerp  blue.— Blue 
magnetism,  tliat  which  characterizes  the  south  jiole  of 
a  magnet.  — Blue  malachite.  See  malachite. — Bluemet- 
al,  copper  at  a  certain  stage  in  the  process  of  retlning. 

Blue  milk.  Monday,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— Blue 
OCher.  See  m-lur.  Blue  pole,  the  south  pole  of  a  mag- 
mt.  — Blue  pulp,  a  name  i>f  various  mixtures  known  to 
calico-printers  and  -dyers,  made  up  of  yellow  prilssiate  o( 
potash  ami  iirotochloVid  or  bicblorid  of  tin  and  water.— 
Blue  ribbon.  Sec  riMnin.-  Blue  rock,  (n)  The  name 
in  parts  of  Ireland  of  an  arenaceous  shale,  {b)  In  .\ustra- 
lia.  tlie  vokaiiic  ihasaltie)  material  in  places  overlying  the 
Tertiary  auriferous  gravels.  («')  'I'lic  bluish-colored  matrix 
in  which  the  Soutli  African  liiaiiioials  arc  often  found  em- 
iH-dded.  It  is  a  kind  of  brc.eia.-  Blue  sand,  a  colialt 
smalt  used  liy  potters  for  jiaintiiiL;  I'liic  figures  lai  pottery. 

—  Blue  shark.  See  shark.  Blue  verdlter.  same  as 
Bn-meii  blue  (see  below).— Blue  vitriol.  Si'c  iiitriul.— 
To  burn  blue,  to  luirn  with  a  liluisli  ilaiuc  like  that  of 
brimsfoiie.— True  blue  Ithat  is,  genniue,  la.stiug  blue: 
iihic  tiring  taken  as  a  type  of  constancy,  and  used  in  this 
and  otlier  piirases  often  with  an  added  allusion  to  some 
other  sense  of  W»cl,  constant ;  unwavering;  stanch;  ster- 
ling: uullinching;  npriglil  and  downright:  spccilkally 
applied  to  the  Scotch  I'lesbyfciians  or  Whig  party  in  the 
scvent<elitll  century,  from  the  eoliu-  (l>lue)  adojlted  by  the 
t'ovenauters  in  contradistinction  to  the  royal  reii. 

II.  n.  1.  The  color  of  the  clear  sky  or  of 
natural  ultramarine,  or  a  shade  or  a  tint  re- 
semliling  it;  azure.  See  I.,  1.— 2.  A  dye  or  pig- 
ment of  this  liue.  The  substances  used  as  blue  pig- 
ments are  of  very  different  natures,  and  derived  from  va- 
rious sources ;  they  are  all  compound  bodies,  some  being 
natural  and  others  artificial.  See  piirases  below. 
3.  Bluing. — 4.  Tho  sky;  the  atmosphere.  [Po- 
etic] 

I  came  and  sat 
Below  the  chestnut*,  wlien  their  buds 
Were  glistening  in  the  brec/.y  blue. 

Teiiiiysiiii,  Miller's  Daughter, 

5.  The  sea;  tho  tleep  sea.  [Poetic]  —  6.  A 
m(<mbcr  of  a  party,  or  of  any  company  of  iier- 
sofis,  which  has  luloptcd  blue  as  its  distinctive 
color. — 7.  The  heavy  winter  coat  of  the  deer. 
See  phrase  iH  tlie  blue,  below. —  8.  A  bnltcrfly 
of  the  I'ainilv  l.iieieiiiilir,  found  in  (irent  Britain 
and  nthiT  purls  of  hliiropc— 9.  [Short  hn- blue- 
stocking.]    A  ]ii'clantic  woniiin. 

N(!xt  to  a  lady  1  must  bid  adieu  — 

Whom  some  in  mirth  or  malice  call  a  blue. 

Crabbe. 

Alexandria  blue,  a  pigment  used  by  the  ancient  Kgyp- 
liiiiis,  conijHiseil  of  the  Hilleatcs  of  copper  and  lime.  Alto 
inlle.l  t:,„iiiiiai\lilue.  AUzarln  blue,  I'nUiiN'ii.  n  coal- 
tar  color  used  (cu'  ilyelng.  luepiireil  by  licating  nlf  ro  iill7,a- 
rill  Willi  glycerin  and  Biil|iliiirlc  aclil,  iiud  aflerward  wash. 
Iiig  wHIi  water.  It  oi-<-iirs  In  cominercc  as  a  iliirk  violet 
past e  colilalning  aboni  in  per  cenl.  of  dry  Hlilwlalice,  and  U 

used  111  wool  dyeing  iiiid  ciilieo  print iiig  In  pliii f  lialtgo. 

1111.1. r  .eifiilii'i litlolis.      Al»o  calb.l  niithracruc  lilue. 

Alkali  blue.  In  ihieintl,  a  cal  far  iol..r  used  tor  bright- 
bill.'  shii.l.'s  i>n  silk  an. I  wool,  but  iiiiMill.il  for  cotton, 
bi-c  aiise  1(  will  not  .•.iniblii.-  wllli  acid  mor.lanfs.  It  inn- 
hIhIs  essenlhlllv  '•!  the  Koillum  salt  of  liioli.».lll|.ll.illic  add 
of  rosalillln.'  blue.  an. I  In  ii|>|.ll.<.l  In  a  sllKbtly  alkiillno 
bjilli  (hi-n.  !■  lb.-  iiaiiie).  Aim.  .ull.-il  .fast  blue  ali.l  (^ro'nl. 
sen  blue.  Aniline  blue,  a  generb'  niinic  f.ir  spirit-blue, 
soluble  blni'.  ali.l  alkali  bill.'.    See  these  terms.      AStbra- 


blue 

cene  blue.     Same  as  alizarin  hhw.  -  Antwerp  blue,  a 

Tnissjjtti  blue  made  somewhat  li;;:liti  r  in  rolnr  l»y  tlic  ail- 
ilitinii  i.f  iiluinina.  It  is  more  Ki-eeiiisli  than  I'nissiaii  liliie. 
Also  lalled  llaarlnii  hliir,  tnim-nil  Wi/c  — Armenian 
blue,  a  pi^iinent  useil  by  the  aneieiiLs.  ju-obably  a  native 
ultrainaiiMe.— Azure  blue,  a  name  niven  to  various  pin- 
im-nts,  sueli  as  eobalt  blue,  ultramarine,  ami  earbouate  of 
eopper.  -Basic  blue,  a  more  eareluliy  prepare, 1  s]iirit- 
blue  ol  the  llr^t  kiuil.  Hi.'eiijiiril-I,l,i,:  AI»o  ealled  ../..i/- 
W'"  Berlin  blue.  Same  as -/^/-(/.vs^n/  /,///e,  but  usu:illv  a 
little  li-liter  in  eob.r.  Also  called  ,^v,r/  A/».  .  —  Blackley 
blue.  S;inie as siiiiihlc blue  (n).— Bremen  blue,  a  byillat- 
ed  eop|)er  o.Kid  formeil  by  iireei])italiie.;  nilr;ite  of  eoppcr 
with  lime.  It  is  mostly  used  for  fresi,,  jedntin^.  and  re- 
tains its  blue  color  under  artilieial  li^ht.  Also  called  blue 
vcn/'tn-.  -Cerulean  blue,  a  piiimeut  composed  of  the 
oxids  of  tin  anil  eobalt.  It  retains  its  blue  color  by  artili- 
eial liijlil.  —  Cbenilc  blue,  a  term  usirl  by  dyers  for  a  very 
aeid  solution  of  iiuli^'o  in  suli)liurie  acid  wliieh  resend)les 
,Sa\ony  blue. —  China  blue,  a  eoaldar  color  similar  to 
soluble  blue,  used  in  dyeint  — CMnese  blue,  a  pigmeid, 
sbnilar  to  Prussian  t)lue,  but  \vlieu  dry  and  in  a  lump  form 
lia\  Mi^^  a  peculiar  redtlish  bronze  east.  Its  tints  are  purer 
than  those  of  Prussian  blue.  — Cobalt  blue,  a  pure  blue 
tendire_"  t.iward  e>anddne  and  of  ln;;li  luminosity.  Also 
eidled    lli'ii'inrji  hliir,   Lritftn''r's  hi ih\   and   Paris  blue. — 

Coupler's  blue,  a  eo;d-tar  color  used  in  dyeing.  It  is  a 
spii  it  iiidulini-,  and  is  the  hydrochlorid  of  soiue  color-base, 
surli  as  t]  iplienyl  violardline.  It  yields  a,  dark-blue  color 
not  mdike  indiuo,  and  eaii  be  dyed  on  wool,  silk,  aiul  cot- 
ton.   Also  ealleil  HMliphnnil,  EUu-rfrhl  blur.  Itimlud.r  Mm: 

—  Cyanlne  blue,  ^iame  as  Leiirh'x  (Viie.  -DistUled blue, 
a  purilie.lsnlut ion  (d  sulphate  of  iinlijjo,  —  DutQOnt'sblue, 
a  (arefull>'  iirejiared  smalt  used   by  deinrators  of  eldnn. 

—  Egyptian  blue.  .S.ameas  Jiexn, /,/;.,(/,/»,.— Elberfeld 
blue,  ^anie  as  Ctntpicr's  bbie. — Electric  blue,  a  trade 
name  for  a  lijiht,  j,'reeiiisli  blue. — Escbel  blue,  ."^ame  as 
smalt.  —  Fast  blue.  Same  as  allmli  IjIih:  —  Fluorescent 
resorcinal  blue,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  prc- 
Iiared  by  dissnhnej;  azo-resorxifin  in  potash,  adding  bro- 
mnie,  ;ind  preeipitatiug  with  hydrochloric  acid  the  hex- 
aiiroiii-diazu-resmutinate,  and  converting  this  into  the  so- 
diinn  salt.  It  dyes  wool  and  silk  a  fast  blue  with  a  red 
Huoreseence,  especially  in  artificial  light.  Also  called  re- 
noixin  blue. — French  blue.  -Same  as  arlifjcial  vllraiim- 
rine  (which  see,  under  ultra mariif).  - Gentiana  blue. 
.Same  ussjnrit-Mui'.  —  GoiA  blue,  a  color  similar  to  puiple 
of  1'a.ssius.  See;i»)V*'.  — Guernsey  blue,  .same  usalkaU 
I'll'. ,  -Guiuiet  blue.  Same  as  artlfivial  nltraiaarijje 
(whieli  se,-.  under  i'((i«i/if(rinf).— Haarlem  blue.  Same 
as  .1;/'/;,  r/'  Whc— Humboldt  blue.    Same  .as  .ylrlt-bltK. 

—  Hungary;  blue.  Same  as  cobalt  W»e.— Imperial  blue. 
Same  as  .«//iiiY-Wi(c.— Indian  blue,  same  as  imlirjo.— 
Intense  blue,  a  pigment  made  by  refining  indigo. — In 
the  blue,  weariiig  the  blue  coat,  as  a  deer. 

l-'rontiersmeii  aiuI  hunters  .  .  .  say  the  deer  is  in  the 
red  or  the  blue,  as  he  may  be  in  the  summer  or  the  winter 
coat. 

J.  />.  Catoiif  Antelope  and  Deer  of  America,  p.  149. 

LeitCh'S  blue,  a  compound  of  cobalt  blue  aiul  Prussian 
blue.  Also  called  cmnine  W»e.— Leithner'3  blue.  Same 
as  ''"halt  hli"\  -i,yon3  blue,  one  of  the  comiuercial 
iMiTiies  of  spirit  blue.  -Mineral  blue.  Same  as  Aniuvrp 
Wie.  —  Monthier's  blue,  a  special  kind  of  Prussian  blue, 
in  the  making  of  whieli  ammonia  is  used.  — Mountain 
blue.  See  aziirife.— Napoleon  blue,  a  blue  color  dyed 
on  silk  by  means  of  basic  ferric  suljibate  and  yellow  prus- 
siati  of  potash,  formin^^  a  Prussian  blue.  Also  called  l{<iif- 
j;ie/i.r,v  /</«?.- Native  Prussian  blue.  SameasWiM;  ocher 
(which  see,  under  ef/iei).- Navy  blue.  Same  as  soluble 
Ml"'  {b). — Nemours  blue,  a  coUu-  produced  in  dyeing,  by 
first  dyeing  with  saiulal-wood  ami  afterward  with  indigo, 
giving  a  purple  hue  by  reflecteii  light.  — Neutral  blue, 
a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  the  hydrochlorid  of  tlie 
color-base  safrtiuine.  It  is  useful  only  in  dyeing  cotton. — 
New  blue.  Same  as  artificial  nltramariile,  or,  in  coal-tar 
colors,  same,  as  nentral  (>i««.— Night  blue,  (a)  Same  as 
Victoria  blue,  but  of  a  purer  shade.  {Ij)  Soluble  blue, 
(c)  Any  blue  that  is  free  from  violet,  and  retains  a  true 
blue  color  in  artificial  light.— Paris  blue,  (a)  Same  as 
cobalt  blue.    (/>)  .\  somewhat  light  shade  of  Prussian  blue. 

—  Parma  blue,  a  spirit-blue  of  the  first  kind,  with  a  de- 
cided violet  tone.- Paste  blue.  (")  Sulphate  of  indigo. 
{!>)  Prussian  blue  in  a  pasty  state.—  Peacock  blue,  a  deej), 
greenish  blue.  See  ;icacoci-W"e.— Permanent  blue. 
Same  as  artilieial  ultrauuiriae  (which  see,  under  xiltra- 
mil '■'"'■). —  Prussian  blue,  a  pigment  made  by  precipi- 
tating ferric  snliduite  with  yellow  prussiate  of  potash, 
forming  a  ferroeyainde  of  iron.  It  is  a  cyan-blue  like  that 
of  the  spectrum  of  wave-length  .420  micron;  itschroma  is 
.strong,  but  its  liMuinosity  is  low.  Sometimes  called  roiial 
^/fo.-  Raymond's  blue.  Same  as  Napoleon  blue. — Re- 
bouUeau's  blue.  Sarne  as  Schiveinfurth  ;<(Me.—  Resorcin 
blue.  Same  as  ilwreseent  resorcinal  blue. —  Roubaix 
blue.  Same  as  Ciiuj>ie>-'.s  blue.  — 'Roya.l  blue.  Same  as 
smalt.    In  dyeiiiL:,  I'riissian  blue  is  sometimes  so  named. 

—  Sanders  or  saunders  blue,  a  corrupt  name  for  the 
Preneh  ,v,i.;r,  .<  Wr-»,  ,s(ultramarine  ashes).— Saxony  blue, 
the  sulpbiiidigiitie  a-id  of  commerce,  prepared  by  diss<dv- 
iuu  indlL'o  in  coTueidrated  sulphuric  acid,  ami  used  for 
dyeing  on  wool  and  silk.  It  is  Ijiighter  in  color  than  that 
obtained  from  the  indigo-vat,  but  is  not  so  fast  cither  to 
light  or  to  the  action  of  soap.—  Schweinfurth  blue,  a 
pigment  made  by  fusing  together  copper  arseniate,  potas- 
sium ai'seniate,  and  niter.  The  ]irodnct  soon  turns  blue 
when  mixed  with  oil.  Also  called  ReboulleaiCs  blue. — 
Soluble  blue,  (ft)  A  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  ob- 
taiueil  by  beating  a  spirit-blue  with  sulphuric  acid,  and 
the  pro,iuei  with  oxalic  acid.  Such  blues  are  soluble  in 
water,  in  distinction  from  the  spirit-blues,  which  are  solu- 
ble only  in  alcohol.  Also  called  Klackley  blue,  (b)  A 
I'russiau  blue  to  which  has  been  aiided  an  excess  of  prus- 
siate of  potash.  Also  called  ball-blue,  navy  blue.— The 
blues,  (rt)  [Contraction  for  blae-decils.]  Low  spirits; 
melancholy  ;  despondency  ;  hypochondria.  See  blue-dev- 
ils, (b)  [caqj.]  The  name  popularly  given  to  the  English 
regiment  properly  called  the  Royal  Horse  Guards,  or  i)x- 
ford  Elites,  first  mustered  in  1661,  and  so  called  from  their 
blue  uniforms.— To  be  a  blue,  to  have  won  one's  blue 
(which  see,  below).  [Eng.l— To  win  one's  blue,  to  be 
chosen  t^>  represent  a  university  (tt.\fin-d  or  Camluidge)  or 
school  (HaiTOW  or  Eton)  in  athletic  contests :  from  the 


599 

distinctive  colors  (dark  blue  for  ftxford  and  Marrow,  and 
light  blue  for  Candu-idgc  and  Eton)  adopted  by  stmlents 
at  those  institutions.    | Kng.]  —  Ultramarine  blue,  .sec 

ultcu'i"fr""\  Vat-blue.  Same  as  imlii/oblue.— "Vic- 
toria, blue,  a,  cal-tai-  color  used  in  dyeing.  It  is  a  ilark- 
blue  itowder  soluble  in  water,  and  can  be  dyed  on  word, 
silk,  or  cotton.— Violet-blue,  a  blue  tending  tiiward 
violet,  the  color  of  the  speelrnm  between  wave-lengths 
.460  to  .415  micron,  or  of  such  light  ridxed  with  white  — 
Wine-blue,  a-nocyan,  used  as  a  coloring  matter  for  red 

"lues. 

blue  (blii),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hhted,  ppr.  bluing. 
[<   htuc,  o.]     I.  trans.   To  make  blue ;   dyo  a 
l)lue  color;  color  with  bluing;  make  blue  by 
heatinfc,  as  inotals,  etc. 
Il.t  inirans.  To  blush. 

blueback  (blo'bak),  n.  1.  A  local  English 
name  (current  in  Yorkshire)  of  the  coal-fish,  in 
allusion  to  the  bluisli  color  of  the  back. —  2. 
The  blue-backed  salmon  or  nerka,  Oncorhynchus 
Me»'7«(,  known  in  Idaho  an  i\\ti  reil-fish. —  3.  In 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  the  glut-herring ;  a 
heiTing-like  fish,  Cliipca  n'stUmlis,  without  vo- 
merine or  palatine  teeth,  with  the  lower  ,iaw 
projecting  but  little,  and  the  peritoneum  black- 
ish. It  is  much  like  the  alewlfe,  but  of  less 
value. —  4.  A  local  name  in  Maine  of  the  blue- 
backed  trout,  Saloelmus  oguassa. 

bluebell  (blo'bel),  «.  The  popular  name  of 
several  different  plants:  (a)  In  Scotland,  of 
CampanuUi  rotundifolia,  a  plant  bearing  a  loose 
panicle  of  blue  beil-shaped  tl(>%vcrs.  See  hare- 
heJl.  {!))  In  England,  of  >Scillit  vutans,  the  wild 
hyacinth,  from  the  shape  of  its  drooping  flow- 
ers, (c)  Of  the  grape-hyacinth,  Muscari  hotrij- 
oides.  (rf)  Occasionally,  of  other  plants  vpith 
blue  bell-shaped  flowers. 

blueberry  (blo'ber"i),  n. ;  pi.  blueberries  (-iz). 
[<  blue  +  herrij'^.  Ci.  blaeberry.']  In  America: 
(«)  The  fruit  of  several  species  of  Vaccinium, 
ordinarily  distinguished  from  the  various  lands 
of  hucWebeiTy  by  its  blue  color  and  smaller 
seeds.  The  swamp  or  tall  blueberry  is  the  Vac- 
cinium cori/mbosuiu ;  thelowbluebeiTy,  F.  vacil- 
lans ;  and  the  dwarf  bluebeiTy,  V.  Pennsyl- 
vanicum.  See  bilberry.  (6)  Another  name  of 
the  cohosh,  Caulophyllum  thalictroidcs. 

bluebill  (blo'bil),  ».  A  scaup  duck;  the  black- 
head (which  see). 

blue-billy  (blo'bil"i),  n.  [<  blue  +  billy,  per- 
haps the  proper  name  Billy  used  familiarly,  as 
in  other  instances :  see  billy'^,  billyh.]  In  metal., 
the  residuum  from  pyrites,  roasted  for  the  mau- 
ufaetiu'e  of  sulphtu'ic  acid,  or  for  the  extrac- 
tion in  the  moist  way  of  the  copper  which  it 
contains.  This  residuum,  consisting  mainly  of  peroxid 
of  iron,  is  largely  used  as  fettling  in  the  puddling-fm- 
naces  in  parts  of  England. 

bluebird  (blO'berd),  n.  [In  17th  century,  blew- 
bird.']  1.  An  American  oscine  passerine  bird, 
of  the  genus  Sialia,  of  which  blue  is  the  chief 
color.  There  are  several  species.  The  common  or  Wil- 
son's bluebird,  5iaiift  sialis,  inhabits  eastern  North  -Amer- 
ica. It  is  about  6^  inches  long,  blue  above  and  dull-red- 
dish and  white  below.  In  most  parts  of  the  United  States 
it  is  a  harbinger  of  spring,  coming  with  a  melodious  song. 
It  nests  in  holes,  and  lays  plain  pale-bluish  eggs.  The 
western  or  Jlexican  bluebird,  S.  mezicana,  is  very  similar, 
but  has  a  reddish  patch  on  the  back,  and  the  throat  blue. 
The  arctic  or  Rocky  Mountain  bluebird,  S.  arctica,  is  a 
larger  species,  of  a  paler  blue  than  the  others,  fading  into 
white  below,  without  any  red. 

2.  Some  other  bird  of  a  blue  color:  as,  the 
fairy  bliiehird  of  Java,  Irerie  turcosa. 

blue-black  (blo'blak),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Of  a 
bluish-black  color. 

II.  n.  1.  A  name  of  ivory-black,  from  its 
bluish  hue  ;  a  color  resembling  ivory-black. — 
2.  A  well-burnt  and  levigated  charcoal  pre- 
pared fi'om  vine-twigs.     Also  called  rine-black. 

bluebla'Wt  (blo'bla),  «.  [Also  written  blue- 
blow,  early  mod.  E.  blewblaw,  <  blew,  blue,  + 
*blaw,  appar.  a  varied  form  of  blue  or  blae  (ME. 
bla,  etc.),  later  modified  to  blow.]  An  old  name 
of  the  bluebottle,  Centaurca  Cyanus. 

blue-blazer  (blo'bla"zer),  n.  A  sweetened  and 
flavored  drink  made  of  Scotch  ■whisky  and 
water  mixed,  after  being  set  on  fire,  by  pour- 
ing back  and  forth  between  two  mugs. 

blue-blind  (blo'blind),  a.  Unable  to  distin- 
guish the  color  blue  from  other  colors. 

From  the  rarity  and,  in  many  cases,  the  entire  absence 
of  reference  to  blue  in  ancient  literature,  Geiger  .  .  . 
has  maintained  that,  even  as  recently  as  the  time  of  Ho- 
mer, our  ancestors  were  Wttc-Miiirf. 

Sir  J.  Lubbock,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXI.  200. 

blueblo'Wt,  n.     See  blueblaw. 

bluebonnet  (blo'bou"et),  n.  1.  A  name  for 
the  blue  titmouse,  Parus  ccerulezis.  Also  called 
bluecap.  Macgillirrai/.—  Z.  In  bot.,  same  as 
bluebottle,  1.— 3.  A  name  given  to  the  soldiery 
of  Scotland  when  it  was  a  separate  kingdom. 


bluefisb 

from  the  color  of  their  bonnets ;  also,  any  Scotch- 
man: generally  as  two  words.     A\ho  bluecap. 

England  shall  many  a  day 
Tell  of  the  blrtody  fray 
When  the  tilue  lionneis  came  over  the  Border. 

Scott,  Kallad,  Monastery,  xxv. 

bluebottle  (blo'bot*!),  «.  [In  def.  1  with  ref. 
to  the  blue  funnel-shaped  florets  arranged  in  a 
bottle-shaped  involucre  or  whorl.]  1.  In  bot., 
Centaurea  Cyanua,  a  composite  plant,  a  weed  in 
Europe,  cultivated  for  ornament  in  Ameiica. 
Also  called  bluebonnet  and  bluecap. —  2.  In  zool., 
a  dipterous  insect  with  a  blue  abdomen,  of  the 
family  Musr.ida:  and  genus  Mu.ica,  or  Calliphora. 
Also  popularly  called /jc'f/-r'n(cr  and  blueflenh-fly. 

Under  the  term  bluebottle  at  least  two  species  are  in- 
cluded [in  England],  namely,  Mtisca  vomitoria  and  M. 
erythrf)cephala.  They  both  have  the  luider  surface  of  the 
head  red.  Stand.  Nat,  Uist.,  VI.  95. 

3.  A  policeman,  a  beadle,  or  other  officer  wear- 
ing a  blue  dress.     [Slang.] 

bluebreast  (blo'brcst),  «.     Same  as  bluelhroat.' 

bluebuck  (bla'buk),  ».  [Tr.  of  D.  blauwbok.'] 
Sitine  as  blauwbok. 

bluebusb  (blo'bush),  «.  A  Mexican  shrub,  Ce- 
aiKitliu.s  azureus,  witli  abundant  blue  flowers. 

bluebuttons  (blo'bufonz),  n.  Same  as  hluc- 
i-dji,  :i  ((/). 

bluecap  (blo'kap),  n.  1.  A  fish  said  to  be  of 
the  salmon  kind,  with  blue  spots  on  its  head. 
Imp.  Diet. — 2.  Same  as  bluebonnet,  1. — 3.  In 
bot. :  (a)  Some  blue-flowered  species  of  Scabi~ 
osa,  as  S.  succisa  and  .S'.  arvensls.  (h)  The  blue- 
bottle, Centaurea  Cyanus. — 4.  Same  as  blue- 
bonnet, 3. 

A  thousand  blue-caps  more.  Shak,,  1  Hen.  IV.,  11.  4. 
5.  In  coal-mininf/,  a  blue  or  brownish  halo 
around  the  flame  of  the  safety-lamp,  indicat- 
ing the  presence  of  a  dangerous  quantity  of 
fire-damp. 

bluecoat  (blo'kot),  n.  A  person  who  -wears  a 
blue  coat,  especially  as  a  uniform  or  livery. 
Specifically — («)  A  serving-man,  esijecially  in  the  house 
of  an  English  country  gentleman.  The  blue  coat  and 
badge  were  formerly  the  common  livery  of  all  the  male  ser- 
vants and  attendants  in  a  large  establishment.  (6)  \  sol- 
dier in  the  army  of  the  United  States.— Bluecoat  boy,  a 
pupil  of  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  a  fotmdation  dating 
from  the  time  of  Edward  VI.,  the  benetieiaries  of  which, 
who  are  young  boys,  still  wear  the  dress  common  to  boys 
at  that  time,  or  a  slight  modification  of  it,  consisting  of  a 
long  blue  coat  girded  with  a  leather  belt,  knee-breeches, 
yellow  stockings,  and  low  shoes.  Theii-  head-dress  is  wliat 
is  called  a  mujfin-cap  (which  see),  but  generally  they  wear 
no  caps,  even  in  the  coldest  weather. 

blue-cod  (blo'kod),  n.  A  chiroid  fish,  Ophio- 
don  clongatus,  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United 
States,  better  known  as  cidtus-cod. 

blue-creeper  (blo'kre'per),  «.  A  graceful  twin- 
ing plant  of  Tasmania,  Comesperma  rolubile, 
natural  order  Polygalacem,  bearing  an  abun- 
dance of  bright-blue  flowers. 

blue-curls  (blo'kerlz),  n.  A  low  labiate  plant 
of  the  United  States,  Trichostema  dichotomum, 
with  blue  flowers  and  very  long  coiled  fila- 
ments. 

blue-devils  (blo'dev'lz),  «.  pi.  [See  blue,  a., 
3,  4.]  1.  Low  spirits;  depression  of  mind. — 
2.  [With  allusion  to  the  apparitions  of  such 
delirium.]     Delirium  tremens. 

blue-disease  (blo'di-zez'"'),  n.   Same  as  cyanosis. 

blue-eyed  (blo'id),  a.  Having  blue  eyes  :  as, 
"the  blue-eyed  Norseman,"  Longfellow,   Tales 

of  a  Wayside  Inn Blue-eyed  grass,  in  hot.,  the 

name  in  the  Unite<l  States  of  species  of  Sivtjrincttium. — 
Blue-eyed  Mary,  the  name  of  a  boraginaceous  plant. 
Oinj'hnliHlcs  vcr'iii,  of  Europe,  with  small  blue  flowers, 
resend>liug  the  forget-me-not. 

bluefin  (blo'fin),  n.  A  local  name  in  the 
United  States  of  the  lake-herring  or  whitefish 
of  Lake  Michigan,  Corcgonus  nigripinnis.  See 
Cisco. 

bluefisb  (blo'fish),  n.  1.  The  nsiial  name  of  a 
fish  of  the  family  Pomatoniida;  the  Pomatomus 
saltatrix,  also  called  tailor,  skipjack,  blue-snap- 
per, and  green-fish,  it  is  of  compressed  subfusifomi 
shape,  gree*nish  or  iduish  above  and  silvcrj'  below.     It 


■(i£0=^^i.. 


.^ 


Bluetisll  {Pomatomus  snltalrix). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  1884.) 

sometimes  attains  a  length  of  about  3  feet,  though  it  is 
usually  much  smaller.  It  is  common  in  many  seas,  but  is 
best  kno^vn  along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States. 
Its  teeth  are  small  but  trenchant,  and  the  fish  is  exceed- 
ingly ravenous  and  destructive  to  other  fishes.  It  affords 
excellent  sport,  and  its  flesh  is  esteemed  for  the  table. 


bhiefisli 


600 


bluet 


2.  An  occasional  (Sew  England)  name  of  the  blue-leg  (blo'leg),  n.     [A  sportive  adaptation  blue-pill  (hlo'pil'),  n. 

^^„  _,_!         ^j_                r,         oihlii€-stocK-ing,ii.']   A  blue-stocking;  a  Uterarv  mass. 

person.                                                                    ■  blue-pipe   (blo'pfp),    1 

When  Madame  de  Stael  resided  at  Coppet,  it  was  her  J\0!l. 


common  cunner,  Ctenolabrus  adspersiis.  See 
dinner. — 3.  A  Califomian  scisenoid  fish,  Ci/no- 
scion  parripinne,  related  to  the  weakfish  of  the 
eastern  United  States. — 4.  A  pimelepteroid 
fish  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States, 
Girella  nigricans,  of  a  bluish-brown  color,  with 
tricuspid  incisore  in  an  outer  row,  and  a  baud 

°^/^f"M-  ^^fl  '^}^'";f-^'\  ^*'^*  ^f*^^""  blueling(blo'ling),».  [<hJue 
anaFlondianlabroiansh,P(oh/(//ossMS)-arfio?«.v,  p  ^   .,  .,     "'         k,  . 

with  9  dorsal  spines,  cheeks  and  opercles  naked, 

andwell-developed  posterior  canines.   The  adult 

is  azure-l»Iue.  with  a  longitudinal  band  on  the  anal  Unaud 

a  bhie  niar>.'in  on  the  dorsaL 

blne-glede  (blo'gled),  n.     An  English  name  of 

the  ring-tailed  harrier,  Circus  cyaneiis.     Also 

called  blue-kite  and  bhic-liawk. 


A  pill  made  from  blue-  . 
The    common    lilac. 


custom  to  collect  aroun  1  her  in  the  evening  a  cucle  of  bluC-pod  (blo'pod),  n.  The  name  in  Ca  fornia, 
literati,  the  W»<!  few  of  Geneva,  by  some  one  of  whom  , an  of  snpcies  of  ^of/ZhV/  Tiitiir.  "  '  . '"'""rma 
essay,  a  disquisition,  or  a  portion  of  a  work  in  progress      °^  species  01  iroaena.  natiir. 


progress, 
was  frequently  read  aloud  to  entertain  the  rest. 

Soutliei/,  The  Doctor,  i.  S4. 

/(«;/l,]  A  small 
buttfi-tly  of  the  genus  Polyommatus  ov  Lycwna, 
notable  for  its  blue  color. 

bluely  (blo'li),  adr.    With  a  blue  color.     Sicift. 

blue-mantle  (blo'nian"tl),  n.  The  title  of  one 
of  the  English  piirsuivants-at-arms.  The  ofliie 
w:is  instituted  eitlier  by  Edward  III.  or  by  Henry  V.,  aiul 
named  in  allusion  U>  the  robes  of  the  order  of  the  Garter, 
-'    as  some  suppose,  to  the  color  of  the  arms  of  Franc 


blue-gown  (bio  goun),  n.  One  of  a  former  order  blue-mass  (blo'mas),  n.  A  drug  made  by  rub- 
of  paupers  in  Scotland,  also  called  the  king's  biug  up  metallic  mercury  with  confection  of 
beadsmen,  to  whom  the  king  annually  distrib-  roses  until  all  the  globules  disappear  Of  this 
nted  certain  alms  on  condition  of  their  praying    blue-pills  are  made, 

for  his  welfare.    Their  number  was  equal  to  the  num-  blue-metal  (blo'met 'al),  H.    See  tide  Wieta?,  un- 
ber  oi  years  the  tiini;  had  lived.    The  alms  consisted  of  a     dev  ntctai  ' 

blue  gown  or  cloak,  a  pm-se  containing  as  many  shillings 


Scots  (pennies  sterling)  as  the  years  of  the  king's  age,  and 
a  badge  bearing  the  W'^rds  "Pass  and  repass,"  which  pro- 
tected them  from  all  laws  against  mendicity.  Edie  Ochil- 
tree, in  .Sir  W.  Scott's  novel  "The  .\ntiquary,"  is  a  type  of 
the  class.  ITie  practice  of  appointing  beadsmen  was  dis- 
continued in  18;i,'i. 

blue-grass  (ble'gras),  n.  [<  blue  +  grass.  Cf. 
Icel.  bid-gras  (Geranium  2)ratense).^  In  hot., 
the  name  of  several  species  of  Poa.  The  blue- 
grass  of  England  is  /*.  compreiuia ;  of  Kentucky',  P.  pra- 
tewnji.  highly  valued  in  the  Inited  .States  for  "pasturage 
and  hay ;  and  of  Texas,  P.  arachni.fera.  The  red  topped 
bliir-i.'r:vis  of  Sfontana  and  westward  is  P.  Unui/olia. — 
Blue-grass  region.    See  rjrms. 

blue-gtun  (blo'gum),  «.  1.  In  ;)n</(o/.,  a  blue 
coloration  of  the  free  edge  of  the  gums,  fre- 
quent in  eases  of  lead-poisouing. — 2.  The  blue- 
gum  tree — Blue-gum  tree,  the  Euealiiptus  tjlobulug. 
an  imp^jrtant  tree  of  Australia,  of  extremely  rapid  growth, 
and  known  to  have  attained  a  lieight  of  aoO  feet.  It  is  blueneSS 
reputed  to  be  a  preventive  of  malaria,  and  is  now  largely 
planted  in  California  and  other  countries.  Its  leaves  are 
odoriferous  when  bruised,  and  are  used  as  a  felirifnge. 

blue-hafit  (blo'haf "it),  n.  A  local  .Scotch 
name  of  the  bird  better  known  as  the  hedge- 
chautcr.  Accentor  moduluris.  See  cut  under 
Accciitiir. 

blue-hawk  (bie'hak),n.  l.  SamesLsblue-glcde. 
—  2.  The  adult  peregrine  falcon,  Faico  pere- 
grinus. — 3.  The  American  goshawk,  Asturatri- 
rnpHtns. 

blue-hearts  (blo'hiirts),  n.  The  common  name 
of  liiielincru  .Imcriainii,  natural  order  Scropliu- 
lariacece,  a,  perennial  herb  with  deep-purple 
flowers. 

blue-hot  (blo'hot),  a.     Blue  with  heat :  said  of 


blue-mold  (blo'mold),  n.  A  common  minute 
fiLugus,  Penivillium  crustaceiim,  of  bluish  or 
greenish  color. 


found  on  moldy 
bread  and  a 
large  number 
of  foods  and 
other  substan- 
ces. The  myceli- 
um or  spawn  sends 
up  numerous  slen- 
der tilaments  or  hy- 
pha?,  which  branch 
at  the  top  and  bear 
chains  of  repro- 
ductive cells  or  co- 
nidia.  In  rare  cases 
spores  are  pro- 
hiced  in  asci. 

(blo'- 
nes),  H.  [<  blue 
+  -ness.l  The 
miality  of  be- 
ing blue  in  any 
sense. 

blue-nose  (blo'noz),  n.  1.  A  native  of  Nova 
Scotia:  a  colloquial  designation,  in  allusion 
cither  to  the  hue  given  to  the  noses  of  its  in- 
habitants by  its  severe  winter,  or  to  a  kind  of 
potato  so  named  which  is  largely  jiroduced 
there,    llaliliitrtnn. — 2.  A  Nova  Sedtiiiii  vessel. 

blue-ointment  (blo'oinf'ment),  n.  Mercurial 
ointment. 

blue-paidle  (bl6'pa"dl),  n.  A  Scotch  name  of 
the  liimpsucker. 


Blue-mold  [Penicitlium  crustaceum^, 
witli  detached  chains  of  conidia,  highly 
magnilied. 


a  liody  at  so  high  a  temperature  that  the  more  blue-paper  (blo'])a"per),  «.    Paper  sensitive  to 


refrangible  rays,  that  is,  the  blue  and  violet, 
preponderate  in  its  total  radiation,  so  that  the 
light  it  emits  appears  blue. 

blueing,  ".     See  bluing. 

blue-jack  (blO'jak),  «.  A  species  of  oak,  Qucr- 
cu.-<  cinrnii,  a  small  tree  with  hard,  strong,  and 
heavy  wood,  found  on  the  coasts  of  the  south- 
ern United  States. 

blue-jacket  (blij'jak'et),  H.  1.  Intheiiai-a/.ffr- 
nit.  a  .sailor  as  distinguished  from  a  marine: 
80  called  from  the  color  of  his  jacket. — 2.  A 
name  given  in  the  United  States  to  hymenop- 
terous  inttects  of  the  family  Sphegid(€.  The  pre- 
dominant color  1h  bhie.  The  best-known  arc  the  Pelnpa'uti 
cirnilfwi,  a  nortljerii  species,  niirl  the  Cliluriun  n/aimni 

U  more  Ut  the  noil 

tier  tile  collective  name  of  tiiud 
Aminx/iliitfi,  (lyi^fr-wd^p,  and  mxut-itit\thfr. 

blue-john  (blH'jon).  «.  The  local  name  in  Der- 
liysliiri-,  England,  of  a  blue  variety  of  fluor- 
Hpur. 

Illue  John  wa»  a  name  iftven  by  the  inlnern  who  (Irnt 
dliMovered  It  to  u  variety  of  lliior  spar,  In  order  to  dlatln- 
unUh  tt  from  lilack  Jack,  which  \n  an  ore  rif  zinc. 

iV,  iDul  (J.,  (ith  Btr.,  XII.  60fl. 

bluejolnt-grassCblii'joint-grus),  n.  A  common 
iia-r      in  tfie  I'nit^d  Stales  of  two  stout  IiIhIhIi- 

h''  I d  grasHCH,  Ileyruxia  {CaUimaf/rnsli.i)  Cn- 

uaiiiiixiii,  and,  west  of  the  Uocky  MountaiuH, 
Aiiriiiiiirnm  glnuritm. 

bhr  '-  ■     Mi'.'kit),  H.     Hamo  nn  blw-gUde. 


""■•"  ""'"•■ '" ' "' '""  "■:ilu,T  Zl  cuu'i;;:;;  blue:peter '(bli-pe'tir), 


^ 


blne-lawH 

Rod'-  •  t 

litr... 

Co.,-  . 
Hm..| 
ii'.i,  ' 

I II. 

the  N. 
law  DM  1 

lirlnclpl- 


■  /lad J,  a.    In  i>(ii>rr-nial:\nii,  luivlng 
:  said  of  a  cIuhh  uf  laid  papers. 
(bW'liiz),  n.  pi.     A  HiipiiosililiouH 
v'T«  liiwH  for  the  rfgulalion  of  re- 
viTHoiial  conduct  in  the  colonicH  of  blue-pie    (blil' 
mid  New  Ilavi'ii ;  liencc,  any  rigid      .\siiitic  jays  o 
ri'litriniiH  ri'giilntiiins,     n,    ,    ., 

■  t   111.-  i-.l»t.-nc.-..f  III.-  bb,.    I  ,  ,      I 

'!i'-  ii.|'.|.l|.>n  by  the  flr«l  niilb'.iiih  .  ..l 

ny  of  llm  Hcriptureq  an  Ihclr  .■...I..-  .,1 

:ind  tli.'lratrlct(p|illcatlunol  ilonulu 


light,  prepared  by  floating  white  paper  on  a 
solution  of  potassium  ferrocyanide.  it  is  used 
for  copying  majis  and  plans,  printing  iiliotograpliic  nega- 
tives, etc.  After  exposure  to  light  during  a  jiroper  inter- 
val beneath  the  snlijcct  to  be  reiiroduced,  the  print  is 
tlnished  by  immersion  in  several  changes  of  clean  water, 
which  dissidves  from  the  paper  that  part  of  the  fcrro- 
prnssiate  which  has  not  been  acted  upon  by  light,  an.l 
brings  out  a  line  blue  color  in  place  of  the  original  dull 
gray  or  greenish  color  in  those  portions  of  the  surfuce 
which  have  been  alfcctcd.    Called  in  the  trade  bhiepru- 

rrxs  jtajtfr. 

blue-perch  (blii'piTch),  H.  1.  A  local  name  of 
tlic  coiiinion  New  England  cunner,  Ctcnithihrns 
(idspirnus.  See  cut  under  chh/k-c. —  2.  A  Cali- 
fomian einbiotocoid  fish,  Ditrcma  latcrah,  a 
kind  of  surf-fish. 

[<  blue  +  peter, 
orig.  rijieater 
see  /icltr,  re- 
pealer.'] .\aut.,n 
blue  flag  having 
a  white  siiiiaro 
in  the  center, 
hoisted  at  tho 
fore  royalmast- 
hcad  of  nuT- 
chaiif  vchkcIh  as 
a  signal  tlint  tln^ 
ship  is  really  to 
sail,  to  recall 
boats,  etc. 

A  largo  branil-iicw  rod  enBiaii  pulling  In  rich  color  at 
the  lialllarilM  at  the  peak,  niid  l/tue  Peter  lazily  Diitteriiig 
abovo  the  fore-rnyal-ynril. 

ir.  C.  Ilu*Hftt,  A  Htrnlige  Voyage,  Iv. 

li),    11.      One  of  the  gpocies  of 
lliegoniiH  I'rneinsn. 
blue-pigedn   (lili'i'pij'on),   h.     A   narao  for  a 

'.iiiiiliiig-li'iid. 
blue-plke  (blii'pik),    n.     A   local   name   in  the 
I'liitecl  Slati'H  of  the  wall-eyed  pike-perch,  67i- 
zimlediiin  (or  Luciojierca)  vitrcum. 


llluc-|>cler. 


natural  order  Onagracem, 
noxious  weeds,  with  showy  purple  flowers. 
blue-poker  (blo'p6"ker),  «".     The  pochard,  Fu^ 
liiiuhi  (or  Aijlhiia)  ferina.     See  pochard.     [Lo- 
cal  in  Great  Britain.] 
blue-pot  (blo'pot),   H.     A  black-lead  crucible 
made  of  a  mixfm-e  of  coarse  plumbago  and  clay, 
blue-pox  (blo'poks),  n.    Maligiiant  pustule, 
blue-print  (blo'print),  n.    An  impression  pro- 
duced liy  blue-printing, 
blue-printing  (blo'prin  ting),  )).     Amethodof 
jihoto-printiug  by  tho  agency  of  paper  sensi- 
tized vnih  ferroprussiate  of  potash.     See  blut- 
paper. 
blue-racer  (blo'ra"ser),  «.    A  local  name  in  the 
western  United  States  of  a  variety  of  the  com- 
mon black-snake,  Bascunion  constrictor  flavi- 
ren  Iris. 

blue-rock  (blo'rok),  n.    A  popular  name  of  the 

commonest  variety  of  domestic  pigeon,  Colum- 

ba  lifia,  of  a  bluish  color,  with  two  black  bands 

on  the  wings. 

blue-ruin  (blo'ro'in),  ?;.     A  cant  name  for  gin, 

rum,  etc.,  especially  when  bad. 
bhiesides   (Idb'sidz),   n.     A  half-grown  harp. 
seal,  Plioeii  grccnlandica. 
blue-snapper  (bl6'snap"er),  H.     A  local  name 
in  Jlassachusetts  of  the  bluefish,  romatomui 
siiltdlri.r. 
blue-spar  (I ilii'spar),  )(.     Azure-spar;  laznlite. 
bluestart  (blo'stiirt),  n.     [<  blue  +  start",  tail: 
=  G.  lilauster::.     Cf.  redstart  =  G.  nitlistcr:.} 
A  name  of  tho  blue-tailed  warbler,  lantliia  cy- 
an urn. 
blue-stem  (blo'stem),  n.     The  name  of  some 
coarse  but  useful  grasses  in  the  United  States, 
e\\w&y  Andropogon  fureatus  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,   and   Agropyrum  glaucum   further 
westward. 
blue-stocking  (blo'stok'lng),  n.  and  ».     I.  a. 
Wearing  blue  stockings;  specifically,  wearing 
blue  or  gray  worsted  stockings,  as  opposed  to 
those  of  black  silk  worn  in  court  or  ceremonial 
dress;  hence,  not  in  full  dress;  in  plain  dress. 
(n)  Applied  to  the  Little  railiainent  of  Hi,-.:!. 

That  Blcii'-slnrkiiirj  railiainent,  I'.nn-liiwie  Parliament,  a 
companic  of  fellowes  called  togcatlur  by  rroinwcll. 

Sir./,  liramston,  Autobiog.  (cd.  1S4.'".>.  "p.  811.  (.V.  K.  D.) 
(I))  Applied  to  assenibli.s  held  in  l.onilon  ab..ut  IT-^Oat 
the  houses  of  ,\Iis.  Moiilagiic  and  otbcr  bi.lics,  in  which 
literary  conversation  ami  other  iiilcllcctnal  cnj.iymcnts 
were  substituted  lor  curds  and  gossip,  and  which  were 
chara.tcrizcd  by  a  studied  ]ilaiiiness  of  dress  on  the  part 
of  s.iiiicof  the  guests.  Among  these  was  .Mr.  lienjaniin 
stilliuglleet,  who  always  wore  bine  stockings,  and  in  ref- 
erence to  whom,  especially,  the  coterie  was  eallcil  in  de- 
rision the  "  lilne-stocking  Society  "  or  the  "  lilue-stockliig 
Clnli,"  and  the  members,  especially  the  ladies,  "  bhle- 
stockingcrs,"  "blue-stocking  ladies,"  and  later  simply 
"bliie-.stockiiigs  "  or  "blues." 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  "Blue-stocking 
Club,"  especially  a  woman  (see  above) ;  by  ex- 
tension, any  woman  with  a  taste  for  learning  or 
literature;  a  literary  woman:  originally  used 
in  derision  or  contempt,  and  iiiiplvinga  lieglect 
on  the  imrt  of  such  wonien  of  ()u'ir  donicstio 
duties  or  a  departure  from  llnir  "  jiroper 
sjihero";  now  hardly  used  exceiit  historically  or 
humorously. —  2.  A  name  of  the  .■\nierican  ii'vo- 
set,  liecurriroslra  americana.  Sco  aroset.  FLo- 
ciil,  V.  S.j 
blue-stockingism  (blii'stok*ing-izm),  n.  [< 
bhie-sldel.iiiii  -t-  -ism.]  The  chiinicler.  niaiiiier, 
or  habits  of  a  liliie-sloiking  ;  female  learning 
or  pcd;niti-y. 

blue-stone"(bli'i'st(">n),  «.    1.  Sulpiuiti'  of  cop- 

jier,  or  liliie  vitriol.  Also  called  blue  co/);)! ra.s-. 
—  2.  A  iiiiiiio  given  lo  a  more  or  less  nrgilla- 
ci'oiiH  snndslone  of  bluish  color,  exiensively 
i|uarried  at  various  jioiiits  along  the  lliidsoii 
river,  and  used  for  building  purposes  iiiid  I'or 
llagging.  Mo,«i  ,,f  lb,,  qnairles  .if  ibis  ick  me  in  llie 
I,owi-r  Silurian  (lln.lsoii  river  gronpl,  but  Ilic  Iniporlalit 
ones  al  .Maiden  are  in  the  Deviuilan  (lower  part  of  lllo 
I'orim;.-  group),  |ln  this  sense  comiu.iulv  as  one  word,) 
bluet  (lilii'ol),  n.  [(])  <  ME.  bhir'tl,  hlourl,  <  F. 
(<'!■'.) /,///, 7/,.^  „  lii, 111  of  woolen  clotli,  jirop.  fein. 
dim.  n(  blrn,  bine.  {:;)  Also  ///<  h'<7,  bhu'it,  <  V. 
bluet,  "  bicw-blaw,  blevv-bo((  le,  i.oni-)lo\ver, 
hnrt-Hickle"  (Colgi-aye),  iniisc.  dim.  of  hlru, 
blue:  see  blue  and  -el.]  If.  A  kind  of  woolen 
elolh  of  a  bluish  color. —  2.  In  lull.,  a,  namo 
given  111  Hi'veriil  iilants  with  blue  tlovvers:  (rt) 
lo  111!'  bliieliottle,  Ciutiiurra  Cjiaiins :  (b)  In  (lie 
Uiiiti'.l  States,  to  lliin.itiinia  (I'oriiierly  Oldrn- 
liindia)  earulca;  (c)  tu  a  species  of  bilberry.— 


bluet 

3.  In  ornitli.,  a  humming-bird  of  the  subgenus 
Basilinnii,  as  the  Mexican  li.  Iciicotia,  or  the  Cali- 
forniari  11.  xantusi,  one  of  tlie  q\ieen-liummers. 

bluetail  (blo'tal),  «.  An  American  lizard  of 
the  family  Scincidd',  Emuvccs  quiiiquc-liiii'iitns 
OT  fascidtidi,  with  a  blue  tail,  iuliabitiug  the 
soutlierii  and  middle  United  States.  It  is  the 
most  northern  species  of  the  genus. 

bluetangle  (blo'tang"gl),  «.  The  blue  huckle- 
berry of  the  I'nited  States,  Gtiyhissacia  Ji'oii- 
dosii.     Also  called  iliiiifjlebcrr;/. 

bluethroat  (blii'throt),  h.  A  small  sylviine 
bird  of  the  genus  Cyanecidu,  inhabiting  north- 
ern Europe  and  Asia,  and  occasionally  found 


Bluelhroat  ( Cyanecula  suec 


also  in  Alaska ;  a  kind  of  redstart  or  red- 
tailed  warbler,  having  a  spot  of  rich  blue  on 
the  throat.  There  are  two  species  or  varieties, 
6'.  siificica  and  C.  wolfi.  Also  called  hluebrenst 
and  hhir-tJiniiiIrd  redstart. 

blueweed  (lihi'wed),  n.  The  viper's  bugloss, 
Ecliium  vid<i(ii-c,  a  foreign  weed  with  showy 
blue  flowers  which  has  been  introdueed  into 
the  United  States. 

bluewing  (blo'wing),  »?.  The  blue-winged  teal 
of  North  America,  Querquedula  discors,  a  very 
common  small  duck  with  blue  wing-coverts, 
much  esteemed  for  the  table.  See  cut  under 
tcid. 

bluewood  (blo'wud),  n.  A  small  tree  or  shrub, 
Voixliiliii  ohorata,  of  the  natural  order  Eliamna- 
cea;  found  in  Texas  and  westward,  often  form- 
ing dense  chaparral  or  thickets.  It  makes  an 
ctfective  liedjie.  The  wuod  is  iiard  and  very  heavy,  of  a 
Huht-reil  color,  anil  the  berries  are  editile. 

bluey  (blo'i),  a.  [<  blue  +  -^l.]  Somewhat 
blue;  bluish.     Sotitliey. 

bluff'-  (bluf),  a.  and  ii.  [Origin  unknown;  per- 
haps connected  with  MD.  bkif  (Kilian),  flat, 
broad,  as  in  blaf  aensicht,  a  broad  flat  face,  blaf- 
faert,  one  who  has  a  flat  broad  face,  a  coin  with 
a  blank  face  (see  blaffert)  (also  a  boaster,  but 
in  this  sense  prob.  a  different  word,  equiv.  to 
mod.  D.  bhitfer,  <  hlajfen,  bark,  yelp:  see  blaff). 
The  suggested  D.  origin  is  favored  by  the  nau- 
tical associations  of  the  word.  There  is  prob. 
no  connection  with  6Z»,;?'2.]  I.  a.  1.  Having  or 
presenting  a  broad,  flattened  front,  as  a  ship 
with  broad  bows  and  neai'ly  vertical  stem. —  2. 
Rising  abruptly  and  boldly,  as  a  high  bank  on 
the  shore  of  a  sea,  lake,  or  river;  presenting  a 
bold  and  nearly  perpendicular  front,  as  a  coast- 
line or  a  range  of  low  hills. 

The  rock  Tabra,  a  btutf,  peninsular  prominence  that  j  uts 
out  from  the  bottom  of  the  cliff. 

Atkins,  Voyage  to  Guinea,  p.  105. 
3.  Broad  and  full :  specially  applied  to  a  full 
couutenauce,  indicative  of  frankness  and  good 
hmnor. 

His  broad,  bright  eye,  and  blu/f'  face,  .  .  .  like  the  sun 
on  frost-work,  melted  down  displeasure.       H.  S.  Riddtll. 

Hence — 4.  Rough  and  hearty ;  plain  and  frank; 
somewhat  abrupt  and  unconventional  in  man- 
ner. 

Dlutr  Harry  broke  into  the  spence, 
And  turn'd  the  cowls  adrift. 

Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 
In  ripeness  of  mind  and  hlvff  heartiness  of  expression, 
he  [DrydenJ  takes  rank  with  the  best. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  79. 
5.  Blustering ;  pompous ;  surly ;  churlish.  [Ob- 
solete or  provincial.] 

A  pert  or  bhiff  important  wight.  Arm.'itrmiri,  Taste. 

To  stand  blufft,  to  stand  firm  or  stiff.     X.  E.  D. 

II.  «.  [First  used  in  the  American  colonies 
m  the  18th  centm-y.]   A  hill,  bank,  or  headland 


601 

with  a  steep,  broad  face ;  a  high  bank  present- 
ing a  steep  or  nearly  perpendicular  front, 
especially  one  on  the  shore  of  a  sea,  lake,  or 
river;  also,  a  steep  rise  between  bottom-land 
and  a  higlier  table-land. 

I'.eacli,  Muff,  and  wave,  adieu !  Whittier. 

Hound  tlie  hills  from  bluff  to  bluff. 

TctinijHon,  (Jolilen  Year. 

bluff2  (bluf),  r.  [E.  dial,  also  blufl,  bliiulfold; 
origin  uncertain,  perhaps  from  two  or  more 
sources.  The  sense  of  'deceive  or  imi)ose  up- 
on' may  come  from  that  of  'blindfold,  hood- 
wiTik,'  but  cf.  Sc.  "get  the  liliilf,"  b<'  taken  in; 
prob.  of  L(J.  origin:  IjG.  blufcii,  i-(rlduffai,D. 
verblnjfrii,  >  G.  vcrbtuffcn  =  Dan.  forblriffe,  baf- 
fle, eonfoimd,  stupefy.  In  popular  apprehen- 
sion prob.  often  associated  witit  bhif^,  a.,  as  if 
'assume  a  bluff  or  bold  front.']  I'.' trans,  if. 
To  blindfold  or  hoodwiidv.  Jidilcij. —  2.  In  tlu! 
game  of  poker,  to  deceive  or  impose  upon  (an 
opponent)  by  betting  heavily  on  a  worthless 
hand,  or  by  acting  in  such  a  way  as  to  cause 
the  other  players  to  believe  that  one's  hand 
is  stronger  than  it  really  is,  in  order  to  make 
them  throw  up  their  cards  or  stay  out  of  the 
betting.  Hence — 3.  To  daunt  or  deter  from 
the  accomplishment  of  some  design  by  boast- 
ful language  or  demeanor;  repulse  or  frighten 
off  by  assuming  a  bold  front,  or  by  a  make- 
believe  show  of  resources,  strength,  etc. :  fre- 
quently followed  by  off:  as,  to  bluff  off  a  dun. 
[Chiefly  U.  S.] 

II.  intrann.  1.  In  the  game  of  poker,  to  bet 
hea\'ily  and  with  an  air  of  confident  assurance 
on  a  poor  hand,  in  order  to  deceive  an  oppo- 
nent and  cause  him  to  throw  np  his  cards. 
Hence  —  2.  To  assume  a  bold,  boastful  front, 
so  as  to  hoodwink  an  opponent,  as  to  one's 
real  resotu-ces,  strength,  etc. 

bluff2  (bluf),  ».  [E.  dial,  also  Uiiftrr,  a  blinker : 
see  the  verb.]  1.  A  blinker  for  a  horse. — 2.  A 
game  at  cards  ;  poker.  [U.  S.]  — 3.  The  act  of 
deceiving  or  iniluencing,  as  in  the  game  of 
poker,  by  a  show  of  confident  assiu'ance  and 
boastful  betting  or  language ;  hence,  language 
or  demeanor  intended  to  blind,  frighten,  or 
daunt  an  opponent  in  anything. 

bluff-bowed  (bluf 'bond),  a.  Naut.,  broad,  full, 
and  square  in  the  bows. 

bluffer  (bluf'er),  )(.     One  who  bluffs. 

bluff-headed  (bluf'hed"ed),  a.  Naut.,  having 
an  upright  stem,  or  one  with  but  little  rake 
forward. 

bluffly  (bluf 'li),  ffJiJ.  In  a  bluff  manner ;  blunt- 
ly: in  an  unconventional  or  oftTiand  way. 

bluffness  (bluf'nes),  «.  The  quality  of  being 
bluft';  bluutness;  frankness;  abruptness. 

Ko  such  bluffness  rtf  meaning  is  implied  in  the  Greek. 
Busliuell,  Sermons  on  Living  Subjects. 

bluffy  (bluf'i),  «..  [<&;«/;l, »(.,  +  -.!/!.]  1.  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  abluff ;  precipitous  or  steep. 

We  could  see  tlie  syenites  we  liad  just  left  again  crop- 
ping out  much  less  bluffy,  and  terminating  the  table-land 
to  the  eastward  by  a  continuous  line,  trending  generally 
northwest  and  southeast.     Kane,  See.  Grinn.  £.\p.,  II.  343. 

2.  Inclining  to  bluffness  in  appearance  or  man- 
ner. 

bluft  (bluft),  r.  t.  [E.  dial.:  see  bhitp.']  To 
blindfold.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

blufter  (bluffer),  ji.  [<  Wif/Y  + -erl.]  A  blink- 
er.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bluid  (liliid),  )(.     A  Scotch  form  of  blood. 

bluing  (blo'ing),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  6/hp,  !'.]  1. 
The  act  of  making  blue;  specifically,  the  pro- 
cess of  giving  a  blue  color  to  iron  and  other 
metals  by  heating. —  2.  A  blue  tint  given  to 
iron  by  boiling  in  a  bath  of  hyposulphite  of  soda 
and  acetate  of  lead. —  3.  The  indigo,  soluble 
Prussian  blue,  or  other  material,  used  in  the 
laundry  to  give  a  bluish  tint  to  linen. 
Also  spelled  bhieing. 

bluish  (lilo'ish),  a.  [<  blue  +  -isli'^.']  Blue  in 
a  snuill  degree  ;  somewhat  blue. 

bluishly  (blo'ish-li),  adr.     In  a  bluish  manner. 

bluishness  (blo'ish-nes),  «.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing bluish ;  a  small  degree  of  blue  color. 

bluism  (blo'izm),  )(.  [<  btue,  a.,  6,  h.,  9,  + 
-ism.']     Blue-stockingism. 

A  wife  so  well  known  in  the  gay  and  learjied  world, 
without  one  bit  of  .  .  .  Whi'sih  about  herself. 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  II.  iv. 

blumanget,  "•     See  Jdaiw-mnntjc. 

blunder  (Vilun'der),  r.  [<  ME.  hJondrcn,  Idioi- 
dcroi.  a  frcq.  form  of  uncertain  origin,  perhaps 
of  double  origin:  (1)  prop,  bloiidro),  freq.  of 
hloiideii,  bhinden,  mix  (see  liliind'^,  v.);  (2)  prop. 
bliindren,  freq.  of  bUmdcii,  which  occurs  once  in 


blunderbuss 

the  doubtful  sense  of  'stagger,  stumble,'  <  Icel, 
lilinida,  doze,  =  Sw.  blunda  =  Dan.  Iilunde,  doze, 
sluml)er;  cf.  Icel.  blundhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  lAund,  a 
doze,  nap.  ili.liliint.']  I.  iiitraiis.  1.  To  move 
or  act  blindly,  stupidly,  or  without  direction  or 
steady  guidance;  flounder;  stumble:  frequent- 
ly with  on  or  ulumj. 

Bayard  the  blinde, 
That  btuTuIreth  forth. 

CtiauctiT,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Talc,  1.  403. 
It  is  one  thing  to  forget  matter  of  fact,  and  another  to 
blunder  upou  the  reason  of  it.  Sir  Ii.  L' Estrange. 

Here  he  delights  the  weekly  news  to  con, 
And  nnngle  comments  as  he  blmulrrx  on. 

Crabbe,  'i'he  Newspaper. 
2.  To  make  a  gross  mistake,  especially  tlirough 
mental  confusion ;  en-  widely  or  stupidly. 
Was  there  a  man  disnniy'd? 
Not  tlio'  the  soldier  knew 
Some  one  had  blunder'd. 

Tennyson,  Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  mix  (things)  confusedly; 

confuse. 

He  blunders  and  conl'ouTids  all  these  together. 

.'itillimjjlcet. 

2t.  To  confound;  confuse;  distract;  cause  to 
make  blunders :  as,  "  Xo  blunder  an  adversary," 
Ditliin,  On  the  ResuiTection,  ]t.iy.i. — 3t.  To  in- 
jure or  destroy  by  blundering;  mismanage: 
as,  "to  darken  or  blunder  the  cause,"  JJitton, 
On  the  ResuiTection,  p.  211. — 4.  "To  do  or 
make  faultily  or  en-oneously;  make  mistakes 
in  through  igiuirance  or  stupidity;  bimgle. 
[Rare.] 

Ilnscriptions]  usually  of  very  barbarous  work  and  Wijn- 
dered.  B.  V.  Head,  Historia  N'umornm,  p.  (J87. 

Some  fine  pilgi-im-flasks  of  blue  ami  green  have  blun- 
dered copies  of  hieroglyphs  and  representations  of  Egyp- 
tian deities  incised  in  the  moist  clay. 

Enajc.  Brit.,  XIX.  60(5. 

The  banker's  clerk  who  was  directed  to  sum  my  cash- 
account,  blundered  it  three  times.       .Seott,  .Vntiqnary,  vi. 

5.  To  utter  thoughtles.sly  or  in  a  blundering 
manner;  blurt  out:  generally  with  out:  as,  to 
hhnidrr  out  an  excuse. 
blunder  (bhm'der),  H.  [<  ME.  blunder,  blonder, 
error,  misfortune,  <  blunderen,  blondrcn,  blun- 
der, v.]  A  mistake  made  through  precipitance 
or  mental  confusion ;  a  gross  or  stupid  mistake. 

It  is  worse  than  a  crime  ;  it  is  a  blunder. 

Memoirs  of  Fouehe  (trans.). 

The  "Magnalia"  has  gieat  merits;  it  has,  also,  fatal 
defects.  In  its  mighty  chaos  of  fables  and  blunders  and 
misrepresentations  are  of  course  lodged  many  single  facts 
of  the  utmost  value.  M.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  Amer.  Lit.,  II.  83. 
=  Sylt  Error,  Mistake,  Blunder,  Bidl.  An  *rrr»r  is  a  wan- 
dering from  truth,  primarily  in  impression,  judgment,  or 
calculation,  and,  by  extension  of  the  idea,  in  conduct;  it 
may  be  a  state.  A  mistake  is  a  false  judgment  or  choice ; 
it  does  not,  as  error  sometimes  dues.  imi)ly  nuu-ai  obliquity, 
the  defect  being  placed  wholly  i"  the  wisdom  of  the  aetoV, 
and  in  its  treatment  of  this  defect  the  word  is  altogether 
gentle.  Blunder  is  a  strong  word  for  a  mistake  which  is 
stupid,  a  gross  error  in  action  or  si)eech.  A  bull  is  a  blun- 
der in  langujige.  involving  generally  a  very  obvious  and 
comical  contradiction;  but  thew-ord  is  sometimes  applied 
to  any  particidarly  inapt  or  ludicrously  inappropriate  re- 
mark. 

Speculative  errors,  which  have  no  influence  on  the  life 
anil  conversation,  cannot  be  near  so  dangerous  as  those 
errors  which  lead  men  out  of  the  way  of  their  duty. 

J.  Blair,  .Sermon,  in  Tyler's  .\mer.  Lit.,  II.  262. 

In  general,  pride  is  at  the  bottom  of  all  great  uiintakct. 
Bufikin,  True  and  BeautifiiL 

It  was  the  advice  of  Schomberg  to  an  historian,  that  he 
should  avoid  being  pal'ticular  in  the  drawing  up  of  an 
anny  .  .  . ;  for  that  he  had  observed  notorious  Uunderg 
and  absurdities  conunitted  by  writers  not  conversant  in 
the  art  of  war.  Addison, 

Lord  Orford  pronounced  this  to  be  the  best  bull  he  had 
ever  heard  :  "I  hate  that  w-oman,"  said  a  gentleman,  look- 
ing at  one  who  had  been  his  nurse,  "I  hate  that  woman, 
for  she  changed  me  at  nurse." 

J/wj,"  Edyeicorth,  Essay  on  Irish  Bulls. 

blunderbuss  (blim'der-bus),  II.  [In  17th  een- 
tviry  also  libniiltibus  and  lihindi rbusli :  appar.  a 
modification,  prob.  with  humorous  allusion  to 
its  blundering  or  random  action,  of  D.  donder- 
bus  (=  G.  donnerbiichse),  a  blunderbuss,  <  don- 
der  (=  G.  donner  =  E.  thunder)  +  bus,  a  box, 
urn.  barrel  of  a  gmi,  same  as  buis,  a  tube,  pipe, 
=  G.  biichse,  a  box,  pot,  barrel  of  a  gun,  pipe, 
etc.,  =  E.  lni.r-.  Cf.  the  equiv.  G.  hluuderbiii-hse. 
in  imitation  of  the  E.,  but  prob.  with  a  thought 
of  plunder,  baggage,  lumber  (E.  plunder),  in  al- 
lusion to  its  heaviness.  A  charter  of  James  I. 
(1617)  mentions  "plantier-bu^se,  alias  blanter- 
busse,"  as  equiv.  to  harquebitse,  but  the  first  ele- 
ment here  is  different,  ult.  <  L.  jdantare,  plant 
(fix).  Cf.  Se.  bluntjierd,  an  old  gun,  any  old 
rusty  weapon.]  1.  A  short  gun  or  firearm 
with  a  large  bore  and  funnel-shaped  muzzle, 
capable  of  holding  a  number  of  balls  or  slugs, 
and  intended  to  be  used  at  a  limited  range 


blunderbuss 


Blunderbuss — Airoory,  Tower  of  London. 

without  exact  aim.  It  has  been  long  obsolete 
in  civilized  countries. — 2.  A  stupid,  blunder- 
int:  pei'son. 
blunderer  (blun'der-er), «.  [<  ME.  "  blunderer, 
or  blunt  warkere  [worker]"  (Prompt.  Parv.). 
<  hluiidercn,  bloiidren,  blunder,  v.]  One  who 
blunders,  (a)  One  who  flounders  about  blindly  or 
liunglinyly  in  his  work:  as,  *'meer  Blunderers  in  that 
Atoniick  Physiology,"  Cudworth.  (A'.  E.  D.)  (6)  One 
who.  through  carelessness  or  want  of  capacity,  makes 
LT">.s  raistakfS. 

blunderhead  (blun'der-hed),  h.  [<  blunder  + 
head.  Cf.  dunderhead.']  A  sttipid  fellow ;  one 
who  blunders. 

This  thick-skulled  fc?K«(tfrA/'n(f.  Sir  R,  L'Estrawie. 

blunderingly  (blun'der-ing-li),  adv.    In  a  blun- 
dering manner ;  by  mistake. 
The  tjTO  who  had  so  blunderinqly  botched  the  business. 
T.  Book,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  iii. 
Reckless  pervetsions  of  meaning,  whether  intentionally 
or  blunderingly  made.  jV.  A.  Rei'.,  CXXIII.  205. 

blunge  (blunj),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blunged,  ppr. 
bUnujinij.  [Appar.  a  popular  formation,  after 
plnuffi;  with  ref.  to  the  plunging  action  of  the 
instiTiment  used.]  To  mix  (clay)  mth  a  bltm- 
ger. 

blunger  (blun'jer),  H.  [<  blunge  +  -er^.  Cf. 
jilioii/er.']  An  instrument  used  for  mixing  clay 
in  potteries.  It  is  shaped  like  a  shovel,  but  has  a 
larger  blade,  and  a  cross-handle  by  which  it  is  wielded. 
The  name  is  also  sometimes  given  to  dilferent  varieties  of 

till-  I»U-'-tilill. 

blunging  (bhm'jing),  n.  [f^''erbal  n.  of  blunge, 
c]  The  jjrocess  of  mixing  ela)-  in  potteries. 
The  proper  amount  of  the  clay  and  the  necessary  quantity 
of  water  are  placed  in  a  trough,  and  mi.xed  with  a  blun% 
ger.  until  reduced  to  a  homogeneous  mass.  In  large  pot- 
teries this  work  is  sometimes  done  by  the  machine  called 
a  pug-mill. 

blunk't, '".  [Origin  uncertain;  appar.  a  corrup- 
tion of  hleiik  or  blink.']  I.  intrans.  To  blench; 
blink;  turn  aside. 

H.  tran.<i.  To  spoil;  mismanage.     Jamieson. 
r  Scotch.] 

blunk-  (blungk),  n.  [Cf.  bUmkct.']  In  plural, 
linen   or   cotton  cloths  for  printing;  calicos. 

rs<-ot,-ii.] 

blunker'  (blung'k^r),  n.  [<  blunk^,  v.,  11..  + 
-<|i.]  A  bungler;  one  who  spoils  everything 
he  meddles  with.     [Scotch.] 

Dunbog  is  iiae  mair  a  gentleman  than  the  Itlunkcr  that's 
biggit  the  boiiuie  house  doun  in  the  howni. 

.Smtl,  Guy  Mannering,  iii. 

blunker^  (blung'kf-r),  n.  [<  6/k«A-2  -t-  -e;l.]  A 
i;ili(o-printer.     [Scotch.] 

blunkett,  «.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  blon- 
ket,  btonckct,  bUinckct,  <  ME.  blanket  (a..),  blun- 
ket,  also  plunket,  plonketc  (n.).  appar.  <  OF. 
blanquil,  var.  of  blanchct,  dim.  of  blanc,  white: 
sec  hUinkit,  which  is  thus  a  doublet  of  blunket.] 

1.  a.  (jruy;  grayish  or  light-blue. 

Our  Uoiukel  llveryes  bene  all  to  sadde. 

Spenger,  8hep.  Cal.,  May. 

H.  «.  A  kind  of  cloth;  apparently  the  same 
n^^  blanket,  I. 
blunt  fblunt),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  blunt,  blnnt,  of 
an  cdgi'  or  point,  dull,  not  sharp;  of  manner, 
rude;  of  mind,  dull,  stupid,  blind;  prob.  <  AS. 
'blunt,  found  in  the  deriv.  JHunta,  a  man's  name 
(cf.  the  mod.  E.  Hitmamea  JSlmil,  Blount).  Tiii' 
sense  of  'dull,  stupid,'  apjicars  to  bo  the  orig. 
<ine  (see  the  ipiotation  from  Iho  Ormulum), 
pointing  to  u  connection  willi  led.  blunda  z= 
Sw.  blunda  =  Dan.  lilunde,  do7.i>.  slumber.  CW 
I'lioider,  and  the  senHO  of  bhinl  in  th<'  (juotatiou 
li"tu  the  Prompt.  Parv.  under  blHudcrer.]  I. 
■  1.  Obtuse,  thick,  or  dull,  ns  an  angle,  edge, 
(■'■int;  having  an  obtuse,  thick,  or  dull  odgo 
•      i"int,  as   a  foil,  sword,   jiencil,   etc.;   not 

'MirtheniUH  knife  u-iu  dull  autl  blunt, 
<'  tied  un  thy  Mtrim-  hard  heart. 

SiMk.,  Itlibiird  HI.,  Iv.  \. 

I'inl  act  of  wroiiK  Honh-tlnicH  givt-H  n  filinrp 

I  '  'Ingger.         (>.  It'.  /Iiilincn,  KinemiHi,  xlll. 

2.  •  lirslanding;  slow  of  dJHcernmuut. 

.:iii  iu  tiltinut  and  blind 

M  eghe  ilhhthv  (of  hrnrt'ii  rycHlgbt.) 

Ormulum,  1.  Ilill.'.r 
III-  '..oWi/nf.  .Wnt,  .Much  Ado,  III.  ;, 

3.  ' '  .•  from  vharp  ungularitivH,  pro- 
j''c'i                  mon. 


-'E:n 


(302 

From  the  back  the  shore  of  Sicily  curves  with  delicately 
indented  bays  toward  Messina :  then  come  the  straits, 
and  the  bluiit  mass  of  the  Calabrian  mountains  terminat- 
ing Italy  at  Spartivento. 

J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  204. 

4.  Rou^h  in  manner  or  speech  :  rude ;  luipol- 
ished;  hence,  abrupt  in  address  or  manner; 
plain-spoken ;  tmceremonious :  applied  to  per- 
sons. 

I  am  no  orator,  as  Brutus  is : 

But,  as  you  know  me  all,  a  plain  blunt  man. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 
Thou'rt  honest,  blunt,  and  rude  enough,  o'  conscience. 
Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  2. 

5.  Plain;  plain-spoken;  unceremonious  or  mi- 
conventional ;  direct;  free  from  circumlocu- 
tion: as,  6/h«<  truths;  a  i/HH< bearing. 

In  blunt  terms,  can  you  play  the  sorcerer?      Co/w-irf.jf. 

To  his  6/Hn(  manner  and  to  his  want  of  consideration 
for  the  feelings  of  others  he  owed  a  much  higher  reputa- 
tion for  sincerity  than  he  at  all  deserved. 

Maetiulail,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

6.  Hard  to  penetrate.     [Rare.] 

I  find  my  heart  hardened  and  blunt  to  new  impressions. 

Pope. 
7t.  Paint. 

Such  a  burre  mygt  make  myn  herte  blunt. 

Alliterative.  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  170. 
4.  Brusk,  bluff,  uncivil,  rude,  imconrteous. 
It.  A  blunt  sword  for  fencing ;  a  foil. — 
2.  A  neetlle  of  a  grade  shorter  and  less  sharply 
pointed  than  a  sharp.  See  needle. —  3.  [Slang, 
and  perhaps  of  different  origin.]  Money;  ready 
money. 

"Well,  how  goes  it?"  said  one.  "I  have  been  the 
rounds.    The  blunt's  going  like  the  ward-pump." 

Disraeli,  Coningsby,  ix. 

blunt  (blunt),  r.  [<  blunt,  o.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  make  blunt,  as  an  edge  or  point;  dull  the 
edge  or  point  of,  as  a  knife  or  bodkin,  by  making 
it  thicker. 

A  less  deadly  sword,  of  which  he  carefully  Umited  the 
point  and  edge.  Macaulay,  Addison. 

Kimwledge  neither  blunts  the  ponit  of  the  lance,  nor 
weakens  the  arm  that  wields  a  knightly  sword. 

Tieknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  334. 

2.  To  weaken  or  deaden,  as  appetite,  desire, 
or  power  of  the  mind ;  impair  the  force,  keen- 
ness, or  susceptibility  of. 
Blunt  not  his  love.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

To  blunt  or  break  her  passion. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  aiul  F.laine. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  blunt :  as,  the  blade 
lilunt.i  easily. 

blunthead  (bluut'hed),  ii.  An  East  Indian  ser- 
pent, .inihlyeejilialns  boa,  of  the  family  Colu- 
lirida-  and  subfamily  Ltptognatltincr,  of  Java, 
Hortiei),  etc. 

blunting  (blun'ting),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  blunt, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  dulling. —  2.  Something 
that  dulls  or  blunts.     [Rare.] 

Not  impediments  or  bluntinys,  but  rather  as  whetstones, 
to  set  an  edge  on  our  desires. 

,/t'.r.  Taylor  (t),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  73. 

bluntish   (blun'tish),  a.      [<   blunt   +   -i«/il.] 

Sotiicwliat  blunt. 
bluntishneSS  (blun'tisli-nes),  n.     [<  bluntish  + 

-ncss.]     A  slight  degree  of  bluntness. 

Tempered  with  an  honest  btuntishness. 

Wood,  Athenic  O.von.  (ed.  ISlf)),  II.  682. 

bluntly  (blunt'li),fu?c.  It.  stupidly.— 2.  With- 
out sharpness  or  tenuily ;  oliluscly:  as,  bhinlh/ 
serrate. —  3.  In  a  blunt  manner;  abruptly; 
without  delicacy,  or  the  usual  forms  of  civil- 
ity; in  an  abrtipt,  olTliand,  or  curt  manner; 
without  circumlocution:  as,  to  tell  a  man  some- 
thing bluntly. 

Fathers  are 
Won  by  degrees,  not  bluntly  as  our  maslerH 
Or  wronged  frieiuls  are. 

Dfkkrr  and  Ford,  Witch  of  F.dmonton,  I.  1. 

bluntness  (blunt 'nes),  «.  [<  blunt  +  -ness.] 
Tlie  slalo  or  (juality  of  being  blunt.  («)  Wuni  of 
xharpnesH ;  dullncMs;  obtnseness.  (A)  riniuni-sH,  dircct- 
ncKS,  or  abru|itncssof  nddresn;  want  of  (-ereii)nny  In  niun- 
nern;  rudi*ncss  of  nuiinier  or  addrcHM:  as,  "horicMt  t*lunl- 
itens,"  I}rjiden;  " /*/»;i//i''j(/(  of  speech,"  lloylr. 

To  ki'cii  up  Frlcu'lHhlp,  there  muHt  be  little  Addressett 
and  Applications,  wherviui  Bluntness  Hpolls  It  i|uiekly, 

.Sriden,  'J'nble'l'alk,  p.  23, 

blunt-'wltted  rbbmt'wit'ed),  a.  [<  hinnt  + 
nil  +  -<W'-.  Cf.  MK.  " blunt  of  wytte,"  I'romid. 
I'nrv.]     Dull;  slupiil. 

Illunt-witlrd  lonl,  Ignoble  In  demeanour ! 

Sliak.,  2  llin.  VI.,  Hi.  2. 

blur  (bU'r),  I'.;  pret.  nml  jip.  blurred,  ppr.  blur- 
ring. [=Sc  blorr;  (Irst  in  early  mod.  lO.  hlurrr ; 
jii'rinips  a  dilleeled  form  i>f  hliar.  iiirly  moil.  E. 
blrrr  (see  bliar>  ),  Inil  11  rnny  lie  nn  indo)ii'ndent 
formation.   C{.  blol^,bli>trli.]  1.  Ira ns.  I. 'fooh- 


blush 

scure  or  sully  (a  thing)  with  something  which 
detracts  from  its  fairness  or  beauty. 

The  usually  mirrored  surface  of  the  river  wjus  blurred 
by  an  infinity  of  raindrops.         Uawtlmrne,  Old  .Manse,  I. 

2.  To  sidly;  stain;  blemish:  as,  to  blur  one's 
reputation. 

Never  yet  did  base  dishonour  blur  our  name, 
But  with  our  sword  we  wip'd  awnv  tJie  blot. 

Stiak.',  2  Uell.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  obscure  without  quite  effacing;  render 
indistinct ;  confuse  and  bedim,  as  the  outlines 
of  a  figure. 

One  low  light  betwixt  them  burn'd, 
Blui-r'd  by  the  creepuig  mist. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

4.  To  dim  the  perception  or  susceptibility  of; 
make  dull  or  insensible  to  itnpression :  as,  blur- 
red eyesight;  to  blur  the  judgment. 

Her  eyes  are  blurred  with  the  lightning's  glare.  A".  Drake. 
To  blur  out,  to  etface. 

We  saw  forked  fijishes  once  and  again  .  .  .  lighting  up 
the  valleys  for  a  moment,  and  leaving  the  darkness  blacker 
...  as  the  storm  blurred  out  the  landscape  forty  miles 
away.  J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  228. 

To  blur  over,  to  obscure  by  a  blur ;  put  out  of  sight. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  blurs  in  writing, 
blur  (bier),  n.  [<  blur,  r.]  1.  A  smudge  or 
stnear,  such  as  that  made  by  brushing  writing 
or  painting  before  it  is  dry;  a  blot  which  par- 
tially defaces  or  obscures. — 2.  Figiu-atively, 
a  blot,  stain,  or  in,jury  affecting  character,  rep- 
utation, and  the  like. 

Her  raillyng  sette  a  greate  blurre  on  myne  honcstie  and 
good  name.  Udall,  tr.  of  Erasmus,  Luke  xviiL 

These  blurs  are  too  apparent  in  his  Life. 

Milton,  Kcformation  in  Eng.,  i. 
3.  A  blurred  condition;  a  dim,  confused  ap- 
pearance; indistinctness. 

The  eye  learns  to  discriminate  colors,  and  shades  of 

color,  where  at  first  there  w.as  only  a  vague  blurot  feeling. 

O.  II.  Lewe.i,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  ii.  S  10. 

blurry  (bl^r'i),  n.     [<  blur,  n.,+ -yl-.]    Full  of 

lilurs :  confused  and  indistinct. 
blurt  (blert),  r.  [=  Sc.  blirt  (see  blirl) ;  appar. 
imitative,  with  the  initial  sound  as  in  blow^, 
blast,  blash,  bluster,  etc.,  and  the  final  sound 
as  in  S2>nrt,  sjiirt,  squirt,  etc.']  I.  tranx.  1.  To 
utter  suddenly  or  inadvertently;  divulge  im- 
advisedly  :  comtuonly  with  uul. 

Otliers  .  .  .  cannot  hold,  but  blurt  out  those  words 
which  afterwards  they  are  forced  to  cat.  Hakeu-ill. 

And  yet  the  truth  nniy  lose  its  grace. 
If  blurted  to  a  person's  face. 

lAuyd,  The  Nightingale. 

.\t  last  to  blurt  out  the  broad,  staring  question  of, 
"  -Madam,  will  you  marry  me?" 

Goldsmitli,  She  Stoops  to  Conciuer,  il. 

2t.  To  treat  contemptuously. 

And,  I  confess,  I  never  was  so  blurted. 

Nor  never  so  abns'il. 

Ftelelwr,  Wildgoose  Chase,  11.  2. 
To  blurt  att,  to  speak  contcrnptm>usly  of;  ridicule. 

None  would  look  on  her. 
But  cast  their  gazes  on  Mai-inn's  face; 
^Vhilst  ours  was  blurted  at.     Shak.,  I'ericles,  iv.  4. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  puff  or  emit  the  breath  ex- 
plosively as  in  sleep,  or  contemptuously  as  in 
saying  "pooh";  puff  in  scorn  or  with  "a  con- 
temi)tuous  expression  of  the  lips. —  2.  To  buret 
out  weeping. 

blurt  ( blert  j,  n.  [<  blurt,  v.]  A  sudden  puff  or 
cniissiofi  of  the  breath,  especially  in  contempt, 
as  when  saying  "pooh." 

blush  (blu.sh),  r.  [<  ME.  blushen,  blusehen, 
hli/srhin,  glow,  rarely  blush,  usiuilly  look, 
glnnc(>,  prob.  <  AS.  'bly.iran,  blisean  (glossed 
rnlilare),  glow,  =  Ml,(i.  blosrbin,  LO.  blii.sken, 
blush;  cf.  AS.  'bli/sian,  in  vomp.  dhlisian  for 
'dbhi.<iian,  blush  (verbal  n.  alili/.'tunii,  dbli/.igunq, 
blushing),  =  Ml),  blasen,  ^t.' bla-rn  ='  ML6. 
blo,\-eii,  blush;  cofinected  with  AS.  bli/.ia,  blisa, 
also  blysige,  a  torch,  'blys  (in  comj).  iidlbli/s),a  '• 
llame,  =  Mljti.  bins,  lA}.  /j/h.sv,  a  tlanie,  =  Sw. 
bloss  =  Dan.  bins,  a  torcli;  lAi.  blii.iin,  set  on 
lire,  inllame,  =  Sw.  blassii,  bhtze,  =  Dan.  blusse, 
blaze,  llame,  blush  in  the  face;  l'r(im  Iho  noun. 
Not;  ])h()nelic!illy  connected,  though  prob.  no- 
tiomilly  associated,  with  ///«,-<'  :  see  btaze^,  «.] 
I.  intrans.  If.  To  shine,  as  the  sun. —  2t.  To 
glance;  look.  [In  these  senses  only  in  Middle 
Knglisli;  but  see  blush,  «.,  1,  2.] 

'i'yl  on  a  hvl  that  I  asspycid 

&  bluselietl  on  the  burghc,  as  I  forth  dreued. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  I.  0T9. 

3.  To  becomes  red  in  the  face;  redden  all  over 
till'  face:  especially  from  moilesty,  enibarrsSB- 
nienl,  confusion,  or  shame. 

Ask  lilrn  n  tjUeMtlim, 
Uo  bliulies  like  a  girl,  and  ariHWers  little. 

Flelctier,  Itule  a  Wife,  I   1 


blush 

In  the  presence  of  the  shameless  and  iinblushinK  the 
younv:  otfeiiiier  is  iishiinied  to  btush.  Buchninatrr. 

4.  To  appear  as  if  blushing;  oxliibit.  a  red  or 
roseate  Imo ;  bloom  freshly  or  modestly. 

'the  sun  of  heaven,  nietlioiiKht,  was  hith  to  set, 
but  stay'd,  and  made  the  western  welkin  blush. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  ,S. 

Full  many  a  flower  is  born  to  bluah  unseen. 

Qray,  Elegy. 

5,  To  be  ashamed :  with  at  or  for. 

He  blushes  /or  the  "  disingeniiousncss  of  the  most  de- 
voted worshipper  of  speeulative  truth." 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  19. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  red.     [Rare.] 

Which  [blood]  .  .  .  ne'er  returneth 
To  hlush  and  beautify  the  cheek  again. 

Shale.,  -2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  express,  show,  or  make  known  by  blush- 
ing, or  by  a  change  of  color  similar  to  a  blush. 
[Rare  and  poetical.] 

P.1SS  the  happy  news. 

Blush  it  thro'  the  West. 

Tcunyson,  Maud,  xvii. 

blush  (blush),  11.   [<  ME.  Uusch,  gleam,  glimpse ; 
from  the  verb.]     If.  A  gleam. 

To  bide  a  blisful./id/.sc/t  of  the  bryst  sunne. 
Sir  Oawayne  and  the  Green  Kiuflht  (ed.  Morris),  1.  620, 

2.  A  glance  ;  glimpse ;  look ;  view :  obsolete 
except  in  the  phrase  at  first  blush. 

At  the  Jirst  blush  we  thought  they  had  beene  shippes 
come  from  France.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  III.  336. 

This  sounds,  at  first  blush,  very  neat,  if  not  even  very 
profound ;  but  a  closer  examination  dissolves  it  into 
nothing.  Bibliotheea  Saera,  XLIII.  CIS. 

3.  Look ;  resemblance :  as,  she  has  a  IAksIi  of 
her  father.  [North.  Eng.]  [Hence,  collective- 
ly, an  assembly,  company,  in  the  isolated  ex- 
ample, a  blnsli  of  boi/es  =  a  company  of  boys 
("Book  of  St.  Albans").]— 4.  The  suffusion  of 
the  cheeks  or  the  face  with  a  red  color  through 
confusion,  shame,  diffidence,  or  the  like. 

If  impious  acts 
Have  left  thee  blood  enough  to  make  a  hhtsh, 
I'll  paint  it  on  thy  cheeks. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  3. 

Her  blush  of  maiden  shame.      Bri/aiit,  Autunui  Woods. 
5.  A  red  or  reddish  color ;  a  rosy  tint. 
And  light's  lust  blushes  tinged  the  distant  hills. 

Lord  Lyttelton,  Uncertainty,  i. 

To  put  to  the  blush,  to  cause  to  blush  or  be  ashamed. 
blusher  (blush'er),  II.    One  who  blushes,  or  is 
given  to  blushing. 

Mulattoes  are  often  great  blushers,  blush  succeeding 
Mush  over  their  faces. 

Darwin,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  320. 

blushett  (blush'et),  «.    [<  blush  +  -et.]    A  little 
blusher ;  a  modest  young  girl. 
Go  to,  little  hluiihet.  D.  Jonson,  Entertainments. 

blushful  (blush'ful),  a.  [<  blush  +  -ful.']  Full 
of  blushes. 

From  his  (tlie  sun's]  ardent  look  the  turning  Spring 
Averts  her  blushful  face.  Thomson,  Summer,  1.  7. 

The  true,  the  blushful  Hippocrene. 

Keats,  Ode  to  Nightingale. 

Hushfully    (blush' ful -i),   adr.      "With    many 

l)luslios. 

blushing  (blush'ing),  II.    [Verbal  n.  of  bhish,  r.] 
The  act  of  becoming  red  in  the  face  through 
modesty,  confusion,  or  shame ;  suffusion  with 
a  roseate  tint. 
The  bluithings  of  the  evening. 

J.  Spencer,  Prodigies,  p.  146. 

Blushinij  is  the  most  peculiar  and  the  most  human  of 

all  expressions.     Monkeys  redden  from  passion,  but  it 

would  require  an  overwhelming  amount  of  evidence  to 

make  us  believe  that  any  animal  could  blush. 

Darwin,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  310. 

blushing  (blush'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  blush,  v.'] 
1.  Jlodcst ;  bashful ;  given  to  blushing  or  suf- 
fused with  blushes :  as,  a  bhishiiif/  maiden. —  2. 
Frpshly  blooming;  roseate,  literally  or  figura- 
tively. 

The  dappled  pink  and  blushing  rose. 

Prior,  The  Garland. 
To-day  he  puts  forth 
The  tender  leaves  of  hope,  to-morrow  blossoms. 
And  bears  his  blushing  honours  thick  upon  him. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2. 

blushingly  (blush'ing-li),  adv.    In  a  blushing 

rnaiinor;  with  blushes  ;  modestly. 
blushless  (blusli'les),   a.      [<   blush   +   -less.] 

Witliout  a  blush  ;  unblushing;  past  blushing; 

impudent;  barefaced;  shameless:  as,  "blush- 

li-'is  crimes,"  Sandys. 
blush'Wort  (blush'wert),  ii.     A  name  given  to 

cultivated  species  of  JEschynaiithus. 
blushy  (blush'i),  (/.      [<  blii.th  +  -(/!.]     Like  a 

blush  ;  having  the  color  of  a  blusli.     [Rare.] 

ijlossoms  of  apples  .  .  .  are  blush i/. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  50". 


603 

bluster  (blus'ter), )'.  [Origin  obscure.  Hardly 
eoniKu'.ted  with  ME.  blustcreii,  wander  about 
aimlessly,  =  LG.  blustern,  btistcrn,  flutter  about 
anxiously;  but  prob.  one  of  the  imitative  words 
attaclicd  loosely  to  what  is  felt  to  be  the  com- 
mon root  of  blow^,litast.  The  E.  Fries,  bliistcrn, 
bluster,  fi'cc].  of  blii^sen,  var.  of  hUiwn  (=  E. 
blasc'^),  blow,  is  appar.  a  parallel  formation.] 

1.  intran.i.  1.  To  roar  and  bo  tumultuous,  as 
wind ;  blow  boisterously :  as,  the  storm  blus- 
ters without. 

Bluster  the  winds  and  tides. 

Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

2.  To  be  loud,  noisy,  or  swaggering ;  swagger, 
as  a  turbident  or  boasting  person ;  utter  loud 
empty  menaces  or  protests. 

Your  ministerial  directors  blustered  like  tragic  tyrants 
here.  Burke,  American  Taxation. 

Let  your  demagogues  lead  crowds,  lest  they  lead  armies ; 
let  them  bluster,  lest  they  massacre. 

Maeaulay,  Conversation  between  Cowley  and  Milton. 

3t.  [Only  in  ME. ;  perhaps  a  different  word. 
Of.  Ld.  lilmtcrn,  blistvrn,  flutter  in  alarm.]  To 
wander  or  run  abotit  aimlessly. 

That  thay  blustered  as  blyndc  as  bayard  wats  cuer. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  MoitIs),  ii.  886. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  compel  or  force  by  mere 
bluster.     [Rare.] 

He  meant  to  bluMer  all  princes  into  a  perfect  obedi- 
ence. Fuller, 

2.  To  utter  with  bluster,  or  with  noise  and  ■vio- 
lence :  generally  with  out  ov  forth. 

Bloweth  and  blustereth  out  .  .  .  blasphemy. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  37-). 

To  bluster  downt,  to  blow  down  with  violence,  as  of 
the  wind. 
By  a  tempestuous  gust  bluster  down  the  house. 

Seasonable  Sermons,  p.  26. 

bluster  (blus'tfer),  n.  [<  bluster,  i).]  1.  The 
noise  of  a  storm  or  of  violent  wind ;  a  blast ;  a 
gust. 

The  skies  look  grimly 
And  threaten  present  blusters. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  3. 

2.  A  boisterous  blast,  or  loud  tumultuous  noise. 

The  brazen  trumpet's  bluster.  Su-i/t,  Prometheus. 

3.  Noisy  but  empty  talk  or  menace ;  swagger; 
boisterous  self-assertion. 

A  coward  makes  a  great  deal  more  bluster  than  a  man 
of  honour.  Sir  K  L' Estrange. 

The  real  weather  gods  are  free  from  brag  and  blunter. 
The  Century,  XXV.  674. 

=  Syn.  3.  Turbulence,  boasting,  bragging,  bullying. 
blusteration  (blus-te-ra'shgn),  n.    [<  bluster  + 
-ation.'\     Noisy  boasting;  blustering;  boister- 
ous conduct.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Amer.] 
blusterer    (blus'ter-er),  II.    One  who  or  that 
which    blusters ;    especially,  a   swaggerer ;   a 
bidly ;  a  noisy,  boastful,  or  boisterous  fellow. 
Sometime  a  blusterer,  that  the  ruflle  knew 
Of  court,  of  city.      Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  I.  58. 

blustering  (blus'ter-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  blus- 
ter, !'.]  1.  Stormy;  windy;  tempestuous:  as, 
blustering  yvBsXher;  "a  blustering  day,"  Shak., 
1  Hen.  IV.,  V.  1. —  2.  Noisy;  -violent;  self-as- 
serting; swaggering:  as,  a,  blustering  tellow. 
A  policy  of  blustering  menace  and  arrogant  interference. 
'  N.A.  Rev.,  XXXIX.  410. 

blusteringly  (blus'ter-ing-li),  adv.  In  a  blus- 
tering manner. 

blusterous,  blustrous  (blus'ter-us,  -tms),  a. 
[<  bluster  +  -o«6-.]      1.   Noisy;  tempestuous; 

rough;  stormy. 

Now,  mild  may  be  thy  life ! 
For  a  more  blusfrous  birth  had  never  babe. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  1. 

2.  Violent;  tructdent;  swaggering. 
blustery  (blus'ter-i),«.   [<  M((.sto- + -1/1.]  Blus- 
tering; blusterous;  raging;  noisy. 

\  hnlliiw  blustery,  pusillanimous,  and  unsound  [char- 
.j^.tP,.|  Carlyle,  Life  of  Sterling. 

blustrous,  a.    See  blusterous.  „     ^,       ^ 

-bly.  A  termination  of  adverbs.  See  the  ety- 
mology of  -ble.  ^  .    H      ,      A 

blype  (blip),  H.  [Ongm  uneei-tain.]  1.  A 
shred ;  a  piece  of  skin  rubbed  off.  Burns.— 2. 
A  stroke  or  blow.     [Scotch.] 

bI'Vthet  "•     -An  obsolete  spelling  of  blithe. 

B  M    An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Medicine. 

b!  M.  E.  An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Min- 
ing EiKiiiieering.  ,  ,,    . 

B.  Mus.    An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Music. 

hoM  a.',  pron.,  and  cniij.  [ME.,  also  boo,  <  AS. 
bd,  fem.  (in  ME.  common  and  neut.),  -nith  bcgeti 
(ME.  besen,  bcien,  bei/ne,  bayne,  beic.  beye,  haye), 
masc,  bu,  neut.,  =  Goth,  bai,  m.,  ba,  neut.,  = 
(with  a  prefix)  L.  am-bo  z=  Ov.  ou-tSw,  both  (see 


boar 

amhi-,  amphi-),  =  (with  an  added  element;  leel. 
hddhir,  etc.,  ME.  bathe,  bothe,  mod.  E.  botli  ; 
see  both.]  The  earlier  word  for  both. 
bo'-'  (ho),  interj.  [Also  wrilten  l)oh  and  formerly 
also  boe ;  a  mere  exclamation.  Of.  D.  "hij  Ian 
boe  noeh  ba  :ijggen,"  equiv.  to  E.  "he  cannot 
say  bo  to  a  goose."  Of.  boiA.]  An  exclamation 
used  to  inspire  surijrise  or  fright;  especially,  a 
cry  uttered  by  children  to  frighten  their  fellows. 
Also  boo. 

I'll  rather  put  on  my  flashing  red  nose  and  my  flaming 
face,  and  come  wrajipcd  In  a  calf 8  skin,  and  cry  bo.  Oof 
I'll  Iray  the  scholar,  I  warrant  thee. 

Old  Play,  Wily  Beguiled. 

Not  able  to  say  bo!  to  a  goose,  very  foolish  or  timid. 

b.  0.  A  common  abbreviation  in  stock-ex- 
(rhange  rc|)<)rt8  and  documents  of  buyer's  op- 
tion :  as,  l>.  o.  3  (that  is,  at  the  buyer's  option 
within  ;j  days). 

boa  (bo'ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  boa,  also  bora,  ap- 
plied to  a  large  gerjicnt;  perhaps  <  bos  (bor-), 
an  ox,  in  allusion  to  its  large  size :  see  Bos  and 
hovine.l  1.  [cup.]  In  hcr/iet.,  a  genus  of  very 
largo  non-venomous  serpents,  of  the  family 
Boida;  notable  for  their  power  of  constriction. 
It  was  formerly  nearly  coextensive  with  the  modern  fam- 
ily, and  included  all  the  boas,  anacondas,  etc.,  but  in  now 
restricted  to  certain  South  American  species  congeneric 


Boa  iS&a  cunitrictor). 

with  Boa  coTUitrictor.  The  genus  includes  some  of  the 
largest  known  serpents  (sometimes  more  than  20  feet 
long),  capable  of  enveloping  and  crushing  mammals  as 
large  as  a  deer. 

2.  In  ordinary  language,  some  large  serpent, 
as  a  boa-constrictor,  anaconda,  or  python;  any 
memberof  the  family  Boida:  or  Pythonidec. — 3. 
A  long  and  slender  cylindrical  ^vrap  of  fur,  worn 
by  women  round  tlio  neck. 

boa-constrictor  (bo'ii-kon-strik'tor),  n.  A 
name  popularly  applied  to  any  largo  serpent 
of  the  family  Boida:  or  I'ythonidce:  same  as 
boa,  2. 

boalee  (bo'a-le),  n.  [<  boyari,  the  Bengalese 
native  name.]  .\  fish  of  the  family  Silurida:, 
Wallago  attu,  which  has  been  also  named  Silu- 
rtis  boalis,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  India 
and  Burma.  It  has  a  long  body,  deeply  cleft  mouth, 
forked  caudal,  very  long  anal,  and  small  dorsaL  It  attains 
a  length  of  about  6  feet,  and  is  edible. 

In  India  the  jawbone  of  the  boalee  fish  (Silnnis  boalis) 
is  employed  by  the  natives  aliout  Docca.  Tlie  teeth, 
being  small,  recurved,  and  closely  set,  act  as  a  fine  comb 
for  carding  cotton. 

Simmonds,  Com.  Products  of  the  Sea,  p.  235. 

Boanerges  (bo-a-ntr'jez),  H.  pi.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  Bo- 
ai'Epjff,  from  an  Aramaic  form  equiv.  to  Heb. 
bne  hargem,  sons  of  thunder  (<  bne,  pi.  of  ben, 
son,  +  ha,  the,  +  ra'ain,  thimder),  or  to  the 
synonymous  Heb.  bneregesh.]  1.  Sonsof  thim- 
der: a  name  given  by  C'hrist  to  two  of  his  dis- 
ciples, James  and  John,  sons  of  Zebedee- 

And  he  surnamcd  them  Boanerges,  which  is.  The  sons 
of  thunder.  Mark  iii.  17. 

Hence  —  2.  .'<ing.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  a 
vociferous  preacher  or  orator. 
boarl  (bor),  (I.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bore ; 
<  ME.  boor,  bore,  bor,  <  AS.  bar  =  OS.  her  (-snin, 
swine)  =  D.  beer  =  MLG.  bcr.  LG.  her  =  OHG. 
her,  MHG.  ber,  a  boar.  ii.  bar,  a  young  boar. 
Cf.  Buss,  borovii,  a  boar.]  I.  n.  1.  The  male 
of  swine  (not  castrated). — 2.  A  military  engine 
used  in  the  middle  ages.  Uro.'ie — Ethiopian  ■wild 
boar.  Same  as  hrillul'.  "■  Wild  boar  (.'?«.« scro/n  or  tijMr), 
an  imgulate  or  hoofed  mannual,  family  Suid(r,  the  origi- 
nal of  the  tame  hog.  Wild  boars  are  found  in  most  pai-ts 
of  Europe,  excepting  the  British  islands  (where,  however, 
they  formerly  abounded),  and  also  in  the  greater  part  of 
Asia,  and  on  the  Barbary  coiust  of  Africa.  The  wild  boar 
differs  in  several  n-spect-s  from  the  tame  species;  its  body 
is  smaller,  its  snout  loii.'iT.  and  its  tars  (which  are  always 
black)  rounder  and  shorter  ;  its  color  is  iron-gray,  inclin- 
ing to  black.  The  iu<lis.  f<imied  by  the  enlarged  canine 
teeth,  are  larcer  than  those  of  the  tame  boar,  being  some- 
times nearly  a  foot  in  hiigtli.  Tlie  chase  of  the  wild  boar 
is  one  of  the  most  exciting  sports  of  Europe  and  India. 


boar 


Wild  Boar    Sns  scrcfa 


In  heraldr>'  the  wild  boar  is  represented  with  large  tusks 
and  open  mouth. 
n.  «.  Male :  as,  a  hoar  squirrel, 
boar-'t,  boar^t.     Obsolete  spelling  of   ftorei, 

board  (bord),  n.  [Under  this  fonu  and  the  cog- 
nate forms  in  the  other  languages  are  merged 
two  different  words :  (1)  ME.  ftoerf,  Ixiord,  horde, 
<  AS.  honl,  a  board,  plank,  table,  shield.  =  OS. 
hard  =  OFiies.  hord  =  D.  hard  =  MLG.  hurt, 
LG.  h,ord  =  Icel.  bordh  =  OHG.  MHG.  bort.  G. 
bord,  bort  =  Sw.  and  Dan.  bord  =  Goth,  baurd 
(m  fotu-baurd,  'footboard,'  footstool),  ueut.,  a 
board,  plank,  table  (in  AS.  also  shield);  (2) 
ME.  bord,  boord,  borde,  <  AS.  hord  {=  OS.  hord 
=  D.  board  =  MLG.  bort,  LG.  hoard  =  OHG. 
MHG.  bort,  G.  bord  =  Icel.  bordh  =  Sw.  Dan. 
bord),  maso.  (and,  by  confusion  with  the  pre- 
ceding, neut.),  border,  brira,  rim,  side,  esp. 
side  of  a  ship.  From  the  Teut.  comes  F.  bord 
=  OSp.  barda,  Sp.  bordo  =  Pg.  bordo  =  It. 
bordo,  side,  edge,  esp.  in  the  nautical  use, 
whence  in  E.  some  uses  of  board,  ii.  and  r., 
after  the  F.  Hence  border,  etc.  Connection  of 
the  two  original  words  is  uncertain.  Anotlier 
form  of  AS.  bord,  a  plank,  appeal's  transposed 
in  AS.  bred,  a  board,  flat  surface,  E.  dial,  hrcdc, 
a  board,  =  OD.  hrcd,  D.  herd,  a  floor,  =  OHG. 
MHG.  bret,  G.  hn  tt,  a  board,  plank,  =  Sw. 
hrdde  =  Dan.  brivdt,  board.  Not  connected  with 
broad,  as  is  usually  supposed.  Cf.  Ir.  (iael. 
Com.  bord  =  W.  bord  and  btrrdd,  a  board, 
table.]  1.  A  piece  of  timber  sawed  tliin,  and 
of  considerable  length  and  breadth  compared 
with  the  thickness.  Tlie  name  is  usimlly  Kiveii  to 
pieces  of  tinil>er  (in  this  and  similar  forms  called  luiiibir 
in  the  United  States)  more  than  4^  inches  wide  and  less 
than  2  inelies  thiclc.  Tliicker  pieces  of  the  same  form 
are  called  plank*,  and  narrower  ones  battens.  Wlien 
i>oard8  are  thiimer  on  one  edge  than  on  tlie  other,  they 
are  called  fe/tt/i^r-edf/ed  boantg;  and  to  riven  pieces  of 
this  kind,  not  more  than  3  feet  long,  used  for  roofing,  tlie 
name  board  is  exclusively  applied  in  ttie  soutlierii  United 
States. 
But  ships  are  but  boards,  sailors  but  men. 

Slink..  M.  of  V.,i.  3. 
2.  A  table,  especially  as  being  used  to  place 
food  on. 

Fruit  of  all  kinds  .  .  . 
She  gathers,  tribute  large,  and  on  the  txtard 
Heaps  with  unnpariiig  hand.      Milton,  V.  L.,  v.  ;i4;l. 

Hence  —  3.  (a)  That  which  is  served  on  a 
board  or  table ;  entertainment;  food;  diet. 

.H'^iitetlnies  white  lilies  diii  their  leaves  afford, 
With  wholes^jme  poppy-dowers,  to  mend  his  liomely  tntard. 
Jtnjfli'n,  tr.  of  \'irgil's  (Jcorgics,  iv. 
Tliey  ,  .  .  suffer  from  cold  and  hunger  in  their  tireless 
houses  and  at  their  meagre  IntanU. 

Hoiotlli,  Venetian  LKc,  xxl. 

(6)  Provision  for  a  person's  daily  meals,  or 
food  and  lodging,  <»pof'i!ilIy  as  funiislii'd  liy 
iiti-firncnt  or  for  a  price:  aiiiiliid  also  to  the 
1'  •  provision  for  horses  anil  other  animals. 
t  I  ^^ithoiit  lodging  is  often  dlstlngiiishnd  either  as 
if.t>i'^<nril  or  lnlfl''-lfttftrd. 

4.  A  table  at  which  a  council  or  the  session 
of  a  tribunal  is  held. 

I  wljth  the  king  would  be  pleased  sometimes  to  ho  prifs- 

cnl  at  that  bimrtl ;  it  adds  a  majesty  to  It.  liacon. 

laiiited  with  affairs  than  any  other  who  sat 

'  'ir<l.  f'lnri-ndon. 

I  'iM-tonymy  —  6.  A  number  of  pir- 

'   III'!   inanngornent,    diri'ctioM,   or 

I'  ri<*i'  r»f  Home  piitilic  or  privule  of- 

li' '   "i  trii.-it :  as,  a  lioard  of  direilors:  the  liorird 

Oflri'lo;  Dii,  hnnrr/ of  health  ;  a  Hcliool-Ziwirf/. 

1^  '    ';r,/ofcoumll.     .SV.rit     II.  II  \  lit  ,1    I. 

/■  f  I  pnrt  of  the  Inroiiv*  III' >)■ '    uMiiruir 

a--  I.I  Utoiis  are  slower.  Ill' II  ■  '     --^l- 

II"   '  r- 'llffii»<'d.     'Ihi'y»lll  ' 

i'>»1'  'Igi!  OS  an  ndtiilnlMii    ' 

A.  Ilamtlloo,  «  I 


gl.    . 

6.  .\ 

pun.' 


f  W'l'iil  UHcd  for  Home  miecinc 
I   '\Toii\iiU.-board ;  a  buko- '"inrrf ; 


604 

a  knife-ion r(f. —  7.  A  tablet;  especially,  a  tab- 
let upon  which  public  notices  are  written,  or 
to  which  they  are  affixed:  as,  a  notice-(jo(7r(f  ; 
a  bulletin-fconcrf. —  8.  A  table,  tablet,  or  frame 
on  which  games  are  played:  as,  a  chess-  or 
backgammon-ftoorf/ .•  abagatelle-iodn/. — 9.  />/. 
The  stage  of  a  theater:  as,  to  go  upon  the 
boards,  to  leave  the  board.-:  (that  is,  to  enter 
upon  or  leave  the  theatrical  profession). 

Our  place  on  the  boards  may  be  taken  by  better  .and 
younger  mimes.  Tliackeray. 

There  is  not — never  was — any  evidence  that  Lodge,  wlio 
was  a  very  meagre  dramatist,  ever  trod  the  boards. 

X.  andQ.,  Ijth  ser.,  XI.  107. 

10.  A  kind  of  thick  stiff  paper;  a  sheet  form- 
ed by  layers  of  paper  pasted  together ;  paste- 
board: usually  employed  iu  compounds:  as, 
eardtionrd,  raiWboard,  Bristol-iortcrf.     Hence  — 

11.  In  bookbinding,  one  of  the  two  stiff  covers 
on  the  sides  of  a  book.  By  a  («f.it  in  boards  is  nsuall,\ 
to  be  understood  a  book  tliat  lias  tlie  boards  covered  only 
with  paper,  in  distinction  from  one  which  is  covered  witli 
cloth  or  leather.  The  boards  wei*e  at  first  made  of  womi. 
but  are  now  made  of  liard-pressed  itiugh  paper-stock  and 
shredded  rope.     Often  abbreviated  to  lids. 

The  boards  used  iu  bookbinding  are  fin-med  of  the  pulp 
obtained  from  refuse  brown  paper,  old  rope,  straw,  or 
otlier  vegetiible  material  more  or  less  fibrous. 

Ure,  Dict.,I.  4-.>l. 

12.  pi.  In  printing,  thin  sheets  of  very  hard 
paper-stock  placed  between  printed  shoots  in 
a  press  to  remove  tlie  indentation  of  impres- 
sion:  distinctively  called  prct.s-board.s. — 13. 
Xaut.:  (o)  The  deck  and  interior  of  a  ship  or 
boat:  used  in  the  phrase  on  board,  aboard,  (b) 
The"  side  of  a  ship. 

Now  tfoard  to  board  tlie  rival  vessels  row.  Dryden. 

(c)  The  line  over  which  a  ship  runs  between 
tack  and  tack. — 14.  In  mining,  as  geuorally 
used  in  England:  (a)  Nearly  eciuivalout  to 
breast,  as  used  among  Pciiusylvaiiia  minors. 
See  breast,  (ft)  An  equivalent  of  chat,  in  York- 
shire, when  the  coal  is  worked  iiarallel  to  the  cleat,  it  is 
said  to  be  worked  board  or  bord,  tlie  more  usual  term  else- 
where being ,?Vice  on  :  wtlun  worked  at  right  iingles  to  the 
cleat,  the  term  used  is  t'nd  "«.— Academy  board,  ."^te 
ae«(/eini/.— Binders'  board.   See  (iim/'i— Board  and 

pillar,  in  aml-ntinino,  a  method  of  winning'  oal.    See  jiil- 

Till-  runt  biva.^i.  umler  ;'i//(i.-.— Board  Of  control,  direc- 
tors, equalization,  health,  ordnance,  trade,  etc.  See 
the  nouns.— Board  on  board,  board  and  board  (imi/f.), 

side    by  side.  — By  the    board,   "Ver    tlie    sliips    side.— 

From  bed  and  board,    see  ("•./'.  -London  board,  a 

variety  of  sized  rai'ilioiir'i.  —  On  board,  "n  or  in  a  ship 
or  coiiveyaiiee.  — Police  board.    .'<ee  I'oiirr.  —  'io  begin 

the  boardt,  t'l  tuke  a  seat  at  tlie  llead  of  the  talile  ;  l:il<e 
precedence  at  talde. 

Ful  ofte  tyme  he  liadde  the  bord  byffonne 

.\hoven  alle  imcioiins  in  Pruce. 

Cliilnnr,  (iell.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  I,  tii. 

To  go  by  the  board.  (")  ynnt..  said  of  a  mast  whieli  is 
broken  "(f  a  short  dlstalire  above  the  deck.  Henet — (/') 
To  lie  ".iiiiiletely  destroyed  or  carried  away.  -To  keep 
one's  name  on  the  boards,  at  rambriiige  rnivcisit\. 
t"  reiiiaiii  a  iiieiiilicr  of  a  colti-ge  :  in  allusion  to  the  custom 
there  of  iii.sciiliiiiif  the  names  of  members  on  aboard  or 
tablet.— To  make  a  board,  to  make  a  stretch  on  any 
tack  when  a  ship  Is  working  to  wimiward.    -  To  make  a 

food  board,  to  get  wdl  on  in  a  stretch  to  whi'twanl. 
o  make  a  half  board  (nant.),  to  luif  into  the  wiml  till 

tile  lieailvvay  cases,  ami  then   to  fill  away  on  the  siune 

tack.  — To  make  a  stern  board,  to  force  a  ship  ast' m 
by  the  sail.s.  -To  make  short  boards,  to  tiuk  ficiiK  ui 
ly.  — To  sweep  the  board,  int/antini/,  to  take  everything  ; 
pock  ^t  all  the  stakes. 
board  (bord),  v.  [<  hoard,  n.  In  sense  8, 
after  V.aln)rdrr,  como  to,  accost:  seo  aboard-, 
abord^,  r.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  eiivor  with  biuinls  ; 
inclose  or  close  up  willi  boards  ;  lay  or  sprcml 
with  boards:  often  with  up,  in,  ororer. —  2.  In 
Icathir-mannf.,  to  rub  (Iciithcr)  with  a  poinmol 
or  graining-iioard,  in  order  to  give  it  a  granu- 
lar appearance,  luid  make  it  siip]de. 

If  after  "  stoning  out"  the  leather  wlioiibi  riMpilre  softi  n- 
Ing,  it  Is  hoardiil.  V.  '/'.  /)'iri',«,  l,eatb.r,  p.  r:l. 

3.  To  ]ilaco  at  board:  as,  he  boarilnl  his  smi 
with  Mrs.  .So-and-so. — 4.  To  funiish  with  foml, 
or  food  and  lodging,  for  a  compensation:  as, 
his  landlady  liaard.s  him  at  a  roasonable  price. 
He  was  .  .  .  Itoardfd  and  loilg'-d  at  the  houses  of  the 
fanners  whoso  children  he  Instructed. 

Irrlni),  Sketch. Hook,  p.  4n. 

6.  To  como  up  nloiigsido  of  (in  order  to  nl- 
tack);  fall  aboard  of. — 6.  To  go  on  boanl  of 
(a  vessel).  Spccillcally  («)  T.i  embark,  (h)  'I.,  hall 
niid  enter  olllclally,  as  a  eiiNlom-house  or  other  ollicer. 
(p)  To  i'liter  by  force,  or  in  a  liottile  niaiiiier. 

Von  Imaril  an  enemy  to  capture  her,  and  r  ilranger  to 
receive  ni-ws  or  make  conininnlciilloiis.  Tottcn. 

7f .  To  jmt  on  board ;  stow  away. 

The  seamen  call ;  shall  we  Inard  your  trunks? 

Middtrlon  and  Itowtfjl,  rhallgellng,  i.  1. 

8f.   To  approach  ;  accost ;   make  advances  fo. 
Illin  the  rrlncc  with  gentle  c'liirl  did  Imrd. 

H]mnMT,  V.  i).,  II.  tx.  2. 


board-wages 

In  his  next  pithy  symliol  I  liare  not  board  him,  for  he 
passes  all  the  seven  wise  Mastei's  of  Greece. 

Milton,  .-Apology  for  Siuectymnuua. 

9t.  To  border  on ;  approach. 

The  stubborne  Newre  whose  waters  gray 
Ev  fair  Kilkenny  and  Rossepont^  boord. 

.Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  xi.  43L 

To  board  out.  (a)  To  exclude  with  boards  or  by  board- 
ing, (h)  To  send  out  to  board  ;  hire  or  procure  the  board 
of  elsewhere:  as,  to  board  out  a  child  or  a  lioi-se. —  TO 
board  up.  («)  To  stop  or  close  by  putting  up  boards :  aa, 
to  board  np  a  road,  {b)  To  shut  in  with  boards :  as,  to 
board  up  a  flock  of  chickens,  (c)  To  ease  with  boards:  aa, 
to  boanl  up  a  room  or  a  house. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  take  one's  meals,  or  bo 
supplied  with  both  food  and  lodging,  iu  the 
house  of  another,  at  a  fixed  price. 

We  are  several  of  ns,  gentlemen  and  ladies,  who  boani 
hi  the  same  house.  Speclator,  No.  296. 

2.  y,nif.,  to  tack. 
boardable  (bor'da-bl),  a.   [<  board,  r.,  +  -able.'] 

Capable  of  being  boarded,  as  a  ship. 
board-clip  (bord'klip),  n.    A  spring-clasp  for' 

holding  sheets  of  paper  upon  a  board,  desTs,  or 

printer's  case. 
board-cutter  (bord'kufer),  «.   A  bookbinders' 

niachiue  for  cutting  millboards  for  the  covers 

and  backs  of  books, 
boarder  (bor'der),  H.    One  who  boards.    ((i)On» 

who  gets  his  meals,  or  lioth  meals  and  lodging,  iu  tlie 

house  of  another  for  a  price  agreed  upon. 

There's  a  boarder  in  the  floor  above  me  ;  ami,  to  my  tor- 
ture, lie  practises  music.  Smollett,  llumphrey  L'iiuker. 
(/>)  pi.  On  a  man-of-war,  the  officers  and  men  detailed  to 
attack  an  enemy  by  boarding.  They  are  armed  with  cut- 
lases  and  pistols. 

Heading  for  the  steamer,  he  formed  his  boarders  oil  the 
bow.  J.  li.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisei-s,  p.  168. 

boarding  (bor'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  hoard, 
c]     1.  Wooden  boards  collectively. 

The  supply  of  material,  wood,  and  boarding  for  build- 
ing, repairing,  or  constructing  puiilie  and  sacred  bnild* 
ings.  Seebobni,  Eiig   \\\.  Communities,  p.  '289, 

2.  Boards  put  together,  as  in  a  fence  or  a  floor. 
—  3.  The  operation  of  rubbing  leather  with  a 
pommel  or  graiuiug-board  to  make  it  granular 
aud  supple,  after  it  has  been  shaved,  daubed, 
and  dried. —  4.  Tlie  act  of  entering  a  ship,  es- 
pecially by  assault. —  5.  The  practice  of  obtain- 
ing one's  food,  or  both  food  and  lodging,  in  the 
homo  of  another,  for  a  stipulated  charge. — 
Luffer  boarding,  in  earp.,  a  style  of  boarding  in  which 
"lie  Iioiinl  projects  aii'l  partly  covers  another,  and  iu  its 
turn  is  partly  c"\vi'c'l  iiy  still  another,  as  in  clapboardilig. 

boarding-clerk  (borMing-klerk),  n.  The  em- 
ployee of  a  custom-house  agent  or  shipping 
firm  whose  duty  is  to  conimunicato  with  ships 
oil  their  arrival  in  port.     [Kiig.] 

boarding-house  (bor'diug-lmus),  ».  A  house  of 
eutertaiiimi'iit,  iiioro  homc-liko  than  a  hotel  or 
restaurant,  whore  persons  are  furnished  witU 
board  for  a  fixed  price. 

boarding-joist  (bor'ding-.joist),  h.  One  of  the 
.joists  in  naked  flooring  to  which  the  boards  are 
fasteiuMl. 

boarding-machine  (bor'ding-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
inaeliiiio  for  nibbing  the  surface  of  leather  to 
raise  llio  i^raiii. 

boarding-nettings  (bor'ding-net'ingz),  n.  pi. 

Nettings  of  siimlTro]io  or  wire  fixed  tiround  tlie 
bulwarks  of  a  ship  to  prevent  her  from  being 
lioarili'd.     Soo  nrtling. 

boarding-officer  (bor'ding-of'i-sor),  «.  Anoffl- 
eof  of  till'  ciistoiii-house  wlio  boanls  ships  on 
their  arrival  iu  port  iu  order  to  oxaiiiiiie  their 
papers  and  to  ]irovont  smuggling. 

boarding-pike  (bor'diug-iiik),  n.  A  short  piko 
iiso'l  ill  naval  warl'nrl^  iu  boarding  or  in  repel- 
ling lioiirili'i's.     Soo  hdlf-pike. 

boarding-school  (inir'tliug-skiil),  n.    A  school 

wliii-li  |iroviilis  lioard  for  its  pujiils;  a  school 
111,  wliieli  llio  pupils  are  fed  and  loilgeil. 
board-rack  (bonrrak),  n.     In  jirinling,  a  rack 
for    sliding    slielvi>H    (called    It  llir-txnirds)   on 
wliieli  111  lay  away  com]ios('d  type. 

board-rule  (liord'riil),  «.  A  iiguri'd  scale  for 
finding  Hie  number  of  square  feet  in  a  board, 
without  calculation. 

board-school  (liord'skiil),  «.  In  Great  Hiitain, 
a  M'liool  under  the  nianageiiieiil  of  a  selionl- 
biiard  eoiinisliiig  (oxeejit  ill  lioiiiloii)  of  from  ft 
to  l.">  niotiiliors.  I'leeleil  liy  till'  nili'-piiyors  of  a 
scliool  district  ;  a  jiiililic  eloinoiilary  selioiil. 

board-wages  (lioiil'wn  gcz),  ".  sing,  and  /'/.  A 
lixid  {inviiH'iit  iiinile  to  doineslic  scrviiiits  in 
lieu  of  board,  cspocially  when  it  is  iiocessary 
for  them  to  live  out  during  the  toniporary  ab- 
Hcnco  from  honio  of  tlioir  oinjiloyors. 

Not  eiioiigli  is  left  liiiri  t"  supply 
lloard-waijfH,  ov  a  footniiiirs  livery.       Iirydnn. 


boar-fish 

boar-fish  (bor'fi.sh),  n.  A  name  applied  to  vari- 
ous ilissiinilar  lishes  whicli  have  a  projecting 
snout,  (fi)  In  En^'liuul,  tlic  Capim  apet\  a  fisli  of  tlie 
fiitnily  Caproidce,  Jt  has  the  imwer  of  extending  and 
eontracting  its  moutli  at  will.  Wlien  oxteniied  tlie  mouth 
taJtes  tile  form  of  a  hog's  snout,  whence  the  name.     It  ia 


Boar.fisli  {.Capros  afifr). 


<;  inches  loiifj.  and  inhabits  the  Mediterranean  and  At- 
hmtie  iiurtlnvaid  to  tin-  I'.ritish  coasts,  {h)  In  New  Zea- 
hiiid,  llir  i'littux  ttu^tiolis,  a  speeies  of  the  iixmWy  Zenidce. 
It  is  rilati-d  to  the  joliii  doiv,  hut  has  a  rou;_'li  skin  and  is 
.l.slitiite  of  lariie  plates  and  the  bhaek  lateral  .sii.its.  (c) 
hi  .southern  .-VustralialMelhoiU'ne,  etc.),  the  I'fUit'U-fyoi'si.^ 
yrnrrin'Slri.-^,  a  species  t.if  the  family  I'l'iilarcrotH/it'.  It  i.s 
esteemed  as  a  food-fish, 

boarish  (bor'ish),  a.  [<  hoar  +  -isli^.']  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  boar ;  resembling  a  boar ;  swin- 
ish ;  sensual ;  cruel. 

In  his  anointed  llesh  stick  boari.sh  fangs. 

S/ialc,  Lear,  iii.  7. 
boar-spear  (bor'sper),  n.     [<  ME.  boresper,  < 
.\S.  hni-sj^cre,  <  bar,  boar,  -I-  sperc,  spear.]     A 
s|pi'ur  usc'il  in  bunting  boars, 
boar-stag  (bor'stag),  n.    A  gelded  boar, 
boar's-tusk  (borz'tusk),  n.    A  common  name 
given  to  shells  of  the  genus  DottaHum.    J.  B. 
•SiJitrrbi/,  Jr. 
boart  (bort),  H.     Same  as  bort. 
boasti  (bost),  v.     [<  ME.  bastcn,  hnosteii,  <  host, 
iHinst:    origin  unknown.      The  W.  bastio,  bos- 
tiuii  =  Corn,  bostj/c  =  Gael,  bosd,  boast,  are 
from  the  E.]     I.  iiitraiis.  If.  To  threaten;  ut- 
ter a  threat. —  2.  To  brag;  vaunt;  speak  vaiu- 
gloriously  or  e.xaggeratedly,  as  of  one's  own 
worth,  property,  deeds,  etc. 

LinK\tc  not  luyche,  it  is  hut  waast; 

Bi  boostynge,  men  mowe  foolis  knowe. 

ISabees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  »2. 

By  grace  are  ye  saved  through  faith ;  .  .  .  not  of  works, 

lest  any  man  should  boast.  Eph.  ii.  s,  9. 

3.  To  glory  or  e.xult  on  account  (of);  speak 
with  laudable  pride. 

I  bofisl  of  you  to  them  of  Macedonia.  2  Cor.  ix.  2. 

4.  To  be  possessed,  as  of  something  remarka- 
ble or  admirable  :  often  used  jocosely. 

It  [the  cathedial]  does  not  appear  so  rich  as  the  small- 
est church,  lint  bun^/g  of  a  little  organ,  which  sent  forth 
singularly  inharmonious  cries. 

Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  I.  4. 
=  S3T1,  To  bluster  (about),  vapor,  crow  (about  a  tiling,  or 
tiver  a  jierson),  swell,  talk  big,  put  on  airs, 

II.  tfrijis.  1.  To  brag  of;  speak  of  with 
pride,  vanity,  or  exultation :  as,  to  boast  what 
arms  can  do. 

But  let  him  boast 
His  knowledge  of  good  lost,  and  evil  got. 

Milton,  P.  L,  xi.  86. 
He  boasts  llis  life  as  purer  than  thine  own. 

Tennyson,  Baliii  and  Balaii. 

2.  To  glor^  or  exult  in  possessing;  have  as  a 
source  of  pride :  often  in  a  jocose  sense :  as,  the 
village  boasts  a  public  pump. 

God  be  thanked,  the  meanest  of  His  creatures 
Jloojits  two  soul-sides,  one  to  face  the  world  with, 
tine  to  show  a  woman  when  he  loves  her. 

Browning,  One  Word  More. 

3.  To  magnify  or  exalt ;  makeover-confident; 
vaunt :  with  a  reflexive  pronoun. 

They  that  trust  in  their  wealth,  and  boast  themselves  in 

the  multitude  of  their  riches.  Ps.  xlix.  6. 

Boa.-it  not  thyself  of  to-morrow.  Prov.  xxvii,  1. 

Many  there  be  that  boa.it  themseli<es  that  thev  have 

faith.  Latimer,  4th  Serm,  bef.  Edw.  VI.  (1549), 

boastl  (bost),  n.     [<  ME.  boost,   bo-H :  see  the 

verb.     The   W.  bost  (=  Corn,  bost  =  Ir.  and 

Gael,   bosd),   a   boast,   is  from  the   E.]      1+. 

Clamor;  outcry. 

He  crakkede  bost  and  swor  it  was  nat  so, 

Chaueer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  SI. 
2t.  Threatening ;  menace. —  3.  Brag  ;  vaunt- 
ing; language  expressive  of  ostentation,  pride, 
or  vanity. 

Keason  and  morals?  and  where  live  they  most. 
In  Christian  comfort  or  in  Stoic  baa.-<l  i' 

Byrnm,  Enthusiasm. 

4.  A  catise  of  boasting;  occasion  of  pride, 
vanity,  or  laudable  exultation :  as,  Shakspere, 
the  boast  of  English  literature. 

His  Candle  is  ahvaves  a  l.iie_'er  .sitter  vp  then  himselfe, 
and  the  hnasl  of  his  Window  at  Slidiiight, 

/>/'.  hUtrlr,  .Miero-cosnioLiiaphie,  A  I'letender  to  Learning. 
=  Syn.  Vaunt,  brag.     See  boasting'^. 


605 

boast"  (host),  V.  t.  [Origin  unknown  ;  perhaps 
a,  corruption  of  bosli^,  q.  v.]  1.  In  ma.tdiirti, 
to  dress  off  the  surface  of  a  stone  with  a  broad 
chisel  and  mallet. — 2.  In  sculp.,  to  reduce  or- 
naments or  other  work  to  their  general  contour 
or  fonii,  preparatory  to  working  out  the  details. 

boast-  (bost),  u.  [Appar.  in  allusion  to  the 
ball's  rubbing  or  scraping  the  wall ;  <  boast'i, 
«'.]  In  tennis,  a  stroke  by  wliich  the  ball  is 
driven  against  the  wall  of  a  court  at  an  acute 
angle.  The  rubbing  against  the  wall  makes 
the  bnll  spin. 

boastancet,  >'■  [<  boasts  +  -ance.']  Boasting. 
ClKiiicrr, 

boaster'  (bos'ter),  n.  [<  ME.  hosier,  hostour, 
<  tiosti  II,  boast.]  One  who  boasts,  glories,  or 
vaunts  vrith  exaggeration,  or  ostentatiously;  a 
bragger. 

boaster^  (bos'ter),  «.  [<  600.9*2  +  .,.,.1.]  a 
broad  chisel  used  in  rough-hewing  and  dressing 
off  the  surface  of  a  stone ;  a  boasting-chisel. 

boastful  (bost'ftil),  a.  [<  ME.  hostfnl,  <  host, 
lionst,  + -fnl.'\  Given  to  boasting;  vaunting; 
bragging. 

Boastful  and  rough,  your  first  son  is  a  squire. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  1.  151. 
Let  boastful  eloquence  declaim 
Of  honor,  liberty,  and  fame. 

Whittier,  Prisoner  for  Debt 

boastfully  (bost'ful-i),  adv.     In   a   boastful 
manner. 
boastfulness  ( bost 'f til -nes),  n.     [<  boast/til  + 
-HISS.]     The  state  or  quality  of  being  boastful. 
boastingl  (bos'ting),  n.    [<  ME.  hosting;  verbal 
n.  of  bimstX,  «.]   A  glorying  or  vaunting;  boast- 
ful or  ostentatious  words ;  bragging  language. 
When  Iwasfing  ends,  then  dignity  begins.  ,  Young. 

=  S3T1.  P.rag,  bravado,  bluster,  swagger,  swaggering,  vain- 
glory, roddiijontade,  jiarade,  vaporing,  rant, 
boasting-  (bos'ting),  v.     [Verbal  u.  of  hoasf^, 
V.']     1.  In  masonnj,  the  process  of  dressing  the 
surface  of  a  stone  with  a  broad 
chisel  and  mallet. —  2.  In  sculp. 
and  carvlini,  the  act  of  cutting 
a  stone  roughly  with  a  boasting- 
chisel,  so  as  to  give  it  the  general 
„     ,.      .  -   ,      contotu'  of  a  statue  or  an  orna- 
mcnt.     Also  called  scabhltng. 
boastingly  (bos'ting-li),  adv.    In  an  ostenta- 
tious manner;  with  boasting. 
boastive  (bos'tiv),  a.     [<  hoast^  +  -ive.J    Pre- 
sumptuous; boastful.     Slicnstone.     [Bare.] 
boastless   (bost'les),   a.      [<   boast^^    +   -less.] 
Witliout  boasting  or  ostentation.     [Rare.] 

Diffusing  kind  beneficence  around, 
Boastless,  as  now  descends  the  silent  dew". 

Thomson,  Summer,  1.  1644. 

boat  (hot),  n.  [<  ME.  boot,  bote,  hot,  <  AS.  hat  — 
leel.  heit  (rare),  a  boat;  appar.  not  found  as  an 
orig.  word  elsewhere,  being  in  the  later  lan- 
guages appar.  borrowed  from  ME.  or  AS. ; 
namely  (from  ME.),  MD.  and  D.  hoot  =  MLG. 
hot,  LG.  boot  (>  G.  hoot),  and  (from  AS.)  Icel. 
hdtr  =  Sw.  hdt  =  Dan.  haad,  also  W.  had  =  Ir. 
had  =  Gael,  hata,  and  ML.  hatus,  hattiis.  It. 
batto  =  OF.  bat;  with  dim.  It.  hattcllo  =  Sp. 
batcl  =  Pr.  batelh  =  OF.  hatel,  F.  bateau :  see 
bateau.~\  1.  A  small  vessel  or  water-craft ;  espe- 
cially, a  small  open  vessel  moved  by  oars.  The 
forms,  dimensions,  and  uses  of  boats  are  very  various.  The 
boats  in  use  in  the  United  States  naval  service  are  steam- 
launches,  launches,  steam-cutters,  cutters,  barges,  gigs, 
whale-boats,  and  dinghies. 

2.  Any  vessel  for  navigation :  usually  described 
by  another  word  or  by  a  prefix  denoting  its  use 
or  mode  of  propulsion :  as,  a  paeket-hoat,  pas- 
suge-hoat,  ste&rahoat,  etc.  'The  term  is  frequent- 
ly applied  colloquially  to  vessels  even  of  the 
largest  size. — 3.  Any  open  dish  or  vessel  re- 
sembling a  boat:  as,  a  gravy-ftof/i;  a  butter- 
hoat. 

The  crude  red  [in  the  decomposition  of  aniline!  has  left 
a  violet  deposit  in  the  bottom  of  the  boats  in  which  it  was 
cooled.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  207, 

4.  In  the  Eom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  vessel  contain- 
ing the  incense  to  be  placed  in  the  thiu'ible 
when  needed — All  in  the  same  boat,  all  engaged 
in  the  same  eiiterpri.-e :  all  in  the  same  condition,  espe- 
cially unfortunate  condition;  all  to  have  the  s;iiuc  fate 
or  fortune.—  Boat-compass.  See  compass.—  High  boat. 
See  high. — Paper  boat,  a  light  boat,  used  especially  for 
racing  and  s])oitiiig  purposes,  made  of  sheets  of  nianila 
paper,  or  of  )iaper  made  from  superior  unble.ached  linen 
stock.  The  first  sheet  is  fastened  to  a  model  which  cor- 
responds to  the  interior  of  the  boat,  and  coated  with  ad- 
hesive varnish  ;  another  sheet  is  then  put  over  the  first; 
and  so  on  until  a  suflicient  thickness  is  obtained, 
boat  (hot),  i'.  [<  6o«<,  H.]  I.  froHs.  1.  To  trans- 
port in  a  boat:  as,  to  boat  goods  across  a  lake. 
—  2.  To  pro\-ide  with  boats.     [Rare.] 


boat's-gripes 

Our  little  Arno  is  not  boated  like  the  Thames, 

IVatjiole,  Letters,  i.  3u. 

To  boat  the  oars,  to  take  them  out  of  the  rowlockb 
and  i.l.irc  them  lore  and  aft  cm  the  thwarts, 
II.  ill  trans.  To  go  in  a  boat;  row. 
I  boated  over,  ran 
Jly  craft  aground, 

Tennyson,  Edwin  Morris. 

beatable  (bo'ta-bl),  a.  [<  boat  +  -alAc.']  Navi- 
galile  )jy  boats  or  small  river-craft. 

boatage  (bo'tiij),  n.  [<  hoot  +  -age.']  1.  Car- 
riage by  boat,  or  the  charge  for  eaiTying  by 
boat. — 2t.  Boats  collectively. —  3.  The  aggre- 
gate carrying  capacity  of  the  boats  belonging 
to  a  ship. 

It  is  generally  assumed  that  BuRlcient  boatage  is  invari- 
ably provideil,  Kdinlmrgh  Rev.,  C'XV,  166. 

boatbill  (bot'bil),  );.  A  South  American  bird, 
Cochlearia  (or  Caucronta)  cochlcaria,  related  to 
the  true  herons:  so  named  from  the  shape  and 


Boatbill  iCtjncroma  cccktfaria). 

size  of  the  bill,  which  is  very  broad  and  much 
vaulted.  The  boatliill  is  about  the  size  of  and  somewhat 
resembles  a  night-heron  (apart  from  the  bill),  but  is  the 
type  of  a  distinct  sniifaniilv,  Caner'niiinte  (which  see). 
Also  called  b'.nl-iiiU.il  h,'roil  and  .-■artirnii. 

boat-builder  (bot'bil'der),  «.  One  who  makes 
boats;  a  boatwright. 

boat-fly  (bot'fli),  )(.  An  aquatic  heteropterous 
hemipterous  insect  of  the  family  Notonectid<e, 
which  swims  ujjon  its  back.  See  Xoto7ieeta. 
Also  called  bacJc-swimmer  and  boat-insect. 

boat-hook  (bot'huk),  n.  A  brass  or  iron  hook 
and  spike  fixed  to  a  staff  or  pole,  used  for  pull- 
ing or  pushing  a  boat.  Also  called  gaff-setter, 
setting-pole,  pole-hoolc,  and  hitcher. 

boat-house  (bot'hous),  n.  A  house  or  shed  for 
storing  boats  and  protecting  them  from  the 
weather. 

boating   (bo'ting),  w.     [Verbal  n.  of  boat,  v.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  rowing  or  sailing  a 
boat,  especially  as  a  means  of  exercise  or 
amusement. —  2.  Transportation  by  boats. — 3. 
A  punishment  in  ancient  Persia,  consisting  in 
fastening  an  offender  on  his  back  in  a  boat  and 
leaving  him  to  perish  or  be  eaten  by  vermin. 

boat-insect  (b6t'in"sekt),  )(.     Same  as  hoat-flij. 

boationt  (bo-ii'shpn),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  "boatioin-), 
eqiuv.  to  hoatiis,  a  crying  out,  <  boare,  earlier 
hovare,  =  Gr.  /tedf,  cry  out,  roar,  bellow.]  A 
reverberation;  a  roar;  loud  noise.     [Rare.] 

The  guns  were  heard  .  .  .   about  a  hundred   Italian 
miles,  in  loud  hoations.  Derham,  Physico-Theology. 

boat-keeper  (bot'ke'per),  n.  1.  One  of  the 
crew  of  a  ship's  boat  left  in  charge  of  it  during 
the  absence  of  the  others. — 2.  One  who  keeps 
boats  for  hire. 
boatman  (bot'man),  ».;  pi.  Imatmen  (-men).  1. 
A  man  who  manages  or  is  employed  on  a  boat; 
a  rower  of  a  boat. 

The  lioatinan  plied  the  oar,  the  boat 
Went  light  along  the  stream.  Southey. 

2.  A  hemipterous  insect  of  the  family  CorisidcB 
and  genus  Notonecta. 

boat-racing  (bot'ra  "sing),  n.    A  trial  of  speed 

between  boats;  racing  with  boats. 
boat-rope   (bot'rop),   n.     A  rope  to  fasten  a 

boat,  usually  called  a  painter. 


Boat's-gripes. 

boat's-gripes  (bots'grips),  n.  pi.    Lashings  lised 
to  secure  boats  hoisted  at  the  davits. 


boat-shaped 

boat-shaped  (bot'shapt),  o.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  boat;  navicular;  eymbifonn:  hoUon-  like 
a  boat,  as  (in  iot.)  the  valves  of  some  pericarps. 
Specifically,  in  omith.,  applied  to  the  tail  oj  certain  birds, 


Boat-shaped.— Tail  of  a  Crackle. 


aii  the  boat-tailed  grackle,  Quiscalug  major,  in  which  tlie 
plane  of  the  feathers  of  each  half  meets  that  of  the  other 
hall  obliriuely,  slanting  downward  and  toward  the  me- 
dian line,  and  thus  indnces  a  reentrance  or  hollow  of  the 
upper  surface  and  a  salience  or  keel  below. 

boat-shell  (bot'shel),  «.  The  English  name  of 
the  shells  of  the  genus  Cymbium  or  Cymha,  be- 
longing to  the  family  Volutidx.  See  cut  under 
f_'ip»bi\tin. 

boat-skid  (bot'sMd).  n.  Xaut,  a  piece  of  -wood 
fastened  to  a  sliip's  side  to  prevent  chafing 
wlien  a  boat  is  hoisted  or  lowered. 

boatsmant  (hots'mau),  n.  [<  boat's,  poss.  of 
bout,  +  man  ;  =  D.  bootsman  =  Sw.  bdtsman  = 
Dan.  ftnflrf.^inan,  boatswain.]  1.  A  boatswain. 
—  2.  A  boatman. 

boat-song  (bot'song),  h.  Avocal,  or  occasion- 
ally an  instrumental,  musical  composition, 
either  intended  actually  to  be  sung  while  row- 
ing or  sailing  or  \vritten  in  imitation  of  a  song 
thus  used,     bee  barcarole. 

boatswain  (bot'swan;  colloq.  and  in  naut. 
use,  bo'sn),  n.  [Also  colloq.  and  naut.  boson 
(formerly  in  good  literary  use) ;  early  mod.  E. 
boatsicain,  boatson,  botcswa'/iie,  <  late  JfE.  bot- 
sicaync ;  <  boat  +  swain,  in  the  sense  of  'boy  ser- 
vant.' The  alleged  AS.  ''bdt.'urdn  is  not  aiithor- 
ized.]  1.  A  subordinate  officer  of  a  ship,  who 
has  charge  of  the  rigging,  anchors,  cables,  and 
cordage.  It  is  his  duty  also  to  summon  the  crew  for  any 
evolution,  and  to  a.'^ist  the  executive  ollicer  in  the  neces- 
sary business  of  the  ship.  His  station  is  always  on  the  fore- 
castle, anil  a  silver  call  or  whistle  is  the  bad^e  of  his  ottice. 

2.  A  jager  or  skua ;  any  bird  of  the  genus 
Lestris  or  Stercorarius. 

Dr.  Bessels  killed  three  fork-tailed  pulls,  and  two  boat- 
npains.  C.  l\  Hail,  Polar  Kxpedition,  p.  ;i^. 

3.  A  name  of  birds  of  the  genus  rhnethon.  See 
tropic-biril —  Boatswain's  mate,  an  assistant  of  a  boat- 
swain. Itoatswaiu's  mates  inflicted  corporal  punishment 
iK'fore  it  was  abolished. 

boat-tailed  (bot'tald),  a.  Havingthe  tailboat- 
sliajied.  See  boat-shaped. 
boattails  (bot'talz),  n.  pi.  In  orniih.,  a  name 
.'^oiiictiini'S  given  to  the  American  grackles, 
subfamily  Quiscalhiw,  family  Ictcrida:,  from  the 
fact  that  their  tails  are  boat-shaped.  See  cut 
umlfT  bmit-shapcd. 
boatWTight  (bot'rit),  n.  A  boat^buUder. 
bob'  (lioli),  «.  [Under  the  fonn  bob  are  in- 
cluded several  words  of  obscure  origin,  mostly 
colloquial  and  without  a  definite  literary  his- 
tory, and  in  consequence  now  more  or  less  con- 
fused in  sense  as  well  as  in  form.  The  differ- 
ent senses,  in  their  noun  and  verb  uses,  Iiave 
reacted  on  each  other,  and  cannot  now  be  en- 
tirely disentangled.  liob^,  «.,  a  cluster,  etc., 
=  Sc.  Iioh,  bah,  a  cluster,  buncli,  nosegay,  < 
II K.  hob,  holilii;  a  cluster;  cf.  led.  hol)bi,  a  knot 
(noiliis,  Halilorson),  and  Gael,  bahaij,  a  cluster, 
biilinn,  a  tassel,  fringe.  In  senses  iij  C,  7,  rather 
from  /yofcl,  J!,  t.,  1;  in  senses  10,  11,  13,  bob  is 
short  for  bob-irir/,  lioh-stick,  bob-sled,  q.  v.]  1. 
A  bunch;  a  cluster;  a  nosegay.  [Now  chiefly 
Scotch.] 
Vyno  .  .  .  with  wonderc  gretc  bobbu  of  grapcn. 

.W.S-.  in  Ualliwell. 
The  rose  an'  hawthorn  Bweet  I'll  twino 
To  make  a  bub  for  thee'.  //«;;7,  The  Ilny-makcra. 
2t.  The  seed-vessel  of  flax,  hop.H,  etc. — 3.  Any 
^in.ill  round  object  Hwiiiging  or  i>liiyiiig  loosely 
:i!  'Ill'  ind  of  a  cord,  lino,  flexible  chain,  wire, 
rod.  .,r  the  like.  S|R-clllcally-(a)  A  Illtlo  pendant  or 
"I  (.,ihc  ni  HO  attached  ;  an  enr-nrop. 

In  Jewels  dreiw-d.  and  at  ench  ear  a  fmh. 

hrft'trn,  Ir.  <if  .luvcniilri  Satires,  vl. 
'HioBo  IndlauH  whrt  are  fouml  to  wcjir  all  the  {jnld  they 
have  In  the  world  ill  a  luili  at  the  iio»e. 

il.iUUmilh,  Cltl/.n  of  the  World.  111. 
('■I  'ill'  t.,ill  ,.r  u.-ii/tit  nt  the  end  *»f  n  p«'ii'liitnm,  tdiiiiib. 
'  !■  jTlie  movnlilc  M.  I-I,f  ..I,  II,.  ^'I.•ul^lllt- 

iid.      (.()  A  kTh.lol«"JiM.    m,-, Iliil 

'  -    liiuK,  with  or  wllhniil  >.  li,,ok,  and  lixd 

t  I  I'  oniierly,  a  grub  ut  larva  f>f  a  iHrutlu  uiicd 

'  .'-,  turned  up  before  the  plotiith 
^:      I  ^  r.    I  bull  with  cork  nii<l  had  iiioiivh. 

/    /i.„ni/»,  Hccret*  of  AiikIImk,  II.  (ini.'.i. 
</)  < 

T^''  by  lylnif  Ibree  h'M,kii  tounthiT. 

owk  :  their  ihaiilK  Willi  a  (lortlon  of 


606 

a  deer's  tail :  .  .  .  strips  of  red  flannel  or  red  feathers  are 
sometimes  added,  .  .  .  forming  a  kind  of  tassel,  with  the 
points  of  the  hooks  projecting  at  equal  distances. 

The  Centuni,  XXVI.  3S3. 
07)  A  float  or  cork  for  a  fish-line. 
4.  A  small  wheel  made  entirely  of  a  thick  piece 
of  bull-neck  or  sea-cow  leather,  perforated  for 
the  reception  of  the  spindle,  used  for  poMshing 
the  inside  of  the  bowls  of  spoons  and  the  con- 
cave portions  of  other  articles. —  5t.  The  words 
repeated  at  the  end  of  a  stanza;  the  burden  of 
a  song. 
"  To  bed,  to  bed,"  will  be  the  hob  of  the  song. 

Sir  R.  L  Egtriintje,  Fables. 
6.  A  short  jerking  action  or  motion :  as,  a  bob 
of  the  head. —  7.  In  change-ringing,  a  set  of 
changes  which  may  be  i-ung  on  6,  8,  10,  or  12 
bells.  That  rung  on  U  bells  is  called  a  bob  minor  ;  on  S 
bells,  a  bob  majur;  on  10  bells,  a  bob  rotjal;  and  on  12 
bells,  a  bob  inaximus. 

8.  A  triangtilar  or  four-sided  frame  of  u'on  or 
wood,  vibrating  on  an  axis,  by  the  aid  of  which 
the  motion  of  the  connecting-rod  of  an  engine 
is  communicated  to  a  pump-rod,  the  foi'mer 
being  usually  horizontal,  the  latter  vertical  or 
considerably  inclined. — 9.  A  dance.  [Scotch.] 
O  what'n  a  hob  was  the  bob  o'  Dunblane. 

Jacobite  Sontj. 

10.  A  ijarticular  kind  of  wig;  a  bob-wig. 

A  plain  brown  bob  he  wore. 

Shen^toiie,  Extent  of  Cooker}'. 
He  had  seen  flaxen  bobs  succeeded  by  majors,  which  in 
their  turn  gave  way  to  negligents,  which  were  at  last  total- 
ly routed  by  bags  and  ramilics.    Goldsmith,  Richard  N;ish. 

11.  A  shUling.     Formerly  6o6s^(ci-.     [Slang.] 
"  Well,  please  yourself,"  quoth  the  tinker;  "you  .shall 

have  the  books  for  foiu-fcofr."  .  .  .  "Fourbobs  —  fourshil- 
lings :  it  is  a  great  sum,"  said  Lenny. 

Bttlu't'r,  My  Xovel,  iv.  Ti. 

12.  -An  infantry  soldier:  as,  the  light  fto?)« ;  pos- 
sibly so  caUed  because  soldiers  were  enlisted 
in  England  with  a  shilling.  [Slang.]  — 13.  A 
seat  mounted  on  short  rimners,  used  either  for 
pleasure  coasting  or  for  the  conveyance  of 
loads  over  ice  or  snow;  a  sled.  [.fVmencan.]  — 
Bob  at  the  bolster.  -Same  as  cushion-dance. — Dry  bob, 
at  Et»»n  College.  England,  a  boy  who  devotes  himself  In 
cricket  or  foot-ball:  in  opposition  to  ivcf  boh,  one  who 
makes  boating  his  principal  recreation.— OsclUatlng  m- 
rocking  bob.    .Same  as  balance-bob. 

bobl  (bob),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  bah- 
hinff.  [<  boh^,  v.,  3,  from  the  vibrating  move- 
ment; ef.  Icel.  boppa,  wave  up  and  do^^^l.  In 
sense  I.,  2,  there  is  reference  to  the  short,  cut- 
off appearance  of  bobs.  In  sense  II.,  4,  <  boh^, 
n.,  3  (d)  (().  Tliis  verb  is  probably  in  part 
vaguely  imitative,  and  not  directly  connected 
with  liie  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  cause  a  short 
jerky  motion  of;  effect  by  a  short  jerking  move- 
ment: as,  "he  bobbed  his  head,"  Irving;  to  bob 
a  courtesy. 

AVhcn  Ionian  shoals 
Of  dolphins  boli  their  noses  through  the  brine. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i. 

2.  To  cut  short;  dock:  often  with  <);/".•  as,  to 
bob  or  bob  off  a  horse's  tail. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  act  jerkily,  or  by  short 
quick  motions ;  move  or  play  loosely,  in  a  sway- 
ing or  vibrating  miiniier:  as,  to  hoh  against  a 
person ;  to  ln>h  up  and  down,  or  back  and  forth, 
as  a  pitli-ball  or  other  object,  or  a  person. 

A  birthday  jewel  Imiibin'j  at  their  ear.  Dryden, 

2.  To  make  a  jerky  bow  or  obeisance. 

lie  rolled  in  upon  two  little  turned  legs,  and  having 
Imbtied  gravely  to  the  bar.  who  bclttteil  griivdy  to  him,  \nil 
his  little  legs  under  his  tabic.      J)ickeits,  i'ickwick,  xx\i\. 

3.  To  dance.  [Scotch.] — 4.  To  angle  or  fish 
with  a  bob,  as  for  eels,  or  by  giving  the  hook  a 
jerking  motion  in  the  water. 

I'll  bob  for  no  mr»re  eeln.  Shirlen,  llydc  Park,  v.  U. 

These  are  the  baits  they  Imb  with. 

Iliaii.  and  I'l.,  ('a|)taln.  III.  1. 

bob^  (bob),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  ])p.  bolibnt,  iiiir.  holi- 
bini/.  [<  JIK.  bobhen,  sfriko.  Origin  oiisciire, 
pcrliapK  ill  jmrt  imitative;  cf.  hoh'-\  r.  ("f.  Sc. 
boh,  a  murk  or  butt.]     1.  To  strike;  beat. 

With  the  bit  of  Ills  blailo  lio  bobhil  hint  no  .  .  . 
lie  elefe  him  to  the  i-ider, 

Deslruetion  o/ Trail  (E.  K.  T.  S.),  L  731«. 
I'll  not  be  btib'd  In  th'  liofte. 

Ftetetier,  .MoiiB,  I'hnmaa,  11,  *.;. 
2.  To  jog;  shako;  nudge, 

Mr.  Ilarley  Imbbfd  nio  nt  every  lino  to  take  nollre  of 
the  beauties.  ,Sn\fl,  Jonnial  to  Stella,  Ix-lter  il. 

bob'-f  (bob),  n.  [<  bolfi.  r.]  A  sliako  or  jog; 
H  blow:  lis,  "pinches,  nips,  and  bobs,"  Asriiani, 
Tho  HclioleiiiiiHliT. 

lie  that  a  fr.cl  cl,,lh  very  wlwly  lilt 
Doth  very  foolliihly,  although  he  niiiarl, 
Not  to  sctin  seiiHcR-M  of  the  tmli. 

.•itink.,  Aa  you  I.Ike  11,  II   7. 


bobbin 

bob^t  (bob),  V.  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  bob- 
bing. [<  ME.  bobben,  <  OF.  hober,  mock,  de- 
ceive, cheat.]     1.  To  mock;  deride;  insult. 

.So  by  siche  feynyd  myTaclis  men  by  gjienhenisiU  ami 
dispisen  God,  as  the  tormentours  that  bol>fnden  Crist. 

J(el.  Antiq.,  ii.  47. 

2.  To  deceive ;  delude ;  cheat. 

Play  her  pranks  and  bob  the  foole. 

Turberetlle,  A  Pretie  Epigram. 
You're  bobb'd;  'twas  Imt  a  deed  in  trust. 

Middleton  (and  others),  Tlie  Widow,  v.  1. 

3.  To  gain  by  fraud  or  cheating. 

Gold,  and  jewels,  that  I  bobb'd  from  him. 

.Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

bobS  (bob),  «.  [<  bobS,  r.  Cf.  OF.  bobc,  mocking, 
deception.]    A  taunt;  a  jeer  or  flout ;  a  trick. 

Let  her  leave  her  bitbs ; 
I  have  had  too  many  of  them ;  and  Iier  quillets. 

Fletcher,  Tamer  Tamed. 
I  am  beholding  to  you 
For  all  your  merry  tricks  you  luit  upon  me, 
Your  bobs,  and  base  accounts. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iii.  1. 

To  give  the  bob  tot,  to  make  a  fool  of ;  impose  upon. 

It  can  be  no  other  Ibusiness] 
But  to  give  me  the  bob. 

Massinticr,  Maid  of  Honour,  iv.  5. 

bob*  (bob),  n.  [<  ME.  bobbr,  an  insect  men- 
tioned in  connection  with  spiders  and  lice;  = 
Sw.  bobba,  a  certain  insect,  buprcstis.  Perhaps 
the  same  word  as  fco/;l,  a  bimch,  of  which  a  dial. 
sense  is  'ball';  cf.  attcrcop,  a  spider,  lit.  'poi- 
son-head' or  '  poison-bvmch' ;  cf.  also  pill-beetle. 
Cf.  Icel.  hohbi,  a  snail-shell;  lomast  i  bobha, 
get  into  a  puzzle.]  A  louse;  any  small  insect. 
nalliwcll.     [Prov.  Eiig.] 

bobac,  bobak  (bob'ak),  H.  {Pol.  bobal-.}  The 
Polish  marmot,  Arctomys  bobac. 

Bobadil  (bob'a-dil),  H.  [The  name  of  a  boast- 
ful character  in  Ben  Jonsou's  "Every  Man  in 
liis  Humoiu'.'']     A  blustering  braggait. 

Bobadilian  (bob-a-diriau),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  rosombliug  a  Eiobadil,  or  a  blustering  fellow 
vvlio  makes  i)retenses  to  prowess. 

Bobadilism  ( bob'a-dil-izm),  II.  [<  Bobadil  + 
-ism.']     Phistoring  conduct  or  braggadocio. 

bobak,  ".     See  bobac. 

bobancet,  «.  [ME.,  also  bobaunee,  <  OF.  bobance 
(F.  bomlmncc)  =  Pr.  boban.ia,  ostentation,  dis- 
play, =  It.  bomban:a,  exultation.  Cf.  ML.  bom- 
biciis,  proud,  ostentatious,  <  L.  bonibiis,  »  buz- 
zing sound:  see  bomb".']     Boasting.     I'liaiicer, 

bobberl  (bob'er),  n.  [<  I  obi  -f  .^,1.]  i.  Qno 
who  or  that  which  bolis. — 2.  One  who  fishes 
with  a  bol). —  3.  One  of  the  artificial  flies  of  an 
angler's  cast. 

bobber- 1,  »•   [<  Mi'^  -I-  -<■)  i .]   1.  One  who  scoffs. 

Bitter    taunters,  dry    bobbers,  nyppingc   gj'hers,  and 
skorneful  mockers  of  others. 

Tonchitone  of  Comphxiom  (157.''). 
2.  A  deceiver. 
bobbery  (bob'er-i),  ». ;  pi.  bobberies  (-iz).  [Pop- 
ularly regarded  as  a  native  E.  term.  <  bobl,  v., 
hob'i,  v.,  -I-  -try,  but  really  of  Anglo-Indian  ori- 
gin, being  an  accom.  of  Hind,  bap  re.  ()  fatherl 
a  common  exclamation  of  surjiriso :  bdi),  father; 
re,  a  vocative  particle  exiucssing  surprise.]  A 
squabble;  a  row;  a  disturbance:  as,  to  kick  up 
a  bobbery.     [Colloq.  and  vulgar.] 

I  heard  something  yesterday  of  his  kicking  up  a  ImhbfiJI 
III  the  kitchen.  llarliam,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  s£ 

bobbin  (bob'in),  v.  [Formerly  bobin  :  =D.  botiijH 
=  It.  dial,  hohina,  <  F.  boliinc,  a  bobbin;  of  un- 
known origin,  pciiiiips  Celtic;  cf.  (!aol.  bnlmn, 
a  tassel,  t'riiio(>,  baling,  n  diislor,  tiisscl.  This 
would  bring /)o/i/;/(  iiiio  cunnectioii  with  E.  dial. 
bobbin,  a  small  fagot  (unless  this  is  a  var.  of 
babliin  =  linrin'^),  and  bobbin,  »  litlle  knob  hang- 
ing by  a  string  altached  f  o  n,  Ind'li.  See  boli^,] 
1.  A  reel  or  sjiool  for  holding  thread.  Speelll- 
cally  (.1)  One  of  the  wcighls  used  lo  steady  the  threadi 
In  pillow-lace  nmking,  (>aiii  bohhiu  Imvnig  a  sleniler  lieek 
around  whiiii  a  pattof  the  thread  is  w<uiiid  ;  foriiiertyniiide 

of  bone,  but  now  e<unmonly  of  w 1.     (/»)  ;\  spool  with  A 

head  at  one  or  both  ends,  inteniteil  to  have  threiul  or  yam 
wound  oil  ft,  and  used  in  spinning,  in  weaving,  and  In 
sewiiig-inachlncH. 

Hence  —  2.  Eithcrof  flio  1  wospool-shinicd  piirts 
of  aneh'clromiigiii't,  ciuisislingola  central  core 
of  soft  iron  wound  around  willi  a  considcrablo 
length  of  fine  insiilnlod  copjier  wire. —  3.  A 
narrow  tniie  or  sinnll  lou'd  of  cotton  or  linen. 
—  4.  A  hunk  of  Kiissiiiii  lliix,  (•(insist iiig  of  0, 
!•,  or  12  liciids,  lu rding  to  the  quulily.  Bob- 
bin and  fly-franiB.    oD  A  luachlue  usi  d  In  coilonninn- 

utile  lure  lor  Inking  llu'  nMvcr  iis  received   fl i  the  driiw. 

Iiig  tiume  anil  converting  it  Into  rnvliig  or  Hliibhlng ;  tills 
I"  Ihc  (Ind  or  coarse  frame.  (/,)  A  inachlne  which  tnkel 
the  idubbing  from  the  first  frame  and  eonverts  It  liiU>  a 
coiirHc  yarn. 


bobbin 

bobbin  (bob'iu),  v.  t.  [<  bobbin,  ».]  To  wind 
(111  liobbius  or  sijools,  as  thread. 

bobbinet  (bob-iu-ef  or  bob'in-et),  n.  A  com- 
mon contracted  form  of  bobbin-net. 

bobbing  (bob'ing),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  babbing  ; 
verliiil  n.  of  ftoftl,  v.,  II.,  4. J  The  act  or  opera- 
tidu  of  fishing  with  a  bob. 

bobbin-net  (bob-in-uef),  «•  A  machine-made 
cotton  netting,  consisting  of  parallel  threads 
whicli  form  the  warji,  iipon  which  two  systems 
of  oblique  threads  are  laid  in  such  a  way  that 
each  of  the  oblique  threads  makes  a  turn  around 
oiu'h  of  the  warp-tlireads,  producing  a  nearly 
hexagonal  mesh.  See  tutle.  Often  contracted 
to  bobbinet. 

In  180S,  Mr.  John  Heathcoat  obtained  a  patent  for  a 
bobbin-iu't  machine,  being  the  first  successful  attempt  to 
produce  by  machinery  an  imitation  of  pillow  lace. 

A.  Bartow,  Weaving,  p.  360. 

bobbin- winder  (bob'in-win"d'er),  n.  A  ma- 
cliiue  for  winding  thread  or  yarn  upon  a  bob- 
bin, spool,  or  shuttle,  having  a  device  for  dis- 
tributing the  thread  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
form  in  vrinding  any  desired  shape. 

bobbin-work  (bob'in-werk),  n.  Work  woven 
with  bobbins. 

bobbish  (bob'ish),  a.  [Cf.  ftoP,  r.]  Hearty; 
ill  good  spirits  and  condition.     [CoUoq.] 

bobble  (bob'l),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bohblcd,  ppr. 
bohhlin;/.  [Freq.  of  bob^,  v.  Cf.  bnbble'^.l  To 
bob  up  and  down ;  move  with  continual  bob- 
bing.    [Colloq.,  Eng.] 

bobble  (bob'l),  K.  [<  bobble,  «.]  The  move- 
ment of  agitated  water.     [CoUoq.,  Eng.] 

bobby  (bob'i),  «.;  pi.  bobbies  (-iz).  [A  slang 
term,  fi'om  Bobbi/,  dim.  of  Bob,  familiar  foi-m  of 
Iiiihcrt,  in  allusion  to  Sir  Robert  Peel.  Also 
called  jjcffcr,  from  his  surname.]  Apoliceman: 
a  nickname  first  given  to  the  members  of  the 
police  force  established  under  Sir  Robert  Peel's 
act  (passed  in  1829)  for  improving  the  police  in 
and  near  London. 

bob-cherry  (bob'eher'i),  11.  [<  Joftl  -f-  cherry.'] 
A  child's  play  consisting  in  catching  with  the 
teeth  a  elieiTy  or  other  fruit  hung  fi'om  the  ceil- 
ing, lintel  of  a  door,  or  other  high  place,  as  it 
swings  to  and  fro. 

bob-fishing  (bob '  fish  "  ing),  n.     Same  as  clod- 

Jisllillff. 

bobizationf  (bo-bi-za'shon),  n.  [<  bo  +  bi,  syl- 
laliies  used  in  singing,  +  -z-atioii.]  In  vinsic, 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  a 
general  term  for  the  various  methods  of  naming 
the  tones  of  the  scale  (for  convenience  of  refer- 
ence and  accuracy  of  singing)  by  syllables.  See 
sohni-dfion,  bebisation,  bocedization,  dameniza- 
tion.  Iitliicrdication. 

bob-lincoln  (bob-ling'kon),  n.  [Also  boblincon, 
bob-o-liiicnln,  as  if  it  were  Sob  o'  Lincoln,  and 
hence  still  further  expanded  to  liobert  of  Lin- 
coln, in  allusion  to  the  proper  names  Robert 
^see  liiihjji/)  and  Lincoln ;  a  fanciful  imitation  of 
the  bird's  note.  Now  usually  bobolittk,  q.  v.] 
The  boboUuk. 

The  luxurious  little  boblincon  revels  among  the  clover 
blossoms  of  the  meadows.    Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  147. 
Over  the  mountain-side  or  mead, 
Robert  of  Lincoln  is  telling  his  name. 

Bryant,  Kobert  of  Lincoln. 
bobolink  (bob'o-Ungk'),  •)!.  [Also  boblinJc,  and 
earlier  boblincoln,  boblincon  (see  above) ;  an 
imitation  of  the  bird's  note.]  An  American 
oscine  passerine  bird,  of  the  family  Icteridee 
and  subfamily  Afjelteina;,  the  Dolichonyx  oryzi- 
corus,  named  from  its  hearty  voluble  song  in 


607 

male  wears  the  black  livery  only  in  the  breeiling  sea- 
son, and  is  only  then  in  song,  lie  molts  in  midsummer 
or  in  August,  acciuiring  a  plumage  like  that  of  the  female. 
Both  sexes  arc  then  known  as  recd-birtlx  in  the  .Middle 
States,  as  rice-birds  in  tin'  Southern  States,  and  as  bultcr- 
birdK  ill  Jamaica,  In  the  spiing  the  male  ac(iuire8  his 
black  and  Imlf  suit  witli.jiit  ok. itiiig  any  feathers  :  whence 
the  correct  popular  iKjtioii,  liased,  however,  on  erroneous 
premises,  that  the  reed-hirds  tuin  into  bolKdinks  in  the 
spring.  The  bird  is  ahumlaut  in  most  of  the  United 
States,  and  is  a  regular  migrant,  breeding  on  the  ground 
in  meadows  in  the  .Northern  States  and  Canada.  In  the 
fall,  when  fat  and  Hocking  in  the  marshes  to  feed  upon 
wild  oats  (/.(Zttiiln),  it  is  much  esteemed  for  the  table. 
Also  called  Imb-Uiiroln.  fucietioiisly  Bohni  of  Liimoln  (si^c 
bulhliiu-iilii),  skoiik-hhirkhiril,  fnim  its  coloring,  which  re- 
scmljlea  that  of  the  i^laink,  and  meaduiriiik. 

The  crack-brained  bobolink  courts  his  crazy  mate. 
Poised  on  a  Ijiilnish  tiiisy  with  his  weight. 

O.  W.  llolmen.  Spring. 
bob-sled  (bob'sled),  n.  A  sled  consisting  of  a 
body  resting  on  two  short  sleds  called  bobs, 
placed  one  behind  the  other.  Bob-sleds  are  used 
for  the  transportation  of  timber,  etc.,  and,  when  of  lighter 
build  for  coasting,  are  also  called  double-runners  or  simply 
bobs.     |.\merican.) 

bob-sleigh  (bob'sla),  n.  A  sleigh  constructed 
upon  tlie  same  principle  as  a  bob-sled.    [U.  S.] 

bobstay  (bob'sta),  «.  [<  fcoftl -f  stayl.]  Nout., 
one  of  two  or  three  ropos  or  chains  extending 
fi'om  the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit  to  the  cut- 


Bobolink  {Doiichottyx  oryzivorus). 

spring.  The  male  is  about  "J  inches  long,  black,  with  a 
bulf  nape,  and  much  white  or  pale  ash  on  the  back  and 
wings ;  the  tail-feathers  are  very  acute.  The  female  is 
smaller,  yellowish,  darker  above,  and   streaked.     The 


IT,  Bowsprit;  b,  Bobstay. 

water.  Their  function  is  to  hold  the  bowsprit 
down  in  its  place,  and  counteract  the  upward 

strain  exerted  by  the  headstays Bobstay  holes, 

holes  in  the  fore  part  of  the  knee  of  the  head  in  a  ship, 
formerly  serving  to  secm-e  the  bobstay.  irc/i/,'.  — Bob- 
stay  piece,  a  timber  fastened  to  the  main  piece  of  the 
heatl  in  a  ship,  to  which  the  bobstay  is  secured. — Bob- 
stay  plates,  iron  plates  by  which  the  lower  ends  of  the 
bobstays  are  secured  to  the  stem. 

bobstickt  (bob'stik),  n.  [<  bob^  +  stick;  the 
application  is  not  clear.]  A  shilling;  a  bob. 
[Slang.] 

bobtail  (bob'tal),  ».     [<  fcofci,  n.,  or  6o&i,  v.,  I., 

2,  +  toJZl.]  1.  A  shortfall,  or  a  tail  cut  short. 
— 2t.  A  contemptible  fellow ;  a  em-.  N.E.D. — 

3.  Collectively,  tlie  rabble :  used  in  contempt, 
most  frequently  in  the  phrase  rog-taij  and  bub- 
tail. — 4.  A  kind  of  short  arrow-head.   Planchc. 

bobtailed(bob'tald),o.  [ibobtail-^-cd'^.']  Hav- 
ing the  tail  cut  short:  as,  "a  bobtailed  cur,"  iS'i> 
R.  V Estrange — Bobtailed  car,  a  small  street-car  de- 
signe<l  to  be  used  without  a  conductor  or  guard,  and  drawn 
tisually  by  one  horse.     [Local,  U.  .S.] 

bobtail-wig  (bob'tiil-wig'),  ?».  A  wig  with  a 
short  cue,  worn  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

bob-white  (bob'hwif),  n.  [So  called  from  its 
note.]  A  name  of  the  bird  Ortyx  virginianus, 
commonly  known  in  America  as  the  quail  or 
partridge.     See  cut  under  quail. 

In  the  North  and  East,  he  is  called  Quail ;  in  the  South 
and  West,  he  is  Partridge ;  while  everywhere  he  is  known 
as  Bob  White. 

A.  M.  Mayer,  Sport  with  Gun  and  Rod,  p.  6G3. 

bob-wig  (bob'wig),  n.     [Short  for  bobtail-wig.'] 
A  bobtail-wig. 
A  bob-wig  and  a  black  silken  ba^  tied  to  it. 

Adduon,  Spectator,  No.  129. 

bocaget,  n.    A  by-form  of  boscage. 

bocal  (lio'kal),  n.  [=  D.  bokaal  =  6.  pokal,  < 
F.  bocal  =  Sp.  Pg.  bocal  =  It.  boccale;  cf.  ML. 
hucalis,  baucalis,  (,  Gr.  jiavKoXii,  also  Kavnali^,  a 
vessel  in  which  wine  or  water  is  cooled ;  cf . 
L6r.  Baviiokiov,  also  Kavaahov,  a  narrow-necked 
vessel  that  gurgles  when  water  is  poured  in  or 
out :  said  to  be  imitative  ;  cf .  Gr.  liavKa'/.iii',  lull, 
sing  a  lullaby.]  1.  A  cylindrical  glass  vessel 
with  a  short,  wide  neck  and  large  mouth,  used 
to  contain  anatomical  specimens  and  the  like, 
preserved  in  spirits. — 2.  The  mouthpiece  of  a 
brass  musical  instrument,  as  a  horn,  a  trumpet, 
or  a  trombone. 

bocan,  ".     Same  as  bucan. 

bocardo  (bo-kar'do),  )i.  [An  artificial  term.] 
1.  In  logic,  the  mnemonic  name  of  that  mood 
of  the  third  figure  of  syllogism  in  which  the  ma- 


bock-beer 

jor  premise  is  a  particular  negative,  the  minor 
a  universal  affirmative,  and  the  conclusion  a 
particular  negative  proposition:  as,  Some  pa- 
triarchs (Enoch,  Elijah)  are  not  mortal;  but 
all  patriarchs  are  men ;  hence,  some  men  are 
not  mortal,  (jf  the  seven  letters  which  compose  the 
word,  five  are  signiHeant.  The  three  vowels,  o,  n,  o,  indi- 
cate the  (jiiality  of  the  premises  and  conclusion  ;  b  shows 
that  the  mood  is  to  be  reduced  to  barbara  of  the  first  fig- 
ure; c,  that  the  reduction  is  jjer  itniiomfihile.  The  word 
was  probably  invented  by  I'etrus  Ilispauiis.    Sec  mood'i. 

2.  A  prison:  so  called  from  the  old  north  gate 
of  Oxford,  which  had  this  name  and  was  at  one 
time  used  as  a  prison.     Xares. 

Was  not  this  (AchanI  a  seditious  fellow?— Was  he  not 
worthy  to  be  cast  in  bocardo  or  little-ease '! 

Latimer,  Sermons,  fol.  105  C. 

bocasine  (bok'a-sin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
boccasinc,  hoccasin  (late  ME.  liokcsy),  <  F.  boc- 
casin,  now  boucassin  =  It.  lioceaccino  =  Sp.  bo- 
cacin,  hocaci  =  Pg.  Imcacini,  buckram,  <  Turk. 
bolidsi,  boghdsi,  cotton  cloth.]  If.  .\  linen  stuff 
woven  so  fine  as  to  look  like  silk. — 2.  At  the 
present  day,  in  the  Levant,  a  kin<l  of  cotton 
cloth.     Schuyler. 

bocca  (bok'a),  n.  [It.,  =  Sp.  Pg.  hoca  =  P. 
bonche,  <  L.  bucca,  cheek,  esp.  as  puffed  out: 
see  bucca.]  The  round  hole  in  a  glass-funiaee 
by  which  the  fused  glass  is  taken  out. 

boccaccio  (bo-kii'chio),  n.  [It.,  one  having  a 
largo  mouth,  boccaccia,  f.,  a  large  ugly  mouth, 
<  bocca,  mouth  (<  L.  bucca,  cheek :  see  bucca), 
+  aug.  -accio:  see  -ace.  Hence  the  siu-name 
Boccaccio.]  A  name  given  by  the  Italians 
about  San  Francisco  to  the  Hebastodes  jiaucir- 
spinis,  a  scorpsenoid  fish  of  California,  it  has  veiy 
small  scales  and  a  projecting  lower  jaw,  attains  a  length 
of  30  inches,  and  is  a  good  food-fish,  abundant  in  rather 
deep  water  along  the  coast. 

boccale  (bo-ka'le),  «.  [It. :  see  ?wp«/.]  A  liquid 
measure  used  in  most  parts  of  Italy,  before  the 
introduction  of  the  metric  system,  for  wine  and 
oil.  Its  capacity  in  different  cities  is  shown  in 
the  following  table : 

T  iwr;  British  U.  S. 

L"='^-  Qts.  Qts. 

Bologna 1.255  1.10  1.33 

Florence  —  for  wine 1.140  1.00  1.20 

"    oil 1.044  0.92  1.10 

Leghorn 1.064  0.94  1.12 

Modena  — for  wine 1,697  1.49  1.79 

Nice  — for  wine 0.684  0.60  0.72 

Rome  — for  wine,  old  ..  ..1.493  1.31  1.58 

"         new 1.823  1.60  1.92 

for  oil,  old  1.992  1.75  2.10 

"      new 2.053  1.81  2.17 

Trieste  — for  wine,  old.  ..1.847  1.63  1.95 

new  ..1.415  1.25  1.49 

Turin 0.684  0.60  0.72 

Venice  1.012  0.S9  1.07 

boccamela  (bok-a-me'la),  II.  [XL.]  A  kind  of 
weasel  formd  in  southern  Europe,  I'utorius  boe- 
ranwla. 

boccarelt,  "•    See  bockerel. 

boccarella  (bok-a-rel'a),  ».  [It..  <  bocca,  q.  v.] 
A  smaU  aperture  in  a  glass-furnace,  made  on 
each  side  of  the  bocca  ;  a  nose-hole. 

boccarett,  ».    See  bockerel. 

Boccius  light.     See  lighfl. 

Bocconia  (bo-ko'ni-a),  n.  [NL. ;  named  after 
a  Sicihau  botanist,  Paolo  Boccone,  1633-1704.] 
A  genus  of  taU,  coarse,  herbaceous  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Papaveraceec,  with  large  lobed  leaves 
and  large  panicles  of  flowers.  Some  species  are 
cultivated,  as  />.  .Japonica  and  B.  cordata  from  China,  but 
rather  for  their  ornamental  habit  than  for  their  flowers. 

bocet,  n.     Same  as  bogue^. 

boceaizationt  (bo-se-di-za'shon),  H.  [<  bo  + 
ce  -t-  (/(  (see  def.)  -t-  -z-ation.]  In  music,  the 
application  of  the  syllables  bo.  cc.  di,  ga,  lo, 
ma,  ni  to  the  tones  of  the  scale:  a  system  in- 
troduced about  1550  by  the  Belgianmusician 
Waelrant. 

bochet,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  botcli^. 

bochka  (boch'ka),  n.  [Euss.]  A  Russian  li- 
quid measui'e,  containing  40  vedros,  or  about 
130  gallons. 

bock  (bok),  V.  i.  [Sc,  =  boke~,  q.  v. ;  <  ME. 
bocken,  boken,  belch,  vomit,  also  croak;  var.  of 
hoik,  ME.  bolkcn,  belch :  see  bolk.]  1.  To  retch ; 
vomit. —  2.  To  gush  inteiToittingly,  as  liquid 
from  a  bottle.     Burns. 

bock-beer  (bok'ber),  n.  [Also,  as  G.,  bockbier, 
G.  also  simply  bock,  popidarly  associated  with 
bock,  a  goat,  ==  E.  buck^,  but  in  fact  shortened 
from  Eimbockhier,  now  Einbecker  bier,  from 
Eimbock,  Eimbeck,  now  Einbeck.  a  town  in  Prus- 
sia formerly  famous  for  its  beer.]  A  double- 
strong  variety  of  (Tcrraan  beer,  darker  in  color 
than  tlie  ordinary  kinds,  less  bitter  in  taste,  and 
considerably  more  intoxicating.  It  is  brewed 
in  December  and  January,  and  is  drunk  in  May. 


bockelet 

Taockeletf,  ".    See  bockerel. 

bockerelt  (bok'e-rel),  «.  [Also  written  hoc- 
ciinl.  with  fern,  forms  bockeiet  and  boccant, 
a\<o  'hoclxlet.  dim.  forms  of  unknown  origin; 
po=Hiblv  from  the  same  source  (OF.  boc)  as 
hutdter,  OF.  boJder.  boid-iei:  F.  boiicher  ;  cf.  E. 
1... trh.  r-biifl,  the  gi-eat  gray  shrike.]  The  male 
.  ,!id  of  falcon,  the  female  being  designated 
fi  I  or  hoccarct. 

bockerett,  «■     See  bockerel. 

bockey  (.bok'i).  ».  [Prob.  <  r>.  bahje,  a  small 
bowl  or  vessel,  dim.  of  bal-:  see  frorf-^.]  A  bowl 
or  vessel  made  from  a  goui-d.     [Xew  York.] 

bockingl  (bok'ing).  n.  A  coarse  woolen  diug- 
get  or  baize,  named  fi'om  Bocking,  in  Essex, 
England,  Avhere  it  was  first  made. 


608  bodily 

!•.]     It.  A  command;  an  bodhisattva  (bo-di-sat'vil),  n. 


bid.  and  cf.  bode'^. 

order. —  2t.  An  announcement;  a  message 
The  oHle  eke,  that  of  ileth  the  bod: 


C/miio 


briiijjreth. 
Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  343. 


bocking-  (bok'ing),  h.     [<  T>.  hoklhifj  (=  MHG.  ^ode^t  (bodl,  >i.    [<  ME.  hode,  bade,  a  stop,  delay, 


biirl.ini:  a.  backing),  a  smoked  herring,  appar, 
<  l,ok  ( =  E.  biickl),  a  goat,  +  -iiig.}  A  red  her- 
riiii.'.     '  iidib. 

bocklandt,  ».    See  bocland. 

bockmant,  "■     See  bocman. 

bock-pot  (bok'pot),  H.    Same  as  bucks. 

boclandt,  ".  [That  is,  bOrlond,  the  early  ME. 
iiii.l  AS.  form  of  bonkhuid.']     Same  as  bookhiiid. 

boclet,  ".     -Vn  obsolete  form  of  biiekic-. 

bocmant,  "•  [That  is,  bociiiiiii.  the  early  ME. 
iiiid  AS.  form  (recorded  only  in  legal  (ML.) 
doc-umcuts)  of  bookman.'\  A  holder  of  book- 
land  (which  see). 

bOCO-WOOd  (bo'ko-wud),  ».  The  wood  of  a  le- 
guminous tree.  Bocua  I'roracensis,  of  Giuana. 
It  is  verv  hard  and  dark-colored,  and  is  much 


[Skt.  (>Sin. 

_halesi'  bodliistit,  bodisat,  Jap.  bnndtnii,  Chin. 
}i«().S((/()i  <  budlii,  intelligence,  wisdom  (<  ■/ 
bndli,  know:  see  Suddha),  +  .siitlni,  heing,  es- 
sence, <  sant  (=  L.  ens),  being,  ppr.  of  •/  m,  be ; 
see  fcel.]  In  Buddhism  of  tht>  northern  school, 
or  the  later  development  called  the  Mahayana, 
one  of  a  numerous  class  of  beings  who,  having 
an-ived  at  supreme  -ivisdom  {bodlii),  have  to  pasa 
through  human  existence  only  once  more  be- 
fore attaining  to  Buddhahood.  or  complete  en- 
lightenment, and  entrance  into  Nirvana.  Among 
sim;halr^,>  lin.l.lhists  called  bodliisal  ami  Ovilimt,  among 
llj,' rliiii.>r  ^'M-i\(!A,  aiiil  among  the  Japanese  iwdfA'rt. 
[<  bode",  ».,  0.]    To  bid  tor;  make  an  offer  bodhi-tree  (bo'di-tre),  n.     Same  as  Iw-trcc. 

bodice  (bod'is),  H.     [Sometimes  spelled /mfW/oe, 
f onncily  bodies, being  orig. pi.  of  liodif.    Cf.  cor- 
set.'\     It.  A  sort  of  inner  stays  or  corset,  laced 
in  front,  worn  by  women,  and  sometimes  by 
men :  also  called  a  pair  of  bodies,  or  a  bodies.— 
2.  An  outer  laced  garment,  covering  the  waist 
and  bust,  worn  by  women  in  some  European 
styles  of  costume",  often  as  an  ornament. — 3. 
More  generally,  the  close-fitting  waist  or  body 
of  a  gown. 
**'"'-  bodiced(bod'ist),o.   \^<bodicr  + -e<p.']  Clothed 
in  a  boilice ;  furnished  with  a  bodice, 
Slhn  her  little  waist, 
Comfortably  boiliceii. 

Thackera;/,  I'eg  of  Limavaddy. 


3t.  Omen;  premonition;  augiuy. 
If  no  fate 
Have  an  unlucky  bode.       Sliirlep,  Love  in  a  Maze,  v.  S. 

4t.  A  foreboding;  presentiment. —  5.  A  bid; 
the  price  offered  bv  a  buyer  or  asked  by  a  sel- 
ler.    [Scotch.] 

Ye  should  never  tak'  a  flsh-wife's  first  bade. 

.SVy»,  Antiquary,  xxxix. 

bode-  (bod),  r.  t. ;  pret  J)0(/f ,  pp.  boden.  ppr.  bod- 

iutf. 

for;  buy.     [Scotch.] 
bode^  (bod).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of  bide. 


<  bide)i  (pret.  biide,  liad,  bad),  bide.     Cf.  (dmde^ 
H.,  of  similar  formation.]     A  stop;  delay. 

Withouten  bode  his  heste  she  obeyed. 

Cbaiicrr,  Anelida  and  .\rc.,  1.  110. 

bode'>t,  bodent,  />/'.    [ME.  forms  of  the  pp.  of 

liedeu,  bid,  command:  see  bid.^    Bidden;  com- 

bodeful  (bod'fvd),  o.    [<  liode^,  u.,  +  -/»/.] 
nous;  threatening;  foreboding. 
Uttering  the  dismal  bode/ul  sounds  of  death.   J.  lia  itli*: 
Poor  AA'eber  almost  swooned  at  the  sound  of  these 
cracked  voices,  with  their  bode/ul  raven-note. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iii.  S. 
Lady  Jfacbeth  hears  not  so  much  the  voice  of  the  bode- 
ful bird  as  of  her  own  premeditated  nnu-der,  and  we  are 
thus  made  her  shuddering  accomplices  before  the  fact. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  scr.,  p.  ISO. 


u-i-dfor'furniture,  audforearN-ingandtm'uiUi;.  „  -  j-/  --n    „      ra,,     <'  Tvri     „,,/,/;,/,.„. 

bodach  (bo'dach),   H.     [Gael.,  a  ch.u-lish  old  bodega  (bo-de  ga)^  ;«.     [Sp.,  <  Uh.npotlua, . 

man,  a  rustic,  =  It.  bodach.  a  rustic,  clown,] 

1.    An  old  man.     Scott.— 2.  A  local  British 

name  of  the  small  ringed  seal,  I'hoca  feetida. 
bodark  (bo'dark),  H.       [Corruption  of  F.  bois 

(tare,  lit.  bow-wood:  see  bois,  bush'^,  and  urc'^, 

fliT/il.]    A  local  name  for  the  Osage  orange,  or 

bow-wood.  Also  spelled  bowdark.  See  Madura. 
boddice,  ".     See  bodice. 
boddle^,  «.     See  liodlc. 


boddie^H.    FE.dial.;  origin  obscure.]   A  small  boden  (bo  den),  o^. 

iron  instrument  used  by  woodmen  for  xjeeling 

oaks  and  other  trees.  JIalliuell.   [North.  Eng.] 
boddum  (bod'um),  «.     [E.  dial,  and  Sc.]     A 

diaSctal  form  of  liottonA. 
bode'  (bod),  ".     [In  mod.  E.  archaic,  early  ME. 

luuli ,  <  AS.  boda  (=  OFries.  boda  =  OS.  bodo  = 

1).  Ij'idc  =  OIIG.  Iiotei,  MHG.  G.  io/(=  Icel.  bodbi 

=  Sw.  Dan.  bud),  a  messenger,  <  bcodaii  (pp. 

bodcu),  aunoxmcp:  see  bid,  and  cf.  beadle,  also  a 

noun  of  agent  from  the  same  verb.]     A  mes- 
senger; a  herald;  one  who  announces  or  con- 

vr'vs  a  message. 
bode'  (bod),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boded,  ppr.  bod- 

iu<i.      [<   ME.  bodoi,  bodicn,  <  AS.  bodian  (= 

OFries.  bodia  =  Icel.  bodha  =  Sw.  bSda  =  Dan. 

be-biidc),  tell,  announce,  <  Iwda,  a  messenger: 

gee  liiide^,  u.,  and  cf.  Imde^,  ».    Hence /()/v7;fK/r, 

q.  v.]     I.   traus.    If.   To  announce;  proclaim; 

preach. —  2t.  To  dccrei- ;  command;   bid. —  3. 


see  liiHithcc.']     A  wine-cellar,  or  a  shop  where 
wine  is  sold  from  the  wood;  a  wine-vault. 

.V  wine  b'ideoa  near  the  Grand  Theatre  caught  lire. 

yew  York  Herald. 

bodementt  (bod'ment),  «.  [<  bode'^,  r.,  + 
-uieiit.]  An  omen;  portent;  prognostic;  a 
foreshowing:  as,  "sweet  bodemcnts!"  iSliak., 
Maclietb,  iv.  1. 

bodent,  pp-    See  bodc^. 


[Sc,  also  written  bodiu, 
id  formerly  h'oddiii,  <  ME.  (Sc.)  bodi/u,  bodiu, 
appar.  a  particular  use  of  boden,  pp,  of  MK. 
bedcn,  bid  (see  bid);  but  the  sense  suggests 
some  confusion  with  boun,  ready:  see  lu^un, 
bouud^.']  Accoutred;  armed;  fitted  out;  pro- 
vided; prepared. 

The  Haron  of  Avenel  never  rides  with  fewer  than  ten 
jack-men  at  his  back,  and  oftener  with  fifty,  luulin  in  all 
that  ctfeirs  to  war,  as  if  they  were  to  do  balllc  for  a  king- 
dom. Scott,  .Monastery,  11.  Isl. 


Thev  appear  habited  in  bodieed  gowns. 

.irehmd.  Jour..  XXXV.  258. 

bodied  (l)od'id),  a.  [<  body  +  -C(72.]  HaAnng 
body,  or  a  body,  of  the  kind  indicated  by  the 
context:  used  chiefly  in  composition:  as,  an 
able-bodied  man. 

I  was  tolil  by  a  very  good  judge  who  tasted  it  (wine 
made  ir<»m  wild  grapes],  that  it  was  a  pleasant,  strong, 
and  full-(»«/iVc;  wine.  Bererletj,  A  irginia,  ii.  1i  15. 

bodieron  (bo-di-e'ron),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
local  name  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United 
States  of  sundry  fishes  of  tlie  family  CliirideB 
and  genus  Iln'aiiraninius.  Also  called  rock- 
trout,  rocl,--eod,  sea-trout,  boretjat,  ami  starling. 
See  cut  under  Ilexagraininiis. 

bodikint  (bod'i-ldn),  ».     [<  body  -h  dim.  -kin.'] 
A  diminutive  of  body,  forming  part  of  the  ex- 
clamatory phrase  "odd'sbodikin,"  a  corruption 
of  (iod's  body.    Also  spelled  bodykin. 
I'tit.  My  lord.  T  will  use  them  according  to  their  desert* 
JIuoi.  odd  s  bodikiu,  man,  better.    .S/m/,-.,  llandet,  ii.  2. 

bodiless  (bod'i-les),  a.  [<  body  +  -less.']  Ilav- 
iug  no  body  or  material  form ;  incorporeal: 
as,  "phantoms  bodiless  and  vain,"  ><uift. 

Man  is  a  concrete  whole.  He  is  neither  a  soulless  body 
nor  a  Imdiles^  sonl.  -V.  .1.  iiVi'.,  CXX.  259. 


l"p<m 
he  BBW  e 


which  lie  mounted, and  his  horse  went:  and  then  bodgO-f  (boj),  V.  i.      [ 
•Icarly  how  thli  «lioul<l  IhhIc  h\a  death.  To  l)Uil2e '  eive  wav: 

JJe  Quiiirrii.lr.  lit  CrftanVaWai],        •»„  i  ' 


5.  To  forebode  or  liavo  a  pre.^ieutimcnt  of  (ill, 
<•;■  'iiiiilng  disaster). 

All'!  my  iMiul,  dark-ittirred  witli  the  prophul'ii  mood, 

It'Hlen  llotlllnt(  giMHi. 

,/.  .1.  lllaekU,  tr.  of  .Ksehyhu,  II.  22li. 
-8yn.  4.  To  antinr,  betoken,  i>orl<iid 


M.,-  a  ravt'ii ;  1  would  tnnlt,  1  would  Itudr. 

.S'/irtX-.,  'J',  and  *".,  v.  :;. 

'.id  liotti'it  and  mowed  and  gibbered  ovti 

'.  -J  jitoperly.  Kmeraou,  rontpennatlon. 

bode  .  ".     [(.  MK.  bode,  bull,  n  command, 

an  lit,  a  bid,  jirice  ofTereil,  <  AS. 

bful.  1,11,1  Cor  bchnd)  (^  Ul'rieH.  bail  = 

OH.  I.  i/iluiil,  n  comiiiiind,  Imil,  n  bid, 

nfT'  .uilu.i,  MirO.  (1.  fi'hnt,  bol  =  I.t). 

hoili  II.  /„/./,  n  comiHiind,  etc.),  <  /«»- 

dan  ■  yff.    r,  ,  .i;,  anii'oiiice,  eoiiiuinnd,  biil:  kcc 


Bodenheimer  (bo'den-hi-mer),  «.      [<  Bodrn-  r/ I     1-7 .  a.    .,.,0=1 

;"/<»    a  village  near  Mainz.]     A  white  wine  bodlliness  (bod'i-li-nes),  v.     [<  boddy  -f-  -nm.] 

ufincav -Mainz  in  Germany.  /''iT"'7'''f,^''i-x  r/\ri-   7     7-;     7     7-;-  7    i.- 

•^  bodily  (lio<l'i-h),  a.     [<  are.  bodily,  boddi,  bodt- 

liehe,  etc.;  <  luuly  +  -/i/l.]  1.  I'crtaining  to  or 
concerning  the  body;  of  or  belonging  to  the 
body  or  to  the  physical  constitution  ;  not  men- 
tal;"  corporeal :  a"s,  bodily  dimensions;  bodily 
exertions;  luulily  pain. 

Vou  arc  a  mere  spirit,  and  have  no  knowledge  of  the 
bodihi  part  of  us.  Tatter,  No.  15. 

Since  we  are  creatures  with  bodies,  if  we  desire  to  ex- 
press a  real  sentiment  of  revereflee  for  anycme,  we  must 
use  some  ImUli/  act  — some  form  of  words  or  gestures. 

Miearl,  NatlU'e  and  Thought,  p.  2.13. 

2t.  Having  a  niateriiil  body. 

There  are  three  boditji  inliabitants  of  heaven  ;  Henoch, 
r.lijah,  our  Saviour  Christ. 

JSp.  Halt,  llapture  of  r.lijah  (Ord  MS.). 

=  Syn.  1.  nndiljl.  I'hi/'ieat,  Ciirimral,  Corporral.  llodilU 
generally  means' conncitcil  with  the  body  or  a  body,  nno 
IK  fieiiuclillv  opposed  lo  iiieulul:  as,  luiitihi  pains,  ImlUf 
slrength.  I'loixieat  in  this  connection  is  often  the  same  M 
(»ii/iVi/,  but  miiy  cover  everything  thai  is  material,  as  op- 
jioscil  to  lurutul  «U'  niaritual :  as.  }>lnisieal  distress.  Cw* 
IKirat  relales  to  the  body  In  Its  outward  bearings  :  as,  for. 
iniral  jinidslnnent ;  eorimreal,  lo  lis  substance,  being  op- 
jioseil  to  Kidrltnnl  or  iutmateriat:  i\n,  eoriioreal  existence. 

We  s|Kak  of  Shakspcire's  mind,  but  .Imison  starts  up  al- 
ways in  tuuli'lii  jMoiiortioiis.    Wliiii/'le,  Uss.  and  Jiev.,  11. 26, 

lir.  Ileildoc  .  .  .  believes  Ibiit  wherever  a  race  attain* 

Its  nmslnniiii  of  ;./iv«iVii(  devclopiiicnt  It  rises  highest  III 

energy  and  moral  vigour.     Ihiruiu,  Descent  of  .Man,  J.  111. 

The  poor  beetle,  that  we  tread  npini. 

In  rorimral  snirernlico  llnds  a  pang  as  great 

As  when  a  giant  dies.  t^huk.,  M.  for  M.,  III.  1. 

When  llhe  sonll  Is  freed  from  all  em-i>orrnl  allinnee, 
Ih.  II  II  inily  I'vlsls.       .\eiioido.a  (Iniiis).  I'yrns  Ihe  Klder. 

bodily  (bod'i-li),  udr.     [MM,  luulily,  -Ii,  -lirh ;  < 
/»/(/)/  +  -/)/-.]     1.   Oor))orenlly:   in   connection 
witii  a  body  or  mutter;  in  llic  llesli ;  in  ]icrHon. 
It  Is  his  hiHimn  imtnie.  In  which  the  clodlicad  dwell! 
bodilii.  '*""*• 

2.  In  resiioct  to  the  entire  body  or  iuiish;  en- 
tiii'lv;  I'omplotoly:  as,  to  curry  a  thing  away 
bodily. 


Bode's  law.     Sen  law 

bode-wash  (bod'wosh),  11.  [Comiption  of  F. 
hiiis  dr  raehe,  lit.  cow's  wood,  or  idiomatically 
"  bulTaio-chii)."]  The  dried  dung  of  the  Amer- 
ican bison  or  buffalo,  used  for  fuel.    Bartlclt. 

preacii,-i!t.  To.iccrei-;  commanu;  oiu.— o.  •b'odgeio'j'oK ''•■'■•' [Another  forni  of  fto/c7(2.  r,]  To 
'fo  announce  beforehand;  prognosticate;  pre-  ,„,|  i,.\  i^it^-h;  patch.  [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 
diet;  presage.      [Archaic]  a1i  the  actions  of  his  life  are  like  so  many  things  W,.,,; 

Prophet  of  plagues,  lor  ever  biuliug  111.  j„  „  Ithout  any  naturall  cadence  or  eonnesion  at  all. 

Pope,  Jhad,  I.  l:t2.  /;^,   y.;,;,.;,.^  .Microcosmogrnphie,  An  AKcelcd  Man. 

4.  To  portend;  augur;  be  an  omen  or  indica-  ^jodge't  (boj),  n.    [Another  form  of  botclfi.']    A 

tioiiof;  betoken:  with  a  non-personal  subject.  i„,,,.|i;  :i  patch. 

In  the  gross  and  scope  of  my  opinion.  Taking  revenge  on  Thomas  Xnsh,  Oabrlell  Harvey  taxes 

Tills  to<l<-«  some  strange  eruption  to  our  state.  jiim  ^m,  imvini;  forged  "a  misshapen  rabblcmint  of  ali- 

Sluik.,  Jluinlet,  i.  1.  ^,,,.,1  „||,|  ,|,ijciilous  words,  the  ()ropcr  bodijeg  of  his  new- 

I  iiray  God.  Ills  bad  voice  bodt  in>  mischief !  fangled  llgure,  called  foolrlsine. ' 

.S/i«t., -Much  Ado,  Ii.  .T  /.'. /M«,  Mod.  Kiig,  p.  1 10. 

[Appar.  a  vur.  of  budye^."] 
used  only  in  the  piissngu 


cited 

With  this,  we  eharg'd  again  :  but  out.  alas  I 

Wo  bod:id  again,  Xhak., :)  Hen.  VI.,  I.  4. 

bodger't  Omj'Ov),  u.     [<  bodgo  +  -<rl;  var.  oC 

luilel„rK'\     A  bolcher. 
bodger-  ( lioj'<i'),  ".     [Appar.  a  var.  of  luidijer'-^, 
,\  peddler;  a  hawker.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


II.   intra,,..   I,  To  pro.niHo;  portend:  with  i;i^^,i^^;;;;i:  H^,];  ^    si^me  iX/^);"?;.^,. 

-.  thiH  fc'i'/'vi  irW/ for  your  success. —  uu""io<*«  V"     "    •   /» 

,,.n.,lliiiiL'  evil  •   lio  of  evil  nriieil  I'l"  '"•'"«»  »''"  "'"  '"  ''""  '"'"'"''  '"■'■""'^'  ""ddhas  are 

.    ~.,llietlllllg  f  VII ,    DO  or  t\)l  onidl.      ^^^^  ^  /;,;,//„,„,.     They  ale  numberbsH. 

.V.  Ilnrdfi,  .Manllnl  of  Ibidilliisin. 

bodhi8at8hip(bo'di-Hnl-.Hhin),  )/.    In  Budilliisui. 

I  Im'  liit'lM  >i  digi of  Haintshii).     Hfc  luulliisall- 


, it'll 
I'rt.     Also  Hpi'lled  bodisalnhii). 

llie  leailersof  tin'  Ureal  Vi  hide  Ithal  Is.  the  Mallnyaila 
developiniiitof  Hii.ldlilsnil  mge.l  their  follomrs  l.i  seek 

to  nllaln.  not  I'b  to  Arhalslilp,  wlilih  wi.nl.l  liivolvi^ 

only  llieir  own  salvation.  Iiul    to  //.»/i«(i(»/n;i.  bv  tin-  al- 

lalnmeni  of  which  tliev  would  I iferring  Ibi'  blessings 

of  Ihe  llhnnlina  llaw  ,,f  llndilhni  upon  eiiunlleas  iniiltl- 
tildes  III  llio  long  ages  iif  Ihe  fulnre. 

ICnc\ic.  Ilril.,  XIV.  220. 


bodin 

bodin  (boMiu),  a.      Same  as  boden. 

boding  (Ijo'dinR),  «.  [<  ME.  bodijnge,  hodunge, 
omeu,  preaching,  <  AS.  bodung,  preaching,  ver- 
bal n.  of  bodiun,  announce,  bode;  see  hndcX,  ?;.] 

1 .  An  omen ;  a  prognostic ;  a  foreboding  pre- 
monition ;  presentiment. 

Oiuiiious  bodiiif/s,  and  fearful  expectations. 

Bp.  Ward,  Sermon,  Jan.  30,  1674. 

The  minds  of  men  were  filled  with  dismal  bodiiign  of 
some  inevitable  evil.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 

2.  Prediction ;  prophecy  of  evil.     Coleridge. 
boding   (bo'ding),  }).   a.     [Ppr.   of  bode\   v.] 

Foreboding;  ominous. 

So  Joseph,  yet  a  youth,  expounded  well 
The  hodiiig  dream,  and  did  th'  event  foretell. 

Drydcn,  To  J.  Northleigh. 

Nor  knew  what  signify'd  the  boding  sign. 

But  found  the  powers  displeas'd,  and  fear'd  the  wrath 

divine.  Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc.,  iii. 

Vou  niifiht  have  heard  ...  a  cricket  sing, 

\\\  owlet  flap  his  boding  wing.      Scott,  Mal'mion,  v.  20. 

bodingly  (bo'ding-li),   adv.     Ominously;   por- 
tentously. 
All  is  so  bodingly  still.  Lowell,  Summer  Storm, 

bodisat,  ».  Same  as  hodhisattva. 
bodisatsMp,  »■  See  bodkisatship. 
bodkini  (bod'kin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bod- 
kiiic,  botkin,  hoidken  (cf.  Sc.  boik'iii),  <  ME. 
bodekyii,  earlier  boi/deki/ii,  buidckyn ;  origin  un- 
linown.  The  Celtic  forms,  W.  bidoi/i/ii,  bidiigdn 
(with  accent  on  second  syllable),  dim.  of  hidog 
=  Gael,  biodtuj  =  Ir.  bidcog,  a  dagger  (ef.  W. 
pid  =  Gael,  bind,  a  point),  are  not  near  enough 
to  be  regarded  as  the  source  of  the  E.  word.] 
If.  A  small  dagger;  a  stiletto. 

Who  would  bear  the  whips  and  scorns  of  time,  .  .  . 

When  he  himself  might  his  quietus  make 

With  a  bare  bodkin.^  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

Out  with  youi"  bodkin, 
Your  pocket-dagger,  your  stiletto  ;  out  witli  it. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Custom  of  the  Country,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  small  pointed  instrument  of  steel,  bone, 
or  ivory,  used  for  piercing  holes  in  cloth,  etc. 

With  knyf  or  boijdekin.         Chancer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  40. 

3.  A  similar  but  blunt  instrument,  with  an  eye, 
for  drawing  thread,  tape,  or  ribbon  through  a 
loop,  hem,  etc. —  4.  A  long  pin-shaped  instru- 
ment used  by  women  to  fasten  up  the  hair. 

The  bodkin,  comb,  and  essence.  Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  iv.  98. 
5.  A  thick  needle  or  straight  awl  of  steel,  used 
by  bookbinders  to  make  holes  in  boards  and 
to  trace  lines  for  cutting. —  6.  A  printers'  tool 
for  picking  letters  out  of  a  column  or  page  in 
correcting — To  be,  sit,  ride,  or  travel  bodkin,  to 
sit  as  a  tliird  person  between  two  otliers  on  the  seat  of  a 
carriage  suited  for  two  only. 

He's  too  big  to  travel  bodkin  between  you  and  nie., 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

bodkin"t,  «.     A  corruption  of  baudehin. 

bodkin-'WOrk  (bod'kin-werk),  n.  A  rich  trim- 
ming formerly  used  for  garments  :  probably  a 
corruption  of  baudehin. 

bodle  (bod'l),  n.  [Sc,  also  written  boddle;  said 
to  be  derived  from  the  name  of  a  mint-master 
named  Both- 
well.  Ct.atch- 
isoii  and 

bawbee.'i  A 
Scotch  cop- 
per coin  first 
issued  under 
Charles  II., 
and  worth  at 
that  time  2d. 
Scotch,  or 
one  sixth  of  an  English  penny;  hence,  a  very 
small  coin.  The  name  turner  was  also  applied 
to  it. 

I  care  not  a  brass  boddle  for  the  feud. 

.Scott,  .\bbot,  II.  xiii. 

Bodleian  (bod-le'an  or  bod'le-an),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Sir  'Thomas  Botlley,  who  began 
in  1,597  the  restoration  of  the  public  library  of 
O.xford  University,  hence  since  called  the  Bod- 
leian Library;  also,  belonging  to  that  library: 
as,  liiidlcian  manuscripts. 

bodragt,  bodraget,  n.  [Also  written  lordrag 
(and  bordragiiig),  simulating  E,  border;  appar. 
a  cornijition  of  some  Ir.  word;  cf.  Ir.  buaidh- 
readli,  tlistm-banoe,  buadre,  tumult.]  An  in- 
cursion; a  raid. 

No  wayling  there  nor  ^^Tetchednesse  is  heard,  .  .  . 
No  niglitly  bodraffn,  nor  no  hue  and  cries. 

Spcmcr,  Colin  Clout,  1.  315. 
[In  some  editions  printed  bordrags.'] 

bod-'worm  (bod'werm),  «.     Same  as  boll-worm. 

body  (bod'i),  ».;  pi.  bodies  (-iz).  [<  ME.  body, 
bodi,  <  AS.  bodig,  body,  =  OHG.  botah,  botach, 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Bodle  of  Charles  II..  British  Museum.    (Size 

of  the  original.) 


609 

MHGr.  hotech,  hotich,  body;  perhaps  akin  to 
OHG.  botahha,  MHGr.  hotcche,  ixitcch,  G.  hottirhj 
a  large  vesnel,  tub,  vat ;  but  this  may  come 
from  another  source,  that  of  hooV^.  The  Gael. 
bodhaujy  body,  is  from  E.]  1.  The  physical 
structure  of  an  animal;  the  material  organized 
substance  of  au  animal,  whether  living  or  dead, 
in  distinction  from  the  soul,  spirit,  or  vital 
principle. 

For  of  the  soule  the  bodie  fonnc  (loth  t:ikc, 
For  soule  is  forme,  and  doth  th"'  hi<ili.-  nuike. 

Spetuicr,  Hyrane  in  Honum-  oi  I'.cuutie,  1.  132. 
2,  The  main  portion  of  au  animal,  tree,  etc. ; 
the  trunk,  as  distinct  from  the  head  and  limbs 
or  branches;  in  ichth.j  often  used  for  the  whole 
fish  exclusive  of  the  fins. —  3.  The  part  of  a 
di'ess  which  covers  the  body,  as  distinct  from 
the  parts  which  cover  the  arms  or  extremities ; 
in  female  dress,  a  bodice ;  a  waist. 

Their  bodies  were  of  carnation  cloth  of  silver,  richly 
wrought.  B.  Jonson,  Mascjue  of  Hyinoti. 

4:.  The  main,  central,  or  principal  part  of  any- 
thing, as  of  an  army,  country,  building,   etc., 
as  distinguished  from  suborc&nate  or  less  im- 
portant parts. 
Learn  to  make  a  body  of  a  limb.    Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  2. 

The  van  of  the  king's  army  was  led  by  the  general  ,  .  .; 
in  the  body  was  the  king  and  the  prince.  Clarendon. 

Specifically  —  (a)  In  a  blust-f  urnace,  the  core  or  main  por- 
tion between  the  top,  or  opening  at  the  throat,  and  the 
boshes,  (b)  In  mttsic :  (1)  The  whole  of  the  hollow  part  of 
a  string-instrument,  designed  to  increase  its  resonance. 

(2)  All  that  part  of  a  wind-instrument  that  remains  after 
renmving  its  appendages,  mouthpiece,  crooks,  and  bell. 

(3)  Tlie  higher  resonant  part  of  an  organ-pipe,  above  the 
reed  or  the  mouth,  which  causes  the  air  to  vibrate,  (c) 
The  shank  of  a  type,  as  determining  its  size :  as,  minion 
on  nonpareil  body,  (rf)  The  main  part  of  a  tool ;  the  main 
part  of  a  blade,  as  of  a  sword,  as  distinguished  from  the 
heel  and  point,  etc.  (c)  That  part  of  a  wagon,  railroad- 
car,  etc.,  which  contains  the  load. 

5.  The  main  portion;  the  bulk  of  anything; 
the  larger  part;  the  majority:  as,  the  body  of 
the  people  are  opposed  to  the  measure. —  6. 
The  person;  an  individual  as  recognized  by 
law :  as,  body  execution ;  held  in  body  and 
goods.  [Chiefly  legal.]  —  7.  A  person;  a  hu- 
man being :  now  generally  combined  with  any^ 
every,  some,  or  no  :  as,  somebody,  nobody. 

There  cannot  a  poor  body  buy  a  suck  of  coals,  but  it 
must  come  through  their  hands. 

Latimer,  2d  Serni.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 
A  body  would  think  so,  at  these  years. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 
Gin  a  body  meet  a  body, 
Comin'  thro'  the  rye.  Bums,  Song. 

But  human  bodies  are  sic  fools, 
For  a'  their  colleges  an'  schools. 

Burns,  The  Twa  Dogs. 
A  dry,  shrewd  kind  of  a  body.  Irving. 

8.  A  number  of  individuals  spoken  of  collec- 
tively, usually  associated  for  a  common  pxir- 
pose,  joined  in  a  certain  cause,  or  united  by 
some  common  tie  or  occupation ;  an  incorpo- 
rated or  other  aggregate :  as,  a  legislative  body  ; 
the  body  of  the  clergy ;  a  body  corporate. 

So  please  you,  my  lord,  it  is  a  body  of  horse  — and  .  .  . 
there  is  a  still  larger  body  of  foot  behind  it. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  86. 

The  trading  body  may  be  a  single  individual  in  one  case ; 
it  may  be  the  whole  inhabitants  of  a  continent  in  another ; 
it  may  be  tlu'  individuals  of  a  trade  diffused  through  a 
country  in  a  third.  Jevons,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  96. 

9.  A  material  thing;  anything  having  inertia. 
Seematter. — 10.  Inyeom.,  any  solid  having  the 
three  dimensions,  length,  breadth,  and  thick- 
ness.—  11.  Aimitedmass:  a  number  of  things 
or  particulars  taken  together ;  a  general  collec- 
tion; a  code;  a  system:  as,  a  body  of  laws. 

I  have,  with  much  pains  and  reading,  collected  out  of 
ancient  authors  this  short  summary  of  a  body  of  philoso- 
phy and  divinity.  Swi/t,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ii. 

He  was  fui-nished  with  every  requisite  for  making  an 
extensive  body  of  natural  history. 

Goldsmith,  Pref.  to  Brookes's  Nat.  Hist. 

The  mind  unequal  to  a  complete  analysis  of  the  motives 
whichcarry  it  on  to  a  particular  conclusion  .  .  .  is  swayed 
and  determined  by  a  body  of  proof,  which  it  recognizes 
only  as  a  body,  and  not  in  its  constituent  parts. 

J.  H.  Neivman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  281. 

12.  A  certain  consistency  or  density;  sub- 
stance ;  strength,  as  opposed  to  thinness,  weak- 
ness, transparency,  or  flimsiness:  as,  wine,  pa- 
per, etc.,  of  good  body.  As  applied  to  paints,  body 
denotes  opacity  or  density,  as  opposed  to  tramparency. 

It  was  a  fragrant  Port,  with  plenty  of  body  and  a  large 
proportion  of  soul.  T.  Winthrop,  Cecil  Dreeme,  xiii. 

13,  In  musiCj  the  resonance  of  a  tone,  whether 
instrumental  or  vocal.— Adipose  body,  astral 
body.  See  tlie  adjectives.— Bodies  of  Arantlus.  Ste 
corpora  Aratitii,  under  mrpus. —  Body  center-plate,  a 
metal  jtlate  on  the  body-bolster  of  a  car.  It  nsts  upon  a 
similar  phite  uii  the  center  of  a  truck.  Tht-  riiitrr-bi)lt  or 
king-bolt  passers  tbrnugh  these  plates.— Body  corporate. 
See  body  politic  — Body  hand-rail.     See  hand-raiL— 


body-color 

Body  of  a  COlimin,  the  part  l»etween  the  base  and  the  capi-' 
tal  ;  tlirshaft.  Body  of  a  gun,  that  part  of  the  gun  which 
is  Hituated  lieliiud  the  trunnions.—  Body  Of  a  place,  in 
fort. :  (n)  Tlie  works  next  to  and  surrounding  a  town,  in 
tile  form  of  a  polygon,  regular  or  irregular,  (b)  The  space 
inclosed  within  tlu-  interior  works  of  a  fortification.— 
Body  of  the  fornix.  Sec  fornix.— Body  politic,  the 
whole  body  of  pcfipli;  living  under  an  organized  pohtical 
govenniient :  used  in  contradistinction  lo  hody  corporate, 
an  association  of  persons  legally  incot poiated  for  the  pro- 
motion of  some  specific  ol)ject.  A  hm///  politic  and  cor- 
porate is  a  municipality  governed  acc<»rding  to  a  legisla- 
tive act  of  incorporation,  and  thus  possessing  corporate 
political  powers. 

We  may  fairly  conchide  that  the  body  politic  cannot  sub- 
sist, any  more  than  the  animal  body,  without  a  head. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  379. 

Cavernous  bodies,  centrobaric  body,  ciliary  body. 

Sec  tlie  adjectives.      Descent  of  bodies.    See  (leHcent.— 

Deviation  of  a  faUlng  body.  Sr.-  ./.^/r/z/^w.— Diplo- 
matic body.   ^i.-i.->/'/>h,Hnif'r.     Elementary  body.   See 

elf iiu' II f.  — fifth  body,  tiie  ether  nrnitli  eleliielit,  the  SUb- 
stance  of  the  heavenly  liodies,  acrording  to  tlie  Aristo- 
telians. -Fixed  bodies,  geniculate  bodies,  hetero- 
geneous body,  main  body,  ete.  .See  the  adjectives.— 
Mathematical  body,  a  h.Hiy  in  sens.-  lo.  -  Mystical 
body  of  the  church,  lie-  a-^Te^ate  nf  ),.-ii..v.ts  as  eon- 
stitutin^^  tie-  iiride  ..i  (1111,1.  Qkenian  body,  olivary 
body.  See  the  adjectives.  -  Regular  body,  a  polyhedron 
in  wliich  the  relations  of  any  one  face,  edge,  or  summit  are 
the  same  as  those  of  any  other.  Pythagoras  enumerated 
the  five  regular  bodies  (the  sphere  is  not  included  among 
them) :  the  tctraltedron,  the  cube,  the  octaliedron,  i\\f:  dode- 
cahedron, and  the  iconahedron.  These  are  often  called 
the  Jioo  bodies  simply;  also  the  cnxmical  bodies,  because 
Timseus  of  Locri  held  tliat  the  tetrahedron  is  tlie  shape 
of  fire,  the  octaliedron  of  air,  the  icosahedron  of  water, 
the  cube  of  earth,  and  the  dodecahedron  of  God ;  also 
the  Platonic  bodies,  because  mentioned  by  Plato  in  his 
dialogue  "Timaius.  Four  other  regular  bodies  which 
envelop  the  center  more  than  once  were  discovered  by 
Kepler  and  by  Poinsot.  These  are  named  by  Cayley  the 
great  icosahedron,  the  great  dodecahedron,  the  great  stel- 
lated dodeenh^-dron,  and  the  small  stellated  dodecahedron. 
F<»r  illustrations  of  all  these  bodies,  see  .«oi(rf.— Irregu- 
lar bodies,  such  as  are  not  bounded  by  equal  and  like 
surfaces.  — The  bodies  seven,  in  alchemy,  the  metala 
cori'espouding  to  the  planets. 

The  bodies  seven,  eek,  lo  hem  beer  anon : 
Sol  gold  is,  and  Luna  silver  we  threpe  [call], 
Mars  yren,  Slercurie  quiksilver  we  clepe, 
Saturnus  leed.  and  Jupiter  is  tin, 
And  Venus  coper. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  272. 

body  (bod'i),  t\  t;  pret.  and  pp.   bodied,  ppr. 

bodying.     [<  body,  «.]     1.   To  provide  with  a 

body;   embody. — 2.  To  form  into  a  body  or 

company. 

A  new  exotick  way  of  bodying,  that  is.  formally  cove- 
nanting and  verbally  engaging  with  them  and  to  them 
beyond  the  baptismal!  bond  and  vow. 

Bj).  Gaxiden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  37. 
3.  To  represent  in  bodily  form ;  exhibit  in 
tangible  fonn  or  outward  reality :  vrith  forth. 

As  imagination  bodies  forth 
The  forms  of  things  unkoown,  the  poet's  pen 
Turns  them  to  shapes,  and  gives  to  airy  nothing 
A  local  habitation  and  a  name.     Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 
Bodied  forth  the  tourney  high, 
Held  for  the  hand  of  Emily  '. 

Seott,  Rokeby,  vi.  26. 
body-bagt  (bod'i-bag),  n.     A  bag  to  sleep  in. 
body-bolster  (bod'i-bol'^ster),  «.    A  cross-beam 
of  wood,  iron,  or  the  two  in  combination,  on 
the  under  side  of  a  railroad-ear,  which  supports 
it  and  transmits  its  weight  to  the  truck.    The 
upper  end  of  the  king-bolt,  «  hich  forms  t!ie  pivot  for  the 
truck,  is  fastened  to  a  body-bolster. 
body-ca'Vity  (bod'i-kav'i-ti),  «.     In  zool.y  the 
general  or  common  ca\'ity  of  the  body,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  special  cavities,  or  those  of 
particular  organs :  the  coelom  or  coeloma.    in 
vertebrates  the  body-cavity  is  formed  l)y  the  splitting  of 
tlie  mesoblast  into  its  somatopleural  and  splanchnopleu- 
Tal  layers,  and  consists  of  the  cavities  of  the  thorax,  ab- 
domen (divided  or  nr>t  by  a  diaphragm),  and  pelvis. 
body-cloth  (bod'i-kloth),  «.    A  cloth  for  the 
body ;  specifically,  a  large  rug  or  cloth  for  cov- 
ering a  horse.     See  body-clothes,  2. 

Before  the  window  were  several  horses  in  body-clotJis. 
Buliccr,  Pelham,  Ixi. 

body-clothes(bod'i-ld6THz),  H.^j/.  1.  Garments 
for  the  body,  intended  to  be  worn  by  day,  as 
distinguished  from  bedclothes.  [This  use  of  the 
word  appears  to  be  confined  in  recent  times  to 
Scotland.] — 2.  Coverings  for  a  horse  or  other 
animal:  properly,  body-cloths.  See  body-cloth. 
I  am  informed  that  several  asses  are  kept  in  body-clothes 
and  sweated  every  morning  upon  the  heath.         Addiso7i, 

body-coat  (bod'i-kot),  n.  1.  A  close-fitting 
coat. —  2.  In  coach -pal)}  tine/,  a  coat  of  paint 
made  opaque  by  the  admixture  of  white  lead, 
laid  on  before  the  ti'ansparent  coats. 

body-color  (bod'i-kul  or),  «.  ■  In  painting,  a 
pigment  possessing  body  or  a  high  degree  of 
consistence,  ^iubstance,  and  covering  power. 
In  water-color  painthia,  works  are  sflid  to  be  executed  in 
body-colors  wheu.  in  contradistinction  to  the  more  com- 
mon mode  of  proceediii--:  by  transparent  tints  and  washes, 
the  pigments  are  mixed  with  white  and  thus  rendered 
opaque. 


body-guard 

body-guard  (bod'i-gard),  n.  One  who  protects 
or  defends  the  person;  a  Ufe-guard;  coUec- 
tivelv,  the  guard  charged  with  the  protection  of 
some  person,  as  a  prince  or  an  officer;  hence, 
retinue;  attendance;  following. 

It  mi-ht  possibly  be  convenient  that,  when  the  Parlia- 
ment afien.bled,  the  King  should  rci.air  to  Westminster 
irtth  a  bo-l'Muard.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

body-hoop  ("bod'i-hop),  «.  A  band  securing  the 
arris  pieces  of  a  built  mast. 

body-horse  (bod'i-hors),  n.  A  shaft-horse. 
[Prov.  Eug.] 

body-loop  (bod'i-lop),  n.  A  strap  or  iron  arm 
oounecting  a  wagon-body  with  the  gearing. 

body-louse  (bod'i-lous),  n.  A  kind  of  louse, 
the  I'ediculus  corporis  or  P.  vestimeiiti,  which 
is  parasitic  on  man.  It  is  generally  found  on  the 
bo<lv,  or  concealed  in  the  clothin'.-.  while  the  Pedindus 
cai'i'i'.  f'T  liead-louse,  infests  the  head. 

body-plan  (bod'i-plan),  n.  In  ship-buildtng, 
a  plan  upon  which  are  projected  the  intersec- 
tions of  the  sides  of  the  vessel  with  transverse 
c 


610 

of  species  jield  tenacious  flhers,  used  lor  making  ropes, 
twine  net,  and  sewing-thread.  The  most  important  spe- 
cies is  B  iiirca,  a  shruliby  plant  of  China  and  the  East  In- 
dies which  affords  the  valuable  rhea-fiber  or  grass-cloth 


The  Ramie-plant  [BahTrieria  nrttea). 

fiber,  also  known  under  its  Malay  name  of  ramie. 


boggle 

huiji,  hig'^.l   I.  a.  Bold;  sturdy;  self-sufficient j 
petulant;  saucy. 
II.  «•  Brag;  boastfulness.   Halliwell.    [Prov. 

Eug.] 

bog3  (bog),  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ho</ged,  ppr.  hog- 
ijiiu/.  [<  bog^,  a.  or  w.]  I.  intram.  To  boast. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Il.t  trans.     [Perhaps  of  other  origin.]     To- 
provoke. 

bog*  (bog),  r.  i.  [E.  dial.;  origin  unknown.]  To- 
ease  the  body  by  stool. 

boga  (bo'gii),")!.     Same  as  bor/iic^. 

bog-bean  (bog'ben),  u.  The  common  name  of 
the  Mfiiiiaiiihes  trifoliata,  a  gentianaceous  bog- 
plant,  a  native  of  the  more  temperate  parts  of 
the  northern  hemisphere,  it  is  a  hitter  tonic.  The- 
fn'U'h'ii  t"Mhbfan  is  an  aipiatic  plant  of  the  same  order, 
'Liiiuiaiitliiniuiii  viiinphifvides,  with  large  yellow  fringei 
tlowcrs.     Also  called  Ituck-bean. 

bogberry  (bog'ber'i),  «.;  pi.  bogherries  (-iz). 
The  eraiiben-v,  Vaccinium  Oxycoccus. 

bog-blitter  (bog'blif'er),  n.  [See  bog-bluiter.J 
Same  as  hiiij-humper.     [Scotch.] 

bog-bluiter  (bog'blo'tdr),  n.  [Also  bog-bhtttr, 
biKi-hlithr ;  <  bog  +  Sc.  blidter,  bliiter,  make  a- 
rumbliug  noise,' blurt,  also  speak  foolishly  (in 
last  sense  cf.  blatter,  blather,  blether'^).']  Same' 


as  hog-ltnmpcr.     [Scotch.] 

been  long  in  cultivation  in  China  and  India,  and  success-  bog-bull  (bog'btil),   n.      [Cf.  BotaiirtlS  and  bit- 
ful  attempts  have  been  made  to  cultivate  it  in  the  United     , ,°  i  -i     j^  jj^me  of  the  bittern,  Botaurus  stel- 

States.    The  species  £. /'ii.w,  from  which  the  Puya-flber     ','„".'  'i.  _,"„  i,„i,:*..„i  

is  obtained,  is  now  referred  to  the  genus  MaouHa.  See 
ffrass-cloth. 
b'ceotarch  (be-6'tark),  n.  [<  L.  Bccofarclics,  < 
Or.  Boiurapxi':,  <  Tioiuria,  BcBOtia,  +  apxAg,  ruler: 
see  arch-.']  '  One  of  the  chief  magistrates  of  the 
Boeotian  confederacy.  Two  were  chosen  by 
Thebes,  and  one  by  each  of  the  other  members 


Body-plan. 

jt,  atto.body  :  B.  fore-body ;  C.  C,  cenler-ltoe  ;  A  A  load-line  i 

£,  E.  base-line. 

vertical  planes  passing  through  certain  fixed 
points,  the  intersections  with  the  fore-body 
being  shown  upon  one  side  and  those  with  the 
after-body  on  the  other. 
body-post  (bod'i-post),  n.  1.  An  upright  tim- 
ber in  the  sill  and  plate  of  a  freight-ear,  form- 


of  the  league, 

Pelopidas  and  two  others  of  the  liberators  were  elected 
ha\:larchs,  or  chief  magistrates  of  Ba:otia. 

Eiicyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  479. 

Boeotian  (be-o'shian),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Bccotia, 
<  Gr.  Jiotu-ia,  BcBOtia,  BoiutIoi,  the  Boeotians.] 
I,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  Boeotia,  a  division  of 
central  Greece,  noted  for  its  thick  atmosphere, 
which  was  supposed  to  commtmicate  its  dull- 
ness to  the  intellect  of  the  inhabitants.  Hence 
—  2.  DuU;  stupid;  ignorant;  obtuse. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bceotia. 
Hence  —  2.  A  dull,  ignorant,  stupid  person. 

BoeotiC  (be-ot'ik), «.     Belonging  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  Boeotia  or  the  Boeotians;  Boeotian: 
as,  the  Bceutic  dialect, 
n 


laris,  fi'om  its  habitual  resorts  and  its  hollow, 
booming  cry.     See  cut  luider  bittern. 

bog-bumper  (bog'bum  per),  II.  A  name  of  th* 
bitterns  or  heroii-like  bmls  of  the  genus  Botau- 
rnn  (especially  B.  ■lcntigiM06us),  in  allusion  to- 
the  soimd  made  by  the  male  in  the  breeding- 
season.  This  sound  seems  "to  he  uttered  in  a  dcei> 
choking  tone,"  and  has  been  compai-ed  by  Nuttall  to  the- 
syllables  "  pomp-ftu-giir."  Also  bog-jumper,  and  in  Scot- 
land btt'f-blittey.  boij-bluiter. 

bog-butter  (bog'buffer),  n.  A  fatty  sperma- 
ceti-like mineral  resin,  composed  of  carbon, 
o.xygen,  and  hydrogen,  found  in  masses  in  peat- 
bogs. 

A  large  copper  basin  consisting  of  small  pieces  riveted 
together  ami  several  wooden  kegs  containing  bog-butter 
were  recentlv  found  at  a  depth  of  7  feet  in  a  peat-moss, 
Kyltalsin,  Sliye.  Xature,  XXX.  181. 

bog-earth  (bog'erth),  «.  An  earth  or  soil  com- 
posed of  light  silicious  sand  and  a  considerable 
portion  of  vegetable  fiber  in  a  half-decomposed 
state.  It  is  employed  by  gai'deners  for  pro- 
moting the  growth  "of  flowers. 

boger  (bd'g^r),  )i.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  nam& 
in  Cornwall,  England,  for  the  half-gi'0\\Ti  sea- 
broani,  r<i(icltits  e.entrodontus. 

bogeyl,  bogej^ism.     See  bogy,  hogyism. 


ing  one  of  the  vertical  members  of  the  frame  g^gj  (bor),  J(.     [Also  wi-itten  Boor,  <  D.  boer,  a 

of  the  body.     It  corresponds  to  the  window-     farmer,  a  peasant:  see  ioor.]    The  name  given 

posts  in  a  passenger-car.— 2.  A  post  at  the     ^^  jj^^  Dutch  colonists  of  South  Africa,  who 

forward  end  of  the  opening  in  the  deadwood     are  principally  engaged  in  agriculture  or  cattle-  ^ogey'-'  "   "See  (loo/e-. 

of  a  steamship,  within  which  the  screw  turns,      breeding.  bogga  (bog'a),  n.     [E.  Ind.]     An  East  Indian, 

body-servant  (bod'i-ser'vant),  «.     A  servant  ^^g^^  (bof'l),  v.     Adialectal  formof  baffle.  uieasiu-o  of" laud,  equal  to  three  fifths  of  aa 

wIk)  waits  upon  or  accompanies  his  employer;  -^^^i  (ijog),  n.     [Formerly  boggc,  <  Ir.  Inigach  =    ,^e,.e 

a  valet ;  a  personal  attendant.  Gael.  fcf»/n«,  a  bog,  morass,  <  Ir.  Gael. ''"</,  soft,  ijoggardl  boggart  (bog'iird, -iirt).  h.     [E.  dial, 

body-snatcher  (bod'i-snaeh"6r),  Ji.     One  who    njoist,  tender,  in  coinp.  bog-.]     1.  Wet,  soil,     .,,„,  ^,.^  ^Iso  written  lnK/arl,  a'iul  formerly  ()«<7- 

8e<-rotly  ilisintors  the  bodies  of  the  dead^as  sub-     .^jj,j  spongy  ground,  where  the  soil  is  coniposcd     ,^,„.,,^  baqqard ;  appar.  a  var.,  with  term,  -ardy 

mainly  of  decayed  and  decaying  vegetable  mat-  'oi  hniiqle^.  bogle;  mioi-mas  \t  <  bog"^  + -ard: 
ter;  a  quagmire  covered  witli  grass  or  other  ^^^.^  haqqle^,  bogle,  ho(fl,  biii/^.']  1.  A  specter, 
plants;  a  piece  of  mossy  or  peaty  ground-  •■         --.•■-•  ■     .  „ 


jects  for  dissection,  or  for  the  purpose  of  exact- 
ing a  raiisiini ;  a  resurrectionist. 
body-snatching  (bod'i-snach'iug),  ».    The  act 
of  roliliing  a  grave  to  obtain  a  subject  for  dis- 

Hd-tioil. 

body- varnish  ( bod '  i-viir"nish),  n .  A  thick  and 
f|uick-ilrviiig  copal  varnish,  used  for  carriages 
und  otlior  objects  tliat  are  to  be  polished. 

body-wall  (bod'i-wal),  ».  In  -oot..  the  general 
envilop  or  parietes  of  a  body,  especially  of  a 
low  organism  ;  a  cell-wall. 

body-whorl  (bod'i-liwf-rl),  «.  Tho  last-formed 
and  generally  largest  whorl  of  a  univalve  shell. 
See  unirnlcc. 

Boedromia  (b6-e-dr6'mi-it),  n.pl.    See  Boedro- 

Boedromion  (bo-e-drO'mi-on),  71.  [Gr.  Bo)?fi/)a- 
/j/wv,  tho  trionth  in  whicli  wire  celebrated  the 
Viinfyiiiiiin,  <  iior/Afuiulor,  jioT/fiii/ilini:,  giving  BUCCOr 
(.',', ifyiiiliai;  to  nin  to  a  cry  for  aid),  <  jhf/,  Dor. 
/iw,  a  shout,  cry  (<  I'ioiiv,  to  'Ty:  see  bnation), 
+  -iV'""":,  <  i^jxiiuiv,  nin.]  Tlio  third  month  of 
thi-  .\ili'-iiian  vear,  corresponding  to  Ihe  hitter 
,....  <  ■iiteriiber  and  llie  early  part  of  Octo- 
i  Ibi*  month  the  (eiitlvnl  called  I!<icdronila 

I   III  roiiiMicinorntlMn  of  the  BUCcor  given  by 
I  oint  the  Aiiin»ill.«. 

boef 't,  ».     An  olwoleto  form  of  lieef. 
boef  >.  ii'l'rj.     Hce  biif. 


idrt. 

an  iiii 


moss. 
All  tho  infections  that  the  sun  sucks  up 
From  boQK,  fens,  flats,  on  Prosper  fall,  and  make  biin 
By  inch-meal  a  disease  !  Sliak.,  Teni|ic»t,  n.  i. 

2.  A  little  elevated  piece  of  earth  in  a  marsh 
or  swamp,  filled  with  roots  and  grass.     11  eh- 
.ilrr.     [Local,  U.  S.]  — Bog-asphodel.  Seen<r;7i 
—  Bog-bilberry.    Sie  (<i7'«i-i-.i;.— Bog-Iron  ore, 
pure  oil'  of  iron,  essentially  a  liyili"""  o\id,  of  « 
miiieralogiciil  name  is  limtmitr:  f..unil  freiiucntl; 
bottom  of  lakes  and  in  swampv  localities,  and  usually  "1 
very  recent  origin.  =  Syn.  1.  (Jiiiiipiiirr,  etc.     Sei^  i;mi'..7.. 
bogl  (bog)  1'.;  pret.  and  pp.  bogged,  ppr.  bog- 
ging.    [<  6(«/l,  ».]     I.  trans.  To  sink  or  sub- 
merge in  a' bog,  or  in  mud  and  mire:  used 
chiefly  in  tho  j>asKivo,  to  be  bogged. 

Hid  him  to  he  gone 
As  fur  as  be  can  lly,  or  follow  day, 
llatber  Ihiiii  lu-re  so  luiggrd  in  vices  stay. 

/(.  Joiimii,  I'ndcrwoods,  xixll. 
TwoB  time  ;  bis  Invention  bail  been  Immrd  else. 

//.  Jumon,  Every  .Man  out  of  hln  Humour,  111.  S. 
Of  Jllddletonn  liomi!  tbrie  liUMilivd  men  were  taken, 
and  one  hundred  were 'lO'/fi'-''.  ,.„,„, 

Whileloek.  Memoirs  (IflHS),  p.  .-.si). 

II.  iiilran.i.  To  sink  or  stick  in  a  bog;  hcine, 
til  lliiiii. dor  among  obstiiclcH;  V)0  Btopi"'"'- 
Boehm  flute.     «<■<•  flul*:^,  1.  bog'-'  (bog),  n.  [Karlv  mod.  K.  bng'gc,  appnr.  a  var. 

lA-me'ri-ll),  II.     fNL.,  after  O.  R.     ,,11  lie  eiiuiv.  biii/l,  ME.  bngge,  coniieoting  Uie 


Boehmcria  (bu-inv;  ••-..;, 

Hiihmrr,  a  flonnun  botaiiisl  of  (hi 

•v;  cf.  (J.  lidUnir,  a  lintii-iiiiiiii, /io/i- 

I      A   geiiiiH  of  ilicot^Ocdoiioiis 

iirilir   Crlie/irro.  nlliod  to  Ilie 


B,„h, 
imii 

men . 
plni 


notli 


iiiiut  its  Htinging  liairH.  A  numlwr 


liittiT  witli  tho  fiquiv.  hiignlei,  bogle,  bngy,  bog- 
iinrdl-.  HoetlLcHi'wiirilH. )    AHpi'i'ler;  ii  biigbriir. 
'    To  take  bogl,  t"  Imgnle;  sby  ;  shrink, 
bog''  (bug),  a.  and  ".     |i:.  dial.,  fonmrly  also 
bugge,  curlier  In  deriv.  form  boygiKli',  <{.  v 


goblin,  or  bogy,  especially  one  supposed  to 
liaunt  a  particular  spot. 
The  belief  in  elves  and  boi/arts  which  once  was  universal. 
'     ./.  Fii'l.i;  Ideaof  (lod,  p.  00. 

2t.  Any  object,  real  or  imaginary,  at  which  a. 
Iiorse  sliies.    X.  E.  D.—Z.  Figuratively,  a  bug- 
bear; a  thing  of  fear. 
•e  an  UN    boggard'-'t,  ».     [As  bogi  +  -ard.)     A  privy. 
«\,ichtl„   boggifyt,  c.  (.    l<.bog'i  +  -i-/!i.]    To  make  boggy, 
itly  at  11m-  boggingt   (bog'ing),  n.     [Early  mod.    E..   iier- 
lia|is  a  var.  of  'btigqing  for  hadgiiig,  verbal  n. 
(if  liadi/e-;  cf.  bodgcr-.]     i'eddling;   hawking. 
.V.  /•;.  /*. 

boggishi  (bog'ish),  a.   [<  bog^  +  -i's7il.]   Boggy. 

boggish'-t,  "•  [ME.,  written  b<iggi.s.ihe,  bug- 
gil.srhe;  <  bogS  (not  found  in  ME.)  +  -ish^.J 
liuld;  |iulTed  u]i;  boastful. 

boggle',  ".     A  dialectal  fnrni  of  liogle. 

boggle'-'  (bog'l),  r.  i.;  pret.  and  y]).  Iioggled ,  piir. 
hoiioluK/.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bogle,  biiggri,  < 
biigglel  =  liogle.  a  specter,  witli  ref.  to  the  shy- 
ing of  a  horse  (it  unusual  objeets;  cf.  ME.  boge- 
len,  occurring  but  oiioe,  in  tho  seiisi^  of  'deny,' 
i.  >'.,  scale  iilT.]  1.  To  lake  alarm;  start  with 
fright;  shy,  as  ahorse. 

When  n  slniu-r  Is  llrsl  Icmiited  to  tho  eommlsalon  at  ». 
inoi-e  gross  ami  notoHous  sin,  bis  consclince  Is  apt  to 
Ix.'mie  and  stall  at  It,  he  dolli  It  with  great  illlllcully  iimk 
,,,.„',,. I  Tillolmii,  Works,  1.  X. 


We  start  and  boqnir  at  every  unusual  aiipearanco. 

r;raniii«<> 


Cf. 


stop,  lis  if  nfruid  t 
as  if  impelled  by  uii 


2.  To  lii'sitat 


op,  llh 
iifori'i 


proceed,  or 
seen  dilliculties ;  waverv 


boggle 

shrink. —  3.  To  play  fast  and  loose ;  dissemble; 
quibble;  equivocate. 

Wlien  summoned  to  his  last  end  it  was  no  time  for 
him  to  lior)gle  witll  tlle  world.  Howell. 

4.  To  bungle;  he  awkward;  make  clumsy  at- 
tempts. 
■boggle'^  (bog'l),  w.    1.  The  act  of  shying  or  tak- 
iuj;  alarm. — 2}.  Objection;  scruple;  demur. 

Tliu  Dutcli  do  malie  a  tiu'tlier  bor/lc  with  us  about  two 
or  tliree  thiugs.  fi'l'il",  Biary,  1(507. 

3.  A  bungle;  a  botch.  [CoUoq.]  — Boggle-de- 
botch,  boggledy-botcli,  a  complete  Iwteli  or  l)ungle. 

boggle^  (bog'l),  ?!.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps 
same  as  boff(/liA,  hor/lc,  a  scarecrow.]  A  pitcher 
or  jug  wi'ought  in  the  figiu'e  of  a  man,  not  un- 
like a  toby  or  toby-pitcher. 

bog-glede  (bog'gled),  n.  A  Scotch  name  of  the 
nioor-buzzard,  Cirvas  mruginosus, 

boggier  (bog'ler),  n.  [<  bogijlv^  +  -erl.]  1.  A 
doubter;  a  timorous  man. —  2\.  AjUt;  one  false 
in  love. 

You  have  been  a  boggier  ever.  Skak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  11. 
3.  One  who  bungles  or  is  oliunsy  in  doing 
things. 

bogglisht  (bog'lish),  a.  [<  boffijk^  +  -ish.'j 
Doubtful;  wavering. 

Nutliing  is  more  sly,  touchy,  and  boggUsh  .  .  ,  than  that 
opinion  ...  of  the  many  or  common  people. 

Jcr.  Taylor  (?),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  172. 

boggy  (bog'i),  a.  [<  6o(/l,  re.,  +  -i/l.]  Contain- 
ing bogs ;  full  of  bogs ;  Uke  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  a  bog. 

Quench'd  in  a  boggy  Syrtis,  neither  sea 

Nor  good  dry  land.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  939. 

boggybo  (bog'i-bo),  n.  [North.  E.  dial.]  A 
dialectal  form  of  hugaboo. 

Boghead  coal.    See  coal. 

boghouse  (bog'hous),  n.  [<  6o(/l  -t-  house.']  A 
privy.     Johnson. 

bogiei,  «.     See  bogy. 

bogie'-^,  bogeys  (bo'gi),  n.  [Of  uncertain  origin. 
Sometimes  explained  from  bogie'^,  bogy,  a  fiend, 
the  bogie  coal-wagon  when  first  introduced 
being  so  called,  it  is  said,  because,  from  its 
suddenly  tm-niug  when  people  least  expected 
it,  they  used  to  exclaim  that  the  new  wagon 
was  'Old  Bogy'  himself.  But  this  is  mere  in- 
vention. See  bogle.]  1.  A  name  first  given 
at  Newcastle-upon-Tjaie,  in  England,  to  a  coal- 
wago-n  or  truck  so  constructed  as  to  turn  easUy 
in  moving  about  the  quays;  a  trolly. —  2.  An 
English  term  for  a  four-wheeled  truck  support- 
ing the  front  part  of  a  locomotive  engine,  or 
placed  one  under  each  end  of  a  railway-car- 
riage, and  tm-ning  beneath  it  by  means  of  a 
central  pin  or  pivot,  to  facilitate  the  passing 
of  sudden  curves. —  3.  In  a  saw-miU,  a  small 
carriage  running  on  a  transverse  track  on  a 
log-carriage,  used  to  change  the  position  of  the 
log  in  relation  to  the  saw. 

bogie-engine  (b6'gi-en"jin),  «.  A  locomotive 
used  in  moving  cars  and  making  up  trains  at 
a  railroad  station.  The  driving-wheels  and  cyl- 
inders are  on  a  truck  which  turns  fi-eely  on  a 
center-pin. 

bog-jumper  (bog'jum"per),  n.  Same  as  bog- 
bumper. 

bog-land  (bog'land),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  Boggy  or 
marshy  land :  as,  to  reclaim  a  piece  of  bog-land. 
II.  a.  Living  in  or  pertaining  to  a  marshy 
country.     [Rare.] 

Each  brings  his  love  a  bogland  captive  home. 

Vryden,  Prol.  to  Prophetess,  1.  31. 

bogle  (bo'gl),  n.  [Also  dial,  boggle,  So.  bogle, 
bogill,  bugil,  a  specter,  hobgoblin ;  prob.  of  Cel- 
tic origin;  cf.  W.  bwgwl,  bi/gwl,  a  threat,  men- 
ace, bi/gel,  a  bugbear,  scarecrow,  hobgoblin, 
bwg,  a  specter,  >  E.  hug^ :  see  biig^  and  hitgbear. 
Cf.  io(/2,  boggardX,  and  G.  bogge,  boggel-mann, 
a  bogy,  bogle.]  A  phantom;  a  specter;  a  hob- 
goblin ;  a  bogy ;  a  bugbear. 

boglet  (bog'let),  ■«.  [<  bog'i-  +  .let.]  A  little 
bog;  a  boggy  place  or  spot  of  smaU  extent. 

And  of  this  tufty,  flaggy  ground,  pocked  with  bogs  and 
boglets.  Ii.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  p.  432. 

bog-manganese  (bog'mang"ga-nez),  n.  Same 
as  wad. 

bog-moss  (bog'mos),  Ji.  Peat-moss.  See  Sphag- 
num. 

bog-oak  (bog 'ok),  n.  Trunks  and  large 
branches  of  Oi^k  found  embedded  in  bogs  and 

? 'reserved  by  the  antiseptic  properties  of  peat. 
_  t  is  of  a  shining  lilacli  or  ebony  color,  or  of  a  deep  green- 
ish-gray, mottled  and  shading  intu  lil;tci<,  derived  from  its 
impregnation  with  iron,  and  i^  freiiuently  converted  into 
ornamental  pieces  of  furnitm-e  and  smaller  ornaments,  as 
brooches,  ear-rings,  etc.    Also  called  bog-wood: 


611 

Bogoda  (bo-go'dii),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  East 
Indiiiii  fisho.s,  considered  by  some  as  typical  of 
a  family  Bogodo'utei  or  liogodidm. 

Bogodidae  (bo-god'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bogoda 
+  -id(v.]  A  family  of  percoideous  fishes:  sy- 
^lonJ^nous  with  Ambassidw. 

Bogomile  (bog'o-mil),  re.  [Cf.  Russ.  bogii,  God; 
milnsit,  grace.] '  One  of  a  medieval  Catharist 
sect,  having  its  principal  seat  in  Bulgaria,  anti- 
clerical in  its  i>olity,  dualistic  in  its  doctrine, 
and  in  general  similar  to  the  Docetro  and  the 
Maniohajans.  Tlie  views  and  pr.acticcs  of  tlie  liogo- 
milcs  were  very  fanatical.  They  were  little  iinown,  and 
by  sonic  are  supposed  to  have  become  extinct  soon  after 
tlie  execution  of  tlicir  leader,  Basil  of  Philippopolis,  at 
(■onstiiiitiii..ple,  in  lUS. 

Bogomilian  (bog-o-mil'i-ftn),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Bo";omiles  or  their  doctrines. 

bog-orcnis  (bog'or"kis),  n'.  A  low  orchid  of 
boggy  places.     See  Maluxis. 

bog-ore  (bog'or),  n.    Same  as  bog-iron  ore. 

Bogota  bark.    See  bark!^. 

bog-rush  (bog'rush),  re.  1.  The  name  of  va- 
rious cyperaceous  plants.  See  rush. —  2.  Some 
small  midetermined  species  of  warbler.  [Lo- 
cal, Great  Bxitain.] 

bog-spavin  (bog'spav"in),  re.  la  farriery,  an 
encysted  tumor  on  the  inside  of  the  hough  of  a 
horse,  containing  a  gelatinous  matter. 

bog-sucker  (bog'suk"er),  re.  A  name  of  the 
woodcock  of  North  America,  Philohela.  minor. 

bog-trotter  (bog'trof'er),  re.  One  who  trots 
over  bogs,  or  lives  among  bogs;  especially,  a 
contemptuous  appellation  given  to  the  Irish 
peasantry,  probably  from  the  skill  shown  by 
many  of  them  in  crossing  the  .extensive  bogs 
of  the  country  by  leaping  from  tussock  to  tus- 
sock, where  a  stranger  would  find  no  footing, 
and  from  the  frequent  use  they  make  of  this 
skill  to  escape  from  the  soldiery,  the  police,  etc. 

bog-trotting  (bog'trofing),  a.  Trotting  among 
bogs,  or,  more  usually,  living  among  bogs :  as, 
a  bog-trotting  Irishman. 

Beware  of  bog-trotting  quacks. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixviii. 

With  his  inherited  Irish  poverty  .  .  .  not  to  rise  in  this 
world,  he  nor  his  posterity,  till  their  wading  webtied  bog- 
trotting  feet  get  talaria  to  their  heels. 

Tkoreau,  Walden,  p.  225. 

bogue^t  (hog),  V.  i.  [Prob.  <  Sp.  bogar,  row  (cf . 
bogar  d  sotavento,  row  to  leeward),  =  Pg.  Pr. 
vogar  =  It.  vogare  =  F.  voguer,  row,  sail,  > 
vogue,  E.  vogue,  q.  v.]  Naiit.,  to  droji  off  fi-om 
the  wind;  edge  away  to  leeward  vrith  the  wind, 
as  some  vessels  of  inferior  sailing  qualities  do. 
—  To  bogue  in,  to  ''sail  in";  talje  a  hand;  engage  in  a 
work.     [Local,  New  England,] 

[A  farmer  says :]  *'  I  don't  git  much  done  'thout  I  hogue 
right  in  along  'th  my  men," 

Quoted  hy  Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser,.  Int. 

bogue^  (bog),  n.  [<  OF.  bogue,  formerly  also 
bocqiie,  =  Pr.  biiga  =  Sp.  Pg.  boga  =  It.  boca, 
boglie  (Florio),  now  boga,  <  ML.  boca,  for  L.  box 
(hoc-),  <  Gr.  /Jijf,  contr.  of  /Joaf,  a  certain  sea- 
fish,  so  named  from  the  sound  it  makes.]  An 
acanthopterygian  fish.  Box  vulgaris,  of  the  fami- 
ly Sparida-,  found  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  and  in  rare  cases  on  the 
coasts  of  Britain.  The  body  is  oblong  and  compressed, 
the  liead  and  mouth  are  small,  tlie  teetli  notched,  the  eyes 
large,  and  the  genei'al  coloring  is  brilliant.  Also  called 
boce  and  boga. 

bogue^  (bog),  re.  [OF.,  =  F.  bouche :  see  em- 
bogue.]  A  mouth ;  an  embouchure.  Used  specifi- 
cally in  tlie  name  the  Bogue,  tlie  principal  mouth  of  the 
<  'aiitoii  river  in  China  (also  called  Boca  Tigris,  the  Tigers 
Jl.iiitli). 

boguest  (bo'gest),  re.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  bargjtest 
varied  toward  bogy'^ :  see  these  words.]  A  spec- 
ter; a  ghost.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 

bogusl  (bo'gus),  re.  and  a.  [A  slang  word,  of 
which  many  conjeetm-al  explanations  have  been 
offered,  e.  g.,  that  it  is  a  corruption  of  bagasse, 
sugar-cane  refuse,  etc.  Dr.  Samuel  Willard  of 
Chicago,  in  a  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  New 
Eng.  Diet.,  "quotes  from  the  'Paines\alle  (Ohio) 
Telegraph'  of  July  6  and  Nov.  2, 1827,  the  word 
bogus  as  a  substantive  applied  to  an  apparatus 
for  coining  false  money.  Mr.  Eber  D.  Howe, 
who  was  then  editor  of  that  paper,  describes 
in  his  'Autobiography'  (1878)  the  discovery  of 
such  apiece  of  mechanism  in  the  hands  of  a  gang 
of  coiners  at  Paines^■ille  in  May,  1827 ;  it  was 
a  mysterious-looldng  object,  and  some  one  in 
the  crowd  styled  it  a  'bogus,'  a  designation 
adopted  in  the  succeeding  mmibers  of  the  pa- 
per. Dr.  Willard  considers  this  to  have  been 
short  for  tantrabogus,  a  word  familiar  to  him 
from  his  cliildhood,  and  which  in  his  father's 
time  was  commonly  applied  in  Vermont  to  any 


Bohemian 

ill-looking  object;  he  points  out  that  tantara- 
bobs  is  given  in  Halliwell  as  a  Devonshire  word 
for  the  devil.  Bogus  seems  thus  to  be  related 
to  bogy,  etc."  (N.  E.  D.)  The  E.  dial,  word 
may  have  been  transported  to  New  England 
and  undergone  there  the  alteration  to  which 
such  terms  are  subject.]  I.f  re.  An  apparatus 
for  coining  coimterfeit  money. 

II.  a.  Covmterftit;  spurious;  sham:  origi- 
nally applied  in  the  United  States  to  counter- 
feit money,  but  now  to  anything  based  on  sham 
or  false  pretense:  as,  a  bogus  claim;  a  bogus 
government. 

But  our  bogvs  theologians,  who  systematically  convert 
the  flue  gold  of  tlie  gospel  into  glittering  tinsel,  and  sell 
it  for  lucre,  occupy  the  liighcst  seats  in  oiir  synagogues, 
//.  ,/ameK,  Suits,  and  .Shad.,  p.  177. 

bogus^  (bo'gus),  n.  [Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps 
a  use  of  bogus^.  Some  refer  it  to  bagasse,  su- 
gar-cane refuse.]  A  liquor  made  of  rum  and 
molasses.     Bartlett.    [U.  S.] 

bog-violet  (bog'vi"6-let),  re.  The  butterwort. 
[I'rov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 

bog-wood  (bog' wild),-  re.     Same  as  bog-oak. 

bogwort  (bog'w6rt),  re.  [<  bog"^  -^  loorf^.]  Same 
as  erunberry. 

bogy,  bogeyl  (bo'gi),  re.;  pi.  bogies,  bogeys 
(-giz).  [Also  written  bogie;  a  comparatively 
recent  word,  appar.  a  var.  (perhaps  arising 
from  nursery  speech)  of  bogle,  or  from  the  same 
source:  see  bogle.]  1.  The  devil:  often  as  a 
quasi-proper  name,  and  usually  with  an  epithet 
(in  this  use  with  a  capital) :  as.  Old  Bogy. 
I  am  bogey,  and  frighten  everybody  away. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes. 

2.  A  hobgoblin ;  a  bugbear. 

The  humlile  Nortliumbrian  ^0£/w  who  "flitted  "with  the 
farmer  when  he  removed  liis  ftu-niture. 

Uncyc.  Brit.,  II,  204. 

Tliere  is  no  reasoning  .  .  .  with  men  to  whom  party 
considerations  are  of  the  first  moment,  and  who  feel  liouiid 
to  discover  bogies  in  every  measure  adopteri  Iiy  tlic  party 
in  power.  Sir  G.  Wolselcy,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVIII.  135. 

3.  {cap.]  See  Colonel  Bogie. 

bogyism,  bogeyism  (bo'gi-izm),  n.  [<  bogy, 
bogiy^,  +  -«■«(.]  1.  Tliat  which  pertains  to  or 
is  characteristic  of  a  bogy. —  2.  Belief  in  or 
dread  of  sprites  or  goblins.    Thackeray. 

bo-hacky  (bo-hak'i),  re.  [E.  dial.]  A  donkey. 
Hallinrll.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshii-e).] 

bohea  (bo-he'),  re.  [<  Chinese  Tl'oo-ye  or  Voo- 
ye,  the  name  of  two  ranges  of  hiUs  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Puhkien,  China,  wliere  the  tea-shrub  is 
largely  gi'own,  and  whence  tea  was  first  im- 
ported into  England  in  1666.  In  the  dialects 
of  Fuhkien  b  is  used  for  w  and  v.]  1.  A  gen- 
eral name  for  tea. 

To  part  her  time  'twixt  reading  and  bohea. 
To  muse,  and  spill  her  solitary  tea. 

Pope,  Ep.  to  Miss  Blount,  ii.  15. 
For  if  my  pure  libations  exceed  three, 

I  feel  my  heart  become  so  sympathetic, 

That  I  must  have  recourse  to  lilack  Boheei.    Byron. 

By  way  of  entertainment  in  the  evening,  to  make  a  party 

witii  the  sergeant's  wife  to  drink  bohea  tea,  and  play  at 

all-fours  on  adrum-head,    Sheridan,  St,  Patrick's  Day,  i,  2. 

2.  An  inferior  kind  of  black  tea,  grown  on  the 
Woo-ye  hills  of  China,  or  tea  of  a  similar  qual- 
ity grown  in  other  districts  of  the  same  country. 
See  tea. 
Bohemian  (bo-he'mi-an),  re.  and  a.  [=F.  Bo- 
hemien,  a  Bohemian,  and  in  a  secondary  signi- 
fication a  gipsy,  <  Boheme,  ML.  Bohemia,  the 
country  of  the  Bohemi,  Boihemi,  or  Boiemi, 
Latinized  form  repr.  by  G.  Biihmen,  Bohemia, 
<  L.  Boii,  a  people  of  ancient  Gaul,  of  whom  a 
portion  settled  in  what  is  now  Bohemia,  -t- 
*-hem,  OHG.  heim  =  E.  home.]  I.  n.  1.  A  na- 
tive or  an  inhabitant  of  Bohemia,  a  cro'wnland 
and  kingdom  of  the  Austrian  empire. — 2.  A 
follower  of  John  Huss ;  a  Hussite. —  3.  [F.  bo- 
hemien,  because  the  first  of  that  wandering  race 
that  entered  France  were  believed  to  be  Bo- 
hemians or  Hussites,  driven  from  their  native 
countsy.]     A  gipsy. 

'"How!  of  no  country?"  repeated  the  Scot.  "No," 
answered  tlie  Bohemian,  "of  none,  I  am  a  Zingaro,  a 
Bohemian,  an  Egyptian,  or  whatever  the  Europeans,  in 
their  different  languages,  may  choose  to  call  our  people, 
but  I  have  no  country.'*  Scott,  Q.  Durward,  xvi. 

4.  A  person,  especially  an  artist  or  a  literary 
man,  who  leads  a  free  and  often  somewhat  dissi. 
pated  life,  having  little  regard  to  what  society 
he  frequents,  and  despising  conventionalities 
generally.     [Sometimes  without  a  capital.] 

By  Bohemian  I  do  not  mean  to  be  uncomplimentary.  I 
mean  merely  a  class  of  persons  who  prefer  adventure  and 
speculation  to  settled  industry,  and  who  do  not  work  well 
in  the  liarness  of  ordinary  life.    Froude,  Sketches,  p,  217. 

5.  The  ancient  tongue  of  Bohemia,  a  member 
of  the  Slavic  branch  of  the  Aryan  family. 


Bohemian 

H.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bohemia  or  its 
langiiase. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  charae- 
teriitic"  of,  the  so-ealled  Bohemians ;  uncon- 
ventional :  free  from  social  restraints :  as,  a 
£(ilun,i(!ii  life. — 3.  In  ornith.,  eiTatic;  wander- 
in":  inegularlv  migratory:  of  unsettled  habits. 
—  Boliemianbole.  .See  6o/f2'— Bohemian  Brethreu, 
the  iKtpiUiir  uame  of  a  religious  denomination  wliich  de- 
veloped irom  the  foUoners  of  Peter  Chekziek}'  in  the  (if- 
teeuth  centuT}'.  It  reaehed  its  greatest  influence  in  the 
si.'steenth  century,  and  was  suppressed  by  Ferdinand  II.  in 
tile  seventeenth  centur>'  in  Bohemia  and  Jloravia,  but 
lingered  in  Poland  and  Hungary.  It  was  revived  in  the 
eighteenth  century  as  the  Moravian  Church.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  denomination  called  themselves  the  Uuity 
of  Brethren  (rHiMs /"rnfrKm).— Bohemian  glass.  See 
«7^a*<.— Bohemian  pheasant.  See  phi'amnt.— Bohe- 
mian waxwlng,  Bobemian  chatterer,  a  bird,  the 
Aiiiiifli.'  ::a,-n'!ii<.  ,.,  called  from  the  c.vlent  and  irregu- 
larity of  its  wanderings.   .See  icaxirino, 

Bohemianisni  (bo-he'mi-an-izm),  «.  [<  Bolie- 
iiiiiiii,  II..  4.  +  -ism.]  The  life  or  habits  of  a 
Bohemian,  in  the  figurative  sense.  See  Bohe- 
inidn.  ».,  4. 

bobor  (bo'hor),  «.  A  variety  of  reedbuck  of 
western  Atri- 
ca.  the  Cervi- 
capra  hohor,  a 
kind  of  ante- 
lope. 

boiar,  " .  See 
hoi/ fir. 

bold  (bo'id),  II. 
A  snake  of  the 
family  Bokhs : 
a  boa  or  ana- 
conda. 

Boidae 
dej, 
[XL 


Bohor  {Cervicapra  bohor). 


(bo'i- 
II.  pi. 
<  Boa 
+  -iV?<r.]  A 
family  of  non- 
venomous  ophidian  reptiles,  with  two  mobile 
hooks  or  spurs,  the  rudiments  of  hind  legs,  near 
the  anus.  The  name  hiis  l>een  adopted  with  varj'ing 
limit?,  and  latterly  generally  restricted  to  American  spe- 
cies :  (1)  Colubrine  snakes  with  the  belly  covered  with 
narrow,  elongate  shields  or  scales,  nearly  resembling 
those  of  the  back,  and  with  spur-like  rudimentary  legs  on 
each  ^ide  of  the  vent.  It  included  the  liitidce  as  well  as 
I'tith'titiUte,  Chfirini'lo',  and  TorlncidfK  of  recent  ophi- 
oloki-^ts.  (2)  Fhn-yst^jmatous  serpents  with  rudiments  of 
jMwteriftr  extremities.  It  includeil  the  li'iiihr,  J'l/thuniiliT, 
and  CharinvUe.  <;i)  Eurystomatous  serpents  with  rudi- 
mentary posterior  appendages,  coronoid  bone  in  lower 
jaw.  no  supraorlutal,  but  postorbital,  bones  in  cnmiuni, 
and  with  teeth  developed  in  the  premaxillary.  In  this 
limited  sen-se  there  are  still  many  species  peculiar  to  the 
warmer  regions  of  .\merica,  and  among  them  are  some  of 
gigantic  size,  such  as  the  boa-consirict<>r  and  anacomla, 
Kiin'-ctfit  murinun.  They  soraetiraes  attack  animals  of  a 
large  size  anil  kill  them  by  constriction  round  the  body. 
.Si-f  ruts  uniler  fcort  and  pitllum. 

boil'  (boil),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hoilc,  hoi/lc, 
a  (•oirif])t  form  of  hiW^,  due  to  a  supposed  con- 
nection with  hoil'^:  see  hilc^."]  An  inflamed 
and  painful  suppm-ating  tumor;  a  furuncle. 

boil-  (boil),  V.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  Imyl,  hui/h; 
<  -MK.  hoihii,  hoyliii,'  <  OF.  boillii;  F.  hnuiUir 
=  I'r.  hiilliir,  hiiitlir,  boil,  =Sp.  /(»///;•,  boil,  also 
as  Pg.  hiidr,  move,  stir,  be  active  (see  hudi/e^), 
=  It.  Imllirr,  boil,  <  L.  hiillirr,  also  liullnre,  bub- 
ble, boil,  <  hiillii,  a  biil)blp,  any  small  round 
object  (see  hulUi),  >  E.  Imlfi,  hi'll->.  I.iilhl,  hul- 
Ifliii,  etc.     Cf.  ibiilliliiin.]     I,    iiitraiiii.    1.    To 
btibble  up  or  be  in  a  state  of  ebullition,  esjje- 
cially  through  the  action  of  heat,  tlio  bubbles 
of  ga.ieous  vaiior  which  have  been  formed  in 
the  lower  portion  rising  to  the  surface  and  es- 
caping: said  of  a  liquid,  and  sometimes  of  the 
containing  vessel:  as,  the  water /;oi7.s;  the  pot 
hoil.s.     The  Hanic  action  is  induced  by  diminished  pres. 
mir-    as  when  water  boils  nn<ler  the  exhausted  receiver 
of  jtn  alr-itump.  or  when  earlMui  illoxid   liipielied  unrler 
'  i.r.-.HHure  IhiIIs  ii|Min  the  removal  of  the  j>ressure.   .See 
("On'  and  fhuttiliiin, 
'■  bo  in  an  agitated  state  like  that  of  boil- 
ii-'li  any  other  cause  Uiun  heat  ordimin- 
-iiro;  exliibit  a  swirling  or  swelling 

I ocetho:  as,  the  waves  huil.        ^ 

lie  nmketh  the  deep  Ut  bull.  Job  xll.  31. 

^     '     '      icritnted  by  vehement  or  angry  feel- 

'  or  e.xcited:  aH,  my  blood  hoila  at 

my  breajit  with  flamo  antl  bumliifc  wrath. 
Siirrr,!,  .Kneld,  II. 

><  llnstlnK"  hhi\  ciiinmlttod  iMHne 
t'  thought  of  Ihono  rrlmes  miob' 

ll>'    '  i:i  Ills  veln>. 

}tucfiiiifiii,  Warren  MaNtlnuti. 

4.  To  nndercrn  or  \ns  subjected  to  the  action  of 
v^r^'i-  lifpiid  when   at   the   |ioint   of 

•'  lo  incnt  is  now '/'/i/i»(/.     To  boU 

nw';.  ■    In  bolllng.-To  boll  over,  lo  run 

over  the  toil  ,,t  „  veaMl,  »•  lli|Uor  when  thrown  Into  vlu. 


612 

lent  agitation  by  heat  or  other  cause  of  effervescence ; 
hence,  figuratively,  to  be  unable,  on  account  of  excite- 
ment,  indignation,  or  the  like,  tii  refrain  from  speaking: 
to  break  out  into  the  language  of  strong  feeling,  especial- 
ly of  indignation. —  To  boil  up,  to  rise  or  be  increased  in 
v'olnme  by  ebullition  ;  as,  paste  is  ready  for  use  as  soon  as 
it  has  once  boii^^d  vp  ;  let  it  hoit  up  two  jf  three  times. 

Jl.  trans.  1.  To  put  into  a  state  of  ebullition; 
cause  to  be  agitated  or  to  bubble  by  the  ap- 
plication of  heat.  Hence  —  2.  To  collect,  form, 
or  separate  by  the  aijplieatiou  of  heat,  as  sugar, 
salt,  etc. — 3.  To  subject  to  the  action  of  heat 
in  a  liquid  raised  to  its  point  of  ebullition,  so 
as  to  produce  some  specific  effect;  cook  or 
seethe  in  a  boiling  liquid:  as.  to  hoi}  meat, 

potatoes,  etc. ;  to  boil  silk,  thread,  etc To  boil 

clear,  in  sixip-manuf.,  to  remove  the  excess  of  water  from 
soft  soap  by  boiling*  it.  \  concentrated  lye  is  employed 
to  shorten  the  time  of  evaporation. — To  boil  down,  to 
reduce  in  bulk  by  boiling:  hence,  to  reduce  to  smaller 
compass  by  removal  of  what  can  best  be  spared ;  con- 
dense by  elimination. 

After  a  while  he  [Bowles]  developed  a  talent  for  con- 
densing into  brief  and  readable  form  the  long  and  heavy 
articles  in  which  the  great  political  papers  of  the  day  dis- 
charged their  thunder.  On  these  he  began  to  practice 
that  great  art  of  hoiUnrr  down  which  his  paper  afterward 
caiTied  to  such  perfection.  G.  S.  Merriain,  S.  Bowles,  I.  23. 
To  boil  dry,  in  itu(iar-mami.f.,  to  reduce  the  thin  juice 
to'thick  juice  by  boiling  it  until  it  reaches  the  point  of 
crvstallization. 

boil"-  (boil),  «.  [<  60(72,  v.]  1.  The  state  or  act 
of  boiling;  boiling-point:  as.  to  bring  water  to 
aboil.  [Colloq.]  —  2.  That  which  is  boiled ;  a 
boiUng  preparation.  X.  E.  D.  [Bare.] —At  the 
boil,  boiling;  at  the  boiling-point :  as.  the  solution  should 
lie  kept  at  the  boil  for  at  least  half  an  hour. 

boilary,  «.     See  boilery. 

boiled  (boUd),  p.  a.  I.  Raised  to  the  boiling- 
point. — 2.  Paepared  by  being  subjected  to 
the  heat  of  boiling  water:  sometimes  substan- 
tively (from  its  use  as  a  heading  on  bills  of 
fare)  for  meat  di'essed  or  cooked  by  boiling: 
as,  "a  great  piece  of  cold  boiled,^'  Dickens, 
Christmas  Carol. 

boiler  (boi'ler), )(.  1.  A  person  who  boils. —  2. 
A  vessel  in  which  anything  is  boiled,  specifl. 
caUy — (a)  A  large  pan  or  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  brass, 
used  in  distilleries,  potash-works,  etc.,  for  boiling  laive 
ijuantities  of  liquor  at  once,  (b)  A  large  vessel  of  metal 
in  which  soiled  clothes  are  boiled  to  cleanse  them  ;  a 
wash-boiler. 

3.  A  strong  metallic  structure  in  which  steam 
is  generated  for  driving  engines  or  for  other 
purposes.  See  steam-boiler. — 4.  Something,  as 
a  vegetable,  that  is  siutable  for  boiling.  [Rare.] 

boiler-alarm  (boi'ltr-a-Uirm"),  II-  A  device 
for  showing  when  the  water  in  a  steam-boilei- 
is  too  low  for  safety. 

boiler-clamp  (boi'ler-klamp),  II.  Aclaiupused 
for  lioliling  the  plates  and  jiarls  of  boilers  to- 
getlier,  so  that  tlioy  can  bo  drilled  or  riveted. 

boiler-feeder  (boi'lcr-fe"di'r).  n .  An  apparatus 
lor  su]i]:ihing  water  to  a  steam-boiler. 

boiler-float  (boi'ler-flot),  n.  A  float  connected 
with  tlie  water-feeding  mechanism  of  a  steam- 
boiler.  It  opens  a  supply-valve  when  the  water  falls  to 
a  certain  point,  and  closes  the  valve  wiien  the  water  has 
attained  tile  proper  height. 

boiler-iron  (boi'lcr-i''em),  n.  Iron  rolled  into 
the  form  of  a  flat  plate,  from  i  to  i  iiicli  in 
thickness,  used  lor  making  boilers,  tanks,  ves- 
sels, etc.     Also  boilcr-jilatt: 

boiler-meter  (boi'ler-me'ti'r),  ».  A  meter  for 
measuring  the  quantity  of  water  tiscd  in  a 
steani-lioilcr. 

boiler-plate  (boi'K-r-plat),  n.     Same  as  boiler- 

boiler-protector  (boi'ler-pro-tek'tor),  «.  A 
non-conilucting  covering  or  jacket  for  a  steam- 
lioiler,  designed  to  prevent  radiation  of  heat. 

boiler-shell  (boi'ler-shel),  II.  The  main  or 
iHilsidii  portion  of  a  steam-boiler. 

A  steel  Iniiler-iih'H  may  lliercfore  be  made  of  plates  at 
least  one-third  less  in  tbickness  than  a  similar  shell  of 
wrought  iron.  /(.  Wilmii,  .Steam  Hollers,  p.  4:i. 

boiler-shop  (boi'lcr-shop),  «.  A  workshop 
uliiic  boilers  arc  made. 

boilery  (boi'ler-i).  u.;  pi.  boilrhrs  (-iz).  f< 
/).)/71  +  -iri/.']  1.  A  idace  or  an  appaialus  for 
boiling. —  2.  A  salt-house  or  place  for  eva|«o- 
ratiiig  brine. —  3.  In  lair,  water  arising  from  a 
salt-well  belonging  to  one  who  is  not  I  lie  owner 
of  the  soil. 
.Also  hoitarif. 

boiling  fboi'ling),/!.  '/.  1.  At  the  leinperatuie 
al  which  any  specified  liquiil  iiasHcH  into  u 
gast^ons  state;  bubbling  u]i  iimler  tlii'  action 
of  heat:  as,  boiliiiii  water;  bialiiin  springM.— 
2.  Pigiiratively— '(«)  FirTcely  agilated;  rag- 
ing: us,  the  boiliiifi  seas.  (/))  Heated;  inllanieil; 
biiiNling  with  passion:  as,  //f/iVi/ii/ indignation. 
BoUinS  Bprlng,  a  soring  or  fonntaln  wblrli  i;Im'm  ouI 
outer  at  Uie  liolllngpuliil  or  at  a  high  Iviupurntiire.     The 


boist 

most  remarkable  boiling  springs  are  the  geysers,  which 
throw  up  columns  of  water  and  steam  ;  hut  there  are 
many  others  in  various  parts  of  the  world,  often  associ- 
ated with  geysere,  characterized  only  by  ebullition  aud 
emission  of  steam.  Some  of  the  latter,  as  in  California 
and  Xew  Zealand,  are  strongly  impregnated  with  minerai 
matters  and  variously  colored,  while  others  are  char^^ 
with  liquid  mud.  See  fjeyser. 
boilingly  (boi'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  boiling  man- 
ner. 

The  lakes  of  bitumen 
Rise  Itoiliii'th/  higher.  lit/rott,  Manfreil,  i.  1. 

boiling-point  (boi'ling-point),  «.  Thetempera- 
ttu'e  at  which  a  liquid  is  converted  into  vapor 
with  ebullition ;  more  strictly,  the  tempera- 
tm-e  at  wluch  the  tension  of  the  vajior  is  equal 
to  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  This  point 
\aries  forditferent  liquids,  and  for  the  same  liquid  at  dif- 
ferent pressm-es,  being  higher  when  the  pressure  is  in- 
creased, and  lower  when  it  is  diminished.  I'lider  the 
normal  atmospheric  pressure  (see  atmo-iphere)  water  boils 
at  ■212°  F.  (100  C,  80°  R.),  and  it  is  found  that  the  boiling, 
point  varies  .SS  of  a  degl-ee  F.  for  a  variation  in  the  ba- 
rometer of  half  an  inch.  Hence  water  w  ill  boil  at  a  lower 
temperature  at  the  top  of  a  mountain  than  at  the  bottotn, 
owing  to  diniinution  in  the  jlres-sure;  a  fact  which  leads 
to  a  metliml  of  measuring  the  height  of  a  inountain  by 
observing  the  temperature  at  which  water  boils  at  the 
bottom  of  the  mountain  and  at  the  top.  .At  the  top  of 
Mont  Blanc  water  boils  at  IK>  F.  T'lnler  a  pressure  of 
about  ^kn  ^^  ^"  atmosphere  water  would  lioil  at  40'  F., 
while  under  a  pressure  of  10  atmospheres  the  lioiling-point 
would  Ue  raised  to  3.^6'  F.  A  liquid  may  be  heated  much 
above  its  true  boiling-point  without  boiling;  but  the 
superheated  vapor  immediately  expands  until  its  temper- 
ature is  reduced  to  the  boiling-point.  Hence,  in  deter- 
minatiuiis  of  tlie  b.>iIing-iioin(.  the  tllcrninnietcr  is  never 
immersed  in  the  liquid,  tint  in  tlie  vapor  just  above  it. — 
Kopp's  law  of  boiling-points,  the  proposition  that  in 
certain  homologous  series  of  cbetiiical  substances  each  ad- 
dition nf  t'H-^  is  accompanied  by  a  rise  in  the  boiling- 
point  of  about  10  ..i  C. 

boin  (lioin),  H.     Another  form  of  boi/ii. 

boine  (boin),  «.  [E.  dial.  Cf.  lioiii,  boyii.']  A 
swt^Uiug.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Esse.x).] 

This  luan  Vasilowicli  wicli  performing  of  the  same  cere- 
monie  eauseth  his  forehead  to  he  fnl  of  boine.^  aud  swell- 
ings, and  sometimes  to  be  black  and  blew. 

Ilakhtyt's  Voiiaijes,  I.  224. 

boiobi,  II-     See  bojobi. 

bois  (i?-  pron.  bwo).  v.  [F.,  wood,  timber,  a 
wood,  forest,  <  OF.  bois,  bus  =  Pr.  base  =  Sp. 
Pg.  bosqiic  =  It.  bosco,  <  JIlj.  bnsriis,  biisehiis,  a 
bush,  wood,  forest:  see  biisb^,  boseaijr,  etc.] 
Wood:  a  French  word  occurring  in  several 
phrases  occasionally  foimd  in  English ;  it  also 
occurs  as  the  terminal  element  in  hautboy. — 
Bois  d'arc  (F.  pron.  bwo  diirk).  ( V. :  /lo/.v,  wood  ;  dr,  of ; 
on-,  how.]    .See  hodark,  boir-iaiod ,  and  Madura. 

boisbrflle  (F.  pron.  bwo-brii-hi'),  ii.  [(Canadian 
!•"..  <  V.  bois.  wood,  -I-  bri'tle,  ]ip.  Of  briiler,  burn, 
scorch.]  Literally,  burnt-wood:  a  name  for- 
merly given  to  a  Canadian  half-breed. 

boiS-ch§ne  (F.  i)ron.  bwo-shan').  ii.  [F.,  oak- 
wood  :  liiiis,  wood  (see  /nx'.v) ;  vhi'iir,  oak,  <  OF.  , 
chisiir  (vliisiiiii,  adj.),  (iiKsiie  (cf.  ML.  rasiiii.i), 
oak,  <  LL.  ijiicrciiiiis,  prop.  adj..  of  the  oak  (cf. 
It.  qiiireia,  the  oak,  <  L.  qiiirrta,  fern,  adj.),  < 
L.  qiicrciis,  oak.]  Oak-wood:  the  name  of  a 
timber  olitained  from  San  Domingo,  used  in 
sliip-biiilding.     MiElrath. 

bois-dnrci  (F.  jn-on.  bwo-dtir-s6'),  ».  [F.:  bois, 
wood  (see  liois) ;  diirri,  linrdened,  pp.  of  iliireir, 

<  L.  iliircscnv,  harden,  <  (/hjh.s-, hard.]  In  cow., 
an  artificial  hard  wood  maile  of  a  jiaste  of 
blood  and  the  sawdust  of  mahogany,  ebony, 
and  oth(>r  iiiie-graincd  woods,  luoldcd  into  va- 
rious forms.  When  hardened  it  takes  a  high 
polish. 

boisseau  (F.  pron.  bwo-s6'),  II.;  pi.  boisstaiix 
(-soz').  [F.:  see  bitsliri^.]  An  ohf  French  drv 
measure,  coiTcspoiiding  in  niinie  to  the  Englisn 
luisliel,  but  niiich  smaller  in  I'lipncity.  The  Paris 
boisseau  i.s  Mo«  icckont  <l  al  121  ]itiis(oiie  eighth  of  a  lieo- 
toliter),  or  iihiinl   'j;  t-allons,  \\  hich  is  ii  sliglil   reduction 

from  ils  iiipacily  before  Ihe  inlroducll f  the  metrlo 

system;  hut  in  small  trade  (be  name  is  iiHcii  for  the  do- 
ealili'rioneteiilliof  a  hictollter).  In  other  parlsof  Franca 
the  boisseau  in  old  reckoning  was  generally  much  less 
than  Ihal  of  I'arls. 

boist't,  ".     [Early  mod.E.  also  boost,  Se.  buisl, 

<  MH.  biiisi,  lioisif,  also  loiisl.  Iiiist.  biistf,  boii.ilc, 
host  (=  lircl.  boisl).  <  Ol''.  Iioisir,  F.  boile  = 
Pr.  bosliii,  <  ML.  biistia,  a  form  of  liii.nila,  prop, 
ace,  coiTuptcd  form  of  piixiila,  ace.  of  biiris, 
mris,  a  bo.\  :  see  /m.rl,  I10.1'-.  tyml  biisliil'^.]  A 
l)0x;  esiiecially,  a  box  for  holding  ointment. 

Kvery  hdul  full  of  thy  letnarle. 

Chaiidr,  I'rol.  to  rardouer's  Talc.  I.  21. 

boist-  (boist),  H.  [E.  dial.,  iierhiips  a  survival 
in  n  particular  use  of  lioisl^,  or  a  vnr.  nf  boost 
fiirlioosi,  prop,  a  cow-sliill :  see^oiwc'.]  A  riido 
hut,  siK'li  iiH  those  erecliMl  along  llie  line  of  a 
railway  for  the  teinporiiry  use  of  laborers; 
culled  in  tlic  UniliMl  Slates  a-  shiiiilfi.     |l'lng.] 


boisterous 

boisterous  (bois'ter-ous),  <T.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  OoiistrOKK,  boustrous,  hoKStrons,  boistrous  ; 
<  late  ME.  boistrnu-'i,  rough,  coarse,  a  develop- 
ment, through  the  forms  boiskoiis,  boystuous, 
of  the  earlier  form  bolstous,  which  it  has  now 
superseded:  seoboistous.}  If.  Rough;  coarse; 
stout;  stiff. 

The  leathern  outside,  boisterou.'i  as  it  was, 
Gave  way,  and  bent  beneath  lier  strict  embrace. 

Drydcn,  Sigisnioiuia  and  Oniscardo,  1.  159, 

2t.  Rough  and  massive ;    bulky ;   cumbrous ; 

clumsy. 

His  boystrous  club,  so  buried  in  the  grownd, 
He  eoidd  not  rearen  up  againe  so  light. 

SjH-nser,  V.  Q.,  I.  viii.  10. 

3t.  Rough   in   operation   or  action ;    violent ; 
vehemeut.     [Rare.] 
Tlie  lieat  becomes  too  powerful  and  boisterous  for  them. 
Wovdivanl,  Ess.  towards  a  Nat.  Hist,  of  the  Earth. 

4.  Rough  and  stormy:  applied  to  the  weather, 
tlip  waves,  etc. —  5.  Exposed  to  the  turbulence 
of  the  clcuicnts:  as,  a  boisterouf!  headland;  a 
ft((/67r)'(>«.s' passage. —  6t.  Fierce;  savage;  truc- 
ulent ;  full  of  violence :  as,  boisterous  war. 

Boistrous  Clifford,  thou  hast  slain 
The  flower  of  Europe  for  his  chivalry. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

7.  Turbulent ;  rough  and  noisy ;  clamorous : 
applied  to  persons  or  their  actions:  as,  a  bois- 
terous man;  boisterous  vaeniment;  a,  boisterous 
game. 

They  love  a  captain  to  obey. 
Boisterous  as  March,  yet  fresh  as  May. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iii.  4. 

In  the  vigour  of  his  physique,  and  an  almost  boisterous 
capacity  for  enjoyment,  lie  was  an  Englisli  counterpart  of 
the  .Scotcli  Christopher  North.  Edinburgh  Ri'V. 

boisterously  (bois'ter-us-li),  adv.    [<  ME.  boys- 
tniiiKlij  :  <  Itiiistcrous  +  -ly^.   Cf.  Itoisloushj.']    In 
a   boisterous   manner;    roughly;    with   noisy 
energy  or  activity. 
Wlien  you  come  ne.\t  to  woo,  pray  you,  come  not  boister- 

ouaUt, 
And  f  m'nish'd  like  a  bear-ward. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  2. 
Halloo'd  it  as  boisterously  as  the  rest. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  20. 

boisterousness  (bois'ter-us-nes),  11.  [<  bois- 
tcriiiis  +  -H(s.s.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
boisterous ;  rough,  noisy  behavior ;  tm'bulence. 

Behaved  with  the  boisteroustiess  of  men  elated  by  recent 
authority.  Johnson,  Life  of  Prior. 

boistoust,  a.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  written  boijs- 
tOKs,  Ixii.stcoits,  Imi/steous,  boistious,  iioystuoits, 
etc.,  Sc.  luinxlroiis,  Iiusteons,  etc. ;  <  ME.  bois- 
tous,  hoystdiis,  liuystous,  etc. ;  cf.  mod.  E.  dial. 
(Cornwall)  boiistoiis,  hoosiis,  boustis,  bustious, 
fat,  eorptilent,  boist,  corpulence  (perhaps  a 
back-formation,  from  the  adj.);  origin  un- 
known. The  ME.  agrees  in  form  with  AJP. 
hoistous,  OF.  boisteiis,  mod.  F.  Iioiteiiu;  lame, 
but  no  connection  of  sense  is  apparent.  The 
W.  bwystus,  wild,  ferocious,  is  perhaps  fi-om  E.] 

1.  Rude;  rough;  churlish;  rustic;  coarse: 
applied  to  persons.  [The  earliest  recorded 
sense.] 

I  am  a  boystous  man,  right  thus  say  I. 

Chaucer,  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  107. 

2.  Rough ;  iierce  ;  savage. 

Myghte  no   blonlces  [horses]  theme  here,  thos  hiistous 

churlles, 
Bot  coverde  camellez  of  toures,  enclosvde  in  maylez. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  615. 

3.  Rough  and  massive  ;  bulky ;  clumsy.  [StiU 
in  dial,  use.] — 4.  Coarse  in  textui-e;  rough; 
stout;  thick. — ^5.  Loud;  violent;  boisterous. 

boistouslyt,  a<li>.  [<  ME.  boistously,  etc. ;  <  bois- 
totts  +  -ly^.]  Roughly;  violently;  boister- 
ously. 

boistousnesst,  »•  [<  ME.  boistousnesse,  etc.;  < 
boit<toi(s  +  -iicss.']  Roughness;  violence;  bois- 
terousness. 

bojobi,  boiobi  (boi-6'bi),  «.  [Native  name.] 
The  dog-headed  boa,  or  Xiphosoma  caninum,  a 
Soutli  American  snake,  family  Baida;  notable 
for  the  beautiful  green  color  of  its  skin,  it  is 
distini,'ui.shc'l  )>>■  liaving  smooth  scales,  tlie  marginal  scales 
ol  the  innuth  pitted,  and  regular  shields  on  the  snout. 
Alsn  ijillcd  iiriinnii.lmya, 

bokark  (bo'kiirk),  m.  [Amer.  Ind.]  A  basket 
of  birch-bark,  used  by  Lake  Superior  Indians 
to  hold  maple-sugar. 

bokel  (bok),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bolrd,  ppr.  boi- 

ii-:l-     [E.  dial.,  also  bud-;   in  part  a  var.  of 

p(il:c:  see6«c/,-4and7ioJ-el.]   I.  trans.  To  thrust; 

push;  poke.     [Eng.] 

Il.t  iiitrans.  To  thrust;  push;  butt.   Holland. 

boke2,  V.    A  dialectal  form  of  bock.  bolk. 


613 

boke'^  (bok), )/.  In  rnininf/,  a  small  nin  in  pipes, 
foiuid  connecting  the  ore  running  through  the 
vein.     Ii.  Hunt. 

boke^t,  "■     An  obsolete  spelling  of  book. 

bokelt,  ".     A  Middle  English  form  of  buckle^. 

bokelert,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  buckler. 

bolar  (bo'liir),  rt.  [<  IkiU-'^  + -ar.'i  Pertaining 
to  or  (if  the  nature  of  bole  :  as,  Ijolar  earths. 

bolaryt  (Ijo'la-ri),  a.    [<  bole-  +  -ary']    Pertain- 
ing to  liole  or  clay,  or  partaking  of  its  nature 
and  qualities. 
Consisting  of  a  bolary  and  clammy  sid^stancc. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vnlg.  Err.,  ii.  3. 

bolasH,  »'•     A  Middle  English  foi-ra  of  bidhtcc. 

bolas-  (lio'lii'S),  n.  sine/,  or  j/l.  [Sp.,  ]>1.  of  btila, 
a  ball,  <  L.  bii/lii,  a  bubble,  any  round  object: 
see  bull",  bill-i.'\  A  weapon  of  war  and  the 
chase,  consisting  of  two  or  three  balls  of  stone 
or  metal  attached  to  the  ends  of  strong  lines, 
which  are  knotted  together,  used  by  tlie  6au- 
chos  and  Indians  of  western  and  southern  South 
America,  it  is  used  liy  throwing  it  in  such  a  way  tlial 
the  line  winds  arnun<l  tlie  object  aimed  at,  as  the  legs  of 
an  animal.  A  smaller  weapon  of  the  same  sort  is  in  use 
among  tlie  Eskimos  for  killing  birds. 

The  bolm,  or  balls,  are  of  two  kinds:  the  simplest, 
which  is  used  chiefly  for  catching  ostriches,  consists  of 
two  round  stones,  covered  with  leather,  and  united  by  a 
thin,  plaited  thong,  about  eight  feet  long.  The  other  kind 
differs  only  in  having  three  balls  united  by  thongs  to  a 
common  centre.  The  CJaucho  holds  the  smallest  of  the 
three  in  his  hand,  and  whirls  the  other  two  aroujid  his 
head;  then,  taking  aim,  sends  them  like  chain  shot  revolv- 
ing through  the  air.  The  balls  no  sooner  strike  any  oti- 
ject.  than,  winding  round  it,  they  cross  each  other  and 
become  tirmly  hitched.     Darwin,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  iii.  50. 

bolbonact,  "•   The  satin-flower,  Lunaria  biennis. 

bold  (bold),  a.  [<  ME.  bold,  bald,  <  AS.  beald, 
bald  =  OS.  buhl  =  D.  houd,  bold  (=  MLG.  balde, 
bolde,  adv.,  quickly,  at  once),  =  OHG.  bald, 
MHG.  bait,  bold  (G.  bald,  adv.,  soon),  =  Icel. 
ballr  =  ODau.  bold  =  Goth.  *balths,  bold  (in 
deriv.  balthaba,  boldly,  balthei=E.  bield,  bold- 
ness, etc.).  Hence  bold,  v.,  bield,  n.  and  v., 
and  (from  OHG.)  It.  baldo,  OF.  bald,  baud, 
bold, gay:  see  6«iCf?l.]  1.  Daring;  courageous; 
brave ;  intrepid ;  fearless :  applied  to  men  or 
animals :  as,  bold  as  a  lion. 

.    He  lias  called  him  forty  Slarchmen  bauld. 

Kinmont  Willie,  in  Child's  Ballads,  "VI.  61. 
Our  speech  at  best  is  half  alive  and  cold, 
And  save  that  tenderer  moments  make  us  bold, 
Our  whitening  lips  would  close,  their  truest  truth  untold. 
0.  W.  Holmes,  To  H.  W.  Longfellow. 

2.  Requiring  or  exhibiting  courage;  planned 
or  executed  with  courage  and  spirit:  as,  a  bold 
enterprise. 

The  bold  design 
Pleased  highly  those  infernal  States. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  386. 

3t.  Confident;  trusting;  assured. 

I  am  bold  her  honour 
Will  remain  hers.        Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  4. 

4.  Forward ;  impudent ;  audacious :  as,  a  bold 

huzzy. 

Meu  can  cover  crimes  with  bold,  stern  looks. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1252. 

5.  Overstepping  usual  bounds ;  presuming  up- 
on sympathy  or  forbearance  ;  showing  liberty 
or  license,  as  in  style  or  e.xpression:  as,  a  bold 
metaphor. 

Which  no  bold  tales  of  gods  or  monsters  swell. 

But  human  passions,  such  as  with  us  dwell.     Waller. 

It  Is  hardly  too  bold  to  claim  tlie  whole  Netherlands  as 
in  the  widest  sense  Old  England. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  31. 

6.  Standing  out  to  view;  striking  to  the  eye; 
markedly  conspicuous ;  prominent :  as,  a  bold 
headland ;  a  liold  handwriting. 

Cataciircscs  and  liyperboles  are  to  be  used  judiciously, 
and  placed  in  poetry,  as  heightenings  and  shadows  in 
painting,  to  make  the  figure  bolder,  and  cause  it  to  stand 
off  to  sight.  Drydcn. 

7.  Steep;  abrupt:  as,  a  bold  shore  (one  that 
enters  the  water  almost  perpendicularly). 

Her  dominions  liave  bold  accessible  coasts.  Howell. 

T  e  coast  [Virginia]  is  a  bold  and  even  coast,  with  regu- 
lar soundings,  and  is  open  all  the  year  round. 

Beverley,  Virginia,  ii.  H  2. 

8.  Deep,  as  water,  close  to  the  shore;  na'vi- 
gable  very  near  to  the  laud. 

The  line  (of  soundings]  was  extended  to  .Tacmel,  showing 
bold  water  to  the  cape.  Science,  III.  501. 

To  1)6  bold  or  so  bold,  to  venture ;  presume  so  far  (as  to 
do  something). 

.Sir,  let  me  be  so  bold  as  to  asl^you, 

Did  you  yet  ever  see  Baptista's  daughter? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
I  will  be  bold,  since  you  will  have  it  so. 
To  ask  a  nolile  favour  of  you. 

Beau,  and  FL,  King  and  No  King,  iv.  1. 


bole 

To  make  bold,  to  take  the  liberty ;  use  the  freedom  ;  as, 
I  have  iiitoi,'  bold  to  call  on  you.  =83^1.  1.  Dauntless, 
doughty,  valiant,  manful,  stout-hearted,  intrepid,  auda- 
cious, adventurous.— 4.  'Saucy,  impertinent,  assuming,  lira- 
zen-taccd. 
boldt  (bold),  V.  [<  ME.  bolden,  balden,  tr.  and 
intr.,  <  AS.  benldian,  intr.  be  bold  (=  OHG. 
bableii,  MHG.  belden.  trans,  make  bold,  z=  Goth. 
hallhjan,  inir.  be  liuld,  dare),  <  beaM,  bold.  Cf. 
bield,  r.,  a  parallel  form  (<  AS.  byldan),  and  (■»»- 
bolden.}  J.  trans.  To  make  bold;  embolden; 
encourage. 

For  this  business. 
It  touclieth  us,  as  France  invades  our  land, 
Xot  holds  tlie  king.  Sliak.,  Lear,  v.  1. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  bold. 

l-'or  witii  that  on  encresede  my  fere, 
And  with  that  othirgan  myn  herte  bolde. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  144. 

bold-beatingt  (bold'he'ting),  a.  Browbeating: 
as,  "bold-beating  oaths,"  fihak.,  M.  W.  of  W., 
ii.  L'. 

boldent  (bol'dn),  v.  t.  [<  bold  -»-  -enl.  Cf.  em- 
bolilen.l  To  make  bold;  give  confidence;  en- 
courage. 

I  am  much  too  venturous 
In  tenijiting  of  your  patience  ;  but  am  bolden'd 
IJniler  your  proniis'd  pardon.    Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 

bold-face  (bold'fils),  «.  1.  One  who  has  a 
bold  face  ;  an  impudent  person. 

A  sauce- box,  and  a  bold-face,  and  a  pert. 

Richardson,  Pamela,  xix. 
2.  In  jirintinf/,  same  as  full-face. 
bold-faced  (bold'fast),  «.    Having  a  bold  face ; 
impudent. 
The  bold-faced  atheists  of  this  age. 

lip.  Bramhall,  Against  Hobbes. 

boldheadt,  «•  [ME.  boldhede;  <  bold  +  head.'] 
Boldness;  courage. 

Ifallen  is  al  his  boldhede.     Owl  and  Nightingale,  I.  514. 
boldine(b6rdin),  H.    [<boldo  +  -ine^.']  An  alka- 
loid extracted  from  the  leaves  of  Peumus  Jiol- 
dus.     See  boldo. 
boldly  (bold'li),  adv.     [<  ME.  boldly,  boldliche, 
etc.,  <  AS.  bcaldliee,  buldlice  (=  OS.  baldlico  = 
OHG.  baldllcho),  <  beald,  bold.]    In  a  bold  man- 
ner,    (a)  Courageously  ;  intrepidly  ;  fearlessly ;  l)ravely. 
(6)  With  confident  assurance  ;  without  hesitation  or  doubt. 
(c)  Vigorously  ;    strongly ;   strikingly.     (</)  Impudently ; 
insolently ;  with  effrontery  or  shamelessness.    {e)  .steeply ; 
atiruptly ;  conspicuously. 
boldness  (bold'nes),  n.     [<  bold  +  -ness.    For 
the  earlier  noun,  see  bield.']      The  quality  of 
being  bold,  in  any  of  the  senses  of  the  word. 

Great  is  my  boldness  of  speech  toward  you.   2  Cor.  vii.  4. 

Boldness  is  the  power  to  speak,  or  do  what  we  intend, 
before  others,  without  fear  or  disorder. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding. 

The  boldness  of  the  figures  is  to  be  hidden  sometimes  by 
the  address  of  the  poet,  that  they  may  work  theii*  effect 
upon  the  mind.  Dryden. 

I  cannot,  with  Johnson,  interpret  this  word  by  fortitude 
or  magnanimity.  Boldness  does  not,  I  think,  imply  the 
firmness  of  mind  which  constitutes  fortitude,  nor  the  ele- 
vation and  generosity  of  magnaniniity.  .V.  Webster. 

boldo  (bol'do),  )i.  [Chilian.]  An  aromatic  ever- 
gi-een  shrub  of  Chili,  Peumus  Boldus  (Boldoa 
fragrans),  of  the  natural  order  Afonimiaceie. 
The  fruit  of  the  plant  is  sweet  and  edible,  and  the  bark  ia 
used  for  tanning.  The  leaves  and  bark  are  also  used  in 
medicine.     See  boldine. 

bold-spirited  (bold'spir^i-ted),  a.     Having  a 

bold  spirit  or  courage. 
bolel  (bol),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boal,  boll; 
<  ME.  bole,  <  Icel.  bob;  Indr,  trunk  of  a  tree, 
=  OSw.  bol,  bul.  Sw.  b6l,  a  trunk,  body,  =  Dan. 
bul,  trunk,  stump,  log,  =MHG.  bole,  G.  bolde,  a 
thick  plank ;  prob.  akin,  tkrough  the  notion  of 
roundness,  to  boW^,  boui'^,  ball^,  etc.  Bole  is 
the  first  element  of  bulwark  and  of  its  perver- 
sion boulevard,  q.  v.]  1.  The  body  or  stem  of 
a  tree. 

Huge  trees,  a  thousand  rings  of  Spring 
In  every  bote.  Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

The  nerves  of  hearing  clasp  the  roots  of  the  brain  as  a 
creeping  vine  clings  to  the  bide  of  an  elm. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  271. 

2.  .Anything  of  cylindrical  shape ;  a  roll ;  a  pU- 
lar:  as,  6ote  of  stone.     [Rare.] 

Make  it  up  into  little  long  ImjIcs  or  roiiles. 

True  Gentlewoman's  Delight  (1676). 

3.  A  small  boat  suited  for  a  rough  sea.  Imp. 
Diet.     [Eng.] 

bole^  (bol),  n.  [<  ME.  bol  (in  bol  armoniak, 
Ai-menian  bole),  <  OF.  bol,  F.  6o?  =  Pr.  Sp.  bol 
=  Pg.  It.  bolo,  <  L.  bolus,  clay,  a  lump,  choice 
bit,  nice  morsel.  <  Gr.  f3u7.oc,  a  clod  or  lump  of 
earth.]  1.  A  general  term  including  certain 
compact,  amorphous,  soft,  more  or  less  brittle, 
unctuous  clays,  having  a  conchoidal  fracture 
and  greasy  luster,  and  varying  in  color  from 


bole 


614 


bolster 


yellow    red,  or  brown  to  nearly  black.     They  Bolivian  Cbo-Uv'i-an),^.  and  « 
are  hydrous  silioates  of  alumimum,  nith  more  or  less         -■    -    -  •-•  -    ».  . 

iron  to  which  they  owe  their  color,  ami  are  used  as  pig- 
ments. The  red  letters  in  old  manuscripts  were  pitinted 
with  iwle.  Armenian  bole  is  a  native  clay,  or  silicate  of 
aluininiura,  containing  considerable  oxid  of  iron,  formerly 
hrou'ht  from  Armenia,  but  more  recently  obtaiued  in 
vario'os  p:irt5  of  Xurope.  It  is  piUe-red,  soft  and  unc- 
tuous to  the  touch,  and  has  been  used  as  an  astringent 
and  absorbent,  and  also  as  a  pigment.    Bole  0/  Blois  is 


[<  Bolivia,  so  boiling  (bo'ling),  n.     [Appar.  from  holel,  but 

called  from"  General  Boliiar.'i  I.  a.  Pertain-  the  form  suggests  a  confusion  with yxW/l.  See 
ing  or  relating  to  Bolivia,  or  to  the  peox'le  of  jioU^nndpollard.]  A  tree  the  tops  and  branches 
Bolivia,  a  repubUe  of  South  America,  between  of  which  are  cut  oflf;  a  pollard.  [Rare.] 
Brazil,  Pei-u,  Chili,  and  the  Argentine  Repub-  boUito  (bci-le'to),  11.  [It.,  <  Iwllito,  boiled,  done, 
lic,nowentii-elvinlaud,haWugiostitsoulvport  fenneuted,  pp.  of  hoUire,  <  L.  IniUiir,  boil:  see 
(on  the  Pacific)  by  war  with  Chili  (1879-83).—  ?-<)(7-.]  A  name  given  in  Italian  glass-works  to 
Bolivian  bark.    Sce'bark2.  an  artificial  crystal  of  a  sea-green  color. 

II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bolivia,  bollman  (bo'man),  n.     [<  leel.  bol,  an  abode,  + 


yellow,  li..:hter'than  the  other  kinds,  and  etfervesces  with        ,4-'-.  "•  ''^  "-\T®  . "!!,-,'  m  t^         a     1    ",-; ^^^    t     xV    '^v  1      "         j  o.    li       j  •  1     'j 

acids.  \ft)A.-"i la  11  ;o(.- is  of  a  yellow  color  with  a  cast  of  boliviano    (bo-liv-1-a'no),    )i.     [Bolivian    Sp.J     E.  wxiH.]     In  the  Orkney  and  Shetland  islands, 
French  bote  is  of  a  pale-red     The  monetary  unit  of  Boli\'ia ;   the  Bolivian     a  cottager.     X.  E.  D. 

dollar,  equal  "to  45.1  cents.     Proclamation  of  boUock-block  (bol'ok-blok),  it.     Nattt.,  one  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  October  1,  1900.     two  blocks  formerly  fastened  ou  either  side  of 
bolk  (bok),  V.     [=  E.  dial,  hokc,  hock,  Sc.  book,     a  topmast-h^ad  to  reeve  a  topsail-tie. 
hoke,  bock,  bonk,  boiik,  early  mod.  E.  hoik,  hoick,  boll-rot  (bol'rot),  «.     A  disease  to  which  the 
bitlke,  <  ME.  bolken,  a  var.  of  earlier  bcilkoi,  E.     ijoU  of  the  cotton-plant  is  liable,  manifesting 

balk'-,  see  balk",  bclk,  hi  Ich.  aud  the  iovms  there  ""         -        -  

cited,  all  appar.  imitative  variations  of  one  ori- 
ginal type.]  I.  iiitraiis.  1.  To  belch. —  2.  To 
vomit;"  retch. — 3.  To  heave. — 4.  To  gush  out. 
II.  Iraiis.  To  belch  out ;  give  vent  to ;  ejacu- 
late.    [Obsolete  or  provincial  in  all  uses.] 


acids. 

red,  and  of  a  fl:»ky  texture. 

color,  variegated  with  specks  of  white  and  yellow.  Lem 
nian  bole  is  of  a  pale-red  color.  Sileann  Me  is  of  a  pale- 
yellow  color.  These  eartlis  were  formerly  employed  as 
astringent,  absorbent,  and  tonic  medicines,  and  they  iue 
still  in  repute  in  the  East ;  they  are  also  used  occasionally 
as  veterinary  medicines  in  Europe. 

2t.  -A  bolus ;  a  dose.     Coleridge.     [Bare.] 
bole-',  /(.     Another  spelling  of  boll^. 
bole^  (bol),  H.     [Also  spelled  boal;  of  uncertain 
origin.]     1.  A  s'mall  square  recess  or  cavity  in 
a  wall ;  also,  a  window  or  opening  in  the  wall 
of  a  house,  usually  with  a  wooden  shutter  in 


stead  of  glass.    .V-ort.     [Scotch.]— 2.  A  name  ^j^  ^-j,   ,,      [Eaiiv  mod.  E.  also   bol 'bole, 
given  in  the  north  of  England  to  a  place  where     ^j^^  ^^^^.j  /^j^j^j^  j^  ^^-^^  ^^^  prevalent  spelUng 


lead  was  anciently  smelted.  These  boles,  which  are 
Identilied  by  the  piles  of  slag  left  by  the  ancient  smelters, 
are  supposed  to  have  been  built  by  simply  placing  stones 
around  a  central  Are,  and  in  situations  where  there  would 
be  likely  to  be  a  good  draft,  since  no  artificial  blast  was 
used.    Also  called  bayle  hilU. 

Close  to  the  spot  .  .  .  there  was  a  bole,  by  which  is 
meant  a  place  where  in  ancient  limes  .  .  .  miners  used 
to  smelt  their  lead  ores.  Archaolorfia,  vii.  170  (1785). 

bolection  (bo-lek'shon),  «.    [Also  written  halec- 

tioti,  heleclio'n,  bilection,  holexion,  bellcxioii  (in  p. 

a.);  a  Latin-seeming  form,  appar.  a  coiTuption 

of  some  undiscovered  origi- 

r^^        ]   nal.]     la  juiiiiry,  a  kind  of 

1  _         I        )    molding  which  projects  be- 

'nI^L- '    yond  the  surface  of  the  work 

which  it  decorates.    It  is  used 
chietly  for  surrouiuling  panels  in 


vessel  (also  in  comp.,  heufodboUn,  head-boll, 
skull,  throtholla,  throat-boll),  =  MD.  bolle,  D. 
bol,  m.,  =  OHGt.  polhl,  MllG.  bollc,  f .,  a  round 
vessel,  bud,  =lcel.  holli,  m..  =  Dan.  liolh;  a 
bowl,  <  Teut.  -v/  */>"',  swell,  in  causal  form 
Goth,  vfhauljaii,  puff  up,  cf.  t)HG.  bolOii,  MUG. 
bol II,  roll;  not  directly,  but  perhaps  remotely, 
connected  with  boU'i,  holit,  swell :  see  hol!'^, 
liobi.2  It.  A  roimd  vessel  for  containing  li- 
quids; a  bowl.  See  bowl^,  of  which  hull^  is  the 
earlier  spelling. 

His  bolle  of  a  galun. 
2t.  Avesicle  or  bubble. 


itself  at  fii"st  by  a  slight  discoloration  resem- 
bling a  spot  of"  grease,  and  culmiuattng  in  the 
rupture  of  the  boll  and  the  discharge  oif  a  pu- 
trid mass.     Attributed  to  various  causes. 

boll-womi  (bol'werm),  «.  The  larva  or  cater- 
pillar of  a  lepidopterons  insect  of  the  family 
Xoetiiidcr,  Heliothis  armiqera,  very  destructive 
in  some  seasons  to  the  cotton-crop  ou  account 
of  its  attacks  on  the  boUs.  it  also  molests  other 
plants,  and  is  kuown,  under  varying  circumstances,  as  the 
bud-worm,  corn-worm, car-worm,  tanwl-worm,  aiul  tomato- 
Jiuit  worm.    See  cut  under  Ilctiolliis. 

bolnt  (boln),  1'.  i.  [<  ME.  bol )i en  (also  bolleit : 
see  boll^),  <  Icel.  bolpua  (=  Sw.  hubia  =  Dan. 
boliic),  swell,  be  swollen,  <  bolginn.  prop.  *hol- 
{/iini,  =  AS.  bolgen  (angi-y).  pp.  of  hehjan,  swell 
(be  angry),  a  strong  verb  represented  in  Scand. 
by  weak  forms,  and  the  prob.  ult.  source  of  heU 
ly,  bellows,  bag,  etc. ;  cf .  helV^  and  bollen.l  To 
swell. 

bolnt  (boln),  p.  a.     See  holleii. 
Kim; //lira,  1.  1123.  ^jjjjp  (bo'16),  H.      A  long   knife  resembling  a 
3.  A  rounded  pod  or    machete,  used  in  the  rhilipjiiin'  Islands. 


Bolccttoo.moldia£. 


attributively  <jr  in  composition,  :is  bolectlon-moldiwi. 
bolectioned  (bo-lek'shoud),  a.    Having  bolec- 

tiou-iiioldings. 
bolero  (bo-la'ro),  n.    [Sp.]    1 .  A  Spanish  dance 

in  i  time,  accompanied  by  the  voice  and  casta-  boll-  (bol),  n. 


capsule  of  a  plant,  as  of  fla.x  or  cotton^     See  Bologna  phosphorus,  sausage,  stone,  vial. 

^. ....,,  ....  o.. „, -—     cut  under  foffo«-j)/(7Hf. — 4.  A  round  knob.  See  the  nouns. 

doors,  and  in  like  positions.    The  wonl  is  generally  used  jjolll  (bol).  V.  i.     [<  bnlft,  ».]    To  form  into  or  Bolognese  (bo-lo-nyes'  or  -nyoz'),  a.     [<  It.  lio- 

'    "     ■     "'  "    '"  •  '   •    " ....  ...  ,  l(,iincse(lj.Boiioiiiciisis),<.Bolog)ia,'L.Boiionia, 

orig.  an  Etruscan  town  called  Felsiua.']  Per- 
taining to  Bologna,  a  city  of  northern  central 
Italy,  famous  dmiug  the  middle  ages  for  its 
university,  or  to  a  school  of  )iainting  founded 
there  by  Lodovico  Carracci  (iri,')r)-l()19),  and 
also  called  the  Eclectic  School,  from  its  de- 
clared intent  (in  the  fulfilment  of  which  it  fell 
very  far  short)  to  combine  the  excellences  of 
all  other  schools. 

o.     [<  It.    Bologna.'] 
Sunu>  as  JSologiiise — Bolognlan  phosphorus.    See 
„  .      .         .                           ,               .              ;</i(«/'Aro».«.— Bolognlan  stone.    See  .stone. 
The  wheat-boll,  also  used  for  ijcas  and  beans,  was  gen-  ijQjgjjja^jj    (bo'lo-nuin),     11,      A    soldier    armed 
erally  4  to  4i  Winchester  bushels.    The  boll  for  potatoes        ;,|        <     ^         rPliilii-iniiiR  Tsbinds  1 
was  8J  to  9  Winchester  bushels.    But  there  was  much  va-     "'"'  -^  I""°V,  J-    I'HJPP'ne  isiauos.j 
riation,  with  the  substance  measured,  the  locality,  an.l  bolometer  (bo-lom  e-ti'-r),    11.      [<  Gr.  jioM;,    a 
even  the  time  of  tlie  yijar.    Thus,  in  Kiutyre  the  boll  c.f     throw,  a  glance,  a  ray  (<  ,j(i>7,f/i',  throw),  +  /if 
grain  was!)  Whichestcrbu.shels  and  1  <iuart  before  Patrick  ......  


nets,  intended  to  represent  the  course  of  love 

from  extreme  shyness  to  extreme  passion. 

Fandango's  wriggle  or  bolero's  bound. 

£;/.o(i.  The  Waltz. 

2.  A  musical  composition  for  such  a  dance. 

boletic  (bo-let'ik),  «.     [<  Jlolctu.'!  +  -ic]    Pep- 
taiiiiiig  to  or  obtained  from  tlie  genus  Boletus. 

Boletus  ( bo- 
le'tus),  n.  [L., 
a  kind  of  mush- 
room, <  Gr. 
jiuUrtK,  a  kind 
of  mushroom,  < 
jlij'jii:,  a  lump 
of  earth,  a 
clod:  s(-e6»/t2.] 


produce  bolls  or  rounded  seed-vessels. 

The  barley  was  in  the  car,  and  the  lla.\  w.as  boUed. 

E.\.  i.\.  31. 

[Se.  also  fcoHj;  earlier  6o?(?,  ft()K?c, 
<  ME.  (Se.)  holle,  appar.  <  leel.  holli,  a  bowl, 
also  used  for  a  measure ;  same  word  as  E. 
fcoHl  and  6oic/t.]  An  old  Scotch  dry  measure, 
also  used  in  Diu'ham,  Northumberland,  West- 
moreland, and  the  Isle  of  Man.    in  Scotland  it 

wjis  by  statute  .^i.9(i'20  W'inchcster  bushels.     The  usual  _    _  .  ,  _  ,.,  . 

boll  for  grain  varied  in  dilterent  shires  from  6  to  8J  Win-  BolOgnian    (ho-lo  nyan), 
Chester  busliels,  or  even  more,  the   standard  sent  fnun 
Linlithgow  being  purposely  made  too  large.    See  JirM. 


Bolttut,  entire  and  cut  lonKitudinnlly. 


Viuis,  but  16  Scotch  peeks  after  that  date.  The  statute 
boll  contained  4  llllots.  A  boll  of  meal  is  now  reckoned 
140  jiounds  avoirdiuiois.— Boll  of  canvaa,  ;«  yards.— 
Boll  of  land,  about  u  Sc(.itcli  acre. 


a1i  expensive  genus  of  hymenomycetous  fungi,  boir't,  ''■  '•  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bollen,  appar. 
Kenerall  v  found  glowing  on  the  ground  in  woods  an  assimilated  form  ot  the  eqmv.  bolncn,  mod. 
and  mea'dows,  especially  in  pine  woods,   in  IMe-     E.  bolii :  see  6o(«.]     1.  Same  as  boln.— 2.  To 

tin  th.-  |«Me<  are  easily  seliaValde  from  the  caji  ami  from      increase. 

each  other,  while  in  the  related  genus /■..^//w.rii*  they  are   BoUandlst    (bol'.nn-dist),    II.        [FrOin    Bolllllld 


ndlier.iit  Ui  the  cap,  anil  are  bound  to  each  other  by  an 
irit.mtltial  tis^iue,  the  tnuna.     A  few  species  ale  edible. 

boleyt  (bo'li),  ».     See  booly. 

bolide  (bo'lid  or  -lid),  n.  [<  L.  hoUs  (bolid-), 
a  fiery  meteor,  <  Gr.  ih/.!(  (>><'!-),  a  missile, 
dart,  <  iiu>'/.ew,  throw.]     A  brilliant  meteor. 

bolint,  1.     An  obsolete  BpelUug  of  bowline. 
Slack  the  toliiM  there.  Shak.,  Pericles,  111.  1. 


( ir)!H)-lli()5),  who  first  unilertook  tlio  systeinalic 
arrangement  and  pulilication  of  material,  al- 
ready collected  by  his  fdlow-.Ti'suit  Roswcyd, 
for  tlie  lives  of  the  .saints.]  One  of  a  series  of 
Jesuit  ^Titers  who  jmblished,  niuler  tlie  titio 
"Acta  Sanctorum,"'  tlio  well-known  collection 
of  the  traditions  of  the  saints  of  the  Komuu 
f Catholic  f'liur<'h.  See  oetn. 
Bolina  (bo-li'nii),  n.     [NL.]     A  genus  of  ctono-  jjoHard  (bol'iiril),  «.     [l'eihai>s  <  hnlrl  +  -ard 

phorans,  typical  of  the  family  «o/ini(te.  ...-■• .  ..      , 

■  ;      iie  of  llic  moht  tnin»parent  of  theeombbenr- 

The  iKxIy  l»  very   gdali «  and    highly 

lit.     The  »lde»  of   the    body  are  developid 

■  r  laiipel^orlotH-p*.  wbl'li  ar-- 'jirried  (,r  bang 

I.  a.l  of  liorlzolitjdly.      lui  :ir .  ouiil  of  the  eon- 

I  ■,  of  the  iKidy  walN.  /;../i,,.i  .  -.lo  vary  its  out- 

]i  1    ,  oiisldembly :   an  a  ml.-,  I.owevir.  wbi'U  tin- 

II.  1.    . .  ri  from  tliu  ililc,  It  hail  an  oval  or  elongated 

(,,ru,  .SIn/i./.  .\al.  Ilitt.,  I.  110. 


7/Jor,  a  measure.]  An  instrument  devised  by 
Professor  S.  P.  Langley  of  the  United  States 
for  measuriiig  very  small  amounts  of  radiant 
heat.  Its  action  is  based  ui)on  the  variation  of  electrical 
resistance  i»roduced  by  changes  of  temperature  in  a  nu'tal> 
lie  c<inductor,  as  a  minute  stri|>  of  platinum.  This  strip 
fornia  one  arm  of  an  electric  balance,  and  the  change  in 
the  strength  of  the  electric  current  passing  through  it  be- 
cause of  this  change  of  resistance  is  registered  by  a  dell- 
late  galvanomet<r.  It  indicates  accurately  changes  of 
teniiieratnre  of  much  less  than  .1X101''  V.  It  has  been  used 
in  the  study  of  the  distribution  of  heat-energy  in  the  sidur, 
lunar,  and  other  spectra.  Also  called  thermic  balance  and 
actiiiie  linlnncc. 

bolometric  (bo-lo-met'rik),  II.  Of  or  indicated 
by  llie  boloiiieler:  as,  boloiiictric  monsnren. 

bolongaro  (lio-long-'ga'ro),  II.  [Origin  un- 
known.] A  kind  of  snulT  made  of  various 
grades  of  leaves  and  stalks  of  tobacco,  ground 
to  powder  an<l  sifted. 


i'W  jiiilliinl.']"  1.  AV(Hf.,  a  strong  jiost  fixed  ver-  bolster  (bol'sler),  H.     [Early  mod.  E.  also /)0«J- 


Bolinldae  n)0-lln'i-<16),  n.pl.     fNT-.,  <  IMina  + 


lically  alongside  of  a  dock,  on  which  to  fasten 
liawsers  for  securing  or  hauling  ships. — 2. 
Same  as  billet-lirod,  1  («). 

bollard-timber  (borai'd-tim'b.'MO,  n.    In  nhip- 

hiiililiiiij,  a  .(iiightheail;  one  of  two  timbers  or 
slaiieliioiis  rising  just  within  the  sti'm,  one  on 
r'lieh  side  of  lh(t  bowsjiril,  to  secure  its  end. 
boUe't,  boUe-t,  etc.      (Jbsokto  form  of  Imlli, 

biiir^,  vi 


h<. 


into 
mail' 


\  fa.nily  of  lobato  etenoplioranH.  bollent.  /'.  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  hohi,  hnwlne, 

'.  "•     ri>""-  "f  ^P-  '";'"•»'";''; J  »i:.  hoUlen,  hmnlen;  <  UK.  hoUm,  boHun,  Imlli, 

■  I   armadillo,  family  li>i-yr"'lidir.  ^^j  f^^^^^     ^^^,„   (,.f_  ^„,„„,,„_  ,,„.„,„.   ,,,,.  „f 

/.vz-'He*,  which  can  i-oll  itKolf  up  ^,|,p,j..  goe  6c«3,  and  cf. /»</«.]      Swollen;  in- 

I  ;ill.     It  18  also   called  hull  nrmadiUo,  ,,„,', 


Mated. 
Ills  nmiitle  of  »ctt-(rrecn  or  wnt<T.colonr,  lliln,  and  Wtw 


It  18  also  calleil  hnll  nrmadilU), 
mI  iijiiir.     Hco  cut  under  «;<nr. 
bolivar  (hori-vllr),  n.     [Named  afUir  General 
/(.,/irv,r.]     A  gold.  «n>l   alHo  a  Milver,  coin  of 

■Venr/.u.!:,,  ^s,,rlli  about  10  cenlH.  i       i  .1 

„      ,       „„        ,        boUert,  ».     Hnme  aw  hoiclrri. 
Tlier..   i,,  ,  (,r.hr.n..al,c«r«ndlni,J.inoimproxlfnrA,  |,oiietrie   »■     Hri- biillutrre. 
cmau:  ■!' ■' i    <i,inii,nii(i  h..t,var:  "ciiouuo,  i.:;i,„,„_„ 

U.S.  Cm..  Jlep.,  No  tx.  (IBW.),  p.  IM.   bolUmony,  »■     Hoo  hulhmony 


out  llki 


a  Hail. 

.hnuon.  King  .Tamea'a  Curunntloii  Ent«rtalnmoiit. 


.v7<)',  Hr.  biiwslir:  <  ME.  lHil.ilre,<  AS.  bi)l.>iler  = 
li.holster  =  0]Hi.  luiMiir,  MUG.  Imhter,  G.  poi- 
nter =  Icel.  bi'ihtr  =  Sw.  Imhler,  bod,  =:  Dan. 
holnter,  bod-ticking;  with  suflix  -.iter,  <  Teut. 
y/  'hill,  swell  (in  Goth,  ii/liaiiljon,  puff  up), 
whence  also  bnll^,  etc.]  1.  Something  on 
wliii'li  to  rest  the  head  while  reclining;  s)>ecili- 
cally,  a  liuig  cylindrical  cushion  slutted  with 
feaiheiH,  hair,  straw,  or  other  materials,  and 
generally  laid  under  the  pillows. 

IV  I'kaps  some  cold  baidi  Is  hei-  Imhter  now. 

Miltim,  r'omiia,  1.  SM. 
2.  Somolhing  resembling  a  bolster  in  form  or 

use.  .Hpecltlcallv  (11)  Any  klnil  of  IHiclilIng  abiiut  » 
dri'ss,  HUi'h  m  tlie  eylindrlial  rolls  or  cusbliuis,  called 
bearem,  fonuorly  worn  by  women  t«  supi>ort  and  pulf  out 
their  (iklrtn  at  the  hips. 

A  gown  of  ([rei'll  cloth  iniule  with  bnhteri  sluffed  with 
word,  (Jiuded  In  A',  and  Q.,  7th  kut.,  III.  318. 

(^)  A  |iad  or  uullt  used  to  iireveut  pressure,  BU|iiicnt  nnJ 
part  of  the  boily.or  miikea  l>auchige»ltcaHy  n|)ouawound- 


bolster 

•ed  part ;  a  compress,  (c)  A  oushioned  or  padded  part  of  a 
saddle.  ('/)  Naut.,pl.,  piecus  of  soft  wo.mI  .ovtivil  with 
tarred  canvus.  placed  under  the  eyes  of  tlic  ri'^uiii;:  ti»  pre- 
vent chadiiij:  from  the  sharp  ed^'e  uf  Uh-  tref,tletrees.  («) 
A  part  of  a  hridu^e  inttiveiiitii;  h(awe<ii  the  truss  and  the 
masonry.  (/)  In  <-ntU'nj,  tin:  jiartof  sueli  instrnmeiitsand 
tools  as  knives,  eiiisels,  etc.,  which  adjoins  the  end  of  the 
handle  ;  also,  a  nu-taiUc  plate  on  the  end  of  a  pocket-knife 
handle.  (//)  In  (tun.,  a  block  of  wood  on  the  carriage  of 
a  siege-suu,  upon  which  the  breecli  of  the  gun  rests  when 
it  is  moved,  {h)  In  arch,,  same  a-s  haluster,  2.  (i)  In  muitii:, 
the  raised  ridge  which  holds  the  tunlug-pins  of  a  piano. 
(J)  A  cap-piece  or  short  tind>er  placed  at  the  top  of  a  post 
as  a  bearing  fur  a  string-piece,  (k)  A  perforated  wooden 
block  upon  which  sheet-metal  is  placed  to  be  pmiched. 
<0  A  sleeve-bearing  through  whicli  a  spindle  passes,    (m) 

In  stone-sa  wing, 
one  of  Uie  loose 
wooden  blocks 
against  which  the 
ends  of  the  pole  of 
the  saw  rest.  («) 
A  bar  placed  trans- 
versely over  the 
axle  of  a  wagon  or 
in  the  middle  of  a 
car-truck   to    sup- 


615 


,   Wagon-bolster. 
a,  axle>bar ;  b,  bolster. 


port  the  body,  (o)  One  of  the  transverse  pieces  of  an  arch 
centering,  extending  between  the  riljs  and  sustainint;  the 
voussoirs  during  construction.  — Bob  at  the  bolster. 
Same  as  cufihion-danca. — Compound  bolster,  in  car- 
iuildiiui,  a  bolster  formed  of  timbers  stiffened  by  vertical 
iron  plates. 
bolster  (bol'ster),  )•.  t.  [<  holster,  «.]  1.  To 
support  with  a  bolster. 

Suppose  I  bolfiter  hira  up  in  bed, 
And  fix  the  crown  again  on  his  brow? 

R.  H.  Stoddard,  The  King  is  Cold. 

2.  To  prop;  support;  uphold;  maintain:  gen- 
erally impljdng  support  of  a  weak,  fallLag,  or 
unworthy  cause  or  object,  or  support  based  on 
insufficient  grounds :  now  usually  with  ^q) :  as, 
to  holster  up  his  pretensions  with  lies. 

0  Lord,  what  bearing,  what  bolstering  of  naughty  mat- 
ters is  tliis  in  a  Christian  realm  ! 

Latimer,  5th  .Serm.  hef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

Persuasions  used  to  further  the  truth,  not  to  holster 
error.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  iii.  §  4. 

Still  farther  to  appropriate  and  confirm  the  exciting 
nar^'ative  of  this  forgery,  he  had  artfully  bolstered  it  up 
by  an  accompanying  anecdote. 

•  /.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  416. 

8.  To  furnish  with  a  bolster  in  dress;  pad; 
stuff  out  with  padding. 

Tliree  pair  of  stays  bolstered  below  the  left  shoulder. 

Tatler,  No.  245. 

Tjolsterer  (b6rst6r-6r),  n.  One  who  bolsters ; 
a  supporter. 

bolstering  (bol'stfer-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  hol- 
ster, 1'.]     A  prop  or  support ;  padding. 

bolster-plate  (bol'ster-plat),  n.  An  iron  plate 
placed  on  the  under  side  of  the  bolster  of  a 
wagon,  to  serve  as  a  wearing  surface. 

bolster-spring  (bol'ster-spring),  ».  A  spring 
placed  on  the  beam  of  a  ear-truck,  to  sujtport 
the  bolster  and  the  body  of  the  car. 

bolster-work  (bol'ster-werk),  n.  Arehiteo- 
tm'al  features,  or  courses  of  masonry,  which 
are  curved  or  bowed  outward  like  the  sides  of 
a  cushion. 

boltl  (bolt),  n.  [<  ME.  holt  (in  most  of  the 
mod.  senses),  <  AS.  holt  (only  in  the  first  sense : 
twice  in  glosses,  "  catapiilias,  speru,  hoUas," 
to  which  is  due,  perhaps,  the  eiToneous  sug- 
gestion that  AS.  holt  is  a  reduced  form  of  L. 
eataptilfa,  catapult)  =  MD.  holt,  an  arrow,  later 
bout,  D.  hoiit,  a  pin,  =  MLG.  holte,  bolten,  LG. 
boUe,  an  arrow,  pin,  round  stick,  fetter,  roll  of 
linen,  =  OHG.  MHG.  hoh,  G.  hol^,  holzcn,  an  ar- 
row, a  pin,  =  Icel.  holti,  a  pin,  a  roll  of  linen 
(Haldoi-sen),  =  Dan.  holt,  a  pin,  band  (the 
Seand.  forms  prob.  from  E.  or  LG.) ;  appar.  an 
orig.  Teut.  word  with  the  primary  meaning  of 
'arrow 'or 'missile.']  1.  Anarrow;  especially, 
in  archery,  the  arrow  of  a  crossbow,  which  was 
short  and  thick  as  compared  with  a  shaft. 
A  fool's  bolt  is  soon  shot.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  7. 

The  infidel  has  shot  his  bolts  away. 
Till,  his  exhausted  quiver  yielding  none. 
He  gleans  the  blunted  shafts  that  have  recoil'd. 
And  aims  them  at  the  shield  of  truth  again. 

Cou'per,  Task,  vi.  873. 

2.  A  thunderbolt;  a  stream  of  lightning:  so 
named  from  its  apparently  darting  Hke  a  bolt. 

The  bolts  that  spare  the  mountain  side 
His  cloud-capt  eminence  divide. 
And  spread  tlie  ruin  round. 

Cowper,  tr.  of  Horace,  Odes,  ii.  10. 

Harmless  as  summer  lightning  plays 

From  a  low,  hidilen  i  Inud  liy  night, 

A  light  to  set  the  bills  aljlaze, 

But  not  a  bolt  to  smite.     W/iittier,  KenozaLake. 

3.  An  elongated  bullet  for  a  rifled  cannon. — 

4.  A  cylindrical  jet,  as  of  water  or  molten 


I.  Double-headed  bolt.  3,  Eyc-ljolt.  3.  Le«is  bolt,  a,  head :  i, 
shank  :  c,  washer  :  rf,  nut ;  ^. c,  pieces  secured bythcnuttothe  object 
y/  £",  collar;  (,  barbed  shank  surrounded  by  lead,  ft. 

glass.— 5.  A  metallic  pin  or  rod,  used  to 
hold  objects  together.  It  generally  has  screw- 
threads  cut  at  one  end,  and 
sometimes  at  both,  to  receive 
a  nut. — 6.  A  movable  bar 
for  fastening  a  door,   gate. 


a,  carriage-boll ;  i,  tire- 

bolt;  c.  wagon- skein  window-sash.  Or  the  like; 
specifically,  that  portion  of 
a  lock  which  is  protruded  from  or  drawn  back 
within  the  case  by  the  action  of  the  key,  and 
makes  a  fastening  by  being  shot  into  a  socket 
or  keeper.— 7.  An  iron  to  fasten  the  legs  of  a 
prisoner;  a  shackle. 
Away  with  him  to  prison,  lay  bolts  enough  upon  him. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 
8.  In  firearms :  (a)  In  a  needle-gun,  the  slid- 
ing piece  that  thrusts  the  cartridge  forward 
into  the  chamber  and  carries  the  firing-pin.  it 
has  a  motion  of  rotation  about  its  longer  axis  for  the 
purpose  of  locking  the  breech-mechanism  before  tiring. 
(h)  In  a  snap-gun,  the  part  that  holds  the  barrel 
to  the  breech-mechanism. — 9.  A  roll  or  defi- 
nite length  of  silk,  canvas,  tape,  or  other  tex- 
tile fabric,  and  also  of  wall-paper,  as  it  comes 
from  the  maker  ready  for  sale  or  use. 

Face.         ^Vhere  he  the  French  petticoats. 
And  girdles  and  hangers  ? 

Svb.  Here,  in  the  trunk. 

And  the  bolts  of  lawn.       B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  v.  2. 

10.  A  bundle,  (a)  Of  straw,  a  quantity  loosely 
tiedup.  A\sohoUi)igoTholtoH.  (6)  Of  osier  rods, 
a  quantity  boimd  up  for  market,  3 J  feet  around 
the  lower  band,  (c)  Ofreeds,oneof3feetin  cir- 
cumference. [Eng.]  — 11.  The  closed  ends  of 
leaves  of  an  uncut  book  which  present  a  double 
or  quadruple  fold. — 12.  The  comb  of  a  bobbin- 
net  machine  on  which  the  carriages  move. — 
13.  In  loood-worMng :  {a)  A  mass  of  wood 
from  which  anything  may  be  cut  or  formed. 
(b)  Boards  held  together,  after  being  sawed 
from  the  log,  by  an  uncut  end  or  stu^shot. — 
14t.  A  name  for  certain  plants,  as  the  globe- 
flower  and  marsh-marigold. — 15.  [In  this  and 
the  next  sense  from  the  verb.]  The  act  of 
i-unniug  oft'  suddenly ;  a  sudden  spring  or  start : 
as,  the  horse  made  a  holt. 

The  Egyptian  soldiers,  as  usual,  made  an  immediate 
bolt,  throwing  away  their  arms  and  even  their  clothes. 

E.  Sartorius,  In  the  Soudan,  p.  65. 

16.  In  politics,  the  act  of  withdrawing  from  a 
nominating  convention  as  a  manifestation  of 
disapproval  of  its  acts ;  hence,  refusal  to  sup- 
port a  candidate  or  the  ticket  presented  by 
or  in  the  name  of  the  party  to  which  one  has 
hitherto  been  attached ;  a  partial  or  temporary 
desertion  of  one's  party.  [U.  S.]  — 17.  The  act 
of  bolting  food —  Barbed  bolt,  a  bolt  witli  points  pro- 
jecting outward,  wiiich  bear  against  or  enter  into  the  sur- 
rouinling  niateri.ll,  and  thus  prevent  its  witlidrawal. — 
Bolt  and  shutter,  in  clock-making,  an  adjustment  of  a 
sitiral  Sluing  in  a  tmTet  clock,  sucll  that -while  the  clock 
is  wiinliiig  tliere  may  be  anotlier  spring  in  action  to  pre- 
vent a  stoppage  of  the  works. — Bolt  aiid  tun,  in  her.,  a 
term  applied  to  a  Itird-bolt  in  pale  piercing  through  a  tun. 
—  Bringing-to  bolt,  a  bolt  with  an  eye  atone  end  and  a 
screw-threail  and  nut  at  the  utlicr,  used  in  dra\ving  pai'ts 
toward  euih  other.— Chain-plate  bolt.  Same  as  chain- 
bolt.— Covver  bolt.  See  copper  bit.  under  Wd.—Coun- 
tersimk  bolt,  a  bolt  having  its  head  beveled  and  set  into 
a  corresponiling  ca\ity  in  one  of  the  parts  which  it  con- 
nects.—  Dormant  bolt,  a  door-bolt  operated  by  a  special 
key  or  knob.— Key-head  bolt,  a  bolt  with  a  projection 
from  the  chamfer  of  its  head  to  hold  it  so  that  it  will  not 
revolve  with  the  nut.- Uphead  bolt,  a  bolt  of  which 
the  head  projects  sidewise.  — Roller  bolts,  in  coach- 
building,  the  bolts  on  the  splinter-bar  to  which  the  traces 
are  attached. 


bolt 

boltl  (bolt),  V.  [=  Hn.houU,  bout,  hoiot;  <  ME.  bol- 
ten, hulti'ii  (in  tlio  latter  form  varying  in  one  in- 
stance with  ]mlteH,  mod.  E.  pelt^,  q.  v.),  spring, 
start  also  letter,  shackle  (=  MHG.  buheii,  go 
off  like  an  ari'ow) ;  the  other  senses  are  modern, 
all  being  derived  from  holt^^,  u.,  in  its  two  main 
senses  of  'missile'and  'pin  for  fastening':  see 
boltl,  n.']  I.  ill  tram.  1.  To  go  off  like  a  bolt  or 
aiTow;  shoot  forth  suddenly;  spring  out  with 
speed  and  suddenness:  commonly  followed  by 
out:  as,  to  holt  out  of  the  house. 

Angrj'  Cupid,  bolting  from  her  eyes, 
Hath  shot  liimself  into  me  like  a  (lame. 

B.  ./oiison,  Volpone,  iL  2. 
This  Puck  seems  but  a  dreaming  dolt,  .  .  . 
And  oft  out  of  a  bush  doth  butt. 

Drayton,  Nymphidia. 

2.  To  spring  aside  or  away  suddenly;  start  and 
run  off;  make  a  bolt. 

Stage.cciaehes  were  upsetting  in  all  ilirections,  horses 
were  bolting,  boats  were  overturning,  and  boilers  were 
bursting.  Dickens. 

Tlie  gun,  absolutely  the  most  useless  weapon  among  us, 
could  do  nothing,  even  if  the  gunners  did  not  bolt  at  the 
first  sight  of  the  enemy.  0  Donovan,  MelT,  x. 

3.  In  politics,  to  withdraw  from  a  nominating 
convention  as  a  means  of  showing  disapproval 
of  its  acts ;  hence,  to  cease  to  act  in  full  accord 
with  one's  party ;  refuse  to  support  a  measure 
or  candidate  adopted  by  a  majority  of  one's  col- 
leagues or  party  associates.     [U.  S.  ] 

Mr.  Raymond  agreed,  .  .  .  after  some  hesitation,  but 
with  the  understanding  that,  if  it  |the  Pliiladelpbia  Con- 
vention of  1868]  fell  under  the  control  of  the  Copperheads, 
he  would  bolt.  The  Nation,  VI.  2. 

4t.  To  fall  suddenly,  like  a  thimderbolt. 
As  an  eagle 
His  cloudless  thunder  bolted  on  their  heads. 

Hilton,  S.  A.,  1.  1696. 
5.  To  run  to  seed  premattirely,  as  early-sown 
root-crops  (turnips,  etc.),  without  the  usual 
thickening  of  the  root,  or  after  it. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  send  off  like  a  bolt  or  ar- 
row; shoot ;  discharge. —  2.  To  start  or  spring 
(game) ;  cause  to  bolt  up  or  out,  as  hares,  rab- 
bits, and  the  like. 

Jack  Ferret,  welcome.  .  . 
What  canst  thou  bolt  us  now?  a  coney  or  two 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  iii.  1. 

3.  To  expel ;  drive  out  suddenly. 

To  have  been  bolted  forth. 
Thrust  out  abruptly  into  Fortune's  way. 
Among  the  conflicts  of  substantial  life. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  iiL  77. 

4.  To  blurt  out;  ejaculate  or  utter  hastily. — 

5.  To  swallow  hurriedly  or  without  chewing: 
as,  to  bolt  one's  food. 

These  treacherous  pellets  are  thrown  to  the  bear,  who 
bolts  them  whole.  A'.  A.  Bev.,  CXX.  39. 

6.  [After  I.,  3.]  In  politics,  to  break  away  from 
and  refuse  to  support  (the  candidate,  the  ticket, 
or  the  platform  presented  by  or  in  the  name  of 
the  party  to  whicli  one  has  "hitherto  adhered) ; 
leave  or  abandon:  as,  to  bolt  the  presidential 
candidate. 

A  man  does  not  bolt  Iris  party,  but  the  candidate  or  can- 
didates his  party  has  put  up.  Sometimes,  though  less 
properly,  he  is  said  to  bolt  the  platform  of  principles  it 
has  enunciated.  The  essential  point  is,  that  the  bolter 
does  not  necessarily,  in  fact  does  not  usually,  abandon 
the  political  organization  with  which  he  is  connected. 
He  not  infrequently  votes  for  some  men  upon  its  ticket, 
and  at  the  same  time  bolts  others  by  "scratching"  their 
names.  y.  Y.  Evening  Post,  Aug.  20,  1SS7. 

7.  To  fasten  or  secure  with  a  bolt  or  an  iron  pin, 
as  a  door,  a  plank,  fetters,  or  au_\-thing  else. — 

8.  To  fasten  as  with  bolts;  shackle;  restrain. 

It  is  great 

To  do  that  thing  that  ends  all  other  deeds ; 
\\Tiich  shackles  accidents,  and  bolts  up  change. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 
That  I  could  reach  the  a.\le,  where  the  pins  are 
Which  bolt  this  frame ;  that  I  might  pull  them  out. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii  1. 
To  bolt  a  fox,  in  fox-hunting,  when  a  fox  has  run  to 
earth,  to  put  a  terrier  into  the  hole,  and,  when  he  is 
heard  harking,  to  dig  over  the  spot  from  which  the  sound 
proceeds,  and  so  get  at  the  fox. 
boltl  (bolt),  adv.  [<  holti-,  „,  or  c]  1.  Like  a 
bolt  or  arrow:  as,  " rising  6o/<  from  his  seat," 
G.  P.  R.  James. 
There  she  sat  bolt  upright ! 

Barhani,  Ingoldsby  Legends.  L  266. 
2.  Suddenly ;  with  sudden  meeting  or  collision. 
[He]  came  bolt  up  against  the  heavy  dragoon. 

Thackeray. 
bolts  (bolt),  V.  t.  [Eariy  mod.  E.  also  hoult, 
howlt,  boolt,  Sc.  bout,  howt;  <  ME.  biilten,  <  OP. 
butter,  earlier  buleter  (mod.  F.  hluter ;  ML.  re- 
flex Indetwe)  for  *hureter  (=  It.  biirc.ttare), 
sift.  <  *huret,  burete,  hiirate,  a  coarse  woolen 
cloth  (cf.  dim,  buretel.  burtel,  mod.  F.  bluteau 
=  It.  burattcllo,  a  bolter,  meal-sieve :  see  boul- 


bolt 

fc72)  (=  It.  huratto,  a  meal-sieve,  a  fine  trans- 
parent cloth),  dim.  of  hure,  mod.  F.  hure,  a 
coarse  woolen  cloth,  <  Mli.  hurra,  a  coarse 
woolen  cloth  (whence  also  ult.  E.  horel,  burrel, 
bureau),  <  L.  burrus,  reddish:  see  burrel,  bu- 
reau, birrus,  biretta,  etc.  Cf.  feioifS.]  l.  To 
sift  or  pass  through  a  sieve  or  bolter  so  as  to 
separate  the  coarser  from  the  finer  particles, 
as  bran  from  flour ;  sift  out :  as,  to  bolt  meal ; 
to  bolt  out  the  bran. 

TMs  hand. 

As  soft  as  dove's  down,  and  as  white  as  it ; 

...  or  the  fann'd  snow. 

That's  bolted  by  the  northern  blasts  twice  o'er. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

2.  To  examine  or  search  into,  as  if  by  sifting; 
sift;  examine  thoroughly:  sometimes  with  out, 
and  often  in  an  old  proverbial  expression,  to 
bolt  to  the  bran. 

For  I  ne  can  not  bolt  it  to  the  bran, 
As  can  the  holy  Doctor  .\ugustin, 
Or  Boece  or  the  Bishop  Bradwardin. 

Chaucer,  >'mi's  I'riesfs  Tale,  1,  420. 

Hme  and  nature  will  bolt  out  the  truth  of  things. 

Sir  R.  L'Estrange. 

The  report  of  the  committee  was  examined  and  sifted 

and  bolted  to  the  bran.  Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace,  iii. 

3.  To  moot,  or  bring  forward  for  discussion, 
as  in  a  moot-court.    See  bolting^,  2. 

I  hate  when  Vice  can  bolt  her  arj^ments, 
And  Virtue  has  no  tongue  to  check  her  pride. 

itillon,  Comus,  1.  760. 

bolt2  (bolt),  n.  [Earlv  mod.  E.  also  boult,  Sc. 
bout,  tioict;  <  ME.  buit,  <  bultcn,  bolt.]  1.  A 
sieve;  a  machine  for  sifting  flour. —  2.  In  the 
English  inns  of  court,  a  hypothetical  point  or 
ease  discussed  for  the  sake  of  practice. 

The  Temple  and  Grays  Inn  have  lately  established  lec- 
tures, and  moots  and  boults  ni.ty  a^'ain  be  propounded 
and  argued  in  these  venerable  ImiUlings. 

y.  and  Q.,  7th  ser..  III.  84. 

boltant  (bol'tant),  a.  [<  bolf^,  v.,  +  -«»«.]  In 
her.,  springing  forward:  applied  to  hares  and 
rabbits  when  represented  in  this  attitude. 

bolt-anger  (bolt'a'ger),  n.  A  large  auger  used 
in  shipbuilding  to  bore  holes  for  bolts,  etc. 

bolt-boat  (bolt'bot),  n.  A  strong  boat  that 
will  cnilure  a  rough  sea. 

bolt-chisel  (bolt'chiz'el),  n.  A  deep,  naiTow- 
edgfil  irciss-cut  chisel. 

bolt-clipper  (bolt'klip'^r),  n.  A  hand-tool  fit- 
ted to  JitTiront  sizes  of  bolts,  and  used  to  cut 
off  tli>-  iiiil  of  a  bolt  projecting  beyond  a  nut. 

bolt-cutter  (bolt '  kut "  er),  n.  1.  One  who 
makes  bolts. —  2.  A  machine  for  making  the 
threads  on  a  screw-bolt;  a  bolt-threader  or 
bolt-screwing  machine. — 3.  A  tool  for  cutting 
off  tl]H  ends  of  bolts. 

boltel  (bol'tcl),  n.  [Also  written  boultel,  early 
mod.  K.  (and  mod.  nTchaic)  boutd,  bowtell,  also 
corruptly  bottle;  <  late  ME.  boltell,  botftiU  ;  ori- 
gin uncertain ;  perhaps  <  bolf^,  an  arrow,  shaft. 
roll  (with  ref.  to  its  shape;  cf.  shaft,  in  its 
architectural  sense),  -f-  -cl.  Fonnations  witli 
the  F.  dim.  suffi.x  -el  on  nafivo  words  were 
not  usual  in  the  ME.  period,  but  tliis  may  be 
an  artificial  book-name.  The  18th  century  houl- 
tin,  boultiuc,  seems  to  bo  an  arbitrary  varia- 
tion. Cotgravo  has  F.  "  bo:cl,  a  tliick  or  gi'cat 
boultol  (commonly)  in  or  near  unto  the  basis 
of  a  pillar."]  1.  In  arch.,  a  convex  molding 
of  which  the  sfction  is  an  arc  of  a  circle;  a 
medieval  terra  for  the  torus  or  roundel. — 2.  A 
rounded  ridge  or  border  used  for  stiffening  a 
cover,  dish,  tray,  or  other  utensil. 

Boltenia  (bol-le'ni-ji),  ».  [NL.,  after  Dr. 
li'iltin,  of  Ilaiiiliiirg.]  A  genus  of  funicates, 
liy  most  recent  authors  referred  to  the  family 
iiinthiidiK,  but  by  a  few  made  tj-pe  of  a  family 
litiltiniiiUr. 

bolteniid  (bol-to'ni-id),  n.  A  tunicate  of  the 
fiiriiily  IUilt4niiilfC. 

Bolteniids  (h61-to-ni'i-<le),  "•  /''•  [NL.,  <  liol- 
ti  inn  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  Himple  ascidians, 
tyi'ili'il  by  the  genus  JSiiltenin,  liuviiig  a  p.vri- 
fonn  ImkIv  Hiijiportcd  upon  u  Ioiil'  jh 'luiicle  or 
iitiilk.  By  most  recent  syHteiniitiMlH  It  is  de- 
(fru.l.  I  111  the  rank  of  a  Hubfainilvof  liinlhiitla; 
bolter'  'iK.I't/T),  H.  [<fco/M,  r.,'+ -/rl.]  One 
V'  "       t    iiiyBensooftheverli.    >,|,. .  jii.  nllv 

'  .r  litniH  ftjilde;  n  Uittnr  tli;il  hr>\l^      thi 

li'  -  Itiivcn  the  hnrty.  'ir  r<  fiiii  ■.  t-.  i,u|, 

l"n  II.  let,  or  iilntdirni  i>(  the;  jmrty,  u> 

whirl  tl.-l.  bid.     |l'.  s,| 

Mr   '  had  tlic  Inder/'nrjf  Ut  dc-niMiiice  the 

twenty  ii..,..  „  MIert  from  Iholr  party. 

The  Amrriran,  VIII.  Km 

bolter'  "  '""r),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  nlno  Inml- 
trr,  '  \\  I  hullurf,  <  imitrn,  liolt,  sift  :  Hce 

boll'^  nil'.  '  I    OK. '•"''•<<'»r,  Hiflcr,  < /)ii/(<er, 


616 

sift.  Cf.  boultel-.'i  A  sieve ;  an  instrument  or 
machine  for  separating  bran  from  flour,  or  the 
coarser  part  of  meal  from  the  finer. 

Ho^t.    I  bought  you  a  dozen  of  shirts  to  your  back. 
Fal.    Dowlas,  filthy  dowlas :  I  have  given  them  away  to 
bakers'  wives,  and  they  have  made  bolters  of  them. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 
bolter^  (bol'ter).  n.    [Also  boulter,  butter:  same 
as  bultow.'i     A  kind  of  fishing-line. 

These  hakes,  and  divers  others  of  the  fore-cited,  are 
taken  with  threads,  and  some  of  them  with  the  bolter, 
which  is  a  spiller  of  a  bigger  size. 

R.  Careir,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

bolter*t,  ''•  '•  and  t.    [A  variant  of  baiter,  clot, 

known  chiefly  in  the  compound  blood-boltered, 

in  Shakspere.     See  blood-boltered  and  baiter.'] 

To  clot. 

bolter-cloth,  (bol'ter-kloth),  11.    Cloth  used  for 

making'  bolters ;  bolting-cloth. 
bolt-feeder  (bolt'fe'der),  n.    An  apparatus  for 
controlling  the   supply  of  flour  in  a  bolting- 
mill. 

bolt-head,  bolt's-head  (bolt'-,  bolts'hed),  n.  A 
long  straight-necked  glass  vessel  for  chemical 
distUlations.    Also  called  matrass  and  receiver. 

He 
Will  close  you  so  much  gold,  in  a  bolt's-head. 
And,  on  a  turn,  convey  in  the  stead  auotlier 
"With  sublimed  mercury,  that  shall  burst  in  the  heat. 
B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  4. 

bolt-hole  (bolt'hol),  H.  In  coal-mining,  a  short, 
naiTow  opening  made  to  connect  the  main 
workings  with  the  air-head  or  ventilating  drift : 
used  in  the  working  of  the  Dudley  thick  seam, 
in  the  South  Staffordshire  (England)  coal- 
tifld. 

bolt-hook  (bolt'huk),  n.  A  check-rein  hook 
bolted  to  the  plates  of  a  saddletree. 

bolti  (bol'ti).  H.  [<  Ar.  holtuiy.]  A  fish  of  the 
family  Cichlidtv  (or  Chromidida:),  Tilapia  (or 
Chromis)  nilotica,  found  in  Egypt  and  Palestine. 
It  is  an  oblong  fish,  with  1.^  to  IS  spines  and  12  to  14  rays 
in  the  dorsal  fin.  The  color  is  greenish  olive,  darker  in 
tile  center  of  each  scale,  and  the  vertical  fins  are  spotted 
with  white.  It  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  flesh,  and  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  best  of  the  Nile  fish.  Also  called 
biilhi  and  bulti. 

bolting'^  (bol'ting),  n.  [Also  written  boltin,  hol- 
ton  ;  <  6o/fl,  «.,  4-  -ing'^.J  A  bundle  or  bolt  of 
straw:  in  Gloucestershire,  2-t  pounds.  Also 
called  bolt.     [Eng.] 

bolting-  (bol'ting),  «.  [Also  written  boulting; 
<  ME.  bultinge;  verbal  n.  of  bolt^,  v.]  1.  The 
act  of  sifting. 

Bakers  in  their  liunen  bases  and  mealy  vizards,  new 
come  from  baiillimt. 

Marstiin  and  Bark.ited,  Insatiate  rountess,  ii. 

2t.  In  the  English  inns  of  court,  a  private  argu- 
ing of  cases  for  practice Bolting-millstone,  a 

lower  stone  having  metallic  boxes  alternating  with  the  fur- 
rows. These  boxes  contain  wire  screens,  through  which 
tin-  meal  escapes  before  it  reaches  the  skirt. 

bolting-chest  (bol'ting-chest),  «.  The  case  in 
wliieli  a  bolt  in  a  tlour-inill  is  inclosed. 

bolting-cloth  (bol'ting-kloth),  ».  [<  ME.  6m7- 
tiiiii-cloth.]  A  cloth  for  bolting  or  sifting;  a 
linen,  silk,  or  hair  cloth,  of  which  bolters  are 
made  for  sifting  meal,  etc. 

The  finest  and  most  expensive  silk  fabric  made  is  boltina- 
cloth,  for  the  use  of  millers,  woven  almost  altogether  hi 
Switzerland.  Ilarjier'n  Mart.,  l..\.\I.  ■2r)l>. 

bolting-cord  (bol'ting-kOrd),  n.  A  stiff  piece 
(if  mill'  having  the  strands  unraveled  at  one 
extremity,  used  as  a  jirobang  to  remove  any- 
thing sticking  in  an  animal's  throat. 

bolting-house  (bol'ting-lious),  «.  A  house 
w  lii'iT  nu'u!  iir  Hour  is  sifted. 

Till-  jade  is  returned  iw  white  and  as  powdered  as  If  she 
bad  been  at  work  in  a  bulti wi-houtie.  Ijtnnin,  betters. 

bolting-hutcht  (bol'ting-lmch),  «.  A  tub  or 
woiidcn  trough  for  bolted  flour. 

Take  all  my  rii.stiions  down  and  thwack  them  soundly. 

After  my  fi-ast  of  intjlers  ;  .  .  .  beat  them  carefully 

Over  a  boltimi-hutch,  there  will  be  enouf<li 

Kor  a  pan  piiclding. 

Mi'l./l.fnii  titii't  niiiiihrr).  Mayor  of  Queenbiirongh.  v.  1. 

bolting-mill  (bol'ting-mil),  H.     A  mill  or  ma- 

chiiii*  fni- sitting  meal  or  flour, 
bolting-tub    (bdl'ling-tnb),   H.     A   tub   to   sift 
meal  in. 

The  larders  have  been  searched, 
The  hakehrinscH  and  tioutlimi  tub,  the  oveim. 

//.  .Iiiunon,  MiiKlletIck  I.ady.  v.  '.,. 

bolt-knife  (bolt'nif),  «.  A  knife  used  by  Imok- 
liiiiilcrs  for  cutting  througli  a  bolt  or  the  folded 
IcavcH  of  a  Hei'tion. 

boltless  (bolt'les),  a.  [<  /«(«<  +  -Icm.]  With- 
out a  bolt. 

bolton,  n.    A  comiption  of  bollinfj^. 

boltonlto  (bol'ton-it),  H.  [<  /liilltin.  in  Miissa- 
I'liiiHoltH,  + -ili^.]  A  iiiiiic-riil  iif  llic  elirysiililo 
grouji,  occurring  in  granular  form  at  Ibilton, 


bombace 

Massachusetts.  It  is  a  silicate  of  magnesium, 
containing  also  a  little  iron  protoxid.  , 

bolt-rope  (bolt'rop).  «.  A  superior  kind  of 
hemp  cordage  sewed  on  the  edges  of  sails  to 
strengthen  them.  That  jiart  of  it  on  the  perpendicu- 
lar side  is  caUctl  the  leech-rope;  that  at  tlie  bottom,  the 
foot-rope ;  tliat  at  the  ttip.  the  head-rope.  To  the  bolt- 
rope  is  attached  all  the  gear  used  in  clewing  up  the  sail 
and  setting  it. 

We  heard  a  sound  like  the  short,  quick  rattling  of 
thunder,  and  tlie  jib  was  blown  to  atoms  out  of  the  bolt, 
rope.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  254. 

bolt's-head,  ».     See  bolt-head. 

boltsprit  (bolt'sprit),  «.  A  corruption  of  bow- 
sprit. 

bolt-strake  (bolt'strak),  n.  Xaut.,  the  strake 
or  wale  through  which  the  fastenings  of  the 
beams  pass. 

bolty,  ».    See  bolti. 

bolus  (bo'lus),  H.  [<  L.  bolus,  >  E.  hole^,  q.  v.] 
1.  A  soft  round  mass  of  anything  medicinal, 
larger  than  an  ordinary  pill,  to  be  swallowed 
at  once. —  2.  Figuratively,  anything  disagree- 
able, as  an  impalatable  doctrine  or  argument, 
that  has  to  be  accepted  or  tolerated. 

There  is  no  help  for  it.  the  faithful  proselytizer,  if  she 
cannot  convince  by  argument,  bursts  into  teiu-s,  and  the  re- 
cusant finds  himself,  at  the  end  of  the  contest,  taking  down 
the  boUt.1,  sjiying,  "  Well,  well,  Bodgers  be  it"  Thackeray. 

bolyet,  "•     See  booly. 

bom  (bom),  H.  [Also  boma,  boinma,  aboma; 
orig.  a  native  name  in  Congo,  subsequently  ap- 
plied to  a  Brazilian  serpent.]     Same  as  aboma. 

bomah-nut  (bo'ma-nut),  «.  [<  bomah  (native 
name)  +  nut.']  The  seed  of  a  euphorbiaeeous 
shrub,  I'ycnocoma  macrophylla,  of  southern 
Africa,  iised  for  tanning. 

Bomarea  (bo-ma're-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Valmont  de 
Bomiire,a.  French  n'atm-alist  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury.] A  genus  of  amaryllidaceous  plants,  na- 
tives of  South  America  and  Mexico.  The  roots 
are  luberiferous,  the  leafy  stems  freiiueiitly  twining,  and 
tile  flowers,  wllich  are  often  sliowy.  in  simple  orcomptuind 
umbels.    There  are  over  .'lO  species.     See  i^oIkUIo. 

bomb^t,  ''•  '•  [<  ME.  bomben,  humhen,  variant 
forms  of  bommen,  liummcn,  >  bum^,  later  hoonA  : 
see  bitm^,  booiu^,  and  cf.  bomb-,  v.]  A  variant 
of  6oo»|l. 

What  overcharged  piece  of  melancholie 

Is  this,  breakes  in  betweene  my  wishes  thus. 

With  bonibinff  sighs? 

B.  Jonson,  The  Fortimate  Isles. 

bombU,  "•  [Var.  of  ?)«»«!,  the  earlier  form  of 
liodiiii.  Cf.  bomlA,  r.]  A  great  noise;  a  loud 
hollow  sound ;  the  stroke  of  a  bell. 

A  pillar  of  iron,  .  .  .  which  if  yon  had  struck  would 
make  a  little  Hat  noise  in  the  room,  but  a  great  teui/i  in 
the  chamber  benciith.  Bacon. 

bomb-  (bom  or  bima),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
home,  also  liomlir,  liomhii,  and  (simulating  fcoowt 
=  hiimlA)  hoonili ;  =  G.  liiiuibe,  <  F.  homhe  =  Sp. 
It.  hiimbit,  a  bomb,  <  L.  Immlius,  <  Gr.  jiAfiftu;,  a 
deep  holhiw  sound  ;  prob.  imitative,  like/iojMfcl, 
fcooHjl,  /)H)«l,  bumble,  liuniji",  etc.  The  histori- 
cal prou.  is  bum.]  1.  An  explosive  projec- 
tile, consisting  of  a  hollow  ball  or  splierical 
shell,  generally  of  cast-iron,  tilled  with  a  burst- 
ing charge,  fired  I'rom  a  inortiir,  and 
usually  exploileil  by  means  of  a  fuse 
or  tube  tilled  with  a  slow-bm'uing 
com]iiiiind,  which  is  ignited  by  the 
I'xploding  powder  when  the  mortar 
V  IS  discharged.    Homhs  may  be  tlirown  in 

.such  adircition  as  tti  fall  into  a  fort,  a  city, 
""  or  an  enemv's  camp,  where  they  burst  with 

.hlJiiT- 1,  Kreat  violence,  and  often  with  terrible  clfect. 

shell;  fi.  fuse-    ::„    ,       i,       1  I.,        ,  .1    ,  . 

1  he  length  and  composition  of  the  fuse  must 

be  calculated  in  such  a  way  that  the  bomb 
shall  burst  the  monu-iit  it  arrives  at  the  des- 
tined ]ilace.  Itombs  are  now  commonly  termed  nbellg, 
though  shell  in  the  sense  of  a  projectile  has  a  wider  mean- 
ing.    See  shett.     Also  called  bombshell. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  missile  constrncted  upon  sim- 
ilar prineijili's:  as,  a  dyiiiiiiiili'  Imnih. — 3.  In 
geot.,  a  blmk  of  scoria  ejected  from  the  crater 
of  a  volcano. 

This  de|>oslt  answers  to  the  heaps  of  dust,  sand,  stonei, 
and  liiimbs  which  are  shot  out  of  modern  volcanoes  ;  it  iB 
a  tnii'  ash.  Oeikie. 

4t.  A  small  war-vessel   carrying  mortars  for 
tliriiwing  bombs;  a  bomb-ketch, 
bomb'-t  (bum  or  bum),  r.  t.     [<  bomb^,  ».]    To 
iittaeU  with  liiimliH;  bombard. 

\  illeroy.  who  ne'er  afrabl  Is 

To  bnixelles  marclies  on  secure. 
To  hiiiiib  the  monks  and  scare  lbi>  ladies. 

Prior,  On  taking  Naniur. 

bombacet,  »•  [Earlv  mod.  E.  also  bomlmsn, 
tiiimhiige;  <  OF.  /lom'incc,  <  ML.  /low^i/.r  (iicc. 
hinnhaerm),  cotton  :  see  Ilfimliii.r.  The  foi'iii  hum- 
ban'  HuliHrqurntly  gave  way  to  biinilui.tl,  (j.  v.] 
1.   'I'lie  (hiwn  of  iho  cotton-plant ,  raw  cotton. 


hole  :  f .  cavity 
for  powder. 


bombace 

—  2.  Cotton-wool,  or  wadding. —  3.  Padding; 

stuffing.    Fuller. 

Bombaceae  (bom-M'se-e),  n.]il.  [NL.,  <  Bom- 
hiix  +  -Kci-W.'}  An  arboreous  tribe  or  suborder 
of  Mdlnici'ir,  by  some  considered  a  distinct  or- 
der, distiniiuisiied  chiefly  by  the  five-  to  eight- 
clol't  stamineal  column.  There  are  alicnit  20  small 
penera,  principally  tropical,  including  the  baobab  (Adan- 
mnia),  the  cotton-tree  (^h'riudendrun  and  Bombax),  the 
(iiiri:in  (f>nrio),  etc. 

bombaceous  (bom-ba'shius),  fi.  In  hot.,  relat- 
ini,'  or  pertaining  to  plants  of  the  natural  order 
liiiiiilMieew. 

bombard  (bom'-  or  bum'bard),  «.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  bnmlmrd,  <  ME.  biimhtirde,  homhardo 
(in  sense  4),  <  OF.  htimlHirdc,  a  cannon,  a  mu- 
sical instrimient,  F.  htimbiirdc  (=  ,S]).  Pg.  It. 
homharda,  a  cannon,  It.  hoiidiardo,  a  musical 
instrument),  <  JIL.  li<iiidi(ird<i,  orig.  an  engine 
for  throwing  large  stones,  prob.  (with  suffix 
-anla,  E.  -ard)  <  L.  hoiiibus,  a  loud  noise,  in  ML. 
a  fireball,  a  bomb:  see  homh",  «.]  1.  The  name 
generally  given  in  Eiu'ope  to  the  cannon  dui'- 
iug  the  tii'st  century  of  its  use.  The  earliest  bom- 
bards were  more  like  mortars  than  modern  cannon,  throw- 
ing their  shot  (originally  stone  balls)  at  a  gi-eat  elevation ; 
many  were  open  at  both  ends,  the  shot  being  introduced 
at  the  breech,  which  was  afterward  stopped  by  a  piece 
wedged  or  bolted  into  i)laee. 

Which  with  our  Imnbards'  shot,  and  basilisk. 

We  rent  in  sunder.       Marloice,  Jew  of  Malta,  V.  3. 

2.  See  bombardellc. — 3.  A  small  vessel  with 
two  masts,  like  the  English  ketch,  used  in  the 
Mediterranean;  a  bomb-ketch. — 4.  A  large 
leathern  jug  or  bottle  for  holding  liquor.  See 
black-jack,  1. 

That  swoln  parcel  of  dropsies,  that  huge  bombard  of 
sack.  Shak.,  1  Uen.  IV.,  ii.  i. 

Yond'  same  black  cloud  .  .  .  looks  like  a  foul  bombard 
that  would  shed  his  liljuor.  Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

They'd  ha'  beat  out 
His  brains  with  bombards. 

Middkton,  Inner- Temple  Masque. 

5t.  Figuratively,  a  toper. —  6t.  A  medieval  mu- 
sical instrument  of  the  oboe  family,  having  a 
reed  mouthpiece  and  a  wooden  tube.  The  name 
was  projjerly  applied  to  a  large  and  low-pitched  instru- 
ment (whence  the  name  bombardon  for  a  heavy  reed-stop 
in  organ-building);  but  it  was  also  used  for  small  instru- 
ments of  the  same  class,  which  were  known  as  basset-bom- 
bards and  bombardi  piccoli. 

7.  pi.  A  style  of  breeches  worn  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  before  the  introduction  of 
tight-fitting  knee-breeches.  They  reached  to  the 
knee,  and  were  probably  so  named  because  they  hung 
loose  and  resembled  the  leathern  drinking-vessels  called 
bombards. 

8.  [From  the  verb.]  An  attack  witli  bombs ; 
a  bombardment.     [Eare.] 

bombard  (bom-  or  bum-bard'),  v.  [<  F.  bom- 
barder,  batter  -vrith  a  bombard  or  cannon,  < 
hombardc,  >  E.  bombard,  a  cannon:  see  bom- 
bard, ■«.  The  relation  to  bomb"  is  thus  only 
indirect.]  I.  intrans.  To  fire  off  bombards  or 
cannon. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cannonade;  attack  with 
bombs ;  tire  shot  and  shell  at  or  into ;  batter 
■with  shot  and  shell. 

Next  she  [France]  intends  to  bombard  Naples. 

Burke,  Present  State  of  Affairs. 
2.  To  attack  with  missiles  of  any  kind ;  figura- 
tively, assail  vigorously:  as,  to  bombard  one 
with  questions. 

bombardellet  (bom-bar-del'),  K.  [Dim.  of  F. 
bom  Im  rdc.  ]  A  portable  bombard,  or  hand-bom- 
bard ;  the  primitive  portable  fu'earra  of  Europe, 
consisting  simply  of  a  hollow  cylinder  with  a 
touch-hole  for  firing  with  a  match,  and  attach- 
ed to  a  long  staff  for  handling. 

The  first  portable  firearm  of  which  we  have  any  repre- 
sentation .  .  .  was  called  the  bombard  or  bombardelle. 

Am.  Cyc,  XII.  96. 

The  Man  on  Foot,  clad  in  light  armor,  held  the  bom- 
bardelte  up.  P021.  Set.  Mo.,  X.WIII.  490. 

bombardier  (bom-  or  bum-bar-der'),  n.  [For- 
merly also  bumbardier,  bombardeer ;  <  F.  bom- 
bardier (=  Sp.  bombardcro  =  Pg.  bombardeiro 
=  It.  bombardiero),  <  bombarde,  bombard.]  1. 
Properly,  a  soldier  in  charge  of  a  bombard  or 
,  cannon;  specifically,  in  the  British  array,  a 
non-commissioned  "officer  of  the  Royal  Artil- 
lery, ranking  next  below  a  corporal,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  load  shells,  grenades,  etc.,  and  to 
fix  the  fuses,  and  who  is  particularly  appointed 
to  the  service  of  mortars  and  howitzers. —  2. 
A  bombardier-beetle. —  3.  A  name  of  a  Euro- 
pean frog.  Bombiiiatnr  iqncus. 

bombardier-beetle (bom-bar-der'be "tl), «.  The 
common  name  of  many  coleopterous  insects, 
family  Carabidw  and  genera  BracMnus  BudAp- 


Bombarfiicr-bcctic  i/ira. 
chinussfy^ir.iritis).  (Verti- 
cal line  .shows  natural  size.) 


017 

iinns,  found  under  stones.       ,  ,..^^  „., 

apt  t(j  cxiiil  violenlly  from  the  anus  apungciit,  at-riciTliilii 
aicoi]i|.:ijij,il  by  a  slight  sound. 

bombard-mant        (bom'- 

biiril-iiiaii),  //.  One  who 
delivcnsi  )i(|iior  in  bom- 
bards to  ciistoiuers. 

They  made-  room  for  a  bmn- 
hard-man  that  brought  bongo 
for  a  countrey  lady. 

/>'.  .Jonmii,  Mastiues,  Love 
(Restored. 

bombardment    (bom-   or 

bum-  l>:ii'd'iiiciit),  11.  [< 
bomhiinl  +  -inciit;  =  F. 
boiidmrdiiiiciit.']  A  con- 
tinuous attaclv  with  shot 
and  sliell  upon  a  town, 
fort,  or  otlier  position ;  the 
act  of  throwing  shot  and  shell  into  an  enemy's 
town  in  order  to  destroy  the  buildings. 

Cciiiia  is  not  yet  secure  frmn  a  bombardmad,  though  it 
IS  not  so  cxposeil  ,13  formerly.     Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

bombardot,  «.     Same  as  bomhardmi. 

bombardon,  bombardone  (bom-biir'don,  bom- 

bar-do'ne),  n.  [<  It.  bombardoiif,"ang.  of 
bombardo:  see  bom- 
bard, «.]  1.  A  largd- 
sized  musical  instm- 
rnent  of  the  trumpet 
kind,  in  tone  not  un- 
like the  ophicleide.  its 
compass  generally  is  from 
F  on  the  fourth  ledger-line 
below  the  bass  start  to  the 
lower  D  of  the  treble  staff. 
It  is  not  capable  of  rapid 
execution. 

2.  The  lowest  of  the 
sax -horns. —  3.    For- 
merly, a  bass  reed-stop 
of  the  organ. 
bombard-phraset 

(bom'biird-fraz),  n.    A 
boasting,     loud-sound- 
mg,  bombastic  phrase. 
Their  bombard-pliriiu;  their  foot  and  half-foot  words. 
B.  Junnoit,  tr.  of  Horace's  Ait  of  Poetry. 
bombaset,  «■     See  bombace. 
bombasin,  bombasine,  ».    See  bombasine. 
bombast  (bom'-  or  bum'bast,  formerly  bum- 
bast'),  n.  and  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bumbast; 
a  var.,  with  excrescent  -t,  of  bomba.sc,  bombace  : 
see  bombace.']  I.  «.  If.  Cotton;  the  cotton-plant. 
Clothes  made  of  cotton  or  bombstt. 

Hakluyt'x  Voyarjes,  I.  93. 
Bombast,  the  cotton  plant  growing  in  Asia. 

E.  Phillips,  World  of  Words. 
2t.  Cotton  or  other  stuff  of  soft,  loose  texture, 
used  to  stuff  garments ;  padding. 

Thy  body's  bolstered  out  with  bombast  and  with  bags. 
Gascoif/tie,  Challenge  to  Jieautie. 
Hence — 3.  Figuratively,  high-sounding  words ; 
inflated  or  extravagant  language ;  fustian ; 
speech  too  big  and  high-sounding  for  the  oc- 
casion, 


bombinate 

When  Irritated,  they  are  bombastt  (bom'-  or  bum'bast),  r.  t.     [<  bom- 

"" '      -•■■■"      l/aNt,  tl.]     1.    To  pad  out;  stuff,  as  a  doublet 

witli  cotton;  hence,  to  infliitc;  swell  out -with 
high-sounding  or  bombastic  language. 

r.et  them  pretend  what  zeal  they  will,  counterfeit  re- 
ligion, blear  the  worlil's  eyes,  iMmlmxt  thetnselvcs. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  195. 
Then  strives  he  to  l/omljast  his  feeble  lines 
With  far-fetch  d  phrase.         Bji.  Hall,  .Satires,  i.  4. 

2.  To  beat ;  baste. 

I  will  80  codgell  and  honduuti:  thee  that  thou  »ha!t  not 
h(-  able  to  stiine  tliysrlf.  I'alaa:  of  Ptnmr,-  i\->VJ). 

bombastic,  bombastical  (bom-  or  bum-bas'tik, 
-ti-kal),  a.    [<  bomljant,  ».,  -H  -ic,  -ical.]    Char- 
acterized by  bombast;  high-sounding;  inflat- 
ed; e.xtravagant. 
A  theatrical,  bombastic,  and  windy  phraseology. 

Burke,  A  Ilegiclde  Peace, 
He  indulges  without  measure  in  vague,  Imnbasti^  dec- 
lamation. Mamulay,  .Sadler's  Law  of  Population. 
=  Syn.  SwelliiiL',  tuinid,  stilted,  pomiious,  lofty,  grandilo- 

i|U<lit.   Ili'.'ll-llnwri. 

bombastically  (bom-  orbum-l)as'fi-kal-i),  adv. 

In  n  bombastic  or  inflated  manner  or'style. 
bombastry  (bom'-  or  bnm'bas-tri),  w.    [<  iow- 

baat  +  -ry.]    Bombastic  words ;  fustian. 
Bombastry  ami  buffooneiy,  by  nature  lofty  and  light,  soar 

liigbest  i>f  all.  Si'ifl.  'I'ale  of  a  Tub,  Int. 

Bombax (bom'buks),  V.  [MIj.,  cotton,  a  corruj)- 
tiiiii  of  L.  bombijx:  see  Boml/ijx.]  1.  A  genus  of 
silk-cotton  trees,  natural  order  ilalvaccte,  chief- 
ly natives  of  tropical  America.  The  sceils  are  cov- 
ered  with  a  silky  tlber,  but  this  is  too  short  for  textile 
uses.  The  wood  is  soft  and  light.  The  fibrous  bark  ot 
some  species  is  used  for  making  ropes. 
2+.  [/.  c]   Same  as  bondiazine. 

Bombay  duck.     See  Immmalo. 

Bombay  shell.    See  .•,•/«;«. 

bombazeen  (bom-  or  bum-ba-zen'),  n.  Same 
as  btiuiii<t.:iiir. 

bombazet,  bombazette  (bom-  orbtim-ba-zet'), 

«.     [<  b(jmhii~iinr)   +  dim.  -et,  -cttc]    "A  sort 
of  fliin  woolen  clotli. 

bombazine,  bombasine  (bom- or  bum-ba-zen'), 
H.  [Also  bombuziu,  bomba.<sin,  bombazeen,  for- 
merly bumbasine,  bnmbasine ;  <  F.  bombasin 
(obs.)  =  Sp.  bombasi  =  Pg.  bomba:ina  (prob. 
<  E.)  =  It.  bambagino,  <  ML.  bombasiiium,  prop. 
bombi/cinum,  a  siUc  texture,  neut.  of  bombasi- 
niis,  bombaeiuu.'i,  prop,  (as  L.)  bombycinus  (see 
bombycine),  made  of  silk  or  cotton,  <  bombax, 
prop,  (as  L.)  bombyx,  silk,  cotton:  see  bombace, 
bombast,  Bombax,  Bombyx.]  It.  Raw  cotton. 
N.  E  I). —  2.  Originally,  a  stuff  woven  of  silk 
and  wool,  made  in  England  as  early  as  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth;  afterward,  a  stuff  inade  of  silk 
alone,  but  apparently  always  of  one  color,  and 
inexpensive. —  3.  In  motlern  usage,  a  stuff"  of 
which  the  warp  is  silk  and  the  weft  worsted.  An 
imitation  of  it  is  made  of  cotton  and  worsted. 
Also  spelled  bomba:ecn,  bomliasin. 

bomb-chest  (bom'chest),  n.  Mint.,  a  chest  fill- 
ed with  bombs  or  gunpowder,  buried  to  serve 
as  an  explosible  mine. 


BomdaxHscommouly  the  delight  of  that  audience  which  bombemickel  (bom 'bcr-nik"l),  ».     Same  as 

pumjnrnickel.     Imp.  Diet. 

bombiate  (bom'bi-at),  v.  [<  bombi{c)  +  -ate^.] 
A  salt  formed  by  bombic  acid  and  a  base. 

bombiC  (bom'bik),  -a.  [<  L.  bomb(yx),  a  silk- 
worm,  -f  -((■.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  silkworm. 
— Bombic  acid,  acid  of  the  silkworm,  obtained  from  an 
acid  litnior  contained  in  a  reservoir  placed  near  the  anus. 
The  liiitior  is  especially  abundant  in  the  chrysalis. 

Bombidae  (bom'bi-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Bombus  + 
-ida:]  A  family  of  bees,  t,ii-pified  b_v  the  genua 
Bombus :  the  bumblebees.  [Scarcely  used,  the 
Vmmblebees  having  been  merged  in  Ajtidw.] 

bombilate  (bom'bi-lat),  r.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  bom- 
liilated,  ppr.  bombilatintj.  [<  SIL.  bombilare  (pp. 
bombilatus),  an  erroneous  form  of  LL.  bombi- 
tare,  freq.  of  *bomttare,  ML.  also  bombire,  buzz, 
<  L.  bombus,  a  humming,  buzzing  sound.  Cf. 
bomlA.  bomb-,  bum^-,  bumble,  etc.]  To  make  a 
buzzing  or  humming,  like  a  bee,  or  a  top  when 
spinning.    X  A.  Ber.     [Rare.] 

bombilation  (bom-bi-la'shon),  «.  [<  bombilate  : 
see  -atiou.]  A  buzzing  or  droning  sound;  re- 
port; noise.    Also  bombulation.     [Rare.] 

To  abate  the  vigour  thereof  or  silence  its  ipowder's]  bom- 
bulafion.  Sir  T,  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  5. 

bombilioust,  a.    See  bombylious. 

bombilla  (bom-bil'ya),  ".  [S.  Amer.  Sp.,  dim. 
of  Sp.  bomba,  apump:  »ee jyum^A.]  Atube  used 
in  Paraguay  for  drinking  mate,  it  is  6or  7  inches 
long,  formed  of  metal  or  a  reed,  with  a  perforated  bulb  at 
one  end,  to  prevent  the  tea-leaves  from  being  drawn  up 
intti  the  mouth. 

bombinate  (bom'bi-nat),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bombinated,  ppr.  bombinating.     [<  ML.  "bombi- 


loves  poetry,  hut  understands  it  not. 

Dryitt'ii,  Criticism  in  Triigedy. 
=SJT1.  3.  Bombast,  Fustian,  BhIIkis.  Tiiraidniss,  Tumid- 
ness, Rant.  *^  Bombast  WAS  origiiuilly  ajiplicd  to  a  stuff 
of  soft,  loose  texture,  used  to  swell  the  garment.  Fustian 
was  also  a  kind  of  cloth  of  stitf,  expansive  character. 
These  terms  are  applied  to  a  high,  swelling  style  of  writing, 
full  of  extravagant  sentiments  and  expressions.  Bathos  is 
a  word  which  has  thesaiib-  apiilication,  meaning  generally 

the  1 k-lieroic  —  that  'dejith'  into  which  one  falls  who 

overleaps  the  sublime  :  the  step  which  one  makes  in  ijass- 
iiig  from  the  sublime  to  the  ridiculous."  (/'*'  .V //('.',  Kle- 
ments  of  Rhetx:iric.  p.  '22.5.)  iio7H/»as(  is  rather  si  rcii'^^er  than 
fustian.  Tur/iidiwss  and  tumidne.^s  are  words  drawn 
from  the  swelling  of  the  body,  and  express  mere  inlla- 
tion  of  style  without  reference  to  sentiment.  liant  is  ex- 
travagant or  violent  language,  proceeding  from  enthusiasm 
or  fanaticism,  generally  in  support  of  extreme  o^iinions  or 
against  those  holding  opinions  of  a  milder  or  different  sort. 

The  first  victory  of  good  taste  is  over  the  bombast  and 
conceits  which  deform  such  times  as  these. 

Macaulay,  Dr>'den. 
And  he,  whose /«s(tart's  so  sublimely  bad, 
It  is  not  poetry,  hut  prose  run  mad. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satu-es,  1.  187. 

In  his  fifth  sonnet  he  [Petrarch]  may,  I  think,  be  said  to 
have  sounded  the  lowest  chasm  of  the  Batlios. 

Macaulay,  Petrarch. 

The  critics  of  that  day,  the  most  flattering  etinally  with 
the  severest,  concurred  in  objecting  to  them  obscurity,  a 
general  turyidness  of  diction,  and  a  profusion  of  new- 
coined  double  epithets.  Coleridge,  Biog.  Lit.,  i. 

All  rant  about  the  rights  of  man,  all  whining  and  whim- 
pering about  the  chislnug  interests  of  body  anil  soul,  are 
treated  with  haughty  scorn,  or  made  the  butt  of  contemp- 
tuous ridicule.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  26. 

Il.t  "■  High-sotmding;  inflated;  big  with- 
out meaning. 

A  tall  metaphor  in  bombast  way.     Cowley,  Ode,  Of  Wit. 


bombinate 

•natus,  pp.  of  "bombinare,  erroneous  form  of  LL. 
lonibitare:  see  bombilate.}  To  buzz;  make  a 
Ijuzzmg  sound;  bombilate.     [Bare.] 

A^  easy  and  as  profitable  a  problem  to  solve  the  Kabe- 
laisian  riddle  of  the  bombinatinij  chiniEera  with  its  poten- 
tial ur  h}-pothctical  faculty  of  deriving  sustenance  from  a 
tourse  of  diet  on  second  intentions. 

Siriiibttrne,  Shakespeare,  p.  199. 

bombination  (bom-bi-na'shon),  w.     [<  6o»i6i- 

),./,'..   Ut.  bombilation.'i    Buzz ;  humming  noise. 
Bombinator  (bom'bi-na-tor),   H.     [NL.  (Mer-     ^ 

rem,  18:20),  <  ML.  "bombinare,  buzz:  see  bomhi-  Bombycillidse  (bom-bi-sil'i-de),  n.pL     [NL.,  < 


618 

B&min/x  commonly  referred  to  this  family  are  Saturtiia, 
Attacitg,  Odoiuatis,  Lagiocampa^  and  Etisiucampa.  See  cut 
under  Bombl/x. 

bombyciform  (bom-bis'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  boni- 
hi/x  (hombi/c-),  a  silkworm,  +  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  characters  of  a  bomlyeid  moth. 

Bombycilla  (bom-bi-sil'a),  H.  [NL.,  <  L.  bom- 
byx  (bombyc-),  sUk,  +  -eiUa,  taken  from  Mota- 
cilla,  in  the  assumed  sense  of  'tail.']  A  genus 
of  birds,  the  silktails  or  waxwings :  same  as  Am- 
pdif:  in  the  most  restricted  sense.   See  Ampelis. 


bonail 


nate.'\  A  genus  of  European  frogs,  made  typi- 
cal of  a  family  Bombinatoridw,  now  refeiTed  to 
the  family  Di'scoglossidie.  B.  ignetts  is  the  typi- 
cal species,  cilled  bombardier. 
Bombinatoridas  (bom'bi-na-tor'i-de),  n.jyl 
[XL.,  <  Il'iiidiinator  +  -irf«>.]  A  family  of  anu- 
rous batraehians,  having  a  tongue,  maxillary 
teeth,  and  toes  not  dilated,  typified  by  the  genus 


BombijcUla  +  -ida.'\     A  family  of  birds,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Bombi/ciUa  :  same  as  Am- 
ptlid(r  in  the  most  restricted  sense.    [Disused.] 
Bombycina  (bom-bi-si'na),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Bom- 
bi/x  {Bombyc-)  +  -ina.']    A  tribe  or  superfamiiy 
of  moths  containing  the  bombycids,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  sphinxes  on  the  one  hand  and 
the  Microlepidoptera  in  general  on  the  other. 
Bombinator.  It  is  a  heterogeneous  group,  the  species  of  bombycine  (bom'bi-sin),  «.     [<  L.  bombycinus, 
which  btlnti!;  to  the  families  i)ua)j(o««irf<e,  Prfo6a(Wa',     <  bombyx,  silk:  see  Bombyx.     Cf.  bombaj:iiic.'] 
j,„.i  C>i^'V''a'l'i'Ja!.  „     X,       1       1.  Silken;    silk.— 2.    Of  cotton,  or  of  paper 

bomb-ketcb  (bom'kech),  n.    A  small,  strongly    ^^^^  ^^  ^'^^^^^^      \  E  D 
built,  ketch-rigged  vessel,  carrying  one  mortar  ],omijycinous  (bom-bis'i-nus),  a.     [<  L.  bomb,/- 
or  more,  for  service  in  a  bombardment.     Also     ^.-^^J.  ^^^  i^„;;,„„„^.]    i.  giiien ;  i,ade  of  silk. 
caUed  bomb-vessel.  —2.  Silkv;  feeling  like  silk.— 3.  Of  the  color 

.swartwout  and  Ogden  were  then  confined  on  one       j  ^^     silkworm-moth;  of  a  pale-yellow  color, 

of  the  boiito-Ketcftfg  m  the  harbor.  t->    r.         •  i  i*        .' 

G.  IT.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  153.      ii.  J)iini:iii. 

bomb-lance  (bom'lans), «.  A  lance  or  harpoon  Bombycistoma,  Bombycistomus  (bom-bi-sis'- 
haviug  a  hollow  head  charged  with  gunpowder,  to-ma,  -mus),  «.  [NL.,  <  br.  ,%i,ii?,  silk,  + 
which  is  automatically  fired  when  thrust  into  a  "TOfia,  mouth.]  Synonyms  of  Batrachostomxis 
whale  (which  see). 

bomboio  (bom'bo-lo),  n.     [<  It.  bombola,  a  bombycoid  (bom'bi-koid),  a.    Of  or  relating  to 
pitcher,  bottle.  <  io»i6a:  see  6o?h62.]     a  sphe-    the  AW^C'**;-,       ,     _      ,,. 
roidal  vessel  of  flint-glass,  used  in  subliming  bombylll,«.     Plural  of  6om %?»<«. 
crude  camphor.     It  is  usually  about  lU  inches  Bombyllldae  (bom-bi-li   i-de),  n.pl.     [NL.,  < 
in  diameter.     Also  bumbelo,  bumbolo.  Bomhylius  +  -irf,c.]     A  family  of  braehycerotis 

bombous  (bom'- or  bum'bus),  a.    [<  L.  ftomftKS,     dipterous  insects,   of  the  section  Tctrachatw 


n.,  taken  as  adj.:  see  6o»ifc2.]  jf.  Booming; 
humming. —  2.  [<  bomb^  +  -ous.^  Convexly 
round,  like  a  segment  of  a  bomb;  spherical. 

In  some  j)arts  [of  the  integument  of  the  Selachu],  .is  for 
example  on  the  head,  they  [the  dermal  denticles]  often 
liave  a  bomboxig  surface,  and  are  set  irregularly. 

Gegenljaur,  Coinp.  Anat  (trans.),  p.  423. 

bomb-proof  (bom'prof),  a.  and  n.   I,  a.  Strong 


or  lanystomata ;  the  humbleflies.  They  hiw 
long  proboscis,  the  third  antcrinul  joint  not  annulate, 
three  prolonged  basal  cells,  and  usually  four  postcri'ir 
cells.  The  family  is  large,  containing  upwani  of  l.-li'O 
species,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  They  usually  have 
hairy  bodies,  are  very  swift  in  flight,  and  are  smui'tinus 
called  jtower-jiirs,  from  their  feeding  upon  pollen  anti 
honey  extracted  by  means  of  the  long  proboscis.  The  typi- 
cal genus  is  Bombj/tius;  other  genera  are  Anthrax,  Luma- 
tin,  and  Nemestriim. 


enough  to  resist  the  impact  and  e.vplosiye  force  bombylioust  (bom-t>il'i-iis)i  ".     [<  Gr.  pojijir 


of  bombs  or  shells  striking  on  the  outside 

H.  n.  In  fort.,  a  structure  of  such  design 
and  strength  as  to  resist  the  penetration  and 


/(HI-,  a  bumblebee  (see  bomhylius),  +  -oi/s.]  Buz- 
zing; humming  like  a  bee. 
Vexatious,  .  .  .  not  by  stinging,  ._.  .  butonly  by  their 


bumbiilious  noise. 


'  stnigi 
Derli 


'tarn,  Physico-Theol.,  iv.  14. 


Bomb-proof. 


the  shattering  force  of  shells.  Such  structures  are 
made  in  a  variety  of  ways,  but  are  usually,  at  least  in  part, 
beneath  the  level  of  the  ground.  They  may  be  entirely  of 
metal,  so  shaped  that  shot  and  shell  will  glance  from  the 
nurfacc  without  piercing  them,  or  they  may  be  of  vaulted 
masonry,  or  even  of  timber  covered  and  faced  with  nnis- 
sive  embankments  of  earth,  the  latter  forming  the  most 

etfectlve  shield  against  modem  projectiles.     Komb-pi fs 

are  provided  in  pernninent  and  often  in  temporary  forti- 
llcallons  to  place  the  magazine  and  stores  in  safety  during 
a  lH>mliardmetit.  and  aUo  to  alford  shelter  to  the  garrison 
or  to  non-combatants. 

Wc  entered  a  lofty  homb-]>roof  which  wa8  the  bedroom 
of  the  commanding  olhcer. 

ir.  //.  HuMHfll,  I.ondon  Times,  June  11, 1801. 

bombshell  (l)om'Hhel),  n.     Same  as  bomb^,  1. 
bombus   (bora'buH),    )i.     [L.,  <  fir.    .'Vififio;,   a 

Imz/.inu  noise:  wi-  liamb'-^.]     1.  In  jiathol.:  (a) 

A  humming  or  buzzing  noise  in  the  oars,     (b) 

A  rumbling  noise  in  tlie  intestines;  l)orl)oryg- 

muH. — 2.   \rap.]  A  genus  of  bees,  family  .i/>i- 

tl<t,  containing  tlie  lioney-jirodiicing  aculeate 

or  Btiiig-iiONHfHHingliyMienoptirousinHcetH  com- 
monly ciillid  biimblobees.     Sec  bumblebee,  and 

'•nt,  iindor  /himentiplrra. 
bomb-vessel  (botn'ves'el),  n.    Sumo  as  bomb- 

h  Irh. 

bombycid  fbom'bi-Bid),  fl.  and,?i.    I.  n.  Por- 

taiiiinL;  toor  having  the  churnctcrs  of  the  Bom- 

hyiiitii , 

.*^' -  lit  ort/nrm  income  bf;rn'/f/ciV/motliH.   .Scien<v,  VII.  fiOC. 
II.  ",    Oiii' i,t  \hi-  llombyridii; 
Bombvrifl.-e  riii.rn-biK'i-<le),  h.  ;//.    [NIj.,  <  Bom- 

lHI-'  H  -iV//^r.]     A  family  of  noctnrnal 

hi'i'  1 1  itidnnlern,  or  mollis,  iniporliint 

ii«  '  111"  Hilkworm-molh,  having  Ihr' 

mil'  liiiati'.  the  palpi  Hmall,  ami  llio 

IDU* ,.,,eutarv.     The  llmllx  of  the  Iniully  nn.l  bominablet,  "• 

coowqucntly  lu  daBnltloii  vuy  much.    Oencrn  lieildea     inablc. 


ni.-ick-rigiircil  Ilttiiiliy- 


bombyliUS (bom-bil'i-us), ».;  pi.  bomhylii  (-i).  [< 
Gr.  («)  lion jivAioq  or  lio/ijiiTnoc,  a  narrow-necked 
vessel  that  gurgles  in  pour- 
ing; (6)  jio/ifhhoc,  a  bumble- 
bee ;  <  liAiijitK:,  a  humming, 
buzzing:  seebombiis,  bomb".'] 

1.  In  archaol.,  a  form  of 
Greek  vase,  of  moderate 
size,  varying  between  the 
types  of  tlu)  lekythos  and 
the  aryballus.  It  was  used 
for  containing  perfumes,  and 
also  for  pouring  licpiids,  etc. 
—  2.  [coi*.]  [NL.]  Thotjiu- 
cal  genus  of  the  family  £«;«- 
hilliid(v. 

Bombyx  (bom'biks),  M.  [L. 
himiliyx  (in  ML.  corniptly 
bomliax :  see  bombair,  bom- 
bast, bomba::iiic),  <  (Jr.  jion- 
fiv^,  a  silkworm,  silk,  cot- 
ton; origin  uncertain.]  1. 
A  Linnean  genus  of  li'|)iilo]iterons  insects,  now 
the  type  of  the  family  Buniliyridir.  The  caterpillar 
of  the  hninbiix  tiiiiri  is  well  known  hy  the  name  of  «i7*:- 
wnnii.  Wheii  full-grown  il  is  .1  inches  long,  whitishgray, 
Hinooth,  with  a  horn  on  the  |ieniiltlmate  segment  of  the 
lioily.  It  (eeds  on  the  liavis  of  the  inulbeny  (In  the 
Unltt^d  Stjites  also  on  those  of  the  Osagi'  orange),  and 
Hulns  an  oval  cocoon  of  the  size'  of  a  pigeon  «  igg,  of  a 
close  tissue,  with  very  line  silk,  nsnally  of  a  y.llow  icilor, 
but  Bometlines  white.  Hacli  silklllHT  Is  double,  and  Is 
spun  from  a  vlschl  Hiibstance  eonlaliud  In  two  Inbular  or- 
gaiis  cniling  In  a  spinneret  at  the  month.  A  slngli'  lllu  r 
Is  often  l.IlKl  feet  long.  It  lei|iiiics  1,(1IK)  wornm  to  pro 
(luce  1  poiinil  of  silk.  (Ireek  inlB»lonailc«  llrst  bronglit 
the  eggs  of  the  silkworm  from  China  to  ronntnntlnopir  In 
the  reign  of  .liiHtliilnn  (.».  n.  .VJ7  .Ml.'i).     In  the  IweUlh  ecu 

tury  the  cnlllvallon  of  silk  was  introduced  Into  the  king.l 

of  Naplis  from  the  Moiin,  anil  sevirni  eenlillli»nri<r»aiil 
into  France.  The  »llk»oriii  undergoes  a  variety  of  eliaiige» 
during  the  short  pirln.l  of  lis  life.  When  lialilieil  II  ap 
pears  as  a  black  worm  ;  atlcr  II  has  llnlshed  ll«  cocoon  It 

liei;i ^s  a  ehrysall",  anil  llnally  a  ))erfcil  ercaincid..ieil 

Insert  or  moth,  wlUi  tour  wings.  For  other  silk  spinning 
bombycids,  seu  tilkimnn.     .Hee  irilt  In  lleKt  coliinin. 

2.  ill  ciinrh.,  a  goniiH  of  pultnoiiato  gaHtrojioilH. 
lliimi'lirniH,  I7!l7.     ( Nol  in  iihc] 

An  abbreviated  form  of  abom- 


Silkworm  {Bomf'j'X  mori),  about  natunil 

Juliana  Berners,  lady-prioress  of  the  nunnery  of  Sopwell 
in  the  lilteentli  eeutury,  informs  us  that  in  her  time  '*a 
bomi/imhh-  syght  of  monkes"  was  elegant  English  for  "a 
large  company  of  friars." 

(t.  p.  Ma^rsk,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  viii. 

Bomolocliidae  (bo-mo-lok'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Boiiiolorlnis  +  -/(/«'.]  A  family  of  copepod  crus- 
taceans, of  the  group  Sij)lio)iostomata,  typitied 
by  the  genus  Bomolochus.  The  species  are  few 
in  number,  and  parasitic  on  fishes. 

Bomolochus  (bo-mol'o-kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  6r.  /^u- 
lio'/.6xo(,  a  beggar,  low  jester,  buffoon,  prop,  one 
who  waited  about  the  altars  to  beg  or  steal 
some  of  the  meat  offered  thereon,  <  /fc/'Oc,  an 
altar,  -t-  7.oxav,  lie  in  wait,  <  /l<i,vof,  ambush,  lying 
in  wait,  <  liytiv,  lay  asleep,  in  pass,  lie  asleep, 
lie :  see  lay'^,  lie^.]  A  genus  of  crustaceajis, 
typical  of  the  family  Bomolochida;. 

bon^t,  II.     Obsolete  form  of  buiic^. 

bon'-'t,  ".     Obsolete  form  of  boon^, 

bon'H,  ".     Obsolete  form  of  boon^. 

bon^  (l'\  pron.  boil),  a.  [F.,  <  OF.  bon,  >  ME. 
bone,  mod.  E.  boon'^,  q.  v.]  (rood:  a  French 
word  occurring  in  several  phrases  familiar  in 
English,  but  not  Anglicized,  as  bonmot,  bon  ton, 
lion  firont,  etc. 

bona  (bo'iiil),  H.  ]>l.  [L.,  property,  goods,  pi.  of 
bonum,  a  good  thing,  neut.  of  bonus,  good.  Cf. 
E.  (foods,  a  translation  of  bono.']  Literally, 
goods;  in  <•/!'(/  law,  all  sorts  of  property,  mova- 
ble and  immovable. 

bon  accord  (bon  a-kord')-  [F. :  see  bon^  and 
accord,  ».]  1.  Agreement;  good  will. —  2.  ^Vn 
exprrssion  or  token  of  good  will — The  city  of 
bon  accord,  .\bcrdcen,  Scotland,  Bon  accurU  being  the 
motto  of  the  town's  arms. 

bonace-tree  (bon'Ss-tre),  «.  [<  bonace  (uncer- 
tain) +  ()■(('.]  A  small  tree  of  .lamaica,  Dujih- 
iiiipsis  liiiifolia,  iiiitiu-al  order  Thyniclracca;  the 
iniun-  bark  of  which  is  very  fibrous  and  is  used 
for  cordage,  etc.     Also  called  biirn-no.'ic  tree. 

bona  fide  (bo'nji,  fi  de).  [L.,  abl.  of  bona  fides, 
good  I'liitli:  see  bona  ./»/<.<.]  In  or  with  good 
faitli ;  williout  fraud  or  deception  ;  with  sincer- 
ily;  genuinely:  frequently  used  as  aconipoimd 
atljective  in  the  sense  of  honest;  genuine;  not 
niake-lielieve.  An  act  done  binta  fitlc,  In  Iniv,  is  one  dene 
without  fraud,  or  without  knowleilge  or  notice  of  any  de- 
ceit or  iiiipropricly,  in  coniradistlucthui  to  an  act  done 
deceitfully,  with  bad  failli,  flaudulcnlly,  or  with  know- 
leilge of  prc\'ioiis  laiis  rendering  tlu-  act  to  be  set  up  In- 
valid.—Bona-flde  possessor,  In  law,  n  person  who  not 
fudy  possesses  a  siibjiet  upon  a  title  which  he  honestly  be- 
lieves to  be  good,  but  is  ignornnt  of  any  ntlinipt  to  contest 
his  tille  by  some  other  person  claiming  a  better  right.— 
Bona-tldo  purchaser,  in  Ian;  one  who  has  bought  prop- 
i-rty  without  iiotii'o  of  an  mlvcrsc  claim,  ainl  has  paid  « 
fiili  price  for  it  belorc  having  such  notice,  or  who  has  been 
unaware  of  any  clrcuinstanc<-s  making  it  prudent  to  In. 
(jitire  w  hclhcr  an  adverse  claim  existed. 

bona  fides  (bo'nji  fi'doz).  [I^.:  bona,  fem.  of 
/i(i»«.v  (>  lilt.  K.  /)()()»•'),  good;  _/i(/c.s',  >  ult.  E, 
I'dilli.'l     tiinnl    faith;   lair  dealing.     See  bom 

'jhtr. 

bonaget,  bonnaget  (bon'aj),  ?i.  [8c. ,  appar,  n 
var.  (simulating  bondage)  of  boonagc,  q.  v.] 
Sorvi<'('s  rciuli'ii'd  by  a  tenant  to  liis  landlord 
lis  purl  imymi'iil  "f  rent. 

bonaght,  ".  firmly  mod.  K.,  also  written  lio- 
noijli,  bonougli,  reiir.  Ir.biiinm,  a  billeted  soldier, 
liii'anadli,   a    Boldior,]     A  ponnanent  solilicr. 

,v.  a;,  n. 

bonaghtt,  ».  [Early  mod.  E.,  iilso  honiiiiijht, 
bdiiinoilil,  etc.,  rcjir.  Ir.  hiiaiiarht,  (|iiiirlcriiig  of 
soldiiTH.j  A  lax  or  tribute  formerly  levied  by 
Irish  cIucfH  for  tho  maintenanco  of  soldieiH. 
A'.  /■;.  I). 

bonailt,  bonatlliet,  ".     |Sc.]     Same  ns  MomHj/. 


bonail 

On  the  brave  vessel's  piiiiwale  T  driiiik  his  honail 
And  farewell  to  Mackenzie,  Hif^h  (iiiof  of  Kintail. 

Scott,  Farewell  to  Mackenzie. 

bonairt  (bo-nar'),  a.  [<  ME.  bonair,  honaire, 
boiicre;  short  for  (Iclioiuiii;  q.  v.]  Complaisant; 
courteous;  kind;  yielding. 

Ikii}air  anil  buxom  to  tlie  Ilishop  of  Rome. 

lip.  Jiuvlt,  Duf.  of  Apol.  for  Chureh  of  Eng,,  p.  b:iS. 

bonairtet,  "•  [ME.,  also  honairete,  honor te ;  short 
for  debonairte,  q.  v.]  Complaisance ;  courtesy. 
('hiiiicer. 

bonallyt  (bo-nal'i),  n.  [Sc,  also  written  bonail- 
lic,  hDiiiiiiillir,  lionnaiUe,  bonail,  bonnail;  <  P.  bon, 
pood,  +  aUcr,  go :  see  booiiS  and  «//ei/l.]  Good- 
speed  ;  farewell :  as,  to  tlrink  one's  boiially, 

bonang  (bo-nang'),  ».  A  Javanese  musical  in- 
strument, consisting  of  gongs  mounted  on  a 
frame. 

bona  notabilia  (bo'na  no-ta-biri-a).  [Law 
L. :  L.  ftoHa,  goods;  noinbiIia,neut.  itl.  ot  nota- 
biUs,  to  be  noted :  see  bona  and  notable.']  In 
law,  assets  situated  in  a  jurisdiction  other  than 
that  in  which  the  owner  died.  Formerly  in  Eng- 
lanil,  when  the  gooils,  ainountinu  to  at  least  £,'i,  were  in 
another  diocese  than  that  in  \\hi(  li  tluir  owner  died,  his 
will  had  to  be  proved  l>efore  tlie  archliisliop  of  the  province. 

bonanza  (bo-nan'zii),  n.  [<  Sp.  bonanza  (= 
Pg.  bonanza),  fair  weather  at  sea,  prosperity, 
success  {ir  en  bonanza,  sail  with  fair  wind  and 
weather,  go  on  prosperously)  (ef.  It.  bonaccia 
=  Pr.  bonassa,  >  F.  bonace,  a  calm  at  sea),  < 
L.  bonus  (>  Sp.  biieno  =  Pg.  bom  =  It.  buono  = 
F.  bon),  good;  cf.  OSp.  inalina,  stonny  weather 
at  sea,  <  L.  malus,  bad.]  1.  A  term  in  common 
use  in  the  Pacific  States,  signifying  a  rich  mass 
of  ore:  opposed  to  borrasca.  Hence  —  2.  A 
mine  of  wealth  ;  a  profitable  thing;  good  luck: 
as.  to  strike  a  bonanza.  [Colloq.,  U.  8.]  — The 
Bonanza  mines,  specifically,  those  silver-mines  on  the 
Conistock  lode  in  Nevada  which  yielded  enormously  for  a 
few  years. 

Bonapartean  (bo'na-par-te-an),  a.  [<  Bona- 
parte, It.  Buonaparte,  family  name  of  Napo- 
leon.] Pertaining  to  Bonaparte  or  the  Bona- 
partes:  as,  "  Bonajiartean  dynasty,"  Craig. 

Bonapartism  (bo'na-par-tizm),  n.  [<  P.  Bona- 
jiartisme,  <  Bonaparte  +  -isme,  -ism.]  1.  The 
policy  or  political  system  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte and  his  dynasty. — 2.  Devotion  to  the 
Bonaparte  family;  adierence  to  the  cause  or 
the  dynastic  claims  of  the  Bonapartes. 

Bonapartist  (bo'na-par-tist),  n.  and  a.  K  P. 
Bonapartiste,  <  Bonaparte  +  -iste,  -ist.]  1.  n. 
1.  An  adherent  of  the  Bonapartes,  or  of  the 
policy  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  and  his  dynasty. 
—  2.  One  who  favors  the  claims  of  the  Bona- 
parte family  to  the  imperial  throne  of  Prance. 
II.  a.  Adhering  to  or  favoring  the  dynasty, 
policy,  or  claims  of  the  Bonapartes. 

bona  peritura  (bo'nii  per-i-tti'ra).  [Law  L. : 
L.  bona,  goods;  peritura,  neut.  pi.  ot periturus, 
f ut.  part,  of  perire,  perish :  see  bona  and  per- 
ish.']    In  law,  perishable  goods. 

bona-robat  (bo'uii-ro'ba),  n.  [It.  buonarobba, 
"a  good  wholesome  plum-cheeked  wench" 
(Florio),  lit.  a  fine  gown,  <  buona,  fem.  of  buono, 
good,  fiine,  -1-  robba,  roba,  gown :  see  bonanza, 
boon3,  and  robe.]  A  showy  wanton ;  a  wench 
of  the  town ;  a  courtezan. 
A  bouncing  bmia-roba.  B.  Jonson,  New  Inn. 

Some  prefer  the  Fi'ench, 
For  their  conceited  dressings ;  some  the  plump 
Italian  hona-robas.         Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  1.  1. 

Bonasa,  Bonasia  (ho-na'sa,  -si-a),  ».  [NL. 
Cf.  bonasus.]  A  genus  of  gallinaceous  birds, 
of  the  family  Tetraonidw,  containing  especially 
B.  bctulina,  the  hazel-gi-ouse  of  Eiu'ope,  and  B. 
itnihelUi,  the  ruffed  grouse,  pheasant,  or  par- 
tridge of  North  America.     They  have  a  ruffle  of 


RuiTed  Grouse  (Btmasa  utnbglla 


feathers  on  each  side  of  the  neck,  a  broad  fan-shaped 
tail,  partly  feathered  shanks,  and  a  small  crest.  They 
are  woodland  bu-ds,  noted  for  their  habit  of  drumming, 
whence  probably  their  name,  the  noise  being  likened  U 
the  bellowing  of  a  bull. 


619 

bonasus,  bonassus  (bo-na'sus,  -nas'us),  n. 
[L.  hontisus,  <  (jr.  jitivaao(;  or  fiuvrwnnr,  the  wild 
ox.]  1.  The  wild  bison  of  Europe;  the  au- 
rochs (which  see).— 2.  [caji.]  [NL.]  A  ge- 
neric name  of  the  bisons,  and  thus  a  synonym 
of  Bison  (which  see). 

bonbatzen  (bon-liat'sen),  n.     Same  as  batz. 

bonbon  (bon'bon;  P.  pron.  bon'bdn),  n.  [P., 
a  reduplication  of  bon,  good:  see  bon*,  boon'^. 
Cf.  equiv.  E.  fpwdie.>i.]  A  sugar-plum;  in  the 
plural,  sugar-confectionery. 

bonbonnifere  (boii-bou-iar"'),  ».     [P.]    A  box 

for  lioldiug  bonbons  or  confections. 

bonce  (bons), )(.  [Origin  obscure.]  1.  A  large 
marble  for  pla.yiug  with.— 2.  A  game  played 
witli  such  marbles.     X.  K.  U.     [Eng.] 

bonchieft,  n.  [<  ME.  bonchef,  bonechief,  boon- 
chief,  <  bone,  good  (see  bodn^),  +  chef,  chief, 
head,  end,  issiu).  prob.  after  analogy  of  mischief, 
q.  v.]     Good  fortune;  prosperity. 

bon-chretien  {V.  pron.  lion-kra'tiaii),  H.  [P., 
good  Christian:  see  boon'-^  and  Christian.']  A 
highly  esteemed  kind  of  pear. 

bondl  (bond),  n.  [<  ME.  bond,  a  variant  of 
hand,  as  hond  of  hand,  eta.:  see  ftnnrfl.]  1. 
Anything  that  binds,  fastens,  confines,  or  holds 
together,  as  a  cord,  chain,  rope,  band,  or  ban- 
dage ;  a  ligament. 

I  tore  them  [hairs]  from  their  bonds. 

Sliafc,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 
Specifically — 2.   pi.   Fetters;   chains  for  re- 
straint ;  hence,  imprisonment ;  captivity. 
This  man  doeth  nothing  worthy  of  death,  or  of  bonds. 

Acts  xxvi.  31. 

3.  A  binding  or  uniting  power  or  influence; 
cause  of  union;  link  of  connection;  a  uniting 
tie :  as,  the  botids  of  affection. 

Farewell,  thou  worthy  man !    There  were  two  bonds 
That  tied  our  loves,  a  brother  and  a  king. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  2. 

There  is  a  strong  bond  of  affection  between  us  and  our 

parents.  Sir  T.  Bronme,  Eeligio  Jledici,  ii.  H. 

I  have  struggled  through  much  discouragement  .  .  . 

for  a  people  with  whom  I  have  no  tie  but  the  common 

bond  of  mankind.  Burke,  To  Sir  H.  Langrishe. 

4.  Something  that  constrains  the  mind  or  'will ; 
obligation;  duty. 

I  love  your  majesty 
According  to  my  bond,  nor  more  nor  less. 

Stiak.,  Lear,  i.  1. 
Sir  Aylmer,  reddening  from  the  storm  within. 
Then  broke  all  bonds  of  courtesy. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

5.  An  agreement  or  engagement;  a  covenant 
between  two  or  more  persons. 

I  will  bring  you  iuto  the  bond  of  the  covenant. 

Ezek.  XX.  37. 
A  bond  offensive  and  defensive. 

Sir  J.  Melml  (1610),  Mem.,  p.  12. 

6.  [<  D.  bond,  league.]  A  league  or  confed- 
eration: used  of  the  Duteh-speakbig  popula- 
tions of  southern  Africa. —  7.  In  law,  an  in- 
strument under  seal  by  which  the  maker  binds 
himself,  and  usually  also  his  heirs,  executors, 
and  administrators  (or,  if  a  corporation,  their 
successors),  to  do  or  not  to  do  a  specified  act. 
If  it  is  merely  a  promise  to  pay  a  certain  sum  on  or  before 
a  future  day  appointed,  it  is  called  a  Nuud'^  bond.  But 
the  usual  form  is  for  the  obligor  to  tiiiul  himself,  his  exec- 
utors, etc.,  in  a  specified  sum  or  penalty,  with  a  condition 
added,  on  performance  of  which  it  is  declared  the  obUga- 
tion  shall  be  void.  When  such  a  condition  is  added,  the 
bond  is  called  a  penal  boiul  or  obWiation.  The  person  to 
whom  tlie  bond  is  granted  is  called  the  oldioee. 

8.  The  state  of  being  in  a  bonded  warehotise 
or  store  in  charge  of  custom-house  or  excise  offi- 
cers: said  of  goods  or  merehantlise :  as,  tea  and 
■wine  still  in  6oHf?. —  9t.  A  surety;  a  bondsman; 
bail.  Pgij/s,  Diary. — 10.  Acertificate  of  owner- 
ship of  a  specified  portion  of  a  capital  debt  due 
by  a  government,  a  cit.y,  a  railroad,  or  other 
corporation  to  individual  holders,  and  usually 
bearing  a  fixed  rate  of  interest.  The  bonds  of  the 
United  .States  are  of  two  classes :  (1)  conjm/i  bonds,  both 
principal  and  interest  of  wliich  ai-e  payable  to  bearer, 
and  which  pass  by  delivery,  usually  without  indorsement; 
(2)  registered  bonds,  whicll  are  payai)K-  only  to  tlie  parties 
whose  names  are  inscribed  upon  them,  and  can  be  trans- 
ferred only  by  indorsed  assignment. 

11.  In  chcm.,  a  imit  of  combining  or  satu- 
rating power  equivalent  to  that  of  one  hydro- 
gen atom.  The  valence  of  an  element  or  group  is  in- 
dicated by  the  number  of  its  bonds.  Thus,  the  carbon 
atom  is  said  to  have  four  bonds,  that  is.  it  may  combine 
directly  with  four  hydrogen  atoms  or  their  equivalents. 
Bonds  are  usually  represented  graphically  by  short  d:ishes. 
For  instance,  the  valence  of  a  carbon  atom  may  be  repre- 
sented thus :  C=. 

One  or  more  pairs  of  boitds  belonging  to  one  and  the  same 
atom  of  an  element  can  unite,  and,  having  saturated  each 
other,  become  as  it  were  latent.     Franklami,  Chemistry. 

12.  In  building:  (a)  The  connection  of  one 
stone  or  brick  with  another  made  by  lapping 


II    Ml    I    I  — 


bond 

one  over  the  other  as  the  work  is  carried  up,  so 
that  a  homogeneous  and  coherent  mass  may 
be  formed,  which  could  not  bo  the  ease  If  every 
vertical  .joint  were  over  that  below  it.  See 
chain-bond,  cross-bond,  heart-bond,  and  phrases 
below,  (b)  ])l.  The  whole  of  the  timbers  dis- 
posed in  the  walls  of  a  house,  as  bond-timbers, 
wall-plates,  lintels,  and  templets. — 13.  The 
distance  between  the  nail  ot  one  slate  in  a  roof 
and  the  lower  edge  of  the  slalo  above  it Active 

bonds.  See  ueti're.-  Arbitration  bond,  ."^ee  arbitra- 
tion.'-AveTa.SQ  bond,  in  marine  insurance,  an  under* 
taking  in  the  furni  of  a  bond,  given  to  the  captain  of  a 
shij,  liy  consignees  of  cargo  subject  to  general  average, 
gnar.'uitccing  iiayni'-nt  of  tbeii'  contribution  when  ascer- 
tained, provided  delivery  of  their  goods  be  made  at  once. 
See  arrniiie-.  Blank  bond,  a  bond  formerly  used  in 
whirli  till-  sp;icc  for  the  creditor's  name  was  left  blank.— 
Block-and-cross  bond,  a  method  of  building  in  which 
tin;  outer  lace  of  the  wall  is  built  in  cross-bond  and  the 
inner  face  in  block-bond. —  Bond  for  land,  bond  for  a 
deed,  a  bond  given  by  the  selli-r  of  land  to  one  agreeing 
to  buy  it,  binding  hiui  to  convey  on  receiving  the  agreed 
price.— Bond  of  caution,  in  .Scots  taw,  an  oliligatioii  by 
one  person  as  surety  for  another  either  that  he  shall  pay 
a  certain  sum  or  perform  a  certain  act. —  Bond  Of  cor- 
roboration, an  additional  obligation  granted  l,y  the 
debtor  in  a  bond,  tiy  whieli  he  coi-robfjrates  the  oiiginal 
oliligation.— Bond  of  Indemnity,  a  bond  conditioned  to 
iniliounty  tlic  obligee  against  some  loss  or  liability. — 
Bond  of  presentation,  in  .Scots  law,  a  bond  to  present  a 
delilor  .so  that  he  may  be  subjected  to  the  diligence  of  his 
creditor.— Bond  of  relief,  in  .Scots  law,  a  bond  by  the 
principal  debtor  granted  in  favor  of  a  cautioner,  by  which 
the  debtor  binds  himself  to  relieve  the  cautioner  from 
the  consequences  of  his  obligation. —  Collateral  trust- 
bonds,  bonds  issued  by  a  corporation  and  secured,  not, 
as  is  usual,  by  a  mortgage  on  its  own  property,  but  by 
pledging  or  depositing  in  trust,  on  behalf  of  the  bondhold- 
ers to  be  secured,  mortgage-bonds  of  other  C(unpaliies  lield 
by  it  as  security.  The  interest  paid  o)]  these  collateral 
trust-bonds  is  usually  less  than  that  iLrcivrd  on  the  bonds 
pledged,  the  surplus  being  used  to  foim  a  sinking-fund  for 
the  redemption  of  the  former. —  Consolidated  bonds, 
the  name  commonly  given  to  railroad  bonds  seemed  by 
mortgage  on  the  entire  line  formed  by  several  consoli- 
dated roads,  in  contradistinction  to  divisif/nal  bunds, 
which  are  obli^'atii'os  of  the  consolidated  company  se- 
cured by  nini  t;.;;e„'''  on  some  particular  division  of  the  rail- 
road.— Convertible  bonds,  evidences  of  debt  issued  by 
a  stock  company  whicll  contain  a  provision  that  they  may 
be  converted  at  the  holder's  will  into  an  equivalent  amount 

of  stock.  —  Di- 
agonal bond,  in 
bricklaying,  the 
simplest  form  of 
raking  bond,  in 
which  the  courses 
are  all  parallel  to 
each  other. — Di- 
visional bonds. 
See  under  con- 
solidateil  bunds, 
above. — English 
bond,  that  dispo- 
sition of  bricks  in 
a  wall  in  which 
the  courses  are 
alternately  com- 
posed entirely  of 
headers,  or  bricks 
laid  with  their  heads  or  ends  toward  the  face  of  the  wall, 
and  of  stretchers,  or  bricks  with  their  length  parallel 
to  the  face  of  the 
wall.  —  Fletnish 
bond,  that  dis- 
position of  bricks 
in  a  wall  in 
which  each  course 
is  composed  of 
headers  and 

stretchers    alter- 
nately. 

'WTiat  is  in  Eng- 
land called  Flem- 
ish, bond  is  un- 
known in  Flan- 
dere,  and  is  prac- 
tised in  the  Brit- 
ish Isles  alone. 
E/ieyc.  Brit.,  TV. 

[Ml. 

Forthcoming  bond,  a  bond  given  by  some  one  guaran- 
teeing that  something  shall  be  produced  or  fortlicoming 
at  a  particular  tinie,  or  when  called  for.— Garden-bond. 
.Same  as  Woc*-()ond.— General  mortgage-bonds,  the 
name  commonly  given  to  a  corporate  mortgage,  which, 
though  nominally  coverin--'  all  property  of  the  company,  is 
of  inferior  secmitv  because  subject  to" prior  mortgages  of 
various  kinds.— Good  bond,  an  expression  used  by  car- 
penters to  denote  the  linn  fastening  of  two  or  more  pieces 
together,  by  tenoning,  mortising,  or  dovetailing. — Herit- 
able bond,  in  Scots  law.  a  bond  for  a  sum  of  money,  to 
which  is  joined  for  the  creditor  s  further  security  a  con- 
veyance of  land  or  of  herita^f  to  be  held  by  the  creditor 
in  security  of  the  debt.  —  Hernng-bone  bond,  in  brick- 
laying, a  kind  of  raking  bond  in  which  the  courses  lie  al- 
ternately at  right  angles  to  each  other,  so  that  every  two 
courses,  taken  together,  present  an  appearance  similar  to 
the  backbone  of  a  fish. — Income-bonds,  bonds  of  a  cor- 
poration secured  by  a  pledge  of  or  lien  upon  the  net  in- 
come, after  payment  of  interest  upon  senior  mortgages. 
Cumulative  income-bonds  are  those  so  expressed  that,  if 
the  net  surplus  income  oi  any  year  is  not  sufficient  to  pay 
full  interest  on  the  income-bond,  the  deficit  is  carried  for- 
ward as  a  lien  upon  such  income  in  following  years,  until 
paid  in  full— Lloyd's  bond,  a  form  of  legal  instrument 
devised  by  an  English  b.arrister  named  Lloyd,  to  enable 
railway  and  other  corporate  companies  in  England  to  in- 
crease their  indebtedness  without  infringing  tiie  statutes 


.1  I.I  1,1  i.r- 


I      I      I      I      I      I     g^ 

3  II I  I  M  1 1  -4i 

I     I    I     I     I    XT]    ±E 


English  Bond. 

,  face  of  wall ;    s,  end  of  wall ;    3,  Urst- 

course  bed  ;  4,  second-course  bed. 


TL 


— — !■« 

77j^ 

</\==z. 

Flemish  Bond. 

,  face  of  wall ;    z,  end  of  wall  :    3.  first 

course  bed  ;  4,  second-course  bed. 


bond 

Tinder  which  they  were  incorporated  and  which  prohibited 
Viirntt-ius-  This  end  was  accomplished  by  issuing  bonds 
bearin.'  ir.I'Test  for  worli  done  or  f^-r  goods  delivered. — 
Passive  bonds.  See  active  bond^,  underactive, — Quarry- 
stonp  bond,  rubble  masonry.— RaJdn^  bond,  a  method 
::i  Mhich  the  bricks  are  laid  at  an  angle  in 
t  w:,ll.     There  are  two  kinds.  dia<tonat  and 

/  Registered  bond,  an  obligation,  usually 

ui  a  ^iuu  or  corporation,  for  the  payment  of  money,  regis- 
tered 111  the  holder's  name  on  the  books  of  the  debtor,  aud 
represented  by  a  single  certiUcate  delivered  to  the  credi- 
tor,—  Running  bond,  in  bricklayinp,  same  as  Enolish 
loitd. —  Straw  bond,  a  bond  upon  which  either  fictitious 
names  or  the  nimies  of  persons  unable  to  pay  the  sum 
guaranteed  are  written  as  names  of  sureties, 
bondl  (bond),  f.  [<  feowdl,  H.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
put  in  bond  or  into  a  bonded  -vTai'ehouse,  as 
goods  liable  for  customs  or  excise  duties,  tUe 
duties  remaining  iinpaid  till  the  goods  are  taken 
out,  but  bonds  being  given  for  their  payment : 
as,  to  hond  1,000  pounds  of  tobacco. —  2.  To 
grant  a  bond  or  bond  and  mortgage  on :  as,  to 
bond  property. — 3.  To  convert  into  bonds :  as, 
to  hond  a  debt. — 4.  To  place  a  bonded  debt  up- 
on: as,  to  bond  a  raUroad. —  5.  In  building,  to 
bind  or  hold  together  (bricks  or  stones  in  a  Tvall) 
by  a  proper  disposition  of  headers  and  stretch- 
ers, or  by  cement,  mortar,  etc.  See  bond^,  n.,12. 
The  lower  parts  of  the  palace-walls,  which  are  preserved 
to  a  height  of  eighteen  inches  to  three  feet,  consist  of  quar- 
r>'-stones  bonded  with  clay.       y,  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  5'2tJ. 

Town-bonding  acts  or  laws,  laws  enacted  by  several  of 
the  Tuited  .'^lates,  authorizing  towns,  counties,  and  other 
municipal  corporations  to  issue  their  corporate  bonds  for 
the  purpose  of  aiding  the  construction  of  railroads. 

n.  in  trans.  To  hold  together  from  being 
bonded,  as  bricks  in  a  wall. 

The  imperfectly  shaped  and  variously  sized  stone  as 
dressed  rubble  can  neither  bed  nor  bond  trulv. 

Jinajc.  Brit.,  IV.  448. 

bond-  (bond),  n.  and  a.  [<  XIE.  bonde,  peasant, 
senant,  bondman.  ME.  bonde  occurs  in  its 
proper  sense  of  'man  of  inferior  rank,'  also 
as  adj.,  unfree,  bond  (>  ML.  bondiis,  AF.  bond, 
bonde),  <  AS.  bonda,  bunda,  a  householder, 
head  of  a  famUy,  husband  (see  hu.iband),  < 
Icel.  bondi,  contr.  of  boandi,  buandi,  a  husband- 
man, householder  (=  OSw.  boandi,  bondi,  Sw. 
Dan.  bondi,  a  farmer,  husbandman,  peasant), 
prop.  ppr.  (=  AS.  bucnde)  of  liita  =  AS.  huan, 
dwell,  trans,  occupy,  till.  From  the  same  root 
come  boor,  Boer,  boirer^,  boirerU,  boun,  bouiidi, 
61V72,  and  ult.  /icl.  The  same  element  bond  oc- 
curs unfelt  in  husband,  earliev  h usbond  :  see/iK.s- 
hand.  The  word  hond,  prop,  a  noun,  acquired 
an  adjective  use  from  its  frequent  oceiuToneo 
as  the  antithesis  otfree.  The  notion  of  servi- 
tude is  not  original,  but  is  due  partly  to  the 
inferior  nature  of  the  tenure  held  by  the  hond 
(def.  2),  and  partly  to  a  confusion  with  the  un- 
related hond^  and  bound,  pp.  of  hind.}     I.t  «. 

1.  A  peasant;  a  churl. — 2.  A  vassal;  a  serf; 
one  held  in  bondage  to  a  superior. 

n.  a.  It.  Subject  to  the  tenure  called  bond- 
age.—  2.  In  a  state  of  servitude  or  slavery; 
not  free. 

Whether  wc  be  Jews  or  Gentiles,  whether  we  be  bond 
or  free.  1  Cor.  xii.  13. 

RIche  &  pore,  free  &  bondf,  that  wol  axe  grace. 

Uymnti  to  the  Virffin,  p.  03. 
Lered  men  &  lay,  fre  <fe  bond  of  touue. 

Robert  0/  Jlrumw,  tr.  by  Langtoft,  p.  171. 

^(akynfir  them  KeUies  boivie  to  vauitie  and  vice  at  home, 

they  are  content  to  beare  the  yoke  of  seruyng  straungers 

abrifail.  Atiebam,  The  Scholeinaster,  p.  72. 

3t.  Ser\'ile ;  slavish ;  pertaining  to  or  befitting 
a  slave  :  as,  bond  fear, 
bond-t  (bond),  v.  t.     [<  bond^,   n.  or  «.]     To 

Hiiliji'ct  to  tiondage. 
bondage  (bonMAj),  n.      [Early  mod.   E.   also 
hi/unilafif ;  <    MK.  bondage,   Ai\  lioiiilagc,  ML. 
Iiioidiniiuin,  an  inferior  tenure  held  by  a  bond 
or  liiisbantlman  :  see  bontC^,  n.,  '1.     In  mod.  use 
a>-<'Mi:Lled  with  hond^  and  hounil^.']     1.   In  olil 
Jinij.  law,  vilh'inuge ;  tenure  of   land   by  ])er- 
foriiiiiig  the  ineanest  services  for  a  suiierior. 
.Syclie  t/tnutfif/r  Mlialle  I  t<»  theyiii  beyde, 
To  dyke  and  delf,  beri'  and  draw, 
And  to  do  a\le  unhoni-Nt  di-yde. 

Ttnrnrtry  ilj/Kteriet,  p.  fiT. 

2.  In  Srnt.  ngri.,  the  »tat«  of,  or  Bon-ices  due 

by.  .1  li.,iilHt;er.     Heo  hontlager. 

"t   pnymentii  ronidnl^'d   in  Bervlcen  cnllcii 

'  vvirfrxuct«!didtltr*rlfi  wed-tlrni- in  plough- 

*■  ■  •  fb'-  propriet^ir'pi  hind,  or  tn  numiner  In 

'•>■  <'.(il«  (tr  other  fuel,  and  In  linrvcHl  in 

''»'■  i.p         /li/riV.  .Siirr*-/;,  Klnrardln'-idilrr. 

(Ii  ■  Urn.-t  It  will  Ix' "-en  Hint   for ili 

II  .    II. >l  only,  fu  now.  I.il"'  ■  "  (  .!■  i-  1 

•  '.  I  <  .  JH-twi-en  proprleltir  imd  (iiiin-  1 

3f.  I"  !ii,;  tie  of  duty;  binding  power  or 
inllm  i> 

lie  niiixi  K  *f}\\r,  }ty  DO  mean*  to  Iw  eniiUvpd  ami  tfi  Iw 
brouKht  unilrr  ihc  bandage  of  ulmrrlnK  oatlu.         .Vuu/A. 


620 

4.  Slavery  or  involimtary  servitude ;  serfdom. 

A  sadly  toiling  slave. 
Dragging  the  slowly  lengthening  chain  of  bondaffc  to  the 
grave.  HVii^iVr,  Cassandra  Southwicli. 

5.  Capti'S'ity;  imprisonment;  restraint  of  a 
person's  liberty  by  compulsion. 

A  day,  an  hour,  of  virtuous  liberty 
Is  worth  a  whole  eternity  in  Ixtmiafje. 

Addison,  Cato,  ii.  1. 

6.  Figuratively,  subjection  to  some  power  or 
influence:  as,  he  is  in  bondage  to  his  appetites. 
—  Syn.  4.  Slaven/,  etc.  (see*vri'i7»<fc),  thraldom,  serfdom. 

bondage  (bon'daj),  r.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hondaged, 
jipr.  bandaging.  [<  bondage,  «.]  To  reduce  to 
bondage orslavery;  enslave.  [Obsolete orrare.] 

bondager  (bou'da-jer),  H.  [<  bondage,  n.,  + 
-<  )•!.]  In  Seotlaml  and  the  north  of  England. 
one  who  rents  a  cottage  on  a  farm  and  is 
bound,  as  a  condition  of  his  tenancy,  to  work 
for  the  farmer  at  certain  seasons,  such  as  tur- 
nip-hoeing or  harvestr-time,  or  to  supply  a  work- 
er from  his  own  family,  at  current  wages.  See 
bondage,  n.,  2. 

bond-cooper  (bond'kup"er),  n.  One  who  has 
fliarge  of  casks  of  wine  and  spii'its  held  in  bond. 

bond-creditor  (bond'ki-ed'i-tor),  n.  A  creditor 
who  is  secured  by  a  bond. 

bond-debt  (bond'det),  «.  A  debt  contracted 
under  tlie  obligation  of  a  bond. 

bonded  (bon'ded\7J.«.  [<hond'^,r.,  +  -ed-.']  1. 
Secured  by  bonds,  as  duties. —  2.  Put  or  placed 
in  bond  :  as,  ftoH(7«?  goods. —  3.  Encumbered; 
mortgaged:  as,  lieavily  bonded  property. — 4. 
Secured  by  or  consisting  of  bonds:  as,  bonded 
debt — Bonded  debt,  that  part  of  the  entire  indelded- 
ness  of  a  coriior;itioii.  state,  etc.,  which  is  represented 
by  the  liond^  it  has  i>siied,  as  distinguished  from  Hoating 
debt.— Bonded  warehouse,  orbondjd  store,  a  build- 
ing or  warehoii>f  in  u  hirli  iiijiiorteil  iroods  sutiject  to  duty, 
or  goods  char,^cat>li'  \\ith  intriiial-revt-nue  taxes,  arestort-d 
until  the  importer  or  bonder  withdraws  them  for  exporta- 
tion without  payment  of  duty  or  tax,  or  makes  payment 
of  the  duties  or  taxes  aud  takes  delivery  of  his  goods. 

bonder!  (bon'der),  H.  [</)0Hrfl,  I'., -I- -o'l.]  1. 
One  who  bonds;  one  who  deposits  goods  in  a 
bonded  warehouse. — 2.  In  masonri/,  a  stone 
which  reaches  a  considerable  distance  into  or 
entirelj-  through  a  wall  for  the  purpose  of  bind- 
ing it  together :  principally  used  when  the  wall 
is  faced  with  ashler  for  the  purpose  of  tving 
the  facing  to  the  rough  backing.  Also  called 
bond-stone.     See  cut  under  a.ilder. 

bonder^  (bon'der),  n.  [Erroneously  <  Dan. 
Sw.  Norw.  bonde  (pi.  hiinder):  see  hond",  n.~\ 
A  yeoman  of  Norway,  Sweden,  or  Denmark. 


bone 

If  thy  brother  ...  be  wa.xen  poor,  and  be  sold  unto 
thee,  thou  shalt  not  compel  him  to  serve  as  a  bond-ner- 
rant.  Lev.  xxv.  39. 

bond-service  (bond's^r'vis),  n.  Service  with- 
out hire,  as  of  a  bond-servant;  slavery. 

I'pon  those  did  Solomon  levy  a  tribute  of  bond-service. 

1  Ki.  ix.  21. 

bond-slave  (bond'slav),  n.  A  person  in  a  state 
of  slavery ;  one  whose  person  and  liberty  are 
subjected  to  the  authority  of  a  master;  a  slave; 
a  bondman. 

bondsman^  (bondz '  man),  n. ;  pi.  bondsmen 
(-men).  [<  bond's,  poss.  of  hoiid^,  +  wmii.] 
In  btu;  a  siu'ety;  one  who  is  bound  or  who 
b.v  bond  becomes  surety  for  another. 

bondsman-  (bondz '  man),  «.;  pi.  bondsmen 
(-men).     Same  as  bondman,  2. 

bond-stone  (bond'ston),  n.  [<  bontJ'^,  12  (a),  -1- 
,v^<«( .]     Same  as  bonder^,  2. 

bondswoman  (bondz'wum  "an),  n. ;  pi.  bonds- 
women (-\%-im"en).     See  bondwoman. 

The  senators 
Are  sold  for  slaves,  and  their  wives  for  bondsicomen. 

B.  Jonson,  Catiline. 

bond-tenant  (bond'ten'tint),  «.  [<  bond-  + 
ienaiit.\  in  law,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
copyholders  and  customary  tenants. 

bond-timber  (bond'tim"ber),  n.  [<  bond^,  12 
(6),  +  timber.']  One  of  the  timbers  placed  in 
horizontal  tiers  at  certain  intervals  in  the  walls 
of  buildings,  for  fixing  battens,  laths,  and  otlier 
finisliings  of  wood,  and  for  streufftheiiiug  the 
wall  longitudinally.     Also  called  eluiin-tiinber. 

bonduc-seeds  (bon'duk-sedz),  n.  pi.  [<  bonduc 
(<  F.  Iiondne,  <  Ar.  bonduq,  a  hazel-nut,  for- 
merly applied  to  some  other  nut;  et.Ar.fnnduq 
=  Hind. ./("(/«(/,  <  Pers.  fundnq,  Jinduq,  OPers. 
feudal;  jiendak;  a  filbert,  perhaps  =  Skt.  uih- 
daka,  dim.  of  piuda,  a  ball,  hmip,  cake)  -I- 
seeds.1  The  seeds  of  Casaljiinia  Bondueella,  a 
common  leguminous  climber  on  tropical  shores. 
They  are  of  a  clear  slate-color,  and  are  used  for  necklaces, 
rosaries,  etc.     Also  called  itiekcr-nuts. 

bondwoman  (boud'wum'an),  h.  ;  pi.  bondwomen 
(-wiiu  en).  [<  ME.  hond-womman,  <  bonde  (see 
bond-)  +  leomman,  woman.]  A  female  slave. 
Also  improperly  wi-itten  bondswoman. 

bonel  (bon),  H.  [=  Sc.  bane,  hain  ;  <  ME.  boon, 
bon,  han,  liane,  <  AS.  bdji,  a  bone,  =  OS.  ben  = 
OFries.  lien  =  D.  been  =  MLG.  ben,  LG.  been  = 
OHG.  MHG.  G.  bein,  a  bone,  =  Icel.  Iiein  =  Sw. 
ben  =  Dan.  hen,  been  (D.  G.  Icel.  Sw.  and 
Dan.  also  in  sense  of  'leg');  perhaps  akin 
to  Icel.  beinn,  straight.]     1.  An  animal  tissue, 


The  bonders  gathered  to  the  thing  as  the  eeorls  to  the 
moot.  J.  R.  Green,  Collti.  of  Eng.,  p.  &5. 

Gradually  arms  were  taken  from  the  hands  of  the  free- 
men and  the  bonders,  and  they  sank  to  the  condition  of 
serfs,  Keary,  I'rim.  Belief,  p.  4:'iS. 

bonderman  (bon'dfer-man),  n.    Same  as  bon- 

bondfolk  (bond'fok),  n.  [<  ME.  hondefolk  (= 
Sw.  Ininitfolk  =  Dan.  Iiondefolk) ;  <  bond-  +/(>//.-.] 
I'crsnii-^  liolil  in  boiiilago.     <_'hancer. 

bondholder  (lionil'luil  dir),  h.  one  who  holds 
or  owns  a  lioiid  or  bonds  issued  by  a  govern- 
ment, a  corporation,  or  an  individual. 

The  South  had  bonds  and  bondholders  as  well  as  the 
North,  and  their  bondholders  have  memories  as  well  as 
ours.  N.  A.  Ret\,  C.X.KVI.  4!IS. 

bondland  (bond'land),  n.      [<  hontV^  +  land.] 

l,:iiiil  liold  ))v  bondage  tenure.     See  hondai/e, 

II..  1.  ■ 

bondless   (bond'les),   a.      [<  bond^   +   -less.] 

Willioiit  Vionds  or  fetters;  unfettered, 
bondlyt,  adr.     [<  bond-  +  -hi-.}    As  a  serf  or 

j-liivo;  servilely, 
bondmiaid  (lionil'miid),  «.    [<  bond^  +  maid.] 

A  li  111:1  Ir  sliivc,  or  a  female  bound  to  service 

wit  limit  wages. 
Thy  biindmen  and  thy  bondmaids.  Lev.  xxv.  44. 

bondman  (bond'innn),  )!.;  pi.  bondmen  (-men.) 
j.Mi;.  liiiiiilemaii  ='l)nTi.  hondiniiind ;  <  hond'^  + 
man.]  1.  In  «/(/ /iH(/. /«ic,  u  villein,  or  tenant 
in  villeinage. 

Hoinetlines  a  fanner  when  «ccd-tlmo  wiw  over  muitcreil 
hi*  liimdinrn  for  a  harvirst  of  pillage  ere  the  time  came 
lor  harvesting  hlHlleliU.    ./.  U.tlrren,  i'oiii|.  of  Kiig.,]).  fill. 

2,  A  man  sbive,  or  n  man  boiinil  to  sen'ice 
willioiil  wnges.  Also  inijiroperly  written  Imtiil.t- 
miin.    Bondman  bllndl.    same  an  Wiiii/m/iir» /n/^,  1. 

bond-paper  (bond'pa-pi'T),  «.  [<  bomO  +  pit- 
I"  r.  I  A  HiroMg  paper,  of  a  Hpecial  qiinlity,  used 
inr  IioimIh,  liank  iMileH,  etc. 

bond-servant (biimr.'.er'viinl).  H.  AhIuvi';  one 
who  is  Hiibjircteil  to  tlie  authority  of  another, 
and  who  muat  (c^vo  hiH  Horvico  without  liire. 


Microscopical  Structure  of  Bone. 
^,  crosS'Sectlon  sliowingtwo  Hiivcniijn  caiiuls,  a,  a,  and  numerous 
corpuscles,  ti.  t-.    />'.  lim^itiKliiiiil  section  sliowine  a,  it,  a,  Haverslnn 
cnn.i)s,  .init  ti,  many  corpuscles. 

consisting  of  branching  cells  lying  in  an  in- 
tercellular substance  made  hard  witli  eartliy 
salts  (consisting  of  eiilcitim  iihospliiile  witti 
small  amoiuits  of  caleiuiii  cafboiiate  mid  iiiag- 
nesitim  phosphate,  etc.),  and  foi'iiiing  the  sub- 
stance of  tlie  skeleton  or  hard  framework  of 
tlie  body  of  most  vertebrate  animals,  w  hen  the 
earthy  siiltn  are  removed,  the  remaining  intercellular 
snliHtaiicc  is  of  eartilagiiious  eonsistelicy,  and  is  called 
ossein  or  bone-cartilage, 

Tlirough  the  substaneo  of  bone  arc  8eutt<'red  niltiuto 
cavities  the  laclliue,  which  seuil  out  multitiUillnouB 
laiiilllcatlons,  the  caiinlicull.  The  caiuilicnli  of  dlllcreiit 
liiciinie  unite  together,  and  IIium  estiililish  a  cominunl. 
eiitlon  between  the  illKerent  lacnnie.  If  the  earthy 
imilter  be  extracted  by  iliinte  adds,  a  nucleus  may  be 
found  In  each  liicuna;  and,  .  .  .  not  unfi'ei|Urntly,  the 
Intermeiltate  substance  ajipi-ai-H  minutely  llbiilluted.  .  .  . 
In  a  diy  bone,  the  lacnnie  are  nsnally  tilled  with  air. 
When  a  thin  section  of  sm-h  a  lione  is  ,  .  .  covered  witjl 
water  anil  a  thin  glasK,  and  |iliierd  under  the  niieroscope, 
the  air  in  Ihc  lacunai  feflacls  the  light  which  pasuct 
through  thcni  In  such  a  ninnncr  lis  lo  prevent  its  reach. 
lug  the  eye,  aud  they  ajipciir  black.  .  .  .  All  bones,  ox- 
eept  the  smallest,  are  liiiverHed  by  small  canals,  coii- 
veiled  by  side  lirancheH  Inio  a  network,  and  containing 
vcHselH  Htipjiorted  by  more  or  less  connective  tissue  aim 
fatty  matter.     These  are  called   Haversian  canals. 

Illijrtrii  aiifl    Vimnians,  I'hyslid.,  I  .IM). 

2.  Olio  of  tlie  jiiirls  wliii'li  iniiki>  ini  the  skole- 
loii  or  framework  of  vertebrate  nnniinls:  as,  a 
houi  of  the  leg  or  head.  Iloni's  of  ciillle  and  other 
animals  are  I'xIenslvel.v  used  in  the  arts  in  forming  liiilfo- 
handles.  bulloiiH,  eoiiibs,  etc..  In  making  si/e,  gelatin, 
lanipblai'h,  and  animal  charcoal,  and  for  various  otlior 
purposes.    They  are  also  extensively  employed  an  a  ma- 


bone 

nure  for  dry  soils,  with  the  very  hest  effect,  being  ground 
to  dust,  t)ruise<l,  or  Iir»tl(en  into  small  fragments  in  mills, 
or  dissolved  in  sulpluiric  acid.  The  great  utility  of  bones 
as  a  manure  arises  from  the  phosphate  of  lime  they  sup- 
ply to  the  soil. 

3.  pi.  The  bones  of  tlie  body  taken  collectively ; 
the  skeleton ;  hence,  the  bodily  frame ;  a  body. 

Night  hangs  upon  mine  eyes:  my  bones  would  rest 
That  have  but  labour 'd  to  attain  this  hour. 

.S7ia/f.,  J.  C,  V.  5. 

4.  ph  Mortkl  remains :  the  skeleton  or  bony 
structure  being  the  most  permanent  part  of  a 
dead  body. 

And  Moses  took  the  boiieti  of  Joseph  with  him  :  fitr  he 
had  straitly  sworn  the  children  of  Israel,  saying,  God  will 
surely  visit  you;  and  ye  shall  carry  up  my  hones  away 
hence  with  you.  Ex.  xiii.  la. 

5.  The  internal  shell  of  cuttlefishes  of  the  fam- 
ily iScjiiiild;  having  the  consistency  of  bone. 
Generally  called  cuttle-bone  or  cuttlefish-bone. — 

6.  Something  made  of  bone,  or  of  a  substance 
resembling  bone,  as  ivory,  whalebone,  etc. 
(a)  pi.  Dice.     [Slang  or  coUoq.] 

He  felt  a  little  odd  when  he  first  rattled  the  bones. 

Disraeli,  Young  Duke,  ii.  6. 
^6)  pi.  A  name  formerly  given  to  the  bobbins  used  in  mak- 
ing lace,  because  made  of  bone. 

The  spinsters  and  the  knitters  in  the  sun. 
And  the  free  maids,  that  weave  their  thread  with  hones, 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  4. 

(c)  pi.  Pieces  of  bone,  ivory,  or  wood,  used  in  pairs,  held 
between  the  fingers,  and  rattled  together  to  produce  a 
kind  of  music,  or  to  keep  time  to  music. 

I  have  a  reasonable  good  ear  in  music ;  let  us  have  the 
tongs  and  the  bones.  Shak.,  M.  K.  B.,  iv.  1. 

Peter  rolling  about  in  the  chair  like  a  serenader  play- 
ing the  bones.  Mayhew. 

(d)  A  strip  of  whalebone  used  to  stiffen  stays,  etc. 

7.  pi.  A  person  who  performs  with  the  bones. 
There  were  five  of  them  —  Pell  was  bones.  Mayhejc. 

8t.  Half  of  the  stake  in  the  game  of  bone-ace 
(which  see). — 9.  In  coal-mining,  slaty  or  clayey 

portions  or  partings  in  coal A  bone  to  pick, 

something  to  occupy  one  ;  a  difficulty,  dispute,  etc.,  to 
solve  or  settle  ;  a  cause  of  contention. — Angular  l)One. 
See  rt/i/nf^ar.  — Articular  bone.  Same  as  irrtieulai-e. — 
Bag  of  bones.  .Sie  i«i,.ii.— Bone  of  contention,  a  sub- 
ject of  dispute  or  rivalry :  probably  from  the  manner  iii 
which  dogs  quarrel  over  a  bone. 

"UHiile  any  flesh  remains  on  a  bone,  it  continues  a  bone 
qf  contention.  Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  I.  249. 

Sardinia  was  one  of  the  chief  b07icso/contentionhet\viien 
Genoa  .and  Pisa.  Browjhatn. 

Bone  porcelain,  a  name  given  to  fine  pottery  in  the  com- 
positii'u  uf  which  bone-dust  has  been  used.  —  Bones  of 
Bertln,  in  nnat.,  two  small,  triangular,  turbinated  l)niies, 
often  found  iieneafli  the  small  opening  of  the  sphenoidal 
sinus;  the  sphenoidal  -spongy  bones,  or  sphenotnrltiiials. 

—  CanaUculi  of  bone.  Si-c  ennntienliis.^  coTa,coid, 
coronary,  cotyloid,  cranial  bone.  See  the  adjeetives. 
—Crazy  bone,  same  as  /«"ii;/-(«';i.'.  — Cuneiform,  cy- 
lindrical, etc.,  bone.  See  the  adjectives.  — Earth  Of 
bone.  .See  tartA.— Epactal  bone,  in  anat.,  the  Wormian 
bone  at  the  superior  angle  of  the  occipital  bone. —  Eth- 
moid bone.  Het;  ethmoid. —  Funny  bOne.  ^ee /}nin}/. 
toHt'.— Hyoid  bone.  .Same  as /jvu"',  «.— Hyomandlbii- 
lax,  marsupial,  etc.,  bone.  See  the  adjectives.— Na- 
vicular, occipital,  etc.,  bone.  See  the  adjectives.— The 
ten  bones,  tlie  ten  fingers. 

By  these  ten  bones,  my  lords,  he  did  speak  them  to  nie 
in  the  garret  one  night.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3. 

To  be  upon  the  bones  of,  to  attack.   [Rare  and  vulgar.] 

Pnss  had  a  month's  mind  to  be  upon  the  bones  o.f  him, 
but  was  not  willing  to  pick  a  qu:UTel.  Sir  R.  LEstran<je. 
To  carry  a  bone  in  the  mouth,  to  throw  up  a  foam  or 
spray  under  the  bows  :  said  of  a  ship. 

See  how  she  leaps,  as  the  blasts  o'ertake  her, 
And  speeds  away  with  a  bone  in  her  mouth  .' 

Lontjfellow,  Golden  Legend,  v. 
To  find  bones  in,  to  be  unable  to  swallow :  in  allusion  to 
the  occurrence  of  fish-bones  in  soup.  —  To  have  a  bone 
In  one's  leg,  throat,  etc.,  to  be  unable  to  go,  talk,  etc.: 
a  feigned  excuse. —  To  make  no  bones  of,  to  make  or 
have  no  scruples  about,  or  in  regard  to.  [Now  only 
coUoq.] 

Perjury  will  easily  downe  with  him  that  hath  inade  no 
bones  o.f  murther.  Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience. 

To  put  a  bone  in  any  one's  hoodt,  to  break  a  persons 
head,  or  cut  it  off. — Without  more  bones,  without 
further  objection  or  scruple. — Wormian  bones,  small 
or  irregular  bones  frequently  found  in  the  course  of  the 
sutures  of  the  skull.  They  occur  chiefly  in  the  sutures 
between  the  parietals  and  other  bones,  and  are  of  no  de- 
terminate size,  shape,  or  number.  Sometimes  there  are 
none,  sometimes  several  hundred. 
bonei  (bon),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boned,  ppr.  bon- 
ing. [<  bone''-,  ?).]  I.  tmn.<i.  1.  To  take  out 
the  bones  of:  as,  to  bone  a  turkey,  a  ham,  etc. 

—  2.  To  put  whalebone  into. — 3.  To  manure 
with  bone-dust. — 4.  To  seize;  make  off  with, 
as  a  dog  makes  off  with  a  bone  ;  get  possession 
of ;  appropriate  ;  steal.     [Slang.] 

Why  you  were  living  here,  and  what  you  had  boned,  and 
who  you  boned  it  from,  wasn't  it?  Dickens. 

II.  infran.i.  [Appar.  <  bone'^,  «.,  in  allusion 
to  the  knuckle;  cf.  the  equiv.  phrase  knui'Lic 
down  (to  a  task).]  To  apply  one's  self  dili- 
gently;  set  one's  self  determinedly  to  work; 


621 

as,  to  bone  down  to  hard  work:  he  borwd  hard. 
[Slang.] 
bone-,  born-,  bourn''  (bon,  bom),  v.  t.     [A 

word  of  uncertain  form  and  origin,  commonly 
bone  (chielly  in  the  verbal  n.  boninij),  but  prob. 
orig.  bourn,  being  appar.  a  parti(!ular  (trade) 
use  of  bourn'^,  bourne'^,  as  a  verl),  limit;  see 
bourn'^,  bourne'^.'\  To  take  the  level  of  (a  j)i(^ce 
of  land,  a  wall,  carpentry-work,  and  the  like) 
by  moans  of  an  instrument.     See  boniny. 

A  few  weeks  ago  a  mason  said  to  me,  "Take  a  squint, 
please,  and  see  if  the  ridge-piece  is  square  and  level ; 
bourne  it  by  the  wall-plate."  Bourtie  is  in  common  use 
in  this  neighbourhood  —  twenty  miles  from  Stratford-on- 
Avon.  A',  atid  Q.,  7th  ser..  III.  US. 

bone^t  (bon),  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of 

boon'^.     Chaucer. 

bone*t  (l)6n),  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
boon^. 

bone-acet  (bon'as),  n.  1.  A  game  at  cards,  in 
which  the  third  card  dealt  to  each  person  is 
turne<l  up,  and  the  player  who  has  the  higlicst 
card  wins  the  bone,  that  is,  half  the  stake. — 
2.  The  aee  of  diamonds,  the  highest  card  in  this 
game. 

bone-ache  (bon'ak),  n.    Pain  in  the  bones. 

bone-ash  (bon'ash),  n.    Same  as  bone-earth. 

bone-bed  (bou'bed),  n.  In  geol.,  any  stratum 
of  rock  which  is  largely  made  up  of  fragments 
of  bones,  or  in  which  bones  and  teeth  occur  in 
such  quantity  as  to  be  conspicuous.  There  are 
two  especially  well-known  bone-beds  in  Europe.  One, 
called  the  Ludlow,  in  England,  is  near  the  top  of  the  U]>- 
per  Silurian  ;  although  only  a  few  inches  in  thickness,  it 
is  continuous  over  an  area  of  at  least  a  thousand  square 
miles ;  it  is  full  of  fi'agments  of  fish-bones,  crustaceans,  and 
shells.  The  other  bone-bed  is  on  the  Rha?tic,  at  the  top 
of  the  Trias  ;  this  contains  the  bones  and  teeth  of  fishes, 
with  coprolites,  etc.;  it  is  found  both  in  England  and  in 
Germany. 

bone-binder  (bon'Mn^der),  «.  A  name  for  os- 
teoeoUa  (which  see). 

bone-black  (bon'blak),  n.  The  black  carbo- 
naceous suljstauce  into  which  bones  are  con- 
verted by  calcination  in  closed  vessels.  This 
kind  of  charcoal  is  employed  to  deprive  various  solutions, 
particularly  syrups,  of  their  coloring  matters,  and  to  fui  - 
nish  a  black  pigment.  Artificial  bone-black  consists  of 
woody  matters  impregnated  with  calcium  phosphate  dis- 
solved in  hydrochloric  acid,  thus  resemiiUng  the  real  bone- 
black  in  coniposilion.  Also  calleil  oniinal  black,  animal 
charcoal. —  Bone-black  furnace,  a  furnace  used  in  re- 
moving from  l)one-black,  by  burning,  impurities  collected 
in  it  during  its  use  in  filtration,  decolorization,  etc. 

bone-breaker  (b6n'bra"ker),  w.  1.  A  name  of 
the  giant  fulmar  petrel,  Ossifraga  gigantea. — 
2.  A  book-name  of  the  osprey,  fish-hawk,  or 
ossifrage,  Pandion  haliaetus. 

bone-breccia  (b6n'breeh"i-a),  n.  In  geol.,  a  con- 
glomerate of  fragments  of  bones  and  limestone 
cemented  into  a  rock  by  calcareous  matter. 
Sucli  deposits  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  caverns  which 
in  prehistor'c  times  were  resorted  to  by  man  and  wild 
beasts. 

bone-brown  (bon'broun),  n.  A  brown  pigment 
produced  by  roasting  bones  or  ivory  till  they 
become  brown  throughout. 

bone-cartilage  (b6n'kiir''ti-laj),  n.  hi  physiol, 
same  as  o.ssein. 

bone-cave  (bon'kav),  n.  A  cave  in  which  are 
foimd  bones  of  animals  of  living  or  extinct 
species,  or  species  li\-ing  only  in  far  distant  lo- 
calities or  a  different  climate  within  historic 
times,  sometimes  with  the  bones  of  man  or  other 
traces  of  his  contemporaneous  existence. 

The  brick-earths  also  contain  the  remains  of  a  species 
of  lion  (Felis  spelsea),  no  longer  living,  but  which  is  like- 
wise found  in  some  of  the  hone-caves  of  this  country. 

Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  2S3. 

boned  (bond),  p.  a.  [<  JoHfl  -I-  -e(?l.]  1.  Hav- 
ing bones  (of  the  kind  indicated  in  composi- 
tion) :  as,  Xii^h-boned ;  sivon%-boncd. —  2.  In 
cookery,  freed  from  bones :  as,  a  boned  fowl. 

bone-dog  (bou'dog),  «.  A  local  English  name 
of  the  common  dogfish,  Squalus  acaiithias.  See 
cut  under  dogfish. 

bone-dust  (boii'dust),  n.  Bones  ground  to  dust 
for  use  as  manm'e.     See  bonc^,  n.,  2. 

bone-earth  (bon'erth),  n.  The  earthy  or  min- 
eral residue  of  bones  which  have  been  calcined 
or  bm-ned  with  free  access  of  air  so  as  to  destroy 
the  animal  matter  and  carbon.  It  is  a  white,  po- 
rous, and  friable  substance,  composed  chiefly  of  calcium 
phosphate,  and  is  used  by  assayers  as  the  material  for 
cupels  and  in  making  china,  and  for  other  purposes.  Also 
called  bone-ash.  , 

bone-eater  (b6n'e''ter),  n.  A  sailors'  corrup- 
tion of  honito. 

bonefiret  (bon'fir),  n.     See  bonfire. 

bone-fish  (bou'fish),  «.  1.  A  name  of  the  lady- 
fish,  macabe,  or  French  mullet,  Albula  vulpes. 
See  cut  under  lady  fish. — 2.  A  fish  of  the  fami- 


bone-spirit 

ly  Teuthididw  and  gcims  Teuthis  or  Acanthuriis; 
a  surgeon-  or  doctor-fish. — 3.  A  name  of  the 
common  dogfish,  Stjualns  acanthias,  in  southern 
Now  England.     See  cut  under  dogfish. 

bone-flower  (b6n'flou"tr),  «.  In  the  north  of 
Kiigland,  tlie  daisy,  Bellis  perennis. 

bone-glass  (bon'glas),  n.  A  glass  made  by 
aililiiig  to  wliito  glass  from  10  to  20  per  cent,  of 
white  bone-earth,  or  a  corresponding  quantity 
of  mineral  phosphates.  It  is  of  a  milk-white 
color,  semi-opaque,  and  is  used  for  lamp-shades, 
etc. 

bone-glue  (bon'glo),  n.  An  inferior  kind  of 
glue  obtained  from  bones. 

bone-lace  (lion'las),  n.  Lace,  usually  of  linen 
thread,  made  on  a  cushion  with  bobbins,  and 
taking  its  sole  or  chief  decorative  character 
from  the  pattern  woven  into  it,  as  distinguished 
from  point-lace;  so  named  from  the  fact  that 
the  bobbins  were  originally  made  of  bone. 

boneless  (bon'les),  «.  [<  ME.  banks,  <  AS. 
bdnletis,  <  ban,  bono,  -f-  -leas,  -less.]  Without 
bon(!s;  wanting  bones;  as,  "his boneless fpuna," 
tihak.,  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

bonelet  (bon'let),  n.  [<  ftonel  +  dim.  -let.']  A 
small  bone;  an  ossicle;  as,  bonelcti  of  the  ear. 

Bonellia  (bo-nel'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Francesco  Andrea  ISonelli,  an  Italian  naturalist 
(died  in  1830).]  1.  A  genus  of  chsetojihorous 
gephyreans,  related  to  ICchiurus,  and  having, 
like  it,  a  pair  of  tubular  ciliated  organs  opening 
communication  between  the  rectum  and  the 
perivisceral  cavity.  It  is  provided  with  a  single 
long  tentacular  appendage  upon  the  head. —  2. 
A  genus  of  dipterous  insects.  Desroidy,  1830. 
—  3.  A  genus  of  gastropodous  moUusks.  Des- 
hayes,  1838. 

Bonelllldse  (bo-ne-li'i-de),  n.  pi.  [XL.,  <  Bonel- 
lia -1-  -!>/«'.]  A  family  of  gephyreans,  typified 
by  the  genus  Bonellia  (which  see). 

bone-manure  (bon'ma-niir"),  ».  Manure  con- 
sisting of  bones  ground  to  dust,  broken  in  small 
pieces,  or  dissolved  in  sulphuric  acid.  See 
6oH<?l,  n.,  2. 

bone-mill  (bon'mil),  n.  A  mill  for  grinding  or 
bruising  bones,  used  in  the  preparation  of  fer- 
tilizers, bone-black,  etc. 

bone-naphtha  (bon'naf'tha),  n.  A  volatile  li- 
quid, boiling  at  150°  F.,  obtained  by  the  repeat- 
ed rectification  of  the  more  volatile  portion  of 
Dippel's  oil. 

bone-nippers  (b6n'nip"erz),  n.  pi.  A  strong 
foreejis  with  cutting  edges  touching  each  other, 
used  in  cutting  off  splinters  of  bone  and  car- 
tilages. 

bone-oil  (bon'oil),  n.  A  fetid,  tarry  liquid  ob- 
tained in  the  dry  distillation  of  bone.  See 
Vippvt's  oil,  under  oil. 

bone-phosphate  (b6n'fos"fat),  n.  A  commercial 
name  for  tricalcium  phosphate,  Ca3(POi)2;  the 
phosphate  which  forms  bone-tissue,  and  which 
makes  up  the  larger  part  of  the  phosphatic 
rock  of  South  Carolina  and  other  localities. 

bone-pot  (bon'pot),  n.  1.  A  cast-iron  pot  in 
which  bones  are  carbonized;  used  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  animal  charcoal. —  2.  A  common 
name  of  the  ancient  British  funeral  urns  often 
found  under  ground  in  England. 

bonery  (bo'ne-ri),  «.  [<  ftoHel.]  A  place  where 
human  bones  are  deposited. 

boneset  (bon'set),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boneset, 
ppr.  bonesetting.  To  set  bones;  practise  the 
setting  of  broken  bones.     Wiseman.    [Eare.] 

boneset  (bon'set),  ».  [<  boneset.  r. ;  from  its 
supposed  properties.]  1.  The  thoroughwort, 
Eupatiirium  perforatum.  See  Eupatorium. — 2. 
In  England,  an  old  name  for  the  comfrey,  .Sym- 
phytum officinale. 

bone-setter  (b6n'set''er),  >>.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  set  broken  and  dislocated  bones; 
one  who  has  a  knack  at  setting  bones;  gen- 
erally applied  to  one  who  is  not  a  regularly 
qualified  surgeon. 

bone-setting  (bon'seflng),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of 
boneset,  t-.]  The  art  or  practice  of  setting 
bones. 

bone-shark  (bon'shark).  ».  A  common  name 
along  the  New  England  coast  of  Cetorhinus 
majrinius,  the  basking-shark.  See  cut  under 
basl^ing-shar^^. 

bone-shawt,  «.    Sciatica  or  hip-gout.    A'.E.D. 

bone-spavin  (bou'spav'ln),  «.  In  farriery,  a 
disease  of  the  bones  at  the  hock-joint. 

bone-spirit  (bon'spir  it),  n.  Crude  ammonia- 
cal  litiuor  containing  various  substances,  ob- 
tained in  the  process  of  manufacturing  charcoal 
from  bones. 


bone-turqnoise 

bone-torquoise  (bon'ter-koiz'),  n.  A  fossil 
bone  or  tooth  colored  briglit-blue,  probably  by 
phosphate  of  iron :  early  used  as  an  imitation 
of  tnie  turquoise.    Sometimes  called  odoii  tolitt: 

bone-waste  (bon'wast),  n.  The  dust  or  refuse 
of  boues  after  the  gelatin  has  been  extracted 
from  them. 

bone-yard  (bon'yard),  n.  1.  A  knacker's  yard. 
—  2.  A  grareyard.  [Slang.]  —  3.  In  the  game 
of  dominoes,  the  pieces  reserved  to  draw  from. 

bonfire  (bon'fir),  n.  [Esirly  mod.  E.  hooiijiir, 
houdfire,  lounfire,  later  hurnfirc.  but  reg.  bon- 
fire or  bonefire,  Sc.  banefire;  <  late  HE.  boiiefijrc, 
Sc.  banefi/re  (the  earliest  known  instance  is 
"banefyre,  ignis  ossium,"  in  the  "  Catholicon 
Anglicimi,"  a.  d.  14S3);  <  boneT-  (Sc.  banc,  ME. 
bone,  bon,  bane,  etc.)  +fire.  The  vowel  is  short- 
ened before  two  consonants,  as  in  collier,  etc. 
The  W.  banO'aiil,  also  spelled  ?)<(«  (^«(7^  a  boutire, 
as  if  <  ban,  lofty,  -f-  ffatjl.  flame,  blaze,  appears 
to  have  been  foi-med  in  imitation  of  the  E. 
■word.]  It.  A  fire  of  bones. — 2t.  A  ftmeral 
pile ;  a  pyre. —  3 .  A  fire  for  the  burning  of  here- 
tics, proscribed  books,  etc.  Hence — 4.  Any 
great  blazing  fire  made  in  the  open  air  for 
amusement,  or  for  the  burning  of  brushwood, 
weeds,  rubbish,  etc.  Specifically — 5.  A  fire 
kindled,  usually  in  some  open  and  conspicu- 
ouis  place,  such  as  a  hill-top  or  public  square, 
as  an  expression  of  public  joy  or  exultation,  or 
as  a  beacon. 

RiDg  ye  the  bels,  to  make  it  weare  away, 
And  bonejierg  make  all  day. 

Spenser,  Epithalamion,  1.  275. 
The  Citizens  and  Subjects  of  Bohemia,  .  .  .  ioyfuH  that 
there  was  an  Ue>Te  apparant  to  the  Kin^dome,  made  Bone- 
jires  and  shewes  throughout  all  the  Cittie. 

Greene,  Pandosto. 
Tliere  was  however  order  given  for  bonfires  and  bells ; 
hut  Grxl  knows  it  was  rather  a  delivenince  than  a  tri- 
umph. Evelyn,  Diar>',  June  6,  l(iC(l. 

bongar  (bon'giir),  w.  [Native  name.]  A  large 
vfiKiinous  East  Indian  serpent :  also  called 
rtirk-siiiih-f.     See  Bungarus. 

BonganiS,  «.     See  Bungams. 

bongracet  (bon'gras),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bone-,  bond-,  boun-,  bun-,  boongrace,  <  F.  bonne- 
grace,  "  the  uppermost  flap  of  the  down-hang- 
ing tail  of  a  French  liood,  whence  beliko  our 
Boongrace"  (Cotgrave);  <  bonne,  fem.  of  bon, 
good,  -I-  grace  (now  grdce),  grace:  see  Ihiih,'^ 
and  grace.'i  A  shade  formerly  worn  by  wouh  n 
on  the  front  of  a  bonnet  to  protect  the  cuiu- 
plexion  from  the  sun ;  also,  a  large  boniict  or 
broad-brimmed  hat  sers-ing  the  same  pviriiose. 

(My  face]  waa  spoiled  for  want  of  a  ho}vrrace  when  I  was 
young.  Beau,  and  FL,  Tlie  Captain,  ii.  1. 

Ye  wad  laugh  well  to  see  my  round  face  at  the  far  end 
of  a.strac  bun'irace,  that  looks  as  mnckle  and  round  as 
the  middle  aUle  in  Lihberton  Kirk. 

Ki-oll,  Heart  of  Midlothian. 

bongret,  adr.  and  )>re]i.,  orig.  jilir.  [Early  mod. 
E.  bdiin  grcc,  <  ME.  bongrc,  <  OF.  (rfc)  bon  grc, 
(of)  good  will:  see  bon*,  boonS,  a,nil  gree^,  and 
cf.  maugrc.l  I.  adi:  With  good  will :  now  used 
only  as  French  bon  grf,  in  tlio  phrase  bon  gri 
vial  grc,  willingly  or  unwillingly ;  willy-nilly. 
U.  ]>r<p.  Agreeably  to. 

bonhomie  (l>oii-o-me  ),  «.  [P.,  <  bonhomme,  a 
himpli',  easy  man,  <  bon,  good  (see  boon^),  + 
honinii ,  <  Ij.  homo,  man.  Cf.  goodman.']  Frank 
and  Himiilo  good-heartedness ;  a  good-natured 
manner. 

Tht;  other  redeeming  (|ua11t(cfl  of  the  Mcccan  are  his 
courage,  his  bonhomie,  his  manly  suavity  of  mannora, 
.  .  .  and  his  general  knowledge, 

/(.  /■'.  Burton.  r:i.Medinah,  p.  401. 

Boniface  (bon'i-fa»),  n.  [From  the  namo  of  the 
lan.lluril  in  Fanpihar's  "Beaux'  Stratagem." 
It  i-  till)  F.  form  of  ML.  UonifuciuH,  a  frequent 
liio|,<r  name,  raeaning  'benoficeiii,'  <  E.  bo- 
>••'■.  aniiil,  +  J'acerc,  clo.]     A  landlord  or  inn- 

i   ■   •    |i'T. 

bonification  (bon'i-fl-ka'Hhon),  n.  [<  ML.  as 
ji  iiniiitirnHo{n-),Khoniticari!:  sua  bonifi/,']  If. 
Aim  her :it ion;  bettennent. 

*•''  '  '',  in  liiH  diNcoiirM-,  proposes,  niiioiig  his  bonC- 

\  •■T11IC,  the  supprcMition  nf  our  two  free  iKirts 
.1  l.lfrienl. 

Jeffrgftn,  CorrespotHli!iice,  H,  462. 
!i.  Till'  iniying  of  a  boniiH.     A'.  K.  I>. 
bonlform     lion'i-fonn),  n.     [(.  L.  '«»»«*,  good, 
Having  tni'  natiiri!  of  good- 


622 

<  facerc,  make.  Ct.  benefit.']  To  convert  into 
good;  make  good;  ameliorate:  as,  ''to  bonifie 
evils,"  Ciidworth,  Intellectual  System.  [Bare.] 
boniness  (bo'ni-nes),  «.  [<  bony  +  -ncss.J  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  bony. 

A  painful  reminder  of  the  excet'dinf;  bonfness  of  Orem- 
nitz's  knuckles.  Tlie  CetUuni,XX\1ll.  S9. 

boning, boming (bo'ning, bor'ning), n.  H^erbal 
u.  of  bone-,  born-,  and  thus  prob.  orig.  bo iirji- 
ing :  see  bone-.']  The  act  or  art  of  determin- 
ing a  level  or  plane  surface  or  a  straight  level 
line  by  the  guidance  of  the  eye.  Joiners  and  ma- 
sons "try  up'"^tht.-ir  work  l>y  boning  with  two  straight- 
edges, a  process  uhidi  ileternunes  whether  tlie  surface  is 
iineven  or  is  a  true  plane.  Surveyors  and  architects  per- 
form tlie  operation  by  means  of  "poles,  called  honin;j-  or 
borninfr-rods,  set  up  at  certain  distances.  These  are  ad- 
justed to  the  reiiuired  line  by  looking  along  their  vertical 
surfaces.  Gariienei's  also  employ  a  simiKir  simple  device 
in  lajing  out  grouiuis,  to  guide  them  iu  making  the  sur- 
face level  or  of  regular  slope. 

boning-rod  (bo'ning-rod),  n.    The  rod  used  in 

boning.     See  boning. 

bonitarian  (bon-i-ta'ri-an),  a.  [<  L.  bonita.s:, 
goodness,  boimty  (see  bounty),  +  -arian.'i  Equi- 
table :  used  to  characterize  a  class  or  form  of 
rights  recognized  by  Roman  law,  in  contra- 
distinction to  quiritarian,  which  con-esponds  to 

legal  in  modem  law Bonitarian  ownership  or 

title,  the  title  or  owiiersliiii  recognizcti  in  Ittniiaii  law  by 
tlie  jiretoi-s  in  a  pel-son  not  having  alisolute  legal  (or  quiri- 
tiu-ian)  title,  because  claiming  by  an  informal  transfer,  or 
claiming,  under  some  circumstances,  by  a  formal  transfer 
made  by  one  not  the  true  owner.  It  corresponded  some- 
what to  tlie  eiinitable  ownership  recognized  by  courts  of 
eijiiitv,  as  distinguished  from  legal  title  at  common  law. 

bonitary  (bon'i-ta-ri),  a.     Same  as  bonitarian. 

bonito  (bti-ue'to),  ».  [Formerly  also  boncto, 
bonita,  honetd.  bonuto,  etc.;  =  F.  bonite,  former- 
ly bonito  =  G.  bonit,  honitti.'^cli,  <  Sp.  (Pg.)  bo- 
vito,  said  to  be  <  Ar.  bainitli,  buinis,  a  bonito, 
but  perhaps  <  Sp.  (Pg.)  bonito,  pretty  good, 
good,  pretty,  dim.  of  hucno  (=  Pg.  bom),  good: 
see  boon'^.']  A  name  applied  primarily  to  pela- 
gic fishes  of  the  family  Seombrida;  of  a  robust 
fusiform  shape,  and  secondarily  to  others  sup- 
posed to  resemble  them  or  be  related  to  them. 
{a)  .\  scombritl,  Euthifniui-^  jirjtnuff^,  having  a  bluish  liiick 
and  4  longitudinal  l>rownis!i  l,:iinis  on  tlic  liclly.  It  is  an 
inhabitant  of  the  wanner  piii  ts  .if  tlic  Atlantic  and  Indian 
oceans.  (6)  Ascombri(l,.S((/(/((  //it(/((frn(/ia(, distinguished 


(!■ 


bonify 
p|.r. 


I  H  liut  is  good  or  to  tlio  chief  good. 

M'l  tnith  may  llkewlw  li'lh  be  mild  l^i  In 
Vwlworth,  liit<-lli-«'tiial  MyBl4iii 

(i),  V.  ^:  prct.  hikI   iip.  bonified, 


•I-     [<  F.  boniftcr,  < 


Mi.. 


honifiearr. 


makr  good  or  bott«r, '  L.  ftnniu,  good,  +  -Jlcarc, 


Bonito  [Sarda  tttfiiiterranea). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.) 

by  the  oblique  stripes  on  the  bluish  back  and  the  silvery 
belly.  It  is  tlie  lntnitn  of  tin-  American  tlshernien  ami  mar- 
kets, and  the  ic/fc/  htmita  of  books,  (c)  A  seonihrid. 
Santa  ctulenxiit,  closely  related  t^i  the  S.  ineditcrranca ,  but 
occurring  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  It  is  everywhere  known 
as  bonito  along  the  i'alifornian  coast,  but  also  miscalled 
Si*anixb  viaekerel.  ulcipiack,  and  tuna,  (if)  A  sconibrid, 
A  xixix  thazuril,  with  a  blue  back  and  silvery  belly.  The 
second  dorsal  lln  is  widely  separated  from  the  first,  and 
the  body  is  more  slender  than  in  Santa  cltrlennijt.  It  is 
the  plain  bonito  of  the  Knglish.  but  called  alimg  the  New 
England  coast  frioatr  vmckeret.  (e)  A  earangid,  Sen'ola 
/aneiata ;  the  madregal.  IHorinnda.]  (/)  A  fish  of  the 
"family  Etaentitiif,  Klueatc  canaita,  so  called  about  Chesa- 
pcakeliay;  the  cobiu.    [ U.  S.  (Chesapeake  Bay).  ]    See  cut 

lllnlcr  rnhia. 

bonityt,  n.  [<  E.  6o«i" fos,  goodness:  Bco  bounty, 
an  older  form  from  the  same  source.]  Good- 
ness,    llaeiet. 

Bonjean's  ergotine.     See  rrgnlinc. 

bon  jour  (I',  pill",  boil  zliiir).  [F.:  ?)0H,  good; 
jiiiir,  liny:  sic  /;o/rl  and  journtd.]  Good  day ; 
good  nioniiiig. 

bon  mot  d'.  jiron.  b6u  mo)  J  pi.  bon.i  mots  (b6n 
mo,  or,  as  E..  iiioz).  [F. :  b(oi,  good ;  viot,  word : 
SCO  /«)»■*  and  mot.]  Awitlicisin;  a  clover  or 
witty  saying;  a  witty  repai'tee. 

Some  of  lis  havi'  written  down  several  of  liersayings,  or 
what  the  I'reiich  call  («;oi  imifji,  wherein  she  elcellid  In,. 
yoiiil  belief.  .Shi/(,  llialh  of  Stella. 

Voil  need  not  hurry  when  the  object  In  only  to  prevent 
mv  saving  a  bon-mot,  fur  tliere  Is  not  the  least  wit  In  my 
iiiilini .  Jane  Autten,  Manslluld  I'nrk,  Ix. 

bonnage,  «.    Soo  hotuigc 

bonnaUet,  ».     Hnine  as  bonalhj. 

bonne  n>i>n).  ».  [F.,  fem.  of  bon,  good:  bco 
'"'»'.  I  A  rliild'H  nurMomuid,  oBpccially  a  French 
iiiirso. 

bonne  boucbe  Oion  Inlsh);  ])I.  bonnm  hoHchen 
(lion  liiiHli).  [!•'.:  Hen  bonne  and  liouchr.]  ,\ 
choice  mouthful  of  food;  a  dainty  morHol :  hiiiil 
oHpecially  of  Honictliiiig  very  cKcelh-iil  roKorvcil 
to  the  end  of  a  roplist.  Iln  Kreneli  ime.  n«  iin  Icll'nii 
Title  phraM!,  bunnr  b,,, ,,/,.•  HJi^nni,  m  ioi  ii,/ii-eiililc  Iji,.!,'  in 
the  liiouUl.] 


bonnet 

bonnet  (bon'et),  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bonet, 

<  ME.  Imnct,  bonctte,  bonat.  <  OF.  bonet,  Itonnct, 
bounct,  mod.  F.  bonnet  (=  Pr.  honeta  =  Sp.  bo- 
netc ;  cf.  D.  bonnet  =  MHG.  lionit  =  Gael.  bo~ 
naid;'M'L.bonetus,bonctum,a,\soboneta.bonneta), 
bonnet,  cap  (hence  the  naut.  sense,  JIE.  bonet, 

<  OF.  bonctte,  F.  bonnette,  bounct) ;  prop,  the 
name  of  a  stuff  (ML.  bonetu.<i,  bonnetus.  bonctum, 
bonnetnni)  of  which  the  thing  (chapel  dc  bonet, 
hat  or  cap  of  bonet)  was  made.  Perhaps  of 
Eastern  origin  ;  cf.  Hind,  bdndt,  woolen  cloth, 
broadcloth.]  1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  worn 
by  men  aud  boys,  and  differing  from  a  hat 
chiefly  in  having  no  brim ;  a  caj),  usually  of 
some  soft  material.  In  Scotland  the  term  is  applied 
to  any  kind  of  cap  worn  by  men,  but  speciflcally  to  tii© 
distinctively  Scotch  closely  woven  and  seamless  caps  of 
wool,  usually  of  a  dark-blue  color,  known  as  ;rlenf/arry8 
(worn  I'y  the"  Highland  regiments  iu  undre.ss  uniform),  6ai- 
morah,  braid  bonnets,  kilntarnocks,  etc. 

Otf  goes  his  bonnet  to  an  oyster- wench. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  4. 

2.  A  form  of  hat  or  head-covering  worn  by 
women  out  of  doors,  it  incloses  the  head  more  or 
less  at  the  sides  and  generally  the  back,  and  is  usually 
trimmed  with  some  elaborateness,  and  tied  on  the  head 
with  ribbons.  It  differs  from  a  hat  of  ordinary  fornv 
especially  in  having  no  brim. 

A  sudden  scud  of  rain  .  .  .  fixed  all  her  thoughts  on  the 
welfare  of  her  new  straw  bonnet. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  128. 

3.  The  cap,  usually  of  velvet,  within  the  me- 
tallie  part  of  a  crown,  covering  the  head  when 
the  crown  is  worn. — 4.  In  fort.,  a  small  work 
with  two  faces,  having  only  a  parapet  with  two 
rows  of  palisades  about  10  or  12  feet  apart. 
Generally  it  is  raised  above  the  salient  angle  of  the  coun- 
terscarp, and  communicates  with  the  covered  way.  Its 
object  is  to  retiu'd 
a  lodgment  by  be- 
siegers, or  to  pre- 
vent one  from  being 
made. 

5.  Xaut.,  an  ad- 
dition to  a  sail, 
or  an  additional 
part  laced  to  the 
foot  of  a  sail. 

A  storm  jib,  Avith 
the  bonnet  off,  was 
bent  and  furled  to 
the  boom. 
It.   11.    Dana,   Jr., 

[Before  the  Mast, 
(p.  '200. 

6.  A  cast-iron 

plate       covering  n.  Bonnet. 

tho  openings  in 
the  valve-cihambers  of  a  ptimp. —  7.  A  frame 
of  wire  netting  over  the  chimney  of  n  locomo- 
tive engine  to  prevent  the  escape  of  sparks: 
used  chiefly  in  engines  which  burn  wood.  [U. 
S.]  —  8.  In  mining,  a  shield  or  cover  over  the 
cage  to  protect  llio  minors  in  case  anytliing 
should  fall  down  the  shaft. — &.  A  cowl  or 
wind-Clip  for  a  chimney;  a  hood  for  ventila- 
tion.— 10.  Tho  hood  over  the  jilatform  of  a 
railroail-car. — 11.  A  sliding  lid  or  cover  for  a 
hole  in  an  iron  ])ipe. — 12.  A  protuberance  oc- 
curring chietly  on  the  snout  of  one  of  the  right 
whales.  It  appears  to  be  ]iriinitively  smooth, 
but  becomes  honeycombed  by  the  barnacles 
which  attach  themselves  to  it. — 13.  Adocoy; 
a  player  at  a  ganiiug-t  able,  or  bidder  at  an  auc- 
tion, whose  business  il  i^  Ici  lure  others  to ]>lny  or 
buy:  socalleil  licriiuM'  mi.  li  ;i  person  ligtn'iitivo- 
ly  bonnets  or  blinds  Ihc  i',\cs  of  the  victims. 

When  a  stranger  appears,  tho  bonnet  generally  wins. 

London  Times, 

14,   A  local  name  in  Florida,  of   tho  yellow 

water-lily,  Nitjihar  adrcna Bonnet  i,  pr6tre,  or 

priest's  bomiet,  in. fori.,  an  outwork  having  at  the  head 
three  salient  and  two  reentrant  angles.  Also  called  mraU 
loifloil.  Braid  bonnet,  a  thick,  closely  woven  .Scotch 
call  of  wotil,  usually  of  a  dark- blue  color,  and  surmounted 
by  a  bobor  stumpy  tnssol  of  a  illllcrciit  color.  It  is  round 
In  shape,  tile  njiper  part  being  imicli  wider  than  thelinnd, 
or  part  wliicli  MIji  Ibc  head.  CoilI-scuttlO  bonnet.  .Seo 
n..i(».-i/(»c.  — Kilmarnock  bonnet,  a  cn]i..r  siiollarnmko 

t.itllebrai.l  In I.  lillMeSH  wi.l..  iil  lli.'  I..|>.  nlnl  flirnislied 

Willi  a  pcnkof  the  same  iiiiiteilal  :  s.i  callc.i  l.ccniisc  iiiiido 
exti'iiHivcly  at  Kilinarnocli,  Ayr»liln'.-  To  have  a  be» 
In  ones  bonnot.  See  beri.-  To  have  a  green  bon- 
netl,  to  have  failed  In  trad..-  To  vall  (or  valO)  Ul» 
bonnett,  to  doir  the  bonnet  In  ri'spiil. 

(I  b.iiiny  l-'we  tree, 
Ncedes  t^i  thy  houghs  will  bow  this  knee  and  vaite  raj 
bonnet.  A'anh,  Strange  Newcs  (1MI2),  slg.  U  2. 


bonnet  (bon'et),  f.  [<  bonnet,  n.]  I.  /roM.i.  To 
i.iiii'  tlie  bonnet  or  lint  over  tho  eyes  of,  witli 
tlio  vii'W  of  mobbing  or  hiiHtling, 

ll'oni'l  bill)  by  kiio.liiiig  Iil4  hat  over  his  eyes,  and  ho  to 
at  the  mercy  of  his  opponent. 

O.  If.  Ilolmen,  Klslu  Vunuor,  xxUL 


bonnet 

Il.t  intrans.  To  pull  off  the  bonnet;  make 

obpisance.     Shnk.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. 
bonnet-block (bou'et-blok),  n.   Awooclenshape 

on  which  :i  bounct  is  put  to  bo  pressed. 
bonneted  (bon'et-ed),  a.     Wearing  a  bonnet, 

or  furnished  with  ii  bonnet,  in  any  of  the  senses 

of  tluit  word. 
bonneter  (bon'et-er),  «.     [<  honnct,  n.,  13,  + 

-o'l.]     Ono  who  induces  another  to  gamble;  a 

bonnet.     [Slang.] 

bonnet-fleuk,  ».    Same  as  bonnet-fluke. 
bonnet-fluke  (bon'et-flok),  n.     A  Scotch  name 

of  the  brill,  lilwmbus  Icpvis.     See  brill. 
bonnet-grass    (bon'et-gi'as),  n.     White  bent- 

friass,  .U/rnstis  alba. 
bonnet-laird  (bon'et-lard),  n.     One  who  farms 

his   own   property;    a  yeoman;  a  freeholder. 

[Scotch.] 

A  lang  word  or  bit  o'  learning  that  our  farmers  ami 
bontiet.lairds  canna'  sae  weel  follow.  Scott. 

bonnet-limpet  (bon'et-lim"pet),  n.  Amollusk 
of  the  family  Culi/jitra'idw.  The  Hungarian 
bonnet-limpet  is  rUtopsin  Imngarica. 

bonnet-macaque  (bon'et-ma-kak"),  w.  A 
monkey  {Macacus  sinicus),  a  native  of  Bengal 


623 

bonnibelt  (bon'i-bel),  n.   [<  bonny'i-  +  bel^,  belle; 
or  <  F.  hoiinv  ct  belle,  good  and  beaiitifiil.     Cf. 
belUlxnw.']    A  handsome  girl;  a  fair  maid;  a 
bonny  la.ss.     Sjmiser. 
_Wfll,  look  to  him,  dame  ;  bcshrew  me,  were  I 
'Moiigst  these  liimnibells,  you  should  need  a  good  eye. 
II.  Jontftm,  The  Penates. 

bonnilasset,  «.  [Fov  bonny  lass.']  A  beautiful 
girl ;  a  sweetheart. 

As  the  banilausc  passed  Ity,  .  .  . 

.She  I'ovdc  at  mee  with  glauncing  eye. 

Spenser,  .Shep.  Cal.,  August. 

bonnily  (bon'i-li),  adv.  In  a  bonny  manner; 
beautifully;  finely;  pleasantly. 

liis  wee  bit  ingle,  blinkin'  himnily. 

Burns,  Cottar's  Sat.  Kight. 

bonniness  (bon'i-nes),  n.  [<  bonny'^  +  -ne.s.s.] 
1 .  The  quality  of  being  bonny ;  beauty. —  2t. 
Gaiety;  blithencss. 

bonnyl  (l)on'i),  a.  [Also  written  bonnie,  for- 
merly also  bony,  bonie,  <  ME.  bonie,  appar.  eX' 
tended,  as  if  dim.,  from  the  reg.  ME.  bon,  bone. 


booby-hut 

neut.,  a  good  tiling:  see  bona  and  ?)ooh3.j 
Something  of  the  nature  of  an  honorarium  or 
voluntary  additional  compensation  for  a  ser- 
vice or  advantage;  a  sum  given  or  paid  over 
and  above  what  is  required  to  be  paid  or  is 
regularly  payable.  («)  a  preniium  given  for  a  hiaii, 
or  for  a  c-harti-i'  or  other  privib'Kc  panted  to  a  company. 
(';)  An  extra  ilividcri.l  or  allowaiu-e  to  the  shareholders  of 
a  joint-stock  i;on]pitny,  lioldcrs  of  insurance  policies,  etc., 
out  of  accumulated  prollts. 

The  banks  which  now  hold  the  deposits  pay  nothing  to 
the  public ;  they  give  no  ImnuK,  they  pay  no  annuity. 

Webster,  .Speech,  .Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

(c)  A  sum  paid  to  the  agent  of  a  company  or  the  captaia 
of  a  vessel,  over  and  above  his  stated  pay,  In  proportlott 
to  tlie  success  of  his  lalxirs,  and  as  a  stimulus  to  extra  ex- 
ertion; a  boon,  (li)  Euphemistically,  a  bribe. 
bonus  (bo'nus),  V.  t.  [ibonux,  ?(.]  To  give  or 
ill  id  a  bonus  to;  promote  by  the  payment  of 
bonuses. 


bon  Vivant  (F.  pron.  b6u  ve-von')-     [P. :  ion, 

good;  rirant.  ppr.  of  vivre,  <  L.  vivere,  live:  Be» 

bon*'  and  vUal,vive.'}    A  generous  liver;  ajovial 

companion. 

good,  <  OP.  bon,'iem.  bonne,"gooA:  sec  bon*',  bonxie   (bouk'si),  n.     [E.  dial.;  perhaps  con- 

hoonS,]    1.  Beautiful;  fair  or  pleasant  to  look     nected  with  dial,  bonx,  beat  up  batter  for  pud- 


upon;  pretty;  fine. 

He  wolde,  after  fyght, 
Bonie  landes  to  heom  dyght. 
Kinff  Alisaiiuder,  in  Weber  6  Metr.  Horn.,  1.  3902. 

Till  bonny  .Susan  sped  across  the  plain. 

Gay,  Shepherd's  Week,  Friday,  1.  It'O. 

2.  Gay;  merry;  frolicsome;  cheerful;  blithe. 

Then  sigh  not  so, 
But  let  them  go, 
And  be  you  blithe  and  bonny. 

Shuk.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
[Bonny  and  its  derivatives  are  now  chiefly  Scotch.  The 
Scotch  often  use  bonny  ii'onioally,  in  the  same  w.iy  as  the 

ftaL"of  things' ^■''"^■'  "''  "  '"""^  """"^  '"  P"^  ■  "  "'"""•'  bony-fisb  (bo'ni-fish);  n.   A  local  (Connecticut) 
-i^.'ii  „„  *i,   *       •  i-1,     ,  .      ,»■,.,,,,  name  of  the  menliaden,  Bremnrtia  tyranmis. 

Ye  11  see  the  toun  intill  a  tomi/ steer  [stir,  hubbub].         i,„r,™~-— n,„«',„  ™n   «,      r^  7  ^         j  .    i 

A.  Ross,  Heienore,  p.  90.1  DOnzary  (bon  za-n),  n.     [<  bouza  (see  bonze)  + 

■k«„™„9i    11. n\     „        pAi  -t*        7  -ry,  aftev  monastery.']    A  Budtihist  monasterv. 

bonny^t     bon  i),   n.       [Also    written   bonncy.  ^^^^e  (bonz),  n.     [Also  bonza;  =  F.  bonze  = 
bunny.    Origm  unknown.]     In  mininrj,  a  mass     v^.,  p„  jj.   ^^^       -—     -  '-  - 

of  ore  adjacent  to  a  vein,  but  not  distinctly     '         "' 


Bonnet-macaque  {.Macacus  st'nicus). 


and  Ceylon,  and  well  known  in  confinement, 
which  its  hardy  constitution  enables  it  to  en- 
dm-e  in  any  climate.  It  receives  Its  name  from  the 
peculiar  arrangement  of  the  hairs  on  the  crown  of  its 
head,  which  seem  to  form  a  kind  of  cap  or  bonnet.  Its 
general  color  is  a  somewhat  bright  olive-gray,  and  the 
skin  of  the  face  is  of  a  leathery  flesh-color.  Also  called 
munfia. 

bonnet-monkey  (bon'et-mimg"ki),  n.  Same  as 
hojiiiet-niiiv(i>jiie. 

bonnet-piece  (bon'et-pes),  n.  [From  the  rep- 
resentation of  a  bonnet  on  the  king's  head.] 
A  Scotch  gold  coin  first  issued  in  1539  by  James 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Bonnet-piece  of  James  V.,  British  Museum.     (Size  of  the  original.) 

V.  of  Scotland,  weighing  about  88A  grains,  and 
worth  at  the  time  of  issue  40s.  Scotch.  Also 
called  braid-bonnet. 

There  is  a  high  price  upon  thy  head,  tmd  Julian  Avenel 
loves  the  glance  of  gold  bonnet-pieces. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  v. 

bonnet-rouge  (F.  pron.  bon-a-rozh'),  n.  [F., 
lit.  red  cap:  see  bonnet  and  rouge.]  1.  The 
cap  of  liberty  of  the  French  revolutionists  of 
1793.  See  liberty-cap.  Hence  —  2.  A  wearer 
of  such  a  cap;  a  sans-eulotte. —  3.  A  red  re- 
publican; an  anarchist  or  communist. 

Bonnet's  capsule.    See  capsule. 

bonnet-shark  (bon'et-shark),  n.  A  kind  of 
hammer-headeii  shark,  Sphyrna  tihtiro ;  a  shov- 
elhead.  It  is  smaller  than  S.  zyijama,  but  may 
attain  a  length  of  6  feet.  It  is  a  vridely  dis- 
tributed s)iccies. 

bonnet-shell  (Ijon'et-shel),  n.  The  shell  of  the 
bonnet-limpet. 

bonneb-'Worm  (bon'et-werm),  n.  A  worm  or 
insect-larva  occurring  in  Floriila  in  the  bonnet 
or  yellow  water-lily  (Xuphar  advena),  and  used 
as  bait  for  the  black-bass. 

bonney,  n.    See  bonny^. 


dings ;  origin  unknown.]  A  name  for  the  skua, 
Slercorarius  catarrhactes.  Montaau.  [LocaU 
British.] 
bony  (bo'ni),  a.  [<  tonel  +  -yl.]  1.  Consists 
ing  of  bono  or  bones ;  full  of  bones ;  jiertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  bone. —  2.  Having  large 
or  prominent  bones ;  stout ;  strong. 

Bm'ning  for  l)lood,  bony,  and  gaunt,  and  grim, 
Assembling  wolves  in  raging  troops  descend. 

Ttiomxon,  Winter,  1.  394. 

3.  Reduced  to  bones;  thin;  attenuated. — 4. 
Hard  and  tough  like  bone,  as  the  fruit  and 
seeds  of  some  plants. 


connected  with  it;  "a  great  collection  of  ore, 
without  any  vein  coming  into  or  going  from  it," 
Pryce.  [Cornwall.  Rare.]  See  carbona, 
boninyclabber  (bon'i-klab-er),  n.  [Also  former- 
ly written  bouiiy  clabber,  bonniclapper,  bony- 
clabo,  etc.;  <  Ir.  bain^,  milk  (cf.  baine,  compar. 
of  ban,  white),  4-  claba,  thick  mud.]  1.  Milk 
that  is  turned  or  has  become  thick  in  the  pro- 
cess of  som-ing. — 2.  A  drink  made  of  beer  and 
buttermilk  or  soured  cream. 

To  drink  such  balderdash  or  bonny-clabber. 

B.  Jonson,  Kew  Inn,  i.  1. 

The  feasts,  the  manly  stomachs. 
The  healths  in  usquebaugh  and  bonny-clatther. 

Pord,  Perkln  Warbeck,  iii.  2. 

bonny-dame  (bon'i-dam),  «.  The  garden- 
orache,  Atriplex  hortensis. 

bonsilate  (bon'si-lat),  n.  [Irreg.  <  ione^  + 
sil{ic)atc .]  A  eoniposition  of  finely  groimd 
bones  and  sodium  silicate,  used  as  a  substitute 
for  ivory  and  hard  wood  in  the  manufaetiu'e  of 
clock-cases,  canes,  dominoes,  etc.     Maldeman. 

bon  soir  (F.  pron.  bou  swor).  [F.:  bon,  good; 
soir,  evening :  see  bon^  and  soiree.]  Good  even- 
ing ;  good  night. 

bonspiel  (bon'spel),  n.  [Sc,  also  written  bon- 
speeJ,  bonspel ;  origin  unknown ;  referred  by 
some  to  an  assumed  Dan.  *bondespil,  a  rustic 
game,  <  bondc  (AS.  bonda,  ME.  bonde,  a  farmer, 
rustic:  see  bond^)  +  spil  =  G.  spiiel,  a  game; 
by  others  to  an  assumed  D.  *bondspel,  <  bond, 
verbond,  covenant,  alliance,  +  spel,  a  game.]  A 
match  between  two  opposite  parties,  as  two 
parishes,  at  archery,  golf,  curUug,  etc.:  now 
generally  restricted  to  the  last-mentioned  game. 

Curling  is  the  Scotchman's  bompiil,  but  the  toboggan 
belongs  exclusively  to  Canada. 

Montreal  Daily  Star,  Carnival  Number,  1SS4. 

bontebok  (bon'te-bok),  ».  [D.,  <  bont  (=  G. 
bunt),  spotted,  4-'  bok  =  E.  6«cJ-l.]  Alcelaphus 
ptigargns,  a  large  bubaline  antelope  of  South 
Airica,  closely  allied  to  the  blesbok,  and  ha\'ing 
a  similar  blaze  on  the  face.  -Also  written  bunt- 
bok. 

bonte-QUagga  (bon'tS-kwag'^'a),  n.  [<  D.  bont, 
spotted  (see  above),  -t-  guagga.]     The  dauw 


Sp.  Pg.  It.  bonzo  (NL.  bonzus,  bonziu.i),  <  Jap. 
bonzo,  the  Jap.  way  of  pronouncing  the  Chinese 
fan  sung,  an  ordinary  (member)  of  the  assem- 
bly, i.  e.,  the  monastery,  or  monks  collectively: 
fan,  ordinary,  common;  sung,  repr.  Skt.  san- 
gha  (samgJia),  an  assembly,  <  sam,  together,  4- 
•/  ban,  strike.]  A  Budtihist  monk,  especially 
of  China  and  Japan. 

A  priest  in  England  is  not  the  same  mortified  creatur© 
with  a  boyize  in  China. 

Guldsinith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxvli. 

bonzian  (bon'zi-an),  a.  [<  bonze  -\-  -ian.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  bonzes  or  Buddhist  monks 
of  China  and  Japan;  monkish:  as,  bonziun  vaas.- 
ims;  6o)i^ia»j  mysteries. 

bOO^  (bo),  interj.     Same  as  6o2. 

boo"  (bo),  H.     Same  as  bu. 

booby  (bo'bi),  H.  and  a.  [Formerly  also  6oo6te, 
boobee  (the  E.  word  as  applied  to  the  bird  is- 
the  source  of  F.  boubie,  the  bird  called  booby); 
prob.  <  Sp.  bobo,  a  fool,  dunce,  dolt,  buffoon, 
also  a  bird  so  called  from  its  apparent  stupid- 
ity; =  Pg.  bobo,  a  buffoon,  =  OF.  baube,  a  stam- 
merer, <  L.  balbus,  stammering,  lisping,  inar- 
ticulate, akin  to  Gr.  /Jdp Jn/wr,  orig.  inarticulate : 
see  balbuties  and  barbarous.]  I.  n. ;  pi.  boobies 
(-biz).  1.  A  stupid  fellow;  a  dull  or  foolish 
person ;  a  lubber. 

AVhen  blows  ensue  that  break  the  arm  of  toil. 

And  rtistic  battle  ends  the  boobies'  broiL         Crabbe. 

.\n  awkward  booby,  reared  up  and  spoiled  at  his  mother'a 
apron-string.  Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  i.  2. 

2.  The  pupil  at  the  foot  of  a  class :  the  dunce 
of  the  class  or  of  the  school. — 3.  In  progressive 
euchre,  the  player  who  has  failed  most  conspic- 
uously in  the  game. — 4.  The  name  of  various 
species  of  brown  and  white  gannets,  birds  of 
the  family  Sulida-,  genus  iSula.  The  common  booby 
of  the  United  .States  fs  Sula  leucoyastra,  a  well-known 
species  of  the  South  .\tlantic  coast.  Others  are  the  red- 
footed  booby,  .Sula  piscator,  and  the  blue-faced  booby,  S. 
cyanops,  found  on  luany  coasts  and  islands  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  world. 

5.  In  New  England,  a  hack  on  runners;  a 
sleigh  kept  for  hire. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertainingto  a  booby  or  boobies; 
foolish ;  stupiti. 

He  burued  his  fingers,  and  to  cool  them  he  applied  them 
in  his  booby  fashion  to  his  mouth.  Lamb,  Roast  Pig. 


(which  see). 
bon-ton  (F.  pron.  boh'toh'),  n.    [F.,  lit.  good  booby-hatch  (bo'bi-hach), «.    Xaut.,  a  wooden 

tone:  see  boi/i,  boon'^,  ton-,  and  tnne.]    1.  The     framework  with  sashes  and  a  sliding  cover, 

style  of  persons  in  high  life ;  good  breeiiing. —    used  in  merchant  vessels  to  cover  the  after- 

2."  Polite  or  fashionable  society.  hatch. 

bonus  (bo'nus),  n.     [Appar.  a  trade  word,  <  L.  booby-hut  (bo'bi-hut),  h.     A  kind  of  hooded 

bonus,  masc,  good,  erroneously  put  for  bonum,     sleigh.     [Local,  U.  S.] 


booby-hutch 

booby-hutch  (lao'bi-liuch),  n.  A  clumsy,  iU- 
contrived  covered  carriage  used  in  the  eastern 
part  of  England. 

boobyish  vbb'bi-ish),  a.  [<  boohy  +  -isftl.]  Ke- 
semWing  a  booby;  silly;  stupid. 

boobjrism  (bo'bi-izm),  H.  [<  booby  +  -ism.l 
The  character  or  actions  of  a  booby;  stupid- 
ity: foolishness. 

The  doukevs  wlio  are  prevailed  upon  to  pay  tor  permis- 
sion to  exhibit  Iheir  lamentable  ignorance  and  boobtiifin  on 
the  stage  oi  a  private  theatre.     JJictens,  Sketches  by  Boz. 

hood  (biid).  A  Scotch  eoutraction  of  behooved. 
Also  written  buid. 

Boodha,  Boodhism,  Boodhist,  etc.  See  Bi(d- 
dlid.  Buddhism.  Buddhist,  etc. 

boodlel  (bo'dl).  II.  [Also  in  17th  century  (see 
dff.  1.  first  extract)  buddJe  ;  in  the  U.  S.  also  by 
apparent  corruption  caboodle;  origin  obscure. 
The  -noril  ajTrees  in  pron.  with  D.  bnedel,  es- 
tate, possession,  inheritance,  household  goods, 
stuff,  lumber,  from  which,  with  other  slang 
terms,  it  may  have  been  taken  in  the  Elizabeth- 
an period  in  the  general  sense  of  'the  whole 
property,'  'the  whole  lot.']  1.  Crowd;  pack; 
lot :  in  a  contemptuous  sense,  especially  in  the 
phrase  the  ichole  kit  and  boodle. 

iten  cnriously  and  carefully  chosen  out  (from  all  the 
Buildle  and  masse  of  great  ones)  lor  their  approoued  wise- 
dome.  F.  ilarkham,  Bk.  of  Honour,  IV.  ii.  (.V.  E.  D.) 
He  would  like  to  have  the  whole  hoodie  of  them  (1  re- 
monstrated against  this  word,  but  the  professor  said  it 
was  a  diabolish  good  word  .  .  .  )  with  their  wives  and  chil- 
dren shipwTecked  on  a  remote  isl.ind. 

0.  W.  HolmnK,  The  Autocrat,  p.  139. 

2.  Money  fraudulently  obtained  in  public  ser- 
vice :  especially,  money  given  to  or  received  by 
officials  in  bribery,  or  gained  by  collusive  con- 
tracts, appointments,  etc. ;  by  extension,  gain 
from  public  cheating  of  any  kind :  often  used 
attributively.     [Kecent,  V.  S.] 

Some  years  ago,  Dr.  McDonald,  then  superintendent  of 
Blackwell's  Island  .\sylum,  attempted  to  introduce  the 
(Turkish)  hath  there,  but  ignorance,  politics  and  l/imlle 
harl  more  inBuencc  with  the  New  York  aldermen  than 
science  ur  the  claims  of  humanit}',  and  the  attempt  was 
ultimately  abandoned.         .d(i«ii.  and  Xeurol.,  VIII.  239. 

3.  '  ounterfeit  money. 

boodle-  (bo'dl),  n.  [Appar.  a  slang  variation  of 
iin,i,li,.y  A  blockhead;  a  noodle. 

boodle^  (bii'dl),  «.  An  old  English  name  for 
til.-  c-om-marigold.  Chrysanthemum  segctum. 
.Al-i'  «Titten  buddle. 

boodler  (bod'ler),  n.  [<  boodle^  +  -eA.']  One 
who  accepts  or  acqtiires  boodle ;  one  who  sells 
his  vote  or  influence  for  a  bribe,  or  acquires 
money  fraudulently  from  the  public.    [U.  S.] 

boody  (bo'di),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  boodied,  ppr. 
hiinilijinii.  [Cf.  F.  bonder,  sulk,  pout :  see  (*oh- 
doir.J     To  look  angry  or  gruff.    [CoUoq.] 

Come,  don't  buody  with  me;  don't  be  angry. 

TnUo)>f,  Barchester  Towers,  .xxvil. 

boof  (btif),  H.     Peach-brandy:  a  word  in  use 

atiifing  the  Pennsylvania  Germans, 
boohool  (ho'hii' ),'interj.    A  word  imitating  the 

sciind  of  noisy  weeping, 
boohool  (bii'lio'),  r.  i.     [<  boohoo,  interj.'i     To 

iiy  n<iisily;  blubber  outright, 
boohoo'-  (fcii-ho'  ),n.   A  sailors'  name  of  the  IJis- 

lin/thnrus  americanus,  OT  saii-&sh.     Also  called 

iroohoo. 
booidl  (bo'oid),  a.     [<  hnn  +  -nid.']     Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Boidw,  or  family  of  the  boas. 
booid'-'  (bo'oid),  a.  and  ii.     [<  fioindea.]     I.  a. 
( If  or  i)ertaining  to  the  liooidea;  bovine,  in  a 
liroad  sense. 
II,  II.  One  of  the  Boiiidea. 
Booidea  (bO-oi'de-ii),  n.  III.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  [Mr, 
nil  ox,  +  eiilor,  apjiearanco,  fonn.]     A  stiper- 
faiciily  of  typical  ruminants,  the  bovine,  ovine, 
uiiiilo[nne,  and  cen'ine  ruminantM  collectively, 
;.     ''iiilraHted  with  other  runiinanls.    The  Hani. 
'  •  oiitain  tlie  families  floiidtr  (uith  the  goatM, 
.iiii-lopes,  nti  well  lu  the  oxen).  SaviuUp,  hikI 
''*'.     'Ihe  liiioidi'a  c«rr\forwin  consist  of  the 
IVrrid.l: 

1.  .  II.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  liooeV,  buck; 

■I .  hiiiiki ,  hiike,  link  (north,  link,  Imke, 
/  .-.  .  -...,/,,  ///«/.-,  Iinkr),  <  AH.  hoc  (pi.  /-ic),  f.,  a 
wrilirj'.  rii'iinl,  rOuirtrr,  book,  =  OS.  hok  ^ 
<■•  '  =  Ml),  liorck,  I),  liofk  =  ()I,C;.  hOk, 

i  'ilKJ.  hiioh,  MHO,  Imoi-h.  O.  Imrh, 

I  I.  link,  f.,  =  .Sw.  link  =  IJan.  hmi, 

1.  h.  hnkn,  t.,  Iit'ik,  iieut.,  n  li'lter  ofll'ii' 

ai;.  :i   writing,   documenf,    book  (of. 

''!■  Iter,   in    pi.   writing.   Indrnrl, 

iii  'illf.   KiiHM.  biikrti,  Iflter;  from 

I:  'T'lMil.   'liOkn,  V.  h'uf,  nhiet.  or 

t  ^';  UHunlly  referri-d,  in  Hpile  of 

j.bi  iultie»,toAH.(et<',)/«>r(iiHnully 

in  (leriv.  iorm  hcce,  beech),  of,  AH.  bdeila;/,  unrly 


624 

mod.E.  bokstaf  {mod.  E.  as  if  'bookstaffoi  *6«ct- 
staf)  (=  OS.  bokstaf  =  MD.  boeckstaf,  D.  ftoei- 
std'af  =2  OHG.  bito'hstab,  MHG.  buochstap,  G. 
buch.itabe  =  Icel.  bdkstafr=Sw.  bokstaf  =DaJi. 
bogstav),  a  letter  of  the  alphabet,  Ut.  appar. 
'beech-staff'  (<  AS.  boc,  beech,  -I-  staf.  staff), 
an  interpretation  resting  on  the  fact,  taken  in 
connection  with  the  similarity  of  form  between 
AS.  (etc.)  boc,  book,  and  hoc,  beech,  that  in- 
scriptions were  made  on  tablets  of  wood  or 
bark,  presumably  often  of  beech  (Venantius 
Fortunatus,  aboiit  A.  D.  600,  refers  to  the  wi-it- 
ing  of  runes  on  tablets  of  ash ;  cf .  L.  liber,  book, 
liber,  bark,  Gr.  i3iji?.iov,  book,  ;ii,i>M(,  book,  papy- 
rus :  see  liber,  Bible,  paper) ;  but  AS.  Iiocstaf,  if 
lit.  '  beech-staff,'  would  hardly  come  to  be  ap- 
plied to  a  single  character  inscribed  thereon ;  it 
is  rather  '  book-staff,'  i.  e.,  a  character  employed 
in  writing,  <  boc,  a  writing,  +  staf,  a  letter  (cf. 
nlu-staf,  a  runic  character,  staf'-craft,  gi-am- 
inar).  The  connection  with  beech^  remains  im- 
certain:  see  beech,  b»ck~.'\  It.  A  -nriting;  a 
written  instrument  or  document,  especially  one 
granting  land ;  a  deed.  The  use  of  hooks  or  wn-itten 
charters  was  introduced  in  Anglo-Saxon  times  by  the  ec- 
clesiastics, as  attording  more  permanent  and  satisfactory 
evidence  of  a  gi'ant  or  conveyance  of  land  tiian  the  sym- 
bolical or  actual  delivery  of  possession  befoi'e  witnesses, 
which  was  the  method  then  in  vogue. 

By  that  time  will  our  book,  I  think,  he  drawn, 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV,,  iii.  1. 

Come,  let 's  seal  the  book  first, 

For  my  daughter's  jointure. 
Fletcher  {and  another),  Elder  Brother,  iii.  3. 
Mr.  Kemble  divides  a  book,  as  distinguished  from  a  will, 
contract,  or  sj-nodal  decree,  into  six  parts, —  I.  The  Invo- 
cation; II.  The  Proem;  III.  The  Grant;  IV.  Tlie  Sanc- 
tion ;  V.  The  Date  ;  VI.  The  Teste.  Jhe  fli-st,  second  and 
fourth  of  these  divisions  are  purely  religious,  and  require 
no  detailed  examination.  Five  and  sL\  are  merely  formal, 
useful  only  in  fiuestions  of  chronology  and  genuineness, 
or  as  proof  of  the  presence  of  a  Witan.  Tlie  third  divi- 
sion is  the  grant,  wliicli  contains  all  the  important  legal 
matter  of  the  charter,  //.  Cabot  Lodge. 

Lastly,  there  was  bocland,  or  bookland,  the  laud  held  in 
several  property  under  the  express  terms  of  a  written  iu> 
strument,  or  book  as  it  was  then  called, 

F,  Pollock.  Land  Laws,  p.  22. 

2.  A  treatise,  -mitten  or  printed  on  any  mate- 
rial, and  put  together  in  any  convenient  form, 
as  in  the  long  parchment  roUs  of  the  Jews,  in 
the  bundles  of  bamboo  tablets  in  use  among 
the  Chinese  before  the  invention  of  paper,  or 
in  leaves  of  paper  bound  together,  as  is  usual 
in  modern  times ;  a  literary  composition,  espe- 
cially one  of  considerable  length,  whether  writ- 
ten or  printed. 

A  good  book  is  the  precious  life-blood  of  a  master-spirit 
embalmed  and  treasured  up  on  purpose  to  a  life  beyond 
life.  Milton,  Areopagitica. 

3.  Specifically,  the  Bible. 

Who  can  give  an  oath?  where  is  a  liook.1 

Shak.,  t.  L.  L.,  iv.  3. 

4.  A  collection  of  written  or  printed  sheets 
fastened  or  bound  togetlier,  especially  one 
larger  than  a  pamphlet;  a  volume:  as,  this 
book  is  one  of  a  set  or  senfes. —  5.  .\  particular 
subdivision  of  a  literary  composition;  one  of 
the  larger  divisions  used  in  classifying  topics, 
periods,  etc. — 6.  Fi)j;m'atively,  anything  that 
serves  for  the  recording  of  facts  or  events:  as, 

the  book  of  Nature. 

I  have  been 
Tlie  book  of  his  gooil  acts,  whence  men  have  rend 
Uls  fame  unparallel'd.  Shak.,  for.,  v.  2. 

7.  A  number  of  sheets  of  blank  wTiting-paper 
bound  together  and  used  for  making  entries: 
as,  a  note-  or  iiHiiiniMiMliiin-/«"i/,";  specilicnlly, 
such  a  book  us.  ■!  l^ir  v'-ording  commercial  or 
other  transactiiiji.-,;  a.s,  a  ih\y-book,  a  vnsh-hnok, 
a  minute-/wo/.-,  etc. —  8.  The?  words  of  an  opera ; 
a  libretto  (which  see).— 9.  In  lielliiiij,  an  ar-- 
rangement  of  bets  recorded  in  a  book  ;  a  list  of 
bets  made  against  a  sjiecilic  result  in  a  contest 
of  any  kind:  as,  to  make  a  liniik ;  a  thousand- 
dolhir" '»w/,-.  See /"/(i/. -»'«/, (T,  :i.— 10.  In  iihi.il, 
six  tricks  taken  by  cither  side.— 11.  A  |>ile  or 
jiackago  of  tobacco-leaves,  arranged  with  all 
the  stems  in  the  same  direction. — 12.  A 
Tiaekago  of  gold-leaf,  consisting  of  twenty-five 
leaves  laid  between  sheets  of  folded  )iaiMT 
stitched  at  Die  back.  The  leaves  are  usually 
lis  Indies  Hqiinre. 

(71'ten  aliliri'vlated  to  bk. 
Back  of  a  book,     nvr  bneki.    Bamboo  books,     s,.' 
b.iwbon.     Bell,  book,  and  candle.    Xe,- belli.    Black 

book,  oni^ ..(  ..venil  iKiokn i«lly  '.f  a  polllieni  cliano  ler, 

no  called  ellhir  from   the   nature  of  their  lonlenln  or 

frointl dorof  Ihilr  binding.     Spei-inelllly -«i)  A  book 

ol  the  r,xch<t|iiir  hi  I'.nuhind  it,m|ioi«eil  bv  Nlgil.  lll»liop 
of  r,ly(dled  linii),  and  wrongly  ntlribiiti'ii  to  (lervimc  of 
Tilbury.  It  (ontalin  ndi»rrlplloii  of  thir  Court  <if  Kxclie- 
.|ii<r  an  II  exInU'd  In  the  reign  of  Henry  II..  Ilii  olll- 
cni,  tlioir  rank  and  privilege,  wa«e>,  pcniulaltci,  and 


book 

jurisdiction,  with  the  revenues  of  the  crown  in  money, 
grain,  anti  cattle.  (6)  .\  book  compiled  by  order  of  the 
visitors  of  monasteries  under  Henry  VIII.,  containuig  a 
detailed  account  of  the  alleged  abuses  in  religious  houses, 
to  blacken  them  .and  to  hasten  their  dissolution.  This 
book  disappeared  not  long  after  the  accomplishment  of 
its  purpose,  (c)  A  book  kept  at  some  universities  as  a  regis- 
ter of  faults  and  misdemeanors ;  hence,  to  be  in  one's  black 
b'-'ok.-'.  to  be  in  disfavor  with  one.  (d)  An  ancient  book  of 
admiralty  law,  .always  held  to  be  of  very  higli  authority, 
coiiipikd  in  the  fourteenth  century,  (e)  .\  book  treating  of 
necroniaiuy,  or  tile  black  art.— Blue  book,  (a)  .K  name 
popularly  applied  to  the  reports  and  other  papers  printed 
by  orderof  the  British  Parliament  or  issued  by  the  privy 
council  orotber  departments  of  government,  because  their 
covei-s  are  usually  blue.  The  corresponding  books  of  offi- 
cial reports  are  yellow  and  blue  in  France,  gi-een  in  Italy, 
and  red  and  white  in  various  other  countries. 

At  home  he  gave  himself  up  to  the  perusal  of  blot- 
boots.  Thackeray. 

(h)  In  the  United  States,  a  hook  containing  the  names  and 
salaries  of  all  the  persons  in  tlie  eiiiployineiit  of  the  govern- 
nient.  (f)  The  book  coiitaiiiiim  the  regulations  for  the 
government  of  the  I'liited  Statt  s  ii:iv.\'.  [Often  written 
with  a  hyphen.]  —Book  of  adjournal,  concord,  disci- 
pline, etc.     See  the  nouns.  — BOOk  of  Books,  the  isible. 

—  Book  of  Homilies.  See  hoinily.— Book,  of  ties,  an 
old  name  fur  a  weaver's  meinorandum-botik  of  patterns. 

Formerly  .  .  .  the  weaver  was  expected  to  tie-up  or  ar- 
range his  loom  to  produce  satins,  twills,  spots,  and  small 
figures,  .  .  .  and  If  he  was  a  careful  man  he  would  have  a 
number  of  the  most  prevailing  patterns  drawn  in  his 
Bi'ok  I'/  Tie.i.  .1.  Ikiilow,  Weaving,  p.  314. 

Books  of  Council  and  Session.  See  council.— iy 
book,  by  tbe  book,  by  line  ami  rule;  accurately:  as,  to 
speak  /'.'/  the  book. 

There  are  so  many  circumstances  to  piece  up  one  good 
action,  tliat  it  is  a  lesson  to  be  good,  and  we  are  forced  to 
be  virtuous  bi/  the  book. 

Sir  T,  Broxcne,  Religio  ^ledici,  i.  .'iS. 

Canonical  books.    Seecanonfcoi.— Ctoist's  Book,  the 

Gospels. 

.\  Latin  copy  of  the  Gospels,  or,  as  the  Anglo-Saxons 
well  called  it,  a  Christ's  Book. 

Mock,  Church  of  om'  Fathers,  ii.  357. 
Fleet  books,  see  rtic^a.— in  one's  books,  in  kind  re- 
imniliraiicc ;  in  favor ;  in  mind  with  reference  to  future 
favors,  gifts,  or  bequests, 

I  must  have  him  wise  as  well  as  proper.    He  conies  not 
in  inif  books  else.     Middleton  (and  others),  The  Widow,  i.  1. 
I  was  so  much  in  his  books  that  at  his  decease  he  left  me 
his  lamp.  .li(i/i'.«im. 

Orderly  book.    See  ordcrii/.-SjanboUcal  books,    see 
siioiholieiil.  —  The  Book  Annexed.     See  annex,  e.—TUB 
devil's  books  or  picture-books,  playing-cards. 
They  sip  the  scandal  potion  pretty; 
Or  lee-lang  nights  wi'  erabhit  leuks 
Pore  owTe  the  devil's  pictur'd  benks. 

Burnn,  The  Twa  Dogs,  1.  22*. 

To  balance  books.    See  ?m/nii,v.  — To  bring  to  book, 

to  bring  to  aciouiit.  — To  close  the  books,  to  cease 
making  entries  for  a  time,  as  is  done  liy  eori>orations  and 
busines!!  eoiieeriis  when  about  to  declare  a  di^■idelld.  etc. 

—  To  hear  a  bookt,  in  the  old  universities,  to  nltcmi  a 
course  of  lectures  in  which  the  book  was  read  and  ex- 
poumled.  — To  speak  like  a  book,  to  speak  accurately, 
or  as  if  from  a  book  ;  speak  w  itli  full  and  precise  infomift- 
tion;  hence  the  similar  pbrase  lo  knnir  like  a  book  (that 
is,  know  thoronghlyi.  — To  suit  one's  book,  to  a.c.ird 
with  one's  arriiligeiiicnts  nr  wishes.—  To  take  a  leaf  OUt 
of  one's  book,  to  billow  onescxnmple.- Without  book. 
(a)  liy  niiinory;  without  reading;  without  notes:  as,  a 
scrniiin  ilelivcrcd  witbont  book. 

His  writing  is  more  then  his  reading;  for  hee  reades 
ouely  what  hee  gi-ts  irillmtit  bonke. 

Bii.  Enrle,  Micro-cosniographie,  A  Voniig  Rnwe  Preacher. 
{b)  Without  authority  :  as,  something  asserted  tiitliout 

Ismk. 

book  (buk),  r.  [<  ME.  hokeii,  <  book,  n.;  cf. 
AS.  Iii'iciaii,  give  by  charter  (=  OFries.  hokia  = 
Icel.  Iiokii),  <  liiir,  book,  charter:  see  book,  «.] 

1.  traii.-i.  It.  To  convey  by  book  or  charter. 

It  was  an  infringenieiit  of  the  law  to  book  family  or 
hereditary  lands.  H.  Cabot  Lodge. 

2.  To  enter,  write,  or  register  in  a  book;  re- 
cord. 

lA't  it  bo  booked  with  the  rest  of  this  day's  deeds. 

Shak.,  2  Hen,  IV.,  Iv,  3. 

I  always  from  my  youth  have  endeuvoured  to  get  the 

rarest  secrets,  and  liook  llieni,     B.  Jonsoii,  Voljione,  II.  I. 

3.  To  enter  in  a  list;  enroll;  enlist  for  service. 

I'liis  inde.-dc  (KndoMis)  liiilli  b.iie  billierto.  and  yet  l>, 
a  coiiiinon  order  iiiiiongest  tliciu,  to  have  all  the  people 
booked  by  the  Ionics  and  genlellnieii,  but  yet  it  is  tho 
woorst  order  that  ever  was  ilevlseil. 

S/ienser,  State  of  Ireland. 

4.  To  engage  or  secure  beforehand  by  regis- 
try or  payment,  as  a  seat  in  a  stage-coacli  or  a 
box  at  lh"e  opera,— 5.  To  deliver,  and  pay  for 
the  transmission  of,  as  a  parcel  or  nierchan- 
dise  :  as,  the  luggage  was  bonkid  llirough  to 
Ijoiidoii. — -6.  To  reserve  accoiiniiodiition  for; 
receive,  and  iinderliiUe  to  forward:  as,  at  that 
olllco  jiassengers  (or  jmrcels)  wi-re  bimkril  to 
all  purls  of  the  world.  |  In  senses  4,  ii,  and  (!, 
conlinocl  to  the  llrilisli  islamls.]  — 7.  To  make 
intii  a  biidk,  as  gold-loaf,  tobacco-leaves,  eto. 

—  Booked  at  last,  eamilil  an. I  disposed  of. 

II.  inlrinis.  1.  To  register  one's  name  for 
the  puriiose  of  Hecnriiig something  in  iidviinco! 
)iiit  one's  naiiKMlowii  for  scmielliing:  as,  to /)«0K 


book 

for  the  play;  I  hooked  through  to  London. 
[Great  Britain.]  —  2.  In  Scotland,  to  register 
in  the  Session  record  as  a  preliminary  to  the 
proclamation  of  the  banns  of  marriage. 

book-account  (buk'a-kount"),  «.  1.  An  ac- 
count or  rot,'i.ster  of  debt  or  credit  in  a  book. 
—  2.  Specilically,  in  bookkeeping  by  double  en- 
try, an  account  showing  the  transactions  of  a 
merchant  in  regard  to  some  particular  com- 
modity or  branch  of  trade  placed  under  a  head- 
ing such  as  "stock,"  "cotton,"  etc.,  and  not 
referred  to  a  person  with  whom  they  may  have 
been  effected. 

bookbinder  (biik'bin'der),  n.  [<  ME.  book- 
byncler;  <.  book  +  binder.']  1.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  the  binding  of  books. —  2.  A  binder 
tor  preserving  loose  printed  sheets,  etc.  See 
binder,  S — Bookbinders'  cloth.    See  clMi. 

bookbindery  (biik'biu'der-i),  )(.;  pi.  hookbind- 
cries  (-iz).     A  pliico  whore  books  are  bound. 

bookbinding  (liuk'bin"ding),  n.  The  opera- 
tion of  binding  books ;  the  process  of  securing 
the  sheets  of  a  book  within  a  permanent  casing 
of  bookbinders'  board  and  leather  or  cloth,  or 
other  suitable  materials,  covering  the  sides  and 
back,  and  jointed  at  theh"  junction. 

bookcase^  (biik'kas),  n.  A  case  with  shelves 
for  holding  books. 

book-case^t  (biik'kas),  n.  In  law,  a  case  stated 
or  mentioned  m  legal  works ;  a  recorded  ease ; 
a  precedent. 

book-clamp  (buk'klamp),  n.  1.  A  book- 
binder's vise  for  holding  books  in  the  process  of 
binding. — 2.  A  device  for  carrying  books,  con- 
sisting generally  of  two  narrow  pieces  of  wood 
or  ii-on,  connected  by  cords  attached  to  a  han- 
dle. The  books  are  placed  between  the  pieces,  and  wlien 
the  handle  is  turned  the  cords  are  tighteneO  and  the  books 
seciircd. 

book-debt  (buk'det),  n.  A  debt  standing 
af;ainst  a  person  in  an  account-book. 

bookery  (Mk'er-i),  n. ;  pi.  bookeries  (-iz).  [< 
book  +  -ery.]     1.  A  collection  of  books. 

The  Abbi5  Jlorellet  .  .  .  has  a  bookery  in  such  elegant 
order  that  people  beg  to  go  and  see  it. 

Mine.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  VI.  346. 

2.  Study  of  or  passion  for  books. 

Let  them  tiuit  mean  tiy  Imukish  business 
To  earn  their  liiead,  or  liii]K-n  to  profess 
Their  hard  ^ot  skill,  let  them  alone,  forme, 
Busy  their  l)railis  witll  deeper  bookery. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  II.  ii.  28. 
[Rare  in  both  uses.] 
book-fair  (biik'far),  n.    A  fair  or  market  for 
books.     The  most  noted  book-fairs  are  those  of  Leipsic 
in  Saxony,  which  occur  at  Easter  and  .Michaelmas,  and  at 
which  many  other  objects  of  commerce  are  disposed  of  be- 
sides books. 
book-fold   (biik'fold),   n.     A  piece  of  muslin 

containing  24  yards. 
book-formed    (biik'formd),    a.      Having    the 
miud  trained  or  formed  by  the  study  of  books  ; 
imbued  with  learning.     [Rare.] 

With  every  table-wit  and  book-.fortned  sage.     J.  Baillie. 
bookfult  (biik'fid),  a.     [<  book  +  -ful,  1.]   Full 
of  book-knowledge ;  stiiJEfed  with  ideas  gleaned 
from  books. 

The  bookful  blockhead,  ignorantly  read, 
Witll  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  his  head. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  612. 

bookful  (bidi'fid),  n.  [<  book  +  -ful,  2.]  As 
much  as  a  book  contains.     Cotoper. 

book-holder  (biik'hol'der),  n.  If.  The  prompt- 
er at  a  theater. 

They  are  out  of  their  parts,  sure :  it  may  be  'tis  the 
book-holder's  fault ;  I'll  go  see. 

Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  reading-desk  or  other  device  for  support- 
ing a  book  while  open. 

book-hunter  (buk'hun"ter),  '».  An  eager  col- 
lector of  books;  especially,  one  who  seeks  old 
and  rare  books  and  editions  ;  a  bibliophile. 

booking-clerk  (biik'ing-klerk), «.  The  clerk  or 
official  who  has  charge  of  a  register  or  book  of 
entry;  specifically,  in  Great  Britaiu,  a  ticket- 
clerk  at  a  railway-station,  theater,  etc. 

booking-machine  (biik'ing-ma-shen"),  n.  An 
ajtjiaratus  for  making  tobacco-leaves  into  pack- 
ages called  books. 

booking-office  (buk'ing-ofis),  n.  In  Great 
Britain,  an  office  where  applications,  etc.,  are 
received  and  entered  in  a  book ;  specifically, 
the  office  in  connection  with  a  railway,  theater, 
etc.,  where  tickets  are  sold,  or  applications  for 
them  registered. 

bookish   (biik'ish),   a.     [<  book  +  -i«7il.]     1. 

Of  or  pertaining  to  books ;  literarv:  as,  "  fioofc- 

ish  skin,"  Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  II.  ii.  19.— 2.  Given 

to   reading;    fond  of  study;  hence,  more  ae- 

40 


625 

quainted  with  books  than  with  men  ;  familiar 
with  book.s,  but  not  with  practical  life:  as,  "a 
bookish  man,"  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  482. — 
3.  Learned ;  stilted ;  pedantic  :  applied  either 
to  individuals  or  to  diction:  as,  a  bookish  ex- 
pression. 
bookishly  (biik'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  bookish  man- 
ner or  way ;  studiously ;  jjedantically. 

She  [Christina  of  Sweden]  was  bookighly  given. 

Lord  Thurlow,  .State  i'apers,  ii.  104. 

bookishness  (buk'ish-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  bookish. 

The  language  of  high  life  has  always  tended  to  simpli- 
city and  the  vernacular  ideal,  recoiling  from  every  mode 
of  buukiiluiess.  Be  Quincey,  Style,  i. 

bookkeeper  (buk'ke'''p6r),  n.  One  who  keeps 
accoiints ;  one  whoso  occupation  is  to  make  a 
formal  balanced  record  of  pecvmiary  transac- 
tions in  account-books. 

bookkeeping  (bilk 'ke'''' ping),  n.  The  art  of 
recording  pecuniary  transactions  in  a  regular 
and  systematic  manner;  the  art  of  keeping  ac- 
counts in  such  a  maimer  as  to  give  a  pennanent 
record  of  business  transactions  from  which  the 
true  state  or  history  of  one's  pecuniary  affairs 
or  mercantile  dealings  may  at  any  time  be  as- 
certained. Properly  kept  books  show  what  a  merchant 
has,  what  he  owes,  and  what  is  owing  to  him,  as  well  as 
what  sums  he  has  received  and  paid,  tlie  losses  he  has  in- 
curred, etc.  Books  are  kept  according  to  one  of  two  chief 
methods,  viz.,  by  single  or  by  double  entry.  The  former 
is  more  simple  and  less  perfect  than  the  latter,  and  is  now 
in  use  cWetly  in  retail  business.  In  bookkeej/iuff  by  sitiyle 
entry,  three  books,  a  day-book,  a  cash-book,  and  a  ledger, 
are  commonly  used,  but  the  essential  book  is  the  ledger, 
containing^ accounts  under  the  names  of  the  persons  witli 
whom  a  trader  deals,  goods  or  money  received  from  any 
one  of  them  being  eiitered  on  one  side  of  the  account, 
called  the  credit  side,  and  goods  sold  or  money  paid  to 
that  person  being  entered  on  the  opposite  or  debit  side  of 
the  account.  In  bookkeepiny  by  double  entry,  the  ledger 
accounts  are  of  two  kinds,  personal  accounts  such  as  those 
just  described,  and  book-accounts,  in  which  the  commod- 
ities dealt  in  are  made  the  subjects  of  separate  accomits, 
and  have  a  debit  and  a  credit  side,  as  in  personal  accounts. 
Thus,  if  a  trader  purchase  100  bales  of  cotton  from  A.  B., 
the  account  in  the  ledger  headed  A.  B.  is  credited  with  100 
bales  of  cotton,  so  much,  while  the  account  headed  Cotton 
is  debited  with  the  same  quantity  and  amount ;  should  the 
trader  sell  10  bales  to  C.  D.,  the  account  headed  C.  D.  is 
debited  with  10  bales  at  so  much,  and  the  account  headed 
Cotton  is  credited  with  10  bales  ;  and  so  on.  These  book- 
accounts  are  based  on  the  principle  that  all  money  and  ar- 
ticles received  become  debtors  to  him  from  whom  or  to 
that  for  which  they  are  received,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  all 
those  who  receive  money  or  goods  from  us  become  debtors 
to  cash  or  to  the  goods.  In  this  way  every  transaction  is 
entered  in  the  ledger  on  the  creditor  side  of  one  account 
and  on  the  debtor  side  of  another.  The  books  used  in 
double  entry  vary  in  number  and  arrangement  according 
to  the  n.ature  of  the  business  and  the  manner  of  recording 
the  facts.  Transactions  as  they  take  place  from  day  to 
day  are  generally  recorded  in  such  books  as  the  stock- 
book,  cash-book,  bill-book,  invoice-book,  and  sales-book,  or 
they  may  all  be  recorded  in  order  in  a  waste-book  or  day- 
book. Upon  these  books  or  additional  documents  are 
based  the  journal  and  ledger.  The  former  contains  a 
periodical  abstract  of  all  the  transactions  recorded  in 
the  subordin.ate  books  or  in  documents  not  entered  in 
these,  classified  into  debits  and  credits,  while  the  latter 
contains  an  abstract  of  ail  the  entries  made  in  the  former, 
classified  under  the  heads  of  their  respective  accounts. 

book-knO'Wledge  (buk'nol'ej),  n.  Knowledge 
gained  by  reading  books,  in  distinction  fi-om 
that  obtained  through  observation  and  expe- 
rience. 

bookland  (buk'land),  n.  [Also  bockland,  often 
cited  in  the  old  legal  form  bocland,  <  AS.  hoe- 
land,  <  hoc,  charter,  book,  -i-  land,  land.]  In 
old  Eng.  law,  charter  land,  held  by  deed  under 
certain  rents  and  free  services ;  free  socage 
land.  This  species  of  tenure  has  given  rise  to 
the  modern  freeholds. 

The  title  to  boc-laiuiwas  based  upon  the  possession  of  a 
boc,  or  written  grant. 

D.  W.  Ross,  German  Land-holding,  Note's,  p.  170. 

This  process  of  turning  public  property  into  private 
went  on  largely  in  later  times.  The  alienation  was  now 
commonly  made  by  a  document  in  writing,  under  the  sig- 
natures of  the  King  and  his  Witan ;  land  so  granted  was 
therefore  said  to  be  booked  to  the  grantee,  and  was  known 
as  bookland.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  I.  04. 

book-learned  (buk'ler"ned),  a.  [<  book  + 
learned;  cf.  ME.  bok-ilered,  book-taught:  see 
ZertJ'l.]  Versed  in  books;  acquainted  with 
books  and  literature;  hence,  better  acquainted 
with  books  than  -with  men  and  the  common 
concerns  of  life ;  bookish. 

Whate'er  these  book-learned  blockheads  say, 
Solon's  the  veriest  fool  in  all  the  play.        Dryden. 

book-learning  (buk'ler"ning),  «.  Learning 
acquired  by  reading;  acquaintance  •with  books 
and  literature :  generally  opposed  to  knowledge 
gained  from  experience  of  men  and  things. 

Neither  does  it  so  much  require  hook-learninft  ^nA  schol- 
arship as  good  natural  sense,  to  distinguish  true  and  false. 
T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 


book-post 

bookless  (buk'los),  a.     [<  book  +  -less.]     With- 
out books  or  book-knowledge  ;  unlearned. 
The  bookless,  sauntering  youth.   Somermlle,  llie  Chace,  L 

booklet  (buk'let),  n.     [<  book  +  dim.  -let.]    A 
little  book. 
Little  paper-covered  booklets.    The  Century,  XXV.  244. 

book-lore  (buk'lor),  ?i.  Book-leaming;  know- 
ledge gained  from  books. 

book-louse  ( buk'lous),  m.  A  minute  neuropter- 
ous  insect  of  the  family  Tsocidte,  distinguished 
by  having  the  tarsi  composed  of  only  two  or 
three  joints,  and  the  posterior  wings  smaller 
than  the  anterior.  Atropus  pulsatorius  is  destitute  of 
wings,  .and  is  veiy  destructive  to  old  books,  especially  in 
damp  places,  arirl  Ut  collections  of  dried  plants,  etc. 

book-madness  (buk'mad"ne8),  n.  A  rage  for 
possessing  books ;  bibliomania. 

book-maker  (buk'ma'''ker),  n.  If.  A  printer 
and  binder  of  books. —  2.  One  who  -writes  and 
publishes  books ;  especially,  a  mere  compiler. 
An  outsider  whose  knowledge  of  Dai  Nippon  is  derived 
froni  our  old  text-books  and  cyclopicdias,  or  from  non- 
resident book-wukers,  may  be  so  far  dazed  as  Uj  iniaginc 
the  Japanese  demigods  in  statecraft,  even  aa  the  Ameri- 
can newspapers  nuike  them  all  princes. 

W.  E.  GriJ/is,  in  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  283. 
3.  One  who  makes  a  book  (see  book,  «.,  9)  on 
a  race  or  other  doubtful  event;  a  professional 
betting  man.     See  extract. 

In  betting  there  are  two  parties  — one  called  "  layers,"  as 
the  book-makers  are  termed,  and  the  others  "backers,"  In 
which  class  may  be  included  owners  of  horses  as  well  aa 
the  public.  The  backer  takes  the  odds  which  tlle  Ijonk- 
tiiaicr  lays  against  a  horse,  the  former  speculating  upon  the 
success  of  the  animal,  the  latter  upon  its  defeat ;  and  tak- 
ing the  case  of  Crenjorne  for  the  iJerby  of  lb"2,  just  before 
the  race,  the  book-maker  would  have  laid  3  to  1,  or  perhaps 
£1000  to  £300  against  him,  by  which  transaction,  if  the 
horse  won,  as  ho  did,  the  backer  would  win  £1000  for 
risking  £300,  and  the  book-maker  lose  the  £10ix)  which  he 
risked  to  win  the  smaller  sum.  At  first  sight  this  may  ap- 
pear an  act  of  very  <|Uestionable  policy  on  the  part  of  the 
book-maker;  but  really  it  is  not  so;  because,  so  far  from 
running  a  greater  risk  than  the  backer,  he  runs  less,  inas- 
much as  it  is  ids  plan  to  lay  the  same  amount  (£10<X)) 
against  every  horse  in  the  race,  and  as  there  can  be  but 
one  winner,  he  would  in  all  probability  receive  more  than 
eiKUigh  money  from  the  many  losers  to  pay  the  stated  sum 
of  £1000  which  the  chances  are  he  has  laid  again.st  the  one 
wiimer,  whichever  it  is.  Eny.  Encyc. 

book-making  (buk'ma'king),  Ji.  1.  The  busi- 
ness of  printing  and  binding  books. —  2.  The 
■writing  and  publishing  of  books ;  the  act  of 
compiling  books. —  3.  The  act  or  practice  of 
making  a  book  on  a  race  or  other  doubtful 
event.    See  'extract  under  book-maker,  3. 

bookman  (btik'man),  «.;  pi.  bookmen  (-men). 
[AS.  "boeman  in  def.  1 ;  <  boc,  book,  charter,  + 
wan,  man.]  If.  In  old  Eng.  law,  one  who  held 
bookland. — 2.  A  studious  or  learned  man;  a 
scholar;  a  student;  hence,  one  who  is  more 
familiar  with  books  than  with  men  and  things. 
You  two  are  bookmen  :  can  you  fell  by  yom-  wit 
What  was  a  month  old  at  Cains  birth  that  s  not  five  weeks 
old  yet?  Shak.,  L.  L.  L,  iv.  2. 

There  be  some  clergymen  who  are  mere  hook-mrn. 

Geortje  Eliot,  ilill  on  the  noss,  i.  .3. 

book-mark  (biik'mark),«.  A  ribbon  or  other 
device  placed  between  the  pages  of  a  book,  to 
mark  a  place  where  reading  is  to  begin,  or  to 
wliich  reference  is  to  be  made. 

bookmatet  (biik'mat),  n.  A  schoolfellow;  a 
fellow-student:  as,  "the  prince  and  his  book- 
mates,"  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. 

bookmonger  (buk'mnng''ger),  n.  A  dealer  in 
books. 

book-muslin  (buk'muz 'lin),  n.  A  fine  kind  of 
transparent  muslin  haxing  a  stiff  or  elastic  fin- 
ish :  so  called  from  being  folded  in  book  form. 

book-name  (buk'nam),  n.  In  ;:o6l.  and  hot.,  a, 
name  (other  than  the  technical  name)  of  an 
animal  or  plant  found  only  in  scientific  trea- 
tises— that  is,  not  in  use  as  a  vernacular  name. 
It  is  often  a  mere  adaptation  of  the  Latin  or  technical 
term,  as  paradoxure  for  an  animal  of  the  genus  Para- 
doxitrtts. 

book-notice  (biik'no'tis).  ».  A  short  notice  or 
review  of  a  liook  in  a  magazine  or  newspaper. 

book-oath  (buk'oth),  «.  An  oath  made  on  the 
Bible ;  a  Bible-oath. 

I  put  thee  now  to  thy  book-oath;  deny  it,  if  thou  canst. 
Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  1. 

book-plate  (buk'plat),  n.  A  label,  bearing  a 
name,  crest,  monogram,  or  other  design,  pasted 
Ln  or  on  a  book  to  indicate  its  ownership,  its 
position  in  a  Ubrary,  etc. 

The  book-plates  described  by  "W.  M.  51.  are  those  of  the 
libraries  founded  by  Dr.  Bray  in  his  lifetime  and  by  the 
".\ssociates  of  Dr.  Bray  "  since  his  death. 

X.  and  Q..  6th  ser.,  XII.  152. 

book-post  (biik'post),  n.  An  arrangement  in. 
the  British  postal  service  by  which  books  and 
printed  matter  other  than  newspapers,  as  weU 
as  manuscripts  intended  for  publication,  are 


626 


book-post 

conveyed  at  reduced  rates  of  postage,  when  the 
■wrappers  are  left  open  at  the  ends. 
book-rack  (buk'rak),  n.     A  rack  or  frame  for 
supporting  an  open  book,  or  for  holding  a  num- 
ber of  books. 

scorpion,  found  m  old  books  and  dark  musty  t°°^,tl  '^,,i^^,7oid fpl. 
places.     CAWiYer  CT7tn-oid«,  scarcely  a  twellth  of  an  -      ^        -   --'  _    ',i^. 

inch  liiii^'.  and  dark-reddish  in  appearance,  is  an  example. 

bookseller  (buk'sel  er),  H.  A  person  who  car- 
rip^  on  the  business  of  selling  books. 

bookselling  (buk'sel'ing),  n.  The  business  of 
selling  books. 

book-shop  (bilk' shop),  n.    A  book-store. 

book-sUd^  (buk'slid),  Ji.     Same  as  book-traij. 

book-stall  (buk'stal),  «.  A  stand  or  stall  on 
which  books,  generally  second-hand,  are  dis- 
played for  sale. 


the  solution  of  logical  problems — Boolian  alge- 
bra.   See  aliebra. 

H.  H.  An  expression  of  logical  algebra,  sub- 
ject to  the  rules  of  Boole's  system,  with  modi- 
fied addition,  and  stating  a  relation  between 
certain  individual  objects,  withjut  indicating 
how  those  objects  are  to  be  chosen. 

boley,  idl;/,  ilT.itinile 
ace  for  milking  cows. 
Cf.  It.  buailidii  =  Gael"  biiaUtidli,  a  cow-houso, 
ox-staU  (ef.  equiv.  L.  bovile),  <  Ii-.  Gael,  bo  = 
E.  coii'l.]  Formerly,  in  Ireland :  (n)Aplaceof 
shelter  for  cattle.  (6)  A  company  of  people 
and  their  cattle  that  wandered  from  place  to 
place  in  search  of  pastvire. 

Tills  keeping  of  eowes  is  of  it  selfe  a  verye  idle  life,  and 
a  fitt  nurserye  for  a  theefe.  For  which  cause  ye  remem- 
ber that  I  disliked  the  Irish  manner  of  keeping  Lolm-s 
in  Sommer  upon  the  mountsiynes  and  living  after  that 
savadge  sorte.  Spt'tiner,  State  of  Ireland. 


book-stand  (buk'stand),  n.    1.  A  stand  or  sup-  1)00™!  (bom),  r.  i.     [An  imitative  word,  a  re- 


port to  hold  books  for  reading  or  reference. — 
2.  A  stand  or  frame  for  containing  books  of- 
fered for  sale  on  the  streets,  etc. — 3.  A  set  of 
shelves  for  books. 

book-stone  (buk'ston),  n.     Same  as  bibliolUe. 

book-Store  (bitk'stor).  h.  A  store  or  shop  where 
books  are  sold.     [U.  S.] 

book-trade  (buk'trad),  n.  1.  The  buying  and 
selling  of  books ;  the  business  of  printing  and 
publishing  books.— 2.  Those,  collectively,  who 
are  engaged  in  this  business. 

book-tray  (buk'tra),  «.  A  board  for  holding 
buok.s,  made  generally  of  some  cabinet-wood, 
with  sliding  ends,  often  richly  ornamented. 
Also  eaUed  book-slide. 

book-trimmer  (buk'trim'er),  n.  A  machine 
for  sijuariug  the  edges  of  unbound  books. 

book-work  (buk'werk),  n.  1.  The  study  of 
text^books,  as  distinguished  from  experimental 


booming 

Mr.  ilcCullagh,  in  a  letter  to  one  of  the  editors  of  this 
Dictionary,  says  :  "I  cannot  explain  how  I  came  to  use  it, 
except  that,  while  on  the  gunboats  on  tlie  Mississippi  river 
during  the  war,  I  used  to  hear  the  pilots  say  of  tlie  river, 
wlien  rising  rapidly  and  overliowing  its  banks,  tliat  it  (the 
river)  was  'booming.'  The  idea  I  wished  to  convey  was 
tiiatthe  Grant  movement  was  rising  — swelling,  etc.  The 
word  seemed  to  be  a  good  one  to  the  ear,  and  I  kept  it  up. 
It  was  generally  adopted  about  a  year  afterward.  I  used 
it  as  a  noun  .after  awhile,  and  spoke  of  '  the  Grant  boonu' "] 
They  all  say  that  one  railroad  spoils  a  town,  two  bring 
it  to  par  again,  and  three  make  it  boom, 

E.  ilarston,  Frank's  Ranche,  p.  36. 

H.  trans.  To  bring  into  prominence  or  public 
notice  by  calculated  means;  push  with  vigor 
or  spirit":  as,  to  boom  a  commercial  venture,  or 
the  candidacy  of  an  aspirant  for  office. 
boom^  (bom),  n.  [<  boom^,  f.]  A  sudden  in- 
crease of  aeti%-ity;  a  rush.  Specifically— (a)  In 
politics,  a  movement  seeming,  or  nii-uiit  to  seem,  spon- 
taneous in  favor  of  a  candidate  for  <i!tice,  or  in  behalf  of 
some  cause,  (b)  In  com,,  a  sudden  juid  great  increase  of 
business ;  a  rapid  advance  of  prices :  as,  a  boiyin  in  real 
estate;  a  boo7n  in  petroleum.    lU.  S.] 

Capital  was  enticed  thither  (to  New  Mexico]  for  invest- 
ment, and  a  great  number  of  enterprises  sprang  up  in  al- 
most every  direction.  The  boom,  however,  fell  almost  as 
rapidly  asit  arose.  The  yatioji,  Jan.  '2^,  1886. 


■s-ival  of  ME.  bionmen,  mod.  E.  fiH»(l,  in  its  orig, 
sound  (ME.  «  usually  represented  the  soimd 
now  indicated  by  oo  long  or  short) :  see  bum'^, 
bomb^,  bomb",  'biu)qA,  bumble,  etc.,  and  ef. 
boomS.}    To  make  a  deep,  hollow,  continued  boomage  (bo'maj),  w.     [<  boom"  +  -offf.]     1 


sound,    (a)  To  buzz,  hum,  or  drone,  as  a  bee  or  beetle, 
At  eve  the  beetle  boometh 
Athwart  the  thicket  lone. 

Tennyson,  Claribel. 
(6)  To  drum  or  cry,  as  a  bittern. 

And  the  bittern  sound  his  drum, 
Booming  from  the  sedgy  shallow. 

ScotI,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  31. 

(c)  To  roar,  rumble,  or  reverberate,  as  distant  guns. 

The  sound  of  the  musket-volleying  booms  into  the  far 
dining  rooms  of  the  ChaussSe  d'.\ntin. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  .1. 

(d)  To  roar,  as  waves  when  they  rush  with  violence  upon 


^Y((«;.,  a  duty  levied  as  a  composition  for  harbor- 
dues,  anchorage,  and  soundage. —  2.  Compensa- 
tion or  toll  for  the  use  of  a  boom,  or  for  the 
service  rendered  by  the  owner  of  a  boom  in 
receiving,  handUug,  di'iving,  and  assorting  logs 
floatiug  m  a  stream.     [U.  S.] 

boom-boat  (bom'bot),  n.  One  of  the  boats 
stowed  in  the  booms.     See  boom^,  n.,  5. 

boom-cover  (bom'kuv"er),  n.  Naiit.,  the  large 
tarpaulin  used  to  cover  over  the  space  where 
the  boom-boats  and  booms  are  stowed. 


rushing  along  before  a  fair  wind  under  a  press  of  sail 
She  conies  boomiuf/  down  before  the  wind.  Totten. 


lies,  or  from  instruction  imparted  by  lee-  -boom^  (bom),  n.    [<  ftooml, «'.]    A  deep,  hollow 


tures.^2.  In  jirinting,  work  on  books  and 
pamphlets,  as  distinguished  from  newspaper- 
work  and  job-work. 

book-worm  (buk'werm),  n.  1.  A  name  given 
to  the  larva;  of  various  insects,  which  gnaw  and 
injure  books,  but  particularly  to  those  of  two 
species  of  small  beetles,  Anobium  (^itodrcpa) 
panicium  audPtinusbrunncus,  belonging  to  the 
family  Ptinidte.    They  infest  old,  unused  books,  work- 


the  shore,  or  as  a  river  during  !i  freshet,  or  as  a  ship  when  boomer^   (bo'mer),    >i.     [Apjiar.  in  ref.  to  the 

sound  made  by  the  animal;  <  boom'^  +  -erl.] 
1.  In  Australia,  a  name  of  the  male  of  a  species 
of  kangaroo. —  2.  A  name  of  the  showt'l  or 
motmtain  beaver,  Uaplodon  riiftis  or  Aptodoiitia 
teporiiin.  See  cut  under  Uaplodon — Mountain 
boomer,  the  common  red  sciuirrel.  [Local,  V .  s,| 
Meantime  came  up  the  (worn  of  cannon,  slowly  recedmg  v,nompr2  (bo'merl  «  \<,  boom'^  +  -eA.^  One 
tlie  same  direction.     X  A'.  «o™Kr,Tlic  Color  Guard,  vi.    ""r""^^,    '  ,  .   „„„  Ll, 


continued  sound,  (a)  ,\.  buzzing,  humming,  or  dron 
ing,  as  of  a  bee  or  beetle.  (6)  Tlie  cry  of  the  bittern,  (r) 
A  roaring,  rumbling,  or  reverberation,  as  of  distant  guns. 


Book-wonn  Beetles. 

a,  Sitadrrpa  panicia'  b,  enlanfcd  .intenna  of  same ;  *■,  Ptinui 

brunneua.    ( vertical  lines  show  natur.il  sizes. ) 


Ing  chiefly  in  the  leather  binding,  but  also  riddling  the 

leaven  with  small  hole*,     'i'he  larvic  of  both  speiies  are 

cloudy  nliiillar.  being  cylinilrical  and  curved  like  those  of 

snout-beetleH.  but  furnl»hed  with  well-developed  legs,  ami   boOm-   (bcira),  I',  t. 

with  rather  long,  sparsi-  pubescence.     In  the  imago  state, 

however,  the  species  are  renillly  dislingulBhcd,  /'.  brun- 

jviu  tielng  much  more  slender  in  every  respect  than  A, 

jtftnirrum. 

2.  A  person  closely  addicted  to  Htudy ;  one  do- 
voted  to  the  reading  of  or  to  rcHonrch  in  books: 
as,  "these  poring  Imok-uormn,"  Taller,  No.  278. 
[In  this  Henso  more  commonly  as  one  word.] 

'Dioiiuh  I  be  1IO  hook-wfirm,  nor  one  that  deals  by  art,  t^i 
give  you  rhelorlc.  II.  Jotuon,  l.'ynthia  s  IteveU,  v.  :;. 

IfnU'iul  of  Man  Thinking,  wo  have  the  liuiikimrm. 

Kinrrimn,  Mlac.,  p.  77. 

book'Wrlght  fbiik'rit),  n.  A  writer  of  hooks; 
I'.n  ni'lior:  ii  term  expressive  of  slinht  dispar- 

,t. 


(d)  A  roaring,  implying  also  a  rushing  with  violence,  as  of 
waves. 

There  is  one  in  the  chamber,  as  in  the  grave,  for  whom 
the  tooni  of  the  wave  has  no  sound,  and  the  march  of  the 
deep  no  tide.  Bxdwcr. 

boom^  (bom),  n.  [A  naut.  word  of  D.  origin, 
<  D.  boom  =  LG.  boom,  a  tree,  beam,  bar,  polo, 
=  Sw.  Dan.  bom,  a  bar,  rail,  perch,  boom,  = 
Norw.  bomm,  biimni,  bumb  (according  to  Aasen 
from  LG.  or  D.),  a  bar,  boom,  =  G.  baum,a 
tree,  beam,  bar,  boom,  =  E.  beam,  q.  v.]  1. 
A  long  pole  or  spar  used  to  e.xtend  the  foot  of 
certain  sails  of  a  ship:  as,  the  maiu-boom,  jil>- 
boom,  studdiugsail-6«0(«.— 2.  A  strong  barrier, 
as  of  beams,  or  an  iron  chain  or  cable  fastened 
to  spars,  extended  across  a  river  or  the  mouth 
of  a  harbor,  to  prevent  an  enemy's  ships  from 
passing. — 3.  A  chain  of  floating  logs  fastened 
together  at  the  ends  and  stretched  across  a 
river,  etc.,  to  stop  Hoatiug  timber.  [U.  S.]  — 
4.  A  pole  set  up  as  a  mark  to  direct  seamen 
how  to  keep  the  channel  in  shallow  water.—  5. 
;;;.  A  space  in  a  vessel's  waist  used  for  stowing 
boats  and  spare  spars — Bentlnck  boom.    Sce'..ii 

(mc*.  — Fore-boom,  an  old  name  tor  tlii'  jibbc i;  the 

boom  of  a  forcand  :in  foresail,  -  GueBB-Wan>  bOOm.  .See 
f/ii.«»-"'nr/..  — Ringtail  boom.     Si'c  riirilnil. 

[=  I),  boomen,  ]insl 


Boomeran,Ts. 


II,  at  thin  moment,  any  young  man  of  real 

iiriil  Irlenila  enough  ami  t^xi  many  aiiiong  hln 

i  iirighU.  /fin;;*/-';;,  Two  Viiirs  Ago,  xl. 

bool'    •"!;,  n.    [8c.  form  of  fc'iipp.]     1.  A  bowl 

iix'  '.wliiig. —  2.  A  marble  UHcd  by  boys 

in  :  :',.  pi.  The  game  of  bowls. 

boot  ''oul. 

Bool  Hee  canon. 

bOOl'  liDoli). 

Booh  Ml),  n.  nndn.     I.  o.  Kcluling  to 

tli'   h  iandeorgo  Boole  (IHl.VfH),  thii 

cutbrir  'I         ;,Ht«lD  'd'  algebraic  notation  (or 


with  a 
le,  <  boom,  a  polo,  boom  :  see  botim",  n.  Vi. 
Irani,  r.]  1.  To  shove  with  a  boiiiii  or  spar. — 
2.  To  drive  or  guide  (logs)  down  a  stream  with 
a  boom  or  pole.— 3.  To  jien  or  coiilino  (logs) 
with  a  boom.  — To  boom  off,  to  shove  (a  vessel  or  boat) 
away  with  spars. 
boom''  (bfini),  )'.  f  A  recent  Americnii  use,  ori- 
giimtiiig  ill  the  West,  and  first  iniido  fiiiiiiliar  in 
1K7H;  a  particular  iipiilieation  of  boom^,  r.  i., 
(rf)(with  ref.  also  to  bnom^,  «.,  ('/)),  from  ilie 
thought  of  sudden  and  rapid  moHoii  with  ii 
roaring  ami  iiiereasiiig  sdiiiid.  In  later  use 
some  iisHiime  als.i  iiii  allnsirtii  to  boom",  ».,  !!. 
When  a  boom  of  logs  lireiikH,  the  logs  rush 
with  violence  down  the  Htreaiii,  and  are  llien 
saiii  to  1)0  "booming";  but  this  iipiieiirs  to  be 
the  ordinary  pjir.  iidj.  hoomini/,  roaring,  riisli- 
ing  with  \'ioleiicn,  iind  lo  liiive  no  coiineetion 
with  fcoom'-',  n.  or  I'.l  I.  intnniii.  To  go  on  willi 
a  rush;  bocoino  suddenly  iiedve;  be  "lively," 
OH  buHincHs;  be  prosperoiis  or  llourisliing.  |  the 
earliest  limljiiice  of  the  word  In  tlilnMluo  apjieam  lo  be  in 
the  following  pauage; 

"The  Itcpublleans  of  every  other  Rtntn  are  of  the  same 
way  of  tlitnking.     The  fact  1«,  Ihr  (Irani  movement  (for  a 
Ihlnl  tenn  of  llic  presldeiicy)  Is  hmminir," 
■I.  n.  McCuUagh,lnHl,  l,oul«(llol.el>eniocrat,  .Inly  18,1878. 


who  booms ;  one  who  starts  and  keeps  up  an 
agitation  in  favor  of  any  project  or  person; 
one  who  assists  in  the  organization  or  further- 
ance of  a  boom.     [U.  S.] 

The  Federal  Government  holils  them  Ithe  reservations 
in  the  Indian  Territory]  as  a  trustee  for  the  Indians;  and 
it  will  be  a  hundred  fold  better  to  let  some  acres  remain 
uncultivated  and  unoccupied  rather  than  that  all  shall  be 
given  over  to  the  rapacity  of  white  boomers. 

The  Xatioit,  .Tan.  7,  ISSO. 

boomerang  (bo'me-rang),  h.  [Recently  also 
lioomeniiij,  bomerang,  bomaraiuj  ;  from  a  native 
name  in  New  South  Wales ;  wo-miir-rdiig  and 

biimarin  are 
cited  as  abo- 
riginal names 
of  clubs.] 
1.  A  mis- 
sile weapon 
of  war  anil 
the  chase, 
used  by  the 
aborigines  of 
Australia,  consisting  of  a  rather  Hat  jiieco  of 
liard  wood  bent  or  curved  in  its  own  plane,  and 
from  1()  inches  to  U  feet  long.  Genenilly.  but  not 
always,  it  is  Hatter  on  one  siiic  than  on  the  other.  In 
some  cases  the  curve  from  end  to  end  Is  lu'arly  an  arc  of  a 
circle,  in  otlicrs  it  is  ralher  an  obtuse  angle  than  a  curve, 
and  in  a  few  examples  there  is  a  slight  reverse  curve 
towaril  each  end.     In  the  liaiuls  of  a  .skilful  thrower  the 

1 nicrang  can  be  projected  to  gt-ciit  distances,  anil  can  bo 

made  lo  ricochet  almost  at  will  :  it  eini  be  thrtiwn  In  a 
curved  path,  soniewliat  iis  a  bowl  ciin  be  "screwed"  or 
"Iwisted,"  anil  It  can  be  made  lo  return  to  the  thrower, 
and  strike  the  ground  behind  him.  It  is  capable  of  in- 
llicting  serious  wounds. 

Hence  —  2.  Figiiriitively,  any  plan,  measure, 
or  project  the  eoiiseiinonces  of  which  recoil 
11)1011  tlie  projector,  and  are  therefore  the  oppo- 
site of  those  intended  or  expected, 
booming'  (Ini'ming^  JI.  f\erlml  n.  of  bnom^, 
c]  Tlie  net  of  niiiking  a  deeji,  hollow,  contin- 
ued souinl,  or  the  sound  itself,  (o)  .\  bu/zing  or 
drolling,  as  of  a  bee  or  beetle.  {/))  The  crying  of  a  bltUTn. 
The  iiiarshbltterirB  wclril  lioominn,  tlii'  drumming  of 
the  cnpcri  allzlo.  /'.  Uohimoii,  I'lider  the  Sun,  p.  filJ. 

(c)  A  roaring  or  reverberallng,  as  of  distant  guns,  (rf)  A 
roaring.  Implying  also  a  rushing  with  violence,  as  of  wnvo«. 
booming'  (bd'niing),  p.  (I.  [I'lir.  of  /«<"(«',  >•.] 
.Making  a  deeji,  hollow,  continued  sound  (in 
any  of  the  senses  of  the  verb). 

,\11  idiilit  the  lui<,iinii:i  minute  gnu 

Mad  jieulcil  along  Ibedccp,    //cm(in.«,Th(! Wreck. 

still  darker  grows  Ibc  s]iiviolliig  .loud 

From  which  the  li«oiium,t  Iboiidirs  sound. 

llryanl,  Legend  of  the  DulawarcB. 


'booming  627 

booming^  (lio'miDg),  ;).  a.     [Ppr.  of  boomS,  r.]  boongary  (bong'ga-ri), ».   The  native  name  of  a 

.    ..  ii__-i.-.    „i ; I i.    „_     „     ti-o(\-knniiaroo,  Doiilrolaffus  lumhottzi,  of  nortb- 

cni  (^uconsliiiKi,  Australia. 

boonk  (biiiigk),  n.  [Imitative,  like  htcmp^  and 
humble,  n.,  q.  v.]  The  little  bittern  of  Europe, 
Ardetta  ininuta.     Montagu, 

boon-loaft  (bon'lof),  n.  A  loaf  allowed  to  a 
tenant  when  working  on  a  boon-day. 

boon-work  (boii'w6rk),  Jj.  1.  Unpaid  work  or 
service!  formerly  rendered  by  a  tenant  to  his 
lord;  boon. — 2.  Work  or  service  given  gratu- 
itously to  a  fanner  by  his  neighbors  on  some 
special  occasion. 


Active ;    lively ;    advancing ;    buoyant :    as,   a 
booming    market. 
[U.S.] 

boom-iron  (bom'- 
i"ern),  ".  Nuut., 
a  metal  ring  on 
a  yard,  thi-ough 
which  a  studding- 
sail-boom  is  run 
in  and  out. 

boom-jigger 

(bom'jig'er),  n.      Naut.,  the   small  purchase 


on  ynril-arin. 


Also 


nsed  in  rigging  out  a  studdingsail-boom,  and,  boopic  (bo-op'ik),  a.     [<  Or.  poawic,  ox-eyed: 

"" ■'         see  fto'V;;K.]     Having  eyes  like  those  of  an  ox. 

boops  (bo'ops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jiuuTTKj,  ox-eyed, 
<  /5oDf,  ox  (see  lios),  +  uiji,  eye.]  An  old  book- 
name  of  the  Box  boops,  a  sparoid  fish  of  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  adjoining  ocean.  It  is 
peculiar  in  the  development  of  only  one  row  of 
notched  trenchant  teeth  in  the  jaws. 


by  shifting  the  tackle,  in  rigging  it  in, 
called  iii-aiiil-oiit  jii/gcr. 

boomkin  (bom'kin),  «.     Same  as  bumkin. 

boom-mainsail  (liom'mau'sal),  ».  A  fore-and- 
aft  mainsail,  the  foot  of  which,  is  extended  by 
a  boom. 

boomslang  (bom'slang),  n.  [D.  (in  S.  Af- 
rica), <  boom,  tree,  +  slang  (=  OHG.   slango,  boor  (bor),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  boore,  hour 


MHCi.  slange,  G.  schlange),  a  snake,  <  *slinge>i, 
only  in  freq.  slingcreii,  turn,  toss,  sling,  =  OHG. 
slingan,  MHG.  slingen,  G.  schlingen,  wind,  twist, 
sling,  =  E.  sling,  q.  v.]  An  African  tree-snake, 
Bucephalus  capensis. 
boomster  (bom'ster),  n.  [<  boom?  +  -ster.'] 
One  engaged  in  booming  the  market  or  a  polit- 
ical candidate  for  office ;  one  who  works  up  a 
boom.     [Rare,  U.  S.] 

lloreover,  he  [the  Secretary  of  the  Interior]  dismissed 
him  "when  under  fire"  —  that  is,  while  the  Board's  en- 
quiry was  stil!  in  progress — an  act  wliich  every  boomnter 
must  regard  with  loathing.         The  Nation,  Feb.  12,  ISSO. 

boom-tackle  (bom'tak"l),  n.  A  tackle  consist- 
ing of  a  double  and  a  single  block  and  fall, 
used  in  guying  out  the  main-boom  of  a  fore- 
and-aft  rigged  vessel. 
boonl  (bon),  n.  [<  ME.  boon,  bone,  also  boi/n, 
boi/iie,  <  Icel.  bon,  a  prayer,  petition,  with  a 
parallel  umlauted  form  been  for  *hoen  =  Sw. 
Dan.  bon  =  AS.  ben,  ME.  hen,  bene,  a  prayer: 
see  ben'2.  In  the  sense  of  'favor,  privilege,' 
there  is  confusion  with  fcoo«3.]  If.  A  prayer; 
a  petition. 

Our  Icing  unto  God  made  his  boon.  Minot. 

The  wofuU  husbandman  doth  lowd  complaine 
To  see  his  whole  yeares  labor  lost  so  soone, 
For  which  to  God  he  made  so  many  an  idle  boone. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  III.  vii.  34. 

2.  That  which  is  asked;  a  favor;  a  thing  de- 
sired; a  benefaction. 

Vouchsafe  me,  for  my  meed,  but  one  fair  look ; 
A  smaller  boon  than  this  I  cannot  beg. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  v.,  V.  4. 

All  our  trade  with  the  West  Indies  was  a  boon,  granted 
to  us  by  the  indulgence  of  England. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Jan.  24, 1832. 

Hence  —  3.  A  good;  a  benefit  enjoyed;  a  bless- 
ing ;  a  great  privilege ;  a  thing  to  be  thankful 
for. 

The  bo(m  of  religious  freedom. 

Sydney  Smith,  Peter  Plymley's  Letters,  ii. 

Is  this  the  duty  of  rulers?  Are  men  in  such  stations  to 
give  all  that  may  be  asked  .  .  .  without  regarding  wheth- 
er it  be  a  boon  or  a  bane?  Brouf/hani,  Lord  North 


(also  improp.  bore,  hoar),  possibly,  in  the  form 
hour  (mod.  K.  prop.  *bouwr,  bou'er)  (cf.  E.  dial. 
bor,  neighbor,  as  a  form  of  address),  <  ME. 
*hour,  <  AS.  gebur,  a  dweller,  husbandman, 
farmer,  countryman  (a  word  surviving  without 
distinctive  meaning  in  the  compound  neighbovr, 
neighbor,  <  AS.  nedli-gcbur) ;  but  in  t)ie  ordi- 
nary form  and  pronunciation,  boor,  <  LG.  bur, 
buur,  MLG.  bUr,  gebur,  a  husbandman,  farmer, 
=  D.  buur,  MD.  ghebare,  ghebucr,  neighbor,  D. 
boer,  MD.  geboer  (a  later  form,  prob.  borrowed 
from  LG.),  a  husbandman,  fanner,  rustic,  knave 
at  cards,  =  OHG.  gibur,  giburo,  MHG.  gebur,  ge- 
bure,G.  baucr,  a  husbandman,  peasant,  rustic, 
=  AS.  gebur,  as  above  ;  lit.  one  who  occupies 
the  same  dwelling  (house,  village,  farm)  with 
another,  one  who  dwells  with  or  near  another 
(a  sense  more  definitely  expressed  by  the  AS. 
nedh-gebur,  'nigh-dweller,'  neiglibor:  see  neigh- 
bor), <  ge-,  together,  a  generalizing  or  coordi- 
nating prefix  (see  ge-),  +  bur,  >  E.  bower,  a 
dwelling:  see  howcr'^.  The  forms,  as  those  of 
others  from  the  same  root  (AS.  huan,  dwell, 
etc.),  are  somewhat  confused  in  the  several 
languages.  See  bower^,  bower^,  bowerO,  etc., 
and  neighbor.l  1.  A  countryman;  a  peasant ; 
a  rustic;  a  clown;  particularly,  a  Dutch  or 
German  peasant. 

Knave  meant  once  no  more  than  lad ;  .  .  .  villain  than 
peasant ;  a  boor  was  only  a  farmer ;  a  varlet  was  but  a 
serving-man ;  .  .  .  a  churl  but  a  strong  fellow. 

Abp.  Treiich,  Stuiiy  of  Words,  p.  56. 

There  were  others,  the  boors,  who  seem  to  have  had  no 
land  of  their  own,  but  worked  on  the  lord's  private  land 
like  the  laborers  of  to-day. 

J.  B.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  316. 

Hence — 2.  One  who  Is  rude  in  manners,  or  il- 
literate ;  a  clown ;  a  clownish  person. 

The  profoundest  philosoplier  differs  in  degree  only,  not 
in  kind,  from  the  most  uncultivated  boor. 

Charming,  Perfect  Life,  p.  172. 

The  habits  and  cunning  of  a  boar.  Thackeray. 

Tramped  down  by  that  Northern  boor,  Peter  the  Great. 

D.  G.  Mitchell,  Wet  Days. 

3.   [cap.']  Same  as  Boer. 

boord^t,  «.  and  v.    An  obsolete  form  of  board. 

A  variant  form  of  bourd^. 


.     .  .,  .       ,       ,      '    i         i  i    ,_•     boord'-t,  «•     A  variant  for 

4.  An  unpaid  service  due  by  a  tenant  to  his  ^joorish  (bor'ish),   a.     [<  boor  -I-  -isftl ;   =  D. 


lord.     [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 

boonl  (bon),  ('.  t  [<  6ooh1,  «.,4.]  To  do  gra- 
tuitous service  to  another,  as  a  tenant  to  a  land- 
lord.    Bay;  Grose.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

boon^  (bon),  H.  [Also  E.  dial,  bun  (see  bun"^),  < 
ME.  bone,  later  also  bunne  ;  ef .  Gael,  and  Ir.  6k- 
nach,  coarse  tow,  the  refuse  of  flax,  <  Gael,  and 
It.  bun,  stump,  stock,  root:  see  6h«3.]  The 
refuse  stalk  of  hemp  or  flax  after  the  fiber  has 
been  removed  by  retting  and  breaking. 

boon^  (bon),  a.  [<  ME.  boon,  hone,  <  Norm.  F. 
boon,  OF.  bon,  F.  hon,  <  L.  bonus,  good:  see 
io««s,  fcoHHe,  6o«H)/l,  etc.]  It.  Good:  &s,boon 
cheer. —  2t.  Favorable;  fortunate;  prosperous: 
as,  a  boon  voyage. — 3 .  Kind ;  bounteous ;  yield- 
ing abundance:  as,  "nature  boon,"  Milton,  P. 
L.,  iv.  242. 

To  a  boon  southern  comitry  he  is  fled. 

M.  Arnold,  Thyrsis. 


boersch  =  G.  bduerisch,  clo-wnish,  nistic]     1 
Resembling  a  boor  ;   elovraish ;  nistie ;   awk- 
ward in  manners ;  illiterate. 

No  lusty  neatherd  thither  drove  his  kine, 
No  boorish  hogherd  fed  his  rooting  swine. 

W.  Brou'tK,  Brit.  Past.,  ii.  1. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  fit  for  a  boor. 

A  gi-oss  and  boorish  opinion.  Miltmi,  On  Divorce,  i.  9. 
=  Syn  Boorish,  Churlish,  Clownish,  Loutish.  He  who  is 
boorish  is  so  low-bred  in  habits  and  ways  as  to  be  posi- 
tively offensive.  He  who  is  churlish  offends  by  his  lan- 
guage and  manners,  they  being  such  as  would  naturally  be 
found  in  one  who  is  coarse  and  selfish,  and  therefore  gener- 
ally insolent  or  crusty  and  rough  ;  the  opposite  of  ki  nd  and 
courteous :  as,  it  is  churlish  to  refuse  to  answer  a  civil  ques- 
tion The  opposite  of  boorish  is  rejined  or  jmbte ;  the  op- 
posite of  clownish  is  elegant.  Clownish  is  a  somewhat 
weaker  word  llian  boorish,  implying  less  that  is  disgustmg 
in  manner  and  speech ;  it  often  notes  mere  lack  of  refine- 
ment The  difference  between  clownish  and  loutish  is 
that  he  who  is  clownish  is  generally  stupid  and  some- 
times ludicrous,  while  he  who  is  loutish  is  perhaps  slov- 


4.  Gay;  merry;  joUy;  jo'vial;  convivial:  as,  a     enly  and  worthy  of  blame, 

icon  companion;    "jocund  and  boon,"  Milton,  In  some  countries  the  large  cities  absorb  the  wealtlj^and 


P.  L.,  ix.  793. 

Fled  all  the  boon  companions  of  the  Earl. 

Tennrfson,  Geraint. 

boonaget,  ».  [.Also  bonage;  <  boon'^,  4,  -t-  -age.] 
Boon-work. 

boon-dayt  (bon'da),  «.  A  day  on  which  boon- 
work  was  performed  by  a  tenant  for  his  lord, 
as  in  harvesting  his  crops. 


fashion  of  the  nation,  .  .  .  and  tlie  country  is  inhabited 
almost  entirely  by  boorish  peasantry. 

Irmng,  Sketch-Book,  p.  80. 
My  master  is  of  churlish  disposition. 
And  little  recks  to  And  the  way  to  heaven 
By  doing  deeds  of  hospitality.  ,_ 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  u.  4. 

"Tis  clownish  to  insist  on  doing  all  with  one's  own  hands, 

as  if  every  man  should  build  his  own  clumsy  house,  forge 

his  hammer,  and  hake  his  dough.  Emerson,  Success. 


boot 

He  [Lord  Chesterfield]  labored  for  years  to  mould  his 
dull,  iM'avy,  loutish  Hon,  .stanliope,  into  a  graceful  man  of 
fashion.  H'.  .Mathews,  Getting  on  in  tlie  World,  p.  42. 

boorishly  (bbr'ish-U),  adv.    In  a  boorish  man- 
ner. 
Limbs  .  .  .  neither  weak  nor  boorintdy  robust. 

Fenton,  tr.  of  Martial's  Epigrams,  x.  47. 

boorlshness  (bor'ish-nes),  n.  [<  boorish  + 
-ne.'is.  ]  The  state  of  being  boorish  ;  clownish- 
ness  ;  rusticity;  coarseness  of  manners. 

boornouse  (biir-nSs'),  n.     Same  as  burnoose. 

boost,  n-     An  obsolete  form  of  boss^.     Chaucf;r. 

boosel  (biiz),  «.  [=  Sc.  boose,  bui.sc,  bnsc;  <  ME. 
boi>se,  hose,  <  AS.  'bos  (represented  only  by  the 
ONorth.  bosig,  >  boosy^,  q.  v.)  =  Icel.  bass  = 
Sw.  bds  =  Dan.  baas,  a  cow-stall ;  cf.  G.  banse, 
=  Goth,  ban.sts,  a  barn.]  A  stall  or  inclosnre 
for  cattle.     Also  boosij,  bouse.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

boose-,  ''.  and  n.     See  booze. 

booser,  n.     See  boozer. 

boost!  (bost),  D.  t.  [Etym.  unknown.]  To  lift 
or  raise  by  pushing  from  behind,  as  a  person 
climbing  a  tree;  pu.sh  up:  often  used  figura- 
tively :  as,  to  boost  a  person  over  a  fence,  or  in- 
to power.     [North.  U.  S.] 

boosti  (bost),  n.  An  upward  shove  or  push; 
tlie  act  of  boosting;  the  result  of  boostingj  a 
lift,  either  literally  or  figuratively:  as,  to  give 
one  a  boost.     [North.  U.  S.] 

boosf'^t,  n.     A  Middle  English  form  of  boastX. 

boost^t,  n.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bost;  a  variant 
of  boist^,  q.  v.]     Same  as  boist^. 

boost'*  (bost),  u.  and  r.     Same  as  buist. 

boosyi  (bti'zi),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boosey, 
bousic,  <  ME.  (not  found),  <  AS.  (ONorth.)  bo- 
sig, bosih,  <  *bds,  a  stall:  see  hooae^.']  Same  as 
boose^. 

boosy-,  a.     See  boozy. 

boot!  (hot),  «.  [<  ME.  hoote,  bote,  hot,  <  AS.  hot, 
ailvantage,  amendment,  reparation  (esp.  in  the 
phrase  to  bote  (lit.  'for  reparation,'  E.  to  lioot), 
frequent  in  the  AS.  laws),  =  OS.  bota  =  OFries. 
bote  =  D.  boete  =  LG.  6ote  =  OHG.  buoza,  MHG. 
buoze,  G.  biisse  =  Icel.  hot  =  Sw.  hot  =  Dan. 
bod  =  Goth,  bota,  boot,  advantage,  profit,  re- 
pair, reparation,  etc. ;  <  Teut.  'baton  (pret.  'hot), 
be  good,  be  useful,  profit,  avail,  whence  idt.  E. 
hef^,  better'^,  batten^,  battle^,  etc.,  and  (as  aderiv. 
of  boot),  beef^,  mend,  repair:  see  these  words.] 
If.  Profit;  gain;  advantage. 

If  then  the  reward  bee  to  bee  measured  by  thy  merites, 
what  boote  canst  thou  seeke  for,  but  eteniall  paine. 

Lyty,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  181. 

O  !  spare  thy  happy  daies,  and  them  apply 

To  better  boot.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  )ti.  19. 

2.  Something  which  is  thrown  in  by  one  of  the 
parties  to  a  bargain  as  an  additional  considera- 
tion, or  to  make  the  exchange  equal. 

I'll  give  you  boot,  111  give  you  tliree  for  one. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 

3t.   Help  or  deliverance;    assistance;   relief; 
remedy:  as,  boot  for  every  bale. 
She  is  .  .  .  the  rote  of  bountee  .  ^  ,  and  soules  bote. 

Chaucer,  Prioress's  Tale,  -L  14, 
Anon  he  yaf  the  syke  man  his  bote. 

Cliaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  L  424. 

Next  her  son,  our  soul's  best  6oof.  Wordwrorth. 

4t.  Resource;  alternative. 

There  was  none  other  boote  for  him,  but  to  anu  him. 

Lord  Bemers,  tr.  of  F'roissart,  I.  674. 

It  is  no  boot,  it  is  useless  or  of  no  avaiL 

\\'hereupon  we  thought  it  no  boot  to  sit  longer,  since  we 
could  escape  unobserved. 

R.  Krwx,  Arber's  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  418. 
To  boot  [AS.  to  bote],  to  the  advantage ;  into  the  bargain ; 
in  addition ;  over  and  above ;  besides :  as,  I  will  give  my 
house  for  yours  witli  $500  to  boot. 

Helen  to  change  would  give  an  eye  to  boot. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  L  2. 

We  are  a  people  of  prayer  and  good  works  to  boot. 

Hawthorn*,  Old  Manse,  L 

To  maJce  boot  of,  to  make  profit  of;  gain  by. 

Give  him  no  breath,  but  now 
Make  boot  o/  his  distraction. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  1. 

booti  (bot),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  boten,  profit,  <  bote, 
boot,  profit.  The  earlier  verb  was  AS.  betan, 
>  ME.  beten,  mod.  E.  hert :  see  6ee(2.]  i.  To 
profit;  advantage;  avail:  now  only  used  im- 
personally: as,  it  boots  us  little. 

What  bootes  it  al  to  have,  and  nothing  use? 

Sp,-nser,  F.  Q.,  IL  vi.  17. 

For  what  I  have,  I  need  not  to  repeat; 
And  what  I  want,  it  boots  not  to  complain. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  4. 

To  present  into  the  bargain ;  enrich ;  ben- 


2t. 
efit. 


I  will  boot  thee  with  what  gift  beside 
Thy  modestj-  can  beg.  Shak.,  A.  and  C, 


ii.  5k 


boot 

boots  (bot),  n.  [<  ME.  hoote,  bote,  <  OF.  hotCj 
a  boot,  F.  botfe  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  feo^rt  (ML.  boffl, 
ftortfl)  (ef.  Gael,  bot,  botuinn,  prob.  from  E.).  a 
boot;  origin  uncertain.  Prob.  not  connected, 
as  supposed,  with  OF.  boitte,  mod.  F.  botte  = 
It.  botte  (ML.  6Hf/a,  bota),  a  butt,  cask,  leathern 
vessel:  see  buit^.'\  1.  A  covering  (usually 
of  leather)  for  the  foot 
and  lower  part  of  the  leg, 
reaching  as  far  up  as  the 
middle  of  the  calf,  and 
sometimes  to  the  knee. 
In  most  styles  the  leg  part 
keeps  its  place  by  its  stiffness 
alone,  although  in  certain  fash- 
ions it  has  been  laced  around 
the  calf.  Boots  seem  to  have 
appeared  in  Europe  about  the 
middle  of  the  tifteenth  century. 
They  were  not  much  worn  at 
flrst,  because  persons  of  the 
wealthier  classes,  when  abroad, 
were  generally  clad  in  armor. 
At  the  time  of  the  gradual  dis- 
appearance of  armor  very  high 
boots  of  thick  leather  came  into 
favor  as  covering  for  the  legs, 
and  by  the  sixteenth  century 
they  were  already  in  common 
use.  (See  jack-hoot.)  Late  in 
the  eighteenth  century  boots 
became  a  usual  part  of  elegant 
costume,  and  were  made  lighter 
and  more  close-fitting.  In  Eng- 
land boots  ceased  to  be  common 
in  elegant  costume  as  early  as 
1S55,  and  about  fifteen  years 
later  they  began  to  disappe;u'  in 
the  United  States;  but  they  are 
still  worn  for  special  purjioses 
and  occupations,  as  by  horse- 
men, seamen,  etc. 
Hence  —  2.    In    modem 


Torture  with  the  Boot. 


Bool 
j4:  a,  front;  d,  side-seam; 
c.  back;  d,  strap:  €.  instep: 
y,  vamp,  or  front:  jr.  quar- 
ter, or  counter;  A,  rand  ;  i. 
heel,  of  which  th*-  front  is  the 
breast  and  the  boitom  the 
face;  J,  lifts  of  the  heel;  *, 
shank:  /,  welt;  m.  sole;  n, 
toe  :  c,  ball  of  sole.  B  { sec- 
tion) :  a,  upper ;  ^,  insole  ;  c, 
outsole ;  rf.  welt ;  r,  stitching  of 
the  sole  to  the  welt ;  /,  stitch- 
ing^  of  the  upper  to  the  welt ;     USage,    alSO,    aUV  SUOe    01' 

ferSrb^'fef'ie'lglSS:"  outer  foot-c-ovei^g which 
reaches  above  the  ankle, 
whether  for  men  or  women:  more  properly 
called  half-boot  or  ankle-boot. —  3.  An  instru- 
ment of  torture  made  o£ 
iron,  or  a  combination 
of  iron  and  wood,  fas- 
tened on  the  leg,  be- 
tween which  and  the 
boot  wedges  were  in- 
troduced and  driven  in 
by  repeated  blows  of  a 
mallet,  with  such  vio- 
lence as  to  crush  both 
muscles  and  bones .  The 
boots  and  thuinlj-acrew  were 
the  Bpechil  Scotch  instru- 
ments for  "putting  to  the 
question."  A  much  milder 
variety  consisted  of  a  boot 
or  buslcin,  made  wet  and 
drawn    upon    the   legs   and 

then  dried  l)y  heat,  so  as  to  contract  and  squeeze  tlie  legs. 
The  .Scottish  Privy  Council  had  power  to  put  state  pris- 
oners to  tlie  (juestion.  But  the  sight  was  so  dreadful  that, 
OB  soon  as  the  haot^  appeared,  even  the  most  servile  and 
hard-hearted  courtiers  hastened  o»it  of  the  chamber. 

«  Macaulay. 

4.  A  protective  covering  for  a  horse's  foot. 
—  5t.  In  the  seventeenth  century,  a  drinking- 
vessel:  from  the  use  of  leathern  jacks  to  drink 
from. 

To  charge  whole  booU  full  to  their  frlenrl's  welfare. 

/(;-.  II iM,  .Satires,  VI.  i.  82. 

6.  In  ornilh.,  a  continuous  or  entire  tarsal  en- 
velop, formed  by  fusion  of  the  tarsal  scutolla. 
It  occurs  chiefly  in  birds  of  the  thrush  niid  war- 
bler groups,  fiee  cut  under  buotid. —  7t.  The 
fixed  step  on  each  side  of  a  coach. — 8t.  An  un- 
covered space  on  or  by  the  steps  on  each  side 
of  a  coach,  allotte<l  to  the  servants  and  atten- 
dant. ;  later,  a  low  outside  compartment,  either 
biftween  the  coachman's  Vjox  and  the  body  of 
t  111;  coach  or  at  the  roar. 

The  Infanta  sat  In  the  Imot  with  n  blue  rlbtion  about 

her  arm,  of  puri>oso  that  the  lYlnee  might  fllNtlnguisti  lier. 

Iluuvll,  Utt<.r»,  I.  ill.  1£). 

IIU  coach  being  como,  he  caujieth  hltii  t^f  be  laid  softly, 
and  no,  ho  In  one  twtt  and  the  Iwi,  clilrurgi.-onH  In  the 
other,  they  drive  away  to  the  very  next  country-bouHe. 

./.  JtrjfnttUlM. 

0.  A  receptacle  for  baggage  in  a  couch,  either 
umlir  the  seat  of  the  eoadnnan  or  umlertlmt 
of  the  t'lmrd,  or,  as  in  American  Htagc-<'oaclii'H, 
beliiiii]  the  bodv  of  the  coach,  crivered  by  a  fla]> 
of  liiiilirr. — 16.  A  leather  npron  atliiclied  to 
th(    '  !  <,r  an  open  cnrrlaK'' >>>><l  ill  HJi^iieil 

lo  1'  |,riili'i'lliin  from  niin  or  iiiiid. — 

Bain  -111'  liolinnrnl.     Boots  nnd  h.'iiIiII'ii 

(An  I  I    fmu// <.'/(/',  Ihi' .II" 

*'"',  '!•■  on  :    litnilrr,  piii 

tuf'i   '  Wi/i7.,th.  Ilmtlninii  i 

drlU  ur  ull.t  I  lonnatioiu  mounUd ;  alio,  a  tlnnal  fui  the 


628 

assembly  of  trumpeters. —  Clumsy-boots,  an  awkward, 

careless  person.    [CoUoq.] 

You're  the  most  creasing  and  tumbling  chnnfty  boots  of 
a  packer.  Dickens^  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv. 

Congress  boots  or  gaiters,  high  shoes  with  elastic  sides, 
by  stretching  which  they  are  drawn  on  t  the  feet. —  Hes- 
sian boots,  a  kind  of  long  boots,  originally  introduced  in 
the  uniform  of  Hessian  troops.— Salisbury  boot,  a  car- 
riage-boot of  rounded  form,  used  cliiedy  in  court  vehicles. 
[Eng.J  —  Skeleton  boot,  a  carriage-boot  framed  with  thin 
pieces  of  iron  instead  of  wouii,  and  supporting  the  driver's 
seat.—  Sly-boots,  a  cunning,  artful  person.— To  put  the 
boot  on  the  ■wrong  leg,  to  give  credit  or  blame  to  the 
wrong  party  ;  make  a  mistake  in  attribution. 

boot2  (bot),  f.  ?.  [<  6oo(2,  «.]  1.  To  put  boots 
on.— 2.  To  torture  with  the  boot.— 3.  To 
kick;  drive  by  kicking:  as,  boot  him  out  of  the 
room.  [Slang.] — 4.  To  beat,  formerly  with  a 
long  jack-boot,  now  with  a  leather  surcingle  or 
waist-belt :  an  irregular  conventional  punish- 
ment inflicted  by  soldiers  on  a  comrade  guilty 
of  dishonesty  or  shirking  duty.  X.  E.  D.  [Eng. 
military  slang.] 

boot^t  (bot),  n.  [Appar.  same  as  hoot^,  used 
for  booty  ;  or  merely  short  for  booty.']  Booty; 
spoil;  plunder. 

Heavy  laden  with  the  spoyle 
Of  harvest's  riches,  which  he  made  his  boot. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vii.  S8. 

Like  soldiers,  [bees]  armed  in  their  stings, 
Make  boot  upon  the  summer's  velvet  buds. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2. 

A  true  Attic  bee,  he  [Milton]  made  boot  on  every  lip 
where  there  was  a  trace  of  truly  classic  honey. 

Lourll,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  271. 

boot*t.     Obsolete  preterit  of  hite. 

Bootanese,  ".  and  ».     See  Bhutanese. 

boot-black  (bot'blak),  n.  One  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  clean  and  black  boots  and  shoes. 
Also  called  shoe-black. 

boot-catchert  (b6t'kach"^r),  Ji.  The  person  at 
an  inn  whose  business  was  to  pull  ofif  boots  and 
clean  them;  a  boots. 

The  ostler  and  the  boot-catcher  ought  to  partake. 

Swi/t,  Advice  to  Servants. 

boct-clainp  (bot'klamp),  n.    A  de'vice  for  hold- 
ing a  boot  so  that  it  can  be  sewed, 
boot-closer  (biit'klo  z^r),  n.    One  who  sews  to- 
gether the  upper  leathers  of  boots  or  shoes. 
boot-crimp  (bot'krimp),  n.    A  frame  or  last 

used  by  bootmakers  for  dra'wing  and  shaping 

the  body  of  a  boot. 
boot-cuff  (bot'kuf ),  n.     A  form  of  cuff  worn  in 

England  in  the  eighteenth  century.  See  cntf. 
booted    (bo 'ted),    a.      [<    boot'-^, 

i.,-\--c<l".'i    1.  Having  boots  on; 

eijuipped  with  boots;  especially, 

equipped  for  riding :   as,  booted 

and  sptirred;  "a  booted  judge," 

Dryden. — 2.  In  oi-hi7/(.:  (n)  Hav- 
ing the  tarsi  covered  with  fea- 
thers;  braecate:    as,  the  booted 

eagle.     See  cut  under  braecate. 

(b)   Having  the  tarsi  enveloped 

in  a  boot,  that  is,   not  divided 

along  the  acrotarsium,  or  having 

only  a  few  scales  or  scutella  near 

the  toes ;   holothecal ;    ocreate : 

us,  a  hooted  tarsus.     Sec  boot-,  6. 
bootee'   (bo-te'),  «.     [<  hoot-  + 

dim.  -«'.]     A  trade-name  for  a 

half  or  short  boot  for  women, 
bootee-  (bij'te),  «.     [E.  Ind.]     A 

white,  s]iotted  Dacca  muslin. 
Bootes  (bo-o'tez),  H.     [L.,  <  Gr.  Ihumu  a  name 

givcutotfie  constellation  containing  Arcturus, 

lit.  an  ox-ilriver,  plovnnau,  <  /Joif,  an  ox.]     A 

northern     constellation 

containing    the    bright 

star  Arcturus,  and  situ- 
ated behind  the  Great 

Bear,     it  is  supposeii   to 

represent  a    man   holding  a 

crook  and  driving  the  Bear. 

In  modern  times  tlie  constel- 
lation of  the  Hountis  lias  been 

int(>rpoHi-it    between    Bootes 

and  tile  Jtenr. 
booth  fbiith),  «. 

hiiifli,  cnrlv  iniid 

!•;.  />(iulhc,'hiilhe;  <  ME. 

bo  I  he,   <    ODan.    'bodh, 

Dan.  bod   =    Hw.    bod, 

booth,  stall,  =  Ici'l.')r/(Wi, 

dwelling,  =  M!l'l./ii(i;i/i', 

hut.  lent,  (l./iH'/'',bi)olli, 

Hinll  (cf.   Hoheni.  boiidii 

=  I'lil.  biida  =  Sorbian 

Inula  =  KiiHH.  budka.i-le., 

friiin  G.;OBel.  biilh  =  \t. 

both,   boith  =  W.  Imth, 


Booted  T-iraus 
( Robin  1. 

a,  iicrolan-luin, 
or  front  of  tlic  t.ir- 
sus:  *,  pliiiil.i,  or 
sides  nnd  back  of 
the  t^nuii. 


r=sc. 

,  Norlh. 


^\M«fhtii 


The  ConfttellnUon  Uol>left. 


bootlessness 

perhaps  from  E.);  with  formative  -th  (-d),  < 
Icel.  boa,  bua  =  AS.  buaii,  etc.,  dwell,  whence 
also  AS.  biir,  E.  boiceA,  etc. :  see  bowcr'^,  boor, 
etc.]  1.  A  temporary  structure  or  dwelling 
made  of  boards,  boughs  of  trees,  or  other  slight 
materials,  or  of  canvas,  as  a  tent. 

The  ruder  tribes  .  ,  .  follow  the  herd,  living  through  the 
summer  in  booths  on  the  higher  pasture-grouiuis,  and  only 
returning  to  the  valleys  to  find  shelter  from  the  winter- 
storms.  C.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  241. 

Specifically  —  2.  A  stall  for  the  sale  of  goods 
or  refreshments  at  a  fair  or  market,  for  show- 
men's and  jugglers'  exhibitions,  etc Polling- 
booth,  a  temporary  structure  of  boards,  used  at  electiona, 
in  (ireat  llritain  for  receiving  votes,  and  in  the  United 
States  as  a  stand  from  which  to  distriluite  ballots. 

boothage  (bo'thaj),  ».  [<  booth  -f-  -age.']  Cus- 
tomary dues  paid  for  leave  to  erect  booths  in 
fairs  and  markets. 

boothalet  (biJt'hal),  v.  t.  [<  boot^,  for  booty,  + 
/in/(-^.]     To  plunder;  pillage.     Bean,  and  Fl. 

boothalert  (bot'ha'ler),  n.  A  robber;  a  free- 
booter. 

My  own  father  laid  these  London  boothalers,  the  catch- 
polls, in  ambush  to  set  upon  me. 

Middlcton  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  v.  1. 

bootbolder  (bot'hoFder),  n.  A  jack  or  other 
device  for  holding  a  boot  while  it  is  being  made 
or  cleaned. 
boot-hook  (bot'huli),  n.  1.  A  sort  of  holdfast 
■n-ith  which  long  boots  are  pulled  on  the  legs. 
—  2.  A  button-hook  for  buttoning  shoes. 
boot-hose  (bot'hoz),  n.  pi.  1.  Stocking-hose 
or  spatterdashes,  worn  instead  of  boots. 

Let  the  waistcoat  I  have  last  wrought 
Be  made  up  for  my  father :  I  will  have 
A  cap  and  boot-hose  suitable  to  it. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Love's  Cure,  i.  2. 

2.  E.xtra  stockings  or  leggings  formerly  worn 
with  boots,  and  covering  the  upper  part  of  the 
leg  and  a  part  of  the  thigh,  but  not  the  ankles 
and  feet. 

bootied  (bii'tid),  a.  [<  booty  -t-  -ed^.]  Laden 
with  booty  ;  carrying  off  booty. 

Charged 
The  bootied  spoilers,  conquer'd  and  released 
The  wretched  prey.  J.  Bailtie. 

bootikin  (bO'ti-kin),  n.  [<  boot^  +  dim.  -i-kin. 
Cf.  manikin.]  1.  A  little  boot. —  2.  A  soft 
boot  or  glove  made  of  oiled  skin,  formerly 
worn  by  persons  affected  with  gout.  Tiiat  for  the 
Iiand  wiis  a  kiiui  of  mitten  with  a  partition  tor  the  timinb, 
but  luuu"  for  tlie  fingers. 

I  desire  no  more  of  my  bootikins  than  to  curtail  my  Ata 
|of  tliegoutl.  //.  iValiiole. 

3.  Same  as  boot",  v.,  3. 

bootingif  (bo'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  boting,  increase, 
gain,  Zbote  (see  boof^);  partly  confuseil  with 
booty,  boof^.]  1.  Advantage;  service;  avail. 
Haninijtnn. —  2.  Payment  in  addition  or  into 
the  bargain. 

booting-  (bii'ting),  H.  [<  boot",  r..  2,  -1-  -imj^.'] 
Tort ine  by  means  of  the  boot.     Se(>  boot-,  n.,3. 

bOOting-'t  (bo'ting),  JI.  [Appar.  <  boof'i  -(-  -iiig; 
biit  in  sense  1  prob.  an  adaptation  of  biitin, 
booty:  see  booty,  bntin.]  1.  Booty;  jilnuder. 
—  2.  The  taking  of  booty. 

I'll  tell  vou  of  a  brave  hooting 

Tliat  befell  Roldn  Hood.  OU  nciUad. 

booting-cornt  (bii'ting-kom),  n.  [Formerly 
siiclled  ItDtintj-corn  ;  <  bootinij^  +  eorn'^.]  Kont- 
corii ;  compensation  paid  in  corn.     Blonnt. 

bootjack  (biit'jak),  JI.  1.  An  im])lonuint  of 
wood  or  iron  used  to  hold  a  boot  while  the  foot 
is  tlrawn  out  of  it. —  2.  An  actor  of  ut  Hit y  parts. 
[Thcat.  .slang.] 

boot-lace  (luit'liis),  ji.  The  string  or  cord  for 
fastening  a  boot  or  half-boot;  a  shoe-string. 

boot-last  (biit'last),  JI.     See  boot-tree. 

boot-leg  (biit'leg),  JI.  The  part  of  a  boot  above 
the  upper;  leather  ctit  out  for  the  leg  of  a 
boot. 

bootless  (bot'les),  a.  [<  ME.  holies,  <  AS.  hot- 
litis  (^OKries.  boteld.s  =  Icel.  Imtalaiiss),  <  bot, 
boot,  -I-  leds,  -less.]  'Without  boot  or  advan- 
tage; tiiiavailing;  unprofitable;  UBolcss;  with- 
out profit  or  success. 

It  Is  lunitelras  to  Ihliike  to  restrayne  them  by  any  pcnal- 
tyes  or  feare  of  |iiiiii»hincllt.         Sjienser,  State  of  Ireland. 
Till  the  foiled  King,  from  pathless  glen. 
Shall  ImutUss  turn  hint  linine  again. 

.SW.(I,  I,,  of  the  L.,  il.  aft 
He  certainly  had  ample  leisure  to  re]ient  the  hiwte  with 
which  he  hiui  got  nut  of  his  warm  bed  In  N'ienna  to  tok* 
Ills  fmotteHH  journey  to  BniHuels. 

Mnlleu,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  Ml 

bootlessly  (bOt'les-li),  adv.  Without  use,  profit, 

or  success, 
bootlessness    (biit'leH-nos),   w.      [<  Imolless  + 
"I.S.I. j     The  state  of  being  unavailing  or  use- 

ll'HH. 


bootmaker 

bootmaker  (bot'ma"ker),  ».    One  who  makes 
boots. 
boot-pattern  (bofpaf'^m),  n.     A  templet  con- 
sisting of  plates  which  can  be  adjusted  to  dif- 
ferent sizes,  used  in  marking  out  patterns  of 
boots  for  the  cutter. 
boot-powder   (b6t'pou"der),  II.     Massive  tale 
or  soapstone  reduced  to  powder,  used  to  dust 
the  inside  of  a  new  or  tightly  fitting  shoe,  to 
facilitate  drawing  it  on. 
boot-rack  (bot'rak),  n.     A  frame  or  stand  to 
hold  boots,  especially  with  their  tops  turned 
downward. 
bootsl  (bots),  w.     [PI.  of  6oo<2.]     1.  The  por- 
ter or  servant  in  a  hotel  who  blacks  the  boots 
of  guests  and  in  some  eases  attends  to  the  bag- 
gage.    Formerly  called  a  boot-catcher. 
He  began  life  as  a  boots,  he  will  probably  end  as  a  peer. 

Uood. 
To  pain  but  your  smiles,  were  I  Sardanapalus, 
I"d  descend  from  my  throne,  and  be  boots  at  an  alehouse. 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  39. 
2.  In  tales  of  Norse  mythology,  the  youngest 
son  of  a  family,  always  represented  as  espe- 
cially clever  and  successful. — 3.  A  name  ap- 
plied to  the  youngest  officer  in  a  British  regi- 
ment, or  to  the  youngest  member  of  a  club,  etc. 
[JjUg.  slang.] 
boots'-^,  bouts  (bijts),  n.     The  marsh-marigold, 

Valtha  jiatiiatris. 
boot-stocking  (bot'stok"ing),  n.  A  large  stock- 
ing of  stout  and  thick  material,  made  to  wear 
over  the  ordinary  shoes  and  other  leg-covering 
in  cold  weather  or  at  times  of  gi-eat  exposure. 
His  boot-stockiiigs  coming  high  above  the  knees. 

Soutfiey,  The  Doctor,  Ivii. 
boot-stretcher  (bot'strech"er),  n.  An  appa- 
ratus for  stretching  the  uppers  of  boots  and 
shoes. 
boot-top  (bot'top),  11.  1.  The  upper  part  of 
the  leg  of  a  boot. — 2.  (a)  In  boots  of  the  sev- 
enteenth and  eighteenth  eentm-ies,  the  large 
flaring  upper  part  of  the  boot-leg,  capable  of 
being  tui'ned  over.  Hence  —  (6)  A  lace  ruffle 
worn  around  the  leg,  and  covering  the  inside 
of  the  leather  boot-top. — 3.  In  some  modern 
boots,  a  reverse  of  light-colored  leather,  as  if 
a  part  of  the  lining,  turned  over  the  top  of  the 
boot-leg.  See  top-boot. 
llOOt-topping  (bot'top"ing),  n.  Naut. :  (a)  The 
operation  of  painting  that  part  of  a  ship's  copper 
which  is  above  the  water-line.  (/>)  The  pro- 
cess of  removing  grass,  slime,  etc.,  from  the 
side  of  a  ship,  and  daubing  it  over  with  a  mix- 
ture of  tallow,  sulphur,  and  resin. 
boot-tree  (bot'tre),  n.  An  instrument  consist- 
ing of  two  wooden  blocks,  constituting  a  front 
and  a  rear  portion,  which  together  form  the 
shape  of  the  leg  and  foot,  and  are  inserted  into 
a  boot  and  then  forced  apart  by  a  wedge  for 
the  purpose  of  stretching  it. 
booty  (bo'ti),  n. ;  pi.  booties  (-tiz).    [Early  mod. 

E.  also  bootie,  boty,  botie,  <  late  ME.  botye,  buty, 
prob.  <  MD.  buet,  T>.  buit,  booty,  =  MLG.  bute, 
buite,  LG.  bate,  booty,  also  exchange,  barter, 
=  MHG.  biute,  G.  beute,  booty  (prob.  <  LG.),  = 
leel.  byti,  exchange,  barter,  =  Sw.  byte  =  Dan. 
byfte,  exchange,  barter,  share,  booty ;  connected 
with  MLG.  bitten,  exchange,  distribute,  make 
booty,  LG.  biiteii,  exchange,  barter,  =  Icel. 
bytd,  give  out,  distribute,  exchange,  =  Sw.  byta, 
exchange,  =  Dan.  bytte,  exchange,  barter  (also, 
from  the  noun,  D.  buiten  =  G.  beiiten,  make 
booty);  appar.  a  Teut.  word,  but  not  found 
in  early  use.  Cf.  F.  butin  —  Sp.  botin  =  It.  bot- 
tiito  (ML.  botiimm,  biitinum,  with  adj.  term.), 
from  the  LG.  The  E.  form  booty,  instead  of 
the  expected  boot  (which  does  occur  later,  ap- 
par. as  short  for  booty),  or  rather  *boHfe,  "bout, 
or  *boU,  from  the  D.  or  LG.,  seems  to  be  due  to 
association  with  the  orig.  unrelated  boof^,  profit, 
etc.,  and  in  part  perhaps  to  the  influence  of  the 

F.  butin,  which  was  also  for  a  time  used  in  E.] 

1.  Spoil  taken  from  an  enemy  in  war ;  plunder ; 
pillage. 

^\Tien  he  reckons  that  he  has  gotten  a  booty,  he  has 
only  eaught  a  Tartar.  Sir  ij.  L' Estrange. 

2.  That  which  is  seized  by  violence  and  rob- 
bery. 

So  triumph  thieves  upon  their  conquer'd  booty. 

Sliak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

3.  A  prize;  gain:  without  reference  to  its  being 
taken  by  force. 

1  have  spread  the  nets  o'  the  law,  to  catch  rich  booties, 
And  they  come  fluttering  in. 

Fletcfier,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  4. 
Flowers  growing  in  large  numbers  afford  a  rich  booty  to 
the  bees,  and  are  conspicuous  from  a  distance. 

Darwin,  Cross  and  Sell  Fertilisation,  p.  434. 


029 


Borassus 


Toplay  booty,  to  join  with  confederates  in  order  to  vie-  horapip  fbo-ras'ikl  n  r<  hnrnr  (hnt-f,/-  ^  4-  ./.  i 
tim.ze  an<,ther  player,  and  thus  share  in  the  plunder;  "pf^f;,, ;„}„!;  /l  ''  l  •■  i  ^  ^T"''^'  ^  T'f'] 
hence,  to  play  dishonestly  ;  give  an  opponent  the  advan-      i  t-I  tammg    to  or  produced  from  borax.      Also 


tage  at  first  in  order  to  induce  him  to  play  for  higher 
stakes,  which  he  will  lose. 


One  thing  alone  remained  to  be  lost— what  he  called 
his  honour  — which  was  already  on  the  scent  toplay  booty. 
Disraeli,  Young  Duke. 
=  Syu.  1.    Plunder,  etc.     See  pillar/e,  n. 

booze,  boose-  (boz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boozed, 
boosed,  ppr.  boociiif/,  bousinij.  [A  var.,  prob. 
orig_.  dial.,  of  bouse,  retaining  the  ME.  pronun- 
ciation (ME.  ou,  pron.  ci,  now  on) :  see  bouse, 
which  is  historically  the  normal  form.]  To 
drink  deeply,  especially  with  a  boon  companion 
and  to  partial  intoxication ;  guzzle  liquor ;  tip- 
ple.    Also  boiuie,  bouse,  bowse. 

He  was  a  wild  :iTid  roviiig  lad, 
For  ever  in  the  ulchoiist-  hnozinfi. 

liarham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  162. 

booze,  boose^  (boz),  «.     [<  booze,  v.     Cf.  house, 

".]     1.  Liquor;   drink. — 2.  A  drinking-bout; 

a  spree. 
boozed  (bozd),  a.     Fuddled;  intoxicated, 
boozer  (bo'zer),  n.   [<  booze  +  -erK  ■  Cf.  botiser.'l 

A  tippler.     Also  booser. 
boozy,  boosy2  (bo'zi),  a.     [Also  botisy,  bowsy ;        ^ ,. „ 

<  booze,  v.,  +  -y.    Cf.   bousy.']     Showing  the  boracous  (bo'ra-kus),  a.     [<  borax  (borac-)  + 


boric — Boraclc  add,  boric  acid,  u.jBO;,,  a  compoumi 

of  boron  with  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  having  the  properties 
of  a  weak  acid.  It  is  a  white,  nearly  tasteless,  crystalline 
solid,  slightly  soluble  in  cold  water,  and,  when  the  solution 
is  boiled,  volatile  with  the  water-vapor.  It  is  obtained  in 
the  free  state  from  the  water  of  tlie  Tuscan  lagoons  and 
in  the  volcanic  formations  of  the  Lipari  islands.  In  the 
United  States  it  is  made  from  the  borax  of  liorax  lake 
iir  California,  by  deconjposing  it  with  hydrochloric  acid. 
tike  l.i.rax,  it  is  aricllliiiTit  antiseptic. 

boraciferous  (bo-ra-sif'e-rus),  a.  [<  ML.  borax 
(borac-),  borax,  +  L.  ferre  =  E.  fecarl.]  Con- 
taining or  yielding  borax. 

The  boraciferous  basin  of  the  Sultan  Chair,  near  the 
Simaov  River.  Sci.  Amer.  .'iupp.,  XXII.  9093. 

boracite  (bo'ra-sit),  n.  [<  borax  (borac-)  + 
-»?(-.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  borate  and 
chlorid  of  magnesium,  it  crystallizes  in  the  isomet- 
ric system  with  tetraliedral  hemihedrism,  and  is  remark- 
able for  its  pyro-electrical  properties.  It  usually  exhibits 
to  a  marked  degree  anomalous  double  refraction,  on  which 
account  some  authors  doubt  its  isometric  character. 

boracium  (bo-ras'i-um),  «.  [NL.,  <  borax 
(borac-),  borax.]  The  name  originally  given 
by  Sir  Humphry  Davy  to  boron,  which  was 
supposed  to  be  a  mettil. 


effects  of  a  booze;  somewhat  intoxicated 
merry  or  fooUsh  with  liquor.  [CoUoq.] 
bo-peep  (bo-pep'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boh- 
peepe,  lioo-peep,  bo-pipe,  etc. ;  <  bo  +  peep.  Cf. 
Sc.  hokcik;  keekbo.J  An  alternate  withdravring 
or  concealing  of  the  face  or  person  and  sudden 
peeping  out  again  in  a  playful  manner  or  in 


-ous.'\  Consisting  of  or  derived  from  borax. 
borage  (bur'aj),  «.  [Until  recently  also  writ- 
ten barrage,  burrage,  btirridge,  early  mod.  E. 
burrage,  bourrage,  bourage,  Ijorage,  <  ME.  bo- 
rage, burage,  <  AF.  burage,  OF.  bourrace,  bour- 
raclie,  mod.  F.  bourrache  =  Pr.  barrage  =  Sp. 
boraja  (cf.  D.  boraadje,  G.  boreUch,  borretsch. 


some  unexpected  place,  often  resorted  to  as  an  Dan.  borasurt)  =  Pg.  borragem  =  It.  borraggine, 
amusement  for  very  small  children,  and  gen-  borrace,  bor- 
erally  accompanied  by  drawling  out  the  word 
"bo"  when  concealed,  while  "peep"  is  abrupt- 
ly enunciated  on  reappearing:  as,  to  play  ba- 
peep.  In  the  United  States  more  generally 
known  as  peek-a-boo. 

I  for  sorrow  sung, 
That  such  a  king  should  play  bo-peep. 
And  go  the  fools  among.    Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4  (song). 

bopyrid  (bop'i-rid),  n.  A  crustacean  of  the 
family  Bapyrida:. 

Bopyfidae  (bo-pir'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bopyrus 
+  -idee.']  A  family  of  edriophthalmous  crus- 
taceans, of  the  order  Isopoda,  the  species  of 
which  are  parasitic  on  the  gills  of  other  crus- 
taceans. They  undergo  metamorphosis,  and  tlie  sexes 
are  distinct.  The  female  is  discoidal  and  asymmetrical, 
without  eyes,  wliile  the  much  smaller  male  is  elongated, 
segmented  distinctly,  and  furnished  with  eyes.  There  are 
several  genera  besides  Bopyrus,  the  typical  genus,  as  lone, 
Liriope,  Gyge,  Phrvxus. 

Bop3nrus  (bo-pi'rus),  n.     [NL.]    A  genus  of 

isopods,  typical  of  the  family  Bapyridce.     B. 

squillarum,  a  parasite  of  other  crustaceans,  is 

an  example. 
bora  (bo'rii),  n.    [It.,  etc.,  prob.  dial.  (Venetian, 

Milanese,   etc.)    form  of  borea,   north  wind, 

Boreas,  confused  with  lUyrian  and  Dalmatian 

biira,  Turk,  bora,  Serv.  Bulg.  bura,  OBulg.  Russ. 

hurya,  Pol.  burza,  a  storm,  tempest,  Lith.  bUris, 

a  shower.     Cf.  borasco.~\     The  name  given  on 

the  coasts  of  the  Adriatic  sea  to  a  violent  dry 

wind  blowing  from  a  northeasterly  du'ection. 
borable  (bor'a-bl),  a.     [<  ftorel,  v.,  +  -able.'] 

Capable  of  being  bored.     [Rare.] 
borachiot  (bo-rach'io),  n.     [Also  written  borra- 

eliio,  borraclio,   borraccia,  baraccio,  etc.,  from 

Sp.  or  It. :  Sp.  borracha  (=  It.  barraccia,  later 

also  borraccia),  a  leathern  wine-bottle,  borraclio, 

a  drunkard,  drunken,  prob.  <  borra,  borro,  a 

lamb,  <  borra  (=  Pr.  It.  borra,  F.  bourre),  short 

hair  or  wool,  <  ML.  burra,  rough  hair,  LL.  a 

shaggy  garment:  see  biirrel.']     1.  A  large  lea- 
thern bottle  or  bag,  used  in  Spain  and  through 


Flowering  branch  of  Borage  [Sora^  ejffiei. 
natis).  (From  Le  Maout  and  Dccatsne's 
'*  Trait6  general  de  Botaoique."; 


rana,  <  ML. 
borrago,  bora- 
ga,  NL.  bora- 
go  (bar  agin-), 
MGr.  novpd- 
Kiov,  borage, 
proij.  <  ML. 
borra,  burra, 
rough  hair, 
short  wool, 
in  ref.  to  the 
roughness  of 
the  foliage ; 
cf.  boracliio, 
burrel,  etc. 
The  histori- 
cal pron.,  in- 
dicated by  the 
spelling  bur- 
rage, rimes 
with  courage: 
the  present  spelling  borage  is  in  imitation  of 
the  ML.  and  NL.  borago.]  A  European  plant, 
Barago  officinalis,  the  principal  representative 
of  the  genus,  occasionally  cultivated  for  its 
blue  flowers.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  a  salad,  occa- 
sionally in  medicine  in  .acute  fevers,  etc.,  and  also  in  mak- 
ing claret-cup,  cool-tajikard,  etc. 

If  you  have  no  bottle-ale,  command  some  claret  wine 
and  bourrage.  itarston,  \Vliat  You  WiU,  iv.  1. 

Boraginacea  (bo-raj-i-na'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Borago  (Boragiii-)  +  -acea^'.]  A  large  order  of 
gamopetalous  dicotyledonous  plants,  herbs  or 
shrubs,  natives  mostly  of  northern  temperate 
regions,  distinguished  by  regular  flowers  and 
by  a  fruit  consisting  of  four  distinct  nutlets  or 
of  a  drupe  containing  foiu-  nutlets.  The  leaves 
are  often  rough  and  hairy.  Some  tropical  species,  as  of 
Cordia,  are  timber-trees,  others  yield  dyes,  but  the  order 
generally  is  of  little  economical  value.  It  includes  the 
heliotrope  (Heliotrnjiluni).  forget-me-not  (Myosotis),  alka- 
net  (.incliusa),  comfrey  (.s'.v"'i''i.'/t»»0,  buglo'ss  {Lycopsis), 
gTom\\eH(Litliospermum),  boiage  (which  see),  etc.    Often 


outtheLevant  for  holdmgVine  or  other^li-  ,^ra^i^Sur'(bo^-i-^'sSf:;.    Of 
quor;   a  wme-skin  (now  the  current  name  m    ^.crtlinm^  to  the  Borainrnma-.         '' 

il.nglisn).  Itismadeof  the  skmof  abeast,most  com-  v,n--^„.n„o  Clio  rn  Hin'p  iisl  ,i  r<'Arr  hnr^„„ 
monly  that  of  a  goat  or  hog,  from  which  the  carcass  has  DOragineOUS  (  OO-ra-jm  e-us)  a.  [<  -)LL,.  borago 
been  removed  piecemeal,  leaving  the  hide  whole,  except  {boragiii-),  borage,  -i-  -fOK.s.]  Pertaining  to  or 
at  the  neck  and  the  places  where  the  limbs  were.  These  having  the  characteristics  of  the  Boraginece,  a 
openings  are  strongly  sewed  up,  that  at  the  neck  being  tribe  of  Boraqinacea: ;  boraginaceous. 
furnished  with  a  leather  tube.    WTien  used  for  carrying  •Dnr-^  an  n^n  t^' ^p^\   .,       rXTj      An    ..,.-.„  t.^  -i 

water,  the  borachio  is  hung  with  the  mouth  downward,  so  -oprago  (bo-ra  go),  n.  [NL.,  ML. :  see  borage.] 
that  the  tube  can  be  untied  whenever  necessary,  and  any  A  genus  ot  plants,  natural  order  Boraginacew. 
desired  quantity  be  witlidrawn.    See  cut  under  bottle.  See  borage.     .Also  spelled  Borrago. 

Two  hundred  loaves  and  two  bottles  (that  is,  two  skins  boramez,  n.     See  barometz. 
or  borachios)  of  wine.  Delany,  Life  of  David,   borast,  ».    An  obsolete  fonn  of  horax.     Cliaucer. 

borasco  (bo-ras'ko),  n.  [Also  borasea,  burrasca 
(and  horasque,  borrasque,  <  F.  bourrasquc) :  = 
Sp.  Pg.  borrasca,  <  It.  biirasca,  now  burrasca. 


Dead  wine,  that  stinks  of  the  borracftio,  sup 
From  a  foul  jack,  or  greasy  maplecup? 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius's  Satires, 


216. 
mere  wine- 


Hence —  2.   A  di'imkard,  as  if 
bottle. 

How  you  stink  of  wine  I    Do  you  think  my  niece  will  ^  n  -        "'     \  rxrr      />  ^ 

ever  endure  such  a  borachio?    You're  an  absolute  bora-  iSOrasSUS  (DO-ras  US),  n.  -    [JNL.,  <  Gr.  ^opaa<Jo^, 
chio.  Cangreve,  Way  of  the  World,  iv,  10,     the  palm-fruit  (Dioscorides).]    A  genus  of  dicB- 


prob.  aug.  of  bora  (bura) :  see  bora.]  A  violent 
squall  of  wind :  a  storm  accompanied  with  thun- 
der and  lightning. 


Borassus  ^^^ 

ciou=  palms,  containing  a  single  species,  a  na-  bordelert  Cbpr'del-er),  n.     [ME.,  also  T>ordWe>- 

Hve  of  A^ica  and  extensively  cultivated  in  the  <  UF.  hordtler,  borMier,  <  bordel :  see  bordcl.} 

vl^r  Indies     See  vaUnura.  The  keeper  of  a  brothel.     Goirer. 

borate  (bd'rat),  «.    [<  bor(ax)  +  ^tel.]    A  salt  bordello  (bor^iel-o),  «.     [It.]     Same  as  bordel. 
formed  by  a  combination  of  boracic  acid  with 


anv  base. 

bor'attO  (bo-rat'6),  w.  [Also  borato.  boratia  (cf. 
D.  borat.  a'kiud  of  wool  or  woolen  thread) ;  <  It. 
biiratto,  a  thin  fabric :  see  *«»'-.]  A  stuff  woven 
of  sUi  and  wool,  used  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth : 
perhaps  identical  with  bombazine.    Fairholt. 

borax  (bo'raks),  h.  [In  this  form  <  ML.  borax ; 
early  mod.  E.  boras,  borrax,  borace,  borracc,  < 
ME."  boras.  <  OF.  boras,  ftorrn.s,  bourras,  mod. 
F.  borajc  =  Sp.  borraj,  earlier  borrax,  =  Pg.  bo- 
rax =  It.  borrace  =  G.  Daai.  Sw.  borax,  <  ML. 
borax  (borac-),  borac,  boraciiiii,  baiirach,  <  At. 
boraq,  bi'iraq,  baiiraq.  borax,  prop,  natron,  < 
Pers.  bi'irah,  borax;  by  some  refeiTed  to  Ar. 
baraqa.  shine,  glisten.]  Sodiimi  tetraborate 
orpjToborate,  Xa.2B407  +  lOHoO.  a  salt  formed 
bv  the  union  of  boracic  acid  and  soda,  it  is 
a  "white  crjstallilie  solid,  slightly  soluble  in  cold  water, 
*    •       It  occurs  in  nature  in 


Jl.  Joiison :  Milton. 
border  (bor'der),  II.  and  a.  [Eai-ly  mod.  E. 
also  borditre,  Se.  bordour ;  <  ME.  border,  bor- 
diire,  bordeure,  earliest  form  bordiire,  <  OF. 
bordure,  earlier  bordeiire,  mod.  F.  bordiire  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  bordadiira  =  It.  bordatiira,  <  ML.  bor- 
dutura,  border,  edging,  <  "bordaic  (pp.  borda- 
tiis)  (>It.  bordare  =  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  bordar  =  F. 
border),  edge,  border,  <  6orrfH«(>It.  Sp.  bordo  = 
Pg.  borda  =  F.  bord),  edge,  side,  <  Teut.  (AS. 
etc. )  bord,  edge,  side,  mixed  with  bord,  a  board : 
see  board,  where  the  two  orig.  forms  are  dis- 
tinguished. In  termination,  border  is  parallel 
phonetically  with  armor,  the  earlier  accented 
suffix  -lire  ha-^-ing  weakened  under  loss  of  ac- 
cent to -er, -o)-.]  I.  H.  1.  A  side,  edge,  brink, 
or  margin ;  a  limit  or  boundary. 

Take  heed  to  yourselves,  tl'.at  ye  go  not  up  into  the 
mount,  or  touch  the  border  of  it.  Ex.  xix.  12. 


bord-lode 

with  a  border:   as,  to  border  a  garment  or  a 
garden. 
lUvulets  bordered  with  the  softest  grass. 

r.  Warioti,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 

2.  To  form  a  border  or  boundary  to. —  3.  To 
lie  on  the  border  of;  be  contiguous  to;  ad- 
join ;  lie  next. 

Sheba  and  Kaamah  border  the  Persian  Gulf.       Raleif/K 
4t.  To  confine  or  keep  within  bounds ;  limit. 
That  nature,  which  contemns  it^s  origin, 
Cannot  be  border'd  certain  in  itself. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  2. 

II.  ill  trans.  To  have  a  contiguous  boundary 
or  dividing  line;  abut  exteriorly:  with  on  or 
nj)on  :  as,  the  United  States  border  on  the  two 
great  oceans. 

virtue  and  Honour  had  their  temples  bordering  on 
each  other  and  are  sometimes  both  on  the  same  coin. 

Addison,  Dialogues  on  Medals,  iL 

To  border  on  or  upon,  figuratively,  to  approach  closely 
in  cbarartcr ;  verge  on  ;  resemble  closely  :  as,  his  conduct 
borders  upon  vulgiirity. 

Wit  which  borders  upon  profaneness  .  .  .  deserves  to 
be  branded  ,is  folly.  Tillotnon,  Works  (ed.  1728),  I.  33. 


having  a  sweetish  alkaline  taste.    It  occurs  in  nature  in     2.  The  line  which  separates  one  country,  state,  .^ a^^^a  tu\,.'A!,r.A\    „    „      X<  hny,ter  +    P^n^ 

solution  in  the  water  of  lakes  m  Tibet,  Tat.ary,ehma,  and     ^-  _..„„„   .^„^   „,,nthpr:    n.   frontiBr  lino  nv  bordered    bor  dfrd),  p    «.[<_  fiOlrff^  +  -Prf-'.J 


soh -  -  , 

California,  anil  is  obtained  from  these  waters  by  evapora- 
tion and  crvstallization.  The  I'uited  States  is  now  almost 
wholly  supplied  with  borax  from  California,  Borax  is 
also  prepared  artiBcially  from  soda  and  boracic  acid.  It  is 
much  used  as  a  flux  in  assa>ing  operations,  and  for  clean- 
ing tlie  surfaces  of  difScultly  fusilile  metals  prerious  to 
sofdering,  since  when  melted  it  dissolves  the  metallic  oxids 
w  hich  fonn  on  their  surfaces  when  heated.  It  is  also  used 
in  glass  and  enamel  manut-icture ;  as  an  antiseptic,  par- 
ticularly in  fo<jds,  because  its  action  on  the  system  is  fee- 
ble even  in  comparatively  large  doses;  and  as  a  detergent. 
Crude  txirax  is  also  called  (iHon/.  — Glass  of  borax. 
.See  ';/<l*«.  — Honey  of  borax.     -See  hmieij. 

Borborite  (bor'bo-rit),  «.  [<  LL.  Borboritce,  < 
Liir.  .inj);iopiTai,  pi..  <  Gr.  (iopiiopoi;,  mud,  mire, 
filth.]  A  nickname  for  certain  Ophitic  Gnos- 
tics, and  also  in  general  for  one  who  holds  or 
is  supposed  to  hold  filthy  or  immoral  doctrines : 
in  modern  times  specifically  applied  to  a  branch 
of  the  Mennonites. 

borborygm  (bor'bO-rim),  «.    Same  as  borborijg- 

borborygmus  (bOr-bo-rig'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
)ioi):iopvyu6c,  <  jiopiiopi%eii>,  have  a  rumbling  in 
the  bowels;  ef.  mpKopvy/idc  and  KopKopvyi,  of 
same  sense;  imitative  words.]  The  rumbling 
noise  caused  by  wind  within  the  intestines. 

Borchardt's  functions,  modulus.     See  the 

ii'iiins. 
bord't,  »■     An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of 

ho,ir<l. 
bord-'t,  n.     Same  as  boiird^. 
bord-'  (b6rd),  n.      A  striped  material  for  gar- 

iiiciits,  made  in  the  Levant. 
bordage*  (bor'daj),  n.     [<  F.  bordage,  <  bord,  a 
sliip's  siile.  +  -age:  see  board  and  -age."]     The 
phiMking  on  a  ship's  side, 
bordage-  (Vjor'diij),  n.      [Law  F.  (LL.  borda- 
i/uim),  <  OF.  borde,  a  hut,  cot  (see  bordar),  + 
-agr.j     Under  the  Norman  kings  of  England, 
the  tenure  by  which  a  bordar  held  his  cot;  the 
sfr\'icrs  due  bv  a  bordar  to  liis  lord. 
bordalisaunde'rt,  "•     [MK-.  also  board,  borde, 
bind  alinaiindri;  hniirdi;  di-  Alinamidre,  etc.,  i.  e., 
'border  (embroidery)  of  Alexandria,' Alexan- 
drian  work,   so    named    from   Alexandria   in 
Kgypt.]    A  .stuff  used  in  the  middle  ages,  prob- 
!il)l'y  of  silk,  or  silk  and  wool,  and  striped.   Also 
Intrdiitisannilfr. 
bordar,  ».     [Also  border ;  <  ML.  hordarim.  eot- 
tiig.r,  <  borda  (>  OF.  borde  =  I'r.  ('at.  borda  = 
S|..  It.  borda),  a  cottage,  hut,  perhaps  <  Tent. 
(AS.  etc.)  bord,  a  board:  see  board.]     In  Nor- 
man times,  in  England,  a  villr'in  ^yho  held  a 
I'lit  lit  his  lord's  |ileiisnri-,  iisiially  wild  a  small 
lioMing  of  land  in  the  open  liild,  for  which  he 
nmlered  menial  service;  a  cottar, 
bordet,  ".     A  Miildlo  Englisli  form  of  board. 
Bordeaux  (l)6r-<16'),  "•     1-   A  general  term  for 
li       .viMCH,  both    red  and   white,   produced    in. 
■  li  about  Bordeaux,  Fniiici-,  including 
liartTncnls,  among  wliirh  (lironde  is 
1  ;  H|ii'ciflcallv,  any  of  thc>  nd  wines 
■  Ml,  i-iiinmonly  known  in  Englisli  as 
;.   .\  general  name  of  azo-dyes  from 
II  irivatives  of  iiaphlliyl  amino.     They 

iir'-   .f  ■  ,  iiioiiH  red  color. 
bord/'  'l.|).  11.     [<  ME. '»»•(/(■;,<  OF.  fcor- 

lUI  i.urdrl  =  Hp.  htirdrl  =  If.  bnrdtllii, 

<   M  /  ,;,   II   brothel,  orig.  a  little  lint, 

dim.  y  Ol".  Iiorile:  see  hnrdar.     lior- 

del  1  1  pliu'fd  by  lirolhrr^,  q.  v.]     A 

broi'  dy-hoiiiH!;  a  house  devoted  to 


district  orterritorywhichliesajongthe  ^^or^erO^or^'^^e^;^;;- ^  W^'i^hl^ 
:}::T'l^'t'^,f2:T^i^^Z     O-,*,- +  -.;■!.]     l.  OuewhodweUsonabor- 


or  province  from  another;  a  frontier  line  or 
march. 

In  bringing  his  border  into  contact  with  that  of  the 
Danelaw,  Eadward  announced  that  the  time  of  rest  was 
over,  and  that  a  time  of  action  had  begun. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng,,  p.  ISS. 

3.  The 

edge  or  . 

tier;  specifically,  in  the  plural,  the  marches  or 
border  districts":  hence,  in  English  and  Scot- 
tish history,  "the  borders,''  the  districts  ad- 
joining the"  line  separating  the  two  coimtries. 

These  outlaws,  as  I  may  call  them,  who  robbed  upon  the 
borders,  Bp.  Patrick,  Com.  on  Genesis,  xlvi.  :ii. 

4.  Territory;  domain. 

The  Lord  thy  God  shall  enlarge  thy  border.    Dent.  xii.  20. 

5.  Figuratively,  a  limit,  botmdary.  or  verge; 
brink :  as,  he  "is  on  the  border  of  threescore ; 
driven  by  disaster  to  the  border  of  despair; 
"in  the  borders  of  deatli,"  J?«i-)-«H',  Works,  III. 
xvii.— 6.  A  strip,  band,  or  edging  surrounding 


Having  a  border:  specifically,  in  math.,  applied 
to  a  determinant  formed  from  another  by  adding 
one  or  more  rows  and  columns.  Thus,  a  bordered 
symmetrical  determinant  is  a  determinant  formed  by  add- 
a  row  and  column  to  a  s.\numetrio!il  determinant. 


any  general  area  or  jilane  surface,  or  placed  Tjordering-wax  (bor'd 


der,  or  at  the  extreme  part  or  confines  of  a 
country,  region,  or  tract  of  land;  one  who 
dwellsnear  to  a  place. —  2.  One  who  approach- 
es near  to  another  in  any  relation.     [Rare.] 

The  poet  is  the  nearest  borderer  upon  the  orator. 

/;.  ./onson,  Diseoveriea. 

3.  One  who  makes  borders  or  bordering. 
bordering  (bor'der-ing),  w.  [Verbal  n.  of  bor- 
der, r.]  1.  The  act  of  making  a  border,  or  of 
siuTounding  with  a  border. —  2.  Material  for 
a  border;  a  border  of  any  kind;  particularly, 
an  ornamental  band  of  paper  placed  around  the 
up)icr  part  of  the  walls  of  a  room. 


along  its  margin,  and  differing  from  it  by  soiue 
well-defined  character,  as  in  material,  color, 
design,  or  pm'pose.  (n)  A  narrow  bed  or  strip  of 
ground  in  a  garden  inclosing  a  portion  of  it,  and  gen- 
erally divided  from  it  by  a  path  or  walk.  ('<)  Ornamental 
work  surrounding  a  printed  jiage,  a  handbill,  a  drawing, 
etc.,  the  black  band  around  mourning  statimury,  or  the 
like,  (c)  A  piece  of  ornamental  triinniiiig  aliout  (be  edge 
of  a  garment,  a  cap,  etc.  In  the  scventeeiilli  .iiitury,  and 
perhaps  earlier,  borders  of  garments  were  made  detach- 
able, similar  to  the  apparels  of  the  alb,  and  could  be  trans- 
ferred from  one  garment  to  another;  they  were  then  rich- 
ly embroidered,  and  are  especially  mentioned  in  wills  and 
inventories. 

And  beneath  the  cap's  border  gray  mingles  with  brown. 
Whilticr,  The  Quaker  Alunmi. 
if  dilfeient 


-waks). 


Wax 


(d)  In  her.,  the  outer  edge  of  the  flehl  when 


nniforTU,    and 


XL 


A  Doitler  Paly. 


tincture  from  the  center.  Its  width 
should  be  one  fifth  the  width  of  tb.- 
field.  French  heralds  consider  the  bnr 
der  as  one  of  the  ortlinaries  ;  in  Englisli 
lieraldry  it  is  sometimes  a  mark  of  dit 
ference.  Tlie  border  always  covei-s  tbr 
enil  of  any  ordinary,  as  the  chevron,  fcs-^, 
etc.  When  a  coat  of  arms  is  impiilfd 
with  another,  if  either  of  thcni  has  a 
iKjrder,  it  is  not  can-ied  along  the  pale, 
but  surrounds  the  outside  of  the  field 
only.  The  border  when  charged  with 
an  ordinary  shows  only  so  mucli  of  the  ordinary  as  comes 
naturally  up<ui  that  part  of  tin-  Held  ocennlcd  by  the  bor- 
der;  thus,  the  cut  represents  a  border  paly  of  six  pieces, 
azure  and  argent. 

7t.  A  plait  or  braid  of  hair  worn  roimd  the  fore- 
head. 

I  did  try  two  or  three  borders  and  periwigs,  meaning  lo 
wear  (me.  I'epy',  Diary,  .May  »,  b"':'- 

8.  In  milling,  a  hoop,  rim,  or  curb  about  a  bed- 
slono  or  bed-plnte,  wliicli  iircveiils  the  meal 
from  falling  olT  except  at  the  projicr  opi'iiing, 


usi'il  by  etchers  and  luiuatint  engravers  for 
forming  a  bonicring  about  plates  Avhich  are  to 
be  etched,  to  retain  the  acid.  It  is  made  of  ■■{  parts 
of  Him-'undy  pitch  to  1  part  of  yellow  beeswax.  Tci  these 
iiignilieuts,  when  melted,  sweet  oil  is  added,  and,  after 
cocilini;.  the  mixture  is  po\M-cd  into  water. 

border-knife  (bor'der-nif),  ".  A  knife  with  a 
convix  liladc  fixed  at  the  end  of  a  long  handle, 
used  to  trim  the  edges  of  sods;  an  edging- 
knife  or  sod-cutter. 

border-land  (bor'der-land),  «.  Land  forming  a 
border  or  frontier;  an  uncertain  intermediate 
district  or  space  :  often  used  figuratively. 

The  indcfinitu  border-land  between  the  animal  and  vege- 
table kingdoms.  //.  Spencer,  First  Principles. 

border-lights  (l>iir'd<''r-lit7,),  ».  pi.  The  row  of 
gaslif.'lits  behind  the  borilers  in  a  theater. 

border-plane  (bor'der-plan),  )i.  A  joiner's 
(•clgiiig-plane. 

border-tower  (b6r'd6r-tou'*r),  n.  A  small 
fortified  post,  consistingnsuallv  of  ahigh  square 
tower  with  a  Hat  roof  and  bnltlcments.  and  one 
or  iiioio  nuichicolated  proteclions  for  the  gate, 
drawbriilge,  and  the  like,  and  suvronnded  by  a 
strong  wall  inclosing  a  court.  Such  dwellings,  tor- 
nu'i-ly  occupied  by  pi'tty  landowners  in  exiioscd  posiliona, 
arc  freiinent  along  the  border  between  Scotland  anil  Kng- 
land  :    hence  the  niinie. 

border-warrant  (bor'dcr-wor'ant),  h.  In  Scots 
linr.  a  wanaiit  issucil  by  the'jiulge  ordimiry, 
on  the  borders  bctweiMi  Scotland  and  lOngland, 
on  the  ii]i]ilicalion  of  a  creditor,  for  ari(>Nling 
the  clTcels  of  a  debtor  residing  on  the  Knglish 

liini  until  lio 


side  of  tlie  border,  anil  detaining 

finds  caiilion  (lint  lie  kIiiiII  sist  liimself  in  judg- 

—  9.'  y>'/!"The  portions  of  scenery 'in  a  theater     ment  in  any  action  which  may  be  brought  for 

which  hang  from  above  and  rep"resent  foliage,     "-  -'■'■*  ""' 


pro- 1 

Mai.....  .    . 

Ill  IvwdnpM. 


own  bouM  a  lU*,  a  tortUl,  ud  >  nehool 
Houth. 


clouds,  beiiiiiM,  etc.    Alveolar  border,    sie  iw..... 

f«r.—  Mltered  border,  in  a  Inarlll,  the  edging  alionl  tin- 
llllib  utone.  =8yn.  Iloinol),  Conlincji.  etc.     .See  boinultirii. 

n.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  border  of  a 
countrv.  Hpi  .III.  ally  (.i)  In  I'.nglan.l  an.l  S.-otliin.l,  ..t 
or  pertahiing  I..  "111.'  bonlers"..!  th.ise  .■..unlrl.-«  :  as.  tb.' 
lior.f.-r  barons  ;  border  \Me\e».     ('.)  In  the  I'nit.'.l  Slal.s 

of  or  p.TlalliInK  b.  til.'  lr..llll.'r  line  betwe.'ll  tb ttl.'.l 

and  iiii^.ttl.'.l  part*  ..f  Ibe  .■..uiitry  :  a»,  a  liorder  .|Uarr.l. 

Border  rulllan,  In  f.  S.  ;..»'..  ..ne  ..f  the  pro.lav.ry 
party  In  .MiM..iirl,  who  In  ISM  M  habllnally  .n.sne.l  the 
iM.r.br  Into  Kansas  f..r  tb.'  purp..«e  of  v.illng  Illegally  an.l 

.if  bitlnililatlng  fr Slate  .■ol.inl«l«. 

border  (bOr'dtr),  v.  [Kariy  mod.  E.  also  bor- 
diire. He.  bordour;  <  MIC.  Imrdiiren,  bourdnnn, 
border;  from  tlie  noun.  Ct.  broider,  broiider.'] 
I,    tranii.    1.   To  mnke  a  bor.liT  about  ;   n.lorn 


the  debt  williin  six  miuiths. 

bord-halfpennyt,  »•    Same  as  biirgh-hal/nenntl. 

bord-Iandt,  ».  I  A  Ml',,  law  term.  aiMuir.  <  boril, 
a  lable,  boani  (but  prob.  with  rcf.  \()  bordoge^, 
c|.  v.).  +  Iniiil.']  In  ,/./"/'(/  Inn:  a  term  of  iiu- 
eerlnin  nieaiiing,  ih'lineil,  from  the  appaient 
elvinology,  as  the  demain  land  which  a  lord 
kept  in  h'is  hands  for  the  maintenance  of  liiij 
bimr.l  or  lable,  lint  mole  probably  land  held 
bv  a  tenant  ill  bordage. 

bo'rd-lodet,  ".  I  A  M IC.  law  term,  appar.  <  bnrt^ 
a  table,  board  (but  prob.  with  ref.  to  bordiige^, 
(|.  v.),  +  lode,  a  li'iidiiig,  conveyance.]  ]]ifriidill 
Ian;  some  service  due  by  a  tenant  to  his  lord, 
involving  the  can-ying  of  wood,  etc.,  to  the 
lord's  lioiiMe. 


bordman 

bordmant,  "•  [ME.  "Iiordninn  (only  in  MTj. 
biirdiiiaiiiiii.s),  <  hi}nl,  a  table,  board  (but  prob. 
with  ref.  to  bdrdiKjr,  q.  v.),  +  man.']  In  laiv,  a 
tfinant  of  bortl-lauil ;  a  bordar. 

bordont,  ".     A  form  of  bourdon. 

bordraget,  n.     See  bodrag. 

bord-service  (bord'ser'vis),  n.  [<  bord-,  as  in 
liDrddiji ,  hordmaii,  etc.,  +  serrice.']  In  feudal 
liiir,  tlio  tcnuro  of  bord-lands;  bordage. 

bordure  (bor'dur),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME. 
iKiriliirc,  <  OFV(and  F.)  bordure:  see  border.'] 
An  obsolete  or  archaic  form  of  border,  retained 
in  heraldry. 
The  netherest  hem  or  bordure  of  these  clothes. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  1. 
Instead  of  railes  and  balusters,  there  is  a  bordure  of 
ca|iit:il  letters.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  31,  1654. 

Bordure  compon^.    See  compone. 

bore^  ( bor),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bored,  ppr.  boring. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  sometimes  boar  ;  <  ME.  bo- 
rcii,  bnricn,  <  AS.  borian  =  D.  boren  =  OHG. 
boron,  MHG.  born,  G.  bohren  =  Icel.  bom  =  Sw. 
borru  =  Dan.  bore,  bore,  =  L.  fordre,  bore,  per- 
forate (see  foramen,  perforate),  =  Gr.  (^aphv, 
(papovv,  plow:  a  secondary  verb,  from,  or  from 
the  same  root  as,  the  formally  more  primitive 
noun,  AS.  bor  (=  D.  boor  =  MLG.  bur  =  G.  bohr 

—  leels  borr  =  Sw.  borr  =  Dan.  bor),  an  auger, 
gimlet;  ef.  Gr.  <pdpog,  a  plow,  connected  with 
ifapayi,  a  ravine,  i^dpujf,  pharynx:  see  jjliarynx. 
See  fcorel,  h.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  pierce  or  per- 
forate with  a  rotatory  cutting  instrument ; 
make  a  circular  hole  in  by  turning  an  auger, 
gimlet,  drill,  or  anything  that  wiU  produce  the 
same  eft'ect:  as,  to  bore  a  plank  or  a  cannon; 
to  bore  the  ground  for  water,  or  with  a  stick. 

I'll  believe  as  soon, 
This  whole  earth  may  be  bored,  and  that  the  moon 
May  through  the  centre  creep.     Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  form  or  produce  by  rotatory  perforation : 
as,  to  bore  a  hole  or  a  well. 

Where  wells  are  completely  drained  bysome  excavations 
situated  lower  down,  several  holes  are  bored  in  the  bottom 
of  the  well,  and  a  fresh  supply  of  water  is  obtained  by 
means  of  explosives. 

Ei-ssler,  Modern  High  Explosives,  p.  311. 

3.  To  penetrate,  make,  or  gain  as  if  by  boring; 
push  or  drive  through  or  into  by  any  pene- 
trating action :  as,  to  bore  a  plank,  or  a  hole  in 
a  plank,  with  a  rifle-ball. 

Bustling  crowds  I  bored.  Gay,  Trivia,  iii.  395. 

With  great  difficulty  we  bored  our  way  through  the 

moving  (ice]  pack.       A.  If'.  Greeltj,  Arctic  Service,  p.  103. 

4t.  To  befool ;  trick ;  overreach. 

At  this  instant 
He  bores  me  with  some  trick. 

Shale.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 
I  am  abused,  betrayed,  I  am  laughed  at,  scorned,  baf- 
fled, and  bored,  it  seems.  Fletctier,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  5. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  pierce  or  penetrate,  as  a 
gimlet  or  similar  instrument;  make  a  hole  or 
holes:  as,  the  auger  6o>"es  well. — 2.  To  sink  a 
bore-hole,  as  in  searching  for  water,  coal,  etc. 

—  3.  To  be  suited  for  piercing  with  an  auger  or 
other  boring-tool :  as,  wood  that  bores  well  or 
ill. — 4.  To  push  forward  or  through  toward  a 
certain  point :  as,  ^'boringtoihevie%t,"  Dnjden. 

The  elder  streets  [of  Florence]  go  boring  away  into  the 
heart  of  the  city  in  narrow  dusky  vistas  of  a  fascinating 
picturesijueness.     H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  271. 

5.  In  the  manege,  to  thrust  the  head  forward 
as  far  as  possible:  said  of  a  horse. =syn.  1.  Per- 
forate, etc.    See  penetrate. 

borel  (bor),  n.  [In  sense  1,  <  ME.  bore,  <  AS. 
bor  (=  D.  boor,  fern.,  =  MLG.  bor,  m.,  =  OHG. 
bora,  f.,  G.  bohr  =  Icel.  borr  =  Sw.  borr,  m.,  = 
Dan.  bor,  neut.),  an  auger,  a  gimlet;  in  sense  3, 
<  ME.  bore  =  Icel.  bora,  a  hole  ;  in  other  senses 
directly  from  the  verb:  see  ftfcrfi,  )>.]  If.  Any 
instrument  for  making  holes  by  boring  or  turn- 
ing, as  an  auger  or  gimlet. 

A  hole  fit  fur  the  file  or  square  bore.  Jos.  Moxon. 

2.  A  hollow  hand-tool  used  in  nail-making  to 
hold  a  nail  while  its  head  is  being  formed. — 

3.  A  hole  made  by  boring,  or  as  if  by  boring: 
as,  "an  auger's  bore,"  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  6.  Specifi- 
cally—(«>  .\  deep  vertical  perforation  made  in  the  earth 
in  search  of  water,  or  to  ascertain  the  nature  of  the  un- 
derlying strata,  as  in  searching  for  coal  or  other  minerals ; 
a  bore-hole,  (ft)  The  cylindrical  cavity  or  perforation  of 
a  tube,  rifle,  cannon,  etc. 

Hence  —  4.  The  caliber  or  internal  diameter 
of  a  hole  or  perforation,  whether  made  by  bor- 
ing or  not,  especially  of  the  cavity  of  a  gun  or 
tube. 

Beside  th'  Artillery 
Of  fourscore  pieces  of  a  mighty  Boare. 

Drayton,  Noah's  Floud  (ed.  1630),  p.  103. 
The  bores  of  wind  instruments.  Bacon, 

5t.  A  wound  or  thrust Blue  bore,  an  opening  in 

the  clouds  sliowing  tlie  blue  sky.     [Scotch.]  — To  'Wick  a 


631 

bore,  in  the  game  of  curling,  to  drive  a  stone  dexterously 
througli  an  oi)ening  between  two  guards. 
bore'-^  (bor),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boar,  boer; 
:ipi)ar.<  ME.  hare,  a  wave,  billow  (once,  in  doubt- 
ful use)  (ef.  V.  httrri;,  a  bore) ;  prob.  <  Icel.  tidra 
=  Norw.  baara,  a  billow  caused  by  wind ;  cf .  Sw. 
dial,  ti&r,  a  hill,  mound;  prob.  connceted  with 
Icel.  t>i'ra  =  E.  bcari^.']  An  abrupt  tidal  wave 
which  breaks  in  an  estuary,  the  water  I  hen  rush- 
ing up  the  channel  with  great  violence  and 
noise.  The  tidal  wave  being  a  wave  of  translation,  the 
8hr>aling  and  narrowing  of  channels  where  the  tide  rises 
very  raiii<iiy  produce  a  great  increase  in  the  height  of  the 
wave.  The  forward  parts  of  the  wave,  too,  in  shoaling 
water  advance  less  rapidly  than  the  backward  parts,  ami 
so  cause  a  great  accunmlatioa  in  front.  The  raost  cele- 
brated bores  in  the  obi  world  are  those  of  the  Ganges,  In- 
dus, and  Brahinaputra.  The  last  is  said  to  rise  to  a  height 
of  12  feet.  In  the  Amazon  and  other  rivers  in  Brazil  the 
bore  reaches  a  height  of  from  12  to  16  feet.  In  England 
the  bore  is  observed  more  especially  in  the  Severn,  Trent, 
and  Wye,  and  in  the  Solway  Frith.  The  bores  in  some 
bays  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  are  very  remarkal)le. 
In  some  parts  of  England  it  is  called  eager  (which  see) ;  on 
the  Amazon,  the  prororoea ;  on  the  Seine,  the  liarre ;  and 
on  the  Garonne  and  Dordogne  in  France,  tlie  viascaret. 

When  the  rise  of  the  tide  begins,  the  surface  of  the  water 
is  di.sturhed  in  mid-channel ;  but  the  water  is  not  bnjken, 
it  is  merely  like  a  connnon  wave.  But  as  this  rapid  rise 
elevates  the  surfac^e  suddenly  above  the  level  of  the  flat 
sands,  the  water  immediately  rushes  over  tliem  with  great 
velocity,  and  with  a  broken  front,  making  a  great  luiise. 
And  tills  is  the  whole  of  the  bore. 

Airy,  Encyc.  Metrop.,  Tides  and 'Waves,  p.  514. 

bore^  (bor),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bored,  ppr.  bor- 
ing. [This  word,  verb  and  noun  (the  noun  in 
senses  1  and  2  appar.  preceding  the  verb),  came 
into  use  about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century ; 
usually  considered  a  particular  use  of  boreX, 
and  compared  with  G.  drillen,  bore,  drill,  also 
bore,  weary ;  but  an  immediate  derivation  from 
bore'-  is  philologically  improbable,  though  it 
may  be  explained  as  a  twist  of  fashionable 
slang  (to  which,  indeed,  the  word  has  always 
belonged),  perhaps  resting  on  some  forgotten 
anecdote.  At  any  rate,  the  word  is  now  inde- 
oendent  of  bore^.]  1.  To  weary  by  tedious 
iteration  or  repetition ;  tire,  especially  in  con- 
versation, by  insufferable  dullness ;  tease ;  an- 
noy; pester. 

*'  I  will  tell  him  to  come,"  said  Buckhurst.  "  Oh  I  no, 
no;  don't  tell  him  to  come,"  said  Millbank.  "Jyon't  bore 
him."  Disraeli,  Coningsby,  i.  10. 

Bolting  away  to  a  chamber  remote, 
Inconceivably  bored  by  his  Witen-gemote, 
Edwy  left  them  all  joking. 
And  drinking,  and  smoking. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  215. 

2.  In  racing,  to  annoy  or  impede  by  crowding 
against  or  out  of  the  way. 
bore3(b6r),  j(.  [See  ftoreS,  i\]  If.  Ennui ;  a  fit 
of  ennui  or  listless  disgust  or  weariness. —  2t. 
One  who  suffers  from  ennui. — 3.  One  who  or 
that  which  bores  one,  or  causes  ennui  or  annoy- 
ance ;  anything  which  by  dullness  taxes  the 
patience,  or  otherwise  causes  trouble  or  an- 
noyance ;  specifically,  a  dull,  tiresome,  or  im- 
congenial  person  who  tires  or  annoys  by  forcing 
his  company  or  conversation  on  others,  or  who 
persists  in  uninteresting  talk  or  undesired  at- 
tentions. 

Society  is  now  one  polished  horde. 

Formed  of  two  mighty  tribes,  the  bores  and  bored. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiii.  95. 

Learned  folk 
"Who  drench  you  \vith  aesthetics  till  you  feel 
.  As  if  all  beauty  were  a  ghastly  bore. 
The  faucet  to  let  loose  a  wash  of  words. 

Lowell,  Cathedral, 

A  sort  of  good-natured  persistency,  which  induced  the 
impression  that  he  was  nothing  worse  than  a  well-mean- 
ing bore,  who  was  to  be  endured  at  all  times  for  the  sake 
of  his  occasional  usefulness  and  universal  cheerfulness. 
Tourgee,  Fool's  Errand,  p.  32. 

bore^  (bor).     Preterit  of  bear''-. 

bore"t,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  boar. 

borefi  (bor),  H.  [E.  dial.,  short  for  borecole,  q.  v.] 
A  kind  of  cabbage ;  borecole.     Tiisser. 

Boread  (bo're-ad),  n.  and  a.  [<  Gr.  BopedSt/c,  a 
son  of  Boreas,  Bopeac  (BopeaS-),  a  daughter  of 
Boreas,  adj.  (fern.),  boreal;  <  Bopeag,  Boreas.] 
I.  H.   A  child  of  Boreas. 

II.  a.  [/.  c]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  north- 
em  regions ;  boreal.     [Bare.] 

borear(b6're-al),  a.  [<  ME.  boriall,<  LL.  bo- 
realis,  <  L.  Boreas,  Boreas.]  Pertaining  to,  situ- 
ated in,  or  issuing  from  the  north ;  relating  or 
pertaining  to  the  north  or  to  the  north  wind ; 
northern. 

Above  the  Siberian  snows 
We'll  sport  amid  the  boreal  morning. 

Wordsworth,  Peter  BeU. 

In  boreai  Dakota,  whose  capital  bears  his  name,  Ger- 
many and  Bismarck  are  connected  conceptions  of  the 
mind.  -V-  ^-  -Rt''"-.  CLXIII.  105. 


borer 

Boreal  pole,  in  French  terminology,  the  pole  of  the  mag- 
netii:  ni'cdii-  which  points  to  the  south.  See  auMral  pole, 
under  austral. —  Boreal  province,  in  zongeog. ,  one  of  the 
provinces  establislieil  with  rt  it-i*i-jjoe  to  tlie  distribution 
of  marine  animals.  It  i-niliraces  the  N(ii-th  Atlantic  south 
of  tile  arctic  jirovince  to  a  line  passing  through  the  naze 
of  .Norway  and  Cape  Cod. 

borean  (bo're-an),  a.  [<  Boreas  +  -an.]  Same 
as  boreal. 

Boreas  (bo'ro-as),  n.  [L.,  also  Borras,  <  Gr. 
Bopiac,  Attic  Boppac,  north  wind,  the  god  of  the 
north  wind ;  cf.  Russ.  buri/a,  stomi,  Imranii,  a 
tempest  with  snow  :  see  bora.]  1.  In  dr.  mijth., 
the  god  of  the  north  wind. — 2.  The  north  wind 
personified;  a  cold,  northerly  wind. 

borecole  (bor'kol),  ».     [Also  torvaevXy  bonrcole ; 

<  D.  boerenkool,  borecole,  lit.  peasant's  cab- 
bage, <  boer,  peasant,  +  kool,  caVjbage :  see 
boor  and  cole.]  A  variety  of  Bra.isica  oleraeea, 
a  cabbage  with  curled  or  wrinkled  leaves  which 
have  no  tendency  to  form  into  a  hard  head.  It 
is  valued  chiefiy  for  winter  use. 

boredom  (bor'dura),  n.     [ibore^,  n.,  +  -dom.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  bore,  or  the  tendency 
to  become  tiresome  and  ■uninteresting. 

I  presently  found  that  here  too  the  male  could  assert 
his  superiority  and  show  a  more  vigorous  boredom. 

George  Elirjt,  Theophrastus  .Such,  xv, 

2.  The  state  of  being  bored ;  tedium ;  ennui. 

Some,  stretching  their  legs,  presented  symptoms  of  an 
escape  from  boredoTn.  Disraeli,  "i'oung  Duke. 

Our  "sea-anemone,"  a  creature  with  which  everybody, 
since  the  great  aquarium  mania,  must  have  become  famil- 
iar, even  to  the  limits  of  boredom. 

Huxley,  Critiques  and  Addresses,  p.  113. 

3.  Bores  collectively. 

boreet  (bo're),  «.     [Also  written  6ory,  hourrie; 

<  F.  bourrec,  a  i-ustic  dance.]  A  dance  or  move- 
ment in  common  time. 

Dick  could  neatly  dance  a  jig, 
But  Tom  was  best  at  borees. 

.S»•l/^  Tom  and  Dick. 

boreen  (bo-ren'))  »»•  [<  It-  bothar  (pron.  bo'her), 
a  road,  +  dim.  -in.]  A  lane  or  narrow  road. 
[Anglo-Irish.] 

boregat  (bor'e-gat),  n.  A  chiroid  fish  of  the 
genus  Hexagramtnns :  better  kno-mi  as  bodieron 
and  rock-trout.     See  cut  under  Rexugrammus. 

bore-hole  (bor'hol),  «.  A  hole  made  in  boring 
for  minerals,  water,  etc. ;  specifically,  the  hole 
in  which  a  blasting-charge  is  placed.  See  bor- 
ing, 2. 

boreism  (bor'izm),  n.  [Also  written  borism;  < 
boreS  -H  -ism.]  The  action  of  a  bore;  the  con- 
dition of  being  a  bore.     [Rare.] 

borellf,  borrePt,  "•  [Early  mod.  E.,  prop,  buret, 
burrcl,  burnll,  <  ME.  borel,  buret,  <  OF.  burel, 
later  bureau,  a  coarse  woolen  stuff  (mod.  F. 
bureau,  a  desk,  writing-table,  bureau,  >  E.  bu- 
reau, q.  v.):  see  burrel,  and  cf.  birrus.]  1.  A 
coarse  woolen  stuff,  or  garments  made  of  it; 
hence,  clothing  in  general. 

I  wol  renne  out  my  borel  for  to  shewe. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  356. 

2.  A  kind  of  light  stuff  the  warp  of  which  was 
silk  and  the  woof  wool;  a  kind  of  serge. 
borel-t,  borrel-t,  «•  [ilE.,  also  buret,  supposed 
to  be  a  particular  use  of  boref^.  «.,  q.  v.  Some- 
times used  archaically  in  mod.  E.]  1.  Belong- 
ing to  the  laity,  as  opposed  to  the  clergy. 

And  more  we  se  of  Christes  secre  thinges 
Than  borel  folk,  although  that  they  ben  kinges. 
We  live  in  povert  and  in  abstinence. 
And  borel  folk  in  richesse  and  dispense. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  L  164. 
2.  Rude;  unlearned. 

But,  sires,  because  I  am  a  burel  man  .  .  . 
Haveth  me  excused  of  my  rude  speche. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Franklin's  Tale,  I.  44. 
I  am  but  rude  and  borrel.         Spenser,  Shep.  Cat.  July. 
Thou  wert  ever  of  a  tender  conscience,  son  Wilkin 
though  thou  hast  but  a  rough  and  Iwrrel  bearing. 

.Scott,  Betrothed,  \ii, 

borely t,  a .    An  obsolete  form  of  burly. 

borent.  Obsolete  form  of  born,  borne,  pp.  of 
biar^.     Chaucer. 

borer  (bor'er),  n.  [<  borel,  j;.^  +  -frl;  =  G. 
bohrer.]  1.  One  who  bores  or  pierces. —  2.  A 
tool  or  instrument  used  for  boring:  an  auger; 
specifically,  in  Great  Britain,  a  diill,  an  imple- 
ment used  in  boring  holes  in  rock. — 3.  A  name 
common  to  many  minute  coleopterous  insects 
of  the  group  Xytophaga.  whose  larvffi  eat  theii 
way  into  old  wood,  forming  at  the  bottom  of 
the  holes  a  little  cocoon,  whence  they  emerge 
as  small  beetles. — 4.  Some  other  insect  which 
bores,  either  in  the  larval  or  adult  state. — 5. 
A  local  English  name  of  the  glutinous  hag,  J/i/x- 
ine  glutinosa.  See  cut  under  hag. — 6.  A  bi- 
valve mollusk  which  bores  into  wood  or  stone. 


Clover-nxit  Borer  [Hyiesinus  trtfolii), 
a,  a,  a,  burrows  made  by  the  insect ; 
b.  lar^-a,  lateral  view ;  c,  pupa,  ventral 
view;  d,  beetle,  donal  view.  All  en* 
larged. 


borer 

especially  one  of  the  family  Pholadidfp. —  7.  In 
entom.,  the  terebra  or  ovipositor  when  it  is  used 
for  borins.  as  in  many  beetles,  flies,  etc — Annu- 
lar borer."  See  annu/ar.— Clover-root  borer,  a  small 
£Col>~tid  beetle,  HyUsintts  trijolii  (Muller),  imported  from 
EuroDe  into  .\merica  and  very  injurious  to  clover.  The 
larv'ais  cyUadrical.  of  slightly  curved  form,  whitish,  with 
a  yellowish  head.  The  perfect  beetle  is  a  little  over  2  mil- 
limeters in  length, 
eloagateoval  in  form, 
and  of  a  brownish- 
black  color,  the  ely- 
tra being  reddish  and 
somewhat  shining. — 
Grape-root  borer, 
the  larva  of  ^i^jeria 
polijiti/orjitiji,  a  moth 
of  the  family  ^iHyeri- 
idtf,  which  lays  its 
eggs  in  July  or  Au- 
gust at  the  base  of 
the  grape-Wue,  close 
to  the  ground.  Tliey 
are  white  tleshy  grubs 
which  eat  the  l)ark 
and  sap-wood  of  the 
grape-root,  and  trans- 
form to  the  pupa  state 
within  a  po4l-Iike  co- 
coon of  gummy  silk, 
to  which  bits  of 
wood    and  bark  are 

attached. 

boresont,  n.  An 
obsolete  variant 
of  bauson. 

bore-tree, ».    Sec 

h'n(r-tntj. 

bore-worm  (bor'- 
werm),  n.  A 
name  for  the 
ship-worm.  Te- 
redo navalis :  so 
called  on  account 
of  its  boring  into 
submerged  tim- 
ber, as  the  bottoms  of  vessels,  piles,  and  the  like. 

borhame  (bor'am),  ».  [E.  dial. ;  oi'igin  ob- 
scurt-.]  A  local  English  naino,  in  Northum- 
berland, of  the  lemon  or  sand-sole. 

boric  (  bo'rik),  a.  [<  bor(ax)  +  -ic.  ]  Same  as 
boracic. 

bolide  (bo'rid  or  -rid),  n.  [<  bor(on)  +  -irfc] 
A  primary  compound  of  boron  with  a  metallic 
element. 

boring  (bor'ing),   n.     [Verbal  n.  of  bore'^,  r.] 

1.  Tlio  act  of  piercing  or  perforating;  specifi- 
cally, in  mining  and  similar  operations,  the  act 
of  making  a  hole  in  rock  or  earth  by  means 
of  a  borer  or  drill.  Tliis  is  often  executed  on  a  large 
■cale  by  the  aid  of  machinery.  Wells  and  shafts  several 
feel  in  diameter  are  now  bored  witliout  lilasting,  as  has 
been  done  in  I'arls  in  sinking  artesian  wells,  in  the  great 
nortin-rn  coal-helds  of  France  and  Kelgiuiii,  and  elsewhere. 

2.  The  hole  made  by  boring.  Holes  of  small  depth 
bored  witli  the  drill  for  lilasting  are  called  l/ure-hulfx. 
Deep  holes  bored  for  any  purpose  are  called  hnrinijn,  aii<l 
if  of  large  diameter  ghafu  or  tcfUn,  according  as  tliey 
are  intended  for  use  in  mining  or  for  sujiplying  water. 

3.  ]>l.  The  chips,  fragments,  or  dust  produced 
in  boring.  Also  called  boring-dust Three- 
handed  boring,  in  mining,  Iwring  in  which  a  hand-drill 
is  operated  by  three  men,  one  of  whom  holds  the  lirill 
and  turns  it  as  the  work  proceeds,  while  the  others  alter- 
nately strike  upon  or  beat  it  with  a  heavy  hammer  or 
sledge.  When  one  man  holds  the  drill  and  another  beats 
It,  the  boring  Is  tmt-handrd ;  when  the  same  person  hohls 
the  ilriU  with  one  band,  and  beats  it  with  the  other,  it  Is 
iu,.il.-l,,t,i,l..l.     IF.rig.l 

boring-anchor  (bor'ing-ang'kor),  71.  Same  as 
siTiir-pili:. 

boring-bar  (bor'ing-biir),  n.  A  bar  to  which 
the  i-utterH  in  a  drilling-  or  boring-machine  are 
Bi'ciircil.     Koo  ruthr-har. 

boring-bit  (bor'ing-bit),  n.  1.  A  tool  or  instru- 
mi-nt  of  variou.M  uhapes  ami  sizes,  used  for 
making  holes  in   wood  and  other  solid  sub- 

«tui H.      Heo   W/1. —  2.  A  tool  much  like  a 

prirriiiig-wire,  but  more  highly  teuiiicred  and 
witli  nil  end  Hoiiiewhat  like  an  auger,  used  for 
el'Miiiiig  out  the  vent  of  a  gun  when  it  is  cloMod 
by  -.line  metallic  obstruction;  a  vent-gimlet. 

boring-block  (bor'ing-blok),  n.  In  mich.,  a 
olrtiin;  I  ylinilrieal  piece  fitted  on  tlio  boring- 
bar  i.f  11  lioring-machino,  and  having  tho  cut- 
tern  lix.-.|  1,1  it. 

bor' ''-r 


Boring-machine. 
a.  b,  cone-pulleys;  c,  hori- 
zontal face-plate  ;  d,  bonny- 
shaft  ;  g,  hand-wheel ;  h,  au- 
tomatic feed  arrangement ; 
t,  handle  which  acts  upon  a 

f)inion   and   rack   to  raise  or 
0 


the 
belt-shifter. 


face-plate ; 


632 

boring-head  (bor'ing-hed),  n.  1.  The  cutter- 
head  of  a  diamond  drill. —  2.  A  short  cylinder 
cam"ingeutting-tools,  fitted  upon  a  boring-bar. 

boring-machine  (bor'ing-ma-shen'),  H.  Any 
apparatus  employing  bor- 
ing-tools, such  as  the  bit, 
auger,  or  drill.  Such  ma- 
chines are  used  for  boring 
boih  metal  and  wood.  In  the 
fii-st  case  the  boring-tool  is  a 
revolving  cutter-head,  and  the 
machine  is  essentially  a  drill. 
In  these  machines  the  work 
may  be  stationary  while  the 
cutter-head  advances  as  the 
cut  is  made,  or  the  work  may 
be  advanced  or  fed  to  the  rela- 
tively stationary  cutter-head. 
In  all  there  are  appliances 
for  securing  a  variable  speed 
and  for  adjusting  one  tool  to 
many  kinds  of  work.  They  are 
used  to  bore  out  heavy  cast- 
ings, guns,  cylinders,  wheel- 
hubs,  etc.  The  wood-boring 
machines  are  essentially  ma- 
chine-augers. The  auger  or 
bit  may  be  fixed,  or  may  have 
a  slight  journal  movement  as 
the  work  proceeds.  The  block- 
boring  machine  is  an  apparatus 
consisting  of  two  augers  driven  by  hand  and  a  vise  for 
holding  the  bolt  of  wood  from  which  a  block  is  to  be  made. 
The  carpenters' 
boiing-inachine  is 
an  anger  supported 
on  a  movable  frame 
in  such  a  way  that 
holes  can  be  bored 
with  it  at  any  an- 
gle. It  is  operated 
by  two  handles  and 
bevel  gearing,  the 
operator  sitting 
ast  ride  the  machine 
while  at  work. 

boring-mill 

(bor  'ing-mil), 
«.       Same     as 
boring-machine. 
boring-rod 

(bor'  ing-rod), 

n.         A       iointed  carpenters'  Boriin;-m.n;hiiic. 

rod  to  which  the  tools  used  in  earth-boring  and 
rock-drilling  are  attached. 

boring-sponge  (bor'ing-spunj),  «.  A  salt-water 
sponge  of  the  genus  Cliona,  which  bores  into 
shells  and  lime.stone. 

boring-table  (b6r'ing-ta"bl),  n.  The  platform 
suiiixirtiug  the  work  in  a  boring-machine. 

borism,  «.     i^ee  horcism. 

boritht,  ".  [<  LL.  biiritli,  <  Heb.  bOrifh  (Jer.  ii. 
22),  tr.  in  the  English  version  'soap.']  A  plant 
iirodueing  an  alkali  used  in  cleansing. 

Borja  (bor'jjl ;  Sp.  pron.  bor'hii),  n.  A  sweet 
white  wine  grown  near  Saragossa  in  Spain. 

borley  (bor'li),  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  boat  used  by 
trawlers  about  tho  estuary  of  the  Thames. 
X  JC.  U. 

borling  (bor'ling),  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  local  Eng- 
lisli  name  of  tho  river-lamprey. 

bornl  (bom),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  horn,  bnrcn  (often 
sliortoned  bore),  <  AS.  boron,  pp.  of  beran, 
bear,  carry,  bring  forth.  Tho  distinction  be- 
tween born^  anil  bornc^  is  recent:  see  6rrt)l.] 

1.  Possessing  from  birth  the  quality  or  char- 
acter stated:  as,  a  born  poet ;  a  born  fool. 

Dunstun  resumed  .*;ifrcd"s  task,  not,  indeed,  in  the  wide 
and  generous  spirit  of  the  king,  but  with  the  activity  of  a 
born  administrator.       J.  Ji.  fiirrti,  Coiki.  of  Eng.,  jt.  yi,"). 

2.  Innate;  inherited;  jirodiiceil  with  a  jieraon 
at  birth:  as,  horn  wit:  born  dignity:  in  both 
senses  opjjosed  to  acijnircd  after  birth  or  from 
experience, 

(Jften  abbreviated  to  6. 
Bom  In  or  with,  Inherited  by  birth;  received  or  Im- 

Jdaiiled  at  birtll. 

\N'it  and  wisdom  are  burn  with  a  man. 

SclUen,  Tablo-Talk,  p.  08. 
Bom  Of,  spning  from. 


Nf)nc  '»/  woman  futni  shall  harm  Macbeth. 

S/mk.,  Macbeth 


o(u  li 
t«in«<l 
Th..  ei 
a  Imni 

boring  I  i 
boring  i: 

flji.d  t 


(■hor'ing-kol'ilr),  n.  A  circular 
■,  which  can  Vio  tiiriieii  about  its 
'  ic.il  plane,  so  as  to  bring  any  one 
per  holes  of  (lifTerentMi/.ea  con- 
'■  with  tho  piece  t<>  bo  bored. 
■  CO  is  expoHeil  at  the  hole  to 
h  i»  hi<ir|  ugainHt  it. 
ig-<liiHt ),  II.  Same  aH  borinii, .'). 
ii^-giij),  II.  A  chiinp  or  htop 
of  a  bit  or  other  buring-lool 


to  rogulttt*.  ti...  ,i,,pth  of  tho  work. 


Iv.  1. 

Bom  on  the  wrong  sldo  of  the  blanket.    See  uinnM. 
—  Bom  to,  ilestlnciito  from  birth,  or  by  right  of  birth. 
I  was  tiorn  In  a  gooii  estat**. 

.Su'i/I,  Story  of  an  Injureil  Ijidy. 

In  one's  bom  days,  In  one's  Ilfeilmc.    |i'idloi|.| 

There  was  one  Miss  liyron,  a  Northampl^tnshlre  lady, 
whom  I  never  saw  beforu  in  nnt  iKirn  daii*. 

Hiehanlim,  (irandlton,  I.  109. 

In  all  Afj  tjttrn  dnjfii  lie  never  hi-arii  such  screeched  and 
yells  an  tho  wind  give  over  thrtt  chinddey. 

.Writ.  .Vfoiiw,  Oldtowil,  p,  18. 

To  be  bom  again,  to  bocomu  rcgonoralo  In  aplrit  and 
I  liarn<t,T  ;  be  converted. 

Kt'-cpt  a  man  t)«  Iwm  aifain,  hu  cannot  sec  tho  kingdom 
of  liod.  John  III.  8. 


borough 

To  be  bom  ■with  a  sliver  spoon  in  one's  moutb,  to 

inherit  a  fortune  by  birtli ;  be  born  to  good  luck. 

bom-,  I',  t.    See  }>one^. 

bomei  (bom).    [See  6orai.]    Past  participle  of 

bcar^. 

borne-t  (bom),  n.     Same  as  bourn". 

borne  (bor-ua'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  borner,  bound, 
limit,  <  borne,  boundary,  limit:  see  bourn-.] 
Bounded;  limited;  narrow-minded;  of  re- 
stricted intelligence. 

He  [Sir  Robert  Peel]  began  life  as  the  underling  of  Lord 
Sidmouth  — the  shallowest,  narrowest,  most  born^,  and 
most  benighted  of  the  old  Tory  crew. 

IT.  R.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  234. 

Bornean  (bor'nf-an),  a.  and  n.     [<  Borneo  + 
-((H.]     I.  n.  Pertaining  to  Borneo,  the  largest 
island  of  the  Malay  archipelago. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Borneo. 

bornedt,  p.  a.  An  obsolete  form  of  burned. 
( '/«( ucrr. 

borneene  (b6r'ne-en),  n.  [<  borne(ol)  +  -ene.] 
A  liquid  hydrocarbon  (CjQHjg)  secreted  by 
DnjolKilanops  camphora,  and  holding  in  solu- 
tion a  soliil  substance,  borueol  (CxoHj^gO),  or 
caiuplior  of  Borneo.     See  Urijobalanops. 

Borneo  camphor.    See  camphor. 

borneol  (,bor'ne-ol),  K.  [<.  Borneo  + -oh")  Same 
as  Borneo  camphor  (which  see,  imder  camphor), 

bornine  (bor'ninl,  «.  [Appar.  as  burn-ite  + 
-ini-.'\    Ti'Ihu'ie  bismuth  :  same  as  tetradi/mitc. 

borning,  borning-rod.    See  boning,  bonin'g-rod. 

bornite  (bur'nit),  n.  [After  Dr.  Ignatius  von 
Born,  an  Austrian  mineralogist  (1742-91),  + 
-ite-,}  A  valuable  copper  ore,  consisting  of 
about  CO  parts  of  copper,  14  of  iron,  and  26  of 
sulphur,  found  mostly  massive,  also  in  iso- 
metric crystals.  It  has  a  peculiar  bronze-color  on 
the  fresh  fracture  (hence  calleii  by  Cornish  miners  horse- 
Jiesh  ore),  Imt  soon  tai-nishes  ;  and  from  tlie  bright  ctdors 
it  then  luisumes  it  is  often  named  purple  or  variegateii 
copper  and  eniltencite. 

bornous,  bornouse,  ».    Same  as  bumoose. 

borocalcite  (l>o-ro-kal'sit),  «.  [<  boron  +  cal- 
citi  .1  A  liydrous  calcium  borate,  supposed  to 
occur  witli  otlier  borates  in  Pern. 

boroglyceride  (b6-ro-gli,><'e-rid  or  -rid),  w.  [< 
boron  -I-  gli/cer(in)  +  -»/<?.]  An  antiseptic  sub- 
stance containing  about  25  per  cent,  of  glj'ceryl 
borate,  or  propenyl  borate  (C3H5BO3),  and  75 
per  cent,  of  free  boric  acid  and  glycerin  in 
equivalent  proportions. 

boron  (bo'ion),  «.  [NL.,  <  bor{ax)  +  -on.'] 
Chiniical  .symbol,  B;  atomic  weight,  10.9;").  A 
chemical  element  belonging  to  the  group  of 
non-metals.  Two  allotrojiic  forms  of  this  clement  are 
known,  one  a  brown,  amorphous  powtier,  slightly  soluble 
in  water,  the  other  (adamantine  boron)  crystalline,  and 
with  a  luster  and  hardness  inferior  only  to  that  ttf  the 
diamond.  In  all  its  compounds  boron  appears  to  be  triva- 
leni.  It  does  not  occur  in  nature  in  tile  free  state,  but 
sonic  of  its  compounds  arc  well-known  articles  of  com. 
mcroc.  It  is  ]n-cpared  by  heating  boric  acid  at  a  high 
tcmiiernture  with  some  powerful  reducing  agent,  such  as 
jtotjissinm  or  ahiminium.  Its  oxygen  acid,  boracic  acid, 
and  the  soda  salt,  borax,  ai'c  extensively  used  ill  tho  arts. 

boronatrocalcite  (bo-ro-nii-tro-kal'sit),  n, 
[<  Imrttii  +  iKilron  -h  caleitc]  A  hydrous  borate 
of  soiliuiii  and  calcium;  the  mineral  ulexite. 

borosilicate  (bo-ro-sil'i-kat),  «.  [<  bor{ie)  + 
f:ilic(ic)  -(-  -((/('•.]  .V  double  salt,  in  which  both 
boric  and  silicic  acids  are  combined  with  a 
basic  radical,  as  datolite,  which  is  a  borosili- 
catf  <»t"  calciuiii.     Also  calli'il  silicoliorale. 

borough'  (bur't")).  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  lior- 
rougli,  hurrough,  borrow,  burrow,  boroic,  burow, 
etc. :  sonietinies,  esp.  in  conip.,  written  boro  or 
borir;  <  ME.  lioru'e,b(iron'e,  liorgli,  hnrgh,  borug, 
buruh,  etc.,  Iiurir,  linri,  ber;/,  etc..  <  AS.  burh, 
linruh,  burg  (gen.  and  dat .  biirig,  whence  the  sec- 
ond set  of  MK.  foniis  above,  liurie,  etc..  E. /no//', 
<|.  v.),  a  town,  a  f'ortilied  iilacc  (=  OS.  burug, 
/iiin/  =  (>Fri('S.  biirieh,  bureh  =  MI).  Iinreh,  Inirch, 
I).  Iiurg,  liurgt  =  Mljti.  borch  =  OH(i.  Iiurug^ 
liurnr.  burc,  MIK!.  bnrc,  (!.  burg  =  led.  lung  =. 
Sw.  Dan.  Imr<i  =  (ioth.  bauriin ;  hence,  from 
OIKi.  etc.,  .^lL.  hurgus,  >  OV.  bnrc,  burg,  V. 
bnurg  =  Pr.  bore  =  S)>.  Pg.  burgo  =  It.  Imrgo); 
prob.  <  AS.  beorgan  (pji.  bio'gcn)  =  (Jolli.  Iiair- 
gan  =  (i.  birgen,  etc.,  protect :  see  buri/^,  bur- 
row^,burg^,tiurgh,  bonrg^  (all  nil .  identical  with 
liorough),  liurgrss,  bourgiois,  clc.  The  word  ap- 
pciirs  ill  various  forms  in  iiiaiiv  iiiiiiich  of  towns: 
r('li'i'/i((iv))((//i,  Edin//Hn//i  or  iMiiii/ioi'",  Ciiiiter- 
liurg,  }\nniliurg,  Iturgos,  etc.]  1.  Eornierly,  a 
forlilicd  town,  or  a  iovvii  possessing  niniiicipal 
organization;  also,  a  town  or  city  in  general. 
—  2.  In  Knglaiid:  («)  A  corporate  town  jios- 
seHsiiig  a  regularly  organized  niiiiiii'ipal  gov- 
ermneiil  ami  special  piivilep's  coiil'erred  by 
royal  charter:  iisually  called  a  municipai  Imr- 
ough.     (b)  A  town  having  tho  right  to  send  ono 


borough 

or  more  representatives  to  Parliament :  usually 
called  a parliamcnUinj  biirDuijh.  inik-r the gcncml 
litws  icmilatiny  municipal  uNWniiiii-iit,  witli  sumu  exi-ei)- 
tioMs,  tlic-  Imrgesses  i>f  fucli  Ihitmiil^Ii  elect  a  certain  iiiiiii- 
hi'-Y  nf  ciHiiicilors  every  three  yeajs,  ami  these  elect  the 
niayta-  aiiruially  ami  half  the  aldermen  (who  serve  six 
years)  tneiiiiially.  Mayor,  aUlermeh,  ami  councilors  form 
the  rnuiieil.  The  ei  'rresprtndiny  term  in  Scotland  is  bunjii. 
3.  In  Connecticut,  Minnesota,  New  Jersey,  and 
Pennsylvania,  an  incorporated  municipality 
less  populous  than  a  city  and  differently  gov- 
erned: in  general,  coiTesponding  to  town  in 
other  States.  In  Minnesota  and  Pennsylvania  its 
boundaries  are  identical  with  those  of  one  of  the  primary 
divisions  of  the  county;  in  Connecticut  and  New  Jersey 
they  include  only  the  space  occupied  by  houses  adjoining 
or  nearly  adjoining.  Also,  one  of  tlie  five  administrative 
subdivisions  of  the  enlarged  city  of  New  York. 
4t.  A  shelter  or  place  of  security. 

The  flat,  levell,  and  plaine  fields  not  able  to  afford  us 
,  .   .   any  borough  to  shelter  us. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Aminianus,  p.  114. 

5t.  At  Richmond  in  Yorkshire,  England,  and 
perhaps  other  northern  old  corporate  towns,  a 
property  held  by  burgage,  and  formerly  quali- 
fying for  a  vote  for  members  of  Parliament. 
N.  E.  D — Close  t)orough,  a  pocket  borough. 

Lansmere  is  neither  a  rotten  borough,  to  be  bought,  nor 
a  clotse  borough,  under  one  man's  nomination.         Bulwer. 

Pocket  borough,  in  England,  before  the  passage  of  the 
Reform  Bill  of  18;j2  and  the  subsequent  legislation  deal- 
ing with  the  elective  franchise,  a  borough  the  parliamen- 
tary representation  of  which  was  practically  in  the  hands 
of  some  individual  or  family. —  Rotten  borough,  a  name 
given  before  the  passing  of  the  Kefonn  liili  of  lb32  to  cer- 
tain boroughs  in  England  which  had  fallen  into  decay  and 
had  a  mere  handful  of  voters,  but  which  still  retained  the 
privilege  of  sending  members  to  Parliament.  At  the  head 
of  the  list  of  these  stood  Old  Sarum,  the  abandoned  site  of 
an  old  town,  which  returned  two  representatives  though 
without  a  single  inhabitant,  the  proprietors  nominating 
whom  they  pleased. — To  buy  a  borough,  to  purchase 
the  power  of  controlling  the  election  of  a  member  of  Par- 
liament for  a  borough.  Under  recent  itritish  legislation 
this  is  no  longer  possible. 

borough'-t,  «■     -An  obsolete  form  of  hurrovfl. 

borough^fj  11.    An  obsolete  form  of  borrow'^. 

borough-court  (bur'o-kort),  n.  The  court  of 
record  for  an  English  borough,  generally  pre- 
sided over  by  the  recorder. 

borough-English  (bur'6-ing'glish),  n.  [Irreg. 
translation  of  AF.  tenure  en  burgh  engloijs, 
tenure  in  an  English  borough.]  In  law,  a  cus- 
tomary descent  of  some  estates  in  England  to 
the  youngest  son  instead  of  the  eldest,  or,  if  the 
owner  leaves  no  son,  to  the  youngest  brother. 
It  is  a  remarkable  circumstance  that  an  institution 
closely  resembling  Borough  English  is  found  in  the  Laws 
of  Wales,  givhig  the  rule  of  descent  for  all  cultivating 
villeins.  Maine,  Early  Hist,  of  Institutions,  p.  •223. 

borough-head,  n.     See  borrow-head. 

borough-holder  (bm-'o-hol'der), »!.  1.  In  Eng- 
land, a  headborough ;  a  borsholder.  [Rare  or 
obsolete.]  — 2.  In  some  parts  of  northern  Eng- 
land, a  person  who  holds  property  by  burgage 
tenure. 

The  Borough-holders  [Gateshead]  are  qualified  by  ten- 
ure of  burgage  tenements,  which  are  particular  freehold 
houses,  about  150  in  number.     They  have  an  estate  in  fee. 
Munkip.  Corp.  Reports  (1835),  p.  1526. 

borough-master  (bur'o-mas"ter),  11.  [<  bor- 
nuglA  +  master.  Cf.  burf/hmaster,  burgomaster.^ 
The  mayor,  governor,  or  bailiff  of  an  English 
borough. 

boroughmonger  (bur'6-mung"ger),  n.  For- 
merly, one  who  bought  or  sold  the  parliamen- 
tary representation  of  an  English  borough. 

These  were  called  rotten  boroughs,  and  those  who  owned 
and  supported  them  borough-mongers. 

A.  Fonblanque,  Jr.,  How  we  are  Governed,  v. 

boroughmongering  (bur'6-mung"ger-ing),  re. 
Trallickiug  in  the  parliamentary  representa- 
tion of  a  borough,  a  practice  at  one  time  com- 
mon in  England. 

We  owe  the  English  peerage  to  three  sources :  the  spo- 
liation of  the  church  ;  the  open  and  flagrant  sale  of  its 
honours  by  the  elder  Stuarts ;  and  the  bonmnhuiomjering 
of  our  own  times.  Disraeli,  Comngsby,  iv.  4. 

borough-reeve  (bur'6-rev),  n.  [<  borougli^  + 
rffiv'i,  after  ME.  burhreve,  <  AS.  burli-gerefa.'] 

1.  Before  the  Norman  conquest,  the  governor 
of  an  English  town  or  city. 

They  .  .  .  also  freely  chose  their  own  borough-reeve,  or 
poi-t-reeve,  as  their  head  of  the  civic  community  was 
termed.  Sir  E.  Creasy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  50. 

2.  The  chief  municipal  officer  in  certain  unin- 
corporated English  towns  before  the  passage, 
in  183.5,  of  the  Mtmieipal  Corporations  Act. 

borough-sessions  (bur'6-sesh"onz),  11.  pi.  The 
sessions  held  quarterly,  or  oftener,  in  an  Eng- 
lish borough  before  the  recorder,  on  a  day  ap- 
pointed by  him. 


633 

boroughshipl  (bur'o-ship),  re.       [<  borough^  + 

-slnj).\  A  township;  the  tact  of  constituting  a 
iMirough  or  township.     A'.  E.  D. 

boroughship'-i  (bur'o-ship),  re.  [<  borough^  + 
-.s7uy;.J  Tlio  condition  of  being  security  for 
the  good  behavior  of  neighbors;  frank-pledge. 
JV.  E.  I). 

borough-town  (bur'o-toun),  re.  [<  ME.  hur^- 
tiia-u,  Ixirawton,  a  town  which  is  a  borough,  <  AS. 
burlilun,  an  inclosure  sui'rouuding  a  castle,  < 
burli,  a  castle,  borough,  +  tun,  inclosure,  town. 
Hence  the  place-name  Burton.']  A  town  which 
is  a  borough. 

borowe't,  borowe^t,  etc.  Obsolete  forms  of 
borrow^,  Ixirnuglil,  etc. 

borrachiot,  borrachot,  ».     Same  as  horachio. 

Borraginacese,  etc.     See  Boragiunrca;  etc. 

borrasca  (bo-ras'kil),  n.  [<  Sj).  b(irr(i.'<c(i,  storm, 
tempest,  obstruction  (see  borasco);  dar  or  caer 
en  borrasca,  in  mining,  strike  or  light  upon  an 
unprolitable  lead ;  antithetical  to  bonanza,  lit. 
fair  weather:  see  ioHan^a.]  In  mining,  hurren 
rock:  the  opposite  of  bonanza,  1  (which  see). 

borrelH,  borrel^t.    See  borel^,  borel^. 

Borrelist  ( lior'el-ist),  n.  [<  Adam  Borrel,  their 
foimder,  +  -ist.']  In  eccles.  hist.,  one  of  a  sect 
of  Mennonites  founded  in  the  Netherlands  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  who  re,iected  the  use 
of  the  sacraments,  public  prayer,  and  all  ex- 
ternal worship,  and  led  a  very  austere  life. 

borrowlt(bor'6),H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  borowe, 
borough,  etc.;  <  ME.  borowe,  borwc,  etc.,  <  AS. 
bork,  borg,  a  security,  pledge,  also  a  surety, 
bondsman  (=  OFries.  borh,  borch  =  D.  borg  = 
MHG.  borg,  G.  borg,  pledge,  security),  <  beor- 
gan  (pp.  borgen)  —  D.  and  G.  bergen,  protect, 
secure:  see  borough'^.  The  verb  ftorrojcl  is  from 
the  noim.]  1.  A  pledge  or  surety;  bail;  secu- 
rity :  applied  both  to  the  thing  given  as  secu- 
rity and  to  the  person  giving  it :  as, ''  with  baile 
nor  borrotce,"  Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 
Ye  may  retain  as  borrow  ray  two  priests.  Scott. 

2.  A  borrowing;  the  act  of  borrowing. 

Y'et  of  your  royal  presence  I'll  adventure 

The  borrow  of  a  week.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2. 

3.  Cost;  expense. 

That  great  Pan  bought  with  deare  borroiv. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Sept. 

4.  A  tithing ;  a  frank-pledge. 

borrow^  (bor'6),  V.  [<  ME.  borowen,  borwcn, 
etc.,  <  AS.  borgian  (=  OFries.  borga  =  D.  bor- 
gen (>  prob.  leel.  borga  =  Sw.  borga  =  Dan. 
borgc)  =  OHG.  borgen,  MHG.  G.  borgen),  borrow, 
lit.  give  a  pledge,  <  borh,  borg,  a  pledge,  se- 
curity: see  ionwfl,  re. ]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  or 
obtain  (a  thing)  on  pledge  given  for  its  return, 
or  without  pledge,  but  on  the  understanding 
that  the  thing  obtained  is  to  be  returned,  or  an 
equivalent  of  the  same  kind  is  to  be  substituted 
for  it ;  hence,  to  obtain  the  temporary  use  of : 
with  <)/  ov  from  (formerly  at):  as,  to  borrow 
a  book  from  a  friend ;  to  borrow  money  of  a 
stranger. 

We  have  borrowed  money  for  the  king's  tribute,  and 
that  upon  our  lands  and  vineyards.  Neh.  v.  4. 

2.  To  take  or  receive  gratuitously  from  another 
or  from  a  foreign  soui'ce  and  apply  to  one's  o%iti 
use  ;  adopt ;  appropriate ;  by  euphemism,  to 
steal  or  plagiarize :  as,  to  borrow  aid ;  English 
has  many  borrowed  words ;  to  borrow  an  author's 
style,  ideas,  or  language. 

These  verbal  signs  they  sometimes  borrovj  from  others, 
and  sometimes  make  themselves.  Locke. 

It  is  not  hard  for  any  man  who  hath  a  Bible  in  his 
hands  to  borrow  good  words  and  holy  sayings  in  abun- 
dance. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxv. 

That  is  the  way  we  are  strong  by  borrowing  the  might 
of  the  elements.  Emerson,  Civilization. 

3.  To  assume  or  usurp,  as  something  counter- 
feit, feigned,  or  not  real ;  assume  out  of  some 
pretense. 

Those  borrow'd  tears  that  Sinon  sheds. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1549. 
Each  part,  depriv'd  of  supple  government. 
Shall,  stift'  and  stark  and  cold,  appear  like  death : 
And  in  this  borrowed  likeness  of  shrunk  death 
Thou  Shalt  continue  two-and-forty  hours. 

Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  iv.  1. 

4t.  To  be  surety  for ;  hence,  to  redeem  ;  ransom. 

I  pray  you,  let  me  borrow  my  arms  again. 

Shak.,  L  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  practise  borrowing:  take 
or  receive  loans  ;  appropriate  to  one's  self  what 
belongs  to  another  or  others  :  as,  I  neither  bor- 
row nor  lend ;  he  borrows  freely  from  other  au- 
thors.—  2.  In  golf,  when  putting  across  sloping 
ground,  to  play  the  ball  a  little  up  the  slope  to 
counteract  its  effect. 


boscage 

borrO'W^  (bor'6),  r.  i.  [Origin  uncertain ;  prob. 
orig.  'take  shelter';  cf.  burrow-,  shelter.] 
Xaut.,  to  approach  either  land  or  the  wind 
closely.  Smyth. 
borrO'W''t,  «.  An  obsolete  form  of  borough'^. 
borro'wer  (bor'o-6r),  n.  1.  One  who  borrows: 
ojjposed  to  lender. 

Neither  a  borrower  nor  a  lender  be  : 

For  loan  oft  lofleth  both  itself  and  friend ; 

And  borrowing  dulls  the  edge  of  husbandry. 

Shak..  Hamlet,  I.  3. 

2.  One  who  takes  what  belongs  to  another, 
and  uses  it  as  his  own ;  specifically,  in  literattire, 
a  plagiarist. 

Some  say  I  am  a  great  borrower.  Pope. 

borro'w-headt,  ".    [Also  written  horough-hcad ; 

orig.  (AS.)  'frithhorhhedfod,  written  frithborji- 
hrrcd  in  the  (Latin)  laws  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor; <  j'rithborli,a,  tithing  (<  frith,  peace,  + 
borh,  pledge,  security:  see  borrow'^,  n.),  +  hed- 
fod,  head.]  The  head  of  a  tithing;  a  headbor- 
ough or  borsholder. 

borro'wing  (iKu'o-ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  bor- 
row^, ('.]  1.  The  act  of  taking  or  obtaining 
anything  on  loan  or  at  second-hand. — 2.  'The 
act  of  taking  and  using  as  one's  own. 

Such  kind  of  borrowing  as  this,  if  it  be  not  better'd  by 
the  Borrower,  among  good  Autliors  is  accounted  Pla- 
giaric.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  zxUL 

3.  The  thing  borrowed. 

Y'et  are  not  these  thefts  but  borrowings ;  not  impiouB 
falsities,  but  elegant  flowers  of  speech. 

Jer.  Taylor  (';).'Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  166. 

borrowing-days  (bor'o-ing-daz),  n.  pi.  The 
last  three  days  of  March,  old  style:  said  to 
have  been  borrowed  from  April,  and  supposed 
to  be  especially  stormy.     ^Scotch.] 

borrow-pit  (bor'6-pit),  n.  In  civil  engin.,  an  ex- 
cavation made  by  the  removal  of  material  for 
use  in  filling. 

borsella  (bor-sel'a),  re.  [It.  "borsella,  fem.,  cor- 
responding to  borsello,  masc,  a  bag,  purse,  pock- 
et, dim.  of  borsa,  a  purse :  see  bur.se  and  jiurse.'] 
In  glass-mal-iiig,  an  instrument  for  extending 
or  contracting  glass. 

borsholder  (bors'hol-dtr),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
bosholder,  borsiilder,  burseholder,  <  AF.  bori- 
salder,  borghisaldre,  repr.  ME.  borghes  alder: 
borghes,  gen.  of  borgh,  a  tithing,  frank-pledge; 
alder,  chief:  see  borrow^,  «.,  4,  and  elder''-,  ».] 
Originally,  in  England,  the  head  or  chief  of  a 
tithing  or  frank-pledge ;  a  headborough ;  after- 
ward, a  petty  constable.     [Now  only  local.] 

bort  (bort),  re.  [Formerly  also  boart,  bourt;  cf. 
F.  bort,  bord,  bastard.  Origin  unknown.]  1.  A 
collective  name  for  diamonds  of  inferior  quality, 
especially  such  as  have  a  radiating  crystalliza- 
tion, so  that  they  will  not  take  a  polish.  These 
are  crushed  to  form  diamond-powder  or  diamond-dust, 
which  is  used  for  cutting  and  polishing  diamonds  and  other 
preci'jus  stones. 

2.  An  amorphous  variety  of  diamond,  brown, 
gray,  or  black  in  color,  and  known  also  as  black 
diamond  or  carbonado,  found  massive  in  Brazil 
in  association  ■with  pure  diamonds.  This  is  exten. 
sively  used  as  the  cutting  nuiterial  in  diamond  drills  and 
stone-saws,  for  which  ordinary  diamonds  are  unsuited 
from  their  crumbling  and  cleaving. 

boruret  (bo'ro-ret),  n.  [<  bor(on)  +  -uret.'] 
The  older  form  for  boridc. 

borwet,  »■     A  Middle  English  form  of  borrow'^. 

Bos  (bos),  «.  [L.,  ace.  bovcm,  =  Gr.  Jotf,  an 
ox,  =  E.  coic,  q.  V.  See  borine,  beef,  bucolic, 
etc.]  A  genus  of  hollow-homed  ruminants, 
having  simple  horns  in  both  sexes,  typical  of 
the  family  Bovidee  and  subfamily  Botinw,  con- 
taining the  oxen,  or  cattle,  its  limits  vary ;  it  is 
now  commonly  restricted  to  the  B.  taurwt,  the  domestic 
ox,  bull,  or  cow,  and  closely  related  species.  Formerly  it 
was  about  equivalent  to  the  subfamily  Bocince,  as  that  term 
is  now  used.    See  ctit  under  ox. 

bosa,  n.     See  bo:a. 

bosardt,  ».    A  Middle  English  form  of  buzzard. 

Boscades  (bos'ka-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  liocm^ 
(pi.  .ioaKaiiQ),  a  small  kind  of  duck,  lit.  feed- 
ing. <  36aKciv,  feed.]  In  Merrem"s  classification 
(1813),  a  group  of  anserine  bii-ds  nearlj-  coex- 
tensive with  the  modem  family  Anatida. 

boscage,  boskage  (bos'kaj),  n.  [<  ilE.  boskage, 
buscage,  <  OF.  boscage,  mod.  F.  bocage  =  Pr. 
boscatge  =  Sp.  boscaje  =  It.  boscaggio,  <  ML. 
*boscaticum  (found  only  in  sense  of  '  a  tax  on 
firewood  brought  to  town'),  <  boscus,  buschus, 
a  thicket,  wood.  <  OHG.  busc,  a  thicket,  =  E. 
bush'':  see  bnsh^,  bosk,  bosket,  bouquet.]  1.  A 
mass  of  growing  trees  or  shrubs ;  ■woods,  groves, 
or  thickets ;  sylvan  scenery. 

The  rest  of  the  ground  is  made  into  several]  inclosures 
(all  hedge-worke  or  rowes  of  trees)  of  whole  fields,  mea- 
dowes,  boscages,  some  of  them  containing  divers  ackers. 
Evelyn,  Diary,  April  1,  164*. 


boscage 


634 


2.  In  old  laic,  probably,  food  or  sustenance  for    potamia,  who  dwelt  upon  the  mountains,  never 

cattle  which  is  yielded  by  bushes  and  trees.  occupied  a  house,  lived  entirely  on  herbs,  and 

bosch,  ".     See  hoshi.  devoted  their  whole   time  to  the  worship  of 

boschbok,  boshbok  (bosh'bok ;  D.  pron.  bosk'-    God  in  prayers  and  hymns.     Sometimes  called 

bok',  ),.    [p.  hoschbof:,<boseh, wood, z=E.hiislii,     Gra:ers. 

+  bok  —  E.buckl.^    A  name  given  by  the  Dutch  bOSky  (bos'ki),  a.     [<  bosk  + -ijl.     Cf.  huski/, 

buslii/.]     Woody;  eonsisting  of  or  covered  irith 
bushes ;  full  of  thickets. 

This  is  Britain :  .-i  little  island  with  little  lakes,  little 
rivers,  quiet  biKki/  fields,  hut  mighty  Interests  and  power 
that  reach  round  the  world.       I'he  Century,  XX\m.  102. 
In  lowliest  depths  of  hoshi  dells 
The  hermit  Contemplation  dwells. 

Whittier,  Questions  of  Life. 


colonists  to  an  antelope  of  the  genus  TrageUi- 
phiis.  a.s  T.  ni/lvaticus.  Also  written  bushbok. 
boschvark,  bosIi7ark  (bosh'vark;  D.  pron. 
bosk'tiirk),  n.  [D.  boscJiiark,  <  bosch,  wood,  = 
E.  bush^,  +  vark,  used  only  in  dim.  rarken,  hog, 
=  E.  farrow,  q.  v.]  The  name  given  by  the 
I>utch  colonists  to  the  African  bush-hog,  bush- 
pig,  river-pig,  or  guinea-pig,  as  the  species  of  -,  ■  ,i,  ,  ■  ■,  \ 
aquatic  swine  of  the  genus  Potamocha-rus  are  •BOSluac(bos  m-ak),  a.and  «.    i<  Bosnia  + -ac.'] 


variously  called,  p.  a/ricanm,  or  P.  pictu>i.  is  a  mid- 
dle-sized swine  with  large,  strong,  protrusii'e  canine  teeth 
and  p-^nciled  ears. 

Boselaphns  (bos-el'a-fns),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  L. 
bos  (Gr.  iofr),  ox  (or  rather  Nli.  Bos  as  a  ge- 
neric name),  +  Gr.  i/-a(poc,  stag.]  A  genus  of 
large  bubaline  antelopes,  including  the  nylghau 
{B.  traifocumelus),  etc. 

boshH  (bosh),  n .    [Prob.  <  F.  Gauche  (ef .  debosh 

and  debauch),  a  sketch,  <  OF.  *esboche  =  Sp.         __.  _. 

esbo^o  =  Pg.  esbo^=  It.  sboz:o  (also,  with  dif-  bosom  (biiz'tmi  or  bo'zum),  n.  and  a.     [Earlv 

ferent  prefix,  a66or.ro),  a  sketch ;  with  verb,  F.  mod.  E.  also   bosomc,  hoosome ;  <  SIE.  bosom 

ibaucher,  <  OF.  esbaiicher,  esbocher  =  Pg.  csbo-  bosum,  bosem,  <  AS.  basiiiii,  hosm  (=0S.  bosom  = 

far=lt.  sbo::;are  (also abbo:::are,  sketch),  <  pre-  OFries.  bosm  =  D. boc:ciii  =  MLG.  busem,  boscm, 

fix  S-,  es-,  L.  ex-,  out,  +  boz:a,  a  rough  di-aft,  a  bossoi,  L6.  bussem  =  OHG.  buosiim,  buosam' 

blotch,  swelling,  =F.6osse,  >E.6os«l,q.v.     Cf.  MHG.  buosem,  biioseii,  G.  biiscn),  bosom;  per- 

OD.  boetse,  bootse,  a  sketch,  D.  boetseren,  mold,  haps  orig.,  like  fathom,  the  space  between  the 

emboss,  of  same  ult.  origin.]    A  rough  sketch;  two  arms;  with  formative  -sm,  <  boh,  bog,  arm: 


Same  as  Bosnian. 

All  this  petty  persecution  has  made  Austrian  rule  odious 
among  the  Bosniacs. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XXXIX  146. 
Bosnian  (bos'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Bosnia  +  -an.'] 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bosnia,  a  nominal 
province  of  Tiu'key,  lying  west  of  Sen-ia,  the 
administration  of  which  was  transferred  to  Aus- 
tria-Hungary by  the  Berlin  Congress  of  1878. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bosnia. 


an  outline ;  a  figure. 


The  bosh  of  an  argument, 
gisni. 


.  the  shadow  of  a  syllo- 
The  Student,  II.  2S7. 
To  cut  a  boall,  to  make  a  display ;  cut  a  figure. 
boshUibosh),  c.  i.    [<6os/il,  n.]    To  cut  a  figure; 
make  a  show.     Taller. 
bosh-  (bosh),  «.     [<  Turk,  bosh,  empty,  vain, 
useless,  futile,  void  of  meaning:  a  word  adopt- 
ed into  E.  use  from  Morier's  novel  "Ayesha" 
(1834),  in  which  it  frequently  occurs  in  its  Turk, 
sense:   as,  "this   firman   is   bosli  —  nothing."] 
Utter  nonsense ;  absurd  or  foolish  talk  or  opin- 
ions; stuff;  trash.     [CoUoq.] 
This  is  what  Turks  and  Englishmen  call  bosh. 

W.  If.  liussell. 
I  always  like  to  read  old  Darwin's  loves  of  the  Plants, 
boih  as  it  is  in  a  scientific  point  of  view. 

Kin^juleii,  Two  Years  ,\go,  x. 
b08h2  (bosh),  r.  t.     [<  bosh^.  «.]     To  mjike  bosh 
or  nonsense  of;  treat  as  bosh;  spoil;  humbug. 
[.Slang.] 
boshs  (bosh),  II.     [See  boshes.'}     1.  See  boshes. 
—  2.  A  trough  in  which  bloomery  tools  (or,  in 
copper-smelting,  hot  ingots)  are  cooled.     Bay- 
nionrl.  Milling  Glossary, 
bosh', bosch  (bosh),  n.     [Shortfor  Bosch  butter,  . 
i.  I-.,  imitation  butter  made  at  ',<  llcrtoycnbosch 
or  ilen  Bosch  (F.  Bois-le-I)uc),  lit.  'the  duke's 
wood,'  a  city  of  the  Netherlands:  D.  bosch  = 
E.  bu.fh^.']    A  kind  of  imitation  butter;  butter- 
inc:  a  trade-name  in  England. 
boshah  (bosh'ii),  11.     [Turk.]     A  silk  handker- 
cliiit"  made  in  I'urkey. 
boshes  (bosh'ez),  n.  pi.     [Of.  G.  hoschung,  a 
slope,  <  biischcn,  slope,  <  6.  dial.  (Swiss)  biisch, 
turf,  sod.]    The  lower  part  of  a  blast-furnace, 
exteniling  from  the  widest  part  to  the  top  of  the 
hearth,      in  the  ■ddir  forms  of  blastfurnace  there  was  a 
markeil  dlvlHlon  Irjto  Bpeclfic  zoncl.    In  many  of  the  more 
■pproved  mrHlem  forms  there  are  no  surh  ,i<»Mltc  limits, 
nut  a  (tradnal  curvature  from  top  to  l».itoni.     In  such 
ca«n  It  Ih  dllHcull  to  Bay  where  the  hoshea  henin  or  end. 

Bosjesman  (bosh'ez-man),  n.     [S.  African  D.] 

.^:iiiif'  UH  bitshnian,  2. 
bosk  (bosk),  M.     [<  MK.  hoske,  also  hiiskc,  unas- 
Hibihitedform8of6H.s/il,q,v.  CS.  boscage,  bosky.'] 
Atliickct;  a  small  closo  natural  wood,  espe-     figi'iratively, 
ciully  of  bushes.     [Old  and  poetical.]  '      '     ' 

iilowing  boikt  lit  wllilcmcM.  Trnniitan,  Princess,  I. 

The  wondrous  elm  tlnit  seinioJ 
To  injr  younu  fancy  like  an  airy  '».»*, 
I'olud  by  a  alniflc  st<.'m  u|»,n  tli.  inrlh. 

J.  II.  IIM,n,.\.  Kathrlna,  1. 
boskage,  n.     Seo  honcage. 
bosket,  bosquet  (bos'liet),  n.     [<  V.  bos/iuel  (= 

"I'-  ' /■"''•=  It.  bosrhelto),  <\un.  of  (IK.  bos,  a 

"  '"lis,  hfisk,  fcux/il,  mill  cf.   bonijuet 

"'  \    A  grove;athicki'torKm«Il  pliin- 

*"'  MnliTi,  park,  etc.,  fornird  i.f  tnis, 

"''^1''  I  plftiitH.     AIho  writliTi  /."  /.'. 

boaklni;,.         .   'kl-iuM),  n.     [<  Imsky   +   -»,.,] 
Till'  i|ri;ility  of  beln((  boHky,  or  covered  with 

thiCKl'tH. 

Boflkoi  "       "  n.  pi.     fOr.  i^oannl,  pi.  of  :i„. 

"«'^;  "  '  ,('«'»"i',  foeil,  graze]     An 

aocieii!  Miiiikn  m  PaloHtliie  and  Mcho- 


see  boughi.]     I.  n.  1.  The  breast;  the  subcla- 
vian and  mammary  regions  of  the  thorax  of  a 
human  being;  the  upper  part  of  the  chest. 
And  she  tmu'd  —  her  bosom  shaken  with  a  sudden  storm 
of  sighs.  Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

2.  That  part  of  one's  clothing  which  covers  the 
breast;  especially,  that  portion  of  a  shirt  which 
covers  the  bosom,  generally  made  of  finer  ma- 
terial than  the  rest. 

And  he  put  his  hand  into  his  bosom  again ;  and  plucked 
it  out  of  his  bosom,  and,  behold,  it  was  turned  again  as 
Ills  other  flesh.  Ex.  iv.  7. 

3.  The  inclosure  formed  by  the  breast  and  the 
arms;  hence,  embrace;  compass;  inclosure:  as, 
to  lie  in  one's  bosom. 

They  which  live  within  the  bosojn  of  that  church. 

Hooker. 
And  it  came  to  pass,  that  the  beggar  died,  and  was  car- 
ried by  the  angels  into  Abraham's  bosom.        Luke  xvi.  22. 

4.  The  breast  as  the  supposed  abode  of  tender 
affections,  desires,  and  passions. 

Their  soul  was  poured  out  into  their  mothers'  bosom. 

Lam.  il.  12. 

Anger  rcsteth  in  the  bosom  of  fools.  Eccl.  vii.  !). 

Hence  tile  weighing  of  motives  nuist  always  be  confined 

to  the  bosom  of  tliu  individual.    Jevons,  Polit.  Econ.,  p.  10. 

5t.  Inclination ;  desire. 
You  shall  have  your  l>oso7n  on  this  wretch. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  iv.  3. 

6.  Something  regarded  as  resembling  or  repre- 
senting in  some  respect  the  human  bosom  as  a 
sustaining  surface,  an  inclosed  place,  (ho  inte- 
rior, the  inmost  recess,  etc. :  as,  the  bosom  of 
tho  earth  or  of  the  deep. 

Upon  the  bosom  of  the  ground.       Shak.,  K.  .lohn,  iv.  1. 
.Slips  into  tho  bosom  of  the  lake.    Tennyson,  rrlnceas,  vii. 

7.  A  recess  or  shelving  depression  around  the 
eye  of  a  millstone. -in  Abraham's  bosom,  in  lb.- 
abode  of  the  lib-SHud:  in  allusion  tu  tin-  p;u;tbl,'  ,,f  l»iv,-s 
and  l.jiziiru.s,  Luke  xvi.  lll-:il.— In  the  bosom  Of  one's 
family,  in  the  privacy  of  one's  home,  and  in  the  enjoy. 
iiiiTii  C.I  tiitiiily  alfection  and  contldence.— To  talte  to 
one's  bosom,  to  nmny. 

II.  ".    [The  noun  used  attributively.]     Of 
or  ]iertaiiiiiig  to  tho  bosom,  either  literally  or 

In  particular  —  (n)  Worn  or  cariiiil  on  or 
in  the  lioMoni :  as,  a  bosom  broocll.  (/*)  Cherislird  in  the 
bosom  ;  as,  a  bosom  sin  ;  a  bosom  secret,  (r)  Inllmale  ; 
fumlllar;  conlldential :  as,  n  bosom  friend. 

I  know  yon  are  his  6uiioni-counKf11or, 

FIrlrhcr  and  Hoiiley,  .Maid  In  the  Mill,  II.  2. 

Tho  liosomf  admonition  of  a  Friend  is  a  Presbytery  and 

a  Consistory  to  tlli'ni.  Milton,  lief.  In  I'.ng.,  I. 

bosom  (biiz'iim  or  bii'zum),  i>.  t.     [<  bosom,  ».] 

1.  To  inclose,  liarbor,  or  clicriHli  in  flic  boxoin  ; 
embrace;  keep  with  euro ;  cherish  iiitiinalcly. 

ItoHom  up  my  rounsel, 
You'll  find  It  wholesome.     Shnk.,  Hen.  VIII.,  1.  1. 
I'llll  from  the  lion's  ling  his  liosom'tt  whelp.     ./.  ItaiUie, 

2.  To  conceal ;  hide  from  view  ;  embosom. 
To  happy  convonU,  botom'd  deep  In  vines, 

J*opt,  lliinelnd,  Iv.  .101. 

bosom-board  (luiz'um-bord),  n.  A  lioanl  upon 
»  hicli  Uin  bosom  of  u  shirt  or  other  garment  is 
ironed. 


boss 

bosomer  (buz'um-er  or  bo'zum-^r),  n.    One  who 
or  that  which  embosoms.     [Kare.] 

lilue  I   Tis  the  life  of  heaven  —the  domain 
Of  Cynthia  .  .  .  the  bosomer  of  clouds. 

Keats,  .Sonnet. 
bosom-spring   (biiz'um-spring),  n.     A  spring 
rising  in  the   bosom  or  heart;   heart-spring; 
heart-joy.     [Rare.] 

From  thee  that  ttosom.. spring  of  rapture  flows 
Which  only  Virtue,  tranqiul  Virtue,  knows. 

Itoyers,  Pleasures  of  Memory,  iL 
bosom-staff  (buz'tmi-staf),  n.     An  instnunent 
for  testing  the  symmetry  of  the  bosom  or  cen- 
tral conea^-ity  of  a  millstone. 
bosomy  (biiz'um-i  or  bo'ziim-i),  a.     [<  bosom 
+  -//!.]     Full  of  sheltered  recesses  or  hollows. 
-V.  E.  D. 
bosonl  (bo'sn),  11.    A  coiTuption  of  boatswain, 
representing  its  common  pronunciation. 
The  merry  boson  from  his  side 
His  whistle  takes. 

Dryden,  Albion  and  Albanius,  ii.  3. 
boson"t,  «••  [."ippar.  <  OF.  *fcofOH,  dim.  of  boce, 
a  boss:  see  boss^.]  A  bolt  for  the  crossbow, 
having  a  round  knob  at  the  end,  -with  a  small 
point  projecting  from  it. 
bosporian  (bos-po'ri-an),  a.  [<  bosporus  + 
-i-<in.]  Pertaining  to  a  bosporus,  particiUarly 
(with  a  capital)  to  the  Thracian  or  the  Cim"- 
merian  Bosporus,  or  to  the  Greek  kingdom  of 
Bosporus  named  from  the  latter  (about  500 
B.  c.  to  A.  D.  259). 

The  Alans  forced  the  Bosporian  kings  to  pay  them 
triliute.  and  exterminated  the  Taurians.  Tooke. 

bosporus  (bos'po-rus),  n.  [L.,  sometimes  in 
erroneous  form  bosphorus,  <  Gr.  fioaTropoc,  a 
name  applied  to  several  straits,  for  ^oiic'  jrdpng, 
lit.  ox's  ford  (cf.  E.  Oxford,  <  AS.  Oxenoford, 
oxen's  ford):  j3o6r,  gen.  of /3oiV,  an  ox  (see/Jo*); 
-upof,  passage,  ford  (akin  to  II.  ford)  (>  E.  pore). 
<  Trepai;  pass  over,  cross,  =  E.  fare,  go :  see 
fare,  pore".]  A  strait  or  channel  between  two 
seas,  or  between  a  sea  and  a  lake.  More  particu- 
larly applied  as  a  proper  name  to  the  striiit  l>el«eun  the 
sea  iif  .Marmora  and  the  Black  Sea,  formerly  tin-  Tliraiian 
Bosporus,  an. I  to  the  .strait  of  Vcnikale,  or  Cimmerian  lius- 
poriis,  «1iil1i  connects  the  seaof  Anov  with  the  Black  Sea. 

bosquet,  ».     See  bosket. 

boss'  (bos),  H.  [<  ME.  bns,  bose,  boce,  a  boss,  < 
OF.  boce,  the  boss  of  a  buckler,  a  botch  or  boil, 
F.  bos.se,  boss,  hump,  swelling,  =  Pr.  bo.'i.w  = 
It.  bo:-a,  a  blotch,  swelling  (also  OF.  (Norm.) 
boche,  >  ME.  bocche,  E.  botel^,  q.  v.);  prob.  < 
OIIG.  boco,  a  bumUo  (of  flax),  6o;,  a  blow,  < 
bo:an,  MHG.  ?>o--<.'h.  G.  bo.isen,  strike,  beat,  =  E. 
6ra/l :  see  ftcofl.  Cf.  emboss.]  1.  A  protuber- 
ant part;  a  round,  swelling  process  or  excres- 
cence on  tho  body  or  upon  some  organ  of  an 
animal  or  plant.  Hence  — 2t.  ((()  A  hump  or 
hunch  on  the  back;  a  humpback.  (6)  A  bulky 
animal,     (c)  A  fat  woman. 

Be  she  neuer  so  stniigbt,  tbinko  her  croked.  And  wrest 

.all  parts  of  liir  b..,ly  to  the  worst,  bo  she  neuer  so  worthy. 

If  sbee  be  «ell  sette    then  call  liir  a  /,'(i»w.  If  slender  a 

Haslll  twygge.  Lyiy,  Eupbnes,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  116. 

Disdainful  Tnrkess  and  unreverend  boss ! 

Marlowe,  Tamburlaine,  I.,  iil.  3. 

3.  A  stud  or  knob.  .Specifically,  a  knob  or  protuberant 
cjrnainent  of  silver,  ivory,  or  other  material,  used  on  bri- 
dles, harness,  the  centers  of  ancient  shields,  etc.,  or  af- 
n.vcd  to  any  object.  Bosses  are  placed  at  regular  inter, 
vals  on  the  sides  of  some  book-covers,  for  the  pinposc  of 
preserving  tho  gilding  or  tho  leather  of  the  cover  from 
abrasion. 

He  runneth  .  .  .  upon  the  thick  6o»«e«  of  his  bucklers. 

.lob  XV.  26. 
111!  the  high  altar  is  placed  the  Stntno  of  the  11.  Virgin 
and  our  .Saviour  In  white  marhle,  which  bus  a  bossr  in  the 
girdle  consisting  of  a  very  faire  and  rich  sapphire,  with 
divers  other  stones  of  price.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  4,  1041, 
A  number  of  iironilnent  crags  and  bosses  of  rock  projoct 
beyond  tlio  general  surface  of  the  grminil. 

fjeikie.  Ice  Age,  p.  17. 

4.  In  sculp.,  a  jirojectiug  mass  to  be  after- 
ward cut  or  car\'ed. —  6.  In  arch.,  an  oriiameut 


Aicltllectiirnl  Douctt.—  I-"re»cli,  iilh  century, 
.-f,  fmin  BnnrtiKiry  of  tlic  ronc|{l,-ilc  ,  lu,ri;li  f>f  Semiir.cn. Auxols.  /I, 
feclory  ef  the   AbUey  <,f  St.   M.irttn  lies  Cltiimpfl,   I'lirls. 
" Diet,  lie  I'Arcliltccturc."! 


fmm  tl 

(l-inni  Vlollc|.|e.f)ii, 


jilaced  at,  the  intersection  of  the  ribs  or  groins 

in  vaiilli'il  iir  flnl,  rnol's,  Hoiiii'MincM  riclily  soulp- 


I 


1)088 

tured  with  armorial  bearings  or  other  devices; 
also,  auy  projecting  ball  or  knot  of  foliage,  etc., 
wherever  placed. — 6.  In  mcch.:  (n)  The  en- 
larged part  of  a  shaft  on  wliieh  a  wheel  is  to 
bo  keyed,  or  any  enlarged  part  of  the  diame- 
ter, as  the  end  of  a  separate  piece  in  a  line  of 
shafts  connected  by  couplings.  Hollow  sliafts 
through  which  others  pass  are  sometimes  also 
called  bosses,  but  improperly.  (6)  A  swage  or 
die  used  for  shaping  metals. —  7.  In  ordnance: 
(«)  A  east-iron  plate  fastened  to  the  back  of  a 
traveling-forge  hearth,  (h)  Auy  protuberance 
or  lug  upon  a  piece  of  ordnance. —  8.  A  soft 
leather  cushion  or  pad  used  for  bossing  (which 
sec),  and  also  for  cleaning  gilded  sui-faces  and 
the  like  in  porcelain-  and  glass-manufacture. — 
9t.  A  water-conduit  in  the  form  of  a  tun-bellied 
figure;  a  head  or  reservoir  of  water.  B.Jruison. 
loss'  (bos),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  *l>osscii,  hoccn ;  from 
tlie  noun,]  1.  To  ornament  with  bosses  ;  be- 
stud. 

Turkey  cushions  bosu'd  with  pearl. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

His  glorious  rapier  and  hangers  all  host  with  pillars  of 
gold,  Middleton,  rather  Hubbard's  Tales. 

2.  Same  as  emboss^. 

Boss'd  with  lengths 
Of  classic  frieze.  Tt'nmjmn,  Princess,  ii. 

3.  In  cerani.,  to  bring  (a  surface  of  boiled  oil) 
to  perfect  unifonnity.     See  bossiiiff,  1. 

boss-t  (bos),  «.  [<  ME.  base,  boce,  a  cask;  cf. 
OF.  busse,  a  cask,  D.  bns,  a  box,  bns,  a  pack- 
age :  see  box^."]  A  cask,  especially  a  small  cask ; 
a  leather  bottle  for  wine — Oldbosst.  [A  tenu  of 
cuiiti-nipt,  prob.  a  particular  use  of  bo»s~,  a  cask,  butt ;  but 
rf.  Iifl.  Ifn^.si,  Sw.  btt^s,  a  fellow.]     A  toper. 

bosS'5  (hos),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  ef.  MD.  basse,  busse, 
D.  bus,  a  box,  bids,  a  tube,  pipe,  channel,  = 
Dan.  bossc  =  Sw.  bossa,  a  box :  see  box^,  and  cf . 
fco.s6''-.]  A  wooden  vessel  used  by  plasterers 
for  holding  mortar,  hung  by  a  hook  on  a  ladder 
or  a  wall. 

boss*  (bos),  n.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  var.  of 
eqiuv.  bass"^,  q.  v.  ;  but  cf .  D.  bos,  a  bundle,  as 
of  straw.]     A  hassock;  a  bass. 

boss^  (bos),  a.  [Also  written  60s,  bois ;  origin 
oljscure.]  Hollow;  empty:  as,  "his  thick  boss 
head,"  liamsaij,  Poems,  I.  285.     [Scotch.] 

boss"  (bos),  ».  and  a.  [A  word  derived  from  the 
Dutch  settlers  in  New  York ;  <  D.  baas,  master, 
foreman  (used  literally  and  figuratively  like 
boss  in  American  use :  een  timmermans-baas,  a 
boss  carpenter,  rfe  vrouw  is  de  baas,  the  wife  is 
the  boss  ;  hij  is  hem  de  baas  in  het  cingen,  he  is 
the  boss  in  singing,  etc.),  MD.  baes,  master  of 
the  house,  also  a  friend,  fem.  baesinne,  mis- 
tress of  the  house,  also  a  friend,  =  Flem.  baes 
=  LG.  6of/s,  master,  foreman  (>  Dan.  has,  mas- 
ter), =  OHG.  basa  =  MHG.  base,  t,  aunt,  G.  base, 
f.,  cousin  (dial,  also  aunt,  niece),  appar.  ult. 
identical  with  G.  icase  =  LG.  loase,  f.,  cousin, 
aunt.  The  word,  in  the  masc,  seems  to  have 
meant '  kinsman,  cousin,'  and  to  have  been  used 
especially  as  ref .  to  the  master  of  the  household, 
the  chief  'kinsman,'  in  fact  or  by  courtesy,  of 
the  inmates.  ]     I.  w.  1.  A  master.    Specifically— 

(a)  One  who  employs  or  superintends  workmen ;  a  head 
man,  foreman,  or  manager ;  as,  the  bosses  have  decided  to 
cut  down  wages.     [U.  S.] 

The  actions  "of  the  superintendent,  or  boss,  very  often 
tended  to  widen  the  breach  between  employer  and  em- 
ployee. N.  A.  Rev.,  CXLII.  603. 

The  line  looked  at  its  prostrate  champion,  and  then  at 
the  new  boss  standing  there,  cool  and  brave,  and  not  afraid 
of  a  regiment  of  sledge-hammers. 

T.  M'iiithrop,  Love  and  Skates. 

(b)  In  U,  S.  politics,  an  influential  politician  who  uses  the 
machinery  of  a  party  for  private  ends,  or  for  the  advantage 
of  a  rini;:  or  clique ;  a  professional  politician  having  para- 
mount local  influence. 

2.  The  chief ;  the  master ;  the  champion ;  the 
best  or  leading  person  or  thing.  [Colloq.,  U.S.] 
II,  a.  Chief;  master;  hence,  first-rate :  as,  a 
fco.s'.s  mason ;  a  boss  player.     [Colloq.,  XJ.  S.] 

boss6(bos),  1'.  «.  [<6oss&,  «.]  To  be  master  of  or 
over ;  manage ;  direct ;  control :  as,  to  boss  the 
house.  [Slang,  U.  S.]  — Tol)OSSlt,toactthemaster. 
—  To  boss  one  around  or  about,  to  order  one  about ; 
control  one's  actions  or  movements.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

bosS'^  (bos),  «.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps 
orig.  a  learnedly  humorous  use  of  L.  bos,  cow ; 
ef.  Icel.  bas,  has,  an  exclamation  usetl  in  driv- 
ing cows  into  their  stalls  (bass,  a  stall,  boose : 
see_  fcoosel).]  In  the  United  States:  («)  A  fa- 
miliar name  for  a  cow,  or  any  of  the  bovine 
genus:  chiefly  used  in  calling  or  in  soothing. 
('))  On  the  Western  plains,  a  name  for  the  bison 
or  so-called  buffalo. 

bossage  (bos'a.j),  n.  [<  F.  bossage,  <  hosse, 
boss,  knob:  see  boss'^  and  -age.']  In  building: 
(a)  A  stone  which  projects  beyond  the  face  "of 


035 


botanic 


the  adjacent  work,  and  is  laid  rough,  to  bo  af-  bostrychite  (bos'tri-kit),  n.     [<  6r.  BocTpvyoc,  a 
terward  carved  into  some  ornamental  or  sig-     curl  or  luck  of  liair,  -t-  -ilc'^.1     A  gem  present- 
mhcanl  form,     (i)  Rustic  work,  consisting  of     iiig  tlic  appearance  of  a  lock  of  hair 
stones  wliicli  advance  beyond  the  face  of  the  bostrychoid,  bostryohoidal  (bos'tri-koid,bos- 
building,  with  indentures  or  cliaiinols  left  in  the     tri-koi'dal),  a.     [<  Gr.  'jioaTfmxoeidK  contr.  f)o- 

nrpvxMr/r,  curly,<  /Wur^w^of,  curl,  +  ndor,  form.] 
Having  the  form  or  character  of  a  bostryx. 
Bostrychus   (iKis'tri-kus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  1)6- 
"TI"'X"':,  a  curl  or  lock  of  hair,  also  a  certain  in- 


joinings:  uscsd  chicily  upon  projecting  corners. 

Tile  cavities  nvr.  sonietinirn  round  and  sonn-tinicH  beveled 
or  in  ,1  ili,iinonil  form,  sometimes  inclosed  with  a  cavetto 
and  soiiiiliiiics  with  a  listel.    Also  called  rusHc  rjuoiiis. 

bosse  (bo.s),  n.  [F.  bosse,  a  boss,  hump,  etc. : 
see  boss^.  Cf.  boss",  a  small  cask.]  A  largo 
glass  bottlo  (illed  with  powder  and  having 
strands  of  quickmatch  attached  to  the  neck, 
used  for  incendiary  purposes. 

bosselated  (bos'e-la-ted),  a.  [<  F.  boaseler, 
emboss,  <  hossc,  boss:  see  boss'^.']  Covered  with 
inequalities  or  protuberances. 

bosset  (bos'et),  «.  [<  boss^  +  dim.  -c;.]  1. 
A  small  boss  or  knob,  especially  one  of  a  series : 
as,  "a  sword-belt  studded  with  bosscts,"  Jour. 
Archwol.  Ass.,  XXX.  93.-2.  The  rudimentary 
antler  of  the  male  red  deer. 

bossiness  (bos'i-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
bossy  or  in  relief:  applied  especially  to  sculp- 
ture and  ornament:  as,  "a  pleasant  bossiness," 
Buskin,  Aratra  Pentelici,  i.  ^  21. 

bossing  (bos'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  boss^,  i'.] 
1.   In  ccrani., 


the  process  by  which  a  surface  of  w^U',;"",     T '"T 

level  «.,^d  unifnrm       n-,,:.  =..  ,, bOStWVSt,  «.      An  oUs 


sect  (according  to  some,  the  male  of  the  glow- 
worm) ;  also  written  jidTpvxor;  cf.  fioTftvr,  a  clus- 
ter of  grapes.]  A  genus  of  beetles,  typical  of 
the  family  Jiostnjehida:  and  subfamily  ISoslry- 
cJiince,  species  of  which  are  highly  destructive  to 
wood.  One  of  the  most  Injurious  species  is  B.  lyiMcjraphi- 
cus,  the  typographer  beetle,  wliicli  infests  coniferous  trees, 
devouring,  in  both  the  larval  and  the  jjerfict  state,  the 
soft  wood  beneath  the  bark,  thus  caiiniiig  the  death  of  the 
trees.  Other  species  are  /;.  vliahoiiraphus,  IS.  Ktnmijra- 
pints,  etc.  The  trees  thus  affected  are  pines,  spruces, 
larches,  flrs,  etc.,  as  well  as  fruit-trees  of  the  orchard,  as 
the  apple.  Also  spelled  Ilostrichus.  .See  Jluslriichidce. 
hosiryx.  (bos'triks),  n.  [ND.,  <  Gr.  as  if  ',36- 
or/<i'i  for  liiariwx'yr,  a  curl,  etc. :  see  Hostri/chns.'l 
In  bot.,  a  uniparous  helicoid  cyme — that  is,  a 
raceme-like  cyme,  or  flower-cluster,  with  aU 
the  branches  or  pedic-els  upon  one  side.  It  is 
usually  more  or  less  coiled. 


color  is  made  level  and  uniform.    This  is  done  by  iRn";wp"'ni'a  7bnr"wpl'i  «V'., 
first  laying  on  a  coat  of  b.iiled  oil,  usually  with  a  camel's.  "OSWellia  (boz-wel  1-a),  «, 
hairbrush,  upon  which  the  color  is  deposited,  generally     '  ''•  •'"Im  Jioswctl  ot  r^lin 
by  being  dusted  from  cotton-wool.    The  coat  of'oil  is  then 
made  perfectly  uniform  and  smooth  by  means  of  a  leather 
boss.     Also  called  f/round-laiiing. 
2.    The   film  of  boiled  oil  thus  spread  over 
earthenware  to  liold  the  coloring  materials. 
bossism  (bos'izm),  n.     [<  boss^  +  -ism.']     The 
control  of  politics  by  bosses.     [U.  S.] 

The  vote  of  Pennsylvania  would  be  worse  than  doubtful 
if  bossi.1711  .  .  .  were  found  ...  to  be  still  the  potential 
force.  The  American,  VI,  38, 

bossivet  (bos'iv),  a.  [<  boss^  +  -ive.  Cf.  F. 
6oss!(,  hump-backed.]  Crooked;  deformed:  as, 
"a  bossive  birth,"  Osborne,  Ad-vice  to  his  Son, 
p.  70  (1658). 
bossy  1  (bos'i),  a.  [<  boss^  -I-  -2^1.]  1.  Fur- 
nished or  ornamented  -with  a  boss  or  bosses. 
His  head  reclining  on  his  bossy  shield. 

Pope,  Iliad,  x.  173. 
2.  Projecting  in  the  round ;  boldly  prominent, 
as  if  composed  of  bosses:  said  of  sculpture,  etc. 
Cornice  or  frieze  with  bossy  sculptures  graven. 


Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  716, 
bossy2  (bos'i),  a.    [<  6oss6 -t- -2/1.]    Acting  like  a 
boss;^masterful;  domineering.  JColloq.,  U.  S.]  Boswellize  (boz'wel-iz). 


olefe  form  of  boisterous. 

[XL.,  named  after 
burgh.]  A  genus  of 
balsamic  plants,  natural  order  Burseracew,  the 
species  of  which  are  imperfectly  known.  B.  Car- 
ted and  s(jme  other  species  of  the  hot  and  dry  regions  of 
eastern  Africa  and  southern  Arabia  furnish  oUbanum 
(wliieh  see),  the  frankincense  of  antiquity,  B.  Frereana 
of  the  Somali  region  yields  a  highly  fragrant  resin,  the 
primitive  gum  elenii,  largely  used  in  the  Ea.st  as  a  masti- 
catory. B.  serralu,  of  India,  the  salai-trce.  also  yields  a 
resin  which  is  used  in  that  country  as  incense. 

Boswellian  (boz-wel'i-an),  a.  [<  Boswell  (see 
def .)  -i-  -ian.]  Eclating  to  or  resembling  James 
Boswell,  the  friend  and  biographer  of  Dr.  .John- 
son ;  characterized  by  an  uncritical  and  simple 
admiration  for  some  person :  used  especially  of 
l>iographers  and  biography. 

Boswellism  (boz'wel-izm),  n.  [<  Boswell  -*- 
-ism.]  The  style  or  manner  of  Boswell  as  a 
biographer ;  uncritical  admiration  of  one's  hero, 
with  faithfid  but  indiscriminate  narration  of 
details. 

We  think  that  there  is  no  more  certain  indication  of 
a  weak  and  ill-regulated  intellect  than  that  propensity 
which,  for  want  of  a  better  name,  vfe  will  venture  to 
christen  Boswellism.  Macaulay,  Miltoo. 


bossy3  (bos'i),  «.  [Dim.  of  boss"^.]  A  familiar 
name  for  a  cow  or  calf.     See  boss"^  (a). 

bostal  (bos'tal),  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  winding  way 
up  a  very  steep  hiU.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng. 
(Suffolk).] 

bostanji  (bos-tan'ji),  n.  pi.  [Turk,  bostdnjt,  < 
bostdn,  <  Pers.  bustdn,  a  garden.]  A  class  of 
men  in  Turkey,  originally  the  sultan's  garden- 
ers, but  now  also  employed  in  various  ways 
about  his  person,  as  in  mounting  guard  at  the  ,  . ,  . 
seraglio,  rowing  his  barge,  etc.,  and  also  in  bpt  ,  botti  (bot),  h 


.  or  (. ;  pret.  and  pp. 


Bosicctli-cd,  ppr.  Boswellizing.  [<  Boswell' 
-ice.]  To  write  in  the  style  of  Boswell,  the 
biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson;  report  or  repro- 
duce with  minuteness  of  detail  or  without  the 
exercise  of  the  critical  faculty. 

One  cannot  help  wishing  that  Ilonstetten  had  Boswei- 

lized  some  of  these  endless  conversalifuis,  for  the  talk  of 

Gray  was,  on  the  testimony  of  all  whc,  heard  it,  admirable 

for  fulness  of  knowledge,  point,  and  originality  of  thought. 

Lowdt,  in  New  PrincetouRev.,  I.  165. 

[Generally  used  in  pi.  bote, 
bolt's,  =  Sc.  bats,  batts  ;  ef.  Gael,  botus,  a  belly- 
woi-m,  boiteag,  a  maggot.]  A  name  given  to 
the  larva  or  maggot  of  several  species  of  gad- 
fly when  found  in  the  intestines  of  horses,  un- 
der the  hides  of  oxen,  in  the  nostrils  of  sheep, 
etc.  The  hots  which  infest  horses  are  the  lanse  of  the 
GasteropfiiluK  etjiii,  or  gadfly,  which  deposits  its  eggs  on 
the  tips  of  the  hairs,  generally  of  the  fore  legs  and  mane, 
whence  they  are  taken  into  the  mouth  and  swallowed. 
They  remain  in  great  numbers  in  the  stomach  for  several 
months,  and  are  e.vpelled  in  the  excrement  and  become 
pupre,  which  in  five  weeks  become  perfect  in,':ects,  wooUy, 
and  not  quite  half  an  inch  long.  See  cut  under  bot-fiy. 
bot^t  (AS.  pron.  bot),  «.  "The  Anglo-Saxon  form 
(hot)  of  boot^,  a  fine,  etc. :  only  in  historical 
use. 

A  theft  committed  on  any  one  of  these  three  days  (the 
Gang  days]  was,  by  Alfred's  laws,  sconced  in  a  two-fold 
bot  or  fine,  as  if  it  had  been  a  Sunday  or  one  of  the  higher 
Church  holydays.   Rack,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii,  107. 
.       .  „      „      „     -,     ,-  bot^t.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  ftite. 

tr,,ckus  +  -Ida:.]  Afamilyof  xylophagouscr.Mi-  y^^^u  ^nd  coiij.    A  Middle  English  form 

topentamerous  Coleoptera,  typified  by  the  ge-     ^,f  /„;^i 

nus  Bostnjchii.-i,  containing  small  cyliudrical  1,^45  (bot),  h.  [From  the  initials  of  "Board  of 
beetles,  the  \avvm  of  which  are  limbless  :  by  jrade."]  The  English  Board  of  Trade  unit  of 
many  associated  with  the  family  rttnidw.  electrical  supply. 

Bostnicbidm  .  .  .  live  in  companies,  and  belong  to  the  ^q^      j     ^^  abbreviation  of  botany,  botanical, 

most  ilreaded  destroyci-s  of  forests  of  conifers.     The  w.ay      .,,,,1  ),„(„,,,■„* o     A  contraption  of  ftni//75/2 

in  wlii,  h  they  eat  into  the  bark  is  very  peculiar,  being     •"'"  "P'""'?'-      f.-  f  Contraction  OtOOugnt''. 
characteristic  of  the  individual  species  and  indicative  of  bOtaniC  (bo-tan  ik),  a.  and  n.      [=  J^ .  ootamque, 
their  mode  of  life.    The  t\yo  sexes  meet  in  the  .supcrflcial     <  ML.   botanicus,  <.  Gr.    ,?07aw\<)f,  <   jioravt],   an 


attending  the  olfieers  of  the  royal  household. 
They  number  now  about  600,  but  were  former- 
ly much  more  numerous. 

boston  (bos'ton),  n.  [So  called  from  the  city 
of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  where  it  was  invent- 
ed by  French  officers  at  the  time  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war.]  1.  A  game  of  cards.  The  hands 
are  dealt  and  played  as  in  whist,  each  of  the  four  playel-s 
having  the  riglit  to  bid  or  otfer  to  take  unassisted  a  certain 
number  of  tricks,  to  lose  every  trick  but  one,  or  every 
trick,  etc.  The  highest  bidder  plays  against  the  rest,  and 
if  successful  g.ains,  if  defeated  loses,  according  to  the 
size  of  liis  bid.  There  are  varieties  of  the  game  known  as 
boston  de  Fontalnebteait  and  Russian  boston. 
2.  The  first  five  tricks  taken  by  a  player  in  the 
game  of  boston. 

Boston  Port  Bill.    See  bill\ 

Bostrichidae,  Bostrichus.     See  Bostrychidw, 
Bostnirhns. 

Bostrychidae  (bos-trik'i-de),  >(.  pZ.   [NIj.,  <  Bos- 


passages,  which  the  female,  after  copulation,  continues 
and  lengthens  in  order  to  lay  her  eggs  in  pits  which  she 
hollows  out  for  that  pm-pose.  The  larvie,  when  hatched, 
eat  out  lateral  passages,  which,  as  the  larv.-p  increase  in 
size  and  get  farther  from  the  main  passage,  become 
larger,  and  give  rise  to  the  characteristic  markings  on  the 
inside  of  the  bark,  Claus,  Zoology  (trans,),  p.  688, 


herb,  plant:  see  botany.]  I.  <j.  Pertaining  to 
botany,  or  the  scientific  study  of  plants Bo- 
tanic garden,  a  garden  devoted  to  the  culture  of  plants 
collected  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  science  of 
botany, 
Il.t  n.  A  botanist. 


botanical 

botanical  (bo-tan'i-kal),  a.     Pertamino:  to  or 

concerned  with  the  study  or  cultivation  of 

plants Botanical  geograpliy.    Same  as  peo^aiiAi- 

foZ  iuWiiv  (which  see.  under  6i.(aiii/).  ,     .       • 

botanically  (bo-tan'i-kal-i),  adi:    In  a  botani- 
cal manner :  after  the  manner  of  a  botanist ; 
according  to  a  system  of  botany, 
botanise,  '■■    See  botanize. 
botanist  (bot'a-nist),  n.     [<  botany  +  -«<;  = 
F.  botanUte.'\     One  who  studies  or  is  skillea  m 
botanv;  one  versed  in  the  structure,  habits, 
geographical  distribution,  and  systematic  clas- 
sification of  plants. 
Then  spring  the  Ihing  herbs,  .  .  .  beyond  the  power 
Of  iwlanwt  to  number  up  their  tribes. 

■   Thomson,  Spring,  L  224. 

botanize  (bot'a-niz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  botani~e<1. 
hotamzing.     [<  botaiuj  +  -ize :  =  F.  '"'■ 


636 


both 


thev  have  become  putrid:  much  used  on  the  botchery  (boeh'er-i).  «.     [<  ''"'^''^  +  "f  J/-]    A 


coast  of  the  Mediterranean  as  an  incentive  to 
thirst.  The  grei»t  white  Russian  sturgeon,  Aripenser 
huso,  is  one  of  the  prineipal  sources  of  botiirgo.  The  best 
botargo  comes  from  Tunis,  is  diy  and  reddisli,  and  is  eaten 
with  olive-oil  and  lemon-juice.     Also  botlonjo. 

We  staid  talking  and  singing  and  drinking  great  draughts 

of  claret,  and  eating  botartjo  and  bread  and  butter,  till 

twelve  at  night,  it  being  moonshine.    Peptjs,  Diary,  1. 101. 

Botaurinae  (bo-ta-ri'ne),  n.p}.  [NL.,  <  Botaiirus 

+  -i«<r.]     A  subfamily  of  Ardeida;  or  herons, 

bitterns,    distinguished  fi'om 


botehiug,  or  that  which  is  botched :  clumsy  or 
bungling  work  or  workmanship.     [Rare.] 

If  we  speak  of  base  botchrrtj,  were  it  a  comely  thing  to 
see  a  great  lord  or  a  king  wear  sleeves  of  two  parishes, 
one  half  of  worsted,  the  other  of  velvet  V 

World  vf  Wolulen  (1608),  p.  235. 

botcbka  (boch'ka),  )i.     Same  as  hochk-a. 

botchy'^  (lioch'i),"n.  [<  ME.  hofehy,  bocliy, etc.: 
<  butdi'^  +  -//I.]  Marked  nith  botches;  lull  of 
or  covered  \\-ith  botches:  as,  "a  botchy  core," 
Sliol:,  T.  and  C,  ii.  1. 

[<  botch^  +  -i/i.]    Impei^ 


containing  the  ,  ^  ^ ., _.,__. 

true  herons  by  baring  only  ten  tail-feathers  Ijotchy-  (boch'i),  a 
and  two  pairs  of  powder-down  tracts,  and  the     jppt ;  botched. 

outer  toe  shorter  than  the  inner.    In  habits  the  'hotel  (bot),  ».     [The  ME.  and  AS.  (dat.)  form 

■'"  '  "        "      of  Aoofl,  ML.  6oto,  retained  archaically  m  law 


ppr. 


+  -i:e ;  =  F.  bnta 

ttiser.     Cf.  Gr^  ^ravii^tiv,  root  up  weeds.]    I. 

intrans.    To  examine  or  seek  for  plants  for 

the  purpose  of  studying  and  classifying  them, 

etc. ;  investigate  the  vegetable  kingdom  as  a 

botanist. 
n.  trails.  To  explore  botanically:  as,  to  6of- 

anix  a  neighborhood. 
Also  spelled  botanise. 
botanologert  (bot-a-nol'6-jer),  H.    [<  botanology 

+  -f/l.]     A  botanist.     Sir  T.  Browne. 
botanologyt  (bot-a-nol'6-ji),  h.     [=  F.  botatio- 

Ivgie,  <  Ur.   .iormrj,  an  herb,  +  -'/.oyia,  <  }.e',eiv, 

speak:    see  -o/o<7y.]     The  science  of  botany. 

Biiilei/. 
botanomancy  (bot'a-no-man-si),  n.    [=  F.  oo- 

tanomancie,  <   Gr.  $o-avri,  an  herb,   +  fatTcia, 

divination.]     An  ancient  method  of  divination 

by  means  of  plants,  especially  by  means  of  the 

leaves  of  the  sage  and  fig.    A  persons  name  and         .   ,n  ,i.     i,a 

the  question  to  which  an  answer  was  desired  were  written    DOtCn-^  (,  P9£"^  *' 


Botaurinee  also  differ  from  the  other  Ardeida,  being  soli 
tary,  nesting  on  the  ground,  and  laying  eggs  unlike  those 
of  true  lierons.     See  cut  under  bittern. 

Botaurus  (bo-ta'rus),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  L.  bos, 
an  ox,  +  taiirus,  a  bull;  suggested  by  the  old 
form  (ME.  butor,  OF.  butor,  botor)  of  bittenA, 
q.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  subfamily  Bo- 
tdiirinte.     See  bittern'^. 

botchH  (boch),  n.  [<  ME.  bofche,  bocclie,  <  OF. 
hoche,  a  botch,  sore,  var.  of  boce,  a  botch,  swell- 
ing, >  mod.  F.  bosse,  E.  boss^:  see  boss'^.  Cf. 
OD.  butse,  a  boil,  swelling,  <  butsen,  D.  botsen, 
strike,  beat,  akin  to  OHG.  b6:an  =  E.  beat^-.  Cf. 
botch-.']  A  swelling  on  the  skin;  a  large  ulcer- 
ous affection ;  a  boil. 

Yet  who  more  foul,  disrobed  of  attire? 

Pearl'd  with  the  botch  as  children  burnt  with  Are. 

Middleton,  ilicro-Cynicon,  i.  3. 


Botches  and  blains  must  all  his  flesh  emboss. 

Jlfi7(OTi,  P.  L.,  xii.  180. 


botchlf  (boch),  V 
Youuj 


t.    To  mark  with  botches. 


on  the  leaves,  which  were  then  laid  out  exposed  to  the 
wind  ;  as  many  of  the  letters  as  remained  in  their  places 
were  taken  up  and  joined  together  to  form  some  word, 
which  wa<  supposed  to  be  an  answer  to  the  question. 

Botanophaga  (bot-a-nof'a-ga),  ".  pi-  P^-,  < 
Gr.  .ioravT],  an  herb,  +  ipayctv,  eat.]  A  name  of 
the  herbivorous  marsupial  mammals,  as  distin- 
g:uished  collectively  from  the  Zodplidf/a,  or  car- 
nivorous and  insectivorous  marsupials.  The 
kangaroo  is  an  example. 

botany  (bot'a-ni),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bot- 
anit,  formed'frora  botanic,  as  if  <  Gr.  fioravia, 
a  rare  var.  of  AoTavi;,  an  herb,  grass,  fodder,  < 
BdoKcw,  feed,  mid.  .UancaOai,  feed  one's  self ;  cf. 
L.  vesci.  eat.  ]  The  science  of  plants.  It  treats  of 
the  forms  ot  plants,  their  structure,  the  nature  of  the 
tissues  of  which  they  are  composed,  the  vital  phencimena 
connected  with  them,  the  arrangement  of  them  into  larger 
and  smaller  groups  according  to  their  alllnities,  aiul  the 
claiwillcation  ot  tliese  groups  so  as  to  exhiliit  their  mutual 
relations  and  their  position  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  a-s 


Hylas,  botch'd  with  stains. 

Garth,  Dispensary,  ii.  160. 

[Also  E.  dial,  or  coUoq.  bndije^, 
q.  V. ;  <  ME.  bocchcn,  repair,  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  <  MD.  botsen.  butsen,  bnetsen,  repair, 
p.atch,  same  word  as  bittsen,  D.  botsen,  strike, 
beat,  knock  together,  akin  to  OHG.  bozan,  beat, 
=  E.  ftefl(l.   Cf.  6o/(7(landftossl.]     I.  trans.  1 


wi-itings:  see  ftoofl.]  If.  Help;  aid;  relief; 
salvatfou  ;  remedy  in  illness:  boot  (which  see). 
Specifically — 2.  inoldlaic:  (a)  Compensation, 
as  for  an  injury ;  amends ;  satisfaction ;  a  pay- 
ment in  expiation  of  an  offense:  as,  man-hote, 
a  compensation  for  a  man  slain.  (6)  A  privi- 
lege or  allowance  of  necessaries  for  repair  or 
support :  estovers :  as,  house-bote,  enough  wood 
to  repair  a  house  or  for  fuel;  plow-dofc,  cart- 
bote,  wood  for  making  or  repairing  instruments 
of  husbandry ;  hay-6«jte  or  hedge-bote,  wood  for 
hedges  or  fences,  etc. 
bote'-'t.  Middle  English  preterit  of  bite. 
bote-'t,  prep,  and  eonj.    A  Middle  English  form 

of  biif^. 
botelt,  "■     An  obsolete  form  of  bottle-. 
botelert,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  butler. 
botelesst,  "•    A  Middle  English  fonn  of  bootless. 
boterol,  boteroU  (bot'c-rol),  ».    [<  F.  boute- 
rolU',  '■  the  chape  of  a  sheath  or  scabbard"  (Cot- 
grave),  <  bouter,  place,  adapt:  see  fti/f/l.]     In 
Iter.,  the  chape  or  crampet  of  a  scabbard  used 
as  a  bearing.     Also  bauteroll. 
botewt,  "•    [Early  mod.  E.  also  hoatewe,  botowe, 
<  late 'me.  boteic,  biiteicc,  butwc,  botwe,  <  bote, 
boot,  +  -<u;  -cwc,  repr.  F.  -eau,  <  L.  -ellus,  dim. 
termination.]     A  short  boot. 


To  mend  or  patch  in  a  clumsy  manner,  as  a  bot-fly  (bot'lli),  ".     A  name  given  to  dipterous 


garment :  often  used  figuratively. 

To  hoteh  up  what  they  had  torn  and  rent. 
Religion  and  the  government.     S.  Butler,  Hudibr.as. 
Tom  coming,  with  whom  I  was  angry  for  his  botchinrj 

my  camlott  coat,  to  tell  me  that  my  father  was  at  our 

chiircli,  I  got  me  ready.  Pepiis,  Diary,  I,  -107. 

2.  To  put  together  unsuitably  or  unskilfully; 

perform,  express,  etc.,  in  a  bungling  maimer; 

hence,  to  spoil  by  unskilful  work ;  bungle. 
For  treason  botch'd  in  rhyme  will  be  thy  bane. 

/))■;/(/(•»,  Abs.  and  Aehit.,  ii.  485. 

II.  intrans.  To  mend  or  patch  things  in  an 
unskilful  manner;  be  a  bungler  or  botcher. 


insects  of  the  family  (Eslrida\  the  larva>  of 
ivhich  infest  different  parts  of  living  animals. 
See  to(l.    The  horse-bot,  OttSterophilus  ejui  (Kabriciiis), 


further  investigates  tile  nature  of  botch-  (i>Och),  «.      l<llotcll-,  !'.]      1.   A  bungled 


a  whole.     The  science - 

the  vegetation  which  at  former  epochs  lived  on  the  earth 
aa  well  as  the  distribution  o(  plants  at  the  present  time. 
It  is  thus  divided  into  several  sections,  (a)  Structural 
or  intjrjih'ilo'iical  Mamj,  that  branch  of  the  science  of 
boUiny  whicii  relates  to  the  structure  and  organization  of 
plants,  internal  or  external,  independently  of  the  pres- 
ence ot  a  vital  principle.  Also  called  .■r';,(/,(«/rn;/Ay.  (b) 
PliUiiol'ftical  or  bioUt^fical  botanti,  that  hranch  whicli  re- 
lates to  the  history  of  vegetable  life,  the  functions  of  the 
various  organs  of  plants,  and  their  nilnilte  structure  and 
methml  ot  growth,  (c)  iMjeriptiee  Ixilany,  that  branch 
which  relates  U>  the  description  and  munenelature  of 
planU.  Also  called  ;>A.'/''"/™/'/iV.  (<')  S^mlematiclmtaml, 
that  branch  which  relates  to  the  principles  upon  which 
plants  are  to  be  chunided  or  arranged  with  reference  to 
their  degrees  ot  relationship.  The  system  of  cliLssillcatlou 
now  universally  adopted  Is  that  proposeil  by  Antoine  IJiu- 
rent  de  .lusaieii,  ami  improved  and  enlarged  by  De  On- 
dolle.  Drown,  ami  others.  It  Is  generally  calleil  the  nat- 
ural system,  heiauie  it  Is  Inteniled  to  express,  as  far  as 
jKrsilhle,  the  various  degrees  of  relationship  among  plants 
ajt  thfse  exist  in  nature,  and  t'>  group  next  to  each  other 
the  various  «|H!cle»,  genera,  and  orders  which  are  most 
ollke  In  all  rcsiwcts.     Several  artllldal  systems  liave  been 


or  ill-linished  part;  a  flaw;  a  blemish. 
To  leave  no  rubs  nor  botches  in  the  work. 

Stialc.  Macbeth,  ili.  1. 

2.  A  patch,  or  a  part  of  a  garment  patclied 
or  mended  in  a  clumsy  manner. — 3.  Tliat 
which  is  botched;  ill-finished  or  bungled  work 
generally. 

Fancy  the  most  assiduous  potter,  but  without  his  wheel ; 
reduced  to  make  dishes,  or  rather  amorphous  botches,  by 
mere  kneading  and  baking.  Carlyle. 

A  poorly  paid  teacher,  whoso  work  Is  a  botch,  and 
therefore  an  injury  to  the  glowing  minil. 

.lour,  of  Kdueation,  XI.\.  -11. 

4.  A  bungling,  unskilful  workman  or  operator 
of  iiiiv  kind;  a  hotelier. 

botchedly   (boch'ed-li  or  bocht'li),  «(«i'.     [< 

botelted,  pp.  ot  botch'^,  r.,  +  -lifi.']     In  a  botched 

or  clumsy  manner;  with  botches  or  patches. 

Thus  patch  they  heaven,  more  liolch'illti  then  ohi  cl.ilhes. 

,         ,  .^  ,    .    ,        I         ..  im  .  /M //.  .If«n-,  I'sychalhanasia,  III.  111.  "17. 

tlial  of  Tournetorl,  based  on  the  inodllica-  '      ■■ 

orolla;  hut  the  b,st  known  Is  that  ot  l.in-  botchsr' (boch'i'r),  H.    [<  ME.  "fcow/KTC (spelleil 
■'-"'      ■'•■■' " Parv.);  <  6»'r/<2  -f  .(il.] 


|it'i|,<.4'-d,  at 
ti-.i.i  ot  the. 

tip  i'   foutidi-d  on  the  stamens  anil  pistils.     This  system, 
WHS  designed  by  Llnnieus  to  be  only  leinporiiry, 


'I  of  gri-at  value  to  the  seiimce  of  botany,  but  it  has 

t.  .  ^  .-  oliri  ly  out  of  use,  or  is  llHcd  only  :ls  a  partial 

11,  1.  .  f,.  lie-  Mg.table  kingdrim.    (e)firotrraiihirftl  botaif}/, 
'    vliti'b  relat4.-s  t't  the  natural  distribution  of 

glolH'   and   to  the  |jii|Uliy  Into  the  causes 

tluenred  or  maintain  Ibi^  di  tribiiilon.    (/) 

;  /'  or  fouil  bnlanii,  that  btum  b  which  em- 

I  Iv  ot  the  forms  and  strinlures  o(  the  plants 

'■  ill  state  in  the  various  strata  of  which  the 

sed. 

Ef/  my  Bay  gum,  kino,  oak,  resin,  tea,  etc 

•        '    I"    h'HUIH. 

botargo,  botarga  (bo-tiir'go,  -gii),  ".    [<  Kp. 
hotiini'i  f=  It.  Iioliirno,  hotanin,  bulliiriia,  bulla- 
III,  hottiirica  =  V.  bnulnrriur),  ' 


grn,  i 

Ar. /. 

nrt..   • 

prom 

serve! 

of  the  roe.i  ol 


I  Vijitie  niiliirnklum,  <  ox-,  imlif. 

1,  dim.  of  Ta/x.rT.  »  ''end  bmly 

ibalmlng,  n  mummy,  mint  pre- 

11,' or  piekling.]     A  reliHli  inndo 

crlain  OHh<!H  strongly  salted  aftor 


liiuliihare,   I'rompt 

1.  .\  mi'iider;  u  reimirer  or  patchor;   specifi- 
cally, a  tailor  who  docs  rejiairing. 

U-t  thefcotc/jcr  mend  hlin:  Anything  that's  mended  Is 
but  patched.  .sVinAr.,  T.  N.,  I.  5. 

Phvslclans  are  the  body's  cobblers,  rather  lhi|  liolcliers 

ot  mins  bodies;  as  the  one  iialehes  our  lalterd  elolhes, 

so  the  other  solilers  our  dlsi'used  llish.  ,    ,     ,    , 

luird,  Ixivers  Melamholy,  I.  '2. 

2.  One  who  botches;  a  clumsy,  bungling  work- 
iiinii;  n  bungler. 

botcher'- (l'och7T),n.    [Ongm  unknown.]    Tlio 
grilse :  a  locol  English  name  in  the  Hevorn  vol- 
ley. 
boicherly  (boch'/.r-li),  n.     [<  hotehor^  +  -'.i/'.] 
<'iiiiM.'<y;  uiiworkmaiilike.     [Hare.] 
//..If/i.  r/u  inlnglcmangle  ot  colleclliHis. 

Ilnrllil),  It.  of  Comonlus,  p.  80. 


flolcherlu  porlry.  iKil'hrrlH : 

MiddUlon  and  UnaiUy,  Spanish  Oypsy,  II. 


Horse  Bot-fly  {.Gasltrophilus  equi),  about  n.itural  size. 
a,  lateral  view ;  b,  dorsal  view. 

is  taken  into  the  stomach  of  the  horse;  the  ox -bot  lives 
just  under  the  cuticle  of  the  ox  ;  and  the  shecp-bot,  Ut'sfni* 
(ii-iV  (l.inna'us),  in  the  frontal  sinuses  of  the  sheep.  Other 
animals  are  alfected  by  particular  species. 
both  (both),  a.  and  /icoh.  [=  Sc.  baiib.  <  ME. 
hiAk,  booth,  earlier /ioW(r,  bathe,  etc.;  not  found 
in  AS.  except  in  the  siinjilo  form  ha,  etc.  (see 
below),  liiit  ]ierliiiiis  existent,  being  in  OS., 
etc.;  otherwise  taken  from  Scand.;  =OS.  bcdliie, 
bcdhia  =  OFries.  bethe,  bcde  =  OHG.  bcde,  beide, 
MITG.  G.  heide  =  Iccl.  bddhir,  m.,  badhar,  t, 
badhi,  bddhi,  neut.,  =  Sw.  bdila  =  Dan.  bnade, 
both;  cf.  (iotli.  bajolh.'!,  n.  pi.,  both;  <  Goth. 
hai  =  AS.  bd  {beiieii,  b>i),  both,  ME.  ba,  bo:  cf. 
L.  <iinbo  z=  Gr.  I'l/opu  =  Skt.  ulilidu,  both:  see 
IxA  ;  with  a  teriiiination  of  obscure  origin,  per- 
ha|)S  orig.  tlie  def.  art.  in  iil.  (AS.  thd  =  (iotb. 
thai,  tho,  etc.)  coalesced  with  the  adj. ;  but  this 
explniiation  does  not  apply  to  I  he  Got  li.  /w/ot/i.*.] 
Tlie  one  and  I  lie  oilier;  tli(>  two;  llie  jmir  or  the 
c(>u)ilc.  ill  rcferenci'  to  two  )u'rsoiis  or  tilings 
K))eei!illy  iiieiitioned,  and  dnnitiiig  Hint,  neither 
of  tlieiii  is  to  be  excluded,  .•itiier  iibsoliitely 
or  (as  with  citlier)  as  an  alteriiiilive,  from  the 
statement. 

Youre  bollier  love  [the  lovo  of  you  both). 

Cliaueer,  Trollus,  Iv.  108. 

Anil  Abraham  took  sheep  and  oxen,  and  gave  them 
unto  Ablmelech ;  and  both  of  them  made  a  covenant. 

Oen.  xxl.  27. 

He  will  not  bear  the  loss  of  his  rank,  because  he  can 
bear  Ibe  loss  of  his  estate  ;  but  he  will  bear  both,  beeauso 
he  Is  piepared  lor  In.th.  Iloliiuibroke. 

It,:tb  had  been  presidents  h.lh  had  lived  to  great  agej 
liolh  were  i^arly  patriots,  and  both  were  dlsllngnlshed  ami 

everlio ed  by  their  Immediate  ageniy  In  the  act  ot  111- 

ilepcudenee.  D.  W'elister,  Adams  and  .Icltersoll. 

(The  genitive  liolU't  (ME.  bolhet,  Imtlu'rs,  earlier  l«'llier. 
Imlhrc)  In  now  diRUsed  ;  In  the  earlier  lurlml  it  was  Jolnca 
usually  Willi  the  genitive  nliinil  of  tlie  personal  nronoun. 
Subsequently  the  simple  both,  equivalent  to  o/  both,  was 
used. 


both 

One  hath  wounded  me, 
That's  by  me  wounded  ;  bf>th  our  remedies 
Within  tliy  lielp  iiiul  holy  pliysic  lies. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  3.) 
BotU  two,  bottl  the  two,  ploonastically  for  both. 
Both  the  two  cities  reached  a  hit;h  pitcli  of  prosperity. 
Grotf,  Hist.  Greece,  ii.  18. 
both  (both),  a(iv.  or  conj.    [<  ME.  hothe,  botlwn, 
blithe,  etc.;  from  the  adj.]     Including  the  two 
(terms  or  notions  mentioned) :  an  adverb  pre- 
ceding two  coordinate  terms  (words  or  phrases) 
joined  by  and,  and  standing  thus  in  an  apparent 
conjunctional  correlation,  both  .  .  .  and,  equiv- 
alent to  not  only  .  .  .  but  also.    Both  is  thus 
used  sometimes  before  three  or  more  coordi- 
nate terras. 

I  tliuusiit  good  now  to  present  vnto  your  Grace  not  any 
bettLT  iiit't  of  mine  owne,  .  .  .  but  surely  an  excellent  gift 
of  :iTi  otlier  mans  deuise  and  making,  which  both  hath 
done,  dutli,  and  shal  do  much  good  to  many  other  good 
folke,  and  to  your  Noble  Grace  also. 

John  Fouler,  Pref.  to  Sir  T.  Jlore's  Cumfort  against 
[Tribulation  (1673). 
[He]  was  indeed  his  country's  both  minion,  mirror,  nnd 
wonder.  Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

A  great  multitude  both  of  the  Jews  a7ui  also  of  tlie 
Greeks  ))elieved.  Acts  xiv.  1. 

Which  I  suppose  they  doe  resigne  with  much  willing- 
ness, both  Livery,  Badge,  and  Cognizance. 

MiUun,  Eikonoklastes,  xxi. 
But  these  discourses  were  both  written  and  delivered  in 
the  freshness  of  his  complete  manhood. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  v. 
bother  (boTH'er),  V.  [First  in  the  early  part 
of  the  18th  century,  also  written  bodder,  Se. 
baiithci;  bather;  origin  unknown;  possiblyacor- 
ruption  of  pother.  The  earliest  instances  seem 
to  be  from  Swift  and  other  Irishmen,  which 
would  seem  to  favor  the  supposed  Ir.  deriva- 
tion, <  Ir.  bunidhrim,  I  vex,  disturb  (ef.  buaidhirt, 
trouble,  affliction) ;  but  the  Ir.  words  as  pro- 
nounced have  no  resemblance  to  bother,  except 
as  to  the  initial  6.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  bewilder; 
confuse. 

With  the  din  of  which  tube  my  head  you  so  bother. 

T.  Sheridan,  To  Swift. 

2.  To  give  trouble  to ;  annoy;  pester;  worry. 

Dunsey  bothered  me  for  the  money,  and  I  let  him  have  it. 

George  Eliot,  Silas  JIarner,  ix. 

He  bothered  his  audience  with  no  accidental  effects. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  280. 
(Used  in  the  imperative  as  an  expression  of  impatience, 
or  as  a  mild  sort  of  execration. 

Bother  the  woman  for  plaguing  me !  Farrar.] 

=  Syn.  Pester,  Worry,  etc.     See  tease,  v.  t. 

II.  intrans.  To  trouble  one's  self;  make  many 
words  or  much  ado :  as,  don't  bother  about  that. 
bother   (boTH'er),  n.     [<  bother,  v.]     If.  Blar- 
ney; humbug;  palaver.  N.E.D. — 2.  Trouble; 
vexation ;  plague :  as,  what  a  bother  it  is ! 

The  bother  with  Mr.  Emerson  is,  that,  though  he  writes 
in  prose,  he  is  essentially  a  poet. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  37(3. 
At  night,  they  [the  ponies]  were  a  bother;  if  picketed 
out,  they  fed  badly  and  got  thin,  and  if  they  were  not 
picketed,  they  sometimes  strayed  away. 

The  Centiini,  XXX.  223. 

botheration  (boTH-e-ra'shou),  n.     [<  bother  + 

-atioii.']     The  act  of  bothering,  or  the  state  of 

being  bothered ;  annoyance ;  trouble ;  vexation ; 

perplexity. 

A  man  must  have  a  good  stomach  that  can  swallow  this 
botheration  [autograph  albums]  as  a  compliment. 

Scott,  Diary,  Nov.  20,  1S25. 
Their  sraallness,  their  folly,  their  rascality,  and  their 
simple  power  of  botheration. 

Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  250. 
botherer  (boTH'er-er),  n.  One  who  bothers, 
vexes,  or  annoys :  as,"  such  botherers  of  judges," 
Warren. 
botherment  (boTH'6r-ment),  n.  [<  bother  + 
-ment.']  The  act  of  botliering  or  the  state  of 
being  bothered ;  trouble ;  annoyance ;  bothera- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

I'm  sure  't  would  he  a  botherment  to  a  living  soul  to  lose 
so  much  money.  J.  F.  Cooper. 

bothersome  (boTH'er-sum),  a.  [<  bother  + 
-some.}  Troublesome;  annoying;  inconvenient. 

By  his  bothersome  questioning  of  all  traditional  assump- 
tions. The  American,  VIL  235. 

Tliey  [casements]  open  sidewise,  in  two  wings,  and  are 
screwed  together  by  that  bothersome  little  iron  handle 
over  which  we  have  fumbled  so  often  in  European  inns. 
//.  James,  Jr.,  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  353. 

both-handedness  (b6th'han''''ded-nes),  n.  The 
power  of  using  either  hand  with  equal  ease; 
ambidexterity. 

The  teiulency  toward  what  might  be  called  both-handed- 
ness  in  the  use  of  the  brush.  The  Student,  III.  284. 

both-handst  (both'handz),  «.     A  person  indis- 
pensable to  another ;  a  factotum. 
He  is  his  master's  both-hands,  I  assure  you. 

B.  Jonso7i,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 
bothie,  n.     See  bothv. 


637 

bothock  (both'qk),  n.  A  name  of  the  fiflh  other- 
wise culled  the  bib.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bothomt,  m.  An  obsolete  form  of  bottom. 
Chan  err. 

bothrenchyma  (both-reng'ki-ma),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  jioOpoi:,  a  pit,  -*-  iyx"/'",  an  infusion  (>  NL. 
mdn/ma,  a  tissue),  <  iyxietv,  pour  in,  <  h,  = 
E.  ittl,  -(-  x""',  akin  to  AS.  f/edtiin,  pour.]  In 
hot.,  tissue  comiiosed  of  pitted  duets. 

bothria,  n.     i'lural  of  Ijothrium. 

Bothriocephalidse  (both"ri-o-se-fal'i-de),  n.pl. 
[NL.,  <  ISothriocei/halus  +  -idte.]  A  family  of 
cestoid  or  ticiiiato  worms,  order  Cestoidca,  in- 
cluding the  broad  tapeworms,  which  have  only 
two  bothria  or  suckers  on  the  head  (whence 
they  are  also  called  Dibothriidw).  It  includes 
the  genera  Bothriocrphalus  and  Dibothrium. 

Bothriocephalus (both'ri-o-sef'a-lus), n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  jiodpiov,  a  small  trench  (see  bothriiim),  + 
Keipah'/,  head.]  A  genus  of  the  Ccstoidea,  or  ces- 
toid worms,  of  which  the  broad  tapeworm,  B. 
latus,  is  the  type.  It  belongs  to  the  group  of 
the  Pseudiqihytlidea  (which  see).  Also  Botryo- 
eejihahis. 

bothrium  (both'ri-um),  ».;  pi.  bothria  (-ii). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  jhOpiov,  a  small  trench,  dim.  "of 
iJiiOpoc,  a  pit,  trench.]  One  of  the  facets  or  fos- 
settes  upon  the  head  of  a  tapeworm. 

The  common  tape-worm  .  .  .  wants  the  oi)posite  both- 
ria, or  fossetti's.  Ji.  R.  Wrirjht,  Animal  Life,  p.  .'582. 

Bothrodendron  (both-ro-den'dron),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  fiidpor,  a  pit,  +  divSpov,  a  tree.]  In  bot., 
an  extinct  genus  of  plants  of  the  coal  era,  re- 
lated to  Lepidodendron. 

Bothrophera  (both-rof'e-rii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  prop. 
'Bothrophnra,  <  Gr.  iiuOpog,  a  trench,  a  pit,  -I- 
-ipopoc,  <  <l)ipEiii  =  E.  Jeafl.]  The  solenoglyph 
venomous  serpents  of  the  new  world,  so  called 
from  having  a  pit  between  the  eyes  and  nose : 
corresponding  to  the  family  Crotalidw,  and  con- 
trasting with  the  Abothrophera. 

both-sided  (both'si'ded),  a.  Complete;  com- 
prehensive ;  not  limited  or  partial. 

There  is  forced  on  us  the  truth  that  a  scientific  morality 
arises  only  as  fast  as  the  one-sided  conceptions  adaptecl  to 
transitory  conditions  are  developed  into  l»it},. sided  con- 
ceptions. //.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  p.  98. 

both-sidedness  (both'si'ded-nes),  n.  Impar- 
tiality; completeness  or  comprehensiveness  of 
view  or  thought. 

Even  in  our  country  and  age  there  are  dangers  from  the 
want  of  a  due  both-sidedness.    H.  Spencer,  Sociol.,  p.  3<)7. 

both-sidest  (both'sidz),  a.  Being  or  speaking  on 
both  sides ;  double-tongued ;  deceitful.    [Rare.] 
Damnable  both-sides  rogue !         Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 
bothum^t,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  bottom. 
bothum-t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  button. 
bothy,  bothie    (both'i),    «.;   pi.    bothies   (-iz). 
[Also  written  boihay ;  appar.  <  Gael,  bothag, 
a  cottage,  hut,  dim.  of  Gael,  and  Ir.  both,  a 
hut;  but  the  th  is  not  sounded  in  these  words. 
See  iootfe.]     1.  A  small  cottage ;  a  hut. 
The  salt  sea  we'll  harry. 
And  bring  to  our  Charlie 
The  cream  from  the  bothy 
And  curd  from  the  pen. 

Come  o'er  the  Stream,  Charlie. 
That  young  nobleman  who  haa  just  now  left  the  botbi/. 

.Scott. 

To  accept  the  hospitality  of  a  very  poor  Highland  l>oth  ie. 

The  Century.  XXVII.  919. 

2.  -A.  house  for  the  accommodation  of  a  nimi- 
ber  of  workpeople  in  the  employment  of  the 
same  person  or  company.  More  especially,  a  kiiul 
of  barrack  in  connection  with  a  large  farm,  where  the 
unmarried  outdoor  servants  and  laborers  are  lodged. — 
Bothy  system,  the  practice,  common  in  Aljerdeenshire 
and  other  ninthern  counties  of  Scotland,  of  lodging  the 
unTuarricd  outdoor  servants  and  laborers  employed  on  the 
larger  farms  in  barrack-like  buildings  apart  from  their  em- 
ployer's residence. 

botone  (bot'on-a),  a.     Same  as  bottony. 

bo-tree  (bo'tre),  n.  [<  Singhalese  bo  (also  boga- 
ha:  gaha,  tree),  a  shortened  form  of  Pali  bodhi, 
the  bo-tree,  short  for  bodhi-taru,  bo-tree  (<  bodhi 
(<  Skt.  bodhi),  wisdom,  enlightenment,  +  tarit, 
tree),  answering  to  Skt.  bodhi-rriksha  {crilsha, 
tree).  See  Bnddha.']  The  Ficus  religiosa,  or 
pipul-tree,  under  which  Sakyamuni,the  founder 
of  Buddhism,  is  said  to  have  become  "enlight- 
ened" (Buddha),  after  forty  days' fixed  contem- 
plation, during  which  time  he  was  subjected  to 
all  manner  of  temptation,  and  to  have  evolved 
the  fom-  noble  truths  by  which  mankind  may 
be  delivered  from  the  miseries  attending  up- 
on birth,  life,  and  death.  The  particular  bo-tree 
under  which  tliis  happened  is  said  to  have  been  produced 
at  the  moment  of  his  birth. 

Botrychium  (bo-trLk'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
(joTpvxog,  equiv.  to  j3dirrpvxog,  a  curl  or  look,  a 


Moonwort   i  Botrychium  Lu- 

Haria). 

a.  entire  plant :  *,  branch  of  tlie 

fertile  frond,  showing  sporaneia. 


bottine 

cluster:  see  Bostrychus.']  A  genus  of  crypto- 
gamoiis  plants,  natural  order  Ophioglossatxce, 
allied  to  the  ferns, 
'i'liey  bear  clustered,  vein- 
IcHs  sporangia  in  contracted 
Iianir'lc(l  spikes  above  the 
variously  divided  frond. 
Tliere  are  several  widely 
distriljuted  species,  known 
by  tlie  popular  name  of 
vioonirnrt,  from  the  cres- 
cent shape  of  the  divisions 
of  the  frond  in  some  com- 
mon kinds.  The  name 
ffrape-fem  is  also  given  to 
theni,  and  one  species,  Ii. 
Vir'iinianiim,  is  called  rat- 
tlrxiioke-tfrn. 

botryllid  (bo-tril'id), 
n,  A  tunicate  of  the 
famil\'  Botryllidii'. 

Botry'llidae  (bo-tril'i- 
de),  ».  /)/.  [NL.,  <  Bo- 
tryllii.1  + -idit:.'\  A  fam- 
ily of  compound  ascid- 

ians  or  tunicaries,  of  the  order  Ascidioidea.  They 
have  a  definite  number  of  ascidiozooids  grouped  at>out 
a  common  cloaca  of  the  ascidiarium,  the  viscera  of  each 
single  body,  which  is  not  divided  into  thorax  and  abdo- 
men, lying  by  the  side  of  the  respiratory  cavity,  and  no 
Iribes  around  the  inhalent  orifice.  There  are  several  gen- 
er.i  besides  Botryllus.     Also  Botryllncea  and  Bolnilloidet. 

Botryllus  (bo-tril'us),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  Gr. 
jiorpvr,  a  cluster  or  bunch  of  grapes,  a  curl  oi 
lock.]  A  genus  of  compound  ascidians,  tyijicaJ 
of  the  family  Botryllidw.  B.  stellatm  and  B. 
riolaerns  nr*^  examj>le8, 

Botryocephalus  (bot'''ri-o-sef'a-lus),  n.  Same 
as  Bothriiiei  j)littlus.     Olcen,  1815'. 

botryogen  (bot'ri-o-jen),  «.  [<  Gr.  pirpvc,  a 
cluster  of  grapes,  +  -yevr/r,  producing,  etc.:  see 
-gen.'\  A  red  or  ocher-yellow  mineral  from 
Falun  in  Sweden,  consisting  of  the  hydrous 
sulpliatcs  of  iron,  magnesium,  and  calcium. 

botryoid,  botryoidal  (bot'ri-oid,  bot-ri-oi'dal), 

M.    [<  Gr.  jio-pvoei- 
Sk,  like  a  cluster 
of   grapes,    <    jid- 
rpix,  a  cluster  of 
grapes,     +     eliW,, 
form.]  Ha\Tngthe 
form   of  a  bunch 
of     grapes  ;     like 
grapes,  as  a  min- 
eral presenting  an 
aggregation        of 
small    globes,     in 
bot.,  applied  to  forms  of  inflorescence  which  are  appa- 
rently botryose,  but  in  reality  cyniose. 
botryoidally  (bot-ri-oi'dal-i),  adv.      In  a  bot- 
ryoidal manner;  so  as  to  resemble  a  bunch  of 
grapes:  as,  vessels  botryoidally  disposed. 
botryolite   (bot'ri-6-lit),  ?i.     [<  Gr.  ,Mrpvf,   a 
cluster  of  grapes,  4-  ?.i6or,  a  stone.]     A  variety 
of  datolite  or  borosilicate  of  calcium,  occurring 
in  mammillary  or  botryoidal  concretions,  in  a 
bed  of  magnetic  iron  in  gneiss,  near  Arendal  in 
Norway,  and  elsewhere,    its  colors  are  jiearl-gray, 
grayisli-  or  redilish-white,  and  pale  rose-red.   It  is  said  to 
differ  fi-om  datolite  in  containing  more  water. 
botryose  (bot'ri-os),  a.     [<  Gr.  iUrpvc,  a  cluster 
of  gi'apes,  +  -osf.]     In  bot. :  (a)  Of  the  type  of 
the  raceme,  corymb,  umbel,  etc. :   applied  to 
indeterminate  forms  of  inflorescence.   (6)  Clus- 
tered, like  a  bunch  of  gi-apes. 
Botrytis  (bo-tri'tis),  «.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  (iorpv^,  a 
cluster  of  grapes.]      A  large  genus  of  muce- 
dinous  fimgi,  usually  growing  upon  dead  wood 
and  leaves,  characterized   by   the  somewhat 
dendroid  mode  of  branching  of  the  fertile  hy- 
phffi,  which  bear  simple  spores  more  or  less 
grouped  near  the  tips.       One  species,  B.  Basgiana. 
grows  upon  living  silkw  onus,  and  causes  the  disease  known 
as  muscardine.     A  large  nunilicr  *>{  species  growing  upon 
living  plants  were  formerly  included  in  this  genus,  but 
are  now  referred  to  Perono^jtora. 

bots  (bots),  )!.  pi.    See  bot^. 

botti,  «.     See  boll. 

bott'-  (bot),  n.  [<  F.  botte,  a  bimdle,  a  truss 
(OF.  dim.  botel :  see  bottle^).']  The  name 
given  by  lace-makers  to  the  round  cushion, 
held  on  the  knee,  on  which  the  lace  is  woven. 

bottargo,  «.     Same  as  botargo. 

Bottger  ■ware.     See  ware-. 

bottelt,  ".     Same  as  boltel. 

botterollt,  «.     Same  as  boterol. 

botthammer  (bot'ham^er).  n. 
ME.   bottc,   a  form  of  fco^l)  +   hammer.']    A 
wooden  mallet  with  a  fluted  face,   used  in 
breaking  flax. 

bottine  (bo-ten'),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  bottt,  a  boot: 
see  boot-.~\  1.  A  half -boot ;  a  woman's  fine 
shoe. —  2.    An  appliance  resembling  a  boot, 


Botryoidal  structure :  Chalcedony. 


[<  lott  (prob.  < 


bottine 


638 


vrith  straps,  sprines,  buckles,  etc.,  to  correct  bottle-bump  fbot  1-bump),  v.  [A  corruption 
or  prevent  distortion  of  the  lower  Umbs  and  of  butter-bump,  bitter-bump.-i  A  name  given  m 
feet  of  children  some  districts  to  the  bittern,  Botaurus  stelldris. 

bottine  (bot'ing),  n.  [Perhaps  for  batting,  <  bottle-carrier  (bot'l-kar  i-er),  ii.  A  device  for 
6afl,  llE.  occasionally  botte,  a  club,  stick.]  caiTying  a  number  of  imeorked  bottles,  used 
The'operation  of  restopping  the  tap-hole  of  a  in  wine-cellars.  It  consists  of  a  frame  with  a  liumllc. 
*„™o5o -nHth  a  r^h^cf  of  clav  On  the  end  of  a  in  whicli  each  bottle  is  held  by  a  spnng-pad  at  tlic  bottom 
furnace  with  a  plug  °i.<=^»y  °^,  ^"^,  ^^"  "^^^  and  by  a  boss  or  projection  whidi  e.xters  tlie  mouth, 
wooden  rod.  after  a  portion  of  the  charge  has  ,,ottie.case  (bot'1-kas),  n.  The  wicker-  or  bas- 
been  removed.  i  ,,     j,  ^,7     /   ao    j,„*7    ket-work  covering  of  a  demijohn  or  carboy. — 

bottlelf,  n.     [ME.,  also  botle,  buttle,  <,  Ab.  ootl     gottle-case  loom,  a  machine  for  weaving  bottle-cases. 
(=  OS.  bodl  =  OFries.  bodcl  =  Icel.  bol  (also  l^ottle-chart  (bot'l-ehart),  «.     A  marine  chart 


deriv.  bwU),  a  dwelling,  abode,  farm,  also  lair, 
den,  =  Dan.  bol,  a  fai-m,  bol,  biille,  in  local 
names) ;  cf.  bold,  a  dwelling  (>  byldan,  E.  build, 
q.  v.),  and  6«r(>E.  boweA),  a  dwelling;  <  biian 
(•/  *bu),  dwell:  see  boireA,  bond-,  etc.]  A 
dwelling;  a  habitation:  a  word  extant  (as -Jo^ 
tie,  -battle)  only  in  some  local  English  names, 
as  Harbottle,  Xewbottle,  ilorbattle. 


bottom 

2.  In  med.,  an  eruption  of  small,  red,  suppu- 
rating tubercles  on  the  nose,  such  as  is  pro- 
duced by  intemperate  drinking.     Dunylison. — 

3.  A  name  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  of  the  sea- 
stickleback,  Spinachia  vultjarin. — 4.  A  name 
for  the  putiin,  Fratercuhi  arcticii,  from,  its  large 
red-and-blue  beak.  See  holtU-iidsed. —  5.  A 
name  of  the  sea-elephant  or  elophaut-seal, 
Macrorhinus  leouinus,  and  others  of  the  same 
genus.— Bottlenose  oil.  [Prob.  a  corruption  of  Botte- 
Icaus  (name  of  a  niaimfacturer)  oil.]  An  inferior  grade 
of  olive-oil  used  in  making  t'astile  soap. 

exhibiting  the   set  of  ocean  surface-currents  bottle-nosed  (bot'l-nozd),  a.    Having  a  bottle- 


compiled  from  papers  bearing  date,  latitude, 
and  longitude,  foimd  in  bottles  which  have 
been  thrown  from  ships  and  washed  upon  the 
beach  or  picked  up  by  other  ships.  The  time  be- 
tween the  throwing  of  such  bottles  and  their  recovery  on 
shore  has  varied  from  a  few  days  to  sixteen  years,  and  the 
distance  from  a  few  miles  to  live  thousand  miles. 


l^U^-O^l),!  ,  [E^ly  mod.  E.  also  5o«.^  bottle-clip  (bot'l^lip),  "•  ,.AJ^ ^^ closi^ 


the  mouth  of  a  bottle ;  a  substitute  for  a  cork. 

bottle-coaster   (bot'l-k6s"ter),  ».      A  kind  of 

deep  tray  with  divisions  for  bottles,  in  which 


Oriental  Goat-skin  Bottles,  or  Wini 


botle  ;  <  ME.  botel,  bottelle  =  D.  battel  =  LG.  hut- 
tel,  buddel,  <  OF.  botel,  m.,  also  boutelle,  boutille, 
F.  bouteille  =  Pr.  Pg.  botelha  =  Sp.  botella  =  It. 
bottiglia,  <  ML.  buticula,  f.,  dim.  of  butis,  but- 
tis,    butta    (> 
OF.  boute,  F. 
botte),  a  butt: 
Bee        6«H3.] 

1.  A  hoUow 
mouthed  ves- 
sel of  glass, 
wood,  leather, 
or  other  ma- 
terial, for 
holding  and 
carrying  li- 
quids. Oriental 
nations  use  skins 

or  leather  for  this  purpose,  and  of  the  nature  of  the-se 
wineskins  are  the  bottles  inenti<med  in  .Scripture  :  "  Put 
new  wine  into  new  twtlUit."  In  Europe  and  North  America 
glass  is  generally  used  for  liquid-s  of  all  kinds,  but  wine  is 
still  largely  stored  in  skins  in  .Spain  and  Greece.  Small 
bottle.s  are  often  called  rm/x. 

2.  The  contents  of  a  bottle ;  as  much  as  a  bot- 
tle contains:  as,  a  bottle  of  wine  or  of  porter. 

—  Capillary  bottle.  Sec  ca;/i7/an/.— The  bottle,  figura- 
tively, strong  drink  in  general ;  tlie  practice  of  drinking. 

In  tht  bottle  discontent  seeks  for  comfort,  cowardice  for 
cotirage,  and  bashfulness  for  confidence. 

Johnson,  Addison. 

bottle^  (bot'l),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bottled,  ppr. 
iKilHiiig.  [<  bottle'^,  ".]  1.  To  put  into  bot- 
tles for  the  purpose  of  preserving  or  of  stor- 
ing away:  as,  to  bottle  wine  or  porter.     Hence 

—  2.  To  store  up  as  in  a  bottle  ;  preserve  as  if 
by  bottling;  shut  in  or  hold  back  (colloq.  "cork 

u-p;,,  as  alger  or  other  strong  feeling:  usually  atTe-flower(l^{^i-fl«u''.-.i.),  n 
■^*"  'y-  laiina  Cianiis  ;  the  bluebottle 


shaped  nose ;  haWng  a  nose  full  and  swollen 
about  the  wings  and  end,  or  inflamed  by  drink- 
ing. 

bottle-ore  (bot'l-6r),  n.  A  name  for  coarse 
seaweeds,  especially  one  of  the  rock-weeds, 
Fucus  tiodosus. 

bottle-pump  (bot'1-pump),  n.  A  de-inee  for  re- 
moving the  iluid  contents  of  a  bottle.  A  com- 
mon form  is  that  of  a  rubber  bulb  for  forcing  air  into  the 
bottle,  and  a  bent  tube  through  which  the  liciuid  is  driven 
out  by  the  pressure  of  the  air. 


decanters  of  wine  or  cordial  are  passed  round  bottler  (bot'ler),  n.     [<  JfE.  boteller  :  in  mod. 


a  dinner-  or  banquet-table  after  the  dessert: 
sometimes  made  for  one  decanter  only. 

The  two  Lady  R.'s,  .  .  .  like  two  decanters  in  a  bottle- 
coaster,  with  such  magniflcent  diamond  labels  round  their 
necks.  Miss  Edgeworth,  Belinda,  v. 

bottle-cod   (bot'1-kod),  ?i.      A  name   given  in 
Jamaica  to  the  ■p\a\\iCapparisajnophalloplwra,  bottie-screw  (bot'1-skro),  n 
from  the  shape  of  the  fruit. 

bottle-companion,  bottle-friend  (bot'1-kom- 
pan  yon,  -trend),  h.  A  companion  or  friend  in 
drinking  or  conviviality. 

Sam,  who  is  a  very  good  bottle-companion,  has  been  the 
diversion  of  his  friends.  Adilison,  Spectator,  No.  S9. 

bottle-conjurer  (bot'l-kun"jcr-i'r),  h.    One  who 
exhibits  feats  of  necromancy  with  a  bottle,  as  bottle-tit  (bot'l-tit),   ». 
extracting  from  it  a  variety  of  liquids  or  more     tailed  titmouse,    Icarus 
than  was  put  in,  or  putting  in  what  apparently 
cannot  pass  through  the  neck. 

Which  to  that  bottle-rojijiirer,  John  Bull, 
Is  of  all  dreams  the  first  hallucination. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vii.  ^i. 

bottled  (bot'ld),  a.    [<  bottle'i  +  -frf2.]    i.  Kept 

or  contained  in  a  bottle :  as,  bottled  porter. — 

2.  Big-beUied:  as,  "that  bottled spi^&c," Shah., 

Eich.  HI.,  iv.  4.     [Rare.] 
bottle-dropsy  (bot'l-drop"si),  h.    A  dropsy 

wliicli  nrt'erts  the  abdomen  only;  ascites, 
bottle-fish  (bot'1-fish),  ".     1.  A  name  of  sundry 

plectoguath  fishes  of  the  family  Tetrodoiitida:. 

—  2.  A  name  of  the  Saccophartinx  ampullaceus, 

a  remarkable  fish  representing  a  peculiar  fam- 
ily of  the  order  Lyomerl.    See Haccophori/iKjidd: 

A  plant,  Veti- 


(an  economy  of  time  or  money  go  further  than  to  aiiui-  v    xii.  f_i-.nJ    ,,       ap„  hntlte-rnmnanion 

hilate  time  and  space,  and  fco((fe  t,p  (.«  does  the  phono-  ^"Hi        i  A    V'l     v    n  A   ''   il„  ,;.„,ln  nf 

gniidil  l.,r  i,o5terity  the  mere  utterance  of  man,  without  bottle-glaSS  (bot  1-glas),  )(.     A  cheap  grade  ot 

other  erlort  on  his  part  than  to  speak  the  words?  '  ,.        .•        ,    ,i    i  ...i .,.-. 

X.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI 


,  636. 

bottle^  (bot'l),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  battel, 
hotclle,  botle;  <  ME.  botel,  <  OF.  hotel,  m.,  equiv. 
to  botcllc,  fern.,  dim.  of  botte,  a  bundle:  see 
boll".]  A  quantity,  as  of  hay  or  grass,  tied  or 
bundled  up.     [Now  chiefly  prov.  Eug.] 

Althougli  it  be  nat  worth  a  hotel  liay. 

Cltaucer,  Prol.  Uj  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  14. 

Methinks  I  Imvu  a  great  desire  to  a  iMtlle  of  hay. 


lass,  usually  of  a  dull  deep-green  color,  used 

tor  making  common  bottles,  etc. 
bottle-gourd  (bot'l-gord),  n.     The  fruit  of  La- 

ijeiuiria   mlr/arif:,  natural   order   Cucurbitacea: 

See  qiiurd  and  Ltn/eiKirio. 
bottle-grass  (bot'l-griis),  h.     A  kind  of  grass. 

Si  tiiri/i  liriilis:     See  Setaria. 
bottle-green  (bot'1-gren),  n.  and  a.     I.  «.  A 

green  color  like  that  of  common  bottle-glass. 
II.  (/.  ( )f  a  dark-green  color. 


To  look  for  a  needle  In  a  bottle  of  hay  (=  I'n  a  hay- 

ftitekt,  to  engage  in  u  bM[,eleiis  search. 
bottle-alet  (bot'l-al),  n.    Bottled  ale. 

.^'•llitig  chcciw  and  prunes,  and  retail'd  holtle-alc. 

Beau,  arui  FL,  Captain,  W.  2. 

bottle-bellied  (bot'l-l)ol'id),  n.  Having  a  belly 
uliajiod  like  a  bottle;  having  a  swelling,  pro- 
tuberant belly;  pot-bellied. 

Some  i:lioleric,  hollU-belliril  old  spider. 

Irninij,  .Sketeh-Ilook,  p.  3«1. 

bottle-bird  (bot'l-bferd),  n.     A  bird  that  builds 

luijied  penHile  nest. 

,  r<>.(H.  In  our  meaiiderliign,  a  ntnall  tree,  from 

'tf  wblcli  were  hanging  a  nniiitit'r(,f  Imttle- 

'  Thilr  sliniHj  l«  like  an  ibinril'l  i  gg,  very 

"irinll  end,  rather  bulging  int  nt  tb.  ntber 

.*■  opening  Is  at  the  nide.     'lb-  l^ird  In  Home- 

■iirrow,  with  n  considerable  t*iileli  '»f  the  ycl- 

I  y.  A*.  Snrtoriiu,  In  thvH^iudan,  p.  IMi. 

,t  rii(it'l-l)(>t),  n.     A  leathern  case  to 
•   while  it  in  being  corkr  d. 

liot '1-liruHh),    n.      1.    A  brush 


shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1.  bottlehead  (bot'1-hed 


),  «. 


1.  A  more  correct 
1 


bottl 

l.oM 
bottle 

for  ' 
AV/w  I 
jturi- 

mnn   III' 

CnM,  H 
pnltaUyiir 


tliciiigh  not  common  name  for  the  wliule  culli 
tlie  liiillhiKixr  (wliicli  see).  — 2.  A  name  of  tlie 
bliLck-bellied  plover,  Siiunlitrola  hehetica. 
bottle-holder  (bot'l-liol'der),  n.  1.  A  glass- 
miiker's  tool  for  holding  the  body  of  ii  bottle 
wliile  forming  the  neck. —2.  A  rack  for  lioldiiig 
bottles. —  3.  One  who  waifs  ujioii  another  in 
a  prize-liglit,  administering  rel'i-eKlimeiit,  etc.; 
hence,  a  backer;  a  second;  a  supporter,  en- 
courager,  or  adviser  in  a  conllii't  or  trial  of 
any  kind. 
An  old  tiniiscr  makes  a  good  holtte-hotdrr. 

Smollett,  Ailv.  of  Kerd.,  (Nnint  Katllom, 

Lord  Palmerston  considered  himself  the  bottlelmldrr  of 
r.ppri  »-iiil  RlalcH.  Lontl'in  Time: 

bottle-imp  (bot'l-imp),  n.    See  CartcMan  tieril, 

under  t'nrti siiin. 
bottle-jack  (bot'1-jak),  n.     1.  A  roiiHling-jack 

Hlmiieil  like  abottli'.— 2.  A  kiiiil  of  lifting-jac'k. 
bottle-mold    (bol'l-mold),   n.      An    iron    mold 


williin  whii'li  a  liotth^  in  blown. 
Itles.— 2.   The   (leld-horsotail,   bottlenose  (bot'l-noz),  n.     1.   A  name  of  sev- 
^'.— 3.    Tim  iiian's-tnil,   //i>-     .nil  specicH  of  cetaceanH  having  boltle-Hluiped 
4.    In   AuNlralin,   tlie  CnVinti.     ,|„„,,g,    („)  of  the  »pei  l.snt //w;)rr(>-iifi.ii.  like //,  M</-ii« 

Hco  CtilliKlrmon.     Bottle-brush     ■■!  ibe  northern  «eii»,  ul fjf.  fiet  long.   CO'K  ihi»peile» 

ame  In  llie  I'lilUid  »li»t««  for  the  Ai-     ■■!  Iinlimojilenui ar  Ulobiccjihaluji,  the  coning  whales.  AIfio 

railed  ImUMuad. 


use  as  if  <  bottle",  v.,  +  -crl ;  but  historically 
a  var.  of  butler.']  One  who  bottles ;  specifically, 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  bottle  wine,  spirits, 
ale,  etc. 

bottle-rack  (bot'1-rak),  ».  A  rack  for  holding 
bottles  placed  in  it  mouth  downward  to  drain. 

A  corkscrew. 

bottle-stand  (bot'l-stand),  ».  1.  A  cruet- 
stand. —  2.  A  wooden  rest  for  draining  bottles 
after  washing. 

bottle-stoop  (bot'l-stop),  h.  In  med.,  a  wooden 
block  gi'ooved  above  to  hold  a  wide-mouthed 
bottle  obliquely  so  that  a  powder  may  be  easily 
extracted  from  it  with  a  knife  in  dispensing. 

A  name  of  the  long- 
eaudatus  or   Acredula 
cuudttta :  so  called  from  its  curious  large,  pen- 
sile, bottle-shaped  nest.  See  cut  under  titmouse. 

bottle-track  (bot'1-trak),  «.  The  course  pur- 
sued in  the  ocean  by  a  bottle  thrown  over- 
board with  a  note  of  latitude,  longitude,  and 
date,  and  so  affording  some  data  for  estimat- 
ing the  set  and  velocity  of  currents.  See 
bottle-flmrt. 

bottle-tree  (bot'1-tre),  ».  An  Australian  tree, 
•Sterculio  rupestris,  so  called  from  the  shape  of 
its  trunk, 
which  re- 
sembles a 
soda  -  water 
bottle.  The 
natives  make 
nets  of  its  fibers 
and  (juench 
their  thirst 
from  reservoirs 
of  sap  which 
are  formed  in 

tile  stem. 

bottle-wax 

(liot'l-waks), 
H.  AstifTwax 
used  to  seal 
tlie  mouths 
of  bottles 
and  .iiu's. 

bottling-machine  (liot'ling-ma-shen'),  n.  A 
inncliine  for  liUiiig  ami  corking  bottles. 

bottom  (bot'um),  II.  and  >t.  [E.  iliul.  also  bol- 
liiii :  =  Sc.  lutddem,  lioddum,  etc..  <  ME.  liotlom, 
liiilliime,  bolotue,  boti/iii,  holme,  earlii'r  hotliom, 
botlnim,  hottiiiiii,  <  AS.  holm  =  OS.  biuloiii  = 
OFries.  'Iiodem,  Imdeii,  North  Fries,  bom, 
NFries.  boem,  hetim  =  1).  hodem  =  L(i.  hodden 
=  t)HG.  hoditm,  MHO.  bodem.  0.  botleu  =  Icel. 
boln  =  OSw.  biiUi,  Sw.  biillen  =  ODun.  IxuUi, 
Dan.  build,  bottom;  prob.  =  L.  fiiudu.<i  (for 
"f'K(/HH,s)  (whence  ult.  F..  fund,  fouiiil-.  fouudil- 
iiiin.  funiliimrnldl,  etc.)  =  (ir.  rri'llfiip;  bottom, 
=  Sk't.  Iiudlinii,  deiith,  ground.  Cf.  (iael.  bniin, 
side,  founilation,  bottom,  =  Ir.  binni,  sole,  =  W. 
hon.  stem,  base,  stock.]  I.  H.  1.  The  lowest 
or  deeiiesi  ]uirt  of  anytliing,  ns  distiiiguislied 
from  tlie  to|);  utmost  deptli,  either  literally  or 
ligiinitively ;  base;  founilalioii ;  root:  as,  the 
liiitliim  of  a  hill,  a  tower,  a  tree,  of  a  well  or 
otiier  cavity,  of  a  page  or  a  column  of  figures. 

Ye  eoiiRlder  not  the  matter  to  the  tmttom. 

Latimer,  rdli  Semi.  lu't.  Kdw.  VI.,  IMl). 

(Ibjecllons  .  .  .  built  on  the  MalmW.iiffoin.       Mterlmry. 

All  eUHt^iniH  were  founded  upon  some  bottom  of  reason. 

Sir  T.  Ilrowne,  t'rnburlnl,  I. 

2.  The  ground  under  any  body  of  water:  as,  a 
rocky  hiittom  ;  a  sandy  liiilloin;  to  Wci  on  the 
lioltdm  of  the  sea.— 3."  In  idii/s.  uriii/.,  the  low 


vrcHlui  riijvsfris). 


bottom 

land  adjacent  to  a  river,  especially  when  the 
river  is  large  and  the  level  area  is  of  consider- 
able extent.     Also  called  hottom-land. 

On  both  shores  of  that  fruitful  bvtloia  are  still  to  be 
seen  the  marks  of  ancient  edifices. 

Addiifon,  Travels  in  Italy. 

For  weeks  together  Indians  would  have  their  squalid 
camps  about  Illinois  Town,  and  in  the  botlorti^  toward  the 
Big  Mound.  H'.  Barrows,  Oregon,  p.  103. 

4.  In  mining,  that  which  is  lowest;  in  Penn- 
sylvania coal-mining,  the  floor,  bottom-rock,  or 
stratum  on  which  a  coal-seam  rests. —  5.  The 
lower  or  hinder  extremity  of  the  trunk  of  an 
animal ;  the  buttocks ;  the  sitting  part  of  man. 
Hence  —  6.  The  portion  of  a  chair  on  which 
one  sits;  the  seat. 

No  two  chairs  were  alike ;  such  high  backs  and  low 
backs,  and  leather  bottoms  and  worsted  bottoms.     Irving. 

7.  That  part  of  a  ship  which  is  below  the  wales ; 
hence,  the  ship  itself. 

They  had  a  well-rigg'd  bottom,  fully  nianii'd. 

Massinger,  The  Guardian,  v.  3. 
I  am  informed  .  .  .  that  the  governor  .  .  .  had  deter- 
mined to  issue  a  proclaraation  for  admitting  provisions  in 
American  bottotiis,  but  an  arrival  of  a  vessel  from  Con- 
necticut prevented  it. 

S.  Adams,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  458. 

8.  The  heavy  impurities  which  collect  at  the 
bottoms  of  vessels  in  which  fluids  are  left  to 
settle:  as,  "the  bottom  of  beer,"  Johnson. —  9. 
pi.  The  residuum,  consisting  of  impure  metal, 
often  found  at  the  bottom  of  a  smelting-fur- 
naee  when  the  operation  has  not  been  skil- 
fully conducted:  chiefly  used  in  reference  to 
copper-smelting. — 10.  Power  of  endurance; 
stamina ;  native  strength :  as,  a  horse  ol^  good 
bottom. — 11.  MiUt.:  {a)  A  circular  disk  with 
holes  to  hold  the  rods  in  the  formation  of  a 
gabion.  (6)  Same  as  bottom-plate. — 12.  In  shoe- 
making,  the  sole,  heel,  and  shank  of  a  shoe  ;  aU 
that  is  below  the  upper. — 13.  In  railroads,  the 
baUasting  about  the  ties. — 14.  A  platform  sus- 
pended from  a  scale,  on  which  the  thing  to  be 
weighed  is  placed. —  15t.  A  clue  or  nucleus  on 
which  to  wind  thread;  the  thread  so  wound. 
£p.  Warburton  ;  Bacon. 

And  beat  me  to  death  with  a  bottom  of  brown  thread. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  8. 

16t.  The  cocoon  of  a  silkwoi-m. 

Silkworms  finish  their  bottoms  in  about  fifteen  days. 

Mortimer. 

17.  In  dyeing,  a  color  applied  to  a  fabi'ic  with 
a  view  of  giving  a  peculiar  hue  to  a  dye  which 
is  to  be  subsequently  applied. —  18.  In  golf,  a 
backward  rotation  of  the  ball  which  tends  to 
check  its  motion  after  it  touches  the  ground. 
At  bottom,  in  reality,  especially  as  opposed  to  external 
appearance ;  fundamentally ;  essentially ;  as,  he  is  sincere 
at  bottom. 

Every  body  was  sure  there  was  some  reason  for  it  at 
bottom.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

Bottom-discharge  water-wheel,  a  turbine  which  dis- 
charges the  water  at  the  ttottoni  instead  of  at  the  sides. — 
Bottom  of  a  wig,  the  pnrlion  of  a  wig  which  hangs  over 
the  shoulder.  — False  bottom,  a  horizontal  partition  in- 
serted into  the  Itjwer  pai't  of  a  box,  desk,  etc.,  so  as  to 
simuhitc  tile  liiitttiui  and  form  a  secret  compartment. — 
To  be  at  the  bottom  of,  to  underlie  as  a  cause ;  be  the 
real  autlior,  source,  or  cause  of. 

She  has  another  lover,  one  Beverley,  who,  I  am  told,  is 
now  in  Bath.— Odds  slanders  and  lies!  he  must  be  at  the 
bottom  of  it.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 

To  drain  the  cup  to  the  bottom.  See  cwp.- To  staad 
on  one's  own  bottom,  to  be  independent ;  act  for  one's 
self. 

II.  a.  [Attrib.  use  of  noun.]  Situated  at 
the  bottom  ;  lowest ;  undermost ;  fundamen- 
tal :  as,  the  bottom  stair ;  the  bottom  coin  of  a 
pile. 

This  is  the  bottom  fact  of  the  whole  political  situation. 
Nineteenth  Centurt/,  XX.  296. 
Bottom  heat.  See  heat. 
bottom  (bot'um),  V.  [<  bottom,  ».]  I.  trans. 
1 .  To  furnish  with  a  bottom :  as,  to  bottom  a 
shoe  or  a  chair. —  2.  To  foimd  or  build  upon ; 
fix  upon  as  a  support ;  base. 

Those  false  and  deceiving  grounds  upon  which  many 
bottom  their  eternal  state.  South. 

Action  is  supposed  to  be  bottomed  upon  principle. 

Bp.  Atterbury. 

3.  To  fathom ;  reach  or  get  to  the  bottom  of. 

'The  spirit  of  self-will,  of  insistence  on  our  own  views, 
which  we  have  probably  never  really  bottomed,  or  traced 
to  principles.  Contemporary  Rev.,  L.  350. 

4t.  To  wind  round  something,  as  in  making  a 

ball  of  thread. 

Therefore,  as  you  unwind  her  love  from  him. 
Lest  it  should  ravel,  and  be  good  to  none, 
You  must  provide  to  bottom,  it  on  me. 

.S'An*-.,  T.  G.  of  v.,  iii.  2. 

5.  In  dyeing,  to  dye  first  with  a  certain  color 
in  preparation  for  another. 


639 

They  [worsted  goods]  should  be  bottomed  with  indigo. 
Fibre  and  Fabric,  V.  16. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  rest;  be  based. 

On  what  foundation  any  proposition  advanced  bottoms. 

Loctce. 
2.  To  strike  against  the  bottom  or  end :  as,  a 
piston  bottoms  when  it  strikes  against  the  end 
of  tlie  cylinder — Bottoming  of  gear-teeth,  the 
rubbing  of  the  points  of  tlu-  tietli  of  one  of  a  pair  of  gear- 
wheels against  the  lini  lietwi^en  the  roots  of  the  teeth  of 
the  otlici- :  a  i-eault  of  a  false  adjustment. 

bottom-captain  (bot'um-kap'''tan),  «.  In  min- 
ing, ttui  superintendent  of  miners  in  the  deep- 
est working  part. 

bottomed   (bot'umd),   a.     [<  bottom   +  -erf2.] 

1.  Having  a  bottom  (of  the  particular  kind 
indicated  in  composition):  as.  iiat-bottomed ; 
'bToa,d-bottomed ;  a  tnW-hottomcd  wig. — 2.  Un- 
derlaid ;  furnished  witli  a  bottom  or  foundation : 
as,  bottomed  by  clay. —  3.  Based;  grounded:  as, 
a  ymW-lnit turned  character.     Morley. 

bottom-fishing  (bot'um-fish''''ing),  n.  Same  as 
groiind-itiigling, 

bottom-glade  (bot'um-glad),  n.  An  open  val- 
ley between  hills ;  a  dale. 

Tending  my  (locks  hard  by  i'  the  hilly  crofts 

That  brow  this  bottom-fjlade.    Milton,  Comus,  1.  532. 

bottom-grass  (bot'um-gras),  n.  Grass  growing 
on  lowlands  or  bottomlands. 

bottom-ice  (bot'um-is)^ ».  Ground-ice;  anchor- 
ice;  ground-gru. 

The  curious  phenomenon  of  the  formation  of  bottom-ice, 
and  its  rise  to  the  surface,  is  more  frequently  seen  in  the 
Baltic  and  the  Cattegat  than  in  the  open  ocean  —  chiefly, 
it  seems  probable,  on  account  of  the  shallowness  of  these 
seas.  Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  295. 

bottoming-hole  (bot'um-ing-hol),  n.  In  glass- 
maling,  the  open  mouth  of  a  furnace  at  which 
a  globe  of  crovm-glass  is  exposed  during  the 
progress  of  its  manufacture,  in  order  to  soften 
it  and  allow  it  to  assume  an  oblate  form. 

bottoming-tap  (bot'um-ing-tap),  n.  A  tap 
used  for  cutting  a  perfect  thread  to  the  bottom 
of  a  hole. 

bottom-land  (bot'um-land),  n.  Same  as  bot- 
tom, 3. 

After  making  nearly  a  semicircle  around  the  pond,  they 
diverged  from  the  water-course,  and  began  to  ascend  to 
the  level  of  a  slight  elevation  in  that  Iwttom-tand  over 
which  they  joumeyed.         Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxii. 

bottomless  (bot'um-les),  a.  [<  bottom,  -t-  -?ras.] 
Without  a  bottom.  Hence  — (a)  Grovmdless; 
unsubstantial;  false:  as,  " 6o«omte«  specula- 
tions," Burke. 

He  fond  but  botmeles  behestes. 

Chancer,  Troilus,  v.  1431. 

(b)  Fathomless;  unfathomable;  inexhaustible: 
as,  a  bottomless  abyss  or  ocean. 

Is  not  my  sorrow  deep,  having  no  bottom? 
Then  be  my  passions  bottomless  with  them. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 

bottom-lift   (bot'um-Iift),   n.    In  mining,   the 

deepest  or  bottom  tier  of  pumps. 
bottommost   (bot'um-most),   a.     [<   bottom  + 

-mo.it.    Of.  topmost,  etc.]    Situated  at  the  very 

bottom;  lowest.     [Rare.]_ 
bottom-plate  (bot'um-plat),   n.     1.    The  bed 

supporting  the  carriage  of  a  printing-press. — 

2.  The  bed  of  knives  immediately  beneath  the 
cylinder  of  a  pulping-engine.  it  is  formed  of  a 
ninnliir  of  knit'e-iilates  pKiced  Hat  against  each  other, 
with  tlieir  upper  knife-edges  adjusted  to  conform  to  the 
curve  of  the  cylinder  above,  which  also  contains  knives. 
Between  these  two  sets  of  knives  the  raw  material,  as 
rags,  wood,  or  other  substance,  is  ground  to  pulp. 

3.  In  ordnance,  a  plate  used  in  building  up 
grape  and  canister  into  a  cylinder  ready  for 
loading  into  a  gun.  Cast-iron  top-  and  bottom-plates 
are  used  for  grape,  tind  wrought-iron  ones  for  canister. 
Also  called  bottom. 

bottomry  (bot'tma-ri),  «.  [Formerly  also  bot- 
tomcri/,  bottomary,  bottommarie,  liodomery,  etc.; 
=  F.  iximcrie  =  G.  bodmerci  =  Dan.  Sw.  bodmeri, 
<  D.  bodcmerij,  bottonu'y:  see  bottom  and  -ery, 
-ry.]  In  marine  law,  the  act  of  boiTo  wing  money 
and  pledging  the  bottom  of  a  ship,  that  is,  the 
ship  itself,  as  security  for  its  repayment.  The 
contract  of  bottomry  is  in  the  nature  of  a  n\ortgage,  the 
owner  of  a  ship  borrowing  money  to  enable  him  to  carry 
on  a  voyage,  and  pledging  the  ship  as  security  for  the 
money  If  the  ship  is  lost,  the  lender  loses  the  money ; 
but  if' the  ship  arrives  s.afe,  he  is  to  receive  the  money  lent, 
with  the  interest  or  premium  stipulated,  although  it  may 
exceed  the  legal  rate  of  interest.  The  tackle  of  the  ship 
also  is  answerable  for  the  debt,  as  well  as  the  person  of  the 
borrower.  When  a  loan  is  made  upon  the  goods  shipped, 
the  borrower  is  said  to  take  up  money  at  rcsimulentia.  as 
he  is  bound  personally  to  answer  the  contract.  W  hen  the 
ship  alone  is  pledged,  the  contract  is  called  a  Ixitlomnt 
bond;  but  when  both  ship  and  cargo  are  pledged,  it  is 
called  a  respondentia  bond. 

A  master  of  a  ship,  who  had  borrowed  twice  his  money 
upon  the  bottomary.  Fepys,  Diarj',  II.  «9 


boudoir 

bottom-tool  (bot'um-tel),  n.  In  turning,  a  tool 
wil  h  a  liciil  end,  uHe<l  for  working  on  the  inside 
of  (he  bottoms  of  hollow  work. 

bottonS  (bot-on-a';,  /'•  «•     Same  as  bottony. 

bottony  (bot'on-i),  a.  [iUso  vvrittcii  button^, 
biitoiie,  <  OF.  botonne,  pp.  of  hotuiini r  (F.  bou- 
tonner),  ornament  with  buds  or  but- 
tons, <  baton,  F.  bouton,  a  l»ud,  but- 
ton: ser3  button.'^  In  her.,  decorated 
with  Vjuds,  knobs,  or  Vjuttons  at  the 
extremities,  generally  in  gi'oups  of 
three,  forming  trefoils.  Also  called 
■*  ,^,'y'or  °''  f'ottiineil,  linliined,  and  sometimes 
trefoiled  or  trejjled.     See  cross. 

botts  (li(its),  n.  ;;(.     See  bot^. 

botuliform  (bot'u-li-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  botulus,  a 
sausage  (>  ult.  K.  bowel),  +  forma,  form.] 
Sh.'iped  like  a  small  sausage ;  allantoid. 

botulinic  (Imt-u-lin'ik),  a.  [<  L.  botnhis,  a  sau- 
sage, -I-  -((((1  H-  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  derived 
from  sausages :  as,  botulinic  acid,     'fliomas. 

boucan  (bo'kan),  n.  and  v.     See  bucan. 

bouche  (bosh),  n.  [F.,  <  OF.  bouehe,  bouce, 
bochc,  bnchc,  etc.,  mouth,  <  L.  bucca,  cheek:  gee 
hucca,  and  cf.  bocca.']  If.  In  the  ancient  French 
monarchy,  the  service  of  the  king's  table,  under 
the  direction  of  the  master  of  the  king's  house- 
hold. A  large  nundjer  of  oflicers  of  different  ranks,  and 
having  accurately  defined  duties,  formed  this  establish- 
ment. 

2.  A  certain  allowance  of  provisions  made  by 
a  king  to  those  who  obeyed  his  summons  to  the 
field,  according  to  the  feudal  sy.stem  of  military 
service.  Hence — Sf.  Any  supply  of  pro  visions ; 
food.    Fonnerly  corruptly  bouge. 

A  bombard-man  that  brought  tnnii]e  for  a  country  lady 
or  two  that  fainted,  he  said,  with  fasting. 

B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Love  Restored. 

4.  In  medieval  armor,  a  notch  or  indentation  in 
the  upper  right-hand  edge  of  the  shield,  allow- 
ing a  weapon  to  be  passed  through  it.  In  the 
justing  shield,  this  wjis  st)metime8  of  the  form  of  a 
diagonal  slit  terminating  in  a  round  hole  of  the  size  of 
the  lance-shaft. 

5.  In  ordnance,  a  short  cylinder  of  copper 
placed  in  a  counterboro  in  the  face  of  the 
Ijreech-block,  and  througli  which  the  vent  of  a 
piece  of  breech-loading  ordnance  is  drilled ;  a 
bushing.  When  this  copper  cylinder  extends  through 
the  walls  of  the  piece,  it  is  called  a  vent-piece  or  vent-bush- 
infj.     See  bushing. 

6.  The  mouth  of  a  firearm  of  any  kind;  the 
bore. 

bouche,   bouch   (bosh),  v.    t.-,    pret.   and 
hoHched,    pjir.    bouching.     [<    bouche,    H.] 
form  or  drill  a  new  mouth  or  vent  in,  as  in  a 
gim  which  has  been  spiked. 

bouchie  (bo-sha'),  n.  [F.,  <  bouche,  mouth.] 
A  jiatty  or  small  pie;  a  bonbon;  any  dainty 
supposed  to  be  a  mouthful. 

bouchert,  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boicchyer,  late 
ME.  bowger,  appar.  <  bouge,  a  bag,  wallet:  see 
bouge'^.  But  perhaps  a  var.  of  bowser,  q.  v.]  A 
treasurer;  a  bursar.     Stonyhurst. 

boucherize  (bo'sher-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
boucheri::cd,  ppr.  boucheriziny.  [<  Anguste  Bou- 
cherie  (1801-1871),  a  French  chemist,  inventor 
of  the  process,  +  -i:c.']  To  impregnate  (tim- 
ber) with  sulphate  of  copper  as  a  preservative. 

bouchette  (bo-shef),  n.  [Appar.  F.,  dim.  of 
bouche,  a  mouth.]  In  medieval  armor,  the  large 
buckle  iised  for  fastening  the  lower  part  of  the 
breastplate  to  the  upper  one.     Fairholt. 

bouching  (bii'shing),  «.     Same  as  bushing. 

bouching-bit  (bo'shing-bit),  n.  [<  bouching, 
verl)al  n.  of  bouche,  v.,  +  fcffl.]  An  instru- 
ment used  for  boring  a  hole  in  the  vent-field 
of  a  gun  to  receive  the  copper  plug,  or  bouche, 
through  which  the  vent  is  afterward  drilled. 
Farrmc.  Mil.  Encyc. 

boud^,  bowd  (boud).  n.  [<  ME.  hitde,  budde, 
boude,  origin  imcertain ;  cf.  A.S.  hudda,  'scearn- 
budda  (occurs  once  improp.  ■written  scearnbu- 
doa),  ME.  scharnbodde,  a  dung-beetle.]  An  in- 
sect that  breeds  in  grain;  a  weevil.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

boud^  (bod).  [Also  written  hood,  bude,  boot, 
etc..  contr.  of  behooved,  pret.  of  behoove.']  A 
Scotch  contraction  of  behooved. 

Tliey  both  did  cr>-  to  Dim  above 

To  save  their  souls,  for  they  bond  die. 

Border  .Minstrelsy,  iii.  140.    (Jamieson,} 

boudoir  (bo'dwor),  ».  [P..  <  bonder,  pout,  sulk, 
+  -oir,  denoting  place.]  A  small  room  to  which 
a  lady  may  retire  to  be  alone,  or  in  which  she 
may  receive  her  intimate  friends. 

They  sang  to  him  in  cozy  boudoirs. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 


¥o 


640 


bonffant 
bouffant   (F.  pron.  bo-fon'),  <i.     [F.,   ppr.  of  bough-pot  (bou'pot),  «. 

ioTrfVr,  puff,  sweU.]     Puffed  out :  as,  a  skirt     and  perversely  6( a h-;)«>? 

verv  bouffant  at  the  back, 
bouffeif,  „.     [Late  JIE.,  <  OF.  bouffee,  a  pufi 

(cf.  bouffe,  a  swollen  or  sweUing  cheek),  <  boiif- 

fer.  sweU  the  cheeks :  see  bitff'^,  ;>!(/.]     A  puff, 

as  of  flame.     Caxton. 
bouffe-  (bof ),  n.    [<  F.  bouffe,  <  It.  buffa,  jest :  see 

hicrimn.']  Opera  bouffe ;  comic  opera.  Seeopera. 
bouffons  (bo'fonz),  n.     [F.  bouffon,  a  buffoon.] 

Same  as  matassins. 
Bougainvillea  (bo-gan-vil'e-a),  n.  [^^J.. named 


boule 

[Also  written  bowpot,  boufcl  (bouk  or  bok),  n.      [Early  mod.  E.  also 


biitikc,  Sc.  Iiuik;  <  ME.  /)o»i-,  h<iHk<\  Inike,  book,  < 
AS.  ?)«<•,  the  belly,  =  OS.  liiVc  =  1).  (jh//.-  =  MLG. 
bilk  =  OHG.  iH/i,"MHG.  fcHc/;,  G.  (hihWi.  the  belly, 
=  leel.  biikr,  trunk  of  the  body,  =  Sw.  buk  = 
Dan.  buci,  the  belly.  In  later  jiE.  and  mod.  E. 
confused  with  boiik'2  =  btdk^,  q.  v.]  If.  The 
belly. —  2.  The  trunk  of  the  body;  hence,  the 
body  itself,     [Scotch  and  i)rov,  Eng.] 

11.    [ME,,  var.  of  bulk^,  q,  v.]     Same  as 


climbing  shrubs,  natives  of  tropical  and  sub- 


tropical South  America.     The  numerous  flowers  are  boUghtlf  (bout),  «.     [Early  mod 
i^Qclostetjof  three.  subtended__bj-asj^^^^^  fyotTghte,  biighte,  etc.,  also"  hold,  bowl.  etc. 


^  <  boufjli^  +  pot.'\     1. 

A  po't  or  vase 'for  holding  flowers  or  boughs  for 
ornament. 

Sir  Oliver  S.  You  have  no  land.  I  suppose  ? 

Cliarlfs  S.  Not  a  molehill,  nor  a  t«ig,  but  what's  in 
the  bouyh-pots  out  of  the  window. 

Sheridan,  School  tor  Scandal,  liL  3. 

2.  A  nosegay  or  bouquet. 
And  I  smell  at  the  beautiful,  beautiful  bmv-pot  he  brings  bouk'-t 

me  winter  and  summer,  from  his  country-house  at  Haver-      (,„/;;l 

stoek-hill.  G.  A.  Sala,  The  late  Mr.  D .  ,^^^3  (bo^^t)^  ^.      ^  dialectal  form  of  bolk. 

3.  The  more  or  less  conventional  representa-  -bouk^,  c.  t     A  dialectal  form  of  biickS. 

[North.  E.  and  Sc,  earlier 

full  of  flowers.     Dutch  cabinets  of  inlaid  wood  have     also' J«H'/c,  boule;  perhaps  <  MD.  bogltel  =  MLG, 
f,.r  their  most  common  decoration  bough-pots  in  panels.        j^        j  ^_  q_  ft,v,,f;),  a  bow,  hoop,  riilg;  ult.  =E. 


afte"r  A.  de  Bougai,inIle.  a  French  navigator  of             ^     ornamental  work  of  a  bouquet  or  vase  toufbool-  (bol),  ,t. 
the  ISth  century.]     A nyctagmaeeous genus  of    ^__„   _^  ^ „.,,,„..,..:..,':, ,,  , Doui.ouoi    v^ui;,  «■ 


bracts.  B.  xpectahilis  and  some  other  species  are  fre- 
quently cultivated  in  greenhouses,  and  are  very  oma 
mental. 

bougar  (bo'gar),  n.  One  of  a  series  of  cross- 
spars  which  form  the  roof  of  a  cottage,  and 
serve  instead  of  laths.     [Scotch.] 

bougel  (boj),  n.  [Also  bowge;  <  ME.  bovge  (< 
OF.  bouge,  huge,  F.  bouge),  now  spelled  and  pro- 
nounced budge  (see  budge-,  budget,  etc.) ;  earlier 
bulge,  q.  v.  Cf.  bouge^.'\  If.  A  bag  or  wallet, 
especially  of  leather. 

Bowjei  of  lether  like  bladders. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Li>-y,  p.  408. 

2.  The  bilge  or  swelling  part  of  a  cask ;  hence, 
the  cask  itself.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 3.  A  cowrie. 
Jevons. 
bouge-t  (biij),  r.  [Also  bowge;  a  form  of  bulge, 
bilu''' :  ult.  related  to  boiige^.]  I.  inlravs.  To  be 
bilged;  spring  a  leak  or  have  a  hole  knocked 
in  the  bottom ;  founder. 

Which  anchor  cast,  we  soone  the  same  forsooke, 
And  cut  it  oil,  for  fear  least  thereupon 
Our  shippes  should  bow<ie, 

Gajtcoirrne,  Voyage  into  Holland. 

n.  trans.  To  stave  in  the  bottom  of  (a  ship), 
and  thus  cause  her  to  spring  a  leak;  knock  a 
hole  in. 

The  Cariek, 
the  stanie,  and 


E.  also  written 
now 
regrvrith  partial  differentiation  of  meaning  bout 
(see  bouti) ;  <  ME.  bought,  boirght,  bou^t,  ^bu^t, 
prob.  a  var.,  reverting  to  the  original  vowel 
of  the  verb,  of  ME.  bvst,  bi^t,  biqht  (mod. 
E.  bight,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  iijht,  a  bend  (=  MLG. 
LG,  buclit,  >  D.  bogt,  G.  biicht,  Sw.  Dan.  bugt, 
a  bend,  turn,  bay,  bight;  cf.  leel.  bugdha, 
a  bend,  a  coil),  <"  biigan  (pp.  bogeii),  E.  bow, 
bend:  seeftoifi.]  1.  Abend;  flexure;  curve; 
a  hollow  angle. 

•    Mai  feru,  a  malander  iuthe  bought  of  a  horse's  knee. 

Cotgrave. 

2.  A  bend  or  curve  in  a  coast-line.     See  bight   B^oXnrism"rb8-.loi'irzm)T 
—3.  A  bend,  flexure,  turn,  loop,  coil,  or  knot,  ""4^**"^^°.      V.     .     J       " 
as  in  a  rope  or  chain,  or  in  a  serpent ;  a  fold  in 
cloth.     See  bout^. 

In  knots  and  many  hoxightes  upwound. 

Spenser,  F.  CJ.,  I.  1.  15. 


The  dragon-(ioti.7A(s  and  elvish  emblemings 
Began  to  move,' seethe,  twine,  and  curl. 

Tcnnyiion,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 


boughtif,   ;..   t.     [Early  mod.  E.    also  boivghi, 

limit:  <  bought'^,  «.]     To  bend;  fold;  wind, 
bought-  (bat).     Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
tiiiil. 
^    ,..    J  u     ju    A   .  bought'*,  boucht  (bucht),  «.     Same  as  bught. 
;nr;;^.^/e^^^e"r^°re"rf'pirci^'''"^"^^^  A  fonn  of  (-.»<,/,. ^,  weak 

Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  4.     past  participle  ot   bni/,  used  adjcetively,  and 
To  bowae  and  pierce  any  enemy  ship  which  they  <lo  en-     assimilated  to  strong  participial  forms  in  -en  : 
cnnnter.  Holland,     chiefly  used  in  poetry,  and  colloquially  m  the 

bouge-H,  «.     A  corrupt  form  of  bouchc.  United  States  in  the  "sense  ot  purchased,  as  op- 

bouget  '(bo'jet    or    bO-zha'),   n.      [Sometimes     posed  to  home-made. 
spelled    boicget;  <    F.  bougette,  a  little   pouch.  For  he  who  buried  him  was  one  whose  faith 


Recked  not  of  bimghien  prayers  nor  passing  bell. 

Smtthey,  Madoc  in  Wales,  xiv. 
She  had  some  good  clothes  in  a  chist  in  the  bedroom, 
and  a  boughten  bonnet  with  a  good  cypress  veil. 

.S'.  0.  Jeivptl,  Deephavcn,  p.  '201. 

boughtyt  (bou'ti),  a.  [<boiight^  + -y^.~\  Ha\'ing 
bciu^jhts  or  bends ;  bending.     Sherwood. 

boughy  (bou'i),  a.  [<  boughl-  +  -i/l.]  Abouud- 
iiii;  ill  boughs. 

bougie  (bfi'ji ;  F,  pron.  bii-zhe'),  >i.  [F.,  a  wax 
candle,  a  bougie,  =  Pr.  biigia  =  It.  bugia=  Sp. 
biijiti  =  Pg.  bugia,  a  wax  candle,  <  lUigiii,  V. 
lioiigie,  Ar.  Bijiijoh,  a  town  in  Algeria,  whcnco 
these   caudles   were    im|iorted    into   Europe] 

1.  A  wax  candle  or  waxlight. 
Sometimes  the  lioiiiiirn  are  pirlumed  with  essences,  so 

that  in  burning  they  inay  give  oil  an  agreeable  odour. 

Wtirkxhnii  Jlreripln,  Istscr.,  p.  X<\t. 

2.  A  slender  cylinder,  smooth  and  flexible, 
used  to  dilate  or  open  the  rectum,  urethra,  or 
esojihagus,  in  cases  of  stricture  or  other  dis- 

uoiv'i    ^  'Tr    'ni/xvt'    uiui    iifi.r'''     tuo  xtji<--     cnses  nl  thnse  parts*. 

=  Skt'.  fc«/,«,'the  am,  foreann;  root  un-  bouillabaisse  (bo-lya-bas'), n.  rF.,<  Pr.  6.w7fc- 

n,  but  not  connected  with  l,ow^  (AS,  biiqan,     alinisse,  equiv.  to  !• ,  t,omllon  abaissi' :  bom  Ion, 

-     -       ■  -      .-.  .       broth,  soup  (see  ?wHi//<)n);  "'""■'>■•'•■'■.  PI>- "' ."'""■•■; 

sir,  reduce :  see  itbti.\r.'\     In  cookery,  a  kind  of 

flsh-ehowder  popular  in  some  parts  of  France, 

especially  at  Marseilles. 

This  lUntiUnbaijinf  a  noble  dish  Is, 

A  sort  of  soup,  or  liriitli,  or  stow, 
Or  hotchpotch  of  all  sorta  of  tlnhes, 

That  (Irccnwiih  never  conlil  outdo  ; 
Orecn  herbs,  red  I)eliper8,  mnsscls,  saltern, 

Sob's.  <inlon«,  garlic,  roach  and  dace; 
All  these  yon  eat  at  Terri^'s  tavern 
In  that  one  diuli  of  llimillaliaiMe. 

Tliacki-ray,  liallad  of  llonillnlmlBse. 

bOUilli  (bfi'lve;  F.  j>ron.  bii-yo'),  n.  |F.,  pro]), 
pp.  of  bouil'lir,  boil:  sec  boift.]  Meat  boiled 
with  vegetnbUw,  esiieciaily  in  making  bouillon ; 
boiled  or  stewed  meat  of  any  kiii<l, 

bouillon  Oiii'lvon;  V.  j)ron.  bii-yAii'),  ».  fF., 
Ijrotli,  Kiiu|>,  e'ic.  (Bee  bullion"),  <  bouillir,  tioil  : 
Kfi>  boil-.]  1.  A  kind  of  I'lear  Hoiij),  coMMlHling 
of  the  Htraiiicd  litpiid  fniiii  a  slow  and  imilong- 
ed  boiling  of  iiieiil  (iiHUiilly  beef)  in  the  piece 
and  HOinetiineH  wlmle  vegeliil)leH.  — 2.  In  J'or- 
rierij,  an  excrcBcenco  of  Uosh  in  a  woiuid; 
proud  floBh. 


The  regular  E.  form 
is  budget,  q.  v.  See 
houge^.']  If.  Abud- 
get  or  pouch.  Spen- 
ser, F.  Q.,  III.  X.  29.  „  . 
—  2.  In  her.,  the 
figure  of  a  vessel  for  carryiug  water.    It  is  meant 

to  represent  a  yoke  with  two  leatheni  pouches  attached 
to  it,  formerly  used  for  the  conveyance  of  water  to  an 
ariiiv.  Also  called  water-bouget. 
boughl  (bou),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bow,  boice, 
etc.;  <  ME.  bough,  bogh,  bog,  boge,  boue,  etc.,  < 
AS.  bog,  boh,  the  arm,  shoulder  of  an  animal, 
also  a  branch  of  a  tree  (the  latter  sense  pecu- 
liar to  E.  and  AS.),  =  MD.  boerh,  D.  borg,  bow 
of  a  ship,  =  MLG.  boch,  bitch,  shoulder,  bow  of 
a  ship;  OHG.  buog,  upper  part  of  the  arm 
or  leg,  shoulder,  hip,  snoulder  of  an  animal, 
MHG.  biioc,  G.  bug,  shoulder,  withers  (of 
horses),  =  Icel.  bogr  =  Norw.  bog  =  Sw.  l>ogz= 
Dan.  bov,  shoulder  of  an  animal,  bow  of  a  ship 
(>  E.  boir^),  —  Gr.  ~nx'":,  dial.  ^rn;^''!'.  the  fore 
arrn, 
known. 

etc.).  bend,  with  some  derivatives  of  which, 
however,  the  word  has  been  in  part  confused, 
A  doublet  of  bow^,  q.  v.]  1.  An  arm  or  branch 
of  u  tree. 

Say  thoti,  whereon  I  rar^'ed  hcrnnme, 

If  ever  maid  or  ajhiuho 
A»  fair  u  my  Olivia  came 
To  rcit  beneath  thy  Imnght. 

Trnnyion,  Talking  Oak. 
2t.  The  gallows. 

Siiiii.  v>  lio  have  not  deserved  Judgement  of  death,  though 
(.Iherwi.i-  |«rliap«  oltcnding,  have  Uine  for  their  goods 
Hake  caught  up,  and  can>cd  atralgbt  to  Un-  Imugh. 

SjfnMrr,  Mtale  of  Ireland. 

boughl  (bou),  r.   t.    [<  bought,   n.]    To  cover 
over  or  shade  with  VioughH.      [I'oelii;.] 
A  momy  track,  all  over  Ixnighril 
For  half  a  mile  or  more. 

Ciilrridgr,  Tlireo  Oraves 

bOUgh^t,  ".     An  obsolete  Hpelliiig  of  liotr'<. 
bough  ''t,  ".      An  obsolete  Hpellirii.'  "f  buff'. 
tiaaghh,  i/.'/r/.     An  obsoloto  Mpi'lling  of  bo~. 
bough  h'lUHC'bou'hoTiH),  n.  AbliinlcoiiHtriict.  .1 

of  Im.  ..       ;,,r  the  concealment  of  a  oiHirtiimuii 

from  the  game. 


6a7/l,  q,  v.]  i.  Abend;  curvature. —  2.  The 
curved  or  semicircular  handle  of  a  pot,  kettle, 
etc.;  especially,  in  the  x>lm'al,  a  movable  han- 
dle in  two  pai'ts,  jointed  in  the  middle,  for  a 
pot  with  ears;  a  bail.— 3.  A  loop  or  annulal 
part  serving  as  a  handle  for  something.  Specifl- 
cally — (rt)  One  of  tile  hoops  or  rounded  openings  for  the 
thumb  or  finger  in  the  handles  of  scissoi-s.  {b)  The  loop 
which  forms  the  handle  of  a  key.  (c)  The  ring  on  the 
case  of  a  watch  to  which  the  chain  or  guard  is  attached. 

houlangerite  (bo-lan'jer-it),  n.  [<  Boulanger, 
the  tliscoverer,  +  -ite~.'\  In  mineral.,  a  sulphid 
of  antimony  and  lead,  occuiTing  in  plumose, 
gi'anular,  and  compact  masses,  ot  a  bluish  lead* 
gray  color  and  metallic  luster. 
Soulangism  (bo-lon'jizm),  ti.  The  political 
policy  and  methods  represented  in  France  by 
General  Georges  Firnest  Jean  Marie  Boulanger 
(1837-91)  from  about  1880  to  18S9.  Its  chief 
features  were  militarism  and  revenge  upon 
Germany. 

Boulangist  (bo-lon'jist),  n.  A  political  fol- 
lower of  tTeneral  Boulanger. 

boulder  (bol'der),  «.  [Also  vrritten  bowlder, 
bokirr,  dial,  bowikr,  boother;  short  for  the  ear- 
lier bouUler-stouc,  dial,  bowther-,  boother-stone, 
Sc.  bowldtrstaiie ;  <  ME.  biildcrstoii,  a  boulder; 
cf.  Sw.  dial,  biillcrsicii,  a  largo  pebble  or  stone 
in  a  strea-m,  one  that  causes  a  rip]diug  in  the 
water  (opjiosed  to  kloppcrsteii,  small  pebble), < 
bullra  (=  Dan.  biildrc),  make  a  loud  noise,  -1- 
sten  =  E.  stone.']  A  loose  rock,  or  one  which 
has  been  torn  from  its  native  bed  and  trans- 
ported to  some  distance.  As  ordinarily  used,  the 
word  indicates  a  piece  of  rock  which  is  hirger  than  a  pebble 
or  cobble,  whose  edges  have  become  weather-worn  and 
more  or  less  rounded,  and  which  lies  upon  the  surface. 

boulder  (bol'di-r),  r.  t.  [<  boulder,  «.]  To  wear 
smooth,  as  an  emery-wheel,  by  abrading  with 
small  Hint  pebbles.  Also  spelled  bowlder.— 
Bouldered  down,  said  of  metal  pollsbingwheels  or  lap> 
wlicn  enu  ly  and  oil  are  spread  over  them,  then  pressed 
into  the  nu'lal  and  worn  down  with  boulclering-stones. 

boulder-clay  (bol'der-kla),  n.  stiff,  unlami- 
nated,  tenacious  clay,  especially  that  of  the 
glacial  or  drift  epoch  or  iee  age.  Also  called 
drift,  till. 

boiilder-head  (bol'dt'^r-hed),  «.  A  row  of  piles 
driven  before  a  sea-dike  to  resist  the  action  of 
the  waves. 

bouldering-stone(b6rdtH'-ing-st6n),  w.  Smooth 

translucent  Hint  pelibles,  found  in  gi-avel-pits 
and  used  to  smooth  llie  faces  of  emery-wheels 
and  glazera  by  abniding  any  large  grains  of 
eiiierv  or  oilier  powder  on  their  surfaces, 

bould'er-paving  (bol'der-i)a"ving),  n.  A  pave- 
ment of  ccibble-stones. 

boulder-stone  (bcirdc'r-ston),  ?i.  Same  as  bouU 
dir.  of  wliich  it  is  (lie  older  form. 

bouldery  (bol'der-i),  ((.  [<  /iohWc)' -t- -J/1.]  Ee- 
seiiibliug  a  boulder;  full  of  boulders. 

The  superjacent  beds  consist  of  coarse  bouldery  shingle 
in  a  sandy  clay  matrix.  Geikie,  Ice  Age,  p.  102, 

boule'  (biil),  n.    The  proper  French  spelling  of 

hnlil. 

boule-  (ba'le),  n.  [Gr.  /3ot»>^,  will,  counsel,  ad- 
vice, plan,  a  council,  senate,  <  fhl'T^iirOai,  dial. 
lioAcnOiii ,  =  L.  relle  =  AS,  irilloii,  K  will :  see 
will,  r.]  1.  In  dr.  nntig.,  a  legislative'  coun- 
cil, originally  arisloc'nilic,  coiisiHiing  of  the 
heads  of  the  citizen  I'aiiiilies,  sitting  under  (ho 
presidency  of  the  king.  Later,  In  lonlnn  »tale«, 
where  a  deniocrutlc  pidlly  hud  iirevalled,  the  boule.  par- 
ticularly at  Athens,  became  a  second  (ir  higher  |iopular 
assembly,  corresponding  to  Ihe  senate  In  modern  govern- 

menls.    At  AtheliB  the  1 le  conslstc'd  of  ,MKl  citizens  over 

.'to  years  of  age,  chosen  anuuallv  bv  lot.  Mi  from  each  Irlho. 
It  liad  charges  of  the  odbiul  religious  riles  liiiporliint  in 
the  ancient  world,  and  IN  chief  legislative  duties  wire  to 

exami cr  prepare  bills  (or  presentiitloii  to  Ihe  popidar 

jisKcmblv  (the  real  governing  hodyl,  which  could  modify 
or  reject  the  cinicluslous  n'acbcd  by  the  scnule.  and  to 
advise  liie  assembly  regarding  allairs  of  sl:ile.  The  Athe- 
nian boule  iiad  also  some  c\e.  olive-  fiinetleens,  especially 
In  connection  witli  tlie  nninagcinent  ot  the  nuvy  and  the 
cavalry.     Compare  grnitia. 


boule 

2.  The  legislative  assembly  of  modern  Greece. 

A  Greek  dipluiiiat  (inee  told  me  that  in  the  llutty,  or 
Asserahly,  of  his  eountry  no  part  of  the  governiuciit  ex- 
penses was  watched  so  closely  as  those  of  the  tliploniatic 
service.  A^ew  Princeton  Rev.,  I.  225. 

boule-'t.     An  olisolote  form  of  bnwi. 

Boulenge's  chronograph.     See  chronograph. 
boule-saw,  ».      iSoe  bnhl-saw. 
boulet,  boulette   (bo-la',  bii-let'),  n.      [F.,  a 
bullet,  a  fetUx'k,    >  E.   bullet,  q.  v.]     In  the 
maneffc,  a  horse  whose  fetlock  or  pastern  joint 
bends  forward  and  out  of  its  natural  position. 
bouleuterion  (bo-lu-te'ri-on),  n. ;   pi.  boulcutc- 
ria  (-ii).     [Ur.  iiov'AevTi/pioi',  <  l3ov?iereiv,  advise, 
take  counsel,  <  lioiAij,  counsel:  see  6oMte2.]    In 
ancient  and  modern  Greece,  a  senate-house  or 
assembly-chamber. 

boulevard  (bo'le-vard;  F.pron.bol'viir),*!.  [F.; 
older  forms  boulevert,  bouleverc,  <  D.  or  MLG. 
bi/hcfrk.  U.  bollwcrk;  bulwark:  see  bulwark..'] 
Originally,  a  bulwark  or  rampart  of  a  fortilica- 
tiou  or  fortitied  town  ;  hence,  a  public  walk  or 
street  occupying  the  site  of  demolished  fortifi- 
cations. Tlie  name  is  now  sometimes  extended  to  any 
street  or  wallt  encircling  a  town,  and  also  to  a  street  which 
is  of  especial  width,  is  given  a  park-like  appearance  by  re- 
serving spaces  at  the  sides  or  center  for  shade-trees,  flow- 
ers, seats,  and  tlie  like,  and  is  not  used  for  heavy  teaming. 

boulevardier  (bo'le-var-der;  F.  pron.  bol-viir- 
dya'),  H.  [F.,  <  6o«/ei'ard,  boulevard.]  One  who 
frequents  a  boulevard,  especially  in  Paris. 

bouleversement  (bs-le-vers'ment),  n.  [P.,  < 
bouleverser,  overthrow,  overturn,  <  boulc,  a  ball 
(>  E.  bowl"),  +  verser,  turn,  overturn,  <  L.  ver- 
sare,  turn :  see  verse,  etc.]  A  turning  upside 
down  ;  the  act  of  overturning  ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing overtm-ned  ;  overthrow ;  overturn;  subver- 
sion; hence,  generally,  convulsion  or  confusion. 

boule-work  (bol'werk),  n.     Same  as  buhl. 

boulimia,  boulimy  (bo-lim'i-a,  bo'li-mi),  n. 
Same  as  buliniiti. 

boulinikon  (bo-lin'i-kon),  n.  [A  trade-name, 
<  Gr.  ,iovc,  o.\,  +  'Aivov,  tiax,  linen.]  A  kind  of 
oilcloth  made  from  a  pulp  composed  of  buffalo 
or  other  raw  hide,  cotton  or  Unen  rags,  and 
coarse  hair.     Eneyc.  Brit. 

boulon  (bo'lon),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  harp 
with  fibrous  strings,  used  by  the  negi'oes  of 
Senegarabia  and  Guinea. 

boultelH,  11.     Same  as  boUel. 

boultel-'t,  ".  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boutell;  <  ME. 
bullelle,  bultell,  <  OF.  *bulctel  (earlier  buretel), 
mod.  F.  bluteau,  a  meal-sieve,  <  buleter,  mod.  P. 
bliitrr,  sift,  bolt :  see  bolt".]  1.  A  kind  of  cloth 
made  for  sifting ;  hence,  a  sieve. —  2.  The  bran 
or  refuse  of  meal  after  dressing. 

boultert,  n.     See  bolter^. 

iDOultint,  «.     Same  as  boltel. 

boultiug,  II.     See  bolting^. 

l)0Ullt  (boim),  a.  [The  earlier  and  proper  form 
of  bound*,  q.  V. ;  <  ME.  boun,  boune,  ready,  pre- 
pared, <  Icel.  buinn  (>  ODan.  bune),  ready,  pre- 
pared, pp.  of  hita,  till,  get  ready:  see  bond", 
boor,  bower^,  etc.]  Ready;  prepared;  on  the 
point  of  going  or  intending  to  go. 

She  was  boun  to  go  the  way  forthright. 

Chaucer,  Franklins  Tale,  1.  769. 
Well  chanced  it  that  Adolf  the  night  when  he  wed 
Had  confessed  and  had  sain'd  him  ere  bonne  to  liis  bed. 
.^cott,  Harold  the  Dauntless,  iv.  14. 

bount  (boun),  r.  [<  ME.  bounen,  boionen,  <  boun, 
prepared:  see  Sown,  rt.]  I.  trans.  To  prepare; 
make  ready. 

The  kyng  boskes  lettres  anon,  to  bownen  his  hemes  [men]. 

Joneph  of  Arimathie  (ed.  Skeat),  1.  414. 

I  wold  boun  me  to  batell.       Destruction  of  Troy,  I.  827. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  ready  to  go  ;  go :  as,  to 

busk  and  boun,  a  common  expression  in  old 

ballads. 

So  mourned  he,  till  Lord  Dacre's  band 
Were  bowning  back  to  Cumberland. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  V.  30. 
IJOunce  (bouns),.r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bounced,  ppr. 
bonncing.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bounse,  <  ME. 
bounnen,bun.ieH,hent,  strike  suddenly;  cf.  LG. 
bun.</en,  G.  dial,  bumbsen,  beat,  knock,  =  D.  Jo«- 
^eu,  bounce,  throw ;  cf .  D.  bous,  a  bounce,  Sw. 
bus,  dial,  bums  =  G.  bums,  bumbs,  bumps,  adv. 
interj.,  at  a  bounce,   at  once ;  cf.  Icel.  bops, 
imitating  the  sound  of  a  fall.     All  prob.  orig. 
imitative;  ct  bound"  and  bump".]    I.  trans.  If. 
To  beat;  thump;  knock;  bang. 
Wilfully  him  throwing  on  the  gras 
Did  beat  and  bounse  his  head  and  brest  ful  sore. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  III.  xi.  27. 
He  bounced  his  head  at  every  post.  Sun/t. 

2.  To  cause  to  bound  or  spring:  as,  to  bounce 
a  ball. — 3.   To  eject  or  turn  out  without  cere- 
mony; expel  vigorously;  hence,  to  dismiss  or 
41 


641 

discharge  summarily,  as  from  one's  employ- 
ment or  post.    [Slang,  U.  S.] 

II.  intrans.  If.  To  beat  hard  or  thump,  so  as 
to  make  a  sudden  noise. 

Yet  still  he  bet  and  bomut  upon  the  dore. 

Spenser,  i\  Q.,  V.  ii.  21. 
Up,  then,  I  say,  both  young  and  old,  both  man  and  maid 

a-maying, 
With  drums,  and  guns  that  Jomwe  aloud,  and  merry  tabor 
playing! 

lirau.  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iv.  D. 
Another  Imnnces  as  hard  as  he  can  knock.  Sutijt. 

2.  To  spring  or  leap  against  anything,  so  as  to 
rebound ;  beat  or  thump  by  a  spring;  spring  up 
with  a  rebound. 

Against  his  bosom  bounc'd  his  heaving  heart. 

Drijden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  i.  :tM. 

3.  To  leap  or  spring;  come  or  go  unceremoni- 
ously. 

As  I  sat  quietly  meditating  at  my  table,  I  heard  some- 
thing bounce  in  at  the  closet-window. 

Suri/t,  Gulliver's  Travels,  ii.  5. 

4.  To  boast  or  bluster;  exaggerate;  lie. 
He  gives  away  countries,  and  disposes  of  kingdoms ;  and 

Jounces,  blusters,  and  swaggers,  as  if  he  were  really  sover- 
eign lord  and  sole  master  of  the  universe. 

£p.  Lowth,  Letter  to  Warburton,  p.  14. 
If  it  had  come  to  an  oath,  I  don't  think  he  would  have 
bounced,  neither ;  but,  in  common  occurrences,  there  is  no 
repeating  after  llim.  Foote,  The  Liar,  ii.  1. 

bounce  (bonus), «.  l<  bounce,  v.]  1.  A  sudden 
spring  or  leap. —  2.  A  bound  or  rebound:  as, 
you  must  strike  the  ball  on  the  bounce. — 3.  A 
hea'vy  blow,  thrust,  or  thump. 

I  heard  two  or  three  irregular  bounces  at  ray  landlady's 
door,  and  upon  the  opening  of  it,  a  loud  cheerful  voice  in- 
quiring whether  the  philosopher  was  at  home. 

Addison,  .Sir  Roger  at  Vauxhall. 
4t.  A  loud  heavy  sound,  as  of  an  explosion ;  a 
sudden  crack  or  noise. 

I  don't  value  her  resentment  the  bounce  of  a  cracker. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iii. 

5.  A  boast;  a  piece  of  brag  or  bluster ;  boast- 
ful language;  exaggeration. — 6.  A  bold  or  im- 
pudent lie ;  a  downright  falsehood ;  a  bouncer. 
[Colloq.] 

"  Why,  whose  should  it  be?"  cried  I,  with  a  flounce; 
"  I  get  these  things  often  ; " — but  that  was  a  bounce. 

Goldsmith,  Haunch  of  Venison,  I.  42. 
Oh,  Cicero !  .  .  .  not  once  did  you  give  utterance  to 
such  a  bounce  as  when  you  asserted,  that  never  yet  did 
human  reason  say  one  thing,  and  Natm-e  say  another. 

De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 
7.  Expulsion;  discharge;  dismissal.  [Slang, 
U.  S.]  —  8.  [Perhaps  of  diff.  origin.]  A  local 
English  name  of  the  dogfish  or  shark,  Sci/llio- 
rhinus  catulus.-To  get  the  grand  bounce,  to  be  put 
out  or  discharged  summarily  from  one's  post  or  employ- 
ment. [Slang,  U.  S.) 
bounce  (bonus),  adv.  [<bounce,  v.  and  «.]  With 
a  bounce ;  suddenly. 

Rapp'd  at  the  door,  nor  stay'd  to  ask, 
But  bounce  into  the  parlour  entered. 

Gray,  Long  Story. 
bounceable  (boun'sa-bl),  a.  [<  bounce  +  -able.] 
1.  Capable  of  being  botmced,  as  a  ball. — 2.  In- 
clined to  bounce,  or  lie.  [Rare.] 
bouncer  (boun'ser),  n.  [<  bounce  +  -e>'l.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  bounces. — 2.  Something 
big  or  large  of  its  kind. 

'The  stone  must  be  a  bouncer.  De  Quincey. 

3.  A  large,  strong,  -vigorous  person  :  as,  she  is 
a  bouncer. — 4.  A  strong  muscular  fellow  kept 
in  a  hotel,  restaurant,  or  other  public  resort,  to 
bounce  or  expel  disorderly  persons.  [Slang, 
U.  S.]  —  5.  A  liar;  a  boaster;  a  bully. —  6.  A 
barefaced  lie.     [Colloq.] 

But  you  are  not  deceiving  me  ?  You  know  the  first  time 
you  came  into  my  shop  what  a  bouncer  you  told  me. 

Cotman  the  Youmjer,  John  Bull,  ii.  ;i. 

bouncing  (boun'sing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bounce,  v.] 
1.  Vigorous;  strong;  stout:  as,  "the  bouncing 
Amazon,"  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2;  "a  bouncing 
lass,"  Bulwer,  Pelham,  xlix. — 2.  Exaggerated; 
excessive ;  big.     [Colloq.] 

We  have  had  a  merry  and  a  lusty  ordinary. 
And  wine,  and  good  meat,  and  a  bouncing  reckoning. 
Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  i.  2. 
3.  Lying;  bragging;  boastful. 

I  never  saw  such  a  liouncimj,  swaggering  puppy  since  I 
was  burn.  Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iii. 

bouncing-bet  (boim '  sing-bet '),  «.  [That  is, 
bouncing  Bet;  Bet,  Betsy,  familiar  forms  of  Eli- 
zabeth.] A  name  of  the  common  soapwort,  Sa- 
ponaria  officinalis.     See  Saponaria. 

bouncingiy  (boun'sing-U),  adv.  Boastingly. 
liarrou,  Pope's  Supremacy. 

boundl  (bound),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bownde, 
bowne;  <  ME.  boundc,  boune,  bunne,  <  OF.  bunne, 
bonne,  bone,  bune,  also  bunde,  bonde  (AF. 
boundc),  earlier  bodnc,  <  ML.  bodina,  bodena 
(also,  after  OF.,  bunna,  bonna),  earlier  butina. 


bound 

a  bound,  limit.     Cf.  botirn^,  a  variant  of  the 
same  word.]     1.  That  which  limits  or  circum- 
scribes; an  external  or  limiting  line;  hence, 
that  which  keeps  in  or  restrains;  limit;  eon- 
fine  :  as,  the  love  of  money  knows  no  bounds. 
Illimitable  ocean,  without  bound. 
Without  dimension  I         Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  892. 
The  dismal  night  —  a  night 
In  which  the  bounds  of  heaven  and  earth  were  lost. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Artlmr. 

But  the  power  of  the  West-Saxon  ruler  stretched  beyond 

tlie  liounds  of  Wessex,  where,  eastward  of  the  Andrcds- 

weald,  the  so-called  "  Kastern   Kingdom"  grr/uped  itself 

round  the  centre  of  Kent.    ./.  /(.  Green,  Conij.  of  fCng.,  p.  05. 

2.  pi.  The  teri'itory  included  within  boundary- 
lines  ;  domain. 

These  rascals  who  come  hither  to  annoy  a  noble  lady  on 
my  bounds.  .Scott,  Peveril,  I.  vii. 

3.  A  limited  portion  or  piece  of  land,  enjoyed 
by  the  owner  of  it  in  respect  of  tin  only,  and 
by  virtue  of  an  aiudent  jirescription  or  liberty 
foroncouragementtothetinuers.  J'ryce.  [Corn- 
wall.] Butts  and  bounds.  See  te((2.—xo  beat  the 
llOundBt,totian-  out  the  boundariesof  a  parish  by  touch- 
ing certain  points  with  a  rod.  -  Syn.  1.  Border,  Confine, 
etc.     .See  boundary. 

boundl  (bound),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  botmden,  <  bounde, 
n.]    It.  To  confine  within  fixed  limits;  restrain 

by  limitation. 

O  God  !  I  could  be  bounded  In  a  nut-shell,  and  count 
myself  a  king  of  inflnite  space,  were  it  not  tiiat  I  have  bad 
dreams.  Shak.,  Handet,  iL  2. 

It  is  not  Italy,  nor  France,  nor  Europe, 
That  must  bound  me,  if  my  fates  call  me  fortll. 

B.  Joiison,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  serve  as  a  limit  to ;  constitute  the  extent 
of ;  restrain  in  amount,  degree,  etc. :  as,  to 
bound  our  wishes  by  our  means. 

Quatf  inmiortality  and  joy,  secure 

Of  surfeit,  where  full  measure  only  bounds 

Excess.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  639. 

3.  To  form  or  constitute  the  boundary  of; 
serve  as  a  bound  or  limit  to :  as,  the  Pacific 
ocean  bounds  the  United  States  on  the  -west. 

The  lasting  dominion  of  Rome  was  bounded  by  the  Rhine 
and  the  Danube.       E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  1U7. 

4.  To  name  the  boundaries  of:  as,  to  bound 
the  State  of  New  York.  =  Syn.  To  circumscribe,  re- 
strict, hem  in,  border. 

bound^  (bound),  r.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ; 
<  F.  bondir,  leap,  bound,  orig.  make  a  loud  re- 
sounding noise;  perhaps  <  LL.  bombitare,  hum, 
buzz,  freq.  verb  <  L.  bombus,  a  humming  or 
buzzing,  >  bomb'^,  q.  v.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  leap; 
jump;  spring;  move  by  leaps. 

Before  his  lord  the  ready  spaniel  bounds. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  99. 

2.  To  rebound,  as  an  elastic  ball.  =  syn.  Leap, 

Spring,  etc.    See  skip,  v.  i. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  leap.     [Rare.] 
If  I  might  buffet  for  my  love,  or  l>ound  my  horse  for 
her  favours,  I  could  lay  on  like  a  butcher,  and  sit  like  a 
jack-an-apes,  never  off.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

2.  To  cause  to  rebound :  as,  to  bound  a  ball. 
bound^  (bound),  H.     [<  bound",  r.]     1.  A  leap 
onward  or  upward;  a  jump;  a  rebound. 

The  horses  started  with  a  sudden  bound.  Addison. 

These  inward  disgusts  are  but  the  first  hounds  of  this 
ball  of  contention.  Decay  of  Christ.  Piety. 

2.  In  ordnance,  the  path  of  a  shot  between 
two  gi'azes:  generally  applied  to  the  horizon- 
tal distance  passed  over  by  the  shot  between 
the  points  of  impact. 

bound'^  (bound),  j>.  a.  [Pp.  of  bind;  as  an 
adj.,  in  the  sense  of  obligatory,  usually  iu  the 
fuller  form,  boundcn,  <  ME.  bounden,  <  AS. 
bunden,  pp.  of  bindan,  bind:  see  bind.]  1. 
Made  fast  by  a  band,  tie,  or  bond ;  specifically, 
in  fetters  or  chains ;  in  the  condition  of  a  pris- 
oner. 
Now  Annas  had  sent  him  bouJid  unto  Caiaphas. 

John  xviii.  24. 

Hence — 2.  Made  fast  by  other  than  physical 
bonds. 

We  are  bound  together  for  good  or  for  evil  in  our  great 
political  interests. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Pittsburgh,  July,  1S33. 

3.  Confined ;  restrained ;  restricted ;  held  firmly. 
Besides  all  this,  he  was  bouiui  to  certain  tributes  all 

more  or  less  degrading.  Brougham. 

Hence — 4.  Obliged  by  moral,  legal,  or  com- 
pellable ties ;  under  obligation  or  compulsion. 
\N'lien  the  case  had  been  heard,  it  was  evident  to  all  meu 
that  the  bishop  had  done  only  what  he  was  bound  to  do. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  £ng.,  vL 
5.  Certain;  sure.     [Colloq.] 

Tliose  of  his  follow  iug  considered  him  as  smart  as  chain- 
lightning  and  bouiul  to  rise. 

Hou^eHs,  Modem  Instance,  xu. 


bound 

6.  Determined:  resolved:  as,  he  is  bound  to 
do  it.  [Colloq.,  Tj.  S.]  —7.  In  entom.,  attached 
by  the  posterior  extremity  to  a  perpendicuiar 
object,  and  supported  in  an  upright  position 
against  it,  by  a  silken  thread  passing  across 
the  thorax,  as  the  chrysalides  of  certain  l^pi- 
doptera. — 8.  Constipated  in  the  bowejs;  cos- 
tive.—  9+.  Pregnant:  said  of  a  woman. — 10. 
Provided  with  binding  or  a  cover :  said  of  books, 
etc. :  as.  boiwd  volumes  can  be  obtained  in  ex- 
change for  separate  parts ;  bound  in  leather. — 
Bound  electricity,  see  induction.— BoiinA  extra,  in 
lull  hinJinL.'  (as  opposed  to  half-  or  quarter-binding),  tull- 
tooled.  and  forwarded  and  finished  with  extra  care  (gener- 
allv  bv  hand)  and  in  the  best  materials :  applied  to  bound 
books".— Bound  up  in.  (a)  Embodied  in ;  inseparably 
connected  with. 
The  whole  State  .  .  .  being  bound  up  in  the  sovereign. 

Brouijkam. 

Qnarrel  not  rashly  with  adversities  not  yet  understood, 
and  overlook  not  the  mercies  often  bound  up  !h  them. 

Sir  T.  Browm,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  29. 

(6)  Having  all  the  affections  centered  in ;  entirely  devoted 
to. 

She  is  the  only  child  of  a  decrepit  father  whose  life  is 
bound  up  in  hers.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  449. 

bound*  (bound),  a.  [With  excrescent  -d  after 
n,  as  in  soundo,  rounds,  etc.,  or  by  confusion 
with  bound'i,  <  HE.  boun,  bouue,  ready,  pre- 
pared: see  6o«H,  a.]  Prepared;  ready;  heuee, 
going  or  intending  to  go;  desfuied:  with  to 
oi  for:  as,  I  am  ftoHHrf /or  London;  the  ship  is 
boitndfor  the  Mediterranean. 

A  chieftain  to  the  Highlands  boujui. 

Campbell,  Lord  tHlin's  Daughter. 
Willing  we  sought  your  shores,  and  hither  bound, 
The  port  so  long  desired  at  length  we  found. 

Dnjden,  .-Eneid,  vii.  294. 

boimd^t  (bound),  V.  i.  [Var.  of  boun,  v.,  as 
bound*,  a.,  of  boun,  a.]     To  lead;  go.     [Rare.] 

The  way  that  does  to  heaven  bound. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  I.  .\-.  67. 

boundary  (boun'da-ri),  «. ;  pi.  boundaries  (-riz). 
[<  6i<»/((/l  + -iiri/ ;' ct.  ML.  bunnariunt,  bonna- 
rium.  a  field  with  certain  limits.]  That  wliich 
serves  to  indicate  the  boimds  or  limits  of  any- 
thing ;  hence,  a  limiting  or  bounding  line :  a 
bound :  as,  the  horizon  is  the  boundary  of  vision ; 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States. 

.Sleep  hath  its  own  world, 
A  boundary  between  the  things  misnamed 
Death  and'existcnce.  Jlijrun,  The  Dream,  i. 

The  Tamar  was  fixed  as  a  boundary  for  the  West  Welsh 


bouquet-bolder 

God,  the  bounti/ul  author  of  our  being.  Locke. 

Our  king  spares  nothing  to  give  them  the  share  of  tliat 
felicity  of  which  he  is  so  bounti.ftd  to  his  kingdom. 

Dry  den. 
2.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  bounty; 
abundant;  liberal;  ample:  as,  a  bountiful  sup- 
ply. 

Nurse  went  up  stairs  with  a  most  bountiftd  cut  of  home- 
baked  bread  and  butter.     Brooke,  Foul  of  Quality,  I.  167. 


The  late  bounti/id  grant  from  His  Majesty's  ministers. 
Burke.  Nabob  of  Arcot. 


h'li 

allu  I. II  I. 
fttilli' 

A   Hli 

bounded  i 

or  liidits; 
ominpcd ; 


642 

The  meaner  cares  of  life  were  all  he  knew ; 
Bounded  his  pleasures,  and  his  wislies  few. 

Crabhe,  Tlie  Library. 

.\n  eye  well-practised  in  nature,  a  spirit  bounded  and  poor. 
Tennyson,  Maud,  iv.  7. 

boundedness  (boun'ded-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  bounded,  limited,  or  circumscribed; 
limited  extent  or  range. 

Both  ai-e  singularly  bounded,  our  working-class  repro- 
ducing, in  a  way  unusualin  other  countries,  the  bounded- 
»t\-;<  of  the  middle,     it.  Arnold,  The  Nadir  of  Liberalism. 
bounden  (botm'den  or -dn),  ;).  (7.     [Older  form  bountifully  (boun'ti-fid-i),  a((i'.    In  a  bountiful 
of  iOKHrfS.  pp.  of /)/«(?.]     1.  Obliged;  botmd,  or    manner;  liberally;  largely. 

They  are  less  bounti.ftdly  provided  than  the  rich  with 
the  materials  of  happiness  for  the  present  life. 

Bp.  Porteous,  Lectures.  11.  xvii. 

bountifulness  (boun'ti-fid-nes),  «.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  bountiful ;  liberality  in  the  bestow- 
ment  of  gifts  and  favors. 

bountiheadt,  bountiboodt  (boun'ti-hed,  -hiid), 
n.  [One  of  Spenser's  words;  <  boiinti/  +  -liead^ 
-hood.}    Bounteousness ;  goodness;  virtue. 

On  iirme  foundation  of  true  bountyhed. 

Spetiser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  1. 

bountith,  ».     See  bounteth. 

boun -tree  (bou'tre),  «.     [An  imexplained  var. 

of  bdur-tm  .'\  Same  as  bonr-trce.  [Scotch.] 
bounty  (boim'ti),  n. ;  pi.  bounties  (-tiz).  [<  ME. 
hountci;  liounti;<,  AF.  bountcc,  OF.  bontc,  bonteit, 
bontct,  buntet,  mod.  F.  bonti-  =  Pr.  bontat  =  Sp. 
bonddd  =  Pg.  bondadc  =  It.  bonta,  <  L.  ipiii- 
ta{t-)s,  goodness,  <  bonus,  good:  see  ftooJiS.] 
If.  (joodness;  virtue. 

Ne  blott  the  bounty  of  all  womankind 

'Mongst  thousands  good,  one  wanton  dame  to  find. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  49. 

2.  Liberality  in  bestowing  gifts  and  favors; 
generosity;  munificence. 

Let  us  adore  Him  for  the  streams  of  bounty,  which  flow 
unceasingly,  from  the  fountains  of  His  life,  to  all  His 
countless" creatures.  Channimi,  Perfect  Life,  p.  84. 

3.  A  favor  bestowed  with  a  benevolent  dispo- 
sition ;  that  which  is  given  bounteously ;  a  free 
gift:  as,  "thy  morning  6()MH/jc»',"  Vowpcr. 

We  concluded  our  visit  with  a  bounty,  which  was  very 
acceptable.  Addi-^on,  Sir  Kogcr  and  the  Witches, 

4.  A  premitim  or  reward ;  specifically,  a  pre- 
mium olTered  by  a  government  to  induce  men 
to  etilist  into  the  public  service,  or  to  encourage 
some  branch  of  industry,  as  liusbandry,  manu- 
factures, or  commerce — Bounty  emigrant,  one 
whose  passage  to  the  country  where  he'  intt-iuls  to  remain 
is  partly  or  wholly  paid  Iiy  the  govcnunrnt  of  Hiat  eo\m- 
try.— Bounty  Land  Act,  a  United  states  statute  of  is.no 
(9"stat.,  .'I'io),  granting  lands  to  those  engaged  in  the  niili- 
tiiry  service,  or  to  their  widows  or  minor  tbildren.  in 
amounts  proportioned  to  time  of  service.-  Queen  Anne'S 
boimty,  a  fund  institutid  by  (Juein  .Vnnc  from  the  first 
fruits  and  tithes  of  the  lavger  bciicllcis  t.f  llic  Kni;lish 
rliunb  111  iiiignienl  the  smaller  clerical  livings.  =Syn.  2. 
Litireitlihi,  (^riiri-iisilif,  etc.     Sec  benejieence. 

bounty-jumper  (boun'ti-.imn"pt'>r),  n.  One  who 
enlists  as  a  soldier  for  the  sake  of  a  bomity 
offered,  and  then  deserts,  as  dtiring  the  Ameri- 
can civil  war  of  1801-65. 

Bringing  into  tlie  service  many  bnunty-jumpcrs,  as  they 
were  called,  w  ho  enlisted  merely  for  money,  and  soon  de- 
serted to  enlist  again. 

Iliyginmn,  Young  Folks'  Hist.  U.  S.,  p.  306. 

Bouphonia  (bo-fo'ni-ij),  «.  pi.  [Gr.  fiov<fi6via,  a 
festival  Willi  sacrifices  of  oxen,  <  rfoifoi'of,  ox- 
slayiiig  {.iov(povciv,  slaughter  oxen),  <  /JotT,  an 
ox,  -t-  -()iovo(,  slaying  (ct.  <pAmi;,  (finr)/,  slaugliter, 
murder),  <  "^('iifo',  slay,  kill.]  An  ancient  Attio 
fesi  ival  in  honor  of  Zeus,  more  commonly  called 
Diijwliii  (wliieh  see). 

kii'),  n.  [F..  a  nosegay,  a  ])lume, 
<  ( l|-'.  Iiiiiisiinil,  Inmiincl  =  I'r.  InLvi/iKl,  lit.  a  lit- 
tle busli,  (liiu.  of  /irwc  =  ( IF.  /)(«,  a  wood,  bush: 
800  /<«/.v,  h(i.il:rl,  lin.sht,  and  /ih.s'/i.]  1.  A  nose- 
gay; a  jjuncli  of  (lowers;  hence,  something  re- 
sembling a  bunch  of  ilowers,  as  a  eliister  of 
precious  stones,  ii  j)iec()  or  lliplit  of  firework.s, 
etc. 

He  entered  the  room  thus  set  off.  with  his  hair  dressed 
in  Uw  llrsl  style,  and  with  a  hiuulsiunc  bnui/uet  in  hli* 
brcimt.  Slernc,  Sentimental  .lourney,  p.  117. 

I  luivc  a  bouquet  to  conu'  home  to-morrow  nuide  up  ol 
diamonds,  and  rubles,  an<l  emeraldK. 

Ci'lnnin  ami  (warrick.  flatiilestln)'  Marriage,  I.  2. 

2.  An  agreeable  iion-Npiritous  perfume  cliar- 
nclerislie  of  some  wines. 
bouquet-holder  (bii-ka'h61*d<"r),  «.  A  contri- 
vaiii-e  fur  lioliling  logellie)'  the  stenm  of  cut 
llowers,  wliellier  liilil  in  (lie  liniid  or  secured  to 
tlie  dreSH.  llou(|iict  hciMrrs  lii'ld  in  Ihi'  hand  arc  rcnro. 
wnted  In  ani'lenl  Kgyiitlan  has  reliefs  and  paintings;  llicy 

have  always  been  useil  In  China Ic  of  line  Imskctwork 

and  of  valuable  minerals;  and  In  II Ighlecnth  century, 

In  wcMtern  r.urope.  woiiHMi  carried  Mid  lliisks  of  metal  or 
glass  Insi'rlcd  within  the  corsage,  holding  tall  no«ego.Vi 
which  covered  the  hosoni.     Also  called  bouquetier. 


under  obligation ;  beholden. 

I  am  much  bounden  to  your  majesty. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  3. 
It  is  no  common  thing  when  one  like  you 
Performs  the  delicate  services,  and  therefore 
I  feel  myself  much  bounden  to  you,  Oswald. 

Wordmvorth,  The  Borderers,  i. 

2.  Appointed;  indispensable;  obligatory. 
I  offer  tliis  my  bounden  nightly  sacrifice.  Coleridge. 

[In  both  senses  archaic,  its  only  present  com- 
mon use  being  in  the  phrase  bounden  duty.'] 

boundenlyt  (botm'den-li  or  -dn-U),  adi.  In  a 
bounden  or  dutiful  manner:  as,  "most  houn- 
dunbj  obedient."'  Ochin,  Sermons  (trans.),  Epist. 
Dedicatory,  1583. 

bounder  (bomi'der),  n.  1.  One  who  limits;  one 
who  establishes  or  imposes  bounds. 

Now  the  bounder  of  all  these  is  only  God  himself. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  274. 
2t.  Boundary. 

Kingdoms  are  bound  within  their  boxtnders,  as  it  were 
in  bamls.  Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  274. 

3t.  Formerly,  in  Cornwall,  England,  an  officer 
whose  business  it  was  yearly  to  renew  (hence 
also  called  the  renewer  or  toHur)  the  marks  in- 
dicating the  corners  of  a  tin-boimd.    This  had  to 
be  done  once  a  year,  and  usually  on  a  saint's  day,  and  the 
operation  consisted  in  cuttingont  a  turf  from  each  corner, 
and  piling  it  on  the  top  of  the  little  bank  of  turf  already 
laid  there.     Pryee. 
boundless  (bound'les),  a.     [<  bound'^  +  -?c.s,«.] 
Without  botuids  or  limits;  unlimited;  uncon- 
fiued;  immoastu-aljle :  illimitable;  iniinite  :  as, 
boundless  space;  boundless  power. 
He  who.  from  zone  to  zone. 
Guides  through  the  boundless  sky  thy  certain  flight. 

Bntant,  To  a  Waterfowl. 
In  England  there  is  no  written  constitution  ;  the  powers 
of  Parliament,  of  King,  Lords,  and  Commons,  acting  to- 
gether, are  literally  boumllcfs. 

K.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  191. 


the'xOTuf  \VeW*oL^S'wa"es'''''°''  """""  "  ''""'"''"^  '""■  boundlcssly (bound'les-li), adv.    Inaboundloss 

J.  yj.  GrMn,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  212.  niuniier. 
=Syn.  Boundary,  Bouml,  Border.  Contine,  Frcndier.  A  bOUndleSSUCSS  (bound'los-nes),  «.  The  state 
bouwlnrii.  in  its  'stricter  sense,  U  a  visible  mark  indica^  or  (|iuility  of  being boimdless  or  without  limits. 
Inj  a  dividing-line  beHveen  two  things,  or  it  is  that  line  bounduret  (boun'dtir),  «.  [<  bound^  +  -ure. 
iUelf;  it  marks  off  a  given  thing  from  other  things  like  (■,■. /,„„„,/,„■,/.]  A  limit  or  bound.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 
In  kind,  as  one  field  or  country  from  another.    A6ou<ii/,oii  ■'  -i         .   _ 

the  other  hand,  is  the  limit  or  furthest  point  of  extension 
of  one  given  thing,  that  which  limits  it  not  beingspccially 
connidere<l ;  it  can  be  used  of  that  which  is  not  limited 
by  anything  like  in  kind;  as,  the  Itoundaries  of  a^tleld, 
but  the  Itounils  of  space  ;  the  boundaries  of  a  science,  but 
the  ttouwU  of  knowledge.  Hence  the  llgiirative  uses  of 
btntwt :  as.  "  I  believe  I  speak  within  Itounds."  where  boun- 
daries would  lie  absurd.  'Thus,  the  bounds  of  a  parish  may 
l>e  defined  by  certain  marks  or  bouwlaries,  as  heaps  of 
tUnwA,  ilikes,  hedges,  streams,  etc.,  separating  it  from  the 
adjoining  parishes.  But  the  two  words  are  often  inter- 
changeable. A  Itorder  is  a  belt  or  band  of  territory  lying 
along  a  bouwl  or  tMpuiutary.  A  eon/me  is  the  region  at  or 
near  the  edge,  and  generally  a  narrower  margin  than  a 
border.  A /ronlier  is  a  tiorder  viewed  as  a  front  or  place  of 
cntmnce :  as,  he  was  met  at  the  frontier.  The  w<)ril  Is 
inw'd  most  In  connection  with  military  operations  :  as, 
their /rontiers  were  well  protected  by  fortresses. 

I  at  least,  who.  In  my  fiwn  West. Saxon  home,  find  my 
own  Ili'lds  and  my  own  parish  bounded  by  a  Imundary 
drawn  in  the  year  .^77,  am  not  disposed  to  ilisbelicve  the 
record  of  the  events  wlilch  lerl  t4)  the  fixing  of  that  bimn- 
dary.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Anier.  Lects.,  p.  106. 

Uc  pau'd  tho  flanilng  Iffjunds  of  space  and  time. 

<iroy.  Prog,  of  Poesy,  ill.  2. 
His  tirlncedom  lay 
t'lwic  on  the  borders  of  a  l^.-rrltory 
Whoretn  were  bandit  carls,  and  laitltT  knlglltJi. 

Trnnysiin,  (loratnt. 
The  heavens  ami  sea 
Me«t  at  their  confine*.  In  tho  middle  way. 

hrjfden,  Vvyx  and  Alcyone,  1.  1.^4. 

I  I  alr'^nifthencd  her  western  .frontier  against 
(r  "III  til"  Welsh  by  the  erection  of  forts  lit 
I  I'.riilK'iiorth. 

./.  R.  Orren.  Conn.  "'  F-ng.,  p.  19". 

bound-bailifft  (botind'bS'lif),  n.     [<  hound-*  + 

ejilicfl,  aecowling  \o  BlnekHtune,  in 

llie  bimij  given  liv  llie  bnililT  for  tlie 

'i!iri,'e  of  liJH  ilutieN;  but  tlie  teriii  is 

'M.iiH  explamition  of  bumb(iili{f.] 

<r:  II  liiiinbailifT 


bounteous  (bouu'te-us),  a.  [Early  mod.  K. 
also  honntudus:  <  JIE.  bountyuous,  br)nt<'u<ius, 
earlier  hnunterou,'';  bonnfi/reus,  Imnli/rous,  <  OF. 
bontif,  bontire,  benevolent,  <  bonte,  goodness, 
bounty:  ace  bounty  ami  -nn.^.]  1.  Full  of  good- 
ness to  others;  giving  or  disposed  to  give  free- 
ly; free  in  bestowing  gifts;  botmtiful;  gener- 
ously liberal. 

Such  was  her  soul :  abhorring  avarice, 

Bounteous,  but  almost  bounteous  to  a  vice. 

Vrydcn,  Eleonora,  1.  SO. 

I  wonder'd  at  the  bounteous  hours, 

The  slow  result  of  winter  showers: 

You  scarce  could  see  the  grass  for  llowers. 

Tennyson.  Two  Voices, 

2.  Characterized  by  or  emanating  from  bounty ; 

freely  bestowed ;  liberal ;  plentiful;  abundHiit.  bouquet  (1 

Beauteous  niggard,  why  dost  thou  abuse 

The  bounteous  largess  given  thee  to  give? 

.Shak.,  .Sonimts,  Iv. 

=  8yn.  1.  Munifleent.  generous,  bencllcent,  kind, 
bounteously  fbonn'te-us-li),  ndr.     In  a  bnun- 
IciiHH  iiiiiiiiier;  with  generous  liberality;  liber- 
ally; generously;  largely;  freely. 

Let  me  know  that  man. 
Whoso  lovo  Is  no  sincere  U>  spend  his  blood 

For  my  sake  ;  I  will  hminlrniisty  reiinltv  lilni. 

lieou.  and  Ft.,  Honest  Mans  Knitnne,  II.  2. 

bounteousness  (lioim'te-us-nes),  n.  The  ([ual- 
ily  of  being  bminteouK;'  liberality  in  bestowing 
gi'l'ls  or  fiivoi-M;  innnitieenee;  kiiulneMS. 

bounteth,  bountith  (I'oiin'teth,  -lith),  v.  [So., 
<  liile  mi;.  lo,nnlith.  <  <)!•'.  buntet,  liontet,  earlier 
form  of  tninte,  >  .MK.  Iniunle,  K.  bounty,  (\.  v.] 
Bounty;  h| Ilieally,  the  bounty  given  in  addi- 
tion to  Hlipiihited  wiigeH, 

bountevouBt,  "•  A  Middle  English  form  of  6o«H- 


tiiint.      Chiiueer. 
I.oiiu'dod),    II.    a.      Having   ImiindH  bountiful  (liouii'ti-fi'il),   ri.      [<  bounli/  +  -ful.] 
limited;   circumscribed;   conflned;     1.   |,ibenil  in  beHtowing  gifts,  fuvors,  or  bouu- 
nurrow.  ties;  munificent;  genorouH. 


bouquetier 

bouijuetier  (bo-ke-ter' ;  F.  pron.  bo-ke-tya' ),  n. 
[F.,  a  tlower-vase,  bouquet-holder,  <  bouquet  : 
see  bouquet.]  A  bouquet-holder,  especially  one 
designed  to  be  carried  in  the  hand. 

bouquetin  (F.  pron.  b6-ke-tari'),  n.  [F.,  earlier 
b(iii(-<st)iin,  bouc-d'estain  (Cotgrave),  lit.  'wool- 
goat'  {bouc,  goat;  de,  of;  estain,  mod.  F.  ctain, 
carded  wool),  but  appar.  orig.  a  trau.sposition 
of  G.  stciiibock,  D.  stcenbok :  see  steinhok.']  The 
Em-opean  ibex  or  steinbok,  Capra  ibex;  hence, 
a  name  of  the  rock-goats  of  the  genus  Ibex. 

bourt,  bouret,  «•  Middle  English  forms  of 
biiini'^. 

bouracbi,  bourock  (bor'ach,  -ok),  n.  [Sc, 
also  written  boirrock,  boorick,  prob.  dim.  of 
hour,  boure,  =  E.  biiwer^,  q.  v.  Cf.  bourach".']  \ . 
An  iuelosuro :  applied  to  the  little  houses  built 
in  jilay  by  ehildi'en. — 2.  A  small  cot  or  hut. 

bouracll-'(bor'ach),  H.  [Sc.  (cf.  borra,  bornidli, 
a  heap  of  stones),  <  Gael,  borriicli,  a  projecting 
baidc:  cf.  borra,  borr,  a  knob  or  bunch,  bornidh, 
a  swelling.  Ct.  boiiraclA.']  1.  A  small  knoU. 
Hof/r/. —  2.  A  heap;  a  confused  heap;  a  clus- 
ter, as  of  trees  or  people ;  a  crowd. 

bourasque  (bii-rask'),  n.  [F.  boiirasque,  now 
bourrasque  =  It.  borasco,  a  storm,  tempest, 
gust :  see  borasco.'\    A  tempest ;  a  storm. 

These  were  members  of  the  Helter  Skelter  Club,  of  the 
Wildfire  Club,  anil  other  associations  formed  for  the  ex- 
press purpose  of  getting  rid  of  care  and  sobriety.  Sucli 
dashers  occasioned  many  a  racket  in  Sleg's  house  and 
many  a  bourasque  in  Meg's  temper. 

Scott,  at.  Ronan's  Well,  I.  27. 

Bourbon  (bor'bon),  H.  [<  F.  Bourbon,  >  Sp. 
Borbon,  It.  Borhoiie.]  1.  A  member  of  the  last 
royal  family  of  France,  or  of  any  of  its  branches. 
Tlic  faiiiil>  took  its  name  from  its  ancient  seigniory  of 
Bourbon  (now  Bourbon  I'Archambault.  in  the  department 
of  AUier),  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  by  collateral  inlicri- 
tance  in  1589,  in  the  person  of  Henry  IV.  The  Bourbon 
dynasty  was  deposed  in  1792,  and  restored  in  1S14.  The 
revolution  of  1830  brought  to  the  throne  Louis  i'hilippc 
(who  was  deposed  in  1848),  of  the  younger  or  Orleans 
branch,  which  succeeded  to  all  the  claims  of  the  family  on 
the  extinction  of  the  elder  branch  in  1883.  A  line  of  Bour- 
bon sovereigns  has  reigned  in  .Spain  (with  two  interrup- 
tions) since  1700,  and  a  branch  of  this  line  held  the  throne 
of  Naples  or  the  Two  Sicilies  from  1735  to  1861. 
2.  One  who,  as  was  said  of  the  Bourbons,  "for- 
gets nothing  and  learns  nothing";  hence,  in 
U.  .S'.  politics,  an  extreme  conservative ;  espe- 
cially, one  who  is  behind  the  time  and  is  op- 
posed to  all  progress:  originally  applied  to 
certain  members  of  the  Democratic  party. — 3. 
[(.  c]  A  kind  of  whisky  made  of  wheat  or  In- 
dian corn :  originally  limited  to  the  corn- whisky 
made  in  Bourbon  county,  Kentucky. 

Bourbonian  (bor-bo'ni-an),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  family  or  dynasties  of  the  Bourbons. 

Bourbonism  (bOr'bon-izm),  11.  [<  Bourbon  + 
-imii ;  =  F.  Bourbonisme.']  1.  The  opinions  of 
those  who  adhere  to  the  house  of  Bourbon; 
legitimism. —  2.  In  P;  5.  po/^ifjcs,  obstinate  con- 
servatism ;  opposition  to  progress. 

Bourbonist  (bor'bon-ist),  n.  [<  Bourbon  + 
-ixf ;  =  P.  Bourboniste.']  One  who  supports  the 
claims  of  the  members  of  the  house  of  Boui-- 
bon  to  the  thrones  they  held ;  specifically,  a 
supporter  of  the  claims  of  the  members  of  "this 
family  to  the  throne  of  France. 

Bourbon  palm.    See  palm. 

bourdif  (bord),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boward, 
boiirde,  <  ME.  boorde,  boiirde,  borde,  burde  = 
MI),  boerde,  D.  6oe?-<=  OFries.  bord  =  ljG.  boert, 
a  jest,  <  OF.  bourde,  horde,  mockery,  banter, 
jest,  P.  bourde,  bouncer,  humljug,  =  Pr.  borda, 
a  jest,  a  cheat,  a  lie ;  cf.  Bret,  bourd,  a  jest  (prob. 
<  F.),  Gael,  buirte,  a  gibe,  tatmt,  burt,  buirt, 
mockery,  =  Ir.  buirt,  a  gibe,  taunt.  Origin  and 
relations  uncertain.]    1.  A  jest;  a  joke;  fun. 

Whether  our  malster  speake  earnest  or  borde. 

Udall,  Koister  Doister,  i.  4. 
Gramercy,  Borrill,  for  thy  company, 
For  all  thy  jests,  and  all  thy  merry  bourds. 

Drayton,  Shepherd's  Garland,  p.  53. 

2.  Mockery;  scoffing. 
bourdH  (bord),  V.     [<  ME.  bourden,  <  OF.  bour- 
der,  sport;  from  the  noun:  see  bourd^,  «.]    I. 
intrans.  To  jest ;  joke ;  say  things  in  jest. 
My  wit  is  gl-eet,  though  that  I  bourde  .ind  pleye. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  316. 

II.  trans.  To  make  game  of. 

Shew 
But  any  least  aversion  in  your  look 
To  him  that  bourds  you  next,  and  your  throat  opens. 

B.  Jonmn,  Catiline,  i.  1. 

bourd-t,  n.     An  obsolete  variant  of  board. 

bourdert  (bor'der),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
boarder,  boarder,  bourdour ;  <  ME.  bourdour, 
burdoure,  bordere,  etc.,  <  AF.  bourdour,   OF. 


643 

bordeor,  a  jester,  <  bourdcr,  border,  jest:  see 
bourdl.]  A  jester;  a  joker;  a  buffoon. 
bourdon'  (bor'don),  n.  [<  ME.  Ij(iitr<liin,<  OF. 
liourdoti  =  Pr.  bdrdo  =  Sp.  Ijordon  =  i'g.  Iiorddo 
=  It.  bordone,  a  staff,  prob.  <  LL.  Iiurdo(n-),  an 
ass,  mule ;  cf.  Sp.  muleta,  a  crutch,  proj),  sup- 
port, a  pai-ti(-ular  use  of  muleta,  fem.  dim.  of 
7KMto,  a  nnilc]  1.  («)  A  staff  used  by  pilgrims 
inthemiiidloages.  (/()Abaton  .- .    _ 


bouse 

burne  (whence  the  reg.  northern  form  burn^,  a. 
v.),  <  AS.  burne,  Imrna,  a  stream:  see  fjurn^. 
Cf.  E.  mourn,  <  AS.  murnan.']  A  stream ;  a 
brook :  same  as  burn^. 

Como  o'er  the  bourn,  Bessy,  to  me. 

.Sluik.,  Jjoe-r,  111.  6  (song). 
IThe  word  occurs  in  various  place-names  in  Great  Britain, 
as  Iloumemoutli  (that  is,  mouth  of  the  burn  or  rivulet), 

WeHttiourne,  i-te.  ] 


'^!^^  A  ,?i'"-''"h  -'^if'-i  ^''^  '^^"'^""  "V'"'*"'-"' «t^'ff;.  bourn^,  bourne'-^  (born  or  bom),  n.    [Early  mod. 
iffi<t  ^    9     A  vvana  u.sc,l  as  a  badge  of     j.;.  ,asoV-on,.;  <  P.  l,orne,  formerly  also  hm,rne,i 

omee. — \i.  A  lance  used  in  the  just.     See /rtwcv.  ,.,..,    ,     ,        ,         '       ,.     .y.  .    .      >" 


— 3.  In  lier.,  a  pilgrim's  staff  used  as  a  bearing. 

bourdon-  (biir'don),  n.  [<  ME.  bourdon,  bur- 
doun,  l)i)rdiruu,  <  (JP.  bourdon,  mod.  P.  bour- 
don, drone  of  a  bagpipe,  bass  in  music,  =  Sp. 
bordon  =  Pg.  borddo  =  It.  bordone,  <  ML.  tiur- 
do{n-},  a  drone.  The  E.  word  is  now  burden, 
the  refrain  of  a  song :  see  burden^.]  In  music: 
(a)  The  drone  of  a  bagpipe,  or  a  monotonous 
and  repetitious  ground-melody.  See  liurdeu'-^. 
(6)  An  organ-stop,  usually  of  IG-feet  lone,  the 
pipes  of  which  are  generally  made  of  wood,  and 
produce  hollow,  smooth  tones,  deficient  in  har- 
monics and  easily  blended  with  other  tones. 

bourdon-  (bor'don),  «;.  j.  [i  bourdon'^,  n."]  In 
music,  to  drone,  as  an  instrument  during  a 
pause  in  singing. 

bourdonasset,  «■  [<  OF.  Ijourdonasse,  <  bour- 
don, a  staff:  see  bourdonX.]     A  lance  having  a 


var.  of  (JP.  Iiodne,  Ijontic,  a  limit,  bound,  boun- 
dary, >  E.  l)ouHd^,  q.  v.]  A  liouiid ;  limit ;  desti- 
nation; goal:  as,  "beyond  the-  bourn  of  sunset," 
Tennyson,  Princess,  (Jonclusion. 

The  undlscovcrefl  country,  from  whose  6o«m 

No  traveller  returns.  tiliuli.,  Hamlet,  Hi.  1. 

There  at  last  it  lay.  the  tiftttrti  of  my  long  and  weary 

lulgiimage,  realizing  tlie  plans  anil  hopes  of  many  and 

ni.iny  u  year.  II.  !•'.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  389. 

bourn-',  bourne-*  (boni),  v.  t.    See  bonc^. 

bournless  (liorn'-  or  bom'les),«.  [<  hourn^  + 
-less.]     Having  no  bourn  or  limit.     [Rare.] 

bournonite  (bor'no-nit),  ».  [^Vfter  Count  de 
Bournon,  a  Prencli  mineralogist  (1751-182.5).] 
A  sulphid  of  antimony,  lead,  and  copper,  of 
a  steel-gray  color  and  brilliant  metallic  luster, 
found  in  the  Ilarz  mountains,  Cornwall,  and 
Mexico.  Wheet'ore  is  a  variety  which  owes  its  name  to 
the  form  of  the  twin  crystals,  rescndjiing  a  cog-wheeL 
Also  called  endellionilc. 


bourdonn6  (bdr-do-na'),  a.     [OF.,  <  bourdon,  a  bourock   "      See  Iwurach^ 
staff.]   In  Aer.,  terminating  m  knobs  or  balls:  ^ourran'  »      See  Iniran 
as,  a  bourdonne  cross,  which  is  the  same  as  a  bourr^e  (bO:ra'),'«.  [P.':  see  6oree.]   1.  A  lively 


er().<.s-  ponimce.     Soe  pom mce. 

bourgl  (biirg),  n.  [P.,  <  ML.  burgus,  <  OHG. 
MHG.  bure,  G.  burg  =  E.  borougli^,  q.  v.  Cf. 
burf/i,  burgh.]  A  town  ;  a  borough :  chiefly  -with 
reference  to  French  towns.     [Rare.] 

Ye  think  the  rustic  cackle  of  yr)ur  tmurg 

The  umrmur  of  the  world !       Tenmjmn,  Geraint. 

Bourg"  (borg),  n.  A  name  given  to  the  red  wine 
of  a  large  district  in  Prance  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Dordogne. 

bourgade  (bor-gad'),  n.     [P.,  <  houry,  a  town, 


market-town:   seeftowcr/l.]    A   straggling  vil-  bourrelet  (biir-la'). 


dance,  originating  either  in  Auvergne  or  in  Bis- 
cay.—  2.  A  musical  composition  in  which  the 
strict  rhythm  and  cheerful  character  of  such  a 
dance  are  embodied,  it  is  usually  written  in  duple 
rhythm,  the  phrases  being  two  measures  long,  beginning 
with  the  last  half  of  the 
up-beat.  It  was  nmch 
used  as  one  member  of 
the  old-fashioned  tntite, 
and  is  still  popular  as  a 
form  of  composition.  It 
illied  tii  the  ijavot. 


n.  [P. :  see  burlet.] 
1.  The  stuffed  roll 
(see  burlet)  which 
formed  a  part  of  fe- 
male head-dress  in 
the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury.— 2.  In  milit. 
costume,  a  -ivreath  or 
turban  of  stuff,  worn 
upon  the  helmet. — 
3.  In  her.    See'tortil. 


a  small  French  or  Swiss  market-town. 
The  canton  consists  only  of  villages  and  little  towns  or 
bouniade.^.  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV,  32. 

bourgeois^  (bijr-zhwo'),  n.  and  a.  [P.,  mod. 
form  of  OF.  burgeis,  a  citizen,  >  E.  burgess,  q. 
v.]  I.  u.  1.  In  Prance,  a  citizen;  a  burgher; 
a  man  of  middle  rank. — 2.  A  small  French 
coin  of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  bourgeoU 
simple  was  worth  about  a  cent  and  a  half,  the  bourgeois 
fart  twice  as  much. 

II.  a.  1.  Belongingto  or  consisting  of  trades-     __  ^_^ ^  ,^ _ 

people  or  citizens  of  middle  rank:  a,fi,  bourgeois  bourse  (bors)  n.  [F.' 
surroundings ;  the  bourgeois  class  of  France,  a  purse  bursary' 
Hence  —  2.  Wanting  in  dignity  or  refinement;  -   '  * 

common;  mean. 

We  have  no  word  in  English  that  will  exactly  define 
this  want  of  propriety  in  diction.  Vulgar  is  too  strong, 
and  connnonplace  too  weak.  Perhaps  bourgeois  comes 
as  near  as  any.     Lowell.  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  26. 

bourgeois",  burgeois  (ber-jois'),  «.  [Supposed 
to  be  so  called  from  a  type-founder  named 
Bourgeois:  see  tmurgeois^.  The  P.  name  for 
this  tjTje  is  gaiUarde :  see  gailliardc,  galliard.] 

A  size  of  printing-type  measuring  about  100  i,-,,_  +.,„„  /V,"„'»  .-\  "       ro       -i  n   j  t 

lines  to  thi  foot,  next  larger  than  brevier  and  ^T"wMt  „.  ?^L      P    '     ff  spelled  6«r- 
=^all„v  fb.„,  ln„o--nvimer  ^' "'>  *'".tl"^?'  ^I'd  boun-trec,  and  formerly  burt- 


Bourrelet  in  head-dress  of  Queen 
Isabeau    of    B.i%-aria:     about    1305. 

( From    VioUet-le-Duc'i    "  Diet,    (fit 
MobiUcr  fran^ais.") 


an  exchange,  <  OP. 

borse,  <  ML.  bursa,  a 

purse,  bag,  etc.:  see  burse,  purse.]     1.  A  stock 

exchange ;  specifically,  the  stock  exchange  of 

Paris,  and  hence  used  of  continental  European 

exchanges  in  general. 

i'ratemities  and  companies  I  approve  of,  as  merchants' 

bourses,  colleges  of  druggists,  physicians,  musicians,  etc. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  65. 

2t.  The  bag  of  a  v.-\g.     See  bagl,  3 


smaller  than  long-primer. 

This  line  is  printed  in  bourgeois. 

bourgeoisie  (bor-zhwo-ze'),  n.  [P.,  <  botir- 
geois,  a  citizen :  see  bourgeois^.]  Properly,  the 
French  middle  classes,  but  often  applied  to  the 
middle  classes  of  any  countiy,  especially  those 
depending  on  trade. 


tree,  <  ME.  burtre,  <  bur-  (uncertain,  but  not, 
as  supposed  by  some,  <  6orcl,  as  if  from  the  use 
of  elder-t\vigs,\vith  tlie  pith  removed,  as  tubes; 
ef.  Sc.  bourtree-,  bountrij-guu,  an  air-gun  of  el- 
der) -I-  tree.]  A  Scotch  name  of  the  elder-tree, 
Sambucus  nigra — Bourtree-gun,  a  pop-gun  or  bean- 
shooter  made  of  the  wood  of  the  bour-tree  after  the  pith 
lias  ticcn  removed. 


There  is  no  bourgeoisie  to  speak  of ;  immediately  after  bousa  (bo'sa),  «.     Same  as  boza. 
the  aristocracy  come  the  poor  people  who  are  v-ery  poor  boUSe^  (boiiz,  also  boz,  but  in  the  latter  pron. 
indeed  H.  James,  Jr.,  Irans.  Sketches,  p.  263.      .    ..^n  -, .        ,  .  .  ,  ,  t^      , 

'  ^  usually  written  booze),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boused, 

ppr.  bou.9ing.     [Also  written  bowse,  6oK.rc,  and 


bourgeon,  «•  and  r.     See  burgeon 
bourgignot,  bourginot,  ".    Variants  of  burga- 

net. 

Bourguignon  (P.  pron.  bor-ge-nyon'),  «•  [F., 
<  Bour(ioiiii( ,  Burgund.y.]  A  native  or  an  inhab- 
itant of  Buigimdy;  aBurgundian. 

Bourignian  (bo-riu'yan),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Bourignonists  or  to  tlieir  doctrines. 

Bourignonist  (bii-rin'yon-ist),  n.  One  of  a  sect 
foimdcd  by  Antoinette  Bourignon  (161(5-80), 
a  religious  enthusiast  who  assumed  the  Au- 
gustinian  habit,  and  traveled  in  France,  Hol- 
land, England,  and  Scotland     ■ 


also,  repr.  the  now  most  common  though  dial. 
pron.,  boose,  l>oo:e;  early  mod.  E.  bouse,  botrse, 
<  ME.  bousen  (rare),  appar.  <  MD.  bOsen,  later 
huisen,  buysen  =  G.  bau-icn,  drink,  guzzle;  cf. 
MD.  buise,  a  large  ih-inking-vessel,  appar.  iden- 
tical with  D.  buis,  a  tube,  pipe,  conduit,  chan- 
nel.   Cf.  bus,  a  box,  barrel,  and  see  boss^,  box-.] 
Same  as  booze,  which  is  now  the  usual  form. 
As  though  bold  Robin  Hood 
Would,  with  his  Maid  Marian, 
Sup  and  buic.^e  from  horn  and  can. 

Keai.^,  Lines  on  the  Mermaid  Tavern. 


, She  mainlined  that 

Christianity  docs  not  consist  in  faith  anil  practice,  but  in  bOUSe^  (bouz,  also  boz,  but  in  the  latter  pron. 
inw.ard  feeling  .and  supernatural  inipulse.  USuaUv  written  feoojC,  q.  V.),  N.      Same  as  600.-C. 

bournl,  bournel  (bom),  ».    [Early  mod.  E.  also        ^o  fro'twe .'  nor  no  tobacco? 
boorne,  borne,  <  ME.  bourne,  borne,  var.  of  earher  iiatsimier,  New  Wav  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  L  1. 


bouse 

bouse-,  bowse^  (bous),  v.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 
io«o.e</,  boicstil,  ppr.  bousing,  bowsing.  [Former- 
ly also  ■nrittentoirss;  origimuiknowii.]  2<'ai(t., 
to  haul  with  tackle. 

After  the  rigging  is  bowsfJ  well  taut,  the  seizings  and 
coverings  [mustj  be  replaced,  which  is  a  very  nice  piece 
o(  work.  Jl.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  16. 

To  bouse  up  the  Jlh,  figuratively,  to  get  "  tight "  or 
drunk.     [Slang.) 

bouse''  (bous  or  bos),  )i.  [E.  dial.,  formerly  bnus ; 
orijnn  obscure.]  In  mining,  ore  mixed  \vith 
veinstone ;  second-class  ore,  ■which  must  un- 
dergo further  preparation  before  going  to  the 
smelter.     [Xorth.  Eng.  lead-mining  districts.] 

bouse^,  ".     Same  as  buose^. 

bouse-team  (bous'tem),  n.  In  mining,  the  place 
where  bouse  is  deposited  outside  of  the  mine, 
ready  to  be  dressed  or  prepared  for  the  smelter. 
[North.  Eng.] 

boustrophedon  (bo-stro-fe'don),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3ov- 
czpoprji^ov,  turning  backward  and  forward  like 
oxen  in  plowing,  <  .Jotf,  ox,  -I-  arpifuv,  turn.] 
A  method  of  writing  shown  in  early  Greek  in- 
scriptions, in  which  the  lines  run  alternately 
from  right  to  left  and  fi-om  left  to  right,  as  the 
furrows  made  in  plowing  a  field,  the  plow  pass- 
ing alternately  backward  and  forward. 

It  has  been  noticed  by  Bbckh  and  p'ranz  that  in  the  ear- 
liest examples  of  Imu^iroptudon  writing  the  first  line  is 
from  right  to  left,  and  the  second  from  left  to  right. 

Imac  Taijlor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  34,  note. 

bousy  (bo'zi),  a.  [<  boiise'^  +  -ij^.  Cf.  boo:y.'\ 
Same  as  boo:ij. 

boutl  (bout),  n.  [-4  later  and  parallel  spelling 
of  binight^,  q.  v.]  1.  A  tm-n,  loop,  coil,  or 
knot,  as  in  a  rope  or  chain ;  a  bend  or  flexure. 

And  at  the  lowest  end  forget  it  not 
To  leave  a  ttiiut  or  compass  like  an  eye. 
The  link  that  holds  your  hook  to  hang  upon. 

Jvhn  Deiimjtf,  in  Arber's  Eng.  tiarner,  I.  150. 

In  notes,  with  many  a  winding  bout 
Of  linked  sweetness  long  drawn  out. 

Miltm,  LAllegro,  1.  139. 

2.  The  part  of  a  sling  that  contains  the  stone. 
— 3.  A  going  and  returning,  as  in  plowing, 
reaping,  etc. ;  hence,  as  much  of  an  action  as 
is  performed  at  one  time;  a  single  part  of  an 
action  which  is  carried  on  at  successive  inter- 
vals.— 4.  A  round  at  anj-thing,  as  in  some  con- 
test; a  set-to;  atrial:  as,  a  ioMt  at  single-stick 
or  fisticuffs. 

The  gentleman  will,  for  his  honour's  sake,  have  one  bout 
with  you.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

Look'ee,  master,  if  you'd  wanted  a  botit  at  boxing,  quar- 
ter-staff, or  short-staff,  I  should  never  be  the  man  to  bid 
you  cry  off.  Sheridan,  Tbe  Kiv:ils,  iv.  1. 

5.  A  round  of  indulgence,  as  in  drink:  as,  a 
drunken  bout. 

Here,  replenish  again  ;  another  bout. 

B.  Jowfon,  Epicoene,  iv.  1. 

6.  A  turn  or  fit  of  illness:  as,  a  severe  bout  of 
rheumatism. —  7.  In  miwic,  an  inward  curve  of 
a  rib  of  an  instrument  of  the  violin  kind,  by 
which  the  waist  is  formed.  — This  (or  that)  bout, 
this  (or  that)  time  or  occasion. 

She  got  off  for  that  bout.  Sir  R.  L'Ettranye. 

The  I*rince  .  .  .  has  taken  me  in  his  train,  so  that  I  am 
in  no  danger  of  starving  for  thiji  bout. 

(ioldifmith,  The  Bee,  No.  1. 

bout-t,  >i<ltK  and  prep.     [Early  mod.  E.  and  E. 

dial.  var.  of  hul^,  q.  v.]     Same  as  liiit^. 
bout-'  (bout),  ailr.  and  prep.     [Abbr.  of  about, 

i|.  V. ;  now  commonly  written  'bout.'\     About. 

(Collnq.  or  naiit.] 
boutadef  (bii-tiid').   "■      [E-,  <  houter,  thrust, 

butt:  see  iii/fl.]    1.  A  sudden  outburst -or  o\it- 

bn^ak, 

Hlji  first  tjftutadr  was  t'»  klirk  both  (heir wlve« one  mf)rn- 
lug  out  of  ibHjrH,  and  his  own  t*H».   Siri/t,  Talc  of  a  Tub,  Iv. 

2.  In  munie:  (a)  Especially,  in  the  early  eigh- 
teenth century,  a  composition  havinc;  an  im- 
promptu iinil  capriciouH  cliuraeter.  (6)  An  ira- 
prntniitu  dance. 

boutant  fbo-toii'), a.  [F.,  i)i)r. of  houlrr, thnist: 
HI'   hullK]     Hi'i;  nrc  bouliinl,  under  orr'. 

boute-feut  (bdt-f^)'),  n.  [F.,  a  fork.-d  match- 
lioMir,  I'riniierly  UHod  for  flrin)(  cannon,  <  bou- 
lir.  Ilirunt,  +  j'lu,  fire,  <  h.  _foru.i,  u  lireploco.] 
An  iiK'i'iidiary ;  one  who  ineiles  lo  Hirife. 

'ly  n  baite  fellow  railed  .lohii  u  rlmrnbiT,  a 

wbo  bore  niNi-li  swiiv  among  th<'  viilifnr, 

lolo  open  rebellion.     /Jno.n.  Ill«t    ll,n  VII. 

-  b'lrdlnmi  of  Htunrt's  nplnl'in*.  lil<<  i>' r  mi,:,)  :,t 
I  "i"  mrlmony  of  bU  IH^niry  llbrK,  |.i.  .  i.i.  i  ., 

-      III. I,    III.  rjitlin-,  of  Klli'b  llullio  - 
li    rr,  I        :-    iiinn  fu.nu  avi-iii'l  bi<  i 
/    /'  ;    -i./i,  Cnbini.  of  Aulb  .  p   . 

bouterollot,  n.    Hame  as  bolerol. 


II 

Itiit  II,. 
Urkv  >!' 
new  f 
horr,  r 
from  ' 


644 

bout-hammert,  "•  [For  ahnut-hnmmcr,  equiv. 
to  (ibout-sledgc,  q.  v.]  A  blacksmiths'  ham- 
mer ;  an  about-sledge. 

I  am  for  ^'ulcan  now,  for  Mars  no  more; 

If  my  wife  scold,  my  boitt-hatniner  ."hall  roar. 

Beau,  and  Fl.  ('.'),  Faithful  Friends,  iv.  5. 

boutisalet,  «.  [An  isolated  instance ;  prop. 
booti/sdlc.'}  A  sale  of  booty;  a  cheap  sale,  as 
a  sale  of  booty  commonly  is. 

The  great  boutisale  of  colleges  and  chantries. 

Sir  J.  Hayward,  Edwai-d  VI.,  p.  SS. 

bouton  Cbo'ton),  n.  [F.]  Button — Biskra  bou- 
ton.  Same  as  Aleppo  button  or  tUcer  (whicb  see,  under 
iilc^rX 

boutonniere  (bo-ton-iar'),  «.  [F.]  A  button- 
hole bouquet. 

bouts,  ".     See  boots'-. 

bouts-rim^S  (bo're-ma'),  ".  p'.  [F.:  bouts,  pi.  of 
bout,  end  (see  butt-);  rimes,  masc.  pi.  of  rime, 
pp,  of  rimer,  rime,  <  rime,  n.,  rime:  see  r/Hic'.] 
Riming  words  given  out  as  tlie  line-endings  of  a 
stanza,  the  other  parts  of  the  lines  having  to 
be  supplied  by  the  ingenuity  of  the  person  to 
whom  the  words  are  given. 

Bou'vardia  (bo-viir'di-ii),  «.  [NL.,  named  in 
honor  of  Dr.  Boiivard,  director  of  the  Jardin 
des  Plantes,  Paris.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Buhiacece,  natives  of  Mexico  and 
Central  America.  They  are  herbs  or  low  shrubs  with 
showy  corymbs  of  red,  yellow,  or  white  flowers.  Several 
species  are  found  in  greenhouses. 

bou'weryt,  ».     Same  as  bower;/".     Irving. 

bouza  (bii'za),  n.     Same  as  bo::a. 

bouze,  II.  and  V.     See  boose. 

bouzy'^,  ti.     See  boo:y. 

Bouzy-  (bo'zi),  H.  A  name  given  to  certain 
sparkling  wines  from  the  small  town  and  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name  in  the  department  of 
Marne  in  France.  The  name  is  also  given,  in- 
appropriately, to  many  other  sparkling  \vines. 

bovate  (bo'vat),  n.  i<  ML.  hovata,  <  L.  bo,^ 
(bor-),  ox:  see  7(os.]  An  allotment  of  land  in 
early  English  \'illage  communities,  the  holder 
of  which  was  bound  to  furnish  one  ox  to  the 
plow-team ;  an  oxgang. 

The  full  husband-land,  or  virgate,  was  composed  of  two 
bin-ate.^,  or  oxgangs,  the  bovate  or  oxgang  being  thus  the 
eighth  of  the  hide  or  carucate. 

Seebohm,  Eng.  Vil.  Com.,  p.  61. 

Manifestly  the  bovate  or  oxgang  represented  the  tillage, 
not  of  an  ox-team,  but  of  one  ox  of  tbo  team,  tliat  is,  it 
was  the  share  of  the  tilled  land  appropriated  to  tbeo^^■ne^ 
of  one  of  the  eight  associated  oxen  contributed  to  the 
cooperative  eight-ox  plough.      A',  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  481. 

Boveae  (bo've-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bos  (Bar-)  + 
-(■(!'.]  A  division  of  /?oi'iV/»',practie'vlly  equiva- 
lent to  the  genus  Bos  in  a  largo  souse,  or  to 
the  modern  subfamily  Boriiitv. 

Bovey  coal.    See  coal. 

Bcvichthyidae  (bo-vik-thi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NIj..  < 
Jlorii-litlii/s  +  -w/fc]  A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  tyjiified  by  the  genus  Boriclitbi/s, 
having  the  lower  pectoral  rays  unbranched  :in(l 
simply  articulated,  the  ventral  fins  jugular  and 
separated  by  a  wiile  area,  t  he  anal  fin  moderate, 
and  no  scales.  Only  two  or  three  species  are 
known;  they  inluibit  antarctic  seas. 

Bovichthys  (bo-vik'this),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  bos 
(hor-)  (=  (ir.  jiiiir),  ox,  +  Gr.  ix^i'C,  fish.]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Borichthiiiriw. 

bO'Viculture  (liii'vi-kul-tur),  n.  [<  ]j.  liiis  (hoy-), 
ox,  +  fiiUnro,  culture.]  Tlie  breeding  and  rear- 
ing of  cattle  ;  stock-raising.     [Rare.] 

bovid  (bo'vid),  a.  and  «.  I,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  lloriiliv:  bovine. 

II.   n.  One  of  the  Bovidw. 

Bovidae  (b(>'vi-de),  n.  pi.  [NIj.,  <  Tins  (Bor-), 
ox,  +  -idir.]  A  family  of  hollow-horned  ru- 
minants, tlw  i)X  tribe,  containing  (lio  liovines. 
The  family  wits  formerly  nearly  coextcriHivc  wiMi  the  gc 
nus  //oh  in  a  large  mcmsc,  fncludlng  ciitth'  as  iliBtliigniHlicd 
from  goats,  sheep,  and  aritclnpeH.  In  this  ai  ci-pliitioii 
tin-  family  corrcMponds  to  the  moilrrn  sulifamily  Jlutio'i-. 
It  hus  been  fonmi  Impossible,  honever.  to  draw  any  sbnrp 
illvlding  line  between  cattle  and  other  hollow  horneil 
rumiiiiuitK,  among  Home  of  which,  as  the  aritelopcH,  coii- 

ncctlng  link nr.     'fhercfore.  notwilliKtanillng  the  fa- 

ndllar  dllfereneo  between  all  ox  and  a  sheep,  for  exam- 
jile,  or  a  goat  and  an  antelope,  the  family  Itoridti-  now 
contains  all  of  these  which  havi'  hollow,  Jiei-Blslent  horns, 
common  to  bolli  sexes,  generally  two.  nomellmes  four, 
and   certain  common  eniiiliil   I'liaraclers  by  which  they 

collectively  illirer  from  llie  saiga  on  II ne  hand  and 

(rimi  the  pronghorn  on  the  other  Ihenc  two  so  called 
nnlelo|ie»  being  made  reiipeetlvely  the  types  of  the  faml- 
IliM  .SVoV/iV/ir  and  Antiloranridii:  Thi'  Ituvidir  as  IhilH 
ilefincd  are  eonventlonally  divided  Into  live  subfamilies: 
/(nrin<p.  eatlle;  tirilmrimr,  muakoxeii :  Ommr,  sliecji;  f'n 
l:rinir,  goals  ;  and  A  nlilniiinir,  nntelopea.   See  these  wiirils. 

bovlform  (bo'vi-fArm),  ii.  [<  L.  hon  (bor-),  ox, 
+  I'nrniii,  foriii.  I  Having  Ihe  form  of  au  ox; 
iMi'viiio  in  form  and  structure. 

Bovlll'B  Act.     See  act. 


Bovista  antntophita, 
( From  Uc  Maout  and  De- 
c.iisne's  "Tr.iiti  g^n^ral 
de  Botatiique." ) 


bo'w 

Bovinae  (bo-vi'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bos  (Bor-)  -(- 
-ilia:  Cf.  borine.'i  The  tj-pical  subfamily  of 
the  family  ^ouiflfcF;  cattle;  oxen;  bovines.  They 
are  of  large  size  and  more  or  less  massive  form.  The  head 
is  ean-ied  low  upon  a  short  neck,  the  legs  are  relatively 
short,  with  the  canon-bones  little  or  no  longer  than  the 
phalanges,  the  hoi)fs  broad,  the  muttle  naked,  the  horns 
simple  and  unbranched,  and  tlie  tail  tufted  at  the  end. 
There  are  four  inguinal  teats.  The  leading  genera  are 
litis,  Jinbalux,  Anon,  /Ji*'o«,and  Poephagus,  oroxen,  buffa- 
loes, bisons,  and  yaks. 

bovine  (bo'vin  or  -viu),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  borine 
=  Pr.  borin,  <  LL.  bovinus,  <  L.  bos  (hov-),  ox.] 

1.  a.  1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  oxen,  or 
specifically  to  the  Boriiur;  boviform.  Hence  — 

2.  Ox-like;  stolid;  inert;  dull. 

This  borine  comfort  in  the  sense  alone. 

Lowell,  Three  Mem.  Poems. 

II.  ».   Cue  of  the  Boriufr. 

Bo'Tista  (bo-vis'tii),  «.  [NL.,  <  G.  bofst  (=  Sw. 
bolist),  <  bo-  (of  uncertain  origin;  cf.  hu(l<n, 
piifcu  =  1^.  puff)  +Jist=:  E.  Jisf^,  foists,  n.,  in 
its  orig,  sense.  Cf.  Lijcojierdon.']  A  genus  of 
gasteromyeetous  fungi,  or  puffballs,  closely 
allied  to  Lycopcrdon,  but  dif- 
fering from  the  latter  in  the 
absence  of  a  sterile  base,  and 
in  the  structure  of  the  cover- 
ing or  peridium,  the  outer 
part  of  which  shells  off.  Three 
species  ;U'e  found  in  Great  Britain 
and  a  number  more  in  North  Ameri- 
ca.   Several  species  are  edible. 

bo'w!  (bou),  V.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  howe,  bough ;  <  ME. 
bowen,  buu'cn,  bu^en,  <  AS. 
biigan  (pret.  bidh,  pi.  biigon, 
pp.  bogeii),  bend,  bow,  flee, 
strong  verb,  only  intrans.,  = 
OS.  *bugati  =  MD.  bughen, 
D.  buigcn  =  MLG.  buqen  = 
OHG.  biogan,  MHG.  G.  bie- 
yen  —  Icel.  *bju;ia  (preserved  in  pp.  boginn  and 
pret.  3d  pers.  pi.  refl.  Imgiisl),  bend;  prob.  = 
L.  fiigcre  =  Gr.  ^ei'Jtm',  flee,  =  Skt.  y/  bhuj,  bend. 
Orig.  and  prop,  intrans. ;  whence  the  derived 
factitive  form,  AS.  byyan,  biegan,  began.  ME. 
bugcn,  etc.,  mod.  E.  dial,  bay,  weak  verb,  trans,, 
cause  to  bend:  see  bay^.  Cf.  Icel.  buga  =  Sw. 
buga,  weak  verb,  bow,  make  a  bow.  Hence  tilt, 
the  secondary  verbs  biiy^,  bud-,  buckle^,  and 
the  nouns  bow",  bought^  =  bouf^  =  bight,  bait^, 
boul,  etc.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  become  bent  or 
crooked ;  assume  a  curved  form  ;  bend ;  curve. 
[Still  in  colloquial  use  in  Scotland.] 
Better  bow  than  break.  Proverb. 

Like  an  ass  whose  back  with  ingots  Imwii. 

SImk.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 
2t.  To  tend;  turn;  incline. 

Tliei  bowiden  awei  fro  the  lawo  of  God. 

Wt/cli/,  Baruch  iv.  12, 

3.  To  bend  or  curve  downward ;  take  a  bent 
posture  or  attitude ;  stoop. 

The  flame  o'  the  taper 
Bou'S  toward  her,  and  would  under-peep  her  lids. 

.S/int.,  Cyndiellne,  II.  S. 
As  to  soft  gales  top-heavy  pines  bow  low. 

Pope,  Dnnciad,  Ii.  ;i9t. 

4.  To  bend  the  neck  under  a  yoke ;  submit  or 
become  subject;  yield:  as,  to  boio  to  tlie  in- 
evitable. 

On  of  us  two  mot  bour  donteles. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Unth's  Tale,  1.  440, 
iiften  tyme  it  Is  betere  to  bow  than  t,o  berst. 

llaliees  llook(V,.  E.  T.  .s.),  p.  34. 

5.  To  bend  the  body  or  head  in  worship,  or 
in  (liken  of  reverence,  respect,  or  submission: 
Willi  to  or  before,  and  sometimes  emphasized 
by  down. 

The  rest  of  the  people  bowed  doirn  upon  their  knees. 

.luilges  vll.  6. 
The  evil  bow  be/ore  the  good.  I'rov.  xlv.  19. 

To  Imw  and  sue  for  grace 
With  suppliant  kni'e.         Milton,  V.  \..,  I.  111. 

6.  To  make  a  bow;  incline  the  body  or  tho 
head  luwai'il  a  |n'rsoii  by  way  of  salutation  or 
frii'iiilly  rei'ognitiou,  or  in  acknowledgment  of 
some  courtesy. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  (o  bend;  make  curved 
or  crooked;  cause  to  assume  and  retain  a  bent 
shape. 

Tbev  rather  brcake  him.  tliaii  btiwe  bliii.  rather  marro 
him.  Ibcn  mend  hliii.      .l«c/o/i/i.  The  ScholeMia.sler,  p.  .'11. 

2,  To  caus((  to  stoop  or  become  biMil,  as  with 
old  age  or  a  burden  ;  lience,  lo  crush. 

\\iiime  heavy  liaiiil  hath  Ituw'd  you  to  (he  grave. 

'KImk..  Macbeth,  III,  1. 
How  him,  yet  tiow  him  more, 
Diwh  that  same  gliws  of  water  In  his  fntre. 

li.  Juiuon,  Magnetlck  Lndy,  III.  4. 


bow 

3.  To  cause  to  bend  in  sulimission ;  cause  to 
submit;  subdue. 
Jjuiv  not  mine  lionour. 

yU'lL-la'i-  (and  another^  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  iii.  6. 
Authority  forgets  a  dying  liing, 
Laid  widow'd  of  tlie  power  in  liis  eye 
That  boiv'd  the  will.    Tenmjson,  Morte  d'Arthnr. 

4t.  To  bend;  inflect;  cause  to  deviate  from  a 
given  condition. 

We  Ijow  tilings  the  contrary  way  to  make  them  come  to 
their  natural  straightness.  Ilacon,  Atheism. 

5t.  To  incline ;  turn  in  a  particular  direction ; 
influence. 

Not  to  baw  nud  bias  their  opinions.  Fuller. 

For  troubles  and  adversities  do  more  bow  men's  minds 

to  religion.  Bacon. 

6.  To  bend  or  incline  in  worship  or  adoration, 
or  in  token  of  submission,  homage,  respect, 
civility,  condescension,  or  attention. 

And  they  cried  before  him,  Boio  the  knee;  and  he  made 
him  ruler  over  all  the  land  of  Egypt.  Gen.  xli.  48. 

And  Moses  made  haste,  and  bowed  his  head  toward  the 
earth.  Ex.  x.\xiv.  S. 

They  came  to  meet  him,  and  bowed  themselves  to  the 
ground  before  hira.  2  Ki.  ii.  15. 

Bow  down  thine  ear,  and  hear  the  words  of  the  mse. 

Prov.  xxii.  17. 

7.  To  express  by  a  bow  or  by  bowing:  as,  to 
hoic  one's  thanks  or  assent. —  8.  To  accompany 
or  usher  in,  out,  etc.,  with  a  bow  or  bows. 

I  saw  the  station-master  how  them  into  the  carriage. 

Dickens. 
Ancient  Hospitality,  long  since. 
With  ceremonious  thrift,  bowed  out  of  doors. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 
To  bow  down  the  back.  Seedacti. 
bowl  (bou),  n.  [<  ME.  howe,  a  bend,  <  bowen, 
bend:  see  fioiol,  c.  Ci.  l)Ow".'i  An  inclination 
of  the  head  or  a  bending  of  the  body  in  salu- 
tation, or  in  token  of  reverence,  respect,  civil- 
ity, submission,  assent,  or  thanks. 
bow^  (bo),  «.  [<  ME.  boirr,  boghe,  boge,  etc.,  a 
beud,  curve,  bow  for  shooting,  etc.,  <  AS.  boga, 
a  bow  for  shooting,  a  rainbow  (in  general  sense 
'bend'  only  in  comp. )  (=  OS.  biigo  =  OFries. 
boga  =  D.  60017  =  MLG.  bogr  =  OHG.  bogo, 
MHG.  boge,  G.  bogen  =  Icel.  Iiogi  =  OSw.  boghi, 
Sw.  bdge  =  Dan.  bue,  a  bow,  etc.),  <  bugan  (pp. 
bogen),  bow,  bend:  see  fcoit'i,  r.]  If.  A  bend; 
a  eiu've. 

The  bowe  of  the  ryver  of  Humber. 

Tremm,  tr.  of  Higden  (ed.  1S65),  II,  87. 

2.  A  weapon  consisting  of  a  strong  strip  of  elas- 
tic wood  or  other  elastic  material,  with  a  string 
stretched  between  its  ends,  used  for  shooting 
arrows.  When  the  bow  has  been  bent  to  its  full  extent 
by  pulling  the  string  back  from  it,  the  recoil  of  the  string 
(against  the  inner  side  of  which  the  notch  of  the  arrow 
is  placed)  when  released  impels  the  arrow.  The  bow 
and  arrow  have  been  used  in  all  ages  and  by  many  peoples 
as  a  weapon,  and,  though  superseded  in  the  advance  of 
civilization  by  firearms,  are  still  in  use  among  savage 
tribes,  and  are  the  officially  recognized  weapon  of  the 
Manchu  garrisons  of  China,  where  archery  is  still  one  of 
the  subjects  of  examination  for  officers  in  the  regular  army. 
Bows  were  at  one  time  divided  into  lonr/bows  and  crotfs- 
bow>i.  During  the  middle  ages  the  nation's  of  Europe  used 
longbows  of  5  or  6  feet  in  length,  the  shorter  ones  being 
used  by  horsemen,  and  the  longer  l)y  the  foot-archers.  The 
bows  now  commonly  used  in  archery  are  of  two  kinds,  the 
single-piece  bow,  or  self-bow,  and  the  back  or  union  bow. 
The  single-piece  bow  is  made  of  one  rod  of  hickory,  lance- 
wood,  or  yew,  the  last,  if  perfectly  free  from  knots,  being 
considered  the  most  suitable  wood.  The  union  bow  is  made 
of  two  or  sometimes  three  pieces  glued  together.  See  cuts 
under  arbalister,  bowman,  and  crossbow. 

3.  The  name  of  several  implements  shaped  like 
a  bent  bow.  (a)  In  tuu-fic,  an  implement  originally 
curved,  but  now  almost  straiglit.  by  means  of  wliich  the 
tone  is  produced  from  instruments  of  the  violin  kind.  It 
is  made  of  a  slender  statf  of  elastic  wi  lod ,  to  the  two  slightly 
projecting  ends  of  which  a  quantity  of  hurse-luiirs  (about 
80  or  100)  are  fastened.  These,  being  rubbed  with  resin 
and  drawn  over  the  strings  of  the  instrimient,  cause  it  to 
sound,  (b)  An  implement  consisting  of  a  piece  of  wood 
curved,  and  having  a  string  extended  from  one  extremity 
to  the  other,  used  (1)  by  smiths  in  turning  a  drill,  (2)  by 
turners  in  turning  wood,  and  (3)  by  hatters  in  preparing 
fur  and  wool  for  their  use. 

4.  Any  bent  or  curved  thing.  Specifically— (a)  A 
rainbow. 

And  it  shall  come  to  pass,  when  I  bring  a  cloud  over  the 
earth,  that  the  bow  shall  be  seen  in  the  cloud.  Gen.  ix.  14. 
(b)  The  part  of  a  yoke  which  embraces  the  animal's  neck ; 
hence,  the  yoke  itself. 

As  the  ox  hath  his  bow,  sir,  the  horse  his  curb,  and  the 
falcon  her  bells,  so  man  hath  his  desires. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  3. 
((')  In  ttaddtcry,  one  of  two  pieces  of  wood,  united  so  as  to 
foi-ui  an  arch  fitting  the  horse's  tiack,  which  serve  to  give 
the  sadtlle  its  proper  form.  (</)  In  lircanns,  the  guard  of 
the  trigger,     (e)  The  bent  gu.ard  of  a  swunlhilt.     (/)  One 

of  the  bent  slats  which  support  the  h I.  canopy,  or  tilt 

of  a  covered  wagon  or  carriage,  (if)  'I'he  framing  of  the 
lenses  of  a  pair  of  spectacles,  (h)  In  arcli.  :  (It)  An  arch 
(of  masonry),  as  in  a  gateway  or  bridge  or  in  a  (lying  but- 
tress. JV.  E.  D.  (2)  A  part  of  a  building  which  projects 
from  a  straight  wall,  properly  curved,  but  sometimes, 


645 

more  loosely,  polygonal  in  plan.  (0  In  rfrfl/(m,*7,  a  flexible 
strip  which  can  be  bent  to  any  desii-ed  cuivi- ;  an  arcogl*a|)h. 
5.  An  instriunent  formerly  used  i'or  taking  the 
sun's  altitude  at  sea,  consisting  of  a  large  arcli 
of  00°  graduated,  a  shank  or  staff,  a  side  vano, 
a  siglit-vane,  and  a  liorizon-vane. — 6.  A  knot 
conipost'd  of  one  or  two  loops  and  two  ends;  a 
bow-knot;  lionco,  a  ("single  bow"  or  "double 
bow")  loojM'd  ornamental  knot  of  rilibon,<'tc. ; 
a  riblidii,  neck-tie,  etc.,  tied  in  such  a  knot. — 
7.  A  stroke  of  the  bow  of  a  violin :  as,  the  up- 
how  or  the  down-bow. —  8.  A  ring  or  loop  of 
metal  forming  a  handle,  (a)  The  loop  at  the  end  of 
the  haTidlc  of  a  key.  (/j)  One  of  tlic  two  hoops  of  a  pair  of 
scissors  llttcd  for  the  thumli  and  the  fingers.  See  hait>  and 
fcu(.— Backof  abow.  See  fao/,!.— Bows  and  bills,  tlic 
cry  raised  in  old  times  by  the  English  to  give  an  alarm  in 
their  camp  <ir  to  encourage  the  iTcople  to  take  to  arms. — 
Bow  top,  <'rt0p  bow,  in  coilrli-lmililiihi,  a  |.j[ie  of  wooil 
used  to  support  the  roof-ljoards  or  tin-  lealbcr  of  the  top 
of  a  carriage.  Compound  bow,  a  Imw  made  of  two  or 
more  iiiercs  laslicil  or  riveted  togetlier.— Grafted  bOW, 
a  cnmpotiii'l  ln.w  formed  of  two  pieces  joined  together  at 
the  handle. —  Self-bow,  in  archcrif,  a  bow  made  of  one 
entire  jiicre  of  wood.  Also  called  simjlr-jnecc  bow. — 
Sinew-backed  bow,  a  bow  whose  elasticity  is  increased 
by  the  use  of  sinew  along  the  back,  either  in  a  calile  id' 
twine,  as  among  the  Eskimos,  or  laid  on  solid  by  nu  aiis  of 
glue,  as  with  many  tribes  in  the  western  I'lnted  stales,  - 
Single-piece  bow.  Same  as  sclf-bnw.— To  bend  or  draw 
a  bow,  til  sill  lot  with  a  bow. — To  draw  the  (or  a)  long- 
bow, to  cxau^gerate ;  lie. — To  have  two  strings  (or 
more  than  one  string)  to  one's  bow,  to  have  more 
than  one  means  of  accomplishing  something. 

Miss  Bertram  .  .  .  might  be  said  to  liave  tivo  string)^  to 
her  bow.  She  had  Rushworth-feelings  and  Crawford-feel- 
ings, and  in  the  vicinity  of  Sotherton  the  former  had  con- 
siderable effect.  Jane  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  viii. 

bo'W^  (I'o),  V.  [<  6oitj2,  n.  In  some  cases  boir'-^ 
(bo),  v.,  can  hardly  be  distinguished,  as  writ- 
ten, from  /;«H.'l  (bou), «'.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  bend 
into  the  form  of  a  bow  ;  inflect ;  curve :  as,  to 
boil}  a  ribbon ;  bowed  shutters. 

A  three-pence  bow'd  would  hire  me. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  3, 
Insects  in  inserting  and  withdrawing  their  proboscides, 
bow  them  forwards  nr  upwards. 

Daruin,  Eertil.  of  Orchids  by  Insects,  p.  113. 

2.  In  music :  (a)  To  perform  by  means  of  a  bow 
upon  a  stringed  instrument:  as,  to  bow  a  pas- 
sage well,  (b)  To  mark  (a  passage)  so  as  to  in- 
dicate the  proper  method  of  bowing. — 3.  In 
hat-maiiiig,  to  separate  and  distribute  in  the 
basket  (the  filaments  of  felting-fur)  by  means 
of  a  bow. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  curved  or  bent. —  2. 
To  perform  or  play  by  means  of  the  bow:  as, 
a  violinist  who  bows  with  great  taste. 

bO'W'*  (bou),  «.  [Same  word  as  bough"^,  but  in 
the  naut.  sense,  first  in  the  17th  century,  and  of 
LG.  or  Scand.  origin  :  leel.  bogr  =  Norw.  bog  = 
Sw.  bog  =  Dan.  boug,  bor,  bow  of  a  ship,  also 
shoulder  of  an  animal,  =  D.  boeg,  bow  of  a  ship, 
=  MLG.  boch,  buck,  bow  of  a  ship,  shoidder 
(>G.  bag  in  this  sense),  =  AS.  bog,  bob,  arm, 
branch:  see  boiighX.']  If.  Same  as  bought. 
Compare  ■with  boirpot  for  boughpot. —  2.  Naut., 
the  forward  part  or  head  of  a  ship,  beginning 
where  the  sitles  trend  inward,  and  tcnninating 
where  they  close  or  unite  in  the  stem  or  ]u-ow. 
A  naiTow  'bow  is  called  a  lean  bow ;  a  broad  one, 
a  bold  or  bluffhow. — 3.  The  foremost  oar  used 
in  rowing  a  boat,  or  the  person  who  pulls  that 
oar;  the  bow-oar — Doubling  of  the  bow  {naut.), 
thick  planking  at  the  bow  of  a  vessel  to  protect  it  from 
injury  by  the  anchor-bill.— On  the  bOW  (nniit.),  on  that 
part  of  the  horizon  which  is  within  45'  of  the  line  ahead. 

bO'W'l  (bou),  H.     A  Scotch  form  of  boU^. 

1  trust  you  remember  you  are  owing  to  the  laird  foiu* 
stones  of  barley-meal,  aud  a  bow  of  oats. 

Scott,  Abbot,  II.  82. 

bO'W^  (bb),  ».  [Also  written  bu;  <  Icel.  bil,  a 
farm,  stock,  cattle  (=  Dan.  Sw.  bo,  dwelling, 
=  AS.  bu  =  OS.  bu,  dwelling,  =  D.  bouw,  tillage, 
building,  =  OHG.  bu,  dwelling,  tillage,  build- 
ing, MHG.  bu,  bou,  G.  bau,  tillage,  bxiilding), 
<  hi'M  =  AS.  buan,  dwell :  see  by~,  bower''',  boor, 
etc.,  from  the  same  root.]  A  herd  of  cattle; 
the  stock  of  cattle  on  a  farm :  as,  a  bow  of  kye 
(that  is,  cows).  [(Jbsolete,  except  in  Scotland 
and  the  north  of  England.] 

bO'W''t,  bO'Wet,  "•  [Prob.  a  reduced  form  of 
i«?/3.]  The  pro\nsions  of  a  benefice  granted 
by  the  pope.     X  E.  D.     [Scotch.] 

bcwablet  (bou'a-bl),  a.  [<  6o«'l  -f-  -able.']  Ca- 
pable of  being  bowed  or  bent;  flexible. 

bcw-arm  (bo'iirm),  «.  1.  The  arm  that  moves 
the  bow  in  plajong  an  instrument  of  the  violin 
family;  a  violinist's  right  arm.  See  bow-haiul. 
—  2.  In  archery,  the  arm  employed  in  holding 
the  bow,  ordinarily  the  left  arm. 

bo'W-backed  (bo'bakt),  a.  Ha-ving  a  back  bent 
like  a  bow.     Tennyson. 


bffwel 

bo'W-bearer  (b6'bar"er),  n.  In  old  Eng.  law, 
an  iinikn-iifficer  of  a  forest,  whoso  duty  was  to 
give  informal  ion  of  trespasses. 

bcw-bellt  (l)o'liel),  II.  One  born  within  the 
sound  of  the  Ijclls  of  the  church  of  Bow,  which 
is  near  the  center  of  the  City  of  London;  a 
cockney.     Beau,  and  ft. 

bO'W-bent  (bo 'bent),  a.  Bent  like  a  bow; 
crooked. 

A  sibyl  old,  bow-bent  with  crooked  age. 

Milton,  Vac.  Ex.,  L  69. 

bow-billed  (bo'bild),  a.   Having  the  bill  bowed 
or  arcuate,  as  some  birds. 
bow-boy  (bo'boi),  )(.    A  boy  who  uses  a  bow; 

specifically,  Cupid.     Shale. 
bow-brace  (bo'bras),  «.    A  covering  of  bone, 

metal,  or  leathei'  for  protecting  the  left  arm  of  a 
bowman  from  tli(^  iiercussion  of  the  bow-string. 

bow-case  (bo'kas),  n.  A  long  bag  of  wood, 
leat  her,  or  cloth,  in  which  a  bow  is  kept  when 
not  in  use. 

bow-chaser  (bou'eha''''s6r),  n.  A  gun  pointed 
ovci'  the  Viow  of  a  shij)  of  war,  tor  firing  at  a 
cliased  ves.'icl. 

bow-cla'Vier  (b6'kla"vi-er),  «.  A  musical  in- 
struineiit  Iiaving  a  koylipard  and  strings  like 
a  harpsichord  or  jiiano,  in  which  the  tones 
were  produced  by  tlie  friction  of  little  bows  or 
resined  wheels  pressed  against  tlie  strings. 
Such  an  instrument  is  saiii  to  have  lieeii  attemiited  about 
1600  at  Nuremberg,  and  many  were  e<instiueted  in  the 
eighteenth  ceiitnr>'.     Also  called  hoir-liarjisicliord. 

bow-compass,  bow-compasses  (bo'kum'pas, 

-ez),  II.     See  coiiipiiss. 

bowti,  II.     See  boud^. 

bowdark,  «.    See  bodarlc. 

Bowdlerism  (bod'ler-izm),  n.  [<  Bowdler 
(Thomas  Bowdler,  who  published  in  1818  an  ex- 
purgated edition  of  Shakspere)  +  -km.']  The 
practice  of  omitting  from  an  author's  edited 
writings  words  or  passages  considered  offensive 
or  indelicate. 

Bowdlerization  (b6d"ler-i-za'shon),  n.  [< 
Bowdlcrix  +  -ation.]  Expurgation  of  offensive 
or  indelicate  passages  or  words  from  an  edited 
book  or  writing. 

Bowdlerize  (bod'K-r-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
Biiwilkri^id,  ppr.  Bowdleri::iHg.  [<  Bowdler  (see 
Bowdlerism)  +  -ii^e.]  To  expurgate  in  editing 
by  expimging  words  or  passages  considered 
offensive  or  indelicate. 

Hence,  when  the  incessant  human  sacrifices  in  Israel 
during  the  age  of  the  kings  are  all  put  down  to  the  in- 
tluenee  of  foreign  idolatries,  we  may  fairly  inquire  whether 
editorial  Bowdlerimng  has  not  prevailed  over  historical 
truth.  Huxte'iJ,  in  Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  489. 

bow-drill  'bo'dril),  «.   A  drill  worked  by  means 
of  a  bow  and  string.    The  string  is  turned  about  the 
spindle  of  the  drill,  which 
is  moved  by  a  reciprocat- 
ing motion  of  the  how. 

Bow-dye  (bo'di),  n. 
A  kind  of  scarlet 
color,  superior  to 
madder,  but  inferior 
to  the  true  scarlet 
grain  for  fLxedness 
and  dm'ation :  fh'st 
used  in  Bow,  London.  „„„.„... 

bowedlbod),  ;*.  a.    [< 
bow"  +  -«/2.]     1.  Bent  like  a  bow;  embowed. 
In  heraldry  also  termeA  fleeted  or  reflected. — 2. 
Having  a  convex  or  bulging  form  :  as,  a  bowed 
shield. 

bowed-embowed  (bod'em-bod'),  a.  See  em- 
bowed. 

bowel  (bou'el),  n.  [<  ME.  boicel,  howele,  bouel, 
buel,  boel,  <  OF.  boel,  buil,  m.,  also  boele,  buele, 
f.,  F.  boyau  (whence  prob.  E.  bayou,  q.  v.)  =  Pr. 
budvl  =  It.  budello,  <  ML.  botcllu.^',  an  intestine, 
<  L.  botcllus,  a  sausage,  dim.  of  botulus,  a  sau- 
sage, orig.  an  intestine.]  1.  One  of  the  intes- 
tines of  an  animal;  a  division  of  the  alimen- 
tary canal  below  the  stomach ;  a  gut,  especially 
of  man :  chiefly  used  in  the  plural  to  denote  the 
intestines  collectively. —  2t.  One  of  the  \-iscera ; 
any  internal  organ  of  the  body,  as  the  stomach, 
liver,  brain,  etc. — 3.  pi.  The  interior  part  of 
anything. 

Rush'd  into  the  bowels  of  the  battle. 

Shak..  1  Hen,  VI.,  i.  1. 
It  was  great  pity,  so  it  was. 
That  villainous  saltpetre  should  be  digg'd 
Out  of  the  bvu-tis  of  the  harmless  earthT 

Shak.,  I  Ben.  IV.,  i.  3. 
4.  jyl.  The  inner  parts  as  the  seat  of  pity  or 
kindness;  hence,  tenderness;  compassion. 

He  that  relieves  another  upon  the  hare  suggestion  and 
boivels  of  pity,  doth  not  this  so  much  for  his  sake  as  for  his 
own.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  iL  2. 


bowel 

■What  the  plague,  have  you  no  boiceU  for  your  own  kin- 
dred? Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  uL  3. 

5t.  pJ-  Offspring;  children. 

Thine  own  boxceU,  which  do  call  thee  sire, 
The  mere  effusion  ol  thy  proper  loins. 

Shak.,  SI.  for  M.,  ill.  1. 
To  move  the  bowels,  to  produce  evacuation  of  the 
iKjwels  b.v  administering  a  suitable  aperient  or  cathartic. 
bowelt  (bou'el),  V.  t.-,  pret.  and  pp.  boweled  or 
boiceUcd,  ppr.  bowelhig  or  howelting.  [<  ME. 
howelen ;  cf.  OF.  boelcr;  from  the  noun.]  To 
take  out  the  bowels  of ;  eviscerate ;  penetrate 
the  bowels  of;  disembowel. 

Drawn  and  hanged  in  his  armour,  taken  dorni  alive  and 
bairelled.  Slotr,  Edward  II.,  an.  1326. 

bowellesst  (bou'el-les),  a.  [<  bowel  +  -less.'] 
Without  tenderness  or  pity;  unfeeling. 

lliserable  men  commiserate  not  themselves ;  boicelless 
unto  others,  and  merciless  unto  their  own  liowels. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Oirist.  Mor.,  i.  7. 

bowel-pryert  (bou'el-pri'er),  n.  One  who  prac- 
tise* divination  by  examining  the  intestines  of 
animals.     Holhiiid. 

bowel-pryingt  (bou'el-pri'ing),  «.  Divination 
bv  examining  the  bowels  of  animals.    Holland. 

bowenite  (bo 'en-it),  ».  [After  George  T. 
B'ltrtii,  who  described  it  in  1S22.]  A  variety 
of  serpentine  from  Smithfield,  Rhode  Island, 
of  Ught-green  color  and  line  granular  texture. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  hardness  and  its  re- 
semblance to  jade. 

bowerl  (bou'er),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  hour, 
boiin;  etc. ;  <  ME.  boiir,  '<  AS.  bur,  a  dwell- 
ing, house,  room,  chamber  (=0S.  i«r=  MLG. 
bur,  a  house,  cage,  LG.  buiir,  a  cage,  =  OHG. 
bur,  a  chamber,  MHG.  biir,  G.  baucr,  a  cage, 
=  Icel.  bur,  a  chamber,  larder,  store-room,  = 
Sw.  bur  =  Dan.  bur.  formerly  huur).  <  bmin  = 
Icel.  bm,  etc.,  dwell.  Cf.  booth,  bottle^,  build, 
etc.,  from  the  same  root.  Hence  ult.  boor, 
fcoicerS,  and  ntigh-bour,  neigh-bor.']  1.  A  dwell- 
ing or  habitation;  particularly,  a  cottage;  an 
impretentious  residence ;  a  rustic  abode.  [Now 
only  poetical.] 

(.'(furtesy  oft-times  in  simple  bowers 

Is  found  as  jnx'at  as  iu  the  stately  towers. 

Sir  J.  Itarinffton,  tr.  of  Ariosto,  xiv.  62. 

2t.  An  inner  room;  any  room  in  a  house  ex- 
cept the  hall  or  public  room;  hence,  a  bed- 
chamber. 

In  liast  came  rustling  forth  from  inner  bojore. 

Sjienner,  V.  Q.,  I.  viii.  f). 

8.  Especially,  a  lady's  private  chamber;  a  bou- 
doir.    [Poetical.] 

Tile  feast  was  over  in  Branksoine  tower, 
And  the  Ladye  had  gone  to  her  secret  bower. 

Scolt,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i.  1. 

4.  A  shelter  made  with  boughs  or  twining 
plants;  an  arbor;  a  shady  recess. 

I  only  lieKKcii  a  little  woudltinc  boicer 

Where  I  might  sit  and  weep. 

ir.  MoHon,  English  Garden,  3. 

bower^t  (bou'fer),  r.  [<  bowcr^,  «.]  I.  trans. 
To  inclose  in  a  bower,  or  as  in  a  bower;  cm- 
bower;  inclose. 

O  nature  I   wliat  lindst  thou  to  do  in  hell. 
When  thou  didst  bt/urr  the  spirit  of  a  llend 
In  mortal  paradise  of  such  sweet  llesli  V 

.Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  iii.  2. 

n.  intrans.  To  take  shelter;  lodge. 
.Spredding  pavilions  for  the  Idrds  t^i  Itouve. 

Spennf.r,  ¥.  Q.,  VI.  x.  6. 

bower^  (bou'er),  n.    [<  6oicl  +  -erl.]    One  who 
or  that  wliich  bows  or  bends;  specifically,  a 
muscle  that  liends  the  joints. 
IliH  rawlHine  arnifs,  whose  mighty  iirawned  bowrn 
U'cr<-  wont  to  rive  Hteete  plates,    Spnuirr,  V.  il.,  I.  viii.  41. 

bower-'  (bou't-r),  ».  [<  bou-^  +  -rrl.]  An  an- 
chorcarried  at  the  bow  of  a  sliip.  'rhc  two  Imwer- 
aiirhors  were  lonnerly  of  iiiii-i|inil  sl/c,  and  were  called 
the  li^Mt  and  ntnall  liower  respectively  ;  but  when  (as  gen- 
erally now)  of  e4|UAl  size,  they  are  known  as  the  starboard 
and  jttift  lH»werB. 

The  whaler  .  .  .  made  a  rlunisy  phTcof  work  In  get- 
ting lirr  aiK-lior,  U'lng  obligi-d  (<i  b-t  uo  licr  txnt  bowrr, 
(iti'l,  tlnally,  t«»  gel  out  ft  keilge  and  a  Iijiwm<t. 

/(.  //.  tiana,  .Ir.,  Id  ton-  the  Mast.  p.  i'."!. 

bower'  OiouWt),  n.  [<  '")"■•',  l,  =  hough^, 
+  ■' rK]  In  fitlmnn/,  ft  young  liawk  wlion  it 
t"i,'i'i'<  to  leave  tlio  nest  and  to  chiinbcr  on  the 
•  "'ii^tliH.     Also  culled  boircKH,  bowel. 

bower'''t,  «.  [Late  ME.  hourer,  <  I),  bmiwrr,  ft 
furinir,  |>i'HHant  (in  this  Honse  prop.  Iioir),  also 
n  biiildiT,  =  (1.  biiurr,n  peannnl,  kIhii  a  biiilflcr: 
»«"'  I'onr,  ami  cf.  liower*'.]    A  iHiiManl  ;  a  fnniicr. 

bower"  'lionV^r),  n.  (E.  HticllinK  of  G.  hinier,  a 
IwiiHimt,  a  farmer  ;  in  a  fjomian  pack  of  cunlH, 
the  kiiiivi-  or  jack;  =  I),  bocr,  a  funner,  tlw 
knnvo  jn  canlH,  >  E.  boor,  q.  v.]  In  luehn , 
one  of  the  two  liiKheHt  cardll,  or,  if  the  jokir 
ia  naed,  the  sncoud  or  third  higbcst.    'Hic  bowen, 


646 

are  the  knave  of  trumps,  the  higher  of  the  two,  called  the 
ri'jht  bcicer,  and  the  knave  of  the  suit  having  the  same  color 
as  the  trump,  called  the  teft  bower. 

But  the  hands  that  were  played 

By  that  heathen  Chinee, 
And  the  points  that  he  made, 
%Vere  quite  frightful  to  sott  — 
Till  at  last  he  put  down  a  riijht  bower, 
Aniich  tile  same  Nye  had  dealt  unto  me. 

Bret  Ilarte,  Heathen  Chinee. 

bower''  (bo'er),  H.  [<  bow-,  «.  and  r.,  +  -ci-l. 
Cf.  bowyer.]  If.  A  bow-maker;  a  bowyer. — 
2.  One  who  plays  mth  a  bow  on  a  'violin  or 
other  stringed  instrument. 

bower^  (bo'er  or  bou'er),  n.  [Also  written 
hooer ;  <  bow",  a  head  of  cattle,  farm-stock,  -I- 
-erl.]  A  person  who  rents  or  leases  the  dairy 
stock  on  a  farm,  together  with  pasture  and  fod- 
der for  them,  and  makes  what  he  can  from 
their  produce,  the  cultivation  of  the  fann  still 
remaining  with  the  fanner  or  proprietor.  [S. 
\V.  comities  of  Scotland.] 

bower-anchor  (bou'er-ang"kor),  II.  An  anchor 
carried  at  a  ship's  bows.     See  bower^. 

bower-bird  (bou'er-berd),  n.  The  name  of  the 
Australian  oscine  passerine  birds  of  the  gen- 
era Ptilonorliyiichus,  Clilanii/dod^ra,  etc.,  consti- 


bow-knot 

bow-fast  (bou'fast),  II.     \aut.,  a  rope  or  chain 

by  which  a  ship  is  secured  at  the  bow. 
bow-file  (bo'fil),  H.    A  file  having  a  bowed  or 

cm-vededge;  a  riffler. 
bowfijl  (bou'fln),  II.    A  name  of  the  mudfish, 
Amia  caha.     Also  called  lirindle,  grindle,  law- 
yer, dogfish,  etc.     See  cut  under  Aitiiidw. 
bowgetr'-    See  bouge^. 

bow-grace  (bou'gras),  «.  Xaut.,  a  frame,  or 
comjiositiou  of  jimk,  laid  out  at  the  sides,  stem, 
or  bows  of  a  ship  to  seciu-e  it  from  injury  by  ice. 
bow-band  (bo'hand),  II.  1.  In  arehery,  the 
hand  that  holds  the  bow,  commonly  the  left 
hand. —  2.  In  music,  the  hand  that  draws  the 

bow ;  a  violinist's  right  hand On  the  bow-hand. 

(rt)  On  tile  wrong  side  ;  wrongly  ;  inacnirately. 

He  shootes  wyde  on  the  bowe  hand,  and  very  farre  from 
the  niarke.  Spender,  State  of  Ireland. 

{b)  Wrong  in  one's  calculations. 

rber.  Well,  you  must  have  this  wench,  then  ? 
itic.  I  hope  so ; 

I  am  much  o'  the  bow-hand  else. 

Beau,  ami  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  i.  3. 

bow-harpsichord  (bd'hiirp^si-kdrd),  n.     Same 

as  hiin-i:l(iriir. 

bow-head  (bo'hed),  n.  A  species  of  right 
whale ;  the  polar  right  whale  or  Greenland 
whale,  Bahena  mysticetus.  See  also  cut  under 
whale. 

bow-headed  (bo'hed-ed),  a.  Having  a  bowed 
ov  liout  head,  as  a  right  whale. 

bowie  (bou'i),  II.  [Perhaps  from  OF.  Iiuie,  prob. 
same  as  buire,  a  water-pitcher,  vessel  for  wine, 
<  buire,  F.  hoire,  <  L.  bibere,  drink.]  A  large 
wooden  milk-bowl.    [Scotch.] 

bowie-knife  (bo'c-uif;  in  the  Southwest  pro- 
noimced  bo'c-nif),  ii.  [After  its  inventor, 
(Colonel  James  Bowie,  died  1836.]  A  heavy 
sheath-knife  first  tised  in  the  early  part  of  the 
present  century  in  Kentucky  and  other  parts  of 
the  United  States  which  were  then  on  the  bor- 
ders of  civilization.  Theblaile  is  from  9  to  10  inches 
long,  and  has  only  oue  edge ;  the  back  is  straight  for  three 


tuting  with  some  authors  a  subfamily  I'tiloiio- 
rhyiwhinw,  of  the  family  Oriolida\  They  .ire  re- 
markable for  building  what  are  called  bowers,  runs, or  play- 
houses, which  they  adorn  with  gay  feathers,  rags,  bones, 
shells,  and  other  white,  bright,  or  conspicuous  objects. 
There  are  several  species  of  botli  the  genera  named  ;  the 
best-known  are  the  satin  bower-bird,  P.  hotogericeint,  and 
the  spotted  bower-bird,  C.  otaculata.  The  bowers  are  not 
the  nests  of  the  birds,  but  places  of  resort  where  they 
amuse  themselves. 

bower-eaves  (bou'("'r-evz),  n.  pi.  The  eaves  of 
a  bower  or  bedchamber. 

A  bow-shot  from  her  bower-eaves. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Sliulott,  iii. 

bowered  (bou'erd),  a.  [<  bower^  +  -cd-.]  Fur- 
nished with  bowers,  recesses,  or  alcoves.  2'eii- 
in/siiii. 

bdwerly  (bou'er-li),  «.  [See  6«)Vi/l.]  Large; 
stout :  buriv.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

bower-maid  (bou'er-mad),  «.  [<  liowcr^  + 
maid.  en.  yiE.  bourmaidcii.]  Ayoungwomuti 
in  attendance  on  a  lady ;  a  lady's-iuaid ;  a  wait- 
iiig-woriian.     [Now  only  poetical.] 

bower-thane  (bou'i  i-tlifiii).  «.    [Mod.  form  of 

ilE.  Inirlhdn,  <  AS.  bur-thegn,  <  bur,  bower, 
+  thiijn,  thane.]  A  chamberlain  under  the 
Saxon  kings. 

The  chamberlain,  or  bower-lhanr,  wiui  also  the  royjil 
treasurer.  Thorpe,  tr.  of  Lappenberg's  lllsl.  ICng.,  v. 

bower-woman  (bou'er-wum'an),  n.     Same  as 

iiiiiii  r-n/nitt.       Srnfl. 

bowery'  (bou'er-i),  a.  [<  6oHT)l  +  -1/1. ]  Of 
the  nature  of  a  bower;  containing  bowers; 
leafy;  shady. 

bowery- ( bou'/'f-i),  «.;  p\.lioweries{-i7.).  [Also 
\viill<ii  hdwerie  and  Imuwery ;  <  1).  Iiouwerij,  a 
liinii,  prop.  fai-miTig,  Imsbaiidry,  <  bouwir,  n 
larnier:  see  bmrir''  and  Imor.]  Among  llie 
Dnleh  settlers  of  New  York, a  farm;  a  country- 
seat  ;  a  rural  retreat.  Hence  the  name  of  the  llimrrii. 
a  hing.  wide  street  in  the  city  of  New  York,  origllmlly  a 
rond  tlirougb  the  bowery  or  fann  of  IVIcr  Stuyvenunl,  ibe 
Inst  InUeh  loloidal  governor  of  New  NolherhindH. 

A  giKiilly  Imwerie  or  farm  was  allolted  lo  (be  sage  (ll..rle 
In  ennsldernllon  of  the  service  lie  hnil  rendered  l<>  IIm 
public  by  his  tnlental  dreaming. 

Irvtnii,  Knlckerliocker.  p.  l;i;;, 

boweSS,  bOWet'  (bou'es,  -et),  H.  [See  Imwir^.  | 
III  folciiirii,  a  young  liawk  when  it  begius  lo 
I'iive  the  nest. 

bowet'  (bini'ot),  II.     See  bowmg. 

bowet-  (bo'ot),  n.     Hume  us  buat. 


Ii 


Bowic-knile  and  Sheath. 


quui'toi-s  of  its  Inigtli,  iiiul  tluMi  riivves  towiird  the  edge  in 
n  slifjlitly  cimeave  swrcp.  wliilo  tla- edno  Iliiislies  toward 
the  jicun't  in  a  convex  cmvc.  'I'lic  pnini  is  very  siimll, 
niui  the  toiifjue  is  of  tlic  full  InraiUh  of  the  y:np  or  barrel, 
which  is  foniicil  of  two  ronmioil  pieces  of  wood  or  luine. 
The  best  knives  were  inailc  by  fr<iiitier  blacksniitlis.  tif  oM 
liorse-riLsps  and  the  like,  uml  naturally  dillereil  much  in 
size  ami  jtattern.  Tho  term  ia  \iseil  at  present  fur  almost 
any  lar;;e  sheiith-knife. 

bowing^  (bo'mg).  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  how^,  v.]  1, 
Tlif  operation  of  scparjitiuj;^  n^'^l  aiTanging  as 
dosinMl  tlio  lilauionts  of  souio  fibrous  material, 
as  hatters'  fur  or  (in  Kastern  oountries)  cotton, 
by  vibrut  iug  a  bow-string  tipon  it.  in  hat -making, 
as  praeti.seii  on  a  snuill  seale.  the  feltiii;.;  of  the  furor  wool 
is  partly  accomi>lislK'<l  liy  bowiii;;. 
2.  In  tnusic:  ((f)  Tho  penoral  method  of  using 
tlie  Itow  in  phiyiuf,;  upon  an  instrument  of  the 
viulin  family,  it  inchnles  the  niclboil  nf  holding  tho 
lii'U.  ibe  direction  in  which  it  is  moved,  tin-  imssurc  imt 
upon  it.  tlu'  part  of  Iho  hair  that  is  emplityed.  the  place 
upon  the  rtti-in;ra  where  it  is  applietl,  and  every  other  iletall 
in  the  nmnatietuent  of  the  bow  «  bieh  inllnences  (he  ijuality 
and  louiincssof  the  tone  i.rodneed.  (//)  The  nu^f  liod  by 
wliit'li  Ibe  notes  of  a  j^iven  pjissap'  are  distrib- 
uted between  up-  and  down-strokes  o\'  tlie  bow. 
To  Mccnre  an  intemled  elleet,  oiRenenil  nnironnity  amouR 
many  player«,  the  luiirin<i  of  a  pasHUKe  is  imlieated  by  varl- 
caiH  marks;  i—i  i>r  >— '  imlirntes  a  stroke  bejiinuiHK  with 
the  mit,  that  is,  down  ;  wliiU-  sy  or  •%  iniUcates  a  stroko 
beirinrdni.'  with  tin-  poltit,  that  is,  uj). 

bowing-  {b(i'int^),  H.     [<  hoit'^^  ?(.,  +  -hit/^.]     A 
h'usr  (if  tlie  dairy  sloek  on  a  farm.     See  howfr^. 

|Se„tel,.] 

bowingly  (bou'iiiK-li),  adr.     In  a  bending  man- 
ner.     Ilnliut. 

bow-instrument    (bo'ln'strii-ment),    (1.     A 

shinned  iiistniinent  iiliiyed  by  nieaiiK  of  allow, 
aH  the  double-bass,  tlie  sninll  liass  or  violon- 
cello, I  lie  tenor,  tlii>  violin  in-oper,  <>tc. 
bow-iron  (bo'i'em),  «.    A  idiisji  or  liolder  used 

to  s ire  llie  Ixiws  of  a  enrrinj;e-lop. 

bowk'  (  boiild,  ".      Same  IIS /<»//.'.      [Seoteh.] 
bowk-  (lioiiU),  r. /.      Same  as /<hW,>'.     [Seotefi.] 
bow-kail  (iMui'kiil),  n.     (('f.  borveolc]     Cab- 

bii^e.      Hums.     ISeoteh.] 
bowking  (bou'kinK),  n.     Same  nH  liiicl'ing^. 
bow-knot  (lio'not),  ».      A  sliji-kiKit   made  by 
iliiiuiiif,'  a  portion  of  n  eord,  rililioii,  etc.,  in  the 
form  of  a  bow  throngh  an  iiivelulion,  which  is 


bow-kndt 

then  tightened  round  the  bow.  The  knot  is 
simple  if  there  is  only  one  bow,  double  if  there 
are  two ;  it  ean  be  easily  untied  by  drawing  the 
bow  back. 
'bowl^  (bol),  H.  [Prop.,  as  in  early  mod.  E., 
hull,  and  still  so  spelled  in  some  senses  (see 
boll^  and  i"//-) ;  <  ME.  bolk;  <  AS.  holla,  a  bowl, 
=  OFries.  holla  (in  comp.)  =  OHG.  holla.  MIKI. 
bolle,  a  roimd  vessel,  G.  hoik,  a  bulb,  onion,  = 
Icel.  holli  =  Sw.  b&l  =  Dan.  bolle,  a  bowl ;  ef.  ¥. 
bol,  a  bowl,  G.  bowie,  a  bowl,  <  E.  howl\.  Some- 
what confused  with  howl'^  and  other  forms  from 
L.  bulla  (see  /)«//-,  biW^,  boil'^,  etc.);  prob.  ult. 
akin  tc  holc'^,  hall^,  etc.]  1.  A  low-standing 
concave  vessel  used  for  various  domestic  and 
other  piu'poses,  chiefly  for  holding  liquids  or 
li(iuid  food.  A  bowl  is  properly  somewhat  luMiiispheri- 
cal,  hiiL'rr  than  a  cup  and  deeper  and  less  llarinji  than  a 
liasin  (.ilthouijh  in  Great  Britain  bowls  for  table  use  are 
coiiHiionly  ■  allfd  hanins),  and  without  a  cover  ;  but  bowls 
fui-  siinie  spLMitlc  uses,  as  sugar-bowls,  are  widely  varied 
in  shape  utuI  jirovided  with  covers. 

And  thou  shalt  make  the  dishes  thereof,  and  spoons 
thereof,  .  .  .  and  bou'ls  thereof,  to  cover  (margin,  pour 
■out]  withal.  Ex.  xxv.  29. 

More  specifically  —  2.  A  large  drinking-eup ;  a 
goblet :  in  this  sense  now  chiefly  figurative,  as 
an  emblem  of  festivity  or  dissipation. 

Come,  forward,  gentlemen,  to  church,  my  boys! 

When  we  have  done,  I'll  give  you  cheer  in  buivls. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Scornful  Lady,  iv.  2. 

There  St.  John  mingles  with  ray  friendly  bowl 

The  feast  of  reason  and  the  flow  of  soul. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  1. 127. 
But  let  no  footstep  beat  the  floor, 
Nor  bowl  of  wassail  mantle  warm. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cv. 
3.  Anything  having  the  general  shape  or  use  of 
a  bowl,  as  a  natural  depression  in  the  ground, 
the  pound  or  central  portion  of  a  fishing-weu', 
the  hollow  or  containing  part  of  a  vessel  or 
utensil  having  a  stem  or  a  handle,  etc. :  as,  the 
bowl  of  a  chalice,  a  spoon,  or  a  tobacco-pipe. 
lowl^  (bol;  E.  dial,  boul  (the  reg.  historical 
pron.) ;  Sc.  bol),  n.  [<  ME.  bowlc,  boiile,  <  OF. 
boulc,  F.  houle  =  Pr.  bola  =  Sp.  Pg.  bold  =  It. 
bolla,  bulla,  a  ball,  <  L.  bulla,  a  bubble,  a  stud, 
any  round  object,  >  E.  bull^,  bill3,  etc.  Some- 
what confused  with  bowl''-,  bole'-,  and  6nHl.]  If. 
A  ball;  any  sphere  or  globe.  [So  used  till  late 
in  the  seventeenth  century.]  — 2.  A  large  solid 
ball  of  hard  wood  used  in  playing  («)  the  game 
of  bowls  on  a  level  plat  of  greensward  called 
a  bowling-green,  or  (b)  the  game  of  skittles  or 
ninepins  on  a  long,  floored  surface  of  wood 
«alled  a  bowling-alley.  {See  bowls.)  In  the  for- 
mer game  the  bowls  are  made  with  a  bias,  that  is,  oblate 
-on  one  side  and  prolate  on  the  other,  and  are  of  a  size 
which  admits  of  their  being  grasped  more  or  less  flmily 
between  the  thumb  and  the  lingers.  In  the  latter  game 
the  balls  are  sometimes  much  larger,  ami  furnished  With 
holes  to  facilitate  grasping  them,  and  are  but  slightly 
biased,  if  at  all. 

Like  an  uninstructed  bowler,  he  thinks  to  attain  the 
jack  by  delivering  his  bowl  straightforward  upon  it.     Seott. 

3.  A  turn  at  a  game  of  bowls :  as,  it  is  his  bowl 
next. — 4  (pron.  bol).  A  marble  used  by  boys  in 
play;  in  the  plural,  the  game  itself.  [Scotch.] 
— 5.  In  a  knitting-machine,  the  roller  or  anti- 
friction wheel  on  which  the  carriage  traverses. 
— 6.  One  of  the  buoys  or  floats  used  by  hen'ing- 
fishers  about  Yarmouth,  England,  to  support 
the  drift-net  and  keep  its  edge  uppermost. 
These  bowls  are  colored  to  mark  the  divisions 
of  the  fleet  of  nets — Burnt  bowl,  etc.  See  bimit. 
1)0W12  (bol),  )'.  [<  bowl",  «.]  I.  intmns.  1. 
To  play  with  bowls  or  at  bowling:  as,  "  chal- 
lenge her  to  bowl,"  Sliak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. —  2. 
To  roll  a  Vjowl,  as  in  the  game  of  bowls. —  3. 
To  deliver  the  ball  to  be  played  by  the  bats- 
man at  cricket. — 4.  To  move  horizontally, 
with  a  rapid  and  easy  motion,  like  a  ball :  as, 
the  carriage  bowled  along. 

We  bowled  along  the  great  North  road.  Mrs.  Gore. 

II.  trans.  1.   To  roll  or  trundle,  as  a  bowl. 
Break  all  the  spokes  and  fellies  from  her  wlieel. 
And  bowl  the  round  nave  down  the  liil!  of  heaven. 

^/(«i-.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 
2.  To  pelt  with  or  as  with  bowls. 

I  had  rather  be  set  quick  i'  th'  earth. 
And  bowl'd  to  death  with  turnips. 

Shak.,  U.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  4. 

To  bowl  out,  in  cricket,  to  put  out  of  play  by  knocking 
<iown  one's  liails  or  stumps  by  a  ball  delivered  by  the 
bowler:  as,  Smith  was  bowled  out  at  tlie  first  ball.— TO 
bowl  over,  to  knock  down ;  kill.     [Huntuig  slang.] 

If  the  animal  passes  near  him  it  requires  but  little  skill 
to  bowl  it  over  with  his  double  barrel  as  it  goes  by. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  82. 

T)OWl-alleyt   (bsral"'''!),  n.      Same  as   boioling- 

allf'jl. 
bo'wider,  «.     See  boulder. 


647 


bo'wsprit 


bow-legged  (bo'leg''ed  or  -legd),  a.  Having  the    the  addition  of  a  small  amount  of  hydrochloric 

legs  bowed  outward ;  bandy-legged.  ■■-■•■' 


acid. 


bO'Winan'  (bp'man),  w. ;  pi.  bowmen  (-men).     [< 
MK.  boirrman;  <  bow'^  +  man.']    A  man  who 
an  archer.     See  cut  in  preceding 


In  person  the  duke  was  of  the  middle  size,  well  made, 
except  that  he  was  somewhat  bow-lec/r/ed.  I'reacntt. 

bowleri  (l)o'lor),  n.     [<  bown  +  -crl.]     1.  A     uses  a  bow; 
worktiiiHi  who  shapes  the  bowl  of  a  spoon. —     column. 
2t.  One  who  makes  bowls.  bo'wman^  (bou'inan),  n. ;   pi.  bowmen  (-men). 

bo-wler-  (bcVler),  «.     [<  bowl'i,  v.,  +  -CT-l.]     1.     [<  bow'i,  3,  +  man.]     The  man  who  rows  the 
One  who  jilays  at  bowls. — 2.    In  crictct,  t!ie     foremost  oar  in  ii  doal  :  t  lie  bow-oar.     Totten. 
player  who   bowls  or    serves  the    ball ;    the  Bo'wman's  corneal  tubes.     See  corneal. 
pitcher.— 3.    [<    boivl'^,  n.,  +  -er''-.]     A  low- Bowman's  disks,  glands.    See  dM;  ijlaml 
crowned  stiff  felt  hat;    a  "billycock."      Also  bowman's-root  (bo'manz-rot),  n.     1.  A  popu- 
bowlcr-hat.     N.  K.  D.  hir  iianio  given  in  the'United  States  to  plants 

bowline  (bo'lin  or -lin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  of  the  genus  r,'/7/(H/((,  perennialrosaceouslierbs, 
also  howlhi,  Inilinc,  holin,  hov^liiii/,  holliiii/r,  ho-  the  roots  of  wliidi  ;(re  used  as  a  mild  emetic. — 
lyn,  etc. ;  <  ME.  bowcli/nc,  boulini;  a  comixiund  2.  A  name  of  Ludwiyia  alter nij'olia. 
prob.  not  fonnod  in  E.,  but  of  Scand.  origin  :  Also  called  beunmonl-root. 
Icel.  bOijIina  (rtire)  =  Norw.  bor/lhia  =  Sw.  ho</-  bow-net  (bo'fiet),  n.  [Not  found  in  ME. ;  <  AS. 
Una,  holin  =  Dan.  hovline  (or  buf/line,  fonner'ly  hoi/a-nct,  boffe-nei :  see  bow'^  and  wt«l.]  A  eon- 
boii(iline)  =  D.  hocfflijn  (>  OF.  hoeline,  holinr,  F.  trivanco  for  catching  lobsters  and  crawfish, 
bouline,  G.  bolcinc);  <  Icel.  bOij,  Sw.  bot/,  etc..  mtide  of  two  round  wicker  baskets,  pointed  at 
shoulder,  bow  of  a  ship  (see  bow3),  +  Una  =  E.  the  end,  one  of  which  is  thrust  into  the  other, 
toifS;  the  first  element  is  then  the  same  as  E.  


bow3,  and  the  strict  E.  pron.  would  be  bou'liii 


and  having  at  the  mouth  a  little  rim  bent  in- 
ward to  ojiposo  the  return  of  the  fish. 


Ct.  bowsprit.]  1.  Naut,  a  rope  leading  forward  bow-oar  (bou'or),  n.  1.  The  foremost  oar  used 
and  fastened  to  the  leech  of  a  square  sail,  it  is  in  pulling  a  boat.— 2.  The  person  who  puUs 
used  to  steady  the  w.atiiei  l.-crli  of  the  sail  ami  keep  it  the  bow-oar.— 3.  In  a  whale-boat,  the  oar  next 
forward,  an,l  thus  to  ,nakc  the  slop  sail  nearer  the  wind.       fo  the  forward  one.      C.  M.  ficammon. 


,vi?^  f       n   ?  ^- "'t*  "^^  sf ''ed  well  enough  with  the  bOW-pen  (bo'pen),  n.   A  (h-afting-compass,  car 
wmd  free,  but  that  give  hun  a  taut  dojciiiie,  and  he  would     vvii,.'^   -,    ■,^n^-.   t nr,.,„„.\\\  i  <.=»,  vo. 

beat  us,  it  we  had  all  the  canvas  of  the  Royal  ficorge.  '-V'>    '^   If"  V**'    I"."'")      ^ 


Royal  George 
R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  73. 

2.  In  skip-builduiff,  a  curve  representing  a  ver- 
tical section  of  the  bow-end  of  a  ship Bow- 

,  Une  on  a  bight,  a  )iowline-knot  made  on  the  bight  of  a 
rope.— On  a  bowline,  said  of  a  ship  when  sailing  close  to 
the  wind. 

The  Ayacucho  went  oft  on  a  bowline,  which  brought 
her  to  windward  of  us. 

Ii.  11.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast. 
To  Clieck  the  bowline,  to  slacken  it  when  the  wind  be. 
comes  uKire  favorable.--  To  sharp  the  main  bowline 
or  hale  the  bowlme,  to  puii  it  harder. 

bowline-bridle  (bo'lin-bri  dl),  «.  The  span  on 
the  leech  of  a  sail  to  which  the  bowline  is  at- 
tached. 

bowline-cringle  (b6'lin-kring'''gl),  «.  The  loops 
worked  in  the  leech  of  a  sail  to  which  the  bow- 
line or  bowline-bridle  is  attached. 


at  the  extremity  of  one 
leg.  The  two  legs  of  the  com- 
pass form  a  bow  or  spring 
which  tends  to  open  it,  but 
is  retained  in  any  desired  po- 
sition by  means  r,f  a  set-screw. 

bow-piece  (bou'pes),  «. 
A  piece  of  ordnance  car- 
ried in  the  bow  of  a  ship. 

bow-pin  (bo'pin),  II.  1. 
A  cotter  or  key  for  keep- 
ing the  bows  of  an  ox- 
yoke  in  place. — 2.  A 
small  pin  or  piece  of 
wood  with  a  head  or 
knot,  used  by  hatters  in 

vibrating  the  string  of  the  bow  used  in  bowing 
fur  or  wool. 
bowline-knot  (IxVlin-not),  «.     A  certain  knot  bowpot,  n.     See  boughpot. 
much  used  by  sailors.     See  tow^l.  bow-saw  (bo'sa),  «.    A  sweep-saw ;  a  tuming- 


Bow-pcns. 


bowlingl  (bo'ling),  «.     [<  bowl''-  +  -(«;/!.]      In 


See  frame-saw. 


di/eing,  the  washing  of  fabrics  by  passing  them  bowse'^  (bouz),  i'.  i.     Same  as  boose. 
over  rollers  in  a  vessel  of  water.  bowse",  i:  t.     See  housc''^. 

The  pieces,  after  the  last  dip,  are  washed  over  rollers  by  bOWSOrt,  »'•      [Early  mod.  E.  bowsier,  appar.  a 
the  process  known  as  (<o?rfi'n7.  corruption  of  OF.  boursier,  a  bursar:  see  bur- 

O'Neill,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  284.     «■«)■.]     The  bursar  or  treasurer  of  a  college, 
bowling^  (bo'ling),  «.     [Verbal  n.  of  bowl-,  v.]  bowseryt,  ".    [Early  mod.  E. :  see  bowser  and 
The  act  of  playing  with  or  at  bowls.  bursary.]     A  bursary  or  treasurer's  office  in  a 

We  grant  you.  sir,  college. 

The  only  benefactor  to  our  6o!rim.7,  boW-sllOt  (bo'shot),  M.     1.    A  shot  from   a  bow. 

TO  all  our  n.erry  s,.,rt^the  |-tprovoken  ^^  ...  ^      _  2.   The  dista.ice  travelled  by  an  a.T0w  in 


bowling-alley  (b6'liiig-al"i),  n.  A  covered 
place  for  the  game  of  bowls,  pro-vided  ■with  a 
passage  or  alley  of  smooth  planking  on  which 
to  roll  the  balls.     See  ninepins. 

bowling-crease  (bo'ling-kres),  n.     See  crease''. 

bowling-green  (bo'ling-gren),  «.  A  level  piece 
of  greensward  kept  smooth  for  bowling. 

bowling-ground  (bo'Ung-ground),  n.    A  bowl- 
ing-gi'een. 
The  subtlest  bowling-ground  in  all  Tartary. 

B.  Jonson,  Masques. 

bowl-machine  (borma-shen''),  «.     A  lathe  for 

making  wooden 
bowls. 
bowls  (bolz),  n. 
[PI.  of  howV^.  «.] 
A  game  played 
with  bowls  on 
a  bowling-gi-een : 
applied  also  to 
skittles  or  nine- 
pins (which  see). 
—American  bowls. 
Same  as  uiiirjiiu.^. — 
Carpet  bowls,  a 
parlor  game  similar 
to  that  played  ou 
a  bowling-green,  in 
which  small  Iwills  of 
porcelain  or  earthen- 
ware arc  used. 

bowl-spirit  (bol'- 

spir  it),    n.      In 
dijeinfi.  nitrate  of 

Bowman,  isth  century.    (From  Viollet-Ie-  ^."'  Pl'PPared  by 

Due's  ■' Did.  du  Mobilierfran^ais.")  dlSSOUnng       piU'e 

His  armor  consists  of  a  short  hauberk  tin   in   Illtric   acld 

covered  by  a  leather  jack,  a  sleel  cap.  «    ooo   rp,^      Ttri+l, 

and  a  steel  bracer  on  the  left  forearm.  01    OO       1  \\  . ,  v\  Itu 


its  flight  from  a  bow. 

Three  bme-shots  from  the  .Sachem's  dwelling 

They  laid  her  in  the  walnut  shade. 

niiiltier.  Bridal  of  Pennacook,  iiL 
bowsprit  (bo'-  or  bou'sprit),  «.  [Also  boltsprit, 
early  mod.  E.  also  bolcsprit,  boresprit,  -gjircet, 
etc.;  <  ME.  bon.fpret:  cf.  Sw.  bogsjtrol  =  Norw. 
bogspri/t  =  Dan.  bngspryd  (formerly  bouyspryd, 
borsprod)  =  MLG.  bochtipret,  LG.  boogspret  =  D. 
hoegsprict,  >  G.  bugspriet,  bowsprit.  The  var. 
E.  forms  show  that  the  word  was  not  a  native 
compoimd,  but  is  rather  of  Scand.  or  LG.  ori- 
gin ;  <  Sw.  bog,  etc.,  =  E.  bow'^  (of  a  ship),  + 
spriit,  etc.,  =  E.  sprit:  see  hoir'^  and  sprit,  and 
cf.  bowline.]  A  large  spar  which  projects  for- 
ward from  the  stem  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel. 
Beyond  it  extend  the  jib-boom  and  the  Uying-jib  Ijoom.  llie 
bowsprit  is  secured  downward  by  the  bobstays  and  the 


.  Boivsprit:  i, 


ftanimoninrj  (which  see),  and  at  the  sides  by  the  boic/rprit- 
shrouds.  which  are  secured  to  the  bows  of  the  ship.  From 
the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit  a  spar  called  the  martinaale 
or  duli-hin-strikev  project*  downward  to  support  the  mar- 
tingale-stays, and  two  smaller  spars,  called  whiskers,  pro- 
ject sidewise  to  support  the  jib-guys.  On  the  foretopniast- 


648 

hueJis  —  Svr.  htix  (-bom)  =  Dan.  hux  (-horn)  = 
F.  hiiis  =  Pr.  bois  =  Sp.  hnx  =  Pg.  biixo  =  It. 
bosso,  busso,  <  L.  biixut;  =  Gr.  Triioc,  box-tree, 
boxwood:  hence  box-,  q.  v.  Cf.  box-tree.']  A 
small  evergi-eeu  tree  or  shrub,  fluxiis  xciiipcr- 
rireiis,  a  dwarfed  variety  of  wMeli  is  used  for 
ornamental  hedges,  and  in  gai-dening  as  an 
edging  for  flower-beds.  See  Buxus  and  box- 
wood  African  box,  a  n.ime  given  to  Mitrsine  Africana. 

—Marmalade  box.    &.imu  as  iicnipap. 

T.Tdutk'-'Viiliieree  TeTp'ecraliv  in  a^holv  weU^  box-  (boks),  «.     [<  ME.  fto.r,  <  AS.  fcox  abox, 
Is  for  tt;  ~J? miZss)     "See  extmet.  ehest  =  OHG.  bubsa,  IfflG.  buhsc,  G.  buCsc,  a 


bowsprit 

stav  thf!  jib-stay,  and  the  flinngjib  stay  (which  extend 
downward  from  the  foretopmast-head  and  the  foretop- 
eallantmast-head  to  the  ends  of  the  iH.wspnt,  jiD-boom, 
and  flyini-jib  boom)  are  set  the  foretopmast-staysail  the 
lib  and  the  Ihing  jib.  Corruptly  written  (mltsprtt.—SeO. 
Of  the  bowsprit,  --^ee  w,n.~  Bowspnt-cap  the  cip  on 
the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit,  tliroUL;li  "Irnh  tlie  jib-booni 
tr.iv.T^es.  .See  ca/i.— Riumlng  bowsprit,  a  bowsprit 
that  <  an  be  run  out  and  in  like  a  jih-boom.— Standing 
bowsprit,  a  permanently  fixed  bowsprit. 

bowssenif,  <..  t.     Same  as  boo^e. 

bowssen'-t,  r.  t.   [<  Com.  beii::i.  immerse,  drown.] 


box-coil 

In  a  box,  in  a  tight  box,  in  a  perplexing  or  embarrass- 
ing situati.ni  ■.  in  a  dimenlty.-  In  the  (or  a)  wrong  box, 
in  an  awl^wurd  situation  ;  niistjtlien. 

"Sir,"  <|Uoth  I,  "if  you  will  hear  how  St.  Augustine  ex- 
pounded that  place,  you  shall  perceive  that  you  are  in  a- 
m-ont)  box."  Ridley,  Works,  p.  103  (1554X 

I  perceive  that  vou  and  I  are  ih  a  wrunri  hnx. 

J.  Cdatl,  Diotrephes,  p.  31. 

He'd  soon  find  himself  in  the  n'rowr  hnx  with  Sarah  Jane- 

D ,  I  Hurrant.  C,  A.  Sala,  The  late  Jlr.  D . 

Omnibus-box.  See  omni7)H.«.— Salting-box  (mint.),  a. 
small  liox  containing  mealed  powder  which  is  sprinkled 
upon  tile  fuses  of  shells  that  they  may  take  fire  from  the- 
Idast  of  the  powder  in  the  eliamber. 


The  water  feU  into  a  close  walled  plot ;  upon  this  wall 
was  the  frantick  person  set,  and  from  thence  tumbled 
headlong  into  the  poud  ;  where  a  strong  fellow  tossed  him 
up  and  down,  until  the  patient,  by  foregoing  Ins  strength, 
had  somewhat  forgot  his  fury ;  but  if  there  appeared  small 
aineudnient.  he  was  bowsxeiuil  again  and  again,  wlule  there 
remained  in  him  any  hope  of  life  for  recover}-. 

It.  Cnrew,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

bowstaff  (bo'staf),  «.;  pi.  boirstaves  <-stavz). 
In  arelicni,  a  selected  and  prepared  piece  of  tim- 
ber for  a"  bow;  the  bow  in  a  rough  state.  Yew 
is  the  timber  generally  preferred,  and  prior  to  the  use  of 
piiniowdcr  bowstaves  were  an  important  article  of  coni- 

bowstring (bo'string),  H.  [<  boK'i  +  string;  ef. 
AS.  hoqen  (for  bogan,   gen.  of  boga)  streiig.] 

1.  The  string  of  a  bow,  by  wliich  it  is  dra^m 
and  the  an'OW  discharged.  Bowstrings  are  made 
of  many  materials,  a  very  common  one  being  rawhide, 
which  does  not  stretch  easily.  Bows  from  western  Africa 
have  the  strings  of  twisted  or  plaited  cane;  those  of  the 
Hindus  are  frequently  of  silk,  not  twisted,  but  of  parallel 
threads  tiound  together  at  intervals. 

2.  A  similar  string  used  for  strangling  offend- 
ers in  the  Ottoman  empire ;  hence,  by  meton- 
ymy, execution  by  strangling. 

There  was  no  difference  whatever  between  the  polity  of 


inere  was  no  uiuereiice  wiiaievei  oetwccii  iiic  i<,,itij  ,jj  .  „i    „.  „  ;„;^I.;rt,,n«,,  /.^,. 

our  country  and  that  of  Turkey,  and  ...  if  the  king  did     or  kept:  as,  a  pool-box ;  a  missiouary-doj: 


box,  barrel  of  a  gun,  a  gun,  =  MD.  buise,  bi(yse,  box-  (boks),  i:  t.     [<  box'^,  «.]     1.  To  place  in 
a  tb-iiiking-yessel  (>  prob.  E.  bousc\  q.  v.),  D.        '  '     '  '"  "  ■"  "         '        ' 

bin's,  a  pipe,  tube,  channel,  bus.  a  bo.x,  pot,  bar- 
rel of  a  gtm  (cf.  E.  bluitdcrbiiiss),  bol;  box  of  a 
coach,  =  ML(j.  biis.9c,  a  box,  pipe,  =  Icel.  bi/.fs<i, 
a  box,  mod.  a  gun  (the  D..  MLG.,  and  Icel.  forms 
have  been  affected  by  the  F.  forms :  see  ftoi'sA), 
<  L.  buxus,  buxum,  anj-thing  made  of  boxwood 
(cf.  Gr.  ^I'j'c,  a  box,  ">  E.  pyx),  <  buxus  =  Gr. 
Tifof,  box-tree,  boxwood:  see  fcojl.  The  forms 
in  Rom.  and  Teut.  are  numerous  and  involved : 
see  6o('sfl,  boosl'^,  bush-,  bushel,  boss-,  etc.]  1. 
A  case  or  receptacle  for  articles  or  materials  of 
any  kintl.  when  used  absolutely,  bux  usually  sigiullcs 
a  rectangular  case  of  wood  with  a  lid  or  a  removable 
cover,  and  with  a  clear  inner  space  for  storing  or  packing ; 
but  for  specific  uses  boxes  are  made  of  any  adaptable  ma- 
terial, and  of  any  size  or  shape,  or  may  consist  of  coni- 
partments  in  a  larger  receptacle,  with  or  without  covers, 
or  with  permanent  covers  and  top  or  side  openings. 
Among  such  specific  kinds  are  cash-boxes,  bandboxes, 
pill-boxes,  ballot-boxes,  dice-boxes,  the  boxes  in  a  print- 
ers' case,  etc.  For  boxes  known  by  other  names,  see 
cheat  and  trunk. 

2.  A  money-chest,  especially  one  in  which 
money  for  some  particular  purpose  is  collected 


not .  .  .  send  mutes  with  boie-strinf/.^  to  Sancroft  and  Hali- 
fax, this  was  only  because  His  Majesty  was  too  gracious 
to  use  the  whole  power  which  he  derived  from  heaven. 

ilaeaulaii,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

bowstring  (bo'string),  r.  t.  [<  bowstrhig,  )i.] 
1.  To  turiiish  with  a  bowstring.— 2.  To  stran- 
gle witli  a  bowstring. 

bowstring-bridge  (bo'string-bfij).  «.  Abridge 
in  which  tlie  horizontal  thrust  of  the  arch  is 


So  manie  moe,  so  everie  one  wiis  useil. 
That  to  give  largely  to  the  hoxe  refused. 

.S';/c)iJ,ci-,  Jlother  Hub.  Tale,  1,  li'21. 

3.  The  quantity  that  a  box  contains. — 4.  A 
receptacle  under  the  driver's  seat  on  a  carriage ; 
hence,  the  seat  itself. 

Where  would  vou  like  to  sit?    In  or  out?   Back  to  the 
horses  or  the  froiit?    Get  you  the  box.  if  you  like. 

Disraeli,  The  Young  Duke. 

5.  A  package  or  case  of  presents,  especially 
Christmas  presents. 
Such  a  box  as  our  prentices  beg  before  Christmas. 

Cotf/rave. 


a  box;  inclose  as  in  a  box ;  couline  ;  hoard. 
Saving  never  ceased 
Till  he  had  hox'd  up  twelve  score  pounds  at  least. 

Crahbc,  The  Borough. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  box,  as  a  wheel. — 3.  To- 
make  a  hole  or  cut  (in  a  tree)  for  the  sap  to  col- 
lect: as,  to  6oj  a  maple. —  4.  J\'oH^,  to  cause  (a^ 
vessel)  to  turn  short  roimd  on  lier  heel  by  bra- 
cing tlie  head-yards  aback:  sometimes  followed, 
by  ojf .-  as,  to'box  off  a  vessel.     See  haul. —  5. 
To  form  into  a  box  or  the  sliape  of  a  liox :  as, 
to  box  the  scenes  on  a  stage.    To  box  the  com- 
pass, to  name  the  points  of  the  compass  in  their  order ; 
Irik-c,  lignratively,  to  make  a  complete  turn  or  round. 
box-*  (boks),    li.     [<  ME.    box,   a  blow,   buffet- 
(tlie  verb  is  not  fomid  in  JIE.);  supposed  to 
be  of  Scand.  origin :  Dan.  bash;  a  slap,  blow, 
bdslr,  strike,  slap,  thwack,  but  this  is  repre- 
sented in  E.  by  6oft-/(l,  q.  v.,  while  Sw.  btisa,  beat, 
wliip,  flog,  biiK,  a  beating,   is  represented  by 
?)«.</(  1,  q.  V.     Cf.  MD.  bol:e,  early  mod.  D.  bcuk, 
MUG.  Iiuc,  a  blow,  connected  with  the  verb, 
MD.  bolru,  MUG.  buchcu.  strike,  slap :  see  hucki. 
None  of  tliese  forms  suits  the  case ;  and  it  is- 
most  probable  that  the  sense  has  originated  in 
some  jiarticular  use  of  box-,  n.  or  c]     If.  A. 
blow  of  any  kind. 
The  kyng  castes  up  his  schelde,  and  covers  hym  faire, 
.\iid  with  his  bui-lyche  brande  a  box  he  liyme  reaches. 
Mortc  Arlhure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1111. 

2.  A  blow ;  specifically,  a  blow  on  the  head. 
with  the  list,  or  on  the  ear  with  the  open  hand. 

Give  him  a  box,  hard,  hard,  on  his  left  ear. 

B.  Jonaon,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  4, 

He  represented  to  him  very  warmly  that  no  gentlenmn 
could  take  a  ()".r  on  the  ear.  ...  "I  know  that;  but  this- 
was  not  a  box  on  the  ear,  it  was  only  a  sla|i  o'  the  face." 
Latin  M.  ir,  ,Ifoii((i7",  Letters,  .lune  'i-J,  1759. 


Bow^tring.bridge,  Howilttt.  iTii^i.iiii. 

sustained  by  a  horizontal  tie  attached  as  nearly 
as  possible  at  the  chord-lino  of  the  arch.  Also 
called  tfiisioii-hrirlge. 

bowstring-girder  (bo 'string -gfr'dtr),  «.    A 

cast-  or  wrouglit-iron  or  built-up  girder,  having 
a  tie-i-od  that  forms  an  integral  part  of  it:  much 
us.-,l  in  store-fronts,  etc.   See  bowstring-bridge. 

bowsy,  a.     Same  as  boozy. 

bowtt,  ".      See  boul^. 

bowtell  (bo'tel),  H.     Same  as  boltcl. 

bow-timbers  (bou'tim'bt-rz),  n.  pi.  yaut.,  the 
tiiiibirs  that  form  the  bow  of  a  ship. 

bow-window  bo'win'do),  w,  A  window  built  so 
as  to  project  from  a  wall;  properly,  one  that  is 
in  plan  a  segment  of  a  circle.    See  baij-u-indow. 

bow-wiset  (bo'wiz),  adv.  In  the  form  or  figure 
of  n  liciw.      Trfiimi. 

bow-wood  (bo'H-ud),  H.  1.  Wood  used  for 
making  bows;  timber  suitable  for  bows. — 2. 
The  Osage  orange,  Madura  uuranliaca,  of  the 
Mississippi  valley.  lu  very  strong  and  elastic  wooil 
win  iiiuch  lined  by  the  Indians  for  their  bows.  .See  Ma- 
rturii. 

bow-wow  fboii'woii').  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
l,<,iuih-iioitiih,  boirgh-iraugh,  baw-iraw,  etc.,  imi- 
tativo  of  tiif  repeated  tmik  of  a  dog;  cf.  L,  hau- 
hnri,  Or.  ,f'ii','i(i',  bark:  .sc-e  //((«■-',  /(«»■/',  etc.") 
The  loud  biiT-U  of  a  ilog,  or  an  imitation  of  it. 
Oone  to  the  bow-WOWB  gone  |o  ruin;  utterly  lost. 
II  .11. 1  I  -The  bow-wow  theory.  i<if  lawiuanr. 
bowyer'  (IxVy-r),  «.  [Early  mod.  I-'.,  also  howicr ; 
'  Nil;,  bitwijere,  boic^irr,  'boiiiri ,  <  hou-i;  borr 
I-.,.  ;,oir2,  n.),  -*■  -ere,  -er.  The  v  represents 
"•'•  '/,-  HO  in  nain/er,  ult.  <  AH.  «0(/rt,  saw,  and 
lilt.  <  AH.'Uigii,  law.  Ct  bourrT.]  If. 
or  ;  one  who  hhoh  a  bow:  as,  "the  biiw- 
•  "  Dryden,  Iliad,  1.  (MH. 
I  li'  y  lay  In  enrtli  Iheir  lKi\riii-relilrf. 

Ilrjiant,  I/i-Kciiil  of  the  Iieliiwaren. 

1.1  makes  bowH. 

I,. ay.  iwrrjinnec,  bo  more  orellliied.  to  tlni 
r.  and  lletchon.  Anehnm,  Toxophlliu. 
Same  BH  boyer.     Skinner. 


6.  A  compartment  or  place  shut  or  railed  off  for  3        ,.  ,     ',_     .^  ^^,^.3  ,,_     ^,f_  j^,_  hoxer  =  D, 

the  accommodation  ot  a  small  number  of  peo-  ""^^^^j.^,),^  ^  'Iq    j,^,,,,:^,.,,,  '^  i(.,>l.  /„y.ra  =  Norw, 


pie  in  a  public  place.  («)  A  compartment  in  tin 
common  room  of  a  tavern  or  other  house  of  rcfreshnient. 
(/))  A  seated  compartment  in  a  theater  or  other  place  of 
amusement:  as,  "the  boxes  and  the  pit,"  Driiden.  (r)  In 
courts  of  justice,  the  seats  set  apart  for  jurymen  and  the 
stand  for  witnesses. 

The  whide  machinery  of  the  state,  all  the  apparatus  ot 
the  system,  and  its  varied  workings,  cud  in  siiii|)ly  bring- 
ing twelve  good  men  into  a  box. 

liruuijham,  I'rescnt  State  of  the  Law,  Keb.  7,  18-28. 
(d)  A  separate  compartment  or  a  roomy  stall  for  a  horse 
in  a  stable  or  railroad-ear. 

7.  A  place  of  shelter  for  one  or  two  men  en- 
gaged in  the  perfbrmance  of  certain  duties: 
as,  a  sentry-/»;.(-,-  a  signalman's  box. — 8.  A 
snug  house;  a  small  country-house  for  tempo- 
rary use  during  the  continuance  of  some  sport, 
as  of  hunting:  as,  a  shoot ing-iox. 

Let  me  keep  a  brace  ot  hunlers— a  cozy  Imx  —  a  bit  of 
land  to  it,  and  a  girl  after  my  own  heart,  and  111  cry  iinlts 
with  you.  lUtlteer,  relhatn,  l\\\il. 

9.  In  mach.:  (a)  A  cvlindrieal  hollow  iron  in  a 
wheel,  in  which  tlio  lixle  runs.  (U)  In  a  immp; 
(1)  The  cap  i-overing  the  to]i  of  llie  jiuiiip.  {'-') 
A  pump-bucket.  (:i)  A  hollow  idiinger  with  a 
lifting-valve.  (4)  .\  casing  about  a  vnlye.  (<-) 
The  piiUey-i-ase  in  a  di-aw-looni  on  which  rest 
the   roller's  that  conduct    the   tail-cords. 


bdksa  =  Sw.  baxa  =  Dan.  lia.re  =  G.  baxen,  boxen, 
all  <  E.  bo.V'K']  I.  /ra«.s'.  To  beat;  thrash; 
strike  with  the  fist  or  hand ;  especially,  to  strike- 
on  the  ear  or  side  of  the  head:  as,  "they  box  her 
about  the  ears,"  Xorth,  tr.  of  riutarch,  p.  115, 

By  heaven  !  a  little  thing  would  make  me  (m.i-  you. 

Chiijiuiitii.  Gentleman  I'sher,  iii.  1. 

II.  iiilraiis.  To  liglit  with  the  fists,  whether 
bare  or  incased  in  boxing-gloves;  combat  with 
or  as  with  tho  hands  or  fists. 

A  Ic. 


I.I,,,,. 

A 

y  r  I. 


2.  f)n. 
n.. 

pmiu 

bowyor 


bOWZe,  howzy.     See  /foo.v,  hon:ii. 
bOKl  ((„„,     .  ;,,     [<  ME.  box,  <  AS.  hnT=l}.  bus 
('toom,  -tri  (■)  =  OHG.  MHO.  buh.i  (-bourn),  O. 


The  receptacle  for  a  shuttle  at  the  end  of  tl) 
lathe  of  a  loom,  (r)  The  socket  for  the  si-i-ew 
in  a  Hcrew-vise.  (./')  The  o)ieniiig  into  winch 
the  end  of  a  rib-saw  is  weilged. — 10.  In  rar/i., 
a  trough  for  cutting  miters.  .See  niiUr-hox. — 
11.  Saul.,  the  space  between  the  back-bourd 
and  the  sterii-liosl  of  a  boat,  where  the  ciixswiiin 
sitH.— 12.  In  I'oundiiiii,  the  llask  orfranie  which 
holds  the  saiid,— 13'.  The  keeper  into  which 
the  boll  of  a  lock  enters  in  Im-kiiig.  Also  called 
t\u- slai>li  of  the  lock.— 14.  In  u  i.rinfeiH'  case, 
the  compartment  for  a  single  cliiii-ai-ter:  as, 
the  n-/"/.i-  is  emiitv;  the  connna-/").r.— 15.  A 
battery  for  w-il(f-f<>wl  shooting;  a  sink-box. 
-  Antifriction  box.  H'  e  n.i(i<^riW..o..  Aauatlc  box. 
Heen.o/.iO.  Hot  box,  a  )oinnal  box  b,<al<'d  by  11"-  Irtc 
Mom  of  a  rapidly  revolving  a«le  or  arbor,  aa  In  a  hieomo- 
live  «ir  ratlroii/l-cnr. 

A  real  Amerlrnii  In  not  i-.imtorliible  without  n  hoi  box 
■  n.ea»lonally  In  the  eouriM^  o(  a  long  Journey, 

C,  li.  Warner,  Kuundubout  Juumoy,  p.  a. 


oiiarcl  is  like  a  cat,  he  («>.rc(i  with  his  fore  feet. 

.V,  drew. 

box-and-tap  (boks'and-tap'),  H.  An  apparatns^ 
lor  cutting  the  wooden  screw-s  used  for  carpen- 
ters' bonc-hes,  et(-. 

box-barrow  (Imks'bar  6),  n.  A  large  four- 
sided  wheeninri-ow  for  carrying  bulky  loads. 

box-beam  (boks'bem),  ».  A  hollow  beiini  hav- 
ing sides  of  )ihile-iron  unili'd  by  angle-irons 

box-bed  (boks'bed),  u.  A  boxi-d-in  bed,  or  n. 
bed  iJKit  folds  up  in  the  form  of  a  box. 

boxberry  (l)oks'ber*i),  n.;  pi.  boxberries  (-iz), 
The    wintei-green    or   checkei-berry   of    North 
Ainei-i(-a,  (laultheria  }>rorunibens. 
'(,/')  box-car  (boks'kiir),  n.     An  inclosed  and  cov- 
i-ri'd  freight-car. 

box-coat  (lioks'kot),  ?i.  1.  A  heavy  overcoat 
wc.i-n  by  coachmen.— 2.  Early  in  the  present 
centiiry,  an  overcoat  w-ilhacapi^,  aiiproximatoly 
of  tlie'form   of  till'  coachman's  great-c-oiit  :  in- 


t elided  original 
(-ojielies. 

I  Bhall  l.clieve  It 
.  .  ,  when  I  hIiilII 
see  the  triivrller  for 
Home  rich  Iradcii- 
man  i»art  with  Ids 
ailinlred  box-eoitt,  to 
sjiread  It  over  the 
defelieeli-HS  hIiouI- 
dersof  thi'iioorwo. 
man,  etc. 

Lttwh,  Modem 
(Gallantry. 

box-coil  (boks'- 
koil),  H.     A  steam-heating  apparatus  consist- 
ing ot  a  Bories  of  straight  tubes  connected  by 


nni.cnM  Willi  Tehirn  l>cnds. 


box-coil 

return  bends,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  paral- 
lelopipedon. 
box-crab  (boks'krab),  n.  The  popular  name 
of  a  crab  of  the  genus  Calappa :  so  called  from 
its  resemblance  when  at  rest  to  a  box.  See  cut 
under  Calapiia. 

box-day   (boks'da),   «.     In  the  Scottish  law- 
courts,  a  day  apj)ointed  by  the  judges  during 
the  vacations  on  which  pleadings  or  any  papers 
ordered  by  the  court  have  to  be  lodged.    Also 
boxiiKj-ddi/. 
box-drain    (boks'dran),    n.      An   undergi'ound 
drain  regularly  Imilt  with   upright   sides  and 
a  Hat  stone  or  brick  cover,  so  that  the  section 
has  tlie  appearance  of  a  square  box. 
boxent  (bok'sn),   «.     [<  ME.  boxen,  replacing 
AS.  bixcit  for  "bi/xcii  for  *boxen,  <  box  (see  6oxi) 
+  -<■».]    1.  Made  of  boxwood :  as,  "  ftoxew  haut- 
boy," Gay,  Prol.  to  Shep.  Week. — 2.  Resem- 
bling box. 
Her  faded  ehecks  are  chalig:'d  to  boxen  hue.        Dnjden. 

boxerl  (bok'ser),  II.  [<  box^  +  -ej-l.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  pack  or  put  up  things  in  boxes. 

boxer-  (liok'ser),  u.  [<  box^  +  -eel.]  One  who 
liglits  with  his  fists  ;  a  pugilist. 

Boxer  shrapnel.    See  shrapnel. 

box-fish  (boks'fish),  n.  A  name  of  sunch'y  plee- 
tognath  iishes  of  the  suborder  Gymnodontes  and 
family  TetrodonUda:     [Rare.] 

box-frame  (boks'fram),  n.  The  inclosed  sjjaee 
inside  a  window-casing  in  which  the  balance- 
weights  are  hung. 

box-girder  (boks'ger"der),  n.  In  mech.,  a  kind 
of  girder  resembling  a  box,  made  of  boiler- 
plates fastened  together  by  angle-irons  riveted 
to  the  top  and  bottom  plates.  Such  girders  are 
much  used  for  spans  of  froui  ao  to  (jO  feet,  on  account  of 
their  elasticity  and  power  of  resisting  impact. 

boxhaul  (boks'hal),  v.  t.  Naut.,  to  veer  (a  ship) 
round  on  her  heel  when  it  is  impracticable  to 
tack.  This  is  effected  i)y  putting  the  helm  adee,  bracing 
the  head-yards  Hat  aback,  squaring  the  after-yards,  taking 
in  the  drivers,  and  hauling  the  head-sheets  to  windward. 
"When  the  vessel  Ijegins  to  gather  sternway  the  helm  is 
shifted  and  the  sails  trimmed.     Smyth. 

box-hook  (boks'hiik),  «.  1.  A  hand-tool  resem- 
bling a  cotton-hook,  used  in  handling  hea-\'y 
freight. —  2.  A  cant-hook  used  in  pressing 
down  the  covers  of  boxes  so  that  they  can  be 
nailed  or  screwed. —  3.  Gripping-irons  used  in 
hoisting  heavy  boxes  or  bales. 

boxiana  (bok-si-an'a  or  -a'na),  n.  pi.  [A  feigned 
Latin  form,  <  bo.r^  +  -i-ana :  see  «««l,  -ana.'] 
The  annals  of  prize-fighting;  the  literature  of, 
or  gossiji  or  anecdotes  concerning,  pugilism. 

boxingl  (bok'sing),  n.  [<  bo.c2  +  -/h;/!-]  1. 
Naut.,  a  square  piece  of  dry  hard  wood  used 
in  connecting  the  frame-timbers  of  a  ship. —  2. 
One  of  the  cases  on  each  side  of  a  window  into 
which  the  inside  shutters  are  folded. —  3.  pi. 
The  sides  of  a  window-frame  where  the  weights 
hang. — 4.  pi.  Among  millers,  coarse  flour  sepa- 
rated in  the  process  of  bolting. — 5.  The  pro- 
cess of  fitting  a  piece  of  wood  to  receive  a 
tenon. — 6.  The  giving  of  a  box  or  present,  as 
at  Christmas.     See  boxing-daij. 

boxing2  (bok'sing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  box^,  r.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  fighting  with  the  fists, 
with  or  without  boxing-gloves ;  spamng. 

boxing-day  (bok'sing-da),  n.  1.  In  England, 
the  first  week-day  after  Christmas,  when  Christ- 
mas boxes  or  presents  are  given  to  one's  em- 
ployees, to  postmen,  etc. — 2.  In  the  Scottish 
law-courts,  same  as  box-day. 

boxing-glove  (bok'sing-gluv),  n.  A  padded 
glove  used  in  span-ing. 

boxing-machine  (bok'sing-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
machine  used  for  boring  out  the  boxes  of  the 
hubs  of  car-wheels. 

boxing-match  (bok'sing-mach),  n.  A  contest 
at  boxing;  a  jjugilistic  encounter;  aprize-fight. 

boxing-night  (liok' sing-nit),  n.  In  England, 
the  first  week-night  after  Cliristnjas;  the  night 
of  boxing-day. 

boxing-off  (bok'sing-of),  n.  Naut.,  the  act  of 
forcing  the  ship's  head  off  the  wind  by  bracing 
the  head-yards  aback. 

box-iron  (boks'i"ern),  h.  A  smoothing-iron 
containing  an  inclosed  space  for  live  coals  to 
keep  it  hot. 

box-keeper  (boks'ke"per),  n.  An  attendant  at 
the  boxes  of  a  theater. 

box-key  (boks'ke),  n.  A  socket-key  for  turn- 
ing large  nuts. 

box-lobby  (boks'lob"i),  n.  In  a  theater,  the 
lobby  leading  to  the  boxes. 

box-lock  (boks'lok),  K.  A  door-lock  designed 
to  be  fastened  to  the  surface  of  the  door. 


649 

box-metal  (bok8'met"al),  n.  A  brass,  bronze, 
or  antifriction  alloy  used  for  the  journal-boxes 
of  axles  or  shafting. 

box-money  (l)oks'mun"i),  «.  At  hazard,  money 
paid  to  the  person  who  furnishes  the  box  and 
dice. 

box-office  (boks'of'is),  n.  The  office  in  a  thea- 
ter in  whicii  li<'kcts  are  sold. 

box-packing  (boks'pak"iug),  ».  Cotton-waste 
or  similar  material,  saturated  with  a  lubricant, 
for  packing  the  journal-box  of  an  axle  or  shaft. 

box-plait  (iioks'plat),  ■«.  A  double  fold  or  plait, 
as  on  a  sliirl-bosom  or  in  the  skirt  of  a  woman's 
dress. 

box-plaiting  (boks-pla"ting),  n.  1.  A  method 
of  folding  cloth  alternately  in  opposite  direc- 
tions, so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  double  jjlait  or 
fold  on  each  side.— 2.  The  i^laits  formed  in  this 
manner. 

box-seat  (boks'set),  m.  A  seat  in  a  theater- 
box,  or  on  the  box  of  a  coach. 

box^set  (boks'set),  n.  In  a  theater,  a  scene 
which  is  boxed  in  with  walls  and  ceiling. 

box-setter  (boks'sef'er),  11.  An  api)aratus  for 
fitting  axle-boxes  to  the  hubs  of  wheels. 

box-slater  (boks'sla"ter),  n.  An  isopod  crusta- 
cean of  the  family  Idoteidcv.     H.  A.  Nichohnn. 

box-slip  (boks'slip),  n.  A  slip  of  boxwood  in- 
laid in  the  beechwood  of  which  molding,  tongu- 
ing,  and  grooving  planes  are  made,  to  form  an 
edge  or  wearing  part. 

box-snuffers  (boks'snuf'erz),  n.  pi.  Snuffers 
having  a  receptacle  for  the  burnt  wick  cut  off. 

box-stall  (boks'stal),  u.  A  roomy  inclosed  stall 
in  which  horses  or  cattle  can  be  kept  without 
tying. 

box-strap  (boks'strap),  n.  In  mach.  and  build- 
ing, a  flat  bar  with  right-angled  bends,  used  to 
confine  a  rectangular  bar  or  projection. 

box-thorn  (boks'thorn),  II.  A  name  given  to 
plants  of  the  geims  Lycium,  more  particularly 
L.  barbarum. 

box-tortoise  (boks't6r"tis),  «.  A  tortoise  with 
a  hinged  plastron  which  can  be  so  closely  ap- 
plied to  the  edge  of  the  carapace,  when  the 
head,  tail,  and  limbs  have  been  drawn  in,  that 
the  animal  is  practically  boxed  up  in  the  shell; 
a  tortoise  of  the  family  Cistiuliiiiilic.  Generally 
called  box-turtle  in  the  United  States. 

box-trap  (boks'trap),  n.  1.  A  contrivance  for- 
merly used  in  firing  military  mines,  consisting 
of  a  rectangular  box  placed  vertically  in  com- 
munication with  the  mine.  The  upper  end  was 
closed,  and  a  few  inches  below  the  top  was  a  sliding  shelf 
upon  which  was  jjlaced  a  piece  of  ignited  pu!d(.  Tlie 
mine  was  fired  by  withdrawing  the  shelf  by  means  of  a 
long  cord,  and  allowing  the  lighted  punk  to  fall  upon  the 
powder-train  below. 

2.  -A.  trap  in  the  form  of  a  box,  used  for  cap- 
turing small  animals. 

box-turtle  (boks'ter"tl),  «.  The  common  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  box-tortoise. 

box-valve  (boks'valv),  n.  A  box-shaped  por- 
tion of  a  pipe,  in  which  a  valve  is  placed. 

boxwood   (boks'wud),   «.      [<  ftoxl  -t-   jcoorfl.] 

1.  'The  fine  hard-grained  timber  of  the  box, 
much  used  by  wood-engravers  and  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  musical  and  mathematical  instru- 
ments, tool-handles,  etc.  The  largest  supjilics  come 
from  the  Levant.  The  wood  is  very  free  from  gritty 
matter,  and  on  that  account  its  sawdust  is  much  used  fur 
cleaning  jewelry  and  for  other  purposes-    .See  Buxus. 

2.  The  name  given  to  several  trees  wliieh 
have  hard,  compact  wood,  taking  a  fine  polish: 
in  the  United  States  to  Coriiiis  florida,  and  in 
the  West  Indies  to  Schwfferia  frutescens,  Vilcx 
mubrosa,  and  Tccoma  pcntaphylla.  Some  spe- 
cies of  Eucalyptus  auA  of  Tristania  are  so  called 
in  Australia. 

boyl  (boi),  n.  [<  ME.  boy,  boye,  boi  ;  of  obscure 
origin,  prob.  LG. :  cf.  E.  Fries,  boi,  boy,  a  young 
man;  not  easily  connected  with  MLG.  LG. 
bore,  a  boy,  a  knave,  =  MD.  boef,  a  boy,  D. 
boef,  a  knave,  =  OHG.  *buobo  (only  as  a  proper 
name,  Bitobo),  MHG.  biiobe,  G.  bubc,  dial,  bub, 
bua,  a  boy,  a  knave,  =  Icel.  bofi  =  Sw.  bof,  a 
knave.  Cf .  Icel.  Bui.  Dan.  Boye,  a  proper  name.] 

1.  A  male  child,  from  birth  to  full  growth, 
but  especially  from  the  end  of  infancy  to  the 
beginning  of  youth :  also  appUed  to  a  young 
man,  implying  immaturity,  want  of  ■s'igor  or 

judgment,  etc. 

Speak  thou,  boy ; 
Perhaps  thy  childishness  will  move  him  more 
Than  can  our  reasons.  Slui)<.,  Cor.,  v.  3. 

Men  of  worth  and  parts  will  not  easily  admit  the  famil- 
iarity of  boys,  who  yet  need  the  care  of  a  tutor.        Locke. 

2.  In  familiar  or  playful  use  (usually  in  the 
plural),  a  grown  man  regarded  as  one  of  the 


boycott 

younger  members  of  a  family,  as  an  intimate 
friend  or  associate,  or  as  having  in  any  respect 
a  boyish  relation  or  character. 

Then,  i»  sea,  hoys.  Hhak.,  Tempest,  it  2. 

We  are  Rouun  bnyn  all,  and  boyn  of  mettle. 

FUtcher,  lionduca,  ii.  4. 
Specifically,  in  the  rnitt-d  Stat^-s  — (a)  In  the  .South,  es- 
pecially hi-fore  the  aholitiijn  of  slavery,  a  negro  man.  {by 
An  unscrupulous  local  politician,  especially  in  a  large 
city;  one  of  the  mainigers  or  suliordiiiates  of  the  " ma- 
chine"  of  a  party  in  local  politics  and  elections:  as,  & 
ticket  not  acccjitable  Ut  the  oojih. 

3.  A  young  servant;  a  page:  as,  "hoys,  grooms, 
and  lackeys,"  Nhak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  2.  Ucnce  In 
compound  words  sometimes  aijplicd  to  grown  men  with- 
out any  idea  of  youth  or  conti-iniit :  a-s,  a  polbmj. 

4.  [Supposed  by  some  to  be  "a  corraption  of 
Hind.  Iihaiee,  a  servant";  but  the  Hind,  word, 
prop.  I}lidi,  means  '  brother,'  and  hoy  in  tlii» 
use  is  merely  the  E.  word.  Cf.  boy'^.']  '  In  India 
and  the  treaty-ports  of  China  and  .Japan,  etc., 
a  native  male  servant,  especially  a  personal 
servant;  a  butler  or  waiter,  house-boy,  office- 
boy,  etc.,  as  distinguished  from  a  coolie  or 
portei':  in  common  use  among  foreigners. — 
Boy-bishop,  a  name  h(»metimcs  given  to  St.  .Nicholas, 
the  p.-itron  <d  scholars,  but  more  particularly  of  school- 
boys, from  the  fact  that  he  was  rcnjarkable  for  very  early 
piety;  also,  a  name  given,  according  u>  a  very  ancient 
custom,  which  was  abi>Iished  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
to  a  boy  chosen  from  the  cathedral  choiron  St.  Nicholas's 
day  (Ucccniber  «tli)  as  a  nnjck  bishop.  Tiic  boy  enjoyed 
episcopal  honors  till  Innocents'  Day  (Ueccmber  iStli),  and 
the  rest  of  the  choir  were  his  prebends. 

In  those  bygone  times  all  II  ttleboyseither  sang,  or  served, 
about  the  altar,  at  church ;  and  the  first  thijig  they  did 
ni)f)n  the  eve  of  their  patron's  festival  was  to  elect  from 
among  themselves,  in  every  parish  church,  cathedral,  and 
nobleman's  chapel,  a  bishop  and  his  ofHcials,  or,  as  they 
were  then  called,  "  a  Nicholas  and  his  clerks.  "  Tliis  boy- 
binhop  and  his  ministers  afterwards  sang  the  first  vespera- 
of  their  saint;  and,  in  the  evening,  arrayed  in  their  ap- 
propriate vestments,  walked  all  about  the  parish. 

Jiock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  215. 
Old  boy,  a  familiar  name  for  the  devil. 

They  used  to  have  witch  .Sabba'  days  and  witch  sacra- 
ments, and  sell  their  souls  to  the  old  hoy. 

Mrs.  Sloii-'e.  Oldtown,  p.  194. 
Roaring  boys.  See  roari/w.— yellow-boys,  gold  coins; 
guineas,  eagles,  napoleons,  etc,     [slang.] 

boyi  (boi),  r.  t.  [<  fto.'/i,  H.]  It.  To  treat  as  a 
boy,  or  as  sometliing  belonging  to  or  befitting 
a  boy. 

My  credit's  murder'd. 
Baffled,  and  boy'd. 

Beau',  and  Ft.,  Enight  of  Malta,  ii.  3. 
2.  To  act  or  represent  in  the  manner  of  a  boy  r 
in  allusion  to  the  acting  by  boys  of  women's 
parts  on  the  stage.     [Rare.] 

I  shall  see 
Some  squeaking  Cleopatra  boy  my  greatness. 

Shak.,  .\.  andC,  v- 2. 

boy2  (boi),  71.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  written  boyee, 
blioyee,  boec,  bhoce.  repr.  Hind,  bhoi,  <  Telugu 
boi,  prop,  a  man  of  the  fisherman  caste,  shose 
usual  occupation  is  the  eaiTving  of  litters  and. 
palankins,  or,  as  in  Madras,  domestic  service.] 
In  India,  as  far  north  as  the  Xerbudda  river,  a. 
palankin-bearer.  Yule  and  Burnell,  .Ajiglo-Ind. 
Glossary. 

boyar  (boi'iir),  n.  [<  Russ.  boyarinii,  pi.  hoyare, 
formerly  bolyarinu  =  Bulg.  boleriii  =  Serv.  bol- 
yar  =  Pol.  bojar  (>  Turk,  boyar  =  Hung,  bojdr 
=  Lith.  baJora.s-  =  JIGr.  ,M/.aii,  3o'/ja6ai,  etc.),  < 
OBulg.  bolyarinu,  ajjpar.  <  boliy,  great,  illustri- 
ous.] A  personal  title  given  to  the  highest  class 
of  Russian  officials  i)re\-ious  to  the  reign  of  Peter 
the  Great.  The  title  conferred  a  rank  in  the  state,  but 
brought  no  special  duties  with  it.  Tliere  was,  however,  a 
council  of  boyars,  and  it  was  customary  to  add  to  pub- 
lic papers,  '"The  boyars  have  approved  of  it."  Tlie  title 
grailually  died  out  in  the  reign  of  Peter  the  Great,  as  it 
was  no  longer  newly  conferred.  {Schuyler,  Peter  the 
Great-)  The  tenn  in  popular  usage  came  to  signify  the 
higher  aristocracy.  It  still  lingers  in  Kumania,  where  th& 
popular  name  for  the  conservatives  is  the  Itoyar  party. 

boyard  (boi'iird),  «.     Same  as  boyar. 

boyau  (bwo-yo'),  H.;  pi.  boyaux  '(-yoz').  [F., 
<  OF.  boeU  a  gut,  >  E.  boirel :  see  boirel  and 
bayou.}  In  fort.,  a  ditch  covered  ■with  a  para- 
pet, serving  as  a  means  of  communication  be- 
tween two  trenches,  especially  between  the 
first  and  third  jiarallels.  Also  called  a  :ig:aff 
or  an  approach. 

boy-blindt  (boi'blind),  a.  Blind  as  a  boy; 
luidiscerning :  as,  "so  boy-blind  and  foolish," 
Fletcher  {and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  iii.  2. 
[Rare.] 

boycott  (boi'kot),  I',  t.  [From  the  name  of  the 
first  prominent  %-ictim  of  the  system.  Captain 
Boycott,  a  farmer  at  Lough  Mask,  Connemara, 
and  the  agent  of  Lord  Erne,  an  Irish  land- 
lord.] To  combine  (a)  in  refusing  to  work  for, 
buy  from,  sell  to.  give  assistance  to,  or  have 
any  kind  of  dealings  with,  and  (6)  in  prevent- 
ing others  from  working  for,  buying  from,  sell- 


boycott 

ing  to,  assisting,  or  having  any  kind  of  deal- 
ings with  (a  person  or  company),  on  account 
of  political  or  other  differences,  or  of  disagree- 
ments in  business  matters,  as  a  means  of  in- 
flieting  punishment,  or  of  coercing  or  intimi- 
dating. The  word  was  introduced  in  Ireland  in  ISSO, 
and  soon  became  (like  the  practice)  common  throughout 
the  En^lishspeakini  world,  and  was  adopted  by  the  news- 
papersln  nearly  every  European  language. 
boycott  (boi'kot),  n.  [<  hoycoit.  r.]  An  or- 
ganized attempt  to  coerce  a  person  or  party 


650 


brace 


thing  easy  or  trifling,  as  opposed  to  the  earnest  braccse  (brak'se),  n.    See  hracce. 


business  or  hard  work  of  a  man. 
This  is  no  boys-play.  Fletcher,  Bonduca,  iL  3. 

boytma  (boi-ti'na),  n.  [Cf.  Sp.  boyuna,  fem.  of 
boyuno,  belonging  to  cattle,  <  bo,,,  now  buey  = 
Pg.  boi,  ox,  <  L.  60s  (bov-),  ox :  see  Bos.  Cf. 
boa.l  1.  A  large  serpent  of  South  America, 
black  and  slender,  ha\'ing  an  intolerable  smell. 
—  2.  A  harmless  reptile  or  snake  common  in 
Cevlon. 


[<  L.  *braccaius,  prop, 
breeches :  see  breech,'] 


STt'^'co^'mplianc^e^  with7om'e  demand,  by  "com-  boza  (bo'zii)    n       [Also  written  bosa    bou~a, 
-       -  ■  '    •■        ,,.-•-       bousa,  boozah,booxh,  etc.,  F.  bou:a,G.  busa, 

etc.,  Euss.  Serv.  etc.  buza,  <  Ar.  biae,  Pers.  bu:a, 


bining  to  abstain,  and  compel  others  to  abstain 
from  ha^-ing  any  business  or  social  relations 
with  him  or  it;  "an  organized  persecution  of  a 
person  or  company,  as  a  means  of  coercion  or 
intimidation,  or  of  retaliation  for  some  act,  or 
refusal  to  act  in  a  particular  way. 

boycottee  (boi-kot-e'),  «.  [<  boycott  +  -efl.] 
One  who  is  boycotted.     [Rare.] 

boycotter  (boi'kot-er),  «.  [<  boycott  +  -er^.'] 
One  who  boycotts  ;  one  who  takes  part  in  the 
organized  persecution  called  a  boycott. 

boycotting  (boi'kot-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  boy- 
cott, I-.]     The  act  or  practice  of  subjecting  an 


Hind.  hu:a,  boza,  Turk,  boza,  a  thick  white  fer 
mented  drink  made  fi-om  millet.]  1.  A  popu- 
lar Egyptian  drink,  made  by  boiling  millet-seed 
in  water  and  fermenting  the  infusion,  adding 
afterward  certain  astringent  substances. —  2. 
An  Inebriating  mixture  of  darnel-meal,  hemp- 
seed,  and  water. —  3.  A  preparation  of  honey 
and  tamarinds. 

bozon  (bo'zon),  «.      In  her.,  same  as  bird-bolf^-. 

Bp.     An  abbreviation  of  hislioj'. 

Br.     In  chcm.,  the  s^Tnbol  of  bromine. 


Braces te. —  Foot  of  Snowy  Owl. 


obnoxiousVers"on  or  cWpaiay  to  the"orgamzed  BrabanQOn  (bra-bon-soh'),  n.    [F..  man  of  Bra- 

perseeution  caUed  a  boycott.     See  boycott,  v.  l^ant,  a  pro\'iuee  ot  Belgium.]     Same  as  Bra- 

SoycofdVi/;  originally  implied  the  organized  persecution  f>a>it<> .                                                  rn    /»»).„<  t 

«1  an  indiri'dual  by  an  entire  community;  as  transplanted  BrabanQOnne  (bra-bon-son  ),n.  lb  .,<.  Brabant.^ 

to  this  country  (United  .States]  it  impUes  the  persecution  The  popular  patriotic  song  of  the  Belgians  since 


■of  an  individual  by  organized  forces,  and  it  is  a  phrase 
which  at  the  present  time  is  much  in  the  mouths  of  those 
-who  call  themselves  workingmen. 

Phila.  Record,  No.  4529,  p.  2. 
Bovcottinri  was  not  only  used  to  punish  e\'icting  land- 
lords' and  agents,  tenants  guilty  of  paying  rent,  and  trades 
men  who  ventured  to  hold   "     "         — i*,-   *,  ;     , 


1830,  when  they  threw  off  Dutch  rule.  The  words 
were  composed  by'a  French  actor  named  Jenneval,  then  at 
Brussels.  Each  verse  ends  with  a  varied  refrain  relating 
to  the  substitution  ot  the  tree  of  liberty  for  the  orange,  in 
allusion  to  the  sovereign  house  of  Orange,  then  ruling  the 
Netlierlands. 


whom  the  [Land)  League  had  pr 

but  the  League  was  now  strong  enough  to  use  this  means 
as  an  instrument  of  extending  its  organization  and  filling 
its  coffers.  Shopkeepers  who  refused  to  join  and  subscribe 
received  reason  to  believe  that  they  would  be  deprived  of 
their  custom ;  recalcitrant  farmers  found  themselves  with- 
out a  market  for  their  crops  and  cattle. 

Annual  Beffister,  1880. 

boydekint,  »■     An  obsolete  form  of  bodliit'^. 
boyer  (boi'er),  «.    [Formerly  also  boxmjer  ;  =  F. 
buyer,  <  Flem.  boeyer  =  D.  boeijer,  a  vessel  used 


d^mSunced  Us^lnaS''  Brabanter  (bra-ban'ter),  n.    [<  Braba>,t  +  ■ 
a  pionouncea  us  anainema .        z),.,.7.„.,„„„  n     n„«  ^r  «  />i„oo  nf  mo-nna. 


See  Brabanqon.l  One  of  a  class  of  mercenary 
soldiers  and  bandits  from  the  old  duchy  of  Bra- 
bant, who  figured  in  the  Anglo-French  wars  of 
the  eleventh  and  thirteenth  centuries. 
Brabantine  (bra-ban'tin),  a.  [<  Brabant  + 
-/;i("l.]  Pertaining  to  Brabant,  formerly  a 
duchy,  now  partly  comprised  in  the  provinces 
of  North  Brabant  and  Brabant,  belonging  re- 
spectively to  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium, 


tolavbuoys,  <Flera.  6oei/  =  D.  ftoci,  abuoy:  see  brabble  (brab'l),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  brabbled. 


6i(oi/.]  A  Flemish  sloop  with  a  raised  work  or 
castle  at  each  end. 
boyeryt,  ".  [^  ^o'/l  + -en/.]  Boyhood.  North. 
boyhood  (boi'htid),  H.  [i'lmy^  + -kood.']  1.  The 
state  of  being  a  boy  or  of  immature  age ;  the 
time  of  life  dvu-ing  which  one  is  a  boy. 

Look  at  him  in  his  Ujyhood.  Stvift. 

Tuniing  to  mirth  all  things  of  earth 
As  only  Imyhood  can.  Uood,  Eugene  Aram. 

2.  Boyish  feeling;  light-heartedness. 
—  3.  Boys  collectively. 


boyish  (boi'i.sh),  a.     [<  6o.)/l  +  -I'.sfet.]     Belong 
iuf,'  to  a  boy;  pertaining  to  boyhood;  iu  a  dig- 


ppr.  brabbliiKj.  [<  D.'  brabbelen,  confound, 
stammer.  Cf.  blabber^  and  babble.]  To  wran- 
gle ;  dispute  or  quarrel  noisily. 

He  held  me  with  hrabblinn  till  the  clock  strook,  and  then 
for  the  breach  of  a  minute  he  refused  my  money. 

Greeiie  a-nd  Lodije,  Looking  Glass  for  Loud,  and  Eng. 
Melantius,  thou  art  welcome,  and  my  love 
Is  with  thee  still :  but  this  is  not  a  place 
To  brabble  in.  — Calianax,  join  hands. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  2. 

P^are.]  ijj-abble  (brab'l),  n.     [<  brabble,  v.]    A  broil ; 
a  clamorous  contest;  a  wrangle. 


paraging  sense,  childish,  trifling,  puerile:  as,  brabblement  (brab'1-ment),  v.     [<  6r« 
'•  a.  boyish  odd  conceit,"  J.  BaiUie.  -iii,nf.]     A  clamorous  contest ;  a  brabbl 


1  ran  it  through,  even  from  my  boyish  days. 
To  the  very  moment  that  he  bade  me  tell  It. 

Shak.,  OthcUo,  i.  3. 
=  S3m.  Jin-.'uite,  Puerile,  etc.    Bee  youthful. 
"boyishly  i  boi'ish-li),  adv.     In  aboyish  manner, 
boyishness  (boi'ish-nes),  n.      The  quality  of 

liiiiig  boyish, 
boyism  (IJoi'izm),  n.     [<  6o;/l -t- -!>m.]     1.  The 
state  of  being  a  boy;  boyishness. 

The  boyitm  of  the  lirothers  ...  Is  to  be  taken  into  ac- 
count. T.  H'artOTi,  Notes  on  Milton's  Smaller  Tuems. 

2.  Something  characteristic  of  a  boy;  pueril- 
ity.  .  ■ 

A  thousand  such  hoyimiu,  which  Chaucer  rejected  as  be- 
low the  dignity  of  the  subject.  Vryden,  Preface  to  Fables. 

fKiirc  in  both  uses.] 

Boyle's  la'w.    See  law. 
boyn 

/„ 
/,, 


This  petty  brabble  will  undo  us  all. 

Shale,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  1. 

bUe  + 
]     A  clamorous  contest ;  a  brabble. 
brabbler  (lirab'h-r),  «.     [<  brabble,  v.,  +  -ei-l. 
Cf.  l>.  briibliilaar,  stammerer.]    A  clamorous, 
noisy,  quarrelsome  fellow. 

AVe  hold  our  time  too  precious  to  be  spent 

With  sucli  a  brabbler.  Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  2. 

brabbling  (brab'ling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  brnb- 
bl<;  (-.]  Clamorous;  wrangling;  quarrelsome; 
noisy. 

He  gave  notice  to  his  government  that  commerce  would 

have  iio  security  in  Antwerp  "  in  those  brabbliny  times." 

M(illrj),  Dutch  llepubllc,  11.  18. 

(lirab'ling-li),   adv.     In   a  brab- 
bling maiMK^r. 


Ncithf^r    bitterly    nor 
brabblingly. 
Bp.  JcweU,  Dcf.  of  Apol. 
(forCli.  of  Eng.,  p.  44. 


boyn(l.'.in),  ".     [Sc     also  spelled  /;o»i    /-«//(«  ^^               (bra'so),     " 

lioiryne;  perhaps  <  OK.  bmon,  extended  form  of  "    .     rj^  .  ^,,,,  ^,.,,,.^/( 

/,»,-■  a  vessel  for  water  or  wine,  >  prob.   Sc.  ^^„,,.,„,;;y  i„  „„,,,/. 

howw  q.  v.J     1.  A  wa»hing-twb.    *,''«'' —2.  A  ^    „ann..ut     c.iuiv 


flat,  broad-hottoraed  vchbcI,  into  which  milk  is 
<iii|)ti<'d  from  tho  pail. 
.\\m>  'ullcd  binr. 
boy-queller  (boi'kwel'<'r),  ».     One  who  quells 
or  I'onriuerH  boys ;  one  who  iH  able  to  cope  only 
witli  boys.     [Kuro.] 

Where  l>  Ihl.  Ilect/ir? 
I  •.uii\  come,  Ihou  boy-qtuitter,  «liow  thy  face. 

.S'/in*.,  1',  and  V,,  V.  !,. 

boyshlpt  Oioi'ship),  n.    [<  6»i/'  +  -ithip.']    Boy- 

h'10,1.      H'  fnimoitt. 
boy's-love  <  lioiz'lnv),  n.    A  nnme  of  the  Houth- 

crnw  Mill,     Irlrmima  .tbrolaniini,  from  nu  oint- 

mriit  Tmi'li-  with  its  uhIii'H  iiumI  by  yonng  >ricM 

to  i.r.iM'it.-  the  growth  of  a  benrd. 
boy  g-play  (lioiz'pla),  ».    C'hildiHh  nnnmement ; 

anything  frei)  from  risk  or  sevcro  labor;  any- 


ganneut  ccpiiv- 
alent  to  tho  ino<l- 
em  trousers.    It  was 

made  cither  loose  or 
rlrtsr-fUting,  and  ItH  use 
was  charur-teristlc  of  the 
(IuuIh  and  of  Oriental 
peonies.  It  was  not  worn 
by  the  (I recks,  nor  hy  the 
KomanHbi-fore  tlieend  of 
the  rcpnbllc.  After  the 
first  (century  A.  h.,  how- 
ever, It  ranio  Into  use 
among  the  Itomnns,  e«. 
peelally  In  Ihi'  military 
forecH  stationed  hi  lii- 
I'lenii'lit  (llmales  ;  and 
toward  the  crlone  of  the 
iiiiiiire  It  was  ver)-  gen- 

'Tnlly  adfiptiid,  though  never  In  nnich  favor  within  tho 
walls  of  Rome.    Also  improperly  spelled  braccct. 


braccate  (brak'at),  a. 
bracatus,  <  bracer,  pi.. 
In  ornith.,  ha^vdng  the 
tarsi  feathered;  hav- 
ing the  feet  f lu'nished 
with  feathers  to  the 
bases  of  the  toes  or 
of  the  claws. 

bracciale  (brak-si-S'- 
le ;  It.  prou.  bnit- 
chia'le),  n.;  pi.  brac- 
ciaU{-]x).  [It.,  a  bras- 
sard or  che^Ton,  also 
as  in  def.,  <  L.  brac- 
chiale,  an  armlet,  bracelet,  etc.,  <  bracchium  (> 
It.  braccio),  arm.]  A  projecting  bracket  of  iron 
or  bronze,  ha-^ang  a  socket  and  ring  for  hold- 
ing a  flagstaff,  torch,  or  the  like,  and  sometimes 
a  large  ring.  These  brackets  are  affixed  to  Italian  pal- 
aces of  the  time  of  the  Renjiissance.  and  are  often  of  great 
richness  of  design,  especially  at  Sienna  and  Florence. 

braccio  (brat'chid),  n.  [It.,  <  L.  bracchium, 
arm :  see  brace'^.']  A  measure  of  length  tised  in 
Italy,  varj-ing  from  half  a  yard  at  Lodi  to  a 
varti  at  Milan.     See  brass"^. 

bracel  (bras),  n.  [<  ME.  brace, <  OF.  brace,  brase, 
braise,  brache,  the  two  arms  extended,  an  arm- 
ful, a  fathom,  pair,  F.  hranse  =  Pr.  brassa  = 
Sp.  braza  =  Pg.  brai;a.  a  fathom,  <  L.  brachia, 
pi.  of  bracliiiim,  braccltitim,  ann,  prob.  <  Gr.  iipa- 
xiur,  arm ;  cf .  Ir.  and  Gael,  brae  =  W.  braich 
'=  Bret,  breach,  the  arm.  From  the  L.  singular 
bracchium  comes  OF.  bras,  braz,  F.  bras  =  Sp. 
brazo  =  Pg.  hrago  =  It.  braccio,  arm.  Hence 
bracelet  and  embrace.']  1.  A  prop  or  support; 
specifically,  in  ai-ch.,  a  piece  of  timber  placed 
near  and  across  the  angles  in  the  frame  of  a 
building  in  order  to  strengthen  it.  When  used 
to  support  a  rafter  it  is  called  a  strut. —  2. 
That  which  holds  two  or  more  things  firmly 
together;  a  cincture  or  bandage. —  3.  A  jmir; 
a  couple :  as,  a  brace  of  ducks  :  used  of  persons 
only  with  a  shade  of  contempt  or  colloquially. 

But  you,  my  brace  of  lords,  were  I  so  miniled, 
I  here  could  pluck  his  highness'  frown  upon  you. 

Shak.,  'i'empest,  v.  1, 

Will  he  have  a  brace, 
Or  but  one  partridge  ? 
Fletcher  (ami  another).  Love's  Pilgrimage,  1.  1, 

The  two  muskets  I  loaded  with  a  brace  of  slugs  each. 

Dc/oe,  Robinson  Crusoe. 

4.  A  thick  strap  by  which  a  carriage-body  is 
suspended  from  C-springs.  E.  H.  Knight. —  5. 
hi  printing,  a  vertical  double-curved  line,  used 

to  connect  two  or  more  lines :  thus,  i,_,^^,]  [,  or 

two  or  more  staves  in  music. —  6.  A  leather 
band  placed  about  the  cords  of  a  drum  and 
sliding  upon  them:  used  to  raise  or  low(>r  the 
tone  by  increasing  or  lesseniiig  the  tension  of 
the  cords:  as,  "the  braces  of  the  war  drum," 
Derham,  Phys.  Theol. —  7.  pi.  Straps  passing 
over  tho  shoulders  to  sustain  the  trousers;  sus- 
penders.— 8.  A  device  for  supporting  a  weak 
back,  curved  shoulders,  etc. —  9.  Nan  I.:  (a) 
One  of  t)io  ropes  fastemvl  to  the  yards  of  a 
ship,  one  to  each  yard-arm,  which,  reaching  to 
the  deck,  enable  the  yards  to  be  swung  about 
horizontally.  Tliey  aiso  help  the  yards  to  sup- 
port tho  strain  caused  l)y  the  wind  on  tlie  sails. 
(/))  pi.  Strajis  of  brass  ov  metal  castings  fas- 
tened on  the  stern-post,  to  receive  the  pintles 
by  which  the  rudder  is  hung. — 10.  A  defense 
or  )irot('ction  for  the  nnn;  specifically,  one 
used  iu  archery.  Same  as  bracer,  '2. 
"It  hath  been  a  shiel 
'Twixt  me  and  death  "  :  and  polntod  to  this  brace. 

Shak.,  rerlcles,  11. 1. 
lit.  State  of  defense. 

I'or  that  it  jCyprus)  stanils  in)t  In  such  warlike  brace, 

Hut  allogethi!r  lacks  the  aliilitles 

That  Hhodcs  Is  dress'd  ill.  Shak.,  Othello,  I.  8. 

12.  Tho  state  of  being  braced;  tension;  tight- 
ness. 

The  laxnoss  of  tho  tympaiunn  when  It  has  lost  Its  lirMI 
,,i  l,,ii»i,,M.  Holder, 


1  Path,  VAtlciii 


13t.  An  arm  (of  (lie  soa). 
He  Bihal  so  passe  the' wature,  that  ys  cleped  the  brace  ot 


jMI 


Hracldum  S.  Ocorglil,  that  Is  an  arm 
Mnundeirille,  \i.  V2t. 


Selnt  (icorge  j 
of  the  sea. 

14.  A  cnrvod  inslnnneiit,  of  iron  or  wood  for 
hohling  and  tm-niiig  lioriiig-tnols,  etc.;  a  bit- 
Btocl(.  Thi're  ari'  various  foniisof  braces.  Ihc  most  com- 
nioii  liehig  llie  earinnlrm'  brace,  hit-brace,  bilKlock,  or 
haml-brare,  which  Is  a  tool  for  liiniliig  a  boHng-bit  or 
anger.  It  consists  of  a  cnHikfonMcil  sliiirt,  with  a  metal 
socket  called  the  pud  at  one  exirenilty,  and  on  the  other 
a  swivulcd  head  (or  cinAMin  or  »/ii«W),  by  which  the  liorlug- 


brace 

tool  or  bit,  fixed  in  the  pad,  is  pressed  forward  by  the 
■workman.  See  aiurle-brace  (h),  and  cut  under  bit-stock. 
15.  A  wooden  rod  vrith  spiked  euds, 
used  to  support  scenery  in  a  theater. 
— 16.  pi.  The  leather  slides  on  the 
cords  of  a  snare-drum,  by  which  the 
tension  of  the  head  is  varied Brace- 
bit.  See  (<i(i.— French  brace,  ;in  anKle-liiiae 
(wliiclisee).  — Geared  brace, a  liorinj;-ln.,ltlie 
bit  or  drill  of  vvhiell  is  tinned  liy  a  liand-Lianlv 
and  bevel-gear.— Principal  brace,  in  build- 
iufj,  a  brace  immediately  intder  the  principal 
rafters,  or  parallel  U>  them,  and  in  a  state  of 
compression.     It  .serves  to  assist  tlu:  jninci- 

Hand-brace.    P^'s  in  suppnrtin;^  the   I f-tiintiers.    .^irift. 

—  Ratchet-brace,   a    carpenteis'   liracc    in 
which,  by  means  of  gearing,  a  back-and  furtli  motion  is 
converted  into  a  rotary  one,  thus  causing'  the  liit  to  turn. 
—  Wind-brace,  a  diagonal  brace  to  tie  tlie  ratters  of  a 
roof  to;.'. -tiler  and  prevent  racking.     In  the  best  e-xamples 
of  medieval  roofs  the  wind- braces  are  arched,  .and  run  frtjra 
the  principal  rafters  to  the  purlins.    Encyc.  Brit.  ==Syn.  3. 
Ci'Viilr,  etc.     See/iair. 
bracel  (bras),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  braced,  ppr. 
hraciiH).     [<  ME.  bracen,  brace,  embrace,  <  OF. 
bracer,  hracier,  brasser,  <  brace,  embrace,  =  Pr. 
brassar  =  It.  bracciare,  brace ;  from  the  noun.] 
If.  To  clasp  or  grasp ;  embrace ;  hold  firmly. 
,Swet  frende,  I  fele  mortal  dethe  me  brace, 
Neuer  After  thys  comforth  to  purchace 
Off  surgery-crafte  ne  with  medicine, 
For  stulfed  I  am  ful  of  uenyme. 

Rom.  of  Parlenaii  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1446. 
A  sturdy  lance  in  his  right  hand  he  braced. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xi.  75. 

2.  To  bind  or  tie  closely;  fit  or  secure  by  ties; 
bandage ;  strap. 

The  women  of  China,  by  bracing  and  binding  them, 
from  then"  infancy,  have  very  little  feet.  Locke. 

They  braced  my  aunt  against  a  board, 
To  make  her  straight  and  tall. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  My  Aunt. 

3.  To  string  or  bend  (a  bow)  by  putting  the 
eye  of  the  string  in  the  upper  nock  preparatory 
to  shooting. — 4.  To  make  tense;  strain  up;  in- 
crease the  tension,  tone,  or  vigor  of;  strength- 
en :  used  both  literally  and  figuratively :  as,  to 
brace  the  nerves. 

The  tympanum  is  not  capable  of  tension  that  way,  in 
such  a  manner  as  a  drum  is  braced. 

Holder,  Elements  of  Speech. 
He  drank  —  "twas  needful  his  poor  nerves  to  brace. 

Crabbe,  The  Borough. 

Strong  affection  braced  the  feeble  mind  of  the  princess. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

6.  To  fix  in  the  position  of  a  brace ;  hold  firm- 
ly in  place:  used  reflexively:  as,  to  brace  one's 
self  against  a  post  or  a  crowd. —  6.  To  furnish 
with,  or  support  or  prop  by,  braces :  as,  to  brace 
a  building  or  a  falling  wall. —  7.  Naut.,  to  swing 
or  turn  around  (the  yards  of  a  ship)  by  means 
of  the  braces. 

We  caught  the  southeast  trades,  and  ran  before  them 
for  nearly  tlu'ee  weeks,  without  so  much  as  altering  a  sail 
or  bracing  a  yard.     R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. ,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  53. 

8.  In  writiny  and  printing,  to  unite  or  connect 
by  a  brace,  as  two  or  more  lines,  staves  of 
music,  etc.- To  brace  aback.  See  aback.— To  brace 
about,  t»j  brace  (the  yards  of  a  ship)  in  a  contrary  direc- 
tion.—  To  brace  fortht,  to  press  forth. 

The  prince  of  planetis  that  proudely  is  pight 
Sail  brace  furth  his  hemes  that  cure  helde  blithes. 

York  Plays,  p.  123. 
To  brace  in  (naut.),  to  slack  the  lee  braces  and  haul  in 
the  weather  ones.  —  To  brace  sharp  (naut.),  to  cause  the 
yards  to  have  the  snnUlest  possible  angle  with  the  keel. — 
To  brace  up.  (a)  Xaut.,  to  lay  the  yards  more  fore-and- 
aft,  so  that  the  ship  will  sail  closer  to  the  wind,  (b)  To 
increase  the  tension,  tone,  or  vigor  of :  often  used  intran- 
sitively with  the  object  understood. 
Every  nerve  in  his  frame  was  braced  up  for  a  spring. 

Barhani,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  316. 

brace^t  (bras),  n.     [Origin  obsctrre.]     In  min- 
ing, the  flooring  around  the  mouth  of  a  shaft. 
[Cornwall.] 
braced  (briist),  p.  «.     1.  In  her.,  interlaced  or 
linked  together :  said  of  bearings  so  arranged. 

^ Also  brazed.— 2.  In 

entoni.,  attached  by 
the  caudal  extremi- 
ty and  supported  in 
an    upright    or    ob- 
lique position  by  a 
silken  thread  cross- 
ing the  thorax,  and 
fastened  to  the  sup- 
porting stu-f  ace:  said 
of  the  chrysalis  of  a  butterfly.    Also 
called  girt  or  bound Braced  Inter- 
laced, in  lier.,  same  as  braced,  1. 
brace-drill  (bras'dril),  n.     A  di-ill 

shaped  like   a   carpenters'   brace,      "•'--•' 

used  for  boring  metals,  in  one  form  a  feed-screw 
and  hack-center,  the  latter  abutting  against  some  rigid 
body  or  part,  are  substituted  for  the  hand-plate  or  breast- 
plate. 


651 

brace-head  (bnis'hod),  n.  In  roc/i;-Jon«,(7,  alarge 
box,  key,  oi'  wrench,  with  long  lovers  or  handles, 
useil  ill  turning  a  boring-tool. 

brace-key  (bras' ke),  n.  In  mining,  a  tiller  eon- 
sistiiii^  of  two  irfin  handles  screwed  together  in 
opposih!  ways,  so  as  to  cliij  between  them  the 
rods  used  in  deep  borings.  When  tin-  hanilli's  are 
screwed  on  firmly  they  form  two  levers  forturnhi;;  Mm-  rods 
as  reiinired,  the  top  length  of  rod  being  funiislicd  with  a 
swivel.     iV.  Mortfan,  Manual  of  Mining  T'lols,  p.  Ui'.i. 

bracelet  (bras'lot),  «.  [<  F.  bracelet,  dim.  of 
01<\  briwcl,  brochel,  an  armlet  or  dofousc  for  the 
arm,  <  ML.  brachile,  <  L.  bracchiale,  an  armlet,  < 
bracchiiiiii,  the  arm:  see  brace'^,  re.]  1.  An  or- 
namental baud,  ring,  or  clasped  chain  for  the 


Three  Chevrons 
Bracer!. 


Egyptian  and  Assyrian  Bracelets. 

wrist,  now  worn  mostly  by  women.  Bracelets 
were  among  the  earliest  personal  ornaments,  and  are  seen 
in  rich  and  varied  forms  in  ancient  Egyptian  and  Assyrian 
sculptures.  They  have  been  worn  almost  universally, 
from  the  earliest  times  to  the  present  day,  by  both  savage 
and  civilized  peoples.    See  armlet,  armilla,  and  bangle-. 

I  decked  thee  also  with  ornaments,  and  I  put  bracelets 
upon  thy  hands,  and  a  chain  on  thy  neck.      Ezek.  .xvi.  11. 

Both  his  hands  were  cut  off,  being  known  to  have  worn 
bracelets  of  gold  about  his  wrists.  Sir  J.  Hayward. 

2.  Humorously,  a  shackle  for  the  wrist;  a 
handcuff. 

There  he  shall  keep  close. 
Till  I  provide  him  files  and  food  ;  for  yet 
His  iron  bracelets  are  not  off. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  il.  6. 

3.  A  piece  of  armor,  whether  the  lower  part  of 
the  brassart  or  the  wrist-pieee  of  the  gauntlet 
(which  see). 

Armed  with  hack  and  breast,  head  piece  and  bracelets. 
Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose,  ii. 

4.  In  palmi.ttri/,  a  mark  across  the  inside  of  the 
waist,  single,  double,  or  triple. 

brace-mold  (briis'mold),  n.  In  arch.,  a  mold- 
ing formed  by  the  union  of  two  ogees,  and  in 
section  resembling  the  brace  used  in  printing. 
Sometimes  a  small  bead  is  inserted  between 
the  ogees. 

brace-pendant  (bras'pen'dant),  M.  Kaut.,  a 
length  of  rope  or  chain  into  which  the  brace- 
block  is  spliced. 

bracer  (bra'ser),  H.     [<  brace,  v.,  +  -ct-1  ;  in  sense 

2,  <  ME.  bracer,  brasere,  <  OF.  bras,  the  arm :  see 
ftrocel,  ».]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  braces, 
binds,  or  makes  firm ;  a  band  or  bandage. — 2. 
In  archery,  a  wrist-guard  worn  over  the  sleeve 
on  the  left  arm  as  a  protection  against  the  fric- 
tion or  the  catching  of  the  bowstring,  it  is  com- 
monly of  leather,  but  sometimes  of  metal,  and  was  for- 
merly even  of  ivory,  and  frequently  a  decorative  object. 
The  glove  is  sometimes  made  to  serve  as  a  bracer.  See 
cut  under  bowumn^. 

Upon  his  arm  he  bar  a  gay  bracer. 
And  by  his  side  a  swerd  and  a  bokeler. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  111. 

A  bracer  serueth  for  two  causes,  one  to  saue  his  arme 
from  tile  strype  of  the  strjmge,  and  his  doublet  from 
wearynge,  and  the  other  is,  that  the  stiynge  glydynge 
sharpelye  and  quicklye  of  the  bracer,  may  make  tlie 
sharper  shoote.  Ascham,  To.xopllilus. 

3.  That  which  braces  or  stimulates  the  nerves ; 
a  tonic ;  specifically,  a  drink  taken  early  in  the 
morning.     [Colloq.] 

brace-stake  (briis'stak),  n.  A  stake  competed 
for  bv  braces  of  dogs  instead  of  individuals,  as 
in  field-trials. 

bracht,  brachet  (brach  or  brak),  n.  [In  the 
pron.  brach  also,  and  properly,  written  bratcli 
(see  bratch,  bratchet);  <  ME.  brache,  <  OF. 
braclie,  F.  braque  =  Pr.  hrac  =  Sp.  Pg.  braco  = 
It.  bracco  (ef.  ML.  braccus,  bracco),  <  OHG. 
braccho,  MHG.  6.  bracke  =  D.  braJ:  =  Sw.  bracJ:, 
a  dog  that  hunts  by  the  scent ;  origin  unknown. 
The  mod.  pron.  brak  follows  mod.  F.  braque, 
and  requires  the  spelling  *brack  (or,  as  F., 
braque).'\  A  bitch  of  the  hound  kind;  specifi- 
cally, a  species  of  scenting  hound ;  a  pointer  or 
setter. 

A  sow  pig  by  chance  sucked  a  brack,  and  when  she  was 
grown  would  miraculously  hunt  all  manner  of  deer. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  MeL 


Brachial  Appendages 
of  Hhyncftonflla  ni- 
gricans. II,  adductor 
impressions;  /.teeth. 


bracbiate 

Brachelytra  (bra-kel'l-trii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
liimx'e,  short,  +  i'AvTimv,  a  sheath,  shard:  see 
elytron.']  In  Latreille's  system  of  classifica- 
tion, a  division  of  (Joleoplera  including  the 
rovc-bc(-tlcs,  or  Slajihylinidu',  which  have  the 
<'Iytra  short,  not  nearly  coveting  the  abdomen, 
the  antenna)  short,  not  elavate,  and  usually 
two  anal  appendages.  Some  of  these  insects  are 
known  as  cocktails,  from  the  way  they  h.ave  of  cocking 

up  their  tails.  With  the  .Slnidillliniiia'  the  Pselcipliiilii: 
all-  soiiietiliies  associated  uwU-r' /irocluh/tni.  'llii'se  are 
trimenms,  with  llxed  ahdonii-ii  and  no  anal  ai»iieiidagcs. 
Sec  cut  under  rore-ljeetle.     Also  called  Ilrachyelytra. 

brachel3rtr0U8  fbra-kel'i-trus),  a.  [<  lirache- 
lylra  + -ou.s.]  Having  short  elytra;  specifical- 
ly, pertaining  to  the  Brachelytra.  Also  brachy- 
clytrous. 

brachett,  ".     See  bratchet. 

brachia,  «.     Plural  of  brachium. 

brachial  (bra'ki-  or  brak'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
hrncliidUs,  braechialis,  <  brachium  (prop,  brac- 
chi ion ),:irm:  soehraciA,  n.}  I.  a.  1.  Belonging 
to  the  arm,  fore  leg,  wing,  pectoral  fin,  or  other 
fore  limb  of  a  vertebrate ;  especially,  belonging 
to  the  upper  part  of  such  member,  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  elbow. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  brachia  of  the  Jlrachiopoda  or  of  other  ani- 
mals, as  the  wings  of  jitoroiiods,  the  arms  of 
eephalopods,  the  rays  of  crinoids,  etc Bra- 
chial appendages,  a  pair  of  organs 
characteri.stic  of  the  brachiopods, 
and  suggesting  the  name  of  the 
class  Brachiopoda ;  they  arc  prolon- 
gations of  the  lateral  portions  of  the 
lips  or  margins  of  the  mouth,  and  are 
therefore    also  called    labial  appen- 

d«</e.9.— Brachial  artery,  or  hu- 
meral artery,  the  principal  artery 
of  the  upper  arm;  the  continuation  of 
the  axillary  artery  from  its  exit  from 
the  axilla  to  its  division  into  radial 
and  ulnar  arteries,  which  in  man 
occurs  just  below  the  elbow. — Bra- 
chial plexus,  the  network  or  interlacing  of  the  anterior 
brain  hcs  nf  lower  cervical  and  upper  dorsal  spinal  nerves, 
which  arc  di.stributed  to  the  fore  limb;  the  brachiplex. — 
Brachial  veins,  the  venm  comites,  or  companion  veins, 
of  the  brachial  artery,  which  unite  with  each  other  and 
with  the  basilic  vein  to  fonn  the  axillary  vein. 

II.  n.  1.  In  (c/itt.,  one  of  the  series  of  bones 
to  which  the  rays  of  the  pectoral  fins  of  fishes 
are  attached. 

The  fourth  or  lowest  of  the  four  brachials  which  together 
may  represent  the  humerus,  and  to  which  the  fin-rays  are 
attached.  Mieart,  Elem.  Anat.,  p.  162 

2.  In  human  anat. :  (a)  The  brachial  artery. 
(6)  In  the  Latin  form  brachialis  (anticus),  a 
muscle  of  the  front  of  the  upper  arm,  arising 
from  the  front  of  the  humerus  and  inserted  into 
the  ulna,  flexing  the  forearm.  Also  called 
anticobruchialis.  See  cut  under  muscle. —  3. 
One  of  the  joints  of  the  branches  of  a  crinoid, 
between  the  radials  and  the  palmars ;  one  of  the 
joints  of  the  third  order,  or  of  a  dirision  of  the 
radials. 
brachiale  (brak-i-a'le),  «.;  pi.  hrachialia  (-li-a). 
[L.,  prop.  neut.  of  brachialis,  braechialis:  see 
brachial,  bracelet.]  1.  In  crinoids,  same  as  bra- 
chial, 3. 

.\t  the  third  radiale,  the  series  bifurcates  into  two  series 
of  brachialia.  Huxley,  .Anat.  Invert.,  p.  oOO. 

2.  Eccles.,  a  reliquary  in  the  shape  of  a  hand 
and  forearm,  usually  held  erect  with  the  hand 
open  and  the  fingers  wearing  rings. —  3.  pi.  See 
extract. 

Besides  their  gloves,  our  bishops  wore,  on  occasions, 
a  certain  kind  of  loose  sleeves,  called  brachialia,  which 
could  he  easily  drawn  over  the  alb  high  up  almost  to  the 
elbow,  and  thus  hinder  the  eutfs  of  that  vesture  and  its 
beautiful  apparels  from  being  splashed  when  the  bishop, 
on  Holy  Saturday,  baptized  the  new-bom  infants  in  the 
font  which  he  had  just  hallowed. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  164. 

brachialgia  (brak-i-al'ji-a),  n.  [NL.^  <  L.  bra- 
chium, bracchium,  arm,  +hr.  -ahjia,  <a'/.ydv,teel 
pain,  <  a/; Of,  pain.]     Neuralgia  in  the  arm. 

brachialia,  n.     Plural  of  brachiale. 

brachialis  (brak-i-a'lis),  ».  [L.]  See  brachial, 
n..  -2  (b). 

Brachiata  (Iwak-i-a'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  L.  brachiaius,  brdcehiatus :  see  brachiale.'] 
An  order  of  crinoids,  the  brachiate  crinoids  or 
crinoids  proper,  ha\ing  five  or  more  branching 
arms.  There  are  two  families,  £ncrinid(e  and  Cotnatu- 
lidiv.  This  di\ision  inchnlcs  all  the  living  crinoids,  as  well 
as  many  of  the  extinct  ones,  and  is  distinguished  from  the 
hlastoi'dea  and  Cystoidea,  all  of  which  are  extinct.  .-Vlso 
called  Brachata. 

brachiate  (bra'ki-  or  brak'i-at),  a.  [<  L.  bra- 
chiatus,  bracchiatus.  having  arms:  see  brachial.'] 
1.  In  bat.,  having  widely  spreading  branches 
arranged  in  alternate  pairs,  or  decussate:  fur- 
nished with  brachia. — 2.  In -niil.:  (a)  Having 
brachia  of  any  kind;  brachiferous.  (6)  Specifi- 
cally, of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brachiata. 


bracMferous 

bracMferous  (bra-kif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  hrachia, 
pi  of  bnieliiitm,  bracchutm,  arm,  +  Jerre  =  t. 
frfai-l.]  Bearing  brachia:  applied  to  the  sub- 
timbrellar  disk  of  Discophoia  (which  see;.— 
BracMferous  disk.    See  extract. 

In  most  "I"  tlie  Kliizostomidse,  not  only  do  the  edges  of 
the  liP5  unite,  but  the  opposite  walls  of  the  hydranth  be- 
neath the  uuibrella  are,  as  it  were,  pushed  in,  so  as  to  form 
four  chamber,  the  walls  of  which  unite,  become  perforated 
and  thus  give  rise  to  a  sub-umbrellar  cavity,  with  a  roof 
formed  bv  the  umbrella,  and  a  floor,  the  brachi/erous  disk, 
..,=^„,io.i  i.v  fnnr  nillars.    Hujclen,  .\nat.  Invert.,  p.  li). 


suspended  by  four  pillars, 
Brachina  (bra-ki'na),  n. 


[Mj.,  <  L.  bracliium. 


bmcchiitni 
stage 


arm,  +  -iHfll.]      A  supposed  larval 


,,^^  ,11, til    i,.»i.m_<»  f  •    w-..- r? ~~-  

mated  to  or  associated  with  the  worms,  1  ermes.  Ihe  class 
ii  "enerally  dirided  into  two  subchisses  or  orders,  Arthro- 
voinatn  or  Clistfnterata,  and  Lijopoinata  or  Tretenterata. 
The  families  of  the  inarticulate  or  lyop"iiiatou5  l.rachio- 
pods  .are  the  LinquliUie,  Craniiiice,  and  IJiscini'ln-,  all  of 
which  have  liring  representatives.  Tlie  families  of  the 
articulate  or  arthrojiomatous  brachiopods  are  the  Tfrebra- 
tulidfV,  Rhii2Klwn<-Uidrr.  Tliri-iida:  Spiriferid(e.  Konincki- 
Mf'/rt*,  Pe/t}amf'nd(f,  ^trophoiiwmdce,  Orthidue,  and  Pro- 
ducli'da.  The  species  are  very  numerous,  nearly  4,000  hav- 
ing been  described  ;  they  are  mostly  extinct,  and  all  marine. 
They  floiuished  especially  during  the  Silurian  period,  and 
some  Silurian  genera,  as  Lintmla,  are  still  extant.  See  cut 
under  LiiiouUna:  Many  of  the  species,  especially  of  the 
faniilv  Teicbyatulido!:  are  known  as  lampshells.    • 

'a.    See 


662  brachyelytrous 

at  least  as  true  mollusks;  but  by  later  writers  they  have  brachycephali    (brak-i-sef'a-li),   n.pl.     [NL.. 
been  separated  as  representing  (alone  or  with  Poliizua)  a     pi  pj-  lirailnicvp1iali(S :  see  brachycepltalims.}    In 
peculiar  branch  or  subkingdom  .Vu£usto;*^^^^^^  cffcjio/.,    tliose     people    whose     cephalic    index 
^    '" °     "'"       ">""■==     (see  (•ci>/i«/i(')  is  80  aiid  upward,  and  who  con- 
sequently have  short  skulls  or  are  brachyce- 
phalic. 

brachycephalic  {brak"i-se-farik  or  -sef  a-lik), 
a.  [As  bmchijccphal-ous  +  -'<■.]  Short-headed: 
applied,  iu  ctluioL.  to  heads  whose  tliameter 
from  side  to  side  is  not  much  less  than  that 
from  front  to  back,  their  ratio  being  as  80  to 
100,  as  those  of  the  Mongolian  type ;  and  also 
to  races  or  individuals  having  such  heads:  op- 
posed to  (hlichocephalic.  There  are  two  sections  of 
tliis  group,  brnchiflin-a'l'nl'^'  and  luriirfjilinlic.  It  is  sup- 
posed tliat  a  braclivci-iihalic  race  iiiliabited  Europe  before- 
the  Celts.  Also  liyiKluinplinloiiy,  IndcliiikipliiUu;  biuchy- 
kep/i(floti~f. 

For  the  extremes  of  these  varieties  [of  cranial  form], 
Ectziiis  proposed  the  names  of  bmclnikt-phalic  or  short- 
htadcd.  and  dolicho-kephalic  or  long-headed,  which  have 
ionic  into  general  use.     Dnwsun,  Origin  of  World,  p.  427. 

Brachycephalidae  (braki-se-fal'i-de),  «.  pL 
[XL..  <  JiradijH'cphaliis  +  -iVte.]  A  family  of 
o.xydaotyl  opisthoglossate  antu'ous  batrachians. 

Ciiiitlii  r. 

Brachycephalina  (brak-i-sef-a-li'nii,),  n.pl. 
[XL.,  <    l!rtu-liiiccph(ih(S  +  -iim-.']      A  super- 
family  group  of  frogs,  including  the  familiea 
-  -,    ,,        ..       ,  ,  .    --  riini)ii>^ciilii  ami  Briichiiccpholidd: 

+  Kii>a'/Ji,  head.]     Those  persons  or  races  of  ^rachycephalism  (brak-i-sef'a-lizm),  «.     [< 

.  nien  who  are  brachistocephalie.        ^  ^      hracluiaphal-ic  + -ism.']   In  f(/i«»?.,  the  quality, 

the  bombardier-beetles,  of  which  B.oreyji  tans  is  brachistocephalie  (bra-kis'to-se-fal'ik  or -sef '-    state,'  or  eouditiou  of  being  brachycephalic. 
an  example.     See  cut  under  bombardier-beetle,     a-lik),  rt.   [As  hracliistaeepliali  +  -ic.]  Inelhiiol.,     ^[^^  brachiiUepliidi.-'m.  liniclii/ceplKdy. 

- -    --"■      iiaving  or  pertaining  to  a  head  whose  transverse  ^jj^gjjygepbalous  (brak-i-sef'a-lus),  a.    [<  NL. 

diameter  is  to  its  length  about  tis  .85  to  1.  hniclii/iriiliidii.':,  <  Gr.  /j/)aji'w'^«?iof,  short-head- 

brachistochrone  (bra-kis'to-krou),  n.     [Word     ^.^^^  <;  ',,•,,„^.,(;,  short,  +  Kc6aM/,  head.]     Same  as 
invented  by  John  Bernoulli  in  16tH;   <   Gr 


=i„-^^   of  a  starfish,  as  an  Jsterncanihion :   a     

naine  given,  like  Bipinnaria  &nd  Brachiolaria,  brachiopode  (brak'i-6-p6d),  n.  and 

under  Ihe  impression  that  the  organism  was  a     hrachiopod. 

distinct  animal.  brachiopodoUS  (brak-i-op'o-dus),  rt.     [As  &•«- 

Brachinidae  (bra-kin'i-de),  «.  pi.     [Nl..,  <  Bra-    chiopoda  +  -"».s-.]     Belonging  to  the  class  Bra- 
chinus  +  -idte.]    A  familv  of  adephagous  bee-     chiniKida.     Also  brachiopod. 
ties    typified  by  the   genus  Brachiiiiis:   now  brachiplex  (brak'i-pleks),  n.     [<  L.  brachium, 
merged    in    Carabidw.      Also  Brachiiiida  and     bracekium.  arm,  +  NL.  pUms.']     The  brachial 
Brachiiiides.  plexus  of  nerves.     See  brachial  plexus,  under 

Brachininae  (brak-i-ni'ne),  n.  pJ.    [NL.,  <iJra-     bruehiaJ.  ,  ,  ,    ,s  r/  ,       , 

chiHu.?  +  -inrt'.]     The  bombardier-beetles  as  a  brachiplexal  (Inak-i-plek  sal),  a.     [<  braeln- 
subfamilv  of  Carabidw.  j.h.r  +  -<;/.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  brachi- 

Brachiniis  (bra-ki'nus),  K.     [XL.,  so  named  m     ,,iex.  ^,      ,-s 

reference  to  the  shortness  of  the -mng-cases :  brachistocephali  (bra-kis-to-set   a-U),  n.pl. 
<  Gr.  .ipaxic,  short.]     A  genus  of  adephagous     [XL.,  <  Gr.  ii)u,x"^'"£-_  superl.  of  fipax'r,  short, 
beetles,  of  the  familv  Carabidw,  sometimes  giv- 
ing name  to  a  family  Braehiiiidw.     They  are 


brachiocephalic  (brak'i-6-se-fal'ik  or  -sef'a- 
lik),  fl.  L<  L.  hrdcliiiim,  bracchium  (Gr.  flpa-X'- 
uv),  arm,  +  tir.  /.f^a///,  head,  +  -I'c]  In  aiiat.. 
of  or  pertaining  both  to  the  upper  arm  and  to 
the  head:  as,  the  brachiocephalic  (innominate) 
arterv  and  veins. 

BracHiolaria  (brak'i-o-la'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
brachioliiiii,  dim.  of  brachium,  bracchium,  arm, 
+  -aria.  Ci.  Brachina.]  The  larva  of  a  star- 
fish :  a  name  given  by  Leuckart  imder  the  en-o- 
neous  impression  that  it  was  a  distinct  animal. 
See  Bipinnaria. 

Brachionichthyinse  (brak'i-o-nik-tlii-i'ne).  j(. 

jd.  [XL.,  <  Bracliionichlhijs  +  -ina:]  In  GUI  s 
elassilication  of  fishes,  a  subfamily  of  Antenna- 
riidw,  with  the  rostral  spine  or  tentacle  and  two 
robust  spines  developed,  the  second  dorsal  well 
developed,  the  body  oblongoclaviform,  and  tlie 
pelvic  bones  short. 

brachionichthyine  (brak'i-o-nik'thi-in),  a.  an<l 
II.  I.  II.  1  "i- It  a  ining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Bracliionichthi/ince. 

n.  «.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily  Brachionich- 
thijinw. 

Brachionichthys  (brak"i-o-nik'this),  ri.  [XL., 
<  (Jr.  ,V"l"^''.  '"■'"■  +  'X«>C,  fish.]  A  genus  of 
fishes  with  pediculate  pectorals,  typical  of  the 
subfamily  Braehionichtln/inw. 

brachionid  (bia-ki'o-nid),  h.  A  rotifer  of  the 
taiiiilv  Hiiiiliionidw. 

Brachionidae  (lirak-i-on'i-do).  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Brachiunu-s  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  rotifers,  in- 
cluding the  genera /iraf/iiVciw.",  .■\nuraa,yotini.y, 
and  SarrHlHx,  having  a  broad  sliiohl-shaped  lori- 
cate body  and  short  jointed  foot:  in  a  wider 
sense  also  calli'd  Braeliiunwa. 

BrachionUS  (bra-M'o-nus),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jlpa- 
xiuv,  arm,  sliouldor:  see  brachium.]  A  genus 
of  rotifci-s,  typical  of  the  (nmUy  Brachionidw  or 
Braeliiunwa.  U.  urccolurin  is  an  example.  See 
cut  iindcr  Irm-li'tl. 

brachiopod,  brachiopode  (brak'i-o-pod,  -pod), 

n.  and  a.    I.   n.  i  mo  <il'  thi'  Brachiiipoda. 
In  molt  BraehiojMiU,  the  oral  area  In  narrowed  I 


In  molt  Brfl<r/ii«/«»fc.,  the  oral  area  Ij  narrowed  to  a  ,,,        ,„,,,,r,„,;,„„„. 

mere  groove,  and  la  produced  on  each  xlile  of  the  mouih  i>_„ 'i,,„~ti1-    h       Si 

Into  •Ionic  ■plrnlly -colled  arm,  frini;e.l  with  tentacles,  Bracnmant,  »'.     ™ 

whence  the  name  of  Bmchli.iioiln,  applied  to  the  KToiip.  bracny-,      [INL.    Or 

tluxUii 


liiMxioTo^,  siiperl.  of  i^paxk,  short,  +  Apf^^'Of. 
time:  see  chronic]  The  curve  upon  which  a 
body  moves  in  the  least  possible  time  from  one 
given  point  to  another.  According  to  the  nature  of 
the  forces  that  are  supposed  to  act  upon  the  body,  and 
the  constraints  to  which  it  may  be  subject,  the  brachisto- 
chrone  takes  various  geometrical  forms,  mostly  spiral  or 
consisting  of  branches  united  by  cusps,  like  the  cycloid, 
which  is  the  brachistochrone  for  a  body  moving  under  a. 
constant  force  and  subject  to  no  condition  except  that  de- 
tliiing  the  brachistochrone.  Until  recently  always  spelled 
hrivfiiliitochrone. 

brachium  (br.a'ki-  or  brak'i-um),  «. ;  pi.  brachia 
{-[{).  [L.,  prop,  bracchium,  the  arm,  >  ult.  L. 
ifvicil,  ».,  q.  v.]  1.  The  upper  arm,  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  elbow,  coinciding  in  extent 
with  the  humerus;  the  arm  proper,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  autcbrachium  or  forearm. — 2. 
Thehimierus.  [Rare.]  — 3.  jVn  arm-like  process 
of  the  lirahi.  See  phrases  below. — 4.  An  arm- 
like part  of  a  body.  Specifically  — (n)  In  crinoids, 
one  of  the  rays  or  arms  given  olf  from  the  calyx,  and  to 
which  the  pinnuliO  may  be  attaihed.  See  cut  under  Cn- 
nnidea.  (b)  In  ceplmlopods,  one  id  the  hmg  arms  or  ten 
lacles  which  liear,  in  the  Ai-rtabiili/ira.  the  rows 
Sec  cut  under  Dihrancliiata.  (c)  One  of  the 
tentacular  processes  upon  the  bracliifcrous 
cophurous  hydrozuau.     .See  cut  under  DLieniili 

The  long  tentacles  which  terminate  each  braehlum  |ot 
Cepheii]  are  blue.  Iliislfii,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  127,  note. 

5.  In  bot.,  an  arm-like  process  or  appeiulnge: 
applied  by  Beiitham  to  the  pro,iectiiigiir(>i'csscs 
at  tlio  summit  of  the  column  in  some  orchids. 
-Brachia  conjvmctlva,  tw,.  rounded  white  tracts  in  the 
brain  na^.sing  forward,  on,-,  the '<™</ii"iimcr>il.;l(m-riCK»inn- 
li-rius,  fnun  the  nates,  an. I  the  other,  the  brarliiiiw  rimjuii,-- 
limiiii  pimteriiU!,  fnun  the  tesUs,  on  the  outer  snic  of  the 
mesencephalon.  Also  callid  brncliiii  em-pnruiii  iiuadn- 
iicminwiim,  briuhi.i  ••!'  11,.-  uiilir  liili'V.  BTSlcUS.  COn- 
iunctoria  or  copiUatlVa,  (be  superior  pcilunelcs  of  Ihe 
cereliclbmi.-  Brachia  of  the  optic  lobes,    see  brm-bm 

civijll/icdm.  — Brachium  pOntlS,  the  middle  peduneleof 
the  cerelKjllum,  a  median  nv.M  of  llbrous   nerve-tissue 
connecting  the  pons  Varolii  with  the  cen-bcllum 
hung  and  oncealerl  by  Ihe  hitiral  Uibe  of  tin 


brachuccphaUc.    Also  written  brachykephalous. 

The  "prevailing  form  of  the  negro  head  is  dolichoccpha- 

lous  ■  that  of  civilized  races  is  incsoccpbalous  and  brachy. 

Cj.lfnlirtis.  t'"l'-  *'''•  •""■>  -XIII.  600. 

Brachycephalus  (brak-i-sef'a-lus),  «,  [NL.: 
see  lirachi/ciphalou.-i.]  The  tj'pical  genus  of 
the  family  Urachycephalida:    liy  recent  herpetolo- 


Br.iziliiin  Toad  {Hrachycefluilus  ffiiipfiiim). 


of  suckei-s. 


whence 

Anat.  Invert.,  p. 

Age  of  brachlopods,  the  Silurian  period. 
II.  II.  Siiinc  as  brachiopodou.i. 

Eraciiiopoda  (bnik-i-op'(Mlii),  «.  pi.    [XL.,  < 

(tr.  V'.r'"''.  "'■m,  +  -o'C  ("'"'-)  =  v..  foot.]  A 
I  liiHS  of  tnollnsk-liko  animals  di^(inl,Mlished  by 
the  devclo]>m<'nt  of  two 
liiljiii!  (generally  called 
lirihh'iiV)  a|ipenimgi'H,  di- 
\i'\  _'.•  ■■  Iroin  either  Hide 
'■I   '  I  "iitli.    Tin:  animal  I- 

i  mantle  wbbb  ev 
f,  !Iv  and  fi»rward.  i 

i,;.,  I'    :oid    .e.  r.'le,   ,1 

,1     ;,rel 


iTebelhini, 

Same  as  Urahinan. 
achi/-,  <  (ir.  lipnxlx,  short.] 
An   iliinent  in   some'  words  of  Greek  origin, 
incnning  slmrt. 

brachycatalectic  (bnik-i-knt-H-h-k  tik),  «.  mui 
n.  [<  i-i.  Iiraihiicalalirlicum,  prop,  brachi/caln- 
Icctum  (sc.  nielrum,  meter),  <  Gr.  iiirnxvuinii/i/- 


gists  it  is  referred  to  the  family  f:ii:i!i.itmiudiv  (in  an  en- 
larged sense)  or  Pliniiii-ickliv.  B.  ephippiuin  is  a  small 
bright-vellow  lirazilian  toad,  with  a  bony  plate  saddled  on 
the  back, 
subumbrcllar  brachyccphaly  (brnk-i-sef  a-lil,  H.  [<  brachij- 
'isk  of  a  dis-     ,,,^, /,„/.„.  +  .,,.]     Snnu'  ns  bracUjtciphaUxm. 

Brachycera  \lira-kis'e-rii\  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  uf  liiacliiiririis,  lit.  short-horned;  see  lira- 
chiiciniiis.]  A  suborder  of  Diptrra,  including 
those  dijiterous  or  two-winged  (lies  wliicli  liave 
short  antcnmi',  apparenlly  not  more  than  three- 
.iointed,  one-  or  two-jointed  pal]ii,  and  larv» 
developed  from  the  egg.  They  are  ai|ualic  (.r  ter- 
restrial, feeding  (Ul  vegetable  or  animal  fooil,  or  iiarasltic, 
the  perfect  insect  feeding  on  the  juices  of  plants  or  ani- 
mals. The  great  majority  i4  dipterous  insects,  Including 
all  the  ordinary  Hies,  belong  to  this  suborder.  The  fam- 
ilies are  variously  grouped ;  by  some  they  are  I'lasscu  »» 
Du'hirlir,  Trlriu-iiaUr,  and  llcxiirlurUv,  according  to  the 
number  of  pieei-s  composing  the  pniboscis.  Another  dl- 
\i>iMTi  is  inlo  l«o  tribes,  Mnsriiritt  and  7\injtKtoiitata. 

brachycerOUS  (bra-kis'e-ms),  a.  [<  NL.  br^ 
chi/irru.-i,  lit.  short-horned, <  Gr.  /i/m  V'''.  short,  + 
kijinr,  liiini.]  In  oi^ow..  liaving  sliorl  iintcnnn?; 
siu'cificnllv!  <>(  or  pcrlnining  to  the  Biachjicera, 

brachydiagonal  (brnk  i-di-ng'o-nal),  a.  and  n. 
(<  Gr.  ,V"V'r.  sliorl,  -I-  diaiimiiil.]  I.  rt.  Short 
and  (iingonal:  as,  the  lirachiidiiianiial  axis,  (he 
sliorlcr  Intcnil  axis  in  an  orlhorlioniliic  crystal. 
II.  II.  Tlic  sliorter  of  lli«  diagonals  in  a 
rh.oiilii.' 


^^^ 


/ 


tvvuun   v."e.  intiiiiiif,    lit,.../,    *  ,         .  '  'T'* ,    „  '         rlliMlllilc   pn^IU 

«Tor  (HC, ///'r/,or,  meter),  <  ilpaxic,  short,  +  snrii-  i,rachydomatic  (brak ' i-dri-mat'ik),  a.  [<  bra- 
■AnxToc,  verbal  ad,|.  of  Kura/ioav,  leave  oil,  sinp.  ,,,,,„•;,„,  +  .„,„.•.>  i  IvrdiiningtoorreBomWijig 
cf,  mTiUtiKTiKiir,  deficient:   see  ealaleclic.]      I,     ^^  i„.,|,.liv,loino 

„.  In  pro.1.,  wnnling  the  last  foot  of  Iho  ast  i^jachydome  (brak'i-dmn),  n,  [<  Or.  fipaxk, 
dip.Mly:as,n/.mc/,.v<<,/-</<r^rv..rHOorliiM.,    This  °„X.r  f  +   "L  (,W"f-).  a  1^^^^^  In 


■her  ,   ,1 

»eii'  M'  .   ,i.'ir  .III  ; 

HI.  ■     ■  ■  - ■, 

rm\'  '           ".'■ 

bnii.  I  ,  '          1- 

n   ti»'-'    ■  ...    Bpecit"  "'  re 

ngvdcd  aa  i.ivalve  llieUi,  or# 


:^ 


A  l|rplc«l  l!niclilo()wl  (  Tfrr- 
hratulm  tftirta). 


diiiriilv:  as,  n  hriichiicnlaleclicvrTno  or  line.    This 
1.  nn  is  pn.perlv  appILd  only  to  lines  nieasure.l  by  .lip. 
dl.s,  Hinh  an  tfoclmliH  an.l  lamblcn.    Tim  or.llmny  l.ng 
llsh  heroic  line,  lu,  (or  example, 

('((  miins  first  ill«  I  ftbcillCnec  find  |  tliP  frfill, 
Is  an  Inndil.-  Irlmeler  hrnehyealaleeile,  lu  cnntnuleil  wllli 

II omspomllng  ncninli'ctic  trlnieU^r,  nt, 

S.  f-  h.iw  M  lies  !  ftl  rnn.lfim.  <im.  |  ICssly  dlllfiBil. 
II,  n.  A  vorHO  wauling  the  last  fool  of  (In 
last  dipody. 


ihydome  , ,,         .        ,      ,    i 

rl,  +  ilM/m  (ilu/'f"'-).  a  house,  clinmbcr.J  in 
rnisliil.,  n  nnnie  given  to  plniies  in  the  orlho- 
rJMinibic  systcni  «  lii.-li  niv  pnrnllel  to  the  shorter 
Inlcnil  (oV  lii-Hcliy.lingiiniil)  axis  while  iiitor- 
sc.lint;  Ihe  iillicr  two  axes.  See  diime^.  .'). 
Brachyelytra  (lir.ik-i-el'i-trll),  n.  pi.  Hamo  88 
liriielii  htfrii. 

brachyclytrouB  (brak-i-eri-trus),  a.    Same  a» 

brarliilillrouH. 


brachygrapher 

■brachygrapher  (bra-kig'ra-fer),  n.  [<  hrn- 
fhijiiruiiini  +  -«•!.]  A  writer  in  shorthand;  a 
stenographer. 

Hf  askeil  the  hrachyftrapher  whether  he  wrote  the  notes 
of  that  seniinn.  Gat/ton,  Notes  on  Don  Quixote,  i.  8. 

brachygraphy  (bra-kig'ra-fi),  n.  [=  F.  hrachij- 
(jraiiliK^,  <  (U-.  /V«/T''fi  short,  +  -ypaipia,  <  ypdipea', 
write.  ]  The  art  or  practice  of  writing  in  short- 
houd;  stenogi-aphy. 

And  he  is  to  take  the  whole  djinces  from  the  foot  by 
brachiiffraphy,  and  so  make  a  memorial,  if  n<it  a  map  of 
the  business.  B.  Jonnuu,  Pan's  Anniversary. 

What  have  we  here  —  the  Art  of  Brachiffraphy  ? 

Mar.^ton  and  Bavloited,  Insatiate  Countess,  v. 

brachykeplialic,  brachykephalous,  etc.    See 

hriicln/ctt'ltfilic,  bnirliiji-i jilniltiits^  etc. 
bracbylogy  (bra-kil'o-ji),  n.    [=  F.  bracliylof/ie, 

<  Ur.  j-ipaxv'loyia,  brevity  in  speech  or  writing,  < 
/}pa;f dAo)  Of ,  short  in  speech,  <  (ipaxvc,  short,  + 
Xijffv,  speak.]  In  rliet.  and  i/ram.,  brevity  of 
diction ;  a  concise  or  abridged  form  of  expres- 
sion ;  especially,  non-repetition  or  omission  of 
a  word  when  its  repetition  or  use  would  be  ne- 
cessary to  complete  the  grammatical  construc- 
tion: as,  I  do  not  think  so  now,  but  I  have 
(thouglit  so) ;  this  is  as  good  (as)  or  better  than 
that. 

Brachymeridae  (brak-i-mer'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Bravhi/iiterus,  2,  +  -idw.']  A  family  of  batra- 
chians,  named  from  the  genus  Brachymcrus. 
diinthrr. 

Brachymerus  (brak-i-me'rus),  n.  [NXi.,  <  Gr. 
fipaxvi,  short,  +  /'//p<)f,  a  thigh.]  1.  In  entom.: 
(a)  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  named  by 
Dejean  in  1834.  (6)  A  genus  of  hymenopterous 
insects. —  2.  In  herpct.,  the  typical  genus  of 
Brachiimtrulw.  Smith,  1849. — 3.  A  genus  of 
brachiopods,  of  the  family  PentameridcB.  N.  iS. 
SlidUr,  1865. 

brach3nuetropia  (brak"i-me-tr6'pi-a),  n.   [NL., 

<  Gr.  jipaxi'C,  short,  +  iiirpov,  measure,  +  ut/i 
((JTT-),  eye,  sight.]     Same  as  myopia. 

brachymetropic  (brak"i-me-trop'ik),  a.  Same 
as  niy(tjtic. 

brachymetropy  (brak-i-met'ro-pi),  n.  See  hra- 
chymrtropid. 

brachyodont  (brak'i-o-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  Ppaxvi, 
short,  +  bSov(  (odovT-)  =  E.  tootJi.']  Having  a 
short  or  low  crown :  applied  to  the  teeth  of  the 
Cervidce:  distinguished  from  hypsodont.  See 
extract. 

The  true  molars  of  the  Cervidte  are  brachyodont,  and 
those  of  the  Bovid;i.'  Ii>'ps'idont ;  i.  e.,  the  teeth  of  the 
former  have  comparati\t.ly  .shiirt  crowns,  which  .  .  .  take 
their  place  at  once  with  t'lie  neck  ...  on  a  level  with  or 
a  little  above  the  alveolar  border. 

W.  H.  Flower,  in  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  431. 

Brachyoura,  brachyoural,  brachyouran,  etc. 

Sec  Brdchijurd,  etc. 

brachypinacoid  (brak-i-jiin'a-koid),  11.  [<  Gr. 
iijiaxi'i;,  short,  +  pinncoiil.]  In  I'rysfal.,  a  plane 
in  the  orthorhombie  system  which  is  parallel 
to  the  vertical  and  shorter  lateral  (braohydiag- 
onal)  axes. 

brachypleural  (brak-i-plo'ral),  a.  [<  Gr. ppaxh; 
short,  +  NL.  pleura  +  -al.'\  Literally,  having 
short  pleura :  specifically  said  of  trUobites  all  of 
whose  anterior  pleura  are  of  the  same  relative 
length  in  the  adult:  opposed  to  macropleural. 

The  Swedish  Paradoxides,  like  those  of  the  typical  lle- 
nevian  beds,  and  unlike  those  of  Bohemia,  are  all,  so  far  as 
determined,  of  the  Brachypleural  type. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXXIII.  476. 

Brachypodes  (bra-kip'o-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  lipnxi'C,  short,  +  ttoI'Q  (jtocS-)  =  E. /oo<.]  In 
Sundevall's  classification  of  birds,  the  sixth 
phalanx  of  the  cohort  CicMomorphw,  including 
8  families  of  dentirostral  oscine  Passercs,  such 
as  the  waxwings,  orioles,  swallow-flycatchers, 
caterpillar-catchers,  and  drongo-shrikes. 

Brachypodinse  (brak"i-po-di'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Brdchjipus  (.pod-),  4  (d),  +  -irerc.]  A  sub- 
family oif  the  family  MeruUdic  (Swainson),  com- 
prising short-legged  thrushes  now  known  as 
Fiicnoiiotidai,  and  various  other  birds.  [Not  in 
use.] 

brachypodine   (bra-kip'o-din),  a.   and,  n.     I. 
«.  Short-footed,  as  a  thrush;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Brachypodime. 
II.  «.  A  bird  of  the  subfamily  .Brac%po(i8wn;. 

brachypodous  (bra-kip'o-dus),  «.  [As  Brachy- 
jKid-ctt  +  -oils:']  1.  In  hot.,  having  a  short  foot 
or  stalk. —  2.  In  .roo7.,  short-footed.  See  .Bra- 
cliyjius,  Brdchypodis. 

brachyprism  i  brak'i-prizm),  n.  [<  Gr.  (SpaxvC, 
short,  +  -piaua,  a  prism.]  In  crystal.,  a  prism 
of  an  orthorhombie  crystal  lying  between  the 
unit  prism  and  the  brachypinacoid. 


653 

In  the  topaz  crystal  the  brachyprixm  and  the  pyramid 

are  the  predominant  elements,  associated  witli  th'-  jirihtii. 

Encyc.  ISrit.,  Wl.  :iOO. 

Brachypteracias(bra-kip-to-ra'8i-as),  n.  [NL., 

<  hriirliyptcru.i  (sec  liracUyptiiroun)  +  {Cor)dciti.i : 
see  Coracias.']  A  retuarkablo  genus  of  Mada- 
gascan  picarian  birds,  of  the  family  Coraciidm. 
The  ty|jO  is  /J.  Ic/itosonid.     Lafrcsndyc,  18;i4. 

Brachypteraciinse  (bra-kip-te-ra-si-i'ne), )(.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  BraclniplirdciKH  +  -inw.']  The  groinnl- 
rollcrs,  a  peculiar  jMadagascan  subfamily  of 
birds,  of  tlio  f;iMiily  Ciirdviida;  represented  Vjy 
the  genera  Brachypteracias,  Atelornis,  and 
GeohiiLs'tcs: 

Brachypterse  (bra-kip'te-re),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
I'ci]].  ]]1.  of  hnicliyiitcrus:  see  brachypteron.'!.']  1. 
In  (Juviov's  system  of  classification,  a  division  of 
I'almipcdcs,  embracing  diving-birds,  as  grebes, 
loons,  auks,  and  penguins. — 2.  In  Sun<Ievall's 
system  of  classification,  the  fourth  phalanx  of 
the  cohort  Cirklomorplia!,  embracing  tliri'e  fami- 
lies of  the  short-winged,  long-tailed  vvrcii-vvar- 
blers  of  the  Austialian,  Indian,  and  Ethiopian 
regions. 

Brachypteri  (bra-kip'te-ri),  n.pl.  [NL.,  mase. 
pi.  of  braclniphrus:  see  brachypterinis.'i  In 
ornith.,  a  group  of  short-winged  diving-birds, 
as  the  auks,  loons,  and  grebes;  the  I'riiidlorcs 
or  ri/ijoiioihx  of  some  authors. 

brachypterous  (bra-kip'te-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
brdchyptrrun  (>  F.  brdchypterc),  <  Gr.  (ipox'v- 
■TTTepo;,  short-winged,  <  (ipaxi'C,  short,  +  vrrpdn,  a 
wing,  feather,  =  E.  feather.']  In  oriiitli.,  having 
short  wings;  brevipennate.  Specifically  applii'd  to 
tliose  water-birds,  as  the  lirachiiplcri  or  Bracliypterfe, 
w  hose  wings  when  folded  do  not  reach  to  the  root  of  the 
tail. 

BrachypilS  (brak'i-pus),  n.  [NL.  (pi.  brachy- 
podes), <  (Jr.  ftpaxi'C,  short,  +  iroi'?  (~o(i-)  =  E. 
foot.']  1.  In  herpct.,  a  genus  of  lizards.  Fit~- 
inger,  1826. —  2.  In  conch.,  a  genus  of  gastro- 
pods.— 3.  In  entom. :  (a)  A  genus  of  beetles. 
iSchdnherr,  1826.  (b)  A  genus  of  dipterous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  Dolichopodidd:.  Mcir/rii, 
1824. —  4.  In  ornith.:  (o)  A  genus  of  swifts. 
Meyer,  181.5.  See  Apiis,  Micropus,  and  Cyj/seUis. 
(b)  A  genus  of  thrushes  and  other  birds,  of  the 
subfamily  Brdchypodinw,     liwainson,  1824. 

brachypyramid  (brak-i-pir'a-mid),  «.  [<  Gr. 
i'ipaxi  f,  short,  +  TTvpaiiii;,  pyramid.]  In  crystdl., 
a  pyramid  in  an  orthorhombie  crystal  lying  be- 
tween the  zone  of  unit  pyramids  and  the  bracliy- 
domes. 

Brachyrhamphus  (brak-i-ram'fus),  n.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  lipaxix,  short,  +  pa/i(j)o^,  bill,  snout.]  A 
genus  of  brachypterous  braehj-urous  tridactyl 
palmiped  birds,  of  the  family  Alcidw,  the  mur- 
relets,  several  species  of  which  inhabit  the  Pa- 
cific coasts  of  Asia  and  America.  B.  kitilitzi  and 
B.  hvpoleucm,  tlie  latter  itihabiting  Lower  California,  are 
tlie  leading  species.  Theyare  small,  slciidcr-liillcd  iniirrcs, 
related  to  the  species  of  Uria,  or  guillemots,  li.  ui'irtiw- 
ralu^  is  the  marbled  murrelet.     Also  Bnn-lnirnnij'hit.^. 

Brachyrhynchinae  (brak"i-ring-ki'ne),  ».  pi. 

[NL. ,  <  Brdchyrhynch  us,  1,  +  -ince.  ]  A  subfamily 
of  heteropterous'insects,  of  the  iamWy  Aradidd; 
tyjjified  by  the  genus  Brdchyrhynch  iis.  They  have 
a* very  short  rostrum  (whence  the  name),  tliickened  mar- 
gins of  the  posterior  segments  of  the  abdomen,  and  the 
elytra  confined  within  the  limits  of  the  abdominal  disk. 
Also  Braehtirlninchtiut. 

Brachyriyncbus  (brak-i-ring'kus),  n.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  /i;ja;i-iT,  short,  +  prj  ,vof,  a  snout,  beak.  ]  1 . 
In.eutom.,  the  typical  genus  of  Brachyrhynchi- 
nm.  Laporte,  1833.— 2.  A  genus  of  reptiles. 
Fitzingcr,  1843. 

bracbystochrone,  «.  EiToneous,  though  the 
original  and  until  recently  the  usual,  .spelUug 
of  hrdcli  istochrone. 

Bracbystola  (bra-kis'to-la),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
jipaxvQ,  short,  +  cto7Ji,  a  robe,  stole:  see  stofc-.] 
A  genus  of  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 


Brachyurus 

of  brachycorous  dipterous  insects,  character- 
ized V)y  the  short  )jroboscis.  It  is  composed  of 
sucli  families  as  the  Liptida;,  Thcrevidw,  JJoli- 
ch(i]iodid(V,  anil  Syrpliidri:. 

brachystomatous,   brachystomous   (brak-i- 

Slo'ma-Ius,  bra-kis'lo-iiius),  a.  [As  Brdchy- 
slomdid,  Itrdchystoma,  +  -ous.]  Haviiiga  small 
or  short  mouth,  beak,  or  proboscis;  specifically, 
of  or  jjerlaining  to  the  Brachy.itomuta. 

Brachytarsi  (brak-i-tar'si),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
,((«;  (I'r,  short,  +  Tapa/jr,  the  flat  of  the  foot, 
mod.  tarsus:  see  t^irsus.]  A  division  of  the 
order  I'msimid:  or  lemuroids,  represented  by 
the  leiimrs  jiroper. 

Brachyteles  (bra-kit'e-lez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
jipaxii:,  short,  +  Tt'/or,  end,  with  ref.  to  Atclcs, 
().  v.]  A  genus  of  South  American  spider-mon- 
keys, having  a  thumb,  though  a  short  one  :  sep- 
artited  by  Sjiix  Sroiu  Atclcs:  synonymous  with 
Krioibs  (which  see). 

brachytypoUB  (bra-kit'i-pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  fipaxk, 
short,  +  riiruf,  form,  type.]  In  mineral.,  of  a 
short  form. 

Brach3rura  (brak-i-u'rii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  less  cor- 
rectly Jirdchyiiiini;  neut.  pi. of  iror/ii/wrK.v, short- 
tailed:  see  briii-hyurous.]  1.  A  group  of  short- 
tailed  stalk-eyed 
decapodo us  crus- 
taceans, such  as 
ordinary  crabs : 
opposed  to  Mdc- 
CMra  (which  see). 
The  short  and  small 
tail,  or  abdomen,  is 
closely  folded  under 
the  cephalothorax, 
forming  the  apron. 
The  Brachyttra  are 
sometimes  artificial- 
ly divided  iTiti)  luur 
groups,  Oxiisli'fi'/ihr, 
Oxyrhynrhii.  t'lirlo- 
nietopa,  and  Cota. 
metopa  ;  now  more 
frequently  into 

about  16  fannlics, 
without  superfami- 
ly  grouping. 
2.  In  mammal., 
a  group  of  short- 
tailed  bats,  the 


lonuridw  (which 
see). 

Also    Brachy- 
oura. 

brachyiiral 
(brak-i-u'ral),  a. 


Lubber  Grasshopper  {Brachyst^ht  ma£na). 

Acrididee.  B.  mayna  is  a  large  clumsy  locust,  common 
on  the  western  plains  of  North  America,  where  it  is  known 
as  the  luliber  grasshopper. 

Brachystoma,  Bracbystomata  (bra-kis  tp-ma, 

br.ak-i-str)'ma-ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Spaxk, 
short  +  aTofia,  pi.  aTOfiara,  mouth.]    A  division 


Carapace  of  Siiore.cr.^b  iCartinut  nta- 
nas\,  a  typical  brachyur.in,  showinff  the 
'"^  parts  of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces, 
same  as  Embdl-  Upperti^rei:dorsal):/.rostrum;  <».orhit: 
cs,  cervical  groove:  ^'.epigastric  lobe; 
^-,  protogastric  ;  a'3,  mcsogastric ;  ^.hy- 
pogastric ;  .^,  urogastric :  c,  cl,  anterior 
and  posterior  cardiac  lobes :  A,  hepatic 
lobe;  ^t.  d2,  d3,  epibranchial,  mesobran- 
chial,  and  mctabraiichial  lobes. 

l-ower  figure  (ventral):  a,  rostral  Sep. 
turn;  d,  antcnnary  sternum,  or  episloma; 
c.  suture  between  n  and  A  ;  J,  supraciltary 
iobe  ;  f,  internal  sulxjrbital  lobe : /.  anten- 
[As  braclniitr-OUS     na:^',  articular  cavity  for  ophthalmite  :  A, 
*-,  ,  -.        C"!      ..i       Same  for  the  antennulc :  o,  orbit;  sh,  sub- 

"T     -at.\        toUOrt-     hepatic  region ;  ^/,  anterior  pleural  region. 

tailed :    apidied 

to  a  section  of  the  Crustacea,  as  the  crabs,  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  maerurotis  or  long- 
tailed  crustaceans,  as  the  lobsters.  Also  spelled 
brachyourdl. 

brachyuran  (brak-i-ti'ran),  H.  [As  hrachyur-ous 
+  -((».]  One  of  the  braehyurous  crustaceans. 
Also  brdchyounin. 

brachyure  (brak'i-ur),  ?i.  [<  "Sli.  Brachyurus : 
see  braehyurous.]  1.  A  South  American  mon- 
key of  the  genus  Brachyurus,  in  the  classifica- 
tion of  Spix. —  2.  An  ant-thrush  or  breve  of 
the  genus  Pitta  (or  Brachyurus). —  3.  A  crab  or 
other  braehyurous  crustacean. 

Brachjruridae  (brak-i-u'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Brachyurus,  2,  +  -idw.]  Same  as  Pittid<e. 
[Not  in  use.] 

braehyurous  (brak-i-ii'rus),  c.  [<  NL.  "brachy- 
urus, short-tailed,  <  Gr.  jipax'S,  short,  +  ovpd, 
taU.]     1.  Short-tailed;  having  a  short  tail. 

The  prevalence  of  Macrurous  before  Braehyurous  Po-, 
dophthalmia  is,  apparently,  a  fair  piece  of  evidence  in 
favour  of  progressive  modification  in  the  same  order  of 
Crust.;icea.  Uxtxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  223. 

2.  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  BracJiy- 
ura. 

Also  brorhyourous. 
Brachyurus  (brak-i-u'ms),  Ji.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/Jpav'f,  short,  +  oipa,  tail.]  1.  A  genus  of 
South  American  monkeys,  of  the  family  Cebidee 
and  subfamily  Pitheciinw,  containing  the  oua- 
karis  or  short-tailed  sakis,  of  which  there  are 
several  species,  as  B.  cebus,  B.  rubicunda.  B. 
ouakari.  This  genus  was  proposed  by  Spix 
in  1823;  it  is  also  called  Ouakaria. —  2.  A 
genus  of  birds,  the  leading  one  of  the  family 
Pittidw  (or  Brachyuridie);  the  breves  or  old- 
world  ant-thriislies.  In  this  sense  the  word  waa 
introduced  by  Thuuberg  in  1S21 ;  it  was  rexived  by  Bona- 
parte in  IS.'iO.  and  then  used  by  Elliot  in  his  monograph 
of  the  PUtida ;  but  it  is  now  disused. 


bracing 

bracing  Cbra'sing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  hrace^,  r.] 

1.  The  act  of  one  that  braces,  or  the  state  of 
being  braced. 

The  moral  sinew  of  the  English,  indeed,  must  have  been 
strong  when  it  admitted  of  such  stringent  bracing. 

Fronde,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

2.  In  engin.,  a  system  of  braces:  as,  the  bra- 
ct ii(/  of  a  truss. 

bracing  (bra'sing),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  ftracfl,  !.] 

Having  the  qixalitr  of  giving  strength  or  tone ; 

invigorating :  as,  a  bracing  air. 

To  read  liim  [Dryden]  is  as  bracintj  as  a  northwest  wind. 

LoweU^  Among  my  Boolis,  1st  ser.,  p.  79. 

bracket  (brak),  «.  [Not  found  in  correspond- 
ing form  and  sense  in  ME.  or  AS.  (though  agree- 
ing in  form  with  the  closely  related  early  ME. 
brae,  <  AS.  gebrwc,  gebrtc  =  OS.  gibral:  =  MLG. 
brak  =  OHG.  gabreh,  MHG.  gebrech  =  Icel.  brak 
=  Sw.  brak  =  Dan.  brag,  a  loud  noise);  cf. 
MLG.  brak,  neut.,  rarely  masc,  equiv.  to  brake, 
fem.,  a  break,  breach,  defect,  trespass,  =  MD. 
braecke,  D.  braak,  fem.,  breach,  breaking,  bur- 
glary, =  OHG.  brdcha,  MHG.  brdche,  fem., 
breaking  (of  ground  after  har\-est:  see  brakc^). 
The  word,  in  E.,  is  practically  another  form  of 
brcck  (q.  v.),  which,  with  the  equiv.  brake'^, 
breek-,  and  break,  n.,  is  practically  a  var.  of 
breach  (q.  v.),  break  and  breach  being  the  usual 
representatives,  in  noun  form,  of  the  orig.  verb, 
AS.  brecan,  E.  break,  etc. :  see  break,  brcck, 
breach,']  1.  A  break  or  opening  in  anj-thing;  a 
breach;  a  rent.  [StUl  in  dialectal  use.] 
The  last  hour  of  his  promise  now  nm  out. 
And  he  break?  Some  brack's  in  the  frame  of  nature 
That  forceth  his  breaeh. 

Chapman,  Revenge  of  Bussy  D'Ambois,  iv.  1. 
There  wam't  a  brack  in  his  silk  stockin's. 

Mrs.  Stowf,  Oldtown,  p.  69. 

2.  A  flaw ;  a  defect ;  an  imperfection. 

You  may  find  time  out  in  eternity,  .  .  . 
Ere  stain  or  brack  in  her  sweet  reputation. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  1. 

3.  A  broken  part;  apiece. 

bracket  (brak),  r.  i.  [A  var.  of  break;  cf.  5raci'l, 
)!.]     To  break. 

brack-t  (brak),  H.  [Prop,  adj.,  <  D.  brak,  '^^). 
brack  (=  MLG.  brack,  LG.  brak,  brackish,  briny), 
in  coinp.  brak-icater,  brackish  water,  brak-goetl, 
goods  spoUed  by  salt  water  (>  Dan.  brak,  G. 
brack,  brackish  (in  eomp.  brack>ca.sxer,  brackyut, 
etc.);  G.  brack,  refuse,  trash);  prob.  same  as 
MD.  brack,  fit  to  be  thrown  away,  and  ult.,  like 
brack'';  from  the  root  of  break,  q.  v.  Cf.  brack- 
ish, bracki/.'i  Brackish  water;  salt  water. 
Scom'd  that  the  brack  should  kiss  her  following  keel. 
hrayttm,  Wm.  de  la  Poole  to  liueen  Margaret,  i.  316. 

brack'*  (brak),  h.  [A  var.  of  brake3,  «.]  A  kind 
of  liiirrow.     llaHiwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bracken  (l)rak'pn),  «.  [<  ME.  brakeii,  brakan, 
eti'.,  a  northern  form,  Sc.  bracken,  brechan, 
breckan,  brccken,  braikin ;  of  Scand.  origin:  < 
H\v.  briiken  =  Dan.  bregne,  fern,  bracken ;  cf . 
Icel.  burkni,  fern  ;  A.S.  bruccc,  fern :  see  ftcoAv  0.] 
A  fem,  especially  the  I'tcris  aqttilina  and  other 
large  ferns.    See  brake^. 

The  bracken  rusted  on  their  crags. 

Tennitmn,  Rilwin  Morris. 

bracken-clock  (brak'en-klok),  II.  A  lamelli- 
corii  liiiil.-,  .InisnpHa  {Pht/llopcrtha)  horticiila, 
till'  hirva  of  which  is  very  destructive  to  grasses 
iiml  trees.      Curtis. 

bracket'  (brak'et),  M.  [Early  mod.  E.  bragqel; 
prob.  connected  with  Sj).  brayuetu,  a  kiiii  of 
quarter  or  jirojccting  molding,  a  particular  use 
of  bragiicta  (=()\-\  braguttle),  the  opening  of  the 
fore  part  of  a  jiair  of  breeches,  <  8p.  I'k.  liragax, 
breeches:  see  breech.  The  word  is  usually  us- 
Hoeiateil  with  bracd.']  1.  A  su|iportiiin  piece 
or  combinution  of  pieces  of  modcnite  projoc- 
tir)n,  generally  springing  from  a  vertical  sur- 
face, (a)  In  arrh.tut  onmnKnlal  projci  tlun  from  tho 
I.T  ••  o(  a  wall,  Intended  t«  aupiKirt  a  ulntue,  pkr,  etc.;  a 
torlHl.     (/>)    III  0117,.:  (I)    A 

fwiMHlcn  i4ii|<|Hirt  ■if  triangu- 
lar iiiillin.  |.l:i.  .  il  umlcr  a 
«lirlf  or  III.  hi.  (•_■)  An  or- 
inin.iil'il  |.i. . .  Mi|.|...rlltiK  a 
^  .III.     i'.'.}    .\  tie  for 

*,        jly  u- liliKl.  «.    (r)  Ono 

■    Jji-  Ilint  Ik.I.I  n  locn- 

'.^■i"mm  h...ln.-  1 r   t..    III.-    fr.iini.; 

i     ♦5K  alxi,  of  tlioo-' UKi.l  I..  Iii.l.l  the 

r  \  ull.le  ham.    (</).\n)  |.i..J.,lliiK 

.J'i  woollen  or  iiii-lal    iiI.tc    faji. 

*  .y  t*-m'd  t<>  n  wall  or  othi-r  mir- 

'^  fn'-e  nji  a  »ti|>|rorl  for  Home  oh. 

i  jcct.    Ilrackctii  f.ir  iiifi'liltifry 

D,,,i,  ,     .        arc    of    very    nmny   •liirircnt 

ijrai  r,r   .  '.''iiTii    'onim.  accortlliuf  (o  the  "lliin- 

crnturjr.  tl'.liN  III  which  tlicy  arc  |ilnci'il 

an. I  the  iiwR  for  whi.  Ii  llicy 
•errr,  m  wall  firaek'U,  hanffni'/bracktU  or  hangrrg,  etc 
Sm  hantfrr 


664 

2.  A  gas-pipe  with  a  burner,  and  often  a  sup- 
port for  a  shade  or  globe,  projecting  from  a 
wall  or  pillar.  Such  Itrackets  are  commonly  provided 
with  one  or  more  joints,  in  order  that  the  position  of  the 
light  may  be  changed,  and  that  the  bracket  may  be  folded 
in  a  small  space  when  not  in  use. 

3.  In  gun.,  thecheekof  a  mortar-carriage,  made 
of  strong  planking. — 4.  One  of  two  marks  [  ], 
formerly  called  crotchets,  tised  to  inclose  a  note, 
reference,  explanation,  or  the  like,  and  thus  sep- 
arate it  from  the  context ;  sometimes,  also,  one 

of  a  pair  of  braces  ]  |  similarly  used,  or  a  sin- 
gle brace  ■(  used  to  couple  two  or  more  lines 
or  names.  Hence  —  5.  The  position  of  being 
classed  or  bracketed  with  another  or  others. 
Specifically,  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  from  1779  to 
1834,  one  of  a  number  of  classes  into  which  candidates  for 
the  degree  of  B.  -\.  were  divided  according  to  their  ex- 
cellence at  the  first  three  days'  examinations.  The  class- 
list  was  called  the  brackets,  and  the  last  day's  exantination 
theejami;wtfio?i  of  the  brackets. 

A  candidate  who  was  dissatisfied  with  his  bracket  might 
challenge  any  other  candidate  he  pleased  to  a  fresh  ex- 
amination. 

J.  W.  L.  Glai^her,  Proc.  Lond.  ilath.  Soc,  xviii.  12. 

6t.  A  name  given  to  a  head-dress  of  the  four- 
teenth century. —  7.  In  mining,  the  platfonu 
over  the  mouth  of  a  shaft. 
bracket!  (brak'et),  V.  t.  [<  bracket^,  h.]  1.  To 
furnish  -nith  or  support  by  a  bracket  or  brack- 
ets ;  in  writing  and  printing,  to  place  within 
brackets. —  2.  To  place  on  or  witliiu  the  same 
bracket  or  brackets;  join  or  mention  together 
as  coequal  or  coiTelative ;  connect  by  or  as  if  by 
a  printers'  brace:  as,  the  names  of  Smith  anil 
Jones  are  bracketed,  or  bracketed  together,  as 
candidates.  [For  a  coiTesponding  use  of  the 
noun,  see  bracket^,  n.,  5.] 
bracket'-^,  «.  Same  as  bragget^. 
bracket-crab  (brak'et-kraij),  «.  A  hoisting  ap- 
paratus fastened  to  a 
wall. 

bracketing  (brak '  et  - 
ing),  H.  [<  fccaoArfl  -t- 
-ijifll.]  The  series  of 
wooden  ribs  nailed  to 
the  ceiling,  joists,  and 
battening  to  support 
cornices,  especially 
largo  plaster  cornices. 
—  Cove  bracketing.    See 

COVt'-lil-ai'krfiii;l. 

bracket-trail  (brak'et- 

tnil),  ?(.  Milit.,  a  kind 
of  built-up  trail  foriiii'r- 
]y  used,  consisting  of 
two  girders  or  brackets 
connected  by  transoms. 
Those  designed  for  siege-guns  were  longer  and  had  t«i» 
sets  of  trunnion-beds.  FoV  transportation  the  trunnions 
were  shifted  to  the  traveling  trunnion-bcilsor  those  near- 
est the  trunnion -plait'.     See  trait. 

brackish  (brak'isli),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  brak- 
inh ;  <  brack'^  +  -j.«/il.]  Possessing  a  salt  or 
somewhat  salt  taste ;  salt  in  a  moderate  de- 
gree: applied  to  water. 

Choakt  with  the  labouring  ocean's  brackinh  fome. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Melllda,  I.  1. 

brackishness  (brak'ish-nes),  n.    The  quality  of 

liciiig  lirnckish;  saltness  in  a  slight  degree. 
brackly  ( lirak'li),  a.     [E.  dial.,  as  if  <  brack^  + 

-III'',  but  ratlicr  a  var.  of  brockle  =  brickie:  see 

lirirl.lr.^     Brittle.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Brackmant,  »•    Same  as  Jtrahman. 
brackyt  (l)rak'i),  n.     l<  brack'^  + -i/'i.']     Same 

as  lirackish  :  as,  "bracki/  fountains,'^  J>rayt(in. 


Braconni^rela). 
(From  ViolIeC- 
le-Duc's  "  Diet. 
<lii  Mobilici  fraji. 
.;ais." ) 


Bracket-crab. 
,  frame  ;  t>,  post ;  c,  handle  ; 
ti,  shcavc'bloclc. 


brad 

Bracon  (brak'on),  «.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  ich- 
ncumou-flies,  gi'ving  name  to  the  family  Jiraco- 
nida:  B.  impostor  and  B.  chants 
(Rileyl  are  examples. 

Braconidse  (bra-kon'i-de),  «.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  Bracon  -1-  -irfrt'.]  A  family 
of  pupivorous  hymenopterous  in- 
sects, other\\-ise  known  as  Ichneu- 
mones  adsciti,  distinguished  from 
the  true  ichneumon-tiies  by  liaving 
only  one  recun-ent  nerve  in  the  fore 
wing  instead  of  two.  The  larva;  most- 
ly infest  caterpillars  and  the  larva.'  of  bee- 
tles living  in  wood.  The  genera  are  nu- 
merous.   .\lso  Braconides,  Braeonitt-.s. 

braconniere  (bra-kon-iar'),)i.  [F., 
<  L.  braca',  breeches :  see  hrucce, 
breech.']    In  the  later  times  of  com- 
plete   armor,  a   defense    for    the 
thighs  and  hips,  composed  of  ring- 
shaped  plates  of  steel  worn  hori- 
zontally one  below  another,  form- 
ing a  kind  of  skirt,  and  secured 
to  one  another  either  by  vertical 
straps  to  wliich  each  plate  was  riveted,  or  by 
being  sewed  to  a  skirt  of  stuff,  or  by  rivets  slid- 
ing in  grooves.     See  Ahnain-riret. 
bract  (brakt),  11.     [=  F.  bracti'c,  <  L.  bractea, 
also  brattca,  a  thiu  plate  of  metal,  gold-leaf, 

veneer.]  1.  In 
bot.,  a  leaf  in 
a  flower-cluster 
or  subtending  a 
flower,  usually 
diftVring  some- 
what from  an 
ordinary  leaf  in 
size,  form,  or 
texture,  often 
much  reduced, 
and  somel  imes 
]>etaloid,  high-, 
ly  colored,  and 
very  conspicu- 
ous. —  2.  In 
:oiH.,  a  part  of 
a  hydrozoan  li- 
kened to  a  bract 
of  a  jilaiit ;  a 
hydrophyllium.  See  cuts  under  .ithori/biii  and 
hijdrophyUium. — 3.  A  thin  plato  of  metal  used 
as  an  ornament,  as,  for  example,  ono  of  the 
gold  disk-like  ornaments  made  in  Scandinavian 
countries  in  the  Viking  age. 
bracteal  (brak'te-al),  a.  [=  F.  bract/al,  <  LL. 
hrmttalif.  of  metallic  iilatos,  <  L.  bractea:  see. 
/)('(('•/.]  Kelating  to  or  of  tho  nature  of  a  bract. 
bracteate  (brak'te-at),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  bracte- 
iiti;  <  L.  bractcatus,  covered  with  gold-leaf,  < 
bractea:  see  bract.]  I.  </.  Furnished  with 
bracts,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 

II.  n.  In  nuinin.,  ono  of  certain  silver  coins 
current  in  the  niiddh'  ages, 
chiefly  in  Gerniiiny.  llraclc- 
ates  were  first  issued  about  the 
midille  ot  the  twelfth  ccntiliy, 
were  of  very  thin  material,  ami 
stamped   with    a   design    in    re. 

pOllSSl\ 

bracted  (brak 'ted),  a.  [< 
lirocl  +  -ed-.]  Fvirnished 
with  bracts. 

bracteiform     (brak '  to  - 
lunn),   a.      [=   F.    hractei- 
fiirnie ;  <  L.  bractea,  a  thin 
plate  (mod.  E.   bract),   -t-  J'ornia,   shape.]      In 
hot.,  resembling  a  bract. 

bracteolate  (liriik'te-o-lat),  a.  [<  L,  bracteola 
(see  liriictiole)  +  -ate'.]  Fin'nished  with  Imie- 
tecilcs. 

bracteole  (brak'te-61),  V.  [=  F.  bractMc;  <  L. 
bracteola,  a  thin  leaf  of  gold,  in  NL.  a  little 
bract,  dim.  of  bractea:  see  brad.]  In  bot.,  a 
litth'  bract  situated  on  a  imrtial  tlowcr-stiilk  or 
pedicel,  lii'lwcrn  llie  linicl  iind  llie  calyx,  and 
iiKiiiilly  smaller  lliiin  the  true  bract.  Also  called 
Itractli  t.     See  cut  under  bract. 

bractless  (brakt'les),  n.  [i  bract  ■¥ -less.]  In 
lidt.,  ilcstiliite  of  brads. 

bractlet  (brakl'let),  «.  [<  bract  +  dim.  -let.] 
Sumo  as  bracteole. 

brad  (IhikI),  n.  [<  ME,  brad,  usually  brod,  Sc. 
brint  (also  prod:  see  prod),  <  Icel,  brodth;  a 
Bpikc,  =  Sw.  brodd  =  Dan.  Iiroddr,  a  froHl-iiail, 
=  AS.  brord,  >MK.  brurd,  a  point,  bhnlc,  or 
spire  of  grass;  cf.  (lorn,  bros,  a  sting;  ]ieiliiiiiH 
ult.   conned  ed  with  bristle,  i\.  v.     See   braird, 


BractR. 
I.  Campanula  :   a,  rt,  bracts:  *,  *,  brac- 
tcolcs.    2.  Marigold :    a,  a,  bracts  of  the 

Eeduncle:  ^.  bracts  of  the  involucre.  (From 
■e  Maoiit  and  Decaisne's  "  Traiti  giniral 
de  Botanique.") 


German  Bracteate,  Brit- 
ish Museum.  [Size  of  tho 
ori|:iiiiil. ) 


itratfiH  tharht.    iCroM  tliom  aalurat  tlxe.) 


brrcr'^,]      A  slendir  Hat   nail    liaviug,   iusteiii 


a 


brad 

of  a  head,  a  slight  projection  on  one  side,    it 

is  used  when  it  is  desiruljle  that  the  ticail  should  not 
project,  as  in  joinery,  cabiuet-worlc,  and  pattern-makers' 
work. 

brad  (brad),  V.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  bradded,  ppr. 
hniddiiiil-     [<  brad,  h.]     To  nail  witli  brads. 

brad-awl  (brad'al),  11.  An  awl  used  to  make 
boles  fi)r  brads. 

brad-driver  (brad'dri"ver),  n.  A  tool  tised 
principally  for  fastening  moldings  to  door- 
panels  with  brads.  It  consists  of  a  holder  and 
a  plunger  driven  by  a  mallet.  Also  called 
hi-ail-.'iettcr. 

Bradford  clay.    See  clay. 

bradoon  (Ijra-don'),  n.     Same  as  bridoon. 

brad-setter  (brad'sef'er),  u.  Same  as  brad- 
drirtr. 

bradyarthria  (brad-i-ar'thri-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  lifirnVn:,  slow,  -I-  apBpov,  a  joint.]  In  pathoL, 
slowness  of  speech  dependent  on  disease  or  de- 
fect in  the  nerve-centers  of  articulation.  Also 
called  hr(i(li/I((lia. 

bradycrote  (brad'i-krot),  a.  [<  Gr.  ftpadvc, 
slow,  +  KiioToi;,  a  beating,  clapping,  etc.]  In 
iiicd.,  pertaining  to  or  producing  infrequency 
of  )iulse. 

bradylalia  (brad-i-la'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lijKi'h'r,  slow,  ■+■  AdXof,  talking,  talkative.]  Same 
as  liiddi/ai'thria. 

bradypepsia  (brad-i-pep'si-ji),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lipativzcifiia,  <  fipaSv(,  slow,  +  n-fi/«f,  digestion, 
<  TTCTTTEiv,  digest.]     Slow  digestion. 

bradyphasia  (brad-i-fa'zi-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fipaih'i;,  slow,  -1-  ipaaic,  speaking,  <  (pdvai,  speak.] 
Slowness  of  speech. 

bradyphrasia  (brad-i-fra'zi-a),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/i/ja(ii'f,  slow, -I- i^paojf,  speech:  see  ;(7wa«e. ]  In 
pathol.,  slowness  of  speech  due  to  mental  de- 
feet  or  disease. 

bradypod,  bradypode  (brad'i-pod,  -pod),  n. 
A  slow-moving  animal;  a  sloth;  one  of  the 
Bnubipoda. 

Bradypoda  (bra-dip'o-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
^paduTToda,  neut.  pi.  of  jipadbTTovq,  slow  of  foot: 
see  Bradypiis.']  A  term  proposed  by  Blumen- 
baoh  for  an  order  of  mammals,  nearly  the  same 
as  the  subsequently  named  Curierian  Edentata, 
or  the  earlier  Bruta  of  Linnseus:  applied  in  a 
more  restricted  sense  to  the  sloths  and  sloth- 
like edentates :  synonymous  with  Tardigrada. 
See  sloth. 

bradypode,  n.     See  bradypod. 

bradypodid  (bra-dip'o-did),  n.  An  edentate 
maiiinial  of  the  faiiiilj'  Bradypodidce. 

Bradypodidae  (brud-i-pod'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bradiipiis  (-pod-)  +  -irf(E.]  A  family  of  Ameri- 
can edentates,  the  sloths.  Tliey  have  10  teeth  in  the 
upper  jaw  and  Sin  the  lower,  of  persistent  yrowtli.  consist- 
ing of  vasodentine  invested  with  dentine  and  cenit  nt  witli- 
out  enamel;  their  fore  limbs  are  longer  than  tlie  liindones; 
they  have  not  more  than  three  digits,  bearing  large  claws ; 
the  tail  is  rudimentary;  the  ears  are  small ;  the  pelage  is 
coarse  and  crisp ;  the  stomach  is  simple ;  there  is  no  caecum, 
and  the  placenta  is  discoid  and  deciduate.  There  are  two 
leading  genera  extant,  Bradypiis  and  Cholopus.  See  sloth, 
and  cut  under  Cholopwi. 

Bradypus  (brad'i-pus),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fipadu- 
vov^,  slow  .of  foot,  <  jipad'vQ,  slow,  -I-  Troi'f  (n-orf-) 
=  E.  foDt.']  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Bradjipodida^,  containing  the  ai,  or  three-toed 
or  collared  sloth,  B.  tridactylus  or  torquatiis. 

bradyspermatism  (brad-i-sper'ma-tizm),  n. 
[<  Gr.  iipadix,  slow,  -I-  a7v[ppa{T-),  seed,  +  -ism.'] 
In  pathol.,  a  too  slow  emission  of  the  semen. 

brae  (bra),  «.  [=  E.  bray*,  q.  v.]  The  side  of 
a  hill  or  other  rising  ground;  an  acclivity;  a 
stretch  of  sloping  ground ;  a  slojie.      [Scotch.] 

O'er  bank  and  brae, 
Like  fire  from  flint  he  glanced  away. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  22. 

brag  (brag),  1'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bragged,  ppr. 
bragging.  [<  ME.  braggen,  bragen,  <  OF.  bra- 
guer,  flaunt,  brave,  brag,  >  brague,  pleasure, 
amusement,  bragard,  gallant,  gay  (see  brag- 
gart) ;  of  Celtic  origin :  of.  W.  bragio,  brag,  also 
hrac,  boastful,  =  Ir.  bragaim,  I  boast,  =  Bret. 
hraga,  flaimt,  strut,  walk  pompously,  wear  fine 
clothes;  related  to  Gael,  bragh,  a  burst,  explo- 
sion, and  thus  ult.  to  E.  break,  Icel.  braka, 
creak,  etc.  Cf .  crack,  boast,  as  related  to  crack, 
break  with  a  noise.  See  bray^,  brawl^,  and 
hrave.]      I,  intrans.    1.  To  use  boastful  lan- 

'  guage ;  speak  vaingloriously  of  one's  self  or 
belongings ;  boast ;  vaunt :  used  absolutely,  or 
followed  by  of,  formerly  sometimes  by  on: 
as,  to  brag  of  a  good  horse,  or  of  a  feat  of 
arms. 

For-why  he  bosteth  and  braggeth  with  many  bolde  othes. 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  xiii.  281. 


666 

Conceit,  more  rich  in  matter  than  in  words, 
Broffs  of  hie  substance,  not  n/'oniaincnt. 

Sliak.,  K.  and  ,1.,  ii.  (!. 
It  was  liragr/ed  by  several  Papists  that  upon  such  n  day, 
or  in  such  a  time,  we  should  fliul  the  hottest  weather  that 
ever  was  in  England ;  and  words  of  plainer  sense. 

Pepytf,  Diary,  III.  :i. 
Yet,  lo  !  In  me  what  authors  have  to  brag  on ! 
Reduced  at  last  to  hiss  in  my  own  dragon. 

Po2>e,  Dunciad,  ill.  285. 

2t.  To  sound,  as  a  trumpet ;  blare ;  bray. 

Wlianne  the  voyco  of  the  trompe  ...  in  joure  ecrls 
bragfiitli.  Wyclif,  Josh.  vi.  5  (Oxf.). 

II.  tran.'!.  1.  To  boast  of.     [Rare.] 

lie  braijs  his  service.  Shale.,  C'ymbellne,  v.  .'). 

Bear  thy  good  luck  with  you  when  you  cross  these  paved 

atones,  and  liy  our  Lady,  you  may  braq  Scotlanil. 

kcott,  Abbot,  I.  xvii. 

2\.  To  blow  (a  trumpet). 

'rliane  the  Hrctonea  boldely  bragrfene  theire  tromppez. 
Morte  Arthurc,  1.  U84. 
brag  (brag),  n.     [<  ME.  brag;  from  the  verb.] 

1.  A  boast  or  boasting;  a  vaunt;  also,  boast- 
fulness. 

\Vhat  owtward  tn-ag  so  euer  is  borne  by  thcra,  is  in  deed, 
of  it  selfe,  and  in  wise  mens  eyes,  of  no  great  estinuition. 
Ascham,  The  Scholeraastcr,  p.  34. 
Life  invests  itself  witli  inevitable  conditions,  which  the 
unwise  seek  to  dodge,  which  one  and  another  brags  that 
he  does  not  know  ;  brags  that  they  do  not  touch  him  ;  but 
the  brag  is  on  his  lips,  the  conditions  are  in  his  soul. 

Emerson. 

2.  A  thing  to  boast  of;  source  of  pride. 
Beauty  is  Nature's  i/rag.  Milton,  C<}mus,  1.  745. 

The  sprout  of  an  aik, 
Bonnie,  and  blooming,  and  straight  was  its  make  ; 
The  sun  took  delight  to  shine  for  its  sake, 
And  it  will  be  the  bra;r  o'  the  forest  yet.     florderballad. 

3.  A  game  of  cards:  same  as  poker. —  4.  A 
bragger. 

bragt  (brag),  a.  [<  ME.  brag ;  from  the  noun.] 
Proud;  boasting:  as,  "that  ftrai/jfc  prescrip- 
tion," Stapleton,  Fortress  of  the  Faith  (15(55), 
fol.  68.     Also  used  adverbially. 

Seest  how  In-ag  yond  BuUocke  beares, 
So  smirke,  so  smoothe,  his  pricked  eares? 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Feb. 

Bragantia  (bra-gan'shi-ii),  «.  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  undershrubs,  of  the  natural  order  Aristolo- 
chiacece,  including  three  or  four  species  of  the 
East  Indies.  B.  tomento.ia  is  very  bitter,  and  is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic  and  emmenagogue. 

bragaudt,  braga'wdt,  "•     Same  as  braggct^. 

bragay  (bra-ga'),  n.  [E.  dial.;  origin  un- 
known.] A  local  English  name  of  the  gadoid 
fish  otherwise  called  the  bib. 

braggadocio  (brag-a-do'shio),  K.  [<  Braggu- 
ddchio,  name  of  a  boastfid  character  in  the 
"Faerie  Queene"  (ii.  3);  coined  by  Spenser  < 
E.  brag,  with  an  Italian-seeming  termination.] 

1.  A  boasting  fellow ;  a  braggart. 

"VMiat  rattling  thunderclappe  breakes  from  his  lips  ? 
O  !  'tis  native  to  his  part.     For  acting  a  moderue  brag- 
gadoch  ...  it  may  seeme  to  suite. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  Ind.,  p.  4. 

The  world  aboimds  in  terrible  fanfarons,  in  the  masque 
of  men  of  honour  ;  but  these  braggadocios  are  easy  to  be 
detected.  ,S'>  -R.  L' Estrange. 

2.  Empty  boasting ;  brag:  as,  " tiresome  ftragr- 
gadocio,"  Bulwer,  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  iv.  2. 

He  shook  his  fist  at  Lord  Wicklow  and  quoted  Cicero- 
nian braooadocios. 

Disraeli,  quoted  in  Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXIII.  514. 

braggardt  (brag'iird),  a.  and  n.     Earlier  form 

of  briuianrt. 

braggardiset,  «•  [<  OF.  bragardise,  <  bragard, 
bragging:  see  braggart.]  Bragging;  braggar- 
dism.     Minsheu. 

braggardismt  (brag'ar-dizm),  n.  [<  braggard 
+  -ism.]  B(]:isttulness;  vain  ostentation:  as, 
"  what  hraggardism  is  this?"  Shale.,  T.  G.  of  V., 
ii.  4.     2VIS0  braggartism. 

braggart  (brag'iirt),  a.  and  k.  [Formerly  brag- 
gard; =  MB.  b'ruggaerd,  a  fop,  <  OF.  bragard, 
gay,  gallant,  flaunting,  also  braggard,  bragging, 
braggadocio-like,  <  braguer,  flaunt,  brag :  see 
brag,  v.  The  E.  braggard,  braggart,  as  a  noun, 
is  practically  a  var.  of  bragger.}  I.  a.  Boast- 
ful ;  vatmtingly  ostentatious. 

Shout  that  his  braggart  hosts  are  put  to  rout ! 
His  empire  has  goiie  down  !    Ii.  II.  Stoddard,  Ooesar. 
Talking  of  himself  and  his  plans  with  large  and  brag- 
gart vagueness.  Uomells,  Modern  Instance,  \i. 

II.  n.  A  boaster;  a  vaunting  feUow. 

Who  knows  himself  a  braggart. 
Let  him  fear  this  ;  for  it  will  come  to  pass, 
That  every  braggart  shall  be  found  an  ass. 

Shall.,  .\irs  Well,  iv.  3. 

braggartly  (brag'art-U),  a.  [<  braggart  +  -ly^.] 
Boastful. 


brabma 

Who  ever  saw  true  learning,  wisdom,  or  wit,  vouchsafe 
mansion  in  any  proud,  vain-glorious,  and  fjraggartty 
spirit'.'  Cliaptnan,  Iliad,  iii.,  (,'omment. 

braggartly   (brag'jirt-ri),   n. ;   pi.  Ijraggarlries 
(-!■]■/.).     [<   liraggart  -t-  -ry.]     Vain   boasting; 
boastfulness.    .Mrs.  (lore.     [Rare.] 
braggatt,  «•     Same  as  bragget'^. 
bragger  (brag'tr),  n.     [<  SIE.  braggei-e;  <  brag 
+  -frl.]     One  who  brags. 

Kvere  ware  thes  Bretons  braggeres  of  oldc. 

J/</rte  Arthure,  1.  1348. 

The  loudest  hrofK/crs  of  Jews  and  Grecians  are  found 

guilty  of  s|)iritual  ignorance.     /yawmo/((/,  Sermons,  p.  627. 

bragget't,  «.  An  obsolete  form  of  bracket^. 
bragget-t  (brag'ot),  «.  [Also  written  braggat, 
tirail;rt,  braket  (aii<l,  after  W.,  bragaut,  bragaud, 
bragaiid,  bragoe),  formerly  also  hrackworl,  .So. 
bragwort,  bregwort  (in  simulation  of  icorti)  •  < 
ME.  Iiraget,  Itragat,  bragol,  <  W.  bruguvcd,  bra- 
god,  a  kinil  of  mead  (=  Corn,  hregaud,  bragot,  a 
kind  of  ini'ad,  =  Ir.  Iiracat,  malt  licjuor),  <  brag 
(=  Ir.  hruirh  =  Gael,  bruirh),  malt,  <  bragio, 
issue,  sprout,  =  Gael,  brack,  fennent,  =  Ir. 
bracaim,  I  ferment;  perhaps  akin  to  E.  hrew^.] 
A  kind  of  mead  made  of  ale  boiled  with  honey, 
seasoned  with  pepper,  cloves,  mace,  cinnamon,. 
nutmegs,  and  fermented  with  wort  or  yeast. 
His  moutit  was  swectc  as  tjragot  is  or  melh. 

Clutucer,  Miller's  Tale,  L  75. 
Good  ale,  perrys,  bragoes,  sydcr,  and  metheglinB,  was- 
the  true  auntient  British  and  Troyan  drinks. 

Marstfm,  Dutch  Courtezan,  v.  1. 
And  we  have  served  there,  armed  all  in  ale. 
With  the  brown  bowl,  and  charged  with  braggat  stale. 
Ii.  Jonnon,  Gyi)Sies  Metamorphosed. 
Such  a  dainty  doe  to  be  taken 
By  one  that  knows  not  neck-beef  from  a  pheasant, 
Nor  cannot  relish  tfraggat  from  ambrosia'^ 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night- Walker,  i.  4. 

bragging  (brag'ing),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  brag,  i.] 
Boastful. 
Loud  and  braf/giitg  self-importance.  W.  Black. 

braggingly  (brag'iug-li),  adv.     In  a  bragging 

manner;  boastingly. 
bragless  (brag'les),  a.    [<  brag  +  -less.]   ^yith- 
out  bragging  or  ostentation.     [Rare.] 

Dio.  The  bruit  is,  Hector's  slain  — and  by  Achilles. 
Ajax.  If  it  be  so,  yrt  tnaglcm  let  it  be, 

.Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  10. 

braglyt  (brag'li),  adv.  [<  brag,  a.,  -¥  -ty-.] 
Bi'avely;  finely. 

How  bragly  it  [a  hawthorn]  begins  to  bud. 

Speinfer,  Shep.  Cal.,  March. 

bragott,  ".     Same  as  bragget-. 

braguette  (bra-get'),  «.  [OF.:  spe  bracket^.] 
A  piece  of  ai-mor  corresponding  to  a  cod-piece. 

Also  written  brai/ette Great  braguette,  a  name 

sometimes  given,  at  t'lie  end  of  the  fourteenth  centur>',  to 
the  tassets,  when  developed  into  a  sort  of  skirt.    See  bra- 

bragwortt  (brag'w^rt),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of 

Itragtjct-. 

Brahma^,  Brabm  (brii'mii,  briim),  n.  [Hind. 
bralim,  braliiiia,  <  Skt.  brah'man  (nom.  brah'ma), 
neut.,  devotion,  adoration,  worship,  prayer, 
sacred  word,  divine  science,  theosophy,  the 
impersonal  divinity;  refen-ed  to  the  -^  brili, 
barh,  be  thick,  great,  strong,  >  brihant,  great, 
mighty,  lofty,  ult.  akin  to  AS.  beorg,  E.  barroxc, 
a  hill,  moimd:  see  barroiv^.]  In  Hindu  reli- 
gion, the  highest  object  of  philosophic  adora- 
tion; the  impersonal  and  absolute  divinity;  the 
ineffable  essence  of  the  sacred.    Also  Brama. 

Brahma-  (brii'mii),  n.  [Ilind.  Brah'ma,  <  Skt. 
liraliiiKin'  (nom.  brahnid'),  masc.  one  who  ])rayR 
or  worships,  a  pray-er,  worshiper,  directing 
priest,  overseer  of  sacred  things,  also  the  im- 
personal divinity.]  In  later  Hindu  religion  or 
theosophy,  the  personified  Brahm;  the  divini- 
ty conceived  as  a  god ;  the  creator.  Unknown  in 
tile  older  sacred  literature,  Brahma  becomes  by  degrees 
an  object  of  adoration  to  tlie  Bralimans,  and  is  artitlcially 
combined  into  a  trimurti  or  trinity  w  ith  Vishnu  and  .siva, 
being  regarded  as  Creator,  w hile  A'ishnu  is  Presener,  and 
Siva  is  Destroyer.  Brahnm  was  never  worshiped  by  the 
people,  and  only  one  temple  sacred  to  him  is  known.  By 
modern  Hindus  he  is  represented  .i-s  a  red-colored  figure, 
with  four  heads  and  four  arms,  and  often  accompanied  by 
his  vehicle,  the  swan. —  Day  Of  Brahma.    See  dayl. 

brahma^  (bra 'ma),  n.  [An  abbreviation  of 
Brail mapittra.]  A  variety  of  the  domestic  hen. 
of  large  size,  belonging  to  the  Asiatic  class. 
The  (i';(A(  brahmas  are  white  and  black  in  color,  the  black 
appealing  on  the  hackle  feathers  as  a  rich  stripe,  hea\ier 
in  the  hen  than  in  the  cock,  and  also  in  the  wing-primaries, 
the  upper  web  of  the  secondjiries,  and  in  the  tail,  the  sickles 
of  the  cock  Vicing  glos.-iy  green-black.  The  dark  brahma 
cock  shows  a  brejust  of  .-^olid  black  or  black  mottled  with 
white,  hackle  and  saddle  silver-wliite,  wing-bows  white, 
wing-bars  green-black,  primaries  and  secondaries  black 
edged  with  white,  tail  glossy  green-black;  while  the  hen 
is  of  a  uniform  gray  color,  each  feather  penciled  with 
darker  gray,  or  black.  The  brahmas  have  pea-combs  and 
feathered  legs. 


Brahmaic 

Brahmaic  Cbra-ma'ik),  a.     [<  Brahma'^  +  -ic] 

Brahmanie. 

Brahman,  Brahmin  (bra'man,  -min),  m.    [For- 

merlvaiso  Brnclunan,  Brackninii,  etc.  (L.  Brach- 
ti'dix't;  Brachinanes,  Gr.  Bpax"<"'ff,  pi.);  ^  Hind. 
liriVimaii,  corruptly  hainan,  <  Skt.  brdhmaiia',  m. 
{hrdltmam',  f.),  <  brah'man,  prayer,  etc.:  see 
Brahma'^,  Brahm.']  A  member  of  the  sacred  or 
sacerdotal  caste  among  the  Hindus.  From  being 
in  tlie  be^rinning  individuals  and  lamilies  distin^ished  for 
wisdMin.  sanctity,  and  poetic  power,  they  gradually  con- 
solidated their  influence  and  became  a  sti'ictly  liereditarj' 
class,  holding  in  their  hands  the  ministry  of  lioly  things, 
the  custody  of  the  scriptures  and  knowledge  of  their  sacred 
and  learned  liiulect,  and  the  perfonnance  of  the  sacrifice. 
They  were  helit  to  be  created  from  the  mouth  of  Brahma, 
to  be  inviolable,  and  entitled  to  the  worship  of  the  other 
castes.  Theoretically,  the  life  of  a  Brahman  was  divided 
into  four  stages,  those  of  student,  householder,  anchorite, 
aud  ascetic.  In  later  times  tlie  relations  and  occupations 
of  the  castes  have  become  much  confused,  and  Brahmaus 
are  to  be  found  in  every  grade  of  dignity  and  of  ver>*  va- 
rious modes  of  life.  There  are  many  subdivisions  of  the 
caste,  more  or  less  isolated,  and  refusing  intercourse  with 
one  another.  Also  written  BTamin. —R-alunan'S-bead, 
the  name  given  in  India  to  the  seed  of  Elwocarprts,  made 
into  rosaries  for  the  priests,  and  into  bracelets,  necklaces, 
etc. 

Brahmana  (bra'ma-nii),  n.  [Skt.  Brd'hmana, 
proj).  the  dictum  of  a  priest,<  brahman' ,  a  priest, 
Brahman.]  One  of  the  prose  portions  of  the 
Vedas,  which  contain  injunctions  for  the  per- 
formance of  sacrifices,  and  explain  their  origin 
and  the  occasions  on  which  the  mantras  had  to 
be  used,  sometimes  adding  illustrations  and 
legends,  and  sometimes  mystical  and  philo- 
sophical speculations. 

Brabmanee  (brU'ma-ne),  n.  [Also  Brahminee, 
<  Hiud.  hiahniani,  brahmni,  corruptly  bdmiii,  < 
Skt.  brdhmaiti',  fem.  of  brahmana' ,  a  Brahman.] 
A  woman  of  the  Brahman  caste ;  the  wife  of  a 
Brahman. 

My  mottier  was  a  JSrahmanee,  but  she  clave  to  my  father 

well ; 
She  was  saved  from  the  sack  of  JuUesar  when  a  thousand 

Hindoos  felL  Sir  A.  C.  Ujalt,  The  Hid  Pindaree. 

Brahmaness  (brii'man-es),  «.    [<  Brahman  + 

-<sM.  J     S:iini>  as  lirahmanee. 

Brahmanie,  Brahmanical(bra-man'ik,  -i-kal), 
«.  [<.  ISrahiiian  +  -ic,-i(:al.']  Of  or  pertaining 
to  tlif  Brahmaus  or  to  their  doctrines,  worship, 
and  |Mjlity.     Also  Brahiiiinic,  Brahminical. 

Brahmanism  (lirii'man-izm),  «.  [<  Brahtnan 
+  -i.f/H.]  Till'  religion  or  system  of  doctrines 
of  the  Bralimans;  the  social  system  of  ancient 
India,  with  the  Brahmaus  as  leadiug  caste. 
.■\l^io  Urchinininm.  • 

Brahmanist  (brU'man-jst),  «.  [<  Brahman  + 
-m/.]  An  atUierent  of  Brahmanism.  Also 
Urahminist. 

Brahmin,  Brahminic,  etc.  Seo Brahman,  Brah- 

in'liiir,   etc, 

brahminy  (Idii'mi-ni),  a.  [Cf.  Hind,  brdhmani, 
the  wife  of  a  Brahman,  also  a  ghost:  see BraJi- 
mimcc  and  Brahma.'}    Devoted  to  Siva  by  the 

Brahmans:  as,  a  brahminy  bull Brahminy  duck, 

the  f'ltxnrca  nilita,  or  ruddy  siieldrukc—  Brahminy  kite, 
an  Ka.Ht  Indian  liirrl  of  prey,  the  tlalia^liir  //j//'/>,  rcvcr- 
.-nc.-d  by  til'-  Hindus  aj*  sacred  ti>  Vishnu, 
Brahmoism  (brii'mo-izm),  n.  [<  Brahmo(-So- 
maj)  +  -ism.'}  The  tenets  of  the  Brahmo- 
Soinaj. 
Brahmo-Somaj  (brii'mo-so-maj'),  n.  [<  Hind. 
Iirahma,  lirahma  (prayer),  +  namdj,  societv,  as- 
sembly, lit.  a  worshiping  assembly.  Sco  lirah- 
«)"',  Brahman.l  A  monotheistic  religion  in 
India,  which  originated  with  Ka.jah  Kam  .Mohun 
Koy,  a  Hindu  n  former,  wlio  died  in  \X'.i'.i,  and 
received  a  new  iin|iiilHe  and  a  nivv  ilii'cction 
imder  his  suceesior,  Keshuli  ('liundcr  Srn,  who 
<lied  in  ISHH.  The  iiiy«tlcal  theology  of  the  Ilralimo- 
.**omftJ  can  only  bo  riroxlinately  ntjited  In  the  laiiKiinKe  of 
Incidental  p)illoHoi>}iy.  Itfl  fiinilainc-ntal  tenet  ia  tin-  uni- 
■•  ■  Mai  pri-ienci!  of  the  Divino  .'spirit,  who  pervailcH  all  na- 
'  .'•  and  in^pin-H  all  wlioaro  willliiu  t.t  rtcclve  him.  -Man 
i  ■  iiilppi-'l  f<ir  thU  pimK>fHi  with  a  faculty  of  Hlilrltual  iit- 
■,f.  a  faith  faculty,  i-afled  >'o'/ii.  Iii'^piratlon  JHa  liniver- 
>'  (.  and  all  the  nrrat  worlij-teai-lii-i^  Imvi-  bi-i-n  divinely 

■ I  i»ropli«-t«  ;  all   the  cTi-nt  wnrl,l  T.lit:t.,iiH  contain 

livltie  truth  ;  and  In  nil  (hdr  ui-  ii     i'  i  :inH-ntji  Ihi-rr 

I      >t>lrilinil  bi'iii'llt.     It  In  li'>l  '  l>-ii   uh<  III.  r  I'lirht 

!'   I  ,'u  limply  tlin   Krenti-nl  of  llit-^i>  inHpircil  pro- 

'    -("in'-thliKf  more,     ,'*oini'  uticram  rii  lllllll■a^' 

■  '>  "1  tii4  rlianu!t4T  an  divine.     The  Itrahnio- 

.  Iron)  Ih-lNin  In  t<<ft'-hlii^  the  pi-monal  roni- 

•    H'liil  with  n  pi'monal  iiimI,  and  from  f'lirlH- 

••■'t'-lihiu'^inv  njM'clfli- rrvi'Intloit  i.f  fi  ri-ini-dv 

■  Iv  mU^loMiii .  'I. I  IN 

tl'nl 


I" 

r.  I 


}:; 


lil.anli'd   bv     > 

Illlon  ni I    ■■! 

•  ■I  blMlnlry  In  nil  n-  <   <         '       i 

imtoinn,  and  a  ti-inp<  r^iK' '   i-i 

braid  ..     [Knrlv  mod.  K.  uIhh  /11./7./  , 

hrri/il-  i. .  lie,  <  .Ml',  hraiili-n,  hrriilin,  linni- 

ilrn.  /•         ,..  itc.,  <  AS,  hrr.giUm,  brntan  (pret. 

braf/il,  iiniil,  |,1.  brugd'in,  hriuloti.,  pp.  bmyden, 


656 

hroden),  move  to  and  fro,  vibrate,  brandish, 
draw,  weave,  braid,  turn,  change,  etc.,  =  OS. 
bregilan  =  OFries.  brida  =  LG.  brcidcn  =  OHG. 
brettan  =  leel.  bregdha,  draw,  weave,  braid, 
etc. ;  orig.  '  move  quickly  to  and  fro,  glance  ' ; 
cf.  Icel.  braga,  flicker;  prob.  frjm  same  root 
as  bright^,  q.r.  Cf.  abraid  and  upbraid.  The 
word  took  in  AS.  and  ME.,  and  in  later  dial, 
use,  a  great  variety  of  senses,  all  arising  ult. 
from  that  of  'quick  motion.'  Other  forms,  obs. 
or  dial,,  are  bread'^,  breed,  bredi",  broiid,  broird, 
broid,  etc. :  see  also  broider,  brouder,  browdcr.'\ 

1.  trans.  If.  To  take,  draw,  pidl,  or  snatch 
quickly ;  reach ;  throw ;  cast ;  brandish. 

He  ryt  [rideth]  his  spere  bvainiiiitf. 

Kill!)  Alisaunder,  1.  7373. 
Hir  kerchef  of  hir  heed  she  irayde. 

Chaucer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  739. 

2.  To  weave  by  passing  three  or  more  strands, 
strips,  or  lines  of  over  and  ouider  each  other 
alternately ;  plait ;  interlace  :  as,  to  braid  the 
hair,  straw,  tape,  etc. 

Braid  ytouT  locks  with  rosy  twine. 

Millon,  t'omus,  1.  106. 

3.  To  form  by  braiding;  interweave  the  ma- 
terial of  in  strands  or  strips :  as,  to  braid  a  straw 
hat  or  a  rug. — 4.  In  domestic  econ.,  to  beat  and 
blend,  as  soft  substances,  particularly  to  press 
them  with  a  spoon  through  a  sieve. —  5t.  To 
upbraid;  reproach. 

If  thou  talkest  a  little  longer,  I  thinke  thou  wilt  braid 
mee  with  the  sauiiig  of  his  life. 

J.  Bremie,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  viii. 
Few  love  to  hear  the  sins  they  love  to  act ; 
'Twould  'braid  yourself  too  near  for  me  to  tell  it. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  1. 
Braided  rug,  a  rug  or  mat  for  the  floor,  formed  by  braid- 
ing strips  uf  woolen  or  silk  fabrics,  and  afterward  sewing 

them  together.— To  braid  St.  Catherine's  tresses,  to 
live  a  virgin. 

Thou  art  too  fair  to  braid  St.  Catharine's  tresses. 

Long/t'llow,  Evangeline,  ii.  1. 

II.  intrans.  It.  To  move  quickly;  start;  rush. 
Whan  she  sangh  tweyne  come  hir  to  socour,  she  braied 
rudelyoutejjf  tlieire  handes.     Mertiii(E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  4&4. 
Troilus  .  .  .  disposed  wod  out  of  his  wit  to  brnjdr. 

Cliaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  230. 

2t.  To  start  suddenly  (out  of  sleep) ;  awake. 
With  the  falle  right  out  of  slepe  she  brayde. 

Ctia  ucrr.  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  365. 

3.  To  nauseate ;  desire  to  vomit.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
— 4.  To  be  like ;  resemble  in  appearance  or 
character.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
braidi  (briid),  n.  [<  ME.  braid,  hrcid,  <  AS. 
bra'd,  bred  (for  "brtvgd,  *hregd),  trick,  deceit, 
gebregd,  quick  motion,  trick,  deceit  (=  Icel. 
bragdh,  a  quick  motion,  trick,  scheme),  (.  breg- 
ilan =  Icel.  bregillia,  move  quickly,  etc. :  sco 
?«•«((/',(•.]     It.  A  quick  motion;  a  start. 

she  wakcth,  walwith,  inaketh  many  a  brayde. 

Cliaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  1104, 
2t.  A  moment. 

But  curtois,  debonair,  and  vertuous ; 

Hyt  appered  well  by  hys  workes  eche  braide. 

Itom.  o/J'arlenan  (E.  E.  T.  S),  1.  OMn. 

For  as  I  sodainely  went  in  hand  therewith,  and  made  it 

in  a  breiile.  .s'/r  '/'.  Murr.  \\'orka  (1.'>.'.7). 

3t.  A  turn  (of  work);  a  job. — 4t.  A  trick;  de- 
ception. 

Dian  rose  with  all  her  maids, 

Blushing  thus  at  love's  braids. 

(Jrtrnr,  Kadagon  in  Dlanam, 

5.  .\nv  plaited  band  or  fdlet.  Speilllcally— (n)  A 
plaited  liaiid  of  hair,  whether  twined  amtind  the  head  or 
tiaiighig  behind.  ('*)  A  narrow  textile  band  or  tiipc,  formed 
by  plaiting  or  weaving  together  several  strands  of  silk, 
cotton,  wool,  or  other  material,  used  as  triinniing  for  gar- 
ment.s,  for  stay-laces,  etc.  (r)  Straw  or  other  similar  ma- 
terial plaited  into  bands  for  use  In  making  bonnets  or  biit^. 

6.  A  wicker  guard  for  iirolccling  trccH  nrwiy 
grafted,     [Prov.  Eng.]  -in  a  braldt,  at  a  braidi, 

In  a  iiioMMiil  ;  on  tin-  liislant.     Jimii.  o/lhr  llnsr. 
braid't  ( linld),  a.     [An  adj.  use  of  braid^,  ».,  4, 
deceit.]     Deceitful;  crafty. 

Hini-e  Frenchmen  are  ho  liraid. 
Marry  that  will,  I  live  and  die  a  nmlil. 

.Shak.,  All's  Well,  Iv.  2. 

braid-  (brad),  a.     Broad.     [Scotch.] 
braid-bonnet  (l)ra<i'bon'et),  n.    Hamo  as  biin- 

„.f-i.„,,. 
braid-comb  (Imid'kom),  ».     A  back  comb  for  a 

wiiiMiiirN  hair. 
braider  (linl'd/T).  n.     One  who  or  tliat  whicli 

liniiils;  Hiiecincally,  an  Httaclimciit   to  n  hcw- 

iiig-inncliinc  for  guiding  n  biaiil  wliicli  in  to  be 

HcwiMJ  on  or  into  the  work. 
braiding  (bni'ding),   )i.     ( Vcrlml  n.  of  liraid^, 

'■,  1     1.   The  act  of  iTwiking  or  attaching  hraiiJH. 

—  2.   Uniida  collectively. 

A   Ki-ntletnnn  eTivi-lo|H-il   In  niu*tlu:hIoii,  whUkers.  fur 

'  ollars,  nnU  tn-aidimj.  ThackeTay. 


brain 

braiding-machine  (bra'ding-raa-shen''),  n.  l. 
A  machine  for  weaving  braid,  or  for  covering 
tuiies,  cords,  or  wires  with  a  flat  or  round 
plaiting. —  2.  A  machine  for  serving  braid  upon 
a  fabric ;  a  braider. 

braidism  (bra'dizm),  n.  [Prom  James  Braid 
of  Manchester,  Eng.,  who  published  his  inves- 
tigations in  l-S-iS.]     Hypnotism  (which  see). 

braidist  (bra'dist),  n.  [As  braid-ism  +  -ist.] 
A  hyjinotist  or  hjTuiotizer. 

Braid's  squint.     See  squint. 

braik  (lirak),  «.     A  Scotch  spelling  of  bralcc^. 

brail  (bral),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brai/lc,  < 
ME.  brai/le,  <  OF.  braiel,  braiol,  braioel,  braoici, 
braieid,  a  cinctiu-e,  orig.  for  fastening  breeches 
(cf.  brai/ette,  mod.  F.  brayettc,  the  flap  of  trou- 
sers), <  braic  (>  E.  braij^,  q.  v.),  <  L.  bracce, 
breeches:  seehr<iea',hreeeli.}  1.  Xaut.,  one  of 
certain  ropes  made  fast  to  the  after-leech  of  a 


Sail  set.  Sail  brailed  up. 

(1,  peak-brail ;  fi.  throat-brail :  c,  lower  brail. 

lore-and-aft  sail,  and  led  through  blocks  on  the 
mast  or  gaff  down  to  the  deck,  to  assist  in  tak- 
ing in  the  sail;  a  rope  made  fast  to  the  head  of 
a  jib  for  a  similar  purpose. 

The  brail.'i  were  hauled  up.  and  all  the  light  hands  in 
the  starboard  watch  sent  out  on  the  galf  to  p:xss  the  gas- 
kets, li.  II.  liana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Hast,  p,  257. 

2.  \n  falconry :  (a)  A  piece  of  leather  used  to 
bind  up  a  hawk's  wing.  (6)  [<  F.  Iirayeul,  "the 
parts  or  feathers  about  the  Ilauks  fundament, 
called  by  our  falconers  the  brayl  in  a  sliort- 
■(\inged  and  the  pannel  in  a  long-winged  hauk" 
(O)tgravc).]  The  mass  of  feathers  about  a 
hawk's  fimdament;  the  crissum  of  a  falcon, 
brail  (In-al),  r.  ?.  [<6ra(7,  «.]  1.  To  fasten  up 
(the  wings  of  a  bird). —  2.  Xaut.,  to  haul  in  by 
means  of  the  brails:  usually  followed  by  «/). 

'I'licse  trades  lasted  nearly  all  the  way  ...  to  the  line; 
blowing  steadily  en  our  starboard  quarter  for  three  weeks, 
without  our  starting  a  lirace,  or  even  6rrt/^i';j(7  down  tho 
skysails.  Ii.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  tlie  Xlast,  p.  341. 

brain  (bran),  n.  [<  ME.  brain,  brcin,  brayne, 
earlier  bragen,  <  AS.  bragen,  brcgcn,  bra'gn  = 
OFrii's.  brein  =  Ml),  breghen,  breghe,  D.  brcin 
=  MLG.  brcgcn,  bragen,  LG.  brdgcn,  brcgcn, 
brain ;  not  in  G.  or  Scand. ;  root  unknown.]   1. 


Slilc  view  of  Iliimnti  Hrnln  mid  upper  pari  of  Splnnl  Corrl,  tlie  tkult 
and  ullicr  covcrliiys  hrlnt;  rcnmved. 
I ,  I  .  I",  ccrebnilii,  nr  br.iili  pnipcr,  slH)Wltig  tlie  convoliifcd  ftlirfac* 
nf  (In-  li^\H  tercliral  heine-pliere  ;  I  ^,  tcrclielliim,  or  little  liMin  — 
tile  sirliilcd  siir(-ice  of  In,  rinlil  lliilf;  Mnft,  nieiliiila  nhlnliKntll :  N, 
Itie  <,pliial  I  <ir<l  wtlh  licelniiiiigs  ot  tlie  i-pliial  nerves  ;  H,  Ixiily  ot  »lltll 
cervical  vcitetir,! ;  .V/,  it*  neiir.il  spine,  nr  spinous  proceiu. 

Ill  anat.,  tho  soft  grnyish  and  whitish  maBs  fill- 
ing the  cniiiial  cavity  of  a  vertebrate,  consist- 
ing of  gitnglionic  ncrve-cellH  niid  nervc-lihcrg, 
Willi  the  ri'i|ijiHili'  Hiistciilnciilnr  nnil  vaHCuloT 


brain 

tissno ;  tho  cnoephalon  (which  see) ;  the  part  of 
the  cerebrospinal  axis  which  is  contained  in 
the  cranium,  it  is  divided  by  anatomists  into— (l) 
the  prosencephalon,  comprising  the  cerebral  heuiispheies 

(or  lateral  halves 
of  the  corel)nun) 
with  tlie  olfactory 
lolttrs;  (2)  the  tha- 
Imnfnci'.phaloit, 
comprising  tlie 
thalanii  optici, 
and  otlier  parts 
about  tho  third 
ventricle ;  (M)  the 
mesencephalon, 
comprising  the 
parts  about  the 
Sylvian  aqueduct, 
corpora  quailri- 
gemina  above  and 
crura  cerebri  be- 
low ;  (4)  tho  ep- 
encepkaion,  com- 
prising the  cere- 
bellum and  pons 
Varolii;  and(5)the 
metenr.cphalon  or 
vied  iilla  oblonga- 
ta, extending  from 
the  pons  to  tlie 
foramen  magnum. 
The  prosencei)lia- 
lon  is  now  usually 
divided  into  the 
rhinencephalon,  or 
olfactory  lobes, 
and  prosencepha- 
lon proper.  The 
thai  amenceplui  Ion 
is  also  called  di 


657 


braird 


„„„.,  Jf'^:'>i-»i";  I'hrcnitis;  meningitin. 

ry  iH-rvc.    The  ccrebcl-   Dramge    (branj)^  /,'.  i. ;  prot.  and  pj).  braingedj 
[i:iiinn  of  muscular  con-     \>\n\hrain<f'nuf.    [Connected  with  hrainyefl,  rush 


l!i?t'i;f'^;iSs^L""$;sj^^tesa?^s.:;"in';;;<?:;?:;;:t^  ^^:^f:'^.'^^2'^^}'  »■  .inflammation  of 

I'linctioM,  and  the  testes  seem  to  have  elose  relatiojis  with 
the  stimuli  entering  by  the  au.lil 
lum  is  concerned  with  the  cooi-d 

i"i' .■..iiipiiuUvciy  KiMjple  functions,  as  vasomutor  action,  aiiytJaiug  carelessly;   onsm  obsfiure.]     To  do 

<arilia.:  ariioii,ii;»|>ii!itioT],  deglutition,  etc.    (See  also  cut  soincthinK   noisily  and    hnrriedly,   especially 

\mi\m- ena'phnlrm.)    From  its  complexity,  the  brain  is  usu-  IliroiiL'li  unL'Or.     Burns.      rScoteh'l 

ont\Tto^^;;;^ro'^£S/""^'^^^  (bra'nish),    a.      [<    hra^n    +    -.V.l.] 

2.  In  e«^owi.,  tho  principal  f^anglion  of  the  ner-  ^t^fl«trong;   passionate;   also,    perhaps,   un- 

vous  system,  situated  in  the  head,   over  the  ^®^^'  bram-sick.     [Kare.] 

-    -            -  -         '  ^       In  his  trai/iw/i  apprehension,  kills 

The  unseen  good  old  man.         Shak.,  Ilamlct,  iv,  1. 


esophagus,  and  formed  by  tho  coalescence  of 
several  supra-osophageal  ganglia.  The  nerves  of 
the  eyes  and  antcnn.'e  are  directly  connected  with  it,  and 
it  gives  oft'  two  inferior  branches  which  surround  tlie 
esophagus  and  unite  beneath  in  the  subesopliageal  gan- 
glion. .  Sometimes  tliis  ganglion  is  regarded  as  a  part  of 
tho  l)rain,  lieing  distinguished  as  i\\Q  c'rebellum,  while  the 
jtrincipal  or  upper  ganglion  is  called  the  cerebrum. 
3.  The  same  or  a  corresponding  portion  of  the 
nervous  system  in  many  other  invertebrates. — 


Base  - 


1  Brain. 


y4,  frontal  lobe  of  cerebrum;  B.  temporal 
lobe  of  same,  separated  from  J4  by  the  Syl- 
\'ian  fissure  ;  CC,  corpus  callosum—  its  fore 
enJ  :  Cb,  cerebeitum  ;  M,  meduUa  oblonga- 
ta ;  Z',  pituitary  body  ;  /,  olfactory  "*  nerve  " 
(so  called  —  rather  olfactory  lobe,  or  rhinen- 
■cephalon):  //,  optic  nerve,  after  decussa- 
tion with  itsfeUow  at  the  chiasm  ;  ///,  motor- 
-oculi  nerve;  /K,  pathetic  nerve;  /■'',  trigemi- 
nal-trifacial nerve  ;  /V,  abducent  nerve  ;  K//, 
facial  nerve;  /'///,  auditory  nerve;  IX, 
glossopharyngeal  nerve  ;  .1'.  pneumogastric 
nerve;  ,V/,  spinal  accessory  ner^'e;  XII, 
hypoglossal  nerve.  The  rounded  masses 
near  ///  are  the  corpora  albicantia ;  yi  rests 
upon  the  pons  Varolii. 


brainless  (bran'les),  a,  [<  ME.  hminlcs  (=D. 
brcinlooH) :  <  brain  +  -less.^  Weak  in  the  brain ; 
witless;  stupid:  as,  ''the  dull  brainkas  Ajax," 
Shnl'.,  T.  undo.,  i.  3. 

brainlessness  (bran'le.s-nes),  tu  The  state  o£ 
being  bniinlessj  lack  of  sense ;  stupidity. 

-    Where  indolence  or  brainlessnfHg  ha«  brought  about  a 

4.  Understanding;  intellectual  power;  fancy;     pc-rverse  satisfaction.  The  American,  VU. '2iii. 

imagination:  commonly  in  tho  plural:  as,   a  brain-maggot  (bran'mag^ot),«.  8ame  as &ratn- 
m2.Yi  oi  brains ;  **my  iraift  is  too  dull,"  A'cwi^.        u-arm,  \. 

brainpan  (bran'pan),  «.  [<  XfE.  hrainpanne 
(=  OFries.  hreinpanne  =  MLG,  brff/enpannef 
LG.  Omtjenpfwnc);  <  brain  +  pan.  Of,  eqmv. 
AS.  heafodpannc,  the  skull,  lit.  'head-pan.'] 
That  part  of  the  skull  which  incloses  the  brain ; 
the  cranium. 


cephalon.  By  Hux- 
ley and  others  the  epencephalon  of  the  above  nomencla- 
ture is  called  metencephalon,  and  the  next  segment  (the 
fifth)  is  then  named  myelencepkalon.  Common  English 
equivalents  of  the  above  five  segments  are /oreferazn,  'tween- 
brain,  mi'lhraia,  hiiulbrain,  and  ajterbrain;  these  are 
terms  traiishited  directly  from  the  nomenclature  of  the 
German  auatoiuists,  who  call  them  respectively  vordei- 
hini,  zirisriir/iln'rii,  mittelhirn,  hinterhirn,  and  nachhirn. 
Haeekel  eiills  them  protopsyche^  deutopsyche,  mcsopsyche, 
virtaiisyche,  and  epipsyche.  These  five  segments  are  fun- 
daiinntally  distinct,  and  correspond  emhryologically  to 
as  iiiiiny  cerebral  vesicles  or  brain-bladders  which  aiise 
from  three  primitive  vesicles  by  subdivision.  The  sim- 
plest and  a  common  division  of  the  brain  is  into  the  ce- 
rebrum  or  brain  proper,  the  cerebelhtm  or  little  brain,  the 
pons  Varolii,  and  the  medulla  oblongata.  (See  cuts  under 
cerebral  and  corpus.)  The  human  brain  is  distinguished 
for  the  relatively  enormous  size  and  surface-complexity  of 
theeer-liruiii  or  prosencephalon,  which  completely  covers 
tlic  irnii.iinm  and  olfactory  lobes,  and  is  marked  by 
juaiiy  ili(;[i  fissures  or  sulci  separating  gyri  or  convolu- 
tions. Tlie  cerebrum  is  divided  into  right  and  left  halves, 
or  cerebral  hemispheres,  connected  by  the  great  trans- 
verse commissure  or  corpus  callosum.  Each  hemisphere 
is  divided  into  ^hree  primary  lobes,  frontal,  parietal,  and 
occipital,  and  many  more  detailed  subdivisions  of  its  sur- 
face are  recognized.  The  interior  of  the  brain  (which  is 
priuntively  hollow)  is  traversed  in  the  adult  by  a  set  or 
system  of  connected  cavities  known  as  ventricles  or ctelite. 
The  first  and  second  of  these  are  the  right  and  left  ven- 
tricles of  the  hemispheres,  or  procceli<^ ;  the  third  is  the 
diacaclia;  tiie  fourth  is  the  epiccelia  ;  passages  connecting 
these  are  tlie  foramina  of  Monro  and  the  aqueduct  of  Syl- 
vius. The  brain  and  adjoining  portions  of  the  spinal  cord 
give  rise  to  12  pairs  of  nerves,  called  cranial  nerves  be- 
cause they  emerge  from  foramina  in  the  base  of  the  skull. 
(See  cranial.)  Brain-substance  is  of  two  kinds,  gray  gan- 
glionic or  cellular  nerve-tissue,  and  white  commissural  or 
fibrous  nerve-tissue.  The  gray  matter  which  invests  tlie 
cerebrum  and  cerebellum  is  also  called  the  cortical  sub- 
stance, in  distinction  from  the  white  or  medullary  sub- 
stance of  the  interior.  A  brain  is  in  fact  a  collection  of 
gray  ganglia  united  by  white  commissures.  Besides  the 
cortex,  there  are  several  ganglia  or  collections  of  gray 
matter  in  the  iifterior,  as  the  corpora  striata,  the  optic 
thahtini.  tin-  ujttie  lobes  or  corpora  qnadrigemina,  the  cor- 
pora di.-utata  ( a"  tlie  eerebellum,  and  the  corpora  olivaria  of 
tlif  nteitullaolilongata.  Connected  with  the  l>rain  are  two 
non  nervous  structures,  the  conariura  or  epiphysis  cerebri 
and  the  pituit:iry  body  or  hypophysis  cerebri.  The  brain 
is  covered  by  three  membranes  or  meninges,  of  which 
the  external  is  the  dura  mater,  the  middle  the  arachnoid, 
and  the  inner  the  pia  mater.  Most  mammals  have  a  brain 
tike  that  of  man.  but  in  descendhig  the  mammalian  scale 
the  cerebrum  becomes  relatively  smaller  and  has  fewer 
if  any  convolutions,  the  corpus  callosum  becomes  rudi- 
metitary.  and  the  olfactory  lobes  enlarge.  (See  cuts  under 
gijru.^  and  ■■ii'lcus.)  In  the  brain  of  birds  the  hemispheres 
are  smooth,  there  is  no  corpus  callosum  or  pons  Varolii, 
and  the  optic  lobes  are  of  immense  size.  There  is  no  brain 
in  the  lowest  vertebrate,  Ain2}hioxus.  The  average  weiglit 
of  the  brain  in  adult  males  of  the  European  type  is  about 
1.400  grams  (49.5  ounces);  in  women  about  1,250  grams 
(44  ounces).  The  brain  is  in  its  highest  activity  the  organ 
of  consciousness  or  mind,  and  its  general  function  is  that 
of  furnishing  the  most  complex  and  extensive  outgoing 
stimuhition  of  muscles  and  other  active  tissues  as  a  re- 
sponse, more  or  less  immediate,  to  the  most  complex  and 
extensive  incoming  sensory  stimulation.  With  functions 
of  this  high  degree  of  complexity  are  associated  in  some 
I)arts  much  simpler  functions  resembling  those  of  the  spi- 
nal cord.  The  cortex  of  the  cerebral  hemispheres  is  the 
portion  of  the  brain  in  which  the  most  complex  coordina- 
tions seem  to  he  effected,  and  which  is  most  directly  in- 
volved in  mental  acts.  Certain  parts  of  the  cortex  are, 
however,  peculiarly  related  to  certain  special  incoming  or 
outgoing  stimulutions,  and  are  called  sensory  or  motor 
centers.  (See  cerebral,  and  cei-ebral  localization,  under  lo- 
calization.) The  corpus  striatum  is  usually  regarded  as 
especially  concerned  with  stimulations  passing  downward, 
and  the  optic  thalamus  with  those  passing  upward ;  among 
42 


God  will  be  worshipped  and  served  according  to  his  pre- 
script word,  and  not  according  to  the  brain  of  man. 

Abp.  Sandys,  Sermons,  fol.  128b. 

The  poison  and  the  dagger  are  still  at  hand  to  butcher 
a  hero,  when  a  poet  wants  the  brains  to  save  him. 

Dryden,  Prcf.  to  Don  Sebastian. 

To  beat  nr  cudgel  one's  brains,  to  try  earnestly  to  re- 
call or  think  of  something,  or  to  concentrate  one's  attention 
and  thought  upon  it :  as,  he  beat  his  brains  for  a  simile. 

Cudgel  thy  brains  no  more  about  it ;  for  your  dull  ass 
will  not  mend  his  pace  with  beating.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1. 


My  brain-pan  had  been  cleft  with  a  brown  bill. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  10. 
I  leamt  more  from  her  in  a  flash, 
Than  if  my  brainpan  were  an  empty  hull 
And  every  Muse  tumbled  a  science  in. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 


To  have  (something)  on  the  brain,  to  be  extremely  in    -       . 
terested  in  or  eager  about  something;  be  over-persistent  Drain-racklng   (bran'rak^ing),  « 
and  zealous  in  promoting  some  scheme  or  movement :  as.     pcrplcxin" 
tu  ham  reform  on  the  brain.    fCoUoq,]- Water  on  the  braui-sand'(bran'8and),  n 

I)articles    foimd   in  the 


Harassing ; 


brain,  drojisy  of  the  brain  ;  hydrocephalus, 
brain  (bran),  V.  t.     [<  ME.  hrainen,  dash  out  the 
brains;  from  the  noun.]     1.  To  dash  out  the 
brains  of;  kill  by  beating  in  the  skull. 
There  thou  must  brain  him.  Shuk.,  Tempest,  iii.  2. 

When  Uncas  had  brained  his  first  antagonist,  he  turned 
like  a  liungry  lion  to  seek  another. 

Cooper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  -\ii. 

2.    Figuratively,   to    destroy;   defeat;    balk; 
thwart.     [Rare.] 

It  was  the  swift  celerity  of  his  death  .  .  . 

That  brain'd  my  purpose.     Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

3t.  To  get  into  the  brain;  conceive;  under- 
stand.    [Rare.] 

'Tis  still  a  dream;  or  else  such  stuff  as  madmen 
Tongue,  and  brainnot.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  4. 

brain-bladder  (bran'blad"er),  n.     In  einhri/o!., 
one  of  the  hollow  dilated 


In  anat.,  the  earthy 
eonarium  or  pineal 
gland,  forming  the  so-called  accrculm  cerebri. 
They  are  minute  accretions  of  calcium  carhonat*;,  calcium 
pliosphate,  and  magnesium  phosphate,  with  some  animal 
substance. 
brain-sick  (bran'sik),  a.  Disordered  in  the 
understanding;  fantastic;  crotchety;  crazed. 
QuickC  wittes  also  be,  in  most  part  of  all  their  doinges, 
ouer  quicke,  hastie,  rashe,  headie.  and  brainxicke. 

Aschmn,  The  .Scholemasttr,  p.  33. 

We  have  already  suffered  from  the  misconstructions 

and  Ijroils  which  seem  to  follow  this  poor  brain-nick  lady 

wherever  she  comes,  Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  xviii. 

brainsickly  (bran'sik-li),  adv.    Fantastically; 

madly. 

Vou  do  unbend  your  noble  strength,  to  think 

So  brninxickly  of  things.  Skak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2. 

brain-sickness  (bran'sik-nes),  n.    Disorder  of 

tlicbiaiu;  insanitv.     Holland. 


Same 


a  cerebral  vesiclb ,   .j^^  uj.  l.u^j  iiuin^.,  ujia^^u         .  .  _    

portions  of  the  brain  of  any  embryonic  cranial  brainstone  (bran'ston),  n.     See  brain-coral 
vertebrate.  brainstone-coral  (bran'ston-kor'al),  w.     St 

In  all  Skulled  Animals,  from  the  Cyclostomi  to  Man,  , '"''^  braiii-roral.  ,,      ,  ,  . 

the  same  parts,  although  in  very  various  forms,  develop  bram-tnrob    (bran  throb),    n.     The   throbbing 
from  these  five  original  &rain-6;ad£ier.?.  of  the  i»raiu. 

Ha^;ckel,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  220.  brainward  (branViird),  adv.  and  a.     Toward 
brain-box  (bran'boks),  H.   The  cranium  proper ;     or  tending  toward  the  brain. 
the  cranial  part  of  the  whole  skull,  containing        if,  from  any  cause,  there  is  excessive  braimmrd  deler- 
tbe  brain,  as  distingxushed  from  the  facial  parts     miuatiou  of  the  blood,  the  plethora  of  the  capillaries  gives 
f.e  fi,^  sjoTtio  rii^e  to  increased  mental  excitement. 

oi  me  bdme.  x,„-7„  Huxlnj  and  Youmans,V\na\o\.,  %  wa. 

brain-case  (bran  kas),  n.     Same  as  bram-box.     ,      .  ,,.,..  .  „    V     V 

brain-cavity  (bran'kav"i-ti),  «.     1.  Oneof  the  orain-wave  (bran  war),  n.     A  so-called  tele- 
ventricles  of  the  brain.— 2.  The  interior  of  the     ptliK-   vibration    supposed   to  be   concerned 


cranium  or  skull,  containing  the  brain. 
brain-coral  (bran'kor'al),  n.  The  popular 
namg  of  coral  of  the  genus  Meandrina :  so  called 
because  it 
resembles  in 
its  superfi- 
cial appear- 
ance the  con- 
volutions of 
the  human 
brain.  Tlie  ge- 
nus is  of  the 
family  Meandri- 
nidtje,  belong- 
ing to  the  apo- 
rose  division  of 
stone-corals.    Also  called  brainstone  and  brainstone-coral. 


Brain-coral  {Meandrina  cerebri/orm, 


in  the  transference  of  a  thought  from  one  mind 
to  another  by  other  than  physical  means  of 
communication. 

Such  expressions  as  hrain-wave  (Knowles),  mentiferous 
ether  <ilaudsley),  .  .  .  testify  to  tliis  natural  thougli  pre- 
mature desire  to  ticket  or  identify  a  force  which  .  .  . 
cannot  at  present  lie  coiTclated  with  nerve-force. 

Proc.  Soc.  Pxycb.  Research,  Oct.,  1SS6,  p.  178. 

brain-work  (bran'wferk),  n.  Intellectual  labor ; 

ceri-liration. 
brain-worm  (bran'werm),  «.     1.  A  worm  in- 

fe.-;tiug  or  supposed  to  infest  the  brain.    iVlso 

called   bruin-maygot. —  2.   The  vermis  of  the 

cerebellum. 
brainy  (bra'ni),  a.     [<  brain  +  -yl.]     Having 

a  good  brain;  intelligent;  sharp-witted;  quick 

of  comprehension. 


brained  (brand),  a.     [<  brain  +  -e(f2.]    1.  Fur-  braird   (brard),  ».'     [In  sense  <  AS.  brord. 


nished  witli  brains :  used  chiefly  in  compos! 
tion:  as,  crack-hro/Herf;  hare6rai'«e(f. 

If  the  other  two  be  brained  like  us,  the  state  totters. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  2. 

2.  [Pp.  of  brain,  v.']  Having  the  brains  knocked 
or  dashed  out;  killed  by  a  blow  which  breaks 
the  skull. 

brain-fag  (bran'fag),  )(.     Mental  fatigue  or  ex- 
haustion, as  from  overwork. 

In  states  of  extreme  brain-fag  the  horizon  is  narrowed 
almost  to  the  passing  word.  ilind,  IX.  17. 


point,  blade  of  grass  (see  brad) ;  but  the  form 
depends  rather  upon  ME.  brerd,  <  AS.  brerd, 
bteord,  ONorth.  breard,  edge,  brink,  =  OHG. 
brort,  edge,  etc. ;  prob.  connected  with  AS. 
brord,  a  point.]  A  grain-crop  when  it  first 
makes  its  appearance  above  ground.  [Scotch.] 
Tlie  braird  of  the  Lord,  that  begins  to  rise  so  preen  in 
the  land,  will  grow  in  peace  to  a  plentiful  harvest,    (Jalt. 

braird  (brard),  r.  i.  [<  braird,  ».]  To  spring 
up.  as  seeds;  shoot  forth  from  the  earth,  as 
gi'aiu;  germinate.     [Scotch.] 


brairo 
brairo  rbra'ro),  n.    [A  corruption  of  F.  blaircait, 

badger.]     A  Canadian  French  name   of   the 

American  badger,  Taxklea  americam. 
braisei,  ,-.  and  n.    See  6rai>ei. 
braise-',  »•    See  brai^e^. 
braise,  braisee  (bra-za'),  a.     [F.]    Braized, 
braiser,  »■     ^^ee  hrai:er. 
brait  (.briit).  M.   [Onginimknown.]  Among  jew- 

elei-s.  a  rouo;h  diamond, 
braizei,  braisel   (braz).  r.   t.;   pret.  and  pp. 

brai:e<l,  ppr.  braizing.     [<  F.  braiser,  cook  over 

live  coals,  <  braise  =  Pr.  brasa  =  Sp.  brasa  = 

Pg.  bram  =  It.   bracia,   brascia,  bragia,  etc., 

live  coals,  embers  (cf .  F.  braser,  solder ;  OF. 

and  F.  em-braser,  OF.  es-braser,  a-braser  =  Pr. 

em-braser  =  Sp.  a-brasar  =  Pg.  a-bra::ar  =  It. 

ab-braeiare,  etc.,  set  on  fire);  of  Seand.  ongin: 

<  Dan.  brase,  frv,  =  Sw.  brasa,  flame,  =  Ie_el. 

brasa,  harden  bv  fire  :  see  brass^  and  6ra.-(f  c-^.  J 

To  cook  (meat)  "by  stewing  in  a  thick  rich  gravy 

•«vith  vegetables,  etc.,  and  then  slowly  baking. 
braizei,  braisel  (braz),  n.     [<  brai:e\  t'.]     In 

cooken/,  braized  meat, 
braize- (braz).  «.    [Also  ftmis-e;  perhaps  akin  to 

barse,  bass'^,  and  bream\  q.  v.]    1 .  An  aoanthop- 

terygian  fish  of  the  genus  Fagrus,  P.  vulgaris, 

of  the  family  Sparidw,  found  in  British  seas. 

Also  called  becler.—2.  A  local  Scotch  name 

of  the  roach.     Also  braze. 
braize^   (braz),   ».     [A  var.  of  breeze^.}     The 

dust  of  charcoal  which   accumulates  around 

the  furnace  of  chareoal-works ;  coal-dust. 

The  dust  or  braize  of  the  Philadelphia  coalymds  is 

Bold  for  use  in  fire-boxes  [of  locomotives)  of  suitable  con- 
struction. Jincyc.  Krit.,  XVIII.  601. 
braizer,  braiser  (bra'zer),  n.  [<  braizeh  braise^ 

+  -(/I. J     A  covered  pot,  stew-pan,  or  kettle 

used  in  braizing. 
braizing-pan  (bra'zing-pan),  n.     A  small  cov- 
ered pan  or  air-tight  oven  in  which  meat  is 

braized. 
brake  1  (brak) 

break. 
brakel  (brak),  n.     [Var.  spelling  of  break :  of. 
brack^  and  brake'^.'l     It.  A  break;  brack;  flaw. 
The  slighter  brakei  of  our  reformed  lluse. 

Webxier,  Works,  iv.  141.    (IlalliweU.) 

2.  A  mechanical  device  for  arresting  the  mo-     _ 

tion  of  a  vehicle:   now  usually  classed  with  brake*  (brak). 


658 


bramble 

[ME.  brakebmhe  ;  <  brake^  + 


10    The  fore  part  of  a  carriage,  by  which  it  brakebusht,  "•      [ME.  I 
is  'turned.— 11.    A   basket-makers'    tool    for     biishi.]     A  fern-brake. 

-      -     -    -  ■•■  ,        ..«.    brake-hanger  (brak'bang''er),  «.    A  link  or  bar 

bv  which  brake-beams  and  their  attachments 


stripping  the  bark  from  willow  wands. — 12t. 
An  old  instrument  of  torture.  Also  called  the 
Duke  of  Exeter's  daughter — Automatic  brake,  a 
brake  which  acts  mechaiiiially  luuler  certain  circum- 
stances as  on  a  railroad-tr:iiii  when  one  car  becomes  de- 
tached from  the  rest.— Block-brake,  a  brake  used  in 
retarding  a  moving  jiart  bv  tin-  pressure  upon  it  of  a  sta- 
tionary block.—  Compressed-air  brake.  See  air-brak, 
—  Continuous  brake,  a  si  ri. 
that  all  can  he  controlled  ir 

train.    See  air-brake-  DouWe-lever  brake,  a  brake  on     :      .     ,      ^,,„„,„  *„,.,,,:,,„  hnr),  r,  bnlcp  block 

a  car-truck  or  four-«luele.l  car,  having  two  levers  so  ar-     against  the  wheels,  toimmg  botll  a  Drake-UlotK 

ranged  tliat  the  pressure  on  the  two  sets  of  shoes  will  be     .thiI  u  lirakp-shoe. 

equal.— Single-lever  brake,  a  brake  which  has  but  a  brake-hopper  (brak' hop ^fer),  n.     [<  broke^  + 

■    "    "  "•" ■'■'""  ""  '■•--'  "=  """'''"'    ^^  ""••"""     hopper.]    A  name  for  the  grasshopper-warbler, 

"  ' ■■"- Macgit- 


arc  suspended  from  a  truck-frame  or  car-body. 
Car-liuihkfs  7>((■^— Parallel  brake-hanger,  a  bar 
or  link  so  attache'i  to  a  lirake-beani  as  to  maintain  th& 
brake-liead  and  brake-shoe  in  the  same  relative  position* 
when  the  lirakes  are  released,  thus  preventing  the  brake- 
shoes  from  striking  against  the  wheel, 
f  ciir  brakes,  so  arranged  brake-head  (brak'hed),  It.  Apiece  of  wood  or 
m  some  ..ne  pmnt  on  the     .^^^^  fastened  to  a  brake-beam  and  bearing 


single  lever,  to  which  the  force  is  applied.   The  fulcrum 


brake'i.  See  braked,  «.,  9. 
brake-t  (brak),  r.  [<  ME.  hrakeii  (=  D.  braken), 
vomit,  a  secondary  form  of  breken,  E.  break  = 
G.  brecheii,  break,  vomit:  see  break,  and  cf. 
parbrakc]     I.  inirans.  To  vomit. 

Urahin  or  castyn,  or spewe,  vomo.    Prompt.  Parv. ,  p.  -17. 
And  a«  an  hoimde  that  et  gras  so  Ban  ich  to  brake. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  vii.  430. 


Sylvia  locustella,  or  Loeustclla  ticevia 
lirrai/.     [Local,  British.] 

brakeman  (brak'man),  71.;  pi.  brnkemen  (-men). 
1 .  A  man  whose  business  is  to  apply  the  brakes 
on  a  railroad-train  which  are  operated  by  hand. 
—  2.  In  w(H(H(/,  the  man  in  charge  of  the  wind- 
ing-engine. 

Sometimes  spelled  brcakmati,  and  in  Great 
Britain  often  called  brakesman. 

brakent,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  braeken. 

brake-shaft  (brak 'shaft),  ii.      The  shaft  on. 
which  is  wound  the  chain  by 
which  the  power  of  a  car-brake 
operated  by  hand  is  applied  to 
the  wheels. 

brake-shoe  (brak'sho),  n.    A 
piece  of  wood  or  metal  fitted 
to  a  brake-block,   or  forming 
one  piece  with  it,  and  serving 
as  a  rubber  to  retard,  by  fric- 
tion with  the  wheel-tread  or 
-tire,  the  movement  of  a  wheel.         iitai;e-6hoe. 
-Brake-shoe  valve,  in  an  air-  m- 
vacuuTii-brake,  a  valve  so  arranged  as  to  relieve  the  pres- 
sine  np.iM  tlic  wheel  when  it  becomes  too  great. 
brakesman    (braks'man),    «.;    pi.    brakcsme)i- 
(-men).     See  brakeman. 
jrake-spool  (brak'spol),  H.     An  enlargement, 

portions  from  the  fiber.     Now  written  break.        ^^  j^  sleeve  or  otherwise,  of  a  brake-shaft  to  give 
It  lilax]  nnist  be  watered,  ilried,  braked,  tcw-tawed,  and     greater  speed  and  less  power  to  the  brake.   Car- 

with  nuich  labor  driuen  and  reduced  in  the  end  to  be  as  soft      u,,jl,h.,.i..  Diet 

and  tender  as  wooll.     ^'•'"'""'. »- »"'l"'^.  f '  "'■■"^""-  br ake-str ap   (brak'strap),    ».     The  strap  sur- 

2.  To  retard  or  stop  the  motion  of  by  the  ap-     j.„„„,ii„j,  the  pullev  of  a  friction-brake. 

plication  of  a  brake.  ,     ,  tn     brakett '^'.     A  Middle  English  form  of  hrai/f/cC^. 

-     ■    -    -  •  [<  ME    6rai-c(see  6»vMt»);  brake-van  (briik'van),  ".     On  Eiu-opean  rail 


Plan. 
Sinele-lever  Car-brake. 
The  single  lever  F.  pivoted  at  mid-lenffth,  is  operated  by  chains 
and  rods  from  the  brake-wheel  on  either  platform.     To  the  lever  are 
attached  rods  G,  H,  proceeding  to  the 
shoes. 


brake-bars  which  carry  the 


of  the  lever  is  upon  one  brake-beam,  and  from  its  shorter 
arm  a  rod  extends  to  the  brake-beam  of  the  other  pair  of 
wheels  of  the  same  truck.- To  bleed  the  brakes.  See 
Ueeit. 

brake^  (brak),  x.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hrakxl,  ppr. 
braking.  [=  MLG.  LU.  D.  braken  (>  F.  hraquer) 
=  Sw."  brM-a  =  Dan.  braye,  brake;  from  the 

.      .    -aoim.   Cf.  break,  r.']    If.  To  crack  or  break  (the  _^^^_     ,„.,„„ „„. 

Obsolete  or  archaic  preterit  of    gtalks  of  flax)  in  order  to  separate  the  woody  brake-spool  (brak'spol),  n 


not  in  AS.,  but  prob.  of  LG.  origin:  ME( 
;))•((/.■(',  bush,  bushes,  Ij(t.  brake,  a  willow-Tmsh  ; 
orig.  appar.  rough  or  broken  ground ;  cf.  D. 
braak  {-land)  =  MLG.  brake  =  G.  braehe,  land 
broken  but  not  sowed,  MIIG.  braehe,  OllG. 
brdeha,  the  breaking  of  land  after  htirvest  (= 
MLG.  brake  =z  Ml),  hraceke,  I),  braak,  breiikiiig, 
a  break:  see  fcroci-l) ;  honcein  comp.,(i.  braeh- 


ways,  the  van  or  car  in  a  freight-train  to  the 
wheels  of  which  the  brake  is  applied.  See 
brakr'-i,  <). 
brake-wheel  (briTk'hwol),  n.  1.  A  horizontal 
liiiiiil-wlieel  on  the  platform  of  a  railroiid-cnr, 
or  on  tho  roof  of  a  box-car,  useii  to  control  the 
brake. — 2.  A  heavy  wheel  furnished  with  cams 
to  control  the  action  of  a  trip-hammer. 


braecke,  braake,  an  instrument  for  liolding  by 
the  nose  ;  cf.  OHG.  breeha,  MIKJ.  G.  breehe,  a 
bnike) ;  <  MLG.  LG.  D.,  etc.,  breken  =C{.brecheu 
=  AH.  Iireean,  R.  break,  q.  v.  lirakr'-^  is  thus 
practically  e(|iiiv.  to  break,  n.,  of  which,  in 
some  recent  iihch,  it  is  only  a  different  spelling, 
conformed  to  tho  older  word.]  1.  A  ti^ol  or 
machine  for  breaking  up  tho  woody  portion  of 
flax,  to  loosen  it  from  tin-  liarl  or  fibers.—  2. 
The  hanille  or  lever  by  which  a  iniinp  is  worketl. 
—  3.  A  bakers'  knead'iiig-iiiachine.— 4.  A  Hharp 
bit  or  snaffle  :  as,  "  a  snaffle  bit  or  brake,"  Oas- 
coignc,  Steele  Glas. —  6.  An  iipparalus  for  con- 
fining refractory  horses  whili;  being  shoil. — 6. 
A  medieval  engine  of  war  anulogons  to  tho  bal- 
llstu. 

Vet  ie««e<l  not  oyther  tho  braJcii  or  «corplon«,  whereof 
llio«e  dlKhUKctl  •tone*  thiekc,  the  other  Bent  out  diirt» 
u  tiwt.  Holland,  Ir.  of  Aininbmin,  xx.  8. 

They  view  tho  Iron  r«m»,  the  hntkn,  ami  ullrnm. 

Fairfn/,  Ir.  of  TaMHo. 


cane,  Arundinaria  macrosperma. 

This  green  pint  shall  be  our  sUige,  this  hawthorn  brake 
our  tiringdiouse.  Uliak.,  .M.  .N.  D.,  Hi.  1. 

lie  staiii  not  for  brake,  and  he  stoppi'il  not  tor  stone, 
He  Bwaiu  the  Esk  river  where  fonl  there  was  none. 

Seiilt,  Young  kocliinvur. 
The  inidforest  lirake, 
Rich  with  a  sprinkling  of  fair  muakrose  blooms. 

Kealu,  Kndyinlon,  I. 

2.  A  single  bush,  or  a  number  of  bushes  grow- 
ing bv  tliemselves. 
brake'"'  (bnik),  n.  [<  ME.  brake,  apjiar.  <  AS. 
braeee  (rare),  a  fern:  see  braeken.  ,\pimr. 
confu.seil  in  ME.,  etc.,  with  lirake'^,  a  lliicket, 
etc. ;  cf.  fcrrt/.v4,  brakebu.ih,  frrn-hrake.}  Tho 
name  given  to  I'teris  aquilina  and  other  largo 
ferns.     See  I'icris. 

( 

"'err]i, 

Buckhom-brake,  a  njime  noinetlnnK  apiillid  1 
tlowiring  fern  o^nnimla  rf'/n/i*.- -  Cllff-brakO,  ii 
liion  nam.'  ot  the  genll«  /V/(<rn.  — ROCk-brakO.  (be 


.l//i"""'»*x  eriMinin. 

7.  A  liirgn  heavy  harrow  for  lireaking   cloils  brake-bar  (briik'bllr),  M.  A  bar  connecting  the 
nfter  i.l..v,ing.     Also  called  drag.— 8.   A  kind     |„.,ii(f-slioes  of  opposHo  wheels  of  a  ?,iirriago  of 
large  and  heavy  vnritty  of     .my  jd,,,]. 

for  breaking  in   young  bralte-beam    (brak'bf'm),   n.     A   wooden   bar 
'    '   '"         Mii|iporliiig  the  lirake-blockH  of  a  car-truck 


of    W  >.'     lo-ltc.       A 

this   '.•l.ilo    Ih   used 

honifH  to  InimesH. — 0.  Any  raedianicul  ilevie 

for  arri'Mii.Hr  or  rotartling  the  motion  of  a  vi 

hii'li  ineons  of  friction.     11 

nioti  (  r  ourvid  wooden  or  Irr, II 

agitlii"  I  ihewhiein      In  lliliaeii^' 

■pcllsil  i'lri'..      ■:  air-brake. 


i  lislies  of  the  family  liramida:  The  pomfret, 
K.  raiji,  is  an  example.  Schneider,  1801.  See 
cut  uiiiler  sea-bream. 

Bramah  lock,  press.    See  the  nouns. 

Bramantesque  (biii-inan-tt-sk'),  a.  Relating  to 
or  liiiviiig  the  cliaracter  or  style  of  the  wtu-ks 
of  Bramante  (U44-l.'>14),  a  noted  Italian  archi- 
tect, whose  sluilies  of  the  antique  exerted  much 
inlltieiice  iiiiim  the  classic  revival.  He  prepared 
th.'  original  .lesign  for  the  rebuilding  of  St.  Peter's  at 
Home,  of  wbiih  the  e.veiittlon  was  IntclTupted  by  his 
death.  Tbe  cpilliet  lUiimaiilemiue  was  early  applied  to- 
the  style  of  aii'liilectni'o  now  ciilltid  Itenaissanee,  from  tho 
preeniinent  position  held  by  lliiimante  in  its  formation. 

The  arlist  who  Introduced  licnaiasaneo  architecture, 
then  called  llraiiiaiileHum;  Into  Ixitnbarily. 

r.  ('.  I'erk'iin,  Italian  Scttlpttire,  p.  182,  note. 

.the.,  [leaves]  are  parted  ""-"'Jl 'IJf,;; -J'^^^^^.'/irf;^.^:  bramantip  (bra-m,ui'tip).  n.    Same  as  banmlip. 

Bramatherium  (brii-inii-the'n-um),  n.  [NL., 
|iro|,.  '  llriihuKilhtrium,  '<  llratnna^  +  Or.  %)i(ii'. 
wild  lieiisl.]  .\  goiins  of  gigantic  arlioilactyl 
mmniniilH  of  uncerlain  ])OHilioii,  related  to  ■!<(- 
rallKriuni.  I.IU.'  Ibe  laller,  it  bad  four  honis.  and  lt«ro- 
inaliiH  oiiiir  with  (hose  of  .•^imlberinni  in  the  middle  and 
late  Tertiary  di'poslls  ot  till'  Slvidlk  hills  In  India,  tat- 
eoner  ami  t'liHtleriiif,  Isl.'i. 

bramble  (bram'bl),  ».  [<  MK.  brrmhil.  hrembil, 
lirinimil,  <  AS.  bra-mhel.  briinbrt,  iii-oii.  brenieC 
(also  bn'inliir,  MIC.  brrndnr :  see  brnmblcberril), 
=  ()|)Mti.  hniiili,  hriinilr  =  ],(i.  brunnnri  (-brren, 
pi.),  bramble;  dim.  of  the  form  seen  in  ME. 


tb, 


'  plant 


brake-block  (bnik'bh.k),  «.  A  wooden  or 
iii.lnl  lilock  holiling  the  shoe  or  jnece  whieli 
l.iiirH  against  the  tn'ad  or  tiro  of  a  wheel  when 
the  brake  is  opjilied. 


bramble 

tramc,  bramble,  =  MD.  hraeme,  hrcmr,  T).  hraam 
=  ML(t.  brdm,  hramc,  hreme,  hrummr,  LG.  hrodm, 
bramble,  broom-plant,  =  OHG.  brdma,  hrdmo, 
MHG.  brdme,  bramble,  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  bramrii, 
bramble,  G.  bram,  bramc,  broom-plant  (also  an 
awl,  pimeh,  from  the  sense  of  '  thorn  ')•  Akin 
to  hi-ooni^,  q.  v.]  A  name  common  to  plants 
of  the  genns  Kub;:s,  Bsnecially  and  iisually  in 
England  the  common  blackberry,  L'.  fnitico'siia  ; 
occasionally  (from  these  plants  being  anuod 
with  prickles),  any  rough  prickly  shrub,  as  the 
dogrose,  Bosa  canina. 

The  hramble  flour  that  liereth  the  rod  hepe. 

Chaucer,  Sir  Thopas,  1.  35. 
bramble  (bram'bl),  v.  i. ;  prot.  and  pp.  brani- 
lilcd,  \i\ir.  b rambling.     [<  bramble,  jt.]     To  pick 
brambles  or  blackberries. 

All  persons  found  hramblin<r,  nutting,  and  otherwise 
trespassinj;  in  .  .  .  M'oods,  will  l>e  prosecuted. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  327. 

brambleberry  (bram'bl-ber"i),  ?(. ;  pi.  bram- 
bleberries  (-iz).  [ME.  not  found,  <  AS.  bre- 
mel-berie  (cf.  brember,  ME.  brember,  equiv.  to 
brembel,  breincJ,  bramble)  (=  MLG.  hrdiiihcr  = 
OHG.  brdmberi,  MHG.  brdiiiberr,  hrdiiihrr,  G. 
hrombecre  =  Sw.  brombdr  =  Dan.  bnniiban;  a 
blackberry,  =  MD.  bnnmhrsie,  1).  braiiiiibcsie,  > 
¥.  framboise,  Pr.  framhoiso,  Sp.  frambueso,  It. 
dial,  flanboesa,  ML.  framboses,  raspbeiTy),  < 
bremel,  bramble,  +  herie,  berry.]  1.  The  beriy 
of  a  bramble;  especially,  a  blackberry. — 2. 
The  plant  itself.    See  bramble.     [Eng.] 

bramble-bond  (bram'bl-bond),  n.  A  band 
made  of  the  long  shoots  of  the  bramble,  for- 
merly used  in  thatching  roofs. 

bramble-bush  (bram'bl-biish),  n.  [<  bramble  + 
biisli :  cf.  D.  braamboscli  =  MLG.  brambi(scli  = 
ODan.  hremlebusk.^  The  bramble,  or  a  thicket 
of  brambles. 

brambled  (bram 'bid),  a.  [<  bramble,  «.,  -t- 
-ed".']     Overgrown  with  brambles. 

Forlorn  she  sits  upon  the  brambled  floor. 

T.  Warton,  Ode,  iii. 

bramble-fincll   (bram'bl-finoh),   n.      Same   as 

brumhVniii. 
bramble-net   (bram'bl-net),  n.     A  hallior,  or 

net  for  catching  birds. 
bramble-rose  (bram'bl-roz),  n.     The  dogrose, 

Rosa  canina. 
Brauible-nis'.^,  faint  and  pale.  Tennysoii,  A  Dirge. 

bramble-worm  (bram'bl-werm),  n.  Same  as 
brandlitiii,  2. 

brambling  (bram'bUng),  n.  [<  braynble  +  -«np3.] 
A  common  Em'opean  conirostral  oscine  pas- 
serine bird,  of  the  family  Fringillida;  Fringilla 


Brambling  or  Mountain-finch  [Frittg^tla  montifringitla^. 

montifringilla,  or  mountain-finch,  closely  re- 
lated to  and  resembling  the  chaffinch,  1''.  ae- 
lebs,  but  larger.     Also  called  bramble-finch. 

brambly  (bram'bli),  a.  [<  bramble  +  -.)/l.] 
Full  of  brambles:  as,  " fcramft?^  wildernesses," 
TennijKOH,  The  Brook. 

bramet  (bram),  ».  [<  OF.  brame,  bram,  a  cry 
of  pain  or  longing  (=  Bret,  bram,  a  noise,  = 
Sp.  It.  brama,  desire),  <  bramcr  —  Pr.  bramar  = 
Sp.  bramar,  cry  out,  =It.  hramare,  desire,  long 
for,  <  OHG.  breman  =  AS.  bremman  =  MD. 
bremmcn,  roar :  see  6m«l.]  Intense  passion  or 
emotion. 

Through  long  languor  and  hart-burning  brame. 
She  shortly  like  a  pyned  ghosi  became. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  li.  62. 


659 

bramid  (bram'id),  ii.  A  fish  of  the  family  Sra- 
mi  lid'. 

Bramidae  (bram'i-de),  «. pi.  [NL.,  <  lirama  + 
-idir.]  A  family  of  acanthopterygiau  fishes, 
represented  by  the  genus  JSramu.  it  belongs  to 
tile  suijcifainily  Heinnliruidea,  and  is  cliaraoterizcd  by  an 
oldoiig  eoMipressed  body,  rounded  head,  hjug  ilorsal  anil 
anal  fins  with  few  anterior  spines,  and  perfect  thoracic 
ventral  fins.  The  few  species  arc  inhabitants  u(  rather 
deep  Hi-as.     .See  cut  under  7Jo?H/re^ 

Bramin,  etc.     See  Brahman,  etc. 

bramoid  (bram'oid),  a.  and  n.     [<  Brama  + 
-aid.]     I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
Bramidtii. 
II.  /(.  A  fish  of  the  family  Jiramida: 

brani  (Ijran),  )(.  [<  ME.  bran,  also  liren,  brin, 
partly  <  OF.  Iircn,  bran,  also  refuse,  dung,  F. 
bran,  bran,  =  Pr.  brcn  =  OSp.  bren  =  It.  dial. 
brenno  (ML.  brennitim,  brannum),  bran,  <  W. 
*ra«,  bran,  husk,  =  Ir.  bran,  chaff,  =  Bret. 
brcnn,  bran;  and  partly  (like  OF.,  etc.)  directly 
from  tlie  Celtic]  The  outer  coat  of  wheat,  ryi", 
oi- other  farinaceous  grain;  the  husky  portion 
of  groimd  wheat,  separated  from  the  llour  by 
bolting. 

brani  (bran),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  branned,  ppr. 
branning.  [<  brani,  «.]  To  steep  in  a  bath  of 
bran  and  water,  as  cloth  before  or  after  dyeing, 
or  skins  for  tanning. 

Branned  goods  are  not  afterwards  soaped,  but  simply 
washed  in  the  washing  machine  for  half  an  hour  witii 
cold  or  tepid  water. 

Crookes,  Dyeing  and  Calico-Printing,  p.  300. 

bran^  (bran),  «.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  unknown.] 
A  najne  of  the  common  crow,  Corvus  corunc. 
Miicgillirray.     [Local,  British.] 

bran^  (bran),  V.  A  dialectal  form  of  bren, 
burn^. 

bran-bread  (bran'bred'),  n.  [<  ME.  branbred.'] 
Bread  made  of  bran,  or  of  unbolted  flour. 

branct,  "•  [OF.  branc;  cf.  F.  branche,  branch : 
see  branch.'}  A  linen  vestment  similar  to  a 
rochet,  formerly  worn  by  women  over  their 
other  clotiiing. 

bra,ncard  (brang'kard),  re.  [P.,  a  litter,  shaft, 
thill,  <  Pr.  branc,  F.  branche,  branch,  arm.]  A 
horse-litter.     Lady  M.  jr.  Montagu. 

branch  (branch),  re.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
brainiili :  <  ME.  branrlu-,  braunche,  bronche,<.  OF. 
branrh{;lirance.  V.  ?;/7//(r7/r,branch,  =Pr.  branca, 
also  branc,  =  OSp.  and  OPg.  branca  =  It.  branca, 
branch,  claw,  =  Wall,  branca,  hand,  fore  foot  (> 
G.  branke,  dial,  pranlcc,  claw,  prankc,  brantc, 
prante,  a  paw,  esp.  of  a  bear),  <  ML.  branca, 
claw;  perhaps  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Bret,  branc, 
an  arm,  =  W.  braich,  an  arm,  a  branch,  =  L. 
brdchium,  bracchium,  arm,  branch,  claw:  see 
brace^,  n.']  I.  re.  1.  A  division  or  subdivision  of 
the  stem  or  axis  of  a  tree,  shrub,  or  other  plant 
(the  ultimate  or  smaller  ramifications  being 
called  branchlets,  twigs,  or  shoots) ;  a  bough. 

A  gre.it  elm  tree  spread  its  broad  branches  over  it. 

Iruinff,  Sketch-Book,  p.  427. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  branch  in  its  re- 
lation to  the  trunk ;  an  oiSshoot  or  part  extend- 
ing from  the  main  body  of  a  thing ;  a  ramifica- 
tion ;  a  subdivision ;  an  outgrowth. 

Withouten  hraunch  of  vyce  in  ony  wyse. 
In  trouthe  alwey  to  don  yow  my  servj-se. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  133. 

Specifically — (a)  Any  member  or  pai-t  of  a  body  or  system ; 
a  department ;  a  section  or  subdivision :  as,  a  branch  of  a 
society ;  the  various  Ijranchetf  of  learning. 

In  the  United  States  of  America  .  .  .  the  study  of  ju- 
risprudence and  of  some  branches  of  politics  has  made 
great  progress. 

Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  iii. 

It  is  a  very  prevalent  notion  among  the  Christians  of 
Eui-ope,  that  the  Moos'lims  are  enemies  to  almost  every 
branch  of  knowledge. 

£.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egj-ptians,  I.  277. 

(6)  A  line  of  family  descent,  in  distinction  from  some 
other  line  or  lines  from  the  same  stock :  as,  the  English 
or  the  Irish  branch  of  a  family,  (c)  Any  descendant  in 
such  a  line.    [Rare.] 

His  father,  a  younger  branch  of  the  ancient  stock  planted 
in  Somersetshire.  R.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall, 

(rf)  In !7com.,  any  portion  of  a  real  curve  capable  of  descrip- 
tion by  the  continuous  motion  of  a  point.  Every  liraneli 
either  extends  to  infinity  or  returns  into  itself  (nnilrnnt 
branch) ;  but  some  old  geometers  considered  a  branch  to 
be  ended  by  a  cusp,  (c)  A  piece  of  pipe  including  a  length 
of  the  main  pipe  and  a  shorter  piece  branching  from  it. 
When  the  latter  is  at  right  angles  to  the  former,  the 
hnnchis  a.T-branch :  if  at  an  acute  angle,  it  isa  F-i>r««<-A. 
If  there  are  two  branching  pieces,  it  is  called  a  double 
branch,  (f)  The  metal  piece  on  the  end  of  the  hose  of  a 
fire-engine  to  which  the  nozle  is  screwed,  (y)  One  of  the 
sides  of  a  hoi-seslioe.  (A)  In /or<.,  the  wing  or  long  side 
of  a  horn-  or  crown-work  :  also,  one  of  the  parts  of  a  zig- 
zag approach,  (t)  In  a  sword-hilt,  either  of  two  pieces 
which  project  at  right  angles  to  the  barrel  and  to  the 
blade  of  the  sword,  forming  guards  for  the  liand.    See 


branchls 

hitt._  (J)  In  entom.,  the  (lagellnm  or  outer  portion  of  a 
geniculate  antenna,  (t)  In  inining,  a  small  vein,  leader, 
or  string  of  ore,  connected  with  or  seeming  to  branch 
fn>m  the  main  lode.  See  bile.  (I)  In  a  bridle,  either  of  two 
bent  pieces  of  iron  which  bear  the  bit,  the  cross-cliaUis, 
and  tile  curb. 

3.  In  the  southern  and  some  of  the  western 
United  States,  the  general  name  for  any  stream 
that  is  not  a  large  river  or  a  bayou. 

Most  of  the  hranchcn  or  streaniB  were  dried  up.    Irving. 

4.  The  dij>loraa  or  commission  issued  by  the 
jiropcr  autliority  to  a  pilot  who  lias  jiassed  an  ex- 
amination for  competency. —  5t.  A  chandelier. 
Asli. — 6.  A  branched  candlestick  or  caudle. 

This  ffnneral]  procession  was  headed  by  an  acolyte  with 
a  cross  between  iwo  clerks,  each  of  whom  carried  a  pecu- 
liar kind  of  light  called  "a  whita  branch,"  because  com- 
posed of  three  tapers  shooting  np  out  of  ,one  root  a«  it 
were,  being  twisted  together  at  the  lower 'end  — an  em- 
lilem  of  the  Trinity.     liuck,  Church  of  our  lathers,  ii.  487. 

Bastard  branch.   See  bantard. —  Branches  of  ogives, 

in  arch.,  the  ribs  of  groined  vaults  traversing  from  one 
angle  to  another,  and  forming  a  cross  between  the  other 
arcdies  which  make  the  sides  of  the  sciuare  of  which  the 
branches  are  tlie  diagonals.  See  arc  wrire,  under  arcl. — 
Branch  herring,  .-^ec-  A.  r/7/i</.~  Complete  brancli,  In 
lieiim.,  a  l»ranrh  <.f  a  curve  c<jnsidered  !is  not  interru[»te<l 
by  piLssing  thnjugh  infinity.  .See  2  (</),  almve.— Falling 
branch,  in  aim.,  that  jiortion  ut  the  trajectory  iii  whlcn 
the  projectile  ajiproaches  the  earth. 

II.  a.  Consisting  of  or  constituting  a  branch; 
ramifying;  diverging  from  a  tnmk,  main  stem, 
or  main  body:  as,  a  branch  road  or  railroad;  a 
branch  society. 
branch  (branch),  V.  [<  ME.  bratmchcn,  <  OF. 
branchir  =  Pr.  brancar,  branch,  =  It.  brancare, 
grip ;  from  the  noun.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  spread 
in  branches ;  send  out  branches,  as  a  plant. — 
2.  To  divide  into  sojiarate  parts  or  subdivisions; 
diverge;  ramify.- To  brancli  off.  to  fonn  separate 
parts  or  liranches;  diverge  from  any  main  stem,  line,  or 
course.— To  branch  out,  to  ramify;  engage  in  lateral 
ojierations,  as  in  I)iisine8s;  digress,  as  in  discourse. 
To  branch  out  into  a  long  extempore  dissertation. 

Spectator,  So.  247. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  divide,  as  into  branches; 
make  subordinate  divisions  in. 


The  spirits  of  things  animate  .  . 
canals  as  blood  is. 


are  branched  into 
Bacon,  Xat.  Hist. 

2.  To  adorn  with  needlework ;  decorate  with 
embroidery ;  adoi-n  with  flowers  or  other  orna- 
ment, as  in  textile  fabrics. 

The  train  whereof  loose  far  behind  her  strayed, 
Branched  with  gold  and  pearl  most  richly  wrought. 

Spenger. 
Calling  my  officers  about  me,  in  my  branched  velvet 
gown.  Shak.,  T.  X.,  iL  5. 

A  dress 
All  branch'd  and  flower'd  with  gold. 

Tennj/son,  Geraint. 

To  branch  (a  thing)  out,  to  make  it  spread  out  in  divi- 
sions like  branches.    [Rare.] 

Ah,  my  Oiacinto  .  .  . 

Branches  me  out  his  verb-tree  on  the  slate. 

Browninrr,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  G4. 

branch-chuck  (branch'chuk),  71.  In  mech.,  a 
chuck  formed  of  four  branches  turned  up  at 
the  ends,  each  furnished  with  a  screw. 

Branchelliidae  (brang-ke-li'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
<  BraiK'hrllion  +  -irfn".]  A  family  of  leeches, 
typified  by  the  genus  Branchcllion .  Tliey  are  dis- 
tinguished by  the  development  of  a  pair  of  lateral  bran- 
chiform  lobes  on  each  segment  of  tlie  ln^dy.  The  oral 
sucker  i^  entire  and  strictured  at  its  origin.  A  common 
Eur"ipc;iii  sji-  cics  is  Branchcllion  tor])c<tinis, 

Branchellion  (brang-kel'i-ou),  «.  [XL.,  <  Gr. 
jipdyxia,  giUs.]  A  genus  of  Hirudinca.  or  leech- 
es, typical  of  the  family  BranckelUidce,  having 
the  sides  of  the  body  lobate  or  extended  into 
lobe-like  appendages. 
brancher  (bran'chtr),  n.  [<  ME.  brancher, 
brauncher,  a  young  hawk;  <  branch  +  -<-rl.]  1. 
That  which  shoots  forth  bi-anches. — 2.  A  young 
hawk  or  other  bird  when  it  begins  to  leave  the 
nest  and  take  to  the  branches  of  trees. 
Thareby  braunchers  in  brede  bettvr  was  never. 

ilorte  Arlhure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  190. 

I  say  that  the  eyas  should  have  her  meat  unwashed, 

until  she  becomes  a  brancher.  Scott,  Abbot,  I.  44. 

branchery  (bran'cher-i).  n.  [<  branch  +  -ery.'] 
.\  system  of  branches. 

branchla  (braug'ki-ii),  n.l  [LL.,  NL. :  see 
branchia-.']  One  of  the  constituents  of  the 
branchial  apparatus;  a  gUl.  See  branchiw. 
[Rare.] 

branchia  (brang'ki-a),  11.^  pi.  [NL. :  see  bran- 
c/dVr.]     Same  as  branchiee.     [Rare.] 

branchiae  (brang'ki-e),  «.  pi  [L.,  pi.  (cf.  LL. 
(NL.)  branchia,  fem.  sing.,  NTi.  branchia,  neut. 
pi.,  the  proper  form),  <  Gr.  iipayxta,  pi.,  giUs, 
ppdyxiov,  sing.,  a  fin;  cf.  ^payxog,  hoarseness, 
ppd',Xioi>  =  ^pdyx'ov,  windpipe:  see  bronchia.^ 
1.  Organs  subservient  to  respiration  through 


brancMse 

the  medium  of  water.     They  are  highly  vascular, 
y.:.i   .1  ;.  ..  ;ii<,  permittiu^'  the  aeration  of  the  blood  by 
the  water  which  comes  in  immediate  con- 
r  They  are  developed  from  different  parts 

i.i  lu-  -..■  ...  dirferent  classes  of  animals.  See  (?t7/l,  and 
cuts  under  J'olijptacophora  and  Tetrabra/ichiata, 

2.  In  Arthropoda,  as  crustaceans,  specifically, 
the  e.xtei-naUy  projecting  processes  of  the  body 
or  its  limbs, "which  are  supplied  with  venous 
blood  (which  is  thus  brought  into  contact  with 
the  air  dissolved  in  water),  and  constitute  a 
special  respiratory  organ.  See  cut  under  Po- 
dophthnhiiia.  Other  kinds  of  respirator}-  organs  in 
artlir.jp'nls  are Iracheo-branchice,  trachece,  Bud pulmonary 
mc^.    ^ee  these  words. 

3.  In  Vermes,  any  appendages  of  the  head  or 
body  so  modifiedas  to  act  as  a  respii-atory  or- 
gan; the  various  processes  which  protrude  or 
radiate  from  the  head  or  other  region  of  the 
body,  and  have,  or  are  supposed  to  have,  a 
respiratory  fimction.     See  cut  under  Protula. 

In  .  .  .  [Amphinomidee,  ^MniVirfO',  and  7'ert'6eWiW(P]  the 
branchiae  are  ciliated  branched  plumes  or  tufts  attached 
to  the  dorsal  surface  of  more  or  fewer  of  the  somites.  In 
[Strp\dul(e\  .  .  .  they  are  exclusively  attached  to  the  an. 
terior  segment  of  the  body,  and  present  the  form  of  two 
large  plumes,  each  consisting  of  a  principal  stem,  witli 
many  lateral  branches.         Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  210. 

4.  In  entom.,  gill-like  appendages  on  the  bodies 
of  certain  insect-larvse  and  -pupae  which  live  in 
the  water,  as  many  dragon-flies  and  gnats. 
They  are  expansions  of  the  iutegument,  and  it  is  sujiposed 
that  they  "  absorb  air  from  the  water,  and  convey  it  by 
the  minute  ramifications  of  the  tracheal  vessels,  willt 
which  they  are  abimdantly  supplied,  into  the  main  tra- 
chex.  to  be  distributed  over  the  whole  body."    ynrjwrt. 

branchial  (brang'ki-al),  a.  [<  XL.  braiichialis, 
<  L.  hrancliiiv,  gills:  see  hramhia:']  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  branchite  or  gills ;  or,  in  ani- 
mals which  have  no  gills  properly  so  called, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  parts  considered  homol- 
ogous with  gills,  as,  in  a  bird  or  mammal,  parts 
of  the  third  postoral  \-isceral  arch,  or  of  any 
\isceral  arch  behind  the  hyoidean. —  2.  Per- 
formed by  means  of  branchia>:  as,  hranchial 
respiration;  a  branchial  function. —  Branchial 
aperture,  the  aperture  or  outlet  for  water  which  has  sup- 
plied the  braneliia;,  lying  behind  them.  In  fUlies  there 
are  :;,  one  on  each  side ;  rarely  the  two  are  conlluent  in 
a  single  inferior  aperture.  In  selacliians  tliey  are  gen. 
erally  in  5  pairs,  rarely  in  C  or  7.  In  myzonts  they  are 
usually  in  7  paii-s.  rarely  ti  or  more  than  7,  and  sometimes 
conlluent  in  an  inferior  pair  of  "pores."  In  invertebrates 
they  vary.  —  Branchial  arch,  in  fishes,  one  of  the  arclies 
of  the  brancliial  apparatus  which  support  the  branchial 
Hlainents  on  each  side. —  Branchial  bar,  the  hardened 
portion  of  the  branchial  appar.-itus  whic  h  supports  the 
gills :  same  as  branchial  ta-A.  — Branchial  basket.  Ste 
(«<fc(,  10.— Branchial  cavity,  or  branchial  chamber. 

(rt)  The  cavity  on  eai:h  side  r»f  which  are  the  liranciiiie  :  it  is 
tiehinil  and  generally  eontluent  with  the  oral  cavity.  (^) 
In  ('ruAtac*;a,  a  cavity  or  space  inclosed  by  the  branehios- 
tegite  or  gill-cover  (formed  by  a  free  jileural  i)art  of  the 
carapace),  ancl  Iwunded  internally  by  the  cpimera  of  the 
braiK-hiferou«  somites. — Branchial  cleft,  one  of  the  lat- 
eral foramina  Itehind  the  tieail  which  are  uppai'ent  in  the 
embryos  of  vertebrates,  w>ou  disapiiearing  in  the  higher 
type^,  but  longer  persistent  (sometimes  through  life)  in 
the  lower,  as  in  the  amphibians :  homologous  with  the 
brnnrhial  ^/x-r/Hr/w.- Branchial  coil,  a  spirally  curved 
tulie  formed  by  a  diverticulum  of  the  superior  pharyngeal 
mucous  membrane  in  certain  tlshes,  such  as  the  elupeids 
<for  example,  menhaden)  and  related  frtrms. —  Branchial 
duct,  in  inyz'UiU,  a  short  canal  (interior)  between  a  l>i-;tn- 
ehial  pouch  and  the  intestinal  cavity,  i>r  one  (e.xterior)  be. 
tweeu  a  poneh  ami  the  exterior  of  the  body. —  Branchial 
fold,  the  series  of  branchial  lllanu-tit.H  around  the  convex 
niar.'in  of  a  branchial  arch.  —  Branchial  firamework. 
.Ham--  as  brmtrhinl  ^fre/.-'o/i.  — Branchial  ganglion,  a 

ganglion  which  Miippties  tin-  branehiic.  as  in  cert.-iiii  mob 
In.^k^.  Branchial  gut,  a  rndimeutary  brarirliial  cliau). 
b.  r       Branchial  heart,  a  sjieclallfed  widened  vascular 

eah  lI  «i,i.  Ii  -M|.|.ii.»  the  ].raiichiie.~  Branchial  lamella, 
nroM  of  liraiiciiial  IllainenU  approximated  to  one  another 
nfid  forming  a  lamell.a.llke  Htrnetnre.  In  llshes  there  are 
g.rn<-rally  two  lamelbe  to  most  of  the  arches,  surmounting 
their  coliv-'X  edgi's.  .Mso  c.-illed  hranrhiiil  jdntr.  —  'Zx^Xl- 
Chlal  pharjnuc,  a  ]>har>  iix  \N  ith  a  branehiiil  aitparatus,  a.s 
III  fh'  tiini.aieH.  -Branchial  plate.    S;iiiic  as //ra/tr/nVf/ 

' ■        o..-.-.«Kini    T^'.rf.         -r  ire-Uke   bntnchial   aper- 

dmlH  of  one  aide,  mucIi 

r.anchlal  pouch,  In  my. 

:.   I  ,     ..  |.  .  .  I,  ...,.,.     ,  f  (j„.  i,rn,|. 

■  1^   Ml  \\hi'-h  and   Ii  -  brallelilte 

Branchial  ray  one  of  (he 

ari-ll  Imek- 

I'OUelieH, — 

'•'  of  bmn- 

'   .'Mber 

L.rge 

i.ls, 

■  Ml 
'  III. 

'  Ihe 

»  le||. 

I"  lilal 

B't!';  11,,. 

hlal 

fik'  I   to 


'11 


taiiU 
nl  ui 


1.         hlol 

'  ■>!  JM  i  Miiii|ir'-    T.  r.  ...  Ill  I-  I,  one 

igniMof  ilie  hMd.prrfumiliiir  In  |>art 


660 

a  respiratory  function.— Branchial  tuft,  in  tiibicolous 
ch.xtopodous  worms,  an  aggregation  of  contractile  teii- 
laeular  hlameuts  in  the  cephalic  region,  assuming  in  part 
the  olhce  of  branchia'. 
Branchiata  (braug-ld-a'tii),  n.  i>J.    [NL.,  neut. 

£1.  otbraneliiatus,  having  gills:  see  \ranchHttc.'] 
i:ool.,  a  name  used  with  various  significations. 
(a)  lu  some  systems  of  classification,  one  of  the  prime 
divisions  of  the  Arthropoda,  by  which  all  crustaceans, 
in  a  broad  sense,  are  collectively  distinguished  from 
the  Tracheata,  or  insects  in  the  widest  sense  (arachnids, 
myriapods,  and  insects  proper):  so  called  from  havinii  a, 
branchial  insteiid  of  a  tracheate  respiratury  apparatus. 
In  Gegenbaur's  system  .a  third  prime  division,  Prutrachc- 
ata,  established  for  Peripatus  alone,  intervenes  between 
Branchiafa  and  Tracheala.  The  Branchiata  are  primarily 
divided  iuto  Crustacea  proper  (including  the  two  main 
groups  of  Entomostraca  and  Malacostraca)  and  Pcecilo- 
poda,  represented  by  Limulus,  etc.  {b)  A  division  of  ver- 
tebrates containing  those  which  for  some  time  or  perma- 
nently breathe  by  gills ;  the  amphibians  and  fishes,  .as 
distinguished  from  reptiles,  birds,  and  mammals :  synony- 
mous with  Ichthyopsida  (which  see),  (c)  In  moUusks.  sanie 
as  Branchio^at^tcropnida.  {d)  A  division  of  annelids  con- 
taining those  which  breathe  liy  gills,  or  the  tubicolous  and 
erraut  worms,  corresponding  to  the  groups  Ccphalobran- 
chia  and  Notobranchiata.  (e)  A  group  of  echinoids  with 
gills  on  the  buccal  membrane  and  with  .ambulacral  plates 
only  on  tlie  latter,  including  all  the  echinoid  families  ex- 
cept Cidan'dir.      Lihliri,,. 

branchiate,  branchiated  (brang'ki-at,  -a-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  braiichUitiis,  ha^ang  gills,  <  L.  bmii- 
c/iiVf,  gills:  see  6ra«c7((fr.]  Having  permanent 
giUs:  contrasted  with  j>»/»;oHn?eor^«?»iO»o /erf.- 
as,  '•branchiated  Vertebrata,"  Huxley,  Anat. 
Vert.,  p.  70. 

Branchifera  (brang-Mf 'e-rii),  n. pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of /< »•(/«(■/( i/fc;  see  hraitchiferoiis.']  In^odl.i 
(a)  Same  as  Braiichiogastcrnpoda ;  a  division  of 
liasteropoda  including  those  which  breathe  by 
gills:  opposed  to  ruhiioiiifcra.  (ft)  In  De  Blain- 
ville's  system  of  classification,  a  division  of 
univalves,  of  the  order  Cervicobranchiata,  equiv- 
alent to  the  family  FissurelUdce;  the  keyhole 
limpets. 

branchiferous  (brang-kif' e-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
bniiicliit'ir,  having  gills,  <  L.  braiichiw,  gills, 
+  firre  =  E.  fteacl.]  1.  Bearing  gills;  having 
branchiiB. 

In  the  Aiuniota,  also,  the  arrangement  which  has  been 
transmitted  from  their  ftmncAiyeroiw  ancestors  is  retained 
during  certain  stages  of  embryonic  life,  in  the  form  of 
clefts  in  the  wall  of  the  pharynx. 

Geycnbaur,  C'oinp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  .'iiS. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Branchifera. 

branchiform  (brang'ki-form),  a.  [<  L.  bran- 
iliitf.  gills,  +  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form, 
cliaraclci',  or  ap]ioai'anee  of  gills. 

branchihyal  (bruug-ki-lii'al),  a.  and  w.  [<  L. 
branchia;  gills,  -t-  NL.  Iiyioidcus),  hyoid,  -1-  -«/.] 
I,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  gills  and  tongue,  or  to 
the  branchial  and  hyoi'doaa  arches. 

II.  II.  One  of  tho  elements  or  ,ioints  of  a 
branchial  arch.  The  lowermost  or  hypobranchial  is 
called  the  Ijatial  branchihyal,  and  the  uppermost  or  epi- 
branchial  is  distinguished  as  the  superior  branchihi/al, 
/;.  I).  Cope. 

branchiness  (briin'ehi-nes),  n.  The  character 
(if  lieiiig  branchy;  the  state  of  being  full  of 
branches. 
branching  (brau'diing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  branch, 
c]  Kurnished  ^i-ith  branches;  shooting  out 
branches. 

Not  thrice  your  branchiny  limes  have  blown 
.since  I  beheld  young  Laurence  dead. 

TennyHtin,  Lady  Clara  Vere  dc  Vcre. 

branchiocardiac  (brang"ki-6-kar'di-ak),  a. 
[<  Gr.  jiimyxii',  gills,  +  mpiMa  =  E.  heart :  see 
canliac.^  Pertaining  to,  l.ving  between,  or  seii- 
arutiiig  a  branchial  and  a  cardiac  rcgii>n  or  ill- 
vision:  ni)]ilioil  lo  a  groove  on  each  side  of  (ho 
middle  luie  nf  the  thoracic  ])ortioii  of  the  earn- 
pace  of  a  crust  acoan,  scjiaiiit  ing  I  lie  cardiac  divi- 
sion ol'  tlioi'uniiiace  from  the  brancliial  division. 

Branchiogasteropoda  ( i  >rang"  ki-o-gas-t  < -n n  i ' - 

n-ilii),  n.  jit.  |Mj.,  <  1j.  branchia;  gills,  -I- 
Js'Ii.  (la.sli roiioilii.']  A  division  of  gastro|io- 
dous  inollusks  whicli  breathe  the  air  contained 
ill  water,  llesplratlou  may  be  clfected  In  three  way*: 
first,  the  blood  may  be  simply  exposed  to  the  wiitrr 
In  the  thin  walls  of  the  mantle-cavity,  aa  In  Home  of  the 
llrtcrttjmdii ;  Heciiliilly,  the  ri'splfatory  organn  may  be  In 
the  form  of  outward  procesMeH  of  the  integument,  exposed 
111  tnftM  on  the  buck  and  dlilcH  of  the  animal,  as  in  the 
Suitiltrauchiata,  mich  an  Ihe  Hea-nliign,  i-lc.  ;  and  thirdly, 
the  rcHplratory  organs  niay  lie  in  the  form  of  pecllnaleii 
or  plume-like  branclila',  eoiitalned  In  a  more  or  less  i-oiii- 
plete  branchial  (hiimber  formed  by  an  Inllectlmi  of  the 
mantle,  as  In  the  whi-IkH,  cle.  The  /tr<inchio;ni'tcriiiK>da 
fall  liilo  Iwr.  .Il"lliiil  •irles,  the  one  being  hermiiiihrodlle, 
with  the  gill  't       ,,i,Mhe  rearof  Ihe  liodv.aml  (lie 

olhiT  havli  1  organs  In   dlntlncl  liiilhliliiiiU. 

The   llraii.l  i   are  divided   Into  Hire. I.  i,  ; 

(1)  Pnmilinio.  I,, , II. fi-i  \es  illKtIllet,  ulllii  Udlially  lln  Im.hIi. 
IM  whelkn,  et4;.  ;  CI)  Oiiinthiitiraiichiatil  (wxen  llMiiilI) 
iiiilteil  In  the  Maine  inillvldiial,  uHIh  ofti'n  e\|ioHi-<li,  le, 

Ai-aNltlglt,    C't*.  :      (.'I)    llrtrrnJHula    (frer.RWlmilllllg    gllMtro. 

pods),  oa  iiiomlKira  u(  the  KeiiiM  Carinaria. 


branchiostege 

branchiogasteropodous  (brang "  ki  -  6  -  gas  - 1  e- 
rop'o-dus),  ((.  Uf  or  pertaining  to  the  Bra'n- 
cliioijastcropoda . 

branchiopallial  (brang"ki-6-pari-al),  a.  [<  L. 
branchia;  gills,  +  pallium,  mantle :  see  }ial- 
lium.~j  In  Mollusca,  of  or  pertaining  to  both 
the  branchiie  and  the  pallium:  applied  to  a 
ganglion  of  the  nervous  system  in  relation  with 
the  gills  ,ind  the  mantle. 

Branchiopneusta  (brang' ki-op-nus'ta),  «.  pi. 

[XL.,  <  Gr.  iiiid-)X'Cf  gills.  +  *-vn'aro^,  verbal 
adj.  of  -rfn;  breathe.]  A  superfamily  group 
of  pulmonate  gastropodous  moUusks,  by  means 
of  which  such  aquatic  families  as  Juriculido' 
and  Limnccida'  are  collectively  disthiguished 
from  the  Helicida;  or  land-snaUs  proper,  the 
latter  being  contrasted  as  Xcjihrojineusta.  The 
two  groups  correspond  respectively  to  the  Bawmniatii- 
phnra  and  Styhmunatojfhora  of  some  authors. 
Branchiopnoa  (brang-ki-op'no-il),  n.]}l.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  lijMiyxia,  giUs,  +  --loiSf,  breathing  (irvo;/, 
a  breathing),  <  iri'ch',  breathe.]  A  loose  syn- 
onym of  Cru.stacea,  crustaceans  being  so  called 
because  they  breathe  by  branchia?. 

branchiopnoan  (brang-ki-op'uo-an),  a.  and  n. 
I.  (I.  Oi  or  pertaining  to  the  Branchiopnoa. 
II.  n.  Xmemher  of  the  Branchiopnoa. 
branchiopod  ( brang 'ki-6-pod),  n.  and  a.     I,  n. 
An  animal  belonging  to  the  order  Branchiopoda. 
Also  branchiopodc. 
II.  a.  Gill-footed;  branchiopodous. 
Also  hraiichiopodan. 
Branchiopoda  (brang-ki-op'o-da),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  ,i;j(ijx(n,  gills,   -1-   jroi'f  (n-orf-)  =  E. /o(»/.] 

1.  lu  Latreille's  system  of  classification,  the 
lu-st  order  of  his  Entomostraca,  characterized 
as  ha\-ing  a  mouth  composed  of  an  upper  lip, 
two  mandibles,  a  tongue,  and  one  or  two  pairs 
of  maxillte,  and  the  branchia)  more  or  less  an- 
terior: so  called  because  their  branchite  or 
gills  are  situated  on  the  feet.  The  order  thus  de- 
fined was  divided  into  two  sections;  (1)  Lophyruyoda 
iCarciiwida,  Ostracoda,  and  Cladocera);  (2)  J'hjiUopiHfa 
ICcntfo/'hlliiifiiia  and  .i.',-pidopliura). 

2.  As  detined  by  Huxley,  a  group  of  entomostra- 
cous  Crustacea,  embracing  only  the  two  groups 
FhiiHopoda  and  Cladocera.  it  is  represented  by 
such  genera  as  .ipus,  Xcbalia,  Jiranchipun,  Liiiitictiii, 
Vaphniif,  and  their  allies,  which  pass  iuto  one  another  so 
gradually  that  the  groups  Phyllvpoda  and  Ctathicrru  can 
hardly  be  established.  The  genera  named  conform  to  the 
definition  of  Untomostraca  (wliich  see)  in  invariably  pos- 
sessing  more  or  fewer  than  twenty  somites ;  and  the  tho* 
raeic  and  abdominal  appendages  are  nearly  always  moi-e 
or  less  foliaeeons,  resembling  in  niimy  respects  the  ante, 
rior  maxilliped  of  one  of  the  higher  Cruntacca.  See  cuta 
under  .l/o'.v.  I>a/>hnia,  and  Limnetic, 

branchiopodan  (brang-ki-op'o-dan),  «.  and  a. 

Saino  as  bntnchiopitd. 
branchiopode  (brang 'ki-ii -pod),  n.     Same  as 

ttratichioiiiid. 
branchiopodous  (brang-ki-op'o-dus),  a.     [< 

brdiichio/Kiil  +  -o«.s'.]    Gill-footed';  belongingto 

the  order  Jtranehiopoda. 

Branchiopulmonata    (brang"ki-6-]nil-mo-iia'- 

tii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  ]il.  of  branchiopulmo- 
nitlus:  see  britnchiopidnionatc.']  A  division  of 
tlie  class  Arachnida,  in  an  enlarged  sense, 
adopted  by  some  naturalists  to  include  the  ex- 
isting genus  l.innilus,  or  horseshoe  crabs,  and 
the  o.xtiuct  Eurijpterina  and  Trilobila. 

I'liUowing rrof.  Ed.  Van  lieneden,  I  Include  I.inmlus,  tho 
Eurypterlna,  and  Trilobites  under  the  .■\raelinida  as  lirau' 
chio/iiihiiiiiiiitu,     tiryriilmur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  ji.  xix. 

branchiopulmonate  (brang"ki-o-purnio-nal ), 
<i.  and  n.  [<  NL.  braiichiojrulmoniilns,  <  L. 
liriinrhia;  gills,  -f-  puln)o{n-),  lung.]  I.  n. 
I'eitaiiiiiig  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
JUauchiopnlmonata, 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Jiranchiopulnionn  ta . 

Branchiopus  (brang-ki'o-juis),  n.  [NL.]  Siniio 
as  /iriiiirhipus. 

branchiostegal  (brang-ki-os'te-gal),  a.  [< 
bi(iiichii>sl<<ir  +  -r//.]  h'idatiiig  to  or  oi;  the  na- 
ture of  a  liraiicliiostigi'.  Branchiostegal  rays, 
branchiostegal  membrane.  See  extract,  and  ciitu  un- 
der l.c/iiitiisirrn  and  ,'<</iuitiiHi. 

/IranrhioHteijal  rayn  are  attached  ]iarMv  to  tho  Inner, 
and  partly  to  tho  outer,  surface  of  tin-  nyuideaii  arch. 
They  support  a  nienibrane,  Ihe  liratichtostri/at  mcmtfrane, 
which  hervcH  lu*  a  sort  of  inner  gllleover. 

Hurley,  Anal,  Vert.,  p.  13a 

branchiostegan  (brang-kl-oB'te-gnn),  a.  and  «. 
|<   briinchioslei/c    +   -(!«.]      I,  (I.   1,    Same   n» 
liriinchiostKjou.i. —  2.   Of   or  pertaining   to   tho 
Jlranchiostcj/i. 
II,  II.  Oiie  of  tho  Branchinstefji. 

branchiostege  (brang'ki-o-stej),  n.  [<  tif. 
/*/'"/  l"'i  gills,  +  "Tiyti,  a  roof,  a  coveriMg,  <  t/- 
;i'i=L.  Ict/erc,  cover:  see  teyununt,  lilc.J  In 
ilslicH,  the  tnembruno  which  lies  bouoatn  thn 


branchiostege 

operculum  and  covers  the  gills;  the  branchios- 
tef,'al  membrane.  It  is  supitorted  by  the  braii- 
cliiostojial  rays.  [Uimsual.] 
Branchiostegi  (brang-ki-os'to-ji),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  braiichiostfijiis :  see  hrancldostege.']  In 
Artedi's  ichthyological  system,  an  order  of 
bony  fishes  erroneously  supposed  to  have  no 
bra  iicliiostegal  rays,  ithiclmlfcl  his  genera  ^oiijjto, 
llKlniciuii,  Ciidiiiilcnix,  and  iMphiiis,  that  is,  the  plectfjg- 
nathous  and  pudiculate  tiHhes,  witli  otilcr  heterogeneous 
kinds.  Tlie  liranchial  apertures  are  much  narrowed,  and 
tlie  brancliiostogal  rays  and  Ijrancliira  are  entirely  internal 
and  concealed. 

branchiostegite  (brang-ki-os'te-jit),  «.  [< 
brdiicltiiiatiiic  +  -*te2.]  Jq  Crustacea,  a  free 
pleural  part  of  the  carapace  in  relation  with 
the  branchio),  forming  a  cover  for  the  gills  and 
bounding  the  branchial  chamber  exteriorly. 

If  the  branchiostegite  is  cut  away  along  the  groove,  it 
will  be  found  that  it  is  attached  to  the  sides  of  the  head, 
which  projects  a  little  beyond  the  anterior  part  of  the 
tliorax.  Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  80. 

brancMostegous  (brang-ki-os'te-gus),  a.     [< 
lin(iicJii(if:tc<jc  +  -ous.'\    1.  Having  covered  gills : 
as,   a  braiicliiostpr/ous  fish. — 2.  Covering   the 
gills:  as,  tln'  liniiichiostegous  membrane. 
Also  hraiichiustvgan. 

Branchiostoma  (brang-ki-os'to-ma),  n.  [NL., 
<  Or.  jipdyxia,  gills,  +  (7r6fia,  mouth ":  see  stoma. ~\ 
1 .  A  genus  of  leptocardians  in  which  the  mouth 
is  surrounded  by  fringes,  which  were  at  one 
time  erroneously  supposed  to  have  the  funo- 


Heiid  of  Lancelet  ^Branchiostoma,  or  Atnpkioxus,  lanceolalus), 
enlarged. 
(7,  notochord:   b,  representatives  of  fin.rays.  or  neural  spines;  c, 
jointed  oral  ring;  c^.  filamentary  appendages  of  the  mouth;  ^.ciliated 
lobes  of  pharynx ;  y,  £",  part  of  branchial  sac;  A,  h,  spinal  cord. 

tions  of  branchiie:  synonymous  with  Atnphi- 
OXIIS.  It  represents  a  gpecial  family.  Branch  iostom  ida', 
an  order  Pharyngobranchii  or  Cirrostorni,  a  class  Lrpto- 
cardii,  and  a  superclass  Acrania,  of  vertebrate  animals. 
See  these  words,  and  A  m2)h  ioxus. 
2.  A  genus  of  myriapods.     Newport,  1846. 

branchiostomatous  (brang"ki-os-t6'ma-tus),  a. 
•Same  as  braiickiostoiiioKS. 

branchiostome  (brang'ki-os-tom),  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  Branchiostoma ;  an  amphioxus 
or  lancelet. 

branchiostomid  (brang-ki-os'to-mid),  re.  Alep- 
toeardian  of  the  family  BrancMostomidcB. 

Branchiostomidae  (brang"ki-os-tom'i-de),  n. 
ph  [NL.,  <  Branchiostoma  +  -ida:'\  The  only 
known  family  of  leptoeardian  vertebrates, 
represented  by  the  genus  Branchiostoma.  The 
body  is  compressed  and  elongate-fusiform,  being  pointed 
behind  as  well  .as  in  front,  and  is  naked  and  colorless,  with 
very  evident  transverse  muscular  lines  and  with  slightly 
developed  fin-folds  behind.  No  paired  eyes  are  developed, 
and  the  mouth  is  simply  an  inferior  elongated  slit  sur- 
rounded by  cirri.  Tile  species  burrow  in  the  sand,  and 
probably  live  in  all  warm  seas.  See  Amphioxus  and  lance- 
let, the  former  being  a  synonym  of  Branchiostoma  and  the 
latter  a  jinpular  name  of  the  species. 

branchiostomoid  (brang-ki-os'to-moid),  a.  and 
II.    I,  a.  Of  or  having  characteristics  of  the 
Bran  ch  ios  to  m  ida: 
II.  ».  A  branchiostomid. 

branchiostomous  (brang-ki-os'to-mus),  a.  [< 
Gr.  fipiiyxia,  gills,  +  ari/ia,  moiith.]  Having 
cirri  (as  if  branchias)  about  the  mouth ;  pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Branchi- 
ostoniidw.    Also  branchiostomatous. 

Branchiotoca  (braug-ki-ot'o-ka),  n.pj.  [NL., 
<  (iv.i-iiidyxia,  gills,  +  tukoi;,  birth.]  In  Owen's 
classification  of  vertebrates,  a  series  or  so-called 
"genetic  section  "  containing  those  which  have 
gills  at  birth,  whence  the  name,  it  included  .all 
the  amphibiatjs,  fishes,  and  flsh-like  vertebrates,  and  is 
thus  eriuivalent  to  Ichthyopsida  (which  see).  It  was  con- 
tr;i,sted  with  Pneumotoca  (birds  and  reptiles). 

braEchiotocous  (brang-ki-ot'o-kus),  a.  Per- 
tainini,'  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Jyriiiicliiotoca. 

branchiotroch  (brang'ki-6-trok),  n.  [<  Gr. 
iipayxm,  gills,  -I-  rpoxk,  a  wheel.]  The  post- 
oral  or  branchial  division  of  a  trochosphere,  as 
distinguished  from  the  preoral  cephalotroch. 


061 

branchiotrochal  (brang-ki-ot'r.l-kal),  a.  [< 
Irranchmlrocli  +  -«/.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
a  branchiotroch  :  as,  l/ranchiotrochal  cilia.— 2. 
I  laving  a  branchiotroch,  as  a  polyzoan. 

Branchipodidae  (brang-ki-pod'i-do),  «.  pi. 
|NL.,  <  liraHchipus  {-iiod-)  + -Ida:.']  A  family 
of  the  BrancMoiioda  (i'hi/llopoda).  The  eyes  arc 
st:ilhcd  or  pedmiculatcd,  there  is  no  carapace,  and  tliu 
animals  swim  upon  their  backs.  The  family  Is  repre- 
sented by  tile  Kcnera  Draiichipus  r.nd  Arlemiti,. 

Branchipus  (brang'ki-pus),  n.  [NL.,  also,  and 
prop.,  Braiichioims  (of.  Branchiopoda);  <  Gr. 
Ihmyxai,  gills,  -I-  TTofcr  (noil-)  =  E.  /ooi.J  The 
tyjucal  genus  of  the  family  Branchipodidw.  Tlie 
thoracic  seKlncnts  are  all  free;  the  head  resembles  that 
of  an  edrmiihthalmous  crustacean,  but  carries  a  jjair  of 
large  stalked  eyes ;  there  are  two  antennulcs  (peculiarly 
modilled  in  tlie  male),  twoantcnnie,  one  pair  of  mandibles, 
and  two  pans  of  maxilhc.    Chinc.i'i)halus  is  a  synonym. 

branchireme  (brang'ki-rem),  n.  [<  L.  bran- 
chiw,  gills,  -t-  rimm,  an  oar,  hand  or  foot  of  a 
swimmer.]      A  crustacean   having  branchial 

.legs,  or  legs  with  branchise  attached  to  them : 
a  brancliiopod. 

Branchiura  (brang-ki-u'rii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ppiiy\ia,  gills,  -I-  oiifHi,  tail.]  A  suborder  of 
parasitic  crustaceans,  of  the  order  Sixihono- 
stoma ;  the  carp-lice.  It  consists  of  the  single  family 
Ariniliiiis,  having  large  compound  eyes,  a  long  protrusile 
spine  in  front  of  the  suctnrial  tube  of  the  mouth,  and  four 
jiaiis  of  elongated  biramous  swimming-feet.  But  tlie  Ar- 
;iuliil,p  are  by  most  authors  refeiTcd  to  the  Branrhii,piida. 

branchiurous  (brang-ki-ii'rus),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Branchiura. 

branch-leaf  (branch'lef),  n.  A  leaf  growing 
on  a  branch. 

branchless  (branoh'les),  a. 


brand-iron 


of  their  crime  and  for  identification;  henco, 
any  mark  of  infamy ;  a  stigma. 

The  shrug,  the  hum,  orlia;  these  petty  Irrandt 
That  calumny  doth  use.  .S7«r*.,  W.  T.,  il.  1. 

Tories  and  Whigs  luul  coiicurreil  ...  In  nutting  a 
hrund  on  Ludlow.  Macautay,  libit.  Eng.,  xlv. 

6.  A  disease  of  plants  which  usually  appears 
as  blackish  pustules,  resembling  bnnied  sjiots, 
the  cause  of  the  disease  being  some  parasitic 
fungus.  Tlic  tcnn  is  usually  restrlcUd  to  the  U-lciito- 
sporlc  stage  of  fungi  liclongliig  U<  the  Umlineae.  Also 
called  nut,  mnut,  and  (wm.— Bladder-brand.  Same  a» 
bnitti    1. 

brand  (brand),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  hraiakn,  hrondyn 
=  D.  branden;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To  bum  or 
impress  a  mark  upon  wilh,  or  as  if  with,  a  hot 
iron. 

CathollciBm  has  been  bran/led  into  the  national  .'leart 
of  Ireland  and  Polanil  by  the  sulterings  tlicy  have  endured 
from  the  enemies  of  their  r.-ice  and  faith. 

//.  X  (JX4nhiim,  .Short .studied,  p.  sin. 
2.  To  mark  in  some  other  way,  as  with  a  pig- 
ment: as,  to  brand  sheep. —  3.  To  mark  with 


Destitute  of  branches  or  shoots;  barren;  bare; 

naked. 

If  I  lose  mine  honour, 
I  lose  myself :  better  I  were  not  yours. 
Than  yours  so  branchless.        Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  4. 

branchlet  (branch'let),  n.  [<  branch  +  dim. 
-ht.']  A  little  branch;  a  twig;  a  subdivision 
of  a  branch. 

Making  the  leaves  in  the  woods  flutter  on  their  branch- 
'«'«.  C.  F.  Woolson,  Anne,  p.  94. 

branch-pilot  (branch'pi'lgt),  n.  A  pUot  pos- 
sessing a  diploma  or  certificate  of  competency 
from  the  proper  authority.     See  branch,  I.,  4. 

branch-point  (branch'point),  n.  In  math.,  a 
point  upon  a  Kiemann's  sm-face  stieh  that,  in 
going  around  it,  the  values  of  a  fimction  are 
interchanged. 

branchstand  (branch'stand),  V.  t.  In  falconrij, 
to  make  (a  hawk)  take  the  branch,  or  leap  froiu 
tree  to  tree,  till  the  dog  springs  the  game, 

branch   +    -ij 


a  hot  iron  as  a  pimishment  for  crime. 
The  thief  with  branded  palms,  and  the  liar  with  cheeks 
abashed.  ,'Surinburne,  In  lime  of  Revolution. 

(Branding  was  formerly  a  punishment  for  various  of- 
fenses, but  is  no  longer  practised  in  civilized  countries,] 
4.  To  fix  a  mark  or  character  of  infamy  upon ; 
stigmatize  as  infamous:  as,  to  brand  an  act 
with  infamy. 

Enormities  branded  and  condemned  by  the  first  and 
most  natural  verdict  of  common  humanity.  South. 

Wo  find  the  sober  and  the  industrious  branded  by  the 
vain  and  the  idle  with  this  odious  appellation  (miser). 

Ouldxmith,  'the  Bee,  No.  3. 

[<  branch  +  -less.']  branded  (bran'ded),  a. 


[A  form  of  brinded,  q. 
suiting  its  ultimate  source,  brand.]  1.  Brin- 
dled; of  a  reddish-brown  color.  [Scotch.]  — 
2.  In  -oc/7.,  marked  as  if  branded  or  colored. — 
Branded  drum,  a  sciicnoid  fish,  Seiwna  ociiaia,  with 
,  brand-like  spots  at  the  root  of  the  taiL  .See  drum,  and  cut 
under  ,-.,/,;,/,. 

brandenburg  (bran  'den-berg),  n.  [Named  from 
Brundcnburij  in  Germany.]  1.  A  kind  of  orna- 
mental buttons  with  loops,  worn  on  the  front  of 
a  inan's  coat.  See  froij. —  2.  An  ornamental 
facing  on  a  military  coat,  having  somewhat 
the  character  of  the  preceding,  and  forming 
parallel  bars  of  embroidery:  peculiar  to  cer- 
tain uniforms,  such  as  those  worn  by  hussars 
and  the  like. 

Brandenburg  porcelain.    See  porcelain. 

brander"^  (bran'der),  n.  [<  brand,  v.,  +  -erl.] 
1.  One  who  brands. —  2.  [G.  brandcr,  <  D.  bran- 
dcr,  a  fire-ship,  =  E.  brander^.]  A  name  ap- 
plied in  German  universities  to  a  student  dur- 
ing his  second  term.     Lonijfdloic. 


branchy    (bran'chi),   a.'  [<   branch   +    -wl.]  -u^^-  j^_o  ,,,       , , ,  s  rL'i    _*        i  <•         -.rTi 

1.  Full  of  branches;    haviig  wide-spreading  brander-  (bran  Air),  n.     [shortened  from  ME 

'  °  -^  "     orandire,  brand-tron :  see  brand-iron.  Cf.  brand- 


branches, 

The  fat  earth  feed  thy  branchy  root. 

Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 

2.  Embowered  in  or  overshadowed  by 
branches:  as,  "the  woodman's  branchy  hut," 
J.  Baillie. 

brand  (brand),  n.  [<  ME.  brand,  brand,  <  AS. 
brand,  brand,  a  burning,  a  sword  (=  OPries. 
brand  =  OD.  brand,  a  burning,  a  sword,  D. 
brand,  a  burning,  fuel,  =  MLG.  brant zrzOHd. 
MHG.  brant,  G.  brand,  a  burning,  a  brand,  a 
sword,  =  leel.  brandr,  a  firebrand,  a  sword,  = 
Sw.  brand  =  Dan.  brand,  a  firebrand,  fire),  orig. 
a  burning,  <  *brinnan  (prot.  bran)  =  Goth,  brin- 
«();»,  etc.,  btu'n:  see  btirn^.    Hence,  from  OHG., 


rith.]    1.  A  gridiron.    [Scotch.] — 2.  Same  as 

brandrith,  3.     [North.  Eng.] 
brander-  (bran'der),   r.     [<  brandcr-,  «.]     J. 

trans.  To  broU  on  a  brander  or  gridiron ;  grill. 

[Scotch.] 
II.  intrans.  To  be  or  become  broiled  on  a 

gridiron.     [Scotch.] 
There's  no  niuckle  left  on  the  spule-bane ;  it  will  brander 

though  ;  it  will  brander  vera  weel. 

Scott,  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  I.  xviii, 
brandering  (bran'der-ing),  n.     [<  brander^,  a 

gridiron,  -1-  -JWfll.]     The  operation  of  covering 

the  imder  side  of  joists  'with  battens,  to  whicE 

laths  can  be  fastened  to  give  a  better  hold  to 

the  plastering. 


in  the  sense  of^' sword,' OF.  6rflHd,6ra»f,tr«H  brand-gOOSe   (brand'gos),  n.     Same  as  brent- 

brandied  (bran'did),  a.  [<  brandy  +  -€<J2.] 
Mingled  with  brandy;  made  stronger  by  the 
addition  of  brandy;  flavored  or  treated  'with 

brandy.— Brandied  flruit,  fruit  preserved  with  the  ad- 
dition cif  brandy  U>  the  syrup. 
brandify  (bran'di-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bran- 
dificd,  ppr.  brandifying.    [<  brandy  +  -fy.]    To 
brandy;  mix  brandy  with. 

You  drink  tliree  glasses  of  a  brandy/ied  liqnor  called 
sherry  at  dinner.  Thackeray,  Early  and  Late  Papers. 

branding-iron  (bran'ding-i 'em),  n.  Same  as 
brand-iron,  3. 


=  Pr.  bran  =  It.  brando,  a  sword  (>  OF.  bran- 
dir,  etc.,  brandish:  see  brandish),  F.  brandon, 
a  torch,  brand:  see  hrandon^.  See  also  brant". 
brent^,brinded.']  1.  A  burning  piece  of  wood, 
or  a  stick  or  piece  of  wood  partly  burned. 
Is  not  this  a  brand  plucked  out  of  the  fire  ?  Zech.  iii.  2. 

The  deep-mouthed  chimney,  dimly  lit  by  dying  brands. 
Whittier,  Oariison  of  Cape  Ann. 

2.  A  sword.     [Now  only  poetical.] 

Then  drew  he  forth  the  i>r«)i<(  E.Ycalibur. 

Tennyson,  Morte  d' Arthur. 

3.  A  mark  made  by  bm-ning  ^rith  a  hot  iron, 


as  upon  a  cask  to  indicate  the  manufacturer  ijrand-iron  (brand'i'^m),  «.    [<  ME.  brandircn. 


or  the  quality  of  the  contents,  etc.,  or  upon  an 
animal  as  a  moans  of  identification ;  a  trade- 
mark; hence,  a  mark  made  in  other  ways  than 
by  biu-ning,  as  by  cutting  or  painting. —  4. 
Quality  or  kind,  as  indicated  by  a  brand :  as, 
floiu'  of  a  good  brand. 

Any  quantity  of  gunpowder  so  finished  or  blended  as  to 
give  identical  results  at  proof  is  termed  a  brand,  and  re- 
ceives a  distinctive  number.  J-'ncyc.  Brit.,  XI.  :i'2S. 

5.  A  mark  formerly  put  upon  criminals  'with 
a  hot  iron,  generally  to  indicate  the  character 


brondiron,  brandhirne,  also  brandirc,  brondyre 
(>  Se.  brander,  a  griiliron:  see  brander^),  etc.,  < 
AS.  brandi^en  (=  D.  brandij:cr  =  iIHG.  brant- 
i:en,  G.  brandcisrn  =  ODan.  brandejwrn  =  Sw. 
brandjenu  a  trivet),  an  andiron,<  brand,  a  brand, 
+  isen,  iron:  see  brand  and  iron.  Cf.  brand- 
rith.] 1.  An  iron  bar  or  stand  on  which  to 
support  brands  or  burning  wood ;  an  andiron. 

A  m.assy  old  .  .  .  brand-irvn  about  a  yard  and  a  half 

wide,  aud'the  two  upright  ends  three  feet  sLv  inches  high. 

W.  UuwiU,  Bemarkable  Places  (1S42),  L  3a 


.  32. 


.  10. 


brand-iron 

2.  A  trivet  to  set  a  pot  on. —  3.  An  iron  used 
in  branding. 

Shame  burning  brtmd-yrons  in  her  hand  did  hold. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  HI.  xlL  24. 

4t.  [A  forced  sense,  with  ref.  to  brand,  a 
sword.]     A  sword. 

He  with  their  multitude  was  nought  dismayd, 
But  with  stout  courage  turud  upon  them  all, 
And  with  his  brondiron  round  about  liim  layd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  iv 
The  \illaine  raet  him  in  the  middle  fall, 
And  with  his  club  bet  backe  his  bronditron  bright 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  viii. 

brandish  (bran'disli),  v.  [<  ME.  bratmdishen, 
hrttuniliseii,  <  OF.  brandUs-.  stem  of  certain 
parts  of  bmttdir.F.  brandir  (=  Pr.  Pg.  brandir 
=  Sp.  bUiiidir  =lt.  brandire),  brandish,  <  brand, 
etc.,  a  sword:  see  6ra«rf.]  I.  tratis.  1.  To  move 
or  wave,  as  a  weapon ;  raise  and  move  in  va- 
rious directions ;  shake  or  flourish  about :  as,  to 
braiidi/ih  a  sword  or  a  cane. 
His  brandished  sword  did  blind  men  with  his  beams. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  play -with;  flourish:  as,  "to 
brandish  syllogisms,"  Loche. 

H.t  intrans.  To  move  with  a  flourish;  toss. 
Braundutche  not  with  thin  heed,  thi  schuldris  thou  ne 
caste.  Babeei  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  3i). 

He  will  brandish  against  a  tree,  and  break  his  sword 
.  .  .  confidently  upon  the  knotty  bark. 

B.  Juiison,  Everj'  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

brandish  (bran'dish),  »i.     [<  brandish,  t?.]    A 

shake  or  flourish,  as  of  a  weapon. 
I  can  wound  with  a  brandish,  and  never  draw  bow  for 

the  matter.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

Brandishes  of  the  fan.  Tatler,  No.  157. 

brandisher  (bran'dish-er),  n.  One  who  bran- 
dishes:  as,   "brandishers  of    speares,"   CJiap- 

man,  Iliad,  ii. 
brandishing!  (bran'dish-ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of 

hraiiditih,  c.  J     The  act  of  flourishing  a  weapon, 
brandishing-  (bran'dish-ing),  «.    A  corruption 

of  briit.ti<iiiii. 
brandlet  (bran'dl),  v.      [Also  written  branle ; 

<  F.  branlrr,  formerly  spelled  bnuish-r,  shake. 

prob. contr.  iroxabrandeier (=\\..  brandolarc:  cf. 

F.  brandiller,  shake,  wag),  <  brandir,  brandish : 

see  brandish,  brantle,  and  fcrnic?-.]     I,  intrans. 

To  waver;  totter;  shake;  reel. 

Princes  cannot  be  too  suspicious  when  their  lives  are 
souylit ;  and  subjects  cannot  be  too  curious  when  the  state 
brandies.  Lord  Sorthampton,  in  State  Trials,  160(J. 

H.  trans.  To  shake ;  agitate ;  confuse. 
This  new  question  began  to  branle  the  words  of  ty^e  and 
antitype.  Jer.  Taylor,  Keal  Presence,  xil.  §  2S. 

brandletf,  ".  [Cf.  branUiH.']  An  old  nan\e  for 
till-  n-dsfart,  lOtlicilld  jihanicurii. 

brandUng  (brand'ling),  71.  [<  brand  +  -//Hf/l.] 
1.  The  smolt,  or  salmon  of  tlio  flrst  year. — 2. 
A  small  red  worm  of  the  family  Lnmbricida; 
Lumbricns  fntidiis,  related  to  the  earthwonn, 
but  with  tlie  body  banded  with  alternate  brown 
and  yellow  segments.  It  especially  harbors 
in  old  dunghills,  and  is  used  for  bait  in  fresh- 
water fisliiiig.  Also  called  brambU-worm. 
AlsowTitten  branlin. 

brand-mark  (brand'mitrk),  n.  A  distinguishing 
mark  burned  ujion  the  skin  or  horn  of  an  animal 
ns  a  means  of  identification;  hence,  a  mark  cut, 
as  on  timlicr,  or  painted,  etc.,  for  this  purpose. 

brand-new,  bran-new  (iM-and'-,  bran'nu'),  «. 

[<  brand  +  mw;  =  JID.  brandnicuw ;  cf.  tlie 
equiv.  E.  dial,  brand-fire  new,  flrc-ncw  (in  Shak- 
sperc),  D.  ronkcl-nicmo  =  G.  funl'cUncu,  lit. 
'spark-new,'  <i.  nngd-ncu,  lit.  'nail-new,'  like 
E.  sjiirl:-aud-Kpan  nrw,  span-niic,  q.  v.  Hut  in 
popular  use  the  first  clement,  hriind,  is  not  felt, 
the  common  form  being  bran-new,  and  bran 
regarded  as  an  intensive  of  »<•»•.]  Now  as  a 
brun<l,  that  is,  glowing  like  metal  newly  out  of 
the  firo  or  forge;  hence,  (|uite  new;  fire-new. 

A  pair  of  bran-new  jockey-1 (»<,  one  of  Ilolty's  prlnicfit 

liarhnm,  InunldHl'y  Ia-ucmiIh,  I.  'J.'i. 


II  ■ 


Ih.- 


rf-nMcrtl'in  of  an  olil  tnilb  miiy  wi-ni  to  liave  ujhiii, 
'  (flltteriUK  rcllcctton  from  the  bra/'-n  lirlubtneiu  of' 
ri  '.r'i>\.tnrw\\ti.  Swinburne,  Sblik'-Kpiiirc,  p.  18:1. 

brandon'  Chran'don),  n.  [<  ME.  branndnn,<OV. 
Jiri'l  1'.  hr/indon  ^  I'r.  brando  =  Sp.  htamtn  =z  I'g. 
bi-iii,,l,i,i  —  It.  /)ro)i(/(»Hf, brand,  fireliniiid,  torch; 
in  dif.  :i,  with  sense  of  brand,  <  OF.  hrnnd,  (?(<!., 
nswiird:  sire /;rn«'/.]  If.  A  torch;  a  brand;  a 
fliiiiM-. 

II'  r  til"  drnflnn  In  hin  hnndc  timl  yaf  tlionrtch  hU 
thr'ii'  ".  ifri-ti*  braumlon  of  tier  Hint  the  i-lr  that  wiu 
liUkki  iif  tint  iliMto  nnd  powili-r  Iwconi  all  n-iuln. 

Merlin  (B.  K.  I .  S.),  III.  inn. 

2.   A  wiij.  of  Hlraw  or  stubble.     [I'rov.  Eiig.] 
—  3».    A  ■  .•..,r.|. 

ll< T  II..I.I  li;iiiil  iwlngK  n  brandon  In  the  iilr, 

Urummund,  Klowsn  of  Hlon,  .No.  Stt. 


662 

brandon^t  (bran'don),  Ji.  [Cf.  brantle,  branle'^.'\ 
A  kind  of  dance. 

bran-drench  (bran'drench),  n.  A  bath  used 
in  leather-manufacture,  prepared  by  soaking 
wheateu  bran  in  cold  water,  diluting  with  warm 
water,  and  straining  through  a  fine  hair  sieve. 

brandreth,  ».     See  brandrith. 

brandrettet,  "•     Same  as  brandrith. 

brandrith,  brandreth  (brand'rith,  -reth),  ji. 
[<  ME.  hrandri/the,  also  in  corrupt  forms  bratidc- 
lede,  branlede,  branlet,  an  iron  tripod  flxed  over 
a  fire;  <  AS.  brandrUda,  an  andiron  (but  the 
ME.  formmay  be  from  Icel. ;  cf.  leel.  bruudriidh, 
a  grate,  =OHG.  brantrcita,  MHG.  brantrcitt),  < 
brand,  E.  brand,  +  *reda  =  Icel.  reidha,  imple- 
ments, reidhi,  tackle,  rigging,  etc.:  see  nrrai/, 
i:  Ci.brander~,brand-iron.~i  1.  An  iron  tripod 
fixed  over  a  fire ;  a  trivet ;  a  brand-iron.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  2.  A  fence  or  rail  roimd  the  opening  of 
a  well.     [Eng.] 

AVells  are  digged,  and  they  are  compassed  about  with  a 
Brandrith  lest  any  should  fall  in. 

Comenius,  Visible  World,  p.  109. 

3.  One  of  the  supporters  of  a  eom-staek.  Also 
called  brander.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
brandschatz  (briint'shiits),  v.  t.  [<  6.  hrand- 
schat:cn  (MHG.  br(intschat:en),  lay  (a  town) 
under  contribution,  in  time  of  war,  by  thi'eat 
to  bum,  <  brand,  burning,  -f-  schatzen,  to  lay 
imder  contribution,  <  schatz,  tax,  contribution.] 
To  lay  (a  captured  towai)  imder  contribution,  in 
time  of  war,  by  threat  to  burn  it,  or  by  actually 
bm'ning  it  in  part.     [Rare.] 

He  [Drake]  returned  in  the  midsummer  of  1586,  having 
ciiptured  and  brandschatzed  St.  Domingo  and  Carthagena, 
and  burned  St.  Augustine. 

Motley,  United  Netherlands,  II.  102. 

brand-spore  (brand'spor),  n.     Same  as  teleuto- 

brandstickle  (brand'stik"l),  n.  [Cf.  banstickle.'\ 
An  t  irkiie.v  name  for  the  stickleback. 

bran-duster  (brau'dus'ter),  «.  In  millinff,  an 
apparatus  for  remo\Tng,  by  means  of  agitators 
iind  sieves,  the  flour  that  may  cling  to  bran 
after  it  has  passed  the  bolting-mill. 

brandwinet  (brand'^vin),  «.  Same  as  brandy- 
wine. 

Buy  any  brand-wine,  buy  any  braml-irinef 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  iii.  1. 

brandyl  (bran'di),  n.  [Short  for  brandij-xcine, 
<!.  v.]  A  spirituous  liquor  obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  wine,  or  of  the  refuse  of  the  wine- 
press. Tlie  average  proportion  of  alcohol  in  brandy 
ranges  from  48  to  54  per  cent.  The  name  brandy  is  now 
given  tci  spirit  distilled  frolu  other  liquors,  and  in  the 
United  States  to  that  which  is  distilled  from  ciiier  and  from 
peaches.  See  f^ranitr  i'h'tin/iij;nu',  tine  rhiiiiip(t<fn>-  (undtT 
i-liampaffne),  cotrtuir,  iimi  niH->i>-rt\\ — British  brandy,  a 
common  kind  of  bnituly  distilled  in  Kii^huii)  frnni  limit 
liiinors,  and  given  the  Ilavur  and  color  of  French  brandy 
liy  :u'tiHciiil  means. 

brandyl  (bran'di),  i\  t.;  pret.  and.  pp.  brandied, 
1>\>T.  brandjiinfi.  [(.brandy^,  n.}  To  mi.\  or  fla- 
vor with  lirandy. 

brandy-  (bran'di),  a.  [<  brand,  n.,  6,  +  -J/^.] 
Sniiitfy.      drij.sc.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brandy-bottle  (bran'<li-bot"l),  n.  A  name  of 
the  yellow  wafer-lily  of  Europe,  Niipharlntetim, 
from  the  odor  of  the  flower  or  the  shape  of  the 

SITll-VCSScl. 

brandy-fruit  (bran'iU-frbt),  n.  Fniit  preser\'ed 
in  liraiiily,  to  which  sugar  is  usually  added. 

brandy-pawnee  (brnii'ili-pa  ne).  "•  K  brandy'^ 
+  imirnii ,  an  ]•'.  siielling  of  Hind.  )«(»(,  waler.] 
Tlic  ,\nt;lo-lniliaii  name  for  brandy  and  wati'r. 

brandy-snap  (bran'(li-snap),«.  A  gingerbread 
cracker  tiavoreil  with  brandy. 

brandy-winet  (bran'<li-«in),  n.  [<  I),  brandr- 
irijn,  also  lirandlirijn,  formerly  brand-wijn  and 
liriindcniie  vijn  (=  Mlyli.  Iminnewin ;  cf.  Sw. 
Iiriinnrin  =  l^aii.  hra'nili  rin  =  V.  Iinindirin,  after 
the  I),  form),  <  lirandcn  (imr.  braniltiidi;  ]ip. 
ijrlirandt),  bum,  also  distil  (<  hrii»il=z  E.  briiml, 

'  a  liui-ning),  +  wijn  =  E.  wine.  Cf.  (i.  brandnnn 
(after  the  D.),  Iirantwein,  hranntwein,  Mild. 
branlwein,  brant  irein,  also  prant  irrin,  als();/(- 
prant  vein,  i.  e.,  burnt  wine.  Now  shortenod 
to  brandy^,  q.  v.]     Brandy. 

It  has  I a  eonimiin  saying,  A  hair  of  the  Mame  dog; 

and  thought  that  brnndy-wine  is  ji  colnmoli  relief  to  snili, 

irij«<*;nnn,  Surgery. 

branglel  (brang'gl),  t\  i.  [I'rob.  a.  modificn- 
tion  of  hrandle  or  hrabhlr,  in  imilatinii  of  n-ran- 
i/lr.  Words  of  this  sort,  being  rcgnrilid  n^ 
more  or  Ichk  imitative,  are  subji'ct  to  irri'g. 
variation.]  Towran|{le;  dispute cojil cut iously; 
Hfjualible.  [Now,  with  its  ilcrivutivcs,  ob»olct,c 
or  rorc.] 


brant 

Here  I  conceive  that  tlesh  and  blood  will  brangle. 
And  murmuring  Reason  with  the  Almighty  wrangle. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas. 
-■Vn  honest  man  will  not  offer  thee  injury ;  ...  if  he 
were  a  brangliny  knave,  'tis  his  fashion  so  to  do. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  llel.,  p.  379. 
branglel  (brang'gl),  H.   [<  ira«(//<l,  r.]  A  wran- 
gle ;  squabble ;  noisy  contest  or  dispute. 
A  brangle  between  him  and  his  neighbour. 

S«'(ft,  Works,  XXI.,  Letter  410. 

brangle-t,  "•     [Var.  of  brantle,  q.  v.]     A  kind 

of  dance,     iiee  brantle. 
branglement  (brang'gl-ment),  n.     [<  branfilc'^ 

+  -nuiit.]     A  brangling,  brangle,  or  WTaii;.'li'. 
brangler  (brang'gler),  n.     One  who  braugles; 

a  quarrelsome  person. 
Tiiis  pour  young  gentleman  .  .  .  was  flrst  drawn  into  a 

quarrel  by  a  rude  brangler,  and  then  persecuted  and  like 

to  be  put  to  death  by  his  kin  and  allies. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  HI 

branglesome  (brang'gl-sum),  a.      [<  brangle"^ 

-I-  -.-.(imr. ]     Quarrelsome,     ilaekay. 
brangling  (brang'gling),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  bran- 
glc^,  c]     A  quarrel  or  wrangle. 

she  docs  not  set  business  back  by  unquiet  branglings 
and  find-faulting  quarrels. 

Whillock,  Manners  of  Eng.  People,  p.  347. 
branial  (bra'ni-al),  a.  [IiTe^.  <  brain  +  -ial; 
after  cranial,  etc.]  Pertaining  to  the  brain; 
cerebral. 
brank^  (brangk),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  hranVen,  prance, 
walk  proudly  (of  a  horse),  appar.  a  modified 
form  of  prank,  c]  1.  To  make  a  show  or  fine 
appearance;  prank.     [Rare.] 

Lieutenant  Hornby  .  .  .  came  l>rankim7  into  the  yard 

with  two  hundred  pounds'  worth  of  trappings  upon  him. 

//.  Kingdey,  Kjivenshoe,  xxxii. 

2.  To  hold  up  the  head  affectedly.     [Prov. 

Eng.] 

brank-  (brangk),  n.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  of  Cel- 
tic origin;  cf.  L.  brance.  variant  brace,  quoted 
by  Pliny  as  the  ancient  Gallic  name  of  a  white 
kind  of  corn,  L.  sandala,  var.  scatidala,  LL.  scan- 
diila.']     Buckwheat.     [Eng.] 

brank'''t,  «■     [Cf.  brangle'^.}     Confusion. 

brank^t,  «•     [Cf.  brantik-.^     A  kind  of  dance. 

brank''  (brangk),  >i.     See  branlcs. 

branks  (brangks),  n.  ]il.  [<  Gael,  branca.f,  now 
braiiga.-:,  bningns,  an  instrument  of  punishment, 
a  kind  of  pillory  (cf.  brang,  a  halter),  =  Ir.  bran- 
cas,  a  halter;  prob.  from 
Tent. :  cf.  I),  prang,  pinch, 
confinement,  pranger,  pinch- 
ers, barnacle,  collar,  G.  pran- 
qer,  dial,  pfranger,  a  pillory, 
■<  D.  L(}  'prangen  =  MHG. 
pfrcngen  =  Goth,  praggan 
(in  comp.),  press;  of  Slavic 
origin:  cf.  OBulg.  pnn.'ihti 
(in  comp.),  stretcli.]  1.  .\n 
instrMment  formerly  used  in 
parts  of  England  and  Scot- 
land for  correcting  scolding 
women  :  a  scolding-bridle,  it  consisted  of  a  head- 
piei  r  iiirlosing  the  heiid  of  the  olfendcr,  with  a  lint  iron 
whiih  eiittreii  the  mouth  and  restrained  the  tongue, 

2.  A  sort  of  bridle  for  horses  and  cows.  in. 
stead  of  leather,  it  has  on  eiieh  side  a  ideee  of  wood  joined 
to  a  halter,  to  which  a  bit  is  sometimes  added,  but  mora 
frequently  a  wooden  nose  resembling  a  muzzle.    [Scotch.] 

3.  The  mumps. 

brankursine  (brang'kcr-sin),  I).  [<  F.  branc- 
iirsiiir,  hniitftii-nr.iiiie  =  I'r.  branra  orsiiiii  =  Sp. 
Pg.  brancii  iir.iina  ^  It.  Iiraiicor.tina,  braiica  <>r- 
sina,  <  ML.  branca,  a  claw  (see  briincli),  +  L. 
iirsinn.i,  of  a  bear,  <  iinms,  bear ;  the  leaves  hav- 
ing some  resemblance  to  bears'  daws.]  Bcar's- 
bi-cech,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Acanthus. 

branle' t,  c.     See  hrandle 

branle'-  (broVri),  ».  [F. :  hoo  brantle,  hrairl'^,'] 
,\  Uinil  of  dance ;  the  generic  name  of  all  dances 
in  wliii'h  one  or  two  dancers  lead  all  the  others, 
who  repeat  all  that  the  first  have  done,  as  the 
iinnidprrc  and  the  cotilliim.    See  brantle,  brawl'^. 

branlin  (bran'lin),  11.     i^mno  an  branitting. 

bran-new,  ".     See  braml-ncw. 

branning  (bran'ing).  n.  I  N'erluil  n.  of  liriuA, )'.] 
Till'  process  of  sle(']iiiig  cloth  before  or  after 
ilyeing,  or  skins  prei)nralory  to  tanning,  in  a 
bath  or  vat  of  bran-water. 

They  iHkitiH]  are  now  ready  for  the  brtaniinii,  wlileli  is 
done  liy  mixing  4il  l)i».  of  bnm  wllli  '.!l)  giillons  of  wider, 
iinil  keejilng  them  In  tliU  fermentable  mixture  fin-  three 
Weeks,  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  SO. 

branny  (brim'i),  a.  [<  branl  +  -yl.]  Having 
till'  appenraiK'e  of  bran;  consisting  of  bran. 

bran.slet,  ".     See  hrantb', 

brant'  (brunt),  a.  [Also  written  brent;  <  ME. 
brant,  brent,  <  AH.  brant,  brnnt  =  Icol.  hrattr 
=  <)Sw.  branter,  Sw.  brant,  bratt  =y>nn.  brat, 
Mtec]).]     Hteep;  ])reci)iilous.     [Now  dialectal.] 


brant 

A  man  mny  ...  sit  on  a  hrant  hill  side,  but  if  lie  pive 
never  so  little  forward,  he  cannot  sttij),  .  .  .  hut  he  must 
neeils  run  lieadlong.  Ant-ham,  Tr)xoi)hilus,  i. 

brant-  (brant),  n.     Same  as  hriint-f/oosc White 

brant,  a  tiaine  of  tliosnuw-truose,  vi/(.v('r(or  Chen)  hy/tfrbo- 
reiuH,  in  the  United  Stuti-s  and  Canada,  wlu-re  it  is  eoui- 
nion.  The  plnnia;,'0  of  ttie  .idult  is  snow-wliite,  excepting 
the  black  priuuiries  and  usually  a  rusty  ci>lor  ou  the  head  ; 
ttic  hill  and  feet  are  pinkish,     fiec  cut  under  Chen. 

Branta  (bran'tii),  n.  [NL.,  <  brant^.']  1.  A 
gouus  of  goese:  same  as  liernicla  or  Brcntlnin. 

—  2.  A  genus  of  ducks  :  a  synonym  of  Fulii/idii. 
brantail  (bran'tal),  n.     [E.  dial.,  for  "brant-tail 

or  "brand-tail,  that  is,  red-tail.  See  brand,  brant- 
fox,  brent-goose.']  A  name  of  the  redstart,  Itu- 
ticillii  )ihmnicura.    Montagu.     [Local,  British.] 

brant-fox  (brant'foks),  w".  [<  brunt'^  for  brand 
(in  allusion  to  its  yellowish-bro-mi  color)  -I- 
fox;  =  D.  brandvos  =  G.  brandjuchs,  brant- 
fox,  a  sorrel  horse;  ef.  Sw.  brand-riif  =  Ban. 
fcnmdrrt'i',  brant-fox  (Sw.  rdf=  Dan.  rm',  fox). 
See  bren  t^,  brent-goose.']  Vulpes  alopex,  a  variety 
of  Swedisli  fo.x,  smaller  than  the  common  fox. 

brant-goose    (brant'gos),   n.     Same  as  brent- 

(JltOSC. 

brantlet  (bran'tl),  n.  [Also  written  bransle and 
by  contraction  brawl  (see  braivP),  <  OF.  bran- 
sle, F.  branle,  a  dance,  <  bransler,  now  branler, 
shake:  see  6ra«dfc;.]  1.  A  kind  of  dance.  See 
hranle". 

The  King  takes  out  the  Duchesse  of  York,  and  the  Duke 
the  Duchesse  of  Buckiughani,  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  my 
Lady  Castlemaine,  and  so  other  lords  other  ladies ;  aiui 
they  danced  the  brantle.  Pepi/s,  Diary,  Dec.  ao,  1602. 

2.  A  song  for  dance-music. 

Bransles,  ballads,  virelayes,  and  verses  vaine. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  x.  8. 

branular  (bran'ii-lar),  a.  [A  Latin-seeming 
form  made  from  brain,  after  granular  as  related 
to  grain.]  Eclating  to  the  brain ;  cerebral. 
[Rare.] 

Either  a  trick,  practised  upon  me,  or  it  might  be  a  branu- 
lar illusion.  /.  Ta;il"i;  World  of  Mind,  p.  634. 

braquemardt,  «.     Same  as  hraqimmtrt. 

braquemartt,  «■  [OF.,  also  braquemard,  bra- 
qminar  (>  ML.  bragamardus,  braquemardus) ; 
cf.  OF.  braqtiet,  a  poniard,  Walloon  braket,  a 
sword.]  A  short  sword  with  a  single  edge. 
It  is  gener.illy  thought  to  have  been  that  type  of  sword 
in  which  the  back  is  perfectly  straight  and  the  edge  curves 
out  in  such  a  way  that  the  broadest  part  of  the  blade  is 
near  the  point. 

braset,  v.  t.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  brace''-. 

brasen,  '(.     See  brazen. 

brashl  (brash),  ('.  t.  [The  several  words  spelled 
brasli  are  chiefly  of  dial,  origin  and  of  mod. 
appearance,  and  appar.  in  part  of  mod.  forma- 
tion. The  senses  overlap,  and  make  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  words  uncertain.  Brash^  is  appar. 
a  popular  formation  on  break;  brack'^,  with  the 
terminal  form  of  bat.li,  dash,  crash,  words  of 
similar  sense ;  e.i.brash'^,n.,a,m\brash^,a.  In 
the  sense  of  '  assault,  attack,'  it  is  also  found  in 
early  mod.  Sc.  as  bresche,  appar.  a  var.  of  brush, 
1'.;  cf.  MLG.  braschen,  breschcn,  intr.,  crack, 
make  a  loud  noise,  roar,  boast,  brassen,  make 
a  loud  noise,  =  Norw.  braska,  make  a  loud 
noise,  roar,  boast,  =  Sw.  braska,  rustle,  bustle, 
Tioast,  =  Dan.  braske,  boast,  brag.  See  brastle.] 
[Scotch.]  1.  To  break  to  pieces;  smash:  as, 
he  brashcd  in  the  door. —  2.  To  distm'b;  disor- 
der ;  break  up  the  order  or  comfort  of. 
I  am  terribly  brashed  with  all  these  tumblings  about. 

Carlyle,  in  Froude,  II.  106. 
3t.  To  assault;  attack. 

brashl  (brash),  n.  [<  brash^,  v.;  cf.  MLG. 
brasch,  a  crack,  crash,  Dan.  brask,  a  boast, 
ODan.  also  a  crash,  loud  noise,  a  boast.  In 
sense  4,  cf.  dial,  branch.  The  word  in  this 
sense  cannot  be  taken,  as  supposed,  from  mod. 
F.  brechc  (pron.  nearly  brash),  breccia;  more- 
over, breccia  is  a  different  thing  from  brash: 
s&e  breccia,  breach.]    1.  A  crash.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

—  2.  An  assault;  an  attack.  [Scotch.] — 3. 
An  effort;  a  short  turn  of  work.  [Scotch.]  — 
4.  A  confused  heap  of  fragments,  (a)  In  geoL,  a 
mass  of  loose,  broken,  tu*  augtdar  fragments  of  rocks, 
resulting  from  weathering  or  disintegration  on  tlie  spot* 
LijeU.  (b)  Naitt.,  small  fragments  of  crushed  ice  collected 
by  winds  or  cuiTcnts  near  the  shore,  but  so  loosely  com- 
pacted that  a  ship  can  easily  force  its  way  through.    Kane. 

The  ice  first  forms  in  thin,  irregular  flakes  called 
*'sludge,"  and  when  this  is  compact  enough  to  hold  snow 
it  is  known  as  brai^h.  Knajc.  Brit.,  XIX.  32S, 

(c)  Refuse  boughs  of  trees;  clippings  of  hedges;  loose 
twigs. 

brash^  (brash),  n.  [Hardly  connected,  as  sup- 
posed, with  leel.  brci/sk-leikr,  weakness  of  body, 
<  brei/skr,  weak,  infirm  (in  a  moral  sense),  prop, 
brittle  (see  brash^),  but  perhaps  a  particular 
use  of  brash'i^,  n.]  1 .  A  transient  fit  of  sickness. 
Burns,    [Scotch.]  —  2.  A  rash  or  eruption.    [Lo- 


663 

caljEng.]  —  3.  Acidity  in  the  mouth  occasioned 
by  a  disordered  stomach.  Also  called  water- 
brash —  Weaning  brash,  a  severe  form  of  diarrhea 
which  sometimes  follows  weaning. 

brash^'  (braHh),  a.  [Cf.  E.  dial.  (North.)  brass- 
ish,  liritllc;  prob.,  with  some  alteration  of  form 
( perluips  by  confusion  with  irr/.s-/(l,«.,  4),  <  Icel. 
breijskr,  mod.  also  breiskr.  brittle  (cf.  brash-) ; 
perhaps  ult.  connected  with  break  and  brickie.] 
Tirittlo.     [Local,  U.  S.] 

brash'  (brash),  a.  [Perhaps  of  Celtic  origin : 
cf.  Gael,  bras,  Ir.  bras,  brasach,  liasty,  imjjetu- 
ous,  keen,  active,  nimble;  cf.  also  D.  barsch,  > 
G.  barsch  =  Dan.  Sw.  barsk,  harsh,  impetuous. 
Not  connected  with  the  eqviiv.  rash^.]  Impetu- 
ous;  rash ;  hasty  in  temper.  Grose.  [CoUoq., 
Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

brash'  (brash),  11.  [Appar.  <  brash-i,  a.;  but 
perhaps  a  particular  use  of  brash^,  u.]  A  vio- 
lent push.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brash'  (brash),  V.  i.  [Appar.  <  brash^,  a,;  but 
perhaps  a  particidar  use  of  brasW^,  v.]  To  run 
headlong.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brash^  (brash),,  ?(.  [Appar.  a  particular  use  of 
brash^.]     A  shower. 

brashy'  (brash'i),  a.  [Appar.  <  brash^,  n.,  4,  -f 
-yl.]     Small ;  rubbishy.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brashy-  (brash'i),  a.  ["<  brash-  +  -i/i.]  Subject 
to  frequent  ailment,  as  horses ;  delicate  in  con- 
stitution.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

brashyS  (brash'i),  a.  [jUso  braushie ;  appar.  < 
brash-'  -f  -//I.]     (Stormy.     [Scotch.] 

brasiatort,  «.  [ML.,  <  brasiare,  brew  :  see  bras- 
serie.]    A  brewer. 

brasiatrixt,  ".  [ML.,  fern,  of  brasiator,  q.  v.] 
A  female  brewer, 

brasier,  n.     See  brasier. 

brasil,  «.     See  hradl. 

brasilin,  brasiline,  «.    See  brazilin. 

brasils  (bras'ilz),  n.  pi.  [Cf.  brassil,  and  E. 
dial,  brazil,  sulphate  of  iron.]  A  kind  of  coal 
occurring  in  the  middle  of  the  Ten-yard  coal 
in  South  Staffordshire,  and  preferred  by  some 
smelters  for  reverberatory  furnaces,  because  it 
contains  so  much  inorganic  matter  that  a  too 
rapid  consumption  is  prevented.     Fercy. 

brasinat  (bra-si 'na),  H.  [ML.,  also  bratsina 
(OF.  bressiue),  <  brasiare,  brassare,  brew:  see 
brasserie.]    A  brew-house. 

brasinariat,  «.     [ML.]     Same  as  brasina. 

brasiumt,  «•  [ML.,  also  bracium:  see  bras- 
serie.]    Malt. 

brasmatiast,  ».  [Gr.  (ipaa/iaTia^.  equiv.  to  fipa- 
ori/r,  an  upward  earthquake,  <  fipaaaeiv,  shake, 
thi'ow  up.]  An  earthquake,  when  character- 
ized by  an  upward  movement. 

brasque  (brask),  n.  [<  F.  brasque.]  A  paste 
variously  made,  used  as  a  lining  for  crucibles 
and  furnaces. 

The  brasqxte  of  the  larger-sized  crucibles  is  formed  of 
anthracite  powder,  powdered  gas-carbon,  and  gas-tar. 

ir.  //.  Greenwood,  Steel  and  Iron,  jk  24. 

brasque  (brask),  r.  f.;  pret.  and  pp.  brasqned, 
ppr.  hrasquing.  [<  brasque,  n.]  To  Une  ^rith 
brasque. 

The  pig  is  melted  in  a  separate  hearth,  in  fact  is  passed 
through  a  sort  of  "rumiing  out"  fire  or  refinery  before 
it  reaches  the  finery  proper ;  the  bed  of  this  latter  is 
brasfjitM  or  lined  with  cliarcoal  powder  moistened  and 
rannned  in,  and  so  forcibly  compressed. 

Eneyc.  Brit,  XIII.  3J9. 

brassl  (bras),  ■}>.  and  a.  [<  ME.  bras,  bres,  <  AS. 
bites,  brass,  =  Icel.  bras  (Haldorsen),  solder  (> 
Gael,  prais  =  Ir. pras  =  W.  pres,  brass) ;  related 
to  Icel.  brasa,  harden  in  the  fire,  =  Sw.  brasa. 
flame,  =  Dan.  brasc,  fry,  >  F 
(see  braize'^) ;  ef.  OSw.  and  Sw.  brasa,  fire,  Icel 
brass  (occiuTing  once),  a  cook.  Hence  braze-, 
brazen,  brassc}i,  etc.]  I.  n.  1.  An  important 
alloy,  consisting  essentially  of  copper  and  zinc. 
The  proportion  in  which  tlie  two  metals  are  combined  dif- 
fers considerably  in  diftereut  kinds  of  brass.  Brass  in  gen- 
eral is  harder  than  copi)er,  and  couseciueutly  wears  better 
than  that  metal.  It  is  malleable  and  ductile,  so  that  it  can 
be  easily  rolled  into  thin  sheets,  or  be  hammered  into  any 
desired  sliape.  It  turns  easily  in  the  lathe,  and  can  be 
drawn  into  tine  wire  ;  moreover,  it  has  an  attractive  golden 
color,  and  is  cheaper  than  copper.  The  color  of  brass  va- 
ries witli  the  iirojiortions  of  the  ingredients.  A  full  yellow 
variety  contains  aliont  two  parts  of  copper  to  one  of  zinc. 
This  alloy  was  known  to  the  ancients,  and  was  made  by 
them  before  they  had  any  knowledge  of  the  metal  zinc 
as  sucll.  It  is  not  among  the  metallic  substances  men- 
tioned l)y  Homer;  but  it  was  well  knowii  to  Strabo,  who 
descriljes  tlie  mode  of  manufacturing  it  from  the  ziukifer- 
ous  ore  (CiUiunin),  and  calls  the  alloy  orichalc  (opttvoAieot). 
Stie  orielialc,  pinchbeck,  2'rince'^  metal,  7nomic<iold,Muntz'g 
metal,  and  .>;t(((iK'  metal.  In  rhetorical  comparisons,  brass 
is  a  conuuon  type  of  hardness,  durability,  or  obduracy. 


fl 


-V'-'  I 


^fU'U  ^-Tld    =i-^    :^!Z 


brassage 

2.  A  utensil,  ornament,  or  other  article  made 

of  brass:  as,  to  clean  the  brasses  on  board  a 

ship. —  3.   In   mach.,  a  jiil- 

lovv,    bearing,    collar,   box, 

or  bush,  supporting  a  gml- 

geon:  so  called  because  fn- 

(juenlly   made    of   brass. - 

4.  In   medieval  arcliauil.,   w 
funeral  monument  ooiivi^i 
ing  of  a  i)late  of  bl•;r^ 
ally   of  rectangular 
and  often  of  large  size,  in- 
cised with  an  efiigy,  coni- 
of  arms,  inscriptions,  au  : 
frequently  accessory  orn 
ment.    Such  brasses  arc  soni-  - 
tiujes   splendidly  enameled,     in 
some  examples  the    designs  are 
executed   in    relief,  or   in    relief 
in  efunbination   with  engraviii;^. 
.Slabs  of  stone  iiilaid  with  tlgui''  -, 
etc.,    in    brass    are    also    call-'l 
braJises,  and  arc  a  usual  form  oi 
medieval    monumeiit.    iiuth  lie 
plates    of    brass   an<l  the  iidai'l 
stones    were    freciuently    i)lae<.l 
in    the    ordinary    jjavemeut    -.i       ;  '  ' 
churches.    Comparatively  few  oi     .-.zi  ,\\,\^\- '  ' 
such  momunents  executeil  wlndly     "     '  ' 

in  brass  survive,  as  tlie  value  of  the  metal  has  caused  it  to 

be  melted  down  and  a])plied  to  other  uses. 

Among  the  knightly  hragneg  of  the  (rraves, 
And  by  the  cold  Hie  .laccts  of  the  dead. 

Tennymn,  ^ferlin  and  Vivien. 

5.  A  brass  musical  instrument,  or,  collectively, 
the  brass  instruments  in  a  band  or  an  orchoa- 
tra. — 6.  Money.    [Now  only  coUoq.] 

Withouteu  pite,  pilour !  pore  men  thou  robbedest, 
And  beere  heor  bra^  on  till  bac  to  Caleys  to  sulle. 

Piertt  Plowman  (A),  iii.  189. 
We  should  scorn  each  bribing  varlet's  brana. 

Dp.  Hall,  .Satires,  IV.  v.  12. 

Trying  to  get  out  of  debt,  a  very  ancient  slough,  called 

by  the  Latins  aes  alienum,  another's  bra»ti,  for  S'iine  of 

their  coins  were  made  of  brass ;  still  living,  and  djing, 

and  buried  by  this  others  byans.     Ttioreau,  Walden,  p.  9, 

7.  In  coal-mining,  iron  pyrites,  it  occurs  in  small 
:jarticles  disseminatetl  tlirniigh  the  coal,  or  in  veinlets  or 
thin  scaly  ]jartings.     [Rarely  used  excejit  in  the  plural.] 

8.  Excessive  assurance;  impudence;  brazen- 
ness:  as,  he  has  brass  enough  for  anrthing. 
[Colloq.]  ^        ^ 

She  in  lier  defence  raade  him  appear  such  a  rocue  that 
the  chief  justice  wondered  he  had  the  brass  to  appear  in 
a  court  of  justice.  Uoger  yorth,  Examen,  p.  256. 

To  me  he  appears  the  most  impudent  piece  of  brtus 
that  ever  spoke  with  a  touRUe. 

Goldsmith,  .She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  iiL 

Brass-blacking.  See  Wac^■^')^'/.— Brass-color,  in  ^7'a*«- 

making,  a  preparation  for  staining  Rlass,  made  by  expos- 
ing thin  brass  plates  upon  tilea  in  the  annealing-arch  of 


I'nlcss  my  nerves  were  brass  or  hammer'd  steel. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cxx. 
Men's  evil  manners,  live  iu  brass ;  their  virtues 
We  write  iu  water.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 


plass-house  until  they  are  completely  oxidized  into  a 
black  powder.  Tliis  powder,  fused  with  plas-s,  gives  vari- 
ous tints  of  green  and  turquoise.— Brass-folL  or  brass- 
leaf,  Dutch  leaf  or  Dutch  gold,  foniu-d  b>-l>eatiug  out 
platt-s  of  brass  to  extreme  thinness. — BrasS-powder,  cop- 
per and  its  various  alloys  ground  to  fine  powder  and  used 
with  vamish  for  decorative  puiijoses.  Many  of  the  so- 
i-alli-d  bronze-powders  are  bruss-powders. 

II,  a.  Made  or  composed  of  brass ;  pertain- 
iug  to  or  resembling  brass ;  brazen;  brassy. 
Trumpet,  blow  loud, 
Send  thy  braes  voice  through  all  these  lazy  tents. 

Shak.,T.  and  C,  i.  3. 
Brass  instrument.  See  wind-Uigtrument.^  Brass  rule. 
See  rule. 

brass^  (bras),  r.  t.  [<  hrass^,  n.  Cf.  &rarel.]  To 
cover  or  coat  over  with  brass.  Copper  is  brassed 
l>y  exposing  its  surface  to  tlie  fumes  of  metallic  zinc,  or 
by  boiling  it  in  diluted  hydrochloric  acid  to  which  an 
amalgam  of  zinc  and  cream  of  tartar  has  been  added. 
Iron  is  bms-^ed  by  plunging  it.  after  cleaning,  into  melted 
,  _  .  .  l>r:i>p.  and  by  electro-<ieposltion. 

^"f'i^-^  »  7  brass-  (bras),  n,  [In  def.  1,  same  as  hrace^.  q. 
v. :  iu  def.  2,  <  OF.  brassc,  *'  a  fathom  or  an  arm 
full;  or  a  measure  of  five  foot"  (Cotgrave),  F. 
hra^sCy  naut.,  a  fathom  (=  Pr.  hrassa  =  Cat. 
hrasm-  =  Sp.  hraza  =  Pg.  hro^a  (ML.  bras^ia, 
hnt.ssa)y  a  fathom),  same  as  brace^  the  two  arms, 
<  L.  brachm,  pi.  of  hrochium^  hracchium,  arm: 
see  brace^  (of  whicli  brass-  is  a  doublet)  and 
brtifhium.  Cf.  It.  braccio  (>  Swiss  brache),  a 
measure,  a  'cubit'  or  'fathom/  lit.  arm,  <  L. 
hrachiunij  arm.]  If.  X(tut„  same  as  brace. — 
2.  A  eoutineutal  European  measure  of  length, 
equal  to  the  extended  arms  or  more ;  a  fathom. 
The  old  French  braiise  was  Cvi.O  Knslish  inches;  the  SiKin- 
ish  bra^a  in  Castile,  to."  imhes;  the  Catalan  bra^sa,  sO.ti 
inches;  the  brazado  of  the  Canarj-  Isles  (a  variety  of  the 
Spanish  braza),  71. tl  inches;  the  bro'^a  of  Portutml  and 
Brazil, S6  inches;  tlie  Nurweirian  frraxAf,  commonly  tJi-cd  on 
North  German  nuuiiial  charts,  74.1  inches.  [Tlie  wi>rd  is 
confused  with  another  derived  from  the  singular  &racAiui/i 
and  signifying  an  arm's  length.] 
brassage  (bras'aj),  «.  [OF.  brassage^  brassaige 
(ML.  bractofjium,  bracagiinn),  brassage  (cf.  ML. 
braccator,  minter),  F.  bra;^ag€,  coinage,  mint- 
age, <  brasscr,  stir  up  (the  melted  metal) :  see 


brassage 


664 


brasserie  ]     A  percentage  levied  to  pay  for  the  brass-visaged  (bras' viz'ajd),  n.   I 
cost  of  coming  money.     See  seigniorage.  impudent:  as,"thatbr(iss-nsage(l 


Brazen-faced ; 
monster,"  B. 


brassart,  brassard  (bras'art,  -ard),  h.  [Also 
Irasset  (Skinner) ;  <  F.  brassart,  brassat,  brassal, 
now  brassard,  <  bras,  arm:  see 
bracf\  n.,  and  cf.  bracer,  2.]  In 
the  armor  of  the  fifteenth  and 
sixteenth  centuries,  that  part 
■which  covered  the  arm,  supersed- 
ing the  vambrace,  bracelet,  rere- 
braee,  etc. 

brass-band  (bras'band').  »•  ^ 
band  or  company  of  musical  per- 
formers, all  or  most  of  whom  play 
upon  metal  (chiefly  brass)  wind- 
instruments  ;  a  military  band. 

brass-bass    (bras'bas),   II.      A  per-        Brassart. 

coideous  fish,  ilorone  interrtipta: 
80  called  from  its  bright  brassy  color,  tinged 
with  blue  on  the  back  and  marked  on  the  sides 
with  7  to  9  large  interrupted  black  bands.  It  at 


JdllSOIt- 

brass-wind  (bras'wind),  «.    In  music,  that  divi- 
sion of  an  orchestra  which  compi'ises  players 


braunite 

brett  =  AS.  bred,  a  plank:  see  boarrl.']  In 
mimnq.  a  board,  plank,  or  brick  lining  or  parti- 
tion in  a  level  or  shaft,  usually  designed  to  form 
an  air-passage  or  confine  the  current  of  air  to 
a  certain  route.    Also  written  brettice,  brcttis. 


upon  metal  ^nd"iuVtriime^its :"  c(5ntrastld  frith  brattice  (brat'is),  r.  t  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bratticed, 
the  tcood-wind,  the  strings,  etc.  ppr.  bratticing.     [<  brattice,  )(.]     To  separate 

—        "■      ---         \iv  a  brattice. 


brassyi  (bras'i),  a.  and  n.    [<  brass'i-  +  -y^ .]  I.  a 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  having  any  of  the  qualities 
of  brass  ;  brazen  :  chiefly  used  in  a  derogatory 
sense :  as,  a  brassy  taste  ;  the  coloring  is  brassy. 

Enough  to  press  a  royal  merchant  down, 

Ana  pluck  commiseration  of  his  state 

From  brassy  bosoms.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Brazen-faced ;  impudent.     [Colloq.] 

There's  no  gallant 
So  !»-o«si/-inipudent  Jurst  undertake 
The  words  that  shall  lielong  to  't 
Jliddletm  (mui  another),  Mayor  of  Queenhorough,  ilL  1. 

n.  «.  A  wooden  golf-club  shod  with  brass 
on  the  sole.     W.  Park;  Jr. 


tains  the  size  of  the  common  white  perch,  and  inliabits  v-ogsv^  (bras'i),  ".  [Also  brassie,  bressie.  Cf. 
br^;Mbr;V)%^'[ci'«;^^^^^^  "'"•4-     Fish-names  are  very.unst.ble.]     A 

Fr  '"Z'klt  ''■  "-"""'■'  ^  ''''^'  "'  bS  0=."ln  :rierefot1p^.|Lt,  pret- 
brass^eH     Se'eT™..2.  \nt  Id  past  participle)  of  bnrst.     S.enser, 

brassent,  «•     [Sc.  brassin;  <  brass  +  -en^:  see  ^*_-."i/...  ^ 

bract II.]     A  variant  of  brazen. 


31 
brastiumt.  «•     A  variant  of  brasiiim 

braciare  (brasiare, 

bract  urn  (hrasi 

bres),  malt,  L. 

kind  ot  com ; 

err,  or  a  beer-^ 

also,  any  beer-garden  or  uc«-=a.v.v^.  ^^.^^^    i„^„„„;„^  ni.  141 

To-day  whUc  ilr.  B.  was  sitting  in  a  bratserie,  a  lady     crack.      [North.  Eng.] 
approached  and  'hot  him  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^    I,     ^1  ^^^,     i^  [<  jffi.  fe,o„,  a  COarse  cloak,     '^^^^; 

ii.  i.i.        ,      F  ^  ONorth.  bratt,  <  Gael,  brut,  a  cloak,  mantle,  -,, 


The  improvement  of  the  circulation  by  bratticitift,  or 
separating  the  upward  and  downward  currents  by  plates 
or  tubes.  H-  Wilson,  Steam  Boilers,  p.  liis. 

brattice-cloth  (brat'is-kloth).  H.  In  coal-niin- 
iiiti,  a  heavy  cloth  or  canvas,  often  covered  with 
some  water-proof  material,  and  used  tempora- 
rilv  as  a  brattice. 

bratticing,  brattishing  (brat'is-ing,  -ish-ing), 
n.     [Also  corruptly  (in  2d  sense)  brandishing ; 

<  ME.  bretasynge,  britcysiug,  an  outwork,  etc., 

<  bretascc,  etc.,  brattice.  See  bartizan,  which 
is  appar.  a  var.  of  bratticing.  In  3d  sense 
directly  from  brattice.  See  brattice.'\  1.  An 
ornamental  cresting,  generally  of  open-work, 
as  a  medieval  cresting  of  foliage,  or  the  like. 
—  2.  Anv  open-work  of  rich  and  varied  design, 
especially  in  metal.— 3.  A  fence  of  boards  in 
a  mine  or  around  dangerous  machinery.  See 
Jiratticc. 

brattish  (brat'ish),  n.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  brat- 
tice.]   1 .  A  shelf.—  2.  A  seat  with  a  high  back. 


See  bratticing. 


brag; 


lug  noise  like  that  made  by  the  feet  of  horses 
mo\-ing  rapidly. —  2.   Rajud  motion;   a  short 


brassett  (bras'et),  n.    Same  as  brassart. 

brass-fiiusher  (bras'fin'ish-er),  n.  A  workman 
who  perfects  and  polishes  articles  made  of 
brass. 

brass-founder  (bras'foun'd^r),  n.  A  maker  of 
brass  nr  of  articles  cast  in  brass. 

brass-furnace  (bras'fer'nas),  n.     One  of  two         ^_ 

kinds  of  furnace  for  the  making  and  founding  jjjaf-  (brat) 
of  brass,  (n)  .\.  reverberatory  furnace  for  large  <|uanti- 
ties  of  the  alloy,  (h)  A  crucible  furnace  for  small  (luau- 
tities  In  this  furnace  the  crucible  is  jilaced  within  a  cast- 
iron  cylinder  lined  with  fire-brick  and  set  over  a  flrepit. 
The  mouth  of  the  cylimler  is  covered  with  a  metal  block 
called  a  liln.  Each  crucible  has  its  own  Hue  connecting 
with  the  chimney.  The  oven  for  drying  cores  is  generally 
placed  alHive  the  furnace,  and  connected  with  the  line  to 
utilize  the  heat  o(  the  latter. 

Brassica  (bras'i-ka),  n.  [L.  (>  AS.  brassica, 
MK.  Iirassik,  brasiU),  cabbage.]   A  genus  of  cru 


apron,  rag,  =  Ir.  brat,  a  cloak,  mantle,  veil, 
bratog,  a  rag,  =  W.  brat,  a  rag,  pinafore.] 
It.  A  coarse  mantle  or  cloak.  Cliiiiiccr. — 2. 
A  child's  bib  or  apron.  [North.  Eng.] — 3.  A 
clout;  a  rag.  Burns.  [Scotch.] — 4.  The  film 
on  the  surface  of  some  liquids,  as  on  boiled 
milk  when  cold.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

n.     [First  in  early  mod.  E. ;  per- 

.  i.ca  ,~.f   1,1-yjtl    o  ^IiiUVq  bill  nr 


ciferous  plants,  including  more  than  a  h.mdred''",~^^^^^  .,j,,  ^     m, 

species,  all  of  which  are  natives  of  Europe  and  '',',^*<5f i„^  uds  pronunciat i^      sc^e  bracli,  anS 


northern  Asia.  Several  species  have  long  been  in  culti- 
vation, and  are  the  origin  of  a  large  number  of  varieties  ot 
plants  used  as  table  vegetables  ami  as  fodder,  li.  ulrracia 
has  given  rise  Ui  all  the  forms  of  cabbage,  caulillowei. 
broccoli,  kohlrabi,  kale,  liru.sscls  sprouts,  etc.,  cultivated 
for  their  leaves  or  intlorescence,  or,  in  the  case  of  the  kohl- 
rabi, for  the  turnip  like  enlargement  of  the  stem.  IS.  cam- 
j^Mru  is  the  parent  of  the  turnip  anil  of  the  rutabaga,  in 
which  the  nourishment  is  stored  in  the  root,  and  ot  the 
colza  and  raiH;,  which  are  raised  fr.r  the  oil  of  the  seed.  !i. 
allM  anil  II.  iii'im  are  the  while  and  lilack  mustards.  The 
charlock,  //.  Siiuijiinlrum,  usually  a  troublesi>me  weed,  and 
some  other  species  in  the  East,  are  sometinies  cultivated, 
chiefly  for  their  seeds.    See  cuts  under  broccoli  and  »irrout». 

brassie,  "•     See  brassjfl. 

brassil  (bras'il),  ».  I^See  brn.iils,  brazil.']  In 
itiiniiiij,  a  name  Hniuotimcs  applied  to  the  \>yT\- 
tifiroiis  material  occurring  in  metalliferous 
veins  or  in  connection  witli  coal.     [Eng.] 

brassily  (briin'i-li),  udr.  Imiiudontly;  with 
i)riizen  coiilideneo. 

brasslness  nirfts'i-nes),  n.  Tho  quality  or  ap- 
|..  iniiii'i!  of  lieing  brasRy. 

brassing  n.rAs'ing),  ».  (Verbal  n.  ot  brass^,  r.] 
T  '       


Thou  need  na  start  awa'  sae  hasty, 
Wi'  bickering  brattle  ! 

Bums,  To  a  Mouse. 

3.   A  violent  attack. 

brattling  (brat'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  brattle, 
!■.]  The  act  of  making  a  clattering  noise ;  tu- 
mult; uproar;  quan'pl. 

Her  voice  that  clove  through  all  the  din,  .  .  . 
.Tan-'d,  but  not  drownd,  by  the  loud  brattlinri. 

Byron,  Sardanapalus,  iii.  1. 
His  voice  sounded  not  unlike  llie  In-nitlinn  of  a  tin  trum- 
pet—owing to  the  nnniliir  i>l'  hunl  northwesters  which 
he  had  swallowed  in  the  loinsc  of  his  .sc.'i-faring. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  86. 

bratty  (brat'i),  n. ;  pi.  bralties  (-iz).     [Dim.  of 

/ira?!.]     An  apron.     [Scotch.] 
branch    (briich),    n.      [E.    dial.,    also    braiiclic, 
liriiirclir.     C{.  brasli^,  n.,  4.]     Rakings  of  straw 
to  kindle  fires.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 
brauchin  (bra'cliin),   11.      [E.   dial.,    appar.  < 
branch  +  -in  for  -ingK]     A  collar  for  a  horse, 
made   of   old   stockings   stuffed    with   straw. 
Iiriitcliil.]     Seebrach.     Crosc.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Cumberland). ] 

bratchet  (brach'et),  n.     [Sc.  also  bratchart;  <  ^raudt,  r.     See  hroiid.  broid. 
iMK.  briirlict.  <  OF.  bracket  (=  Pr.  braqiicl :  ML.  brauderiet,  "•    An  obsolete  variant  of  broidery. 
braehetu.s),  dim.  of  braclie,  a  liound:  see  bracb.]  braughwam,  ".     [E.  dial.,  also  broughuham  and 
A  kind  of  hoimd ;  abrach:  applied  contemptu-     ;„,>l(.//(^<)l ;  origin  uncertain.]   A  dish  composed 
ously  to  a  child.  of  ciieeso,  eggs,  bread,  and  butter,  boiled  to- 


haps  a  particular  use  of  ftro/l,  a  child's  bib  or 
apron,  a  rag,  etc.:  see  brat"^.]  A  child:  now 
used  only  in  contempt:  as,  ''this  brat  is  none 
of  mine,"  Shah.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3 ;  "  their  dirty  brats," 
Thackeray. 

O  Israel !  O  household  of  the  Lord  I 

O  Abraham's  brats !  O  brood  of  blessed  seed  I 

Gascoirjne,  De  Profundis. 

brats  (brat),  n.     [Cf.  bret.]     A  local  English 
name  of  the  turbot. 

of 
pronuncnition:  see  uracil,  auu  cf. 
See  brach 


Tho  bralchrt's  hay 
From  tho  dark  covert  drove  the  prey. 

.SVoM,  Marmion,  ii.,  Int. 
To  be  plagued  with  a  bratchet  whelp  —  Whence  ciune  ye. 
my  fair-favoured  little  gossip'?    .S'ci</(,  Keliilwortli,  11.  xxl. 
bratht,  «•     [Sc.  also  braith ;  <  ME.  bralh,  brolh, 
hrailh,  <  led.  Iirddhr  =  Hw.  br/id  =  Dan.  brail, 
sudden,  hasty.]     Hasty;  violent;  fierce. 
For  this  word  was  Saul  wrath, 
For  oft  sith  was  he  bremli  Ibrlmlyj  bratli. 
M.S,  in  Allilerativ  ftiems  (ed.  Morris),  Oloss.,  li.  ;it 

bratht,  «•    [MK.,  <  Icel.  bnidh,  haste,  <  brddhr, 
huHly:  see  bralh,  a.]     Violence;  fierceness. 
In  the  liralh  of  his  breth  that  bnnnez  alle  Uiliikez. 

Mlilcralin'  y'l.iw/oi  (ed.  .Morris),  1.  2'2II1. 

[Sc.  also  brailhly;  <  ME. .  '-nlhhi. 


,',?;,     on  o   codUng  objects  ot  motal  with  ^^athlyt  «'/.;.    [Sc.  also  fcr«/(/|/y;<M^^ 

I  f  lirnsH  brolhli/,  hrailhli/,  bralbti.  eti'.;  <  Oram  -f  -(.'/-. 1 

'.oiinffl  (briiH-o-li'n§),  n.  ;-/.    {^Uj.,  <  Bras-     Hastily;  wd.'utly;  fiercely 


Err, 


br;: 
Er.i 


brasH  I 

linnl 

braBB-smiUi 

workH  In  l.r:! 


Hiibfamily  of  nymphalid  l)iit 


liiris  to  syr  licrllle  and  hralhelii  hym  hltles, 

Mnrtr  ArlUurc  (K.  H.  T.  ».).  I.  1771, 


gether. 

braul'  t,  ''.     An  obsolete  sjiolling  of  brawV^. 

braul-  (bnVl),  H.  [!•"•  '"'l-,  1  A  blue  and  white 
siriprd  clotli  made  in  India. 

Braula  (bnV'lii),  n.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus 
of  I  he  family  Bruulidte.  Braula  cara  is  the 
ciuniniin  bee-louse. 

braulid  (bnl'lid),  n.  A  bee-louse  of  the  family 
llnnilitlir, 

Braulidae  (bra'li-de),  «.  pi.  [XL..  <  Bmula  + 
■itlii.]  A  family  of  pupiparous  dipterous  in- 
sects, the  bee-hoe,  represented  by  the  genus 
Braula. 

The  fandlv  llraulidir  comprises  only  a  single  nduuto 
species,  not  two  nillllnu'tei-s  in  length.     Tlie  head  Is  largo, 
wholly  williout  eyes,  tlie  Ihol-ax  small  and  without  wings.  ; 
and  the  legs  are  short  auil  stout,  with  sirnug  pectinated  / 
daws.    These  degraded  Hies  are  jiarnsitic  upon  honey-  \ 
liees.  especially  the  drones,  living  iimongHie  liiiir 
thorax,  ' 


r  tho 
II.  43:i.  ^ 


'  .m'pnvd ).  ri.  Paved  with  braoH ; 
I  iroHH.     S/irnMr. 
•riis'smith),   n.     A    umith   who 


braunite 

Tt  occurs  in  tetraponal  crystals  of  a  brownish-black  color 
in  Tliurinuia,  ilie  llarz,  I'iedniont,  anil  elsewliere. 

Brauronian  (bra-io'ni-an),  a.  [<  Gr.  lipav- 
pwvM,  of  Braiu'on,  an  epithet  of  Artemis,  <  Bpnw- 
puv,  an  Attic  village  and  derne  near  Marathon.] 
Of  or  relating  to  Brauron,  a  deme  of  Attica,  or 
to  its  inhabitants;  speciiically,  an  epithet  of 
Artemis,  who  was  worshiped  under  this  title  on 
the  Acropolis  of  Athens. 

brava  (lirii' va).  See  remarks  under  hravo,  intcrj. 

bravadet  (bra^vad'),  «•  [<  P.  hravade:  see  hra- 
vado.']    Same  as  bravado. 

The  great  Pacheco,  like  liiraself,  this  hot 
And  herce  hravade  shall  in  a  trice  raake  vain. 

Fannkawe. 

bravado  (bra-va'do),  n.  and  a.  [Formerly  also 
bravadc  (<  P.  hraradc)  =  ODan.  bravat,  <  Sp. 
bravada,  now  briiraia  (=  It.  bravata),  boast, 
vain  ostentation,  <  bravo  =  F.  brave  =  It.  bravo, 
brave,  bullying:  see  brave  and  bravo.~i  I,  m. ; 
])1.  bravados  or  bravadoes  (-doz).  1.  Preten- 
tious boldness  or  bravery;  arrogant  or  boasts 
ful  menace  ;  swaggering  defiance. 
In  spite  of  our  host's  bravado,  Irving. 

No  sooner  was  this  mad  bravado  agreed  upon  than  they 
turned  the  reins  of  their  horses  and  made  for  Seville. 

Irving,  Moorish  Chronicle,  p.  109. 

2t.  One  who  indulges  in  boastful  and  arrogant 
menaces. 

The  hectors  and  bravadoes  of  the  House,  who  show  all 
the  zeal  on  this  occasion.         Pepii.%  Diary,  Feb.  2S,  1(567. 

II.  a.  Arrogantly  bold  or  menacing ;  said  or 
done  in  bravado :  as,  "bravado  bets,"  Disraeli, 
Coningsby,  v.  5. 

bravado  (bra-va'do),  V.  i.     [<  bravado,  m.]     To 

act  in  a  spirit  of  bravado  ;  storm ;  rage.  [Kare.] 

Like  winds  where  .^olus  bravado'd.      Lloyd,  The  Poet. 

bravaisite  (bra-va'zit),  n.  [<  Bravais,  a  French 
crystallographer,  +  -(<e2.]  A  hydrous  silicate 
of  aluminium  with  small  amounts  of  iron,  cal- 
cium, magnesium,  and  jiotassium,  occnrring  in 
crystalline  fibrous  forms  in  the  coal-measures 
of  Noyant,  in  Maine-et-Loire,  France. 

brave  (brav),  «.  and  n.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ; 
=  (j.  brav  (17th  century)  =  MD.  hramce,  brauc, 
fine,  gallant  (in  appearance),  brave,  fierce,  also 
fine,  gaUant  (Kilian),  mod.  D.  braaf,  brave,  gal- 
lant, courageous  (ef.  MD.  bramven,  adorn,  bra- 
veren,  be  fierce,  =  MLG.  braveren  =  ODan.  bra- 
vere,  strut),  =  Dan.  brav,  brave,  worthy,  =  OSw. 
iraf,  Sw.  bra,  good,  >  prob.  Sc.  braw,  good, 
also  pleasant,  fine,  handsome,  etc.,  <  P.  brave, 
brave,  fine,  gallant,  etc.,  introduced  in  the  16th 
centmy,  <  It.  bravo,  brave,  hardy,  Olt.  tempes- 
tuous (cf.  bravo,  n.,  cutthroat,  assassin,  bravo), 
=  Sp.  Pg.  bravo,  brave,  etc.,  =  Pr.  brau,  fem. 
brava,  brave,  hard,  wicked,  etc.  (ML.  bravus, 
a  bravo,  cutthroat) ;  perhaps  =  OP.  *brou  in 
rabroUer,  check,  chide,  etc.,  broua::,  brouhaha, 
a  bluster,  broahotix,  storms,  blusters,  etc., 
irouee,  blustering.  Origin  and  relations  un- 
certain. There  appear  to  be  at  least  two 
words  confused:  in  the  sense  'fine,  good,'  etc., 
cf.  Bret,  brav,  brao,  fine,  agreeable,  pretty, 
braga,  strut,  dress  in  fine  clothes  (see  brag);  in 
the  sense  'bold,  wild,'  etc.,  cf.  OF.  braou,  brau, 
ML.  bravus,  bravis,  a  young  untamed  ox,  Olt. 
brai'o,  tempestuous,  Sp.  brava,  a  heavy  swell 
of  the  sea,  OP.  "brou  (above),  etc. ;  W.  braw, 
terror,  fright.]  I^  a.  1.  Possessing  or  exhibit- 
ing coui'age  or  courageous  endurance;  in- 
trepid; valiant;  fearless:  as,  a  6»-«»e  warrior ; 
a  brave  act;  he  was  brave  under  calamity. 

Two  braver  men 
Ne'er  spiur'd  their  coursers  at  the  trumpet's  sound. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  7. 

The  brave  man  is  not  he  who  feels  no  fear,  .  .  . 
But  he  whose  noble  mind  its  fears  subdues. 

J.  Baillie,  Basil. 

The  coward  sneaks  to  death,  the  brave  live  on. 

Dr.  Sewell,  The  Suicide,  ii.  55. 

2.  Making  a  fine  display  in  bearing,  dress,  or 
•  appearance   generally;  having  a  noble  mien: 

said  of  persons. 

I  have  gold,  and  therefore  will  be  brave. 
In  silks  I'll  rattle  it  of  every  colour. 

Greene,  Tu  Quoque^  vii. 

3.  Splendid;  beautiful;  gorgeous;  gaudy:  said 
of  tniugs. 

With  blossoms  brave  bedecked  daintily. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  32. 

And  wear  my  dagger  with  the  braver  graoe. 

Skak.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  4. 

He  had  them  into  the  very  best  room  in  the  house  (a 
very  brave  room  it  was). 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  262. 

4.  Excellent;  capital;  fine;  admirable.  [For- 
merly in  very  common  use  m  this  sense  as  a  general  term 


665 

of  commendation ;  often  also  used  ironically ;  now  obso- 
lete except  perhaps  in  irony.J 
Iron  is  a  brave  commodity  where  wood  aboundeth. 

Daaon. 
I'll  devise  thee  brave  punishments  for  him. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  4. 
=  Syn.  1.  GaUant,  Valiant,  Courageouit,  Brave,  Ileroie, 
valorous,  dauntless,  chivalrous,  doughty,  resolute,  man- 
ful. Oallnn/,  splendid  in  dress  or  qualities,  is  most  ap- 
propriately used  with  regard  to  courage  which  exhibits 
itself  in  deeds  attracting  attention  and  applause ;  of  tlio 
first  four  words  it  is  that  which  may  have  in  it  most  of 
compliment  and  least  of  high  commendation,  but  it  is 
often  a  strong  word,  expressing  spleiulid  bravery  in  ac- 
tion :  as,  he  was  a  gallant  officer.  Valiant  is  also  brave  in 
action,  especially  in  opposing  physical  force,  as  in  battle. 
The  word  is  now  elevated  and  poetic.  Courageous  rienotes 
the  possession  of  that  spirit  which  enables  one  fearlessly 
and  witli  full  presence  of  mind  to  face  danger.  Brave  is  the 
most  i-oinprehcnsive  of  the  words;  it  may  deiiote  the  pos- 
session of  the  highest  and  noblect  kind  of  courage  and  for- 
titude, of  tliat  spirit  which  enables  a  man  to  bear  up  against 
evil  and  danger,  as  well  as  to  go  forth  to  f.ace  it.  Coura. 
geous  has  nnich  of  this  breadth  of  meaning,  but  is  appli- 
cable rather  to  doing  than  to  enduring  ;  brave  in  botli  pas- 
sive and  active.  Ileroie  combines  the  meaning  of  all  the 
other  words  in  the  superlative  degree.  It  ilulieateH  a  lofty 
superiority  to  fear,  a  noble  self-forgetfulncss,  an  almost 
superhuinun  power  to  dare,  achieve,  or  suffer.  It  bears 
the  same  rt-Iation  to  the  other  words  that  sublime  bears  to 
great,  gratui,  or  loj'ty. 

The  Sardinian  fleet  had  been  withdrawn  from  Venice, 
and  the  gallant  resistance  of  the  Venetians  was  fast  draw- 
ing to  a  close.  E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  108. 

Plague  on't ;  an  I  thought  he  had  been  valiant  and  so 
cunning  in  fence,  I'd  have  seen  him  damned  ere  I'd  have 
challenged  him.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 

But  he  rose  upon  their  decks,  and  he  cried : 
"  I  have  fought  for  Queen  and  Faith  like  a  valiant  man 
and  true."  Tennyson,  The  Revenge. 

Only  be  thou  strong  and  very  couragetms,  that  thou 
mayest  observe  to  do  according  to  all  the  law  which 
Moses  my  servant  commanded  thee.  Josh.  i.  7. 

But,  what  with  pleasure  Heaven  itself  surveys, 
A  brave  man  struggling  in  the  storms  of  fate, 
And  greatly  falling  with  a  falling  :itate. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Cato,  I.  31. 

II.  «.  [Cf.  bravo,  «.]  1.  A  brave,  bold,  or 
daring  person ;  a  man  daring  beyond  discretion. 
Specifically — 2.  A  North  American  Indian  or 
other  savage  warrior :  as,  the  chief  was  accom- 
panied by  two  hundred  braves. 

Two  from  among  them  [Indian  warriors]  advancing, 
Came  to  parley  with  Standish,  and  offer  him  furs  as  a 

present;  .  .  . 
Braves  of  the  tribe  were  these,  and  brothers  gigantic  in 
stature.    Longfellow,  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  vii. 
With  three  strokes  to  each,  the  scalps  of  the  victims  be- 
ing suddenly  taken  off,  the  brave  flies  back  with  his  com- 
panions, to  hang  the  trophies  in  his  cabin. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II.  431. 

3t.  A  hector;  a  bully;  a  bravo. 

Too  insolent,  too  much  a  brave.  Dryden. 

4t.  [<  brave,  v."]    A  boast;  a  challenge;  a  de- 
fiance. 

I  will  not  bear  these  braves  of  thine. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  L 
'Tis  time 
To  be  avenged  on  you  for  all  your  braves. 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  iii.  3. 

brave  (brav),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  braved,  ppr. 
braving.  [<  F.  braver,  brave,  affront,  defy,  etc., 
<  brave,  brave.]  1.  To  encounter  with  com'- 
age  and  fortitude ;  set  at  defiance ;  defy ;  chal- 
lenge; dare. 
*  The  ills  of  love,  not  those  of  fate,  I  tear ; 

Tliese  I  can  brave,  but  those  I  cannot  bear.  Dryden. 
Louis  the  Fifteenth  braved  the  hatred  and  contempt  of 
his  subjects  dming  many  years  of  the  most  odious  and 
imheeile  misgovernment. 

Maeaulay,  West.  Kev.  Defence  of  Mill. 

2t.  To  wear  a  boasting  appearance  of. 

To  brave  that  which  they  believe  not.       Baam,  Essays. 
Another, 
Reputed  vaUant,  lives  by  the  sword,  and  takes  up 
Quarrels,  or  braves  them,  as  the  novice  likes. 
To  gild  his  reputation.  Ford,  Fancies,  L  3. 

3t.  To  make  fine,  showy,  or  splendid.    [Rare.] 

He  [the  sun]  should  have  brav'd  the  east  an  hour  ago. 
^  SAai-.,  Kich.  III.,v.3. 

To  brave  out,  to  face  out ;  brazen  out :  generally  with  an 
indefinite  it  as  object. 
However  we  brave  it  out,  wc  men  are  a  little  breed. 

Tennyson,  ilaud,  iv. 

bravely  (brav'li),  adv.     In  a  brave  manner. 

(a)  Courageously;  gallantly;  splendidly;  heroically. 

Who  combats  bravely  is  not  therefore  brave. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  i.  11^. 

(b)  Finely;  gaudily. 

And  decked  herself  bravely,  to  allure  the  eyes  of  all  men 
that  should  see  her.  .Tudith  x.  4. 

(c)  Well ;  prosperously  :  as,  he  is  getting  on  bravely. 

The  tug  was  towing  bravely. 

D'.  C.  BusseU,  Jack's  Courtship,  xxi. 

braveneSSt  (brav'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing brave;  bravery:  as,  "the  braveness  of  the 
exploit,"  Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  306. 


brawl 

bravery  (bra'vfer-i),  n.;  pi.  braveries  (-iz).  [< 
F.  braveric,  gallantry,  splendor,  etc.,  <  brave, 
brave:  see  brave  and  -enj.']  1.  The  quality  of 
being  bravo ;  courage ;  heroism  ;  undaunted 
spirit ;  intrepidity ;  gallantry ;  fearlessness. 

Kemcmber,  sir,  my  Hege,  .  .  . 
The  natural  bravery  of  your  isle. 

,S'/iat,,  CymlK-llne,  Iii.  I. 
Lancelot,  the  flower  of  l/ruvery. 

Tennyson,  /.uncelot  and  Elaine. 

2.  Showiness;  splendor;  magnificence. 

The  bravery  of  their  tinkling  omaments.  Is.  III.  18. 

Great  bravery  ot  building,  to  the  marvcllomt  beautlfyini; 

of  the  realm.  Camden. 

No  more  In  the  midnight  tempest 

Will  she  mock  the  mounting  Hea, 
Strong  in  her  oaken  timbers, 
And  her  white  flail's  bravery. 

HalUck,  EplJtles. 
3t.  Show;  ostentation;  parade. 

Prefaces,  .  .  .  anri  other  speeches  of  reference  to  the 
person,  are  great  wastes  of  time ;  and  though  they  s«em 
to  proceed  of  modesty,  they  are  bravery.  Bacon. 

Nor  would  I  you  should  melt  away  yourself 
In  flashing  bravery. 

B.  ./onson.  Every  JIan  In  his  Humour,  I.  1. 
4t.  Bravado ;  boast. 

I  commended  but  their  wits,  madam,  and  their  brave* 
ries.    I  never  looked  toward  their  valours. 

B.  Joiison,  Epiccenc,  Iv.  2. 
There  are  those  that  make  it  a  point  of  bravery  to  bid 
deflance  to  the  oracles  of  divine  revelation. 

.S'i'r  It  L' Estrange. 

5t.  A  showy  person. 

A  man  that  is  the  bravery  of  his  age.         Beau,  and  Ft. 

He  is  one  of  the  braveries,  though  he  be  none  of  the  w  jt«. 

B.  Joiuon,  Epic^cnc,  i.  I. 

=  Syn.  1.  Valor,  daring,  pluck,  Imldness,  mettle,  audacity. 

For  c(mipari8on,  see  brave. 

bra'vi  (brii've).   See  remarks  under  bravo,  interj. 
bra'Vingt  (bra'ving),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  brave,  r.] 
Bruvado;  defiance. 

Witli  so  proud  a  straine  of  threats  and  l/ravingg. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  xxl. 

bra'Vingly  (bra'ving-li),  adv.    In  a  braving  or 

defying  manner.     Sheldon.     [Rare.] 
bravissimo  (l>ra-vis'i-m6)^  interj.     [It.,  superl. 
of  bravo,  q.  v.]     Superlative  of  bravo. 

That'sright — I'm  steel — Bravo !  —  Adamant  — Bra ri'«*i- 
mo !  Colman,  Jealous  Wife,  i.  L 

bra'vltyt,  ».  [<  brave  +  -ily.']  Bravery. 
brCVO  (bra'vo),  interj.  [It.  adj.  (pi.  brari,  fem. 
brava,  yl.  brave),  >  P.  brave,  >  E.  brave,  q.  v.] 
Well  done!  good!  sometimes  used  as  a  noun: 
as,  "with  bravo  and  handclapping,"  Carlyle, 
French  Rev.,  II.  v.  6. 

The  Italian  Prima  Donna  sweeps  a  courtesy  of  careless 
pity  to  the  over-facile  pit  which  unsexes  her  with  the 
bravo  !  Lowell,  On  a  Certain  Condescension  in  Foreigners. 
[Inltalian  the  word  is  an  adjective,  and  the  correct  usage 
is  to  say  bravo  toa  male  singer  or  actor,  brava  to  a  female, 
and&rnrito  a  company;  but  in  French  and  properly  In 
English  the  word  is  a  mere  interjection.  Careful  persons 
familiar  with  the  Italian  usage  do,  however,  discriminate 
as  to  gender.  ] 

bravo  (bra'vo),  v.;  pi.  bravos  or  bravoes  (-voz). 
[It.  (ML.  bravus),  <  bravo,  adj.:  see  brave.']  A 
daring  %'illain;  a  bandit ;  one  who  sets  law  at 
defiance ;  an  assassin  or  murderer. 

Stab,  like  bravoes,  all  who  come  that  way. 

Churchill.  The  Apology. 
Was  not  tills  Venice,  and  is  not  Venice  forever  associ- 
ated with  bravoes  and  unexpected  dagger  thrusts? 

Iloweits,  Venetian  Life,  xi. 

bra'VUra  (bra-vo'ra),  w.  and  a.  [It.,  braverj-, 
spirit,  <  bravo:  see  brave.]  I.  ?i.  In  music,  a, 
florid  air,  requiring  great  force  and  spirit  in 
the  performer,  and  serriiig  to  display  his  or 
her  power,  flexibility  of  voice,  and  distinctness 
of  articulation. 

H.  a.  In  music,  spirited:  florid:  brilliant: 
as,  a  bravura  air:  chiefly  applied  to  vocal  com- 
positions, but  occasionally  to  instrumental. 

braw  (bra),  a.  and  n.  [Se.:  see  brave.]  I.  <i. 
Brave;  fine;  gay;  handsome;  pleasant;  agree- 
able; worthy;  excellent;  stout:  as,  a&rnirnew 
gown;  aftraioman;  ftrair  lads  and  bonny  lasses. 
[Scotch.] 

There's  braw,  braw  lads  on  Yarrow  braes. 

Bums,  Gala  Water. 

H.  n.  pi.  One's  best  apparel ;  finery. 

brawdt,  i'-  t     See  broud.  bmid. 

brawderyt,  ".     An  obsolete  variant  of  broidery. 

brawet  (brou'et),  n.  A  young  eel.  Also  ■writ- 
ten brairat.     [North.  Eng.] 

brawli  (bral),  f.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brail.  < 
IIE.  brallen,  cry  out,  vociferate,  =  D.  brallcn, 
boast,  =  Dan.  lirallc.  jabber,  chatter,  =  MHG. 
prdlen,  G.  jirahlm.  lioast.  vaunt,  flaunt;  appar- 
ently identical  with  >rE.  brawlcn,  hraulen.  quar- 
rel, W.  brinri,  a  boast,  brolio.  boast,  vaimt,  bra- 
gal,  vociferate,  etc.  Cf.  also  P.  brailler  (=  Pr. 
brailar),  cry  out,  bawl,  prob.  <  braire,  bray :  see 


brawl 

hray-.  The  ult.  source  of  all  these  forms  is 
perhaps  the  same.  See  ferai/.]  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  speak  loudly  and  complainingly  or  angrily ; 
he  clamorous  or  noisy;  quarrel  noisily  and  in- 
decently. 

I  do  the  wrong,  and  first  begin  to  hrawl. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3, 

2.  To  roar,  as  water  flowing  over  a  pebbly  or 
rocky  bed ;  make  a  loud  babbling  noise. 
The  brook  tliat  brawls  along  this  wood. 

Shak.,  As  jou  Like  it,  ii.  1. 
Crossing  the  brook  at  the  ford,  where  it  bratiUd  over 
pebble  and  shallow.     LongMlow,  Miles  Standish,  iii. 
=SJ1L  1.  To  wrangle,  squabble,  dispute  (noisily). 

n.  trans.  1.  To  wrangle  about;  be  noisy  or 
sententious  regarding. 

I  care  not  what  the  sects  may  brawl, 

Tennt/son,  Palace  of  .\rt. 

2.  To  drive  away  or  beat  down  by  noise. 
[Eare.] 

Your  deep  wit  .  .  . 
Reason'd,  not  brawl  d  her  (Truthl  hence. 
Sir  K.  Digby,  Preface  to  Nature  of  Mans  Soul. 

irawll  (bral),  n.    [<  ftrair/1,  t'.]    A  noisy  quar- 
rel :  loud,  angry  contention ;  au  uproar ;  row ; 
squabble :  as, 
ler,  Hudibras 

He  is  a  de\'il  in  private  brawl. 

Shak.,  T.  X.,  iii.  4. 
A  creature  wholly  given  to  brawU  and  wine. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

The  whole  world  knows  that  this  is  no  accidental  braid, 

hut  a  systematic  war  to  the  knife,  and  in  defiance  of  all 

laws  and  liberties.  Emerson,  Affairs  in  Kansas. 

=  SyiL  Broil,  Affray,  etc.     See  qxtarrd,  n. 

"brawl-  (bral),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  hrall ;  a 
con-uption  of  earUer  braiisle,  also  written  hraii 


666 

3.  The  flesh  of  a  muscular  part  of  the  body: 
as,  the  brawn  of  the  arm,  thigh,  etc. 

It  was  ordained  that  murtherers  should  be  brent  on  the 
brawn  of  the  left  hand.  Ball,  Hen.  VII.,  an.  15. 

4.  Well-developed  muscles;  muscular  strength. 
Brawn  without  brain  is  tlline.  Dryden,  Fables. 


brazen 

bray2  (bra),  h.  [<  ME.  hrai/,  a  loud  cry,  also 
lirayt,  <  OF.  brait  =  Pr.  bnii ;  from  the  verb.] 
A  harsh  cry,  especially  tliat  of  an  ass;  hence, 
any  similar  harsh  or  grating  sound. 

Several  times  a  day  we  are  stunned  anil  overwhelmed 
with  the  cracked  brays  of  tliree  discordant  trumpets. 

B'  Taiflor,  Lands  ot  the  Saracen,  p.  25. 
Here,  then,  is  a  great  stalwart  man.  in  perfect  health,  o    ,,    -\  r/ r\T^    i  i  •    j    *  v     »• 

all  brawn  and  rude  muscle,  set  up  before  us  as  the  ideal  bray-H  (bra),  Jl._    [<  UK  hraie,  a  kuid  ot  bastion, 
of  strength.  5.  ianiVr,  The  English  Novel,  p.  54. 

5.  Figuratively,  the  arm:  from  its  muscles  or 
strength.     [Kare.] 

1 11  hide  my  silver  beard  in  a  gold  beaver. 
And  in  my  vautbrace  put  tliis  wither'd  brawn. 

Shak.,  T.  andC.i.  3. 
I  had  purpose 
Once  more  to  hew  thy  target  from  thy  brawn. 
Or  lose  my  arm  for't.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

6.  Headcheese. —  Mock  brawn,  the  Hesh  of  a  pigs 
head  and  feet  cut  in  pieces,  and  boiled,  pickled,  and 
pressed  into  a  form. 

brawnedt lbrand).n.  [<.brnwn  +  -f(P.1  Brawny; 

strong:  as,  ''brawnccl  hovn-s,"  Spcnsrr,  F.  Q, 

\iii.  41. 
brawner  (bra'n^r),  «.   [<irair» +  -(>)-i.]  A  boar 


killed  for  the  table. 
'stout  polemick  ftra'ir?,"  *". /J«N  brawn-fallent   (bran 'fa "In),   a.     Having  the 

brawny  or  muscular  parts  of  the  body  shrunk 
or  fallen  away ;  wasted  ;  thin  ;  weak. 

Were  not  Milo  his  amies  brawnefallen  for  want  of 
wTastlyng?  /-;//.'/,  Euphues,  Auat.  of  Wit,  p.  127. 

brawnlness  (bra'ni-nes),  n.  [<  brawmj  -f 
-ness.']  The  quality  of  being  brawny ;  strength; 
hardiness. 

This  brawniness  and  insensibility  of  mind  is  the  best 
armour  against  the  common  evils  and  accidents  of  life. 

Locke,  Education,  §  113. 


Ml,  brantle,   hrangle,    etc.,  <  F.  bransle,  now  brawny  (br^'ni),  a.     [<  ME.  hniicni/,  fleshy  (of 


branle,  a  dance,  same  as  bransle,  branle,  verbal 
n.  of  bransler,  branler,  shake,  move,  etc. :  see 
brandle,  brantle,  branle.^  A  kind  of  dance;  a 
liTanle. 

Good  fellowes  must  go  Icarne  to  daunce. 

The  brydeal  is  full  near-a ; 
There  is  a  brail  come  out  of  Fraunce, 
The  fyrst  ye  harde  this  yearea. 
^ood  Fellowes (Ibm).  (HaUiwell,  Note  to  Marston's  Plays.) 
Thence  did  Venus  learn  to  lead 
The  Idalian  brawls.       B.  Jotuon,  Vision  of  Delight. 
My  grave  lord-keeper  led  the  brawls; 
The  seal  and  maces  danced  before  him. 

Gray,  Long  Story. 

brawler  (bra'l&r),    n.      [ME.   brawlere.'\     One 
who  brawls ;  a  noisy  fellow ;  a  wrangler. 
Tlic  great  statesman  degenerated  into  an  angry  braider. 
Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  xii. 

brawlie,  '"'''.  See  brawl;/. 
brawling  (bra'ling),  «.  [ME.  bratilyng;  verbal 
n.  of  lirnwl^,  r.]  The  act  of  quaiTeling;  speeili- 
cally,  in  Eng.  law,  the  offense  of  quarreling  or 
creating  a  disturbance  in  a  church  or  church- 
yard, 
brawling  (bra'ling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  brawT^-,  r.] 
1.  I'ontcntious;  quarrelsome;  noisy. 

1  know  she  is  an  irlcsonie,  brawlinij  scold. 

Shak.,  t.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
The  spirit-grieving  sounds  of  brawliny  commerce. 

Irpiny,  Knickerbocker,  p.  100. 
From  brawling  parties  concords  come. 

Lowell,  To  the  Muse. 

■2.  Making  the  noise  of  rushing  water:  as, 
"brawliiu/  springs,"  Collins. 

The  brawlinr}  streams  shall  soon  he  dumb. 

O.  If.  Holmes,  Old- Year  Song. 

brawlingly  (bra'ling-U),  adv.     In  a  brawling 

f.r  i|iiiirri'lsome  manner, 
brawlins  (bra'linz),   adv.     Same    as   hrawhj. 

|.S.(,l.-h.] 
brawly  (linl'li),  adv.  and  a.     [Also  brawlie;  = 

E.  hranli/.']     Bravely;   finely;   heartily;   very 

well;  in  good  health  or  con<litiou.     [Scotch.] 
I  am  brawly  now  again  — it  was  nae  great  thing  that 

iiil.-d  me.  Scolt,  Abbot,  II.  b'J. 

brawn  (brftn),  n.  [<  ME.  braun,  brawn,  mus- 
il.;,  bf)ar'H  (lesh,  <  OF.  brann,  n  )iici'e  of  flesh, 
=  I'r.  bradiin,  bra:nn,  braon  =  <  )Sp.  brahon,  < 
'ill'i.  hrdio  (n<;<t.  hrdtiin),  a  ]>iere  of  flesh  for 
riii-liiig,  Mll'i.  brute,  (i.  bratiu,  roant  irieat  (  = 
.\.s.  hriidt,  roast  meat),  <  OJKj.  bmlan,  .MIIU. 
bnileii,  a,  bratcn  =  AH.  brtviliin  =  (JFries. 
brftin  =  H.  brailcn,  roost,  broil  (cf.  iJnn.  brail, 
II  i'Miit  (if  meat.)  ;  cf.  Gr.  TTplitkiv,  liurii.  blow  inio 
»  tliiiM..]  1.  Boar's  flesh  ;  tlie  f.esh  of  tin-  hour 
or  "I  ^v.  Ill",  lollarod  ho  as  to  Htjuce/.e  out  mucli 
"f  til.  i;,i,  hi.ilcd,  and  pickled. 

I  «■  ■  lijiliiii.!  here  like  niri«tma»,  excepting fcrnira  and 
mlnccpUM  In  places  whore  I  dlno. 

Swi.n,  Journal  to  HtclU,  \xUrT  .18. 

2.  .^  ■  '■  ni.andri.  [Nowonly  prov.  En^.] 

IbiL  llintblrriK',  nnd  lirndclii  the  ni  lioldefR, 

Brok  .  'trawnr  >«itli  bniiitlU  folio  Inrup. 

Mart'  .lr(Aur<(B.  K.  T.  8.),  I.  lOK, 


fruit):  <  brawn  +  -^/l.]     1.  Fleshy;  muscirlar; 
ha\iug  large  strong  muscles ;  bulkj-;  strong. 
O.ve  dounge  abi>ut  her  rootes  yf  that  me  trete 
The  pomes  sadde  aud  brawny  wol  it  get*. 

Palladiws,  iii.  106. 
The  muscles  of  his  brawny  arms 
Are  strong  as  iron  bands. 

Longfellow,  Village  Blacksmith. 

2.  Figuratively,  firm;  hardened;  ha\'ing  great 
power  of  resistance. 

A  braumy  conscience  which  hath  no  feeling  in  it. 

J.  Mede,  Apost.  of  the  Latter  Times,  ii. 

braws  (braz),  n.  pi.    See  braw,  n. 

braxy  (brak'si),  n.  and  a.  [E.  dial.,  Sc.  also 
braxes,  braxit,  also  bracks,  braik.  Cf.  brack^  and 
braslfi.'\  I.  n.  1.  A  disease  of  sheep  character- 
ized by  inflammation  of  the  bowels  and  reten- 
tion of  the  urine :  also  called  the  sickness  in 
some  parts  of  Scotland.  The  name  is  also  given 
to  a  variety  of  other  diseases  of  sheep. — 2.  A 
sheep  ha\ing  the  braxy ;  hence,  the  mutton  of 
such  a  sheep. 

II.  a.  Aft'ected  or  tainted  with  braxy:   as, 
braxji  sheep ;  braxtj  mutton. 
Also  spelled  braksi/. 

brayl  (bra),  r.  t.  [<'ME.  braijen,  <  OF.  brayer, 
brcicr,  brvhicr,  F.  brniicr  =  Vv.  Sp.  brcyar,  pound, 
bray,  prob.  <  MHG.  brechcn  =  E.  break,  q.  v.] 
To  pound  or  beat  thoroughly,  as  with  a  pestle 
or  otlier  instrument ;  triturate,  crush,  mix,  etc., 
by  beating  or  any  analogous  action :  as.  to  hrai/ 
drugs;  to  hrai/  printers'  ink.     See  brai/er^. 

Recipe  the  cromys  of  nhyte  bredc,  &  swete  npjls,  " 
sokkis  of  eggis,  tfc  bray  tlmm  wele. 

Bahees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  6:!. 

Though  thou  shouldst  lirny  a  (ool  In  a  mortar,  .  .  .  yet 
will  iKit  his  foolishness  depart  from  him.    I'rov.  xxvil.  •.!•.>. 

bray'-  (bra),  v.  [<  ME.  bruycn,  <  OF.  braire,  < 
ML.  braf/irc,  bray,  brayare,  cry,  scpiall,  prob. 
of  Celtic  origin:  see  brag  and  /)r«»7'.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  utteraloud  and  Marsli  cry:  willi 
reference  now  es]i(M'iallv  to  tli(>  ass,  but  for- 
merly also  to  the  bull,  deer,  and  other  animals, 
as  well  as  to  man. 

Whan  the  siiuycrB  liadde  cried  and  braird  for  thelro  lord 
longe  while,  thel  toke  hym  vp  nnd  bar  hyin  to  thclre  hi.» 
t,,ll,  .l/,W;;i(H.  K.  T.  .s.).  III.  4ii7. 

Whan  the  Sarazln  feltc  hym-BcIf  no  dlirouleil,  he  lled.U- 
crj'lngc  and  brayinge  aji  a  bole  Ibull]. 

*  ^/er(m(E.  E.  T.  8.),lfl.r.r>«. 

I.ftUKh,  nnd  tlley 
Bctum  It  louder  than  an  am  can  hray. 

Dryden,  II*.  of  .TnveniirH  Sntlrefi. 

Hence  —  2.  To  make  a  loud,  harsh,  disagree- 
able sound. 

Heard  ye  the  din  of  battle  brayt  Oray,  The  Hard. 

And  varying  notes  the  wnrpliies  brayed 
To  ever  varying  idan.  ,sVo/(,  .Mnrndon,  v.  f. 

n.  trans.  To  uttor  with  a  loud,  hnrsli  Houn.l, 
like  the  ass. 

The  kidtlo  drum  nnd  trumpet  llius  liriiii  out 

The  trinmldi  of  bl«  pledge.         Shak.,  lliunlet,  I.  4. 

Anim  on  armour  clashing  bray'd 
Ilurriblo  dUeurd.  UUton,  1'.  L.,  vl.  'Ml. 


a  dike  or  bank,  <  ML.  braca,  a  dike  or  bank, 
same  as  OF.  braie,  <  ML.  hraija.  part  of  a  river 
confined  between  dikes  to  facilitate  the  catch- 
ing of  fish.]  A  bank  or  mound  of  earth  used 
in  fortification ;  a  breastwork:  a  bulwark ;  spe- 
cifically, a  wall  or  other  work  in  advance  of 
and  covering  the  gate  of  a  fortress. 

Tliat  they  coidd  scant  put  their  heads  over  ihe  bray  or 
biUwark.  Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  18. 

Order  was  given  that  bulwarks,  brays,  and  walls  should 
be  raised  in  liis  castles  and  strongholds. 

Lord  Herbert,  Hen.  VIII.,  p.  28. 

I.  bray*  (hra),  n.  [=  Sc.  brae,  bra,  <  ME.  braye, 
also  hr)i,  bro,  etc.,  <  Gael,  braiijh,  the  upper  part 
ofany  thingorplace  {braigti  diithcha,  the  higher 
parts  of  a  district;  hraii/h  Locltabar,  the  braes 
of  Lochaber,  etc.),  also  hniidlt  =  Ir.  braid,  up- 
per part,  height;  cf.  W.  bri;/,  top,  summit,  bre, 
hUl,  peak,  =  AS.  beorh.  E.  barrmi;  a  hill,  mound: 
see  barrow^.'\  A  piece  of  sloping  ground;  an 
accli\-ity  or  tleclivity. 
.\gainst  a  roeke  or  an  hye  braye. 

Aschani,  Toxophilus,  Works,  p.  170. 

Pu.sh'd  up  the  bray,  indignantly  they  feel 
The  clanking  lash  and  the  retorted  steeL 

Brookes,  The  Fox-Chase. 

brayS  (bra),  n.  [Also  written  brey  ;  <  F.  braye, 
"a  close  linnen  breek  or  tmder-slop,  .  .  .  also 
a  clout,"  pi.  braycs,  "short  and  close  breeches, 
drawers,  or  under-hose  of  linnen,  &e.,"  .  .  . 
also  "barnacles  for  a  horse's  nose"  (Cotgrave), 
mod.  F.  braics,  breeches,  <  L.  braca;  breeches: 
see  braca;  brail,  and  brccrli.'\  If.  A  clout  for 
a  young  child.  Kersey,  1708. —  2.  In  Iter.:  (a) 
Barnacles  or  twitchers  for  subduing  a  horse : 
used  as  a  bearing,  (h)  [Perhaps  a  corruption 
of  brake'*,  break.']  A  bearing  similar  to  the 
preceding  in  form,  representing  a  tool  used 
for  breaking  hemp  :  sometimes  called  a  hcnip- 
bray,  hemp-brake,  or  hackle,  (hie  or  other  of  these 
healings  is  frci|uently  usetl  in  allusive  heraldry  for  fami- 
]i,'s  iif  the  naine  llniy  ami  the  like. 

brayd,  braydet,  '■.  and  «.     See  braid. 
brayer'  (bril'cr),  n.    [<  fcra.i/i  -1-  -er 


7-1. 1  In  print- 
ing, a  small  composition-roller  used  for  tritu- 
rating and  spreading  the  ink  on  a  table  or  slab 
and  (laubing  it  on  a  platen  or  disk. 

brayer'-  (bra'er),  «.  [<  bray'-^  +  -erl.]  One 
wild  or  tliat  which  brays  like  an  ass. 

Brayera  (bra-ye'ra),  )i".     [NL.]     See  Tlagcnia. 

brayette  (l)ra-yet'),  «.  [F.]  Sumo  as  bragiiette. 

braying  (bra'iiig),  ».  [<  MF..  hrayimjc :  verbal 
n.  of  hray-.  r.]  1.  Tlu>  liarsli  crying  of  an 
ass.— 2.  Vocal  or  instrtuuental  clamor;  harsh 
utterance. 

There  he  stands  with  unimpeachable  passivity  amid  the 
shouldering  and  braying ;  n  spectacle  to  men. 

Carlyle,  I'rench  Kov.,  II.  v.  2. 

braylet,  «•  and  r.     See  brail. 

braynet,  ».     See  brain. 

braze'  (bniz),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  jip.  bra:ed,  ppr. 
hra:iiiii.  [<  ME.  bra.icn,  <  AS.  hrasian,  cover 
with  brass,  <  br<cs,  brass:  see  brans'^.   Cf.  ijUix, 

<  (//«,«.<  ,•  fira::c,  <  gra.is.}  To  cover  or  ornament 
with  brass,  or  as  if  with  brass:  as,  "a  tripod 
richly  brazed,"  Chapman,  Odyssey,  xv. 

Show  of  iliuids 
That  brase  the  horizon's  wc»tcin  rim. 

Lowell,  liider  the  Willows. 

braze"  (braz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brazed,  rtyir. 
brazing.  [<  l'\  ?)r(wc, OF.  bras<r,  solder.  <  feel. 
bra.ia,  hanli^n  by  (ire  :  see  brass^  and  hniizrl. 
Tartly  confused  with  briizr^,  from  tlie  same  ult, 
soiiri-e.|  1.  To  solder,  (>s|i('cinlly  with  hard 
siililer,  such  as  an  alloy  of  brass  and  zine. 

In  llu'  nlgii  of  Henry  IV.  II  was  enucted  that  all  arrow- 
hi-iids  Mhoiild  be  well  hrased  antl  hai'di'iieil  at  the  notlits 
with  hleel.  Jincye.  Brit.,  II.  872. 

2t.  To  harden  ;  make  callous. 

I,el  ine  wring  yniir  heiiil  ;  for  so  I  shall,  .  .  . 
If  diunneil  cilnloMi  liiilh  imt  brazil  It  so, 
'rliiit  It  is  liroor  and  Inilwiirk  against  sense. 

.SVin*.,  Hamlet,  III.  4. 

braze'',  ».    Soo  braize",  2. 

brazed  (brtizd),  a.     In  her.,  same  as  braced,  1. 

brazen  (tira'zn),  a.    fF.arly  moil.  I'),  also  bra.wn, 

<  mi;,  brasen,  <  AS.  bra'srn,  of  brass,  <  hrws, 
liriiss. -I- -cm'-!.]  1.  Made  of  brass  :  un,a.brazrn 
lielniel. —  2.  Pertaining  to  brass;  proceeding 
from  brasa. 


trazen 

Trumpeters, 
With  brazen  din  blast  you  the  city's  ear. 

Shak.,  A.  amiC,  iv.  8. 

3.  Extremely  strong;  impenetrable:  from  brass 
often  serving  as  a  type  of  strength,  impenetra- 
bility, and  the  like:  as,  "  environed  with  a  bra- 
sen  wall,"  Sliak..  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4. — 4.  Impu- 
dent I  having  a  front  like  brass. 

Such  a  brazen  dog  sure  never  my  eyes  lielield. 

Goldsmith,  .Slie  .Stooijs  to  Conquer,  ii. 

Talbot  .  .  .  appeared  daily  witli  ^ra?e«  front  before  the 
princess  wliose  ruin  he  had  plotted. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Also  spelled  brasen. 
Brazen  age.  ^ee  mjes  in  mythology  and  history,  under 
rt;R'.— Brazen  dish,  a  brass  dislx  made  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII,,  and  kept  chained  to  a  pillar  at  \\iri;s\\(irHi 
in  Derl)ys]iire,  England.  It  is  used  liy  the  Ifaii-niiiK-rs  in 
the  Low  Peak  as  a  standard  nleasnr^^ — Brazen  horn. 
Same  as  buryhmote-honi. —  Brazen  sea(,?  Ki.  xxv.  13),  in 
./e«rtWi  a7i(i''/.,  a  large  vessel  of  bra.ss  i)l;it_ed  in  Solomon's 
temple,  called  a  molten  sea  in  1  Ki.  vii.  23-25,  wliere  it  is 
described.  It  stood  on  12  brazen  oxen,  and  was  10  cubits 
from  brim  to  brim,  5  in  height,  and  30  in  circumference. 
It  was  designed  for  the  priests  to  wash  themselves  in  be- 
fore they  performed  tlie  service  of  the  temple. 
brazen  (bra'zn),  r.  t.  [<  brazen,  o.]  To  be- 
have with  insolence  or  effrontery  in  regard  to  : 
with  an  indefinite  it  as  object. 

Men  would  face  it  and  brazen  it.  Latimer. 

To  brazen  out,  to  persevere  in  treating  with  effrontery  : 
with  an  indelinite  it,  or  a  noun  like  matter,  affair,  butii- 
^less,  etc. 

I'm  resolved  to  brazen  the  business  out. 

Sir  J.  Vanbruffh,  The  Relapse,  iv.  4. 

Thornton  .  ,  .  brazened  it  out  with  his  usual  impudence. 
Bulwer,  Pelham,  l.x.\viii. 

brazen-browed  (bra'zn-broud),  a.    Shameless ; 
impudent. 
IS'oon-day  vices  and  brazen-browed  iniquities. 

Sir  T.  Broivne,  Christ.  Mor.,  1.  3.'). 

brazen-face  (bra'zn-fas),  n.  An  impudent  per- 
son ;  one  remarkable  for  effrontery. 

Well  said,  brazen-/aee  ;  hold  it  out. 

Shak.,  JI.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 

brazen-faced  (bra'zn-fast),  a.  Impudent;  bold 
to  excess;  shameless:  a,s,  " a.  brazen-faced  vav- 
let,"  Shal:,  Lear,  ii.  2. 

brazen-fisted  (bra'zn-fis''''ted),  a.  Having  hard 
fists,  as  if  of  brass. 

brazenly  (bra'zn-li),  adv.  In  a  brazen  man- 
ner; boldly;  impudently. 

brazenness  (bra'zn-nes),  n.  1.  Appearance 
like  brass;  brassiness. — 2.  Impudence;  excess 
of  assui'ance. 

He  had  a  sonorous  bass  voice,  and  an  air  of  self-confi- 
dence inclining  to  brazenness. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  ou  the  Floss,  ii.  1. 

brazier^  (bra'zier),  n.  [Also  hrasier;  <  ME. 
brasierc,  brasyere,  a  worker  in  brass,  <  bras, 
brass,  -t-  -i-ere,  -y-ere,  as  in  collier,  etc.  Cf. 
ira*el.]     An  artificer  who  works  in  brass. 

brazier"-^  (bra'zier),  11.  [Also  brufiicr;  <  P.  bra- 
sier,  a  pan  of  live  coals,  formerly  braeier,  "a 
burning  coal,  quickfire  of  coals,  hot  embers" 


«>■ 


Bronze  Brazier  made  in  1675  by  Pedro  Cerdanyae  for  the  GuildhaU  of 
Barcelona.     (From  "  L'Arl  pour  Tous.") 

(Cotgrave)  (ef.  braisidre,  a  camp-kettle),  < 
braise,  live  coals:  see  braize^.']  An  open  pan 
for  burning  charcoal,  used  especially  for  heat- 
ing rooms  in  southern  and  eastern  countries, 
such  as  Italy,  China,  Japan,  etc. 

Four  nice-looking  Japanese  girls  brought  us  tliick  cot- 
ton quilts  to  sit  upon,  and  braziers  full  of  burning  char- 
coal, to  warm  ourselves  by. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  II.  xix. 

brazier^  (bra'zier), )(.  [Anotherform  otbraize'^, 
D.  brascm,  etc.,  bream:  see  bream^.'\  A  name 
used  on  the  northern  coast  of  Ii-eland  for  the 
common  sea-bream,  Pagelliis  centrodontus. 

brazil  (bra-zil'),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brasil 
(with  accent  on  the  first  syllable;  cf.  brassil, 
hrissel-cock),  <  ME.  brasil,'  brasi/Ie  =  ODan. 
brasilie,  Dan.  brasilie{-tra')  =  Nonv.  bresel,  hri- 
sel,  <  OP.  brcsil,  mod.  P.  hresil  =  Pi',  bresil,  brc- 
zilh  =  Sp.  OPg.  brasil  (>  mod.  It.  brasile :  ML. 
brasilium,  braxile,  bresillum,  brisiUum,  brisia- 
eitm),  orig.  a  red  dyewood  brought  from  the 
East.  Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps,  as  Diez  sug- 
gests, <  Pr.  brezilliar  (=  P.  bresiller),  break  into 
fragments,  crumble,  <  briza,  a  fragment,  little 


607 

bit  (=  P.  bris,  a  breaking  open,  a  wreck,  former- 
ly fragments,  rubbish:  see  /;/■('.•,■.>(-',  n.,  bra:z(-<),  < 
brizar  =  P.  hrLser,  break  :  see  bruisr  and  iltbris. 
The  name  would  refer  to  the  form  in  which  the 
dyewood  was  imported.  Now  usually  in  comp. 
brazil-wood,  with  direct  reference  to  the  coun- 
try Brazil.  The  country,  named  Santa  Cruz  by 
its^  (second)  discoverer,  Pedro  Alvarez  Cabral 
(1500),  afterward  received  the  name  Jlrazit,  it 
is  said,  from  King  Emmanuel  of  Portugal,  on 
account  of  its  producing  rod  dyewood.  Tlie 
name  had  been  long  before  applied  to  a  sup- 
posed island  in  the  Atlantic,  perhaps  by  asso- 
ciation with  Pliny's  Insuhe  I'urpiiraritc  (lit. 
Purple  Islands),  sometimes  supposed  to  refer 
to  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo.]  It.  A  heavy  dve- 
wood  of  the  genus  (Jtesulpinia  (C  tiappan),  im- 
ported from  the  East,  now  known  as  sajipan- 
wood  (which  see). 

Him  nerletli  not  his  colour  for  to  dien 
Witli  brasil  ne  with  grain  of  Portingale. 

Chaucer,  C.  T.  (ed.  Tyrwhitt),  1.  I.'i4«4. 

2.  A  very  heavy  dyewood,  from  Brazil  and 
other  parts  of  tropical  America.  The  true  brazil- 
wood is  from  the  leguminous  tree  C<esalj/inia  echinata, 
but  the  name  is  also  given  to  C.  peltophoroides.  Woods 
known  .as  peach-wood  and  lima-wood  are  said  to  be  from 
the  same  species.  The  wood  has  a  slightly  aromatic  odor 
and  a  bitter-sweet  taste.  To  extract  the  coloring  mattcrl 
the  wood  is  finely  ground,  allowed  to  ferment  in  the  air, 
and  tlien  boiled  in  copper  cylinders  with  water.  Tlie  ex- 
tract produces  purple  dyes  witli  salts  of  iron,  and  red  with 
salts  of  alumina.  Lakes  used  by  decorators  ai-c  also  made 
from  it,  and  common  red  ink  is  prepared  by  adding  a  little 
alum  and  acid  to  a  decoction  of  it.    Also  spelled  brasU. 

Are  my  bones  brazil,  or  my  flesh  of  oak '.' 

O,  mend  what  thou  hast  niade,  wliat  I  liave  broke. 

Qnarles,  Emblems,  iii.  5. 

3.  Sulphate  of  iron.     [North.  Eng.] 
brazil-cockt,  «•     [.Also  written  brasil-cock;  and 

corruptly  brissel-cock,  brissil-cock,  with  ref.  to 
Brazil,  representing  America,  the  place  of  its 
origin.]     A  tm'key. 

brazileibto  (braz-i-let'6),  «.  [Pg.  brazilete,  bra- 
zij-wood ;  Sp.  brnsiletc,  P.  brisillet,  dim.  of  brasil, 
etc. :  see  brazil.']  A  wood  resembling  brazil- 
wood, obtained  from  the  West  Indies  and  parts 
of  Central  America,  from  species  of  Cimalpinia, 
C.  crista  and  C.  pectinata,  and  the  nearly  allied 
Peltophorum  Linnwi.  it  is  used  for  dyeing  and  in 
cabinet-work.  The  bastard  or  false  brazilettn  of  the  same 
region  includes  a  number  of  ditferent  shrubs  t>r  trees,  as 
Pieramnia  Antidesitia,  natural  order  Simaruljaceie,  the 
saxifragacenus  Weinmannia  pinnata,  and  the  araliaceous 
Seiiidoplujllum.  caj'itatuin. 

Brazilian  (bra-zil'ian),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  [<  Brazil 
(Pg.  Brazil,  Sp.  Brasil,  etc. :  see  brazil)  +  -u/h.] 
Pertaining  to  Brazil,  an  empire  and  the  largest 
comitry  of  South  America :  as,  Brazilian  produc- 
tions  Brazilian  balsam.    See  6a(Ka»i.— Brazilian 

bean.  .See  ^^(nii.— Brazilian  cocoa, gnarana.— Brazil- 
ian pebbles,  lenses  fur  .spertarles  ground  from  jfure, 
colorless  rock-crystal  olituined  from  Brazil.— Brazilian 
plait,  in  England,  plait  made  of  dried  flag-grass  which  is 
imported  from  the  West  Indies,  and  perhaps  from  South 
Anierira. 
II.  II.  A  native  or  an  inluibitaut  of  Brazil. 

brazilin,  braziline  (braz'i-Un),  h.  [<  brazil 
+  -in'^,  -ine" ;  also  wi'itten  breziliiie,  after  P. 
bresiline.']  A  crystaUizable  coloring  principle 
(CieHi405)  obtained  from  brazil-wood.  Also 
written  brasiliii,  brasiliiii;  brezilinc. 

Brazil-nut  (bra-zil'nut),  K.  The  seed  of  the 
fruit  of  Bertliolhiia  excelsa,  a  tre(!  of  the  natu- 
ral order  Myrtacea;,  a  native  of  (iuiana,  Vene- 
zuela, and  Brazil.  The  fruit  is  nearly  roun<l  and 
about  (;  inches  in  diameter,  having  an  extremely  hard 
shell  about  J  incli  thick,  and  contaming  from  IS  to  24 


a  fruit  oi  BerthoUetia  excelsa;  *.  same  with  portion  of  shell 
removed  :  c,  a  single  nut  on  laiyer  scale. 

triangular  wrinkled  seeds,  which  are  so  fitted  together 
within  tlie  shell  that  when  once  disturbed  it  is  impossible 
to  repLace  them.  Wlien  tlie  fruits  are  ripe  tliey  fall  from 
the  tree  and  are  collected  liy  Indians.  They  are  tlien  split 
open  with  an  ax,  and  the  seeds  are  taken  out  and  packed 
in  liaskets  for  transportation.  Besides  being  used  as  an 
article  of  dessert,  a  bland  oil,  used  by  watclnnakcrs  and 
others,  is  exprcsseii  from  them.    See  BerthulUlia. 

Brazil-root  (bra-zil'riit),  H.   A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  root  of  ipecacuanha. 
Brazil  tea.    Saim^  as  mate. 
Brazil  wax.    See  H-nj. 
brazil-wood  (bra-zil'wud),  k.    Same  as  braetl. 


breach 

brazing-tongs  (bra'zing-tdngz),  n.  pi.  Tongs 
Willi  liroud  Hat  jaws,  used  in  brazing.  See 
hra,y:'^. 

breach  (brech),  «.  [<  (l)  ME.  brcche,  also,  with- 
out assibilation,  Itrekc  (>rnod.  E.  break,  71.,  and 
dial,  brcek'^,  q.  v.),  also  bre'kkc  (>  mod.  E.  dial. 
breck,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  'brcce,  'ijebrece,  found  only 
in  the  sense  of  '  a  piece '  (in  comp.  brec-mmlum, 
piecemeal,  kldf-rjAreci:,  a  piece  of  broad),  = 
OPrif.'H.  hreke,  bretsf,  brezi,  breHze,  lirenzie,  m. 
and  f.,  a  break,  breach,  fracture,  =  MD.  breke, 
a  break,  breach,  fracture,  =  ML(i.  breke,  a 
breach,  violation  ;  the  aljove  fonns  being  mixed 
with  (Ii)  ME.  bruche,  'hrijchi:,  t!»o,  without  as- 
siliilation,  bryke,  brike,  a  breach,  violation,  in- 
jury, ruin  (>  E.  dial,  hrick'^,  a  flaw,  Sc.  brick, 
a  breai-h,  a  division  of  land),  <  AS.  hryce,  brirx: 
(=OiI(J.  brnh,  JIHO.  (i.  bnieh).  m.,  a  breaking, 
breach,  fracture,  violation,  fragment,  piece 
(cf.  MD.  breucke,  D.  brenk,  t.,  a  breaking,  frac- 
ture, rupture,  crime,  fine,  =  <}.  briiche,  t.,  a 
crime,  fine);  ef.  (3)  E.  dial,  brock,  AS.  ijehroc, 
neut.,  =  D.  brok,  ra.,  =  OUG.  hrocco,  MHG. 
brocke,  G.  brocke,  bracken,  ra.,  =  Goth,  i/abruka, 
{.,  a  fragment,  piece,  bit  (see  brock''')-  and  (4) 
several  other  closely  related  noun  fonns  (see 
brack^,  braki-i,  etc.)f'  <  brecan  (pret.  brae,  pp. 
brocen),  break.  Breach  is  thug  a  deriv.  of  break; 
related,  in  present  though  not  in  orig.  form,  to 
break  as  speech  is  to  .ijieak.  Hence  (from  ME.  or 
MLG.)  OP.  MP.  breche,  bresche,  mod.  F.  brechc, 
a  breach,  gap,  break,  injur}',  >  Sp.  Pg.  brecha, 
a  breach,  =  It.  breccia,  formerly  also  brecchia, 
a  breacli,  a  gap,  a  rupture,  =  G.  bresche,  a 
breach  in  a  wall,  etc.  The  It.  breccia,  gravel, 
now^  technically  breccia,  =  P.  briche,  breccia, 
is  closely  related,  but  may  \te  taken  from  the 
G. :  see  bnccia.  See  break,  «.,  breek'^,  breck, 
brick^,  brack^,  brake'i,  related  to  and  in  part 
identical  with  breach;  see  also  brick^.]  1. 
The  act  of  breaking :  now  used  only  figuratively 
of  the  violation  or  neglect  of  a  law,  contract,  or 
any  other  obligation,  or  of  a  custom. 

A  custom 
More  honour'd  in  the  breach  than  tlie  observance. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  I.  4. 
Tile  deadliest  sin  lier  mind  could  reach 
Was  of  monastic  rule  the  breach. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iL  3, 

2.  An  opening  made  by  breaking  down  a  por- 
tion of  a  solid  body,  as  a  wall,  a  dike,  or  a 
river-bank;  a  rupture;  a  break;  a  gap. 
Could  make  old  Trent, 
Drunk  with  my  sorrow,  to  start  out  in  l/reacha. 
To  drown  their  herds,  their  cattle,  and  their  com. 

U.  Jon*on,  Sad  Shepherd,  L  2. 
Thou  hast  made  the  eaith  to  tremble ;  thou  bast  broken 
it ;  heal  the  breaches  thereof.  Pg.  Ix.  2, 

He  then  led  his  men  to  the  a^«ault,  taking  charge  him- 
self of  tliosc  who  were.to  stonn  the  lireaeh. 

J'rescoli,  Ferd.  and  Isa,,  IL  11. 

3t.  A  break  or  interruption  in  utterance. 
And  all  her  sister  N'>'mphcs  with  one  consent 
Siipplide  her  sobbing  t/reaches  with  sad  complement 

Sixnxr,  F.  Q.,  III.  in  35. 

4.  A  rupture  of  friendly  relations;  difference; 
quarrel.  - 

There's  fallen  between  him  an<]  my  lord 

An  unkind  breach.  Shak.,  Othello,  ir.  1. 

5.  Infraction;  ^■iolation;  infringement:  as,  a 
breach  of  the  peace,  of  a  promise,  or  of  a  con- 
tract. 

This  breach  upon  kingly  power  was  without  precedent. 

Clarendon. 
It  is  no  breach  of  charity  to  call  these  fools. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Kcliglo  Medici,  il.  U 
The  first  st«p3  in  the  breach  of  a  man's  integrity  are 
much  more  important  than  men  are  aware  of. 

Strtle.  Spectator,  Xo.  MS. 

6.  Injury;  wound;  bruise. 

Breach  for  breach,  eye  for  eye,  tooth  for  tooth. 

Lev.  xxiv.  30. 

7.  The  breaking  of  waves;  the  dashing  of  surf. 

Some  hour  before  you  took  me  from  the  breach  of  the 
sea  was  my  sister  drowned.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  1. 

We  scudded  witli  frightful  velocity  before  the  sea.  and 
the  water  made  cle:ir  breaches  over  us.  Poe,  Tales.  I.  154. 
Breach  of  arrest,  a  military  otfense  committed  by  an 
officer  in  arrest  who  lea\c>  lli^  qmartera  or  limits  without 
authority  from  his  supt-n-T  ,illiccr.  It  is  punishable  by 
cashiering. —  Breach  of  arrestment,  in  .Srof*  larr.  an  act 
of  contempt  of  legal  anth.  :  ■ ''i  by  an  arrestee 

disregarding  the  arrestmen-  iiids,  and  pa>'ing 

the  sum  or  delivering  iln  -  .  i  to  the  common 

debtor.— Breach  of  close,  <••■  ■■' .  -m  unwarrantable  en- 
try on  another  s  laiul.  Breach  of  covenant,  a  i-iolatitm 
of  a  covenant  onilaiind  in  a  deed  i  ither  to  do  or  ref  rain 
from  doing  a  din.  t  act  -Breach  of  duty,  the  failure  to 
execute  aiiv  .>llic>.  ■  iiii'l.'ynu  nt,  tnist.  etc.,  in  a  pn.pcr 
manner.— Breach  of  promise,  a  vi.dation  of  ones  "■ird 
or  undertakini: ;  iioii-lultilnient  of  what  one  had  agreed  to 
do:  often  usril  al'soliittly  for  breach  of  promise  of  mar- 
riage.—Breach  Of  the  peace,  a  violation  of  the  public 


breach  668 

peace  as  by  a  riot,  affray,  or  any  tumult  which  is  contrary  biead^,  bredc  (bred),  n.      f\'ar.  of  6)-nMl,  n.] 
to  law  and  iniurioQs  to  the  public  wellare.— Breach  of     a  nieee  of  embroidery:  a  braid.     [Obsolete  or 


trust,  a  violation  of  duty  by  a  trustee,  an  e.\ecutor, 
other  person  in  a  fiduciarj-  position.— To  batter  in 
breaClL  See  batter^.  =Sjn.  1-i.  Jtupture,  etc.  See  frac- 
ture.—2.  Openins,  cleft,  chasm,  rift,  rent,  fissure.— 4.  Mis- 
understanding, alienation,  disarfection,  falling  out. 
breach  (brech),  v.  [<  breach,  n.]  I.  trans.  To 
make  a  breach  or  opening  in. 

The  first  bombardment  had  in  no  place  succeeded  in 
breaching  the  walls. 

C.  D.  Yonge,  Xaval  Hist,  of  Gt  Bntam. 

Roaring  torrents  have  breach'd 


poetical.] 

A  curious  frrede  of  needlework.  Dnnlcn. 

She  everj'  day  came  to  him  in  a  different  dress,  of  tlie 
most  beautiful  shells,  bugles,  and  bredes. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  11. 
O  Attic  shape  1  Fair  attitude !  with  brede 
Of  marble  men  and  maidens  overwrought. 

Keats,  Ode  on  a  Grecian  I'm. 
The  .  .  .  wave  that  rims  the  Carii)  shore 
With  momentarj'  brede  of  pearl  and  gold. 

Lowell,  Sea-weed. 


Thetracli.  ■'f- ^"'"W.  K"8by  ChapeL   ^jj.gg^^_g^jjjj_^^^^gj.    ^^j.^^,  j^^^.y^^^,  ^^.^^  ^,       -^ 


n.  intrans.  To  spring  from  the  water,  as  a 
whale. 

When  the  watch  at  the  masthead  sees  the  whale  spring 
from  the  water,  he  cries,  "There  she  breaches!" 

Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  V.  207. 

breaching-battery  (bre'cMng-bat'er-i),  n.   See 

batten/. 
breacfiy  (bre'chi),  a.  [<  breach  +  -i/l.]     Apt  to 

breali  fences ;  unmly :  applied  to  cattle.   [Col- 

loq.] 


Seeking  bread  and  butter,  or  the  means  of  liv- 
ing; controlled  by  material  wants  and  desires; 
mercenary :   as,  the   bread-tind-butter  brigade 

(applied  to  oiEce-seekers  in  the  United  States),  breadth   ^bredth),    n. 
— 2.  Eating  much  bread  and  butter,  as  young     bredethe   (with  sufiix 
boys  or  girls ;  hence,  belonging  to  adolescence ; 
in  the  stage  of  growth :  as,  she's  but  a  bread-and- 
butter  miss.     [Colloq.] 
The  wishy-waslxy  bread'and-butter  period  of  life. 

Trollope,  Barchester  Towers,  xli. 


breadl  (bred),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bred,  <  bread-barge  (bred'barj),  «.     The  wooden  box 


ME.  breed,  bred,  <  AS.  bread  (=  OFries.  brad 
OS.  brod  =  D.  brood  =  MLG.  brot,  LG.  brood 
=  OHG.  MHG.  brot,  G.  irot  =  leel.  braudh  = 
Sw.  Dan.  brijd),  bread,  prob.,  like  broth'^,  q.  v., 
from  the  root  of  breowan,  etc.,  brew :  see  ftreifl. 
The  AS.  bredd  first  appears  in  the  comp.  be6- 
bredd,  bee-bread  (see  bee-bread);  it  is  seldom 
found  alone;  the  usual  word  for  'bread'  was 


or  tub  in  which  the  crew  of  a  merchant  vessel 
keep  their  daily  allowance  of  biscuit. 
bread-basket  (bred'bas"ket),  n.  1.  A  basket 
for  holding  or  carrying  bread;  specifically,  a 
tray,  generally  oval  in  shape,  used  for  holding 
bread  at  table. —  2.  The  stomach.  [Slang.] 
I  .  .  .  made  tlie  soup-maigre  rumble  in  liis  bread-basket, 

=,  uuc  uouci    ..  v/i«   iv,.     „.^..-.     ..„-     and  laid  bim  sprawling.        i^oote,  Englisliman  in  Pari.s.  i. 

hidf,  E.  loafi,  q.  v.]  1.  A  kind  of  food  made  breadberry  (bred'ber'i),  n.  An  article  of  diet 
of  the  flour  or  meal  of  some  sjiecies  of  grain,  for  convalescents  and  persons  in  delicate  health, 
by  kneading  it  (with  the  addition  of  a  little  madeby  pouring  boiling  water  on  toasted  bread 
salt,  and  sometimes  sugar)  into  a  dough,  yeast  j,^^j  seasoning  it  with  sugar,  etc. ;  pap. 
being  commonly  added  to  cause  fermentation  bread-chippert  (bred'chip"6r),  n.  One  who 
or  "lightness,"  and  then  baking  it.    Tlie  yeast     chips  or  sUces  bread. 

canses  alcoholic  fermentation  and  tl.e  production  of  al-         ^         dispraise  me;  and  call  me  pantler,  and  bread- 
cohol  and  carbomc  acid ;  tiie  latter,  an  expanding  g:is,       . .  .  ^.  .'    ,    .  „       .,,»,....'     ,,,    ..   . 


conoi  anu  caroomc   aciu  ;    me  lanei,  uu  e.ijjeiii.iiiiK  B'".       ..I,-,,,,,,,  -nil  I  know  tint  what? 
pushes  the  particles  of  d.mgh  asuii,ler,  causing  the  bread  to     ch,ppe, ,  and  i  know  not  w  liat  ( 


break 

See  Brosimiim.   The  fcrtsfai-rffcivndnuf  of  Jamaica  is  tha 
fruit  of  a  similar  species,  Pseudohnedia  spuria. 

bread-room  (bred'rom),  h.  An  apartment 
where  bread  is  kept,  especially  such  an  apart- 
ment in  a  ship,  made  water-tight,  and  some- 
times lined  with  tin  to  keep  out  rats. 

bread-root  (bred'rot),  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
j:<:oralea,  the  P.  cscidcnta.     See  PsorakH. 

bread-sauce  (bred'sSs),  «.  A  sauce  usually 
made  of  grated  bread,  milk,  onions,  pepper,  etc. 

breadstuff  (bred'stuf ),  «.  [<  bread^  +  stuff,  «.] 
Any  kind  of  gi-ain  from  which  bread  is  made; 
meal;  floiu":  generally  used  in  the  pliu'al  as  a 
commercial  tei-m  to  signify  all  the  difl'erent 
varieties  of  grain  and  Sour  collectively  from 
which  bread  is  made. 

[<  late  ME.  bredthe, 
th  as  in  length,  toi^th, 
strength,  etc.),  older  form  brcdr,  <  AS.  brwdu, 
breadth:  see  bread",  «.]  1.  The  measure  of 
the  second  principal  diameter  of  a  surface  or 
solid,  the  first  lieing  length,  and  tlie  third  (in 
the  ease  of  a  solidi  tliickiicss.  Tims,  it  a  rectangular 
pandlelopiped  measures  3  feet  by  2  feet  l»y  1  foot,  its 
breadth  is  2  feet.  The  breadth  of  a  surface  is,  in  tlie  com- 
mon use  of  the  word,  tlie  distance  between  the  margins, 
which  are  regarded  as  the  sides,  as  distinguished  from 
lenr/th,  or  tlie  distance  from  end  to  end. 
Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  largeness;  freedom 
from  narrowness  or  restraint;  lilierality:  as, 
lircadtli  of  culture,  breadth  of  view,  etc. —  3. 
That  quality  in  a  work  of  art,  whether  pictorial 
or  plastic,  which  is  obtained  by  the  simple, 
clear  rendering  of  essential  forms,  and  the 
strict  subordination  of  details  to  general  effect. 
Breadth  of  design,  of  color,  of  light  and  shade,  or  of  sur- 
face treatment,  gives  an  impression  of  mastery,  ease,  and. 
freedom  in  the  use  of  material  on  the  part  of  tlie  artist, 
whicli  conveys  a  sense  of  repose  and  dignity  to  the  mind. 
4.  In  logic,  extension ;  the  aggregate  of  sub- 
jects of  which  a  logical  term  can  be  predicated. 
—  5.  Something  that  has  breadth  ;  specifically, 
a  jiiece  of  a  fabric  of  tlie  regular  width ;  a  width. 
—Essential  breadth,  the  aggregate  of  reiU  things  of 


Slialc.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
fise,and,w1th  the  alcohoCis  soon  expelled  liy  the  heat  of  bread-COm  (bred'korn),  n.  Corn  or  grain  of 
the  oven.    See  yeasl.    In  sali-risiwi  bread  the  fermenta-     ,vhich  bread  is  made,  as  wheat,  rye,  maize,  etc. 

tion  is  said  to  be  carried  on  by  bacteria.    Bread  is  some-  ,,         ,,,,>        '    r/  ^„„„wi  J.    ^,,2  1  AfsidB    —ESS 

times  made  partly  or  wholly  from  the  producU  of  other  oreaaent  (.oreo.  n;,  «.      \\  urtaa    -r    ch  .j   iuaue    which,  according  to  its  very  m.:iiiiiig.  a  term  is  predicalile. 
than  cereal  plants,  as  beans,  lentils,  chestnuts,  some  liinds     ot  bread.      [Kare.  J  Xhe  term  lu-in'i.  for  cxainpli',  is  fi.un  itsnieaning  prcilicable 

breadfruit  (bred'frot),  n.   The  fruit  of  the  tree    ofeverytbing.    informed breadth.ihcaggngnteof  real 

Artocarpus  incisa.    See  below.-Breadfruit-tree.    "'■",«*  »'  ";''''^^''  "-''■""  is  predic.ible  with  logieid  truth, 

(a)  The  Artocarpus  incisa,  a  native  of  Java  and  the  i.eigl,.  ,""  the  whole,  in  a  supposed  state  of  infoiniation. 

boring  islands,  but  long  in  cultivation  in  all  the  tropical  breadtheu  (bred  then),  r.  t.      [<  lireadth  +  -eH>-. 

Islandsof  the  Pacific,  and  more  rccentjy  introduced  in  the     (Jf.    lengthen.'}     To    make   broader;    e.\teud  or 


than  cereal  plants, 
of  bark,  etc. 

2.  Figuratively,  food  or  sustenance  in  general. 
Man  shall  not  live  by  bread  alone.  Mat  iv.  4. 

But  sometimes  virtue  starves  while  vice  is  fed. 
What  then  1  is  the  reward  of  virtue  bread  > 

J'ope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  150. 
Many  officers  of  the  army  were  arbitrarily  deprived  of 
their  commissions  and  of  their  bread. 

ilacaula;/.  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Aerated  bread.  Sec  (tera(«.— Bloody  bread.  See 
bloodi/.  —  Biea.<X  Acts,  English  statutes  of  1822  (3  Geo. 
IV.,  c.  106)  and  IMG  («  and  7  Win.  IV.,  c.  3")  regulating 
the  making  and  sale  of  bread,  and  prohibiting  the  adul- 
teration o(  bread,  meal,  and  Hour.— Bread  and  butter, 
one's  means  of  living.    [Colhai.] 

Vour  <|iiarrelling  with  each  other  upon  the  subject  of 
bread  awl  butler  is  the  most  usual  thing  in  the  world. 

Su-i/l,  To  Duchess  of  Queensberry,  Aug.  12,  1732. 
Brown  bread,  (a)  WTieatcn  bread  made  from  unbolted 
Hour,  which  thus  Includes  the  bran  as  well  as  the  finer 
parti  ot  the  Hour :  in  the  United  States  commonly  called 
Gmhainbread.  (b)ln  New  England,  wlieateli  or  rye  bread 
contaiidng  an  admixture  of  Indian  nu-al  ;  a  variety  of  it 
is  called  specifically  lioston  brmrn  //r*'!!-/.  — Hottentot's 
bread.  .See  /{oiirnioi.-s*,.  John's  bread,  a  cbiidni.s 
name  for  ergot.  B^rtv/r?/.  _  Statute  Of  bread  and  ale, 

an  Englluli  statute  ot  I2i«,  better  known  m  the  n.<«i.m 

/'HfiM  et  rerrisi/p.  regulating  the  sale  of  those  coniinodl- 

ties.   -Tatar  bread,   the  root  of    a  cruciferous  plant, 

iramli--  T-i'nrira,  cultivated  for  food  in  Hungary.     To 

break  bread,    .see  (/rmt.— To  know  on  wblcb  side 

one's  bread  la  buttered,    .s^e  bniter^,  v. 

bread'  (bred),  r.  I.     [<  brcad'^,  n.]     In  cool-en/, 

to  prepare  with  grated  bread ;  cover  with  white 

of  igtjs  and  bread-crumbs.  _ 

bread-  (bred),  v.  t.    [<  Jf  K.  breden^  AS.  hraidan 

(=  U.S.  brcdian  =0I10.  breiten,  MHO.  G.  breilcn 

=z  Icel.  breidhja  =  Sw.  breda  =  Dan.  brede  = 

Goth,  'braidjan,  in  comp.   un-brnidjan),  make 

broad,  <  briVl,  broad:   hco  broad,  a.,  and  ef. 

Iirnnil,    v.,    and    limadeii .'\     To    make   broad; 

K[iroa<l.     Hay;  liroye.     [I'rov.  Kng.]^ 

bread'-t,  ».     [<  .MK.  brede.  <  AS.  brmlu  (=  D. 

■.   =  oik;.  Iireiti,  .MIIG.  0.  breite  =  lecl. 

=  Sw.   briild  =    Dan.   bredilc  =  Ootli. 

!,   breadtli,  <  brad,  broad:  see  broad.] 

t.  •  i  uli.     A I  HO  brede.     [The  older  word,  now 

•  :  ■!  ).y  hrrndlh.] 

1-1  thi'  Tonr  of  Ilnl.i!  ■  l.i 

.-  d   with  inno  mill'  iil 

I  .  ..^..,;e  ilacci,  In  length  :. 

MatulevUU,  'Iravi-lK,  p.  41. 
On  brede  I,  nbrowl, 
s..:  -      ' '    ,,  „n  hrfdf.  Chautrr,  Trnllun,  I.  .'i.iO, 

bread  l  ,r.  ^  [Vnr.  of  6rflM';<ME.  ftrrr/m, 

<AS  . '///«)).■  nee  ftrmVfl. J    \n  net-mak- 

ing,'  .  hIich;  not.  AUobrraIhe,  brcdr. 

To  ''  -fie  a  net  |4  to  makii  n  net. 

ifneyc.  Iiril.,  XVII.  3.'.«. 


West  Indies  and  other  parts  of  tropical  America.  The 
leaves  are  large,  rough,  and  lobed.  The  fruit  is  composed 
of  the  numerous  small  female  ttowers  united  into  one  large 
fleshy  mass  about  the  size  of  a  child's  head,  and  is  covered 
with  he.xagonal  marks  externally,  which  are  the  limits  of 
the  individual  flowers.     It  is  roasted  before  being  eaten, 


Diaocb  of  the  Brc.-idfniit-trce  {Artocitrfits  iticistt),  witli  slamlnnte 
and  pUtiUatc  inllorc&ccncc. 

and  though  insipid  it  tonus  the  principal  article  of  food 
in  the  South  Sea  islands.  Another  species  ot  Arloeurmis 
{A.  inteffrifolia)  yields  a  coarser  sort  of  breadfruit,  i-alb-d 
jack-fruit.  >iee  Artocarpus.  Also  callciW'rcrtc/ (rf.',  (M  .\ 
mbiaceons  shrub  of  northern  AiiHfruliu.  tiaritenia  eduh^. 
bearing  a  small  edible  fruit.— Hottentot  broadfrult,  "( 
South  Africa,  the  stem  of  Kncrpbalarlos  <;,il,r.  wliiili  i» 
stripped  of  its  leaves,  buiie.l  In  tllegroiiiid  for  sonic  nionlbs, 
and  then  jiounded,  whin  It  furnishes  a  (iiianllty  of  tarlriii- 
(  eoUH  matter  resembling  sago.  Also  culled  Ka/ir-hrrad. 
breadingt,  ».  [<  breud'^  +  -ingl.]  A  windrow 
or  Hwath.     [Prov.  Eng.]     Soo  extract. 

Ilri-ndiiins  ot  i-oru  or  grass,  the  nwatlus  or  lows  wlMnln 
the  mower  leaves  thein.  Kenndl  (llallluc  111 

bread-knife  (bred'nit),  n.     A  knife  for  cut  I  iiig 

brou.l. 
breadless  (bred'los),  a.    rMK-  hrrdlccs  ;  <  hread^ 
+  -leHH.]     Without  bread  ;  doHliliite  of  food, 
riiimli  lieers  and  ttrratUess  bsirrls  alike  arc  'lull. 

/'.  Wliitrliead,  State  Illinci  ». 

breadmeal  fbrcd'mel),  n.  The  mountnin-tneiil 
•  ir  111  rgiiielil  of  Sweden  and  Finhmd.  Soo  hrrg- 
ni<hl. 

bread-nut  (bred'nut),  n.  The  fniit  of  the  tree 
Jlroaimum  Jlicastrum,  natural  order  Urticacctr. 


stretch  transversely.     [Kare.] 

To  extend  the  pieces  to  their  utmost  width  a  machine 
called  a  breadtheninn  machiiio  is  employed. 

Ure,  Diet.,  I.  067. 

breadthless  (bredth'les),  a.    [<  breadth  +  -less.} 
Without  breadth.     Dr.  II.  More. 
breadth'wise,  breadth-ways  (bredtli'wiz,-waz), 

adr.  [<  breadth  +  ■iri.-ie,  (Cro/i'.]  In  the  direc- 
tion ot  the  breadtli. 

bread-tray  (bred'tra),  n,  A  tray  for  holding 
bread. 

bread-tree  (bred'trO),  «.  Same  as  breadjruit- 
Iree,  (</)  (which  see,  under  breadfruit). 

bread-'weight,  ".     Same  as  troij  weight. 

bread-winner  (bred' win  or),  «.  1.  One  who 
earns  a.  livelihood  for  liitnselfand  those  depen- 
dent upon  him:  usually  restricted  to  one  who 
is  directly  dependent  upon  his  earnings  from 
day  to  day  or  from  week  to  week. 

The  breadwinner  being  gone,  his  goods  were  seized  for 
an  old  debt,  ami  his  wife  was  driven  into  the  streets  to 
beg.  Lcekii,  Eng.  in  ISthOciit.,  xill. 

2.  That  by  means  of  which  one  earns  one's 
broad.     [Rare.] 

1  lie  book-making  specialist  of  oiir  generation  probably 
yields  to  none  of  his  i«-edece8sors  in  the  literary  roll  in 
respect  ot  industry,  skill,  and  luviiniiy;  but  bis  subject, 
as  a  rule,  is  his  business,  his  brea<iinniter. 

ijuarlerl!/  Jlei:,  t'l..\ll.  filB. 

breadyt  (bred'i),  a.  [<  breads  +  -ij^.]  Kesem- 
bliiig  bread. 

break  (brilk),  v. ;  pret.  brohe  (brake  is  obsolete 
or  archaic),  pp.  broken  or  liroke  (obsolescent  or 
iioolical),  ppr.  breaking.  [Early  moil.  E.  and 
dial,  also  breck;  <  UK.'brcken  (pret.  brak,  brek, 
brake,  pi.  brakcn,  breken.  \i\).  broken,  broke),  < 
AS.  breran  (pret.  brae,  pi.  bracon,  pp.  broein) 
=  OS.  brekan  =  01''ries.  breka  =  D.  breken  = 
MI,(i.  brikcn,  IM.  breken,  brakcn  =  Ollli.  brch- 
hiin.  Mild,  brrchen,  (i.  brcchcn  =  Goth,  brikan, 
break  (cf.  Icel.  brdka,  bruise,  braka.  eieak,  Sw. 
brakn.  crack,  =  Dan.  brakke,  lireak  — weak 
vcrba),  =  Ii.  /■(viHvrrr(iierf.7V(r/0;  liorliaps=(Jr. 
I'lt/yvl'vai,  break;  'of.  Ski.  -^J hhniij  (I'or  'hhranji), 
break,  lloiice  (from  AH.  etc.)  breach,  break, 
n.,  brrck,  breck'^,  brick'^,  brake^,  brake-,  brakc'^, 
In-ork'^,  perhaps  hroolA,  etc.;  (through  Kom,) 
/jivii/',  breccia,  bricole,rtc.;  and  (from  L. )./V((C- 
tion,  fracture,  fraiiilc,frail^,  fragment,  i'ic.~\  I. 
trans.  X.  To  divide  iiito  piirt's  or  fiiigineiitsvio- 


break 

lently,  as  by  a  blow  or  strain ;  part  by  a  rup- 
tui'11  of  substance ;  fracture :  used  primarily  of 
rigid  solid  materials:  as,  to  break  a  stone  or  a 
stick;  to  break  a  wall. 

Anil  the  witlows  of  Ashur  are  loud  in  their  wail, 
And  tlie  idols  are  brake  in  the  temple  of  liaal, 

Byron,  Destruction  of  Sennaeherib. 

2.  Specifically,  in  laic,  to  open  or  force  one's 
wav  into  (a  dwelling,  store,  etc.)  btu-glariously. 
A  liniise  ia  said  to  be  broken  by  a  biu'clar  when  any  part 
or  fastening  of  it  is  removed  with  intent  to  effect  an  en- 
trance. 

3.  To  destroy  the  continuity  of  ui  any  way; 
destroy  the  order  or  formation  of ;  disconnect ; 
interrupt;  disorder;  specifically,  of  the  skin, 
lacerate:  as,  to  break  the  center  of  an  army; 
to  break  ranks;  the  stone,  falling,  broke  the  sur- 
face of  the  water;  to  break  an  electric  circuit; 
to  break  one's  sleep ;  the  blow  broke  the  skin. 

Tins  hereditary  right  should  be  kept  so  saered  as  never 
to  break  the  succession.    Sivijt,  Sent,  of  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man,  ii. 
No  other  object  breaks 
The  waste,  but  one  dwarf  tree. 

Shelley,  Julian  and  Maddalo. 

4.  To  destroy  the  completeness  of ;  remove  a 
part  from;  hence,  to  exchange  for  a  smaller 
amount,  as  a  bank-note  in  payment :  as,  to  break 
a  set  of  chessmen;  to  break  a  ten-dollar  bill. 

But  I  am  uneasy  about  these  same  four  guineas :  I  think 
you  should  have  given  them  back  again  to  your  master  ; 
and  yet  I  liave  broken  them.        Rkhardson,  Pamela,  xvii. 

5.  To  lessen,  impair,  or  destroy  the  force, 
strength,  or  intensity  of;  weaken:  as,  a  con- 
stitution broken  by  dissipation;  to  break  a 
child's  will ;  to  break  the  force  of  a  blow. 

An  old  man,  broken  with  the  storms  of  state. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 

I'll  rather  leap  down  first  and  break  your  fall.    Dryden. 
Too  com-teous  are  you,  fair  Lord  Lancelot. 
I  pray  you,  use  some  rough  discourtesy 
To  blunt  or  break  her  passion. 

Tennyson,  L.ancelot  and  Elaine. 

6.  To  tame ;  train  to  obedience  ;  make  tract- 
able: as,  to  break  a  horse  or  a  hunting-dog  for 
work  in  the  field. 

Why,  then  thou  canst  not  break  her  to  the  lute? 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

7.  To  violate,  as  a  contract,  law,  or  promise, 
either  by  a  positive  act  contrary  to  the  law  or 
promise,  or  by  neglect  or  non-fulfilment. 

Unhappy  man  1  to  break  the  pious  laws 

Of  nature.  Dryden. 

8.  To  make  bankrupt,  as  a  bank  or  a  merchant ; 
destroy,  as  the  credit  of  a  bank. 

The  credit  of  this  bank  being  thus  broken  did  exceeding- 
ly discontent  the  people.     Evelyn,  Diary,  March  12,  1672. 

9.  To  reduce  in  or  dismiss  from  rank  or  posi- 
tion as  a  pimishment :  as,  to  break  an  officer. 

It  must  be  allowed,  indeed,  that  to  break  an  English 
freeborn  officer  only  for  blasphemy  was,  to  speak  the 
gentlest  of  such  an  action,  a  very  high  strain  of  absolute 
power.  Swift,  Against  Abolishing  Christianity. 

The  captain  .  .  .  has  the  power  to  turn  his  officers  off 
duty,  and  even  to  break  them  and  make  them  do  duty  as 
sailors  in  the  forecastle. 

E.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  11. 

lot.  To  disband. 

My  birthday  was  ominous.  .  .  .  The  regiment  in  which 
my  father  served  being  broke.  Sterne. 

11.  To  make  a  first  and  partial  disclosiu-e  of, 
as  an  opinion  or  project;  especially,  to  impart 
or  tell  cautiously  so  as  not  to  startle  or  shock; 
also,  simply,  tell;  inform:  as,  to  break  unwel- 
come news  to  a  person. 

His  nerves  are  so  weak,  that  the  sight  of  a  poor  relation 
may  be  too  much  for  him.  I  should  have  gone  first  to 
break  it  to  him.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  v.  1. 

12t.  To  cut  up,  as  game,  skill  in  breaking  the 
killed  deer  was  considered  as  important  invenery  as  bold- 
ness in  the  chase  itself. 

They  found  him  by  a  water  side. 
Where  he  brake  the  beast  that  tide. 
The  hart  that  w^as  so  wild. 

Sir  Triamour,  in  Ellis  Collection. 

13.  To  tear.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

In  this  county  [Hampshire]  break  is  used  for  tear,  and 
tear  for  break :  as,  I  have  a-torn  my  best  decanter  or  china 
dish ;  I  have  a-broke  my  fine  cambric  apron.  Grose. 

To  break  a  blockade,  to  render  it  inoperative  by  driving 
oil  .ir  ilKitroviim  tlu-  lilckading  force— To  break  a  gun, 
to  open  it  l.y  Uic  action.  — To  break  a  jest,  to  utter  a 
jest;  crack  a  j.jkc.  Otivan :  Boti,!,ilmke.  —  TO  break  a 
lance,  to  enter  the  lists  with  an  opponent-,  make  a  trial 
of  skill.— To  break  an  electrical  circuit.  See  circuit. 
-To  break  a  path,  a  road,  "i-  a  way,  to  force  a  passage 
tlu-oii-ii  obstacles  or  aiiiicuitics.  — To  break  bread,    (a) 

To  take  a  meal ;  .sliarc  one's  li..spitality.  ('')  To  celelirate 
the  connnnnion,  — To  break  bulk.  («)  To  begin  to  un- 
load, (d)  To  remove  a  part  from  a  parcel  or  quantity  of 
goods. 

I  heard  S'  R.  Howard  impeach  S'  W"  Pen  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  for  breakinn  bulk  and  takii];;  away  rich  goods  out 
of  the  E.  India  prizes  formerly  taken  liy  L(.rd  Sainlwich. 
Evelyn,  Diary,  April  0,  166S. 


669 

To  break  camp,  to  pack  up  tents  and  camp-utensils,  and 
resntiic  the  rnarcli.  -To  break  COVeror  covert,  to  Cf»rne 
forth  from  a  lnrking-i>lace  or  concealment,  a-s  game  when 
hunted. 

On  this  little  knoll,  if  anywhere. 

There  is  good  chance  that  we  shall  hear  the  hounda  : 

Here  often  they  break  covert  at  our  feet. 

Tennyson,  Gerahit. 
To  break  down,  (a)  To  take  down  by  breaking ;  destroy 
by  breaking:  as,  to  break  down  a  fence:  figuratively,  to 
overcome  :  as,  to  break  down  all  opposition.  0>)  To  piws 
(the  press-cake  of  gunpowder)  between  the  toothed  rollers 
of  a  gr.-inul.ating  niaehiiK!.  — To  break  gates.    .See/7aft'l. 

—  To  break  ground,  (a)  To  upturn  the  surface  of  the 
ground  ;  dig  ;  plow,  (/>)  To  dig ;  open  trenches ;  commence 
excavation,  as  for  building,  siege  operations,  and  the  like ; 
hence,  figuratively,  to  begin  to  execute  any  plan. 

How  happy,  could  I  but,  in  any  measure,  .  .  .  make 
manifest  to  you  the  meanings  of  Heroism  ;  the  <livine 
relation  .  .  .  which  in  all  times  unites  a  Great  Man  to 
other  men;  and  thus,  as  it  were,  not  exhaust  my  subject, 
but  so  much  as  break  ground  on  it. 

Carlyle,  Heroes  and  Hero- Worship,  i. 
(c)  ^^avt.,  to  release  the  anchor  from  the  bottom. — To 
break  In,  to  tame ;  discipline ;  make  tractable,  as  a  liorse. 

—  To  break  jail  or  prison,  to  make  one's  escape  from 
confinement. — To  break  Joint,  trj  be  so  arranged,  as 
stones,  bricks,  shingles,  etc.,  in  Iniilding,  that  the  joints  in 
one  course  do  not  coinoide  with  those  iji  the  contiguous 
courses.    See  bondl. 

A  wire  cable  is  composed  of  many  threads,  and  these 
completely  break  joint  with  each  other,  and  thus  neu- 
tralizt-  any  defect  in  the  wires.  Luce,  Seamanship,  p.  2il. 
To  break  liberty  or  leave  (nauf.),  to  remain  away  from 
a  ship  after  the  tune  specified  for  returriinsr.- To  break 
squares,  .''ec  8<j«are.— To  break  of  a  habit  oi  prac- 
tice, to  cause  to  abandon  it.— To  break  off.  (a)  To  sever 
by  breaking  :  as,  to  break  off  a  twig,  (b)  To  put  a  sudden 
stop  to ;  interrupt ;  discontinue  ;  leave  off  ;  give  up  :  as, 
to  break  og  a  marriage  engagement. 

All  amazed  brake  o/This  late  intent. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  469. 
She  ended  here,  or  vehement  despair 
ISrnke  of  the  rest.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  1008. 

To  break  one's  fast,  to  take  the  first  food  of  the  day. 
See  breakfast. 

Happy  were  our  forefathers,  who  broke  their  fasts  with 
herbs.  Taylor. 

To  break  one's  head,  to  cut  one's  head  by  a  blow ;  stun 
or  kill  one  by  a  blow  upon  the  head. 

He  has  broke  my  head  across,  and  has  given  Sir  Toby  a 
bloody  coxcomb  too.  Shak.,  T.  X.,  v.  1. 

To  break  one's  heart,  to  become  heart-broken  or  griev- 
ously aftlicted  :  as,  he  broke  his  heart  over  her  misfor- 
tunes.— 'To  break  one's  mind,  to  reveal  one's  thoughts : 
with  to. 
Break  thy  mind  to  me.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

I,  who  much  desir'd  to  know 
Of  whence  she  was,  yet  fearful  how  to  break 
My  mind,  adventiu-'d  humbly  thus  to  speak.  Dryden. 
To  break  one's  word,  to  violate  a  promise  or  pledge ; 
act  contrary  to  an  engagement. — To  break  open,  to  force 
open;  unclose  by  violence:  as,  to  break  o/<cn  a  door.— 
To  break  out,  naut.,  to  open ;  of  n  flag,  unfurl ;  of  a 
sail,  shake  loose  from  the  stops.— To  break  out  a  cargo, 
to  unstow  it  so  tliat  it  may  be  easily  unloaded.— TO  break 
Priscian'B  head,  to  violate  the  rules  of  grammar.  (Pria- 
cian  was  a  celebrated  Roman  grammarian.] 
Fair  cousin,  for  thy  glances. 
Instead  of  breaking  Prl^cian's  head 
I  had  been  breaking  lances.  Praed. 

To  break  ranks  (miUt.),  to  leave  the  ranks ;  fall  out.— 
To  break  step  (Mint.),  to  cease  marching  in  cadence; 
march  at  will.  — To  break  the  back,  to  stram  or  <lislo- 
cate  the  vertebra;  as  with  too  hea\T,'  a  burden.—  To  break 
the  back  of.  («)  To  destroy  the  force  or  efficiency  of ; 
weaken  at  a  vital  point :  as,  one  mistake  broke  the  hack  of 
the  enterprise,  (d)  Naut.,  to  break  the  keel  ivnd  keelson 
of  as  a  ship,  (c)  Figuratively,  to  accomplish  the  greater 
or'  most  difficult  part  of ;  as,  to  break  the  back  of  a  heavy 
piece  of  business.— To  break  the  bank.  See  (irt»A-2.— 
To  break  the  grain,  to  destroy  a  tendency  to  crystallize, 
as  in  stearic  acid  bv  mixture  with  palmitic  acid.— TO 
break  the  heart  of,  to  afflict  grievously;  cause  gieat 
sornjw  ..r  sricf  to;  cause  to  die  of  grief.— TO  break 
the  heartstrings  of,  to  inflict  great  grief  or  hopeless 
sorrow  upon ;  alHict  overwhelmingly. 

No  time  to  break  jests  when  the  heartstrinys  arc  about 
to  be  broken.  Fuller,  Jesting. 

To  break  the  ice,  to  overcome  obstacles  and  make  a  be- 
ginning ;  especially,  to  overcome  the  feeling  of  restramt 
mcident  to  a  new  acquaintanceship. 

I  have  often  formed  a  resolution  to  break  the  ice,  and 

rattle  away  at  any  rate.        . .    „,     „^         .    „  '  „ 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  it 

To  break  the  neck,  to  dislocate  a  joint  of  the  neck.— 
To  break  the  neck  of.  (a)  TonJestroy  the  mam  force 
of  ;  ruin  or  destroy. 

Breaks  the  neck  of  their  own  cause.  ItxUon. 

(b)  To  get  over  the  worst  part  of ;  get  more  than  half 
through.  ,       ,     ,    J  ■     1 

He  was  a  capital  spinner  of  a  y.am  when  he  had J-roteii 
the  neck  of  his  day's  work.  Hughes. 

To  break  the  parlet,  to  begin  the  parley.  Shak.— to 
break  up.  (o)  I'o  cut  u]),  as  g;une. 

lioyet,  you  can  carve ; 
Breakup  this  capon.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. 

m  To  open  or  lay  open  :  as,  to  break  up  a  floor :  to  break 
uv  fallow  ground,  (c)  To  discontinue  or  put  an  end  to : 
^  Irl'mik  up  housekeeping,  (rf)  To  separate  ;  disintc- 
grkte  ■  disband  ;  :is,  to  break  up  a  company  or  an  arm}*. 
?e)  To  imi>air ;  exhaust ;  fatigue  greatly. 


The  six  hours  of  deadly  terror  which  I  then  endured 
ive  broken  mc  up  body  and  soul.  Poc,  1  ales,  I.  ICl. 


have  broke 


break 

To  break  upon  the  wheel,  t«  torture  or  put  to  death 
by  stret(;hing  <iti  a  cart-wheel,  or  a  wooden  frame  in  the 
form  of  a  .St.  Andrew  s  cross,  and  breaking  the  lirnlis  with 
an  iron  bar:  a  modi;  of  jiunislinient  f'jrinerly  nmcll'used 
in  some  parts  of  Kuroj,e.  — To  break  water,  to  rise  to  the 
surface  of  the  water,  a»  a  fish. 

Numbers  of  these  fish  O'lueflsh)  may  be  seen  breaking 
■water  at  any  time  on  the  banks  and  shoals. 

Sjtorlstnan's  Gazetteer,  p.  2.W. 
To  break  wind,  to  give  vent  to  wind  from  the  Ijody  by 
the  anus.-- To  break  wordt,  to  violate  a  pledge  or  an 
obligation. 

Tliey  that  break  word  with  Heaven  will  break  again 
With  aU  the  world,  and  so  dost  thou  with  me. 

IJeau.  and  Fl.,  Jlaid'a  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 

II.  intrana.  1.  To  be  separated  into  parts 
or  fragments  under  the  action  of  some  ff>rce, 
as  a  blow  or  a  strain  ;  become  fractured:  as,  the 
rock  broke  into  a  thousand  pieces;  the  ice  broke 
under  his  feet. —  2.  To  become  discontinuous, 
disconnected,  disordered,  or  disintegrated ; 
lose  continuity  or  formation :  as,  at  the  last 
charge  the  line  broke  ;  the  circuit  broke. 

The  command,  Cliarge,  was  given,  and  was  executed 
with  loud  cheers  and  with  a  run ;  when  the  last  of  the 
enemy  broke.  C.  S.  Grant,  Persona!  JIemr,ir8,  I.  ',ib\. 

3.  Specifically — (a)  To  change  suddenly  and 
involuntarily  from  a  natural  to  a  higher  and 
shriller  tone  or  to  a  whisper:  said  of  the  voice. 
{h)  In  mnsic:  (1)  To  change  from  one  register 
to  another,  as  a  musical  instrument.  (2)  To 
change  from  one  combination  of  pipes  to  an- 
other, especially  when  having  more  than  one 
pipe  to  the  note :  said  of  compound  organ-stops, 
like  the  mi.xture,  the  cornet,  etc. — 4.  To  change 
from  one  gait  into  another:  saidof  a  horse:  as. 
to  break  into  a  gallop. —  5.  To  burst;  happen 
or  begin  to  be  with  suddenness  or  violence. 
(a)  To  discharge  itself  spontaneously,  as  a  tumor. 
The  same  old  sore  breaks  out  from  age  to  age. 

Tennyson,  Walking  to  the  Mail. 
((/)  To  burst  forth  or  begin  with  violence,  as  a  storm. 
A  second  deluge  o'er  our  heads  may  break.  Dryden. 
The  whole  storm,  which  had  long  been  gathering,  now 
broke  at  once  on  the  head  of  Olive.  MacauUiy,  Lord  Clive. 
(c)  To  burst  into  speech  or  action  :  generally  followed  by 
out.    (See  phrases  below.) 

I  would  not  have  your  women  hear  me 

Break  into  commendation  of  you  ;  'tis  not  seemly. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iv.  I. 
(ff)  To  begin  as  if  with  a  burst  or  break. 

And  from  our  own  the  glad  shout  breaks. 

Of  Freedom  and  P'raternity  !  Whittier,  Paian. 

6.  To  become  impaired,  weakened,  or  reduced ; 
especially,  to  decline  in  health,  strength,  or 
personal  appearance. 

I'm  sorry  Mopsa  breaks  so  fast : 
I  said  lier  face  would  never  last. 

Swift,  Cadenus  and  Vanessa. 

7.  To  begin  to  be :  said  specifically  of  the  day, 
dawn,  or  morning. 

Is  not  that  the  morning  which  breaks  yonder? 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1. 

The  day  of  wrath,  against  which  Leibnitz  had  warned 
the  monarclis  of  Europe,  was  beginning  to  break. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  IL  365. 

8.  To  force  one's  way  (into,  out  of,  or  throogh 
something). 

Go,  break  among  the  press,  and  find  a  way  out 

To  let  the  troop  pass  fairly.    Shak.,  Hen.  VIIL,  v.  3. 

9.  To  fail  in  trade  or  other  occupation ;  become 
bankrupt. 

He  that  puts  all  upon  adventures  doth  oftentimes  break 
and  come  to  poverty.  Bacon,  Eichea. 

There  came  divers  of  Antonio's  creditors  in  my  com- 
pany to  Venice,  that  swear  he  cannot  choose  but  break. 
■^  Shak.,  SI.  of  v.,  iii.  1. 

The  true  original  chairs  were  all  sold,  when  the  Hun- 
tingdons  broke.  Gray,  Letters,  L  217. 

10.  To  lose  friendship ;  become  hostile;  be  in 
opposition  or  antagonism :  commonly  with  ic«77j. 

To  break  upon  the  score  of  danger  or  expense  is  to  be 
mean  and  narrow-spirited.      Jeremy  Collier,  Friendship. 

11.  In  pool,  to  make  a  break;  make  the  first 
shot  or  opening  play.  See  break.  ».,  15. — 12. 
Xaiit.,  to  hog  or  sag. — 13.  In  hort.:  (a)  To  put 
forth  new  buds.  (6)  To  flower  before  the 
proper  time 

In  our  turnip  and  carrot-beds  a  few  plants  often  break 
—  that  is,  flower  too  soon. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  .\nimals  and  Plants,  p.  6. 

14+.  To  broach  a  subject;  come  to  an  explana- 
tion: with  to  or  Willi. 

The  chamber  bceing  voyded,  he  brake  icith  him  In  these 
teannes.  Lyty,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  227. 

Then,  aft«r,  (o  her  father  will  I  break. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado.  i.  1. 

To  break  across.  Sec  a.iws.— To  break  away,  (a)  To 

disengage  one's  self  .abruptly ;  escape,  as  from  a  captor 

by  sudden  and  violent  action  ;  hence,  to  leave  suddenl.v. 

Fear  me  not,  man,  I  will  not  break  away. 

Shak.,  C.  of  &.,  iv.  «. 


break 

(6)  To  he  dissipated  or  disappear,  as  fog  or  clouds.— To 
break  down.  («)  To  come  down  by  breaking:  as,  the 
coach  6ri>iv  ,t.'>rn.  (b)  To  fail  in  any  undertaking  through 
incapacity,  miscalculation,  emotion,  embarrassment,  or 
loss  of  health. 

Some  dozen  women  did  double  duty,  and  then  were 
blamed  for  breaking  down. 

L.  M.  Alcott,  Hospital  Sketches,  p.  CS. 

(c)  To  lose  one's  health ;  become  sick,    (d)  To  be  overcome 
by  emotion ;  weep,    (e)  To  granulate,  as  gunpowder.—  To 
break  forttu  (a)  To  burst  out ;  be  suddenly  manifested ; 
exhibit  sudden  acti\ity :  as,  a  cr>'  broke/orth. 
His  malice  'gainst  the  lady 
Will  suddenly  break  forth.  ' 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  '2. 
Break  forth,  ye  hearts  that  frozen  winters  bind 
In  icy  chains  more  strong  than  close  tlie  year ! 

Jones  Very^  Poems,  p.  4C. 

(6)  To  rush  or  issue  out.  (c)  To  give  vent  to  one's  feel- 
ings;  burst  out;  as,  to  break  forth  with  fury;  to  '*  break 
forth  into  singing,  "  Isa.  xliv.  23.— To  break  from,  to 
disengage  i>rie's  self  from ;  leave  abruptly  ur  violently.— 
To  break  in,  to  leave  the  point,  and  start  to  chase  game : 
said  of  a  dog  on  point.— To  break  into,  (a)  To  enter  by 
force,  especially  burglariously:  as.  to  break  into  a  house. 
In  /flic.upeniug  a  latched  door,  or  pushing  open  an  unfas- 
tened but  closed  sash,  may  be  a  breaking  which  will  con- 
stitute burglary.    (&)  To  break  forth  into. 

It  is  %"ery  natural  for  men  who  are  abridged  in  one  ex- 
cess to  brtak  into  some  other. 

Gnldf^mith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  Iviii. 

To  break  in  upon,  to  intrude  upon  suddenly  or  vio- 
lently.—To  break  loose,  to  get  free  by  force;  escape 
from"  oontinement  by  violence;  shake  olf  resti'aint.- To 
break  off.  («)  To  pait ;  become  separated :  as,  the  branch 
broke  of.    {b)  To  desist  suddenly. 

Do  not  brt'ak  off  so.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1. 

To  break  off  from,  to  part  from  with  violence. — To 
break  out.  («)  To  issue  forth  ;  ai-ise  or  spring  up :  as,  a 
fire  breaks  ouf ;  a  sedition  breaks  out ;  n  fever  breaks  out. 
(b)  To  api)ear  in  eruptions:  said  of  certain  diseases;  to 
have  pustules  or  an  eftlorescence  on  the  skin :  said  of  a 
person,  (c)  To  throw  olf  restraint  and  become  dissolute : 
as,  after  living  quietly  he  again  broke  out.  (d)  To  give 
vent  to  the  feelings  impetuously  by  speech. 

As  soon  as  my  uncle  Toby  was  seated  by  the  fire,  and 
had  filled  Ills  pipe,  my  father  broke  out  in  this  manner. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ix.  32. 

To  break  sheer  (>wik*.),  to  be  forced  the  wrong  way  by 
the  wind  or  current,  so  as  not  to  lie  well  for  keeping  clear 
of  theanch'ir:  said  of  a  ship  at  anchor.  — To  break  Shot, 
tM  leave  the  point,  wlien  the  gun  is  discli;tr;ied,  to  cliasc 
game:  said  of  a  dog  on  point.  — To  break  through.  {<') 
To  disreu'ard  orovercome :  as.  to  break  ihrowih  all  restraint 
or  reserve,  (b)  To  act  contrary  to;  violate  with  impu- 
nity :  as.  to  break  thronjh  a  law  (in  such  a  manner  as  to 
avoid  the  penalty).— TO  break  Up.  («)  To  dissolve  an<l 
sepanite  :  a.s,  a  company  breaks  up ;  a  meeting  breaks  up; 
the  ice  breaks  up  ;  a  fog  breaks  up. 

We  went  into  .Mrs.  Mercer's,  and  there  mighty  merry, 
Bmuttingonc  another  with  candle  grease  and  soot,  till  most 
of  ua  were  like  ilevils.  And  that  being  done,  then  we  broke 
up,  and  ^J  my  house.  Pfjn/s,  Diary,  II.  430. 

(b)  In  alff.,  said  of  an  equation  or  quantic  when  in  cnn- 
»e<|Uence  of  particular  relations  between  its  coefficients 
it  reduces  to  a  product  of  factors  of  lower  degree.- TO 
break  with.  («>  To  part  in  enmity  from ;  cease  to  be 
friends  with;  quarrel  with:  as,  to  break  with  a  friend  or 
companion. 

Be  not  afraid  to  break 

With  murderers  and  traitors.  Ji.  Jonson,  Catiline. 

He  hail  t*>o  much  consideration  and  authority  in  the 
country  for  her  to  wish  to  break  with  him.  Prescott. 

(6t)  To  broach  a  subject  to ;  make  a  disclosure  to. 

Hut  perceiving  tliis  great  alteration  in  his  friend,  he 
thouglit  lit  to  break  irith  him  thereof.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

If  thou  doHt  love  fair  Hero,  cherish  it ; 
And  I  will  break  with  her,  and  with  her  father. 
And  thou  hhalt  have  her.         Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

break  (brak),  H.  [In  most  RonHcs  of  mod.  ori- 
triii  from  tho  vf-rb  hfraf:,  tho  older  noun  being 
hrt-ark  with  its  variants:  Hfo  breach.  In  some 
HcnseH  merely  a  different  Hpellinfj  of  the  n*- 
lated  brake'^f  q.  v.]  1.  A  forcible  disruption 
or  Hoparation  of  parts;  a  gup  '>>'  opening  nnidc 
by  breakinK;  a  fraeture,  rupture,  or  breach: 
as,  a  break  in  a  wall,  a  beam,  or  a  gannent. — 

2.  A  breaking  off;  an  intemiption  of  eontiiiu- 
ity;  a  sutlden  stoppage  or  suspension;  a  gap 
between  parts;  speeilieally,  injfrintiiigf  the  gap 
between  two  paragraphs. 

All  modem  tnuh  Ib 
Act  forth  with  numcroUB  breaks  and  diulies.    Swift. 

K''  f.Klfrrdl  looked  on  the  peace  he  had  won  nil  n  more 

'■-■■■i'  in  the  Rtriiuifb'.  and  im  ti  break  that  mkbl  at  any  mo- 
M"  :.'  '    J  mi:  Hiiddenly  to  nn  rn<l. 

./.  /(.  (Jrern,  t'onq.  of  Kuk.,  p.  12f.. 

3.  A  breaking  f»r  bursting  out  or  away  ;  a  sud- 
(h'li    (.r   rnarkfd   IranBition    from    one   course, 

'T  state  to  another:  as,  a  brtak  of  the 
^  :  fit'-  hrrak  of  day;  the  prisoniT  made  a 
bnnl.  f'»r  freedom. 

Tli<  1-  .  •  I  it  .  inotlnni  of  mind,  and  hreaku  ut  pakhIou,  In 
UiU(i|K..i,,  ,ir.  (uimlrablc.  Steele,  Tatler,  .No.  lOft. 

4.  In  arrh.:  (a)  A  distinct  variation  in  the 
iityli*  fif  .  ..  .r)  ,,f  f^  bnililing  from  thai  of  olher 
part"  wherf  simh  a  ehang*-  ofrurs 
in  th-  ,r  the  junction  in  the  building 
of  two  Uittluicl  Btyles  or  designs,     {b)  A  re- 


i^i 


^ 


670 

cess  or  projection  from  the  general  surface  of 
any  architectural  part  or  feature. —  5.  In  liat- 
XKikinff,  the  angle  formed  by  the  body  and  the 
brim  of  a  hat. — 6.  In  a  ship,  the  part  where  a 
deck  terminates  and  the  descent  to  the  next  deck 
begins. — 7.  A  contrivance  to  cheek  the  velocity 
of  a  vrheeled  carriage ;  a  brake.  HeQ  braked,  9. 
—  8.  In  teleij.:  (n)  A  commutator  or  contrivance 
for  inteiTupting  or  changing  the  direction  of 
electric  currents.  \h)Aii  interruption  of  thecon- 
tinuity  of  a  conductor. — 9.  In  music:  (a)  The 
point  in  the  scale  where  the  quality  of  voice  of 
one  register  changes  to  that  of  another,  as 
fi-om  tenor  to  alto  or  from  alto  to  soprano,  (h) 
The  point  where  the  chest-voice  changes  to  the 
head-voice,  (c)  The  point  where  a  similar 
change  occurs  in  a  musical  wind-instrument: 
thus,  in"  the  clarinet  such  a 
q  change  occm-s  between  the 
~  notes  B  flat  and  B  natural. 
■-'  (d)  The  singing,  or  the 
sounding  on  a  trumpet  or 
horn,  from  lack  of  abiUty,  care,  or  skill,  of  a 
note  different  from  the  one  intended  to  be  pro- 
duced, (f)  A  note  which  a  singer  produces 
more  imperfectly  or  with  greater  iliflieulty  than 
the  notes  above  or  below  it.  (_/')  In  an  organ- 
stop,  the  sudden  change  in  the  proper  scale- 
series  of  pipes  to  a  series  lower  in  pitch.  (17) 
In  organ-buildiiifi,  the  points  in  the  scale  of 
stops  having  more  than  one  pipe  to  a  note, 
where  for  any  reason  the  relative  pitch  of  the 
pipes  is  altered :  especially  applied  to  mixture- 
stops  having  several  pipes  to  each  note. — 10. 
In  a  bakery,  a  bench  on  which,  or  a  machine  by 
which,  dough  is  kneaded. — 11.  In  miiiiiiif,  a 
crack  or  fissure  caused  by  the  sinking  of  strata. 
— 12.  In  type-foundinij,  a  piece  of  metal  next  the 
shank  of  a  type  which  is  broken  off  in  finishing. 
— 13.  On  the  stock  exchange,  a  sudden  decline 
in  prices. — 14.  \n  pool,  the  shot  that  breaks  or 
scatters  the  balls  as  piled  together  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  game ;  hence,  the  fii'st  shot  or 
jilay,  or  the  right  to  the  first  play:  as,  it  is  my 
break. — 15.  In/(;c<.,  samoas  i)';i-i/»r,  1. — 16.  A 
large,  high-set,  four-wheeled  vehicle,  with  a 
straight  body  and  a  scat  in  front  for  tlie  driver 
and  another  behind  for  footmen. — 17.  A  reg- 
ular sale  of  tobacco  at  the  time  when  the  hogs- 
heads are  first  opened.      [Local,  Virginia.]-^ 

18,  The  quantity  of  hemp  prepared  in  one  year. 

Best  St.  Petersburg  clean  Hi'inp  uf  tlie  break  of  the  year 
1796.  Mn«.i.  Mercuni,  April  2a,  1790. 

19.  Same  as  breck,  4 Break  of  day,  the  first  ap- 
pearance of  light  in  the  niuriiing;  the  dawn;  daybreak. 

He  arrived  with  his  guide,  a  little  after  tnrak  o/tlati,  at 
t'haring-cross.  Addi-'uni,  Knxhunter  at  a  .Mastiuerude. 

Break  of  the  forecastle  (naul.),  the  after-edge  nf  the 
t"pgalhu]t  forecastle.  — Break  Of  the  poop  (Haul.),  the 
fiiruard  tnil  of  the  jxiup-deck. 

breakable  (brii'kii-bl),  a.  [<  break  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  broken. 

\Ve  shall  see  what  a  }ircakahU  harrier  this  Afghanistan 
is,  if  we  look  at  a  few  plain  facts  jilainly. 

Marrin,  Catcs  of  Herat,  viii. 

breakage  (bra'ka.i),  n.  [<  break  +  -age.']  1. 
The  act  of  breaking. — 2.  The  amount  or  ([uan- 
tity  of  anj-thing  broken :  as,  tlie  breakniie  was 
excessive;  allowance  for  breakatjc  of  goods  in 
transit. — 3.  Xaiit.,  the  act  of  leaving  empty 
spiici'S  in  stowing  the  liolil. 

breakax  (brak'aks),  H.  1.  A  largo  tree  of  .bi- 
niaica,  ■'^loaiua  Jaiiiaiei'itni.i,  natural  order  llli- 
area: — 2.  A  species  of  Citliarexiilum  with  ex- 
ceedingly hard  wood,  found  in  Mexico. 

breakbone  fever.    See  fever  and  dengiw. 

breakbones  (lirak'bonz),  h.  An  English  name 
of  ilie  stilcliwort,  SleUaria  Uoloslca,  from  thi' 
fragilily  of  its  joints. 

break-circuit  (bnik's6r*'ldt),  n.  Any  devii'i' 
tor  opening  or  closing  an  olootrioal  circuit ;  a 
I'irc'Uil-tireaki'r.       • 

breakdown  (l)rak'(Ioiin).  «.   1.  A  fulling  apiirl, 
iiH  of  II  larringe;  a  downfall;  aiTHsli;  hence,  a 
failure;  u  collapse. 
Well  .  .  .  lioro  1>  another  brtakdntim. 

T.  llimk,  Ollliort  Oiinicy,  I.  I. 

The  complete  breakdmm  uf  tlu'  Itcpiibllcan  parley  In  tlie 

«tiito.  Thf  Amrrieau,\\\.\W. 

2.  A  noisy,  lively  dance,  sometimt  h  acconi- 
jKiined  by  singing,  as  in  tlio  soulhern  United 
StutcH.     [U.  H.J 

Iinn  t  ilenr  out  whrn  the  i|nadr)ll<-«  am  ovtr,  (or  wo  nn- 
KolllK  to  have  u  brrdktimrn  to  wind  up  wKli. 

Xrw  Knijlnnit  TaUn. 

Here  )•  n  ticlli'  Afrlrnlne,  no  ixlillnrnl<'d  liy  her  «ur- 
rMiiiiillnKS  that  the  In  ilancliiu  n  breakilnwn. 

Htw  Priimton  tUt.,  II.  M. 


breakman 

breaker  (bra'k^r),  n.  [<  ME.  brekere;  <  break 
+  -cri.]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  breaks 
anything,  as  a  machine  to  crush  ores,  stones, 
and  other  hard  substances.  Speeitically— (a)  A  coal- 
getter  or  -hewer ;  one  who  breaks  down  the  coal  so  that 
it  can  be  conveyed  away  to  the  place  where  it  is  raised  to 
the  surface.  [Somersetshire,  Eng.J  (6)  A  structure  in 
which  coal  is  broken,  sized,  and  prepared  for  market 
[  Antluacite  region  of  Penn.]  (c)  One  whose  occupation  it 
is  to  break  up  old  ships  ;  a  ship-breaker,  (rf)  Mint.,  a  cup- 
shaped  covering,  usually  made  of  lead,  which  serves  to 
break  a  tube  of  glass  or  plaster  of  Paris  at  tlie  proper  time 
for  igniting  the  chai-ge  in  fuses  of  a  cei-tain  constructioii. 
Farroir,  Mil.  Encyc.  (c)  In  cotton.manii/..  a  breaking- 
engine  (which  see).  (.0  In  liiu'n.itianuf..  a  eardiug-nia- 
chine  to  the  action  of  which  the  tow  is  first  subjected, 
(;;)  A  light,  strong  plow  for  breaking  new  gromul. 
2.  A  violator  or  transgressor:  as,  a  breaker  ot 
the  law. — 3.  A  wave  broken  into  foam  against 
the  shore,  a  sand-bank,  or  a  rock  near  the  sur- 
face :  generally  in  the  pliu'al. 

The  night-winds  sigh,  the  lurakers  roar, 
And  shrieks  the  wild  sea-mew. 

Bijron,  Childe  Harold,  i.  13, 

4.  [In  this  sense  perhaps  a  corruption  of  Sp. 
barrica,  a  keg.]  A  small  water-cask  used  in 
boats  to  supply  the  crew  with  water  and  for 
ballast. —  5,  A  trainer,  as  of  horses  or  dogs. 
=  Syn.  3,  !^ec  icave. 
breakfast  (brek'fast),  n.  [Late  ME.  brekcfaste; 
<  break  +  fast",  ">i.  Cf,  F,  dejeuner,  a  break- 
fast, <  dejeuner,  break  fast:  see  dtjeuner.]  1. 
The  tu'st  meal  in  the  day ;  the  meal  by  which 
one  breaks  the  fast  lasting  from  the  previous 
day;  the  food  eaten  at  the  fii'st  meal, — 2,  A 
meal  or  food  in  general. 
The  wolves  will  get  a  brrak/ast  by  my  death.     Drydcn. 

Act's  breakfast.    See  act. 
breakfast  (lirek'fast),  r.    [<  breakfast,  n.;  orig. 
two  wcirils,  break  fast.}    I.  trans.  To  furnish 
with  the  first  meal  in  the  day;   supply  with 
breaklast, 
II,  ill  trans.  To  eat  the  first  meal  in  the  day. 

First,  sir,  I  read,  and  tlieii  I  hrrakfa.it. 

Prior,  Ep.  to  V.  Shepherd,  Hay  14,  1089. 

breakfast-cap  (brck'fast-eap),  H.  A  small  cap, 
usually  made  of  muslin  or  lace  and  ribbons, 
worn  at  breakfast  by  women. 

The  Mistress,  in  a  pretty  little  breakfast -cap,  is  moving 
about  the  room  witli  a  featlier-duster. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  71. 

breakfasting  (brek'fas-ting),  ».  The  act  of 
taking  breakfast;  a  party  at  breakfast. 

^ohreakfmtiiigs\fiW\  them,  which  consume  a  great  deal 
of  time.  Chesterfield. 

break-in  (briik'in),  n.  In  carp.,  a  hole  made 
in  brickwork  with  the  ripping-ehisel,  to  receive 
a  plug,  the  end  of  a  beam,  or  the  like. 

breaking  (bnl'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  break,  r.; 
=  (i.  Iireeliuiui.']  1.  In  wiirsleil-iiianiif.,  the  pro- 
cess of  uniting  the  short  slivers,  as  received 
from  the  comlier,  into  one  continuous  rope  or 
sliver,  by  doubling  and  running  through  draw- 
ing-webs.—  2.  [Imitation  of  (1.  briehnni/.]  In 
jihilol.,  the  change  of  ono  vowel  to  two  before 
certain  consonants,  as,  in  Anglo-Saxon  (where 
the  jihenoraenon  abounds),  earni  for  "arm,  arm, 
eortlir  for  "erthe,  eai'tli,  etc. 

breaking-diameter  (bra'kin^-di-am'e-tfer),  «. 
Tlie  diunieter  of  a  test  s])ecinien  of  metal  at 
the  point  of  ruiiture  when  .subjected  to  tensile 
stress.  It  is  iiieiisiiicd  and  used  to  dctcrniiiic  the  area 
of  the  cross-section  at  that  jioint  after  rupture,  Tlie 
comparison  of  this  area  with  the  original  area  of  the  same 
croHs. section  gives  the  drgri-c  of  constriction  or  the  per- 
ccnt;mi',  tcrbidi'iilly  c-alb'd  the  eontraetion  0/ area. 

breaking-engine  (lua'king-en'jin),  «.  In  rot- 
l<in-miiiiiif.,  tlie  lirst  i-arding-machine  following 
the  hi|iiier;   a  breaker. 

breaking-frame  (bni'king-friim>,  ».  Amachino 
for  splicing  nml  strelc'liiiig  sliver.s  of  wool. 

breaking-weight  ( lun  'king-w:it ),  ».  The  weight 
which  niiist  lie  hung  from  a  rod  <if  given  cross- 
section  or  placed  u)ion  any  structure  in  order 
to  break  it.  It  nieasureH  the  cohesion  of  the 
niatirial  experimented  upon. 

'J'lic  Itoor  waa  loaded  witli  pig  iron  to  one-fourth  of  tt4 
brenkin<iu'fi;fht.  Wnrktibitii  lieeeiptu,  'Jd  ser.,  p.  2t>3. 

break-iron    (brak 'i  "em),    n.      In    cnrpenterH' 

pliiiicN  with  doiilile  iroiiH,  llie  top  or  front  iron, 
the  liiwer  eilg(>  (if  wliieli  is  ill  contact,  with  the 
face  of  the  lower  cut  ling-iron  just  above  its  cut- 
ting edge.  As  th(>  shaving  is  cut,  the  break- 
iron  liirriK  or  breiiks  it  iiwiiy  frrini  the  wood. 

break-lathe  (Imili'liiTil),  ».  A  Inthe  having  a 
gap  in  its  lied,  in  order  tii  increase  IIh  swing 
or  ca|iarity  for  I  inning  olijeets  of  large  radius , 
a  gini-liith'e  or  gnp-lied  lathe.      K.  li.  Knight. 

breakman,  ».     See  hrakcman. 


breakneck 

breakneck  (brak'nek),  n.  and  a.  [<  break  + 
obj.  luvh.]  I.  n.  1.  A  fall  that  breaks  the 
neck;  a  dangerous  business. 

To  do't,  or  no,  is  certain 
To  me  a  breakneck.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  1.  2. 

2.  A  steep  place  endangering  the  neck. 

II,  a.  Endangering  the  neck  or  life ;  ex- 
tremely hazardous :  as,  he  rode  at  a  breakneck 
pace. 

On  chimney-tops,  .  .  .  over  tlie  roofs,  ...  on  every 
lamp-iron,  signpost,  breakneck  coign  of  vantage,  sits 
patriotic  Goiu-age.  Carlylc,  French  Eev. 

break-off  (brak'6f),  n.  The  part  of  the  action 
of  a  breech-loading  firearm  immediately  be- 
hind the  breech. 

break-promise  (brak'prom"is),  n.  One  who 
makes  a  practice  of  breaking  bis  promise. 

I  will  tliiiik  you  the  most  patlietical  break-promise,  and 
the  must  lioIloW  lover.  Shak.,  As  you  Liiie  it,  iv.  1. 

breakshare  (brak'shar),  n.  [A  perversion  of 
lini.i-i/,  simulating  break,  +  share.']  A  term  some- 
times used  as  an  equivalent  to  hrax\j. 

breakstaff  (brak'staf),  n.  The  hanille  of  a 
bhirksmith's  bellows.     J.  S.  Phillips. 

breakstone  (brak'ston),  «.  [<  break  +  obj. 
stiiiie,  after  the  L.  name  saxifraga,  <  saxum,  a 
rock,  -I-  fraiigcrc,  to  break,  with  special  refer- 
ence to  their  use  as  a  remedy  in  cases  of  calcu- 
lus.] A  name  given  to  several  different  plants, 
especially  to  species  of  the  genus  Saxifraga, 
to  pimpernel  (Pimpinella  Saxifraga),  and  to  the 
jiiirsley-piert  (Alchemilla  aroensis). 

break-up  (brak'up),  h.  and  a.  I.  n.  A  disrup- 
tion; a  dissolution  of  connection;  a  separation 
of  a  mass  into  parts;  a  disintegration;  a  dis- 
bandment. 

Seldom  was  there  a  greater  break-up  among  the  specu- 
lators than  in  the  autumn  of  that  year.  J.  S-  Mill. 
The  general  break-up  of  parties  which  took  place  liist 
decade.                                            The  American,  VIII.  278. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  in  celebration  of  the 
breaking  up  or  termination  of  any  society,  as- 
sociation, meeting,  or  the  like:  as,  a  break-up 
party  or  ceremony. 

break-van,  n.     See  bralce-van. 

breakwater  (brak'wa"ter),  H.  [<  break  +  obj. 
water.']  Any  structure  or  contrivance,  as  a 
mole,  mound,  wall,  or  sunken  hulk,  8er^'ing  to 
break  the  force  of  waves  and  protect  a  harbor 
or  anj-thing  exposed  to  the  force  of  the  waves. 
The  hieakwater  at  Plymouth,  Ent'land,  is  5,100  feet  in 
length,  339  feet  wide  .at  bntt.nn,  and  45  feet  at  top,  and  at 
the  level  of  low  water  of  sprioi;  ti-k-s  there  is  a  set-off  of  66 
feet.  The  sea-slope  from  set-olf  to  tup  is  1  in  5.  The  largest 
work  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States  is  the  Delaware 
breakwater,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Delaware  Bay, 


Mean  of  26  sections  of  Delaware  Breakwater. 
j4,  water-line  ;  B,  base-line. 

2,.^r.S  feet  long  at  top,  with  an  ice-breaker  1,353  feet  long. 
—Floating  breakwater,  a  contrivance,  consisting  of  a 
series  of  sipiare  frames  of  timber,  connected  by  mooring- 
chaius  or  -caljles,  attached  to  anchors  or  blocks  of  stone 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  a  basin,  within  which  vessels 
riding  at  anchor  may  be  protected  from  the  violence  of 
the  waves. 
breaml  (brem),  n.  [<  ME.  breem,  breme,  <  OF. 
breume,  F.  br^me,  <  OHG.  brahsima,  brahsina, 
MHGr.  brasem,  brahmen,  G.  brassen  =  OS.  bres- 
semo  =  D.  brasem  =  OSw.  braxn,  Sw.  braxen  = 
Dan.  brasen,  a  bream ;  from  the  same  source  as 
bar.?e  =  bass^;  ef.  brasse''-.]  1.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Cyprinidee,  Abramis  brama,  common  in 
the  fresh  waters  of  Europe.  It  has  a  compressed 
and  rather  deep  body,  a  short  obtuse  snout,  small  and 
somewhat  inferior  mouth,  nniserial  pharyngeal  teeth,  the 
dorsal  fin  of  about  12  rays,  and  tile  anal  fin  with  26  to  31 
rays  commencing  under  the  last  of  the  dorsal's.  It  some- 
times attains  a  weight  of  12  to  14  pounds.  The  flesh  is  in- 
sipid and  little  esteemed.  Also  called  yellow  bream.  See 
Abramt^. 

2.  A  cyprinoid  fish  related  to  the  preceding, 
as  for  example  the  white  bream  or  breamflat, 
or  resembling  it  in  having  a  deep  body,  as  the 
carp-bream,  Carassias  gibelio,  a  variety  of  the 
erucian-oarp. — 3.  A  name  given  to  various 
Sparidw,  more  fully  called  sea-breams:  in  Eng- 
land, for  example,  to  species  of  Sparus,  Pa- 
grus,  Pagellus,  and  Can  tharus,  and  in  the  United 
States  to  liiplodiis  liollirooki,  the  pinfish,  and 
to  Lagndon  rliondioides,  the  sailor's-choice.  See 
out  linder  Lagodon.—^.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Braniida;  as  Kay's  bream,  Brama  rai/i. —  5.  In 
some  parts  of  the  United  States,  a  centrarchoid 
fish,  such  as  the  common  sunfish,  Eupomotis 
gihbosus,  and  various  species  of  the  related  ge- 
nus Lepomis,  as  the  blue  bream,  Lepomis  palli- 
dtis. — Blue  bream,  the  Lepomis paltidus. — Bream  fam- 


671 

ily,  the  sea-breams,  or  Sparidrr. — King  of  the  breams, 

I'tKi'llux  iriilhrinUH.  Wlllte  bream,  a  IIhIi  ot  tin-  family 
Ahrnini'lii',  .\branitH(tillcfn)bjorkna,ri,uiiifHi  in  ijilopraii 
watei-s.  It  iH  much  like  the  bream,  but  lias  a  shorter  utial 
fin,  larger  scales,  and  two  rows  of  pharyngeal  U'etli. 

bream'-^  (l)rem),  v.  t.  [Prob.,  like  the  equiv. 
hroom'i,  connected  with  frcwywl,  J).  Iirem,  furze, 
from  the  materials  commonly  used.]  \aiit., 
to  clear,  as  a  ship's  bottom,  of  shells,  seaweed, 
ooze,  etc.,  by  applying  to  it  kindled  furze, 
reeds,  or  other  light  combustibles,  so  as  to 
soften  the  pitch  and  loosen  the  adherent  mat- 
ters, which  may  then  bo  easily  swept  off.  Also 
called  broom. 

bream-H, «.  [<  ME.  as  if  "breme  =  OHG.  bremo, 
MIUJ.  brem.  m.,  G.  breme,  t. ;  the  same,  without 
the  formative  -.s',  as  brimse:  see  brim.ic  and 
bree.:ei.]     Same  as  breeze^. 

breamflat  (brem'fiat),  «.  A  local  English  (Cam- 
bridgeshire) name  of  the  white  bream. 

brean  (l)rou),  t!.  j.  [E.  dial.]  To  sweat;  per- 
spire,    [['rov.  Eng.]  , 

brear  (brOr),  u.    See  brcer'^. 

breard  (brerd),  v.     Same  as  braird. 

breast  (Ijrest),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brest.  < 
ME.  brest,  breest,  <  AS.  brcdst  (neut.,  usually 
pi.)  =  OS.  briost  =  OFries.  briast  =  leel.  brjost 
=  Sw.  brost  =  Dan.  bri/st,  neut.,  =  (with  vari- 
ation of  vowel  and  gender)  OFries.  brust,  burst, 
borst,  NFries.  liorst  =  MLG.  borst,  LG.  borst 
=  D.  borst  =  OHG.  MUG.  brust,  G.  brust,  tern., 
=  Goth,  brusis,  fem.  pL,  orig.  perhaps  a  dual 
form;  origin  uncertain.  Not  being  found  out- 
side of  Teut.,  the  origin  has  been  sought  in 
the  Teut.  verb,  AS.  berstan,  etc.,  E.  burst:  see 
bur.it.]  1.  One  of  two  soft  protuberant  bodies 
adhering  to  the  thorax  in  women,  in  which  the 
milk  is  secreted  for  the  nourishment  of  infants ; 
the  mammary  gland  and  associated  structures. 
— 2.  The  outer  part  of  the  thorax,  or  the  ex- 
ternal part  of  the  body  between  the  neck  and 
the  belly,  in  man  and  beasts. 

My  Eustace  might  have  sat  for  Hercules ; 
So  muscular  he  spread,  so  broad  a  breast. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

3.  In  entom.,  the  lower  or  sternal  surface  of  the 
thorax. — 4.  Figuratively,  the  seat  of  the  affec- 
tions and  emotions ;  the  repository  of  con- 
sciousness, designs,  and  secrets;  the  affec- 
tions ;  the  heart. 

Pass  by  my  outside, 
My  breast  I  dare  compare  with  any  man. 

Shirley,  Love  Tricks,  i.  1. 

Each  in  his  breast  his  secret  sorrow  kept.  Rowe. 

5.  The  mind;  the  secret  thoughts. 

The  choice  and  removal  of  senators,  however,  was  by  no 
means  left  perfectly  free  to  the  censors,  nor  had  it  been 
in  the  breant  of  the  consuls  and  dictators  before  t!ie  insti- 
tution of  the  censorial  ofHce.  Brougham. 
6t.  In  music,  the  chest;  capacity  for  singing. 

An  excellent  song,  and  a  sweet  songster;  a  tine  breaxt 
of  his  own.  H.  Jowun. 

In  singing,  the  sound  is  originally  produced  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  lungs;  which  are  so  essential  an  organ  in  this 
respect,  that  to  have  a  good  breant  was  formerly  a  com- 
mon periplu"asis  to  denote  a  good  singer. 

Sir  J.  Haivkins,  Hist,  of  Music,  iii.  4(KJ. 

7.  Anything  resembling  the  breast  in  posi- 
tion, either  as  being  in  front,  like  the  hiunan 
breast,  or  below,  like  the  breast  in  the  lower 
animals.  Specifically  — (a)  In  ayri.,  the  front  part  of  the 
mold-board  of  a  plow.  Qi)  In  arch.:  (1)  The  portion  of  a 
wall  between  a  window  and  the  floor.  (2)  The  portion  of 
a  chimney  between  the  flues  and  the  apartment.  E.  U. 
Kniyht.  (c)  In  carp. ,  the  lower  surface  of  a  hand-rail,  rafter, 
etc.  (lO  In  niininq:  (1)  The  chamber  or  room  in  which 
coal'  is  being  mined.  (-2)  The  face  at  which  the  working 
is  going  on.  (3)  In  metal-mining,  a  point  at  which  a  large 
quantity  of  ore  is  being  worked :  as,  a  fine  breast  of  ore. 
(e)  The  front  part  of  a  fiu'nace.    CO  Same  as  breasting,  1. 

In  order  that  a  wheel  may  he  a  breast  wheel,  it  must  be 
provided  with  the  breast  or  circular  trough. 

Rankine,  Steam  Engine,  §  150. 
(ry)  The  swelling  portion  of  a  hub. 

8.  That  part  of  certain  machines  against  which 
the  breast  of  the  operator  pushes,  as  in  the 
breast-drill,  breast-plow,  etc.— 9t.  A  line  on 
which  persons  or  things  are  ranged  abreast,  or 
side  bv  side. 

The  troops  marched  in  close  order,  the  foot  by  twenty- 
four  in  a  breast,  and  the  horse  by  sixteen.  Sicift. 
10  A  bush  for  a  small  shaft  or  spindle — Back 
and  breast  See  SnoA-i.— Pillar  and  breast,  i^ee  pil- 
lar —To  make  a  clean  breast  of,  to  disclose  (secrets 
which  weigh  upon  one's  mind  or  conscience);  make  full 
confession  of.  -,  »  _.  m 
breast  (brest),  r.  [<  breast,  «.]  I.  tratis.  To 
oppose  -with  the  breast;  act  vnth  the  breast 
upon;  bear  the  breast  against;  hence,  to  meet 
in  fi-ont  boldly  or  openly;  stem. 

Behold  the  threaden  sails. 
Borne  with  the  invisible  and  creeping  wind. 
Draw  the  huge  bottoms  through  the  furrow  d  sea, 
Breusliny  tlie  lofty  suige.      Shak.,  Hen.  '\ .,  m.  (cho.). 


breast-knot 

To  breast  up  a  hedge,  to  int  the  face  of  a  hedue  on  one 
wide,  ho  as  to  lay  bare  the  principal  uprigllt  stems  of  the 
])l;iiits  of  which  it  ih  constituted, 

II.  inlrnns.  To  practise  breasting,  as  for 
drci-.     Sfi'  Itreasting,  '.i. 

breast-backstay  (br(sl'bak'''sta),  n.  Naut.,  an 
extra  siqijioi't  to  a  topmast,  consisting  of  a 
rope  extiiidiiig  from  I  he  topmast-head  on  the 
weather  siile  to  the  ship's  channels  forward  of 
the  standing  liackstays.     See  backstay. 

breast-band  (brest'band),  H.  1.  Naut.,  a.\)a.ni 
of  canvas  or  a  rope  fastened  in  some  conve- 
nient place,  and  passed  round  the  body  of  the 
man  who  heaves  the  lead  in  sounding,  to  pre- 
vent his  fallinjj  into  the  sea.  Also  called 
parrel-rope  (which  see). — 2.  A  liroad  leather 
Ijand  placed  across  the  breast  of  a  horse  and 
used  as  a  substitute  for  a  collar. 

breast-beam  (brest'bem),  ».  1.  A  beam  at 
the  break  of  a  quarter-deck  or  forecastle. — 2. 
The  cloth-beam  of  a  loom. — 3.  The  forward 
transverse  beam  of  a  locomotive. 

breast-board  (brest'bord),  n.  A  weighted  sled 
used  in  rope-walks  to  maintain  the  tension  of 
the  yarns  while  being  twisted  into  a  strand. 

breast-bone  (brest '  bon ),  ».  [<  ME.  ftrra/fton,  < 
AS.  Iinostbdn,  <  lireost,  breast,  -I-  bun,  bone.} 
Tlie  bone  of  the  breast;  the  stenmra. 

breast-chains  (brest'chanz),  n.pl.  Chains  used 
to  support  the  neck-yoke  of  a  carriage-hameHS, 
and  connected  with  the  hames:  usually  called 
breast-straps  when  leather  is  used  instead  of 
eliains. 

breast-clotht,  ".     A  stomacher. 

breast-cloutt  (brest'klout),  n.  A  bib  for  a  child. 
Il'righl. 

breast-deep  (brest'dep),  a.  As  deep  as  from 
the  Imast  to  the  feet;  as  high  as  the  breast. 

Set  liim  breast-deep  in  earth,  and  famish  him. 

,S-/iot.,Tit.  And.,v,  3. 

breast-drill  (brest'ilril),  «.  In  mech.,  a  drill- 
stock  ojierated  by  a  crank  and  bevel  gearing, 
anil  ha\'ing  a  piece  against  which  the  workman 
bears  liis  breast  when  engaged  in  drilling. 

breasted  (liies'ted),  n.  1.  Having  a  breast  (of 
the  kind  indicated  in  composition):  as,  broad- 
breasted,  deep-breasted,  etc. — 2t.  In  music,  hav- 
ing a  chest:  as,  "singing  men  well  breasted," 
Fiddcs,  Tiife  of  Wolsey,  App.,  p.  128. 

breast-fast  (brest'fast),  n.  A  large  rope  or 
chain  used  to  fasten  the  mid.ship  part  of  a  ves- 
sel to  a  dock  or  to  another  vessel,  as  the  bow- 
fast  fastens  her  forward  and  the  stern-fast  aft. 

breast-gasket  (brest'gas'ket),  n.  An  old  name 
for  ;i  buiil -gasket. 

breast-harness  (brest'hiir'nes),  ».  A  harness 
employing  a  breast-band,  in  distinction  from 
one  using  a  collar. 

breast-height  (brest'hit),  «.  In /or t.,  the  in- 
teriiir  slope  of  a  parapet. 

breast-high  (brest 'lu),  a.  As  high  as  the 
breast. 

Lay  madam  Partlet  basking  in  the  sun. 
Brea.'^t-hiyh  in  sand.  Itnjden,  Cock  and  Fox. 

breast-hook  (brest'huk),  n.  One  of  the  thick 
pieces  of  timber  shaped  in  the  form  of  knees 
and  placed  directly  across  the  stem  of  a  ship, 
to  strengthen  the  fore  part  and  unite  the  bows 
on  each  side.     See  cut  under  stem. 

Her  huge  hows  rose  up,  showing  the  bright  copper,  and 
her  stem  and  breast-hook^  dripping,  like  old  Neptune's 
locks,  with  the  brine. 

R.  U.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast.  p.  10. 

breasting  (bres'ting),  H.  [<  breast  +  ■ing'^.]  1. 
In  mach.,  the  curved  channel  in  which  a  breast- 
wheel  turns.  It  follows  closely  the  cun'e  of  the  wheel 
through  about  a  quarter  of  its  circumference,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  escape  of  the  water  until  it  lias  spent  its  force 
upon  the  whceL  .\lso  called  breast.  See  brrasl-irheel. 
2.  The  bed  against  which  the  'wheel  of  a  rag- 
engine  works. — 3.  A  method  of  deer-hunting 
in  which  several  horsemen  ride  abreast  through 
the  cover  and  shoot  from  the  saddle. 

Breasting  is  employed  where  the  deer  make  their  home 
in  very  high  grass,  such  as  is  to  be  found  on  some  of  the 
prairies  of  the  South-west. 

G.  B.  GrinneU,  Gun  and  Kod,  p.  152. 

breasting-knife  (bres'ting-nif),  n.  In  shoe- 
making,  a  knife  used  in  cutting  a  clean  face  on 
the  side  of  the  heel  of  a  boot  or  shoe  next  to 
the  waist. 

breast-knee  (brest'ne).  h.  In  ghip-building,  a 
large  knee  litted  in  the  bows  of  a  ship  against 
the  apron  and  stemson,  to  give  additional 
strength. 

breast-knot  (brest'not),  n.  A  knot  of  ribbon 
worn  on  the  breast. 

What  may  we  not  hope  .  .  .  from  the  influence  of  this 
breast-knot  I  Additon,  Freeholder. 


I 


breast-line 

breast-line  (brest'lin),  «.  A  rope  used  to 
unit!   the  pontoons  of  a  floating  bridge. 

breast-molding  (brest'moFding),  h.  1.  The 
mfilini;  on  a  window-sill. — 2.  Paneling  be- 
nfatii  ;i  window. 

breast-pain   (brest'pan).   n.     A  distemper  m 


672 

water  is  admitted  at  any  point  from  about  the 
plane  of  the  axle  to  45°  or  more  above  it.    The 

water  is  confined  to  the  tlo.its  by  a  breasting  of  planks  or 
masonrv,  almost  touchinir  the  periphery  of  the  wheel  and 
extending  from  the  bottom  of  the  sluice  to  neai-  the  low- 
est point  of  the  wheel.  If  the  water  is  admitted  to  the 
wheel  at  a  point  veiy  ueai"  its  summit  and  on  the  same 
side  as  the  sluice,  it  is  called  a  pitclt-bacK  vhfd. 


hoi"  es.  indicated  bv  stififness  and  staggering  ji'l-'  a-^'h^  ^l'^'^^^.//  ^^  "=»  l«>i  ^l»M-t>ac>c^nfH. 
of  th^  fore  legs,  and  inability  to  bow  thi  head  breast-WOOd    (byest  wud)     «.     In    hort.,   the 
".  *"„  i^i;,„ri  shoots  of  fruit-trees  which  grow  out  from  the 

Angina  pectoris 


to  the  ground 
breast-pang  (Ijrest'pang),  n 

Set-  anti'niu.     [Bare.] 
breastpin  (brest'pin),  n.     A  pin  worn  on  the 

breast   for   a  fastening  or  for  ornament ;    a 

brooch:  a  scarf-pin. 
breastplate  (brest'plat),  n.    [ME.  brestj)late;  < 

bttiist  +  j'hiU.'i     1.  A  square  ornament  worn 


front  of  the  branches  trained  on  espaliers  or 
against  walls. 
breastwork  (brest'werk),  n.  1.  In  fort.,  a 
hastily  constructed  work  thrown  up  breast- 
high  for  defense. —  2.  Satit.,  a  sort  of  balus- 
trade of  rails  or  moldings  which  terminates  the 


bv  the  .Te^sh  high  priest/con.i.tiug  of  the  same  also  incloses  the  forecastle  both  before  and 
textile  fabric  as  the  ephod.  and  bearing  twelve  l-ehmd- 3  The  parapet  of  a  bmlding. 
precious  stones  engraved  with  the  names  of  the  breat  (bret),  «  [Another  f  onn  oi  hretbnt. 
twelve  tribes  of  llrael.  set  in  gold.  The  bre.ast-  «!■  v.]  A  local  Enghsh  name  of  the  tiirbot 
plate  was  hons  by  chains  of  gold  to  that  part  of  the  ephod  breath  (breth),  «.  [Early  mod.  h.  breth,  <  ME 
which  was  ou  the  shoulder,  and  the  lower  side  was  se^  brceth,  breih,  <  AS.  brccth,  breath,  odor;  cf 
ctired  to  the  girdle  by  blue  laces 


for  this  purpose  four 
rings  of  gold  were 
secured  to  the  four 
corners.  It  was 
also  called  the 
breaMplate  o/judp- 
ment,  because  it 
contained  the 

Urim  and  the 
Thummim. 
2.  The  armor 
for  the  fi'ont  of 
the  body,  when 
made  in  one 
piece  reaching 
from  the  waist 
to  about  the 
collar-bone.  It 
was  not  introduced 
until  a  very  late 
period  in  the  liis- 
tory  of  armor,  and 
was  not  common 
until  the  early 
years  of  the  six- 
teenth centur>', 
when  armor  for  the 
limbs  was  being 
.See  back  and  breast  (under  backl),  coreelet. 


Breastplate.  i«th  ccnttjiy:  steel  oma- 
f&ented  with  nldins,  and  bearioe  a  coat  of 
arm.*  on  the  Dreast.     (From  "L'Art  pour 

Tous."  J 


abandoned, 
and  cHirrtJi*. 

3.  A  Strap  that  runs  across  a  horse's  breast. — 

4.  A  plate  or  piece  which  receives  the  butt- 
end  of  a  boring-tool,  and  is  held  against  the 
breast  when  the  tool  is  in  use.  Also  called  con- 
science and  palette. —  5.  The  sternum  or  central 
piece  on  the  lower  side  of  the  cephalothorax 
of  a  spider,  between  the  bases  of  the  legs. — 
6.  The  lower  shell  or  plastron  of  a  tortoise. 

JXiririii. 

breast-plow  (brest'plou),  n.  A  kind  of  spade 
mth  a  cross-bar  against  which  the  breast  is 
pressed  to  propel  it,  for  cutting  and  paring  ttirf . 

breast-pump  (brest'pump),  Ji.  A  small  suction 
:i|'I.ar;itiis  for  drawing  milk  from  the  breast. 

breast-rail  (brest'nll),  «.  Tlie  upper  rail  of 
a  balcony  or  of  a  breastwork  on  the  quarter- 
deck of  a  ship. 

breast-ropet  l  brest'rop),  m.  yaut.,  an  old  term 
ii.r  I'tiri-il-ro/ir.     See  breast-hand,  1. 

breast-Strap  (l)rest'strap),  n.  A  strap  used  to 
supiiort  the  iieck-voke  of  a  carriage-harness, 
and  eoiinectecl  with  the  liames  or  collar. — 
Breast-strap  slide,  an  Iron  loop  sliding  on  the  breant- 
»trni>  and  taking  the  wear  of  the  ring  on  the  cud  of  the 
,„.\i.\..ii,- 

breast-summer,  ».    See  brest-summcr. 
breast-wall     brest'w&l),   h.     1.   A   retaining 

wall  at  the  foot  of  a  slope. —  2.  A  wall  built 

lireuHt-higb. 
breastweed  (bresfwed),  n.     A  name  given  to 

Uii-  lizard'H-tail  of  the  United  States,  SnuruniK 

(I iiiiniy.  from  its  use  aa  a  remedy  in  mammary 

irillHlMliiiilioli,  etc. 

breast-wheel  (brest'hwol),  n.  A  water-wheel 
with  radial  lloatB  or  buckets,  upon  which  the 


breathe 

14.  Opinion;  sentiments:  as,  I  would  fain  hear 
his  icert^?;  on  this  matter.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 
—  Breath  of  the  nostrils,  in  the  Bible,  vital  breath  (see 
(ieu.  ii.  7):  hence,  anytliing  essential  to  the  existence  of  a 
person  or  an  institution;  the  inspiring  cause  of  anytliing, 
or  that  wliich  sustains  it. 

Xo  institutions  spring  up  in  such  countries  except  those 
which  the  prince  founds,  and  he  may  be  truly  said  to  be 
the  brfuth  of  their  noatrih.  Brougham, 

Out  of  breath,  breathless ;  short  of  breath. 

Too  much  breathing  put  him  tnd  of  breath. 

ililloii,  Ep.  Hobson,  IL 
To  gather  breath.    See  gather.— To  get  one's  secona 

breath,  to  recover  the  free  use  of  the  lungs  after  the  first 
exlriustioii  incident  to  rtmning,  rowiiiL',  etc.  (CoUoq.)  — 
tJnder  the  breath,  in  a  w  hisper.—  With  bated  breatb. 

_  See  hoft'-. 

quarter-deck  and  poopat  the  fore  ends,  and  breathable  (bre'Tna-bl),  a.    [<  breathe  + -able.J 
■•'■'•"  -     (^'apable  of  being  breathed;  respirable. 

breathableness  (bre'THa-bl-nes), «.    The  state 

of  being  lireathable. 
breathe  (brelH),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  breathed, 
ppr.  brcailiing.  [<  ME.  brethen,  breathe,  blow, 
exhale  odor,  <  breth,  breath:  see  breath.~]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  draw  air  into  and  expel  it  from 
the  lungs;  respire;  figuratively,  to  live. 

^^llen  he  breathed  he  was  a  man.      Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

AAliere.  in  the  vast  world. 
Doth  that  man  breathe,  that  can  so  much  command 
His  blood  and  his  affection? 

B.  Jotison,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Uiimour,  i.  1. 
I  did 
God's  bidding  and  man's  duty,  so,  breathe  free. 

'      Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  253. 

2.  To  make  a  single  respiration. 
Before  you  can  say.  Come,  and  Go, 
And  breathe  twice.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  take  breath ;  rest  from  action. 


OHG.  bradam,  MHG.  bradcni,  G.  brodeni.  broden, 
steam,  vapor,  exhalation;  perhaps  connected 
with  AS.  ftr(?(?OH  =  OHG.  brdtan,  MHG.  brdtcn, 
G.  braten,  roast,  broil  (sec  brawn),  and  with  Gr. 
-pifiuv,  burn,  blow.  The  vowel  in  breath,  orig. 
long,  has  become  short,  while  remaining  loug 
in  the  verb  breathe.]  It.  Vapor;  steam;  ex- 
halation. 

Then  schalle  thou  caste 

Into  the  pot  and  cover  in  hast. 

And  loke  no  brethe  ther  passe  out. 

Liber  Cttre  Cocorum,  p.  19. 

That  is  blode  and  fire  and  brethe  of  smoke. 

Uampote,  Prick  of  Conscience,  1.  4727. 

When  brenily  brened  those  bestes,  &  the  brethe  rysed. 
The  savour  of  his  sacrafyse  so3t  to  hym  euen 
That  all  spedes  &  spyllej. 

AUiterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  609. 

2.  The  air  inhaled  and  exhaled  in  respiration. 

My  breath  to  heaven  like  vapor  goes  : 
ilay  my  soul  follow  soon ! 

Tennyson,  St  Agnes"  Eve. 

3.  AbUity  to  breathe;  Ufe  as  dependent  on 
respiration. 

Ko  man  has  more  contempt  than  I  of  breath.     Dryden. 

4.  The  state  or  power  of  breathing  freely:  as, 
to  be  out  of  breath;  to  be  in  breath. 

The  king  shall  drink  to  Hamlet's  better  breath. 

Shak.,  Uamlet,  v.  2. 

I  lose  my  colour,  I  lose  my  breath.   I'ennyson,  Elciinore. 

5.  A  single  act  of  breathing;  a  respiration:  as, 
he  swears  at  every  breath  ;  to  draw  a  full  breath. 

Between  two  breaths  what  crowded  mysteries  lie, — 
The  first  short  gasp,  the  last  and  long-drawn  sigh  ! 

U.  W.  Holmes,  A  Rhymed  Lesson. 

Hence — 6.  The  time  of  a  single  respiration; 

a  single  act ;  an  instant. 

The  historian  makes  two  blun<lers  in  a  breath. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  14. 

Sweet  and  bitter  in  a  breath. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriaiu,  til. 

7.  Respite;  pause;  time  to  breathe. 


Give  me  some  little  breath,  some  pause. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III., 


I  v. 


8.  A  gentle  exercise,  causing  a  quicker  respi- 
ration.    [Rare.] 

But,  for  yoin-  health  and  your  digestion  sake. 

An  after-dinners  breath.  ,Shak.,  T.  and  C,  11.  :(. 

9.  A  respiratory  movement,  as  of  free  air ;  a 

blowing. 

Calm  and  unruffled  as  a  summer's  sen, 

When  not  a  Itreath  of  wind  Hies  o'er  Its  Burtace. 

.iildigon,  Cato,  1.  4. 

10.  Spoken -words ;  speech.     [Rare.] 

Art  thou  —  thou  —  the  alavo  that  with  lliy  lirenth  hn»t  klll'd 
Mine  Innocent  child'/  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 

1  wilt  stiknd, 
I.Ike  the  earth's  center,  unuiovod.— Lords,  your  breath 
Must  finish  these  illvlslons. 

Ilrau.  and  PI.,  Law"  of  Candy,  v.  1. 

11.  A  mere  word;  a  trivial  (•ircmnHtanco;  a 

thing  wthout  substance;  a  trifle. 

A  dream,  a  breath,  a  froth  of  fleeting  Joy. 

•SVio*.,  I.uerecc,  1.  212. 

A  breath  can  make  them,  n»  a  breath  lias  made. 

Ooldtinilh,  lies.  VIL,  1.  M. 

12.  An  odorous  exhalation. 

1'he  breath 
Of  the  failing  eclgiii  of  liox  tiencalti. 

Tennj/tton,  Hong, 

13.  In  philol,  a  breathing;  aspiration;  nsjii- 
rate  sound. 

Even  In  llic  latest  Hnmlllc  alphalx-U  the  brealht  and 
scml-coniKinnnU  fit  the  i.rlnilllve  Seinlllc  al|ihaliel  Imve 

retained  their  original  I  finrnii.r  

/iiuK  TayUir,  The  Alpliabot,  I.  ISi. 


Breathe  awhile,  and  then  to  't  again. 

Shak.,  1  Uen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
Well,  let  this  breathe  a  while. 
B.  Jonson,  Every  .Man  in  his  Humour,  v.  1. 

blow:   as,   "when  winds 


lO  pass,  as  air 


breathe  sweet,"  Shnk.,  Lover's  Compl.,  1.  103. 

Oh,  breathe  upon  thy  ruined  vineyard  still ; 
Though  like  the  dead  it  long  uiuuoved  has  lain. 

Joiiea  Vertj,  Pi>ema,  p.  88. 

5.  To  give  utterance  to  disparaging  or  calum- 
nious remarks ;  make  insinuations:  with  upon. 

You  nuist  seem  to  take  as  unpardonable  olfence,  as  it 
he  had  torn  yom"  mistress's  eoU)urs,  4)r  tireathed  upon  her 
picture.      iS.  Jonson,  Every  -Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

6.  To  exhale,  as  an  odor;  emanate. 

And  all  Arabia  breathes  from  yonder  liox. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  i.  134. 

7.  Figuratively,  of  inanimate  things,  to  be  in- 
stinct; be  alive. 

The  staircase  in  fresco  by  Sir  James  Thornhill  lireathed 
with  the  loves  and  wai-s  of  gods  and  heroes.  Dinraeli. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  inhale  and  exhale  in  respi- 
ration: as,  to  breathe  vitiated  air. — 2.  To  in- 
,iect  by  breathing;  infuso :  with  into:  as,  "to 
'breathe  life  into  a  stone,"  Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  1. 
Anil  the  Loi-d  God  formeil  man  of  the  iluat  of  the  ground, 
and  breatlied  into  his  nostrils  the  breath  of  life.     Gen.  ii.  7. 
Where  faith  made  whole  with  deed 
Breathe.^  its  awakening  breath 
Into  the  lifeless  creed.  Lowell,  Comm.  Ode. 

3.  To  exhale;  send  out  as  breath;  express; 
manifest. 

Can  any  mortal  niixtin-o  of  earths  mould 
Breathe  such  divine,  enchanting  ravishment? 

.Milton.  Comus,  I.  246. 

They  (the  Indians)  entei-ed  .  .  .  into  an  agreement  to 
twenty-nine  rules,  all  breathing  a  desire  to  conform  them- 
selves to  ICnglish  customs. 

Kmermn,  Historical  Discourse  at  Concord. 

4.  To  exercise ;  keep  in  breal  h. 

Methlnks  .  .  .  eveiy  man  shoidil  beat  thee;  I  think 
thou  wast  created  tor  men  to  lireathe  themselves  upon 
tlui'.  Shak.,  Alls  Well,  it.  ». 

Ill  send  for  one  of  these  fencers,  and  ho  shall  breath* 
V)U.  by  mv  *lircctlon. 

B.  ,/oneon,  Eveiy  Man  In  his  Hinnour,  t.  4. 

5.  To  inspire  or  blow  into;  cause  to  sound  by 
bicnthing. 

i  hiy  breathe  the  flute  or  strike  th<'  vocal  wire.      Prior. 

6.  To  utter;  speak;  whisper. 

Or  let  the  church,  our  mother,  breathe  her  curse. 

•SV/n*.,  K.  Jiihn,  III.  1. 
Thus breathetfho  forth  her  spite.    .Shak.,  Luerece,  1.  711 
That  breathe  a  thousand  tender  vows. 

Tenni/non,  In  Memorlam,  ,tl. 

7.  To  HulTcr  to  rest  or  recover  breiilli. 

lie  breath'd  Ills  sword,  and  reslcil  hini  till  day. 

Sitenser,  V.  4.,  VI.  xl.  47, 

A  moment  now  ho  slacked  his  sliced, 
A  nunnent  breathed  his  paiilliig  steed. 

.SeotI,  h.  of  L.  M.,  1. 

8.  To  opon  and  bleed  (a  vein). 

Every  village  barber  who  breathed  a  vein. 

Jincyc.  Brit.,  XI.  ii08. 


breathe 
Tobreatlie  one's  last,  to  die. 

He,  safe  returii'd,  the  race  of  ylory  past. 

New  to  liis  friends'  embrace,  had  brealhd  his  last. 

Pope. 
breathed  (bic'tht),  a.    \<hreath,n.,+-cd'^.']    1. 
EndoweJ  with  breath ;  exercised. 

A  man  so  brrath'il,  that  certain  he  would  flglit,  yea. 
From  morn  till  niglit.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

If  I  be  just,  all  praises  must 
Be  given  to  vfcll-breatfwd  Jiliau  Thrust. 

Sldrlei/,  Hyde  Parl(,  iv.  3. 

2.  Out  of  breath. 

Mr.   Tulkiughorn  arrives  in  his  turret-room,  a  little 
breathed  by  the  journey  up.        Sickens,  Bleak  House,  xli. 

3.  In  philol.,  uttered  with  breath  as  distin- 
^shed  from  voice ;  surd  or  mute. — 4.  In  com- 
pounds, having  that  capacity  for  breathing  in- 
dicated by  the  prefix:  as,  shrirt-brcathcd. 

breather  (bre'TH6r),  n.  1.  One  who  breathes 
or  lives. 

.She  shows  a  body  rather  than  a  life ; 

A  statue,  than  a  breather.         Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  3, 

2.  One  who  utters  or  whispers. 

For  my  authority  bears  of  a  credent  bulk. 

That  no  particular  scandal  once  can  touch. 

But  it  confounds  the  &rea(Aer.    Shak.,M.  forM.,  iv.  4. 

3.  One  who  animates  or  inspires. 

The  breather  of  all  life  does  now  expire ; 

His  milder  Father  summons  him  away.      Norris. 

4.  Anything,  as  a  walk,  gymnastic  exercise, 
etc.,  that  stimulates  or  gives  healthy  action  to 
the  breatliing  organs.     [CoUoq.] 

So  here  we  are  at  last — that  hill's  a  breather. 

Colman  the  Younger,  Poor  Gentleman,  iv,  11. 

breathfult  (breth'ful),  «.     [<  hrenth  +  -/»/.] 

1.  Full  of  breath :  as,  "theftre«(/(/«//bellovves." 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  38.-2.  Odorous;  fi-a- 
gi'ant. 

Fresh  Costmarie  and  breath/ull  Camoraill. 

Spenser,  Muiopotmos,  1.  195. 
breathing  (bre'THing),  n.  [<  ME.  hrefhyngc,  a 
cmTent  of  air;  verbal  n.  of  breathe,  c]  1.  Res- 
piration ;  the  act  of  inhaling  and  exhaUug  air : 
as,  "a  difficulty  of  breathing,^'  Mclmoth,  tr.  of 
Pliny,  vi.  16. 

She  sleeps :  her  breathings  are  not  heard 

In  palace  chambers  far  apart.    Tennyson,  Day-Dream. 

2.  Aspiration ;  secret  prayer  or  desire. 

Earnest  desires  and  breatkinr/s  after  that  blessed  state. 
Tillotson,  Sermons,  I.  xxiv. 

3.  Aerial  motion ;  respiratory  action. 

There's  not  a  breathing  of  the  common  wind 
That  will  forget  thee. 

Wordsworth,  To  Toussaint  I'Ouverture. 

4.  Figuratively,  a  gentle  influence  or  opera- 
tion ;  inspiration :  as,  the  breathings  of  the  Spirit. 

The  air 
Is  like  a  breathing  from  a  rarer  world.   N.  P.  Willis. 

5t.  A  breathing-place ;  a  vent. 

The  warmth  distends  the  chinks,  and  makes 
New  breathings,  whence  new  nourishment  she  takes. 

Dryden. 

6.  Physical  exercise,  fi-om  the  fact  that  it  calls 
the  lungs  into  free  play:  as,  the  Oxford  crew 
took  their  breathings  every  morning  at  ten. 

I  lack  breathing  and  exercise  of  late.  Scott. 

7.  Utterance;  words. 

I  am  sorry  to  give  breathing  to  my  purpose. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  3. 

8.  Time  taken  to  recover  breath;  hence,  a 
stop ;  a  delay. 

Come,  you  shake  the  head  at  so  long  a  breathing. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 
Give  me  a  little  breathing,  till  I  can 
Be  able  to  unfold  what  I  have  seen. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  v.  3. 
Thou  hast  open'd  our  difficult  and  sad  times,  and  given 
us  an  unexpected  breathing  after  our  long  oppressions. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

9.  In  gram.,  aspiration  or  its  absence,  or  a  sign 
inaicating  it.  in  Greek  there  are  two  breathings  — 
till-  iispirate  {spiritm  ajiper)  or  the  rough  breathing,  indi- 
cated liy  a  mark  (')equivalent  to  our  letter  h,  and  the  lenis 


673 


Each  bough  .  .  .  finding  some  sufllclent  frre(i«At7i(7-ptoc( 
among  the  other  braTiclies. 

liuskin,  Kleni.  of  Drawing,  p.  1!M 

2.    The  place  for  a  pause  in  a  sentence  or  a  hre^ho''!' 
poetic  verse ;  a  cosura.  uretue-t, 

That  cicsura,  or  breathimj-place. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Defence  of  Poesy. 

breathin^-pore  (br6'?'liing-por),  n.  l.  \nphy- 
sifil.,  a  microscopic  ai)erture  for  the  escape  or 
admissitm  of  air,  as  in  the  cuticle  of  plants. 
See  sinma.—2.   Same  as  breathing-hole,  2. 

breathing-space  (bre'THing-spas),  «.  A  breath- 
ing-time; :i,ii  iiileniiission  of  exertion. 

breathing-time  (bro'Tiiing-tim),  ».  Pause; 
relaxation. 


breech 
brechan,  breckan  (brek'an),  n. 

ot  hrtici't  II. 
breohe't, 


A  Scotch  form 


We  may  have  some  f/reathing-lime  between  our  promise 
and  Its  accomplishment.      Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience. 

breathing-tube  (bro'Tlling-tub),  n.  In  entom., 
the  respirat  ory  tube  of  certain  aquatic  larvas  and 
dipterous  i)n|>aria.  It  is  a  slender  integumental  pio- 
longatidii,  h,  uiing  at  the  tip  one  or  botli  of  the  anal  stig- 
mata, tbn.ugli  which  the  insect  obtains  air  .it  the  surface 
of  the  water  or  Bcniiltuid  tilth  in  which  it  lives.  The  breath- 
ing-tube is  also  possessed  by  certain  adult  heteroptcre. 

breathing-'While  (bre'THing-hwil),  n.    An  in- 
termission of  exertion ;  a  breathing-time.  -S'Aa/,-. 
Except  when  for  a  breathing-while  at  eve, 
Some  niggard  fraction  of  aii  hour,  ho  ran 
Beside  the  river-liank.      Tennyson,  Aylmer's Field. 

breathless  (breth'les),  a.     [<  ME.  brethUs;  < 
breath  +  -Jess.']     1.  Without  breath;  dead. 
Denies  the  rites  of  funeral  fires  to  those 
'Whose  breathless  bodies  yet  he  calls  his  foes. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  84. 

2.  Out  of  breath;  spent  with  labor  or  exertion. 

Unwounded  from  the  dreadful  close, 
But  breathless  all,  Fitz-James  arose. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  v.  16. 

3.  That  takes  away  the  breath. 

How  I  remember  that  breathless  flight ! 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  iv. 


An  obsolete  spelling  of  breech. 
,  )'.     An  obsolele  spelling  of  I/reach. 
Brechites  (bre-ki'tez>,  u.     [NL.,  <  Or.  fitjixt'". 
to  wet :  see  rain,  and  of.  curpergiUum.'\     Same 
as  Aspergillum,  2. 
brack  (b'rek),  n.     [<  IfE.  brekhc,  var.  of  hreke, 
a  break,  breach,  etc. :  see  breach,  and  cf.  Itreak, 
n.,  brickl,  and  braek^,  all  ult.  <  break,  q.  v.]     If. 
A  break;  breach;  fracture.     Tusser. 

Hwiche  a  faircnesse  of  a  nekke 
Had  that  Bwete  that  Iwne  nor  breklu 
Nas  ther  noon  seen. 

Chaucer,  iJeath  of  Blanche,  I.  940. 

2t.  A  bruise.  7uT«ry,  1708.— 3t.  A  breach;  a 
gap  in  a  hedge.—  4.  [Also  calle<l  break ;  prop, 
land  broken  up  and  allowed  to  lie  fallow.]  A 
piece  of  iininelosed  arable  land ;  a  sheepwalk, 
if  ill  grass.  llalUirell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 5.  A 
large  new-rna<le  iuclosure.  Grose.  [Prov. 
Eug.]— 6.  A  field.     [Suffolk,  Eng.] 

The  bird's  chosen  breeding-place  was  in  wide  Heidi  — 
hrecks,  aa  they  are  locally  called  — of  wintt-r-com. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  B78. 

breckan,  n.    See  brechan. 

breckins  (brek'inz),  n.    A  dialectal  variant  of 

Itrorkni. 

bred'   (bred).    Preterit  and  past  participle  of 

breed. 
bred-t,  «.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  breacft. 
brede't,  ».  andf.     Seebread"^. 
brede-'t,  n.     See  breud^,  braid^. 
brede''tj^»'.  t.     [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  breden,  < 

AS.  hriedan,  roast:  see  brairn.']     To  roast, 
bredge',  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  bridge'^. 
bredge-t,  r.  t.     See  bridge'^. 
bred-soret  (bred'sor),  n.    A  whitlow,  or  a  sore 

coming  without  a  wound  or  visible  cause.  Also 

called  breeder. 


breathe;  absorbed;  eager;  excited. 
The  young  folks  would  crowd  around  the  hearth, 


4.  Marked  by  an  apparent  forgetfulness  to  bree^  (bre),  n.     [Sc,  also  brie,  brue,  broo,  <  ME. 

6re,  full  form  iccicc,  <  AS.  ftriMJ,  also  6n"</,  a  pot- 
jjj.  tage  of  meal,  pulse,  etc.,  =  Fries,  bru  =  D.  brij 
=  MLG.  bri,  brig  =  OHG.  brio,  MHG.  bri,  brie, 
G.  brei,  broth,  etc.  Connection  with  breic^,  v. 
(AS.  brcdwan,  etc.),  is  doubtful.]  Broth;  soup; 
juice;  sauce;  water;  moisture  of  anv  kind. 
[Scotch.] 

A  dialectal  variant  of  bray*, 


tening  with  breatltless  attention  to  some  old  crone  of  a 

negro,  who  was  the  oracle  of  the  family. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  16S. 
The  holy  time  is  quiet  as  a  imn 
Breathless  with  adoration. 

Wordsworth,  Misc.  Sonnets,  i.  30.      _       ^ 
breathlessness  (breth'les-nes),  «.     The  state  Iree-  (bre),  n. 

of  being  breathless  or  out  of  breath  with  exor-     '"''"' 

tion ;  difficulty  in  breathing. 
breath-sound   (breth'sound),  n.     In  physiol., 

a  sound  caused  by  the  movement  of  the  air 

in  the  lungs  in  respiration.     Also  called  respi- 
ratory murmur — Cogged  breath-sound,  in  patlwl. 

an  interrupted  or  jerky  respiratory  sound,  most  marked 

in  inspiration.     Also  called  cog-wheel  respiration. 
breccia  (brech'ia),  n.     [it.,  formerly  also  brec- 

chia,  gravel,  now  technically  breccia,  =  F. 

breehe,  connected  with  It.  breccia  =  Sp.  Pg.  bre- 

cha,  <  P.  breehe,  a  breach;  all  of  Teut.  origin: 

see  breach,  and  cf.  brash^-,  n.]     In  geoL,  a  con- 
glomerate in  whicli  tlie  fragments,  instead  of 


(spiritus  lenis)  or  the  smooth  breathing  ('),  indicating 
simply  the  absence  of  the  rough.  Thus  os  is  equal  to  hos, 
but  is  to  is.— Breathing  capacity.    See  capaciiv. 

breathing-hole  (bre'THing-hol),  ».  l.  A  vent- 
hole,  as  in  a  cask.— 2.  One  of  the  spiracles  or 
stigmata  tlinnigh  which  insects  respire.  Also 
called  hrtnthiini-pore. — 3.  The  spiracle  or  blow- 
hole of  a  cetacean, — 4.  A  hole  in  the  ice  where 
an  aquatic  mammal,  as  a  seal,  comes  up  to 
breathe. 

breathing-mark  (bre'THing-miirk),  n.  1.  In 
music,  a  small  mark  (*,  ',  or  v')  placed  above  a 
vocal  score,  indicating  the  point  at  which  the 
singer  may  properly  take  breath. —  2.  Same  as 
spirifus. 

breathing-place  (bre'THing-pias),  «.     1.  A 
place  where  fresh  aii'  can  be  breathed ;  a  vent. 
43 


Breccia.— Polished  Surface. 

being  rounded  or  water-worn,  are  angular.  The 
terra  is  most  fre(iviently  applied  to  volcanic  masses  made 
up  of  fragments  which  have  become  consolidated  into  rock 
before  becoming  rounded  by  friction  against  each  other 
or  by  the  action  of  water. 
brecciated  (brech'i-a-ted),  a.  [<  breccia  + 
-ate^  +  -efZ2.]  Having  the  character  of  a  breccia. 
According  to  Professor  Ramsay  the  brecciated,  sub- 
angular  conglomerates  and  boulder  beds  of  the  Old  Ked 
Sandstone  .  .  .  are  of  glacial  origin. 

J.  Crolt,  Climate  and  Time,  p.  294. 

brecciation  fbrech-i-a'shon),  n.  [<  breccia  + 
-ation.}  The  condition  of  being  brecciated. 
See  breccia. 

brecht,  «■     A  Middle  English  form  of  breech. 

brecham  (brech'ami,  n.  [Sc,  also  brechame; 
prob.  of  Celtic  origin :  cf .  Gael,  braighdeach,  a 
horse's  collar,  braighdean,  a  cow's  or  calf  s  col- 
lar, =  Ir.  braighdean,  a  collar,  Gael,  braidean, 
a  little  collar, "dim.  of  braid,  a  horse-collar,  a 
brecham,  =  Ir.  braid,  a  coUar,  <  Gael.'  Ir.  bra- 
ghad,  neck,  throat,  windpipe.]  A  collar  for  a 
work-horse.     [Scotch.] 


hiee'-Hhre),  r.  t.    [E.  dial.]    To  frighten.    UaUi- 
u-rll.     [North.  Eng.] 

bree''  (bre),  n.     A  dialectal  variant  of  brotc. 

breech  (breeh),  n.  [<  ME.  breech,  breehe,  brcch, 
tilso  unassibilated  brekc,  brek,  prop.  pi.  and 
meaning,' breeches,'  the  covering  of  the  breech 
(whence  the  double  pi.  breeches,  the  now  prev- 
alent form  in^that  sense:  see  breeches),  <  AS. 
brec,  also  hricc  (pi.  of  the  unrecorded  sing. 
''6rdc),breeches(the  additional  sen.se  of 'breech,' 
given  by  Bosworfh,  rests  on  a  doubtful  trans- 
lation of  a  single  passage).  =  OFries.  brok.nl. 
brek.  =  D.  brock  =  MLG.  brok,  LG.  brook  =  OHG. 
bruoh,  MHG.  bruorh,  G.  brtich  =  Icel.  brok,  pi. 
bnckr,  breeches  (Sw.  bracka,  breeches,  brok, 
naut., breeching),  =ODan.  brog,  breeches,  hose, 
Dan.  brog,  naut.,  breeching.  Cf.  L.  brdar,  pi., 
breeches  (>  It.  braca  =  Sp.  Pg.  braga  =  Pr. 
brai/a  =  OF.  braie,  breeches,  F.  braic,  a  swad- 
dling-band,  >E.  bray!>  and  brail,  q.  v.).  regard- 
ed as  of  Celtic  origin ;  cf.  Bret,  brage: ;  but  the 
Gael.  Ir.  brigis,  breeches,  is  perhaps  from  E. 
The  relation  of  tlie  Teut.  forms  to  the  Celtic  ia 
uncertain.]  If.  Breeches. 
Tllj-n  olde  breech.  Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  L  486. 

That  you  might  still  have  worn  the  petticoat, 
And  ne'er  have  stol'n  the  breech  from  Lancaster. 

Shak..  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

2.  The  lower  part  of  the  body  behind. — 3.  The 
hinder  part  of  anj-thing:  specifically,  the  mass 
of  metal  behind  the  bore  of  a  cannon,  or  the 
part  of  a  small  arm  back  of  the  barrel,  including 
the  rear  of  the  latter  in  breech-loaders. — 4. 
Xaut.,  the  angle  of  a  knee-timber,  the  inside  of 
which  is  called  the  throat. 
breech  (brech),  r.  [<  breech,  n.]  L  trans.  1. 
To  put  into  or  clothe  with  breeches. 

Who  was  anxious  to  know  whether  the  blacksmith's 
youngest  boy  was  breeched.        ilaeaulay.  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

Have  I  not  shaved  ray  people,  and  breeched  them? 

Landor,  Peter  the  Great 

2.  To  cover  to  the  breech  or  hilt.     [Bare.] 

Tliere,  the  niurthereis, 
Steep'd  in  the  colours  of  their  traile.  their  daggers 
Unmannerly  brccch'd  with  gore.    Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  3. 
[Various  other  readioir^  atul  interprrtations,  such  as  reccft- 
«f  (soiled  with  a  dark  ycH.'w).  (fr.  /<  /  •  /.  "hcathed,  etc,  h^ve 
been  proposed  by  Shak^perian  cunmientators.] 


breech 

3  To  -whip  on  the  breech. 

'wn,i  T-  '    ■    .   ivtH,.ns  scningman  conveyed  me  awar, 
w£ln  •  h  whips,  I  think,  in  my  conscience, 

l'^'^"";.  (1612),  Hog  hath  Lost  his  Pearl,  Ti. 

4  To  fit  or  furnish  ^th  a  breech :  as,  to  breech 
o  "gun  —5.  To  fasten  by  a  breeching. 

n  in  trans.  To  suffer  whipping  on  the  breech. 
\  am  no  Ure.Mn,  schol.->r  i^^he  scJ>ooK  ^  ^^  ^  ^ 

breech-band  (brech'band),  n.    Same  as  ftreecft- 

teeech-barrowCbrech'bar'o),  ».  A  large  high 
truck  used  in  moving  bncks  in  a  bnok->  ard. 

breech-block  (breeh'blok).  ».  A  movable  piece 
at  the  I.  °ech  of  a  breech-loading  gun,  which 
is  withdrawn  for  the  insertion  of  the  charge 
and  closed  before  firing,  to  receive  the  impact 
of  the  recoil.     See  hreech-mechamsm,  also  cut 

b^eecl-^lTutXwklout),  n.  The  cloth  cov- 
eriI,-Uie  breech,  worn  by  American  Indians 
and  other  mici\-ilized  peoples. 
hrppches  (brich'ez,  formerly  and  still  occasion- 
\Mf  wf'ohcz),  n.'pl.  [<  AIE.  '''-H  ^7f'^^' 
pi  ■.  u.'iuallv  hreche,  brech,  also  hrelie  brel  (>  be. 
breeks.  bre'ik,  etc.) :  see  breech,  itself  pl.J  1.  A 
bifurcated  garment  worn  by  men,  covering  the 
bodv  from  the  waist  to  the  knees,  or,  m  some 
cases,  oulv  to  mid-thigh.— 2.  Less  properly, 
trousers  or  pantaloons.-Breeches  Bible.  See  BMe. 
—To  wear  lie  hreeches,  to  usurp  the  authority  of  the 
hu3l>anil ;  sai'l  "i  a  wife. 

Children  rule,  old  men  go  to  school,  women  wear  the 
bri"'heJ  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader. 

=  S5m.  See  trousers. 

breeches-buoy  (brich'ez-boi),  «.    In  the  life- 

siviu"  service,  a  name  given  to  an  apparatus, 
like  a'^short  pair  of  breeches,  mo\-ing  on  a  rope 
stretched  from  a  wreck 
to  the  shore,  for  the 
purpose  of  landing  per- 
sons from  the  wreck. 

breeching  (brich'iug), 
14.  [Wrbaln.  of  irfcc/i, 
r.]  1.  A  whipping  on 
the  breech 


674 

specificallv,  the  mechanical  device  for  opening 
and  closing  the  breech  of  a  gun  in  loading  aud 
firing.     See  fermeture. 


Brccchcs-buoy. 

Also  called  breech 


I  rii-w  the  prince  with  Aris- 

tdrchus'  eyes, 
WlioMfl.Kiks  wereasaireec/i- 
intf  to  a  hoy. 
Marloux  (ami  Shaksperel), 
lEdw.  III. 

2.  Hard,  clotted  wool 
on  the  buttocks  of  a 
sheep.  — 3.  That  part 
of  a  horse's  harness 
which  passes  round  its 
breech,  and  which  ena- 
bles it  to  back  the  vehi- 
cle to  which  it  is  har- 
nessed. The  breeching 
is  connected  by  straps 

to  the  saddle  and  shaft. .     

baud.  See  cut  under  hanie.fs.—i.  In  jiaral 
aim.,  a  strong  rope  passed  through  a  hole  in  the 
cascabel  of  a  gim  and  fastened  to  bolts  in  the 
ship's  side,  to  check  the  recoil  of  the  giin  when 
it  IS  fired.— 5.   A  bifurcated  sraoke-pipo  of  a 

breeching-bolt  (brich'ing-b61t_), «.    A  bolt  in  a 

slTii^rti.t  t.,  which  the  breeching  i«  fastened. 

breeching-hook  (brich'ing-hiik),  w.    A  curved 

"ok  .Ml  II..-  shafts  of  a  carriage  to  which  tlio 
l,n'ei-liiiii."ir  lh<' harncHH  is  secured. 

breeching-loop  (hnch'ing-lf.p),  >>■  ^aut.,  a 
1,„,„  .,1  T...lar  f..rin.Tly  .-ast  on  the  breech  ..( 
u'lii.s,  through  which  the  briechiiig  was  passed. 

breechleSB  (l.rech'les),  «.  Without  breeches; 
heuce,  naked. 

He  Iwkei  l.y  the  halo  lyre,  an.l  (^-rt^w  hymc  •emcdo. 
Hlorlr  Arthurr  (I..  I-..  1.  ».),  1.  in»8. 

breech-loader  (brAch'16'd<T),  h.     A  firearm 


The  Dashicll  Breech-Mechanism. 
,.  Breech-block  rotated  and  withdraon.     2.    BJecch  oP"  ^"^ 
emolvcartridKe-case  started  out  by  ejtraclor.     W,    Breechblock . 
^  "Handle  bs-  means  of  which  breech-block  ,s  rot.atcd  ;    C,  Inter. 
rupted  screw;  D,  Cartridge. 

breech-piece  (breeh'pes),  n.  1.  The  wrought- 
iron  welded  coil  shrunk  on  the  rear  end  ot  tUe 
steel  tubes  of  the  Fraser  system  of  heavy  guns. 
2  A  heavy  mass  of  steel  which  supports  the 
wedge  in  the  Knipp  system  of  gims. 

breeSl-pin  (brech'pin),  n.  In  !7««.,  a  mounted 
plug  screwed  into  the  rear  end  of  the  barrel 
of  a  firearm.  In 
a  breech-loader  the 
plug  folTns  the  bot- 
tom of  the  charginij- 
clmnlber  or  well ;  in 
a  muzzle-loader  it 
fciniis  the  hcittom  of 
Ihe  1 1,  ■.v. 

breech-screw 

(brech'skro),    n. 
Same  as   breech- 


Brccch-pin. 
plus;  »,  tenon:  <•,  tang;  rf.  tanB-sctcw 
hole !  e.  face. 


I. 

K" 
■11. 
br.  . 


I> 

(M 
I- 

ni 

a.  I 

bi' 

lb 
api 


tbi-  bre.'cll.  The  ten..  I 

i,..thtr  u»'d  ti.  liMt.tii 

ly  ril.Tfid  I"  n"  '"" 

,,   ,    l...i..|irnn  flrc«rni«  ».  re    . 

but  .m  «"•".  a»  Br<nr.i(y  •■t  >" 

iiiiilideil  tlil>  phi..  »  n»  nhn.i'bi.i 

^..f  Ih.,-  .liiy  <lbl  l'"l  "11"" 

iiitr  ,,rihr  l.r.<-rh-|.l' 

-raduiiUycollie  Int.- 1' 

.  .ftlrlnK.inn.'olilcnr 

b'  t/illii'lior.,',  ci'lii' 

'ill  form  of  arm.     S" 


iii'iiilly  contl 1 

>'i   Iti  war,  hirue 
/'■'I'/ifi'/  rimnim. 


,.)..  IM  b 
J  :U|.I  h 
l.:i     tb. 


Ill  at  tho 
iiu  ninKC 
iiire)iall|. 
ir.  IIHIlIK 
-  lo, 
f^ 

:ul/i.»U 
ill"  tho 


II 


g  (brr.ch'lo'diiig),  ".    Itecciving 
iTic  breeeh  inslenil  of  the  muzzle  : 
Bppi ■     1  r.-rirms:  ii-f.  n  brrcrh-lnadinij  rifli'. 

breech-n.cthanism   (i.r.vh'mek'a-nizm),   «. 
Tho  parts  (.oiriprineil  in  the  breech  of  n  gnu; 


breech-sight  (brech'sit),  n.  That  sight  of  a 
gufi  wlii'fi  is  placed  ne.xt  the  breech;  the  hind 

breech-wrench  (brech'reneh),  «.  A  wrench 
employed  in  turning  out  the  breecb-pm  of  a 
nuizzle-loading  fii-earm. 

breed  (bred),  v. ;  prel.  and  pp.  bred,  ppr.  breed- 
ma  r<  ME.  breden,  <  AS.  6,Yrf««,  nourish, 
eherish,  keep  warm  (=  I>.  broeden  =  ML&.  "o- 
den,  LG.  broden  =  OH(l.  brxtoleu  MlUr.  hnt- 
eien,  G.  briitcn,  brood,  liatch),  <'"'"/■.  >""';'V 
see  brood,  ".,  and  cf.  braod  r.  Hreed  is  relat- 
ed to  broorf  as /«W  to  ./<".</.]  I.  1ra<i.-<.  1.  10 
procreate;  begot;  engender;  hatch. 
Yet  every  mother  iiTO*  not  sons  alike. 

hhak..  111.  Aim.,  11.  .1. 

2t.  To  produce  within  or  upon  tho  bo.ly  by 
development  or  organic  process. 

Tlie  worms...  that  did  ^r,Wtlu.|dlk.^^^^^^ 

Children  would  i.r«.i  their  teeth  witli  less  danger.^^^^^^^ 

3.  To  cause ;  occasion ;  produce ;  originate. 

What  pains 
I  have  bostow'd,  to  hreed U'l«l";'"'»l ,'"''"';';,    ,,,  „ 

I  h..n.n.r  phllosophlcall Inslnictl.H.s  "";1  ;(1'««' ',l;;;.»:i|." 
which  bred  Ihem.  S,r  I'.  .s../...%  Ap..l.  lor  loiti... 

F.en  when  snher  trull,  prevails  thr..uKli.>ut, 
They  Bwear  It,  till  ..m.uuince  ^r«^«  a  ;^;;»',!^„„i,„„ 

Intemperance  and  lust  hreM  Inflnnltles.  TilM,o„. 

4  To  produce;  be  the  native  place  of:  ns,  a 
pond  breeds  fish;  a  northern  country  breeds  a 
race  of  stout  men.     „„„„,„,,„„„.„„,,„„ 

Whom  certain  thee  rough  ''""^'■;,'^;;!,^'^::Z!Zy':'^y 

Wliy  .loth  Africa  fcrr-rf  lo  ...any  venom'"'*  ''f""';".  l^' 

lan.l  none?  «-"•' Anal.  "(  ML.  I'  «  »• 

The  harron  noil  docB  n..l  /,r..v/ f;  v,, ..  '■■■"',;';;'"^-; '  «  "• 

or  ^^..rplonH.  A;,„rr.oH.  <  ".  .p.u»"ll"..- 

6.  To  bring  up;  nurse  nn.l  I'oKl.r;  take  .•iir..  .,i 

during  tlw  period  of  griiwl  h  ;  as,  born  ami  bred. 

Y.i.ing  Ariha«, 

A  hoy  ..»  sw.el  a.  y..u..g;  ...y  I'nf.'r  '"•'''''"  '""'■ 

My  iiohie  hrooier  ^'•'•''v^-';;.;",:;;;:,'';',!,-,,.,.,,  v.  ■,. 

Ah  I  wrol.h.-.l  u"' '  hv  f.il.'»  nvern.; .lo.r.'i"! 

To  hrTng  th.o  forlh  with  pain,  with  care  U>  W.^^ 


breeding 

6  To  form  live. lucatiun;  train:  as,  to  breed  li. 
S(jn  to  an  occupation;  a  man  bred  at  a  univer- 
sity: commonly  with  iq). 

To  iirfcd  up  the  son  to  common  sense. 

Drijden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

The  trade  he  breeds  them  vii  in.  Locke. 

7.  To  procure  by  the  mating  of  parents,  and 
rear  for  use:   as,  to  breed  canaries;   to  breed 
cattle  for  the  market — Bred  out,  .legenerated. 
The  strain  of  man's  bred  out 
Into  baboon  and  monkey.        lihak.,  T.  ot  .\.,  I  1. 
Well  bred    having  good  manners;  well  instructed:  as, 
his  actions  show  him  to  be  uvU  bred.     See  uvU-bred. 
A  gentleman  uvU  bred,  and  of  good  name. 

Shttk.,  2  lien.  I\ .,  i.  1. 

I  have  not  seen  a  cobbler  (in  Tarisl  who  is  not  better 
!>re(i  than  an  Knglish  gentleman.     „,,,„,        „    ... 

Si,(bi.'!/  Umith.  To  Mrs.  Sydney  Smith. 
=Syil.  1.  To  generate.— 5.  To  nourish,  nurture.— 6.  To 
educate,  school,  discipline.- 7.  To  raise. 

11  iiitram:  1.  To  beget  or  bear  offspring;, 
produce  young;  be  fruitful:  used  figuratively 
of  increase  generally. 

Tliit  thev  may  breed  abundantly  in  the  earth,  and  he- 
fruitful.  Gen.vni.ir. 
Where  they  most  breed  and  haunt 

Shak.,  Ntacbeth,  i.  6. 

I  make  it  [money]  breed  as  fast.       Sliak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 

The  mother  had  never  lired  before.  Cariieiiler. 

2    To  have  birth;  be  produced;  arise;  growf 

develop:  as,  maggots  breed  readily  in  carrion. 

As  foster'd  members  rot  but  by  degree. 

Till  bones,  and  flesh,  and  sinews  fall  away, 

So  will  this  base  and  envious  discord  breed. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  in.  1. 

3.  To  proem-e  the  birth  of  young:  with  /com. - 
as,  to  breed  from  a  mare  of  good  stock. — 4+.  To- 
be  pregnant. 

Jlercy  being  a  young  and  breediuii  woman,  longed  for 
somctl.iiig  that  she  saw  there,  but  was  ashamed  to  ask 

nuniiun.  Pilgrim's  Progress,  u.,  Shepherds. 
Tn  hreed  In  and  in,  to  breed  from  animals  of  the  sam» 
4:.ck  th.Tt  "e  cioseii  related,- To  breed  true,  to  pro- 
dui','  iillsiuing  exhibiting  the  same  cliaraclerist.es  of  forin, 
color  iiiid  gener.al  (|iialities  as  the  parents;  said  of  ani- 
mals pi.i.U.v,  etc.,  of  pure  breed. 
breed  (bred),  ».  [<  breed,  r.]  1.  A  race  or 
pro^env  from  tho  same  parents  or  stock ;  espe- 
ciallv,  a  race  of  men  or  other  animals  havnng 
an  aUiance  bv  nativitv  and  some  distinctive 
qualities  in  common,  which  are  transmitted  by 
heredity ;  hence,  faiiiil  v ;  extract  ion :  as,  a  breed 
of  men  lu  a  particular  country ;  horses  or  sheep- 

of  good  breed. 

X  bring  you  witnesses. 
Twice  flfteeii  thimsand  hearts  of  England's  dri-frf. 

Shak.,  K.  .lohn.  li.  1. 

The  farmer  race  of  Arabs,  tho  most  despised  by  their 
fellow  countrvmen,  ami  the  irnist  hanl-favored,  nioially 
as  well  as  physically,  of  all  the  tir.'-.f. 

;;.  1\  riurloii.  El  Medinah.  p.  '250. 

Hence  — 2.  Sort;  kind:  in  a  general  sense. 
This  courtesy  is  not  of  the  right  breed.        ... 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ill.  2. 

3t.  A  number  produced  at  once;  a  hatch ;^ 
brood:  as,  "above  an  lumdred  at  a  breed,  A 
(;,.,.„.._ 4f.  Inereaso  of  any  sort,  especially 
interest  on  money ;  usury. 

For  when  liiil  tricniisl.ip  take 
A  breed  of  barren  metal  of  his  friend'^  .  ,,    ,  » 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  3. 

5t.  Breeding. 

■I  hat   i-i.uiiti-ey  Is  a  very  grcato  Boylo  of  cattell,  ana 
v,-.-,c  mt  fill-  In-eede.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland, 

breed-batet  (bred'bat),  ».  [<  breed,  v.,  +  obj. 
bale'\  »!.]  One  who  breetls  or  incites  to  quar- 
rels; as,  "no  tell-tale  iKU' no  breed-bate,"  Shak.f 
M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  4.  .,    .     1-  u 

breeder  (briV.l.-'r),  ».  1.  One  whoortliatwlnctt 
bn-.'ds,  iirocreates,  or  produces  yoiuig:  used 
especially  of  the  female. 

You  love  the  lireeder  better  tlian  the  nial.\ 

.S'/infc.,  8  Hen.  VI.,  11, 1. 
2.  One  who  educates  or  rears;  figuratively, 
that  which  rears. 

Ilulv  and  Hon.e  have  bc-n  the  b.-st  I'reeden  .  ■  •  »'  *»» 
wiiitbli-»t  .11.-1..  .Isehniii,  The  Seholeniastor. 

3  On.-  who  or  that  which  produces,  causes,  or 
brings  iibout:  as,  he  was  a  lireeder  of  thsson- 

sions.  .       .       .   ,,        1 

Time  Is  the  nurse  anil  breeder  of  .ill  good 

Shak.,  I.  ...  oi  v..  111.  u 

4  One  who  procures  the  birth  of  young:  one 
wlio  raiHeH  a  particular  brei'.l,  as  "f  """™'«; 
t,-,-hnic.,llv,  in  henl-  nn.l  st  ii.l-b<.okH, ' ,'-'  "^^ne'r 
„r  the  dam  at  lh<^  tin..'  of  the  birth  oi  the  anl- 
i,i!il  1 or.l.'.l.  — 5t.   Sam.'  ns  tirrd-sorr 

breeding  {bre'.ling),  ".  ( V.-rl.al  n.  ..I  breed,  li-l 
1  Tb-  i.i't  of  g.-n.-n.ling  or  proil.icing.-^^. 
Tb.-  r.-nring  of  ci.tlb-  ..r  live  slock  ..f  any  kind, 
l.artieularly  by  mingling  or  crossing  one  straUk  i, 


breeding 

of  a  species  or  variety  with  another,  with  a 
view  to  improve  the  breed.     See  crons-brecdinf/ 
anJ  i»-and-in. —  3.  Upbringing;  nurtui'e;  edu- 
cation; instruction. 
Hlio  hail  her  breeding  at  my  fatlier's  charge. 

Shale,  All's  Well,  il.  3. 

4.  Deportment  or  behavior  in  social  life ;  man- 
ners, especially  good  manners :  as,  good  breed- 
ing (poUteness) ;  a  man  of  no  breeding  (that  is, 
a  very  ill-bred  man). 

As  men  of  breeduift,  sometimes  men  of  wit, 
T'  avoid  great  errors,  must  the  less  conmiit. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  259. 

In  society  his  good  breedinff  and  vivacity  made  liim  al- 

w.ays  welcome.   Mneaiday,  Dramatists  of  the  Kestoration. 

5t.  Descent ;  extraction. 

Honest  gentleman,  I  know  not  your  breedinq. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  Iv.,  v.  3. 
Breeding  in  the  line,  breeding  from  animals  of  the  same 
varirt>  ,  I'lit  of  different  parentage.  =S5T1.  1.  Generation, 
]n'i"liiiti'iii.  — 2.  Raising. —  3.  Training,  discipline. 

breeding-cage  (bre'ding-kaj),  «.  1.  A  contri- 
vance used  by  entomologists  for  rearing  in- 
sects in  captivity,  as  a  box  of  wire  netting,  a 
jar  covered  with  cloth,  or  any  similar  arrange- 
ment.—  2.  A  large  cage,  with  a  box,  pan,  or 
compartment  for  a  nest,  in  which  a  pair  of 
birds  are  placed  for  breeding  iu  captivity. 

breeding-pen  (bre'ding-pen),  n.  1.  A  pen  or 
inclosure,  or  a  yard  with  the  necessary  house 
for  shelter,  in  which  animals  or  poultry  are 
confined  for  the  purpose  of  producing  pure- 
bred stock. —  2.  At  exhibitions  of  poultry,  a 
certain  number  of  females,  commonly  four,  but 
sometimes  five,  shown,  together  with  a  male,  in 
competitiou  for  a  prize. 

breedllngt  (bred'ling),  n.  [<  breed  +  -ling^.'\  A 
native  ;  an  inhabitant. 

Over  most  sad  fens,  all  the  way  observing  the  sad  life 
which  the  people  of  the  place  —  which,  if  they  be  born 
there,  they  do  call  the  Breedlitiffs  of  the  place  —  do  live. 
Pepys,  Diary,  Sept.  17,  1663. 

breek^,  n.  Scotch,  northern  English,  and  ob- 
solete form  of  breech. 

breek-t,  »■  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  variant  of 
breiik  or  breach. 

breeks  (breks),  n.  pi.  Seoteh  and  northern  Eng- 
Usli  form  of  breeches. 

I  have  linen  breeks  on.   B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  v.  4. 
breemelf,  m-     An  old  spelling  of  bream^. 
breeme^t,  f-    See  brim^. 
breer"^,  brere  (brer),  M.    [=  6n"er,  q.  v.]   A  com- 
mon English  name  for  the  blackberry,  Bubiis 
fnififiixu.i,  and  the  dogrose,  Bosa  canina  :  hence 
Brcrcclijf,  Brerecroft,  and  other  names  of  places. 
The  amorous  birds  now  pair  in  every  brake. 
And  build  their  mossy  homes  in  field  and  brere. 

Shelley,  Adonais,  viii. 

breer^  (brer),  n.  and  v.    [Sc]    Same  as  braird. 
breese,  «.    See  breeze^. 


675 

hrim\.  Cf.  Skt.  bhramara,  a  large  black  bee, 
perhaps  from  the  same  root.]  A  gadfly;  a 
liorse-Hy;  specifically,  one  of  certain  strong- 
bodied  dipterous  insects  of  tie  family  Taba- 
mdw.  There  are  many  species.  The  larvto  live  in  moist 
ground,  and  are  subaquatic.  The  black  breeze,  7'ata him 
alratiiii  (Faliricius),  is  one  of  the  largest  North  American 
species.     Also  called  breeze-Jly. 

lint  ho  them  all  from  him  full  lightly  swept, 
As  doth  a  Steare,  in  heat  of  sommei-s  day. 
With  his  long  taile  the  UryzeH  brush  away. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  1.  24. 
Runs  like  a  heifer  bitten  with  the  l/rize. 
About  the  court.  B.  Jonton,  New  Inn,  v.  1. 

breezeif,  v.  i.    [<  hreeze\  «.]    To  buzz. 

breeze''^  (brez),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brize, 
brii:ss;  =  G.  hrine  =  Dan.  bris,  <  F.  brize,  now 
brise,  a  breeze,  =  Sp.  hrisa  =  Pg.  briza,  the 
northeast  wind ;  cf.  It.  brezza,  a  cold  wind ;  pos- 
sibly same  as  bise,  q.  v.,  with  intrusive  -r.]  1. 
A  moderately  brisk  wind ;  a  movement  of  air 
not  so  strong  as  a  gale :  as,  a  refi'eshing  breeze; 
a  stiil  breeze  at  sea. 

The  heat  of  Summer  [in  Vij'ginia]  is  in  June,  .Tuly  and 
August,  but  commonly  a  cool  Briefs  asswages  the  vche- 
money  of  the  heat. 

.S.  Clarke,  Plantations  of  the  English  in  America 
1(1670).  p.  .'■,. 
From  land  a  gentle  breeze  arose  at  night.  Dryden. 

2.  A  noisy  quarrel;  a  disturbance;  a  ro^. 
[Colloq.] 

The  marine  went  forward  and  gave  the  order ;  and  Jem. 
my,  who  expected  a  breeze,  told  his  wife  to  behave  quietly. 
Marryat,  Snarleyyow,  I.  xv. 
Land-breeze,  sea-breeze,  breezes  blowing  respectively 
from  the  land  to  or  over  the  sea,  and  from  the  sea  over 
the  land.  The  former  is  apt  to  blow  especially  by  night, 
and  the  latter  by  day ;  and  in  some  regions  this  alterna- 
tion occurs  with  great  regularity.  =Syn.  Chiat,  etc.  .^^ce 
u>ind,  n. 

breeze''^  (brez),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  breezed, 
ppr.  breezing.  [<  breeze"^,  «.]  To  blow  gently. 
[Rare.] — To  breeze  up  i^naut.),  to  blow  with  greater 
strength ;  freslien. 

breeze*  (brez),  n.  [=  E.  dial,  briss'^  (q.  v.),  dust, 
rubbish,  <  F.  bris,  rubbish,  fragments,  break- 
age, etc.,  <  briser.  break:  see  bruise  and  brazil, 
and  cf.  debris.  But  in  sense  2  perhaps  <  OF. 
brese,  cinders,  orig.  live  coals,  P.  braise,  live 
coals:  see  feraisel.]  1.  House-sweepings,  as 
fluff,  dust,  ashes,  etc. — 2.  The  material  sifted 
out  from  house-ashes,  extensively  used  in  burn- 
ing bricks ;  cinders.     [Eng.] 

breeze-fly  (lirez'fli),  n.     Same  as  breeze^. 

breeze-oven  (brez'uv"n),  n.  1.  An  oven  for 
the  manufaetvu'e  of  small  coke. —  2.  A  furnace 
designed  to  consume  breeze  or  coal-dust. 

breezy  (bre'zi),  o.  [<  breeze-  +  -;/l.]  1.  Of 
the  nature  of  a  breeze  ;  blowy ;  windy. 

The  breezy  call  of  incense-breathing  morn. 

Gray,  Elegj'. 

2.  Fanned  with  gentle  winds  or  breezes :  as, 
the  breezy  shore.—  3.  Figuratively,  brisk ;  live- 
ly ;  sprightly :  as,  a  breezy  essay. 

The  chapter  on  "  Value  "  isparticulaily  fresh  and  breezy. 
The  American,  VIII.  S7. 

bregma  (breg'ma),  «.;  pi.  bregmata  (-ma-tii). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  iSpiffia,  also  [ipixi^'',  the  front  part  of 
the  head,  sinciput,  prob.  <  ppix"^,  '"'et,  moisten ; 
perhai)s  akin  to  E.  rain.  q.  v.]  In  anat.,  the 
junction  of  the  sagittal  and  coronal  sutures  of 
the  skull ;  the  anterior  fontanel.  It  was  so  named 
because  in  infants  it  is  soft,  and  w,as  tliought  to  coiTe- 
spond  with  the  most  humid  part  of  the  ijrain.  Also  writ- 
ten breelima  and  brechnuts.    See  cut  under  cranimnetnj. 

Bregmaceros  (breg-mas'e-ros),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lipiy/ta,  the  front  part  of  the  head,  the  sinciput, 
-I-  K£pof,  horn.]   A  genus  of  anacanthine  fishes. 


Black  Breeze  (  Tabaniis  atratus). 
a,  larva  :  d,  pupa  ;  c,  imago.    (All  slightly  enlarged.) 

breeze^  (brez),  ».  [Also  written  breese,  early 
mod.  E.  brize.  hrizze,  brise,  briese,  <  ME.  brese, 
<  AS.  bredsa,  briosa  (only  in  glosses),  a  gadfly; 
not  found  in  other  tongues,  and  supposed  to 
be  an  irreg.  reduction  of  *briinsa  (also  cited 
as  AS.,  but  not  well  authorized:  see  brimse, 
brim^e)/)  =  MD.  brcnise.  D.  brems  =  OHG.  bri- 
mis.ia,'WBG.  brimse,  G.  bremse  =  ODan.  brimse, 
bremse,  Dan.  bremse  =  Sw.  bronis,  a  horse- 
fly; also  (without  the  formative  -s)  bream  = 
OHG.  brcmo,  MHG.  6.  breme,  MD.  bremme  (see 
hreamS)  •  so  named,  perhaps,  from  its  buzzing: 
cf.  AS.  bremnian,  roar,  OHG.  brnnan.  MHG. 
bremcn,  roar,  buzz,  MHG.  G.  brummen,  D.  brom- 
men,  hum,  buzz,  grumble,  L.  fremere,  roar:  see 


Bregynaceros  attanticus. 

containing  a  few  small  pelagic  species,  and 

representing  hi  some  systems  a  family  Breg- 

macerotidw.  .  ^  t 

bregmacerotid  (breg''ma-se-rot  id),  «.    A  fish 

of  tbo  family  l>re</niacerotida'. 
Bregmacero'tidae'  (breg  ma-se-rot'i-de),  n.  pi 
[NL  <  Bretimaceros  (-rot-)  +  -ida:]  A  family 
of  gadoid  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Breg- 
maceros. Thev  have  a  robust  caudal  portion  truncate 
or  convex  behind,  almost  without  procurrent  caudal  rays 
above  or  below,  with  an  antemediau  anus,  moderate  sub- 


brent-goose 

orliitals,  terminal  motitli,  jugular  ventrals  abnormally 
di.-vcloped,  an  occipiLil  ray,  a  continuous  dorsal  tin  mostly 
confined  to  the  c:aurlal  i}ortlon,and  an  anal  nearly  similar 
to  the  long  rl.jrsal.  'I  be  few  known  species  are  of  small  siaj, 
and  Inhabitantflof  the  high  or  deep  »ca« ;  their  nearest  rel- 
atives are  supposed  to  be  the  codllDheii. 

bregmata,  «.     Plural  of  bregma. 

bregmatic  (breg-mat'ik),  ft.  [<  bregma{t-)  + 
-!c.  J  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  bregma :  as,  breg- 
malin  tension. 

brehon  (bre'hon),  «.  [<  Olr.  hrithim,  a  judge, 
Ir.  diiol.  brcilheamh,  a  judge,  <  Olr.  brelh,  Ir. 
Gael,  hreilh,  f.,  Olr.  Ir.  hrdlli,  m.,  judgment,  de- 
cision.] One  of  the  ancient  liercditary  judges 
of  Ireland,  similar  to  those  of  Scotland  during 
its  Celtic  period. 

In  the  territories  of  each  MPt,  Judgca,  called  Brelunut, 
and  taken  out  of  certain  families,  sat  with  primeval  ulin- 
plicity  on  turfcn  benches  in  some  couspicuomt  situation, 
to  lietermine  controversies. 

l/allam.  Const.  Illst.,  III.  3.W. 

Brehon  laws,  the  ancient  system  of  laws  of  Ireland. 
These  laws,  originally  unwritten,  and  developed  by  the 
brehons,  were  largely  einlK>died  at  an  early  period  In  cer- 
tain ancient  writings  known  now  as  lirfhnn  Tractn.  Of 
these  two  have  been  translated  :  the  .Srnchujt  ,1/or,  or  Oreat 
Book  of  the  Ijiw,  com|iiled,  it  is  said,  by  nine  "  pillars  of 
Erin,"  under  the  superintendence  of  .St.  Patrick  ;  and  the 
Boi>k  of  Aicill,  contairnng  the  wisdom  of  two  of  the  most 
famous  brehons,  the  "  koyal  C'ormac"  and  the  "  I.eanie4 
Ceiuifaelah."  This  system  of  law  w.'is  not  entirely  flUJN;r- 
scdcil  by  Knglisli  laws  among  the  native  Irish  until  about 

16,^0. 

breithauptite  (brit'houp-tit),  n.  [After  the 
German  mineralogist  J.  A.  F.  Breithaupt  (ITJ}- 
187:i).]  An  antimonide  of  nickel  occurring  in 
hexagonal  crystals  and  also  in  massive  fomiB, 
It  has  a  copper-red  color  and  brilliant  metallic 
luster. 

breitoline  fbri'to-lin),  «.  [Named  for  the  in- 
ventor, L.  Hreit.]  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
violin  family,  having  five  metal  strings  and 
a  compass  somewliat  lower  than  a  viola.  It  is 
fastened  upon  a  table,  like  a  zither,  and  played 
with  a  bow. 

breloque  (bre-lok'),  «.  [F. ;  origin  imccrtain.] 
A  seiu,  locket,  charm,  or  other  small  trinket  or 
itrticle  of  jewelry  attached  to  a  watch-chain. 

bremet,  "•    See  brim*. 

bremelyt,  <i<lc.    See  brimhj. 

Bremen  blue,  green,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

bremlyt,  adv.    See  brimly. 

bren't  (brou),ti.  [<  ME.  brennen,  the  usual  form 
of  /;«/•«!,  q.  v.]  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  va- 
riant of  6Mr«i. 

(.Tosely  the  wicked  flame  his  bowels  brent. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  Ul.  vll.  16. 

The  Romaines  this  Night  [Candlemas  Day}  went  about 
the  city  of  Rome,  with  Torches  and  Candles  brenning  in 
Worsliip  of  this  Wrtman  Februa.  for  hope  to  have  the 
more  Uelpe  and  Succoure  of  her  Sonne  Mars. 

J.  Brand,  in  Bourne's  Pop.  Antii|.  (1777),  p.  224. 

bren"t,  "•  An  obsolete  variant  of  6rani.  Cltau- 
cer. 

brennage  (bren'Sj),  n.  [<  OF.  brenage  (ML. 
brcnagium),  <  bren,  ML.  brcnnium,  bran  :  see 
bran^.'\  In  old  laic,  a  tribute  or  composition 
which  tenants  paid  to  their  lord  in  lieu  of  bran 
which  they  were  obliged  to  furnish  for  his 
hounds. 

brenninglyt,  <tdc.  Bumingly;  ardently.  Chau^ 
cer. 

brentl  (brent),  a.     [=  branfl,  q.  v.]     1.  Steep; 
upright;  straight;  high. — 2.  Smooth;  unwrin- 
kled:  applied  to  the  brow.     [Scotch.] 
Your  bonnie  brow  was  brent.      Burwi,  John  Anderson. 

Her  fair  brent  brow,  smooth  as  th'  unmnkled  deep 
When  a'  the  winds  are  in  their  caves  asleep.     Ramtay. 

brent-  (brent),  n.     Same  as  brent-goose. 

brenta  (bren'ta),  «.  [It.]  An  Italian  liquid 
nuasure,  generally  equal  to  about  18  or  19  gal- 
lons. But  the  brenta  of  Crema  was  only  10^  United 
States  gallons,  and  the  brenUi  of  Borne  w««  37.8.  The 
last  was  quite  exceptional. 

brente  (bren'te),  n.  [Cf.  brenta.']  A  Swiss 
liquirl  mea.sure,  varj-ing  in  capacity  from  10.31 
to  17.00  gallons. 

brent-fox  (brent'foks),  H.     See  brant-fox. 

brent-goose  (brent'gos),  n.  [Also  brant-goose 
HnAbmnd-goosc,  often  shortened  to  &rpn f,  brant, 
G.  ;)ir»i^.</"''>'>'(>prob.  It.  branta);  all  due  to  Icel. 
hrandgd's  (=  Sw.  brandgSs  =  Dan.  brandgaax), 
<  brandr  (=  Sw.-Dan.  brand  =  E.  brand :  with 
reference  prob.  to  the  color;  cf.  brant-fox)  -¥■ 
gds=  Sw.  gas  =  Dan.  gaas  =  E.  goose.}  The 
brent  or  brant,  a  goose.  Bcniicia  brenta,  of  the 
family  Anatida-,  inhabiting  most  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere.    It  is  smaller  than  most  geese,  and 

.  has  the  head,  neck,  and  bill  Idark.  the  neck  with  patches 
of  small  white  stript*.  the  tail-everts  white,  and  the  l«'dy- 
colurs  dark.    It  breeds  in  high  latitudes,  migrating  south 


brent-goose 


676 

bretesse  (bre-tes'),  n.  [OF.  iretesse,  F.  hreteche, 
bretciche,  the  battlements  of  a  wall,  etc.:  see  bret- 
tice,  brattice,  the  reg.  E.  form  of  the  word.]  In 
medieval  fort. :  (n)  A  tower  of  timber  of  several 
stories,  crenelated,  loopholed,  and  fitted  with 
other  contemporary  de\'iees  for  offense  and  de- 
fense. It  differed  from  the  belfry  in  that  it  was 
fixed  instead  of  movable,  (fe)  A  construction  of 
timber,  of  a  more  or  less  temporary  character, 
projecting  from  a  wall,  etc.,  especially  over  a 
gateway  or  a  passage,  which  by  its  aid  could 


Brent.goose  {Semiila  t>renta). 


ill  the  autumn.    There  are  several  varieties.    Also  called 

brant-fliwue  and  braiid-frooge. 

brenthian  (bren'thi-an),  )i.  and  a.     [<  Brenthiis 

+  -!«/(.]    I.  H.  A  beetle  of  the  genus  Brenthiis. 

n.  o.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Brenthus. 

brenthid  (bren'thid),  n.  A  beetle  of  the  fam- 
ily Brcntliidw. 

Bfentllidae  (bren'thi-de),  n.  pi.  [NX,.,  <  Broi- 
lliiis  +  -;V?(P.]  A  family  of  rhynchophorous  co- 
leopterous insects,  related  to  the  Curculio)iid(r. 
They  are  of  an  elongate  fonn,  and  have  long  snouts  and 
moiiilifomi  antenna;.     The  genera  are  numerous. 

Brenthns  (bren'thus),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jSpevBoc, 
an  unknown  water-bird  ;  also,  with  var.  jSpMo^, 
applied  to  a  singing  bird.]  1 .  A  genus  of  snout- 
beetles,  remarkable  for  the  excessive  length 
and  narrowness  of  the  body.  The  beak  in  the  fe- 
male is  long  and  filiform  ;  in  the  male,  short,  with  the  man- 
dibles at  tile  tip  mufh  more  <leveloped  and  of  exceptional 
form.  The  numerous  species,  mostly  tropical,  constitute 
now  a  distiact  family  of  rhynchophorous  beetles,  and 


Northern  Brenthian,  Brtttthut  {Eufisatis)  miHutus. 
a,  UrTa  :  #,  pup-i ;  c,  female  beetle :  d,  held  of  male  beetle  :  i-, 
first  Joint  of  rr.lle  antenna  ;  /.  lej;  of  Lirva  :  £,  hc.id  of  larva,  front 
view ;  A,  labium  of  l.irva  ;  i,  l.tbrum  of  larva ;  J,  mandible  of  larva  ; 
*.  maxilla  of  larva  ;  /,  held  of  larva,  from  beneath  :  wi.cndofbody 
of  pupa,  dorsal  view.    (Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

the  genus  Brenthwi  has  l>een  Reparatcd  into  numerous 
genera.  fJnly  one  species,  lirenthux  (KupnalOi)  minutit^ 
(Drury),  inhabits  the  eastern  portion  of  the  I'nited  .SUttes. 
The  larva  )>ores  into  the  hard  wood  of  oak-trees,  usually 
after  these  have  tieen  felled.  The  males  arc  very  liilgna- 
cioiis.     Also  firrntwi. 

2.  A  genus  of  geese,  proposed  by  Suudevall  in 
1H7.3  to  replace  Brnnla.     [Not  in  use.] 

brent-new  (brent'nu),  a.     A  Scotch  form  of 
bniiid-uew. 
f 'otillitii  hrent-new  frac  France.    Burti»,  Tani  o'  Shantcr. 

Brentus  n)ren'tus),  n.     Hs,me  an  Brenthus,  1. 

brequet-chain  (bre-ket'dian),  n.  [Said  to  be 
iiaiiu'd  iiftir  a  celebrated  French  watchmaker 
named  Briijiut,  but  influenceil  by  F.  briquet,  a 
little  chain.]  A  short  wateh-guurd  or  chain 
to  which  thf)  watch-key  is  sometimes  attached ; 
n  ffjb-chiiin. 

brere,  ".     Hoe  brc/r^. 

br^Blllet  (brii^ze-lo'),  n.  [F.,  bra/.il :  hco  brazil.'] 
Sfiini'  iiM  brncili  III). 

bresBomer,  bresBammer  (breH'om-/T,  -um-f-r), 

n.     f'orruptionK  of  lirint-ntimmcr. 
brest'  (lir('st),  II,       It.   An  obsolete  spelling  of 

brmnt.—  Z.  In  arch.,  a  tonis.     [Karo  or  obso- 

li-t...j 
brest-t  flirest),  V.  and  fi.     An  obsolcto  variant 

of  liiirH. 

breftt-'iiimmer,  breast-stunmer  ("bri'st 'Hnm'- 

't),  .  I 'I  iirrtt.,  11  HuiiiMKr  or  beiiiii  jihiced 
h'iri/  ii|i|>iirl  an  upper  wall  nr  parti- 
tion ..viTii  Hhop-windii»  ;  ii  lintel. 
(.''►rr  1,  ItrrHHonitr,  brcHnummrr. 
bret  'linl,,  \i\r. of  bin,  hurl ;  origin 
Mill.'  '.)  A  local  EngiiHli  name  (in 
Cornwjiii;  .,1  iiiij  uml|  uiol  also  of  the  turbof. 


Bretesses. 
( From  Viollet-le- Due's  "Diet,  de  rArchitecture.") 

be  more  readily  commanded  by  the  garrison 
through  machicolations,  etc.  .Such  bretesses  arc 
distihiiuished  from  hoantiii^r  in  that  the  latter  forms  a  con- 
timii.us  ^'alU-ry  crowning  a  wall  or  a  tower,  wliile  the  for. 
iner  arc  jsohitcd  oil  three  sides. 

bretesse  tbre-te-sa'),  a.  [Pp.  of  OF.  *bretesser, 
hretescher,  provide  with  battlements,  <  bretesse, 
brctcsclie,  etc.:  see  bretesse.']  In /(cr.,  battled  on 
both  sides,  the  projections  coming  opposite  each 
other:  said  of  a  bend,  a  fesse,  or  the  like.  Also 
spelled  brcttessd. 

bretessed  (bre-tesf),  a.  In  her.,  same  as  bre- 
tesse. 

bretexedt,  «•  [ME.j  also  bretaged,  pp.,  equiv. 
to  hritessed.]     Furnished  with  a  bretesse. 

bretfult,  a.  [ME.,  also  brerdful,  <  brerd  (<  AS. 
Iirird,  brcord.  toji,  brim:  see  briiird)  +  -Jul.] 
Biiiiifiil:  as,  "hril/'ul  of  pardouus,"  Chaucer, 
lion.  I'rol.  toC.  T.',  1,  0S7. 

brethelt,  "•     -\  variant  of  brothel^. 

brethernedet,  "■  An  old  form  of  brotherhood, 
i  'hattfi  r. 

brethren  (breTn'ren),ji.  Plural  of  Jrof/icr.  See 
pliriiscs  under  brother. 

bretiset,  "•     Same  as  bretesse. 

Breton  (bret'on),  a.  and  «.  [F.,  a.  and  n, ;  ult. 
same  as  Briton,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Relating  to  Brit- 
tany or  Bretagne,  a  former  province  in  north- 
western France,  or  to  the  language  of  its  peo- 
ple. 

Here  on  the  lirrton  strand  ! 

Breton,  not  Briton.     Tennyson,  Maud,  xxiv. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Brittany.— 2.  The  na- 
tive language  of  Brittany;  Armorie  (which  sec). 

brett  (bret),  «.  [Perhaps  from  the  pi'oper  iiaiiii' 
Britt.]  A  four-wheeled  caiTiuge  liiiving  acaliisli 
top  and  seats  for  four  besides  the  driver's  seat. 
/■:.  II.  Kniyht. 

brettes86,  «.    See  brctcssd. 

brettice  (brct'is),  n.     Same  as  brattice. 

Bretwalda  (bret'wol-dji),  n.  [AS.  Brchratdn. 
otlicrwise  llri/trn-,  Brilin-ipnldii,  -ireiildii,  a  title 
of  uncertain  inianing,  occurring  in  I  lie  Anglo- 
Saxon  Chronicle  (A.  I).  8'27) ;  <  Bret,  olhcrwiwo 
llryt,  sing,  of  Brctlas,  Bn/ltas,  Britons,  or  Bri/- 
ten,  Britain  (but  this  is  disputed),  -I-  -wenldn  (in 
comp.),  a  ruler,  <  inaUlon,  rule:  see  uiild.]  A 
title  Hometiines  applied  to  an  Anglo-Saxon  king 
whoso  Hiipromacy  over  some  or  all  of  tlio  oilier 
kiiigdoniH  was  iK'knowledged.  The  nature  of 
this  HiipreniBi'y  is  unknown. 

It  was  to  these  exploiln  thntCeawlin  owed  thai  dignity 
of  llrrlmildd,  which  .Kile  bifiiri3  liini  had  galnid  liy  the 
flf'xtrui-tlon  of  Anilciidn 

r.  Klirni,  Origins  of  Kng.  Illsl..  p.  .'11)2. 

breunerite  (broi'n^r-il),  ».  [After  fount  Itreu- 
nrrnt  Austria.]  A  tnineraf  I'onHisling  of  tlie 
carbonutes  of  magni'Hiiim  and  iron,  whitlHh, 
and  after  expoHiiri'  lirnwiiiHli,  in  color.     Ii  .i.(iir» 

ii  iiiillv  In  rliMiiibolndriil  >  it>liil>.  anil  Is  liiler Hale  be 

I  ^ ' '  ri  till-  rhoinlMih>>driil  cjirlionates  vt  uiatfUeaiuiu  (mag- 
ri'  -111 )  anil  Iron  (ildurlt«). 


breviary 

breve  (brev),  ?;.  [<  It.  brerc  =  F.  brere,  f.  {bref, 
m.).  <  L. /irrrw,  short :  see  ftnc/.]  1.  In  ;»«»■)>•  .- 
(o)  The  third  variety  of  note  used  by  medieval 
musicians,  haviug  one  half  or  one  third  the 
value  ordirration  of  a  long  note,  or  loiiijii :  its 
fonn  was  t=)  .  (b)  In  modern  notation,  the 
longest  note  used,  having  double  the  duration 
of  a  semibreve.  Its  form  is  either  \^=^\  or  M  •  It 
occm-s  rarely,  since  the  semibreve  or  whole  note  is  com- 
monly regarded  as  the  longest  note  necessary,  an<i  as  the 
standard  to  which  all  other  notes  are  to  be  referred. 
2t.  In  line,  a  wi'it;  a  brief. —  3.  In  writini/  and 
printing,  a  mark  (")  used  to  indicate  that  the 
vowel  over  which  it  is  placed  is  short. — 4t.  In 
pros.,  a  short  syllable.  ■ 

Corrector  of  brews  and  longes.  Hall,  Rich.  III.,  an.  'A. 
5.  [<  F.  bref,  fern,  brere,  short;  from  their  short 
tails.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  ant- 
thrushes  of  the  family  Fittidw.  Also  called 
braehijurc.     See  Brachyurus,  2. 

brevet,  ''•  t-  [^  ME.  brewn  (=  MD.  brieven  = 
OHO.  brieven  =  Icel.  brefa),  <  ML.  brcviare, 
write  down,  narrate,  prop,  note  in  brief.  <  L. 
brevis,  brief,  whence  hrevc,  E.  briif  a  writing, 
a  brief:  see  brere,  «.,  Irricf,  n.  and  v.,  and  bn- 
riatc.]     1.  To  write  down ;  describe. 

.-Vs  hit  is  breiied  in  the  best  boke  of  romaunce. 

.Sir  Gaieayiie  and  the  Green  Kniijht,  1.  2521. 

2.  To  enter  in  a  book ;  book;  brief. 

The  clerke  of  the  cochyn  shalle  alle  thyng  bj'ene. 

liokf  of  Curtate,  L  653. 
At  countyng  stuarde  schalle  ben, 
Tylle  alle  be  breuet  of  wax  so  grene, 
Wrytten  in-to  bokes,  with-out  let, 
That  be-fore  in  tabuls  base  ben  sett. 

Babees  Book  (fi.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  316. 

3.  To  tell ;  say. 

Breue  us  tin  name.  Einfj  Alisaxnlder,  p.  78. 

brevet  (bre-vef),  ti.  and  a.  [<  ME.  brevet,  a  let- 
ter of  iiididgence,  <  OF.  brievet,  F.  breret  (ML. 
brevetuiii),  a  commission,  license,  etc.,  lit.  a 
short  writing,  dim.  of  OF.  brief.  F.  bref,  a  writ- 
ing: siH- brief]  I,  )(.  If.  A  letter  of  authority ; 
a  commission. 

I  wol  go  fecche  my  box  with  my  brntette^ 
Ami  a  bulle  with  bisshopes  lettres. 

J'iiTu  Ptoirman  (B),  v.  649. 

2.  In  the  British  and  American  ai'mies,  a  com- 
mission to  an  officer  which  promotes  him  to  a 
higher  rank,  without  conferring  a  right  to  re- 
ceive corresponding  advance  in  pay.  in  Creat 
Britain  it  ilocs  nut  tlcsceiid  li'«cr  than  the  rank  of  captidn, 
nor  ascend  liiglu-r  tlnm  tiiat  of  lieuteiiant-roloncl,  and  con- 
fers the  right  to  a  coi-responding  advanct;  in  eomniand. 
In  the  I'nitcd  States  army  it  extends  from  tlie  rank  of  first 
lieutenant  to  tliat  of  lieutenant-general,  but  gives  no 
advanceil  command  except  by  special  assignment  oi  the 
Pix'sident.  Brevets  arc  conferred  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate  for  "gallant  actions  and  meri- 
torious services." 

They  give  brevets  to  majors  and  captains  to  act  as  colo. 
nels  in  the  army.  Su\ft,  .lournal  t^>  Stella,  I.ctter  (>1. 

3.  A  patent;  a  warrant ;  a  license;  a  commis- 
sion; an  oflicial  diploma  in  writing,  conferring 
some  jirivilege  or  tlistinction.    [French usages.  | 

II.  (/.  Assigned  or  conferred  by  brevet;  ap- 
pointcil  by  brevet. 

What  is  called  brevet  rank  is  given  to  officers  of  all 
branches  of  the  army  as  a  rcwaril  for  brilliimt  and  length- 
clieil  service  ;  and  when  such  nominal  rank  has  been  held  for 
a  ci'rtain  nunilicr  of  years,  it  is  usually  converted  into  sub. 
stantial  rank.    A.  Fonbtantjue,  Jr.,  How  we  arc  (.Joverneii. 

Brevet  officer.    See  vjiiccr. 
brevet  (bre-vef),  I',  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  breretted, 

)i|ir.  Iiriretiinij.    [ibrcvct,  «.]    To  confer  brevet 

nniU  ii)i()n. 
brevetcy   (bro-vet'si),  n.      [<    brevet  +   -cy.] 

Itrcvcl  rank.     [Rare.] 

brevextensor  (brev-oks-tou'sor),  «.  [NL., 
conlr.  of  linvi.i  extensor,  short  oxtonsor.]  A 
short  ixlfiisor  tnuscle.  [Rare.] —Brevextensor 
dlgltorum,  Ibc  short  extensor  of  the  toes,  a  muscle  lying 
npnii  (he  instep,  usually  called  extenmir  brevis  duiitomm. 

breviary  (bro'vi-a-ri  or  brov'i-a-ri),  Ji. ;  pi. 
tireriiirie.i  (-riz).  |ME.  hreviiir ;  <  'ij,  breriiirium, 
an  nbridgnient  (ML.  specifically  in  def.  '2), 
iieut.  of  lireriarins,  abridged,  <  brevis,  short: 
sec  liriif]  If.  An  iibridgini'iil  :  ii  coinpend; 
an  cpitoiiio.  Ilalliind.  —  2.  In  the  llaiii.  Coth, 
eh.,  a  book  conlaining  (he  daily  oflices  whi<'h 
all  who  are  in  iniijor  orders  are  bound  to  read. 
It  consiHts  of  prayers  or  olllccs  to  be  used  at  Ibc  canonical 
hours,  anil  Is  an  abridgment  of  tlic  Hiivicrs  of  tbe  early 
eliureh,  wlili'h  from  their  great  lenglli  were  cxiianstlng. 
II  is  nniite  up  liirgcly  of  the  I'snIniH,  passiigi'H  of  tlie  Old 
and  New  Tcslanii-nrs  and  (lie  fiitbcrs,  h.Miiim,  aiitlleins, 
etc..  all  In  Latin,  arranged  for  the  Mirious  scnsoim  ana 
fi'iMvalsof  the  i-hnrch.  A  siiniliir  book,  kiioMii  as  a /'orfi- 
/oiiutii  or  /lorfiiHS,  wai  in  mki'  in  I'.nghinil  before  the  Uefor- 
nmlion.  The  onier  for  Moiniiig  and  i'vcnliig  rniyer  in 
Mm-  llngllMh  Itook  of  Coninion  I'liiyer  is  mainly  a  Ininsla. 
Il'in  and  i-ondensatton  from  tin-  bn-vlnry  iii'i-oriliiig  to  tlio 
use  of  Hjiniin,  lU'sidi-ii  the  Itoniun  breviary,  wlileh  is  In 
most  cuiumuu  use,  there  are  lUso  others  of   various  ar- 


breviary 

ranperaent,  either  of  certain  religious  orders  or  local, 
often  of  historical  interest. 

3.  A  name  givon  to  similar  compilations  nsofl 
in  tho  Gveek  and  Oriental  ehiirchcs Absolu- 
tions In  the  breviary.  See  ahsalidiun.—  Breviary  of 
Alarlc,  a  cumpilatiiin  uf  the  written  and  unwritten  laws 
of  Ki'ine.  made  hy  Alariir  II.,  kin^uf  the  Visigutlis,  A.  l>.  TiOti. 

breviatet.  ''•  <•  [<  L-  hirriatHs,  pp.  of  hreoiarc, 
shorten,  <  brfvis,  short.  Cf.  ahhrvviate  and  hrecc, 
v.~\    To  abridge.    Sherwood.    See  abbreviate. 

breviatet,  breviatt,  ».  [<  L.  brcriaUts,  brcrin- 
tidti,  neut.,  pp.  of  breviare,  shorten:  see  tlio 
verb.]  1.  A  short  oompend ;  a  brief  state- 
ment; a  summary. 

I  will  give  you  a  breviat  of  all  that  hath  heen  spoken. 
Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  v.  3. 

The  same  little  hreviates  of  infidelity  have  ,  .  .  been 
published  and  dispersed  with  ta-eat  activity. 

Bp.  Porteous,  Charge  to  Diocese  of  London. 

2.  A  la\vyer's  brief.     S.  Butler. 

breviature  (bre'vi-a-tur),  n.  [<.breviate  + 
-lire.}     An  abbreviation.     Johnson.     [Bare.] 

brevicaudate  (brey-i-ka'dat),  (1.  [<  L.  brevi.9, 
short,  -t-  Cauda,  tail.]  Having  a  short  tail; 
braehyurous. 

Breviceps  (brev'i-seps),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  caput,  in  comp.  -ceps  {-cipit-),  head.] 
A  genus  of  tiiillcss  amphibians,  typical  of  the 
family  Brericijiitida: 

brevicipitid  (brev-i-sip'i-tid),  n.  A  toad-like 
ampliibian  of  the  family  Brericipitidee. 

Brevicipitidae  (brev"i-si-pit'i-de),  n.pl.  [NX,.,  < 
Bniirijis (-cipit-)  +-JfZ(E.]  A f amily of firmister- 
nial  salient  amphibians,  typified  by  the  genus 
Breviceps.  They  have  dilated  sacral  diapophyses.  pre- 
coracoids.  the  coracoids  directed  moderately  backward 
and  nnieli  dilated  forward  on  the  epicoracoid  cartilage, 
and  nil  teeth  in  tlie  upper  jaw.  The  species  are  few  and 
are  (-(.ntlnt-d  to  .\frica.     Also  written  Brevict'pidce. 

breviductor  (brev-i-duk'tor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bre- 
vis,  short,  -f-  ditctor,  leader.]  The  short  ad- 
ductorial  niusele  of  the  thigh;  the  adductor 
brevis.     [Hare.] 

brevier  (bre-ver'),  n.  [So  called  from  being 
used  in  printing  breviaries;  <  G.  brevier,  <  F. 
briviaire,  <  L.  breviarium,  a  breviary:  see  brevi- 
ary.'] 1.  A  size  of  printing-type  measuring  112 
lines  to  the  foot,  next  larger  than  minion  and 
smaller  than  bourgeois.  The  larger  type  of 
this  Dictionary,  as  in  the  present  paragraph,  is 
brevier. —  2.  Figuratively,  something  smaller 
than  another  taken  as  a  norm.  Coues,  Key  to 
N.  A.  Birds. 

breviflexor  (brev-i-flek'sor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
breris,  short,  +  NL.  flexor.]  A  short  flexor 
muscle.  [Kare.]  See  flexor — Breviflexor  dlgl- 
toruin,  the  short  Hexor  of  the  toes.  Also  (villi-d  rf.  .ror 
&r<'risdt;/i^ori(m.— Breviflexor  hallUCis,  tlle.^h.irt  ili.\[jr 
of  the  iireat  toe.  Also  called  liexur  brevis  pnlUci^-  j»'di'<. — 
Breviflexor  minitni,  the  short  flexor  of  the  little  tiTiwr 
or  tlie  little  toe.  .\lso  called  Jiexor  brevis  iiiitiimi  tU<iiti. 
—Breviflexor  pollicls,  the  short  flexor  of  the  thumb. 
Also  caih'd  ll'Xiu-  bnri^  pollicU. 

brevifoliate  (brev-i-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  L.  brevis, 
short, -t- /oKh/h,  leaf :  see  foliate.]  In  6ot,  hav- 
ing short  leaves. 

brevilingual  (brev-i-ling'gwal),  a.  [<  L.  breris, 
short,  +  lingua  =  E.  tonyue.]  Having  a  short 
or  small  tongue ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Brcvdiniiues  or  BrcriUmjuia. 

Brevilingues  (brev-i-ling'gwez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  breviliufiuis,  short-tongued,  <  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  lintjua  =  E.  tongue.]  In  MeiTem's 
classification  (1813),  a  group  of  birds  including 
the  hoopoes  and  kingfishers,  or  the  Upupidie 
and  -llecdinidw  of  modern  authors. 

Brevilinguia  (brev-i-ling'gwi-a),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  brevilinguis,  short-tongued :  see 
Brevilingues.]  Insome  systems  of  classification, 
a  group  of  Lacertilia,  or  lizards,  comprising 
those  with  an  elongated  and  sometimes  snake- 
like body,  a  short  tongue,  and  generally  eye- 
lids: contrasted  with  Fissilinyuia,  Crassilinguia, 
VenniUnguia,  etc. 

breviloqiience  (bre-vil'o-kwens), ».  [<  L.  bre- 
viloquentia,  <  breriloquen{t-)s,  short-speaking, 
(.brevis,  short,  -I-  loquens,  ppr.  of  loqui,  speak.] 
A  brief  or  laconic  mode  of  speaking.     [Rare.] 

brevi  manu  (bre'vi  ma'nu).  [L.,  lit.  with  a 
short  hand:  brevi,  abl.  of  brevis,  short;  manu, 
abl.  of  manns,  hand:  see  brief  and  mcmual.] 
1.  Offhand;  immediately;  without  delay;  at 
once. — 2.  At  or  by  one's  own  hand;  without 
the  intervention  of  another;  specifically,  in 
fScots  law,  on  one's  own  authority,  or  without 
legal  warrant. 

breviped  (brev'i-ped),  a.  and  «.     [<  L.  brevis, 
short,  -I-  pes  (ped-)  =  E.foot.]     I.  a.  In  ornith., 
having  short  feet. 
II.  n.  A  bird  having  short  feet. 


677 

brevipen  (brev'i-pon),  n.  [<  NL.  broripemiis: 
siw  /Ireri/iennes.]  A  bird  having  short  wings; 
sii((ili<-ally,  one  of  the  Brevipennatce  ot  Brevi- 

pnnif  s. 

Brevipennatae  (brev"i-pe-na'te),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

fem.  pi.  of  hrevijiennatus,  short-winged:  see 
brcvipennate.]  A  group  of  brachypterous  or 
short-winged  web-footo<l  birds,  the"  Brachypte- 
res  or  Pijgopode.i,  including  tlio  penguins,  auks, 
guillemots,  loons,  and  grebes.     [Not  in  use.] 

brevipennate  (In(^v-i-pen'at),  a.  and  >(.  [<  NL. 
brevipinna/us,  <  L.  brevis,  short,  -I-  pcnnatus, 
wiug<Ml:  SCO  pcnnate.]  I.  a.  Having  short 
wings;  brachyjiterous ;  speeilically,  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Brevipcnnata'  or  Brevipennes. 
II.  «.  A  bird  having  short  wings. 

Brevipennes  (brev-i-pen '§/.),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  brccipcunis,  <  L.  brevis,  short,  +  penna,  wing: 
see  J7f«l.]  in  Cuvier's  classification  of  l)ird8, 
the  first  family  of  Grallw,  comprising  tlie  os- 
triches and  cassowaries,  emus,  dodos,  and  di- 
dine  birds,  and  the  apteryx :  an  artificial  group, 
but  in  the  main  the  same  as  Struthioncs  or  Ua- 
titcc. 

brevirostral  (brev-i-ros'tral),  a.  Same  as  brc- 
viriistrafe. 

brevirostrate  (brev-i-ros'trat),  a.  [<  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  rostra  tu.',;  beaked,  <  ro.itrutn,  beak.] 
In  ornith.,  having  a  short  bill. 

Brevirostres  (brev-i-ros'trez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  brevis,  short,  +  rostrum,  beak.]  In  Sunde- 
vaU's  classification  of  birds,  a  synonym  of  his 
Cursores. 

brevity  (brev'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  brevitas,  <  brevis, 
short.]  1.  Shortness;  especially,  sui'prising or 
excessive  curtailment  of  the  thing  spoken  of: 
as,  the  brevity  of  human  Ufe.  Specifically — 2. 
Shortness  in  speech  or  writing ;  conciseness , 
condensation  into  few  words. 
Brevity  is  the  soul  of  wit.  Shak.,  Uamlet,  ii.  2. 

This  argument  is  stated  by  .St.  John  with  his  usual  ele- 
gant breoitti  and  simplicity. 

Bp.  Porteous,  Kel.  Observance  of  Good  Friday. 
=  Syil.  2.  Compression,  terseness,  pithiness,  succinctness, 
condensation,  sententiousness,  curtness. 

Brevoortia  (bre-vor'ti-ii),  n.  [NL. ;  named  after 
Mr.  .J.  Carson  Brevoortjot  New  York.]  A  Nortli 
American  genus  of  herrings,  family  Clupeidw, 


briarbot 

in  the  present  particiiJe :  as,  a  storm  is  brew- 
ing in  the  west. 


Menhaden,  or  Mossbunker  {Brevoortia  tyrafintis). 

characterized  by  the  elongated  intestine  and 
Carinated  scales.  B.  lyrann  «»■  is  the  well-known  moss- 
bunker  or  menhaden,  formerly  included  in  the  genus 
Alosa  or  Clupea  (.4.  or  C  menftaden).  See  menttadcn. 
brew^  (bro),  V.  [<  ME.  brewen  (pret.  brew,  later 
brewede,  brewed,  pp.  brmven,  later  brewed),  < 
AS.  breoivan  (strong  verb ;  pret.  *bredw,  pi.  *bru- 
won,  pp.  gebroiven  ;  found  only  in  pp.)  =  OFries. 
briuwa  =  D.  brouwen  =  ML6.  bruiven,  browcn, 
bruen,  LG.  brugen,  bruen,  broutn  =  OHG.  briu- 
■wan,  MHG.  briuwen,  bruiven,  G.  braueu  =  leel. 
brugga  =  Sw.  brijgga  =  Dan.  brygge,  brew; 
prob.  connected  with  L.  de-frutum,  new  wine 
boiled  down,  Gr.  /Upv-ov  (for  *i^pvTov),  a  kiml 
of  beer;  the  primitive  meaning,  as  indicated 
by  .the  (probable)  derivatives  broth^  and  bread^, 
being  prob.  more  general,  'prepare  by  fire,' 
hence  'boU,  brew,  bake.'  See  also  brcwis, 
brose^.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  produce  as  a  beverage 
by  fermentation;  prepare  (beer,  ale,  or  other 
similar  liquor)  from  malt,  or  from  malt  and 
hops,  or  from  other  materials,  by  steeping,  boil- 
ing, and  fermentation.—  2.  To  prepare  by  mix- 
ing, boUiug,  or  the  like;  mingle;  mix;  coneoct: 
as^  to  brew  a  bowl  of  punch ;  ''  di-inks  brewed 
with  several  herbs,"  Bacon. 

Brew  me  a  pottle  of  sack.       SImt.,  31.  V.  of  W.,  iii.  ;<. 

A  witch  who  brew'd  the  philtre.      Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

3.  To  contrive;  plot;  prepare:  as,  to  ftrtic mis- 
chief. 

He  breio  this  cursednesse  and  al  this  synne. 

Chmtcer,  Monk  s  Tale,  1.  395. 

I  found  it  to  he  the  most  malicious  and  frautick  surmise, 

and  the  nuist  contrary  to  his  nature  that,  I  think,  had  ever 

been  brewed.  Wotton. 

Or  brew  fierce  tempests  on  the  wintry  main. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L,  ii.  85. 

II.  inlrans.  X.  To  conduct  the  operations  or 
the  business  of  brewing  or  making  beer. 

Iw.ash. wring,  (»reir,  bake,  scour.  SAni-.,M.  \V.ofW.,i.4. 
2.  To  be  in  a  state  of  preparation ;  be  mixing, 
forming,  or  collecting;  be  impending:  chiefly 


irig 

There  ia  some  ill  a-brewing  toward  my  rest. 

Shak,,  M.  of  V..  iL  .'.. 

From  the  appearance  of  the  clouds  a  gale  was  evidently 

brewuifi.  ilarryal. 

brewl  (brii),  »^.  [<6)ctt'l,  It.]  The  mixture  formed 

liy  brewing;  that  which  is  brewed, 
brew-t.     Obsolete  form  of  hree  (which  see), 
brewage  (bro'aj),  «.  [<  brew^  +  -age.]  A  mixed 
drink;  drink  brewed  or  prepared  in  any  way. 
I'll  no  pullet-spenn  in  my  brcwiu/c 

Sliati.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  Hi.  5. 
Some  well-splccd  brewage.  itUton,  Arcopai^tica. 

A  rich  brewage  made  of  the  best  .Spanish  wine. 

Macautay,  Hist.  En(f.,  ii. 

brewer  (bra'6r),  «.    [<  me.  hrewere  (—  D.  brmt- 

wer  =  G.  hrauer);  <  brcwl  +  -er^.]     fjne  wlio 

brows;  specifically,  one  whoso  occupation  is  the 

preparation  of  malt  liquors Brewers'  grains. 

Saniir  a.s  drajf. 

brewery  (brO'tr-i),  «. ;  pi.  breweries  (-iz).  [= 
D.  brouwerij  =  (i.'brauerei ;  <  brew^  +  -tri).] 
1.  A  brew-house;  an  establishment  in  which 
brewing  is  carried  on. — 2t.  Brewers  collec- 
tively ;  the  beer-trade. 

If  they  should  bring  any  distress  anil  trouble  uiKjn  the 
London  brewery,  it  would  occasion  the  making  ill  drink, 
and  drive  tlie  people  U)  brew  tliem8<:lve8,  which  would  de- 
stroy the  duty.  C.  Dauenant,  lussays  on  Trade,  L  79. 

brewett,  «•  [<  ME.  brcwct,  brwt,  <  OF.  brouet, 
pottage  or  broth,  ilim.  of  brou,  broth,  pi.  broueg, 
>  E.  Iireuis,  q.  v.]     A  kind  of  pottage. 

brew-house  (bro'hous),  n.  [<  ME.  t/rewhous  (= 
OUG.  bruhus,  G.  hrauhaus)-^  <  fcrcifl  -t-  house.] 
A  house  or  establishment  in  which  the  opera- 
tirins  of  brewing  are  carried  on. 

brewing  (bro'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  ftrcwl,  r.] 

1.  The  actor  process  of  preparing  liquors  from 
malt  and  hops;  the  process  of  extracting  a 
saccharine  solution  from  malted  grain  and  con- 
verting that  solution  into  a  fermented  alcoholic 
beverage  called  ale  or  beer.  The  process  usually 
followed  by  the  brewer  may  be  divided  into  eight  distinct 
parts,  viz.,  the  grinding  of  the  malt,  mashing,  Ixiiliug, 
cooling,  fermenting,  cleansing,  racking  or  vatting,  and  fin- 
ing or  cleaning. 

2.  Tlie  quantity  brewed  at  once. 

A  brewing  of  new  beer,  set  by  old  l>eer,  maketh  it  work 
.again.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

3.  A  mixing  together. 

I  am  not  able  to  avouch  anything  for  certainty,  sach  a 
brewing  and  sophistication  of  them  they  make. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xiv.  6. 
brewis  (bro'is),  «.  [<  ME.  brewes,  brotcen,, 
brouu-ys,  eta.,  <  OF.  broucs,  prop,  pi.,  from  sing. 
*brou,  <  ML.  brodum,  gi-a^-y,  broth,  <  0H6. 
brod  =  E.brothl,q.v.  Cf.brosel.]  If.  Broth; 
pottage. 

\Miat  an  ocean  of  bretcig  I  shall  swim  m! 

Fletcher  (and  another ';),  Prophetess,  L  3. 
Thou  for  all 
The  kitchen  breicis  that  was  ever  supt 
Shalt  not  once  dare  to  look  him  in  the  face, 

Tennyson.  Gareth  and  Lynette. 
2.  Bread  soaked  in  broth  or  the  liquor  in  which 
lieef  is  being  boiled ;  also,  brown  bread  wanned 
in  milk. 
brew-lockt,  «.    A  brewing. 

I  ne'er  hurt  their  chumings. 
Their  brew-tockg,  nor  their  batches. 

iliddtetvn.  The  Witch,  i.  2. 
brewster^t  (bro'stdr),  n.  [<  ME.  breirsfer, 
brcwcstere,  broicstere,  a  female  brewer,  also  a 
(male)  brewer,  <  brcicen,  brew,  +  -ster.]  One 
who  brews;  a  brewer;  more  especially,  a  wo- 
man who  brews. 

He  [the  chemist)  is  not  a  brewster  like  another,  but  a 
nuui  who  adds  new  utility  and  value  to  every  creature  in 
tlie  brewery.  Spectator,  No.  3018,  p.  575. 

brewster-  (bro'ster),  «.  The  sweet-bay.  Magno- 
lia glauca.     [New  Jersey.] 

brewsterite  (bro'ster-it),  «.  [After  Sir  David 
Brewster  (1781-1868).]  A  white,  yellow,  or 
green  pellucid  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family, 
occiu'ring  in  short  prismatic  crystals;  a  hy- 
drous silicate  of  aliuuinium,  strontium,  and 
barium. 

breydt,  v.  and  n.    See  ftroirfi.     Chaucer. 

breziline  (bre-zll'in),  n.  [F.  bresiline.]  Same 
as  bra::ilin. 

brian  (bn'an),  r.  t.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  for 
"brine,  <  brine,  orig.  a  burning.  Cf.  ftriwl,  var. 
of  6Hnil.]  To  keep  fire  at  the  mouth  of  (an 
oven),  eitlier  to  give  light  or  preserve  the  heat. 
[North.  Eng.] 

briar,  briary,  etc     See  brier,  briery,  etc. 

briarbot  (bri'ar-bot),  n.  [<  briar,  brier.  +  (ap- 
par.)  bot,  a  var.  of  but-.]  A  local  Irish  name 
of  the  fisli  called  the  angler.  Several  brier-like 
protuberances  arm  the  head. 


Eriarean 

Briarean  Cbri-a'rf-aa),  a.  [<  LL.  Briareius, 
pertaining  to  the  giant  Briarens,  <  Gr.  Bpiapeif, 
older  (Homeric )  form  B/jiopf uf ,  <  jipiapdg,  strong. ] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  Briareus,  a  giant 
©t"  Grecian  mythology  fabled  to  have  a  nun- 
drcd  hands;  hence,  having  or  seeming  to  have 
many  hands;  reaching  or  grasping  in  many 
directions. 

Briareidae  (bri-a-re'i-de),  n.pl.  [KL.,<Bria- 
rium  +  -iVte.]  A  family  of  alcyonarians,  of  the 
order  Gorgoniacea,  having  an  internal  skeleton 
of  calcareous  spicules,  but  no  homy  axis. 

Briareum  (bri-a're-um),  H.  [XL.,  <  LL.  Bria- 
nius,  pertaining  to  Briareus:  see  Briarean.'] 
The  typical  genus  of  alcyonarians  of  the  family 
Briareidw. 

Briaridae  (bri-ar'i-de),  ti.pl.  Same  as  Briareida. 

bribable  (bri'ba-bl),  fl.  [<hrihe  + -able.']  Ca- 
pable of  being  bribed;  liable  to  be  bribed:  as, 
a  bribable  class  of  electors. 

Wendell  liail  designated  hiin  by  implication  as  a  per- 
S"ii  lirilied,  or  bribable.  ^e  Xation,  Jan.  13,  1870. 

bribaget  (bri'baj), «.  [<  bribe  +  -afire.]  Bribery. 

bribe  (brib),  )i.  '  [<  ME.  bribe,  a  gift,  <  OF.  bribe, 
a  gift,  prop.,  as  in  ML.  briba,  Pieard  brife,  a 
piece  of  bread  given  to  a  beggar,  =  Sp.  briba  = 
It.  Wria,  vagrancy  (cf.  OF.  briban,  also  Sp.  bri- 
boit,  It.  birbone,  birbante,  a  vagrant),  prob.  orig. 
a  piece  broken  off  (cf.  bricH,  bricl:^),  <  Bret. 
brera  =  W.  briico,  break,  perhaps  akin  to  E. 
break,  q.  v.]     If.  A  gift  begged ;  a  present. 

This  sompnour  .  .  . 

Kod  forth  to  sompne  a  widew,  an  old  ribibe, 

Feyning  a  cause,  for  he  wolde  han  a  bribe. 

Chaucer,  lYiars  Tale,  1.  80. 

2.  A  gift  or  gratuity  bestowed  for  the  purpose 
of  influencing  the  action  or  conduct  of  the 
receiver;  especially,  money  or  any  valuable 
consideration  given  or  promised  for  the  be- 
trayal of  a  trust  or  the  corrupt  performance  of 
an  allotted  duty,  as  to  a  fiduciary  agent,  a  judge, 
legislator,  or  other  public  ofiBcer,  a  witness,  a 
voter,  etc. 

She  did  corrupt  frail  nature  with  some  bribe, 
To  shrink  mine  arm  up  like  a  wither'd  shrub. 

Shak.,  S  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 
He  that  took  the  silver  basin  and  cwcr  for  a  bribe, 
thinketh  that  it  will  never  come  out. 

Latimer,  ii  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

His  horse  was  a  bribe,  and  his  boots  a  bribe ;  and  told 
us  lie  was  made  up  of  bribes,  as  an  Oxford  scholar  is  set 
out  with  other  men's  goods,  when  he  goes  out  of  town, 
and  that  he  makes  every  sort  of  tradesman  to  bribe  him  ; 
and  invited  me  home  to  his  house,  to  taste  of  his  bribi'. 
wine.  Pejiys,  Di.irj',  HI.  211. 

3.  Anything  that  seduces:  as,  the  bribes  offered 
by  glory  or  power. 

blibe  (brib),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  bribed,  ppr.  brib- 
iiifi.  [<  ME.  briben,  only  in  the  sense  of  'steal,' 
<  OF.  briber  =  Sp.  brib'ar,  beg,  go  about  beg- 
ging: from  the  noun:  see  bribe,  «.]  I.  trans. 
It.  To  steal. 

For  ther  is  no  tlief  without  a  louke, 
Tliat  helpelh  him  to  wasten  and  to  souko 
Of  that  he  briben  can  or  borwe  may. 

Chaucer,  Cook's  Tale,  1.  53. 

I  bribe,  I  pull,  I  pyll.  PaUgrate. 

Divide  me  like  a  brib'd  buck,  each  a  haunch. 

Sihak.,  .M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5  (fol.  WIS). 

[Most  modem  editions  read  here  bribe.] 
2.  To  give  or  promise  a  rewanl  or  considera- 
tion to  for  ui'tlng  contrary  to  desire  or  duty; 
induce  to  a  certain  coiu'so  of  action  by  the  gift 
or  offer  of  something  of  value ;  gain  over  or 
corrupt  by  a  bribe. 

How  pow'rful  arc  chaste  vowh  !  the  wind  and  tide 

You  brilied  to  combat  on  the  Kiiglish  side.       Uryden. 

No,  »lr,  take  your  pitiful  present,  and  know  that  I  am 

not  Ui  bo  brifted  to  screen  your  villaiilcs  by  Influence  and 

•  orruptlon.  Shrridan,  The  (;amii,  i.  1, 

Bribed  with  large  promises  the  men  who  served 

AlK>ut  my  jtcnion,  Tnun/fou,  Ueralnt, 

n.  intriins.  If.  To  fiteal. —  2.  To  practise 
liribory;  give  a  bribe  to  n  penion. 

\j\  attempt  to  bribe,  though  unsuccessful,  has  boon 
l>"I't';n  to  ba  criminal,  and  tho  defender  niny  be  lndlct«d. 

ItoucifT. 

bribee  (bri-bo'),  n.  [<  hrihe  +  -ir^.]  One  who 
1, f,  ,..(.„  or  agrees  to  receive  a  bribe-.     (Hare.] 

bribeloss  (brib'los),  a.  [<  bribe  +  -less.]  In- 
I  iii.il.ii'   of  being  bribou;  not  to  bo  bribed. 

'  .  irimt  brilieleM  workor,  it  never  knowa 

I'  '  !-'  rejMirt. 

/./.,  On  the  PrhIoim,  p.  f.S4  (Ord  MS,). 

bribe  p.-indir  '  Kril)'|iiin'd6r),  n.  Onowhopro- 
<'nr>  H  lliirkr. 

briber  ,  ?i.     [In  Hi-ngo  1,  <  ME. 'irifcoiir, 

<  <>1  .  '  1  thief.     In  K0D80  2,  diri'ctly  < 

bribe,  v.,  -t  -c/i.]     If,  A  thiof;  a  robber. 


678 

Who  saveth  a  thefe  whan  the  rope  is  knet, 
"With  some  false  tume  the  bribour  will  him  quito. 

Lijdgatt,  'ftag,,  1.  152, 

2.  One  who  bribes ;  one  who  gives  or  offers  a 
bribe :  one  who  endeavors  to  influence  or  cor- 
rupt another  by  a  bribe. 

Nor  can  I  ever  believe  that  he  that  is  a  briber  shall  be 
a  good  justice.         Latimer,  2d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

briberoust  (bri'b&r-us),  a.  [<  briber  +  -ous.] 
Pertaining  to  bribery. 

bribery  (bri'ber-i),  H.  [<  ME.  hriberie,  bribrye, 
<  OF.  briberie,  theft,  robbery:  see  bribe  and 
-ery.]  If.  Theft;  robbery;  extortion;  rapacity. 

Fy  on  thee  fundlyug. 
Thou  Ij'fes  bot  bi  brybre. 

Towneley  Mysteries,  p,  194. 
Ye  make  clean  the  utter  side  of  the  cup  and  of  the  plat- 
ter; but  within  they  are  full  of  bribery.  ."• 

Genera  Bible,  Mat.  xxiii.  25. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  giving  or  taking  a 
bribe,  or  of  influencing  or  being  influenced  by 
a  bribe  or  bribes ;  especially,  the  act  of  paying 
or  receiving,  or  of  agreeing  to  pay  or  receive, 
a  reward  other  than  legal  compensation  for  the 
exercise  of  official  or  delegated  power  irrespec- 
tive of  the  dictates  of  duty,  or  for  a  false  judg- 
ment or  testimony,  or  for  the  performance  of 
that  which  is  known  to  be  illegal  or  unjust. 

Bribery  is  a  princely  Idud  of  thieving. 

Latimer,  3d  Senu.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

Judicial  britjery,  the  bribing  of  a  judge,  magistrate,  or- 
any  person  concerned  judicially  in  the  administration  of 
justice.  It  is  the  receiving  or  offering  of  any  undue  reward 
by  or  to  any  person  whose  ordinary  profession  or  business 
relates  to  the  administration  of  public  justice  in  order 
to  influence  liis  behavior  in  office,  and  incline  him  to 
act  contrary  to  the  known  rules  of  honesty  and  integrity. 

Grrriileaf. 

bribery-oath  (bri'ber-i-6th),  n.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, an  oath  which  may  be  administered  to  a 
voter  at  a  parliamentary  election,  if  the  poll- 
ing sheriff  see  cause,  certifj-ing  that  he  has 
not  received  a  bribe  for  his  vote. 

bric-i-brac  (brik'a-brak),  n.  [F.,  of  uncer- 
tain origin ;  according  to  Littrl,  based  on  the 
phi-ase  de  brie  et  de  broc,  by  hook  or  by  crook: 
OF.  de,  from;  brie,  a  cage  or  trap  for  birds 
(whence  the  phrase  prendre  nil  brie  (or  brit), 
to  take  at  advantage);  et,  and;  broc,  a  jug, 
flagon,  tankard,  pot.  According  to  others, 
a  varied  reduplication  of  *brac,  <  MD.  brark- 
(joed,  damaged  goods,  waste :  see  brack-.  For 
the  reduplication,  cf.  tho  oquiv.  E.  term  knick- 
knacks.]  Objects  having  a  certain  interest 
or  value  from  their  rarity,  antiquity,  or  the 
like,  as  old  furniture,  jilate,  china,  and  curios- 
ities; articles  of  ^-irtu;  ornaments  which  may 
be  pretty  or  curious,  but  have  no  intrinsic  claim 
to  rank  as  serious  works  of  art.  The  term  is 
often  used  with  a  sense  of  dein'ociation. 

Two  things  only  jarred  on  his  eye  in  his  hiuTied  glance 
round  the  room;  there  was  too  much  bric-u-brac,  anil  too 
many  flowers.  //.  Kinrisley,  Ravenshoe,  xxxi. 

brichet  (bresh),  n.  [OF.  (ML.  brica) :  see  bri- 
ciilc.]     Same  as  bricnle,  1. 

brichettet  (bri-shef),  «.  A  collective  name 
for  ai'ujor  for  tho  hips  and  tliighs.     I'lanche. 

bricfcl  (brik),  //.  []''.  ilial.  and  Sc,  <  ME.  brikr, 
brykc,  imassibilated  form  of  "bryclic,  bruehe,  < 
AS.  bricc,  hrijce,  a  breach,  break,  fracture,  a 
piece,  fragment:  see  breck  and  breach,  of  wliicli 
iricA-l  is  a  dial,  variant:  see  also  brack^.  Cf. 
brick-.]     1.  A  breach.    Janiic.inn.    [Scotch.! — 

2.  A  rent  or  tUiw.     Jlaltitnll.     [I'rov.  Kng.]  — 

3.  A  portion  of  land  (ajiparently  tho  same  as 
breck,  4).     Jamiesun.     [Scotch.] 

brick^  ('jrik),  V.  t.  [V..  dial.,  v»r.  of  break;  cf. 
hrick^,  «.]     To  break  by  imlling  back. 

brick'-^  (hrik),  n.  and  «.  [Karly  inod.  E.  also 
lirirkr,  brit/ue;  <  Ml'l.  bryki;  later  brir/iic,  after 
OF.  lirirjiii ,  a  brick,  a  )iliit('.  leaf  or  wcdgo  of 
metal,  mod.  F.  brii/io'  (cf.  mod.  It.  hriceii,  Ir. 
Gael,  hrice,  <  E.),  a  brick;  appar.  <MI).  (Fb'in.) 
bric.ke,  hrijkc,  a  tile,  brick,  brickc,  a  disk,  iihilc, 
=  MLf!.  bricke,  a  ilisk,  jilatc,  jiioco  in  checkers, 
cliCHH,  or  Itackgainnion,  namo  of  u  game  plavi  il 
on  ice,  =  ( i.  tirickr,  a  sniull  board,  n  round  wooil- 
III  plate,  =  Sw.  lirirka,  a  ]iioco  in  cliei-kers,  elc, 
=  ODan.  bricke,  brikkr,  ])iin. brik,  hrikke.n  woml- 
en  plate,  a  blank  (coin),  a  piece  in  checkerH, 
etc. ;  cf.  ODan.  'brik,  paHition,  in  conip.  /<n7,.i- 
diir,  the  door  lii'twoen  tho  I'lioir  and  llin  body  of 
a  einirch  (diir  =  E.  dimr),  =  Norw.  hrik  (brik),  u 
Hhort  tiible  or  bench  nenrllie  fldoror  (lre|ilacc,  a 
bur,  rniling,  low  wall  nr  parlitiiin  of  lionrdH,  = 
loel.  brik,  u  low  wnll  or  |inrtilion  of  bonnlH.  u 
Hcpinre  (ablet,  a  liilihl  or  panel  in  a  liedHtend, 
etc.  The  !•'.  hrii/iir,  n  lirick,  is  usually  I'Xiplained 
»H  a  particular  uso  of  i)l'\  and  F.  dial,  briiim,  a 


brick 

piece,  fragment,  this  being  referred  to  the  AS. 
brice,  brycc,  a  piece,  fi-agment  (cf.  F.  dial. 
brique  dii  pain,  equiv.  to  AS.  hhlfcs  bricc,  a 
piece  of  bread) ;  but  neither  of  the  two  Teut. 
forms,  Icel.  brik  (with  long  vowel),  a  tablet, 
etc.,  MD.  brijke  (with  long  vowel),  MD.  MLG. 
bricke  (with  short  vowel),  a  brick,  tile,  plate, 
etc.,  agrees  in  sense  or  form  with  the  AS.  brice, 
bryce,  a  piece,  fragment,  and  its  cognates,  nor 
can  either  be  brought  into  connection  with  the 
primitive  verb  of  the  latter  (Icel.  brcka  =  MD. 
AILG.  brekcn  =  AS.  brecan,  E.  break),  except 
perhaps  through  the  medium  of  the  OF.  But 
the  sense  of  '  brick,'  which  does  not  belong  to 
the  AS.,  G.,  and  Scand.  forms,  is  a  derived  one; 
cf.  the  explanatory  svnonyms  brickstone,  brick- 
tile.  The  MD.  and  MLG.  cognates  of  the  AS. 
brice,  brycc  (E.  breach,  dial,  brick'^,  breck.  q.  v.) 
are  different:  see  breadi.  Cf.  MLG.  bricke, 
LG.  prikke  =  MD.  prick,  D.  prik  =  late  MH6. 
pryecke,  prycke,  G.  bricke,  pricke  =  OT>tin.  bricke, 
a  lamprey;  ajipar.  a  different  word.]  I.  n.  1. 
A  kind  of  artificial  stone  made  (usvially)  of 
moistened  and  finely  kneaded  clay  molded  into 
rectangular  blocks  (the  lengtli  of  which  is  com- 
monly twice  the  breadth),  and  hardened  by  be- 
ing biu'ned  in  a  kiln,  or  sometimes,  especially 
in  warm  countries,  by  being  di'ied  in  the  sun. 
Sun-dried  bricks  aj-e  usually  now,  as  in  remote  antiiiuity, 
niLxcd  with  chopped  straw  to  give  them  greater  tenacity. 
(See  adobe.)  Bricks  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  are 
generally  red  (see  bric/iH-laiiX  but  sonu-  clays  produce  yel- 
lowish bricks,  as  for  exflnii'Ic  the  Miliniiikce  brick  nnich 
used  as  an  ornamental  liuildin^c  ni:itcri;d  in  the  I'nited 
States.  The  bricks  made  in  China  and  Japan  arc  invaria- 
bly of  a  slaty-blue  color,  [Brick  is  used  in  the  singular 
collectively  for  bricks  in  the  mass  or  as  a  material.) 

Also,  that  no  chyraneys  of  l>-nibor  be  solf  red,  ue  thacch- 
ed  houses  w'yn  the  Cyte,  but  that  tin-  nwiR-ra  do  bom  awey, 
and  make  them  ehynmeys  of  .stone  or  lirt/kc  by  n>ytisomer 
day  next  connnynge,  and  tyle  the  thucched  houses  by  the 
seld  day,  in  jteyu  of  Icsvnge  of  a  nolile, 

(trdiminces  vf  Worcester  (14t;7),  in  F.ng.  Gilds,  p.  386. 

2.  A  mass  or  object  resembling  a  brick :  as,  a 
brick  of  tea;  a  silver  brick.  Specifically — 3. 
A  loaf  of  bread.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 4.  In  her.,  a 
charge  similar  to  a  billet,  but  depicted  so  as  to 
show  the  thickness,  that  is.  in  perspective. — 
Bath  brick,  a  sul'stiuirc  used  for  iiolislnna  or  cleaning 
metallic  utensils,  consisting  of  the  tine  silicicnis  s;inil  de- 
posited in  tho  river  I'arrct,  in  Somersetshire,  England, 
of  which  Hath  is  the  capital.  This  material  is  made  into 
bricks  at  Briilgewater,  and  is  extensively  used  in  both 
Englaihi  anil  .-\merica.— Blue  brick,  brick  with  a  blue  sur- 
face ohtained  in  burning.  They  contain  iron  and  lime,  are 
exceedingly  hard,  and  highly  esteemed  for  durahility.— 
Bristol  brick,  a  mime  by  wiiieh  liath  brick  is  sometimes 
known  ill  Iho  United  Stiites.—  CaTvlng-brtck.  Same  as 
,-Hf/.-i-M-(o-iV*-,— Concave  brtck,  a  hi-iiT<  ns.-d  in  making 
ai-clies  or  curves  ;  a  coniiuiss-hrick.  —  Dutch  bricks,  bricks 
of  a  dirty  brimstone-color,  used  for  pa\ing  janis,  stables, 
etc.— Feather-edged  brick,  a  brick  .if  a  l.lisniatii-  form 
used  for  arches,  vaiilts,  etc.—  Flanders  brick,  a  soft  brick 
used  for  cleaning  knives,  and  for  similar  imrposes.  Tho 
name  is  little  if  at  all  used  in  the  United  Stiitca.-  FlemlBh 
brick,  a  s]«-iies  of  hard  yellow  brick  used  for  paving.— 
Floating  bricks,  bricks  made  of  light  silicions  earth 
called  j'msil  innil,  capable  of  floating  on  water,  and  also 
remarkalile  for  their  infusibillty  and  as  noiii-onductorsof 
heat.  They  were  made  by  the  aneient,s.  and  the  process 
was  rediscovered  in  Italy  in  17!)1.  Powilir-niiiKuzinea 
have  liei'ii  experimentally  made  of  tllem  with  success.— 
Gaged  brick,  a  brick  made  in  the  sliniic  of  a  wedge,  to 
coiihiim  to  the  radius  of  the  sotllt  of  an  arch.— Green 
brick,  a  brick  not  yet  liurncd  ;  unflnished  hrlck,— Hol- 
low brtck,  a  hricU  iii.-idi-  with  perforations  through  it  for 
heating  or  ventilating  imrposes.  or  to  prevent  niolsturo 
from  penetrating  a  wall.  — Place-brlck,  common  rough 
brick,  for  walks,  cellars,  etc.-  Pressed  brtck,  brick  which 
has  been  iiresscd  In  a  niachine  or  ilamp.  and  is  thus  more 
coni|iact  and  smoother  than  ordiiiiiry  brick.  It  is  used  for 
fronts  and  the  llm-sl  work,— Salmon  brick,  a  light,  soft 
brick,  of  interior  iiualUy,  and  of  a  light  saflron  color,  due 
to  incomplete  burning.-  Stone  brick,  a  very  hard  kind  of 
brick  nnide  at  Neath,  in  \\  al.  a.  iiini-h  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  furnaces,  from  its  iiower  of  resisting  heat.- TO 
have  a  brick  In  one's  hat,  to  be  Intoxicated,    lUolloq.) 

Washed  brick,  a  hricU  'bat  has  been  exposed  to  tho 
rain  lieforc  being  burned,  and  hence  of  Inferior  grade. 

II.  a.  Made  of  brick;  resembling  brick :  as, 
a  brick  wall ;  a  brick-Ton  color, 
brick-  (brik),  r.  t.     [<  hrick'^,  n.]     1.  To  lay  or 
|iave  with  liricks,  or  to  surround,  close,  or  wall 
ill  with  bricks, 

A  naiTow  Bti'cot,  closely  bricked  In  on  all  sides  Uko  a 
tomb.  Dickens. 

2.  To  build  in  with  bricks;  place  in  brickwort. 

Brick  me  Into  that  wall  there  for  a  chlmney-plece, 
And  say  I  whs  oho  o'  tho  Cicsars,  done  by  a  Hial-euttor. 
flclclier,  Rule  a  Wife,  Iv.  «. 

3.  To  give  the  iippearatu'e  of  brick  to:  said  of 
a  iilaHti'ml  wall  wlieri  il  is  snieareil  with  rod 
iii'lier  and  joints  are  iimilo  in  it  with  an  edge- 
tool,  and  tiieii  filled  with  fine  plaster  to  resem- 
ble lirickwork. 

brick'' (brik),  «.  [Tho origin  is  uncertain.  Usu- 
ally referreil  to  brick",  various  stories  being  in- 
vented in  explanation.     According  to  one  ao- 


brick 

count,  the  expression  arose  in  the  English  uni- 
versities as  a  humorous  translation  ot  Aris- 
totle's Terpdyuvot:  di'i/p,  a  jicrfpct  (lit.  'square' 
or  rfotaugular)  man :  see  trlrdi/oii  and  square] 
A  good  fellow,  in  an  emphatic-  scns(!:  a  term  of 
admiration  bestowed  on  one  who  on  oecasion 
or  habitually  shows  in  a  modest  way  great  or 
unexpected  eourago,  kindness,  or  thoughtful- 
ness,  or  other  admirable  ijualities.     [Oolloq.] 

"Ill  inicf  I  tliin't  stick  to  ilechiro  Fiitlicr  Dick, 
So  tlu-y  i;ill'-(l  liiiu  for  short,  was  a  ruKular  brick ; 
A  iiic(:i|ilior  taken,  I  have  not  the  paj^c  aright, 
<lut  of  an  etliical  work  by  tile  staj^^yrite." 
Jlarkaia,  Ingolitsliy  Legeiuis,  Jlrotliers  of  Hirchington. 
School-fellows  of  Heriot's  Hospital,  like  bricks  of  boys, 
supplied  him  with  food  for  six  weeks. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  331. 

brick-ax  (brik'aks),  n.  A  two-edged  ax  used 
ill  shaping  bricks. 

brick-barrow  (brik'bar"6),  «.  In  hrirkmakirif/, 
ii  wheelbaiTOW  used  for  carrying  bricks,  dif- 
fering from  the  ordinary  form  in  having  the 
wheel  in  the  middle,  the  bricks  being  piled 
upon  slats  rtmning  lengthwise  at  each  side. 

brickbat  (brik'bat),  n.  A  piece  or  fragment  of 
a  brick ;  especially,  a  piece  of  a  brick  used  as 
a  missile.  See  bat^-,  8 — Brickbat  cheese.  See 
cheese^. 

brickbat  (brik'bat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bi-ick- 
biitted,  ppr.  brickhattina.  To  assail  with  pieces 
of  brick:  as,  the  mob  briclbatted  the  police. 

brick-built  (brik'bilt),  a.  Built  with  brick:  as, 
"the  brick-built  town,"  Dryden. 

brick-clamp  (brik'klamp),  «.  A  stack  of  bricks 
in  order  for  burning.     E.  H.  Knight. 

brick-clay  (brik'kla),  n.  Clay  used  or  suitable 
for  making  bricks  and  tiles ;  a  tolerably  pure 
silicate  of  alumina,  combined  with  various  pro- 
portions of  sand,  and  with  not  more  than  2  per 
cent,  of  lime  and  other  alkaline  earths.  The 
red  color  of  common  bricks  depends  on  the 
presence  of  a  little  iron  peroxid. 

brick-dust  (brik'dust),  n.  Dust  from  disinte- 
prratcd  bricks;  specifically,  the  dust  of  pounded 
Bath  brick  (which  see,  imder  briclfi,  »(.),  or  the 
earth  from  which  Bath  brick  is  made. 

brick-earth  (brik'erth),  n.  Any  kind  of  ma- 
terial which  is  suitable  for  making  bricks,  or 
which,  with  or  without  the  addition  of  other 
materials,  can  be  used  for  that  purpose,  in  and 
near  London  the  alluvial  deposits  resting  upon  the  Lon- 
don clay  are  known  as  brick-earth,  and  they  may  be  de- 
seriiied  as  being  a  sandy  loam,  passing  by  tine  gradations 
iiit'i  .lay  or  marl.  Near  London  that  kind  of  earth  whiclr 
witliimt  any  aiMition  makes  the  best  kind  of  brick  is 
talliil  liy  the  brirkiiiakers  malm  ;  it  is  a  clayey  material, 
containing"  a  considerable  quantity  of  chalk  in  fine  parti- 
cles. In  the  United  .States  the  material  used  for  making 
bricks  is  almost  always  called  brick-clay,  or  simply  clay. 

The  collection  of  .Sir  Antonio  Brady  contains  portions 
^'f  no  fewer  than  a  luindi'ed  elephants,  all  collected  from 
tlie  brick-earth  of  Ilford.       Uuxlejj,  Physiography,  p.  284. 

bricken^  (brik'n),  v.  t.  [Appar.  <  brick^  + 
-chI.]  To  hold  (the  head)  upandback;  bridle. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

bricken'-^  (brik'n),  a.  [<  briek'^  +  -e»(2.]  Made 
of  brick.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brick-field  (brik'feld),  11.  A  field  or  yard  where 
bricks  are  made. 

brickfielder  (brik'fel"der),  n.  [Appar.  in  allu- 
sion to  tlie  heat  of  a  brick-field.]  A  hot  north 
wind  prevalent  in  southern  Australia.  [Local 
slang.] 

bricking  (brik'iug),  n.  [<  brick^  +  -injrl.]  1. 
Brickwork. —  2.  An  imitation  of  brickwork 
made  on  a  plastered  surface. 

brick-kiln  (brik'kil),  n.  A  kiln  or  fm-nace  in 
which  bricks  are  baked  or  burned ;  also,  a  pile 
of  bricks  for  burning,  laid  loose,  with  arehes 
underneath  to  receive  the  fuel. 

bricklayer  (brik'la'er),  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  build  with  bricks Bricklayers'  itch, 

a  species  of  eczema  produced  on  the  hands  of  bricklayers 
tiy  the  contact  of  lirae. 

bricklaying  (brik'la"ing),  n.  The  art  of  build- 
iug  witli  Ijricks,  or  of  uniting  them  by  cement 
or  mortar  in  various  forms ;  the  art  or  occupa- 
tion of  laying  bricks. 

brickie  (brik'l),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  briMe, 
and  dial,  broekle,  bruckle  ';  <  ME.  brekil,  bnikcl, 
brokcl,  also  bnichel,  Ho.  brokyll,  briikijl,  etc., 
appar.  <  AS.  "brecol,  *bryccl  (=  MD.  brokel  = 
MLG.  brokel;  cf.  D.  brokkelir/,  G.  broeklig),  with 
suffix  -ol,  -el,  forming  adjectives  from  verbs, 
<  brecan  (pp.  broccn),  break:  see  break.  Now 
supei'seded  by  the  equiv.  but  etymologically 
■diff.  brittle,  q.  v.]  Brittle ;  easily  broken. 
{Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

But  th'  Altare,  on  the  which  this  Image  staid, 
Was,  0  great  pity  !  built  of  brickie  clay. 

Spenser,  Euincs  of  Time,  1.  499. 


679 

The  purest  Rlasse  Is  the  most  fcricWe,  .  .  .  and  the  quick- 
est wit  the  more  easily  woone  to  folly. 

(ireene,  iicpelttance.  To  the  Reader, 

brickleness  (l)rik'l-neB),  n.  Brittleness.  [Ob- 
solete or  prov.  Eng.] 

bricklow  (brik'16),  n.  [Appar.  of  native  ori- 
gin.]    A  species  of  acacia,  native  in  Australia. 

brick-machine  (brik'ma^shen"),  H.  An  appa- 
ratus for  molding  bricks.  .Some  brick-machines 
use  wet  clay  from  a  pug-mill,  others  dry  clay.  In  tlie  for- 
mer the  clay  is  disclmrged  from  the  pug-mill  in  a  solid 
stream,  which  is  cut  by  the  brick-machine  Into  brlck- 
shapod  pieces ;  in  the  latter  the  dry  clay  is  delivered  to 
molds  placed  on  a  horizontal  revolving  talilc,  while  pis- 
tons press  the  clay  into  them,  and  then  eject  the  molded 
brick.     Also  called  liriek-prcKs. 

brickmaker  (brik'ma"k6r),  re.  One  who  makes 
bricks,  or  whose  occupation  is  to  make  bricks. 

brickmaking  (brik'ma"king),  n.  The  art  of 
making  bricks. 

brick-mason  (brik'ma"sn),  n.     A  bricklayer. 

bricknog  (brik'nog),  a.  Composed  of  timber 
framiii}:,'  filled  in  vrith  brickwork :  as,  a  bricknog 
partition. 

bricknogging  (brik'nog-ing),  re.  Brickwork  car- 
ried up  as  a  filling  in  timber  framing. 

brick-press  (brik'pres),  n.  Same  as  brick-ma- 
rhinr. 

brickstone  (brik'ston),  «.  A  brick.  [Prov. 
Ene.] 

brick-tea  (brik'te),  n.  A  kind  of  tea  formed  by 
softening  the  larger  leaves  and  refuse  twigs  and 
dust  of  the  tea-plant  with  steam  or  boiling 
water  and  molding  them  into  a  brick-shapeil 
mass.  In  this  form  it  is  extensively  sent  overland  from 
China  to  Russia.  It  is  consumed  largely  in  .Siberia  and 
Mongolia,  where  it  serves  also  as  a  medium  of  exchange. 

brick-tile  (brik'til),  n.    A  brick.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

brick-trimmer  (brik'trim'er),  «.  In  orch.,  a 
brick  arch  abutting  against  the  wooden  trimmer 
in  front  of  a  fireplace,  as  a  safeguard  against  fire. 

brickwallt,  «■  [An  accom.  form  of  bricoil,  bri- 
co?*".]     Same  as  bricole,  3. 

brickwise  (brik'wis),  a.  and  adv.  Arranged  like 
bricks  in  a  wall;  with  the  ends  in  each  row  over 
the  middle  parts  of  the  row  below. 

brickwork  (brik'werk),  V.  Work  done  or  con- 
structed with  bricks  ;  bricklayers'  work. 

bricky  (brik'i),  a.  [<  brick^  -I-  -)/l.]  1.  Full  of 
bricks,  or  formed  of  brick. —  2.  Of  the  color  of 
common  brick :  as,  a  bricky  red. 

brick-yard  (brik'yiird),  n.  A  place  where 
bricks  are  made. 

bricoilt,  «•    Same  as  bricole,  3. 

bricole  (bri-kol'),  re.  [In  sense  3,  also  formerly 
brickol,  bricoil,  and  by  popular  etym.  bricktcall; 
<  P.  bricole,  also  bricollc,  mod.  F.  bricole,  back- 
stroke, toils,  breast-band,  strap,  =  It.  briccolo  = 
Sp.  brigola  (ML.  bricola;  ef.  ML.  brica,  t)F. 
bridle),  a  catapult,  perhaps  <  MHG.  brechel,  a 
breaker,  <  brechen  =  E.  break.]  If.  A  military 
engine  for  throwing  darts  or  quarrels ;  a  kind 
of  catapult.  Also  briclie. — 2.  Harness  worn  by 
men  who  have  loads  to  carry  or  to  drag. —  3t. 
A  side-stroke  at  tennis. 

bridlf,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  bird^. 

brid'-t,  "•     -A-u  obsolete  foi-m  of  bride. 

bridal  (bri'dal),  H.  and  a.  [Formerly  also 
bridall;  propi,  as  in  early  mod.  E.,  bridalc, 
bride-ale,  <  ME.  bridale.  briidale,  <  AS.  hrydialo 
(also  brjjd-ealoth,  dat.),  bridal,  lit.  bride-ale, 
i.  e.,  biide-feast,  <  bryd,  bride,  +  ealo  (gen. 
and  dat.  ealoth),  ale,  in  oomp.  a  feast:  see  ale. 
Cf.  ehurch-ale,  clerk-ale,  etc.  In  mod.  use  the 
terminal  element  has  been  assimilated  to  the 
suffix  -al,  and  the  word  accordingly  used  also 
as  an  ad,).,  like  nuptial,  etc.]  I.  h.  If.  A  feast 
at  a  marriage  ;  a  wedding-feast. 

We  see  no  ensigns  of  a  wedding  here  ;  no  character  of 
a  bride-ale :  where  be  our  scarves  .and  our  gloves? 

Ji.  Jonson,  Epieceue,  ill.  2. 
2.  A  marriage;  nuptials. 

Did  her  honor  as  the  Prince's  bride, 
Aud  clothed  her  for  her  bridals  like  the  sun. 

Tenni/son,  Geraiut. 

Sweet  day,  so  cool,  so  calm,  so  bright, 
The  brutal  of  the  earth  and  sky. 

a.  Herbert,  Virtue. 

II.  a.  Belonging  to  a  bride  or  to  a  wedding: 

as,  a  bridal  wreath. 

c'ome  I  will  bring  thee  to  thy  bridal  chamber. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

bridaltyt(bri'dal-ti),H.  [,<  bridal  + -ty.]  Cele- 
bration of  a  nuptial  feast. 

At  Quintain  he, 

III  honour  of  this  bridalte^, 

Hath  challenged  either  wide  countee. 

/;.  .Innson,  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbecfc. 

bridal-ivreath  (bri'dal-reth),  n.  1.  The  com- 
mon name  of  a  cultivated  species  of  Spiraa, 


bridegroom 

S.  hyjiericifoUa,  with  long  recurved  branches 
and  numerous  small  white  double  flowers  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves. —  2.  The  trancna  ramoga, 
a  somewhat  shrubby  saxifragaceous  plant  of 
Chili,  with  long  crowded  racemes  of  white 
flowers.  It  is  cultivated  in  England. 
bridel  (bnil),  «.  [<  ME.  bride,  bryde,  hrwte, 
nom.  proi).  without  the  final  c,  brid,  bryd,  brud, 
often  transposed  bird,  biird,  etc.  (hi-h  birrt^i,  a 
bride,  a  young  lady,  <  AS.  bryd,  a  bride,  =0S. 
brud  =  OFries.  breid  =  MlJ.  bri'tti,  1).  bruid  = 
MLG.  brut,  LO.  brud  =  OIKI.  .\IH(J.  brUt,  (i. 
braut,  bride  (i.  e.,  betrothed  woman),  =  Icel. 
briidlir  =  Hw.  Dan.  brud,  a,  i>ri<l<;,  =  doth.  l/niUm, 
daughter-in-law  (>  ult.  F.  bru,  earlier  bruy, 
'brut,  ML.  brut,  bruta,  daughti-r-in-law),  cf. 
comp.  briitli-J'atliK,  bridegroom  (see  bridegroom) ; 
root  unknown.]  1.  A  woman  newly  married, 
or  about  to  bo  married. 

He,  only  he,  can  tell,  who,  matcli'd  like  me,  .  .  . 

Has  by  Ills  own  experience  tried, 

How  much  the  wife  is  dearer  than  the  Itridt. 

Lord  Li/ftclt(m,  An  Irrehnilar  Ode. 

2.  A  name  of  the  American  wood  or  summer 
duck,  Aix  sponsa.     Coues. 
bride' t  (brid),  v.      [<  bridel,  h.]     I.  tram.  To 
make  a  bride  of ;  marry.     [Rare.] 

I  knew  a  man 
Of  eighty  winters,  this  I  told  them,  who 
A  lass  of  fourteen  bridtd. 
Fletcher  (and  anottier).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  Z 

II.  in  trans,  (with  indefinite  it).  To  act  like 
a  bride ;  assume  the  air  of  a  bride. 

Maidens  commonly  now  a  dayes  are  no  sooner  borne, 
but  they  beginne  to  bride  it. 

hyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  83. 

bride^  (brid),  n.  [<  ME.  bride,  a  bridle,  <  OF. 
F.  bride,  a  bridle,  string,  strap,  button-loop, 
etc.,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  brida,  a  bridle:  see  bridle.} 
If.  A  bridle. 

Theo  lady  .  .  ,  synceth  of  Dydo  and  Enyas, 
How  love  heom  ladde  by  strong  I/ride. 

Kiwj  AtiJtaunder,  1,  7625. 

2.  In  needlework,  lacemaking,  etc.,  a  loop,  link, 
or  tie. 

bride-alet  (brid'al),  n.  An  old  and  etymologi- 
cal fciini  of  bridal.  , 

bride-bed  (brid'bed),  n.  [<  ME.  (not  found),  < 
AS.  bryd-bed  =  MLG.  brutbedde  =  D.  bruidsbed 
=  MHG.  brutbette,  G.  brautbett.']  The  marriage- 
bod.    .s7,-(/,-.    [Rare.] 

bride-bowlt  ( Inid'bol),  w.    Same  as  bride-cup. 

bride-brancht  (brid'braneh),  «.  A  sprig  of  rose- 
mary formerly  carried  at  weddings  as  a  token 
of  remembrance. 

I'd  ride  forty  miles  to  follow  such  a  fellow  to  church ; 
and  would  make  more  of  a  sprig  of  rosemary  at  iiis  burial 
than  of  a  gilded  bride-branch  at  mine  own  we<ldinK. 

Middleton,  Blurt,  Jlaster-Constable,  L  1. 

bride-cake  (brid'kak),  n.  Same  as  tcedding- 
cake. 

In  the  North,  slices  of  the  Bride-cake  are  put  through 

the  Weilding  Ring,  they  are  afterwards  laid  under  Pillows 

at  Night  to  cause  young  Persons  to  dream  of  their  Lovera. 

J.  Brand,  in  K<jume'8  Pop.  Antiq.  (1777),  p.  335. 

bride-chamber  (brid'eham'bfer),  n.    A  nuptial 

apartment. 

i.'an  the  children  of  the  bridechamber  mourn,  as  long 
as  the  bridegroom  is  with  them?  Mat  ix.  15. 

bride-cupt  (brid'kup),  «.  A  bowl  or  cup  of 
spiced  wine  and  other  ingredients  formerly 
served  with  bride-cake  at  wedding-feasts.  Also 
called  bride-bowl. 

Get  our  bed  ready,  ctiamberlain ; 
Host,  a  bride-cup  ;  you  have  rare  conceits, 
.And  good  ingredients.        B.  Jonson,  New  Inn.  v.  1. 

bride-day  (brid'da),  n.  The  marriage-day. 
Scott. 

bridegroom  (brid'grom),  ii.  [Early  mod.  E. 
bridcgroine  (T>-ndale,  A.  D.  1525).  with  inserted  r 
as  in  the  simple  groom  (q.  v.) ;  <  ME.  bridegome, 
bridgume,  bredgome.  brudgntnr,  <  AS.  hrydguma, 
also  brydiguma  {brijdi  for  bryde,  gen.  of  bryd)  (= 
OS.  brudigumo  =  OFries.  breidgomn  =  D.  bniide- 
goni.  bruigom  =  'ilhG.  bri'idrgani,L,G.  briidegnm, 
hrtidegnm,  brogam  =  OHG.  brutigonio,  JIHG. 
briutcgoine,  G.  brdutigam  =  Icel.  brudhgunii  = 
Sw.  lirudguin,  -gumme,  =  ODan.  brudrgonitnc, 
brudgomme,  Dan.  brudgom),  lit.  bride's  man,  < 
bryd,  gen.  bryde,  etc..  bride.  -1-  giimo,  man:  see 
bride^  and  groom.  Cf.  Goth,  bruthfalhs,  bride- 
groom,<  br'iitlis,  daughter-in-law  (bride), -I- /«//(« 
=  Gr.  -6aic  =  Skt.  jtati,  husband,  lord:  see 
despot,  potent,  etc.]  1.  A  man  newly  married, 
or  about  to  be  married. 
He  that  hath  the  bride  is  the  brideciroom.  John  iii.  29. 
Tliose  dulcet  sounds  in  break  of  day 
That  creep  into  the  dreaming  bride<jrootnt  ear, 
And  summon  him  to  marriage.    Sluik-,  M.  of  v.,  iiL  2. 


bridegroom 

2.  [Perhaps  in  allusion  to  its  sparkling  appear- 
ance.] A  local  name  in  Banffshire,  Scotland, 
of  the  genmious  dragonct,  Callionymus  lyra. 

bride-liouset  (bnd'hous),  «.     A  pubUo  hall  for 

•  celebrating  marriages. 

A  briile-houM,  as  when  ahall  or  other  large  place  is  pro- 
Aiiieil  to  keepe  the  hridall  in.  Xomenelator  {\iii>). 

bride-knott  (brid'not),  n.  A  breast-knot;  a 
knot  of  ribbons  worn  by  a  guest  at  a  wedding ; 
a  wedding-favor. 

bride-lacet  (brid'las),  «.  Fringed  strings  of 
silk,  cotton,  or  worsted,  formerly  given  at  a  wed- 
ding to  the  friends  of  the  bride  and  groom  to 
tie  up  the  rosemary-sprigs  they  carried  (see 
bride-branch).  After  the  ceremony  they  were 
twisted  into  the  hats  or  in  the  hair,  and  worn 
as  streamers. 

Nosegays  and  bride  laceg  in  their  hats. 

Heyicood,  "Woman  Killed  with  KindneSo. 

bridelyt  (brid'li),  a.  [<  bridel  +  -?yl.l  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  bride ;  nuptial. 

She,  hating  as  a  heinous  crime  the  bond  of  bridely  bed, 
Did  fold  about  her  father's  neck  with  fawning  arms. 

Golding, 

bridemaid,  ».     See  bridesmaid. 

brideman,  ".     See  bridesman. 

bridescake  (bridz'kak),  n.  Bride-cake.  See 
iceddiiiii-cuJ;e. 

bride's-laces  (bridz'la'sez),  n.  An  English 
name  of  the  dodder. 

bridesmaid,  bridemaid  (bridz'-,  brid'mad),  n. 
A  young  girl  or  an  unmarried  woman  who  at- 
tends on  a  bride  at  her  marriage  during  the 
ceremony. 

bridesmaiding  (bridz'ma-ding),  ji.  The  state 
of  being  a  bridesmaid.     [Rare.] 

I  I!  t'iile  my  time  ioT  hrideginaiding.  TroUope. 

bridesman,  brideman  (bridz'-,  brid'man),  h.  ; 
pi.  bridesmen,  bridemen  (-men).  [<  brides,  poss. 
of  bride^,  or  bride,  +  man.  Cf.  MLG.  brutman 
=  Icel.  brudhmadhr  =  ODau.  brudemand ;  cf. 
OF.  brumen,  a  fiancd.]  A  man  who  attends 
upon  a  bridegroom  and  bride  at  their  marriage. 

bnde's-staket  (bridz'stak),  n.  [Also  bride- 
sUil.i;  <  bride^  •+  stake;  with  reference  to  wed- 
ding festirities.]  A  stake  or  post  set  in  the 
ground  to  dance  round,  especially  at  a  wedding. 
/>.  .Toiison. 

bridewell  (brid'wel),  n.  [So  called  from  a  pal- 
ace built  in  1522  near  St.  Bride's  or  Bridget's 
Well,  in  London,  which  in  1553  was  turned 
into  a  penal  workhouse,  officially  called  JSridc- 
xcell  Hospital.]  A  house  of  correction  for  the 
confinement  of  vagrants  and  disorderly  per- 
sons. Tlie  name  is  now  generally  given  to  a  prison  in 
connection  with  a  police-station,  for  the  temporary  deten- 
tion of  tlio^e  who  have  been  arrested  by  the  police. 

bridewort  (brid'wfert),  n.  Species  of  Spiran, 
S.  I'hiKirid  and  .S'.  salicifolia,  named  from  the 
fiiithcry  appearance  of  their  panicles  of  white 
lliiwcrs. 

brideel  (brij),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bredge; 
<  .ME.  briijge,  hregge,  bruggc  (unassibilatcd  brig, 
briigg,  Sc.  brig),  <  AS.  bri/cg,  bricg  =  OFries. 
hriggr,  breggrt  =  D.  britg  =  MEG.  bruggc,  LG. 
hriiggr  =  VJHG.  briicca,  MII<i.  hnickc,  brtich; 
a.  hriirkr,  a  liridge,  =  Iccl.  brijggja  =  Sw. 
hrijgga  =  iJan.  briigqe,  a  pier,  landing-stage, 
garig^vay,  rarely  a  bridge ;  connected  with  Icel. 
hru  =  Hw.  bro  =  Dan.  bro,  a  bridge,  a  ])av((d 
way.  Perhaps  akin  to  brow;  cf.  UBulg.  briiri, 
II  bridge,  ulMo  brow:  see  ftroir.]  1.  Any 
structure  wliicli  spans  a  body  of  water,  or  a 
valley,  road,  or  tlio  like,  and  affords  passage 
or  conveyance.  ltri<lgcii  are  made  of  various  mate- 
rjiilN,  principally  stiMic.  iron,  and  wood,  and  in  n  great 
variety  of  forms.  In  an  tireh-  or  arch-d  bridije  the  piis- 
oiigi:  or  roa'lway  Is  carried  by  nn  ardi  or  arclicH,  wblcli  an* 

Hup|tortcdifyabiit- 

'*~^    -..If..  I  nu-iilM  or  by  piers. 

.Surb    tirldges   are 

p— wilfc        -  —•rl^^     (■(iii.-.lrncted  of 

-I '  l»rlrk,  stone,  in»n, 

( .  Hteel,      or      wood. 

i, ,, ,  I  .,       ,,,  I  .^  Hrl<k     is    M-ldoni 

''  nti'  il  iilohf,  <'Xcept 

f--r  ">it.|>nn«llvely  small  spans,  and  for  UNin.["<it]tnt  work 

'.'   --annot  readily  Itc  ob(nln»-d       hi  :■■    v   bripor- 

'    n...nil>ln<'d  wltli«l-'i  mm. 

.   Irilinte  pr'-Miire,  !■  rnor,- 

iiirl   for   nrrhll'Ttiii  ■  iiri.  . 

•    ii^'il,  Ih  tbi- most  Vabi:iM     >].  nil 


Anioriif  It. 
nauliMo'  I. 


k-truss  Bridge. 


680 

arch  known  is  that  building  over  the  Petrusse  valley 
in  Luxemburg  (span  275J  feet);  the  next  is  that  of 
the  Washington  aqueduct  over  the  Cabin  John  Creek 
(span  220  feet; 
rise  57.25  feet). 
The  first  arched 
bridge  built  of  iron 
was  erected  over 
the  river  Severn, 
in  England,  and 
consists  of  5  parallel  ribs  of  cast-iron,  with  a  span  of  100 
and  a  rise  of  40  feet.  The  Southwark  bridge  over  the 
Thames  at  London,  the  central  one  of  tlie  three  arches  of 
which  has  a  span  of  240  with  a  rise  of  24  feet,  formerly 
ranked  as  tlie  largest  iron  arched  bridge ;  but  this  span  has 
since  been  more  than  doubled,  as  notably  in  the  bridge  over 

the  Mississippi  at 
St.  Louis,  and  the 
Washington  bridge 
over  the  Harlem 
river  in  New  York 
city.  In  an  arched- 
beam  bridge  arched 
beams  in  compres- 
sion constitute  the 
principal  members  and  sustain  the  load.  The  beams  are 
sometimes  built  of  parallel  layers  of  planks,  which  are 
made  to  break  joint  In  the  more  important  constructions 
the  arches  are  often  compound.  They  have  been  emi>loyed 
in  modern  bridges  of  considerable  magnitude.  An  arclud- 
truse  bridiie  is  a  form  in  which  the  comprefision-meniber 
is  an  arched  beam, 
as  in  the  McCallum 
truss.  In  a  hearn- 
tni'SS  bridge  the 
load  is  supported 
by  beam-trusses  or 
openwork  beams.    A 


bridge 

posed  to  deck-bridge  or  top-road  bridge. —  Box-glrder 
bridge.  More  commonly  called  tttbuiar  fn-idge  (which 
see).— Cantaliver  bridge,  a  bridge  in  which"  the  span 
is  formed  by  bracket-shaped  beam-trusses,  extending 
inward  from  their  supports  and  connected  at  the  mid- 
dle of  the  span  either  directly  or  by  an  intermediate  truss 
of  ordinary  construction.  When  piers  are  used  to  support 
the  beam-trusses,  they  are  placed  near  the  center  of  each 
truss,  and  not.  as  in  ordinary  truss-bridges,  at  its  ends. 
The  strains  due  to  a  load  upon  the  span  are  carried  out- 
ward toward  the  ends  of  the  bridge  and  beyond  the  piers 
by  bracket-arms  similar  to  those  forming  the  central  span, 
the  extremities  of  which  maybe  secured  to  other  piers  to 
serve  the  twofold  purpose  of  resisting  by  their  weight  the 


Arched-beam  Bridge. 


McCallum  Arched-tmss  Bridge. 


Ctitumon  TruH  llrtdge. 

■vly  adHptnblllty  to  vnri'ttu  HUitntl'in!! 
Monamcni^  ><1  nnllqulty  nro  rnnk'd  tlii- 
tr<  hcdBt"ie  l*rlilf[M.    T7io  larKi  Ht  itonv 


compression-chord  and  a  tension-chord  are  essential,  and 
the  stresses  are  transferred  from  one  to  the  other  on  their 
way  to  the  points  of  support  by  means  of  struts  and  ten- 
sion-bars, which  together  are  called  web-members.  See 
plirases  below  for  other  forms. 

2.  The  upper  liue  or  ridge  of  the  nose,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  two  nasal  hones. — 3.  In 
engraving^  a  hoard  resting  on  end-cleats,  on 
which  the  engraver  rests  his  hand  in  working. 
In  etching  two  bridges  are  used:  one  with  low  feet  or 
cleats,  to  serve  for  work  on  the  unbitten  plate ;  the  other 
with  higher  feet,  to  raise  it  above  the  bordering-wax  after 
it  has  been  applied. 

4.  A  wall,  generally  made  of  fire-brick,  which  is 
built  at  both  ends  of  a  reverberatory  furnace, 
to  a  certain  height,  in  order  to  isolate  the  space 
iu  which  the  metallurgical  operation  is  con- 
ducted. The  wall  nearest  the  fireplace  is  called  the  jire- 
bridge ;  the  other,  at  the  opposite  end,  ihv  fluc-bridgr. 

5.  in  gun.,  the  two  pieces  of  timber  which  con- 
nect the  two  transoms  of  a  gun-carriage.  [Kng.  ] 
—  6.  In  metal. J  the  platform  or  staging  bv 
which  ore,  fuel,  etc.,  are  conveyed  to  the  mouth 
of  a  smelting-furnace. —  7.  That  part  of  a 
stringed  musical  instrument  over  which  the 
strings  are  stretched,  and  by  which  they  are 
raised  above  the  soimding-board.  in  bow. instru- 
ments, such  as  the  violin,  the  bridge  is  arched,  in  order 
to  allow  the  buw  to  strike  any  one  string  alone. 

8.  Xaut.,  a  raised  platform  extending  from 
side  to  side  of  a  steamship  above  tlie  rail,  for- 
ward of  amidships,  for  the  use  and  convenience 
of  the  officer  in  charge,  it  altorda  him  an  unintcr- 
rnptcd  view,  and  is  furnislu'd  with  means  for  communi- 
cating, by  automatic  signals,  with  the  engine-room  and 
the  wheel-house.  Many  large  vessels  Iiavo  two  bridgc.s. 
one  forward  of  nnd  one  abaft  the  nuiinniast ;  and  it  is 
now  very  common  for  the  bridge  t^)  be  made  in  two  tiers, 
one  above  the  other,  with  often  an  outlnnk-station  still 

higberthan  the  up- 
per tier.     In  Hide- 
wheel  stcamerH  the 
bridge  Cfunu'ctst  lie 
padiVle-lmxeH. 
9.  A  metal  bar 
supported        at 
one     or      both 
endsfjf  awatcli- 
|>late,  and  form- 
ing a  bearing  for  a  imrt  of  the  works. —  10.  Tho 
bahmce-rynd  (d'  a  millslone. — 11.  In  nu'-tmihl- 
<n//,  tttimbor,  bur,  or  lnum  wliich  is  supnorti  d  ut 
each  end. — 12.  In  rtnhri\  a  poHJtion  wiier«'  ono 
side  has  scored  four  points  itud  tho  other  only 
one. — 13.  In  cUct,^  an  npparatuH  for  moasuriug 
the  reBiBtance  of  a  ronrluclor,  tho 
arrangement  of  whoso  parts  beurs 
Bome  resenihlanct*  to  a  liridge.   A 
common    form    is   called    tVhrat' 
8tonf*tt  hriflf/c,  from  the  invi^ntor. 
8eo  rt'sisfann . — 14.    In   hillinnls, 
a  notched  piece  of  wood,  attacdied 
to  a  long  handle,  UHe<I  uh  a  Hnppc)rt 
for  the  cue  when  the  ball  iHin  Huch 
u  poHition  that  the  IuhmI  canm*!' 
'onvenientlv  lie  used  as  a  rent. — 
1  T),  Sei-  hrnigr  trhist  under  U'liist. — 
Absob*  bridge.     S*'"'  P'"**   itninnrum. 
Bottom-road  bridge,  "  i»ridi/e  who««' 
rondwDV  Ih   Hupported   n|Hin    Die    biwcr 
« (lotfl  tri  n  tnioftbrldgi-.  or  id  tbe  butloni 
In  n  tuhnlar  bridg''-    AU"  eiUlid  through 
brittgf.     8eo  out  under  diflnltlon  H.     Op* 


Oottom-ronrl  or  Through  Bridge. 

(Sec  txriow.) 


Cantaliver  Bridge,  Niagara  Falls,  New  York. 

uplift  caused  by  the  load  when  upon  the  central  span  and 
of  themselves  supporting  vertical  pressure;  or  they  may 
form  part  of  other  spans  similar  to  the  central  one.  This 
fo]-m  of  bridge  presents  the  great  advantage  of  permitting 
the  construction  of  the  main  span  without  scaffoldings  be- 
neath. A  fine  example  is  the  cantaliver  bridge  below  Ni- 
agara Falls,  built  for  the  Micbigan  Central  and  Canada 
Southern  railways.  — Check-bridge  of  a  furnace,  a  fire- 
bridge; so  called  because  it  \\as  supposed  to  check  the 
draft.  — Coimterpoise  bridge,  a  bascule-bridge  in  which 
couutcr-weiu'lits  help  to  raise  the  idatform. —  ElectTlc 
bridge,  a  term  apidied  to  several  contrivances  for  deter- 
minini;  the  resistance  of  an  electric  circuit,  all  essentially 
identical  with  Wbeatstones  bridge  (which  see,  under  re- 
yi.s7(//(tv).— Floating  bridge,  (a)  A  boat,  raft,  or  pontoon 
bridge,  (b)  A  part  of  a  hriit-ic,  sui>portcd  by  a  caisson  or 
pontoon,  which  can  swing  into  and  away  from  tlie  line  of 
roadway,  (c)  Milit.^  a  kiml  of  (loul-le  briilgc.  of  which  the 
upper  member  projects  bcyoml  the  lower,  and  is  capable 
of  being  moved  forward  by  i)ulleys:  used  for  carrying 
troops  over  narrow  moats  in  attacking  the  outworks  of  a 
fort.— Flying  bridge,  a  suspension-bridge,  or  a  bridge 
built  for  triitin.iary  use,  as  a  pontoon  bridge.— Hanging 
bridge,  a  sub-p('Tisii>ii-I)ridge.  Tlie  term  is  generally  n\i- 
plied  til  the  more  primitive  forms  of  suspension-bridge.— 
Hoist-bridge.      Same    as    li/dng    bridgt-.      IndUCtlon- 

bridge.  See  i/trfMc^('on.— Lattice-bridge,  a  bridge  in 
which  tlie  web  between  the  chords  or  the  main  conipres- 


I-atticc-bridge  (side  elevation), 

(J, roadway;  A,  sleepers;  r,  transverse  he.ims;  rf,  jC'.  A,  stringers; 

e,  fatticc-ribs ;  y,  cross-beams. 

sion-  and  tension-members  is  formed  by  lattice  work.— 
Leaf-bridge,  a  hinged  lifting  bridge.— Lifting  bridge,  a 
drawlu'idge  tlie  span  of  which  moves  in  a  vertical  inane 
instradof  horizonlidly.  Also  called  houtt -bridge.— 'PiVOt- 
bridge,  a  swinging  bridge  balanced  upon  a  pivot    It  ia 


Pivot-  or  Swing-bridge. 

often  formed  by  two  equal  spans,  covering  a  channel  on 
each  side  of  the  "pivot-pier.— PontOOn  bridge,  a  platform 
»tr  roadway  supported  upon  pontoons.  Itridges  of  this 
kind  ar*-  largely  used  in  military  operations,  the  pontoons 
being  fonneii  of  air-tight  bags  or  hollow  nu'tallic  vessels, 
—  Rope  bridge,  a  hanging  bridge  couMstingof  aplatfonn 
supported  by  ri>pca,  or  sinii)ly  of  a  rope  currieil  across  tho 
stream  or  chasm,  and  Hup|torting  n  basket  or  car  which  is 
drawn  backward  and  forward.  Stu-h  ))ridg(>.^  are  used  in 
m<uuitalnous districts,  especially  in  India  and  South  Amer- 
ica, and  are  sometimes  nutdenf  sulHcient  Htrnigtb  to  nllnrd 
iPiUHjige  (o  droves  of  loaded  nnile.4.  The  rojus  are  often 
nuide  of  plaited  thongs  of  bide,  tir  even  of  rnshes. — 
Suspension-bridge,  a  rondway  suspemb-d  from  ropCB, 
chains,  or  wire  lables,  usually  hung  between  massive  tow- 
ers  of  nuisonry,  nnd  securely  nnchoied  at  the  extreudties. 
Tho  most  not^iblc  of  suspcnsion-bridgcH  is  that  between 
New  York  ami  Hrooklyn.  over  the  Kast  Hiver.  The  main 
Hpan  is  l,r>l):.l  feet  lotig.  the  altitude  at  the  center  lUfi  feel 
above  mean  high  water,  the  height  of  the  towers  '27(13 
fret,  and  the  total  length  f),OSit  feet.  The  roadway  is  sua* 
pnitjed  from  four  cables  of  steel  wire,  each  15}  inches  in 


Eail  River  Suiponiloii-brldge,  New  York. 


bridge 


681 


diamefiT.  -Througll  bridge.  Siunu  as  bottom-road  Itr'uhir: 

opposi-il  t"  ,l,rl.-hr„l,i,'  ur  tnjt-nnil  6 ri(<;/f.— Top-road 
bridge,  ;i  l'ii<i-r  in  uhkii  tliu  i<i:iiiw;iy  is  upon  or  alpuvx- 
tlK- iipln  T  ilnirU  "i  tin-  truss.  ALso  callcil  ihrk-bridgi:. — 
Trussed-arch  bridge, m\ ai'clieil-bcarn  IjiIiIkc  w ith which 
a  truss  lias  Ik-i-ii  iuinliined  to  stitten  or  .strciigtllen  it. — 
Tubular-arch  bridge,  a  liridfju  in  wliiuli  the  primary 


Tubular-arch  Bridge,  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

supporting  memliL'rs  are  arehcil  tubes.—  Tubular  bridge, 
abrulyefoririin'_',asawliole,:i^'ri  ai  111 'How  beam.  Itisabiix- 
beam,  sultieiently  large  to  admit  of  tile  passage  of  vehieles 
tlirougb  it.  The  first  works  '>f  this  icind  were  the  Conway 
and  I'.ritannia  railway  bridges  in  Wales.  The  latter,  over 
the  Meiiai  strait,  opened  in  ISftO,  consists  of  two  indepen- 
dent rectangular  tubular  beams  of  wrougllt-iron  l,.''.ll  feet 
long,  with  a  single  span  of  459  feet.  The  Victoria  tubular 
bridge,  about  two  miles  Ir»ng,  over  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Mi>ii- 
trcath.-isbeenreptaeedbyonciif  adilfcT'eiit  type.  Also  caileil 
6<u-!/"'i'cr/j;/(/./c.— Wheatstone'sbridge.  t^vfrexisiancc. 
bridgel  (brij),  r.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  hridytd,  p].r. 
bridging.  [<  ME.  *br!/(jgen  (not  found),  <  AS. 
brycgian  (also  in  comp.  ofar-brycgian,  bridge 
over)=  MLG.  bnigqen  =  OHG.  hruccon,  MH(4. 
bruckvii,  briickcn,  (j.  briiclcen,  bridge;  cf.  Icid. 
briia,  bridge  over;  fi-om  the  noun.]  1.  To 
build  a  bridge  or  bridges  on  or  over ;  span  with 
a  bridge :  as,  to  bridge  a  river. —  2.  To  make  a 
bridge  or  bridges  for. 

Xerxes,  .  .  .  over  Hellespont 

Bridging  his  way,  Europe  with  Asia  join'd. 

Miltoii,  P.  L.,  X.  SIO. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  span  or  get  over ;  serve  as 
or  make  a  way  of  passing  or  overcoming :  as, 
convei'sation  bridged  the  intervals  of  the  play ; 
to  bridge  over  a  difficulty. 

Every  man's  work,  pursued  steadily,  tends  in  this  way 
to  become  an  end  in  itself,  and  so  to  bridge  over  the  love- 
less chasms  of  life.  George  Eliot. 

I  cannot  but  think  that  there  is  room  for  all  of  us  to 
work  in  helping  to  bridge  over  the  great  abyss  of  ignorance 
which  lies  at  our  feet.  Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  71. 

bridge^t,  «'.  t.  [Also  bredge,  <  ME.  briggen, 
breggen,  by  apheresis  for  abriggcn,  abreggen, 
mod.  E.  abridge,  q.  v.]     To  shorten;  abridge. 

Byreven  man  his  helthe  and  his  welfare, 
And  his  dayes  briiftcn  and  schorte  his  lyf. 
Occlei'e,  JLS.  .Soc.  Antiq.,  134,  fol.  -251.     (Halllwell.) 

bridge-bar  (brij'biir),  n.  In  a  car-coupling,  the 
bar  carrying  the  load. 

bridge-board  (brij'bord),  n.  One  of  the  notched 
boards  of  a  stair  to  which  the  ends  of  wooden 
steps  and  risers  are  fastened.  -Also  called 
notch-board. 

bridge-deck  (brij'dek),  n.  Abridge  of  spacious 
dimensions,  forming  a  partial  deck,  extending 
from  side  to  side  of  a  vessel  amidships. 

bridge-head  (brij'hed),  n.  In  /())•(.,  a  work 
covering  that  end  of  a  bridge  which  is  most  ex- 
posed to  an  enemy ;  a  tete-de-pont. 

bridge-islet  (brij'i'let),  ji.  A  portion  of  land 
which  becomes  iustdar  at  high  water,  as  tlie  isle 
of  Lindisfarne  in  England. 

bridge-pit  (brij'pit),  n.  1. 
That  part  of  the  moat  of  a 
fortified  place  which  is  be- 
neath the  di-awbridge  when 
it  is  lowered. —  2.  A  pit 
provided  to  receive  the 
counterpoise  of  a  bascule- 
bridge. 

bridge-rail  (brij'ral),  n.  A 
railroad-rail  having  an 
arched  tread  and  lateral 
foot-flanges.  E.  H.  Knight. 

bridge-stone  (brij'ston),  re. 
ing  over  a  gutter  or  narrow  span. 

bridge-tower  (brij'tou'er),  «.  1.  A  tower  for 
the  defense  of  a  bridge,  usually  erected  upon 
the  bridge  itself,  the  road  passing  through  arch- 
ways in  its  lower  story,  which  could  be  closed 
by  gates.  Bridges  were  commonly  defended  in  this  way 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  many  such  towers  remain,  as  at 
Cahors  in  France,  and  notably  at  Prague  in  Bohemia. 
2.  Less  properly,  a  tower  defending  the  ap- 
proach to  a  bridge  in  the  maimer  of  a  tete-de- 
pont.  A  notable  instance  of  such  a  tower  is  that  at  Ville- 
neuve,  opposite  Avignon,  on  the  Rhone. 

bridge-train  (brij'tran),  n.  Milit.,  a  division 
of  an  army  caiTying  the  materials  and  imple- 
ments required  for  the  passage  of  troops  across 
a  river;  a  pontoon-train. 

bridge-tree  (brij'tre),  ».  A  beam  by  which  the 
spindle  of  the  runner  in  a  giindiiig-mill  is  sup- 
ported. It  can  be  adjusted  so  as  to  vary  the 
relative  distances  of  the  grinding  surfaces. 


Bridge-tower. —  Moldau  IJrli 

Bridgettine  (biij'e-tin),  re.     See  Brigittinc. 
bridge-wardi   (brij'ward),  n.     [<   ME.  briggc- 
ivai^,  <  AS.  briegweard,  <  bricg,  bri/cg,  bridge, 
+  weard,  ward,  keeper.]   The  warden  or  keeper 
of  a  bridge. 

Those  whose  route  lay  along  the  river  .  .  .  summoned 
the  /Mdqrwnrd,  and  demanded  a  free  passage. 

Scott,  Abbot,  I.  175. 

bridge-ward^  (brij'ward),  n.  [<  bridge  +  ward 
(of  a  key).]  In  locksmithing,  the  principal 
ward  of  a  key,  usually  in  the  plane  of  rotation. 

bridgewater  (brij'wa-tfer),  «.  A  kind  of  broad- 
cloth manufactured  in  Bridgewater,  England. 
I'liiiiche. 

bridging  (brij'ing),  n.  [Verbal  u.  of  bridge'^,  r.] 
In  (irch.,  a  piece  of  wood  placed  between  two 
beams  or  other  pieces,  to  prevent  them  from 
approaching  each  other.  Sinflle  bridging  has  one 
pair  of  diagonal  braces  at  the  midlength  of  the  joists.  In 
double  bridging  there  are  two  pairs  of  cross-braces  divid- 
ing the  joists  into  three  lengths.  More  generally  called 
d.  titriftting-  or  ytr(ii/i.ittff-j)iece.     E.  H.  Knight. 

bridging-floor  (brij'ing-flor),  K.  In  arch.,  a 
floor  in  which  liridging-joists  are  used. 

bridging-joist  (brij'ing-joist),  n.  In  arch.,  a 
joist  which  is  sustained  below  by  transverse 
beams  called  hind- 
ing-joi.st,-! ;  also,  a 
joist  which  is  nail- 
ed or  fixed  .to  the 
flooring-boards. 

Bridgittine  (brij'- 

i-tin),  II.     See  Bri- 
gittinc. 
b'ridgy  (brij'i),  a. 


f^ 


a.  floorin] 


E 


Bridging -joists. 
*,  girder  :    c,  c,  bridging-- 


ng ;    *,  g:  „    „ 

joists ;  a,  d,  ceiling -joists :  e,  r,  straps. 


Bridge-rail. 

A  flat  stone  bridg- 


[<  bridge^  -t-  -i/l.] 
Full  of  bridges ;  re- 
sembling a  bridge. 
Shrricood.    [Rare.] 

bridle  (bri'dl),  re.  [< 
ME.  bridcl,  <   AS. 

bridcl,  also  brldcls  =  OFries.  bridcl  =  MD.  brei/- 
dcl,  D.  breidcl  =  MLG.  LG.  breidel  =  OHG.  bridal, 
britcl,  brittil,  priddil,  prittil,  MHG.  liridcl,  britel 
(>0F.  bridcl =\t.  predcUa,  abridle,  also  in  short 
form,  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  brida  =  OP.  and  F.  bride,  a 
bruUe,  >  E.  bride",  q.  v.),  G.  breidcl,  also  britel. 
brittcl;  root  unknown.]  1.  That  portion  of 
the  gear  or  harness  of  a  horse  (or  other  animal 
similarly  used)  which  is  fitted  to  its  head,  and 
by  which  it  is  governed  and  restrained,  con- 
sisting usually  of  a  head-stall,  a  bit,  and  rein.s. 
with  other  appendages,  according  to  its  par- 
ticular form  and  uses.     See  cut  under  harness. 

Mony  of  hem  fot«;-meu  ther  hen, 

That  renuen  by  the  brt/dels  of  ladys  shene. 

llabees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  320. 
And  Mamas,  when  with  ivy  bridle.^  hound, 
She  led  tlic  spotted  lyiix. 

Ilrydcn,  tr.  of  Persins,  Satires,  1.  203. 

2.  An  old  instrument  of  i)unishment  and  re- 
straint for  scolds:  a  simpler  foim  of  the 
branks.— 3.  Figuratively,  a  restraint;  a  curb; 
a  check.  • 

.K  continual  bridle  on  the  tongue.  Watts. 

This  fort  is  the  bridle  of  the  whole  citty,  and  was  well 
stor'd  and  garri-soa'd  with  native  Spauyards. 

Erehjn,  Diary,  Jan.  31,  164.S. 

4.  The  piece  in  the  interiorof  a  gun-lock  which 
covers  and  holds  in  place  the  tmnbler  and  sear. 
being  itself  held  by  the  screws  on  which  they 
turn.     See  cut  imder  gun-lock. — 5.  The  piece 


brief 

on  the  end  of  a  plow-beam  to  which  the  draft- 
shackle  is  allachi'd;  the  clevis.  Also  called  mu:- 
zle  ov  ]ilow-hcnd. —  6.  In  mach.,  a  link,  flange, 
or  other  attachment  for  limiting  the  movement 
of  any  i)ai-t  of  a  machine. — 7.  A'aul.,  a  chain  or 
rope  Hpaji  both  ends  of  which  are  made  fast, 
the  strain  or  power  being  applied  to  the  bight. 
— 8.  In  iiiilliol.,  a  small  band  attaching  two 
pari  K  to  each  other,  as  two  serous  surfaces  after 
indaniniation,  or  the  sides  of  the  urethra  after 
urctliritis,  or  stretched  across  a  pustule  or 
vesicle,  modifying  its  shape. — 9.  In  annt.,  a 
freniim  (which  ncc).-  Branches  of  a  bridle.    Hc« 

4ra/i/7i.  —  M00ring-bridle ("""'.;,  the  chain  ■  abb;  atlHch- 
cd  lo  pc-i-nianc-nt  moorings.— TO  bite  on  the  bridlet,  to 
Bullci-  grc.-it  bai'ilships,  llrewfr. 
bridle  Oiri'dl),  »■.•  pret.  and  i)p.  bridled,  ppr. 
hridliiig.  [<  ME.  bridlen,  bridelen,  <  AS.  ge- 
hridliiin  (=  MI),  bret/dclen,  D.breidelen  =Ol/<j. 
brittilon,  MHG.  hritehi,  jiritteln,  O.  hrcidelen, 
britcln,  brittelii),  bi-idle,  restrain,  <  hrUlel,  bri- 
dle.] I.  trans.  1.  To  put  a  bridle  on:  as,  to 
bridle  a  horse. 

Where  steedH  run  arow, 
I  have  Been  from  tliclr  bridled  lips 
Foam  blown  an  the  hhou'. 

.Swinburne,  A  Lamentation. 

2.  To  restrain,  guide,  or  govern ;  cheek,  curb, 
or  control :  as,  to  bridle  the  passions. 

Savoy  and  Nice,  the  keys  of  Italy,  and  the  citadel  In  her 
hands  Uj  bridle  Switzerland.  Burke. 

Oft  his  smooth  and  bridled  tongue 
Would  give  the  lie  to  his  Hushing  cheek. 

Slielley,  Jitwalind  and  Helen. 
=  Syn.  2.  To  repress,  master,  subdue. 

II.  in  trans.  To  hold  the  head  up,  in  the 
manner  of  a  spirited  horse  under  a  strong  rein, 
especially  as  an  expression  of  pride,  scorn,  or 
resentment;  assume  a  lofty  manner  so  as  to 
assert  one's  dignity  or  express  indignation; 
toss  the  head;  strut:  generally  with  up. 

Gave  a  crack  with  her  fan  like  a  coai-h-whip,  and  hridCd 
out  of  the  room  with  the  air  ami  conifdexion  of  an  inctns'd 
Turkey-Cock.  Cibber,  Careless  llustjand,  ii.  2. 

Assure  a  lady  .  .  .  that  she  looks  killing  to-day,  she  in- 
stantly bridlejt  up,  and  feels  the  force  of  the  well-timed 
flattery  the  whole  day  after.     Ootdjnnith,  The  Bee,  No.  5. 

H<»w  would  she  have  bridled  had  she  known  that  .  .  . 
[she]  only  shared  his  meditations ! 

Barharn,  Ingoldshy  T.egends,  I.  22. 

If  you  charge  them  with  any  particular  sin,  they  briJU 
up  and  deny  that  sin  fiercely  enough.  Kingeley. 

bridle-chains  (bri'dl-chanz),  n.  pi.     In  mining, 

sliorl  cliains  by  which  the  cage  is  attached  to 

till'  lioisting-rope. 
bridle-hand  (bri'dl-hand),  n.     The  hand  which 

liiilcls  tlic  l>ridlc  in  riding;  the  left  hand.    Scotl. 
bridle-path  (bri'dl-path),  n.     A  path  which  is 

wido  loiough  to  be  traveled  on  horseback,  but 

not  ill  a  caiTiage.     Also  bridleicay. 
bridle-port  (bri'dl-port),  «.    yaut.,  the  forward 

port  on  the  gun-deck  of  a  frigate, 
bridler  (brid'ler),  H.      One  who  bridles;   one 

who  restrains  or  governs. 
The  prelates  boast  themselves  the  only  bridUrt  of  schism. 
MiUon,  Church-Govermueut,  L  7. 

bridle-rein  (bri'dl-ran),  h.  [<  ME.  bridHreyne 
(equiv.  to  AS.  brulel-lhwang,  Ut.  bridle-thon^) ; 

<  bridle  +  rein.']  A  rein  uniting  a  bit  with 
some  other  i)art  of  the  harness,  or  leading  to 
the  hand  of  the  rider  or  driver. 

bridle-road  (bn'dl-rod),  n.    A  bridle-path, 
bridle-rod  (bri'dl-rod),  n.     One  of  the  elements 
of  a  |iarallcl  motion,  as  on  the  .steam-engine. 

bridle-stricture (bri'dl-strik'tur),  n.  hxpathol., 
a  stricture  formed  by  a  band'crossing  the  ure- 
thral passage. 

bridleway  (bri'dl-wa),  «.    A  bridle-path. 

bridle-wise  (bri'dl-wiz),  a.  Trained  to  obey 
the  liriclle:  applied  to  a  horse  which  is  guided 
Ijy  pressure  of  the  bridle  against  his  neck  in- 
stead of  by  pulling  on  the  bit. 

bridoon  (bri-tUin'),  ».  [<  F.  bridon,  <  bride,  a 
bridle :  see  bridle.'\  A  light  snaffle  or  bit  of  a 
bridle  used  in  addition  to  the  principal  bit.  and 
■nith  a  separate  rein.     Also  spelled  bradoon. 

brief  (bref).  a.  and  ii.     [I.  a.  <  ME.  breef.  bref, 

<  OF.  bref,  brief,  F.  bref=  Pr.  breu  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
breve,  <  L.  6rcfi,«=Gr.  .Jpo^if,  short;  ef.abbreri- 
atc,  abridge,  brcriti/,  brcrct,  etc.,  brachygraphy, 
etc.  II.  11.  <  ME.  ftrff/".  brefe.  bref,  a  commis- 
sion, writing,  etc.,  <  C>F.  bref,  brief.  F.  bnf  = 
Pr.  breii,  bricu  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  hreie  =  OS.  brrf=z 
D.  brief  =  LG.  bref=  OHG.  briaf  brief,  MHG. 
G.  brief  =  Sw.  brcf=  Dan.  brer,  a  letter,  etc..  < 
L.  breris  (sc.  libcflus,  a  little  writing),  or  neut. 
brere,  a  short  writing  (see  also  brcre  and  brevet), 

<  breri.i.  neut.  hrcre.  short:  see  above.]  I.  a. 
1.  Small  with  respect  to  length;  short. 


brief 

This  mon  that  Matheu  sef 
A  peny  thut  wes  so  bre/. 
Sj-'^cimeiu  of  Lifric  Pottrij  (ed.  WrightX  P.  43. 
It  is  verj'  liilfiLiilt  to  notice  this  great  language  suitably 
in  the  frrit/ space  available. 

JL  y.  Oust,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  45. 

2.  Abbreviated;  cut  or  made  short:  as,  the 
brief  skii-ts  of  a  ballet-dancer.  [Humorous.  ]  — 
8.  Short  in  duration ;  lasting  a  short  time. 

How  brie/  the  life  of  man.     Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

A  fainter  bloom,  a  more  delicate  and  briefer  beauty. 

Uauflhorne^  Scarlet  Letter,  iL 

4.  Short  in  expression;  using  few  words;  con- 
cise; succinct. 

Duch.   I  will  Iw  mUd  and  gentle  in  my  words. 

K.  Rich.   And  brief,  good  mother,  for  I  am  in  haste. 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

The  frnV  style  is  that  wliich  expresseth  much  in  little. 
B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

5.  Clever;  good:  as,  a  Jn'f/diseourse;  "hegae 
Tis  a  very  brief  sermon,"  Janiiesoii.  [Scotch.] 
—  6.  Keen.  [Scotch.]  —  7t.  Quick;  ready; 
eager. 

I>»e  you  not  perceive  the  noose  you  have  brought  your 
seUe  into  whilst  you  were  so  brif/e  to  taunt  other  men 
with  weaknesse  ?  3IUton,  Bet.  of  Hurab.  Remonst. 

8.  [Appar.  a  particular  use  of  brief,  short  (hence 
quick,  active,  rifef);  but  some  stippose  a  con- 
fusion T\ith  rife.'i  Common ;  rife ;  prevalent : 
as.  I  hear  smallpox  is  very  brief  there.  [Prov. 
Eug.  ]  —  In  brief,    (a)  In  few  wonls ;  briefly. 

Open  the  matter  in  brief.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  L  1. 

.<4)  In  short. 

In  brief,  sir,  studv  wrhat  you  most  affect. 

SAiai.,T.  of  theS.,  i.  1. 

=Syn.  3.  Short-lived,  ephemeral,  transitoiy,  fleeting.— 4. 
■Compact,  compendious. 

n.  «.  1.  A  short  or  concise  writing;  a 
«hort  statement  or  accoimt;  an  epitome. 

1  shall  make  it  plain  as  far  as  a  sum  or  brie.f  can  make 
a  cause  plain.  Bacon. 

And  she  told  me, 
In  a  sweet  verbal  brie/.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  3. 

Out  o(  your  gentleness,  please  you  to  consider 
The  brief  ui  this  petition,  which  contains 
All  licipe  of  my  last  fortunes.        Ford.  Fancies,  ii.  1. 

Specifically — 2.  In  law:  (a)  A  formal  memo- 
raiiilum  iu  systematic  order,  but  concisely  ex- 
]ircssed,  of  the  points  of  law  or  of  fact  to  be 
ilivcloped  or  expanded  in  argument,  or  to  be 
jmrstieil  in  the  examination  of  a  witness;  in 
kiiglish  law,  more  usually  an  abridged  relation 
of  tlie  facts  of  a  litigated  case  drawn  up  by  the 
attorney  for  the  instruction  of  a  liarrister  in 
conducting  proceedings  in  a  court  of  justice. 

The  young  ffllftw  had  a  very  good  air,  and  seemed  to 
hr,ld  bis  6nV/ in  his  hand  rattier  to  help  his  action  than 
that  he  wanted  notes  for  his  furttier  infornmtion. 

Steele,  Tatler,  Xo.  186. 

His  matter  was  so  completely  at  his  command  tliat  he 
scarcely  hioked  at  his  briff.    Jt  Choale,  .\cidrisses,  p.  272. 

(6)  A  writ  summoning  one  to  answer  to  any 
action ;  or  any  precept  of  the  sovereign  in  writ- 
ing issuing  from  any  court  and  ordering  some- 
thing to  b(;  done,  (c)  In  f>cnl.s  Itiir,  same  as 
briere  (which  see),  (rf)  In  England,  a  letter 
patent  from  proper  authority  autliorizing  a 
public  ojUeetlon  or  charitable  contribution  of 
money  for  any  public  or  private  purpose;  a  li- 
cense to  make  collections  for  repairing  churches, 
making  up  for  losses  by  lire,  etc. :  sometimes 
called  a  church  brief  or  Lini/'ii  letter. 

Thi.'*  day  wiw  read  in  our  church  the  Brie/e  for  a  collcc- 
tii>n  fiir  rellete  of  y  Protestant  French,  so  cruelly,  bar- 
liaruUMly,  and  inbumanly'oppreHfl'd. 

Ewlyn,  Diary,  April  25, 1686. 
3t.  A  writing  iu  general ;  a  letter. 

llear  this  sealed  brief. 
With  wingod  haste,  tu  the  lord  murHhul. 

.S7.«*.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  Iv.  4. 

4f.  In  muxic,  same  as  brere,  1. 

y'\}d<n  the  word  l>e*t  there,  ynn  ncc  how  I  do  enter  with 
:iM  odd  rnlnuni,  nnfl  drive  It  tbrouKb  llie  brief;  which  no 
i<  ■'  iii;{rht  muHtclan,  1  kn'iw,  hut  will  alhrm'  t'>  be  very 
I  ,  B.  Joiuoii,  <  yiii|iij,»  Kcvels,  Iv.  I. 

5.   Tho  name  given  to   certain  odieial   docu- 
"manuling  from  the  l'ii|ie,  having  u  less 
1  a  bull. 


li:iructer  than  i 

niu  the  hlgheiit  Authority  the  Pope  can  ftlve, 

..(  I.«»,  .Sr/./i-M,  Table-Tulk,  p.  80. 

0.  f  .1  ..  4|H.lled  brcif.  Iirrnf,  <  f)K.  Iirtf,  brief, 
a  I  ,li>.iiinn,  <  ftf]j.  Iirerr,  in  |il,  liririn,  a 
V  iiiiiiia  mngicftl  clinraeliTH  larried 
II  r   labMiiian:  n  pnrlicidnr  nwe  of 

1.  iiig,  a.H  above.]  Ab|>"'11.  Iliiriin. 
(  "  ■  \.  Aftriil!rutrnt,Vom]irnil*ttm,Ci/m/'eitil, 
1 1                           /. 

"brief  I '  'IS  '"'"'.'^  "•    ^"  enrliiT  furin 

/'/••If,  .J.  I  1.  TonbiidKo;  ahorten ;  niuku 
a  brief  of;  uh,  to  brUtf  pleadings. 


682 

Thy  power  is  confined,  thy  time  is  limited ;  both  thy 
latitude  and  extensiou  are  brie/ed  up. 

Itev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  135. 

Descriptive  lists  of  15,107  soldiers  fcn^/fd  and  filed  away. 
Sep.  o/Sec.  r.  S.  Treasury,  1SS6,  p.  590. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  brief ;  instruct  by  a  brief. 
[Rare.] 

I  never  could  look  a  counsel  in  the  face  again  if  I'd  neg- 
lected to  brit^f  him  with  such  facts  as  these.  Trollope. 

brieft  (bref).  arfi'.  [<  6r(>/;  a.]  1.  In  brief;  in 
short;  briefly. 

Brie/,  I  recover'd  him ;  bound  up  his  wound. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 

2.  In  or  after  a  short  time ;  soon;  qtiickly. 

But  that  a  joy  past  joy  calls  out  on  me. 
It  were  a  grief  so  brie.f  to  part  with  thee ; 
F.trewell.  Shak.,  E.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 

briefless  (bref'les),  a.  [<  brief,  «.,  -1-  -less.'] 
Having  no  brief:  as,  a  briefless  barrister. 

brieflessness  (bref'lcs-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  without  a  brief  or  a  client. 

briefly  (bref'li),  mlr.  [<  JIE.  brcflii,  brcreh/ ;  < 
brief  +  -if-.']  1.  In  a  brief  manner;  concisely; 
in  few  words. —  2.  With  little  length;  shortly: 
as,  in  entom.,  briefly  pilose,  hairy,  or  spinous. 
[Rare.] 

briefman  (bref'man),  n.;  pi.  briefmen  (-men). 
One  who  makes  a  brief;  a  copier  of  a  manu- 
sci-iiit.     Quarterhj  Rev. 

briefness  (bref'nes),   IK      [<   ME.    breffnes:   < 
brief  +  -ness.]     The  state  or  quality  of  being 
brief;  shortness;  bre-sHty;  conciseness  in  dis- 
course or  writing. 
We  passe  over  that,  bregnes  of  tyme  consyderynge. 

Coventry  Mysteries,  p.  79. 

There  is  a  briefness  of  the  parts  sometimes  that  makes 
the  whole  long. "  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

brier  (bri'er),  II.  [E.  dial.and  Sc.  breer;  <  ME. 
brere,  <  AS.  brer,  also  brerr,  a  brier,  bramble; 
cf.  Icel.  brorr,  a  brier  (rare  and  uncertain). 
Cf.  Ir.  Gael,  preas,  a  bush,  brier  (Ir.  briar,  a 
brier,  also  a  thorn,  pin,  bodkin,  is  prob.  bor- 
rowed from  E.).  The  F.  brni/erc,  dial,  briirc 
(earlier  bruyere,  briere  =  Cat.  briK/iieni  =  It. 
dial,  hnighicra  (ML.  briuiriniii,  hruera),  heatli, 
heather,  prob.  <  Pr.  bru  =  It.  dial.  bru(i  =  Swiss 
briicli,  heatli ;  of  Celtic  origin :  <  Bret.  liriKj, 
heath,  =  W.  brn-ff,  a  brake,  growtli),  is  not  re- 
lated. The  reg.  mod.  E.  form  would  be  breer, 
which  exists  dialeetally ;  cf.  friiir,  earlier/nVr, 
<  ME./cfre.]  A  prickly  plant  or  shrub  in  gen- 
eral; specifically,  the  swectbricr  or  the  green- 
brier  (which  see).     Also  spelled  briar. 

Tlic  gentle  sheplieard  satte  beside  a  springe, 
All  in  the  shadowo  of  a  busliye  brere. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  December. 

I  will  tear  your  flesh  with  the  thorns  of  the  wilderness 
and  witli  briers.  Judges  viii.  7. 

brier-bird  (bri'6r-b6rd).  n.  A  popular  name 
of  the  American  goliifmch,  Clirysoiiiitris  (or 
Jslraijaliiins)  iri.^tis.     See  cut  under  (/i(/((/i«(,'/(. 

briered  (bri'erd),  a.  [<  brier  +  -(■(/■-.]  Set 
Willi  lirirrs.     Cliatterton. 

brier-root  (l>ri'er-rot),  «.  [<  Iirier,  an  adapted 
!•;.  liirm  of  1''.  bruyere,  dial,  briere.  heath  (see 
lirier),  +  rexit".]  The  root  of  the  white  liealh, 
Krica  arborca,  a  shrub  often  growing  to  a  large 
size.  The  roots  are  gathered  extensively  in  the  soiilli 
of  France  and  in  Corsica  for  tlie  puriiose  of  being  made 
int4.i  tobacco-pipes,  commonly  calleil/>/-M'j-.«'(H>d;M'/»'x.  'i'lie 
roots,  having  i»eell  cleareil  of  earth,  and  the  decayed  iiaits 
cut  away,  are  shaped  into  blocks  of  various  diniensioiiH 
with  a  circular  saw.  The  blocks  are  tlu'li  pliueil  In  a  vut 
anil  subjected  to  a  gentle  simmering  for  a  Himce  of  twelve 
houi-8,  during  which  tlley  acquire  the  rich  yellowls'ibrown 
hue  for  wliicli  the  liest  )>ipes  are  lloteil,  and  are  then  in  a 
condition  for  turning. 

brier-wood  (bri'er-wi'id),  «.  Tlio  wiiod  of  the 
briir-i t.  11S01I  for  making  tobneeo-pi|ics. 

briery'  (bri'er-i),  n.  [<  brier  +  -i/'.J  E'dl  of 
briers;  rough;  tliorny.     Also  ftnon/. 

The  thorny  brake  and  briery  wood. 

Fawkes,  Death  of  Adonis. 

A  nightingale  sang  In  the  briery  tlilckels  by  tbi'  In k- 

side.  ;/.  Taylor,  Lands  ot  the  Saracen,  p.  .'1... 

briory-t  (bri'tr-i),  n.  [For  'lirierrry,  <  brier 
+  -ery.  Cf.  fernery,  pinery,  etc.]  A  iilace 
wlii'io  brier.t  grow.     Iliilcrl. 

brieve  (lirov),  «.  [A  He.  form  of  brief,  «.,  q.  v.] 
Ill  .Scots  law,  a  writ  issuing  from  Chimeer^v,  <li- 
rect,(^d  to  any  .iu<lge  ordinnry,  ordering  Irnil  to 

•bo  made  by  a  jury  of  certain  jioiMtH  stilted  iu 

the  brieve.     Now  1 1  i  hlnly  In  II lecllipii  of  luli.rs 

to  ndiiinH,  Ibe  counosrlng  of  liinntlis  or  Idloln,  and  Ibe 
iiNi'i-rtnlnliiu  of  widow*'  llerce. 

brigMbrig),  n,  [=  6rWf/c>,  q.  v.]  1.  A  bridge. 
[Scotch.] 

Now,  do  thy  upecdy  ntin(»fl(,  Mep, 
And  will  the  key.stnne  o'  the  tiny. 

Burm,  'Inni  u'  Hliantcr. 


brigandine 

2.  A  utensil  used  in  breweries  and  in  dairies 
to  set  the  strainer  on.  [North.  Eng.] — 3.  A 
kind  of  iron  set  over  a  fire.  Ualliuell.  [North. 
Eng.] — 4.  A  ledge  of  rocks  running  out  into 
the  sea.  E.  D. 
brig"  (brig),  H.  [Short  for  brirjatitiiie'^,  q.  v. 
Hence  D.  brik;  G.  brif/n,  Dan.  brig,  Sw.  brigg, 
P.  brick,  Ar.  brih,  a  brig.]  1 .  A  vessel  with  two 
masts  sqtiare-rigged,  nearly  like  a  ship's  main- 
mast and  foremast. —  2.  The  place  on  board 
a  man-of-war  where  prisoners  are  confined. — 
Hermaphrodite  brig,  a  brig  tlial  is  simare-rigged  tor- 
wai'd  mid  schouner-rigged  aft.    Also  called  bri{i-se/iouner. 

She  passed  out  of  hail,  but  we  made  her  out  to  be  an  her- 

maphrodite  briy,  with  Brazilian  coloi-s  in  her  main  rigging, 

R.  U.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  18. 

brigade  (bri-gad'),  ».  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  bri- 
gade, <  E.  brigade,  <  It.  brigata  (ML.  brigata, 
brigada),  a  troop,  company,  <  brigarc,  contend: 
see  brigand.]  1.  A  party  or  division  of  troops 
or  soldiers,  whether  cavab-y  or  infantry,  regu- 
lars or  militia,  consisting  of  several  regiments, 
squadrons,  or  battalions,  under  the  command 
of  a  brigadier,  or  brigadier-general,  a  brigade 
of  horse  is  a  body  of  eight  or  ten  squadrons;  of  infantry, 
four,  five,  or  six  battJiIions  or  regiments. 
2.  A  body  of  individuals  organized,  generally 
wearing  a  uniform,  and  acting  under  author- 
itv:  as,  afire  brigade — Household  brigade.    See 

h'.ii^fh.,/.!. 

brigade  (bri-gad'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brigaded, 
l)\>r.  brigading.  [<  brigade,  ii.]  1.  To  form  in- 
to a  brigade  or  into  brigades:  as,  regiments  of 
militia  are  brigaded  with  regiments  of  the  line. 

In  the  oi-ganization  of  the  army  my  regiment  was  bri. 
yaded  with  the  Sixth,  .Seventli,  and  Eighth  Kegimeuts  of 
Louisiana  Infantry. 

Qen.  liieh.  Taylor,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVL  SS. 

Hence  —  2.  To  arrange  or  embody  in  a  single 
collection  or  group ;  group  together,  as  in  zool- 
ogy, tmdcr  a  single  name.     [Rare.] 

The  two  Classes  [Birds  and  Kcptiles]  which  be  (nn\leyl 
had  previously  bi'iqaded  under  the  name  of  Sauropsida. 
A.  Xeulon,  Encyc.  Brit.,  -Will.  34. 

brigade-major  (bri-gad'ma"jor),  n.  An  ofiicep 
apiioiiiled  by  a  brigadier  to  assist  him  in  the 
management  and  ordering  of  his  brigade. 

brigadier  (brig-a-der'),  «.  [=  It.  brigadiere,  < 
F.  brigadier,  <  brigade,  brigade.]  A  general  offi- 
cer wiio  commands  a  brigade,  whether  of  horae 
or  foot,  and  ratiks  next  below  a  major-general. 

brigadier-general  (brig-a-der' gen 'e-ral),  n. 
Same  as  tirigadier. 

brigand  (brig'and),  H.  .  [Formerly  also  brigant 
(alter  It.) ;  <  F.  brigand,  a  brigand,  OF.  brigand, 
brigant,  an  armed  foot-soldier  (ML.  brigantes, 
brigandi,  pi.,  foot-soldiers),  <  It.  brigante,  a 
brigand,  pirate,  also  an  intriguer.  <  brigante, 
]']>i\  of  brigarc,  strive  after,  contend  for,  solicit, 

<  liriga,  strife,  fpiarrel,  trouble :  see  brigne.]  If. 
A  sort  of  irregular  foot-soldier. —  2.  A  robber; 
a  freebooter;  a  liigliwayman;  especially,  one 
of  a  gang  of  robbers  living  in  secret  retreats  in 
mountains  or  forests. 

Tlicse  solitudes  gave  refuge  to  smugglers  and  briynnds. 
Jitteli-le,  Civilization,  II.  65. 

Francois,  with  his  belt,  sabre,  and  pistols,  had  nmcli  the 
aspect  of  u  Greek  In-iyand. 

B.  Taylor,  Lauds  of  the  Saracen,  p,  33. 

=  Syn.  2.   l:anilil.  ite.     See  i(iW«T. 

brigandage  (brig'an-daj),  n.     [<  F.  brigandage, 

<  brigand  +  -age.]  The  life  and  praetiees  of 
a  brigand;  highway  robbery  by  organized 
gangs;  tiguratively,  organized  spoliation:  as, 
brigandage  in  the  legislature  or  on  the  bench. 

The  rule  ot  the  Turk  has  never  become  n  government; 
it  lias  never  disdiarged  the  duties  of  govenimeiit ;  it  was 
foreign  briiiandaye  live  linnilred  years  buck,  and  it  re- 
mains  ftireign  briyandaye  still. 

K  .i.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lccts.,  p.  419. 

Many  of  the  pcasautM  in 
their  distress  had  taken 
to  piiacbingor(o'o/«j«/(l.7rt 
in  Die  forests, 
r.  //.  /Vrtr/'o«,F.arlyand 
I.MId.  Ages  of  Fug., 
Ixxvi. 

brlgander,  ".    Same 

iiN  I'rriiitn'liiieK 

brigandine'  ()>rig'- 
iiii-iliii),  n.  and  a, 
[Also  briganline,  bri- 
gander,  brigandier 
(oliH.)   (ME.   brignn- 

laylr—(i„\yi'v);<'OF.  ,      \ 

brigandine  (ML.  Iiri-  1 

ganilina,  brigantina),  ^   ,_  ,L 

<  brigand,  a  foot-sol-  ~ 

dier.     see      brioand,^        nrlgnndino    from    Musce    d'Artll* 

1-         .  •  ,.  i     Icric.  I'tirlB.     (From  Vlollct.le-Duc'i 

.  ».  1.  A  medieval   ••  nici.  uu  moWiioi  frnmniB.") 


brigandine 

ooat  of  fonc-i'  made  of  linen  or  leather  upon 
whii'li  ovi'i'l;i|ipiug  scales  of  steel  were  sewed. 
The  jilatis  cf  slii  1  were  guncrally  (luiltcil  liutwccn  two 
tliickiicssos  of  Hluir.  The  l)i*if;!iii(line  was  osijucially  tlie 
aniinrof  theintunti-ysolilier,  but  was  sometimes  combined 
with  phite-anuor  even  in  costly  suits. 
Fui'liibli  tlie  spears  and  put  on  tlie  briganduies. 

Jcr.  xlvi.  4. 
2t.  A  foot-soldier  wearing  a  brigandine;  a 
brifjand. 

II.  (/.  Madelikealji-iRandine;  of  the  nature 
iif  a  liriK'i"*liie  :  as,  a  hrii/aiidiiw  garment. 
brigandine'-t  (brig'au-diuj,  n.    An  old  form  of 

brigandish  (brig 'an -dish),  a.  [<  hrigand  + 
-('.«/( 1.]     J^ike  a  bi'igand. 

We  fancied  tliut  they  (peasants  near  Naples]  had  a  hnti' 
a>ull>:h  loolc.         C.  />.  Warnf^r,  Winter  on  the  Nile,  p.  20. 

brigantt  (brig'ant),  n.  Same  as  brujand. 
brigantinel  (brig'au-tiu  or  -tin),  )(.  '  [=D.  hri- 
iliiiitijii  =  G.  hriijanUiw  =  Sw.  hriganUii,  <  P.  Ijri- 
fliiiiliii,  <  It.  hriijtiiitiiio  (ML.  hrif/OHtmiis),  a  brig- 
autine,  orig.  a  roving  or  pirate  vessel,  <  bri- 
iiniili,  a  pirate,  lirigand:  see  brigand,  and  cf. 
/)(■(■(/-  and  briyaiidiiic^.l  1.  A  small  two-masted 
vessel,  square-rigged  on  both  masts,  but  with 
a  fore-and-aft  mainsail  and  the  mainmast  con- 
siderably longer  than  the  foremast,  it  differs 
from  a  hermaphrodite  brig  in  having  a  s(iuai"e  topsail  and 
topgallantsail  on  the  mainmast.  This  term  is  variously 
applied  by  mariners  of  different  nations,  but  tire  above  is 
its  most  generally  accepted  definition. 

Like  as  a  warlike  Brifjandinf,  applyde 

To  fight,  layes  forth  her  tlu-eatfull  pikes  afore. 

Spenser,  Muiopotmos. 
2t.  A  robber.— 3t.  Robbery. 

brigantine^  (brig'au-tin),  n.  Same  as  briqan- 
dhii'l. 

brigbotet,  «.  [A  term  in  old  law-books,  repr. 
AS.  hricijbot,  prop,  bri/cghot,  a  contribution  for 
bridge-repairing,  <  hrycg,  bridge,  -I-  hot,  boot: 
see  /)"0?i.]  A  contribution  for  the  repair  of 
bridges,  walls,  and  castles. 

briget,  «.  [ME. :  see  brigue.']  Contention. 
I  ImiKvr. 

brightl  (brit),  a.  [<  ME.  hrhiht,  hriht,  etc.,  < 
AS.  bri/ht,  briht,  transposed  forms  of  the  usual 
beorhf—  OS.  berht,  beraht  =  OHG.  brraht,  be- 
reht,  MHG.  berht{iaG.  remaining  only  in  proper 
names,  Albreclit,  BuprecJit,  etc.;  freijuently  so 
used  in  AS.  and  LG-.)  =  Icel.  hjartr  =  Goth. 
bairhts,  bright;  prob.,  with  old  pp.  sulBx  -t,  < 
Teut.  -v/  *bcrh  =  Skt.  ■\/  bhrdj,  shine,  perhaps 
=  L.  flag-  in  flagrarc,  flatne,  blaze,  burn, 
flaiiima  ('fldgnid),  flame,  =  6r.  ^Xejen',  blaze, 
burn.  Vt.  bldcl:,  bleaJA.J  1.  Eadiating  or  re- 
flecting light ;  filled  with  light ;  brilliant ;  shin- 
ing; luminous;  sparkling:  as,  a  bright  awa. 

It  were  all  one 
That  I  should  love  a  firitjht.  particular  star. 
And  think  to  wed  it,  he  is  so  above  nie. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  1. 
Candles  were  blazing  at  all  the  windows.    The  public 
places  were  as  bright  as  at  noonday. 

Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

2.  Transmitting  light ;  clear ;  transparent,  as 
liquors. 

From  the  brightest  wines 
He  turn'd  abhorrent.  Thomson. 

3.  Manifest  to  the  mind,  as  light  is  to  the 
eye;  evident;  clear. 

He  must  not  proceed  too  swiftly,  that  he  may  with  more 
ease  smd  brighter  evidence  .  .  .  dr.aw  the  learner  on. 

Watts,  Improvement  of  the  Mind. 

4.  Resplendent,  as  with  beauty ;  splendid. 

Thy  beauty  appears 
In  its  graces  and  airs, 
All  bright  as  an  angel  new  dropt  from  the  sky. 

Parnell,  Song. 

5.  Illustrious;  glorious:  as,  the Srif/fttes* period 
of  a  kingdom. 

The  brightest  aimals  of  a  female  reign. 

Cotton,  Wonders  of  the  Peake. 

6.  Having  or  marked  by  brilliant  mental  quali- 
ties; quick  in  wit;  witty;  clever;  not  dull:  as, 
he  is  by  no  means  bright;  a  bright  remark;  a 
bright  book. 

If  parts  allure  tliee,  think  how  Bacon  shined. 
The  wisest,  bn'ghtest,  meanest  of  mankind. 

Pop,:,  Essay  on  Jlan,  iv.  282. 

7.  Sparkling  in  action  or  manner;  animated 
or  animating ;  vivacious ;  lively ;  cheerful. 

Be  bright  and  jovial  among  yotu'  guests  to-niglit. 

SItak.,  JIacbeth,  iii.  2. 

The  golden-crowned  thrush,  .  .  .  with  the  dullest  of 

cold  upon  his  crown,  but  the  brightest  of  songs  in  his 

heart.  The  Centurij,  XX.YII.  276. 

S.  Favorable;  pleasing;  auspicious:  a.s, a, bright 

prospect. 

Give  up  the  promise  of  bright  days  that  cast 

A  glory  on  your  nation  from  afar.     lirgant,  Spain. 


683 

9.  In  ptiinfitig,   luminous;  glittering;  full  of 

light.  A  picture  is  said  to  bo  bright  wlien  the  lights  so 
nnich  iirc\ail  as  to  overcome  the  shadows  and  are  kept 
so  clear  and  distinct  as  to  produce  an  effect  of  brilliancy. 

10.  Natit.,  alert;  vigilant. 

Keep  a  bright  lookout  there  forwards !  Cooper. 

=  Sya.  1.  Glowing,  lustrous,  gleandng,  radiant,  effulgent. 
—  6.  Acute,  intelligent,  discerning.— 8.  Promising,  en- 
coinaging. 

brightlf,  adv.  [<  ME.  brightc,  bri^tc,  brihtc,  < 
briht,  bright:  Henbri(/hll, a.]  Brightly.  Cliaiiccr. 

bright'  (brit),  n.  [<  ME.  briqiit,  briqt,  <  AS. 
bijrhlii,  birhtn  (=  OHG.  bcrahti),  f.',  beorht, 
neut.,  brighttiess,  <  beorht,  bright:  see  bright'^, 
a.]     Brightness. 

Darkne-ss  we  calle  the  nyglit, 
And  lith  [light]  also  tlic  bright. 

Ttiwneley  Mi/steries,  p.  1. 

brightn  (brit),!!.  t.  [<  ME.  brighten,  brihtcn  (with 
reg.  ml',  siiliix  -en),  <  AS.  bi/rhtan,  be  bright, 
(jcberhtan,  make  bright  (=  OHG.  gihcrehton  = 
Goth,  gabairhtjaii,  make  bright),  <  beorht, 
bright.]     To  make  bright ;  brighten. 

bright-t,  )'.  i.     See  brite. 

bright-cut  (brit'lnit),  a.  Engraved  or  chased 
so  as  to  show  the  brightness  of  the  7uaterial  as 
left  by  the  tool ;  not  polished  or  colored. 

brighten  (bri'tn),  v.  |*<  bright^  +  -e«l.  Cf. 
brighf^,  c]  I.  intrann.  To  growliright  or  more 
bright;  become  less  dark  or  gloomy:  literally 
or  tigm-atively. 

Like  the  sun  emerging  from  a  cloud, 
Her  countenance  brightens,  and  her  eye  expands. 

Wordsworth,  Laodamia. 
The  great  sweep  of  the  Coliseum,  with  the  blue  sky 
brightening  Hirough  its  upper  tier  of  arches. 

Ilaivthorne,  Marble  Faini,  i. 
II.  trans.  1.  To  ruitke  bright  or  brighter  in 
any  manner;   shed  light  on;  make  to  shine; 
increase  the  luster  of. 

Her  celestial  eyes 
Adorn  the  world  and  brighten  up  the  skies.      Vryden. 

2.  To  dispel  gloom  from;  elieer;  make  gay  or 
cheerfid:  as,  to  brighten  prospects. 

This  makes  .Tack  brighten  up  the  room  wherever  he 
enters,  and  changes  the  severity  of  the  company  into  .  .  . 
gaiety  and  good  humour.  Uleele,  Tatler,  Xo.  206. 

3.  To  make  illustrious  or  more  distinguished; 

heighten  the  splendor  of ;  add  luster  to. 

The  present  queen  would  brighten  her  character  if  she 
would  exert  her  authority  to  instil  virtues  into  iier  people. 

Siri/I. 

4.  To  make  acute  or  'witty;  shai-pen  the  faoid- 
ties  of. — 5.  To  add  brilliancy  to  the  colors  of 
(prints,  etc.),  by  boiling  them  in  a  solution  of 
soda. 

brightening (brit'ning), n.  [Verbaln. othright- 
en,  I'.]  1.  The  flash  of  light  which  passes  over 
the  sm'faee  of  the  melted  metal  when  lead 
containing  silver  is  assayed  on  a  cupel  in  a 
muffle.  At  the  moment  of  tlie  brightening,  the  assay, 
which  had  before  been  in  rapid  Mtoti'.ii,  l.eeonies  perfectly 
quiet.  This  occurs  as  soon  as  the  last  trace  of  lead  haj* 
lieen  absorbed  by  the  cupel. 

2.  In  dyeing,  same  as  blooming^,  2. 
bright-Harnessed  (brit'hiir'''nest),  a.    Ha\ang 

bright  armor.     Milton. 
brighthoodt  (brit'hiid),  n.     [ME.  brighthod;  < 
bright^  +  -hood.]    Brightness. 

The  benies  of  my  brighthode  ar  byrnande  so  hryghte. 

I'or*  Plays,  p.  3. 

brightish   (bri'tish),   a.      ['<  bright^  +  -m/i1.] 

Somewhat  bright. 
brightly  (bnt'li),  adv.     [<  ME.  brihthj,  briht- 
lichc,<  AS.  brihtlice,  beorhtlice,  <  beorht,  bright.] 
In  a  bright  manner;  splendidly;  with  luster; 
cheerfully. 

A  substitute  shines  brightly  as  a  king, 
UntU  a  king  be  by.  S/iofc,  JI.  of  V.,  v.  i. 

And  Enoch  faceil  this  morning  of  farewell 
Brif)htl!i  and  boldly.         Tamysun,  Enoch  .\rden. 

brightness  (brit'nes),  n.  [<  ME.  brightnes, 
brihtncssi;  etc.,  <  AS.  beorhtnes  (=OHG.  beraht- 
vif!si),<  lieorht  +  -nes:  see  bright'^  and  -ncss."]  1. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  bright;  splendor; 
luster;  glitter:  as,  "  the  6n.7/i<He.s.';of  the  sun," 
Acts  xxvi.  13.— 2.  Acuteness  of  intellect  or 
faculty;  sharpness  of  wit. 

The  bririlitness  of  ills  parts  .  .  .  distin.-niished  hini. 

Prior. 

3.  Cheer;  cheerfulness. 

Vex'd  with  the  present  moment's  heavy  gloom. 
Why  seek  ye  i/ri'/htnejis  from  the  years  to  come? 

Prior,  Solomon,  iii. 

=  Syii.  1.  Ihilliaucy,  effulgence.— 2.  Acumen,  mother-wit, 

Bright's  clause,  disease.    See  claiwe,  di.^ease. 
brightsome  1 1  'fit '  sutu),  «.    [<  brigh  (i  +  -some.l 

\vv\  hu'4il ;  brilliant. 


brilliance 

Out  of  my  Jewelry,  choose  thy  choice  of  diamonds. 
Till  thou  find  some  oh  t^rigltlsome  as  tidne  eyes. 

Cfiapnian,  Blind  Beggar. 

brightsomeness  (brit 'sum -nes),  n.  Great 
brightness ;  brilliancy. 

The  brightsinnenrss  of  the  Gospel  was  dimmed  in  be- 
coming sliorn  of  many  of  its  grace-working  ordinances. 

Iliick,  Cliurch  of  our  Fathers,  li.  283. 

bright-'work  (brit'wtrk),  n.  Xaiit,  those  metal 
olijiils  about  the  decks  of  a  vessel  which  are 
ko)d  bright  by  polishing. 

Brigittine  (brij'^i-tin),  n.  and  a.  [Also  liridtjet- 
line,  Jlridgilline,  Jlrigettine,  etc.,  <  Jirigitl/i,  Lat- 
inized form  of  Jr.  JSrighid,  E.  Jiridgit,  +  -incl.] 

1.  n.  1.  A  member  of  an  orii<'r  of  nuns  and 
monks  established  by  St.  Brigitta  (Bridget),  a 
Swedish  princess,  about  i:j44,  under  the  Augus- 
tinian  rule.  The  nuns  (wlio  were  nnich  the  more  nu- 
merous) and  monks  dwelt  in  contiguous  houses,  under  tlje 
ti^mrmral  government  of  a  iirioress.  Before  the  Kefor. 
nnitton  the  order  Inid  spreail  int*»  many  eotnitrles  of  Ku- 
rojie ;  and  there  are  still  a  tew  houses  of  liriglttltie  nun«, 
including  one  in  England  founded  at  a  recent  |H;riod  f)y  an 
Ejiglish  connnunity  that  wa»  transferred  U>  Portugal  in 
Queen  Elizabeth's  time. 

2.  A  member  of  a  conventual  order  of  virgins 
founded  by  St.  Bridget  of  Ireland  in  the  sixth 
century,  whicli  existed  for  several  centuries  in 
various  parts  of  Europe. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Brigitta  or  to  the  or- 
iler  frmndcd  by  her:  as,  Brigittine  indulgence, 
brignole   (In-e-nyor),   n.     [F..    <   Ilrignoles,   a 
town  in  the  department  of  Var.  France,  cele- 
brated for  its  prunes.]    A  variety  of  the  com- 
mon plum  furnishing  the  dried  fruits  known  as. 
Provence  prunes  or  French  plums, 
brigoset  (l)ri-g6s'),  a.     CEarly  mod.  E.  also  hri- 
gonx;  <  ML.  brigomi.'i  (It.  hriyoso),  <  hriga,  con- 
tention: see  brigue.']    Contentious. 
Very  tirigosc  and  severe. 

T.  Puller,  Moderation  of  the  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  324. 

brigOUSt,  a.     See  brigose. 

brig-schooner  (brig'skii'nfer),  n.  Same  as  lier- 
niaphrndifr  brig  (which  see,  under  brig^). 

briguet  (breg),  H.  [F.,  a  cabal,  intrigue,  etc., 
OF.  //r/(/«e(>  JIE.  brigc)  =  It.  briga  =  Pg.  briga 
=  Sp.  Pr.  brega  (ML.  briga),  quarrel,  conten- 
tion,  strife,  etc;.  Cf.  brigand.^  A  cabal;  an 
intrigue ;  a  faction ;  contention. 

The  politicks  of  the  court,  the  bri^fues  of  the  cardinaU, 
the  tricks  of  the  conclave.  Clirsterjidd, 

briguet  (breg),  t-.  i.  [<  p.  brigiwr;  from  the 
noun:  see  brigue,  71.']     To  canvass;  intrigue. 

Our  adversaries,  by  briguing  and  caballing,  have  caused 

so  uidversal  a  defection  from  us.     Stcijt,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i. 

I  am  too  proud  to  brigue  for  admission.  Bp.  UunL 

brikeif,  «.    A  Middle  English  variant  of  brick^ 

and  breach. 

Genylon  Oliver  ... 

Brouglite  tills  worthy  king  in  swich  a  brike. 

CAoucer,  .Monk's  Talc,  L  400. 

brike^t,  n.    A  Middle  English  fonn  of  bricl-2. 

brill  (bril),  n.  [Also  written  ]>rill,  E.  dial. 
pearl;  prob.  <  Com.  brilli,  mackerel,  contracted 
from  brithclli,  pi.  of  brithel,  a  mackerel,  lit. 
spotted,  <  brith,  spotted,  speckled,  =  W.  bnjrh, 
brech  =  Ir.  Gael,  breac,  speckled.  Cf .  Ir.  (iael. 
breac,  a  trout,  Manx  brad:,  a  trout,  a  mackerel. 
Fish-names  are  unstable.]  A  flatlLsh,  Bothus 
or  Rhombus  Iwris,  of  the  family  Pleuronectidee. 
Ill  its  general  form  it  resembles  the  turliot,  Imt  is  inferior 
to  it  in  both  size  ami  quality.  It  has  scak-s.  but  very 
small  ones,  and  the  dorsal  and  an.il  fins  have  more  numer- 
ous rays  tlian  those  of  the  turlKit.  It  is  taken  tui  many 
of  the  coasts  of  Europe,  the  principal  part  of  the  snpi.ly 
for  the  London  market  being  from  the  soutliem  coast  of 
England,  where  it  is  abundant. 

brillante  (brel-liin'te),  a.  [It.,  =  F.  brillant: 
see  brilliant.]  In  mnsic,  brilliant:  noting  a 
passage  to  be  executed  in  a  brilliant,  dashing, 
sliowy,  or  spiriterl  manner. 

brilliance,  brilliancy  ( liril'yans.  -yan-si),  n.  [< 

hriltiant:  see  -<iii<r.  -a nrg.]  1.  The  quality  of 
being  brilliant;  great  brightness;  splendor; 
luster:  as,  the  brilliance  of  the  diamond. 

Star 
The  black  earth  with  briltianee  rare. 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory,  IL 

2.  Figuratively,  remarkable  excellence  or  dis- 
tinction ;  adtuirable  or  s|>lendid  ipiality  or  qu:il- 
ities;  absolutely,  conspicuous  mental  ability  or 
an  exhibition  of  it.  [In  this  sense  brilliancy  is 
more  commonly  used.] 

The  autlior  does  not  attempt  to  polish  and  brighten  his 
composition  to  the  Ciceronian  gloss  and  brilliancy. 

Mafaulay. 

'When  the  circulation  has  lH*en  ariiflcially  exalted  by 

fitiiuulauts,  there  is  an  e.-usy  and  rapid  current  of  thoughts, 

shotting  itself  in  what  we  descril>e  as  unusual  briUiancy. 

U.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  S  lOi 

=Syn.  Efntgencc,  Luster,  etc    See  radiance. 


brilliant 

brilliant  (bril'yant),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  hriUant 
(E.  -Ui-  =  -ly-,  repr.  the  former  soimd  of  F.  -//-), 
ppr.  of  hriller  =  Pr.  Sp.  iriUar  =  Pg.  brilhar  = 
It.  hrillare,  glitter,  sparkle,  <  ML.  as  if  *benl- 
lare,  sparkle  like  a  beryl  or  other  precious 
stone,  <  h.  berillus,  beryll'us,  a  beryl,  gem,  eye- 
glass: ef.  It.  dial,  brill,  a  beryl,  SIL.  brilhiiii, 
an  eyeglass,  >  G.  briHe,  D.  bril,  spectacles:  see 
beryf.'}  I.  a.  1.  Sparkling  with  light  or  luster; 
glittering:  bright:  as,  a  brilliant  gem;  a  bril- 
liant dress. 

A  current  of  electricity  is  .  .  .  capable  of  stimulating 
the  optic  nerve  in  such  a  way  that  brilliant  colours  are 
perceived,  although  the  experiment  is  made  in  perfect 
darkness.  Rood,  Modern  Chromatics,  p.  95. 

2.  Figuratively,  distinguished  by  admirable 
qualities;  splendid;  shining:  as,  aftriHioMtwit; 
a  brilliant  achievement. 

Washington  was  more  solicitous  to  avoid  fatal  mistakes 
than  to  perform  briUiant  exploits.  Ames. 

The  Austrians  were  driven  back  [at  Goito]  with  heavy 
loss,  the  issue  of  the  battle  being  decided  by  a  brilliant 
charge  of  the  Cuneo  brigade,  commanded  by  the  Cro^vn 
Prince  in  person.  E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  83. 

=SyiL  1.  Lustrous,  radiant,  effulgent,  resplendent,  showy, 
conspicuous. — 2.  Illustrious,  notable. 

n.  n.  [Cf.  F.  brillant,  a  tUamond.]  1.  The 
form  in  which  the  diamond  and  other  precious 
stones  are  cut  when  intended  to  be  used  as  or- 
naments, whenever  the  shape  and  cleavage  of 
the  imeut  stone  allow  this  to  be  done  without 
too  much  loss  of  material.  The  brilliant  is  suscep- 
tible of  many  small  modifications  as  regards  the  size,  pro- 
portions, and  even  the  number  of  the  facets ;  but  in  the 
must  perfect  cut  there  are  5S  facets.  The  general  shape  of 
all  brilliants  Is  that  of  two  pyramids  united  at  their  bases, 
the  upper  one  being  so  truncated  as  to  give  a  large  plane 


//\r\ 

7 
\ 

\ 

\t 

\/ 

V 

FIG.  3. 


684 

and  is  formed  by  removing  one  third  of  the  thickness  of  the 
stone ;  the  oppiosite  small  end,  called  the  culet  or  collet^ 
is  formed  by  removing  one  eighteenth  of  the  thickness  of 
the  stone.  The  (firdle  is  the  widest  part,  and  tonus  the 
junction-line  between  the  upper  part,  called  the  crown, 
and  the  lower  part,  called  the  pavilion.  Fig.  2  shows  the 
top  (a),  side  (b),  and  back  (c)  view^s  of  a  uodern  brilliant 
cut  with  58  facets.  T  is  the  table ;  C,  the  culet ;  (j!,  the 
girdle;  A,  the  templets  or  bezels  (of  which  there  are  4  in 
all) ;  B,  the  upper  quoins  or  lozenges  (of  which  there  are 
4) ;  S,  star-facets  (of  which  there  are  S  in  the  crown) ;  E, 
skill-  or  half-facets  (S  in  the  crown  and  the  same  number 
in  the  pavilion) ;  D,  cross-  or  skew-facets  (8  in  each  part) ; 
P,  pavilion-facets  (4  in  number);  Q,  lower  or  under-side 
quoins  (of  which  there  are  4) — m.aking  5S  facets  in  all. 
Sometimes  extra  facets  are  cut  around  the  culet,  making 
66  in  all.  In  flg.  3.  a  and  b  show  top  and  side  views  of  the 
single  cut,  or  half  brilliant ;  c  is  a  top  \iew  of  the  old  Eng- 
lish single  cut.  In  fig.  4,  a.  b.  and  c  show  top,  side,  and 
back  views  of  a  brilliant  with  42  facets.  In  flg.  .^t.  a,  b,  and 
c  show  top,  side,  and  back  \iews  of  the  sjilit  or  double  bril- 
liant, with  74  facets.  In  flg,  ti,  a,  b,  and  c  .^linu  Ui\},  side, 
and  back  views  of  the  Portuguese  cut,  w  liitli  bus  two  rows 
of  rhomboidal  and  tlu'ee  rows  of  triangular  facets  above 
and  below  the  girdle.  In  flg.  7,  a  gives  a  side  view  of  the 
double  rose,  sometimes  called  the  brioh'ttc  when  several 
more  rows  of  triangular  facets  are  added.    Fig.  8  shows 


«"'  '  tcrminiithitr  nIm'Hit  in  A  p'llnt.   Tin- 

'■  '  brilliant  !•  dcrl»otl  tmrii  thi' tundn 

'""•1...   -    , i.,rm  (a  In  nu-  I)  l»  nhown  In  (Im  1,  b 

ui<l  c.    iliti  iippeniioiit  iMgo  flat  nurfaiw  la  called  the  liMt, 


Fig.  8. —  Regent  Diamond.    ( Size  of  the  original. ) 

the  form  and  size  of  the  famous  Regent  diamond,  belong- 
ing to  the  government  of  France.  It  weighs  136}  carats, 
and  is  generally  considered  the  most  valuable  diamoiul 
known,  having  been  estimated  by  experts  at  twelve  mil- 
lion francs.  It  comes  very  near  being  a  perfect  briUiant 
in  form,  but  is  a  little  too  thick  or  deep  for  its  breadth, 
while  the  Koh-i-noor,  as  cut  since  it  came  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Queen  of  England,  is  too  thin  or  spread.  Any 
gem  may  be  cut  in  brilliant  form ;  but  when  the  word  bril. 
tiant  is  used  by  itself,  it  is  always  understood  to  mean  a 
diamond. 

2.  The  smallest  regular  size  of  printing-typo, 
about  20  lines  to  the  inch,  very  rarely  used. 


3.  In  the  manege,  a  brisk,  high-spirited  horse, 
with  stately  action. — 4.  A  bright  light  used 
in  fireworks. —  5.  A  cotton  fiibric.  with  a  raised 
pattern  figured  in  tlio  loom,  and  with  or  witli- 
out  a  design  in  colors Double  brilliant,  or  Lis- 
bon cut,  a  form  with  two  rows  of  lo/.iMi-csba|ml  .squares 
and  three  rows  of  triangular  facets.  Half-brllllant  cut, 
the  most  simple  form  of  the  Ijrilliant  cut  (sec  aliovcV  veiy 
generally  employed  for  stones  wbicli  are  too  small  to  ad- 
mit of  numerous  facets.  — Trap-brllllant,  or  spllt-brll- 
liant,  a  form  tlilfering  from  the  full  brilliant  m  having 
the  foundation  squares  divided  horizontally  iido  two  tri- 
angular facets,  forming  an  obtuse  angle  when  viewed  in 
(-h\atioii  (.see  aliove). 

brilliantly  (bril'yant-li),  adv.     In  a  brilliant 
manner ;  splendidly. 
One  of  these  (bannersl  is  most  brilliantUj  displayed. 

T.  Warlon,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  II.  NS. 

brilliantness  (Inirynnt-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
<|u:ilitv  of  being  hvilliant;  brilliancy;  splen- 
dor; olittcr. 

brilliolette,  brillolette  (bril-yo-lef,  -o-let'), 

H.  [F.  hrilhildlr,  <  lirilt-anl.  brilliant,  +  -oUtU. 
See  liriohtlf.']     Sniuo  as  hriiililtr. 

brills  (brilz),  n.  pi.  [Cf.  U.  brillc,  D.  bnl,  spec- 
tacles:  see  brilliant.']  The  hair  on  the  eyelids 
of  a  liorse. 

brim't,  ".  [ME.  In-im,  <  AS.  brim,  the  sea, 
ocean,  ilood  (=  Icel.  brim,  sea.  surf),  orig.  per- 
liaps  the  (roaring)  surf,  <  'hrinniian,  strong 
verb,  >  brrmmim,  weak  verb,  roar  (sec  lirim'-'), 
=  MllCi.  brimmcn,  strong  verb  (>  lirummm, 
weak  verb,  G.  brummen  =  I),  brommtu.  linm, 
buzz,  growl,  grumble);  cf.  OIKi.  brcmini.  M 1 1(  i. 
bremrn,  strong  verb,  roar,  buzz,  =  L.  J'rimtri, 
roar,  rage,  =  Gr.  iiiji/iciv,  roar,  >  jipHinx;,  iv  roar- 
ing, esp.  of  waves,  =  Hkl.  y/  bliriim,  wander, 
whirl,  tliitUT,  bi'  agitated,  IIcik'o  cdiiii).  brim- 
sand.]  The  sea;  ocean;  water;  Hood. 
In  nilddcH  the  brig  woa  ouer  the  briw. 

LnlnuU  of  Ihr  llolil  Iliiml  (ml.  Morrill),  1>.  I'ii. 
He  .  .  .  hpllh  ilune  Inio  Ihe  hrimmr. 

Eiiilii  EiHi.  /W,H«  (eil.  KiirnlvnII),  p.  1.'.i:. 

brim'*  (brim),  H.  [<  MIC.  brim,  hrrm,  bryni, 
hrimme,  hrymmi;  tnargiii,  esp.  of  ft  river,  hike, 
or  sea  (=  MIIG.  Iirrm,  border,  brim,  (1.  dial, 
(liav.)  hriim,  liordcr,  Hlripe,  (1.  liriimr,  brnnii-, 
boriler,  edge,  >  F.  brrmr,  K,  berm,  i\.  v. ;  of. 
Icel.  liiirmr=zHvi.  bnim  =  T)hii,  brirmmr.  luirdor. 
odgo,  liritn);  UHUiillv  ex])hiiiied  iih  a  )mrtir'ulnr 
UHo  of  MK.  brim,  <  AS,  brim,  (hi^  Hca,  cin  nii,  llii' 
Nua  U8  surf  (henco  brink,  brim);  boo  brim^.]    1. 


brimful 

A  briiik,  edge,  or  margin;  more  especially,  tho 
line  of  junction  between  a  body  of  water  and 
its  bank,  or  between  the  bank  and  the  adjoin- 
ing level:  as,  to  descend  to  the  brim  of  a  lake; 
the  river  is  full  to  the  brim. 

There  is  a  cliff  Tat  Dover] :  .  .  . 
Bring  me  but  to  the  very  brim  of  it. 

Sliak.,  Lear,  iv.  1. 
By  dimpled  brook  and  fountain  brim, 

Milton,  Coiuus,  1. 119. 
New  stars  all  night  above  the  brim 

Of  waters  lighten'd  into  view ; 
They  climb'd  as  quickly,  for  the  rin 
Changed  every  moment  as  we  llew. 

Ttnnf/son,  Voyage,  St.  4. 

2.  The  upper  edge  of  anything  hollow:  as,  the 
brim  of  a  cup. 

He  froth'd  his  bumpers  to  the  brim. 

Tennyson,  Death  of  the  Old  Tear, 

3.  A  projecting  edge,  border,  or  rim  roimd  any- 
thing hollow:  as,  the  brim  of  a  hat. 

And  therefore  woubl  he  put  his  bonnet  on. 
Under  whose  bnm  the  gaudy  sun  would  peep. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  .\donis,  1. 1088. 
Should  the  heart  closer  shut  as  the  bonnet  grows  prim, 
And  the  face  grow  iu  length  as  the  hat  grows  in  brimt 

Whittier,  The  liuaker  .\lumnL 
Brim  of  the  pelvis,  in  anat..  the  upper  oriflce  or  inlet  of 
the  pelvis,  formed  tiy  tile  upper  border  of  the  symphysis 
pubis,  the  ilicpectineal  line  of  each  ilium,  and  the  prom- 
ontory of  the  sacrum.  =S3nri.  See  rim. 
brim'-^  (brim),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brimmed,  ppr. 
brimming.  [<  brim",  «.]  I.  trans.  To  fill  to  the 
brim,  upper  edge,  or  top. 

One  brave  June  morning,  when  the  bluff  north-west  .  .  . 
Brimmed  the  great  cup  of  heaven  with  sparkling  cheer. 
Loivfll,  I'nder  the  Willows. 

I  drink  the  cup  of  a  costly  death, 
Brimvid  with  delirious  draughts  of  warmest  life. 

fenuijaon,  Eleamire,  St.  S. 

II.  iiitrnns.  1.  To  be  full  to  the  brim:  as,  a 
/)/■»«/«/«(;  glass. — 2.  To  coast  along  near;  skirt. 
[Kare.] ' 

Where  I  brim  round  flowery  islands.  Keatx. 

To  brim  over,  to  run  over  the  brim ;  overflow :  often  used 
in  a  flgui'ative  sense. 

Ue  was  also  absolutely  brimming  over  with  humour. 

Edinburyh  Rev. 

brim^  (brim),!',  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  brimmed,  ppr. 
brimming.  [Early  mod.  E.  brimme,  <  ME,  brym- 
men,  be  in  heat,  orig.  roar  (cf.  nit-  for  a  simi- 
lar development  of  sense) :  see  iriw'.]  To  be 
in  heat,  as  a  boar  or  sow.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
Now  bores  gladly  bn/mnteth. 

Pallad'iua,  llusbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  88. 

brim^t  (brim),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  breeme, 
l)rcme,i  ME.  brim,  brym,  brem,  brimme,  brymme, 
and  with  orig.  long  vowel,  bryme,  breme,  <  AS. 
breme,  bryme,  ONortli.  broeme,  celebrated,  fa- 
mous.] 1.  Famous;  celebriit(>d;  well  known ; 
notorious.  Warner. — 2.  Violent;  fierce;  teiTi- 
blo ;  sliarp. 

Tile  noysc  of  peplo  up  stirte  thanne  at  ones 
.\s  breme  as  blase  of  straw  iset  on  fyre. 

Chaucer,  I'roilus,  iv.  155. 

Thistles  thikke 
And  brcres  brymme  for  to  iirikke. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  1835. 

And  now  sith  these  tidings  haue  come  hither  so  brim  of 

y  great  Turks  etderprise  into  these  partes  here,  we  can 

ahnost  neither  talke  nor  thinke  of  atiy  other  thing  els. 

.Sir  T.  .More,  I'uinfort  against  Tribnbiti«»n  (1.M3),  fol,  3, 

1  also  heard  a  violent  storm  tlcscribeii  as  very  brim,  a 

word  which  1  had  supposed  to  be  obsolete  in  this  sense, 

JV.  and  Q.,  7lh  ser.,  II.  ''(W. 

3.  Strong ;  powerful. 

The  child  .  ,  ,  was  a  big  barn,  &  breme  of  Ids  age. 

William  qf  Palenie,  1.  18. 

4.  Sharp;  acute. 

Anil  of  tho  stonee  and  of  the  stcrres  thow  studycst,  as  I 

leue. 
How  cncrc  beste  or  brydile  hath  so  breme  wittcs, 

i'lcr*  PloH'man  (U),  xll.  '."J4. 

brim''  (brim),  «.    [Appar.  a  var.  of  bream^.]   A 

fish  of  tho  family  t'enlrarehida;  tlie  long-eared 

Miiilisli,  l.ejnmiia  aurituK. 
brim"  (lirim),  «.     [A])par.  a  var.  of  brine^,  ii. 

V.    Cf.  .So,  brinic  =  E.  brinc^.]    Tho  foreheail, 

I  Ninth,  Eng.] 
brlmo  (lirim),  II,     A  Scotch  form  of  briiie^. 
brimflUt  (biim'fil),  r.  I.     [<  brim'-^  +  JillK]    To 

till  to  llio  l(i|i,     I'ra.ihair. 
brimflret,  »•      [ME.  hrimjir,  brinfire,  <  brin-  (< 

bnnnen,  bn mien,  burn)  +  fire,  fire.     Cf,   iriin- 

stone.]    Siilpliur. 

Towanle  .Modomo  ho  nag  the  roko 
And  the  brinjirrti  stlnken  smoke. 

tlenexie  and  ExoduH,  1.  llf'.'t. 

brimful  I brim'fiil'),  ".    r< '"■'■'"'■^ +./'""-l   1''"" 

to  I  lie  liriiii  or  to));  (■(iiii)ilrtely  full :  I'lirely  iiscl 
iillrilintively ;  as,  a  glusK  lirinijiil  of  wine; 
';  brimful  of  Borrow,"  Hhak.,  Tempest .  v.  1  ;  "her 


brimful 

brimful  eyes,"  Dryden,  Sigismonda  and  Guis- 
oarilo. 

My  heart 
Bniit/ul  of  those  wihl  tiUes. 

TcHnamtii,  Fair  Women. 

brimfulness  (brim'tid'nos),  H.  The  state  of 
liciiiS  In-iinfid;  fullness  to  the  top.     [Rare.] 

brimless  (brim'les),  (t.  [<  hrinfi  +  -less.']  Hav- 
iii),'  no  brim:  as,  a  hriiiilcss  hat. 

brimlyt,  «<'''.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brecmli/,  breme- 
}ij,  <  ME.  brymli/,  brcti/h/,  brcmcly ;  <  brim^  + 
-//y-.]     1.  Violently;  fiercely;  terribly. 

The  kynge  blyschit  [looked]  one  the  beryne  with  his  brode 

eshne  [eyes] 
Tliat  fulle  brymly  for  breth  brynte  as  the  gledys. 

Morte  Arthure,  1.  116. 
3.  Hastily;  quickly. 

Byiinibj  before  us  l)e  tliai  lit-o^ht, 
Our  dedes  tlxat  shaJle  darn  ns  liidene. 

Totviu'ffii  MifHtcnes,  p.  105. 
3.   Loudly. 

Briddes  ful  bremehi  on  the  liowes  singe. 

Wiltiaiii  of  Palerngy  1.  23. 
Thou  hast  Ijlown  thy  blast  breemlite  abroad. 

Pcrcif  Fot.  MS.,  iii.  71. 

brimme't,  brimme''^t.    See  brim^,  hriirfl,  etc. 

brimmed  (brimd),  x>-  «■  [<  brinfi  +  -ed'^.']  1. 
Having  a  brim ;  in  composition,  having  a  brim 
of  the  kind  specified:  as,  a  hvoAA-brimmcd  hat. 
—  2.  Filled  to  the  brim;  level  with  the  brim. 

May  tliy  hrimwtl  waves  for  this 
Tlieir  full  tribute  never  miss. 

Milton,  Coraus,  1.  024. 

brimmer  (brim'er),  n.     [<  brim2,  n.,  +  -erl.] 

1.  A  bowl  full  to  the  top. 

Dear  brimmer !  that  makes  our  Inisliands  short-sighted. 
Wijcherlfii,  Country  Wife,  v.  1. 
When  healths  go  round,  and  kindly  brimrners  flow. 

Vn/fli'ii,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  99. 

2.  A  broad-brimmed  hat.     [Rare.] 

Now  takes  liis  hrimwer  off.  -4.  Brome,  Songs. 

brimming  (brim'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  brim", 
<•. ;  the  allusion  is  to  the  foaming  and  spar- 
kling of  water  when  it  brims  over.]  An  Eng- 
lish name  for  the  gleam  exhibited  at  night  by  a 
school  of  herrings. 
brimmle  (brim'l),  n.     A  dialectal  variant  of 

bniiiihle. 
brimnesst  (brim'nes),  «.    [ME.  bremnes ;  <  brim 
+  -H(\s\<.]     Fierceness;  rage. 

At  Mid  Aprille,  the  mone  when  niyrtlles  begyn, 
'I'lic  season  full  softe  of  the  salt  water, 
And  tlie  bremnes  abated  of  the  brode  ythes  [waves]. 
Destruction  of  Truy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1066. 

brim-sand  (brim'sand),  ii.  [<  brim^  +  sand.] 
Sea-sand.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

brimse  (brimz),  ».  [E.  dial.,  also  written  brims, 
formerly  brimse y ;  not  found  in  ME.  or  AS., 
though  "an  AS.  form  *brimsa  is  generally  cited, 
and  was  possibly  existent  as  the  orig.  form  of 
breeze^-,  AS.  briosn,  breosa :  see  breeze'^,  where 
forms  cognate  with  brimse  are  given.]  A  gadfly: 
same  SuS  breeze^.  HalliwcU.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 

brimseyt,  «.  Same  as  brimse.   Cotgrave ;  Topsell. 

brimstone  (brim'ston),  «.  and  «.  [<  ME.  brim- 
stDii,  bryniston,  brcmston,  briimston,  coiTupt 
forms  of  briiistiin,  hryiiston,  brenston,  brunstoii, 
broiiston,  transposed  bernston,  bornston,  etc.  (= 
Icel.  brennisteinn ;  cf.  Sc.  brmistane,  bruntslane, 
etc.),  <  briH',  bren-  (AS.  bernc-  in  berncldc,  a 
bm-nt-offering)  (<  brinncn,  brcniien,  AS.  *briii- 
iiiin,  burn),  4-  stun,  stone.    Cf.  brimfirc]    I.  ». 

1 .  Sulphur ;  specifically,  sulphur  in  a  concrete 
or  solidified  state,  or  reduced  from  that  state : 
as,  roll-&rt)«A-/o«e;  fluid  brimstone. 

Both  were   cast  alive  into  a  lake  of  fire  burning  with 
hriimtone.  Rev.  xix.  20. 

2.  The  brimstone  butterfly.  Neioman.  [Colloq. 
or  prov.  Eng.]— Vegetable  brimstone,  a  name  given 
to  the  inflannuable  spores  of  species  of  Lycopodium,  em- 
ployed in  the  preparation  of  fireworks. 

II.  a.  1 .  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  made  of  brim- 
stone: as,  brimstone  matches. 

From  his  brimatonc  bed  at  break  of  day 
A-walkiug  the  devil  has  gone. 

Coleriilye,  The  Devil's  Thoughts. 

2.  Sulphm'-yellow  in  color;  rcsemblini;  brim- 
stone or  sulphur  in  color;  bright-yellow. — 
Brimstone  butterfly,  a  species  of  butterfly.  (iu,,,>pienix 
rhiiiiiiii.  marked  by  the  angulation  of  the  wini;  tijis,  by  tlie 
yellu\v  color  of  both  sexes,  and  by  a  red  sjiot  in  the  middle 
of  each  wing.  See  cut  in  next  column.— Brimstone 
moth,  a  lepidopterous  insect,  Rumia  cratteyata,  having 
yellow  wings  with  light  streaks,  and  chestnut-colored 
spots  on  the  fore  wings. 

brimstone-wort  (brim'ston-wert),  n.  An  um- 
belliferous plant,  Peucedanum  officinale,  the 
roots  of  which  yield  a  yellow  sap  which  quick- 
ly becomes  hard  and  di-y  and  smells  not  unlike 
brimstone. 


68.0 


\ 


/ 


IT' 


) 


\ 


.  if 


nriinstoiie  Butterfly  [Gonafitfryx  rhamnt),  natural  size. 

brimstony  (brim'sto-ui),  a.  [<  brimstone  +  -//'.] 
Full  of  or  containing  brimstone;  roBfimbliifg 
brimstone;  sulphurous:  as,  "brimstony,  bhic, 
aiid  fiery,"  Ii.  Jonson.  Alchemist,  iv.  5.  '[Rare] 

brin't,''-  An  o))soleto  variant  of  Imrn'^.  Clmiiccr. 

brin-  (briif),  «.  [F.,  a  blade,  shoot ;  origin  uit- 
knowff.]     One  of  Ihe  radiating  sticks  of  a  fan. 

brincht  (brinch),  i'.  i.  [Also  written  lirincc,  ear- 
ly mod.  E.  bryncli,  also  brindice,  <  It.  brindisi, 
brinilr.si  (Florio),  F.  brinde,  formerly  briwjue 
(('(>ti,'rfiv('),  a  drinking  to,  a  toast.]  To  drink 
iff  aifsvver  to  !i  pledge;  pledge  one  in  diinldng. 

brinded  (brin'ded),  a.  [Same  as  E.  di:il.  and 
Sc.  branded,  of  a  reddish-brown  color  witli 
streaks  or  patches  of  darker  brown  or  black 
(>  brnndie,  a  name  often  given  to  cows  in  Scot- 
land); the  vowel  modified,  appar.  after  Icel. 
briind-  in  deriv.  brondOttr,  brinded,  as  a  cow, 
for  *brnntlottr  {eX.  brand-krossottr,  brinded  with 
a  white  cross  on  the  forehead),  <  br(indr=  E. 
brand.  Thus  brinded,  as  above,  is  nearly  equiv. 
to  branded,  pp.  of  brand,  r.:  see  brand.]  1. 
Properly,  of  a  gray  or  tawny  color  market!  with 
bars  or  streaks  of  a  darker  hue;  brindled:  :ip- 
plied  more  loosely  to  any  animal  having  a  hide 
variegated  by  streaks  or  spots,  and  by  Milton 
to  the  lioness,  whoso  hide  is  of  a  nearly  uni- 
form hue:  as,  "the  brinded  cat,"  Slialc.,  Mac- 
beth, iv.  1 ;  "three  brinded  cows,"  Dryden,  Cock 
and  Fox. 

.She  tamed  the  brinded  lioness 
And  spotted  mountain-pard. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  44a. 
The  brinded  catamount,  that  lies 
High  in  the  boughs  to  watch  his  prey. 

Bryant,  Hutiter  of  the  Prairies. 

2.  In  her.,  spotted:  said  of  a  beast  used  as  a 
bearing. 
brindle  (brin'dl),  n.     [Assumed from  brindled.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  brinded;  a  color  or  mix- 
ture of  colors,  of  which  gray  is  the  base,  with 
bands  of  a  darker  gray  or  black  color:  as,  "a 
natm'al  brindle,"  liichard.wn,  Clarissa  Harlowe. 
—  2.  A  name  of  the  mudfish  or  bowfin,  Amia 
ealra.     See  cut  under  Jmiida;. 

brindled  (brin'tllil ),  a.  [A  kind  of  dim.  form  of 
brindiit.]  Brinded;  variegated  with  streaks  of 
ilifferent  colors. 

And  there  the  wild-cafs  brindled  hide 
The  trofitlet  of  the  elk  adorns. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  I,.,  i.  27. 

brindle-moth  (brin'dl-moth),  H.  A  name  given 
by  some  Jiritish  collectors  to  moths  of  the  ge- 
nus Xi/liii>hasia. 

brinel'(brin),  n.  [=  Se.  (irreg.)  brime,  <  ME. 
briije,  bn/ne,  <  AS.  bryne  (=  MD.  brijn),  brine, 
salt  liquor;  a  particular  use  of  bryne  (early  ME. 
6rHHf=  Icel.  brnni),  a  burning, <  *brinnan,  bin-ii: 
seeiW»i,6»c»i.]  1.  Water  saturated  or  strong- 
ly impregnated  with  salt,  like  the  water  of  the 
ocean;  salt  water.  Artificial  bi-ine  is  used  for  the 
preservatiofi  of  the  flesh  of  animals,  fish,  vegetables,  etc. 

2.  The  sea  as  a  body  of  salt  water;  the  ocean. 

The  air  was  calm,  and  ofi  the  level  britte 
Sleek  Pauope  with  all  her  sistei-s  play'd. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  L  9S. 

3.  Tears. 

Wiat  a  deal  of  brim: 
Hath  washd  thy  sallow  cheeks  for  Ros:ilineI 

Sliak.,  K.  and  ,T.,  ii.  3. 

brinel  (brin),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brined,  ppr. 

brinimi.    [<  brine'^^,  n.]    1.  To  steep  in  bnne,  as 

corn,  in  order  to  prevent  smut. — 2.  To  mix 

salt  with;  make  briny:  as,  to  brine  hay. 

If  he  wrung  from  me  a  tear.  I  brin'd  it  so 

With  scorn  or  shame,  that  hiiu  it  iiourish'd  not. 

Donne,  Loves  Diet 

brine^t,  «.  [Cf.  North.  E.  brim,  the  forehead; 
<  ME.  )inine,  brow.  <  Icel.  brun,-p\.  brynn,  mod. 
brijr,  brow,  =  Sw.  Dan.  bryn,  brow:  see  brow.] 
Tlie  eyebrow. 

Uriinr  or  brow  of  the  eye,  supercilium. 

Prompt.  Pan'.,  p.  51. 


bring 

brine-' (brin),  r.    [E.dial.;  cf.  pouiv.  dial,  frnw/ ; 

a|>]iar.  eorrfiptions  of  briny.]     To  bring:  as,  to 

linni  it  hither.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Norfolk).] 
brine-pan  (brin'pan),  n.     A  pit  in  which  salt 

watur  Ih  ivaporated  to  obtain  the  salt. 
brine-pit  (biin'pil),  n.     A  Halt  spring  or  well 

from  which  wiili-r  is  taken  to  be  boiled  or  evap- 

oraliil  (of  making  salt. 
brine-pump  ( brin'jiurnji),  n.    A  pump  employed 

iff  soiiK'  Kttfim-vesKels  to  clear  the  boiler  of  the 

biine  wliich  collects  at  the  bottom  of  it. 
brine-shrimp  (brin'Mlirimp),  n.     A  small  bran- 

clfi<)p(jdi,iiM  erfistitei-an,  .Irlemia  nalina,  found 

iff  brackish  water  and  in  brine.     .See  Artcniia. 

Also  cjflled  brine-worm. 
brine-spring  (briu'spring),  n.    A  Bpring  of  Bait 

water. 

brine-valve  (brin'valv),  n.    A  blow-oflf  valve 

foi   icffirjviffg  concentrated  salt  water  from  a 

Steafff-lioilej'. 

brine-worm  (brin'wferm),  ji.      Same  as  brine- 
sit  rimp. 

bring  (bring),  !■.<.:  pret.  and  pp.  brought,  ppr. 
bringing.  [<  ME.  bringrn,  occa.sionally  brengen 
(pret.  brogJili;  brolile,  etc.),<  AS.  bringan  (strong 
present,  with  jiret.  'brang,  pi.  'brungon,  forma 
assumed  from  the  once-occurring  \>\t.brungen), 
also  brengan  (weak  present,  willi  pret.  brolile, 
P|).  brnht),  =  OS.  brcngian,  rarely  Ijringian,  = 
OFries.  brcnga,  bringa  =  D.  brengen  =  OHO. 
bringan,  MlUi.  G.  bringen  (>  Sw.  Iiringa,  Dan. 
bringr)  =  (ioth.  Iiriggan  fjiret.  Iiriilita),  bring. 
The  forms  are  i)revailingly  weak;  the  strong 
forms  are  prob.  assiimeil  after  the  analogy  of 
verbs  like  sing,  swing,  etc. ;  so  in  Sc.  and  vul- 
gar E.  pret.  brang,  lining.]  1.  To  bear,  con- 
vey, or  take  alrmg  in  coming;  take  to  the  place 
where  the  receiver  is,  or  where  the  bearer  stays 
or  abides;  fetch:  as,  bring  it  hither,  or  to  me; 
to  bring  a  book  home. 
Briny  me,  I  pray  thee,  a  morsel  of  breaii.    1  KL  xviL  11. 

Briny  me  spices,  brin^  me  wine. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin,  It. 

She  from  a  carved  press  bronyht  him  linen  fair, 
And  a  new-woven  coat  a  king  might  wear. 

Williant  Morritt,  Earthly  Parailise,  I.  295. 

2.  To  cause  to  come  or  accrue ;  be  the  means 
of  conveying  possession  of ;  impart ;  devolve 
upon:  as,  the  transaction  brought  great  profit; 
his  wife  brought  him  a  large  dowry. 

She  shall  brimi  him  [in  marriage)  that 
Wliich  he  not  dreams  of.  Uliak.,  W.  T.,  Iv.  4. 

Music  that  brinyn  sweet  sleep. 

TennyKon,  Thoric  .Song,  L 

3.  To  cause  to  come  or  pass,  as  to  a  new  place, 
state,  or  condition ;  impel;  draw  on;  lead:  a«, 
to  bring  one  to  a  better  mind. 

The  fortress  .  .  .  shall  lie  bring  ...  to  the  ground. 

Ixa.  XIT.  12. 
God  had  brought  their  connaela  to  naught    >'ch.  iv.  15. 

We  bring  to  one  dead  level  ev'iy  mind. 

PojK,  Dunciad,  iv.  368. 

Profltahle  cniploynieiits  would  be  a  diversion,  if  men 
ctmld  but  lie  brought  to  delight  in  tliem.  Locke. 

4.  To  aid  in  coming  or  passing,  as  to  one's 
home  or  destination;  conduct;  attend;  accom- 
pany. 

Vet  give  leave,  my  lord. 
That  wc  may  tiring  you  something  on  the  way. 

Shak.,  M.  lor  JL.  L  I. 

5.  To  convey  or  put  forth  as  a  product ;  bear 
or  be  the  bearer  of;  )-ield :  a.s,  the  land  brings 
good  han-ests. 

Because  she  brought  him  none  hut  girls,  she  thought 
Her  husband  loved  her  ij^t.      B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  i.  1. 

6.  To  convey  to  the  mind  or  knowledge ;  make 
known  on  coming,  or  coming  before  one ;  bear 
or  impart  a  declaration  of. 

Be  thou  there  until  I  Imng  thee  word.  ilat  iii.  IS. 

What  accusation  brin^  ye  against  this  man  ? 

John  xviif.  29. 

7.  To  fetch  or  put  forwanl  before  a  tribunal ; 
make  a  presentation  of :  institute:  declare  in 
or  as  if  in  court :  as,  to  bring  an  action  or  an 
indictment  against  one;  the  jury  brought  the 
prisoner  in  guilty. 

I'll  bring  mine  action  on  the  prondest  he 

Tliat  stops  my  way.  Shak..  T.  of  the  S.,  iiL  2. 

A  friend  of  mine  here  was  doubting  whether  he  should 
bring  an  action  against  two  |H'rsons  on  so  unfortunate  a 
day  as  Saturday.       K.  11".  iniu-.  Minlcni  Egn»ian^.  I-  iJ* 

8.  To  cause  to  become ;  make  to  be. 

I  w.as  lirought  acquainted  with  a  Burgundian  Jew  who 
had  ni.arried";m  apostate  Kcnti>h  ^^onian. 

>;•  '    .,  I>iary,  Aug.  28, 16*1. 
To  bring  about,  to  cttict :  a.    .uioiisli. 


bring 

It  enabled  him  to  gain  the  most  vain  and  impracticable 
into  his  designs,  and  to  &n»K/  abottt  several  great  events 
for  the  advantage  ot  the  public.        Attdimn,  Freeholder. 

Tes,  yes,  faith,  they  re  agreed — he's  caught,  he's  en- 
tangled—my dear  Carlos,  we  have  bnuriht  it  about. 

Sheridan,  The  Duelma,  ii.  4. 
To  bring  a  chain  cable  to,  to  put  it  round  the  capstan 
ready  for  heaving  up  the  anchor. — To  bring  a  nest  Of 
hornets  about  one's  ears.  See  hormt.  —  'yo  bring  a 
person  to  his  bearings.  See  beariwi.—  To  bring  a  ship 
to  anchor,  to  let  go  the  anchor.— To  bring  by  the  lee 
{tuiut.),  to  have  the  wind  come  suddenly  on  the  lee  side, 
owiiia  to  the  yawing  ot  the  vessel,  a  sudden  change  iu  the 
wind  s  direction,  or  the  bad  steering  of  the  helmsman.— 
To  bring  down,  (a)  To  take  down ;  cause  to  come  down ; 
lower.  (6)  To  humiliate ;  abase.  Shak.  (c)  To  cause  to 
fall ;  hence,  of  game,  to  kill.     [CoUoq.] 

By  my  valour  !  there  is  no  merit  in  killing  him  so  near : 
do,  my  dear  Sir  Lucius,  let  me  briny  him  doirn  at  a  long 
shot.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  3. 

To  bring  down  the  house,  to  elicit  a  burst  of  applause 
or  laughter  from  those  present,  as  in  acting  or  public 
speaking.- To  bring  far  ben.  See  6cni. —  To  brlag 
forth,  (a)  To  produce,  as  young  or  fruit ;  hence,  give  rise 
to;  be  the  cause  of. 

Idleness  and  luxury  briny  forth  poverty  and  want. 

Tillotson. 
(6)  To  bring  to  light ;  disclose ;  reveal. 

The  heavens  have  thought  well  on  thee,  .  . 
To  brina  forth  this  discovery. 

Shak.,  All's  WeU,  v.  3. 
To  bring  forward.  (<i)  To  produce  to  view ;  cause  to  ad- 
Taiice.  ('>)  To  adduce:  as,  to  brimj  forward  arguments  iu 
support  of  a  scheme —To  bring  grist  to  the  mill.  See 
gritt.—To  bring  home  to.  (cO  To  piovc  conclusively 
to  Ix-lfing  or  be  applicable  to  or  l)e  true  of,  as  a  charge 
of  any  kind.  (6)  'To  impress  upon  the  feeling;  cause  to 
be  felt :  as,  he  brouoht  it  hotne  to  them  verj-  vividly ;  in 
preaching,  strive  to  hrin(i  the  truth  home  to  the  hearers. 

Several  prisoners  to  whom  Jetfreys  was  unable  to  brinfj 
home  the  charge  of  high  treason  were  convicted  of  misde- 
meanours. Macatday,  Hist.  Eng. 
To  bring  in.  (a)  To  bring  from  another  place,  or  from 
without  to  within  a  certain  precinct. 

Look  you  bring  me  in  the  names  of  some  sbt  or  seven. 
Shak.,  SI.  for  M.,  ii.  1. 
(6)  To  supply ;  furnish ;  yield :  especially  used  in  speak- 
Izi^  of  a  revenue,  rent,  or  income  produced  from  a  certain 
source. 

The  S4de  measure  of  all  his  courtesies  is,  what  return 
they  will  make  him,  and  what  revenue  they  will  bring  him 
in.  South. 

(c)  To  introduce ;  especially,  to  introduce  to  the  notice  of 
a  legislature :  as,  to  bring  in  a  bill. 

Cain  was  not  therefore  the  first  murderer,  but  Adam, 
who  brought  in  death.   Sir  T.  Broinu,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  4. 

Since  he  could  not  have  a  scat  among  them  himself,  he 
would  bring  in  one  who  had  more  merit.  Tatter. 

(d)  To  place  in  a  particular  condition  or  station. 

But  he  protest.s  he  loves  you ; 
And  needs  no  other  suitor  but  his  likings  .  .  . 
To  bring  you  in  again  [namely,  to  your  former  office]. 
Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  1. 

(«t)  To  reduce  within  the  limits  of  law  and  government. 
Perforce  l>ring  in  all  that  rebellious  rout. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

To  brln^  off.  (a)  To  bear  or  convey  from  a  i)lace ;  rescue  : 

as,  to  tmng  of  men  from  a  wreck. 
A  brave  young  fellow,  of  a  matchless  spirit! 
He  brought  nie  of  like  thunder,  charg'd  anil  boarded, 
As  if  he  had  been  shot  to  save  mine  honour. 

Beau,  aiul  Fl.,  Knight  of  ^lalta,  ii.  1. 

(b)  To  procure  to  l>e  ac(|uitted ;  clear  from  condemnation ; 
cause  to  escape,  (c)  To  dissuade ;  change,  as  from  an  opin- 
ion or  purpose ;  cause  to  abandon. 

"Tis  a  foolish  thing  for  me  to  be  brought  of  from  an 
Opinion  In  a  thing  neither  of  lu  know. 

Seldrn,  Table-Talk,  p.  71». 
To  bring  on,  (a)  To  bear  or  convey  or  canwc  to  be  ron- 
VI  y- d  with  oni'  from  a  distance :  as,  to  brinfi  on  a  (|nantity 
id  giHrtls.    (Ij)  To  cause  to  begin  :  as,  to  bring  on  a  battle. 

All  commanders  were  cautioned  against  bringing  on  an 
engagement.  (/.  S.  Grant,  Personal  ^lemolrs,  I.  373. 

(c)  To  originate  or  cause  to  exist :  as,  to  bring  on  a  disease. 

(d)  To  Induce;  lead  on. 

With  a  crafty  niadncHs,  keeps  aloof, 
When  we  woidd  bring  him  on  to  sonic  cnnfessiiin. 

.s'/ii/il  ,  Hamlet,  ill.  1. 
To  bring  one'a  nose  to  the  grindstone.    See  grind- 

«(.  .  '  'To  bring  out.  («)  To  ix|i..«.  ;  dilci  t ;  bring  to 
li.K'  fr-iiii  roii'i-alrni-rit :  as,  to  brut'i  <m// i,ni.*'s  bascncSH. 
{*')  I'j  Ilnd  by  ciilcuhilloM  or  argnnicnt ;  tli-duce  ;  infer. 

The  tnore  strictly  Mr.  Olaitst'jne  rensonN  on  Ids  prcndscs, 
the  more  absunl  are  the  conclusions  which  he  brimin  out. 
Murnulaii,  Glailstone  on  Clinn-li  and  State. 
f'-)  'f  I  I'libllsh:  as,  to  bring  out  a  new  edition  of  a  book. — 
To  'orlrig  over.  I")  '(■<  inrry  over:  biur  m  ro»»:  as,  to 
h  .  '.fintj  orrr  pa.i"i  he  1  rf  in  a  Ixiat. 

(  'II  or  other  nil  (III  •;  draw  U)  a 

fi  ■.*  sides  or  an  I'plliii.n. 

't  iiiidfrgoof  danger  In  tbii-  rn  .•-.tuti-.n  l.i 
I  nil  orrr  to   his  Mntotv'n  llil<  I'    I     u  I,,  ii  It 

"  "Imnds!        /-.Vf/j/n.  lllnry,  -Mil)  Jl,  IMXJ. 

rgy  will  And  It  pcrlialia  no.tllincult 
It'-  ii  niimlicm  riivr  to  thecniirch.    Sipift. 

To   '  )     ^11)  To  (Hrauade:  a».  I  »lll  iindir. 

Ii-  '11//  to  votir  views.    (//)  To  i'lid  tipt/i 

li  r  :  as.  III-  brouffht  round  IIm  ■  "iiver- 

«.'  ■-     tJiplr.      tr)  To  recoviT,   iii  from  a 

*■  vo,     (rt)  'io  bring  back  to  loh^.  ioiis. 

11.  lydrowiod     ('/)  Afoil'. .  (I)  lo  lieavn 

to ;  foro«  (ai.^illit,!  aldp)  to  heave  to  or  •t'ip.     (2)  I  o  lienil 


686 

(a  saD)  to  its  yard  or  gaff.  — To  bring  to  bag,  in  huntirtg, 
to  kill.— To  bring  to  bear,  or  to  bear  upon,  (n)  To 
cause  to  have  uiduence  or  etfect,  or  to  operate  upon. 

Every  author  has  a  way  of  his  own  in  bringing  his  points 
to  bear.  Strrne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.  9. 

.\11  powerful  action  is  performed  by  bringing  the  forces 
of  nature  to  bear  upon  our  objects.  -JKruerson,  Axt. 

>'o  force  of  imagination  that  I  can  bring  to  bear  will 
avail  to  cast  out  the  youth  of  that  very  imagination  which 
endeavotirs  to  depict  its  latter  days. 

ir.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  230. 
(6)  To  bling  into  range,  or  the  range  of :  as,  to  bring  a  gun 
(0  bear  upon  a  target.— To  bring  to  book.  Sec  iiooJ:.— To 
bring  to  gaff.  See  gaff.— To  bring  to  light,  to  bring 
into  view;  reveal.- To  brillg  to  mind,  to  reciill,aswhat 
has  been  fcrgotten  or  what  is  not  present  to  the  mind. — 
To  bring  to  pass,  to  cause  to  come  to  pass;  etfect. 

The  thing  is  established  by  God,  and  God  will  shortly 
bring  it  to  pa^s.  Gen.  xli.  :'■-. 

To  bring  to  the  gangway.   Seeponi/irai;.- To  bring 
to  the  hammer.    See  hammer. —  To  bring  under,  to 
subdue  ;  repress ;  restrain ;  reduce  to  obedience. 
The  Minstrel  fell  I — but  the  foeman's  chain 
Could  not  bring  his  proud  soul  t^idcr. 

Moore,  Minstrel  Boy. 
To  bring  up.  (a)  To  bear,  convey,  or  lift  upward,  (b) 
In  printing,  to  give  the  proper  light  and  shade  to,  as  a 
print  of  an  engra%ing,  by  means  of  a  suitable  distribu- 
tion of  pressure  in  the  press,  produced  by  overlays  :  also, 
to  equalize  the  pressure  upon,  as  any  part  of  a  form  on  a 
press,  by  underlaying  it  with  cardboard  or  paper,  (c)  In 
lithog.,  to  make  apparent ;  make  visible,  as  a  drawing  or  a 
greasy  spot  upon  the  stone,  (d)  To  rear ;  ntu-ture ;  care 
for  dm-ing  adolescence :  used  with  reference  to  the  needs 
of  both  the  body  and  the  mind. 

God  by  this  tribulation  calleth  him,  and  biddeth  him 
come  home  out  of  the  countrey  of  sinne,  that  he  was  bred 
and  brought  I'p  so  long  in. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1673),  fol.  41. 

I  consider  it  the  best  part  of  an  education  to  have  been 
bom  and  brought  up  in  the  country.    Alcott,  Tablets,  p.  48. 
The  noble  wish 
To  save  all  earnings  to  the  uttermost. 
And  give  his  child  a  better  briuging-up 
Than  his  had  been.         Tenmtson,  Enoch  Arden. 

(e)  To  introduce  to  notice  or  consideration :  as,  to  bring 
up  a  subject  in  conversation,  (f)  To  cause  to  advance 
near :  as,  to  bring  up  forces,  or  the  reserves. 

The  troops  from  Corinth  were  brought  up  in  time  to  re- 
pel the  threatened  movement  without  a  battle. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  41.S. 

(g)  Naut.,  to  stop  (a  ship's  headway)  by  letting  go  an 
anchor  or  by  running  her  ashore.  (A)  To  piUl  up  (a  horse^ ; 
cause  to  stop :  often  with  Khort :  as,  he  broufjht  up  his 
horse  nhort  (that  is,  caused  it  to  stop  suddenly) ;  hence, 
flgnratively,  to  stop  suddenly  in  any  career  or  course  of 
action  ;  bring  before  a  magistrate  ;  pull  up. 

You  were  well  aware  that  you  were  committing  felony, 
and  have  probably  felt  tolerably  sure  at  times  that  you 
would  some  day  be  brought  up  .short.  Tnil[nj>*\ 

To  bring  up  the  rear,  to  move  onwai-d  in  tin-  rear; 
form  the  rear  portion.— To  bring  up  with  a  round 
turn  (naut.).  to  stop  (the  running  of  a  rojie)  by  taking  a 
round  turn  on  a  belayiug-piu  or  cavil ;  hence,  tlgurative- 
ly,  to  stop  the  doing  of  anything  suddenly  but  elfeetuully. 
=  Syn.  Bring  up.  Hear,  etc.     Seerainc. 

bringer  (bring'tr),  n.  One  who  brings,  in  any 
si-uso  of  the  verb. 

brinish  (bri'nish),  a.  [<  brine^  +  -ish^.']  Like 
briue;  Ijriny;  salt  or  saltish:  as,  "her  hriiiijili 
tinrs,''  ,S/(o/,-.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 

brinishness  (bri'nisli-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
beiug  brinish  or  saltish. 

brinjal  (brin'jal),  n.  [Also  improp.  britigatl 
=  I'g.  bvri)iyi'l(i,  <  Tamil  brinjaul,  tlie  egg- 
plant.] The  East  Indiuii  name  of  the  fruit  of 
the  egg-plant,  tSolaiiiiDi  Mcbmiirna. 

brinjarree  (brin-jar'i),  n.  [Anglo-Tml.,  also 
wrilliii  hriujurcc,  <  Ilind.  birinjuri,  a  eanip-fi)l- 
lowiiig  dealer  iu  riee,  <  birinj,  Pers.  hiriiij.  rice  ; 
mixed  with  Anglo-Iiid.  bciipirii,  biinjar;/,  bitiijii- 
ree,  <  lliiid.  baiiji'iri,  bunjani  (as  in  the  ilef.),  < 
Skt.  raiiij,  mei'eliant:  see  baiiidiA,  hniij/niiK'] 
In  India,  a  dealer  in  grain,  salt,  etc.,  who  car- 
ries his  gofids  about  from  market  to  market, 
especially  in  the  Deceaii. 

brink  (bringk),  ».  [<  MK.  briiilc.  brrnl;  edge,  of 
L(i.  or  Seaiid.  origin:  ML<1.  L(i.  hrink.  brink, 
margin,  edge,  edge  of  u  liill,  a  liill,  =  (i.  dial. 
brink,  a  sward,  a  grassy  hill,  =  Dan.  brink. 
edge,  verge,  =  Sw.  brink,  descent  or  slope  of  u 
hill,  =  Tcel.  brckka  for  'hrriikti,  a  sloi)e;  iimb. 
eonnei-ted  witli  leel.  brinjiii,  a  ^fi-assy  slope, 
orig.  the  breast,  =  Sw.  briiii/ti,  breast,  = 
Dan.  brint/r,  chest.  ('{.  W.  bri/nrgn,  a  hillock,  < 
bri/n,  a  hill;  of.  //row,  the  breast,  breast  of  a 
hiil.]  Tlio  edge,  margin,  or  liorder  of  a  sti'op 
|ilai-e,  as  of  a  iireci|iice  or  the  bank  of  a  river; 
ver^e  ;  hence,  close  proximity  :  as,  "thi- jireei- 
pice's  hrink,"  JJnjdcn ;  (o  bo  on  tlio  brink  of 
ruin. 
Wo  iiiidenit<iod  they  were  a  pcoiile  niniosi   npim  the 

very  brink  of  renouncing  any  ilppcndcui ii  y*  *'riiwni'. 

A'lWf/ii,  lllnry,  .luin- (I,  H17I. 

On  the  farthest  brink  of  doubtful  m  inn 

Jjoiveti,  Appledorr. 
BjB.  See  rim. 


brisk 

briny  (bil'ni),  a.    [<  briiic'i-  +  -yi.]    Pertaining- 
to  brine;  of  the  nature  of  or  affected  by  brine; 
salt;  salty:  as,  a  fcriny  taste ;  the  briny  flood; 
brim/  tears. 
Late,  with  the  rising  moon,  returned  the  wains  from  the 

marshes. 
Laden  with  bring  hay,  that  filled  the  air  with  its  odor. 

Longj'ellow,  Evangeline,  i.  S, 

brioche  (bre-6sh'),  n.  [F.,  a  cake,  fig.  a  blun- 
der; origin  unknown.]  1.  A  sort  of  pastry  made 
with  floiu',  eggs,  and  butter. —  2.  A  round  and. 
stuffed  cushion  for  the  feet  to  rest  on. — 3.  A 
stitch  in  knitting,  originally  used  in  making 
this  kind  of  footstool. 

briolet  (bri'o-let),  )).     See  briolette. 

briolette  (bre-o-lef),  )i.  [<  F.  briolette,  also  writ- 
ten hriolhtte  for  brillolctte  (whence  E.  also  bril- 
liotette),  <  briUaiit,  brilliant:  see  brilliant.'}  A. 
form  in  which  the  diamond  is  sometimes  cut; 
that  form  which  woidd  result  fi'om  joining  two 
rose  diamonds  back  to  back  and  adding  several 
rows  of  triangiilar  facets.  (See  rose  and  dia- 
iiioikI.)     Also  hrilliulcttc,  briokt. 

brionin,  brionine,  ».    See  bryonin. 

briony,  «.     See  bryony. 

brictuet,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  brick^. 

briquet  (Ijri-ket';  F.  pron.  bre-ka'),  «.  [P.,  a 
steel,  tinder-box,  dim.  of  briqiic,  brick:  see 
brick-.}  1.  A  steel  prepared  for  striking  a, 
light  with  a  flint.  In  heraldry,  as  a  bearing, 
it  is  almost  peculiar  to  the  collar  of  the  Golden 
Fleece.  See  order. —  2.  A  small  brick. — 3. 
Coal-dust  molded  for  fuel  into  the  shape  of 
liriclcs  or  balls.  [In  the  last  two  senses  also 
briquette.} 

brise^t,  «■    An  obsolete  spelling  of  breeze^. 

brise'-'t,  «•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bree:e'^. 

brisS''  (briz),  n.  [Also  ^\Titten  brize ;  <  F.  brise, 
a  piece  of  ground  newly  broken  up  for  tillage 
after  lying  long  untilled,  <  briser,  break;  cf. 
bruise.  Cf.  equiv.  E.  dial,  breck.}  Ground  that 
lias  lain  long  untilled.  Eersey,  1708 ;  Ualliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

bris6  (bre-za'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  briser,  break: 
see  bruise,}  In  her. :  (n)  Broken:  said  of  any 
bearing  when  depicted  as  torn  asimder.  (b) 
Bearing  a  mark  of  cadency  or  brisure :  said  of 
a  shield  which  is  differenced  in  this  way.  Also 
siielled  bri^e. 

brisement  (brez'ment;  F.  pron.  brez'moii),  n. 
[F..  <  bri.<!er,  break:  see  bruise.}     In  .vurij.,  a 

breaking  or  tearing  asunder Brisement  forci, 

till-  foM-ilile  breaking  down  of  ankylosis. 

Brisinga  (bri-sing'gii),  ».  [NL.  (P.  C.  As- 
bjiiniseii),  named  iu  allusion  to  Icel.  lirisitt- 
ijii  men  (AS. 
lirosinija  (for 
"Breosinga) 
menc),  the 
necklace  of 
the  Brisings, 
which  figures 
iuScaiul.  my- 
thology: ISri- 
singa,  gen.  of 
lirininijr,  Bri- 
sing;  men  (= 
AS.  mcne),  a 
necklace.]  A 
genus  of  star- 
lislies,ty])ical 
of  the  family 
Ilrisingidtv. 

Brisingida  (bri-sin'ji-dii),  H.  ;>/.  [NL.,  <  Bri- 
.■iiuiiii  +  -iild.}  A  grotip  of  A.ilrroida,  or  star- 
lislii-s,  1  yiiitied  1iy  tile  genus  llrisingii. 

BrisingidSB  (bri-sin',ji-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  llri- 
yini/ii  +  -idtc.}  A  remarkable  famil,v  of  star- 
lishes,  of  the  order  .l.v^co/i/cf/,  having;  the  body 
shaped  as  in  the  opiiiiirians  or  sand  stars,  with 
lung  rounded  rays  disli  net  from  I  he  disk,  and  the 
amliiilacral  grooves  nol  continued  to  llie  iiioiith, 
/(.  ((iriintilii  is  a  beautil'nl  Norwegian  species. 

brisk  (brisk),  ti.  [Appar.  <  W.  fcri/.v;/  =  Gael. 
Iiriiisi),  also  bring  =  Ir.  'brisg,  (|uick,  iiinible, 
lively;  ef.  W.  bry.i,  haste,  brysin,  hasten,  Gael. 
Ir.  brioHg,  a  sliirt,  bounce,  Ir.  bris,  lively,  brisk. 


Deep-sca  St.lffi5h  iFrtsiHjca  contHata). 


Gael.  Ir.  bras,  lively,  hasty,  <>tc.  Cf.  brtish^. 
Not  connected  with  J'ri.sk  and  fresh  :  but  some 
refer  to  !•'.  bruM/iie.}  1.  t^uick  or  rapid  in  ac- 
tion or  motion;  exliibiling  (|uickuo88;  lively; 
swift;  nimble:  as,  a  brisk  breeze. 

Wc  split  the  Jiiurni-y,  and  perlnrm 
In  two  days'  tlnu-  wlial's  often  done 
Jty  brinker  travelli-rs  In  one. 

i'ou-prr,  tr,  of  lliirurc's  Satires,  I.  6. 

Hence  —  2,  Hi)rightly  ;  animated;  vivacious; 
gay:    as,  "a  brisk,   gamesome    lass,"   Sir  U. 


brisk 

L'JCstrange. — 3.  Full  of  lively  or  exciting  ac- 
tion or  events ;  exciting;  interesting. 

You  have  had  a  brisk  time  of  it  at  Ilowicic,  and  all  the 
organs  of  conibativeness  have  been  called  into  action. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  the  Countess  Grey. 

4.  Burning  freely;   bright:   as,  a  hriik  fire. — 

5.  Kllci'vcscdng  vigorously:  said  of  liquors: 
a.s,  hrixic  ciJor. — 6.  Performed  or  kept  up  witii 
briskness ;  rapid ;  quick :  as,  a  brisk  fire  of  in- 
fantry. 

Brisk  toil  alternating  with  ready  ease.         Wordsworth. 
7t.  Vivid;  luminous. 

He  hunts  about  the  proudest  World  to  buy 

The  choice  of  purest  ami  of  l>ri;;litest  Cloth 
Brink  in  the  Tyrian  and  Sidonian  dye, 
As  due  to  his  fair  Darlinj;. 

J.  lleaumniit,  Psyche,  i.  83. 
Had  it  [my  instrument]  magnified  thirty  or  twenty-five 
times,  it  had  made  the  object  appear  more  brisk  and  plea- 
sant. Newton. 
=  Syn.  1.  Alert,  nimble,  quick,  rapid,  sprightly,  prompt, 
spry,  smart,  bustling,  wide-awake,  e:iger.  See  active  anil 
bit^f/. 
brisk  (brisk),  V.  [<  brisk,  a.]  I.t  trans.  To 
make  lively;  enliven;  animate;  refresh:  some- 
times with  up.    Killingbeck. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  brisk,  lively,  or  ac- 
tive :  with  np. 
brisken  (bris'kn),  v.     [<  brisk  +  -crel.]     I.  in- 
traiis.  To  be  or  become  brisk,  active,  or  lively. 
[Rare.] 
I  heartily  wish  that  business  may  brisken  a  little. 
Quoted  in  W.  Mathews's  Gtiiiin<^  on  in  the  World,  p.  209. 

II.  trans.  To  make  brisk  or  lively. 
brisket  (bris'ket),  n.  [<  ME.  bruskettc,  <  OP. 
*bruskct,  bruschet,  l&tevbrichct,  mod.  F.  brechet, 
prob.  <  Bret,  bruchecl,  dial,  briisk,  the  breast, 
chest,  claw  of  a  bird.]  The  breast  of  an  ani- 
mal, or  that  part  of  the  breast  that  lies  next  to 
the  ribs;  in  a  horse,  the  part  extencUng  fi'om 
the  neck  at  the  shoulder  down  to  the  fore  legs. 
briskly  (brisk'li),  adv.  In  a  brisk  manner; 
quickly;  actively;  vigorously;  with  life  and 
spirit. 

Ay,  woo  her  briskly  —  win  her,  and  give  me  a  proof  of 
your  address,  my  little  Solomon. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  11. 1. 

briskness  (brisk'nes),  M.  1.  Quickness;  vigor 
or  rapidity  in  action:  as,  the  briskness  of  the 
breeze. —  2.  Liveliness;  gaiety;  vivacity. 

His6mfr?tess,  his  jollity,  and  his  good-humour.  Drydcn. 
S.  The  sparkling  quality  of  an  effervescing  li- 
quor: applied  also  to  water,  as  in  the  extract. 
The  briskness  of  spring  water,  and  the  preference  given 
to  it  as  a  beverage,  is  partly  occasioned  by  the  carbonic 
acid  which  it  contains.  W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  348. 

brismak  (bris'mak),  n.    [Origin  unknown.]    A 

torsk.     [Shetland  islands.] 
briss^t,  V.  t.     [ME.  brissen,  var.  of  brisen,  brysen, 

brusen,  bruise :  see  bruise.']     To  bruise ;  break. 

The  Jewes  brisseden  h,vs  bonys. 

Legends  of  the  Holy  Rood,  p.  204. 

briss"  (bris),  n.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  <  F.  bri.s, 
breakage,  wreck,  formerly  also  fragments,  < 
briser,  break  (see  6msl,  bruise,  and  cf.  de- 
bris) ;  but  perhaps  affected  by  breeze^,  ashes, 
cinders  :  see  breeze^.]  Dust ;  rubbish.  Salli- 
well.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Brissid8e  (bris'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Brissus  + 
-!'/((■.]     Same  as  Spatangidw. 

Brissiuse  (bri-si'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Brissus  + 
-i«fc.]  A  subfamily  of  Spatangidce,  typified  by 
the  genus  Brissus. 

brissle  (bris'l),  v.  t.  Same  as  birsle.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 

Brissotin  (bris'o-tin),  ».     See  Girondist. 

Brissus  (bris'us),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  echi- 
uoitls,  typical  of  the  family  Brissid(e  {Spatangi- 
dw)  and  subfamily  Brissina;. 

bristle  (bris'l),  n.  [<  ME.  hristel,  brestel,  brus- 
tel,  berstle  (=  D.  borstel  =  MLG.  borstcl),  dim. 
of  brttst  (>  Sc.  birse,  birs:  see  hrnst",  hirse),  a 
bristle,  <  AS.  byrst,  neut.,  =  MLO.  horste,  f.,  = 
OHG.  burst,  m.,  borst,  neut.,  biirsta,  f.,  MHG. 
horst,  m.  and  neut.,  borste,  f.,  G.  Ixjrstp,  a  bristle, 
MHG.  G.  biirste,  a  brush,  =  leel.  burst,  f.,  = 
Sw.  borst,  m.,  =  Dan.  borste,  a  bristle  ;  by  some 
derived,  with  formative  -t,  from  the  root  of 
OHG.  barren,  parren  (for  *barseii),  be  stiff, 
stand  out  stiffly;  by  others  connected  with  E. 
ftwrl,  6«rrl.]  1.  One  of  the  stiff,  coarse,  glossy 
hairs  of  certain  animals,  especially  those  of 
the  hog  kind  which  are  not  hairless,  large  and 
thickly  set  along  the  back,  and  smaller  and 
more  scattered  on  the  sides.  The  bristles  of  the 
domestic  hog  and  of  some  other  aiumals  are  extensively 
used  for  making  brushes,  shoemakers'  wax-ends,  etc. 

She  hadde  so  grete  bristelis  on  her  bakke  that  it  trayled 
on  the  grounde  a  fadome  large. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  421. 


687  British 

^r.J^  f™""'''  fiPPen'Jage  on  some  plants;   a    kind  of  pasteboard,  sometirafig  glazed  on  the 
Stm,  sharp  liair. —  3.  In  dipterous  insects  of  the     surface,  used  l)y  artists, 

division  Braclii/ccra,  the  arista  or  terminal  part  Bristol  brick.     See  brick^. 


of  the  antenna. — 4.  In  ornilh.,  a  bristlv  d 
ther;  a  feather  witli  a  stout  stiff  stem  and  little 
or  no  w<di.  Rlctal  bristles,  vibrisBio.  Hue  vil/rissa. 
bristle  (bris'l),  v.;  pret.  and  i)p.  bristled,  i>pr. 
brixtling.  [<  ME.  bristlen,  brusllen  (=  G.  biir- 
stdn),  bristle;  from  tlie  noun.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  erect  the  bristles  of ;  erect  in  anger  or  do- 
fiance,  as  a  hog  erects  its  bristles. 

Now,  for  the  bare-pick'd  hone  of  majesty 
Doth  dogged  war  bristle  his  angry  crest, 
Aiul  snarlcth  in  the  gentle  eyes  of  peace. 

Skak.,  k.  John,  iv.  3. 
Boy,  bnstle  thy  courage  up.  Shak.,  IJen.  V.,  li.  3. 

2.  To  make  bristly. —  3.  To  fix  a  bristle  on: 
as,  to  bristle  a  shoemaker's  thread. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  rise  up  or  stand  on  end 
like  bristles. 

Nought  dreadful  saw  ho ;  yet  the  hair 
'Gan  Imstle  on  his  head  with  fear. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  iii.  42. 

2.  To  stand  erect  and  close  together  like  bris- 
tles. 

A  forest  of  masts  would  have  bristled  In  the  desolate 
port  of  Ncwry.  Macaulay. 

3.  To  be  covered,  as  with  bristles:  as,  the 
ranks  bristled  with  spears.  See  to  bristle  with, 
below.  — To  bristle  against,  to  come  in  collision  with, 
contradict,  or  oppose  somewhat  rudely.     [Rare.] 

The  wife  may  not  bristle  against  her  husband. 

J.  Udall,  On  Ephesians,  v. 

The  annotation  here,  as  in  many  places,  bristles  a'lninst 
the  text.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

To  bristle  up,  to  show  anger,  resentment,  or  defiance 


Bristol  diamond.    Same  as  Bristol  stone  (which 

see,  uiiiii-r  stonr). 

Bristol  milk,  paper,  porcelain,  pottery,  red, 

stone.     I^ci-  tfji-  nouns. 

brisure  (briz'ur),  n.  [F.,  <  briser,  Ijreak:  see 
bruise.]  1.  In  permanent  fortification,  a  break 
in  the  general  direction  of  tlie  parapet  of  the 
curtain,  when  constructed  wilh  onllons  and 
retired  Hanks.  Also  spelled  bri:urc. — 2.  In 
liir.,  same  as  cadency,  2. 

brfti,  britti  (brit),  v.  [E.  dial.,  also  (in  IL) 
brite ;  <  ME.  brytlen,  <  AS.  Imjtiian,  brittian, 
divide,  distribute,  dispense,  =  Icel.  bri/tja, 
chop  up;  a  secondary  verb,  supplying  in  ME. 
and  later,  with  the  deriv.  hritlen,  q.  v.,  the 
place  of  the  primitive,  ME.  'brctcn,  'hreoten,  < 
AS.  bredlan  (jd-ot.  bredt,  pp.  'brottn),  break, 
bruise,  demohsh,  destroy,  =  OS.  'hriolan,  bre- 
toii  =  OHG.  "brio.vin,  tr.,  break,  MHG.  briexn, 
intr.,  l)urHt  forth,  =  Icel.  hrjota  =  Sw.  bryta  = 
Dan.  bryde,  break,  fracture,  refract,  =  Goth. 
'briutan  (not  found,  but  assumed  from  the  other 
forms,  and  from  the  appar.  thence  derived 
Spanish  ML.  6r»(«rc, demolish,  destroy).  Hence 
hritten,  brittle,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  break  in 
pieces;  divide. 

His  hede  thei  ofsmyten,  to  London  wa«  li  Iwm, 
The  dede  body  theli]  l/ritlfn  (pret.  pi.]  on  (our  quartern 
corn.  Lant/to/l,  Cliron.  (c<l.  Hearne),  p.  244. 

2.  To  bruise ;  indent.   J/alliwell.   [Prov.  Eng.] 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  fallout  or  shatter,  as  over- 
ripe hops  or  grain,     (irose;  JJallitcclt. —  2.  To 
f:ide  away ;  alter,     /falliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


—  To  bristle  with,  (a)  To  be  covered  with  anything  jls  t'-i.,    i^'AZn   /i    -.x  rrj     i     -    i      ..        '•-  . 

if  witli  Ijristles.  brit-,   britt-   (brit),  M.     [Prob.  =  bret  or  birt, 

ai)i>lied  to  a  different  fish:  see  bret.]  1.  A 
yoimg  hen-ing  of  the  common  kind,  occurring 
in  large  shoals,  and  formerly  classed  as  a  sepa- 


The  hill  of  La  Haye  Salnte  bristling  with  ten  thousand 
bayonets.  Tliackeray. 


As  spectroscopy  becomes  the  daily  work  of  iron-found- 
ers, and  miners,  and  the  like,  it  will  be  found  to  be  bris- 
tling with  beautiful  scientific  truths  in  every  part  of  the 
spectrum,  which  may  be  used  in  these  practical  applica- 
tions of  the  science  of  optics. 

J.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  1!». 


rate  species,  Clupea  minima. —  2.  .\  general 
name  for  animals  upon  which  whales  feed,  as 
Clio  bnrealis.  etc. ;  whale-brit. 

Brit.     An  abbreviation  of  Briti.<ih  and  Britain. 

Britain-crown  (brit'an-  or  brit'n-kroiui),  n 
[<  Britain  +  crown  :  Britain,  <  ME.  Britaine,  C 
OF.  Bretaine,  Brctaigne,  F.  Bretagne,  <  L.  Bri- 
tannia, Britain,  <  Britanni,  the  Britons,  later 
L.  Britain-),  a  Biiton.  Cf.  AS.  Bnjtcn.  Britain, 
Bryttas,  Brittas,  Brcttas,  Britons:  see  British.] 


You  cannot  shut  up  Burns  in  a  dialect  bristling  with 
archaisms.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  238. 

(b)  To  manifest  conspicuously :  as,  he  bristled  with  ex- 
citement. 

bristled  (bris'ld),  a.  [<  bristle -h -ed^.]  1.  Hav- 
ing bristles;  hence,  stiffly  bearded:  as,  "bris- 
tled lips,"  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. — 2.  In  her.,  having 
bristles  on  the  neck  and  Ijaek :  said  specifi- 
cally of  a  boar  used  as  a  bearing.  When  the  bris- 
tles are  of  a  difiei'ent  tincture,  it  is  specified  :  as,  a  boar's 
head  and  neck  sable,  bristled  or. 

bristle-fern  (bris'l-fem),  n.  The  common  name 
of  species  of  Triehoman^s,  especially  2'.  radi- 
eans,  from  the  bristle  that  projects  beyond  the 
cup-shaped  indusium. 

bristle-grass  (bris'1-gras),  n.  Grass  of  the  ge- 
nus Setitriii. 

bristle-herring  (bris'l-her^ing),  n.  The  name 
of  certain  species  of  the  genus  Dorosoma,  of 
the  family  Dorosomida;  in  which  the  last  ray 
of  the  dorsal  fin  is  prolonged  into  a  whip-like 

filament.    The  species  occur  chiefly  in  tropical  seas  and  ^".7 :"  ~ — "T"  i-<.\'  " 

rivers,  but  one,  D.  eepedianum,  is  common  in  the  United  JsritanniC  (Jjri-lau  iK},a. 


Obverse. 
Dritnin-crown  of  James  t..  British  Museum. 


[  Size  of  the  orieinaL) 


An  English  gold  coin  first  issued  in  1604  by 
James  I.,  and  current  at  the  time  for  five  shil- 
lings.    It  was  also  issued  under  Charles  I. 
Britannia  metal.    See  nwtat. 

[<  L.  Britannicus,  < 


States,  and  is  generally  called  thread-herring.    See  cut  Britannia,  Britain.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  Great 

VLuder gizzard-shad.  Britain:  as,  Her  Bn'f«HMic  Majestv. 

bristle-moss  (bris'l-m6s), «.   A  species  of  moss,  ^jj-jt^jj^^^  „_     Same  as  brilska. 

with  a  hairy  calyptra,  of  the  genus  Orthotn-  ^j^j^g  (\,n1),  r.  ?.;  pret.  and  pp.  6ri7fd,  ppr.  6ri<- 

clium.  .    ,     ,>  rr,  ""/■      [Also  spcUcd  bright;  origin  unknown.] 

bristle-pointed   (bns  l-pom"ted),   a.      Termi-  Tq  be  or  become  over-ripe,  as  wheat,  barlev,  or 

natiug  gradually  in  a  very  fine  harr,  as  the  • 


leaves  of  many  mosses.    Lindley. 
bristletail   (bi-is'l  tal),   n.    A  common  name 
of  the  thysanurous  insects  of  the  suborder 
Cinura :  so  called  from  the  long  filiform  ab- 


liops.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brither  (briTH'er),  H.    A  Scotch  form  of  brother. 

Briticism  (brit'i-sizm),  n.  [  <  Briti.<h  (Latinized 
Britic-)  +  -ism.]  A  word,  phrase,  or  idiom  of 
tlie  English  language  peculiar  to  the  British. 


dominal  appendages.    They  are  of  the  genera  Brltish''(brit'ish),  a.  and  n.     [<  ME.  Britis.'th, 


Campodea,  'Lepisma,  etc.    See  cut  under  Cam- 
podea. 

bristlewort  (bris'1-wert),  ».  A  general  name 
used  by  Lindley  for  plants  of  the  order  Des- 
vaii.fiacca: 

bristliness  (bris'li-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing bristly. 

bristling  (bris'ling),  p.  a.    Standing  up  stiffly 
like  bristles. 
With  chatt'ring  teeth,  and  bristling  hair  upright. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

bristly  (bris'li),  «.  l<  bristle +  -yi.]  1.  Thickly 
set  with  bristles,  or  with  hairs  like  bristles; 
rough:  as,  "a  hristly  neck,"  Thackeray.— 2. 
Resembling  a  bristle  or  bristles. 

;cd  scales  and  bristly  hairs.  Benlley. 

[Named  from 

A  fine,  smooth 


Kug 


Bristol-board  (bris'tol-bord),  K. 
the  city  of  Bristol,  in  England.] 


Brytisc,  etc.,  <  AS.  Bryttisc,  <  Bryttas,  Brittas. 
Brettas  (sing.  Bryt,  Brit,  Bnt,  rare),  L.  Bri- 
tanni, ML.  also  Brilone.-<.  Britons,  the  original 
Celtic  inhabitants  of  Britain :  a  name  of  Celtic 
origin :  cf.  W.  Brython,  a  Briton,  pi.  a  tribe  of 
Britons.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Great 
Britain,  or  in  the  widest  sense  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  or  its 
inhabitants:  as,  the  British  people  or  empire; 
Briti.<h  legislation  or  interests. —  2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  ancient  Britons  or  their  lan- 
guage. 

Sometimes  abbre\nated  Brtt. 
British  gum,  lion,  etc.    .See  the  nouns.— British  plate, 
albata  (which  see).— British  sheet-glass.  Same  as  l.road 
glass  (which  see.  under  broad). 

n.  n.  1.  [Fsed  as  a  phiral.]  The  inhabi- 
tants of  Great  Britain,  including  specifically  the 
English,  Welsh,  and  Scotch. —  2.  The  language 


British 

of  the  ancient  Britons,  represented  by  the  mod- 
em Welsh  and  Cornish. 

Britisher  fbrit'ish-er).  n.  A  British  subject  or 
citizin  in  any  part  of  the  world,  but  more  par- 
ticularly a  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Great 
Britain,"  especially  of  England.  [Now  chiefly 
colloquial  or  humorous.] 

Briton  (brit'on),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  Brihin,  Bru- 
tun,  etc.,  <  dip.  Breton,  a  Briton,  usually  a  Bre- 
ton or  native  of  Brittany  in  France.  <  ML.  Bri- 
tain-), pi.  Britones.  L.  Britanni.  Britons:  see 
British.]  I.  n.  A  native  of  Great  Britain;  es- 
pecially, one  of  the  original  Celtic  inhabitants 
of  the  island  of  Britain. 
n.  a.  British.  [Rare.] 
A  Briton  peasant.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  1. 

britska  (brits'ka),  n.  [Also  written  britMa 
and.  more  prop.,  "fcn'fcAAa  ;  <  Pol.  6cy«ia  =  Russ. 
brichka.  dim.  of  Pol.  bryka,  a  freight-wagon,  = 
Russ.  brilii,  a  sort  of  light  carnage.]  In  Rus- 
sia, a  light,  partly  covered  foui--wheeled  car- 
riage. The  Polish  britska,  also  used  in  Kussia,  has  a 
pole,  a  bodv  of  wickerwork,  and  a  leather  top. 

britt',  britt2.     See  britl,  brit^. 

brittent  (brit'n),  r.  t.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  hrit- 
tciKii,  hritneit,  hryttenen,  bruttenen,  bnihien,  hret- 
nen,  divide,  break  up,  cut  to  pieces,  <  AS.  brijt- 
nian,  di\-ide,  distribute,  dispense  (cf.  leel.  brot- 
na,  be  broken),  <  breotan  (pp.  "broten),  break: 
eeebrit^.']  To  break  up;  cut  to  pieces;  cut  up; 
carve. 

Thus  scball  I  brittun  all  youre  bones  on  brede. 

York  Plays,  p.  292. 

britterworts  (brit'6r-w&rts),  n.  pi.  The  Diato- 
iiKHia. 

brittle  (brit'l),  a.  [<  ME.  britcl,  bnitel,  brotel, 
etc.,  <  AS.  as  if  'brijtcl.  with  suffix  -el  forming 
adjectives  from  verbs.  <  breotan  (pret.  brcdt.  pi. 
'bruton,  pp.  'hroten),  break:  see  iW/l  and  brit- 
ten.  Cf .  brickie,  an  equiv.  word  of  different  ori- 
gin.]    It.  Fickle ;  changeable. 

Uow  brotel  and  how  false  he  was. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2555. 

2.  Breaking  easily  and  suddenly  with  a  com- 
paratively smooth  fracture,  as  glass;  fragile; 
not  tough  or  tenacious. 

Brass,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  .  .  .  becomes  brittle 
at  temperatures  approachintr  tci  redness,  but  while  cold  it 
possesses  considerable  malleability. 

W.  A.  Milter,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  619. 

3.  Figuratively,  easily  destroyed;  perishable; 
fleeting. 

One  woful  day  sweeps  children,  friends  and  wife. 
And  all  the  brittle  blessings  of  my  life  ! 

DnjUen,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  ili.  85. 

Brittle  silver  ore.    .Same  as  steplianite. 
brittleness  (brit'1-nes),  ».     [<  ME.  brittibici.sc, 
bruteliies,  etc.]      If.   Instability;  changeable- 
ness. 

The  see  may  ebbe  and  flowe  more  and  lesse. 

The  welken  hath  minht  to  shyne,  reyne  and  hayle  : 

Right  BO  mote  I  kythe  my  brtitelnexne, 

C/taucer,  Fortune,  1.  63. 

2.  The  property  of  breaking  readily  with  a 
comparatively  smooth  fracture;  frangibility : 
the  opposite  of  toui/ltiie.'is  and  tenacity. 

A  rod  of  Kood  steel,  hi  it«  hardest  state,  is  broken  al- 
moHt  as  easily  as  a  rod  of  (.'laAs  of  the  same  size,  and  this 
briltl'tvtitt  can  only  be  diminished  by  dimlnishinK  Its  hard- 
net,.*,  ti.  Ede,  In  ranipin's  Mccli.  Klif^incerinK,  p.  aOO. 

brittle-star  (brit'l-stiir),  n.  A  name  of  sundry 
Baml-.Htars,  or  ophiurians,  from  their  fragility. 
Koe  cuts  under  .istrnjihtiion  and  star-fish. 

britzska,  ".     Beo  britska. 

Briza  (bri'zjl),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ppKnv,  nod  (cf. 
tlic  common  name  quaking-{/rass).  The  form 
BccmH  to  have  been  Buggcstcd  by  Or.  lijiiCa,  a 
grain  like  rj'c,  in  Thraco  itrnl  Macedonia  still 
so  called.  Cf.  yEolic  jiiiini'id,  for  (liCa,  root.]  A 
genus  of  grasHes,  commonly  called  quaking- 
gr;iH'(,  maidenhair-grnHH,  or  lady's-liair.  Iliere  are 
I  1.       iM..^tly  hallven  of  F.nrr.iM- and  tin-  Mcillterra- 

I  I    :i     -r  little  aKriciiltiinil  itiiport:iii<  <'.     .Some  of 

t  'iHivated    for  oriianielit  on   le-'iunt  of   their 

..'1  L    r:ill>  nodilliiK  HplkeH. 

brize't,  n.     An  oiiHolete  form  of  brii:(^. 

brize-t,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  bn  t-e''. 

brize  ■•,  ".    See  briiMfl. 

briz6   l.ri-zii'),  a.    Same  as  bris6. 

brizure    I'ri/.'ur),  n.     Same  as />ri«Mrr,  I. 

bro.  Afi  l.l.ri'viation  of  bmthrr ;  pi.  hri>.H.:  ns, 
S  ■  tc  Co. 

bro.i  ■, ),  M.     [AIho,  in  sense  of  an  oriia- 

II.'  .-Iloil  brooch  (sec  brooch^);  early 

111'  ;  .MK.  brochc,  a  j)in,  peg,  Hpil, 

"!■■   i  I  r,  <  OF.  broche,  F.  Iirorhr,  a 

S|'i'  .  =:  Pr.  brocn  =  Hp.  I'g.  brum, 

nil    1  .111,  oil'.,  =  It.  bnirrn,  n  Hidit 

■ti<'k  iniii,  ii.iiii'uliiie  fnmiB,  OF.  and  F.  ilinl. 


688 

broc,  a  spit,  =  It.  brocco,  a  sharp  stake,  a  sprout, 
etc.).  <  ML.  broca,  brocca,  a  spit,  a  sharp  stake, 
any  sharp-pointed  thing;  cf.  L.  brochus,  broc- 
eh  lis,  broeus.  projecting  (of  the  teeth  of  animals : 
see  brochale);  prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  W. 
procio,  stab,  prick  (>  E.  prog);  Gael,  brog,  a 
shoemakers'  awl,  <  brog,  spur,  stimulate,  goad 
(>  E.  brogT-).]     If.  A  spit. 

Thre  baletulle  birdez  his  brochez  they  tume. 

Morte  Artlture,  1.  1029. 
And  some  failed  not  to  take  the  child  and  bind  it  to  a 
broacli,  and  lav  it  to  the  fire  to  ro.ist. 

Sir  T.  3lore,  Works,  p.  2,S9. 
He  turned  a  broactt,  that  had  worn  a  crown. 

Uncoil,  Hist  Hen.  VII. 

2t.  A  spear. 

That  fruit  was  of  a  mayden  bom 
On  a  theoues  tre  is  al  totorn 
A  brocfie  thorwout  his  brest  tbor]n. 
Le'jends  of  ttie  Holy  Rood  (ed.  Morris),  p.  133. 
3.   An  awl;   a  bodkin.     [Pi'ov.  Eng.]  —  4.    A 
spike;  a  skewer;  a  sharp  stick;  specflieally,  a 
rod  of  sallow,  hazel,  or  other  tough  and  pliant 
wood,  sharpened  at  each  end  and  bent  in  the 
middle,  used  by  thatchers  to  pierce  and  fix  their 
work.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Broche  for  a  thacstare  [thaxter,  thatcher],  firmaculum. 
Prompt.  Parv,,  p.  ii2. 

5t.  A  spur. — 6t.  A  fish-liook.    Prompt.  Pan: — 
7t.  A  spike  or  standard  for  a  candle. 
A  broche  with  a  fote,  ij  new  torches. 

Enyliih  Gildt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  327. 

8t.  A  taper;  a  torch. 

Hewe  fujT  of  a  flynt  four  hundred  ^v>•nter; 

Bote  thou  haue  taehe  to  take  hit  with  tunder  and  brochef, 

.■U  thy  labour  is  lost.  Piers  Plomnan  (C),  xi.  211. 

9.  A  spindle ;  a  spool.     [Scotch.] 

Broche  of  threde,  vericulum.  Prompt.  Pan:,  p.  :>2. 

10.  Inarc?i.,formerly,aspireof  anykind;  now, 
specifically,  as  used  in  some  parts  of  England 
and  by  some 
^viiters  on  arch- 
itecture, a  spiro 
which  rises  di- 
rectly from  the 
walls  of  its  tow- 
er, without  par- 
apets and  gut- 
ters.— 11.  A 
narrow  -  point- 
ed chisel  used 
by  masons  for 
hewing  stones. 
—  12.  Any  ta- 
pered boring- 
bit  or  drill. 
Broaches  used  for 
borins  wood  arc 
flutedliketheshell- 
bit,  but  tapered  to- 
ward the  point ; 
but  those  used  in 
boring  metal  are 
solid,  and  usually 
three-,  four-,  or  six- 
sided.  Their  com. 
mon  forms  are 
shown  in  the 
annexed  llgnres: 
Broaches  are  also 
known  as  tmdencrs 
and  reamers. 

13.    A  straight  steel  tool  with  file-teeth  for 
pressing  through  irregular  holes  in  metal  tlint 

cannot  be  dressed  l)y  revolv- 
ing tools. — 14.  That  part  of 
the  stem  of  a  key  which 
)irojects  beyond  the  bit  or 
web,  and  enters  a  socket  in 
the  interior  of  the  lock. — 15. 
That  jiiii  in  a  lock  wliicli  en- 
ters  tlio  liiirri'l  <if  the  kcv. 
Ji.  II.  hiiiglil.— 16.  Thi'Htiik 
from  which  candle-wicks  are 
su»|ic'Mileil  for  dipiiing.—  17. 
A   gimlet    used    in    opening 

casks  for  tiiimpling  their - 

tents. — 18.   A  littiiig  for  an 

for  »r;«l,  »nd  fiK.  »  o?     ;\rg,„„l    iraH-blirlwr. —  10.     .\ 
lh<>«c  for  mclal.  ^       , . ,        . ,  1      ,.  • , 

Start,  like  llu'  cml  iif  a  .-^pil, 

on  the  head  of  a  young  .stag.— 20.  A  jiin  or  cIhhji 

to  fasten  a  garment;  specillcally,  an  ornaiiicii- 

tiil  pin,  clasp,  or  buckle,  unci  especially  a  breasl- 

pin,  of  gold,  silver,  or  other  metal,  atlached  to 

the  dress  or  depeniling  from  the  neck:  in  this 

hcnse  now  iisiiullv  spellcil  lirnorh  (which  see). 

broach  (hroch),  r."f.    I  <  .M  lO.  hnichrn,  liore,  spur, 

spit,  tap  (in  this  sense  cf.  the  phrase  srilen  an 

hroc.hr,  set  abroach,  after  F.  mcttre  rn  broche: 

.sie  abroach),  <  OK.  Iirorhir,  siiiir,  S])it,  etc,  F. 

tirnchrr,  stitch,  figure,  iuiImihs  (=  I'r.  hnirar  = 

I'g-  brocar,  bore,  =  It.  Iiroccarc,  urge,  incite, 


A  B 

Broaches. 
-^.  southwest  tower.  Cathcdrnl  of  Bayciix, 
Nomiantly ;  S.  Church  of  St.  NichoUis.  W.il- 
cot,  t£n);lan(l. 


DrnnchcK  for  Ikirin|;. 
l-'t|f.  a  la  nn  cx-impic 
of  hroachci  or  rcnir 


broad 

etc.),  <  broche,  etc.,  spit:  see  broach,  n.  Cf. 
brocade,  brochure,  etc.]  If.  To  spit;  pierce  as 
with  a  spit. 

The  Erie  that  knew  &  wyst  moche  of  the  chasse  bracked 
the  bore  tlirughe  the  brest. 

Rom.  0/  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  235,  note. 

I'll  broach  the  tadpole  on  my  rapier's  point. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 
2t.  To  spur. 

Broche^  the  baye  stede,  and  to  the  buske  rydes. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  918. 

3.  In  masonry,  to  rough-hew.  [North.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.]  —  4.  To  open  for  the  first  time 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  out  something;  more 
especially,  to  tap  or  pierce,  as  a  cask  in  order 
to  draw  the  liquor:  as,  to  broach  a  hogshead. 

Descending  into  the  cellars,  they  broached  every  cask 
they  found  there.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  fiGl. 

Hence,  figm-atively  —  5.  To  open,  as  the  mouth 
for  utterance. 

Desiring  Virtue  might  be  her  first  growth, 
And  Hallelujah  broach  her  holy  mouth. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  i.  68. 

6.  To  let  out;  shed. 

This  blow  should  broacti  thy  dearest  blood. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ill.  4. 

7.  To  state  or  give  expression  to  for  the  first 
time;  utter;  give  out;  especially,  begin  con- 
versation or  discussion  about;  introduce  by 
way  of  topic:  as,  to  broach  a  theory  or  an 
opinion. 

This  error  .  .  .  was  first  broached  by  Josephus. 

Raleigh,  Hist.  World,  1.  3. 
Here  was  our  Paolo  brought 
To  broach  a  weighty  business. 

Browniny,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  107. 

St.  To  give  a  start  to ;  set  going. 

Tliat  for  her  love  such  quarrels  may  be  broach'd. 

Shak., Tit.  And.,ii.  1. 

Droved  and  broached.  See  rfroiv-'*.— To  broach  to 
{lujut.,  used  iiitr;iitsilively).  to  come  suddenly  to  tlie  wind, 
as  a  ship.  \>y  aeiiilent  or  iiy  the  fault  of  the  helntsnuin  (a 
dangerous  pn.sition  in  a  gale). 
broacher  (bro'eh6r),  n.  [<  broach  +  -o'l.]  It. 
A  spit. 
On  five  sharp  lyroachers  rank'd  the  roast  they  turn'd. 

DriHlen,  Iliad,  i.  633. 

2.  One  who  broaches,  opens,  or  utters ;  a  first 
publisher. 

The  first  broacher  of  a  heretical  opinion. 

Sir  S.  L'Estrange. 

Deadly  haters  of  truth,  broachcrs  of  lies. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  ili. 

broachlng-press  (bro'ching-pres),  n.      A  ina- 
chini'-tool  employing  a  broach,  used  in  slotting 
mid  (inishiiig  iron. 
broach-post  (broch'post),  n.     In  carp.,  a  king- 
post. 

broach-turner  (broch'tfer'nfer),  ji.  A  menial 
whose  occupation  is  to  turn  a  broach  or  spit ;  a 
turnspit. 

Dish-washer  and  broach-turner,  loon  I  — to  me 
Thou  sinellest  all  of  kitchen  as  before. 

Tennyson,  tiareth  and  L>niette. 

broad  (brad),  a.  and  H.  [=  So.  braid;  <  ME. 
hniiid,  broil,  <  AS.  brad  =  OS.  6m/  =  OFrios. 
/<r(Y(  =  D.  hrrcd=ULC,.  bred,  "LG.  bn,  d  =iOn(i. 
MHG.  G.  breit  =  Icel.  brridhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  brrd 
=  Goth.  braid.i,  \)roa,d.  Hence  brratl-,  tirriiitth. 
The  |)ron.  would  be  reg.  brod  (like  goail,  rood, 
etc.).]  1.  a.  1.  Wide;  having  great  breaiUh, 
as  (listingiiished  from  length  and  thickness; 
used  absolutely,  liaviiig much  width  or  breadth; 
not  narrow :  as,  a  strip  no  broader  than  one's 
hand ;  a  broad  river  or  street. 

In  arc  la]  brode  strete  ho  igon  meto  threo  cnihtcH. 

Layamon,  I.  217. 
Ilroad  breast,  full  oyo,  small  head,  and  nostril  wide. 

Sliak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  21X1. 

2.  Largo  superficially;  extensive;  vast:  as, 
the  broad  expanse  of  ocean. 

I'liu'h  year  »liiill  Kive  this  ii]>iile-treo 
A  broader  IIiibIi  of  losente  bloom. 

Bryant,  I'laiiting  of  the  Applo-Troe. 

3.  Figuratively,  not  limited  or  narrow;  liber- 
al; comprehensive;  enlarged:  ns,  a  man  of 
hriind  views. 

In  a  broad,  statcflinanllkc,  and  masterly  way.      Kwrett. 

Narrow   Hpirils  ailinli'e    bnsi'Iy  and   worship   meanly; 
broad  spirits  worship  the  rigid.  Thackeray, 

Specifically  —  4.  Inclined  to  the  Hroiiil  Church, 
or  to  tho  views  held  liytlie  Hroad-Cliurch  party 
of  the  Church  of  England.  See  ICiii.iroiiol. — 
5.  I, urge  in  measure  oi'  degree;  not  small  or 
slight;  ample;  <'oiiHUiiinuite. 

3lf  hym-»clf  he  bore  biyiide  bit  In  a  hrod  wonder. 

Alliterative  ]'oents(in\.  Morris),  It.  fiM. 


broad 

He  grins,  and  looks  broad  nonsense  with  a  stare. 

Pupe,  Dunciad,  li.  194. 

6.  Widely  diffused;  open;  full:  as,  in  broad 
sunshine ;  broad  daylight. 

ITul  oft,  whan  it  is  brode  day. 
^  Goiver,  Conf.  Amant.,  it.  107. 

I  count  little  of  the  many  things  I  see  pass  at  broad  noon- 
day, in  large  and  open  streets. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  103. 

It  v/as  broad  day,  and  the  people,  recovered  from  their 

panic,  were  enabled  to  see  and  estimate  the  force  of  the 

enemy.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  32. 

7.  Unconfined;  free;  unrestrained.  («)  Used 
absolutely. 

As  broad  and  general  as  the  casing  air. 

Skak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 
(6)  Unrestrained  by  a  sense  of  propriety  or  fitness ;  unpol- 
ished; loutish. 
Tell  him  his  pranks  have  been  too  broad  to  bear  with. 
Shak,,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 
■(c)  Unrestrained  by  considerations  of  decency ;  intleli- 
cate;  indecent. 

As  chaste  and  modest  as  he  is  esteemed,  it  cannot  be 
denied  but  in  some  places  he  is  broad  and  fulsome. 

DrydeUy  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  Ded. 
(d)  Unrestrained  by  fear  or  caution ;  bold ;  unreserved. 
For  from  broad  words,  and  "cause  he  fail'd 
His  presence  at  the  tyrant's  feast,  I  hear, 
Macduff  lives  in  disgrace.         Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  6. 

8.  Characterized  by  a  full,  strong  utterance; 
coarsely  vigorous;  not  weak  or  slender  in 
sound:  as,  6/'0rtrf Scotch;  broad  Jyovxc.]  s,  broad 
vowel,  such  as  a  or  d  or  6. —  9t.  Plain;  evi- 
dent. 

Proves  thee  far  and  wide  a  Irroad  goose. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4, 

10.  In  \hQ  fine  arts,  characterized  by  breadth: 
as,  a  picture  remarkable  for  the  broad  treatment 

of  its  subject.     See  breadth,  3 As  broad  as  (it 

Is)  long,  equal  upon  the  whole ;  the  same  either  way. 

It  is  as  broad  as  long  whether  they  rise  to  others  or 
bring  others  down  to  them.  Sir  H.  L'Estrange. 

Broad  Church,  the  popular  designation  of  a  party  in 
the  ('hurch  of  England.  See  Epivcopalinn.  —  Broad  fo- 
lic, broad  quarto,  etc.,  names  given  to  di-awing-pa- 
perfuUU-d  tht'  broadest  way.  — Broad  gage,  ^ee  gage^. 
—  Broad  glass,  window-glass  of  a  cheap  quality  formed 
by  blowing  a  long  cylinder,  cutting  it  apart,  and  al- 
lowing the  pieces  to  soften  and  flatten  out  in  a  kiln. 
See  glass.  Also  called 
British  sheet-gla^s,  cidin- 
der-glass,  G''nnan  plafi'- 
glass, a.nd.-^pn'at/  iriinioic- 
glass.—  Broad  lace,  a 
woolen  fabric  made  in 
bands  about  4  inches 
wide,  and  used  as  an 
ornamental  border  to 
the  upholstery  of  a  car- 
riage.  Caf'^ilder's  Diet. 

~  Broad        pennant 

(naut.),  a  swallow-tailed 
flag  carried  at  the  mast- 
head of  a  man-of-war  as 
the  distinctive  mark  of  a 
commodore.  =  Syn.  1. 
Extended,  spread.  —  1 
and  2.  ^Vide,  Broad.  See 
wide. — 7.  (c)  Vulgar,  ob- 
scene. 

II,  n.  1.  A  shallow,  fenny  lake  formed  by 
the  expansion  of  a  river  over  adjacent  flat  land 
covered  more  or  less  with  a  reedy  growth;  a 
flooded  fen,  or 
lake  in  a  fen: 
;as,  the  Norfolk 
broads,  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

A  broad  is  the 
spread  of  a  river 
into  a  sheet  of  wa- 
ter, wiuch  is  cer- 
tainly neither  lake 
uor  lagoon. 

Southey,  Letters 
1(1812),  II.  307. 
Then    across    the 
mill  -  pool,  and 

throiigh  the  deep 
crooks,  out  into  the 
broads,  and  past  the 
withered  beds  of 
weeds  which  told  of 
coming  wintei". 

H,  Kingsley, 
[Ravenshoe,  viii. 

2.  In  tnech.,  a 
tool  used  for 
turning  down 
the  insides  and 
bottoms  of  cyl- 
inders in  the 
lathe.  —  3.  An 
English  coin 
first  issued  in 
1619  by  James 
I.,  and  worth  at 
^the  time  20s. 
44 


689 


uroaa  -r  ar- 

A 


Broad  Pennant  of  a  Commodore. 
United  States  Navy. 


Broadof  Tames  I..  British  Museum. 
[Size  of  the  original.) 


The  coin  was  also  issued  subsequently.    Also 
called  laurel  and  broad-piece. 
broad  (brad),  adv.     [<  MB.  broode,  brode,  <  AS. 
hr<c<l<:  (=  MHG.  breite,  (i.  breit),  broadly;  from 
the  adj.]     If.  Broadly;  openly;  plainly. 

Crist  spak  himself  ful  broode  in  holy  writ. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  I.  7W. 

2t.  Widely;  copiously;  abundantly.  Chaucer. 
—  3.  Broadly;  fully. 

With  all  his  crimes  broad  blown,  as  flnsh  an  May. 

.S7M*.,IIamIet,  iii.  3. 
Lying  broad  awake  I  thought  of  yon  and  Etile  tiear. 

Tennynon,  May  Queen  (Conclusion). 

broadt,  r.  t.  [ME.  brodcn,<  AS.  brddian,  spread, 
<  brad,  broad.     Cf.  bread^.']     To  make  broad; 

spread. 

Tyll  the  blessed  bredd  [bird]  brodul  his  wluKis. 

Richard  the  liedeless. 
broad-arrow  (brad'ar"o), «.  [<  ME.  hrode  aroio, 
brodarwe,  etc.,  a  heavy  arrow;  <  broad  +  ar- 
roiv.2  Tho  royal  mark  of  Brit- 
ish govornmout  stores  of  every 
description,  which  it  is  felony  to 
obliterate  or  deface.  Persons  un- 
lawfully in  possession  of  gootis  marked 
with  the  broad-arrow  forfeit  the  gofids 
and  are  subject  to  a  penalty  of  £200 
The  broad-arrow  was  the  cognizance  of  Broad-arrow. 
Henry,  Viscount  Sydney,  Earl  of  Kom- 
ney,  Ma.ster-general  of  Ordnance  from  1693  to  1702,  and  was 
lirst  used  in  his  time.  In  heraldry  it  differs  from  the 
jjheon  (which  see)  in  having  the  inside  of  the  barbs  plain. 
broadax  (brad'aks),  n.  [<  MB.  brodax,  brood- 
axe,  etc.,  <  AS.  brddcex,  <  brad,  broad,  -I-  tex, 
ax:  see  irortrf  and  «.cl.]  If.  A  battle-ax. — 2. 
An  ax  with  a  broad  edge,  for  hewing  timber. 
See  cut  under  ax. 

Then  let  the  sounds  of  measured  stroke 

And  grating  saw  begin. 
The  broad-axe  to  the  gnarled  oak. 
The  mallet  to  the  pin  I 

Whittier,  Ship-Builders. 

broad-based  (brad'bast),  a.    Having  a  broad 
foundation;  securely  founded.     [Rare.] 
Her  throne  .  .  , 
Broad-hosed  upon  her  people's  will. 

Tennyson,  To  the  Queen. 

broadbill  (brad'bil),  re.  1.  The  shoveler-duck, 
SjiaMa  clypeata. — 2.  The  spoonbill,  J'latalea 
h'ucorodia. — 3.  The  scaup-duck,  Fuligula  ma- 
rila,  and  other  species  of  that  genus. — 4.  A 
bird  of  the  family  Eurylaimida'.  There  are  nine 
or  ten  species  of  broadbills  peculiar  to  the 
Indian  region.     Also  called  hroadmouth. 

broad-billed  (brad'bild),  a.    In  ornith.,  having 

a  broad  bill Broad-billed  sandpiper,  the  lAmicola 

plati/rhyneha. 

broadbrim  (brad'brim),  «.  1.  A  hat  with  a 
very  broad  brim,  especially  the  form  of  hat 
worn  by  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 
Hence — 2.  A  member  of  that  society;  a 
Quaker.     Carlyle.     [Colloq.] 

broad-brimmed  (brad'brimd),  a.  1.  Having 
a  broad  Viorder,  brim,  or  edge. 

Covert  Lockerman,  without  taking  his  pipe  out  of  his 
mouth  turned  up  his  eye  from  under  his  broad-brimmed 
hat  to  see  who  hailed  him  thus  discotirteously. 

Irvino,  Kiuckerbocker,  p.  251. 

2.  Wearing  a  bat  with  a  broad  brim. 

This  broad-brimm'd  hawker  of  holy  things. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  x. 

broadcast  (brad'kast),  a.  1.  Cast  or  dispersed 
upon  the  ground  with  the  hand,  as  seed  in  sow- 
ing: opposed  to  sowed  in  drills  or  rows.— 2. 
Widely  spread  or  diffused. 
broadcast  (brad'kast),  «.  In  agri.,  a  method 
of  sowing  in  which  the  seed  is  thrown  fi'om  tho 
hand  in  handtuls. 

My  lads,  said  he,  let  broad-cast  be, 

And  come  away  to  drill.  Uood. 

broadcast  (brad'kast),  adv.     1.  By  scattering 

or  throwing  at  large  fi-om  the  hand :  as,  to  sow 

broadcast.— 2.  So  as  to  disseminate  widely ;  iu 

wide  dissemination. 

An  impure,  so  caUed,  Uteratore  sownbroadcMst  oyer  the 
liild  Blacktcood  s  Stag. 

broadcloth  (brad'kloth),  n.  A  fine  woolen  cloth, 
commonly  black,  with  a  finished  surface,  mostly 
used  in  making  men's  garments :  so  called  from 
its  breadth,  which  is  usually  60  inches. 

Every  whole  woolle.i  cloth  caUed  frronrf  .-JotA  which 
shall  be  made  and  set  to  sale  after  the  feitst  called  St. 
Peter  ad  vincula,  which  shall  be  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
M  Crcc  LXV  after  the  fuU  watonng,  racking,  straining^ 
or  tent,n-ing  of  the  same,  reads' to  sale,  shall  hold  and 
contain  in  length  -xxiv  yards,  and  to  every  yard  an  inch 
rontaining  the  breadth  of  a  man's  thmnb,  to  be  measured 
bv  thecrest  of  the  same  cloth,  and  i.i  brcidth  :j  yards,  or 
vii  iiu.arters  at  the  least,  within  the  lists. 

'  '  Emilish  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  Sal,  note. 

They  be  all  patched  cloutes  and  ragges,  in  comparison 
of  faire  wouen  broadc  doathes. 
"  Ascham.  The  Scholcmaster,  p.  60. 


broadside 

broaden  (brii'dn),J\   [<  broad  +  -eii^.  CA.hroai, 
t!.]    I.  intraiin.  To  gi'ow  broa<l  or  broader. 
To  broaden  into  boundless  day. 

Tennyson,  In  Mcmoriam,  xcv. 

II.    tranx.    To    make    broad;     increase    in 

breadth ;  render  more  broad  or  compreliensivo: 

as,  " hrnadcn'd  j-0::iri\H,"  Tliomnon,  Winter. 

broad-eyed  (brid'id),  a.    Having  a  wide  view 

or  Hiirvc'v. 
broad-fronted  (brad'frun''ted),  a.     Having  a 
broa  1    fr'iiit;    liaving  a   wide    forehead;     as, 
^'bronil-JronUd  C'lj^sar,"  Shak.,  A.  and  (.-'.,  i.  .5. 
broad-gage  (brad'ga.j),   a.     Having   the  space 
betwci'n  the  rails  wider  than  tho  standard  gage 
of  5Ci  inches:  said  of  a  railroad  track:  opposed 
to  narrow-f/af/e,  which  signifies  less  than  tho 
standard  ■width.     See  tjutji:". 
broadhom  (brad'hom),  «.     A  name  by  which 
tho   Uul-boats   on  the   Mississippi  and  other 
American  rivers  were  formerly  known. 
A  broad-hvm,  a  prime  river  conveyance.  Irving. 

The  river's  earliest  commerce  waa  in  great  baji^es, —  keel- 
boats,  broadhorwt. 

.S'.  L.  Cb^neruf,  Life  on  the  MissiMlppi.  p.  41. 

broad-horned  (brad'homd),  a.    Having  ■wide- 

siirc;iil  lioriis.      Iluloct. 

broadleaf,  broadleaf-tree  (brad'lef,  -tre),  n. 

.\  tall  tree,  'J'(  riiiiiidlia  latifolia,  natural  order 
(.'ombrctaccw,  common  in  Jamaica,  bearing  large 
and  long-petioled  leaves  at  the  end  of  tne 
branches. 
broadly  (brad'li),  adv.  1.  In  a  broad  manner. 
That  broadly  flows  through  I'yios'  neld«. 

Chaj/ntan,  Iliad,  v. 
Custine  has  spoken  out  more  broadly. 

Burke,  Present  State  of  Affairt. 
These  simple,  broadly  draped  flgurea  were  sculptured 
Ciccola  at  Pisa.     C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  21. 


byN 

Specifically — 2.  In  zoiil.,  so  as  to  extend  over  a 

relatively  large  space:  as,  broadly  emarginate; 

.  broadly  bisinuate,  etc.  A  part  is  broadly  trun- 
cate when  the  truncation  is  nearly  or  quite 
equal  to  its  greatest  width. 

broadmouth  (brad'mouth),  H.  A  bird  of  the 
family  I'.uryltrrnidce  (which  see);  a  broadbill. 

broadness  (brad'nes),  «.    [<  broad  +  -ness.']    1. 
Breadth;  extent  from  side  to  side. —  2.  Coarse- 
ness; grossness;  indelicacy. 
Broadtu^ss  and  indecency  of  allusion. 

Cratt,  Eng.  Lit,  1.  524. 

broad-piece  (brAd'pes),  n.   Same  as  broad,  n.,  3. 

broad-seal  (brad'sel),  n.  The  official  or  great 
seal  of  ii  country  or  state:  as.  "the  king's 
broad-seal,"  Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  Gl .  [More  cor- 
rectly as  two  words.]  —Broad-seal  war,  in  (,'.  S. 
hist.,  a  contest  in  the  Mouse  of  Keprescntativc*,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1839,  .13  to  the  admission  or  exclusion  of  live  Whig 
members  from  New  Jersey,  who  had  certiflcat.s  of  electioa 
under  the  broad  seal  of  the  State,  but  whose  seats  were 
cniitested  by  Democratic  claimants. 

broad-seal  (brad'sel),  v.  t.  [<  broad-seal,  n.] 
To  stamp  as  with  the  broad  seal;  gtiarantee; 
make  siu-e. 

Tliv  iiresence  broad-seals  our  delights  for  pure. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

broad-shouldered  (brad'shol'dtrd),  a.   Having 
the  back  broad  across  the  shoulders. 
Broad-shouldered,  and  Ills  anus  were  round  and  lone. 

Dryden, 

broadside  (br&d'sid),  n.  1.  The  whole  side  of 
a  ship  above  the  water-line,  from  the  bow  to  the 
quarter. — 2.  A  simultaneous  discbarge  of  all 
the  guns  on  one  side  of  a  vessel  of  war:  as,  to 
fire  a  broadside. — 3.  In  general,  any  eompre- 
licnsivo  attack  with  weapons  of  any  kind  di- 
rected against  one  point  or  object. 
Give  hira  a  broadside,  my  brave  boys,  with  your  pikes. 
Beau,  and  PL.  Philastcr,  v.  4. 

4.  A  sheet  printed  on  one  side  only,  and  with- 
out arrangement  in  columns;  especially,  such 
a  sheet  containing  some  item  of  news,  or  an 
attack  upon  some  person,  etc.,  and  designed 
for  distribution. 

Every  member  of  the  convention  received  a  copy  of  this 
draft  of  a  constitution,  primed  on  broadrides  in  large 
tj-pe.  Bancro/t,  Hist  Const,  I.  119. 

Van  Citters  gives  the  best  account  of  the  triaL  I  have 
seen  a  broadside  w  hich  conHmis  his  narrative. 

.Vaeaulay,  Hist.  £ng.,  vi,  note. 

5.  Any  surface  resembling  the  side  of  a  ship 
in  breadth,  etc.,  as  a  house-front. 

In  the  great,  blank,  gray  broadside,  there  were  only 
four  windows.  Dickens. 

Broadside  on,  with  the  side  in  advance;  sidewise.— To 
take  on  the  broadside,  to  treat  freely  and  unceremonl- 
ou--.ly. 

Determined  to  take  the  world  on  the  broadside,  and  eat 
thereof,  and  be  lllkd.  Carlyle,  Diderot 

broadside  (br:id'sid).  adv.  [<  broadside,  ?i.] 
1.  With  the  broadside  directed  toward  the 
point  specified. 


brocket 


broadside  *5^° 

.-S^^^^.^S'lil^^li^-'"'"-    J^r^'^-  so  caned  ^o.  the  pec^areolora.    ^Z^lZ^i^^fi^^l^ 
teen  ves^is  .  ^,^,_^^^^^^  Orations,  p.  T9.  ^j-Qcage,  ».     See  &)-oil-«<7<?.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Biocl.ata 

2.  Pell-mell;  unceremoniously:  as,  to  go  or  ^jj-gcard'Cbrok'ard),  ii.     [< OP.  ftrocorfi,  a masim  brochet,  "• 
send  broadside.     [Bare.]  ._■■.. 


He  used  in  his  prayers  to  send  the  king,  the  ministers 
of  state  all  broadside  to  hell,  hut  particularly  the 

general  himself.  Swi/t,  Mem.  of  Capt.  Creichton. 

broad-sighted  Orad'si'ted),  a.  Having  a  wide 
view.     (JuartcrUj  Ilei: 

broad-speaking  (brad' spe  king),  a.  1.  Usmg 
vulgar  or  coarse  language ;  speaking  with  a  vul- 
.~ar  accent.—  2.  Speaking  plainly  out  without 
endeavoring  to  soften  one's  meaning. 

broad-spoken  (brad'spo  kn),  n.  Character- 
ized by  plainness  or  coarseness  of  speech,  or 
bv  a  v{il"ar  uoeent ;  unrefined. 

broad-spread  (brad'spred),  a.   Widely  diffused. 

broad-spreading  (brad'spreding),  a.    Spread- 
ing widely. 
His  bnaj-fpreading  leaves.  Shak.,  Rich.  IL,  iii.  4. 

broadstone  (brad'ston),  n.    Same  as  ashler. 

broadsword  (brad'sord),  n.  A  sword  with  a 
broad  blade,  as  distinguished  from  one  with  a 
narrow  blade  or  from  a  three-sided  thrusting- 
sword;  a  sword  of  which  the  edge  as  well  as 
the  point  is  used.     .\11  forms  of  sword  which  hav 


(in  mod.  P.  a  taunt,  jeer,  raillery),  ML.  hrocardi- 
cum,  so  called,  it  is  said,  from  Brocard,  prop. 
Burchhard  or  Burkard,  bishop  of  Worms  (died 
1025),  who  published  a  collection  of  ecclesi- 
astical canons,  "Regula?  Ecclesiasticje."  also 
known  as  Brocardica  or  Broeardiconim  opiis.'\ 
1.  A  law  maxim  founded  on  inveterate  cus- 
tom, or  borrowed  from  the  Koman  law,  and  ac- 
cotmted  part  of  the  common  law.  Hence  —  2. 
An  elementary  principle  or  maxim;  a  short 
proverbial  rule ;  a  canon. 

Tlie  legal  brocard,  "  Pulsus  in  uno,  falsiis  in  omnibus," 
is  a  rule  not  more  applicable  to  other  witnesses  tlian  to 
consciousness.  Si>  "'•  Uamiltoii. 

The  scholastic  brocard  [Nihil  est  in  intellectu  iiuod  non 
fuerit  in  sensu]  ...  is  the  fundamental  article  in  the 
creed  of  that  school  of  philosophers  who  are  called  "the 
sensualists."  Ferricr,  Inst,  of  Metaphysics,  p.  261. 

Same  as  brocard. 


A  Middle  English  form  of  broach 
and  brooch'^.     Chaucer. 

br0ch6  (bro-sha'),  a.  [P.,  pp.  of  brodier, 
stitch,  sew :  see  broach.']  1.  Sewed  or  stitched: 
said  of  a  book  which  is  not  bovmd  or  covered, 
except  with  a  paper  wrapper.  See  brochure. — 
2.  Ornamented  in  weaWng  with  threads  wliich 
form  a  pattern  on  the  surface  ;  brocaded :  said 
of  a  stuff,  specifically  of  silk:  as,  a  irodic  ribbon. 

brochet  (bro-sha'),  "h.  [P.,  a  pike,  luce,  for- 
merly also  a  faucet,  dim.  of  brochc,  a  spit, 
broach:  see  broach.]  A  fish  of  the  family 
Cichlida;  Crenicichla  saxatilig,  having  an  elon- 
gated form  and  pointed  head,  thus  slightly  re- 
sembling a  pike,  it  is  highly  colored  and  has  an 
ocell.ated  spot  at  the  root  of  the  tail.  It  is  an  inhabitant 
of  the  fresh  waters  of  South  America  and  Trinidad.  (Lo- 
cal in  Trinidad.) 

brochette  (bro-shef),  ».  [P.,  dim.  of  brochc,  a 
spit :  see  broach.]  A  skewer  to  stick  meat  on, 
used  in  cookery. 


brocardic  (bro-kar'dik),  n 

I  make  useof  allthe6roca?-rfi»-,  orrulesof  interpretei-s.      ., 

that  is,  not  only  what  is  established  regularly,  in  law,  but  'brocllUre  (bro-shiir'),  Jl.      [P.,  <  brocher,  stitch : 

whatisconcludedwiseandreasonable  by  the  best  niter.  l,roach  1     1.    A  pamphlet;    an    unbound 

prefers.  Jer.  Taylor,  ft-ef  to  Duct.  Dub.     ^ee^^  ,  0^  ^^^^^  .^^  sheets  are  held  together  by 

brocatt,."..    An  okUorm  of  ft/ ocarfe.  ^^^      semAg  only.     See  fcrocfcf.— 2.  Specifically,  a 

small  pamphlet,  or  one  on  a  matter  of  transi- 
torv  interest. 

brockl  (brok),  «.  [<  ME.  brol;  <  AS.  broc  = 
Dan.  brok,  a  badger;  i>rob.  of  Celtic  origin: 
W.  broch  =  Corn,  broch  =  Bret,  broch  =  Gael. 
Ir.  Manx  broc;  Ir.  also  brcch  and  brochd,  a  bad- 
ger; prob.  so  called  from  its  white-streaked 
face,  <  W.  brcch  =  Gael.  Ir.  brcac,  speckled  (see 
brill);  cf.Gael.  brocach,  brucach,  speckled  in  the 
face;  cf.  also  Dan.  broijct,  Sw.  brokiij,  party- 
colored:  see  fcrocirf.  Cf.  bauson.]  A  badger. 
Or  with  pretence  of  chasint;  thence  the  brock, 
Send  in  a  cur  to  worry  the  whole  Hock  1 

B.  Jonsoji,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

[Sometimes  used  as  a  term  of  reproach. 
Starry,  hauR  thee,  brock!  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  6.) 

brock"  (brok),  n.    [Shetland  bruck,  <  ME.  'brok 
broamt,  «.     [Origin  obscure;   perhaps  a  mis-  v    'ccoli7broT'6-H^^^^^  of  broccolo,  a     (not  found)   <   AS.  o^broc,   neut.    a  piece,  a 

print.]     Apparently,  a  spirit  or  goblm  ™^4bb4e°-sp;out,  liim' ^  ^'^^^^\^fJ:'''lk^ffZkeG^^^^ 

The  approach  of  the  suns  radiant  beams  expelleth  gob.  ^  '  (j^otl  see  broach.]  One  of  the  many  (=^^HG.  brocco,  MHG.  b>ocle,h.  bwckeu  m.. 
Urn.  bugbeam,  hobthruslies,  broams.  screech-owl  mates,  ,.„^^f|' ""^  ^L  nnininnii  cabbaee  (Brasfica  ole-  =  Dan.  brokkc  =  Goth.  <ia-bruka,  f.,  a  piece  , 
night-walking  spirits,  and  tenebrions.  varieties  o±  the  common  caDDage  (iira&sirame  brockcl  =  OT)an.bronoel,  ayiece, 

t^r^uAar,,tr.ofR.abelais,ii..24.     racea),  in  which  the  young  mfloreseeuce  IS  con-     ct^ d^m^Mi.^.^t.»ort^^^^ 

[E.  dial. :  perhaps  an  alteration  ^  y^  break,  and  cf.  breach  with  its  variants  breck 


tycercu.-:.     P.  L.  Sclater. 
broadthroat    (brad  '  throt),   n.      [<   broad   + 

throat;  a  translation  of  EuryJwmus,  q.  v.]     A 

book-name  of  birds  of  the  family  Euryla-midw 

(which  see).     Also  called  broadbill  and  broad- 

moutit. 
broad-tool  (brad'tol),  Jl.  A  stone-masons'  chisel 

with  a  verv  wide  edge,  used  for  finishing, 
broad-tread   (brdd'tred),  a.     Having   a  wide 

face  or  tri'ud,  as  a  car-wheel. 
Broadwell  ring.     See  ring. 
broadwise  (brad'wiz),  adc     [<  broad  +  -wise.] 

In  the  direction  of  the  breadth ;  breadthwise  : 

as,  to  measure  broadwise. 


gold 
brocade:  see  ftcorarfe.]  1.  A  variety  of  orna- 
mental marble,  the  most  famous  localities  of 
which  are  in  Italy  and  Spain.  That  from  Siena, 
which  is  perhaps  the  most  characteristic  and  beautiful 
variety  known,  consists  of  a  ground  of  yellow  marlile  tra- 
versed by  numerous  interlacing  veins  of  dai'ker  material, 
most  of  whicli  are  of  a  deep-violet  color. 
2.  -An  inferior  material  used  for  curtains,  fur- 
niture-covering, and  the  like,  made  of  silk  and 
wool,  silk  and  cotton,  or  pure  wool,  but  having 
a  more  or  less  sUky  surface. 

The  Vice-Chancellor's  chaire  and  deske,  Proctors,  &c. 
cover'dwith  brocatall  (a  kmd  of  brocade)  and  cloth  of 
gold.  Evelyn,  Diary,  July  9,  ' " "" 

Also  written  brocatcUo. 


r 


u 


7i 


U 


brob  (brob),  n.    ,  .         . 

of  brod,  a  nail,  brad,  verb  brod,  jiriek :  see  broa 
a.nd  brad.]  1.  A  wedge-shaped 
spike,  driven  along  the  side  of 
a  timber  which  abuts  against 
another,  to  prevent  it  from 
D«,u.  slipping. — 2.  In  coal-mining,  a 

"""'"'  short,    thick   piece  of  timber, 

used  for  supporting  the  coal  which  is  being 
holed  or  undercut;  a  prop.  [Midland  coal- 
field, England.] 
brob  (brob),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brobbrd,  ppr. 
hrobbiug.  [E.  dial.,  <  brob,  «.]  To  prick  with 
a  bodkin.  Ilnlliwill.  [North.  Eng.J 
Brobdingnagian  (brob-ding-nag'i-an),  a.  and  n. 
I.  a.  Like  or  likened  to  an  inhabitant  of  the 
fabled  region  of  Brobdingnag  in  Swift's  "Gul- 
liver's TraveU";  hence,  of  enormous  size;  gi- 
gantic. 

Uerman  prose,  aa  written  by  the  mob  of  authors,  pre- 

scnla.  as  in  a  lirobdingnagian  mirror,  the  most  oflenslvi' 

faultn  of  our  own.  l>'  Quineey,  Style,  1. 

H.  1.  A  gigantic  person. 

.Hally !"  Bcreamcil  the  ISrobdinfinagian, "  what hodroonu 


Broccoli  {Frassica  oleracfa,  v.ir.). 


It 


tractod  into  a  depressed  fleshy  edible  head 
is  closely  similar  to  the  cauliflower. 

broch  (broch),  n.     Same  as  brough". 

brochan  (l)roch'an),  «.  [Gael.  Ir.  brochan,  por- 
ridge, gruel.]  Oatmeal  boiled  in  water;  thick 
porridge.     [Scotland  and  Ireland.] 

brochant  (bro'sliant),  0.     [P.,  ppr.  of  brocher, 
h,  etc.  :  see  linicailc]     In  /»/'.,  lying  "ver 


6)-icA-l,  fcmcA-l,  etc. ;  cf.  also  brocklc]     A  piece; 
a  fragment.     [Prov.  Eiig.  and  Scotch.] 
brock-  (b*k),  r.  t.     [Also  brok,  =  OHG.  bro- 
rlion.  brockon,  MHG.  G.  brocken  =  Dan.  brokkc, 
break,  crumble;  from  the  noun.]     To  break, 
crumble,  or  cut  into  bits  or  shreds.     [Scotch.] 
brock-'t,  '■•  '.     [ME.  brokkcn,  perhaps  a  secon- 
dary form  of  brckcn  (pp.   broken),  break.    Cf. 
brn'ck'^.]     To  cry  out;   murmur;   complain:  a 
word  of  somewhat  uncertain  meaning,  found 
only  in  the  two  passages  nuoted. 
What  helptll  hyt  the  ci-okke 
That  livs  lis]  to  feltlie  lllltlil  ydo, 
Ave  laiiiiinstl  tlie  crokkere  to  hrokke, 
"Why  niadest  tliou  me  soV" 
iri7(i<nn  de  Shor'rham,  Ueligious  l'oem8(cd.  Wright),  p.  10«. 
He  singeth  brokkiinrje  [var.  erotnmg.  Wright,  Morris)  as  a 
nyglitingale.  Chatieer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  Hll. 

brock''  (brok),  n.  [E.  dial.  ;  cf.  ME.  brok  (see 
(piot.);  cf.  Icol.  brokkr,  also  brokk-hc.<iU;  a  trot- 
ter, trotting  horse,  brokka,  trot.  Origin  and 
relations  uncertain;  the  alleged  AS.  "broc,  an 
nferior  horse,   a  shaking  horse,  jade"    (Bos- 


brocade  (bro-kad'),  M.     [<  Sp.  fcrocado  (=  ..  ^ ..^--  ,!.,„,.„!„ 

fcrWo  =  It.  broccato ;  cf.  V.brocnrl),  brocad.',     drous  sulj.liate  of  .•o|iper.     The  crystal h  an.  in 
prop.  pp.  of /,rofflr  (=  Pg.  fcrom;-,  bore)  =  P.     Ibin  r.-ctangular  and  (rniispai'ent  ta)des. 

L';;cr,'embroi.ler,  Htitchretc. :  see /,ro«W,,  r.]  Brochata  (bro-ka'tii).  n    ,.>■    1^  "•  "•^"''  1'.''  '/  brockf' (brok),  » 
1.  A  silken   fabric  variegaU'd  with   gold  and     fcr»dw/iw,  |)rojecling  (of  teeth),  liaviiigl.ro,)e<  1- 

■     ingteeth(of  uninuils):  K6efcn<Wm/<.]  In  Hiyl  IK 


iiilver,  r>r  having  raised  flowers,  foliage,  and 
oIli.T  ornamontH:  alHO  applied  to  other  stuffM 
wn.ii<_'bt  ,ind  enriched  in  like  manner. 

A  .    1  ,  .iill  .,f  faded  Imicade.  Irving. 

2.  .\  ;  n  lof  bronze-powderuscdfordocorating. 

brocaded    br«Vka'ded),  a.  1.  Woven  or  worked 

into  n   l.rM.-;iri(,. 

/;.. .<!./..(  ilowon  o'or  Iho  gay  mantua  shim-. 

Giitl,  I'anthen. 

2.  V>vi«f^  in  brocade.— 3.  Dcconit^'d  with 
(I"  ■  ,  in    relief:    as,  a    broratlcil  silk. 

I  I  '..  I'reiich  hriirh^,] 

brocade  rtn«;ll  n.ri.-kftd'»liel),  ii.  A  name  given 
to  Itiiiii.i  (iiiifiriijihicuif  one  of  tho  eoiio-»hell», 


I'lie  cnrU'r  uniol  anil  cryde  as  ho  wore  wod, 

lljiyt  brok,  liayt  sent.     Chaiicrr,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  246. 

[Appar.  a  var.  of  bruck,  q.  v.] 
The   name  of  an   insect.     Halliwcll.      [Prov. 

ciasKifieatioirof  mammals,  a  tribe  or  Hubord.T  brOCk"    (brok),    n.      [IVrliai.s  another   use   of 

^coc/,!,  II  badger.]    1.  A  iiig.— 2.  Swill  for  feed- 
North  of  lieliind.  ■ 


of  his  Diiiliidnnliii,  eorresponding  to  the  I'arhii- 
tlirmiita,  herbivorous  Citiiciii,  ami  Uoilcnlin  of 
Ciivier:  so  called  from  usunlly  liuviiig  iiersix- 
tently  growing  tiilli,  as  (he  lUHks  of  the  cli'- 
jihant  or  the  incisors  of  a  rodent,  or  project ing 
tiishoH,  as  lhoK(' of  the  swine  anil  liippopoliiIiinH. 
Illvtii  dlvldid  biK  lln-rt„llil  Into  frnbn.rulrn.  11.,,1,-Hh.i 
Cl'„>ri^llii  (Kwliii).  anil  Siirniia  iSirrniil).  three  ol  wbl.  b 
lull  .Ac-.i.lhig  I'h.rri^li'i)  lire  now  reiognlwd  onliiK  ••! 
MrnniiKiliii  :  lint  till-  iinTiH-  l«  ii"l  In  "«e. 
brochate  (brd'kiil),  n.  |<  NL.  brochaluM.  hav- 
ing projecting  leolh.  <  L.  brochuK,  bmrrhiis. 
broccwi,  projecting  (of  tooth),  having  projccl- 


cpigs.      IJ 
ck'  (brok 


brocfc""(briA(),  n.     Sliorl-  for  brocket. 

brock'^    (brok),    n.      (Possibly  short ened   from 

l'rorroli.\     A  cabbage.     (I'l'ov.  lOng.  1 
brock"  (brok),  n.     A  variant  of  lo-oiigli'i. 
brockage (brok'aj),  «.  [A|>)mr.  <  brock-  +  -age.^ 

In  inimix.,H\\  imiierfeet  colli. 

Ml    lioiiertect  coins,  curiously  teniuHl    brocknnm.  nro 

|,i,l,,.,|  ,„il,  ■      Urc,  "let.,  111.  .II"- 

brocket  (brok'ot),  «.      [<   Dan.    brogct,   older 

form  'lirokri,  imrly-i'olored :  se<'  brock^.]     \  n- 


brocket 

negated;  having  a  mixture  of  blaok  or  other 
color  and  -wliite :  applied  chiefly  to  catth'. 
[Scotcli.]     Also  bracked,  lirokcd,  and  broakit. 

brocket  (brok'et), )(.  [<  ME.  broket,  substituted 
forF.  briieart,  now  broquart,  a  brocket,  so  named 
from  having  but  one  tine  to  his  Iiorn,  <  OF. 
broc,  F.  broche,  dial,  broc,  a  syiit,  broach,  etc.,  a 
tine  of  a  stag's  horn;  cf.  OF.  broquet,  dim.  of 
hroc,  as  above.  Cf.  E.  pricket,  <  prick,  a  point, 
etc.,  and  G.  spiesser,  a  brocket,  <  spiess  =  E. 
spit^.]  1.  A  red  deer  two  years  okl ;  a  pricket. 
The  term  has  been  used  (in  the  plural)  by  some  natural- 
ists tu  desijjnate  a  group  of  the  deer  family. 
2.  Any  deer  of  South  America  of  the  genus 
Cariacus.  The  red  brocket  is  C.  rufus  of  Brazil ;  the 
wood-tjrocket,  C.  nemorivagus. 

brock-faced  (brok'f  ast),  a.  Having  a  white  lon- 
gitudinal mark  down  the  face,  Mke  a  badger. 

brockisht  (brok'ish),  a.  [<  brcick^  +  -fs/il.] 
Like  a  brock  or  badger ;  beastly ;  brutal :  as, 
'U>rt)ckish  boors,"  Bp.  Bale,  English  Votaries,  i. 

brockle  (brok'l),  a.  and  n.  [E.  dial.,  also 
bruekle,  var.  of  brickie,  <  ME.  brekel,  broke!, 
briikel :  see  brickie,  and  cf.  broclfi,  ».]     I.  a. 

1 .  Same  as  brickie. —  2.  Apt  to  break  through 
a  field:  said  of  cattle.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Il.t  »■  Broken  pieces ;  fragments;  rubbish. 

brockram  (brok'ram),  ».  Calcareous  breccia 
derived  from  the  waste  of  the  carboniferous 
limestones,  occurring  in  the  north  of  England, 
in  sandstones  of  Permian  age,  and  especially 
well  developed  in  the  valley  of  the  Edeu. 
[North.  Eng.] 

brod  (brod),  «.  [Sc,  <  Icel.  broddr,  a  spike;  cf. 
Gael.  It.  brod,  a  goad,  prickle,  sting :  see  brad, 
andcf.prorf.]     1.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument. 

—  2.  A  prick  with  such  an  instrument;  hence, 
an  incitement ;  instigation. 

brod  (brod),  I',  t.  or  (. ;  pret.  and  pp.  broddcd,  ppr. 
broddiiig.  [<  ferarf,  «.]  To  prick ;  spur ;  pierce  ; 
prod  :  often  used  figuratively.     [Scotch.] 

broddle  (brod'l),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  broddled, 
ppr.  broddling.  [E.  dial.,  freq.  of  brod,  t'.]  To 
prick ;  pierce ;  make  holes  in. 

brodekin,  brodequin  (brod 'kin),  n.  [<  F. 
brodcijiiin,  earlier  "brosequiii,  broiisequin  =  It. 
bor::iiccliiiio  =  Sp.  borcegui,  formerly  borzegui, 
bos-cgiii,  bolzequin  =  Pg.  borzeguin,  <  MD.  bro- 
sekeit,  brosken,  broosken,  buskin:  see  biiskin.'] 
A  buskin  or  half-boot.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

Instead  of  shoes  and  stockings,  a  pair  of  buskins  or 
brodekins.  Echard,  Hist.  Eng. 

brodellf,  brodel^t.     See  brothen,  brothel'^. 

brodert,  broderert.     See  broider,  broiderer. 

Brodie's  disease,  joint.    See  the  noims. 

broellat  (bro-erii),  ».  [Mh.;  OF.  broueUe.J  A 
coarse  kind'  of  cloth,  used  for  the  ordinary 
dresses  of  countrymen  and  the  monastic  clergy 
in  the  middle  ages.     Fairholt. 

brogl  (brog),  n.  [Sc,  <  Gael,  brog,  a  shoemakers' 
awl:  see  broach.^  1.  A  pointed  instrument, 
as  a  shoemakers'  awl;  a  joiners'  awl. — 2.  A 
small  stick  used  in  catching  eels.  [North.  Eng.] 

—  3.  A  jab  with  a  sharp  instrument.   [Scotch.] 
brogl  (brog),  !'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brogged,  ppr. 

bragging.  [<  brogl,  n. ;  cf.  Gael,  brog,  spur, 
stimulate,  goad,  and  see  prog.]  1.  To  prick 
with  an  awl  or  other  shai'p-pointed  insti-ument ; 
push  or  thrust,  as  an  instrument:  as,  to  brog 
leather.     [Scotch.] 

Broggiitg  an  elshiu  through  bend  leather, 

Scott^  Heart  of  Midlothian,  v. 

2.  To  catch  (eels)  by  means  of  small  sticks 
called  brogs.     [North.  Eng.] 

brog''^  (brog),  n.  [Sc.  also  brogue,  perhaps  a 
particular  use  of  brog^,  2 ;  but  cf .  Icel.  brugg, 
a  scheming,  machination,  lit.  a  brewing,  < 
brugga,  brew,  concoct:  see  ftrcipl.]     A  trick. 

brog-^  (brog),  «.  [Perhaps  an  altered  form  of 
i";/l;  but  cf.  ML.  brogilus,  etc.,  a  thicket,  G. 
briilil,  a  marshy  place  overgrown  with  bushes, 
under  broil^.'i  A  swampy  or  bushy  place. 
Hall i well.     [North.  Eng.] 

brog'*t,  >'.     A  variant  of  brogue'^. 

brogan  (bro'gan  or  bro-gan'),  n.  [Cf.  Gael. 
brOgan,  pi.  of  brog :  see  brogue^.'\  1.  A  form  of 
half -boot  in  which  the  part  covering  the  instep 
is  undivided,  and  broad  side-flaps  meet  above 
the  instep-piece,  and  are  tied  by  strings. —  2. 
A  boat  >ised  on  Chesapeake  Bay.    [Local,  U.  S.] 

broggerite  (breg'er-it),  ■«.  [After  the  Norwe- 
gian mineralogist  W.  C.  Brdgger.l  A  mineral 
allied  to  uraninite,  and  consisting  largely  of 
uranium  oxid. 

brogglet  (brog'l),  V.  i.  [Freq.  of  brog"^,  v.,  q.  v.] 
1.  To  pierce ;  prick.  [Scotch.] — 2.  To  fish  for 
eels  by  troubling  the  water.     Wright. 


Ancient  Irish  Brogues. 


broggourt.  A  Middle  English  variant  of  broker. 
brogue'  (brog),  n.  [8c.  brng,  brogue,  <  Gael. 
Ir.  brog,  a  shoe,  Gael,  also  a  hoof.  The  Viroguo 
was  made  of  rough  hide ;  it  was  regarded  as 
char;ic.(.crislic  of  the  wilder  Irish,  and  ho  the 
name  came  to  designate 
their  maimer  of  speaking 
English.]  1.  Formerly, 
in  Ireland,  a  shoo  made 
of  rawhide,  with  the  hair 
outward,  reaching  as  far 
as  the  ankle  and  tied  by 
thongs. —  2.  A  similar 
foot-covering  worn  by 
the  Scotch  Highlanders, 
but  commonly  made  of  deer-hide,  either  freshly 
stripped  oif  or  half  dried,  and  having  holes  to 
allow  water  to  escape. 

To  shun  the  clash  of  foeman's  flteel 

No  Highland  brogue  has  turned  the  heel. 

Scott,  Nora's  Vow. 
.Some  [of  the  new  captains  and  lieutenants]  had  been  so 
used  to  wear  brogues  that  they  stumbled  and  shuftled 
about  strangely  in  their  military  jack-boots. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Kng.,  vi. 
3.  A  smooth  piece  of  wood  worn  on  the  foot 
in  the  operation  of  washing  tin,  when  the  ore 
is  in  fine  particles. — 4.  A  dialectal  manner 
of  pronunciation :  especially  used  of  the  mode 
of  pronoimcing  English  peculiar  to  the  Irish. 

In  the  House  of  Coramons,  the  Scotch  accent  and  the 
Irish  bnigue  may  be  often  heard.  Quarterhj  Hcv. 

brogue-  (brog),  n.    A  variant  of  brog^.    Burns. 
brogues  (brogz),  n.  pi.  Same  as  breeches.   [Prov. 

Eng.] 
broidt  (broid),  V.    [<  ME.  broyden,  browden,  etc., 

variants  (due  to  the  pp.  broden,  broaden)  of 

breiden,   braiden,   braid :   see   braid^,   and  cf. 

broider.'i     Same  as  braid^. 

Hire  yolwe  heer  was  browdad  [var.  broyded,  breided]  in  a 
trease.  Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1,  19L 

broider  (broi'der),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
brouder,  browder,  brauder,  broder;  <  ME.  broic- 
dren,  brauderen,  confused  ■with  (as  if  freq.  tonus 
of)  broyden,  broioden  (early  mod.  E.  broid,  broud, 
var.  forms  of  braid'^ :  see  braicU,  broud,  browd), 
but  prop.  var.  forms  of  borduren,  bordcren, 
E.  border,  v.  (after  broidery,  broudcry,  q.  v.) ; 
nit.  <  F.  brtider,  usually  border  (=  Sp.  Pg.  bor- 
dar  =  It.  bordare,  <  ML.  *bordare),  adorn  with 
needlework,  prop,  work  on  the  edge,  <  bord, 
border,  edge,  welt,  or  hem  of  a  garment,  etc. : 
aee  border 'And  board.  Ci.  embroider.']  To  adoni 
with  figures  of  needlework,  or  by  sewing  on 
ornaments;  embroider:  as,  "a  broidered  coat," 
Ex.  xxviii.  4.  [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 
A  red  sleeve 
Broider'd  with  pearls. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
Buff  coats  all  frounced  and  broidered  o'er. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  SI.,  iv.  15. 

broiderer  (broi'der-er),  «.  [<  ME.  broiderere, 
brouderere,  browderere;  <  broider  +  -fcl.]  One 
who  embroiders;  an  embroiderer.     [Rare.] 

broideress  (broi'dSr-es),  n.  [<  broider  +  -ess.] 
A  woman  who  embroiders;  an  embroideress. 
Hood.     [Rare.] 

broidery  (broi'der-l),  «. ;  pi.  broideries  (-iz).  [< 
ME.  broiderye,  broideric,  broudery,  broicdrye,  < 
OF.  brodcrie,  broidery,  <  broder,  broider,  bor- 
der: see  6ro«?(?r.  Ct.  embroidery.]  Embroidery; 
ornamental  needlework  -wrought  upon  cloth. 
[Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

The  frail  bluebell  peereth  over 
Rare  broid'nj  of  the  purple  clover. 

Tennyson,  A  Dirge. 

broignet,  »•  [OF.,  also  broinge,  brugne,  brunie. 
ML.  brouia,  brunia,  of  Teut.  origin,  <  AS.  byrm: 
etc.,  a  cuirass*  see  byrnie.]  In  the  early  mid- 
dle ages,  a  defensive  garment  made  by  sew- 
ing rings  or  plates  of  metal  upon  leather  or 
woven  stuff.  For  this  was  substituted  the  hauberk  of 
mail  by  tluise  persons  who  could  afford  the  expense ;  but 
the  broi^ne,  wllich  could  be  manufactured  at  home  or  by 
any  person  who  could  sew  strongly,  was  in  use  among  the 
peasantry,  and  even  among  foot-soldiers,  at  least  as  late 
as  the  fourteenth  century.  -  -.rr^ 

broill  (broil),  r.  [=  Sc.  brotlyie,  brulyic,  <  ME. 
broilen,  <  OF.  hruiller,  broil,  grill,  roast,  <  bruir 
in  same  senses  (F.  brouir,  blight),  <  MHG. 
briiejeu,  briien,  scald,  singe,  burn,  G.  bnihen, 
scald  (=  MLG.  brogen,  broien,  brugen,  scald, 
cook  =  MD.  broeijcH,  scald,  D.  broeijen,  hatch, 
brood,  breed,  soak,  grow  hot),  <  MHG.  irnejc, 
6.  briihe  =  MD.  broeije,  broth,  <  Teut.  V  *i»'o, 
warm,  heat.  Cf.  brce^,  brewis,  and  see  drooi/i.] 
I  trans.  To  cook  by  the  direct  action  of  heat 
over  or  in  front  of  a  clear  fire,  generally  upon 
a  gi-idii'on,  as  meat  or  fish. 


brokage 

He  cowde  route  and  sethc  and  broUle  and  (rio. 

Cliaucer,  (Jen.  J'rol.  U>  C.  T.,  1.  383. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  subjected  to  the  action 
of  heal,  as  meat  over  a  fire.  Hence  —  2.  Figu- 
ratively, to  be  greatly  heated;  be  heated  to 
the  point  of  great  discomfort. 

Ood  save  you,  sir  !    Where  have  you  been  broiltnijf 

,S'/ia*.,  Hen.  VIII.,  Iv.l. 
3.  To  fret;  stew;  be  very  impatient. 

He  In-aikd  with  Impatience  to  put  his  design  in  exe- 
cution. Stcnu:,  Iristram  Shandy,  11.  6. 

broil'''  (broil),  «.  [In  the  earliest  use  known, 
Lord  Bemers's  translation  of  FroisHurt,  vol.  ii. 
c.  140  (152,0),  the  word  is  spelled  breull,  appar. 
<  OF.  'breul,  'breuit,  'broil,  a  tmnult,  broil  (= 
It.  broglio,  Olt.  also  brolto,  hroggio  (I'lorio), 
confusion,  tumult,  rising,  revolt),  a  verbal  noun, 
agreeing  with  the  newly  formed  mod.  F.  brouille 
(  >  early  mod.  E.  broilly,  Sc.  brulyic),  disagree- 
ment, misunderstanding,  falling  out  (cf.  OF. 
brouilliz,  brouiltis,  quarrel,  contention,  discord, 
confusion),  <  OF.  brouiller.  rnod.  F.  brouiller  (= 
Pr.  brolhnr  =  OSp.  hrollar  =  Pg.  brolhar=  It. 
brogliarc,  Olt.  also  brollare),  confuse,  jumble, 
trouble,  mar,  spoil,  otc.,prob.  orig.  entangle  an 
in  a  thicket  (cf.  E.  Broyl,  tlie  name  of  a  wood 
in  Susse-x),  <  breul,  brcuil,  broil  (=  Pr.  bruelh, 
m. ;  also  OF.  bruclle  =  Pr.  bruiUia  =  Pg. 
brulhu,  f.),  a  thicket,  grove,  wood,  forest  (agree- 
ing with  the  assumed  forms  cited  above  in 
the  sense  of  'tumult,  confusion'),  =  It.  bruolo, 
a  kitchen-garden,  brolo,  an  orchard,  Olt.  broilo, 
brollo,  a  garden,  <  ML.  broilug,  brolium,  bro- 
gilus, also  broct,  a  wood,  forest,  park,  deer- 
gark^  also  a  field,  meadow,  orchard,  jirob.  < 
H(jr.  'broil,  MHG.  briiel,  G.  briihl,  a  marshy 
place  overgrown  with  bushes :  a  word  of  un- 
known origin.  Cf.  E.  dial.  (North.)  brog,  a 
swampy  or  bushy  place.]  An  angry  tumult; 
a  noisy  quarrel ;  contention ;  discord. 

But  Cassanes  retyring  into  Persia  t^>  itacifle  new  broUts, 
the  Sultan  recouered  ttie  same. 

J'urchajt,  Pilgrimage,  p.  281. 
Your  intestine  broiU 
Weakening  the  sceptre  of  old  Night. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  U.  loot. 
And  deadly  feud,  or  thirst  of  spoil, 
Break  out  in  some  unseendy  broil. 

Scott,  Marmion,  L  20. 
=  Syn.  Affray,  Altercation,  eitjc.    See  guarreli,  n. 

broil^t,  r.  i.  [<  broil^,  n.  Cf.  etnbroil-.]  To  raise 
a  broil;  quarrel;  brawl. 

broil-'  (bril),  H.  [Also  -written  bnjle;  origin  un- 
certain.] In  mining,  a  collection  of  loose  frag- 
ments, usually  discolored  by  oxidation,  resting 
on  the  surface,  and  indicating  the  presence  of 
a  mineral  vein  beneath.  See  outcrop  and  gos- 
san.   [Cornwall,  Eng.] 

broiler!  (broi'li-r),  h.  [<  broift  +  -^rl.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  broils ;  any  device  for 
broiling  meats  or  fish. — 2.  A  chjcken  fit  fop 
broiling. — 3.  A  liot  day.     See  broiling. 

broiler-t  (broi'ler),  n.  [<  broil",  v.,  +  -<t1.] 
One  who  excites  broils  or  promotes  quarrels. 

What  doth  he  but  turn  broiler,  .  .  .  make  new  libels 
against  the  church'^  Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  544. 

broileryt,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.  broylery,  broil- 
Icric,  also  (as  F.)  brouillcrie,  <  F.  brouillerie, 
confusion,  <  brouiller,  confuse:  see  broiP^.j 
Contention;  dispute. 

broiling  (broi'ling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  fcroifl,  r.] 
Excessively  hot  and  humid;  torrid:  as,  a  broil- 
ing day. 

The  weather  for  this  fortnight  has  been  broiling  without 
interruption,  one  thunder-shower  excepted,  which  did  not 
cool  the  air  at  all.  Gray,  LetU-r*,  I.  S98. 

broillyt,  "•    -An  obsolete  form  of  broiP. 

broilmentt,  «.  [=  Sc  bmlyiement;  <  broiP  + 
-mini.]     A  broil :  a  brawl. 

broinderg  (broin'derg),  H.  [<  Gael,  brudhearg, 
redbreast,  lit.  red-bellied,  <  bru  (gen.  bronn, 
dat.  broinn),  belly  (=  W.  bru.  belly),  +  dearg, 
red.]  A  name  for  the  redbreast,  Erythacus 
rubecula.     Macgillivray.     [Local,  Scotch.] 

brokage  (bro'kSj),  «.  [Also  -written  brocage,  < 
JIE.  brokage,  irocage,  <  broc-  in  brocour,  bro- 
ker,-I- -«(/c.  See  (<r<»A-«r.]  1 .  An  arrangement 
made  or  sought  to  be  made  through  the  agency 
of  a  broker  or  go-between. 

He  woweth  hire  by  mcnc  and  by  brocage. 

Chaucer.  Miller's  Tale.  1.  189. 

2.  The  premium  or  commission  of  a  broker; 
the  gain  or  profit  derived  from  transacting  busi- 
ness as  broker  for  another. — 3.  The  trade  of 
a  broker ;  the  transacting  of  commercial  busi- 
ness, as  buying  and  selling,  for  other  men.  See 
broke'^,  broker. 

The  Jewes  in  Kome  .  .  .  live  onely  upon  brokage  and 
usury.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Jau.  15, 1W5 


.„„.,.         .  .J  17) noise,     bee  oronen  icuia,  \uxaev  u 

ke2  (brok),  r.  ..:  pret.  and  pp.  broled.  pp r  ^  ^  (bro'ker),  «.  [<  ME.  6, 
././„£,  [Formed  from  f'^^^'f  -  .l^j^f.  ^^.-^^  '^  T^byocarius),  visually  hrolour, 
m  peddler  e  c. ;  HE.  ?,roiTH  ibroj.^'i.book-)  ^   *brocator;  also,  wil 


trokage 

Proud 
Of  his  rich  cloaks  and  suits,  though  got  l>y  brokacie. 

Ma9^nger,  Duke  of  Milan,  ilL  2. 
Msirriage  brokage.    See  marria'je. 
brokei  (.brok).     Preterit  and  (with  hrol-en)  past 
participle  of  breal: 
brokeM,  ».    [A  var.  of  bracH,  q.  v.]   A  breach. 
Broke  for  brote,  eye  for  eye,  and  tooth  for  tooth. 

Becon,  Works,  ii.  iH.     (Danes.) 

broke2  (brok),  r.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  broled.  ppr 
brok 

from  J , 

not  found  in  this  sense,  bee  broker  and 
brokage.'i  1.  To  ti-ansact  business  for  another 
in  trade ;  act  as  agent  in  bn^-ing  and  selling 
and  other  commercial  business;  carry  on  the 
business  of  a  broker. —  2t.  To  act  as  a  go- 
between  or  procurer  in  love  matters;  pimp. 
And  brukes  with  .ill  that  can  in  such  a  suit 
Corrupt  the  tender  honour  of  a  maid. 

Shak.,  .\ns  Well,  iii.  5. 

We  do  want  a  certain  necessary  woman  to  broke  between 
them,  Cupiil  said.  Fanshauv. 

3t.  To  transact  business  by  means  of  an  agent. 

But  the  gains  of  bargains  are  of  a  more  doubtful  nature ; 
when  men  shall  wait  upon  others'  necessity,  broke  by  ser- 
vants and  instruments  to  draw  them  on,  .  .  .  .-md  the  like 
practices.  Bacon,  Riches. 

broke^t,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  brook^. 

broke^t,  f.  t.    A  Middle  English  form  of  brook^. 

broked,  «■     See  brocket.     [Scotch.] 

broken  (bro'ku),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  break;  <  ME.  i!»ro- 
keii,  often  shortened  to  broke,  <  AS.  broceii,  <  bre- 
can,  break:  see  break.']  1.  Not  integral  or  en- 
tire ;  fractional :  opposed  to  round,  as  applied 
to  numbers. 

This  new-created  income  of  two  millions  win  probably 
furnish  SCte.ooo  (I  avoid  broken  numbers).  Burke. 

2.  Rough ;  intersected  with  hills  and  valleys 
or  ravines :  applied  to  the  sm-face  of  a  country 
or  district.— 3.  Bankrupt. — 4.  Imperfect:  un- 
grammatical;  wanting  in  fluency  or  correct- 
ness of  pronunciation :  as,  broken  French. 

Break  thy  mind  to  me  in  broken  English. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2, 


6'J2 

ness  of  heart,  the  state  of  having  the  spirits  crushed  by 
grief  or  despair  ;  abject  mental  misery. 

Helpless,  hopeless  brokenne^s  o.f  heart. 

Bi/ron,  Corsair,  iii.  22. 

Xor  was  this  submission  the  effect  of  content,  but  of 

mere  stupefaction  and  broken»e^.<  o.f  heart.     The  iron  had 

entered  iiito  his  soul.  Macaitlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xvii, 

broken-winded  (bro'kn-win'ded),  a.  Having 
short  breath  or  disordered  respiration,  as  a 
horse.     See  broken  icintl,  under  wind". 

broker  (ML.  re- 

brueoiir  (AF. 

with  prefix,  AF. 


bromlite 

with  six  bromine  atoms.     It  crystallizes  in  yel- 
low  needles. 
bromate  (bro'mat),  n.   [<  brom(ine)  +  -«ff  1.]   A 
salt  formed  Viy  the  combination  of  bromic  acid 
with  a  basi'. 

bromatography  (bro-ma-tog'ra-fi),  «.     [<  Gr. 

iJfiiJua(T-),  food,  +  -)pu(j>ia,  <  ■jpd(petv,  write,  de- 
scribe.] A  description  of  foods.  Also  bro- 
mofiraplni  and  bromatoloiiij. 
broinatoiogy  (bro-ma-toro-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  lipS>- 
iia{r-).  food,  +  -/oj la,  <  '/.iysir,  speak:  see -ology.1 
Same  as  bromatograjili!/. 


abrocour,  ML.  abroeator,  with  a  corresponding  brome  (broni),  h.     [<  Gr.  i^pufioc,  a  stench:  see 

verb,  AP.  «fcroAfC,  ML.  "oftrocaiT  (alsoin  dcriv.     '        ^      ^     ^' '"'" " 

abrocameniiim  :  see  abbrochment),  act  as  a  bro- 
ker); prob.  of  LG.  origin:  MLG.  briiker,  a  bro- 
ker, ^  East  Fries,  broker,  a  broker  (scliijis-broker, 
a  ship-broker) ;  prob.  orig.  '  one  who  uses,  oc- 
cupies, manages';  cf.  MD.  broke,  brni/ck,  breuk, 
D.  gebruik,  use,  custom  (MLG.  brukinijc.  use, 
usufruct),  =  OHG.  bruh,  G.  branch,  custom,  ge- 
branch,  custom,  use,  emploj-ment,  etc.,  =  Dan. 
brng  =  Sw.  bruk,  use,  employment,  custom, 
trade,  business;  fi'om  the  verb,  MD.  brnijckcn, 
ghebrnycken,  D.gchrnikcn,  use,  possess,  =  MLG. 
brnken,  use,  need,  reii.  use,  have  to  do  with,  = 
OHG.  briMien,  MHG.  hrnchen,  G.  brnnchen,  use, 
need,  =  AS.  brucan,  ME.  bruken,  broukcn,  bro- 
ken, use,  possess,  enjoy,  digest,  mod.  E.  brook, 
endm-e:  see  brook-.  The  F.  brocanttr,  deal  in 
second-hand  goods,  is  prob.  of  the  same  origin.] 
1.  A  middleman  or  agent  who.  for  a  commis- 
sion or  rate  per  cent,  on  the  value  of  the  trans- 
action, negotiates  for  others  the  purchase  or 
sale  of  stocks,  bonds,  commotlities,  or  property 
of  any  kind,  or  who  attends  to  the  doing  of  some- 
thing for  another.  Brokers  are  of  several  kinds,  ac- 
cording to  the  particular  branch  of  business  to  which  their 
attention  is  confined,  as  stock-brokers,  exchancje-brokers, 
bill-brokers,  cotton-brokers,  ship-brokers,  etc.  See  these 
words. 

Tom  Folio  is  a  broker  in  learning,  employed  to  get  to- 
gether good  editions,  and  stock  the  libraries  of  great  men. 

Adiiison,  Tom  Folio. 

One  who  lends  money  on  pledges,  or  lets  out 


bromine.']     Same  as  bromine. 

brome-grass  (l>r6m'gras),  «.  [<  brome,  E.  for 
XL.  Vj'niwK.s-,  +  grass.]  A  common  name  for 
grasses  of  the  genus  Broniu.'i,  of  which  there 
are  about  40  species  widely  distributed,  chiefly 
through  the  northern  temperate  zone.  They  are 
nearly  allied  to  the  fescue-grasses  (/■Vrfiica),  but  are  mostly 
coai-sc,  and  of  comparatively  little  value.  Chess  or  cheat 
(B.  sccalimts)  and  Schrader's  brome-grass  (B.  unioloides) 
have  been  cultivated  as  annual  forage-grasses.  Also,  cor- 
ruptly, braorti-flra.^s. 

Bronielia(br6-me'li-a),  «.  [NL.,  named  for  Olaf 
Jlronnl.  a  Swedish  botanist  (UWO-lTOo).]  A 
genus  of  American  tropical  plants,  of  the  luit- 
ural  order  Bromeliacen,  including  four  or  five 
species  having  rigid,  spiny-margined  leaves 
closely  packed  upon  a  short  stem.  The  wild  i)ine- 
appU'  ( /,'.  I'iti'iiifit  t  isLiften  used  as  a  hedge-plant,  and  yicUis 
w iiat  i^  kiii'wn  a--^  piiiguin  fiber.  The  istle-grjiss  of  Mexico 
(/>'.  stilr<-stris)  iiroduces  an  excellent  fiber. 

Bromeliacese  (bro-me-li-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
liromcUa  +  -ace(C.]  A  natural  order  of  endo- 
genous plants,  with  inferior  ovary,  allied  to 
the  Amarijllidaceec,  but  with  only  three  of  the 
divisions  of  the  perianth  resemT)ling  petals, 
and  the  rigid  leaves  ofteu  sciu-fy  and  sjiiny. 
The  species  are  all  natives  of  tropical  or  subtropical  re- 
gions of  .-\nuTiea,  and  many  "f  them  are  epiphytes.  The 
order  includes  tlie  i»incai>ple  {Atuinas)  and  sonic  valuable 
fiber-plants  of  the  genera  Bromelia  and  Karatas.  The 
other  UKU-e  important  genera  are  Tillandsia  (to  which  the 
Spanisli  moss  of  the  southern  Vidted  States  belongs).  Pit' 
cainiia,  ^Eehmea,  and  BHlber<jia,  nuuiy  species  of  which 
are  cultivated  in  hothouses  for  their  curioxis  habit  and 
how\'  titiwcrs. 


5.  In  her.,  depicted  as  having  been  forcibly     articles  for  hire;  a  pawnbroker,  or  a  lender  of  bromhydrate  (brom-hi'drat),  ».      [<  brom(nte) 


torn  off.  leaving  the  end  shivered  or  splintered. 
—  6.  In  cnloni..  abruptly  bent  at  an  angle  ;  ge- 
niculate :  said  specihcally  of  antenna)  in  which 
the  terminal  portion  forms  an  angle  with  the 

lonpbasaljoint Broken  beer.  See  ie.ri.  — Broken 

cadence.  See  oufcinv.— Broken  cliorda,  in  nmxic,  chonis 
the  tones  of  which  are  played  ill  succession  instead  of  si- 
nmltancously.  .See  nr/xw/w.— Broken  colors,  in  paint- 
inrj,  colors  produced  by  the  mixture  of  two  (u-  more  jiig- 
roeuts.  The  term  is  usn.ally  applicil  to  those  tints  which 
result  from  the  condiinati'Mi  in  various  proportions  of  blue, 
red.  anil  vcllow.— Broken  line,  a  line  formed  of  a  iium- 
lierof  straight  lines  joined  at  their  ends  and  not  fonniug 
a  continuous  straight  line.—  Broken  man,  a  member  of  a 
clan  whicli  hail  been  broken  uji.  or  one  separated  from  his 
clan  on  account  of  crime  ;  hence,  an  outlaw  ;  a  vagabond  ; 
a  public  ilepredator.  |>..iUh.i  — Broken  meat,  victuals, 
fragments  of  food.  —  Broken  music,  music  played  on 
har]>s,  guitars,  and  other  iiistnmients  oii  which  the  chords 
are  usually  played  us  arpeggios. 

Fair  prince,  here  is  good  broken  muxic. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  1. 
Broken  voyage,  in  whaie-fiskinti,  an  unproiltabic  voy. 
atfi".  or  a  losing  voyage.  C  .V.  .SV'iukiioh,  .Vlarine  Mam- 
mals ((ilossary).  p.  ":<lo.  — Broken  water,  waves  breaking 
on  and  near  shall. ■»*.  or  l.y  llie  .cntenlioii  of  currents  ill 
a  nam>»  c  biinn.l  -Broken  Wind.  Sec  mill/-', 
broken-backed  (lin'i'kn-bnkt),  a.  [ME.  broke- 
bakkiil.]  1.  Hnviiig  the  back  broken,  in  any 
sense  of  the  noun  back:  as,  a  broken-backed 
book. 

Vellow.  thilliibed,  ilevaslateil  by  (lies  and  time,  stained 
with  «|>olH  iif  oil  and  vnriilsli.  brokcn-lmckeil,  dog's-eared 
.  a  sorry  lazar-honse  copy,  which   no  bookstall-keeper 


goods 


hi/droli .] 


The  price  of  these  hir'd  clothes  1  do  not  know,  geutlemen  !  Vrnmioa  (lo-ri'mi  nsl   n   ■  iil   br 

Those  jewels  are  the  broker's,  how  you  stand  bound  for   DromiaS      lo  nu  as),  «. ,  Pl- '"  

'em!  fVcrJ/ie--,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  1.     a-de/.).    [Gr.  ,Vo//(nf,  a  large  cup.]    luarehaol 


Same  as  liydrobromate. 

■oiniades  (bro-mi'- 


3t.  A  pimp  or  procurer  ;  a  pander. 

May  lie,  you  locik'd  I  slionbl  jietition  to  you, 

As  you  went  to  your  horse  ;  flatter  your  servants. 

To  play  the  brokers  for  my  furtherance. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Queen  of  Corinth,  i.  2. 

Heuce.  broker, lacknyl  ignomv  and  shame 

rursue  thy  life.  .SViiiJ-.,  T.  and  C,  v,  11. 

[Some  editions  read  brokir-tackei/.] 
Broker's  note,  a  bought  or  s.ihl  mite  ;  a  voucher  deliv- 
er.-d  )iy  a  broker  to  his  itrinei]i:il  eoiitaiiiing  particulars 
of  a  sale  or  Jiurcliase,—  CUStOm-hOUSe  broker.   See  rii,.-- 

(oiii-ZuiiMc— Street  broker,  "i   curbstone  broker,  a 

stock-broker  "li"  is  n.it  a  nieiiiber  <il  tin-  st.ick  exchange, 
but  who  carries  out  the  orders  of  others  liy  transactions  in 
Ihe  -streets,  or  by  going  from  ofilce  to  olllcc.  [V.  S.] 
brokerage  (br6'k6r-aj),  n.  [<  broker  +  -age: 
substituted  for  earlier  brokage.]  1.  The  busi- 
ness or  employment  of  a  broker. —  2.  The  lee 
or  commission  given  or  charged  for  traussictiug 
business  as  a  broker. 
brokerlyt  (bro'ker-li),  a.  [<  broker  +  -ly^.] 
Mean;  servile. 

We  had  determined  that  thou  should'st  haift  come 
In  a  Spanish  suit,  and  have  carried  her  so;  and  ho, 
A  brokcrli/  slave  I  goes,  puts  it  on  himself. 

B.  .loimin,  AlchcmlBt,  Iv.  4. 

brokeryt  (br6'k6r-i),  n.     [<  broker  +  -y.]     Tlio 
business  of  a  broker.     Marlowe 


would  liMik  at. 

Spceificallv  —  2.  X«i/f.,  hogged:  descrintive  of 

Ihe  condition  of  a  ship  when,  from  faulty  con- 

Hlniction  or  from   grounding,    her   frame  be- 

ciiiiieH  so  loosened   us  to  cause   both   ends  to 

droop. 

broken-bellied  (brd'kn-bcl'id),  a.  Having  a 
ruptured  belly;  hence,  broken  down;  degener- 
ate.    [Hare.] 

■'u  li  l«iiiir'irol:i'n-(i'//ii-ifnKe,     K.Snnilfi>,  KMiiy«, p,  1(H, 

broken-hearted  (Viro'kn-hilr'ted),  «.  Having 
'I  <      ciiitH   depressed  or  cruslied   by  grief  or 

'li  "  iitmotohlndiipthetrrolirnAmrri'if.   Isa.  Ixl,  I. 
brokenly  I  liro'kn-li),  «''r.     1.   In  a  liroken,  in- 
terropi-l  iiiiinner;  without  regularity. — 2,   In 
It.   •  <  ,  ifoot  language. 

I'  <..iini|ly  with  your  Knnch  heart.  I 

,.  ,47  you  coiifcM  It  brnkenht  with  your 


O.  A.  Sata,  Ifiitch  Pictures,   broking   (bro'king),  /). 


fppr.  of  brokel^,  v.] 


ijik-ii-i, 

broken  nesH 

-ntM.]      I  I  • 


iiri'. 'kn-nes), 
iile  of  being 


Shak.,  Ili^ii.  \ 
n.       r<    broken 


bro 


r<   bi 
Ki-ri. 


+ 
Broken - 


1.  Kiigiigeil  US  a  broker. — 2.  rerlaiuing  to  the 
business  of  a  broker  or  a  pawnbroker. 

Kcdecni  from  broking  pawn  the  blcmish'd  crown. 

.SViaJ-.,  Hlch.  II.,  II.  1. 
3.  Pandering;  ))iiiiping. 

Is  t  yon,  Sir  I'lindarus,  the  Imkinii  knight  of  Troy? 

.MiMlilon,  llliirt,  MiwIcrConstalile,  II,  1. 

brokkef.     See  brock^,  brork'-f,  etc. 

broma  ( hro'mil),  H.  [<  (ir.  /V'y"'i  ^ood,  <  flijipi'.'- 
auriv,  "Jil  aor.  i /"f/iui',  eat ;  cf .  jioptt,  food,  L.  rorare, 
devour,  from  the  same  root.]     1.  Aliment. — 

2.  A  )>rei)arulion  from  cocoa-seeds  or -beans, 
used  in  deeoelion  as  a  beverage. 

bromal  (liro'innl).  H.  |<  brom(inr)  +al(eobol).] 
.\  loMiiioiinil  (('IbviCDlOolilnined  by  (lie  iieliori 
of  broniiiK^  on  alcoh<il.  It  Is  a  colorlenn,  nlly  llnl.l, 
of  n  iMiietratllig  odor  and  sharp,  burning  liuilo.  It  has 
iMcn  ilKid  III  medicine,  having  ppipirlles  sllnllnr  to  lhi.se 
..f  i'lil..riil 

bromaloin  (bro'ma-Kiin),  «.      |<  brow(ini)  -f 


(liiirli)idiiin.]     A  siibsl 


oiii),  «.      (< 
aiiee((::,ill;)| 


h)(iliiin.\     A  siiiisianee  i<  :uii;io"'n'  '11 
I  from  barbiiloin  by  rephicfngsix  liydr 


,Hrn<>M)de- 
rogen 


ii  cu])  or  drinking-vessel  of  the  type  of  the  scy- 
phus,  but  of  larger  size. 

bromic  (bro'niik),  «.  \<broni(ine)  + -ie.]  Per- 
taining to  bromine Bromic  acid,  an  acid  contain- 
ing tiroiiiine  jin.l  .ixygeii  "itii  li.Mtrogeii  replaceable  by  a 
l«se,— Bromic  silver,  the  niineml  bromyrite. 

bromide  (Ino'inid  or -mid),  n.  [<  brom{ine)  + 
-idi '-'.  J  .V  coiiijionnd  formed  by  the  union  of 
bromine  witlt  another  element  or  with  an  or- 
ganic radical.     Also  bromuret. 

bromidrosis  (bro-mi-dro'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
JpCiiKir,  a  slencli,  -f-  i6pu;,  sweat,  perspiration.] 
Fetid  ]iers|iiriilion. 

brominated  (bro'mi-na-ted),  a.  [<  bromine  + 
-iiti-  -t-  -id".]  In  client.,  treated  or  combinod 
willi  )ir. inline,      luiicnes. 

bromine  (lu-o'min),  ».  [<  NL.  bromininm,  <  Or. 
,i'(ii;i/on;,  also  lipu/wi;,  a  stench.]  Chemical  sym- 
bol, Br;  aioinic  weight,  7!l.!l.").  A  non-metallic 
element  alliod  in  its  chemical  relations  to  chlo- 
tiiu>  and  iodine.  It  is  a  dark-re. Idish  luiui.l,  opiiiiuo 
cxcejit  in  thin  layers,  sparingly  soliil.l.-  in  water,  bin  iiig  K 
specillc  gravity  .if  ll-llt  at  :fi  K  It  is  volatile,  and  eniita 
at  oriilimry  teniiieralures  re.l.iish  vapors  which  luive  a 
ptiwerfnl  siilfocatiiig  odor,  iin.l  iir.-  intensely  irriliiliiig  to 
the  mucous  membrane.  When  droppe.l  .m  the  skin,  bro- 
mine prodiu'cs  corrosive  sores-  It  is  not  fonii.l  native, 
tint  oecui-s  combine. 1  with  bases  In  very  minute  i|naii(itle8 
In  sea-water  an. I  the  iislies  .if  murine  plants,  ami  in  larger 
amount  in  .-ertahi  nilneriil  springs.  Some  ores  of  silver 
also  contain  hroniine  ill  eonibinatioii.  With  li,vdrogen 
br..iiilne  forms  liy.lrobr.nnic  uel.l  (Illir),  nu.l  with  liromlno 
or  hy.lrolir.iniic  neid  most  metals  toriii  coniponn.ls  called 
broiiildi-s,  wlileli  are  extensively  used  in  me.liciiic.  llro- 
mine  It-si'lf  Is  also  used  iiie.liclually  in  very  dilute  solu. 
ti..lis.      .VlK...all.'.l  brome, 

brominism  (bro'min-izm),  n.  [<  bromine  + 
-i-vHi.l     Slime  as  bronii.ini. 

bromise,  >:  l.     See  bromide. 

bromism  (hro'inizm),  H.  [<  brom(ine)  +  -ism.'] 
A  diseiised  loindition  ]iroduced  by  excessive 
use  of  bromides.      It  Is  eliaiii.'l.-ri/.-d  by  somnoleiico. 

weakness. if  mill. I  an. I  iiielinil-y-  c.»nfiis.-.l  m| -Ii,  feelileana 

stagg.-ring  gait,  iliil.iih-e.l  seliHcs,  .iinilliishe.l  r.'lle-\  ex.'ltft- 
bllllv-  suppression  ..f  sexual  liis(ln.-l,  .■ni|ilioii  ..n  111.'  sUIn, 
li, III, II, ■.si.dli.'li. '1111, catarrh, el.-,  Also.iill.'.l/oioiiiiimii. 

bromite  (liro'iuil ),  h.     Hamo  us  bronii/rile. 

bromize  (Iiro'miz),  f.  t.\  (irel.  mid  )iii.  bromined, 
|i|ir.  hriiiiii:ing.  |<  hroin(inr)  +  -i-i.]  In  jdio- 
liiil..  Ill  |iiepiire  or  treat  willi  a  bromide.  Also 
Hpelled  lironii.se. 

bromlite  (hroiu'lit),  ».  f<  llnniilri/  (j'.roniley 
Hill  iiiCiiiiilierlnii.I.  I'liiglaiid)  -t-  -ilr-.\     A  cur- 


bromlite 

bonate  of  barium  and  calcium  in  orthorhombic 
crystals,  iiitermodiate  betweoii  witlierite  and 
strontiaiiito.     Also  called  alstnnitc. 

bromochloralum  (br6"m6-kl6'ra-lura),  )i.  A 
solution  of  the  chlorid  and  bromide  of  alumin- 
ium, frequently  used  as  a  disinfectant. 

bromoform  (bro'mo-form),  )i.  [<  broi>i(inc)  + 
-form,  as  in  chloroform,  q.  v.]  A  colorless  lim- 
pid liquid  of  agreeable  odor,  formed  by  the 
action  of  bromine  and  potassium  Iiydrate  on 
wood-spirit  or  ordinary  alcoliol.  It  is  analo- 
gous to  chloroform,  but  contains  bromine  in 
))l:icc  of  chlorine.  > 

bromogelatin  (br6"m6-iera-tki),  a.  Formed 
from  or  prepared  with  certain  bromides  to- 
gether witli  silver  nitrate  and  gelatin,  as  the 
sensitive  emulsions  used  for  preparing  dry 
plates  in  photographic  work.  See  cmulmon  and 
<lvril(>iier. 

bromography  (bro-mog'ra-fi),  «.  [<  Gr.  fl/)ufia, 
food,  -t-  -)  paf ia,  <  ypdipeiv,  wi'ite.]  Same  as  iro- 
matdi/riiiilii). 

bromo-iodized  (br6"m6-i'9-dizd),  a.  Impreg- 
nateil  with  bromides  and  iodides,  as  the  collo- 
dion plate  used  in  the  wet  process  of  photog- 
raphy. 

bromuret  (bro'mu-ret),  «.  [<  hrom{ine)  + 
-nrct.]     Same  as  bromide. 

bromureted  (bro'mu-ret-ed),  a.  [<  hromtiret  + 
-ed'-^.]    Impregnated  or  combined  with  bromine. 

Bromus  (bro'mus),  n.  [NL.  (L.  hromos  in 
Pliny),  <  Ur.  /ip6/io(,  also  jjop/iog,  a  kind  of  oats, 
from  same  root  as  fiopd,  food,  and  jipufia,  food : 
see  broma.']  A  genus  of  grasses;  the  brome- 
grass  (which  see). 

bromjrrite  (bro'mi-rit),  n.  [<  hrom(ide)  +  {art/)y- 
ritc]  Native  silver  bromide,  of  a  yellowish- 
green  color,  occurring  at  Huelgoat  in  Brittany, 
in  Mexico,  and  in  Chili,  accompanying  other 
ores  of  silver.  Sometimes  called  bromite  and 
bromie  silver. 

bronchi,  ».     Plural  of  bronchus. 

broncllia  (brong'ki-a),  n.pl.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  ftpdy- 
Xia,  the  bronchial  tubes,  in  sing,  jipdyx'ov,  equiv. 
to  jipdyxoc,  the  windpipe ;  cf .  (ipdyxia,  the  gills : 
see  branchice.']  The  bronchial  tubes.  See  bron- 
chial. 

bronchial  (brong'ki-al),  a.  [<  bronchia  +  -oi.] 
Belonging  to  the  bronchi  or  the  bronchia. — 
Bronchial  arteries,  br.iiiches  of  the  tlmrucic  aorta  ac- 
I'miipanyiii!,'  tlir  iii'nnchial  tubes.— Bronchial  glands. 
Set-  ///'f/if/.- Bronchial  hemorrliage.  Sunie  as  bro7i- 
r!i'>iir/iH>rr!iii[/i<t. — Bronchial  membrane,  the  mucous 
meintirain'  lining  the  bronchi  and  ln-<nichial  tubes. — 
Bronchial  tubes,  the  ramifications  of  the  Ijronclii,  ter- 
minating in  tile  infundibula  of  the  lungs.— Bronchial 
veins,  the  veins  accompanying  the  broncliial  tubes  and 
emptying  into  tile  superior  intercostal  and  azygous  veins. 

bronchic  (brong'kik),  a.  [<  bronchus  +  -ic.J 
Same  as  bronchial. 

bronchidesmus  (brong-ki-des'mus),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  I^piiyxog,  the  windpipe,  +  dscr/idc,  a  band, 
tie,  <  f5f(>,  bind,  tie.]  A  membrane  which 
imites  the  bronchi  of  birds  to  some  extent. 

The  membrane  .  .  .  which  was  termed  by  Garrod  the 
bronchidesmutf  is  complete  in  the  storks. 

Beddard,  Proc.  Zool.  .Soc,  June,  1886,  p.  321. 

bronchiectasic  (brong"ki-ek-tas'ik),  a.  [<  bron- 
chivctasis  +  -ic ;  prop.  *bronchiectatic.'\  Like  or 
pertaining  to  bronchiectasis. 

bronchiectasis  (brong-ki-ek'ta-sis),  m.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  jifio)  xtc,  bronchial  tubes,  +  cnraai^,  exten- 
sion, <  cKTeiveiv  =  L.  exten-d-ere,  extend.]  In 
pa  thol. ,  dilatation  of  the  bronchial  tubes  as  pro- 
duced in  phthisis  and  chronic  bronchitis. 

bronchiole  (brong'ki-61),  n.  [<  broncliiolus.']  A 
small  Virouchial  tube. 

bronchiolus  (brong-ld'o-lus),  n. ;  pi.  bronchioli 
(-li).  [NL.,  dim.  of  bronchus,  q.  v.]  A  bron- 
chiole. 

bronchiostenosis  (brong-ki-os-te-no'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  )ip6yxia,  the  bronchial  tubes,  + 
arivuffi^j  contraction,  <  orevovi',  contract,  nari'ow, 

<  BTcvdc,  narrow.]  lapathol.,  contraction  of  a 
bronchus  or  a  bronchial  tube. 

bronchitic  (brong-kit'ik),  a.  [<  bronchitis  +  -ic.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  natui-e  of  bronchitis. 

bronchitis  (brong-ki'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  bronchus, 
wiiKlpipe  (see  bronchia),  -h  -itit,:']  In  pathol.,  an 
inflniiimation  of  the  bronchial  membrane.  It 
is  a  complaint  of  very  frequent  oecmTence,  and 

may  be  acute  or  chronic Capillary  bronchitis, 

inflammatii)n  involving  the  niiuute  broncliial  tubes. 

broncho,  «.    See  bronco. 

bronchocele  (brong'ko-sel  or  -se'le),  n.  [< 
Gr.  jipri)  xnnr/'Ar/,  a  tumor  in  the  throat,  <  fipdyxoc, 
the  windpipe,  -I-  K//Ar/,  a  tumor.]   Same  asfjoiier. 

bronchohemorrhagia  (brong  "  ko  -  hem  -6  -ra'- 

ji-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  0p6yxoc,  windpipe,  +  a'lfiop- 


693 

payla,  hem  orrliage.  ]  A  term  proposed  by  Andral 
for  the  exudation  of  blood  from  tlie  lining  rucni- 
braiKi  of  t  li(>  bi-oncliial  tubes,  commonly  called 
bronchial  hcmorrliaf/c. 
bronchophonic  (brong-ko-fon'ik),  a.  Per- 
taining lo  or  (jf  tlic  nature  of  bronchophony. 

bronchophony (broiig-kot'o-ni),ji.    i<(}t. fipiiy- 

X'li;,  the  vvinilpipo,  -I-  i^wi'c),' voice.]  In  pathol., 
an  abnormal  sound  of  the  voice  heard  in  aus- 
cultalion  of  the  chest.  It  is  loud,  near,  and 
tlirilling,  but  not  so  distinctly  articulated  as 
in  iieclin'iloquy. 

bronchopneumonia  (brong"k6-nu-m6'ni-ii),  «. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  fyii'jyxt":,  the  windpipe,  +  NL.  jiinu- 
monia,  q.  v.]  hi  pathol.,  intlammation  of  the 
hmg-substauce,  associated  with  and  usually 
secondary  to  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  smaller  Ijronehial  tubes.  Also 
called  catarrhal  and  lobular  pneumonia. 

bronchopneumonitis  (brong-ko-nii-mo-ni'tis). 
It.  [As  hniiichoi'iicumonia  +  -His.]  Same  as 
bronrhojmruiiatnia. 

bronchorrhagia  (bron^-ko-ra'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  lipoyxoi:,  the  windpipej  +  -payia,  <  pr/yvlivai, 
break,  burst.]  In  pathol.,  hemorrhage  from  the 
bronchial  tubes. 

bronchorrhoea  (brong-ko-re'ii),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

ppoyxoi:,  tlie  windpipe,  4-  poia,  a  flowing,  flux,  < 
}>dv,  flow.]     In  pathol.,  copious  exudation  from 
the  bronchial  tubes. 
bronchostenosis (biong-ko-ste-no'sis), «.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  lipiiyxnr,  t  he  windpipe,  +  arivuciq,  constric- 
tion: see  liroiicliioatciiosis.']  In  pathol.,  con- 
striction of  a  bronchus. 

bronchotome  ( brong' ko-tom),  n.  [<  Gr.  Iip6y- 
Xo^,  the  windpipe,  +  To/i(5f,  cutting,  verbal  adj. 
of  Tsfiveiv,  Ta/ieiv,  cut.]  In  surrj.,  an  instru- 
ment for  making  the  incision  into  the  larjaix 
or  trachea  in  the  operation  of  bronchotomy. 
There  are  many  forms. 

bronchotomy  (brong-kot'o-mi),  «.  [< Gr.  ftpdy- 
I'of,  the  windpipe,  +  To/ita,  late  form  of  Toftf/,  a 
cutting,  <  Tepveiv,  rapelv,  cut;  of.  anatomi/.i  In 
surg.,the  act  of  making  an  incision  into  the 
windpipe  or  larynx,  usually  for  the  purpose  of 
affording  a  passage  for  ah"  into  and  out  of  tlie 
lungs  when  any  disease  or  accident  hinders 
respiration  by  the  ^lsual  channels,  or  to  extract 
foreign  bodies  which  have  lodged  in  thetrachea. 
The  operation  is  called  tracfieotoniT/' when  tlie  opening  is 
made  into  the  tracliea,  and  laryngotomy  when  made  into 
the  laryiix. 

bronchotracheal  (brong-ko-tra'kf-al),  a.  [< 
bronchus  +  trachea  +  -al.]  Situated  partly  in 
the  bronchi  and  partly  in  the  trachea:  specifi- 
cally applied  to  the  sj-rinx  of  oligomyodian  or 
haploophonous  birds,  which  is  usually  of  this 
character.    Also  trncheobronchial. 

bronchus  (brong'kus),  n. ;  pi.  bronchi  (-ki). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  jlpoyxoc,  the  windpipe:  see  bron- 
chia.] Either  of  the  two  main  branches  of  the 
trachea:  also  sometimes  used  to  denote  any 
small  bronchial  tube.  See  tracliea,  lung,  and 
eut  under  thorax. 

bronco  (brong'ko),  n.  [Commonly,  but  incor- 
rectly, spelled  broncho;  appar.  a  particular  ap- 
plication of  Sp.  bronco,  rough,  rude,  stm-dy, 
crusty,  crabbed,  morose,  =  Pg.  bronco,  rough, 
rude,  coarse,  awkward.]  On  the  northwestern 
plains  of  the  United  States,  an  unbroken  or 
imperfectly  broken  horse,  usually  a  mustang 
or  Indian  pony. 

In  an<l  out  among  the  craft  of  heavier  biu-den  shuffled 
the  small,  tough  brorichos.  The  Century,  XXXI.  65. 

brondt,  »•    A  Middle  English  form  of  brand. 

brongniardite  (bron-yiir'dit),  n.  [After  the 
French  mineralogist  A.  Brontjniart  (1770- 
1847).]  A  sulpliid  of  antimony,  lead,  and  sil- 
ver, occurring  massive  in  Mexico,  with  grayish- 
black  color  and  motaUic  luster. 

brontea,  ».    Plmal  of  brontcum. 

Bronteidae  (bron-te'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bron- 
tes +  -idw.]    A  family  of  trilobites. 

Brontes  (bron'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  BpAvrT/c, 
one  of  the  ('yelopes,  lit.  'thunderer.'  <  iimiTi/, 
thunder.]  A  genus  of  Devonian  tiilobites, 
having  a  broad  radiating  tail,  giving  name  to 
a  famUv  Bronteidce.    jUso  Bronteus. 

bronteum  (bron-te'um),  «. ;  pi.  brontea  (-5). 
[<  Gr.  ppovTfiuv,  <  lipovr!],  thunder.]  In  the 
ancient  theater,  a  machine  for  producing  sound 
in  imitation  of  thunder.  „       .     , 

Bronteus  (bron'tf-us),  «.  [NL. :  see  Brontes.] 
Same  as  iJroHto. 

brontoUth  (bron'to-Iith),  «.  [<  Gr.^povTv, 
thunder,  +  /.iOoc,  stone.]  An  aeroUte  or  mete- 
orolite ;  literally,  a  thunder-stone. 


bronze 

brontology  (bron-tol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  iymvri/ 
iIiimkIi]-,  -I-  -'/oyia,  <  '/lyeiv,  gpeak  :  see  -oloyy.] 
A  discourse  or  dissertation  upon  thunder. 

Brontosaurus  ( In-on-to-sa'rus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Or. 
jipovTii,  thunder,  +  nui/mr,  lizard.]  A  genus  of 
huge  fossil  dinosaurian  reptiles,  notable  for 
their  small  head  and  diminutive  brain<-avity, 
the  whole  skull  not  exceeding  some  of  the 
neck-bones  in  size.  One  species  was  about  50 
feet  long,  and  probably  weighed  20  tons  or 
more. 

Brontotheriidae  (bron  "lo-the-ri'i-do),  ».  pi. 

[NL.,  <  ISroiitiitherimn  +  -idu.]  A  family  of 
huge  perissoilacty]  ungulate  mammals  from  the 
Miocene  of  North  America,  established  for  tho 
recex)tion  of  tli<^  genus  Bnmtotherium  :  same  aH 
Meiiiidoiitidie  ami  Tilanolheriidw. 

Brontotherium  (bron-to-the'ri-um),  H.  pfL., 
<  Gr.  lipiivrii,  thunder,  +  Or/piov,  beast.]  A. 
genus  of  gigantic  extinct  perissodactyls,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Brontolhcriidw. 

Brontozoum  (bron-t6-z6'um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
\'.puv7i/r,  <nw,  of  the  Cyclopes  (see  Brunlcs),  + 
Cijmv,  animal.]  A  genus  of  gigantic  auinjals, 
formerly  supposed  to  he  birds,  now  believed  to 
be  dinosaurian  reptiles,  known  only  by  their 
tracks  in  the  Triassic  formation  of  the  Con- 
necticut valley.  The  stride  was  about  8  feet, 
and  the  length  of  the  footprint  about  17  inches. 

bronze  (bronz),  «.  and  a.  [=  D.  hrons  =  <i. 
bronze  =  Dan.  bronze  =  Sw.  brons,  <  F.  brome 
=  Sp.  bronce  =  Pg.  bronze,  <  It.  bronzo,  bronze 
(cf.  Bulg.  Serv.  liuss.  bronza.  Sloven,  bronec, 
brunec,  brunc,  Pol.  bronc,  Alban.  brunze,  NGr. 
unpovvTC,o^,  bronze,  apjjar.  from  the  Rom.),  < 
MIj.  bronzium  (also  bronzinus,  proji.  adj.,  >  It. 
bronzino,  bronzed),  bronze;  perhaps,  as  some 
suppose,  altered  through  Rom.  intiuence  from 
anoiig.  "brunilinm,  neut.  of  brunitius,  prop. 
adj.,  brown,  but  found  only  as  a  noun  (also- 
brunicu.i),  applied  to  a  horse,  <  brunus  (>  It. 
bruno,  F.  bran,  etc.),  brown,  <  OHG.  brun  =  AS. 
brun,  E.  brown :  see  brown,  and  cf.  burnish.]  L 
n.  1.  An  aUoy  of  which  coijper  forms  the  jire- 
domiuating  portion,  and  into  the  composition  of 
which  tin  almost  always  enters :  but  the  name 
is  also  given  to  aUoys  containing  no  tin.  Tlie 
proportion  of  copper  in  vaVious  bronzes  is  usually  lietween 
so  and  90  per  cent. ;  in  some  it  falls  as  low  as  70.  The 
proportion  of  tin  in  the  bronzes  of  different  .agea  and 
those  used  for  various  purjwwes  is  almost  a«  vart.ible  as 
tliat  of  copper.  Bronze  used  for  l>ells  has  the  largest 
amount  of  tin ;  in  some  it  reaches  i'i  i>er  cent-  llie  bronze 
formerly  used  for  cannon  contained  about  10  i>er  cent,  of 
tin  and  often  a  small  amount  of  zinc.  Statuary  bronze  is, 
and  has  been  from  the  beginning  of  its  use  for  the  pur- 
pose, of  very  varialile  coniposilioiL  In  some  statuarx 
called  bronze  there  is  less  than  1  per  cent,  of  tin.  while 
zinc  is  present  in  sufHcient  quantity  almost  to  justify 
calling  the  material  brass.  The  zinc  in  various  pieces  of 
statuary  cast  witliin  the  past  two  or  three  hundred  years, 
and  erected  in  some  of  the  principal  cities  of  Europe. 
varies  in  (juantity  from  less  than  1  per  cent,  to  25.  Lead 
is  present  in  many  tironzes,  )>ut  usually  in  small  amount, 
rarely  lieiiig  as  much  as  ;i  per  cent.  Bronze  is  an  alloy  of 
ilnporUince  to  Iwitli  the  arts  anil  commerce,  and  is  also  of 
great  historical  interest,  since  it  has  iwen  liiiown  from 
remote  ages  over  a  large  part  of  the  world.  It  is  pre- 
ferred to  simple  unalloyed  copper,  on  account  twlh  of  ft« 
color  and  of  its  greater  dui-ability.  .Among  prehistoric 
races  the  use  of  bronze  preceded  that  r-f  irnn  ;  and  nmorig 
their  remains  are  found  swords.  ;i\  "iny 

instruments  of  this  material,  sone  '  i-te 

and  ornanieiilcd,  as  well  as  doii>'  od 

utensils  of  many  kinds.     The  ami.  nt  ■  -us, 

etc.,  made  statuar>'  of  it  in  enormous  qii;  Iso 

coins,  recording  tablets,  and  a  great  vnr :  of 

common  use.    It  is  now  not  onV-  ?  »r 

whicli  purpose  it  has  been  to  a  -..i  :.-d 

by  steel),  bells,  and  statuary,  but  ^i  -us 

macliines,  especially  bearings,  and  i-r  -  m. 

The  beauty  and  durability  of  bronze  st^.'  in 

no  small  degree  iin  the  color  and  r..mp.  .\i- 

dized  film  or  incnistation  m1     '  im  n  it  is 

exposed  to  the  weatlier.      li  i  (which 

see).     In  recent  limes  nuiir  ! 'ive  iKren 

matle  with  a  view  to  inij.;  •   in 

various  ways,  in  particular  ni- 

tities  of  other  suli.^tance.-^,  -  st 

important  result  of  these  exj-  ns.  ..-  /.>if.«- 

phor-brvHze,  an  alloy  patented   1  in  metal- 

lurgists alMiut  1870,   and    now   t.  ■    1   where 

toughness  and  resistance  I"  wt-^ir  :ir.  r.-iuired.  The 
amount  of  phosphorus  in  pliosplK-r-hronze  is  less  than 
1  per  cent.,  and  tlie  elfect  it  pnHluces  is  probably  due  to 
its  reducing  action  on  the  oxids  of  the  other  metals  dur- 
ing the  process  of  manufacture.  Pluisphor-bronze  is  of 
liner  grain  and  color,  and  is  believed  to  l>e  much  more 
durable,  tlian  ordinary  bronze  ;  and  it  is  thought  by  many 
that  it  will  cvcntiiallv  Ik^^  pn.v.  ,1  to  l>e  the  best  material 
for  artillery.  F..vtcn^ivc  t-vperinients  have  also  been  liKide 
with  niangaucse,  bad,  .ami  otlier  metals.  Alvwiniiim 
broji^  is  an  allov  of  copiier  and  aluminium  now  in  use, 
esiieciallv  where  tensile  strength  is  required.  So-called 
steel  brotUe  is  bronze  hardened  by  mechanical  compression- 
It  has  not  come  into  general  use,  but  was  intended  by  its 
inventor  to  be  used  lor  cannon.  See  atuminimn. 
2.  Aworkof  art,  as  a  statuette,  bust,  or  model, 
composed  of  bronze,  whether  cast  or  wrought. 
—  3.  A  broAvu  pigment  or  coloring  substance 


bronze 


694 


resemblinff  bronze :  bronze-powder.— 4.  Bold-  bronzing-macllilie  (bron'zing-ma-shen'),  n.   A 


ness ;  impudence  ;  brass. 

Imbron-n  d  with  native  bronze,  lo !  Henley  stands, 
Tuninjr  his  voice,  and  balancing  his  hands. 

Pope.  Dunciad,  iii.  1911. 

Amber  bronze.  See  amber-. — Bavarian  bronze,  ^^'f 
£araria/i.— Cbemical  bronze,  nitromuriate  uf  plati- 
num, an  efficient  but  expensive  bronzing  liquid.  — Mal- 
leable bronze,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  tin  which  contains 
in  addition  i  to  i  per  cent,  of   mercury.— Manganese 


bronze,  an  alloy  formed  by  the  addition  of  from  1  to  2  ^jjongy  (bron'zi),    «.      [<    '"<" 
per  cent,  of  maiifanese  to  the  proportions  of  copper  and     „„„,,,,:_„  i,^r,Ti7.fi  :  ns.  ft  hrnn~, 


machine  for  decorating  wall-papers,  fabrics, 
labels,  etc.,  with  bronze-powder. 

bronzist  (bron'zist),  H.  [<  bronze  +  -ist.']  One 
who  casts  bronzes,  or  works  iu  bronze. 

bronzite  (bron'zit),  h.  [<  bronze  +  -)7cl.]  A 
ferriferous  variety  of  the  mineral  enstatite,  hav- 
ing sometimes  a  submetallie  bronze-like  luster 
due  to  microscopic  inclusions. 

' 'vnzc  +  -y^.'i    Ee- 


brook 

n.  trans.  1.  To  sit  over,  cover,  and  cherish.; 
as,  a  hen  broods  her  chicks;  hence,  to  nourish. 
The  thrifty  earth  that  brinjjcth  out 
And  broodeth  up  her  breed. 

Warner,  Albion's  Eug.,  iL  11, 

2.  To  cherish  with  care. 

See  how  he  hromis  the  boy.        Fletcher,  Bonduca,  iv.  i. 
She  broods  and  blesses  nie,  she  calms  and  gathers  me. 
E.  S.  Phelps,  Beyond  the  Gates,  p.  195. 

3.  To  ponder  over;  plan  or  matm-e  with  care: 
as,  "to  brood  war,"  Bacon,  War  with  Spain. 

You'll  sit  .and  brood  your  sorrows  on  a  throne.     Dryden. 


,.      , -nmi^a  h^nn,o  »"i.»npri..     scmbUug  bronzB  I  as,  a  6roH.-i/ appcarance. 

zinc  used  m  making  brass.— wnite  Dronze,  a  generic  &  ....,.,     ^      , 

name  given  to  the  lighter  bronzes  which  approach  the         The  Cicindela  maritima,  which  is  found  only  on  sandy 

color  of  tin.  sea-shores,  is  of  a  pale  broiizy  yellow,  so  as  to  be  ahnost  brOOd'-'t,  "•      An  obsWete  form  of  broad. 

n.  a.  1.  Made  of  or  resembling  bronze :  as,     invisible.  ^.  ij.  ira/(acf,  Nat.  Select.,  p.  57.  'brood-capsule   (brod'kap'siU),  n.      A  cyst  or 

a  bronze  statue. — 2.  Characterized  by  the  use  brOO^  (bro),  «.     Same  as  ftrecl.  capsule  in  which  ta?nia-heads  are  developed,  as 

of  bronze:  as,  the  bronze  age Bronze  age.    •'>ee  broo-  (bro),  n.     See  brow,  11.  an  echinococcus  (which  see). 

arehcFolo'iical  aoes.  under  (i«-.— Bronze  coloring,  sui-  Iji-qocIiI  (broch  or  broch),  11.     [Same  as  ftrooc/f,  brood-ca'Tity    (brod'kav'i-ti),  n.     A  brood- 
face  effects  resembling  those  of  bronzes  produced  eitlicr  l,rooch  being  the  commoner  speUing  of  the     ,„iuch,  iu  general, 
directly  by  apphcation  of  color  t^o  the  surface,  o.i,,dirc.tl>     ^^^d  in  this  sensl]    An  ornamental  clalp  cpu-  brood-cell  (briid'sel),  n. 


by  ciiaiiges  due  to  the  action  of  acids,  salts,  and  ccdoring 
matter.  See  iiroiliin?.— Bponze  green.  See  green,— 
Bronze  turkey,  a  large  variety  of  domestic  turkey  with 
daik-lirown  plumage  having  a  brilliant  metallic  luster. 
bronze  fbronz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bronzed, 
ppr.  bronzing.  [=  F.  bronzer  =  Sp.  broncear, 
OSp.  bronzar  =  Pg.  iroHrfar, bronze;  cf.  It.  ab- 
bronzare,  tan,  scorch,  sunburn,  imbro-ivn;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  make  brown  or  of  the  color 
of  bronze,  as  by  exposure  to  the  sun. 

Seam'd  with  an  ancient  swordcut  on  the  cheek. 
And  bruised  and  bronzed. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

His  face  was  bronzed  as  though  by  burning  climes. 

WiUiam  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  414. 

To  give  the  color  or  appearance  of  bronze 
as  by   applying    copper-dust   or   -leaf  to 


sisting  of  a  pin  and  a  projecting  or  covering 


2. 

to, 


Brooch  of  the  Merovin(jian  period,  found  at  St,  Denis  and  now-  i 
Musiie  de  Cluny.  Fans,     (From  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^ais,'" ) 

shield,  used  for  fastening  the  dress,  or  merely 
for  display,  when  the  garment  is  large  and  heavy,  as 
a  cloak  or  the  ecclesiastical  cope,  the  brooch  has  gener- 
ally been  found  insutticient,  and  has  been  replaced  by  the 
agratfe  or  some  other  f.  ■!  ni  ■  d  clasp.  Ornamental  brooches 
.are  now  worn  mostly  I'y  "omen,  but  were  formerly  worn 
by  both  sexes,  sometimes  on  the  hat  or  cap.  Also  spelled 
broach. 

He  has  a  wide  beard  and  flowing  yellow  hair ;  a  green 
cloak  wrapped  around  him  ;  a  bright  silver  iiroocA  iu  liis 
cloak  over  his  breast. 

Quoted  by  \V.  K.  Sullivan,  Introd,  to  O'Curry's  Anc. 
[Irish,  p,  ccccxlvi. 
With  broches  and  aiglets  of  gold  upon  their  caps, 

R.  Robinson,  tr.  of  Sir  T,  Store's  Utopia,  ii,  t>. 

Honour  's  a  good  brooch  to  wear  in  a  man's  hat  at  all 

times.  -B-  Jonson. 

brooch^  (broch  or  broch),  f.  t.     [<  brooch^,  «.] 

To  adorn  with  or  as  with  a  brooch  or  brooches. 

[Kare.] 

Not  the  imperious  show 
Of  the  tuU-forttm'd  Cicsar  ever  shall 
lie  brooch'd  with  me.         Shak.,  A,  and  C,  iv.  13, 

all  till-  so-cailed  bronzes  which  have  a  golden  brOOCh-    (broch),   n.      [Origin  uncertain.]     A 

Color,  monotint,  or  picture  in  one  color,  as  a  sepia 

bronze-liquid  (bronz'Uk'wid),  n.     A  kind  of     sketch. 

varnish  mixed  with  bronze-powder  to  make  broodl  (brod),  n.      [<  ME.  brood,  brod,  <  AS. 

bronzo-jiaint.  brOd  (==  D.  brocd  =  MLG.  brot  =  OHG.  MHG. 

bronze-liquor  (bronz'lik'or),  n.    A  solution  of     briiot,  G.  brut),  brood:  with  formative  -d,  from 

antimony  chlorid  anil  copper  sulphate,  used  for    the  same  root  (*6ro^warm,  heat)  as  G.  briilit. 


the  surface,  etc. — 3.  To  harden  or  make  like 
bronze;  hence,  figuratively,  to  make  hard  or 
unfeeling. 

The  lawyer  who  broitzet  his  bosom  instead  of  his  fore- 
head, Scott. 
bronze-backer   (brouz'bak'er),  «.     A  name 
given  to  the  black-bass. 
flrunze -backer  is  one  of  its  pet  names  among  the  anglers. 
Gomie,  American  Fishes, 

bronzed  (bronzd),  p.  a.  Colored  by  bronzing; 
of  a  bronze  color;  tanned — Bronzed  glass,  orna- 
mental glass  of  dark-green  paste,  which  has  been  e.vposed 
to  corrosive  vapors,  so  that  the  surface  is  iridescent  when 
seen  by  reflected  light.— Bronzed-skln  disease.  Same 
a-s  .idtlison's  disease  (which  .«eu,  under  (//.sc((,ff), 

bronze-gold  (bronz'gold),  H.     A  name  given  to 


bronzing  gun-barrols,  etc. 

bronze-paint  (bronz'pant),  n.  A  pigment  con- 
sisting of  bronzc-jiowder  with  varnish  as  a  ve- 
hicle.    Commonly  called  (7oW-/)ni)i(. 

bronze-powder  (bronz'pou  df-r),  n.  A  pig- 
iiiiiit  made  by  reducing  leaves  of  Dutch  metal, 
or  .some  similar  alloy,  to  powder.  The  color  h 
varied  an  may  be  desired  from  pate-yellrjw  to  deep-red,  by 
iwing  ditlerent  jiroportions  of  the  component  metals,  cop- 
|irr  ati<l  /nil. 

bronzewing  (bronz'wing),  )i.  A  name  for  cer- 
tain .wiiceios  of  Australian  pigeons,  chiefly  of  the 
genus  I'liaps,  distinguished  by  the  bronze  color 
of  their  plumage.  The  common  bronze-winged  ground- 
(love,  /',  chalcoptera,  abounds  in  all  the  Australian  colo- 
nle»,  and  In  a  idimip  bird,  often  weighing  a  pound,  much 

ealeel I  f.ir  tile  talde, 

bronzify  (bron'/.i-fi),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bron- 
ziliiil,  ii|.r.  bnnizi/iiin/i.  [Khronzr  +  -i-./.'/.]  To 
niuke  like  bronze;  cast  in  bronze;  represent 
in  a  bronze  figure  or  statue. 

St,  Mlihael  dencenillng  upon  the  Fiend  has lieon  caught 
and  t/runzi/ud  Just 
gel.., 

bronzine  (bron'zin),  a.  [=  It.  bronzino,  bronzed, 
Miiiliiiriit  (cf.  ML.  hronziniiH,  n.,  bronze);  < 
bnnizi-  +  -i/i/!'.]  Kosembling  bronze;  bronzc- 
. nil. red. 

bronzing  (bron'zing),n.     [Verbal  ii.  of  fcronrc, 


broth:  see  broU^. 
spring;  progeny. 


Hence  breed,  q.  v.]     1.  011- 


In  bee-culture,  a  cell 
of  a  honeycomb  destined  for  the  reception  of 
a  larva.  The  brood-cells  are  separated  from  the  honey- 
cells,  generally  occupying  aditferent  comb. 

brooder  (brii'd^r),  n.  A  device  for  the  artificial 
rearing  of  young  chickens  or  other  birds,  it  con- 
sists essentially  of  ;in  inclosed  run,  where  the  young  birds 
are  fed,  and  a  covi  red  place  for  them  to  run  into,  which 
is  kept  at  a  temperature  of  aliout  DO"  F.,  either  by  means 
of  a  lamp  placed  beneatli  the  metallic  floor,  or  by  hot  air 
or  water-pipes  carried  above  or  below  the  space  occupied 
bv  till'  cliicks. 

brooding  (bro'ding),j>.  a.     [Ppr.  of  fcrootfl,  c] 

1.  fitting,  as  a  bird  on  her  eggs:  as,  a  brood- 
ing hen. 

Still  did  the  nightingale 
Unto  his  broadinq  mate  tell  all  his  tale. 

iri'«i"o»i  .Vorn'.--,  Earthly  Paradise,  I,  309. 

2.  Warming:  as,  "the  brooding  heat,"  Tenny- 
son, Mariana  iu  the  South. —  3.  Pondering; 
thinking  deeply ;  disposed  to  ponder  or  tliink 
deeply :  as,  a  brooding  disposition. 

1  could  cite  many  instances  where  the  brooding  humor 

,  .  .  of  oiu"  new  people  long  since  cropped  out  in  rhyme, 

Stednian,  Poets  of  America,  p.  59. 

4.  Settled ;  rooted ;  fixed  in  the  heart :  a  fig- 
urative use  derived  from  the  steadfastness  'witn 
which  a  bird  sits  on  her  eggs. 
A  brooding  and  unavowed  hostility. 

Milnian,  Latin  Christianity,  II.  ix. 

brood-mare  (brod'mar),  «.    A  mare  kept  for 

bi'ociliiig. 
brood-pouch   (brod 'pouch),   «.     A  pouch,   or 

some  similar  ca\'ity  of  the  body  of  an  animal, 
in  which  eggs  or  young  aro  received  and  de- 
tained for  a  time  ;  a  brood-cavity. 

He  Ithe  male  stickleback]  only  bears  the  brnnd-povch  and 
alone  builds  the  nest.  Claus,  Zodlogy  (trans,),  p,  104. 

In  the  Entoprocta  there  is  a  peculiar  brood-pouch. 

a.  n.  Latikester,  Encyc.  Brit,,  XI.\.  433. 

brood-space  (briid'spiis),  n.     A  brood-cavity. 

.\u  *xK  in  the  hrood-spaee  formed  oetween  the  body  and 
the  niaiille,  Gegenbaur,  Coinp,  Anat,  (trans,),  p,  'JflS. 

broody  (In-ii'di),  a.  [<  MK.  "lirody,  <  AS.  bro- 
dig  (=  t;.  briitig),  broody,  <  brod,  brood.]  1. 
Of  a  brooding  disposition ;  inclined  to  brood  or 
sit,  as  a  hen. 

legetnicier  states  that  a  cross  between  two  non-sltting 
\  aricties  |of  the  common  fowl)  almost  Invariably  proilucea 
a  looTigrel  that  becomes  broody,  and  sits  with  remurkablo 
steadiness,     .S'l'r ./.  Lubbock,  Origin  of  lUvillsation,  p.  364. 

2.  Breeding  or  adapted    for  breeding:   as,  a 

Itroadif  bitch. 


The  lion  roars  and  gluts  his  tawny  brood.  Wordstrorth. 
2.  A  hatch;  the  young  birds  hatched  in  one 
nest,  or  those  placed  together  in  the  care  of  one 
hen,  or  in  an  artificial  brooder:  as,  a  linnnl  of 
chickens  or  of  ducks. — 3.  That  which  is  bred; 
species  generated;  that  which  is  produced; 
hence,  figuratively,  sort  or  kind. 

Have  you  forgotten  Libya's  burning  wastes,  .  .  . 

Its  tainted  air,  and  all  its  broods  of  poison? 

Addison,  Uato, 

4.  In  mtmtni;,  any  heterogeneous  mixture  Willi  1)rook'   (bn'ik),  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  also /icooA'e, 


'••1 
fail 


tin  or  copper  ore,  as  muudic  or  bhick-jiiek.  A' 
Jliint. —  5.  A  north  of  Scotland  name  for  sal- 
mon-frv.  -Ante' brood.  See  anii.  To  Bit  on  brood), 
to  lie  in  the  net  of  brooding,  like  a  bird  sitting  on  eggs; 
Ilguratlvely,  to  ponder. 

There's  somelhiiig  In  his  soul. 
O'er  which  his  nielaiicholy  sits  on  brood. 

ShaJt.,  Hamlet,  111,  1, 

.  ■  .:  .        .  .  .       *  ...     .  -Syn.  2,  Covei/   etc.     See  rfocA.-, 

""  ''•'^L';*;",/,  I'N'^^eonl!  xxl;":  brOOd>  (brOd),  r       [<  M K  broden  brood  «  ,.r<.l, 

liriioil),  eiiuiv.  to  the  earlier  linden,  breeil :  see 
breed,  r.']  I.  iiilnnis.  1.  Ti>  sit  iiersislenlly  on 
eggs,  covering  and  wanning  I  lieiii  with  llie  limly 
and  wings,  for  the  purposo  of  hatcliing  them: 
said  of  birds. 

Jlrodyn,  la  liyrdys,  foveo,  fetlllco.     Prompt.  Pant.,  p,  r.,'l. 
Thou  froin  the  llrst 
Wast  nresent,  and  with  nilglily  wings  oiit«preail 
Uove-IIko  sat'sl  brooding  on  the  vast  al.yKn, 

Milton,  V.  I..,  I,  'Jl, 

2.  To  rest  fixedly  like  a  brooding  bird. 
Raven  darkness  broollrit  o'er  llie  ilee|i, 

,S'ir  ir,  Jonen. 

3.  To  iiieditnle  long  and  anxiously;  remain  u 
long  time  in  aiixii'ty  orHoliciloiiHtlioiiglit ;  liiive 
till,  mind  dwelling'  jierHiHteiitly  on  a  Hubject: 
with  on  or  orcr. 

Half  mail 
With  olllc,  mill  Willi  limiting  on  IiIk  wniiign, 

M.  Arnold,  Kmpcducleff, 


1.  The  process  of  giving  a  bronze-liko  Hur- 
to  metals,  j. luster,  wood,  nnd  other  siib- 
Tbl»  ii.  .•..iiinioiily  elteetcl  by  till-  iiniilliallon 

,11.-. I  rhritiirat  hrt'iue,  a  Kiillltlon  of  tliei'lllnrlll 

.  of  platliiiini '.  It  limy  «U"  be  done  by  the 

'.r  by  diluting  with  n  lin-iiz.'  powder 

I,  I.  ,- 1,.'.  11  rubbed  with  llnw'id  oil  vanish. 
!•    .  oli.r  or  irideMCont  a]i|)eanince 


'Z. 

an  '■!  ■•)'.ii.,.-. 

Il>  •■•■•    <iii.    III.' .lark  shndowaniiaht  tfi  show  the  grcin- 
lab,  nliii    '  I,.,  t.'illlc  liMik  known  as  frrr.".'...'/ 

I^a,  I'l     ■  \:  4.'i, 

Bronalng-salt,  aiitlmonjr  clilorl.l,  w. '  '  II  u 

iu»l  In  III.'  pr.ii.eu  of  brownliiK  giiii-l..... ■  ..tlier 

articles  u(  Iron  >  hrunx»*Uqiiifr, 


hriikv ;  <  M  K.  Iirool;,  brok,  <  AH.  Iiroe,  a  stream,  = 
I ).  brinh-  =  MLG.  brol:,  l.G.  brook,  a niarsh,  iionl, 
=  ()11G.  hruiili,  MlKt.  bruoch,  (i.  Iirucli.  a  marsh, 
bog ;  )ierha])H  orig.  a  gushing  stream  (cf.  .spring), 
being  possibly  connected  remotely  with  AS. 
hreean,  etc.,  lii-eak,  burst  fortb:  see  brcak.'\  A 
iiatuotl  stream  of  water,  too  small  to  bo  called 
a  river. 

Springs  make  little  rivulets  ;  those  united  make  brmks; 
and  Ibose  coining  together  make  rivers,  which  empty 
llMMi^elves  Into  the  sea,  IjtcJlt. 

Brook-trout.  See  (nmf.— To  fly  at  the  brookt.  Seo 
rfi/i. 

brook'  (briik),  )'.  (.  [Apiiar.  <  brook^,  «.]  To 
ili'HW  tiigidlier  and  tlireaten  rain:  said  of  the 
I'liiiiils:  witli  H/(.      [Old  and  iirov.  I'Ing.] 

brook-  (bruli),  r.  t.  [<  Ml'".,  hrookoi,  lirokni, 
later  fonns  of  bronkrn,  brukrii,  use,  ]iosHesB, 
enjoy;  of  food,  iligost  (whence  the  mod.  sense 
of  'Httiiiiaeli,  endure');  <  AS.  briican  {\\vci\ .  brrde, 
111.  brneiiii,  \>\\.  Iirorrn),  use,  have  the  use  of,  ell- 
.joy,  esji.  I'lxid,  =  OS.  briikan  =  OI''ries.  Itritka 
'='  i\\).  Iiniiiek<n,  gliehrui/rkin,  ]>.  i/ihniikrn  = 
Mliti.  Iiriikrn,  iise,'=  I  >l l< i,  hrnhhiiii.  MUG.  brii- 
eliin,  G.  hriiKclirn,  use,  need,  =  Gotli.  hriikjan, 
use, =  L. /■(■«(  (for  •/'i-hi/i'/), enjoy  ( >J'nigis,  fruit-H, 
fruc.Um.  i'ruit:  nfo'j'riiil),  iierhapH  =  Skt.  ■\/  lilnij 
(for  'hiiritjl),  enjoy,   osp,   I'ood.      See    broker, 


brook 

also  fruit,   fructifi/,  etc.]     If.  To  use;  enjoy; 
have"  the  full  employment  of. 

80  niut  1  bitiukt  wel  myu  cyen  twaye. 

Chaucer,  Nuns  Priest's  Tale,  1.  479. 

2t.  To  earn ;  deserve. 

Which  name  she  brooked  as  well  for  her  proportion  niiil 
grace  lis  for  the  many  happy  voyages  she  made  in  lier 
Majesty's  service. 

Sir  R.  Hawkins,  Voyage  to  the  South  .Sea,  p.  11. 

3.   To  bear;   endure;   support;   put  up  with:  i^roomstaff  (brom'stM),  n. 
always  m  a  negative  sense.  j^.^,,./. 


695 

and  in  the  United  States  to  species  of  the  simi- 
lar allied  genera  riielipwa  and  Jjihyllon,  See 
Oriihiiiirlinccw. 
broom-root  (brSm'rot),  n.  A  root  exported 
frdin  Mexico  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
bruslies.  it  is  supposed  to  be  the  root  of  a  grass,  also 
kiiuwii  in  tritiie  as  Mexican  or  French  whixk. 

broom-sedge  (brom'sej), 

fjniss 


Your  son,  sir,  insulted  me  in 


a  manner  which  my  honour  l^rnnnistiVt  ChrHTn'Bt^lf^    n 
Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  :i.    oroomsUCK  ^Drom  StlK^,  n. 


could  not  brook. 

To  leisurely  delights  and  sauntering  thoughts 
That  brook  no  ceiling  narrower  than  the  blue. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

brook-fish  (bnik'fish),  H.     A  fish  of  the  family 

Viiprinodontidce  and  genus  Fundulus :  same  as 

klVifish  and  mummychog.     [Local,  U.  S.] 
brookite   (bruk'it),  n.     [After  Henry  James 

Brooke,   an    English    crystallographer    (1771- 

1857).]  One  of  the  three  forms  in  which  titani- 
um dioxiJ  OCCIU'S  in  nature.  It  is  found  in  ortho- 
rhombic  crystals  of  a  l)ro\vn  or  yellow  color  to  black,  and 

adamantine  to  metallic  luster.    Jurinite  is  auotlier  name 

for  tile  same  mineral.     Arkatmlc  is  an  iron-black  variety 

from  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas. 
brooklet  (briik'let),  11.     [<  j/'oofcl  +  dim.  -let.'\ 

A  small  brook.     Longfellow. 
brooklime  (bruk'lim),  n.  [<  ME.  hroMemp,  hrok- 

leiiibc,  broklympc,  <  brok,  brook,  +  lemp,  etc.; 

of  obscure  origin.]     A  plant,  Veronica  Becca- 

biinga,  with  blue  flowers  in  loose  lateral  spikes. 

The  American  brooklime  is  V.  Americana. 
brook-mint  (briik'mint),  H.     [<  AS.  brociiu'iite, 

<  broc,  brook,  +  minie,  mint.]    The  water-mint,  broozet,  ''.     Same  as  broivsei-. 

Mentha  sylvestris.  Brora  beds.     See  6edl.  ,,.,.. 

brook-moss  (briik'mos),  n.     A  name  given  to  brose' (broz),  h.    [Sc,  <  Gael.?()-oH(fl.s(«i  sUent), 

species  of  the  genus  Dichehjma,  slender  aquatic    broso.    Of.  brnose,  broth.']    A  Scotch  dish,  made 


Same  as  broom- 

Same  as  broom- 

Tho  stick  or  han- 
Uo  of  a  l)roora. 

broom-tree  (briim'tre),  n.  A  shrubby  compo- 
site, liueeharifs  scopdria,  of  the  mountains  of 
Jamaica,  broom-like  from  its  slender,  densely 
crowded,  almost  leafless  branchlets. 

broom-'vise  (brbm'vis),  H.  A  clamping  arrange- 
ment for  flattening  and  holding  broom-corn  so 
that  it  can  be  sewed  into  brooms. 

broomweed  (brdm'wed),  n.  A  species  of  Cor- 
ehonis;  ( '.  xiliquosiis,  of  tropical  America,  used 
for  making  brooms.  Tlie  ma-t  broomweed  of  the 
tropics  is  a  common  weed,  Scoparia  dulcis,  of  the  natural 
order  Srrnphnlfiriarea'. 

broomy  (brii'nd),  rt.  [< //room  1  + -1/1.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  broom;  bearing  broom: 
as,  a  "  broomij  peak,"  J.  Baillie. 

broose  (bros), »;..  [Sc,  also  spelled  brwfe,  bruise  : 
see  def.]  A  race  at  country  weddings.— To 
ride  the  brooset,  to  run  a  race  on  horseback  at  a  wed- 
ding from  tile  diurcli  to  the  place  where  the  wedding- 
feiust  was  to  lie  held.  He  who  first  reached  tlie  house  Wiw 
said  to  /rin  tiie.  f/roose,  that  is,  the  brone,  the  prize  of  spice, 
bnitli  allotted  to  the  victor.    Janiieson.     See  frro«el. 


mosses,  -svith  elongated  leaves  in  three  ranks, 
and  with  the  fruit  on  short  lateral  branches. 
brook-trout  (briik'trout"),  n.     See  trout. 

brookweed  (bruk'wed),  ».  A  plant,  the  water- 
pimpernel,  Saniohw  Talerandi.     See  Samolus. 

brooky  (bruk'i),  a.  [<  brook^  +  -//l.]  Abound- 
ing with  brooks:  as,  "Hebron's  brooky  sides," 
J.  Dyer,  The  Fleece,  ii. 

broomi  (brom),  n.     [<  Iffi.  broom,  brom,  broom 
(the  plant,  L.  genista)  (also  applied  to  the  tama-  brose-t,  ^' 
risk,  L.  myrica),  a  brush,  <  AS.  brom  =  Ml),     bruise. 
broem   (cf.   MLG.    brdm,   LG.   braam),   broom  brosely  (broz'li),  n 


by  pouring  boiling  water,  boiling  milk,  the  liquid 
in  which  meat  has  been  boiled,  or  the  like,  on 
oatmeal,  barley-meal,  or  other  meal,  and  imme- 
diately mixing  the  ingredients  by  stirring.  The 
dish  is  denominated  from  tlie  nature  of  th.  li.joid  :  as,  kail- 
f>rose,  waler-broite,  beef-brone,  etc.  —  AthOle  broBC,  honey 
and  whisky  mixed  together  in  equal  parts,  used  in  many 
parts  of  .Scotland  as  a  cure  for  hoarseness  and  sore  throat 
arising  from  a  cold.  In  the  Highlands  oatmeal  is  some- 
times substituted  for  the  honey.  So  called  from  Athole, 
a  district  of  Perthshire,  Scotland. 

An  obsolete  Middle  English  form  of 


(L.  genista):  see  bramble.]  1.  The  popular 
name  of  several  plants,  mostly  leguminous 
shrubs,  characterized  by  long,  slender  branches 
and  numerous  yellow  flowers.  The  common  or 
Scotch  broom  is  the  Cytisus  (Genista)  scoparitix,  abun- 
dant tlirougliout  Europe,  and  famous  as  the  planta  (jenista 
(French  plante  genet)  which  was  the  badge  of  the  Plan- 
tagenets.  It  is  a  valuable  remedy  in  dropsy,  being  one 
of  ttie  most  efficient  of  hydragogues,  and  its  seeds  are 
used  as  a  substitute  fcr  coffee.  Spanish  broom  {Spartium 
jtineeum)  is  a  closely  allied  species,  as  is  also  the  dyer's 
broom  (Genista  tinctoria),  which  was  formerly  much  used 
as  a  yellow  dye  and  as  the  basis  of  the  once  celebrated 
Kendal  green.  See  cuts  under  Cytisus  and  Genista. 
2.  A  besom,  or  brush  with  a  long  handle,  for 
sweeping  floors,  etc. :  so  called  from  being 
originally  made  of  the  broom-plant.  Brooms  are 
now  made  in  Europe  of  tliis  and  various  other  materials  ; 
and  in  the  United  States  their  manufacture  from  broom- 
corn  is  an  important  business.  A  broom  at  the  masthead 
of  a  vessel  indicates  that  she  is  for  sale,  a  sign  derived 


[So  called  from  the  town 


of  Brosely  in  Shropshire,  where  there  was  a 
large  manufactory  of  pipes.]  A  tobacco-pipe. 
[Local,  Eng.] 

Brosimum  (bro'si-mum),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ppu- 
ai/joi;  eatable,  <  ppuBu;,  food,  equiv.  to  /3pu,«a, 
food:  see  broma.]  A  genus  of  Vrticaccce,  sub- 
order Artocarpew,  one  species  of  which,  B.  Ga- 
lactotiendron,  is  the  cow-tree  of  South  America. 
B.  AUcastrum,  the  breadnut-tree,  common  in  the  woods 
of  Jamaica,  produces  nuts  wliich  when  roasted  are  used 
as  bread,  and  taste  like  hazel-nuts.  The  wood  resembles 
mahogany,  and  is  sometimes  used  by  cabinet-makers. 
The  leaves  and  young  branches  form  a  most  useful  fatten- 
ing fodder  for  cattle.  The  snake-  or  leopard-wood,  used 
as  veneers  and  for  walking-canes,  is  yielded  by  a  species, 
B.  Aiibletii,  from  British  Guiana. 

Brosmiidse  (bros-mi'i-d6),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bros- 
mius  +  -ida.]  A  family  of  anacanthine  fishes, 
tjqjified  by  the  genus  Brosmius:  same  as  the 
subfamily  Brosmiinn:     Also  Brosmidw. 


probaljly  from  the  old  habit  of  displaying  boughs  at  shops  -R.-a^^Jn-™  (bros-mi-i'ne).  n.  1)1.      [NL.,  <  Bros- 
and  taverns. -Butcher's    broom,  a  prickly  liliaceous  UrpsmimSe  (oros  mi  1  ue^ /.  y^i.      L         ' 
shrub,iii«ciisa<-«icofi«;  socalledfromitsusebybutchers     nuns  +  -ma'.]     A   sulitamilj  ot  gaaoia  nsnes, 
weeping  tlieir  blocks.     Also  called  k7iee.-     typified    by  the  genus   Bros-mius,  and   distiii- 
broom,  a  name  sonit-times  given  in  the     g^gligji  liy  the  development  of  only  one  long 
,  the  wild  ■-•■«:;;,,^"l''';;'Y'''^""«'^g_      dorsal  and  anal  fin  and  the  separation  there- 
^^'LLi-^^r.^^"-^     To  sweep,     j^om  of  the  caudal.    M,o  Brosnunw. 

Brosmius  (bros'mi-us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Icel.  brosma 
=  Norw.  brosme,  the  vernacular  name  of  the 
Brosmius  brosme.]  A  genus  of  fishes  belong- 
in''  to  the  cod  family,  Gadidw.  One  species,  found 
on  the  northern  coast  of  .Scotland,  is  commonly  called 
the  torsk  or  tusk.    See  torsk 


in  Europe  in  sweepiii] 
Ao;;,v.— Yellow  " 

United  States  to 

broomi  (brom) 
or  clear  away,  as  with  a  broom. 

Tlie  poor  old  workpeople  broouiimj  away  the  fallen 
leaves.  Thackeray,  Newcomes,  Iviii. 

broom^  (brom),  V.  t.     Same  as  bream^. 
broom-brush  (brom'brush),  H.    A  whisk-broom 

or  clothes-brush  made  from  broom-eora.  [U.S.]     _ _ 

broom-bush  (brom'biish),  «.    A  weedy  annual  ijrostent,  PP-     -A-  Middle  English  form  of  burst, 

composite,  Parthenium  Sisteropkorus,  of  tropi-     p.^^^,  participle  of  burst. 

cal  America.  brosy  (bro'zi).  a.    [<  brose^  +  -yl.]    Like  brose 

broom-corn  (brom'kom),  n.     A  variety  of  Sor-    semiiluid.     [Scotch.] 

ghum  rulgare,  a  tall  reed-like  grass,  rising  to  ijfotany  (brot'a-ni),   h. 

a  height  of  8  or  10  feet,  a  native  of  India.    Tlie     equiv.  AS.  priitcne)   of 

l>r:iinlnd  panicles  are  made  into  broora»and  brushes,  for     ,,;,,.„(,,,, ,,,,1  1     Southernwood, 

wliicli  pvrpose  the  plant  is  largely  cultivated  in  the  United     '""  '  J 

States.     Tlie  seed  is  used  as  feed  for  cattle. 
broom-grass    (brom '  gi'as),   «.      1.    Same    as 

brome-grttss. —  2.   In  the  United  States,  some 

species  of  Audropogon,  as  A.  scoparius  and  A. 

macronrns.     Also  called  broom-sedge. 


[A  short  form  (like 
JIL.   abrotanum :  see 


brotch  (broeh),  r.  t.  [Perhaps  a  var  of  the 
equiv.  brath,  which  is  appar.  <  Icel.bregdha, 
braid,  knot,  twine,  =  AS.  bregdan,  E.  bratd^, 
q.  v.]  To  plait  straw  ropes  round  (a  stack  of 
corn). 


Jamicson.     [Scotch.] 


broom-head  (brom 'bed),   «.     An  adjustable  brotelt,  "■    ^ '^^'^'^f.l^S^T?'' ^?„Tf^i!:'l?fc:,7 

clasp  for  iHilding  bunches  of  broom-corn  to  a  brotelnesst,  »•     A  Middle  Enghsh  form  of  bnt- 

broom-handle.  tleitcss.                                                    <ih,.nf  ,ilf   <* 

broom-rape  (brom'rap),  n.     A  name  given  to  brot-ground  (brot  p-o;f 'i)' "■   ,  [\^*''';' ^*-^^ 

parasitic "eattess plants  of  thegenus  Owbanche,  AS.  brotcn,  pp.  of  breotan,  break  (see  b,ott),  + 


brother 

ground.]  Ground  newly  broken  up.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brothl  (broth),  «.  [<  ME.  Iiroth,  <  AS.  broth  = 
Icel.  brodh  =  OHG.  brot,  brodO  ML.  brodum, 
brodium,  >  It.  brodo,  broitu  =  Sp.  Pg.  hrodio  = 
Pr.  fcro  =  01''.  'l/rou,  pi.  broues,  >  ME.  broives,  > 
E.  brewis,  q.  v.),  broth;  cf.  Ir.  broth  =  Gael. 
brot,  broth,  Gael,  hrnlhas,  Ijrose  fsee  lirosc'i); 
Ijrob.  (with  formative  -th)  from  the  rootC^rw) 
of  breu-A,  q.  v.]  Liquor  in  which  flesh  is  boiled 
and  macerated,  usually  with  certain  vegetable!- 
to  give  it  a  better  relish.  In  .Scotland  the  name  In 
seldom  used  except  when  pot-barley  formit  one  of  the  In* 
gredients. 
(Jood  Imith,  with  good  keeping,  do  much  now  and  then; 
(;oo<l  diet,  witli  wisdom,  best  comfortcth  men.     Tusier. 

broth^t,  a.     See  brath. 

brothel't,  "•  [ME.,  also  brcthel  (and  corruptly 
briidel,  brodelle),  a  WTctch,  a  depraved  man  or 
woman  ;  der.  Iirethcling,  a  wretcli ;  <  A.S.  'bred- 
than,  only  in  comp.  d-ltre6thaii,  ruin,  frustrate, 
pp.  dbrotheii,  degenerate,  base,  trifling;  con- 
nections doubtful.]  A  wretch ;  a  depraved 
person ;  a  lewd  man  or  woman. 

For  nou  is  vehe  boye  bold,  brothel  and  other. 
To  talkcu  of  the  trinit*  U>  beon  holilen  a  «yro. 

/■icr«  I'lijunnan  (A),  xL  01. 

A  brothel,  which  Michcas  hight. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant,  IIL  173. 

brothel-  (broth'el),  n.  [An  early  mod.  E.  eor- 
rujition  of  ME.  bordrl,  a  house  of  ill-fame,  by 
confusion  with  ME.  brothel,  a  WTetch :  see 
brothelX.]  A  liouse  of  lewdness ;  a  house  ap- 
propriated to  the  purposes  of  prostitution;  a 
bawdy-house ;  a  stew. 

Epicurism  and  Itut 
Make  it  more  like  a  tavern  or  a  l/rothel, 
Than  a  grac'd  palace.  Shak.,  Lear,  L  4. 

brotheFt  (broth'el),  t.  i.  [<  brotheft,  n.  Cf.  bor- 
del,n.]  To  haunt  brothels.  Sylvester,  ti.  ot  Vu 
Bartas. 

brothelert,  brothellert  (broth' el -fer),  n.    [< 
brothel-  -I-  -irl.    Cf.  bordeler.]     One  who  fre- 
quents brothels. 
(Inmcsters,  jockics,  brolhellers  impure.    Cowper,  Task,  11. 

brothel-houset  (broth'el-hous),  n.     A  brothel. 

brothellert,  «•    See  brothcler. 

brothelryt  (broth'el-ri),  n.     [<  brotheP  +  -ry.] 

1.  A  brothel.— 2.  Lewdness;  obscenity. 

Brothelry  able  to  violate  the  car  of  a  pagan. 

B.  Jonjion,  Ded.  of  Volpone. 

brother  (bruTH'er),  n. ;  pi.  brothers  or  brethren 
(-erz,  breTll'ren).  [=  Sc.  brither,  <  ME.  brother, 
<  AS.  brothor,  brother  =  OS.  brothnr  =  OFries. 
brother,  broder  =  D.  breeder  =  MLG.  brodor,  LG. 
broder,  broor  =  OHG.  bruodar.  iIHG.  bruoder, 
G.  bruder  =  Icel.  brOdhir  =  Sw.  Dan.  broder, 
bror  =  Goth,  brothnr,  a  word  common  to  all 
the  Indo-Eur.  languages:  =  Gael.  Ir.  brathair 
=  W.  braird,  pi.  brodyr,  =  Com.  brcdar  =  Manx 
fc»(i«)-  =  Bret.  breur,  6rfr  =  0Bulg.  bratru,  bratu 
=  Pol.  and  Sen',  brat  =  Bohem.  bralr=  Russ. 
liratil  (Hung,  bardt,  <  Slav.)  =  Lith.  brolig  = 
Lett,  brdlis  =  OPruss.  bratis  =  L.  frater  (>  It. 
frate,fra,  with  dim.  fratello  =  Wall,  frate  (> 
Alb.  frat)  =  Pg.  frade  =  OF.  frere  (>  ME. /rere, 
E.  friar,  q.  v.),  mod.  F.  frire  =  Pr.  fraire,  > 
prob.  OSp. /roirc,/reire,  bp.  fraile,  freile,  con- 
tracted fray,  frey  =  OVg.freirc,  Fg.  frei,  used, 
like  It.  frate,  fra,  as  an  appellation  of  a  monk, 
the  Sp.  word  for  'brother'  in  the  natural  sense 
being  hcrmano  =  Pg.  innSo.  <  L.  germanus,  ger- 
mane, german ;  cf.  also  E./r«/<?rn«/,  etc.)  =  Gr. 
ippa-riip,  ippaTTip,  one  of  the  same  tribe,  orig.  a 
brother.  =  Skt.  bhrdlar.  Prakrit  bhdd,  bhdaro 
(Hind,  bhdi,  bhaiyd,  Panjabi  joai.  Pali  bhdtd) 
=  Zend  and  OPers.  brdtar,  Pers.  birddar  (> 
Turk,  birdder)  =  Pahla\-i  birdd  =  Kurdish  bera, 
brother;  ulterior  origin  unknown:  the  term,  is 
appar.  the  suffix  -tar  (E.  -thcr)  of  agent.  The 
pi.  brethren  is  from  ME.  brethcrcn,  brethren, 
formed,  with  weak  pi.  ending  -en,  from  brether, 
brethrc,  brithere,  also  pi.,  an  umlauted  form  of 
AS.  brothru,  also  brothor.  the  usual  pi.  of  ftrdfAor; 
cf.  AS.  dat.  sing,  brether.]  1.  A  male  person, 
in  liis  relation  to  another  person  or  other  per- 
sons of  either  sex  bom  of  the  same  parents;  a 
male  relative  in  the  first  degree  of  descent  or 
mutual  kinship :  used  also  of  the  lower  ani- 
mals: the  converse  of  sister.  See  brother-in- 
law  and  half-brother. 

My  brother  and  thy  uncle,  call'd  Antonio. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  1.  2. 

2.  A  male  person  in  his  relation  to  any  other 
person  or  persons  of  the  same  blood  or  ances- 
try ;  a  member  of  a  common  family  or  race  in 
his  relation  to  all  other  members ;  in  the  plural. 


brother 

an  members  of  a  particular  race,  or  of  the  hu- 
man race  in  general,  as  regards  each  other. 

Jacob  told  Rachel  that  he  was  her  fathers  brother  [that 

is,  his  uncle  Labans).  Gen.  .vxix.  12. 

Let  us  send  abroad  unto  our  brethren  everywhere,  that 

are  left  iu  all  the  land  of  Israel.  1  Chron.  xUi.  2. 

Of  whom  such  massacre 

Make  thev,  but  of  their  brethren;  men  of  men? 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  650. 

3.  One  of  trvo  or  more  men  closely  united  with- 
out regard  to  pei'sonal  kinship,  as  by  a  common 
interest ;  an  associate ;  one  of  the  same  rank, 
profession,  occupation,  or  belief,  especially  in 
law,  religion,  or  organized  charity. 

We  few,  we  happy  few,  we  band  of  brothers; 

For  he  today  that  sheds  his  blood  with  me 

Sh.Tl]  be  my  brother.  Shah.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  3. 

4.  Specifically,  as  a  translation  of /riar,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  mendicant  order. 

Going  to  find  a  barefoot  brother  out, 

One  of  our  order.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  2. 

5.  In  the  plural  form  brethren,  the  designation 
of  several  Christian  organizations,  derived  from 
the  fact  that  the  title  was  used  by  the  primitive 
Christians  in  speaking  of  themselves;  specifi- 
cally, a  sect  of  German  Baptists,  more  popularly 
known  as  Diinkent. —  6.  A  member  of  a  reli- 
gious congregation  whose  members  do  not  re- 
ceive the  priesthood,  but  devote  themselves  to 
teaching  or  good  works:  also,  a  lay  member 
of  a  community  having  priests. — 7.  Figura- 
tively, one  who  resembles  another  in  manners 
or  disposition. 

He  also  that  is  slotMul  iu  his  work  is  brother  to  him 
that  is  a  great  waster.  Piov.  xviii.  1). 

Often  abbreviated  bro.,  plural  bros. 
[The  plural  form  brethren  is  not  now  used  iu  tile  sense  of 
male  children  uf  the  same  pai-ents.  but  only  in  the  wider 
meaniiiss  of  the  word  irof ftcr. )  —  Amyclaean  brothers. 
See  Autiielitan.—  AmstoUc  Brethren,  •■^ii-  uj«'.-!t„ii,; 
n.,  1  <c),  and  ^f.<..«»..rt/i, .  —  Arval  Brethren  ■  t Brothers, 
See  arra;-'.— Attidian  Brethren.  >te  Aii:,ii,u,.—Bo- 
bemlan  Brethren  >■■■  7;../.- //,.<(/!.— Brethren  and 
Clerks  of  the  Common  Lite,  ;t  iii..n;t.-tif  fratLi-niij, 
clerical  and  lay,  ori^ialinj:  in  tlie  Netlierlands  aliuut 
1378,  devoted  to  education  and  labor,  and  not  bound  by 
perpetual  vows.  Thomas  a  Kempis  belonged  to  it.  It 
spread  widely,  lint  iK'came  extinct  in  the  seventeenth  ccn- 
Uiry.  There  was  a  female  branch  of  the  order. — Breth- 
ren Of  ChelClC,  followers  of  Peter  Chelczicky,  a  Bohe- 
mian reformer  of  the  fifteenth  century.  They  wore  or- 
ganized into  a  separate  connnnnity  in  14.'.7,  and  soon 
became  known  as  liohemian  Jirethren. —  Brethren  Of 
the  Christian  Schools,  a  Kotnan  catholic  order,  con- 
sisting chii'llv  of  lav  ni.Mi,  devoted  to  tile  education  of  the 
piH.r,  founded  in  France  iu  lliTvi,  and  now  numerous  in 
varioiu  parts  of  the  world.  — Brethren  Of  the  Com- 
munity, one  i>f  the  two  parties  into  \\liich  the  l-'ran- 
ciscans  were  diviiied  in  the  begintiing  ol'  the  fonrtcrnth 
century.— Brethren  of  the  Free  Spirit,  a  suit  which 
arose  in  the  tliirteentli  century,  pantheistic  in  doctrine, 
perfectionists   iu   principle,    and    entliusia-sts  iu  pl'actice. 

—  Brethren  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  "r  Brethren  of  the 
Redemption  of  Captives,  an  order  of  ni.mUs  in  the 
twelfth  century  who  devoted  thcnisclvi-s  tti  llic  redcuip- 
tion  of  captives  from  the  Mohanunedaus.  — Brothers 
of  Charity,  see  c/ianVi/.- christian  Brothers,  set 
r'Arwtiani.— Elder  Brethren,  the  masters  i>f  Trinity 
House.  Umtlon,  the  coi-poration  charged  with  the  regula- 
tion and  management  of  the  lightliouses  and  buoys  on 
the  shores  ami  rivers  of  England,  with  the  licensing  of 
pilots,  and  with  a  general  supervision  over  the  lightlionse 
iwards  of  .Scotland  and  Ireland,  called  respectively  the 
Commissioners  of  Northern  Lights  and  the  lialla.-t  I'.'.ai-d 
ol    Dublin   -  Exclusive  Brethren.    .See  /•luniinitl,  l!,,tl,- 

ren,  IrIow.  -  Full  brothers,  .sec  .full.—  Plymouth 
Brethren,  Pljrmouthltes,  a  sect  of  christians  which 
tint  attracted  notice  at  i'lyntouth,  I'-ngland,  in  18:10,  hut 
luui  since  externled  over  fJre.at  l.ritain,  the  I'uited  Stales, 
and  arnoln;  tie'  I*r..t<--tants  of  France,  .Switzerland,  Italy, 
etc.     Tlie\  11  lis  hrethreu  who  believe  in  Christ 

and  the  II  his  vicar,  but  Ibcy  have  no  for- 

mal creed  d  organization,  or  ol'ticial  ndnistry, 

whicli  they  e.jnd- mil  ;u  the  causes  of  sectarian  divisions. 
Al*)  called  /Mrfi.vi'.<,  alter  .Mr.  Darby,  origiindly  a 
liarrlst^-r,  subseipleutly  a  clergyman  of  tlie  (.'hnrch  of 
Knglaud,  ami  thereafter  an  evangi-list  not  connected 
with  any  church,  to  who,e   efforts  their  (frigin  and  the 

(lllfu-i r  their   jiriuelples    arc  to  be  lu^erlbed.     In  a 

nil'  the  i>arli>ites  are  a  branch  of  the  I'ly- 

ni  I    entitled   /■,'j-c/i/^iie  //rct/ireyi,  on  account 

of  '  ,  of   their  views  and  the  eM-Insiveness  of 

the iiiiiiuiiiiiu.— United   Brethren,  ••<■  Unity  of 

Brethren  ti'niiuA  Fratrum).  the  ottiejui  <i,  -itimitiou  of 

tie    l'..,heiiilan  llretbreu  and  of  their  »i -.r-  the  .Mo- 

niMiii  f'.retliren,  or  Moravians. 
brother  (bniTii'rr),  </.  Bearing  a  frntomal 
n  lii'inii  ill  n  Keiicriil  Honso;  of  Iho  churaclor 
of  II  tirnllicr:  us,  a  hrollicr  mnii  <ir  iiiu({iHtrato. 
It  w.i-  then  removed  and  planted  In  a  ri'mole  jilace  close 
Ui  a  '.r.  fA.  1  lonif  style  plant.  iJanfiu. 

brother  n,riiTll'<T),  r.  ^  [<  brother,  n.]  1.  To 
fiiii-iliT  or  treat  lis  ii  brother;  ndilrcHs  as  a 
brnili.  I. —  a.  To  rchito  us  brothont;  inukekin. 

'I  :  iii.'e,  one  llnniRnltx  :  every  man  the 

kli  ter;  mankind  bnllured  In  the  one 

ni"  Word. 

'.    Ii.  Iloarilmm,  Creative  Week,  p.  IM. 

brother-german  fbniimVjr-jiT'mftu),  >i.  [< 
brother  +  ycrnuini ;  cf .  Hp.  hirmano,  a,  brother, 


696 

tinder  hrnther.]  A  brother  on  both  the  father's 
aud  the  mother's  side:  a  full  brother. 
brotherheadt  (bruTH'er-hed),  ».  [<  ME.  bro- 
thtrhtil.  var.  of  brotlteyho(l.~\  See  hmtlierhood. 
brotherhood  (bruTH'er-hiid), »!.  [<  ME.  brother- 
hod  (usually  hrotherhed,  E.  bro'hcrhead) ;  < 
brutJier  + -hood.']  1.  The  fact  or  contlition  of 
being  a  brother. 

My  brother  kill'd  no  man,  Itis  fault  was  thought, 

And  yet  his  punishment  was  bitter  death. 

yriio  sued  to  me  for  him  ?  .  .  . 

AMto  spoke  of  brotherhood?       Shak.,  Rich,  m.,  ii.  1. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  brotherly. 

And  friendship  shall  combine,  and  brotherhood. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  1. 

3.  An  association  of  men  for  any  purpose ;  a 

fraternity. 

The  chtirch  was  a  brotherhood ;  no  other  relatiifli  so 
aptly  distinguished  the  spirit  of  imiou  aud  self-sacrifice 
which  it  was  designed  should  belong  to  it. 

G.  P.  FMer,  Begin,  of  Christiimity,  p.  649, 

4.  A  class  of  individuals  of  the  same  kind, 
profession,  or  occupation. 

The  brotherhood  of  Cliristendom. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace,  ii. 
The  gloom 
Spread  by  a  brotlierhood  of  lofty  elms. 

Words-worth,  Excursion,  i. 

brother-in-law  (bruTH'er-in-U"),  ■»■  [<  ME. 
brother  in  laire,  hrodi/r  yn  hiwc,  etc.,  after  OF. 
frere  en  lay  [loi],  ML.  frater  in  Ie<je.']  The 
brother  of  one's  husband  or  wife ;  also,  one's 
sistei"'s  husband.  For  some  purposes,  but  not  all,  the 
legal  incidents  of  the  atfinity  cease  on  the  death  of  the  one 
wliose  uiarriime  fnrnied  the  tie. 

brother  less  (bruTn'er-les),  a.  [<  ME.  "brother- 
/r.y,  <  AS.  hnithorleds:  see  brother  and  -less.'] 
Without  a  brother. 

brotherliness  (bruTH'er-li-nes),  n.  The  state 
(If  <iuaUty  of  being  brotherly. 

brother-lovet  (bruTH'er-luv),  n.  Brotherly  af- 
fection.    sSlial;. 

brotherly  (braTH'er-li),  a.  [<  ME.  *brotherhj, 
<  AS.  brothorlic:  see  brother  aud  -/.i/l.]  Per- 
taining to  brothers;  such  as  is  natural  for 
lirothers ;  becoming  brothers ;  kind ;  affection- 
ate :  as,  brotherll/ \ove.=Syn.  Brotherly,  Fraternal. 
The  fonner  of  these  words  expresses  the  more  alfection  ; 
the  latter  is  often  more  formal  or  official. 

Be  kindly  affectioned  one  to  another  with  brotherlp 
love.  Rom.  xii.  10. 

Mtio,  not  content 
With  fair  equality,  ./Vafcr/mi  state. 
Will  arrogate  dominion  undeserved 
Over  his  brethren.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  %. 

brotherlyt  (bruTH'er-li),  adv.  Afti'r  the  man- 
ner of  a  brother;  kindly;  aflEectiouately. 

With  these  principles  who  knows  but  that  at  length  he 
might  have  come  to  take  the  Covenant,  as  others,  whom 
they  liriitherly  admitt,  have  don  before  hiiu. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix. 

brotherwort  (bruTH'er-wert),  n.    An  old  name 

till-  till'  creeping  thjTne,  Thymus  Serpyllum. 
brothlyt,  adv.     See  hruthly. 
brothyt,  «•     [ME.;  origin  obscure.]    Shaggy; 

still'. 

Uis  berde  was  brothy  and  blake,  that  tille  his  brest  rechede. 
"      Murte  .\rlhure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  lOIK). 

brott  (brot),  n.  [Appar.  <  Icel.  brot,  a  broken 
jiiece,  a  fragment  (cf.  broti,  trees  felled  and  left 
lying),  <  brjota  (=  AS.  bredtim,  \i\\.  hrolni), 
break:  see  brit'^,  and  cf.  brot-iinnind,  broliis.] 
1.  Shaken  corn.  Uroekett.  [Prov.  Eiig.]  —  2. 
III.  Fragments;  droppings;  leavings.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

Brotula  (brot'u-la),  )i.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  fishes, 
typical  of  the  faiiiily  JirotuUda;  now  restricted 


BrotMla  barbata. 


to  7?.  barbatn,  a  species  found  in  the  Ciiribboau 
sea. 
brotuUd  fbiot'ii-liil).  H.     A  fiHh  of  the  fimiily 
lirdtuhdm.     Also  i-iilled  brotuUiid. 

Brotulidae (idii-tii'li-dt'O,  "•  pi-  [NI-"-.  <  Urotiiln 
-1-  -ida:]  A  family  of  tcleocei)lialiitiK(lHliCH,  tyjii- 
lied  bvllie  K'-ii">^  llroliita,  ImviiiK  viiriiiim  limits 
ill  ilirfrrcllt  systems.  .Maib' by  mila  fandlyof  0;,/ii 
diniihii.  with  Jugular  venlrals  reduced  lo  om'  or  two 
ni%  1,  and  the  nnu»  In  the  anlerlor  half  of  llio  longlh. 

Brotulina  (lirot-ii-li'nlt).  n.  pi.  [NIj..  <  liro- 
liilii  +  -inn.]  Ill  (JIliiilKT's  Hyslem  of  cliissi- 
licaliiiii.  Die  llrHl  gniu|i  of  O/ihidiida;  hiiviiiK 
ventral  liiis  developed  and  attached  to  Iho  hu- 
meral aruh. 


brouse 

BrotuUnae  (brot-u-li'iu"), ».  />/.  [XL.,  <  lirotuUt 
-I-  -(«(!. J  A  subfamily  of  brotuloid  fishes,  typi- 
fied liy  the  geuus  lirotida,  to  which  different 
limits  liave  been  assigned. 

brotuline  (brot'ti-liu),  «.  and  a.  I,  n.  A  fish 
of  the  s\ihtii\m\y  BrotuUntc. 

II.  fl.  Pertaining  to  or  ha\'ing  the  characters 
of  the  Brotidiuw  or  BrotuUda-. 

brotuloid  (brot'u-loid),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  Same 
as  hrotidid. 

II.  (7.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Brotidida: 

brotulophidid  (brot-u-lof'i-did),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Brotidnjihididie. 

Brotulophididae  (brot"u-lo-fid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[XL.,  <  Brotiilopliis  {-}>hid-)  +  -ida:]  A  family 
of  Uphidioidea,  represented  by  the  genus  Bro- 
tulojihis,  and  including  ophidioids  with  subbra- 
chial  (or  thoracic)  ventrals  reduced  to  simple 
filaments,  and  the  anus  in  the  anterior  half  of 
the  length. 

Brotulophis  (bro-tii'lo-fis').  ".  [NL.,  <  Brotula 
+  Gr.  bipK,  a  serpent.]  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Brotulophidida;  having  the  aspect 
of  Brotula,  but  still  more  elongate  and  snake- 
like, whence  the  name. 

brotUS  (bro'tus),  H.  [Cf.  E.  dial,  brolts,  frag- 
ments, leavings,  droppings,  tilt.  <  AS.  breotan 
(pp.  broteii),  break:  see  brit^,  brott.]  Some- 
thing added  gratuitously;  an  additional  num- 
ber or  quantity  thrown  in:  same  as  hiijniappe: 
used  by  negroes  and  others  about  Charleston, 
South  Carolina. 

brouchant,  a.     Same  as  brochant. 

broudt,  browdt,  '•.  t,     [ME.  broudcn,  browden, 
etc.,  also  broidcn,  etc.,  variants  of  bruiden,  etc., 
braid :  see  braid^,  and  cf.  broid,  broider.]     1. 
To  braid. 
Hire  yolwe  lieer  was  bro%t)ded  [var.  broyded,  breided\  in  & 

trcs.se, 
Eyhvnde  liire  bak,  a  yerde  long  I  gesse. 

CAaiMer,  Kjiight's  Tale,  L  191. 
2.  To  embroider. 

Whit  was  hire  smok,  and  broifdid  al  hyfore 

Aud  eek  behind  on  hire  coler  abontc 

Uf  cole-blak  silk.  Cliaueer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  52. 

broudert,  bro'wdert,  v.  t.    Variants  of  broider. 
Where'er  you  si>y 
This  broiedered  belt  with  characters,  tis  I. 

11.  Junxon,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  1. 

brouderyt,  «.     A  variant  of  broidery. 
broudingt,  browdingt,  ".     Embroidery. 

Ilai'ness  .  .  .  wrought  so  weel 
of  goldsuiithrye,  of  hnnrdino,  and  of  steel. 

C/iu»iYr,'KuighfsTale,  I.  1640. 

brouette  (brii-ef),  n.  [F.,  a  wheelbarrow,  also, 
in  contempt,  a  carriage,  formerly  also  a  sedan 
chair;  lUt.  <  LL.  birota :  see  barouehe.]  A 
small  two-wheeled  carriage. 

brought  (broch),  ».  [Also  bruijh,  a  var.  of 
linrtilt,  liiirch,  for  boroutjh :  see  borough^.]  1. 
A  borough. — 2.  A  fortified  jdace.  Compare 
broujilfl.     [Scotch  iu  both  senses.] 

brOUgh'-  (broch),  n.  [Also  brni/h.  brofjh,  broch, 
and  liuvfi,  burrow;  sujiposed  to  be  ii  jiartienlar 
use  (it  hroiiiih^,  burg,  for  boroui/h^,  a  fortilied 
]ilace;  but  in  the  sense  of  '  circh','  'halo,' ef. /'»»•- 
roiv-,  n.,4.]  1.  An  ancient  circular  building  or 
round  tower  such  as  exist  in  Scotland  aud  the 
ad.jacent  islands.  The  Burg  of  Mousa  is  a  circuliu- 
bnildiiig  41  feet  high  :  its  walls,  Mliicli  are  double,  with  a 
vacant  space  between  thciu,  diminish  from  14  feet  in 
width  at  the  base  to  8  feet  at  the  sununit.  and  inclose  a 
central  area;  the  door  is  7  feet  high.  These  structures 
arc  older  than  the  Scaudinavian  invasions,  and  probably 
date  almost  from  the  bronze  age. 
2.  An  encampment  of  a  circular  form;  a  ring 
fort.  Also  culled  I'vrhVs  \l'ivt'ti\  hou.sv  or 
I'irht'.i  ra.'<tli: — 3.  In  the  game  ol'  ciirliiig,  ono 
of  the  two  circles  dnnvn  iiroiiiid  the  lee. — 4. 
.'\  hnzv  circle  around  the  sun  or  moon,  con- 
sideii'd  as  a  presage  of  a  change  of  weather. 
[Scotch  in  all 
senses. 1 

brcueh-'t,  ».   An 

<.I.Milil«'      spell- 
ing; III  liroir. 

brougham  (brii'- 

)im  or  briim),  n. 
I'After  the  first 
III  111!  Urouijh- 
oiH.]  A  four- 
wheeled  I'lose 
eiirriiige,  with  one  or  two  horses,  and  a<lapted 
to  cnrrv  either  two  or  four  jiersons. 

brought  (bi'At).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
lirimi. 

brouilleriet,  ".     See  broilery. 

broukt,  I  ■  '.     An  older  form  of  brook^. 

broUBOl,  V.     See  bruise. 


Urouifliain. 


Fruiting  Branch 
the  Paper-tnulbcrry 
( Broussonelia  papy- 
ri/era). 


Broussa  ware 

Broussa  ware.    See  pottery. 

Broussonetia  (bro-so-ne'shia),  n.  [NL.,  after 
M.  liruii.ssomt  or  Broussounci,  a  French  natural- 
ist (17G1-1807).]  A  gemis  of 
plants,  of  two  or  three  species, 
natural  order  Urticaccxe,  nearly 
allied  to  the  mulberry,  natives 
of  eastern  Asia  and  the  Paeifie 
islands.  The  paper-mulberry  (B.  jm- 
p}iri/''rtJ)  ami  A".  Kfruip/i'n  are  culti- 
vatt'it  ill  rhiiiit  iuul  Japan,  where  the 
bark  of  tin-  .\i'Hii;;  slMuts  is  the  chief 
niatiiialt'iirthomaiiiilaLtiire  of  paper. 
Kioia  tlie  bark  of  tho  paper-mulberry 
i.s  also  made  the  tajia-clotli  exten- 
siw'iy  used  throughout  I'olynesia. 

brouzet,  «.  and  v.    See  browse'^. 

brow  (brou),  K.  [<  ME.  browe, 
briiice,  <  AS.  brii,  pi.  brua, 
briiwa,  eyebrow,  also  eyelash, 
=  ONorth.  bniu  =  (with  an 
appar.  formative  -H)Ieel.  &)•««, 
old  pi.  brynn,  =  Sw.  Dan.  bryn  (>E.  hrine^,  q.  v.) 
(of.  G.  i)-a««e,  below),  eyebrow;  closely  related 
to  ME.  brew,  brcow,  brey,  bre,  bra,  bro,  etc., 
eyebrow,  <  AS.  brUeio,  bredw,  also  breij,  eyelid 
(used  differently  from  bru),  =  OPries.  bre  in 
dg-bre,  eyelid,  =  OS.  brdha,  brdwa  =  MD. 
brauwc,  brouwe,  eyelid  (D.  icciikhraauw,  eye- 
brow), =  OHG.  brdwa,  MHG.  bra,  brdwe,  G. 
brum,  also  braiiiie,  eyebrow,  =  leel.  bra,  eyelid, 
=  Gael,  bra,  eyebrow,  =  Bret,  abrant,  eyebrow, 
=  OBulg.  bruri,  obriiri  =  Serv.  hrv,  obrva  = 
Bohein.  brwi,  obrwi  =  Pol.  brew  =  Russ.  brori 
=  Litli.  bruris,  eyebrow,  =  Gr.  bipprc,  eyebrow, 
=  Pers.  abn'i  =  Zend  brrat  =  Skt.  bJirii,  eye- 
brow; ef.  Ir.  Gael,  abhra,  eyelid.  Perhaps  re- 
lated to  brae,  bray^,  q-  v.,  and  ult.  to  E.  bridge'^.'] 
1.  The  prominent  ridge  over  the  eye,  forming 
an  arch  above  the  orbit. — 2.  The  arch  of  hair 
over  the  eye;  the  eyebrow. 

Your  iuky  brows,  your  black  silk  hair. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. 

3.  The  forehead. 

Beads  of  sweat  have  stood  upon  thy  brow. 

SImk.,  I'Hen.  IV.,  ii.  3. 

4.  The  general  exjiression  of  the  countenance. 

He  told  theui  with  a  maisterly  Brow,  that  by  this  act  he 
had  oblig'd  them  above  what  they  had  deserv'd. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  v. 
To  whom  thus  Satan,  with  contemptuous  brow. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  885. 

5.  In  eiitom.,  that  part  of  an  insect's  head  which 
lies  between  the  clyjieus  and  the  vertex,  gen- 
erally just  above  the  antennse. — 6.  The  edge 
of  a  steep  place ;  the  upper  portion  of  a  slope : 
as,  "the  brow  of  the  hill,"  Lidie  iv.  29.-7. 
In  England,  a  fringe  of  coppice  adjoining  the 
hedge  of  a  field. — 8.  In  coal-mining,  an  under- 
ground roadway  leading  to  a  working-place, 
driven  either  to  the  rise  or  to  the  diij.  Gres- 
2ey.  [Leicestershire,  Eng.] — 9.  Xoji^,  an  old 
name  for  an  inclined  plane  of  planks  from  the 


A  Ship's  Brow, 

shore  or  the  ground  to  a  ship,  to  facilitate  entry 
and  e.^it.  In  this  sense  also  spelled  brough. — 
10.  In  a  saw-mill,  an  incline  up  which  logs  are 
drawn  to  be  sawed. — 11.  [Also  written  broo: 
taken  as  a  particular  use  of  brow,  "an  ill  brow" 
being  then  orig.  a  frowning  or  unfavorable 
look;  "nae  brow,"  no  (se.  favorable)  look  or 
view.]  View;  opinion:  in  the  phrases  an  ill 
brow,  an  unfavorable  opinion;  nae  brow,  no 
good  opinion.     [Scotch.] 

But  thir  ridings  and  wappenshawiugs.  my  leddy,  I  hae 
nae  broo  of  them  ava.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  vii. 

Bent  brow,    (a)  .\n  arched  eyebrow,    (b)  .\  wTinkled  or 
knit  iirow.  — To  knit  the  brows,  to  frown. 
brow  (brou),  r.  t.    [<  brow,  n.]    To  form  a  brow 
or  elevated  border  to.     [Rare.] 

Tending  my  flocks  hard  by  i"  the  hilly  crofts, 
That  brow  this  bottom-glade.    Milton,  Comus,  1.  532. 


697 

brow-ague  (brou'a"gii),  n.    Frontal  neuralgia. 

Browallia  (bro-wal'i-ii),  n.  [Prom  .J.  liromall 
(1707-.'35),  bishop  of  Abo  in  Finland.]  A  genus 
of  South  American  herbaceous  plants,  natural 
order  /^ernjiliiilariacea;  some  species  of  which 
are  cultivntcd  for  ornament. 

brow-antler  (brou' ant "Itr),  )(.     1.  The  lirst 
spike  tliat  grows  on  a  deer's  head. — 2.  The  first 
branch  or  tine  of  an  antler,  overhanging  the 
forehead.     Se(>  antler. 
Also  called  brow-snag. 

brow-band  (iirou'band),«.  1.  A  band  or  fillet 
worn  round  tjio  brow. —  2.  In  saddlery,  a  band 
of  abriilUi,  headstall,  or  halter,  which  passes 
in  front  of  the  horse's  forehead,  and  has  loojjs 
at  its  ends  tlu'ougli  which  pass  tho  cheek-straps. 

browbeat  (brou'bet),  r.  t. ;  pret.  browbeat,  pp. 
browhetitin,  ppr.  browbeating.  [<  brow  +  biat.^ 
To  dejjress  or  boar  down  with  haughty,  slcrn 
looks,  or  with  arrogant  speech  and  dogmatic 
assertions ;  in  general,  to  bear  down  by  imjiu- 
dence. 

He  lJeffre.vs]  soon  found  that  it  was  not  quite  so  easy  to 
browbeat  the  proud  and  powerful  barons  of  England  in 
their  own  hall,  as  to  intimidate  harristers  whoso  bread  de. 
pended  on  his  favor,  or  prisoners  whose  necks  were  at  his 
mercy.  Macaulay,  Ifist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Mr.  Necker  .  .  .  was  browbeaten  and  intimidated. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  II.  485. 
=  Syu.  To  overbear,  insult,  bully,  hector. 

browbeater  (l)rou'lje"ter),  n.  One  who  brow- 
beats; a  bully.      Warren. 

brow-bound  (brou'bound),  a.     Crowned;  hav- 
ing  the   head   encircled,    as   with    a  diadem. 
[Poetical.] 
Brow-bound  with  the  oak.  Sluik.,  Cor.,  ii.  2. 

A  queen,  with  sw.-irtliy  clieeks  and  bold  black  eyes, 
Brnir-btiuml  witli  luiiniim  auld.  Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

brOWdt,  »'.  '.      Sec  broillt. 

browden  (brou'dn),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  browden, 
broaden,  etc.,  pp.  of  braiden,  breiden,  etc.,  move, 
draw,  snatch,  pull,  etc. :  see  braid^.'}  1.  Anx- 
ious ;  foolishly  fond. —  2.  Vain;  conceited. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

browdert,  *'.  t.    See  brouder. 

browdinet,  «.    See  brouding. 

browest,  Drowist,  ».    See  brewis. 

browless  (brou'les),  a.    [<  brow -^ -less."]   With- 
out shame.     [Rare.] 
So  browless  w-as  this  heretick. 

L.  Addison,  Life  of  M.ahomet,  p.  84. 

brown  (brouu), '/.  and  n.  [<  ME.  brown,  broun, 
bnin,  <  AS.  brun  =  OFries.  bruii  =  D.  bruin  (> 
E.  bruin,  q.  V.)  =  MLG.  briin  =  OHG., MHG. 
briin  (>  ML.  bninus,  >P.  Pr.  brun  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
bruno,  brown,  >  F.  lirunir,  etc.,  burnish,  >  E. 
burnish,  q.  v.),  6.  braun  =  Icel.  briinn  =  Sw. 
brun  =  Dan.  brun  =  Lith.  brunas,  brown,  =  Gr. 
*(jipvvoQ,  brown,  in  ippvfoc,  (ppin^/,  a  toad  (cf.  L. 
rubeta,  a  toad,  <  ruber,  red,  reddish) ;  with  for- 
mative -n,  <  v'  *bru  =  Skt.  *bhrn,  redujil.  in 
Skt.  babliru,  reddish-brown,  as  subst.  a  beaver 
(see  bearer'^);  cf.  L./«>t«s,  dusky,  black.]  I. 
a.  Of  a  dark  or  dusky  color,  inclining  to  red- 
ness or  yellowness. 

Broun  he  was,  and  lene,  and  rough  of  heer,  more  than 
a-nother  man.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  40;,. 

Cheeks  hronni  as  the  oak -leaves.  Lonufcllow. 

Brown  atrophy,  bread,  liolland,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
—Brown  hematite,  brown  iron  ore.  Same  as  Umo- 
jiftc— Brown  madder.  See  madder.— 'Brown,  mix- 
ture acouuh-niixtiiv,-  cnntaining  camphorated  tincture  of 
opium,  wine  of  auliin.iny,  spirit  of  nitrous  ether,  and  other 
less  important  inf;redieiits;  the  niistura  slycyrrhiza;  coni- 
po.'iit.a  of  the  iilKiniiacoptcia.— Brown  ocher.  See  oclier. 
—Brown  pink,  an  artists'  pignient  niadu  from  Avignon 
berries  (ii'ftii/iiHws  iii/ectorivji),  or,  better,  fromiiuercifron- 
bark,  as  tliis  latter  is  not  so  fugitive.  It  is  sometiuies 
called  stil  de  .»■«/«.— BrOWn-red  game,  a  variety  of  the 
game-fowl  in  which  the  hackle- aud  saddle-feathers  of  tlie 
cock  are  bright-red,  shadhlg  ofl  to  lemon-yellow,  flnely 
striped  with  black,  the  back  and  wing-bows  rich-red,  the 
primaries,  secondaries,  and  wing-coverts  or  bars  and  tail 
black,  the  breast  and  lower  parts  of  the  body  black,  the 
feathers  having  brown  shafts  and  a  slight  lacing  of  the 
same  color.  The  hen  is  plain  black,  with  hackle-fcathers 
edfed  with  yellow.— Brown  study,  a  state  of  mental  ab- 
straction or  meditation  ;  a  reverie.  |Often  with  a  hj-phcn.  ] 
Faith,  (his  brown  sliidii  suits  not  with  your  black, 
Yom-  habit  and  your  tiioughts  are  of  two  colours. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  iii.  3. 

My  companion  approached  and  startled  him  from  his  fit 
of  brown-study.  Iniwi. 

To  do  (a  person)  bro'Wn,  to  deceive  him ;  t.ike  him  in. 
[CoUoq.]  — To  do  up  brown,  to  do  thoroughly.    [Colloq.] 

II.  n.  1.  Ad.'U'kcolorinelinedtoredoryellow. 
It  maybe'  obtained  by  mixing  red,  black,  aud 
yellow.— 2.  A  halfpenny.  [English  slang.]— 
Alizarin  brown,  alizarin  red  changed  to  a  brown  by  niix- 
iii'T  ferrooyanide  of  potash  with  the  color,  whicli  is  dn-i.ni- 
poled  in  "steaming  and  yields  Prussian  blue.— Aniline 
brown,  a  in-own  piL'ment  obtained  by  heating  a  mixture  >.'f 
aniline  violet  or  aniline  blue  with  hydroeliloratc  of  aniline 
to  240",  imd  keeping  it  at  this  temperature  till  the  mixture 
becomes  brown  iu  color.    This  brown  is  soluble  in  water, 


Brownian 

alcohol,  and  acids,  and  can  lie  used  in  dyeing.— Antwerp 
brown,  a  i-olor  used  by  artlHts,  maiie  by  mixing  asplialtum 
with  a  drying-oil;  ititniiien,  — ArchU  brOwn,  a  cual-tar 
color  used  in  ilyeing.  Bismarck  brown.  Same  as  phe- 
nylcne  brown.—  Caledonia  brown,  a  pigment  used  by 
artists  in  oil-painting.  It  i,4  a  native  earth  of  England, 
and  is  of  an  orange  rUHset-bi'own  color.  -  -  Canelle-brown. 
.Same  as  plimyUnc  fcroie/i.—  Cappagh  brown,  a  j.iginent 
used  iiy  artists  in  oil-iiainting,  made  from  a  specien  ot 
bog-earth  lontaining  manganese,  fi,uiid  near  Cappugh  in 
Ireland,— Caflsel  brOwn,  a  pigment  very  siniilar  to  Van- 
dyke l)ro»n  (which  see.  below; —Cheatnut-brown,  ill 
coal-tar  colors,  a  kind  of  maroon  (which  s<-<->.  it  can  lie 
dyed  on  silk,  cott^m,  and  wool.— (Hnnamon-brown. 
Same  as  jttwnytene  bronm.  —  'P3LBt  brown,  a  coal-tar  color 
used  in  dyeing,  belonging  to  the  ox>-azij  group.— Orenat© 
brown,  Iiotassitim  isopurpni'iite,  prepared  by  the  action 
of  iiotassluni  cyanide  on  picric  acid.  It  fonns  brownUh- 
red  crystalline  scales,  whlili  are  green  by  relleeted  light. 
It  is  si,liible  in  hot  water  and  alcohol,  giving  a  very  deei> 
violet-red  color.  When  dry  It  explodes  very  readily,  and 
is  therefore  kept  in  tli&tform  of  a  past*,,  Ut  w  hicli  glycerin 
is  added  in  onler  to  keep  ft  moist.— Havana  brown,  a 
coal-tar  color  similar  to  phenyl  brown,  used  to  firodnee  on 
wool  brown  colors  fast  to  the  light.— Ivory-brown,  a 
pigment  the  same  aa  bone-brown,  except  that  ivory  Is 
substituted  for  bone.— Leather-brown,  same  as  pl:'7tyl 
iiroM'H.— Madder-brown,  a  brown  dye  driiiid  (roiii  ca- 
techu and  worked  with  madder  colors.  Manchester 
brown.  Same  ;ls  phrni/teiu:  brown. — Manganese  brown* 
a  cidor  produced  in  dyeing  by  pasHing  the  cotton,  inifireg- 
nated  with  manganous  ehlorid,  through  a  mixture  of  »o- 
dinin  hypochlorite  aud  caustic  soda. — Mars  brown,  an 
artists'  pigment,  prepared  by  calcining  a  mixture  of  sul- 
phate of  iron,  alum,  and  jiotash.  Its  color  varies  through 
brown,  yellow,  and  red,  according  to  tlie  heat  employed  in 
calcining.  It  may  be  termed  an  artificial  ocher,—  Fnenyl 
brown,  a  coal-tar  Cfilor  used  in  dyeing.  It«  coiniioifitlon 
is  complex  and  nnkii'>wn.  It  is  prepared  by  treating  phe- 
nol with  a  mixture  of  sulphuric  and  nitric  acid,  and  U 
mostly  used  in  dyeing  leather.  Also  called  leMtfier-brerum. 
—  Phenylene  brown,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing.  It 
is  the  liydri.rhlorid  of  triamidoazobenzene.  and  is  used 
on  wiiol,  r.,tton,and  leather.  Also  called  Bixiiinrck  brmcn, 
caiwlle-ijrinrn,  cinnanton-broirn,  Manchester  brown. — 
Prussian  brown,  a  pigment  used  by  artists,  [irepared  by 
calcining  an  aluminous  I'nissiaii  blue,  forming  a  coiu- 
pouiid  of  scsquioxid  of  iron  and  alumina.  It  is  orangc- 
lirown,  and  reseniblcs  iiurnt  sienna,  but  is  not  tut  rich  fn 
tone.  -Purple  brown,  a  iiigment  composed  of  oxid  of 
iron,  it  is  soinetiniis  ealli-d  ),mroo/l  oxid. —  ReSOrdn. 
brown,  a  coal-tar  color  u.sed  ill  dyeing,  obtained  by  com- 
bining a  <liazo-coinpound  with  resorcin  in  the  ordinary 
way,  and  acting  on  the  a7.^i-coniixiund  formed  with  some 
otherdiazo-componnil.  Seal  brown,  a  rich,  dark  brown. 
See  seal-brown.-  Small  brown,  a  variety  of  mar- 
bled paper  in  whicli  the  design  consists  of  small  round 
spots  or  shells. —  Spanish  bro'wn,  an  inferior  pigment 
consisting  of  a  highly  a<lulterated  dark  oxid  of  iron.  It 
is  used  to  some  extent  as  a  priniing-yiaint,  but  chiedy  by 
niasinis  to  color  mortar.— Spirit-brown,  in  dyeiny.  a 
color  obtained  by  treating  material  dyed  yeiiowfrom  bark 
with  peacliwoiKl,  logwood,  and  alum.— Vajidyke  brown, 
an  important  brown  pigment  used  both  by  artists  ami 
house-painters.  It  is  a  species  of  peat  or  lignite,  of  a  very 
dark,  semi-transparent,  reddish-brown  color.— Verona 
brown,  a  pigment  used  by  artists  in  oil-painting.  It  is  a 
calcined  ferruginous  earth,  of  a  reddish-brown  tone. 
brown  (broun),  V.  [<  ME.  brounen,  <  AS.  bru- 
nian,  become  bro«-n  (=  OUG.  briinen,  MHG.  bri- 
vnen,  make  brown).  <  briin,  brown :  see  brown, 
a.]  I.  fntrans.  To  become  brown. 
H,  trans.  To  make  brown  or  dusky. 

A  trembling  twilight  o'er  the  welkin  moves, 
Browns  the  dim  void  and  darkens  deep  the  groves. 

J.  Barlow,  r'olumbiad,  iiL  618. 

Specifically — (a)  To  pro<luce  a  brown  color  in  by  exposure 
to  lieat.  as  of  meat,  bread,  etc.,  to  that  of  a  fire  in  roasting 
or  toasting,  or  of  the  skin  to  that  of  the  sun.  (&)  To  give  a 
brnwn  luster  to  (articles  of  iron,  a?  gun-barrels,  etc.). 

brownback  (broun'bak),  H.  1.  A  name  of  the 
red-breasted  snipe,  Hacrorhaniphiis  griscus. — 
2.  A  name  of  the  great  maiTiled  godwit,  Limo- 
sa  ffdoa. 

brown-bess  (broun'bes).  N.  [Said  to  be  formed 
iu  puimtng  imitation  (Bess  for  Bill)  of  brown- 
bill,  the  old  weapon  of  the  English  infantrj-.] 
A  name  given  to  the  regidation  bronzed  flint- 
lock musket  formerly  used  in  the  Briti.sh  army. 

brownbill  (broun'bil),  H.  A  kind  of  halbeit  for- 
merly used  by  tho  English  foot-soldiers.    See 

The  black,  or  as  it  was  sometimes  caUed.  the  brown-bill, 
wa-sa  kindof  halbert.  the  cutting  part  hooked  like  a  wood- 
man's bill,  from  the  back  of  which  projected  a  spike,  and 
another  from  the  head.  Gr«te. 

bro'wn-blaze  (broun 'blaz),  «.  The  fumes 
which  rise  from  the  ftrmace-flame  in  reducing 
zinc  when  cadmimn  is  present.  They  are  due 
to  oxid  of  cadmium. 

bro'wn-clock  (broim'klok),  n.  The  cockchafer. 
[Prov.  Eug.] 

bro'wn-coal  (broim'kol),  n.  The  variety  of  coal 
more  commonly  named  lignite.  See  coal  and 
lignite. 

brown-crops  (brotm'krops),  n.  PtJse.  [Pn.v 
Eng.] 

brown-george  (1>roun '  jorj).  n.  1.  A  large 
earthen  pitcher. — 2.  A  coarse  kind  of  bread. 
[H-ov.  Eng.] 

Brownian  (brou'Hi-an).  n.  Pertaining  or  relat- 
ing to  any  person  bearing  the  name  of  Brown: 


Brownian 

Brunonian — Brownian  movement,  a  rapid  oscUla- 
tor>'  luution  often  observed  in  very  minute  pai-ticles  sus- 
pended iu  water  or  other  liquid,  as  when  carmine  or  gam- 
boj:e  is  rubbed  up  in  water,  and  first  de5eril>ed  by  Kobert 
Brown  (1757-1S31),  a  Scotch  botanist  and  agriculturist.  It 
is  a  purely  physical  phenomenon,  not  %itat,  and  is  prob- 
ably explained  by  the  fact  that  the  particles  are  in  very 
delicate  equilibriiun,  and  hence  extremely  sensitive  to 
the  slightest  change  of  temperature.  -\lso  and  originally 
called  Bfttnonian  motion  or  ntorement. 
brownie  (brou'ni),  n.  [Sc,  dim.  of  broicn :  so 
called  from  their  supposed  color.]  In  Scot- 
land, a  spirit  supposed  to  haunt  houses,  partic- 
ularly farm-houses.  The  bro»-nie  was  believed  to  be 
very  useful  to  the  family,  particularly  if  treated  well  by 
them,  and  to  the  sen'ants,  for  whom  while  they  slept  he 
was  wont  to  do  many  pieces  of  drudgery.  In  appearance 
the  brownie  was  said  to  be  meager,  shaggy,  and  wild. 

It  would  be  easy  to  trace  the  belief  in  broicnies  ...  to 
the  iBT,  or  hearth  spirit  of  the  ancients. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  204. 

browning  (t)rou'ning),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  fcroicH, 
r.]  1.  The  act  of  making  brown.  Specifically, 
the  pr-icess  of  darkening  the  polished  surfaces  of  gun- 
barrels  and  other  metallic  objects.  Chlorid  or  butter  of 
antimony,  called  brotiziufi-^alt .  is  used  in  the  process. 
2.  A  preparation  of  sugar,  port  wine,  spices, 
etc.,  for  coloring  and  flavoring  meat  and  made 
dishes. 

Brownism  (brou'nizm),  H.     [<  Brown  +  -ism.'] 

1.  The  ecclesiastical  system  and  doctrine  of 
the  Brownists ;  Independency  or  Congregation- 
alism. 

However.  I  must,  without  fear  of  offending,  express  my 
fear,  that  the  leven  of  that  rigid  tiling  they  call  Brown. 
ism  has  prevailed  sometimes  a  little  of  the  furthest  iu 
the  administrations  of  this  pious  people. 

C.  ilather,  Mag.  Chris.,  1.  3. 

2.  The  Brunonian  theory.     See  Brunonian. 
Brownist  (brou'uist),  n.     [<  Brown  +  -ist.]    A 

follower  of  Robert  Brown  or  Browne  (about 
1550-1633),  a  Puritan,  who  lirst  organized  the 
body  of  dissenters  from  the  Church  of  England 
afterward  called  Independents.  See  Conijrega- 
tionalist. 

1  bad  as  lief  be  a  Brownist  as  a  politician. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iil.  2. 
If  I  hate  any,  'tis  those  schismaticlcs  that  puzzle  the 
sweet  peace  of  our  Church :  so  that  I  could  be  content  to 
see  an  Anabaptist  go  to  hell  on  a  Broimij^l'fi  back. 

HowfU,  Familiar  Letters,  I.  vi.  32. 

The  word  Puritan  seems  to  be  qu.ashcd,  and  all  that  Iterc- 

t'tforc  were  counted  such  are  now  Brownist.^.  Milton. 

Brownistic,  Brownistical  (brou-nis'tik,  -ti- 

kal),  rt.  Of  or  pcrtaiuiug  to  Ihe  Brownists  or 
to  their  doctrines  and  practices;  characterized 
by  Brownism. 

.\lK>ut  the  time  of  Governour  Bradford's  death,  religion 
itself  liaii  like  to  have  died  in  that  colony,  through  alib- 
ertiiie  and  Brownistick  spirit  then  prevailing  aiimjig  tlie 

people,  and  a  strong  disimsition  to  di- nitciiaiuc  the 

BosiH-l-niiTiistry,  by  setting  up  the  "gift-i  "f  priv;dr  bi-cth- 
rrn  '  in  r.i,po,sili.»n  thcM-to.    r.  Mntlur,  Mag.  Chris.,  ii.  2. 

brown-leemer,  brown-leemine  (broun'le  'mcr, 

-iiiiiii;^,  H.    A  ripe  brown  nut.  Also  called  iroK'«- 

.tliullir.     [I'rov.  Eng.] 
brownness  (l)roun'nes),  n.     The  quality  of  be- 

iiii.'  Iipiwii. 
brcwn-shuUer  (broun'shul'fer),  n.     [That  is, 

'hrinrn-shillcr.']     Same  as  hroirn-hcmer. 
brown-spar  (broun'sjiiir),  «.     A  name  given  to 

a  !'■  iTiiginoii.s  variety  of  dolomite. 
brownstone  (broun'ston),  h.     Anamogivento 

viirion.i  kinds  of  dark-bro«^l  sandstone.    In  the 

I'liited  states  it  Ih  the  sjiiidHtone  from  the  quarries  iu  the 

'I'riiuutii-  or  .N't!w  Ked  Sandstone,  and  c.Hiieciallysuch  a  stone 

from  fjuarrics  in  the  Connecticut  river  valley,  much  used 

at  .'I  l)iiiMi[ig-Ht/)ne. 

bro'wn-stout  (broun'stouf),  n.  A  superior  kind 

of  purler.     See  stout. 
brownwort  (broun'wtrt),  n.     [ME.  not  foiin<l ; 

<  AS.  Iiriin-wi/rt,  <  hriin.  brown,  +  loi/rl,  wort.] 
1.  A  mime  of  the  j)lantH  Hcropliularia  (ii/ualica 
and  .S.  noilosfi,  deriv(<d  from  (he  color  of  the 
Htems. — 2.  A  name  of  (he  Hclf-heal,  IlruiulUi 
nilfinrin,  from  its  uso  in  a  disciim.  of  tlio  throat 
"■ailed  <li>:  hriiunf  (the  brown)  in  (Jcrinan. 

browny  (tirou'ni).  It.  and  n.     (<  liroirn  +  -i/l. 

<  f.  hroicnif.]  I.f  a.  Somewhat  brown  :  as,  "  liis 
hroirny  locks,"  .Shak.,  Lover's  ('oiiinlaint,  1.  85. 

H.  n. ;   pi.  hrownirM  (-niz).      'J'lio  (op-knot. 

(I.ii'-al  Kng.  (■('ornwall).] 

brow-post  (broil 'post),  II.  In  nrWi.,H  cross-beam. 

browse'  (brouz),  ».     [Appar.  for  "lirou.sl,  <  OK. 

Itritiiil,  a  sprout,  shool,  l)iid,  1'.   Iirniif,  browse, 

l^r  .v,!   wood  (ff.  Sp.  Iirn:ii,  nibbisli  uf  loaves, 

',  brnlf,  genu  of  a  vine,  bud  of  trees, 

'ibbish),  pro)).  <  MHO.  hro::,  (!.  diiil. 

I  Iil         ii:,i!i,   hriiHKl,   IV  bud  (cf.  Hri't.   hrini.i,  u 

biiil.  -!ir,.,i.  //rni/x/,  alliick  IiumIi, /<r<>M.i(rt,  browse  ; 

pro),.  In, II,  III..  K.);  (.f.  OS.  hrunliaii.  spnuil,  nnrl 

Be<- '// '/  / .  I    'I'Ik.  lender  sIiooIh or twi(fH of  hImiiIis 

find  li'  ■  ~.  -mil  iiHcuttlo  may  oat;  «reen  food  lit 

for  cattle,  ilcor,  etc.    Also  Mpollod  brotczc. 


698 

The  whiles  their  gotes  upon  the  brottzes  fedd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  x.  45. 
Up  luther  drive  thy  goats,  and  play  by  me  : 
This  hill  has  browse  for  them,  and  shade  for  thee. 

JJryden,  tr.  of  Orid's  MetJimorph.,  t  943. 
The  deer  leave  the  mountains  and  come  to  the  plains 
below  to  feed  on  the  browse  of  the  birch.  - 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  G;>. 

browsel  (brouz),  i:  ;  pret.  and  pp.  browsed,  ppr. 
hroic^-ing.     [Also  6)'oii'-f,   early  mod.   E.  al.so 
brouse,  brou:e,  brooze,  appar.  for  'broust,  <  OF. 
brouster,  F.  brouter  (cf.  E.  dial,  brut,  browse) 
=  Pr.  bro.star,  nibble  off  the  buds,  sprouts,  and 
bark  of  plants,  browse,  <  OF.  broust,  a  sprout, 
shoot, bud:  see  6ro«'«fl,H.]  I.  trans.  1.  Tofeed 
on ;  pasture  on ;  graze :  said  of  cattle,  deer,  etc. 
Elysian  lawns 
Browsed  by  none  but  Dian's  fawns.    Keats,  Ode. 
The  fields  between 
.\re  dewy-fresh,  browsed  by  deep-udder'd  kine. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

2.  To  nibble  and  consume;  eatoff:  said  of  cattle. 

The  barks  of  trees  thou  browsedst.    Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  4. 

n.  in  trans.  1.  To  graze;  specifically,  to  feed 
on  the  tender  shoots,  branches,  or  bark  of  shrubs 
and  trees :  said  of  herbivorous  animals. 

Such  like  sort  of  fruit,  which  those  animals  brooz'd  upon. 
Oldijs,  Life  of  Raleigh. 

The  full  lips,  the  rough  tongue,  the  corrugated  cai-tila- 
ginous  palate,  the  broad  cutting  teeth  of  tlie  ox,  the  tieer, 
the  horse,  and  the  sheep,  qualify  this  tribe  for  browsin'j 
upon  their  pasture.  Pateii,  Kat.  Theol.,  ii. 

2.  Tofeed:  said  of  human  beings.     [Rare.] 
There  is  cold  meat  i'  the  cave  ;  we'll  brou'se  on  that. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  G. 
browse'^   (brouz),   n.      [Origin    obscure.]      In 

metal.,  imperfectly  smelted  ore. 
browser  (brou'zer),  J).    One  who  browses.  Also 

spelled  brow-er. 
browse-wood  (brouz'-wud),  n.    Bushes  or  twigs 

on  which  animals  feed.     [Rare.] 
brow-sickt  (brou'sik),  fl.     Sick  with  the  brow- 
ague;  Rejected;  hanging  the  head. 

But  yet  a  gracious  infiuence  from  you 
May  alter  nature  in  our  brow-sick  crew. 

Sucklin;/,  Prol.  to  a  Masque. 

browsing  (brou'zing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  browse^, 
I'.]  A  place  where  animals  may  browse :  as, 
"  hroirsinij/iiovthe  deer,"  Howell,  Letters,  I.  ii.  8. 
Also  liriiw,:i)i(i. 

brow-snag  (lirou'snag),  »i.  Same  asbrow-antler. 

browspO't  (brou'spot),  n.  A  glandular  body 
liitween  the  eyes  of  a  fi'og  or  toad  ;  tlie  inter- 
ocular  body,  probably  gi"ving  rise  to  the  fiction 
of  the  jewel  in  the  head  of  these  animals. 

browst  (broust),  )(.  [Connecteil  with  brow,  a 
form  of  i)'(  H'l,  q.  v.]  That  wliicli  is  brewed  ;  as 
niueli  liquor  as  is  brewed  at  one  time.    [Scotch.] 

browstert,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  brtwsttr^. 

brow-transom  (brou'tran"8om),  n.  An  uiqier 
Iransom. 

browze,  ».  and  v.     See  browse'^. 

browzer,  browzing.    See  browser,  broiosing. 

broy(it,  ' .  '.     An  obsolete  form  of  braitV-. 

bruang  (.brii'mi;.'),  n.  The  native  name  of  the 
Malayan  sun-l)ear,  Ilelarctos  malayanus.  it  has 
fine  and  glossy  black  fur,  with  a  white  jiatch  on  the  lu'cast. 


bruise 

6n(fi'),  <Gr.  (3pot'^-of,  a  locust  without  wings.]  1. 
A  genus  of  Coleojjtera,  represented  by  the  pea- 
wee'vils.  It  so  closely  resembles  in  general  appearance 
the  snout-beetles  that  it  is  usually  classed  with  the  Jthtjn- 
chophora.  Recent  investigations  have,  however,  demon- 
strated the  fact  that  it  is  much  more  closely  relat<'«i  to  the 
leaf-beetles  {Chrysomelid(v),  from  which  it  is  distinguished 
only  by  the  distinctly  pedunculate  submentum.  A  large 
nunilicr  of  small  species,  now  subdiviiicd  into  several  gen- 
era, are  comprised  in  this  gemis,  all  readil.v  recognizable 
from  their siiuarish  form,  somewhat  narrowing  anteriorly; 


Bruang  [flrlaretot  matnyaHMj). 

and  n  Inntt  and  very  flexile  tongue,  wlilch  It  InHlnuates 

hlt4>  recesM-H  of  the  nextitof  wild  been,  to  rob  them  of  llit-lr 

liotiev.    It  in  eiutlly  donieittlcated,  very  hariiili-HM,  and  fond 

of  .hlldren, 
brubru  (bril'lirii),  n,     fProb.  a  native  name.] 

,\  lioiik-nanie  of  an  African  shrike,  the  l.anius 

or  \ihniH  brubru. 
bruchid   (brij'kid),  n.     A  beotlo  of  (he  family 

llrurhiiltr. 
BrUchidSB  (br»'ki-<le),  71.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Hrurhun  + 

-t'lii.\     ,\  fiimily  of  jiliylophagouH  Cokoplern, 

ly|iiliii|  by  the  genus  /IrurliuM. 
Bruchua  (lirii'kiis),  ».     \\Ai.  brurlnm,  ML.  also 

brucii»  (>  ult.  K.  dial,  bruck,  a  fleld-crickot :  boo 


European  Grain-Bnichus(fi.rro«fln>(j).  ( Small figureshonsnatural 
size.)    a,  egg  oi  Bruthjis  fist,  magnified. 


the  head  being  produced  into  a  short  beak,  and  the  hind 
femora  usually  dilated  and  in  most  species  toothed.  In  the 
larval  state  they  live  in  the  seeds  of  plants,  especially  of 
the  family  Leininnnosce,  as  the  bean  and  pea.  The  lioles 
often  observed  in  peas  are  made  by  the  perfect  bruchus 
to  ert'ect  its  escape. 

2.  II.  c]  A  member  of  this  genus.  [The  word 
bnieiius  is  used  in  the  Douay  version  of  the  Bible,  by  literal 
transcription  from  the  Latin,  in  several  places  wliere  the 
King  .Tames  version  has  locust,  caterpillar,  or  cankcrnvrw : 
the  ilrst  two  are  also  found  in  Challoner's  revision  in  some 
places  where  tile  Vulgate  has  bruchus.] 

brucina  (bro-si'nii),  j(.   [NL.]    Same  as  ftrMciHC. 

brucine,  brucin  (brii'sin),  n.  [<  Brueea  (a  ge- 
nus of  slirubs  named  after  J.  Bruce  (ITSO-sii), 
the  African  traveler)  -f  -/)«•'-,  -(«'-.]  A  vege- 
table alkaloid  (C2H2eN204),  discovered  iu  what 
was  thouglit  to  be  the  bailv  of  the  Brueea  anti- 
ili/.n-nlrrira,  but  which  was  that  of  <S/)'.i/('/i«o« 
A'h.i'-cow /(•((.  Its  taste  is  exceedingly  bitter  and  acrid, 
and  it  forms  with  the  acids  salts  which  are  soluble  and  gen- 
erally  crystallizable.  Its  action  on  the  imimal  economy 
is  similar  to  that  of  strychnine,  but  nmch  less  powerful. 

brucite  (brS'sit),  v.  [After  Br.  Bruce,  a  min- 
eralogist of  New  York.]  1.  A  native  liydrate 
of  magnesium,  usually  found  in  thin  foliated 
jilates,  of  a  white  or  greenish  color  and  pearly 
luster. —  2.  Same  as  choncirotUte. 

bruck  (bnik),  «.  [E.  dial.,  also  brock;  <  ME.  briik, 
liruke,  a  young  locust,  grasshopper,  =  Sp.  brugo 
z=  It.  Iiriico,  a  grub,  caterpillar,  <  L.  brucliiis: 
see  />')'»(7(H.<.]    A  field-criciiet.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

bruckle  (bruk'l),  a.    A  dialectal  (Scotch)  form 
of  brickie. 
Lasses  and  glasses  are  bruckle  wiu-e.         Scotch  proivrb. 

bruet,  '•.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  brew^. 

bruetf,  n.     See  brewet. 

bruflflbruf),  <f.  [E.dial.;  cf.  Wh(?-i.]  1.  Hearty; 
.iolly;  healthy. —  2.  I'roiul;  elated. —  3.  Kougli 
ill  iiniiiner.     Halliwill.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brugh,  n.     See  brougk". 

brugnet,  "•  [OF. :  see  broignc.']  Same  as 
hritignc. 

bruh  (brii),  «,  A  name  of  the  pig-tailed  uia- 
c';K|iie,  Maeacus  uenicitrinns. 

bruik  (bruk),  )'.  t.     A  Scotch  form  of  brook-. 

bruilzie  (briil'zi),   n.     See  hruli/ic. 

bruin  (brii'in;  1).  pron.  broin),  h.  [The  name 
given  to  the  bear  in  the  Dutch  version  of  the 
celebrated  talo  or  fable  of  Heynard  the  Fox, 
being  merelv  the  1).  bruin  =  OlKi.  MIKi.  bn'in, 
(>.  braun  =  )'].  brown,  i[.  v.]  A  name  given  to 
the  belli'.  [.\s  a  quasi-proper  name,  it  is  often 
written  with  a  capital  letter.] 

bruise  (brdz),  r. ;  )iret.  and  ]ip.  brui.ieil,  jipr. 
Iiriii.siug.  [The  s|ielling  bruise  is  due  to  l)P. 
bruiser  (see  below);  early  mod.  E.  bruse,  bru::e, 
<  MF.  broosen,  brosen,  bru.ien,  also  brousen, 
bri>!/.''en,  more  fre(|iiently  liri/.-un,  bri.ien,  bre.ien, 
also  liri.isen.  /<;•(.«(/(,  Iireuk.  bniise;  |iartly  < 
AS.  Iirysan,  break,  bruise  (to  which  all  the  ME. 
forms  excejit  bron.scn,  liroscn,  brou,sen,  broy- 
sen  could  bo  referred;  but  the  reg.  mod.  rop- 
resontadve  of  AS.  hrf/.ian  would  lie  bri:e  or 
"breeze:  see /iW.'W'') ;  purtly<  OV.  bru.ier,  brn.tcr, 
hrui.ser,  liruisier,  hrisitr,  liri.iir,  1'',  /)n,sTr,  break 
(to  which  nil  the  M  lO.  forms  eoiilil  lie  ri'lerred). 
Cf.  bri.i.i",  l)ri.ie'-\  l)ree.:i''\  liriuil.  Il  is  not  certain 
that  the  AS.  form  is  related  to  (he  I'',  form; 
the  urigiii  of  botli  is  unknown.  Cf.  (Incl.  Ir. 
bri.i,  \)rt>;\k.]  I.  Irons.  1.  To  in.jiil'e  by  a  lilnvv 
or  by  pressure  without  hieenitioii;  contuse,  as 
a  pliant  siibstiiiice;  dent  or  beat  in  without 
bienkliig,  as  anylhiiig  hard:  as,  to  bruise  (he 
blind;  u  bruise<l  ajiple  ;  "his  bruiseii  shield," 
,S'/m/,.,  Hen.  v.,  v.,  I'rol.  (cho.). 


bruise 

And  Rhe\vyd  to  me  all  tlir  Caslyll  with  in  Tile  towers, 
tlie  wallj's  are  sore  brn.^-iifl  an-l  i.rokyri  with  tile  erthe 
qwake  whicll  was  in  Aprill  last  past, 

Torkingtoyi,  Diaiie  ot  Kilg.  Travel!,  p.  18. 

He  rode  ouer  hym  on  horsel)ak  thre  or  fonre  tymes, 
and  broitst^d  liym  sore  and  fonle  that  nygh  he  was  ther- 
with  slayn.  Mi'rlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  470. 

2.  To  crush  by  beating  or  pounding;  pound; 
bray,  as  drugs  or  articles  of  food. 

Man,  like  to  cassia,  is  prov'd  hest,  hoing  hruWd. 

Webster,  Duchess  of  Malfi,  iii.  5. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  beat  down  or  oppress;  cud- 
gel, as  the  brain ;  scourge  ;  damage. 

BruWd  underneath  the  yoke  of  tyrainiy. 

Slmlc,  llich.  III.,  V.  2. 

I  will  bruise  my  brains  and  confine  myself  to  much 

vexation.  Beau,  and  FL,  Woman-Hater,  v.  '2. 

II.  intrans.  To  fight  with  the  fists;  box. 
Bruising  was  considered  a  flue,  manly  old  English  eus* 
toni.  '  Thackeray. 

bruise  (broz),  n.  [<  inline,  v.']  A  contusion; 
a  superficial  injury  caused  by  impact,  without 
laceration,  as  of  an  animal  body,  a  plant,  or 
other  impressible  object. 

bruiser  (bro'zer),  n.      1.  One  who  bruises. — 

2.  A  concave  tool  for  grinding  the  specula  of 
telescopes,  it  is  made  of  brass,  about  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  thick,  hanunered  as  near  the  gage  as  possible.  By 
this  instrument  the  speculum  is  prepared  for  the  hands 
of  the  polisher. 

3.  The  name  of  various  machines  for  bruising 
grain,  etc.,  for  feeding  cattle. — 4.  A  boxer; 
a  pugilist ;  a  bully. 

For  do  not  men  delight — 
We  call  them  men  —  oiu"  bruisers  to  excite, 
And  urge  with  bribing  gold,  and  feed  them  for  the  fight  ? 

Crabbe. 

Gentlemen  were  bruisers,  and  bruisers  were  gentlemen. 

J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  7. 

5.  A  name  applied  to  various  plants  supposed 
to  be  efficacious  in  healing  bruises,  as  bruise- 
wort,  soapwort,  etc.  [Eug.] 
bruisewort  (broz'wert),  n.  [ME.  brysewort,  < 
bryseii,  bruise,  +  wort,  wort.]  A  name  given  to 
several  plants,  as  the  daisy  {BelUsperennis),  the 
soa,]mort(Saponaria  officinalis),  etc.,  from  their 
supposed  efficacy  in  healing  bruises. 

In  the  curious  treatise  of  the  virtues  of  herbs,  Royal 

MS.  IS  A.  vi.,  fol.  72  b,  is  mentioned  "brysewort,  or  bon- 

wort,  or  daysye,  consolida  minor,  good  to  breke  bocches." 

Way,  Promptorium,  p.  52,  note. 

bruising  (bro'zing),  11.     [Verbal  n.  of  bruise,  c] 

1.  In  flax-ioorking,  the  process  of  passing  flax, 
after  retting,  between  grooved  rollers,  to  break 
the  woody  portion;  scutching. —  2.  A  method 
of  treating  hides  by  rubbing  the  grained  side 
with  a  graining-board. — 3.  In  wine-mahing, 
the  process  of  pounding  or  stamping  grapes 
with  a  wooden  maul  or  pestle,  to  soften  the 
skins  and  fleshy  part. 

bruit  (brot),  11.  [<  ME.  brut,  bruijt,  brout,  <  OF. 
bruit,  brui,  F.  bruit,  noise,  uproar,  rumor  (=  Pr. 
bruich,  bruit,  brut  =  It.  bruito  ;  ML.  brugitus),  < 
OF.  bruire,  F.  bruire  =  Pr.  brugir,  bruzir  =  It. 
bruire,  rustle,  roar;  of  uncertain  origin.]  1. 
Report;  rumor;  fame. 

A  bruit  ran  from  one  to  the  other  that  the  king  was 

slain.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

There  came   an  uncertaine  bruits  from  Barbados  of 

some  disorder  there.  Evelyn,  Diary,  June  26,  1671. 

To  view  what  Itruit  by  virtue  got,  their  lives  could  justly 

crave. 

A  Praise  of  Mistress  Ryce,  Arber's  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  38. 

2.  A  noise;  a  loud  sound;  a  din. 

Some  fresh  bruit 
Startled  me  all  aheap.  Hood. 

3.  [Mod.  F.,  pron.  brwe.]  In  pathol.,  the  name 
given  to  sounds  of  various  nature,  in  general 
abnormal,  produced  in  the  body,  or  evoked  in 
it,  by  percussion  or  suceussion :  used  to  some 

extent  in  English Bruit  de  galop,  a  cardiac  sound 

suggesting  a  gallop,  the  normal  first  sound  being  preceded 
by  a  faint  presystolic  sound.—  Bruit  de  SCie,  a  rough  car- 
diac murmur,  suggesting  the  sound  of  a  saw. —  Bruit  du 
(liable  (devil's  bruit),  a  continuous  humming  sound  heard 
ill  the  jugular  veins  at  the  b.ase  of  the  neck;  venous  hum. 
It  is  iiu>i\'.  frequent  and  more  marked  in  young  persons 
tliaii  in  adults,  and  in  anemic  than  in  normal  states. 

bruit  (brot),  c.     l<  bruit,  ».]    I.  trans.  To  an- 
noimce  with  noise ;  report ;  noise  abroad. 
By  this  great  clatter  one  of  the  greatest  note 
Seems  bruited.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  7. 

Thou  art  no  less  than  fame  hath  bruited. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 
It  is  marvell  to  think  what  his  friends  meant,  to  let 
come  abroad  such  shallow  reasonings  with  the  name  of  a 
man  so  much  bruited  for  learning. 

Stilton,  Chiu-ch-Governmeut,  i.  5. 
But  a  dark  ruinoiu"  will  be  bruited  up. 
From  tribe  to  tribe,  until  it  reach  his  ear. 

M.  .irnold.  .Sohrab  and  Rustum. 

II.  in  trans.  To  give  forth  sound  ;  sound. 
Bronze  clarions  awake  and  faintly  bruit. 

Feats.  Endymion,  i. 


G99 

bruleif,  V.  t.     [ME.,  <  OF.  hruler,  hntsler,  F. 
brutcr,  burn:  sec  l)rustle'K']     To  burn. 
In  cucry  part  put  to  wns  the  fire, 
Ther  paynynifs  were  bruted  and  lirend  entire. 

hum.  ,,/  I'arteuay  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  2289. 

Als  the  mosto  parte  of  thys  said  abbay 
By  hyin  stroied,  bruled  and  scorched  tho : 
Tlicr  not  lefte  nc  bricle  o  soule  man  that  day. 

lioni:  of  Parte imy  (E.  E,  T,  .S.),  1.  XWi. 

brule^t,  V.  An  obsolete  form  of  broil^.  Catholi- 
ciin  Anglicmu. 

brfllee  (brii'la),  n.  [F.,  prop.  fem.  pp.  of  brA- 
ler,  burn.]  In  Canada,  a  piece  of  woodland 
from  wliich  the  timber  has  been  burned;  a 
burned  district. 

brulyement  (l)riirye-meut),  n.  Same  as  broil- 
nwnt.     [Scotch.] 

brulyie  (briiKyi),  n.  [So.,  also  written  brulcie 
(here,  as  in  as-ioilzie,  etc.,  z  represents  the  old 
r-shaped  y;  -hj-,  like  -Hi-  in  billiarrls,  represent- 
ing the  former  F.  sound  of  -II-),  <  F.  brouilli; 
a  quarrel,  etc.:  see  broil^.']  Same  as  broil-. 
Burns. 

brulzie  (briil'yi),  n.     See  brulyie. 

Brumaire  (bro-mar'),  n.  [F.  (after  L.  "bruma- 
rius),  <  brume,  fog,  <  L.  brumn,  winter:  see 
lirunie.']  Tho  second  month  in  the  calendar 
adopted  by  the  first  French  republic,  beginning 
October  22d  and  ending  November  liOtli  (17i)3). 

brumal  (bro'mal),  a.  [=  F.  brumal,  <  L.  bru- 
malis,  <  bruma,  winter:  see  brume.']  Belonging 
to  winter;  wintry;  hibernal.  Sir  T.  Herbert; 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

And  in  the  sky  as  yet  no  sunny  ray, 

But  bruuial  vapors  gray.  Longfellow. 

brume  (brom),  «.  [F.,  fog,  mist,  haze,  <  L. 
bruma,  the  shortest  day  in  the  year,  the  win- 
ter solstice,  hence  winter;  prob.  for  "brevima, 
equiv.  to  brevissima,  superl.  fem.  of  brevis, 
short:  see  6ne/".]     Mist;  fog;  vapors.    [Rare.] 

And  suddenly  through  the  drifting  brume 

The  blare  of  the  horns  began  to  ring.     Longfellow. 

brummagem  (brum'a-jem),  a.  [Formerly  also 
spelled  hnmiidgham,  etc.,  eoiTujitions  of  Bir- 
mingluuu  in  England,  where  many  plated  arti- 
cles and  cheap  trinkets  are  made.]  Showy  but 
worthless;  fictitious;  sham.    [Slang or colloq.] 

brumous  (bro'mus),  a.  [<  brume  +  -ok*-.]  Per- 
taining or  relatuig  to  winter;  hence,  foggy; 
misty;  dull  and  sunless:  as,  a  JcH«(o«.<i  climate. 

brun  (brun),  V.     A  dialectal  form  of  burn^. 

brunet,  «■     Same  as  broigne. 

brunette  (bro-nef),  n.  and  a.  [F.,  fem.  dim.  of 
brun,  In'own:  see  broicn.  Cf.  burnct^,  burnel".'] 
I.  H.  A  woman  with  dark  hair  and  eyes  and 
brown  or  dark  complexion. 

Your  fair  women  therefore  thought  of  this  fashion  to  in- 
sult the  olives  .and  the  brunettes.      Manchester  Guardian. 

II.  a.  Dark  in  color;  having  a  brownish  or 
olive  tone :  said  of  the  complexion. 

bruniat,  »■     [ML.]     Same  as  broigne. 

brunion  (brun'yon),  n.  [<  F.  brugnon,  a  nec- 
tarine, <  L.  pruiium,  a  phmi:  see  prune.]  A 
nectarine. 

Brunner's  glands.    See  gland. 

Brunonian  (briS-no'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML. 
Bruno(n-)  (<  bi-anu-i,  brown),  proper  name  cor- 
responding to  E.  Brown  (see  brown),  +  -ian.]  I. 
a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  any  person  bear- 
ing the  name  of  Brown;  Brownian — Bruno- 
nian motion  or  movement.  Same  as  ISmimian  ninre- 
ment  (which  see,  under  firo/cnia?*)-— Brunonian  theory, 
a  theory  of  medicine  founded  by  Dr.  .Inlui  I'.noiu  of 
Ertiidnngh  (1735-8S),  according  to  wliich  diseases  arc 
diviilcd  into  two  classes,  those  resulting  from  a  deficiency 
and  those  resulting  from  ati  excess  of  excitement  —  the  eiie 
cl.ass  to  be  treated  with  stimulants,  the  other  with  debili- 
tating medicines.     Also  called  Brownitm. 

II.  «.  A  student  or  graduate  of  Brovra  Uni- 
versity in  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

brunstane  (brun'stiin),  n.  A  Scotch  form  of 
/)c//H.s7o«r. 

brunswick  (bnmz'wik),  n.  [Named  from 
Brunswick  {G.  Braunschifeig)  in  Germany.]  A 
close-fitting  outdoor  habit  for  ladies,  intro- 
duced into  England  from  Germany  abnut  17.50. 

The  upper  jiortion  was  matle  with  the  lapels  open,  and  a 

collar  like  tliat  of  a  man  s  coat. 

Brunswick  green.    See  ffrmi.  ,    ,     , 

brunti  (brunt),  n.  [<  ME.  brunt,  broiit,  shock, 
iiujietus,  sudden  impulse;  appar..  with  forma- 
tive -(  (cf.  Dan.  bryudc,  conflagration,  heat ; 
Gioth.  *brunsts,  in  aia-brun.<its,  a  whole  burnt- 
offering),  connected  >vith  brune,  AS.  brync,  a 
burning  (also  brine:  see  brine^  (=  Icel.  britni, 
a  burning,  >  bruna,  advance  with  the  speed  of 
fire,  said  ot  a  standard  in  the  heat  of  battle, 
of  a  ship  under  full  sail,  etc.),  <  *brinn/in  :  see 
6«nil.]      1.    A  sudden  shock  or  impetus;   a 


bnisli 

cftllision,  onset,  or  attack ;  a  strenuous  effort. 
[Now  rare.] 

Thci  sporcjcd  thelre  horse  over  tho  briggc  at  a  brunt. 

Merlin,  11.  282. 

I  must  resolve  to  stand  to  the  hazard  of  all  brunts  now. 

f'//rd,  Lfjve's  .Sacrifice,  v.  2. 

It  is  Instantly  and  Irrcixivcrably  scattered  by  our  flrst 

brunt  with  some  real  affair  of  common  life.       Is.  Taylor. 

2.  The  heat  or  utmost  violence  of  an  onset; 
tho  strength  or  violence  of  any  contention. 

The  quiver  of  your  arguments  which  U  ever  thin,  and 
weakly  stor'd,  after  the  llrst  liruni,  l«  quite  enjpty. 

Milton,  (;hlirch-Governntcnt,  1.  6. 
Wc  find  the  Christian  chivalry  always  ready  to  bear  the 
brunt  of  battle  against  the  Mrwjrs. 

Presmtt,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  L  6. 

bruntH,  "•  «•     [ME.  brunten;<  hrunt,  n.]     To 
make  a  sudden  start.     I'rompt.  I'arv. 

brunt-  (brunt),  pp.  and  p.  a.    A  dialectal  form 
of  burnt. 

brunyt,  n.     See  byrnie. 

brush  (brush),  II.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brxuhe. 
hriisrlie ;  <  ME.  brusshe,  lirusrhe,  <  OF.  broche, 
broce,  broissc,  brosHC,  a  bush,  a  bushy  place, 
brushwood,  thicket,  =  Pr.  hromia  =  Sp.  oro:a, 
Ijrushwood,  thicket,  rubbish  of  leaves  and  bark, 
=  ML.  bruscia,  a  thicket  (cf.  ML.  bruscale, 
OF.  brousaiUc,  >  ME.  hrugchaUc,  a  thicket), 
appar.  confu.sed  with  bruncun  (>  It.  Sp.  Pg. 
lirusco,  F.  brum,  >  G.  briisch,  butcher's  broom, 
kuee-holly;  cf.  It.  hrusca,  "ling  or  heath  to 
make  brushes  or  broomes  with"  (Florio),  now 
a  horse-brush),  also  runcus,  var.  of  L.  ruscum, 
ruxtum,  butcher's  broom;  hence,  as  a  particu- 
lar sense  of  the  same  word  (from  the  use  of 
small  bushy  plants,  as  heath,  for  the  purjiose), 
a  brush,  ilE.  brusshc,  brusche,  <  OF.  brouesse, 
brois-ie,  brossc,  F.  brosse  =  Sp.  broza,  bruza,  a 
brush;  cf.  ML.  bruxtia,  a  kinclof  comb  (resting 
partly  perhaps  on  MHG.  biirstc,  a  Vjrush,  <  boriit 
=  AS.  byrst,  bristle:  see  bristle);  perhaps  < 
MHG.  broz,  a  bud,  shoot:  see  browse^.  The 
fomis  and  senses  are  involved  ;  for  the  senBca, 
cf.  broorn^.]  1.  The  small  trees  and  shrubs  of 
a  wood ;  a  thicket  of  small  trees ;  scrub. 
Out  of  the  thickest  brush.  .Spenser,  V.  Q.,  III.  I.  15. 

The  country  is  almost  wholly  marshy,  and  covered  with 
brujth  or  low  palms,  with  ponds  here  and  then*. 

Science,  V.  21«. 

2.  Branches  of  trees  lopped  off;  brushwood: 
a  sense  common  in  the  Lnited  States. —  3.  A 
tract  of  country  covered  by  thickets;  hence,  a 
thinly  settled  countiy;  the  backwoods.  [South- 
western U.  S.] — 4.  An  instrument  of  various 
forms,  according  to  its  intended  use,  consist- 
ing of  a  quantity  of  some  flexible  material 
attached  to  a  handle  or  stock.  Brushes  are  used 
for  applying  paint  and  similar  substances,  cleaning, 
polishing,  rubbjng,  smoothing,  etc.  Their  commonest 
nntterials  arc  liristlcs  and  certain  kinds  fi  hair.  For 
some  purposes  these  are  secured  in  a  bunch  to  a  ferrule 
at  the  end  of  a  handle,  or  iHXmd  or  fahtencil  to  the  handle 
itself ;  for  others  they  are  inserted  in  doubled  tufts  into 
holes  bored  in  a  stock,  with  or  without  a  handle,  the  pro- 
jecting doubled  ends  being  secured  by  wires  or  otherwise, 
and  in  ordinary  forms  cttvered  by  a  back-piece  glued  on. 
Among  the  mat^Tials  tuied  for  making  brushes  are  bristles, 
liaind  the  badger,  bear,  and  goal,  hair  from  the  tails  of  the 
red  and  Idack  sable,  camels'  hair  (set  called,  but  commonly 
Russian  squirrel),  fltch-  (skunk-)  and  horsehair,  broom- 
corn,  ratan,  split  cane,  rushes,  cocoanut-flber.  the  roots 
and  fillers  of  many  tropical  plants  «  "■.■  -i ■.■-'**  fea- 
thers, etc.  The  word  is  often  » ■  -  the 
specific  purposes  for  which  itisii-'                                 :hes-. 

dust-,  hat^,  hair-,  nail-,   paint-,   ;.:...  -..- _,  and 

whitewash-brush.     .See  jtrncil. 

5.  Anything  resembling  a  brush,  as  the  tails 
of  some  animals,  as  the  fox,  or  the  panicles  of 
broom-corn  used  in  the  manufacture  of  brooms. 
— 6.  An  agriculttiral  instrument  made  of  .small 
trees,  as  the  birch,  and  used  instead  of  a  harrow 
for  covering  grain,  grass-seed,  etc..  after  they 
have  been  sown. —  7.  In  dvnamo-electric  ma- 
cliines  (which  see,  under  electric),  one  of  the 
bundles  of  copper  wires  or  plates  which  are  in 
contact  with  the  commutator  of  the  armature 
on  opposite  sides,  and  sen-e  to  take  off  the  posi- 
tive and  negative  currents  of  electricity  gener- 
ated.— 8.  In  elect.,  the  luminous  phenomenon, 
consisting  of  diverging  rays  of  pale-blue  light, 
observed  when  the  discharge  of  an  electric 
machine  takes  place  into  the  air  from  a  small 
ball  or  rounded  jioint. — 9.  [From  the  verb.] 
A  passage;  especially,  a  quick  ride  through  the 
brush  or  across  country  ;  a  chase. 

Let  us  enjoy  a  brush  across  the  cc»nnty.  Fiflding. 

10.  A  skirmish:  a  slight  encounter:  a  shock; 
a  collision :  as.  to  have  a  ftn/.«/i  with  the  enemy. 

I..et  grow  thy  sinews  till  their  knots  lie  strong. 
And  tempt  not  yet  the  brushes  of  the  war. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.  v.  3. 


trusli 

He  might,  methinks,  have  st<x>d  one  brufh  with  them, 
and  have  )ielded  when  there  had  been  no  remedy. 

Buuyan,  Pilgrims  Progress,  p.  ISS. 

11.  An  application  of  a  brush,  as  in  sweeping 
or  dusting;  a  'brushing ;  a  removal  as  if  with  a 
brush:  as,  give  my  hat  a  brush.     [Colloq.] 

Leaves  .  .  .  have  with  one  winters  brttgh 

Fell  Irom  their  houghs.  Shak,.  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

12.  A  painter;  one  who  uses  a  brush:  as,  a 
brother  ftrusft.—Haldinger's  brushes,  "piical  figures, 
early  described  by  the  .\u5trian  miMrr;ilLP.:ist  W.  von  Hai- 
dinger  (1795-1871),  appearing  like  coluriJ  bnl.^hes,  some- 
times resembling  the  ordinary  interference-figures  (see 
interference)  of  a  biaxial  crystal,  observed  with  ordinary 
transmitted  light  in  sections  of  certain  minerals,  especially 
those  which  effect  a  marked  absorption  of  color,  as  an- 
dalusite,  iolite,  etc.  The  term  also  includes  the  peculiar 
phenomenon  of  four  small  colored  tufts  observed  by  some 
persons  with  the  naked  eye,  by  others  when  a  Nicol  prism 
is  used,  upon  looking  at  a  bright  light,  as  a  white  cloud. 
The  latter  phenomenon  is  supposed  to  be  due  to  the  polar- 
izing action  of  the  eye  itself.— Hydraulic  brush.  See 
Aydi-aw/ic-.— Revolving  brush,  a  cylindrical  brush  sup- 
ported in  a  frame  and  made  to  revolve  rapidly  on  an  a.\is 
by  gearing  or  other  mechanism.  Such  brushes  :u-e  used 
for  street-sweeping,  and  also  by  barbers. — Rotary  bru^ 
Same  as  rerolciiv^bru^h.^Syd,  10.  Jiencoiinter^  ijkinniih, 
etc.     See  encounter. 

brash  (brush),  r.  [<  ME.  bnischen,  <  OP.  hros- 
ser,  V.  i.,  beat  the  brush  or  thicket  for  game, 
SCOUT  the  country,  also  simply  cross,  pass,  F. 
brosser  (=  Sp.  bro:u);  brush),  <  brosse,  brush, 
thicket:  see  brush,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  sweej) 
or  rub  with  a  brush:  as,  to  brush  a  hat. 

The  robes  to  kepe  well  &  also  to  bruscke  them  clenly. 
Babeet  Book  (ed.  I'urnivall),  p.  180. 

Let  their  heads  be  sleekly  combed,  their  blue  coats 
brunhed.  Shak.,  T.  of  the S.,  iv.  1. 

Dark  wir>'  hair  brushed  on  one  side. 

Rubt'er,  Pelham,  xl. 

2.  To  remove  by  brushing  or  by  lightly  pass- 
ing over :  as,  to  brush  off  dust. 

Though  from  off  the  boughs  each  morn 
We  bnmh  mellifluous  dews.        Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  429. 
I  think  the  verj-  best  thing  is  to  brush  all  the  old  Dons 
off  the  stage.  Disraeli,  Coningsby,  v.  2. 

3.  To  sweep  or  touch  as  with  a  brush ;  strike 
lightly  b}'  passing  over  the  surface ;  pass  lightly 
over:  as,  to  brush  the  arm  in  passing. 

Bnuh'd  with  the  lltss  of  rustling  wings. 

J/i7(on,  P.  L.,  i.  768. 

A  thousand  nights  have  bnish'd  their  balmy  wings 
Over  these  eyes.  Dryden. 

4.  Figuratively,  to  rufQe ;  excite. 

Poor  Silas's  loss  ser^'ed  to  brush  the  Blow  current  of 
Raveloe  conversation.  George  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  x. 

5.  To  furnish  with  brushes  or  branches  of  dead 

trees  to  climb  on:  as,  to  brush  peas To  brush 

up,  to  furbish:  polish;  renovate;  hence,  to  improve  in 
any  way ;  make  brighter  or  clearer,  as  the  memory  or  jiast 
knowledge. 

Vou  have  commissioned  mc  to  paint  your  shop,  and  I 
have  ilone  my  best  to  bnuh  you  up  like  your  neighbours. 

Pope. 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  move  quickly  or  in  haste ; 
rush :  as,  to  brush  past  a  person. 

Then  Pollux  .  .  .  brusshit  Into  batell. 

Destruction  of  Truij,  1.  1210. 

Snatching  bis  hat,  he  brushed  off  like  the  wind. 

Ooldsmitlt. 
Brush' d 
Thro'  the  dim  meadow  toward  his  treasure-tri>ve. 

Tenni/son,  Aylmer's  Field. 

2.  To  move  or  skim  over  with  a  slight  contact, 
as  a  brush.     Dryden. 

The  stJimens  are  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  corolla,  and 
In  falling  off  do  not  brush  over  the  lowty-geated  stigmas. 
Darrein,  Different  Foniis  fif  Flowers,  p.  42. 

bmsh-bird  nimsh'bi-rd),  n.  Same  as  scruh- 
l„r-l. 

brasb-burn  (brnsli'bi-m),  h.  The  iii,jury  rosult- 
iii;;  from  violent  f ri<'t  ion,  us  sliilint;  ilowu  a  rope 
or  11  filopr-  of  grass  or  ifc.  The  cITccts  aro  often 
siiniliir  to  lliOHC  of  scalding  water. 

bmsher  (brnsh'tr),  «.  1.  One  who  brushes. — 
2.  in  liiilhir-miinuf.,  one  who  iierforms  the 
niei'hanieal  work  ot  dyeing  skins,  r.  T.  Daria, 
l-'Mllier,  p.  72H. 

bru.shet».  n.  [MK.  hrmchct,  <  ()!■'.  hroHsctlfS, 
li'iiili,  dim.  of  liroHse,  etc.,  bnisli,  In-alh;  sec 
bruahaniX-ct'^.]    1.  A  thicket. —2.  Urushwood. 

And  In  that  like  hrnssrhft  hy. 
Five  thouNniid  of  odire  nnil  moro. 

.I/.S-.  Ashwoir,  .'13,  fol.  10.     (llalHovtl.) 

bmshfiU  li.iish'fiil),  )i.  [<  ftriMA  + -/"«;.]  As 
'>'  lie  lifted  with  a  brush :  as,  a  brnsh- 

brnah  I  'hat),  «.     A  hnt  whieli  in  llie 

proei  14  eonliniinlly  liruBlietl  with  n 

"iin'l  I  iiiii  pnrpOHi' of  bringing  a  iiH]> 

bmBhincH.s  iiniHli'l-neH),  ».  [<  brunhij  + 
-HCM.J    Thu  (|uality  of  being  brushy. 


700 

brushing  (brush'ing),  ^.  a.  Brisk;  rapid:  as, 
a  hrn^hinf)  gallop. 

brushing-machine  (brush 'ing-ma-shen'),  n. 
1.  An  apparatus  for  remo%-ing  tlie  dust  from 
hats,  or  for  laying  the  nap. — 2.  A  machine 
having  a  cjiindrical  brush,  used  to  lay  the  nap 
on  cloth  after  shearing. — 3.  An  apparatus  for 
removing  the  dust  and  fuzz  from  wheat.  It 
consists  of  a  series  of  brushes  and  a  blast  of 
air  for  blovring  away  the  dust  and  refuse. 

brushite  (brush'it),  n.  [After  Prof.  Brush  of 
Yale  College.]  A  hydrated  phosphate  of  cal- 
cium found  in  the  guano  of  Aves  Islands  and 
Sombrero  in  the  West  Indies,  in  slender  mono- 
olinio  crystals  of  a  pale-yellow  color. 

brush-jack  (brush'jak),  n.  A  hand-tool  for 
holding  bunches  of  brushwood  while  binding 
them  into  mats  or  fascines  for  use  in  embank- 
ments, etc. 

brushlet  (brush'let),  )i.  [<  brush  +  dim.  -let.'\ 
In  entom.,  a  scopula  or  small  brush-like  organ 
on  the  leg  of  a  drone-bee,  tised  for  cleansing 
the  body.     West  wood. 

brushDiail(brush'man),  h.  ;  Y>l.hrushmen {-laen). 
One  who  plies  the  brush ;  a  painter. 
How  difficult  in  artists  to  allow 
To  other  britshnien  even  a  grain  of  merit ! 

Wolcot,  Odes,  viii. 

bnishment  (brush'ment),  )i.  [<  hru.'fh  +  -mciit. 
Cf.  liiishnieiit.^     Brusfi  or  small  wood. 

brush-monkey  (brush'mung"ki),  «.  A  name 
of  the  species  of  small  American  marmosets 
of  the  genus  ilidas. 

brush-ore  (brush'or),  n.  An  iron  ore  found  in 
the  forest  of  Dean,  England.  Also  called  black- 
brush.     Ure. 

brush-plcw  (brush'plou),  ti.  A  strong  plow 
used  for  Vireaking  up  rough  land  covered  with 
brush  and  small  trees. 

brush-puller  (brush'piU"er),  n.  A  machine  for 
pulling  up  brushwood  by  the  roots.  E.  H. 
Eniii)it. 

brush-tailed  (brush'tald),  a.  Ha%ing  a  bushy 
tail :  speeificSUy  applied  to  certain  porcupines 
of  the  genus  Athcrura. 

brush-tongued  (brush'tungd),  a.  Ha\ing  a 
brushy  tongue :  specifically  applied  to  parrots 
of  the  group  Trichofflossiiia'. 

brush-turkey  (biush'ter'ki),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  a  large  gregarious  rasorial  bird  of 
Australia,  the  Talcf/alUis  lathami,  of  the  family 
Jil((/<ip<idiida;  of  about  the  size  of  a  tm-key, 
blackish-brown  above  and  silvery-gray  below : 
so  called  because  it  lives  iu  the  brush  or  scrub. 

brush-'Wheel  (brush'hwel),  u.  1.  A  toothless 
wheel  sometimes  used  in  light  machinery  to 
turn  a  similar  wheel  by  means  of  bristles,  or 
some  brush-like  or  soft  substance,  as  cloth, 
buff-leather,  india-rubber,  or  the  like,  attache<l 
to  the  circumference. —  2.  A  circular  brush 
used  in  a  lathe,  with  polishiug-powders,  for 
cleaning  and  polishing  cm-ved,  indented,  and 
chased  work. 

brush'WOOd  (brush'wud),  h.  [<  bru.th  +  wood^.'] 
1.  A  thicket  or  coppice  of  small  trees  and 
sliruljs. —  2.  Branches  of  trees  cut  off. 

brushy  (brush'i),  a.     [<  brush  +  -i/l.]    Resem- 
bling a  brush;  full  of  brush;  rough;  shaggy; 
long-liaired. 
The  brnshii  substance  of  the  nerve. 

Boyle,  Works,  III.  343. 

As  soon  as  we  got  down  near  the  bruslni  ravine  we  rode 

along  without  talking.    T.  lioosevclt,  ilunting  Trips,  p.  i2it. 

brusk',  brusque  (bnisk),  a.  [<  F.  Iirustjut;  < 
It.  bru.trii  (=  Sp.  I'g,  lirusco),  ru<ie,  sharp,  sour; 
origin  unknown.]  Abnipt  in  manner;  rough; 
rude. 

We  are  soixy  to  hear  that  the  Scottish  gentleman  .  .  . 
found  but  a  brusk  welcome.  M'ottun,  Kellqulic,  p.  fiS'2. 

=  Syn.  .Hee  nhrupt. 

brusk-  (bri'isk),  a.  [Cf.  ML.  bruseatus,  of  n 
l)ronz(>  color,  pp.  of  bruscarc,  brusure,  scorch, 
bnrn.]     In  hrr.,  tawny. 

bruskness,  brusqueriess  (liri'isk'nes),  m.    [< 

lnii.ll;,  hrusi/ni,  +  -niss.\     'I'lie  character  of  be- 
ing bruhk  ;  a  rude,  abrupt,  or  blunt  innnnor. 

lie  wan  nlmoKt  (lerre  In  bin  brusnurnrss. 

Hcofiie  l:liot.  Mill  on  the  Floss. 

brusque,  brusqueness.    See  hrusk^,  Imishnras. 

brusquorie  (lirns'ke-i'e),  II.  [V.-i  brusque:  sec 
liruMlc  and  -ci-//.]     Same  as  bruskness. 

Dorottu'a  .  .  .  spoki-  Willi  ctild  hrusiiurrie,  ...  In 
iirnniilnK  conlrnut  with  the  HollrUoiis  nniiablllty  of  her  ad 
iiilrer.  (Jriinn'  Ktiol,  Middleiimreh,  I.  '.!.'•. 

Brussels  carpet,  lace,  sprouts.  Hc<'  the  nouns, 
brust'  (hnisli,  r.    A  iliuliclnl  variant  of /iHr»t; 

n".   "  like  to  hrusi,"  Hums, 
bruaf'^t,  ".    [ME.:  see  birac,  brittle.]    A  bristlo. 


orutalism 

No  .Tupiter.  no  .\polin, 
Ko  is  worth  the  brust  of  a  swin. 
Spec.  Eaity  Kwj.  .Vctr.  nom.  (ed.  Ellis),  II.  332. 
Koland  lough  [laughedj  and  said, 
No  is  worth  the  brust  of  a  swine. 

Bom.  of  Roland. 

brust-t,   "•     [ME.,   for   *brusted,  bristled,  en- 
raged, <  fcii(S<,  a  bristle :  seebristle.]     Bristled; 
enraged. 
Cometh  the  maister  budel  [beadle]  brust  ase  a  bore. 

Pvlil.  Sowis  (ed.  Wright),  p.  151. 

brusten  (brus'tn).  A  dialectal  variant  of  burst, 
past  participle  of  burst. 
brustleif  (brus'l),  r.  [<  ME.  brustlien,  a  par- 
allel form  to  brasllicu,  <  AS.  hrastliaii,  also 
ba'r.<:t!iint,  crackle :  see  brastle.  As  an  imitative 
word,  cf.  rustle.']  I.  iutraus.  To  crackle;  make- 
a  small  crackling  noise;  also,  to  rustle,  as  a  silk 
garment. 

He  routeth  with  a  slepy  noise, 
And  hru.itlftb  as  a  monke^  froise. 
When  it  is  throwe  into  the  panne. 

Gourr,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii.  93. 
See,  where  the  sea  comes !  how  it  foams  and  bru.-<tU's .' 
Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  7. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  crackle ;  crack. 
Break  'em  more ;  they  are  but  brustled  yet. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  ii.  6. 

brustle-t,  «■  A  dialectal  or  obsolete  form  of 
bristle. 

brustle-t  (brus'l),  r.  i.  1.  An  obsolete  or  dia- 
lectal form  of  bristle. — 2.  To  approach  one 
threateningly:  as,  "I'll  brustle  up  to  him,"  Ot- 
wai/. 

brustle''t  (brus'l),  r.  t.  [Also  brusell ;  appar. 
a  fre(i.  form  of  bruise,  ME.  bruscit,  prob.  sug- 
gested by  brustle'^.]     To  bruise;  crush. 

brustle*  (brus'l),  r.  t.  [jMso  written  brusle;  < 
Ol'.  brusler,  later  6i'H?fr(> ME.  brule,  roast,  fry), 
mod.  F.  bniler  =  Pr.  bruslar,  burn,  =  It.  brus- 
tolare,  burn,  now  grill,  fry,  toast,  appar.  (<  L. 
as  if  *per-ustuhire ;  cf.  Pr.  usehir  {or  *ustlar^ 
OSp.  usiar  =  It.  ustolare  =  Wall,  usturii,  <  L. 
ustuliire,  burn)  dim.  or  freq.  of  Pr.  bru~ar, 
brui^ar  (for  *bru.-!sar)  =  It.  brii.tcidre,  brueiare, 
tdi-bruseiarc  (ML.  bruseare,  bruxare,  brustare, 
burn,  <  L.  as  if  *pcruslare,  freq.  of  L.  jierurerc, 
pp.  j)erustus,  burn  through,  <  jier,  through,  -t- 
urere,  burn.  The  forms  touch  some  of  different 
origin,  as  those  of  broift,  q.  v.,  and  in  K.  the 


word  may  be  indeed  a  particular  use  oi  brustle'^, 
crackle:    see 
[I'rov.  Eng.] 


crackle:  "see  bruslk^.]     To  jiarch.     Malliucll. 


brut,  r.  i.  [E.  dial.,  also  brit,  appar.  <  F.  brou- 
lir,  OF.  broustcr,  browse;  see  brow.ic'^.]  To 
browse. 

Bruta  (bro'tji),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  L. 
bndus,  irrational,  brute:  see  brute.]  If.  In 
tile  Ijiiniean  system  of  classification,  the  sec- 
ond order  of  .Munimdlia,  containing  the  gen- 
era KUjduis,  'J'rielKchus,  Uradi/pus,  Mijrmeco- 
phtiiju,  .Munis,  and  Dasijpus. — 2.  In  mod.  ;iml., 
disencumbered  of  the  genera  Ktijihiis  and  Tri- 
eheehns,  and  same  as  Eilriitittii.  il'lure  is  a  grow- 
ing leiideney  to  use  the  term  in  this  sense  instead  of 
Kdeittota,  wliich  latter  is  literally  incorrect,  few  of  the 
so-called  eileiitatcs  being  toolhlcHS.  ] 

brutal  (brii'tal),  a.  [=  F.  brutal,  <  ML.  bruta- 
lis,  savage,  stupid,  <  L.  brutus.  aiqdied  to  dumb 
animals:  see  brute.]  1.  Pei'taining  to  or  re- 
sembling a  brute;  brutish:  as,  brutal  luiture; 
"brutal  kind,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  Stir). 

In  Irish  di.stricts,  men  ileterioratcd  in  size  and  slmpo, 
the  nose  slink,  the  gnins  were  exposed,  with  iliminisliea 
liraiii  uiid  brutal  form.  Fittecvtm,  Kng.  Traits,  p.  '.'99. 

How  widely  doth  the  brutal  cuuvixnc  of  .\jftx  dllt'erfroin 
the  aintable  bravery  of  Diometles  I 

FiiUliii'j,  .loseph  Andrews. 

Hence  —  2.  Savage;  cruel;   iiilimiiun  ;  unfeel- 
ing: !is,  /ichM/ passions;  brutal  ixhumwvs. 

tirultit  iilike  In  deed  and  word. 

With  cullous  heart  and  haixl  of  strife. 

How  like  a  llend  miiv  nuin  be  made  ! 

ir/((7(//r,  Mogg  Megone,  IIL 

3.  Kudo;  har.sh;  coarse;  crude.     [Rare.] 

The  huinnli  eye  and  tnlnil  fogelber  iiitegnite,  so  Ut 
speak,  till'  IniitreKslons  of  nmny  seiuuiite  and  selectod 
moinentji  Inio  nrii'  general  view,  while  llie  camera  call 
only  give  a  brutal  ropy  of  an  nnscli'iled  stale  of  things, 
with  all  Its  atinosiiherlc  and  other  iiiipeirectlons. 

.Scirm-c,  IV.  'Jlia 

==8yn.  2.  Brutish,  Beaslly,  etc.  (see  bnilr);  unfeeling, 
ruinieHs,  rude,  rough,  gross.  nierelleHH,  barbarous. 

brutalisation,  brutalise.     See  brutatication, 

hrntiili  \i . 
brutalism  (lirii'lal-i/.m),  u.     [<  brutal  + -ism.'] 
The   piaetico  or'oxorciso  of  brutality;   inhu- 

inniiity. 

Till'  Indiisli'ial  systein  of  l-^nrope  reiiulled  for  Itsiiiimln- 
iNtrallon  an  iiinoiint  of  snilerliig,  d(-|ii'a\lly,  ami  lirutal- 
ism,  which  formed  one  of  the  great  scandals  of  the  age. 
Everett,  Uratloiis,  II.  08. 


brutality- 
brutality  (bro-tal'i-ti),  «.;  jil.  Irutalities  (-tiz). 
[=  V.  bnitaUte,  <  ML.  hrut(ilita{t-)s,  <  brutalis: 
see  1)1)11(11.1  1.  The  (nuility  of  being  brutal; 
inhuiuiinity;  savageuess;  gi'oss  cruelty;  in- 
sensibility to  pity  or  shame. 

It  is  to  be  noteil  that  the  unredeemed  brutality  implied 
by  the  stories  of  tlie  earlier  gods  is  in  the  stories  of  the 
later  considerably  mitigated. 

//.  Spoiccr,  I'rin,  of  Soeiol.,  §  107. 
2.  A  savage,  shameless,  or  inhuman  act. 

Tlic  mere  In-vtalitUs  exercised  in  war  by  enraged  con. 
querors  :ire  i»-ibaps  to  be  laid  out  of  view  in  estimating 
the  practical  clfects  of  despotism.  Brour/haDi. 

=  S5T1.  1.  r.arliarity,  ferocity,  truculence. 
brutalization   (bro"tal-i-za'shon),  n.     [<  hru- 
taUze:  see  -atio>i.']     Tlie  act  of  brutalizing,  or 
the  state  of  being  brutalized.     Also  spelled 
hrittdlindtion. 

.Scruples  of  conscience  respecting  the  rectitude  of  their 
cause  uiiuld  paralyze  officers  and  soldiers.  So  that  a  cer- 
tain brufulization  has  to  be  maintauied  during  our  pass- 
ing phase  of  civilization. 

//.  Sjioicet;  Study  of  .Sociol.,  p.  190. 
brutalize  (bro'tal-iz),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ir)ital- 
ized,  ppr.  bnit(i'lhi))a.  [=  i'.  Iirutnliscr,  <  bru- 
tal: see  brutal.']  I.  trans.  JYo  make  bnital, 
coarse,  gi-oss,  or  inhuman ;  lower  to  the  level 
of  a  brute. 

Strange  !  that  a  creature  rational,  and  cast 
In  human  mould,  should  brutalize  by  choice 
His  nature.  Cowpcr,  Task,  i. 

Degraded  and  brutalized  by  a  long  course  of  oppressive 
misgovernment.  Whately. 

II.  intratis.  To  become  brutal,  inhuman,  or 
coarse  and  beastly.     [Rare.] 

He  .  .  .  b)-utalized  with  them  in  their  habits  and  man- 
ners. Addison,  Freeholder. 

Also  spelled  bnitalise. 
brutally  (bro'tal-i),  adv.     In  a  brutal  manner; 
cruelly ;  Inhumanly ;  in  a  coarse,  gross,  or  un- 
feeling manner. 
Brutallij  repulsed  by  the  attending  lictors. 

6olds))iiih,  Alcander  and  Septiraius. 

brute  (brot),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  brut,  fern,  brute, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  hruto,  <  L.  brut)is,  heavy,  unwieldy, 
stupid,  insensible,  unreasonable  ;  particularly 
applied  in  later  L.  to  the  lower  animals.]  I. 
a.  1.  Senseless;  unconscious. 

Not  walking  statues  of  clay,  not  the  sons  of  brutt;  earth. 

Bentley. 

2.  Wanting  reason ;  animal ;  not  human :  as, 
a  brute  beast. 

A  creature  .  .  .  not  prone 
And  b)-ute  as  other  creatures,  but  endued 
With  sanctity  of  reason.        MiltO)i,  P.  L.,  vii.  507. 
I  was  amazed  to  see  such  actions  and  behaviour  in  lyrute 
beasts.  Su^ft,  Gullivers  Travels,  iv.  1. 

3.  Characteristic  of  animals;  of  brutal  charac- 
ter or  quality. 

Brute  violence  and  proud  tyrannic  power. 

Miltmi,  P.  R.,  i.  219. 
The  oppressed  invoked  the  power  of  Christianity  to  re- 
sist the  tyranny  of  brute  force. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  .S.,  II.  454. 

4.  Blunt  or  dull  of  sentiment ;  without  sensi- 
bility ;  rough ;  uncivilized ;  insensible. 

The  brute  philosopher  who  ne'er  has  proved 

The  joy  of  ioviug  or  of  lieing  loved.  Pope. 

5.  Not  associated  with  intelligence  or  intellec- 
tual effort ;  unintelligent ;  irrational. 

A  more  legitimate  kind  of  valour  that,  showing  itself 
against  the  untamed  forests  and  diirk  brute  Powei"S  of  na- 
ture, to  conquer  nature  for  us.  Carlyle. 

6.  Harsh;  crude.     [Rare.] 

The  brute  fact  is  expressed  in  the  phrase  *'One  man's 
meat  is  another  man's  poison." 

0.  W.  Holmes,  A  Jlortal  Antipathy,  vii. 
=  Syn.  Brule,  Brutish,  Brutal,  ISensthj,  Bestial.     Brute  is 
the  most  general  of  these  words,  and  remains  nearest  to  the 
distinguishing  difference  between  man  and  beast,  irration- 
ality: as,  brute  force.     Brutish  is  especially  uncultured, 
stupid,  groveling;  as,  brutes  and  still  more  6ru(w/i  men. 
Brutal  implies  cruelty  or  lack  of  feeling :  as,  brutal  lan- 
guage or  conduct.    Beastly  expresses  that  which  is  alto- 
gether unworthy  of  a  man,  especially  that  which  is  filthy 
anil  disgusting  in  conduct  or  manner  of  life.     Bestial  is 
;i]'plit'd  chierty  to  that  which  is  carnal,  sensual,  lascivious  : 
as,  hcslial  vices  or  appetites. 
The  feats  of  Hercules  .  .  .  were  triumphs  of  brute  force. 
Sunuier,  Fame  and  Glory. 
The  bruti.'<ti,  the  animal  instincts,  as  is  often  the  case, 
had  been  developed  earlier  than  the  intellectual  qualities. 
Hau'thorne,  Seven  Gables,  xxi. 
To  mask  .  .  . 
Witli  a  glassy  smile  his  briital  scorn. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi. 
This  filthy  simile,  this  beastli/  line. 

Pope,  Ep.  to  Sat.,  ii.  181. 
And  since  his  ways  are  sweet, 
And  theirs  are  bestial,  hold  him  less  than  man. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 

II.  n.  1.  A  beast,  especially  one  of  the  high- 
er quadrupeds;  any  animal  as  distinguished 
from  man. 


701 

Bruten  may  bo  considered  as  either  aerial,  terrestrial, 
aquatic,  or  anipliibions.  Locke. 

2.  A  brutal  person ;  a  savage  in  disposition  or 
manners;  a  low-bred,  unfeeling  person. 

An  ill-natured  lirute  of  a  husband.  Franklin. 

brutehood  (briifhiid),  ».  [<  brute  +  -hood.'] 
The  state  of  being  a  brute;  the  condition  of 
being  brute  or  brutish  in  natui'e  or  habits. 

It  is  modestly  suggested,  by  no  means  dogrjuitlcally  af- 
firmed, .  .  .  that  the  infiuenees  that  have  raised  mankind 
from  brutehnnd  to  its  present  condition  have  not  yet  ex. 
pemlcd  their  force.  Pop.  tiri  Mo.,  XXVI.  4(il. 

brutelt,  ".     A  Middle  English  form  of  hrittk. 

brutely  (hriit'li),  udv.  1.  In  a  rude  manner;  us 
a  brute.  Milt())).—2.  By  brute  force ;  without 
intelligent  effort;  blindly.     [Rare.] 

Property  will  l/rutely  draw 
.Still  to  the  proprietor. 

J'Jmerson,  The  Celestial  Love, 
bruteness  (briit'nes),  n.     [<  brute,  a.,  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  brutal  or  a  brute.    [Rare.] 
That  sire  he  fowl  bespakc  :  Thou  dotanl  vile, 
That  with  thy  brutoiease  shendst  thy  comely  a(;o. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vlll.  12. 

The  immobility  or  bruteness  of  Nature  is  the  absence 

of  spirit.  Emerson,  Nature. 

brutification  (bro"f i-fi-kii'shon),  n.  [<  brutifi/  : 
see  -J)/  and  -ttlion.]  The  aet'of  brutifying;  the 
act  or  state  of  becoming  or  making  brutal  or 
degraded. 

She  would  have  saved  thee,  as  I  said  before,  from  bruti- 
fication.  J.  isaillie. 

This  nltra-Cireean  transformation  of  spirit  and  brutiji- 
ration  of  spcccdi  we  do  not  find  in  the  lighter  interludes  of 
great  and  iieilcct  tragedy.  .Simjterne.Shakeapeare,  p.  191. 

brutify  (brii'ti-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brutificd, 
ppr.  brutifjjUiij.  [<  V.  brutificr,  <  L.  as  if  *bru- 
itficare,  <  bi-utus,  brute,  a.,  +  -fimrc,  <  faccre, 
make.]  To  bring  into  the  condition  of  a  brute ; 
degrade  the  moral  or  physical  state  of;  make 
senseless,  stupid,  or  unfeeling. 
Not  quite  brutified  and  void  of  sense. 

Harrow,  Works,  III.  5. 

It  has  possessed  only  two  secrets  for  governing,  ...  to 

drain  and  to  brutify  its  subjects.  Bentham. 

brutilt,  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of  brittle. 
brutish  (bro'tish),  «.     [<  br)it(!,  n.,  +  -js7el.]     1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  brute  or  brutes. 

There  his  welwoven  toyles,  and  subtil  traines, 
He  laid  the  brutish  nation  to  enwrap. 

Spenser,  Astrophel. 
Wandering  gods  disguised  in  brutish  fonns. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  481. 

2.  Like  a  brute;  characteristic  of  brutes,    (a) 
Unfeeling ;  savage  ;  ferocious  ;  brutal. 

Bombarding  of  Cadiz  ;  a  cruel  and  brutish  way  of  mak- 
ing war,  first  begun  by  the  French. 

Mvelyn,  Diary,  August  25, 1695. 
Not  riches 
Can  purchase  him,  nor  honours,  peaceably, 
And  force  were  brutish. 

Fletcher  {and  another"?),  Nice  Valour,  iv.  1. 

{&)  Gross ;  carnal :  bestial. 
It  is  the  bruti.'^h  love  of  this  world  that  is  blind. 

Baxter,  Saint's  Rest,  xiv. 
(r)  ITncultured  ;  unrefined ;  ignorant ;  stupid ;  insensible. 

Brutes  and  brutish  men  are  commonly  more  able  to  bear 
pain  than  others.  JV.  Grexv,  Cosmologia  Sacra. 

They  were  not  so  brutish  that  they  could  be  ignorant  to 
call  upon  the  name  of  God.      Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  v.  §  35. 

=  Syn.  Brutal,  Beastly,  etc.  (see  brute),  dull,  barbarous, 
aniiiKil,  scusuiil. 

brutishly  (bro'tish-li),  adv.  In  a  brutish  man- 
ner;, grossly;  irrationally;  stupidly;  savagely. 
Soittk. 

brutishness   (bro'tish-nes),  n.     The  state  or 
quality  of  being  brutish  in  natm-e,  disposition, 
or  appearance ;  savageness. 
Not  true  valour,  but  brutishne.'is.  Bp.  Sprat. 

In  many  of  theCynocephali,  longitudinal  osseous  ridges 
are  devcln]H'd  uj)on  the  maxilla?,  and  greatly  increase  the 
brutishness  of  their  aspect.      Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  398. 

brutism  (bro'tizm),  «.  [<  brute  +  -ism.]  Brutal 
instincts  or  tendencies;  bruteness;  animality. 

bruttingt  (brut'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  otbrut,  v.] 
Browsing. 

Horidicani  preserves  itself  best  from  the  brultiny  of  the 
(leej._  Evelyn,  Sylva,  I.  \i.  2, 

brutum  fulmen  (bro'tum  ful'men).  [L. :  bru- 
tum,  neut.  of  brutus,  insensible;  fulnicn,  a  thun- 
derbolt :  see  brute  and  Eliminate.]  A  harmless 
thunderbolt;  mere  noise  like  thunder;  empty 
noise  and  nothing  more. 

Tlie  actors  do  not  value  themselves  upon  the  clap,  hut 
regard  it  a-s  a  mere  brutum  /uluien,  or  empty  noise,  when 
■  it  has  not  the  sinnid  of  the  oaken  plant  in  it. 

.iddiMtn,  The  lYunknuakcr  at  the  Play. 

Brutus  (brii'tus),  ».  [Appar.  in  reference  to 
Brutus,  one  of  the  two  celebrated  Romans  of 


Bryum 

that  name.  Roman  busts  and  statues  often 
show  such  an  arrangement  of  the  hair.]  A  for- 
mer mode  of  dressing  the  hair,  in  which  it  was 
brushed  back  from  the  forehead,  and  worn  at 
first  in  disorder,  afterward  in  close  curls.  The 
style  seems  to  have  origiiuit^jd  irj  Paris  at  the  lime  of  tlio 
ia!Volution(179.'i-94),  when  It  was  the  fashion  to  imitate  the 
contemporary  conception  of  lUmuiii  antiquity.  As  trans- 
planted to  Englaiul,  the  style  lajileil  longer  than  in  France. 
The  word  Is  now  used  for  a  lock  of  hair  brushed  upward 
and  backward  from  the  forehead. 

He  wore  his  hair  with  the  curls  arranged  In  a  BnUutk 
la  George  the  Fourth.  Mayhevo. 

bruyfere  (brO-yar'),  «.  [P.,  formerly  bruyere, 
hriirr,  heath:  see  under  brier.]  The  tree- 
licath  of  Europe,  J'Xca  arborea. 

Bryaceae  (l)ri-a'«e-6),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bryum  + 
-aceie.]  An  order  of  mosKes,  comprising  all  tho 
true  mosses,  as  distinguished  from  the  peat- 
moss {Sphaijnum)  and  the  schizocarjious  mosses 
(.\)i<ireica).     See  moss. 

Bryanite  (bri'an-it),  n.  [From  their  founder, 
William  Bryayi  (about  1815;.]  One  of  a  Metho- 
dist body,  more  properly  known  as  Bibk  Cliris- 
tians  (which  see,  under  BilAe). 

Brydges  clotht.  Same  as  cloth  of  Bruget  (which 
see,  iiiidi-r  el'ith). 

bryg^mus  (Img'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  (ifnr,iuj^,  a 
biting,  gnashing  of  teeth,  <  jifnuew,  bite,  gnaw, 
gnash.]  In  pathol.,  gnashing  or  grating  of  the 
teeth  during  sleep :  a  symptom  in  certain  dis- 
eases. 

bryle  (bril),  «.     Same  as  broiP. 

brymH,  brymmeH,  etc.    See  brim\  etc. 

brynkt,  »■     See  brink. 

bryological  (bri-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to 
Ijiyology;  consisting  of  mosses:  as,  the  bryo- 
li)(/)cal  Uora.     Nature. 

bryologist  (bri-oro-jist),  «.  [<  bryology  +  -igt.] 
A  botanist  who  has  made  a  special  study  of  the 
mosses  and  is  skilled  in  their  determination ; 
a  specialist  in  bryology. 

Thanks  to  our  sole  surviving  bryoloffigt,  the  venerable 
I.esquereux,  we  have  at  length  a  coniprchensive  manual 
of  N'fjrtb-American  mosses.  Science,  IV.  446. 

bryology  (bri-ol'o-ji), «.  [<  Gr.  lipiov,  moss  (see 
Bryum),  +  -)j)yia,  <  Atyeiv,  speak :  see  -ology.^ 
Theseieneeof  mosses,  their  structure,  affinities, 
elassifieation,  etc. 

Bryonia  (bri-o'ni-a),  n.  [L.,  <  Or.  (ipvuvia,  also 
jifivupti,  bryony,  <'  jipieiv,  teem,  swell,  be  fulL 
Hence  E.  bryony.]  1.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Cucurbitacew :  see  bryony. —  2.  [/.  c] 
Tlie  name  in  the  pharmacopceias  of  the  root  of 
Bryonia  alba  and  B.  dioica,  used  as  a  cathartic. 

bryonin,  bryonine  (bri'o-nin),  H.  [<  bryony  + 
-in-,  -i)n-.]  A  white  intensely  bitter  jirinciple, 
a  glucoside  (C.isHgoOjg)  e.xtraeted  from  the 
root  of  Bryon ia  alba  and  A  dioica.  Also  spelled 
brionin,  brionine. 

bryony  (bri'o-ni),  «.  [<  L.  bryonia:  see  Bryo- 
«('(.]  The  common  name  of  species  of  Bryo- 
nia, a  cucurbitaceous  genus  of  plants,  possess- 
ing acrid,  emetic,  and  purgative  properties 
which  have  given  them  repute  as  rememes  for 
many  diseases  from  early  times,  iiie  common 
white-  or  red-berried  bryony,  B.  dioica,  and  the  black- 
beiTied,  B.  alba,  are  both  natives  of  Europe.  Also  spelled 
frn'ony.— Bastard  bryony,  of  the  \v  est  Indies.  \'iiiji{Cu- 
sim)  «w;/n;</.s.  — Black  bryony,  of  Europe,  the  Tamtu 
cotn)iiuuis,  a  tall  climbing  ]>lant  belonging  to  the  natural 
order  Di^scoreaceie.  It  lias  large  black  roots,  the  acrid 
juice  of  which  has  been  used  in  plasters. 

B^ophyta  (bri-of'i-ta).  n.  pi.  [<  XL.  bryo- 
jmytum,  <  Gr.  lipiov,  iinoss,  +  ifivrit;  a  plant.] 
A  diWsion  of  the  higher  crj-ptogams,  including 
tlie  Ilcpaticce  and  mosses. 

bryophyte  (bri'o-fit),  n.  A  member  of  the 
Jiri/iijiliyta. 

bryoretin  (bri-o-ret'in),  H.  [Irreg.  <  bryonin.] 
A  substance  produced  from  the  glucoside  bry- 
onin by  treating  it  with  an  acid. 

Bryozoa  (bri-o-z6'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fipiin, 
moss  (see  Bryum),  +  Cuor,  pi.  C<f>a,  an  animal.] 
A  name  formerly  given  to  the  Polycoa,  from 
their  resemblance  to  mosses.  Ehrenberg,  1831. 
See  I'nly:oa. 

bryozoan  (bri-o-z6'an),  a.  and  n.    L  a-  In  :ooL, 
relating  to  the  Iiryo:oa. 
H.  H.  One  of  tlie  Bryosoa. 

bryozoid  (bri-o-z6'id),  a.  and  n.  Same  as  bryo- 
S'uin. 

bryozoon  (bri-o-z6'on),  H.     Same  as  bryo:oan. 

bryozoum  (bri-o-zd'um),  m.  [NL.,  sing,  of 
Bri/ii:oa.]    One  of  the  Bryo:oa.     Dana. 

Bryum  (bri'umV  n.  [XL.  (L.  bryon),  <  Gr. 
i^pioi;  a  kind  of  mossy  seaweed,  tree-moss, 
lichen,  the  clustering  male  blossom  of  the 
hazel,  a  blossom  or  flower,  <  i3pieiv,  teem  or 
swell,  be  full,  grow  luxuriantly.]    A  large  and 


important  genus  of  mosses,  characterized  by 
fruit  borne  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  a 
pendent,  pyriform  capsule  which  has  a  double 
row  of  transversely  barred  teeth. 

bryzet,  «•     -^  obsolete  foi-m  of  breeze^. 

B.  Sc. '  An  abbreviation  of  Baccalaiireus  Scien- 
tue.  or  Bachelor  of  Science. 

bu  (bo),  n.  [Jap.]  A  rectangular  silver  coin 
of  Japan,  equal  to  one  fourth  of  a  rio  or  tael. 
It  is  not  now  in  circulation,  but  the  name  is  still  some- 
times given  to  the  fourth  part  of  a  yen  or  dollar.  .Also 
spelled  boo,  and  formerly  called  (erroneously  when  more 
than  one  were  spoken  of)  iehiboo  and  itzehoo, 

bu.,  bosh.    Abbreviations  of  bushel  or  bushels. 

buansnah,  buansu  (bo-an-so'a,  bo-an-so'),  "■ 
The  native  name  of  the  Cyoil  priiiKevus,  the 
wild  dog  of  Nepal  and  northern  India,  sup- 


Buansuah  ( Cyon  priinaz'us). 


posed  by  some  to  be  the  original  type  of  the 

dOff  tribe.  It  is  of  a  reddish  color,  pale  underneath, 
witn  a  bushy,  pendulous  tail,  and  in  size  intermediate 
between  the  wolf  and  the  jackal,  but  with  very  strong 
limbs.  It  is  capable  of  being  tamed.  See  Ctton. 
Bnarrlieinon  (bo-Sr-re'mon),  h.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
.<oicox,  +  app^uui",  speechless :  see  Arrhemou.'] 
An  extensive  genus  of  pityline  tanagers,  con- 
taining about  35  species,  of  terrestrial  habits 
and  dull  colors.     Bonaparte,  1850.     See  Arrhc- 

llinit. 

buat  (bo'at),  n.  [<  Gael.  Ir.  buite,  a  firebrand. 
It.  also  fire.]  A  hand-lantern.  Also  written 
biiirrt.      [Scotch.] 

buaze-fiber  (bii'az-fi"b6r),  71.  The  fiber  of  a 
].cil_v^'alai-cous  bush  of  tropical  Africa,  Scciiri- 
ditin  /iiilliila,  described  as  of  .e.xeellent  quality 
and  rencmbling  flax. 

bub'  (bub;,  II.  [Perhaps  short  for  hiihbic ;  cf. 
bub-.]  1.  A  substitute  for  yeast,  prepared  by 
mi.xiiig  meal  or  flour  with  a  little  yeast  in  a 
quantity  of  warm  wort  and  water. —  2.  Strong 
diink  of  any  kind;  liquor,  especially  malt  li- 
quor.    [Cant.] 

bub-t  (bub),  V.  t.  [Short  for  bubble.']  To  throw 
out  in  bubbles.     Slir.  fur  Mat/s. 

bub'^  (bub),  H.  [Also  bubbij :  origin  obscure; 
cf .  piiji.  Tlie  word  hears  a  close  but  accidental 
rcscrablaneo  to  Hind,  bnbbl,  biibi  (a  pron.  u),  a 
woman's  breast.]  A  woman's  breast.  [Vulgar.] 

bub*  (bub),  «.  [Also  biibbij,  a  dim.  form;  usu- 
ally supposed  to  be,  like  bu(l~,  a  corruption 
ot  brother.  Cf.  G.  bubrj  etc.,  a  boy:  see  binj.] 
A  bov :  used  in  familiar  address.  [CoUoq., 
1-.  S.l 

Bubalichtbvinae  (bu-bal-ik-thi-i'ne),  «.  pi. 
[Nl>.,  <  liuhdlirhthijH  +  -iiifc]  A  subfamily  of 
f,V/^(»(omirf<'•  .synonymous  with /cfio//i»j«!(  which 

bubalicbthyine  (bfi-bal-ik'thi-in),  a.  and  «.  I. 
((.  I'lrtuining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
IliilKiliihlhyiiKi'. 
II.  ".  One  of  the  ISiilialichthyina: ;  a  buffalo- 

Buballchthys  (bu-bal-ik'ihis),  «.    [NL.,  <  lUi- 

lidluH  +  lir,  i,tW'r,  a  fish.]  The  typical  gonns 
of  catoHtonioid  fishes  of  Hn-  siililamily  Jiuhii- 
liihtliiiiiKr :  the  biiffalo-lisheH. 

bubaline  (bu'ba-lin),  a.     [<  I>.  biitniUnun,  \»'t- 

t:iniing  to  the  6h&«/im,  biiflulo.  I      1.   I'erliiin- 

KiH  to  the  biibulus  or  buffalo. —  2.  Keserabling 

II   liiifTiilo;   bovine:    as,  the   bubnliin   group  of 

:    Mjiei'iru-ally   ntiplied   to    Alrclaphuii 

■  liiiliiiline  anteloiie. 

b  ii'bii-liH),   II.       [Mj.,  nlnr)   biihnlr;   < 

'  ',  an   African  specieB  of  Hnlilone; 

'J  n'ferri'd  to  finvr,  ox.]     A  large   nu- 

ba.,      ..iii'lope  of  Africa,  /l/w/w/i/iKx /(«fc«^.i. 

Bnbalornln  (bfi-bn-lAr'niH),  «.  [Nli.,  <  llubn- 
/«<   t  .  II  biril.]     A  genuH  of  Afri'im 

wen  I  the  fiirriily  lliirriiln  ;  tlic  tiul 

falo  ,      \:\i\,     llic  )  >ir.  iinnivd  from  llii  Ir  hiibil 

of  (ulluwiijK  cattle  In  ordnr  Ui  fcwJ  on  Iho  parultc* 


702 

which  infest  their  liides.  B.  erythrorhjnwhits  is  common 
in  Damaraland,  where  it  is  known  to  the  natives  as  the 
t-^alil^iu^tioa.     Sir  Andrew  Smith. 

Bubalus  (bii'ba-lus),  H.  [L.:  see  6«;?'o/c).]  1. 
A  genus  or  subgenus  of  bovines,  containing 
the  buffaloes  projier,  as  the  Indian  buffalo  and 
the  African  buffalo:  sometimes  restricted  to 
the  latter.  Hamilton  Smith,  1S27.  See  cuts 
under  buffalo. —  2.  [I.  c]  A  member  of  this 
genus. 

bubber  (bub'er),  n.  [<  biib\  2,  +  -crl.]  A 
drinker. 

Though  I  am  no  mark  in  respect  of  a  huge  butt,  yet  I 
can  tell  you  great  bubbers  have  shot  at  me. 

Middletvn,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  1. 

bubble^  (bub'l),  »(.  [First  in  earlv  mod.  E. ; 
=  MLG.  bubbele,  LG.  biibbel  =  IID.  bobbel  = 
Dan.  boblc  =  Sw.  biibbla,  formerly  bubla,  a  bub- 
ble. The  E.  and  Scand.  forms  are  prob.  of  LG. 
origin,  but  all,  like  the  equiv.  early  mod.  E. 
burble  (see  burble),  L.  bulla  (see  bulla,  bull-, 
boiV^,  etc.),  Skt.  budhuda,  Hind,  budbudd,  bul- 
buld.  Hindi  Iniliild,  Pali  bubbulam,  a  bubble 
(and.  more  remotely,  like  Bohem.  boubcl,  bub- 
Una,  Pol.  babel,  >  Little  Russ.  bombel,  a  bubble 
— words  ha\-ing  the  same  ult.  base  as  bomb-, 
bombiis,  q.  v.),  are  prob.  ult.  imitative  of  the 
sound  of  the  gurgling  of  w'ater  in  which  bub- 
bles are  forming.  Cf.  blubber,  blobbcr,  blob. 
The  senses  of  '  a  trifle,  delusion,  trick,'  etc., 
proceed  natm'ally  from  the  lit.  sense,  and  have 
no  orig.  connection  with  the  accidentally  simi- 
lar It.  bubbola,  biibula,  a  trick,  fib,  sham,  deceit, 
pi.  biibbole,  idle  stories,  formerly  "biibole,  bub- 
biile,  toies,  iests,  vanities,  niiles,  trifles,  1)ul)- 
bles"  (Florio),  <  bubbolare,  cheat,  trick,  rob, 
formerly  ''buholarc,  to  bubble"  [i.  e.,  cheat, 
gull,  dupe]  (Florio),  <  bubbola,  bubuUi,  formerly 
bubola,  pupola,  puppula,  a  hoopoe  (see  hooji'-i, 
hoopoe,  iipiqia),  the  figm'e  of  speech  being  the 
same  as  the  verbs  (/nil  and  dupe,  q.  v.]  1.  A 
small  vesicle  of  water  or  other  iluid  inflated 
■nith  air  or  other  gas,  and  floating  on  the  siu-- 
face  of  the  fluid.  Such  vesicles  can  sometimes,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  soap-bubble,  be  separated  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  liquid,  or  be  formed  independently  of  it,  by 
blowing  from  a  pipe  or  other  instrument. 

Oh,  Fortune, 

That  thou  hast  none  to  f.iol  and  blow  like  bubbUs 

But  kings  and  tb.ir  i tents  ! 

Flelrlier  {1111(1  atmllu'r'!),  Prophetess,  iii.  3. 

Ay,  thus  we  are  ;  and  all  our  painted  glory 
A  bubble  that  a  boy  blows  into  the  air. 
And  there  it  breaks. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  '2. 

2.  A  small  globule  of  air  or  other  gas  in  or  ris- 
ing through  a  liquid. —  3.  The  vesicle  of  air  in 
the  glass  spirit-tube  of  a  mechanics'  level. — 
4.  One  of  the  small  hollow  beads  of  glass  for- 
merly used  for  testing  the  strength  of  spirits  by 
the  rate  at  which  they  rise  after  being  ]ilungi'd 
in  them.  See  bead,  7. —  5.  Anj'thiug  that  wants 
firmness, substance, orpermanenee;  thatwhich 
is  more  specious  than  real;  a  vain  project;  a 
false  show ;  a  delusion ;  a  trifle. 

A  soldier,  .  . . 

Seeking  the  bubble  rejiutation 

Even  in  tlie  cannon's  mouth. 

S/in/t.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 

War,  ho  sung,  is  toil  ami  trouble ; 
Honour,  but  an  empty  bubble. 

Vnjden,  Alexander's  Feuf*t, 

6.  An  inflated  speculation;  a  delusive  coni- 
inercial  project,  especially  one  which  is  jml 
forward  as  insuring  extraordinary  jirolits; 
Iicnec,  a  financial  imposition  or  fraiul ;  a 
cheating  trick:  as,  the  South  Sea  bubble.  See 
below. 

This  nniy  not  at  first  sight  appear  ft  largo  sum  to  those 
who  remember  the  bubbles  of  18*25  and  of  IS^ft. 

ilaeaula;/,  lli«t.  Eng.,  xxiv. 

7t.  .'\  iiersou  deceived  by  an  empty  project;  ii 

dupe. 

He  has  been  my  bxMle  thcso  twenty  ycnra. 

.i<r6u(A>ia(,  John  Hull. 

ills  i>lty  and  compassion  make  him  sometimes  a  bublite 
to  nil  lii»' fellows.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  T,. 

Bubble  Act,  an  English  slalnte  of  17'2n,  Intended  lo  re 
strict  Illusory  schemes  of  eoiiiornte  or  luiM.ichile  i>ri;uiil/:i 
tloii :  adopied  lo  prevent  llic  n  petlllon  of  meh  fnnid'.  us 
the  .South  .Sea  bubbb'.— Bubble  and  squeak,  (n)  A  <ll>ii 

connisting  of  fried  bi'cf  and  cabliage  :  pmbnbly  so  called 
from  the  nounils  nuide  during  frying. 
Rank  and  title  I  tmlibte  nml  miiieak !    No!  not  half  so 

good  as  Imbltle  nml  H.fneak  :  KngliHil  beef  and  good  cab- 
bagi'.  lint  foreign  rank  and  title;  foreign  cabbagi'  nml 
beef  !  foreign  bubtile  nml  foreign  mfnenk  ' 

lluhier.  My  Novel,  vlll.  H. 

(Ii)  In  Vow  r;nglnnd.  hn«li  or  mim  ed  nnat      South  Boa 

bubble,  a  nnnnclnl  srti »hlih  orlglnatiil  In  Knglainl 

;dM,nt  lill  and  rollali»<il  In  IT'.^o.  II  wu«  proponed  by  IIm' 
l;url  of  Oxford  til  fund  a  lir.nling  ilebl  of  i:l(l,(HK)  (MJU,  the 
piirchnaen  uf  wtilcli  should  bccoino  itockliuldcri  In  a  cor* 


bubonic 

poration,  the  South  Sea  Company,  which  was  to  have  a 
nuuiopoly  of  the  trade  with  Spanish  South  America,  and 
a  part  of  the  capital  stock  of  which  was  to  constitute  the 
fund.  The  refusal  of  Spain  to  enter  into  coniincrcial  re. 
lations  with  England  made  the  privileges  of  the  ciunpaiiy 
worthless  ;  but  liy  means  of  a  series  of  speculative  opera- 
tions ami  the  infatuation  of  the  people  its  shares  were 
inllated  from  .£100  to  i;l,Oi>0.  It^  failure  caused  great  dis- 
tress lliroughout  England. 
bubble^  (bub'l),  v.;  pret.  aud  pp.  bubbled,  ppr. 
bubbliiiij.  [=  MLG.  LG.  bubbein  =  ilD.  D.  buli- 
belcn  =  Dan.  boble,  bubble  ;  from  the  noun.]  I, 
intraus.  1.  To  rise  in  bubbles,  as  liquors  when 
boiling  or  agitated;  send  up  bubbles. — 2.  To 
nm  with  a  gm-gling  noise ;  gtu'gle :  as,  "bub- 
bling foimtains,"  Pope,  Autumn,  1.  43. 
On  yon  swoll'n  brook  that  bulit/tes  fast 
By  meadows  breathing  of  the  past. 

Tennij.'ion,  In  ilemorlam,  xcix. 

3.  Toutterabubblingorgtu'glingery.    [Rare.] 
At  mine  ear 
Bubbled  the  nightingale.       Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  bubble. 

Id  bubble  up  the  water  through  a  reed.  Keatg. 

2.  To  cheat;  deceive  or  impose  on;  hood\vink; 
bamboozle.  , 

BubbU'd  out  of  their  goods  and  money  I 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  j.  11. 

When  slavery  could  not  bully.  It  bubbled  its  \ictim. 

W.  Phillip.^,  Speeches,  p.  .'ITT. 

bubble-  (bub'l),  r.  i.  [Also  bibble;  ef.  bubble^ 
aud  blubber.]  To  shed  tears  in  a  sniveling, 
blubbering,  ehUdish  way.  Jamieson.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 
bubble*'  0'ul''i),  »•  Snot.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 
bubble-bowt,  "•  [-^  piece  of  fashionable  slang, 
mentioned  by  Pope,  along  with  eosin,  tompion, 
eolmar,  toupee,  in  the  quot.  below,  as  "in  use 
in  this  present  year  1727'':  supposetl  to  stand 
for  *biibble-beau,  <  bubble,  v.,  +  obj.  beau;  but 
perhaps  of  no  particular  meaning.]  A  tweezer- 
case. 

Lac'd  in  her  cosins  [stays]  new  appear'd  the  briile, 
.\  bubble-bow  aud  tompion  (watch)  at  her  side, 
And  with  an  air  divine  her  eolmar  (fan]  ply'd. 
Then,  oh  !  she  cries,  what  slaves  I  round  me  see  ! 
Here  a  bright  Redcoat,  there  a  smart  toupee. 

Poiie,  Treatise'on  the  Bathos. 

bubbler  (bub'ler),  n.  If.  One  who  cheats.  Pope. 
—  2.  A  fish  of  the  family  Seia-nidu-.  .Iplodinotiis 
(jrunniens,  the  fresh-water  (h'umtish,  found  in 
the  waters  of  the  Ohio  river:  so  called  from 
the  peculiar  noise  it  makes.  Also  called  bid)- 
blin<i-iish. 

bubble-shell  (bul)'l-sliel),  ».  A  shell  of  the  intw- 
'i\\  Hull  iilii;inA^i'\\\iii  Bulla,  of  an  oval  form,  with 
tlio  outermost  whorl  involving  all  the  others. 
Species  are  nunu'iotis  in  tropical  and  warm 
seas.     See  cuts  under  Bulla. 

bubbling  (bub'ling),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  bubble'^,  v.] 

Emitting  or  exhibiting  bubbles ;  giving  out  a 

sound  such  as  is  caused  by  bubbles ;  gurgling. 

The  bubblin'i  cry 

Of  some  strong  swimmer  in  his  agony. 

Byron,  1)011  Juan,  11.  53.' 

bubbling-fish  (bub'ling-fish),  «.     Same  as  biib- 

hh  r.  'J.      lliilini.itiiie. 
bubbly  1  (Inih'li),  a.    [<  bubble'^  +  -yl.]    Full  of 

bill  lilies:    as,  "bubbly  spume,"  Nash,  Lenten 

SliilTc,  p.  8. 
bubbly- (bub'li),  a.    [<6MiWe3-f -vi.]    Snotty: 

lis,  tlie  bairn  has  a  bubbly  nose.     [North.  Eng. 

iiiid  Scod-h.] 
bubbly-jock  (bub'H-jok),   «.     A  tiu'key-coek. 

[N'orlh.  I'jiig.  and  Scotch.] 
bubby'  (bub'i),  H. ;  pi.  bubbks (-iz).    [See  biib'K] 

A  woniau's  breast.     [Vulgar.] 
\\'hy  don't  you  go  and  suck  the  bnbbut 

Arbuthnot,  John  Hull. 

bubby-  (bnb'i).  n.  [Dim.  of  ftHfc'*.]  A  familiar 
lirin  of  address  to  little  boys;  bub.      [U.  S.] 

bubo'  (lui'lio),  H.  [=  F.  liitlion  =  Sp.  liuimn  = 
Pg.  buliiyo  =  It.  Imbone  =  Wall,  buhoin,  <  ML. 
biibo(n-),  a  tumor,  <  Or.  jhi'/iui',  the  groin,  a 
swelling  in  the  groin.]  In  med.,  an  inlliiinma- 
lorv  swelling  of  a  lyniplialic  gland,  especially 
Hiioli  us  arises  in  the  groin  from  venereal  in- 
t'ootion. 

Bubo-  (bu'lid),  H.  [L.,  an  owl.  the  horned  owl. 
The  name  is  snjiposod  to  be  imitative  of  its  cry 
as  if  'bii-bu ;  cf.  E.  lu-whoo,  etc]  A  genus  of 
large  owls  with  conspicuous  jiliimicorns,  rela- 
lively  smnll  eai'-iiiii'H lire,  iiiconiiilele  facial 
ilisk,  and  feathereil  fi>et.  ll  i.inlaiii»  tlie  gnat  owl 
or  eagle-owl  of  F.uropo.  11.  inaxiniuK,  the  great  horned 
lovl  of  North  Anu'l'lca.  /?.  viriiininnun,  and  Hllmlry  other 

■^licrbs.     Sec  cut  on  next  IMlge. 

bubonic  (bii-lion'ik),  a.  [<  ML.  biibo(ii-),  a  tu- 
mor (see  biibii^),  +  -/(■.]    In  piithol.,  pertaining 

to  or  ot  I  he  iiat  itro  of  a  iiiilio. 


Buboninas 


Virginia  Horned  Owl  {Bubo  vir^'nianifs), 

fiuboninae  (bu-bo-ni'iie),  «.  pi.    [NX..,  <  Buho- 

(ISi(hiiii-)  +  -inw.'i  A  subfamily  of  owls,  family 
Sliii/idd;  adopted  by  some  wi'iters  for  the  gen- 
era Bubo,  Scops,  and  some  other  horned  or 
"cat"  owls. 

bubonine  (bu'bo-nin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
tlio  liulxiiiince. 

bubonocele  (bii-bo'no-sel  or  -se-lf),  n.  [<  Gr. 
liovjiuvoKlfAi],  <  jiovpi)v',  the  groin  (see  huho^),  + 
KlfAii,  tumor.]  In  patliol.,  inguinal  hernia  or 
ruptm-e :  often  resMcted  to  an  oblique  inguinal 
hernia  which  has  not  passed  the  external  ring, 
but  occupies  the  inguinal  canal. 

bubuklet,  «■  A  pimple :  a  word  of  uncertain  form 

and  origin,  found  only  in  the  f ollowiDg  passage, 

where  it  is  put  into  the  mouth  of  a  Welshman. 

His  face  is  aU  bubukles,  and  welks,  and  linobs,  and  flames 

of  fire.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  0. 

BubulcUS  (bii-bul'kus),  n.  [NX/.,  <  L.  bubulcns, 
a  plowman,  herdsman  (cf.  biibulus,  pertaining 
to  oxen  or  cattle),  <  bos  (hov-),  an  ox:  see  Bos.l 
A  genus  of  herons,  containing  the  buff-backed 
heron,  B.  ibis,  formerly  called  Ardea  bubulciis 
and  Ardea  russata,  chiefly  an  African  species, 
related  to  the  squacco  heron. 

bubulin  (bu'bu-lin),  n.  [<  L.  bubulus,  pertain- 
ing to  cattle  (<  bos  (bov-),  an  ox:  see  Bos),  + 
-*«".]  A  peculiar  substance  existing  in  the 
dimg  of  beasts,  which  is  copiously  precipitated 
by  metallic  salts,  tincture  of  galls,  and  alum, 
and  therefore  active  in  the  application  of  cow- 
dxmg  to  calico-printing. 

bucan,  buccan  (buk'an),  >».  [<  F.  boucan, 
"a  woodden-gridiron,  whereon  the  Cannibals 
broj'le  pieces  of  men,  and  other  flesh"  (Cot- 
grave),  a  place  for  smoking  meat;  said  to  be  a 
native  Carib  word;  hence  bucaneer,  etc.  See 
bucancer.']  1.  A  kind  of  gridiron  for  smoking 
meat. — 2.  A  place  where  meat  is  smoked. — 3. 
In  the  West  Indies,  a  place  where  coffee  or  co- 
coa is  dried.  Til.  Loudon  News. 
Also  bocan,  boucan. 

bucan,  buccan  (buk'an),  v.  t.  [Also  ■written  bou- 
can; <  F.  boucaner,  i.  boucan,  E.  bucan,  «.,  q. 
v.]  To  cut  into  long  pieces,  salt,  and  smoke  on 
a  bucan,  as  beef:  a  mode  of  preserving  meat 
formerly  practised  by  the  Caribs  and  afterward 
by  Europeans  in  the  West  Indies.  Also  boucan. 
Dressed  in  the  sraolce,  which  in  their  language  they  call 
loucaned.  Baklmjt. 

bucaneer,  buccaneer  (buk-a-ner'), «.  [<  F.  bou- 
aiiiier,  a  cm'er  of  wild  meat,  a  pirate,  <  bou- 
caiicr,  smoke  meat,  <  boucan,  a  place  for  smok- 
ing meat:  see  bucan,  n.']  1.  Originally,  one  of 
the  French  settlers  in  Hispaniola  or  Hayti  and 
Tortugas,  whose  occupation  was  to  hunt  wild 
cattle  and  hogs,  and  oui-e  their  flesh. 

It  is  now  liii^h  time  to  spealc  of  the  French  nation  who 
inhabit  a  great  part  of  this  island  [Hispaniola].  .  .  .  The 
Hunters  are  again  divided  into  several  sorts.  For  some  of 
tliesi-  are  only  given  to  hunt  wild  Bulls  and  Cows,  others 
oiilj  hunt  wild  Bores.  The  first  of  these  two  sorts  of 
Hunters  are  called  Biwaniers.  .  .  .  \Mien  the  Bucaniers 
go  iutii  the  woods  to  hunt  for  wild  bulls  and  cows,  they 
coraniotdy  remain  there  the  space  of  a  whole  twelvemonth 
or  two  years  without  returning  home. 

Bucaniers  of  America  (Loudon,  16S4),  p.  .50. 
2.  A  pirate;  a  fi-eebooter;  especially,  one  of 
the  piratical  adventiu-ers,  chiefly  French  and 
British,  who  combined  to  make  depredations 
on  tlie  Spaniards  in  America  in  the  second  half 
of  the  seventeenth  centm-y :  so  called  because 
the  first  of  the  class  were  Frenchmen  driven 
from  their  business  of  bucaning  by  the  Spanish 
authorities  of  Hispaniola. 

He  I  Warren  Hastings]  was  far  too  enlightened  a  man  to 
look  on  a  great  empire  merel.y  as  a  btwcanier  would  look 
ou  a  galleon.  ilacaulay,  WaiTen  Hastings. 

Also  spelled  bucanier,  buccauier. 


703 
bucaneer.  buccaneer  (buk-a-ner'),  v.  i.    [<  buc- 

aiiii'r,  II. \  'J'o  act  tlio  part  of  a  pirate  or  froo- 
booter.     Quarterlij  Rev. 

The  irreverent  huccanep.rinfj  bee 

Hath  stoi-nieil  and  ridcd  the  nunnery  of  the  lily. 

Loiviill,  A!  FrcHco. 

bucaneerish,  buccaneerish  (imk-a-uer'ish), «. 

[<  bucaneer  +  -is/jl.]     Kosombling'a  bucaneer. 

Hy  nKionlight  we  arc  creeping  under  the  frowning  clilfs 

of  Aboofeyda,  and  voyage  all  night  in  a  huciMneiiTiuh  tmU- 

i"".  C.  I).  Wanwr,  Winter  on  the  Nile,  p.  411. 

bucaro  (bo'kii-ro),  n.  [Sp.  bucnro,  a  vessel 
made  of  an  odoriferous  earth  of  the  same  name, 
>  Pg.  bucaro,  a  sort  of  earth.]  An  eartlicn- 
ware  water-jar  used  in  Spain  ami  Portugal. 
Those  made  in  Estremadui'a,  of  light-reddisli 
clay,  are  especially  esteemed. 

bucca  (buk'ji,),  n. ;  pi.  bucue  (-se).  [L. ;  hence 
boc&i,  bourfic,  buckle^,  buckler,  etc.]  In  anat., 
the  hollow  part  of  the  check  which  projects 
when  the  cheeks  are  inflated;  also,  the  cntiri' 
cheek,  and  heneo  the  mouth  as  a  whole,  with 
reference  to  its  cavity  and  all  the  surrounding 
parts. 

buccal  (bult'al),  a.  [<  bucca  +  -al;  =  F.  buccal.'] 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  bucca  or  cheek. — 2.  Per- 
taining t(}  I  lie  sides  of  the  mouth,  or  to  the  mouth 
or  moiilh-iiijils  as  a  whole;  oral;  maxillary. — 
Buccal  artery,  a  braneli  of  the  internal  maxillary  artery. 
—Buccal  cavity,  tlie  cavity  of  the  inc. uth.— Buccal  fun- 
nel, ill  Jioiijrni.  See  majf^ttx.— Buccal  ganglia,  in  M"l- 
Imca,  gan;;lia  which  give  off  nerves  to  tlie  inuutli  and  ali- 
mentary canal.  They  are  connected  with  tlie  ccreliral 
ganglia  hya  pair  of  nerves  along  tlie  esophagits. — Buccal 
glands.  See  </to"i'.— Buccal  mass,  in  Malluum,  the  so- 
called  pharynx,  the  organ  of  prehension  and  mastication 

of  f 1,  present  in  all  iiiollusks  exceilt  laniellibranchs.   Sec 

cut  under  Vibranchiattt. —  'BuccSil  nerve.  («)  A  braiicli 
of  the  facial  nerve whicli  supplies  thi-lmerinatoranii  oil.i 
cularis  oris  muscles,  (b)  A  lilaneh  of  tlie  inferior  maxillary 
nerve  supplyini;  the  intpuuiiieiit  anil  nnnniis  luemliraiie  of 
the  cheek.— Buccal  openings  m-  fissures,  in  Coleoplcm , 
posteriorprolnji-atlonsuf  the  nmntli  i  a\  ily,  oneach  side  of 
the  mentiim. — Buccal  sutures,  in  ('"('■•>i't''ra,  impressed 
lines  originating  in  tin-  Imnal  iis>iires  or  corners  of  the 
mouth,  running  backuanl,  and  otten  coalescing  hehiiul. 
Also  called  fi\dar  ^-utiirfs. — Buccal  vein,  a  vein  of  the 
cheek  emptying  into  the  facial  vein. 

buccan,  buccaneer,  buccaneerish.    See  bucan, 

b uca nccr,  buca neerish. 

buccate  (buk'at),  a.  [<  NL.  huccatus,  <  L.  buc- 
ca, the  cheek  distended.]  In  entom.,  having 
distended  gente,  or  cheeks,  as  certain  Diptera. 

buccellationt  (buk-se-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  bucccl- 
la,  a  small  mouthful,  small  bread  divided  among 
the  poor  (cf.  buceellatum,  a  soldier's  bisetiit), 
dim.  of  bucca,  the  cheek,  mouth:  see  bucca.] 
The  act  of  breaking  into  small  pieces.    Harris. 

bucchero  (bok-ka'ro),  n.  [It.]  In  archwol.,  a 
kind  of  ancient  Tuscan  pottery  of  a  uniform 
black  color,  and  neither  glazed  nor  painted. 
Vases  in  this  ware  are  of  t\vo  classes :  those  scantily  orna- 
mented with  designs  in  low  relief,  impressed  upon  the 
clay  by  the  rotation  of  an  engraved  cylinder;  and  tho.se 
of  later  date,  profusely  ornamented  yvith  reliefs  from  inde- 
pendent stamps,  and  with  figures  molded  separately  anil 
applied  to  the  surface.  This  ware  is  peculiar  to  Tuscany, 
and  is  fotiiKl  particularly  in  the  tombs  of  Vulci,  Chiusi, 
and  the  neighboring  region.  Often  called  buccliero  nero 
(black  buccliero). 

buccin  (buk'sin),  n.     Same  as  buccina. 

buccina  (buk'si-nii),  n.;  pi.  buccin(s{-Tie).  [L., 
prop,  biieina,  a  (crooked)  trumpet  (>prob.  Gr. 
jivKavti  (in  deriv.  sometimes  ilovn-),  a  trumpet), 
prob.  for  *bovicina,  <  bos  {bov-),  an  ox,  cow, 
-f  canere,  sing,  play;  orig.  a  cow's  liom.]  An 
ancient  musical  instrument  of  the  trtmipet  kind, 
originally  a  horn  of  an  ox  or  cow,  blo^^^l  by  a 
shepherd  to  assemble  his  flocks.     See  biis-vjiie. 

buccinal  (buk'si-nal),  a.  [<  buccina  +  -al.] 
1.  Shaped  like  a  trumpet.— 2.  Sounding  like 
a  horn  or  trumpet. 

buccinator  (buk'si-na-tor),  )!.;  pi.  buccinatorcs 
(buk"si-na-to'rez).  [L.,  prop,  bucinator,  <  buci- 
nare,  p-p.'bncinatiis,  blow  a  trumpet,  <  bucina. 
trumpet:  see  buccina.]  1.  In  ((Hn^,  the  trum- 
petei's  muscle ;  a  thin  flat  muscle  forming  the 
wall  of  the  cheek,  assisting  in  mastication,  and 
also  in  blowing  wind-instrvmients  (whence  its 
jjame). — 2.  The  specific  name  of  the  trumpeter 
swan  of  North  America,  Ciignus  buccinator.— 
Buccinator  nerve,  the  buccal  nerve  of  the  inferior  ma.\- 

buccinatory  (buk'sin-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  buccinator 
+  -«.]      Of  or  pertaining  to  the  buccinator 

muscle. 

The  (raccma(ori/ muscles  along  Ids  cheeks. 

Sterne,  Tristriim  t>handy,  ui.  I.. 

buccinid  (buk'si-nid),  n.    A  gastropod  of  the 
family  iiwciimte;  a  whelk. 
Buccihidae  (buk-sin'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < /.mc- 

cinum  +  -)*'■•]  A  family  of  rhachiglossate 
prosobranehiate  gastrojiodous  mollusks.  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Buccinum,  to  which  very  dif- 


Bucellas 

ferent  limits  have  been  assigned.    By  tho  older 

authoi'H  i-epn;MentJUIve8  of  variouH  other  modem  faniilfes 
were  HHHOciated  with  Jiuccinum.  iiy  nuMlern  autliors  it 
fs  reBtricteil  to  a  Miiialler  definite  group,  defiiieil  eliielly  by 
the  Hrniature  of  the  mouth.  'Jlie  animal  ha»  a  lingual 
ribbon  ariiieil  with  erect  ciwpiilate  median  t<!etli  and 
lateral  teeth,  suniiounteil  by  2  to  :,  deiitlcIcK,  of  which  the 
outermost  are  largest.  The  iihell  is  reijresenttd  by  that 
known  an  the  whelk.  The  typical  sjiecles  are  inhabi- 
tants of  the  cold  seas,  but  others  arc  liiliabitaiitK  of  warm 
seas.    See  e-iit  under  Ituecimnn. 

bncciniform  (buk-sin'i-form),  a.  [<  Buccinum 
+  1j.  J'liniKi,  form.]  Having  tho  form  or  ap- 
|)f,-iraiiof!  of  a  biiecinoid  whelk. 

Buccininse  (buk-si-ni'ne;,  n.  jil.  [NL.,  <  Butxi- 
iiuiii  +  -ilia:]  A  Kubfaiuily  of  buccinoid  gas- 
tropodoiiH  mollusks.     See  Buccinidte. 

buccinoid  (buk'si-noid),  a.  and  n.    [<  Buccinum 
+ -Old.]    I.  u.  Resembling  mollusks  of  the  ge- 
nus liuccinum ;  shaped  like  a  whelk. 
II.  )(.  A  member  of  tho  family  Buccinida:. 

Bucclnoida(buk-si-noi'dii),  «./>/.  [NL.]  Same 
as  liui-riiioiftcs. 

Buccinoides  (buk-si-no-ed'),  n.  pi.  [F.]  Tho 
name  of  (,'uvier's  third  family  of  pectinibran- 
chiate  gastroj)ods,  sometimes  Latinized  as  Buc- 
cinoidu.  Tho  grouji  includes,  but  is  more  exten- 
sive tliiin,  the  modern  family  Buccinida:. 

buccinopsid  (buk-si-nop'«id),  71.  A  gastropod 
id'  till-  tiunily  Buccinojmda:. 

Buccinopsidae  (buk-si-nop'si-<]e),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  HiicriiKiiisi.H  +  -idiv.]  A  family  of  rhachi- 
glossate gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Buc- 
ciimjisis.  'Ihe  animal  has  an  elongated  lingual  riblmn, 
with  thin  unarmed  median  teeth  and  uniciisi>id  ver»atltu 
lateral  teilh.     The  shell  is  like  that  of  a  whelk. 

Buccinopsis  (buk-si-nop'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Bucci- 
num +  (jr.  6i/i(r,  ax>pearance.]  A  genus  of  gastro- 
pods with  shells  like  those  of  the  genus  Bucci- 
num, typical  of  the  family  Buccinopsidm. 

Buccinum  (buk'si-num),  n.  [L.,  prop.  bUcinum, 
a  sliell-tish  used  in  dyeing  purple,  <  bucina,  a 
tnimpet.]  The  typical 
genus  of  mollusks  of  the 
family  Buccinidw.  By 
the  old  authors  numerous 
and  very  heterogeneous  8i>c- 
cies  were  combined  in  it,  but 
by  modern  systematists  it  is 
restricted  to  the  whelks,  of 
which  //.  undatum  is  a  tyi>i- 
eal  example. 

Bucc0(buk'6),n.    [NL., 

<  L.  bucco,  a  liabbler. 
blockhead,  fool,  lit. 
one  who  has  distended 
cheeks,  <  bucca,  cheek.] 
In  ornith.,  a  generic 
name  variously  used. 
(«)  By  Bri88on(17tib)  applied 
to  a  genus  of  birds  contain- 
ing an  American  species  of 
the  modern  family  Bucconi- 
dee  and  two  species  of  Capita, 
nidee.    {b)  By  I.inna'Us  (17W) 

used  fora  genus  of  birds,  containing  one  American  species 
of  Bucconidee.  erroneously  attributed  to  Africa,  (c)  Ap- 
plied to  a  genus  of  birds,  containing  a  heterogeneous 
lot  of  species  composing  the  two  families  liurrtmidev  and 
Capitonidee.  (rf)  Transferreil  by  Temminck  (IJ'-JO)  to  the 
Crt/'i/ouM/fl;,  or  scansorial  barliets.  («■)  Kestored  by<;ray 
(lb4(i)  to  the  .fVmcrican  barbacous,  and  us^'d  by  nearly  all 
subsequent  ornithologists  as  the  typical  geiiJTs  of  the 
family  BueconidfV,  or  putf-bird-s.  About  1.',  species  are 
known,  all  from  .South  and  Central  America,  having  a 
stout,  turgid  bill,  broad  at  tho  iLise  and  somewhat  hcwliei'. 
at  the  entl,  with  basal  nostrils,  rictal  viiirissw,  short  round- 
ed wings,  moderate  rounded  tail  of  12  rectrices,  and  zygo- 
dactyl  feet,  with  the  thinl  t<wi  longest.  B.  collari*  it 
reddish-brown,  with  a  black  collar ;  the  other  species  are 
mostly  i>ied  with  black  and  white,  or  otherw  ise  variegated. 

buccolabial  (buk-o-lii'bi-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  cheek  and  lip.— Buccolabial  nerve,  the  buioal 
branch  of  the  inferior  maxillary  nerve  :  S'-nietime^  restrict- 
ed to  its  tenniual  bnincli.  —  Superior  buccolablal 
nerve,  the  buccal  branch  of  the  facial  nerve. 

Bucconidse  (bu-kon'i-ile),  II.  /(/.  [NL..  <  Buc- 
cu(H-)  +  -ida;.]  The  puff-birds;  the  fissirostral 
zygodactyl  barbets;  the  barbacotis;  a  family 
of  picarian  birds  related  to  the  jacamars,  or 
Galbulidw.  They  have  a  large,  heavy  head  and  bill, 
prominent  rict,al  vihrissw,  short  roiuided  wings  and  tail, 
the  toes  yokcil  in  jiairs,  tarsi  scutcllat*  and  reticulate,  no 
aftershaf'ts,  nude  oil-gland.  10  jirimaries.  12  rectrices,  oper- 
culatc  nostrils,  and  eyelashes.  The  family  is  small  and 
compact,  and  confined  to  America,  where  it  is  represented 
by  about  43  species  of  the  7  genera  Biiecti.  Malaroj.tila, 
ilicTomonacha,  yvniiula,  Ilapali'i'tila.  Monacha  (or  Mo- 
7Ui«a),  and  Chdidupiera.  Tile  name  was  formerly  indefi- 
nitely applied  to  diirerent  groups  of  birds  represented  by 
the  genera  Capita.  M.-jahrma,  ftc,  as  well  as  Bucco. 

buccula  (buk'fi-Ui),  n.;  pi.  buccula:  (-le).  [L., 
dim.  of  6HC<;a,  the  cheek  or  puffed-out  mouth. 
Cf.  buckU-.]  In  anat.,  the  fleshy  part  under 
the  chin. 

Bucellas  (bii-seras),  n.  A  Portuguese  wine  for- 
merly much  exported  to  England.  It  is  made 
near  Lisbon. 


Sucefihatus  polymor- 

phus,  magnified. 

a.    b,    suckers;    c, 

clear  cavity;  (/,(^,cau> 

dal  appetidages. 


■bucentaur 

bncentani  (bu-sen'tar),  n.  [=  P.  hucentmire 
=  It.  biicentorio,  buceiitoro,  <  Gr.  fioic,  ox,  + 
nh-ravpc^,  centaur.]  1.  A  mythical  monster, 
half  man  and  half  bull :  a  centaur  with  the  body 
of  a  bull  in  place  of  that  of  a  horse. — 2.  [cap.] 
The  state  barge  of  Venice,  in  which  the  doge 
and  senate  annually  on  Ascension  day  per- 
formed the  ceremonial  marriage  of  the  state 
with  the  Adriatic,  symbolic  of  the  commercial 
power  of  the  republic. 

The  spouseless  Adriatic  monrus  her  lord, 

An  annual  marriaire  now  no  more  renewed ; 
Tlie  BufT^ntaur  lies  rotting  unrestored, 
Neglected  garment  of  her  widowhood. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  93. 

Bucephala  (bii-sef'a-la),  n.  [Nli.,  fem.  of  hu- 
cphalus,  <  Gr.  i3oviic<j>a/.oc,  ox-headed:  see  Bti- 
ctj'halus.'i  A  genus  of  ducks,  of  the  subfamily 
fulifiuUna:,  based  by  Baird  in  1858  upon  the 
buffle-headed  duck  of  North  America  {Anas 
albeola  of  Linnsens,  FuUffiila  albeola  of  authors 
in  general,  now  Bucephala  albeola),  including 
also  the  garrets,  called  by  him  Bucephala  ame- 
ricana  and  B.  islandica.     See  buffle'^. 

Bucephalus  (bii-sef 'a-lus),  11.  [Nli.,  <  Gr.  /3oiv 
Kioa/o^,  ox-headed,  <  /fci?,  ox,  +  KCfa/J/,  head. 
Cf.  L.  Bucephalas,  Bucepha- 
la, also  Bucephalits,  <  Gr.  Bov- 
Kcoa/.ac;,  the  name  of  the  cele- 
brated war-horse  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great.]  1.  The  cer- 
«arian  larval  stage  of  certain 
flukes,  or  Trematoda,  named 
under  the  supposition  that  it 
■was  a  distinct  animal.  Biut- 
phaliu  polymorpfut^,  a  parasite  of 
the  freah-water  mussel,  whose  spo- 
rocysta  sometimes  nil  all  the  inter- 
spaces of  the  \iscera  of  the  mus- 
sel, is  supposed  to  develop  into  the 
trematode  genus  Gastr^rontomum,  a 
parasite  of  fresh-water  flshes. 
2.  In  herpet.,  a  genus  of  Afri- 
can snakes,  of  the  family  Den- 
drophida:,  as  the  Bucephalus 
capensis. — 3.  [/.  c]  A  snake  of 
this  iri'nus:  as,  "the  Cape  bucephalus," Sclater. 

Buceridae  (bu-ser'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  short  for 
Jliii-i  nitiitw,'}    Same  as  Biicerotidw. 

Buceroides  (bu-se-roi'dez),  )i.  pi,  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
cenis  +  -iiidcs.  ]  In  Blj'th's  classification  of  birds 
(1*49),  a  di^^sion  of  Syndactijli,  including  the 
hornbills  and  hoopoes,  or  Buccrotiilw  and  Upu- 
pida:,  respectively  also  called  Appendirostres 
and  Arculirostres :  distinguished  from  Ilalcy- 
nidf'.i  (wliich  see). 

Bucerontidse  (bu-se-ron'ti-de),  n.pl.  Improper 
fiinn  of  Jluccrotida;. 

Buceros  (bu'se-ros),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  poiiKcpug, 
.iifV.Jjiaoc,  horned  like  an  ox,  <  jiov^,  ox  (see 
Bos),  +  Kifiac,  horn.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Buccrotidw.  It  was  formerly  coextensive  with 
tliv  f:i[nlly,  hut  is  now  variously  restricteil. 

Bucerotidae  (bu-se-rot'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
n  ri>s  (-rill-)  -i-  -id<e.']  The  hornbills ;  a  family  of 
iioii-passcrino  inscssorial  birds  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  old  world,  having  a  liugo  bill,  sur- 
inoimted  by  a  boss,  casque,  or  horn,  in  some 
cases  as  largo  as  the  bill  itself.  The  technical 
charnrters  arc  a  highly  pneumatic  skeleton,  ])eculinr 
ptf-ryl'L-ila,  no  aftershafts,  hairy  eyela-shes,  10  reclrlces, 
tuft»j<l  elicodochon,  no  cieca,  a  gall-hlailder,  and  syinpcl- 
inoiiH  HyDdactylifUM  feet  About  T-O  species  are  described, 
'll-*lriltiit*-d  in  altout  30  rn'Mlem  genera.  Sec  honUiitl. 
AK'i  f;illi-il  /lurfriiUe,  linr.^riintidfr. 

Buchanite  (buk'an-it),  n.    [<  Buchan  (see  def.) 

+  -i/«-.]    One  of  a  sect  which  arose  in  17H,'),  in 

the  Kolief  Coneregation  at  IrWne,   Scotland, 

under  the  leadership  of  a  Mrs.  (more  commonly 

known  as  Lucky)  Buchan.    she  .I.,  hired  laraeir  in 

I.    ■!  .    UMiii;,ii  of  lu-v.  xil..  iiiid   Mr.   White,  the   pastor 

■n    to  whli:h  she  h<-]oiiged,   her  "niuii- 

'i.:ht  h'T  folIrjwtTH  that  they  would  ho 

•  ri  without  tasting  o(  dtuth.     The  sect 

i:    .,.  .  .mall,  iirirl  is  now  extinct. 

bncholzite  (btl'kolt-sit),  n.  [Named  after  the 
.  ii.  ini^t  Jiiichhoh  (1770-1818).]     A  variety  of 

111, r.. lite. 

buchu  nifi'ku),  II.     [A  native  name;  also  spull- 

••<l  hiirUu.']     Tho   leaves  of  several   Hpocius  of 

/liirniniti,  Hlirnbby  ]>lantH  at  the  f'apc  of  ftoofl 

"  III;  nil  aroirintic  taste  and  iiciietnit- 

I'l  i\lenniv<'ly  iiHcd  in  incdii-ine  for 

■  ''  rs  of  the  stomnuh  and  urinary 

I'.'irnKmn, 

bii'  k  [<  MK.  huh;  burkr:,  hiMc,  a 

mill'  ■',■  ■  I  :  ,hi,,  aHoriK.,n  he-f(oat;  <  AH.  hiicra, 

a  111'  ;-..,)  (  \s.  f,,ii^  >  f;.  ii„al,  is  n  Hlie-gnat;  ef. 

''"'  '  'oat;  cf.  AH.  hirfrr  =  It.rajirr.  a 

'  /I'lf,  a  lionr);  fciif  (rare),  ii  iiiiilo 

ili^'i.-  .,  11  ho-go»t,  =  FricH. /«;*;=  I). /«;/.: 

a  OHO.  boch,  MHO.  Joe,  0.  boek  =  lool.  hukkr, 


704 

also  boklT  and  bofcki,  =  Sw.  bod'  =  Dan.  bul;  he- 
goat,  ram,  buck  (deer).  Cf.  Skt.  buLka  (Hind. 
bok,  boka),  Zend  bu.:a,  a  goat.  Hence  (from 
Tent.)  F.  bouc,  OF.  boc  (whence  ult.  E.  butcher, 
q.  V.)  =  Pr.  boc  =  Cat.  boc  =  Sp.  dial,  boque, 
OSp.  buco  =  It.  becco  (ML.  buceus)  =  W.  birch 
=  Gael,  boc  =  Ir.  boc,  poc  =  Corn,  bijk  =  Bret. 
fci(c7i,  ftoMc/i,  a  he-goat.]     1.  A  he-goat. 

As  ofaticchen  [kid]  .  .  .  kumethastinkinde  got[goat], 
other  [orj  a  bucke.  Ancren  Biicle,  p.  100. 

Wlier  [whether]  I  sal  ete  bules  flesche 
Or  drinke  the  blode  of  buckes  nesche? 

Ps.  xlix.  (1.)  13  (Mid.  Eng.  version). 

2.  The  male  of  the  deer,  the  antelope,  the  rab- 
bit, or  the  hare :  often  used  specifically  of  the 
male  of  the  fallow-deer;  a  roebuck. —  3.  Agay 
or  fashionable  man ;  a  fop;  a  blood;  a  dandy. 

He  had  brilliant  underwaistcoats,  any  one  of  which 
would  have  set  up  a  moderate  buck.  Thackerat/. 

A  whole  class  of  young  bucks  of  the  lower  order  —  '*Ar- 
rys"  is  the  British  term — get  themselves  up  in  the  closest 
allowable  imitation  of  bull-flghters. 

Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  26. 

4.  A  male  Indian.    [U.S.]  —  5.  A  male  negro. 
[U.  S.]— 6t.  The  mark  of  a  cuckold. 
Bucks  I  would  I  could  wash  myself  of  the  buck ! 

Shak.,  JI.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 
Great  buck,  a  roebuck  in  its  sixth  year  or  older. — To 
blow  the  buck's  homt,  to  lose  one's  trouble ;  go  whistle. 
She  loveth  so  this  heende  Nicholas 
That  Absolon  may  blowe  the  bukkes  horn. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  201. 

buckl  (buk),  r.  i.  [<  buekl-,  n.  Cf.  MHG.  bockeii, 
butt  like  a  goat,  also  as  G.  bockcii,  smell  like  a 
goat,  also  buck.  Cf.  buck"  and  buck*.']  1.  To 
copulate,  as  bucks  and  does. —  2.  To  butt:  a 
sense  referred  also  to  buclc*  (which  see). 

buck^  (buk),  r.  [Prob.  of  dial,  origin,  not  be- 
ing recorded  in  literature  until  recently ;  prob. , 
like  the  related  buckle^,  of  LG.  origin:  cf.  MD. 
bucken,  bocken,  bend,  D.  bukkcn,  bow,  stoop, 
submit,  j-ield,  =  MLG.  bucken,  LG.  bukkcn  = 
MHG.  bucken,  bucken,  G.  biicken,  bend  (cf. 
MHG.  bocken,  sink  down,  tr.  lay  down),  =  Sw. 
biicka  =  Norw.  bukka  =  Dan.  bukke,  bow;  a 
secondary  verb  from  D.  biiigen,  G.  biegen,  etc., 
=  AS.  bugan,  E.  ftoH'l,  bend.  Buck^  is  thus  for- 
mally a  secondary  foiTa  of  6oh1,  dial,  ftw/3,  bend 
(cf.  buxom  =  buckiomc,  of  the  same  origin),  hav- 
ing as  its  freq.  form  buckle'^.  In  the  2d  and 
3d  senses  the  verb  might  be  referred  to  buck^, 
a  goat,  as  caper^-  to  L.  caper,  a  goat.  Cf.  G. 
bocken,  naut.,  heave  up  and  down,  pitch;  of  a 
horse,  bend  down  tho  neck  and  iling  out  be- 
hind, usually  refeiTcd  to  bock,  a  goat.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  bend  ;  buckle.     [U.S.] 

To  buck,  meaning  to  bend,  is  a  common  word  in  the 
South.  The  American,  \l.  2:i7. 

2.  To  spring  lightly.  UalliwcU.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
— 3.  To  make  a  violent  effort  to  throw  off  a 
rider  or  pack,  by  moans  of  rapid  plunging 
.jumps  performed  by  springing  into  tlie  air,  arch- 
ing the  back,  and  coming  down  wilh  tho  fore 
legs  perfectly  stiff,  tho  head  being  commonly 
lield  aslowas  pos-  ^^^ 

siblo :    said    of  a  ^       ^^• 

liorse  or  a  mule.  _  w3^      ^^^ 

—4.  To  "kick"; 
make  obstinate  re- 
sistance or  oVijec- 
tion:  as,  to  buck 
at  improvements. 
[Colloq.,  U.  8.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To 
punish  by  tying 
the  wrists  toge- 
ther, pa.SHing  i  lie 
anns  over  the  bent 
knees,  and  put- 
ting a  stick  across 
tho  arms  and  in 
tho  angle  formed 
by  the  knees.  [IT. 
S.]  —  2.  To  throw,  or  attempt  t  o  t  liro  w  (a  rider), 
by  bucking:  as,  the  bronco  bucked  him  olT. 
[0.  H.] 

buck'-'  (buk),  n.  [<  huck^,  v."]  A  violent  effort 
of  a  horse  or  mulo  to  rid  itself  of  its  rider  or 
liiirdcii;  the  ai't  of  liiicking. 

buck-'  (buk),  r.  t.  [=  Ml',  bonk,  <  MK.  hnukcn, 
wash  or  stoep  in  lye  (not  in  AH.),  =  MI),  biii- 
kcn  =ML(1.  hukcn,  iM.  biikcn  =  MUG.  hiichm, 
heuchvn,  d.  banchrn  =  Hw.  bijka  =  Dan.  biige ; 
ft.  Bret,  buqii  =  OI''.  burr  —  Hii.  'bugar  =  II. 
bucarr  (Klorio),  wash  in  lye  (>  V.  hw'r,  Hp.  hii- 
iliidii,  It.  ImcaUi  (oIih.),  bucniii,  washing  in  lyi'), 
<  ML.  'bucare,  jirob.  Imrrownd  from  Tent.  ('{. 
(iaol.  Ir.  Iinoc,  diiiiguHod  in  blenching,  the  liquor 


Uucking  Droiico. 


bucked 

in  which  cloth  is  washed,  bleached  linen  cloth, 
linen  in  an  early  stage  of  bleaching  (cf.  Ir.  bu- 
acar, <tow-dimg),  <  Gael.  Ii'.  bo  =  W.  buu:  a  cow, 
=  E.  eoirl,  q.  v.  But  the  connection  of  these 
Celtic  forms  with  the  Teut.  is  doubtful.]  To 
soak  or  steep  (clothes)  in  lye,  as  in  bleaching; 
wash  in  lye  or  suds ;  clean  by  washing  and 
beating  with  a  bat. 
buck*  (buk),  n.  [=  Se.  boiik :  see  buck^,  i'.]  1. 
Lye  in  which  clothes  are  soaked  in  the  opera- 
tion of  bleaching;  the  liquor  in  which  clothes 
are  washed. — 2t.  The  cloth  or  clothes  soaked 
or  washed  in  lye  or  suds ;  a  wash. 

Of  late,  not  able  to  travel  with  her  furred  pack,  she 
washes  bucks  here  at  home.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  2. 

Well,  I  will  in  and  cry  too  ;  never  leave 
Crying  until  our  maids  may  drive  a  buck 
With  my  salt  tears  at  the  next  washing-day. 

B.  Joiison,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  iii  5. 
If  I  were  to  beat  a  buck,  I  can  strike  no  harder. 

Massingcr,  Virgin-Martyr,  iv.  2. 

buck^  (buk),  V.  t.  [E.  dial.,  not  found  in  ME.; 
=  MD.  bokcn,  booken  =  MLG.  boken  (LG.  freq. 
biikcrn)  =  MHG.  bochcn,  pucJien,  6.  pochen  = 
Sw.  boka  =  Norw.  buka  =  Dan.  dial,  bogc,  Dan. 
pukke,  beat,  knock,  strike,  stamp,  as  ore,  etc.; 
cf.  D.  pokcn,  poke,  =  ME.  poken,  pukken,  E. 
poke :  see  })oke^.  The  3d  and  4th  senses  touch 
uiion  those  of  buck^  and  buck".]  1.  To  beat. 
UalliwcU.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  In  miHtni;  and  ore- 
drc.'isiiig,  to  break  into  small  pieces  for  jigging. 
The  tool'with  which  this  is  done  is  called  a  buckin<i-iroti, 
and  tlie  support  on  which  the  ore  is  placed  to  be  tlius 
treated  a  buekinii-plate. 

3.  To  push;  thrust.    Jamieson.   [Scotch.] — 4. 
To  strike  with  the  head ;  butt.     [U.  S.] 
buck"  (buk),  n.     [E.  dial.,  prob.  a  var.  of  bonJc, 

<  JIE.  bouk,  the  tnink,  body,  belly,  <  AS.  buc, 
the  belly:  see  bonk^.]  1.  The  breast.— 2.  The 
body  of  a  wagon.     HalliwcU. 

buck"  (buk),  n.  [Perhaps  a  particular  use  of 
hiii-k^;  cf.  similar  uses  of  E.  horse,  F.  chcval, 
and  D.  e:el,  an  ass,  an  easel,  >  E.  easel.]  A 
frame.  Specillcally— (a)  A  frame  composed  of  two  X. 
shaped  ends  joined  at  the  middle  by  a  bar,  on  which  to 
saw  wood  for  fuel.  Also  called  sawbuck  and  sawhortte, 
[V.  S.)  ((<)  A  frame  or  table  on  which  leather  is  laid 
while  being  glazed. 

buck''  (buk),  «.   [Sc..  <  JIE.  buk  (in  comp.),  "bok, 

<  AS.  boc,  beech,  commonly  in  deriv.  bcce,  E. 
beech  :  see  bccch^  and  book.]  The  beech:  a  dia- 
lectal word  used  in  literary  English  only  in  the 
compounds  buck-mast  anil  buckwheat;  also  in 
diiilcctal  buck-log. 

buck-'*  (buk),  H.  [An  abbr.  of  buckjMt,  q.  v.] 
An  earllu'inviire  pot  made  of  clay  foimd  in  some 
jiarts  of  British  Guiana.     Also  ciilled  bnck)tot. 

buck^  (bulc),  r.  i.  [Appar.  imitative;  but  cf. 
bock,  lioke",  belch.]  To  make  a  noise  in  swal- 
lowing; gulp.     [Shetland.] 

buck"  (bilk),  n.  [<  buck^,  r.]  A  hollow  sound 
which  a  stone  makes  when  thrown  into  the 
water  from  a  height.      [Shetland.] 

buck'''  (Irak),  H.  [Cf.  Corn,  bticliar,  sour  milk.] 
1.  A  kind  of  minute  fungus  (as  supposed)  in- 
festing ill-kejit  dairies.  [Cornwall.]  — 2.  The 
spittle-fly.     [(^oi-nwall.] 

buck-agtie  (Imk'a'gu),  w.     Same  as  buck-fever. 

buck-and-ball  (buk'and-bal'),  n.  A  cartridge 
for  smoiitli-liore  lirearms  containing  a  spherical 
bullet  nnd  three  buck-shot:  now  little  used. 

buckajnro  (bii-ka'ro),  n.  Same  as  bucket^. 
[Western  U.  S.] 

buck-basket  (buk'bAs'ket),  n.  A  basket  in 
which  clothes  are  carried  to  tho  wash. 

Thi'yconveyeil  me  intoa  fcwrAr-Mjifci'/;  .  .  .  rammed  mo 
in  with  foul  shirts  and  smocks,  socks,  foul  stockings, 
gria-sy  napkins.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  111.  6. 

buck-bean  (buk'ben),  «.     Same  as  bog-bean. 
buckboard  (buk  '  bord),  n.     [<  buck  (nppnr.  as 

in  liui-k-wiiiion,  q.  v.)  -i-  board;  but  commonly 

uinlerstooil    as 

<  buck-,  bend, 
bounce,  + 
board.]  A  four- 
wheeled  car- 
riage in  which 
a  long  elastic 
boiiid  or  friimo 
isUKi'diui.laco  iiucDowa. 

of  body,  H]iring8,  and  gear.  It  has  ono  or  mor» 
Beats.  The  board  is  fastencil  directly  to  the  rear  axlo  «t 
one  end  and  to  tho  bolster  of  Ihi'  fore  axlii  at  tho  othor 
end,  or  In  iiHi'il  III  cuniiectioii  wilh  a  side-bar  gear.    Alio 

calli-d  Inick-waiinn. 

bucked  (bnkt  or  buk'ed),  a.  [E.  dial.,  also 
liuckiird ;  expliiiiii'd  by  (Jrose  as  "soured  by 
keeping  too  long  in  tin'  milk  bucket,  or  by  a 
foul  bucket" ;  bul  iipinir.  <  liuckM^  +  -«<.]  Sour; 
turned  sour,  as  milk;  rancid.     [Prov.  Eng,] 


bucker 

buckerl  (buk'.^r),  n.  [<  buck'^  +  -fj-1.]  1.  A 
horse  that  bucks. — 2.  A  bent  piece  of  wood, 
especially  that  ou  which  a  slaughtered  animal 
is  suspended.  [Prov.  Eug.]  — 3.  A  horse's  hind 
leR.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bucker-  (buk'er),  «.  [=  MLG.  holcn;  a  knocker ; 
<.  liiK'ki  +  -o'l.]  hitiiiiiiiii/ :  (ii)  One  who  bucks 
or  braises  ore.  (6)  A  tiat  broad-headed  ham- 
mer used  in  bucking  ore. 

bucker-*  (buk'er),  H.  [Abbr.  of  biickayro,  an 
aecom.,  simulating  bucker^,  of  Sp.  vaqiwro,  a 
cowherd:  see  (■(/(/HtTrt.]  A  cowboy.  T.  Roosc- 
rclL     [Western  U.  S.] 

l)Ucket  (buk'et),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  loclcct, 
<  ME.  bdkct,  IxActtc,  boktit,  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  Celtic,  <  Ii'.  buicead  =  Gael,  hucaid,  a 
bucket ,  =  Corn,  huket,  a  tub  (Dief  enbach),  which 
forms,  if  not  from  E.,  are  connected  with  Ir. 
buicead,  a  knob,  boss,  Gael,  bucaid,  a  pustule,  < 
Ir.  bncaim,  I  swell,  =  Gael,  hoc,  swell ;  less  prob. 
connected  with  AS.  hue  (or  buc),  a  pitcher,  jug 
(L.  ku/ena,  lujdria).     Cf.  E.  boak,  dial,  a  pail.] 

1.  A  vessel  for  drawing  up  water,  as  from  a 
well;  a  pail  or  open  vessel  of  wood,  leather, 
metal,  or  other  material,  for  carrying  water  or 
other  liquid. —  2.  A  vane,  float,  or  box  on  a 
water-wheel  against  which  the  water  impinges, 
or  into  which  it  falls,  in  tm'ning  the  wheel. — 
3.  The  scoop  of  a  di-edging-machine,  a  grain- 
elevator,  etc. — 4.  The  float  of  a  paddle-wheel. 
—  5.  The  piston  of  a  lifting-pump. — 6.  Asmuch 
as  a  bucket  holds;  half  a  bushel — Air-pump 
bucket.  .See  air-iJiiwijj.—Dumping-liucket,  a  s(iM;iro 
liux  with  a  drop-bottom,  used  in  mining. —  To  kick  the 
bucket,  to  die.    [Slang.] 

"Fine  him  a  pot, "roared  one,  *'for talking  sAiowtktckinr; 
the  bucket ;  he's  a  nice  young  man  to  keep  a  cove's  spirits 
up,  and  talk  about '  a  short  life  and  a  merry  one." " 

Kinffslfy,  Alton  Locke,  ii. 

Ventilated  bucket,  a  bucket  in  a  water-wheel  having 
provision  lor  the  escape  of  the  air  carried  into  it  by  tlie 
water, 
■bucket  (buk'et), !'.    [<  6«efo^  «.]    1.  intrans.  \. 
To  ilip  up  water  with  a  bucket ;  use  a  bucket. 

Like  Danaides'  Sieve-like  Tub  is  filling  ever. 
But  never  full  for  all  their  bticketitif/. 

Sylvester,  Memorials  of  Mortalitie,  St.  23. 

2.  [In  allusion  to  the  rapid  motion  of  a  bucket 
in  a  well.]     To  move  fast.     [Slang.] 

He  sprang  into  the  saddle  smiling,  because  the  visit 
was  over,  and  bucketed  back  at  a  hand-gallop.       Dickens. 

II.  trans.  To  ponr  water  upon  with  a  bucket. 

Wo  be  to  him  whose  head  is  bucketed  with  waters  of  a. 

scaldini;  bath.     Bp.  Ilaeket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  VM. 

bucket-engine  (birk'et-en"jin),  n.  An  appli- 
cation of  the  principle  of  the  water-wheel,  con- 
sisting of  a  series  of  buckets  attached  to  an 
endless  chain  which  runs  over  a  pair  of  sprock- 
et-wheels, from  either  one  or  both  of  which 
power  may  be  obtained :  designed  to  utilize  a 
stream  of  water  which  tas  a  considerable  fall, 
but  is  limited  in  quantity.     E.  H.  Knight. 

bucketful  (huk'et-fiil'),  n.  [<  bucket  +  -Jul.l 
As  much  as  a  bucket  will  hold. 

bucket-lift  (buk'et-lift),  n.  In  mack.,  a  set  of 
iron  pipes  attached  to  a  lifting-piunp,  as  of  a 
mine. 

bucket-pitch  (buk'et-pich),  11.  In  an  overshot 
water-wheel,  a  circular  line  passing  through 
the  elbows  of  the  buckets. 

bucket-rod  (buk'et-rod),  n.  In  macJi,,  one  of 
the  wooden  rods  to  which  the  piston  of  a  lift- 
ing-pump is  attached. 

bucket-shop  (buk'et-shop),  n.  .An  establish- 
ment conducted  nominally  for  the  transaction 
of  a  stock-exchange  business,  oi'  a  business 
of  similar  character,  but  really  for  the  regis- 
tration of  bets  or  wagers,  usually  for  small 
amounts,  on  the  rise  or  fall  of  the  prices  of 
stocks,  grain,  oil,  etc.,  there  being  no  transfer 
or  deliverv  of  the  stocks  or  commodities  nomi- 
nally dealt  in.     [U.  S.] 

"  Puts  "  and  "calls "  and  bucket-shop  operations  are  gam- 
bling  transactions,  and  should  be  treated  accordingly. 

The  Nation,  XXXVI.  354. 

bucket-valve  (buk'et-valv),  n.     In  a  steam-en- 
gine, tlie  valve  on  the  top  of  the 
air-pump  bucket.   E.  U.  Knipht. 

bucket-wheel  (buk'et- 'rwel),  n. 
A  machine  for  raising  water, 
consisting  of  a  wheel  over  which 
passes  a  rope  or  chain  carry- 
ing a  series  of  buckets  which 
dip  into  the  well  and  discharge 
at  the  surface.  In  otlier  forms 
the  buckets  are  fixed  to  the 
periphery  of  the  wheel. 

buckeye  "(buk'i),  n.     [<  buck^,  a 
deer,  +  eijc;  in  allusion  to  the 
45 


705 

appearance  of  the  naked  seed.]  1.  An  Ameri- 
can name  for  the  dilferent  species  of  horse- 
chestnut,  JEsculus,  native  to  the  United  States. 


Flowering  Branch  of  Fetid  nucl<eye  iAiscJttus glabra). 

a,  nut ;  b,  dehiscing  fruit. 

(From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  Plants  of  the  U.  S.") 

The  species  commonly  distinguished  are  the  sweet  buck- 
eye i^ji'j.  /lava),  the  Ohio  or  fetid  buckeye  ■'..■E.  glal>ra),  and 
the  California  buckeye  (..-E.  Californica).  "The  wood  is 
white,  soft,  and  spongy,  and  fui-nishes  splints  for  baskets, 
etc. 

The  hxickeyes  were  putting  forth  their  twisted  horns  of 
blossom.  R.  L.  Steecason,  .Silverado  Squatters,  p.  54. 

2.  An  inhabitant  of  Ohio,  which  is  often  called 
the  Buckeye  State,  from  the  great  number  of 
horse-chestnuts  in  it. —  3.  A  flat-bottomed 
centerboard  schooner  of  small  size  (3  to  15 


Bucket-wheel 
Pump. 


Baltimore  Buckeye. 

tons),  decked  over,  and  with  a  cabin  aft,  used 
in  oyster-fishing  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  Also 
called  bugeye. 

The  buckeyes  .  .  .  are  an  exaggeration  of  the  dugout 
canoe.  .  .  .  The  primitive  builder  bored  two  holes,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  stem,  through  which  to  pay  out  his  cables. 
These  were  simply  two  round  boles,  bored  with  a  large 
auger,  and,  when  the  boat  was  coming  head  on,  resembled 
to  the  fancy  of  the  negroes  the  eyes  of  a  buck. 

C.  P.  Kunhardt,  Small  Yachts,  p.  234. 

Spanish  buckeye,  Unynadia  speeiosa,  a  tree  of  Texas 
and  Mexico,  nearly  related  to  ..iisculm. 

buck-eyed  (buk'id),  a.  Ha'ving  a  bad  or  speckled 
eye  :  said  of  a  horse. 

buck-fever  (buk'fe"ver),  n.  Nervous  agitation 
of  a  hunter  upon  the  approach  of  deer  or  other 
large  game.     Also  called  buck-ague. 

buckfinch  (buk'fihch),  n.  [Cf.  Dan.  bogfinke.'] 
A  name  for  the  chaffinch,  Fringilla  ccclcbs. 

buckheading  (buk' hed"ing),  n.  Cutting  off 
live  hedge-thorns,  fence-height.  Grose.  [North. 
Eng.] 

buckhorn  (buk'horn),  n.  [=  ODan.  Dan.  biikke- 
horn,  a  buck's  horn,  also  fenugi-eek.]  1.  The 
substance  of  the  horns  of  bucks  or  deer,  used 
in  making  knife-handles,  etc. — 2.  A  name  for 
the  club-moss,  Lycopodium  clavatum — Buckhorn 
brake.    See  braked. 

buckhorn-sight  (buk 'horn -sit),  n.  A  rifle- 
sight  which  has  a  branching  projection  on 
each  side  of  the  sight-notch. 

buck-hound  (buk'hound),  n.  A  kind  of  hound, 
resembling  a  small  staghound,  used  for  hunting 
bucks. 

buckie,  bucky  (buk'i),  n.  [Sc,  of  uncertain 
origin.  In  sense  1,  cf.  L.  buccinum,  prop. 
bficinmn,  a  shell-fish  used  in  dyeing  pirrple  (see 
Buccinum);  also  OF.  bouquet,  "a  great  pra-wn" 
(Cotgrave).]  1.  The  Scotch  name  for  marine 
univalve   shells  in  general,  as  whelks,  etc.: 


buckle 

especially  applied  to  the  red  whelk,  Chryso- 
domns  ontiquus,  also  called  the  roaring  buckie, 
from  the  sounil  heard  when  it  is  held  to  the 
ear. —  2.  A  perverse,  refractory  person;  a  mis- 
chievous madcap Deevll's  or  dell's  buckie.    (a) 

A  particular  species  of  that  kind  of  shells  called  buckles. 

(/,)  S:nm-  :ls  l/iirkie.  2.      lioyfj. 

bucking'  (buk'ing),  )(.  [Verbal  n.  of  huck^,  ».] 
Till'  act  of  copulating,  as  bucks  and  does. 

bucking-  (buk'ing),  II.  [Verbal  n.  of  hucj;^,  r.  ] 
A  vice  peculiar  to  the  horses  of  Mexico,  Texas, 
and  the  western  American  plains,  of  Spanish 
descent,  and  to  mules.     See  buck'-,  t\ 

bucking'-  (buk'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  liuck^,  «.] 
(iivc)i  to  bucking;  addicted  to  the  practice  of 
bucking:  as,  a  bucking  horse. 

bucking''  (buk'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buck^,  v. 
Also  written  howking.']  The  act  or  process  of 
steeping  or  soaking  in  lye  or  caustic  soda,  as 
in  bleaching  cotton  thread,  etc. 

The  boiling  (also  called  ^'  bowkiny"  or  "  buckiny")  with 
caustic  soda  solution  takes  place  in  large  iron  boilers  or 
"kiers." 

J.  J.  Uummel,  The  Dyeing  of  Textile  Fabrics,  p.  73. 

bucking^  (buk'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buck*',  v.'\ 
TIk^  act  of  breaking  or  pulverizing  ore. 

Buckingham  lace.    See  lace. 

bucking-iron  (buk'iug-i"ern),  «.  In  mining,  a, 
tool  for  bucking  or  pulverizing  ore. 

bucking-kier  (buk'ing-ker),  )(.  A  large  circu- 
lar boiler  or  kier  used  in  bleaching. 

bucking-plate  (buk'ing-plat),  «.  In  mining, 
an  iron  jilate  on  which  the  ores  are  placed  iu 
the  process  of  bucking. 

bucking-stool  (buk'ing-stol),  n.  A  washing- 
block. 

buckish  (buk'ish),  a.  [<  buck^,  3,  +  -ishX.'] 
Pertaining  to  a  buck  or  gaj'  young  fellow; 
foppish. 

buckishness  (buk'ish-nes),  H.  Foppishness;  the 
ciuality  or  condition  of  a  buck. 

buckism  (buk'izm),  )(.  [<  buclcX,  3,  -t-  -ism.'\ 
The  quality  of  being  a  buck ;  foppery. 

I  was  once  a  delightful  auctioneer  —  my  present  trade  is 
buckism.  Morton,  Secrets  worth  Knowing,  iii.  2. 

buck-jumper  (buk'jum"per),  n.  A  bucking 
horse  or  mule.     [U.  S.] 

"When  they  found  that  he  sat  iibuck-yumper  asit  the  an- 
imal symbolized  the  arch-fiend  himself,  they  took  him  to 
their  hearts. 

Arch.  Forbes,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  Q&. 

bucklel  (buk'i),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buckled,  ppr. 
buckling.  [Prob.,  like  the  simple  foi-m  buck^, 
of  LG.  origin;  cf.  MD.  buchclcn,  buechelen, 
boechclen  (for  *buckelen,  etc. —  Kilian),  strive, 
tug  under  a  load,  =G.  dial.  (Bav.)  refl.  aufbiick- 
eln,  raise  the  back,  as  a  cat  (lit.  buckle  one's 
self  up) ;  freq.  of  the  verb  repr.  by  buck-.  Cf. 
MD.  adj.  bocclicl,  curved,  Ijent.  A  different 
word  from  buckle-,  v.,  though  confused  "svith  it 
in  some  senses.]     1.  intrans.  1.   To  bend;  bow. 

Whose  fever-weaken 'd  joints. 
Like  strengtlUess  hinges,  buckle  under  life. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  L  1. 

Antonio  .  .  .  saw  the  hoards  buckle  under  the  feet  of 
the  walker.  C  Mather,  JIag.  Chris.,  vi.  7. 

The  top-mast  studding-sail  boom,  after  buckling  up  and 
springing  out  .again  like  a  piece  of  whalebone,  broke  off  at 
the  boom-iron.     R.  H.  Damt,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  76. 

2.  To  curl;  become  wrinkled;  shrivel  up. 

Melted  aud  buckled  with  the  heat  of  the  fire  like  parch- 
ment. Pepys,  Diary,  Sept.  5,  1666. 

3.  To  yield  assent ;  agi'ee  :  ■(vith  to  :  as,  I  can't 
buckle  to  that.  [CoUoq.]  — 4.  To  bend  to  some- 
thing; apply  one's  self  with  \-igor;  engage  in 
'with  zeal:  ^-ith  to:  as,  "go,  buckle  to  the  law," 
Dryden. —  5.  To  enter  upon  some  labor  or  con- 
test; struggle;  contend:  with  uitli. 

Tlie  bishop  was  as  able  and  ready  to  buckle  ^vith  the 
lord  protector,  as  he  was  unth  him. 

Latimer,  2d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  'VTt.,  1549. 
"Why  met  you  not  the  Tartar,  and  defied  him? 
Drew  your  dead-doing  sword,  and  buckled  jcith  him? 
Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  5. 

To  buckle  in,  to  close  in ;  embrace  or  seize  the  body,  as 
in  a  scuffle.     [U,  S.] 

II.  trans.  To  bend;  curl;  shrivel  as  by  the 
application  of  heat. 

Like  a  bow  Intckled  and  bent  together 
By  some  more  strong  in  mischiefs  than  myself. 

Ford  and  Dekker,  Witch  of  Edmonton,  ii.  1. 

The  force  generated  in  these  plates  [accumulator],  tend- 
ing to  buckle  them,  is  something  enormous,  and  no  ordinary 
separator  would  be  able  to  resist  this.       Science,  IV.  3S9. 

buckle^  (buk'i),  «.  [<  hncktc'^,  v. ;  usually  re- 
ferred to  buckle^,  n.     Cf.  Dan.  btikket,  a  cm'l.] 

1.  A  bend,  bulge,  or  kink,  as  in  a  saw-blade. — 

2.  A  contorted  exj5ression  of  the  face.  Church- 
ill.—  3t.  Any  curl  of  hair,  especially  a   long 


buckle 

curl  carefully  arranged,  and  turned  toward  the 
head,  worn  bv  women  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury.—  4t.  The  condition  of  being  curled,  as  of 
hair. 
He  lets  his  wig  lie  in  buckU  for  a  whole  half  year. 

Addigon,  Spectator,  No.  129. 

buckle^  (buk'I),n.  [<ME.  bolJe,  l>olel,bocJe,  et<;.. 
<  OF.  bode,  bitcle,  F.  boucle.  the  boss  of  a  shield, 
arin",  a  buckle,  =  Pr.  bocla.  bloca  =  OSp.  bloca 
=  MLG.  bokele  =  MD.  boeckel,  bockel  =  MHG. 
biiclel,  boss  of  a  shield,  G.  buckeJ,  a  boss,  knob, 
hump.  <  ML.  bticula,  buccula,  a  beaver,  a  shield, 
the  boss  of  a  shield,  a  buckle.  L.  buccula,  a  bea- 
ver, a  little  cheek  or  mouth,  dim.  of  bucca, 
cheek :  see  bucca.'}  1.  A  clasp  consisting  of  a 
rectangular  or  curved  rim.  with  one  or  more 
movable  tongues  secured  to  the  chape  at  one 
side  or  in  the  middle,  and  long  enough  to  rest 
upon  the  opposite  side :  used  for  fastening  to- 
gether two  straps  or  belts  or  the  ends  of  the 
same  strap,  or  for  some  similar  purpose.  It  is 
sewed  or  otherwise  fastened  to  one  band  or  end,  and  the 
other  is  passed  through  it,  being  kept  ii-om  slipping  by 
the  tongue  or  tongues.  Buckles  for  use  in  dress  have 
often  Iwen  made  highly  ornamental,  especially  for  shoes. 
See  ghoe-biu'kle. 

2.  In  her.,  same  as  arniinti-bucllc. — 3.  An 
iron  loop  for  fastening  the  blade  to  the  frame 
of  a  wood-saw — To  turn  the  buckle  of  the  belt 
behind,  to  prepare  to  join  in  close  tight. 

buckle-  (biik'l),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buckled,  ppr. 
buckling.  [<  ME.  buclen.  bokelen,  boclen,  buckle, 
stud,  <  OF.  'bochr,  boucler,  F.  bonder,  buckle ; 
from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fasten  with  a 
buckle  or  buckles. —  2.  To  prepare  for  action 
of  any  kind  (a  metaphor  taken  from  buckling 
on  aiinor  previous  to  engaging  in  battle); 
hence,  to  set  vigorously  to  work  at  anything : 
with  a  reflexive  pronoun. 

The  Sarazio  .  .  .  him  buckled  to  the  field. 

Spemar,  Y.  Q.,  I.  vi.  41. 
Hereupon  Cartwright  buckled  himself  to  the  employ- 
ment. Fuller. 

3t.  To  join  in  battle. 
The  foot  .  .  .  were  buckled  with  them  in  front. 

Sir  J.  Hayward. 

4.  To  confine  or  limit.     [Rare.] 

How  brief  the  life  of  man,  .  .  . 
That  the  stretching  of  a  span 
Bucklejt  in  his  sum  of  age. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

5.  To  join  together;  imite  in  marriage. 
[Scotch.] 

Dr.  R.,  who  buckles  beggars  for  a  tester  and  a  dram  of 
Geneva.  Scott. 

II.t  intrans.  To  marry. 
Cood  Billy  .Stellio,  we  must  shortly  buckle. 

Mother  Bombie.     (Halliwelt.) 

buckle-beggar  (buk'l-beg"ar),  n.  [Sc,  also 
buckle-the-bcggars ;  <  buckle",  v.,  .'),  +  obj.  beg- 
gar.'] A  person  who  performs  the  ceremony 
of  marriage  in  a  clandestine  and  iiTegular  man- 
ner.    Scott. 

buckledMbuk'ld), /).  a.  [<  ftHcWtl  + -<;rf2.]  Not 
smnoth  and  flat;  bent,  wavy,  or  wrinkled; 
having  the  appearance  of  having  been  crum- 
pled.—Buckled  plates,  iron  plates  used  its  a  foun- 
dation for-  tlo'inn;;  in  tire-proof  liuildings,  in  place  of 
brick  arcties.  Their  edges  have  a  Hat  rini  called  a  Illlet, 
and  the  middle  is  sligtitly  convex.  They  are  generally 
of  a  square  or  an  oblong  fonn,  and  rest  upon  iron  gir* 
der^  witli  the  convex  side  upward. 

buckled-  (buk'ld),  p.  a.  [<  Inicklei  +  -ed2.] 
1.  Fastened  with  a  buckle. — 2.  In  her.,  hav- 
ing a  biiiklo,  as  a  belt,  garter,  or  the  Uke. 

buckle-horns  (buk'l-homz),  «.  /</.  Short 
(Tiioked  horns  turning  liorizontuUy  inward. 
(iriiKi .     [North.  Kiig.J 

buckle-mouthedt  (buk'l-moutht),  a.  Hav- 
ing hirgc  stnigtcling  teeth.     [North.  Eng.] 

buckler  (Ijuk'li-r),  «.  [<  ME.  bokder,  bodcr, 
etc.,  <  OF.  Iioder,  bucler,  V.  biiuclicr  (=  Pr. 
bloquier  =  S]i.  I'g.  JfTO'/url  =  It.  I'irocchirre  = 
Ml/i.  bokeler=h.  Iieukila/ir  =  }<\\\(i.  Imckcler 
=  Iccl.  bukliiri  =  ODan.  hurklir,  liuglirc)  (ML. 
an  it  'bucculariug),  a  shield,  <  bodi .,  the  boss  of 
a  Hhield:  gee  buckle"^.}     1.  A  shield;  specifi- 


706 

cally,  a  small  shield  intended  to  parry  blows  or 
thrusts,  but  not  so  large  as  to  cover  the  body. 
The  buckler  of  the  middle  ages  in  western  Europe  was 
generally  round,  and  rarely  more  than  two  feet  in  diam- 
eter, eighteen  inches,  or  even  less,  being  a  more  common 
size.  It  was  generally  grasped  by  the  hand  only,  and  held 
at  arm's-length,  and  in  combat  was  iuteri  .ised  to  receive 
the  blow  of  a  sword,  like  the  dagger  which  was  held  for 
this  purpose  in  the  left  hand  in  later  times.  See  shield. 
2.  Xaut.,  a  piece  of  wood  fitted  to  stop  the 
hawse-holes  of  a  ship,  to  prevent  the  sea  from 
coming  in,  or  to  stop  the  circular  hole  in  a  port- 
lid  when  the  gun  is  run  in.  Hawse-bucklers 
are  now  made  of  iron. — 3.  The  anterior  seg- 
ment of  the  carapace  or  shell  of  a  trilobite. — 
4.  A  plate  on  the  body  or  head  of  a  fish ;  espe- 
cially, a  plate  in  front  of  the  dorsal  fin  in  va- 
rious eatfishes,  or  Xematognathi. —  5.  A  stage 
of  the  molting  American  blue  crab,  Callinectes 
hastatus,  when  the  shell  has  become  nearly 
hard. —  6.  A  piece  of  beef  cut  off  from  the  sir- 
loin.—Blind  buckler.  See  WiJirfl. 
buckler  (buk'ler),  I',  t.  [<  buckler,  ».]  To  be 
a  buckler  or  shield  to ;  support ;  defend. 

They  shall  not  touch  thee,  Kate  ; 
I'll  buckler  thee  against  a  million. 

Shal:,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

buckler-fern  (buk'ler-fem),  n.  A  name  of  spe- 
cies of  Atipidium,  especially  of  the  section  Las- 
treti,  wliich  are  distinguished  by  free  veins  and 
round,  reniform  indusia. 

buckler-fish  (buk'ler-flsh),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
genus  Ceiihalaspis. 

buckler-neaded  (bitk'lfer-ied'ed),  a.  Having 
a  head  like  a  buckler.     Lijdl. 

buckling  (buk'liug),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buckle'^, 
f.]  The  act  of  bending;  tendency  to  bend  or 
become  wavy. 

The  thinness  of  the  blade  [of  the  hand-saw)  requires 
that  it  should  be  made  wide  to  give  it  suflicieut  stilfnesa 
to  resist  buekling.   Morrjan,  Mauualof  MiningTools.p.  114. 

buckling-comb  (buk'ling-kom),  n.  A  small 
comb  used  to  secure  the  curls  called  buckles 
worn  by  women. 

buck-log  (buk'log),  n.  [<  buckl,  beech  (as  in 
buck-mast,  buckwheat),  +  log.']     A  beech  log. 

A  brutal  cold  country  ...  to  camp  out  in  ;  never  a  buck- 
lorr  to  his  fire,  no,  nor  a  stick  thicker  than  your  linger  fur 
seven  mile  round.  //.  Kingsley.  Lleoft'ry  Hamlyn.  v. 

buck-mackerel  (buk'mak"e-rel),  H.  A  name 
about  Banff,  Scotland,  of  the  scad,  Trachurus 
traehuru.i. 

buck-mastt  (buk'mast),  n.  [<  ME.  bukmast  (= 
MLG.  bokmast),  <  buk  for  "bok,  beech  (sec 
buck^,  beechl),  -t-  mast^.  Cf.  buckwheat.]  The 
mast  or  fruit  of  the  beech-tree;  beech-mast 
(which  see). 

The  bores  fedynge  is  proprcliche  ycleped  akyr  [acorn]  of 
ookysberynge,  and  bukuia.it.  3tS.  BodL,  p.  540.  (llatiiuelt.) 

buck-moth  (buk'moth),  H.  A  name  given  to  a 
di'licato  crapc-wiiiged  moth,  lltiniliucii  nuiia 
(Drury),  of  the  family  Boiubycidte :  so  called,  it 


// 


\^iiti^ 


Intcrtur. 
'I'-T.  btirlnnlnff  oi  i6th  century- 
r  T  hmwlne  II  .ii  the  (Inll*.    ( I'rom  Vinllel-lt 
"  iJkl.  da  Mot>ill„r  rraafall." ) 


I.Ialc  Buclc-moth  t//ffniUiu.t  mnui\  iind  I^^:lfS.  natural  «lic. 

is  said,  on  account  of  its  flying  late  in  the  fall, 
when  the  deer  run.  The  lurvie  feed  oti  the  oak  mid 
Mllb.w,  and  the  eggs  ore  laid  In  naked  rings  around  tluir 

twi««. 

buckpot(bHk'pof),  H.  [Sen /iHC*'".]  Acookiiig- 
Iiiil  trindi^  in  UritishGtiinna  from  a  peculiar  local 
■  ■lav.  It  In  pojiulurlv  »iii)|.oi.cd  to  be  n.TcBsiiry  (or  tin- 
I.i.q..  r  luaking  of  the  iIIhIi  callicl  pep|icr-|iot  (which  Kee). 

buckra  (buk'rii),  ».  and  a.  [In  the  Houihern 
riiilcd  Stali'H' also /)(»r/.'r((.  HHi<l  lo  iiiniii,  on 
till-  <'alaliar  coast  in  wi'slcni  Afiion,  ii  jiowcr- 
liil  and  Hiiiierior  hi'ing,  ii  dcinoii.  ./.  /,.  H  ilmiii.  \ 
I.  n.  A  wliile  man:  iim'il  liv  the  blacks  of  Ihe 
African  coast,  the  West  Iniiiiw,  an<l  Ihe  Hrmlh- 
ern  United  HtnteH. 

II.  n.  Wliite:  B8,  buckra   yam,  while  yam. 
[Negroes'  English.] 


buckskin 

buckram  tbuk'ram),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  huckeram,  <  ME.  bokeram,  bockrom,  once 
bdugenn  (=  MD.  bockcrael),  <  OF.  boqueran, 
buucarau,  boqucrant,  bouquerau,  bouquerraut, 
bougucrant,  bougherau,  bourgrain,  bougrain,  F. 
bougran  =  Pr.  bocaran,  boqueran  =  Cat.  bocaran 
=  Sp.  bucnran,  bocaran  =  It.  bucheramc :  MLG. 
bukram  =  MHG.  huckeram,  buggeram :  ML. 
boquerannus,  buckram.  Origin  unknown;  by 
some  conjecturally  referred  to  ML.  Imquma, 
goat's  skin  (ef.  boquinus,  of  a  goat),  <  OF.  Imc, 
<  MHG.  boc,  G.  bock  =  E.  Intck^ ;  by  others  sup- 
posed to  be  a  transposition  of  F.  bouracan,  l)ar- 
va<ja.n:  see  barracan.]  I.  n.  1.  Formerly,  a  fine 
and  costly  material  used  for  church  banners 
and  vestments  and  for  jiersonal  wear:  also,  a 
cheaper  material  used  for  linings. 

Fine  linen,  of  that  kind  by  the  older  ecclesiastical  writ- 
ers called  "byssus,"  which,  during  the  middle  ages,  was 
known  here  in  England  under  the  name  of  ••buckram." 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  I04. 

2.  In  recent  times,  coarse  linen  cloth  stiffened 
with  glue  or  gum.  used  as  a  stiffening  for  keep- 
ing garments  in  a  required  shape,  and  recently 
also  in  biutliiig  books. — 3t.  A  buckram  bag 
used  by  lawyers'  clerks. 

Lean.  Alas,  I  was  brought  up 

A  ma.  To  be  an  ass, 

A  lawyer's  ass,  to  carry  books  and  buckeams ! 

Fletcher,  Si>anis]i  Curate,  iv.  7. 
How  he  is  metiunorphos  ,1 ! 
Nothing  of  lawyer  left,  not  a  bit  of  buclaum. 
No  soUciting  face  now. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Little  French  Lawyer,  iii.  'i 

4.  Theramson  orbear's-garlic,  JWkw  ursinum. 
— 5.  In  the  old  herbals,  the  cuckoo-pint.  Arum 
maculatum. 

II.  a.  Made  of  or  resembling  buckram  of 
either  kind;  hence,  stiff;  precise:  formal. 

Two  rogues  in  buckram  suits.     Sliak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Buckram  scribe.  Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate. 

A  black  buckram  cassock  was  gathered  at  his  middle 
with  a  belt,  at  which  hung,  instead  of  knife  or  weapon,  a 
goodly  leathern  pen-and-ink  case.  .Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  ix. 
(Used  as  a  general  term  of  contempt. 

.\h,  thou  sav,  thou  serge,  nay,  thou  buckmm  lord  ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  7.) 

buckram  (buk'ram),  V.  t.  [<  buckram,  n.]  To 
strengthen  with  buckram,  or  in  the  manner  of 
buckram;  make  stiff.     Coirper,  Task.  vi.  (i'l'i. 

Nattiral  gooil  taste,  and  still  more  his  buckramed  habit 
of  clerical  decorum,  .  .  .  carried  him  safely  through  the 
.  .  .  crisis.  llau'thorm'.  Scarlet  Letter,  xx. 

buck-sa'W  (buk'sft).  n.  A  saw  set  in  iin  tipi-ight 
frame  or  bow,  and  used  with  both  li;inds  in 
cutting  wooil  on  a  support  called  a  buck.  [V.  S. 
and  Cniiiula.] 

buck's-beard  (buks'berd),  n.  A  herbaceous 
perennial  plant,  Tragopogon  pratensis,  more 
usually  ciillod  goat's-bcard,  from  its  long, 
cotirse.  tMwiiy  pappus. 

buckshish.  biicksheesh  (buk'shesh),  n.    Same 

lis  lidksliisli, 
buck's-horn  (buks'hftrn),  H.  A  name  given 
to  several  jilants  on  account  of  their  forked 
leaves,  as  the  I'Uinlitgo  Cnronojiu.f  (also  called 
hnck's-horu  pUinldiu).  the  Scncbiera  Corouo- 
I'us,  and  the  South  AivKtM  Lobelia  corouopi- 

f'llid. 

buck-shot  (buk'shot),  ».  A  large  size  of  shot, 
so  naiiied  from  its  use  in  killing  deer.  Buok- 
Bhot  war,  in  r.  S.  hi.-it.,  u  contest  in  the  I'ennsyhania 
lionsc  of  Kcpresentativcs,  accomiianicd  by  mobs  and 
iitlicr  violent  demtnistrations,  in  l>cccnilier,  ls.'iK,  Ite- 
twecii  two  rival  (irganizations,  the  one  coniitoscd  of 
Whigs,  the  other  of  Itcniocrats,  eadi  oi  which  cliiinied 
to  be  tile  true  House.  The  mune  is  deri\cil  from  th& 
reported  threat  of  11  Whig  member  that  (he  niol> 
stioi^d  feci   iiall  ami  htU'U-shot   before  the  «lay  w-aa> 

i,Vi4. 

buckskin  (buk'wkin),  II.  and  fli.     [<  biirk^  + 

skin ;  =  Icel.  hukkaskinn  =  Dan.  bukkcskind.] 

I.  n.  1.  Theskii.orabiick.— 2.  Akiiidol'soft 
loatlierof  a  yellowish  or  grttyish  color.  iuihIg 

origiiinlly  by  trcaliiig  deerskins  iii  a  iiei'ulinr 
way,  but  nowusiitilly  prepnred  from  sheepskins. 
In  its  preparation  a  grcti't  deal  of  niiuiipuliition  Ih  icqillrcd, 
the  hoftne.sH  which  is  its  chiei  rliiiractcrl.slic  being  pro- 
duced by  the  use  of  ellber  oil  or  bruins  in  dresHing  It.  It 
was  formerly  used  for  clothing,  as  by  American  Inilliins, 
fMinttersmi'ti,  and  soldiers,  but  Is  now  used  principally  lor 
tlilcli  gloves. 

3.  /(/.  Ui'eeches  made  of  buckskin. 

A  very  Htiiiit,  pnlly  man  in  buekMkins  and  Hessian  \woU. 

Thaekevait. 

4.  A  person  clothed  in  buckskin:  a  term  np- 
jilied  to  (lie  American  troops  dtiriiig  the  Hevo- 
iiiliiiiiiiry  War. —  6.  A  horse  of  the  color  of 
biK'kskiii.     fWestern  XI.  H. ) 

II.  ".  1.  Of  or  ]ierliiining  (o  buckskin.  —  2. 
Of  (lie  color  of  buckskin:  used  of  a  horse. 
FWestern  U.  8.] 


bucksome 

bucksomet,  "•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  huxnm. 

buck-stall  (buk'still),  n.  A  toil  or  net  to  take 
del  T.      I/'.  Brotvn. 

Bucktail  (bnk'tal),  n.  A  name  originally  given 
to  tlio  members  of  the  Tammany  Society  in  New 
York  city,  but  about  1817-26  extended  in  its 
application  to  members  of  that  faction  of  the 
Democratio-Bepublican  party  in  the  State  which 
opposed  De  Witt  Clinton. 

Bi'ttcr  success  in  constitutional  reform  was  attained  in 
New  \'ork,  in  spite  of  an  incessant  turmoil  l>etween  the 
Clintoiiiaiis  and  tlie  auti-Clintonians  —  BucktaiU,  or  Tam- 
many men,  as  they  were  called — all  of  whom  professed 
the  republican  creed  of  the  nation. 

Schouler,  Hist.  U.  S.,  III.  227. 

buckthorn  (buk'thorn),  «.  [<  biick^  +  thorn. 
Aceordiiig  to  some,  a  mistaken  rendering  of 
the  G.  buxdorn,  a  translation  of  the  Gr.  nv^d- 
mvSa,  '  boxthorn,'  of  Dioscorides.  ]  1 .  The  pop- 
ular name  of  species  of  Ehamnus  (which  see). 
The  counnon  buckthorn  is  E.  cafharticitji ;  the  dyer's- 
buckthorn,  R.  iii^frctoriuj^ ;  the  alder-buckthorn,  R,  Fran- 
gula,  or  in  the  United  States  K.  C'ai'oliniana ;  and  the 
Siberian  buckthurn,  or  redwood,  R.  entthioxylnn, 
2.  A  local  English  name  of  the  haddock :  chiefly 
applied  to  dried  haddock.  Da;/ Jamaica  buck- 
thorn, the  t'lierukee  T03e{Rosa  IcevUiata),  used  for  hed^^es. 

—  Sea-buckthorn,  of  the  ctpasts  of  Kuroite,  the  Ilippo- 
■phai'  rhmiuit'ith's,  natural  onier  Khva',in'H-<:a'.  —  Southern 
buckthorn,  of  the  snutlu-iM  rnited  states,  a  sTuall  sapo- 
taeeous  tree,  Buiiielia  ii/cioi ids.  — Texas  buckthoru,  a 
small  thorny  shrub  of  a  genus  allied  to  Rhamnus. 

buck-tootll  (buk'toth),  «.  [(.buck  (imcertain: 
perhaps  buck'^ ;  cf.  ME.  fiat-totlied,  goat^toothed) 
-f  t»{ith.~i  Any  tooth  that  juts  out  beyond  the 
rest. 

His  jaw  was  underhung,  and  when  he  laughed  two 
white  buck-teeth  protruded  themselves,  and  glistened  sav- 
agely in  spite  of  the  grin.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

bucku,  «.     See  biichu. 

buck-wagon  (buk'wag"on),  ?i.  [In  South  Afri- 
can D.  bokwagen  (in  def.  1),  appar.  <  bok,  =  E. 
buck^,  a  goat,  +  wagen  =  E.  wagon,  Cf.  buck- 
board.']  1.  A  transport-wagon  with  strong  pro- 
jecting framework  extending  over  the  wheels  in 
order  to  carry  heavy  loads,  used  in  South  Africa. 

—  2.  Same  as  buckboard. 

buckwash  (buk'wosh),  r.  t.     To  wash  in  lye  or 

buck ;  cleanse  by  bucking. 
buckwashing  (buk'wo.sh"ing),  n.     [Verbal  n. 

of  buckwash,  ■v.']    The  act  of  washing  linen,  etc. 

Ford,    How  now?  whither  bear  you  this? 
Serv.     To  the  laundress,  forsooth. 
Mrs.  F.    Wliy,  what  have  you  to  do  whither  they  bear 
it?    You  were  best  meddle  with  buck-^cashinq. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,iii.  3. 

buckweedt  (buLk'wed),  n.    A  kind  of  herb.     £. 

Phillips,  1706. 
buckwheat  (buk'hwet), «.  [A  So.  and  North.  E. 
form  (=  D.  boekweit  =  MLG.  bokwete  =  G.  biich- 
tceizcn ^Dan.  boghvede),  ibuck'^ jheeeb,  +  wheat. 
Cf.  buck-mast.  It  receives  its  name  from  the  re- 
semblance of  its  triangular  fruit  to  beechnuts. 
The  NXi.  name  Fagopijrum  is  a  translation  of 
the  E.  name.]  1.  The  common  name  of  Fago- 
pyrum  esculentum,  natural  order  Folygoiiacew, 
and  of  its  seeds. 
It  is  a  native  of  cen- 
tral Asia,  an  annual  of 
easy  culture,  growing 
on  the  poorest  soils; 
and  though  the  grain 
is  less  nutritious  than 
that  of  most  cereals, 
it  is  used  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  for 
food  for  both  men  and 
animals.  The  chief 
use  of  its  flour  in  the 
United  States  is  in 
the  generally  popular 
form  of  buckwheat 
pancakes.  East  In- 
dian buckwheat  (F. 
Tatancum)  is  of  in- 
ferior quality  and  is 
less  cultivated. 
2.  In  the  West  In- 
dies, Anredera 
scandens,  natural 
order  Chenopndiu- 
cca,  an  annual 
_,..,_     ^  ,    ,     ,     elimbinir  plant  of 

aucKwhcat  [Faffopyrum  fscuifrttum).  .  jT 

a,  dower  ;*,  ovary  ;  <r,  fruit ;  rf.  section  of    I">  importance. — 
same,  showing  embryo.  BUCkwheat  COal.  in 

tile  antlirarite  rl■^ion 
of  Pennsylvania,  the  smallest  size  of  c»ial  sent  to  market. 
Itis  sufficiently  small  to  pass  through  a  half-inch  mesh. — 
False  buckwheat,  some  climbing  species  of  Pohtrfo?ium, 
as  P.  diniirti'niiii  or  P.  scandi'HS,  with  the  large  triangu- 
lar seeds  of  Fn^foiii/ruin. —  'Willi  buckwheat,  of  Cali- 
fornia, a  species  of  En'tppunnn,  E.  fa^'-ifulatum,  nearly 
related  to  Poliiiioinnn  and  with  similar  seeds. 

buckwheat-tree  (buk'hwet'tre),  n.  The  Clif- 
tonia  nitida  or  ('.  ligustrina,  natural  order  Cyril- 
lacea:,  a  small  evergreen,  with  showy  fragrant 


707 

white  flowers  and  wing-angled  fruit,  a  native 
of  Georgia  and  the  Gulf  States.  Also  called  titi 
and  ironwood. 

bucnemia  (buk-no'mi-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /3oif, 
ox,  -I-  Kv///i>/,  the  leg.]  A  disease  of  the  leg 
distinguislied  by  tense,  diffuse,  inflammatory 
swelling. 

bucolic  (bu-kol'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bncolicus, 
<  Gr.  ihvKu'Ainui;,  rustic,  pastoral,  <  (hvKd'Aor,  a 
cowherd,  herdsman,  <  /ioif,  an  o.x  (see  Bos),  + 
-Kd'Aoc,  perhaps  for  -iroAor,  as  in  a'nrd'Aor,  a  goat- 
herd, <  TTi'Aeiv,  move,  TrileaBm,  bo;  otherwise 
connected  with  KtAr/c,  a  race-horse,  L.  ccler, 
swift,  H'kt.  ■\/ kal,  drive.]  I,  a.  1.  Pastoral; 
relating  to  country  affairs,  or  to  a  shepherd's 
life  antl  occupation :  as,  bucolic  song. 

"  Uylas,"  the  celebrated  thirteenth  idyl  of  Theocritus, 
...  is  not  a  bucolic  poem,  but  classified  as  narrative  or 
senii-epie  in  character,  yet  exhibits  many  touches  of  the 
bucolic  sweetness.  Stcdman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  211. 

2.  Agricultural:  used  humorously  or  in  dis- 
paragement—  Bucolic  cesura,  bucolic  diereBla.  See 

ccsnriL.  =  Syn.   Pastoral,  Riisfir,  etc.      See  rural. 

II.  II.  ii  L.  bucolicum,  pi.  bucolica,  ueut.  of 
bncolicus:  seel.]  1.  A  pastoral  poem,  repre- 
senting rural  affairs,  or  the  life,  maimers,  and 
occupation  of  shepherds:  as,  the  bucolics  of 
Theocritus  and  Virgil. 

The  first  modern  Latin  bucolics  are  those  of  Petrarch. 
T,  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  §  28. 

2.  A  writer  of  pastorals.     [Rare.] 

Spenser  is  erroneously  ranked  as  our  earliest  English 
bucolic;.  T,  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  §  40. 

3.  A  countryman;  a  farmer:  used  humorously 
or  in  depreciation. 

bucolical  (bii-kol'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  bucolic. 

BucorvUS  (bu-kor'vu's),  n.  [NL.,  <i?H(Cfros)  + 
Vorcus.']  A  genus  of  hornbills,  famOy  Bucero- 
tida:,  based  upon  B.  abyssiniciis,  an  African  spe- 
cies, the  groimd-hornbill,  notably  different  from 
the  others  in  its  terrestrial  habits. 

bucrane  (bii'kran),  n.     Same  as  hucranium. 

An  immense  Roman  sarcophagus  of  oriental  granite, 
with  masks  carved  upon  its  lid  and  festooned  bucratws 
upon  its  sides. 

C,  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  liv. 

bucranium (bii-ki'a'ni-um),  n. ;  pi.  bucrania  (-a). 
[In  sense  1,  NL. ;  in  sense  2,  LL.,  a  certain 
plant;  <  Gr.  jimmpaviov,  an  ox-head,  a  kind  of 
bryony,  <  /ioif,  ox,  -f-  Kpdviov,  skull,  cranium.] 


^,  from  frieze  of  Temple  of  Vespasian,  Rome  ;  E,  from  a  Roman 
altar. 

1.  In  art,  the  skull  of  an  ox:  an  ornament 
often  sculptured,  frequently  with  adornment  of 
wreaths  or  other  decoration,  on  the  frieze  of  the 
entablature  in  the  Eoman  Ionic  and  Corinthian 
orders  of  architectui'e,  and  also  in  other  situa- 
tions.— 2.  The  herb  calf  s-snout.  Kersey,  1708. 
budl  (bud),  n.  [<  late  ME.  budde  =  D.  bat,  a 
bud  ;  prob.  due  to  OF.  boton,  F.  bouton,  a  bud, 
a  button:  see  i«Ho»  and  &««!.]  1.  In  plants, 
the  undeveloped  germ-state  of  a  stem  or  branch, 
consisting  of  a  growing  point  inclosed  by  close- 
ly appressed  rudimentary  leaves.  In  winter  buds 
are  usually  protected  by  an  outside  covering  of  scales, 
often  pubescent  or  resinous,  wliich  fall  off  upon  the  swell- 
ing of  the  bud  in  spring.  Besides  foliage,  the  bud  may  also 
contain  the  rudimentary  inflorescence.  Bulbs  and  bulb- 
lets  are  forms  of  leaf-buds.  Flower-buds  are  unexpanded 
blossoms. 

Somer  toward  whan  buddys  first  appeere. 
Lydgate,  Minor  Poems  (ed.  Halliwell,  1840),  p.  217. 

2t.  In  arch.,  an  ornamental  boss  or  button. 

The  roffys  [roofs]  garnyshed  with  sarsnettys  and  buddys 
of  golde.  Arnold's  Chron.  (1502),  p.  li. 

3.  The  state  of  budding  or  putting  forth  buds: 
as,  the  trees  are  in  bud. — 4.  In  some  ciyi^tog- 
amous  plants,  especially  some  Hepaticw,  one 
of  the  bodies  formed  asexually  which  become 
detached  and  reproduce  the  plant ;  in  the  \i\\\- 
va\,  s&mc a,9 gemma;.  Seegemma. —  5.  Apromi- 
nence  on  or  in  certain  animals  of  low  organiza- 
tion, as  polyps,  which  becomes  developed  into 
an  independent  individual,  sometimes  perma- 


Buddhism 

nently  attached  to  the  parent  organism,  and 
sometimes  Vjecoming  detached;  an  incipient 
zofiid,  or  bud-like  beginning  of  a  new  individ- 
ual in  a  compound  animal.  See  cut  under  Cam- 
panularia. —  6.  In  zoiil.  and  anat.,  a  jtart  or  or- 
gan like  or  likened  to  a  bud:  as,  a  tactile  bud; 
a  gustatory  hud. — 7.  A  weaned  calf  of  the  first 
year.  JliilUwutl.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 8.  A  young 
laily  just  " Clinic  out"  in  society.  [Slang. J-  Ac- 
cessory buds,  ItU'is  .supplementary  to  the  normally  soli- 
tary aMJIaiy  lui't,  eitlnr  at  its  side  or  above  it.  —  Adven- 
titious buds,  surb  IjMiis  as  are  i>rodueed  abnormally  and 
witlnjut  order  from  any  jtart  of  the  stem  or  roots,  or  from 
leaves.  — Blind  bud.  See  Wiru/l.— Bud-vartatlon,  in 
the  outgn)Wth  of  a  bud,  the  deviation  in  any  ri-spt-et  frojn 
the  ordinary  growth  of  the  plant,  producing  what  is 
commonly  known  as  a  sport.  .Many  remarkable  varieties 
in  cultivated  plants  arise  in  this  way,  and  are  perpetu- 
ate<l  by  any  of  the  processes  of  propagation  by  means  of 
buds.— Common  bud.  See  co»i»ion.— Embryo  buds. 
See  c»i^i7/".  -  Gustatory  budfl.  See  (w^fc-'x^/.— To  nip 
inthebiid.  See  hi>. 
budl  (bud),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  budded,  ppr.  bud- 
ding. [<  ME.  buddcn  =  D.  batten ;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  ingraft  a  bud  of  or 
on,  as  of  one  plant  on  the  .stem  of  another: 
as,  to  bud  a  garden  rose  on  a  brier,  or  a  brier 
with  a  garden  rose.  See  budding,  n.,  'i. — 2. 
To  put  forth  by  or  as  if  by  the  natural  jirocess 
of  budding. 

From  yoiu'  swelling  downs,  .  .  .  where  prickly  furze 
Buds  lavish  gold.  Keats,  Endymion,  i. 

II.  intrans.  1.  Toput  forth  or  produce  buds; 
be  in  bud. —  2.  To  be  in  the  condition  of  a  bud ; 
sprout ;  begin  to  grow  or  to  issue  from  a  stock 
in  the  manner  of  a  bud,  as  a  horn. —  3.  Figu- 
ratively, to  be  in  an  early  stage  of  development. 
— 4.  To  eat  buds:  said  of  birds.     [U.  S.] 

Last  night  I  saw  a  number  of  grouse  budding  upon  a 
neighboring  apple  tree.     Forest  andStream,  XXVIII.  131. 

Budding  fungi,  fungi  which  grow  and  reproduce  by 
Inuiding;  eliietly,  the  yeast-fungi. 

bud^  (bud),  n.  [A  reduction  of  brother;  cf. 
fc«fc*.]  A  familiar  term  for  brother.  [South- 
ern U.  S.] 

bud^t  (hud),  n.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  bode,  an  offer, 
ult.  <  AS.  beodan,  pp.  boden,  offer:  see  bode^, 
bode^,  bid."]  A  gift,  especially  one  meant  as  a 
bribe.     Acts  James  I.     (Jamieson.)     [Scotch.] 

bud^t,  v.  t-  [Sc,  also  budd;  <  bud^,  «.]  To 
endeavor  to  gain  by  gifts ;  bribe. 

bud*  (bud).  Same  as  bood,  preterit  and  past 
participle  of  behoove.     [Scotch.] 

bud-cell  (bud'sel),  n.  In  hot.,  a  lateral  cell 
produced  upon  the  proembryo  of  some  of  the 
higher  cryptogams,  as  in  the  Ckaracea;  from 
which  the  perfect  plant  is  developed.  Some- 
times called  the  bud-rudiment. 

budded  (bud'ed),  p.  a.   In  her.,  same  as  bottony. 

Buddha  (hO'da),  «.  [Skt.,  lit.  'the  Enlight- 
ened,' pp.  {tor  *budhta)  of  ■;/  budh  for  *bhudh, 
be  awake,  come  to  consciousness,  notice,  un- 
derstand, etc.,  =  Gr.  \^  "ttx'H  for  *<pvB  in  TTfdiadai, 
find  out,  prob.  =  AS.  beodan  (pp.  boden),  an- 
nounce, offer,  E.  bid:  see  bid.l  1.  An  epithet, 
meaning  the  Wise  or  Enlightened  One,  applied 
to  the  historical  founder  of  Buddhism  (accord- 
ing to  some  in  the  eleventh  century  B.  c,  but 
more  probably  in  the  sixth  century),  regarded 
by  the  Buddhists  as  the  fourth  in  a  series  of  five 
messianic  Buddhas.  Ue  was  an  Indian  prince  of  the 
Sakya  tribe,  and  hence  called  Sakyamuni  (the  Sakya  sage), 
the  name  preferred  in  China  and  Japan.  His  original 
name  was  Siddartha  (literally,  "the  realization  of  all  the 
meanings."  that  is,  of  the  portents  at  his  birth);  that 
most  used  in  Burma,  Ceylon,  etc.,  is  Gautama  or  Gotama 
(literally,  "most  victorious"),  the  sacerdotal  name  of  the 
Sakya  tribe. 

2.  [Z.  c]  One  who  attains  to  perfect  enlighten- 
ment such  as  that  ascribed  to  the  founder  of 
Buddhism,  and  devotes  his  powers  to  the  salva- 
tion of  mankind. 

Sometimes  also  Boodh,  Boodha. 
Tree  of  Buddha,  the  bo-tree. 

buddhahood  (bo'da-hiid),  n.  [<  btiddha  -i- 
-]i(Kid.']  The  state  or  condition  of  a  buddha. 
See  Buddha  and  Buddhism. 

buddhaship  (bo '  dji  -  ship),  n.  [<  buddha  + 
-ship.]  The  condition  of  one  who  has  attained 
enlightenment  andbecome  a  buddha.  See  Bud- 
dha and  Buddhism. 

Buddhism  (bii'dizm),  n.  [<  Buddha  +  -ism;  = 
F.Bondhisme.]  The  religious  system  founded 
by  Buddha,  or  the  Buddha,  in  India,  its  essential 
principles,  in  so  far  as  they  can  be  reduced  to  an  Occi- 
dental form  of  thomrht,  are,  that  man  is  under  the  opera- 
tion of  certain  inflexible  laws,  from  which  there  is  neither 
escape  nor  deliverance ;  existence  under  them  is  an  evil ; 
priestly  rites  and  sacrifices  are  unavailing ;  death  is  no 
escape,  but  only  a  transmigration  to  another  form  of  ex- 
istence ;  obedience  to  the  moral  laws — the  practice  of 
charity,  temperance,  justice,  honesty,  truth  —  insures  a 
sojourn  in  heaven,  followed  by  a  higher  existence  on  the 


Buddhism  "^^^ 

earth-  disohedience  iusures  a  punishment  in  some  of  the  foam,  gush.]     In  mining,  to  wash  (ore);  sepa- 

innmnerable  hot  and  cold  heUs  (see  iiaraka),  situated  in  ^Ate  (the  metalliferous  ores)  from  earthy  mat- 

the  interiur  of  the  earth  or  on  its  fiu-thest  verge,  follow.  ^    means  of  an  incUned  hutch  called  a  bud- 

ed  bv  a  Lover  suite  of  e-Mstence  on  earth;  the  supreme  fe-  >,"=>".>      "^  ,  .  V    ""   ".  j„„„ 

licitv  t..l.e  attained  l.v  perfect  oliedience  is  the  suppres.  die,  over -nhich  water  Hows. 

sionofeverypassiunanddesiie.  and  eventually  .Nirvana,  or  fuddle- (bud'l),  ».     [<  blllldle^,  !'.]     In  mining,  a, 

•     •     ' '"'- -' • "•"-  eoutrivauce  for  dressing;  ore,  or  separating  the 


unconscious  existence,  if  indeed  Nirvana  lie  not  annihila 
tiMi.  I:i  it-  I  !_':nal  spirit  airuostic,  if  nt»t  atheistic,  it  luis 
],  .  i  in  time,  and  now  has  its  rites  and  tem- 

,.  :  \  in  dilferent  nationalities  and  localities, 

i  i.adhism  spreail  over  Ceylon,  .lava,  Cochin- 

Clu:;.i.  i_;.;.:iia.  Tibet,  Mongolia,  Tatarj-,  t^hina,  and  Japan, 
but  WX5  stamped  out  in  India  by  the  rise  of  Hinduism. 
Also  spelled  Bvodhi^iiu 

Btlddhist   (bo'dist),   H.  and  a.     [<  Buddha  + 

-ist;  =  F.  £ottdhistc.'\      I.  n.   One  who   pro- 

ftsses  Buddhism;  a  follower  of  the  religious 

system  founded  bv  Buddha. 

'n.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Buddha  or  Bud- 

dhism Buddhist  architecture,  the  oldest  and  most  DUddle*  (bud  1), 

characteristic  native  style  of  Indian  ecclesiastical  archi-  _[Prov.  Eng.J 
tecture,  the  earliest  si)ecimens  dating  from  250  B.  C, 
and  prevailing  wherever  ISuddhisni  has  been  established. 
Budilhist  architectni-al  nninnmeiits  may  be  classed  in  five 
groups :  ((I)  .-itambhas  or  l.ats,  pillars  bearing  inscriptions 
on  their  shafts,  with  emblems  or  animals  on  their  capi- 
tals. (6)  Stup:»s  or  tojies,  large  towers,  some  built  in  the 
form  of  a  hemisphere,  others  partly  cylindrical  and  fin- 
ished at  the  top  with  either  a  Hat  circle  or  a  pointed 
dome-like  terminal.  The  topes  were  erected  in  honor  of 
some  sacred  event  or  place,  and  are  sometimes  employed 
to  contain  relicsof  Buddha  or  of  a  saint.  In  the  latter  cjise 
the  tiipe  is  called  a  dmoha.  (c)  Rails,  formed  of  elaborately 
sculptured  pillars,  biiilt  around  topes,  temjiles,  and  other 
sacred  objects.     (</)  Chaitya  halls,  cut  out  of  the  living 


metalliferous  portion  from  the  earthy  gangue. 
The  term  was  originally  used  in  fiirnwall,  where  the  hand- 
buddle  is  a  long  box  slightly  inclined,  on  the  bottom  of 
which  the  ore  is  sep.arated  by  the  aid  of  a  current  of  water. 
There  are  several  nmch  more  complicated  forms  of  the 
huddle,  some  of  which  are  stationary  and  others  revolving. 
buddle^  (bud'l),  n.  [Also  handle;  said  to  be  < 
D.  biiidel,  also  contr.  buil  (=  OHG.  hutil,  MHG, 
hiiitel,  G.  beutel),  a  purse;  from  its  bearing  gid- 
dcn  (florins),  a  name  given  to  its  flowers:  see 
gulden,  guilder.']     Same  as  hoodie^. 

V.  t.      To  snlfoeate;   drown. 

Bude  burner,  light.    See  tlic  nouns. 

budgel  (buj).  v.;  pvet.  and  pp.  budged,  ppr. 
budging.  [<  F,  bougo;  stir,  wag,  =  Pr.  bolegar, 
stir,  =  It.  bulicare,  bubble  up,  freq.  (cf.  Sp. 
bidlii;  boil,  be  busy,  bestir  one's  self,  move  from 
place  to  place,  =  Pg.  bidii;  move,  stir,  be  ac- 
tive), <  L.  bullirc,  boil:  see  boiP.2  I.  inlrans. 
To  move;  stir;  change  position;  give  way: 
now  usually  with  a  negative,  implying  stub- 
born resistance  to  pressure. 


I  will  not  budj/e  for  no  man's  pleasure. 

Shak,  It.  and  J. 


iii.  1. 
all  the 


buff 

His  budget  with  corruptions  craram'd, 

The  contributions  of  the  danni  d.  Sur^fl. 

2.  A  stock  or  store;  a  collection:  as,  a  budget 
of  news. 

It  n  as  nature,  in  fine,  that  brontjht  off  the  cat,  when  tha 
fox  s  whole  budget  of  invention  faileil  him. 

Sir  a.  L' Estrange, 
There  is  uo  miracle  in  the  whole  Bonian  Catholic  bud- 
net  better  vouched  than  this. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

3.  A  pocket  used  by  tilers  to  hold  nails. — 4. 
In  Great  Britain,  the  annual  linancial  statement 
which  the  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  makes 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  sitting  as  a  commit- 
tee of  ways  and  means.  In  making  this  statement 
the  minister  gives  a  view  of  the  general  linancial  policy  of 
the  government,  and  at  the  s.ame  time  presents  an  esti- 
mate of  the  probable  income  and  expeiuliture  for  the  fol- 
lowing twelve  months,  and  a  statement  of  what  taxes  it 
is  intended  to  reduce  or  abolish,  or  what  new  ones  it  may 
be  necessary  to  impose. 

His  [.Elfreds]  budget  is  the  first  royal  budget  we  possess; 
and  though  the  fact'  that  the  national  expenses  were  still 
in  the  main  defrayed  by  hu-al  means  rt  iiiiers  any  compar- 
ison of  it  with  a  mndern  Innh/'f  iiiijH'ssiMe,  it  isstillof  in- 
terest as  indicating  the  wide  range  of  public  activity  which 
even  now  was  open  to  an  English  king. 

J.  Ji.  Green,  Ci>n<t.  of  Kng.,  p.  173. 

Hence  —  5.  Any  simihir  official  estimate  and 
statement.  [The  word  in  this  specilic  sense 
has  been  adopted  into  the  French  Ifinguage.] 
—  To  open  the  budget,  to  lay  before  the  legislative  body 
the  linancial  estimates  and  plans  of  the  executive  govern- 


If  the  customers  or  guests  are  to  be  dunned,  all  the     nunt.  ry.     70  oj_      i-i/~. 

bm-then  lies  upon  my  hack;  he'd  as  lief  eat  that  glass  its  budgyt  (huj  1),  (t.    [<  budge-,  H.,  2,  +  -y^.\    t  on- 

6«(/3e  after  tliem  himself.  GoiifsmWi,  Vicar,  xxi.     sisting  of   or   decorated  with   the   fur    called 

II.  Irans.  To  move ;  stir ;   change  the  posi-    budge. 


tion  of. 

budgeif  (hu.i),  a.  [Appar.  <  budget,  r.  Of.  Sp. 
buUicioso,  brisk,  active :  see  budget,  r.]  Brisk ; 
jocimd.     South. 

budge^  (buj),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  hougr 
(see  bougel-).  <  IME.  bowge,  a  bag.  <  OF.  boitge.  <  L. 
bull/a,  a  leathern  bag;  a  word  of  Gaelic  origin  : 
cf.  Gael.  Ir.  balg,  bolg,  a  bag,  wallet,  quiver,  cto. : 
see  belli/,  bello'ics,  bulge,  etc.]  I.  n.  If.  A  lea- 
thern bag. — 2.  Lambskin  dressed  with  the  wool 


budla  (bud'lji),  )!.  [E.  lud.]  A  variety  of  bro- 
cade, not  of  the  finest  quality,  mauuiactm-ed 
in  India. 

budlet  (bud'let),  n.  [<  ftwrfi  -t-  dim.  -lef\  A 
little  luid  springing  from  a  parent  bud. 

budmash  (bud'mash),  H.  [Also  biidmtish :  < 
Hind,  hddni'dsli,  <  Pers.  had,  bad,  -t-  Ar.  m'dsh, 
means  of  living,  <  'ash,  live.]  A  scoundi'el ;  a 
blackguard  ;  during  the  time  of  the  Indian  mu- 
tiny (1857-58),  a  rebel. 


Buddhist  Arcliilccturc—  Interior  of  Chaitya  Hall  at  Karli. 

rock,  and  coirespondlng  closely  in  plan  with  Christian 
churches.  The  positions  of  the  altar  or  relic-casket,  aisles, 
and  apse  are  freiincntly  tlu'  same  in  both,  (e)  Viharas,  or 
monasteries,  originally  built  of  red  sandal-wood,  hut  in  cx- 
ceptlnnal  circuuistances  excavated  from  the  sollil  rock, 
with  halls  having  their  ceilings  snpporteil  by  elaborately 
sculptnred  plllai-s  cut  from  the  natural  rock,  aiul  sin-roiuul- 
cdbyannmlierof  small  sleeping-cells,  A  characteristic  of 
the  Budilhist  style  is  the  pseudo-arch,  formed  by  courses 
of  htiines  each  overlapping  that  behiw  it,  till  the  tw<i  sides 
ajipr'-atli  surlnstdy  that  the  opening  at  the  top  can  beeov- 
cri  il  l.v  a  .singl'-Ht-'tie. 

Buddhistic  (bO-dis'tik),  a.  [<  Buddhint  +  -jc] 
Pertaining  to  Buddhism:  as,  j8ii(W/(ts<ic  litera- 
ture.    Also  Booilhistic. 

Buddhistical  (bo-dis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  Bud- 
(lliisiir.     Also  lii)i>iihi.'<tieii\. 

budding  (bud'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  fcwrfl,  !•.] 

1.  In  hat.,  the  putting  forth  or  ))roducing  of 
buds.  In  the  lower  cryptogams  the  term  Is  applied  to 
a  form  of  growth  and  reproilnctlon,  a  niodltlcation  of 
flMlon,  in  which  the  new  cell  swells  out  at  the  side  of  the 
parent  cell,  Increases  iu  size,  ami  at  length  becomes  de- 
tached.    Sec  y'(ut. 

2.  In  :ni)l.,  (i^cmmation;  a  mode  of  asexual  re- 
production in  animals  analogous  to  Imdding  in 
jiliints. — 3.  In  hurl.,  a  process,  allied  to  graft- 
ing, fur  growing  a  dilTercnl  variety  of  fruit  or 
plant  frniti  a  given  stock  by  trausfcn'ing  a  bud 
with  a  little  of  the  woody  tissue  beliind  it  to  a 
elil'i  ill  the  bark  r>f  llic  stock.  Adhesion  takes 
1-1,  .  JM-tweeii  the  candilumhiyerN  or  new. 
-r  .ivtli  tKHue  of  the  two,  aKnuring  the  life 
M.A  growth  of  the  bud.  .Many  kinds  of 
fruit  iire  propugaterl  In  this  way,  iu  well 
.1.  rn,.-.,  ntol  other  plants. 

budding  (l)u.l'iiig),  />.  n.     fPpr.  of 

''"'".  r.]  1.  Producing  linds:  lis,  a 
l"iil,l,iiiitrr<-. —  2.  Hciiig  in  tin-  criii- 
•  li'ioii  of  n  liiid;  llguralivoly,  biing 
1'      'v  stage  r(f  growth;  luiiig 

lanco  of  a  ]HTioil  of  life, 

te. :  uH,  a  biidiling  orator, 

'7  Nlrghi.  f(dr.  and  fresh,  and 
,S7i/i*.,  'I',  of  the!).,  Iv.  S. 

i)U'i  life  fl"id'ing-nif),  H.    A 

^■nrdeners  in  the  op- 
'  '  'lUg.      The  hanille,  ||>U. 

1.  I  Ivf.ry.  Inper«  to  nii  fdiie,  which  enn- 

I  .  nepiiralinu  the  hark  from  the  wood 

■■>  •■  illliK  the  bud. 

huddle  •  .   hoodlt:^. 

buddlc  .  I-.  f. ;   pnt.  and  pp.  huddled, 

|i|ir.  bud-thug.     [Cf.  LG.  hulteln  (>  G.  hultcln), 


outward,  much  used  in  the  Elizabethan  era  and  Budorcas  (bu-dor'kas),  n.     [NL.,   <  Gr.  /3ot)f, 

since  as  an  inexpensive  fur  for  the  edging  of  ox,  -1-  (Sop/cof,  a  gazel.]     A  notable  genus  of 

garments,  in  Enghand  some  official  costumes  that  have  large  Asiatic  antelopes,  containing  the  yakin, 

remained  unch.anged  arc  still  decorated  with  budge.  Budorcas  ta.rieolor,   of  the  Himalayas:    some- 

\y\wn,  let  him  but  in  judgements  sight  uncase,  times  taken  as  type  of  a  subfamily  Jludorcina;, 

He's  naught  but  budge,  old  gards,  browne  fox-fnr  face.  <,„  ^^(.^1  are  its  peculiarities.     See  ifahin. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villan.e,  Sat.  vn.  Bu^Qj-cin^  (bu-d6i--si'ne),   n.   pi.      [NL.,  <  Bw- 

3.  Same  as  budgc-barrel.  dnrcaa  +  -ina.']     A  groui>  of  llimalavan  ante- 

II.  a.    l<  budgc'^,  2.'\    1.  Trimmed  or  adorn-  loj.ps,  typified  by  the  genus  A'Hi/om/.';,  having 

ed  with  budge  (see  I.,  '-):  as,  '^budge  gowns,"  smooth  round  horns  contiguous  at  their  bases, 

Milton,  Art.  of  Peace  with  Irish.— 2.  Scholas-  ,,  f.,;]  m-^,  (i,,,f,  ^f  a  goat,  and  4  teats, 

tic;  pedantic;   austere;   surly;  stiff;   formal :  ^jy^gj-gjug  (in-,.j(ji.'siii)^  «.     Of  or  pertaining  to 

as,  "budge  doctors,"  Milton,  Comus,  1.  707.  o,,.  liiiitnreiiiir. 

The  solemn  fop,  signillcant  and /m<((;e;  Bud'Weis  porcelaiu.     ^eo  porcelain. 

A  fool  with  judges,  aniongst  fools  a  judg«.  BudvteS  {l)U-di'tez),  ".      [NL.,   <  Gr.  (iovSienK, 

Co,c;,.T,  Conversation,  l.m  „,^*,    ,tail.]     A  genus  of  small  os.'ine  passel 

^^'^^^^s^fhued'wiJhZni^^'wS:';;;!:!  z^"':^  "-o  ''i''<i^.  ^■^-^<^i^y  -f  »>->  ->i'i  ^^orhi,  of  the  tam. 


,-  mpanied  the  h)rd  mayorof  London  at  his  iuauguratlou, 
budge^t  (huj),  H.    [Origin  uncertain.]    One  who 
slips  into  a  house  or  shop  to  steal  cloaks,  eti'. ; 
!i  siceak-tliier.     Kersey,  llOS.     [Slang.] 


ily  Molaedlidw  :  the  yellow  wagtails,  of  which 
there  are  many  species,  as  B.  Jlava.     See  Mo- 
tiieiliida;  iragtail. 
buer,  «.     A  gnat.     Hnlliwell.     [North.  Eng.] 


Whan  they  for  sonles  seye  the  psalm  of  Davit, 
Lo,  bu/'  they  soyo,  cor  nienni  eructavit. 

Chuiieer,  Sunuuouers  Tale,  1.  226, 

buflf'  (l)uf),  »i.  and  a.    [I'larly  mod.  E.  buffe,  short 
"     "    n.   It.  A  buffalo." 


lor  hufilei,  q.  V,]     I. 


budge-barrel  (buj'bar'el),  n.    A  small  barrel  buft,  boef-'t,  inlerj.    An  exclamation  represent 

with  only  one  head,  a  piece  of  leather  which     ing  the  sound  made  by  eructatiou   iu   conSB' 

is  drawn  together  upon  strings  being  nailed     (juoncc  of  ovcieating, 

U]ion  the  other  end.     It  is  used  in  action  I'or 

carrying  jjowder  or  cartridges  with  a  gun  or 

mortar.     Also  called  budge. 
budgonesst  (bu,i'ne8),  11.     [<  budget,  a.,  2,  + 

-uiss.\     Sterimess;  severity. 
A  great  Bellomt  for  fmdgenejut. 

Stanlhurgt,  (pioted  iti  Warton's  Hist.  Eng.  I'oetry,  808. 
budger  (bu.i'er),  n.    One  who  moves  or  stirs 

triiiu  liis  |iiace. 

1.1  the  llrst  liudqer  die  the  other's  slave. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  I.  8. 

budgero,  budgercw  (buj'ro),  «.    [Anglo-Ind., 

also  bajrii,  re|ir.  Hind,  hajrii,  a  kind  of  pleasuro- 
lioat.]  A  lunibeiiug  ki'cUess  barge,  foiinerly 
much  used  l>y  iMiropeaiis  travcliiigon  the  Gaii- 
getic  rivers.  '  Yule  and  Ilurnelt.  Mho  budgero- 
boa  I,  buggerou-boal. 

They  (the  ladles  of  Cnlcuttnl  .  .  .  went  upon  the  river 
In  bii,lr,rrow»  and  illverted  tliemselvrs  wllh  llshlng  or 
f..wling,  J.  T.  H'lieel.r.  Short  lll«l.  India,  p.  JiK). 

budget  (biij'ot),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bow- 
i/il;  <  F.  Imugeltc  (=  II.  hohielUi),  duii.  of  OF. 
houqe,  a  Img:  see  budge".  IIi'Ih'c,  in  Hcnsc  4, 
I),  and  F.  budget.]  1.'  A  siniill  bag  or  suck;  a 
pouch  <M-  iiorliiblo  dc|)i>Hit(iry  for  iiiiMc'cllaiirous 
arl,icleH:  now  chiefly  figurative:  us,  to  oiiiii  a 
budget  of  iK'WS. 

II  tinkeni  may  have  leave  lo  llvo, 
And  hear  I  he  "»"w-  Hkln  tiudget. 

Sliak.,  W.  T.,  Iv.  8  (song). 


/;ii//ii/r>  lit.),  a  linllle,  a  bulje.  Ftnrio. 

I!iijl!e  [I'M,  the  Iniffe,  bnllle,  bnglc,  or  wild  ox.     Catgrnee. 

There  are  also  wible  bcastes  bred  iu  those  W(u)ds,  as 
lluJI'eti,  Bcares,  and  blacko  Wolues. 

Ilnkbnit'e  Voiiages,  I.  248. 

They  Iinuc  also  the  qualities  of  a  nuffe:  for  if  they  seo 
a  man  elolhed  in  red,  they  run  vpon  him  inunedlalely  to 
kill  him.  ihiklutit'x  Vngngeti,  I.  llfl. 

2,  A  kind  of  thick  leathei-,  originally  and  (irop- 
erly  inndeof  llie  skiu  ollhe  bulTnIo,  bill  now  also  ' 
of  the  skins  of  oilier  aniiiialw,  as  elks,  oxen, 

etc.  It  Is  dressed  so  as  lo  be  us  lleylble  as  possible,  and 
without  a  glazed  lU-  altlllelally  colored  surface.  It  Is 
used  for  nmUIng  bells,  lionehes,  gloves,  etc.,  and  In  the 
later  nilildle  ages  lame  Into  use  to  lake  the  pboe  In  a 
lueiuinri'  of  light  armor:  as,  "  a  suit  of  (>"/,"  .Slink.,  C.  of 
!■;.,  Iv.  2.     Also  called  Inif  lent  tier. 

ills  doublet  was  of  sturdy  liuf. 

And  Ihongh  not  sword    yet  cudgel  luoof. 

.S.  ilutler,  lluillliras,  1.  I.  SOS, 

3,  A  biifT-coat  (whicli  see). 
Ill  make  a  shift  lo  drain  It 
lav  I  part  Willi  I (sand  liu/l 

I'rard,  Sir  Meholas  at  Marstim  Moor, 

4,  The  color  of  bulT-leiither ;  a  yellow  color 
(leflcieiil  ill  luminosity  and  in  cliroiiiii. —  6.  J>1. 
Till'  lliinl  regiiueiil    (if  i\w  lino  in   llio   liritish 


buff 

anny :  so  called  from  the  color  of  the  facings  of 
thcdr  uniform.  The  7Sth  regiment  is  calleii  tlie  Iloss- 
sliire  litiffii  for  the  same  reason. 

6.  In  7H«?.,  the  buffy  coat.  Seebuffy.  —  7.  A 
buiT-Hlifk;  a  huff- wheel. —  8.  The  "hare  skin: 
;is,  III  strip  to  tliii  //»//'.  L*jollftl-]- In  buff,  nuked. 
Iron  buff,  ^i  inl.ir  in.'illiuid  In  dyeing  witli  lerrie  oxi<l, 
hy  llrst  iniiire;;nalin^,^  the  enttnii  willi  a  ferrous  salt  solu- 
tion.  .■ind  tlien  passin;^"  it  tljrnuudi  an  alltuline  scilution  to 
[ireeiijitate  fern.ns  liydrate  ;  tlie  latter  is  ahange<l  to  ferric 
hydrate  hy  simple  e.\posure  to  the  air. 

II.  a.  1 .  Made  of  biift'-leather. 

Dill  not  I  take  you  up  from  thence,  in  an  old  greasy 
biijf  doul)lct,  with  points,  and  gi-een  velvet  sleeves,  ont 
at  the  elhiiws?  B.  Jomon,  Epicocne,  iii.  1. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  buff-leather ;  brownish-yel- 
low.—Buff  Cochin,  a  variety  of  the  Cochin  fowl  of 
which  both  cock  and  lien  are  of  a  uniform  buff  color. 

buffi  (buf ),  ('.  t.  [<  ftHifl,  «.,  7.]  To  polish  with 
a  luitt'-wheel  or  buff-stick. 

buff-  (buf),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  *hiiffe»,  hoffcn,  stam- 
mer, <  OF.  buffer,  bii/cr,  later  and  mod.  F. 
boiiff'cr  (and  boi(ffir),  puff,  blow,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
bufiir  =  It.  biiffinr,  formerly  also  boffarc,  dial. 
boffar  (ML.  biiffarc),  puff,  "blow,  puff  out  the 
cheeks ;  a  widely  spread  word,  in  part  imita- 
tive, appearing  in  E.  in  the  lit.  sense  in  the 
form  )tuff,  q.  v.     Gf^ulP,  huffcfl-,  buffoon,  etc.] 

1.  To  stammer.     [Sow  only  prov.  Eng.] 
Reliable  nas  he  nojt  of  tonge,  ac  (but]  of  speche  liastyt, 
Bufniifl.  *  niest  [most)  wanne  he  were  in  wraththe  or  in 

stryf.  Hubert  of  Glottcri^tn;  ].  414. 

2.  To  emit  a  dull  sound.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

buff-  (buf),  n.     [<  buff-,  V.    Cf.  buffard,  buffer^.;] 

1.  AduU  fellow;  a  drone.— 2.  Nonsense;  triv- 
ial or  idle  talk :  as,  that  is  all  buff'. 

[CoUoq.  or  slang.] 
buff-^t  (buf),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  buffe  (found  in 
ME.  only  in  the  deriv.  form  btiff'efi,  q.  v.)  = 
MHCi.  buf,  buff,  biiff,pvf,  G.  puff  =mjG.  buff 
=  ODan".  buff  =  Sw.  dial,   buff  <  OF.  buffc, 
buf'e,  a  slap,  box,  blow,  buffet,  prop,  a  slap  on 
the  cheek  (cf.  bouffe),  =  Olt.  buffa,  the  cheeks 
puffed  out,  a  puff  with  the  mouth,  also  strife, 
contention,  mod.  It.  a  trick,  jest,  =  Sp.  bu/a, 
also  befa,  a  jest,  jeer,  ML.  buffa,  the  cheeks 
puffed  out  (cf.  It.  buffo,  dial,  boff,  a  puff  of 
wind,  a  comic  actor,  =Sp.  bufo,  a  comic  actor: 
see  buffoon) ;  cf .  ML.  buffarej  OF.  buffer,  bufcr, 
etc.,  puff:  see  buff'^.]    A  blow;  a  slap;  a  box; 
a  stroke  ;  a  buffet. 
Nathelesse  so  sore  a  huf  to  him  it  lent, 
That  made  him  reele,  aud  to  his  brest  his  bever  bent. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  v.  6. 

To  stand  buff,  to  endure  blows  without  flinching  ;  con- 
front without  fear.  [Another  signification  has  been  sug- 
gested for  the  phrase,  viz.,  to  stand  stripped  to  the6«/or 
skin,  like  boxers.l 

And  for  the  good  old  cause  sttwd  huff 
'Gainst  m.any  a  bitter  kick  and  cuff. 

S.  Butler,  Hudiliras. 

buff3  (buf),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  buffe  (found  in 
ME.  only  in  the  deriv.  form  buffet^,  q.  v.)  = 
MLG.  LGr.  buffen  =  G.  puffcn  =  ODan.  buffe  = 
Sw.  dial,  buffo,  <  OF.  buffer,  buffoyer,  slap, 
strike,  maltreat,  <  buff'e,  bufe,  a  slap,  box,  blow, 
buffet:  see  buff'^,  ».]'     If. "To  strike;  bullet. 

There  was  a  shock 
To  have  bupd  out  the  blood 
From  aught  but  a  block. 
B.  Joiison,  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 

2.  To  resist ;  deaden,  as  a  buffer. 

buff*  (buf),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  buffe,  buffc, 
<  It.  buff'a,  "the  buffie  or  breathing-holes  of  a 
head-piece  or  helmet"  (Florio);  a  particular 
•  use  of  buffa,  the  cheeks  puffed  out:  see  buff'^.J 
In  old  armor,  the  chin-piece  of  the  burgonet, 
corresponding  to  the  aventaile,  and  pierced 
with  holes  to  allow  breathing.  The  burgonet  being 
a  light  helmet  without  face-guard,  the  buff  was  added  to 
it  when  further  defense  was  needed. 

buff 5  (buf),  w.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  bouf/h^;  cf.  duff; 
var.  of  dough,  barf,  var.  of  bargh."]  A  bough. 
BalUwell.     [Prov."  Eng.] 

buffalo  (buf 'a-16),  n. ;  pi.  buffaloes  or  -los  (-loz). 
[In  early  mod.  E.  usually  buffe,  buffie  (see  buff'^, 
buffc''-)  =  D.  buffcl  =  M"LG." 6H/fe«  =  MHG.  buf- 
fel,  G.  biiffel  =  "Sw.  buffcl  =  ODan.  buffcl,  boffcl, 
Dan.  boflel  (<  F.  buff'e);  in  the  foi-m  buffalo,  < 
Sp.  bufcilo  =  Pg.  bufalo,  bufaro  =  It.  bufalo, 
bufolo,  bubalo,  foi-merly  buffalo,  =  Pr.  bubali, 
br'ufol,  brufe  =  F.  buffe'  =  Wall,  birol  =  Hrmg. 
biv'al,  bial  =  Alb.  bual,  bul  =  Kuss.  buivolii, 
builo  =  Little  Russ.  batvol,  buirol,  builo  =  Pol. 
bujwol,  bawol  (baiTed  I)  =  Bohem.  burol  =  Serv. 
bivo  =  OBulg.  buirolu,  Bulg.  bivol,  <  ML.  bufahis, 
buffalus,  bufolus  (NL.  bubalus,  also  as  specific 
name  buffc'lus).  <  L.  Ijubaluti,  the  wild  ox,  ear- 
lier and  more  properly  an  African  antelope  (= 
NGr.  /io!i/3aAof,  ^ov^ali,  a  buffalo),  <  Gr.  pov^a- 


709 

/^of,  also  ftovfia'Xi^,  an  African  species  of  ante- 
lope, perhaps  the  hartbeest;  prob.  (simulating 
Gr.  jhiir,  an  ox)  from  a  native  African  name.] 
1.  A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  family  Boridw, 
the  best-known  species  of  which  is  the  Jiuhalus 
buff'elus  or  Bos  bubalus,  larger  than  the  ox  and 


Common  BulTalo  {Biibatus  biijfelus). 

with  stouter  limbs,  originally  from  India,  but 
now  fouTid  in  most  of  the  wanner  countries  of 
the  eastern  hemisphere.  It  is  less  docile  than  the 
common  o.v,  and  is  fond  of  marshy  places  and  rivers.  It 
is,  however,  used  in  tillage,  draft,  and  carriage  in  India 
and  elsewhere.  The  female  gives  much  more  milk  than 
the  cow,  and  from  the  milk  the  ghee  or  clarified  butter  of 
India  is  made.     The  Cape  buffalo,  Bubalus  or  Bos  cajfcr. 


^y^^--„--%.- 


C.^pe  Buffalo  {Bitbalns  caffer). 

is  distinguished  by  the  shape  of  its  horns,  which  are  black 
and  united  at  their  bases,  forming  a  great  bony  plate  on 
the  front  of  the  head.  It  attains  the  size  of  an  ox.  The 
hide  is  exceedingly  tough,  and  a  valuable  leather  is  pre- 
pared from  it,  but  the  flesh  is  not  highly  esteemed. 
2.  A  name  given  to  various  wild  oxen,  or 
Bovime,  and  particularly  to  the  bison  of  North 
America,  Bison  americanus.  See  bison. —  3.  A 
buffalo-robe. — 4.  Abuft'alo-tish. —  5.  A  leather 
hamper  used  for  carrying  bobbins. —  6.  pi. 
[cap.}  In  U.  S.  hist.,  a  name  given  by  their  op- 
ponents to  those  members  of  the  Locofoco  or 
Equal  Eights  party  who  in  1836  accepted  the 
overtures  of  the  regular  Democratic  organiza- 
tion (Tammany)  toward  a  coalition. — 7.  2>l.  A 
nickname  given  to  the  dwellers  on  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina. 

buffalo-berry  (buf 'a-16-ber"i),  H.  1.  The  fruit 
of  tlie  Slicphcrdia  "argentca,  a  shrub  or  small 
tree  which  grows  in  western  North  America. — 
2.  The  tree  itself. 

buffalo-bird  (buf 'a-16-berd),  n.  A  bird  of  the 
genus  Sfuruopastor :  so  called  because  it  asso- 
ciates with  buffaloes. 

I  never  tired  of  w.itcbing  the  friendly  relation  between 
the  BiiJ/'alo-birds  (.■^turnopastor  ialla  and  S.  nielanopterus) 
and  their  bovine  hosts. 

//.  0.  Forbes,  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  55. 

buffalo-bug  (buf'a-lo-bug),  n.  A  name  of  the 
carpet-beetle. 

buffalo-chips  (buf'a-lo-chips),  n.  ijI.  The  dry 
dimg  of  the  bison,  formerly  used  for  fuel  on  the 
western  plains  of  North  America. 

buffalo-cod  (buf'a-16-kod),  u.  A  chiroid  fish, 
OitkiiHhin  cloiii/atus  ;  the  cultus-cod. 

buffalo-fish  (buf'a-16-fish),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  lishes  of  the  family  Catostomidw,  or 
suckers,  and  genus  Jctiobus  or  Bubalichthiis. 
They  are  among  the  largest  of  the  suckers,  somewhat  re- 
semble carp,  aud  abound  iu  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  the 
United  .St.ates.  The  name  was  probably  given  on  account 
of  the  piotuberant  or  hump  like  back,  which  rises  highest 
near  the  front  of  the  dorsal  fin.  Several  species  are  recog- 
nized.    See  Icliobinm.  .,.,„,,      , 

buffalo-guat  (buf 'a-16-nat),  n.  A  kind  of  black- 
tly,  a  dipterous  insect  of  the  genus  Simulium 
and  family  Simuliidie.  It  is  found  in  almost  incredi- 
ble numbei-s  in  the  southern  and  western  Uniteil  States, 
and  is  a  dreaded  pest  of  cattle,  rendering  the  animals  fran- 
tic and  in  some  cases  causing  death. 

buffalo-grass  (buf'a-16-gras),  11.  A  common 
name  for  several  low  grasses  very  prevalent 
upon  the  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
including  Buchloi:  dacti/loides,  a  dia?cious  spe- 
cies, and  Hdutcloua  oligostachya,  'with  others  of 
the  same  genus. 

buffalo-jack  (buf 'a-16-jak),  n.  A  fish  of  the  fam- 
ily Caruugidm,  Coram  pisquetus.     [Bermuda.] 


buffer-block 

buffalo-nufc  (buf'a-16-nut),  n.  1.  The  fruit  of 
tlic  Noil li  American  shrub I'yruluria  oleifvra. — 
2.  Till-  plant  itself.     Also  called  oil-nut. 

buffalo-pea  (buf'a-16-pe''),  n.  The  groiind- 
]iluiii,  Aslriii/alusi'inyocarjius.    [Western  U.  S.] 

buffalo-perch  (liut';i-16-porcli),  «.  1.  A  fish  of 
th(!  family  Sciwuidse,  Ajilodiiiotus  ( Haplodinotus) 
grunnicns,  with  elevated  back  or  shoulders ;  the 
bubbler  or  fresh-water<lrumlish.  Ilajinesquc. — 
2.  A  fish  of  tlie  family  Catoslomidee,  Ictiobus 
buliiilus;  a  biiffalo-fisb. 

buffalo-robe  (buf'a-lo-rob),  n.  The  skin  of  the 
liisiin  of  North  America,  prcjiared  with  tlie  hair 
on,  and  used  as  a  can-iage-rug  and  in  other  ways 
for  ]irotection  from  the  cold. 

buffardt,  «.  [MK.,  <  OF.  bouffard,  puffing, 
blowing,  swelling;  as  a  noun,  a  glutton;  < 
bonffcr,  puff,  blow :  see  buff'-^,  and  cf.  buffej'^."] 
A  fool. 

Yetwol  she  .  .  .  take  a  hvffard  richc  of  gret  vilesse, 
In  hope  that  he  shal  stenic  withynne  a  wliile. 

Lydtfate,  Minor  Toema,  p.  .'12. 

buff-coat  (bvif'kot),  H.  1.  A  military  coat  made 
of  buff-leather,  which  gradually  replaced  the 
buff-jerkin  as  armor  of  steel  became  less  com- 
mon, and  was  in  especial  favor  at  the  time 
of  the  English  civil  wars.  The  buff-coat  was  com- 
monly worn  by  itself,  and  was  so  thick  and  unyielding  as 
to  be  considered  proof  against  the  sword,  and  even  against 
a  pistol-ball  except  when  fired  at  sliort  range.  It  wa« 
also  worn  over  the  cuirass,  which  it  partly  concealed,  and 
under  it,  especially  among  soldiers  regularly  enlisted. 
IjUft-c^)ats  were  sometimes  richly  embroidered  with  col- 
ored silks. 

Hence  —  2.  A  soldier. 

Schisniatical  jiravity  will  grow  up  under  the  licentiouB- 
ness  of  war ;  some  profane  Intjf-coats  will  authorize  such 
inri-iuliaries.      Bit:  Iluclcet,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  170. 

buffe't,  etc.     See  buff"^,  etc. 

buffel,  buffel-duck,  etc.     See  bnfflc'^,  etc. 

bufferl  (buf'er),  n.  [<  buffi-  +  .(/-l.]  If.  A  per- 
son who  killed  sound  horses  in  order  to  sell 
their  hides. — 2.  Same  as  buff-wheel. 

buffer'-^  (buf'er),  «.  [<  ME.  buffcre,  <  "buffen, 
boffen,  stutter,  stammer:  see  huff'^,  v.,  and  cf. 
buffard.']     If.  A  stammerer. 

'The  tunge  of  buji'ercs  [L.  balbimim]  swiftli  shal  speke 
and  pleynly.  n'l/clij,  Isa.  xxxii.  4  (0.xf.). 

2.  A  foolish  fellow;  afellow;  aduffer:  aterm 
expressive  of  extreme  familiarity,  and  gener- 
ally having  a  flavor  of  contempt.  [Slang  or 
eolloq.] 

As  the  water  grew  rougher 
The  more  my  poor  hero  continued  to  suffer. 
Till  the  Sailors  themselves  cried,  in  pity, 
"Poor  Buffer  J" 

Barham,  Ingoidaby  legends,  I.  305. 

3t.  A  person  who  took  pay  to  swear  false 
oaths ;  a  hired  perjurer, 
buffer^  (buf 'er),  H.  [<ft«/3,  t..,-f  .f,-l.]  1.  One 
who  buffs  or  strikes ;  a  hitter.  [Rare.]— 2.  Any 
apparatus  for  deadening  the  concussion  be- 
tween a  moving  body  and  one  against  which  it 
strikes.  Specifically,  an  appai-atus  attached  to  railroad- 


Buffer. 

Part  of  under  frameof  an  English  railway-carriage,  showing  buffia^- 
springs,  a  a,  acted  on  at  the  ends  by  lods  from  the  buffer-blocks,  di. 

cars  to  prevent  injury  from  violent  contact  or  collision. 
'The  buffer  shown  above,  which  represents  the  form  com- 
mon on  British  railways,  consists  of  powerful  springs  and 
framing  attached  to  carriages  and  wagons  to  deaden  the 
concussion  between  them  when  they  come  into  collision. 
Hence — 3.  Anything  which  serves  to  deaden 
or  neutralize  the  shock  of  opposing  forces. 

It  is  evident  that  the  period  of  an  indefinitely  collaps- 
ing policy  has  closed.  'This  means,  inevitably,  the  near 
approach  of  an  end  to  the  system  of  political  buffers  so 
far  as  India  is  concerned.  Kdinbtirgh  Rev.,  CLXIII.  19. 
A  sense  of  humor  .  .  .  may  have  seA-ed  as  a  buffer 
against  the  too  importunate  shock  of  disappointment. 

Lou-efl,  .\mong  my  Books,  '2d  ser.,  p.  313. 
Hydraulic  buffer.    See  hydraulic. 

buner-bar  (buf'er-bar),  II.  A  bar  of  -wrought- 
iron  placed  at  the  end  of  a  raiU-oad-car  to 
deaden  the  concussion  between  it  and  the  next. 
Tlie  buffer-bars  act  generally  upon  a  pair  of  springs, 
which  give  an  elastic  resistance  when  two  cars  come  to- 
getlier. 

buffer-beam  (buff  r-bem),  «.  1.  A  transverse 
timber  secured  to  the  end  sUl  of  a  freight-car. 
The  dead-blocks  are  connected  with  this  beam. 
—  2.  The  end  timber  of  the  platform  of  a  pas- 
senger-car. 

buffer-block  (buf'er-blok).  n.  1.  A  block  or 
piece  of  timber  attached  to  the  end  timber  of  a 
car,  or  of  the  platform  of  a  passenger-ear,  above 


710 

2.  Made  of  bufim:  as,  "buffiyi  gowns,''  Mas- 
siiDjer,  City  Madam,  iv.  4. 

il.  «,  A  coarse  cloth  in  use  in  the  time  o£ 
Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

Grograms,    broaJ    or   narrow,    called  £wj?i7u\?,    pnize 
[weighj  4  lbs.  one  with  another. 

Laimlowne  MS.,  1592.     (Drapers  Did.) 

^_  ^  [<  ft«/l    +  -iHfll.]     The 

operation  of  diminishing  the  thickness  of  a  hide 
by  means  of  a  cuii-iers"  knife  or  a  splitting- 
machine,  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  sup- 
pleness of  the  leather;  hence,  the  layer  so 
shaved  off ;  the  amount  of  lessening  effected. 

When  about  one-third  tanned,  the  hides  are  removed 
from  the  tanning  liquor  and  a  btt^jino  is  taken  off  of  each 
^-       ,      „  ,  .       „       .  hide.  C.  r.  i)ams,  Leather,  p.  586. 

tada).  a  blow,  <  buffe,  biife,  a  blow:  see  i»/2.]  buffing-block  (buf'ing-blok),  ii.     Same  as  hiif- 
1.  A  blow  with  the  fist;  a  bos;  a  cuff:  a  slap;     ,  ,._/,/„,.7,., 
hence,  hard  usage  of  any  kind  suggestive  of  ^jufing.fathe   (buf 'ing-laSH),  «.     A  lathe  in 
blows;  a  violent  shock  or  concussion:  as,"for-    .^j^jpij  ^letal  plates  are  poUshed.     The  buffer 
tune's  baffets,"  Shak.,  Hamlet,  lii.  2.  j^^y  ^,g  of  leather,  cotton,  or  other  material, 

ITie  kynge  redressed  h>nn  and  yafhj-msoche  a ftu/pM-pon       ^  j    ^^p^j  .j^-jfj,  various  polishiug-powders. 
tl^Jefte  temple  that  the  blode^braste^outeo|m^o^^^  buffing-machine    (buf '  inVma-shIn  "),    «.     A 


buffer-block 

the  draw-bar,  to  keep  the  cars  from  coming 

together  if  the  draw-bar  gives  way. — 2.  The 

flat  head  of  a  buffer-bar.   See  cut  under  buffer^. 

\l«o  called  btilfing-ilocl: 

bnffer-liead  (buf'er-hed),  n.     Same  as  6»/er- 

blorl:,  -2.  .  ^.  , 

buffer-spring(buf'er-spriiig),H.  Aspnng which 

gives  elastieitv  to  a  buffer,  so  as  to  lessen  the  buffing  (bufmg) 
shock  of  collision.  Also  called  ftH#«<7-si>WH(;. 
See  cut  under  buffers — Auxiliary  buffer-spring, 
in  railroad-cars,  a  spring  seemed  behind  a  draw -spring.  Ui 
resist  more  strongly  the  pressure  on  the  draw-bar  in  buff- 
ing.   

buffetl  (l)uf'et),  n.  [<  ME.  buffet,  boffet,  bofet 
(=  leel.  huifeit),  <  OF.  bufet,  bii/et  (=  It.  biif- 
feto.formei-lv  bufetto,  bofetto;  cf.  Sp.Pg.  bofe- 


bufoniform 

buffon,  »■     Same  as  buffont. 

buffontt,  ».  [<  F.  bouffant  (et  "  bouffancs  [sic], 
puffs  in  a  garment"  —  Cotgi-ave),  ppr.  of  bmijf- 
fir,  puff  out:  see  buff",  buffct^.l  A  projecting 
or  puffed-out  covering  of  gauze  or  linen  for  the 
breast,  much  worn  by  women  about  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century. 

buffoon  (bu-fon'),  H.  and  a.  [<  F.  bouffon,  < 
It.  hulf'one  (=  Sp.  bufon  =  Pg.  bufao),  a  jester, 
<  hufa  (=  Sp.  bufa),  a  jest,  mocking,  connect- 
ed with  bufarc  (=  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  hufar  =  F.  bouf- 
fer),  puff.'blow:  see  buff",  buffet'^.']  I.  jj.  One 
who  makes  a  practice  of  amusing  others  by 
tricks,  odd  gestures  and  postirres,  jokes,  and 
other  vulgar  pleasantries ;  a  droll ;  a  merry- 
andrew ;  a  clowu  ;  a  jester. 
The  scurril  talk  of  bufoous,  pleasants,  and  jesters. 

Holland,  tr.  of  I'hltareh,  p.  487. 

Bufoons  that  have  a  talent  of  mimicking  the  speech 

and  behaviour  of  other  persons.  Totter,  No.  268. 

=  Syil.  See  zatnt. 

11.  a.  i 


chine  used  for  buffing  or  polishing, 


For  God's  sake,  sir,  be  merry,  or  else  bear  .  ^  ^      ^       ._ 

The  buffig  of  your  fortune  »ith  more  scorn  !  DUffing-Sprmg    (but  mg-sprmg),   n. 

'Beau,  and  Ft,  Honest  Mans  Fortune,  iv.  1.     hufcr-spriiig. 
We  get  .  .  .  many  a  bufet  of  .the  rough  water  of  e.\-peri-  'buffinff-wlieel  (buf 'ing-hwel),  n.     Same  as  buf- 

-     "  ,  ceoiir.1  *I,M  l,flr<,  ritrht  tn  live.  ,        P  \  tj  / 

n-iieel. 
buff-jerkin  (buf 'jer'kin),  H.    1.  A  garment  for- 
merly worn  under  the  corselet,  and  made  of  buft'- 


ence,  before  we  secure  the  bare  right  to  live. 

Lomll,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  13S. 
2f.  A  blast  of  wind. 

Thav  blwe  a  bufet  in  blande  that  banned  peple. 

AUiterathe  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  885. 

buffetl  (buf 'et).  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buffeted,  ppr. 
hulfetiug.  [<  ME.  buffeten,  bofeten  =  Icel.  huf- 
feita  (cf.  Sp.  bofetear,  abofetear,  Pg.  bofetenr  = 
it. buffctaie. bofettegiare — Florio), buffet ;  from 
the  noun.]  I.  'trans.  1 .  To  strike  with  the  hand 
or  fist ;  box ;  beat. 

Then  did  they  spit  in  his  face,  and  buffeted  him ;  and 
others  smote  him  with  the  palms  of  theil'  hands. 

2.  To  beat  in  contention; 

if  with  blows:  as,  to  buffet 
Tile  t'lrreiit  roar'd  ;  and 
With  histv  sinews  ;  tlirowing  it  aside 
And  steniining  it  with  hearts  of  controversy. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  2, 

n.  intrana.  To  exercise  at  boxing ;  box;  con- 
tend with  blows  of  the  fists;  hence,  to  force 
one's  way  by  buffeting. 

If  I  might  buffet  for  my  love,  ...  I  could  lay  on  like  a 
tiutcher.  '  .SViafc.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

I  caught  her;  then 
Oaring  one  arm,  and  behring  in  my  left 
llie  weight  of  all  the  hopes  of  half  the  world, 
Strove  to  buffet  to  land  in  vain.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

buffet^  fbnf'ot,  or,  as  F.,  bii-fa'),  «•  [Sometimes 
crrnnfously  written  hcaufet  (simulating  F.  beau, 
tine  —  a  notion  present,  in  another  form,  in  the 
orig.  use),  <  ME.  buffttt.  buffit,  boffet,  bofet  (in 
def.  4,  and  comp.  Iiuffet-^tool,^  q.  v.)  =  D.  G, 
Dan.  Sw.  1>uffct  =  Ru.ss.  bufefu,  a  sideboard,  = 
Sp.  Pg.  biifcte,  a  desk,  ^\Titing-table,  Pg.  also 
a  sideboard,  <  F.  Intffet,  a  sideboard,  a  cup- 
board, in  older  F.  esp.  of  an  elegant  or  costly 
kind,  "a  court  cnpboord,  or  high-standing  cup- 
boord,  also  a  cupboord  of  plate,  also  as  much 
plate  as  will  furnish  a  cupboord"  (Cotgrave), 
al.so  a  desk  or  writing-table,  <  It.  buffetlo.  for- 
merly also  Imff'ilto.  IX  cupboard,  sideboard,  liuf- 
fet  (SUj.  bufituni,  a.  buffet,  cf.  buffctu.%  a  coun- 
cil ;  cf.  bureau  in  similar  senses),  appar.  so 
called  from  its  elegance,  being  =  OF.  bufoi, 
huffoin,  sumptuoiisness,  show,  pomp,  fine  equi- 
page, <  bufer.  liuffer  (=  It.  buffarc,  etc.),  puff, 
hi  '  •--.-•--• 


Characteristic  of  a  buffoon ;  buffoonish. 

Neither  buffoon  nor  contemptible.       Lamb,  Old  .\ctoi-s. 
Buffoon  stories.  Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

Same  as  ^j^ifOQH  (Ijii.fon'),  i'.    l<  buffoon,  n.'i    I.  iutrans. 
To  act  the  part  of  a  buffoon.   Drijden.    [Bare.] 
II.  trans.  To  make  ridftsulous.     [Rare.] 
Keligion  . 


.  despised,  buffooned,  exposed , is  ridiculous. 
Olanville,  Sermons,  i.x.  :i43. 

Went  to  see  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's  ridiculous  farce 
and  rhapsody,  called  "The  Recital,"  Imffooniufi  all  plays, 
yit  prophanc  enough.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Dec.  14,  1071. 


leather,  whence  its  name.     It  took  the  place 
of  the  acton  and  gambeson. —  2.  A  waistcoat 

made  of  buff -leather;  hence,  a  waistcoat  made  buffoonersr  (bu-fon'er-i) 
of  cloth  of  a  buff  color,    it  seems  to  have  been  con- 
sidered the  peculiar  mark  of  constables  and  other  officers 
of  the  law. 

Fighting!  what's  fighting?  it  may  be  in  fashion 

Among  provant  swords,  and  biiff-jerki/i  men. 

Fletcher  {and  another).  Elder  Brother,  v.  1. 


ji. ;  pi.  buffooneries 

(-iz).     [(.'buffoon  +  -fn/,  after  F.  bouffouneric.'] 

The  art  and  practices  of  a  buffoon;  low  jests; 

ridiculous  pranks;  vulgar  tricks  and  postures. 

No  merit  w.is  secure,  no  person  free 

From  its  licentious  buffoonery. 

Oldham,  Horace's  Art  of  Toctry. 


with  pale  buff  as  in  the  case  of  buff'-laced  Po-  ijuffo^^-get  (bu-fou'iz),  v.  t 
hsh  fowls,  or  of  birds  of  which  the  color  IS  pale     rjtj^^"^       Vinslieu   1617 
buff,  each  feather  being  laced  witli  dark  buft'.  .i  ■   •     - 

bufflel  (buf'l),  «.  [<  F.  buffc,  a  buffalo.]  1. 
A  buffalo. —  2.  A  duck,  BueephuUi  albcola,  abim- 
dant  in  North  America,  it  has  a  short  blue  bill  and 
a  head  the  apparent  size  nf  wliich  is  greatly  increased  by 


buffoonly  (bu-fon'li),  «, 
Buffoonish.     [Rare.] 


[<  buffoon  +  -i~e.] 
[<  buffoon  +   -?;/!.] 


sh  tricks  and  buffoonly  discourse. 

./.  Goodman,  Winter  Eve.  Conference,  1. 


Buflle  iBitce/>ha/a  altieota). 

the  fullness  of  its  feathers.  The  nnile  Is  clilelly  black 
above  and  white  below,  the  head  bihig  irldesccnt-lilaik 
with  a  huge  white  occiiiltnl  space.  Also  called (/HJ/(e-/i.rt(/, 
buffle-dnek,  bxijlte-headeil  duek,  Kjiirit-duek,  dipper,  and  bul- 
terhali.     Also  spelled  buffet. 


ow.  see  huff-,  and  cf.  Iiuffrll.l  1.  A  cupboard,  bufEle'-^  (buf'l),  r.    [Frcq.  of  Imff",  stammer:  see 

ilebiiard,   or  i-loH(-t,  designcil   to   hold  china,  /y»(/"-.]     I.  intrans.   1.   To  spi'ak  thickly  or  in- 

•v-tiil.  plate,  ami  other  like  articles. —  2.  The  niiiculatcly.      [I'rov.  Eng.]  —  2\.  To  bo  puz- 

.     set    apart   for   refreshments    in   public  j-lod ;  be  at  a  loss.    .Vici'/'H. 

•  -.—3.  That  part  of  the  .■al.iiiet-work  of  jj_  irons.  To  handle  clumsily. 

1  organ  which  incloses  the  ^>\\ich. — 4.  Same  buff-leather  (l"if'le*TTicr),  h.   Same  as /<«/!,  2. 

.Iniilfl-.Htool.   IVriglil,\'Tc>v.Uu\.  [Prov.  Eng.]  buffle-duck  {l'iit'l-(l\ik),  w.     Same  as /<«(;/<■', -. 
buffeter   (buf 'et-^'r),  «.     One  who   buffets  or  buffle-head  (Imfl-hed),  n.     It.  One  who  has  a 


sink's  witb  the  hand  or  fist;  a  l)oxer. 
buffeting  (biif'et-ing),  H.    [Verlml  n.  of  buffet^, 
<.\    A  lieiiting;  nblow;  a  btiffot. 
'I    '     !  "IthnKHMl  these  Imffrlimi'  lo  the  Inut  till  «lck- 
hlni.  HIrrne,  Trlntmiii  Sliiinily,  vl.  18. 

1,  I    (buf'et-HtOl),  «.     [<    Mi;,   buffttt 

■•loir,  also  simply  hnjjlt,  liol'et    (see 


lurge  (ir  n(  lipid  head,  like  a  buffalo's. 

Wliiit  makes  you  stare  so,  bultlfliead  I 

Plautut  (truM.),  ir,;>i 

2.  Same  as  bufflel,  2. 
buffle-headedt  (buf'l-hed'ed),  a.     Tlaving  a 
large  liciid,  like  n  buffalo's;  dull;  stujiid;  fool- 
isli.     (ioi/l,,)!.  Notes  on  Don  Quixoli',  III,  I), 
"'lie  cc 


liuffef'i  +   *(««;/.]     A  stool  with  buffle-hom  (biif'l-liorn),  h.    The  common  iniTni 


Ihree  legs,  formerly  ii«ed  in  <'on 
II'  1  till'  biilTct  or  Hiileboard,  and  orten 

-•  I  .   tiilile  or  Hideboard  among  jioor 

|,e.,|.  '         -  ,,. 

buffiet,  •  US  buff-*.     Florio. 

bofflni .,.,..  <i.  antVu.     [Knrly  mod.  E.,  ap- 

Km.  tat  'bnffen,  <  buff*  +  -cn'i.]     I.  «.   1.  Of 
ulT. 
itii/Wtmillt ).  •jfliufT*,  bujflii  Fltrrio. 


in  Soiitli  Africa  of  (he  Iturehelliii  CapenKin,  on 
account  of  the  liardness  and  toiighneSH  ol  the 
wood.     It  In  n  niblnceoiis  slinili.  with  luindiximc  llowcr«. 

'.roi'lliiii'i,  nilllvuli'd  III  liolliollKes. 

buffle-TVOOd  (liufl-wiid),  »i,  SameaK/<Hf?/c-//'ir». 

buffo  (tiuf'o),  ".  fit.,  a  eiiniic  actor,  also  ii  inilT, 
whiff,  <  bupire,  puff,  rally,  mock :  see  buff",  lint- 
foiiii.']  1*110  comic  actor  in  an  opera;  a  comic 
singer. 


buffo-singer  (biif'6-sing"t^r),  Ji.  A  singer  of 
comic  songs  in  opera,  bouffe;  a  buffo. 

buff-stick  (buf'stik),  «.  A  piece  of  stick  cov- 
ered with  leather,  velvet,  velveteen,  or  other 
material,  and  charged -svitli  emery  or  other  pow- 
der, used  iu  polishing. 

buff-tip  (but'tip),  n.  1.  A  name  of  a  Japa- 
nese shrike,  Lanius  bueejdiahi.'i,  so  called  be- 
cau.se  of  a  buff  ]iatch  on  the  wing. —  2.  A  name 
of  a  moth  similarly  marked. 

buffum  (buf'um),  »'i.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  mix- 
ture of  several  inferior  kinds  of  oil,  used  as  an 
adulterant  of  linseed-oil.    Encije.  Brit.    [Eng.] 

buff-'ware  (buf'war),  h.  In  ecrani.,  a  stone- 
ware made  in  Staffordshire.  Englaiul,  from  the 
clay  and  other  ingredients  found  there,  and  not 
decorated,  'rhenaine  is  derived  from  the  nutaral  color 
of  till'  .lay  whin  llnd. 

buff-wheel  (buf'liwel),  ji.    A  -wheel  of  -wood, 

glue,  leather,  light  fabrics,  or  other  material, 
iiseil  with  eiucry,  rouge,  or  oilier  powders  in 
jiolisliiiig  glass  and  metals.  Also  called  liuffcr 
and  liii{)in(i-n'liecl. 

buffy  (I'li'f'i),  "•  [<  ^ii.D'^  +  -.V^-]  Buff-colored;  _ 
pertaining  to  buff  on  the  blood.  Bnffy  coat,  the 
coat  nf  IllMlu  flvf  finin  red  l.lood-cnrinisclcs  on  the  upper 
surface  of  a  bl.mdilnt.  wliiili  is  formed  when  the  coagu- 
latloii  is  delayed  iiiitil  after  the  eoniiiscles  have  sunk  so 
as  lo  li-ave  the  upper  layers  of  the  blood. 

Bufo  (lul'fo).  n.  [E.,  a  toad.]  A  genus  of 
tailless  aiiipliibians.  typical  of  the  family  lUt- 
fouidii;  and  c'liibracing  the  coinnion  toads  of 
lOiirojie  and  North  Amorica.  Seo  cut  uiuler 
tlfiliil-toitll. 

blifonid  (bu'fo-nid).  II.    An  amphibian  of  the 

t';t?nil\'   llutoliiiltf. 

Bufonidae(bu-l'<>n'i-de), »(.  ;-/.  [NE.,<  /lufo(n-) 
+  -tilif.  I  A  fiiinily  of  arcil'erous  salient  aniphihi- 
iiiis,  lyjiilied  by  the  genus  llufo,  \,'i1lioiil  iiiiix- 
illiiry'tcelh  ai'id  willi  ililateil  nacnil  vertebno 
and  "a  broad  Hat  tongue,  free  behind  ;  I  lie  loads, 
'Ihc  body  aiul  llinliH  are  tbicli,  heavy,  and  cliiiiisy,  and  the 
skill  Is  (varlvor  nigosc.  The  .ipcclcs  are  lens  a(|imtlc  than 
(rouH.  not  arboreal  like  tree-toiuls,  and  lunch  less  uglle. 
MniMl  loll  B)KM-li»  are  known.     Si'c  eiil  under  aiinaload. 

bufoniform  (Im-I'on'i  form),  (/.  [<  Ii.  I)uj'o(n-), 
a  tiiiid,  +  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of 
a  toad;  resembling  a  load ;  biifoiioid  ;  specili- 
cally,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  lUifmiformia: 
conlraHled  willi  ninil'onii. 


Bufoniformia 

Bufoniformia  (bu-fou-i-f6r'mi-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Ij.  liiifo(n-),  a  toad  (NL.  litifo),  +  formii, 
form,  +  -«(.]  A  g^'oup  or  suborder  of  salient 
amphibians,  containing  those  having  an  areif- 
erous  sternum  and  no  teeth.  It  includes  the 
llufoiiulw,  Ehinophrynida;  and  Dendrophrynis- 
cidii: 
bufonite  (bu'fon-it),  w.  [<  L.  hufo{n-),  a  toad, 
+  -ilc-.']  Toadstone ;  a  fossil  consisting  of 
the  petrified  teeth  of  Spluerodus,  Pycnodus,  and 
other  Mesozoio  ganoid  fishes.  It  was  formerly 
iiiiuli  (.stemmed  fur  its  iTiuminary  virtues,  and  was  worn 
ill  iiri;is;  it  u  as  t]iuni;lit  tu  ..ri'^iiiate  ill  the  heads  of  toads. 
bufonoid  (bu'fon-oid),  <i.  and  n.  I.  a.  Resem- 
bling a  toad;  bufouiforra;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Biifonoidca. 

II,  II.  A  bufonid  or  other  member  of  the  £m- 
foHftidca. 
Bufonoidea  (bu-fo-noi'de-a),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
l{ufo{ii-)  +  -oidea.l  A  superfamily  of  arcifer- 
ous  phaneroglossate  amphibians,  whose  tad- 
poles have  a  spiracle  on  the  left  side  and  wliose 
adults  are  ribless.  It  embraces  all  the  Arcifcra 
except  the  Discoglos.sida: 
bufta  (buf'ta),  n.  Same  as  haffi. 
bug^  (bug),  «.  [<  ME.  hufige,  prob.  <  W.  Ini'g, 
a  hobgoblin,  specter,  birf/aii,  a  specter,  =  Corn. 
bucca,  a  hobgoblin,  bugbear,  =  Gael.  Ir.  bocaii, 
a  specter,  Ir.  puca,  an  elf,  sprite  (>  E.  puck). 
Cf.  Jo<jf3,  bogy,  bogle,  and  see  bug'^.']  A  hob- 
goblin; a  specter;  anything  terrifying ;  a  bug- 
bear. 

Riglit  as  the  humour  of  melancholye 

Causitli  mauy  a  ni.an  in  slepe  to  crye, 

For  fere  of  beris  [bears]  ore  of  bolis  [bulls]  blake, 

Or  ellis  that  blacke  burjgyg  [var.  deiides]  wol  him  take. 
Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  116. 

Than  beginneth  he  to  remember  his  life,  and  from  that 
he  falletli  to  thinke  vpon  his  de.ath.  .  .  .  And  then  be- 
ginneth he  to  thinke,  that  it  were  good  to  make  sure,  .  .  . 
least  tliL-re  hap  to  be  suche  blacke  bugges  indede  as  folke 
cal  diuelles,  whose  tormentes  he  was  wont  to  take  for 
Poets  tales. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  40. 
The  bug  which  you  would  fright  me  with. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

[Enter  .  .  .  Sylvan  and  a  Nymph,  a  man  Bug,  and  a 
woman.  ] 

1  Bug.  Pray,  master  Usher,  where  must  I  come  in  ? 

•2  Bug.   Am*  I  not  well  for  a  Bug,  master  U-sher? 

Chapman,  Centlemau  Usher,  ii.  1. 

bug-  (bug),  71.  [A  particular  application  of 
6«//l.]  1.  A  term  loosely  applied  to  many 
kinds  of  insects,  commonly  ■with  certain  dis- 
tinctive additions,  as  May-bug,  lady-bug,  laud- 
bugs  (6eoeoriS(B),  water-bugs  (^Hydrocorisce), 
etc. 

You  lie  down  to  your  shady  slumber, 
And  wake  with  a  bug  in  your  ear. 

A^  P.  Willis,  Love  in  a  Cottage. 

Especially  —  2.  The  Gimex  lectidarius,  the  bed- 
bug or  house-bug,  or  any  member  of  this  ge- 
nus or  of  the  family  Cimici- 
da'.  The  bedbug  is  about  t^  inch 
lou;;,  wingless,  with  a  roundish, 
depressed  body,  of  dirty  rust-color, 
and  emits  an  offensive  smell  when 
touched.  The  female  lays  lier  eggs 
In  summer  in  the  crevices  of  furniture 
and  of  the  walls  of  rooms.  Its  larvae 
are  small,  white,  and  semi-transpar- 
ent. They  attain  full  size  in  eleven 
weeks.  The  mouth  of  the  bedbug 
has  a  3-jointed  proboscis,  whiclx 
forms  a  sheath  for  a  sucker. 
3.  pi.  In  eiitom.,  the  Semip- 
tera,  and  esjieeially  the  het- 
eropterous  division  of  that  order. — 4.  An  en- 
tomostraeous  crustacean  of  cursorial  habit  or 
bug-like  aspect,  as  an  isopod.  Some  are  parasites 
of  fishes,  others  terrestrial.  See  bugfi^h,  salce-bug,  sow- 
bug.  piU'bug. — Big-bug,  a  laisnn  of  importance  or  dis- 
tinction. [Colloq.  ]  —  Mealy  bug,  a  species  of  Dactylopius, 
as  D.  adoniihiut,  covered  witii  a  white  powdery  substance. 
It  is  often  found  on  the  trunks  of  vines  and  other  hot- 
house plants. 

bugS  (bug),  «'.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bugged,  ppr. 
bugging.  [<  biig^,  «.]  To  hunt  for  bugs  ;  col- 
lect or  destroy  insects :  chiefly  in  the  present 
jiartioiple:  as,  to  go  bugging.     [Humorous.] 

bug3  (bug),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bugged,  ppr. 
bugging.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  buclc^  or  of  its  prim- 
itive verb  fooicl,  <  ME.  bowen,  bitten,  <  AS.  bu- 
gan:  see  buck'^jbow^.}  To  bend.  [Prov.  Eng. 
(Kent).] 

bug'l  (bug),  a.     [E.  dial.  var.  of  big'^,  and  per- 
haps of  bogS •   prob.  confused  with  bug^ :  see 
bng^,  and  at.  bug-word.']    If.  Big;  threatening. 
Ckeval  de  irompette  [F.],  one  that's  not  afraid  of  shad- 
owes  ;  one  whom  no  big  nor  bugs  words  can  territie. 

Cotgrave. 
Paroloni  [It.],  high,  big,  roving,  long  or  bxtg  wordes. 

Florio. 
2.  Proud;  self-important;  pompous;  conceited. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 


711 

bugaboo  (bug'a-b8),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  hoggy- 
hoo,  .Se.  bagiUbo ;  a  kind  of  compound  of  bug'^ 
and  the  interjection  boo,  W.  bw  =  Gael,  bo,  used 
to  frighten  children;  cf.  foo2.]  a  bugbear;  a 
bogy ;  a  vain  teiTor ;  something  to  frighten  a 
child. 

We  have,  as  the  logical  issue  of  ecclesiasticiam,  our 
modern  secularism,  that  curious  bugaboo  of  the  priest, 
ami  more  cui'ious  idol  of  the  so-called  infldcl. 

A'.  A.  /(«».,  CXr.I.  24.';. 

bugara  (bug'a-rii),  ».  An  embiotocoid  fish,  or 
surf-lish,  HiJimirus  caryi,  with  small  scales, 
uniserial  jaw-teeth,  lower  lip  attached  by 


American  Bug^. 


Bedbug  I  Citnex  !fitu- 

lartits). 

(Vertical  line  shows 

natural  size.) 


Biigara  { Hypsurus  caryi). 

median  frenum,  and  the  abdomen  much  longer 
than  the  anal  fin.  It  is  very  common  along  the  C'ali- 
fornian  coast,  is  of  handsome  appearance,  and  is  much 
used  for  bait. 

bugbane  (bug'biin),  n.  [<  61(32  -f  banc.']  A 
name  given  to  species  of  the  ranunculaceous 
genus  of  plants  (yimicifuga,  in  Europe  to  C. 
J'wtcns,  and  in  the  United  States  to  C.  racemn.sa 
and  C.  Americanii,  from  their  reputed  ■virtues 
as  destroyers  of  bugs.  The  name  is  sometimes 
applied  to  the  white  hellebore,  Vent  trum  viride. 
Also  called  bugwort — False  bugbane,  the  North 
.\merican  genus  Trauteciteriu,  very  siniihir  to  Cimici/uga. 

bugbear  (bug'biir),  ».  and  a.  [<  bug^  +  bea'r^;  a 
hobgoblin  in  the  shape  of  a  bear.  See  quota- 
tion from  Chaucer  under  bug'^.  The  formation 
has  ceased  to  be  felt ;  Evelyn  spells  the  word 
bugbare.  Cf.  bullbeggar.]  I.  n.  Something  that 
causes  terror;  especially,  something  that  causes 
needless  fright  or  apprehension. 
A  bugbear  take  him  I  Shalf.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  2. 

You  look  yet  like  a  bugbear  to  fright  children. 

Massinger,  Kenegado,  iii.  I. 
He  \vill  not  sleepe,  but  calls  to  followe  you. 
Crying  that  bug-beares  and  spirits  haunted  him. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  II.  iii.  '2. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  follow  the  progress  of  this  famous 
bug-bear  [the  Polish  agitation  of  1864],  for  such  it  was  to 
the  Conservative  influences  of  the  old  world. 

R.  J.  Hinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  336. 

II.  or.  Occasioning  causeless  fear:  as,  "such 
bugbear  thoughts,"  Locke. 
bugbear  (bug'bar),  ;•.  t.     [<  bugbear,  ».]     To 
alarm  with  imaginary  or  idle  fears.   Abp.  King. 
bug-bite  (bug'bit),  n.     [<  bug'i  +  biU, »(.]     The 
bite  of  a  bug,  or  the  swelling  caused  by  such  a 
bite. 
Poisoned  by  'oad  cookery,  blistered  with  bugbites. 

Carlylc,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  52, 

bugeye  (bug'i),  k.    Same  as  buckeye,  3. 

bugfish  (bug'fish),  n.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  menhaden,  Brevoortia  ti/ranuui;  because 
a  parasitic  isopod  crustacean,  Cymothoa pra:gus- 
tator,  is  frequently  found  adhering  to  the  roof 
of  its  mouth.     See  cut  under  Brevoortia. 

bUggalO'W  (bug'a-16),  n.     Same  as  baggata. 

buggardt,  "•  [-A  var.  of  boggard'^ ;  cf.  bug'^.] 
Same  as  boggardX. 

bugger^  (bug'er),  n.  [<  ME.  bougre,  a  heretic,  < 
OP.  bougre,  bogre,  a  heretic,  <  ML.  Bulqarus,  a 
Bulgarian,  also,  as  a  common  noun,  a  heretic, 
the  Bulgarians  being  accused  of  heresy.  The 
popular  detestation  of  ''  heretics  "  led  to  the  use 
of  OF.  bougre,  etc.,  a  heretic,  in  the  later  sense.] 
One  guilty  of  the  crime  of  bestiality :  ■vulgarly 
used  as  a  general  tei-m  of  contumely,  without 
reference  to  its  meaning. 

bugger'-  (bug'er),  H.  [<  bug%  c.  1.,  +  -eel.]  A 
collector  of  bugs  or  insects;  an  entomologist. 
[Humorous.] 

buggerO'W-boat  (buj'ro-bdt),  n.  Same  as  bud- 
gcro. 

buggery  (bug'er-i),  n.  [<  OF.  bougrerie,  bogre- 
rie,  heresy,  <  bougre,  heretic :  see  bugger"^.]  The 
crime  of  bestiality;  sodomy. 

bugginess  (bug'i-nes),  n.  [<  buggyX  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  buggy. 

buggyi  (bug'i),  a.  [<  6«(/2  +  -)/i.]  Infested  with 
bugs. 

buggy2  (bug'i),  n.;  pi.  buggies  (-iz).  [Orig. 
Anglo-Ind.,  <  Hind,  baggi,  baggln,  a  gig,  a  bug- 
gy, <  Hindi  bag,  move.]  A  name  given  to  sev- 
eral species  of  carriages  or  gigs,  (n)  In  India,  a 
gig  with  a  large  hood  to  screen  those  who  travel  in  it  from 


bugleweed 

the  sun's  rays.  (6)  In  England,  a  light,  one-horse,  two- 
wheeled  vehicle  without  a  hood,  (c)  In  the  United  States, 
a  light,  one-hoj-se.  four- 
wheeled  vehicle  with  one 
seat,  and  either  with  or 
without  a  hood  or  top. — 
Cut-under  buggy,  a  ve- 

hiclit  in  whicli  the  borly 
is  cut  out  to  allow  the 
front  wheels  to  pass  un- 
der when  turning. 

buggy''  (bug'i),  n.  [A 
var.  of  bogie'~,  prob. 
in  simulation  of  buggy^.]  In  coal-mining,  a 
small  wagon  used  for  transporting  coal  from 
the  working-face  to  the  gangway.     [Perm.] 

buggy-boat  (Img'i-bot),  n.  A  boat  made  so  as 
to  be  callable  of  having  wheels  attached  to  it, 
and  l)i-iiig  IIiwh  converted  into  a  land-vehicle. 

buggy-cultivator  (bug'i-kul"ti-va-tor),  n.  A 
euUiviitor  with  wheels  and  a  seat  on  which  the 
person  ;i< tending  it  may  ride.     E.  JI.  Knight. 

buggy-plow  (bug'i-plou),  n.  A  plow  with  a 
seat  on  which  the  plowman  may  ride,  and  usu- 
allv  having  several  shares  in  the  same  frame. 
K.'U.  Knight. 

bughead  (bug'hed),  n.  The  bugfish  or  men- 
haden.    [Local,  U.  S.  (Virginia).] 

bught,  bucht  (bucht),  H.  [Sc.  (cf.  equiv.  Gael. 
buchd,  apjiar.  from  Sc),  also  written  bought, 
bouclit,  prob.  ult.  =  bought^,  q.  v.]  1.  A  sheep- 
fold  or  sheep-pen ;  especially,  a  small  inclosure 
in  the  corner  of  a  field  for  milking  ewes. —  2. 
A  square  pew  in  a  church,  with  a  table  in  the 
center,  hence  called  a  table-scat.     [Scotch.] 

bugiardt,  «.  [<  It.  bngiardn,  a  liar,  <  bugiare, 
lie  (=  Pr.  hamar  =  OF.  boiser,  deceive,  cheat), 

<  bugia,  a  lie,  =  Pr.  bausia  =  OF.  boisie,  deceit.] 
A  liar.     Bp.  Hacket.     [Rare.] 

bugis  (bii'jis),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  boat  used  for 
trading  purposes  in  the  East  Indian  archipela- 
go ;  a  proa. 

bugla  (bug'lJi),  11.     Same  as  baggata. 

bugiardt,  n.  A  Middle  English  variant  of  bog- 
gardX. 

bugle^  (bu'gl),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bewgle, 
bowgle,  <  ME.  bugle,  bugylle,  bogylle,  <  OF.  bugle, 
a  wild  ox  (>  bugler,  F.  beugler,  bellow),  <  L.  6m- 
culus.  dim.  of  bos.  an  ox,  =E.  coifl.]  If.  A  sort 
of  wild  ox ;  a  buft'alo. 

These  are  the  beastes  which  ye  shall  eat  of :  oxen,  sheep. 
and  gootes,  hert,  roo,  and  bugle  (in  the  authorized  version, 
wild  ox],  wylde  goote,  etc.  Bible,  1551,  Deut.  xiv.  4, 5. 

2.  A  young  bull.     Grose.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bugle^  (bii'gl),  n.  [<  ME.  bugle,  bugul,  etc.,  a 
bugle-hom,  as  if  short  for  bugle-horn,  q.  v. ; 
cf.  F.  bugle,  a  bugle-hom.]  1.  A  hunting- 
horn.  Also  called  bugle-horn. —  2.  A  military 
musical  wind-instrument  of  brass,  once  or  more 
curved,  sometimes  furnished  with  keys  or 
valves,  so  as  to  be  capable  of  producing  all  the 
notes  of  the  scale. 

bugle^  (bii'gl),  I',  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bugled,  ppr. 
bugling.     [<  bugle^,  «.]     To  sound  a  bugle. 

bugle*  (bii'gl),  «.  and  a.  [Prob.  <  ML.  bugolua, 
a  female  ornament,  prob.  <  G.  biigel,  a  bent  or 
curved  strip  of  metal,  ring,  stirrup,  =  Icel.  6^- 
gill,  a  stirrup:  see  bniP-,  boul.]  I.  n.  A  shining 
elongated  glass  bead,  usually  black,  used  in  dec- 
orating female  apparel :  as,  "  bugle-hracelet," 
.S7mA-.,W.  T.,  iv.  3  (song). 

II,  a.  Having  the  color  of  a  glass  bugle ;  jet- 
black:  as,  "bugle  eyeballs,"  Shak. 

bugle*  (bii'gl),  n.  [<  F.  bugle  =  Sp.  Pg.  bugula 
=  It.  bugola  (Mahn),  irreg.  <  LL.  bugillo,  a  plant, 
also  called  ajuga  reptaus  ;  origin  unknown.  The 
late  ME.  ftwjri/te  is  glossed  buglo.isa :  see  bugtoss.] 
The  popular  English  name  for  a  common  low  la- 
biate plant  of  Europe,  Ajuga  rc/itans.  The  yellow 
bugle  is  -1.  ChaiiaFjiitps,  and  the  mountain  bugle  A.  pg- 
raittidalit!. 

bugle-call   (bii'gl-kal),    «.      A  short  melody 

sounded  upon  a  bugle  as  a  signal  or  order, 
bugle-cap  (bu'gl-ka]i),  n.    Same  as  cornet,  4  (6). 
bugle-horn  (bii'gl-hoi'n),  «.     [<  ME.  buglehorn  ; 

<  bugle'"  +  horn.    Cf.  bugle-.]     1.  Same  as  6m- 
gle^,  1. —  2t.  A  drin king-vessel  made  of  horn. 

Janus  .  .  .  dryuketh  of  his  buqle-horn  the  wyn. 

Chaucer,  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  517. 

bugler  (bii'gler),  h.  1.  One  who  plays  a  bugle ; 
specifically,  a  soldier  assigned  to  convey  the 
commands  of  the  officers  by  signals  sounded  on 
a  bugle.  Buglers  are  also  employed  upon 
United  States  vessels  of  war. — 2.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Centri.icida-  and  genus  Centriscus;  a 
snipe-fish.     [Tasmanian.] 

bugle-rod  (bu'gl-rod),  n.  The  pastoral  staff  of 
a  bishop.     HalUwcll ;  Wright. 

bugle'weed  (bii'gl-wed), «.  The  common  name 
of  the  North  American  plant  Ijycopiis  Virgini- 


bngleweed 


712  tulb 

bugloss 


land  fcir  :i  tonii  of  years  (in  England  usually 


popular  name  of  the  plant  ,• 
The  small  wild  buiiloss  is  Anperuyo  prorumbens ;  the 
Tiper's-bugloss.  i'cAiiim  cidgare  ;  the  small  hugloss.  ij/- 
copsii  arKiisis;  and  the  sea-bugloss,  Mertemia  martUma. 
They  are  all  bor.iginaceous  plants,  with  rough  leaves. 
Also  called  ox-toiv)ue. 

There  poppies,  nodding,  raock  the  hope  of  toil : 
There  the  blue  bugloa  paints  the  sterile  soil. 

Crabbe,  Village,  i.  6. 

Spanish  bugloss.    Same  as  alkanet ,  2. 
buglow  (bufr'16),  n.     Same  as  baggala. 
bugong  (bu'g<mg),  ;i.     [Australian.]     An  Aus- 
tralian butterlly,  Danais  limniace,  highly  prized 
as  an  article  of  food  by  the  aborigines. 
bngor  (bu'gor),  H.      [Kuss.  bugorl,  a  hillock,  a 
heap  (of  sand  or  snow).]     The  elevated gi-ound 
or  fhaui  of  hillocks  separating  limans  or  creeks, 
such  as  those  which  gash  the  shores  of  the 
Black  Sea,  the  Caspian,  etc. 
bug-seed  (bug'sed),   n.     A  common  name  of 
the  Corispcrmum  lii/ssopi/olium,  a  ehenopodia- 
ceous  weed  widely  distributed  over  northern 
temperate  regions.     The  name  has  reference 
to  the  shape  of  the  fruit. 
bug-shad  (bug'shad),  »;. 

haden.     [Local,  U.  S.  (Vii-ginia).] 
bug-wordt  (bug'werd),  n.    [<  biigl  +  word.']    A 
word  which  frightens;  blustering  talk;  a  bug- 
bear.    Also  hiiy'ti  word,  bugs-word. 
Ko  more  of  that,  sweet  friend ;  those  are  ftwn's  i(ord.«. 
Chapman,  (ientlenmn  Usher,  ii.  1. 
Grcfdy.  A  man  in  commission 

Give  place  to  a  tatterdemalion '. 
Mar.        »  No  bvq  irordx,  sir. 

MatfingcT,  New  \Vay  to  Pay  Old  Debts. 


build,  etc. :  see  bottle'^,  bincrr^,  ftoic",  hi/-,  etc., 
big-,  etc.]     I.  traus.  1.  To  frame  or  construct. 


as  an  edifice;"  form  bv 'uniting  material  into  a  building-stance  (lril\liuf,-stans\   h      A 
..^,i<.,.=fn„.t„v<.-  prcr^t  ot  ground  on  which  to  build._    [bcotoh  ] 


ship  is  constructed.    The  ship  is  raised  above  the  slip 
by  piles  of  blocks  <in  which  it  rests. 

,-..,.        '       '  A  piece 


regular  structure ;  erect. 

The  house  was  builded  of  the  earth. 
And  shall  fall  again  to  ground. 

Tcnmjb-071,  Deserted  House. 

2.  Figuratively — (a)  To  form  by  art  in  any 

way;  construct. 

He  knew 
Himself  t<3  sing,  and  build  the  lofty  rhyme. 

Miltun,  Lycidas,  1. 11. 

(6)   To  raise  as  on  a  support  or  foundation; 

rear. 

Who  builds  his  hope  in  air  of  your  good  looks, 
Lives  like  a  drunken  sailor  on  a  mast. 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  iii.  4. 

Suspect  not  you 
A  faith  that's  btiilt  upon  so  true  a  sorrow. 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  i.  2. 

On  God  and  Godlike  men  we  build  our  trust. 

Tcnnii.-fon,  Duke  of  Wellington,  ix. 


buifding-'wax  ll)il'ding-waks),  n.  Beeswax 
used  with  a  buihling-iron  to  "build  np  "  the 
blank  spaces  between  the  types  of  an  electro- 
tvpe  mold. 

bliildress  (bil'dres),  n.  [<  builder  +  -ess.']  A 
female  builder.     Fuller.     [Rare.] 

built  (bilt),  i).  a.  [Pp.  of  build,  c]  1.  Con- 
structed; formed;  shaped;  made:  often  used 
of  the  human  body,  and  frequent  in  compound 
nautical  terms,  as"  elineher-(<H(M,  clipper-i(Hi(t, 
frigate-6Hi7*,  etc. 

Like  the  generality  of  Genoese  countrywomen,  strongly 
built.  Lamlor. 

2.  Constructed  of  different  pieces;  not  com- 
posed of  one  piece:  as,  a  built  mast  or  block;. 
a  hiiilt  rib Built  beam.    See  beam. 

builtt  (bilt),  H.  [For  build,  u.]  Form;  shape; 
liuild;  mode  of  buikling.     Wr  W.  Temple. 


Thehuirfishormen-     (<•)  .T''*'^'?:^^'^^' ''^'^fT^T    ^T^?"""'^        built-up  (bilt'up),   a.      Composed    of    several 
The  bugtn,h  or  men      orally  with  up :  as,  to  bmld  up  a  hne  business ;  "j^.^J,^^"^^;,^,,,!  together :  as,  a  built-up  mast,  rib, 


to  build  tip  a  character. 

I,  that  have  lent  my  life  to  build  up  yours. 

Tennyifon,  Princess,  iv 

To  build  castles  in  Spain.    See  castle. 

II.  iutraus.  1.  To  exercise  the  art  or  prae 
tise  the  business  of  building;  construct. —  2 
Figurat 
tliiu 

Buddhism  has  its  Tripitali 


arch,  etc.  -  Built-up  trail.    See  truit. 
buirdly  (biird'li),  (I.     [Of  uncertain  origin.   Cf. 
ftH)7(/t.]   Large  and  well  made;  stoutin  appear- 
ance ; .  bm-ly.     [Scotch.] 
Iluirdhi  chiels  and  clever  hizzies.        Burns,  Twa  Dogs. 

[F.,  a  bush,  < 


Death  U  a  bua-vnrd:  things  are  not  brought  to  that     recognize,  and  on  which  its  several  schools  teiiii. 
extremity.  Dryden,  Sir  Martin  .Mar-all,  i.  1.  Contemporary  Jiev.,  LI.  20i 

bugwort  (bug'w^'rt),  n.  [<  bug^  +  wort^.] 
Saiiii-  as  buqhane. 

buhach  (bCi'hach),  «.  The  powdered  flower- 
heuds  of  the  plant  I'ljrethrum  cinerariivfolium, 
and  of  other  species,  which  are  effectual  in- 
secticides. Commonly  called  I'ersian  or  Dal- 
mtilittn  insecl-jjowder. 

b'nhlibol),  Ii.    [Short  for  6«7(/-iCoW,-,  orig.  7?o»??(!-  „., ,.  ry  t    •, .      ~i    -nr        ..  „f  ^„„ 

DUnii    oj,        L      .      j5„,,j  is  a  German-looking  build  (bild),  »i.     [<  6»iW,  c]    Manner  of  con- 

struetiou;  make;  form:  as,  the  t«(/f/ of  a  ship. 


-adveirto  rear,  0  ec t,  Sr  on  tut  an?-  buisson  (F.  pron.  bwe-son')  n  [F.,  abush,< 
,\s  a  lAan  or  a  system  of  thought  ^  '^::^Z::'^ri^^-2J^^':^:^^ 
dhism has  its  Tripitakas,  which  its  various  branches     ^.,„^„,„  ,,,.,, ,,„,i 


3.  To  rest  or  depeijd,  as  on  a  f  oimdation ;  base ; 
rely:  'with  on  or  upon. 

Nay,  I  dare  build  ujxin  his  secrecy, 
He  knows  not  to  deceive  me. 

Ii.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 

Tins  is  a  surer  way  than  to  build  im  the  interpretatirm 

of  an  author,  who  docs  not  consider  how  the  aucient.s  used 

to  think.  Addisiiii,  Ancient  Medals. 


icurk  or  Boule-work. 


Lines  of  steam-ships  should  be  aided  on  the  condition 
that  their  build  be  such  as  would  permit  of  their  easy  con- 
version into  men-of-war.  Tlie  American,  VIII.  llll. 

builder  (bil'der),  «.     One  who  builds,  or  whose  buke',  ". 
occu))ation  is  that  of  building ;   specifically, 
one  who  controls  or  directs  the  work  of  con- 
struction in  any  cajiacity. 

In  the  practice  of  civil  architecture,  the  builder  comes 

^between  the  architect  who  designs  the  work  and  the  arti- 
sans who  execute  it.  Jl'"!!.  Kncyc. 


elosclv  pruned. 
buist  (b'i»^t)>  "•  [Also  written  boost,  var.  of 
boi.<t,  a  bo.K;  cf.  buistin'-iron,  the  marking-iron, 
t(ir-bui.st,  the  box  in  which  the  iron  (orig.  the 
tar)  for  marking  is  kept:  see  boist'^,  lumsl-i.] 
1.  A  box;  a  chest.— 2.  A  coffin.— 3.  A  lias- 
ket. — 4.  A  distinctive  mark  set  upon  sheep 
and  cattle;  a  brand;  hence,  any  distinguishing 
characteristic.     [Scotch  in  all  senses.] 

What  old  carle  hast  thou  with  thee'.'—  He  is  not  of  the 
brotherhood  of  Saint  Mary's  — nt  least  he  has  not  ilic 
buist  of  tliese  black  cattle.  Scott,  Monastery,  11.  .08. 

buist  (biist),  r.  t.     [<  bui.'it,  v.]     To  mark  with 
a  buist,  as  sheep.     Also  boost.     [Scotch.] 
bukt,  "•     A  Middle  English  f(n'm  of  biick'^. 
A  Scotch  foi-ni  of  book. 


buke-  (bo'ka),  ».  [<  Chino-Jap.  bii,  martial, 
military,  -1-  k<\  family.]  The  military  families 
of  Japan,  as  distinguished  from  llu'  kiige.  or 
court  nobility;  the  daimios,  or  territorial  nobil- 
ity, and  their  retainers,  the  samurai.  The  distinc- 
tion between  hub'  and  hti;te  censed  on  the  al>olition  of  the- 


_         ,  feniial  system  in  1S71.      See /t/'/c. 

building  (bil'ding),  M.       [Eariy  mod.  E.   also  ^,^itket,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  buekl. 
bttdinij,    <    ME.    bildiiigc,    bi/ldi/tige,    i"/''.'/".'/f,   BuJtkio  (biik'ke  6).  ».     Same  as  iiMj'/io. 
rarely  buyldyngc;  verbal  u.  of   build,  r.]      1.  bukkum-'WOOd  (buk'um-wiid),  u.     [<  bukkiim. 


(moiling  of  lioule  or  Boulle,  the  name  of  aFrench 
artist  (Andr^  Charies  Boule,  1642-1732),  who 
brought  tills  kind  of  work  to  liigli  perfection.] 
A  style  of  inlaid  decoration  in  Oabinet-work 
pnicti.Hcd  bv  Boule,  a  celebrated  designer  un- 
der LouiM  XtV. ;  also,  the  articles  so  decorated. 
I  "d  rb'hiy  iidald  with  ii  kind  of  nirHalc,  eoni- 

I  !iv  of  torl<il»e-»bell  mid  hn.'  ■•r  lluun -work 

.:oM  .  .ilorol  and  white.     Bubl  and  coun- 
d  term  (or  Imbl  decorulion  win  n  two  pal- 
.iiied  by  one  anwhiK  (roni  n  sheel  ot  niulal, 
■  i.illvtr  Htrlp  or  Rcroll  wbb  b  is  us4-il  In  one 
]  -  I  111  open  pntlcmof  the  l>nln>'  wblili  U  used  else- 

buhl  sa'w  (hliVMi),  n.  ApecuHarkind  of  frame- 

•  II  '    II  r.l    in   cutting  out 
I.  .1    .  .rk.    Also  Hpelled 


b 
bohr 

htir 


ihi'iVwiTV),  n. 
I' I. 

.    ».      Hume  IMI 
MntalUc  buhr. 


bubr-dri  .Hor 
eri.  '■ 
buhr-ii 
buhrHt'.. 
bulk'  (ij<iii/,  !• 


*iC=Z3D 


(btr'dres'-  imhiuw. 

I  v6r),  ».     Sec  bur-dririr. 
II  I,  n.    Hco  bumtnnr. 
iiud  ci    A  Scotch  fonii  of  bonk. 


Tlie  act  of  constructing,  erecting,  or  estab- 
lishing.—2.  A  fabric  built  or  constructed;  a  „.,„„/. 
structure;  an  edifice;  as  commonly  understood, 
a  house  for  residence,  business,  or  public  use, 
or  for  shelter  of  animals  or  storage  of  goods. 
In  (aw,  anything  erected  by  art,  and  IKed  upon  or  in  the 
Boll,  conipoBcd  of  dllferelit  pieces  connected  together,  and 
designed  for  permanent  use  In  the  position  in  which  it 
Is  B<.  ll\ed,isa  building.  Kdw.  Limuflon.  Thn«,  ii  pub' 
fixed  in  the  earth  Is  not  a  bnildlug,  but  a  fence  or  a  wall  is. 

Seest  thou  these  great  buildingtl  Mark  \lii.  'J. 

3t.  A  flock  or  number:  said  of  rooks. 

Slaster  Simon  .  .  .  told  nie  that  acconllng  to  the  most 
ancient  and  a|iproved  treatise  on  bunting.  I  mUBt  Buy  a 
nnister  of  peai  ock».  "  In  the  »ame  way,'  nilded  he.  with  a 
Blight  air  o(  peibintrv,  "we  Bay  a  lllght  of  doves  or  »«iil 
li.wB,  a  bevy  of  i|UnllH,  a  h.rd  of  dec  r,  of  wreim,  or  cranes, 
a  skulk  of  foxcB,  or  a  huitdiwi  of  rooks." 

Iri'inii,  Skotch-ltook,  p.  'i'.n. 

Building  BOClety,  a  joint  atock  bemlll  Borbly,  (or  (In- 
piirii.isi-  of  ralBlng  bv  peHoilbal  BMbscrlptlons  a  fund  to 
usslBl  nieniberB  In  building  or  piirehaaing,  the  propirly 
l„lng rUiigiil  to  till-  Boelelyini  the  amount  advanced 

Is  (iillv  repiliil  Willi  InlereBl. 

building-block  (bil'dlng-blok),  n.     1.  One  of 

the  temporary  Hiip|ior(K  or  Idocks  on  winch  n 

HJiip'H  keel    rests   while    the  ship  is  biiililliig. 

II  Ib  a  block  of  limber  wbldi  eiili  be  rc-nioveil  when  Ibe 

key-pli'ccB  or  lemjilel/"  are  knoi  kid  away. 

2.   <)Mi'  of  n  Bid  of  blor'ks  with  which  children 

iinltali'  the  I'onHtnicliiiii  of  biiildingH, 
building-iron  (bll'<llng-i  em),  H.     A  hand-tool 

used  in  tho  mttuuorof  u  »olJeriug-irou,  to  melt 


name,  +  wood.]     Same  as  .itijipdii- 


bukshee  (buk'she),  u.  [Also  written  bukhshee, 
repr.  Hind,  biikshi,  a  paymaster.  <  bnksh.  pay,  a 
gift,  <  I'ers.  biik.tliiiliin,  give,  forgive,  ('f.  Iiuk- 
.•iliixli,  b(ikshi.'<li.]  An  East  Indian  name  for  a 
pavniaster  or  a  commander. 

bukshish  (buk'sliesh),  H.     Same  as  bakMsh. 

bulafo,  ".  [Native  nniiie  in  tJuinea.]  A  iniisi- 
cal  iMstrunient  used  by  the  negi'oes  of  (iuinea. 
11  cuhsisls  of  several  woiiileii  pipes  fastened  togelberwlth 
leathern  linings,  with  small  spaces  between  the  jiipes. 
In  iiliiylng  it  the  pipes  arc 
Htriiek  with  sinall  rods  or 
ilniiiisticks. 

bulata  (bura-til),  II. 

Same  as  luihilti-gnili. 
bulau(bu'la),  II. "  [Ap- 

jinr.  a  native  name.] 

An  insectivoroiiB 

mammnl  of  the  genus 

(lilimiurii,   inhaliiting 

Smiiatra,        Borneo, 

etc. ;  a  gvmnure. 
bulb    (liu'lli),    II.       [< 

1'.  liiillii;  <  Ij.  bulbils, 

a    bulbous    root,    an 

onion,    <   Or.   lioApdi;, 

n    bulbous  root.]      1. 

A  form  of  the  leaf-bud,  usually  subterranean. 

In  wliicli  the  stem  Is  reduced  to  a  tlal  disk. 


,  nillborHyacltitli.     ; 
mil  section  uf  Hi 


,  I.onBHiKll- 


it,  mimiiilt  of  biul.  or  growing* 
point;  A,  lnii,rvof  Ic-ivcs;  f,  crowl* 
of  mot,  or  stein  ;  rf.  fillers,  or  root 
proper  i  0,  yoniiii  bulb,  or  otfwl. 


bulb 

rooting  from  the  under  side,  and  bearing  above 

eloscly  approssed  fleshy  leaves,  in  the  tmiicnttMi 
or  (Milted  liulli  tlieso  Itaves  are  in  the  fru-ni  (»f  brniul, 
closely  concentric  coatings,  as  in  the  hyacintli  iind  onion  ; 
in  till-  scrily  bulb  they  arc  narrou-,  thick,  and  imbricated, 
as  ill  tlir  lily.  The  so-called  suliil  l-ulh,  as  in  the  crocus 
and  ^,dadi('Iiis,  ia  more  properly  a  enrrn,  or  sliort  tinck 
roiit-stiuk,  inclosed  witliin  the  dried  sheatliing  bases  of  a 
few  leaves. 

2.  Any  protuberance  or  expansion  resembling 
a  bulb,  especially  an  expansion  at  the  end  of 
a  stalk  or  long  and  slender  body:  as,  the  bulb 
of  a  thermometer;  the  bulb  of  the  aorta. — 3. 
pi.  The  tonsils.  [Prov.  Eng.] —Aortic  or  arte- 
rial bulb.  Same  as  bulh  of  the  aorta.  — Artery  Of  the 
bulb.  See  artenf.  —  BvdIi  Of  a  hair,  the  swollen  part 
at  the  oritfin  of  the  bair.— Bulb  Of  a  tOOth.  the  embry- 
onic iiicsoblastic  pajdlla  forming  the  sjerm  of  the  tooth.  It 
is  capped  by  tlie  epililastic  enamel  organ,  and  is  converted 
into  tleiitini'  exterii;dly,  while  the  core,  becoming  highly 
nervous  and  vascular,  fnrnis  the  definitive  dental  papilla, 
or  tooth-bulb.  — Bulb  Of  the  aorta,  in  comp.  anat.  and 
eynbryol.,  the  foremost  of  the  three  divisions  of  the  origi- 


Bulb  of  the  Aorta  of  a  Shark  (LatHtta),  laid  open,  showing  thick 
muscular  wall,  m,  and  three  rows  of  valves,  ?/,  v,  v. 

nal  cardiac  vessel.  From  it  spring  the  aortic  arches,  and 
from  it  are  developed  the  aorta  and  pulmonary  artery. 
Also  called  aortic  or  arterial  bulb  and  bulbits  arterio.sii.-i. 
—  Bulb  of  the  eye,  the  eyeball.— Bulb  of  the  spinal 
cord,  the  niednlhi  oblongata.— Bulb  of  the  urethra, 
the  jinsti-iiiir  (  niarged  rounded  extremity  uf  the  corpus 
spi.ii-iosuni  ut"  the  penis.— Bulbs  Of  the  fomix,  the  cor- 
pnr;i  all)ic;tiiti;i  of  tiie  brain.- Detonating  bulb.  See 
(/.■/.<,;.*//;/(/.— Olfactory  bulb,  the  anterior  eidargement 
of  the  oliaetory  tract,  from  wliich  the  olfactory  nerves  are 
sent  <>i\.     See  cut  under  Masmobraiickii. 

bulb  (bulb),  V.  i.  [<  bulb,  n.']  To  project  or  be 
protuberant.      Evelyn. 

bulbaceous  (bul-ba'shius),  a.  [<  L.  hulhacenSj 
< /j/J/j/f.s",  a  bulb:  see  &«//>.]    Bulboiis.   Johnson. 

bulbar  (bul'bar),  a,  [<  L.  bulbus,  bulb,  +  -ar-.] 
1.  Bulbous. —  2.  In  patlwl.^  pertaining  to  the 

medulla  oblongata.— chronic  bulbar  paralysis,  a 
disease  characterized  by  progressive  paralysis  and  atrophy 
of  the  nniscles  of  the  lips,  tongue,  palate,  pharynx,  and 
larynx.  Also  called  j)riif7ressive  bulbo-nucUar  parabisiK, 
profiressire  afmphic  bulbar  paralysis,  and  fflosso-labio-la- 
nin'finl  parah/sia. 

bulbed  (bulbd),  a.  [<  bulb  +  -ef?2.]  Having 
a  bulb ;  round-headed. 

bulbel  (bul'bel),  i>.  [<  NL.  "bulbellHS,  *bidbil- 
/!(s,  dim.  of  L.  b^dbiis,  bulb.]     Same  as  bulblet. 

bulberry  (bul'ber"!),  ». ;  pi.  hulberries  (-iz). 
Same  as  hilhcrry. 

bulbi,  /'.     Plural  of  bulbus. 

bulbiferous  (bul-bif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  bulbus, 
bulb,  +  ferrc  =  E.  6cfl/-l.]  Producing  bulbs: 
as,  bulbiferous  stems. 

bulbiforin  (bul'bi-form),  a.  [<  L.  bulbus,  bulb, 
+  forma,  form.]     Bulb-shaped. 

bulbil  (bul'bil),  n.  [<  NL.  *bulMUus,  dim.  of 
L.  bulbus:  see  bulb,  bulbus.'i     Same  as  bulblet. 

bulbine  (liurbin),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  jioAfilvT],  a  white 
kind  of  bulbous  plant,  <  ftoViioi;,  a  certain  bul- 
bous root:  see  bulb.']  An  herb  having  leaves 
like  the  leek  aftd  a  piu-ple  flower ;  dog's-leek. 

bulblet  (bulb'let),  H.  [<  bulb  +  dim.  -leW]  A 
little  bulb;  speeifioally,  in  bot.,  a  small  aerial 
bulb  or  bud  with  fleshy  scales,  growing  in  the 
axils  of  leaves,  as  iu  the  tiger-lily,  or  taking 
the  place  of  flower-buds,  as  iu  the  common 
onion.     Also  bulbel,  bulbil. 

bulbodiuint  (bul-bo'di-um),  H.  [NTj.,  <  Gr. 
^oX/3(j(S«,  eontr.  foi-m  of  jioljiostdiiQ,  bidb-like, 
<  po'AfioQ,  a  bulb,  -I-  rfrSof,  form.]  A  word  for- 
merly used  by  botanists  for  what  is  now  called 
a  corm. 

bulbose  (bul'bos),  a.  [<  L.  bulbosus :  see  bul- 
bous.] Producing  bulbs;  resembling  a  bulb; 
bulbous.      [Rare.] 

bulbotuber  (bul'b6-tu"ber),  );.  [<  L.  bulbus, 
bulb,  -I-  lubir,  tuber.]     A  corm.     [Rare.] 

bulbous  (bul'bus),  a.  [=  F.  bulbeui,  <  L.  bul- 
bosus, <  bulbus,  huih.]     1.  Producing  or  grow- 


713 

ing  from  bulbs:  as,  bulbous  plants. — 2.  Pes- 
taining  to  or  resembling  a  bulb  ;  swelling  out ; 
bulb-sliaped. 

Above  the  fringe  of  brushwood  on  the  hill-tops  rise  the 
many  golden  domes  and  bulbous  spires  of  cathedral  and 
convents.  A.  J.  C.  Hare,  Iliissia,  ix. 

A  burly,  Uulbims  man,  who,  in  sheer  ostentation  of  his 
venerable'  ]>rogenit()rs,  was  the  (Irst  to  introduce  into 
the  sitlleuiLiit  the  ancient  Dutch  fashion  of  ten  pair  of 
breeches.  Irvimj,  Knickerbocker,  ]).  108. 

Bulbous  tore,  a  tore  made  with  the  ends  finished  with 
bulb-sbapt/il  ornaments. 

bulbul'  (bid'btil),  n.  [=  Ar.  Turk.  Hind.  Ind- 
liiil,<  Pers.  bulbul,  a  nightingale;  prob.  imita- 
tive; cf. /)»//(«-/)»//(■«.]  1.  The  Persian  name 
of  the  night iiignlc,  or  a  species  of  nightingale, 
rendered  familiar  in  English  poetry  by  Moore, 
Byron,  and  others.  The  same  name  is  also  given  in 
southei]]  and  s(juthwestern  Asia  to  sundry  other  birds. 
Specifically  — 2.  In  ornith.,  a  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily I'licuduoliflfe. 

bulbul-  ( bid'bul),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  name  given 
to  tlic  yak. 

bulbule  (bul'bul),  )(.  [<  LL.  hulbulus.  dim.  of 
L.  bulbus,  bulb.]     A  little  bulb;  a  bulblet. 

bulbus  (bul'bus),  n.;  pi.  bulbi  (-bi).  [L. :  see 
bulb.]  A  bulb:  used  chiefly  in  anatomy  in  such 
phrases  as  bulbus  oculi,  the  eyeball;  bulbus  aor- 
ta; the  aortic  bulb.- Bulbus  arteriosus.  .Same  as 
bulli  ni  the  aorta  (which  see,  iiiiil.  r  ''""<).  — Bulbus glan- 
dulosus,  or  ventrlculus  glandulosus,  the  wbu.dniar 
or  true  stomach  of  birds;  the  provcntriculus.  — Bulbus 
veuas  Jugularis,  the  enlargement  of  the  internal  jngu- 
lai-  vein  at  its  runimencement  in  the  jugular  foramen. 

bulby  (biil'bi),  «.  [<  bulb  + -y'^.]  Somewhat 
like  a  bull) ;  liulbous. 

bulcardt  (bul'kiird),  n.  A  Cornish  name  of  the 
blenny. 

bulchlf,  r.   An  obsolete  variant  of  belch. 

bulch^t,  «.  [Appar.  shortened  from  6m/c7(j«.]  A 
bull-calf :  sometimes  used  familiarly  in  refer- 
ence to  a  person,  either  in  kindness"  or  in  con- 
tempt. 

So  that  my  bulch 
.Show  but  his  swarth  cheek  to  me,  let  eartli  cleave 
And  break  from  hell,  I  care  not ! 

Ford  and  Dekker,  Witch  of  Edmonton,  v.  1 

bulchint  (bid '  chin),  J) 
a  bull,  -I-  dim.  -chin  =  -kin.]     A  young  male 
calf:   often  applied  in  contempt  to  persons. 
Drayton. 
For  ten  mark  men  sold  a  litille  hulchyn. 

Langto/t,  Chronicle  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  174. 
A  new-weande  hulchin.  Marston,  Dutch  Courtezan,  ii.  1. 


bulk 

bmlg,  a  bag,  etc.  (>  E.  bellows,  belly),  and  prob. 
to  Icel.  baiigi,  etc.,  E.  baij'^ :  see  belly,  belUms. 
baf/^,  boui/ii,  budye^,  and  bilj/e.]    1.  A  rounded 
protuberance;  a  swelling;  a  swell;  a  hump. 
His  nese  was  cutted  as  a  cat, 
Jiis  i)rowes  war  like  litel  buskes, 
Aiul  his  tethe  like  bare  tnskes, 
A  fu)  trcte  hill;/,'  opon  his  bak. 
y inline  and  liainii  (ed.  Ititson,  1802),  1.  260. 
We  advanced  half  a  mile,  and  encamped  temporarily 
in  a  hilbgirt  teijrc  of  the  flnmara  bed. 

li.  F.  JJurton,  El-lledinah,  p.  ;i62. 
2.  The  swirl  made  by  a  salmon  rising  to  the 

surface.      Sportsman's    Gazetteer To  get  the 

bulge  on  one,  to  get  the  advantage  of  a  person ;  fore- 
.stall  and  ^'it  tlie  bettor  of  one.  (.Slang.) 
bulge  (bulj),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bulqed,  ppr. 
bulffing.  [<  bulf/c,  n.  Cf.  buy'^,  v.,  and  belly,  v., 
nit.  connected  with  bulge.]  1.  To  swell  out; 
bo  protuberant. 

He  spoke  :  the  brawny  spearman  let  his  cheek 
BuUje  with  the  unswallow'd  piece,  and  turning  stared. 
TennyHon,  Geraint. 
And  the  bulr/inff  nets  swept  shoreward, 
With  their  silver-sided  haul. 

Whittier,  The  .Sycamores. 
2.  To  bilge,  as  a  ship. 

The  grievous  shipwrack  of  my  travels  dear 
In  bulged  bark,  all  perished  iu  disgrace. 

Daniel  (Aiber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  686). 
Bulged  cask.    See  caeki. 
bulger  (bul'jcr),  H.    That  which  bulges ;  in  golf , 

a  club  vvitli  a  convex  face, 
bulgeways  (bidj'waz),  n.  pi.      Same  as  bilge- 

Wd/fS. 

bulgy  (bul'ji),  a.  [<  bulge  +  -//l.]  Bending 
outward;  bulging:  as,  "bulgy  legs,"  Dickens. 
[Rare.] 

bulimia  (bu-lim'i-a),  n.  [=  P.  Jjoulimie,  <  NL. 
bulimia  (LL.  bulima,  L.  bulimus),  <  Gr.  fiov7.i/ila, 
also  jiob'Aiiim:,  great  hunger,  <  lioir,  o.\,  in  comp. 
implj-ing  'gi-eat,'  -f-  hfioQ,  hunger.]  Morbidly 
voracious  appetite ;  a  disease  m  which  tlie  pa- 
tient has  a  constant  and  insatiable  craving  for 
food.     Also  written  bulimy,  boulimia,  boulimy. 

bulimic  (bti-lim'ik),  a.     [<  bulimia  +  -ic]     Of 


or  yiertaining  to  bulimia. 
[<  ME-  bulchin,  <  but,  Bulimida  (bu-lim'i-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bulimus 
+  -i'la.]  A  group  or  tribe  of  teiTestrial  gas- 
tropods, including  the  genera  Bulimus,  .icha- 
tina.  Pupa,  and  Clausilia.  Beck,  1837.  [Not  in 
use.] 

bulimiform  (bii-lim'i-form),  a.  [<  NL.  Buli- 
)iius  +  \j.  forma,  form.]  Ha\ang  that  form  of 
shell  characteristic  of  the  genus  Bulimus. 

bulimoid  (bu'li-moid),  a.  HaWng  the  appear- 
ance of  or  like  gastropods  of  the  genus  Bulimus. 

bulimous  (bii'ii-mus),  a.  [<  bulimia  +  -ous.] 
Characterized  by  ))ulimia. 

bulimulid  (bil-lim'u-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of 
tlie  family  Buliiiiulidce. 

Bulimulidae  (bii-li-mii'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NX.,  < 
Bulimuhis  +  -ida'.]  A  family  of  geophilous 
I)ulmonate  gastropods,  tj-pified  by  the  genus 
Bulimulus,  having  the  mantle  included  in  the 
more  or  less  elongated  and  turreted  shell,  the 
,iaw  thin,  provided  with  distant  transverse  ribs, 
and  the  lateral  teeth  peculiar  in  the  elongation 
and  curvation  of  the  inner  cusp. 

Bulimulus  (bii-lim'u-lus),  n.     [NL.,  as  Bidi- 
mus  +  dim.  -ulus.]     The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Bulimulidce.      There    are    nine    North 
the  Slavs  of  Micsia  in  tlie  seventh  centm-y.'gave  the' name    American  species,  chiefly  of  southwestern  re- 
Bulgaria  to  the  country,  and  soon  became  p.artly  Slavic  in     gions. 

Bulimus  (bu'li-mus),  n.  [NL.  (Scopoli,  1786), 
an  error  (as  if  <  Gr.  jSoi/.f/ioc,  great  hunger) 


buldt,  buldet,  ''•  Middle  English  forms  of  build. 
Chaucer. 

bulder  (bul'der),  V.  i.     Same  as  btdler. 

buldering  (bid'der-ing),rt.  Hot;  sultry.  [Prov. 
Eng.  (Exmoor).] 

bule^t,  "•    A  Middle  English  form  of  biW^,  boiU. 

bule'-^  (bol),  n.     Same  as  boul. 

bule^t,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  &«?/!. 

Bulgar  (bul'gar),  n.  [=  F.  Bulgare  =  G.  Bul- 
gar  =  Turk.  Bulgar  =  Hung.  Bolgar,  etc.,  ML. 
Bulyarus,  <  OBulg.  Blugarinu,  Bulg.  Blligarin 
=  Serv.  Buyurin  =  Russ.  Bolgariiiii,  BulgarS, 
Bulgar;  JIL.  Bulgaria,  Russ.  Bulyariya,  etc., 
Bulgaria.  The  name  is  usually  associated, 
without  sufficient  evidence,  with  the  river  Volya 
(Russ.  Volya,  etc.).]  1.  A  member  of  an  an- 
cient Finnish  race,  living  on  the  Volga,  the  Don, 
the  Danube,  etc.     A  tribe  of  the  Bulgars  conquered 


blood  and  wholly  in  language. 

2.  t)ne  of  the  Slavic  inhabitants  of  Bulgaria; 

a  Bulgarian. 

Bulgarian  (bul-ga'ri-an),  a.  and  w.  [<  Bulyar, 
Bulgaria,  +  -ian,  -an.']  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Bulgars.  -Also  Bulgarie. —  2.  Per- 
taining to  Bulgaria,  a  principality  under  the 
nominal  suzerainty  of  Turkey,  hing  south  of 
the  Danube  and  west  of  the  Black  Sea. 

II.  «.  1.  A  member  of  the  race  inhabitinL; 
and  giving  name  to  Bulgaria ;  a  Slavic  Bulgar. 
—  2.  The  language  of  the  Bulgarians,  or  Slavic 
Bulgars.  it  is  divided  into  two  dialects.  Old  BulgitriaM 
(also  c.-dlcd  Church  Slavic  or  .Slavonian)  and  New  I5u1;_m 
rian.  The  former  is  the  richest  and  best  of  the  .Slavj 
tongues,  but  is  extinct  as  a  spoken  language.     See  Slan< . 

Bulgarie  (bid-gar'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Bulgar  + 
-ic]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ancient  Bul- 
gars and  their  modern  representatives,  the 
Slordviniaus  and  Cheremissians  of  the  Volga. 

II.  )'.  The  speech  of  the  ancient  Bulgars  and 
the  modern  Bulgarie  Finns.     See  I. 

bulge  (bulj),  u.  [<  ME.  bulge,  a  swelling,  hump, 
prob.  the  stimo  as  bulge,  a  bag,  foimd  oftener 


for  Bui  in  us  (Adanson, 
1757),  prop,  (as  emend- 
ed by  Oken,  1815)  Bul- 
linus,  <  L.  bulla,  a  bub- 
ble, boss,  stud  (see  bul- 
la), +  dim.  -inus.]  A 
genus  of  land-snails  to 
which  very  tlifferent  lim- 
its have  been  assigned. 
(al  With  the  old  authors  it  was 
a  rejxisitory  lor  all  land-snails 
having  an  ovate  form,  a  longi- 
tudinal ovate  aperture,  .and'  a 
iion-tnmc.ate  columella.  It 
consequently  included  numer- 
ous heterogeneous  species 
now  distributed  among  dif- 
ferent families,  (b)  By  recent 
authors  it  is  restricted  to 
HelicidtP.  of  considerable  size, 
represented  by  B.  obUm'ius. 
(See  cut.)  Such  species  are 
mostly  confineti  to  South  America.  B.  ovatus  has  some- 
times a  shell  about  *»  inches  long. 


Bulimus  eblenglis. 


in  the  OP.  form  bouge,  >  E.  bougc"^  and  budge'",  bulimy  (bu'li-mi),  «.     Same  as  hulimia. 

all  due  to  L.  bulga,  a  leathern  bag ;  a  word  prob.  bulk^  (bulk),  n.     [<  ME.  bolke,  a  heap,  <  Icel. 

of  Celtic  origin :  Gael.  Ir.  bolg,  a  bag,  akin  to  AS.     bulki,  the  cargo  or  freight  of  a  ship  (cf .  mod.  bid- 


bulk 

iast.  be  bulky),  orig.  a  heap,  in  modem  Icel. 
hunki,  a  heap  (see  bunf:  and  6wnc7il),  =  OSw. 
boll:  a  heap,  Sw.  dial,  bull:,  a  knob,  bunch,  = 
ODan.  Dan.  bull;  a  bump,  knob;  prob.  ult. 
from  the  root  of  belly,  belloics,  bag\  etc.,  and 
thus  remotely  connefted  with  bulge,  q.  v. 
Cf.  bunk.  bunc'lA.  In  ref.  to  the  body,  first  in 
earlv  mod.  E.  bulke,  the  breast,  thorax,  =  ilD. 
bulc'ke.  'thorax';  either  the  same  word  as  bulk. 
a  heap,  etc.,  with  which  it  is  associated,  or  the 
same  (with  I  inserted  by  confusion  with  bulk, 
a  heap)  as  ME.  bouk,  bu'k,  buc,  the  belly,  body : 
see  bouk'^,  and  cf.  buck^.  The  sense  of  '  breast 
or  chest'  runs  easUy  into  that  of  'the  whole 
body,'  and  this  into  the  sense  of  'the  whole 
dimensions,  the  gross.']     If.  A  heap. 

Iliiike  or  hepe,  cumulus,  acervus.     Prompt,  Parv.,  p.  43. 

2.  Magnitude  of  material  siibstance:  whole 
dimensions  in  length,  breadth,  and  thickness ; 
size  of  a  material  thing :  as,  an  ox  or  a  ship  of 
great  bulk. 

A  sturdy  mountaineer  of  six  feet  two  aud  corresponding 
liulk.         '  Bauthorne,  Old  Manse,  II. 

3.  The  gross  ;  the  greater  part ;  the  main  mass 
or  body :  as,  the  bulk  of  a  debt ;  the  bulk  of  a 
nation. 

It  is  certain  that,  though  the  English  love  liberty,  the 
iulk  of  the  English  people  desire  a  king. 

W.  Godwin,  Hist.  Commonwealth,  iv.  2. 
She  will  enjoy  eight  hundred  a  year  independent  wliile 
J  live;  and  .  . ".  the  bulk  of  my  fortune  at  my  death. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

The  ease  and  completeness  with  which  the  invaders  had 
won  the  bulk  of  Britain  only  brought  out  in  stronger  re- 
lief the  completeness  of  their  repulse  from  the  south. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  lOS. 

4t.  The  bottom  or  hold  of  a  ship. 

Alu^o,  .  .  .  the  btttkf,  belly  or  bottom  of  a  ship,    Ftorio. 

6.  The  entire  space  in  a  ship's  hold  for  the 
stowage  of  goods ;  hence,  that  which  is  stowed ; 
the  mass  of  the  cargo:  as,  to  break  bulk  for 
unloading. — 6t.  The  breast;  the  chest;  the 
thorax. 

Y'  bulke,  thora.\.    Leving,  Manip.  Vocab.  (1570),  col.  187. 
Taraee[\t.\,  the  brest  or  iuf*e  of  a  man.     Ftorio  (1598). 

7.  The  body  of  a  living  creature. 

He  rais'd  a  si^h  so  piteous  and  profoimd, 

Iliat  it  iliil  seem  to  shatter  all  his  bulk, 

And  end  Ills  being.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  1. 

Vast  bulks  which  little  souls  but  ill  supply. 

Driiden,  Amms  Mirabilis,  1.  280. 
Bones  of  some  vast  bulk  that  lived  and  roar'd 
IJefore  man  was.  Tenn;tmn,  Princess,  iii. 

Elasticity  of  buUc    See  c/a.!(iVi(!/.— Laden  in  bulk, 

having  the  cargo  hK>se  in  the  hold,  or  not  inclosed  in 
boxes,  bales,  bags,  <»r  casks.  — TO  break  bulk.  See  break. 
=  Syn.  2.  Greatness,  largeness,  extent,  bigness;  Mwjni- 
fit'l. ,  I'ltlujne,  etc.  See  fize. 
bulkl  (bulk),  r.  [<  bum,  )i.]  I.  iutrans.  To  in- 
crease in  bulk ;  grow  large ;  swell. 

He  [Clialmers]  would  dilate  on  one  doctrine  till  it  btUked 
into  a  bible.  Sorth  British  Jlev. 

But  the  more  he  is  alone  with  nature,  the  greater  man 

and  his  doings  bulk  in  the  consideration  of  his  fellow-nieii. 

The  Centura,  X.KVII.  111.). 

n.  trans.  To  put  or  hold  in  bulk  or  asa 
mass;  fix  the  bulk  of  in  place:  as,  to  bulk' a 
cargo.     [Rare.] 

Hotting  on  stjuie  wild  shore  with  ribs  of  wreck, 

Or  like  an  old-worhl  mammoth  bulk'd  In  Ice, 

.Not  to  \n:  molten  out.  Tenni/Mon,  J'rincess,  v. 

bulk-t,  f.  1.    [ME. ;  var.  of  fco/A-,  q.  v.]   To  belch. 
Hulk  not  as  a  Bt-eiie  were  yn  thi  throt«, 
As  a  karle  that  comys  oute  of  a  cote. 

llal/een  Ilook  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  18. 

bulk'*  fbulk),  «.  [<  Icel.  bdlkr,  a  beam,  rafter, 
:ilso  u  wall,  partition,  =  E.  bniki,  a  beam,  ridge, 
<tc. :  see  bnlki.  and  cf.  bulkliinit.]  If.  A  par- 
tition ;  a  ijrojecfing  j)art  of  a  building. 

Here,  staml  IhIiIuiI  this  bulk.  .Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 

2.  A  stall  in  front  of  a  shop.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 
3t.  A  large  chest  or  box. 

"11  n  fmlk  In  ft  cellar  won  to  hi;  found  the  author  of  the 

U  iPidercr."  JohTUlon. 

bulk'  fbulk),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  bulkni :  <f.  bunch'', 
:-inl<>-,  UH  related,  through  bunk,  to  tmlk^.']  If. 
To  strike;  beat. 

On  h'T  liroHt«s  gon  thcl  bulk. 
And  uchono  to  her  In  t<i  Kciiik. 

Curnor  Mumll.   tllalUmll.) 
2    Tn  tl,rr,b.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
bulkar   ".     See  bulkcr". 

bulki.r'  i.  il'kr-r),  H.  [<  ftM/A-l +  -fri.]  Aoi//., 
»  I"  ived  to  dotermine  the  quntitity 

nr  '■  iiiH,  MO  aH  to   fix  the  ninouiit  of 

Ti.  1     M-  .,1    |i.,re-<luo»  towhich  they  are  liulilr'. 
1       -l 
btlUter*  (bnl'kfcr),  n.     [Also  written  (In  defH. 
I,   2)  bulkar;  <  bulk»  +  -crl.]     It.  A  beam. 


714 

Skinner.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  A  butcher's  stall. 
[Prov.  Eng.]  —  3.  One  who  sleeps  under  bulks 
or  benches ;  a  night-walker.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] — 4t.  A  common  strumpet  or  jilt.  E. 
I'll  ill ij}.^,  1706. 

bulkhead  (bulk'hed),  n.  [<  bulk^,  partition,  + 
head.']  1.  A  partition.  Specifically  — (a)  A  parti- 
tion in  a  ship  to  form  separate  apartments,  or  a  water- 
tight partition  placed  in  the  hull  to  prevent  the  passage 
of~ water  or  fire  from  one  p:n*t  to  another  in  case  of  acci- 
dent ;  also,  a  screen,  as  for  protection  in  a  fight. 

We  had  only  to  wring  out  our  wet  clothes  [and]  hang 
them  up  to  chafe  against  the  bulkheads. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  S3. 
(b)  In  civil  enffin.,  a  partition  built  in  a  tunnel,  conduit, 
or  other  subterranean  passage,  intended  to  pi-event  the 
passage  of  air,  water,  or  mud. 

2.  A  water-face  of  a  wharf,  pier,  or  sea-wall. 
—  3.  A  horizontal  or  inclined  door  giving  ac- 
cess from  the  outside  of  a  house  to  the  cellar. 
[New  Eng.]  —Bulkhead  door,  a  water-tight  door  in  a 
bulkhead.  — Bulkhead  line,  a  surveyors"  line  showing 
how  far  the  Iiulkiii-iuis  i.f  jners  may  itroject  into  a  stream 
or  harbor. — Collision  bulkhead,  a  strong  bulkliead  built 
across  a  ship,  ne;ir  tin.-  )"av.-^,  and  desitiued  to  prevent  it 
from  filling  with  water  if  the  bows  are  stove  in.  —  Screen 
bulkhead  ("«»^),  a  screen  of  canvas  or  other  cloth,  taking 
the  place  of  a  bulkhead, 

bulkiness  (bul'ki-nes),  n.  [<  bidki/  +  -ncss.} 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  bulky ;  magnitude 
in  bulk  or  size. 

bulky  (bul'ki),  a.     [<  ft«K-i  +  -ijK    Cf.  Icel. 
hulkalegr,  bulky,  Sw,  dial,  bullkug,  bunchy,  pro- 
tuberant.]    1.  Of  gi-eat  bulk  or  size;  large. 
Hence — 2.  Unwieldy;  climisy. 
Latreus,  the  bulkiest  of  the  double  race.  Dn/den. 

The  book  .  .  .  suffers  from  the  editor's  buthf  style. 

y.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVU.  164. 
=  Syn.  Bulky,  Massive,  Massy,  Ponderous,  Burly.  Bulkji 
refers  to  promiueuce,  excess,  or  unwieldiness  of  size ;  it 
applies  proiierly  to  material  things  ;  if  applied  to  persons, 
it  iln]ilies  the  development  of  physical  size  at  the  expense 
of  higlu-r  4Ualities,  Massy  is,  strictly,  poetic  for  massive. 
The  two  denote  weight  and  solidity  quite  .is  much  as 
size,  while  that  which  is  bulky  may  be  hollow  anil  com- 
paratively light :  :is,  a  ^H?A-// liundle  of  straw;  a  mas.^.-ipe 
jaw;  "ingots  of  vmssy  gold,"  Ponderous  primarily  de- 
notes  weight  and  not  size,  but  has  come  to  have  a  secon. 
dary  suggestion  of  unwieldiness.  Burly  is  applicable  only 
to  persons,  aud  expresses  bigness,  solidity,  aud  force,  with 
something  of  coarseness  of  manner. 

In  160:i,  Jonson  produced  his  mighty  tragedy  of  Sejanus, 
a  noble  piece  of  work,  full  of  learning,  ingenuity,  aud 
force  of  mind  in  wielding  bulky  materials, 

Whipple,  Old  Eng,  Dram, 
And  bared  the  knotted  column  of  his  throat, 
The  massive  square  of  his  heroic  breast, 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

We  turned  down  into  a  narrow  street,  and,  after  pro. 
ceeding  a  little  way,  jiassed  under  a  nmssjt  arched  gate. 
way,  and  foxmd  ourselves  in  the  spacious  courtyard  of  this 
princely  mansion,  li'.  Ware,  Zeuobia,  1,  'J!», 

Slowly  the  potulerous  portal 
Closed,  and  in  silence  the  crowd  awaited  the  will  of  the 
soldiers.  Lonijfellow,  Evangeline,  i.  4. 

bulll  (bid),  n.  [<  ME.  hnl,  biilc,  bot,  bole  (these 
i'cirins  appar,  after  Scand,),  also  butle,  apjiar,  < 
AS.  'build  (not  found,  but  indicated  by  the  rare 
dim.  bullum,  >  E.  bullock^,  q.  v.)  =  SiD.  bullc, 
bolU;  D.  bul  =  MLG.  LG.  bulle  (>  G.  bull,)  = 
Icel.  boli,  a  bull  (cf.  haula,  a  cow:  see  bawl^),  = 
Norw.  liol  =  (JDan.  bul,  a  bull,  Dan.  biill,  a  cas- 
trated bull  (cf.  OBulg.  roli'i  =  Sen'.  ro=  Bohotii. 
wul  (wol-)  =  Pol.  Wdl  (barred  /),  an  ox,  =  K'liss. 
volii,  a  bull,  =r  Litli.  biilhis  =  Lett.  lu)lli.\)-  prob. 
from  the  root  of  bclP,  bellow,  q.  v.]  1.  The 
male  of  the  domestic  b()\ino,  of  which  the  U-- 
malo  is  a  eow  ;  in  general,  the  male  of  any  bo- 
vine, as  of  the  dillerent  species  of  the  genus 
Iio.s. —  2.  An  old  male  whale,  sea-lion,  sea- 
bear,  or  fur-seal. —  3.  t'O/).]  Tuurus,  one  of  tlic 
twelve  signs  of  the  zoiliac. — 4.  In  .sliick-e.r- 
chant/c  slang,  one  who  eiuh'uvors  to  elTect  a  rise 
in  tlie  jirice  of  stock:  the  opposite  of  a  hear. 
See  bear-,  ii. 

2i/  Sloek.  Zounils,  where  are  all  the  Jew8lhlsftft«rnoon7 
Are  you  a  Bidl  or  a  Bear  'I'o  day,  Abraham? 

M  .Slock.  A  Dull,  Faith,- but  I  have  a  gnoil  Putt  for 
next  week,  ,lfr«.  Ccntlivrc,  llolil  stroke,  Iv, 

5.  ThebiiU's-eyoof  a  (argot. —  6.  I'l.  Tlieslems 
of  111  ilge-lhorils. —  7.  /''.  The  tranHverse  bars 
of  wooil  into  which  llio  lii'ads  of  liarrows  are 
sot.  liroHc;  Untliwcll.  [I'rov.  Eng.]  — 8t.  .\ 
five-Mliilling  piece,  llrewer. — 9t.  A  small  Ui't:. 
— 10.  Till'  weak  gi'og  made  by  jjouring  water 
into  a  H|iirit-cask  marly  empty.  |Slnn>;.]  — 
BuU-bay.  s.e  imyi.-  To  take  the  biillhy  the  horns, 

to  grapple  wUh  or  face  boldly  nomi'  danger  or  dlllbnlly. 
(In  conilHiMltion,  bull  often  Implii-ii  'nudt*'  or  'of  birgc 
«lze.'  nn  in  hull-troul,  pi-rlmpH  lodrush.  etc,] 

bulll  (lull),  I'.  I.  [<  '"'"',  ». ;  =  '''el.  '">'",  btllt, 
]iiisli.J  1.  To  toHH  rir  throw  up  (lieilges),  jin 
cattle  ilo.  [Prov.  Kng.]  —  2.  In  the  sinek  er- 
rbange,  to  endeavor  lo  raise,  as  the  |iriee  of 
HJiariH,  artificially  and  iimluly.  Hoe  Ihe  noun, — 
^  "  lur  water  In 


To  bull  a  barrel,  to 


Into  a  cask,  when  it  la     schismatic 


bull 

nearly  empty,  to  prevent  it  from  leaking.— To  bull  the 
market,  to  operate  for  a  rise  in  prices,  as  is  done  Ijy 
lirokei-s  who  are  long  in  any  particular  stock. 

bulll  (bid),  a.  [<  buin,  «.,  4.]  In  the  slock 
exchange,  in  the  interest  of  or  favorable  to  the 
bulls ;  buoyant ;  rising :  as,  a  6m//  movement ; 
a  bull  market. 

buH2  (bill),  H.  [<  ME.  bulle,  <  OF.  bulle,  F.  bulle 
=  It.  bolhi.  bulla  =  D.  hul,  bulle  =  G.  Dan.  bulle 

—  Sw.  bulla  =  Icel.  bola  (in  hann-bola,  a  bidl  of 
excommimieation\  <  ML.  bulla,  a  papal  edict, 
any  edict  or  WTiting,  a  seal,  L,  bulla,  a  boss, 
knob,  stud,  bubble :  see  bulla,  bill^,  billcll,  bullet, 
bulletin,  boil~,  bowl-,  eto.'i     1.  Same  as  6«//a,  2. 

—  2.  The  most  atithoritative  ofiicial  document 
issued  by  the  pope  or  in  his  name :  usually  an 
open  letter  containing  some  decree,  order,  or 
decision  relating  to  matters  of  grace  or  justice. 
It  derives  its  name  fri.ini  the  leiideu  seal  (Latin  bidla) 
appended  to  it  by  a  thread  or  Itand,  which  is  red  or  yellow 
when  the  bull  refers  to  matters  of  grace,  and  ttncolorod  and 
of  hemp  when  it  refers  to  matters  of  justice.  On  one  side 
of  the  seal  is  the  name  of  the  pope,  and  on  the  other  are 
the  lieads  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  BuUs'are  written  in 
Latin,  either  in  the  ordinary  cursive  hand  or  in  roimd 
Gothic  characters,  and  have  a  red  seal  on  the  parchment 
itself,  in  which  the  name  of  the  pope  encircles  the  heads 
of  the  apostles.  They  begin  with  the  name  of  the  pope, 
folloucti  by  the  term  epi.^ropus  (bishop)  and  the  words 
serrus  .•iervonnn  Dei  (servant  of  the  servants  of  God)  and 
a  salutation,  and  close  with  the  place  and  date  of  execu- 
tion and  the  subscription  of  the  chancellor  or  other  func- 
tionary of  the  papal  chancery.  The  distinctive  name  of  a 
bull  is  taken  from  the  first  word  or  words  of  the  general  in- 
troduction which  follows  the  salutation  :  ;is.  tlie  bull  I'ni- 
oenitus,  which  begins  with  the  words  /  ^ni:ieiiitus  Dei,  etc., 
issued  in  171:^  by  I'lement  XI.,  condemning  the  Janseuist 
prnpnsitions  set  forth  in  Quesnel's  "Moral  Kefiectious." 
.\  In-ie/,  though  of  e(jual  authority  with  a  bull,  differs  from 
it  in  several  important  points,  chiefiy  of  form.  It  Is 
shorter,  relates  to  subjects  of  inferior  imi)ortance,  is  writ. 
ten  in  Latin  in  ordinary  Rom.an  letters  aiui  on  the  smooth 
side  of  the  parchment,  uses  the  word  paita  instead  of  epis. 
copus  in  the  introductory  fonnula,  is  sealed  with  red  wax 
instead  of  lead,  and  with  tne  pope's  private  seal,  the  fish* 
erman's  ring,  and  is  never  signed  by  the  pope  himself, 
but  by  a  secretary  of  the  papal  chancery.  Both  briefs 
ami  bulls  belong  to  a  cl.ass  (►f  papal  documents  generi. 
cally  called  apostolic  letters;  these  are  ener/elieat  when 
addressed  to  the  bishops  of  the  Human  Catlndic  w,irld, 
and  from  their  contents  are  called  eoiistitutious,  decretals 
(ancient),  synodal  tetters  (also  ancient),  reseripts,  motus 
prt^/'vii,  etc.  Consislorial  bidls  are  issued  after  consulta, 
tioii  with  the  consistory  of  cardinals,  and  are  signed  by  all 
the  cardinals  consulted. 

The  church  jjublished  her  hulls  of  crusade ;  offering  lib- 
eral iudulgeuccs  to  those  who  served, 

PrescotI,  Ferd,  and  Isa,,  Int, 
The  pope  has  issued  a  Imll  deposing  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Macaulay,  Disabilities  of  the  .lews. 

3.  An  official  letter;  an  edict;  especially,  an  im- 
perial edict  under  the  Konian  or  the  old  German 

empire.  — Golden  bull,  a  name  given  to  several  cele* 
bratcd  historical  docunu-Tits.  from  tludr  golden  seal.  The 
most  notable  nf  tlicse  is  an  edict  or  imperial  couslitution 
made  in  l;l.',(>  by  the  cinjicror  Charles  IV,,  regulating  the 
mode  of  proce(iore  in  the  election  aud  connuition  of  the 
emperor.  —  Leaden  bulls,  the  designation  of  ofiicial  iloc- 
unu'ots  (from  their  leaden  seals)  bent  by  the  emperors  of 
(■,instantiTio]de  to  patriarchs  and  princes,  by  the  grandees 
of  the  empire,  of  France,  Sicily,  etc,  and  by  patriarchs 
and  bishops, 

bull'^f  (bill),  n.   [=  F.  hullc,  formerly  bule  =  Sp. 
obs,  bulla  =  Pg.  bolhn  =  It,  bolla,  bulla,  <  L, 
bulla,  a  bubble:  see  /)«//'-.]     A  btibble. 
Life  is  as  a  bull  rising  on  the  water.     Xoirell.    (navies.\ 

bull'  (bill),  n.  [Not  fotuid  earlier  than  the  17th 
I'onlury,  except  as  ME.  but  (about  A.  D.  llf'JO)  in 
the  doubtful  passage  first  quoted.  Origin  un- 
certain. Sevei'al  anecdotes  involving  Irish 
speakers  have  been  told  (aii<l  apjiar.  invented) 
to  account  for  the  word.  It  is  usually  asso- 
ciated with  bull-,  n  papal  edict,  in  allusion,  it 
is  said,  lo  the  contrast  between  llie  humble 
professions  of  lh(>po)>e,  as  in  liisslylingliimsclf 
's(>rvant  of  servants,' and  the  absolutely  dicta- 
lorial  nature  of  his  edicts.  This  exjilajuition, 
which  rests  partly  on  Ihe  passage  (|Uoted  fi'ora 
Milton  (cf.  liulli.^h-,  also  m  Jljlton),  below,  is 
hardly  teinible  on  historical  grounds.  The  Icel. 
bull,  nonsense,  liiilln,  talk  nonsense,  chat,  is 
mod.,  ami,  if  not  from  Ihe  E.  word,  is  to  bo 
associated  with  bulla,  boil,  and  nil.  with  L.  but' 
la,  a  bubble  :  see  /<«//•'.]  A  grosN  inconsistenoy 
in  language;  a  luilicrous  bliimler  involving  B 
contradiction  in  lerms:  coTiimoiily  regarded 
as  es]iecially  characli<ristic  of  the  Irish,  and 
often  called  an  Iri.th  liiill. 

<)nllk  num.  i|nllk  calf,  qnllk  leon,  quilk  fujul 
I  sal  you  tel,  wlth-vten  liul. 

Cursor  MutulHK.  E.  T.  8.),  I.  21M». 

I  nniy  say  (wllhont  ft  Ituli)  this  eonfrovorsy  of  yours  Is 

so  mncli  thi'  more  needless,  liy  how b  llud  aboni  which 

It  Ik  (Kefornjatlon)  Is  so  wllhont  all  cmlroversy  m'cdIuL 

Charles  tierte,  Ahab's  Fall  (Kill),  Ded. 

And  whereas  the  Papist  lioasl.s  hlroRcK  to  be  a  homsn 

Callndle,  It  Is  a  nuTe  traillclion.  one  of  the  pope's 

bulh,  lui  If  he  shoulil  say  nidversal  piirllcular ;  ft  Catholic 
jlfiVbin,  True  Religion, 


bull 

"  Why,  Friend/'says  he,  .  .  .  "I  myself  have  knowne  a 
beast  winter'tl  one  whole  summer  for  a  noble."  "That 
was  a  Butt,  my  Lord,  I  beleeve,"  says  the  fellow, 

Tlwiit^;  Anecdotes  and  Traditions  (Camden  Soc),  p.  70. 
=  Syn.  Error,  Mistake,  etc.  Sec  blunder. 
bulla  (t)ura),  n. ;  pi.  hullw  (-e).  [L.,  a  bubble, 
boss,  kuob,  an  ornament,  etc. ;  heueo  E.  hull-, 
biilP,  liill^,  bowVi,  etc.;  ef.  Hind,  bulbidd,  build, 
a  bubble,  and  E.  bubble^,  etc.;  all  perhajjs  orig. 
imitative.]  1.  An  ornament  in  the  form  of  a 
capsule  or  locket,  in  use  among  the  ancient 
Romans,  who  adopted  it  fi'om  the  Eti-uscans. 
It  was  worn  especially  around  the  neck  as  an  amulet  by 
Roman  childrt'ii,  both  boys  and  girls,  its  protective  virtue 
being  supposed  to  reside  either  in  its  precious  material  or 
in  some  substance  inclosed  within  it.  It  was  of  gold  in 
the  fandlies  of  the  nobly  born  and  the  rich,  and  of  com- 
moner material  among  others.  It  was  laid  aside  by  young 
men  upon  attaining  maturity,  and  dedicated  to  Hercules 
or  to  the  household  lares ;  by  young  women  it  was  dedi- 
cated to  Juno. 

When  now  my  golden  Bulla  (lumg  on  high 
To  household  gods)  declar'd  nie  past  a  boy. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Pcrsius,  Satires,  v.  42. 

2.  A  seal  attached  to  a  document.  Specifically— 
(a)  A  seal  used  by  the  empei'ors  of  Constantinople,  and  by 
the  early  emperors  of  the  Holy  Roman  (German)  Empire, 
and  by  other  sovereigns.  (?>)  A  leaden  seal  attached  to 
important  documents  issued  by  the  pope.    See  bull",  2. 


Bulla  of  Pope  Alexander  IV. 

3.  Any  ornament  of  rounded  form,  especially 
if  suspended,  such  as  those  which  are  attached 
by  small  chains  to  the  Hungarian  crown. — 4. 
In  pathol.,  a  bleb  or  portion  of  epidermis  raised 
by  the  extravasation  of  a  transparent  watery 
fluid,  as  in  erysipelas,  etc. —  5.  In  anat.,  an  in- 
flated portion  of  the  bony  external  meatus  of 
the  ear,  forming  a  more  or  less  well-marked 
prominence  on  each  side  at  the  base  of  the 
skull  of  many  animals,  usually  constituted  by 
a  bulbous  tympanic  bone.  Also  called  buUa 
ossea.    See  extract. 

In  some  Marsupials,  where  the  tympanic  does  not  pass 
beyond  the  annular  condition,  there  is  an  apparently  simi- 
lar bulla,  but  this  is  formed  by  an  extension  of  the  bases 
of  the  alx  temporjiles  (Dasyurus,  Petaurista,  Perameles). 
Gegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  ititi. 

6.  [cap.]  A  genus  of  tectibranchiate  (or  pleu- 
robranchiate)  gastropods,  to  which  very  differ- 
ent limits  have 
been  assigned,  (a) 
By  the  old  concholo- 
gists  not  only  were 
most  of  the  tectibran- 
chiates  included,  but 
also  various  other  gas- 
tropods having  shells 
like  or  supposed  to  be 
like  them  were  referred 
to  the  genus,  (b)  By 
recent  writers  it  is  re- 
stricted to  the  bubble- 
shells,  so  called  from 
their  ventricous  oval 
shells,  so  convoluted  that  the  last  whorl  envelops  all  the 
others:  typical  of  the  family  Bullidte.  Also  called  Glan- 
dula. 
bullace  (biil'as),)?.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  buUis, 
biUloes;  <  Mfi.  bidas,  bolas,  also  bolastcr,  bohjs- 
tre  (cf.  buhiti  tre,  bidas-tre,  where  tre  is  regard- 
ed as  E.  Iree).  <  Gael,  bulaistear  =  Ir.  bidistair, 
a  buUaee,  sloe,  connected  with  Ir.  bidos,  a 
prune,  =  Bret,  bolos,  polos,  bullace,  >  prob. 
OF.  balocc,  beloce,  belloche  (F.  dial,  bclocc),  bul- 
lace, beUocier,  buUace-tree.  Cf.  E.  dial.  (Corn- 
wall) huUum,  the  fruit  of  the  bullace-tree.]  1. 
A  species  of  plum,  Prunus  insititia,  a  native 
of  Asia  Minor  and  southern  Europe,  but  now 
natm-alized  and  cultivated  further  north,  it 
differs  from  the  common  plum,  P.  domesliea,  chiefly  in 
its  spiny  branches.  The  fruit  is  used  like  damsons. 
2.  The  popular  name  of  Melicoeca  bijiiga,  a 
common  West  Indian  tree,  producing  a  green 
egg-sliaped  fruit  with  a  pleasant  vinous  and 
aromatic  flavor. —  3.  In  the  United  States,  the 
muscadine  grape,  Vitis  vidpina. 
Bulladae  (bul'a-de),  «.  pi.  Same  as  Bullidw. 
bullae,  n.     Plural  of  bulla. 

buUah  (buril),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  A  weight  equal  to 
4i  pounds,  used  in  some  parts  of  the  East  In- 
dies for  grain. 


1  2 

Bubble-shells. 

1,  Bulla  ampulla  ;  z,  Bulla  {Atys) 

nauciutn. 


715 

bullantic  (bu-lan'tik),  a.  [<  ML.  bullan(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  bullarr,  attach  the  seal,  <  bulhi,  seal: 
see  6mW2.]  Pertaining  to  or  used  in  apostolic 
bulls:  as,  bidhiufir  letters,  certain  ornamental 
capitals  used  in  these  bulls. 

buUarium  (bu-la'ri-um),  n.     Same  as  bullary'^. 

bullary"^  (bul'a-ri),  11.  [<  ML.  bullariuin,  a  col- 
lection of  papal  bulls,  <  bidla:  see  bull'^.l  A 
collection  of  papal  bulls. 

bullary2  (bul'a-ri),  n.  [A  pedantic  (law)  fonn 
of  bodary  or  boilery,  as  if  <  ML.  *bHllariuni,  <  L. 
bidlare  for  biUlire,  boil:  see  bod'^.'i  A  house  in 
which  salt  is  prepared  by  boiling. 

buUate  (bul'at),  a.  [<  L.  bultatiis,  pp.  and  ad.i. : 
see  the  verb.]  1 .  Inbot.,  having  elevations  like 
blisters,  a  bullate  leaf  is  one  whose  surface  between 
the  veins  is  thrown  into  projections,  which  are  convex  on 
the  upper  surface  and  concave  beneath,  as  in  the  cabbage. 
In  the  bullate  thallus  of  a  lichen  the  concavities  are  on  the 
upper  surface. 

2.  In  j)a(/io/.,  blistered. —  3.  In «)!«*.,  inflated; 
vaulted ;  ventricous ;  fornicated  and  with  thin 
walls:  as,  a  huUatc  tympanic  bone  (that  is,  one 
forming  a  bulla  ossea). —  4.  In  zoiil.,  having  the 
surface  covered  with  irregular  and  slight  eleva- 
tions, giving  a  blistered  appearance. 

bullatet,  V-  i-  [<  L.  bullatus,  pp.  of  bullare,  bub- 
ble, <  bulla,  a  bubble:  see  boil'^,  bulla.^  To 
bubble  or  boil. 

buUated  (bul'a-ted),  ff.  Bullate;  rendered  bul- 
late. 

bullation  (bu-la'shon),  ».  In  «H«t,  inflation; 
fornication ;  cameration. 

bull-baiting  (biil'ba"ting),  «.  The  practice  of 
baiting  or  attacking  bulls  with  dogs,  a  sport 
formerly  very  poptdar  in  England,  but  made 
illegal  in  1835. 

Among  those  who  at  a  late  period  patronised  or  defended 
bull-baitint/  were  Windham  and  Parr  ;  and  even  Canning 
and  Peel  opposed  the  measure  for  its  abolition  by  law. 

Leckif,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  iv. 

bullbat  (bul'bat),  II.  A  local  or  popular  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  night-hawk  or  long- 
winged  goatsucker,  Chordeiles popetue  or  C.  vir- 
giiiianus.  So  called  from  its  flying  most  in  the  evening 
or  in  cloudy  weather,  and  from  the  noise  which  it  makes 
as  it  moves  through  the  air.  It  belongs  to  the  family  Ca- 
primulgid(e,  like  the  whippoorwill,  but  is  of  a  different 
genus.     Also  called  pisk  and  piramidia. 

buUbeart,  «.  [<  6'«M^  +  bear^.  Cf.  bugbear.']  A 
bugbear.     Harvey.     (Halliwell. ) 

bullbee  (bul'be),  n.     Same  as  bullfly. 

bull-beef  (bul'bef),  n.  The  flesh  of  a  bull; 
hence,  coarse  beef.  [In  the  latter  sense  collo- 
quial.] 

buUbeggar  (bul'beg"ar),  n.  [In  form,  <  bidl'^ 
+  bcift/ar;  but  prob.  a  corruption  of  a  word 
of  different  origin;  cf.  bully,  v.,  bullbear,  a  bug- 
bear, D.  bullcbak,  a  bugbear:  see  bugbear.] 
Something  that  excites  needless  fear;  a  hob- 
goblin; an  object  of  teri-or. 

They  are  all  as  niiid  as  I ;  they  all  have  trades  now. 
And  roar  about  the  streets  like  bvXl-begfjars. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  2. 

Tliis  was  certainly  an  ass  in  a  lion's  skin  ;  a  harmless 
bull-benqar,  who  delights  to  frighten  innocent  people. 

Taller,  So. 'iU. 

bull-boat  (bul'bot),  n.  A  rude  boat  made  by 
the  North  American  Indians,  usually  a  shallow 
crate  covered  with  the  raw  hide  of  the  bull  elk. 

bullbrier  (biil'bri"er),  n.  A  name  given  to  spe- 
cies of  Smdax,  S.  Pseudo-China  and  .S.  tamiioi- 
des,  of  the  southern  United  States,  which  have 
tuberous  roots,  and  stems  armed  with  stout 
prickles. 

bull-calf  (biil'kaf),  n.  [<  bidU  +  calf;  =  D.  bul- 
l-alf=  Icel.  bola-kdlfr.)  1.  A  male  calf.— 2. 
A  stupid  fellow.     Shale. 

bullcomber  (bul'ko"mer),  «.  A  name  of  the 
common  English  beetle,  Scarabams  typhauis,  or 
Typihaus  vulgaris,  and  other  species  of  the  fam- 
ily Scaraba'ido'. 

bull-dance  (biil'dans),  n.  Xaut.,  a  dance  per- 
formed by  men  only. 

bulldog  (biil'dog),  ».  [<  buin  +  dog;  hence  F. 
bouledoque,  Russ.  buUdogH,  Hind,  gulddnk-luttd 
(kuttd,  dog).  Cf.  equiv.  D.  bulhoiid(lioiid  =  'E. 
hound),  L6.  bullenbiter  =  G.  bulleiibeisser  = 
Dan.  bulbider,  lit.  'bull-biter.']  1.  A  variety 
of  dog  of  comparatively  small  size,  but  very 
strong  and  muscular,  with  a  large  head,  broad 
muzzle,  short  hair,  tapering  smooth  tail,  and 
remarkable  com-age  and  ferocity.  Dogs  of 
this  kind  were  formerly  much  used  in  bull- 
baiting,  whence  the  name. —  2t.  A  bailiff. 

I  sent  for  a  couple  of  bull-dofis,  and  arrested  him. 

Fnvquhar,  Love  and  a  Bottle,  iii.  2. 

3.  The  assistant  or  servant  who  attends  the 
proctor  of  an  English  imiversity  when  on  duty. 


bullet-bag 

Sentiments  which  vanish  for  ever  at  the  sight  of  the  proc- 
tor with  his  tmtl-dof/M,  as  they  call  them,  or  four  muscular 
fellows  which  [sic]  always  follow  him,  like  so  many  bailiffs. 
WeKtuiUuter  Reo.,  XXXV.  2;i2. 

4.  [Cf.  barker'^,  4.]  A  pistol;  in  recent  use,  a 
.small  revolver  with  a  short  barrel  carrying  a 
large  ball.     [Cant.] 

"  I  have  always  a  brace  of  bulldogs  about  me."  ...  So 
saying,  he  exhibited  a  very  handsome,  highly  finished,  and 
richly  mounted  pair  of  pistols. 

,ScoU,  St.  Ronan's  Well,  II.  191. 

5.  Naut. :  (a)  The  great  gun  in  the  officers' ward- 
room cabin,  (b)  A  general  tenn  for  main-deck 
guns. — 6.  In  metal.,  tap-cinder  from  the  pud- 
dling-furnace,  after  the  'protoxid  of  iron  has 
been  converted  into  sesquioxid  Ijy  roasting. 
It  may  be  used  as  an  ore  of  iron  for  making  what  is  known 
aa  cinder-iron.  It  is  also  extensively  used  as  a  lining  for 
the  sides  of  the  puddling-funiaee.    [Eng.] 

7.  A  name  given  by  the  Canadian  half-breeds 
to  the  gadfly.-  BuUdog  bat.    See  fca(2.-BuUdog 

forceps,  forceps  with  jiointcd  teeth  for  grasping  an  ar- 
tery, etc. 

bulldoze  (biil'doz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bull- 
dozed, ppr.  bulldozing.  [Also  written  bidldose ; 
explained  as  orig.  to  give  one  a  fto.se  of  the  bull- 
whack  or  bull-whip ;  but  the  second  element,  if 
of  this  origin,  would  hardly  become  -fto^e.]  1. 
To  punish  summarily  with  a  bull-whip ;  cow- 
hide.— 2.  To  coerce  or  intimi<iate  by  violence 
or  threats;  esj)ecially,  in  politics,  to  bully;  in- 
fluence unfairly:  applied  particularly  to  the 
practices  of  some  southern  whites  since  the 
civil  war.     [U.  S.  slang.] 

The  use  of  this  weapon  [the  bull-whip]  was  the  original 
application  of  bull-doze.  It  first  found  its  way  into  i)rint 
after  the  civil  war,  when  it  came  to  mean  intimidation  for 
political  purposes  by  violence  or  threats  of  violence.  Since 
that  time  it  has  acquired  a  wider  significance,  and  may 
be  used  with  reference  to  intimidation  of  any  kind. 

Ma;),  of  Amer.  Hist.,  XIII.  98. 

bulldozer  (biil'do-zer),  n.  1.  One  who  bull- 
dozes; one  who  intimidates  others  by  threats 
of  violence. —  2.  A  revolver.  [U.  S.  slang  in 
both  senses.] 

buUedt,  p.  a.  [For  boiled,  pp.  of  ME.  bollen, 
swell:  see  boln^.]  Swollen;  expanded.  Ji. 
Jonsoii,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

buUen  (bul'en),  n.  [Origin  imknown.]  The 
awn  or  chafi:  from  hemp  or  flax.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bullen-bullen  (bul'en-bid"en),  n.  [Imitative 
reduplication ;  ef .  bulbul.']  The  native  name  of 
the  Australian  lyre-bird,  Menura  superba. 

bullengert,  ».     A  variant  of  balinger. 

bullen-nail  (bul'eu-nal),  n.  A  round-headed 
nail  with  a  short  shank,  tinned  and  lacquered, 
used  chiefly  by  upholsterers. 

buller  (bid'er),  v.  i.  [E.  dial. :  see  bulder,  houl- 
f?(  )•.]     To  roar.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bullescence  (bu-les'ens),  «.  [<  L.  bullescen{t-)s, 
\>\M\  of  bullescere,  begin  to  bubble,  <  bullire,  bub- 
ble: see  boil^.]  In  bat.,  a.  bullate  condition. 
See  bullate,  1. 

bullet  (bul'et),  H.  [<  F.  boulet,  a  cannon-ball, 
dim.  of  OF.  boule,  a  ball,  >  E.  bowft,  of  which 
buMet  is  thus  practically  a  diminutive:  see 
ioM'?2.]     It.  A  small  ball. 

When  one  doth  die  another  is  elected  by  the  Great  Slas- 
ter  and  his  Knights,  who  give  their  voices  by  tniUets,  as  do 
the  Venetians.  Sandys,  Travels,  p.  180. 

Specifically  —  2.  A  small  metallic  projectile 
intended  to  be  discharged  from  a  firearm :  com- 
monly limited  to  leaden  projectiles  for  small 

arms.  Bullets  were 
formerly  always  spheri- 
cal in  form,  but  many 
clianges  have  been  made 
in  them  in  both  shape 
and  structure.  The  biU- 
let  used  for  rifles  of 
recent  construction  is 
elongiited  and  conical, 
or  rather  ogival,  at  the 
apex,  somewhat  like  half  an  egg  drawn  out,  with  a  hollow 
at  the  base,  into  which  a  plug  of  wood  or  clay  is  inserted, 
and  with  small  cuts  (cannelures)  in  the  metal  outside, 
which  are  filled  with  beeswjix  to  lubricate  the  barrel 
while  the  bullet  is  passing  through  it.  When  the  gun  is 
fired  the  plug  is  driven  forward  to  the  head  of  the  cavity, 
forcing  the  biise  of  the  bullet  outw  .ard  till  the  lead  com- 
pletely fills  the  grooves  in  the  rifled  barrel.  The  plug  is 
often  omitted,  the  base  of  the  bullet  being  forced  into  the 
groove^by  the  expansive  force  of  the  powder. 
3.  In  lier.,  a  roundel  sable  (that  is,  a  black 
circle),  supposed  to  represent  a  cannon-ball. — 
Bullet-compasses.     See  .  ..iii/wss.— Dumdum  bullet, 

a  half-ctivcrcd  bulUt  w  ith  an  expansible  soft  core:  named 
from  theDumdumanHuuuition-worksatCalcutta.— Every 
bullet  has  its  billet.  See  ii//.(i.— Naked  bullet 
{mint.),  an  elongated  projectile  wilh  one  or  more  ji  ooves 
or  cannelures  encircling  it,  as  distinguished  from  the 
patched  bulUt  formerly  used. 

bullet-bag  (biil'et-bag),  ».  A  leathern  pouch 
for  holdiua;  bullets,  formerly  carried  attached 
to  a  bandoleer  or  baldric.  When  the  baldric  was  not 
worn,  the  bullet-bag  was  attached  to  the  girdle,  Ijeside  the 
powder-flask. 


nie  ;  i.  Hnfield  ;  c,  Springfield  ; 
rf,  Prussian  needle-gun. 


bnllet-headed 

bullet-headed  (biil'et-hed'ed),  a.  1.  Eound- 
headcJ. — 2.  8tupid;  doltish. 

bullet-hook  (bul'et-huk),  h.  A  tool  for  ex- 
trac-tiiig  bullets. 

bulletin  (bid'e-tin),  n.  [F.,  <  It.  biiUeftino,  bol- 
Ifttino,  dim.  of  bulletta,  bolletfa,  dim.  of  bulla, 
bollii.  a  biill,  edict :  see  bulP  and  the  ult.  identi- 
cal biir^.'j  i.  An  authenticated  official  report 
concerning  some  public  event,  such  as  military 
operations,  the  health  of  a  sovereign  or  other 
distinguished  personage,  etc.,  issued  for  the  in- 
formation of  the  public. 

'■  False  .IS  a  bulletin  "  became  a  proverb  in  Napoleon's 
time.  Carlyle. 

2.  Any  notice  or  public  announcement,  espe- 
cially of  news  recently  received. — 3.  A  name 
■given  to  various  periodical  publications  record- 
ing the  proceedings  of  learned  societies. 
bulletin  (biU'e-tiii),  v.  t.  [<  buUelin,  h.]  To 
make  known  by  a  brdletin  publicly  posted. 

It  wuuld  excite  no  interest  to  bulletin  the  last  siege  of 
Jenisalem  in  a  village  where  the  event  was  unknown,  if 
the  date  was  appended. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  142. 

bulletin-board  (bul'e-tin-bord),  n.  A  board 
publicly  exposed,  on  which  to  placard  recent 
news,  notices,  etc. 

bullet-ladle  (btU'et-la'dl),  ».  A  hemispheri- 
cal laiUc  for  melting  lead  to  run  bullets. 

bullet-machine  (bul'et-ma-shen''),  11.  A  ma- 
chine for  forming  btUletS.  The  metal,  in  the  foi-m 
of  a  coil,  is  cut  into  t^liort  len^'tlis  as  it  unwinds,  and  these 
blanks  ai-e  then  pressed  into  shape  between  dies. 

bullet-mold  (bul'et-mold),  n.  A  mold  for  east- 
ing liull'.-ts. 

bullet-probe  (bul'et-prob),  n.  A  probe  used  in 
cxiilMvin^'  for  bullets  in  wounds. 

bullet-proof  (bul'et-prof),  a.  Capable  of  re- 
sisting the  irajiact  of  a  bullet. 

bulletrie  0>urc-tri),  »!.     See  buUy-trce. 

bullet-screw  ( fcul'et-skro),  n.  A  screw  at  the 
end  of  a  ramrod,  which  can  bo  forced  into  a, 
bullet  in  order  to  draw  it  from  a  gim-barrel. 

bullet-shell  (bul'et-shel),  n.  An  explosive  bul- 
let fur  small  arms. 

bullet-tree,  ».    See  buWi-trcc. 

bullet-wood  (bid'et-wud),  ».  A  very  strong, 
closc-gi-ained,  dark-brown  wood  of  India,  from 
a  species  of  Mimiisoj/n.     See  bulhj-trcc. 

bull-facet  (bid'fiis),  «.  A  threatening  face  or 
apjaarance. 

t-'iinie  hither  to  fright  maids  with  thy  bxtU-faces! 
To  threaten  gentlewomen ! 

Fletcher,  Wildgoosc  Chase,  Iv.  2. 

bull-faced  (bul'fast),  a.  Having  a  large  coarse 
face:  as,  "bull-faced  Jonas,"  Uri/dcit,  Abs.  and 
.A.-liit.,  i.  .581. 

bull-feast  fburfest),  n.     Same  as  buU-fight. 

bull-fight  (bul'fit),  n.  A  combat  between  men 
and  a  bull  or  biUls:  a  popular  amusement 
among  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese.  A  hoi-se- 
man,  called  a  lin-eadur  or  picattor,  attacks  a  bull  in  a 
chrKed  arena,  irritating  him,  but  avoiding  his  attack. 
After  the  tmll  lias  been  tormented  a  lung  time  the  hiU'se. 
man  leaves  him,  and  persons  on  foi>t,  callcil  chulon  and 
banitrn'llervit,  attack  him  and  plnnge  ilarts  into  liim. 
Finally  the  s|Hirt  is  ended  with  the  death  of  the  bull  by 
the  (*w',r'l  i,f  a  mntiulitr. 

bull-fighter  (bul'fi't<T),  w.  One  who  fights 
bulls;  a  liuman  combatant  in  a  bull-fight. 

bullflnchl  (biil'findi),  H.  [Appar.  <  bitW^  as  used 
in  coiiip.  (a8  if  in  allu.sion  to  the  thick  rounded 
bill)  -t-  fiiicli.  Cf.  erpiiv.  Imrkjiuch ."]  A  very 
common  oscine  passerine  bird  of  Kurope,  I'yr- 


716 

rhula  riilffaris:  a  kind  of  finch  of  the  family 
Frinflillidw,  with  a  very  short,  stout,  turgid  bill, 
which,  like  the  crown,  is  black,  and  a  body  blu- 
ish above,  and,  in  the  male,  tUe-red  below :  a 
favorite  cage-bird,  easily  taught  to, sing  a  va- 
riety of  notes.  The  name  is  extended  to  other  species 
of  the  same  eenus,  and  also  to  those  of  some  related  gen- 
era.—Bullfinch  tanager,  one  of  the  lindos  or  thick-billed 
tanagersoi  thcULUUs  Knphonia, andothersof  like  charac- 
ter.—Pine  bullfinch,  the  pine  grosbeak,  Pinicola  enu- 
cleatnr,     See  oroshfah: 

bullfinch"  (bul'fineh),  v.  [A  corruption  of 
bull-fence,  a  fence  for  confining  bulls,  <  buW^  -I- 
/f-Hcc]  In  England,  a  strong  fence,  or  a  hedge 
allowed  to  grow  high  enough  to  impede  hunt- 
ers, and  much  used  as  a  test  of  skiU  in  steeple- 
chasing. 

bullfish  (bid'fish),  n.  A  name  of  the  great  seal, 
Plioca  barbata,  or  Erignathiis  barbatiis. 

bullfist  (bul'fist),  )i.  [Also  written  bullfeist, 
bidlfwe;  <  bull^  -h  list",  dia.\.  feist,  foist,  a  puff- 
ball,  Ut.  a  breaking  of  wind :  see  fist^,  foist'^. 
The  Gennan  name  bofist  (>  Borista)  and  the 
generic  name  Lijcnperdon  are  of  similar  signi- 
fication.]    A  puiffball.     See  Lycoperdon . 

bullfly  (bid'fli),  n.  An  insect,  the  gadfly,  so 
named  from  its  tormenting  cattle.  See  gadfly. 
Also  called  biillbcc. 

bullfrog  (bul'frog),  n.  The  Sana  catesbiana, 
a  North  American  species  of  frog,  from  8  to  12 
inches  long,  including  the  legs,  of  a  dusky  brown 


BuUfro^  ^Rana  ratest'iana). 

or  olive  color  marked  with  darker.  These  frogs Uve 
chietiy  in  stagnant  water,  and  utter  a  loud  croaking  sound 
resembling  the  bellowing  of  a  ItuU,  whence  the  name. 
bull-fronted  (burfruii"ted),  a.   Having  a  front 
or  forehead  like  a  bull. 

A  sturdy  man  he  looked  to  fell  an  ox, 
lluU-frontrd,  ruddy.  Hood. 

bull-fronts  (biil'frunts),  n.  pi.  [E.  dial.,  also 
called  hull-faces.']  Tufts  of  coarse  grass,  Aira 
cwftpitoxa.     lirockelt. 

bullhead  (biil'lied),  n.  [<  ME.  bulhede,  name 
of  a  fish  (L.  eapito).  <  bul,  bulll,  +  liede,  head.] 

1.  Tlio  popular  name  of  certain  iisbes.  (,i)  in 
Kngland :  (1)  L'rantdfa  t/ohio,  a  hsh  aliout  4  inches  long, 
witii  hea<i  very  large  and  broader  than  the  body.  Often 
also  called  viUler'ti'thumh.  Also  locally  applied  in  the 
Viuted  .States  to  allied  species  (»f  the  genus  Cranidea. 
(2)  Affimus  eataphractug,  called  the  armed  hulUwad.  (b)  In 
the  United  States,  a  cottoid  fish,  as  dtttua  nra'titnndieus 
or  C.  oclodeciutftpinonuft,  better  known  as  nculpin.  [  l/ical. ) 
(c)  In  America,  a  species  of  .iwiurujt,  also  called  hurned 
jmut.  Hce  cat/itih.  (d)  A  gobioid  fish,  EleoiH^  mihitiifb-n, 
with  a  broad  head,  large  scales  in  ytMO  rows,  and  a  black- 
ish-brown color.  It  is  common  in  the  rivcl's  and  lakes  of 
Xew  Zealand,  (e)  A  fish  of  the  family  Hatrachidcv,  other- 
wise called  Wc»H.v/;H///«'rti/.     Swaumon,  1S;1!>. 

2.  A  tadpole.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 3.  A  small 
wator-insect  of  a  black  color. —  4.  Tlio  golden 
plover,  Cliaradriusfuhus. —  5.  A  stujiiii  fellow; 
a  lubber,     .hihnson. 

bull-head  (burhod),  a.  Same  ns  bull-In  (idrd. 
Bull-head  ax.  .Ve  oo-i.— Bull-head  whiting,  a 
s<i;iii.'i'i  lisii.  Menticirrus  atburnun ;  the  soutlui'n  kmg- 
IIhIi.    H'b.rida.  I 

bull-headed (bul'Iied'cd),  n.  1.  IIa^•ingahead 
like  that  of  a  bull.  Hence— 2.  Obstinate; 
blunderingly  aggressive;  stujiid. 

bullhoof  (liiil'lidf),  n.  A  niinie  given  in  .Ta- 
iiiiiica  to  a  sjxciesof  passion-flower,  ra.tsi/hirii 
Murunija,  Willi  liandscune  scarlet  flowers,  froni 
llie  Kliuiie  of  the  leaves.  It  is  also  npplied,  iis 
ill  IIoiiiliiniH,  to  some  species  of  Inilly-tree 


bullhUBB  (buI'liUH),  H.  "  [<   bnlli  +  dial.  Inis.i, 

English  name  of  the 

di.;.'ri>ili,  .Seiillinni  ratulus. 


III! 


iliiglisli.]      A  local 


n  ,j.',t,..h  {l^jrrrhml,!  v>,/rarii). 


bullid  (liiil'id),  «.     A  gastropod  of  the  family 

Ihdiida: 
BuUidse  (Imri-de),  ".  ;''.     [NT>.,  <  J'"ll<i  + 

-Ilia.]  A  family  of  lectitirimeliiate  gnRtrn|iiHlH, 
typified  by  the"  geiiiis  JIulla,  wliicli  iiiiH  been 
niliiiiteil  with  wlili'ly  dilTering  IxiiiiidarirH.  (,i) 
'  •'  '  ..Id  nillliom  It  »ii«  n«.'il  for  inimt  of  lllc  Trrlibraii 
I'.l  llyliiternnlli.il"  II  litis  been  variously  r.  "Mb  te.l, 
now  nioNdy  lllnlltil  I..  Trelihrauehitlltt  with  iiii  In- 

, ovate  iihell  and  n  lliignnl  ribbon  with  niinienina 

rowii  <if  teeth,  each  row  having  a  cciitnil  tooth  ainl  miiner' 


bullion 

ous  nearly  nniform  lateral  teeth.    The  species  are  marine, 

fre<iuenting  samly  or    muddy   bottoms  near   the  shi.ie, 

S'^nittinics  going  into  brackish  water.    Hie  shell  is  oltfu 

siMittciL     .\iso  written  liullada-.     See  cut  under  litilhi 

bulliform  (bul'i-form),  a.    [<  L.  bulla,  a  bublilc, 

etc.,  +  forma,  shape.]  1.  Resembling  a  blister. 

The  huUiJ'orm  or  hygroscopic  cells  of  grasses  and  sedges. 

Amer,  Jottr.  .Sci.,  3d  ser.,  .\.\XU.  ;«I. 

2.  Having  the  form  characteristic  of  the  genus 
Bulla,  or  of  gastropods  of  the  family  Bullida: 

bullimongt,  bullimungt,  «.  [Also"  bullimony, 
holliniony ;  origin  uncertain.]  A  mixture  of 
oats,  peas,  and  vetches.     Tusser  ;  Grose. 

bullimony  (bul'i-mo-ni),  n.    Same  as  bullimong. 

bulling  O'nl'ing),  H.  [Appar.  verbal  n.  of  bull'^, 
i\.  1,  throw  up,  toss.]  A  method  of  detaching 
loosened  masses  of  rock  from  their  bed  by  ex- 
ploding gunpowder  which  has  been  poured  into- 
the  fissm-es. 

bulling-shovel  (bid'ing-shov'l),  J!.  In  metal., 
a  peculiar  form  of  shovel  xised  in  ore-dressing. 
It  is  of  triangular  fonn,  with  a  sharp  point. 
See  ran  and  ranniiig-flionl.      [Eng.] 

bullion^  (bid'yon),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boll- 
yon,  <  late  ME.  bolion,  earlier  prob.  *bulion, 
"bullion  (AF.  bullione,  boillon,  a  mint,  ML.  AL. 
bullio(n-),  bidliona,  an  ingot  of  gold  or  silver), 
for  'bilion,  "billion,  <  AF.  billon,  OF.  hdlon, 
mod.  F.  billon  (=  Pr.  billo  =  Sp.  rclloii  =  Pg. 
billxTo  =  It.  higlionc:  ML.  billio{>i-),  prop,  "bil- 
lo{n-) :  all  prob.  <  OF.),  a  east  lump  or  ingot  of 
metal,  a  place  where  metal  is  cast  or  coined,  a 
mint,  also  base  or  short-weight  coin  taken  to 
bo  remclted,  hence  esp.  base  coin  or  the  alloy, 
copper  and  silver,  or  copper  alone,  of  wliicli 
they  were  made;  lit.  a  block,  stick,  or  log  (cf. 
billon,  a  twig  or  shoot  of  a  full  year's  growth  — 
Cotgrave),  aug.  (or  dim.)  of  bille,  a  log,  stick: 
see  billet",  billot.  The  form  "billon  or  "billion 
is  not  found  in  ME.  (liillon,  as  used  in  E.,  is  from 
mod.  F.  billon:  see  billon);  tlio  altered  form 
"bullion  is  reflected  in  the  AF.  bullione,  ML. 
AL.  Iiulliona,  bullio{n-).  The  same  change  of 
vowel  occurs  reverselv  in  ML.  AL.  billa  (ME. 
bille.  E.  bilP)  for  bulla  (ME.  bulle,  E.  bull-),  a 
writing,  a  brief,  etc.;  but  the  alteration  iu 
question  was  prob.  due  to  association  with  ( )F. 
bouilhin,  ML.  buUio(n-),  a  boiling,  OF.  bouillir, 
boulir,  L.  bullire.  boil,  bubble,  with  ref.  to  (ho 
molten  metal.  iicQ  bnllion-.']  1.  (iold  or  silver 
in  the  mass ;  gold  or  silver  smelted  and  not  per- 
fectly refined,  or  refined  but  in  bars,  ingots,  or 
any  uncoined  form,  as  plate. 

Ami  that  they  may  be  in  our  suytle  laiulis  and  lordshippj-s 
for  too  bye  and  gader,  lade  and  freitll  and  cary  away  or 
doo  to  bee  caryed  away  and  coniieied  into  the  sayiic  kyng- 
dom  of  Kngland  ...  all  suelle  wares,  goodis  ami  mar- 
chaundises  .  .  .  exccp  botioa,  hariies,  bowcs.  arowcs,  ar- 
tlllary.  ami  other  thingis  which  is  forbodcn,  habili-mclitlft 
of  wcrrc.  and  none  but  such  barneys  and  wcpelis  as  they 
shall  bringo  wyth  them. 

.•li«o(cC«  Clironicte,  l,''i02  (cd.  ISll),  p.  220. 
Their  trade  being,  by  the  same  Alchemy  that  the  Pope- 
uses,  t*>  extract  heaps  of  gold  ami  silver  out  of  the  ilrosslft 
Bullion  of  the  I'eoples  sinncs. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  11. 

\  paper  currency  is  employed,  when  there  is  no  bullion- 

in  the  vaults.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  32. 

2.  T^ncuiTont  coin;   coin  received  only  at  its- 
metallic  value. 
And  (hose  [words]  which  F.ltl's  strict  tloom  did  disallow, 
And  damn  for  bullion,  go  for  i-urrelit  now. 

Sylcester,  tr.  of  Dii  Hartas,  Ilabylou. 
Foreign  coin  hath  no  value  here  for  its  stamp,  and  our 
coin  is  bullion  in  foreign  dominions. 

Locke,  I-'nrtller  Considerations,  etc. 

3t.  Figuratively,  gold,  as  a  sordid  thing;  mero- 
weiiltli;  nianimon. 

l''arcwi-ll.  my  huUion  gods,  whose  sov'rclgn  looks 

So  often  catclrd  nie  with  Ihcir  golden  hooks ; 

flo,  seek  another  slave  ;  yi- all  must  go; 

I  cannot  serve  my  Hod  and  huftion  too. 

(Juinie.1,  Kniblcms.  II.  13. 

4t.  A  mint  or  asBay-onico.  Blount.  Base  bul- 
lion, ]ilg-leiid  containi'ng  silver,  and  usually  also  gold, 
which  are  scjiai-atcd  from  the  baser  metal  by  rclllilllg, 
M '.ti'iKlli-ran  nilnlng  region.) 
bullion-  (bi'il'von),  II.  [Earlv  mod.  E.  hulli/on 
(Skcllun)  (not  t'ound  in  ME.);  <  OF.  bouillon'^,  a 
bubble,  a  stud,  a  large-heuded  nail,  a  pulf  in  a> 
giirinent  (mod.  l'\  bouillon,  a  bublilc,  a  pulT  ia 
a  giiniient,a  bull's-eye  in  glass-iiinking),  jirop. 
a  variant  <if  lioiillon,  hnulon,  i\.  large-licailed  nail, 
a  Html,  bolt,  ]iln,  arrow,  mod,  I'",  houlon,  a  liolt, 
pin  (=  Sp.  botlon.  a  bniss-Iieaded  nail,  a  kind 
of  ear-ring,  a  shoot  of  a  plant),  <  ML.  l>ullio(v-), 
prop,  'bullo(n-),  n  bubble,  aug.  of  L.  bulla,  n. 
liiibblo,  tl  stud,  a  boss,  >  <  IF.  bonle,  a  liubble,  11, 
ball,  iiiiid.  F.  boule  (>  ]'',.  bowl",  a,  round  bull); 
biiuilltin^  being  tliiiH  a  dilTeront  word  from, 
tlioiij;li  eoiil'iiHcd  with,  houillon",  boilliiii,  IkkIIoh, 
bolion,  a  boiling,  a  moasuro  of  salt,  broth,  soup, 


bullion  717 

A  perversion  of  huUi/i. 
To  hiiU'n-k  iiiid  domineer  over  me.  Foote. 

bullock's-eye  (bid'oks-i),  n.      [Cf.  bull's-eye.'] 
1.  A  small  thick  glass  or  skylight  in  a  cover- 
ing or  roof.     Also  called  liiM's-e.ye.—  2.    The 
houseleek,  Stmj>':nii;iiiii  tectoriim. 
bullock's-heart  (bul'oks-hart),  «.      The  East 
Indian  name  for  the  custard-apple,  Anona  re- 
liculala. 
bullock-shell  (bul'ok-shel),  n.   A  kind  of  small 
thick  peai'l-oyster,  of  the  genus  Mclvagrina,  in- 
o     A  4'  •  «  ii  •  1   i    •  i    1         1  1  ■„     habiting  troiiical  America. 

2.  A  tringo  of  thick  twisted  cords,  such  as  will  bulloot  (bu-lof),  u.  [Jlind.  haUut,  halut  =  Pors. 

Alsu  laiici  huUion-frinffe.  f"  <""".-i  tJie  name  given  to  a  kind  of  acorn  used 

3.  Inijltiss-makiii/j,  that  part  of  the  spheroidal  .'"iJ"^^'""  ^^^  ^  medicine. 

mass  of  glass  which  has  been  attached  to  the  ?"}}*'®®  (bul'os),  a.     Same  as  bullous. 
pontil,  after  being  blown  and  while  luidcrgoing  bullous  (bi|l'us),  a.    [<  L.  bulla,  a  bubble,  boss, 

or  of  the 
IjuUate ; 


mod.  F.  Ixymllon  (see  buuilhm)  =  It.  bnglione,  buUock^f  (biirok;,  v. 
Ijroth  (Florio),  <  ML.  hullio(n-),  a  measure  of 
salt  (see  bullions),  lit.  a  bubbling,  a  boiling,  < 
L.  bullirc  (>  OF.  boiilir,  boiillir,  bouillii;  mod. 
F.  boiiillir  =  It.  hollire),  bubble,  boil,  <  bullu,  a 
"bubble:  see  bulla,  bum,  bull'-i,  buifi.  Cf.  bul- 
lion'^.'] It.  A  boss;  a  stud;  a  showy  metallic 
oruamont  either  of  gold  or  in  imitation  of  gold, 
as  a  button,  stud,  hook,  clasp,  buckle,  and  the 
like. 

The  clasps  and  buUjjom  were  worth  a  thousaml  ponml. 
Skellon,  Giirlanil  of  Lanrul. 


bully 


the  process  of  flattening  into  a  sheet.  When 
the  tul)e  is  detached,  it  is  called  the  buU's-ci/v 
(which  see), 


knob  (see  bulla),  +  -ou.'i.]  Kxhibitinjj 
nature  of  bullie,  bleljs,  or  blisters; 
bulbous.     See  bulla,  4. 


bullionSt,  n.    [<  OF.  bouillon,  <  ML.  buUio(n-),  a  I'ullpout  (bul'i)out),  n.    A  siluroid  fish,  espc 


measure  of  salt,  lit.  a  boiling:  see  bulliofi.J   A 
measure  of  capacity  (of  salt).     Davies,  Sujip. 
Eng.  Gloss. 
bullion-bar  (bid'you-bar),  11.     [<  bullion^,  3,  + 


cially  Amiurus  nebulosus,  of  the  eastern  and 
middle  United  States:  more  widely  known  as 
catjixh.  Also  called  homed  jiout  and  bullhead. 
See  cut  under  pout. 


/«(ri.J  The  bar  upon  whiekthe  spheroidal  mass  l»ull-pump  (bul  pump),  ».  A  single  or  direct- 
acting  pumping-engiiie  in  which  the  piston- 
rod  is  attached  directly  to  the  pumping-rod, 
the  weight  of  the  rods  being  the  motive  force 
on  the  down-stroke. 
bull-ring  (bill'ring),  n.  An  arena  or  amphi- 
theater for  bull-fights. 

Every  town  in  Spain  of  any  size  lias  a  lar^e  htdl-rinq. 
The  Century,  XXVII.  8. 

bull-roarer  (bul'r6r"er),  «.  A  long,  thin,  nar- 
row piece  of  wood,  attached  at  one  end  to  a 
string,  by  means  of  which  it  is  whirled  rapidly 


Jlelteil  , 

Jtii 


of  glass  is  pressed  from  time  to  time  during  the 
process  of  blowing. 
bullioner  (bul'yon-er),  n.     [<  bullion''-  +  -crl.] 
A  dealer  in  bullion. 

down  Iiy  the  bullioners. 

Viut'jhan,  Coin  and  Coinage,  p.  50  (Ord  MS.). 

bullion-fringe  (bul'you-frinj),  n.  Same  as  bul- 
liiiir^,  -1. 

bullionism  (biiryon-izm),  11.  [<  bullion"  + 
-ism.]  The  systenii  or  doctrine  of  those  who 
advocate  an  exclusively  metallic  cm-reney,  or 
a  metallic  currency  combined  with  a  convert- 
ible paper  currency. 

Boston,  the  very  Gibraltar  of  huilimiism. 

W.  Phillips,  June  19,  1S75. 

buUionist  (bid'yon-ist),  n.  [<  bullion'^  +  -ist.] 
An  advocate  of  or  a  believer  in  bullionism. 

Your  party  ivpndiates  him  becanse  he  is  joined  to  hid- 
liiiiiixtx  ;uiil  stockniongers.  ir.  Phillips,  June  19,  1875. 

bullion-point  (bul'yon-point),  )(.  [<  bullion^, 
3,  -\-  pniuL]  The  thick  portion  at  the  center 
of  a  disk  of  crown-glass.     JE.  H.  Kniglit. 

bullirag,  v.  t.     See  bullyrag. 

bullishl  (bul'ish),  a.  [<  buin,  4,  +  -ish^.]  In 
the  stuck  exchange,  somewhat  buoyant ;  advanc- 
ing or  tending  to  advance  in  price,  in  eouse- 


panes  of  glass  cut  from  it.  Bull's-eyes  were  fonncrly  usci 
in  leud-sash  windows.    As  the  manufacture  of  crown  class 

has  nincli  declined, 
imitations  of  bnll's- 
eyes  are  made  for 
picturesfjue  effects 
in  window-glazing. 
See  bullion-,  3. 

9.  A  planocon- 
vex leas  in  a  mi- 
croscope, which 
serves  as  an  il- 
luminator to  con- 
centrate rays  of 
light  upon  an 
opaque  micro- 
scopic ob.ject. — 

10.  A  small  and 
thick  old-fash- 
ioned    watch. — 

11.  In  archery 
a.n(\gunnery:  (a) 
The  central  or 
innermost  divi- 
sion of  a  target, 

usually  round  and  of  a  different  color  from  the 
rest.     See  target. 

One  or  two  beings,  who  have  shot  into  the  very  centre 
and  bull's-eye  of  the  fashion.  Thackeray.^ 

(b)  A  shot  tliat  hits  the  bull's-eye;  the  best 
shot  that  can  be  made. — 12.' A  coarse  sweet- 
meat ;  a  colored  or  striped  ball  of  candy. 

The  black-bearded  sca-kiny.s  roinid  were  promi.sing  them 
rock  and  lulls-eyes,  if  they  would  only  .sit  still  like  "  gude 
maids."  Kinggley,  Two  Years  Ago,  xv. 

Even  the  bull's  eyes  and  gingerbread  for  the  chililren  are 
not  unpermitted,  if  they  arc  honestly  made  and  warranted 
not  to  be  poisonous.  Fruuile,  .Sketches,  p.  -iis. 

13.  A  local  English  name  of  the  dunlin,  Tringa 
alpina — Bimtline  bull's-eye,  a  large  thimble  used  in 
foot -rope  of  a  sail.     Surii.'  as  lizard. 


Bull's-eye  of  a  Microscope. 


til 


in  the  air,  causing  by  its  revolution  a  deep  buU's-feathert  (bidz'feTH"6r),  n.    A  horn To 


sidleuroar:  a  favorite  toy  with  childi'en 
called  tundun. 


Also 


The  hull-roarer  is  a  toy  familiar  to  most  children.  .  .  . 
The  ancient  Greeks  employed  at  some  of  their  sacred  rites 
a  precisely  similar  toy,  described  by  historians  as  "  a  little 
piece  of  wood,  to  which  a  string  was  fastened,  and  in  the 
mysteries  it  is  whirled  round  to  make  a  roaring  noise." 
.  .  .  The  bull-roarer  is  to  Ijc  found  in  almost  every  country 
in  the  world,  and  among  the  most  primitive  peoples.  .  .  . 
And  as  an  instrument  employed  in  religious  rites  or  mys- 
teries, it  is  found  in  New  Me,\ico,  in  Australia,  in  New  Zea- 
land, and  in  Africa  to  this  day. 

All  the  Year  Pound,  ,Tuno,  1885. 

bull-rope   (Iml'rop),   n.      Naut.,   a  rope  rove 

througli  a  bull's-eye  on  the  foi-ward  shroud  of 

the  lower  rigging,  to  secure  the  upper  yard-arm 


bestow  the  bull's  feather,  to  make  a  cuckold. 

Tin-ce  crooked  horns,  smartly  top-knotted  with  ribands; 
which  being  the  ladies'  wear,  seem  to  intimate  that  they 
may  very  probably  .idorn,  as  well  as  bcftow,  the  bull's 
feather.  Jtichardson,  Clarissa  Harlowc,  V.  295. 

bull's-foot  (biilz'fiit),  n.     Same  as  colt's-foot. 

buU's-moutb  (biilz'mouth),  «.  The  trade-name 
for  a  species  of  helmet-shell,  Cassis  rata,  from 
which  some  kinds  of  cameos  are  cut. 

bull-snake  (bursnak),  «.  A  popular  name  in 
the  United  States  for  a  serjjent  of  the  genus 
Pityophis,  orpine-snake,  which  sometimes  grows 
to  the  length  of  6  feet,  and  makes  a  loud  hiss- 
ing noise  when  disturbed,  but  is  of  mild  dis- 
position and  not  poisonous. 


■«/(l.]     Par- 
or  blunder. 


quenee  of  the  efforts  of  the  bulls 
market. 
bullish'-  (bid'ish),  o.     [<  bull*  -I- 
taking  of  the  nature   of  a  bull 
[Rare.] 

A  toothless  satire  is  as  improper  as  j 
stone,  and  as  bullish.    Milton,  On  Def .  of  Hunib.  Kemonst. 

bullist  (bid'ist),  n.  [<  buU'i  -t-  -ist.}  A  writer 
of  papal  bulls.     Harmar.     [Rare.] 

bullitiont  (bu-lish'on),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  *bidli- 
tio(n-),  <  bullire,  pp.  bullitus,  boil:  see  boil'i.] 
The  act  or  state  of  boiling;  ebullition.   Bacon. 

bulljub  (bvd'jub),  n.  A iish,  the  miller's-thumb. 
[Derbyshire,  Eng.] 

bullkriob(bul'nob), ».  SameasiHWJ«6.  [Derby- 
shire, Eng.] 

bull-neck  (bid'nek),  n 
of  a  bull. 

bull-necked  (bid'nekt),  a. 
that  of  a  bidl. 

bull-net  (blU'net),  n.  A  large  hoop-shaped 
fish-net. 

bullnose  (bvd'noz),  n.  An  overgrown  hard  clam 
or  quahaug,  Mcrcenaria,  too  coarse  for  use. 
[Chesapeake  Bay.] 

bullnut  ( bul'nut),  n.  A  species  of  hickory,  Ca- 
rya  tomcntosa,  of  the  southern  United  States. 

buUockl  (biil'ok),  n.  [<  ME.  bullol;  <  AS.  bul- 
luca  (rare),  a  bullock,  dim.  of  an  assumed 
*bulla,  which  is  not  found:  see  iifWl.  Cf.  Ir. 
bolog,  a  heifer,  a  bullock.]  1.  Literally,  a 
young  or  small  bull,  but  generally  used  of  an 
ox  or  castrated  bull ;  a  full-grown  steer. 


of  a  topgallant-  or  royal-yard  when  sent  down  buirs-nose(biiIz'n6z),  «.  In  car/).,  an  obtuse  an 


Take  thy  father's  young  bidlock,  even  the  second  hid- 
loclc  of  seven  years  old.  Judges  vi.  25. 


0.  [In  derisive  allusion  to  bull^.] 
or  brief. 


from  aloft. 
bull-rusht,  n.     An  old  spelling  of  btdrush. 
bulls  (bidz),  n.  pi.     [Perhaps  a  use  of  bulll.] 

A  name  in  Cornwall,  England,  for  the  fish  Ser- 

raniis  cabrilla. 
tootlied  sleek-  bulls-aud-CO'WS  (bulz'and-kouz'),   n.  pi.      An 

English    name    of    the    plant   wake-robin    or 

cuckoo-pint.  Arum,  maculatum,  with  reference 

to  the  purple   and  the  pale  spadices.     Also 

called  lords-and-ladics,  for  the   same  reason. 

See  cuts  under  Araccw  and  Arum. 
buU-seggl  (bul'seg),  n.     [<  bulll-  +  segg,  seg^.] 

A  castrated  bull.     [Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 
bull-segg2  (biil'seg),  n.     [Said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  poul-scdgc.]      The    reed-mace,   Typha 

latifrlia. 
A  thick  neck  like  that  bull's-eye  (bulz'i),  M.     1.  A««<.:  (n)  An  oval     . 

wooden  block  without  a  sheave,  but  with  a  bullweed  (bid'wed) 
groove  around  it  for  the  band     «'>/'"• 

and  a  hole  in  the  center  thi-ough  bull-whack  (bid'hwak),  u.  A  heavy  whip  used 
which  a  small  stay  or  rope  may  in  the  southwestern  United  States.  See  ex- 
be  rove,  (b)  A  perforated  ball 
on  the  jaw-rope  of  a  gaff. — 2. 
A  small  obscure  cloud,  ruddy  in 
the  middle,  supposed  to  portend 
a  hurricane  or  storm. — 3.    The 

hiuTicane  or  stom  itself.— 4.  In  buU-'Whack  (bul'hwak),~j;, 
arch.,  any  circular  opening  for     iniU-wliack 

light  or  air;   a  bidlock's-eye.— 5.  In  astron.,  bull--whacker(bia'hwak'er),  h 

-Aldebaran,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the     cattle    with    a     bull-whack 

eye  of  Taurus,  or  the  Bull.    See  cut  under  Tau-    x.f   S  ] 

rus.—6.  A  round  piece  of  thick  glass,  convex  bull-Wheel  fbid'hwel),  «.     1.  In  rope-drillinq 

on  one  side,  inserted  into  a  deck,  port,  scuttle-    the  wheel  used  for  raising  the  toolsT— 2    In  a 

hatch,  or  skylight-eover  of  a  vessel   for  the     saw-mill,  a  large  wheel  used  in  di-awing  the  logs 

from  the  water  to  the  can-iage. 


Having  a  neck  like 


BuU's-eye.  defini- 
tion 1  (a). 


gle  f  oi-med  by  the  junction  of  twoplane  surfaces. 

bull-spink  (biU'spingk),  n.  The  chaflBneh. 
[North.  Eng.] 

bull-stag  (bul'stag),  n.    A  castrated  bull. 

bull-stang  (bul'stang),  n.  A  dragonfly.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bull-terrier  (biirter''i-er),  n.  A  cross-breed 
between  the  bulldog  and  the  terrier,  exhibit- 
ing the  courage  and  fierceness' of  the  one  with 
the  activity  of  the  other. 

bull-trout  (biil'trout),  n.  A  name  loosely  ap- 
plied to  certain  varieties  of  different  species  of 
the  genus  tSalmo,  as  of  H.  salar,  S.  trutta,  S. 
cnmbricus. 

bull-voiced  (btd'voist),  «.  Having  a  loud 
coarse  voice:  as,  "bull-voiced  St.  Huruge,"  Car- 
lyle,  French  Rev.,  n.  iv.  2. 

H.     Knapweed,  Centaurea 


tract.     Also  called  bull-whip. 

In  Texas  and  western  Louisiana  the  bidl-uhaci  is  a  ter- 
rible whip  with  a  long  and  very  heavy  lash  and  a  short 
handle.  It  is  used  by  drovers  to  intimidate  refractory  ani- 
mals. The  use  of  this  weapon  was  the  original  application 
of  bull-doze.  May.  of  Amer.  Hist,  XIII.  98. 


t.    To  lash  with  a 


One  who  drives 
[Southwestern 


purpose  of  admitting  light. — 7. 


the 
A  small  lan- 


A  papal  bull 


tern  with  a  conve.x  lens  placed  m  one  side  to  bull-'whip  (bul'hwip),  h.     Same  as  hull-whack. 
concentrate  the  light.  bull-wort  (bul'wert\  «.    1.  T 


I  send  you  here  a  bulloek  which  I  did  find  amongst  my 
bulls,  tliat  yon  may  see  how  closely  in  time  past  the  foreign 
prelates  did  practise  about  their  prey.      Latimer,  II.  378. 

Bullocks'  hides,  the  name  given  in  commerce  to  the 
raw  hides  of  cattle. 


He  takes  a  lighteti  bull's-eye  from  the  constable  on  duty 
there.  Dickens,  Bleak  House,  xsii. 


The  bishop's-weed, 
Ammi  majus.—2.  The  plant  Scrophularia  aqua- 
fica. 

8.  That  part  of  a  sheet  of  crown-glass  which  buUyi  (bul'i).  n.  anda.  [A word  separated,  first 
has  been  attached  to  the  pontil.  It  is  thicker  than  ^^  ^  noun  and  then  as  an  adj.,  from  such  com- 
the  rest  of  the  sheet,  and  is  not  included  in  the  lights  or     pounds  as  bully-rook  (also  bully-rock,  etc.)  etc. 


buUy 

corresponding  to  LG.  buUerjaan  (John),  buller- 
Idk,  buller-b)ook;  a  noisy,  blustering  fellow,  bitl- 
ler-tcage,  a  noisv  wagon,  bitUer-irater,  roaring, 
rushing  water,  "etc..  D.  biille-bak,  a  bugbear. 
bttlder-bast  =  Sw.  buUer-bas  =  Dan.  bulder-basse, 
a  rude  fellow,  etc.;  the  first  element  being  the 
verb  seen  in  LG.  bulleni  =  D.  biilderen  =  Sw. 
iullra  =  Dan.  buldre,  etc.,  roar,  make  a  noise: 
see  buUer,  boulder.']  I.  «.;  pi.  bullies  {-iz).  1. 
A  blustering,  quarrelsome,  overbearing  fellow ; 
a  swaggerer;  a  swashbuckler ;  one  who  hectors, 
browbeats,  or  domineers. 

They  are  such  Wits  as  thou  art ;  who  make  the  Xaine  of 
a  Wit  as  scandalous  as  that  of  Bullii:  and  signify  a  loud- 
Iau<»hing,  talking,  incorrigible  coxcomb,  as  Bully— a  roar- 
ing hardned  Coward.  Wycherley,  Plain  Dealer,  v. 
The  blusterins  bullu  in  our  neighbouring  streets. 

Prior,  Epilogue  to  Jlrs.  Mauley's  Lucius. 

Daily  conllicts  «ith  prostitutes  and  thieves  called  out 
and  exercised  his  powers  so  effectually  that  he  [Jeffreys] 
became  the  most  consummate  butl;i  ever  known  in  las 
profession.  ilaeaulaii.  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

2t.  A  companion ;  a  high-spirited,  dashing  fel- 
low :  a  f  amiUar  term  of  address. 

I  love  the  lovely  biillii.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1. 

St.  A  degraded  fellow  -who  protects  fallen  -wo- 
men and  lives  on  their  gains. 

The  lady  was  onlv  a  woman  of  the  town  anil  the  fellow 
her  built/  and  a  sharper.  Goldsmith,  \  icar. 

4.  A  Cornish  name  of  the  shanny.  Also  bully- 
cod.— 5.  In  Tasmania,  a  species  of  blenny, 
Sleiinius  tasmanicus. 

IL  a.  1.  Blustering;  hectoring;  ruffianly. 
Those  bullji  Greeks,  who,  as  the  moderns  do. 
Instead  of  paring  chairmen,  run  them  thro'. 

Suri/t,  City  .Shower. 

2.  Brisk;  dashing;  jovial;  high-spirited. 

Captain,  ailicu;  adieu,  sweet  bullu  Capt.iin. 

Beau,  ami  Fl.,  Captuin,  iv.  2. 

3.  Fine;  capital;  good:  as,  a  6i(»i/ horse,  pic- 
ture, etc.  [Slang.]— Bully  for  you,  well  done', 
bnivo!    I  Vulgar,  U.  S.J 

■bnllyl  (biil'i),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bullied,  ppr.  bul- 
lying. [<6m%i,  H.]  I.  <raHS.  1.  To  act  the  bully 
toward;  overbear  with  bluster  or  menaces. 

For  tlie  last  fortnight  there  have  been  prodigious  shoals 
o(  volunteers  gone  over  to  bulhi  the  JYench,  upon  hearing 
the  peace  was  just  signing.  Taller,  >'o.  26. 

2.  To  make  fearful ;  overawe ;  daunt ;  terror- 
ize.    [Rare.] 

Proverbs  are  excellent  things,  but  we  should  not  let  even 
prrverbs  bully  us.  Loicell,  Oration,  Harvard,  Nov.  8, 1886. 
=Brn.  1.  To  browbeat,  hector,  domineer  over. 

n.  intrans.  To  be  loudly  arrogant  and  over- 
bearing; be  noisy  and  quarrelsome. 
.So  Britain's  monarch  once  uncovcr'il  sat, 
While  liradshaw  bullied  in  a  broad-brimm'd  hat. 

Branigton. 
=  83ni.  To  bluster,  swagger,  vapor. 
bully-  (biil'i),  n.;  pi.  bullies  (-iz).  [Origin  ob- 
BC'ire.]  In  viiniiir/,  a  kind  of  hammer  used  in 
striking  the  drill  or  borer.  In  its  simplest  form 
it  has  a  square  section  at  the  eye  and  an  octag- 
onal face.  [Eng.] 
bully-cod  (bul'i-kod),  n.    A  Cornish  name  of 

the  sliaiiMV.     Also  bully. 
bully-head  (biil'i-hed),  n.     A  hammer  used  by 
iMiiicrs.    Also  called  cut's-hcail hammer ov slfdije. 
bullying  (liul'i-lng),  />.  a.     [Ppr.  of  bulbj^,  r.] 
liiMiltiiig  witli  threats;    imperious;    overbear- 
ing': biiistcriiig:  as,  a  fcH////iH,7  manner, 
bullyrag,  bullirag  (bul'i-rlig)',  v.  t.    [Also  writ- 
ten  ball'irii'i,   <•!<•. ;   ap]>!ir.   free   variations   of 
bulhi-rook,  bully-rock,  used  as  a  verb.  ]   To  bully ; 
badger;  aV>uso  or  scold:  as,  "he  bully-ragijcd 
m"-,     Jycrrr.     [Provincial  and  low.] 
bully-rook  (buri-n'ik),  n.     [Also  written  bully- 
riiik  (see  bullyriui),  equiv.  to  1M.  bullcr-brook, 
huller-bfik,  a   bully:   see   bully^.      The   second 
ili'toent  is  obscure.]     A  hi-cloring,  boisterous 
fellow;   a  cowardly  braggart;  a  Imlly.     Also 
written  bully-rock.     [<JbMi>lete  or  rare.] 

Sink  In  the  nplrit  of  naek  till  »e  be  (liliilile,  and  nro- 
plita),  my  buUii  roi'k.  Shirley,  WItly  l-uir  One,  1(1.  4. 

Ibr  Imllurork  of  the  iBtabllnhnient  lun  lnn|. 

Irrimj,  .SkelehliiMik,  p.  IM. 

bully-tree,  bullet-tree  (bfii'i-,  bi'il'ci-tre),  «. 

[\Ui,  hultelrir,  hijllitrie ;  said  to  bo  n  (■(irniption 
nf  liiihilii.  tlif)  native  name.]  A  iiarrn'  given 
t  -   '  4a|)fitace(iuH  trees  of  the  WihI  IiiilicH 

A  Aiiiiriea,  which  fumiHli  linril  iinil 
I  '  i,.r,    and    in    some    specirM   i  ililile 

fr  .  Uv  ircn  of  (lulnna  U  Ibe  .Wn.n.     ,     ,,'■• 

I..     ■  .>lili:h  vli'ld«  the  Imlaln  gum,  .i     ul..ii 

I  I'  hn.      'riie    bully  IrecB  ii(    .Iiiiiii.i   .i    iilc 

«]  ■    .  I,.  milmmt'Mii  nuA  L.multiliorti.ih'muU 

tl..      I  ir.f.lll',1     til    III.-    MIUM-lKTTy  or    Mllpodillll, 

I  '         '       h  allli'd  to  II.  i.imI  1<.  n 

,  lb.'  Willi)'  biilh  Ini-  o( 

t.  '.71*1  ;  the  bill'  k  or  rcil. 

limw"  .  .ill.;/.,. ■■OKI.    TllobMUid  bully- 

tiM  U  UuinfUn  rrUiM.    AIM  writlvn  bulUtrit,  boUttrie. 


718 

The  green-heart  of  Surinam,  the  bulUtrie,  the  American 
naks,  and  wood  as  hard  as  mamberklak.  are  not  spared 
by  the  teredo.  Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  XIII.  656. 

bulrush  (bul'rush),  n.  [Formerly  sometimes 
written  bull-rush ;  <  ME.  bulrysche.  bolroysche, 
<  bole,  bole,  stem  of  a  tree  (cf.  bulwark)  (less 
prob.  <  bul,  bol,  mod.  E.  buW^,  implying  'large '). 
-H  rysehe,  etc.,  mod.  E.  n«/(l.]  The  popular 
name  for  large  rush-like  plants  growing  in 
marshes.  It  is  very  indefinitely  used.  Thus,  while 
Johnson  says  the  bulrush  is  without  knots,  Dryden  ("  3Ie- 
leager  and  Atalanta")  calls  it  "the  knotty  bulrush." 
Sonie  authors  apply  the  name  to  Typha  tali/olia  and  T. 
awiu.itiMia  (cats-tail  or  reed-mace) ;  but  it  is  more  gener- 
ally restricted  to  Seirpus  lanislris,  a  tall  rush-like  plant 
from  which  the  bottoms  of  chairs,  mats,  etc.,  are  manu- 
facttired.  (See  Scirpus.)  In  the  United  States  the  name 
is  commonly  given  to  species  of  Juncus.  The  bulrush  of 
Ei-'vpt  (Ex.  ii.  3)  is  the  papjTUS,  Ciiperus  Papiiru. 


bulrushy  (bul'rush-i),  a.  [<  bulrush  +  -^1,] 
Aboimdiing  in  bulrushes;  pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling bulrushes. 

bulse  (buls),  n.  [<  Pg.  balsa  =  Sp.  balsa  =  It. 
borsa  =  F.  bourse,  <  ML.  bursa,  a  piu-se:  see 
burse,  bourse,  purse.]  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
bag  or  purse  to  cany  or  measure  valuables : 
hence,  a  certain  quantity  of  diamonds  or  other 
valuables. 

Presents  of  shawls  and  silks,  .  .  .  bulses  of  diamonds 
and  bags  of  guineas.  ilacaulay.  Hist.  Eng.,  xriii. 

bultl  (bult),  n.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  var.  of 
bolf^,  q.  v.]  A  local  English  (Yorkshire)  name 
of  the  common  flounder. 

bult-t,  !'•  t-  An  obsolete  (Middle  English)  form 
of  boit'i. 

bultelt,  "•     Same  as  baultel^. 

bultert,  «•     -An  obsolete  form  of  bolter^. 

bultow  (bul'to),  «.  [Said  to  be  <  huin.  imply- 
ing 'large,'  +  tote,  haul.]  A  mode  of  tishing 
for  cod,  bv  stringing  a  number  of  hooks  on  one 
line,  practised  on  the  Newfoundland  banks. 

bulty  (bul'ti),  ».     Same  as  bolti. 


bul-wark  (bul'wark), 


[Early  mod.  E.  also  ijuml  (bum 


bumble 

Aristotle  and  Demosthenes  are  in  themselves  bubearkt 
of  power;  many  hosts  lie  in  those  two  names. 

De  Quincey,  Style,  ill. 

4t.  pi.  Pads  or  defenses  to  protect  the  limbs 
against  the  chafing  of  armor.      (Oij/i?.  =syn.  1. 

See  lortiliratiotl. 

bul'wark  (bul'wiirk),  1'.  t.  [=  MD.  bolwercken, 
I),  holu-erken  =  MLG.  bohvcrken  ;  from  the 
noun.]  To  fortify  with  a  bulwark  or  rampart; 
secui'e  by  a  f ortilieation ;  protect. 

Some  proud  city,  buhmrk'd  round  and  annd 

With  rising  towers.  Gloeer.  Leonidas,  viii. 

Buliweria  (biil-we'ri-a),  n.  [NL..  from  the 
proper  name  Bulwcr.]  A  genus  of  petrels, 
of  the  family  rrocellariida;  based  upon  B.  co- 
lumbiua,  a  small  whole-colored  fuliginous  spe- 
cies about  10  inches  long,  the  wings  8,  the  tail 
■ii  and  euneate,  with  graduated  rectrices,  in- 
habiting the  Canary  islands,  etc.  The  genus  is 
intermediate  between  (Estrelata  and  the  small  petrels 
known  ,is  Mother  Carey's  chickens. 

buml  (bum,  earlier  bom),  i».;  pret.  and  pp. 
hummed,  ppr.  bummiug.  [<  ME.  bummeu,  bom- 
mcu,  bumbcn,  bomben  (see  bomb^,  a  var.  form"), 
hum,  buzz,  guzzle  (=  D.  bommen  =  G.  bummeu, 
himi,  buzz;  ef.  Icel.  bumha,  a  drum);  an  imita- 
tive word,  the  earlier  representative  of  bmim'^ : 
see  lioom^,  bumble,  bumpl.]  I.  iutraus.  1.  To 
make  a  hollow  noise ;  boom ;  hum ;  buzz.  .Uars- 
)Q,i_ — 2.  To  rush  with  a  mm'mm'ing  souud. — 
3t.  To  guzzle ;  drink. 
Ones  at  noon  is  i-nonj  that  no  werk  ne  vseth. 
He  abydetll  wel  the  bet  |better)  that  6oihiii<'(/(  not  to  oft«. 
Piers  Plowman  (A),  vii.  139. 

And  who-8o  buuuned  [var.  bominede]  tlierof  [of  the  beste 

ale)  boustc  it  tber-after 
.\  galciun  for  a  grote.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  223. 

4.  To  sjionge  on  others  for  a  li-ring;  lead  an 
idle  or  dissolute  life.     [CoUoq.] 

II.  Iraus.  1.  To  dun.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2.  To 
spin  (a  top).— 3.   [Ct  bump-.]  To  strike :  beat. 


huUcarke,  bullwarck,  bulwerk;  <UE.  bulwerk,  of 
D.  or  Scand.  origin:  MD.  bolwcrck,  D.  and 
Flem.  bulwerk  =  MLG.  LG.  bohvcrk  =  late  MHG. 
bolewerc.  bolwerc,  bolwcrch,  bolurrk,  G.  bollwerk 
(>  Pol.  bohrark  =  Russ.  bolrerku  =  OF.  bollc- 
wercque,  houlrereh,  boulercrc,  boulevert,  boidc- 
rerd,  boulever,  boulevart,  F.  houlcrard,  >  Sp.  Pg. 
baluarte  =  It.  baluarte,  baluardo.  hcluardo,  bcllo- 
ardo,hetlouardo,nm\bahtardo^Ulj.l)olevardus, 
holvelus  =  E.  houlcrard,  q.  v.)  =  Sw.  bolrerk, 
OSw.  bolwdrk  =  Dan.  hulrwrk,  ODan.  hulrcrk, 
bulwerck,  hullwerck,  bolrerck,  huluirke:  <  MD. 
bol,  the  bole  or  trunk  of  a  tree,  =  MLG.  hole, 
holle,  bale  =  MHG.  bole,  G.  hohh;  a  thick  plank. 
=  OSw.  hoi,  bul,  Sw.  li^l  =  ODaii.  Dan.  hul, 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  =  Icel.  /")/)',  huh;  >  E.  bole, 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  stem,  log,  -t-  Ml),  D.,  etc, 
werk  =  E.  work.  The  word  is  thus  lit.  'bole- 
work,'  a  construction  of  logs;  ef.  the  eipiiv. 
MI),  block-werck,  lit.  'block-work.'    Tlie  MHG. 


[<6«)h1,  !'.]     1.  An  imitative 


word  expressive  of  a  droning  or  humming  sound, 
as  that  made  by  the  bee ;  a  hum.     [Rare.] 

I  lia'  known 
Twenty  such  breaches  pieced  up,  and  made  w  hole. 
Without  a  bum  of  noise.      B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  I.ady. 

2t.  A  drink.— 3.  [Cf.  bum^,  v.,  4,  and  hummle, 
«.,  2.]  A  drunken  loafer;  one  who  leads  an 
idle,  dissolute  life ;  a  bummer.  [CoUoq.]— 4. 
A  drunken  spree ;  a  debauch.  [Colloq.  and  vul- 
gar, U.  S.]  Hence — 5.  A  convivial  meeting. 
[Local,  U.  S.] 

bum-  (btnn),  n.  [Contr.  of  bottom.]  The  but- 
tocks; the  part  of  the  body  on  which  one  sits. 
Shak. 

bum*  (bum),  H.  [Short  for  bumbailiff.]  A  bura- 
liailifT ;  the  follower  or  assistant  of  a  bailiff. 
Il'iov.  Eng.] 

bumastus  (bu-mas'tus),  u.  [L.,  <  6r.  jioi'/iaaTo^, 
also  ,toi,//a(T«of,  a  kind  of  vine  bearing  large 
grapes.]     A  kind  of  ^'^ne. 


is  explained  as  also  an  engine  for  throwing  mis-  humbf   ''.  and  ii.     An  obsolete  form  of  hoom'^. 


siles,  a  catapult,  as  if  related  to  MlKi.  bolrr.  ii 
catapult.  G.  hiillcr,  a  small  cannon,  <  Ollti. 
hoU'iu,  MHi.i.  hnkn,  holn,  roll,  throw,  sling,  = 
Ml),  hollcu,  roll,  throw,  1).  holirn,  haul,  hale, 
from  the  same  nit.  source  as  hole:  see  /lo/t'l.] 

1.  Originally,  a  ban-icr  formed  of  logs,  beams, 
boards,  hurdles,  or  other  materials,  for  the  ob- 
struction of  a  passage  or  defense  of  a  place; 
now,  specifically,  in  fort.,  a  rampart;  a  mound 
of  earth  carried  around  a  iilacc,  capable  of  re- 
sisting cannon-shot,  and  formed  with  bastions, 
curtains,  etc. ;  a  fortification. 

My  sayde  I.orde  of  Winchester,  .  .  .  to  tliocnt«nttodlii. 
turbe  my  sayd  l/ude  of  (ilonceter  goyng  to  the  Kyng,  pur- 
IKisyng  his  detli,  in  cause  he  had  gone  that  weyc  wile 
men  of  iinnys  and  iiichiers  at  the  end  of  London  lirlilge 
next  Siithwivke.  and  in  forbarring  of  the  kyligin  bygli- 
wnye,  Icte  drawe  the  chayne  of  the  stulpls  Ibeii',  and  sit 
vp  pipes  and  hurdyllis  In  luaner  and  fouinienf  (.ii/.(rrA-i.«, 
and  sctle  men  In  cliambirs,  seleres  and  wynilowes  wllb 
bowys  and  aniwys,  to  y  entent  of  tynall  dlnlnlclloli  of  my 
sayd  Lorde  of  (lloucetereB  pel-son. 

ylni<)W'»  rhronlrte.  ir,(l2(ed.  Isll),  p.  ^^>*,. 

It  U  the  ntrongi'st  towne  of  whIIch,  towres,  bulwerhr, 
wutclivii,  and  wardea  that  emr  I  sawe  In  all  iny  ly'''- 

Syr  It.  lluiil.fiirile,  rylgrynmge,  p.  I" 

Its  onco  grim  bulunrki  tnrneil  to  lovem'  walks. 

Lowell,  Catliednil 

2.  Naul.,  a  close  barrier  running  around  n  hU'\\ 
or 

consisting  of  boarding 

of  the  Hliini'hioiiH  and  limlMr-lieadH.— 3.  I  hnt 
which  protects  or  secuiTH  iigaiiist  extemiil  iiii- 
noyaiiee  or  injury  of  any  kind;  a  wreeii  or 
nhelter;  iiieaiiH  ol'jiroteelioii  and  safely. 

Tlie  royal  navy  <.(  Kllglninl  Imth  evr  I ll  ll«  grnnleiit 

ibfillio  and   ..niioni  111     .   .    .    lb.'  Ilimllllg /'ll'iw"'*  of  our 

l,l„„,l  lUaekitoiu,  Com.,  I.  4I», 


bumbailiff  (buiii-ba'lif),  «.  [Prop,  a  dial,  or 
colloci.  tcnii,  ei|uiv.  to  bailiff,  with  a  contemp- 
tiKuis  prelix  of  uncertain  origin,  i>riil).  hum^,  r., 
dun,  liailitTs  being  best  known  ami  most  dis- 
liked ill  their  office  of  arresting  for  debt  and 
making  executions;  or  jierhaps  hum'^,  u..  as  a 
term  of  contempt  (cf.  hum'-i).  Some  assume  the 
pr(>lix  to  be  hum~.  in  humorous  allusion  to  a 
iiioileof  "nttaching"  the  person  of  a  tleeingof- 
t'eiider.  liluckst one's  suggestion  that  the  term 
isacorruiition  ot  houu(l-htiilill'\Hnot  supiiorted.] 
An  under-bailiir;  a  subordinate  civil  officer,  ap- 
])ointed  to  serve  writs  and  to  make  arrests  and 
executions,     [Vulgar.] 

I  have  a  mortal  antipalliy  to  catchnolls,  bumliailifs.  and 
llllle  gnat  men.  Irviuti,  Knlckeibockcr,  p.  168. 

bumbardf  (bum'biird),  n.  and  v.    An  obsolete 

jiirin  of  homhard. 
bumbarrel   (biim'biir'el),   v.     A  name   of  tho 

liiiig-liiili'd  titmouse,  Acretlula  rosea. 
bumbastt  (bum'biist),  11.     An  obsolete  form  of 

houihast. 
bumbazed  (bum-bazd'),  ;>;).     [Cf.  bamboozle.] 

.\u\:\/.vi\;  eoiifiised;  stiipelii'd.      |Sc(>ti'li.l 
bumbeo(liiiiii'lie),  ».     [< /'H»(1  +  icr,]     A  Imm- 

l.lrlMO.        [Scotch.] 

"  Same  as  homboln 


upiirt  of  iT,  above  the  level  of  the  deck,  niid  buillbelo  (biiiii'be-16),  M,  ,       ,,  j 

risiVling  of  boarding   nailed  on  the  oiilside  bumble  (binn'bl),  v.  ,.;  pret.  and  pp.  bumbled, 


I,  )••  I. ;  v' 
1=  E.  di 


ppr.  humhliuii-  |=  E.  dial,  and  Sc.  hummle, 
bumm<l,<  mi;,  humhleii  (  =  ()!).  hommeleu  =  LG. 
hummrlu),  freq.  of  bummeu,  hum:  see  bumK] 
It.  To  make  a  humming  noise;  boom;  cry  like 
a  bittern. 

Aa  a  bylouro  Inimhlilh  In  the  mirc. 

Chaueei;  Wife  of  llalh's  Tale.  1. 


no. 


Bumblebee  {Homiius  f^nnsytvanicus), 
natural  size. 


bumble 

2.  To  make  a  splash  in  the  sea.     [Shetland.] 

—  3t.  Toscold.— 4.  To  start  off  quickly.  [Prov. 
Emk.] 

bumble  (bum'bl),  n.  [<  bumhle,  v.  Cf.  hummle.'] 
1.  A  bittern,  Sotaurus  stellaris.    Pjooal,  Eiig.] 

—  2.  A    bumblebee.      Also   hombell,    hummlv. 
[Sooteh.] 

bumblebee  (bum'bl-be),  n.  A  large  hairy  so- 
cial bee  of  the  family  Apidm,  subfamily  Socia- 

liiia;  ami  genus 
Bumhvs,  species 
of  which  arc 
found  in  most 
parts  of  the 
world.  There  arc 
upward  of  CO  species 
ill  Nortli  America 
alone.  Lilce  otlicr 
social  bees,  these 
have  males,  females, 
and  drones,  and  live 
in  larger  or  smaller 
communities  in  underground  burrows,  or  beneath  stones, 
sods,  stumps,  etc. ;  but  they  also  use  the  nests  of  otlier 
animals,  as  mice  or  birds.  See  Bombus,  and  cut  under 
Uiiincnnptcra.  Also  called  humble-bei\  and  dialectally  buni- 
bi<\  biiinbh\  btnnbler,  bombetl,  aiulbummle. 

bumbleberry  (bum'bl-ber"i),  «.  [<  bumble  + 
bcn-i/i.]  The  blackberry:  so  called,  and  also 
biimblekite  and  black-bowwoiocr,  in  allusion  to 
tlie  effect  of  blackberries  in  producing  wind  in 
th(^  stomach.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

bumbledom  (bum'bl-dum),  ?(.  [From  Mr.  Bum- 
ble, the  beadle,  in  Dickens's  '  Oliver  Twist."] 
Fussy  official  pomposity:  a  sarcastic  term  ap- 
plied especially  to  members  of  petty  corpora- 
tions, as  vestries  in  England,  and  implying 
pretentious  inefficiency. 

bumblefoot(bum'bl-fut),«.  1.  Adiseaseinthe 
feet  of  domestic  fowls,  especially  of  the  heavier 
breeds.  It  consists  in  a  large,  soft  swelling  of  the  ball 
of  the  foot,  which  is  inclined  to  suppurate,  and  is  usually 
caused  by  jumping  from  too  high  a  perch  to  a  hard  floor. 
Hence  —  2.  A  club-foot.  [In  this  sense,  butn- 
blc-foot.~i 

She  died  mostly  along  of  Mr.  Malone's  btanble  foot,  I 
fancy.  Him  and  old  Biddy  were  both  drunk  aflghting  on 
the  stairs,  and  she  was  a  step  below  he ;  and  he,  being 
drunk  and  bumble-footed  too,  lost  his  balance,  and  down 
they  come  together.  H.  Eingsley,  Kavenshoe,  xli. 

bumble-footed  (bum'bl-f uf'ed),  a.  Club-footed. 
bumblekite  (bum'bl-kit),  n.     [<  humble  +  kite, 

the  belly.]     The  blackberry.    See  bumbleberry. 

[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
bumblepuppist  (bum'bl-pup"ist),  n.     [<  bum- 

Uepuppji  +  -ist.']    In  whist,  one  who  plays  bum- 

blepuppy ;  one  who  imagines  that  he  can  play 

whist,  and  undertakes  to  do  so. 

The  btwiblejiuppist  only  admires  his  own  eccentricities. 
f'cijthridffe,  Whist  or  Bumblepuppy?  (1SS3),  p.  2. 

bumblepuppy  (buni'bl-pup"i),  «.  1.  The  game 
of  nine-holes.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  In  ^vhist,  a 
manner  of  playing  "either  in  utter  ignorance 
of  aU  its  known  principles,  or  in  defiance  of 
them,  or  both"  {Pembridge). 

Between  the  worst  whist  aud  the  best  bumblepuppy  it 

is  almost  impossible  to  draw  the  line.    Other  elementary 

forms,  protozoa,  for  instance,  are  often  so  much  alike  that 

it  is  diflicult  to  decide  whether  they  are  plants  or  animals. 

I'embrUUje,  Whist  or  Bumblepuppy  ?  (1SS3),  p.  1. 

bumbler  (bum'bler),  «.     A  bumblebee. 
bumbler-boz  (bum'bler-boks),  n.     A  wooden 

toy  used  by  boys  to  hold  bumblebees. 
bumbles  (bum'blz),j(. pi.    [E.dial.]    1.  Rushes. 

—  2.  A  kind  of  blinkers.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
bumble-staff  (bum'bl-staf),  n.    A  thick  stick. 

[North.  Eug.] 
bumbot  (bum'bo),  n.     A  drink  made  of  rum, 

sugar,  water,  and  nutmeg. 

[He]  returned  to  his  messmates,  who  were  making  merry 
in  the  ward-room,  round  a  table  well  stored  with  bumbo 
and  wine.  Smollett,  Roderick  Random,  xxxiv. 

bumboat  (bum'bot),  «.  [=  Dan.  bumbaad,  ap- 
par.  <  D.  "bumboot,  a  very  wide  boat  used  by 
fishers  in  South  Holland  and  Flanders,  also  for 
taking  a  pilot  to  a  ship :  Roding,  Marine  Diet." 
(Wedgwood),  prob.  <  D.  bun,  a  cauf  or  recep- 
tacle for  keeping  fish  alive,  OD.  ban,  a  chest, 
box,  cask  (cf.  MD.  bunne,  bonne,  a  hatchway), 
+  boot,  boat.  Or  perhaps  orig.  D.  *boomboot, 
equiv.  to  MD.  D.  boomsckip  (=  MLG.  bomschip, 
LG.  boomschip  =  G.  banmschif),  a  boat  made 
out  of  a  single  tree,  a  fisherman's  boat,  canoe, 
<  boom,  a  tree  (=  E.  beam),  +  schip  =  E.  ship  : 
see  beatn,  boom^,  and  ship.']  A  boat  used  in 
peddling  fresh  vegetables,  fruit,  aud  small 
wares  among  the  vessels  lying  in  a  harbor  or 
roadstead. 

The  Captain  again  the  letter  liath  read 
Which  the  bum-boat  woman  brought  out  to  Spithead. 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  155. 


719 

Bumboat  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1761  (2  neo.  III.,  c. 
is)  f.jr  the  sujipressiou  of  thieving,  etc.,  by  the  propiic- 
tors  (if  hunilioats  and  other  craft  on  the  Thames.  It  re- 
<iuircd  the  registration  of  such  vessels, 

bumbolo  (bum'bo-lo),  n.     Same  as  hnmbolo. 

bumby  (bum'bi),  n.  1.  Stagnant  filth.— 2.  A 
closet  or  liolo  for  lumber.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 
Eiig.  (Norfolk  and  Suffolk).] 

bum-clock  (bum'klok),  n.    [E.  dial.,  <  61ml  -I- 

clorti,  make  a  uoiso:   see  clocIA,  cluck.]    An 

insect  which  bums  or  hums,  as  a  chafer  or  bee. 

'Ilie  Imm-ctoc/c  hnmm'd  witli  lazy  drone. 

Ilunu,  Twa  Dogs,  1.  231. 

Bumelia  (bli-me'lia),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  (}ov/ic?.ia,  a 
largo  kind  of  ash,  '<  liovc,  ox,  in  comp.  imply- 
ing '  large,' -f  /uAia,  ash,  ash-tree.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Hapotacew.  They 
are  trei-s  or  slirulis,  witli  a  milky  juice,  a  spiny  stem,  and 
small  white  or  greenish  flowers,  are  natives  of  the  West 
Indies,  and  are  called  there  bastard  Imlly-tree.  The  fruit 
ot  /;.  liinoiiles  is  said  to  be  useful  in  dian-hea. 

bumkin  (bum'kin),  n.  [<  MD.  boomken  (=  G. 
li(iuinchni),  a  little  tree,  also  prob.  used  in  the 
sense  of  little  boom  or  beam ;  <  boom,  a  tree, 
bar,  boom,  -I-  dim.  -ken :  see  boom'^  and  -kin. 
Cf.  bumpkin'^.]     Naut.:  (a)  Formerly,  a  short 


bumpkin 

2.  In  English  boat-racing,  to  touch  (the  stem 
of  a  boat  ahead)  with  the  bow  of  the  following 
boat.     .See  extract. 

Classic  Canms  heini;  a  very  naiTow  stream,  scarcely 
wider  than  a  canal.  It  is  iini«)»sible  for  the  boats  to  lace 
siile  by  side.  The  following  exi)edicnt  has  therefore  been 
adopted :  they  are  drawn  ujj  in  line,  two  lengths  between 
each,  and  the  contest  consists  in  each  boat  endeavoring 
to  touch  with  its  how  the  stern  of  the  one  before  it,  which 
operation  Is  i.-allcd  Iminpinii ;  and  at  tlic  next  race  the 
bumper  takes  the  place  of  the  bumped. 

C.  A.  BrieteJ,  English  University,  p.  66. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  come  forcibly  in  contact 
with  something;  strike  heavily :  as.  the  vessel 
humped  against  tlie  wliarf. —  2.  To  ride  with- 
out rising  in  the  stirrui)8  on  a  rough-trotting 
horse.  Jlaltiwelt.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 3.  In  c/ifm., 
to  give  off  vaiior  intermittently  and  with  almost 
explosive  violence,  as  some  heated  solutions. 
The  vapor  collects  in  large  bubbles  at  the  bottom,  and  then 
bursts  through  the  solution  to  the  surface. 
4t.  To  form  bumps  or  protuberances. 

Long  fruitc  fastened  together  by  couples,  one  right 
against  another,  with  kernels  hitmpintj  out  neere  the 
place  in  which  they  are  combined. 

Oerarde,  Herbal],  p.  1299,  ed.  1688. 


boom  projecting  from  each  side  of  the  bow  of  biunp^  (bump),  n.     [<  bump^,  v. ;  the  sense  of 


a  sliip,  to  extend  the  weather-clew  of  the  fore 
sail,  (b)  A  short  beam  of  wood  or  iron  pro- 
jecting from  each  quarter  of  a  vessel,  to  which 
the  main-brace  and  maiutopsail  brace-blocks 
are  fastened,  (c)  A  small  outrigger  over  the 
stern  of  a  boat,  used  to  extend  the  clew  of  the 
after-sail.     Also  written  hoomkin,  bumpkin. 

We  drifted  fairly  into  the  Loriotte,  .  .  .  breaking  off 
her  starboard  btimpHn,  and  one  or  two  stanchions  above 
the  deck.  H.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  120. 

bummalo,  bummaloti  (bum'a-16,  bum-a-16'ti), 
n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  small,  glutinous,  transparent 
teleostean  fish,  of  about  the  size  of  a  smelt, 
found  on  all  the  coasts  of  southern  Asia,  which 
when  ch-ied  is  much  used  as  a  relish  by  both 
Europeans  and  Indians,  and  facetiously  called 
Bombay  duck.  It  is  the  Earpodon  nehcreus,  of 
the  family  Scop/elidm. 

bummaree  (bum'a-re),  n.  [Said  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  F.  bonne  maree,  good  fresh  sea-fish: 
bonne,  fem.  of  bon,  good  (see  bon4^);  marie,  salt- 
water fish,  <  maree,  tide,  <  L.  mare,  F.  mer,  sea, 
=  E.  )«cr('l.]  A  name  given  to  a  class  of  specu- 
lating traders  at  Billingsgate  market,  London, 
who  buy  large  quantities  of  fish  from  the  sales- 
men and  sell  them  again  to  smaller  dealers. 

bummel  (bum'l),  v.  and  >(.     See  hummle. 

bummer  (bum'er),  n.  [<  6t«?nl,  r.  i.,  4,  -I-  -^rl. 
Cf.  ;)»«(l,  «.,  3,  and  hummle,  n.,  2.]  1.  An  idle, 
worthless  fellow,  especially  one  who  sponges  on 
others  for  a  living ;  a  dissolute  fellow ;  a  loaf- 
er; a  tramp;  in  United  States  political  slang 


.,,  a 
low  politician;  a  heeler;  a  "boy."  —  2.  During 

the  civil  war  in  the  United  States,  a  camp-fol-  bumperl  (bum'per),  n.     [<  hump^  + 
lower  or  a  phmdering  straggler.  One  who  or  that  which  bumps. —  2. 


'a  swelling' is  derived  from  that  of  'a  blow.' 
Cf.  Dan.  bump,  a  thump,  (JDan.  btimji,  a  thick- 
set fellow,  bumpet,  thick,  fat.]  1.  A  shock 
from  a  collision,  such  as  from  the  jolting  of  a 
vehicle. 
Those  thumps  and  bumps  whicli  flesh  is  heir  to. 

Ilootc,  fjilhert  Gurney,  I.  v. 

2.  In  Englwh,  boat-racing,  the  striking  of  one 
boat  by  the  prow  of  another  following  her.  See 
bump"^,  r.  t.,  2. 

I  can  still  condescend  to  give  our  Iwat  a  shout  when  it 
makes  a  Immp.  Cambridge  Sketchet. 

3.  A  swelling  or  protuberance,  especially  one 
caused  by  a  blow. 

A  bump  as  big  as  a  young  cockrel's  stone. 

Shati.,  R.  and  .T.,  i.  3. 
I  had  rather  she  should  make  bumps  on  my  head,  as  big 
as  my  two  Angers,  than  I  would  otfend  her. 

B.  Jotison,  Poetaster,  ii.  1 
Specifically — 4.  The  popular  designation  of 
the  natural  protuberances  on  the  surface  of 
the  skull  or  cranium,  which  jjhrenologists  asso- 
ciate with  distinct  qualities,  affections,  propen- 
sities, etc.,  of  the  mind:  used  ironically  for  the 
word  organ  employed  by  phrenologists":  as,  the 
bump  of  veneration,  acquisitiveness,  etc. —  5. 
The  corner  of  the  stock  of  a  gun  at  the  top  of 
the  heel-plate. 
bump3  (bump),  n.  [E.  dial.]  1.  A  material 
used  for  coarse  sheets.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Derby- 
shire and  Yorkshire).]  —  2.  In  London,  a  sort 
of  matting  used  for  covering  floors.  X.  and  Q., 
"th  ser..  III.  307. 

erl.]     1. 
A  log  of 


The  alarming  in-uption  at  the  front  of  individuals  of  a     wood  placed  over  a  ship's  side  to  keep  off  ice, 
class  designated  .  .  .  as  Summers.  or  anything  similarly  used;  a  fender. 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXIII.  459.  bumper-  (bum'per)  ;;.     [Perhaps  a  corruption 


bummeryt,  ".     -An  obsolete  form  of  bottomry. 

bummle  (bum'l),  v.  «. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bummled, 
ppr.  butnmlinq.  [A  dial,  form  of  bumble.']  1. 
To  bumble.— 2.  To  blunder.    [North.  Eng.] 

bummle  (bum'l),  n.  [Sc.  also  (in  def.  1)  hutn- 
incl,  hdinbell  =  E.  bumble:  see  humble,  n.  Cf. 
6«»/l,  «.,  3.]  1.  A  bumblebee. —  2.  An  idle 
fellow;  a  drone. 

bumpif  (bunip),  J,',  i.  [First  in  early  mod.  E., 
appar.  a  var.  of  huml-,  bunib,  bomb'^ ;  cf.  the 
fi'eq.  humble.  Cf.  W.  bwmp,  a  hollow  sound,  a 
boom ;  hence  aderyn  y  bwmp,  the  bittern  (ade- 
ryn,  a  bird),  also  called  hurmp  y  gors  (cors,  a 
Of    imitative  origin:   see  boom^. 


of  bumbard,  bombard,  a  drinking-vessel  (see 
bombard,  «.),  associated  with  E.  dial,  bumpsy, 
tipsy,  hum,  ME.  bummen,  guzzle,  drink:  see 
ftKml.]  1.  A  cup  or  gla.ss  filled  to  the  brim, 
especially  when  drunk  as  a  toast. 

I'ill  a  dozen  btimperg  to  a  dozen  beauties,  and  she  that 
floats  atop  is  the  maid  that  has  bewitched  you. 

Sheridan,  School  for  .Scandal,  iii.  3. 
He  froth'd  his  tnimpers  to  the  brim. 

Tennyson,  Death  of  the  Old  Year. 

2.  A  crowded  house  at  a  theatrical  benefit,  or 
the  like — Bumper  game,  a  game  in  which  the  scoring 
is  all  on  one  side. 
bumper^  (bum'per),  v.  t.     [<  bumper'^,  n.]     To 
til!  to  the  brim.     Burns. 


bog,    fen).      Of    imitative  origin:    see 

?)«)»!,  ftomfcl,  bomb'^,  bumble,  etc.]    To  make  a  i,„„„„_{„„   ,t,  .,/„a>;,n    ..    ••  .  «».-.*    „    i  _ 
loud,  heavy   or  hollow  noise,  as  the  bittern;  bumpenze  (bum  per-iz),  f.  i.;  pret.  and  pp. 
hnn^       n,iden_  '  '     hutnperKcd,  vpv.  humpeming      \_<  bumper^  + 

!>«.]     To  drink  bumpers.     [Rare.] 


[<  bump^,  v.]    A  booming. 


boom.     Dryden 
bump^t  (bnmp),  n. 
hollow  noise. 

Tile  bitter  with  his  humpe. 

Skelton,  Phyllyp  Sparowe,  1.  4:{2. 

bump2  (bump),  V.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ;  prob. 
developed  from  huinp'^,  which,  as  orig.  imita- 
tive, is  closely  related  to  6«;h1,  boom,  also  strike. 
Cf.  ODan.  humpe,  strike  with  the  clenched  fist, 
Dan.  humpe,  thump.  Cf.  also  W.pwmpio,  thump, 
bang  (pwmp,  a  round  mass,  a  lump),  =  Ir.  heu- 
maiin,  I  strike,  gash,  cut,  =  Gael,  benm,  strike ; 
Ir.  Gael,  beum,  a  stroke,  blow,  =  Com.  hum, 
bom.,  a  blow.  Cf.  bnmp^,  «.,  and  bounce.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  cause  to  come  in  violent  contact ; 
bring  into  concussion;  knock;  strike;  thump: 
as,  to  bump  one's  head  against  a  wall. 
Bump'd  the  ice  into  three  several  stars. 

Tennyson,  The  Epic. 


Pleased  to  see  him,  we  kept  bumjterizing  till  after  roll- 
calling.  Gibhf/n^  Memoirs,  p.  68. 

bumper-timber  (bum'per-tim'ber),  Ii.  In 
some  locomotives,  a  timber  to  which  the  cow- 
catcher or  pilot  is  fastened,  designed  to  receive 
the  shock  or  blow  of  a  collision. 

bumplng-post  (bum'ping-post).  h.  A  timber 
fender  or  buffer,  placed  at  the  end  of  a  railroad- 
track  to  prevent  the  cars  from  leaving  the  rails. 


bumpkin^ 


Same  as  bumkin. 


The  tack  of  the  foresail  is  ma4le  fast  either  to  the  stern 
or  a  small  bumpkin  eight  inches  long. 

Sportjfman's  Gazetteer,  p.  6;i0. 

bumpkin^  (bump'kin),  n.  [Prob.  a  particular 
use  of  bumpkin^  =  bumkin,  a  short  boom.  Cf. 
block'^  and  blockhead,  a  stupid  fellow.]  An  awk- 
ward, clumsy  rustic ;  a  clown  or  country  lout. 


bumpkin 

^Tiat  a  bumptin  he  is  for  a  captain  in  the  army  I  old 

Osborne  tliought.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

brimpkinly   (b\imp'ldn-li),  a.     [<  bumjylin^  + 

-;«i.]    Of  or  pfrtalning  to  a  bumpkin  or  clown ; 

ciomiish. 

He  is  a  simple,  blundering,  and  yet  conceited  fellow, 

who  .  .  .  gives  au  air  of  &«7/Ji^l^n/y  romance  to  all  he  tells. 

RtcharJ:^on,  Clarissa  Harlowe. 

bmnpsy  (biimp'si),  a.  [E.  dial. ;  cf.  huiiA,  di-ink.] 
Tipsv.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

bumptious  (bnmp'shus),  a.  [A  slang  -word, 
prob.  <  hump-,  strike  against,  +  -tioiis.2  Offen- 
sively self-assertive ;  liable  to  give  or  take  of- 
fense; disposed  to  quarrel;  domineering;  for- 
ward; pusbiug.     Thackeray, 

bumptiousness  (bump'shus-nes),  n.  [<  bwnp- 
tiotis  +  -ness.^  The  quality  of  being  bump- 
tious. 

Tom,  not\rithstandin;_. 
with  him  at  once.    T.  Uuyhes,  Tom  Brown's  School-Days, 
The  peculiar  bitmptiousness  of  his  [Hazlitt's]  incapacity 
makes  it  particularly  otfensive. 

Latcell,  Study  Windows,  p.  352. 

bumpy  (bum'pi),  a.    [<  hump"  +  -i/l.]    Having 
or  marked  by  bumps ;  baling  a  surface  marked 
bv  bumps  or  prottiberances. 
blimrollt,  "•     A  sort  of  bustle.     [Vulgar.] 

1  disbased  myself,  from  my  hood  and  my  farthingal,  to 
these  buinroich  aud  your  whalebone  bodice. 

Jl.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  ii.  1. 

bum-wood  (bum'wud),  H.     Same  as  hum-wood. 

buni,  bunn  (bun),  «.  [<  ME.  6««iif,  bonne,  a 
cake,  a  small  loaf.  Origin  obscure  ;  ef.  Ir.  hun- 
nofi,  a  var.  of  honnach,  an  oaten  cake,  =  Gael. 
bo'nnach,  >  E.  bannock,  q.  v.  Skeat  refers  to  OF. 
dial,  huf/ne,  a  kind  of  fritter  (a  particular  use  of 
OF.  buijnc,  bifini;  a  swelling  caused  by  a  blow: 


720 


H.  tranx.  To  make  a  bimch  or  bunches  of; 
bring  together  into  a  btmch  or  aggregate  ;  con- 
centrate: as,  to  bunch  ballots  for  distiibution; 
to  bunch  profits ;  to  bunch  the  hits  in  a  game  of 
base-ball. 

Cloistered  among  cool  and  (>H/ic/i*'<f  leaves. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i. 

bunch-t  (bunch),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  bunclien,  bonchen, 
beat,  strike;  ef.  D.  bonken,  beat,  belabor,  Dan. 
banke,  Norw.  banka,  beat,  Icel.  banqa,  OSw. 
b&nga,  bunija,  strike :  see  bamj'^  and  bung". 
See  bunch^,  n.,  aud  cf.  bum])-,  wliieh  includes 
tJie  meanings  of  buuch^  and  hu)ich".  Not  re- 
lated to  j)MHf/i  in  this  sense.]    To  beat;  strike. 

Thei  bonchen  theire  brestis  with  fistes. 

Ltjdtfate.    (HailiwelL) 

I  bunche,  I  beate,  je pousse.  He  buticheth  me  and  beateth 

me.  Pahffi'avf. 

his  buiniitimisness,Je\t  friends  bunch-backedt  (bunch'bakt),  a.    Hunch-back- 

"^ "'" ^•■'■■"'  ""■■"      i^^j.  j^g^  "foul  bunch-backed  toad,"  Shak.,  Kieh. 

III.,  iv.  i. 
bunch-berry  (btmch'ber^i),  «.     1.  A  common 
name  (pf  the  dwarf  cornel,  Cornus  Canadensis, 
on  account  of  its  dense  clusters  of  briglit-red 
ben'ies. — 2.  The  fruit  of  the  Iluhus  saxatilis. 
HaUiu-etl.     [Prov.  Eug.  (Craven).] 
blinch-flower  (bunch'flou  er),  Jl.     The  Mchni- 
thium    Virtjinicum,  a    liliaceous  plant  of  the 
United  States,  with  grass-lUte  leaves  aud  a  tall 
stem  with  a  broad  panicle  of  small  greenish 
flowers. 
bunch-grass  (bunch'gras),  n.    A  name  given 
to  many  different  grasses  of  the  Eoeky  Moun- 
tain region  and  westward,  usually  growing  in 
distinct  clumps.     The  more  abundant  are  Poa  teniii- 
j'tjlia,  Onizopsi.^  cu.spi'iala,  Festuca  scahrelia,  and  species 
-.,,.,,  ^.  -  oi  .'iitijxi  and  Aijrnpitrtnit. 

seebunion),>dim.bu(incl,bignet,vaoil.V. heir/net,  bunchiness   (bun'chi-nes),  n.      [<   bunchy  + 
a  fritter.]    A  slightly  sweetened  and  flavored    -ncss.]     The  state  of  being  bunchy,  or  of  grow- 
roU  or  biscuit;  a  sweet  kind  of  bread  baked  in    jug  \n  bunches. 
small  cakes,  generally  round — Bath  htm,  a  smt  bunch-whale  (bimeh'hwiil),  n.    A  whale  of  the 


of  light  sweet  roll,  generally  containing  currants,  etc. 
named  from  iiath,  England. 

bun"-  (bun).  H.  [Appar.  identical  witli  E.  dial. 
boon-,  <  ME.  bone,  also  bunne,  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  <  Gael,  bun,  a  stump,  stock, 
root,  a  short,  squat  person  or  animal,  =  Ir. 
bun,  stock,  root,  bottom,  =  Manx  bun,  a  thick 
end,  butt-end,  =  W.  bwn,  a  spear-head.  The 
2d  and  3d  senses  may  be  of  diff.  origin.]  1.  A 
drv  stalk;  the  dry  stalk  of  liemp  stripped  of  its 
rind. —  2.  The  tail  of  a  hare. —  3.  A  rabbit. 
Also  called  bunny.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bun'*  (bun),  H.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  flat -bot- 
tomed boat  square  at  both  ends 

bunco 


gi'uus  ilciidjitera ;  a  humpback  whale, 
bunchy  (buu'chi),  «.    [(.hunch  + -y'^.']    1.  Hav- 
ing or  being  like  a  bunch  or  hvmch;  having 
knobs   or  protuberances:   as,  "an  unshapeu 
bunchy  spear,"  I'liaer,  iEneid,  ix. 

Chiefs  particularly  alfcct  gieat  length  of  cord,  which 
does  iK»t  improve  the  wearer's  appearance,  as  it  makes 
the  kilt  too  bunchy.  Pop.  .*i.  Mo.,  X.\.\.  l!UG. 

2.  Growing  or  existing  in  bimches;  having  (U- 
formed  of  bimehes:  as,  "his  bunchy  tail,"  .Y. 
Grew,  Museum.  Specifically — 3.  In  niininy, 
said  of  a  lode  when  the  ore  is  irregularly  dis- 
tributed through  it  in  small  masses  or ' '  pocket  s." 


bunco  (buns),  inters  [Perhaps  a  corruption  of  bSncombe. '  bunkum'  (bung'k 
L.  bonus,  good.]  -Extra  profit;  bonus:  used  as  °Znh^itmMy  of  North  (^Tiro 
an  exclamation  bv  bovs.  The  cry  "Jiunce."'  ,.  _  '  „.,„.^  •,,„i„„,  n  u\„,^t 
when  something  is  found  by  another  gives  the        Z,^"^^  !;}'S;^.d,^r' 


ing  is  loiina  by 
rifht  to  lialf  of  what  is  discovered 
bunch'  (bunch),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  some- 
timi-s  bounch ;  <  MPJ.  buiichc,  a  hump,  prob.  < 
Icel.  bunki  =  OSw.  and  Sw.  dial,  bunkc  =  Norw. 
buitke  =  Dan.  bunkc,  a  heap,  pile :  see  bu)ik,  of 
which  bunch  may  be  considered  an  assibilatcd 
form.  I'erliaps  ult.  connected  witli  the  verb 
bunch,  strike:  see  hunch-."]  1.  A  protuber- 
ance; a  hunch;  a  knob  or  lump.  [Now  rare.] 
Oobba  [It.],  a  bttiich,  a  knob  or  crooke  backe,  a  croope. 

Fliiriu  (159s). 
their  treasures  upon  the  bunches 
Isa.  XXX.  (). 


[Canadian.]     '""'"eu.mu, 
l,-r,„itio„  of  IjUnCO,  ».     Sec  hnnko. 

tmi),  n.     [<  Hun 
)lina:  see  extract 
Emxity  talk ;  pointless 
<]ieechmaking;  balderdasli 

When  a  crittur  talks  for  talk's  sake,  ji.st  to  have  a  speech 
in  tile  paper  to  Bend  to  home,  and  not  for  any  other  airthly 
pappus  but  electioneering,  our  folks  call  it  bunkum. 

Ualiburttni, 
To  talk  for  Bimcombe,  to  speak  for  effect  on  persons 
at  u  distance,  without  regard  to  the  audience  present. 

The  origin  of  the  phrase,  "  tnlHnij  /or  Biiiic.onibc,"  is 
thus  related  in  Wheeler's  "History  of  North  Carolina" : 
"  Several  years  ago,  in  Congress,  the  nienilier  for  this  dis- 
trict arose  to  address  the  House,  jvilhout  any  extraordj. 
nary  powers,  in  manner  or  matter,  to  interest  the  audi- 
ence. .Many  members  left  the  hall.  Very  naively  he  told 
those  who  remained  that  they  might  go  too:  he  should 
sipcak  for  some  time,  but  he  was  only  'talkimj ,for  Jinn- 
■    ■■■  IlarlMI. 


They  will  carry 
of  camelfl.  mil.  AAA.  „,        -     , 

2.  A  cluster,  collection  or  tuft  of  things  of  the  ^u^id  (bund),  «.    [Anglo-Ind.,  also  written  band 


same  kind  connected  in  growth  or  joined  to- 
gether mechanically:  as,  a  bunch  of  grapes;  a 
bunch  of  feathers  on  a  hat. 

On  his  anne  a  bounch  of  keycs  he  bore. 

Spciuivr,  V.  (<.,  I.  vlii.  30. 

3.  Morn  generally,  a  cluster  or  aggregate  of 
any  kiml:  uHcd  specifically  of  ducks,  in  the 
HiiiHo  of  a  small  (lock. 

'Hiey  are  a  bunch  of  the  most  bolAt^-roiis  rascals 
Dlstjrder  ever  ma<le. 

Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  v.  2. 
After  the  ttunch  *»f  ducks  have  lieen  shot  at.  .  .  .  they  fly 
n  long  distance  and  do  not  alight  within  sight. 

.SfMtrtnnum'ii  (inzilteer,  p.  '218. 

4.  In  mininff,  a  smnll  maHS  of  ore.     Son  bunchy, 
.1  ...,ri;.i_ — 6_  In.//n/"-»H"«"./'.,  three  buurllcH 

'  yarils  of  linen  yarn. — 6.   .\  unit  of 

-lerH,    reeds,    ten/.i'lH,  and  tlii'    like, 

niTul  or  fixed  senHC.     Bunch  of  flven, 

111.-  lUt   with  the  five  (lnger«   •  l.-ii.  Ii. -I    (..r 

-  ive  hlin  bis  bunch  o/yirr*  (Ibut  U,  rttrih  k 

birn  ISlangl 

.  r.     [<  hunch^,  n.]     I,  inlraii.'<. 
n  a  protubcrancoj  bo  proluberaiil 


bung 

functions  in  combination  with  the  Reichstag, 
and  consisting  of  58  members  representing  the 
26  states  of  the  empil'e.  In  the  Bnndesi-ath  each 
slate  votes  as  a  unit,  the  imperial  chancellor  being  presi- 
dent. 

2.  In  Switzerland,  the  federal  council,  exercis- 
ing executive  aud  administrative  functions,  aud 
composed  of  7  members. 
bundle  Ojnu'dl),  «.  [<  IiIE.  hundcl  (also  dim. 
bundelet),  <  AS.  "byndelinot  found)  (  =  D.  hondcl, 
hundcl  =  G.  biindel),  a  bundle,  dim.  of  'bund, 
ONorth.  1)1.  bunda,  a  btmdle  (=  D.  bond,  usu- 
ally vcrbond,  a  bond,  covenant,  league,  =  XILG. 
built,  a  band,  a  btmdle,  =  MHG.  bunt,  G.  bund, 
a  bundle,  truss,  also  a  tie,  bond,  league,  union, 
etc.,  >  Dan.  hnndt  =  Sv!.  hunt,  a  bundle),  <  bin- 
dan  (pp.  bunden)  =  G.  binden,  etc.,  bind:  see 
hind,  and  cf.  bond'^.]  1.  A  number  of  things 
bound  together;  anj-thing  bound  or  rolled  into 
a  convenient  form  for  conveyance  or  handling; 
a  package ;  a  roll :  as,  a  bundle  of  lace  ;  a  bun- 
dle of  hay. 

Every  schoolboy  can  have  recotirsc  to  the  fable  of  the 
rods,  w'hicli,  wheii  united  in  a  bundle,  no  strength  could 
bend.  GoUimnith,  Es.says,  ix. 

The  optic  nerve  is  a  great  bundle  of  telegraph  wires, 
each  carrying  its  own  message  undisturbeci  by  the  rest. 
II'.  A'.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  284. 

Hence — 2.  A  group  or  a  number  of  things  hav- 
ing some  common  characteristic  which  leads  to 
their  being  held  and  transferred  in  the  same 
ownership. —  3.  In  hot.,  a  fascicular  aggrega- 
tion of  one  or  more  elementary  tissues  travers- 
ing other  tissues.  The  bundle  may  be  eillicr  vascular 
(compiiscd  of  vessels  only)  or  fibrovascular  (cmitainiiig 
both  fibrous  and  va-scular  tissues),  and  is  usually  snr- 
rounded  liy  a  layer  of  parenchyma,  or  soft  cellular  tissue, 
called  the  bundle-i/heath. 

"Concentric"  bumlles  occur  in  many  vascular  crypto- 
gams. Eneye.  lirit.,  XII.  18. 

4.  In  paper-making,  two  reams  of  printing-pa- 
per or  brown  paper:  established  by  a  statute 
of  George  I. —  5.  In  spinning,  twenty  hanks  or 
0,000  yards  of  linen  yarn.  |B»ii,»i-isalso  used  asa 
unit  of 'weight  for  straw.  *aini  of  tale  for  barrcl-boops,  but 
without  any  fixed  value.  A  bundle  of  bast  ropes  is  ten, 
by  a  statute  of  Charles  1I.|  — Closed  bundle,  in  hot.,  a 
tibrovascular  bundle  which  is  wholly  ttirnicd  of  woody 
and  bast  tissue,  without  a  caiiiliimn  l:i>-t-r.  and  is  there, 
fore  incapable  of  further  growth.-  Collateral  bundle, 
in  hot.,  a  flbi-ovascular  bumUe  eonsisting  of  a  strand  ol 
woody  tissue  and  another  of  basts  side  liy  side. --Con- 
centric bundle,  in  bal.,  a  fllu-ovascular  bundle  in  which 
lilt-  liast  tissue  surrounds  the  woody  tissue,  as  is  common 
in  \';is.-iilai- cryptogams,  or  the  revei-se. 
bundle  (bun'dl),  r.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bundled,  ppr. 
bundling.  [<  bundle,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  tie 
or  Ijind  in  a  bundle  or  roll:  often  followed  by 
up  :  as,  to  bundle  up  clothes. 

Their  trains  bundled  up  into  a  heap  behind,  and  rustling 
at  every  motion.  Golditniith,  Vicar,  iv. 

2.  To  place  or  dispose  of  in  a  hurried,  uncere- 
monious manner. 

They  unnu-n-ifillly  bundled  me  and  my  gallant  second 
into  niir  (luii  hackney-coach. 

T.  Honk,  (iilbert  Curucy,  II,  iil. 

To  btmdle  Ofif,  to  send  (a  person)  <ifr  in  a  bnrry  ;  get  rid 

of  uiiccre iiiously  :  as,  the  children  were  bundled  off  to 

bed.  — To  bundle  but,  to  expel  summarily  :  as,  I  bundM 

him  out  of  doors. 

Von 
bebav 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  depart  in  a  hurry  or  un- 
ceremoniously: often  with  off. 

Is  your  ladyshijj's  luuionr  inindlinf/  off  then? 

'Culman  the  Younycr,  Poor  lientlcman,  v.  S. 
Sec  the  savages  bundle  back  into  their  catnies. 

SI.  Xieholus,  XI.  ,177. 

2.  In  Now  England  (in  early  times)  and  in 
Wales,  to  slee]>  in  the  same  bed  without  un- 
dressing: applieil  to  tlio  custom  of  iiieu  and 
women,  esjiocially  sweethearts,  thus  sleeping. 
Slopping  occasuuially  In  the  villages  to  cat  loimpkln 
pies,  dance  at  country  frolics,  ami  fcimi//'- with  lb.-  Vankoo 
lasHcH.  Irviwi,  Knickerbocker,  p.  'JDS. 


ht  to  be  bundled  out  for  not  knowing  how  to 

liiekciui. 


(proii.  bund),  repr.  Hind,  band,  a  dam,  dike 
causeway,  i-mtiiuikmeiil,  a  pnrlicular  use  of 
banil,  a  band,  bond,  tie,  imprisonmeul ;  in  nil 
uses  also  spelled  hiindh,  <  Skt.  ■/  haudh  =  E. 
hind,  tie.]  In  India  and  the  East  generally,  an 
embankment  f(.rminK  a  promenade  and  car- 
riageway along  a  river-front  or  seaside;  an 
es)ihiiiade. 
bunder'   (bun'der),  h.     [E.  Ind.]     A  siirf-lxmt  bundle-plllar  (bmi'dl-pil  iir),  H.    Same  as  «««• 


bunch 

To«i'..  ;.. 
or  round. 

£unchtn>j  uul  Into  A  Unte  ri 


ind  Icnob  nt  one  end. 

Wointiatrd,  KiHMlIn 


111  use  at  l-iombayand  alongllie  Malabar  coast. 
Also  called  hundrr-boat. 
bunder-  (bnn'der),  «.     [Also  written  hhundcr: 

<  Hind,  banilar,  also  hiinar,  a  inonltey,  ape, 
baboon.]  The  common  rhesus  or  other  East 
Indinii  inonkev. 

bunder'  (bun'di'r),  n.     IE.  Ind.]     A  term  um-iI 

ill  I  lie  Dust  for  a  caiiani. 
bunder-boat  (bnn'der-lxJt),  n.    Same  as  hiiM- 

</-■;■  1, 

Bunde8rath,BundeBrat(bfiii'deH-riit), ».  |G. ; 

<  hundis,  gen.  of  liuud.  a  league  (ser.  liundli  ), 
+  ruth,  ml,  couni-il,  cnunMcl,  etc.,  OllG.  ■MUG. 
rdl  (=  AS.  rtrd,  MK.  rule,  E.  rede,  rend  (olis. ), 
council):  HOC  reii<0.  w.]  1.  The  f(>deriil  coun- 
cil of  the  Gorman  empire,  oxeroising  legislative 


ti  nd  enhinin  (wliich  see,  under  column). 

bundle-sheath  (liun'dl-sheth),  ».  See  bundle, 
n..  :i. 

bung'  (bung),  «.  [<  ME.  bnuge,  of  uncertain 
ori^'iii;  the  \V.  hn-ng,  an  oriliee,  a  bung  (cf. 
(hincl.  buiue  =  Ir.  huinne,  a  tap,  spigot,  spout), 
luiib.  from  E.  Cf.  OI).  bonne.  Ml),  hiinde  (>  F. 
hoiide),  a  bung;  Ml).  bomm(K  D-  ')"«/',  dim. 
honimil,  a  bung;  Ml),  homme-,  1).  honi",  inlrum; 
Ml),  huughe,  Imnghe  =  MLG.  //"".(/'',  ><■  <b'uro 
(MM!,  hiiiigen.  bi'^iil  ailriim;  nri- liuug-).  The 
I-;,  word  siM'iiis  III  liiive  liiUoii  flic  I'oiiu  of  MD. 
huughe  (with  eiiuiv.  honiuii-),  -.i  drum,  willi  the 
Hi'iise  of  MD.  hondc  (witli  equiv.  hommri),  a 
bung.]  1.  A  large  cork  or  stopper  foi' closing 
the  hole  ill  the  side  of  a  cusU  (liidugli  which  it 


bung 

is  filled. —  2.  The  hole  or  orifice  in  a  cask 
thi'ough  which  it  is  filled;  a  bung-hole. — 3t. 
A  pickpocket;  a  sharper. 

Away,  you  cutpurse  rascal !  you  filthy  bunr/,  away ! 

Shah:,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
4.  A  brewer.     [Eng.  slang.]  —  5.  Apileof  seg- 
sors  or  setters  in  a  i)oreelain-kiln. 
bung'  (I'lin^'),  r.  t.     [<  6hh(/1,  ?i.J     To  stop  the 
orifice  of  witli  a  bimg;  close. 
All  entries  to  the  soul  are  so  stopped  and  buuffed  up. 

Uammoiul,  Works,  IV.  070. 

bung"  (1-iung),  V.  t.  [Commonly  regarded  as  a 
Iiarticuhu-  use  of  huny^,  v. ;  but  cf.  MLG.  hiin- 
ycH  =  MHG.  hungcu,  beat  a  drum,  G.  dial,  hnn- 
gen,  biimicii,  strike  (freq.  hum/cln,  beat),  =OSw. 
hunga,  strike:  see  bunch".  Cf.  bungle,  bang^.'] 
To  beat  severely ;  exhaust  by  hard  blows  or 
strenuous  eiiort ;  bruise ;  maul :  used  chiefly  in 
the  phrase  bunged  up  :  as,  lie  was  all  bunged 
up  in  the  fight ;  the  day's  work  has  completely 
bunged  me  uj),     [Slang.] 

bungall  (bim'gal),  n.  [<  Ir.  bunn,  a  coin,  + 
gulhhi,  foreign,  English,  (.gall,  a  foreigner,  Eng- 
lishman.] A  base  coin  cuiTent  in  Ireland  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  At  one  time  it 
passed  for  sixpence,  at  another  for  twopence, 
and  ultimately  for  a  penny. 

bungalow  (bung'ga-16),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,<  Hind. 
hatigld  (Pers.  biingld),  a  thatched  cottage,  a 
bungalow,  lit.  belonging  to  Bengal,  Bengalese 


renang  Hills. 

(house),  <  Banga,  Bengal.  Cf.  Bengali.']  In 
India,  a  one-storied  thatched  or  tiled  house, 
usually  surrounded  by  a  veranda ;  in  the  East 
generally,  any  one-storied  dwelling  provided 
with  verandas. 

It  [tlie  road]  leads  to  .  .  .  Faatana,  a  regular  square 
Indian  bioitjalow.  with  thatched  roofs,  verandahs  covered 
with  creepers,  windows  opening  to  the  ground,  and  steps 
leading  to  the  gardens  on  every  side. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  ,\iv. 
Dak-bungalow,  a  house  for  travelers,  such  as  are  con- 
structed at  intervals  of  from  12  to  15  miles  on  the  high- 
roads in  many  parts  of  India  at  the  expense  of  tlie  author- 
ities- The  government  charges  each  traveler  one  rupee 
(about  forty  cents)  a  day  for  the  use  of  the  bungalow. 
Bungarus  (bung'ga-i-us),  n.  [Also  Bongarus : 
NL.,  from  the  native  name  bungur  or  hongar.] 
A  genus  of  venomous  serpents,  of  the  family 
Eldjiiilir,  natives  of  India,  and  closely  allied  to 
the  yiijii,  though  the  neck  is  not  so  dilatable. 
Ill  tile  i>inuinntA  J'asciatiis,  the  rock-serpent,  the  head  is 
Hat  and  sln.rt,  tlie  muzzle  roimd,  and  the  upper  jaws  are 
furnished  with  grooved  fangs.  The  color  is  generally  of  a 
light  hue,  relieved  by  bands  or  rings  of  jetty  black.    Also 

bung-drawer  (bung'dra'er),  n.  A  wooden  mal- 
let of  a  peculiar  form  for  removing  the  bung 
from  a  cask.     [Local,  Eng.] 

bungerlyt,  «.  [A  var.  of  hunglely,  <  bungle  + 
-/;/!.]     Bimgling;  clumsy. 

iifteiitimes  the  more  shallow  in  knowledge  the  more 
hini^frifii  m  wickedness.       Rev.  T.  Adamit,  Works,  II.  43. 

bungersome  (bung'ger-simi),  a.     [A  dial.  var. 

of  i'<H«(//(w>wf.]    Clumsy.    Grose.    [Pro v.  Eng.] 

bung-hole  (bung'hol),  «.    A  hole  or  orifice  in  a 

cask  through  which  it  is  filled,closed  by  a  bung. 

bungle  (bung'gl),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bungled, 

ppr.   bungling.     [Prob.    equiv.  to  *bongle  for 

bungle^,  freq.  of  bang^,  beat ;  cf.  G.  dial,  bungeln, 

strike,  beat,  freq.  of  bungen,  strike ;  Sw.  dial. 

bangla,  work  ineffectually,  freq.  of  banka,  var. 

bimka,  bunha,  strike,  OSw.   Imnga,  beat:   see 

baug^,  huncli^,  bung^,  and  cf.  botch^,  bungle, 

which   also  goes  back  to  an  original    sense 

'beat.']   I.  iiitran.'i.  To  work  or  act  in  a  clumsy, 

awkward,  or  bliuidering  manner. 

Can  you  fail  or  bungle  in  your  trade? 

Oldham,  .Satires  on  the  Jesuits. 
I  could  rather  see  the  stage  filled  with  agreeable  objects, 
though  they  might  sometimes  bmutle  a  little. 

Gotdsinin,.  The  Bee,  No.  1. 

II.  trans.  To  make  or  mend  clumsily;  botch; 
manage  awkwardly  or  blunderingly;  perform 
inefdeiently. 

Botch  and  bungle  up  damnation 
With  patches.  Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  ii.  2. 

46 


721 

I  had  seen  something  of  the  world,  and  had  contracted 
about  the  average  bad  habits  of  young  men  who  Iiave  the 
sole  care  of  themselves,  and  rather  bungle  the  matter. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  81. 

bungle  (bung'gl),  n.  [<  bungle,  i'.]  A  clumsy 
performance;  a  piece  of  awkward  work ;  a 
botcli.     Hay. 

bungler  (bung'gltr),  n.  One  who  bungles;  a 
clumsy,  awkward  workman ;  one  who  performs 
witliout  skill. 

If  t't  boa  diinceoraftMn^^t^r  in  any  profession  be  ahame- 
f  III,  liuw  much  more  ignominious  and  infamous  to  ascliolur 
to  bi:  such.  Harrow. 

bunglesome   (bung'gl-sum),   a.     [<   bungle   + 

-.<ionii.]     Bungling;  clumsy. 

bungling  (buug'gling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bungle, 
i\]  1.  Prone  to  bungle;  clumsy:  as,  "this 
bungling  wretch,"  Oldham. —  2.  Characterized 
by  clumsiness ;  botched. 

Letters  to  me  are  not  seldom  opened,  and  tlien  sealed  in 
a  bungling  manner  liefore  they  come  to  my  hands.  Sui/t. 
—  Syn.  I'lui'thihi,  I'/iamfh,  etc..    ^Q  awkward.      ^    ' 

bunglingly  ( iHiug'gling-li),  adv.  In  abungling 
manner;  clumsily;  awkwardly. 

bungo  (bimg'go),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  kind 
of  canoe  used  in  Central  and  South  Ameri(ta, 
and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States. 
BartlcU. 

bungO-tree  (bung'go-tre),  «.  [<  bungo,  a  native 
name,  -I-  tree.']  A  leguminous  tree  of  Sierra 
Leone,  Daniellia  thurifera,  yielding  a  fragrant 
gum. 

bung-starter  (bung'star"t6r),  n.  A  kind  of  flat 
mallet  for  starting  a  wooden  bung  from  the 
bung-hole. 

bung-stave  (Imng'stav),  n.  The  stave  of  a  bar- 
rel in  which  the  bung-hole  has  been  made. 

Bungtown  copper.     See  copper. 

bung-vent  (bimg'vent),  n.  A  valve-stopper 
designed  to  allow  air  to  enter  a  cask  without 
permitting  the  gases  generated  within  it  to  es- 
cape, or  the  reverse. 

bunion,  bunyon  (bun'yon),  «.  [Formerly  also 
bunian,  hunnion,  bunnian;  <  It.  bugnone,  a  knob, 
a  boil  or  blain,  aug.  of  equiv.  bugno,  prob.  < 
OF.  bugne,  Imigne,  bune,  a  swelling,  F.  bigne,  a 
bump,  knob,  swelling,  perhaps  <  Icel.  bunga,  an 
elevation,  allied  to  bunki,  a  heap :  see  hunch  and 
hunk.]  A  swelling  on  the  foot  caused  by  the 
inflammation  of  a  bm-sa,  especially  that  over 
the  metatarsophalangeal  joint  of  the  great  toe. 
It  may  occur,  however,  over  the  corresponding  joint  of 
the  fifth  digit,  or  more  rarely  over  the  scaphoid  bone. 

Bunium  (bu'ni-um),  )(.  [NL.  (L.  bunion  — 
Pliny),  <  Gr.  jiohviov,  a  plant,  perhaps  the  earth- 
nut;  cf.  /ioi'wdf,  a  plant  of  the  rape  kind.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Umbelli- 
ferce,  with  tuberous  roots,  natives  of  Europe  and 

western  Asia.  n.  |U•xuosum,a.lsocMl:dettrlhnttt,ha^l^h■- 
mlt,  fcippernut,  and  pignut,  is  a  plant  with  a  root  as  large 
as  a  nutmeg,  hard,  tuberous,  and  brown.  See  carthnut. 
bunk  (bungk),  n.  [Of  Seand.  origin,  prob. 
affected  in  sense  by  bank,  dial,  bcnk,  bink,  a 
bench:  <  (1)  Icel.  bunki  =  OSw.  and  Sw.  dial. 
bunkc  =  Norw.  bunke  =  Dan.  hunke,  a  heap,  pile 
(cf.  MLG.  bunk,  a  bone,  esp.  one  of  the  promi- 
nent bones  of  a  large  animal,  =  OFries.  bunke, 
East  Fries,  bunke.  North  Fries,  bunk,  abone),  ap- 
par.  the  same  as  (2)  ODan.  bunke,  a  cargo  stowed 
in  the  hold  of  a  ship,  the  hold  itself,  the  bilge, 
the  bottom,  =  OSw.  bunke,  part  of  a  ship,  prob. 
the  hold;  prob.  also  the  same  as  (3)  ODan. 
hunke  =  Sw.  bunke  =:'NoTvr.  bunka,  bunk,  abroad, 
low  milk-pan,  and  (4)  ODan.  btcnke,  the  site  of 
a  building:  these  forms  being  more  or  less  con- 
fused with  (5)  Icel.  bunga,  a  slight  elevation, 
=  Norw.  bunga,  a  little  heap,  bung,  Injng,  bunk, 
a  slight  protuberance  or  dent,  bungutt,  bunkutt, 
dented,  appar.  connected  (as  bump^,  a  blow, 
with  butnjfi,  a  protuberance,  or  as  bunch'  with 
ft«Hc/(l)  with  Sw.  bunga,  strike :  see  hunch^  and 
bung^,  and  cf .  buncli^,  which  may  be  considered 
an  assibilated  form  of  6««A-.  Cf.  bulk.]  1.  A 
wooden  case  or  compartment  in  a  vessel,  a 
sleeping-car,  etc.,  and  sometimes  in  a  dwelling- 
house,  used  as  a  sleeping-berth. 

I  should  .  .  .  pass  over  the  rest  of  his  voyage  by  saying 
that  lie  was  confined  to  his  bunk,  and  saw  no  more  of  it. 
//.  Kingslcy,  Eavenshoe,  Ii.    {Davics.) 

2.  A  piece  of  timber  placed  across  a  sled  to 
sustain  a  heavy  weight.     [U.  S.] 
bunk  (bungk),  V.  i.     [<  bunk,  «.]     To  occupy  a 
bunk;  hence,  to  occupy  a  bed;  sleep:  as,  the 
two  boys  bunked  together. 

We  turned  in  to  bunk  and  mess  with  the  crew  forward. 
n.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  .iT. 

bunker!  (imug'ker),  n.  [<  bunk  +  -erl.  Cf. 
banker^  in  the  sense  of  'a  bench,  a  seat.']  1. 
A  bench  or  sort  of  chest  that  serves  for  a  seat. 


bunt 

— 2.  A  sort  of  fixed  chest  or  box;  a  large  bin 
or  receptacle:  as,  a  aoal-bunJcer  (which  see). 
—  3.  In  the  game  of  golf,  a  sand-hole  anywhere 
on  the  grounds. 
bunker-  ( Ijuug'kf'r),  «.  [Short  for  mossbunker, 
q.  v.]     A  menhaden. 

bunker-plate  ( bung'k^T-plat), «.  An  iron  plate 
covering  a  hole  in  a  ship's  deck  leading  to  the 
coal-liiiiiker. 

bimko,  bunco  (bung'ko),  n.  [Perhaps  a  corrup- 
tion of  It.  banco,  a  bank  or  money-changer's 
stall;  cf. /««(/?,  as  related  to  6a«/i.]  A  swindle 
practised  V)y  two  or  more  confederates  upon  a 
stranger  (gem-rally  by  gaining  his  confidence 
on  the  groiinil  of  alleged  previous  acquaintance 
with  himself  or  some  of  his  friends),  who  is  al- 
lured to  a  house,  and  there  fleeced  at  some  game, 
openly  robbed,  or  othenvise  victimized.  Also 
called  bunko-gatne.     [American  slang  or  cant.] 

bunko  (bung'ko),  »•.  t.     To  victimize,  as  by  a 
bunko-man.     [American  slang  or  cant.] 
A  Heading  banker  bunkitcd. 

J'hiladelphia  Timea  (liS.'i),  No.  2892,  p.  2. 

bunko-game  (bung'ko-gam),  n.   Same  as  bunko. 

bunko-joint  (bung'ko-joint),  n.  A  house  or 
rendezvous  to  which  strangers  are  allured,  and 
in  which  they  are  victimized,  by  bunko-men. 
[American  slang  or  cant.] 

bunko-man  (bung'ko-man),  w.  A  person  who 
practises  the  bvmko  swindle.  [American  slang 
or  cant.] 

bunko-steerer  (bung'k6-ster"er),  n.  That  one 
of  the  swindlers  called  bunko-men  who  allures 
or  steers  strangers  to  the  bunko-joint  or  rendez- 
vous.    [American  slang  or  cant.] 

bunks  (bungks),  n.  The  wild  succory.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bunkum,  n.    See  buncombe. 

bunn,  n.     See  6m«1. 

bunnel  (bim'el),  n.  [E.  dial.  dim.  of  bun'i,  v.] 
A  dried  hemp-stalk,  used  by  smokers  to  light 
their  pipes.     Grose.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bunney,  «.    See  6w«»//S. 

bunniant,  ".     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bunion. 

bunnlngs  (bun'ingz),  n.pl.  [E.  dial.]  In  lead- 
mining,  a  floor  or  staging  of  wood  built  across 
the  lode  over  the  miners'  heads,  and  on  which 
the  refuse  was  thrown,  so  that  the  mine,  origi- 
nally begun  as  -an  open  work,  became  covered 
over  for  its  whole  length,  except  under  the 
"stowses"  or  windlasses.  The  same  thing  was  re- 
peated lower  down,  the  process  being  a  sort  of  combi- 
nation of  the  cast-after-cast  method  and  of  underhand 
stoping.  The  process  is  no  longer  used.   [Derbyshire,  Eng.  | 

bunnyl  (bun'i),  ».;  Y)\.  bunnies  (-iz).  [E.  dial.] 
A  gruly  formed  by  water  making  its  way  over 
the  edge  of  a  cliff.     [Hampshire,  Eng.] 

bunny^  (bim'i),  n.  [Dim.  of  bun-,  a  rabbit.] 
A  pet  name  for  a  rabbit. 

bunny*  (bun'i),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  bun- 
neij.  Ct.  bunion.]  A  swelling  from  a  blow;  a 
bump.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bunny^t  (bun'i),  n.     Same  as  botiny^. 

bunnya,  n.     See  bunya. 

bunoaont(bu'no-dont),  a.  [<  NL.  bunodon(t-), 
<  Gr.  jiovvur,  a  hill,  moimd,  +  bdoig  {bSovr-)  =  E. 
tooth.]  In  odont.,  having  the  crowns  of  the 
molar  teeth  elevated  into  tubercles ;  having  tu- 
berculate  molars :  in  general,  opposed  to  lopho- 
dont ;  specifically,  having  teeth  of  the  pattern 
presented  by  the  Bunodonta. 

Bunodonta  (bii-no-don'ta),  «.  2)1.  [XL.,  neut. 
pi.  ot  bunodon  :  see  bunodont.]  The  most  prim- 
itive type  of  the  artiodactyls,  continued  to  the 
present  daj'  by  the  non-ruminant  or  suilline 
quadrupeds  of  the  families  Suida:  and  Hippupo- 
tamido',  or  the  swine  and  hippopotamus. 

Bunotheria  (bii-no-the'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
jiowo^,  a  hill,  mound,  +  bi/piov,  a  wild  beast.] 
A  superordinal  group  of  mammals  proposed  by 
Cope  to  cover  the  whole  of  the  carnivorous  and 
insectivorous  types  of  monodelphous  mammals 
ancestrally  related  to  existent  forms. 

bunotherian  (bu-no-the'ri-an),  a.  [<  Bunothe- 
ria +  -an.]  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of 
the  Bunotheria.     K.  D.  Cope. 

Bunsen  burner,  cell,  filter-pump.  See  the 
nouns. 

bunsenite  (bun'sen-it),  n.  [After  the  German 
chemist  Robert  W.  Bunsen.]  Native  nickel 
protoxid,  occiirringin  isometric  octahedral  crys- 
tals of  a  green  color.  The  name  was  also  given 
to  the  gold  tellurid  krennerite. 

buntl  (bujit).  r.  i.  [<  JIE.  bunten;  of  uncertain 
origin;  cf.  Bret,  hounta,  bunta,  push,  shove; 
cf.  also  E.  jiiint-,  push,  and  butt^.]  1.  To  push 
with  the  horns  or  head,  as  a  goat  or  a  calf. — 
2.  To  spring;  rear.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


bunt 

bnntl  (bunt),  n.  [<  bunti,  f.  ,-.]  A  push  with 
the  head,  or  the  head  and  horns. 

bunt^ (bunt ).  H.  [<  late  ME.  bunt:  of  uncertam 
oriffin.  It  agrees  in  form  with  Dan.  bmult  = 
Sw  bunt,  a  bundle  (see  bundle),  in  sense  with 
Dai.  bug,  Sw.  bul;  a  belly  (cf.  Dan.  bug  jma 


722 

One  of  the  commonest  in  Europe  is  E.  viitiaria,  the  corn- 
bunting  or  bunting-lark.  The  yellow  bunting  or  yellow- 
hMimeris  E.  citrinella ;  the  cirl  bunting,  E.  cirlus ;  the 
uitoliui bunting,  E.  horlutana  ;  the  black-headed  bunting. 
E.  schtenielus,  etc.  These  are  .ill  the  European  species  to 
» iuch  the  name  properly  pertains.  There  are  many  others, 
all  belonging  to  the  old  w  orld. 
2.  Bv  extension,  a  name  given  indefinitely  and 


buoyancy 

shapes  and  kinds,  according  to  the  purposes  they  arc  in- 
temled  to  serve  :  as,  i'an-hiioy>',  made  of  sheet-iron  in  the 
form  of  the  frustum  of  a  cone ;  siiar-htiiniK,  made  of  a  spar, 
which  is  anchored  by  one  end  ;  bell-biwi/i,  surmounted  by  a 
bell  » hich  is  made  to  sound  by  the  action  of  the  waves ; 


et  sejl,  Sw.  bul-pd  ett  segel,  the  bunt  (lit.  beUy)     i,i(jiseriminately' to  a  great  number  of  eniberi- 


of  a'saU  :  see  fcouil)  ;  or  with  Dan.  bugt=i  Sw, 
bui/t  a  bend,  >  E.  bout,  a  bend,  turn,  etc. :  see 
ftoKfl,  bought^,  and  bight.']  The  middle  part  of 
a  square  sail;  also,  the  middle,  baggy  part  of 
a  net,  etc. 

In  furling,  the  strongest  and  most  experienced  stand  in 
the  slings  (or  middle  of  the  yard)  to  make  up  the  bunt. 

R.  n.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  26 

bunt^  (bunt),  V.  i.  [<  bunt^,  ».]  To  swell  out; 
bellv,  as  a  saU. 

bunt^  (bunt),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  *bunien,  honten,  sift, 
perhaps  a  var.  of  bulten,  sift,  bolt:  see  6o((2.] 
To  sift.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

btint*  (bunt),  n.  [Perhaps  a  dial,  form  of  burn  t, 
as  used  in  comp.  bunt-ear  for  burnt-ear,  etc.] 
1.  A  smut  which  infests  and  destroys  the  ker- 
nels of  wheat;   an  ustUagineous  fungus,    Til- 


zine  and  fringilline  birds  of  all  countries,  and 
also  to  some  birds  not  of  the  iamily  FringiUid(F. 
Examples  are  the  lark-biuiting,  of  the  genus  Plectmphants; 
the  snow-bunting,  P.  nimlis;  the  small  American  spar- 
rows of  the  genus  Spisflln  :  the  American  black-throated 
bunting,  Spiza  amerUana  ;  the  cow-bunting,  Mntnthnix 
pecoria;  the  rice-bunting,  Dolichoniix  ori/ji'i'onM.— Bay- 
wlnged bunting.  See (/nv-"'!ii</ei;,— Clay-colored  bunt- 
ing, of  North  America,  the  SpizHIa  pallida,  a  small  bird 
closely  resembling  the  chipping-sparrow, 
bunting^  (bun'ting),  H.  lA\so  buntiiie.  Origia 
uncertain ;  perhaps  orig.  meaning  buntiug-  or 
bolting-cloth:  see  bunting^.  There  is  no  evi- 
dence to  connect  the  word  with  G.  bunt,  varie- 
gated.] 1.  A  light  woolen  stuif  very  loosely 
woven.  It  is  the  material  out  of  which  flags  of  all  kinds 
arc  usually  made,  A  variety  of  bunting  is  also  in  use  for 
women's  dresses  ;  it  is  warm,  and  drapes  well, 
2.  Flags,  especially  a  vessel's  flags,  collectively. 


letia  caries,  which  causes  serious  damage  in  bvmtinK-croW    (biiu'ting-kro),  «.      [Appar.  "< 


Europe,  and  is  becoming  troublesome  in  Amer- 
ica. The  common  smut  of  wheat  and  oats  in  the  United 
States  is  Urtilaijo  carbo,  and  is  not  called  bunt.  Also 
calletl  bladder-Wand. 

2.  A  name  sometinaes  given  to  the  puffball, 

Li/roprrdon. 
builtbok  (bunt'bok),  n.     Same  as  bontebol: 
bvmt-ear  (buut'er),  n.    [Seefcioif*.]   Anamefor 

the  smut  of  wheat,  oats,  etc.,  Cstilaw  segetum. 


buiitintii  +  crow-,  but  said  to  be  a  modifica- 
tion of  D.  boiite  Iraai :  bont,  spotted  (see  bunt- 
ing*); hraai  =  E.  croic-.]  The  hooded  crow, 
Comix  caniix. 
bunting-finch  (bun'ting-finch),  «.  A  loose 
book-name  of  numerous  American  fringilline 
birds  of  the  genera  I'asscrella,  Pusserculus,  Zo- 
niitrirhid,  Spi:tlla,  etc. 


bunted  (bun'ted),  a.    {<bunii  +  -ed^.}    Affect-  bunting-iron  (buu'ting-i"em),  n.  Aglass-blow- 


ed  with  bunt ;  containing  the  parasitic  fungus 
which  causes  bimt. 

Externally  the  bunted  grain  is  plumper,  Cooh\ 

bunter  (bun'tor),  H.  [E.  dial.]  A  woman  who 
picks  up  rags  in  the  streets ;  hence,  a  low,  vul- 
gar woman.     [Prov.  Eng.  or  slang.] 

Her  two  marriageable  daughters,  like  bunterx  in  stuff 
govrna,  are  now  taking  sixpenny  worth  of  tea  at  the  White 
Conduit  House.  Goldmnith,  Essays,  xv, 

bunter-sandstein  (bun'ter-sand  stin),  n.  [G. 
biiiilir  siciilxteiu,  lit.  variegated  sandstone. 
bunt,  spotted,  variegated  (see  bunting'^);  sand- 
slein  =  E.  nand.'itone.'}  A  German  name  for  the 
N'fiv  Red  Sandstone.     See  nandxtone. 

bunt-gasket  (bunt'gas'ket),  «.  The  gasket 
wliieli  (■(infinos  the  bunt  of  a  square  sail  when 
furliil.     Formerly  called  brcuM-ga.skit . 


er.'s  tube, 
bunting-lark  (bim'ting-liirk),  n.    The  common 

bunting,  Euihi  ri:a  miliiiria. 
bunt-jigger   (bimt'jig'er),  n.     Xaut.,  a  small 
purc'hase  used  to  rouse  up  the  bunt  of  a  sail  m 
furling.     Also  called  bunt-whip. 
buntlint,  «•     Same  as  bunting^. 

But  w^e'U  shoot  the  laverock  in  the  lift, 
The  buntlin  on  the  tree, 

Ihjnde.  Elin,  in  Child's  Ballads,  I.  297. 

buntline(bunt'lin),».  l<.bunt"  +  Unc-.l  Xaut,, 
one  of  the  ropes  attached  to  the  foot-ropes  of 
square  sails  and  led  up  to  the  masthead,  and 
thence  on  deck,  to  assist  in  hauling  up  the 
sail.-Buntline  bull's-eye.    scc  huirs-rii,-. 

buntline-cloth  (buut'liii-klnth),  ».  Xaut.,  the 
lining  sowed  up  a  sail  in  the  direction  of  the 
buntliuo  to  prevent  it  from  being  chafed. 


buntingl  (bun  tmg),  «.     [Verbal  n  of  liunti,  u]  ij^jtojig  (bun'tonz),  n.  jil.     [Origin  unknown.] 


1.  Tlie  act  of  pushing,  as  with  the  horns  or 
head;  butting. —  2.  A  game  among  boys,  ])lay- 
ed  with  sticks  and  a  small  piece  of  wood  cut 
lengthwise.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 3.  A 
large  piece  of  timber;  a  hea\-y  support  for 
in;i<tiimTV  or  other  structures.  ,        ;      ,.    ,,       m     ■   \   ..     u 

bunting-*  (bun'ting),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  buntS,  j\] 

Sittini,'. 
bunting-'  (bun'ting),  n.    [<  MK.  buntijngr,  hnun- 

tiimi    (also    buntijle  for   'bunlil,  of   which   So. 

buntlin  is  a  dim.  form);  of.  NI-i.  (^^J.f)  "bun- 

tingn.  [(!.]  gerstliammer,"  i.e.,  y<'llowhaminer 

(Henisch,  Thesaui-us,  Augsburg,  161C),  from  E., 

or  else  from  au  tmrecorded  G.  or  L(i.  cognate; 

apjiiir.  named,  with  ref.  to  its  spotted  or  speck- 
led |)himuKe,  <  "bunt,  not  recorded  in  MF,.  (< 

yWM. hunt, bout,     , ,.  ..  11 


UJ./)Hn«  =  MI>. 
'i).hont  =  'S\iHi. 
a.  bunt),  Bpot- 
te<l,  speckled, 
vnriegatc«l,iiied 
1  |ii'rliapH    <    Ij. 

inlnrtUH,  ML. 

:cl-'r  jiuntu.s, 

I,  [irii-ki-d 

I ),        pp. 

Iimigcrr, 

prick : 

•  I.  jiHnr- 

(-   -iiif/3. 

""I 


I" 


-><%. 


r-1 


Til. 
nnrii' 

1»«T     ' 

trill  . 

f..  rjii 
111. 

;..  r. 
ily 


1. 

'pidur 

noin- 


7;M 


/v., 


1^ 


r-  J^-- 


In  wining,  timbers  or  scantling  jiut  across  a 
shaft  to  divide  it  into  coniimrtnionts.  The  in- 
terior faces  of  tile  buntons  and  sets  cany  tlic  guides  whicli 
conduct  the  cages,  and  on  them  are  also  nailed  the  hoards 
forming  the  sheathing  of  the  brattice,  in  case  an  air-tight 
.•..niiiartnient  is  retiuircd.     Also  called  lii/ntH  and  diridcrs. 

'  '      "       Same  as  bunt-jiqqir. 

+  -.I/1.]     Infected 
Willi  smut :  applied  to  wheat  and  other  grain. 
buntylet,  «.     See  hunting'K 

bunya  (bun'yji),  «.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  hunnija, 
hitmja,  and  tni'mjon,  <  Hind,  banija.  Beiig.  biinijd, 
bdnii/d :  see  biDiiiin^,  bani/on^.']  In  India,  espe- 
cially in  Bengal,  a  grain-dealer. 

The  grain-dealer's  shop  teinpt.i  them  to  loiter,  but  the 
experience  of  previous  attempts  makes  theft  hopeless ; 
for  the  bunniia.  with  all  his  years,  is  very  nimble  on  Ills 
legs,  iiiid  an  astonishing  good  shot  with  a  iiipkln. 

J'.  Jtiihinmn,  Uiuler  tile  Hun,  p.  12ri, 

bunya-bunya  (bun'yi!-bun"yii),  n.  Tlio  native 
.XiiHlrnlian  name  oi'tho  Ariiueariti  liidifilli,  a 
vi-ry  large  tree,  the  wood  of  which  is  strong, 
<lural)le,  and  sometimes  beautifully  marked. 
The  seeds  are  a  favorite  article  of  food  with 
the  natives. 

The  nut  of  the  buniiahuntin,  m  prizeil  by  t'le  blacks,  l» 
rcscrvird  over  a  district  .10  miles  by  !'-• 

EiKiic  Itrit.,  .\.\.  171. 

bunyon,  ».     See  bunion.  ,  ,,     , 

buoy  (Vioi  or  biii),  «.     [First  in  oarlv  mod  I',.,  < 

MI3.  boriii;  1).  boci  (priin.  bii'i)  =  Fries,  bui  = 

MliO.  bide,  ]M.  hoje  (>  G.  boje)  =  Dan.  '"(/'   = 

Sw.  hoj  =  Tr.  bote,  <  OF.  boi/e  (mod.  F.,  Willi 

lidded  siillix,    boure)   =  Sp.  boi/ii  =  I'g.  bidil,  a 

l.uoy  :   u  jiiirticulur  use  of  Ml),  boejie,  I),  boei  = 

MI.G.  Iniie  =  MUG.  /)»{/>,  boie,  lirie  =  Dun.  boje 

^  Sw.  boja  =  K.  obH.  /»»/(-,  <  0\'.  'houe,  buie  =  Pr. 

hoiti  =  Olt.  bojii,  a  fr-ttcr,  a  clog,  <  U-  '""".  in  pi. 

'•oiii;  IV  e.tdlar  for  the  neck,  orig.  of  leiitlier,  < 

'  '■!■.  ,W»Hif,  iViiiir,  of  o.\-liidc,  <  /("If  =  I'.  /"«,  ox, 

K.  roir' :  nee  mic).   A  buoy  is  a  (loaliug  objecl 

!■  llored'atii(ixedpciiiil.l      1.  A  lloal  llxed  iil 

'  '  rhiiii  pliii'e  lo  show  llie  posilion  of  olijeclH 

■'  .11  ulli  the  water,  aHHlimilM,  rock»,  ele.,toniiirk 

iiMl   il  chanuol,  and  llie  like,    liuuyn  are  of  various 


1.  WhistUng-buoy.     2.  a.  Can-buoys.    3,  Spar-buoy,     4-  tJn 
States  Life-buoy, 

whiatlinir-buttijit,  fitted  with  an  apparatus  by  which  air  com- 
pressed by  the  movement  of  the  waves  is  made  to  escape 
through  a  whistle,  and  thus  indicate  the  situation  of  the 
buoy,  etc.  In  the  waters  of  the  I'nited  States  the  folluwing 
s,vstem  of  placing  buoys  as  aids  to  navigation  is  prcscrilicd 
by  law  :  "Red  buoys  mark  the  stairboard  or  right-hand  side 
of  the  channel  coming  from  seaward,  and  black  the  port 
or  left-hand  side  ;  mid-channel  dangers  and  obstructions 
are  marked  with  buoys  having  black  and  red  transverse 
stripes,  and  mid-channel  buoys  mai'klng  the  fairway  have 
longitudinal  black  and  white  stripes;  buoys  marking  sunk- 
en wrecks  are  painted  green.  The  starboard  and  port 
buoys  are  numbered  from  the  seaward  end  of  the  chaniu-1. 
the  black  bearing  the  odd  and  the  red  the  even  nunihcrs. 
2.  A  buoyant  object  designed  to  be  thrown 
from  a  vessel  to  assist  a  person  who  has  fallen 
into  the  water  to  keep  himself  afloat ;  a  life- 
buoy. The  life-buoy  now  in  common  use  in  the  I'nitcd 
.States  navy  consists  of  two  hollow  eojiper  vessels,  con- 
nected by  a  framewiu-k  and  having  between  them  an  up- 
right pole,  weighted  at  the  bottom  and  surmounted  hy  a 
briuis  box  containing  a  port-flre.  This  machine  is  hung 
over  the  stern  of  the  vessel,  and  can  be  dropped  by  means 
of  a  trig^;cr.  .\t  night  the  burning  of  the  pnrt-lirc  serves 
to  point  out  its  position.  See  also  cut  under  breeches- 
tnimi.— To  bleed  a  buoy.  See  bleed.— To  stream  a 
buoy,  to  let  it  drop  from  the  vessel  into  the  water  before 
the  anchor  is  dropped. 

buoy  (boi  or  biii),  r.  [<  bung,  ».]  I.  tran.'i.  1. 
To  support  by  a  buoy  or  as  by  u  buoy ;  keep 
afloat  in  a  fluid;  bt>ar"up  or  keep  from  sinking 
in  a  tluid,  as  in  water  or  air:  generally  with  up. 
There  was  heat  enough  in  the  air  to  tmoii  it  (water  in 
the  state  of  vapor]  up.  Woodward,  tint  Hist. 

JIany  a  flowing  range 
Of  vapour  biiot/d  the  crescent  bark. 

Tennyson,  Day-Uream.  The  Departure. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  supjiort  or  sustain  in  any 
sense;  especially,  to  sustain  mentally;  keep 
from  falling  into  despondency  or  discourage- 
ment: generally  with  uji. 

Your  good  name's  jterlsh'd  ; 
Not  all  the  wcirlil  can  bnoii  your  reputation. 

t'Mcheroml  Itoielnj,  -Maid  ill  the  Mill,  111.  3. 
The  recollection  of  tlie  iiiiplanse  with  which  he  had  been 
greeted  still  buoyed  op  his  spirits, 

Macntdaii,  Hist,  Eng.,  x. 

It  Is  the  poem  that  keeps  the  language  alive,  and  not 
the  language  tllat  buoiis  up  the  jioeni. 

Lowell,  Among  iny  Hooks,  2d  ser,  p,  I'iii. 

3.  To  fix  buoys  in  as  a  direction  to  mariners: 
as,  to  buoy  or  to  buog  off  n  channel. 

The  channels  |of  the  Uio  dc  la  I'lalal  are  badly  biioiied, 
and  there  arc  shoals  and  wrecks  on  all  sides. 

l.atlif  tiras.se>/,  \'oyage  of  Sunbeam,  I,  v. 
To  buoy  a  cable,     see  enble. 

II,  intran.1.  To  lloat ;  rise  by  reason  of  light- 
ness.    [Rare.] 

llisllig  merit  will  />hoi/  up  at  last, 

I'o/ie,  Essay  on  ('lillcism.  1,  461. 

buoyage   (boi'-  or  bOi'iij),  n.     {<  buotj  +  -age.] 

1.  .\  scries  of  buoys  or  float  iiig  beacons,  for 
the  guidiince  of  vessels  intii  or  out  of  port,  etc. 
—  2.  Till'  ]iriividing  of  buoys. 

buoyance  (lioi'-  or  biii'iins).  n.     Siune  us  buoy- 

iinj-jl.    (inarlerbj  Iter.     I  Uiire. ) 
buoyancy  (hoi'-  or  boi  nn-sl),  ».     [<  buiujant : 
SIT   -(/Hie,  -««(•//.]       1.    'I'lie   qimlity    of   being 
buovant,  thul  is,  of  lliiiiting  in  or  on  the  surface 
of  water  or  other  fluids;   lehilive  lightness. 

It  seemed  mliaeuloiis  that  she  (the  ship]  regained  hor 
halunco,  or  preserveil  her  bvoifaneii. 

Iirlwi,  Sketch.liook.  p,  22, 

2.  The  power  of  supporting  ii  body  so  that  it 
floiils:  said  of  a  fluid;  slu'cilieally,  the  upward 
pressure  exerted  upon  a  boily  by  the  fluid  in 
which  it  is  iiiimerHed.    This  prcsHurc  Is  ciimil  to  the 

Wi'llllllol  thcllllld  whi.h  lllc  li..ilv.ll»plllc,.s.  If  the  weight 
ol  (he  boilv  Is  Just  ei|inil  |.i  llils  n]iwaril  pressure,  It  will 
float,  IIS  a' balloon  in  the  air  lU  a  ship  In  the  water;  If 
greater,  It  will  sink. 


buoyancy 

On  arriving  at  the  Dead  Sea  I  forthwith  proceeded  to 
bathe  in  it,  in  order  to  prove  the  celebrated  tmoyancy  of 
the  water.  R.  Cufzon,  Monast.  in  tlie  Levant,  p.  179. 

3.  Figuratively,  light-heartodnoas ;  cheerful- 
ness; liopefulness ;  elasticity  of  spirit. 

The  Spaniards  are  remarlvai)le  for  an  inertness,  a  want 
of  buuyaiuy,  and  an  absence  of  hope,  which  .  .  .  isolate 
them  from  the  rest  of  the  civilized  world. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  II.  i. 

buoyant  (boi'-  or  boi'ant),  a.  [<  hiioi/,  v.,  + 
-««M.J  1.  Having  the  quality  of  rising  (ir  float- 
ing in  a  fluid;  floating;  relatively  light;  that 
will  not  sink. — 2.  Bearing  up,  as  a  fluid;  sus- 
taining another  body  by  reason  of  greater  spe- 
cific gravity. 

The  water  under  me  was  buoyant. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Eleonora. 

3.  Figuratively,  cheerful ;  hopeful ;  not  easily 
depressed. 

His  was  not  the  buoyant  temper,  the  flow  of  animal 
spirits,  which  carries  a  man  over  every  obstacle.    Prescott. 

His  [Landor's]  nature  was  so  buoyant  that,  like  the  Faun, 
he  forgot  both  pain  and  pleasure. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  55. 

4.  Causing  buoyancy  of  mind  ;  cheering  ;  in- 
vigorating. 

The  grass  is  cool,  the  sea-side  air 
Buoyant  and  fresh. 

M.  Arnold,  Empedocles  on  Etna. 

buoyantly  (boi'-  or  boi'ant-li),  adv.   In  a  buoy- 
ant manner. 
buoyantness(boi'-  orboi'ant-nes),  n.  Thestate 

or  quality  of  being  buoyant ;  buoyancy. 
buoy-rope  (boi'rop),  n.     The  rope  which  fas- 
tens a  buoy  to  an  anchor. 
Buphaga  (bu'fa-ga),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  fiov^ayoc, 

ox-eating,  </3oijf, 

ox,      +      (payeiv, 
■eat.]  hionUth., 

the  typical  and 

only    genus    of 

the  family   Bu- 

phayidw.     There 

are     two     species, 

B.     africana     and 

B.   crifthrnrhyncha, 

both  Afric  aTi. 

Buphagidae  (bu- 

fa)'i-de),  u.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bitjiha- 
(ja  +  -»/«,'.]  A 
family  of  Afri- 
can sturnoid 
passerine  birds, 
the  oxpeckers, 
beef-eaters,  or 
pique-boeuf s :  so 
called  because 
they  alight  up- 
on the  backs  of 
cattle  to  eat  the  parasites  which  infest  the 
hides  of  these  animals.  The  family  is  not  well 
marked,  and  is  often  referred  to  the  .Stitniidte. 

Buphaginae  (bu-fa-ji'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
pliiKid  +  -(«((•.]  The  ox-peckers,  considered  as 
a  sulifaniily  of  Sturnidce. 

buphagine  (bu'fa-jin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  BiijilKHiimB  or  Buphagidw. 

BuphagUS  (bu'fa-gus),  ?i.  [NL.:  see Bujjhaffa.'i 
1.  A  genus  of  Lnrkke,  the  skua-gulls:  synony- 
mous vith  iYcccowr/HS.  Moehring;  Coxes. —  2. 
Same  as  Buphatia. 

buphthalmos  (biif-thal'mos),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/Joif,  ox,  -t-  uijiOa'Afiof:,  eye.  Cf.  Gr.  /Jouirif,  ox- 
eyed.]  A  disease  of  the  eye,  characterized  by  a 
uniform  spherical  bulging  of  the  cornea,  which 
may  be  so  great  as  to  prevent  the  easy  closing 
of  the  eyelids  and  give  the  eye  a  staring  look. 
Also  called  ceratoglobus,  hydropkthalmia  ante- 
rior, and  hijdrops  of  the  anterior  chamber. 

buphthalmum,  buphthalmus  (biif-thal'mum, 

-mus),  «.  [<  Li.  buphthalmos,  <  Gr.  liolj(ji6a?./iov, 
oxeye,  <  /3o)jf,  ox,  -t-  b(p6a'Aii6c,  eye.]  The  oxeye 
or  mayweed. 

Buppo  (biip'po),  H.  [Jai5.,  also  Biiklio,  contr.  of 
Chino- Jap.  Butsu,  Buddha,  -I-  ho,  law,  doctrine.] 
In  Japan,  Buddliism:  the  religion  of  the  ma- 
.iority  of  the  Japanese.     Also  called  BuJcMo. 

buprestid  (bu-pres'tid),  a.  and  n.     I.  a.  Of  or 
Jiertaining  to  the  Buprestidte. 
II.  n.  A  inemher  oi  the  Buprestida:. 

Buprestidae  (bii-pres'ti-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Bii^ 
prexli{il-)s  +  -«/«■.]  A  family  of  serricoi'n  Co- 
leoptera,  or  beetles,  vrith  the  first  and  second 
ventral  segments  connate,  the  antennas  seiTate 
(pectinate  in  Xenorhlpis),  and  the  tarsi  with 
mi'nibr.iuims  lobe. 

buprestidan  (bii-pres'ti-dan),  a.  and  n.  Same 
as  buprestid. 


Oxpecker  {Bjiphaga  a/rica. 


Buprestis  rujipes. 
(Vertical  line  shows  n.itural  size. ) 


723 

Buprestis  (bii-pres'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bupres- 
tis,  <  ( ir.  /ioliirp>/nTir,  a  beetle  whose  sting  caused 
a  swelling  in  cattle,  or 
whicli,  being  eaten  by 
cattle  in  the  grass, 
caused  them  to  swell 
up  and  di(),<  jiovc,  ox,  -f- 
^fiifinr,  blowup,  swell.] 
The  typical  genus  of 
beetles  of  the  family 
Buprc.itid(c.  B.  rufipies 
is  a  North  American 
species. 

Buproridae  (bu-pro'ri- 
de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  liu- 
prorns  +  -idw.']  A 
family  of  minute  free- 
swimming  eutomostra- 
cous  crustaceans,  of 
the  order  Copepoda. 

Buprorus  (bfi-pro'rus), 
n.  [NL.,  <  Or. /ioiirpt,)- 
pof,  with  the  forehead 
or  face  of  an  ox,  <  fiov(,  ox,  +  vfiupa,  fore  part 
(of  a  ship),  prow.]  The  typical ' genus  of  the 
family  Bujiroridw. 

burl,  burri  (l>t'r),  n.  [<  ME.  hwre,  a  bur  (of  a 
plant) ;  not  found  in  AS. ;  =  Dan.  horre,  bur- 
dockj  bierre,  burdock,  bur,  =  Sw.  borre,  a  sea- 
urehm,  in  conip.  kardborre,  bur,  burdock;  cf. 
OF.  bourre  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  borra^  coarse  hair, 
wool,  etc.,  <  ML.  burra,  coarse  hair,  wool,  etc. ; 
perhaps  saiue  as  LL.  burra,  a  shaggy  garment 
(cf.  pi.  burne,  jests,  trifles,  nonsense),  prob.  < 
OL.  burriis,  red,  reddish:  see  borel^,  hurrel. 
bureau,  birrus,  birreita,  etc.,  burl^■,  burlesque,  etc 
But  the  relations  of  the  forms  and  senses  are 
uncertain,  and  some  of  the  modem  senses  are 
prob.  of  different  origin.]  1.  Thorough,  prickly 
ease  or  covering  of  the  seeds  of  eertrain  plants, 
as  of  the  chestnut  and  burdock.  Hence — 2. 
The  plant  burdock :  as,  "rude  burs  and  thistles," 
Milton,  Comus,  1.  352. —  3.  In  general,  a  pro- 
tuberance upon,  or  a  raised  portion  of,  an  ob- 
ject, usually  more  or  less  rough  or  irregular 
in  form,  specifically— (a)  The  lobe  or  lap  of  the  ear. 
ip)  The  circular  boss  round  the  root  of  an  antler,  (c)  For- 
merly, that  part  of  a  saddle-bow  which  protected  the 
thighs  and  knees.  It  was  often  of  steel,  or  plated  with 
steel,  and  engraved  or  decorated  with  gilding,  {d)  In 
engraviny,  slight  ridges  of  metal  raised  upon  a  coi)]»er 
sui-face  by  the  burin,  the  rocker,  or  the  dry-point.  It  is 
sometimes  wholly  or  iiartly  removed  by  the  scraper,  but  is 
often  left  to  produce  a  peculiar  effect  of  its  own  in  the 
print.  In  mezzotint  cnjiraviiiv:,  fur  cvample,  the  whole 
effect  comes  from  the  bur  raised  by  the  rocker,  which  is 
untouched  in  the  deep  shades  and  more  or  less  burnished 
away  to  form  the  lights,  (e)  In  fowndiny,  the  roughness 
left  on  portions  of  a  casting,  which  is  i-ubbed  oJf  on  a  stone. 
(J)  The  rough  neck  left  on  a  bullet  in  casting. 

4.  The  name  of  various  tools  and  appliances, 
(a)  A  triangular  chisel  used  to  clear  the  corners  of  mor- 
tises. (/')  A  small  circular  saw.  (c)  A  fluted  reaming- 
tool.  id.)  Same  as  bur-drill,  (e)  A  washer  placed  at  the 
head  of  a  rivet.  (/)  (1)  A  movable  ring  adjusted  to  the 
statf  of  a  lance,  and  covered  with  minute  projections  to 
afford  a  grip  to  the  gauntlet.  It  was  grasped  when  the 
lance  was  laid  in  rest.  See  laiwe.  (2)  A  ring  or  plate  at- 
tached to  the  handle  of  a  battle-a-X  or  mace  to  attcrd  a 
good  grip  for  either  hand,  fot)  Anything  put  under  a 
wheel  to  stfip  its  progress. 

5.  A  partially  vitrified  brick;  a  clinker.  Also 
called  bur-bricl:.—6.  The  blank  driven  out  of 
a  piece  of  sheet-metal  by  a  punch. — 7.  Waste 
raw  silk. —  8.  A  name  for  the  club-moss,  Li/eo- 
podium  elaratum.  [Scotch.] — 9.  The  sweet- 
bread.— 10.  [Perhaps  an  error  for  btirl'^.']  Same 
as  burU,  2. — 11.  Same  as  burstone. — 12.  The 
rounded  knob  forming  the  base  of  a  deer's  horn. 
—  13t.  The  external  meatus  of  the  ear;  the 
opening  leailing  to  the  tympanum — Bur  In  the 
throat,  anything  that  ajjpears  to  stick  in  the  throat  or 
produces  a  choking  sensation  :  huskiness. — Metallic  bur, 
a  metallic  grinding-plate  used  in  place  of  the  real  bur- 
stone  for  such  coarse  work  as  grinding  corn  for  stock. 

bur'-^,  burr-  (ber),  n.  [<  ME.  borre,  a  hoarseness 
or  roughness  in  the  throat ;  usually  supposed 
to  be  connected  with  6m)-1,  biirr^,  but  perhaps 
of  imitative  origin;  cf.  ftirrS.]  1.  The  guttural 
pronunciation  of  the  rough  r  common  in  some 
of  the  nortluTu  counties  of  England,  especially 
Northumberland ;  rhotacism. 

An  aunt  of  my  own,  just  come  from  the  North,  with  the 
true  Newcastle  bur  in  her  throat.  Foote,  The  Minor,  Int. 
2.  A  whirring  noise.  See  birr",  n. 
bur2,  burr'-  (ber),  v.  i.\  pret.  and  pp.  burred, 
ppr.  burriiig.  [<  bur^,  «.]  1.  To  speak  with  a 
guttiu-al  or  rough  pronunciation  of  the  letter  r. 
— 2.  To  talk  or  whisper  hoarsely;  murmur. 

These  hideous  streets,  these  graves,  where  men  alive, 

Packed  close  with  earth-worms,  burr  unconsciously 

About  the  plague  that  slew  them. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  iv. 


burbot 

3.  To  make  a  whirring  noise.     See  hirr'^,  v. 

bur^,  burr^  (bftr),  n.  [E.  dial,  burr,  early  mod. 
E.  burre,  short  for  ME.  burrowe,  burwhc,  a  cir- 
cle, also  a  mound,  etc. :  nee  burrow'2.']  1.  Same 
as  burrow'^,  3. — 2.  A  halo  round  the  moon. 
Compare  burrow-,  4,  brouylfi,  4.  [Prov.  Eng. 
in  b'oth  senses.] 

buract,  «•  [A  form  of  borax,  <  Ar.  huraq :  see 
'lora.r,  «.]  In  anc.  chem.,  a  general  name  for 
all  kinds  of  salts. 

buran  (bO'ran),  ri.  [Also,  in  F.  spelling,  bour- 
ran,  repr.  Kuss.  biiranu,  Cf.  bora.]  A  snow- 
slurin ;  especially,  a  long-continued  snow- 
stonn,  accompanied  by  high  winds. 

buratite  (bii'ni-tit),  «.  A  variety  of  aurichal- 
citc  (which  see). 

burattino  (bii-rat-te'no),  n. ;  pi.  buratiini  (-ne). 
[It.,  appar.  dim.  of  huratto,  bombazine:  see 
bolt'^.']  A  particular  kind  of  puppet.  See  ex- 
tract. 

The  /)'f/r«^?i7ti  deserve  the  greater  credit  because  they 
are  agitated  by  the  legs  from  below  the  scene,  antl  not 
managed  by  cords  from  above,  as  at  the  Marionette  The- 
atre. Uowelltt,  VenetiaTi  Life,  v. 

bur-bark  (b^r'biirk),  n.  The  fibrous  bark  of 
Triumfetta  scmitriloba,  a  tiliaceous  shrub  of 
the  tropics,  yielding  a  very  good  fiber  much 
resembling  jute. 

burblet,  »••  i-  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  hurbUn. 
bnrbulen,  burhilen,  brobilen,  also  (in  def.  2) 
contr.  htirkn;  cf.  F.  dial.  (Pieard)  borbouller, 
murmur,  =  Sp.  borboUar,  burbujear  =  Pg.  bor- 
bolhar,  burbulhnrz=lt.  borbotjliare,  bubble,  gush; 
in  another  form  OF.  borliottr,  dial.  (Pieard)  hor- 
hoter,  =  Sp.  burbotnr,  bubble,  gush;  cf.  Pieard 
harboter  —  Sp.  barbotar  =  Cat.  barhotejar  =  It. 
dial,  barbotta,  mutter,  mumble ;  Gr.  fiofipopvl^ew, 
nimble  (see  borborij/jmus) ;  all  ult.  imitative, 
burble  In  E.  being  practically  a  var.  of  bubble, 
q.  V.     Cf.  jrwrfl.]     1.  To  bubble;  gush. 

Burblon  [var.  burbelyn],  as  ale  or  other  lykore,  bullo. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  56. 

I  burbyll,  or  sprinc  up,  as  water  dothe  out  of  a  spring ; 

this  water  burbylleth  vp  pretyly.  Palsgrave,  foL  179. 

So  the  bre  [bree:  here,  foaming  water]  and  the  brethe 

[wind]  burbelit  to  gedur, 
That  hit  spirit  vp  spitiously  fyue  speire  lenght 
With  waiter  and  wawes,  that  the  wynd  dryues 
All  fore  as  a  fyre  the  firmament  oner. 

Destniction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  3697. 
2.  To  welter. 

Hom  was  leuer  on  the  lond  leng  at  hor  aunter, 
And  be  brittuet  in  batell,  then  tmrbuU  in  the  flod. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  5760. 
Many  a  halde  [bold]  manne  laye  there  swj-kede 
Brobillande  [burbling]  in  his  blode. 

MS.  Lincoln  (A),  i.  17,  foL  115.     (HaUiwell.) 

burble,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  or  dial.,  <  ME.  bur- 
ble, burbidle,  burbijU,  a  bubble;  cf.  Sp.  burbuja 
=  Pg.  horbulha,  a  bubble;  from  the  verb.]  If. 
A  bubble. 

Burble  in  the  water,  bubette.  PaUgrate. 

2.  A  small  pimi)le.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
burblyt,  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  burbely,  <  ME.  iur- 

bhi :  <  burble  +  -i/.]     Bubbling, 
burboltlf  (ber'bolt),  n.     A  corruption  of  bird- 
bolt^,     ilarston. 

Should  on  sudden  shoote 
His  grosse  knob'd  burbolt. 

Marston,  What  You  "Will,  Ind. 

burbolt-  (ber'bolt),  n.     [Like  birdbolt-,  a  cor- 
ruption of  burbot.']    A  local  English  name  of 
the  burbot. 
.\5  much  braine  as  a  burbolt. 

UdaU,  Roister  Doister,  iii.  2. 

burbot  (ber'bot),  n.  [A  corruption  (perhaps 
through  influence  of  turbot)  of  F.  barbate,  a 
bm'bot,  <  barbe,  <  L.  barba,  beard.  Cf.  barbel.] 
A  fish  of  the  family  Gadido!,  Lota  maculosa. 
It  has  an  elongated  form,  depressed  head  and  shoulders, 
one  barbel  on  the  chin  ami  two  on  the  nose,  a  short  low 
anterior  dorsal  commencing  beliind  the  pectorals,  and  a 


Buibot,  Of  Ftcslt-.«dtei  Cod  \L»ta  macutosa). 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.) 

long  posterior  one.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  fresh  waters 
of  northern  Europe,  Asia,  and  -America.  In  favored  north- 
ern localities  it  occasionally  attains  a  weight  of  50  to  GO 
pounds,  but  rarely  e.xceeds  a  few  pounds  in  England  or  the 
United  States.  1 1  is  generally  regarded  as  inferior  for  f  ockI, 
and  in  most  pojnilous  communities  is  rejected,  jjut  in  the 
fur  countries  it  is  extensively  used.  It  is  best  in  cold  wea- 
ther. In  Englaiiii  it  is  also  called  cony-jifk  and  eel-}Kiut ; 
in  the  United  States  it  is  better  kno^Vn  as  the  eel-pout. 
cusk,  ling,  /resh-waler  cod,  and  lawyer :  in  the  fur  coun- 


burbot 

tries  it  is  qnite  generally  known  as  the  losh  or  loche  and 

burbot-eel  (ber'bot-el),  n.    A  Yorkshire  name 

of  the  eel-pout,  Zoarces  viiiparus. 
bur-brick  ibt-r'brik).  n.    Same  as  bur\  5. 
burdt,  burdet,  "•     Vanants  of  hird-. 
Burdach's  columns.    See  cy/HWH.  • 

burdalane,  burdalone  (bur  da-lan,  -ion),  h. 
[Appar.  <  biird.  offspring,  +  alane,  alone.]     ilie 
last  child  surriving  in  a  family.     [Scotch.] 
4nd  Ncnton  Gordon,  birtlalone, 

.And  Dalsratie  both  stout  .ind  keen, 
.And  gallant  Veitch  upon  tlie  field, 
A  liraver  face  was  never  seen. 

Miriflrelxi/  of  Scottish  Boniti. 

burdalisaundert,  «•    Same  as  hordaUsaunder. 

burdalone,  «.     ^^ee  Imrdahine. 

burdasht,  berdasht,  "•  [Ongm  obscure.]  1. 
A  iriuiji'ii  sash  worn  by  gentlemen  Ji  the  seven- 
teenth ceuturv.     5tee/e.— 2.  Alaoe  cravat. 

burdelaist,  ». "  [F.  Bordelais,  the  district  around 
Boraeaux.]     .\  sort  of  grape.     Johnson. 

burden!  burtheni  (ber'du,  -thu),  «.    [<  ME. 

burden,  birden,  oftener -nrith  //(,  burthen,  birthen, 
burthen.  <  AS.  bijrthen  (=  OS.  burthhinia  =  OHG. 
burdin,  burthin,  MHG.  biirden,  a  burden,  load; 
the  same,  with  diff.  suffix,  as  ifD.  bnrde  =  OHG. 
burdt,  JfflG.  burde,  bilrde,  G.  hiirde  =  leel.  6^)- 
dhr.  mod.  bijrdhi  =  Sw.  bordn  =  Dan.  byrde  = 
Goth.  fifli(r//ifi.  abiu-den;  cf.  Gr.  pop™?,  ^op-iov, 
a  burden),  <  heron  (pp.  boren),  etc.,  bear:  see 
iearl.]     1.  That  which  is  borne  or  carried;  a 

load. 

Let  them  break  your  backs  nitli  burthens. 

SImk.,  i  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  8. 

The  oak,  upon  the  windy  hill, 

It«  dark  green  burthen  upward  heaves. 

Whittier,  Hogg  Megone,  ii. 

Hence — 2.  That  which  is  borne  with  labor  or 

difficulty;  that  which  is  grievous,  weaiisome,  or 

oppressive ;  also,  an  incumbrance  of  any  kind. 

Many  a  Man  lives  a  burden  to  the  Earth. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  6. 

Deaf,  giddy,  helpless,  left  alone,  .  .  . 
To  all  uiy  friends  a  tmrdfn  gidwn. 

Smfl,  Tlie  Dean's  Complaint  (translated). 
The  burthen  of  an  lionoiu- 
Unto  which  she  was  not  bom. 

Tfunijson,  Ix)rd  of  Burleigh. 

3.  In  England,  a  quantity  of  certain  eommodi- 


724 

Hence — 2.  Figtu-atively.  to  load ;  oppress  with 
anything  which  is  borne  with  difficulty  or  trou- 
ble; surcharge:  as,  to  burden  a  nation  with 
taxes ;  to  burden  the  memory  with  details. 

If  your  fiiend  has  displeased  you,  you  shaU  not  sit  down 
to  consider  it,  for  he  has  already  lost  all  memory  of  the 
passage,  .  .  .  and  ere  you  can  rise  up  again,  will  burden 
you  »ith  blessings.  Emerson,  Character. 

3.  To  lay  or  impose  upon  one,  as  a  load,  biu-- 
den,  or  charge.     [Rare.] 
It  is  absurd  to  burden  this  act  on  Cromwell  and  his 

party.  Coleridm. 

burden-t,  burthen-t  (ber'dn,  -thu),  n,    [<  ME. 
burden,  birthen,  also  burthern,  act  of  child-bear 


■bureaucratic 

posita',  having  the  utmierous  awns  of  the  invo- 
lucral  bracts  hooked  at  the  tip.  It  is  a  native  of 
tlie  old  w<)rld,  but  widely  naturalized  in  America,  and 
cultivated  as  a  vegetable  in  Japan.  It  is  in  popular  re- 
pute .as  a  diaphoretic  and  diuretic,  and  as  a  remedy  for 
rheumatism,  catarrh,  cutaiicnus  diseases,  etc.— Lesser 
burdock,  a  sumcwliat  similar,  troublesome  weed,  Xan- 
ihiumsiniiiinriiim. ^Prairie  burdock,  one  of  the  rosin- 
weeds,  Silphitim  lerehittthiiuicettui,  found  on  the  western 
prairies  of  the  United  States. 

burdock-grass  (ber'dok-gras),  n.  The  Tragus 
racemosus,  a  low  Em-opeau  grass  of  which  the 
glimic  or  seed-husk  is  covered  with  short  stout 
hooks. 

burdont,  «•    See  burdo. 

burdount,  "•   A  Middle  English  form  of  burden^. 


ing,  altered,  by  confusion  with  burdenl-,  from  fcur-dresser  (ber'dres'er),")).     A  tool  for  rub- 

*burther,  <  AS.  byrthor,  beorthor,  child-beariug     ^j^„.  ^^.  tii.essing  the  ftuTOWS  of  a  burstone  or 

(cf.  <7f %)■(?,  birth),  <  ftcraii,  bear:  see  6ic«/l  and    milTstoue;  a  millstone-di-esser.     Also  written 

burden^.']    The  act  of  bearing  children ;  a  birth.     i,„i,i--dresser. 

If  thou  best  the  man 

That  hadst  a  wife  once  call'd  Emilia, 

That  bore  thee  at  a  burthen  two  fail-  sons. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  V,  1. 

burden^  (ber'dn),  n.  [Also,  erroneously,  bur- 
then ;  <  ME.  burdoun,  the  bass  in  music,  the 
refrain  of  a  song,  <  OF.  "hurdon,  bourdon,  F. 
bourdon  =  Sp.  bordon  =  Pg.  bordao  =  It.  bordonr 
(Florio),  a  humming,  buzzing,  a  drone  or  nou- 
working  bee,  a  bimil)lcbee,  also  bass  in  music, 
refraiu,  <  ML.  burdo{n-),  a  drone,  a  long  organ- 
pipe;  origin  uncertain.  See  bourdon-.']  1.  The 
bass  in  music— 2.  In  music:  (o)  The  refraiu 
or  recurring  chorus  at  the  end  of  the  stanzas  of 
a  ballad  or  song;  a  refrain. 

And  far  the  echoing  aisles  prolong 

The  a«-ful  burden  of  the  song. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  vi.  31. 

(6)  The  drone  of  a  bagpipe,     (e)  The  song  to 
which  a  dance  is  danced  when  there  are  no  in- 


stnunents. 

Foot  it  featly  here  and  there ; 

And,  sweet  sprites,  the  burthen  bear. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

3.  That  which  is  often  repeated;  a  subject  on 
which  one  dwells;  the  main  topic:  as,  this  sub- 
ject was  the  burden  of  all  his  talk — To  bear  a 
burden,  to  support  the  upper  voice  or  voices  by  singing 
an  under  part  as  an  accompaniment.   Chapjiell. 

This  sompnour  bar  to  him  a  stif  hurdouu. 
^  _  CTawccr,  Gen.  Prol.  toC.  T.,1. 67:!. 

Hes:  as,  a  burden'of  gad-steel  (that  is,  liO  or  biirden^t  (ber'dn),  n.     [<  ME.  burdon,  bordon, 

180  pounds).— 4.  The  capacity  of  a  ship;  the     /,„„,y/„,i,  <  OF.  bordon,  bourdon,  a   staff:  see 

quantity  or  number  of  tons  of  freight  a  vessel     i„„,-,/r);(l.]     A  club.     /Spenser. 

will  carry:  as,  a  ship  of  600  tons  burden.— 5.  ijurdener  (ber'dn-6r),».    One  who  burdens ;  an 

III  minintj,  the  tops  or  heads  of  stroam-Tvork,     ,,],]„.,. ssor. 

overl>ing  the  stream  of  tin,  and  neediug  to  be  burdenoust,   burthenoust   (ber'dn-.  b^r'THn- 

first  cleansed.— 6.  The  charge  of  a  blast-fm--     ,„^)  „.    [<  6»,v/,.„i, /,»)«»  h1, -(- -o«.s-.]     1.  Bur- 


nace. 

To  avoid  the  central  accumulation  of  fuel  and  the  lat- 
eral prerM.nderauce  of  burden  (ore  and  tlu.\)thus  promoted, 
an  inverted  annular  funnel  is  suspended  undenieath  the 
lower  orillce  of  the  cup.  Eikijc.  Brit.,  XIII.  :»». 

Burden  of  proof,  in  law,  the  obligation  resting  upon  one 
of  the  parties  to  an  action  to  cstabliHh  an  alleged  fact  by 
iirixjf,  under  penalty  of  having  jiidgmcnt  given  against 
liim,  according  U>  the  iireaumption  recognized  by  the  law 
of  evidence  in  case  he  adduces  no  proof.  The  burden  of 
proof  is  said  to  be  shifted  when  the  jiarty  upon  whom  it 
lay  has  produced  snillcient  evidence  to  turn  the  iiresunip. 
tion  in  his  favor.  Two  circumstances  are  essential  to  the 
exisUncc  of  a  burden  of  i)ro<if :  first,  there  nnlst  be  a  iples- 
lion  of  fact  tietween  two  parties  before  a  tribunal  which 
«lll  render  ailecisiori  whether  there  is  any  particular  evi 
di-ncc  or  not;  and  «econd,  this  decision  must  be  govenied 
by  rules  of  presumiition,  more  or  less  artlllclally  extended 
ao  ait  Ut  lead  to  a  determinate  result  in  every  case,  in  un- 
fiirensic  controvemy  there  will  or  will  not  lie  a  burden  of 
iirool,  according  as  these  conditions  are  or  are  not  fulfilled. 
In  reawinlng*.  iw  contradistingllished  from  ilisputatlons, 
if  they  reliile  t<i  [Kdlcy,  there  is  nothing  to  which  the  term 
tnirdrn  ofprimf  ii  aplilicable  ;  for  the  decision  will  be  based 
on  consldenitions  of  likelihood,  eionoiny,  safety,  etc.,  but 
n"Ver  on  formal  rule*  of  presumption.  A  general  habit 
may  Ih*  foUoweil  when  decided  reasons  fail,  in  iineslions 
Ixith  of  |Kdlcy  ami  of  moraN  :  but  lln'  |ihni«e  burden  o/ 
j,f»"f  is  Mot  •■mployed  In  sm  li  cascH.  A  specnlative  rjr 
tui.  htlllcln(|nlry,  on  the  other  band,  cannot  bi:  idoseil  until 
-.iti.lai  tory  evidenie  has  lieen  oblnlii.  d  or  curiosity  dies 
oil'  yo  (bat  the  term  burden  of  i/rrwi/"  lets  ii<.  mi*anlng  In 
■  I'onneclion.  Yet  an  Individual  rra-omr  who,  lieing 
lit  of  floubt.  Iii^InIs  r>n  adopting  nu  .ii>-vv.  r  to  each 
.  however  blank  our  Igiiorani  t-  of  tl,.  f,i.  N.  nnisl 
*•  foil  inerely  formal  pre«umptloti  ;  aj 

'  llnTc  II,  a  burden  of  pr*Mif  m\ ; 

ihc  liyixdhi'iils  which  they  piopo 

I     r.  c  term  is  alwi  nwd  (n  raKe«  « 

uitlonsof  a  certain  kind  isltj^ilf 

■•    may  sav  that  tliire  Is  a  bunl 

'■*-  *■■  ■  '  r-latii  our  not  111 

II  ]  lyjH'S ;  thai  I 

i,<.  '  ioMK  Is  a  fai  ' 

II, tl  i,     ...  .^  ..:.  .1..  iimbrolice,  *]■ 


densome;  gi-ievous;  heavy  to  be  borne;  oppres- 
sive: as,  "the  very  burthenous  earth,"  Drayton, 
Polyolbion,  viii.  112. 
And  with  his  burde  nous  blowes  him  sore  did  overlade. 
Spenser,  F.  I}.,  V.  xli.  ll>. 

Nor  let  that  be  light  to  thee,  which  to  me  is  so  liurden- 
o,„.  Sir  P.  Sidneij. 

Hisraainteuauceis  burdcnous&nA  chargeable  vnto  inee. 
ttakluyl's  Voyayes,  I.  244. 

2.  Cumbersome;  useless. 

To  sit  idle  on  the  household  hearth, 

A  burdenous  drone.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  667. 

burdensome,  burthensome  (bir'dn-,  b(''r'Tnn- 

siniil.  ((.  [<  Ininii  iiK  liinllti  lA,  +  -siimr.]  1. 
Wcigliiiig  like  a  heavy  hiirilen;  grievous  1o  bo 
borne;  causing  uneasiness  or  fatigue;  oppres- 
sive; heavy;  wearisome:  as,  "  fcHi/Zinwomt  ex- 
actions," Hallam. 

The  ilebt  immense  of  cndleBS  gratitude. 
So  luirdeusomr.  Milton,  V.  L.,lv.  53. 

If  the  Peoples  demanding  were  so  burdtisome  to  him, 
what  was  his  deninll  ami  ilelny  of  Justice  to  them? 

Milton,  Kikiuiokbuites,  vl. 

The  Inferior  and  burthmsomr  olliees  of  socict.y. 

Ilurke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  1.  2. 

2t.  Able  to  carry  burdens  or  cargoes. 

Korsale,  Krelght  or  charter,  A  strong,  (mr//ieiutoiii«  Ilrig 
of  1(10  tons.  Muamehusellii  Mercury,  April  21l,  lilHl. 

1.  Onerous,  Iroulilcsome,  fiiljguing,  hard  to  bear. 


bur-drill  (ber'dril),  n.  A  small  dental  drill 
nith  a  liur-shaped  head.     Also  called  bur. 

bur-driver  (ber'dri'ver),  «.  A  projection  on 
the  spindle  of  a  millstone,  which  acts  tipon  the 
bail,  and  drives  the  stone.  Also  written  huhr- 
ilrirer. 

bureau  (bu'ro),  «. ;  pi.  bureaus  or  bureaux 
(-roz).  [F.  bureau,  pi.  bureaux,  an  office,  a  desk 
or  writing-table,  a  court,  a  chest  of  drawers, 
orig.  a  kind  of  coarse  Ijrownish  or  russet  stuff 
with  which  writing-tables  were  covered,  <  OP. 
buret,  a  coarse  woolen  stuff:  see  burrel,  boret^.] 
1.  A  desk  or  \ATiting-table  with  drawers  for 
papers;  an  escritoire.  Su-ift.—2.  A  chest  of 
drawers  for  liolding  clothes  and  other  articles. 
Bureaus  at  the  present  day  are  connnonly  made  with  an 
adjnstivlilc  mirror  standing  upon  them.  This  is  a  compar- 
atively modein  practice,  due  to  a  combination  of  the  func- 
tions of  the  chest  of  drawers  and  the  toilet-table. 
3.  An  office  or  place  where  business  is  trans- 
acted.—  4.  A  department  of  government  for  the 
transaction  of  public  business.  In  England  the 
term  is  conriiKd  to  inferior  and  subordinate  departments, 
and  in  the  liiitcd  States  to  certain  Milnlivisii.iiM.f  .some  of 
theexceutivcdcpartments.— Bureau  Of  Education.  See 
edueiiiion.-  Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing,  an  of- 
fice of  the  •I'miMirv  llciiarliiiriit  of  tlir  I  iiitnl  Stales  gov- 
ernment, wliosc  head,  calleil  thcilirector  of  tlic  Unreau  of 
Engraving  and  Printiim,  is  cliarucil  witli  the  eiifiravingaud 
printing  of  all  bonds.  Treasury  notes,  national-banknotes, 
certificates,  internal  revenue  .stamps,  etc.,  of  the  rniled 
States.— Bureau  of  Military  Justice,  from  Jmu-  20, 
1864,  to  July  .1,  1S84,  a  bureau  of  flic  War  Ilepartmenl  of 
the  United  Sttites  governmiut.— Bureau  Of  Ordnance. 
See  Sam  Department,  muier  departiiienl.—  'BuieBi\X  Of 
Statistics,  an  ollice  of  the  Department  of  Coinnierce 
and  Labor  of  the  United  Stales  government,  under  a 
Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  .Statistics,  cliaiged  with  the  col- 
lection and  publication  of  tlie  statistics  of  United  States 
foreign  commerce,  embracing  tallies  .showing  the  imports 
and  exports,  respectively,  by  countries  and  customs  dis. 
tricts  ;  of  the  transit  tradi-  inward  and  outward  by  coun- 
tries and  by  customs  districts ;  of  imported  commodities 
warehoused,  withdrawn  from,  and  remaining  in  ware- 
house; of  the  imports  of  merchandise  entered  tor  con- 
sumiitiou,  showing  (luantity,  value,  rates  of  duty,  and 
amounts  of  duty  collected  on  each  article  or  class  of  arti- 
t  the  inward  and  outward  movement  of  tminnge  in 


Syn. 


III!  all. 


burdt 
ften*,  o" 


nl  (bfer'dii,  -THn),  v.  t.    f  <  bnr- 
».]     1.  Til  load;  lay  a  henvy 


load  on;  ciicum)H>r  witli  wilght. 


I  OMUi  not  that  other  men  be  coned,  uid  yo  Imrdened. 

2  Cur.  Tin.  18. 


V  I'l'os.ible  Vrdensomely,  burthensomely  (bcT'dn-,  IWt'- 

ii,  I,  j,.,i     ■i'liii-siitii-li),  odr       III  a  liiinlniHiiiiK'  iniinni'r. 

■Ilial   us   fcweuiplov Ills   as  |..isslblc  y  be   (,l.r(/i.  ji- 

K.iiii.^/and  vcxatioUBly  iiitirfi  n  d  "ilb.  ■'.  ••<.  Mill. 

burdensomeneBS,  burthensomeness  (ber'dn-, 
lior'Tiin-Hiini-ncH),  n.  Tho  .iimlity  of  being  bur- 
■  loiisome;  lioaviiieHs;  oiiprcHHiveiiesH. 

burdof,  burdont,  »•  1  <  ''•'•  bnrdo(n-),  also  bur- 
d,is,  a  iiiiilr  ]  A  mule  bred  of  n  horse  mid  11 
mIio  nss;  n  liiiiiiv 

burdock  (iiir'dok),  »     [<  '""•'  +  '''"•'••I     '  l"' 

eoiiiiiioii  niiiin'of  the  .Irrlinm  /.(I/i/irt,  a  eonrse 


ele ..      -  . 

our  foreign  trade  and  the  countries  whence  entered  and 
for  which  cleared,  distinguishing  tlie  nationalities  of  the 
foreign  vessels;  etc.  It  is  also  charged  with  the  duties  of 
collecting  and  publishing  inlonnatioii  in  regard  to  the  In- 
ternal comineiceot  Ibeeountry,  and  of  collating  and  pub- 
lishing the  information  supplied  by  United  States  consuls. 
— Freedmen's  Bureau,  in  t\  s,  hist.,  the  name  popu- 
larly given  to  the  Bureau  of  Refugees,  Freedinen,  and 
Abandoned  Lands,  an  ollice  of  the  War  Department  of  the 
United  States  created  in  ISttri  to  care  for  the  interests  of 
the  emancipated  negroes  of  the  South,  espeiially  with  re- 
spect to  education,  assignment  of  lands,  ami  protection 
of  civil  rights.  It  ceased  to  exist  In  1872.— Signal-ser- 
vice BureaiL  See  «,7im(.  n.— Weather  Bureau.  See 
weattter. 
bureaucracy  (bu-ro'kra-si),  ».  [<  F.  bureau- 
cralie,  <  bureau  +  -eriitie,  E.  -cracy,  govern- 
ment, as  in  ari.ilorraey,  denioiracy,  etc.]  1. 
(iovcrniiicnt  by  bureaus;  specilically,  excessive 
multijiliiiition' of,  nml  concentration  of  power 
in,  aiiininisll'iilivi'  bui'eaus.  The  prillci^lle  of  Im- 
reaueraey  tends  to  olllcial  iiit  erf  cremc  in  many  of  the  prop- 
erly private  allairsot  life,  and  to  the  inelhcicnt  and  oil. 
strnctive  performance  of  dntv  llirongh  mimite  sulidlvislon 
of  fniictions,  inllexlhle  formality,  and  pride  of  place. 

Hepublicanism  and  liureaiieraey  ale  iueonipatible  ex- 
istences, ir.  /;.  <;re;i,  Misc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  fifi. 

2.  The  body  of  oIlicialH  administering  such  bu- 
rcnus,  considcri'd  colh'ctivcly. 

loimt  llouer  foiiiid  a  machinery  of  taxation  In  full  work- 
ing oilier  ollleeis  aeqimlnleil  with  the  resiiurces  of  the 
ciiiilitry,  books  and  sclieiluleseoustrneted  on  the  principles 
of  strli'test  aceiiriicy,  a  whole  Imrraucraey,  In  fact,  reaily 
to  Ills  use.  ./.  A.  SumomlK,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  1(12. 

bureaucrat  (bii'ro-k'rat),  ».  [<  F.  burraueralc, 
<  tiareoa  +  -rra'le,  E.  -erat  as  in  oristoeriit, 
thmoernl,  olc]  An  mlviieiite  or  suiiporler  of 
biiroiiiieniey ;  also,  a  iiiiMiiliir  of  a  bureaucracy 
Also  I'ullod  bnriiinrrolisl. 

bureaucratic  (Ini-ro-kral'lk),  a.     [<  F.  hureati- 
erotiiiar:  xfebureoueral  nw\  -((!.]     Relating  lo 


broad-loafed  biennial  weed,  natural  order  Vom-    or  of  the  niituie  "I'  biniaiicracy, 


burette  (bu-ref),  n. 
igon,  <  buire,   F. 


bureaucratic 

There  is  a  great  material  prosperity  open  to  Hungary  if 
the  peoi)le  will  be  content  to  be  ruiietly  governed,  and  if 
Austria  will  be  wise  enough"  to  relax  a  little  in  the  bureau- 
cratic notions  that  now  inrtuenee  her. 

AiiMttd,  Hungary,  p.  251. 

bureaucratical  (bu-ro-krat'i-kal),  a.  [<  bureau- 
cm  tic  +  -III.']     Same  as  bureaucratic. 

bureaucratically  (bii-ro-laat'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
a  bureauiTutie,  manner;  as  a  biu'eaucrat. 

bureaucratist  (bu-ro'kra-tist),  n.  [<  bureait- 
cnif  +  -/«?.]     Same  as  bureaucrat. 

burelt,  "•     See  biirrel. 

bureo  (bo-ra'6),  n.  [Sp.,  <  F.  bureau,  a  bureau: 
see  bureau.']  A  Spanisli  court  of  justice  for 
the  trial  of  persons  connected  with  the  royal 
household. 

burett,  "•  [Cf.  burette.]  A  drinking-vessel. 
IliilliiriU. 

[F.,  dim.  of  OF.  buire,  a, 

boire,   drink,  <   L.   bibere, 

drink.     Cf.  bib'^,  hever^,] 

1 .  A  vessel  for  contain- 
ing liquids,  usually  pear- 
shaped  or  flask-shaped, 
with  or  without  a  handle ; 
specifically,  in  English, 
an  altar-cruet  having  this 
form.  Bnrettes  are  made  of 
rich  materials,  such  as  rock- 
crystal,  pi-ei-i(jns  metals,  etc., 
or  of  porcelahi  (jr  faience,  often 
highly  decor.ated. 

2.  In  clicm.,  a  tube,  usu- 
ally graduated  to  frac- 
tious of  a  centimeter, 
used  for  acctirately  mea- 
suring out  small  quanti- 
ties of  a  solution. 

bur-fish  (ber'fish),  n.  A 
tish  of  the  family  Dioclon- 
tidw ;  a  porcupine-fish. 
burgl(berg),  H.  [ANorth. 
E.  and  Se.  and  old  law 
form  of  borough'^,  ME.  burg,  etc.,  AS.  burli.  Cf. 
biinjh.]  A  fortified  town;  a  borough  (which 
see). 

burg2  (berg),  n.  Same  as  brought. 
burga  (ber'ga),  n.  Same  as  hicrka. 
burgage  (ber^gaj),  n.  [<  ME  burgage  (OF.  bur- 
giigc),  <  burg  (ML.  burgun)  +  -age.]  In  law : 
(a)  In  England,  a  tenure  in  socage,  whereby 
burgesses,  citizens,  or  townsmen  hold  their 
lands  or  tenements  of  the  king  or  other  lord 
for  a  certain  yearly  rent. 

The  most  ancient,  perhaps,  of  the  franchises  was  that 
dependini^  on  burgage  tenure;  this  was  exactly  analogous 
ill  oii^iin  to  the  freeholder's  qualification  in  the  counties; 
the  repressive  principle  extended,  the  right  of  a 


Burette  of  gasper  witti  golil 
mounting :  time  of  Louis  XV. 


but 

burgage  vote  had  become  in  many  places  attached  to  par- 
ticiUar  houses  or  sites  of  houses,  probably  those  which 
were  originally  liable  for  a  quota  of  the  flrma  burgi. 

StubbSy  Const.  Hist.,  §  745. 

(6)  In  Scotland,  that  tenure  by  which  the  prop- 
erty in  royal  burghs  is  held  under  the  crown, 
proprietors  being  liable  to  the  (nominal)  ser- 
vice of  watching  and  warding ;  or,  as  it  is  com- 
monly termed,  "service  of  burgh,  used  and 
wont."     (ft)  The  property  so  held. 

bur-gage  (ber'gaj),re.  A  plate  having  perfora- 
tions wliich  serve  as  standards  for  the  diame- 
ters of  drills,  etc. 

burgage-tenant  (ber'gaj-ten"ant),  n.  One  who 
holds  lauds  or  tenements  on  the  tenure  known 
as  burgage. 

Successive  sovereigns  had  granted  the  right,  or  imposed 
the  burden,  of  returning  members  to  Parliament  on  the 
corp'iriitiuns,  freeholders,  or  burgage-tenants  of  numerous 
small  towns. 

Quoted  in  T.  W.  Higginson's  Eng.  Statesmen,  p.  116. 

burgage-tenement  (ber'gaj-ten"e-ment),  n.  A 
tenement  held  by  burgage. 

"  Koiniigh  English,"  under  which  the  youngest  and  not 
the  eldest  succeeds  to  the  burgage-teneiiwnts  of  his  father, 
has   from  time  im- 
memorial  been    re- 
cognized as  a  -widely 
diffused  usage. 
Maine,  Early  Hist, 
[of  Institutions, 
[p.  222. 

burgall,  n. 

birgalJ. 

burgamot,". 

bergawot. 

burgander,      n. 

See  bi  rgiitider. 

burganet,    bur- 

gonet  (ber'ga- 
net,  -go-net),  n. 
[Also  '  written, 
improp.,     burge- 

^let;  ^  bp.  borgO-  Spanish  Burganet.  i6th  century. 


See 
See 


725 

Rota  =  Pg.  borguinhota  =  It.  horghinetta  (Plo- 
rio),  <  OP.  bnurguigunir,  bnurfiuigniitlf,  prop,  a 
Burgundian  lioljnci  (d'.  F.  lUiiirijiiigiiiiii,  a  Hur- 
guiidian),  <  iinurgnifvc,  liurguudy.j  A  helmet 
worn  in  tlie  sixteenth  century,  in  two  forms: 
one  without  a  vizor,  formed  like  the  morion, 
and  frequently  furnished  with  cheek-pieces  and 
a  movable  nose-guard ;  the  other  with  a  vizor, 
and  similar  to  the  armet. 

His  maylcd  habcrjcon  she  did  imdight, 

And  from  his  head  his  heavy  burganet  did  light. 

Spenner,  F.  Q.,  III.  v.  HI. 
»  Sturdy  helms, 

Topt  high  with  plumes,  like  Mars  his  burgonet 

Greene,  Orlando  Furioso. 
burge  (berj),  n.    A  dialectal  variant  of  bridge^: 

[hocal,  Eng.] 
burgee    (ber'je),   n.      [Origin    obscure.]      1. 
Xaid.,  a  swtillow-tailed  flag  or  pendant:  in  tlio 
merchant  service  it  generally  has  the  shiji's 
name  u])on  it.— 2.  A  kind  of  "small  coal  used 
for  burning  in  engine-furnaces. 
burgeint,  u.  and  v.     See  burgeon. 
burgen,  ".  and  r.    See  burgeon. 
burgenett,  ".     See  burganet. 
burgensic  (bC'r-jen'sik),  a.     [<  ML.  burgerisis,  a 
citizen,  a  biu'gess  (see  burgess),  +  -ic]     Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  bui'gh  or  town. 

I  strongly  believe  that  the  continual  intercourse  between 
the  towns  of  the  several  trading  coimtries  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  kept  up  especially  by  the  Hanse  Towns,  may  not 
have  been  without  inrtuenee  in  producing  a  general  simi- 
larity of  development  of  hunien.^ic  life  in  them  all. 

Englisli  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Int.,  p.  liv. 

burgeois,  n.  See  bourgeois^. 
burgeon  (ber'jgn),  11.  [Also  written  bourgeon, 
after  mod.  P.,  early  mod.  E.  also  burgein,  bur- 
gen; <  ME.  burgeii,  burgijon,  burjoun,  burjion, 
burgun,  <  OP.  borjon,  burjon,  P.  bourgeon,  a 
bud ;  refeiTcd  by  some  to  OHG.  burjan,  raise, 
lift  up.]     1 .  A  bud ;  a  sprout. 

In  the  moneth  of  May,  when  medoes  bene  grene, 
And  all  tlorisshet  with  floures  the  flldes  aboute ; 
Bnrions  of  bowes  brethit  full  swete, 
Florisshet  full  faire. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2736. 

And  the  hyttyng  awey  of  the  root  of  the  vyne  must  be 

don  in  March,  and  som  men  wil  say  it  must  be  don  or 

[before]  the  knottis  begynne  to  burgeon  y'  for  the  streit 

drauing  the  burgeons  be  not  huet  (hurt]. 

Arnold's  Chronicle,  1502  (ed.  1811),  p.  167. 

2.  A  boss  used  for  the  cover  of  a  book,  to  pre- 
vent injury  to  the  binding.  Often  written  bur- 
gen. 
burgeon  (ber'jon),  v.  i.  [Also  written  bourgeon, 
after  mod.  P.,  early  mod.  E.  also  burgein,  bur- 
gen, <  ME.  burjon,  burgenen,  burgynen,  burjonen, 
borgounen,  <  OP.  borjoner,  bourjonner,  P.  bour- 
geonner,  bud;  fi'om  the  noun:  see  burgeon,  n.] 
To  bud ;  sprout ;  put  forth  new  buds ;  shoot 
forth,  as  a  branch. 

Whenne  graffes  [grafts]  gynneth  swelle  in  burgymfnge. 
Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  74. 
Now  bourgeons  every  maze  of  quick 
About  the  flowering  squares,  and  thick 
By  ashen  roots  the  violets  blow. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cxv. 

burgess  (ber'jes),  n.  [<  ME.  burgeis,  <  OP.  bur- 
geis,  P.  bourgeois  =  Pr.  borges  =  Sp.  burges  = 
Pg.  burgue:  =  It.  borghese,  <  ML.  burgensis,  a 
citizen,  <  biirgus,  a  borough,  a  town :  see  6or- 
ough^,  burg^.]  1.  In  England,  an  inhabitant 
of  a  borough  or  walled  town,  or  one  who  pos- 
sesses a  tenement  therein;  a  citizen  or  free- 
man of  a  borough. 

Not  a  petty  burgess  of  some  town. 
No,  not  a  villager,  hath  yet  appear'd 
In  your  assistance.    Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  iii.  4. 

2.  A  representative  of  a  borough  in  the  British 
Parliament. 

The  m.ajority  of  the  burgesses  had  been  returned  by 
constituent  bodies  reniodeiled  in  a  manner  which  was 
generally  regarded  as  illegal.        Macaulay,  Hist,  Eng.,  x. 

Hence — 3.  (a)  The  title  given  before  the  revo- 
lution to  the  representatives  in  the  popular 
branch  of  the  legislature  of  Virginia,  which  was 
styled  the  House  of  Burgesses,  but  is  now 
called  the  House  of  Delegates.  (6)  The  title  of 
members  of  the  lower  house  in  the  colonial 
legislatm'e  of  Maryland. — 4.  A  magistrate  of 
a  corporate  town,  in  Connecticut  boroughs  the  board 
of  burgesses  i-oi-responds  to  the  to^vnship  board  or  board  of 
trustees  in  some  other  States,  or  to  the  common  coimcil  of 
a  city.  The  chief  executive  otHcer  of  a  Pennsylvanian  bor- 
ough is  calleii  the  chief  burgess. 

5.  A  member  of  the  corporation  of  a  Scotch 
burgh ;  now,  any  iidiabitant  of  a  burgh  of  full 
age,  rated  for  poo»-rates,  and  not  in  arrears, 
and  who  for  a  i]eriod  of  three  years  has  occu- 
pied any  house,  shop,  or  other  building  rn  it,  not 
being  an  alien  and  not  having  received  either 


burgbmote 

parochial  or  burgh  relief  for  twelve  months  pre- 
ceding the  last  Wliitsmiday — Burgess  list,  the  list 
of  municipal  '-leetors  animally  drawn  u\>  by  the  liverseers 
of  the  iioor  in  England.—  BuTgess  roU,  the  ljurge8.s  list  as 
revi.scil  by  till-  revising  barrister  and  recorded.  [Eng.] 
burgess-ship  (b6r'jes-shin),  n.  [<  burgess  + 
-ship.]  'J'ho  state  or  condition  of  being  a  bur- 
gess.    South. 

An<l  that  no  prentice  hauc  his  fredom  of  Burgesshippe, 
but  ho  seruo  out  fulle  vij.  yere  of  prentiehode. 

Engiish  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  390. 

bur^essyt,  ».  [ME.  'burgeisie,  borgeysye,  < 
OJ' .  Iiourgisic,  bnrgnisie,  mod.  P.  bourgeoisie 
(=  Pr.  borgiicxia  =  It.  borgliesia),  citizenship, 
<  bur,gcis,  mod.  P.  bourgeois,  a  citizen:  see 
bourgeoisie,  burgess.^     Citizenship. 

.Mannes  lyf  ine  the  erthe  is  a«e  horgej/gye. 

Ayenbite  of  Inwit,  p.  161. 

burggrave,  burggravess,  n.  See  bm-grave,  hur- 

i/rarcss. 
burgh  (bi-rg  or  biu''6),  n.  [Like  hurg,  a  North. 
E.  and  Sc.  ami  okt  law  form  of  E.  borough^, 
ME.  burgh,  burg,  etc.,  AS.  burh  :  see  borough^.] 
A  corporate  town  or  borough ;  more  especially, 
the  Scotch  term  corresponding  to  the  English 
borough,  applied  to  several  different  kinds  of 
corporations,  and  to  towns  and  cities  in  Scot- 
land. -  Burgh  acres,  acres  or  small  patclies  of  land  ly- 
ing in  the  iieiLdili'irhooil  of  royal  bin-ghs,  ustially  feued 
out  to  and  ruriipied  by  biirges.sc?s  or  persons  resident 
within  the  burgh.— BUTgh  Of  barOny,  a  corporation 
somewhat  analogous  to  a  rtiyal  burgh,  consisting  of  a 
determinate  tract  of  groiuul  within  the  barony,  erected 
by  the  feudal  superior  and  subjected  to  the  govem- 
mcnt  of  magistrates.  The  right  of  electing  magistrates 
is  vested  by  the  charter  of  erection  sometimes  in  the 
baron  or  superior  of  the  barony,  anrl  .sometimes  in  the 
inhabitants  themselves.—  Burgh  Of  regality,  a  kind  of 
burgh  of  barony  wlueh  had  regal  or  exclusive  jurisdic- 
tion within  its  own  territory.  — Convention  of  royal 
burghs.  Seeco»re<if/o/;.  -  Cotmcllorof  aburgli.  See 
cuH/Ki'tor.— Free  burgh,  a  burgli  of  barony  wliich  en- 
joyed, by  crown  charter,  rights  of  trade  both  home  and 
foreign,  but  which  at  the  same  time  had  to  bear  certain 
public  burdens  as  the  price  of  its  privileges.— Parlia- 
mentary burgh,  a  burgh  or  town  which  sends,  or  unites 
witli  others  in  sciidiiiL',  a  representative  to  Parliament 
III  parliamentary  luiighs  the  nmde  of  electing  counciloiB 
and  magistrates  is  the  same  as  in  royal  burghs. —  Police 
burgh,  in  England,  any  pi>pulous  place  the  boundaiiesof 
whicli  have  been  ascertained  untier  13  and  14  Vict.,  xxxiii., 
and  the  affairs  of  which  are  managed  by  commissioners 
elected  by  the  inhabitants.  —  Royal  burgh,  in  Scotland, 
a  corporate  body  erected  by  a  charter  from  the  crown. 
The  corporation  consists  of  the  magistrates  and  burgesses 
of  the  territory  erected  into  the  burgh.  The  magistrates 
are  generally  a  provost  and  bailies,  dean  of  gild,  trea- 
surer, and  common  council. 

burghal  (ber'gal),  «.  [<  hurgh  +  -ah]  Of  or 
pcrtaiTiing  to  a  burgh :  as,  burghal  government. 

burghbotet,  ".  [An  old  law  form  of  AS.  burg- 
hi'it.  <  hurg,  burh,  borough,  4-  bot,  compensa- 
tion, boot:  see  6oofl.]  In  old  Eng.  law,  a  con- 
tribution toward  the  building  or  repairing  of 
castles  or  walls  for  the  defense  of  a  city  or 
town.     Also  burhbot. 

burgh-brechet,  ».  [An  old  law  form  of  ME. 
burch-hriche,  AS.  burg-brice,  -bryce,  -brece,  < 
burg,  borough,  -I-  bryce,  brice,  breach:  see 
breach.]  In  Anglo-Saxon  lau;  the  offense  of 
violating  the  pledge  given  by  every  inhabi- 
tant of  a  tithing  to  keep  the  peace. 

burgher  (ber'ger),  n.  [Not  in  ME.  or  AS.,  but 
formed  after  D.  burger  =  MLG.  borgere  ^ 
OHG.  burgdri,  MHG.  burgwre,  burger,  G.  biir- 
gcr  =  Dan.  borger  =  Sw.  borgare  (>  leel.  bor- 
gari),  a  citizen;  <  burgh  -I-  -€rl.]  1.  An  in- 
habitant of  a  biu'gh  or  borough,  who  enjoys  the 
privileges  of  the  borough  of  which  he  is  a  free- 
man; hence,  any  citizen  of  a  borough  or  town. 

At  Cologne,  in  the  eleventh  century,  the  terras  burghers 
and  merchants  are  alteniatelv  used  as  synonymous, 

Englifh  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Int.,  p.  cv. 

2.  leap.]  One  of  a  body  of  Presbyterians  in 
Scotland,  constituting. one  of  the  divisions  of 
the  early  Secession  Church.  This  church  became 
divided  in  1747  into  the  Associate  Sjniod,  or  Burghers,  and 
the  General  .\ssociate  Synod,  or  Antibtu-ghers,  on  the  law- 
fulness of  accepting  the  oath  then  required  to  be  taken 
by  the  bm-gesses  in  Edinbm^h,  Glasgow,  and  Perth,  See 
Antib^^rgher. 

burghermaster  (■ber'ger-mas''ter),  n.  [=G.  brir- 
gcnneistcr.]     Same  as  burgomaster,  1. 

burghership  (1>cr'ger-ship),  n.  [<  burgher 
+  -shiji.]  The  state  or  pri\'ilege  of  being  a 
burgher.     , 

burgh-halfpennyt,  »•  Formerly,  a  duty  pay- 
able to  the  superior  of  a  town  for  liberty  to  set 
up  a  stall  in  market.     -\lso  bord-halfpenny. 

burghmaster  (berg'master),  n.  [<  burgh  -t- 
master :  after  burgomaster.]  Same  a.s  burgomas- 
ter, 1. 

burghmotet,  "•  [An  old  law  form  of  AS.  burh- 
gemdt,  a  borough-meeting,  <  burh,  burg,  borough. 


burghmote 
+  gemot,  a  meeting:    see  mooi,  mofeS.]      In 
AngJo-Snxnn   laic,  the  meeting  or  court  of  a 
burph  or  borough.     Also  burgmote. 

burghmote-homt,  «•  In  Eng.  antiq.,  a  horn 
blown  ou  cotiTt-day,  in  a  public  place,  to  bring 
the  members  of  the  burghmote,  or  later  the 
corporation,  together.  It  was  used  until  the 
sevf  uteenth  eenturr.     Also  called  brazen-horn. 

burgholdert  (berg'hol'der),  «.  [See  borough- 
hoUM  r  and  borsholder.'i  A  tithing-man ;  a  bors- 
holder. 

burglar  (berg'lar),  n.  [Earlymod.E.  bourglair, 
<  AF.  'bourglai're  (cf.  ML.  biirglator,  burgulator 
(for  burgi  latro),  shortened  to  burgntor),  a  burg- 
lar, <  AF.  bourg,  OF.  borg.  borough  (see  bar- 
ough^).  +  Inire,  OF.  laire,  hire,  lere  =  Pr.  laire, 
a  robber,  <  L.  uom.  latro  (cf .  OF.  laron,  F.  larron 
=  Pr.  lairo,  a  robber,  <  L.  ace.  latronem),  a  rob- 
ber: see  larceng.1  A  felonious  housebreaker; 
especially,  one  who  commits  robbery  by  break- 
ing into  a  house  in  the  night.     See  burglary. 

The  definition  of  burglar,  as  given  by  Sir  Edward  Coke, 
is  "he  that  by  iii}:ht  breaketh  or  entereth  into  a  mansion- 
house  with  intent  to  commit  a  felony." 

Blackstone,  Com.,  TV.  xvi. 

bnrglar-alarm  (berg'lar-a-larm'),  M.  Any 
alarm  so  arranged  as  to  soiind  upon  the  open- 
ing of  a  door,  window,  etc.,  with  which  it  is 
connected.— Burglar-alarm  lock,  a  lock  liaving  an 
attachment  which  when  set  will  snuud  an  alarm  if  the  bolt 
is  improperly  moved.— Electrical  burglar-alarm,  an 
alarm  consisting  of  apparatus  inchuliiiir  itpen  electrical 
circuits  which  are  closed  by  a  moveiiiciit  "f  a  door,  win- 
dow, etc.,  and  cause  a  bell  in  an  annunciator  in  the  build- 
ing or  at  a  distant  station  to  ring. 

bnrglaxert  (berg'lar-er),  «.  [<  burglar  +  -er, 
erroneously  added.]     A  burglar. 

.Sir  William  Brain  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  only  for  pro- 
curing the  I'oiw's  bull  against  certain  btirgiarere  that 
robbed  his  own  house.  Slate  Trials,  1006. 

borglarian  (b6rg-la'ri-an),  «.  [<  burglary  + 
-<iii.2  A  person  who  aliets  or  is  guilty  of  burg- 
lary. [Rare.] 
burglarious  (berg-la'ri-us),  a.  [<  burglary  + 
-ous.]  Pertaining  to,  committing,  or  consti- 
tuting burglary:  as,  burglarious  intentions;  a 
,    burglarious  gang ;  burglarious  entry. 

To  come  down  a  chimney  is  held  a  bttrf/larious  entry. 
Blackstom,  Com.,  IV.  .i!vi. 

Openly  organized  conspiracy,  with  force  and  arms,  made 

bitrolari'/tis  entrance  into  a  chief  stronghold  of  the  t'nion. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Essays,  p.  SB. 

burglariously  (berg-la'ri-us-li),  adv.  With  an 
inttiit  to  coiMiuit  burglary;  in  the  manner  of  a 
burglar. 

burglarize  (berg'lar-iz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
burgliiri:id,  ppr.  iurglari:ing.  [<  burglar  + 
-!-<:•.]     To  I'ominit  burglary  upon. 

burglar-proof  (berg'lar-prof),  a.  Constructed 
8o  as  to  bo  capable  of  resisting  the  attempts  of 
burglars,  as  a  safe  or  a  building. 

burglary  (berg'liir-i),«.;  \,\.  hurglaries(-\7.).  [< 
burglar  + -y ;  },lL.  burglaria.'i  The  act  or  crime 
of  nocturnal  housebreaking,  with  an  intent  to 
cfirarait  a  felonv  therein,  whether  such  felony  be 
actually  committed  or  not.  To  constitute  this  crime 
theactnnr'tt  be  committed  in  the  night,  orw-hcn  thereisnot 
daylight  enough  to  discern  a  man's  face.  At  connnon  law 
it  mUHt  be  in  a  dwellinghou.He,  or  hi  an  adjoining  building 
whi'-h  is  a  part  or  parcel  of  the  dwelling-house.  .  'I'lieri; 
miut  lie  an  actual  breaking  and  an  entry  ;  but  an  opening 
niAile  by  the  olfender,  as  by  taking  out  a  pane  of  gla-ss, 
lifting  a  window,  raising  a  latch,  picking  a  lock,  or  remov- 
ing any  fa.itenlng,  amounts  to  a  breaking;  and  putting  in 
of  the  hiiiid,  after  loirh  breaking,  is  an  entry.  A  breaking 
out,  aft^T  entry  with  felonious  intent,  is  also  burglary.  In 
some  of  the  I 'lilted  .States  the  term  has  been  extended  so 
as  to  cover  the  breaking  and  entering  of  any  building,  at 
any  time,  to  commit  any  crime. 

burgle  (b6r'el),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burgled,  ppr. 
burgling.  [<  burglar,  taken  as  a  noun  of  agent 
in  -fir  =  -fA ;  cf.  peddle,  <  jicddler,  pedler,  ped- 
lar.^    To  commit  burglary.     [Humorous.] 

burgmaster  (bfTg'miiij'ler),  n.  Same  as  burgo- 
nmst<  r,  1. 

burgmotel,  «.     Heo  burghmote. 

bur(,'omaater  (ii/T'go-miis't^r),  «.    [=  OF. 

/, .  ,  ■III'  -maiatre,  laO'r'l/ourgamaisIn  (Cot^irrnvc), 
!-  ..  .  1'.  bourgnuKtre,  bourgemallri  (!■'.  mallrc  = 
!,.  .  '(  fi  r)  =  Sp.  liurgnmaeHtre,  after  .\Ilj.  burgo- 
""'/  '■ /■.  burgiinaiiistor  (burgi  mn'/i  itr),  <  D. 
'■  ''rf=  (il-'ricH.  hHr(iamii.ii'  I'  =  MHO. 

''  ; ,  hurrmeinlrr,  (1.  )turg< mi  i-,li  r  ((Am,), 

>  "iiiixlare  =  Ol)an.  horgmi slir  =  Pol. 

'"'  I'.ohem.  purminlr  =  Kuh».  bnrgo- 

"II  •   liiirgmiKlrati  =  Vinn.  pormrHtari), 

< '"'  fiiihi,  +  niriiitrr  =  Vj,mngttr.   Cf. 

Mil'.  ,7/r,  ft,  biirgrrmeinler  (>  Dim. 

'""  ■/  hiirger,  =  K,  burgher,  +  tnrinirr 

—  I  I.  A  boroii(;li.mnilter;  the  elii.f 

nun-  i  n  miiiiiciriiil  town  in  thi'  Nillnr- 

landtt,  lifriiiaiiy,  and  other  Teutonic  count  rivH. 


726 

nearly  corresponding  to  mayor  in  England  and 
the  United  States,  in  the  monarchical  states  burgo- 
masters were  often  named  by  the  central  government  for 
long  periods,  as  were  the  mairt-b-  in  France.  The  German 
governments  usually  retain  the  right  to  confirm  or  reject 
the  elected  burgomaster.  Also  burghenna^Ur,  burghmajf- 
tcr,  bitrginaiter. 

2.  The  great  ice-gull  or  glaucous  gull,  Larus 
glaucus,  of  the  arctic  regions,  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  powerful  species  of  the  family 
Larida^.  It  is  about  30  inches  long,  pure  white,  with  a 
pale  silvery-blue  mantle  and  yellow  bill  with  an  orange 


Burgomaster-guU  [Lartts  gtnucus). 

spot.  It  owes  the  name  to  its  tyrannical  and  rapacious 
disposition,  and  the  way  it  domineers  over  the  smaller 
and  weaker  gulls  and  other  birds. 

burgonet,  burgonette,  ".    See  burganct. 
burgoo  (ber'go),  n.     [Appar.  a  var.  of  burgood."] 

1 .  A  seamen's  term  for  a  dish  made  of  boiled 
oatmeal  seasoned  with  salt,  butter,  and  sugar; 
gruel. 

Don't  stand  staring  there  like  a  cabin-boy  brought  up 

before  the  skipper  for  swallowing  the  bu  rqoo  as  he  mL\cd  it . 

G.  A.  Sala,  Ship-Chandler. 

2.  A  kind  of  soup  made  'vrith  many  different 
kinds  of  meat  and  vegetables,  highly  peppered 
and  served  very  hot :  popular  in  Kentucky  and 
other  places,  espeeiallj-  at  barbecues,  picnics, 
and  otheroutdoor  feasts. — 3.  A  barbecue,  pic- 
nic, or  woodland  feast  at  which  the  soup  burgoo 
is  sen-ed.     [Kentucky.] 

burgood  (ber'giid),  H.  [E.  dial.,  also  bur'gnut 
and  III! n/ood ;  origin  uncertain.  Cf.  burgoo.] 
Yeast.     'Uatliwdi,     [Prov.  Eng.] 

burgoyne^  (ber-goin'),  II.  [Appar.  luimedfrom 
tlir  inventor.]  An  iutrcnching-tool  which  com- 
bines a  spade,  an  ax,  and  a  mantlet.     [Eng.] 

burgoyne-t  (ber-goin'),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  hio- 
giiyncd,  ppr.  burgiiyiiiiig.  [A  word  of  the  Ameri- 
can revolutionary  period,  in  allusion  to  the  cap- 
ture nf  liurgiiyne'.s  army  at  Saratoga  in  1777.] 
To  surround  and  captin-p  in  a  body. 

bur-grass  (ber'gras),  u.  1.  A  common  name 
of  a  species  of  Venchrus,  the  bm-s  of  which  are 
very  spiny  and  tenacious. — 
2.  Panicum  gUitinonum,  a 
tropical  grass  in  wliicli  the 
glumes  or  husks  which  in- 
wrap  the  seed  are  very  vis- 
cous and  adhesive. 

burgrave,  burggrave  (ber'- 

grav),  II.    [<  V .liHrgrnn=^\>. 

burgrare  =  l'p.  burgrarc,  linr- 

grai'id  =  It.  burgrario,  <  ML. 

burggrariiis,    <    OHG.    burg- 

qruro,   MH(i.    burcgrdre,    G. 

)>urggraj' (y  Dan.  borggnve  = 

Sw.   burgi/refie  =  Pol.  bur- 

grabia  =  ISoliein.  pnrkrahe),  < 

OIKi.  burg,  burr,  a  town,  = 

10.  borough',  +  grdrjo,  gram, 

}A\m.  g'rdie,  (!,'(/;■«/,  a  count,  earl,  governor: 

see  graj'.]    Foniierl'y,  the  title,  in  Homo  Euro- 

Iican  coiinlricB,  of  the  hereditary  governor  of  a 

town  or  castle. 

The  fomur  (burghers)  utood.  In  all  trade  mailers,  m- 
tlrely  under  the  orders  of  the  lorils  of  the  town,  wliotln  r 
those  were  bishops,  hunrravrg,  or  citizens. 

KwiliJih  (Jilitt  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  Int.,  p.  cxv. 

Tlli'V  lliiii  rci|iiisliil  that  tin'    I'rinco  of  Orange,  who 

belli  the  olllce  of  hurijrar,-  ol  Antwerp,  and  wh Inthl 

i-nce  was  unboiindeil,  'might  be  sent  to  thrni.        I'miciill. 

burgravess,  burggravess  fber'gra-ves),  n.    [< 

liiiniiiin  +  -IKS.  I     The  wile  of  a  burgrave. 
burgraviate  (ber-grii'vi-ftt ),  n.    [<  ML.  Imrggm- 

I  iiiIh.h,  <  biiriigrariii.i.H  bnrgi'iive:  sec  Iniriiran.  | 

'I'lie  otliee,  irigiiity,or.iiiriHdiclionof  abiirgruvc. 
hurguignottet,  "•     I"l''l     t^nmi)  hh  burgnnrl. 
Burgundian  (ber-gun'di-an),  «.  nndu,     [<  ML. 

Jturgandia  ( >  F.  Duurgiigne\  Uiirgundy,  <  L. 


lnibi4lai,iri  . 


burin 

Burgundiones.  LL.  also  Burgundii  (>  AS.  Bur- 
gendas).  pi.,  a  tribe  of  Goths.]  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Bm'gundians,  or  to  the  king- 
dom, duchy,  or  province  of  Burgimdy.  —  order 
of  the  Burgimdlan  Cross,  an  onler  founded" by  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.,  which  did  not  survi\e. 

II.  H.  1.  One  of  the  Bm'gimdii  or  Bui'guu- 
dioues,  a  Germanic  tribe  who  settled  in  GaiU 
and  founded  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy  in  the 
fifth  eentm-y.  , 

The  /)t(r7(iii<^i'(7«.*  settled  in  the  southeast  jiart  of  fiaul, 
the  part  nearest  to  Italy. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Old  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  2-1.    , 

2.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Burgundy,  suc- 
cessively a  kingdom  and  a  duchy  of  western 
Europe,  varying  greatly  in  extent,  part  of 
which  finally  became  the  province  of  Bm-gimdy 
in  eastern  France. 
Burgundy  (ber'gun-di),  n.  A  large  class  of 
■n-iues,  both  red  and  white,  produced  in  Bur- 
gundy in  France,  and  sharing  -nith  the  Bor- 
deaux wiues  the  reputation  of  including  the 
finest  wiues  made. 
The  nielb  'W-tasted  Burrntndii.  Thomson,  Autumn,  l;  705. 

Burgundy  pitch.    See  pitch. 

burgwardt  O'frg'ward),  n.  [An  old  law  form, 
<  burg,  a  fortified  place,  a  castle,  +  ward,  a 
keeping.]    The  custody  or  keeping  of  a  castle. 

burbt,  "•  Early  Middle  English  and  Anglo- 
Saxon  form  of  borouglA. 

The  hurh  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period  was  simply  a  more 
strictly  organised  form  of  the  township.  It  was  probably 
in  a  more  defensible  position ;  had  a  ditch  or  mound 
instead  of  the  quickset  hedge  or  "tun "from  which  the 
toM  iisbip  took  its  name ;  and  as  the  "  tun  "  lu-iginally  was 
the  fenced  homestead  of  the  cultivator,  the  burh  was 
the  fortilied  house  and  court-yard  of  the  mighty  man — 
the  king,  the  magistrate,  or  the  noble. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  44. 

burhbott,  ".  See  burghbotc. 
burhgemott,  «.  See  burghmote. 
burial  ^ber'i-al),  n.  [In  the  second  sense  ftHrinl 
is  now  regarded  as  formed  directly  from  bury^ 
-t-  -al  (cf.  betrothal,  renewal,  etc.),  but  it  is  duo 
to  burial  in  first  sense,  <  ME.  buricl,  biricl,  bc- 
1-icl,  a  tomb,  grave,  a  coiruption  of  bnricls,  re- 
garded as  a  plural  form,  but  really  singidar, 
buricl.f.  hiricls,  bcriels,  bcrgel.i,  a  tomb,  grave,  < 
A,S.  liyrijcls,  a  tomb,  grave,  <  bi/rqan,  bm-y  (see 
biiry^).  +  suflix  -els  (cf.  riddle'^.  (  AS.  nfdcls).'] 
If.  A  grave  or  place  of  sepulture ;  a  tomb. 

Pullide  it  (the  body]  in  his  newe  biriel,  .  .  .  and  he 
walowid  to  a  grcte  stone  at  the  ilore  of  the  birieL 

Wiiclif,  Mat.  xxvii.  60. 
For  prophetes  hem  tolde, 
That  that  blessed  body  of  bun'fts  sholde  aryse. 

Jiiers  I'inwman  (C),  xxii.  14& 
Vailing  her  high-top  lower  than  her  ribs 
To  kiss  her  burial.  ,</m*.,  51.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

2.  The  act  of  hurjnng;  specifie:illy,  (he  act  of 
burying  a  deceased  person;  sepulture:  inter- 
ment ;  tlie  act  of  depositing  a  deail  body  in  any 
place  whore  it  is  intended  to  remain. 

Till  that  the  duke  give  order  for  his  bin-ial. 

Sliak.,  Hich.  III.,  i.  4. 
rrivilege  of  death  and  burial.  Miltnii,  S.  A.,  I.  104. 

Burial  service,  the  religious  service  performed  at  the 

intriMitiit  lit  the  dead,  or  a  prescribed  order  or  formula 

for  swell  service, 
burial-case  (ber'i-al-kiis),  n.     A  kind  of  coflin 

so  mnile  as  to  bo  "air-tight,  intended  for  the 

|ireserv!ilion  of  tlie  body.  • 

burial-ground  (ber'i-al-groimd),  n.    A  grave- 

yiiril  or  eemeterv. 
burial-mound  (ber'i-al-mound),  n.    Tlic  mound 

rnised  over  the  remains  of  deceased  persons  in 

jnieient  times;  a  ban'ow. 
burial-place  (ber'i-al-iilas).  «.      A  jiortion  of 

gronnif  set  apart  for  or  occupied  by  a  grave  or 

graves;  a  grave  or  a  graveyaril. 
burielst,  ".    [ME. :  see  burial.]    The  older  form 

nf  liurilll,   1. 

burier  ( ber'i-6r),  H.  One  who  buries  a  deceased 
person;  (hati  wliieh  bm'ies  or  covers. 

And  darkness  be  the  hurier  of  the  dead. 

.'^Imk..  i  Hen.  IV.,  I.  1. 

burin  (bu'rin),  11.  [<  p.  burin,  <  It.  borino  (cf. 
USp.  boril,  Hp,  Pg,  buril),  n  gravers'  ehisel, 
prob.  <  OIKi.  liorii,  a  borer,  gimlet,  =  K.  bore^, 
«.]  1.  An  engravers'  tool  of  temjiered  steol, 
with  a  lozengo- 
sliiipod  ]ioint, 
llxed  in  II  han- 
dle the  .■11(1  of 
wliieh,  held  ill 
tlie  hand,  is 
rounded  at  the 
loji;     It    graver,  n,.rin. 

fuelled   forwiinl  by 
till'  hand  In  any  desired  dlrcctlou.  it  cuts  a  shallow  nr 


hand  In  any 
deep  furrow,  according  to  the  |iressuru  oxerted 


When,  ■ 


burin 

in  etcliinK.  bitten  lines,  or  lines  made  with  the  rtry-point, 
are  iiiiju'i-fect  or  weak,  the  burin  is  used  to  reijuir  or 
stri.'ii;.4lH'n  them. 

2.    'I'liii   manner  or  style  of  execution  of  an 
engraver:  as,  a  soft  burin;   a  brilliant  burin. 
—  3.  A  steel  graver  used  by  marble-workers. 
Also  spelled  biirine. 
burinist  (bu'rin-ist),  n.    [<  burin  +  -ist.']    One 
who  uses  a  burin  ;  an  engraver. 

All  th(^  t.q-eat  ori}j;inal  burlni:it/i  did  not  invent,  but  re- 
pntdui/fil  witli  the  burin.  The-  American,  V.  124. 

buri-nut  (bu*ri-nut),  H.  [<  buri,  native  name, 
+  nut.]  The  plum-like  fruit  of  I'arinarium 
laurinnm,  a  rosaceous  tree  of  the  Fiji  islands. 
The  kernels  are  beaten  up  into  a  cement  of  the  consis- 
teney  of  putty,  which  is  used  for  stopping  holes  in  canoes, 
fixing  spear-heads  to  the  shafts,  etc. 

burion  (bu'ri-on),  )(.  [Origin  uncertain;  per- 
haps a  corruption  of  Sp.  (Mex.)  ijorrion,  a  spar- 
row.] A  name  of  the  house-finch,  Carjiddiicus 
froutali.^,  an  abundant  and  familiar  fringilline 
bir<l  of  the  southwestern  United  States,  almost 
doincstii-nted  in  the  towns.  It  resembles  the  eoni- 
niHii  iiiiv|j]c  liii.-h,  C.  iitirj'ifnnts,  but  is  smaller,  witli  a 
stuutirliill  and  more  vivid  crimson-red  markings,  whicli 
are  restricted  to  deflnite  areas  on  the  head,  back,  and 
breast. 

buriti  (bti-ri-te'),  n.  [Pg.  buriti,  miriti;  a  Braz. 
(Tupi-Guarani)  word,  also  written  burity,  mu- 
rili,  murity,  miriti,  morichi,  murichi,  muriclut, 
moriehv,  applied  to  the  palms  Mauritia  flcxuoiia 
and  M.  vinifera;  according  to  Hartt,  <  ymyrd 
or  ymhtird,  a  tree,  +  ete,  true.]  One  of  the 
largest  of  the  South  American  palms,  Miiuritid 
vinifcnt,  often  growing  to  a  height  of  125  feet, 
the  stem  being  crowned  with  a  thick  round 
head  of  very  large  fan-shaped  leaves.  A  single 
bunch  of  the  fruit  weighs  more  than  one  hundred  pounds. 
The  trees  grow  in  vast  numbers  on  swampy  land,  from 
southern  Brazil  to  the  West  Indies.  The  natives  cut 
them  down,  and  make  cavities  in  the  stems  to  obtain 
the  sweet  sap  which  accumulates  in  them ;  if  allowed  to 
ferment,  a  vinous  liquor  may  be  made  from  this  sap,  and 
even  sugar  has  been  obtained  from  it.  Hence  the  n.ame 
wine-palm,  conunonly  given  to  the  tree.  The  pulp  be- 
tween the  nut  and  the  outer  covering  of  the  fruit  is  some- 
times eaten,  and  a  beverage  is  prepared  by  rubbing  the 
pulp  in  water.  The  pith  of  the  leaf-stem  is  used  in  lieu 
of  cork,  and  its  hard  covering  for  making  baskets.  Cords 
arc  ninile  of  fibers  from  the  young  leaves,  and  rough 
th.itiln  s  are  constructed  of  the  older  leaves. 

burk  (Ijcrk),  n.  Another  spelling  of  birTc,  dia- 
lectal variant  of  birch.  ' 

burka  (ber'ka),  n.  [Russ.  burha.l  A  short 
round  cloak  made  of  felt  or  very  coarse  woolen 
stuff,  used  as  a  protection  against  rain  in  Rus- 
sia, Poland,  and  Moldavia.     Also  burf/a. 

burke  (berk),  ('.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burked,  ppr. 
hurkiii;/.  [From  the  name  of  an  Irishman  in 
Edinburgh  who  committed  the  crime  repeated- 
ly, and  was  tried  and  executed  in  1829.]  1. 
To  mm-der  by  suffocation  in  order  to  sell  the 
body  for  dissection.  This  method  was  selected 
because  it  left  no  marks  of  violence  upon  the 
victims. 

"Yon  don't  mean  to  say  he  was  Jnirked,  .Sam?"  said  Mr. 
Pickwick.  Dickens,  Pickwick. 

The  rest  of  the  rascals  jumped  on  him  and -Buried  him. 
Barhain,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  273. 
2.  Figuratively,  to  smother;   shelve;  get  rid 
of  by  some  indirect  manoeuver:  as,  to  burke  a 
parliamentary  question. 

burker  (ber'ker),  n.     One  who  burkes. 

Burke's  Act.    See  act. 

burking  (ber'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  burke,  «.] 
Tlio  practice  of  killing  persons  for  the  purpose 
of  selling  the  bodies  for  dissection. 

burll  (berl),  n.  [<  ME.  burle,  appar.  <  OF.  dial. 
bouril,  boarril,  flocks  or  ends  of  thread  which 
disfigure  cloth  (Wedgwood),  <  bourrc,  <  ML. 
hurra,  a  flock  of  wool,  coarse  hair,  etc. :  see 
6h»"1.  Of.  hurlct.]  1.  A  small  knot  or  lump 
in  thread,  whether  woven  into  cloth  or  not. — 
2.  A  knot  or  an  excrescence  on  walnut  and 
other  trees,  used  for  ornamental  veneering. 

burU  (berl),  V.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  burle;  <  burt^, 
ii.~\  1.  To  pick  knots,  loose  threads,  etc., 
from,  as  in  finishing  cloth ;  specifically,  to  pick 
(wool)  by  hand. —  2t.  To  cleanse  (cloth),  as 
with  fullers'  earth  or  a  similar  substance. 

To  come  then  to  the  mysterie  of  fuller's  craft,  first  they 
wash  and  scour  a  piece  of  cloth  with  the  earth  of  Sardinia, 
then  they  perfume  it  with  the  smoke  of  brimstone,  which 
done,  they  fall  anou  to  burling  it  with  cimolia. 

Uolland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xxxv.  17. 
burPt, )'.  i.     [ME.  hurlen,  contr.  of  hurblen,  bub- 
ble, welter:   see  burble.     Cf.  D.  borrelen,  bub- 
ble, guzzle  (barrel,  a  bubble,  a  dram),  =  LGl. 
imrrcln,  bubble,  gush.]     To  welter. 
Many  a  bolde  baron  in  that  place 
Lay  burland  yn  his  own  blode. 
Brie  of  Tolous  (Ritson's  Metr.  Rom.,  II.),  1.  98. 
Betres  lay  burlyng  m  hur  blode. 
Le  Bone  Florence  (Ritson's  Metr.  Rom.,  III.),  I.  1639. 


727 

burl2  (berl),  n.  [A  contr.  of  burble,  n.,  2,  m 
same  souse.]     A  pimple.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

burl'^,  '•.     Same  as  birl'i-. 

He  tiild  me  to  burl  out  the  beer,  as  he  was  in  a  hurry, 
and  I  burled  out  a  glass  and  gave  it  to  him. 

London  Timea,  Law  Reports. 

burlace  (bfer'las),  n.  [Contr.  of  hurdclais,  q.  v.] 
A  sort  of  grape. 

burlap  (ber'lap),  m.  [Formerly  torctop ;  origin 
unknown.  The  form  suggests  a  contr.  of  ME. 
borel,  E.  burrel,  a  coarse  cloth,  -I-  lapjien,  lap, 
■vvi-ap.  Referred  by  some  to  (i.  bdrlapp,  club- 
moss,  Lycopodium  clavatum,  lit.  bear's  paw  (cf. 
NTj.  Lycnpodium,  wolf's-foot),  <  biir,  =  K.  bcar'^, 
+  liipp,  <  OHG.  lappo,  the  flat  hand.]  A  coarse 
heavy  material  made  of  jute,  flax,  hemp,  or  ma- 
nila,  and  used  for  wrappings  and  in  uphol- 
stery :  commonly  in  the  plural. 

burla'W,  «.     See  byrlaw. 

burledt,  a.  [ME.,  possibly  for  "barruled,  equiv. 
to  Al''.  barrulii :  see  barruly.']     In  her.,  8tripe<l. 

Under  was  A  serpent  of  verite, 
A  tain  burled  had  of  siluer  and  Asure. 

Horn,  of  Pnrtrnajn'R.  E.  T.  ,S.),  1.  3482. 
WiCli  siluer  And  Asure  tin-  tail  tturlixl  was. 

Hum.  of  I'rirtcnumH.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  2809. 

burlerl  (ber'16r),  n.  [<  ftjo-A  +  -erl.]  One  who 
burls  cloth. 

burler'-^  (b^r'ler),  71..  [<  hurts,  _  i,;,./!^  +  .g,-!.] 
In  Cumberland,  England,  the  master  of  the 
revels  at  a  wedding-feast,  whose  duty  is  to  see 
that  the  guests  are  well  furnished  with  drink. 
lireu-er. 

burlesque  (ber-lesk'),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly 
also  burlesk;  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  burlesk,  <  F.  hur- 
k'squc,  <  It.  burlesco,  ludicrous,  <  burin,  a  jest, 
mockery,  raillery,  perhaps  dim.  of  LL.  burra, 
pi.  hurra;  jests,  trifling,  nonsense :  see  hur^.} 

1.  a.  Tending  to  excite  laughter  by  a  ludicrous 
contrast  between  the  subject  and  the  manner  of 
treating  it,  as  when  a  serious  subject  is  treated 
ridiculously  or  a  trifling  one  with  solemnity. 

It  is  a  dispute  among  the  critics  whether  burlesgite  poet- 
ry runs  best  in  heroic  verse,  like  that  of  the  Dispensary, 
or  in  doggerel,  like  that  of  Hudibras. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  249. 

II.  n.  1.  A  burlesque  literary  or  dramatic 
composition;  travesty;  caricature. 

Burlesque  is  therefore  of  two  kinds :  the  first  represents 
mean  persons  in  the  accoutrements  of  heroes  ;  the  other 
describes  great  persons  acting  and  speaking  like  the  basest 
among  the  people.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  249. 

This  contrast  between  ideas  of  grandeur,  dignity,  sanc- 
tity, perfection,  and  ideas  of  meanness,  baseness,  pro- 
fanity, seems  to  be  the  very  spirit  of  burlesque. 

Hutcheson,  Thoughts  on  Laughter. 

2.  A  piece  composed  in  burlesque  style;  a 
travesty ;  in  modem  use  'often  specifically  a 
theatrical  piece,  a  kind  of  dramatic  extrava- 
ganza, usually  based  upon  a  serious  play  or 
subject,  with  more  or  less  music  in  it. —  3.  A 
ludicrous  or  debasing  caricature  of  any  kind; 
a  gi'oss  perversion. 

who  is  it  th.at  admires,  and  is  from  the  heart  attached 
to,  national  representative  assemblies,  but  must  turn  with 
horror  and  disgust  from  such  a  profane  burlesque  and 
abominable  perversion  of  that  sacred  institute  ? 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 
-Syn.  Purod;/,  Travesty,  etc.  See  caricature. 
burlesque  (ber-lesk'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bur- 
li'squcd,  ppr.  hurlesquiny .  [<  burlesque,  a.]  I. 
trans.  To  make  ridiculous  by  mocking  repre- 
sentation ;  caricature ;  travesty. 

'They  burlesqued  tile  propliet  Jeremiah's  words,  and 
tiu-ned  the  e.\pression  he  used  into  ridicule. 

Stillingjieet,  Works,  II.  iv. 
The  characteristic  faults  of  his  [Johnson's]  style  are  so 
familiar  to  all,  .  .  .  and  have  been  so  often  burlesqued, 
that  it  is  almost  superfluous  to  point  them  out. 

Macaulay,  Boswell's  Johnson. 

II.  iiiiraus.  To  use  caricature.     [Rare.] 

burlesquer  (ber-les'ker),  n.  One  who  bur- 
Icsciues  or  turns  to  ridicide. 

burlett,  ".  ["^  F.  bourlet,  bourrelet,  a  roll  of  cloth 
or  leather  stuffed  with  hair  or  wool,  etc.,  a  sup- 
porter of  satin,  etc.,  for  a  ruff  or  coUar,  also  a 
kind  of  hood,  <  bourre,  flocks  of  wool,  hair,  etc., 
used  for  stuiiing  saddles,  balls,  etc. :  see  bur- 
rel. ]  1 .  A  coi  f ;  a  stuffed  roll  to  support  a  ruff ; 
a  standing  or  stuffed  neck  for  a  gown.  Min- 
sheu. — 2.  A  hood.     Ash. 

burletta  (ber-let'ii),  «.  [It.,  dim.  of  burla, 
mockery:  see  burlesque.']  A  comie  opera;  a 
musical  farce. 

burleyt,  «.  [Origin  obscure;  cf.  burly.']  The 
butt-cnil  of  a  lance.     Wilhelm,  Mil.  Diet. 

burliness  (b.'-r'li-nes),  n.  [<  burly  +  -ness.] 
Till'  state  or  quality  of  being  burly. 

burling-iron  (ber'ling-i"em),  H.  A  kind  of 
pincers  or  tweezers  used  in  burling  cloth. 


bum 

burling-machine  (bir'ling-ma-shen'''),  n.  *A 
niacljiiie  for  removing  knots  and  rough  places 
from  woolen  doth  before  it  is  fuiltKl. 

burlyl  (ber'li),  a.  [=E.  dial,  howniy,  <  ME.  bur- 
ly, hurely,  burly,  tmrliclte,  borliche,  borlic,  etc., 
large,  huge.  <Jf  uncertain  origin;  hardly  = 
OHG.  biirlih,  piirlih,  elevaced,  high  (<  bur,  an 
elevation,  +  -lih  =  E.  -ly^).  There  is  nothing  to 
prove  the  supposed  (Jcdtic  o.-igiu.]  1.  Great  in 
bo<iilysize;  bulky;  large;  stout:  formerly  used 
of  things,  but  now  only  of  persons,  and  imply- 
ing some  degree  of  coarseness. 

The  bruunciies  were  f}orlj/,  sum  of  bright  gold, 
Sum  syluer  for  sotlie.  seiidist  of  hew. 

iJest ruction  of  Tniii  (E.  E.  T.  B.),  1.  4968. 
Burly  sacks  and  well  stuffed  Ijarns, 

Drayton,  l*oIyolbion,  xiv.  118. 
IJown  through  the  crashing  under-wood 
The  burly  sllerllf  came.  Whittier,  The  Exiles. 

2t.  Boisterous;  loud. 

So  when  a  burly  tempest  rolls  his  pride. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  v.  224. 
=  Syn.  1.  Mastrivc,  Ponderous,  etc.     See  bulky. 

burly  If,  "•  t.    To  make  burly;  cause  to  bulge 

out. 

Think'st  thou  that  paunch,  that  burlies  out  thy  coat, 
Is  thriving  fat ;  or  tlesh,  that  seems  so  brawny'/ 

Quarles,  Emblems,  i.  12. 
burly2  (ber'li),  a.     [<  burll  -)-  .^l.]     Having 

burls  or  excrescent  knots:  as,  a  burly  tree. 
Burman  (bcr'man),  n.  [<  Burma  -i-  -an.]  A 
iiativ((  oi'  an  inhabitant  of  Bui-ma,  a  British 
Ijcisscssion  in  Farther  India,  it  was  fonnerly  an 
iiidi'ij.  iidc  lit  kingdom,  but  parts  of  it  were  annexed  to 
(irt.at  Britain  in  lh2fi  and  1852,  and  the  remainder  on 
January  1st,  IbSC,  in  consequence  of  wars. 

A  Bunnan,  being  the  property  of  the  king,  can  never 
quit  the  country  without  his  especial  permission,  which  is 
oidy  grante<l  for  a  limited  time,  and  never  to  women  on 
any  pretence.  Enajc.  Brit.,  IV.  654. 

bur-marigold  (ber ' mar "i -gold),  n.  A  book- 
name  for  the  more  showy  species  of  liidens. 

Burmese  (ber-mes'  or  mez'),  a.  and  n.  [<  Sur- 
ma +  -isc]  I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Burma. 
II.  «.  1.  s/h(/.  or  ;y/.  An  inhabitant  or  inhabi- 
tants of  Burma.  See  Burman. — 2.  The  lan- 
guage of  the  people  of  Burma.  It  is  one  of  the 
monosyllabic  languages. 

bur-millstone  (ber'mil'''st6n),  n.  Same  as  bur- 
stuue. 

burnl  (bern),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burned  or  burnt, 
ppr.  burninij.  [Under  this  form  and  the  obs. 
or  dial,  hrin,  bren,  brun,  are  now  confused  two 
different  but  related  verbs,  which  are  quite  dis- 
tinct in  AS.  and  the  other  older  tongues:  (1) 
burn,  <  ME.  hernen,  bternen,  barnen,  brennen,  < 
AS.  hicrnan  (pret.  beernde,  pp.  banned)  =  OS. 
brennian  =  MD.  hernen  (in  mod.  D.  displaced 
by  the  secondary  fonn  branden:  see  brand,  r.) 
=  LG.  brennen  =OFries.  berna.  harna  =  OHG. 
brennan,  MHG.  G.  brennen  =  Icel.  hrenna  =  Sw. 
hrcinna  =  Dan.  brande  =  Goth,  brannjan  fin 
eomp.),  burn,  consume  with  fire,  orig.  and  prop. 
trans.,  a  weak  verb,  factitive  of  the  next;  (2) 
burn,  <  ME.  hirnen,  beornen,  brinnen,  <  AS.  bcor- 
nan,  byrnan  (pret.  barn,  beam,  pi.  burnon,  pp. 
barnen),  a  transposed  form  of  *brinnan  (in  comp. 
un-hrinnan)  =  OS.  brinnan  =  OHG.  brinnan, 
MHG.  G.  dial,  brinnen  =  Icel.  brenna,  older 
brinna,  =  Goth,  brinnan,  Inirn,  be  on  fire  :  orig. 
and  prop,  intrans.,  a  strong  verb;  not  known 
outside  of  Teut.  Deriv.  brand,  brine^,  perhaps 
burtfi  =  baurn^,  etc.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  consume 
with  fire ;  destroy  or  reduce  to  ashes  by  the 
action  of  heat  or  fire. 

He  comethe  to  brenne  him  self  upon  the  Awtere  of  the 
Temple.  ManderiUe,  Travels,  p.  48. 

Tliou  Shalt  hough  their  horses,  and  bum  their  chariots 
with  tire.  Josh.  xi.  6. 

2.  To  act  on  with  fire;  expose  to  the  action  of 
fire :  as,  to  burn  clay ;  to  burn  wood  for  charcoal ; 
to  burn  limestone. —  3.  To  produce  by  means 
of  fire:  as,  to  burn  charcoal. — 4.  To  scorch; 
affect  or  injure  by  heat:  as,  to  burn  one's 
clothes  by  being  too  near  the  fire ;  to  burn  one's 
fingers;  to  burn  bread  or  meat. 

The  sun  doth  burn  my  face. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  I.  1S6. 

5.  To  inflame  or  tan  (the  skin),  as  sunlight. — 

6.  To  produce  an  effect  Uke  that  of  fire ;  heat 
or  inflame ;  affect  with  a  burning  sensation :  as, 
ardentspu'its  ftwrH  the  stomach;  afiMrniii^fever. 

Tills  tjTant  fever  bum»  nie  up.        Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  3. 

7.  In  chcin.,  to  combine  ■with  oxygen;  oxygen- 
ize.—  8.  In  surg.,  to  apply  a  cautery  to;  cau- 
terize— To  bum  daylight,  to  bum  a  candle  or  candles 
before  it  is  dark ;  waste  light. 


bnm 

Hit.  Come,  we  hum  daylight,  ho  ! 

Jtom.  'Say,  that's  not  so. 
Xer.  I  mean,  sir,  in  delay 

We  waste  onr  lights  in  vain,  like  lamps  by  day. 
S/!oi-.,K,  and  J., 


i.  4. 


To  bum  down,  to  hum  to  the  pround,  as  all  the  com- 
^usti^>I^■  I  3rt5  of  a  building.— To  bum  in,  in  olass-mal!- 
in{j  and  hot'fLr;/,  to  fix  and  render  durable  (the  coloring 
aird  ornamentation)  by  means  of  f.Teat  and  long-continued 
heat  in  an  oven  ur  kiln.—  To  bum  metals  together,  to 
Join  tium  by  melting  their  adjULcnt  edu'cs.  or  iieatinu'  the 
adja  ■■-Mt  edges  and^running  some  molten  metal  of  the 
s.'ini'.:  kind  into  the  intermediate  space.  £.  H.  Kniriht. — 
To  bum  one's  fingers,  to  receive  damage  or  loss  from 
meddling  with  or  eng.iging  in  anything. —  TO  bum  Out, 
to  destroy  or  obliterate  by  burning. 
Must  you  with  hot  irons  hum  out  both  mine  eyes? 

Shak.,  £.  John,  iv.  1. 

To  bum  the  candle  at  both  ends.  See  candle.— lo 
bum  up,  to  consume  completely  by  fire,  or  reduce  to 
ashes:  as,  to  trim  up  a  paper. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  on  fire;  flame:  as,  the 
fuel  burns. 

A  still  and  sacred  fire 
That  bum'd  as  on  an  altar. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

2.  To  become  charred,  singed,  or  scorched ;  be 
injured  by  undue  expostire  to  fire  or  a  heated 
i-ujface,  etc. :  as,  milk  or  oatmeal  bums  if  cooked 
without  stirring. 

"  Your  meat  doth  htini,"  quoth  I.    Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  become  inflamed  or  tanned,  or  to  become 
disintegrated  by  the  effect  of  heat  and  reflected 
sunlight,  as  the  skin  from  imusual  or  prolonged 
exposure  to  the  sun  or  to  the  glare  from  a  sheet 
of  water. — 4.  To  glow  like  fire ;  shine;  gleam. 

I'he  barge  she  sat  in,  like  a  bumish'd  throne,      * 
Burnt  on  the  water.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  2. 

The  road,  wherever  it  came  into  sight,  burned  with  bril- 
liant costumes,  like  an  illuminated  page  of  Froissart. 

Lowell.  Fireside  Travels,  p.  243. 

5.  To  be  inflamed  with  passion  or  desire :  be 
affected  with  strong  emotion:  as,  to  burn  with 
anger  or  love. 

Did  not  our  heart  hum  within  us  while  he  talked  with 
us  by  the  way?  Luke  xxiv.  32. 

True  charity  is  afflicted,  and  btims  at  the  offence  of  every 
little  one.  Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

6t.  To  act  or  behave  with  destnictive  violence ; 
be  in  a  state  of  violent  action ;  rage. 

"Shall  thy  wrath  burn  like  flre?  Ps.  \xxxix.  46. 

The  groan  still  deepens  and  the  combat  burti^.  Pope. 
7.  To  be  affected  with  a  sensation  of  heat  or 
burning  pain,  or  acridity ;  feel  excess  of  heat : 
as,  the  face  burns;  the  patient  burns  with  a 
fever. —  8.  To  resemble  tire  in  the  effect  or 
the  sensation  produced.     [Rare.] 

The  parching  air 
Burnt  frore,  and  cold  perfonns  the  effect  of  flre. 

.Villon,  P.  L.,  ii.  596. 

9.  In  certain  games,  to  be  very  near  a  con- 
cealed object  which  is  sought,  tbat  is,  so  near 
that  one  would  be  burned  if  it  were  fire ;  hence, 
to  be  nearly  right  in  a  guess.     [Colloq.] 

However,  the  explorers  must  have  burned  strongly  (as 
children  say  at  hide-and-seek)  when  they  attained  a  jtoint 
■o  near  to  the  fountains.  />  Qnittc'  >/,  Herodotus. 

To  bum  blue.  Sec  blur,  a.—  To  bum  down,  to  be  burned 
to  the  ground  ;  Ix;  consnmerl  by  llrr  from  top  to  bottom, 
aa  a  building.—  To  bum  out,  t.j  burn  till  the  fuel  is  ex 
haunted  and  the  flre  ceases.— To  bum  up,  to  be  burned 
completely  or  reduced  to  ashe.s  ;  as.  the  paper  burned  up. 
buml  (btrn),  n.  [<  burni,  r.]  1.  A  hurt  or  in- 
jury caused  by  the  action  of  fire,  especially  on 
a  living  body  :  a  burnt  place  in  any  substa'nco. 
—  2.  The  operation  of  burning  or  baking,  as  in 
brickniaking:  as,  they  had  a  good  burn. —  3. 
A  di.Mi-ase  in  vegetables.  See  brand,  6. — 4.  A 
clearing  in  the  wood.s  made  by  burning  the 
trees.  fU.  8.]=85m.  l.  /Hum,  .ScuW.  fii/r;M  are  pro- 
duced by  heated  Sfdldii  or  by  tlames,  neatdn  by  heated  lluids 
or  varMini.    .Hee  teorch,  r.  t. 

bum''  (bi'-m),  n.     [Also  written  bourn,  bourne, 

wliii-h  with  a  diff.  pron.  is  the  ii.iuul  form  in  the 

hoiith  of  England  (see  bnurn^,  bourne^);  <  ME. 

biiurnv,  commonly  burne,  <  AH.  huriia,  masc, 

;,;  ■.  hiirnt;  fcm.,  ii  brook,  streani  (=  OS.  brun- 

orricK.  burnn  =  OI).  borm,  I),  harn,  brrni 

horn  (>  (J.  born)  =  OHfl.  brunno,  .MllfJ. 

' ;.  brunncn,  brunnt,  brunn  =  Icil.  brunnr 

I  linn  =  I>an.  briinil,  a  HprinK,  li'iiiitnin, 

"•  'Jolh.  brunna,  u  Hpring),  prol).  '  'loin- 

lirunnen),  etc.,  l»uni:  Hen  bun, ^.    Cf. 

origin  of   Willi   5nd   tnrnnl.     Not 

iih  <Ir.  i^piiti),  n  woll.]    A  rivulet; 

■otch  and  North.  Kng.] 

Kolliiw  the  deer 
Itjr  tbrv  tall  fln  and  our  fio^l  falllnK  buniM 

Tmtiji»i>n,  (larelh  and  l.>io  if. 


Bunsen  Burner. 


nin: 
fh. 
rt,i, 
A  br. 


It  occurs  i 
bum,  Bin'- 


vnriouK  place-nameH,  bh  Uaunock- 
«lc. 


728 

btim^t,  I',  t.  [ME.,  <  OF.  burnir,  burnish:  see 
hurni.ih.  In  form  and  sense  the  word  over- 
laps burn^  (cf.  6«r«i,  r.  (.,4).]  To  burnish: 
brighten ;  make  gay  or  cheerful. 

Al  his  speche  and  cher  also  he  bo.  neth. 

Chaucer,  TroUus,  i.  327. 
The  temple  of  Marz  arm>'potente 
Wrought  al  of  burned  steel. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1125. 

burn*  (bem),  n.  [Appar.  contr.  of  burthen'^- 
or  burden'^.']  A  burden  for  one  person.  Datj. 
[Local,  Eng.  (Cornwall).] 

burnable  (ber'na-bl),  n.  [<  ftio-Hl,  c,  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  burned. 

burn-beatingt,  "■  A  particular  way  of  manm-- 
ing  laud,  by  cutting  off  the  peitt  or  tm'f,  laying 
it  in  heaps,  and  burning  it  to  ashes.  Compare 
bdifS,  n.  and  v.,  and  denshire.    E.  rhiUips,  170G. 

burner  (ber'ner),  n.  1.  A  person  who  burns  or 
sets  fire  to  anj'thing. 

The  Milesian  Oracle  w.ts  sacred  to  Apollo  Didymieus 
amongst  the  Branchid.v,  who  betrayed  the  treasures  of 
their  God  to  Xer-\es  the  burner  of  their  Temple. 

Purchag,  Pilgrimage,  p.  332. 

2.  The  part  of  a  lamp  from  which  the  flame  is- 
sues ;  the  part  that  holds  the  wick ;  also,  the  jet- 
piece  from  which  a  gas-flame  issues.  Burners  in- 
clude all  forms  of  ajiparatus  for  burning  gas.  oils,  or  vapors, 
singly  or  in  combination  :  as,  a  hydrocarbon  burner,  carbu- 
reting gas-6«rHer,  lime-light  burner,  regenerative  burnrr, 
etc.  Hei^  lamp-burner  and  <ias.burner. — Bat's-wing  burn- 
er, a  form  of  gas-burner  fi-om  which  there  issues  a  broad 
flame  supposed  to  resemble  a 
bats  wing.— Bude  burner,  an 
arrangement  consisting  of  two, 
three,  or  more  concentric  .\rgand 
burners,  each  inner  one  rising  a 
little  above  the  outer,  by  which  a 
very  powerful  light  is  produced. 
Named  from  Rude,  in  Cornwall, 
the  residence  of  Mr.  Ourney.  the 
inventor. —  Bimsen  burner,  a 
gas-burner  invented  by  a  tier- 
man  chemist,  R.  W.  Bunsen.  ami 
improved  by  Wallace  and  Gode- 
froy.  It  is  arranged  in  such  a 
way  that  the  gas,  just  previous 
to  burning,  is  largely  diluted  with 
air,  thus  producing  a  non-lumi- 
nous and  very  hot  flame.  It  is  used 
in  chemical  laboratories  and  in 
metallurgical  research  in  connec- 
a,  a,  openings  to  admit  air.  tiou  with  a  variety  of  small  fur- 
naces, and  in  many  forms  <»f  gas- 
stoves,  heaters,  steamers,  etc. — Fish-tail  burner,  a  gas- 
bunier  whose  jet  takes  the  spreading  and  forked  form  of 
a  fish's  tail.— Hydrocarbon  burner,  a  burner  for  pro- 
ducing heat  by  TiK-ans  uf  liiiuid  fuel.  It  has  generally  a 
jet  of  air  or  steam,  or  of  both,  carrying  with  it  a  spray 
of  coal-oil  or  petroleum,  which  is  lighted  and  liurns 
under  a  boiler.  Regenerative  burner,  in  uan-liyld- 
ing,  a  device  by  which  the  current  of  gas  is  heated  be- 
fore it  reaches  the  flame,  thus  making  combustion  more 
complete. 
bumetH  (ber'net),  n.  and  «.  [I.  a.  <  JfE.  bur- 
n<  I,  <  OF.  hrnni'l,  brunette,  lit.  brownish,  dim. 
of  hrun,  bromi:  see  brown.  Cf.  brunette.  II. 
n.  <  ME.  burnet,  burnetie,  <  OF.  burnetic,  bru- 
nette =  Pr.  bruneta  =  Sp.  bruneta,  brunete,  < 
MIj.  bruneta,  brunetnm,  a  brownish,  dark-col- 
ored cloth.]     I.  a.  Brownish. 

Hire  nientel  grenc  other  for]  burnet.  Rel.  Ant.,  I.  120. 
II.  n.  Cloth  dyed  of  a  brown  color, 
burnet'-  (ber'net),  n.  [<  ^IK.  burnet,  piniper- 
ni'l :  <  OF.  brunete,  also  brunette,  the  natnc  of  a 
jilaiit,  prob.  burnet;  cf.  ML.  Iiurnetii,  spring- 
wort  (Voeab.  ed.  Wright,  2d  ed.,  j).  557,  1.  i'l) ; 
|)rob.  so  called  with  some  allusion  to  color; 
cf.  fcHmcfl.]  If.  The  pim]ierncl,  Anayallis  ar- 
vensi.t. —  2.  The  comnion  name  of  spceies  of 
I'oteriuni,  an  herbaceous  genus  of  the  iialiirnl 
order  Ilosaeeie.  'rhc  common  or  garden  burnet  is 
Pf'terium  Sanguintrrba,  also  called  nalad-burnet.  The  gi  eat 
burnet  Is  P.  iiJJ'icinate. 

or  pympurnolle  Ipimpemel]  to  epcko  thcnku  y  get 
And  Kiiglysh  ycalled  \9lmrnet. 

MS.  -Stoane,  246",  f.  0.    {HalliweH.) 

burnet-motb  (bt'r'net-moth),  n.  A  moth  of  the 
genus  Zi/t/ana  or  .tnthroeera ;  one  of  the  many 
moths  of  the  family  Zj/titenida:  The  Blx-Bpoiiid 
btirnet-moth  is  /.  or  .-(.  'lilip'i'ndulir,  n  i-fuumon  Kuropcnri 
slieejes,  with  six  red  Hpn'ts  on  a  dark  ground  ;  the  larva  \s 
vellow.  spotted  with  lilaek.  /..  or  A.  loti  Is  another  Hpr- 
.  1.  »,  111.'  Ilv,.-K|,.,tl.d  burii.tmolh. 

burnet-rose  ( iM'v'mt-roz),  n.    Same  as  burnet". 

burnettet,  ".     Sami'  us  burnet^. 

burnettise,  v.  t.    Hoe  bumetlizc. 

burnettize  (ber'net-Iz),  I'.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  tiur- 
netli:eil,  ppr.  loirnetti:in(i.  (<  /lurnett  (m-i'  Unr- 
nclt'n  lii/uiil,  nnilcr  lii/uid)  +  -i'e.]  To  impreg- 
nnte,  as  timlicr,  citiivuH,  eordage,  doiid  bodies, 
I  '.,  with  Hiirnitt's  lii|iiii|,  fur  the  pur])OHc  of 
I'l '■'-»'r\'in^'  tlioin  from  decay. 

Burnett's  liquid.    Hoe  UiiuiH. 
burnewln    dior'ne-win),  «.     [He,  for  /;«ni-(Ae- 
Hi'i'/.J     A  bluckstnith.     lluriu. 


burnish 

burnie  (ber'ni),  ».    [Dim.  of  burn-.l    A  rivulet. 

[Scotch.] 
burning  (ber'ning),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  burn'^,  r.] 

1 .  The  act  or  process  of  consiuning  by  fire. — 

2.  In  nietnl-working,  the  act  or  process  of  unit- 
ing metallic  surfaces  by  fusing  them  together, 
or  by  rimning  molten  metal  of  the  same  kind 
between  them. —  3.  In  ceram.,  the  final  firing, 
as  for  glazing,  fixing  the  colors,  or  the  like :  used 
somewhat  loosely. 

burning  (ber'ning),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  hitrn^,  t'.] 
1.  Scorching;  hot:  as,  the  burning  sands  of 
the  Sahara. — 2.  Powerful;  strong;  vehement; 
ardent. 

That  which  I  urge  is  of  a  burning  zeal. 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  i.  4. 
Like  a  young  hound  upon  a  burning  scent.         Brydcn. 

3.  Causing  excitement,  ardor,  or  enthusiasm; 
enchaining  or  demanding  attention. 

The  .Tohaunean   problem  is  the  burning  (piestion  of 
modern  criticism  on  the  soil  of  the  New  Testament. 

Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Ch.,  I.  §S4. 
=  Syn.  Blazing,  flaming,  scorching,  fiery,  hot. 
burning-busll  (ber'ning-bush),  n.  1.  The  em- 
blem adopted  by  the  Presbyterian  churches 
of  Scotland  in  memory  of  the 
persecutions  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  liearing  the  legend 
"Nee  tamen  consumebatur" 
(yet  not  consumed),  in  allusion 
to  Ex.  ili.  2.  [Usually  two 
words.]  —  2.  A  name  of  various 
shrubs  or  plants,  (n)  The  Ameri- 
can species  of  Euonymus,  E.  alrtipurpurea  and  E.  Am^H- 
cana,  celastraceous  shrulis  with  bright-crimson,  pendu- 
lous, fourdobed  capsules,  often  cultivated  for  ornament. 


Burning  Bush, 


Buming-btish  (£tiemrmiis  America»a\. 

a,  dehiscing  fruit:  if,  section  of  (lower. 

(From  Gray's  "Genera  of  Plants  of  the  U.  S.") 

See  Euonywus.  (b)  The  artillerv'-plant,  Pilca  Kerpylli 
/olia.  (c)  The  plant  Ih'etamnun  Fraxinella,  so  called  be- 
cause  its  volatile  secretions  render  the  surrounding  air 
inllainmable  In  hot  weather. 

burning-fluid  (bor'ning-flii'id),  ».  A  very  ex- 
|ilosivi>  illnniiiinting  litiuid,  consistingof  a  mix- 
liii'c  of  about  i!  volunies  of  alcohol  iiiid  1  of 
camphcm'  or  pnrilieil  tiirpcntinc-oil.  biirncd  in 
liinipssiicciiilly  ciinstructod  l'()rthe})Ui'posi',  but 
su|ior.si'd(Ml  by  ]>('troleum  al'tcr  a  few  years'  ii..*i'. 

burning-glass  (ber'ning-glas),  H.  A  double 
(•iinvi>.\  lens  of  glass  used  to  ignite  conibuKtiblc 
substances,  melt  metals,  etc.,  by  focusing  npim 
Ihcni  the  dii-cet  rays  of  the  sun. 

burning-house  (bil'r'ning-hons),  II.  The  Inr- 
iiui-i-  ill  which  tin  ores  are  calcined  to  siiblimi' 
Ihr  siil|iliiir  from  the  |ivriles;  a  kiln. 

burning-mirror  (lu'^r'ning-mir'or),  n.  A  con- 
eiivo  mirror,  nsiiiilly  of  iiictal,  used  us  a  burn- 
ing-glass, 'riic  power  of  a  biiniiiig-intrror  is  conHlder- 
ablv  grcider  than  that  of  a  burnlng-glaHs  of  eiiual  extent 
and  eiplnl  curvature. 

burnish  (lu'T'iiish),  r.  [<  ME.  burnischen,  bur- 
ni.s.iru,  <  OF.  Iiurniss-,  stent  of  certain  parts  of 
liurnir,  bruiiir,  !■'.  Iirunir  (>  (1.  Iiriiiiinii)  (=  Pr. 
luirnir,  bruiiir  =  Sji.  liriiSlir,  liroltir  =  Pg.  brunir, 
liornir  =  It.  brunirr),  jiolish,  miiko  brown,  < 
liruH,  brown,  also  poet,  bright,  shining:  see 
broun.  A1ki> formerly  in  more  orig.  form  burn: 
see  burn'K]  I.  Inin.s.  1.  To  cause  to  glow  or 
become  r<'N|ilondent. 

N<iw  tile  village  windows  blaze, 
Hurnitthed  tiy  the  setting  huh. 

J.  Cunningham,  Evening. 


burnish 

The  wide  lake,  edged  with  sand  and  grass, 
Was  hurnuhed  to  a  lioor  of  slass. 

Eincraoriy  Woodliotes,  i. 

2.  To  polish  by  friction;  make  smootli  and 
lustrous:  as,  to  burnish  steel. 

Burnish  no  bones  witli  thy  teeth, 
for  tliat  is  vnseemely. 

Rhodes,  Boke  of  Nurture  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  77. 
Who  doth  the  world  so  gloriously  behold. 
That  eedar-tops  and  hills  seem  burnixh'd  fiold. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1,  858. 

Il.t   intraiis.    To  gi'ow,  as  a  child ;  thrive ; 
flourish ;  become  fat  and  sleek ;  hence,  to  be- 
come bright  or  brilliant ;  show  conspicuously. 
Ere  Juno  burnished,  or  young  .Tovc  was  gl'own. 

Dryden. 
I've  seen  a  snake  in  human  form  .  .  . 
Burnish  and  make  a  gaudy  show. 

Sun'/t,  Description  of  a  Salamander. 
burnish  (ber'nish),  n.     [<  burnisli,  f.]     Polish; 
hence,  gloss;  brightness;  luster. 

As  to  Chrysostom,  and  Basil,  with  less  of  pomp  and 
pwasger  than  Gregory,  they  have  not  at  all  more  of  rhe- 
tnrieal  hurnijfh  and  compression.     De  Quincey,  Rhetoric. 

burnisher  (b6r'nish-er),  «.  1.  One -who  bur- 
nishes or  polishes. —  2.  A  tool  of  various  shapes 
and  material,  but  commonly  with  a  smooth, 
slightly  convex  head,  used  for  polishing  in  va- 
riotis  processes  and  operations,  as  in  porce- 
lain-painting, dentistry,  etc. —  3.  An  instru- 
ment of  tempered  steel,  with  slightly  curved 
polished  sides  and  rounded  point,  used  by 
etchers  and  line-engravers  to  i-emove  rough- 
nesses, scratches,  and  stains  from  the  surface 
of  a  metal  plate. '  Wood-engravers  who  wish  to  take  tiy 
hand  a  trial-proof  of  a  block,  finished  or  in  progress,  ink 
the  raised  lines,  lay  over  them  a  piece  of  India  paper  and 
a  card,  and  then,  by  even  friction  with  the  burnisher,  ob- 
tain till'  tlcsin-d  impression. 

4.  In  gliiiciiitihing,  a  polishing-maehine  which 
holds  the  shoe  firmly  while  a  heated  steel  tool  is 
pressed  with  force  against  the  heel  or  sole,  pre- 
viously moistened  with  a  preparation  of  varnish. 

burnoose,  burnous  (ber-nos'  or  bfer'nos),  II. 
[Also  \vTitteu  beniouse,  burnouse,  burnos,  boiir- 
nous :  <  F.  burnous,  bournous  =  Sp.  aJhornoz  = 
Pg.  albcrnoz  or  alhornoz,  a  kind  of  Moorish 
cloak,  <  Ar.  rt?,  the  (see  flZ-2),  +  humus,  burniis, 
a  hooded  cloak.]  1.  An  outer  garment  made 
of  a  coarse  woolen  fabric,  worn  by  men  in  the 
Barbary  States,  throughout  northwestern  Afri- 
ca, and  in  Arabia.  It  differs  from  the  aba  in  having 
ahood.and  in  l)eingmore  commonly  made  of  undyedwool, 
so  that  it  generally  has  a  brownish-white  color  without 
stripes  or  pattern  ;  but  it  is  also  made  black,  and  striped 
with  rea  and  white. 

The  males  were  clad  in  bumooses  —  brown  or  striped 
woollen  cloaks  with  hoods. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-5Iedin.ah,  p.  123. 
Hence  —  2.  A  garment  worn  by  women  in  Eu- 
rope and  the  United  States  at"  different  times 
since  1850.  It  sometimes  has  a  hood  with  a  tassel  at  tlie 
end,  and  is  in  general  a  loose  outer  clo.ak  without  sleeves. 
It  hsis  been  made  of  many  different  materials,  usually  with 
stripes. 

burnstickle  (bem'stik-1),  n.  [Perverted  from 
biiHxIirl.ic.']  A  name  of  the  stickleback,  Gaste- 
rostciis  biaculeatus. 

burnt  (bernt),  jj.  n.  [Pp.  of  frwrKl,  v.]  1.  Con- 
sumed or  scorched  by  fire. —  2.  Crimibly,  and 
partly  or  entirely  unweldable,  from  having 
been  raised  to  too  high  a  temperatm-e  in  con- 
tact with  the  air :  said  of  iron  and  steel.  The 
natiu'e  of  the  change  which  the  metal  under- 

foes  is  not  yet  clearly  understood Burnt  alum, 
ee  aiKin.— Burnt  bowl,  curling-stone,  etc.,  in  games, 
a  bowl,  etc.,  which  has  been  accidentally  touched  or 
moved,  and  which  must  be  removed  as  dead. — Burnt 
carmine.  See  carmine. —  BUTUt  fOX,  a  slang  name  for 
a  student  during  his  second  half  year  in  the  German  uni- 
versities.—  Burnt  in,  in  a^ram.,  sometimes  said  of  colors 
that  have  ixcn  appliLMi  under  the  glaze,  an<l  are  fired  with 
it.— Burnt  limestone,  ealeined  limestone.  — Burnt  ore, 
roasted  ok.  -Burnt  Komau  ocher,  sienna,  sponge, 
terre  verte, umber.  Seethenouns.— Burntwlne.wine 
treated  in  sucli  a  manner  as  to  acquire  a  peculiar  flavor 
suggestive  of  burning. 

Burnt  wine  is  a  wine  boiled  up  with  sugar  and  some- 
times with  a  little  spice.  Rees,  Cyc. 

burnt-ear  (bemt'er),  n.  A  form  of  smut  in 
oats,  wheat,  and  other  cereals  and  grasses,  pro- 
duced by  a  microscopic  fungus,  Ustilago  carbo. 
The  tissues  of  the  plant  are  destroyed  and  replaced  by  an 
abundance  of  black  dust-like  spores. 

burnt-offering  (bemt'of'er-ing),  H.  An  of- 
fering burnt  upon  an  altar  as  a  religious  rite; 
specifically,  in  the  Jewish  ritual,  an  animal  or 
animals  of  a  prescribed  kind,  the  whole  of 
whicli,  after  ceremonial  preparation,  was  burn- 
ed upon  an  altar;  a  holocaust.  Parts  of  many 
other  offerings  were  burned,  but  the  term  is  generally 
restricted  to  one  that  was  entirely  so,  sometimes  specifi- 
cally called  a  whole  burnt-offering.  This  was  the  only  of- 
fering of  the  ancient  patriarchs,  and  is  the  only  one  men- 
tioned in  the  book  of  Genesis.  Afterward  it  became  one 
of  the  regular  classes  of  sacrifice  under  the  Levitical  law. 


729  bursa 

The  regulations  respecting  it  are  given  in  detail  In  I.eviti-  burridee*  fbur'ii)    n        An    older   RnplliniT    nf 
cus  1.  and  yi.  8-13.     It  represented  the  entire  self-dedi.      horanc         '■•''''   "•        ^^    """^"^    speiung    ot 

burring  (ber'jng),  n.     [<  (luj-l,  burr^,  +  -ing^.'\ 
The  process  of  cleaning  or  removing  the  burs 


cation  of  the  offerer  to  Goil,  and  was  always  precedivl 
by  a  sin-olfering.  The  object  ottered  wa.s  to  he  a  male 
without  blendsh,  a  young  bullock,  ram,  or  hc.goat.  or,  in 
case  of  poverty,  a  turtle-dove  or  pigeon.  It  w:i8  brought 
by  tile  olferer  of  his  own  free  will,  and  slain  hv  hiniselt. 
The  pulilic  burnt-olferings  were  :  (1)  the  daily  bund-olfer- 
ings,  sacrillced  every  morning  .and  evening  fr)r  the  people 
(Mum.  x.vviil.  3-8);  (2)  the  sabbath  bnrnt-ollering  (.N'um. 
xxviil.  8,  10);  (.■))  certain  spccided  burntollerings  on  ap- 
pointed  feast-days  (Nnrii.  xxviii,  11-l':i,  :','.!).  There  were 
also  private    liurrit  oiferings  appointed  for  certain    set 

times.     Kree-will  burnt-         '  

special  solemn  occasion, 

burnt-sacrifice  (bfemt'sak'ri-fis),  n.    Same  as 

burn  l-iijfrri  III/. 
burnt-stone  (bernt'ston),  n.     An  antique  car- 

neli;i,u  such  as  are  sometimes  found  in  ancient 


mid  ruliliisli  from  wool  ijre\'iou8  to  carding. 

burring-machine  (ber'ing-ma-ghen"),  «. 
iiiacliiiie  tor  picking  and  burring  wool  before  it 
is  i-arded. 

burrish  (ber'ish),  a.     [<  bur^,  burr^,  +  -tsAi.] 

...,„,,  ..,,, „„  .„.  ,.-„..„,„  „^.,     1^""«[';  prickly;  burry. 

ewill  Ijuriit-olferings  might  be  offered  on  any  jJumte  (ocr  it),  ».■    [<  Burr  (see  def.)  +  -(fe'2.] 

"  " ''  ■■  In  New  York  State  jxjlitics,  one  of  that  faction 

of  the  Democratic-Republican  party  which  sup- 
ported Aaron  BiuT,  from  about  1797  to  1807. 

burro'  (bur'6),  n.  [Sp.]  A  donkev.  [West- 
ern V.  S.] 
""„"^,.?'"^  ^'^^^  apparently  been  acted  on  by  burro'^  (bur'6),  n.  [Cf.  Shetland />m)T«,  the  com- 
mon rush,  ./!<««(.«  «i/««rro»H« ;  see '>«»■!,  6«n'l.] 
A  name  sometimes  given  in  Great  Britain  to 
the  alga  Liiminaria  digitata. 

burrockt  (bur'ok),  n.  [Origin  imcertain.]  A 
small  weir  or  dam  pnt  in  a  river  to  direct  the 
stream  to  gaps  wliero  fish-traps  are  placed. 

burrough't,  ".  An  obsolete  spelling  of  i'>r»!/<^;il. 

burrough-'t,  «.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  burrow'^. 

burrough'"'t  (bm-'6),  ».     Same  as  borrow'^,  1. 

burrowH,  ".    An  obsolete  spelling  of  borough^ 

\\v,?r\*r\.rtr'l    /l.,,«'A\       „»  TTi^       .-1 . ..  1       ..1..^     ..l,,U«.       1,.... 


fire.  They  appear  dull  externally,  but  show  a  fine  red 
color  when  held  up  to  the  light.  They  are  much  esteemed, 
bringing  a  high  price,  especially  when  ornamented  by  fine 
engraving. 

burnwood  (bftm'wiid),  «.  The  Itlins  Metnplum, 
a  poisonous  species  of  sumac,  found  in  south- 
ern Flotilla  and  the  West  Indies.  Also  called 
buinwiiml. 

bur-parsley  (b6r'pars"li),   n.     The  common 
name  of  Vaucalis  daucoides,  an  umbelliferous 
plant  with  bristly  btu'-like  carjiels.     It  is  fre 
c 


__^_     ^^  _^  __^  „                 ,   '^• 

quently  found  in"  corn-fields  with  charkysoils  burrow^  (bur'o),  n.     [E.  dial,  also  abbr.  bur; 

in  England.  also  formerly  bimj  (see  burifi) ;  <  51E.  borow, 

bur-pump,  burr-pump  (ber'pump),  n.     Naut,  ^">''"-''  a  ^o'e  as  a  place  of  shelter,  a  mound,  var. 

a  kind  of  pump  in  which  a  cup-shaped  cone  of  (" Ppar.  by  confusion  with  borotcc.  bonce,  buruh, 

leather  nailed  on  the  end  of  a  pump-rod  serves  "^  ^^-  '""■'''  ^-  borough^,  a  fortified  place,  bor- 

instead  of  a  box,  its  sides  collapsing  as  the  rod  '"'gli)  "f  '"^'■«'.   '""'•"'',   etc.,  <  AS.  beorli,  E. 


!  collapsing! 
descends,  and  expanding  with  the  weight  of  the 
water  as  it  ascends ;  a  bilge-pump. 

burr',  burr^,  etc.    See  bur'';  bur^,  etc. 

Burr  Act.    See  oct. 

burraget  (ber'aj),  n.  An  older  spelling  of 
hiiraiic. 

burramundi  (biu'-a-mim'di),  n.  Same  as  bar- 
riiiniiiiitii. 

burras-pipe  (bur'as-pip),  n.  [<  burras  (<  P. 
bournis,  <  ML.  ^borraUus,  borasius,  coarse  linen 
or  canvas  (cf.  borraUum,  a  coarse  gannent),  < 
borra,  burra,  coarse  hair,  wool,  etc. :  see  burrel) 
+  pipe.']  A  tube  for  holding  Ixmar  caustic  or 
other  corrosive  substance. 

burrawang-nut(bur'a--waug-nut),  1).  [<  burra- 
icang,  native  name,  4-  nut.']  The  Macrozamia 
spiralis,  a  cycadaceous  plant  of  New  South 
Wales.    It  yields  a  kind  of  arrowroot. 

bur-reed  (ber'red),  n.  The  common  name  of 
species  of  Sparganium,  so  called  from  their 
naiTow,  reed-like  leaves  and  bur-like  heads  of 
fruit.  The  fioating  bur-reed  is  S.  angiwtifo- 
lium.    See  Spargaiiiiuii. 

burrel  (bur'el),  «.  [Also  written  bnrreU,  early 
mod.  E.  also  biirel,  barrel,  borel,  <  ME.  borel  (see 
boreJ^-),  <  OF.  burel  (=  Pi',  burel  =  Sp.  buriel), 
reddish;  as  a  noun,  burel,  later  bureau,  a  kind 
of  coarse  cloth  (mod.  F.  bureau,  a  table,  etc.,  > 
E.  bureau,  q.  v.)  (=  Pr.  burel  =  Sp.  buriel  =  Pg. 
burel  =  It.  burello  =  ML.  burelhw,  burrellns,  bu- 
rellmn,  biirallus),  dim.  of  bure  (ML.  bura),  a  kind 
of  coarse  cloth  of  a  reddish  or  russet  color,  < 
ML.  burra,  coarse  hair  used  for  stutfing,  etc 


barrow',  a  mound:  see  burron'-  =  borough'-, 
and  barrow'-,  bcrri/'-'.]  1.  A  barrow;  a  mound. 
Sir  T.  Browne.  See  barrow'^.  [Now  only  prov. 
Eng.] — 2.  In  mining,  the  heaxj  of  refuse  rock 
at  the  mouth  of  a  shaft,  or  entrance  of  an  adit- 
level  or  tunnel. —  3.  A  hole  in  the  ground  ex- 
cavated by  an  animal,  as  a  rabbit  or  a  mar- 
mot, as  a  refuge  and  habitation. 

It  [the  lemmingl  lives  In  burrows  made  by  Its  long  and 
crooked  claws.  T.  R.  Jone^,  Mammalia,  p.  201. 

4.  [Perhaps  in  ref.  to  the  usually  circular 
shape  of  mounds;  cf.  the  equiv.  Sc.  brouglfl, 
otherwise  referred  to  hurroii'-  =  borougIA  = 
brouglA,  q.  v.  In  mod.  E.  dial.  abbr.  burr.]  A 
circle.  Compare  bur^,  burr^,  2. 
Bunche  [var.  bnrrowe],  sercle,  orbiculiia. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  56. 
burrow^  (bur'6),  iJ.     l<burrou;^,n.]    l.ititrans. 

1.  To  make  a  hole  or  burrow  to  lodge  in,  as  in 
the  earth;  work  a  way  into  or  under  something. 

The  incidence  of  forces  Is  the  same  all  around  the 
Earth-worm  as  It  burrows  tlirough  the  compact  ground. 
//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol..  §  250. 

2.  To  lodge  in  a  birrrow;  in  a  more  general 
sense,  to  lodge  in  any  deep  or  concealed  place ; 
hide. 

The  human  vermin  which  .  .  .  burr&w  among  all  phys- 
ical and  among  all  moral  pollution. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

II.  tranif.  To  perforate  with  a  burrow  or  as 
with  burrows. 

All  the  loose  blocks  of  coral  on  Keeling  atoll  were  bur- 
rowed by  vermiform  animals.   Darwin,  Coral  Reefs,  p.  154. 

burrow^t  (bur'6),  n.    A  variant  of  ftorroirl. 


LL.  hurra,  a  shaggy  gai-ment  (also  a  cow  with  burrow-duck  (bur'6-duk),  n.    A  name  of' the 


a  red  mouth  or  muzzle)  (pi.   hurras,   trifles 
jests) ;  cf.  birrus,  a  cloak  of  wool  or  silk  (see 


bergander  or  sheldrake,  Tadorna  vulpanser  or 
T.  cornuta. 


birrus);  <  OL.  *«)■)•««,  later  byrrus,  red,  prob.  <  ijuirower  (bur'o-er),  «.     1.  One  who  or  that 


Gr..Trvpp6(,  older  irvpao^,  red,  flame-colored,  usU' 
aUy  referred  to  T^vp  =  E.  fire.  Hence  boll-, 
etc.]  1.  A  kind  of  coarse  russet  cloth  used  in 
the  middle  ages. 


which  burrows.  Specifically — 2.  One  of  the 
fos^rial  aculeate  Uymenoptera ;  one  of  the 
Fossores  (which  see). 
burr-pump,  ».     See  bur-pump. 


His  white  mantle  was  shaped  with  severe  regularity,  ac-  bUTXy  (ber'i),  a.     [<  6i(rl,  burr'-,  +  -!/!.]    Full  of 


cording  to  the  rule  of  S.aint  Bernard  himself,  being  com 
posed  of  what  was  then  called  burrel  cloth. 

Scott,  Ivanhoe,  xxxv. 

2.  A  silk  mentioned  in  the  schedule  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  wardrobe.  Fairholt. — 3.  [jUso  fiwr- 
relr-pear,  altered,  in  simulation  of  burrel  (OF. 
burel.  reddish),  <  bury,  bury-pear:  see  bury^.] 
Same  as  bury*. 

burrel-fly  (bur'el-fli),  n.  A  kind  of  reddish 
gadflv,  or  breeze. 

burrellert  (btu-'el-er),  «.  [Also  written  burril- 
ler;  <  hurrel  +  -er'-.]  A  maker  of  burrel;  a 
clothmaker. 

burrel-shot  (bur' el-shot),  «.  [<  *burrel  (per- 
haps <  F.  bourreler,  torment)  +  .s7)o^]  Small 
shot,  naUs,  stones,  pieces  of  old  iron,  etc.,  put 
into  cases,  to  be  discharged  from  a  cannon  at 
short  range ;  an  emergency  shot. 

burrhel  (bur'el),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  kind  of  wild 
sheep  inhabiting  the  Himalayas ;  OiHs  burrhel 
of  Blvth.     Also  barhal. 

burrhstone,  ».    See  burstone. 


burs ;  resembling  burs :  as,  burry  wool, 
bursa  (ber'sa),  h.  ;  pi.  bur.fw  (-se).  [ML.,  a 
pouch,  purse:  see  burse,  bour.ie,  purse."]  In 
anat.  and  :odl.,  a  pouch,  sac,  or  vesicle:  vari- 
ously applied  with  a  qualifying  term Bursa 

choroidea,  the  clioroid  poueh ;  the  marsuplum  orpecten 
in  the  interior  of  a  birds  eyeball.  See  marsripium. — 
Bursa  copulatrix,  a  copulatory  pouch,  as  in  arthropods. 
—  Bursa  Entlaiia,  in  ichth.,  the  Entian  pouch,  a  duo- 
denal portion  of  the  intestine,  succeeding  the  pvlorus, 
usually  dilated.— Bursa  FabricU,  In  omi'th.,  tlie"Fabrl- 
cian  pouch  or  anal  gland  ;  a  peeidiar  glandular  sac,  which 
opens  into  the  anterior  and  dorsal  region  of  the  cloaca 
in  birds. —  Bursa  genitalis,  in  echinoderms,  a  genital 
pouch,  into  which  the  generative  products  pass,  and 
thence  to  the  exterior,  as  In  the  ophlurlans. — Bursa  mu- 
cosa or  synovialis  (mucous  or  synovial  pouch),  a  closed 
sac  containing  a  small  amount  of  synovia,  placed  be- 
tween parts  moving  on  one  another,  to  facilitate  motion, 
as  between  a  tendon  and  a  houe  or  between  the  skin  and 
a  bony  prominence.  These  bursa;  are  usually  lined  with 
endothelium,  sometimes  not.  They  sometimes  communi- 
cate with  the  cavity  of  a  joint.  The  name  is  not  now, 
as  formerly,  extended  to  the  syuo\ial  sheaths  of  tendons 
nor  to  the  synovial  ca\ities  of  joints.  See  cut  under  Aoo/. 
—Bursa  oiaentalis,  the  cavity  of  tbe  lesser  amentum. 


bursal 
bursal  (ber'sal),  a.    [<  bursa  +>  -«?.]    Of  or  per- 

taiuing  to  a  bursa  or  bursse. 
bnrsalis  (ber-sa'Us),  H.;    pi.   hursales  (-lez). 

pTL    <  ML.  lursa :  see  bursa.]     A  muscle  of 


739 


Burwell's  operation 


miphora  is  the  source  of  mj-rrh,  balm  of  Gilead,  and  other  bursteimeSSt,  burstneSSt  (bers'tn-,  berst'nes), 


ctsins.     DUIerent  kinds  of  pun  elonii  are  obtained  from 
speties  i>f  Canarium.  Bursera,  and  Protium. 
burseraceous  (ber-se-ra'sMus),  a.    Belonging 
to  tlie  natural  order' Burseracea:. 


the  eveball  of  birds  and  many  other  l^aurop-  |,ursiculate  (ber-sik'u-lat),  a.     [<  NL.  bursicu 

sida,  serving  to  operate  the  nictitating  mem-  ■        -  --^     . 

brane  or  third  evelid,  nsuaUv  in  eonneedou 

with  another  muscle  called  the pyramidalis.    In 

bmls  this  muscle  is  also  called  the  quadrate  or 

qii'ifh'ti'us. 
bursalogy  (ber-sal'6-jl),  n. .  [<  ML.  (NL.)  bursa 

+  Gi:  -/.oyia,  <  /.eyecv,  speak:  see  -ology.]     In    ^  _ ^ 

ati'it.  and  :oiH.,  the  study  of,  or  what  is  known  ijurgitis  (ber-si'tis),  «.     [>rL.,  <  bursa  + 

regarding,  the  bursas.  In  jxrWio/.,  inflammation  of  a  bvirsa. 

bursar  (b^r'sar),  n.     [<  ML.  bursarius  (>  F.  Bui-giem  porcelain,  pottery.     See  porcelain, 

boursier,,   a  treasurer,  <  bursa,  a  burse :  see     pi,tti,;/. 

burse]  '  1.  A  student  in  a  college  who  receives  ^yj-gt  (berst),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burst,  ppr.  burst- 

an  allowance  from  a  fund  for  his  subsistence,     ,-,,j^_     [-j;.  dial,  also  brusi,  brcst,  brast;  <  ME. 

called  a  fciic^e  or  bursary.    Theword  was  formerly  in     be'rsten,  bresten,  bristcn  (pret.  burst,  berst,  brast, 


latus,  <  *bursicula,  dim.  of  ML.  bursa,  a  purse, 
pouch:  see  burse, ^turse.]  1.  Bursiform. —  2. 
In  bot.,  resembUng  a  small  pouch,  or  having  a 
small  pouch-like  cavity, 
bursiform  (ber'si-form),  rt.  [<  ML.  bursa,  ptirse, 
+  L.  forma,  shape:  see  purse  and  form,  u.] 
Pouch-Uke;  saccate;  saccular;  vesicular. 

■  '  '  ""      '  '  '     ifis.] 


general  use,  and  is  still  used  in  Scotch  colleges ;  but  in 
Cambridge  such  scholars  are  now  called  sizars,  in  Oxford 

2.  The  purser,  treasurer,  or  bailiff  of  a  college 
or  other  communitv. 

Bursaria  (ber-sa'ri-ii),  H.  [NL.,  <  ML.  bursa, 
a  pouch.]  A  genus  of  cibate  infusorians,  typi- 
cal of  the  faimly  Sursariidcc,  to  which  very  dif- 
ferent limits  have  been  given,  (a)  By  the  old 
writers  numerous  dissimilar  forms  were  combined  in  it. 
(6)  By  recent  writers  it  is  restricted  to  the  Jl.  truMa- 
tflla  and  closely  allied  species  inhabiting  fresh  water. 

Bursariidae  (ber-sa-ri'i-de),  n. pi.  [>*L.,  <  Bur- 
saria +  -I'Ar.]  a'  family  of  cUiate  heterotri- 
chous  animalcules,  typified  by  the  genus  Bursa- 
ria. The  oral  cilia  form  a  simjile  straight  or  oblique  adoral 
fringe.  The  animalcules  are  free-swimmiiig,  persistent  in 
shape,  and  more  or  less  oval,  but  often  ll.ittened.  Most  of 
thf  =  [>^-cies .  »:cur  in  the  intestines  of  myriapods  and  worms. 

bursarship (ber'sSr-ship),  H.  [<  bursar  +  -ship.] 
1.  The  office  of  a  bursar. —  2.  A  bursary. 

bursary  (ber'sa-ri),  «. ;  pi.  bursaries  (-riz).  [< 
ML.  6M/innV(,  "office  of  a  bursar:  see  bursar.] 

1.  The  treasury  of  a  college  or  monastery. — 

2.  In  the  universities  and  colleges  of  Scot- 
land, a  grant  of  money  for  a  short  period  of 
years,  obtained  by  a  student,  usually  by  com- 
petitive examination,  to  enable  him  to  prose- 
cute his  studies. 

bnrsch  (biirsh),  H. ;  pi.  burschen  (biir'shen). 
[<;i.,  <  MHG.  burse,  a  society,  esp.  of  students, 
prop,  a  (common)  purse  (>  G.  biirse,  a  purse),  < 
ML.  bursa,  a  pui-se:  see  burse  &n(l  purse.]  In 
Germany,  a  boy  or  lad;  specifically,  a  student 
at  a  university,  especially  a  coi-ps-studcnt. 

burse  (bers),  «.  [<  F.  bourse,  a  purse,  bm-sary, 
exchange,  stock  e.xchange  (see  bourse),  <  ML. 
bursa,  a  purse,  a  bag,  a  skin,  <  Gr.  (ivpaa,  a  hide, 
skin :  see  purse,  which  i.s  a  doublet  of  burse.] 
1.  A  bag  ;  a  pouch  ;  a  purse.  Speciiically  — (n)  A 
bag  used  to  cover  a  crown.  (6)  Eeeies.,  a  receptacle 
for  the  corporal  and  challcecover.  It  is  square  and  Hat, 
maiie  of  cardl>r»ard  covered  with  rich  silk  or  clotli  of  gold, 
end»roiilereil  and  studded  witll  jewels,  open  on  one  side 
only,  and  placed  <»ver  the  chalice-veil  when  the  sacred 
vessels  arc  carried  to  the  altar  hy  the  celebrant. 
2t.  Anything  resembling  a  purse;  a  vesicle;  a 
pod.  HolUiiKl. — 3t.  Aboui-se;  aue-xehaiige:  as, 
'•  merchants'  burses,"  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To 
the  Header. 

('unm  then,  my  soul,  api)roacli  this  royal  hume. 
And  SCO  what  wares  our  great  exchange  retains. 

(^uarUs,  Emblems,  il.  7. 

4.  A  bursarv.  See  bursaru,  2.  [Scotch. I—The 
burse,  the  Royal  Kxchango  In  Ixnuon,  built  by  Sir 
Thnirnis  (ircsham  In  1.'>(»1,  or  the  New  F.xehange,  called 
liiil'iinii  IIiitm\  and  afterward  Kxfl'-r  'Cliiinnr.  built  In 
lori  by  the  Karl  of  SallHbni7  iin  the  site  of  the  present  Kx. 
eler  Hall  In  the  Hlmnd.  There  were  shops  over  the  ex- 
<:lianK>'  where  female  llnery  was  B<dd.  Hence  the  allusion 
hi  the  (quotation. 

She  uys  iho  went  t<>  the  liurte  for  patterns. 

Mutdielon  and  Utkker,  Koarlng  Olrl,  vL 

Mho  has  been  at  Britain'i  burtc  a  buying  pins  and  nee- 
<lleii.  GUlpthorn'-,  W  It  In  t'onstab. 

burseholdert,  ".     Same  as  borsholder, 

'  »f  whirh  tiMin  eeh  one  was  iMiundu  for  another,  an<I  the 
'  I'l'  .,1  or  beHi  ,,r  them,  whom  they  railed  the  'nttdngnnni 
'pi  HnfArhiiltlfr,  that  is,  the  eldest  pledge,  beranie  suretye 
(  r  .,11  the  rest.  H/itrwr,  Nialeof  Ireland. 

Bur.sera  (b/T'Ho-rii),  n.     [NL.,  naim  d  after  Jo- 

:i-i,iiri  lliirser,  a  I  iennun  bot»ili«t  of  llie  Hovon- 

t  ■  '  iiliiry.]     The  typical  gcfiim  of  Iho  or- 

■iceir,  Hmall  treoH  or  Burubs  of  Moxieo 


'!    .XmrTi'* 


Tlioro  are  over  -in  hi 
'  a  froKTaiit  r'-stii  wl 


eelcs, 
Ich  is 


Bui 


(■\ 


pi.  bursten,  pp.  burstcn,  borstiii,  brosteu),  <  AS. 
berstan  for  'brestan  (pret.  ba-rst,  pi.  burston,  pp. 


[<  liiirstt  II,  binsi,  jip.,  -I-  -ness.]  1.  .\  broken 
or  bruised  condition;  brokenness;  in  the  ex- 
tract, a  mass  of  bruises. 

H'  as  beat  me 
E'en  to  a  cullis  :  I  am  nothing,  right  worshipful, 
But  very  pap  and  jelly;  I  have  no  bones, 
ily  body  s  all  one  bttrstne^s, 

Fktdier  (and  another'!),  Nice  Valour,  iii.  L 

2.  Rupture;  hernia. 

burster  (bers'ter),  n.  One  who  bursts ;  one  who 
breaks  in  pieces.     Cotgrare. 

bursting  (bers'ting),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  burst,  v.] 
Breaking  forth ;  ready  to  biu-st  or  expand. 
Yo\nia  sjiring  protrudes  the  bursting  gems.     Thomson, 

bursting-charge  (bers'tin^-charj),  n.  1.  In 
miiiiiiij,  a  small  charge  of  hne  powder,  placed 
in  coiitaet  with  a  charge  of  coarse  powder  to 
insm'o  the  ignition  of  the  latter. — 2.  In  ord- 
nance, the  charge  of  powder  required  for  burst- 
ing a  shell  or  case-shot. 

burstlet,  ".     An  obsolete  variant  of  bristle. 


bur  stone  (ber'ston),  n.  [Also  written  irreg. 
bultrstone  and  burrhstone;  <  6«»-l  +  stone.]  1. 
A  rough,  unhewn  stone.  [Prov.  Eug.]  — 2.  A 
name  given  to  certain  silicious  or  siliciocalca- 
reous  stones,  whose  dressed  surfaces  present  a 
btu-  or  keen-cutting  texture,  which  makes  them 
the  best  kind  of  millstones.  The  most  esteemed  va- 
rieties are  obtained  from  the  upper  fresh-water  beds  of  the 
Paris  h.Tsin,  and  from  the  Eocene  strata  of  .South  America, 
The  French  bnrstones  are  of  a  whitish  or  cream  color. 
-Also  culled  bur  and  bur-milliftone. 

burstwort  (berst'wcrt).  n.  [<  burst,  «.,  3,  + 
iriirt.]  The  Jlcrniiiria  ijlabra,  a  low  weed  of  Eu- 
roiio,  natural  order  lUecvbracea;  formerly  used 
in  the  treatment  of  hernia.  -Also  called  rupture- 
tvort. 

burt'  (bcrt),  n.     Same  as  bret. 

burf-  (bi-rt),  r.     [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  burtcn,  butt.] 
I.  trans.  If.  To  butt  or  thrust  with  the  horns. 
—  2.  To  press  or  indent.     [Prov.  Eug.] 
Il.t  intrans.  To  butt;  thrust  with  the  horns. 

Burton,  as  hornyd  bestys,  cornupeto,  arieto. 

Prompt.  Pars.,  p.  56. 

Burt  lyke  a  rannne,  arieto.  Huloet. 

burtert,  «.  [ME.  burter,  burtare;  <  burt"  +  -crl.] 
A  butter ;  an  animal  that  butts,  or  thrusts  with 
its  horns. 


Burtare  [var.  burter],  beste,  cornupeta. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p. 


borsten)  =  OS.  brestan  =  OFries.  bcrsta  =  I),  ^urstnesst,  ".     See  burstenness. 

bersten  =  MLG.  berstcn,  barsten,  borstcit,  LG.  -  -    ■  '  " 

barsten  =  OHG.  brestan,  MHG.  bresten,  G.  ber- 
sten =  Icel.  brestu  =  Sw.  brista  =  Dan.  bristc, 
all  orig.  intrans.,  burst,  bre.ak  asunder;  prob. 
allied  to  AS.  brecan,  E.  break,  etc.  Cf.  Ir.  bri- 
sim,  I  break,  Gael,  bris,  bri.fd,  break:  see  bruise. 
The  spelling  with  u  instead  of  c  is  partly  due  to 
the  pret.  and  pp.  forms.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  fly 
or  break  open  as  an  effect  of  internal  forces  and 
with  sudden  violence;  suffer  a  \-iolent  disrup- 
tion; explode. 

And  now  a  bubble  burst,  and  now  a  world. 

Pope,  Essay  on  ilan,  i.  90. 
A  delicate  spark 
Of  glowing  and  growing  liglit  .  .  . 
Ready  to  burnt  in  a  colour'd  tlame. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi.  X 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  to  break  or  give  way 
from  violent  pain  or  emotion :  as,  my  head  vrill 
burst;  her  heart  burst  with  grief. 
So  they  bryng  the  bolde  kyng  bynne  the  schippe  burde, 
That  nere  he  bristez  for  bale,  one  bede  whare  he  lyggez. 
Morte  Arthurs  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  S05. 
ICo,  no;  my  heart  will  hurst,  an  if  1  speak: 
And  I  will  speak,  that  so  my  heart  may  burst. 

atink.,  alien.  VI.,  v.  S. 

3.  To  come  or  go  suddenly;  rush:  as,  the  en- 
emy in  an  instant  burst  upon  us. 

We  were  the  first  that  ever  burst 

Into  that  silent  sea. 

Colcridite,  Ancient  Mariner,  ii. 

And  every  bird  of  Eden  burnt 
In  carol,  every  Imd  to  Ilower. 

Ti'itinifniii,  Duy-Dream,  L'Envoi. 

To  burst  In,  to  force  a  way  violently  from  witlioutan  in- 
closed place  Hito  it.  — To  burst  out,  to  force  a  way  vio- 
lently from  within  outward. 

He  made  hym  to  falle  on  knees  and  handes  to  the  erthe, 
that  the  blode  brastc  i^ute  of  his  hjede. 

Merlin  (K.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  3S;l. 
For  had  the  passions  of  thy  heart  burst  out, 
I  fear,  we  should  have  seen  decipherd  there 
More  rancorous  spite.  SImk.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  I. 

To  burst  up,  to  explode ;  hence,  to  fail ;  become  bank- 
rupt.   [Oolloq.  and  vulgar.) 

Tlien  you  think  .  .  .  that  if  Lammle  got  time  be  woul.In'l 
burst  up/  Dirkins,  Our  .Mutual  Friend,  iii.  I'J. 

II.   trans.  1.  To  rend  by  force  or  viohnice 
(that  which  confines  or  retains);  open  sudden-  ^j'^^^q^       (1j^, 
ly  and  violently  ;  cause  to  e.xplodo:  as,  to  iMr.s-<     („„)„.   ro,.in 
one's  bonds  ;  to  burst  a  cannon.  ■  ■  '    ' 

lie  fasten'd  on  my  neck,  and  bellow'd  out 
Ashed  burnt  heaven.  .SVin*.,  I-eor,  v.  ,1. 

nie  well-trained  apricot  its  bonds  had  liumt. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  178. 

2t.  To  break,  in  general. 
You  win  not  pay  for  the  glosses  you  have  burst  f 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S..  Ind.,  I. 

-Syn.  ("•  '.  and  (.)  1.  To  split,  separate,  rend,  (ear. 
burst  (bir.st),  «.  [<  liurst,  v.]  1.  A  siidilm 
disruption;  a  violeiil  rending. —  2.  A  sinldeu 
exphisiou  or  Hlinotiiig  forth;  a  rush;  an  mil- 
burst:  as,  a  hurst  of  applauHO ;  a  burst  of  jius- 
Bion;  "burst  of  thunder,"  .Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  Ki'il. 
liumlt  of  fox-hunting  melody.  Irrimi. 

3t.  A  rupture;  a  hernia. — 4.  A Hniiirt  race  ;  a 
Hpurt. 

There  are  foxes  that  run  so  uncommonly  short  that  yon 
ran  never  get  n  burst  utter  them.  Trolloiie. 

6.  A  sudden  opening  to  sight  or  view.    [Knre.] 


66. 


burthen^  (btr'Trm),  n.  and  v.    Older  form  of 

hiiriti  II 1 . 
burthen-  (bcr'THn),  n.    Older  form  of  burden^. 
burthen'*  (bcr'THn),  n.     An  eiToneous  form  of 

burdi'ii'-^  by  confusion  with  burden^  and  burden'^. 

The  sad  burthen  of  some  merry  song. 

Pope,  Iinit.  of  Horace,  11.  i.  80. 

burthenoust,  burthensome,  etc.  See  burden- 
mis,  clc. 

bur-thistle  (bi-r'this  1),  ».  [Also  called  bnrri/- 
tliistli  :  <  i»)l  or  burnj  +  tliistlc.]  Tlie  spear- 
thistle,  f'ltrduus  laneeolalus :  so  called  from  its 
prieklv  involucre.     See  thistle.     [Scotch.] 

burtlei  birtle  (ber'tl),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  MK.  bir- 
ti/lle,  hi/rtyl(-tre).]  A  sweeting  apple.  [Niu'th. 
Kng.]  ■ 

-  r'-  « 
igin  * ' 
unknown ;  per- 
liaps  from  a 
proper  name. 
Cf.  (il)urton.] 
Xant.,  a  tackle 
used  for  various 


.  ),  n.pl.  rNL.,</;Hr- 
A  iiiiliiriil  iirdcrof  polypctalons 
a  or  tr<->'"   <if  warm  count riis. 


WItlj 
In  tin. 
Ii«rii  •  ' 
8incte»o 


!  J  e-ld  ullbu 


'jrfraiikliH 


Ucro  Is  a  fine  burtl  of  country. 

Jane  Aiulm,  Mnnsfleld  Park,  vlll. 

6.   A  Hprce.     [CoUoq.] 

burstent  (b^rs^ln),  /).  ft.     [Older  pp.  of  Itursl, 
1     .\ITceted  with  a  rupture  or  hernia. 
Ill  was  born  Inirttrn  ;  and  your  wiirehip  knows 
I  hat  Is  a  pretty  step  to  iiieir»  eomiHuslon. 

IWau.  anil  Ft.,  .Sconiful  Lady. 


]nirpose8.  —  Sln- 

f;le  burton,  a  tack- 
e  rove  with  two 
single  blocks,  and 
largely  nsetl  on 
mei-ehant  ships  for 
loading  and  ills- 
I'hinging  eurgo. — 
Spanish  burton, 
double  Spanish 
burton,  a  in. Me 
rove  .witii  one  iloii- 
ble  and  one  or  two 
Hhigli'lilockH.  Top 
burton,     u     long 

UoKle  forineil  of  a  ilouble  unci  u  single  block,  the  unpor 
lil.rek  being  hooked  at  tile  topnnist-hend.  It  Is  used  for 
-.  ii.liiiu  ii|i  "1  ■b.wii  yards  or  sulls.  Betting  up  rigging,  etc 

Burton  skate.    Se<(  shatr. 

bur-tree,  "•     Same  as  bour-tree. 

burweed  (lier'wed),  ».     [<  '*«rl   +  Hvri/l.]     A 

nniii mnuiii  lo  ))hints  of  (hegenuH  .Vr/»^A/«w : 

iilsci  u|.|ilii'il  to  till'  bcdsti-iiw,  llalium  .liiiirinc, 
ami  in  .liimnien  to  'I'rinnil'i  tia.     See  bur-hark. 

Burwell's  operation.    Scf  operation. 


.  single  Burton,   a.  Double  Spnnlftli  Burton* 
3.  Top  Uurton. 


bury 

buryl  (bov'i),  n.  [A  form  equiv.  to  horniu/li'^, 
due  to  the  gen.  and  dat.  form  bi/rif/ot  the  orig. 
AS.  hurh,  a  fortified  place,  town,  borough:  see 
boroiii/li^,  hioToic^.J  A  castle,  manor-liouso,  or 
habitation;  a  borough.  Tin- wdhI  :ii>iH'iirs  in  ni;itiy 
niinii-s  nf  places,  as  in  CantcW*(/*v/(AS,  i;en.  ami  tiat.  Caiit- 
wara-''//r/,'/.  iionl.  -6urA),  Silrews^Hri/,  AWcnnan^f/ry,  iliiri/ 
St.  Eilimuuls,  etc. 

To  tliis  very  day  the  chief  house  of  a  manor,  or  the  lord's 
sea",  is  called  bury  in  some  parts  of  England.  Mierje. 

bury'-'  (ber'i),  n.  [Another  form  of  iurroio'^, 
orig.  barrow^.  Cf.  equiv.  berry".^  If.  A  bui-- 
row. 

It  is  his  natui'e  to  dig  himself  buries^  as  the  coney  doth. 

N.  Grew. 

2.  A  camp  or  heap  of  turnips  or  the  like,  stored 
up. 
bury^*  (ber'i),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buried,  ppr. 
burning.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  berij  (the  form  to 
which  tlie  mod.  pron.  belongs),  <  ME.  berijen, 
bcricii,  hirycn,  birieii,  buri/cii,  hurien,  byricn,  <  AS. 
biirfiaii,  var.  byrigan,  birgaii,  birigan,  weak  verb, 
bmy,  inter  (a  dead  body)  (=  Icel.  byrgja,  close, 
shut,  hide,  veil),  appar.  orig.  save  or  keep  by 
covering  or  hiding,  <  beorgan  (pret.  bearh,  pi. 
burgnn,  pp.  borgeii),  also  ge-bcorgan,  save,  pro- 
tect, shelter,  defend,  keep,  preserve,  early  ME. 
bergeii  =  OS.  gi-bergan  =  D.  bergcn  =  MLG.  ber- 
geit,  burgen,  LG.  bargen  =  OHG!.  bcrgan,  MHG. 
G.  bergcn  =  Icel.  bjarga  =  Sw.  berga  =  Dan. 
bjcrgc  =  Goth,  bairgan,  ga-bairgan,  keep,  save: 
not  known  outside  of  Tent.  Hence  ult.  bor- 
row'^, and  (prob.)  borough^  =  burrow^  =  bury^, 
etc.]  1.  To  deposit  and  inclose  in  a  grave  or 
tomb,  as  a  dead  body ;  consign  to  any  iinal  rest- 
ing-plaqe  after  or  as  after  death ;  entomb. 

I  hadde  leiier  she  hadde  be  biried  all  quyk  than  this 
hadde  hir  be-fallen.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  46S. 

Lord,  suffer  me  first  to  go  and  bury  my  father. 

Mat.  viii.  21. 
I'll  bury  thee  in  a  triumphant  grave. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

2.  To  cover  or  conceal  from  sight;  sink  or 
lodge  in  or  imder  anything:  as,  to  bury  trea- 
sures in  the  earth  or  under  rubbish ;  he  buried 
the  dagger  in  his  enemy's  heart. 


Busby. 


In  the  deep  bosom  of  the  ocean  buried. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III., 


i.  1. 


All  their  confidence 
Under  the  weight  of  mountains  buried  deep. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  662. 

Hence  —  3.  To  cover  up;  keep  secret;  hide; 
conceal. 

I  have  (as  when  the  sim  doth  light  a  storm) 
Buried  this  sigh  in  wrinkle  of  a  smile. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  1. 

He  was  glad  when  he  could  fall  on  his  knees  at  last  and 
bury  his  face  in  the  pillow  of  the  sufferer. 

Bret  Hartc,  Shore  and  .Sedge,  p.  49. 

4.  To  withdraw  or  conceal  in  retirement :  as, 
to  bury  one's  self  in  a  monastery  or  in  solitude. 

I  will  bury  myself  in  myself,  and  the  Devil  may  pipe  to 
his  own.  Tennyson,  Maud,  i.  19. 

5.  To  hide  in  oblivion;  put  away  finally  from 
one's  thoughts :  as,  to  bury  an  injury. 

Give  me  a  bowl  of  wine  : — 
In  this  I  bury  all  imkindness,  Cassius. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 

To  bury  the  hatchet,  to  lay  aside  the  instruments  of 
war,  forget  injuries,  and  make  peace  :  a  phrase  borrowed 
fruni  the  practice  of  the  American  Indians  of  burying  a 
tuniahawk  when  a  peace  is  concluded. 

bury*  (ber'i),  «.  [A  corruption  of  F.  beurre,  a 
kind  of  pear,  lit.  'buttered,'  pp.  of  beurrcr,  but- 
ter. <  beurre  =  E.  butter.  Also  burrel,  q.  v.]  A 
delicate  pear  of  sev- 
eral varieties. 

bury"  (ber'i),  n.  Soft 
shale  or  clay ;  flucan. 
[Ireland.] 

buryelt,  ".  Seebnrial. 

burying  (ber'i-ing), 
II.  [<  ME.  buryinge. 
beryiiiii,  etc. ;  verbal 
u.  of  bury'^,  c]  Bu- 
rial ;  sepultiue.  John 
-xii.  7. 

burjang-beetle  (ber'- 

i-ing-be 'tl).  ii.  The 
common  name  of  bee- 
tles of  the  family  <S'(7- 
phida;  and  genus  Xe- 
crophorus.  So  called 
from  their  habit  of  bury- 
ing the  carcasses  of  small 
animals,  as  mice,  moles, 
or  shrews,  in  which  they 
have      deposited       their        Burying-bcctlc  (X^crcpiwrus 

eggs.  antericanui],  natural  size. 


731 

burying-ground  (ber'i-ing-ground),  n.  A 
graveyard;  a  jjlaco  appropriated  to  the  sepul- 
tureof  t  fie  dead ;  a  churchyard  or  cemetery. 

burying-place  (ber'i-ing-plas),  «.  Same  as  bu- 
ryiiig-griiuiid. 

blis,  bliss-'  (bus),  n.  [An  aj)br.  of  omnibu.s;  vt. 
cab,  mii'-i.~\  An  omnibus,  or  public  street-car- 
riage.    [tJolloq.] 

bus-bar  (Inis'biir),  II.  [<  (onini-)buf:  +  ftflrl.] 
A  Clipper  conductor  used  in  electric-lighting  or 
power  stations  to  receive  the  current  from  all 
the  dynamos.  Standard  Elect.  Did.  Also  om- 
nibua-liar,  bus-rod. 

busby  (buz'bi),  n.  [Appar.  after  a  proper 
uanui.]  A  military  head-dress  worn  by  hus- 
sars, artillerymen,  and  engi- 
neers in  the  British  array,  con- 
sisting of  a  fur  liat  witli  a  bag, 
of  the  same  color  as  the  facings 
of  tlie  regiment,  hanging  from 
the  top  over  the  right  side. 
The  bag  .appears  to  be  a  relic  of  a 
Hung.arian  head-dress  from  which  a 
long  padded  bag  hung,  and  was  at- 
tached to  tile  right  shoulder  as  a  de- 
fcnst^  against  sword-cuts. 

buscon  (bns'kon),  n. ;   pi.  bus- 
coiKs   (lius-ko'noz).      [<   Sp. 
huscoii,  a  searcher,   <   buscar, 
OSp.  boscar,  seek  (=  Pg.  />?(.?- 
car  =  It.  buacare,  search  for, 
=  F.  husquer  (Cotgrave),  seek, 
shift,  filch),  prob.  <  OSp.  bosco,  bush,  thicket 
(Sp.  bosque),  and  thus  lit.  go  through  a  tliicket, 
beat  the  bush,. as  in  Imnting:  see  /)H.s'/(1.]     A 
miner  who  takes  work  as  tribute,  or  who  re- 
ceives as  his  pay  a  certain  proportion  of  the  ore 
obtained;  atributer.     [Western  U.  S.] 

busbl  (bush),  n.    [<  ME.  bussh,  buscli,  bnsch,  as- 
sibilated  form  of  Imsi;,  bosk  (also  in  use),  a  bush, 
a  thicket,  =  D.  bosch,  a  wood,  a  forest,  =  MLG. 
buscli,  busk,  LG.  busk,  <  OHG.  biisc,  MHG.  G. 
busch.  a  thicket,  copse,  bush,  =  Icel.  buskr, 
buski  (Haldorsen)  =  Sw.  buskc  =  Dan.  busk,  a 
bush,  a  shrub.     Hence  (fi'om  OHG.)  ML.  i«.s- 
cus,  boscus,  >  OF.  bos,  F.  bois  (see  bois)  =  Pr. 
bosc  =  OSp.  bosco,  Sp.  Pg.  bosque  =  It.  bosco, 
a  wood,  thicket,  bush.     See  busk^,  busk^,  bus- 
con,  boscage,  liosket,  bouquet,  ambush,  ambuscade, 
etc.]    If.  A  thicket ;  a  clvmap  of  shrubs  or  trees. 
Ther  as  by  aventure  this  Palamoun 
"Was  in  a  busche,  that  no  man  niighte  him  see. 
For  sore  afered  of  his  deth  was  he. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  659. 

2.  A  shrub  with  branches;  a  thick  shrub;  tech- 
nically, a  low  and  much-branched  shrub. 

The  Mouni  of  .Synay  is  clept  the  Desert  of  Syne,  that  is  for 
to  seyne,  Bussche  brennynge.    Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  5S. 

3.  A  stretch  of  forest  or  of  shrubby  vegeta- 
tion; a  district  covered  with  brushwood,  or 
shrubs,  trees,  etc. ;  a  wide  uncultivated  tract 
of  country  covered  with  scrub:  as,  the  bush 
was  here  very  dense;  to  take  to  the  bush  (to 
become  a  6Hs/)-ranger):  so  used  especially  in 
the  British  colonies  of  Australasia. 

Our  first  mile  Lay  through  the  most  e.xquisite  tract  of 

bush  it  has  ever  been  my  good  fortune  to  behold  in  any 

land;  groups  of  tall  red  or  black  pine  .  .  .  mingled  with 

flue  trees  of  various  sorts,  matted  by  hucm-iant  creepers. 

The  Century,  .\XVII.  923. 

4.  A  branch  of  a  tree  lised  or  hung  out  as  a 
tavern  sign.     See  ale-stake  and  ale-garland. 

Ggod  wine  needs  no  bush.  Old  2>raeerb. 

Wicker  bottles  dangling  over  even  the  chiefe  entrance 
into  the  palace,  serving  for  a  \intner's  bush. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  22,  16-14. 

Outward  figures  which  hang  as  signs  or  bushes  of  their 
inward  forms.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  lledici,  ii.  2. 

Hence  —  5t.  The  tavern  itself . 

Twenty  to  one  you  find  him  at  the  hush. 

Beau,  and  Fl. 
6.  The  tail  or  brush  of  a  fox — To  beat  about 
the  bush.  See  heati.—to  go  by  beggar's  bush.  See 
beii'inr.=  S3m.  Shrub,  Herb,  etc.  See  ee:ietabte,  n. 
busbl  (bush),  r.  [<  bitsIA,  «.]  I.  introns.  To 
grow  thick  or  bushy;  serve  or  show  as  a  bush. 
The  bushiny  alders  formed  a  shady  scene. 

Pojie,  Odyssey. 

II,  trans.  1.  To  set  bushes  about;  support 
with  Ijushes  or  branched  sticks:  as,  to  bush 
peas. —  2.  To  use  a  bush-haiTow  on :  as,  to  bush 
a  piece  of  wood.— 3.  To  cover  (seeds)  by  us- 
ing a  bush-harrow:  as,  to  bush  in  seeds, 
bush'-  (Wish),  n.  [<  D.  bus  =  6.  bii.9che  =  E. 
6ox'-2,  a  box ;  all  used  also  in  the  sense  of  bush-.] 
1.  A  lining  of  harder  material  let  into  an  ori- 
fice to  guard  against  wearing  by  friction;  the 
perforated  box  or  tube  of  metal  fitted  into  cer- 
tain parts  of  machinery,  as  the  pivot-holes  of 
a  clock,  the  center  of  a  cart-wheel,  etc.,  to  re- 


bushel 

eeive  the  wear  of  pivots,  journals,  and  the  like. 
Also  called  bushing. —  2.  A  tailors'  thimble. 
Also  called  bu.shel.  [U.  S.J 
bush'-  (l<iiKh),  r.  t.  [<  buslfi,n.'\  To  furnish 
witli  a  bush ;  line  (an  orifice,  as  one  in  which 
a  ijivot  or  axle  works)  with  metal  to  prevent 
al)rasion  or  to  reduce  the  diameter. 

A  gun  chamber  is  IniHhed,  in  order  that  it  may  receive  a 
shell  of  smaller  e.\tcrior  diameter  than  before. 

Forest  and  .stream,  XXIII.  445. 

bush-babbler  (bilBh'bab"16r),  n.  A  name  ap- 
plie<l  Ijy  writers  on  Indian  and  African  birds 
to  species  of  the  genera  Jiradypterus,  Crntero- 
pus,  and  other  sliort-winged  and  slender-billed 
oscine  I'asscres,  more  or  less  related  to  the 
old-world  warblers,  or  Sylriida:. 

bush-bean  (bush'ben'),  ».  An  American  name 
Uir  beans  tliat  do  not  climb,  or  dwarf  beans;  the 
usual  I'onn  of  string-beans  and  wax-beans. 

bush-block  (biish'blok),  n.  A  block  carrjing 
a  bushing. 

bushbok  (biLsh'bok),  n.     Same  as  bushbuck. 

bushbuck  (bush'buk),  «.  [<  bushl  +  buck\,  af- 
ter D.  boschbok.']  The  name  given  to  several 
species  of  the  genus  Tragelaphns,  especially 
to  T.  sylvaticus,  an  antelope  of  Caffraria  and 
Ca])o  Colony,  4  feet  long  and  2^  feet  high,  with 
triangular  subspiral  horns.  The  male  is  dark 
sepia-hrowri  anil  the  female  reddish-brown  aliove ;  both 
are  white  below.  Also  called  hush-goat. — White-backed 
bushbuck,  the  name  given  to  the  Cephaiophus  sylvicut- 
trix,  a  white-backed  antelope  of  western  -Africa,  5  feet 
long  and  3  feet  high,  with  black,  shining,  pointed,  nearly 
straight  horns,  sliort,  slender  limbs,  and  sleek,  glossy, 
ilcop-hrown  hair. 

bushcat  (bush'kat),  n.     Same  as  serval. 

bushchat  (bu.sh'ehat),  n.  Macgjlli\Tay'8  name 
for  the  birds  of  his  genus  Fruticicolu,  as  tho 
whin-buslichat  (the  whinehat,  Saxicola  or  Prn- 
liiicota  rubetra,  of  authors  in  general)  and  the 
black-headed  bushchat  (the  stonechat,  S.  or 
I',  rubicnla). 

bush-chirper  (bfish'ehfer'pfer),  H.  Abook-name 
of  African  birds  of  the  genu-s  Eremomela,  as  E. 
Jlarirentris,  the  yellow-bellied  bush-ehirper. 

bush-creeper  (biisli'kre'per),  H.  A  book-name 
of  sundry  Afiican  sylviine  birds  of  the  genus 
Thainnobia,  as  J.  coryphtea,  the  coryphee  bush- 
creeper. 

bush-dog  (biish'dog),  n.  1.  A  canine  quadru- 
ped of  South  America,  the  Icticyon  venaticus, 
or  himting-dog.  See  Icticyon. —  2.  A  name  of 
the  lemui-oid  potto,  Perodicticus  potto. 

bushed  (biisht),  a.  [<  bushi-  +  -crf2.]  Lost  in 
the  bush. 

If  you  know  your  way,  well  and  good  ;  but  if  you  once 
get  wrong.  Lord  help  you  I  you're  bustied,  as  sure  as  you're 
alive.  Macmillan's  May. 

bushel!  (bush'el),  H.  [<  ME.  bu.ishel,  buschel, 
buischel,  etc.  (=Icel.  bussel),<.  OF .  bussel,  boissel, 
F.  boisseau,  <  ML.  bu.^isellus,  a  bushel,  <  bussula, 
a  little  box,  a  dim.  formed  fi'om  *bussida  for  bux- 
ida,  prop.  ace.  of  bujcis,  also  (L.)  buxus,  a  box : 
see  boist^,  box-,  and  ef.  buss-,  6o.s6-3.]  1.  A  diy 
measure,  containing  8  gallons  or  4  pecks.  The 
imperial  bushel  legally  established  in  Great  llritain  in 
lS2i;  has  a  capacity  of  2.215.192  cubic  inches,  and  holds  SO 
pounds  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water  at  the  temperature 
0^62°  F.  with  the  barometer  at  30  inches.  I*revious  to 
this  the  Winchester  bushel  had  been  the  standard  niea- 
sure  from  .\nglo-Sa.\on  times ;  its  capacity  was  2,150.42 
cubic  inches.  The  measures  of  capacity  of  the  United 
States  are  fomided  on  the  Winchester  bushel,  the  im- 
perial system  having  been  created  since  the  separation  of 
the  two  countries.  The  name  Winchester  bushel  is  de- 
rived from  the  fact  that  the  ancient  standard  bushel-mea- 
sure of  England  w.as  preserved  in  the  town-hall  of  Win- 
Chester.  Numerous  bushels  were  in  use  in  England  at  the 
time  of  the  adoption  of  the  imperial  system.  Thus,  by  a 
statuteof  Anne,  a  bushel  of  coals  is  to  contain  a  AVinches. 
ter  bushel  and  a  quart  of  water,  to  be  19i  inches  in  diam- 
eter.  and  to  be  heaped  in  the  fomi  of  a  cone  6  inches  high- 
Various  equivalent  weights  of  different  commodities  had 
al-so  been  made  bushels  bylaw.  Many  of  the  .■Vmerican 
States  have  established  equivalent  weights,  which  vary 
considerably  in  dilferent  States.    .Abbreviated  to  &«.,frujfA. 

Of  a  Lunden  buschelle  he  shaUe  bake 

XX  louys  [loavesl,  I  \'udurtake. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  320. 

2.  A  vessel  of  the  capacity  of  a  bushel. 

The  Grand  Signior  .  .  .  commonly  weareth  a  vest  of 
green,  and  the  greatest  Turbant  in  the  Empire :  I  should 
not  speake  niucli  out  of  compasse,  should  I  say  as  large 
in  compasse  as  a  bushell.  Sandys,  Travels,  p.  48. 

3.  An  indefinitely  large  quantity.     [CoUoq.] 
The  worthies  of  antiquity  bought  the  rarest  pictures 

with  bujihels  of  gold,  without  counting  the  weight  or  the 
number  of  the  pieces. 

Deyitcn,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy's  Art  of  Painting. 

bushel'-  (biish'el).  It.  [Dim.  of  bush^,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  bn.^h-i.  2.     [U.  S.] 

bushel'-  (bush'el),  V.  t.  or  i.  [<  bushel^,  n.]  To 
mend,  as  a  man's  garment ;  repair  men's  gar- 
ments. 


bushelage  "^^Z 

bnshelage  (bush'el-aj),  «.     [<  bushel}  +-<i<7e..]  bush-shrike(V>ush'shrik), «;   ASoiithAmeriean 


passerine  bird,  of  the  family  Foi-niieoriida-  and 
subfamily  ThamnoplnUme ;  an  ant-thmsh,  espe- 
cially of  the  genus  T/irtWiHtyj/H/w*.  The  bush-shrikes 
\i\e  among  thick  trees,  bushes,  and  imdervood,  where  tliey 
perpetually  prowl  about  after  insects  and  young  and  sickly 
birds,  and  are  great  des^oyers  of  eggs.  Numerous  species 
are  found  in  the  hotter  latitudes  of  .\meriea. 

bush-tailed  (bush'tald),  a.  Having  the  fea- 
thers of  the  tail  arranged  in  the  shape  of  a  tuft, 
brush,  or  bush:  applied  to  the  liatiUv.  as  os- 
triches, eassowariee,  etc.,  as  distinguished  from 
ordinary  fan-tailed  birds.  See  cut  under  cas- 
sotcari/. 

bush-tit  (bush'tit),  n.  An  American  oseine  pas- 
serine bird, 
of  the  ge- 
nus Psaltri- 
partis  and 
family  Pari- 
(1<V.  There  are 
several  species 
in  the  westeni 
I'nited  States 
and  Mexico,  as 
P.  minimus  and 
P.  metanotis. 
not.able  for  their 
diminutive  stat- 
ure and  the 
great  compara- 
tive size  of  their 
pensile  bottle- 
shaped  nests. 


A  dutv  parable  on  commodities  by  the  bushel. 
bushel-bafrel  (bush'el-bar^el),  h.     One  of  the 

halves  of  a  barrel  cut  in  two,  containing  about 

a  bushel  and  a  half :  used  for  measuring  oysters, 
busheler,  busheller  (biish'el-er).  «.    [<  bushel^ 

+  -<rl.]     A  tailors  assistant,  whose  business 

is  to  repaii-  garments.     [U.  S.] 
bushelman  (bush '  el-man),  h.  ;   pi.  bushelmeii 

(-men),     tiavae  as  busheler. 
bushelwoman  (bush'el-wtim'  an),  n. ;  pi.  bush- 

ehcomeii  (-vnm' en).     l<  bushel-  +  iroman.^     A 

woman  who  assists  a.  tailor  in  repairing  gar- 
ments.    [V.  S.] 
bushet  (bush'et),  H.   [<  6k«*i  +  dim. -ef.  Cf .  6ms- 

ket.  bosket,  and  bou(iuet.'\    A  thicket ;  a  copse ; 

a  little  wood.     [Rare.] 

.\  bufhel  or  wood  on  a  hill,  not  far  from  the  wayside. 

Kaij,  Remains,  p.  251. 

bush-fighting  (bush 'fi' ting),  n.  A  mode  of 
fighting  in  which  the  f  ombatants  scatter  and 
fire  from  behind  the  shelter  of  bushes  or  trees. 

I  don't  like  this  pitiful  ambuscade  work,  this  bush-fight- 
inn,  Cotman,  Jealous  Wife,  v.  3. 

bush-goat  (btish'got),  n.     Same  as  bushbucl: 
bush-hammer  (bush 'ham  ■  er),  «.     A  masons' 

hammer,    (a)  A  heavy  hammer  used  for  breaking  and 

splitting  stones,  ib)  A  hammer  consisting  of  cutters  hav- 
ing rectangular  steel  plates,  whose  lower  edges  are  sharp- 
ened, and  wliich  ai-e  placed  side  by  side  and  clamped  by 

the  central  p.irt  of  the  hammer.  The  cutting  face  is  thus  bushwhack- 

formed  of  parallel  V-edges,  whose  number  and  fineness  of      «„         (biish' 

cut  are  determined  by  the  number  of  plates.   It  is  used  in     y^     .    ^    . 

dressing  millstones.    (<;)  A  hammer  of  the  same  general 

construction  as  the  preceding,  used  in  flnishing  the  siu-- 

face  of  stonework,  (d)  A  masons'  ttnishing  hammer,  hav- 
ing a  rectangular  face  studded  with    pyramidal  steel 

points.    It  gives  the  finest  surface  of  all  stone-cutting 

to<:tl3. 
bush-harrO'W  (biish'har'o),  u.    An  implement 

consisting  of  a  frame  to  which  bushes  or  branches 

are  fastened,  used  for  harrowing  grass-lands 

and  covering  grass-  or  clover-seeds. 
bush-hook  (biish  'hvik),  « .     A  long-handled  bill- 
hook or  brush-cutter. 
bushiness  (bush'i-nes),  H.    The  quality  of  being 

bushy,  thick,  or  intermixed,  like  the  branches  of 

a  bush. 
bushing  (bush'ing),  H.    [<  biish"^  +  -hii/I.]    1. 

Same   as    hu.ih'^,  1. — 2.   A  hollow  cylindrical 

mass  of  steel  or  iron  screwed  into  the  rear  end  ,      ■.      v     i  .    _    /i, •  i  /i  „,i. //,•„„^     ., 

of  the  bore  of  a  breech-loading  cannon.     It  bushwhacking   (^^}^}^JY^:]^:"]:I.S\    " 

forms  the  seat  for  the  breech-block  or  screw. 
Also  called  bouching. 

Beveled  bushing.    See  beveled. 
bush-lark  (bush'liirk),  n.    A  lark  of  the  genus 

.\tir,n',.i. 
bush-lawyer  (bush'ia''y*r),  n.     The  common 

iiaiiic  in  New  Zealand  of  a  species  of  bramble  or 

blackb'-rry,  Huhiis  tiustralis. 
bushman  (biLsli'man),  «. ;  pi.  bu.'ihmen  (-men). 

[<  /»H.v/,i  -f  man  ;  in  second  sense  a  translation 

of  S.  African  D.  Bosjesman.']     1.  A  woodsman  ; 

a  settler  in  a  new  country,  as  in  Australia. — 

2.   [cap.]  One  of  an  aboriginal  tribe  near  the 

Capo  of  Good  Hope,  similar  but  inferior  to  the 

Hottentots:  so  named  by  the  Dutch  of  South 

.Vfriia.     Also  called  Bosjesman. 
bushmaster  (bush'miis'ttr),  >i.     The  Lachesis 

mulii.t,  a   large  venomous  serpent  of  tropical 

South  America,  of  the  family  Crotalida:    Also 
•all"  il  suriiiucu. 


Bush-tit  yPsattripariis  metanetis). 


hwak  er), 
[<  bush^  -t- 
ifhack,  beat, 
-I-  -o-l.]  1. 
One  accus- 
tomed to  sojom-n  in  the  woods,  or  beat  about 
among  bushes. 

They  were  gallant  bush'U-hacker.'!  and  hunters  of  rac- 
coons by  moonlight.  Irvin;i,  Knickerliocker,  p.  3^3. 

2.  In  the  civil  war  in  the  I'nited  States,  a 
member  of  the  irregular  troops  on  the  Con- 
federate side  engaged  iu  guerrilla  warfare;  a 
guerrilla :  a  term  applied  by  the  Federal  forces, 
— 3.  A  short  hea-vy  scj^he  for  cutting  bushes. 
He  [a  sturdy  countrymanl  is  a  graduate  of  the  i)lough, 
and  the  stub-hoe,  and  the  bushwhacker. 

Eiuenon,  Klotiuence. 

[See 
hii.^litrhdchr.']  1.  The  action  of  pushing  one's 
way  through  bushes  or  thickets;  the  luiuliug 
of  a  boat  along  a  stream  bordered  by  bushes 
by  pulling  at  the  branches.  [U.  S.]  — 2.  Tlie 
practice  of  attacking  from  behind  bushes,  iis  a 
gueiTilla;  irregular  warfare  carried  on  by  bush- 
whackers. [U.S.]— 3.  The  cutting  of  bushes 
with  a  bushwhacker. 
bushy  (biish'i),  o.  [<  6Hs7il  +  -;/!.  Cf.  ftH.sV,'.v, 
hoslc!/.}  1.  Full  of  bushes;  overgrown  with 
shrubs. 

The  kids  with  pleasure  browse  the  himhii  plain.  Drijdrn. 
2.  Having  many  close  twigs  ami  branches; 
low  and  shrubby.  .Spenser;  Bacon. —  3.  He- 
sembling  a  busli;  thick  and  spreading  like  a 
bush :  as,  a  bushi/  lieard. 

A  short  sqnare-built  old  fellow,  with  thick  )<ii«/i.i/  hair. 
/ri'i'ii;/,  Sketch-Hook,  p.  fi'J. 

4.  In  cntom.,  covered  all  round  with  long,  erect 

. ,.,,, ..  „ hairs,  as  the  antennnn  of  many  insects. 

bushmentt  nm.sh'ment),  n.    [<  ME.  buschcment.  busiheadt,  "•    {UV:: bisyhcd  (=  V).  bc-ighcUl) ;  < 
hu-iximinl,    short    for   ambushmeiit,   <   OF.    cm-     Imsii  +  -head.]     Bu8J^less. 

buschcment. ■  see  ambush,  amlnushmcnt.     In  the  bUSlly  (biz'i-li),  of/r.     [<  UE.bu.i,l!i,hi.'<di,bisi- 
Hcnse  of  'a  thicket,'  the  word  is  made  to  de- 
pend directly  on  fciwftl.]      1.  jVii   ambush   or 


aiiibuscude;  any  concealed  body  of  soldiers  or 
men. 

In  the  nether  end  of  the  hall,  n  fnuhwrnt  of  the  Duke's 
xrvunta  .  .  .  l>cKan  inddcnly  at  men'n  bncka  to  cry  out, 
,  .  .  '■  KhiK  RIchanl. "  .Sir  T.  .More,  Works,  p.  W. 

KnvininlnK  him  with  a  Inuhmrnt  of  xoldlirs. 

aolilimi,  tr.  of  .Iniitln,  (ol.  6. 

2.  A  thicket;  a  cluHter  of  buBhes. 

Wi«,d».  hrlan,  Imthmentt,  and  waters. 

Italrigh.  Hist.  World. 

b""''  — 'nl  (bush  '  met 'nl),  n.     Hnni  branH; 
a  •■ompoHJtion  of  coppor  and  tin, 
jmalM,  beiiringit  of  Bhafls.  etc. 
iu;iil  (  busli'kwul),  n.    A  bini  of  the  fam- 
.,„,,,/„.  „,|,|  Hiiperfamily  Tiirnicomoriihiv 

1  lu'ini|io'l. 

i  i-li'rnn'.ii'r),  »,   One  wliorntigcH 

'.•*  ill  the  biiMh  or  woodn;  ii  biisli- 

ii''iilly,  in  AiiHtralla,  a  criiiiiiinl, 

ipi-il  convii't,  who  takes  to  the 


bUbti 
ilv   / 

or  // 

bnsh  i 

thn.  . 
whii' 
seni'i 


•h  or  Hu<id<i  und  leads  u  iiroUatory  life. 


liche,  besiliche,  busilichc,  etc.;  <  busn  +  -li/'.']  In 
a  busy  manner,  (a)  With  constant  occiiimtlon ;  active- 
ly ;  earnestly  :  as,  to  lie  husily  eniployeil. 

How  (/H<n'(.i;  she  turns  the  leaves.    .S'/m*.,  Tit.  And.,  Iv.  1. 
(6t)  Carefully  ;  with  care. 

Therfore  thel  don  gret  Worschlpo  thereto,  mid  kepeii  II 
fulle  beniilii.  Mamleriltr,  Travels,  p.  («i. 

(e)  With  an  air  of  hurry  or  lni|iorlaiiee',  with  too  much 
lurlonltv:  liuportunntely;  oniclously.  Drinlen. 
business  (biz'nes),  n.  and  ".  [<  MI''-  '"'•''';"'•. 
hn.^i/nts.  bisi/nes,  bcsines,  -nessc,  trouble,  pains, 
lalior,  ililigenco,  hiiHy-ness;  <  bus;/  +  -ness.  The 
notion  Hint  this  word  has  any  coiineelion  with 
F.  besminc,  OF.  bu.viuinc,  work,  liimineHK,  is  en- 
tirely erroneous,]  I.  »,  It.  The  stale  of  tieiiig 
busy  or  actively  employed;  diligence;  pnins. 

Uy  (jrct«  bftyiv"  |tr.  I~  flili'initin)  111  the  writers  o( 
chronicles.      Trrvina,  tr.  of  iriHden's  I'nlyclironlcoii,  I.  h. 
2f.  Care;  anxiety;  solicitude;  worry. 
l.ltlel  rc'Ht  In  tbl»  lyf  en, 
Hot  grit  Iriiviivli'  rind  /»;/«wnc». 

Ilnmlx'lr.  I'rlik  of  Coliselcncc,  I.  644. 
I'overte  Is  hateful  gooil.  and.  as  I  Kossu, 
A  ful  grot  brliiger mil  o(  biiim'". 

Chaucer,  wife  of  lluths  Talc,  1.  .'140. 


busk 

3.  A  matter  or  affair  that  engages  a  person's 
attention  or  requires  his  care ;  an  aflfair  receiv- 
ing or  requiring  attention;  speeilically,  that 
which  busies  or  occupies  one's  time,  attention, 
and  labor  as  his  chief  concern ;  that  which  one 
does  for  a  livelihood;  occupation:  employ- 
ment :  as,  his  business  was  tliat  of  a  merchant; 
to  cany  on  the  business  of  agricultm'e. 

.\s  for  yom*  businesses,  whether  they  be  pnblike  or 
priuate,  let  them  be  done  with  a  certaine  honesty. 

Habees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  258. 

They  were  far  from  the  Zidonians,  and  had  no  busineai 
with  any  num.  Judges  xviii.  7. 

Having  had  brought  within  their  sphere  of  operation 
more  and  more  numerous  busim^sses,  the  Acts  restricting 
housB  of  employment  and  dictating  the  treatment  of 
workers  ai'e  now  to  be  made  applicable  to  shops. 

11.  .Si'fiicer,  JIan  vs.  State,  p.  27, 

Specifically — 4.  Mercantile  pursuits  collec- 
tively; employments  requiring  knowledge  of 
accounts  and  financial  methods;  the  occupa- 
tion of  conducting  trade  or  monetary  transac- 
tions of  any  kind. 

It  seldom  happens  that  men  of  a  studious  turn  acijulro 

any  degree  of  reputation  for  their  knowledge  of  bnsinesg. 

Tip.  I'i-rtt(uis,  Life  of  ,\!ip.  Seeker. 

5.  That  which  is  undertaken  as  a  duty  or  of 
chief  importance,  or  is  set  uji  as  a  principal 
purpose  or  aim. 

The  business  of  my  life  is  now  to  pray  for  you. 

Fh'tcher,  Loy.al  .Subject,  iv.  1. 

It  is  the  business  of  the  following  pages  to  discover  how 
his  lofty  liopes  came  to  terniimite  in  disappointment. 

Godwin,  Hist.  Commonwealth,  iv.  2. 

The  business  of  the  dramatist  is  to  keep  himself  out  of 
sight,  and  to  let  nothing  appear  but  his  characters. 

.Vnaniltti/,  .Milton. 

6.  Concern;  right  of  action  or  interposition: 
as,  what  business  has  a  man  with  the  disputes 
of  others  ?  —  7.  Affair ;  point ;  matter. 

Fitness  to  govern  is  a  perplexed  business.  Bacon. 

8.  Theai.,  such  preconcerted  movements  and 
actions  on  the  stage  as  going  uj),  crossing  over, 
taking  a  chair,  poking  a  fire,  toying  with  any- 
thing, etc.,  designed  to  fill  up  tlie  actiim  of  the 
play  or  character,  and  heighten  its  effect. 

The  business  of  their  dramatic  characters  will  not  stand 
the  moral  test.  Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy. 

The  "comic  busiiiess"  [of  "Damon  and  T'ithias,"  l.'i71] 
(these  stage  phrases  are  at  times  so  expressive  as  surely 
to  be  permissible)  is  of  the  nature  of  the  broadest  and 
stupidest  farce.  -t.  11'.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  115. 

Genteel  business  (thmf.).  a  role  or  r61es  requiring  good 
dressing.— To  do  one's  business,  (at)  To  exercise  great 
care;  show  great  zeal.     Cltanrt'r. 

Thei  .  .  .  (foij, /(c/r  [theirj ''('.s7//iestodestroyen  hireene- 
myes.  J/«ji(fct'i'/^', 'l"ravels(eil.  Halliwell),  p.  261. 

(b)  To  ease  one's  self  at  stool.  [Vulgar.]  — To  do  the 
l>uslneS3  for,  to  settle;  make  an  end  of;  kill,  destroy, 
or  riiiu.     |C<dloq.] 

If  a  pinch  of  snufT,  or  a  stride  or  two  across  the  room, 
will  not  ilo  the  business  for  me —  I  take  a  razor  at  mice. 
Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ix.  13. 

To  make  it  one's  business,  to  devote  one's  attention 
to  a  thing  and  see  it  done.  — To  mean  business,  to  be  in 
earnest  in  regard  to  anything  tb:it  one  proposes  or  urges. 
lC(dlo(|.i— To  mind  one's  own  business,  to  attend  to 
one's  own  alfairs,  witbnul  nird<IIiiig  with  those  of  other 
people.— To  send  about  one's  business,  to  dismiss 
peremptorily. -Syn,  Tnidr,  j'rojession,  etc.  St^c  occu pa- 
lion. 

II.  a.  Relating  to,  connected  with,  or  en- 
gaged in  business,  traffic,  trade,  etc. :  as,  busi- 
ness hwhits;  l>u.-<iness  hours;  business  fnen. — 
Business  card,  .-i  printed  pii'ci-of  cardhonrd.  lU'iin  ndver. 
tisement  in  a  public  print,  giving  a  tnidesinan's  iiaine  and 
adilress.  wilh  particulars  as  to  the  nature  of  bis  business. 

businesslike  (biz'nes-Hk),  11.  Such  as  prevails 
or  oiif^hl  to  jirevail  in  llie  conduct  of  business; 
mi'llioilieal  and  thorough. 

Busiridse  (bi'i-sir'i-ilf'),  "•  ;''•    [NIj..  <  Busiria 

+  -idir.]  A  fnmilv  of  tectibnindiiate  gnstro- 
l"uls,  tyiiiCu'd  by  tile  genus  Jlusiri.s:  generally 
coiiiMmi'iI  willi  the  .IjihisiidfC. 

Busiris  (bu-si'rls),  V.  '\'K\j..  <  T,.  Busiri.i.  <  Or. 
Mainline,  name  of  n  lown  in  Fgypt,  etc.,  ]ir(ib.  < 
■  fiiir,  an  ox:  see  Bos.]  A  genus  of  gastropods, 
lyiiical  of  tho  family  Busiridw:  synonymous 
wilh  \nlarchus. 

busk'  (busk),  r,  \<  ME.  bii.iken,  prejuire,  pre- 
inire  one's  self,  gel  reiidy,  go,  linslen  iwilh  and 
without  the  rell,  ))n>n.).  <  leel.  /'"".•-•/,,  gel  one's 
self  reiidv,  a  ri'tl.  form,  <  bua,  prepare  (intr. 
live,  dwell,  =  AS.  bfiaii :  see  fcr',  bou-eri,  bmiift, 
biinnd'*,  etc),  +  sik  =  Gotli,  sik  =  ().  sich  =  L. 
se.  etc,  one's  self.  For  the  form,  ef,  bask}.] 
I.  Irons.  1.  To  get  ready;  prepare;  e(|uip; 
ilrcsK:  as,  to  busK  a  (Ish-hook.  [Old  English 
and  Scotch.] 

Bluik'l  lillii  boldly  to  the  drcmlful  light. 

Fair/ujl,  tr.  of  Tasso,  vll.  87. 
2l.  To  iiMo:  employ. 


'ousK 

Haf  thy  thy  helmo  of  thy  hcde,  &  haf  here  thy  pay  ; 
Bit^fc  no  more  debate  then  I  tlie  bede  thcnne, 
Wlien  thou  wypped  of  my  hede  at  a  wap  one. 
Sir  Oawai/ne  aiid  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1,  2248. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  get  ready  and  go;  Imsten; 
hurry. 
"  Now,  come  buslc"  be  off  ! 

Robinson,  Mid.  Yorkshire  Gloss.    {N.  E.  D.) 
Byschopes  and  bachelers,  and  l)anerottcs  nobille, 
That  bowes  to  liis  baiiore,  tm.^kr  whene  liyni  lyliys. 

M.Htc  Arthiiiv  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  00. 
Many  .  .  .  husked  westward  fur  tci  rolilie  eft. 

linh.  of  Brunne,  Lai>gtoft'.s  Clilon.  (ed.  llearnc),  p.  39. 

busk'-'ti  «•     -Aji  obsolete  form  of  bush^. 
As  the  beast  passed  by,  he  start  oxit  of  a  Intske. 

Udall,  Roister  Doister,  i.  4. 

busk^  (btisk),  r.  i.  [Prob.  <  Sp.  Pg.  buscar,  seek, 
search,  liunt  up  and  down:  see  buscnn.']  If. 
To  seek;  hunt  up  and  down;  east  about;  beat 
about. 

My  Lord  Rocliester  was  frighted,  and  was  inclined  to 
fall  off  from  tliis,  and  to  bxi.sk  for  some  other  way  to  raise 
the  supply.      lioi/er  North,  Life  of  Lord  Guilford,  II.  198. 

Go  bit^k  about,  and  run  thyself  into  the  next  gi-eat  man's 
lo!)by.  Wycherley,  Plain  Dealer,  iii.  1. 

2.  Naut.,  to  beat  to  windward  along  a  coast ; 
cruise  off  and  on. 
busk''  (busk),  ■«.  [<  P.  bnsc,  busque,  busk,  orig. 
tlie  wliole  bodice;  used  as  equiv.  to  buste  (a 
busk,  the  (juilted  belly  of  a  doublet,  prop,  a 
bust),  of  which  it  is  prob.  a  conniption:  see 
bust".]  1 .  A  stiffened  body-garment,  as  a  doub- 
let, corset,  or  bodice. 

Her  long  slit  sleeves,  stiffe  bxiske,  puffe,  verdingall. 
Is  all  that  mal£es  her  thus  angelicall. 

Marston,  .Scom-ge  of  ViUanle,  Sat.  vii. 

2.  A  flexible  strip  of  wood,  steel,  whalebone, 
or  other  stiffening  material,  placed  in  the  front 
of  stays  to  keep  them  in  form. 
buskS  (busk),  K.     [Amer.  Ind.  (f).]    An  Indian 
feast  of  first  fruits. 

Would  it  not  be  well  if  we  were  to  celebrate  such  a 
busk,  or  "feast  of  first  fruits,"  as  Bartram  describes  to 
have  been  the  custom  of  the  Mucclasse  Indians  ? 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  74. 

busked  (Viiiskt),  «.     l<  busJci  + -ed^.'\     Wearing 

a  l>usk;  stiffened  with  a  busk. 
busket  (bus'ket),  «.      [A  var.  of  bosket,  q.  v. 
Cf.  hnshct.]     If.  A  small  bush. — 2.    Same  as 
hostct. — 3t.  A  sprig;  a  bouquet. 

Yougthes  folke  now  flocken  in  every  where, 
To  gather  M&y -buskets  and  smelling  brere. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 

buskin  (bus'kin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  biis- 
kiii<j,pvoh.tor*bruskiii,<.  MD.  broosken,  broseken 
( >  P.  broiisequin,  bro- 
Oeqitiii;  cf.  broclekin), 
a  buskin,  dim.  of 
broos,  a  buskin,  ap- 
par.  orig.  a  purse ;  cf . 
MD.  horsekin,  a  little 
pm-se,  dim.  of  borse, 
a  purse:  see  burse, 
2)urse.'\  1.  A  half- 
boot  or  high  shoe 
.    .     „   , .  strapped  or  laced  to 

Ancient  Buskins.  ii  i  ,  .        , , 

c      .1,    .  .    ..     M  jv-     ■         tbe    ankle    and    the 

FromthestatuettecalledNarcissus.    ,  ^      „  .,       , 

in  the  Naples  Museum.  lOWBr  part  ot  the  leg. 

The  hunted  red-deer's  undressed  hide 
Their  hairy  buskins  well  supplied. 

Seott,  Marmion,  v.  5. 
2.  A  similar  boot  worn  by  the  ancients;  the 
cothurnus,  particularly  as  worn  by  actors  in 
tragedy.     See  cothurnus. 

How  I  eould  reare  the  Muse  on  stately  stage, 
And  teache  her  tread  aloft  in  buskin  fine. 

Spenser,  .Sliep.  Cal.,  Octol>er. 

Hence  —  3.  Tragedy  or  the  tragic  drama,  as  op- 
posed to  comedy. 

He  w;is  a  critic  upon  operas,  too. 

And  kiiew  all  niceties  of  the  sock  and  buskin. 

Byron,  Beppo,  st.  31. 

4.  A  low  laced  shoe  worn  by  women. —  5.  jil. 
EccJ.,  stockings  forming  a  part  of  the  canoni- 
cals of  a  bishop,  usually  made  of  satin  or  em- 
broidered silk. 

buskined  (bus'kind),  a.     [<  buskin  +  -e(/2.]    l. 
Wearing  buskins. 

The  bouncing  Amazon, 
Your  buskin  d  mistress.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tragedy;  tragic. 
In  buskin'd  measures  move 
I'ale  Grief,  and  pleasing  Pain.'  G-ray,  The  Bard. 

busklet,  <■•  «.     [Perhaps  a  var.  of  bustle^,  q.  v.] 
To  bustle  about;  move  quickly. 

It  is  like  the  smoldering  tyer  of  Moimt  Chymera,  which 
boyling  long  tyme  with  great  iusklim  in  the  bowels  of 
the  earth,  dooth  at  length  burst  out  with  violent  rage. 

Oratiotls  of  Arsanes,  1555.    {Halliwell.) 


733 

busk-point t,  «•     The  aglet  used  for  the  lace  of 
a  Imsli. 

'I'he  rio.ir  was  strewed  with  busk-iminls,  silk  garters,  and 
shoe-.stiiiigs,  scattered  hoi-o  and  there  for  haste  to  make 
away  fium  me.  Miildletun,  Tlie  Black  Book. 

buskyt  (bus'ki),  a.  [<  i«.<,-/t'-i  +  -yl.  Cf.  buski/ 
and  boskj/.}  Bushy;  bosky:  as,  "yon  buskii 
hill,"  ,S'W.-.,  IHen.IV.,  v.l. 
bussl  (bus),  V.  [Of  uncertain  origin;  cf.  G. 
dial.  (Bav.)  busson  (=  8w.  dial,  pussa),  kiss,  > 
G.  bus  (used  by  Luther)  =  Sw.  puss,  a  kiss.  Cf. 
Sp.  Pg.  bu~,  a  kiss  of  reverence,  =  Pr.  bus,  a 
kiss;  ef.  Sp.  ftwr,  Wall,  btize,  lip.  These  forms 
are  prob.  uncouueoted  with  ME.  basse,  a  kiss, 
late  ME.  basse,  kiss:  see  bass^.  Cf.  Turk,  bus, 
Pers.  busii,  Hind,  bosa,  a  kiss.]  I.  trans.  To 
smack;  kiss;  salute  with  the  lips. 

And  bi(ss  tliee  as  thy  wife.  Slmk.,  K.  .lohn,  iii.  4. 

Kissing  and  bussing  differ  both  in  this. 
We  iW6'*  our  wantons,  but  our  wives  we  kiss.   Uerrick. 
II.  intrans.  To  kiss. 

Oome,  huM  and  friends,  my  laml);  wliish,  lullaby. 
What  ails  my  babe,  what  ails  my  Imbe  to  cry  ? 

Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  8. 

bussi  (bus),  M.  [<  6«ssi,  «.]  A  smack;  a  kiss; 
a  salute  with  the  lips. 

Thou  dost  give  me  flattering  busses. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV., ii.  4. 
buss^t  (bus),  n.  [<  ME.  busse  (cf.  D.  buis  = 
MLG.  buse,  butso  =  OHG.  bUzo,  MHG.  buse,  G. 
biise  =  Icel.  bussa,  buza),  <  OF.  basso,  buse  = 
Sp.  buzo  =  Pr.  bus,  a  kind  of  boat,  <  ML.  bu.'isa, 
buscia,  a  kind  of  boat,  also  a  box;  one  of  the 
numerous  forms  of  buxida,  prop.  ace.  of  buxis, 
also  (L.)  huxus,  a  box:  see  boisf^,  box^,  bu.sh-, 
boss'i,  bushell,  etc.]  A  small  vessel  of  from  50 
to  70  tons  burden,  carrying  two  masts,  and 
two  sheds  or  cabins,  one  at  each  end,  used  in 
hen-ing-fishing.  The  buss  wa-s  common  in  the  middle 
ages  among  the  \  enetians  and  other  maritime  commuui- 
ties.    It  was  of  considerable  beam,  like  a  galleon. 

It  was  a  sea  most  proper  for  whale-fishing;  little  Imsses 
might  cast  out  nets  for  smelts  and  herrings. 

Bp.  Uacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  p.  82. 

His  Majesty's  resolution  to  give  £200  to  every  man  that 

will  set  out  a  busse.  I'epys,  Diary,  I.  353. 

buss^,  11.     See  bus. 

buss*  (bus),  K.    A  Scotch  form  of  bush'^. 

busS''  (bus),  V.  t.     [E.  dial.  var.  of  busk^.] 

dress :  get  ready. 
bussock  (bus'ok),  n.    [E.  dial.,  perhaps  <  *buss 

for  busk'2  or  6i«/«l  +  -ock.]    1.  A  tuft  of  coarse 

grass. — 2.  A  sheaf  of  grain. — 3.  A  thick,  fat 

person.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
bussocky  (bus'ok-i),   a.     [<  bussock  +  -?/l.] 

Having  bussoeks,  tufts  of  coarse  grass,  or  the 

like.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Tliere's  nothing  bussocky  about  it  [a  cricket-ground],  no 
rushes,  nor  notliing  of  that. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  eth  ser.,  XI.  '28". 

bussu-palm  (bus'so-pam),  «.  A  palm,  the  ^fa- 
nicaria  saccifera,  foimd  in  the  swamps  of  the 
Amazon,  whose  stem  is  only  fi-om  10  to  20  feet 
high,  but  whose  leaves  are  often  30  feet  long 
and  4  or  5  feet  broad.  These  are  used  by  the  Indians 
for  thatch,  for  whicli  they  are  admirably  adapted.  Tlie 
fibrous  spathes  are  used  as  bags,  or  when  cut  longitudi- 
nally .and  stretched  out  answer  the  purpose  of  a  coarse 
lint  strong  cloth.     See  Manicaria. 

bussynet,  ».  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  OP.  bussine, 
bui.'.ini',  busine,  a  trumpet.]     A  trumpet. 

bust,'  (bust),  V.  A  dialectal  or  vulgar  form  of 
burst. 

busti  (bust),  H.  1.  A  dialectal  or  ■vulgar  form 
of  burst. —  2.  Specifically,  a  spree:  as,  to  go  on 
a  bust.     [CoUoq.] 

bust'-^  (bust),  n.  [Formerly  also  busto  (<  It.): 
=  G.  bu.ste,  <  F.  buste,  <  It.  busto  =  Sp.  Pg. 
busto,  <  ML.  bustuni,  the  trimk  of  the  body,  of 
uncertain  origin;  perhaps  from  ML.  busta,  a 
box,  one  of  the 
forms  of  buxida  : 
see  boist^,  bu.is'^, 
6oj'2,  etc.  Cf.E. 
chest  and  trunk, 
used  in  a  similar 
manner.]  1.  The 
chest,  thorax,  or 
breast;  the  trunk 
of  the  human 
body  above  the 
waist. 

It   pressed    upon    a 
hard  but  glowiug 

bust 

Wliich    beat    as    if 
there  was  a  warm 
heart  under. 
Byron,  Don  Juan, 
(xvi.  122, 


bustle 

2.  In  sculp.,  the  figure  of  a  person  in  relief, 
showing  only  the  head,  shoulders,  and  breast. 
'I'lie  teiMi  may  lie  a|i|ilied  to  tile  liearl  and  ncuk  only,  or  to 
till-  liead  and  ncrk  with  tlie  sliouldcrs  ami  breast,  or  to  tllo 
licad  with  tlie  wlnde  diest,  or  to  the  head,  neck,  Ijreast, 
and  shimlriers,  with  tlie  arms  truncated  above  the  clljow. 

bust'*  (bust),  V.  t.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  buist.']  To 
])ut  a  tar-mark  upon  (sheep). 

bust'*  (bust),  «.  [<  bust'i,  v.}  A  tar-mark  on 
sheep. 

bustard  (bus'tjlrd),  «.  [Formerly  bistard;  < 
OF.  (and  F.  dial.)  bistarde,  OF.  also  ouslarde, 
houstardc,  liosliirrlc,  nioil.  F.  oul/irde  =  Pr.  fius- 
tarda  =  It.  uttarda  =  Sp.  aru tarda  =  I'g.  ahe- 
tarda  and  betarda,  bustard,  <  L.  arts  turda 
(Pliny),  lit.  a  slow  bird:  see  Arcs  and  tardy. 
The  first  element  appears  also  in  ostrith :  see 
r>strich.'\  1.  A  largo  grallatorial  bird  of  the 
family  Otidida;  or  of  the  genus  Otis  in  a  wide 
sense.  There  are  about  *30  species,  mostly  of  Africa, 
several  of  India,  one  of  Australia,  and  three  jiropurly 
European.  Tile  beBt.known  is  the  great  bustard,  Otis 
tarilo,  of  Europe  and  Africa,  noted  as-  the  largest  Euro- 
pean bird,  the  male  often  weighing  .'io  pouiidK,  and  having 
a  length  of  about  4  feet  and  a  stretch  of  wings  of  U  or  7 
feet,    'llie  little  bustard  Is  Otis  tetraz  of  southern  Europe. 


To 


.a  Uustard  iC'/ij  c< 


Bust  of  Homer,  Museo  N 


Naples. 


The  houbara,  O.  houttara,  is  a  north  African  and  Arabian 
species,  occuiTingalso  in  southern  Europe,  and  the  alliett 
Indian  species,  O.  niaCf]Ueeni,  has  sometimes  been  taken 
in  Europe.  O.  aurita  and  O.  bewialensis  are  also  Asiatic. 
The  Australian  species  is  O.  austratis.  The  rest  are  .\fri- 
cali.  Only  the  fli-st-iianieil  twi»  belong  to  the  restricted 
genus  Otis;  the  remaiiuler  are  sometimes  allocateil  to  a 
genus  Etipodotis,  sometimes  split  into  six  to  niue  dilfereut 
genera.  See  also  cut  under  Euj/odotis. 
2.  A  name  in  Canada  of  the  common  wild 
goose,  Bernicla  canadensis.  A.  Xeicton Thick- 
kneed  bustard,  a  name  of  the  tllick-kuee,  Oidicnemut 
rii'i,lt(tti.^.  a  kind  of  plover. 

busted'  (bus 'ted),  p.  a.  [<  bust'^  +  -ed2.] 
Broken ;  bankrupt ;  ruined :  as,  a  busted  bank ; 
a  busted  miner.     [Slang,  U.  S.] 

busted-  (bus'ted),  fl.     [<  bust-  +  -c<P.]    Adorn- 
ed with  busts.     [Rare.] 
Your  bridges  and  ytiur  busted  libraries.  Tennyson, 

buster  (bus't&r),  «.  [For  burster,  as  busf^  for 
hurst.  Cf.  Sc.  bust,  JIE.  busten,  beat,  of  Scand. 
origin :  S\v.  biista,  beat,  thump:  see  6fl«tel.]  1. 
Something  of  extraordinary  size. — 2.  A  rois- 
terer.—  3.  A  frolic;  a  spree. — 4.  A  violent 
wind.     [American  slang  in  all  senses.] 

bustiant,  «•  [Sc.  also  iH.9<iVj»< ;  origin  obscure ; 
cf.  fustian.li  A  kind  of  cloth,  said  to  be  the 
same  as  fustian. 

bustic  (bus'tik),  ».  [Appar.  of  native  origin.] 
-A  sapotaceous  tree  of  tropical  America.  TMph<>- 
lis  .valicifolia.  -with  very  heavy  and  liard  wood, 
dark-brown  in  color,  and  susceptible  of  a  high 
polish. 

bustle'  (bus'l),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bustled,  ppr. 
hii.'<llinfi.  [Prob.  <  Icel.  bustla,  bustle,  splash 
about  in  the  water;  bust!,  a  bustle,  splashing 
about  (cf.  bastia,  r.,  turmoil,  bastl,  turmoil); 
allied  to  Dan.  bnsc,  bounce,  pop,  =  Sw.  busa  (pd 
en),  rush  (upon  one),  dial.  bu.sa,  strike,  thrust. 
Cf .  buskle.']  To  display  activity  -with  a  certain 
amount  of  noise  or  agitation;  be  active  and 
stirring ;  move  quickly  and  energetically :  some- 
limes  used  retlexively. 
Bustiino  theniM'tres  to  dress  up  the  galleys. 

A.  Munday,  in  .^rber's  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  209. 
And  leave  the  world  for  me  to  bustle  in. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  L  1. 

.\t  least  a  dozeu  of  these  winged  vintagers  bustird  out 

from  among  the  leaves.         Loiceil,  Study  Windows,  p,  9. 


bustle 

bnstlei  (^us'l),  n.    [<6i««fi,  r.]    Activity  with 
noise  and  agitation ;  stir;  hurry-scurry. 
A  strange  bustle  and  disturbance  in  the  world.     South. 
Seldom  he  varied  feature,  hue,  or  muscle, 
And  could  be  very  btisy  without  bustk. 

Bt/ron,  Don  Juan,  \iii.  39. 

They  seem  to  require  nothing  more  to  enliven  them 
than  crowds  and  bmtU,  with  a  pipe  and  a  cup  of  coffee. 
£.  W.  Lane,  Modem  Egj-ptians,  II.  263. 

bustle^ 

by  some 

other  anpli  ,  ,    . 

var.  of  feHsWfi.]     Apad,  cushion,  curvedframe- 

■work  of  wire,  or  the  like,  worn  by  women  on 

the  back  part  of  the  body  below  the  waist  for 

the  ptirpose  of  improving  the  figure,  causing 


734 

iysigati,  hysgian,  occupy,  employ,  trouble  (=  D. 
be~igen,  use,  employ).  <  i!>//.*i<7.  busy:  see  busy, 
«.]  To  employ  with  constant  attention;  keep 
engaged;  make  or  keep  busy:  as,  to  busy  one's 
self  with  books. 

Be  it  thy  course,  to  busy  giddy  minds 

"With  foreign  quarrels.      Shak.,  2  Hen.  rv^,  iv.  4. 

All  other  Nations,  from  whom  they  could  expect  aide, 
were  bltsied  to  the  utmost  in  their  own  necessary  concern- 
ments. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xit 

;  pi.  btisybodies  (-iz). 
A  meddling  person ; 
mpertinently  concerns 
himself  with  the  aflEairs  of  others. 

A  busybody  who  had  been  properly  punished  for  running 
into  danger  without  any  call  of  duty. 

3iacautai/,  Hist.  Eng.,  xvi. 


the  folds  of  the  skirt  to  hang  gracefully,  and  t„„.^v-j.^™  Cblz'i-bod'i 
preventing  the  skirt  from  interfering  with  the  ^^J'^ff^T'he  habit  of  bu 


feet  in  walking. 
Whether  she  was  pretty,  whether  she  wore  much  bustle. 


One  who  bustles;  an  ac- 


i-izm),  )i.    [<  busybody 
bussing  one's  self  about 
other  people's  affairs.     [Rare.] 

The  most  common  effect  of  this  mock  evangelical  spirit, 
especially  with  young  women,  is  self-inflation  and  busy- 
bodyism.  Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 

busyness  (biz'i-nes),  71.  [<  busy  +  -ness.  Cf. 
bu.iincss,  the  same  word  with  altered  pron.  and 
meaning.]  The  state  of  being  busy  or  actively 
employed.     See  busiiwss,  1.     [Now  rare.] 

Grant.  .  .  isentirely  ignorant  of  the  arts  by  which  pop- 
ularity is  preserved  and  a  show  of  bujtyness  kept  up  by 
them.  The  Xativn,  Sept.  16,  1869,  p.  224. 

busytyt,   «•      [Early  mod.  E.,  <  busy  +  -ty.'] 
BusiiTiess. 
The  table  dTi6te  was  going  on,  and  a  gracious,  bustling,  but^  (but),  adv.,  prep.,  and  conj.      [Early  mod 


bustler  (bns'ler),  «. 
five,  stirring  person. 

Forgive  him.  then,  thou  bustler  in  concerns 

Of  little  worth.  Cotcper,  Task,  vi.  952. 

bustling  (bus'ling),  i>.  a.  [Ppr.  of  6MS?/el,  c] 
Moving  actively  with  noise  or  agitation ;  briskly 
active  or  stirring:  as,  "a  busy,  6KA«i«(7  time," 
Crabbe,  The  Newspaper. 

Sir  Henry  Vane  was  a  busy  and  bustling  man. 

Clarendxm. 


talkative  landlady  welcomed  me. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  24S. 

bustot  (hus'to),  « .   [It. ,  also  Sp.  and  Pg.,  a  bust : 
see  bust.^    A  bust ;  a  statue.     [Rare.] 

The  busto  moulders,  and  the  deep  cut  marble, 
Unsteady  to  the  steel,  gives  up  its  charge. 

Blair,  The  Grave. 

bustuoust,  bustust,  bustwyst.    See  hoistous. 

busy  (biz'i).  a.  [<  ilE.  bisy,  bysy,  bcsy,  busi, 
busy,  etc.,  <  AS.  bysig,  busy,  occupied  (>  bysgu, 
occupation,  labor,  toil,  affliction),  =  D.  be;ig 
=  LG.  besig,  busy,  active.  Further  affinities 
doubtful.  The  spelling  with  «  is  due  to  the 
frequent  use  of  that  letter  in  ME.  with  its  F. 
sound,  the  same  as  the  sound  of  AS.  y,  for 
which  it  was  often  substituted.  The  proper  E. 
representative  of  AS.  y  is  i,  as  in  the  phoneti- 
cally parallel  diczy,  <  AS.  dyaig.']  1.  Actively 
or  attentively  engaged ;  closely  occupied  physi- 
cally or  mentally;  intent  iipon  that  which  one 
is  doing;  not  at  leisure:  opposed  to  idle. 
My  mistress  sends  you  word 
That  she  is  busy,  and  she  cannot  come. 

SAa*.,T.  of  theS.,  V.  2. 

I  write  of  melancholy,  by  being  busy  to  avoid  melan- 
choly. Burton,  Auat  of  Jlel.,  To  the  Keadcr,  p.  18. 

As  a  iHiy  he  fClive]  hail  been  too  idle,  as  a  man  he  soon 
became  loo  tn^jfy,  for  literary  pursuits. 

ilacaulay.  Lord  Clivc. 

2.  Active  in  that  which  does  not  concern  one; 
meddling  with  or  prj-ing  into  the  affairs  of 
others;  officious;  importunate. 

'Iliey  Ik;  careful!  and  diligent  in  tlieir  own  nmttcre,  not 
curious  and  buscy  in  otlicr  mens  allairfs. 

Ateham,  Tlie  .Scholcniastcr,  p.  35. 

On  meddling  monkey,  or  on  busy  ane. 

Sliak.,  M.  N.  D.,  11.  2. 

3.  In  constant  or  energetic  action;  rapidly 
moving  or  moved;  diligently  used:  as,  busy 
bands  or  thoughts. 

With  busy  liBumicrs  cIosIiik  rivets  ui). 

iVint.,  Hen.  v.,  Iv.  (cho.). 

The  music-itlrring  motion  of  Its  wtll  and  busy  feet. 

Shelley,  rroiuethcua  Unboimd,  I. 

4.  Pertaining  or  duo  to  energetic  action;  mani- 

fcatiog  conHtunt  or  rapid  movement. 

1  heard  a  busie  ItUfttlinK- 

Sitenitrr,  sln-p.  Cftl.,  March. 

'J'ower'd  cities  please  ii^  then. 
Anil  tlio  fci«(/  hum  of  ni.  ii. 

.l/iVf.,;i,  L'Allogro,  1. 118. 

I.''qturing  conntant  attention,  us  a  tank. 


I.'  qti 


r^t  a  busy  work  to  lirlng  bin  pnrialilonera  to  a 
iMlimrr,  Sifrmon  of  llic  I'lougli. 

o.-matlcs  were  my  tniisj/  liook. 

./.  Ilemtmont,  I'nyche,  11.  45. 

6.  Fill'-d  with  active  duties  or  employment. 

Tr.  II.  .    .     (    ,/,iu„ilay.  .SAo*.,  KIch,  III ..  V,  ::. 

7t.  ('"<■  <  ■'■     ii.sioiiH.    fVi»/«Tr. -Bjni.1  anil  2.  -<<•• 

tire,  I:-  r      i '  -  .  I ;  illll|(onl,  aMiduiMlli, 

Imnl  V. 

busy  (I" 
biuying. 


:.;    pril.   :'iiil    ]>p.  huMml, 
L<  MK.  btttUin,  bislen,  begicn,   < 


ppr. 
AS. 


E.  also  bot.  bote ;  <  JIE.  but.  bot,  hitte.  botCj  buteii 
boteii,  with  a  short  vowel;  parallel  with  the 
equiv.  early  mod.  E.  lout  (esp.  as  a  prep.,  with- 
out; cf.  about,  the  same  word  with  a  prefix: 
see  bout-,  and  boufi  =  about),  <  ME.  bout,  boute, 
bouten,  earlier  bate,  buten,  retaining  the  orig. 
long  vowel,  <  AS.  butan,  butoii,  poet,  be-utait, 
ONorth.  buta  (=  OS.  biuian,  butan  =  OFries. 
huten,  biita,  bota  =  JILti.  biiteii,  but,  LG.  biiten 
=  D.  buiten  =  OHG.  6(hc«h)i  ^'ithout,  outside, 

<  be,  by,  with,  -t-  itiaii,  out,  orig.  from  without, 

<  fit,  out:  see  be-"  and  out,  and  cf.  the  correla- 
tive 6(h2,  =  So.  bcii,  within  (<  be--  +  i«l),  and 
about,  above,  which  also  contain  the  element 
6e--.]     I.  adv.  If.  Outside;  without;  out. 

flit  was  swuthe  mouclicl  scomc  |a  very  great  shame] 

That  scholde  a  queue  beou 

King  in  thisse  londe, 

Heora  sunen  beon  buten  [var.  !row(e].  Layamon,  I.  l.W. 
2.  In  or  to  the  outer  room  of  a  cottage  liiiviug 
a  but  and  a  ben:  as,  he  was  but  a  few  minutes 
ago;  he  gacd  but  just  now.  [Scotch.] — 3. 
Only;  merely;  just.     See  lU. 

li.  prep.  "it.  Outside  of ;  vrithout.— 2t.  To 
the  outside  of. —  3.  To  the  outer  apartment  of : 
as,  gae  but  the  house.  [Scotch.]— 4.  With- 
out; notha\Tng;  ajmrt  from. 

Sumiue  [sc.  weren)  al  bule  fet  [without  feetl. 

Old  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Morris),  Ist  8er.,  p.  43. 

Of  fassoun  fair,  fcrit  feir  [without  eiiual].  Dunbar. 

Touch  not  a  cat  but  a  glove.  Scotch  proeerb. 

5.  Except;  besides;  more  than,  (in  this  use  gen- 
erally preceded  by  a  clause  cnnlaiuing  or  implying  a  nega- 
tion, and  not  easily  separable  fnon  tlie  conjiniclioniil  u»e. 
under  which  most  of  the  exiiiiiplis  (nil.  The  conjuiictiiin, 
on  the  oIluT  hand  in  some  elliptical  constructions  luisHUU'a 
a  preiiiisitional  phase,  and  in  other  constructions  an  ad- 
verliiiil  ph.ise.     Sec  lielow.) 

III.  eonj.  1.  Except;  unless:  after  a  clause 
coiitaiiiiiig  or  inqilyiiig  a  iiogaticin,  ami  iulro- 
duoiiig  the  fcillowiiig  clause,  in  which  (tlic  verb 
being  usually  omitted  because  iniplieii  in  the 
])receding  clause)  but  before  the  noun  (Kiilijci-t 
or  object  of  the  omitted  verb)  comes  to  bo  re- 
garded as  a  preposition  governing  the  noun. 

>'ls  [ne  is,  is  not]  buten  nn  god  [noni.]. 

Legend  of  St.  Katherinf,  p.  307. 

Tiler  nis  bot  a  godd  [noin.]. 

Ugeml  o/  St.  Kalherinr,  p.  282. 

Nl»  non  other  lute  he  jnoin.]. 

OU  Eng.  llomUict  (cd.  Morris),  2d  sir.,  p.  100. 

Nefcdo  (had  not]  he  bnten  anno  8Unc  (bcc.). 

Layatnon,  1,  f>. 

Away  went  (illpln  — who  tntt  he?  Cowper.inUn  (illjiln. 
Ilic  rlause  Introiliued  by  but  (the  npparenl  objicl  of  (In- 
i|Uiuilpr<iKii.ltli.ii)  may  lie  n  single  word,  an  Inllnltive  or 
prepositional  |ilinii..-,  or  a  cInUBe  with  that. 

For  albeit  Unit  |iain  «ii«  onlelnvil  of  God  for  the  p"n- 
IMiment  of  Hinnin  (for  » lilili  liny  that  nener  can  now  b„l 
slnne,  can  niuir  l.e  (iii(  luer  imnlnhiil  In  licl),  yel  in  IIiIh 
world  .  .  .  the  puninhniinl  bv  Irlbiilntliill  .  .  .  scrnelh 
ordinarily  for  a  nn-iiiie  of  uiiieiidiiieiil. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cunifort  ngnliiKl  lilbnlnllnn  (ir.7;i).  fiil.  11. 

Noc  lawcsof  man  (accnnlinu  to  I  lie  mrnlKhl  rule  id  riglil ) 

are  lust,  but  m  In  regard  U)  tlie  .villi,  which  tln-y  iir.niil. 

Sjienser,  HUte  or  In-laiut. 

I  lannot  chooio  6««  weep  In  iMM- lilin.    

Beau,  and  Ft.,  King  and  ^u  King,  Hi.  3. 


but 

The  wedding  gniest  he  beat  his  breast, 
Yet  he  cannot  choose  6wf  hear. 

Colrrid'ie,  Ancient  Mariner. 
Xo  war  ought  ever  to  be  undertaken  hut  under  circum- 
stances which  render  all  interchange  of  courtesy  between 
the  comhataaits  impossible. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Hist.  Greece. 

That  hut  for  this  our  souls  were  free, 
And  &«(  for  that  our  lives  were  blest. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  \\hat  we  all  Think. 
By  ellipsis  of  the  subject  of  the  clause  introduced  by  l»U 
in  this  construction,  but  becomes  equivalent  to  that  .  .  . 
not  or  who  .  .  .  not. 

There  is  none  soe  badd,  Eudoxus,  but  shall  finde  some  to 

favoure  liis  doinges.  Speiuser,  .state  of  Ireland. 

No  voice  exempt,  no  voice  but  well  could  join 

Melodious  part.  Miltuii,  P.  L.,  iii.  370. 

Hardly  a  cavalier  in  the  land  but  would  have  thought  It 

a  reproach  t^  remain  behind. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  24. 
What  will  but  felt  the  fleshly  screen? 

Broum  inff.  Lust  Ride  Togetl^. 

In  this  construction  the  negative,  being  implied  in  but, 
came  to  be  omitted,  especially  in  connection  with  the 
verb  be,  in  the  principal  clause,  the  construction  "There 
is  iwt  but  one  God,"  as  in  the  first  example,  becoming 
"There  is  btit  one  God,"'  leaving  b^tt  as  a  quasi-adverb, 
'only,  merely,  simply."  This  use  is  also  extended  to  con- 
structions not  originally  negative. 

If  God  would  giue  the  goodes  only  to  good  men,  than 

would  folke  take  occasion  to  seiiu-  him  hut  for  them. 

Sir  T.  J/on , Oiunfort  against  TiiliuhUion  (1573),  fol.  35. 

If  they  kill  us,  we  shall  but  die.  2  Ki.  vii  4. 

I  am,  my  lord,  but  as  my  betters  are, 

That  led  me  hither.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

Do  but  go  kiss  him, 
Or  touch  him  but.         B.  Jonxon,  Volpone,  iii.  d. 
But  form'd,  and  fight  1  but  born,  and  then  rebel ! 

Quarles,  Emblems,  iii.  6. 
For  alms  are  but  the  vehicle  of  prayer. 

Dnjitrii,  Hind  and  I'anther,  1.  HOO. 

How  happy  I  should  be  if  I  could  tease  her  into  loving 
me,  though  but  a  little  ! 

Shendaiiy  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

Once,  and  but  once,  this  [Bacon's]  course  of  prosperity 
was  for  a  moment  interrupted.  Macaula;/,  l^rd  Bacon. 
Against  his  sharp  steel  lightnings 
Stood  the  Suliote  ^i((  to  die.  M'hitti^r,  The  Hero. 
To  the  last  two  constructions,  respectively,  belong  the 
idioms  '*lcanju»t  bitt  hope  that,"  etc..  and  ''J  can  but  hope 
that,"  etc.  The  former  has  sulfLiTil  iIUi)sis  of  tlu-  prim  i  pal 
verb  in  the  first  clause  ;  "  I  cannot  dn  :in\thiM>;  1ml  b"pe." 
or  "  anything  else  than  hope,"  <ir  "  ..tbeiwiiie  than  liupe," 
etc.,  implying  constraint,  in  that  there  is  an  alternative 
which  one  is  mentally  miable  or  reluctant  to  accept,  hut 
beinL.'  equivalent  to  otherwise  than.  The  latter,  "I  can 
hut  iiope  tliiit,"  etc.,  haa  sulfered  further  ellipsis  of  the 
ncgjiti\e.  :uul,  though  historically  the  same  as  the  former, 
is  idioniatically  dilferent:  "I  can  oidy  hope  that,"  etc., 
im]dying  restraint,  in  that  there  is  no  alternative  or  op- 
portunity of  acticui.  hut  being  etpiivalent  to  onlu,  tutt 
iithcru'iM'  than,  or  no  more  than. 

I  cannot  but  remember  such  things  were. 
That  were  most  precious  to  nte.   Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 
I  cannot  but 
Applaud  your  scorn  of  injuries. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  2. 
They  can)wt  but  testify  ttt  Truth. 

Milton,  Church -Government,  Pref.,  il. 

T  cannot  but  sympathize  with  every  one  I  meet  that  is 

In  allliction.  Addison,  .\  Friend  of  Mankind. 

He  cotdd  hut  write  in  proportiiui  as  he  read,  and  empty 

his  eonmumplace  as  fast  only  as  ho  Illled  it.  :Scott. 

Yet  he  could  not  but  acknowledge  tt»  himself  that  there 
was  something  calculated  to  impress  awe,  .  .  .  in  the  sud- 
den appearances  and  vunishings  ...  of  the  masque. 

Ve  Quincey. 

In  an  interrogative  sentence  implying  a  negative  answer, 
can  but  is  e<iuivnlent  to  cannot  but  in  ft  declarative  sen- 
tence. 

Why,  who  can  but  believe  hini?  he  does  swear 

So  earnestly,  that  if  it  were  not  true, 

The  gods  would  iu)t  endure  him. 

livan.  and  Ft.,  rhilaster,  iii.  1. 

After  diuiht,  or  doubt  not,  and  other  expressions  involving 
a  negative,  but  may  be  used  as  after  other  negatives,  but 
that  being  often  un'cd  pleoimstically  for  that. 

1  doubt  nut  but  1  shall  Ibul  them  tractal)le  enough. 

Shok.,  Pericles,  iv.  0. 
Mv  lord,  I  neither  can  nor  will  di'U}/ 
Hut  that  I  know  them.      Shok..  All's  Well.  v.  3. 
1  doul't  not  hut  there  nmy  1m»   many  wIhc  Men   in  all 
VUivvA  iind  hrgreej*.  hut  am  sorry  the  elleels  of  Wisdom 
are  so  little  seen  among  us.     Milton,  Frcet'umnionwealth. 
I  (/«  »i(i/  doubt  but  Kngland  Is  at  jtresent  m  polite  a  na- 
tion as  any  in  the  world.  Sftrlc,  Sjiectator.  No.  fl. 
There  Is  no  i/uention  but  the  King  of  Spain  will  reform 
moHt  tt(  the  abuses.                       Addison,  'I'rnveiN  In  Italy. 
Hence  the  use  of  but  with  lY  or  that,  forming  a  unitary 
phraw  but  if,  '  unh-MK,  if  unl,'  but  that,  'exeept  llml.  mi- 
Ie.^H•  (these  jihraneH  havim:  of  courno  aJHO  their  aiiulytleal 
meaning,  with  but  in  its  adverHatlve  use), 
Gramer  ffir  gurleH  I  gon  fur»t4'  U>  wrlt^*, 
And  beot  hem  with  a  baleyt*  f>ut  .i-i/tbel  wolde  lernen. 
J'icrfi  rhuuntiniA),  xt.  182. 

Hut  if  I  have  my  wllle. 
For  dcnio  love  of  tliei-.  hniini,  I  Mpille. 

Chuucrr.  Mlllir-HTale,  1.  91. 

rx'se  the  fratornoto  of  the  glide  for  euere  more,  but  i/  ho 
bane  grace.  JStiifliiih  Qild»  (E.  E.  T.  H.),  P-  06. 


T)ut 

And  also  be  we  very  sure,  that  as  he  [God]  beginneth  to 
worke  with  vs,  so  {but  if  our  selfe  tlit  froiti  him)  he  wil 
not  faile  to  tarie  with  vs. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  17. 
The  phrase  but  that,  oft«n  abbreviated  to  but,  thus  takes 
an  extended  meaning,    (a)  If  not ;  unless. 

Bote  ich  be  holly  at  thyn  heate,  let  honge  me  ellys  ! 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  iv.  149. 

(b)  Except  that,  othermse  than  that,  that  .  .  ,  not.  (1) 
After  negative  clauses. 

Sildome  but  some  good  commeth  ere  the  end. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  172. 
I  see  not  then  btit  we  should  enjoy  the  same  license. 

B.  Jortsun. 
And  know  there  shall  be  nothing  in  my  power 
You  may  deserve,  but  you  shall  have  your  wishes. 

Beau.  a7id  Fl.,  Philaster,  v.  4. 
Nor  fate 
Shall  alter  it,  since  now  the  die  is  cast. 
But  that  this  hour  to  Pompey  is  his  last. 

Fletcher  {and  another).  False  One,  i.  1. 
;^elieve  not  htit  I  joy  to  see  thee  safe.  Rowc. 

I  was  not  so  young  when  my  father  died  hut  that  I  per- 
fectly remember  him.  Byron. 
The  negative  clause  is  often  represented  by  the  single 
word  iwt. 
Not  but  they  thought  me  worth  a  ransom. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 
An  expletive  what  sometimes,  but  incorrectly,  follows. 

Not  but  lohat  I  hold  it  our  duty  never  to  foster  into  a 
passion  what  we  nmst  rather  submit  to  as  an  awful  neces- 
sity. Buhvcr. 

(2)  After  interrogative  clauses  implying  a  negative  an- 
swer. 

But  is  it  suffered  amongest  them?     It  is  wonderfull  but 
that  the  governoui's  doe  redresse  such  shamefull  abuses. 
Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Who  knows  but  we  may  make  an  agreeable  and  perma- 
nent acquaintance  with  this  interesting  family?    T.  Hook. 

(3)  After  imperative  or  exclamatory  clauses. 

Heaven  defend  but  still  I  should  stand  so. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

(c)  Excepting  or  excluding  the  fact  that;  save  that;  were 
it  not  that ;  unless. 

And,  but  infirmity 
OVliieh  waits  upon  worn  times)  hath  something  seiz'd 
His  wish"d  ability,  he  had  himself 
The  lands  and  waters  'twixt  yom*  throne  and  his 
Measur'd  to  look  upon  you.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  v.  1. 

Here  we  live  in  an  old  crumbling  mansion  that  looks 
for  all  the  world  like  an  inn,  but  that  we  never  see  com- 
pany. Goldsmith. 
Last  year,  my  love,  it  was  my  hap 

Behind  a  grenadier  to  be, 
And,  but  he  wore  a  hairy  cap, 
No  taller  man  methinks  than  me. 

Thackeray,  Chronicle  of  the  Drum. 

2.  However;  yet;  still;  nevertheless;  notwith- 
standing: introducing  a  statement  in  restric- 
tion or  moditioation  of  the  preceding  statement. 

When  pride  cometh,  then  cometh  shame :  but  with  the 
lowly  is  wisdom.  Prov.  xi.  2. 

Now  abideth  faith,  hope,  charity,  these  three ;  but  the 
greatest  of  these  is  charity.  1  Cor.  xiii.  13. 

The  Moorish  inhabitants  looked  jealously  at  this  small 
but  proud  array  of  Spanish  chivalry. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  11. 

3.  On  the  contrary;  on  the  other  hand:  the 
regular  adversative  eonjimction,  introducing  a 
clause  in  contrast  with  the  preceding. 

Coke's  opposition  to  the  Court,  we  fear,  was  the  effect 
not  of  good  principles,  but  of  a  bad  temper. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 
The  statement  with  which  the  clause  with  but  is  thus  con- 
trasted may  be  unexpressed,  being  implied  in  the  context 
or  supplied  by  the  circumstances. 

Of  much  less  value  is  my  company 
Than  yom-  good  words.     But  who  comes  here? 

Shah.,  Rich.  H.,  ii.  3. 
Have  you  got  nothing  for  me? — Yes,  but  I  have. 

Sheridan. 
Sometimes,  instead  of  the  statement  with  which  the  clause 
with  but  is  contrasted,  an  exclamation  of  surprise,  admi- 
ration, or  other  strong  feeling  precedes,  the  clause  with  but 
then  expressing  the  ground  of  the  feeling. 

0.  hut  this  most  delicious  world,  how  sweet 
lit_i'  [ik-asures  relish !  Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  13. 

Good  htavens,  btit  she  is  handsome  !  Adam  Smith. 

4.  Than:  after  comparatives.  [This  construction, 
once  in  good  use,  and  still  common,  is  now  regarded  as 
incorrect.] 

It  can  be  no  otherwise  b^it  so. 

B.  Jonson,  C>iithia's  Kevels,  v.  2. 
O  fairest  flower,  no  sooner  blown  hut  blasted. 

Milton,  Ode  on  D.  F.  I. 

I  no  sooner  saw  my  face  in  it  but  I  was  startled  by  my 

shortness  in  it.  Addison. 

This  point  was  no  sooner  gained,  but  new  dissensions 
began.  Stvift,  Nobles  and  Commons,  iii. 

Of.  When.  [This  use  arises  out  of  the  comparative  con- 
struction, '*not  far,  but  .  .  .  ,"  being  equivalent  to  "not 
much  further  than  .  .  ."     See  4.] 

Now  I  beheld  in  my  dream,  that  they  had  not  journeyed 
far,  but  the  river  and  the  way  for  a  time  jjarted. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  172. 
[By  further  ellipsis  and  idiomatic  deflection  but  has  in 
modem  English  developed  a  great  variety  of  special  and 


735 


Buthus 


isolated  usea  derived  from  the  prnccding.]  =  Syn.  Umv- 
crrr.  Still,  N evert heletis,  etc.     See  however. 

buti  (but),  ti.  [He,  <  but^f  adv.jprep.y  and  couj., 
outside,  without.  Cf.  the  correlative  hcni-,  n.} 
The  outer  room  of  a  house  consisting  of  only 
two  rooms ;  the  kitchen :  the  other  room  being 
the  hri/.    To  live  but  and  ben  with.    Sul-  br-^ 

but-t.buttit(>>'it)^ 
ilouiider(gI<)HH('dalso  t ur ho,  tnrhot,  andpcctfn) 
=  D.  hot,  a  Jloundor,  plaice,  =  MLG.  but,  hG. 


tinguiflhed  from  gamt^  oj  olher  animal  or  vege- 
tabh'  food  ;  l)utchers'  meat. 
butcheroust  (hu<-h'6r-u8),  «.   [<  butciwr  +  -oivi.'j 
Murderous ;  cruel. 

That  those  thy  hutcherotut  handa 
Should  olfer  violence  t**  thy  Hesh  and  blood. 

Chaj/inan  (?>,  Alphonsus,  v.  2, 

[<  MK.  hu(Jmtt(u  boffr,  a  butcher-rowt  (biich'6r-r6),  n.     A  row  of  shara- 

''    '       blew;  a  uiuat-rnarket. 

How  largo  a  Bhambles  nnd   InUcher-row  would  such 


hutty  buitc  0  G.  hutt,  butie)j  a  flounder,  =  S\v.     make!  WhUlock,  Manners  of  f:ng.  People  p  97 

6w««,  a  turbot.     Hence  in  comp  /m/ii^w^,  q.  v.]  butcher's-broom    (biich 'C-rz-brom),   «.      See 


[North.  Eng.] 


A  flomider  or  plaice 
Ue  tok 
The  buUe,  the  schuUo,  the  thoniebak. 

Uavelok,  1.  VfJO. 
Eolte,  that  is  a  flounder  of  the  (resshe  water. 

liabeeH  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ]).  'jal. 
DUt^,  ('.     Soo  ?«(«!. 
but*,  n.  and  v.     See  hutt"^. 
but^  (but),  V.    Short  for  abut.     See  lutfi. 
but"  (but),  n.     Soo  hut0. 

butch  (buch),  V.  t.  [Assumed  from  lutcher,  like 
peddle  from  peddler.']  To  butcher;  cut,  as 
flesh.     [Karo.] 

Take  thy  hiiKc  nllal  ami  white  liver  hence. 
Or  in  a  twiiikliui;  of  tlii.s  trne-ljluc  steel 
I  shall  be  htifrhiii<f  tJM-L-  from  nape  to  rump. 

.Sir  II.  Taylor,  I'h.  van  Art.,  II.,  iii.  1. 

butcher  (buch'6r),  n.  [<  ME.  hocher,  <  OF. 
hiwhier,  bouchier,  boucher,  F.  boucher  (=  Pr.  bo- 
chier;  ML.  buccarim),  orig.  a  killer  of  he-goats, 
or  seller  of  their  flesh,  <  OF.  boc,  bouc,  F.  bouc 
=  Pr.  boc  (ML.  buccits),  a  he-goat:  see  biiclA. 
Cf.  It.  beccajo,  bcccaro,  a  butcher,  <  bccco,  n 


hiiti-lii  i'\^  ItrtHtiti,  under  broovi^. 

butcher's-prickwood  fbuchv-rz-prik"wud),  n. 

Till'  liiTi'V-iililiT  111'  Kiirojie,  llhamnus  Franyula  : 
HO  I'ulliMJ  from  its  nnf  for  skewers, 
butchery  (liuch'er-i),  ». ;  pi.  butcheries  (-iz). 
[<  ilE.  hdi-herie,  a  butcher's  shop,  <  OP.  bu- 
cherie  (Ko(|Ucfort),  houclwrie  (ML.  "buccaria, 
bucceria),  P.  bouchcrie,  slaughter,  a  butcher's 
shop,  <  boueher,  a  butcher:  see  butcher. "]  1. 
Slaughter:  the  act  or  business  of  slaughtering 
cattle.  Hence  — 2.  The  killing  of  a  human 
being,  especially  in  a  barbarous  manner;  also, 
the  killing  of  a  large  number,  as  in  battle; 
groat  slaughter. 

Whom  gaols,  anil  iilooil,  ami  butchery  delight.  Driidiii. 
3t.  The  place  where  animals  are  killed  for  mar- 
ket; a  shambles  or  shiughter-house;  hence,  a 
l^lace  where  blood  is  shed. 

Tliis  himee  is  but  a  butchery; 
Abhor  it,  fear  it,  do  not  enter  it. 

S/uik.,  Asyou  Like  it,  iL  3. 
Syn.  Carnage,  etc.    See  massacre. 


goat.]      1.   One  who  slaughters  animals  for  hutching  (buch'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  butch, 


market;  one  whose  occupation  is  the  killing  of 
animals  for  food. —  2t.  An  executioner. — 3. 
One  who  kills  in  a  cruel  or  bloody  manner;  one 
guilty  of  indiscriminate  slaughter. 

Honour  and  renown  are  bestowed  on  conquerors,  who, 
for  the  most  part,  are  but  tlie  great  butchers  of  mankind. 

Locke. 

4.  Figuratively,  an  unskilful  workman  or  per- 
former; abimgler;  abotch.  [CoUoq.]— Butch- 
er's broom.  .See  broouO-. —  Butcher's  Cleaver.  See 
Cf<"r/i's'.^  Wain,  underlain. 
butcher  (biieh'er),  v.  t.  [<  butcher,  m.]  1.  To 
kill  or  slaughter  for  food  or  for  market. —  2. 
To  miu-der,  especially  in  an  tmusually  bloody 
or  barbarous  manner. 


]    Butchering;  the  butcher's  trade.    [Rare.] 
Sa,\  thousand  years  are  nearhand  sped 
Sin'  1  was  to  the  butchimj  bred. 

Bums,  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 

Butea  (bii'te-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after  John, 
Earl  of  Bute  '(1713-92).]  A  genus  of  legumi- 
nous plants,  natives  of  the  East  Indies,  contain- 
ing three  or  four  species,  small  trees  or  climb- 
ing shrubs,  yieUling  a  kind  of  kino  known  as 
butea  gum  or  Bctujttl  kiuo.  The  principal  species  is 
B.  ,fromto.'fa,  tlie  palaa-  or  dbak-tree,  common  throughout 
India  and  conspicuous  for  its  abundant  bright  orange-red 
flowers.  The  seeds  yield  an  oil ;  tile  flowers  are  used  in 
dyeing ;  cordage  is  made  from  the  flbcr  of  the  bark ;  and 
a  lac  is  produced  on  the  branches  by  tlie  puncture  of  a 
coccus. 


A  man  beset  by  assassins  is  not  bound  to  let  himself  be  but-end,  «.     See  butt-end. 


tortured  and  butchered  without  using  his  weapons. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  treat  bunglingly;  make  a 

botch  of;  spoil  by  bad  work:  as,  to  butcher  a  joh ; 

the  play  was  butchered  by  the  actors.  [Colloq.] 
butcher-bird  (buch'cr-berd),  «.     A  shrike  ;  an 

osciue  passerine  bird  of  the  family  Laniidie,  and 

especially  of 
the  genus 
Lanius  (see 
these  words) : 
so  called  fi'om 
its  curious 
habit  of  kill- 


Buteo  (bu'te-6),  n.  [L.,  a  buzzard :  see  hu:::ard.'i 
A  genus  of  ignoble  hawks,  of  the  family  Fulcimi- 
da;  sometimes  forming  a  subfamily  Butcoiiina: ; 
the  buzzards  or  buzzard- 
hawks  (which  see).  The  genus 
is  an  extensive  one,  in  its  usual  ac- 
ceptation containing  alK>ut  40  spe- 
cies, of  nearly  .ill  parts  of  the  world. 
They  are  large,  lieavy  hawks,  witli 
no  tooth  on  the  bill,  wings  and  tail 
of  moderate  size,  and  rather  short 
feet  with  partly  naked,  partly  fea- 
thered tarsi.  Tile  conmion'  buz- 
zard of  Europe,  B.  rulffaris,  and 
the  red-tailed  buzzard  of  .\nierica,  B.  borealis,  are  typical 
xaniples. 


Head  of  Rcd-tailed  Buz- 
zard iSufeo  bvrialis). 


Butcher-bird  {Laftiits  litdavicianus). 


ly   eats,    and 

sticking  what 

is    left    upon 

thorns,        as 

a         butcher 

hangs     meat 

upon    hooks. 

The        common 

butcher-bird    of 

Eiu-ope  .  is  L. 
exciibitor ;  two  conimon  American  species  are  the  great 
northern  shrike,  L.  borcalL^,  and  a  smaller  southern  spe- 
cies, the  white-runiped  shrike  or  loggerhead,  L.  ludavici- 
anu^.  See  mm-lcillrr  and  shrike. 
butcher-crow  (buch'er-kro),  n.  A  bird  of  the 
family  Ciirrida:  gcuus  Barita,  inhabiting  New 
Holland,  as  B.  (h.<tnictor. 
butcherdom  (biieh'er-dom),  «.     The  condition 

or  trade  of  a  butcher.     [Rare.] 
butcherer  (biieli'er-er),  H.      [<  butcher,   v.,  + 
-fj-l.]     One  who  butchers ;  a  butcher.    [Rare.]  but-gap   (buf- 
butcherliness  (buch'cr-li-nes), «.     The  quality     gap),   ».      [E. 

of  beina-  Vmtclierlv.     .Johuson. 
butcherly  (buch'ir-li),  a.     [<  butcher  +  -hj^.l 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  a  butcher; 
done  in  the  manner  of  a  butcher. 

Lord  Russell  was  beheaded  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  the 
executioner  giving  liim  three  butcherhi  strokes. 

Evetiin,  Diary,  JiUy  21,  16S3. 

butcher-meat  (Irach'fr-met),  «.  The  flesh  of 
animals  slaughtered  by  the  butcher  for  food, 
such  as  that  of  oxen,  sheep,  pigs,  etc.,  as  dis- 


ingmorethan  Buteoninae  (bu'te-o-ni'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Bu- 
it  immediate-     ^^"i"')  +  -*»«^.]  '  A  group  of  buzzard-hawks ; 


one  of  the  conventional  subfamilies  of  Falco- 
nid(v,  represented  by  the  genus  Buteo  and  its 
subdivisions,  and  by  the  genus  Archibuteo. 
There  are  no  technical  characters  by  which 
it  can  be  de- 


teiTnined  with 
precision. 
buteouine 

(bu'te-o-nin), 
a.  [<'Biitet)(»-) 
+  -iNci.]  Buz- 
zard-like ;  re- 
sembling a 
buzzard ;  be- 
longing to  the 
group  of  hawks 
of  which  the 
genus  Butco  is 
t>iiii-al. 


dial.,  appar.  < 
but*  or  butt-,  a 
boimd,  limit, 
+  gap.]  A 
fence  of  turf. 
Buthus  (bii'- 
thus),  H.  [NL.] 
A  genus  of 
scorpions,  of 
the  family  Au- 


Buthus  i-artilirtus.  natural  size. 


Bathos 

droclonidcr.  B.  carolinus  (Beauvois)  is  common 
in  the  southern  United  States.  Its  sting  is 
poisonous,  but  seldom  fatal.  ,  „  ,  ^  , 
butler  (but'ler).  II.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boteler, 
<  ilE.  ioteJer,  boiler,  buteler.  etc.,  <  AF.  buttiille); 
OF  bitteiVer,  bouteillier,  bouUUier  (ML.  buticii- 
larius),  <  AF.  biituiUe,  OF.  hoiiteilk.  <  ML.  bu- 
licula.  a  bottle:  see  6of«<-2.]    l.  A  man-servant 


736 

Full  butt,  with  the  head  directed  at  an  object  so  as  to 

strike  it  most  effectively. 

Fj'ulle  butt  in  the  fruut  the  froraonde  (forehead)  he  luttez, 

liiat  the  biu-iij  scht  blade  to  the  hrajiie  ryiinez. 

ilorte  Arthure  (.E.  E.  T.  S.\\.  1112. 


The  corporal  ran/«H  butt  at  the  lieutenant. 

Marn/at,  Snarleyyow, 


l.yi. 


butt'2  (but),  «.     [Also  written  hut,  early  mod. 

..,,. .  .  E.  (iH^f,  <  ME.  Ah?,  &!(«<-,  a  goal  (Mi<'(n),  a  mark 

household  whose  principal  duty  is  to  take    ^^  ghoot  at,  but,  butt,  hutte.  a  butt  of  land  (ML. 


charge  of  the  liquors,  plate,  etc.;  the  head 
male  servant  of  a  household. 

And  he  restored  the  chief  butler  unto  his  butlership 
a"ain •  and  he  gave  the  cup  into  Pharaohs  hand. 
^  Gen.  XL  21. 

2.  The  title  of  an  official  of  high  rank  nomi- 
nally connected  with  the  importation  and  sup- 
ply "of  wine  for  the  royal  table,  but  having 
difterent  duties  in  different  countries  and  at 
various  times. 

butlerage  (but'ler-aj),  n.  [<  butler  +  -«-yf.J  1. 
In  old  Ell, I.  laic,  a  duty  of  two  shillings  on  every 
tun  of  wine  imported  into  England  by  foreign- 
ers or  merchant  strangers :  so  called  because 
originally  paid  to  the  king's  butler  for  the  king. 
These  ordinary  finances  are  casual  or  uncertain,  as  lie 
tlie  escheats,  the  customs,  bulhraii:;  and  impost.  Bacon. 
2t.  The  office  of  butler;  butlership.— 3.  The 
butlers  department  in  a  household. 

butleress  (but'ler-es),  n.  [<  butkr  +  -ess.]  A 
f finale  butler.     Chajmiaii. 

butlership  (but'ler-ship),  w.  [<  butler  +  -sfti>.] 
Th.'  offi.i"  of  a  butler.     Gen.  .xl.  21. 

butlery  (but'ler-i),  n.  [bee  buttery.}  Same  as 
buttery^,  •!.     [Rare.] 

There  was  a  hutUni  connected  with  the  college,  at  wliich 
cider,  beer,  sugar,  pipes,  and  tobacco  were  sold  to  the  stu- 
denU.  Gffw,  Primer  of  Politeness  (ed.  1SS3),  p.  H«. 

butment  Hjut'ment),  n.     An  abbreviated  form 

.if  .lliKlllirii/. 

butment-cheek  (but'ment-chek),  «.  The  part 
of  the  material  about  a  mortise  against  which 
the  shoulder  of  a  tenon  bears. 

Butorides  (bu-tor'i-dez),  ».  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  small  herons,  of  the  family -l/-rfc(*r,  of  which 
green  is  the  principal  color;  the  little  green 
herons.  B.  cirescem,  the  common  shitepoke  or  llynp- 
tlie-creek  of  the  United  States,  is  one  species,  and  tliere 
af  -rvi  ral  others. 

but-shaftt,  «•     See  butt-shaft. 

butt'  (but),  c.  [Also  sometimes  (like  all  the 
other  words  spelled  butt)  written  but,  early  mod. 
E.  butte,  <  ME.  bittteti.  push,  throw,  <  AF.  biitci; 
OF.  butcr,  boter,  push,  butt,  strike,  mod.  P. 
bouter,  put,  biiter.  intr.  hit  the  mark,  aim,  tr. 
prop,  buttress,  =Pr.  butar,  Ixiutar.  butiir  =  Sp. 
Pg.  Ixniir  =  It.  bnttare,  lance,  liullarr,  push, 
thnist,  throw,  fling;  perhaps  <  MHG.  b<Keii, 
strike,  beat.  =  AS.  bcdttiii,  etc.,  beat:  see  beal^. 
To  the  same  ult.  source  are  referred  io&s-l, 
botch^,  etc. ;  also  abut,  of  which  fc««l  in  some 
Benses  (II.,  2,  3)  is  in  i)art  an  ablir.  form. 
Hence  indirectly  '«<«'-,  butlri.sii,  etc]  I.  Iraii.t. 
To  strike  by  thrusting,  as  with  the  end  of  a  beam 
or  heavy  stick,  or  with  the  horns,  tusks,  or  hea<l, 
as  an  o.\,  a  boar,  or  a  ram ;  strike  with  the  head, 
'llic  liere  in  the  Imtalle  the  byuKer  hyni  seniyde. 
And  biilla  hyine  boldlye  nyth  Imlctnlle  tnskc/.. 

Murlr  Arlliure,  (E.  K.  T.  S.),  1.  71)1. 

f'ome,  leave  your  tears :  a  brief  farewell :  — the  beast 

With  many  heails  bulta  mc  away.         Slutk.,  Cor.,  iv.  1. 

n.  ii'Iriiiis.  1.  To  strike  anything  by  thrust- 
ing the  head  against  it,  as  an  ox  or  a  ram  ;  have 
a  habit  of  striking  in  this  manner. 

A  ram  will  butt  with  his  head,  thonilb  he  be  brou(!llt  up 
tame,  and  never  saw  that  iiuinner  of  IlKlithiK. 

Jtini,  Works  of  r'r«atlon. 

When  tbey  |«hepherd«|  called,  the  rreatures  came,  ex- 
I»ctlliK  »Blt  and  bread.  It  wiui  pntty  to  me  them  lyinn 
near  their  uiaslcm,  |ilaylnit  and  biiltinn  at  them  with  their 
homi,  or  hIeatliiK  for  the  sweet  rye-bread. 

./.  A.  .Si/tiuiiuU,  Italy  anil  Greece,  p.  810. 

2.  To  join  at  the  end  or  outward  extremity; 
abut;  1)0  contiguous. 

I  he  (Hiynt  of  that  "Ide  bulirth  mo«t  vii|ion  fiermany. 

/,)/()/.  Kn|ibiles  anil  lil»  IjiKlanil,  p.  '.!I7. 

■riiirearc  many  ways  Imll  ibiwu  ii|Kin  lhl«  ;  and  they  an- 

r.  oil.  .1  an<;  wide.        Iliniiinn.  I'llifrim  «  rp.ur.  h«,  p.  nil. 

•3.  S|MriflcBlly,  in  nliiii-liuiUU»(j,  to  nbiil  oinl  to 

•■ml;  tit  togctlior  cml  to  end,  an  two  [ilaiiks. 

Al-..  -|,.-lled  but. 

bntti    I  .III,  II.      (<  MK.  butt;  <  hulti,  r.     The 

Rc<  "iiiil  -<iiM«  JH  due  in  part^  to  K,  hntlt,  a  pass  or 

I  ifiicing,  <   It.  Iiiilln  =  Kp.  Pg.  '/<»^-,  a 

froin  the  same  HOtiniC  as  bulli,  r. ) 

'linixt  givi'ii  by  the  IicikI  nf  nn 

bull  of  a  ram.— 2.   A  thnisl  in 


butta  terra);  <  OF.  "hut,  m.,  a  but  or  mark," 
'^butte,  f.,  a  but  or  mark  to  shoot  at,"  in  an- 
otherform  "  hot.  as  hut  [a  mark].  Norm.;  also,  a 
limcheon,  or  ill-favotu'cd  big  piece ''  (C'otgi'a ve  \ 
the  same  as  OF.  hot,  end,  extremity,  mod.  F. 
bout,  end,  extremity,  part,  piece,  distinguished  i,„+io''f)J'u 
from  mod.  F.  hut,  m.,  aim,  goal,  mark,  hutte.  f.,  i"'  .jo„ti 
a  mark,  target,  usually  set  upon  rising  groimd, 
hence  also  a  rising  ground,  knoll,  hill,  butte  (> 
E.  butte,  q.  v.);  all  orig.  <  OF.  hiiter,  hoter,  AF. 
buter,  push,  butt,  strike,  mod.  F.  bouter,  put, 
biiter,  hit  the  mark,  aim,  prop,  >  E.  6««l,  of 
which  butf^  is  thus  indirectly  a  derivative:  see 
6«Ht.  The  forms  and  senses  mi.\  with  some 
of  appar.  diff.  origin:  cf.  Xorw.  hutt,  a  stump, 

block.   leel.   hiitr,  a  log,   Ltx.   hutt,   a   stumpy  v,.^.., ,,„-.,    „       pAlso  written? 
child;  G.  butt  =  I),  hot  =  Dan.  hut,  short  and  ^,^"'',  //  '.V  1 )  Jffi  feX  W^J 
thick.'  stubby  0  F.  hot  in  pie,l  bot,e\nh-t.iot,  ==     !;''/:i;^'.(:.;.il!),!^;Zi':'i'/.w 
Sp.  boto,  blunt,  round  at  the  end) :   rcteiTed, 
doubtfully,  ult.  to  the  root  of  E.  betitl,  q.  v. 
prob.  in  "part  confused  ^vith  LG.  butt,  etc.,  a 
tub,  etc.,  =  E.  hutt^.]    1.  The  end  or  extremity 
of  a  thing.     Particularly  — (k)  Tlie  thicker,  larger,  or 
lilnnt  end  of  a  piece  of  tinilier,  a  musket,  a  tishing-rud,  a 
whip-handle,  etc.    Also  called  butt-emi.    (b)  The  thick  or 
fleshy  part  of  a  plant,  etc.    (c)  The  buttocks ;  the  posteri- 
ors.  IVulsar.l    (lO  A  buttock  of  beef.     [Prov.  Ens.] 
2.  In  siiip-huihliiH/,  the  end  of  a  plank  or  piece 
of  timber  which  exactly  meets  anotlier  endwise 
in  a  ship's  side  or  bottom;  also,  the  junctiu-e 
of  two  such  pieces. —  3.  Inmnrh.,       ■        ^_^ 


thni-i 

thr 

1. 

aniij.. 

fencing. 

T. 

-I.. 


Fast-joint  Butt. 


buttal 

Fast-Joint  butt,  a  hinge  in  which  the  pintle  that  holdi 
together  the  two  leaves  is  removable,  and  the  leaves  are 
solnterlooked  that  thev  cannot  be  separated  without  first 
removing  the  pintle-— Hookand  butt.  See  /id-*.-  LooBe- 
jointbutt.a  hinge  in  wliiib  the  jointeil  portion  is  halved, 
each  half  forming  a  part  of  one  of  the  leaves.  The  pin  iB 
immovalilv  llxeil  to  one  leaf,  and  enters  a  hole  in  the  other 
leaf,  thus'  enaliling  the  leaves  to  be  sep-^u-atcd  easily.— 
Rising  butt,  a  liiuLie  in  which  the  leaf  attached  to  the 
doornses  slightly  as  the  door  is  opened.  This  action  it 
effected  liy  making  the  siuface  upon  which  this  leaf  niovea 
inclined  instead  of  Itorizontal.  The  object  is  to  give  the 
door  a  tendency  to  close  autoniatieally.— Scuttled  bUtt. 
Same  as  scuttle-butt.— To  give  the  butt  to,  in  iiiigling 
with  a  light  flv-rod,  to  turn  the  Initt  of  llu-  rod  towanl  tho 
booked  lisli,  thus  bending  the  rod  upon  itself  ami  liiepiiie 
a  steailv  tension  on  the  line.— To  Start  or  spring  a  butt 
Ouiul.\  to  loosen  the  end  of  a  plank  liy  ibe  ueakiuss  or 
lalioring  of  the  ship.  _ 

"  "    t),  v.     [<  biitt^,  II.)     I.  trans.  If.  To 
bounds  or  limits  for. 
That  the  dean,  etc.,  do  cause  all  and  singular  houses, 
dwellings  of  the  church,  to  be  bounded  and  butted. 

Abp.  Parker,  in  Strype  (fol.  ed.),  p.  304. 

2.  To  cut  off  the  ends  of,  as  boards,  in  order  to 
make  stiuare  ends  or  to  remove  faulty  portions. 
E.  H.  Kiiii/lit. 

II.  iiitnhi.''.  To  abut.     See  butt\  v.,  U.,  2,  3. 

Also  spelled  hut. 

[Also  written  but,  early  mod.  E. 
fii7,  earlier  ()«(?«, 
a  leathern  bottle,  a  wine-skin  (in  late  ME.  hitte, 
aleathern  fire-bucket),  <  AS.  hi/tt.  /ji/f,  a  leathern 
bottle,  =  MD.  hutte,  D.  but,  a  wooden  bucket, 
=  MLG.  butte,  LG.  hutte,  hutt  =  MHG.  hiitte,  Q. 
hutte,  hiitte,  a  tub,  coop,  =  Icel.  hytta,  a  small 
tub,  a  bucket,  pail,  =  Norw.  hytta,  a  tub,  bucket, 
pail,  a  brewing-vat  (cf.  hull,  a  keg,  a  butter- 
tub),  =  Sw.  hytta,  a  pail,  =  Dan.  biitte.  a  tub, 
coop;  mixed  with  (2)  ME.  *butte  (not  found  in 
this  sense),  <  OF.  houte,  mod.  F.  hotfe  =  Pr.  Sp. 
hota  =  It.  botle,  a  butt,  cask;  cf.  (3)  AS.  ()i/rffii 
=  MLG.  hoilciie,  bodeii,  bode,  hoihU;  biidde,  also 
hodeiiie  (bv  confusion  with  bodeiiic  =  E.  bottom) 
=  OIIG.  liutinua,  MHG.  hutiii.  hudiu,  biiieii,  bit- 
ten, hiitteii,  G.  hiitte  (mixed  with  the  above)  = 
ODau.  hodde,  a  butt,  tun,  tub,  vat;  cf.  It.  hot- 
tiiia,  a  little  butt;  (4)  AS.  buleruc,  buterie,  bit- 
true,  etirly  ME.  huttruc  =  OS.  buterie  =  OHG. 
butirih,  pitterili,  MHG.  hiiterieh,  butrich,  a  lear 
tliern  bottle,  a  flask.  G.  disil.  biitterieh,  biitlrich, 
a  small  tub  or  barrel,  a  keg  (JIL.  hulterieii.'i,  a 
tankard);  ami  (5)  see  bottle-,  from  tlii'  same 
ult.  source:  <  ML.  hutti.^,  bulla,  also  bulls,  hula, 
a  bvitt,  a  cask,  M(ir.  liv-rii;,  jiovTn;  a  butt  (NGr. 
jiiirTa,  a  tub,  a  churn,  jioiTal,  a  tub,  a  barrel), 
appar.  shortened  from  tlie  older  form  U'l'om  i 
which  directly  the  third  set  of  forms  men-  • 
tioned),  ML.  butiiia,  a  flask,  <  (ir.  irmri/.  later  • 
(Tareutine)  liv-irii,  a  flask  covered  Avith  osier  • 
(cf.  NGr.  .h'Tim,  a  pan  for  salting  meat).  .-Vs  i 
in  other  vessel-names,  the  precise  application  i 
varies  in  tlie  different  languages.    In  the  sense  ' 


the  square  end  of  a  connecting- 
rod  or  other  link,  to  which  the 
bush-bearing  is  attached. — 4.  In 
carp.,  a  door-hinge  consisting  of 
two  plates  of  metal,  or  leaves, 
which  interlock  so  as  to  form  a 
movable  jointjbeing  heldtogether 
1>V  a  pill  or  pintle.    They  are  screwed  to  the  butting 
parts  of  the  door  and  casing,  instead  of  to  their  adjoining 
sides  as  are  the  older  strap-hinges.   See/«-s(->ii«(  bull  and 
luosi'-juiut  bull,  below.      Also  culled  bult-lliiujc. 

5.  In  a(iri.:  {a)  A  ridge  in  a  plo\v<'d  lield,  espe- 
cially when  not  uf  full  length.  Hence  —  (/')  A 
gore  or  gare.  (c)  pi.  A  small  detached  or  dis- 
joined parcel  of  land  left  over  in  surveying.— 
'6.  In  the  leather  trade,  a  hide  of  sole-leather  with 
the  belly  and  shoulders  cut  olV;  a  rouiideil  crop. 
The  heaviest  hides  .  .  .  have  received  tho  name  of ''»'(« 
or  bucks.  Cir,  Diet.,  III.  bU. 

7t.    A  hassock.— 8.   The  standing  portion  of     ,       , 

a  half-coupling  at  the  eiui  of  a  hose;  theme-    of  a  particular  measure  of  wine,  the  word  is 
tallic  ring  at  the  end  of  the  hose  of  a  fire-en-    modern;   cf.  jiijie  in  similar  senses.]     If.   A 


gine,  or  the  like,  to  wiiioh  the  nozle  is  screwed. 
—  9.  In  tartjet-.'^hoidiiui :  (a)  lu  archery,  a  mark 
to  shoot  at."  (/;)  In  ritle-i)ractice,  a  wooden  tar- 
get composed  of  several  tliickuesses  of  boards, 
with  small  spaces  between  them,  so  that  tho 
depth  to  which  bullets  penetrate  can  be  ascer-  2.  A  large  cask,  especially  one  to  contain  wine. 
"     V)  In  gunnery,  a  .solid  embankment  of    — 3.  A  tneasure  of  wine  e<iual  to  I'JG  United 


leathern  bottle  or  flask;  a  bucket:  in  this  sense 
only  in  Middle  English,  usually  spelled /)(7  or /)/«. 

That  the  Hitters  be  redy  w'  hiir  horses  and  bitlrx  to 
brvngo  water  .  .  .  when  eny  parelle  of  fnyie  ys  w'yn  tha 
cite.  EniilM  Gilil.-:  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p. 


382. 


l.ri. 

lOi  « 


■  who  gmve  thr  fairer  bull, 
i>w>  tha  dulk  on  Kolwrt'i  c< 


earth  or  sand  into  which  projectili's  are  fired 
in  testing  guns,  or  in  ninking  liallislic  experi- 
ments. ((/)  pi.  The  range  or  jilace  where  arch- 
erv,  rifle,  or  gunnery  practice  is  carried  on,  in 
distinction  from  the  field.  See  tartict.  Hence 
— 10.  A  peraon  or  thing  that  serves  as  a  nuirk 
for  shafts  of  wit  or  ridicule,  or  as  an  object  of 
sarcastic  or  contemiituous  remarks, 

I  played  a  seiiteiiee  or  two  at  my  Imll,  which  t  thought 
very  smart,  when  niv  ill  genlns  .  .  .  suggested  to  liini 
Bucli  a  reiily  as  got  all  Ibe  laughter  on  his  side.     Umliicll. 

That  false  prinlenie  wbiib  dotes  on  health  and  wealth 
Is  the  bull  and  meninient  o(  heroism. 

Kmermn,  Essays,  l«t  ser. ,  p.  i'S.1. 

11.  A  goal;  abound;  inlimit. 

Merc  Is  my  jiiurneys  end,  here  Is  ntv  Iniit, 
And  very  sea. mark  of  my  utmost  sail. 

.s7in*-.,  (Ilhello.  v.  2. 

12.  In  ronl-miiiiuii,  the  Hurface  of  the  coiil 
which  is  at  riglil  angles  to  tin-  fuci'.  |Kng.j 
—  13.   A  shoi'inakers'  knife.     (North.  Eng.  ] 

Also  spelled  but. 
Bead  and  butt.  Sie  (nn./,  a-  Butt  and  Dutt,  wiih  the 
liiilt  I  imI»  i.il"  llii  r.  but  not  overlapnhm,  a"  two  phtiikn.  - 
Butta  and  bounds,  the  aliultals  anil  bi.iinilarle.otlanil. 
Butt's  length,  the  ordinary  dlslaine  from  1  he  ^.lacc  of 
shoollng  to  the  butt  or  mark:  as,  not  two  built  lrn;iiliM 
(rom  the  town. 

I  li.  >  I  rode  so  cloin  iHin  after  a-niitller  that  whan  Ib.l 

ill  iiijiil  llial niygbl  have  enstc  n  glove  vpon  llielre 

-  OiM s,  that  nbolile  not  have  falle  to  Kronnde.  er  lliel  luidile 
nl.  a  butlc  UngllK.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  ».),  III.  lUW.. 


States  (that  is,  old  wine)  gallons;  a  pipe,  u  Is 
no  hmgir  a  legal  measdre  In  Ureal  liiitjiin,  anif  the  eimi- 
nion  statement  that  an  iniiu'rial  butt  is  I'ill  imperial  gal- 
lons is  Incon-ect;  the  butt  Is  111)  imperial  gallons.  The 
measure  was  originally  used  iliielly  tor  Spanish  wine,  ami 
the  word  wils  used  to  translate  .Spanish  bula,  whieb  eipialcU 
IJil  liiiiteil  States  gallons,  anil  to  dislinguisb  that  from 
till-  S|«inish  yiiM.  which  contained  only  lU  I'niteil  States 
gallon..,.  It-s  present  value  was  legalized  by  a  statute  of 
Anne.  II  is  now  eoufoundcd  with  the  ;ilV'i'.  The  pipe  of 
Madeira  Is  reputed  loeonlain  lie  gallons;  of  Canary,  120; 
of  I'oit,  IMS;  of  Marsala.  \\i.  The  fe.fii  and  ;'i;m.  tbl-ough- 
oiit  Spain,  vary  but  little  from  the  values  above  given.  In 
I'orlugiu-se  countl-ies  t  wo  niea»nreK  arc  eoniuion.  one  of  141 
gallon»(()porlo.  I.islion  for  oil),  anil  another  of  110  gallons 
{l.lslion,  .Madeira,  I'orlo  llleo,  Hiiliia).  There  is  besides  « 
I'ortuguise  pipe  of  i;cj  gallons  (Lisbon  for  oil,  llidila).  In 
llalv  the  name  /«p((i'  is  appliiil  lo  a  cask  lioliling  200 
I'niteil  Stales  gallons  or  more  ;  but  it  was  in  many  places 
conf iiliil  with  llie;.i'/OT,  wlilib  held  only  Hill  lo  170  gal- 
lons. The  I'reneh  word  Intlte  was  never  used  as  the  nallio 
of  a  wine  iiieaHUrc  ;  neither  was  the  Herman  bullr  nvbulU. 
In  Denmai'k  there  was  a  b<iililr  of  la)  rnlteil  Stales  gal- 
lons: in  'bitba.  a  measure  of  the  same  name  eijiial  to  116 
I  iiil.d  Slates  gallons.  The  bi.liiu  of  lioUvla  Is  only  l).8 
I  nil.il  Slates  gallons.  A  hull  of  l.oniion  l.ii  r,  at  the  time 
when  l.ftuilon  beer  was  nica«nreil  ililleniilly  from  ale,  was 
.'1  bogsheails.  A  butt  of  salmon,  by  a  statute  of  Henry  VI., 
win*  Kl  giiltous. 

4.  A  beehive.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Exnioor).]— o. 
A  cart.     [I'rov.  Eng.] 

butt'lf.  w.     See  hiif^. 

buttal'  (but'al),  H.  (Short  for  abuttal.}  If. 
A  liiiundiiiy;  abound.— 2.  [Cf.  ^h«'-,  )/.,  5.]  -A 
corner  of  ground,     ( I'rov.  Kng.] 


737 

Itis  a  flne  simile  in  one  of  Mr.ConKreve'B  proloRiies  which 
conipaitH  a  writer  to  a  hullrrhii,  uanifster  tliat  «tul<c»  all 
lis  winniiij.'  upon  one  ca»t;  ao  tliat  if  lie  loses  the  last 
throw  lie  IS  sure  to  he  uniloiie.  Addimn,  I'Yeeliolder. 

butter-  (liutV-r;,  «.  [<  huta  +  -crl.]  One  who 
or  that  wliieh  btitts;  an  animal  tliiit  bult.H. 

butter^i  (but'er),  n.  ^  [<  hulV^,  v.  I.,  2,  +  -fcl.]  A 
maoliine  lor  sawing  ofl  tlio  onds  of  boarde,  to 
squari!  them  and  remove  faulty  parts. 

butter't,  "■  An  obsolete  form  of  liUtcriA 
pare  butlcrhumj). 

butter^t,  ».  [Only  in  ME.  form  hitter,  <  hit, 
hitte  (see  hiitl^),  +  -ej-l.]  One  who  has  charge 
of  a  butt  or  fire-bucket.     See  butfi,  n.,  1. 


Com- 


r  mountain,  especially  one  that  at-  v   .*        i    ,",      , 

ntion  by  its  isolation,  or  serves  as  a  DUWer-ale  (but  er-al),  n.     .. 

(which  see,  under /«(/to'l,  I).  <.). 
butter-and-eggS  (but'er-and-eg?/),  H. 

Jiopular  name    in    the  ISi-itisli   islands 


buttal 

buttal"  (but'al),  II.    A  dialectal  form  of  butter^, 

bittfi-iil. 
butt-bolt  (but'bolt),  n.    An  unbarbed  arrow; 

a  butt-shaft. 

I  saw  a  little  devil  fly  out  of  her  eye  liljc  a  hut-bolt 

which  sticks  ;it  this  hour  up  to  the  fcatlieis  in  my  heart. 

Furd  and  Deliker,  Witch  of  Kdmonton,  ii.  1. 

butt-chain  (but'chan),  11.  In  harncs.s,  a  short 
chain  attached  at  one  end  to  the  leather  tug, 
and  at  the  other  to  the  swingle-tree.  E.  H. 
Eiiifilit. 

butte  (but),  n.     [F.,  a  rising  ground,  a  mound, 
orig.  a  butt  to  shoot  at:  seebutl'^.']   Aconspicu- 
ous  hill  or 
tracts  attent 

landmark:  a  name  applied  in  the  regions  aljout 
the  upper  Missouri  and  west  to  the  Pacific. 
Thus,  tliL-  "Three  lliittrs"  were  a  conspicuous  landniark 
for  emigrants  to  I  )rei_'oii.  One  of  the  hisliest  and  Kiandest 
mountains  in  the  United  States,  Mount  Shasta,  was  in  the 
early  d.ays  of  Californian  emigration  known  to  the  Ameri- 
cans almost  exclusively  as  Shasta  Eiilt,'.  (Jther  promi- 
nent lofty  pralis  ill  Califiiriiia  are  still  called  bilttes,  ns 
Dowilicville  Uidlfs,  .Marysville  liulti-x,  eti:.  This  use  of 
the  word  butle,  now  yradiially  disappearine:  from  tJie 
region  in  question,  is  a  relic  of  FrLiich  (jci-iipaucy  of 
the  Northwest,  and  of  the  subsequent  widc^  ilislrihution 
through  that  region  of  the  Hudson's  liay  Company's  em- 
ployees, most  of  whom  were  of  French  extraction.  The 
word  was  picked  up  hy  overland  emigrants  and  carried  to 
the  furthest  West ;  and  it  has  been  much  used  as  a  place- 
name,  alone  or  in  combination. 

buttent,  ".     An  obsolete  spelling  of  button. 

butt-end  (but'end),  n.  The  thicker,  larger,  or 
blunt  end  of  anything:  as,  the  butt-ciid  of  a 
musket  or  a  piece  of  timber:  same  as  butt", 
1  (a).     Also  spelled  but-eml. 

butterl  (but'er),  «.  [<  ME.  butter,  bnttere,  bii- 
tere,  <  AS.  biitcre  (in  comp.  bitter-,  buttor-)  = 

OFries.  butera,  botera  =  D.  boier  =  LG.  butter  =  butter-boat  (but'er-bot),  n.  A  vessel  for  the 
OHG.  biitrd,  biitere,  MHGt.  bitter,  G.  butter  =  tfil^lo  iu  whieli  melted  butter,  intended  to  be 
r.  beitrre  =  It.  burro,  biitiro,  <  L.  biiti/ritm,  <     iised  as  a  sauce,  is  served ;  a  sauce-boat. 

Or.  /ioL'Tvpoi;  butter,  appar.  <  jJo'ug,  cow,  +  rvfwr,  butter-box  (but'er-boks),  n.  1.  A  bo.\  or  ves- 
cheese,  but  perhaps  an  aceom.  of  some  for-     sel  for  butter. — 2t.  A  Dutchman.     [Slang.] 

eign  word.]     1.  The  fatty  portion  of  milk.    As  butterbump  (but'er-ljump),  n.      [Also  bittter- 
prepared  for  use,  it  contains  so  to  s,T  percent,  of  fats,  with     mump  (and  cf.  buttermuiil;),i  butter,  dial, 
varying  amounts  of  water  and  salt,  and  minute  quantities     form  of  bitter^    bittern'^    u    v      4-   buiiin^ 
of  sugar  and  curd.     It  is  used  as  a  food  or  relish  by  most     „„,.    „,„„,„       r'f    „,.,;„';.      i'  -i       a' 

peoples,  and  is  made  directly  from  the  milk,  or  from  the     ^^^-   ""'"'/•      <;f-  eqmv.   bof/bumper.J      A 
cream  previously  separated  from  the  milk,  of  cows,  goats,     name  ot  the  Ji.uropean  bittern,  Jiotaurttn 

and  other  anim.ds.     Agitation  or  ehurniug  separates  the  stellciris.     I'enni/sou.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

fats  from  tlie  milk  or  cream  and  makes  them  cohere  in  butter-blir    hllttpr-Viiirr  rbnt'er-lierl    i, 
lumps,  wliieli  are  then  worked  together,  freed  as  far  as      ",,„„,"    V   °^      L"}^'":,}  Jl.^   .\  F''!'- 


butterfly-nose 

can  coast,  but  not  mmh  estiemed  for  food.    IMamacha- 
netts  and  New  York.)    ((/)  A  carangoid  fish,  .Si'laif  iii'limn. 
nin,  otherwise  called  huinphack  Imlli-r-Jiiili.     ( Wood's  (loll 
Ma«sailm«elt«.|    (r)  A  llsli  of  the  family  Lalyrido;  Cnri.lo. 
dux  inUbm.     It  has  an  ohiong  body  with  small  Sliioolll 
scales,  a  naked  lieail,  and  17  ilorsal  spines  and  17  rays 
The  llcsh  is  exceedingly  short  In  the  grain,  and   well 
savorcrl,  without  being  rich.     It  inhabilJi  the  kcliiheds 
arrnind  New  Zealand,    (rf)  A  bivalve  niollusk  of  the  fam- 
ily Viiundin,  TapeH  deciumla :  the  |iurr.    ILoial    Ijig 
(Hampshire).!    (c)  A  bivalve  mollusk  of  the  family  ilyi. 
da,  Ml/a  arcnaria  ;  the  soft  clam. 

2.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Murwrwideit,  eBpeeially 
M.  f/unnellus.    [Eng.]  —3.  A  Bcrranoid  fish,  Jin- 
Also  called  niyger-fish. 


ncficeiitrus  punctalus, 
.      .  [West  Ind.] 

Same  as  bul^red  ale  butterflip  fbut'or-llii,),  «■    The  avoset,  Ilecumi- 
,     _,,        roslni  iniiretta.    .Mout<i//u.    [Local,  British.] 
1.1  he  butter-flower  (but'6r-flou"fer),  n.    Same  au  but- 
-,-,,„  ,         .  —   of  the     ten-up. 

liouMc-nowcvcd  variety  of.  Nareissun  aitrantiits  t.        ■  .    .     i    ..         ^    . 

onrl  nf  ntl.o,.  o,./»,.:„„  „/*i  .  J  «../ ...ii.  <o  I.et  wceds  instead  of  (.i/»<';--rtoK''r«  appear 

fb„  TT    °}Tal^T    ^°h *''?  """."IP  S®"""'  """^  '"  And  meads,  instead  of  dalsiis,  henih.ck  bear. 

tne  United  .States  of  the  toad-tla.\  or  ramsted,  (,•«../,  shep.  Week,  Friday,  I.  85. 

LiiinrmvultjariH:  from  the  color  of  the  flowers,  butterflv  fbutV-r-fli')    n  •  nl    buttrrilii'i,  C  flivl 

which  are  of  two  shades  of  yellow.- 2.  Th^  TuKXtZZt!'^^^^^^^^^ 

wi  h  th^W^^''"?r*''f:;""^f'' ''^J"^.""'^*'^''    ■"^'^i"'  '"<"rfd)i   =  iiuri/otervlieffe,  D    l,oZ- 

with  the  heel  and  toe  of  the  other  foot  at  short       ■■•'■-•'•'-  -^  ' 

Intervals.    [Eng.  schoolboy  slang.] 
I  can  do  butter-and-cr/ffs  all  down  the  slide. 

Macmitlan'8  Mag, 
butterball  (but'er-bal),  n.  Same  as  bitiJIeX,  2. 
butter-bean   (but'tr-ben),   n.     A  variety   of 

I'liiiseulut:  luiiatiis  cultivated  for  the  table  in 

the  United  States.     See  /jchkI,  2. 
butter-bird  (Imt'er-berd),  »i.     The  name  given 

to  the  rice-bunting,  DoUchonijx  orijzivorits,  in 

Jamaica,  where  it  is  in  great  request  for  the 

table.     See  cut  under  bobolink. 


....  lege,  _ 

rlief/  =  Q.  butterflie/je),  a  butterfly,  a  large  whito 
moth,  <  biitere,  butter,  +  Jledz/e,  a  flv.  Cf.  .MD. 
botervoghel,  a  butterily,  =  G.  butleri'ogel,  a  large 
white  moth  (MD.  vor/hcl,  D.  rogel  =  G.  ror/el  =  E. 
fowU).  The  reason  for  the  name  is  uncertain ; 
it  was  probably  at  first  applied  to  the  yellow 
species.  Grimm  says  it  has  its  name,  as  well  as 
an  old  German  name  molkemtieb  (late  JIHG. 
molkcnrliep), '  milk-thief,'  from  the  fact  that  peo- 
ple formerly  believed  that  the  but  terfly,  or  elves 
or  witches  in  its  shape,  stole  milk  and  butter; 
but  the  legend  may  have  arisen  out  of  the  name. 
Another  explanation,  based  on  another  name  of 
the  butterfly,  MD.  hotersehijte,  -.lehiete,  -schete, 
refers  it  to  the  color  of  the  excrement  (ncliijlc).'] 
1.  The  common  Engli.sh  name  of  any  diurnal 
lepidopterous  insect;  especially,  one  of  the  rhf>- 
palocerous  Lejjidojitera,  corresponding  to  the 


possible  from  buttermilk,  and  usually  mixed  with  salt, 
which  preserves  the  butter  and  develops  its  flavor. 
2.  In.  old  che III. ,  a -term  applied  to  certain  an- 
hydrous metallic  ehlorids  of  buttery  consis- 
tence and  fusibility.  — Butter-aud-taUow  tree,  a 
guttiferous  tree  of  Sierra  Leone,  PentadmiHa  butyracm. 
so  called  from  its  abundant  yellow,  greasy  sap,  which  the 
natives  mix  with  their  food.— Butter  of  antimony,  a 
name  given  to  antimony  trichlorid,  made  by  distilling  a 
mixture  of  corrosive  sublimate  and  anfiiii'in.\-,  and  former 


ly  used  in  medicine  as  a  caustic 

■butter  of  tin,  butter  of  zinc,  sublimateil  cliloi 

those  metals.  — Butter  Of  WaX,  the  oleaiiilii.u.s  iiart  of 
wax.  obtained  liy  distillation,  having  a  biitteivrnnsi^t'ine. 
—Macaja butter.  See  Cocos. -Midshipmen's  butter. 
See  ai'ot«i/i).— Nutmeg-butter.  See  Huri/o'.^.— Paraffln- 
butter,  a  crude  paiathii  ■\\liiLli  is  nsrcl  fi.r  making  can- 
dles.—Rock-butter,  a  peculiariiiineial  eoiiii»iseil  of  alum 
combined  witli  iron,  of  tlie  consistence  and  aiqiearaiice  of 
soft  butter,  occurring  as  a  pasty  exudation  from  altimitiit- 
erous  rocks  at  Hurlet  Alum  Works,  Paisley,  Sci.liand.  and 
in  several  places  on  the  continent  of  Europe.— Run  but- 
ter, clariBed  butter  ;  butter  melted  and  jiotted  for  culi- 
nary use.  The  name  of  gliee  (which  see)  is  given  to  a  kind 
of  run  butter  made  in  India.  — Vegetable  butters,  a 
name  given  to  certain  concrete  fixed  \ei:it:iiilf  ujU  whnOi 
are  solid  at  common  temperatures:  .so  chilled  Hum  tlieir 
reseinblance  to  butter  produced  from  the  milk  of  animals. 
The  following  are  the  most  important  of  them.  Cacao- 
butter,  or  oil  of  theobroma,  is  obtained  from  the  seeds  of 
the  cacao  {Ttteobrnma  Cacao)  of  tropical  America;  it  is 
"  a  yellowisli-wliite  solid,  having  a  faint  agreeable  odor,  a 
bland  chocolate-like  taste,  and  a  neutral  reaction "  (U.  S. 
Dispensatory,  p.  1049).  Canara  butter  is  obtained  from 
the  fruits  of  Vaterla  Indica;  it  is  a  resin  rather  than  an 
oil,  and  is  used  as  a  varnish.  Fulwa  butter  is  from  the 
seeds  of  the  East  Indian  Bassia  Miti/raeea  :  Kokinn  butter, 
from  the  seeds  of  Garcinia  Itulica;  Mtilnruii  hulter.  from 
Bassia  latlfoUa.  Sliea  butter,  also  called  ■lohnu  or  i'ln/i- 
buk  butter,  is  from  the  kernels  of  the  shea-tree,  Butyro- 
spermum  Parkii,  of  western  Africa ;  it  resembles  palm-oil, 
but  is  of  a  deeper-red  color.  See  Bassia,  cacao,  sliea. 
butterl-  (but'er),  V.     [<  butter\  ».]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  smear  with  butter. 

'Tw.as  her  brother  tliat,  in  piu'e  kindness  to  his  horse, 
buttcr'd  his  hay.  Sliak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

2.  To  flatter  gi-ossly :  as,  he  buttered,  him  to  his 
heart's  content.  [CoUoq.]— Buttered  ale,  a  beer 
brewed  without  hops  or  other  bitter  ingredient,  and 
flavored  witli  sugar,  butter,  and  spice.— To  know  on 
■Which  side  one's  bread  is  buttered,  to  know  where 
ones  advantage  lies ;  be  able  to  take  care  of  cue's  self. 
(Colloq.) 

I  know  what's  what,  I  know  on  wtiicti  side 

M>t  bread  is  buttcr'd.  Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  ii.  1. 

II,  intrnna.  In  gamblinej  slang,  to  stake  the 
previous    winnings,   with    addition,  at  every 
throw  or  every  game. 
47 


A  name  of  the  sweet  coltsfoot,  Pctasites 
vulgaris.  Also  called  butter-dock. 
butter-color  (but'er-kuP'or),  n.  1.  The 
color  ot  butter;  golden  yellow. — 2.  Asub- 
stance  containing  a  large  amount  of  color- 
ing matter  which  is  mixed  with  butter, 
oleomargarin,  butterin,  or  suine,  to  give 
it  a  rich  yellow  color;  a  preparation  of 
madder  or  of  amotto  thus  used. 


Eiitterof  bismuth,  buttercup  (but'er-kup),  n.    A  name  given 

'' ' '    '    ''  ■   '     '     tomostof  the  common  speciesof  ii««i(HCi«- 

?«.S' with  bright-yellow  cup-shaped  flowers 
and  di-vided  leaves,  such  as  E.  aeris  and  R. 
bulbosus.  Also  called  butter-Jtoicer  and  crowfoot. 

butter-daisy  (but'er-da"zi),  n.  The  white  ox- 
eye.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

blitter-dock  (but'er-dok), )(.  A  name  given  to 
the  bitter  dock,  liumex  obtusifoliits,  and  the 
sweet  coltsfoot,  Petasites  vulgaris,  because  their 
large  leaves  are  nsed  for  wrapping  butter. 

butter-fingered  (but'er-fing"gerd),  a.  Having 
slippery  or  weak  fingers;  clumsy  iu  the  use  of 
the  hands.     [Slang.] 

butter-fingers  (but'er-fing'''gerz),  n.  One  who 
lets  drop  anything  he  ought  to  hold;  a  butter- 
fingered  person;  specifically,  in  base-ball  and 
cricket,  one  who  "muffs"  a  ball.     [Slang.] 

■Vyiien,  on  the  executioner  lifting  the  head  of  the  seventh 
traitor,  as  the  preceding  six  had  been  lifteil  to  the  public 
gaze,  he  happeneil  to  let  it  fall,  cries  of  "Ah,  clumsy!" 
"Halloo,  butter-jinncrs ! "  were  heard  from  various  ipiar- 
ters  of  the  assembly.  Hook,  Gilbert  Ciurney,  II.  i. 

butter-fish  (but'er-fish),  n.  1.  A  name  given 
to  various  fishes  and  other  marine  animals  hav- 
ing a  smooth  and  unctuous  surface  like  butter. 
(a)  1htifii\i  Stroituaeun (,oY  l'oTO]mtut<)triacantiius.     It  has 


Butter-fish  i^Stramateus  triacanthus). 


an  oval  form,  rounded  in  front,  with  pores  on  the  back  in  v,, +*»-«„..,«.,.»  ,  i>„*'  ••  rtr  ,,^..\  J 
a  single  row  above  the  lateral  line,  and  the  dorsal  and  anal  bUtterfly-nOSe  ( but  cr-til-noz),  n 
fins  not  elevated.    It  is  abundant  along  the  eastern  Ameri- 


Coatweed  Butterfly  {Pafhia  etycerium),  male,  oalDnll  size. 


old  Linnean  genus  Vayilio,  called  distinctively 
the  butterjlics.  See  Viunia,  Jiho/ialorera,  Lepi- 
doptera,  and  Pupilio. —  2.  Figuratively,  a  per- 
son whose  attention  is  given  up  to  a  variety 
of  trifles  of  any  kind;  one  incapable  of  steady 
application ;  a  showily  dressed,  vain,  and  giddy 
person. — 3.  A  kind  of  flat  made-up  neck-tie. — 
4t.  An  herb  otherwise  called  ragwort.  Kersey, 
1708 — Butterfly  head-dress.  .Sec  Acnd-rfr*'**.— Cop- 
per butterflies,  the  English  n:mieof  the  small  ccjpper- 
colored  species  of  the  family  l-yrtmidir.  .and  » .•■pccially 
of  the  genus  ii/co-nn.— Goatweed  butterfly,  the  i^.p- 
ular  name  of  Paptiia  (iluceriuiu,  a  rare  and  interei-tinK 
butterfly,  the  larva  of  "which  feeds  on  the  goatwecds  of 
the  genus  Croton.  The  insect  is  i-pecially  interesting 
from  the  dissimilarity  of  the  sexes,  or  sexual  dimrirphism, 
and  from  the  curious  habit  of  the  lan-a.  which  lives  in  a 
cup  made  of  the  folded  leaf.  The  larva  is  clear-green  in 
color,  with  pale-white  gramilatiiuis  and  interspersed  dark 
indentations.  The  chrysalis  is  light-green,  banded  with 
diU'k-gi-ay.  The  male  butiertlyis  deep  coppery-reil.  mark- 
ed with  dark  purplish-bri)wii.  while  the  female  is  much 
lighter-cnl.ued,  though  also  marked  with  dark-l>rf»wii. — 
Sea-butterfly,  a  mollusk  of  the  .subclass  Pleropoda:  so 
calletl  from  its  extended  lateral  foot-lobes,  which  sinin- 
late  wings. 

butterfly-cock  (but'^r-fli-kok),  n.     Same  as 

butterflii-riilre. 

butterfly-fish  (but'i'r-fli-fish),  m.  1.  An  EngUsh 
name  of  the  eyed  blenny,  Jilcnnitis  ocellaris. — 
2.  A  fish  of  the  family  yonieida;  Gasterocliiifnia 
melampus,  with  large  black  ventral  fins,  inhab- 
iting the  sea  about  Australia  and  Xew  Zealand. 
It  attains  a  length  of  more  than  3  feet,  liut  is 
rare. 

butterfly-gurnard  (but'fr-fli-ger'niird),  ».    A 

flsli  of  the  family  Triglida:  the  Lepidotrigln  Va- 
nessa of  the  Tasmanian  and  .Australian  seas. 

A  spotted 
nose,  as  of  some  dogs. 


Butterfly-valve. 


■butterfly-orchis 

butterfly-orchis  (but'er-fli-6r'kis),  n.     A  Brit- 
ish orelud,  Uabenaria  bifolia,  growing  in  woods 
and  open  heaths.     The  great  outterfly-orchis  is 
H.  chlorantha. 
butterfly-plant  (but'er-fli-plant),  n.   1 .  A  West 
lu'liauorehideous  plant,  Oucidium  PapiUo.   See 
Oiicidiiiiii. — 2.  Aspeciesof  theEastlndianP/ia- 
butterfly-ray   (but'er-fli-ra),   n.     A  selachian 
of  tlie  family  Trygonklw,  Pteroplatea  maclura. 
It  is  a  kind  of  sting-ray  with  very  broad  pec- 
torals. 
butterfly-shaped  (but'er-fli-shapt),  a.    In  hoi., 
sliapeJ  like  a  butterfly;  papUionaeeous. 
butterfly-shell  (but'er-fii-shel),  n.     A  shell  of 

the  genus  I'olHta.  • 

butterfly-valve  (but'er-tli-valv),  ».  A  kind  of 
:iouMi'  clack-valve  used  in  pumps,  it  consists  es- 
sentially of  two  semicircular  clappers, 
clacks,  or  wiiit^  hin;xcd  to  a  cross-rib 
cast  ill  the  pumi>-t>iicket,  and  is  named 
from  its  reseiublance  to  the  wings  of 
a  butterlly  when  open,  as  represented 
in  section  in  the  annexed  cut-  It  is  em- 
ployed in  the  liit-lnickets  of  large  wa- 
ter-pinnps.  and  for  the  air-pump  buck- 
ets of  condeusin:;  steam-engines.  -\lso 
c.ill--d  liiilt.Tifii-i-iu-k.     See  I'tttck-vatve. 

butterfly-weed  (but '  er  -  fli- 
wed).  II.  1.  A  name  of  the 
North  American  plant  A.scle- 
pia.'i  tiiherosa  ;  the  pleurisy-root,  it  h.is  a  consid- 
erable reputati<)n  as  an  article  of  the  materia  medica.  It 
is  au  expectorant,  a  mild  cathartic,  and  a  diaphoretic,  and 
is  employed  in  incipient  pulmonary  alfections,  rheuuia- 
tiain,  and  dysentery. 
2.  The  buttcrrty-pea,  Clitoria  Mariana. 

butterin,  butterine  (but'er-in),  «.  [<  butter^ 
+  -ill-,  -iiie-.]  -Au  artificial  butter  made  by 
churning  oleomargarin,  a  product  of  animal 
fat,  with  milk  and  water,  or  by  churning  milk 
with  some  sweet  butter  aud  the  yolks  of  eggs, 
the  whole  of  the  contents  of  the  chimi  by  the 
latter  method  being  converted  into  butterin. 

bntterist,  ".    See  buttress,  3. 

butter-knife  (but'er-nif),  n.  A  blunt  and 
gonirally  ornamented  knife  used  for  cutting 
liutti-r  at  table. 

buttennan  (but '6r- man),  H.;  pi.  buttcrmcn 
I  -iiKii).     A  man  who  sells  butter. 

buttermilk  (but'er-milk),  V.  [=  D.  botermclk 
=  MUlj.  hiitermilch,  G.  huttcrmilch.']  The  liquid 
that  remains  after  the  butter  is  separated  from 
milk.  It  has  a  pleasant  acidulous  taste.  Also 
called  churn-milk. 

I  .  .  .  received  a  small  jug  of  thick  buttermilk,  not  re- 
markably clean,  but  very  refreshing. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  M. 

butter-inold(but'er-ni61d),;i.  Arnold  in  which 
pal.-;  of  butter  are  shaped  and  stamped. 

buttermunk  (biit'6r-mungk),  «.  [A  variant  of 
hi(Htrhiimii.^  A  local  New  Euglaud  name  of 
till-  iiii.'lit-heron,  Syitiiirdca  yrisca  luceia. 

butternut  (but'er-nut),  «.  1.  The  fruit  of 
Juglann  cincrca,  an  AJnerican  tree,  so  called 
from  the  oil  it  contains;  also,  the  tree  itself, 
'i'lie  tree  iK-ars  ti  reHenildanre  in  its  general  ap)iearance  to 
th'.-  black  walnut  (./.  ni'ira),  but  the  fruit  is  long.  ]>oiiitcd. 
aii'l  vi..*.:nii«.  the  nut  furrowecl  and  sharply  jagged,  and  the 
W(^»d  'toft  but  close-grained  and  light-colore^l,  turning  yel- 
low after  exjHHure.  The  wo.id  takes  a  line  iKilish,  anil  is 
largely  used  in  Interior  tliiisb  and  in  cabinet-work.  The 
innt-r  bark  furnislie.f  a  brown  dye,  and  is  used  aa  a  mild 
cathartie.     Also  called  wfnl.-  irtittinl. 

2.  The  nut  of  Cunjocar  nuciferum,  a  lofty  tim- 
ber-tree of  Guiana,  natural  order  Ternstrwma- 
octc.  The  null)  have  a  pleaxant  taste,  and  are  exported  to 
some  extent.  They  are  also  known  oh  muari-  or  tnixpar. 
roiP'ttutM. 

3.  A  name  applied  during  the  civil  war  iu  the 
United  States  to  Confederate  soldiers,  in  allu- 
Hioii  to  the  coarso  brown  liomcHpun  cloth,  dyed 
with  butternut,  often  worn  by  llicm. 

butter-pat  (but'er-jiat),  II.     A  small  piece  of 
liittcr    formed    into    a   generally   ornamental 
'■liniie  for  the  table, 
butter-pot  (butV-r-pot),  n.     In  the  seventeenth 
i'-y,  11  cyliiiiirii-nl  vesHel  of  course  pottery 
I  with  piilvi-rized  lead  oredusted  iijion  the 
■    loforn  it  was  fired.     Mnrriiiil. 
bnttcr-prlnt  (butWT-|«riiit),  ».'     A  mold  for 
'   InittiT  into  blocks,  prints,  or  pats. 
Iiiillir-sliiuif). 
'>  'ch    (biit'tr-skoch),   n.    A   kind   of 

affy. 
b'l'  ;  Cbut'fir-shBK),  n.    A  nlice  of  bread 

■'■■  I  Local,  Kng.  (Ciiinborland).] 

butter  Htamp  (bul'6r-l)taini)),  h.    Hamo  iw  Iml- 

Irr;,,,.'. 

butter-tongs  lhut'l;T-t6iiii/.),  n.  pi.  A  kiml  of 
iiiiiu'H  Willi  ilui  blodoa  f'lr  Hlicing  und  lifting 
butter. 


738 

butter-tooth  (but'er-toth).   H.     [<  butter'^   + 
loolli  :  perhaps  with  some  vague  allusion   to 
milk-tooth.']     A  broad  front  tooth. 
I'd  had  an  eye 
Popt  out  ere  this  time,  or  my  two  '  utter-tieth 
Thrust  down  my  throat. 
Middleton.  Mas^n;fer.  and  Rou^ley,  Old  Law,  Hi.  2. 

butter-tree  (but'er-tre),  ».  A  species  of  Bas- 
.s(V(,  foimd  in  Africa,  which  yields  a  substance 
like  butter;  the  shea-tree.  See  shea.  The  name 
is  also  given  to  various  other  trees  from  the  seeds  of  which 
solid  oils  are  obtained.     See  butter^. 

butter-trier  (but'er-ti-i*er),  H.  A  long  hoUow 
hand-tool  used  in  sampling  butter. 

butter-tub  (bnt'ii-tub),  h.  A  tub  used  for  con- 
taining butter  in  quantity. 

butterweed  (but'er-wed),  n.  A  common  name 
of  the  horseweed,  Erigcron  Canadense,  and  of 
the  .Senecio  Inbatus. 

butter-weightt  (but'er-wat),  n.  More  than  full 
weight;  a  larger  or  more  liberal  aUowanee  than 
is  usual  or  is  stipulated  for:  in  allusion  to  a 
custom,  now  obsolete,  of  allowing  and  exact- 
ing 17  or  18  oimces,  or  even  more,  to  the  pound 
of  butter.  In  Scotland  either  tron  weight  or  a 
still  heavier  poimd  was  used  for  butter. 
They  teach  you  how  to  split  a  hair, 

Give and  Jove  an  equal  share ; 

Yet  why  should  we  be  lac'd  so  strait  ? 

I'll  give  my  M butter-weiifht. 

Swi/t,  Rhapsody  on  Poetry. 

butterwife  (but'er-wif),  «.,  A  butterwoman. 

.IdllHSOIt. 

butterwoman  (but'er-wum''an),  )!. ;  pi.  buttcr- 
womiii  (-wimen).     A  wo- 
man who  sells  butter. 

I  see  grave  learned  men  rail 
and  scold  like  buttcr-wonwn. 
Burton,  Anat.  of  Slel.,  p.  613. 

butter-worker  (but '  er- 
wer"ker),  ii.  An  apparatus 
or  tool  for  freeing  butter 
from  buttermilk. 

butterwort  (but'er-wert), 
«.  [<  butter^  -h  Hor(l.]  A 
name  common  to  the  spe- 
cies of  I'iiiguicula.  The  but- 
terwnrts  gi-ow  on  wet  ground, 
are  apparently  stemless,  and 
have  siiowy  spurred  flowers. 
The  name  is  due  to  the  greasy- 
looking  viscid  surface  of  the 
leaves,  which  are  covered  with 
soft,  pellucid  glandular  hairs, 
secreting  a  glutinous  Ii(|Uor  that 
catches  snuiU  insects.  The  edges 
of  the  leaf  roll  over  on  the  insect 
ami  retain  it,  and  the  insects  thus 
caught  are  supposed  to  serve  as  food  for  the  plant.  In  the 
north  of  Sweden  the  leaves  are  employed  to  curdle  milk. 

butteryl  (but'er-i),  (7.  l<  butter^ -i- -y^.]  1. 
Having  the  qualities  (especially  the  consis- 
tence) or  a])peiiraneo  of  butter. 

sinking  her  voice  into  a  deeper  key,  she  drove  the  fol- 
lowing lines,  slowly  and  surely,  thnuigh  and  through  his 
poor,  unresisting,  buttcrif  lieart.  C  Jieadi;  -\rt. 

2.  Apt  to  let  fall  anytldng  one  ought  to  liold, 
as  a  ball  in  tlie  game  of  cricket ;  biitter-fliigere<l. 
buttery-  (but'er-i),  «. ;  pi.  butteries  (-iz.)  [< 
MK.  Iiotery,  botry,  a  buttery,  a  corruption  (due 
to  association  with  Imlire,  butler,  aud  to  (ho 
fact  that,  besides  liquors,  butter  and  otlier])VO- 
visions  were  kept  in  the  same  jilace)  of  Imlr- 
lerye  (mod.  E.  restored  bullery),  <  OF.  bouleil- 
Icrii),  a  place  to  keep  bottles  or  liqtiors  (ML. 
bulicularia,  the  office  of  a  wine-taster),  <  hou- 
tcillc,  boutillc,  a  bottlo  :  seo  butler  and  boltli-.'] 

1.  An  apartment  in  a  house  in  which  wines, 
liquors,  aud  provisions  are  kept ;  a  pantry. 

Take  them  to  the  buttery. 
And  give  them  friendly  welcome. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Iml.,  I, 
Make  him  drink,  wench; 
And  If  there  be  any  cold  meat  in  the  buttery, 
Olvu  litin  some  broken  bread  and  that,  and  rid  liini. 

Ilruu.  and  /■'/.,  Captain,  I.  :t. 

2.  In  colleges,  formerly,  a  room  where  li(|Uors, 
fruits,  and  refreshments  wore  kept  for  hiiIc  to 
tho  students. 

tn  Kngllsh  nnlvendtlcH  tlio  buttrrji  via  In  fomior  days 
the  scene  of  the  Inlliction  of  corpond  nnntshment. 

/(.  //.  //<//(,  Colliifc  Words. 
buttery-bar  (but'er-i-bilr),  »i.     A  lodge  on  i]w 
to|i  of  a  buttcry-batch  on  which  to  rest,  tan- 
kards. 

Itrlng  your  liaiirl  to  ihb  bulUrj/.tMir  and  let  it  ilrlnk. 

,v;m*-.,  T.  N.,  I.  .T 

buttery-book  (butV'r-i-bVik),  ».  An  uccounl- 
Ixiok  kept  111  the  biidory  of  a  college. 

ThiN  pt-i-Mon  wiui  an  aNnlHlaiit  to  the  biltlor  to  put  on 
I  that  is,  enter)  bottles  in  I  he  tiiitlrq/  IftMik. 

ICi)i«/,  Kantl  ilxon.,  II. 
If  no  rude  mice  with  envlfiliii  niKe 
Tliv  buttrrv-buukt  devour.      The  Student,  I.  3tb. 


Butterwort  {Pinffuieula 
vulgaris). 

( From  Le  Maout  and  De- 
caisnc's  "  Traits  gindral  de 
Bottinique."} 


button 

buttery-hatch  (but'*r-i-hach),  n.  A  hatch  or 
halt'Hloor  giving  entrance  to  a  buttery. 

I  know  you  were  one  could  keep 
The  buttery-hatch  still  locked,  antl  save  the  chippings. 

B.  Jon:ion,  Alchemist,  i.  1.  , 
butt-hinge  (but'hinj),  n.     Same  as  butl^,  4. 
butthorn  (but'thorn),  H.     [Uncertain;  appar. 

<  but-  (or  else  butt-)  +  thorn,  prob.  in  ref.  to 
the  spiny  surface  of  the  starfish.]  A  kind  of 
starfish,  Astropecfen  aurantiacus.     See  starfish. 

butt-howel  (but'hou'el),  n.  A  kind  of  howel 
or  adz  used  by  coopers. 

butting  (but'ing),  «.   [Verbal  n.  of  butt^,  v.,  for 
abut.]     .An  abutting  or  abuttal. 
Without  bultin<^s  or  boundings  on  any  side. 

BjK  Beveridi/e,  Works,  I.  xx. 

butting-joint  (but'ing-joint),  ».  A  joint  formed 
by  two  pieces  of  timber  or  metal  miited  end- 
wise so  that  they  come  exactly  against  each 
other  with  a  true  joint ;  au  abutting  joint,  in 
ironwork  the  parts  are  welded,  and  the  term  is  used  in 
contradistinction  to  lap-joint.     .\lso  called  butt-joint. 

butting-machine  (but'ing-ma-sheu'O,  «.  A 
macliine  for  dressing  and  finisliing  the  ends  of 
tioards  or  small  timbers  by  means  of  cutters 
attached  to  a  revohnng  disk. 

butting-ring  (but'ing-ring),  n.  A  collar  ou  the 
axle  of  a  wheel,  inside  the  wheel,  which  it  pre- 
vents from  mo\-ingfiu-therinwardalong  the  axle. 

butting-saw  (but'iug-sa),  H.  A  cross-cut  saw 
used  to  prepare  logs  for  the  saw-mill  by  cut- 
ting off  the  rough  ends. 

butt-joint  (but'joiut),  H.  Same  as  butting- 
joint. 

b'uttlei  (but'l),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  bottleS. 

buttle-  (but'l),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buttled,  jijir. 
buttling.  [<  butler,  as  butch  <  butcher,  burgh  < 
burglar,  peddle  < 2>eddler,  etc.]  Toact  asbuth  i. 
[Pr'ov.  feug.] 

butt-leather  (but'lcTH'^r),  n.  The  thick«>t 
leather,  used  chiefly  for  the  soles  of  boots  and 
slides. 

buttock  (but'ok),  «.  [<  JIE.  buttok,  boflok  : 
appar.  <  butt",  n.,  1  (c),  -1-  dim.  -ock.]  1.  Either 
of  the  two  prottiberauces  whicli  form  tlie  rump 
in  men  aud  animals;  in  the  plural,  the  riiiup; 
the  gluteal  region  of  tlie  body,  more  jirotu- 
berant  iu  man  than  in  any  other  animal;  the 
bottom. 

Like  a  barber's  chair,  that  flta  all  buttocks. 

Sliak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  i 
2.  The  upper  aftermost  portion  of  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  contour  of  a  ship's  bottom. 
Theiirlr.  Naval  Arch. — 3.  In  eoal-mining.  the 
portion  of  a  face  of  coal  ready  to  bo  next  taken 
down.  [Eng.] — 4.  A  piece  of  armor  for  the 
rumi)  of  a  horse.  See  croupiere —  Buttock  mallt, 
a  liiiiicrous  term  for  the  tine  formerly  paid,  in  a  case  of 
ftiniiciif ion.  t<»au  ecclcsia-^tical  court.     Svol4.     [Scotch. 1 

buttocker  (but'ok-er),  n.  [<  buttock,  3,  -t-  -o-l.] 
In  miuiug,  one  who  works  at  the  buttock,  or 
breaks  out  the  coal  ready  for  tlie  tillers.     [Eng,] 

buttock-line  (but'ok-liii),  n.  In  .vhip-bnilding, 
the  projection  upon  tlie  sheer  plan  of  the  in- 
tersection of  II  piano  parallel  to  it  with  the 
after-body  of  the  vessel.  * 

The  lines  obtained  by  the  intersections  of  the  planeft 
])aral]el  to  the  sheer  plane  are  known  as  bow  lines  when 
hi  the  f<u'e  body,  und  bullock  lines  when  in  the  after  body. 
Tltcarlr,  Naval  Architecture,  g  10. 

button  (but'n),  H.     [Early  mod.  E.  aUo  botnn, 

<  MIO.  boUin,  botonn  (also  corruptly  bothnn, 
bothiim,  iu  sense  of  'bud'),  <  Dl .  Imton  (F. 
boutiin  =  Pr.  Sp.  botou  =  Pg.  boltin  =  It.  Imt- 
l(iue),  a  button,  a  bud;  |ierliaps  <  holer,  push 
out,  liutt:  SCO  liutO.]  1.  Any  knob  or  luill 
fastened  to  another  body ;  specilii'ally,  such  an 
object  useil  to  secure  togi-ther  ditl'erent  parts 
of  a  garinent,  to  one  portion  of  wliich  it  is 
fastened  in  such  a  way  that  it  ciiii  lie  passed 
through  a  slit  (called  a  buttonliole)  in  another 
portion,  or  through  a  loop.  liuttonsarcB..iiieilme» 
sewed  to  garments  fru-  ornament.  They  arc  made  of  met- 
al, horn,  wooil,  inother.«>f-pcal'l,  etc.,  imd  were  formerly 
eonimoii  in  viTy  rhh  materials,  esjieclaliy  during  the  eigh- 
teen lit  ceiilnry,  when  the  I'oiitsof  gcnticnicn  at  the  French 
court  bad  I  mt  tons  of  gold  iiiul  precious  stones,  pearl,  cimin. 
el,  and  tile  V.\n\  Later  bntt^tim  of  diamonds  or  of  panto 
iiuilating  diamonds  were  worn,  matching  the  buckles  of 
the  same  period, 

2.  III.  (used^H  a  singular).  A  page  :  so  called 
ti'oiii  the  Inittons,  commonly  gilt,  which  adorn 
his  jacket. 


laeh  ;   bill  w 


;  bill  we  hope 
Ih'uu  ftai 


soma 
uimii. 


iiur  present  girl  Is  a  very  alow  i 
day  to  sport  a  buttnnti. 
3.  A  kind)  of  gold,  crystal,  coral,  riiby^  or 
other  precious  stone,  worn  by  Chineso  ofTlcials, 
lioth  civil  mill  mililiiry,  on  the  loiis  of  their 
huts  as  II  liiidge  of  riiiik  ;  hence,  th(>  rank  itself: 
as,  a  blue  button,  ih.n.  ,,,,.  nine  ranks,  the  first  or 
lilghciil  being  dlaUiiKuliheil  by  a  tninsparunl  red  (or  ruby) 


button 

•  button;  the  second,  liy  opaque  red  (conil);  the  third,  by 
transparent  blue  (sapphire) ;  the  fourth,  liy  opaque  blue 
(lapis  lazuli);  the  llftli,  by  transparent  w'hiti'  (eiystal); 
the  sixtll.  by  opaipie  white;  the  seventh,  liy  plain  t^'nld  ;  tlie 
eighth,  by  worlied  jjold  ;  and  the  ninth  or  lo»csl,  liy  ]ilain 
gold  with  the  charai^ter  for  "old  ajie  "  engraved  on  it  in 
two  places.  A  scholar  who  has  passed  the  siu-tsai  (or 
bachelor)  examination  is  entitled  to  wear  the  last. 

4.  A  knob  or  protuberance  rpsonil.ilirif^abuHon. 

Specifically —(«)  The  knoll  of  metal  uliirh  li  i  minatis  the 
breechot  most  pieces  of  ordnance,  ami  uliicli  adonis  aeon- 
venieut  hearing  for  the  application  of  hand  spik.s,  bi-cucli- 
ings.etc.;  a  cascahel.  [Eng.]  (/;)  A  knob  or  j^iianl  secured 
to  the  end  of  a  foil,  to  prevent  the  iioiut  from  pencti-atin;; 
the  skin  orwounding.  (c)  The  small  knob  or  ball  liypu.sli- 
ing  or  pressing  which  the  circuit  of  an  electric  bell  is  com- 
pleted. 

5.  A  bud  of  a  plant.     [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 

The  canker  galls  the  infants  of  the  spring, 
Too  oft  before  their  buttons  be  disclos'd. 

Sliak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

6.  A  flat  or  elongated  piece  of  wood  or  metal, 
turning  on  a  nail  or  screw,  used  to  fasten  doors, 
windows,  etc. — 7.  A  small  round  mass  of  met- 
al lying  at  the  bottom  of  a  eniciblo  or  cupel 
after  fusion. —  8.  In  an  organ,  a  small  round 
piece  of  leather  which,  when  screwed  on  the 
tapped  wire  of  a  tracker,  prevents  it  from  jump- 
ing out  of  place.  Staiiier  and  Barrett. —  9.  A 
ring  of  leather  through  which  the  reins  of  a 
bridle  pass,  and  which  runs  along  the  length 
of  the  reins. — 10.  la  zool.:  (a.)  The  terminal 
segment  of  the  erepitaeulum  or  rattle  of  a  rat- 
tlesnake.    See  erepitaeulum. 

In  the  structure  of  the  end  of  the  tail  of  harndess 
snakes,  we  see  a  trace  of  the  first  button  of  the  rattle  in 
a  horny  cap  that  covers  the  terminal  vertebrce. 

iJ.  D.  Cope.  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  197. 

(b)  In  entom.,  a  knob-like  protuberance  on  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  larvas  of  certain  but- 
terflies, also  called  the  anal  button  or  cremaster. 
Sometimes  there  is  a  second  one,  called  the 
preanal  button. — 11.  p?.  A  name  given  to 
young  mushrooms,  such  as  are  used  for  pick- 
ling.— 12.  pi.  Sheep's  dung:  sometimes  used 
for  dimg  in  general.  [Prov.  (west.)  Eng.]  — 
13.  A  small  cake.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14.  A  per- 
son who  acts  as  a  decoy.  Speciflcally— (n)  An  auc- 
tioneer's accomplice  who  employs  various  devices  to  de- 
lude bidders  so  as  to  raise  the  price  of  articles  sold,  etc.  (h) 
A  thimble-rigger's  accomplice.  [Eng.  slang.J  — Barton's 
button,  a  polished  button  upon  which  a  series  of  many  flue 
lines,  parallel  and  near  together,  have  been  impressed, 
so  as  to  show  brilliant  colors  when  exposed  to  light  strik- 
ing it  in  nearly  parallel  rays,  by  an  effect  of  diffraction.— 
Biskra  button.  Same  as  Aleppo  ulcer  (which  see,  under 
wicer).— Corrigan'a  button  [named  after  Sir  John  Dom- 
inic Corrigan  of  Dublin  (1802-80)),  a  button  of  steel  used 
in  surgery,  when  heated  to  100°  C,  as  a  means  of  counter- 
irritation.  Also  called  Coj'ri.^rt^t's  caiifen/. —  Elastic  but- 
ton, a  rounded  knob  at  the  end  of  a  sliding  spring-bolt 
placed  in  the  edge  of  a  door,  and  fitting  into  a  depression 
in  the  opposite  jamb,  fhtended  to  kee^p  the  door  closed 
without  beiu^  locked,  yet  so  that  it  can  be  easilv  opened. 
—  Quaker  buttons,  the  seed.?  of  the  ,Vi!.r  mmil;:.      l'.  S. 

Dispen-sntoni.  p.  :i74.— To  hold  by  the  button,  to  btitton- 
hole  ;  detain  in  conversation ;  bore. 
Not  to  hold  you  by  the  button  too  peremptorily. 

J/r.s.  Gore. 

button  (but'n),  V.  [<  ME.  botonen,  <  baton,  a 
button.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  attach  a  button  or 
buttons  to. 

His  bonet  buttened  with  gold. 

Gascoigne,  "Woodmanship. 
Yotu"  rapier  shall  be  button'd  with  my  head, 
Before  it  touch  my  master. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  i.  3. 

2.  To  fasten  with  a  button  or  buttons;  secure,  or 
join  the  parts  or  edges  of,  with  buttons :  often 
.followed  by  up :  as,  to  button  up  a  waistcoat. 

One  whose  hard  heart  is  huttond  up  with  steel. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  2. 

He  was  a  tall,  fat,  long-bodied  man,  buttoned  up  to  the 

throat  in  a  tight  green  coat.  Dickens. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  capable  of  being  buttoned. 

Diderot  writes  to  his  fair  one  that  his  clothes  will 
hardly  button.  Carlyle,  Diderot. 

buttonball,  button'WOOd  (but'n-bal,  -wud),  n. 
The  plane-tree  of  the  United  States,  Platanus 
oecidentalis :  so  called  from  its  small,  round, 
pendulous,  synearpous  fruit.  Also  incorrectly 
called  si/eumorc. 

button-blank  (but'n-blangk),  «.  A  disk  of 
metal,  bono,  etc.,  to  be  formed  into  a  button. 

button-bush  (but'n-biish),  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  Ceplialanthus  oecidentalis,  a  North  Amer- 
ican shrub,  on  account  of  its  globular  flower- 
heads.     See  Ceplialanthus. 

button-ear  (but'n-er),  n.  An  ear  that  falls 
over  in  front,  concealing  the  inside,  as  in  some 
dogs. 

buttoned  (but'nd),  p.  a.  1.  Decorated  with 
buttons  or  small  bosses,  as  a  glass  vase. —  2. 
In  her.,  ornamented  with  small  points,  usually 
of  a  different  tincttire  ;  studded. 


739 

buttoner  (but'n-6r),  «.  l.  One  who  or  that 
wliich  buttons:  a  button-hook. —  2.  A  decoy. 
[Eng.  slang.] 

button-fastener  (but'n-fas"n6r),  ».  A  clasp 
for  lastciiing  buttons. 

button-flower  (l)ut'n-flou"6r),ji.  Aname given 
to  species  of  (iomjihia,  shrubs  and  trees  of  trop- 
ical America,  nalunil  order  Orluiaeea:  Some 
are  occasionally  eullivatcd  in  hothouses. 

buttonhole  (but'u-hol),«.  l.  Tlioboloorloop 
ill  which  a  button  is  caught. — 2.  A  name  given 
to  the  hart's-tongue  fern,  iScolopcnclrium  iml- 
gare,  because  its  fructification  in  the  young  state 
resembles  a  buttonhole  in  formand  appearance. 

buttonhole  (Init'n-hol),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  jip.  Iiul- 
tonhohd,  ppr.  buftonholinij.  [<  buttonhole,  «.] 
1.  To  seize  by  the  buttonhole  or  button  and 
detain  in  conversation;  interview. 

He  won't  stand  on  the  corn 
with  the  news. 


butyrate 

3t.  [Also  written  buttrice,  butteria.']  In  far- 
riery, an  instrument  of  steel  set  in  wood,  for 
paring  tlie  iioof  of  a  liorse.  Minsheu;  Kersey. 
—  Flying  buttress,  in  uwdieral  an-h.,  a  support  in  the 
fortii  of  a  hCKnient  of  an  arch  Hpriiiging  from  a  solirl 
ULifls  of  masonry,  as  the  top  of  a  Hide.ajsle  biittresh,  and 
abutting  against  another  jiart  of  the  slrnelure,  as  the  wall 
of  a  clearstory,  in  which  c-.'um;  it  aet*i  as  a  eoiint<;riioisc 
iigainst  the  vaulting  of  the  central  pile:  so  named  from 
its  passing  through  the  air.— Hanging  buttress,  in 
urcli.,  a  feature  in  the  fonn  of  a  buttress,  not  standing 
solid  on  a  foundation,  but  supported  on  a  corbeL  It  \a 
applied  in  debased  styles  ehieliy  a«  a  decomtirin, 
buttress  (but'res),  V.  t.  f<  ME.  boterasen:  see 
buttress,  «.]  To  support  by  a  buttress;  hence, 
to  prop  or  prop  up,  literally  or  figuratively. 

To  set  it  upright  again,  and  to  prop  and  hutlreim  it  up 
for  duration.  Burke,  Ilefonn  of  Kcpreneiitatlon. 

A  white  wall,  buttre^ged  well,  made  glrille  wide 
To  towers  and  roofs  where  yet  his  kin  did  bide. 

WllUnm  Morru,  Earthly  I'aradlse,  HI.  .'569. 

buttress-tower  (but'reB-tou'fer),  n.  In  early 
fort.,  a  tower  projecting  from  the  face  of  the 
rampart-wall,  but  not  rising  above  it.  It  was 
afterward  developed  into  the  bastion. 

butt-shaftt  (but  sliaft),  n.  A  blunt  or  unbarb- 
ed  arrow  used  for  shooting  at  a  target.  Also 
spelled  but-shaft. 

The  blind  bow-boy'a  bult-shaft.    Shak.,  E.  and  J.,  U.  4. 
Met.  I  fear  thou  hast  not  arrows  for  tlie  purjiose. 
Cup.  0  yes  here  be  of  all  sorts  — llights,  rovers,  and  butt- 
sha/ts.  B.  ./onson,  Oynthia's  KeveU,  v.  8. 


irner  and  buttonhole  everybody 
T.  Winthrop,  Cecil  Dreeme,  vi. 
2.  To  make  buttonholes  in. 

button-hook  (but'n-hiUt),  n.  A  small  metal 
hook  used  for  buttoning  shoes,  gloves,  etc. 

button-loom  (but'n-liim),  n.  A  loom  for  weav- 
ing coverings  for  buttons. 

button-mold  (but'n-mold),  n.  A  disk  of  bone, 
wood,  or  metal,  to  be  covered  -with  fabric  to 
form  a  button.  E.  11.  Knight.— SossO.  button- 
mold,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  a  section  of  encrinite 
between  two  joints. 

button-nosed  (but'n-nozd),  a.     Same  as  star- 
nosed:  applied  to  the  condylure.     See  cut  un-  butt-strap  (but'strap),  v.  t.     To  weld  together 
der  Condiilura.  (t^^o  pieces  of  metal)  so  as  to  form  a  butting- 

button-piece  (but'n-pes),  ».     A  button-blank.      Jo"i*- 

button-quail  (but'n-kwal),  n.  A  bird  of  the  I'wo  pieces  which  are  welded  or  »u««-»(ro»p«d  together. 
family  Turnieidte. ;  a  hemipod.  Thearle,  Naval  Architecture,  {  268. 

button-solder  (but'n-sol"der),  «.  A  white  sol-  butt- weld  (but 'weld),  n.  In  mech.,  a  -weld 
der  composed  of  tin,  brass,  and  copper,  used  as  formed  by  joining  the  flattened  ends  of  two 
a  substitute  for  silver  solder  in  making  buttons,     pieces  of  iron  at  white  heat ;  a  jump-weld. 

button-tool  (but'n-tol),«.   An  instrument  used  buttwoman  (but''wura"an),  h.  ;  pi.  bnttwomen 
chiefly  for  cutting  out  the  disks  or  buttons  of     (-wim"en).     [<  6h»2^  7,"'a  hassock,  +  woman.'} 
leather  which  serve  as  nuts  for  the  screwed    ^  woman  who  cleans  a  church,  and  in  service- 
wires  in  the  mechanism  connected  with  the     time  assists  as  a  pew-opener.     [Eng.] 
keys  of  the  organ  and  pianoforte.    It  is  a  mod-  butty  (but'i),  n.;   pi.  butties  (-izj*.      [E.  dial., 


ifieation  of  the  ordinary  center-bit 
button-tree  (but'n-tre),  n.     Same  as  button- 
wood,  1. 
button-weed  (but'n-wed),  H.     1.  Aname  given 

to  several  rulaiaoeous  plants  belonging  to  the 

genera  S/icniiavoci;  Diodia,  and  Borreria. —  2. 

The  knapvvooil,  Ciiitaurea  nigra. 
button'WOOd   (but'u-wiid),  n.      1.  A  common 

name  in  the  West  Indies  of  a  low  combreta- 

ceous  tree,  Conocarpus  erecta,  ■with  very  heavy, 

hard,  and  compact  wood.     The  white  buttonwood  butty-COlller   (but'i-kol  "yfer)    H 

is  a  small  tree  of  the  same  order,  ia^t"icMiana  rrt<:eHioA-«,  ...         ...        ,  •'.     .* 

growing  on  the  shores  of  lagoons  jind  liaving  a  similar 
wood.    Also  called  button-tree. 

2.   See  buttonball. 
buttony  (but'n-i),  a.    [<  button  +  -^1.]    Deco- 
rated \^'ith  a  profusion  of  buttons. 

That  buttonif  boy  sprang  up  and  down  from  the  box 
with  Emmy's  and  Jos's  visiting  card 


short  for  'butty-fellow,  early  mod.  E.  boty-felowe, 
a  partner  (Palsgrave)  (cf.  butty-eollier,  butty- 
gang),  <  boty,  now  booty,  plunder,  property 
shared,  -I-  feloice,  fellow.]  1 .  A  comrade,  chum, 
or  partner.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.S.] — 2.  Spe- 
cifically, in  English  eoal-mining,  one  who  takes 
a  contract,  or  is  a  partner  in  a  contract,  for 
working  out  a  certain  area  of  coal.  Tiie  hmiy 
collier,  or  first  man,  as  he  is  called  in  some  coal-mining 
districts,  employs  his  own  holers,  fillers,  and  boys,  and  lias 
general  eimrge  of  the  work  in  his  own  particular  "stall." 

,       .         In  EngltJib 

eoal-mining,  the  head  man  of  a  butty-gang.  See 
butty. 
butty-gang  (but'i-gang),  M.  A  gang  of  men 
who  take  a  contract  for  a  part  of  a  work,  as  in 
the  construction  of  railroads,  etc.,  the  proceeds 
being  equally  divided  between  them, with  some- 
thing e.xtra  to  the  head  man. 


buttourt, «. 


Thackeray,  Vanity  Fail-,  ix.  butua  (bii'til-a),  n.     See  abutua. 
A  Middle  Ejiglish  form  j^f?;!«en(l.  bu'twards  (bufwardz),  arfv.     [<  but^,  adv.,  + 


buttress  (but'res),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  hut- 
teras,  butteraee,  butrasse,bottras ;  <  late  ME.  but- 
trace,  butteraee,  but- 
,  I  ra.'ise,     botcracc,    < 

OF.  bouteret-s,  prop, 
pi.  of  boitterct,  bu- 
teret,  a  buttress, 
prop,  adj.,  thrust- 
ing, bearing  a 
thrust  (said  of  an 
arch  or  a  pillar) 
(cf.  boutrice,  "an 
ashler  or  binding- 
stone  (in  build- 
ing)," boutant,  "'a 
buttress  or  shore- 
•ost"— Cotgrave),< 
'Uter,  boter,  push, 
X  hi-ust,  put,  mod.  F. 
boutcr,  put,  buter, 
prop,  support,  the 
source  of  E.  butt^, 
push,  etc. :  see 
butt^.}   1.  A  struc- 


^^'-\  }jf^ 


irards.]      Toward    the    outward    apartment. 
[Scotch.] 
butyl  (bu'til),  «.    [<but(yric)  +  -yW]    A  hydro- 
carbon alcohol  radical  having  the  composition 
C4Hg.     It  cannot  be  isolated,  and  occurs  only 


Abbey  of  St.  Denis.  France. 
;,  buttresseii:  i,  i,  flying  buttresses- 


in    combination   with   other  radicals Butyl- 

clUoral  hydrate.    Same  as  crolon-cliloral  hydrate  (which 

see.  under  eroton). 

butylamine  (bii-tU'a-min),  n.  [<  hutyl  -I- 
amine.']     Same  as  tctrylamine. 

butylene  (bi'ti-len).  n.  [<  butyl  +  -ene.}  A 
hydrocarbon  (C^Hg)  belonging  to  the  olefine 
series.  It  exists  in  three  isomeric  forms,  all 
of  which  are  gases  at  ordinan'  temperatures. 

butylic  (bii-til'ik),  a.  [<  butyl  +  -/p.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  butyl. 

butyraceous  (bii-ti-ra'shius),  a.  [<  L.  buly- 
rum,  butter  (see  butter^).  +  -aeeous.}  Having 
the  quality  of  butter ;  resembling  butter ;  con- 
sisting of  or  containing  butter.   Also  biityrous. 

Among  all  races  perhaps  none  has  shown  so  acute  a  sense 
of  the  side  on  which  its  bread  is  buttered  [as  the  Saxon), 
and  so  great  a  repuenance  for  having  fine  phrases  taka 
the  place  of  the  tjiayracruus  principle. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  249. 

tiu'e  built  against  butyrate  (bu'ti-rat),  n.     [<  L.  butyrum,  butter. 

a  waU.  for  the  ptu--  +  ^,^1.]  A  salt  of  butyric  acid.-Ethyl  buty- 
rate, C0H5.C4H7O0.  a  ver>-  mobile  liquid,  having  an  odor 
somewhat  like  that  of  the  jiineapple.  It  is  soluble  in  al- 
cohol, and  is  used,  on  account  of  its  odor,  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  perfumerj-  and  also  of  artificial  mm  and  other  spir- 
its. It  is  prepared  by  distilling  a  mixture  of  alcohol  and 
butyric  acid,  uilb  the  addition  of  a  little  ether.  Known 
in  trade  :is  ■^.'.  ii.--  of  }nneaj'pl.  or  a«ana*-oi/.— Glycerin 
butsrrate  or  butyhn,  '"3Hr,(C4U-;02)3,  a  glycerid  or  fat 
which  occurs  in  butter. 


pose  of  giving  it 
stability.— 2.  Fig- 
uratively, any  prop 
or  support. 

The  ground  -  pillar 
and  buttress  of  the  good 
old  cause  of  noncon- 
formity. South. 


butyric 

butyric  Cbu-tir'ik),  a.  [<  L.  bitti/rum.  butter,  + 
-ic]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  butter Bu- 
tyric acid,  C:iH7C'»->.OH,  a  colorless  mobile  liquid  haWiig  a 
stnuiL'.  raULiti  -siueli  and  acrid  taste.  Normal  butjTic  acid 
Ls  miaciiile  with  water  antl  forms  crj'stalline  salts  with  the 
bxse5.  It  is  prepared  from  butter,  or  by  fermenting  sugar 
with  putrid  cheese.  It  also  occurs  in  cod-liver  oil  and 
otht-r  l;»ts.  in  the  juice  of  meat,  and  in  the  perspiration, 
and  is  wiiiel.v  distributed  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. — Bu- 
tyric etber,  the  generic  name  of  a  class  of  compounds 
formed  from  butyric  acid  by  the  substitution  of  one  atom 
of  a  basic  organic  railii-al.  such  as  ethyl,  for  an  atom  of 
hydrogen.— Butyric  fermentation,  a  kind  of  fermen- 
tation or  putrefaction  characterized  by  the  production  of 
butyric  acid.  It  is  caused  by  a  microbe  belonging  to  the 
genus  BacilUij?.    i^e  fermentation, 

butyxil  (bu'ti-ril),  n.  [<  L.  butyrum,  butter,  -1- 
-i7.]  The  radical  (C3H7CO)  of  butjric  acid  and 
its  derivatives. 

butyrin,  butyrine  (bu'ti-rin),  »i.  [<  L.  6m?;/- 
nim,  butter,  +  -in'^,  -iiic~.'\  A triglycerid,  C3H5 
(C^lIyOjXs,  whieli  is  a  constant  constituent  of 
butter,  together  with  olein,  stearin,  and  other 
glvcerids.  It  is  a  neutral  yellowish  liquid  fat, 
having  a  sharp,  bitter  taste. 

butyrous  (bu'ti-rus),  a.  [<  L.  biityrtm,  butter, 
-1-  -«((.v.]     Same  as  biityraceous. 

btrxeoUS  (buk'se-us),  a.  [<  L.  buxeiis,  pertain- 
ing to  the  bo.\-tree,  <  biixiis,  the  box-tree :  see 
i'«j».s'.]  Pertaining  to  the  box-tree  or  resem- 
bling it. 

buxin,  buxine  (buk'sin),  v.  [<  XL.  buxhm,  < 
L.  hiixK.-!,  the  box-tree :  see  -/«-,  -JHe^.]  An  al- 
kaloid obtained  from  the  box-tree,  it  has  gener- 
ally the  appearance  of  a  translucent  deep-brown  mass; 
its  t;iste  is  liitter  :  it  excites  sneezing  ;  it  is  insoluble  in 
wal.T,  but  is  dissolved  in  small  quantity  by  alcohol  and 
by  ether. 

buxina  (buk-si'nii),  n.    [NL.]    Same  as  bitxine. 

buxine,  «.     See  buxin. 

buxom  (buk'sum),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bitcl- 
somt,  bucksom,  <  ME.  buxom,  biixum,  boxom, 
bouxom,  bogsam,  bughsom  (also,  by  absorjition 
of  the  palatal,  bousom,  bowsom,  mod.  E.  as  if 
"boasome),  earlier  buhsum,  obedient,  submis- 
sive, <  AS.  'buhsum  (not  found)  (=  D.  buig- 
zaam,  flexible,  submissive,  =  G.  biegsam,  flex- 
ible), <  bugan,  bow,  +  -sum,  -some :  see  bow^, 
buck-,  and  -S(>mc.'\  If.  Yielding  to  pressure: 
flexible;  unresisting. 

Twise  was  he  scene  in  soaring  Eagles  shape, 
And  with  wide  wioges  to  beat  the  bitxome  ajTe. 

Spemer,  ¥.  Q,,  III.  xi.  .34. 
Wing  silently  the  huzom  air.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  842. 

The  crew  with  merry  shouts  their  anchors  weigh, 
Then  ply  their  oars,  and  brush  the  buxom  sea. 

Dnuien,  Cym.  and  Ipll.,  I.  613. 

2t.  Obedient;  obsequious;  submissive. 
To  Iw  ever  buxom  and  obedient.  •       Foxe. 

"For-thi,"  seid  .Sanmel  to  .Saul,  *'god  hym.self  hoteth 
The,  be  boxome  at  his  biddyiige  his  willc  to  fulfllle." 

I'ierx  Plowman  (I)),  iii.  203. 
He  dirt  tread  down  and  disgrace  all  the  Knglish,  and  set 
up  and  countenance  the  Irish;  thinking  thereby  to  make 
Ihem  more  tractable  and  buxom  to  the  government. 

Sifcnxer,  State  of  Ireland. 

3.  Having  health  and  comeliness  together  irith 
a  livclydi.spositiou  J  healthy  and  cheei-ful;  brisk; 
jolly;  lively  and  vigorous. 

A  ilaughter  fair, 
So  buxom,  blithe,  and  debonair. 

Milton,  L' Allegro,  I.  24. 
The  buxom  god  IBacchus], 

Driiden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Gcorglcs. 
A  parcel  of  buxom  Iwnny  dames.  Tatter,  No.  273. 

Huch  buxom  chief  shall  lead  his  host 
From  India's  tires  \t>  Zcmblu's  frost. 

Scott,  .Marmion,  111.  4. 
[In  this  sense  the  word  Is  now  always  ajtplled  to  girls  or 
women,  and  implies  abundant  healtti  as  shown  in  j>luni|>- 
ijfM,  fri'sh  color,  and  strength.! 

4.  Showing  vigor  or  robiistiiess;  sturdy; 
frcHh;  brisk:  Haid  of  thing«:  as,  "buxom  val- 
our," Shuk.,  lion,  v.,  iii.  (i. 

Ituxom  lienlth  of  rmy  hni*. 
tiraii,  Ode  on  a  I'rospect  of  Kton  (ViJIege. 
5t.   Ainoroii.s ;  wanton.     Jlniley. 
buzoiDt. '.  I.     [MK.  biixomcii;  i  buxom,  11.1     To 
bi-  iilxdiont ;  yield. 

1  '•  loixom  Ut  holl  <-)iur<1ic,  and  to  al  the  land  also. 
>',  A''/m,  Out/.  (Karly  Kng.  i'oeins,  ed.  Kunitvall),  I.  446, 

buxomly  (buk'giim-li),  n//c  f<  ME.  buxomly, 
l,ur„„.i,,  (.f(.. ;  <  buxom  + -ly'^.)     If.  f>b<Mllen't- 

■  rie  fro  fryloo  to  (^iee,  jK  It  were  ned. ,  and 
''  ceyvo  me  and  my  r*f;m|Hinyc. 

Mamlemlle,  Travels,  p.  82. 
"-'\  of  (to<l  (that  loKniniil«n  It  l»|  redy 

,„.lichr.  hlddeth  it  and  U.n  III  wllle  to 
I'irrK  I'touimin  (l',>,  xll.  I!i;.. 

'■^-   '  ■unnor;  brinkly;  vigoroiihly. 

bnxoni  iim-ni'H),H.   [itAV^.buxinu'uiH, 

buxuii  nrtfOXi.;   <  hiucom    +   -««»*.] 

If.  Ob.  .ii..i,..,_;  uubmiasivuuoHS. 


A  branch  of  Box  ( Buxus 
semfervirens). 


Ali'l 
(I.,  - 


740 

Bote  I  Rule  thus  thi  Reame  Rend  out  my  Ribbes  ! 
3if  hit  beo  so  thjit  Boxumuesae  beo  at  niyn  .assent. 

Pif  r.«  Plowman  (.\),  iv.  150. 

2.  The  qtiality  of  being  bxixom;  briskness; 
liveliness  ;  healthy  vigor  or  plum-iness. 

Buxus  (buk'sus),  H.  [L.,  the  bo.\-trec,  >  E. 
/"ul,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  plants  whose  species 
aii'ord  the  valuable  hard 
wood  called  boxwood;  the 
box.  It  is  the  most  northern 
arborescent  plant  of  the  natural 
order  Eupftorbiacete.  B.  semper- 
virens,  the  common  box,  is  a  na- 
tive of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  is 
found  from  the  Atlantic  to  China 
and  Japan,  soinetiines  attaining  a 
height  of  20  or  30  feet,  though 
the  trunk  is  seldom  more  tlian  S 
or  10  inches  in  diameter,  "rhe 
finest  (luality  of  boxwood  is  from 
the  Levant  and  regions  about  the 
Black  .Sea,  and  is  largely  employ- 
ed in  wood-engTa\ing,  for  mathe- 
matical and  musical  instruments, 
and  for  turning.  There  are  nu- 
merous varieties  in  cultivation 
for  ornamental  purposes,  includ- 
ing the  common  dwarf  bushy 
form  used  for  garden-edgings. 

buy  (bi),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bought,  ppr.  buying. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  buye,  by,  hie,  bye,  <  ME. 
buyen,  byen,  bien,  beyen,  biggen,  bugg'en,  etc.,  < 
AS.  bycgan  (pret.  hohtc,  \->\i.'b'oht)  =  OS.  buggcon 
=  Goth,  bugjan  (pret.  btiuhta),  hxiy;  not  found 
in  the  other  Teut.  tongues;  connections  doubt- 
ful. Hence  in  comp.  oftyl,  and  by  perversion 
abide-,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  acquire  the  pos- 
session of,  or  the  right  or  title  to,  by  paying 
a  consideration  or  an  equivalent,  usually  in 
money ;  obtain  by  paying  a  price  to  the  seller ; 
purchase :  opposed  to"  sell. 

Uis  [Emerson's]  plan  for  the  extirpation  of  slavery  was 
to  buy  the  slaves  from  the  planters. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  viii. 
Hence —  2.  To  get,  acquire,  or  procure  for  any 
kind  of  equivalent:  as,  to  buy  favor  with  flattery. 

EuiU  men  take  great  payn  to  buy  Hell  —  and  all  for  worldly 

pleasure  — 
Dearer  then  good  men  buy  heauen,  for  God  is  their  trea- 
sure.        Jthodes,  Boke  of  Nurture  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  S9. 

I  have  bought 
Golden  opinions  from  all  sorts  of  people. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

3.  To  bribe;  corrupt  or  pervert  by  giving  a 
consideration;  gain  over  by  money,  etc. 

There  is  one  thing  which  the  most  eoiTupt  senates  arc 
unwilling  to  sell ;  and  that  is  the  power  which  makes 
them  worth  butiiny.  Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

4.  To  lie  sufficient  to  ))nrchase  or  procurr; 
serve  as  an  equivalent  in  procuring:  as,  gold 
cannot  6!(y  health. —  5t.  Toaby;  siiffer. 

What"?  schal  1  buy  it  on  my  lleisch  so  deere? 

Vliuueer,  Pri.l.  to  Wife  of  Itath's  Tale,  I.  107. 

Bought  note,  bought  and  sold  notes,  .see  mXc— To 
buy  a  borough,  see  borouyltK—lo  buy  againt,  to  re- 
deem.   See  a(/ainbuy. 

God  save  yow,  that  boufjhte  agayn  mnnkynde. 

Chaucer.  Pardoner's  Talc,  1.  .SOI. 
To  buy  at  a  bargain.  s<c/»ifwi«.-Tobuyin.  (n)'l'o 
purcliase  for  ones  self,  especially  shares  ur  stock:  op- 
posed to  sell  out. 

She  ordered  her  husband  to  buy  in  a  cttnple  of  fresh 
coach. horses.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  lOU. 

What  minor  and  rival  companies  stood  in  the  way  they 
bouyht  in.  W.  Barrows,  Oregon,  p.  3y. 

(b)  To  buy  for  the  owner  at  a  public  sale,  especially  when 
an  iiisuttlcient  price  is  olTci-ed.  — To  buy  Into,  to'obtain 
an  interest  or  footing  in  by  purchase,  as  of  tlie  shares  of 
a  joint-Ktoi;k  conipaiiy,  ami  furiin-rly  in  l-jigliind  of  a  roni- 
mission  In  a  regiment.— To  buy  in  Under  the  rule, 
In  the  stneh  ejelianye,  to  ])iirclia.se  slocli  on  belialf  of  a 
member  to  enable  liim  to  meet  a  short  eontnnt,  or  to 
return  stock  which  liad  been  liorrowed,  on  notli^e  lii-ing 
given  to  thecliairiiiaii,  wlio  makes  the  purchase.  — To  buy 
off.  (a)  In  tile  I'.ligljsh  service,  t"  obtain  a  release  from 
military  service  liy  a  payment,  (h)  'To  get  rid  of  the  op- 
piisitlon  of  by  ]iaymcnt;  purchase  the  non-intervention 
of;  bribe, 

\Vhai  pitiful  things  are  power,  rhetoric,  or  riches,  when 
they  would  terrify,  dlKsuailo,  or  buy  o/" conscience.  South. 
To  buy  off  counsel,  to  |iay  coiiuhcI  not  lo  lake  eniploy- 
mcntfroiiiilicoi.pnsiteiiarty.  -To  buy  or  Bell  the  bear. 
8eo  bear-,  .'i  («).~To  buy  out.  (")  'I'o  buy  olf ;  redeem. 
Dreading  the  curse  that  money  may  buy  out. 

Shak..  K.  .lohn.  III.  1. 
('')  T<i  piirehasc  all  the  nhare  or  shares  of  (a  person)  In  a 
stoi^k,  fund,  or  partnership,  or  all  his  interest  hi  a  busl- 
nesH  ;  as.  A  buys  out  It.-  To  buy  OVer,  to  ilrtm-h  by  a 
bribe  or  conHtderation  of  Home  wort  froin  one  piirly  ami 
attach  to  the  op|iiiHlie  iiariy.  To  buy  the  bargain 
dear.    Seo  luirmini-  To  buy  the  refUBa!  of,  to  give 

money  for  the  rlgbl  of  piirehiisliig  at  a  llxed  price  ril  a 
future  lime.  — To  buy  up,  to  purchase  or  aciptlre  title 
to  the  wliole  of,  or  till-  whole  acci-KHlble  HU|iply  of,  as 
shares,  a  crop,  or  a  st^Hk  of  goods  In  market, 

The  noise  of  this  book's  sitpprestloii  made  It  l>reM<iitly 
be  liouifht  uji,  and  turn'd  liiiich  to  the  Htatlotiers  advaii- 
Inge.  Hvetyu,  Ulary,  Aug.  II',  1074. 

II,  intrant.  To  be  or  lieconii!  n  purchiiHcr. 
I  will  buy  with  yoa,  mII  with  ymi.    Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  9. 


buzzard 

buyable  (bi'a-bl),   a.     [<  buy  +  -able.]     Capti-    • 
ble  of  being  bought,  or  of  being  obtained  for 
money  or  other  equivalent. 

The  spiritual  fire  which  is  in  that  man  ...  is  not  buy- 
able  nor  salable.  Carlyle,  French  Kev.,  II.  i.  2. 

buyer  (bi'er),  n.  One  who  buys;  a  purchaser; 
a  purchasing  agent — Buyer's  option,  in  the  stock 
exeltanye,  a  privilege  which  a  jmrchaser  lias  of  taking  a 
stipulated  amount  of  stock  at  any  time  during  a  specified 
number  of  days :  usually  stated"  as  buyer  3.  10,  20,  etc., 
according  to  the  period  agreed  on.  Often  abbreviated  to 
(..  o. 

buzt,  bU2Z'''t  (buz),  interj.  [See  bu-z^,  «.]  A 
sibilant  soimd  uttered  to  en.join  silence. 

Pol.  The  actors  are  come  hither,  my  lord. 
Ham.  Buz,  buz!  Sliak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  -J 

Cry  hum 
Tlu'ice,  and  then  buz  as  often. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  i.  1. 
buza  (bi'i'zii),  )(.  Same  as  bo;a. 
buzz'  (buz),  c. ;  pret.  and  jip.  buzzed,  ppr.  buzz- 
ing. [First  in  early  mod.  E. ;  formed,  like 
equiv.  bi.ss,  bizz  (dial.),  and  hiss,  liizz,  q.  v.,  and 
It.  buzzicare,  whisper,  bnzzieliio,  a  buzzing,  in 
imitation  of  the  sound.    Cf.biri-.']    I.  intrans. 

1.  To  make  a  low  himiming  sound,  as  bees; 
emit  a  sound  like  a  prolonged  utterance  of  z, 
as  by  a  slow  expiration  of  intonated  or  sonant 
breath  between  the  tongue  and  the  roof  of  the 
mouth  or  the  upper  teeth. 

A  swarm  of  drones  that  buzz'el  about  your  head.    Pope. 

2.  To  whisper  buzzingly;  speak  with  a  low 
humming  voice ;  make  a  low  sibilant  sound. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  known  by  buzzing. 

How  would  he  hang  his  slender  gilded  wings, 
And  buzz  lamenting  doings  in  the  air ! 

Shah:,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  whisper;  spread  or  report  by  whispers ; 
spread  secretly. 

For  I  will  buzz  abroad  such  prophecies 
That  Edward  shall  be  fearful  of  his  life. 

Shak.,  3  lien.  VI.,  v.  0. 
In  the  house 
I  hear  it  buzzed  there  ai'e  a  brace  of  doctors, 
A  fool,  and  a  physician. 

B.  Jau.'jon,  Magnctick  Lady,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  share  equally  the  last  of  a  bottle  of  wine, 
when  there  is  not  enough  for  a  full  glass  to 
each  of  the  party.     [Eug.] 

(Jet  some  more  port,  .  .  .  whilst  I  ttts2  this  bottle  here. 
Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxxiv. 

buzz'  (buz),  n.  [<  buzz^,  f.]  1.  A  continuous 
humming  sound,  as  of  bees. 

lint  the  temple  was  full  "  inside  and  out," 

Aiul  a  buzz  kept  buzzing  all  round  about, 

Like  bees  when  the  day  is  sunny. 

Hood,  Miss  Kilmansegg. 
A  day  was  niipointed  for  the  grand  migration,  and  on 
that  ilay  little  Coiumiiiiipaw  was  in  a  buzz  and  a  bustle 
like  a  hive  in  swarming  time. 

Jrvintr,  Knickerbocker,  p.  129. 
The  constant  buzz  of  a  lly.  Macaulay. 

2.  A  confused  huniiniiig  sound,  such  as  that 
made  by  a  number  of  iieoplo  busily  engaged 
in  conversation  or  at  work;  tlie  confnsod  Imin- 
miiig sound  of  bustling  activity  or  stir;  hence, 
a  state  of  activity  or  ferment:  as,  llie  buzz  of 
conversation  ceased  when  ho  ajipeared;  my 
head  is  all  in  a  buzz. 

Tliere  Is  n  certain  buzz 
Of  a  stolen  marriage.  Massinyer, 

There  is  a  buzz  .  .  .  all  aroinid  regarding  the  sermon.    , 
Thackeray,  Nowcomos,  I.  xL  j 

3.  A  rumor  or  report.  .  | 

The  bu:z  of  drugs  and  minerals  and  simples, 
llloodlettings,  vomit-s,  purges,  or  what  else 
Is  conjur'd  up  by  men  of  art,  to  gull 
Liege-people.  Ford,  Lovcl's  Melancholy,  Iv.  2. 

"I'was  but  a  buzz  devised  by  him  to  set  your  brains 
a  work,  Chapman,  Widow's'Teais,  11,  1, 

buzz'-'t,  n.     [Origin  obscure.]     (Jossainer. 

For  all  your  virtues 
Are  like  the  buzzes  growing  in  the  lU'lds, 
,So  weakly  fastened  t'yo  by  Naturi^'s  hiind, 
That  thus  mneh  wind  blows  all  tusiiy  at  once. 
iV.  Field,  A  Woman  is  a  Weatlu'reoek  ( Dodslcy's  tlld  Eng, 
ll'lliys,  ed.  Ilazll'tt,  xl.  37), 
buzz''f,  iulerj.     See  buz. 

buzzard  (bii/'i'ird),  »/.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  . 
tiu.'<siiril,  <  MI'I.  bu.s-ard,  Inisanle,  ho.serd,  husherd 
=  MI),  huysarrit,  busaerit,  hushanl  =  (i.  ttun- 
"hart,  bu.vsaar,  liu.virt,  <  <ll''.  liusart,  linzart,  V.  . 
husiird  (with  Kiifllx  -ard ;  cf.  II.  bnzzago  (obs.), 
"itli  iliir.  Hiillix),  a  buzzard,  <  OF.  buse,  buze, 
I''.  Iin.te  =  It.  'buzza,  f.  (obs.),  a  bii/.zniil;  ML, 
'hulia,  t.,  Iintiuni,  nout.  (also,  after  Hum.,  but- 
zns.  Iiizus,  liusi(i),  fir  hutia,  liulni,  I ,,  Initio,  a  1)UZ- 
zanl:  hoc  llnlin.]  I.  u.  1.  In  uruith.:  (ii)  Any 
hiiwk  of  the  genus  llntiii  or  siibfnniily  Jlnteo- 
uinw.    (Hoo  these  words.)      The  conimon  buzzard  o( 


buzzard 

Europe  is  7!,  vutparis,  a  bird  about  20  inches  long  anil 
aliout  4  feet  in  spi-eail  of  wins,  of  variegateil  ilarli-lirown 
and  lifjllt  colors,  heavy  and  rather  slugsjiili,  stooping  to 
small  game.  The  rongh-lcgged  buzzard  is  Archibuteo  laqo- 
piis,  with  feathered  sliaulis.  See  cut  uinler  Archibuico. 
There  are  many  species  of  Buteu,  of  nearly  all  cimntries. 
(i)  Some  other  hiiwk,  uot  used  in  falconry, 
with  a  qualifying  term  to  imlieato  tlio  species : 
as,  the  moor-b Hazard,  Circus  mruginosus,  of  Eu- 
rope; the  'hon&j-btizsard,  I'crnis  apivorus;  tho 
bald  hit:;:ard,  tlio  osprey,  randUnt  h<diaetus. 
(c)  An  American  vulture  of  the  family  Ca- 
thartidcc;  tho  turkey-buzzard,  Cathartcs  aura. 
See  out  under  C'athartes. — 2t.  A  blockhead;  a 
dimee. 

Blind  hussardc.t,  who  of  late  yeares,  of  wilfull  malicious- 
nes,  would  neyther  learne  themselues,  nor  could  teach 
others.  Ascliam,  The  Scholcniaster,  p.  111. 

3t.  A  coward.— 4.  A  hawk  that  flies  by  night. 
UalUweU.  [Prov.  Eng.]  Compare  buxcard-moth. 
—  Buzzard  dollar,  a  name  applied  by  the  rtpponents  of 
till-  I'.laiid  Hill  of  1S78  to  the  American  silver  dollar  of  412* 
grains  coined  in  accordance  with  it,  bearing  as  device 
upon  the  revei'se  a  figure  of  an  eagle,  derisively  compared 
to  that  of  a  buzzard. 
Il.t  «•   Senseless;  stupid. 

Thought  no  better  of  the  living  Ood  than  of  a  buzzard 
iilol.  Milluii,  Eikonoklastes,  i. 

buzzard-clock  (buz'iird-klok),  II.  [E.  dial.,  < 
bu^:iird,  for  bu:::er,  from  its  buzzing  noise,  + 
clock,  a  beetle.]  A  local  name  in  England  for 
the  dor. 

Buramin'  awaay  loike  a  buzzard-clack. 

Tennyson,  Northern  Farmer,  0.  S. 

buzzardet  (buz-iir-det'),  n.  [<  buzzard  +  dim. 
-et]  A  small  Korth  American  buzzard  de- 
scribed by  Pennant,  but  not  satisfactorily  iden- 
tified: perhaps  the  yoimg  red-shouldered  buz- 
zard, Buteo  Uneatus;  more  probably  the  broad- 
winged  buzzard,  Buteo  pennsijlvanicus. 

buzzard-hawk  (buz'ard-hak),  w.  A  hawk  of 
tho  suljfamily  Butconime, 

buzzardly  (buz'iird-li),  a.  [<  buzzard  +  -h/^.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  buzzard;  like  a  buzzard. 

buzzard-moth  (buz'ard-moth),  n.  A  kind  of 
sphinx  or  hawk-motH. 

buzzer  (buz'er),  «.  1.  One  who  buzzes;  a 
whisperer;  one  who  is  busy  in  telling  tales  se- 
cretly. Slialc. — 2.  A  call  or  alarm  making  a 
low  buzzing  soimd,  used  when  it  is  desirable 
to  avoid  loud  noise. — 3.  A  polishing-wheel  used 
in  cutlery-work. 

buzzing  (buz'ing),  ;j.  o.  IPpT.oibuzz^jV.]  1. 
Resembling  a  buzz. 

A  low  buzzing  musical  sound.  Lamb,  Quaker's  Meeting. 
2.  Making  a  buzzing  sound  or  hum:  as,  the 
buzzimj  multitude. 

buzzingly  (buz'ing-li),  ado.  In  a  buzzing  man- 
ner; with  a  low  humming  sound. 

buzzom  (buz'um),  11.  [E.  dial.,  also  bussom, 
var.  of  besom,  q.  v.]  A  dialectal  form  of  be- 
som.    Brockett. 

buzz-saw  (buz'sa),  H.  A  circular  saw :  so  call- 
ed from  its  sound  when  in  action. 

buzzy  (buz'i),  a.  [<  buzz  +  -^l.]  Full  of  buzz- 
ing; buzzing. 

byi  (bi),  prep,  and  adv.  [<  ME.  by,  U,  also  be, 
\  AS.  bi,  big,  also  be  (in  comp.  be-,  under  ac- 
cent bi-,  big- :  see  ic-l,  6e-2),  =  OS.  bi,  bi,  be  = 
OFries.  bi,  be  =  MLG.  bi,  LG.  bi,  bi/  =  D.  bij  = 
OHG.  bi,  pi,  bi,  MHG.  bl,  G.  bei  =  Goth.  6/,  by, 
about,  orig.  meaning  'aljout,'  whence  in  AS., 
etc.,  by,  near,  at,  through,  according  to,  con- 
cerning, etc.;  related  to  L.  aiiibi- =  Qv.  afi<pi, 
and  Skt.  abhi,  about:  see  ambi-,  amplii-.  Hence 
the  prefixes  by-i-  =  be-^,  by-^  =  bc-'^,  by-^.']  I, 
prep.  1.  Near;  close  to;  beside;  with;  about: 
as,  sit  by  me ;  the  house  stands  by  a  river. 
Go  to  your  rest,  and  I'll  sit  btf  you. 

Fletcher,  Sea  Voyage,  iv.  2. 

They  punish  rigorously  them  that  rob  by  the  high  way. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

A  good  poet  can  no  more  be  without  a  stock  of  similes 

by  him,  than  a  shoemaker  without  his  lasts. 

Swifl,  To  a  Young  Poet. 

He  himself  has  not  the  monies  by  him,  but  is  forced  to  sell 

stock  at  a  great  loss.    Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  i. 

2.  Near,  or  up  to  and  beyond,  with  reference 
to  motion ;  past :  as,  to  move  or  go  by  a  church. 

Thou  hast  pass'd  by  the  ambush  of  young  days. 
Either  not  assail'd,  or  victor  being  charged. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  Ixx. 
This  music  crept  by  me  upon  the  w.aters. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

3.  Along  (in  direction  or  progress) ;  in  or 
through  (the  course  of) ;  over  or  alongside  of: 
as,  to  approach  a  town  by  the  highway. 

We  .  .  .  took  our  journey  into  the  wilderness  61/  the 
way  of  the  Red  sea.  Deut.  U.  1. 


741 

By  tho  margin,  willow-veil'd, 
Slide  the  heavy  barges. 

TeimyHon,  Lady  of  Shalott,  i. 

4.  On;  upon;  especially,  through  or  on  as  a 
means  of  conveyance:  as,  he  journeyed  both 
by  water  and  by  rail. 

I  would  have  fought  tiy  land,  where  I  was  Btronger. 

Dryden,  All  for  Love,  ii.  1. 

5.  Through,  (a)  Through  tho  action  or  opera- 
tion of,  as  the  immediate  agent  or  tho  producing 
or  instigating  cause:  as,  the  empire  founded 
by  Napoleon ;  a  novel  written  bii  Cooper :  tho 
victories  gained  by  Nelson  ;  a  picture  pamted 
l)y  Rubens.  |In  this  use  especially  after  passive  verbs 
or  participles,  the  participle  being  often  omitted :  as,  a 
novel  by  Cooper  ;  a  picture  diyliubens.) 

All  things  were  made  by  him.  John  i.  3. 

Prompted  to  my  revenge  by  heaven  and  hell. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 
(h)  With  tho  perception  of,  as  the  subject  or 
recipient  of  tho  action  or  feeling :  as,  he  died 
regretted  by  all  who  knew  him  ;  this  was  felt  by 
them  to  be  an  intentional  slight.  (<•)  Through 
the  means  or  agency  of,  as  tlie  intermediate 
agent  or  instrument :  as,  the  city  was  destroyed 
by  fire. 

There  perished  not  many  by  the  swoorde,  but  all  by  the 
cxtremitye  of  famine  which  they  themselves  had  wroiight. 
Spenner,  State  of  Ireland. 
Koble  Melantius,  the  land  by  me 
Welcomes  thy  virtues  home  to  Rhodes. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  .Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  1. 
All  our  miserie  and  trouble  hath  bin  either  by  a  King 
or  by  our  necessary  vindication  and  defence  against  him. 
Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  x. 
Muley  Abul  Hassan  mwby  the  fires  blazing  on  the  moun- 
tains that  the  country  was  rising.     Irciiiy,  Oranada,  p.  77. 

(d)  Through  the  use  of;  with  the  aid  of,  as 
means :  as,  to  take  by  force ;  by  your  leave. 

He  called  his  brothers  by  name,  and  their  replies  gave 
comfort  to  his  heart.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  95. 

And  holding  them  back  by  their  flowing  locks. 

Tennyson,  The  Slerman,  ii. 

(p)  In  consequence  of;  by -virtue  of. 

I  have  endeavoured  to  shew  how  some  p.assages  are 
beautiful  by  being  sublime,  others  by  being  soft,  others  by 
being  natural.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  369. 

And  how  it  ends  it  matters  not, 
By  heart-break  or  by  rifle-shot. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  i. 

6.  In  adjuration:  Before;  in  the  presence  of; 
■with  the  witness  of;  with  regard  to  things,  in 
■view  of,  in  consideration  of :  followed  by  the 
name  of  the  being  or  thing  appealed  to  as 
sanction:  as,  I  appeal  to  you  by  all  that  is 
sacred. 

The  common  oath  of  the  Scythians  was  by  the  swoord, 
and  by  the  Are.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Swear  not  at  all ;  neither  by  heaven  ;  for  it  is  God's 
throne :  nor  by  the  earth ;  for  it  is  his  footstool. 

Mat.  v.  34,  35. 

By  Pan  I  swear,  beloved  Perigot, 
And  by  yon  moon,  I  think  thou  lov'st  me  not. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iii.  1. 

7.  According  to;  by  direction,  authority,  ex- 
ample, or  e-vidence  of:  as,  this  appears  %  his 
own  account ;  it  is  ten  o'clock  by  my  watch ; 
these  are  good  rules  to  live  by. 

They  live  by  yom-  base  words.     Shak.,  T.  G.  of  "V.,  ii.  4. 

First  follow  Nature,  and  your  judgment  frame 

By  her  just  standard.     Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  GO. 

8.  In  the  measure  or  quantity  of ;  in  the  terms 
of:  as,  to  sell  cloth  by  the  yard,  milk  by  the 
quart,  eggs  6.1/  the  dozen,  beef  by  the  poimd; 
to  board  by  tlie  week. 

Two  thousand  ducats  by  the  year. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

9.  In  comparison:  To  the  extent  of:  noting 
mensuration  or  the  measm'e  or  ratio  of  excess 
or  inferiority :  as,  larger  6;/  a  half;  older  61^  five 
years ;  to  lessen  by  a  third. 

Be  als  mekil  als  the  forseide  l.vght,  to  the  worcliep  of  god 
an  holy  Chirche,  lestyngliche  in  tyme  comyng,  with-outen 
help  of  niennys  deuocion  ne  may  not  be  meyntened  and 
kept.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  45. 

Too  long  by  half  a  mile.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

10.  Multiplied  into:  noting  the  relation  of  one 
dimension  to  another  (in  square  or  cubic  mea- 
siu-e) :  as,  five  feet  by  four,  that  is,  measuring 
five  feet  in  one  direction  and  four  feet  in  the 
other. — 11.  During  the  coiu'se  of;  within  the 
compass  or  period  of:  as,  by  day;  by  night. 

Dauid  by  hus  dales  dobbede  knystes. 

Piers  Plomnan  (C),  U.  102. 
Old  men  yn  prouerbe  sayde  by  old  tyme 
"A  chyld  were  beter  to  be  vnbore 
Than  to  be  vntaught,  and  so  be  lore." 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  399. 


by 

Then  rose  the  King  and  moved  his  host  by  night. 

Tennynon,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

12.  At  (a  terminal  point  of  time);  not  later 
than  ;  as  early  as :  as,  by  this  time  the  sun  had 
risen;  he  will  bo  here  by  two  o'clock. 

By  the  niorwc.   Chancer,  I'rol.  to  -Manciple's  Talc,  I.  18. 
But  by  that  they  were  got  within  sight  of  them,  the 
Women  were  in  a  very  great  scultlc. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  247. 
Tlie  cholera  will  have  killed  by  the  end  of  the  year  about 
one  person  in  every  thousand. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  the  Countess  Grey. 

13.  At  a  time;  each  separately  or  singly:  as, 
one  by  one ;  two  by  two ;  piece  by  piece. 

Point  by  point,  argument  by  argument. 

Uooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  Pref. 

14.  With  reference  to ;  in  relation  to;  about; 
concerning;  with:  formerly  especially  after 
say,  .spca/c,  etc.,  now  chiefly  after  do,  act,  deal, 
etc. 

And  so  I  sey  by  the  that  sekest  after  the  whyes, 
And  aresonedest  resouii.   Piers  PU/wman  (Ii),  xii.  217. 
I  sey  not  this  by  wyves  that  ben  wise. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Talc,  1.  229. 

Thus  prophecy  says  by  me.    Toumeley  Mysteries,  p.  212. 

They  secretly  made  emiuiry  where  I  had  lined  before, 

what  my  wordcs  anil  behauiour  had  beene  wliile  I  wa« 

there,  but  they  coulde  Undo  nothing  liy  me. 

Webbe,  Travels,  p.  31. 

Thou  hast  spoken  evil  words  by  the  queen.  Foxe. 

To  do  61/  scripture  and  the  gospel  according  to  conscience 

13  not  to  do  evil.  Milton,  Civil  Power. 

In  his  behaviour  to  me,  he  hath  dealt  hardly  by  a  rela- 

t">n-  Fielding. 

15.  Besides;  over  and  above ;  beyond.  [North. 
Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

This  ship  was  of  so  great  stature,  and  took  so  much 
timber,  that,  cvecpt  Falkland,  she  wasted  all  the  woods  in 
Fife,  which  w.-is  oak-wood,  by  all  timber  that  was  gotten 
out  of  Xorroway.   Pitscottic,  Chron.  of  .Scotland,  an.  1511. 

By  book,  by  the  book.    See  book.— By  north,  soutb, 

east,  west  Vdut.},  next  in  the  direction  stated:  phrases 
used  in  doignatiiiu  the  points  of  the  compass  :  as,  north- 
ea.st  by  ii<,rlh  (lietween  N.  E.  and  N.  X.  E.).  Sec  compass. 
—  By  one's  self  or  Itself,  (a)  Apart;  separated  from 
others ;  alone. 

When  I  am  in  a  serious  humour,  I  very  often  walk  by 
myself  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Addison,  Thoughts  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

As  a  child  will  long  for  his  companions,  but  among  them 
plays  by  himjiclf.  Emerson,  Clubs. 

(fl)  Without  aid ;  by  individual  action  exclusively  ;  as,  I 
did  it  all  liy  myxrl/.  ICoUoq.]— ^  the  board.  See 
board.-  By  the  by.  See  byi,  «.— By  the  head  (naui.). 
the  state  of  a  ves^iel  so  loaded  as  to  draw  more  forward 
than  aft:  opposite  to  hy  the  stern.  — By  the  lee,  said  of 
a  ship  when  the  wind  takes  the  sails  on  the  wrong  side. 

Shoote  him  through  and  through  with  a  jest ;  makellim 
lye  by  the  lee,  thou  Basilisco  of  witte. 

Marston,  What  You  Will,  ii.  1. 

By  the  stem  (naut.),  with  greater  draft  aft  than  for- 
ward.—By  the  way.  («)  On  the  road  ;  in  the  course  of 
a  jouniey  :  as,  they  fell  out  by  the  way.  (b)  Incidentally  ; 
in  the  course  of  one's  remarks :  hence  used  as  an  inter- 
jectional  phrase  introducing  an  incidental  remark :  as, 
by  the  way,  have  you  receiveil  that  letter  yet?    [Colloq.) 

Their  actions  are  worthy  not  thus  to  be  spoken  of  by  the 
U'ay.  Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

By  the  wind  (naut.y,  as  near  to  the  proper  course  as  the 
wind  will  permit ;  close-hauled. —  By  way  Of.  (a)  .-Vs  an 
example  or  instance  of.  (b)  On  the  point  of ;  just  about 
to;  as,  when  I  saw  him  he  was  by  way  0/ going  to  Brigh- 
ton. [Collinj.,  Eng.I  (c)  Through :  as,  we  came  ify  tcay  0/ 
Boston.— To  set  store  by.     ^ee  store. 

n.  adv.  [The  adverbial  use  is  not  found  in 
AS.,  and  is  rare  in  ME.]  1.  Near;  in  the 
same  place  with;  at  hand:  often  (before  the 
verb  always)  qualified  by  a  more  definite  ad- 
verb: as,  near  by;  close  by;  hard  by. 

You  did  kneel  to  me, 
^Vhilst  I  stood  stubborn  and  regardless  by. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  iii.  1. 
He  now-  retired 
TJnto  a  neighb'ring  castle  bu. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  iii.  301. 

2.  Aside;  off. 

Let  them  lay  by  their  helmets  and  their  spears. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3. 
Be  no  more  Christians,  put  religion  by, 
'Twill  make  ye  cowards. 

Fletcher,  The  Pilgrim,  ii.  2. 

3.  Of  motion:  Across  in  front  or  alongside 
and  beyond :  as,  the  carriage  went  by. 

By  your  leave,  uiy  masters  there,  pray  you  let's  come  by. 
B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 
Pray  you,  walk  by,  and  say  nothing. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  ii.  4. 

4.  Of  time :  In  the  past ;  over. 

The  moon  among  the  clouds  rode  high, 
And  all  the  city  hum  was  by. 

Scott,  Harmion,  v.  20. 
[For  by  in  composition,  see  6y-3.] 
By  and  by.    (u))  .\  repetition  of  by,  near,  close  by :  used 
especially  in  reference  to  a  regular  series,  one  after  an- 
other. 


by 

Two  yonge  knightes  Uggj-ng  by  and  by. 

Chaucer,  Knigbt's  Tale,  1.  153. 

These  were  his  wordis  by  and  by. 

Som.  of  the  Rose,  t  4581. 
In  the  temple,  by  and  by  with  us, 
These  couples  shall  eternally  be  knit. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

{6t)  At  once ;  straightway ;  immediately ;  then. 

After  that  you  haue  dj-ned  and  supte,  laboure  not  by  and 
by  after,  but  make  a  pause,  s>-ttynge  or  standynge  vpryght 
the  space  of  an  howre  or  more  with  some  pastyme. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  247. 

^Vhen  .  .  .  persecution  ariseth  because  of  the  word,  by 
and  by  [Gr.  fiiOv^,  immediately!  he  is  otfended. 

Mat.  xiii.  21. 

They  do,  and  by-and-by  repent  them  of  that  which  they 
have  done.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  237. 

<c)  At  some  time  in  the  future  ;  before  long ;  presently. 

I"m  so  vexed,  that  if  I  had  not  the  prospect  of  a  resource 
in  being  knocked  o'  the  head  by  and  by,  I  should  scarce 
have  spirits  to  tell  you  the  cause. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 
By  and  large,  in  all  its  length  and  breadth;  in  every 
aspect:  as,  taking  it  by  and  larfjf,  this  is  the  most  com- 
prelieusive  theory  yet  broached. —  By  and  maint,  by  botli 
side  and  main  passages  ;  on  all  sides. 

Thou  I  no,  no,  I  have  barred  thee  by  and  main,  for  I 
have  resolved  not  to  Hght  for  them. 

KUliyrew,  Parson's  Wedding,  ii.  5. 
Full  and  by.  !iee/«ni. 
byi,  byei  (bi),  «.  [<  i>y,  prep,  and  ado.;  in  older 
use  only  in  the  phrases  6^  Ihe  by  and  in,  on,  or 
upon  the  by  (see  def .) ;  due  to  by^,  adv.,  in  comp. 
by-3.  In  sporting  use  commonly  spelled  bye.'\ 
1.  A  tliing  not  directly  aimed  at;  something 
not  the  immediate  object  of  regard:  as,  by  the 
by  (that  is,  by  the  way,  in  passing). — 2.  The 
condition  of  being  odd,  as  opposed  to  even  ;  the 
state  of  ha\'ing  no  competitor  in  a  contest 
■where  several  are  engaged  in  pairs.  Thus,  in 
field  trials  of  <iogs.  when  the  numl)er  of  those  entered  for 
comiwtition  in  paira  is  uneven,  the  odd  contestant  is  said 
to  have  a  by. 

3.  Specifically,  in  golf,  a  hole  or  holes  which 
remain  to  be  played  in  order  to  complete  the 
full  round  of  the  links,  after  the  match  origi- 
nally agi'eed  upon  is  finished.     Jf.  Park,  Jr. — 

4.  In  cricket,  a  run  made  on  a  ball  not  struck 
by  the  batsman,  but  which  the  wicket-keeper 
hiis  failed  to  stop. —  5.  In  the  game  of  hide- 
and-seek,  the  )_'Oiil :  as,  to  touch  the  by.  [New 
England.]—  By  the  by.  («t)  Same  as  in,  on,  or  upon 
the  by.    (b)  By  the  way :  iiitroduciug  an  incidental  remark. 

By  the  by,  I  hope  'tis  not  true  that  your  brother  is  ab- 
solutely ruined?  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 
In,  on,  or  upon  the  by*,  in  passing;  indirectly;  by 
implication. 

It  would  beget 
Me  such  a  main  authority  on  the  bye. 
And  do  yourself  no  disreptite  at  all. 

B.  Joiuton,  .Magnctick  Lady,  i.  1. 
Speak  modestly  in  mentioning  my  services ; 
And  if  atight  fall  out  in  the  by,  that  must 
Of  mere  necessity  touch  any  act 
Of  my  deserving  pniiaea,  blusli  when  you  talk  on  "t. 
Beau,  atid  Ft. ,  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  2. 
The  S>'nod  of  Dort  condcmneth  ufmn  the  bye  even  the 
discipline  of  the  Church  of  Engtan<l. 

Quoted  in  FuUer'tt  Churcli  Hist.,  X.  v.  1. 

To  Steal  a  by,  in  cricket,  to  nnike  a  nm  on  a  ball  which 
li:u  nut  been  batted,  but  which  the  wicket-keeper  has 
failL<i  to  stop. 

He  (the  batsman]  is  never  in  his  ground,  except  when 
his  wicket  Is  down.     Nothing  in  the  whole  game  so  trying 
to  boys ;  he  has  tlolen  Ibre^  bi/ejt  in  the  first  ten  minutes. 
T.  Ilxi'jhen,  I'om  Drown  at  Rugby,  II.  8. 

by^.  "•    prE  '"J'  '">  ^  ^^-  ^'5  =  i''^'-  ^y''<  '""■>  °'" 

ba;r  (gen.  biijar,  byjar)  =  Norw.  bii  =  Sw.  Dan. 
by,  a  town,  village,  in  Iccl.  and  Norw.  also  a 
farm,  landed  cHtate ;  akin  to  AS.  bn  =  OS.  bit 
=  Icol.  bit  =  Sw.  \hin.  bo,  a  dwtdling,  habita- 
tion, >  Sc.  bow  (see  bow^>),  <  AS.  buan  =  Icol. 
/(««,  dwell:  Bee  bower^,  boor,  bij/-,  6cl,  and  cf. 
by-law.]  A  town  ;  habitation;  dwelling:  now 
extant  oiilv  in  ]ilac.e-nameH,  especially  in  the 
north  of  FiUgland,  as  in  lurbij  (Anglo-Saxon 
Urora  by,  literally  'dwelling  of  deer'),  H'liitby, 
etc. 
Tlic  t<jwnslilp,  the  by  ot  the  Northern  sljlrcs. 

.S(iiW(»,  loiHt.  Hist.,  I.  1)0. 

by''t,  ».     [Another  and  more  reg.  form  of  bce^, 
\  XIK.   bue,   by7c,  beif/hr,  br^,   bihj  etc.,   <  AS. 
briih,  bciig,  a  rini^:  nee  bre'^.']    A  ring;  a  brace- 
let. 
A  by  of  gold,  ndoming  lliu  right  arm.  Planchf. 

by*!,  '\     An  obBolelii  Hpelling  of  buy. 
by't,  ' .  i.     An  obHolele  variant  of  /»'. 
by-'.     It.   An  obsoli'li' variant  of /»(-',  fc'-l  fun- 
■d).    See  fce-l.— 2.  The  modern  fMHii  r,r 
■  1,  under  the  accent,  hh  in  byiipill,  byworil, 

by-'''t.     An  obHolete  variiint  of  bi-^,  br-^. 
by-''.     Tho  iidverh  fty*  UHcd  uh  a  prefix.    This  uso 
nnt  (ppaan  In  the  alxteenth  centuiT,  by-  Iwlng  u  iiuasl- 


742 

adjective,  meaning  side,  secondary,  as  in  by-patk,  by-street, 
byiray,  by-ptay,  by-stroke,  etc. 

by-aimt  (bi'am),  n.  A  side  aim ;  a  subordinate 
aim ;  a  by-end. 

by-altar  (bi'al'tar),  n.  1.  A  mir..or  or  secon- 
dary altar,  in  distinction  from  the  high  altar ; 
any  other  altar  than  the  chief  one  in  a  church: 
now  commonly  called  side  altar. — 2.  A  name 
given  by  some  writers  on  Christian  archseology 
to  a  table  standing  beside  the  altar,  for  hold- 
ing the  vestments,  the  sacred  vessels,  etc. ;  a 
credence. 

byart,  "•    See  byre. 

byard  (bi'ard),  «.  [Appar.  a  variant  form  and 
use  of  bayard'^,  q.  v.]  A  band  of  leather  cross- 
ing the  breast,  used  by  men  for  dragging  wag- 
ons in  coal-mines. 

byast.     See  bias. 

byats  (bi'ats),  n.  pi.     Same  as  buiitons. 

by-ball  (bi'bal),  n.     In  cricket,  same  as  ftyl,  3. 

by-bidder  (bi'bid'er),  «.  A  person  employed 
at  public  auctions  to  bid  on  articles  put  up  for 
sale,  in  order  that  the  seller  may  obtain  higher 
prices. 

by-blow  (bi'blo),  n.  1.  A  side  or  accidental 
blow. 

Now  and  then  a  by-blow  from  the  pulpit. 

Milton,  Colasterion. 
How  finely,  like  a  fencer. 
My  father  fetches  his  by-blows  to  hit  me  ! 

Middleton  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl.  i.  1, 

2t.  An  illegitimate  child.    [CoUoq.  or  vulgar.] 

The  natural  brother  of  the  king  — a  by-blow. 

Massinijer,  Maid  of  Honour,  i.  1. 

by-book  (bi'buk),  n.  A  note-  or  memoran- 
dum-book; a  subordinate  book  containing 
notes  or  jottings  to  be  afterward  extended  in 
due  form. 

(Lord's  day.)  To  my  office,  and  there  fell  on  entering, 
out  of  a  bye-book,  part  of  my  second  journall-book,  wliich 
hatli  lay  these  two  years  and  more  unentered. 

Pepys,  Diary,  II.  87. 

by-business  (bi'biz'''nes),  n.  Business  aside 
from  the  main  business ;  something  quite  sec- 
ondary or  suboriUnate.     Barrow. 

by-by  "(bi'bi'),  intcrj.  [Also  wi-itten  bye-bye; 
a  childish  or  humorous  variation  of  good-by, 
q.  v.]  Good-by:  a  childish  form  of  farewell, 
sometimes  used  humorously  by  grown  people. 
Well,  you  are  going  to  be  in  a  passion,  I  see,  and  I  shall 
only  interrupt  you — so,  bi/e-bye. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

bycauset,  eonj.    An  obsolete  form  of  because. 

by-cause  (bi'kaz),  m.  [<  %-S  +  cause.]  A  sec- 
ondary cause. 

1  .  .  .  was  one  cause  (a  bv-eavse)  why  the  purse  was 
lost.  B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  iii.  I. 

bycet,  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  bice. 

byckornet,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  bickcrn. 

bycockett  (bi'kok-et),  n.  [Also  variously 
written  abocock,  abococked,  abococket,  abocked, 
abocket,  and  aba- 
cot,  corrupted 
forms  due  to 
misreading  or 
misprinting  of 
bycocket,  <  late 
JIE.  bycokct 

(HalliweU),  < 
OF.  bicoquet,  a 
bycocket,  a  kind 
of  cap  (if. 
"  biquoqiiet,  tho 
beak  of  a  la- 
dies mourning 
liood"  —  (Jot- 
grave),  prob.  < 
bi-  (Ij.  bis),  dou- 
ble, +  Clique  (> 
K.  cock),  a  shell, 
a  boat.  Tho  al- 
lusion is  to  the 
slinpc]  A  kind  of  hiil  worn  during  the  four- 
loenth,  fiftrM'nIh,  and  sixlei'nth  centuries,  jiroli- 
ably  by  noble  and  wealthy  persons  only.   liwu» 

of  the  form  lalhd  by  hrrald»V(i/>  o/  nininlniiinee  tlliit 
Ih.  with  the  brlTii  lnrn<'il  up  either  brfore  or  liclilrid,  ami 
wllh  a  long  point  or  beak,  or  two  snch  imlnlB.  oppoKlli, 
Moilern  represintatliui"  generally  give  II  wllh  llir  point 
or[M>lnts  behind  ;  but  the  more  eoinnion  form  In  the  mid 
die  ngia  seems  to  have  hail  the  point  In  front,  lui  In  ll» 
llbmtratlon, 
by-common  (bi-kom'on),  n.  [<  by^,  prcji.,  1>c- 
yoiid,  -I-  riimmitn.  t'S.  liy-ordi»iiry.\  More  than 
loniinoii;  iiin'oninion.     [Scolcli.] 

by-concernment  (bi'kon-Heni'meni),  «.    .\ 

Hiiliiirdinalc  or  subHidiiiry  affair,     llri/diii. 
bycornet,  "•     An  rilwnli'tc'  fonn  of  liirkirn. 
S<-t  lakm.  (rniokf^.  ud-rp.,  and  I'l/rarnef. 
And  double  bited  nn-n  for  Ihecs  thorncH. 

PttUadiut,  llusl>uiidrlo(li.  K.  T.  H).  p.  <.' 


nycncWetoftheisthcentufy.  (From Vtnllri- 
le-Oitc't  "  Diet,  flu  MobOlcr  frnn^aU." 


bylander 

by-corner  (bi'kor'n^r),  »i.  A  private  or  out-of- 
the-way  corner.     Massinger ;  Fuller. 

by-course  (bi'kors),  n.  An  irregular  or  im- 
proper com'se  of  action. 

If  thou  forsake  not  these  unprofitable  hy-courses. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

byddet,  r.  and  «.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bid. 

bydet,  ''•     An  obsolete  form  of  bide. 

by-dependencyt  (bi'de-peu'''den-si),  n.  Some- 
thing depending  on  something  else ;  an  acces- 
sory circimistance.     Sliak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  5. 

by-design   (bi'de-zin'),   )i.     An  incidental  or 
subordinate  design  or  purpose. 
They'll  serve  for  other  by-desi{rns.    S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 

by-doing  (bi'dii-ing),  )i.  Subordinate  or  collat- 
eral action;  private  doing. 

by-drinkingt  (bi'dring''king),  «.  A  drinking 
between  meals. 

You  owe  money  here  besides.  Sir  John,  for  your  diet  , 
and  by-drinl-inys.  Shttk.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

by-d'weller  (bi'dweKer),  n.     One  who  dwells 

near ;  a  neighbor. 

bye^t,  prep,  and  adv.    See  byK 

byel,  n.     See  by^. 

bye-t,  n.     See  by^. 

byC'^t,  ".     See  by3. 

bye^t,  ''■     An  obsolete  spelling  of  buy. 

bye-ball  (bi'bal),  n.    In  cricket,  same  as  6.^1,  3. 

by-election  (bi'e-lek'shon),  «.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, an  election  teld  to  fiU  a  vacancy  in  Parlia- 
ment. 

by-end  (bi'end),  «.  1.  Aprivateend;  asecret 
piu'pose  or  design. 

To  have  other  by-ends  in  good  actions  soiu^  laudable 
performances.  Sir  T.  Browme,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  10. 

All  persons  that  worship  for  fear,  profit,  or  some  other 
by-end,  fall  withiM  the  inteudment  of  this  fable. 

Sir  li.  L'Estrange. 

2.  An  incidental  or  stibsidiary  aim  or  object. 

Pamphleteer  or  journalist  reading  f<»r  an  argument  for 
a  party,  vr  reading  to  write,  or,  at  all  events,  for  some  by- 
end  imposed  on  them,  must  read  meanly  and  fragmcu- 
turily.  Einersvn,  Universities. 

byert,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  byre. 

by-fello'W  (bi'teP'o),  n.  Ill  English  universities, 
a  niimc  given  to  one  who  has  been  elected  to 
a  by-fellowship;  a  fellow  out  of  the  regular 
course.  In  some  colleges  a  by-fellow,  even  when  over 
age.  can  be  elected  to  a  regular  fellowship  when  a  vacancy 
ociurs. 

by-fellowship  (bi'fel'''o-ship),  «.  In  English 
universities,  a  secondary  or  nominal  fellowship. 

There  are  some  l!ye-Fellou'.^hips,  however,  in  tho  small 
colleges  whose  value  is  merely  nominal  —  some  £5  or  £6  a 
year.  C.  -I.  Bristcd,  English  I'niversity,  p.  131,  note. 

byggl,  bygg2,  etc.     See  iiffl,  big'i,  etc. 

bygirdlet,  "•  [ME.,  also  bigirdlc,  bygyrdyllc, 
biiiuritli ,  bigurdcl,  <  AS.  bigyrdrl,  liiiiirdil,  big- 
gyrdil  (=  lillG.  bigiirlcl),  <  bi,  bi,  by,  -I-  gyrdel, 
girdle:  see  ?<//!  and  gintlr.nud  vL  begird.]  A 
pm'so  hanging  from  the  girdle  or  bolt. 
The  bagges  and  the  bigurdelcs,  he  hath  to.broken  hem  alle, 
That  llie  Erl  auarous  helde.     Piers  Plowman  (B),  viii.  88. 

bygone  (bi'gon),  a.  and  n.  [<  %1,  adv.,  +  gone, 
]i\t.  of  go.]  I.  a.  Past;  gone  by;  hence,  outof 
date;  antiquated:  as,  "thy  bygone  fooleries," 
Slink.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

The  ChaTicellor  wius  a  man  who  belonged  to  a  by<jon« 
w<nl(l.  a  i-ci>re8entative  of  a  j)ast  age,  i>f  obsolete  modes 
of  tliinking.  Maeaulay,  Sir  W.  Temple. 

It  is  tho  test  of  exeelleuco  in  any  department  of  art, 
that  it  can  never  be  hyyone. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  Ist  ser.,  p.  178. 

II.  H.  Wliat  is  gone  by  and  past:  as,  that 
is  a  bygone;  let  bygones  \w  bygones;  "let  old 
bi/goiies  he,"  Tennyson,  Princi^ss,  iv. 

by-hour  (bi'our),  n.     A  leisure  hour. 

by-interest  (bi'in''t(''r-cst),  «.  Self-interest; 
|iriviile  iidviuilage.     Altcrbury. 

by-intimation  (bi'in-ti-nui  slion),  ».  An  inti- 
iiinlion,  wlietlier  by  H))ei'('h,  look,  gesture,  or 
iiilicr  means,  so  conveyoil  lis  to  bo  unobserved 
by  those  for  whom  it  is  not  intended;  an  aside. 

Tlicrt^  were  no  by-intiinnlioiut  to  make  the  audlenco 
funrv  their  own  diKccrnnfent  ho  iriiich  greater  than  thatot 
Ih.'  .Moor.  J.iinib,  Old  Acton. 

byke,  n.     See  bike. 

bykert,  ''.  and  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  bicker^. 
bylaildf,)!.    [^iby^  +  land.]    A  peninsula.   Also 
Hlielli'd  biland. 

If  I  llnil  various  devices  resorted  lo  by  writers  at  the 
bcginrdng  of  that  same  century  to  cxpreSH  a  tract  of  land 
iilmoHt  Kiirroniulcd  by  si*ii,  so  that  they  empl'iy  "hilnnd," 
"dcnii'lnli'.'  "deml'liilalid,"  I  ain able,  without  lllllrll  hesi- 
tation, to  iilllrin  that  "pcniiiHiila"  was  nr>t  yet  aeknow. 
■edged  to  bi-  I'.ngllHh. 

.tl'/i.  Treneh,  Keficlencles  in  Eiig.  Diets.,  p.  4tt 

bylander,  «.    Soo  bilandcr. 


by-lane 


743 

'•     [^  hy-puss,  II.} 


To  fur- 


by-lane   (bi'liin),    «.     A  private   lane,  or  one  by-pasS  (hi'pas),  r. 

tDnuiiis  a  bj^vay.     Burton.  nisli  with  a  by-pass. 

by-law  ( l>i'la),  n.    [Pormcrly  explained  and  now        i  ,n,-xt  hy-iiasHed  the  outlet  valve  with  a  one  Inch  pipe 

gcMor:Uly  accepted  as  made  up  of   /«/l  (bn-'-i)  Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  uoai). 

and  /((»'!,  as  if   'a  subordinate   or  secondary  by-passage  (bi'pas"aj),  >i.     A  private  or  retired 

law,'  but  in  fact  the  elements  are  bi/'-,  a  town,      pussa^ci- ;  a  byway.' 

-f  /««'!,  after  Dan.  hylor,  municipal  law  (ef.  by-passer  (bi'pas"6r),  w.  A  passer-by.   Latham. 

Dan.  hi/Of,  an  amendment  to  a  law,  developed  by-past  (In'past),  a.     Past;  l'oiu^  by:  as,  "liij- 

from  hyloi',  but  now  regarded  as  sunply  <  bi-  (=     ^,„.w  perils,"  Sliak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  158. 

G. hci-  =  E.b!i-S)  +  lon=E.  lawi^),  =  hw.  bi/lafi,  by-path  (bi'path),  ii.      A  byway;   a  private 

the  commonalty  of  a  village,  the  older  form     path ;  an  indii'ect  course  or  means. 

being  Se.  and  North.  E.  biirlaw,  also  written        _       ,.        ,.,.,.        ,., 

,7^       ...  .  •'  ',  ■  >         .      /  /Jy-/Ja£fta  and  indirect  crook  d  ways. 

barlau;   birhiw,    m   comp.   even    birleij,  barleij,  -"^  SAat.,  2  Hon.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

<  late   ME.   bure   law,   '^anraria,  plebiscitum"  , ^i  r-u->   -  \       ■     mi     i   '      i    '       '  •  i 

(Cath.  Anglicum)   (ML.  bireleqia/birlegia,  hi-  by-peept  (bi  pep),  i>. ».     To  look  or  glance  aside. 


lagw,  bilagincs,  bellagines,  pi.:  hence  prob.  6(7- 

lagc^,  q.  v.),  prop,  town-law  (see  bi/iiaw),  <  Icel. 

hmjirr-liig,  town-law  (cf.  bd-jtii-loi/iiKidhr,  a  town-  ,        ,       /u;',,!. 

justice,  'byi-law-man'),  <  bjjjai;  bwjar,  gen.  of  °^'P,^X   nn  1 

byr,  bicr,  or  bter  (=  Norw.  bii  =  Sw.  Dan.  by  =    °"  '^^"^F'  '^^^ 

AS.  by :  see  by^),  a  town,  -f-  toy  =  Norw.  log  = 

Sw.  lag  =  Dan.  lov,  law:  see  by'",  n.,  and  toit'l.] 

If.  A  local  law;  a  law  made  by  a  municipality 

or  by  a  rm-al  community  for  the  regulation  of 

affairs  within  its  authority ;  an  ordinance. 

In  the  shires  wiiere  the  Danes  acquired  a  firm  footllold, 
tlie  township  was  often  called  a  "by";  and  it  had  the 
power  of  enacting  its  own  "bit-laivs"  ov  town-laws,  as  New 
England  townships  have  to-day. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  46. 

Hence — 2.   A  standing  rule  of  a  legislative 

body,  a  corporation,  or  a  society,  made  for  the  by-plot  (bi'plot),  n. 

regulation  of  its  internal  organization  and  con-    plaj'  or  novel. 

duct,  and  distinguished  from  a  provision  of  its 

constitution  in  being  more  particular  and  more 

readily  altered. 

by-lead  (bi'led),  ii.     Same  as  by-wash. 

by-legislatlon  (bi'lej-is-la"shon),  n.  Legisla- 
tion on  subordinate  or  secondary  matters;  by- 
laws, or  the  making  of  by-laws. 

The  Friendly  Societies  Act  .  .  .  gives  power  of  by-leai,^- 
lation,  on  specified  matters,  such  as  terms  of  admission, 
administriition,  enforcement  of  rules,  Ac,  all  which  has 
only  to  be  certified  by  a  Crown  registrar. 

Contempnrnrji  Rev.,  XLIX.  231. 

bylevet,  v.     Same  as  beleave.     Chancer. 
by-matter  (bi'mafer),  «.     Something  beside 
the  principal  matter ;  something  incidental. 


by-place  (bi'plas),  n.  A  retbed  place,  spot, 
or  situation. 

la),».     1 .  In  a  play,  action  carried 

,  __'_  commonly  in  dumb  show,  while 

the  main  action  proceeds  ;  action  not  intended 
to  be  observed  by  some  of  the  persons  present. 

"Will  you  allow  me  to  ask  you,  sir,"  he  said,  address- 
ing IVIr.  I'iekwick,  who  was  considerably  inystilleii  by  this 
very  unpolite  by-play,  "whether  that  person  belongs  to 
your  party?"  Dickem,  Pickwick,  1.  iii. 

2.  A  diversion ;  something  apart  from  the  main 

purpose. 

Is  lie  using  the  alternative  as  a  bii-play  in  argument, 
without  any  consideration  of  its  merit  or  possibility? 

lilDihneU,  Forgiveness  and  Law,  p.  H2. 

A  subsidiary  plot  in  a 

The  minor  characters  and  bye-plot,  too,  giving  the  story 
of  a  religious  scepticism.    The  Spectator,  No.  3035,  p.  1158. 

by-product  (bi'prod"ukt),  n.  A  secondary  or 
additional  product ;  something  produced,  as  in 
the  com'se  of  a  jirocess  or  manufacture,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  principal  product  or  material:  as, 
wood-tar  is  obtained  as  a  by-product  in  the  de- 
structive distillation  of  wood  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  wood-vinegar  or  wood-spirit. 

It  is  constantly  the  case  that  the  bye-productn  of  a  com- 
plex industry  are  found  to  be  the  sole  source  of  business 
profits.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  75G. 

by-purpose  (bi' per  "pus),  n.    An  indirect  or 
oncealed  pui'pose  or  design 


applications  of  the  Seand.  form  of  E.  bower^, 
orig.  a  dwelling,  AS.  bur,  a  dwelling,  =  Icel. 
bilr,  a  pantry,  =  Sw.  bur,  a  cage,  Sw.  dial,  bur, 
a  house,  cottage,  pantry,  granary,  =  Dan.  bur,  a 
cage:  seebower'^,  and  cf.  6ow5.]    A  cow-house. 

Adjoining  the  house  [of  a  Mennonite]  are  the  stable  and 
byre,  which  woiUd  not  disgrace  a  model  farm  in  Germany 
or  England.  D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  3Ti. 

Field  and  gamer,  barn  and  byre, 
Are  blazing  through  the  night. 

Whittier,  At  Port  Royal. 

A  side  report  or 


I  knew  one  that,  when  he  wrote  a  letter,  would  put  Bvramt   «.     -Ajl  obsolete  spelling  of  Bairaill. 
^S',.::™  a  j;^,,"?,"!"''""'  "'"  '"'  ^T^h^nLi  t^e  P^?-  «•    i^'?-  ^^^^  °f  '^^  maiiy_di.fferent 
by-motive  (bi'm6"tiv),  n.      1.  A  private,  hid- 
den, or  selfish  motive. 

The  certainty  of  rousing  an  unanimous  impulse,  if  not 
always  of  counterworking  sinister  by-viotives  among  their 
audience.  Grote,  Hist.  Greece,  I.  320. 

2.  A  secondary  motive. 
by-name  (bi'nam),  n.    [<  ME.  byname  (=  OHG. 
bliHiiiio.  IIHG.  biiiame,  G.  beiname,  a  cognomen, 
surname);  <  fei/1  +  name.']      If.  A  secondary 
name ;  an  epithet. 

.SufHsaunce,  power,  noblesse,  reverence  and  gladnesse  bv-retiort   (bi're-port")     n. 
ben  only  dyverse  bynames,  but  hir  substance  hath  no  di-       ^..  j  '^  '  "i. 
vei-site.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  iii.,  prose  9.     statement. 

2.  A  nickname. 
A  personal  tiy-name  given  him  on  account  of  his  stature. 

Bp.  Lowth,  Life  of  Wykeham. 

3.  A  pseudonym;  a nom-de-plume.    [Obsolete 
and  Scotch.] 

by-namet  (bi'nam),  v.  t.      [<  by-name,  ».]     To 
give  a  nickname  to. 

■Sir  Henry  Percy,  .  .  .  6i/-7i«7jierf  Hotspurre,  who  had  the 
leading  of  the  English.       Uultand,  tr.  of  Camden,  p.  803. 

bynet,  «.     [<  Gr.  j^i'vv,  malt.]     Malt.  bvrl  r     See  birl^ 

bynni  (bin'i),   n.      [Prob.  native.]     A  fish  of  ^y^i^^U  i„terj.     A  contraction  of  by  our  lady, 

\h(' family  Cypriiiuhp,  Barhus  byiiiu,  velated  to  "y'-^r''rf\^,^ -,7-  --  -      '- 

the  barbel  of  Europe.     It  is  a  highly  esteemed    ^^''^  ""  "^  ^"*' 

fish  of  the  Nile. 
by-ordinary,  by-ordinar  (bi'6r"di-na-ri,  -nar), 

a.     [<  6(/l,  prep.,  beyond,  +  ordinary,  ordinar, 

ordinary.     Cf.  by-common.]     More  than  ordi- 
nary.    [Scotch.] 
byoii,  «.     [E.  dial.  ;  origin  obscure.]    A  quinsy. 

[North.  Eng.] 


But  when  the  cause  it  selfe  must  be  decreed, 
Himselfe  in  person,  in  his  proper  Court, 

To  grave  and  solemue  hearing  doth  proceed, 
Of  every  proofe  and  every  by-report. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Nosce  Teipsum  (1599). 

by-respectt  (bi're-spekt"),  ».  A  consideration 
or  thought  aside  from  the  main  one;  hence,  a 
private  end  or  purpose. 

Augustus  .  .  .  had  some  by-respects  In  the  enacting  of 
this  law.  DryUen. 


by'r  lady. 


I'irgin  Mary. 
Compare  marry^. 


Usually  written 


byous  (bi'us),  a.  [Also  written,  improp.,  bias; 
appar.  <  fti/l,  prep.,  beyond,  over  and  above, 
-I-  -oits.]  Extraordinary;  remarkable:  as,  by- 
OM.S  weather.     [Scotch.] 

byous  (bi'us),  adv.  [<  byous,  a.]  Extraordi- 
narily; uncommonly;  very:  as,  5i/oms  hungry. 
[Scotch.] 

byously  (bi'us-li),  adr.  [<  byous,  a.,  +  -ly^.] 
Same  as  byous. 

by-pass  (bi'pas),  n.  .An  extra  gas-pipe  passing 
around  a  valve'  or  gas-chamber,  used  to  pre- 
vent a  complete  stoppage  of  the  flow  of  gas 
when  the  valve  or  chamlier  is  closed,  it  is  used 
with  i)ilotlights.  The  pilot-light  supplied  by  the  by-pass 
pipe  lights  the  main  burners  when  the  supply  is  turned  on. 


Biirlady,  no  misery  surmounts  a  woman's. 

Middleton,  Women  Beware  Women,  i.  2. 

byrlakin,  interj.  A  contraction  of  by  our  lady- 
kin;  a  diminutive  of  byrlady. 

j}f is.  W.-Carn.  Minried  \    To  whom?     ,       ,      ^      , 
Kna    To  a  French  hood,  byrlakin-s;  as  I  understand. 

Middleton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  iv.  2. 

byrlaw  (bir'la),  n.  [.Also  written  burlaw,  bir- 
law,  birelaw,  in  comp.  even  birley.  barley,  etc. : 
see  by-law.]  1.  A  certain  system  of  popular 
jurisprudence  foi-merly  prevailing  in  northern 
England  and  Scotland.  It  is  described  by  Sir  John 
Skene  writing  in  iri'.>7,  when  the  system  was  in  force,  .is 
follows-  "Laws  of  Burlaw  ar  maid  and  determined  be 
consent  of  neichtbors,  elected  and  chosen  be  common  con- 
sent in  the  courts  called  the  Byrlaii'  cimrtn.  in  the  quhilk 
cognition  is  taken  of  cnmplaintes  betuixt  ncichtbor  and 
neichtbor.  The  qubilk  men  so  chosen  as  judges  and  arbi- 
trators to  the  effect  foresaid,  are  commonly  called  Byr- 
lawmen."  ,  .        ,  .  ,    x,  i  -i 

2.  A  district  within  which  the  system  prevails. 
[North.  Eng.] 


bysse 

The  existence  in  any  district  or  parish  of  the  birelaw  is 
an  incontestal)le  proof  of  banish  occupation.  The  par- 
ishes of  Shetlleld,  Eeclestield.  Bradlleld,  and  liotherham 
were  and  are  divirleil  iilt<7  hirctaws,  but  it  is  to  be  remarked 
that  these  divisions  are  not  to  be  found  on  the  Derbyijhire 
siile  of  the  Sheaf.  N.  and  Q.,  "til  ser.,  II.  :i82. 

3.  A  parisli  meeting.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 
byrlaw-COUrt  (bir'la-kort),  H.      [Also  written 

birley-,  barley-court;  <  byrlaw  +  court.]     The 

court  in  which  the  byrlaw  was  administered. 

[Scxitch.]     See  liyrlaw. 
byrlaw-man  (bir'la-man),  n.      [Also  written 

birlaw-,  birley-,  barley-man;  <  byrlaw  +  man; 

ef.  Icel.  baijar-lof/iiiadhr,  a  town-justice.]      1. 

A    judge   or  arbitrator  in   the    liyrlaw-court. 

[Scotch.] — 2.    An  arbiter;   an  oversman;  an 

umpire ;  a  thirdsman.     [The  modem  use  of  the 

word.] 

byrnet,  "•    See  byrnie. 
byrniet,  "■     [ME.,  also  brunie,  brcny,  brini,  etc., 

earlier  hurne.  <  AS.  byrne,  a  f  orselet,  a  coat  of 

mail,  =  OHG.  brunriii,  hrurija,  MHO.  G.  briirnie 

=  Icel.  bryuja  =  Sw.  bryiija  =  Dan.  brynje  = 

Goth,  brunjo;   hence  ML.  brunia,  bronia,   Pr. 

bronha,  OF.  brunie,  broigne,  etc. :   see  broigne. 

Of  uncertain  origin ;  ef .  OBulg.  bronja,  corselet ; 

Olr.  bruinii,  breast.]     Same  as  broigne. 
byrniedt,  /'•  a.     [ME.  brunyed,  brenyed,  etc.;  < 

byrnie.  +  -«/-.]    Armed  with  a  corselet  or  coat 

of  mail. 

I  salle  to  batelle  the  brynge,  of  brenyede  knyght€S 
Thyrtty  thosaundc  be  talc,  thrj'ftye  in  amies. 

Morte  Arlhure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  316. 

by-road  (bi'rod),  n.  1.  A  side-road;  a  cross- 
road; a  road  different  from  the  usual  or  main 
highway. —  2.  A  private  or  secret  way;  a  pri- 
vate means  to  an  end:  as,  "slippery  by-roadg," 
Swift. 

Byrbnic  (bi-ron'ik),  a.  Possessing  the  charac- 
teristics of  BjTon,  the  poet,  or  of  his  poetry: 
as,  a  Byronic  poem. 

La  Coupe  et  les  Levres  O^y  Alfred  de  MuBset),  a  Byronic 
poem  in  dramatic  form.  2i.  A.  Itec,  CXXVIl.  293. 

Byronism  (bi'ron-izm),  «.  The  characteristics 
of  Byron'.s  thought,  temper,  poetic  style,  etc. 

by-room  (bi'rom),  n.      An  adjoining  room  or 
apartment ;   a  side  room. 
stand  in  some  by-room.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii,  4. 

byrrhid  (bir'id),  «.  A  beetle  of  the  family 
Ilyrrliid(e. 

Bjrrrhidae  (bir'i-de),  «.  jil.  [NL.,  <  Byrrhus  + 
-ida-.]  A  family  of  elavieom  Voleoptcra,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Byrrhus. 

Byrrhus  (bir'us),  )i.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Byrrhidie,  called  pill-beetles  from 
their  rounded  bodies,  and  from  the  way  in  which 
they  pack  their  legs  out  of  sight  when  they  are 
alarmed,  simulating  death  and  presenting  the 
appearance  of  a  pill.  B.  pilula  is  a  typical  ex- 
ample.    See  cut  unAer  pill-beetle. 

byrsopid  (ber'so-pid),  n.  A  beetle  of  the  fam- 
ily Byrsnpida: 

Byrsopidae  (ber-sop'i-de),  m.  pt.  [NL.,  <  Byr- 
siips  -f-  -idiE.]  A  family  of  rhynchophorous  Co- 
leojitera,  or  beetles,  with  the  elytra  provided 
with  a  strong  fold  on  the  inner  face,  pygidium 
of  male  divided,  tarsi  setose,  gular  margin  ele- 
vated, and  prostemum  elevated. 

Bjn^sops  (ber'sops),  «.  [<  Gr.  jiipaa,  a  skin,  hide 
(see  purse),  +  uii  (<j--),  face,  eye.]  A  genus  of 
wee\nls,  typical  of  the  family  Byrsopidee. 

byst,  byset,  "-     Obsolete  forms  of  bice. 

bysidet,  bysidest.     Obsolete  forms  of  beside, 

tie-sides. 
by-sitter  (bi'sit'er),  n.    One  sitting  near. 
The  blind  by-sitter  guesseth  not 
■\Miat  shadow  haunts  that  vacant  spot 

Whitiicr,  Tile  Meeting. 

by-speech  (bi'speeh),  n.  An  incidental  or  cas- 
ual speech  not  directly  relating  to  the  point : 
as,  "to  quote  by-speeches,"  Hooker. 

byspellt  (hi'spel),  M.  [<  ME.  bispel,  a  proverb, 
a  parable,  <  AS.  bispell,  bigspell,  a  proverb, 
parable,  example,  story  (=  JID.  bijspcl  ='iiIiG. 
bispel,  bispil,  a  proverb,  parable,  G.  beispiel,  an 
example),  <  bi-,  by,  +  spell,  a  story:  see  sjjelt\ 
and  cf.  gospel.]  A  proverb.  Coles,  1717.  Also 
spelled  by.vpel. 

bysst,  '■•  '■     [See  bu::.]     To  buzz ;  hum. 

byssaceous  (bi-sa'shius),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "bys- 
saceus,  <  byssiis :  see  byssus.]  Resembling  a 
byssus;  consisting  of  fine  silky  filaments;  re- 
sembling cobwebs. 

byssal  (bis'al),  o.  [<  byssus  +  -al.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  byssus  of  a  moUusk:  as,  byssal 
threads;  byssal  attachment. 

bysset,  ».  [<  byssus.]  A  kind  of  fine  cloth. 
See  byssus,  1. 


byssi 

■byssi,  '<•     Plural  of  ftyssHS. 

byssifer  '  bis'i-fer).  II.     One  of  the  Bijssifera. 

Byssifera  (bi-sif  e-ra).  «.  pi.  [XL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
byssi /er :  see  bi/ssi/erous.^  A  family  of  bivalve 
moUusks,  characterized  bv  the  secretion  of  a 
byssus,  by  means  of  which  they  attach  them- 
selves to  foreign  substances.  It  «.is  instituteii  ly 
Lamarck  (F.  &»/..AV>re-5-)  in  1S09  for  the  genera  Pt-dum, 
Lima,  Pinna.  Myiiiu^,  Modiota,  Crenatitta,  Perna,  Mal- 
leus, ami  AciciUa,  now  distributed  among  different  fami- 
lies ;  but  it  was  later  renounced  and  its  genera  referred  by 
hira  to  tlie  families  ifytilacea,  MalUacea,  and  Pectenid(',<. 
It  was  restricted  by  Goldfuss  (1S"20)  to  Matleits,  Vulsella, 
and  Pr^rna,  and  is  now  sjTionymous  with  Malleacea. 

byssiferous  (bi-slf'e-nis),  a.  [<  NL.  bi/ssifer, 
<  L.  b0sus  (see  bijssus)  +  ferre  =  E.  bear^.] 
Proilucing  or  bearing  a  byssus. 

byssin,  byssine  (bis'in),  a.  [<  L.  bi/ssinus,  < 
(jr.  ^raciiw,  <  liiaaoc,  byssus.]  Made  of  bys- 
sus ;  having  a  sUky  or"  flax-fike  appearance. 
Coles.  1717. 

byssogenous  (bi-soj'e-nus),  a.  [<  bi/ssus  +  -gc- 
»«>«>.]  Secreting  or  producing  the  byssus:  as, 
the  bynsogeiioiis  gland. 

Lamellibrandis   generally  exhibit  more  or  less  well- 
marked  ti*aces  of  this  bi/ssotjenous  apparatus. 

T.  Gilt,  Smithsonian  Report,  18S5,  p.  777. 

byssoid  (bis'oid),  a.  [<  Gr.  fSiaao^,  byssus,  + 
fiiSof,  form.]  Having  the  appearance  of  byssi; 
in  bnt.,  byssaeeous. 

byssolite"  (bis'o-llt),  v.  [<  Gr.  fiiaaog,  byssus, 
+  '/tilor,  stone.]  An  olive-green  variety  of  ac- 
tiuolite,  in  long,  fine,  capillary  crystals,  from 
St.  Gotthard,  TjtoI,  and  from  Dauphin6.  Also 
called  aiiiiantiis. 

byssus  (bis'us),  «.;  pi.  6i/.<.«  (-i).  [L.,  <  Gr. 
^1  cTCTof  (see  def.  1).  Of  Oriental  origin;  cf.  Heb. 
but::.']  1.  .iVmong  the  ancients, 
originally,  a  fine  yellowish  flax, 
especially  Indian  and  Egyptian, 
and  the  liuen  made  from  it.  such 
as  the  Egyptian  mummy-cloth; 
afterward,  also,  cotton  and  silk 
(the  latter,  before  its  origin  was 
kiio^vn,  being  taken  for  a  kind 
of  cotton). — 2.  One  of  the  byssi, 
a  name  formerly  given  by  bota- 
nists to  a  heterogeneous  collec- 
tion of  filamentous  cryptogamio 
plants. — 3.  In  conch. ,  a  long,  del- 
icate, lustrous,  and  silky  bunch 
of  filaments,  secreted  by  the  foot, 
and  serving  as  a  moans  of  attachment  to  other 
objects.  It  is  developed  in  various  dissimilar  bivalve 
mollusks,  especially  by  species  of  the  families  .MalilUla', 
Pinnidtv,  Avicididte,  himixhn,  Arcidee,  Tridacnidti'.  etc, 
Tliat  i>f  tile  Pinna  is  eapableof  being  woven.  .Sec  Pinna, 
and  .'Uho  cuts  under  Drfisufnidtn  and  Tridaenidd'. 

bystander  (bi'stan'dtr),  n.  1.  One  who  stands 
near;  a  spectator;  a  chance  looker-on;  hence, 
one  who  has  no  concern  %vith  the  business  being 
transacted. — 2.  One  of  the  highest  order  of 
penitents  in  the  discipline  of  the  early  church. 
See  connislciiles. 

by-street  (bi'stret),  ».  A  separate,  private,  or 
obsiun;  street;  a  lane  or  byway. 

To  avoid  reproach, 
lie  seeks  by-strteU,  and  savea  the  expensive  coach. 

Go;/,  Trivia,  ii.  280. 
Tlicy  roam  together  now,  and  wind  among 
Its  by-KtretU^  knocking  at  the  dusty  inns. 

I).  U.  ito/tifrtii,  .Sonnets,  xliii. 

by-stroke  (lii'strok),  w.     An   incidental  or  sly 

hiiok"';  II  side-blow;  anise, 
by-talk  (bi'tak),  n.     1.  Gossip;  scandal. — 2. 
A  Hubjcct  of  gossiping  conversation;  a  b}^vo^d. 
'Ib'iii  Htiddenly  tjecnrn'st  tlie  hy-falkc  of  neigliliours. 

Drkker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  Iml.,  p.  8. 

by-term  (bi't6rm),  n.  An  irregular  term  or 
time;  a  tenn,  as  of  a  school,  in  which  some- 
thing is  done  out  of  it«  regular  couise.  Thus, 
in  (,'ambriilge  UiiiverHity,  England,  to  go  out  in 
n  hy-lirm  is  to  take  a  6.  A.  degree  at  a  time 
otlur  than  .lannary. 

Bvthites  (bi-thi'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or.  [hfiirii,  a 
ih-'\f*i-ii  animal,  <  iii<hnc_,  the  deep.)  A  genus 
of  lirntuloid  fislics,  tJ^)icttl  of  the  subfamily  liy- 

lln'inir. 

Bythitlna  (bith-i-ti'no),  (I.  pi.  [Nli.,  <  Uyllii- 
Uh  +  -ime.l    A  Hubfamily  of  brotuloid  Ushes, 


744 

typified  by  the  genus  Bythites.  The  head  is  large 
and  wide,  tlie  vertical  fins  are  united,  and  the  ventrals  re- 
duced to  simple  filaments  composed  of  two  rays  each. 

by-tijne  (bi'tim),  ».  Odd  time;  an  interval  of 
leisure.     [Scotch.] 

bytimet,  P>'Qi.  /''"'.  as  adr.     See  bdime. 

bytouret,  "•   A  Middle  English  form  of  bittern^. 

bytownite  (Vji'toun-it),  ».  [<  Bytown  (see  def.) 
+  -ite-.]  A  kind  of  feldspar  fi-om  Brtown 
(now  Ottawa).  Canada,  intermediate  between 
anorthite  and  labradorite. 

ByttneriaceSB  (bit  ne-ri-a'se-e),  71.  pi.  [Nil., 
'  Byttiieria,  a  genus  named  from  the  German 
botanist  O.  S.  A.  Biittiwr  (lT24rSS).  +  -acea-.J 
A  natural  order  of  plants,  properly  included  in 
the  order  StercitUacece  (which  see).  The  typi- 
cal genus,  Byttiieria,  consists  of  about  20  spe- 
cies of  tropical  or  subtropical  herbs  or  climbing 
shi'ubs. 

by-turning  (bi'ter'ning),  H.  A  byway;  a  road 
leading  off  the  main  road. 

The  many  bi/-turnin(fS  that  may  divert  you  from  your 
■way.  '  Sir  P.  Sidneij,  Defence  of  Poesy. 

by-view  (bi'vu),  «.  Private  view;  self-inter- 
ested purpose. 

No  by-views  of  liis  own  shall  mislead  him. 

Attcrburii,  Sermons,  II.  iii. 

by- walk  (bi'wak),  n.    A  secluded  or  private 

walk.     Drydeii. 
by-walker  (bi'wa''ker),  H.     One  who  walks  by 

or  aside ;   one  who  is  not  straightforward ;  a 

deceitful  person. 

I  have  ript  the  matter  now  to  the  pill,  and  have  told 
you  of  plain  walkers,  and  of  by-tcalkers. 

Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

by-wash  (bi'wosh),  n.  A  channel  cut  to  con- 
vey the  sm-plus  water  from  a  reservoir  or  an 
aqueduct,  and  prevent  overflow.  Also  called 
hy-hiid. 

bywater  (bi'wa-ter),  a.  Among  diamond-deal- 
ers, showing  a  tinge  of  yellow ;  off  color :  ap- 
plied to  diamonds. 

byway  (bi'wa),  «.  A  by-road  ;  a  secluded,  pri- 
vate, or  obsem'e  way ;  an  out-of-the-way  path 
or  com'se :  as,  highways  and  byways. 

Next  he  showed  them  the  two  by-wat/s,  tliat  were  at  the 
foot  of  the  hill,  where  Formality  and  Hypocrisy  lost  them- 
selves. Banyan,  Pilgrims  Progress,  p.  204. 

A  vast  and  tangled  maze,  the  byicays  of  wliich  our  plan 
does  not  allow  us  to  enter. 

Wheivell,  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas,  ii. 

by-westt  (bi-wesf),  prep.  [<  ME.  bi  wcstc,  < 
AS.  be  ivesitiii,  an  adverbial  phrase,  at  or  in  tlie 
west:  be,  prep.,  by;  westdii,  adv.,  west,  from 
the  west.  Cf.  benorth,  besouth,  etc.]  Wostwiinl 
from;  to  the  west  of.     [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

Whereupon  grew  that  by-word  useii  by  tlie  Irisli,  tliat 
they  dwelt  bii-webt  the  law  whidi  liwcU  beyond  tlie  river 
of  the  Harrow,  Sir,/.  Ilarifs,  Stiite  of  Ireland, 

by-wipet  (bi'wip),  n.  A  secret  stroke  or  sar- 
casm. 

Wherefore  should  you  begin  with  the  Devil's  name  des- 
canting upon  the  number  of  your  oppoueutsV  wherefore 
that  conceit  of  Legion  with  a  by-wii>v  f 

Milton,  On  Def.'of  llumb.  Remonst.,  I'ret. 

byword  (bi'w(>rd),  n.  [<  ME.  byirordc,  <  AS. 
uiicord  (=  OS.  biwiirli  =  OllG.  biivort,  also  bi- 
wiirti,  MHG.  biicort),  a  proverb,  <  bi-,  by,  + 
icocrf,  word,  a.by.ipcll.']  1.  A  word  or  phrase 
used  ])roverbially ;  especially,  a  saving  used  in 
mockery  or  dis])aragement;  a  satirical  or  con- 
temptuous jiroverb. 
A  wise  man  that  had  it  for  a  by-word.  Bacon. 

I  agree  with  him  fully  in  the  last,  and  If  I  were  forced 
to  allow  the  first,  I  should  still  think,  with  our  oM  coarse 
byword,  that  the  same  power  whit-.h  furnished  all  their 
restorateurs  sent  also  their  present  cooks, 

Itnrkr,  A  Regicide  Peace. 

[See  also  extract  under  by-irest.l 
Hence  —  2.  An  object  of  general  reproach  or 
condemnation ;  a  common  subject  of  doriKion 
or  Diiprobrium. 

I  will  make  it  (this  house]  U>  he  a  proverb  ond  n  byivunl 
amung  all  peoples,  i  Oliruii.  vil.  '.iO. 

And  bashful  Henry,  whi>Rc  cowanlleo 
llalli  raadu  ub  bywords  to  our  enenilet. 

Shak.,  a  Hun.  VI,,  I,  1. 


Byzantinism 

Has  he  all  that  the  wi>ild  loves  and  admires  and  covets? 
.  .  ,  he  must  cast  behind  him  their  admiration,  .  .  .  and 
become  a  byword  and  a  hissing.    Emerson,  Compensation. 

=  Syil.  1.  Ariom.  Maxim,  etc,     i^ce  aphorism. 
byzant  (biz'ant  or  bi-zant'),  ii.     Same  as  be- 
-««?,  1. 

In  Auglo-Sa-Xon  times  gold  byzants  from  Byzantium  were 
used  in  England. 

Jcvons,  Money  and  ilech,  of  Exchange,  p.  97. 

Byzantian  (bi-zan'sMan),  a.  [<  By:antt-uni,  + 
-an.]      Same  as  By:dntiiic. 

Byzantine  (biz'an-tin  or  bi-zan'tin),  a.  and  n. 
[<  LL.  By:antiniis  (also  By.:aiitiacus,  L.  By:an- 
lius,Gr.Bv^ai'-iaK6g, Bi^avriog), <  By:(iiitiiiiii.i  Gr. 
Bis<iiT(Oj',  said  to  have  been  named  after  Bi'saf 
(Bi\o>T-),  its  reputed  founder.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Byzantium,  or  Constantinople,  an  an- 
cient city  of  Thrace,  situated  on  the  Bosporus, 
which  became  the  capital  of  the  Byzantine  or 
Eastern  empii'e,  or  to  the  emp^'e  itself.  By- 
zantium was  founded  by  a  Greek  colony  in  the  seventh 
century  B.  c,  but  was  of  no  great  importance  until  A.  D. 
330,  wiien  the  emperor  Constantiiie  the  (!reat  made  it 
his  capital,  and  chani^ed  its  name  to  Constantinople,  af- 
ter himself.— Byzantine  architecture,  a  style  of  archi- 
tecture developed  from  the  classical  under  the  Byzantine 
empire  during  the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries  A,  h.,  and, 
imder  various  modifications,  uscil  till  the  final  conquest  of 


Byzantine  Architecture.—  Church  of  St,  Theodore,  Athens. 

that  empire  by  the  Turks  in  A,  n,  1453.  It  spread  so  widely 
that  its  iiillueiice  even  in  Italy  did  not  wholly  decline  lie- 
fore  the  fifteenth  century,  and  it  may  be  considered  as 
surviving  still  in  Russian  architecture,  and  in  a  less  marked 
ilegrce  in  other  eastern  lauds.  An  almost  universal  fea- 
ture of  the  style,  in  buildings  of  any  pretension,  is  the  in- 
crustation of  brick  or  rough  stonework  with  more  precious 
materials  ;  large  spaces  are  left  void  of  bold  architectural 
features,  to  be  rcinlei-fil  in- 
teresting iiicrily  by  surface 
ornanieiit  of  pnlislu-il  mar- 
bles iiresenting  natural 
beauty  of  hue,  or  of  sculp- 
ture in  very  low  relief,  and 
confined  in  the  main  to 
vegetable  or  geometrical 
designs  of  clearly  cut  out- 
line. The  style  depends 
much  on  color  for  its  ef- 
fect, and  mosaics  wrought 
on  grounds  of  gold  or  of 
positive  color  are  profusely 
introduced.  The  leading 
forms  which  characterize 
the  Byzantine  style  are  th6 
round  arch,  the  circle,  the 
cross,  and  the  dome  sup- 
ported  upon  pcndeutives. 
The  i'a]iitals  of  the  pillars 
are  of  endless  variety,  and 
full  of  inveiitioii.  While 
some  are  iilainly  foiindcil 
oil  the  tJreek  Corinthian, 
nianj'  resemble  those  of  early  ronnd-ftrched  western  iirchi- 
tecture  :  and  so  varied  is  their  ilecoration  that  frciinently 
no  two  sides  of  the  same  capital  are  alike.  'I'lie  ancient 
basilica  of  St,  Sophia,  in  Coustalitinoitlc,  and  the  i-bun-h 
of  ,st,  Mark,  in  Venice,  are  classical  examples  of  Byzan- 
tine archlleclure,  Byzantine  historians,  a  series  of 
historians  aiKl  chroniclrrs  of  the  iillaiis  ol  the  Byzantino 
empire,  scattered  Ihioiigh  the  \iliole  period  of  its  exis- 
tence. They  are  our  only  source  of  kiio\ilcilge  of  H>zan- 
tliie  liistory.    Their  works  have  been  several  times  piintcd 

1 plete  in  the  original  (Ireek,  the  latest  edition  being  by 

Niebiibranii  others,  in  4S  volumes. 

II.  II.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  By- 
zaiiliinn.  Seel. —  2.  [/.''.]  Same  as  ftr.~())/^  1. 
Byzantinism  (biz'an-  or  lii-znn 'tin-iznO,  ». 
|<  liy:iintinr  +  -ism.']  The  spirit,  priiieiph'S, 
nnd  iiM'lliods  of  llie  Byzantines,  especiiiliv  with 
rel'iTciK'e  t<i  lit(>raliiie  and  art ;  tlie  nmnifesta- 
tion  of  Byziiutiuo  chariicteristics. 

Ityianlinism  .  ,  .  regulated  all  forms  of  art  by  strictly 
euuventlunal  niles, 

C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  .Sculiiluic,  Int,   p,  I, 


Hyjiiinlinc  Cnpit.ll. 
Church  of  S.in  \'iliile,  R.i%-rnna. 


1.   The  third  letter  and  sec-  ca''',  ka  (ka), 

ond  consouant  in  tlio   Kug-        

lish,  as  in  general  in  the  other 
alphabets  derived  from  the 
I'lieuieiaii.  Tlic  value  ot  the  sign, 
Iimvevci-,  ia  l'lieiiici:in  as  in  Grceli, 
was  that  uf  a  hard  //  (in  (jo,  ffive); 
and  so  also  oii^'inally  in  Latiii,  be- 
side the  sign  /r,  whieh  had  the  proper 
But  the  Latins  gave  up  for  a  time  the  written 


,  ,,  t.  [Appar.  a  ]iiirticular  use, 
with  only  phrasal  moaniiif,',  of  en"  or  <'«1:  see 
def.]  A  word  of  no  definite  individual  mean- 
ing, occurring  in  the  proverbial  phrase  ca  mc. 
ca  thee  (now  also  clmo  me,  claw  thee),  help  (or 
seiTO)  mo  and  I'll  help  you. 

Ca  VK,  ca  thee :  conceale  this  from  my  wife, 
And  I'll  keep  all  thy  knauery  from  thine  vncle. 

T.  Ueywood,  If  you  Know  not  me,  ii. 


L  Babylonian  measure  of  capacity, 

„  -, -^ _ .-  ...„  , ;h  the  Hebrew  bath  or  ephah. 

adiled  a  tag  to  the  same  character  for  the  jr-sound,  thus  Ca.     In  <7(e»i.,  the  symbol  for  cateM(»i.  ,  ■ 

tnnnng  C  into  G.     The  comparative  table  of  forms,  like  ca.    In  dates,  a  contraction  of  Latin  rirrn  nhmit-      ''"I'l"-''"-'"  '"  compose  the  word 

thai  given  for  the  other  letters  (con.pare  A  and  B),  is  as  ''t.    "'   f-inn'  nhn^t  i\nn  '  '         Tl'^se  n.inisters  were  therefo 


The  measuring  of  the  temple,  a  cabal  found  out  hut 
ln'<-ly.  /;.  ./o,„„„. 

3.  Conjoint  intrigue ;  secret  artifices  of  a  few- 
persons  united  in  some  design:  as,  "curs'd 
cahula  of  women,"  Vryden. 

Centuries  glide  away  in  the  same  unvaried  round  ot 
caliiiU  at  court.  Browjliam. 

4.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  some  close 
design,  usually  to  promote  their  private  -views 
in  church  or  state  by  intrigue ;  a  junto.  The 
name  of  '  the  Calxd  "  was  given  to  an  unpopular  ministr} 
of  Charles  II.,  consisting  of  Cliilord,  Ashley,  iinckijigliaiu, 
Arlington,  and  I,ander<lale,  the  initials  ot  whose  names 


U   ^       7       -Y  0 


Egyptian. 
Hieroglyphic.    Hieratic. 


Plieni- 
cian. 


Early 
Greek  and  Latin. 


Great  as  is  the  apparent  difference  between  Greek  T 
and  our  C,  it  is  dne  only  to  a  shifting  of  the  position  of 
the  .ajigle  made  by  the  two  component  lines,  and  the 
rcMiiiding  of  this  angle.  The  hard  or  *-sound  which  bc- 
IniiLicil  to  this  character  in  early  Latin  belonged  to  it  also 
in  .Vnglo-Saxon  (whieh,  like  Latin,  made  little  or  no  use  of 
/r).  But  this  /f-sound,  as  being  a  gutturni  ^ir  Jtack-jialatal 
mute,  is  particularly  likely  to  be  sliifted  forward  ainm;  ibr 
toULrne  and  to  be  changed  into  frunt-palatal  and  sibilant 
sounds,  especially  before  vowels  like  e,  r,  ?/,  which  favor 
tile  fiont-palatal  position.  Hence  it  comes  that  c,  still  so 
wi  itun,  is  pronounced  as  s  in  English  before  e,  i,  y,  and 
elsciv  here  as  *.  But  this  "  soft "  or  sibilant  c  beloiigs  to 
tli<'  !''rench  part  of  our  Language ;  the  An,glo-Saxon  e,  wlien 
soltined,  gets  the  sound  usually  represented  in  Englisli 
by<7/,  and  is  so  written:  for  example,  in  chicken,  cheese, 
chinch,  birch,  teach.  (.See  ch,  and  assiliilntinn.)  No  word 
containing  c  pronounced  s  is  of  Anglo-.Saxon  origin,  ex- 
cept a  few  nwsspelled,  as  cinder  iorsiiiUer,  and  oiuie,  twice, 
etc.,  pence,  mice,  etc.,  having  -ce  tor  original  -es,  -»•.  (See 
-eel.)    For  the  sounds  of  ch,  see  ch. 

2.  As  a  numeral,  in  the  Roman  system,  C  stands 
for  100,  and  is  repeated  up  to  CCCC,  400  (fol- 
lowed by  D,  500).  This  symbol,  originally  ©,  tliat  is, 
thr  Creek  theta  (e),  was  afterward  reduced  to  C  and  un- 
derst(pod  to  stand  for  centum,  a  hundred. 

3.  As  a  symbol :  («)  In  name :  (1)  Used  in  English 
and  German  to  designate  the  key-note  of  the  natural 
scale.  .See  natural  and  scale.  (2)  Wlien  placed  on  the 
staff  immediately  after  the  clef,  a  sign  ot  connnon  time, 
each  measure  containing  1  quarter  notes  or  their  equiva- 
lent. When  a  vertical  line  is  drawn  through  it,  it  indi- 
cates alia  breve  time,  eacli  measure  containing  2  or  4  half 
notes,  played  more  quickly  than  in  common  time.  (3)  On 
the  keyboard  of  the  organ  or  pianoforte,  the  white  key  or 
digital  next  to  the  left  of  each  group  ot  two  black  keys. 
The  Middle  C  ot  the  keyboard  is  a  usual  starting-point  in 
the  reckoning  of  both  keys,  tones,  and  notes;  it  is  also 
known  as  alto  0,  or  c';  the  next  0  below  is  called  tenor  C, 
or  c;  the  second  C  below,  bwis  c,  or  C;  and  the  next  C 
above,  treble  C,  or  c",  etc.  The  present  pitch  of  middle 
C  is  from  2.50  to  265  vibrations  per  second;  it  is  often 
theoretically  fixed  in  Germany  at  264,  in  England  at  2.')y, 
and  in  France  at  251.  About  1700  it  was  actually  about 
240,  and  in  recent  times  as  lUgh  as  275.  The  major  scale 
of  C,  because  it  comprises  all  the  white  keys  and  none  of  .  ,  .^  ^ 
the  black  ones,  is  taken  as  the  normal  or  standard  scale  cab^  (kab),  )i 
ot  th.;  keyboard.    (/;)  In  the  mnemonic  names  of  moods      Vv|cr  1 

ot  syllogism,  the  symbol  ot  reduction  ijcr  iiiinossiMie.    (c)         il^',,     ■,  \  r»  ri  «       r    n  i      » 

In  »w?A.,  C  is  used  to  denote  a  constant  of  integration.  Cab-*  (kab),  «.  [Appar.  abbr.  ot  Cfffto/l.]  A 
See  also  A,  2  (c),  (d),  (e).  (rf)  In  chem.,  the  symbol  for  small  number  of  persons  secretly  united  in  the 
ra/*j«.  performance  of  some  undertaldiig.     JIalliwell. 

4.  As  an  abbreviation,  c.  or  C  stands,  in  dental     [Prov.  Eng.] 

formulas  of  zoology  (c),  for  canine  tooth;  in  cab*,  kab  tkab),  n.  [=  Gr.  Ka/3of,  LL.  cabiis, 
United  States  money  (c), for  cent;  inthermom-  <  Heb.  and  Chal.  kab,  a  hollow.  <  kabab,  hol- 
eter-readings  (C),  for  ceniif/mdc ;  in  French 
money  (c),  for  centime;  in  references  (f.),  toi 
chapter  (or  Latin  capituhim);  in  dates,  before 
the  number  (c).  for  Latin  circa,  about;  in  me- 
teorology (c),  for  eirnis;  in  a  ship's  log-book 
(p.),  tovcloudij ;  and  in  measures  of  volume  (c), 
for  culric — Middle  C,  in  music,  the  note  on  the  first 


as,  ca.  1300,  about  1300. 

C.  A.  -An  abbreviation  of  chief  accountant,  of 
controller  of  accounts,  and  in  Great  Britain  of 
chartered  aeeonn  tan  I. 

Caaba,  «.     Sic  Kmiba. 

caaing-whale  (ka'ing-hwal),  n.  [Sc,  <  eaaimj{< 
ca2,  caa,  drive)  +  u-ha.le  ;  because  these  whales 
can  be  driven  like  cattle.]  A  large  round- 
headed  cetacean,  Globiccphalus  svineval,  of  the 
family  Deljihinidce,  resembling  a  porjjoise  in 
form,  but  of  greater  dimensions  thau  those 
usually  attained  by  the  dolphin  family,  some- 
times reaching  a  length  of  upward  of"  20  feet. 
It  espcriallv  r.s.ots  to  the  shoresot  the  ( irknev,  .Sliethind, 
and  Far.  I, •  i^hulds.  Iceland,  etc.,  appearing  in  herds  of  from 
100  to  l.oiiii  individuals.  Though  closely  relateil  to  the  kill- 
ers of  the  genus  Orca,  caaing-whales  ai-e  timiil  and  inoffen- 
sive, feeding  on  small  fish,  liiollusks,  and  esjiecially  cepha- 
lopods.     Also  cn'infhw/talc. 

caama  (kil'mii),  n.  1.  A  name  of  a  small  South 
African  fo.x,  Vulpcs  caama. — 2.  A  name  of  a 
large  bubaline  antelope,  Alcelajihus  caama,  the 
hartbeest. 

caast,  ".     A  Middle  English  form  of  cascT-. 

cabi  (kab),  n.      [Short  for  cabriolet,  q.  v.]     1. 
A  hackney  caiTiage  with  either  two  or  four 
wheels,  drawn  by  one  horse;  a  cabriolet. 
A  cab  came  clattering  up.  Thackeray. 

With  great  diflieulty  Messrs.  Bradshaw  &  Kotch  (the  lat- 
ter a  memlier  of  Parliament)  obtained  licences  for  eight 
cabriolets  i]i  1S23,  and  started  them  at  fares  one  third 
lower  than  those  of  hackney  coaches.  The  new  vehicles 
were  hooded  chaises,  drawn  by  one  horse,  and  carrying 
only  one  passenger  besides  the  driver,  who  sat  in  the  cab- 
riolet (or,  as  more  commonly  called  for  brevity,  the  cab) 
with  his  fare.  .  .  ,  The  name  cab  is  still  commonly  ap- 
plied to  all  hackney  carriages  drawn  by  one  horse,  wliether 
on  two  or  four  wheels.  Penny  Cyc. 

2.  The  hooded  or  covered  part  of  a  locomotive, 
which  protects  the  engineer  and  fireman  from 
the  weather.  [IT.  S.] 
cabl  (kab),  t\  t.j  pret.  and  pp.  cabl>ed,  ppr. 
cabbing.  [<  c«ftl,  «.]  To  pass  over  in  a  cab: 
as,  to  cab  the  distance:  often  used  with  an  iu' 
definite  it:  as,  I'll  cab  it  to  Whitehall.  [Col 
loq.,  Eng.] 

Any  sticky  substance.     [Prov, 


leger-liue  above  the  bass  or  below  the  treble  staff, 
above.) 


low  out.]  A  Hebrew  measure  of  capacity, 
for  both  chy  and  liquid  matter,  it  was  equal  to 
2.021  liters,  or  4*  United  States  pints.  Other  statements 
appear  to  be  dne  to  contusion  of  different  measures  by 
Greek  metrologists ;  but  a  ffreat  cab,  of  f  the  ordinary 
size,  is  mentioned  in  the  Talmud. 
They  besieged  it  [Samaria]  until  an  a-ss's  head  was  sold 


therefore  enipliatically  called  the 
Cabal;  and  ...  it  has  never  since  their  time  Ikcii  used 
except  as  a  term  of  reproach.  Macaulay,  iiist.  Eng.,  11. 
=  Syn.  4.  Cumhimilion,  Party,  Faction,  Cabal.  Camarilla, 
,/nntu.  Cinnbiualiim  is  the  most  general  of  these  words, 
but  it  expresses  least  of  permanence  in  organi/jition ;  it 
often  denotes  the  union  for  .special  ends  of  indiviiluals  or 
parties  otherwise  aniagonistie :  as,  the  I^eniocrats  and 
Greenbaekers  entered  into  a  cowbina'iou  U)  secure  the 
election.  A  party  is  strictly  a  more  close  and  pennanent 
union  of  inilivirluals,  organized  to  )iromote  certain  prin- 
ciples or  c mon  interests  whiidi  they  consider  of  fun- 
damental importance:  as,  the  l.ow  church  jMirty,  the 
Ilepiibliean  party;  but  the  term  is  nmre  Ii>osely  used 
where  organization  is  wanting:  as,  the  Free-trade  parly. 
C'liiibiiialiuii  and  parly  may  express  tliat  «  hich  is  entirely 
ivpiitable  ;  tlie  other  words  are  chielly  unfavorable  in  their 
si'.:niIication.  A  .faction  is  commonly  a  section  of  a  party ; 
it  is  generally  a  comparatively  small  ninnber  iif  individ- 
uals, wlio.sc  principles  and  objects  are  often  oi  a  captious, 
frivolous,  or  srlli^h  nature,  but  advocated  sr,  persistently 
as  to  be  annoying,  and  with  so  little  regard  to  the  general 
interest  as  sometimes  to  be  dangerous.  Cabal  and  junto 
express  a  union  less  comprehensive  than  parly  or  even 
/action  ;  the  intrigues  of  a  cabal  or  junto  are  usually  con- 
ducted mainly  for  the  personal  aggramlizcnient  of  its  mem- 
bers. Junto  has  almost  entirely  given  jdace  to  cabal  in 
modern  use.  A  cainarilla  is  a  m'ore  or  less  united  Itody  of 
secret  counselors  of  a  ruler,  acting  generally  in  opjfosition 
to  his  official  advisers,  and  constituting  u  "power  behind 
the  throne." 

After  numerous  abortive  attempts  and  unsuccessful 
comlMiiatiou.t  iti  which  Newcastle  bore  the  chief  part,  it 
became  evident  .  .  .  that  the  union  ...  of  Newcastle 
.  .  .  and  I'itt  wjis  absolutely  necessarj'. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  viii. 
If  I  could  not  go  to  heaven  but  with  a  party,  I  would 
not  go  there  at  all.     Therefore  I  protest  to  you  I  am  not 
of  the  party  of  federalist.s. 

Jefferson,  Correspondenoe,  II.  4.'J9. 
By  a  faction,  I  understand  a  number  of  citizens,  whe- 
ther amounting  to  a  majority  or  minority  of  the  whole, 
who  are  united  aiul  actuated  by  some  conmion  impidse 
of  p.assiou,  or  of  interest,  adverse  to  the  rights  of  other 
citizens,  or  to  the  permanent  aud  aggregate  interests  of 
the  conmmuity.  Madison,  Federalist,  \o.  10. 

In  a  simple  monarchyi  the  ministers  of  state  can  never 
know  their  friends  from  their  enemies ;  secret  cobalt 
undermine  their  influence  and  blast  their  reiiutation. 

J.  Adams.  Works,  IV.  289. 

cabaU  (ka-bal').  v.  >.;  pret.  and  pp.  caballed. 
p\n:  caballinif.  [<  cnfirt/l,  «.]  To  form  a  cabal : 
intrigue  conjointly;  unite  in  secret  artifices  to 
effect  some  design. 

Base  rivals,  who  true  wit  and  merit  hate. 
Caballing  still  against  it  with  the  greaL 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iv.  972. 

It  [pride]  may  prevent  the  nobles  from  raballin/t  with 

the  jjcople.  J.  AdauiK,  Works,  IV'.  395. 

cabal'-t,  "■  [Also  written  eaball ;  =  F.  cheral  = 
Pr.  caralh  =  Cat.  eaball  =  Sp.  cahallo  =  Pg.  It. 
caraUii,  a  horse,  <  L.  caballtis  (>  Gr.  ha.id'/.'/.i/^), 
an  inferior  horse,  a  pack-horse,  nag;  later,  in 
general  sense  (superseding  L.  ctjun.<<},  a  Iiorse. 
Hence  idt.  (from  L.)  capell,  cheral,  ehiral,  cara- 
lirr,  eheralier,  earatri/.  chiralr;/.  etc.]     A  horse. 

cabala,  kabala  (kab'a-la),  n. '  [yih.  cabbala  (It. 
Pg.  caliala  =  Sp.  cabala  =  F.  cabale  =  G.  Dan. 


[Sc. 


E.  cain:  so  a',  fa'. 


cal,  ca'l  (ka), 

.f'>u,  '00,  etc.,  for  E.  all,  .fall,  full 

A  Scotch  contraction  of  ciitl^. 
ca-,  ca'2,  caa  (ka),  v.  t.     [Proli.  <  Gael,  calc 

=  Ir.  calcfim,  drive  with  a  hammer,  calk:  see 

'Vf/i-l.]    To  drive  ;  impel;  push;  Knock:  as,  to 

ea'  a  man  ower  (over).     [Scotch.] 
But  ca'  them  out  to  park  ov  hill. 
And  let  them  wander  at  their  «  ill. 

„  Barns,  Death  of  Mailie. 

Ca  cannie.    See  canny. 


(See     for  fourscore  pieces  of  silver,  and  the  fourth  part  of  a  cab     gw.  kabbala),  a  transcription  of  Heb.  qabbdlah. 
of  doves  dung  for  live  pieces  of  silver.  2  Ki.  VL  25.     .„„„„„♦;„„   *.''  „„i,.,i„  „,.  „,.^»,„^„.,„  ,i„X.„„„  .„ 


cab^  (kab),  n.    See  capeV^. 


■001,  etc.j  g^^g^  (kab'ii),  n.     Sam'e  as  cabas,  2  and  3. 

cabackf,  ».  [Russ.  kabakii.'i  A  taveru;  pot- 
house; dram-shop.     [Kussian.] 

cabaged  (ka-bajd'),  a.     Same  as  caboshcd. 

eaball  (ka-bal'),  «•  [=  D.  kabaal  =  G.  cabale 
=  Dan.  kalnil^=z  Sw.  kabal,  a  cabal  (defs.  3  and 
4),  <  F.  cabale  =  Sp.  cabala  =  Pg.  It.  cabala,  an 
intrigue,  a  cabal,  the  cabala:  see  cabala.'i  If. 
The  cabala  (which  see). —  2t.  A  secret.   [Rare.] 

745 


reception,  the  cabala  or  mysterious  doctrine  re- 
ceived traditionally,  <  qdbal,  receive,  take,  in 
the  Piel  conjugation  cjihhel,  receive  (a  doctrine). 
Hence  Crtfio/i.]  1.  The  theosophy  or  mystic 
philosophy  of  the  Hebrew  religion,  which  grew 
up  mainly  after  the  beginning  of  the  tenth  ceu- 
tui-y,  aud  flourished  for  many  generations.  The 
cabala  employed  itself  first  in  a  mystic  explanation  of 
Deity  aud  cosnu'L'ony,  and  in  the  creation  of  hidden  mean- 
ings for  the  sacred  ilebrew  writings,  thus  drawing  into  its 
province  all  the  Hebrew  law  and  philosophy.  Later  cab- 
alists  pretended  to  tlud  wonderiul  meanings  even  in  the 


cabcila 

utters  and  forms  of  the  sacred  texts,  and  made  for  them- 
selves elaborate  rules  of  interpretation. 
2.    Anv  secret   science ;    esoteric   as    distin- 
guished from  exoteric    doctrine ;    occultism : 
mysticism. 
If  1  wholly  mistake  not  the  cabala  of  this  sect. 

Bentley,  Phileleuthenis  Lipsiensis,  I  9. 
Eager  he  read  whatever  tells 
Of  magic,  cabala,  and  spells. 

^ott,  L.  of  the  L,  iii.  6. 

Also  spelled  cabbala,  kabbala.         • 
cabalassoa,  ».     See  kabalassou. 
cabaletta  i kab-a-let'ii),  n.    [It.  (>  F.  cabaJette) ; 
ef.  atralletto  (=  Sp.  caballeta,  a  grasshopper), 
a  little  horse,  <  caiallo,  a  horse:   see  cabal", 
c<jpf  A.]   A  song  in  rondo  form,  with  variations, 
often   having  an    accompaniment    in    triplet 
rhythm,  intended  to  imitate  the  footfalls  of  a 
cantering  horse. 
cabalisml  (kab'a-lizm),  n.     [<  cabaJa  +  -ism. 2 
The  secret  science  of  the  cabalists.     [Rare.] 
.Ulegories,  parables,  cabalimtx. 

J.  Spencer,  Prodigies,  p.  2ST. 

cabalism-  (ka-bal'izm),  w.  [<  eaban  +  -ism.} 
The  practice  of  forming,  or  the  tendency  to 
form,  cabals  and  cliques.     [Eare.] 

cabalist  (kab'a-list),  H.  [< ILL.  cabbalistn  (It.  Sp. 
Pg.  ciibalista  =  F.  cabaliste),  <  cabbala,  cabala.] 

1.  One  versed  in  or  engaged  in  the  study  of  the 
cabala  or  mystic  philosophy  of  the  Jews.  Tlie 
cardinal  doctrines  of  the  cabalists  embrace  the  nature  of 
the  Supreme  Being,  the  Divine  emanations  or  Sei)hiroth, 
the  c(»siuogony,  the  creation  of  man,  psychology,  tlie 
destiny  of  man  and  the  nnivei-se,  and  the  import  of  the 
revealed  law.  The  cab.itist3  seem  to  have  endeavored  to 
identify  all  such  sciences  as  demonology,  astrology,  chiro- 
mancy, sympathetic  medicine,  etc.,  with  their  theosophic 
mysticism,  weaving  the  whole  into  a  secret  univei"sal  wis- 
dom or  esoteric  philosophy  of  the  univeree.  They  sym- 
pathized with  many  p<^ints  of  Christianity,  so  that  in  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  the  cabala  w.is  by  many 
thought  liighly  huportant  as  a  proof  of  Cliristiauity  and 
as  a  means  of  converting  the  Jews. 

Tlie  Cabaiitti  had  a  notion,  that  whoever  found  out  the 
mystic  word  for  an}-thing  attained  to  absolute  mastery 
over  that  tiling.     Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  158. 

2.  In  general,  an  occultist;  a  mystic, 
cabalistic  (kab-a-lis'tik),  a.  and  «.     [<  cabalist 

+ -ic]  I.  rt.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  cab- 
alists,  or  to  the  cabala  or  mystic  philosophy 
■which  they  professed.  See  cabala  and  cabalist. 
— 2.  In  general,  occult;  mystic;  esoteric;  sym- 
bolical; ha\-ing  an  interior  or  hidden  meaning. 

=  SyTL  .Mi/ttic,  etc.     See  mi'Mcrious. 

n.  II.  One  of  the  mysteries  of  the  cabala. 
L.  .\ililison. 
cabalistical  (kab-a-lis'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  cab- 

fiHstir. 

cabalistically  (kab-r.  lis'ti-kal-i),  adv.  In  the 
iiiaiincr  of  the  cabuliuts. 

cabalize  (kab'a-liz),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  eaba- 
liziil,  ppr.  caba/ijiny.  [<  cabala  +  -i:c ;  =  F.  ca- 
halis'-r.  ]  To  uso  the  method  or  language  of  the 
cabalists.     [liare.] 

caballaria  (kab-a-la'ri-a),  V.  [ML.,  <  L.  ca- 
hulliis,  a  horse:  see  cahal'^.}  A  feudal  tenure 
of  lauds,  the  tenant  furnishing  a  horseman 
suitably  equipped  in  time  of  war,  or  when  the 
lord  had  occasion  for  his  service. 

Caballer  (ka-bal'i-r),  ".  [<  ralmll  ■^-crl.']  One 
wliM  unites  with  others  to  effect  an  object  by  in- 
trigue; one  who  cabals. 

A  i-I'iHc  raintll^r  and  t<ingue-vallant  lord. 

Dryden,  yKncid,  xi.  f>14. 

caballeria  (kii-bii-lyii-re'U),  n.  [Sp.,  cavalry, 
kiiinhl-HiTvicc,  a  specilic  tract  of  land,  etc., 
<  cabiillii,  a  horse:  see  cavalier.']  In  Span. 
Am<;r.  taw,  a  holding  of  land  corresponding 
somewhat  to  the  early  English  knight's  fee.  it 
rnniprfiicd  a  building-lot  of  loo  by  jno  fcit ',  SClO  falu'Kas 
of  land  for  n  garib-ri,  und  40  frir  planting  trees  grrjwing  In 
dri-r  or  more  biirrcn  land;  and  pnjiturc  for  50  breeding 
t'.Hv  piOcowH,  ^ifi or  '/.'■,  liomeH,  WW  idicep,  und  100  goats. 
It  w.iH  •'ipial  to  fi  pi'onlaM. 
caballero  (kii-lm-lyn'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  formerly  ca- 
riillirn,  a  liorsi'inan:  see  raratiir.]  1.  A  Spun- 
i-ii  knight  or  (jentlemau. —  2.  Agiuve  andstate- 
l\  ■^iiMiiiMli  dance. 

'  caballine  fkiili'a-iin),  n.  [<  L.  cabnllinus,  <  ca- 
hiiiin.,  11  )iorHe:  see  cabal-.}  Pertaining  to  or 
-ml.  .1  for  a  horHc.— Caballine  aloei.    ><•■<■  itlwu.— 

*"■  iprtnK,  the  fniiri'tiiM  llll»lio.r,  iif,    ll.itninnnt. 

<;  'ill'),  ".     (.Name  in  I'liilippini'  I»l- 

•lin  mi'nmire  equal  toII.'lTi'ulilc  feet, 
li-'i  III  llio  I'hilippifio  IslandH.     Al»o  cai;oH. 

Cabanet,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  cabin. 

cabaret  liili'ii-rcl ;  F.  jiron.  ka-lm-ni')i  "•  [= 
I'- '"  '  ',  ^  WiiiharrI, II  put-liouHe,  liiv(rn,''icM 
alo-li 'u  ,  :i  tijijiiigiinil  viiliiftllin({  hoiiMc,  lout 
or  li'.'.f  ,  I  I  I',  dial.  (N'orid.)  cabnril,  euviM|, 
alNo  111'  li'  ill  liiioworl  iir  roiilfoot"  K'otifrav" ■;, 
<  OF.  cabunl,  u  place  iuclosed  with  lattice- 


746 

work,  the  entrance  of  a  cellar,  also  a  racket  in 
tennis.]  1.  A  tavern;  a  house  where  liquors 
are  retailed:  as,  •' some  cnftnie^or  tennis-court,"' 
Abp.  Bramkall,  Against  Hobbes. — 2.  A  set  of 
vessels  forming  a  service  for  tea,  coffee,  or  the 
like;  for  example,  a  tray  with  tea-pot  or  pitch- 
ers and  cups,  generally  made  of  the  same  ma- 
terial throughout,  as  fine  porcelain  or  the  like. 
Sometimes  a  small  table  or  stand  of  the  s.ame  wiu"e  as  the 
vessels  takes  the  place  of  the  tray,  or  stands  upon  the  tray. 
Se\Tes  porcelain  —  a  cabaret,  rose  du  Barry,  the  set  con- 
sisting of  four  pieces.  S.  A'.  Inventory  (1S60),  p.  5S. 

3t.  A  certain  plant.  See  etymology. 
cabas  (kab'ii),  h.  [Also  in  E.  form  caba ;  =  D. 
kabas,  a  hand-basket,  <  F.  cabas,  OF.  cabas,  ca- 
baclie,  cabat  =  Pr.  cabas,  a  basket  of  woven 
straw,  a  frail,  a  pannier,  =  Pg.  caba:,  a  hand- 
basket,  =  Sp.  capa:o,  a  fraU,  a  hamper,  a  large 
basket;  also  Pg.  eapaclio,  a  mat,  =  Sp.  cajiaclio 
(formerly  cabacho),  m.,  capacha,  {.,  a  frail,  a 
hamper;"  JIL.  (after  OP.  or  Pr.)  cabassiiis,  caba- 
tiiis,  cabassio(ii-),  cabacetus,  cabacus.  Origin  im- 
certain:  (1)  associated  by  some  etymologists, 
and  appar.  in  popular  use,  with  Sp.  Pg.  vapa::, 
capacious  (cf.  JIL.  capax,  a  vessel  of  consider- 
able capacity),  <  L.  capax,  capacious,  <  caperc. 
hold  (see  capacious);  but  prob.,  (2)  with  aug. 
suffi.K  -as,  -aj,  -a::o,  -acho  (=  It.  -accio;  cf.  It. 
capaceio,  a  large  head),  <  P.  cape  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
ca2>a  =  It.  cappa,  <  ML.  capa,  a  cape,  cloak,  be- 
ing thus  lit.  'a  large  (or  coarse)  cape'  or  cover 
(mat  or  bag)  for  the  dried  figs,  dates,  raisins, 
primes,  etc.,  which  it  was  orig.  used  to  contain. 
Hence  ult.  cabbatic'i,  purloin.]  1.  In  France, 
a  kind  of  basket,  pannier,  or  fraU,  made  of 
woven  rush-  or  palm-leaves  or  grass,  generally 
of  a  round  form,  serving  to  carry  pro'i-isions, 
especially  figs,  dates,  raisins,  or  prunes. —  2. 
A  similar  basket  used  as  a  traveling-bag;  a 
hand-bag. —  3.  A  lady's  work-basket  or  reti- 
cule. In  this  and  the  preceding  sense  also  (in 
the  United  States)  caba. 

Being  seated,  she  proceeded,  still  with  an  air  of  hurry 
and  embarrassment,  to  open  her  cabaii,  to  take  out  her 
books.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Professor,  xiii. 

cabasset  (kab-a-sef;  F.  jiron.  ka-ba-sa'),  n.  [F. 
cabussrt,  a  slight  helmet  or  casket,  dim.  of  cabas, 
a  basket.]  A  military  liead-pieee  in  use  in  the 
sixteenth  century  for  both  infantry  and  cav- 
alry. It  resembled  a  hat  with  a  roliiiiUil  top,  soinctinie.s 
slightly  conical,  or  with  a  ridge  running  Irnm  front  to  rear 
over  the  crown,  but  without  a  high  crest,  and  had  a  nar- 
riiw  liriiii, 

cabassou,  «.     See  kabassou. 

cabaya  (ka-ba'yii),  ».  [Prob.  <  Ar.  kahd,  a  ves- 
ture.] 1.  A  liglit  cotton  surcoat  worn  by  Eu- 
ropeans in  Java  and  neighboring  countries. — 
2.  In  tlio  Barbary  states,  a  similar  garment, 
the  same  as  the  caftan  of  the  Levant. 

cabbage!  (kab'ri.i),  ".  [Earlymod.  E.  also ro^oflc, 
(■<ilii(jc,  cdbiihic,  ciihliidi/i',  with  term,  accom.  from 
tlie  earlier  f.vpe  cubbish,  cabbi/sslic :  <  OF.  calms, 
dial,  caboche  (=  It.  cabuccio  (Florio),  cajiiiccio, 
cappitccio;  ML.  reflex  ffabvsia),  prop,  chou  ca- 
bus  (=  Pr.  c.aulct  cabii's;  cf.  MD.  kabui/skoalc, 
D.  kabiiiskool  =  MliG.  kahu.ikOI),  cabbage, 
lit.  headed  cole:  chou,  F.  <7io«,  cole,  cabbiigc 
(soeco/(-);  cabus,  fem.  cabussc,  cabucc,  headed, 
large-headed  (cf.  OF.  cabucc,  F.  caboche,  head; 
It.  capuccio,  a  little  head  (cf.  capouch,  capu- 
chin); It.  laltuija  capuccia  =  F.  lairtucs  cabuccs, 
pi.  (C'otgrave),  cabbage-lettuce:  OHO.  /,(/((«-, 
cdjiu:,  MIKJ.  kajipus,  kajipi:,  kalxi:,  (1.  kapjtcs, 
kapjius,  kiijijiis  (also  in  comp.  kapjics-kohl,  koji- 
prs-kraul),  cabbage),  i\t.ca]iut,  liead:  svocapul. 
Cf.  cablKKji-.}  1.  A  vai iety  of  Jlrassica  oliracm 
in  which  the  thick,  rounded,  and  strongly  vein- 
ed leaves  are  crowded  in  a  large  compact  linul 
upon  ft  sliort,  slout  stem.  See  Jlrassica.  Many 
kinds  are  exlcnalvdy  cullivulid  (or  use  n«  a  vi-gdiiblc  and 
liiHaliidH,  pickles,  etc.  Tlic  tree-  or  cnw-iublmge  l«ii  coarse 
form  raUcil  for  cattle,  very  tall  and  blanching  when  in 
(lower.  From  the  iiroiiiiii<-iii'c  of  this  spcclcx.  (he  wlinlc 
ordcrotC'riK-i/ciir  Is soniclimcn  called  thccabbngi'  family. 
2.  The  large  teniiinal  bud  of  some  kinds  of 
jinlniH,  as  the  cnbbiige-palm.    Dog's  cabbago,  a 

Hill  rlllent  nrtlfaceollH  herb,  Thclyifouum  t'yiii'iTaittbc,  of 
the  Hiiiith  of  I'jiri'pe,  hiinictinieH  iiHi'd  nsapot-lierli.  Sea- 
cabbage,  or  sea-kale,  a  perennial  eruclfrroiiH  hi-rl), 
C'ruinbr  mnrilltittl.iti  (be  itllorcK  of  KlirolH',  cultlvilled  lis  a 

put  herb,  cKi iailv  In   I'.nghinil.     The  young  hIiooIs  are 

uned.  -Skunk-cabbage,  a  perennial  HniceouK  iibini  i-l 
tlie  I'niled  ,-llaleK.  SitiniiitcnriiUA /irliilu;  found  in  ni"l«l 
groundH,  and  giving  out  a  very  fi-ttd  iMlor,  eHpeiltiII>  vtlirii 
brulM.'d.  The  liiioded.  Kill  It  Kbnped,  purplish  spnlbe  up 
iiiarii  In  early  "prlng,  fiilluwed  by  a  tuft  of  large  aniootli 
leaven.  I  lie  KceilH  niid  ro"t  are  Katd  to  la-  anIlKpniiinodle. 
St.  Patrick's  cabbage,  Sitrifrn'm  umbri*Kit,  Ihe  Loll- 

lion  pri.le  10  ie».i  preiiy  of  KngllHh  gnrileni>. 

cabbage'  (kali'iij),  r.  >. ;  |iret.  and  pp.  cablmiiril, 
jipr.  cabhaiiinn.  (Cf.  F.  caliusscr,  grow  In  ii  head 
(CotgTBve);  from  the  noun.     Of.  cabbuf/c^,  v.] 


cabbage-rose 

To  form  a  head  like  that  of  a  cabbage  in  grow- 
ing: as,  a  plant  cabbages. 

cabbage-t  (kab'aj),  «.  [An  accom.  form  of  ea- 
b<}chc.  <  F.  caboche,  the  head:  see  caboche,  and 
ef.  cabbaije''^.}  1.  The  part  of  a  deer's  head 
wherein  the  horns  are  set.  Coles,  I'll. —  2.  A 
part  of  a  head-dress  worn  by  women  in  the 
eighteenth  eentmy,  described  as  a  roll  at  the 
back  of  the  head.    Wright. 

cabbage'-t  (kab'aj),  r.  i.  [<  cabbage",  n.  Cf. 
cahoslicd.']  To  grow  to  a  head:  said  of  the 
horns  of  a  deer.     Skelton. 

cabbage^  (kab'aj),  e.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cab- 
baged, ppr.  cabbaging.  [Earlier,  as  in  E.  dial., 
cabbish  =  D.  kabbassen,<.  OF.  cabasser,  put  into  a 
basket,  <  cabas,  a  basket:  see  cabas.  The  verbs 
bag,  poach, pocket,  in  the  sense  of  '  purloin,'  are 
of  similar  origin.]  Topmioiu;  specifically,  to 
keep  possession  of  part  of  a  customer's  cloth 
from  which  a  garment  has  been  made. 

Your  tailor,  instead  of  shreds,  cahhatjes  whole  yards  of 

stuff.  Arbuthnot. 

The  tailor  drew  back  as  if  he  had  been  detected  in  cab. 

hn'iin'i  from  a  c.-u-dinal's  robe,  or  cribbing  the  lace  of  some 

ci'pe  or  altar  gown.  .Scoff,  .\iilie  of  Gciel'stcin,  xi,\. 

cabbage-*  (kab'aj),  }i.  [(.cabbage^, v.}  Anything 
filchetl;  specifically,  cloth  purloined  by  a  tailor 
who  makes  garments  from  material  supplied  by 
his  customers. 

cabbage-bug  (kab'aj-bug),  n.  The  Murgantia 
hisirionica,  more  fully  called  harlequin  cabbage- 
bug,  from  its  brilliant  markings.  It  has  spread 
from  Guatemala  to  ilcxico,  and  thence  into  the  United 
States,  and  is  destructive  to  cabbages. 

cabbage-butterfly  (kab'aj -but"  er-fli).  n.  A 
Imtterliy  of  the  family  Papilioniebv  and  genus 
I'ieris,  whose  larvae  or  caterpillars  are  injurious 

\  ^  


Male. 


European  CaMviKC-biittcrlly  [Pirris  eii/irl,  natiir.ll  size. 

to  the  cabbage  and  other  cnudferous  plants. 
'I'bc  eommon  I'-.nropean  species  is  /'.  rn/nr.  «hicli  has  found 
its  way  into  raiiada  and  the  northern  I'liilcd  States. 

cabbage-flea  (kab'aj-fle),  n.  A  name  of  a  small 
beclli',  Ilalliea  cou'sobrina,  of  the  family  Haiti- 
eiilti;  tlie  hirvio  of  which  infest  cabbages. 

cabbage-fly  (kab'Tij-lli),  n.  The  .tnthonn/ia  bras- 
sictr,  a  lly  biionging  to  the  same  family  (Mits- 
ci'br)  as  the  lionse-lly,  ami  the  .same  genus  as 
Ihe  ttirnip-  and  polalo-fiies.  its  larvie  or  maggots 
are  iieslrneti\'c  to  eabbngcs  by  producing  tliscase  in  the 
l".i|s  ..11  wlii.h  Ibey  fei-d. 

cabbage-maggot  (kab'aj-mag'ot),  n.  The  larva 
of  Aiilhiinn/iii  brassiea;  the  cabbngo-lly.  Also 
ciiUrd  eithhdiii  -U'orm. 

cabbage-moth  (kab'aj-moth),  n.  The  Mames- 
tra  or  Soetua  ira.v.siw,  orpot-lierbmotli,  a  moth 
measuring  about  IJ  inches  across  llic  niii'ii  fore 
wings,  which  are  dusky-brown  cloudi.d  with 
darker  shinies,  and  niarkcd  with  jiiiirs  of  dark 
spots  on  their  front  edge,  niid  with  various 
sireaks  and  spots  of  a  vellowish  or  wliite  color. 
The  eaterpiltiir  Is  grci'liisli-lilaek,  anil  is  foiiiid  in  iiiitnnin 
feeiUng  on  llie  hearts  of  cabbages.  U  changes  to  a  brown 
piipii. 

cabbage-oil  (kali'aj-oil),  n.     Same  as  rape-oil. 

cabbage-palm  (kab'aj-pilm),  «.  Sumo  us  calh 
btui<   Irte,  1. 

cabbage-rose  (kab'ijj-roz),  n.  A  siiecies  of  rose, 
llosa  CI  iilijhlia,  of  iiiany  vnrielii.s,  witli  ii  Iiii'g0» 
round,  (.iiinpacl  llowcr,  suiiposed  to  liiive  been 
cullivnli.il  from  iiiicieiit  times,  ami  especially 
Niiiled  from  its  friigriince  for  Ihe  miinul'acliire 
of  roHC-Water  and  altar.  Also  called  I'mrener  rim, 
bv  error  fur  I'riwinx  riiii\  fniin  llii'  town  of  that  name  III 
ifie  dcpaitmenl  of  Seine  et-Marnu,  I'laucu,  where  (lie«o 
roses  aro  >llll  Inrxely  cultivated. 


cabbage-tree 


747 


cabbage-tree  (kiib'aj-tic),  ».    1.  A  name  given  cabidget,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  cabbage^. 
to  many  species  of  iialins  the  tender  growing  cabin  (liiiii'in),  n.      [<  ME.  cahan,  ciibiDie,  also 

assibilaled  <!/ia?)««c,  a  little  house,  a  small  room, 
es]).  in  a  ship,  <  OF.  ciihiiiic,  t.  (MF.  also  cabain, 
m.),  F.  cabaiic  (also  c«ii«c  after  K.  cabin)  =  Pr. 
cabana  =  8p.  cabaila  =  Pg.  cabana  =  It.  capun- 
na,  <  ML.  capanna,  a  cabin,  prob.  of  Celtic  ori- 
gin :  W.  Cuban  =  Ir.  Gael,  caban,  a  cabin,  booth, 
dim.  of  (W.)  c«i,  a  booth,  a  hut.]  1.  A  hut;  a 
cottage;  asmaU  house  or  habitation,  especially 
one  that  is  poorly  constructed. 

Some  of  green  boiiglis  their  Blender  cuhUis  frame. 

Fairfax. 

By  the  peat  flres  of  \  hundred  thousand  cabinn  liad 

inghtly  l)ei:n  sung  rude  ballads  whieh  predicted  the  deliv- 

erancc  of  the  oijpressed  race,    MacauUiy,  llist.  Eng.,  xii. 

2.  AsmaU  room;  an  inclosed  place. 
.So  long  in  secret  cabin  there  he  held 
ller  captive  to  his  seusuall  desyre. 

SpcuKcr,  F.  Q.,  I.  vi.  23. 

3.  An  apartment  in  a  ship  for  officers  or  pas- 
sengers. In  passenger-steainer.s  the  cabin  is  divided  into 
stati'-roonis,  or  the  private  rooms  of  the  passengenj,  and 
an  aiiartiiRiit  (Konietiines  more  tlian  one)  for  the  use  of 
all,  called  the  .muffin,  generally  used  a.s  a  dining-room.  In 
an  nrdinary  iiierL-haiit  vessel  the  cabin  is  the  apartment 
oceuided  liy  the  ma^iter  of  the  vessel.  In  a  man-of-war  it 
is  the  apartment  u.sed  by  the  comman<]ing  oltieer,  or  the 
officer  commanding  the  squadron,  the  apartments  of  the 
other  olHeers  being  called  the  tvard-roinn  and  (of  the  petty 
officers)  the  steerage.  In  Great  Britain  the  word  cabin, 
when  applied  to  tile  private  apartment  of  an  officer  or  a 
passenger,  is  synonymous  with  utale-room  as  used  in  the 
I'nited  states, 
4+.  Same  as  cabinet,  4. 

They  would  not  stay  perhaps  the  .Spanish  demurring, 
and  putting  off  such  wholesome  acts  and  counsels  as  the 
politic  Cafnti  at  Whitehall  had  no  mind  to, 

Miliun,  Eikonoklastes,  iv, 

Jealoushaughtinesae of  Prelates  and  criT/t^Counsellonrs. 
Miltitn,  Areopagitica,  p,  ,S, 
After-cabin,  the  best  or  stern  eal)in  <)f  a  vessel,—  Cabin 
car.  See  car^. —  Cabin  passenger,  one  who  lias  tlie  best 
accommodation  a  ship  afiords.  —  Second  cabin,  the  part 
of  a  steamship  allotted  to  the  use  of  intermediate  or 
second-class  passengers,  or  the  general  aeeoimnodation 
afforded  them, 

cabin  (kab'in),  V.  [<  cabin,  «.]  I.  trans.  To 
confine  as  in  a  cabin. 

But  now  I  .am  cabin'd,  cribb'd,  confln'd,  bound  in 
To  saucy  doubts  and  fears.         Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4, 

II.  intrans.   To  live  in  a  cabin;  lodge. 
I'll  make  you  feed  on  berries,  and  on  roots, 
And  feed  on  curds  and  whey,  and  suck  the  goat, 
And  cabin  in  a  cave,  Shak..  Tit,  And,,  iv.  '2. 

cabin-boy  (kab'in-boi),  «.     A  boy  employed  to 
wait  on  the  officers  and  passengers  in  the  cabin 
of  a  ship. 
cabined  (kab'ind),  a.     [<  cabin  +  -^^2.]     Con- 
fined ;  narrow.     [Bare.] 

Ere  the  blabbing  eastern  scout. 
The  nice  morn,  on  the  Indian  steep, 
From  her  cabin'd  loop-hole  peep, 

Milton,  Oomus,  1,  140, 


leaf -buds  of  wliieli  are  used  as  a  vegetable.  Tli 
cattbage-tiee,  or  cabbage-palmetto,  of  tin;  southern  United 
states,  .Sabal  Palmetto,  is  a  fan-leafed  palm  growing  to 
the  heiglit  of  from  30  to  .^>0  feet.  The  caljbage-tree  of  the 
\\  rst  Iridii-s,  the  tree  most  generally  known  as  the  cab- 
i.ii'f/xilni.  is  a  species  <if  Owuduxa  (formerly  included  in 
tin-  -run-  .Irecrt),  O.  alrrairit,  a  lofty  and  'iraceful  palm 
wiLli  a  str:iigbt  cylindrical  trunk,  sometimes  luoor  200  feet 
high,  beaiing  a  In-ad  of  long  inmiatc  leaves.  The  cabbage 
is  the  terminal  leaf-bud,  the  removal  of  whieh,  though 
often  done,  destroys  the  tree.  The  Australian  cabb.age- 
tree  is  a  fan-leafed  palm,  Liniatoiui  australis. 

2.  A  name  given  to  species  of  Andira,  legumi- 
nous trees  of  tropical  America,  bearing  racemes 
of  red  flowers  and  roundish,  hard,  onc-seoded 
pods,  and  yielding  the  anthelmintic  cabbage- 
tree  bark  of  pharmacists.  Jamaica  cabbage-tree 
bark,  also  called  u'oym-bark,  is  olttained  from  A.  inermin, 
a  native  of  tlm  West  Indies,  and  the  Surinam  bark  from 
.4.  i-etK.^'t,  found  ill  Surinam  and  t'ayemie.  A  similar  bark 
is  luruislu-d  by  .1.  iinllu'tiiiiiilirfi  of  Brazil, 

3.  In  New  Zealand,  au  arljorosoent  liliaceous 
plant,  Cordi/Unc  indivisa — Black  cabbage-tree,  an 
arboreous  composite  of  St.  He- 
lena, Melanodendron  int''<in/u- 
Hum,  one  of  the  few  endemic 
tre^s  still  reimtinuig  on  the  isl- 
and. 

cabbage- wood  (kab'aj- 
wud),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  wood  of  Eriodendron 
anfractuosum,  and  to  that 
of  species  of  Andira.  See 
cabhaiie-trec. 

cabbaige-worm     (kab '  aj  - 

werm ),  » .  The  larva  of  the 
cabljage-butterfly  or  of  the 
cabijage-moth. 

cabbala,".    Hee  cabala. 

cabbidget,  ».  An  obsolete 
f(,irm  of  cabbage^. 

cabbishif  (kab'ish),  n.  An 
oijsolete  and  more  original 
form  of  cabbage^. 

cabbish^  (kab'ish),  ».  t.  An  obsolete  and  dialec- 
tal form  of  cabbage^. 

cabbie  (kab'l),  v.  t.  or  ;. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cabblcd, 
ppr.  cabbling.  [Origin  unknown ;  cf.  accablc, 
<  F.  accabler,  crush,  overwhelm.]  lametal.,  to 
break  up  into  pieces  (iron  which  has  been 
smelted  with  charcoal,  balled,  and  flattened), 
preparatory  to  the  processes  of  fagoting,  fus- 
ing, and  rolling  into  bars. 

cabbler  (kab'ler).,  n.  In  metal.,  one  who  cabbies. 

cabbyi  (kab'i),  )i. ;  \>\.  cabbies  {-iz).  [<  caftl ;  a 
kind  of  dim.  of  crt6ma«.]  A  cab-driver  or  cab- 
man.    [OoUoq.,  Eng.] 


European  Cabbage-worm 
{Pi'eris  rap<£),  natural  iue, 
a,  worm,  or  larva  ;  b,  pupa. 


cabby2  "(kab'i),  a.     [<  ca62  -l-   .y\.-\     Sticky; 
clammy.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cabega  (ka-ba'sa),  n.     [Pg.,  lit.  head,  chief,  = 
Sp.  cabcza,  <  y.'capf,  head.]     1.  The  Portu-       y^^^  (kab'i-net),  n.  and  a.     [<  F.  cabinet,  a 
guese  name  of  the  finest  kmd  of  silk  received  *-*  a  receptacle  of  curiosities,  etc        "  " 

from  India,  as  distinguished  from  the  bariga,  '         -■^-       -  .    ,     ^.       .-     ., 

Also  called  cabesse. —  2.  A 


or  inferior  kind. 

nominal  money  of  accoimt  in  some  parts  of  the 

west  coast  of  Africa. 

Cabeiri,  «.  }d.     See  Cabiri. 

Cabeirian,  Cabeiric,  a.    See  CaUrian. 

Cabeiritic,  a.     See  Cabiritic. 

caber  (ka'ber),  n.  [Sc,  also  written  cabir,  Tcahar; 
<  Gael,  cabar,  a  pole,  stake,  rafter,  =  Ir.  cabar, 
a  coupling ;  cf.  Corn,  keber,  W.  ceibrcn,  a  rafter; 
D, /iv/)!/',  a  rafter.]  A  pole;  a  rafter;  abeam; 
a  larof  stick.  Specifically— (a)  A  long  peeled  sapling 
or  iiiidiessed  stem  of  a  young  tree  used  in  the  Highland  (or 
Scnttish)  ;;aine  of  tossing  the  caber.  (6)  One  of  the  peeled 
saplings  s<>inetimes  placed,  instead  of  boards,  on  the  tie- 
beams  of  a  cott.age  to  form  the  kind  of  loft  called  the  balks, 
or  on  the  rafters  ta  form  a  support  for  the  thatch,  (c)  A 
transverse  beam  in  a  kiln  for  drying  grain,    Janiiemn. 

Caberea  (ka-be'rf-ii),  «.  [NL.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  faniily  Cabereidte.  C.  hookvri,  a 
European  species,  is  an  example. 

Cabereidae  (kab-e-re'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
berea +  -idtc.']  A  family  of  ihfundibulate  chi- 
lostomatous  polyzoans,  of  the  order  Oymnolce- 
mata,  having  an  unjointed  stock  with  slender 
branches,  and  two  or  more  rows  of  cells  with 
vibraeula  or  sessile  avieularia  at  the  back. 
The  species  are  generally  associated  with  the 
Celbdariidw.    Less  correctly  written  Cabereadw. 

cabesse  (ka-bes'),  n.  [F.,  <  Pg.  cabega:  see  ca- 
bega.]     Same  as  cabega,  1. 

cabezon  (kab'e-zon;  Sp.  pron.  ka-beth-6n'), 
«.  [Sp^  <  cabeza,'  head :  see  cabega,  camzon.'} 
Same  as  bighead. 

cabiai  (ka-be'i),  n.  [Braz.]  A  Brazilian  name 
of  the  capibara.     [Little  used.] 

A  molar,  "  which  can  be  attributed  only  to  agigantic 
cabiai,  or  a  dwarf  elephant."     Pop.  Sci.  Mu.^  XXVI.  428. 


cf.  OF. 

caban'ette,  a  little  cabin  (=  It.  cofejHcf  (o— Florio), 
dim.  of  cabane,  cabine,  a  cabin:  see  cabin.]  I. 
n.  If.  A  little  cabin ;  a  small  habitation  or  re- 
treat. 

Hearken  awhile,  from  thy  greene  cabuiet, 

The  rurall  song  of  carefull  Colinet. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  December. 

Lo,  here  the  gentle  lark,  weary  of  rest. 

From  his  moist  cabinet  mounts  up  on  high. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  .\donis,  1.  854. 

2,  A  small  room ;  a  retireil  apartment ;  a  closet. 

3.  A  private  room  in  which  consultations  are 

held;  specifically,  the  closet  or  private  apart- 
ment in  whieh  "a  sovereign  confers  with  his 
privy  coimcil  or  most  trusted  ministers. 

You  bean  in  the  cabinet  what  you  afterwards  practised 
in  the  camp.  Dn/rfeit. 

Those  more  refined  arts  of  the  cabinet,  on  which  the 
Italians  were  accustomed  to  rely,  nuieli  more  than  on  the 
sword,  in  their  disputes  with  one  another,  were  of  no 
avail  against  these  rude  invaders.  . 

Prescutt,  Fenl.  and  Isa.,  u.  14. 

Though  bred  in  the  cloister,  he  distinguished  himself 
both  iiAhe  cafrwi«t  and  the  camp.  . 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  u.  2o, 

Hence 4.  -An  executive  eoimcil;  the  select 

council  of  a  sovereign  or  of  an  execut  ive  govern- 
ment; the  collective  body  of  ministers  who  di- 
rect the  government  of  a  nation  or  country. 
In  Great  Britain,  though  the  executive  government  is  vest- 
ed nominallv  in  the  crown,  it  is  practically  in  a  committee 
of  mini'iteis  called  the  cabinet,  which  is  of  eomp.iratively 
modern  development.  Evei-y  cabinet  ineludes  the  First 
Lord  of  the  Treasury,  who  is  generally  chief  of  the  minis- 
■    ster,  the  Lord  Ili'-rb  (bane  ■ 


try,  orprime  minis.-.,  —  , .,     t-    ,      .,  , 

^        lent  of  the  Council,  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exehe<iuer, 


Hot,  the  L/yrd 

le  Exehe<tuer, 

ith  two  or  more  other 


Pl'esideut--  .        .  ,    . 

and  the  five  Secretaries  of  stati,-—  - 
members  at  the  prime  minister  s  discretion.  In  the  United 
States  the  cabitKt  is  a  c.iUeetive  popular  name,  not  recog- 
nized by  law,  for  the  heads  of  ilie  nme  executive  depart- 
ments, namely,  the  Secretaries  of  State,  the  Treasury,War. 


Cabiriau 

the  Navy,  tlie  Interior,  i  oiiimei  ce  and  i;.abor,  and  Agricul- 
ture, the  l*ostma«tel-Oeneral,  and  the  Att^jriiey-Oeneral, 
They  are  apiioint^^d  by  the  President,  by  and  wiib  the  nd- 
viee  and  consent  of  the  .Senat*-,  and  are  removable  at  the 
President's  pleasure.  They  have  as  a  iKjdy  no  legal  func- 
tions,but  bycustoni  meet  the  President  at  stated  tllne**  for 
coiiKiiltuti(,n.  The  t<-r[n  ral/irU't  is  also  sometimes  applied 
to  the  executive  coiinell  of  a  eoveriior  or  of  a  mayor. 

It  is  to  the  antagonism  between  the  court  and  the  ad. 
ministration,  between  the  curia  and  the  camera,  or  in 
modern  language  the  court  and  the  eabirwt,  that  many  ot 
the  constitutional  iiuarrebi  of  the  centiiiy  are  owing. 

.VtuhbH,  <;oli«t.  Hist.,  i  247. 

5.  A  meeting  or  session  of  a  cabinet  council. 
Cabinet  after  Cabinet  piissed  over,  and  no  mention  wa» 

ever  made  of  the  alfalrs  of  the  East,  Iht  one  day,  at  the 
end  of  a  Cabin':t,  Palmerst^ni,  In  the  most  easy,  iioiiclia- 
lant  way  Im.'igiiiable,  said  that  he  thought  It  right  to 
mention  that  lie  hail  been  a  long  time  engaged  in  nego- 
tiation upon  the  principles  agreed  upon  at  the  Cabitirt  at 
Windsor,  and  that  he  bad  ilrawii  up  a  Treaty  with  which 
it  was  nt  tliat  the  l.'abinet  should  be  aci|iiairiled, 

/Jrit.  l/Harlnrl<f  llec,  L.\.X.\III.  74, 

6.  A  piece  of  furniture  havingshelves  ordraw- 
ers,  or  both,  or  simply  cupboards  inclosed  with 
doors;  especially,  one  of  ornamental  character, 
decorated  with  carving,  inlaying,  painting, 
lacquer,  medallions  of  jiainted  porcelain,  or 
enamel  or  metal  appliques. 

I,/>ok 
\\'ithin,  in  my  blue  cabinet,  tor  the  pearl 
I  had  sent  me  last,  II.  Jtmiitm,  Catiline,  fl,  I, 

7.  Any  part  of  a  building,  or  one  or  more  whole 
buildings,  set  apart  for  the  conservation  of 
works  of  art,  antiquities,  etc. ;  hence,  by  me- 
tonymy, the  collection  itself:  as,  a  mineral 
cabinet. —  8.  In  jirinting,  an  inclosed  frame  for 
printers'  cases,  generally  used  for  jol>-t}-pe. — 

Cabinet  of  arms,  a  ilisplay  of  the  escutehi-ons,  together 
with  the  sword,  spurs,  and  the  like,  of  a  gentleman  after 
his  decease.  I  n  certain  parts  of  Europe  these  are  arranged 
in  a  frame,  and  hung  ujion  the  wall  of  a  church,  after  the 
funeral,  /ien-i/.— Kitchen  cabinet,  in  U.  S.  huii.,  a  co- 
terie of  intimate  friends  of  President  Jackson,  generally 
supposed  to  have  more  influence  with  him  duringhis  presi- 
deiiev(ls20-:)7)than  his  oltieial  advisers;  so  called  in  allu- 
sion to  their  private  and  familiar  status,  as  if  admitted  to 
the  White  House  through  the  kitchen. 

From  the  Kitchen  Cabinet  seems  to  have  come  the  flrat 
projiosition  to  make  the  "national  conventions,"  which  are 
customary  even  to  the  present  day,  .  .  .  the  cx|)onent»  ol 
the  "  will  of  the  people."   //.  ion //cW,  Const.  Hist.,  H. 38. 

II.  a.    1.  Confidential;  secret;  private. 
Others  still  gape  t'  anticipate 
The  cabinet  designs  of  Fat«. 

S.  Butler,  Hudlbraa,  II.  iU.  8*. 

2.  Relating  to  a  cabinet;  belonging  to  or  con- 
stituting a  body  of  ministers  of  state:  as,  a 
cabinet  minister;  a  cabinet  council. — 3.  Be- 
longing to  a  private  collection,  private  cellar, 
or  the  like,  and  therefore  presumably  of  supe- 
rior quality:  a.s,  cabinet  vdnes.  Hence  —  4.  Of 
such  size,  beauty,  or  value  as  to  be  kept  in  a 
cabinet,  or  to  be  fitted  for  use  in  a  private 
chamber:  as,  a  cabinet  edition  of  a  book:  a 
cabinet  organ;  a  cabinet  pianoforte;  a  cabinet 
picture;  cabinet  photographs — Cabinet connclL 
(ot)  Private  counsel ;  secret  advice. 

Tliose  are  cabinet  councils. 
And  not  to  be  communicated. 

Jlatsinger,  Duke  o<  Uilan,  U.  L 

(6)  (1)  A  council  held  with  privacy ;  the  confidential  coun- 
cil of  a  prince  or  an  executive  magistrate  ;  a  council  of  cab- 
inet ministers  held  with  privacy  to  deliberate  upon  pul)- 
lic  affairs.  (2)Tlio  mcmliers  of  a  privy  council;  a  select 
number  of  confldtntial  counselors;  specifically,  same  aa 
cabinet,  I.,  4.— Cabinet  file.  See //(-i.— Cabinet  organ, 
a  small,  portable  organ,  usually  a  reed-or,;aii  or  harmo- 
nium, 
cabinet  (kab'i-net),  V.  t.  [<  cabinet,  ».]  To  in- 
close in  or  as  in  a  cabinet.     [Rare.] 

This  Is  the  frame  of  most  men's  spirits. .  .  .  to  adore  the 
casket  ami  contemn  the  jewel  that  is  cabineited  in  it. 

Heictjt.  Sermons,  p.  87. 

cabinet-maker  (kab'i-net-ma'k6r),  n.  [<  cab- 
inet, (i,  +  tnaker."]  One  whose  occupation  is 
the  making  of  household  furniture,  such  as 
cabinets,  sideboards,  tables.  bed.steads,  etc. 

cabin-mate  (kab'in-mat),  n.  [(.cabin  +  mflfcl.] 
One  wiio  occupies  the  same  cabin  with  another. 
Beau,  and  Fl. 

cabir,  ».    See  calicr. 

Cabirean  (kab-i-re'an),  n.  [<  Cabiri  +  -«««.] 
( )iic  of  the  Cabiri. 

Cabiri  (ka-bi'ri).  h.  pih  [Less  prop.  Cabeiri ;  L. 
Cabiri,  <  Gr.  Kd,icipoi.'\  In  Gr.  antiq..  divini- 
ties of  Semitic  origin,  connected  with  volcanoes, 
and  hence  falling  into  the  category  of  the  deities 
of  fire  and  of  creative  life.  They  were  worshiped 
in  mysteries  cdebratetl  especially  in  the  islands  of  Lemnos, 
Iinbros.  and  Samothracc,  whence  their  cult  was  introduced 
into  other  jibu-i*.  r,  ^ 

Cabirian,  Cabiric  (ka-bir'i-an,  -ik),  a.  [<  Ca- 
biri +  -on,  -ic.'i  Pertaining  to  the  Cabiri  or 
their  worship:  hence,  strange  and.mysterioQs; 
occult.    Also  spelled  Cabeirian,  Cabeiric. 


Cabiritic 

Cabiritic  i  kab-i-rit'ik),  a.  Same  as  Cabiriayi. 
Also  spelled  Cabeiritic. 

cable  (ka'bl),  «.  [<  ilE.  cable,  cabel,  cabylle^i 
SID.  D.  MLG.  LG.  MHG.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  kabel  = 
leel.  kaJliall,  <  OF.  cable,  F.  cable  =  Sp.  cable 
=  Pg.  cabre  =  It.  cappio,  <  ML.  capulum,  cap- 
lum,  a  cable,  a  rope,  <  L.  capere,  take,  hold:  see 
capacious,  captive,  etc.]     If.  A  rope. 

Thogh  jelosie  be  hanj^ed  bi  a  cahU. 

Chaucer,  Complaint  of  Venus,  1.  33. 

SpecifieaUy — 2.  (a)  A  large,  strong  rope  or 
chain,  such  as  is  used  to  hold  a  vessel  at  an- 
chor. Ropes  made  of  hemp,  jute,  or  coir  were  universally 
used  in  former  times,  but  have  now.  except  in  small  ves- 
sels and  tishiiig-craft,  been  superseded  by  chains.  Chain 
cables  are  generally  composed  of  S  lengths  of  15  fathoms 
each,  fastened  together  with  shackles,  making  in  all  120 
fathoms.  .Swivels  are  inserted  in  the  different  lengths  to 
prevent  twisting.  Cables  are  also,  for  special  uses,  made 
of  wires  twuted  together.  (6)  See  submarine  cable, 
below,  (c)  The  traction-rope  of  a  cable-rail- 
road.—  3.  In  arcJi. :  (n)  A  molding  of  the  torus 
kind,  \rith  its  sui-face  cut  in  imitation  of  the 
twisting  of  a  rope.  (6)  A  cylindrical  molding 
inserted  in  the  flute  of  a  column  and  partly 
filling  it.— Endless  cable.  See  endless. — Nippering 
the  cable.  .Ste  nipper,  r.— Submarine  or  electric- 
tele^aph  cable,  a  cable  composed  of  a  single  wire  or 
a  strand  of  wires  of  pure  copper,  embedded  in  protecting 
substances  and  covered  externally  by  coils  of  coated  iron 
wire,  for  conveying  telegraphic  messages  inider  water. 
(See  ti-ie-jrai)h.)  The  copper  wire,  or  embedded  strand  of 
wires,  is  callecl  the  core,  and  is  insulated  by  layers  of  gutta- 
percha or  india-rubber,  each  layer  being  separated  from 
the  next  by  a  coating  of  resinous  matter.  The  insulating 
layers  are  generally  separated  from  the  outer  wires  by  a 
padiling  of  jute  or  hemp  saturated  with  tar  or  other  pro- 
tective substance.  One  wire  is  found  to  be  better  than  a 
strand  as  regards  conducting  i)ovver;  but  the  latter  is 
safer,  since  if  one  wire  breaks,  messages  can  still  be  con- 
veyed through  the  others. — To  bitt  the  cable  ('*(!»/.),  to 
wiud  it  around  the  bitts. — To  bring  a  chain  cable  to. 
See  brin/.  —  lo  bUOy  a  cable,  to  sujiport  it  by  lloats  to 
keep  it  clear  from  a  rocky  bottom,  or  to  indicate  l>y  means 
of  buoy  and  buoy-rope  the  place  where  its  cud  lies  when 
detached  from  the  ship.  — To  heave  a  cable  short.  See 
heare.—lo  nip  the  cable,  -"^ee  nip.  r.— To  Serve  a 
cable,  to  wind  rope  about  it  as  a  jirtdection  against  cliaf- 
iug.  -To  Blip  the  cable,  to  disconnect  it  from  the  ship 
and  let  it  run  out,  thus  freeing  tlu-  ship  from  her  anchor. — 
Wire  cables,  cables  formed  by  wires,  sometimes  twisted 
alMjut  each  rjtlier,  but,  when  used  for  suspension-bridges, 
more  commonly  laid  parallel,  bound  together,  wrapped 
with  canvas,  and  then  servcil,  or  wound  with  wire,  and 
painted.     Each  wire  is  separately  stretched  and  tested. 

cable  (ka'bl),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cabled,  ppr. 
cabling.  [<  cabk,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fasten 
with  a  cable. 

Cast  out  the  cabled  stone  upon  the  strand. 

J.  Dyer,  Heece,  ii. 

2.  In  arch.,  to  fill  (the  flutes  of  columns)  with 
cables  or  cyliadrieal  pieces. — 3.  [Cf.  eqiiiv. 
icire,  c]     To  transmit  by  a  telegrapli-eablc 

II.  intrans.     To  send  a  message  by  a  teli- 
gr.ipli-calilf. 

ca-ble-oend  (ka'bl-bend),  n.  Saul. :  (a)  A  small 
rop<'  I'oniK'rly  used  to  fasten  the  ends  of  a 
rope  fable  so  as  to  sei-iire  the  knot  by  which  it 
is  attai-lied  to  the  anchor-ring,  (i)  The  knot 
or  clinch  by  which  a  cable  is  attached  to  an 
anchor. 

cable-car  (ka'bl-ciir),  n.  A  car  used  in  a  cable- 
railmad. 

cable-carrier  (ka'bl-kar'i-6r),  «.     A  tub  or 

buckft  Kiispeiided  from  grooved  wheels  travel- 
ing on  a  cable,  or  dinelly  attaclied  lo  a  luov- 
ing  cable,  and  used  to  transport  sand,  minerals, 
or  heavy  materials  on  a  wire  ropeway.  See 
irircwai). 
cabled  (kii'bld),rt.  [<  cable,  n.,  +  -C(l-.'\  1.  Fas- 
tened or  «ii|)plieil  with  a  cable  or  cables. —  2. 
lu  arch.,  liaving  the  ornament  called  a  cable. 
~ Cabled  flute,  in  anh.,  a  llule  of  u  column  eontaliihiK  » 
cabl<'  moliliiig.     .See  calite,  ji.,  :i. 

cable-drilling   (ka'bl-dril'ing),   M.      Same   as 

rftjn  -ilrilhnq. 
cablegram  (kii'hl-grnm),  n.     [Im[>rop.  <   cable 
+  -nriiin,  as   in   lilii/ram.^     A  message  sent  by 
n  !•  |egi-nph-ejil>le;  ii  cuble-<leHpat<'li.   [(jolloq.] 

cable-gripper  (kii'bi-grlp'^T),  «.  A'«Mf.,  aJo- 
vie.  placed  over  ii  cable-well  to  prevent  the 
eald"  IroTii  niiinifig  (tu%. 

cablc-hatband  (kii'bl-hat'band),  ».  A  kind 
"'    '  I   eiiiiHisling  of  n  twiHtcd  cord,  worn 

'<  ritli  mill  Heventeenth  centuries,  and 

>!'  leni  uniforms. 

I  ii  1  I   ,ri  11  K'.M  rahlrhallianil,  llicn  now  como  up,  which 

'  *"" «  a  murrey  French  tint. 

It.  .litHMtin,  Kvery  .Man  ntii  of  IdM  Iluinonr. 

cable-hook  CVri'hl-hfik),  n.     \  gripping  di'viee 

for  liiiT   "  '  \\<'n  cable, 

cable-l.-ii  el),  n.     1.    A'rtU/.,  formed  of 

three   ~'  :    iilain-litid  or  ordinary  rope. 

Kupv  (i/r  cahlca  la  inado  In  this  wajr  so  u  to  Iw  mure  lin- 


Cable-laid  Rope. 


748 

pervious  to  water,  bnt  cable-laid  rope  is  about  30  per  cent. 

weaker  than  plain-laid  rope  of  the  same  size.    Hope  cables 

are  from  10  to  2G  inches  in  circum- 

ference. 

2.  Twisted  after  the  manner 

of  a  cable :  as,  a  cable-laid  gold 

chain. 

cable-molding  (ka '  bl  -  mol  '- 
ding),  II.     Same  as  cable,  3. 

cable-nipper  (ka'bl-nip  er),  n. 
A  de\ice  for  securing  to  a  ca- 
ble the  messenger  or  rope  by 
which  it  is  li.ttulled. 

cable-railroad  (ka '  bl  -  ral '  - 
rod),  II.  A  street-  or  other 
raili-oad  in  which  the  cars  are 
moved  hy  an  endless  cable 
traveling  in  a  small  tunnel 
imder  the  roadway,  and  kept 
in  motion  by  a  stationary  en- 
gine. Motion  is  communicated  to 
the  cars  by  means  of  a  gl-ip  extende<l  through  a  slot  in  the 
covering  of  the  tunnel,  and  so  arranged  as  to  be  under  the 
control  of  thebrakeman. 

cable-road  (ka'bl-rod),  ».     See  cable-railroad. 

cable-screw  (ka'bl-skro)-  "•  A  small  screw 
resfinliliug  a  twisted  cord,  useii  as  a  fastening 
for  the  soles  of  boots  and  siioes. 

cable's-length  (ka'blz-leugth),  n.  An  approx- 
imate measure  of  length,  regarded,  in  niano'u- 
vering,  as  100  fathoms  (tiOO  feet  =  about  -,'„  of  a 
nautical  mile)  ami  in  ordinary  use  as  120  fath- 
oms (720  feet  =  the  length  of  a  chain  or  rope 
cable). 

cable-stopper  (ka'bl-stop"er),  II.  Xauf.,  a  de- 
vice to  prevent  a  cable  fi-om  running  out.  it 
generally  consists  of  a  short  piece  of  stout  rope,  with  a 
hook  in  one  end  and  a  knot  or  toggle  in  the  other.  One 
end  is  hooked  to  a  ring-btdt  in  the  deck,  and  the  other  is 
lashed  to  the  cable.     .See  sloppei: 

cablet  (ka'blet),  n.  [Dim.  of  cable.  Cf.  F.  crf- 
b lot  and  cdbleau,  cablet.]  A  little  cable;  spe- 
cifically, any  cable-laid  rope  under  9  inches  in 
circumference. 

cable-tier  (kii'bl-ter),  »i.  The  place  in  the  hold 
ol'  11  sliip  where  rope  cables  are  stowed. 

cable-tire  (ka'bl-tir),  ».  A  large  rope  for  rais- 
ing weights. 

cable-tools  (ka'bl-tolz),  n.  pi.  Tools  used  in 
cable-iU'illing  or  rope-drilling.  The  length  of  the 
set  of  tools  attached  to  the  ro])c.  or  used  in  rope-drilling, 
in  Pennsylvania,  is  about  62  feet,  and  the  weiglit  nearly  a 
ton.  The  separate  parts  are  the  rope-socket,  sinker-bar, 
jars,  anger-stem,  and  bit. 

cableway  (ka'bl-wa),  ».  A  taut  wire  or  other 
cable  over  which  a  car  carrying  a  hanging  load 
rolls,  propelleil  by  a  hauling-ropo  or  otlier 
power. 

cabling  (ka'bling),  11.  [<  cahh;  n.,  3  (ft),  + 
-in<i^.\  1.  Tlie  fillingof  the  lliites  of  a  coluiiin 
with  cable-moldings.  Hence  —  2.  The  cable- 
moldings  tliemselvcs. 

Cablish  (kab'lish),  n.  [<  OF.  'cablis.  cliabli.<!, 
F.  chablis,  wind-fallen  wood  (ML.  cablicia)  (cf. 
equiv.  OF.  cable,  cuable,  pi.  enables,  equiv.  to 
chablis),K.  "cabler,  eliabli  r,  in  conip.  accabler,  cast 
down:  sco  aceablr.']  In  old  fonst  lair,  wind- 
fall wood;  wood  thrown  down  liy  tempestuous 
weather:  also  sometimes  applied  to  brushwood. 

cabman  (kab'man),  n.;  pi.  cabmen  (-men).  [< 
c«(*l  +  )«(/«.]     The  ilriver  of  a  cab. 

cabob,  kabob  (kil-bob'),  "•  [Anglo-Tnd.,  <  Pers. 
Icahmdi,  t.ihiiiih,  roast  meat,  <  kab,  an  ox.]  1. 
An  Oriental  <lish  consisting  of  small  jiioces  of 
beef  or  mutton,  seasoned  with  pepper,  sail,  gin- 
ger, etc.,  and  basted  with  mil  ami  garlic  while 
being  roasted  on  a  skewer  or  spit,  sweet  herlis 
being  sometimes  ])laced  between  the  pieces. 

CalMihx,  or  meat  roasted  In  small  pieces,  that  may  be  e:d 
without  dividing.     /'..c«rAr,  llcHcri|jtloii  of  the  Kast.  I.  in. 

2.  An  Anglo-Indian  nannt  for  roast  meat  in 
general.  Yule  and  lliirmll. — 3.  A  leg  of  mut^ 
ton  stuffed  with  white  heiTings  and  sweot  herbs. 
Wrifiht. 

Also  spelled  l.iilmh,  ciihob. 

cabob,  kabob  (kn-hob'),  i;.  /. ;  prot.  and  pp. 
vahohhid,  I'ldiolilird,  ]ipr.  eidiobbinij,  kabohhinif. 
[<  (vifto/i,  H.]  Til  make  caboli  of ;  roast,  ai  a  leg 
of  mutton,  with  savory  herbs,  spices,  etc.,  at  a 
quick  fire.  .SVr  'J'.  Herbert.  Also  spollod  kabab, 
cnhob. 

caboceer  (kab-o-ser'),  n.  [Prob.  <  I'g-  rahrcrira, 
tlie  lieiul.  chief,  <  cahe^fi.  the  head;  see  cri- 
bira.]  The  niiine  given  to  local  governors  in 
western  Africa  a])poinled  liy  the  king  over 
towns  or  districts. 

Komer  onci'  pi-epeil  in  at  an  open  ilimr,  and  foiiinl  an 
old  iwttrofalforfer  Hitting  nniong  Iweiily  thoilKand  fidiiilieN 
III  IiIn  prIvntA;  fellsh-nniRciiin.  .  .  .  pcrformliiK  Ui»  di-vo- 
tloiiK  b:  II.  Tylur,  l-rlni.  Culture,  II.  Ub. 


cabr§ 

cabochet,  ».  [<  OF.  caboehe,  the  head,  <  It.  ca- 
pocchia,  knob  of  a  stick,  etc.,  <  capo,  <  L.  caput, 
head.  As  a  fish-name,  cf.  cabos,  eel-pout,  MD. 
kubuys-hoofd,  the  bullhead,  from  the  same  ult. 
source;  OF.  cabot,  "the  gull-fish,  bullhead, 
miller's-thumb";  eabote,  "as  cabot;  or  (more 
properly)  a  gurnard"  (Cotgrave) :  see  caboshed, 
(■((ft/ini/et,  cabbage-,  and  cf.  the  E.  name  bull- 
head.] 1.  A  head.  See  cabbage^. — 2.  A  name 
of  the  miller's-thumb  or  bullhead. — 3.  A  tad- 
pole.    E.  D. 

caboched,  a.    See  caboshed. 

cabochon  (ka-bo-shon'),  ».  [F.  (=Sp.  cabujon 
=  Pg.  cabuchao),  <  caboehe,  head,  pate :  see  ca- 
boehe.'] A  fiolished  but  uncut  precious  stone. — 
En  cabochon,  in  the  style  of  a  cabochon,  that  is.  rounded 
convex  on  top,  and  Hat,  concave,  or  convex  on  the  back, 
without  facets.  Garnets,  turquoise,  moonstone,  cat's-eye, 
asteria,  and  other  gems  are  cut  in  this  form. 

cabocle  (ka-l^ok'le),  H.  The  Brazilian  name  of 
a  mineral  resembling  red  jasper,  fountl  in  the 
diamond-producing  sand  of  Bahia.  It  contains 
phosphoric  acid,  alumina,  lime,  baryta,  protoxid 
of  iron,  and  water. 

Cabomba  (ka-bom'ba),  n.  [Native  Guiana 
name.]  A  genus  of  aquatic  plants,  know^  as 
uatcr-shiclds,  of  the  natural  order  Sijinpha'aeea; 
with  small  shieUl-shaped  floating  leaves  and 
finely  ilissected  submerged  ones,  and  small 
triraerous  flowers.  There  .are  two  or  Ihrcc  species, 
natives  of  the  warmer  portions  of  America,  of  which  one 
species,  C.  CaroUniana,  is  found  in  stagnant  waters  along 
tile  southern  coast  of  the  United  States.  Vnhninbii  was 
formerly  classed  in  a  separate  family  Cahontbttccfv  with 
the  single  other  genus  HiidropcUis  or  Bravenia,  tlie  North 
American  water-shield.     See  Hydropdlis. 

caboodle  (ka-bo'dl),  ji.  [A  slang  term,  eon- 
.jcctiired  to  be  a  corruption  of  hit  and  hoodie: 
see  hoodh'^.']  Crowd;  pack;  lot;  company: 
used  only  with  whole:  as,  the  whole  cidioodle 
(that  is,  the  whole  number,  crowd,  or  quantity). 
[Slang.] 

It  would  not  even  make  me  raise  my  eyebrows  to  hear 
to-morrow  morning  that  the  whole  caboodle  had  been  sold 
out.  New  York  'Vinira,  Sept.  2,  1SS7. 

The  ichole  caboodle  came  out  and  fell  iiiion  me. 

Picayune  (New  Orleans),  P'eb.  23,  1S5S. 

cabook  (ka-biik'),  ».  The  name  given  in  Ceylon 
to  a  rock  which  is  there  extensively  used  as  a 
building-stone,  it  is  gneiss  in  a  peculiar  stage  of  de- 
composition, and,  although  soft  and  easily  quarried,  it 
hardens  on  exjiosure  to  the  air.  The  gneiss  contains 
much  magnetic  iron  disseminated  through  it,  and  it  is  the 
deeninposition  of  this  mineral  wliicti  gi\es  to  the  soil  tlic 
f<rni;;iiiiius  tinge  conspicuous  in  purls  of  Ceylon. 

cabooleat  (ka-bo'lc-at),  JI.  [<  Ilind.  lalmliijat, 
a  written  agreement,  <  kahiil,  consent.]  An 
agreement  made  between  the  Indian  govern- 
ment and  the  zemindars,  or  feudatory  landhold- 
ers, for  lli(>  farming,  management,  and  collcc- 
t  ion  of  the  revenue. 

caboose  (ka-bos'),  «.  [Also  eohoo.ie:  <  D.  kahni.t 
=  MLG.  kalinse,  LG.  kabnse,  kabiise  (>  G.  ka- 
buse)  =  Dan.  kabijs  =  Sw.  kabi/.ia ;  also  E.  <vmjj- 
bonse,  <  F.  eanilin.se,  <  D.  kiimhnis,  a  ship's  gal- 
ley, formerly  also  a  booth,  liut,  store-room; 
|ierliaps  from  saiiie  I'oot  as  cabin,  <].  v.]  1.  The 
cook-room  or  kitchen  on  shipboard;  a,  galley; 
specifically,  the  inclosed  lireplaco,  hearth,  or 
stove  used  for  cooking  on  small  vessels. 

The  lawn  is  studded  with  caboofcs.  over  one  of  which  a 
Councillor  may  be  seen  carefully  skiuimliig  the  water 
covering  his  twelve-pound  salmon. 

The  Cenliny.  .\.\VI.  r,.W. 

2.   A  car  for  the  use  of  the  conductor,  brake- 
men,  etc.,  on  a  freight-train.     [U.  S.] 
cabos  (ka-bos'),  JI.      [See  caboehe.']     A  liamo 

of  till-  eel-pout. 

caboshed,  caboched  (ka-boshf),  a.    [<  caboehe 

+  -ed-,  after  1'   catioehr,  <  caboehe,  a  Lead:  see 

caboehe,    fahhai/i"  ]      In    hir., 

represented  ilone  anil  atl'ronti'c 

said  of  tlio  head  of  a  stag  or  roo- 

biick  when  no  ]iai't  of  the  neck 

!•-'  SI  I'M.    Also  eaho.iDcd,  cabaged. 
cabossed  (ka-bost'^  a.     Satno 

ns  ealioshrd. 
cabot  (ka-bo';,  JI.    jF.  dial.]     A 

dry  measure  in  general  use  in 

the  island  of  .Jersey.    The  rnmll 

ral'iil,  imcil  tor  wheat,  Is  -j^  of  an  Kngllsh  bushel.    The 

/iiAjr  cfihol,  for  hurley,  'dr.,  is  itne  third  larger.    As  with 

the  tiUHliel.  ciinivaleiit  wclghtH  are  lined,  which  vary  with 

the  bnlkliiesH  of  the  material. 

cabotage  (kiib'o-ta.j),  w.  fl'.  (=  It.  cahollag- 
gio).  <  raholcr,  coast,  lit  go  from  cajie  to  capo, 
<  .Sp.  ralio,  cape;  se(uvi/»-, ]  Nant.,  navigatiou 
nliiMg  n  coiiHt ;  coiiHliiig-trade. 

cabre  (ka-bra'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  cahrer,  rear,  < 
OF.  cabre  (F.  chbvrc),  <  Sp.  cabra,  <  L.  capra,  a 


cabr^ 

she-goat,  fem.  of  cnpcr,  a  he-goat:  seo  caper^. 
Of.  mhrinlc.']  In  Acr.,  represented  as  rearing: 
saiil  of  a  horse. 

cabrerite  (ka-bre'rit),  «.  [<  Cabrera  (seo  def.) 
H-  -((£'2.]  A  hydrous  arseniate  of  nickel  and 
magnesium,  occurring  \n  fibrons  or  grannlar 
masses  of  an  apple-green  color:  first  found  in 
the  Sierra  Cabrera,  Spain. 

cabrilla  (ka-bril'a;  Sp.  pron.  ka-bre'lyii),  n. 
[Sp.,  a  (ish  (see  def.  («)),  a  prawn,  also  a  little 
goat,(liin.of  c'(6m,agoat:  see caper^ .}  Anamo 
of  ccrtiiia  serninoid  lislies.  («)  In  Spain,  Serramis 
r'lhriUit.  :'.  lisli  of  tin-  Mrdifn  riinean.  iice  Serranun.  (/;) 
J^piiirph'-liis  (iijinn/ii.^,  a  lisli  nf  a  brown  color,  with  rouml 
<larU  Kinits  and  two  largo  black  ones  at  tho  baso  of  the 
S]lini)us  ilorsal  fin,  partly  exteiulin;;  on  tlie  tin,  ami  with  a 
few  ronntled  pale  spots  on  the  Ijody,  and  all  tlie  flns  spot- 
ted. It  is  eonunon  in  tile  ('arii)l)ean  sea  and  alon^'  the 
Florida  coast,  and  is  an  excellent  food-lisli.  (<;)  I'antta- 
bmx  c'athratHf;,  a  grayish-^reeu  fish  with  oliscnre  broad 
dusky  streaks  and  bars  whicli  form  reticulations  on  the 
sides,  and  shaded  with  dark  color  along  the  middle  of  the 
sides.     It  aliounds  along  the  s<nithern  coast  of  California. 

cabriolet  (kab'ri-61),  n.    Same  as  capriole. 

cabriolet  (kab-ri-o-la'),  11.  [=  Ct.  ka.briolet  = 
Bohem.  kahrioletka,  etc.,  <  F.  cabriolet,  dim.,  < 
cabriole,  a  leap :  see  capriole.  Now  shortened  to 
cah :  seo  Cff&l.]  Properly,  a  covered  one-horse 
carriage  with  two  wheels  :  now  often  made  with 
four  wheels  and  a  calash  top.     See  cn/'l. 

cabrit  (kab'rit),  n.  [<  Sp.  cabrito,  a  Idd,  =  OF. 
cabrit,  F.  cabri,  a  kid,  =  Pr.  cahril,  <  ML.  cajiri- 
iiis,  a  goat,  <  L.  caper,  a  goat.]  A  name  of  the 
American  pi'onghorn,  Antilocapra  americana. 

cabrite  (kab'rit),  n.  [NL.  Cabrita,  appar.  < 
S]).  cabrita,  a  she-kid,  kidskin  dressed,  fem.  of 
cabrito,  a  kid,  tlim.  of  cabra,  a  goat.]  A  lizard 
of  the  family  Lacertidee,  Cabrita  leschnoidti, 
with  the  lower  eyelid  partly  transparent  and 
movable.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  central  and 
southern  India. 

cabrouet  (kab-ro'et),  n.  [Appar.  a  modification 
of  cabriolet,  q.  v.]  A  kind  of  cart  used  on  sugar- 
plantations  in  the  southern  United  States. 

cab-stand  (kab'stand),  n.  A  place  where  cabs 
stand  for  hire. 

caburet,  "•  A  small  Brazilian  owl,  the  eholiba 
of  Azara,  the  Scops  brasiliensis  of  modern  nat- 
uralists,    [Not  in  use.] 

caburnt  (kab'em),  «.  [Ongm.  rmknown ;  said 
to  be  connected  with  cable.l  JS'ant.,  a  small 
line  made  of  spun-yam,  to  bind  cables,  seize 
tackles,  etc. 

cacagoguet  (kak'a-gog),  n.  [<  Gr.  kokkI],  excre- 
ment, +  (ijujiif,  drawing,  leading,  <  ayeiv,  drive, 
lead.]  An  ointment  made  of  altmi  and  honey, 
applied  to  the  anus  to  produce  evacuation. 

cacain  (ka-ka'inj,  «.  [<.  cacao  +  -in'i.l  In  ckem., 
the  essential  principle  of  cacao. 

Cacalia  (ka-ka'li-ii),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Kanalia,  a 
plant  not  identified,  perhaps  colt's-foot.]  A 
genus  of  Compositcc,  nearly  related  to  Senecio, 
■with  which  it  is  sometimes  united,  but  mostly 
of  different  habit.  The  species  are  white-flowered 
perennials,  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia  ;  nine  are 
found  in  tlie  eastern  United  States.  Commonly  known  as 
IniUitK  jil'intain. 

cacam  (kak'am),  n.  [^Ai.  Heb.  Mialxliam.']  A 
wise  man:  an  official  designation  among  the 
Jews,  s.ynonymous  with  rabbin.     Coles,  1717. 

They  have  it  [the  Law]  stuck  in  the  jambs  of  their  dores, 
and  covereu  with  glasse  ;  written  by  their  cacams,  and 
signed  with  the  names  of  God. 

Sandt/s,  Travailes  (1662),  p.  114. 

ihe  Talmud  is  stuffed  with  the  traditions  of  their  Rab- 
Dins  and  Cacams.  '      Howell,  Letters,  ii.  s. 

cacao  (ka-ka'6),  n.  [=  D.  Dan.  Sw.  G.  Euss., 
etc.,  lcal-ao=F.  cacao  =  It.  caccao,  <  Sp.  cacao  = 
Pg.  cacao,  cacau,  <  Mex.  cacauatl,  cacao  (accord- 
ing to  Seiior  Jesus  Sanchez,  orig.  a  Nahuatl 
word).  Cf.  Sp.  cacaliual,  cacaotal  =  Pg.  ca- 
caual,  a  plantation  of  ehocolate-trees;  Pg.  ca- 
caueiro  =  F.  cacaoijer,  a  chocolate-tree.  See 
cocoa'^.'\  The  chocolate-tree,  Theobroma  Cacao. 
natiu'al  order  Sterculiacece.  The  cacao  is  a  small 
evergreen  tree,  from  16  to  40  feet  high  when  growing  wild, 
a  native  of  tropical  America,  and  much  cultivated  there 
and  to  some  extent  in  Asia  and  Africa.  Its  fruit  is  a  some- 
what pear-shaped  pointed  pod,  10-furrowed,  from  5  to  10 
inches  long,  and  contains  numerous  large  seeds  embedded 
in  a  sweet  pulp.  TheSe  seeds  are  very  nutritive,  contain- 
ing 50  per  cent,  of  fat,  are  of  an  agreeable  flavor,  and  are 
used,  both  in  their  fresh  state  and  when  dried,  as  an  arti- 
cle of  food.  The  seeds  when  roasted  and  divested  of  their 
husks  and  crushed  .are  known  as  cocoa-nibs.  These  are 
ground  into  an  oily  paste,  and  mixed  with  sugar  and  fla- 
voring matters,  to  make  chocolate,  the  most  important 
product  of  the  cacao.  (.See  chocolate.)  Cocoa  consists  of 
the  nilis  alone,  either  unground  or  ground,  dried,  and 
powdered,  or  of  the  crude  paste  dried  in  flakes.  Broma 
<;onsists  of  the  dry  powder  of  the  seeds  .after  a  thorough 
expression  of  the  oil.  A  decoction  is  also  made  from  the 
husks  alone,  under  the  name  of  cocoa-fittelln.  These  sub- 
stances, containing  the  alkaloid  theobromine,  analogous 


Fniitint;  Br.ii)ch  of  C.-1C.10  (  Theobroma 
Cacao). 


749 

to  thein  and  cafTcin,  arc  very  extensively  used  as  fluhati- 
tutes  for  tea  and  coffee.    Tho  oil  from  the  Becds,  called 

cacao-lmtter,  is 
solici  at  ordinary 
temperatures, and 
lias  a  pleasant 
odcn-  alKl  clioco- 
late-Iike  taste.  It 
is  used  for  sup- 
positmics,  andfor 
making  soap,  po- 
inatuiii.s,  etc. 

cacao  -  butter 

(ka-kil'o-bul: 

or),     „.      T)i' 

oil     expressed 

from  the  seeds 

of  tho  choco- 
late-tree, 77(60- 

broma    Cacao. 

Seo  cacao. 
cacao-nut  (ka- 

kiX'o-nut),  n. 

Tho    fruit    of 

tho  TJicobroma 

Cacao.  See  ca- 
cao. 
cacatedt,  a.  [< 

L.  caeatus,  pp. 

otcaeure:  seecaci'l.]    Defiled  with  excrement. 

If  your  grace  please  to  be  cakated,  say  so. 
Midtlleton,  Slassinger,  and  Kowloj,  The  Old  Law,  v.  1. 

cacatory  (kak'a-to-ri),  a.     [<  NL.  cacatorius, 

<  Ii.  as  if  '"cacator,  <  cacare,  pp.  cacatu.'s:  see 
fv((/:l.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  the 
dischai'ge  of  excrement  from  the  bowels. — 
Cacatory  fever,  a  kind  of  intermittent  fever  aecom- 
paiiinl  liy  copious  alvine  discharges. 

Cacatua  (kak-ji-tu'a),  n.     [NL.  (Vieillot,  1818), 

<  Malay /,■«/.•((?««.•  see  cockatoo.']  Agcnusof  par- 
rots, of  the  family  Psittuciihc  and  subfamily  Ca- 
catuiiite,  containing  the  tyi)ical  cockatoos.  The 
species  are  of  rather  large  si/e"fur  this  family,  with  short, 
square  tails,  and  a  beantiinl  erectile  crest:  white  is  the 
usual  color,  the  crest  being  tinged  with  yellow  or  rosy. 
There  arc  upward  nf  14  spnies.  all  Ka-st  linilan,  Papuan,  or 
Australian.  C  ffiibiiti/  is  the  large  siiliihnr-crcsted  cocka- 
too; C.  siUpJiurea,  tlie  smaller  snlpbiir-erested  ;  other  spe- 
cies are  C.  diicorj^ai,  C.  leadhcaterl,  and  C.  rosricapilln.  In 
Cacatua  proper  there  is  only  one  carotid  artery,  an  anom- 
aly in  this  group  of  birds.  Also  later  called  Pli/ctolophu.^. 
.^ee  cut  under  cockatoo. 

Cacatuidae  (kak-a-tii'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
catua +  -idw.]  The  cockatoos  as  a  separate 
family  of  birds.     See  Cacatuinw. 

Cacatuinae  (kak"a-tu-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
catua +  -(■««.]  The  cockatoos,  a  subfamily  of 
Psittacidie,  represented  by  Cacatua.  They  have 
the  orbital  ring  completely  ossified,  a  bony  bridge  over 
the  temporal  fossa,  the  left  carotid  artery  normal,  and 
no  ambiens  muscle.  They  are  birds  of  medium  and  large 
size,  with  greatly  hooked  bills,  short  square  tails,  and  an 
erectile  crest.  Besides  the  genus  Cacatua  and  its  sub- 
divisions, containing  the  white  cockatoos,  this  group  in- 
cludes Cahii'tnr]iiini-huK,  the  lilaek  cockatoos,  and  Micro- 
rjlossa,  cockatoos  with  very  large  bills  and  slender  tongues. 
All  are  included  In  the  geographical  range  given  iorCaat- 
tua.  The  subfamily  is  sometimes  raised  to  the  .-ank  of  a. 
family  under  the  name  of  Caeatuidce.  Also  ealled  Ph/c- 
tolojduntp. 

Caccabina;  (kak-a-bi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (G.  R. 
Gray,  1855),  <  Caecabis  +  -ince.']  A  subfamily 
of  gallinaeeans,  of  the  family  Tciraotiidw  or 
Perdicida',  tyiiified  by  the  genus  Caecabis;  the 
rock-partridges  of  the  old  world.  Besides  the  sev- 
eral species  of  Caecabis,  this  group  includes  Lenoa  nini- 
cola  of  Tibet,  and  the  Asiatic  species  of  TctrangaUttx. 
The  term  is  not  much  used,  the  species  being  generally 
associated  with  the  Perdidnce. 
Caecabis  (kak'a-l)is),  n.  [NL.  (Kaup,  1829),  < 
Gr.  KaKmjiic,  another  form  of  KOKKafir/  (usually 

called  7:ip6i^),  a 
partridge.  Cf. 
cacldci  Agenus 
ofold-woi'ldpar- 
tridges,  some- 
times giving 
name  to  a  sub- 
family Cacca- 
Irince;  the  tj-pi- 
cal  roek-par- 
tridges.  Csaxati- 

tin,  C.  ru/a,  and  C. 
jKtrosa  are  Euro- 
pean species;  oth- 
ers inhabit  north- 
ern Africa  and 
Asia,  C.  rufa  is  the 
common  red-legged 
pprtridge ;  C.  petro. 
so  is  the  Barbary 
]).artridge. 

Cacchet,  ''•     -^  Middle  English  form  of  catcliK 
cachEemia,  cachsemic.    See  cachemia,  cachemii.. 
cachalot  (kach'-  or  kash'a-lot),  it.     [Also  cach- 
alot;  F.  cachalot,  Sp.  caehalote,  Russ.  kasha- 
lotii,  G.  kaschalot,  kaschclot,  Sw.  kaschclot,  Dan. 


■r  ^^=  •■,<;- 
Red-lejged  Partridge  [Caccaiis  ru/a). 


cachibou 

ka^kelot,  T).  Jcazilot;  of  unknown  origin,  per- 
haps Eskimo:  cf.  "Greenland  kitjiitiiik"  (Web- 
ster's Diet.).  J'rench  etymologists  derive  tho 
F.  word  from  tho  E.,  and  that  from  Catalan 
quichal,  tooth,  "because  tho  animal  is  armed 
with  teetli."]  1.  A  name  of  tho  spcnn-wliale, 
Physclcr  or  Catodon  macrocephalus,  a  largo, 
toothed  cetacean  of  the  famiu-  PhijKCterida:  or 
Ciitoilontidm,  liaving  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw,  and 
an  enormous  blunt  head,  in  a  cavity  of  which 
sjii  rmaccti  is  contained,  and  sometimes  attain- 
ing a  length  of  80  feet.  The  cachalot  is  KvewrXum, 
going  in  herds  sunielimes  of  several  hundred  imllvidualB, 
and  feeds  elllcMy  on  cephalopods.  The  mouth  contains  no 
whalebone.  The  blubber  yields  the  fine  oil  known  a» 
epenn-oil,  and  anibifrgriH.  a  kinrl  of  bez/jar,  is  found  in  the 
alimentary  canal.  .See  cut  nnrier  Plo/H^-ttir. 
2.  pi.  Tho  sperm-whales  as  a  family  of  ceta- 
ceans ;  the  PlnjHctcriiUe.  [In  this  sense  the  word 
is  chiefly  a  book-name.] 
cache'^  (kash),  ii.  [F.,  <  cach4ir^  hide,  <  L.  co- 
arlare,  press  together,  constrain,  force,  freq. 
of  cor/ere,  constrain,  force:  see  cogent.  Tho 
term  was  adopted  into  E.  from  the  speech  of 
the  Canadian  voyageurs  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
country.]  1.  A  place  of  concealment,  esj)eciaf- 
ly  in  the  ground  or  under  a  cairn. —  2.  A  store 
of  provisions  or  other  tilings  deposited  in  such 
a  i^lace  of  concealment,  for  present  convenience 
or  for  future  use. 

After  breakfast  I  started  across  the  floe  for  Cape  Biley, 
to  bring  on  board  my  cache  of  Monday  lajit. 

It.  SrConnick,  Arctic  and  Antarctic  Voyages,  1.  90. 

Greater  care  slioidd  be  taken  in  the  caching  of  pro- 
visions, for  freijuently  in  Lieutenant  Greely's  book  men- 
tion is  made  of  a  cache  found,  either  partially  devoured 
by  bears,  wolves,  or  foxes,  or  rendered  uneatable  !)y  mould. 
Westminster  itev.,  CXJCV.  485. 

cachel  (kash),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cached,  ppr. 
eacliiiKj.  [<  cached,  »i.]  To  conceal,  generally 
by  burying  in  the  ground  or  under  a  cairn. 

We  left  Irving  Bay  on  the  30tli  of  June,  cachinfj  all  our 
heavy  stuff  in  order  to  lighten  the  sled  as  much  as  pos- 
sible. \Y.  II.  allder,  .Schwatkas  Search,  p.  131. 

Spear  and  aiTOW  heads  have  been  found  cached. 

Smittisonian  lieport,  1881,  p.  661. 

cache-t,  «?.  A  Middle  English  form  of  catch'^. 
t  'JKi  m'(  r. 

cachectic  (ka-kek'tik),  a.  [<  L.  cachectict^,  < 
Gr.  jMxi:iiTiK6c;<.  Haxt^ia,  cachexy:  see  cachexy.'] 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  cache.X5'. 

MLss  Letty  was  altogether  too  wholesome  ...  a  young 
girl  to  be  a*  model,  according  to  the  flal-eliesled  and  ea- 
cfiertic  pattern.  0.  W.  Ilolmes,  Elsie  Venner,  xvil. 

cachectical  (ka-kek'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  ca- 
chectic. 

Young  and  florid  blood  rather  than  vapid  and  cachtdi- 
cal.  Arbuthnut,  Effects  of  Air. 

cachelcoma  (kak-el-ko'ma),  n. ;  pi.  cachelco- 
mata  (-ma-tii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kandr,  bad,  +  'cXku- 
fta,  sore,  iUcer,  <  iXKovv,  ulcerate,  <  e'/jio^  =  L. 
idcus,  ulcer:  seo  idcer.'\  A  foul  or  malignant 
ulcer. 

cachemia  (ka-ke'rai-U),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  kokot, 
bad,  -I-  a'(fia,  blood.]  A  morbid  state  of  the 
blood.     Also  spelled  cachannia. 

cachemic  (ka-ke'mik),  a.  [<  cachemia  +  -ic] 
Afllicted  with  cachemia.  Also  spelled  cacha-mic. 

cachemire  (kash'mer),  n.  A  French  spelling 
of  cashmere. 

cache-pot  (kash'pot),  n.  [<  F.  crichcr,  hide,  + 
pot,  pot.]  An  ornamental  pot  or  covering  for 
concealing  a  common  flower-pot  containing 
plants  kept  in  an  apartment. 

cachet  (ka-sha'),  H.  [F.,  <  cachcr,  hide:  see 
caclie^,  H.]  A  seal.— Lettre  de  cachet,  in  French 
ltist.,n  letter  or  order  under  seal;  a  private  letter  of  state  : 
aname  given  especially  to  a  written  order  proceeding  from 
and  sigiied  by  the  king,  and  countersigned  bya  secretary  of 
state,  and  used  at  first  as  an  occasional  means  of  delaying 
the  course  of  justice,  but  later,  in  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries,  as  a  warrant  for  the  imprisonment 
without  trial  of  a  person  obnoxious  for  any  reji.«on  to  the 
government,  often  for  life  or  for  a  long  i>eriod.  and  on 
frivolous  pretexts.  Lcttrcs  de  cachet  were  abolished  at 
the  Revolution. 

cachexia  (ka-kek'si-a),  H.  [NL. :  see  cachery.'i 
Same  as  cachcj-;/. 

cachexy  (ka-kek'si),  «.  [<  NL.  cncheria,  <  Gr. 
Kaxci'a.  <  Mkcif,  bad.  +  i:ic,  habit,  <  i  j-ffi',  have.] 
A  morbid  condition  of  the  body,  resulting 
either  from  general  disease  (as  syphilitic  ca- 
chexy) or  from  a  local  disease — Negro  cachexy, 
a  propensity  for  eating  dirt,  peculiar  to  the  natives  of  the 
"West  Indies  and  .Africa. 

cachibou  (kash'i-bo),  n.  [Native  name.]  An 
aromatic  resin  obtained  from  Bursera  gtimmi- 
fera,  a  tree  of  the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  and 
Central  America.  It  resembles  caraima.  from 
an  allied  tree  of  the  same  region.  Also  called 
chibou. 


cachinnation 

cachinnation  (kak-i-na'shon),  H.  [<  L.  cachin- 
)iatio(ii-).  <  cuchinnare,  pp.  cachinnatus,  laugh 
loudly  or  immoderately ;  imitative,  Mie  Gr.  m- 
Xa^eii',  K<r)xaicii',  and  Koj^a/dr,  and  AS.  ceahhe- 
taii,  of  same  sense.  Cf.  E.  cacl-le,  gaggle,  gig- 
gle, chuckle,  and  cough.']  Loud  or  immoderate 
laughter. 

Hideous  grimaces  .  .  .  attended  tliis  unusual  cochin- 
7iation,  Scott,  Guy  Mannering. 

A  sharp,  dry  cachintiation  appealed  to  his  memory. 

Haicthome,  T^riee-Told  Tales. 

cacMnnatory  (ka-kin'a-to-ri),  «.  [<  L.  cuchin- 
nare: see  cachinnation. '\  Of  or  pertaining  to 
cachinnation ;  relating  to  or  consisting  in  loud 
laughter. 

To  wliich.  of  course,  I  replied  to  the  best  of  my  cochin- 
nat'jrif  powers.  Bulicer,  Pelham,  xxxn. 

cacholong  (kash'o-long),  «.  [Said  to  be  <  Cacli, 
the  name  of  a  river  in  Bokhara,  +  Kalmuck 
cholong,  stone.]  A  variety  of  opal,  often  called 
pearl-opal,  usually  milk-white,  sometimes  giay- 
ish-  or  yeUowish-white,  in  color,  and  opaque  or 
slightly  translucent  at  the  edges.  It  often  envelops 
common  chalcedony,  the  two  minerals  being  imited  by  in- 
sensible shades. 

cacholot,  ".     See  caclialof. 

cachou(ka-sh6'),  H.  [F. :  see oas/ieir.]  Asweet- 
meat,  generally  in  the  form  of  a  pill,  made  of 
the  extracts  of  licorice,  cashew-nut,  gum,  etc.. 
used  by  tobacco-smokers  and  others  to  sweeten 
the  breath. 

cachuclia  (ka-cho'cha),  n.  [Sp.  (>  Pg.  cacliu- 
cha),  a  dance,  also  a  land  of  cap,  also  (in  Amer- 
ica) a  small  boat.]  1.  A  Spanish  dance  simi- 
lar to  the  bolero. —  2.  A  musical  piece  in  triple 
rhj-thm,  like  the  bolero. 

cachunde  (ka-chon'de),  71.  [Sp.,  =  Pg.  eachoii- 
rfc]  A  medicine  composed  of  many  aromatic 
ingredients  (musk,  amber,  cutch,  mastic,  aloes, 
rhubarb,  etc.),  highly  celebrated  in  India  and 
China  as  an  antidote,  stomachic,  and  antispas- 
modic. 

CaciCUS  (kas'i-kus),  n.  [Nli.  (Cuvier,  1799- 
IsOO).  <  cticique,  q.  v.  Cf.  Vassicus.'i  1.  A 
genus  of  American  oscine  passerine  birds, 
the  caciques,  of  the  family  Icteriila;  compre- 
hending numerous  species  of  Mexico  and  Cen- 
tral and  South  America,  typical  forms  of  which 
have  a  large  bill,  very  stout  at  tlie  base,  rising 
upon  the  forehead  somewhat  like  a  casque. 
Such  are  C.  persicus  (Linnteus)  and  ('.  hwmor- 
rltous  (Liimieus).  Now  usually  spelled  Cassi- 
cus. —  2.  A  genus  of  Coleoptera,  of  the  family 
Melasomiflte. 

cacique  (ka-sek'),  n.  [=  F.  cacique,  <  Sp.  Pg. 
ciiciijiir,  of  Haj'tian  origin.]  1.  The  title  of 
native  princes  or  head  chiefs  of  Hayti,  Cuba, 
Peru,  Sle.xico,  and  other  regions  of  America, 
who  were  foimd  reigning  there  when  these 
countries  were  discovered  bj'  the  Spaniards. 
Also  applied  to  the  chiefs  of  independent  tribes 
of  Indians  in  modem  times. —  2.  In  the  Funda- 
mental Constitutions  of  Carolina,  1GG9,  a  digni- 
tary of  the  next  rank  to  the  landgraves.  There 
were  to  be  two  in  each  county. — 3.  A  bird  of 
the  genus  <'acicu.i  (wliich  see). 
Also  written  cansii/ue,  caziquc,  casic. 

cack*  (kak),  r.  (.  [Also  cackij,  cackic;  <  ME. 
cakken  =  I),  kakken  =  LG.  kackcn  =  G.  kackcn 
=  Dan.  kakkf  ;  prob.,  like  It.  cacare  =  Sp.  cagar 
=  Bohem.  kakali  =  Pol.  kakac,  <  L.  cacare  =  Ur. 
KOKmi',  of  same  sense.]  To  ease  the  body  by 
stool.     I'o/ic. 

cack'  (kak),  n.  [iUso  cackij,  cackic;  <  caek"^,  v. 
Cf.  OK.  caca,  excrement.]  Human  excrement: 
usually  in  the  plural.     [Scotch.] 

Cack-  (kak),  H.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  shoe- 
iiiak'Ts'  name  for  an  infant's  slioe. 

cackerelt  (kak'ir-el),  «.  [<  OF.  caqucrcl,  ca- 
gari  t,  (laid  l<>  he  from  same  rout  as  cuck^  (OP. 
rncit,  n.).]  A  fifth  which  was  said  to  void  ex- 
crements when  pursued;  according  to  some,  a 
li-li  which  when  caleii  ]iroduces  laxness  of  tue 
1m,.vi1s.     Skinner:  •fiilinni>n. 

cackle  (kak'i),  r.  iiikI  «.     Same  as  cack^. 

cackle  (kak'l),  r.  i. ;  iirct.and  ]>]i.  ciickhrl,  ppr. 
"'■"."'/.  [<  ME.  crikelen,  cakl'n  =  I),  kakvlcn 
. .  kakelcn,  LO.  kiikcln  =  ft.  kahln  =  Hw. 
-  Dim.  kagle,  cackle,  gngglc ;  closely 
'  "  '/aggie  =:M.  i/iifigelen —  ('•  gackein, 
II'  ■  gnekmn,  caiklc,  cry  liki'  a  goose 
'■'  II.  cfuiarear  =  I'g'  eacarejnr,  oni-kle, 
"  iiiw,  as  a  i''i'k.  All  imilalivr';  cf. 
'"  'mI  wordx  there  mentioned,  cn|i. 
."■'  See  also. vW-l.l     l.Toult.r 

"  '  II  of  thill,  shrill,  broken  notcH: 

»|M-.  ill.  ;iny  II I  of  the  cry  made  by  »  hen  afler 


750 

laying  an  egg  or  by  a  goose  when  excited  or 
alarmed. 

Those  Spanish  Creoles,  however  they  may  afterwards 
cackle,  like  to  lay  their  plans  noiselessly,  like  a  hen  in  u 
barn.  G.  W.  Cable,  Old  I'reole  Days,  p.  94. 

When  every  goose  is  cacklinfj.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  i. 

2.  To  laugh  with  a  broken  noise  like  the  cack- 
ling of  a  goose  ;  giggle. 

Xic  grinned,  cockled,  and  laughed  till  he  was  like  to  kill 
himself.  Arbuthnot,  John  Bull. 

3.  To  prate;  prattle;  tattle;  talk  in  a  sUly 
manner.     Johnson. 

cackle  (kak'l),  ».  [<  cackle,  c]  1.  The  shrill 
repeated  cry  of  a  goose  or  hen. 

The  silver  goose  before  the  shining  gate 
There  flew,  and  by  her  cackle  savd  the  state. 

Dryden,  .Eneid,  \iii.  872. 
2.  Idle  talk;  silly  prattle. 

There  is  a  buzz  and  cackle  all  round  regarding  the  ser- 
mon. Thackeraxi,  Newcomes,  I.  xi. 

cackler  (kak'ler),  )(.  1.  A  fowl  that  cackles. 
—  2.  One  -who  giggles. —  3.  A  telltale;  a  tat- 
tler.    Jiihnson. 

cackling-cheatt,  ».   A  chicken.    [Old  slang.] 

cacky  (kak'i),  i:  and  «.     Same  as  cack^. 

caco  (ka-ko'),  n.  A  Brazilian  mining  term  for 
the  sugary  quartz  found  in  some  gold-veins. 

caco-.  [L.  etc.  caco-,  <  Gr.  kokoc,  bad.]  An 
element  in  some  words  of  Greek  origin,  mean- 
ing bad. 

cacocholia  (kak-o-ko'li-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KOKdc, 
liad.  -¥  xo''l-  bile.]    A  morbid  state  of  the  bile. 

cacocholyt  (ka-kok'o-li),  n.   Same  as  cacocholid. 

cacochylia  (kak-o-kil'i-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka*.di , 
bad,  -f-  xf'^'or,  juice:  see  chyle.'\  Indigestion  or 
depraved  chylifteation. 

cacochylyt  (ka-kok'i-li),  H.    Same  as  cacochylia. 

cacochymia  (kak-o-kim'i-ii),  «.  [NL.,  also  in 
E.  form  ciicochymi),  <  Gr.  Kaaoxviiia,  <  kukoi;,  bad, 
+  xww,  juice:  see  chyme]  A  morbid  state  of 
the  fluids  of  the  body;  "abundance  of  coiTujit 
himiors  in  the  body,  caused  by  bad  nourish- 
ment, or  by  ill  digestion"  (E.  rhillips,  1706). 

cacochymic  (kak-o-kim'Lk),  a.  and  h.  [<  caco- 
elii/iiiiii  -h  -ic.l  I.  a.  Ha\'ing  the  fluids  of  the 
body  vitiated,  especially  the  blood. 

II.  II.  A  dyspeptic;  one  suffering  from  caco- 
ch\'mia. 

cacodemon,  cacodaempn  (kak-o-de'mon),  n. 

[ML.  cacodaition,  an  evil  spii'it,  <  Gr.  KaKooaiuuv, 
possessed  of  an  e\nl  spirit,  also  (as  a  noun)  an 
evil  spirit,  <  KoKdr,  bad,  e%-il,  +  liai/iuv,  spii-it, 
demon.]     1.  An  e\'il  spirit ;  a  de^Hl. 

Hie  thee  to  hell  for  shame,  and  leave  this  world, 
Thou  cacmlecin'm!  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  .'1. 

2.  In  mcih,  the  nightmare. — 3.  In  astrol.,  the 
twelfth  house  of  a  scheme  or  figure  of  the 
heavens:  so  called  from  its  signifying  dread- 
ful things,  such  as  secret  enemies,  great  losses, 
imprisonment,  etc.     E.  I'liillijis,  170G. 

cacodemonial  (kak'o-de-mo'ni-al),  a.  [<  cacn- 
(li  1111)11  -h  -i-(il.}  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic 
of  a  caiodcmon  or  evil  spirit. 

cacodemonize  (kak-o-de'mon-iz),  V.  t.;  pret. 
and  pji.  ciicodcinonized,  ppr.  cacodcmonizing. 
[<  cacodemon  +  -ize.']  To  tmii  info  a  cacode- 
mon.    Soutliey. 

cacodoxical  (kak-o-dok'si-kal),  a.  [<  cacodoxy 
-f  -iciiL]     Krroneous;  heretical. 

cacodoxy  (kak'o-dok-si),  11.;  pi.  cacodoxie.t 
(-siz).  [<  Gv.  naiioihi^ia,  heterodoxy,  wrong  opin- 
ion. <  KaiM')iiii)r,  heterodox,  <  hiiKAr,  bad,  +  o"i'«. 
opinion,  doctrine]  A  fiilse  or  wrong  opinion 
or  opinions;  erroneous  doctrine,  especially  in 
malti'i's  of  nligion;  heresy. 

cacodyl,  cacodyle  (kak'o-dil,  -dil),  «.    [<  Gr. 

KaKuih/r,  having  a,  bad  smell  «  KnaAr,  Vind,  + 
AC"i',  smell),  -(-  v'/.r/,  matter.]  Dimethyl  ar- 
sine,  As(Cn;j)o,  a  metalloid  radical,  a  com- 
pound of  arsenic,  hydrogen,  and  carbon.  It 
was  first  obtained  In  a  Hcpariite  state  an  dlcacodyl,  Aso 
(CH:i>,|,  by  Iliinsen  in  lb.'17,  and  fonncd  the  seconil  in- 
Htaiii'e  of  the  iHulutlon  of  a  cninpoiiiid  ladlial,  that  of  ey- 
aiini:i-n  by  lIiiy-l.iiMHac  being  the  Ib-)it.  It  Inacli'iir  liquid, 
lieuvler  tliiin  water,  and  I'efrai-tilig  light  Htroiigly.  ]i,< 
Htiit-lt  t.H  liiHUjiiiorlalily  oirenHJvc (whence  Uh  nitlne),  tunl  ll> 
viipnr  Ih  liignly  nolHimoim,  It  U  H|inntaiieoUHly  hillinii 
iimtile  ill  nir,  AtKiintin  in  the  protoxld  of  ciicodyl.  AIk'i 
wrillfii  kakinliil.  knkt„hih\     See  atkarjtiil. 

CacodyliC  (kak-o-dil'ik),  a.  [<  caeotlyl  +  -ic] 
Containing  the  imsic  radical  cacodyl.-  Cacodyl- 
Ic  acid,  (ri(:i)vA»i«ill,  a  er.v»lalllni^  nmeiilc  ciini|ioiiiid 
miliilib-  hi  water,  fidnrli-HH,  and  mild  not  to  be  an  nctivi- 
pfiiHon,  altllollub  it  rniitniim  r,4.4  per  <-eMt.  of  nietallte  lil- 
m'liic.  ,',pilviilejil  to  71.1  per  cent,  of  arHenJiMlH  n\ld. 

Cacoeconomy  (knk-e-kon'o-mi),  H.     r<  dr.  ^^M"  . 
Iijid.  -\-  "iKftfiiinft,  economy  (cf.  humitKni't'iuiir,  a  bii'I 
Hti'wiiril):   see   eeonomi/.l      Had   munugt'incnt ; 
nialadininiHtralinn.     [Itare.] 
.MarvelloiiH  co^^avcnom//  of  llieir  govrniniiMil. 

SydHc}!  Smith. 


cacoon 

cacoepy  (kak'o-ep-i),  H.  [<  Gr.  KameTveia,  faiUty 
language,  <  kokos,  bad,  -I-  tirof,  word.]  Incor- 
rect pronunciation ;  mispronunciation :  opposed 
to  orthoepy. 

Orthoepy  is  entirely  independent  of  phonology,  an,! 
phonology  finds  in  orthoepy  only  the  materials  upon  which 
it  works,  which  indeed  it  linds  no  less  in  cacin-fn/. 

R.  a.  While,  Every -day  English,  p.  40, 

cacoethes  (kak-o-e'thoz),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  KaKir/de^, 
an  ill  habit,  neut.  of  KaKoifiijc,  ill-disposed,  ma- 
lignant, <  Kami;,  bad,  ill,  -f-  ;/«of,  habit,  custom: 
see  ethics.l  A  bad  custom  or  habit :  a  bad  dis- 
position—  Cacoethes  loquendi,  a  mania  for  talkin.-; 
morbid  desire  for  gossip  or  speechmaking. — Cacoethes 
scribendl,  a  morbid  propensity  for  writing ;  an  itch  for 
aullioi-ship.  The  phrase  is  taken  from  Juvenal  (Satires 
vii.  .->2). 

cacogalactia  (kak"o-ga-lak'ti-a),  n.  [NL., <  Gr. 
iMum;,  bad.  -I-  J  (//a  (jo/a/cr-),  milk.]  In  pathol., 
a  bad  couiUtion  of  the  mUk. 

cacogalia  (kak-o-ga'li-il),  n.  [NL.]  Same  as 
eiicogiilactia. 

cacogastric  (kak-o-gas'trik),  a.  [<  Gr.  KaK6(, 
liad.  -I-  -jQari/ft.  the  stomach,  -I-  -ic.  See  ga-itrie.} 
Pertaining  to  a  disordered  stomach;  charac- 
terized by  dyspepsia;  dyspeptic. 

The  woes  that  chequer  this  imperfect  cacoiyastric  state 
of  existence.  Carlyle,  Jlisc,  III.  221. 

cacogenesis  (kak-o-jen'e-sis),  n.      [NL.,  <  Gr. 

KOKiif,  bad,  -I-  -jheaiQ,  generation:  see  genesis.'] 
In  mcd.,  a  morbid  formation,  whether  congen- 
ital, as  a  monstrosity,  or  of  later  development, 
as  a  tumor. 

cacographic  (kak-o-graf'ik),  a.  [<  cacography 
+  -ic]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  cacography  op 
bad  writing;  ill-written. —  2.  Pertaining  to  or 
characterized  by  bad  spelling;  wrongl}-  spelled. 

cacographical  (kak-o-graf'i-kal),  a.  Same  as 
eneoiiraphic. 

cacography  (ka-kog'ra-fi).  H.  [=  F.  caeogrii- 
jiliie,  bad  spelling,  a  collection  of  iU-spelled 
words  for  coiTection,  <  Gr.  Kanoi;  bad,  +  -j/ja^/a, 
<  ypaiptiv,  write ;  formed  in  antithesis  to  orthog- 
raphy.]    Bad  writing  or  spelling. 

cacolet  (kak'o-la),  n.  [F.,  used  orig.  in  the 
Pyrenees,  and  perhaps  of  Basque  origin.]  A 
kind  of  pannier  in  the  form  of  a  seat,  fixed  on 
the  back  of  a  mule  or  horse,  for  carrying  travel- 
ers in  motmtainous  districts,  or  sick  or  woimded 
persons.    It  is  composed  of  strong  iron  rods  with  joints. 


^^M^ 


Cacolet,  or  Mule.chalr. 

united  by  bands  of  stl'ong  clotli.  the  arrangement  of  the 
bands  Hll'ordiiig  siitlicient  eli»sti,-it>'  to  prriiiit  the  occli. 
pant  to  sit  or  lie.  Military  eilcolets  are  of  two  kinds:  one 
ill  tlie  form  of  two  arm-eJiairs,  suspended  tme  on  cither 
side  of  a  mule,  used  by  iiersons  not  too  severely  wounded : 
the  other  In  the  form  of  a  bed  laid  at  length  along  the 
iiiiiIc'r  back.  The  French  introduced  the  use  of  eacolets 
dining  the  Crimean  war  (lS.')4-,'»). 
cacology  (ka-kol'o-ji),  n.  [=  F.  cacologie,  < 
(ir.  KOKuAoyia,  evil-speaking,  abuse,  vitiqiera- 
lion,  <  Kam'k&yot-,  spciiking  evil,  slanderous,  < 
Kimi'ir^,  bad,  -I-  Myiiv,  siieak.  The  rhetorical 
sense  is  modem.]  If.  An  evil  speaking.  Jlai- 
Iry,  17i;7. — 2.  A  bad  choice  of  words  in  writing 
or  s]ieakiiig;  also,  viciotis  pronunciation. 

Iiebiiled  with  Ids  ciiHt^^mers,  iind  pretended  to  correct 
their  rrtpo^o«;i/,  pnivinelallsms,  and  other  defects. 

Finite,  ill  ,Ion  Hee'H  Samuel  Foote. 

cacomixl  (ksik'o-mik-sl),  n.  [Mox.]  See  Bas- 
■•'iiri.t.  1.  ' 

caconym  (kak'o-nim),  n.  [<  Or.  mi,™-,  bad,  + 
iii'iiiia,  liviHiii,  a  name.]  \  had  name  for  any- 
(liing:  a  name  which  is  in  ii:ny  way  undesirablo 
or  oliji'i'liiiiiMble.     fours. 

Caconymic  (knk-o-nim'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
ciicoiiyms  or  l<i  caconymy.     Coues. 

caconymy  (ka-kon'i-mi),  n.  [<  caeonym  +  -y. 
< 'f.  .ii/iionymy.]  Tin-  use  of  enconyms;  bad 
iimniiielaiiire  or  lermiiKihigy.     ('oiks. 

cacoon  (ka-kdn'),  n.  |Also  kakuna;  iin  Afri- 
enn  name.]  A  commeri'ial  name  for  (lie  large 
beniis  of  the  Unlaila  sriiiitleiix,  mitiinil  order 
Ijguniino.ia:,    used    (ur    iiiiikiiig   Hceiil-bottleg, 


cacoon 

purses,  etc — Antidote  cacoon,  a  name  given  in  Ja- 
niaica  to  tlie  FeviUea  cnrdi/otia,  a  woody  cuciirbitaceoii.s 
cliniiiL'f  nf  tropical  America.  The  lar^e  seeils  are  pur^'a- 
tive  uii'i  cmrtir,  and  are  used  as  a  popular  remedy  lor 
various  diseases,  aiul  as  an  antidote  against  the  i)oison  of 
the  mantliineel.  Jilim  toxicodendron.  See  Fcuillea. 
cacophonia  (kak-o-fo'ni-a),  ?8.    [NL.J    Same  as 

cacophoriic,  cacophonical,  cacophonious  (kak- 
()-f<iii'ik,  -I'oii'i-kal,  -i'o'ni-iis),  a.  Snme  as  ca- 
cojihoniius. 

cacophonous  (ka-kof'o-nus),  a.  [<  Gr.  icaKdijxj- 
voc,  )Kirsli-sonndiiig:  see  cacophony.']  Sound- 
infj  liaislily  ;  ill-soimding;  discordant:  opposed 
to  eu/ilniHioiis, 

cacophony  (ka-kof  o-ni),  n.;  pi.  cacophonies 
(-niz).  [<  NL.  Cttcophonia,  <  Gr.  KWiOipuvia,  < 
lianoipumf,  harsh-souuding,  <  KUKUg,  bad,  +  ijiuvr/, 
sound,  voice  ;  in  antithesis  to  CMjo7iOH7/.]  1.  A 
combination  of  discordant  sounds  ;  s)icciflcally, 
in  rliet.,  a  faulty  choice  or  arrangement  of 
words,  producing  inharmonious  or  liiscordant 
combinations  of  sounds,  or  too  great  frequency 
of  such  combinations  as  are  for  any  reason  un- 
pleasant to  the  ear;  also,  the  uncouth  or  dis- 
agreeable sound  so  produced :  the  opposite  of 
cuphoiii/. 

The  Lancashire  folic  speak  quick  and  curt,  omit  letters, 
or  soinid  three  or  four  words  all  together :  thus,  I  wou'- 
diddii,  or  1  wondyedd'd,  is  a  cacophony  which  stands  for 
1  wish  yon  would  !  /.  D'lsraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  1. 171. 

2.  Inpathol.,  a  depraved  voice;  an  altered  state 
of  tlie  voice. 

cacoplastic  (kak-o-plas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  KOKOf, 
bad,  +  TTAaariKog,  i  irAaaToc,  verbal  ad.],  of  n-?.do-- 
fffd',  form:  see  plastic.  Cf.  Gr.  KaKOTrAaoToc,  ill- 
conceived.]  In  pathol.,  susceptible  of  only  a 
low  degree  of  organization,  as  the  indurations 
resulting  from  chronic  inflammation,  fibroear- 
tilaye,  cirrhosis,  etc.     Dimglison. 

cacopragia  (kak-o-pra'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  na- 
Koirpayla,  ill-doing,  <  nanoTipayiig,  adj.,  ill-doing, 

<  KOKiif,  bad,  -t-  Tvpdaaein  (y'  *TTpay),  do.]  Disease 
of  those  viscera  which  minister  to  nutrition; 
depraved  condition  of  the  organic  functions. 

cacopragy  (ka-kop'ra-ji),  n.  Same  as  caco- 
jtrmjid. 

cacosomium  (kak-o-s6'mi-um),  »).;  pi.  eaeoso- 
mia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka/idf,  bad,  +  auiia,  body.] 
A  lazaretto  for  leprosy  and  other  incurable  dis- 
eases. 

cacosyntheton  (kak-o-sin'the-ton),  n.  [L.,  < 
Gr.  KUKuQ,  bad,  -I-  avvfierov,  a  compound,  neut.  of 
ciivBsToc,  put  together:  see  sijnthetic.']  A  faulty 
composition,  or  joining  together  of  words  in  a 
sentence.     Minsheu,  1617.     [Rare.] 

cacotechny  (kak'o-tek-ni),  n.     [<  Gr.  KauoTcxvia, 

<  kaKuc,  bad,  +  Tex>'>/,  art.]  A  coiTuption  or 
corrupt  state  of  art.     [Rare.] 

cacothymia  (kak-o-thim'i-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
naiiodvfiia,  malevolence,  <  Kanor,  bad,  +  6v/t6Q, 
mind.]  In  pathol.,  a  disordered  state  of  the 
mind. 

cacothymy  (ka-koth'i-mi),  «.  Same  as  caco- 
tlii/niiu. 

cacotrophy  (ka-kot'ro-fi),  «.  [<  Gr.  Ko/idf,  bad, 
+  rpoi/)//,  noui'ishment.  ]  In  jjai/joi.,  disordered 
nutrition. 

cacoxeue  (kak'ok-seu),  n.  [<  Gr.  KOKd^evoc,  un- 
friendly to  strangers,  inhospitable,  <  KaKog,  bad, 
+  ff  I'Of,  a  stranger,  a  guest.]  Ayellowish  silky 
mineral,  occurring  in  fibrous,  radiating  tufts. 
It  is  a  liydrous  phosphate  of  iron,  and  is  found  in  the  iron 
ore  of  Bohemia,  to  which  its  presence  is  an  injmy  (hence 
its  natue).     Also  written  kakoxene,  kakoxine. 

cacoxenite  (ka-kok' sen-it),  n.  [<  cacoxeite  + 
-iti-.}     Same  as  cacnxene. 

cacozyme  (kak'o-zim),  n.  [<  Gr.  kukuq,  bad,  + 
s't'/"/,  leaven.]  A  microscopic  organism,  such 
as  the  baeterin,  ea]iabli'  nl"  jirodui'iiig  disease. 


Giant  Cactus  (Ctmts 


Flower  of  the  Giant  Cactus  ( Cergjts  giganteusY 


751 

Cactaceae  (kak-ta'se-e),  n.  jil.  [NL.,  <  cactus  + 
-(((■«(.]  A  very  peculiar  order  of  American 
polypetalotis  dicotyledonous  plants,  the  cactus 
or  Indian-fig  family.  'I'hey  are  creen  and  lleshy,  most- 
ly without  true  leaves,  are  i,'lohular  or  colunuiar  or  Joint- 
ed, and  are  usually  armed 
with  bundles  of  spines.  The 
flowers  have  numerous  sepals, 
petals,  and  stamens,  and  are 
often  large  ami  very  showy. 
The  fruit  is  usually  a  pulpy 
berry,  with  mnnerous  seeds, 
fre(iuently  large  and  edible. 
They  are  natives  mostly  of  ilry 
and  hot  regions,  where  tliey 
form  a  proini)iiait  aiul  charac- 
teristic part  of  the  vegetation. 
The  principal  genera  (all  former- 
ly included  in  the  single  Lin- 
nean  genus  Caclus)  are  MammU- 
laria,  Melocaclux,  and  EchiiiO' 
cactus,  which  are  gloliose  or  -.ival 
plants,  sometimes  gigantic  ;  Cc- 
reus,  often  climbing  or  erect  and 
columnar,  scmietimes  arbores- 
cent and  30  to  fiO  feet  high; 
Opuntia,  jointed  and  with  the 
joints  often  flattened  ;  ami  Phi/t- 
tocacfi/s,  which  is  fre(|uently cul- 
tivated in  greenhouses  for  its 
large  Mowers,  as  are  also  other 
genera,  both  for  their  flowers 
and  their  curious  forms.  Opun- 
tia, the  prickly  pear,  is  the  only 
genus  found  wild  in  the  north- 
ern TTnited  States.  The  order 
is  of  little  economic  value. 

cactaceous  (kak-ta'shius), 
a.    [<  NL.  'cactacciis.    See 
Cactacew.']     Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
Cactacew. 

cactal  (kak'tal),  a.  [<  cactus  +  -a/.]  In  hot., 
of  or  belonging  to  the  cactus  group  or  order  of 
plants :  as,  the  cactal  alliance. 

cacti,  n.     Plural  of  cactus. 

cactin,  cactine  (ktik'tin),  n.  [<  cactus  +  -in^, 
-i«f".]  Tho  red  coloring  matter  extracted  from 
the  fi-uit  of  some  of  the  cacti. 

cactus  (kak' tus),  n. ;  pi.  cacti  or  cactuses  (-ti,  -tus- 
ez).  [L.,  <  Gr.  kuktoc,  a  prickly  plant.]  Tho 
old  and  Linnean  name  for  the  group  of  plants, 
considered  a  single  genus,  which  now  form  the 
order  Cactacece.  in  popular  use  the  name  (with  its 
plural  cacti)  is  still  applied  to  members  of  this  order 
without  distinction.  The  cochineal  cactus  is  the  Opuntia 
Tuna,  Nopalea  cochinitlifera,  and  other  species  cultivated 
for  the  cochineal  insect ;  the  hedgehog  cactus,  species  of 
Echinocactits ;  the  melon  or  melon-thistle  cactus,  species 
of  Melocactus  ;  the  nipple  cactus,  species  of  Mamilturia; 
the  night-blooming  cactus  (or  night-blooming  cerens), 
Cereus  grandijlmwi,  and  other  species ;  the  old-man  cac- 
tus, Cereus  senilis,  etc. 

cactus-wren  (kak'tus-ren),  n.  The  name  given 
by  Cones  to  the  wrens  of  the  genus  Camjii/ln- 
rhi/iichus,  from  their  frequenting  and  nesting 
in  cactuses.  The  brown-headed  cactus- wren  is  C.  Iirun- 
neicapiUus ;  the  St.  Lucas  cactus-wren  is  C.  ajfinis.  There 
are  numerous  other  species  of  ilexico  and  Central  America. 
See  cut  under  Cmnpiitor/iiinchtcs. 

cacumen  (ka-kii'men),  n. ;  pi.  cacumina  (-mi- 
na).  [L.,the  top,  peak,  summit,  point. ]  The 
top  of  anything,  (a)  In  the  pharmacopoiin,  the  top 
of  a  plant.  (It)  In  anat.,  the  culnien  of  the  vermis  supe- 
rior of  the  cerebellum.— Folium  cacmninls.  See  .fo- 
lium. 

cacuminal  (ka-ku'mi-nal),  a.  [<  L.  cacumen 
(caciimin-),  top,  peak,  summit,  +  -«7.]  Per- 
taining to  a  top  or  summit. 

cacuminatet  (ka-kii'mi-nat),  r.  t.  [<  L.  cacu- 
minatus,  pp.  of  cacuminare,  make  pointed,  <  ca- 
cumen (cacumin-),  point.]  To  make  sharp  or 
pointed.     Coles,  1717. 

cad  (kad),  n.  [Prob.  short  for  Sc.  cadie,  racldic. 
caddy,  an  en-and-boy,  etc.:  see  caddie.}  1.  A 
boy,  a  fellow :  a  general  term  of  slight  contempt 
applied  originally  to  various  classes  of  persons 
of  a  low  grade.  («)  .4n  errand-boy ;  a  messenger.  ('•) 
A  bricklayer's  assistant,  (e)  A  tlunible-rigger's  confed- 
erate. 

I  will  appear  to  know  no  more  of  you  than  one  of  the 
cads  of  tho  thimble-rig  knows  of  the  pea-holder.  T.  Jlook. 
(d)  A  loafer;  a  hanger-on  about  inn-yards,  (c)  A  passen- 
ger taken  up  smreptitiously  by  a  stage-coach  driver  for 
his  own  perquisite.    (J)  The  conductor  of  an  omnibus. 

The  conductor,  who  is  vulgarly  knoivn  ns  the  cod. 

Mamctc. 

2.  A  mean,  vnlgar,  iU-bred  feUow  of  whatever 
social  rank :  a  term  of  great  contempt. 

There's  a  set  of  cads  in  that  club  that  will  say  anything. 

Thackeray. 

cadacet,  «•    An  old  spelling  of  caddis^. 

cadamba  (ka-dam'bil),  ».  [Hind,  ladam.j  A 
rubiaceous  tree  of  India,  Xauclca  or  Anthocc- 
nhahis  Cadamha,  oft.en  mentioned  by  the  poets 
of  that  coimtrv.  It  bears  numerous  small  yellowish- 
brown  llowcrs  collected  in  dense  balls.  The  deep-yellow 
wood  of  this  and  other  species,  also  called  cadamba,  is 


caddis 

used  for  furniture,  flooring,  packing-boxes,  etc.  Also 
written  hudamha. 
cadan  fkad'an),  11.  [E.  dial.;  another  form  of 
euddrn^,  q.  v.]  A  local  EngllKli  name  for  the 
fry  111  tlie  coal-fish.  Also  called  cudden, 
Cadasf,  ".  An  old  spelling  of  caddis^, 
cadaster,  cadastre  (ka-ilas't6r),  «.  [<  F.  ca- 
dastre, OF.  cupdastrc  ^  Kp.  ratnslro  =  Pg.  ca- 
dastro  =  It.  cataslro,  catasto  (ML.  refle.x  calax- 
irum,  catastum),  <  ML.  as  if  'caititastrum,a  sur- 
vey and  valuation  of  real  property,  prop,  a 
register  of  tlie  poll-ta.x  (cf.  Mlj.  caj/ilularium,  a 
cadaster,  <  enjiitnlum,  a  chajiter:  see  capitti- 
lary),  <  L.  caput  {e.iijiit-),  heail :  see  cajrut,  capi- 
tal', etc.]  A  register  of  the  real  property  of 
a  country  or  region,  with  the  extent,  value, 
and  ownership  of  eacli  holding  or  lot,  serving 
as  a  basis  of  taxation;  a  kind  of  Doomsday 
Book. 

It  is  certain  that  the  great  cadastre  or  Domesday  Ilook, 
the  terror  of  itihahitcd  i:ngland,  was  treated  as  the  re^s- 
tcr  of  the  exchequer.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  174. 

cadastral  (ka-das'tral),  a.  [<  cadaster  +  -aW} 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cadaster;  according  to  or 
for  the  purposes  of  a  cadaster;  having  refer- 
ence to  the  extent,  value,  and  ownersiiip  of 
landed  property  as  a  basis  for  assessment  for 
fiscal  purposes :  as,  a  cadastral  survey. 

cadastration  (ka-das-tra'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
making  a  cadaster;  detailed  official  surveying. 

What  is  required  is  a  public  and  compulsory  system  of 
land  registration,  based  upon  careful  cwJaxtration. 

Jidinliur:ih  Itcv.,  t'LXV.  23. 

cadastre,  ».    See  cadaster. 

cadaver  (ka-dav'6r),  H.  [=  F.  cadawrc  =  Sp. 
Pg.  aidarer  =  It.  cadarere,  cadoicro,  <  L.  cada- 
ver, a  corpse,  <  cadere,  fall.  Cf.  Gr.  ^rrii/ia,  a 
corpse,  <  i^iTrrnv, fall.]  A  dead  body;  a  corpse: 
as,  "a mere  cadaver,"  Boyle;  especially,  a  body 
prepared  or  used  for  dissection. 

Not  one  of  these  writers  would  have  treated  ...  a 
work  on  the  science  of  anatomy  as  a  collection  of  rules 
for  making  bones  or  for  procuring  cadavers. 

S.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  33. 

cadaveric  (ka-dav'er-ik),  a.    [<  cadaver  +  -jc] 

1 .  Relating  to  a  dead  body ;  pertaining  to  or 
derived  fi'om  the  changes  induced  in  a  eoi-pse 
by  putrefaction :  as,  cadaveric  phenomena. 

The  researches  that  have  brought  the  cadaveric  alka- 
loids ...  to  light.  Pop.  Sci.  .Vo.,  XX.  422. 

2.  Resembling  a  cadaver  or  dead  body;  ca- 
daverous—  Cadaveric  rigidity,  same  as  riyor  mor- 
tis (which  see,  under  riijnr). 

cadaverine  (ka-dav'Cr-in),  a.  [<  L.  cadaverinvg, 

<  radarer,  a  corpse:  see  cadaver. '\  Same  as 
eadtiferic. 

cadaverous  (ka-dav'6r-us),  a.  [<  L.  cadavero- 
sus,  corpse-like,  <  cadaver,  a  corpse:  see  ca- 
rfrtt'er.]  Pertaining  to  a  dead  body:  especial- 
ly, having  the  appearance  or  color  oif  the  body 
of  a  dead  person ;  pale ;  wan ;  ghastly. 

A  cadaverous  man,  composed  of  diseases  and    com- 

idaints.  Felthant,  Resolves,  ii.  31. 

A  pale  cadaverous  face.  ilarryat,  Snarlcyyow,  I.  i, 

cadaverously  (ka-dav'6r-us-li),  adv.  In  a  ca- 
daverous manner. 

cadaverousness  (ka-dav'fer-us-nes),  n.  The 
qualily  of  being  cadaverous. 

cada'Wt,  "■     See  caddow. 

cad-bait  (kad'bat),  >i.    [Less  correctly  cad-bale ; 

<  cad  for  caddis-  +  baiti,  ".]  Same  as  caddis- 
worm. 

caddast,  «.     See  caddis^. 

cadda'Wt,  »■     See  caddow. 

caddei,  «.    See  kadi. 

caddew,  n.    See  caddis^. 

caddicei,  «.    See  caddis^. 

caddice'-,  «.    See  caddis^. 

caddice-fly,  ».    See  caddis-fly. 

caddie  (kad'i),  «.  [Sc  also  written  caddy, 
cudy  (and  abbr.,  with  extended  use.  ead.  q.  v.); 
prob.,  with  accent  shifted  from  second  to  first 
syllable,  <  earlier  codec,  <  F.  cadet,  a  yoimg- 
er  brother.]  1.  A  cadet. — 2.  A  boy,  especially 
as  employed  in  running  errands ;  "hence,  specifi- 
cally, one  who  gains  a  livelihood  by  running 
errands  or  delivering  messages :  also,  one  who 
carries  the  clul>s  of  persons  playing  at  golf. 
[Scotch.] 

caddis*^,  caddicei  (kad'is),  «.  [Formerly  cad- 
das,  caddes,  ilE.  cadas  (>  AF.  corfrt.  ;  mod.  F. 
cadis,  <  E.);  prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Ir. 
Gael,  cadan,  cotton,  W.  cada.%  a  kind  of  cloth. 
Hence  F.  cadis,  a  coarse  woolen  serge.]  It- 
Flock  or  wadding  of  any  fibrous  material  for 
stuffing,  bombasting.  and  the  like,  used  in  the 
fifteenth  century  and  later. 
Cadas,  bombicinium.  .Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  57- 


caddis 

2.  A  kind  of  lint  for  dressing  wounds.  Jamie- 
g^„_ — 3f.  Wool  used  for  coarse  embroidery, 
nearly  like  the  modem  crewel. 

CaMas  or  crule,  sayette.  Patsffraie. 

4f.  A  kind  of  worsted  tape  or  ribbon. 

The  coimtry  dame  girdelh  hir  selle  as  sti-aight  in  the  wast 
with  a  course  caddis,  as  the  Madame  o(  the  court  with  a 
sillie  riband.  Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  220. 

Caddi'*ft-i,  cambrics,  lawns.  Shak:,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

5t.  A  kind  of  coarse  woolen  or  worsted  stuff, 
(a)  The  variesated  slutf  used  by  the  Highlanders  of  Scot- 
land.   Jo/i)tson.    ((<)  A  coarse  serge. 

Eight  velvet  pages,  six  footmen  in  cadis. 

Sliirlcii,  Witty  Fair  One,  lit  5. 

caddis'-',  caddice^  (kad'is),  «.  [Called  by  va- 
rious similar  names,  as  caMy,  cadclew,  cadcw, 
end-bait,  cod-bait;  origin  obscure.]  The  larva 
of  the  caddis-fly.     See  caddis-tcorm. 

caddis-fly,  caddice-fly  (kad'is-fli),  )i.  An  adult 
or  imai;o  of  one  of  tlio  uem-opterous  insects  of 
the  suborder  Triclwptera,  and  especially  of  the 
family  Phrijganeida:.  In  Great  Britain  the  insect  is 
also  called  .Vati-rtv,  from  the  usual  time  of  its  appearance ; 
but  in  the  luit'eii  States  the  May-Hy  is  one  of  the  Ephe- 
mriil-r.     See  ca<t<h'.-<-tronn. 

caddis-gartert  (kad'is-gar'ter),  n.     [<  caddis^ 
+  (/arlcr.'j    A  garter  made  of  caddis.     Sliak. 
See  caddis^,  1. 
caddish  (kad'ish),  a.     [<  cad  +  -167(1.]     Like  a 

cad ;  ungfutlemanly. 
caddis-shrimp    (kad'is-shrimp),    «.     An    am- 
phipodoiis  crustacean  of  the  genus  Cerapus, 
family  Coroph  iida:.   The  species  are  so  named  because 
tliey  live  in  tubes  formed  of  agglutinated  sand  and  mud, 
which  they  carr)'  about  with  fheni,  thus  resembling  cad- 
dis-worms. 
■caddis-worm  (kad'is-werm),  «.     The  larva  of 
the  eaddis-Uy.     It  is  also  called  i-aJdis  or  caddice,  cad- 
bait  ^    cadew,    cade- 
1  ^rfcsv  wonn,     and     case- 

icorm,  names  de- 
rived from  the  case 
or  shell  which  the 
larva  constructs  f<tr 
itself  of  various  for- 
eiirii  sul 'Stances,  in- 
chldiliy  ^iiiail  sticks, 
stones,  shells,  etc. 
The  grub  lives  under 
water  till  it  is  ready 
to  be  transformed 
into  the  fly,  is  very 
voracious,  devour- 
ing large  tiuantities 
of  flsli-spawn,  and  is 
extensively  used  by 

Caddis.«yand  Wonns.  »"B''''^  ''";[f 'Vh 

I.  Caddis-fly.    =.  Larv.!  in  case  formed  of  CaQQle       (Kaul;, 

-strawordry  grass-slalks.    3.  Incise  formed     T.   t.  l     prct.     and 

oTsmaU  stones-     4- In  c-vsc  formed  of  grass-     „,.,     ,.  .  /^|7.^^7   „„,. 

roots.    5.  Incascfonnedofshclls.  pp.  C(«(rt(Crt,  ppr. 

caddling.         [E. 
dial.,  var.  of  coddle.']     1.  To  coax;  spoil. —  2. 
To  attend  officiously. — 3.  To  tease;  scold;  an- 
noy.    [Prov.  Kng.J 
caddie  (kad'l),  v.      [E.  dial.,  <  caddie,  v.']    A 
ilis[iuto;  contention;  confusion;  noise, 
caddow   (kad'6),  h.     [Early  mod.  E.  caddaw,(. 
.\1K.  iiidowc,  cadaw,  cadawc,  appar.  <  ca,  l:a,  kaa, 
CO.  a  i-lioiigli,  -I-  dnie:  see  coi;  chourih,  and  rfrtic'^.] 
A  i-hmigli;  a  .jackdaw.     Rmj.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
caddy',  ».     Same  as  caddie, 
caddy-  (kad'i),  «.     Same  ascaddi.i^. 
caddy-'  (ku<ri),  «. ;  pi.  caddits  (-iz).     [E.  dial.] 

\  (.'host  ;  a  bugbear.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
caddy'  (kad'i),  ».;  j)l.  caddies  (-iz).      [A  cor- 
niplioii  of  fvf/^/,  (|.  v.J    1.  Originally,  a  bo.\  con- 
taining a  cutty  of  tea  for  exportation  ;  henco, 
any  sinall  package  of  tea  les,s  than  a  chest  or 
half-chest. — 2.  A  bo.\  for  keeping  tea  when  in 
u.se.     Tea-caddies  contain  commonly  one,  two, 
or  more  canisters  mndi-  of  metal.     Henco — 3. 
Any  jar  or  cani.stcr  for  holding  tea. 
cade'   (kiid),  ».     [<  ME.  imli;  cad,  n  lamb;  cf. 
]■',.  dial.  <■(#(/,  a  young  i)ig;  Iccl.  /,•«</  fllaldorscn), 
a  iu'W-born  child.]    If.  A  donn-slicated animal; 
II  pi'l.     Hco  cade-lamb. — 2.  A  Hhec|)-tick. 
cade'   (kiid),  >•.  /. ;   prct.  and  pp.  called,   ppr. 
■  ''",</.     [<  inde^,  II.]     To  bring  up  or  nounsb 
I  iiid.  or  with  tr'iiilcrne.HH.     JoIiuhoii. 
cade-  (kiid),  II.     [<    ME.  cade,  <   V.  rade  =  Sp. 
IV.  II.  '■'('/'»  (cf.  OUiilg.  A(i»/I' =  Horv.  kada  = 
Iri     .  Iiidl  =  l.illi.  hidin  =  Hung,  hid),  <  L. 
I  .jur,  a  lii|iiid  ineaHiire,  <  Or.  miAur,  ajar, 
I  Miousiiri'.]     1.  A  barrel  or  ciisk. — 2. 
'1    r  M  ;isiiro  containing  500  horriiigH  or  1,000 
oprais. 

Cid^.  We  Jiihn  Cade,  mi  termed  of  ntir  iiipiKiflcd  father,— 
niek.   (ir  rather,  of  •IcalinR  a  code  of  hcrrliign. 

.VA(i*.,2  Hen.  V1..IV.  2. 
'  ■     '  •  •     ■  ■  ,      •       fii'i  In  nil  li 

'r  of  Herri' 

I:  r|,_v<ill  1.1  .lull; 

i:adc  '  ll>"':  .  ...     [l", ;  ote  anU-oii.'}     Juuiiior. 


752 

cadee^t,  ".     Same  as  cadet^,  2. 

cadee'-t,  «.    See  ladi. 

cade-lamb  (kad'lam),  ii.      [<  ME.  "cade-lamb, 

'cadlamb,   kod-lomb ;  <  cade^  +   lamb.}     1.   A 

domesticated  lamb ;  a  pet  lamb. 

He  brought  his  cade-lamb  with  him  to  ma^s. 

.Sheldon',  Miracles,  p.  224. 

2.  A  pet  child.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cadelle  (ka-del'),  «.  [F..  appar.  <  L.  eatelltis, 
fem.  catcila,  a  little  dog,  dim.  of  catulus,  a  yoimg 
dog,  a  whelp.  Cf.  LL.  catiis,  a  eat:  see  cat.] 
A  French  name  of  the  larva  of  a  beetle  of  the 
family  Trogoiitida:,  the  Tiogo.sita  maurikinica. 
It  is  about  i  of  an  inch  long,  is  whitish,  with  scattered 
hairs,  and  has  a  horny  black  head  with  two  curveil  jaws. 
It  is  extremely  destructive  in  granaries,  and  is  often  im- 
ported with  gi'ain  into  countries  where  it  is  not  indi- 
genous. 

cadenas  (kad'e-nas;  F.  pron.  ka-de-na'),  n. 
[F.,  <  OF.  cadenas,  cadcnat,  cadenaii,  a  padlock, 
<  It.  catciiaccio,  a  padlock,  a  bolt  or  bar  of  a 
door,  <  catena,  <  L.'c«(fHO,  a  chain:  see  catena, 
chain.]  In  the  middle  ages  and  later,  a  casket, 
with  lock  and  key,  to  contain  the  articles  used 
at  table  by  a  great  personage,  such  as  knife, 
fork,  spoon,  salt-cellar,  and  spices.  Early  examples 
have  commonly  the  form  of  a  ship  (whence  such  were  often 


\ 


cadenette 

portion  observed  by  a  horse  in  all  his  motions. 

—  7.  In  lier.,  descent;  a  de^-iee  upon  the  es- 
cutcheon by  which  the  descent  of  each  member 
of  a  family  is  shown. — 8.  Proportion.  [Rare 
and  poetical.] 

A  body  slight  ami  round,  and  like  a  pear 
In  growing,  modest  eyes,  a  hand,  a  foot 
Lessening  in  perfect  cadence. 

Tennyson,  Walking  to  the  Mail 
Broken  cadence,  in  music,  an  interrupted  cadence.— 
False  cadence,  the  closing  of  a  cadence  in  another 
eliord  than  that  of  the  tonic  preceded  by  the  dominant. 

—  Half  cadence,  same  as  »»*/.errVef  cm/'vice.  Also  call- 
ed half  c(o5..— Perfect,  complete,  or  whole  cadence, 
the  cliiu'd  or  the  iloiuiiiant  iViU-.wed  liy  tliat  ..f  tlu^  tonic; 
also,  the  chord  of  the  dominant  seventh  followed  by  tliat 


Perfect  Cadence 


niperfcct  Cadence. 


of  the  tonic.  These  two  forms  of  the  perfect  cadence 
were  in  ancient  church  moties  called  authentic,  in  dis- 
tinction h-om  the  j'tu'ial  cadence.  An  examjile  of  each 
form  in  C  major  is  liere  given.  The  end  of  a  piece  should 
properly  be  a  complete  cadence,  incomplete  and  inter- 
rupted cadences  l>eiii;..  suitable  only  as  temporary  endinga 
fur  phrases  or  periods  in  the  midst  of  a  piece.  —  Imperfect 
cadence,  the  chord  of  tlie  Ionic  followed  by  that  of  the 
dominant :  it  rarely  occurs  as  a  final  close.— Interrupted 
or  deceptive  cadence,  a  cadence  formed  by  a  eiiord 
foreign  to  that  whicli  was  expected,  thus  evading  the  close 
and  deceiving  expectation.  Thus,  in  the  example,  tlie 
second  chord  has  A  in  tiie  bass  instead  of  C,  whicli  is  nat- 
urally expected.  Also  called  nuspeiuled  cadence.—  Medial 
cadence,  a  cadence  in  ancient  church  music  in  A\hieb  the 
mediant  was  the  most  intportant  luite. — Mixed  cadence, 
a  cadence  in  which  a  subdominant  is  followed  b.v  a  donn- 
nant,  and  this  by  a  tnnie  cliord  ;  so  called  fmni  its  biing  a 
coniltinationof  theaiilhentieandplagal  cadences  of  ancient 
church  music— Plagal  cadence,  a  cadence  which  con- 


m 


m 


Cadenas  of  a  Duke  of  urlcniis,  iqiii  century.     ( l-rom  VioUet-lc-Duc's 
"Diet,  du  Mul.ilier  Irun^ais."! 

called  nef[F.  ne.f,  a  ship,  a  nave :  see  jmlT]) :  those  of  the 
Renaissance  are  generally  oblong  cases,  divided  into  com- 
partments. The  cadenas  was  placed  on  the  table,  beside 
the  person  who  was  to  use  it. 
cadence  (ka'dens),  11.  [<  ME.  cadence  (=  It. 
caden:a,  >  F.  cadence),  <  ML.  cadcntia,  lit.  a 
falling,  <  L.  caden(t-)s,  ppr.  of  cadere,  fall: 
sec  cadent.  Cadence  is  a  doublet  of  chance,  q. 
v.]  It.  A  fall ;  a  decline;  a  state  of  falling  or 
sinking. 

The  sun  in  western  coiience  low.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  02. 
2.  A  fall  of  the  voice  in  reading  or  speaking, 
as  at  the  end  of  a  sentence;  also,  the  falling 
of  the  voice  in  the  general  modulation  of  tones 
in  reciting. — 3.  A  regular  and  agi'ccablo  suc- 
cession of  ineasiu'ed  sounds  or  nioveineiils; 
rhythmic  How,  as  the  general  inoduhition  of 
tho  voice  in  reading  or  speaking,  or  of  natural 
sounds. 

To  make  bokes,  songcs,  dytecs. 
In  ryme,  or  elles  in  ca/lcnce. 

Chttueer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  023. 
lilusterlng  winds,  wliich  all  night  long 
Had  rouseil  the  sea,  now  with  hoarse  cadence  lull 
Seafaring  men.  Milton,  I'.  I..,  II.  2S7. 

Another  sound  mingled  Uj*  solcnni  cm/r/ic«!  with  the 
waking  and  8leei>lng  tlreams  of  my  childhood. 

O.  »'.  llolmer,  Autocrat,  Ix. 

The  preachcr'8  eudrnce  llow'd, 
Hoftening  thro'  all  the  gentle  attribute 
Of  Ills  lost  child.  Tenniiton,  Aylmeril  I'IcIil. 

Specifically — 4.  In  viiisic:  (a)  A  harmonic 
fonnula  or  Hef|ueiicc  of  eliords  that  oxprcsHos 
conclusion,  fiiialily,  ropoHc,  occurring  at  llio 
end  of  a  iiliniBi^  or  poi  iod,  and  involving  a  cli'ar 
eniini'iation  of  tlie  tonulily  or  key  in  wliicli  a 
l>ieco  is  written.  Sot)  iilirnsrs  below,  (/i)  Tin' 
concliidiiig  ]>art  of  a  iiieloily  or  liiimiony,  or 
tho  coni'liiding  jiarl  of  a  inidrical  line  or  verso; 
as,  (he  plniiitivi' (viWrwcf  of  II  song.  Alsocalli'il 
a />i//.  ((•)  Espi'cially.  In  Friincc,  a  trill  or  oilier 
I'lnbf'llishnii'iil  used  as  pari  ofiin  I'liiliiig,  or  as 
11  iiieiiiiH  of  return  to  a  priiiciniil  llioiiii'.  ('mii- 
l'iiiec(i(/<ii.-«. — 6.  Mi'itHiiri'  orlicatof  unyrliylli- 
iiiiciil  iiiovcmont,  Hiidi  lis  daiK'ing  or  iiiiiri'hiiig. 
—  0.   In  I  111'  manegr.  iiii  <'<|iial  mcaHiire  or  pro. 


fT 


I 


a^=J 


^ 


tt 


^^S 


Interrupted  Cadence. 


Plagal  C.tdcnce. 


sista  of  the  chord  of  the  subdominant  followeil  by  that  of 
till'  tonic;  freiiucntly  used  at  the  close  ul  cliantsor  hymn* 
tunes  with  the  word  "amen.'"  and  someliiues  popularly 
called  the  amen  cmiouT.— Suspended  cadence,  an  in. 
ternii't'-il  cadence. 

cadence  (ka'dens),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cadenced, 
p|ir.  eiidencing.  [<  cadence,  «.]  To  regulate 
by  musical  measure:  as,  well-c«fi<'H<'C(J  music. 

These  parting  numbers  cadenc'd  liy  my  grief. 

Philips,  To  Lord  Carteret, 
(-ertain  cadenced  sounds  casually  heard. 

Pop.  Sei.  Mo.,  X.KII.  2,S1. 

cadency  (kii'deu-si),  «.  [Extended  form  of 
cadi  lire:  see  -enci/.]  1.  Regularity  of  move- 
ment ;  rhythmical  accord. 

Hut  there  is  also  the  quick  and  poignant  brevity  of  it 
(repartee]  to  mingle  with  it;  and  this,  joined  with  tho 
ead'-neii  and  sweetness  of  the  rhyme,  leaves  nothing  in  tho 
soul  of  tile  hearer  to  desire. 

I)n/den,  Essay  on  I>ram.  Poesy. 
2.  In  her.,  the  rclalivc  status  of  younger  sons. 
Also  6c(.v«)'<'.— Marks  of  cadency,  in  her.,  bearings 

used  to  distinguish  the  shields  of  the  second  son,  the  third 
sou,  etc.  This  is  soiueliines  ellccted  by  ii  bearing  liiller. 
log  only  in  tletails  on  the  sliicbis  of  the  din'crcnl  sons,  as 
a  label  hm'ing  three,  four,  or  more  points,  to  mark  their 
reHpeetlve  order.  It  is  also  cMceted  by  meaimof  a  totally 
dillcrcnt  bearing.  'I'lius,  ill  modern  times  it  bus  been 
oiilained  that  the  elilest  Bon  should  wear  a  hil'cl  during 
the  lifetime  of  his  father,  or  until  he  inlierits  the  jiatcr. 
mil  shield,  without  marks  of  cadency;  the  second  son  A 
crescent,  the  third  ii  miillcl.  tho  fourth  a  miillb  I.  Ihellfth 
an  anuulet,  the  sKIli  a  llelll-de-l.\s,  the  seven  (li  a  lose,  tho 
I'lghth  a  cross  nioline,  the  ninth  a  double  (in:iIiefoll,  Tho 
llialk  of  eadeney  may  become  a  Jiermanellt  pari  of  tho 
shield  if  the  yoiinger  son  acunires  eslates  of  his  ow  n  and 
liiillilsupa  family  of  ion»ei|nencc  ;  thus  the  boi  dure,  which 
Is  originally  a  nial'li  of  eadeni'y,  hiis  often  become  a  larmil- 
nent  bearing,  and  the  shield  which  ci'iilalns  II  bears  new 
marks  of  eadeney  when  borne  by  the  sons  of  Its  posHeSBor. 

cadene  (ka-den'),  ».  [<  F.  railene,  <  Pr.  eadena.. 
11  cliuin,  =  Sp.  eadena,  a  chain,  (lio  wiirp  in 
weaving,  <  L.  catena,  a  chiiiii:  nvt^  catena  and 
rhain.]  A  common  kind  of  eiirppt  imiiorted 
fniin  Ihi'  1,1'viiiit.     /■,'.  //.  Knight. 

cadenette  (ka-do-ncl'),  ».  [V.:  so  culled,  it  is 
snid,  in  llie  I7(h  ci'iitiiry,  from  Miirslial  Cade- 
nil,  who  purticuliirly  iilToctoil  this  fashion. ]  A 
love-lock,  or  trcKH  of  hair  worn  longer  than  tlio 
ollicrs. 


cadent 


753 


cadent  (ka'dent),  a.     [<  L.  cadcn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  cadge^t  (kaj),  r.     [<  ME.  caf/fjen,  mfien,  of  ob- 


cudcrc  (in  lato  popular  L.  caderc,  >  It.  caderc  = 
Sp.  caer  =  Pg.  cair  =  Pr.  ca^cr  =  OF.  eheoir, 
moil.  F.  choir),  fall,  =  Skt.  ■\/  <;ad,  fall.  Henec, 
from  L.  cadcre,  ult.  E.  cadence,  chance,  casc"^, 
casual,  caddfir,  accident,  incident,  accident,  etc., 
decay,  decadence,  etc.]  1.  Falling;  sinking. 
[Bare.] 

With  cadent  tears  fret  diannels  in  her  cheeks. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4. 

■2.  In  astral.,  falling  from  an  angle  :  applied  to 
the  third,  sixth,  ninth,  and  twelfth  houses, 
which  follow  the  meridian  and  the  horizon. 


Hciire  origin.]     I,  tran.i.  1.  To  bind;  tie. 

Forth  tliay  [worlccrB  in  tlie  vineyani]  Kotz 
Wrytlien  it  woicheri  «t  don  tjret  pyiH-, 
Kerueii  &  cai/i/cn  <fe  nrnii  [inalten]  tiit  clos. 

AlHterativit  Poeirtu  (eil.  Morris),  I.  511. 
'i'o  cadge,  a  temi  in  maldiiK  lione-lace, 

Thoi-eaby,  J.ettcr  to  Ray  (170:i). 

2.  To  bind  the  edgo  of. 
I  cad<ie  a  Karnient,  I  set  lystes  in  thelynyng  to  kepcthe 

plyghtes  in  order.  Palgyrave. 

3.  To  stuff  or  fill :  as,  to  cadge  the  belly. 
II.  intran.s.  To  stviff  one's  self  at  another's 

expense;  sponge  or  live  ii]>on  aiiotljer. 
3.  Speeiheally  applied  to  the  tenth  of  Professor  cadge''^  (kaj),  c. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cudijed,  ])pr.  cadfi- 


III;/,  [E.  dial.,  prob.  a  var.  of  catch  in  the  sense 
of  'take'  (ef.  lake  in  the  sense  of  'carry'). 
Catch  had  formerly  a  wider  range  of  meaning.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  cairy,  especially  to  carry  for 
sale;  hawk. —  2.  To  obtain  by  begging. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  hawk  goods,  as  in  a  cart 
or  otherwise. — 2.  To  go  about  begging. 
cadge-'t  (kaj),  n.     [Perhaps  a  var.  of  cayc]     A 
roun<l  piece  of  wood  on  which  hawks  were  car- 
ried wlnm  exposed  for  sale.     E.  Phillips,  170(i. 
cadger!  (kaj'er),M.   l<.  cadgc'^  + -er''-.']  If.  Origi- 
nally, a  carrier;  a  packman. 
A  cadfjcr  to  a  mill,  a  carrier,  or  loader. 

Jiay,  Collection  of  Eng.  Words. 

A  cadger  is  a  butcher,  miller,  or  carrier  of  any  other 

load.  Kenitett,  p.  30.    {ItaLliwf-U.) 

2.  One  who  carries  butter,  eggs,  poidtry,  etc., 
to  market  from  the  country ;  an  itinerant  liuck- 
ster  or  hawker. — 3.  A  person  who  gets  a  living 
by  begging:  as,  "the  gentleman  cadger,"  Dick- 
ens.    [Prov.  or  eolloq.] 

cadger'-'t  (kaj'er),  n.  [<  cadge'^  +  -erl;  but  cf. 
F.  ciKjicr,  one  who  carried  about  falcons  and 
other  birds,  in  a  cage,  for  sale.]  The  bearer 
or  ean-ier  of  hawks. 

The  expected  pleasure  of  the  first  day's  liawkinp  was 
now  briglit  in  his  imagination ;  tlie  day  was  named,  the 
weatlier  promised  well,  and  tlie  German  cadijem  and 
trainers  wlio  had  been  engaged  .  .  .  came  down. 

Miss  Edgeivorth,  Helen,  xvii. 


H.  D.  Rogers's  fifteen  divisions  of  the  Paleozoic 
strata  of  Pennsylvania,  which  suggest  meta- 
phorically the  different  natural  periods  of  the 
day.  It  corresponds  to  the  Hamilton  group  of 
the  New  York  survey, 
cadenza  (ka-den'za),  )i.  \lt.:  see  cadence.']  In 
music,  a  more  or  less  elaborate  flourish  or  showy 
passage  introduced,  often  extemporaneously, 
just  before  the  end  of  an  extended  aria  or  con- 
certo, or  as  a  connective  between  an  interme- 
diate and  a  final  division,  it  is  always  intendeii  to 
display  tlie  technical  proficiency  of  the  performer,  and  to 
arouse  wonder  and  applause,  and  hence,  except  in  the 
hands  of  a  master,  is  often  deficient  in  intellectual  or  ex- 
pressive character,  as  well  as  incongruous  with  the  re- 
mainder of  the  piece.  Modern  composers,  therefore,  usu- 
ally write  out  cadenzas  in  full,  instead  of  trusting,  as  was 
customary  in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries, 
to  the  taste  and  readiness  of  singers  and  players.  Also 
called  cndenet'. 

cade-oil  (kad'oil),  n.     [After  F.  hnile  de  cade 

(ML.  oleum  de  cada,  oil  of  juniper;  G.  l-addig- 

iil):  huile,  oil  (see  oil);  de  {<  L.  dc),  of;  cade 

(=  Pr.  cade  =  Sp.  cada  =  ML.  cada),  juniper, 

prob.,  like  G.  Icaddig,  kaddik,  <  Bohem.  kadik, 

juniper.]     An  oil  strong  with  empyreumatic 

principles,  extracted  from  juniper-wood  by  dis- 
tillation, and  used  in  France  and  Germany,  in 

veterinary  practice  and  in  human  therapeutics, 

for  eczema   and  other  sMn-affeotions.     AJso 

called  oil  of  cade. 
cader  (ka'der),  ».   [E.  dial.,  in  def.  2  also  spelled  cadgy  (kaj'i),  a.     [E.  dial,  and  Sc;  Sc.  also 

cadiir.]     1.  A  small  frame  of  wood  on  which  a     caidgij,  caign,  cadi/,  keadij ;  prob.  <  Ban.  kaad 

fisherman  keeps  his  line. —  2.  A  light  frame  of    =  Sw.  kdt,  wanton,  =  Icel.  kdtr,  merry,  cheer- 
wood  put  over  a  scythe  to  preserve  and  lay    ful.]     1.  Lively;  frolicsome. —  2.  Wanton. 

the  corn  more  even  in  the  swathe.    Halliwell.  cadi^,  «.     See  kadi. 

[Prov.  Eng.  in  both  senses.]  cadi-,  n.     Plural  of  cadus. 

cadesset,  "■   An  obsolete  form  of  cadftZow.   il/«»-  cadilesker,  ".     Bee  kadilesker. 

loirc.  Cadillac  (kad-i-lak'  or  -lyak'),  n.     [F.,  named 

cadetl(ka-det'),  ■«.    [In  17th  century  caf?ee,  later    from  Cadillac,  a  town  in  Gironde,  France.]     A 

Sc.  cadee,  a  younger  son  (and  in  extended  sense     sort  of  pear. 

eadie,  caddie,  etc.:  see  caddie  and  cad).  <  F.  cadist,  "■     Bee  caddis'^. 

cadet,  a  younger  son,  <  OF.  tUal.  capdet,  <  ML.  Cadiz  lace.     See  lace. 

capitelliim,  a  little  head,  dim.  of  L.  caput  (ca-  Cadmean  (kad-me'an),  a.    [<  L.  Cadmciis,  Cad- 
pit-),  head.    The  cadet  was  the  'little  head'  of    mcius,<Gr.  KaSfido'c,  relating  to  Kai/wch.^Cad- 

his  own  branch  of  the  family,  in  distinction 

from  the  eldest  son,  the  'head'  of  the  whole 

family.     The  former  practice  of  providing  for 

the  younger  sons  of  the  French  nobility  by 

making  them  officers  of  the  army  gave  rise  to 

the  military  use  of  the  word.]    1.  The  younger 

or  youngest  son. 

He  [the  abbatel  was  the  cadet  of  a  patrician  family,  .  .  . 
with  a  polite  taste  for  idleness  and  intrigue,  and  for  whom 
aio  secular  sinecure  could  be  found  in  the  State. 

Hoivclls,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

Hence  —  2.  One  of  the  younger  members,  or 

the  youngest  member,  of  any  organized  associa- 
tion or  institution. — 3.  One  who  carried  arms 

in  a  regiment  as  a  private,  but  solely  with  a 

view  to  acquiring  military  skill  preparatory  to  partS'f'irad'mi-a^ 

a  commission.    His  service  was  voluntary,  but  '=^«i™l?'  ';!J!,n™Vt^r 

he  received  pay,  and  was  thus  distinguished 

from  a  volunteer. — 4.  A  young  man  in  train- 
ing for  the  rank  of  an  officer  in  the  army  or 

navy,  or  in  a  military  school.    Speciflcally  — (a) 

One  who  is  under  training  lor  a  commission  in  the  army 

or  navy  l)y  a  eoui-se  of  instruction  and  military  discipline 

ill  til'-  I'liited  States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  or 

tin-  Initi'd  st.ites  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis.    Cadets 

are  iioininateii  for  admission,  after  ex: 

President  or  a  member  of  Congress.   (6) 

going  a  similar  course  of  instruction  and  discipline  in  the 

Royal  Military  Academy  at  Woolwich  or  the  Royal  ifili- 

tary  Academy  at  Sandhurst  in  England,  tlie  numerous 

cadet-schools  of  Germany,  etc.— Corps  of  cadets.    See 

corps'^. 
cadet'- (ka-def),  n.    An  East  Indian  bird,  ^(feo- 

pijga  miles,  a  species  of  fire  honey-sucker,  of 

the  family  Xrrtariiiiid(C. 
Cadet's  fuming  liquid.    See  alkarsin. 
cadetship  (ka-det'ship), )(.     [<  cadet^  +  -ship.'] 

Tlie  state  of  being  a  cadet;  an  appointment  as 

cadet. 
cadew,  ".     Same  as  caddis-worm. 
cade-worm  (kad'werm),  n.    Same  as  caddis- 

loorin. 


mus.]  Relating  to  Cadmus,  a  legendary  hero, 
foimder  of  Thebes  in  Boeotia,  who  is  said  to 
have  introduced  into  Greece,  from  Pheuicia, 
the  sixteen  simple  letters  of  the  Greek  alpha- 
bet, a,  (3,  J,  S,  c,  I,  K,  A,  /i,  V,  o,  IT,  p,  a,  r,  v, 
which  are  therefore  called  Cadmean  letters.— 
Cadmean  victory,  a  proverbial  phrase  for  a  victory  in 
wliitli  tlie  vieturs  suiter  as  much  as  the  vanquished  :  per- 
liaps  frnm  tlic  myth  of  the  Bceotian  dragon  slain  by  Cad- 
mus, and  the  threatened  attack  upon  him  by  the  armed 
men  wlio  sprang  from  its  teeth,  which  he  averteil  liy  in- 
ducing tliera  to  kill  one  another,  excepting  tlve,  wlio  aideil 
him  in  founding  Thebes;  or  from  the  contest  for  tlie  sov- 
ereignty of  Thebes  (the  Cadmean  city)  between  the  bro- 
thers Eteocles  and  Polynices,  who  killed  each  otlier  in 
duel,  while  the  partisans  of  the  former  were  victorious, 
but  were  driven  from  the  city  on  the  renewal  of  the  war 
ten  years  later.  , 

"  "  [kad'mi-a),  »i.  \\j.,<Gv.KaSiiaa,Ka(i/ua 
(sc.  yr'i,  earth),  calainin,  fern,  of  Knrf/'f'oc,  Cad- 
mean, perhaps  as  eqtuv.  to  "Theban":  see 
Cadiiiian.  Cf.  calainin,  <  ML.  calamina,  a  cor- 
ruption of  L.  cadinia.]  A  name  used  by  old 
■writers  (a)  for  the  native  siUcato  and  carbo- 
nate of  zinc,  and  (h)  for  the  oxid  of  zinc  which 
collects  on  the  sides  of  furnaces  where  zinc 
happens  to  be  present  in  an  ore  and  is  sublimed. 
iiiated  for  admission,  after  examination,  by  the  „- j™ifprou9  (kad-mif 'e-rus),  a.  Containing 
,t  or  a  member  of  Congress.   (6)  One  who  is  under-  Cduuiiiciuuo  v  ..  /> 

cadiuuim.  -„      ,  -r         ,    ■ 

cadmium  (kad'mi-um),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  cadmia  : 
see  cadmia.]  Atomic  weight,  112.3  ;  chemical 
symbol,  Cd.  A  metal  discovered  by  Stromeyer 
in  1817,  resembling  tin  in  color  and  general  ap- 
pearance, and,  like  that  metal,  ha%'ing  a  "cry" 
when  bent.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  cast  metal  is 
S  «■'  •  of  the  rolled,  8.69.  Its  hardness  is  lietween  that  of 
gold 'and  tin,  and  it  is  easily  rolled  to  sheets  or  even  to  very 
thin  foil  It  fuses  at  about  the  same  temperature  as  tin. 
467"  F  and  coninmnicates  to  various  alloys  the  property 
of  fusili"  at  very  low  temperatures.  (See  ll'oorf's  melal, 
under  metnl.)  If  .S  to  10  per  cent,  of  cadmium  be  added 
to  Rose  s  uu-tul,  its  fusing-poiut  is  lowered  to  167".  Cad- 
mium i-i  a  common  accompaniment  of  zinc  ores,  botli 
blende  and  calamin,  and  it  is  in  the  smelting  of  these 


caducibrancliiate 

that  the  commercial  metal  is  olitained,  which  is  done  a!- 
iiiitHt  exclusively  in  .Silesia  and  Belgium.  Some  kinds  of 
blende  contain  as  much  as  ;j  or  4  per  cent,  of  snlphiit  of 
cadmium.  Tills  metal  also  occurs  by  itself  naturally  in 
combination  with  sulpliur,  forming  tlie  rare  mineral  called 
greenockite  (wliicll  see).  The  manufactured  sulpliuret  is 
of  impoi-tanceas  furnishing  a  brilliant  und  permanent  yel- 
low color  called  cadmium-yeliow(see  below).  This  is  used 
liy  artists,  also  in  coloring  soap,  and  t/i  some  extent  in  eali- 
eo-printing;  it  is  also  used  for  giving  a  yellow  liititer  to 
the  surface  of  porcelain.  The  Ujtal  jiroducc  of  eadmium 
is  supposed  to  be  about  two  tons  a  year. —  fiflrimlnm 
blende,  tin-  inim-ral  greenoekit*.'. 

cadmium-yellow  (kad'Tni-um-^ePo),  71.  A 
pigment  [iicpared  by  jirecipitating  a  solution 
of  sul])hatc  of  cadmium  with  sulphurcted  hy- 
drogen, forming  sulphid  of  cadmium.  It  varies 
in  shade  from  a  light  yellow  to  a  deep  orange,  and  all  its 
tones  arc  very  clear  and  bright.  It  possesses  go<jd  body 
anrl  is  pcfrmanent  to  light  and  air. 

cadrans  (kad'ranz),  n.  [Prop.  pi.  of  F.  cadran, 
a  dial,  lit.  a  quadrant:  see  r/nadrant.]  In  gem- 
cutting,  a  wooden  instrument  by  which  a  gem 
may  bo  adjusted  to  and  held  at  any  desired 
angle  while  being  polished  or  cut. 

cadre  (kad'r),  n.  [F.,  a  frame,  <  L.  quadrnm, 
a  square.]  A  skeleton  or  framework;  specifi- 
cally, in  France,  the  permanently  organized 
skeleton  or  framework  of  a  regiment  or  corpg, 
consisting  of  the  commissioned  and  non-cora- 
missioned  officers,  musicians,  artificers,  etc., 
around  whom  the  rank  and  file  may  be  assem- 
bled at  short  notice. 

To  nil  th<^  cadrm  of  the  army  a  wcU-trained  and  organ- 
ized militia  stands  always  ready. 

J.  R.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Crulecrs,  p.  10. 

A  front  line  to  meet  immediate  attack  was  constituted 

from  the  remains  of  the  first  battalions  of  regiments, 

while  the  cadrex  of  the  second  battalions  were  posted 

along  the  line  of  Magdeburg-Erfurt  to  lie  rc-formc<l  there. 

Edinburgh  Ren.,  CLXIV.  213. 

caducaryt  (ka-du'ka-ri),  a.  [<  L.  caducarius, 
relating  to  property  without  a  master,  <  ca- 
^tcum  (or  caduca  bona),  property  without  a 
master,  neut.  of  cadiicus,  falling,  fallen:  see 
caducous.]  In  old  law,  relating  or  subject  to 
escheat,  forfeiture,  or  confiscation. 

caducean  (ka-di\'se-an),  a.  [<  cuduceus  +  -an.] 
Belonging  to  or  of  the  natuie  of  the  caducens 
or  wand  of  Mercury. 

caduceus  (ka-du'sf-us),  n.     [L.;  prob.  (d  for  r) 

<  Gr.  Kijf)vKiiov,  Doric  xapvKeiov,  -mov,  a  herald's 
staff,  neut.  of  KT/pvKemc,  of  a  herald, 

<  lif/pvi,  Doric  Kdpv^,  a  herald,  < 
Ktjpiaasiv,  proclaim,  announce,  tell.] 
In  classical  myth.,  the  rod  or  wand 
borne  by  Hermes,  or  Mercury,  as  an 
ensign  of  authority,  quality,  and  of- 
fice. It  was  originally  merely  the  fJi-eek 
herald's  staff,  a  plain  rod  entwined  with  fil- 
lets of  w-ool.  Later  the  fillets  were  changed 
to  serpents ;  and  in  tiie  conventional  repre- 
sentations familiar  at  the  present  day  the 
eailuceus  is  often  winged.  The  caduceus  is 
a  symliol  of  peace  and  prosperity,  and  in 
modern  times  figures  as  a  symbol  of  com- 
nierec.  Mercury  lieiiig  the  god  of  commerce. 
Tlie  rod  represents  power  ;  the  serpents  rep- 
resent wisdom  ;  and  the  two  wings,  diligence 
and  activity.  In  heraldry  it  is  blazoned  as  a 
staff  having  two  serpents  annodated  alnrnt  it,  mutually 
lespectaut,  and  joined  at  the  tails ;  it  is  a  rare  bearing. 

In  his  hand 
He  tooke  Caduceus,  liis  snakie  w-and. 
With  w-hich  the  damned  ghosts  he  govcnieth 
.\nd  furies  rules,  and  Tartare  tempereth. 

Spemcr,  Slother  Hub.  Talc.  1.  1292. 
caduciary  (ka-du'shi-a-ri),  a.     [A  var.  of  cadu- 
carij.]    1.  In  oWflo)«a«/a«-,  relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  forfeiture  or  escheat:  as,  caduciary  laws. 
The  purpose  of  the  caduciary  law  was  to  discourage 
ccliliacy  and  encourage  fruitful  marriages. 

Encijc.  Brit.,  XX.  710. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  not  acquired  by  succession: 
applied  to  certain  riglits. 

caducibranch  (ka-dii'si-brangk),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  caduciis,  caducous,  +  branchiw,  gills.]  Same 
as  caducibranchiate. 

Caducibranchia  (ka-dii-si-brang'ki-a),  n.pl. 
Same  as  Caducihranchiata. 

Caducibranchiata  (ka-dil  si-brang-M-a'ta),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  caducibrnnchiatus :  see 
caducibranchiate.]  A  group  or  division  of  uro- 
delo  amphibians  whose  gills  are  caducous  (that 
is,  those  which  lose  the  gUls  on  attaining  matu- 
rity), as  distinguished  from  Pcrennibranchiata. 
which  permanently  retain  their  gills.  Maxilla- 
ries  are  developed,  anil  both  jaws  are  dentigerous.  The 
group  is  iisuallv  ranked  as  an  order  or  a  suborder,  and  con- 
tains all  the  salamanders.  Contrasted  with  Protcida  and 
Trachiistoniata. 

caducibranchiate  (ka-dii-si-brang'ki-at),  a. 
and  n.  [<  NL.  eaducibranchiatus,  <  L.  caducus, 
caducous,  +  hranchia:.  gills.]  1.  a.  Haring 
caducous  branchiae  or  gills:  losing  the  gills  on 
attaining  maturity :  applied  to  amphibians  such 


Caduceus. 


48 


caducibranchiate 

as  the  newts,  as  distinguished  from  perenni- 
branchiate  amphibians. 
n.  «■  One  of  the  Caduciiranchiata. 
Also  caducibranch. 
cadncicom  (ka-du'si-kom),  a.     [<  L.  eaducits, 
deciduous.  +  cornn  =E.  horn.']     Having  decid- 
uous liorns  or  antlers,  as  deer, 
caducity  (ka-du'si-ti),  n.     [=  F.  eadiicite,  < 
ilL.  iadiicita(t-)s,  lapse,  forfeiture,  lit.  a  falling, 
<  L.  caditats.  falling:    see  forf«coi(.st.]      1.  A 
tendency  to  fall  or  decay;  hence,  the  period  of 
declining  life ;  senility  ;'feebleness;  weakness. 
A  heterogeneous  jumble  of  youth  and  caducity, 

Chesterfield,  Letters,  p.  390. 
In  a  miracle-play,  the  whole  life  of  a  sjiint,  from  the  cra- 
dle to  marljTdom',  was  displayed  in  the  same  piece  :  the 
youth,  the  middle  age,  and  the  caducity  of  the  eminent 
personage  required  to  be  enacted  by  tliree  different  actoi-s. 
/.  Disraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  393. 

2.  In  Louisiana  law,  lapse;  failure  to  take  ef- 
fect :  as,  the  caducity  of  a  will  from  the  birth 
of  a  legitimate  child  to  the  testator  after  its 
date;  the  caducity  of  a  legacy  from  the  death 
of  the  legatee  before  that  of  the  testator. 
caducous  (ka-dii'kus),  <i.  [<  L.  caducus,  fall- 
ing, fallen,  fleeting,  <  cadere.fall:  see  cadcnt.1 
Ha^'iug  a  tendency  to  fall  or  decay.  Specifically  — 
(a)  In  zooL,  falling  otf";  dropping  away  or  sliedding ;  decid- 
uous, as  the  gills  of  most  amphibians,  the  milk-teeth  of  most 
mammals,  the  antlers  of  deer,  etc.:  synonymous  with  de- 
ciduoiu,  Imfc  implying  an  earlier  or  speedier  falling  off. 
(6)  In  bot.,  dropping  off  very  early,  and  so  distinguished 
from  df-ciduowi,  as  the  sepals  of  the  poppy,  which  fall  at 
once  '111  the  opening  of  the  flower. 

caduket  (ka-diik'),  a.     [JIE.,  <  L.  cnducus:  see 

caducous.']    Caducous;  perishing;  perishable. 

The  fruit  caduke  is  goodly  thus  to  cure. 

PaUadiun,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  X.  S.),  p.  21-2. 

cadus  (ka'dus),  ».;  pi.  cadi  (-di).  [L. :  see 
cade'".]  In  classical  antiq.,  a  large  vessel  for 
the  drawing  and  transportation  of  liquids,  jis 
■wine,  oil,  etc,  it  w.as  of  conical  forni  at  the  bottom, 
with  a  wide  mouth  and  an  arched  handk-.  admitting  of  its 
use  as  a  bucket.  It  was  usually  an  ordinary  utensil  niatie 
of  coarse  red  pottery,  but  was  sometimes  made  of  bronze, 
silver,  etc. 

cady  (kad'i),  H.     See  caddie. 

caeca,  ".     Plural  of  ca'cum. 

caecal,  cecal  (se'kal),  a.  [<  ccccum  +  -ah]  1. 
Of  or  i)irtainiiig  to  the  ceecum;  of  the  nature 
of  or  resembling  a  csecum :  as,  a  ctecal  appen- 
dage.—  2.  Blind,  as  a  cul-de-sac  or  Cfeeuin ; 
ending  blindly,  like  a  cffleum :  as,  the  ca:cal  end 
of  a  duct. 

csecally,  cecally  (se'kal-i),  adv.  In  a  csecal 
manner  :  blindly ;  as  a'  ceecum,  diverticulum, 
or  cul-de-sac. 

In  the  former  [the  Articulata]  .  .  .  the  intestine  ends 
ececally.  U.  ^.  Nicholson. 

caecid  fse'sid),  n.    A  gastropod  of  the  family 

Cirulir. 

Caecidae  (se'si-de),  n.pl.  [XL.,<  Ca'cum  + -idn:] 
A  family  of  ta>nioglossate  gastropods,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Ctccum.  nie  animal  has  a 
long  Hat  roatnnii,  sliort  tentacles  with  tlieir  bases  in  front 
of  the  eyes,  and  a  short  mirrow  foot ;  the  shell  is  tubiforni 
and  curve.l.  and  the  operculum  nmltispiral.  The  (andly 
Is  remarkable  for  the  combination  of  the  sausage-like  shell 
with  the  H^ift  parts;  it  is  generally  placed  near  the  Tur- 
riteUidfF.  Tile  fijR-cics  arc  widely  distributed  in  the  sea, 
bnt  an-  iK>t  often  collected,  on  account  of  their  ismall  size. 

Caecidotea  (se*si-d6-te'ii), ».  fNL.,  <  L.  cwcus, 
blind,  +  Ido- 
tea,  q.  v.]  A 
^eniis  of  blind 
isopod  crusta- 
ceaiiH,  without 
optic  ganglion 
or  nerve,  c. 
Mtyf/in  is  a  species 
iiliundnnt  In  the 
.Mammoth  and 
other  cAvcs  in 
Kentucky.  It  rc- 
Meiiiblefl  A  dcjiau- 
IH-rntc  HjK'eliiien 
of  AtettuM,  Mith 
I'inger  linil  slen- 
d-  T'T  iHMly  anil 
liiiii",  and  Is  re. 
!■  rr  I  lo  the  fain- 
il,    [.llidir. 

CaBciconae  {»<}- 

''■':' l.n.jil. 

[Nl...  -■  L.CtB- 
riii'iKn.  bom 
blirirl,  <  iiicus, 
blind,  +  -ge- 
nu*, -br.rn,  < 
gignrr'  l,.,,r.] 
A  unli.li'.  ir,iipn 
ofhornipleroim  ..  ,h, .„im.,'' 
inHOclM.       AIho    iwtuwItiM; 

Utdgenut.  ,„  i„M,^ 


754 

Caecilia  (se-sil'i-ii),  «.  [L.,  a  kind  of  lizard 
(called  by  Pliny  0fPOH«  scrjten.^),  <  cfccus.  blind. 
Cf.  Co'ciUus.  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens.  fem. 
Circilia.]  1.  The  tyiueal  genus  of  the  family 
Ca^ciliidw.  C.  lumbricoides  of  South  America  is 
a  typical  example.  Often  spelled  Cacilia. —  2. 
[?.  c]  A  member  of  the  genus  Ca-cilia;  a  en?- 
cilian. — 3.  [XL.]  la  cntom.,  same  as  Ca:cilius. 

Caeciliadae  (se-si-li'a-de),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Ca- 
ciUid<r. 

Caeciliae  (se-sil'i-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Ca'cilia.] 
A  group  constituted  by  the  family  Cwciliida: 

caeciUan  (sf-sil'i-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Ca-ciliidtc. 

II,  H.  A  worm-like  amphibian  of  the  family 
Cceciliida: 

caeciliid  (sf-sil'i-id),  ».     Same  as  ca-cilian. 

Caeciliidae  (se-si-li'i-de),  «.  2>l.  [XL..  <  Ca-cilia 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  serpentiform  amphibians 
ha^-ing  no  limbs,  nor  even  pelvic  or  pectoral 
girdles.  They  are  covered  with  small  scales  embedded 
in  ring-like  folds  of  the  skin,  or  are  naked  :  theil-  eyes  are 
generally  rudimentary  or  concealed,  their  anus  is  termi- 
nal, and' they  have  gills  in  early  stages  of-development. 
The  vertebral  ai-e  anipbicoilous,  and  the  notochord  is  per- 
sistent. There  is  no  sternum  ;  the  ribs  are  short  and  very 
numerous ;  the  tongue  is  short  and  tlesliy ;  and  the  teeth  are 
sharp  and  recurved.  The  family  alone  constitutes  an  onlcr 
variously  named  Ophiomorpha,  Giimnophioiia,  Pseudophi' 
dia,  Apoda,  etc.  It  contains  14  genera.  Ciecilia  is  the  prin- 
cipal one,  occurring  in  .South  .\merica ;  5  others  are  South 
American,  3  Asiatic,  and  5  African.  More  than  30  species 
are  known.  Some  of  the  Ceeriliidm  attain  a  length  of 
several  feet;  they  burrow  in  the  ground,  and  sometimes 
take  to  the  water.  According  to  some,  they  live  on  vege- 
table matter  ;  according  to  others,  upon  worms  and  insect- 
larva'.  Often,  but  erroneously,  spelled  Caeciliidx;  also 
Co'ciliadfP,  Ca'cilidfe. 

cascilioid  (se-sil'i-oid),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Resem- 
bling or  having  the  characters  of  the  Cwciliida: 
II,  II.  Acieciliau;  a  cseciliid. 

Caecilius  (se-sil'i-us),  n.  [NL.  (ef.  L.  Cwcilius. 
a  Roman  gens),  <  L.  ca-cus,  blind.]  A  genus 
of  nenropterous  insects,  of  the  division  C'orro- 
dentia  and  family  Psocidw.  The  species  are 
small  pale  yellowish-green  insects,  found  iu 
oarilens.     Also  C'a:cilia. 

caecitis  (se-si'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  cwcum  +  -itis.] 
lu pathol.,  inflammation  of  the  caecum;  typhli- 
tis. 

caecity  (.se'si-ti),  n.     [<  L.  cmcita{t-)s,  blindness, 

<  cwcM,  blind.]     See  cecity. 

caecum,  cecum  (se'kmn),  n. ;  pi.  cwca,  ccca  (-kji). 
[L.  (se.  intcstinum),  lit.  the  lilind  (gut),  neut.  of 
cacus,  also  written  cecus,  blind.]  1.  In  human 
aiiat.,  the  blind  pouch  or  cul-de-sac  which  is 
the  beginning  of  the  colon,  into  which  the  ileum 
opens,  and  to  which  the  vermiform  appendage 
is  attached,  it  is  scarcely  more  than  a  rudiment  or 
vestige  of  the  corresponding  large  formation  of  some 
aliinials.     See  cut  under  intfstiiu!. 

2.  In  -oo/.,  any  cfDcal  diverticulum  or  intesti- 
nal appendage  ending  in  a  eul-de-sac.  See  cuts 
under  Asteroidi'a  and  iiik-h(t;f.  In  nianinials  there  is  bnt 
one  ca'cnm.  sometimes  of  enornions  extent,  lus  in  the  rumi- 
nants and  berbivoi-ous  s]ticics  generally.  It  is  given  oil 
from  the  colon  at  the  jioint  wbcrc  tlic  small  intesthie  en- 
ters it.  In  binls  there  arc  usually  two  ea'ca;  sometimes 
one  cecum,  attaining  great  si/c  in  some  cases,  as  of  the 
herbivorous  geese  ;  sonietinics  none.  There  being  no  ob- 
vious distinction  bet\\  een  the  ileum  and  the  cidon  in  birds. 
the  site  of  the  cieca  or  ciccum  is  taken  as  the  beginning  t'f 
the  colon.  In  llshcs  cicea  are  olti'U  numerous  anil  large. 
A  cardiac  ciecum  forms  a  prolongation  of  the  cardiac  end 
of  the  stonuteh  in  the  blood-sucking  bat^  of  the  genus 

I)iSlii:'llUS. 

3.  \caj).]  [XL.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Cn-i'idir.     Cardiac  csecum.    Pericardiac. 

caelonieter  (.■^v-l'""'''-''')-  "•    [^  ^-  <'"'l">>i< 

citlum,  I  lie  sky,  heaven,  +  iiiilrum,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  used  to  illustrates  the  elcnicii- 
tary  iirineiples  of  astronomy.  Also  wpelled  fu- 
himf  I'  r. 

caenation,  «.    See  cenation. 

Caenogsea  (sii-nn-.jo'ii),  ji.    [NL.,<  Gt.  kowoc, 

rici  III,  +  )ii(a,  land.]  "  In  zniiijinii.,  a  great  di- 
vision iif  tlic  enrtli'M  land-siirfacc  and  fresli  wa- 
ters, consist  iiig  of  I  he  Neai'ftic,  I'lilearelie.  niid 
Indian  realms,  thus  lolloctivelycoulrusted  willi 
ICofiati :  BO  culled  from  llie  niodcrnaBpect  of  the 
faunas.     Also  Kjielled  (vnoiiwa. 

Caenogaean  (He-n6-.j6'an),  a.  [<  Cn^onwa  + 
-an.]  ( If  (ir  iierlaliiing  to  C(Vnogn-a.  Alsosiiell- 
ed  t'l  ittufnilu. 

Oaenozoic,  OenOZOiC  (se-nri-zo'ik),  a.  [Also 
written  Laiiiii-,  alter  the  (ireek;  <  <ir.  mkiVh, 
new,  recent,  +  Cui/,  life.]  In  iirnl.,  conliiiiiing 
recent  forms  of  life;  applied  lo  the  lutcHf  of 
the  tliree  divisionH  into  wliieli  Htratii  have  been 

arranged  with  referei lo  the  age  of  the  fos- 

HiJH  they  irielndts  The  fifnoioic  Hyntem  enibniei-s  the 
lerlhirv  and   I'ontlertlnry  •v»lenin  of  llrltlub  ucologlHls, 

<  thililtiiig  n  cent  forinx  of  llf,..  In  eoiilrailliilliiellon  to  Ibe 
.Mrioiuir,  eihlbltliig  hiUrmcllule,  niid  the  I'nUuzuic,  an 


Caesarism 

dent  and  extinct,  forms.  It  corresponds  nearly  with  what 
has  been  called  the  age  of  mammals.  Also  written  Caino- 
zoic,  Kaiuozoic. 

The  local  continental  era  which  began  with  the  Old  Red 
Sandstone  and  closed  with  tile  Nevv  Red  Marl  is  .  .  .  later 
tban  the  New  Red  Marl  and  all  the  Cainozoic  or  Tertiary 
formations.  J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Time,  p.  343, 

Caen  stone.    See  stone. 

caer-,  car-.  [W.  caer,  wall,  fort,  castle,  city.] 
A  prefix,  signifying  fortified  wall  or  castle,  oe- 
ctuTing  in  place-names  iu  Wales  aud  parts  of 
western  and  northern  England:  as,  Cacrleon', 
Ciirdny.  Carnarvon,  Carlisle. 

Caereba,  ".     See  Cwreba. 

Caerebinae,  n.  pi.    See  Cotrehina. 

caerimoniarius  (ser-i-mo-ni-a'ri-us),  h.;  pi. 
cwriiiiiiiiitirii  (-1).  [NL.,  <  L.  ca'rimonia,  cere- 
mou}':  see  ceremony.]  A  master  of  ceremonies ; 
in  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  an  ecclesiastic  whose- 
duty  it  is  to  be  present  at  solemn  episcopal 
functions  in  order  to  see  that  no  confusion  oc- 
curs and  that  no  errors  are  committed  in  ritual 
or  ceremonies. 

caerulet,  caerulean,  etc.     See  cerule,  ete. 

caeruleus  morbus  (se-ro'le-us  mor'bus).  [NL.] 
The  bhio-disease.     See  eyano.^is. 

Caesalpinia  (ses-al-pin'i-ii),  n.  [NTj.,  after- 
Andreas  Ca:salpinus  (1519-1603),  a  celebrated 
Italian  botanist  and  physician.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  natm-al  order  Leynminosee.  The  species 
are  trees  or  shrubs  found  in  the  warmer  regions  of  both 
hemispheres,  with  showy  yellow  or  red  flowers,  bipinnate 
leaves,  and  usually  more  or  less  prickly  stems.  They 
yield  various  dyewoods  and  astringent  products  useful  in 
tanning,  as  the  brazil-wood  of  tropical  America  (from  C. 
ccliiiiata,  etc.),  the sappan-wood of  India(from  C.  Sai>pau), 
and  the  divi-divi  pods  and  algarovilla  of  South  America 
(from  C.  tinctoria  and  C.  brevi/oiia).  C.  indcherrima  is- 
planted  for  ornament  and  for  hedges,  and  the  seeds  of  C. 
Jiondiicella  are  well  known  as  nicker-nuts.  The  genus  is- 
now  made  to  include  several  old  genera,  as  Guila7idina, 

etc. 

Caesar  (se'zar),  «.  [L.  Caesar,  later  written 
Casar,  orig.  a  proper  name,  afterward  equiv. 
to  'emperor';  whence  Gr.  Haiaait  =  Goth,  kai- 
sar  =  OUG.  keisar,  MHG.  I'ciscr,  G.  kaiser  =  AS. 
cd.'terc,  ME.  caiser,  laiscr,  keiscr  =  OS.  kcsar,  kc- 
snr  =  OFries.  kaiser,  keiscr,  NFries.  kiJser  =  D. 
/.■(  (■--<»•  =  Icel.  keisari  =  Sw.  kejsare  =  Dan.  kejser 
=  Tiu'k.  kayser  =  OPol.  c::ar,  now  car  (pron.  tsar) 
=  Kuss.  tsarx,  (>  E.  tsar,  tzar,  czar,  q.  v.),  etc., 
till  in  the  sense  of  '  emperor'  or  '  king.'  The  ori- 
gin of  L.  Ctv.iar  is  uncertain;  cf.  cnsius,  bluish- 
p'ay  (of  the  eyes),  also  used  as  a  proper  name: 
see  ciisions.]  1.  A  title,  originally  a  surname 
of  tlie  .lulian  faniilyat  Rome,  which,  after  being 
dignilied  iu  the  person  of  the  dietatcu'C  .lulius 
Ca'sar,  was  assumed  by  successive  Roman  em- 
perors, and  liiialiy  came  to  bo  applied  to  the 
heir  ]irosumptivo  to  tlio  throne,  in  tlie  same 
manner  as  Jui/ustiis  w.is  a.l.h-das  a  title  to  the 
name  of  the  reigiiine  niqii  rur.  The  title  wius  pcr- 
ln-tuated  in  the  Kitisrr  of  tile  Holy  Koman  Emtiire,  a  dig- 
nity first  assumed  by  Cliarlemagiic. 
Hence  —  2.  A  (lictator;  a  conqueror;  an  em- 
peror; an  absolute  monarch. 

.-Vnd  she  shall  be  solo  victress,  Orcsar's  Ctettar. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

Caesar  (so'zitr),  j\  [i  C(esar,v.]  I.  intrans.  To- 
imitato  Cnosar;  assume  dictatorial  or  imperial 
)io\ver.      [Rare.] 

II.  trans.  To  make  like  Ca?sar;  raise  to  im- 
perial power.     [Rare.] 

Crowned,  he  villiflcs  his  own  kingdom  for  narrow  boniuts, 
w-hilcs  be  hath  greater  neighbours ;  he  must  be  Ctrsared  to- 
il universal  inoniu'ch.  licv.  T.  Adams.  Works,  I.  491. 

Caesarean,  Caesarian  (se-za're-an,  -ri-nti),  a. 

|<  li.  ('(isariaiiiis,  relating  to  Cir.-uir;  but  tho- 
obsli'lric  use  is  prob.  lo  be  referred  to  L.  cn'sns, 
jip.  of  ca'dcre,  cut.  ("f.  crsura.]  I'erliiining  to- 
or  characteristic  of  (Jiesar.  Also  spt^led  (V. •.•((- 
rcan,  Cciarian. 

Hooker,  like  inaiiv  another  strong  man,  aeeniB  to  bavo 
bad  a  Cnwtnait  fail)i  111  himself  and  Ills  fortunes, 

,W.  ('.  '/';//.  I-,  Hist.  Ainer.  Lit.,  I.  ll)«. 

CsBsarean  Bectlon  ■•r  operation,  in  iniitiii/crii.  the  opo- 
ralioii  liy  which  the  fetus  is  taken  out  of  the  iitei-iis  by  all 
Inclsl.in'lhroiiKb  the  parletes  of  the  abilomi-n  and  uterus, 

when  II bstaclcH  to  delivery  are  so  gi-eiif  as  to  leave  no- 

iillei-native:  said  (iloiiblfiilly)  to  be  so  nniiied  because  ,lil- 
liiiM  Ciesiir  wa.s  brought,  inlo  (lie  world  in  this  way. 
Caesarism  (so'ziir-iznO,  )i.  [<  Ca.iar  +  -ism.] 
•  ioveriinieiit  resembling  that  of  a  Ciesar  or  em- 
peror ;  despotic  sway  exercised  by  one  who  has 
been  iiliK-ed  in  powi-r  liy  I  ho  |i(i|uilar  will ;  im- 
pei'inliNm  in  general, 

llls|lllHiiiarck's|  power  luu  become  u  sort  of  ministerial 
Cirsarism.  Lowe,  liisinari-k,  II.  fiGO. 

Tliclr  charier  had  .  .  .  Inl.rodnccil  the  tnii'  Napoleonlo 

Idea  of  (•ivsarisni  Into  tli. ndllct  of  lilllMlcl|iiil  nllalrB; 

.  .  .  the  eBHeiitlal  condition  to  Cit'sarism  was  the  sileceB* 
of  the  Ciesnr.  A'.  A.  Ikv.,  CXX.  174. 


Cxsarize 

Ossarize  (se'zar-iz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  CcBsar- 
Kid,  ppr.  f'(rsnrizing.  [<  Cmsar  +  -ize.~\  To 
rule  as  a  Cn'sar;  tyrannize;  play  tbo  Cnasar. 

Caesaropapism  (se'zar-o-pa'pizm),  n.  [<  L. 
Cwsar,  CiEsar,  emperor,  +  yi\i.  papa,  pope,  + 
-ism.']  The  supremacy  of  the  secular  power  over 
ecclesiastical  matters.     Jiiiriic.  lirif.,  XV.  80. 

CffiSiOUS  (se'zi-us),  a.  [<  Jj.  cccsiiis,  bluish-gi'ay.] 
Lavender-colored;  pale-blue,  with  a  slight  mix- 
ture of  gray. 

caesium  (se'zi-um),  n.  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  ca'»ii(s, 
bluish-gi'ay.]  Chemical  symbol,  Cs;  atomic 
weight,  132.!».  A  rare  metal  discovered  by 
Buusen  and  Kirehhoff  by  spectrum  analysis  in 
the  saline  waters  of  Dui-klieim  in  Germany,  and 
subsequently  in  other  luiueral  waters,  it  has 
luvcT  Itrfii  isDlated,  anil  is  only  known  in  combination. 
It  is  a  strong'  base  Jjeloniiin^,  witli  potas-sinin,  soiiiuui,  lith- 
iniii.anil  iiilinliiun,  t'l  tbe  yionp  of  ulliali  nu-tals.  I'a-siuni, 
in  conrKitinn  w  itb  i  ulii.liuni,  is  fouiul  most  abun<laiitt,\  in 
tin-  Icpidolito  of  Hellion,  Maine.  The  oxalate- and  nitrate 
of  ea\sinni  are  nsed  in.medicine. 

caespitose,  caespitosely.     See  cespitose,  cespi- 

tdsi'tii. 
caespitous  (ses'pi-tus),  a.    Same  as  cespitose. 
caestus,  «.     See  cestus^. 

caesura,  caesural,  etc.    See  ccsura,  cesural,  etc. 
cafast,   «.     [i*".  cafas  (Cotgrave).]     A  kind  of 

coarse  taffeta. 
cafe  (ka-fa'),  ».     [F.,  coffee,  a  coffee-house;  = 

K.  (■o_/f'(?e,  q.  v.]     1.  Coffee. —  2.  A  coffee-house ; 

a  restaurant. 

I  dined  in  a  caf^  more  superb  than  anything  we  have 
an  idea  of  in  the  way  ot  coflee-houses. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  Mrs.  Sydney  Smith. 

Caf6  au  lait  (ka-fa' 5 la)  (F.,  coffee  with  milk],  a  lifrht 
yellowisll-gray  color.— Cafe  chantant  (ka-fiishon-tofi'j, 
ill  France,  a  public  place  of  ciitei  taininent  where  the 
Kucsts  are  regaled  with  music,  sinking,  etc.,  and  served 
with  lijiht  refreshments.  Such  estaldishments  often  con- 
sist of  open-air  inclosiiies  planted  with  trees,  under 
which  the  guests  sit  in  summer,  while  the  singers,  etc., 
perform  on  a  stage.  Also  called  cafi  cnnrerf .—Ca,f6  noir 
(ka-fa  nwor'),  black  coffee;  a  strong  infusion  of  coffee 
drunk  clear,  usually  at  the  close  of  a  meal. 

cafecillo(ka-fa-sery6),  H.  [Mex.]  The  Mexican 
name  of  a  species  of  Citharcxiiliim,  a  verbena- 
ceous  tree,  the  seeds  of  which  when  roasted  have 
the  combined  flavor  of  coffee  and  chocolate. 

cafeine  (kaf'f-in),  «.  [Formed  as  caffein.']  The 
trade-name  of  a  mrxtiu'e  of  roasted  grain  and 
chicory  ground  together  and  sold  as  coffee. 
De  Colange. 

cafetal,  cafetale  (kaf 'e-tal,  kaf-e-ta'le),  n.  [Sp. 
(=  IV-  iiife:ul),  <  cafe  =  E.  coffee.']  A  coffee- 
jilantation.     [Tropical  America.] 

caff  (kaf),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  chaff'^. 

caffat  (kaf 'a),  «.  A  rich  stuff,  probably  of  silk, 
in  use  in  tfie  sixteenth  century. 

caffeic  (ka-fe'ik  or  kaf'e-ik),  a.  [<  caffea  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  cofiee — Caffeic  acid,  a  vegeta- 
ble acid  (CgHg04)  e.\isting  in  coffee.  It  crystallizes  in  yel- 
low prisms,  soluble  in  hot  water.  Also  called  caffetannic 
ifi'f  and  chforofrt'nic  ttritl. 

caffein,  caffeine  (ka-fe'iu  or  kaf 'e-in),  n.    [=  F. 

ciil'i'ilie ;  <  NL.  caffea,  coffee,  +  -iifi,  -iiie^.]  An 
alkaloid,  C8H10N4O2,  crystallizing  in  slender, 
silk-like  needles  which  have  a  bitter  taste, 
found  in  coffee-beans.  Coffee  contains  from  0.6  to 
2.2  per  cent.  It  is  a  weak  base,  and  forms  salts  with  the 
strong  mineral  acids.  Caffein  and  certain  of  its  salts  are 
used  in  medicine,  and  tlie  stimulating  effects  of  tea  and 
coffee  are  largely  due  to  the  presence  of  this  alkaloid.  It 
is  similar  to  if  not  identical  with  the  thein  found  in  tea,  the 
giiaranin  of  Pauliiiia  sorbilis,  and  the  alkaloid  of  Ilex 
}''irn<i'iahii.'ii.^.     Also  written  cujhin,  coflrine. 

caffeinic  (kaf-e-in'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  pro- 
duced by  caffein :  as,  a  caffeinic  headache. 

caffeinism  (ka-fe'in-izm),  «.  [<  caffein  +  -ism.] 
A  morbid  state  produced  by  prolonged  or  ex- 
cessive use  of  caffein.  it  is  marked  by  dyspepsia, 
paljiitation  of  the  heart,  tremulousness,  UTitability,  and 
depression  of  spirits. 

caffeism  (ka-fe'izm),  n.     Same  as  caffeinism. 

caffeone  (ka-fe'6n  or  kaf  e-6n),  n.  [<  NL.  caf- 
fea, coffee,  +  -one.]  The  aromatic  principle 
of  coffee.  It  is  a  brown  oil,  heavier  than  water.  An 
almost  imponderable  quantity  gives  au  aroma  to  a  quart 
of  water. 

Caffer,  ".     See  Kafir. 

Caffer-bread,  Cafl'er-corn.  See  Kafi,r-hread, 
-ciini. 

caffetannic  (kaf-e-tan'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  caffea  + 
E.  tannic]  Pertaining  to  coffee  and  resem- 
bling tannin — Caffetannic  acid.  Same  as  caffeic  acid 
(which  see,  under  cajeic). 

caffila,  ».     See  kafila. 

Caffrarian,  a.  and  n.    See  Kaffrarian. 

Caffre,  n.  and  a.     See  Kafir. 

cafilah,  n.     See  hafila. 

Cafisso  (ka-fis'6),  )/'.  [It.  cafisso  =  Sp.  Pg.  cahiz 
(ML.  caficium,  cafijsa),  a  measiu'e  (see  def.),  < 
At.  qaftz.]     A  unit  of  capacity  in  use  in  the 


755 

Mediterranean,  derived  from  the  Arabian  mea- 
sure leaf::  (which  see).  As  a  dry  measure  it  contains 
in  .Moioeeoand  Tunis  l.'i  United  .States  (Winchester)  liiish- 
els,  or  ri2s.(i  litia-s.  There  is  also  a  callsso  in  Tunis  of  14 
United  States  bushels,  (u'  4».'i.ii  liters.  In  Tripoli  it  con- 
tains sometimes  lU  luishcls  (40«  liters),  sometimes  9i 
luisliels  (320.7  liters).  In  Valencia  there  18  a  cafisso  of  U 
bushels.  As  a  liquid  measure  it  varies  still  more.  In 
Malta  it  is  .IJ  United  .States  (old  wine)  gallons,  or  .)J  im- 
perial gallons.  In  Messina  it  Is  2.:i  Uniti'd  .States gallons ; 
in  other  parts  of  .Sicily,  3  gallons.  In  I'alermo,  by  a  cafis- 
so of  oil  is  meant  a  weight  of  10  kilogi'ams. 

cafiz,  n.     See  ealiiz  and  7cafiz. 

cafoyt,  n.  [Cf.  caffa.]  A  material  used  in  the 
eighteenth  century  for  hangings.     Fairkolt. 

cafta,  II.     See  kafta. 

caftaUj  kaftan  (kaftan),  «.  [Ar.  qaftm,  qaf- 
ivn,  >  Turk,  i/aflan.]  "A  gjirment  worn  by  men 
in  Turkey,  Egypt,  and  other  easterti  countries, 
consisting  of  a  kind  of  long  vest  tied  about 
the  waist  with  a  girille,  and  having  sleeves  long 
enough  to  extend  lieyond  the  tips  of  the  fingers. 
A  long  cloth  coat  is  worn  above  it. 

Cag  (kag),  u.     A  dialectal  variant  of  kcf/. 

cage  (kaj),  n.  [<  ME.  ca//e,  <  OF.  cair/c  (F.  car/e), 
also  caivc,  cave,  =  Sp.'Pg.  qavia  =  It.  t/ahhia, 
gaggia,  dial.  caMiia,  =  OHtr.  'clievia.  MIUJ.  1,-eiJr, 
G.  Mfc,  kiifich,  kiifig,  a  cage,  <  ML.  'cuvia,  L. 
cavea,  a  hollow  place,  den,  cave,  cage :  see  care, 
n.,  which  is  a  doublet  of  cage.]  1.  A  box-like 
receptacle  or  inelosure  for  confining  birds  or 
wild  beasts,  made  with  open  spaces  on  one  or 
more  sides,  or  on  all  sides,  and  often  also  at 
the  top,  by  the  use  of  osiers,  wires,  slats,  or 
rods  or  bars  of  iron,  according  to  the  required 
strength. 

It  happens  with  it  (wedlock)  as  with  caries ;  the  birds 
without  despair  to  get  in,  and  those  within  despair  to  get 
out.  Fhrrio, 

2.  A  prison  or  place  of  confinement  for  male- 
factors ;  a  part  of  a  building  or  of  a  room  sepa- 
rated from  the  rest  by  bars,  within  which  to  con- 
fine persons  under  arrest,  as  sick  or  wounded 
prisoners  in  a  hospital. — 3.  A  skeleton  frame- 
work of  any  kind.  («)  in  carp.,  an  outer  work  of  tim- 
ber inclosing  anotjicr  witliin  it,  as  the  caffe  of  a  windmill  or 
of  a  staircase,  (b)  In  niach.,  a  framework  to  coiillne  a  ball- 
valve  within  a  certain  range  of  motion,  (c)  A  wire  guard 
placed  in  front  of  an  eduction-opening  to  allow  liquiils  to 
pass,  but  preveut  the  passage  of  solids,  (ri)  In  imninn. 
a  platform  of  wood  strongly  put  together  with  iron,  on 
which  men  are  lowered  and  raised  to  the  surface,  ami  on 
which  the  ore  and  waste  rock  are  raised  in  cars,  in  which 
they  are  conveyed  without  transfer  to  the  place  wliere 
they  are  to  be  emptied,  or  to  receive  further  treatment, 
(e)  Naut.,  an  iron  vessel  formed  of  hoops  placed  on  the 
top  of  a  pole,  and  tilled  witli  combustibles.  It  is  lighted 
an  hour  before  bi^h  water,  and  marks  an  intricate  chan- 
nel navigable  for  the  time  during  which  it  burns. 
4.  Acup  with  a  glass  bottom  and  cover  between 
which  is  a  drop  of  water  containing  animalcules 
to  be  examiiied  imder  a  microscope. — 5.  The 
large  wheel  of  a  whim  about  which  the  hoist- 
ing-rope is  woimd. —  6.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  a  chapel  inclosed  with  a  latticework 
or  grating. 

cage  (kaj),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caged,  ppr.  cag- 
ing. [<  cage,  «.]  1.  To  eoniine  in  a  cage; 
shut  up  or  confine:  as,  "caged  nightingales," 
Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  ii.— 2.  To  make  like 
a  cage  or  place  of  confinement :  as,  "the  caged 
cloister,"  Sliak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  249. 

cage-bird  (kii.i'bcrd),  n.    A  cageling. 

cage-guides  (kaj'gidz),  n.jil.  in  mining,  verti- 
cal pieces  of  wood,  or,  in  England,  rods  of  iron 
or  steel,  or  wire  ropes,  which  are  fixed  in  the 
shaft  and  serve  to  steady  and  guide  the  cage 
in  its  ascent  and  descent :  in  the  United  States 
usuallv  called  guide-rojics,  or  simplj-  guides: 

cageling  (kaj'ling), «.  [<  cage  +  -ling'^.]  A  bird 
kept  in  a  cage ;  a  cage-bird. 

And  as  the  cageUii'j  newly  flown  returns. 
The  seeming-injured,  simple-hearted  thing 
Came  to  lier  old  perch  back,  and  settled  there. 

Tenniixiin,  ileiliu  and  Vivien. 

cage-seat  (kaj'set),  «.  In  mining,  a  framework 
at  the  bottom  of  a  shaft  on  which  the  cage 
drops,  and  which  is  arranged  to  reduce  the  jar 
consecpient  upon  its  coming  to  rest. 

cage-shuts  (kiij'shuts),  «.  2>l.  In  coal-mining, 
drops  or  catches  on  which  the  cage  rests  diu-- 
ing  the  operation  of  running  the  cars  off  and 
on  it,  or  while  "caging."     [Scotch.] 

caging  (ka'jing),  n.  l<.  cage,  n.,3(d),  +  -ififfl.] 
In  coal-mining,  the  operation  of  changing  the 
tubs  on  the  cage.  Gresley.  [North  Stafford- 
shire, Eug.] 

cagmag  (kag'mag),  n.  [E.  dial.:  origin  ob- 
sem-e.J  1.  A  tough  old  goose. —  2.  Lnwhole- 
some  or  loathsome  meat;  offal. — 3.  An  infe- 
rior kind  of  sheep.     HaUiirell.     [Vulgar.] 

CagOt  (ka-go'),  n.  [F.,  =  Pr.  Cagot:  ML.  Ca- 
gotiis;  origin  uncertain.]     One  of  an  outcast 


cain-colored 

race  inhabiting  the  French  and  Spaniah  Pyre- 
nees, of  remote  but  unknown  origin.  Congeni- 
tal deformity  Is  common  among  tliem,  owing  to  their  long 
residence  In  the  deep,  sunless  valleys,  and  to  the  hard- 
ships tliey  have  eiidurerl.  Their  chief  physical  peculiar- 
ity is  said  tti  be  the  absence  of  the  lower  lobe  of  the  ear. 
They  were  long  proscribed,  and  held  as  lepers  and  here- 
tics. The  French  devolution  gave  thciu  their  civil  rlght«, 
ami  their  condition  has  been  much  Improved. 
Cahier  (ka-ia'),  n.  [F.,  earlier  cai/er,  f/ufiyer 
(Cotgrave),  <  (JF.  rjuaier,  >  E.  fjuire'^,  q.  v.]  1. 
In  Ijiiokliinding,  a  number  (usually  4  or  0)  of 
double  leaves  of  a  book,  placed  together  for  con- 
venience in  handling  and  as  a  prejiaration  for 

binding.    The  word  is  piaitically  obsolcU-,  except  among 
law  copyists,  mctioii  lieinglhe  term  In  use  among  printers 
and  binders  in  America,  and  ;niilierin'j  in  Oreat  J;ritain. 
2.  A  report  of  ijroceedings  of  any  body,  as  a 
legislature ;  a  memorial. 

cahinca-root  (ka-liing'kij-rot),  H.  The  root  of 
( 7((r«or(VMY(ce/Hf«rt,  a  riibiaceous  shrub  of  south- 
ern I'loridii  and  tropical  America,  and  of  some 
allied  Brazilian  species.  It  has  been  used  as  a 
diuretic.     Also  cainca-root. 

cahincic  (ka-hin'sik),  «.  [<  cahinca  (-root)  + 
-(<;.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  cahinca- 
root.  Also  caiiicic — CaWnclc  acid,  c.,„II,nO,g,  a 
white,  odorless,  bitter  principle  obtained  from  cahinca- 
root. 

cahiz  (Sp.  pron.  kii-eth'),  «.  [Sp.,  also  cafis : 
see  eafinso.]  A  Spanish  dry  measure,  also 
called  in  Cordova  cafiz.  Queliio  states  its  capacity 
to  be  exactly  WW  liters  (Is)  United  States  or  Winchester 
bushels),  but  measures  carefully  conducted  In  .Marseilles 
in  18:iO  made  it  <).57.«  lltcre,  or  1«3  United  states  bushels. 
This  refers  to  the  caliiz  of  Castile,  also  employerl  in  Cadiz. 
The  cahiz  of  Lima  (likewise  foraierly  in  use  in  .Madrid) 
contains  18.9  bushels  («16  litcre).  I>ilfeient  measures  of 
Alicante  bearing  this  name  contain  7.2  bushels  (252  liters), 
7.1  bushels  (249.3  liters),  and  6.8  bushels  (241.2  liters).  TTie 
cahiz  of  Bogota  contains  7.4  bushels  (2."il».2  liters),  that  of 
Valencia  .';.8  bushels  (203  liters),  and  that  of  Saragosaa  6.1 
bushels  (180.4  liters). 

cahizada  (Sp.  pron.  kii-e-tha'dii),  n.  [Sp.]  A 
Sjianish  measure  of  land,  very  nearly  equal  to 
an  English  acre. 

cahoot  (ka-hof),  n.  [Origin  unknown ;  possi- 
bly a  perversion  of  F.  cohorle,  a  company,  gang : 
see  cohort.]  Company  or  partnership:  as,  to 
go  in  cahoot  with  a  person.  Bartlctt.  [South- 
em  and  western  U.  .S.] 

caic,  ".     See  caique^. 

cail't  (kal),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  kaijh  (and 
keel,  after  equiv.  F.  quille),  <  D.  kegel  =  OHG. 
chcgil,  kcgil,  MHG.  G.  kegel  =  Sw.  kt'igla  =  Dan. 
kegle,  ninepin,  skittle,  cone.]  A ninepin ;  in  the 
plm-al,  the  game  of  ninepins. 

Exchewe  allewey  eiiille  company, 

CayliJ^.  carding  and  haserdy, 

And  alle  unthryfty  playes.      Rel.  Ant.,  IL  234. 

caiP,  r.     See  cale^. 

cailcedra  (kil-sed'ra),  n.     [Origin  unknown.] 

The  Khaija  Senegaleiisis,  a  tall  tree  of  Senegam- 

bia,  resembling  the  mahogany.  Its  wood  is  used 

in  joiners'  work  and  inlaying,  and  its  bark  fur- 

nislies  a  bitter  tonic, 
caillette  (ka-lef;  F.  pron.  ka-yet'),  n.     [F., 

<  cailler,  curdle.]    The  abomasum,  rennet-bag, 

or  fourth  stomach  of  ruminants. 
cailliach  (kiryach),  n.     [Gael,  cailleach,  an  old 

woman;  cf.  caile,  a  vulgar  girl,  a  hussy.]     An 

old  woman.     [Highland  Scotch.] 

Give  something  to  the  Highland  cailliachA  that  shall  cry 
the  coronach  loudest.  Scott,  Waverley,  xlii. 

caillou  (ka-yo'),  "•;  pl.ca'"Woia'(-yez').   [F.]  In 

her.,  a  flint. 
cailloutage  (ka-yo-tazh'),  n.    [F.,  <  caillou,  a 

Hint.]   Fine  pottery,  especially  such  as  is  made 

wholly  or  in  part  of  pipe-clay. 

caimac,  caimacam,  caimacan,  «.    See  kaima- 

kam. 

Caiman  (ka'man),  «.  [NL. :  see  oaynmn.]  1. 
A  genus  of  tropical  American  AUigatoridw,  con- 
taining such  species  as  C  palpebrosiis  or  C.  tri- 
qonatus :  the  caymans. — 2.    [/.  c]   A  cayman. 

dain-and-Abel  (kan'and-a'bel),  II.  A  popular 
name  in  England  of  the  Orchis  latifoUa,  the 
root  of  which  consists  of  a  pair  of  finger-like 
tubers. 

cainca-root  (ka-ing'ka-rot),  «.  Same  as  cahin- 
ca-root. 

caincic  (kii-in'sik),  a.     Same  as  cahincic. 

cain-colored  (kan'kul'qrd),  a.  "Yellow  or  red 
as  applied  to  hair;  which,  being  esteemed  a 
deformity,  was  by  common  consent  attributed 
to  Cain  and  .Judas"  (Xares):  a  word  of  uncer- 
tain meaning,  but  usually  taken  as  here  ex- 
plained, found  only  in  the  following  passage : 

Xo,  forsooth ;  he  hath  but  a  little  wee  face,  with  a  little 
yellow  beard;  a  cain-<x>loureii  beard. 

S/iaJc,  M.  W,  of  W.,  L  4. 


756 


caingel 
caingel,  n.     [E.  dial.    Cf.  cainffy."]    A  crabbed 

fellow,     psorth.  Eug.] 
ca'ing-whale,  «.    See  caai»(j-ichale. 
caingy,  «.     [E.  dial.;  also  cmgy.^    Crabbed; 

peevish.     [North.  Eng.]  .     .    „ ., 

Cainite  (kan'it),  «.  and  a.     [<  Cain  +  -lYc-.] 

I    K.  1.  One  of  the  descendants  of  Cain,  the 

first-bom  of  Adam,  according  to  the  account 

in  Genesis. — 2.  A  member  of  a  Gnostic  sect 

of  the  second  century,  who  regarded  the  God 

of  the  Jews,  the  Demiurge  of  the  Gnostic  sys-       .        -  ,,  ~     jv  r/  j_      m  -\     n     ■ 

tern  as  an  ev5  being,  and  venerated  all  Who  cairned(kanid),  a.     [<  cmrn  +  -erf-.]     Havm: 

S"he  Old  Testament  record  opposed  him,  as    o''  -marked  by  a  cau-n  or  cau-us. 

Cain,  Korah.  Dathan,  Abiram,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Sodom.     They  also  honored  Judas  Iscariot, 

as  the  instrument  of  bringing  about  the  crucifixion  and 

so  destroying  the  power  of  the  Demiurge. 
n.  a.  Of  the  race  of  Cain. 
The  principal  seat  of  the  Cainite,  or  more  debased  yet 

energetic  branch  of  the  human  family,  was  to  the  east- 
ward of  the  site  of  Eden.     Dainon,  Orig.  of  World,  p.  255. 
cainito  (ki-ne'to),  n.     The  fruit  of  the  Chryso- 

pkyllum  Cainito  of  the  West  Indies  and  South 

America,  resembling  an  apple  in  shape,  and 

considered  a  delicacy.     Also  caUed  star-apple. 
Cainozoic  (M-no-zo'ik),  a.     See  Ccenozoic. 
caiquel  ( ka-ek' )',  n.    [=  Sp.  caique  =  Pg.  cahiqite 

=  It.  caicco,  <  F,  catqtie,  <  Turk,  qayik:']     1.  A 


cajote 


ciallv,  one  of  a  class  of  large  heaps  of  stones  caitiff  (ka'tif),  a.  and  n,     [<  ME.  caitif,  catif,  a 


common  in  Great  Britain,  particularly  in  Scot- 
land and  "Wales,  and  generally  of  a  conical  form. 
They  are  of  vai-ious  sizes.  Some  are  evidently  sepulcliral, 
containing  urns,  stone  chests,  bones,  et''.  8onie  were 
erected  to  commemorate  a  gi-eat  eveut,  othere  appear  to 
have  had  a  religious  significance,  while  the  modern  cairn 
is  generally  set  up  as  a  landmark,  or  to  arrest  the  atten- 
tion, as  in  surveying,  or  in  leaWng  a  record  of  an  explor- 
ing party  or  the  lilve.    Seetarrowl. 

Cairtis  for  the  safe  deposit  of  meat  stood  in  long  lines, 
six  or  eight  in  a  group.        Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  277. 


In  the  noon  of  mist  aiui  driving  rain, 
Wten  the  lal;e  whitend  and  the  pine  wood  roar'd, 
And  the  cairn'd  mountain  was  a  shadow. 

Tennt/son,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 


captive,  a  miserable  wretch,  <  OF.  caitif,  also 
ehaitif,  a  captive,  a  wretched  man,  F.  chetif, 
mean,  vile,  =  Pr.  captiu,  caitiu  =  OCat.  caitiu 
=  OSp.  captivo,  Sp.  caiitifo,  a  captive,  =  Pg. 
eativo,  a  captive,  =  It.  cattiro,  <  L.  captivus, 
captive:  see  captive.']     I.  a.  If.  Captive. 

ilyn  name  is  looth,  a  caUi/e  liynge  of  Orcanye,  and  of 
leonoys,  to  whom  nothinge  doth  falle  Imt  mysclief  ne  not 
liath  ilon  longe  tynie.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  477. 

2t.  Wretched;  miserable. 

I  am  so  cai/tnf  and  so  thnll. 

Chaucer,  Kniglifs  Tale,  1.  694. 

3.  Servile ;  base ;  ignoble ;  cowardly. 
He  keuered  hym  with  his  counsayl  of  eajit<if  wyrdes. 

Alliterative  Poctnji  (ed.  llorris),  ii.  1605. 
With  that  he  crauld  out  of  liis  nest. 
Forth  creeping  on  his  caitive  hands  and  tides. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iiL  35. 
A  territory 
Wherein  were  bandit  earls  and  caitijf  knights. 

Tennyson,  Gcraint. 

n.  11.  It.  A  captive;  a  prisoner ;  a  slave. 
Stolvked  in  prisoun,  .  .  . 
Caytif  to  cruel  kynge  .\gamemnoun. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  382. 

Avarice  dotli  tyrannize  over  her  caid^ and  slave. 

Hollaiui. 

2.  A  mean  villain;  a  despicable  knave;  one 
who  is  both  wicked  and  mean. 

Like  caitif  vile  that  for  misdeed 
Rides  witli  his  face  to  rump  of  steed. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  iii.  349. 
Striking  great  blows 
At  caitifs  and  at  wrongers  of  the  world. 

Tenniison,  Geraint. 


Caiqoe. 

long  narrow  boat  used  on  the  Bosporus.  It  is 
pointed  at  each  end,  and  is  usually  propelled 
by  oars,  from  ^  to  16  in  nimiber. 

The  prow  of  the  caujue  is  turned  across  the  stream,  tlie 
sail  is  set,  and  we  glide  rapidly  and  noiselessly  over  the 
Bosphorus  and  into  the  Golden  Horn. 

B.  Taylor,  I,ands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  322. 

2.  A  Levantine  vessel  of  larger  size. 
Also  spelled  caic. 
caique'- (ki'ka),  ».    [S.  Amer.]    A  South  Ameri- 
can parrot  of  the  genus  Caica  or  Dcroptym 
(which  see).     P.  L.  Sclater. 
cairt,  f.     PIE-  cairen,  cayreii,  Icairen,  kayren, 
go,  appar.  <  Icel.  keyra  (=  Sw.  Viira  =  Dan. 
Ijiire),   drive,   urge.     A  dlff.   word  from  the 
eqniv.  c/mrl,  go.]     I.  intrans.  To  go. 
I  am  come  hither  a  venteron.H  Knight, 
And  kai/reil  thorrow  countrye  farr. 

Percy  Folio  MS.,  Piers  Tlownian,  Notes,  p.  5. 
Calcas  !  Calcas !  cai'r  yow  not  home, 
Ne  tume  neuer  to  Troy,  for  tene  that  may  falle. 

Vettniction  of  Troy  {V,.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4501. 
We  may  kayre  til  hys  courte,  the  kyngdome  of  lievync, 
Wheneourc  saules  schallc  parte  and  sumlyrc  Ifra  tlie  body. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  8. 
Better  wol  he  sprjng and  higher  caire 
Wcl  rare  yf  he  be  plannted  forto  growe. 

I'aUailiwi,  HuslKjndrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  143. 

H.  trans.  To  carrj-. 
The  candclstik  bi  a  cost  wata  cayred  thider  sone. 

AUiteratire  Poenui  (ed.  Morris),  Ii.  1478. 

Qa  ira  (sa  e-ril').  [P.,  'it  [the  Revolution] 
will  go  on':  f«,  contr.  of  ccla,  that  (<  ce,  this, 
-¥  Ifl,  there);  ira,  3d  pers.  fiing.  fut.  (asso- 
ciated with  aWr,  go:  see  alley^),  <  Ij.  ire,  go.] 
The  earliest  of  the  popular  songs  of  the  French 
Revolution  of  1789.  Ita  retrain  (whence  the  name), 
"Ah  I  ctt  Ira,  i,a  ira,  (,a  ira,"  is  sulci  to  have  been  suggest- 
c<l  by  the  frc^iuont  use  of  tills  phl-ase  by  Franklin  In  I'arls 
with  ri;fin:nce  to  the  American  Revolution.  The  original 
words  (afterwanl  much  changed)  were  by  Ijidrc,  a  street- 
singer ;  and  the  nnisic  was  a  p<»pular  dance-tnnc  of  the 
titnt'  r^.rii[w.sed  by  JV-court,  adrnniriicror  thetirand  Opera. 

caird  (kiinl),  n.  [<  (iacl.  Ir.  craril,  a  tinker, 
Hinith,  brazier.]  A  traveling  tinker;  a  tramp; 
a  vagrant;  a  gipsy.     [Scotch.] 

Calrene  (ki-ron'),  n.  and  ».     [<  t'airo,  <  Ar.  AV- 

Jinhirii,  the  Victorious,  +  -<nr.]     I.  a.  Of  or 

(iirtiiining  to  Cairo,  the  cajiital  «f  Kgvpt. 
...  .   J   ..       .   ,^^f,^  . 


cairngorm  (karn'gorm),  n.  [So  called  from 
the  Co »'«(;o7»i  mountain  in  Scotland;  <  Gael. 
cam  (see  cairn),  a  heap,  a  rock,  -I-  gorin,  blue, 
also  green.]  A  smoky-yellow  or  smoky-brown 
variety  of  rock-crystal  or  quartz,  found  in 
great  perfection  on  the  Cairngorm  moimtaiu 
in  Scotland  and  in  many  other  localities.  It 
is  mucli  used  for  brooches,  seals,  and  other  ornaments. 
The  color  is  probably  due  to  some  hydrocarbon  compound. 
Also  called  cninviunn-slxnc  ;ind  smoky  quartz. 

cairn-tangle,  cam-tangle  (karn'-,  kam'tang'- 
gl),  )>.  A  name  for  tlie  seaweed  Laminaria  di- 
ilitata.     See  Laminaria.    tSeotch.] 

cairny  (kar'ni),  o.  [<  cairn  +  -y^.]  Abounding 
with  cairns. 

caisson  (ka'son),  n.  [F.,  aug.  of  caisse,  a  chest, 
a  case:  see  cosc'-J.]  1.  ililit.:  (a)  A  wooden 
chest  into  which  several  bombs  are  put,  aud 

sometimes  gunpowder,  to  bo  exploded  in  the  caitifflyt,  '"'''•     Knavishly;  servilely;  basely, 
way  of  an  enemy  or  under  some  work  of  which  caitifteet,  ».     [ME.,  also'caitifte,  caitivte,  <  OF. 
he  has  gained  possession.    (6)  An  ammuuition-     caitirittt,  <  L,  cnplivita{t-)s,  captivity :  see  cap- 
wagon;    also,   an   ammunition-chest. —  2.    In     Hi-jty.]   The  state  of  being  a  captivo ;  captirity. 
arch.,  a  sunken  panel  in  a  coffered  ceiling  or        j,^.  „,.^j  leadeth  into  caitiftee,  schall  go  Into  caili,ftee. 
in  the  soffit  of  Roman  or  Renaissance  architec-  n'yeli/.  Rev.  .xiii.  lO. 

ture,  etc. ;  a  coffer;  a  lacunar.  See  cut  under  caitivet,  «■  and  n.  An  obsolete  fonn  of  caitiff, 
cntf'er. — 3.  In  ciril  cnpin. :  (a)  A  vessel  in  the  caitiveneSSt,  "•  [ME.,  also  caiti/nes,  <  caitif, 
form  of  a  boat,  used  as  a  flood-gate  in  docks,  caitire,  +  -ncss.]  1.  Captivity;  slavery;  misery. 
(b)  An  apparatus  on  which  vessels  may  be  — 2.  Despicable,  mean,  and  wicked  conduct, 
raised  and  floated;  especially,  a  kind  of  float-  ^^  j^  ^  strange cnftiwnm-  and  baseness  of  di.si.,.sili..n  of 
ing  dock,  which  may  be  sunk  and  floated  un-  men.sofuriously  and  unsatiably  to  run  after  pirisbin:.;  and 
der  a  vessel's  keel,  used  for  docking  vessels  uncertain  interests.  Jcr.  y'ni/(or.  Works  (ed.  l,s:i:-,),  I.  77. 
at  their  moorings,  without  removing  stores  or  Cajanus  (ka-ja'nus),  11.  [NL.,  <  (•«(/<(«;/,  name 
masts.  (See^on««(7  rfoc/,-,  under  rforf-.)  (c)  A  of  the  plant  in  Malabar.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
water-tight  box  or  casing  used  in  fovniding  and  natural  order  Lctiuminosa;  one  species  of  which, 
building  structures  in  water  too  deep  for  a 
coffer-dam,  such  as  piers  of  bridges,  quays,  etc. 
Tlie  caisson  is  built  upon  laiiil,  and  tlini  clmined  and  .an- 
chored directly  over  tlic  bed.  which  lias  been  leveled  or 
piled  to  receive  it.  Tlie  masonry  is  built  uiion  the  bot- 
tom of  the  caisson,  which  is  of  heavy  timber.  As  the  cair 
son  sin! 
the  nppe 

themasoi,.,, ---  -    --      .  -     - 

until  after  it  has  iTacln-d  its  bed,  and  it.s  sides  have  been 
carried  higlier  than  the  surface  of  the  water.  .Some- 
times the  sides  of  the  masonry  itself  form  the  sides  of 
the  caisson.  In  another  form  the  caisson,  made  of 
heavy  timbers,  is  shaped  like  an  inverted  shallow  box, 
having  sharp,  ironbound  edges.  The  weight  of  the  1011- 
soiiry  frirces  the  caisson  into  the  saml  and  niiul  on  the  bot- 
tom.    Air  under  jiressure  is  then  forced  into  the  caisson. 


caiii 
inlii 


II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant 

i  '>'  (M-ople  of  .Suez  are  a  flner  and  a  fairer 
.  r,  „.-,.  /(.  F.  Ourlon,  KIM. 


airo. 

r:i<-<-  than  the 

llnuli,  p.  118. 


C.  Imlicus,  furnishes  a  sort  of  pulse  used  in 
tropical  conntrios.  It  is  a  slinib  from  :)  to  10  feet 
high,  and  a  niitivc  of  the  Ka.st  Indies,  but  now  extensively 
cultivated  tlirnniiliont  the  tropics,  in  iiunicrous  varieties. 
The  jilant  is  called  cajan,  pigeon  pea,  Anyola  pea,  Congo 
,  ,  pen,  eti'. 

inks  with  the  weight,  its  sides  are  built  up,  so  that  gaigput  (Uai'c-pilt),  n.      [<  Malay  MilTi,  tree,  + 

S^rru'ah;;!:r;-niit;;:;.rand?",Smi^i;?     lf\  fi<^'^    a  smaU  myrt.u.eoi.s  tree  or 

slirubot  the  Moluccas  and  neighboring  islands, 

Melaleuca  I  'ajuputi  or  minor,  a  variety  of  M.  Leu- 
cadendron  or  a  distinct  species,  with  lanceolate 
aromatic  leaves  and  odorless  flowers  in  spikes. 

Also  written  ciijiijtuf oil  of  cajeput,  or  cajcput- 

oll,  an  oil  distilled  from  the  leaves  i>t  the  cajeput,  ot  a 
green  color  and  a  penetrating  odor,  used  as  a  stimulant, 
aiitispasniodit-.  and  diaphoretic. 
cajole  (ka-j61'),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  cajoled, 
ppr.  cojo'lintj.  [<  F.  cajoler,  coax,  wheedle,  < 
OF.  cagcoler,  chatter  like  a  bird  in  a  cage, 
babble  or  prate,  <  caiie,  a  cage:  sc<\  eaije.']  To 
deceive  or  delude  by  tlatlerv,  sjiecious  |iromises, 
simulated  complianco  wit'li  auother's  wishes, 
and  the  like ;  wheedle  ;  coax. 

lint  while  the  war  went  on  the  emperor  did  cajole  the 
king  with  the  highest  coni]>1iinen1s. 

Itp.  Ilurnet,  Hist.  Rcf.,  an.  1522. 

Charles  found  It  necessary  to  postpone  to  a  more  con- 
venient season  all  thought  of  exeenling  the  treaty  of 
liover,  and  to  cajole  the  nation  bv  ]iieleiidiiig  to  return  to 
the  policy  of  the  Triple  Alliance.  Macaiilay. 

t'lirlstian  ehildn'ii  arc  torn  from  their  parents  and  CO. 
jvlct  out  of  their  faith.  Tieknor,  .Siiaii.  I.lt.,  II.  2,18. 

cajolement   (kii-jol'ment),    «.      [<   cajole   + 

-ni(»l.\     ('a.)iilii'y.     ('oleriilyc.     [Rare.^ 

H.      Olio  who   cajoles;    a 


Cals&on  of  the  E.tiit  Uivci  :;>u.^y>cit:,it>u-Uul^c 


.  I'oik. 


Oairina  (kS-ri'nii),  n.     [NL.  (Fleming,  1S22); 

1   iij  bo  from    f'tiirn  in   Egypt,  though 

7,  similarly  rniHiiamed)  tlio  liird  is  a 

It  is  also  called,  liy  another 


driving  out  the  water  and  permitting  the  workmen  to 

enter  through  sullalde  airlocks.     A  sealed  well  or  a  pipe 

and  sand-pump  are  proviiled.  through  which  the  niateiiul 

excavated  under  the  caisson  niav  be  reniovi-d.     The  latter 

graililally  sinks  under  the  weight  of  the  suiierHtruetiire 

and  the  removal  of  the   loose  soil   below,  until  a  llrni 

foundation  Is  reached,  when  the  wlioli'  Intcllor  ol  It  !•.         .    ,         /u„  i,\'l,\~'i 

filled  with  concrete.     The  caissons  beneath  the  towers  o(   CajOier    (KIl-JO  ler;, 

the  Ivast  River  suspension-bridge,  eonneetlug  Neiv  ^..lk      wli Ilcr, 

and  lirooklyn,  are  of  Ibis  description.  Tim  jmcumalir 
rai«.in  Is  an  Inverted  airtight  b..\.  into  which  air  is  forccil 
under  a  iinssure  sulllclcnt  to  expel  the  water,  thus  leav 
lug  a  space  in  which  men  can  work  to  loosen  (he  soil  as 

the  caisson  dcseeiids.     The  orlnehdc  of  the  | iimalli- 

caisson  Is  applied  t.i  the  sinking  of  hirge  Iron  cyllnd.rs  to 
serve  ai  picri  or  land  "bafts.   .Sometlmc's  written  i-.ii«»«- 


rhr 
fill  v. 

calm 

cairn  > 
cup.  of 


'//.]     A   geniiH  of  duckH.  contain-  calsson-disease  (ka'Hon-di-zez''),  n 
■ovy  or  niiiHk-duck,   Cairina  mim 
■'■  lit  f 'onlriil  ami  South  Aiiioriea 
' Tvwliern  in  domeHtication. 


A  diKoase 


cajolery  (ka-.io'K-r-i),  ».;  pi.  eajolericK  (-iz). 
|<  V.  ciijolrrie,  <  cajoler,  cajole. ]  The  act  of 
enjoling;  coaxing  language  or  tricks;  deliisivo 
wheedling. 

Kven  if  the  Lord  Mayor  and  .Speaker  mean  to  Insinuate 
that  this  Inlbieiiee  Is  to  be  obtained  and  held  by  llattcr- 
hig  their  Jie.iplc,  .  .  .  Bueh  ciijiitcrirK  would  perhaps  bo 
more  iirudenlly  practised  Ihau  professed. 


lUirUe,  To  It.  llurke. 


[Ksp. 
Manx  ( 
Cf.  Gael. 


<  Gaol,  rnrii  (go 
Mret,  cam,  a  pil 
urn,  Ir.  carnaim 


\V. 


carnu,  pile  up,  heap,]    Aheapof  810008;  cHpo-  Caithness  flags.    H<'e  .fl'i.</* 


livelopivl  ill  ciimiiig  from  an   atinospliere  of 
high  tension,  aH  in  caisHonH,  to  air  of  ordinary 

li'nsion.     It  in  marktMl  by  paralysiH  and  other  caion  (Sji.  pron.  kil-hon  ),  n.    |  Sp..  pro]),  a  liirgo 
n.TVouH  HvmntoinH.  '  cliesl,  aug,  of  rajn,  chest.    Cf.  rai.s.wH,  ra».TO»«.J 

calHSOOn  ('kii-Hiln').  "•     Same  as  caisnon,  more     A  Chilian  weight,  equal  to  (!,.')00  pounds  avoiiv 
spoeinllv  ill  seiiHO  :i.  dupiiJH. 


cajote  (kil-ho'ta),  ».     Same  as  coyote. 


cajuput 

cajuput  (kaj'u-put),  II.     See  cnjeput. 

cajuputene  (kaj-ii-pu-ten'),  )(.  The  chief  con- 
stituent of  eajepnt-oil,  obtaine<l  \>y  cohobatioii. 
It  is  a  li(iuiii  of  an  aj.'reealjle  odoi-,  pennaiictit  in  the  air 
iunl  iiisoliilple  in  alcoliol.     Also  writU-n  vajjmlenp. 

cake^  (kak),  II.  [<  ME.  cake,  <  leel.  haka  = 
Sw.  kaktt  =  Dan.  Itugc,  a  cake,  akin  to  D.  kork, 
a  cake,  gingerbread,  dumpling,  dim.  kockjc  (> 
E.  cooky,  q.  v.),  =  LG.  kokc  =  OHG.  chuocho, 
MHG.  kiioclic,  G.  kiwJieii,  a  cake,  a  tart.  The 
word  has  no  connection  with  L.  co'iiiere,  E. 
cooi'l.]  1.  A  flat  or  comparatively  tliin  mass 
of  baked  dough  ;  a  thin  loaf  of  bread. 

Tliey  balicd  nnieavened  cake^  of  tlie  Uouyll  which  they 
bi-ouylit  cut  of  Egypt.  Ex.  xii.  39. 

Specifically — 2.  A  light  composition  of  flour, 
sugar,  butter,  and  generally  other  ingredients, 
as  eggs,  flavoring  substances,  fruit,  etc.,  baked 
in  any  form ;  distinctively,  a  flat  or  thin  por- 
tion of  dough  so  prepared  and  separately  baked. 
A  cake  that  seemed  mosaio-worlv  in  spices. 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  Tlio  Lunch. 

3.  In  Scotland,  specifically,  an  oatmeal  cake, 
rolled  thin  and  baked  hard  on  a  gi-iddle. 

Hear,  land  o'  Calces,  and  lirither  Scots. 

Burii.^,  Captain  Grose. 

4.  A  small  portion  of  batter  fried  on  a  griddle ; 
a  pancake  or  griddle-cake :  as,  buckwheat  ciiko,: 
—  5.  Oil-cake  used  for  feeding  cattle  or  as  a 
fertilizer. 

How  much  cake  or  guano  this  labour  would  purchase  we 
cannot  even  guess  at.  Ansted,  Channel  Islands,  p.  467. 

6.  Something  made  or  concreted  in  the  distinc- 
tive form  of  a  cake ;  a  mass  of  solid  matter  rel- 
atively thin  and  extended :  as,  a  cake  of  soap. 
Cakes  of  rustling  ice  came  rolling  down  the  flood. 

Dryden. 
This  substance  ftufaceous  gypsunt]  is  found  in  cakes, 
often  a  foot  long  by  an  inch  in  depth,  curled  Ijy  the  sun's 
rays  and  overlying  clay  into  which  watta-  had  sunk. 

li.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  364. 

One's  cake  is  dough,  one's  plan  has  failed ;  one  has  had 
a  failme  or  miscarriage. 

My  cake  is  dough  :  But  I'll  in  among  the  rest ; 
Out  of  hope  of  all  —  but  my  share  of  the  feast. 

Sliak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  1. 
Steward  !  your  cake  is  dough  as  well  as  mine. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  v.  4. 
To  find  the  bean  in  the  cake.    Seefteaiii. 
cake^  (kak),  V. ;  i>ret.  and  pp.  caked,  ppr.  caking. 
[<  cake^,  II.']     I.  trans.  To  form  into  a  cake  or 

compact  mass Caking  gunpowder,  the  operation 

of  pressing  the  ingredients  of  powder,  after  they  have  been 
tli(irnu;;ldy  incorporated  and  moistened.  It  is  effected 
eitlicr  liy  file  hydraulic  press  or  by  rollers. 

II.  ill  trans.  To  concrete  or  become  formed 
into  a  hard  mass. 
Clotted  blood  that  caked  within.  Addison. 

cake-  (kak),  V.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  caked,  ppr. 
caking.  [E.  dial. :  see  cackle.]  To  cackle,  as 
geese.  [North.  Eng.] 
cake-alum  (kak'al'um),  71.  Sulphate  of  alu- 
mina containing  no  alkaline  sulphate.  Also 
called  patent  alum. 
cake-bread  (kak'bred),  «.  [<  ME.  cakebreed, 
<  cake  +  breed,  bread.]  Fine  white  bread ; 
manchet. 

Then  to  retorne  to  the  new  ilaires  hous,  there  to  take 

cakehrede  and  wyne.        English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  41s. 

His  foolish  schoolmasters  have  done  nothing  but  run 

up  and  down  the  country  with  him  to  beg  puddings  and 

cake-bread  of  his  tenants. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 

cake-copper  (kak'kop'''er),  n.  One  of  the  forms 
in  which  copper  is  sent  to  market  by  the 
smelters.  A  cake  is  about  19  inches  long,  12j  wide,  and 
\'i  thick,  and  weighs  about  \\  hundredweight. 

cake-lake  (kak'lak),  n.  A  crimson  coloring 
matter  obtained  from  stick-lac.  Also  called 
liw-dye  and  lac-lake. 

cake-steamer  (kak'ste'^mer),  n.  A  confection- 
ers' apparatus  in  which  the  dough  of  some 
kinds  of  cake  is  e.xposed 
to  the  action  of  steam 
just  before  baking,  to 
give  the  cake  a  rich  and 
attractive  color  and  sur- 
face. 

cake-urcliin  (kak'er"- 
ohin),  «.  A  flat  sea-ur- 
chin; a  sand-dollar;  a 
clypeastrid,  as  one  of 
the  genus  Echinaraclt- 
nius  or  Mellita.  Mellita 
quinquefora  and  Echina- 
rachniiis parma  are  common  United  States  cake- 
urchins. 

Cal  (kal),  n.  [Com.]  A  Cornish  miners'  name 
for  the  mineral  wolfram  or  wolframite,  it  is  a 
compomid  of  tungstic  acid  with  iron  and  vai7ing  qiianti- 


Calabashes. 

them,  and  are  sometimes  stained  in 


Cake-urchin  {Echinaracknitts 
partna). 


757 

ties  of  manganese.    It  is  one  of  the  minerals  commonly 

associated  with  tin  ore. 
Cal.     An  abbreviation  of  California. 
calaba  (kal'a-ba),  n.     [A  native  name.]     Sec 

('aldiihi/llum,' 
calabart,  «.     Same  as  calaber. 
Calabar  bean.    See  hean^. 
calabarin,  calabarine  (kal-a-biir'in),  ».     [< 

(;alaliar{ljraii)  +  -in",  -ine-f'Slj.  calaharina.] 
An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  Calabar  bean  by 
Ilarnock  and  Witkowski  in  1870.  It  is  nearly 
insoluble  in  ether,  and  differs  in  physiological 
character  from  pliysoKtigmin. 

calabar-skin  (kal'a-biir-skin),  n.  The  name 
given  in  commerce'to  the  skin  of  the  Siberian 
squirrel,  used  for  making  mulls,  tippets,  etc. 

calabash  (kara-bash),  «.  [Prob.,  through  F. 
C(ilrli(is.ic,  <  Pg.  calabafa,  also  caliui^a,  =  Sp.  ca- 
lahaza  =  Cat.  caraha.s-sa,  a  gourd,  a  calabasli,  < 
At.  qar',  a  gourd,  +  ydhis,  ayhas,  dry.  Cf.  cara- 
pace, carapax,  of  same  origin.]  1.  A  fruit  of 
the  tree  Crescentia  Cnjetc  liollowed  out,  di-ied, 
and  used  as  a  vessel  to  contain  liquids.  These 
shells  .are  so  close-grained  anil  hard  that  when  containing 
liquid  they  may  bo  used  several  times  as  kettles  upon 
tlie  fire  without 
injury. 

2.  A  gourd 
of  any  kind 
used  in  the 
same  way. 
Suchvesselsare 
often  decorat- 
ed with  con- 
ventional pat- 
terns and  fig- 
ures made  in 
very  slight  re- 
lief by  scrjip. 
ing  away  the 
surface  surroundin; 
variegated  colors. 

She  had  an  ornamented  calabash  to  hold  her  castor-oil, 
from  which  she  made  a  fresh  toilette  every  time  she  swam 
across  the  Nile.    R.  Curzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  139. 

3.  A  popular  name  of  the  gourd-plant,  Lage- 
iiaria  rulgaris. — 4.  A  name  given  to  tlio  red 
cap  or  tarboosh  of  Tunis.  See  tarboosh  andy'cj. 
—  Sweet  calabash,  the  name  in  the  West  Indies  of  the 
ediljle  fruit  of  J'uNsi/lora  mali/onnis. 

calabash-tree  (kal'a-bash-tre),  n.  1.  A  name 
given  to  the  Crescentia  Ciijcte,  a  bignoniaeeous 
tree  of  tropical  America,  on  account  of  its 
large  gourd-like  fruits,  the  hard  shells  of  which 
are  made  into  numerous  domestic  utensils,  as 
basins,  cups,  spoons,  bottles,  etc.  The  black 
calabash-tree  of  the  West  Indies  is  Crescentia 
cuciirbitina. — 2.  A  name  given  to  the  baobab 
of  Africa,  Adansoiiia  digitata.     See  baobab. 

calabazilla  (kal"a-ba-serya),  n.  [Mex.  Sp. 
(=  Sp.  calabacilla,  a  piece  of  wood  in  the 
shape  of  a  gourd,  a  gourd-shaped  ear-ring),  dim. 
of  calabafa,  a  gourd:  see  calabash.]  In  south- 
ern California,  the  Cucurhita x>ercnnis,  a  native 
species  of  squash,  with  an  exceedingly  large 
root.  The  pulp  of  the  green  fruit  is  used  as  a 
substitute  for  soap,  and  the  macerated  root  as 
a  medicinal  remedy. 

calabert,  "•  [^  ME.  calabre,  also  calabcrc,  cal- 
abrere,  I  L.  Calabria,  Calabria.]  The  fur  of  a 
small  animal  of  about  the  size  of  a  squirrel, 
bred  for  the  most  part  in  High  Gei-many.  IJ. 
Phillips.  [The  fur,  which  was  of  a  gray  color, 
was  exported  from  Calabria;  hence  the  name.] 
His  cloke  of  calabre.  Piers  Plowman  (C),  ix.  293. 

Costly  grey  amices  of  calaber.  Bp.  Bale. 

calaboose  (kal-a-bos'),  n.  [<  Sp.  calabozo  =  Pg. 
cahiboii<;o,  a  dungeon,  prob.  <  .Ar.  ijaVa,  a  cas- 
tle, +  bus,  hidden.]  A  prison;  especially,  a 
common  jail  or  lockup.  [Western  and  south- 
western U.  S.] 

calabrasella  (kal  "a-bra-sel'a),  n.  [Origin  un- 
known.] A  game  of  cards  for  three  persons, 
played  with  a  pack  of  40  cards,  the  10-,  9-,  and 
8-spots  being  discarded.  One  person,  to  whom  cer- 
tain advantages  are  given,  plays  alone  against  the  other 
two,  and  wins  or  loses  according  as  he  makes  more  or 
fewer  points  than  they. 

calabrelf,  „.     See  calaber. 

calabre-'t,  "■  [F.,  <  ML.  calabra.]  Amilitary 
engine  used  during  the  middle  ages ;  a  variety 
of  the  pierrier. 

calabreret,  «•    See  calaber.  ,,.,„, 

Calabrian  (ka-la'bn-an),  a.  and  ;;.  [<  L.  Cala- 
bria, Cahiliria,  <  Calaber,  a  Calabrian.  one  of  the 
Calabri  from  whom  ancient  Calabria  took  its 
name.]  I.  ".  Belonging  to  or  characteristic  of 
ancient  or  modern  Calabria.  Tlie  former  (called  by 
the  Greeks  Mcssapia  or  Japygia)  was  the  southeastern 
projection  of  the  peninsula  of  Italy;  the  latter  is  the 
southwestern  one  (anciently  Bnittium). 

II.  "•  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Calabria. 


calamary 

calabur-tree  (kara-bii-trii),  ».  The  Muntingia 
'ulaharu,  a  tiliai-eouH  Irce  of  the  West  Indies, 
the  bark  of  which  is  used  for  making  cordage. 

calabussf,  «.  [Origin  uncertain ;  perhajis  a 
var.  of  'culahan;  for  calabash,  a  gourd,  the  last 
syllable  being  ))erhaps  assimilated  to  that  of 
hariiHebu.se  ami  blunilirbms.]  A  liglit  musket 
having  a  wheel-lock,  first  used  about  1.078.  K.  D. 

calade  (ka-lad'  or -lad'),  n.  [F.,  <  It.  calata,  a  de- 
scent, <  catare,  fall,  =  F.  caler,  lower,  =  Sj).  calar, 
penetrate,  pierce,  let  down,  =  Pg.  catar,  |)euc- 
trato,  lower,  conceal,  <  ML.  calure,  let  down, 
descend,  <  L.  chalare,  let  down,  slacken,  <  Gr. 
X'tAdv,  let  down,  slacken.]  A  slope  in  amanfege- 
ground,  down  which  a  horse  is  ridden  at  speed 
in  training  him,  to  ply  his  haunches. 

Caladium  (ka-la'di-um),  11.  [NL.,  <  kah,  a  na- 
tive name  for  the  edible  rhizome.]  A  genus 
of  tuberous-rooted  acaulescent  plants,  natural 
order  Araccie,  with  large  hastate  or  sagittate 
leaves,  which  are  often  variegated  in  color. 
They  are  natives  of  tropical  America.  AtH»ut  a  dozen 
species  are  known,  though,  owing  Ut  their  great  variabil- 
ity, a  very  much  larger  number  have  been  described.  'I'hey 
are  favorite  foliage-plant^i,  and  many  forms  arc  found  in 
cultivation. 

caladriet,  «.     [ME.  (=  Sp.  caladre,  var.  of  ca- 
laiidria,  a  larkj:   se<!  calandra,  cakndcr^.]     A 
bird,  probably  a  kind  of  lark. 
A  ccjrnioraunt  and  a  caladrie.  Wycli/,  Deut.  xiv.  18 

Calsenas,  n.  See  Calmnas. 
calaite  (kal'a^it),  n.  [<  L.  callais  (<  Gr.  «»/'.- 
/(;/(  or  Kii/air,  a  sea-green  precious  stone)  + 
-itr-.]  A  name  given  to  the  turquoise. 
Calamagrostis  (kafa-ma-gros'tis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
(Jr.  m/aiior,  a  reed  (see  calamus),  +  ay/iuaTir,  a 
kind  of  grass:  see  Ayrostis.]  A  small  genus  of 
coarse  grasses,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia; 
the  reed  bent^grasses.  The  American  species 
that  have  been  referred  to  it  are  now  placed  in 
JJei/eiixia. 
calamanco  (kal-a-mang'ko),  n.  [=  D.  kaUt- 
inink  =  (jr.  kalmank,  kalmang,  <  Sp.  calamaco  = 
F.  cakmande,  calmandc,  <  SIL.  calamanciis,  ca- 
lamaciis,  calumaiicus,  transpositions  of  came- 
laucum,  <  Gr.  Ka/ie'/Mviuov,  a  nead-covering :  see 
camelaucium.]  A  glossy  woolen  satin-twilled 
stuff,  checkered  or  brocaded  in  the  warp,  so 
that  the  pattern  showed  on  one  side  only. 
Also  spelled  callimaiico,  calimanco. 

A  morning  gown,  though,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  not  a  cola- 
rnanco  one,  with  gi'eat  flowers.   Loiig/elloir,  llyperion,  i.  7. 

calamander-'WOOd  (kal  -  a  -  man  '  der  -  wud ),  n. 
[Suppo.'ird  to  be  a  corruption  of  Coromandel 
wood.]  A  beautiful  kind  of  wood,  the  product 
chiefly  of  Diospyros  quwsita,  natural  order  Ebe- 
nacew,  a  large  tree  of  Ceylon,  it  is  very  suitable 
wood  for  ornamental  cabinet-work,  showing  alternate 
bands  of  brown  and  black,  is  very  hard,  and  takes  a  high 
polish. 

calamar  (kal'a-miir),  H.     Same  as  calamary. 

Calamaria  (kal-a-ma'ri-a),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  cala- 
mary.] 1.  The  typical  genus  of  serpents  of  th« 
family  Calamariidce,  having  the  labial  plates 
reduced  to  four  or  five,  and  containing  species 
jieculiar  to  the  East  Indies.  C.  albivenUr  is  an 
example. — 2.  Agenus of  lepidopterous insects. 
ilmire,  1878. 

calamarian  (kal-a-ma'ri-an),  n.  A  snake  of  the 
genus  Calainaria'oT  family  Calamariidw. 

Calamariidae  (kal-a-ma-ri'i-de),  H.  /(/.  [Nil., 
<  Calamaria  +  -ida-.]'  A  family  of  aglj-pho- 
dont  or  colubrine  serpents,  the  dwarf  snakes, 
typified  by  the  genu.s  Calamaria,  and  contain- 
ing a  large  number  of  small  inoffensive  species 
in  which  the  head  is  not  marked  off  from  the 
body  by  a  constriction  or  neck.  They  are  found  in 
most  pai-tsof  the  worbl.  living  under  stones  and  logs,  and 
lircjing  upon  worms  and  gnibs.  They  are  now  generally 
assoiiattd  in  the  same  family  witli  the  Coitibridte. 

calamarioid  (kal-a-ma'ri-oid),  a.  [<  Calamaria 
+  -aid.]  Resembling  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Calamariidw. 

calamarious  (kal-a-ma'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  cala- 
mariiis  taken  in  a  lit.  sense,  pertaining  to  a 
reed,  <  calamus,  a  reed.  Cf.  calamary.]  Reed- 
like: applied  to  grasses 'with  short  rigid  culms. 

calamaroid  (kal'a-ma-roid),  a.  A  less  correct 
form  of  calamarioid. 

Eight  out  of  ten  Calamaroid  genera  are  peculiar  to  this 
fauna.  Gitnther,  Encyc.  Brit.  XX.  46S. 

calamary  (kal'a-ma-ri),  n. ;  pi.  calamaries  (-riz). 
[Fonnerly  also  calamarie  and  calamar ;  =  F. 
calmar,  cakmar,  calamar  =  Sp.  calamar.  also 
ealamareto,  inkfish,  calamary.  =  Pg.  calamar, 
inkfish,  =  It.  calamajo,  inkfish,  calamary,  ink- 
stand, =  G.  kalmar,  inkstand,  =  NGr.  na'/.a/idpi, 
inkstand,  Ka'/a/jApt  6d?.daaiov,  inkfish,  <  NL.  cala- 
marius,  a  particular  use  (pen-case,  inkstand, 


Vi 


iry, 

dius,  or  Pen  of 
3  Squid  {Laligo 
vulgaris). 


calamary 

jnkfish)  of  L.  calamarius,  pertaining  to  a  pen. 
<ca;amH6\  a  reed,  a  pen:  seeca(<(m«s.]  1.  Acnt- 
tlefish:  a  deeacerousordeeapodous 
cephalopod  of  the  order  Dibranehi- 
ata,  having  a  pen-shaped  internal 
skeleton  or  euttle-tone.  as  in  the 
genus  Loligo  and  related  forms. 
The  boJv  is  oblong,  soft,  fleshy,  tapering, 
and  liauted  Irehiud  b}-  two  triangular  flns, 
and  contains  a  pen-shaped  gladius  or  in- 
ternal hornv  flexible  shell.  Xhey  have 
two  sacs  called  ink-bags,  from  which  they 
discharge,  when  alarmed  or  pursued,  a 
black  fluid  which  conceals  them  from 
sight.  The  species  are  found  in  most  seas, 
and  furnish  food  to  dolphins,  whales,  etc. 
Also  called  ^(juid,  gea-sleerf,  preke,  cuttle- 
figb,  inkri^h,  and  pennith. 
'2.  The  internal  skeleton,  cuttle- 
bone,  gladius,  or  pen  of  a  cala- 
mary. 
Also  called  cakimbar. 

calambac  (kal'am-bak),  n.  [=  F. 
calambac,  <  Sp.  calambac  =  Pg. 
caiamba,  <  Pers.  katanibal;  a  fra- 
grant wood.  Ci.calambour.]  Same 
as  ngaJlnchum. 

calambar,  «•     Same  as  calamanj. 

calambour  (kal'am-bor),  n.     [< 
F.  calambour,  catambourc,  -bourg, 
etc.,  appar.  perverted  forms,  ear- 
lier calambuque,  <  Sp.  calambuco  = 
Pg.  calambuco,  also  (after  F.  ca- 
lambour)   calamburo;   prob.  from 
same  source  as  calambac,  and  part- 
ly identilied  with  it.]     A  species  of  agalloehum 
or  eaglewood,  of  a  dusky  or  mottled  color  and 
light,  friable  texture,  but  not  very  fragrant.    It 
is  used  by  cabinet-makers  and  inlayers. 

calambuco  (kal-am-bu'ko),  H.  Same  as  calam- 
h„„i: 

calami,  ».    Plural  of  calamus. 

calamiferous  (kal-a-mif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  cala- 
mus, a  reid,  +  fer're  =  E.  hcar^.']  Producing 
reeds  «v  ri-edy  plants;  reedy. 

calamin,  calamine  (kal'a-min),  » 

mine  =  Sp.  ailumiiiii  =  MHG.  kalemiue, 
mei,  now  galmei,  <  ML.  calamina,  a  corruption 
of  L.  catlmia  :  see  cadmia.'i  The  native  hydrous 
silicate  of  zinc,  an  important  ore  of  that  metal. 
It  occurs  in  criatals  whicli  are  oittn  bcniiinorpliic  (hence 
the  s\-nonym  hiiniumrjtliitt),  in  crystalline  ciunps  with  lio- 
tr)oidal  surface,  and  also  massive  ;  the  color  varies  from 
white  to  pale  green,  blue,  or  yellow.  It  is  often  iissociated 
with  zinc  carljonate,  sometimes  with  sniitlisonitc  (also 
called  calamin),  in  calcareous  rocks.  It  is  used  as  a  i)iK- 
ment  in  ceramic  painting,  producing  a  brilliant  green  col- 
or in  L'la2eil  pottery. 

calamint  (kal '  a-mint),  n.  [<  ME.  calam>int  = 
F.  catamcntz=iii>.  calamento  =  Pg.  catamiiitlia  = 
It.  calamento,  <  ML.  calamintha  (culaminthum, 
-menta,-mentum,  etc.,  calnmcuta,  etc.),  <  L.  calii- 
minthe,  <  Gr.  Ka'/Muh'Oii,  also  K«>.(i//uWof,  a  kiiid 
of  mint,  <  Ka'/M-,  perhaps  for  Kn/o-  for  Kahir, 
beautiful,  +  filvda,  mint.]      A  book-name  for 

jilaiits  of  the  genus  Calumintlut. 

Calamintha  (kal-a-min'thii),  H.  [NL.  ML.,  < 
L.  rataminltw:  seo  cnUimiul.'\  A  genus  of  la- 
biate strongly  fragrant  herbs  or  undcrshnibs, 
of  ttie  northern  temperate  zone.  The  common 
European  specks  are  used  in  nuikinit  herb-teas.  There 
are  alxmt  40  species,  inclurling  the  common  calamint  (C 
oficiimtiM).  the  woo<l-calaniint(C.  tylvalica),  the  lesser  cala- 
mint (C.  Xr/K-la).  the  fleld-  or  stone-basil  or  horeethymu 
(C.  ClinDindium).  and  the  basil-thyme  (C.  Aciitni). 

calamlrtt  fkara-mist),  n.     [<  L.  calamiin,  a  reed, 
+  -ist.]     A  pijier 
|>i[»^*.      I'tUniut. 

calamistra,  "-     Plural  of  calamiatrum. 

calamistrai  (kal-a-miH'tral),  n.  [<  calamMrum 
+  -III.  J  i'crtaining  to  oi-  having  the  functions 
of  ciilainistra. 

calamistratet  (kal-n-mis'trat),  I!.  I.  [<  L.  eala- 
viminiluH,  |i]i.  fif  'calnmiKlrinv,  curl,  as  the  hair, 
<  riiliimislir,  also  calamintrnm,  an  iron  tuVje  for 
curling  the  hair:  nee  calnmintrum.']  To  curl  or 
fri/zlo,  ttH  tho  hair.     Cotgravn;  Iturlim. 

calarnistratiom  fkal'a-miH-tru'Hhon),  n.  [< 
1,1    .  f  iriilr,]      The   act  of  curling  Iho  hair. 

■'  I 

iiraiunm,  nlntinonU,  itc will  make  the 

wdy  otherwise  n  grsidcM. 

nurlinl.  Annt.  nf  Mci.,  p.  470. 

calamlHtmmfknl-a-miH'tnirn),  n.;  pi.  ralamia- 
fNL.,  ii  special  iih«  of  L.  calamiH- 
1  tube  for  curling  the  hair  (hco  rnt- 
■  rilnmuii.ari'fil:  Hi-f  ralamiiti,']    One 
■Livable  BjiincH  forming  a  (loiil.lo 
r  Hiirfai'c  (if  llu>  Hi,xth  or  pi  nul- 
l('g«  of  Ci*rt:iin 
,,  iiirl  and  bind  lli< 
I'tH,  foniitnit  a  nimy 


758 


calandra 


The  function  of  the  ca(nmWnim  has  been  proved  by  Calamohcrpe    (kal  ' a-mo-her ' pe),     n.     [NL. 

Mr.  Blaekwall  to  be  the  carding,  or  teasing  and  curling,  (JJoie,  ISi'J),  irreg.  <  dr.  lia/auoi,  reed,  +  ipireiv, 

of  a  peculiar  kind  of  silk,  secreted  and  emitted  from  the  ^            -       -              »  ._    .           ,    r     '           j         r        i 
fourth  pair  of  spinners.                        Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  292. 


calamite  (kal'a-mit),  n.  [<  NL.  Calamites,  q. 
v.]  1.  A  fossil  of  the  genus  C«;rt)"i7<'s. —  2.  A 
variety  of  tremolite  ocem-riug  iu  imperfect  or 
roimded  prismatic  crystals,  longitudinally  stri- 
ated, and  sometimes  resembling  a  reed. 

Calamites  (kal-a-mi'tez),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka?M- 
furij^,  reed-like.  "C  Kolauo^,  L.  calai)ni.%  a  reed.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  plants,  of  which  the  structm'e 
is  complicated  and  obscure,  but  which  ai-e  gen- 
erally admitted  to  be  allied  to  the  recent  Equi- 
setac'ca;  or  horsetails;  the  calamites.  ^^^lether 
Calamites  should  be  considered  as  being  a  peculiar  form 
of  Eijui^etaceiF,  or  as  constituting  a  distinct  but  allied 
order,  has  not  yet  been  fully  established.  The  calamites 
are  considered  to  have  been  cryptogamic  plants,  but  their 
relations  to  living  cryptogams  are  peculiar,  and  especially 
exceptional  in  their  complex  structure  and  the  exogenous 
growth  of  the  woody  cylinder.  The  foliage  of  the  cala- 
mites was  verticillate ;  and  it  is  thought  by  some  that 
A.'^teyophyllites,  Annularia,  and  even  Spheiwphyllum, 
witii  the^ir  whorled  leaves,  represent  the  le.af-beai"ing 
branches  of  calamites,  altliough  this  has  not  been  actually 
proved  by  discovery  of  the  leaves  attached  to  the  stems. 
Tlie  c.ilaniites  are  among  the  commonest  and  most  chaj-ac- 
teiistic  fossil  plants  of  the  coal-measures. 

calamitous  (ka-lam'i-tus),  a.     [<  F.  calamiteiijc, 
<  L.  C(ilamitosi(S,  <  calamita(t-).s,  calamity:  see 
calami ti/.']     It.  Jliserable;  involved  iu  calam- 
ity or  deep  distress;  wretched. 
Ten  thousands  of  calamitous  persons. 

■S'oHfA,  Works,  VII. 


creep.]  Same  as  Calamodyta. 
Calamospiza  (kal  "a-mo-spi'zji),  n.  [XL.  (C.  L. 
Bonaparte,  1838),  <  Gr.  Ka/auog,  a  reed,  -I-  airil^a, 
a  bird  of  the  fincli  kind,  perhaps  the  chaffinch, 
<  a-i^eiv.  ehii-p,  pipe,  peep.]  A  genus  of  frin- 
gilline  passerine  birds  of  North  America,  con- 
taining the  lark-bimting  of  the  western  States 
and  Territories,  Calamosj>i::a  bicolor,  the  male 


Lark-bunting  ( Calanwsfiixa  bicolor). 

of  which  is  black,  with  a  white  patch  on  the 
wing,  and  resembles  the  bobolink  in  some 
other  respects,  it  is  about  7  inches  long,  nests  on  the 
ground,  and  has  the  habit  during  the  breeding  season  of 
soaring  aloft  to  sing,  like  tlie  skylark.  The  inner  sec- 
ondaries are  as  long  as  the  primaries  in  the  closed  wing, 
and  the  bill  resembles  that  of  a  grosbeak.  The  sexes  ai-e 
markedly  distinct  in  coloration. 


2.  Of  the  nature  of  or  marked  by  calalnity  or  calamUS  (kal'a-mus),  n.\  pi.  calami  (-mi).     [In 


great  misfortune;  bringing  or  resulting  from 
calamity;  making -m-etched;  distressing  or  dis- 
tressful": as,  a  «(/((»i(7()HS  event;  "that  ca/a)«i- 
?(»(»•  prison,"  J/(7to«,  S.  A.,  1. 1480;  "this  sad  and 
calamitous  condition,"  South. 

But,  even  admitting  the  calaniituus  necessity  of  War,  it 

can  never  be  with  pleasure  —  it  cannot  be  without  sadness 

unspeakable  — that  the  Clu-istian  si>ul  surveys  its  flendisli 

encounters.  Sumner,  Orations,  I.  173. 

=  Sjm.  2.  Afflictive,  disastrous,  distressing,  grievous,  de- 

plnraltle.  baleful,  ruinous. 

r<  F  cala-  calamitously  (ka-lam'i-tus-li),  aiJi:    In  a  ca- 

iie  G   kal-     lamitoiis  manner;  in  a  manner  to  produce  great 

'      '    ■  distress. 

calamitousness  (ka-lam'i-tus-nes),  «.  The 
quality  of  bringing  calamity  or  misery ;  deep, 
(iistress;  wretchedSiess;  misery, 
calamity  (ka-lam'i-ti),  )).;  pi.  calamities  (-liz). 
[<  F.  calamite  =  P'r.  cnlamitat  =  Sp.  calamidad 
=  It.  calamita,  <  L.  ciiliim.ita(t-).<s,  loss,  injury, 
damage,  misfortmie,  disaster,  ruin,  prob.  con- 
nected with  iii-columin,  iinliarmcd;  root  uncer- 
tain.] Any  great  misfortune  or  cause  of  mis- 
ery; in  general,  any  event  or  disaster  which 
produces  extensive  evils,  as  loss  of  cro^is,  earth- 
quakes, etc.,  but  also  applied  to  any  misfortune 
which  brings  great  distress  upon  a  single  per- 
son; misfortune;  distress;  adversity. 
Atfliction  is  enamour'd  of  thy  parts. 
And  thou  art  wedded  to  citliniuty. 

Shnk.,  li.  and. I.,  iii.  X. 
Calamity  is  man's  true  touchstone. 

Bflau.  ami  Ft.,  Triumph  of  Honour,  i.  1. 
The  delilierations  of  ralnmily  are  rarely  wise.       Burke. 
'T  is  sorrow  bnibls  the  shining  ladder  up. 
Whose  golden  rounds  arc  our  ctilawiticit. 

Lowell,  Death  of  a  Friend's  rilild. 
=  Syn.   Dinn.iler,  Cnlaxlniiflir,  I'tc.  (see  jnu/urdoic),  hard- 
ship, advrrsity.  aJllictinn,  blow,  stioke. 
Calamoden(iron(kal'''a-mo-den'dron),«.  [NL., 
■mi8t),n.     \_<.L,. calamus, arei-a,     <  Gr.  kiV/.u/inr,  a  reed',  +  Ai'cV'"!',  a  tree.]     A 
it;  one  who  plays  on  a  reed  or    fossil  plant  belonging  to  tlie  coal-measuroa,  and 

formerly  held  to  be  ii  g_v^nnospel1nous  exogeii, 
but  now  believed  to  be  "a  calamite  retaining  its 
structure  and  especially  its  exogenous  vascular 
zfine.  Seo  Calaiuitcs. 
Calamodyta  ( kal'a-mo-di'til),  ».  [NL.  (Meyer, 
181.-)),  <  (ir.  naf.ufiM'ii'hii:,  a'liii'd,  ]ierhaps  the 
rood-warbler,  <  m/.aiio^,  a  reed,  +  ilirvc,  diver, 
<  fi'rw,  get  into,  enter,  dive.]    A  genus  of  birds. 


ME.  (Wyclif)  fo?fl)«.i/;  <  L.  calamus,  a  reed,  a 
cane,  hence  a  pipe,  pen,  arrow,  rod,  etc.,  =  Ar. 
(jalam  (>  Tm'k.  qalem),  a  pen,  reed  pen,  pencil, 
brush,  chisel,  etc.,  <  Gr.  m/a/m;,  a  reed,  cane, 
etc.,  =  Skt.  kalanins  =  L.  culmus,  a  stalk,  stem, 
straw,  =  AS.  Iicalm,  F.  halm,  haulm,  a  stalk, 
stem:  seehalm.l  1.  Areed;  cane. —  2.  Akind 
of  fragrant  plant  mentioned  in  the  Bible  (Ex. 
x-^ix.  2'i,  etc.),  and  supposed  to  be  the  sweet-ll.ig, 
Acorus  Calamus,  or  the  fragrant  leiuon-grass  of 
India,  Andropogon  Schwnanthiis ;  the  sweet-flag. 

Another  goblet !  quick  !  and  stir 
Pomegranate  juice  and  drops  of  uo'rrh 
And  calavnus  therein ! 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  IIL 

3.  [cap.']  A  very  large  genus  of  slender,  leaf^, 
climbing  palms,  natives  cliielly  of  eastern  Asia 
and  the  ad.jacent  islands.  Their  leaves  are  armed 
with  strong  reversed  thorns,  by  means  of  wliich  they  often 
climb  the  loftiest  trees.  The  sheathing  leaves  cover  the 
entire  stem,  and  when  removed  leave  a  slender-jointed 
polislied  cane,  in  some  species  reacbing-Jttofcet  in  Uimth. 
These  are  extensively  used  in  brid;:e making,  for  the  \"\n-A 
and  cables  of  vessels,  and,  when  split,  for  a  great  variety 
of  purposes.  They  form  the  ratan-canes  of  commerce, 
used  in  large  quantities  for  the  caning  of  chairs,  etc.  One 
of  the  larger  species,  C.  Seipionuni,  furnishes  tile  Malacca 
canes  used  for  walking-sticks.  The  fruits  of  C.  Ihitco 
yield  tlie  red  resin  known  iu  i-omnierce  as  dragon's-blood. 

4.  A  tube,  usually  of  gold  or  silver,  through 
which  it  was  customary  in  the  ancient  church 
to  receive  the  wiiio  in  communicating.  The 
adoption  of  the  calamus  doubtless  aro.se  from  caution, 
lest  any  <b-op  from  the  chalice  should  be  spilleil,  <>r  any 
other  irreverence  occur.  It  has  fallen  into  disuse,  except 
that  it  is  still  retained  in  the  Roman  Catholic  (?linri-li  in 
solemn  papal  celebrations,  for  the  eoniniunion  of  the 
I'ope.  It  IS  also  known  by  the  names  canna,  pugillaris, 
Awa  Ji^ttda. 

5.  In  music,  a  flute  or  pipe  made  of  reed. — 6. 
In  oniith.,  the  hard,  horny,  hollow,  nod  more  or 
less  transparent  part  of  the  st(>iii  or  scaiie  of  a 
feather;  the  barrel,  tube,  or  quill  jirojier,  wliich 
bi'iirs  no  vexilla,  and  extends  from  the  end  of 
llie  feather  inserted  in  the  skin  to  the  lugin- 
ning  of  the  racliis  where  the  web  or  vano  com- 
mences. See  cut  under  aj'tvr.thaft. — 7.  An  an- 
cient Greek  measure  of  length  of  10  feet. — 

Calamus  SCrlptOriuadili'liilly,  a  "liling  pen).  Ilie  lower 
(]>...sliri.n)  portion  i.(  (be  floor  i>f  Ibe  fonrlli  vcniricleof 
llie  brain,  boumbd  on  each  siilc  by  Ibe  diverging  tnnlcnll 
graclles,  the  jiolnt  wlierc  llicse  come  togelller  below  being 
llkeiu-d  to  the  point  of  a  lien. 


giving  name  to  a  Hubfumilv  t'alamodutiiiiv:  a  calanchi  (ka-hin'ehi),  ».     A  unit  of  weight  for 
■    ■  ■    ■  The  typical  spec)    • 


li 

nil, 

of  I  i 

rim  ■ 

tirna'' 

Hpi'l' 

lln.  <..' 

w«b  povuUu  lo  Uiu  siHiclnftpotscAAliiK  IhoM  ortfAnN. 


I" 


synonym  of  .'lm)(r/»/i((/H.'< ., , 

is  .irr'iiriphiiliis  iiquaticus.  Also  called  Culamo- 
hi  rjir. 

Calamodytin8e(kara-m6-di-ti'no),w.»>'.  [NL., 

<  tUitamiidi/ta  +  -iiia-.\  In  G.  K.  (irii.rH  syHtem 
of  chiHsiflcalion  (IH(!!»),  a  snlifamily  of  Hiiiall, 
denlirostral,  oscine  passerini'  liirds.  of  his  fam- 
ily l.usiniiida;  the  rced-warhli-rs;  the  warlilcrs 
of  the  acroce|)liiiline  ly|>"',  having  a  minute, 
HpurioiiH  llrst  |iriiiiary,  and  in  typical  fonns 
an  elongateil  head  n'liil  ri'lalivcly  large  bill. 
Sundry  gimra  are  Arriieeiilialut  (of  wlilcli  Caliiwnilylii, 
Cnlllmiihiriir,  and  Cntamiiilun  are  mere «yMoliyinil),  Lncin. 
Irlln,   l.u^illlliilll.  and  frllill. 

calamodytine  (kal'ii-mo-di'tin),  n.  Having 
the  chara.lerH  of  a  recil-warbli'r ;  pertaining 
to  the  Calamodi/tinw ;  acrocojihuline. 


I" 


alls,  used  in  Poudicherry, eciual  to 0.14 gram,   . 
iir  -I  griiins  troy. 

calando  (ka-hni'do).  [It.,  ])pr.  of  calarr,  do- 
crease  :  sc'e  caladc.}  In  music,  a  direction  to 
slacken  the  time  and  decrouso  the  volume  of 
tone  gradually. 

calandra  (ka-lan'dr|l),  H.  [NT/.;  ef.  K.  cnlin- 
ilir-  (Mlv  chalauiidrr,  also  caladrir),  <  V.  ca- 
liniihr  =  Pr.  calinidrn  =  S]i.  riitiiiidriii  =  I'g.  ca- 
Ihaudra  =  II.  calandra  =  .MUG.  gidnudrr  (ML. 
calandra,  chalandra,  calaiidrus.  cidinidris,  also 
caladrius,  caladrus,  a  kind  of  lurk,  also  calandra, 
ralaudru.i,  a  weevil),  <  Gr.  ao/oi'iV"'!.'  (also  ,v''- 
>np(V)of,  NGr.  X'"'"'"''!'")-  "  kind  of  lurk.]  1.  In 
iirnith. :  (a)  A  large  kind  of  lurk,  .Mrlaniicuriijiha 
calandra,  with  a  stout  hill,  iuhaliiting  soutneru 


calandra 

Europe  and  northern  Africa.  The  term  has 
■foeen  the  book-name  of  the  species  for  centu- 
ries. ('')  [''"7'-]  Made  by  Les.son,  in  1837,  a  ge- 
neric naiue:  Asynonym  oi McdaHOcori/pha.  Also 
Calaiulriua.  (c)  In  the  fonu  Coldndi-ia,  applied 
by  Des  Murs  to  the  American  mocking-tlirushes 
of  the  genus  .l//«(».s. — 2.  [c/yi.]  In  ('«/(((».,  ;i  ge- 
nus of  weevils,  ty]iie:il  of  th*'  t'aniily  t'liliiiniyiilfv. 
Soulf  of  tlie  iniimtc  sin/t-ics  coiiimit  ;,^rr;it  havur  in  muli- 
aries,  in  both  tlieir  larval  and  tlieir  iierfcct  state.  Tliey 
are  very  numerous,  and  among  them  are  the  well-known 


759 


jz,  corn-weevil  ^Calaridra  grartaria\\  t>,  rice-weevil  [Calandra 
oryzce)i  c,  larva  ;  t^,  pupa.    (Small  ligures  show  natural  sizes. ) 

cofn-weevil.  C.  firanana  (Linnreus),  and  tht;  rice-weevil, 
C.  oryzoi.  The  gru-gru  worm,  which  destroys  palm-trees 
in  South  America,  is  the  larva  of  C.  palmartim,  and  is 
nearly  2  inches  long.  The  grub  is  eagerly  sought  for  by 
the  iiati\es,  who  cook  and  eat  it.  This  species,  with  C 
mcrfuiri.  destroys  also  the  sugar-canes  of  the  West  Indies. 

■calandrelle  (kal-an-drel'),  n.  [A  F.  form,  <  NL. 
calaiiilrcl/ci,  dim.  of  calandra,  q.  v.]  A  name  of 
the  shovt-toed  lark,  Ala.uda  calamlrella. 

calandrid  (ka-lan'drid),  a.  and  v.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ca- 
landrkke.    Also  cahindroid. 

II.  n.  A  weevil  or  snout-beetle  of  the  family 
Cnlandridm. 

Oalandrids  (ka-lan'dri-de),  v.j^l.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
landra, 2,  -t-  -idw.']  A  family  of  rhj-nchophorous 
Coleoptera  having  strong  folds  on  the  inner 
faces  of  the  elytra,  the  pygidium  undivided  in 
both  se.xes,  tibise  not  seiTate,  geniculate  an- 
tenuie,  no  labrum,  the  last  spiracle  not  visible, 
and  the  last  dorsal  segment  of  the  male  more 
or  less  retractile  and  concealed.  .Species  of  the 
leading  genus,  Calandrtt  (or  SitophUw^),  are  known  as 
co7'/i-  or  grain-iveeinls.  The  family  is  related  to  the  Cur- 
culionidce,  and  is  often  included  therein.  See  cut  under 
calandra. 

Calandrinae  (kal-an-dri'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
landra, '2,  +  -»««;.]     A  subfamily  of  Cnrculio- 

'  nkla;,  containing  weevils  of  varying  size  with 
geniculate  clubbed  antenna?,  and  a  steep  or  ver- 
tical pygidium,  typified  bj' the  genus  Calandra, 
and  corresponding  to  the  family  Cidamlrida . 

calandroid (ka-lan'droid), a.  Same nscalamlrid. 

calandrone  (kal-an-dro'ne),  n.  [It.]  A  small 
reed-instrument  of  the  clarinet  kind,  with  two 
holes,  used  by  the  peasants  of  Italy. 

calangay  (ka-lang'ga),  ».  A  species  of  white 
parrot,  a  native  of  the  Philippine  islands. 

calanget,  «.  and  v.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
cJarllf'Hfff. 

calanid  (kal'a-nid),  n.   A  copepod  of  the  family 

Calanidai. 

Oalanidae  (ka-lan'i-de),  n.j}!.  [NL.,  <  Calanns  + 
-Ida'.  ]  A  family  of  gnathostomatous  copepods, 
of  the  suborder  Eucopepoda,  having  very  long 
anterior  antennfe,  only  one  of  them  modified 
for  prehension,  and  the  posterior  anteunse  bi- 
ramous.  The  fifth  pair  of  feet  is  modified  in  the  male 
to  assist  in  copulation.  Calanus,  CetochUus,  Teniora,  and 
hiaptomwi  are  genera  of  this  family. 

Calanns  (kal'a-nus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
copepods,  typical  of  the  family  CulankUv.  C. 
j>aro  is  an  example.  • 

calao  (ka-la'6),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  general  name 
of  the  horubills,  or  birds  of  the  family  Buecro- 
tkkc :  adopted  by  Brisson  in  1760  for  the  whole 
■  of  them,  as  liuceros  Injdrocorax  of  the  Philip- 
pines, 7>.  ohsciirim  of  tlie  Moluccas,  etc. 

calapitte  (kal'a-pit),  ?(.  [<  Malayan  calappa, 
the  cacao-tree,  j  A  stony  concretion  occasion- 
ally present  in  the  coeoanut,  much  worn  by  the 
Malays  as  an  amulet  of  great  virtue.  .Also 
called  rcfietahle  hcsoar. 

Calappa  (ka-lap' a),  H.  [NL.  Cf.  calapitte.']  A 
genus  of  brachyurous  decapod  crustaceans, 
sometimes  giving  name  to  a  family  Calappida: 
C.  dcprfssa.  and  C.  granulata  are  among  the 
species  known  as  box-crabs. 

calappian  (ka-lap'1-an),  w.  [<  Calappa  + 
-ian.}     A  crustacean  of  the  family  Calappidce. 


Ilox-crab  {Cntaffa  drfrrsxa  1. 

calappid  (ka-lap'id),  n.    Same  as  calappkm. 

Calappidae  (ka-lap'i-de),  «. /)/.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
lappa +  -idw.']  A  family  of  brachyurous  de- 
capod crustaceans,  tyjiified  ))y  tlie  genus  Calap- 
pa; the  bo.\-crabs.  They  have  a  roumleil  carapace 
subtriangular  anteriorly,  a  triangular  buccal  frame,  and 
the  male  generative  openings  on  the  basal  joint  of  the  last 
pair  of  legs.  One  of  their  most  characterijitic  features  is 
the  manner  in  which  the  lai-ge  crested  pincera  fold  against 
the  front  of  the  carapace.  The  genera  are  several,  and  the 
species  inliabit  tropical  seas. 

calappoid  (ka-lap'oid),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ca- 
lappido!. 

H.  n.  A  calappian  or  calappid. 

calascione,  colascione  (kji,-,  ko-ia-shio'ne),  v. 
[It.]  A  musical  instrument  of  lower  Italy,  of 
the  lute  or  guitar  family,  having  two  catgut 
strings  tuned  a  fifth  apart,  and  played  with  a 
plectrum.  It  is  said  to  be  closely  similar  to 
the  very  ancient  Egyptian  nofre  or  nefcr. 

calash,  (ka-lash'),  H.  [Also  formerly  calesh, 
caleehc,  <  S\  calcciie  =  Sp.  calcua  =  It.  calesse, 
calcsftn,  <  fi.  l<drxchr,  /,Y(/t.s'.sY',  <  Bohem.  toleska  = 
Pol.  kiilanl-a  =  Kiiss.  kobiaal'a,  a  calash,  dim.  of 
Bohem.  kijlcsa  =  Pol.  biiaaa,  a  calash  (cf .  UBulg. 
kolesinitsa  =  Russ.  kolc.initsa,  a  car,  chariot; 
Bohem.  koleso  ='Russ.  kolcso,  a  wheel),  <  OBulg. 
Serv.  Bohem.  kolo  =  Pol.  koln  (barred  I),  a 
wheel.]     1.  A  light  carnage  with  low  wheels. 


either  open  or  covered  with  a  folding  top  which 
can  be  let  down  at  pleasure.  The  Canadian  ca- 
lash is  two-wheeled,  and  has  a  seat  on  the  splashboard  for 
the  driver. 

.An  old  calaah,  belonging  to  the  abbess,  lined  with  green 
frieze,  was  ordered  to  be  drawn  into  the  sun. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vii.  21. 

2.  The  folding  hood  or  top  usually  fitted  to 
such  a  carriage.  Specifically  called  a  calasli-hip. 
—  3t.  A  hood  in  the  form  of  a  calash-top  worn 
by  women  in  the  eighteenth  century  and  until 
about  1810.  It  was  very  large  and  full,  to  cover  the 
head-dresses  of  the  period,  and  was  made  on  a  framework 
of  light  hoops,  capable  of  being  folded  back  on  the  shoul- 
ders, or  raised,  by  pulling  a  ribbon,  to  cover  the  head  and 
project  well  over  the  face.  Similar  hoods  had  been  worn 
at  earlier  times,  but  the  reintroduction  under  this  name 
appears  to  date  from  1765. 

Mrs.  Bute's  eyes  Hashed  out  at  her  from  under  her  black 
calash.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

calata  (ka-lii'ta),  n.  [It.,  a  dance,  also  a  slope, 
descent,  <  calrtre,  let  down,  lower,  descend: 
see  ea.lade,  calando.]  A  lively  Italian  dance 
in  t  time. 

calathi,  «.    Plural  of  calath\m. 

calathia,  ".     Plural  of  ealathium. 

calathidium  (kal-a-thid'i-um),  «. ;  pi.  calathidia 
{-'A).  [NL.,  <  (jr.  '"Ka'Aadidiov,  dim.  of  Ka'/.adog,  L. 
calaflius,  a  basket  for  ft'uit,  flowers,  etc.,  hence 
the  bell  of  a  (Corinthian)  capital:  see  calatkus.] 
In  bot.,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  flower- 
head  in  the  order  Composita.  Also  called  cala- 
tltium. 

calathiform  (kal'a-thi-form),  a.  [<  L.  calathus, 
a  basket,  +  forma,  form.]  In  bot.  and  zool., 
hemisiiherical  or  concave,  like  a  bowl  or  cup. 

calatmum  (ka-la'thi-um),  H.;  pi.  calathia  (-ii). 
Same  as  calathidium. 

calathus  (kal'a-thus),  n.\  pi.  calathi  (-thi). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  kiilaffoc,  a  vase-shaped  basket:  see 
calathiditon.]  1.  In  classical  antiq.,  a  basket 
in  which  Greek  and  Roman  women  kept  their 


calcar 

work.  It  is  often  represented  on  monuments, 
especially  as  a  symViol  of  inaideidiood. —  2. 
[cap.]  [NL.J  A  genus  of  adepliagous  beetles, 
of  the  family  Caralndu:,  having  obliquely  sinu- 
ate elytia  and  serrate  claw8.  C  impunctata  is 
an  example. 

calaverite  (kal-a-ve'rit),  n.  [<  Calaveras 
(sci-dct.j  +  -(fe2.'j  A  rare  tellurid  of  gold,  oc- 
curring massive,  of  a  bronze-yellow  color  and 
metallic  luster,  first  found  in  Calaveras  coun- 
ty, California. 

calcagiumt  (kal-ka'ji-um),  n.  [ML.  (after  OP. 
caiiciai/i),  <  calccala,  a  road :  see  camvy.]  A 
tax,  anciently  paid  by  the  neighboring  inhabi- 
tants of  a  country,  for  the  making  and  repair- 
ing of  common  roads.     E.  I'hilli/is,  1700. 

calcaire  (kal-kSr'),  «.  [F.,  limestone,  <  L.  cal- 
cariiis:  see  calcareous.]     Limestone Calcaire 

5r088ler(lilerally,  (-r.arHe  limestone),  a  calcareoUH  deposit 
ni  till-  Paris  tiasin.  belrMigitig  to  the  Midilh;  Koirene  group 
of  the  Tertiary,  and  nearly  the  eipiivalent  of  the  ISagHliot 
beds  of  the  Vmdon  ba-sin.  It  im  a  coarse-grained  rock; 
lielice  the  name.  It  is  rich  in  fossils,  esjiecially  of  mol- 
lusks  of  the  genus  CcrUliium,  aruJ  some  beds  contain  great 
nninberaof  Farainim/cra.  It  is  extensively  used  in  the 
rougli  parts  of  buildings  in  and  aliout  i'aris, 

calcanea,  «.     Plural  of  calcaneum. 

calcaneal  (kal-ka'ne-al),  «.  [<  calcaneum  + 
-al.]  1.  in  anal.,  relating  to  the  calcaneum 
or  heel-bone:  as,  calcaneal  arteries,  ligaments, 
etc. —  2.  In  ornith.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
back  upper  part  of  the  tarsometatarsus  (tar- 
sus of  ordinary  language)  of  a  bird,  where  there 
is  often  a  tuberosity  regarded  by  some  orni- 
thologists as  a  calcaneum,  and  so  named  by 
them:  as,  a  ca/caHe«<  tubercle;  ca?canca<  tuber- 
osity.    See  cut  under  tar.iometatarswi. 

In  most  birds,  the  posterior  face  of  the  proximal  end  of 
the  middle  metatarsal,  and  the  adjacent  surface  of  the  tar- 
.'^al  bune.  grow  out  into  a  process,  which  is  comnirftily,  but 
ijuproperly,  termed  calcaneal.  lixixtey,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  254, 

calcanean  (kal-ka'ne-an),  a.  [<  calcaneum  -t- 
-«/(.]     Belonging  to  tlie  heel ;  calcaneal. 

calcaneum  (kal-ka'ne-um),  H. ;  pi.  calcanea  (-a). 
[L.,  the  heel,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel.]  1.  In 
anal.,  one  of  the  tarsal  bones,  the  os  ealcis,  or 
bone  of  the  heel ;  the  outer  one  of  the  bones  of 
the  proximal  row,  in  its  generalized  condition 
called  the  Jibulare;  in  man,  the  largest  bone  of 
the  tarsus,  foriuingthe  prominence  of  the  heel. 
See  cuts  under_/bo?,  hock^,  and  Ornithoscclida. — 
2.  lu  ornith.,  a  Ijony  process  or  protuberance  on 
the  back  of  the  upjx'r  end  of  the  tarsometatar- 
sal bone :  so  called  because  considered  by  some 
as  the  representative  of  the  os  ealcis ;  but  the 
latter  is  more  generall.v  regarded  as  represented 
in  the  outer  condyle  of  the  tibia. 

calcantt  (kal'kant),  H.  [<  L.  calcan(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  calcare,  tread,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel.]  A 
bellows-treader ;  a  man  who  worked  the  clumsy 
bellows  of  old  German  organs  with  his  feet. 

calcar^  (kal'kiir),  «.;  pi.  calc<tria  (kal-ka'ri-a). 
[L.,  a  spur,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel:  see  calx'^.] 
1.  In  bot.,  a  spur ;  a  hollow  projection  from  the 
base  of  a  petal  or  si'pal;  the  nectary  (neeta- 
rimn)  of  Linnffius. —  2.  In  anat.,  a  projection 
into  the  posterior  horn  of  the  lateral  ventricle 
of  the  brain  of  man  and  some  other  mammals; 
the  calcar  aris  or  hipi)Ocampus  minor. — 3. 
In  ornith.,  a  spur,  (a)  Hie  homy  process,  with  a 
bony  core,  borne  upon  the  lower  and  inner  part  of  the 
shank  of  sundry  gallinaceous  birds,  as  the  turkey,  phea- 
sant, domestic  cock,  etc.  It  is  of  the  same  nature  as  a 
claw,  or  as  the  horns  of  cattle,  but  differs  from  a  claw  in 
being  an  offset  from  tile  side  of  a  bone,  not  at  the  end  of 
a  phalanx.  There  is  sonietinjes  a  pair  of  spurs,  one  alwve 
the  other,  on  each  shank,  as  in  the  genus  J'alyj'Uctron. 
(See  cut  under  calcarate.}  Spurs  are  coinmttnly  (ieveloped 
only  in  the  male  sex,  not  passing  a  rudimentary  condition, 
if  found  at  all,  in  the  female.  (See  cut  niuler  Inrsometa- 
tarsal.)  ib)  A  similar  but  usually  smaller  homy  process 
borne  upon  the  side  of  the  pinion-bone,  near  the  wrist- 
joint,  of  various  birds,  as  the  jacanjis,  spur-winged  goose, 
etc.  (c)  Loosely  applied  to  the  claws  of  birds,  especially 
the  hind  claw  when  notably  long  and  straight,  as  in  larks, 
spur-heeled  cuckoos,  etc. 

4.  In  Rotifera,  a  sptu--like  setigerous  process 
more  or  less  closely  attached  to  the  single 
ganglion  of  these  animals,  near  the  trochal 
disk. —  5.  In  Chiroptcra.  a  slender  elongated 
bone  or  cartUago  upon  the  inner  side  of  the 
ankle-joint,  assisting  in  the  support  of  the  pa- 
tagiimi. —  6.  [cap.]  [NL.]  In  en  torn.,  a  genus 
of  atracheliate  beetles,  of  the  family  Tenehrio- 
nida:.  Dejean,\?:'2\. —  7.  [<■«/'.]  [NL.]  Inconvh., 
a  genus  of  mollusks.  Montfort,  'iiiW.—S.  The 
spur  forming  part  of  an.v  ceremonial  costume. 

calcar-  (karkarV  n.  [<  L.  calcaria.  a  lime-kiln, 
fem.  of  calcariiis,  pertaining  to  lime:  see  cal- 
careous.] 1.  In  glass-works,  an  oven  or  fur- 
nace for  calcining  the  materials  of  frit,  prior 
to  melting.     Also  called  fritting-furnace. —  2. 


calcar 
In  metal,  an  annealing-arch  or  -oven. 


760 


calcine 


E.H. 


Knight. 
calcarate  (kal'ka-rat),  a.     [<  L.  calcar,  a  spur 

(see  calcar'^),  +  -ale^.'i    In  bot. 

and  sool.,   spurred;  furnished 

■with    spurs   or  spur-like   pro- 
cesses: as,  a  enlcarate  corolla, 

such  as  that  of  larkspur. 
calcarated   (kal'ka-ra-ted),    a. 

Same  as  c/ilcarnte. 
Calcarea  (kal-ka'rf-a),  n.  jtl. 

[XL...  neut.  pi.  of  L.  *calcarem, 

ealmrim:  see  calcareous.']   The 

chalk-sponges,  which  have  the 

skeleton    composed   chiefly  of 

carbonate  of  lime :  now  gener- 
ally regarded   as  one  of  two 

main  div-isions  or  subclasses  of 

Spmifii'V,  the  other  being  Silicea. 
calcareo-.    Combining  form  of 

calaire'iiis  (Latin  calcarius). 

calcareo-argillaceous       (kal- 
ka  re-o-ar-ji-la'sliius).  a.    Consisting  of  or  con- 
taining a  nuxture  of  chalk  or  lime  and  clay: 
as,  a  calenren-arqillaceous  soil. 

calcareobituminous  (kal-ka're-o-TDi-tii  mi- 
nus). ".  Consisting  of  or  containing  ume  and 
bitumen 


calcet,  "•     [<  L-  calx  (.calc-),  lime,  chalk:  see 
cu/jl  and  chalk.]    Lime. 

Sub.     How  do  you  sublime  him? 
Face.  With  the  calce  of  eggshells,  white  marble,  talc. 
J5.  Joiuoit,  .Uchemist,  ii.  1. 


bone :  hence  there  is  ailistiuction  between  ossification  and: 

cak-iIic:ition. 

3.  A  calcific  formation  or  structure. 
caldform  (kal'si-form),  a.     [<  L.  calx  {cak-), 

lime,  +  forma,  form.]     1.  In  the  form  of  chalk 

or  lime.— 2.  Shaped  like  a  pebble;  pebbly; 
calceamentum  (kal'se-a-men'tum),  n. ;  pi.  cal-  gravelly. 
aaincnta  (-tii).  [ML.,  a  particular  use  of  L.  calcifugOUS  (kal-sif'i\-gus),fl.  [<Ij.  calx  (calc-), 
calceamentum,  a  coveriug  for  the  foot,  <  cal-  iij^,^,_  +  fuija-c,  flee,  +  -ann.  Cf.  ealcieolc] 
cerire,  fm'nish  with  shoes:  see  calceatc,  c]  A  Avoidiug'liinestone :  applied  to  certain  saxico- 
sandal  forming  a  part  of  the  imperial  insignia  |(,„g  lidiens,  and  opposed  to  calcicole. 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  It  was  made  of  calcify  (kal'si-fi),!-.;  pret.  and  pp.  c«(c(/ie(f,ppr. 
red  silk  richly  embroidered,  and  in  shape  re-  calcifilinii.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  +  -ficarc,  < 
sembled  the  Eoman  sandal.  fuccr'e.  make:    see  -fi/.]      I.    trans.  To  mak& 

A  cause-    " 


Calcarate  Foot  of 
Pheasant  {Polyfiifc 
trtm  thibetanum^. 


calceatat,  ".     [ML.:  see  causeicay.] 
•vi-AS.     E.  PhiUiii.-:,  1706. 

calceate  (kal'sf-iit),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calcc- 
ated,  ppr.  calc'eatbuj.  [<  L.  calceatus,  pp.  of 
calccare,  shoe,  <  calcens,  also  calcius,  a  shoe, 
a  half-hoot.  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel:  see  calx-.] 
To  shoe ;  fit  with  shoes.     [Rare.] 

calceate,  calceated  (kal'se-at.  -a-ted),  a.  [< 
L.  calceatus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Shod;  fitted 
vrith  or  weai-iug  shoes.     Johnson.     [Rare.] 

calced  (kalst),  a.  [<  L.  caJceus,  a  shoe,  +  -cd^ 
=  -ate'^:  see  caleeate.]  Shod;  wearing  shoes: 
as,  a  calced  Carmelite  (that  is,  one  who  does 
not  belong  to  the  discalced  or  barefooted  order 
of  Carmelites 


calcareocomeous    (kal-ka  re-6-k6r'ne-us),    a.  calcedon(kal'se-don),  «.    l^ee  chalcedony.]   In 

Consisting  of  substance  that  is  both  chalky  and  jf„-rlni,  a  foid  vein,  like  chalcedony,  in  some 

homy:  as,  the  calcareocomeous  jaw  of  a  mol-  pi-eeious  stones.     Also  spiJlled  chfdecdon. 

lusk.                                                  ,  calcedonic,  calcedonian,  «.    See  chake 

calcareosiliceous  (kal-ka're-6-si-lish'us),  a.     cliide<doHian. 

Consisting  of  or  containing  chalk  and  sand  calcedony,  n.     See  chalcedony. 

mixeil  together:  as,  the  cakareosiliccous  beds  calcedonyx,  n.     Seo  chalcedonyx. 

of  the  ocean.  _  calceiform  (kal'se-i-form),  a.     [<  L.  cakcits,  a 

calcareosulphurous  (kal-ka 're-6-suI'fer-us),  a.     j;i,„p  +  forma,  shape.]     Ha^TUg  the  form  of  a 

Having  lime  and  sulphur  in  combination,  or    gij^g  qj.  ^  slipper,  as  the  corolla  of  Calceolaria. 

partaklug  of  both.  Also  calceolate. 

calcareous  (kal-ka're-us),  a.     [Formerly,  and  Calceolaria  (k.al  "se-o-la'ri-a),  «.     [NI^.,  so 

mor.;-  correctly,  cakarious.  <  L.  calcarius,  per-     i.a]U;\  from  the  resemblance  of  the  inflated  co- 


taining  to  lime,  <  calx  (calc-),  lime:  see  calx^^.] 
Partaking  of  the  nature  of  lime;  having  the 
qualities  of  lime;  containing  lime;  chalky:  as, 
Crt/c«/T(>K.9  earth  or  stone — Calcareous  algae,  ma- 
rine iiU-.v  vvhich  in  process  of  growth  aii  ret.  lar.-f  i|iiaii- 
titicsnf  liiiiB,  obsciirin;;  their  vei?etiihlc  stnutiuv  and  giv- 
ing,' tlie  appi'araiice  of  coral;  coralline  alpc.  Some  are 
attacheil  a,  tlie  base  iit  the  ordinary  manner;  others  forjn 
incrustations  on  nuks  and  other  objects.— Calcareous 
sacs  in  aitnt.,  sariie  as  cah-iUToux  tihinds  (which  sec, 
under  ya;u/).  — Calcareous  spar,  crystallized  calcium 
carlKinate  or  caliate.  Also  called  talcspar.  iiee  calcttr.— 
Calcareous  sponges,  the  chalk-sponues,  or  Calcispongiu: 
—  Calcareous  tufa,  an  alluvial  deposit  of  calcium  car- 

Ivinat.-.      S.-f  nil.il,'. 

calcareousness    (kal-ka' re -us-nes), 

(luality  of  being  culcareous. 
calcaria,  ".     Plural  of  cokar^. 


rolla  to  a  slipper,  fem.  of  L.  calceolarius,  per- 
taining to  calccohis,  a  slipper,  dim.  of  calcens 

mental  herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  natural 


calcic ;  harden  hy  secreting  or  depositing  a  salt 

of  lime Calcifying  or  calcific  segment,  in  oniiih., 

the  calcilic  tract  or  portion  of  the  ovidrnt  of  a  bird,  also- 
called  the  uterus,  where  the  egg-shell  is  secreted  and  de- 
posited upon  the  egir-pod. 

II.  infrans.  To  turn  into  bone  or  bony  tissue ; 
hecome  hard  like  bone,  as  cartilage  or  mem- 
brane, by  the  deposition  or  secretion  of  a  salt 
of  lime. 

calcigenous  (kal-sij'e-nus),  a.    [<  L.  calx  (cak-), 

lime,  +  -jieiins,  <  (lignere,  gcnrrc,  produce.]    In 

chcm.,  forming  lime  or  calx:   applied  to  the 

common  metals,  which  with  oxygen  form  a 

calx  or  earth-like  substance. 

calcigerous  (kal-sij'e-rus),  a.     [<  L.  calx(cak-), 

lime,  +  tjcrcre,  bear,  +  -ous.]     Producing  or 

contauiiug  lime ;  calcophorous :  as,  the  C(ilci- 

f/rroiis  tubules  of  bone. 

iieTchaicedonk    calcigrade  (kal'si-grad),  a.     [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 

bee  uiaiceaonu.     j^^,  ..j^  +  ,^,.;j,,,.^  ^^^^-^     Walking  on  the  heel: 

sinking  the  heel  deeper  than  the  other  parts  of 
the  foot  in  walking. 

calcimeter  (kal-sim'e-ter),  «.  [<L.  calx(calc-), 
lime,  +  mctniin,  measure.]  An  apparatus  in- 
vented by  Scheibler  for  testing  bone-dust  and 
other  materials  for  lime. 

calcimine  (kal'si-min  or  -rain),  n.  [<  L.  calx 
(calc-),  lime,  -1-  -mine  for  -ine".]  A  superior 
kind  of  wliite  or  tinted  wash  for  the  walls  of 
rooms,  ceilings,  etc.     Incorrectly,  kalsomiiie. 

mill),  V.  t.;  pvct.  and 


shoe:  see  calceale,  v.]     A^lai^e  genus  of  ornal  calcimine  (1^1^ si-mi n  or  ^  ^^   _^^^^_^^^ 

side  of  America,  trom  the  Strait  of  Magellan  to       j  j     -         ^kal'si-mi-uer),  n.    One  who  calci- 
Mexico.    They  are  distinguished  by  a  pe.a.bar  cor.dla     ^^^,__^^       ^,^^^^_  incorrectly,  kalsomincr. 

i  calcimurite  (kal-si-mu'rit),  H.   [<  L.  w/.r  ((•«?(•-), 

liiiio.  +   niiiria.  salt  liquor:   see  niKridtic.]     A 

■eics  of  earth  of  a  blue  or  olive-green  color. 


They  are  distinguished  by  a  peculiar  cor 
with  two  ileeply  saccate  lips,  the  lower  one  the  lar 
Several  species  have  long  been  cultivated  as  honsc- 
bcdding-plants,  ami  have  now  becunic  very  greatly  moiii- 
lled  by  hybridization.    The  roots  of  r.  aracliiimileii,  the 
I)arent  ofmany  of  our  hybrids,  are  used  in  Chili  for  dye- 
ing woolen   cloth  crimson,  under  the  name  of  rdbun. 
The  ]>lant  is  sometimes  called  dippenmrt. 
'^^'^  calceolate  (kal'se-6-lat),  a.     [<  L.  calccohis, 
dim.  (if  ealccus,  a  shoe:  see  calceate.  v.]     Same 
as  calceiform. 


caicariferous  (kal-ka-rife-ms),  a.     [Improp.  <  calces,  ».     Plural  of  calx' 
L.  enkurius,  of  lime,  +  ferre  =  E.  hear^.     The  calcic  (kal'sik),  a.     [<  Ii.  calx  (calc-).  lime,  -t- 
proper  form  ia  calcife;rous,  <\.  \ .]     In  <7C0?.  and     .,,.j     of  m- ]ioil;iiiiing  to  lime;  containing cal- 
mineral.,  lirae-vieldiiig:  as,  caicariferous  strata,     pj,,,,, .  ,i„^  mlcir  clilorid,  or  clilorid  of  calcium. 
AIwi  applied  t^jiietrifylng  .springs  chai-gt'd  with  carbonate   „lcicole    (kal' si-icol),   a.     [<    L.  calx  (ealr-). 
f»  deposited  as  a  erust  of  calcareous  tnfa.   CaiClCOie    (Kai    ■  '  ,'vou,  ^,.  ^fv^^^  ^^^^^  ^.^^^ 


of  lime,  which  is  deposited 

tRare.l  ^,    ^ 

calcariform  (kal-kar'i-f6rm),  a.     [<  L.  calcar, 

!i  s[iiir,   -t-  forma,  shape.]     In  hot.  and  £odl., 

shaped  like' a  calcar  or  spur;  spur-like. 
calcarine  (kal'ka-rin),  «.     [<  ckarl  +  -j«el.]        ,  jj         fkal-sid'o-rii)   n 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  heel  or  heel-  CalCiaeta  (Kal   sm    <)   ]a;,« 

bone;  calcaneal.  »'.  //.  Flower.— 2.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  calcar  of  the  brain.  — Calcarine  buIcub 
or  flssure,  that  tliisiue  of  the  brain  Hhicb  causes  a  pro- 
jection on  the  lliHir  o(  the  posterior  born  of  the  lateral 
ventri.  I.:,  giving  rise  to  the  hli>iiocani|jus  minor.     See 

calcarioust.  «.    See  calcareous. 

calcarone  (kal-kn-ro'ne),  V. ;  pi.  calcMroni  (-iie). 

(It.  dial.,  (iiig.  of  ralciira,  a  kiln.]     A  kiln  of 

Hiin[>le  construction  used  for  obtaining  snliihur 

from  its  oroH.     it  ban  a  base  sloping  to  an  outlet  where 

the  nielleil  unlpbnr  may  (low  out.    Tlie  slilrs  arc  made  of 


niiuiiB  of  gypMiiiii.     'riic  kiln  Is  filled  wiib  snlphur  ore  nalciflc  (Itiil-sif 
will,  li  U  heaped  bIh.vc  the  side  walls  mid  covered  with   *'"*^*"^         .     . 
bill 


■  I  i.ilt  ore.  The  snlphnr  ore  is  tlnn  lighted  at  the 
l..|.  111. I  the  beat  of  combuatlon  grndually  melts  the  snl- 
|.l,  I  thronghoiit  the  kiln.  The  raelUil  mass  runs  olf 
till  .M  'h  the  outlet  at  the  tmiic. 

calcaset,  ".      Hee  colncfisifl. 

Calcatores  (kul-ka-to'rez),  n.  ;»/.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
L.  r.,',:ii„r,  II  Iri'iidor  (of  (fnipoH),  <  iiilcarc, 
ii|i.  iiih.thiH,  treiul,  trample,  <  cnlx  (ealr-),  the 
life!:  rrriiyi,]  I  J]  Blv  tli'H  HyHtom  of  clusslfi- 
(•:.  .  I,  nn  order  of  binla  containing  the 

/■•  iiiid   l^fnijiroHtrcs  of  (.'uvior;  the 

Htllln;  .  N'ot    in   UH«*.] 

calcatoryi  I  il'ku-l»-ri),  ».  [<  LL.  calealo- 
riiiwi,  .1  I  ;  roHH, ^Ij.  c«/<vi(«r,  onowho  treails 
(grape-,  i      .     I  ,ikat<ircs.]     A  win6-pro8». 

A ..  ...  II  tbo  ca/M'f"'iMnAko, 

A  w)i,.  |.ifii.  the  oon  half  either  to  Uko. 

ralliuiiuM,  Uualxmdrlo  (E.  X.  T.  8.),  p.  17, 


lime,  +  cnlere,  inhabit.] 
stone :  said  of  lichens. 

They  Isa.vicole  lichens]  may  be  divided  into  two  sections, 
vi/.,  nilriclf  and  calcifugOUS.         Encyc.  Bril.,  \IV.  fi«2. 

[Prob.  African.] 
A  liark  used  by  I  lie  i'latl'vesof  the  western  coast 
of  Africa,  for  the  cnri'  of  fevers. 
calciferous(kal-sif'e-rus),  a.  [<L.  calx(cak-), 
linio,  +  firrc  =  E. '?««)■!.]  Containing  carbo- 
nate (if  iinie.  Applied  to  calcnreons  sandstones  occur- 
ring  in  imrthern  New  Vork  and  Canada,  and  further  west, 
lit  which  the  geidogical  position  is  near  the  base  of  the 
Lower  .Silurian  series,  and  directly  above  the  rotsdam 
,Sandstoni\  In  Bonn,  localities  the  ealcifepnis  fornnili.in 
ronslstK  of  Impure  magneslan  limestone,  jiortlonsof  which 
are  very  hard  ini.l  slllclons,  and  contain  geodcs  of  i|innl/. 
( ivMals.  CalclferouB  asbeBtinite,  See  lubeiiUniie.— 
CatlcllerouB  glands,    .s.c  :ilitn<l. 

Ui),  a.     l<  }j.  calx  (calc-).  hmo. 
-H  -lieiis,   <  f'tieire.  iiiuke.]     In  cmiV.  and  anal.,   calcinatory  (karsin 

caleifving  or  calcilii-d;  that  makes  or  is  con-         

verte(l  into  chalk  or  other  salt  of  lime:  as,  a 
«/^ci  he  deposit  in  cartilage  or  membrani' in  the 
process  of   forming  bone ;    a   calcific  pioi-OMs 
,S|ii.(lll(ally  aiiplled,  in  uniilli.    ' 
ul  a  bird  where  tl 

ni...ii  III.-  <  u'K  p"d.  Calcific  segment, 
calcification  nial  Hi-li-kil'shon),  «.  [<  eakify: 
v.i-i--liiali<ni\\\\i\-lii.]  1.  A  cliunging  intolinie; 
the  jiroces.^  (it  diiinging  or  being  elinngid  iiilo 
a  stony  HuliHlanee  by  the  dc-iniHilion  of  shIIm  of 
lime,  IIS  in  the  formiitioii  of  iii'trifiiclioiiH. —  2 


spec 

of  the  consistence  of  clay.     It  consists  ol  cal- 
careous earth  and  magnesia  tinged  with  iron. 

calcinable  (kal'si-na-bl  or  kal-si'na-bl).  a.  [< 
i-aU-ine  -t-  -ahle :  =  F.  calcinabk.]  Capable  of 
being  cnleineil  or  reduced  to  a  friable  state  by 
the  ncliiin  of  lire. 

calcinatet  (kal'si-nat),  V.  t.  [<  ML.  cnkinatus. 
])\^.  oi  calcinarc:  Beecukinc.]  To  calcine.  Jia- 
ciin.     [Rare.] 

calcination  (kal-si-na'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  calei- 
iiaeioini,  -lion,  <  F.  cakindlion,  etc.,  <  ML.  calci- 
'nalio(n-),  <  ealeiiiare,  pp.  enlcinatus :  see  cal- 
cine.] 1.  The  actor  operatimi  of  calcining,  or 
expeiling  from  a  substance  by  heat  some  vola- 
tile matter  with  wliicli  it  is  combined,  or  wliicli 
is  the  cementing  principle,  and  thus  reducing 
it  to  a  friable  state.  Thus  chalk  and  carbonate  of 
lime  are  reduced  to  lime  by  calcination  or  the  expulsion 

r  (if  carbonic  acid.  See  I'tilriitr.  v.  t. 
2.  \\\  metal.:  (a)  Tlie  operation  of  reducing  a 
metal  to  an  oxid  or  metallic  calx:  now  called 
oxidation.  I're.  (h)  The  jn'oeess  of  being  eal- 
cincd,  or  heated  with  access  of  air:  nearly 
eipiivalent  to  roaslinii.  (e)  The  process  of 
treating  certain  ores,  especially  of  iron,  for  llio 
jiurpose  of  making  llieiii  more  manageable  in 
the  furnace,  nothing  being  taken  from  or  added 
to  the  material  thus  treated.  This  is  done  with 
Mie  Swedish  iron  ores. 


kal-sin'a-t(Vri),  ».;  pi. 
eiileinaUinis  (-riz).     [<  MIj.  eiil'ein'alorium  (sc. 
ra.i,  vessel),  neut.  of  'ealcinaloriii.i.  pertaining  _ 
to  calcination,  <  cakinare,  pu.  calrinaliis:  see 
eiileiiie.]     A  vessel  used  in  caleinat 


lit  ion. 


In  :oi)l.  and< 


, ,     .     ]     A  vessel  used  i 

fie  segment.   See  «,/,■(„/.  <j-/.-"((/,   ppr.  cakinn,!,.     I  <  1' •  '■"'"";     = 

Sp.  Pg.  ealeinar  =  It.  ralcinare,  <  ML.  eiilei- 
narc,  reduce  to  a  calx,  <  L.  (V(/,i:  (calc-),  lime, 
calx:  see  r<;/j-l.]  I.  Irons.  1.  To  convert  into 
liino  or  calx  by  the  action  of  heat;  treat  (linie- 
sliiiie)  by  till"  iiroccKS  of  cnleiiiation  for  the 
formal ioii  of  lime.  [Hare.]  — 2.  To  oxidize,  as 
a  iiiclul,  by  heating.  [Ware.]  — 3.  In  metal., 
to  subject  to  the  action  of  heat,  with  access  of 
air:  nearly  equivalent  to  roast  (which  80o). — 
Calcined  cocoon,   •'^ec  cec(/e»i. 


the  fonniitioii  of  petrifiiclioiiH.- 
anal.,  the  ili.poHilioii  of  salts  of 


liiiic 


in  any  lisKiie,  ns  in  membrane  or  eiirlilage  in 
the  fonnation  of  bone.  I'.nt  enlcinenllon  may  occur, 
n»  In  cartilage,  ill  old  age  nr  dlseajie,  without  Involving 
I  III'  hlstoloKlcal  chnnKm  leading  to  Iho  pruducUuii  uf  true 


calcine 

H.  intrans.  To  be  converted  into  a  powder 
or  friable  substance,  or  into  a  calx,  by  the  ac- 
tion of  heat. 

Tliis  crystal  is  a  pellucid  fissile  stone,  ...  in  a  very 
strong  heat  calcining  witliout  fusion.       Newton,  Opticks. 

calciner  (kal'si-ner  or  kal-si'ner),  «.     1.  One 
wlio  calcines. —  2.  An  oven  or  a  furnace  for 
calcining  ores.     See  calcine,  v.  t. 
calcinize  (lial'si-niz),  v.      [<  calcine  +  -ise.] 
yauio  as  calcine. 

God's  dread  wrath,  which  quick  dotli  calcinize 
Tlie  uiai'ble  mountains,  and  ttie  ocean  dries. 

Sylvester,  Tlic  Trophies,  1. 1200. 

Calciphora  (kal-sif'o-rii),  »?.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
see  cu}riiili()r<iii.i.'\     A  section  of 


761 

a  very  intense  white  light  produced  l>y  turniiiK  two  streams 
of  gas,  one  of  oxygen  and  tile  other  of  iiydronen,  in  a  state 
of  ignition,  upon  a  hall  of  lime.  Captain  Driinimond,  tlie 
inventor,  proposed  tlie  use  <»f  tliis  light  in  lightliouses. 
Another  ligiit,  i>revioubIy  invented  by  him  (IS'.i.'i),  was  em- 
ployed in  gcudotical  surveys  when  it  was  required  to  ol<- 
servc  tlie  angles  subtended  between  distant  stations  at 
night.  The  liglitwas  lu-oduced  by  placing  a  ball  or  dish  of 
lijnc  in  the  focus  of  a  parabolic  mirror  at  the  station  to  be 
rendered  visible,  anrl  directing  upon  it,  through  a  flaniearis- 
ingfrom  alc;ohol,a  streatnofo,\ygengas,  A Isrj  called i'rua/i- 
mund  light,  oxucalcium  lix/ht,  timelialt-liiild,  and  lime-tii/ht. 

calcivorous  (kal-siv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
limo,  +  vorarc,  eat:  see  voracium;  and  cf.  cal- 
cicolc.}  Living  upon  liine.stone :  applied  to  cer- 
tain lichens. 

calclet,  ''.  '.     See  calcule. 


(}i  riilniiliiirKS  .    , ^     

dec;ip(>il  (iibranchiate  Ccphithijiuda,  having  the  calcographer  (kal-kog'r!i-f6r),  n.  [<  calcor/ra 
internal  shell  calcareous.  They  are  mostly  extinct,  P''!/  +  -"'-l  ''"e  who  practises  calcography. 
as  the  family  ISele.mnitida;  but  are  still  represented  by  CalcOgraphlcal  (kal-ko-gl'af'i-kal),  a.  [<  cal- 
living  lonns.  as  the  gi'nera  Spirida  and  Hepia.  The  term  (■(Kjmjiliii  +  -ii-iil.']  Pertaining  to  calcography. 
iYonin.strd  with  r/,,,,,,/r,>,,/,,,ro.  CalcogTaphv  (l<al  - kog  '  ra-li),  «.       [<  L.    rate 

calciphorous(kal-sit  o-rus),  (i.   [<NU.  calciplio-     ■     .  °  "'.»:"•'   '.     .       *^  '\       ,    l 


»•((.<,  <  L.  calx,  {calc-),  lime,  +  Gr.  -<pof)o<;,<.  (pcpeiv 
=  E.  bear'':  Cf.  calcophoroiis,  calcifcrims.']  Hav- 
ing the  internal  shell  calcareous ;  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  CaleipJiora. 

Calcispongiae  (kal-si-spon'ji-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  calx  {calc-),  lime,  +  spoHfjia,  a  sponge.]  A 
gronp  of  the  Porifera  or  Spongia;  among  which 
are  representatives  of  the  most  primitive  or 


{calc-),  lime,  -I-  Gr.  -ypa^ia,  <  yiiiiibnv,  write.] 
The  art  of  drawing  with  black  or  colored  chalks 
or  pastels. 
calcophorous  (kal-kof'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  calcn- 
phoruK,  <  \j.  calx  {calc-)',  lime,  -1-  Gr.  -ipopnr,  <  (j>t- 
pmv  =  E.  brar^.  Prop,  cnlcifcroii.t,  q.  v.]  Pro- 
ducing or  containing  lime;  calcigei'ous:  as,  the 
calcophoroini  tubules  of  bone  (also  called  cuna- 
liciili  cnlcDjiliari). 


fundamental  type  of  poriferal  structure;   the  calc-sinter  (kalk'sin"ter),  n.    [<  G.  kalk-sinier, 


chalk-sponges.  They  have  no  fibrous  skeleton,  but  al 
ways  possess  an  exoskeleton  composed  of  numerous  spic- 
ula,  hanlcued  by  deposits  of  carbonate  of  lime  in  concen- 
tric layers  about  an  axis  or  basis  of  animal  substance. 
They  are  usually  if  not  always  hermaphrodite,  producing 
both  ova  and  spermatozoa  from  modified  cells  of  the  en- 
doderm;  impregnation  and  early  embryonic  stages  of 
development  are  carried  on  while  the  ova  remain  in  the 
body  of  the  parent.  In  a  wider  sense,  the  C'llriyionoid' 
include  tlie  pliyseniarians  as  well  as  the  o]ynthian>^,  and 
are  jiriiiiarily  divided  into  tlie  two  orders  Pliysctnaria  and 
OUin(lu}idc(f.  The  former  consists  of  the  genera  Iltilijilni- 
seina  and  GaHrophyaeitm;  tlie  latter  is  divided  into  four 
suborders,  Ancoiies,  Sycones,  Leucones,  and  Pharetrones: 
They  are  also  called  Catcarea,  and  are  differently  divided 
under  that  name. 

calcispongian  (kal-si-spon'ji-an),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Calcispongim. 

II.  ».  One  of  the  Calcispongia; ;  a  chalk- 
sponge:  as,  "an  intrusive  ealcisjiongiaii,"  A. 
Hijatt. 

caicite  (kal'sit),  ».  [<  L.  calx  {calc-),  lime,  -I- 
-ite'^.]  Native  calcium  carbonate,  or  carbonate 
of  lime,  one  of  the  commonest  of  minerals,  it 
occurs  in  a  great  variety  of  crystalline  forms,  rhonibohe- 
drons,  scalenohedrons,  etc. ;  the  fundamental  form  being 
a  rhombohedron  witll  a  terminal  angle  of  105°,  parallel  to 
which  the  crystallized  mineral  has  highly  perfect  cleav- 
age, so  that  a  mass  of  it  breaks  up  with  a  blow  into  a 
gnat  number  of  small  rhombohedrons.  The  transparent 
Ciilorless  variety  is  called  Iceland  spar  or  duublit  re/raet- 
iivj  spar,  and  is  used  for  the  prisms  of  polariscopes.  Dog- 
tooth spar  is  a  variety  in  acute  scaleiiohedral  crystals. 
Satin-spar  is  a  fibrous,  and  argentine  a  pearly  lamellar  va- 
riety ;  the  granular,  compact,  or  cryptc  ■crystalline  varie- 
ties constitute  marble,  limestone,  chalk,  etc.  stalactites 
and  stalagmites  are  forms  deposited  in  limestniie  caves 
calc-sinter,  cal 
springs  or  river 
have  become  i 

mineral,  or  rock-milk,  is  a  soft  white  variety  easily  crum 
bled  in  the  fingers;  it  is  sometimes  deposited  in  caverns. 
(See  cut  under  spar.) 

calcitic(kal-sit'ik),r?.   \< caicite  + -ic.']  Pertain- 
ing to  or  formed  of  caicite:  as,  calcific  cement. 
Under  atmospheric  influences,  the  calcitic  cement  ap- 
pears to  be  replaced  by  one  which  is  in  large  part  sili- 
ceous. Science,  IV.  71. 

calcitrant  (kal'si-trant),  a.  [<  L.  ealcitran(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  calcitrare,  kick:  see  calcitrate.']  Kick- 
ing ;  refractory. 

calcitrate  (kal'si-trat),  V.  t.  [<  L.  calcitratiis, 
pp.  of  calcitrare,  kick,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel. 
CI.  recalcitrant.^     To  kick.     [Rare.] 

calcitration  (kal-si-tra'shon),  n.  [<  calcitrate 
+  -ion.']  The  act  of  kieliing.  See  recalcitra- 
tion.     [Bare.] 

The  birth  of  the  child  is  caused  partly  by  its  calcitration 
breaking  the  membranes  in  which  it  lietli. 

Ross,  Arcana  Microcosrai,  p.  52. 

calcium  (kal'si-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  calx  {calc-), 
lime:  see  calx^  and  chalk:]  1.  Chemical  sym- 
bol, Ca;  atomic  weight.  40.  A  metal  ha\'ing  a 
light-yellow  color  and  brilliant  luster,  about  as 
hard  as  gold,  very  ductile,  and  having  a  specific 
gravity  of  about  1.57.  it  oxidizes  readily  in  moist  air, 
and  at  a  red  heat  burns  vividly,  forming  calcium  oxid,  CaO, 
or  quicklime,  one  of  the  alkaline  earths.  On  adding  water 
this  forms  calcium  hydrate,  Ca(OH)|i,  or  slaked  lime.  Cal- 
cium is  not  found  native  in  the  metallic  state,  but  it  unites 
with  most  of  the  non-metallic  elements  in  compounds 
which  are  widely  distributed  in  nature  and  extensively 
used.  The  mineral  caicite,  all  limestone  or  marble,  and 
the  chalk  deposits  are  calcium  carbonate  ;  gypsum  is  cal- 
cium sulphate  ;  and  calcium  also  enters  int^j  the  compo- 
sition of  nearly  all  the  native  silicates. 
2.  A  calcium  light.  [Colloq.]— Calcium  carbide, 
CaC2.  It  is  used  in  making  acetylene  gas.— Calcium  light, 


<  kalk  (<  L.  calx,  calc-),  lime,  -t-  niiiter,  a  stalac- 
tite: ncQ  sinter.']  Travertin,  or  calcan-ous  tufa, 
the  material  deposited  from  water  holding  lime 
in  solution.     Sec  trnvcrtin. 

calc-spar  (kalk'spiir),  n.  [<  L.  calx  {calc-), 
lime,  -t-  .sjiar^,  Cf.  calc-sinter.]  A  name  aji- 
plied  to  any  of  the  very  numerous  crystallized 
and  eleavable  varieties  of  caicite;  calcareous 
spar. 

calc-tuff  (kalk'tuf)j  n.  [<  L.  calx  {calc-),  lime, 
-1-  tuff.]  An  alluvial  formation  of  calcium  car- 
bonate.    See  caicite. 

calculability  {kal"ku-livbil'i-ti),  n.  The  quali- 
ty of  being  calculable ;  capability  of  being  cal- 
culated. 

We  have  structures  or  machines  in  which  systematic 
action  is  the  object  aimed  at.  .  .  .  The  solar  system,  a 
timepiece,  a  steam-engine  at  work,  are  examples  of  such 
machines,  and  the  characteristic  of  all  such  is  their  eal- 
c\ilabilit)i.  E.  Stewart,  Conserv.  of  Energy,  p.  158. 

calculable  (kal'ku-la-bl),  a.     [=  F.  calculable, 

<  L.  as  if  *calcul'abiUs,  <  calculare:  see  calcu- 
late, v.]  1.  Capable  of  being  calculated  or  es- 
timated ;  ascertainable  by  calculation  or  esti- 
mation. 

The  .  .'  .  operation  of  various  forces  visible  and  calcu- 
latile.  Ansted,  Channel  Islands,  p.  249. 

The  \icissitudes  of  language  are,  thus,  a  thing  over 
which  our  volitions  rarely  have  a  calculable  control. 

F.  Ball,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  200. 
2.  That  may  bo  cotmted  or  reckoned  upon: 
applied  to  persons, 
e-tufi,  or  travertin  is  a  porous  deposit  from  calcularV  (kal'kii-la-ri),  n.  and  a.     [<  L.  calcu- 
rs  which  in  flowing  through  limestone  rocks     ^    ..      jj^  pertaining  to  a  pebble,  found  only  in 
charged  with  calcium  carbonate.     Agaric       u' "'•?,  "".  f^' ""         "  „„+„;„;„„  t,^  noln,,1r. 

'     -  •■  the  secondary  sense  of    pertaining  to  calcula- 

tion,' <  calculus,  a  pebble,  also  calculation :  see 
calcuhts,  calculate,  r.]  I.  «.;  pi.  calcularies 
(-riz).  1.  In  bot,  a  congeries  of  little  stony 
knots  often  found  in  the  pulp  of  the  pear  and 
other  friuts,  formed  by  concretions  of  the  sap. 
—  2.  lapathoL,  a  calculus. 

II.  a.  In  mcil.,  relating  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  calculi;  arising  from  calculi  or  gravel. 
calculate  (ktil'ka-lat),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calcu- 
lated, ppr.  culculatimj.  [<  L.  calculatus,  pp.  of 
calculare  (>  ult.  ME.  calciilcu,  calclen:  see  cal- 
cule, v.),  reckon,  orig.  by  means  of  pebbles,  <  ca?- 
CM^MS,  a  pebble :  see  calculus.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
ascertain  by  computation;  compute;  reckon  up 
arithmetically  or  by  items:  as,  to  calculate  in- 
terest, or  the  cost  of  a  house. 

A  cunuing  man  did  calculate  my  liirth. 
And  told  me  that  by  water  I  should  die. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  make  an  estimate  of;  compute  by  weigh- 
ing related  facts  or  circumstances  in  the  mind : 
as^  to  calculate  chances  or  probabilities. — 3. 
To  fit  or  prepare  by  the  adaptation  of  means 
to  the  end;  make  smtable  ;  plan:  generally  in 
the  perfect  participle,  and  fi-equently  (though 
improperly)  in  the  sense  of  fitted,  without  any 
thought  ot  intentional  adaptation. 

He  does  not  think  the  Church  of  England  so  narrowdy 
calculated  that  it  cannot  fall  in  with  any  regillar  species 
of  government.  Sim/t,  Sentiments  of  a  Ch.  of  Lng.  Man,  n. 

Reh-iou     .  .  is  .  .  .  calculated  for  our  benefit. 

"  Tillotson. 

There  is  no  human  invention  so  aptly  calculated  for  the 
forming  a  free-born  people  as  that  ^f  "/^he^itre.^^  ^^  ^^^ 


calculation 

This  letter  was  admirably  mliidateU  to  work  on  those 
to  whom  it  was  addressed.      Macaulay,  Uliit.  Eng.,  xvili. 

4.  To  purpose;  intend;  design:  aH,)ie  calculates 
to  do  it;  he  culcidatcs  to  go.     [Local,  U.  S.] — 

5.  To  think ;  guess.  [CoUoq.,  New  Eng.]  =8yn.  1 

and  2.  CaUulatf,  Compute,  IlKckon,  Count  (JaUulute  ap- 
plies  to  the  most  elaborate  and  varied  mathematical  pro- 
cesses  :  as,  to  ctdculute  an  eclipse  or  a  nativity.  C'l/mpute 
is  more  aftplicalde  to  the  simpler  jirocesses:  a«,  to  com- 
pute the  interest  on  a  note.  Jiut  mathematicians  make 
the  opposite  distini-tion ;  In  their  language,  to  c^rmput£ 
means  to  make  elaborate  ealctll;itions  with  the  art  of  a 
jiL^-son  trained  U)  this  business.  Jieckon  is  essentially  tho 
same  as  compute,  but  mtiy  be  simider  yet :  as,  ti>  reckon 
interest,  or  the  ainoutit  of  a  bill,  or  the  days  to  a  enminic 
event.  To  count  is  to  reckon  one  by  one.  'i'hc  figurativu 
uses  of  these  words  are  not  snggesteil  by  any  eonipariwin 
of  their  literal  meaningH;  in  them  all  some  mental  eiiti' 
mate  may  be  8uppose<rto  be  maiie,  akin  to  an  arithmeti- 
cal process.  "I  recktin  that  the  sufTeringsof  this  present 
time  are  not  worthy  to  be  eomparcil  witli  the  glory  which 
shall  be  I'evealed  in  us."  Koni.  viii.  ly.  'Jlie  use  of  calcu- 
late for  reckon  in  such  a  case  as  this  is  an  Americanism. 
"I  count  not  myself  to  have  apprehended."  i'liil.  iil.  13. 
Reckon  may  be  used  in  BUch  a  connection,  but  not  the 
otlier  two  words. 

When  they  come  to  mwlel  heaven 
And  calculate  the  stars.         Milton,  V.  L.,  viii.  80. 
After  its  own  law  and  not  by  arithmetic  Is  the  rate  ot 
its  (the  soul's)  progress  to  be  computed. 

Jiuierson,  Essays,  Ist  ser.,  p.  249. 
lie  presently  confided  to  me,  .  .  .  that,  judging  from 
my  personal  appearance,  he  should  not  have  thought  rae 
the  writer  that  he  in  his  gener'wity  reckoned  me  to  l>e. 

0.  W.  HotmfJi,  Old  Vol.  of  Lite,  p.  65. 
Honour  and  pleasure  both  are  in  thy  mind. 
And  all  that  in  tiie  world  is  countrd  g»i<*<I. 

Sir  J.  Vaci^'M,  Immortal,  of  .H<jul,  xxxlv. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  make  a  computation ;  ar- 
rive at  a  conclusion  after  weighing  all  the  cir- 
cumstances; form  an  estimate;  reckon:  as,  we 
calculate  better  for  ourselves  than  for  others; 
to  calculate  on  (that  is,  with  expectation  of) 
fine  weather. 

The  strong  passions,  whether  good  or  bad,  never  calcu- 
late. K  W.  Ruhtrtmn, 

2t.  To  speculate  about  future  events ;  predict. 

Old  men,  fools,  and  chihiren  calculate.  Sltak.,J.  C,  L  3. 
3.  To  suppose  or  believe,  after  deliberation; 
think;  'guess';  'reckon':  as,  j-ou  are  wTOng 
there,  I  calculate.  [Colloq.,  New  Eug.] 
calculatet  (kal'ku-lat),  H.  [<  calculate,  v.]  Cal- 
culation. 

Nor  were  these  brothers  mistaken  in  their  calculates. 
for  the  event  made  good  all  their  prognostics. 

Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  602. 

calculating  (karku-Ia-ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cal- 
culate, v.]  Given  to  forethought  and  calcula- 
tion; especially,  given  to  looking  ahead  with 
thoughtful  regard  to  self-interest;  deliberate 
and  selfish;  scheming. 

W'ith  his  cool  calculating  disposition,  he  easily  got  the 
better  of  llis  ardent  rival.  dodirin,  St.  Leon. 

calculating-machine  (kal '  ku-la-ting-  ma- 
sheii  ),  n.  Any  machine  which  performs  nu- 
merical calculations.  The  principal  kinds  are:  (o) 
Multiplying  and  dividing  machines,  ('j)  l)ifference-en- 
gincs,  w'hich  calculate  and  print  tables  from  the  initial 
values  of  the  tabular  number  and  its  first,  second,  etc.. 
ditt'erences.  The  flrst  of  these  was  that  of  Babbage,  of 
which  the  Schcutz  machine,  now  at  the  Albiuiy  observa- 
tory, is  a  modification,  (c)  The  analytical  engine  of  Bab- 
bage, which  was  designed  to  calculate  and  print  tables  of 
a  function  from  const.ints.  but  was  never  actually  con- 
structed, (rf)  Tide-predicting  machines,  of  which  several 
have  been  constructed,  with  one  of  which,  that  of  Ferrel, 
the  regular  tide-tables  published  by  the  I'nited  Sutes 
Co.a-St  Survey  are  now  computed,  le)  Machines  for  inte- 
grating dirt'erential  equations,  though  these  are  rather  in- 
struments than  machines.  (/)  Logical  machines,  for  de- 
ducing conclusions  from  jireniises.  Tliere  are  also  impor- 
tant instnmients  for  perfonning  calculatitms,  which  are 
not  usually  called  machines.  Such  arc  the  abacus,  the 
celestial  globe,  .and  Hills  niachiiie  for  pndicting  eclipse* 
and  occultations,  used  in  the  calculation  of  the  American 
epbemeris.  (Seeciit  under  atjucus.)  There  an- also  variouft 
calculating-scales,  such  .as  >ai>iers  Ikuics.  ilany  of  these 
devices  are  of  considerable  utility,  such  as  Airy  s  stick  for 
gaging  cvlindrical  vessels,  anil  the  gager?'  rod.  .•vimc  in. 
struments  jierfonn  caleulatiiuis  subsidiary  to  the  jirocess 
of  nicasnrenient.  as  the  planimrter. 

calculation  (kal-ku-la'shon).  «.  [<  5IE.  calcu- 
lacion,  -tion,  <  L.  calcuialio{n-),  <  calculare, 
reckon :  see  calculate,  v.]  1.  The  act  of  calcu- 
lating ;  the  art.  practice,  or  manner  of  comput- 
ing by  numbers ;  reckoning;  computation:  as, 
to  find  a  result  by  calculation;  the  calculation 
was  a  difficult  one. 

In  rigorous  logic,  and  by  calculatinn  carried  far  enough, 
the  titoe  must  come  when  the  dead  in  our  country  will 
outnumber  and  dispossess  the  living. 

tr.  R.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  105. 
\\Tieneverwe  term  arithmetic  the  science  of  cafcu/a/ioii, 
we  in  fact  allude  to  that  mdiniental  i>eriod  of  the  science 
of  numbers  when  pebbles  (cn/.-ii^')  were  used,  asnowamong 
savages  they  often  are.  to  facilitate  the  practice  of  count- 
ing. Abp.  Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  123. 

2.  A  series  of  arithmetical  processes  leading  to 
a  certain  result. — 3.  An  estimate  formed  in  the 


calculation 

mind  by  comparing  the  various  circumstances 
and  facts  which  bear  on  the  matter  in  hand. 
The  lazy  gossips  of  the  port, 
Abhorrent  of  a  caiculation  erost, 
Began  to  chafe  as  at  a  personal  wrong. 

Tennyson^  Enoch  Ardeu. 

4. .  The  habit  of  forming  mental  estimates ;  a 
trait  or  an  element  of  intellectual  character 
which  shows  itself  in  the  habit  of  formulating 
and  revolving  schemes  in  the  mind,  or  forecast- 
ing the  progress  or  results  of  an  undertaking. 
Calculation  might  come  to  value  love  for  its  profit.  * 

Emer&on,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  216. 
Every  virtue  may  take  two  shapes,  the  one  lower  and 
the  other  higher ;  for  every  \irtue  may  spring  from  calcu- 
lation, and  on  the  other  hand  ever>'  act  of  virtue  may  be  a 
religious  act  arising  out  of  some  worship  or  devotion  of 
the  soul.  J.  R.  Seeley,  Xat.  Religion,  p.  159. 

=  Syn.  4.  Deliberation,  circumspection,  wariness,  fore- 
thought, prudence. 
calculative  (kal'ku-la-tiv),  a.     [<  calculate  + 
-ive.]    Pertaining  to  calculation;  involving  cal- 
culation. 

Long  habits  of  calculative  dealings. 

Burke,  Popery  Laws. 
calculator  (kal'ku-la-tor),  «.  [L.  (>  ME.  cal- 
Velatour),  <  calctdare,  calculate :  see  calculate, 
I'.]  1.  One  who  calciUates,  computes,  or  reck- 
ons.— 2.  One  who  estimates  or  considers  the 
force  and  effect  of  causes  with  a  view  to  form 
a  correct  estimate  of  the  effects. 
Ambition  is  no  exact  calculator. 

Burke,  Duration  of  Parliaments. 
3.  A  calctUating-raachine. —  4.  A  form  of  or- 
rery invented  by  Ferguson. 
calculatory  (kai'ku-la-to-ri),  a.     [<  L.  calcula- 
torius,<.  calculator:  see  calculatoy,']    Belonging 
to  calculation.     .Sherirood. 
calculet  (karkiil),  n.     [<  F.  calcul,  <  L.  calculus, 
reckoning:  see  calculate,  f.]   Areckoning;  com- 
putation. 
The  general  calcule  ,  ,  ,  exceeded  eight  millions. 

Howell,  Vocall  Forrest. 
calculet,  V.  t.  [ME.,  also  calculcn,  calclen,  <  OF. 
calculer,  F.  calculer  =  Sp.  Pg.  calcular  =  It. 
calcularc,  <  L.  calculare,  reckon,  calculate:  see 
calculate,  c]  To  calculate;  reckon:  used  espe- 
cially with  reference  to  astronomical  and  as- 
trological calculations. 

So  when  tills  Calk.is  knew  by  calkuli/nge, 
And  ek  i)y  answer  of  this  Apollo, 
That  Grekes  sholden  swiche  a  peple  brynge, 
Thorugh  which  that  Troye  nioste  ben  fordo, 
He  ca^te  anon  out  of  the  town  to  go. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  71. 
calculi,  »■     Plural  of  calculus. 
calculifragOUS  (kal-ku-lif'ra-gus),  a.     [<  L.  cal- 
culus, a  pebble,  stone  in  tlie  bladder,  +  fran- 
gere  (frag-),  break,  +  -o«s.]     In  sur//..  having 
power  to  dissolve  or  break  calculus,  or  stone  in 
the  bladder;  lithotritic. 
calculose  (kal'ku-los),  fl.     l<.Jj.  calculosus:  see 
calculous.']     1.  Same  as  calculous.    [Rare.]  — 
2t.  Full  of  stones  or  pebbles ;  stony  ;"gravelly. 

The  fcldea  calculose,  eke  lianle  and  drie 
Thai  love,  and  hattest  ayer,  furthl  thai  ripe 
And  tlourcth  with. 

I'alladiuM,  lIusl)ondrle  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  5J. 

calculous  (kal'ku-liis),  a.  [<  L.  calculosus,  < 
calculus,  a  pebble,  a  stone:  see  calculate,  c] 
1.  Stony;  gritty;  hard  like  stone:  as,  a  calcu- 
lous concretion. —  2.  Arising  from  calculi,  or 
stones  in  tho  bladder ;  caused  by  calculi :  as, 
a  calculous  disorder. —  3.  Allccted  with  the 
(Travel  or  stone  :  as,  a  calculous  person. 

calculus  (kjil'kii-lus),  H.  ;  pi.  calculi  (-li).  [L., 
a  Hrnall  stone,  a  |)ebblo,  a  stone  in  the  bladd<T, 
a  pebblo  used  as  a  counter,  counting,  calcula- 
tion, etc.,  dim.  of  calx  (ealr-),  a  stone:  see 
crt/xl.]  1.  A  small  stone  j  a  pebble. —  2.  Inpa- 
tliol.,  a  general  term  for  inorganic  concretions 
of  various  kinds  formed  in  various  parts  of  the 
body.     ThoHO  concretioriH  form**!  In  llii- gull-bladiler  are 

»it'''  ■'  '-■'■■'  itr, tti,  ifT  K»\\'Hti>WH;  tlio-,1- formed  by  amor* 

bi  ii'iiii  tho  urine  in  the  kidiD-yn  or  li|a<tdcr  are 

'  'M-.or  i/riii/ir«  rrt/cfi/i';  tboHcfoniied  Inthe 

*'  liliitf'*  are  r'i'>' ■ ' ''-uli ;  iiild 

'  ih'n^illvnry  i  ire  called 

IImti!  an-  >ii8  called 

"■ w.'..  and  olhiTH  .„;...;  /... ..,  ,  ,iletUi,  ttic 

»■" '  '^i/enU,  KfH-riimlie  rntrutt,  etc. 

3.   Ill  ninth.,  any  biglily  ByBtemntic  method  of 

'r  liiri;e  variety  of  probleinH  by  till' use 

"'  iliar  HVHtein  of  algeliraic  imtiilion. 

*■■  wlthriut  ijualifli-ation.  In  K"Ii<tji)U  iiii,|».r- 

*'■  ■  "ti/a  rotriiltiM,    Invent^'d   by  I.«'ll.iiii/  (:il- 

lb  :  inf'tbod  (if  IIutIoiiji  romen  vlrtniilK  f-.thr 

•»'  •]:■'    M,.  >lr.l  •I'lilllllMBn'  ■1.11..  n    -I  ;,, 

*"'  ■,,,!■.!  |iiallnnii  i'«l«l  hiii.l',  HI- 

J     '   '    'IK    will.  In    roUK.  .| 

II  ,  I.....  ;i..  1.  ...  Hint  th'Ti-  will  I.. 
■If  rat4!«  '.(  I  liiiTi;;*'.  tlir  dItTiTi-ttti.il 

ii-Kicnt'if  II  varlnhli*  briuK  ilfimtiil 

lUin  bvforf!  Ibn  itynib«il  denoting  tb<' 

Ihe  (Itilerentlal  calculiu  Ircati o1  tho  values  of 


1,1  I 
r.|ii  •■ 


by  til'    . 
Taxtable. 


762 

ratios  of  these  differentials,  and  of  the  fimdamental  for- 
mulas into  which  these  ratios  enter.  The  integral  calculua 
treats  of  integration,  or  the  summation  of  an  infinite  series 
of  diJTerentials ;  it  is  lai*gely  an  inverted  stiitement  of  a 
p.irt  of  the  doctrine  of  the  differential  calculus,  but  it 
also  introduces  imaginary  quantities  and  'eads  up  to  the 
theor)-of  functiiins.  — Baiycentric  calculus.  See  bam- 
cc/i(ru-.— Calculus  of  enlargement,  a  metliod  of  obtaiii- 
ing  algebraical  dt-veloiimeut;^,  t  tv..  liy  the  use  of  E  (see 
caleulu-s  nf  fi/iite  tlijfeeenri'.^)  ami  uthcr  .syjnljols  of  opera- 
tion,—Calculus  Of  equivalent  statements.  Same  as 
calculus  0/  /o;;ic.— Calculus  Of  finite  differences,  a 
method  of  calculatiiv,'.  maiiil>'  by  nu-ans  nf  tlie  synibuls  E, 
A,and£  :  the  first,  E,  siuiii!>  iu^'thf  opciation  of  jncreusiiii: 
the  independent  variable  of  a  function  by  unity;  the  sec- 
ond, A,  the  increase  in  the  value  of  a  function  produced 
by  increasing  its  variable  by  unity ;  and  the  third,  S,  the 
operation  of  adding  all  values  of  the  function  for  integral 
values  of  the  variable  from  unity  up.  The  calculus  of 
finite  differences  differs  from  the  differential  calculus,  not 
merely  in  considering  finite  differences  instead  of  differ- 
entials, but  also  in  not  assuming  continuity.— Calculus 
of  forms,  the  theory  of  invariants,  etc.,  treated  syinbuli- 
cally  after  the  manner  of  Gordan. — Calculus  Of  func- 
tions, a  brancli  of  tlie  calculus  of  finite  differem-es;  a 
method  of  finding  functions  wbicli  fulfil  given  conditions. — 
Calculus  of  logic,  a  method  of  working  out  ciMalusions 
fi'iiiii  gi\cn  iii'i.'Tiii>L's  by  means  of  an  algebraic  nritalioii.— 
Calculus  of  operations,  the  general  initbiui  of  treating 
niatlieiuatical  problems  by  operating  alLieliraically  upon 
syml)ols  of  operation.— Calculus  of  probability.  See 
j/rodniiViVi/.— Calculus  Of  quatemions,  tiie  imtliod  of 
calculating  by  means  of  (luaternions. —  Calculus  Of  va- 
riations, a  branch  of  the  difterential  calcnlus,  using  6, 
the  sign  of  the  variation  of  a  function,  fur  the  snlution  of 
pi'iitibin.s  iif  maxima  and  minima. —  Fluxional  or  fftix- 
louary  calculus,  ^^ee  in,-tliu,i  ,,/  iiuxiiois,  under  .rfiij-- 
iii'i.  — Fusible  calculus,  a  vaiicty  of  urinary  concretion 
cotisistiiig  of  inixcil  ainniniiiuiii-iiiagnesiimi  and  calcium 
pliospliatcs.  It  is  so  namcil  liicausc  it  fuses  before  the 
blmvpipe.— Imaginary  calculus,  the  metliod  of  calcu- 
lating by  tlie  use  of  an  iiiiagiiiary  unit,  the  stjuare  of  wliidi 
is  supposed  to  be  — l.aml  whicli  is  added  and  nuiltiplicil 
like  a  nmnber.— Mulberry  calculus,  a  urinary  concre- 
tion consisting  cliictly  of  oxalate  of  lime.  Many  of  tliese 
calculi  in  furin  and  color  sumcwbat  resemble  tile  fruit  of 
the  mnllicny.— Residual  calculus,  a  inetbod  of  calcu- 
lating )iy  tile  operation  called  reKttiuation  (which  see);  a 
bram-h  of  the  iiitc-'ral  calculus  invented  l»y  Caucliy. 
caldera  (kal-dti'rii),  n.  [Sp.,  a  kettle :  see  cal- 
dron.'} A  large  kettle  or  caldron ;  hence,  in 
flcol.,  an  amphitheatrical  depression  in  a  volcan- 
ic formation.  The  tciin  was  migiiially  used  in  describing 
volcanic  regions  occiiniiig  \\li(re  Sjianisb  is  the  current 
language,  and  was  intrinhiccil  by  \dii  Hucli  in  his  chussic 
description  of  the  Canaries.  Its  use  has  been  exteiuleil 
thence  to  other  countries,  and  by  it  is  understood  a  large 
amphitheatrical  or  kettle-like  depression  occurring  in  vol- 
canic rocks,  surrounded  by  high  and  steep  walls,  which 
arc  usually  more  or  less  broken  away  on  one  side  or  cut 
throngli  by  deep  ravines  (harrancas).  (.'alderas  are  gen- 
erally admitted  to  be  ^'o!canic  craters  enlarged  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  sea  after  sulniicrgcnce  of  the  mass,  or  by  the 
jiction  of  snliterraiiean  ilisriiiitive  forces. 

From  tile  crest  of  the  great  escarpment  of  tho  Atrio  [of 
.Monte  Somma),  or  what  the  Spaniai-ds  would  call  the 
*' Caldera,"  deep  ravines  or  "barrancos"  very  near  each 
other  radiate  outwards  in  all  directions. 

.Sir  C.  LycU,  Prill,  of  Geol.  (10th  ed.),  I.  634. 

Calderari  (kal-de-rii'ri),  V.  pi.  [It.,  ]il.  of  cal- 
il(  rtiri),  t'i|uiv.  to  caldcrajo,  a  brazier,  a  copper- 
smith :  see  addrou.  Of.  Carbonari.']  A  secret 
society,  fornied  in  tho  kingdom  of  Naples  short- 
ly before  tlie  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  in 
181.1,  for  the  ]mrpose  of  opposing  the  Carboniiri 
and  uplioUliiig  absolute  government. 

caldeset,  ''•  '■     See  clmUiesc. 

choused  and  caUlen'il  ve  like  a  blockhead. 

S.  Ilullei;  Iludibraa,  II.  iii.  1010. 

caldron  (kal'dron),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  caudron; 

<  ME.  caldron,  caldcron,  usually  caudron,  cau- 
droun,  caudcroun,  cawdron,  etQ.,  <  OF.  "caldron, 
'caudron  (Picard  caudron,  caudcroii),  assibi- 
hitcd  'chaldron,  'chauilron,chaudcron  (>E.  ehol- 
ilran  in  dilTcront  sense:  sec  chaldron),  V.  chaii- 
(//■o«  (=  Sp.  caldcron  =  Pg.  caldeirdo  =  It.  cid- 
dcronc,  a  largo  kettle),  aug.  of  OF.  ciiudicrr, 
'chaudierc  (>  E.  dial,  ehalder^),  V.  chaudicrc  = 
Pr.  caudicra  =  Sp.  caldera  =  I'g.  cahleira  =  II. 
caldaja,  caldara  (obs.)  (also  caldajo,  cnldam, 
m.),  a  kettle,  <  Ij.  caldaria,  a  k-eitlo  for  hot 
water,  I'cm.  of  caldarius,  Hiiilnlilo  for  licntiiig, 

<  culdits,  calidus,  liot,  <  calerc,  bo  liot :  see  cal- 
id.]  A  very  large  kettle  or  boiler.  Also  spelled 
cauldron. 

In  the  miilHl  of  all 
There  placed  waa  a  Cfiwlron  wide  inid  tall. 
I'pon  a  nilKhtte  foniacc,  bunitiig  wbolt. 

Sptin»er,  V.  Q.,  II.  Ix.  21). 
cale^,  «.     Soo  co/c2  and  kalc^. 
Cale^  (kill),  n.    [Origin  unknown.]    Tn  cnal-min- 
iuij,  a  Hpecilied   iiiinibor  iif   liilw  tiikiMi  into  a 
workiTig-|>hi('i'  during  the  shift.    (Ireslry.    [Mid- 
land eoiinties,  Eng.] 
cale'*  (kal),  '.;  Jiret.  and  pp.  caled,  ppr.  callni/. 

ii;.  dial.,  also  written  call;  origin  obscure.] 
.   Irons.  T<i  throw. 

II.  inlraus.  1.  To  move  irregularly. — 2.  To 
;-.'iMibiil.    Ilalliuill.     (I'riiv.  Eiig.  ill  all  HeiiseH.  | 
calC''  (kal),  H.     [<  cali''\  v.]     Turn  :  as,  it  is  his 
I  ale  to  go.     [North.  Kug.j 


calendar 

calecannon,  colecannon  (kal-,  kol-kan'on),  «. 
[Appar.  <  calt"^,  colc^,  cabbage,  +  cannon  (Vuieer- 
taiu).]  A  favorite  Irish  dish,  made  by  boiliug 
and  mashing  together  greens,  young  cabbage, 
or  spinach,  and  potatoes,  and  seasoning  with 
butter,  pepper,  and  salt,  a  plainer  kind  is  made 
timong  tlie  poorer  classes  liy  boiling  the  vegetables  till 
nearly  done,  then  adding  the  raw  potatoes  to  them,  and 
draining  them  when  fully  boiled.    Also  written  colcannon. 

caleche,  ».    See  calash. 

Caledonia  brown.    See  hrown. 

Caledonian  (kal-e-do'ni-au),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Caledonia,  an  ancient  name  for  Scotland,  + 
-an.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Caledonia  or  Scot- 
land; Scottish;  Scotch. 

The  arrival  of  the  Saxons  (in  Britainl  checked  the  pro- 
gress of  the  Caledonian  marauders. 

Sir  E.  Creaay,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  26. 

II.  n.  A  native  of  Caledonia,  or  Scotland; 

a  Seotcliiiian. 

caledonite  (kal'e-do-nit),  «.  [<  L.  Caledonia, 
Scotland,  +  -ite-.']  A  blue  or  greenish-blue 
mineral,  a  hydi'ous  sidphate  of  lead  and  copper, 
found  in  attached  crystals,  with  other  ores  of 
lead,  at  LeaiUiills  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotlaml. 
and  at  Roughten  Gill  in  Cumberlantl,  EngUuul, 
also  in  Hungary  and  the  Harz  mountains. 

calefacient  (k:ii-e-fa'shient),  fl.  and  n.  [<  L. 
calefacicn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  cahfaccre,  make  warm 
or  iiot,  <  calerc,  be  hot,  -I-  facere,  make.  See 
cali'fy  and  chafe.]     I.  fl.  Warming;  heating. 

Ii,  n.  That  which  warms  or  heats;  in  mcd., 
a  substance  which  e.xcites  a  sensation  of  warmth 
in  the  jiart  to  which  it  is  applied,  as  mustard, 
pepper,  etc. ;  a  superficial  stimtdant. 

caleiaction  (kal-e-fak'shon),  «.  [<  L.  calefac- 
tio{n-),  <  calefacerc:  see  ealefaetive,  calefacient.] 
1.  The  net  or  operation  of  warming  or  heating ; 
the  production  of  heat  in  a  body  by  the  action 
of  fire,  or  by  the  communication  of  heat  from 
other  boiiies. —  2.  The  state  of  being  heated. 

.\s  [if]  theremeinbrauce  of  .  .  .  caZ^acf  ion  can  warm  a 
man  in  a  cold  frosty  night. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Pref.  to  Psychozoia,  i. 

ealefaetive  (kal-e-fa^L'tiv),  a.  [<  L.  calef ac- 
tus (pp.  of  c<d<faccrc :  see  calefacient)  +  -inc.] 
Adapted  to  nuvke  wartu  or  hot ;  coramimioating 
lictit.     Also  calefactory. 

calefactor  (kal-e-fak't'or),  n.  [<  ML.  calcfactor, 
one  wlio  warms  {calefactor  ccrw,  chafe-wax),  i 
cidefacen .  ninke  warm :  see  calefactire.]  A 
kind  of  small  stove. 

calefactory  (kal-e-fak'to-ri),  fl.  and  n.  [<  L. 
ealrfaelorius,  <  cahfactus,  pp.  of  calefacerc, 
make  warm:  see  calefacient.]  I,  a.  Same  as 
calefaetirc. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  calefactorics  (-riz).  [<  ML.  calc- 
factorinin,  nent.  of  L.  ealifactorius:  see  above.] 
1.  A  clnimber,  provided  with  a  fireplace  or 
stove,  useil  as  a  withdrawing-room  by  monks, 
and  generally  adjoining  the  refectory.  It  is 
very  often  a  ]iortion  of  tlio  substrncture  of  tho 
dormitory. —  2.  A  chnling-dish  of  silver  or  other 
metal,  to  contniuburning  charcoal,  placed  upon 
tlio  altar  in  cold  weather. 

calefyt  (kal'e-fi),  c. ;  prof,  and  pp.  calefied,  ppr. 
calejjiinij.  [<  L.  calejieri,  grow  hot,  pass,  of  eale- 
facere,  make  hot ;  cf.  ML.  ealeficarc,  make  hot 
(>  ult.  E.  chafe,  q.  v.):  see  calefacient.]  I.  in- 
Irans.  To  grow  hot  or  warm ;  be  heated. 

I'lirystal  will  cale.fy  unto  electricity. 

.Sir  7'.  linunie,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  1. 

II.  trans.  To  make  warm  or  hot. 
caleidophone   (ka-li'do-fon),    «.     See   kalcido- 

jihiint . 

calembour,  calembourg  (knrem-biir;  F.  pron. 

k;i-loii-biir  ),  n.  |  i'.,  stiid  lo  bo  from  tin  abbot 
of  l\(ili mill r<i,  all  aiiiiisiiig  p(>rsonagi'  in  (ier- 
niiin  iineeiloteH,  or  ii.  niirriitorof  niiiusiiig  iim>c- 
dotes;  or  from  acoiiiil  of  luilenheni,  whit  ninilo 
amusing  mistakes  in  speaking  I'S'incli.]  A 
1)1111 ;  a  play  on  words. 

calemes  (knre-me/,),  I'.     Same  as  caniriies. 

calendar  (Uaren-dilr),  n.  |  Kiirly  mod.  10.  also 
eiilindir;  <  ME.  calendar,  eiilinilir,  /•'idender := 
1).  ft.  Dan.  Sw.  Laliniler  =  F.  cidendrier  =  Pr. 
calcndier  =  H\t.  Pg.  It.  calendiirio,  11.  also  calen- 
diiro,  <  L.  calendarinin,  in  cltissical  L.  usual- 
ly l.iilendiiriuni,  an  account-book,  inlerest-book 
(so  culled  beciiuse  inlerest  liecanie  due  on  the 
cali'inlH),  ill  ML.  a  caleiidiu';  iiimM.  of  ciilen- 
diirius,  hall ndarius,  iid.j.,  <  ealiniliv,  l.iilendw, 
ealcnils:  sett  calends.]  1.  A  collection  of 
moiitlily  iistronomical  (abloa  for  a  year,  ar- 
niiigi'd  by  wi'eks  and  diiys,  with  iii'i'oiii|iiiiiyiiig 

ilnln:  an  almanac,     n  wii»  no  called  ft illie  Ibmiiin 

I'llenitie.  the  inline  kIvcii  to  tile  firHt  day  of  the  month, 
and  written  In  largo  luttom  at  the  licad  of  ouch  inoutli. 


calendar 

let  this  iiei-nicious  liour 
Stand  aye  accursed  in  the  calendar .' 

aiiak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 
The  EdjTt'ans  were  the  first  to  institute  a  sacred  calen- 
dar, in  wliich  every  day  —  almost  every  liour—  had  its  spe- 
cial religious  ceremony.  Fnitlis  of  the  World,  p.  140. 

2.  A  system  of  reckoning  time,  especially  the 
method  of  fixing  the  length  and  divisions  of 
the  year.^3.  A  table  or  tables  of  the  days  of 
each  month  in  a  year,  with  their  numbers,  for 
use  in  fi.xing  dates. —  4.  A  table  or  catalogue 
of  persons,  events,  etc.,  made  out  in  order  of 
time,  as  a  list  of  saints  with  the  dates  of  their 
festivals,  or  of  the  causes  to  be  tried  in  a  court; 
specifically,  in  British  universities,  a  chrono- 
logical statement  of  the  exercises,  lectures,  ex- 
aminations, etc.,  of  a  year  or  of  a  course  of 
study. 

The  care  I  have  had  to  even  your  content,  I  wish  might 
be  found  in  the  calendar  of  my  past  endeavours. 

Slialc,  All's  Well,  i.  S. 

He  keeps  a  calendar  of  all  the  famous  dishes  of  meat 
that  have  been  in  the  court  ever  since  our  gieat-grand- 
lather's  time.  Beau,  and  Ft.,  Woraan-Hater,  i.  1. 

Rhadamanthus,  who  tries  the  lighter  causes  below,  leav- 
ing to  his  two  brethren  the  heavy  calendars. 

Lamb,  To  the  Shade  of  Elliston. 

5t.  A  guide ;  anything  set  up  to  regulate  one's 

conduct. 

Kalendcr  is  she 
To  any  woman  that  wol  lover  be. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  r,42. 

6.  A  series  of  emblematic  pictures  of  the  months : 
a  common  motive  of  decoration  during  the  mid- 
dle ages,  in  seidp- 
tm'e,  painted  glass, 
earthenware  tiles, 
and  the  like.  For  each 
month  the  zodiacal  sign 
is  represented,  with  one 
or  more  persons  engaged 
in  labors  or  sports  char- 
actm-i^tic  of  tlic  inimtli. 

—  Calendar  -  amend- 
ment Act,  an  Kii-luli 
statute  of  1751.  which 
took  effect  in  1752,  e.^ 
tablishiug  January  1st  as 
the  beginning  of  each 
year  (instead  of  Lady- 
day,  March  25th),  adopt- 
ing the  Gregorian  or 
"new  style"  in  place  of 
the  Julian  or  "  old  style  " 
calendar,  and  canceling 
the  then  existing  excess 
of  11  days  by  making  the 
3d  of  September,  1752, 
the  14th.  ,4180  known  as 
Lord   Chexterneld's  Act. 

—  Calendar  month,  a  s.ibu-  n th  as  it  stan.ls  in  al- 
manacs.—Calendar  moon.     Salic-  a-i  .■rclrxinxlicol  union 

(which  sec,  under  ctrd.MdsdcH').  — Ecclesiastical  calen- 
dar, an  arrangement  of  the  civil  year  employed  Ijy  the  11- 
tiu'gical  churches  to  designate  the  days  set  apart  for  partic- 
idar  religions  celebration.  As  many  feasts  of  the  church 
depend  upon  Easter,  the  date  of  which  varies  from  year  to 
year,  either  the  calendar  must  vary  every  year  or  must  con- 
tain .simply  the  matter  froju  which  a  true  calendar  can  be 
cnmpiitcd  for  each  year.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
.s]ii-(i;tl  circumstances  in  the  history  of  each  nation  affect 
its  liturgical  calendar ;  hence  every  nation,  and  to  some 
extent  every  religious  order  and  even  every  ecclesiastical 
province,  has  its  own  calendar.  The  German  liUtheran 
Church  retained  at  the  Reformation  the  Roman  Catholic 
calendar,  with  the  saints'  days  then  observed.  The  Church 
of  Envland  still  retains  in  its  calendar  certain  festivals, 
called  black-letter  days,  for  which  no  service  is  prescribed, 
and  whicll  have  been  omitted  by  the  rrctcstant  Episcopal 
Church  of  .America.    See  £as(e/-.  — Gregorian  calendar, 


763 


calf 


ilian  calendar,  or  "old  calendograplier  (kal-cn-d 
n.l  (Ireccc  wlfbsc  dates  ^  j,j^_  mlendUirium),  a  cal 
a>Trar  of  those  of  other  -,     -i       r,  i.       —    i 

write.]     One  who  — 


og'ra-f^r),  n.    [Irreg. 

alendar,  +  Gr.  yi)/i(jiciv, 

makes  calendars.     ISoyle. 


the  Gregorian  calendar.     The  Julian  < 

style,"  is  still  retained  in  Russia  and 
consequently  are  now  b;  days 

Christian  countricB.- Mohammedan  calendar,  tile  lu- 
nar calendar  employeti   m  all  .Mubannueilun  countries,      [itare.J 

though  there  is  another  peculiar  to  I'ersia.  'I'hc  years  con-  calehdrer,  calenderer  (kal'en-drfer, -d6r-fer),  n. 

sist  of  3.^,4  or  355  days,  in  the  n.ean  .•i.MU'l'he  beginning  j-^Iho  coutr.  caUndrr  ;  <  caUmder^,  v.,  +  -erl.l 

ot  the  year  thus  rctrogr.'wlcs  through  different  seasiuis,  \                       ,           ,        ,           ,    it                       i.     ' 

comiileting  tli.ir  .  iivnit  in  about  :i:i  years.   They  are  num.  A  person  wlio  ealciiders  cloth,  paper,  etc. 

bcred  froui  the  liejiia  (uliicli  see),  the  first  day  of  the  first  calendriC,   Calendrical  (ka-len'drik,  -dri-kal), 

year  being  July  loth,  A.  i..  022.  _'J'he  i:i(K)tb  year  bi'gan  „.     [Irreg.  <  riUcndur  +  -it;  -kul.']     Pertaining 


Sunday,  November  12th,  1882.— Republican  calendar, 
the  calelular  of  the  first  French  republic.  The  year  con- 
sisted of  .'((15  days,  to  which  a  y(HIth  was  to  be  added  *'ae. 
cording  as  the  jiosition  of  the  e(piinox  retiuires  It,"  so  that 
the  year  should  always  begin  at  the  mi<lnight  of  the  Paris 
observatory  precciling  the  true  autumiu\l  etpiiifox.  'J'he 
numbers  of  the  years  were  written  in  Itoman  numerals. 
The  year  I.  began  September  22d,  17!t2,  but  the  calendar 
was  not  introduced  until  October  5th,  WXi.  Every  perioil 
of  four  years  was  called  iifraueiadc.  'J'he  years  (jf  ;ifHJ  days 
were  called  aextile.  There  were  12  months  of  30  days  each, 
anil  5  or  0  extra  days  at  the  end  called  nanHciUollideA.  The 
names  of  the  months,  beginning  at  the  aiuunuial  equinox, 
were  Veiulemiaire.  lirumaire,  Frimaire,  Nivo.se,  J'luviose, 
Vcntosc,( terminal,  Flor(ial,l'rairial,  .Messidor,Thermidor, 
and  Frnctidor. 
calendar  (kal'en-dilr),  17.  <.  [<.  calendar,  n.']  To 
enter  or  write  in  a.  calendar;  register. 

Twelve  h.ave  been  martyrs  for  religion,  of  whom  ten  are 
calendared  for  saints. 

W'aterhouM,  Apol.  for  Learning,  p.  237. 

And  do  you  not  recall  that  life  was  then  calendared  by 
moments,  threw  itself  into  nervous  knots  or  glittering 
hours,  even  as  now,  and  not  spread  itself  abroad  an  eijua- 
ble  felicity'?  Emernon,  Works  and  Days. 

The  greater  and  increasing  tre.asures  of  the  Record- 
Office  .  .  .  lately  calendared  and  indexed. 

A'.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVL  540. 

calendar-clock  (kal'en-dar-klok),  n.  A  largo 
hall-  or  wall-clock  having  dials  or  other  appli- 
ances for  indicating  the  days  of  the  week, 
month,  or  year,  with  sometimes  the  phases  of 
the  fnoon,  as  well  as  the  hours  and  minutes. 

calendarial  (kal-en-da'ri-al),  a.  [<  calciidary 
+  -»/.]     8ame  as  calcndarij 

calendary  (kal'en-da-ri),  a. 
lull  iidariii.'i :  see  calendar, 
the  calendar. 


[<  L.  calendarius, 
».]    Belonging  to 


;/i^ut(i'- 


The  usual  or  calendary  month. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err., 


iv.  12. 


to  a  calendar.     [Rare,] 

calends,  kalends  (kal'eudz),  n.  j/i.  [<  ME.  ka- 
kndfs,  rarely  sing.,  the  first  day  of  the  mouth, 
<  AS.  calciid,  a  mouth,  <  L.  caknda;  in  classi- 
cal L.  usually  kalcndce,  pi.,  the  first  day  of  tho 
month,  also  by  extension  a  month,  <  'calere, 
calare  =  Gr.  Ku'/.rlv,  call,  suuimon  (not  connect- 
ed with  E.  cuW^).  The  reason  of  the  name  is 
uncertain.]  1.  In  tho  Komau  calendar,  tho 
first  day  of  the  month.  From  this  the  days  of  tha 
preceding  month  were  counted  backward  to  the  idea, 
which  in  .March,  May,  July,  and  October  corrcsfKjndcd  to 
the  15th,  and  in  all  the  other  months  to  the  13lh  day  of 
the  month.  Tims  the  10th  clay  of  .March  by  our  reckoning 
was  in  the  Roman  calendar  the  17th  day  liefore  the  calends 
of  April  (the  first  of  April  being  inclndedj,  or  more  l»rietly 
17th  calends ;  the  14th  day  of  January  was  the  l»th  day 
i^cf'jre  the  calends  of  February  ;  the  14th  day  of  any  month 
with  thirty  days  being  the  18th  before  the  calends  of  the 
succeeding  month. 

2\.  The  beginning  or  first  period. 

Now  of  hope  the  kalemicn  higj-nne. 

Cli'iucfr,  Trollus,  IL  7. 
On  or  at  the  Greek  calends  (Latin  ad  kalendan  Ortfcas), 
at  no  time  ;  never:  an  an<ient  Roman  jilirase  alluding  to 
the  fact  that  the  Greeks  had  nothing  corresponding  t^»  the 
Roman  calends ;  hence,  to  say  that  a  <lebt  would  l*e  paid  at 
the  Greek  calemln  tueant  that  the  debt  would  never  be  paid. 

Calendula^  (ka-len'du-la),  v.  [NL.,  dim.,  <  L. 
cateiida:,  the  first  day  of  the  month ;  from  its 
producing  flowers  almost  all  the  year  round.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  C'oniposita, 
with  yellow  or  orange  (lowers.  Iiaving  a  power- 
ful but  not  pleasant  odor,  natives  of  the  Medi- 
terranean region ;  the  marigolds.  Tlie  common  or 
pot  marigold,  C.  officinalis,  is  an  old  ornament  of  country 
gardens.  Its  fiowere  arc  used  to  give  a  yellow  color  to 
clleese,  and  to  adulterate  saffron.  Iti  medicine  it  h.'w  had 
repute  .as  a  remedy  for  cancer  and  other  diseases,  and  its 
tincture  is  used  as  a  cure  for  wounds  and  bruises. 


calenderl  (kal'en-der),  «.     [<  F.  cahmdrc.  <  calendula^  (ka-len'du-la),  h.    [NL.,  for  "catan- 
ML.  cdcndra,  a  calender,  a  corruption  of  L.  cy-    ,/„/„^  *calandrulfi,  dim.  of  calandra,  a  lark:  see 


Part  of  a  Calendar  of  tfie  13th  cen- 
tury (July].— From  portal  of  Amiens 
Catfiedr.Hl. 


liiidriis,  a  roller,  cylinder:  see  cijliiidcr.']  1.  A 
machine  eonsisthig  of  two  or  more  cylinders  or 
rolls  revolving  veiy  nearly  in  contact,  between 
which  are  passed  woven  fabrics,  paper,  etc., 
for  preparation  or  finishing  by  means  of  gi'eat 
pressure,  often  aided  by  heat  communicated 
from  the  interior  of  the  cylinders.  The  object  of 
the  calender  for  cloth  and  paper  is  to  give  the  material  a 
perfectly 
duce  a 

fabrics  and  what  is  spec .. ,    ,     ,         -  ,  .  „ 

a  wavy  sheen,  as  in  watered  silk,  etc.    The  largei-  rolls  in     stance  or  gum  obtained  from  the  leaves  and 
such  a  calender  are  usimlly  made  of  solidified  pap.r  or     f^         ^.^  ^f  (ijg  common  marigold. 
pasteboard  turned  exactly  true,  with  interrneiliatu  cast-       ,       .       ,,      ,„,,', ^-1    „     r;iv?n  hv  Sir"W  Ham- 
iron  cylinders.    Calenders  are  attached  to  paperniaUing  CalenteS  (ka-len  tez),  )(.    On  en  D\  »ir  w    nam 
machines  for  expressing  the  water  from  the  felted  «  eb  of    iltou  as  another  name  for  r.amencs  (wluch  see). 
paper,  and  for  the  finishing  processes  of  smoothing  and    Pi-obablv  a  mistake  for  celaiitca. 
lazing.    They  ai.  f^^^^^^^^i^^J^'^^'^'^'^  calenture  (kal'en-hu-),  «.     [<  F  calenture  <  Sp. 

(Pg.)  culcntura,  heat,  a  calenture,  <  calentar, 


calandra  and  calender'^.']  In  ornith. :  (wf)  An 
old  and  disused  name  of  the  crested  wren  of 
Europe,  Kegulus  cristatiis.  Uris-wn,  1760.  (u) 
The  specific  name  of  the  ruby-crowned  kinglet 
of  North  America.,  Ket/iilus  calendula.  Litinaiis, 
17fi(i.  (c)  [<■«/).]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  African 
larks,  of  which  ('.  crassirosthn  is  an  example. 

„       ,         ,-   -,  ,         .■        ,  •Siftiiiison,  lSo7. 

ectly  smooth  and  equal  surface,  and  sometimes  t<]  pro-  „„,„„j„ii„  „„i„t,j„h„- /i--  i„„'/i,-,  lin^  ,.  r/ 
3  a  superficial  glaze,  as  in  certain  cotton  ami  linen  Calcndulin,  calendUline  (ka-len  du-Un),  n.  L^ 
ics  and  what  is  specifically  called  calendered  paper,  or     Calendula'-  +  -m-,  -J«e-.J    A  mucilaginous  sub- 


fnto  sheets  suitable  for  making  rubber  fabrics,  etc. 

2.  An  establishment  in  which  woven  fabrics 
are  prepare(i  for  market  by  the  use  of  tho  cal- 
ender and  the  other  necessary  processes. 

It  is  as  usual  to  say  that  goods  are  packed  as  that  goods 
are  dre-sseil  at  a  calender.  Encijc.  Bril.,  IV.  08-2. 

3.  [Prop,  calciidrn;  q.  v.]     A  calendrer. 


from  the  noim.] 

cloth  or  paper. 
calender-t  (kal'en-der),  n.     [<  F.  calcndrc,  ca- 

laiidre,  calaiidc,  now  only  caUmdre,  a  kind  of 

lark,  also  a  wee-sal :  see  calantlra.']     1.  A  lark. 

See  raliiiidr<i,  1.— 2.  A  weevil. 
Calender'',  Kalender  (kal'en-der),  «.    [=  F 


thereformedJuliancalendarlntroducedliythchullofl'ope  calender!  (kal'en-der),  u.  t.  1=  F.  calandrer; 
Gregory  .XIII.  in  February,  1582,  and  adopted  in  Englaiul  „  .j^  noim.l  To  press  in  a  calender,  as 
in  .September,  1752:  the  "new  style"  of  distributing  and  ii«i"  '"<=  iiooj..j  ^ 
naming  time.  The  length  of  the  year  of  the  Gregorian  cal- 
endar is  regulated  by  the  Gregorian  rule  of  intercalation, 
which  is  that  every  year  whose  number  in  the  common 
reckoning  since  Christ  is  not  divisible  by  4,  as  well  as  every 
year  whose  number  is  divisible  by  100  but  not  by  400,  shall 
have  365  clays,  and  that  all  other  years,  namely,  those  whose 
numbers  are  divisible  by  400,  and  those  divisible  by  4  and 
not  by  100,  shall  have  366  days.  The  Gregorian  year,  or  the 
mean  length  of  the  years  of  the  Gregorian  calendar,  is  365 
days,  5  hours.  49  minutes,  and  12  secoiuls,  and  is  too  long  by 
26  seconds.  The  Gregorian  rule  has  sometimes  been  stated 
as  if  the  year  4000  and  its  multiples  were  to  be  common 
years :  this,  however,  is  not  the  rule  enunciated  by  Greg- 
ory. The  Gregorian  calendar  also  regulates  the  time  of 
Easter,  upon  which  that  of  the  other  movable  feasts  of 
the  church  depend ;  and  this  it  does  by  establishing  a  fic- 
titious moon,  which  is  purposely  made  to  depart  from  the 
place  of  the  true  moon  in  order  to  prevent  the  coincidence 
of  the  i^liiistian  Paschal  feast  with  that  of  the  Jews.— He- 
brew calendar,  the  luni-solar  calendar  used  by  the  Jews 
sinrr  the  s,i  olid  century  of  the  Christian  era.  The  years, 
numbered  from  the  creation,  are  either  ordinary,  contain- 
ing 12  lunar  months  and  353,  354,  or  355  days,  or  embolis- 
mic,  containing  13  lunar  months  and  383,  384,  or  385  days. 
In  every  cycle  of  19  years  7  are  eniliolismic,  to  bring  lunar 
and  solar  time  into  agi-eemeiit.  To  llud  the  number  of  the 
Hebrew  vear  beginning  in  the  course  of  a  given  Gregorian 
vear,  add  3761  to  the  number  of  the  latter.— Julian  cal- 
endar, the  .solar  calendar  as  adjusted  by  Julius  Cajsar,  in      

wliirh  the  chronological  reckoning  was  first  made  definite  calenderer,"-      hee  calendrer. 

and  invariable,  and  the  average  length  of  the  year  fixed  at  p-lpTiderine-rubber  (kal'eu-der-ing-rub  er),  n. 

365i  days.    This  average  year  (called  the  Julian  !/eai-)  be.   *'^*^""    -j  f^i.^erlv  used  for  calendering. 

lug  too  long  by  a  few  minutes,  the  error  was  rectified  in     ii.  uteii&ii  i-oii"cixj  ,».j>.«. 


heat,  <  L.  calere,  ppr.  cakn{l-)ii,  be  hot:  see 
calid,  calefacient,  etc.]  A  kind  of  delirium 
sometimes  caused,  especially  within  the  trop- 
ics, by  exposure  to  excessive  heat,  particularly 
on  board  ship. 

Now  I  am  made  up  of  fire,  to  the  full  height 
Of  a  deadly  calenture. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  v.  1. 
Interest  divides  the  church,  and  the  caUnturtt  of  men 
breathe  out  in  problems  and  unactive  discourses. 

Jer.  Taiilor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  Ded.,  I.  3. 
This  calenture  which  shows  nie  the  maple-shadowed 
plains  of  Berkshire,  .  .  .  beneath  the  salt  waves  which 
come  feeling  their  way  along  the  wall  at  my  feet. 

O.  ir.  Ilolmet,  Autocrat,  ' 


calender,   '<  Ai'.  qalandar,    >  Turk,   qalaiidcr,  calescence  (ka-les'ens),  n.     [<  L.  calescen(t-)s, 

Hind,   qalandar.']     One  of  an  order  of  der-  jipj.  (,f  ,alescere.  grow  warm  or  hot,  inchoative 

vishes  toimded  in  the  fourteenth  century  by  of  ert^ciT,  be  warm  or  hot :  see  c<J/irf.]    Gro-wing 

an  Andalusian  Arab  named  Yusuf,  who  was  ex-  vi-armth ;  increasing  heat . 

pelled  from  the  order  of  Bektashis  on  account  cale'vilet,  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  calnlle. 

of  his  extreme  arrogance.  The  Calenders  are  wan-  caleweist,  »•  [JfE.,  appar.  a  corrupt  form  of 
dereis  who  preach  in  the  market-places  and  live  by  alms.  Qp  cailioel.']  A  fine  variety  of  l>ear.  Som.  of 
Though  the  title  Calender  asserts  for  its  bearers  a  Ufe  of  „ 

great  purity,  the  nicmbeis  of  this  order,  even  before  the     ",-f/?^V        .     ,    r„j,.eg  f^^vz)       fE  dial   also 

death  of  its  founder,  fell  into  the  grossest  licentimisuess  call^  (kaf),  «. ,  pi.  C<"ie»^Kavzj.  jr..  ciiai.  also 
and  deb  iiichcry  and  have  not  hesitated  at  assassination,  caiif:  earlv  mod.  E.  also  calre,  <  ML.  calj,  <  Ab. 
Thev  hold  that  salvation  is  as  little  affected  by  vice  and  gealfM.  ccalfa.<',  masc,  c^alt'eru,  cealfru,  neut.) 
crime  as  by  virtue  ami  Holiness,  and  that  sin  stains  the  _  ^g'^j.,,,.-^  p.  j;„if^  MLG.  LG.  t<l7/=  Icel. 
body  only  .and  can  be  removed  by  ablutions.  M^fr-Sw  kalf=D'AIl.  kalr:=OH.G.  calb.  citalb 

On  the  road  I  caused  my  beard  and  eyebrows  to  be     '^''V'^ -,.^",- ;',Vi^   ,  _,    ,_,   ,..„,._x  r^   ,..,,.  „.,... 


shaven,  and  assumed  a  calenders 
Arabian  Ai:ihtr 


habit. 

Hist,  of  Third  Calender. 


calender-t,  »•     An  obsolete  coiTupt  form  of 

coliandir  for  coriander. 


(pi.  chelUr),  MBtG.  kalp  (pi.  ktlber),G.  kalb.  neut., 
OHG.  chalhd,  MHG.  kalbc,  f.,  a  calf,  =  Goth. 
kalbo.  f.,  a  heifer;  related  to  AS.  cilfor  (-lomb), 
E.  dial,  chilrcr.  =OH(t.  chilburra.  MHG.  killiere, 
a  female  lamb,  G.  dial.  (S^viss)  kilber.  a  young 
ram;  cf.  Ir.  colpa,  colpach,  cow,  heifer,  bul- 
lock; the  Lapp,  kalbe,  Finn,  kalpe,  are  borrowed 


calf 
from  G.     Perhaps  akin  to  Skt.   garbha.  the 
womb,  an  embryo,  =  Gr.  l}pc<poc,  an  embryo. 
In  the  derived  senses  7,  8,  9,  cf.  Dan.  l-alv,  a 
detached  islet,  and  see  cah-e,  3,  and  o«rei.] 

1.  The  young  of  the  cow  or  of  other  bovine 
quadrupeds.  In  customs  laws,  aiul  .is  established  liy 
treaties  of  commerce  between  many  European  countries, 
a  young  auiiiial  ceases  to  be  a  call  when  it  has  shed  its 
two  front  milk-teeth,  which  takes  place  some  time  be- 
tween its  16th  and  its  24th  month. 

2.  The  young  of  marine  mammals,  as  seals 
and  cetaceans,  the  adults  of  which  are  called 
bulls  and  cows. —  3.  In /if r.,  a  fawn. — 4.  Calf- 
skin leather:  as,  a  shoe  made  of  calf;  a  book 
bound  in  calf. — 5.  A  bookbinding  in  calfskin. 
— 6.  An  immature  or  raw  person;  a  silly  dolt; 
a  weak  or  cowardly  man.     [CoUoq.] 

Some  silly,  doting,  brainless  calf.  Drat/ton,  Nj-mphidia. 

7.  A  small  island  lying  near  a  large  one  (the 
two  being  compared  to  a  cow  with  its  calf): 
as,  the  calf  of  Man.    Admiral  .Smyth.    [Eng.]  — 

8.  A  mass  of  earth  which  separates  from  the 
walls  of  a  cutting  or  excavation,  and  falls  in. 
Compare  calre,  3,  and  cart^.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Tak  heed,  lads,  there's  a  caM/a-comin. 

Lincolnshire  Glossary  (E.  D.  S.,  ed.  Peacock). 

9.  Xaiit..  a  mass  of  floe-ice,  breaking  from  under 
the  floe  and  rising  to  the  surface  of  the  water, 
often  with  violence.— Divinity  calf,  a  ilarkin.iwn 
calf  Iwokbinding decorated  witli  iiliii.l-stampiii^',  and  witli- 
uut  jrildiny:  so  called  because  lustd  iu  iiiinlin^'  tlieolo^^-iial 
works. — Half  calf,  a  bookbinding;  of  wliich  tlie  l)ack  and 
comers  only  are  in  calfskin.  —  Mottled  calf,  a  pale-cid- 
ored  calf  bookbindinir,  decorated  by  the  sprinkling  of 
acids  in  drops.  — Smooth  calf,  a  binding  in  jtlain  or  un- 
decorated  leather— The  calves  Of  the  lips,  inetaplmri- 
cally  used  in  Hosea  xiv.  2  for  sacritlces  of  prayer,  praise, 
and  thankSj^viug,  the  captives  of  Babylon  beini:  unable 
to  offer  sacrifices  in  the  temple.  — Tree  calf,  a  ijrifilit- 
brown  calf  bo^ikbinding  stained  by  acids  in  conventional 
imitation  of  the  trunk  and  branches  uf  a  tree. 

calf 2  (kiif),  n. ;  pi.  cahes  (kavz).  [<  ME.  calfe, 
calf,  <  Icel.  ta/rt  =  Norw.  kalcc,  dial,  kalv,  }:aavc, 
=  Sw.  kalf,  iu  eomp.  hcn-kaif,  calf  (hvn,  leg,  = 
E.  bonc^)',  =  Dan.  dial.  Icah-e,  kalle,  kal;  cf. 
Ir.  calpa,  colpa,  Gael,  culpa,  calf  of  the  leg.] 
The  thick  fleshy  part  of  tlie  human  leg  behind, 
between  the  knee  and  the  ankle,  chiefly  formed 
by  the  gastrocnemius  and  soleus  muscles,  which 
are  relatively  larger  in  man  than  in  any  other 
animal,  for  the  better  support  of  the  body  in 
the  erect  attitude. 

Lonrf.   His  leg  is  too  big  for  Hector. 

Duin.  More  calf,  certain.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

calf-bone  (kUfbon),  h.     The  fibula. 

calfkill  (kiif'kil),  H.    Lambkill  or  sheep-laurel, 

h'lhni'i  (iiigustifolia. 
calf-lick  (kiif'llk),  n.     Same  as  cow-lick. 
calf-like  (kaf'lik),  «.  or  adv.    Kesembling  a 
calf;  in  the  manner  of  a  calf. 

.S<)  I  cliunn'd  their  ears, 
Tliat,  cat/like,  they  my  lowing  foUow'd. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1, 

calf-love  (kaf'luv),  71.  A  youthful  transitory 
passion  or  affection,  as  opposed  to  a  serious 
lasting  attachment  or  love. 

It's  a  girl's  fancy  just,  a  kind  o'  cal/tovf :  let  it  go  l)y. 
Urs.  (i<ukcU,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xx. 
cair 8-foot  (kiifs'fut),  H.     A  name  of  the  Arum 

iiiiiriitnliim,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf. 
calTs-head  (kafs'hod),  ».  The  pitcher-plant 
of  California,  iJarlinglonia  Ctilifoniica,  in  allu- 
8ion  to  till!  ventrieoso  hood  at  the  summit  of  the 
leaf.  See  Darlinytonia. 
calfskin  (kiif'skiu),  «.  1.  The  hide  or  skin  of 
u  calf. 

Thou  wear  a  lion's  liidc  !  tloff  it  for  shnnic, 
And  hang  a  cat/'M-nkin  on  tliose  recreant  limbs. 

Shak.,  K.  Jolm,  iii.  I. 

2.  Leather  made  of  calves'  skins,  a  common 
mafi'ria)  for  boots  and  shocK,  and  also,  when 
differently  prejiarcd,  for  bookbinding.  Calfskin 
differs  from  morocco  in  having  a  very  smooth 
and  tiiiiform  surface. 

calf-snotlt  f  kiif  snout),  »i.  The  snapdragon,  An- 
firrhnn/m  mtijtu. 

calf-tmndlet,  "•  The  ruffle  of  a  shirt;  the 
llfiiuwiH  of  a  gown.      If'riglil. 

calf-ward  (kiif '  wAnl),  ?i.  A  place  where  calves 
nri'  kill!  in  the  field.    Also  written  Muf-ward. 

callatour-wood  (kari-iv-Uir-wfid),  n.  A  kind 
of    I  1  v.hich  grows  in  India  on  the  Coro- 

nia  It  is  sometimes  confounded  with 

r<'.l  ,.,d, 

callh.  ire  fknl'i-b/T),  n.     [<  V.  calihri, 

f"'i  ■imilihre,  bore   of   a  «un,    sizi', 

••iij..i.  .  I   I   llg.),  tiUi,  weight,  =  Hp.  IV- 

ralihrr  =-.  ii  .  /,,,,,  (>alibi'r.  Origin  unciTtaiii; 
I>prhapH  <  I,.  I  Ml,.)  «i«i  hhrn.  t>t  what  dltncn- 
sions,  weight :  qud,  abl.  tern,  of  qui$,  who,  what, 


C  ilil'Cr-gagc. 


764 

=  E.  irho,  irha-t;  libra,  abl.  of  libra,  balance, 
counterpoise,  measure  for  liquids,  a  pound: 
see  libra.  Ci.cantileier,  cantalivcr.  Littre  sug- 
gests -Aj:.  kdlab,  a  form,  mold,  model ;  cf.  Pers. 
kdlab,  a  mold.     Doublets,  caliper,  co'irer,  q.  v.] 

1.  The  liiameter  of  a  body,  especially  of  the 
hoUow  inside  of  a  cylinder:  as,  the  caliber  of 
a  piece  of  ordnance  or  other  firearm,  in  the 
United  .States  the  caliber  of  a  firearm  is  expressed  in  deci- 
ni.al  parts  of  an  incli ;  thus,  a  ritle  of  .44-incli  caliber  (often 
shortened  to  "a  44-caliber  ririe,"  ''a  32-calil)er  pistol,"  etc.); 
of  a  cannon,  either  by  tlie  diameter  of  its  boi-e,  as  a  lO-incli 
gun,  or  by  the  weight  of  a  solid  round  shot  which  it  can 
carrj',  as  a  12-pounder.  In  Great  Britain  the  calibers  of 
small  anus  are  comnionlj*  expressed  in  decimal  parts  of  an 
inch:  of  field-guns,  by  the  weight  of  a  solid  round  shot 
which  will  fit  the  l>ore,  as  a  6-pounder ;  of  Iiea^-y  guns,  in 
tons,  as  a  3S-ton  gun  or  a  HX)-ton  gun.  In  France  and  in 
other  countries  t>n  the  continent  the  caliber  is  expressed 
in  millimeters  or  centimeters. 

Tlie  energy  of  the  brain  depends  mainly  on  the  calibre 
of  its  arteries. 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  ii.  §  47. 

2.  Figuratively,  compass  or  capacity  of  mind ; 
the  extent  of  one's  intellectual  endo^vments. 

Coming  from  men  of  their  calibre,  tliey  were  liighly  mis- 
chievous. Burke,  Appeal  to  Old  Wliigs. 

A  thinker  of  Comte's  calibre  does  not  live  and  WTite  to 
no  purpose.  J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  1G4. 

3.  In  liorol. :  (o)  The  distance  between  the 
two  plates  of  a  watch  which  determines  the 
flatness  of  the  movement,  (b)  The  plate  upon 
which  is  traced  the  arrangement  of  the  pieces 
of  a  clock :  the  pattern-plate.     E.  H.  Kniglit. 

—  Caliber-compasses,  calibers,    •''ee  caliper. 
caliber  (kal'i-ber),  v.  t.    [<  caliber,  n.]    In  gun., 

to  ascertain  the  caliber  of;  calibrate.  See 
caliper.  [Little  used.] 
caliber-gage  (kal'i-ber-ga  j),  H.  A  tool  or  stand- 
ard for  measm'ing  cali- 
bers, whether  external  or 
internal.  A  usual  combination 
form  (see  the  annexed  cut)  is  made 
with  prongs  or  jaws  Iiaving  an 
opening  of  exactly  tlie  required 
caliber  for  ext^?rnal  measure- 
ments, and  a  bar  of  the  exact 
gage  for  internal  measm-ements. 
Other  forms  are  plugs  or  rings, 
etc.  \Uo  cnliper.<fa</e. 
caliber-rule  (kal'i-ber-rol),  )(.  1.  Gunners' 
calipers,  an  instrument  iu  which  a  right  lino 
is  so  di\-ided  that,  the  first  part  being  oqtial 
to  the  diameter  of  an  iron  or  leaden  ball  of  1 
pound  weight,  the  other  parts  are  to  the  first 
as  the  diameters  of  balls  of  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  poumls 
are  to  the  diameter  of  a  ball  of  1  pound.  It  is 
used  by  engineers  to  determine  a  ball's  weight 
from  its  diameter  or 
caliber,  and  vice  versa. 
—  2.  An  outside  caliper 
formed  by  a  rule  liav- 
Caiibcr-ruic.  iug  a  graduated  slide 

with  a  projecting  foot, 
between  which  and  the  end  of  the  rule  is  placcil 
the  piece  to  bo  measured. 
Also  eiiliprr-nilc. 
caliber-square  (kal'i-ber-skwar),  H.    A  nile 
carrying  two  cross-heads,  one  of  which  is  ad- 
justed slight- 
Iv  bj-  a  nut, 
tlie  other  be- 
ing  movable 
along         the 
rule.     On   one 
side    the    cross- 
heads  are  ndajit. 
cd  to  tlie  mea- 
surement of  in- 
terior dlaineterH 
or  sizes,  and  on 
the  other  side  to  the  meaanrcmentof  cxtenial  sizes.     Also 
catiijcr-st/iiare. 
calibogUB  (kal-i-bo'gns),  H.     An  American  cant 
nuiiic  fcir  11  drink  iiiiido  of  ruin  niid  spnicc  beor. 
calibrate  (l<iil'i-lirat),  r.  /. ;  prct.  anil  lip.  cali- 
brated,   ppr.  calibrating.     [<  caliber  +   -ale-.'} 
1.  To  determine  the  ciilibcr  of,  as  the  interior 
of athernumictci-tubc.   i^t'cralibnilioii.   Hence 

—  2.  To  doteriniiic  tlie  iclalive  value  of,  as  dif- 
ferent parts  of  an  arbitrary  scale. 

It  1»,  liowever,  ponpilble  to  ralibnilr  the  Kalvnnometer. 

—  that  Is,  to  nscertnlli  by  »ri"'lal  lucasurcmentu,  or  by 
rotnpariHon  with  a  Htandard  IriMtniiiienl,  to  wlmtstri'iiKths 
of  current  particular  amounts  of  dellectlon  com-spond. 

.s'.  /'.  Thiimimm,  Elect,  nllil  Mag.,  I'.  1(1.1. 

calibration  (kul-l-bra'shon),  H.  [<  calibrate  + 
-i'i».|  The  act  iir  procesH  of  calibrating,  espo- 
ciullyof  uHcertainiiig  the  caliber  of  ii  Ihennoin- 
cler-tiibo,  with  the  view  of  gi-iidiiiiliiig  it  to  a 
sfftlo  of  dcgrei'H,  or,  if  gradiiulod,  of  discover- 
ing and  ineiiHiiring  aiiv  errors  duo  to  ine(|iiulity 
in  the  bore:  also,  the  ileleniiiiialion  of  tlie  true 
values  of  the  divisions  of  any  graduatod  scale. 


CnUber.tquare. 


calico-printing 

The  calibration  of  a  thermometer-tube  is  effected  by  insert- 
ing a  c<iliiniii  of  mercury  of  a  known  length,  and  ascertain- 
ing that  it  retains  tlie  same  length  ill  all  iiarts  of  the  tutie. 

calibre,  ».     See  caliber. 

Caliburn  (kal'i-bern),  «.  Anothemame  for  Ex- 
calibur,  the  sword  of  King  Arthur:  as,  " Cali- 
biirn\i  resistless  brand,"  Scott,  Bridal  of  Trier- 
main,  i.  15. 

calicate  (kal'i-kat),  a.  [A  corrupt  form  of  caly- 
eale.  as  if  <  L.  calix  (calic-),  a  eup  (see  calix),  + 
-ale'-.'i     See  cali/cate. 

calice  (kal'is),  )(.     [<  ME.  calis,  chalice,  <  OF. 

calicc,  a  cup,  assibilated  "chalice,  >  E.  chalice, 

q.  v.,  ill.  calix  (calic-),  a  cuy):  see  chalice.]    If. 

A  cup,  usually  a  communion-cup;  a  chalice. 

Eating  the  holy  bread  and  drinking  the  sacred  calice. 

Jer.  Taylor. 
2.  In  :o<}l.,  the  little  cup  iu  which  the  polyp  of 
a  coral-producing  zoophyte  is  contained. 

calices(kari-sez),  «.j)/.  In  OHO f.  and  .:(7f(/.,  a  cor- 
rupt form  of  eahjccs,  plural  of  caliix  (which  see). 

caliche  (ka-le'c"he),  ».  [Sp.,  a  pebble  acciden- 
tally inclosed  iu  a  burnt  brick,  also  a  flake 
of  lime  detached  from  a  whitewashed  wall; 
in  Mex.  Sp.  recent  soft  or  earthy  limestone ; 
used  b.v  Humboldt  as  equiv.  to  Sp.  cali:a,  lime- 
stone (cf.  calizo,  Umy,  calcareous) ;  <  cal,  <  L. 
calx,  lime:  see  on/.rl.]  The  local  South  Ameri- 
can name  of  the  native  impure  nitrate  of  soda 
(Chili  saltpeter),  of  much  importance  in  the 
comineroe  of  South  America. 

caliciferous,  a.     See  cahjciferous. 

calicle,  ».     In  zodh,  same  as  cah/cle,  2. 

calico  (kal'i-ko),  «.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
callico  (cf.  Dan.  kaliko,  Sw.  kall'iko,  F.  calicot. 
Sp.  calico,  <  E. ;  Sp.  ealicut,  caliciid,  a  silk  stuff) ; 
so  called  from  Calient  (in  early  mod.  E.  also 
Calicow,  Caleeo)  in  India,  whence  it  was  first 
imported.]  I.  n.;  pi.  calicoes  or  -cos  (-koz). 
1.  Properly,  any  white  cotton  cloth:  as,  un- 
bleached calico,  shirting-caZ/ro,  etc.  Calico  was 
first  manufactured  in  India,  whence  it  was 
introduced  into  Europe. — 2.  In  the  United 
States,  printed  cotton  cloth  of  a  coarser  quality 
than  muslin. 

II.  a.  1.  Made  of  calico:  as,  a  calico  gown. 
—  2.  Kesembling  printed  cotton  or  calico; 
spotted;  piebald:  as,  a  <m/jco  horse.     [Rare.] 

The  kind-hearted  Antony  alighted  from  his  calico  mare, 
and  Ivissed  them  all  witli  infinite  loving-kindness. 

Jrvina,  Knickerliocker,  p.  413. 

calico-back  (ksil'i-ko-bak),  )i,  A  local  name 
on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States  of 
the  tm-nstone,  Strepsilns  i)iter])res. 

I  The  name]  Calico-back  |lias  rcferencej  to  the  curiously 
variegated  plumage  of  the  upper  parts. 

Sporttmaii's  Gazetteer,  p.  164. 

calico-bass  (kal'i-ko-bas).  It.  A  name  of  a  sun- 
tit-h.  I'liiiiiixiis  sparoides,  of  the  family  I'eiitrar- 
eliidiv.  Also  called  grass-bass,  strawberry-bass, 
and  luir-fsh.     See  crappic. 

calico-bush  (kal'i-ko-bush),  n.  A  common 
name  of  the  Kalmia  latifolia,  the  mountain  lati- 
lel  of  the  United 
States. 

calico-printer 

(kid'  i - ko - prin ''■' - 
Kt),  h.  One  whose 
occuiiation  is  the 
printing  of  cali- 
coes. 

calico-printing; 
(Ual '  i-ko-  prin  '- 
ting),  n.  The  art 
of  impressing  de- 
signs in  color  up- 
on cloth.  The  slm- 
plcHt  nicthoil  Is  tile  nso 
ttf  engraved  wooden 
blocks,  pressed  upon 
llie  I'lotli  by  hand.  A 
separate  bhtck  Is  rc^ 
unired  for  each  ctdor. 
Itlitck-prlntinK  hasulso 
bei^li  elfected  ny  means 
of  machinery.  Kor 
most  work  a  cyllnder- 
presH  Is  used.  'I  lie  pat- 
t4'niH  are  engraved  up- 
on  the  HUrface  of  cop- 
per rollers,  and  the 
movement  of  the  doth 
In  eiintliniiius  and 
rapid.  The  I'ldors  used 
are  either  substantive 
or  adjective  :  the  for. 
hier  have  an  lidlnltyfor 

tl Intb.  andbyllieni. 

sflvcH  adiierr  and  form 
permanent  dyes;  tile  latter  will  not  of  (hi-mselves  adlicre 
lo  the  (Ibcrs,  or,  If  they  rlo,  are  mil  prrmaiierit,  but  ni|iilie 
to  l)f  fixed  I'y  niordautH.  Tlie  varlniis  Htyles  of  pririlirig 
are  called  thv  baiidatin,  china  Hue,  decoloring/,  discharif*. 
madder,  padding,  rttitt  style,  etc. 


Callco.prlnllntr  M.ichlne.  nilaptcd  for 
two  |>at(crii-nilU-is. 
The  cloth  is  iiiiwotiail  frt.n)  toller  /. 
niid  piihscB  i>ciieiill>  the  ■iiiootli  nillcr.t. 
receiving  an  Impression  (tmn  no  hot  ttic 
two  rrjllcrs  ^,  ^.  as  il  [sissrs,  '1  he  mtler 
(T  Tims  in  Jnnnitil-lHKcs  wliiih  arc  rciflj. 
I.ite.l  by  a  set-si  lew  A  at  eiich  end,  and 
a  siii'^ithing  roller  < .  acniate'l  hy  n  set- 
screw  ./.  hoMs  the  (lotli  against  the 
roller  .».  The  iiatlcrn-rollers.  r,  f,  are 
iiikcil  by  the  aprons, /. /.  which  rinss 
over  the  nillcrs  i.  r,  i.  the  oulsiilc  siirfioeft 
o(  the  aprons  loinliig  Inconl.ut  with  the 
snrdicesof  the  rollers  .',4-,  which  revolve 
In  the  Ink.tnuk'hs.  h,h.  After  receiving 
the  impressions  from  the  pattern-rollers. 
',  r.  the  cloth.  "1  "1  >«,  is  led  oil  t..  he 
(frieil  ami  fuldcil. 


calico-wood 

calico-wood  (kal'i-ko-wud),  n.  Tho  snowdrop- 
troe,  Ualesia  tctraptcra,  of  tho  soutliern  United 
States,  having  a  soft,  compact,  light-brown 
wood. 

calicula  (ka-lik'u-la),  «.;  pi.  calicnla;  (-le). 
[Nlj.,  f. ;  of.  L.  CdUculus,  m.,  dim.  of  calix  (ca- 
lic-),  a  cup;  but  the  proper  form  would  bo  *cali/- 
cula:  see  cali/ck'.'i  1.  A  calycle. —  2.  [oay*.]  A 
genus  of  lepidopterous  insects.     Walker,  1858. 

calicular  (ka-lik'u-lilr),  a.  [<  L.  caliculiis  (see 
cdJicuhi)  ■+•  -f()'.]  Formed  like  a  cup;  ealathi- 
forin;  cyathiform :  as,  "calicular  leaves,"  Sir 
T.  lirowne,  Vulg.  EiT.,  ii.  3. 

oaliculate  (ka-lik'\"i-lat),  n.     [<  NL.  caliculatux, 

<  ciiliriilii,  q.  v.]  i.  In  bot.  and  roo7.,  same  as 
ciilicidar — 2.  Having  a  calicula  or  calyx. 

calidt  (kal'id),  a.  [<  L.  calidus,  hot,  <  calere, 
be  hot.  Hence  also  ult.  (<  L.  calidus)  caldron, 
chiddriin,  chaldcr,  etc.,  and  (<  calcrc)  calcj'acieiit, 
ctdcfii,  chafe,  calor,  caloric,  etc.]  Hot;  burning; 
ardent. 

calidad  (ka-li-diid'), «.  [Sp.,  =  E.  (fuality,  q.  v.] 
A  Cuban  tobacco  of  superior  quality. 

calidge  (kal'ij),  n.  A  kind  of  Indian  pheasant : 
same  as  IcaJeeije.      W.  U.  liussell. 

calidityt  (ka-lid'j-ti),  ».     [<  L.  as  if  'caliditas, 

<  calidus,  hot:  see  catid.']     Heat. 

Nor  doth  it  [ice]  only  submit  unto  an  actual  heat  but 
not  endure  the  potential  calidity  of  many  waters. 

Sir  r.  Broitme,  Vulg.  Err.,  ii.  1. 

Calidrls  (kal'i-dris),  h.  [NL.  (as  a  genus  in 
Cuvicr,  1799-1800;  improp.  chalidris,  Belon, 
1555),  <  Gr.  Ka/Jdpic,  a  var.  reading  of  ana/.idpiq, 
in  Aristotle,  a  speckled  water-bird,  prob.  the 
redshank  (Totanus  calidris,  Linnajus),  perhaps 

<  OKoXiq  {aKoXti'i-),  a  hoe,  mattock,  shovel,  <  ana'A- 
Xuv,  stir  up,  hoe,  probe,  search.  Cf.  EreuneUs 
('searcher'),  applied  to  a  genus  of  sandpipers, 
in  allusion  to  their  probing  habits.]  1.  [I.  c] 
An  old  name  of  sundi-y  small  spotted  wading 
birds  of  Eui'ope,  of  the  family  Scolopacidic.  See 
Arenaria. —  2.  A  genus  of  sandpipers  (Brisson, 
17G0),  with  the  knot,  Tringa  canutus,  as  the 
type. — 3.  \l.  c]  The  specific  name  (Linnseus, 
1766)  of  the  spotted  redsliank,  Tolanng  calidris. 
— 4.  A  genus  of  three-toiMl  saudpijiors,  includ- 
ing only  the  sauderling,  C'u^/Jj'/s  arenaria.  This 
is  the  current  meaning  of  the  word,  dating  back 
to  Cuvier,  1800. —  5.  [/.  c]  The  specific  name 
of  the  sanderliug  with  those  who  call  the  bird 
Arenaria  calidris. 

caliduct  (kal'i-diikt),  n.  [<  L.  calere,  be  warm 
(or  calidus,  warm),  -1-  ductus,  a  leading  (see 
duct) ;  more  correctly  caloriduct,  q.  v.]  A  pipe 
or  duet  used  to  convey  hot  air  or  steam  from  a 
furnace  to  the  apartments  of  a  house.    [Bare.] 

calif,  caliph  (ka'lif ),  n.    [<  ME.  califfe,  caliplie, 

<  F.  calife,<  Ar.  khalifa,  khalifah  (>  Turk,  kha- 
lifa), calif,  lit.  a  successor,  <  Ichalafa,  succeed.] 
Literally,  a  successor:  the  title  given  to  the 
successor  of  Mohamjned  as  head  of  the  Moslem 
state  and  defender  of  the  faith.  The  calif  is  vested 
with  absolute  authority  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the 
religion  and  civil  polity  of  the  Mohammedans.  He  is 
called  imam  by  the  Shiahs,  who  hold  that  the  successor  of 
Mohammed  should  be  a  descendant  of  the  prophet's  own 
family.  (See  imam.)  The  Sunni  Mohammedans  hold  th.at 
the  calif  should  be  one  of  the  Koreish,  tlie  tribe  to  whicli 
the  prophet  belonged.  Foiu-  so-called  "perfect"  califs 
reigned  at  Medina  from  the  death  of  Mohammed  to  661, 
13  Ommiad  califs  at  Damascus  to  750,  and  37  Abbasid 
califs  at  Bagdad  to  1258,  when  the  temporal  power  of  the 
califs  was  overthrown  )py  the  Turks.  There  were,  how- 
ever, titular  Aljliasiii  califs  in  Egypt  (successors  of  a  mem- 
ber of  the  family  who  tied  tbitlier  in  1258)  until  the  usur- 
pation of  the  caiifute  by  the  Turkish  sultan  Selim  I. 
(1512-20);  the  office  has  since  remained  in  the  Ottoman 
(Sunni)  dynasty.  The  title  calif  was  assumed  by  the  Om- 
miad rulers  of  Mobauinu-dan  Spain  at  Cordova  (755-1031), 
after  the  overthrow  of  the  family  in  Asia.  The  Fatimite 
rulers  of  Egypt  (OOlt-nVl)  also  called  themselves  califs. 
Also  spelled  Aa/i>,  kludif.  etc. 

califate,  caliphate  (kii'li-fat),  n.  [<  calif  + 
-ateS.  Cf.  Tui'k.  klialifet,  Ar.  khaldfa,  califate.] 
The  office  or  dignity  of  the  califs,  or  the  govern- 
ment of  a  ealif.  Also  spelled  caliphat,  kalifate, 
khalifate. 

California  coffee,  condor,  jack,  etc.  See  the 
nouns. 

Californian  (kal-i-f6r'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Cali- 
fornio  + -an.}  I.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  Cali- 
fornia, one  of  the  Pacific  States  of  the  United 
States :  as,  Californian  gold. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Califor- 
nia.—Lower  Californian,  pertaining  to,  or  an  inhabi- 
tant of.  Lower  or  Baja  California,  a  peninsular  temtory 
<if  M-'xico,  south  of  the  State  of  California  (in  this  relation 
rali.  .1  Tpper  or  Alta  California). 

califship  (ka'lif-ship),  «.  [<  calif  +  -ship.'] 
Same  as  califate. 

caliga  (kal'i-ga),  n. ;  pi.  caligce  (-je).  [L.,  a  shoe, 
a  boot,  esp.  a  soldier's  boot.  Cf .  calceus,  a  shoe, 


765 

and  see  calceate.]  1.  In  Jiom.  antiq.,  a  mili- 
tary shoo ;  the  most  common  form  of  foot-cov- 
ering of  all  ranks  up  to  centurion,  it  consisted 
of  a  strong  sole  witli  projecting  nails,  liavjng  secured  to  it, 
in  the  most  usual  form,  a  number  of  straps  or  thongs  so 
di8p(j8ed  as  to  inclose  the  foot  as  high  as  the  ankle,  but 
leaving  the  toes  exposed. 
2.  A  bishop's  stocking.     See  huslcin,  n.,  5. 

Our  English  bishops  began  at  an  early  period  to  wear 
these  califfte  or  episcopal  stcjckiiigs. 

Jiock,  Cliurdi  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  249. 

caligatet  (kal'i-gat),  n.    [<  L.  calir/atus,  booted, 

<  caliga,  a  shoe,  a  boot.]  1.  One  wearing 
stockings. — 2.  A  common  soldier;  also,  a 
faint-he.nrted  coward.     Coles,  1717. 

caligated  (kal'i-ga-ted),  a.  [<  L.  caligatus, 
booted,  <  cidiga,  a  Ijoot.]  In  ornith.,  lamini- 
plantar ;  having  tho  typical  oscino  tarsus. 

Having  only  nine  primaries  and  callf/aUd  tarsi,  it  was 
an  Dsiine  form. 

P.  L.  Sctater,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  XI.  50. 

caligation  (kal-i-ga'shon ),  n.  [<  L.  caligatioin-), 

<  cidigare,  pp.  caligatus,  bo  in  darkness,  <  caligo, 
dnrkness:  see  caligo.]  Darkness;  dimness; 
cloiuliness;  specifically,  dimness  of  sight:  as, 
"a  caliiiation  or  dimness,"  iSir  T.  Browne,  Vulg. 
Err.,  iii.  18. 

Caligidse  (ka-lij'i-do),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Caligus 
+  -ida:}  A  family  of  siphonostomous  crusta- 
ceans, the  species  of  which  are  ectoparasitic 
upon  fishes.  They  have  a  flat  body  with  a  shield-  or 
buckler-like  cephalothorax,  and  small  or  reduced  abdo- 
men ;  a  large  genital  segment,  especially  in  the  female; 
four  pairs  of  biramous  pleopods  or  swinnning-feet :  and  a 
suctorial  mouth  witli  stylifonu  mandibles.  The  females 
have  long,  string-like  egg-tubes.  The  Caligidm  live  on 
the  skin  and  gills  of  marine  fishes.  There  are  a  number 
of  genera  besides  Cali'jus. 

Caligides  (ka-li- zhied'),  n. pi.  [P.  pi.,  repr.  NL. 
Cidigida,  q.  v.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  tribe  of  his  Siphonostoma,  or  para- 
sitic ci'ustaeeans,  appro.ximately  equivalent  to 
tho  modern  order  Siphonostoma. 

caliginosity  (ka-lij-i-nos'i-ti),  m.  [<  L.  as 
if  *valiginosita(t-)s,  <  caliginosus,  caliginous.] 
Darkness ;  dimness.     [Rare.] 

caliginous  (ka-lij'i-nus),  a.  [<  L.  caliginosus, 
<.  caligo  {caligin-),  darkneas:  see  caligo.]  Dim; 
oliseirre ;  dark.     Halliwell.     [Rare.] 

caliginously  (ka-li j'i-nus-li),  adv.  Obscurely. 
[Rare.] 

caliginousness  (ka-lij'i-nus-nes),  n.  Dimness ; 
obscmity.     [Rare.] 

caligo  (ka-li 'go),  n.  [L.,  darkness,  dimness, 
I)rop.  mist,  vapor,  fog.]  1.  Dimness  of  sight; 
caligation.  Also  called  nc/i^i/.s. — 2.  [cap.]  [NL.] 
A  genus  of  butterflies,  of  the  subfamily  Bras- 
solintv.  C.  ean/loclnis  is  the  enormous  owl-butterfly  of 
Soutli  America,  sometimes  expanding  9  inches.  C.  uranus 
is  another  species  with  an  orange  bar  across  the  wings. 

caligrapher,  caligraphic,  etc.  See  calligra- 
phcr,  etc. 

Caligula  (ka-lig'ii-la),  n. ;  pi.  caligulw  (-le).  [L. 
caligula,  dim.  of  caliga,  a  boot,  esp.  a  soldier's 
boot:  see  caliga.]  1.  In  ornith.,  a  boot;  an 
oereate  or  fused  tarsal  envelop. — 2.  [^eap.] 
[NL.]  Agenus  of  lepidopterous  insects.  Moore, 
1862. 

Caligus  (kal'i-gus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  caliga,  a 
l.)oot.]  A  genus  of  parasitic  suctorial  crusta- 
ceans, of  the  group  called  Epizoa,  or  fish-lice, 
having  the  elongated  labium  and  metastoma 
united  in  a  tube  which  incloses  the  sharp  styli- 
form  mandibles,  typical  of  the  family  Caligidee. 
C.  curtus  is  a  parasite  of  the  cod. 

calimanco,  «.     See  calamanco. 

calin  (kii'lin),  u.  [Sp.  calin  =  Pg.  calim;  of 
Eastern  origin.]  A  eompoimd  metal,  of  which 
the  Chinese  make  tea-canisters  and  the  like. 
The  ingredients  are,  apparently,  lead  and  tin. 

caliological  (kal-i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to 
caliology. 

caliologjr  (kal-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kaha,  a 
dwelling,  hut,  nest  (=  L.  cella,  a  hut,  cham- 
ber: see  cell),  +  -loyia,  <  Uyuv,  speak:  see 
-ology.]  That  department  of  ornithology  which 
relates  to  birds'  nests. 

The  extraordinary  taste  and  ability  many  birds  display 
in  this  matter,  as  well  as  the  wide  range  of  their  h.abi- 
tudes,  furnishes  one  of  the  most  delightful  departments 
of  ornithology,  called  caliology. 

Coues,  Key  to  ^.  A.  Buds,  p.  227. 

calipash  (kal'i-pash  or  kal-i-pash'),  n.  [A form 
of  calabash  with  sense  of  carapace,  q.  v.  Cf. 
caliiiee.]  In  cookery,  that  part  of  a  turtle  which 
belongs  to  the  upper  shield,  consisting  of  a  fatty 
gelatinous  substance  of  a  dull-gi-eenish  color. 
Also  spelled  callipash. 

For  now  instead  of  rich  sir-loins,  we  see 
Green  calipash  and  yeUow  calipee. 

Prol.  to  The  Dramatist. 


a,  spring-calipers;  d.  common  fonn 
with  arc  ;  <r,  tnitide  caliperli:  </.  insi'Je 
and  outside  cilipers  :  r.  spring-cali- 
pers with  pivoted  operating  Krcw;ind 
nut ;  /*,  Vernier  cali|>crsfor  inside  and 
outside  measurements  which  read  to 
thousandths  of  inches. 


calk 

calipee  (kal'i-pe  or  kal-i-pe'),  n.  [See  calipash.] 
That  part  of  a  turtle  which  belongs  to  the  lower 
shield,  coiiHisting  of  a  fatty  gelatinous  Bub- 
stanci)  of  a  light-yellow  color.  Also  spelled 
callii)ec. 

l>ol»bin  helped  himself  to  turtle  soup ;  for  the  lady  of 
the  house,  before  whom  the  tureen  was  placed,  was  so 
ignorant  of  the  contents,  that  she  waa  going  to  heljj  Mr. 
.Sedley  witliout   Ijestow- 
ing  upon  him  either  cali- 
jiasli  or  cati/jee. 
Tltackaray,  Vanity  Fair. 

caliper    (kal'i-pi'T), 

)/.  [Also  written 
calliper,  a  corrup- 
tion of  caliber,  q.  v.] 
An  instrument  for 
measuring  diame- 
ters ;  a  caliber : 
commonly  in  the 
plural.  Tlie  tenn  mli- 
j>cr  or  catijJcrH  is  usefi 
generally  to  denote  an 
instrument  for  measur. 
ing  the  exterior  diame- 
ter of  any  cylindrical 
body,  and  ntar-yaye  or 
initide  catii/ert  for  an  instrument  used  for  obtaining  the 
interior  diameter  of  the  bore  of  a  gun,  casing,  or  jacket. 

Not  by  volume,  but  l)y  (piality,  which  the  calipem  fail 
to  measure  (jr  scales  weigh,  does  wit  declare  tlie  values  of 
the  imponderable  essences,  sensibility  and  thought. 

Akott,  Table-Talk,  p.  14.3. 

caliper  (kal'i-ptr),  V.  t.     [<   caliper,  n.     Cf. 

caliber,  v.]     To  ascertain  the  diameter  of  (any 

cylindrical  body)  Ijy  means  of  calipers,  or  by  a 

siMr-gagc  :  as,  1o  ralipfr  a  gun. 

caliper-gage,  -rule,  -square.    Sfee  caliber-gage, 

etc. 

caliph,  caliphate,  n.    See  calif,  califate. 

Calippic  (ka-Up'ik),  a.  [More  correctly  Cal- 
iijipic,  <  Gr.  Kd>./(T7roc,  Callippus.  The  name 
means  'having  a  beautiful  horse,'  <  ko/./.i-,  m- 
/6f,  beautiful,  +  t~-oc  =  L.  equus,  a  horse.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Calippus  (Callippus),  a  Greek 
astronomer  of  the  fourth  century  before  Christ. 
—  Calippic  period,  a  peri. id  ciual  to  four  Metonic  cycles 
less  one  day,  proposed  ijy  Calippus  to  correct  tlie  excess 
of  the  Metonic  reckoning.  It  contains  27,759  days.  Also 
called  Calippic  cycle. 

Calisaya  hark.    See  Bolivian  bark,  under  bark^. 

calisthenic,  calisthenics,  etc.   See  callisthenic, 

etc. 
calivert  (kal'i-ver),  n.  [Formerly  also  caUever, 
<  F.  calibre,  caUber,  bore :  see  caliber.]  In  the 
sixteenth  centm-y,  a  hand-fireanu  lighter  than 
the  musket  and  fired  without  a  rest ;  especially, 
such  a  gun  when  of  fixed  diameter  or  caliber 
for  a  whole  company  of  soldiers  using  the  same 
ammunition.  Also  spelled  ccdliver. 
Such  as  fear  the  report  of  a  caliver. 

Shale,  1  Hen.  XV.,  iv.  2. 
He  is  so  hung  with  pikes,  halberts,  petronels,  calivers, 
and  muskets,  that  he  looks  like  a  justice  of  peace's  halL 
B.  Jon.fon,  Epicoene,  iv.  2. 
We  had  our  particular  calibre  of  harquebuse  to  our  re- 
giment ...  of  wliich  word  calibre  came  first  that  unapt 
teiTU  we  use  to  call  a  harquebuse,  a  caliver. 

Maitlaiid,  Hist.  London. 

calix,  «. ;  pi.  calices.  [A  form  of  calyx,  by  con- 
fusion with  L.  calix,  a  cup,  >  E.  calice,  chalice, 
q.  v.]     See  calyx. 

Calixtine'^  (ka-liks'tin),  n.  [<  ML.  CalvxUm, 
a  sect  so  called,  referred  to  calix,  a  cup,  the 
cup  of  the  eucharist ;  in  form  as  if  from  Calix- 
tu.s,  a  proper  name :  see  -i«f l.]  One  of  a  sect 
of  Hussites  in  Bohemia,  who  published  their 
confession  in  1421,  the  leading  article  of  which 
was  a  demand  to  partake  of  the  cup  (calix) 
as  well  as  of  the  bread  in  the  Lord's  supper, 
from  which  they  were  also  called  Vtraquists 
(L.  uterque,  both).  Their  tenets  were  conceded  by  the 
articles  of  Basel  in  1433,  and  they  became  the  predominant 
party  in  Bohemia.  They  aimed  to  restore  the  cup  to  the 
laity,  to  subject  clerg>'  accused  of  crime  to  lay  authority, 
and  to  deprive  the  clerg>'  of  lands  and  temporal  jurisdic- 
tion.   Gradually  they   lapsed  from  the  severity  of  their 

P  principles,  and  by  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  centuiy 
liaii  ceased  to  be  of  any  importance,  serving  only  to  pre- 
pare the  way  for  Protestantism. 

Calixtine^  (ka-liks'tin),  M.  [<  George  Calixtus 
+  -('/(el.]  A  follower  of  George  Calixtus,  a  Lu- 
theran theologian,  who  died  in  1656.  See  Syn- 
cretist. 

calk^,  caulk  (kak),  r.  t.  [Prob.  the  same  word, 
with  extended  sense,  as  ME.  cauken,  tread,  as 
a  cock,  <  OF.  eauquer,  tread,  tent  a  wound,  = 
Sp.  dial,  calcar  =  Pg.  calcar  =  It.  calcarc,  ti-ead, 
trample,  <  L.  calcare,  tread,  trample,  tread 
down,  tread  in,  <  calx  (calc-),  heel :  see  calx", 
and  cf.  calcitrate.  Cf.  Gael,  calc  =  Ir.  calcam. 
drive  with  a  hammer,  calk  (see  ca^).  The  mod- 
ern sense  of  E.  calk^  agrees  with  the  appar. 
unrelated  F.  calfater,  calfetttrer  =  Pr.  calafatar 


calk 

=  Sp.  ealafaiear  =  'Pg.  ca}afetar  =  U.  calafafare 
(ML.  calofatare,  MGr.  Ka/.eoarelv),  calk  a  ship: 
of  Tineertain  (perhaps  Ar.)  origin.]    To  drive 
oakum  into  the  seams  of  (ashiporothervessel). 
See  calkiiiij^,  1.  — CaUdng-chiseL    Seeehiiel. 
calk-  (kalk),  r.  t.   [Also  spelled  calqite ;  =D.  kaJ- 
keren  =  G.  hullcieren  =  Dan.  kalkere,  <  F.  cdlquer 
=  lt.calcare,  calk,<L.  asii*Mlcare,<calx(calc-). 
lime:  see  cAa/t.]   1.  To  cover  with  chalk,  as  the 
back  of  a  design,  for  the  purpose  of  transferring 
a  copy  of  it. —  2.  To  copy,  as  a  drawing,  a  map, 
etc..  bv  tracing.     See  calking^. 
calk*  (kak),  n.    [Also  written  eaiik,  cork;  appar. 
short  for  calker'-  or  calkin,  q.  v.]    1 .  A  spm-  pro- 
jecting downward  from  a  horse- 
shoe, serving  to  prevent  slip- 
ping.—  2.  A  piece  of  iron  with 
sharp  points  worn  on  the  sole 
or  heel  of  the  shoe  or  boot  to 
prevent  slipping  on  the  ice  or 
to  make  it  wear  longer:  also 
worn   by   lumbermeu    in    the 
woods,  and  especially  on  the  drive.     [U.  S.] 
calk*  (kak),  r.  /.    [Als'o  written  cock;  <  calk'^,  ».'] 
1.  To  fit  with  calks,  as  horseshoes. —  2.  To  in- 
jure or  hurt  with  a  calk,  as  when  a  horee  wounds 
one  of  his  feet  with  the  calk  on  another  foot. 
calk-*t,  '•.    [Short  for  calctile,  q.  v.]  To  calculate. 
calkeri,  caulker  (ka'ker),  «.    [<  ealk^  +  -eft.] 
One  who  calks;  especially,  one  whose  occupa- 
tion is  the  calking  of  ships. 
calker-  (ka'ker).  H.     [Also  called  calkin,  and  in 
the  United  States  calk  (see  calk^);  prob.  con- 
nected with  cqlk"^  and  L.  calx,  heel.    Cf.  L.  cal- 
car,  a  spur.]     Same  as  calk'i.     [Eng.] 
calker-H,  »•     [<  calk^  +  -erl.]     One  who  calcu- 
lates nativities.     Xares. 
calketrapt,  «•     Same  as  caltrop. 
calki,  II-     hee  kalki. 

Same  as  caTk^. 


Uofsesboe-Callu, 


calkin  i,ka'kin),  n. 


[Eng.] 


1  iineii,  ur 

so  written  ^^-^ 


On  this  horse  is  Arcite 
TrottiuK  the  stones  of  Athens,  which  the  calkins 
Did  rather  tell  than  trample. 

Vletdier  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  4. 

calking!,  caulking  (ka'king),  n.  [Verbal  n. 
of  <-<(//,i.  r.]  1.  The  operation  of  filling  the 
seams  of  vessels  with  oakum,  to  prevent  pene- 
tration of  water.  The  oakum  is  forced  bf^low 
the  surface,  and  the  space  outside  of  it  is  filled 
with  melted  pitch. — 2.  In  carp.,  a  dovetail 
tenon-and-raortise  joint  by  which  cross-timbers 
are  secured  together,  much  used  for  fixing  the 
tie-beams  of  a  roof,  or  the  binding-joists  of  a 
floor,  down  to  the  wall-plates. 

calking-  (kal'king),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  calk^,  r.] 
Tlie  copying  of  a  picture  or  design  by  means  of 
tracing.  Three  nictho<ls  are  used:  (1)  rubbinp  the  back 
of  the  dcsiifn  with  a  pencil,  chalk,  or  crayon,  and  tracing 
over  itrt  lines  with  a  hard  point,  which  causes  the  coating 
on  the  back  to  make  an  impression  of  them  on  a  sheet  of 
paiM;r  or  ottier  material  placed  beneath  ;  ("i)  following  over 
the  lines  of  the  superilnposeil  design  in  the  same  way  as 
aNiVe,  but,  iristeJid  of  coatinij!  the  back  of  the  desi^ni  with 
a  i>aintinif  medium,  interp4,sing  a  piece  of  prejiared  trans- 
fer-pajier  Itetween  it  anil  the  surface  which  is  to  receive 
the  copy  ;  (3)  tracing  the  design  directly  upon  a  piece 
of  transfcrent  paper,  oiled  linen,  or 
the  like,  llxecl  over  it.  Also  written 
rnnlkin'i,  making,  and  cttgfri 

calking-iron  (ka'king 
II.     A  chisel  used  for  calking         caHciuB-iron 
the  seams  of  vessels. 

calking-mallet  (ka'king-mal''et),  n.  A  mallet 
or  biM'tli'  for  driving  calking-irons. 

calk-swage  (kiik'swaj),  n.  A  tool  for  forming 
iiilks  on  Lorseshoes. 

call'  (kill),  r.  [Earlv  mod.  E.  also  cal,  calle,  < 
MK.  raUen,  katten,  i  AS.  crnllian  (rare),  call, 
=  OKries.  k<lla.  kallia,  speak,  =  Mil.  kallcn, 
HtM-ak,  Hay,  talk,  \).  kallcn.  talk,  cliatler,  = 
MI,<1.  kall'in,  speak,  talk,  call,  =  OHG.  chaltOn, 
Mllli.  kallcn,  speak  loudlv,  talk,  =  Icel.  kalla, 
Bay,  call,  name,  =  Sw.  kalla  =  iJaii.  kaUlc,  call, 
=  lj.  r/arrire,  talk  (Bee  garriiloim),  =(ir.  ; '//"'">■,» 
Tl'iri''  yafiitv,  Hpenk,  proclaim,  =  Skt.  -^  gar, 
Kiiii;.  N'lt  connccteil  with  L.  calarr  =  (ir.  hn/eiv, 
I'nll;  wi(.  ralcmln.]  I.  trunn.  1.  To  niter  in  a 
U.iid  vi,ii-e;  read  over  in  a  loud  tono ;  hence,  to 
pr<ini.iinre  or  annotineo. 

■Nor  parUh  clerk  who  catU  the  piulmii  tn  clenr. 

(Jay,  Hhcp.  \Vc«k,  vl.  40. 

2.  T-  ■  •■-  ,f  or  demand  the  attention  nf  (a 
T>'  I  iiiuial),  or  arouMc,  aH  from  Hli'ip, 

t)y  I  riri(,' hi»(its)  name,  or  Bomo  iilliir 

ili'm. 

.Mil.  ,'?AoJr.,  M.  N.  It.  I   J. 

'  'iinraond  lo  come;  mimnmii  lo 

^i'lid  for;  ui,  lo  call  a,  meHH<'n- 


rty  I'- 
Word  '• 
Aniiw, 
3.  Toi 
one*!!  |)ri  ■ 


Kcr ;  to  call  a  cab. 


766 

Pharaoh  shaU  call  you,  and  shall  say,  What  is  your  oc- 
cupation ?  Gen.  .tlvi.  33. 
And  sent  forth  his  servants  to  call  them  that  were  bid- 
den to  the  wedding.  Mat.  x.vii.  3. 
Call  hither  Clifford ;  bid  him  come  amain. 

Shak.,  2  lien.  VI.,  v.  1. 

Be  not  amazed ;  call  all  your  senses  to  you  ;  defend  your 

reputation.  Shak\,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

4.  To  convoke;  assemble;  issue  a  summons 
for  the  assembling  of:  as,  to  call  a  meeting: 
often  with  together:  as,  the  king  calkd  his 
council  togetlier. 

Sanctify  ye  a  fast,  call  a  solemn  assembly,  gather  the 
elders  and  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  land.  Joel  ii.  14. 

5.  To  name ;  apply  to  by  way  of  name  or  des- 
ignation. 

And  God  called  the  light  Day,  and  the  darkness  he 
calleil  Night.  Gen.  i.  5- 

And  from  thense  we  Ascendid  a  lytyll  And  come  to  a 
uother  tower  Calh/d  Galilee. 

Torkinffton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  30. 

6.  To  designate  or  characterize  as;  state  or 
affirm  to  be;  reckon:  consider. 

Call  you  that  backing  of  your  friends  ?  A  plague  upon 
such  backing !  Sliak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

He  [James  II.]  was  willing  to  make  for  his  religion  exer- 
tions and  sacrifices  from  which  the  great  nnijority  of  those 
who  are  called  religious  men  would  shrink- 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

7.  To  indicate  or  point  out  as  being ;  manifest, 
reckon,  or  suppose  to  be. 

This  speech  calls  him  Spaniard,  being  nothing  but  a 
large  inventory  of  his  own  conmiendations. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Pliilaster,  i.  1. 

He  was  a  grave  personage,  about  my  own  age  (which 
we  shall  call  about  fifty).  Scott. 

The  whole  army  is  called  700,000  men,  but  of  these  only 
80,000  can  be  reckoned  available.  Brougham. 

8.  To  select,  as  for  an  office,  a  duty,  or  an  em- 
ployment; appoint:  as, "Paul,  .  , .  raWedtobean 
apostle,"  Rom.  i.  1. — 9.  To  invoke  or  appeal  to. 

I  call  God  for  a  record  upon  my  soul.  2  Cor.  i  23. 

10.  In  shooting,  to  lure,  as  wild  birds,  within 
range  by  imitating  their  notes — Called  session, 
a  special  session  of  a  legislative  body  summoned  by  the  ex- 
ecutive. [V.  S.]  — To  call  a  card,  in  "7ii.«f,  tc.  name  a  card 
which  has  been  improperly  cxjmsed,  reiiuiring  the  player  to 
whom  it  belongs  to  place  it  face  up  on  tile  table,  that  it 
may  l)e  plaved  whenever  an  opponent  wishes.  Such  a  card 
is  known  as  a  called  card.  — To  call  a  chapel.  See 
chapel.— To  call  back,  to  recall ;  summon  or  bring  back ; 
hence,  to  revoke  or  retract. 

I  have  joys, 
That  in  a  moment  can  call  back  thy  wrongs. 
And  settle  thee  in  thy  free  state  again. 

Beau,  and  FL,  .Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  4. 
To  call  forth,  to  bring  or  suinmon  to  action  :  as,  to  call 
Jurlh  all  the  facidties  of  the  mind.— To  call  in,  to  col- 
lect :  as,  to  call  in  debts  or  money  ;  or  to  withdraw  from 
circulation  :  as,  to  call  in  clipped  coin  ;  or  to  summtm  to 
one's  house,  invite  to  come  together;  as,  to  call  in  neigh- 
l)ol-H  and  friends.  — To  Call  names,  to  use  opprobrious 
epithets  towanl;  apjdy  rcpioaclifid  appellationsto.  .^iri/t. 
—  To  call  off,  to  smnnion  away  ;  divert :  as.  localloji'thc 
altenti.'ii :  to  call  i>/ workmen  from  their  employment. 
— To  call  out.   (rt)  To  challenge  to  a  duel. 

Vet  others  tell,  the  Captain  flx'd  thy  doubt. 
He'd  call  thee  l)rother,  or  he'd  call  thee  out. 

Crablie,  Parish  Register. 
th)  To  sunnnon  into  service ;  as,  to  call  out  the  militia. 
(c)  To  elicit;  bring  into  play:  evoke. 

New  territory,  augmented  numbers,  and  extended  in- 
terests call  out  new  virtues  and  abilities,  and  the  tribe 
makes  long  strides.  Fmermn,  .Misc.,  p.  181. 

Venice,  afterwards  tho  (trcatest  of  all,  Is  the  city  which 
may  most  truly  be  said  to  have  been  called  mil  of  nothing 
III  after-times.  K.  .4.  Frccnmn,  Venice,  p.  11. 

To  call  over,  to  go  over  bv  reading  aloud  mime  by  name  : 
tt»,  U,  call  or.r  a  list  or  roll  of  luiines.— TO  call  the  roll, 
V)  read  alonil  troni  a  list  the  names  of  the  members  in  a 
legislative  or  other  body.  -  TO  call  tO  aoCOtmt,  to  de- 
mand an  explamitioii  or  accounllng  from. 

The  king  hud  sent  for  the  earl  to  vetuni  h..mc,  where  he 
should  be  called  lo  account  for  nil  his  miscarriages. 

J^nrd  Jtcnrji  Clarendon. 
To  call  to  mind,  to  recollect ;  revive  in  nnmory. 

I  cannot  enlt  In  mind  where  I  have  ri'nd  or  lieiird  words 
more  mild  an.l  peaietull.  Millim,  Areopagitica,  p.  51. 

To  call  to  the  bar,  to  admit  to  the  rank  of  barrister, 
Idreal  lirltalii.l-Tocall  up.  (")  lo  bring  Into  view  or 
reeidlcction  :  as.  tncall  uji  the  Image  of  adeceimed  frleiiil. 
((j)  To  bring  into  action  or  diseusslon  ;  as,  to  eiill  up  a  bill 
lieforo  a  legislative  body,  (c)  To  riipiire  payment  of.  a», 
to  call  up  the  mnns  still  due  on  shares.  Byn.  8  and  4. 
Call.  Incite,  Hid,  Cone*>ke,  Suninwn,  assemfde,  roiivi-ni*. 
Call  Ih  generic,  anil  ap]>llcable  to  sunnnonses  of  all  klnd«, 
Jncile  Is  more  formal,  ami  In  compliance  with  the  nipdre 
menis  of  colirt<ou«  ceremony;  Ind  In  tlilsniise  Is  obsolete 
or  ii<«-tl.'.  Cncke,  lllerally  to  cull  logelhir.  Implies  an 
thorllv  in  the  agcnl  and  an  organlzutlon  whldi  Is  called 
Into  KeHHlon  oriuKcmbly:  a»,  to  roin'oi'- the  Houses  of  Par 
lliinient.  ,Sii i,i „i.„i  Implies  nulliorlly  In  the  ■nmmoiier 
iind  UHiially  fonuallty  In  the  method. 

Calld  her  t4>  shelter  In  the  hcdlow  oak. 

Trnn]iiin\.  Merlin  and  Vivien, 
lie  Idle  (;ovennir|  dl»iial.  lird  his  Chanibrrlaln.  an  el 
'I'  riy  and  dignllb-d  penMuniwe.  Inuring  a  silver  mace  OJI  the 
bailgu  of  hlB  ulDcu,  .  ,  .  to  ificit'-  me  to  dinner. 

O  Uunavan,  Merv,  p.  110. 


call 

As  manv  as  ye  shall  find,  bid  to  the  marriage. 

Mat.  xxii-  9. 

In  capital  cases  the  grand  council  is  eoncnked  to  pro- 
nounce sentence-  J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  338. 
Some  trumpet  summon  hither  to  the  walls 
riiese  men  of  Anglers.       ,     Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 
6  and  6.  To  designate,  entitle,  term,  style. 

II.  intrans.    1.  To  make  a  sound  designed 

(or  as  if  designed)  to  attract  attention ;  demand 

heed  to  one's  wish,  entreaty,  etc. ;  shout ;  cry. 

The  angel  of  the  Lonl  called  to  Hag.ar.         Gen.  xxi.  17. 

mio  is  that  calls  so  coldly  ?      Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

And  from  the  wood-top  calls  the  crow  through  all  tho 

gloonty  day.  Bryant,  Dcatlt  of  the  Flowers. 

2.  To  make  a  short  stop  or  visit :  followed  by 
at.  for,  or  on  or  upon  :  as,  to  call  at  a  house  or 
place,  for  a  person  or  thing,  or  upon  a  person. 
(See  phrases  below. )  [.Johnson  supposes  this, 
use  to  have  originated  in  tlie  custom  of  denot- 
ing onc"s  presence  at  the  door  by  a  c«//.] 

■\'et  sav  tho  neighbours  when  tliey  call, 
It  is'not  bad  but  good  land.     Tenniison,  .\mphion. 

3.  In  jinkrr,  to  demand  that  the  hands  be 
shown.  -  To  be  ("r  feel)  called  on,  to  be  (or  fcel)under 
obligation,  compulsion,  or  necessity  (to  do  something). 

He  was  not  called  on  to  throw  away  his  own  life  and  thosfr 
of  his  brave  followers,  in  a  cause  perfectly  desperate,  for 
a  chimerical  point  of  honor.   Prescott,  Ferd.  aiui  Isa.,  ii.  7. 

To  call  for.  (n)  To  demand  ;  require  ;  claim :  as,  a  crime 
calls  I've  punishment.  {>•)  To  make  a  stop  or  brief  visit 
for  tlie  procurement  of,  as  a  thing,  or  the  company  of  a 
pcivion  to  another  place.  — To  caU  on  or  upon,  (a)  To 
deniaiul  from  or  appeal  to  ;  as.  to  call  on  a  pcr.-ion  to  pay 
what  he  owes ;  to  call  upon  a  person  for  a  song,  {h)  To- 
pray  to  or  worsliip :  invoke ;  as,  to  call  on  tlie  name  of 
the  Lonl.  (c)  To  make  a  short  visit  to,  as  a  person  or  a 
family,  usually  for  a  special  purpose.— TO  call  Out,  to 
niakc'iittciaiuf  in  a  loud  voice;  bawl. 

calli  (kill),  n.    [<  cam,  V. ;  ME,  cal  =  Icel,  kall.J 

1.  A  loud  cry ;  a  shout. 

They  gave  but  a  call,  and  in  came  their  master. 

Banyan,  Pilgrim's  I'rogress,  i. 

2.  An  invocation  or  prayer. 

Hear  thy  suppliant's  call.  Pojie,  Dunciad,  iv.  403. 

3.  Demand  ;  requisition ;  claim,  public  or  pri- 
vate: as,  tho  (Y(//,s-  of  justice  or  humanity;  to 
have  many  call.s  upon  one's  time. — 4t.  Voca- 
tion; employment;  calling. 

still  cheerful,  ever  constant  to  his  call.  Dniden. 

Specifically — 5.  A  divine  vocation  or  sum- 
mons :  as,  the  call  of  Abraham. 

St.  I'anl  himself  believed  he  had  a  call  to  it  when  ho 
persecutcil  tile  Christians.  Loeke. 

6.  A  summons  or  notice  to  assemble;  a  no- 
tice requiring  attention  or  attendance:  as,  the 
president  issued  a  call  for  a  meeting  to  bo  held 
next  week. —  7.  A  specific  invitation  or  re- 
quest, as  of  a  public  body  or  society  ;  particu- 
larly, tlie  invitation  presented  by  a  congrega- 
tion (or  on  tlii'ir  belialf)  to  a  clcrgyiiKin  to  be- 
come tlieir  jiastor,  or  tho  document  containing 
such  an  invitation. 

All  who  accept  calls  and  serve  churches  are  pastors. 

nibliolheca  Sacra.  XI.III.  4'20. 

8.  All  invitation  or  request  (usually  expressed 
by  ujiiiliiuse)  to  an  actor  to  reapiiear  on  tlio 
scene,  or  to  eomo  before  the  ciirtiiiii,  lo  receive 
the  acknowledgiiieiits  of  the  audience. —  9. 
Mint.,  a  summons  by  bugle,  pipe,  or  drum,  for 
the  soldiers  to  iicrforin  aii_v  duty:  as,  a  bugle- 
rs//.— 10.  .\aiil.,  a  peculiar  silver  whistle  or 
]ii]ie  used  by  tho  boatswain  and  his  mates, 
whose  special  badge  it  is.  it  Is  nseil  to  attract  at- 
tention to  orders  about  to  be  given,  and  to  direct  the  pcr- 
formaiue  of  duties  Iiy  viii-ions  strains  or  signals.  In  old 
times  a  i;old  c-ulliind-chaiTi  k;is  llie  l.iidgc  of  iiii  admiral. 
11.  TliiM'i-y  or  note  of  n  bin!. —  12.  In  hiintinii : 
{a)  A  note' blown  on  tlic  Imrii  in  cncimiage  the 
hounds,  (/))  A  pipe  or  wliislle  fur  imitnliiig 
tlie  mites  of  wild  birds  and  thus  luring  them 
within  range  of  the  gun. 

What,  was  your  niiuintcbauk  their  eaU I  their  whistle? 
Ii.  .Jonsan,  Volpone,  II.  5. 

13.  An  assessment  on  the  stockholders  of  a 
ciirpnrntion  or  joint-stock  comiiany,  <ir  tiiem- 
liei-H  (if  n  niulinil  insiiriiiice  coiiipniiy,  usually 
f(ir  pnviiieiil  of  inslalmenls  of  llieir  uiniaid 
subscript  ions,  or  for  their  iiromised  coiilribu- 
I  ions  to  pay  losses. —  14,  A  rei|iiisl  that  hold- 
ers of  Imiids  which  have  been  drawn  fur  re- 
di'mptidii  by  it  gnvernmeni  or  corporiilioii  will 
lireseiil  tliein  and  receive  pnymeiil  u(  llii'  priu- 
i'i|inl  sums  menliiined  in  tlii'iii,  mid  wlintever 
interest  may  then  lie  due,  iiii  fiirllic'r  interest 
lieiiig  paynlile  after  llii^  iliilc  imiiu'd. — 16.  In 
(lie  Htock  i.rrhiingi;  I  lie  privilege  (secured  by 
contract  and  for  a  considc  nil  ion)  of  claiming  or 


call 

demanding  and  receiving  (a)  a  certain  number 
of  shares  of  some  particular  stock,  at  a  speci- 
fied price  and  witliin  a  stated  period,  or  (ft) 
the  difference  of  value  at  the  time  of  making 
the  demand  over  that  speciiied  in  the  contract, 
if  the  price  has  risen ;  hence,  the  document  it 

self.  The  fnllowiii;;'  i-s  a  cn))y  of  tlif  foiiii  lotniiKiiily  used : 
"Nuw  Vmk,  Ichitul-  Km- valur  ivi.iv.d,  tin- Iwiiivrinayi-iiH 
oil  mc  for  (so  luaiiyl  sliait;-  cif  tin'  cuiiiiiHtu  stock  of  Isiali 
anil  such  a]  Raili-oad  Company,  at  [so  iiiucit]  per  eeiit.,  any 
time  within  [so  many]  days  from  date.  Tile  liearer  is  en- 
titled to  all  (lividemls  oi'  extra  dividenils  declared  diu-ing 
tile  time.  Expires  [date]  at  I'i  P.  M." 
16t.  Authority ;  command. 

Oh  !  sir,  I  wish  he  were  within  my  call  or  yours. 

Sir  J,  Denham. 

17.  Occasion;  cause;  business;  necessity:  as, 
you  had  no  call  to  be  there.    [Colloq.] 

They  had  no  wish  to  fall  away  from  Ctesar  and  his  Em- 
pire ;  but  they  felt  no  great  call  to  fight  for  them. 

E.  A.  Freeman^  Amer.  Leets.,  p.  126. 

18.  A  short  visit:  as,  to  make  a  call;  to  pay 
one  a  call. 

Evidently  the  morning  call  is  a  remote  sequence  of  that 
system  under  which  a  subordinate  ruler  had  from  time  to 
time  to  sliow  loyalty  to  a  chief  ruler  by  presenting  him- 
self to  do  homage.  //.  Speiicer,  Prin.  of  Soeiol.,  §  3S1. 

19.  In  poker,  a  demand  for  a  show-down  ;  the 
show-down  itself. — 20.  A  brood  of  wild  ducks. 
JItdliircIl. — At  call,  without  previous  notice;  on  de- 
iiiaiiil;  applied  especially  to  loans  repayable  on  demand, 
or  haiik-deiiosits  repayable  whenever  asked  for. — At 
one's  beck  and  call.  See  leck^.—CaM  of  the  house, 
a  roll-it.-iU  in  a  jiarliamentary  body,  tor  the  purpose  of  as- 
certaining what  members  are  absent  without  leave  or  just 
cause.  In  the  House  of  Representatives  at  Wasliiii-^tou  it 
may  be  made  at  any  time;  in  the  British  House  ol  t'oni- 
nions  it  is  always  on  some  days'  notice.  —  Call  tO  the  bar, 
ill  England  and  Ireland,  the  formal  admission  of  a  person 
to  the  rank  of  barrister.  —  Electric  call.a  signal  operated 
by  electricity;  an  annunciator  or  call-bell.  — House  Of 
call.  See  house. — Money  on  call, ntoney  loaned  subject 
to  recall  at  any  moment.  See  call-loan. — Port  of  call. 
See  loort.— Puts  and  calls.  See  ^iif,  n.— Witliin  call, 
within  hearing-distance. 

I  saw  a  lady  ivithin  call.  Tennyson^  Fair  "Women. 

cair't  (kal),  n.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  caiiV-. 

calla  (kal'a),  n.  [NL.  (Linnfeus),  <  L.  calla, 
otlierwise  calsa  or  cahja,  the  name  in  Pliny  of 
an  unidentified  plant ;  the  correct  reading  is 
supposed  to  bo  "calyx,  <  Gr.  imAvS,  the  cup  or 
calyx  of  a  flower  :  see  calyx.']  1.  [cap.']  A  ge- 
nus of  araeeous  plants,  of  a  single  species,  ('. 
palitstris,  the  water-arum,  which  occurs  in  cold 
marshes  in  Europe  and  North  America.  It  has 
heart-shaped  leaves  from  a  creeping  root-stock,  an  open 
white  spathe,  and  red  berries.  Its  root  is  extremely  acrid, 
but  is  made  harmless  by  heat,  and  yields  au  eatable 
starch. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Calla. —  3.  A  plant  of 
the  allied  genus  Elchardia,  or,  according  to 
some  authorities,  Zaiitecleschia:  the  common 
calla  of  house-cultivation.  It  is  often  eiTone- 
ously  called  calla-Uly,  from  the  lily-like  apjiear- 
ance  of  its  pure-white  flowers. 

Oallseas  (ka-le'as),  «.  [NL.  (J.  K.  Forster, 
1788),  in  reference  to  the  wattles,  <  Gr.  m'A'Aaiov, 
a  cock's  coml),  pi.  wattles.]  The  typical  genus 
of  tree-crows,  of  the  subfamily  Calheatiuic,  in- 
cluding the  wattled  tree-crows  of  New  Zealand. 
C.  cincrea,  the  leading  species,  is  of  a  dark  color,  about 
the  size  of  a  magpie,  with  a  long,  graduated  tail,  and  ca- 
runcles at  the  base  of  the  bill. 

Callseatinse  (ka-le-a-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (G.  R. 
Gray,  1S41),  <  Callw'iis  (-at-)  +  -inw.]  A  subfam- 
ily of  oseine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Coci^j- 
dce,  the  tree-crows  of  Asia,  the  East  Indies,  Aus- 
tralia, and  Polynesia.  Besides  Callceas,  the  leading 
forms  are  Struthidca  cinerea  of  Australia;  Crypsirhma 
variaiu,  the  temia  or  benteot  of  Java,  of  a  bronzed  green- 
ish-black color ;  and  Temnurits  (or  Dcndrodtta)  vaffabun- 
da,  the  wandering  pie  of  India.  There  are  several  other 
species  of  these  genera.  Certain  African  forms,  as  Cryp- 
torkina  afra,  are  also  sometimes  included  in  this  group, 
the  general  relationships  of  which  are  with  the  magpies 
and  other  long-tailed  jays.     Also  called  Glancopince. 

callseatine  (ka-le'a-tin),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  tlie'characters  of  the  Callceatince. 

callsestlietics,  n.    See  callesthetics. 

callainite  (ka-la'nit),  n.  [<  Gr.  Ka?.?,aivo(,  KaMi- 
I'of,  like  the  KiiAXnif,  Ka/aig,  a  tiu'quoise,  +  -ite^. 
Cf.  calaitc]  A  hydrous  aluminiimi  phosphate 
related  to  turquoise. 

callant(kal'a.nt),  n.  [Also  callan,  OSo.  f/alaiid,  a 
young  man,  '  F.  </alaiit,  a  gallant:  see  gallant.] 
A  young  lad ;  a  stripling ;  a  boy.     [Scotch.] 

Ye're  a  daft  cailant,  and  I  must  correct  you  some  of 
these  days.  Scott,  Waverley,  Ixxi. 

callatt,  n.  and  r.    See  callct. 

call-bell  (kal'bel),  «.  A  small  (usually  station- 
ary) boll,  tised  as  a  signal  to  summon  au  at- 
tendant, etc.  A  common  form  consists  of  a  stationary 
hand-bell  which  is  rung  by  means  of  a  clapper  pivoted  at 
one  end.  and  acted  on  by  means  of  a  vertical  plunger. 
Also  called  bell-call.— llectTic  call-bell,  a  mechanical 


767 

contrivance,  consisting  essentially  of  a  Kong-bell  and  a 
small  elerti'oniagnet,  to  the  armature  of  whii.-h  the  ham- 
mer of  the  bell  is  attached.  'The  arraiigcnicnt  is  such  that 
when  ttie  circuit  is  completed,  as  by  pressing  down  a  but- 
ton, tile  currentpasscs  by  a  spring  to  the  armature,  theme 


Electric  Call-bell. 


yl,  push-button  by  which  the  circuit  is  completed ;  B,  hammer  and 
gong;  C,  spring  by  which  contact  is  made  between  the  armature  of 
the  electromagnet  and  the  wire. 

to  the  electrom.agnet;  its  core  is  magnetized,  the  arma- 
ture is  attracted,  and  the  hammer  strikes  the  gong.  The 
circuit  Iieing  broken  by  the  motion  of  the  armature  away 
from  the  spring,  the  electromagnet  ceases  to  act,  the 
armature  flics  back,  completes  the  circuit  again,  and  thus 
the  automatic  action  of  the  hammer  continues  as  long  as 
the  current  passes. 

call-bird  (ktil'berd),  n.  A  bird  taught  to  allure 
others  into  a  snare;  a  decoy-bird.    Goldsmith. 

call-box  (kal'boks),  n.  In  a  theater,  a  frame, 
usually  hung  in  a  greenroom,  in  which  calls  or 
notices  to  attend  rehearsals,  etc.,  are  placed. 

call-boy  (kiU'boi),  n.  1.  A  boy  whose  duty  it 
is  to  call  actors  uijon  the  stage  at  the  proper 
moment. —  2.  A  boy  who  repeats  the  orders  of 
the  captain  of  a  steamboat  to  the  engineer. 
[Eng.] — 3.  A  boy  who  answers  a  eall-bell. 

call-button  (karbufn),  «.  A  push-button  or 
other  device  for  closing  an  electric  signal  or 
a  telephone  circuit,  and  ringing  a  call-bell  or 
sounding  an  alartn. 

call-changes  (kal'chan''' jez),  11.  ]il.  In  bcll-riiifi- 
iiifi,  the  method  in  which  the  ringers  are  told 
when  to  ring  by  a  call  from  the  conductor,  or 
by  following  a  written  order. 

calleri  (ka'ler),  n.  [<  call^  +  -crl.]  One  who 
calls,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb;  especially,  one 
wlio  pays  a  short  complimentary  visit. 

caller-  (kal'er),  a.     [Prob.  due  to  Icel.  kahlr  = 
Bw.  kail,  cold:  see  cold.     Ct.  culver.]    l.Cool; 
refreshing:  as,  a  caller  breeze.     [Scotch.] 
Sae  sweet  his  voice,  sae  smooth  his  tongue, 
His  breath's  like  caller  air. 

Bcattie,  There's  nae  Luck  about  the  House. 

Gang  awa,  bairn,  and  take  a  mouthful  of  the  caller  air. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  85. 

2.  Fresh ;  in  proper  season :  applied  chiefly  to 
fish :  as,  caller  herrings.     [Scotch.] 

callesthetics  (kal-es-thet'iks),  11.  [<  caU-  for 
ealli-(<,  Gr.  KaXAi-,  Ka'Aoc,  beautiful)  +  esthetics.] 
A  term  proposed  by  Whewell  for  esthetics,  the 
science  of  the  perception  of  the  beautiful,  the 
term  esthetics  to  be  extended  to  perception  in 
general.  Eraiith,  Vocab.  Phil.  Also  spelled 
caJlasthctics. 

callett  (kal'et),  V.  [Also  -written  caUat,  callnt  ; 
<  F.  caillette,  a  frivolous  babbling  woman,  dim. 
of  caillc,  a  quail:  see  quail-.]  1.  A  tattling  or 
talkative  woman ;'  a  scold;  a  gossip. 

Come  hither,  you  old  callet,  you  tattling  huswife. 

Gascoigtie. 
2.  A  trull ;  a  drab ;  a  lewd  woman. 

He  call'd  her  whore ;  a  beggar,  in  his  drink, 
Could  not  have  laid  such  terms  upon  his  callet. 

Skak.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

callett  (kal'et),  V.  i.  [<  callet,  n.]  To  rail ; 
seokl. 

To  hear  her  in  her  spleen 
Callct  like  a  butter-quean. 
li.  Brathicaite,  Care's  Cure,  in  Panedone. 

calleting  (kal'et-ing1,  p.  a.  Scolding:  as,  a 
ailli'liii)/  wife.     [North.  Eng.] 

calley-Stone  (kal'i-ston),  ».  [<  *calley,  prob. 
connected  -with  calliard,  +  stone]  In  coal- 
mining, a  kind  of  hard  sandstone,  more  or  less 
argillaceous.     See  ganister.     [Yorkshire,  Eng.] 

calli,  II.    Plm'al  of  callus. 

calli-.  [<  Gr.  Ka'Ali-,  usual  combining  form  (later 
Ka7M- :  see  calo-)  of  /ca/df,  beautiful,  fair,  good, 
noble,  orig.  "mXydg,  =  Skt.  kalya,  well,  healthy; 
perhaps  =  AS.  hdl,  E.  whole,  q.v.,  =  Icel.  heill, 


calligraphic 

E.  hale^,  q.  v.]  The  first  clement  in  some  words 
of  (ireck  origin,  signifying  beautiful. 

Calliaenas  fkal-i-e'nas),  n.     Same  as  Calainas. 

Calliandra  (kal-i-an'drii),  ri.  [<  Gr.  Ka'A'/u-,  ku- 
a6i;,  beautiful,  -(-  aw//)  (ai/rfp-),  a  man,  mod.  a  sta- 
men, the  long  colored  stamens  being  the  most 
coiiHpiciious  part  of  the  flower.]  A  genus  of 
(iriiniiiciitnl  shnibs  and  perennial  herbs,  of  the 
orilia'  Lojuminosa',  comprising  about  80  species, 
natives  of  tropical  America  and  northward  to 
the  borders  of  the  United  States.  Several  of 
tlie  speeics  yield  an  astringent  .juice. 

Callianira  (kal'i-a-ni'ra),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaAh~, 
Ka/or,  bcitutiftil,  ■{■  -avttpu  (as  in  avridv^if/fi,  ,3u- 
rmfcipa,  etc.),  <  HI'///),  a  man.]  1.  Tlie  tN'pical 
genus  of  the  family  Callianiridte.  I'ermi  and 
lAisueur,  1810. —  2.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects.     HUhner,  1816. 

Callianiridse  (kali-a-nir'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
(allidiiira.  -V  -iila:]  A  family  of  saccate  or 
sleiiostomalouH  ctenophoraus,  with  a  rounded 
body,  two  filifomi  tentacles,  and  no  oral  lobes. 

calliard  (kariiird),  11.  [Cf.  calky-stone ;  per- 
hajis  connected  with  F.  cailhu,  a  flint,  pebble, 
prob.  <  L.  calculus,  a  pebble:  see  calculus.]  In 
coal-miniii/;,  a  hard,  smooth,  flinty  gritstone. 
(Irr.sh-y.     [Nortli.  Eng.] 

Callicarpa  (kal-i-kiir'pii),  n.  [NIv.,  <  Gr.  mVn-, 
m'/iir,  beautiful,  +  KapTrOc,  fruit.]  A  consider- 
able genus  of  widely  liistributed  verbenaceous 
shrubs.  The  best-known  species  is  C.  Americana,  of  the 
I'nited  States,  called  French  rnnlljerrtf,  cultivated  for  oma- 
meiit  i^in  account  of  its  abundant  violet-colored  berries. 

Callicephalus  (kal-i-sef'a-lus),  n.    See  Callo- 

cej'luilnn. 
Callichroma  (kal-i-kro'ma),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  xa?.- 
/(-,  Ka'/ijr,  lieautiful,  -1-  xp^M^t  color.]  A  genus 
of  longieorn  beetles,  of  the  family  Ccramhycidw, 
having  an  acute  scutellum,  lateral  prothoracic 
spines,  and  fore-co.xal  cavities  closed  behind. 
C.  moschata  is  a  large  bronzed  green  European  species, 
about  an  inch  long,  exhaling  a  musky  odor ;  C.  gplendi- 
dum  is  a  bronzed  reddish  species  of  the  southern  United 
.States.     Also  Colaehroma. 

callichthyid  (ka-lik'thi-id),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Citltifh/ln/ida'. 

Callic'hthyidae  (kal-ik-thl'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Callichthys  -1-  -ida:]  A  family  of  nematogna- 
tlions  fishes,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Callirh- 
tliys,  containing  small  fresh-water  South  Amer- 
ican catfishes. 

Callichthys  (ka-lik'this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka\7j.x- 
tiv;,  name  of  a  fish,  <  Ka'A7.i-,  xtj/tif ,  beautiful,  +  'ix- 
01%,  a  fish.]  A  genus  of  nematognathous  fishes, 
of  the  family  Sihiridcc,  or  sheat-fishes,  or  made 
the  tyjie  of  Callichthyida;  characterized  by  two 
.series  of  bony  plates  on  the  sides  from  head  to 
tail.     The  species  are  South  American. 

callicot,  ".     See  calico. 

callid  (Isal'id),  a.  [<  L.  callidus,  expert,  shrewd, 
<  culhrc,  be  expert,  know  by  experience,  lit. 
be  callous,  <  calluiii,  also  callus,  hard,  thick 
skin:  see  callous,  calliis.]  Skilled;  expert; 
shrewd.     [Rare.] 

callidity  (ka-lid'i-ti),  11.  [<  L.  callidii<i(t-)s,  <  cal- 
lidus: see  callid.]    Skill;  discernment;  shrewd- 
ness.    Also  callidness.     [Rare.] 
Her  eagle-eyed  callidity.      C.  Smart,  The  Hop-Gaiden. 

Callidiuin  (ka-lid'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  m/./c-. 
Hu'Aur,  beautiful,  -t-  dim.  term. -idiov.]   Agenusof 

longicom    bee- 
tles, of  the  fam- 
ily    Ceramhyci- 
dcc,    containing 
species  of  flat- 
tened form  with 
spineless      pro- 
thorax  and  ely- 
tra, usually 
thickened  fem- 
ora,   and    eyes 
not    embracing 
the  base  of  the 
antennsB.  c.  baju- 
/t/.$and  C.  aiitfnna- 
tum  are  examples. 
Its  lan'a?  infest  fir- 
trees,  causing  oval 
perforations  wliere 
the  mature  insects 
make  their  escipe. 
callidness  (kal'id-nes),  n.     Same  as  callidity. 
Calligrapher  (ka-lig'ra-fer),  «.   [<  calligraphy  + 
-er^.]    One  skilled  in  calligraphy.    Also  spelled 
ealigraphrr,  l:ailigrapher. 
calligraphic  (kal-i-graf 'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  aa'/J-i- 
Ipai^ikdQ,  <  «!>.//>'pd^of :  see  calligraphy.']    Relat- 
ing or  pertaining  to  calligraphy.    Also  spelled 
caligraphie,  kalligraphic. 


Catlidium  antennatuyn, 

(Vertical  line  shows  natural  si2e.) 


calligraphical 
calligraphical  (kal-i-graf'i-kal),  a.     Same  as 

cuUi(jriipliic.  ,      ,..         , 

calligraphist  (ka-Ug'ra-fist),  n.  [<  calligraphy 
+  -ist.'i  Uue  skilled  in  calligraphy.  Also 
tmelled  cnliiirfiphist,  kalUffrapliist. 
caJligrapliy  (ka-Ug'ra-fi),  n.  [=  F.  caUigrapliie, 
<  Gr.  ui/J.Qpaipia,  <  KoyMypado^,  ^^Titing  a  beau- 
tiful hand,  <  Ka/^u-,  KO/.of,  beautiful,  +  ypaiieiv, 
write.]  The  art  of  beautiful  -svriting;  fair  or 
elegant  writing  or  penmanship ;  by  extension, 
handwriting  in  general;  penmanship.  Also 
spelled  caligraphy,  kalligraphy. 

ily  caltiffraphy,  a  fair  hand 
Fit  for  a  secretary. 

B.  Joiuson,  JIagnetick  Lady,  iii.  4. 

The  principle  of  calligraphy,  or  the  strinng  after  ele- 
gance and  regularity  of  form  [in  penmansliip],  which  may 
be  noticed  in  the  square  [Hebrew]  character,  where  the 
letters  are  separate,  distinct,  well-proportioned. 

T.  H.  Ilurnt,  Introd.  to  Study  of  Holy  Script.,  11.  16. 

Callimorpha  (kal-i-m6r'fa).  H.     [XIj.,  <  Gr. 

KtOMuopQui,  having  a  beautiful  form,  <  na'/.'/i-. 


768 


callithuinpian 


Be  not  deceived,  to  think  her  lenity 
Will  be  perpetual :  or,  if  men  be  wanting, 
The  gods  will  be,  to  such  a  calling  cause. 

B.  Jonsotiy  Catiline,  iii.  1. 


met  quails  {Lophortyz  and  Oreorlyx)  are  by  some  brought 
under  CaUiifiila,  but  usually  kept  apart 

2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.    Dejean, 

1834. 

calling-crab  (ka'Ung-krab),  n.    A  crab  of  the  calliper,  «.    See  caliper. 
family  Ocypodida  ttJiA%emis  Gelasirius :  so  call-  Callippic,  ".     See  ('nlippic. 
ed  because  one  of  its  claws,  which  is  much  Callipsittacus  (kal-ip-sit'a-kus),  ».     Same  as 
larger  thsm  the  other,  is  waved  or  brandished     Viilnpsitta. 

when  the  animal  is  distiu'bed,  as  if  to  beckon  or  callipyga  (kal-i-pi'ga),  Ji.  [NL.  (Hodgson, 
call.  In  the  United  states  it  is  called .n"rfdier-cra(/.  G.pii-  1841),  <  Gr.  Ka;',/i-i7or,  iiame  of  a  famous  statue 
giUatoru  extremely  numerous  on  the  southern  Atlantic  gf  AphroditG  (Venus),  <  na'AAi-,  /ca/'iof,  licautiful, 
coast  where  great  troops  inhabit  the  marshes  hack  of  the     +  ■    ij^ttock.]      1.    An  East  Indian  bird, 

beaches.    Thev  die  holes  m  the  around,  of  such  size  that       '    .,,''.'         ,,.         -■   ,        •  ,  t-p   i  ' 

the  lar-e  claw'exactly  serves  as  a  stopper  to  the  entrance.  Lcintltnx  callipyga.  ha^^ug  a  beautiful  rump.— 
See  cut  under  Gelasimus.  2.    [O";'.]    Same  aS  Lciotlirix. 

calling-liare  (ka'ling-har),  «.     Apika;  any  CallirhinUS,  ".     SeeCallorhinus. 
species  of  the  genus  Lagomys  and  family  Lago-  Callirrlioe  (ka-lir'o-e),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  liaklippoii, 
my'uhv.    The  animals  are  so  called  from  the  reiterated     one  of  the  Oceanids,  also  a  famous  fountain 


sque'aking  cries  which  they  emit  while  concealed,  usually 

among  rocks. 

Callicenas  (kal-i-e'nas),  n.    Same  as  Calixnas. 
callionymid  (kal-i-ou'i-mid),  n.    A  fish  of  the 

family  CaUionyiiiida: 
Callionsnnidse  (kal"i-o-nim'i-de),  11.  pi.     [MX.., 

<  CallioiiyniKS  +  -ida-.']  A  family  of  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  tj-pified  by  the  genus  Calliony- 
mu's.     Species  are  kno\%-n  as  dragoiicU. 

Callionyminae  (kali-on-i-mi'ne),  ?i.j)Z.     [NL., 

<  Callionymus  +  -inw.'\     The  callionymids  as 


without  the  walls  of  Athens  (now  again  so 
called),  <  mfXippoo^,  Ka'O.ipoo^,  beautiful-flow- 
ing, <  naA?.i-,  KoAog,  beautiful,  +  pfii;  flow.]  1. 
lu  hot.,  a  small  genus  of  low  malvaceous  herbs 
with  perennial  roots,  natives  of  Texas,  and  also 
found  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  They  have  very 
showy  crimson  or  purple  nowers,  and  are  freiiucntly  cul- 
tivated. 

2.  In  ro67. :  (a)  A  genus  of  eephalopods.  .AJso 
CnUiroe.  ilontfort,  1810.  (6)  A  genus  of  aca- 
lophs.    Also  Callirlioe.  I'eron  and  Lesueur,  1809. 


a  subfamily  of  fishes ;  in  Giiuther's  system  of  callisection  (kal-i-sek'shou).  ii.     [<  L.  callus, 


classification,  the  fourth  group  of  Goliiida;  hav- 
ing the  ventral  fins  widely  apart  from  each 
other,  and  two  separate  dorsal  fins. 
Callionymus  (kal-i-ou'i-mus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ka/'/.iuvviioc,  a  kinil  of  fish,  lit.  having  a  beau- 


Blucspangled  Peach-wonn  {Catlimorfha /ulvieosta). 

a.  larva ;  b.  imago  or  moth  :  c.  one  segmeol  of  lan-a.  enlarged,  side 

view ;  J,  same,  top  view.    ( Moth  and  larva  natural  size.) 

luOjdi,  beautiful,  +  fiopipii,  form.]  A  genus  of 
moths,  of  the  family  Arctiido',  or  referred  to  the 
Lithosiida;.  C.  jacoljira,  so  called  from  its  feeding  on 
the  ragwort,  Scnccio  jncohaa,  is  a  common  British  species 
knowii  a.s  the  pink  undenving,  expanding  11  inches,  with 
black  l«o<ly  and  legs,  and  greciiish-black  upper  wings  mark- 
ed with  pink. 

callimus  (kal'i-mus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka/Jj/mg, 
a  poetical  form  of  Ko/.<}f,  beautiful.]  1.  In  min- 
eral., the  loose  and  movable  central  core  or 
stony  matter  in  the  ea\-ities  of  eaglestone. — 
2.  leap.']  In  entom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous 
insects. 

calling  (ka'ling),  n.  and  a.     [<  JIE.  callinge; 
verbal  n.  of  cn/A,  r.]    I.  n.  1.  The  act  of  sum- 
moning; a  call  or  summons. 
What :  stand's!  thou  still  and  hcar'st  such  a  callinri! 

Shalt.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

2.  The  act  of  convoking  or  assembling. 

A  Bill  for  the  frequent  calling  and  meeting  of  Parlia- 
ments. Stacaulay,  Hist,  Eug.,  xx. 

3.  .Ajl  invitation.  Specifically,  in  theul. :  (a)  The  in- 
vitation extended  ill  the  gospel  to  all  to  repent,  and  accept 
Christ  as  a  saviour,  {h)  The  more  special  invitation  ad- 
dressed to  the  hearts  of  individuals  by  the  ilirect  liiHuence 
of  the  Holy  Spirit,    See  effectual  callinij,  below. 

Give  dlligcnco  to  make  your  calling  anil  election  sure. 

2  Pet.  i.  10. 

4.  The  profession,  trade,  occupation,  or  em- 
plojTnent  to  which  one  is  called  by  aptitude, 
necessity,  etc.;  usual  occupation,  profession, 
or  omplojTnent ;  vocation. 

Hia  calling  laid  aside,  he  lived  at  case. 

IVordittvorth,  Excursion,  I. 

fi.  Name;  appellation;  title. 

I  am  more  proud  to  be  Sir  Kowland's  son, 

His  youngest  sfjii ;  and  woiiM  not  change  that  calling, 

til  \k  ailopted  heir  to  Krcderick. 

Shnk.,  As  you  Like  It,  I,  Z 
Calling  of  the  pUlntlfT,  a  form  In  Kiigllsli  courts  of 
luM  '>f  callliii;  up'>ii  th<-  |iliiliitlir  t^>  apiM-ar  in  cases  where, 
for  want  of  siilh'ietiL  evidence,  he  eoiiMc-nls  to  be  non- 
suit, d  ..r  U)  wlth.lmw  hlmnelf.  tulllni;  lli.'  idaliitllf  by 
111'  '  ..nrt  crier  win  one."  always  ni-.'cn-.jiiy  In  a  Irlal  alter 
tl..  jury  ha.1  c'lliie  In  with  tile  ver.ll.l.  ami  b.  (..!.•  Its  an- 
noiiti.'.  Mi.-nt,  If  n.>  answer  was  made,  the  plitinlltr  was 
ii'.iMiiil.Hl,  but  c.ul.l  r.iiew  hln  acll..n  on  bitbr  ivl.l.'nre. 
T  no.  tun!  ealllnp^.  III  f'filrinintic  thfol..  III.- i.dling  by 
•  ..f  those  whom  Ii.-  hit*  l.|.-.i.-Hllned 
I  I  I  il.-ath,  unto  gra.-.-  an. I  .-alviitbin  by 

'  1.    ,-.  il.-HlKnate.l  to  dliilln;.'nl«l.  it  from 

I  .all   will,  h  th.t  uoslKtl  i-xt4-M.I«  lo  all,  lint 

>•  .K   to  Calvhilatlc   theology.  Is   In.lt.elual 

..  .oiii|ianled  by  the  special   llillllcnces  of 
it. 

-..7  Is  the  work  of  Ood'«  Spirit,  whereby, 

■     ur  sin  and  nilst.ry,  enlightening  ..ur 

III.  I;<.'i.(  Cbrl,.!.  an.l  n'lu'wlnit  our  »ill«, 

I..    :  I  i-tiabli- 114  to  i-iiibntcc  Jesus  riiii.Kt, 

irvviy  ....')■  .1  tJ,  iiji  III  the  g».n(i.l, 

Th'  shnrUr  CatKhitm,  (Ju.  31. 
•■vn.  4.  Pnrtull,  Imtina:  .1.       Hrr  oceuvation. 

n,  a.  Clamant;  crying,     [Rare. J 


Gemmous  Dragonet  [Callim^fnus  iyra). 

tiful  name,  <  Ka?.Ai-,  Ka/.ni;,  beautiful,  +  ovv/ia, 
bvoiia,  name.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Cnllioiiymidw. 
Calliope  (ka-li'o-pe),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  KaMidTrri,  lit. 
ha\-iug  a  beautifid  voice,  <  Ka>.'Ai-,  koM;,  beau- 
tiful, +  oiji  =  L.  rn.r,  voice.]     1.  In  Gr.  myth., 


hard  skin,  +  ^cctio(ii-),  a  cutting:  see  i<cctioii.~\ 
Painless  vivisection ;  the  dissection  of  living 
animals  which  have  been  anesthetized. 

Callisoma,  ".    See  Calosoma. 

Calliste  (ka-lis'te),  n.  [NL.  (Boie,  1826),  < 
Gr.  na'AAioTTi,  fem.  of  KcO.lw-ni;,  superl.  of  KaAdg, 
beautiful.]  An  extensive  genus  of  beautiful 
Central  and  South  American  tanagers,  of  the 
family  Tanagrida;  containing  most  of  the  weak- 
billed  forms,  notable  eveu  in  this  brilliant 
family  for  the  elegance  and  variety  of  their 
coloration.  The  limits  of  the  genus  vary  with  dift'oreiit 
,'nith.ns,  but  ujtward  of  f.O  species  arc  usually  referred  lo 
il.     CnHiftiis,  i'alli,'ipi~a.  and  Cato/tpixa  are  synoiiyins. 

Callistephus  (ka-lis'te-fus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ka'A'Ai-,  Ka'Aoi;  beautiful,  +  crtipng,  poet,  for  ari- 
(j>avog,  a  crown,  <  artijien',  put  around,  crown.]  A 
genus  of  composite  plants,  containing  a  single 
species,  C.  Chiiicttiiis,  the  China  aster,  which  has 
bciMi  long  in  cultivation,  and  is  much  prized  as 
a  liarily  niinual,  remaining  long  in  flower. 


The  name  given  to  a  harsh  musical  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  number  of  steam-whistles 
tuned  to  jjroduce  different  tones.  Also  called 
steam-organ. — 3.  [NL,]  In  oriiith.:  («)  A  ge- 
nus of  small  syh-iine  birds,  related  to  Cyaiir- 
cula,  the  \y\i^  '^^  which  is  an  Asiatic  warbler. 
Calliope  l-amchatkensis.  Gould,  ISIiO.  The  term 
had  previously  been  the  specific  name  of  the 

.same  bird  (f  ),['•/••]  The  specific  name  of  a  callisthenics  (k.-il-is-Vhon'i 
humimng-b.rd  .sW?»/«.  c«H,o/..,_inhal.itm.^  lie  ''X'ifi, :  „.o  -«•..]  The  art 
western  United  States  and  Mexico,  liav.ug  the     ^  ^,,^,  ^^^^^^^.-j^^  ^^^.  „,^, 

criiwii  and  back  golden-green,  the  gorget  violet 
and  lilac,  set  in  snowy-white. — 4.  A  genus  of 
mammals.  Ogill)y,lS'M. —  5.  A  genus  of  dipter- 
ous insects.-^  6.  A  genus  of  ampliipods. 

callipash,  callipee.     See  adipa.sh,  cnliprc. 

Callipepla  (kal-i-pep'lii),  ».  [NL.  (Wagler, 
1.SL12),  <:(  ir.  kiiA'AiwFjz'Aor,  beautifully  robed,  <  miX- 
/(-,  HiMr,  beautiful,  +  vt^r'Aor,  robe.]    1.  A  {je- 

nusofbeautil'ul  crested  quails,  of  the  subfamily  ^      

Ortygiiiw  (or  Udontophorinai)  and  funiily  I'lrdi-  Callithamnion 


the  muse  who  presided  over  eloquence  aud  he-  callisthenia,  ".     Plural  of  callifthiintim. 
roie  poetry.    Also  spelled  A'^/Hojie.— 2.  [/.<".]  calUsthenic  (kal-is-then'ik),  a.     l<  Gr.  Ka/h-, 
~'  '      '  '       '  ■     ,    .     .  i,„/6<:,  beautiful,  +  aOivor,  strength.]     Relating 

or  pertaining  to  callisthenics;  designed  to  pro- 
niotc  health  or  bodily  development  smd  symme- 
try.    Also  spelled  culitithciiic. 

When  the  .  .  .  inorning  occupations  are  concluded, 
these  unfortunate  young  women  perform  what  they  call 
calli.ithi'iiic  exercises  in  tlie  garden.  I  saw  them  to-day 
,  ,  .  pulling  the  garden  roller. 

Tliackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  xxvii. 

ks),  «.    [PI.  of  callis- 

or  practice  of  exer- 

purpose  of  gaining 

licallli,  strength,  or  grace  of  form  and  iiiove- 

nieiit :  a  kind  of  light  gymnastics.    Also  spelled 

(7l//S//;t7//l'.s'. 

callisthenium  (kal-is-the'ni-um),  n. ;  pi.  callifi- 
thdiia  (-ii).  [NL.,  <  callisthi'ii-ics  +  -iiim.]  A 
jilace  for  the  practice  of  callisthenics.  Also 
spelled  cali><'thciiium. 

After  Ibe  play  the  cali.ilhmlum  was  thrown  open,  and 
IIk-  tirlM  ilaii.-.-.i  until  supper-time.  X.  Y.  Triliiinf. 

(kul-i-tliam'ni-on),  n.  [<  Gr. 
wi/,//-,  Ai/>i)i;,  beautiful,  +  tlii/ivioi;  dim.  of  fti/n'of, 
a  small  shrub.]  A  large  genus  of  marine  iilgie, 
belonging  to  tho  order  Horidriv  and  suborder 
Vvramit'iv.  They  consist  of  bnincbinn  lllament.s,  eacli  of 
which  Im  usually  a  siiiKle  r.iw  of  eills.  This  genus  contains 
soiiii-  of  tlie  most  delicate  and  bi-autidil  species  of  tho 
..i.l.r. 

Callithrix  (knl'i-thriks),  ii.  [NL.  (L.,  a  plant 
used  I'lir  coloring  tho  Imir;  also  in  pi.  ridlitri- 
chin,  a  kind  of  iipe  in  lOlliiopia) ;  less  cdiTcclly 
Callilrix;  <  Gr.  iM'AhOpii  (Ka'AAirpi x-).  wilh  beau- 
tiful hair  or  inane,  <  kh'Aai-,  KnAdr,  beaut  il'iil.  + 
Opii  (rpix-),  hair.]  1.  A  genus  of  Soiilh  Aiiieri- 
cHii  |iliilyrrliiiio  monkeys,  of  the  fiimily  Ciliidw 
and  subl'aiiiily  yyclipillitrinir,  liaviiig  the  liiil 
nol  iireliensile;  the  sagiiiiiiis  or  saguins,  of 
whieii  lliere  ant  luimeroiis  species,  c.  /..TOmnfiis, 
the  niiwUril  Hugimin,  is  all  example,  ('.  lunjunlun  is  tho 
collared  leeli.e. 

2.  [/.  r.]  An  African  groon  iiioiikey,  Cervopi- 

Ihrt'us  snliti-nn. 

c/Vfrt'.iriliabitiiig  the  HoulhweHternUiiiled  Slates  callithumplan  (knl-i-tliuin'iii-iin),  a.  and  n. 
and  Mexico.  TIuIh-sI  known  spicles  Is  f.  s./imiii.i'n,  lb.-  |  Also  siiilli'd  niUllnimpiiiii ;  liiiiiioroiisly  formed 
sialed  or  blue  quail,  wllli  a  » 111!  IhIi.  full,  soft  crest,  and      <  ( Jr.  ,(,,/X/-,  An>df,  biquil  if  111,  +  V).  thump +  -1011.1 

^y''ZX't";^:'a:.'"omhr.t  T'X-lu/amM  L  "•  Per.aiiiiug  to  the  noisy  concert  or  sore- 
dougUui  BTo  oUior  Mcilcan  siKieles.    Tho  plumed  or  hd-     nude  HO  caUcd. 


Scaled  Quail  {Caliifff-ta  t^uamata). 


callithumpian 

II.  H.  1.  A  noisy  coucort,  eharaetcrizod  by 
beating  of  tin  pans,  blowing  of  horns,  shouts, 
groans,  catcalls,  etc. :  usually  given  as  a  sere- 
nade to  persons  who  have  excited  local  ridi- 
cule or  hostility;  a  charivari. —  2.  One  who 
takes  part  in  such  a  couoert.     [U.  S.] 

•Callitriche  (ka-lit'ri-ke),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  "naXAt- 
Tpiji/,  assumed  fern,  of  Ka'A/jTpix'K  (fem.  also 
-Of),  later  form  of  KaX'AiOpi^,  with  beautiful  hair: 
see  CdlUthrix.l  1.  In  6ot.,  a  small,  widely  dis- 
tributed genus  of  slender,  apetalous,  monoe- 
cious, dicotyledonous  aquatic  hei'bs.  Its  affini- 
ties are  ohscm-e,  mul  it'is  hy  some  considered  as  constitut- 
ing a  distinct  order  Cfiflitn'rfuicea;,  Ijy  otliers  referred  to  the 
Ualorcujt'fe  or  to  tiie  Kuphorbiacece.  The  connnon  species 
are  Itnown  as  water-starwnrt. 

2.  In  ro'iV. ,  a  genus  of  bivalve  moUusks.    Origi- 
u:illy  ('(illitrichus.     Poll,  1791. 

Callitris  (kal'i-tris),  n.  [NL.,  <  6r.  KaXXi-,  ko- 
Ui;,  beautiful;  the  element  -tris  is  obscure.] 
A  genus  of  coniferous  trees,  nearly  related  to 
CiipressHS,  consisting  of  14  species,  natives  of 
Africa,  Madagascar,  Aiistralia,  and  New  Cale- 
donia. Tlie  best-lcnown  species  is  C.  ijiiadrivatvts,  the 
arar-tree  of  Algeria,  yielding  a  highly  prized  wood,  the  cit- 
rous or  tliyine  wood  of  the  Romans,  whicli  is  very  Ijeauti- 
ful,  and  is  mncli  used  Ijy  the  Tnrits  for  tlie  floors  and 
ceilings  of  their  mosques,  l)ecause  they  believe  it  to  l)e 
imperislial>le.  It  supplies  tlie  aromatic  gum-resin  called 
sandarac. 

callivert,  «■    See  caliver. 

call-loan  (kal'lon),  n.  A  loan  of  money  repay- 
able on  demand. 

call-me-to-you  (kal'mf-to'yb),  n.  A  name 
given  to  the  pansy,  Vinia  tricolor.  .Also  called 
cnddlc-me-to-nou  and  cnU-me-tn-ijou. 

call-note  (kai'not),  n.  The  call  or  cry  of  a  bird 
or  other  animal  to  its  mate  or  its  young. 

The  chirping  call-note  of  the  gecko.  Owen,  Anat. 

Calloceplialon  (kal-o-sef 'a-lon),  n.  [NL.  (Les- 
son, 18:t7)  (prop.  CdlU-  or  Calo-),  <  Gr.  mlli-, 
naMi;,  beautiful,  +  ii.e<pa?.ii,  head.]  A  genus  (or 
subgenus  of  Calyptorliijyichus)  of  Australian 
cockatoos,  subfamily  Cacatuinm.  C.  galeatum, 
the  ganga  cockatoo,  is  the  only  species.  Also 
CnlHcepkalus. 

Calloruinus  (kal-o-ri'nus),  ».  [NL.  (prop. 
CiiUi-  or  CiiJo-),  <  Gr.  naXki-,  Ka'A6q,  beautiful,  + 
p/f,  p'n;  nose.]  A  genus  of  eared  seals,  of  the 
family  Otariidai,  including  the  northern  sea- 
bear,  the  well-known  fur-seal  of  Alaska,  C.  ur- 

SiilllS. 

callosal  (ka-I6'sal),  a.  [<  caUosum  +  -al.']  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  callosum,  or  corpus  cal- 
losum.  —  Callosal  gyrus.    See  (lyrus. 

■callose  (kal'os),  a.  [<  L.  callosus :  see  caHoifS.] 
In  bat.  and  ;::ool.,  having  callosities  or  hard  spots; 
callous;  hardened. 

callosity  (ka-los'j-ti),  H. ;  pi.  callosities  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  eallosite  —  Sp.  callosidad  =  Pg.  callosi- 
dade  =  It.  c(dlosita,  <  L.  callosita(t-)s,  \  callosus, 
callous :  see  cnHwit.?.  ]  1.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  hardened  or  callous. —  2.  In  a  concrete 
sense,  any  thickened  or  hardened  part  on  the 
sm-faee  of  the  human  body  or  that  of  any  ani- 
mal, such  as  the  hard  and  often  somewhat  bony 
lumps  that  arise  in  places  exposed  to  constant 
pressure  and  friction,  the  cicatrized  surfaces 
of  old  ulcers  or  wounds,  etc.,  the  natural  cuta- 
neous thickenings  on  the  buttocks  of  gibbons 
and  other  monkeys,  etc. —  3.  In  hot.,  any  part 
of  a  plant  unusually  hard. — 4.  In  en  torn.,  an 
elevated,  rounded  portion  of  the  surface,  gen- 
erally smooth,  and  paler  than  the  surrounding 
parts,  appearing  like  a  swelling Ischial  callos- 
ity, in  zool.,  the  naked,  indurated,  and  usually  gayly  col- 
ored buttock  of  a  monkey. 

Callosoma,  ti.     See  Calosoma. 

callosomarginal  (ka-16"s6-mar'ji-nal),  «.  [< 
callosum  +  marginal.']  In  anat.,  lying  between 
the  convolution  of  the  corpus  callosum  and  the 
marginal  convolution  of  the  brain :  as,  the  cal- 
hisomarr/iiial  sidcus  or  fissure. 

callosum  (ka-16'sum),  n.  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  cal- 
losus: see  callous,']  Same  as  corp-us  callosum 
(which  see,  under  coi'pus). 

The  brain  of  the  cat,  lacking  the  callosum. 

Alien,  and  Neurol.,  TV.  513. 

callot^  (kal'ot),  )!.     Same  as  calotte. 

callot'-'t,  "•  aiui  c.     See  callet. 

callotechnics  (kal-o-tek'niks),  ».  pi.  [Prop,  cal- 
U-  or  calo-  ■  <  Gr.  KaAXirtx^oc  (later  koAo-),  mak- 
ing beautiful  works  of  art,  <  kqMi-,  naASc,  beauti- 
ful, +  rcxvti,  art.]  The  fine  or  ornamental  arts. 
[Rare.] 

callous  (kal'us),  a.    [Also  callose:  =  F.  ealleux 

=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  calloso,  <  L.  callosus,  hard-skinned. 

thick-skinned,  hard,  <  C(dlum,  also  callus,  hard 

skin.     Cf.  callid.]     1.  Hard;  hardened;  indu- 

49 


769 

rated,  as  an  ulcer,  or  the  skin  on  some  part  of 
the  body  from  exposure  to  continuous  pressure 
or  friction:  as,  "a  callous  cicatrice,"  Holland, 
tr.  of  Pliny,  xvi.  31;  "a  callous  ulcer,"  Dungli- 
son. 

First  of  the  train  the  patient  rustic  camo. 
Whose  callous  hand  had  forni'd  the  scene. 

Ooldsmilh,  Thrcnodia,  li. 

2.  Hardened  in  mind  or  feelings;  insensible; 
unfeeling:  as,  "the  callous  diplomatist,"  Ma- 
caulay. 

In  prosperous  times,  when  men  feel  the  greatest  ardor 
in  their  i)ursuits  of  gain,  they  manifest  tlie  most  callous 
apathy  to  politics.  Ames,  Works,  II.  137. 

It  is  an  immense  blessing  to  be  perfectly  callous  to  ridi- 
cule. Dr.  Arnold. 

3.  In  eritom.,  swollen  and  smooth:  as,  a  cal- 
lous margin,  one  very  thick  and  irregularly 
roimded  or  lumpy.  =syn.  2.  //arrfe?i,i<i,  etc.  (see  od- 
durate),  unsusceptible,  unimpressible,  indifferent,  deaf, 
dead,  etc. 

callous  (kal'us),  V.  t.  To  harden  or  make  callous. 

Tile  callouacd  sensibilities  of  people  of  fashion. 

Science,  X.  96. 

callous-beaked  (kal'us-bekt),  a.  Having  a 
callous  beak :  applied  to  the  tanagers  of  the 
genus  Ehamphocwlus,  from  the  callosity  at  the 
base  of  the  bill. 

callously  (kal'us-li),  adv.    In  a  callous,  hard- 
ened, or  unfeeling  manner. 
callousness  (kal'us-nes),  n.     The  state  of  being 
callous,    (a)  Hardness ;  induration :  applied  to  the  body. 
A  callousness oi\\\&  feet.    Jcr.  Taylor,  Repentance,  vii.  8. 
(6)  Insen.sibility  of  mind  or  heart. 
A  callousness  and  numbness  of  soul. 

Bentley,  Sermons,  i. 

Great  vindictiveuess  is  often  united  with  great  tender- 
ness, and  great  callousness  with  great  magnanimity. 

Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  140. 

callow^  (kal'6),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  calowc,  calew, 
calu,  <  AS.  calu  (calw-)  =  D.  kaal  =  OHG.  calo, 
clialo  {calaw-),  MH6.  kal  (kalu--),  G.  lahl  =  Sw. 
kal,  bald,  bare  (cf.  Dan.  kullet,  polled,  en  hullet 
ho,  a  cow  without  horns:  ko  =  E.  co«;l),  prob., 
with  loss  of  orig.  initial  s  (cf .  scall),  =  L.  calvus 
(orig.  *scalvus1),  bald  (>  It.  Sp.  Pg.  calvo  =  Pr. 
calv  =  OF.  chau,  F.  chauve :  see  Calvary,  Cal- 
vinism, a.udchauvin).]  I.  a.  It.  Bald;  without 
hair. 

A  man  of  whos  heed  heeris  fleten  awei  is  calu. 

Wycli/(ed.  Purv.),  Lev.  xiii.  40. 

Calu:^  was  his  heuede.  Kiiif;  Alisaunder,  1,  5950. 

2.  "Without  feathers ;  that  has  not  yet  put  forth 
feathers;  naked;  unfledged,  as  a  young  bird: 
as,  ''callow  yoimg,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  420. 

My  callow  wing,  that  newly  left  the  nest. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  i. 

They  [the  young  of  the  partridge]  are  not  calloiv  like  the 
young  of  most  birds,  but  more  perfectly  developed  and 
precocious  even  than  chickens.    Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  244. 

3.  Pertaining  to  an  unfledged  bird:  as,  "cal- 
low down,"  Drayton,  The  Owl. — 4.  Youthful; 
juvenile ;  very  immature  :  as,  a  callow  youth. 

.\h,  if  we  had  possessed  these  in  our  callow  days. 

D.  G.  Mitchell,  Bound  Together. 

Il.t  '*•  A  bald  person ;  a  baldhead. 

Wliat  hath  the  calewe  ido. 

Life  0/  St.  Dunstan,  Early  Eng.  Poems 
[(ed.  Furnivall),  p.  34. 

callow^  (kal'6),  «.  and  a.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  cal- 
low'^, bare.]  I.  n.  1.  An  alluvial  flat  along  a 
river-course :  a  term  used  by  wi-iters  on  Irish 
geology  and  agricultui'e. —  2.  In  coal-mining, 
the  baring,  or  cover,  of  open  workings.  Gresley. 
[Eng.] 

IL  a.  Having  the  character  of  an  alluvial 
flat :'  as,  callow  land;  a  callow  meadow. 

Calluella  (kal -ii- el 'a),  n.  [NL.,  dim.,  <  Gr. 
Ka/Aor,  beauty,  KaU;,  beautiful.]  A  genus  of 
tailless  amphibians,  typical  of  the  family  Cal- 
luellidm.     Also  spelled  Caluella. 

calluellid  (kal-u-cl'id),  «.  A  toad-like  am- 
phibian of  the  family  Calluellidce. 

Calluellidae  (kal-u-el'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cal- 
luella +  -idcF.]  A  family  of  firmisteniial  sali- 
ent amphibians,  tyiufiedby  the  genus  Calluella. 
They  hiive  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw,  dilated  sacral  apophy- 
ses, precoracoids  resting  upon  coracoids,  no  omostemum, 
and  a  small  cartilaginous  sternum. 

Calluna  (ka-Wnii),  n.  [NL.  (so  called  from  its 
use  in  making  lirooins),  iiTeg.  <  Gr.  mlAvvuv, 
sweep,  clean,  beautify,  <  Ka'Adi;,  beautiful.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  natui'al  order  Ericaeea;,  nearly 
allied  to  Erica,  from  which  it  is  distinguished 
chiefly  by  the  struetm-e  of  its  capsule  and  the 
small" number  of  its  seeds.  There  is  Imt  one  species, 
C.  vidqai-is,  the  coinmou  heather,  which  covers  ami  orna- 
ments much  of  the  heath  aud  moorland  districts  of  Great 


calm 

Britain,  and  is  found  in  the  northern  temperate  and  boreal 
regions  of  the  old  world.    It  also  occurs  in  North  America, 


Common  licatlici  ^LuHuhu  iyuit^'t 


■  til.  1.1.111U,  on  Uri;cr  scale. 


though  very  sparingly  and  only  in  a  few  localities  near 
the  coast,  from  Newfoundland  to  Maltha's  Vineyard. 
Massachusetts, 
callus  (kal'us),  n. ;  pi.  calli  (-1).  [L.,  also  cal- 
/«)«,  hard  skin:  see  adlous  and  callid.]  1.  In 
anat.:  (a)  Hard  skin;  a  callosity.  (6)  Anew 
growtli  of  osseous  tissue  between  and  around 
the  extremities  of  fractured  bones,  serving  to 
unite  them. —  2.  In  hot.,  any  unusually  hard 
excrescence  upon  a  plant;  also,  the  thickening 
of  the  suVjstance  of  the  perforated  septa  be- 
tween sieve-cells,  and  the  close  cellular  struc- 
ture which  is  formed  over  wounds,  by  which 
the  inner  tissues  are  protected  and  liealing  is 
effected. — 3.  In  hort.,  the  cap  or  thickening 
formed  over  the  end  of  a  cutting  before  it  sends 
forth  rootlets. — 4.  In  conch.,  a  callosity  or  in- 
durated thickening  of  a  shell  by  the  deposit  of 
some  hard  substance  different  from  the  rest  of 
the  shell. 

The  coluniellar  lip  is  covered  witli  a  thick  deposit  of 
callus.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  I.  351. 

callys  (kal'is),  n.  Same  as  killas. 
calm^  (kiim),  «.  and  a.  [I.  n.  Early  mod.  E. 
also  caulm,  caum,  cawm,  <  ME.  calme  (=  D. 
kalm-te  =  LG.  ktdm,  >  G.  kalm),  <  OF.  calme,  F. 
calme  =  Sp.  It.  Pg.  calma,  calm,  calmness,  still 
weather,  =  Pr.  chatimc,  the  time  when  the  flocks 
rest  (ef.  P.  chomcr,  formerly  chaumcr,  rest), 
orig.,  as  still  in  Sp.  and  Pg.,  heat,  the  hot  part 
of  the  day  (ef.  F.  dial,  caumas,  hot — Cotgrave), 
<  IjL.  cauma,  the  heat  of  the  sun,  <  Gr.  saiifia, 
great  heat,  <  miciv,  burn :  see  cauma  and  caus- 
tic. The  I  is  unoriginal,  being  due  to  confor- 
mation with  L.  cahr,  heat,  or  with  words  like 
palm  (L.  palma),  etc.  II.  a.  <  ME.  calme  (= 
D.  kalm),  <  OF.  calme,  F.  calme  (ML.  calmus); 
from  the  noun.]  I.  n.  1.  The  condition  of  be- 
ing without  motion,  agitation,  or  disturbance; 
stillness :  properly  of  the  air,  and  hence  of  the 
sea  and  of  the  weather  in  general. 

A  blont  hede  In  a  caulme  or  downe  a  wind  is  very  good. 
Ascham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  Arber),  p.  137. 
And  thus  fonde  the  wynde  agens  vs  or  ellys  such  calmys 
that  we  sped  but  lytyll  of  our  waye. 

Torkinyton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travel!,  p.  57. 

A\'hile  we  lay  in  the  calnis  we  caught  several  great  sharks. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  79. 

2.  Freedom  from  mental  agitation  or  passion; 
tranquillity;  quiet;  serenity. 

Each  perturbation  smooth'd  with  outward  calm. 

Hilton,  P.  L.,  iv.  120. 
The  unnatural  excitement  was  succeeded  by  an  unnatr 
iiral  calm.  Macaulay,  Horace  Walpole, 

Too  near  to  God  for  doubt  or  fear. 
She  shares  the  eternal  cahn. 

Whittier,  Battle  .\utumn  of  1862. 
A  despotic  calm  is  usually  the  triumph  of  error. 

Jevonn,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  298. 

3.  The  scum  of  liquor.  [Prov.  Eng.]— Dead 
calm,  stark  calm,  flat  calm,  terms  used  l)y  seamen  to 
denote  till-  j-Teati-st  possible  calm.— Region  Of  calms.or 
calm  latitudes,  the  tracts  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacitic 
<'ceaiis  on  the  confines  of  the  trade- wintis.  where  calms  of 
long  duration  prevail.  At  the  winter  solstice  its  average 
northern  limit  is  in  5°  N.,  and  in  the  months  al)out  the 
summer  solstice  12'  N.  The  southern  limit  lies  nearly 
always  to  the  north  of  the  equator,  varjing  between  1' 
and  3°  N. 

II.  a.  1 .  Without  motion ;  stUl ;  not  stormy ; 
undisturbed;  not  agitated;  serene. 
Be  calm,  good  wind.  Shak.,T.  G.  of  V.,  L  2. 

Calm  is  the  mom  without  a  sound. 

Tennyson,  In  Mcmoriam,  xi. 

The  bay  was  oily  calm.  Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 

2.  Free  from  mental  agitation;  undisturbed  by 
passion;  not  agitated  or  excited;  quiet;  serene; 
tranquil,  as  the  mind,  temper,  or  attention :  as, 
"calm  words,"  Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 

With  gentle  breath,  calm  look,  knees  humbly  t>ow'd. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1- 

The  temper  of  Hastings  was  equal  to  almost  any  triaL 
It  was  not  sweet ;  but  it  was  calm. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 


calm 

Qniet  and  calm,  vrithout  a  fear 
01  danciT  darkly  lurkins  near, 
The  K«in-  laborer  left  his  plough. 

WhittUr,  Pentiicket. 
=Syn.  2  Calm,  Placid,  Tranquil.  Serene,  Quiet,  Cod.  Com- 
posed  Collected,  smooth,  peaceful,  unruffled,  imperturba- 
ble Ul  the  italicized  words,  when  applied  to  the  mind, 
stili  suff-'est  the  physical  phenomena  which  they  prima- 
rilv  denote.  Calm  implies  that  the  mind  remains  unagi- 
tated  even  by  care  and  anxiety.  There  is  a  tendency  to  use 
the  word  to  express  the  most  complete  mastery  of  the 
emotions ;  but  it  is  also  used  for  the  mere  outwanl  man- 
ner- as,  in  spite  of  his  anger,  he  remaiucd  calm.  Placid 
is  by  derivation  associated  \rith  the  notion  of  pleasure  ;  it 
cenerallv  applies  to  that  wliich  belongs  to  the  nature,  but  is 
alS'j  especiallv  used  of  the  face  :  as,  a  placid  smile.  I'ran- 
uuil  implies  liot  so  mnch  a  master}  of  self  amiil  disturb- 
in"  circumstances  as  freedom  from  that  which  agitates,  a 
seTtled  calm.  Serene,  by  its  association  with  the  aspects 
of  the  skv,  implies  an  exalted  calm,  a  tranquillity  that 


770 


caloric 


Mltnpr  CkS'inerl    «      One  who  or  that  which     tisnally  sold  in  the  form  of  a  white  powder,  odorless,  taste- 
Cauner   ^l^a  mer;,   71.      vjn<?    «uu  lu    lutti   xujLu     vj.    ;i,„i  insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  or  ether,     riilomel 
calms,  or  has  the  power  to  still  and  make  qiuet;     jj  extensively  used  in  medicine,  especially  i"  iiiHamma- 
one    who    or   that    which    allays,    pacifies,    or     tions  of  serous  membranes  and  as  a  purgative.    Also- 
called  tiubchlorid  and  prutochlorid  of  mercxiry,  and  cor»<;- 
ous  mercuni. 
Calophyllum  (kal-o-fil'um),  n.     [XL.  (ef.  Gr. 
Kn>-/.Hiiv./.or,  with  beautiful  leaves),  <  Gr.  KaU^, 
beautiful,  +  (pi'/.'/ov  —  h. folium, leaf.]  1.  Infto*., 
a  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Gidtifcrm.    The 


soothes. 

.\ngling  was  ...  a  cheerer  of  his  spirits  a  diverter  of 
sadness,  a  calmer  of  unquiet  thoughts. 

.     I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  i.  1. 

calmly  (tSm'li).  adv.  Quietly;  peacefully;  with- 
out passion,  agitation,  tumult,  lUsturbauce,  or 
violence. 

And  calmly  nm  on  in  obedience.    Shak.,  K.  John,  v,  4. 

The  gentle  stream  which  calmly  flows.    Sir  J.  Denham. 

A  man  coole  and  temperate  in  his  passions,  not  easily 
betraid  by  his  choUer ;  That  vies  not  oath  with  oath,  nor 
heat  with  heat ;  but  replies  cfl/wj^i/ to  an  angry  man,  and 
is  too  hard  for  him  too. 

Bp.  Earte,  iilcro-cosmographie,.-\  Stayed  Man. 


species  are  large  timber-trees  of  the  tropics,  ri 
samic  resins,  with  oily  seeds,  and  shining  lea 


S^!^tp;fe"?.^'S:peS^^s^!;t;^X'sne,!?and  calmness  (kam'nes),  ..     The   state   of  bei^g 
-*~         .'    .  ^      _„» ,,..  J.  i — ,;.,.  .i.„.  „.,„  io  f-«..     calm,      (ii)  Quietness;  stillness 


undemonstrative;  externally  it  implies  that  one  is  free 
from  annovances :  as,  toleave  himin  <?!iiV(.  Like  (ram/inf, 
but  unlike  the  rest,  it  is  not  suggestive  of  a  triumph  of 
self-control  over  natural  agitation  of  feelings  or  confusion 
of  mind.  O'tl  is  the  opposite  of  heated ;  it  indicates  that 
sute  in  which  the  heat  of  feeling  is  perfectly  kept  down, 
so  that  the  intellectual  faculties  are  not  hindered  from 
their  best  operation.  Composed  is  applicable  to  the  state 
of  both  thoughts  and  feelings,  while  collected,  gathered 
together,  can  be  used  only  with  reference  to  the  thoughts. 
Cvmp<jsed  differs  from  collected  also  in  expressing,  like 
calm,  merely  a  frame  of  mind ;  while  collected,  like  cool, 
expresses  a  readiness  for  action  with  the  full  and  unim- 
peded force  of  -the  mind.    See  apathy. 

Calm  me,  my  God,  and  keep  me  calm,  .  .  . 

Yes,  keep  me  calm,  though  loud  and  rude 

The  sounds  my  ear  that  greet, 

Calm  in  the  closet's  solitude, 

Calm  in  the  bustling  street. 

H.  Bonar,  The  Inner  Calm. 

In  proportion  aa  the  mental  energies  go  out  in  restless 

and  multitudinous  perception,  they  cannot  go  out  in  calm 

and  dclilwrate  thought.    H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  40. 

The  placid  marble  Muses,  looking  peace. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

Farewell  the  iranquU  mind !  farewell  Content ! 

Shak.,  Otliello,  iii.  3. 

Cloudless  forever  is  her  brow  serene. 
Speaking  calm  hope  and  trust  within  her. 

Louell,  Irene. 
For  mine  own  part,  I  could  be  well  content 
To  entertain  the  lag-end  of  my  life 
With  ijuiet  hours.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV. 


rich  in  bal- 
samic resins,  with  oily  seeas,  ana  sniniiig  leaves  which 
have  numerous  transverse  parallel  veins,  giving  the  plants 
a  very  beautiful  appearance.  C^  ImiphyUum  yields  a 
medical  resin,  the  tacamahac  of  the  Kast  Indies.  The  seeds 
vidd  an  oil  which  is  in  high  repute  for  rheumatic  com- 
plaints and  bruises.  The  galba-  or  calaba-tree,  C.  Calnba, 
of  tlic  West  Indies  and  ISrazil,  the  keena,  C.  lomentomim, 
of  l'e>lon,  the  C.  Taeamaliaca  of  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  and 
Madagascar,  and  other  species,  furnish  resins  and  oils,  as 
well  as  strong  and  durable  timber.  The  fruits  of  some 
species  are  edible. 

2.  In  --(kV?.,  a  genus  of  rugose  stone-corals,  of 
the  family  CyalliophijUkla:    J.  I).  Dana,  1846. 
Calopsitta  (kal-op-sit'ii),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  aa'/dc, 
beautiful,  +  ^nrraKoc,  a  parrot  (abbr.  after  i/'ir- 
To,  collateral  form  of  cittq,  a  nuthatch).]     A 
genus  of  cockatoos,  sometimes  made  the  t.vpe 
of  a  subfamily   Calopsittina;  the  cockateels: 
usually  restricted  to  a  single  species,  tlie  Aus- 
tralian   cockateel,    Culo2mtta    nova-lioUaiidiw. 
,,,i.     Also  CaUip^-ittacus. 
bearing  losses  with  cafmHMs,  and  controlling  tlie  force  of  Calopsittinae  (kaFop-si-ti'iie),  >i.  pL      [NL.,  < 


(.a)  Quietness ;  stillness  ;  tranquillity,  as  of  the 
elements. 
ITie  gentle  calmness  of  the  flood.  .SiV  J.  Denham. 

■\^^len  mighty  rivei-s  gently  cr^'ep. 
Their  even  calmness  does  suppose  them  deep. 

Dryden,  Epistles,  i.  10. 
(6)  Quietness ;  mildness ;  unruffled  state  of  the  mind, 
passions,  or  temper. 

Sir,  'tis  fit 
You  make  strong  party,  or  defend  youi-seU 
By  calmness,  or  by  absence  ;  all's  in  anger. 

Sliak.,  Cor.,  iii.  2. 
Even  the  gambling- table  fosters  .   .   .a  capacity  for 


the  desires.  Leeky,  Europ.  llorals,  I.  ir>ri. 

=  SyiL  Indifference,  Insensibility,  etc.  (see  apathy),  quie- 
tude, serenity,  repose,  composure,  plaeidness,  peaceful- 
ness. 

Calmuck,  ».     See  Kalmuck. 

calmy  (ka'mi),  a.  [A  poet,  extension  of  calm^, 
a.;  or  <  calrn^,  n.  Cf.  stiUij,  a.]  Calm;  tran- 
quil; peaceful.     [Poetical.] 

A  still  and  calmy  bay.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  30. 

Tezcuco's  calmy  lake.  Southey. 

calo-.     [XL.,  <  Gr.  Ka7.o-,  a  less  usual  form  for 


CaUip.sitta  +  -i««'.]  A  subfamily  of  Cacutuidw, 
represented  by  the  genus  Calopsitta;  the  cock- 
ateels. 

Caloptenobia  (kal"op-te-u6'bi-ii),  n.  [NL.,  < 
( 'iiloptfiims  +  Gr.  ,J/oi;,  life.]  A  genus  of  hyme- 
nopterous  parasites,  of  the  family  Vroctotnj- 
jiiitiV,  founded  by  Riley  in  1877.  The  only  species 
whose  habits  are  known  is  parasitic  upon  the  eggs  of  the 
llocky  Mountain  locust  and  the  Carolina  locust.  (Edipoda 
carulina.  It  often  occui'S  in  great  miml>ers.  and  destroys 
many  eggs  of  these  injurious  insects.  Caloptenobia  is  sy- 
nonyiiu.ns  with  Scelio  (Latreille). 


Ka'/Ji-,  combining  form  of  />a/\(if,  beautiful:  sec  Caloptenus  (kal-op-te'nus),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 


v.  1. 


calli-.']     See  calli 

Calochortus  (kal-o-k6r'tus),  H. 

Ku'/or,  beautiful,  +   ;fOprof,  grasS; 


[NL.,  <  Gr. 

any  fodder, 
There  is  the  glib  tongue  and  coo(  self-possession  of'the  prop.'  an  inclosed  space,  =  h.hortus,  a  garden : 
ulesman  iu  a  large  shop,  which,  as  is  well  known,  over-  see  hoftus.}  A  genus  of  liliaceous  bulbOUS 
power  the  prudence  and  resolution  of  housekeepers  of    plants,  allied  to  the  tulip  and  fritillary.    It  con 


Ku/MC,  beautiful,  +  Trrr/vdc,  feathered,  -winged, 
akin  to  rrrepdv  =  E.  feather.^     A  genus  of  grass- 


both  sexes.  Kmcrson,  Eloquence, 

Ilia  lliante's]  gait  was  grave  and  gentlemanlike ;  and  his 
bearing,  whether  public  or  private,  wonderfully  composed 
and  polished. 

Quoted  In  Lowells  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  l^. 
Early  and  provident  fear  is  the  mother  of  safety ;  be- 
cause in  that  state  of  things  tlie  mind  is  flrm  and  collected, 
and  the  judgment  unembamussed.         Burke,  I'liitarians. 
calml  (kam),  V.     [<  ME.  cahncn  (=  F.  calmer  = 
Sp.  Pg.  c(ilmar  =  lt.  calmarc),  intr.,  become  still ; 


tjiins  over  30  species,  natives  of  the  western  United  states 
and  Mexico.  The  flowers  are  large  and  showy,  and  very 
varioii>l>  colored. 

Calochroma,  n.     See  Callkhroma. 

Calodendron  (kal-o-dcn'dron),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
na'/og,  beautiful,  +  (Uvfipov,  a  tree.]  A  genus 
of  beautiful  Diosma-like  Cape  Colony  trees, 
natural  order  Rutacetc.  C.  Capmse  is  an  evergreen 
tree  40  feet  high,  with  beautiful  Mowers  and  foliage.  Its 
shining  black  seeils  are  used  for  necklaces,  etc. 


from  the  noun.]     I.  frnw*.   1.  To  sill;  quiet,  Caloenas   (ka-le'nas),   ii.      [NL.,  <  Gr.   KaUc, 


as  the  wind  or  elements.—  2.   To  still,  appease, 
allay,  or  pacify,  as  the  mind  or  passions. 
Time's  glory  Is  to  calm  contending  kings. 

Shak.,  I.ucrecc,  1.039. 
Scarce  was  her  head  laid  on  the  pillow,  ere  a  deep,  re- 
freshing sleep  closed  her  eyes  anri  calmed  her  senses. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  \x. 
3t.  To  becalm. 

Like  to  a  ship  that,  ha»ing  'scap'd  a  tempest. 
Is  straightway  calm'd  and  boarded  with  a  pirate. 

.S'/iat.,  Ullcn.  VI.,  iv.  !). 

II.  intrann.  To  become  calm   or  quiet:  as, 
the  tempest  now  began  to  calm. 

calm'-'  (kUm),  H.  [E.  dial,  and  8c.  also  canm, 
caulm ;  appar.  a  var.  of  ffnn',  a  comb,  cog,  etc. : 
Beernml.]  1.  A  cog  of  a  wheel.  [North.  Eng.] 
—  2.  pi.  A  mold;  a  frame,  etc. — 3.  pi.  The 
Hmall  cords  through  which  the  wai-p  is  passed 
in  a  loom. —In  the  caulms,  in  the  state  ot  being  framed 
or  mmleled.     Jauiieuon. 

calm'H,  »•     A  dialectal  form  of  qualm. 

.Hli  k  of  a  w/fm.  ,  .SVin*.,  2  Itin.  IV.,  II.  4. 

calmant  (kal'mant),  »i.  r<  F.  cnhiiiint,  ]ipr.  of 
riibnir,  to  calm:  see  ra/m'.]  A  quieting  med- 
iciiK:  or  other  therapeutic  agent. 

calmative  (kal'tna-tiv),  a.  and  m.     [<  calm  -f- 


beiiutiful,  +  oii'uf,  a  wild  pigeon  of  the  color 
of  ripening  grapes  (the  wild  pigeon,  Vohimha 
ccnas,  or  the  rock-dove,  C.  liria),  <  oTv/y,  the 
(grape-)  vine ;  ef.  o'tvnc.  wine :  see  rinc,  uim\'\ 
A  remarkable  genus  of  ]>igcons,  containing  a 
single  species,  Calwiia.s  iiicoharini,  the  Nico- 

bar  pigeon, with 


Rocky  Mountain  Grasshopper  i<,iii.!fl€nn^  sfretHs). 
icwiy  Imtchcd  Kirva; ;  l>.  full-grown  l.^rv.i  ;  c,  pupa  :  d,  fcm.ile 
locust.    (All  natural  size.) 


■\ 


long,        acunu- 
natc,  peiidulouf 
feathers  on  the 
neck     like     the 
hackles     of 
cock,  a  very  tu 
mid  bill,  green 
ish     coloration, 
IJrect rices,  and 
lio      e]>itlielial 
liuingof  thegiz- 
zard  ossified,    li 
is  sonu'lluH's  made 
the  type  of  a  fam- 
ily Calirnildidir  or 
subfamily  Catana- 
dime,  but  the  char- 
actertt  hardly  war- 
llBllnctloii  from  the  family  fV)/i(m/<i'ii<r.     Also 
usly  Caloenas,  Calliirnas. 


Nlcobar  Pigeon  {Citttrnas  nieebitriea) 

rant  this 


/./,..,    IT    „    (hiW.'linrr  <>x><<>u«ive  nclioii  nf  niiv     ''.i//,.! /i.k.  and  crroni uly  Cala-nas,  Calliirnas. 

-<iin,.\    I  n.  t^tieting  exttssiye  action  ot  any       j  _„j,^  (ka-log'ra-fi),  n.     Another  fonn  of 
orrni;  relieving  nervous  agitnlion;  sidntive.     caitJKrdpuy  ^iia-iun  ■;;  "/,         ^ 

U    n.  A  quieting  .In.g  or  other  therapeutic  Ji'^;^^  'lf»l'6-,nel),  v.    [Formation  nncertain, 
»":'"•■  »«<">"""'-'  '•••""'•'y:,. b.i,rv.trlouslvgiv;.'n;  a.par.  <  Gr.  .«/^;.  beau- 


innlda.  with  high  etillement 
r  whlnki'V  I  have  always  found 

1  ..rlllc. 

I.  <     .M.iiin,  I'lychol.  Mrd.,  |>.  'J.'':i, 

'kiim'belt),    ii.     A   Jiono  or  region 

'"•in  four  to  kIx  degrecH  oflftliliide 

•    ei|Mnlor,  elinraelerized  by  the 

:  culms  during  the  grealor  part  of 


calm-bolt 

nnbr  ■■  n: 
I"" 
I'" 

the  y,  nr. 
I'nii  >nia  la  within  the  equatorial  ratm-MI,  whi'ri'  Ihr 

prrl(;<li<nl   ,  .Oi...  fo..,,.  f*.,.  ,.,  ,  n-v-'n  fnonllis  In  tin- 

jm.  SetoiiM.  IV.  4M. 


given;  iipi 
liful,  fair,  +  '///>«f,  black  (or  ///>(  =  L.  mil, 
hi.ni'V,  in  allusion  to  its  naiiio  mrrcuriu.i  ilulris, 
'  sweet  iiii'rciiry')-]  Hem!-,  sul>-.  or  iirolochlo- 
rid  of  inereurv,  or  inereiirouH  clilorid,  Ilgof'lo. 
II  wa«  fnrmcrlv  prcpiir.d  bvgrliullnu  In  a  mortar  mercury 
^■nlplmle  with  a»  linnh  mcr.urv  uh  It  already  contained, 
.iTi.l  bcallng  the  ndxiini' with  »alt  unlll  II  nubllmed.  It 
l«  no«  prepared  bv  nubllndng  c  .ino»lve  nubllmate  with  the 
|.r..]M  r  i|unnllly  of  men  iirv  II  al»n  occur*  tnillve  In 
t.  II  ii'.Minl  cry«tnl»,  which  an-  ivbllc  gray  or  yillowlnh  In 
•  •<],,T  iinti  have  nn  ntlnmantlnc  luMler.  It  l«  wctll 
U  hence  called  hom-lnereury  or  horHi/ulckiUl'er. 


hoppers,  of  the  family  Acrididw.  c.  .femurru- 
brum  is  the  common  red-legged  gras8ho])perof  the  Tnited 
States  ;  C.  spretus  (Thounis)  is  the  Kocky  .Mountain  grass- 
hopper or  locust,  w-liich  does  incalculable  ihunage  to  vege- 
tation. 

'I  calor  (kal'Sr  or  ka'lfir),  n.     [<  L.  color,  heat, 

<  riilt-re,  be  hot.]     Heat.     [Rare.] 
calorescence  (kal-o-res'ens),  n.      [<  L.  calor, 

lii'iil,  +  -(.iniiri.-  cf.  cakscrncc,  etc.]  A  name 
given  l>y  Tviidall  to  a  luiiiiiious  phenomenon, 
(ibsei've'd  wlien  tlio  invisible  lieal-rays  fniin  an 
npjii'o])riale  source  are  coiivcu'gcd  to  a  focus 
by  a  lens  or  niiiror  Ujioii  it  ]iieco  of  charcoal, 
which  is  thus  heated  to  incaiuloscence. 

Ill  calorescence  the  atoms  of  the  rcfrai-lory  boily  m-e 
causeil  to  vibrate  more  rapidly  than  the  wjives  which  fall 
ni«in  Ibcrn.  Tyndall,  Light  and  Klccl.,  |i.  (17. 

caloric  (ka-lor'ik),  a.  and  n. 

<  Ii.  rnUir,  heat:  see  culor.'i 
to  heat  or  the  principle  of  heat. 

Thi'  veloclly  of  an  astcnild  when  It  strikes  the  sun 
inea-un's  from  4.iri.7r.O  to  ll;«),4lMl  melres ;  the  cndirio  ef- 
fid  of  (he  pennisslon  la  consequently  equal  to  from  27J 
to  .'<:i  nillllons  of  ih'grccs  of  heat. 

./.  ;.'.  Moyrr  (trans.),  In  Urove's  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  276. 

Caloric  encrlne,  a  name  given  by  Ericsson  to  his  Improved 
a'r  .■nglnc.  to  dUtlngulKli  II  tmm  olln-r  air-engines  cm  the 
sunn-  prim-lplc.  Tile  snuilbr  mot. us  of  his  ilcsign  have 
been  usi'd  to  a  ronsl.lcrablc- .  viclil  in  situations  «hel-c  but 
Utile  power  has  be.  n  n-.|Mlr..l.  'I'll.'  I.Tni  cii(.o-ic  eiinim 
ha»  been  p.ipularlv  ai.|illi'.l  1..  li.il  all  .nglnes  as  a  clasil. 
Sic  airewiine.  -  CalorlC  paradOX.  Mee  spheroidal  stale, 
uii.ler  spheroidal. 

II.  I'.  The  name  giviMi  to  a:  supposptl  mibtlfr 
iiM|.oiiiIi-niblo  lluid  to  wliicli  the  sensation  and 


t=  l'\  rolorii]U(', 
.  a.  Po 


I'ortaining 


and 
It  l> 


caloric 

phenomena  of  heat  were  formerly  attributed ; 
hence,  heat — Sensible  uml  Insensible  caloric,  ob- 

sdlete  terms  for  acuaifiU'  iuiil  Uttrnl  Iwiit.     Sec  lieat. 

caloricity  (kal-o-ris'i-ti),  II.  [=  F.  culoricite,  < 
caloriqiw  =  E.  caloric.'}  The  power  iu  animals 
of  developing  the  quiuitity  of  heat  necessary 
to  life  and  to  enable  them  to  resist  atmospheric 
cold,  so  as  to  preserve  at  all  times  and  in  every 
part  an  internal  temperature  nearly  equal. 

caloriduct  (ka-lor'i-dukt),  n.  [<  L.  calor,  heat, 
+  ductus,  a  leading,  <  ducere,  lead.  Cf.  aque- 
duct, and  see  calidiict.']  A  tube  or  passage  for 
conveying  h'^at.     See  caliduct. 

calorie,  «.     [F.]     See  calory. 

calorifacient  (^.^l"o-ri-fa's^lient),  a.  [<  L.  ca- 
lor, heat,  +  facicii{t-)s,  ppr.  of  faccre,  make.] 
Heat-producing.  Also  calorifioient,  ealorifiant, 
and  cnlorifieiit. 

ealorifiant  (kal"o-ri-fi'ant),  a.  [Also  written 
ciiliirijiriit;  <  L.  calor,  heat,  +  F.  -fiant,  ppr. 
of  -fivr,  E.  -fi/,  make.]     Same  as  calorifacient. 

calorific  (kal-o-rif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  calorijicns, 
heat-producing,  <  calor,  heat,  +  facerc,  make.] 
Capable  of  producing  heat;  causing  heat;  heat- 
ing ;  calorifacient. 

We  distinguish  .  .  .  the  gravitative,  lurainiferous,  and 
ealorijic  properties  of  tlie  sun.  J.  S.  Mill,  Logic. 

Broad  golden-white  day,  with  calorific  beams,  beating 
strongly  upon  us.  Lathrop,  8panisll  Vistas,  p.  166. 

Calorific  rays,  heat-rays.    .See  heat  and  spectrum. 

calorification  (ka-lor"i-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [=  F. 
fdtonliratioii,  <  L.  calor,  heat,  -I-  -ficare,  ifacere, 
make.]  The  production  of  heat,  especially  ani- 
mal heat. 

calorificient  (kaF'o-ri-fish'ient),  a.  Same  as 
cdlorifacieiit. 

calorifics  (kal-o-rif'lks),  n.  [PI.  of  calorific: 
see  -ics.']     The  science  of  heating. 

calorifient  (kal"o-ri-fi'ent),  a.  Same  as  calori- 
faririif. 

calorimeter  (kal-o-rim'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  calor, 
heat,  +  metruiii,  K  Gr.  /leT/mv,  measure.]  .An 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  quantity  of  heat 
given  off  by  a  body  under  different  conditions : 
used  in  determining  the  specific  heat  of  differ- 
ent substances,  the  latent  heat  of  fusion,  ex- 
pansion, or  vaporization,  and  the  heat  of  com- 
bustion, or  of  chemical  combination  in  general. 
In  the  ice-calorimeter  tile  substance  to  be  operated  on  is 
inclosed  in  a  cavity  of  ice,  and  the  quantity  of  heat  is 
determined  by  observing  the  increase  of  volume  due  to 
the  melting  of  a  portion  of  the  ice.  In  other  forms  the 
rise  in  temperature  of  a  known  quantity  of  some  liquid,  as 
water  or  mercury,  or  the  amount  of  expansion  caused  in  a 
known  volume  of  merciu'y,  is  noted. 

calorimetric,  calorimetrical  (kaVo-ri-mefrik, 
-ri-kal),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  calorimeter 
or  to  calorimetry. 

There  are  two  methods  of  measuring  the  intensity  of  a 
beam  of  light :  1.  Calorimetrical.  ...  2.  Photometrical. 
A.  Daniell,  Plin.  of  Physics,  p.  463. 

calorimetrically  (kaP'o-ri-mefri-kal-i),  adv. 
By  means  of  the  calorimeter;  in  accordance 
with  the  principles  and  methods  of  calorimetry. 
The  total  intensity  of  radiation  may  be  measured  calo- 
rimetrically. A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  463. 

calorimetry  (kal-o-rim'e-tri),  n.  [<  calorime- 
ter.2  The  measm'ement  of  the  quantity  of 
heat  in  thermal  units  (see  thermal  and  calory) 
which  a  body  absorbs  or  gives  out  in  passing 
thi'ough  a  certain  range  of  temperature,  or  in 
changing  its  state  (as  in  fusion  or  vaporization), 
or  the  heat  which  is  produced  by  chemical 
combination ;  the  art  or  process  of  using  the 
calorimeter. 

calorimotor  (kal"o-ri-m6'tor),  n.  [<  L.  calor, 
heat,  +  motor,  mover:  see  motor.~\  A  form  of 
voltaic  battery,  consisting  of  one  or  more  cells 
in  which  the  plates  used  are  large,  so  that  the 
internal  resistance  is  very  small.  The  current 
produced  may  have  a  low  electromotive  force  while  the 
quantity  of  electrical  energy  is  large,  and  hence  can  pro- 
duce considerable  heating  effects  in  a  short  external  cir- 
cuit.   Hare's  deflagrator  was  an  early  form. 

calorist  (kal'o-rist),  )(.  [<  L.  calor,  heat,  + 
-ist.2  One  of  those  who  uphold  the  theory  that 
the  sensation  and  phenomena  of  heat  are  at- 
tributable to  a  fluid  called  caloric. 

Tlie  theory  of  the  calorists,  as  those  who  held  this  view 
were  called,  and  called  themselves,  is  now  utterly  dis- 
proved.  Pop.  Biuyc. 

calory  (kal'o-ri),  n.  [<  F.  calorie,  <  L.  calor, 
heat.]  lajiliys.,  the  quantity  of  heat  necessary 
to  raise  the  temperature  of  a  kilogram  of  water 
from  0°  to  1°  centigrade,  it  is  the  unit  of  heat 
ordinarily  employed  in  calorimetry  by  modern  physicists, 
instead  of  the  thermal  unit  based  on  the  Englisli  measures. 
(See  thermal.)  The  small  calory  or  tlu*rnial  unit  on  the 
C.  G.  S.  system  is  the  heat  require<l  to  laise  the  tempera- 
ture of  one  gram  of  water  from  0"  to  I  (_'.  Although  this 
particular  degree  of  the  scale  is  always  specified  in  formal 


771 

definitions,  yet  it  is  practically  assumed  that  the  specific 
beat  of  water  is  constant ;  so  tliat  if  the  calory  were  de- 
fined in  terms  of  the  degree  from  20'  to  21",  it  would  more 
accurately  represent  the  meaning  in  use.  Also  spelled 
calorie. 

The  Calorie  is  equal  to  41,693,010,000  ergs  or  423.fl85 
kilogramme-metres.    A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  317. 

Calosonia,  Callosoma  (kal-o-s6'mii), «.  [NL., 

<  (ir.  lia'/i'ir,  beautiful,  +  nii/ia,  body.]  A  largo 
genus  of  beautiful  adephagous  Coleojitera,  or 
carnivorous  beetles,  of  tlie  family  Carahida'. 
C.  ffiicffphanta,  about  an  inch  in  length,  is  the  largest  an<l 
handsomest  British  insect  of  the  family.    C.  iiuiuintor. 


Rummaging  Ground-beetle  {Caiosoma  scrittatcrr),  witli  larva  of 
C.  calidum.    (Natural  size. J 

C.  scrutator,  and  C.  caliduiii  are  other  species  of  this 
widely  distributed  genus,  commonly  called  grouiid-beetles. 
Also  spelled  CalliKoma.. 

calote,  n.     Same  as  calotte. 

Calotermes  (kal-o-ter'mez),  11.  [Nli.,  <  Gr.  na- 
Atif,  beautiful,  +  L.  termes,  tarines,  a  wood- 
worm :  see  termes.}  One  of  the  principal  genera 
of  white  ants  or  termites,  of  the  family  Termi- 
tidte  or  isopterous  Seuroptcra.  it  contains  both 
winged  sexual  individuals  and  apterous,  fully  developed, 
but  sexually  aborted  individuals.  C.  fiavicollis  of  south- 
ern Europe  is  an  example. 

The  nests  of  species  of  Calotermes  are  the  most  incom- 
plete ;  they  only  gnaw  passages  in  wood,  which  mainly 
run  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the  tree.  There  is  no 
special  place  for  the  queen.     Clans,  Zoijl.  (trans.),  p.  .S60. 

Calotropis  (ka-lot'ro-pis),  n.  [NL.  (in  allusion 
to  the  keel  of  the  flower),  <  Gr.  K.a'A6<;,  beautifid, 
-I-  TpSiTic,  a  ship's  keel,  <  rpEivtiv,  turn.]  A 
small  genus  of  aselepiadaceous  shrubs.  The 
bark,  which  is  known  as  modnr  awA  yercuin  {nsivae^  also 
given  to  the  plants  themselves),  is  a  medicine  famous 
among  Oriental  physicians.  It  is  employed  in  many  dis- 
eases, especially  in  dysentery,  as  an  alterative  tonic  and 
diaphoretic,  and  as  a  substitute  for  ipecac.  C  proeera 
ranges  from  India  to  the  Cape  Verd  islands,  and  C.  giffa/i- 
tea  from  India  to  Borneo  and  China.  The  silky  fiber  of  the 
latter  is  finer  in  quality,  and  is  used  for  the  robes  of  the 
native  princes,  for  bowstrings,  and  for  fishing-lines  and 
-nets,  as  it  is  almost  indestructible  in  water.  The  wood  i  if 
both  species  is  made  into  charcoal  for  gunpowder,  tlie 
acrid  milky  juice  mixed  with  salt  is  used  to  remove  hair 
from  hides,  and  the  h<iirs  of  the  seeds  are  employed  for 
stuffing  m.attresses. 

calotte  (ka-lof),  «•  [^  F.  calotte,  a  skull-cap, 
dim.  of  OF.  cale,  a  kind  of  little  cap,  >  E.  caul''', 
q.  v.]  1.  A  plain  skull-cap  or  coif  of  hair- 
cloth, satin,  or  other  fabric,  worn  («)  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  clergy  to  cover  the  tonsm'e 
when  exposed  to  drafts;  (6)  in  England,  by 
serjeants-at-law  on  their  wigs. —  2.  In  armor 
and  costume,  that  part  of  any  head-dress  which 
covers  closely  the  crown  of  the  head :  as,  the 
calotte  of  the  helmet. —  3.  Anything  ha\'ing 
the  form  of  a  small  cap,  as  the  cap  of  a  sword- 
hilt. —  4.  In  arch.,  a  dome  or  cupola,  or  some- 
thing of  similar  form,  as  a  cup-shaped  ceiling, 
the  head  of  an  alcove,  etc. —  5.  In  ornith.,  a 
hood  or  cap  of  color  upon  the  top  of  a  bird's 
head. 

Also  written  calote  and  caUot. 

calottist  (ka-lot'ist),  «.  [<  F.  calottiste,  <  ca- 
lotte: see  def.]  A  member  of  a  society  which 
sprang  up  at  Paris  in  the  last  years  of  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.,  imder  the  name  of  the  Regi- 
ment de  la  Calotte:  so  called  fi-om  the  cap 
which  formed  tlie  s>Tnbol  of  the  society,  it  ex- 
ercised a  satirical  criticism  by  sending  its  emblem  and 
other  symbols  and  medals  to  those  who  made  themselves 
in  any  way  ridiculous,  and  had  extended  its  operations  to 
the  highest  ranks  of  society  before  it  was  suppressed. 

calotype  (kal'o-tip),  ».  [<  Gr.  Ka?.6c.  beautiful, 
-t-  Tf-or,  impression,  type.]  A  photogi-aphic 
process  devised  by  Fox  Talbot  about  1840,  but 
not  now  in  use.  In  this  process  a  reflected  image  is 
impressed  on  sensitized  paper  by  exposure  in  a  camera, 
developed  by  gallonitrate  of  silver,  and  fixed  by  hypo- 
sulphite of  soda.    The  paper  used  is  prepared  by  being 


caltrop 

saturated  with  iodide  itf  potassium  and  then  washed  with 
nitrate  of  silver,  thus  forming  an  iodide  of  silver,  wliich  is 
rendered  very  sensitive  to  liglit  by  a.  waiih  of  gallic  acid 
and  nitrate  of  silver. 

After  due  instructions,  we  seated  ourselves  at  the  open 
windows,— Storg  to  sketch,  and  I  t^>  take  a  mental  cato. 
type  of  the  view.  Linvell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  257. 

calotypist  (karo-tl-pist),  n.  [<  calotype  +  -ist.'} 
One  who  takes  photographs  by  the  calotype 
process. 

I  imprint  her  faat 
On  the  void  at  last, 
As  ttie  sun  does  whom  he  will 
By  the  ealotypist's  skill. 

nrowmng,  Mesmerism. 

caloyer  (ka-Ioi'er),  11.  [<  F.  cn/oycr  =  OBulg. 
t.iilui/i ni,  Bidg.  kalofjer  =  Sen'.  I:aliidjer=RusB. 
kaloijerti  =  Alb.  kalojer,  <  LGr.  na'/dyr/fior,  Ka'/6- 
ytiimr,  NGr.  mAoyejior,  a  monk,  lit.  good  in  old 
age,  venerable,  <  Gr.  Ka'//jr,  beautifid,  good,  + 
yfipa^,  old  age ;  cf.  yqiom,  N(ir.  yt/joc,  an  old  man.] 
A  monk  of  the  Greek  Church.     See  monk. 

calp  (kalp),  H.  [Prob.  of  Ir.  origin.]  The  local 
Irisli  designation  of  certain  beds  of  shales, 
saiidstonos,  and  clays,  containing  thin,  un- 
workable seams  of  coal.  The  calp  belongs  to 
the  Lower  Carboniferous  series.     See  culm. 

calpa,  «.     See  kal^m. 

calpac  (kal'pak),  »i.  [Armenian.]  A  large  black 
cnji  of  sheepskin  worn  by  Armenians  and  Turks. 

calpar  (kal'piir),  n.  [L.,  a  vessel  for  liquids. 
CI'.  Gr.  Ku/-ri,  an  urn,  hu/.ttic,  a  pitcher.]  A 
form  of  large  Roman  ,iar.     See  dolium. 

calpel  (kalp),  n.  [Gael,  "calpa,  colpa,  a  cow  or 
horse,  calpach,  colpach,  a  heifer,  a  steer,  a  colt.] 
A  tribute,  commonly  a  horse  or  cow,  paid  by  a 
member  of  a  Highland  clan,  or  a  vassal,  to  the 
chief,  in  return  for  his  protection. 

Calpe^  (kal'pe),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  mX-ri,  an  um.] 
A  genus  of  Noctuidw,  founded  by  Treitschke  in 
1825.  The  subfamily  Calimli  was  founded  on  this  genus 
by  Ouen^e  in  la41,  and  the  family  Calpidie  l>y  the  same 
autiior  in  1852.  They  have  the  body  stout,  not  crested ; 
j)alpi  long,  ascending;  second  joint  robust,  pilose,  the 
third  usually  short;  antenn.'e  acuminate  ;  abdomen  liard- 
ly  extending  beyond  hind  wings ;  bind  tibiie  witli  long 
spurs;  and  fore  wings  with  interior  border  excavated  and 
more  or  less  dentate. 

Calpidse  (kal'pi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Calpe^  -t- 
-id(c.'\  A  family  of  noctuid  moths,  named  from 
the  genus  Calpe.     Guenee,  1852. 

caique,  ('.  i.     See  calk^. 

calsonst  (kal'sonz),  7i.pl.  [Also  calsounds,  cal- 
zooiis :  <  F.  callous,  now  cale^ons,  =  NGr.  ko/.t- 
Coi'piuv,  <  It.  cal:oni,  aug.  of  calza,  a  stocking,  < 
L.  calceus,  a  shoe.]     Drawers ;  hose. 

They  wear  ...  a  smocke  of  callico  .  .  ..  ;  under  this,  a 

paire  of  calsounds  of  the  same,  which  reach  to  their  ancles. 

Sandys,  Travels,  p.  63. 

The  better  sort  of  that  sex  here  we.ar  linen  drawers  op 
cahuon.'f.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels  in  Africa,  p.  115. 

calstokt,  n.  See  kalestock. 
caltetepon  (kal-te-tep'on),  H.  [Mex.]  A  name 
of  the  Mexican  varanian  or  monitor  lizard,  He- 
loderma  liorridum,  a  venomous  species. 
Caltha  (kal'tha),  n.  [<  L.  cultha,  a  jdant,  prob. 
pot-marigold.  Calendula  officinalis :  origin  un- 
known.] A  genus  of  ranunculaceous  plants, 
with  stout  creeping  root-stocks,  flowers  having 
showy  yellow  sepals  but  no  petals,  and  fruit 
consisting  of  many-seeded  pods  in  clusters. 
The  species  are  m.arsh-berbs,  found  in  the  temperate  and 
cold  regions  of  both  hemispheres,  flowering  in  early  spring. 
The  common  marsh-marigold,  C.  patustri^;  known  in  the 
I'nited  States  as  cowslips,  is  frequently  used  as  a  pot-herb. 
calthropt,  »■  See  caltrop. 
caltrap,  «.  and  v.  See  caltrop. 
caltrop,  caltrap  (kal'trop,  -trap),  H.  [Also 
written  calthrop,  early  mod.  E.  also  caltrappe, 
eallriippe,  calteroop,  <  ME.  caltrap,  calhtrappe, 
calketrajijir,  -treppe,  kalketrappc,  calcetreppe,  a 
caltrop  (def.  1),  also  a  plant,  sea-thistle  (gloss- 
ed tribuliis  marinus  saliunca),  <  AS.  (as  a  plant- 
name)  calcathppe  (glossed  heraclea),  contr.  col- 
tr<^ppc  (glossed  rhammis,  whin),  =  OF.  caiide- 
trap  for  "caucetrapie,  F.  chausse-trape,  a  caltrop, 
star-thistle,  =  It.  calcatrippa.  star-thistle,  <  ML. 
calcatrijipa,  calcatripa,  calcatrrpa,  also  calcitri- 
pa,  calcitrapa,  calcarippa,  calatrippa,  a  caltrop, 
also  applied  to  several  plants  (>  NL.  calcitrapa, 
applied  to  the  star-thistle),  supposed  to  stand 
for  "calcitrappa,  <  L.  calx 
(calc-),  heel,  +  ML.  irapi- 
pa,  a  snare,  of  Teut.  ori- 
gin, E.  trapi-.  Cf.  ML. 
calcitrare,  cause  to  stum- 
ble, in  classical  L.  kick.] 
1.  Formerly,  a  military 
instrument  with  four  iron 
points  disposed  in  such 
a  manner  that,  three 
Caltrop.  of   them    being    on  the 


caltrop 

ground,  the  fourth  pointed  upward.  Caltrops  were 
scattered  on  the  ground  where  an  enemy's  cavalry  were 
to  pass,  to  impede  their  progress  by  wounding  the  horses' 
feet. 

A}so  fnlle  of  caltrappys  hyt  was  sette. 
As  meschys  beth  made  wythinne  a  nette. 

Archeeologia,  XXL  51. 

I  think  they  ha"  strew'd  the  highways  with  caltrops,  I ; 
No  horse  dares  pass  'em. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  i.  1. 

2.  pi.  Broken  pottery  or  coarse  pots  of  easily 
■broken  earthenware,  or  other  things  adapted 
to  wound  horses'  feet,  used  in  place  of  caltrops 
proper.  Archaol.  Jour.,  XI.  388. — 3.  In  hot., 
a  name  of  several  plants.  The  name  was  applied 
first  to  the  spiny  heads  or  fruits  of  the  plants,  from  their 
resemblance  to' the  military  instrument,  and  then  to  the 
plants  themselves.  The  common  caltrop  or  caltrops  is 
Centaurca  Calcitrapa  (the  star-thistle),  found  in  waste 
places  in  the  south  of  England.  The  heads  are  covered 
with  long  yellow  spines.  The  name  is  also  given  to  Tri- 
btditf  terrcMris,  a  plant  of  the  ilediterranean  region,  with 
a  spiny  pentagonal  fruit.  The  water-caltrop  is  Trapa  na- 
taiu.  the  fruit  of  which  has  several  horns  formed  of  the 
indurated  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

caltropt,  cal'trapt,  «'•  ?•  \}SE.  caltrappyn ;  from 
the  noun.]     To  entangle  ■with  caltrops. 

Caltrappyn,  hamo.  Prompt.  Pare,  p.  59. 

Caluella,  «.     See  CaUuella. 

callimba  (ka-lum'ba),  n.  [XL.,  said  to  be  from 
kaUmili,  its  native  name  in  Mozambique.]  A 
recent  form  of  columbo,  the  common  name  for 
the  root  of  Jateorhisa palmata  and  other  plants. 
See  eohimbo. 

calumet  (kal'u-met),  n.  [<  F.  calumet,  prop,  a 
dial,  form  (used  in  Canadian  F.  and  thence 
introduced  into  E.  and  literary  F.)  parallel 
to  chalumeau,  a  reed-pipe,  <  OF.  clialemcl,  < 
LL.  calameUus,  a  little  reed,  dim.  of  L.  cala- 
mus, a  reed:  see  calamus.^  A  kind  of  tobacco- 
pipe  used  by  the  Indians  of  North  America. 

Ita    bowl     is 
usually  of  soft 


y^i  «^ 


Calumet. 


red  soap- 
stone,  and  the 
tube  a  long 
reed  orna- 
mented with 
feathers.  The 
eahiniet  is 
usedasasjTii- 
li'il  or  an  instrument  for  declaring 
I>eace  or  war.  To  accept  tlie  calumet 
is  to  afree  to  the  terms  of  peace ;  to 
refuse  it  is  to  reject  them.  The  calu* 
met  of  peace  is  used  to  seal  or 
ratify  contracts  and  alliances,  in  the 
friendly  reception  of  strangers,  and 
as  a  saft'ifiiard  in  peaceful  traveling.  Tlie  calumet  of  war, 
dilfferetitly  made,  is  used  in  the  jiroclamation  of  war.  The 
reed  or  stem  is  the  important  part  of  the  pipe,  and  is  held 
to  have  a  sacred  signitlcation. 

When  passed  the  sacred  calumet 
From  lip  to  lip  with  fire-draught  wet. 

Whittier,  Truce  of  I'iscataqua. 

Calumet  ea^le,  any  eagle  having  black  and  white  tail- 
feathers  suitable  for  decorating  the  calumet  of  the  In- 
dian.>(.  Hoth  the  golden  eagle  (Aouila  chn/saftux) and  the 
baM  eagle  (lIaUa*--t\m  ieucocephaiiiji)  funiisti  tlie  required 
fenth" T.^  at  ctTtain  stages  of  their  iduniage. 
calumner  (ka-luin'n6r),  n.  [<  'calmmif  v.  (<  F. 
calomnier^  <  L.  calunmiari),  calumniate,  +  -erl.] 
A  cahmmiator.     [Kare.] 

I't » tht;  cnlumnrrti ot  Lysiniachushcpromfscthhc  will  not 
pi  rjininate.    VhrUtian  HfU'jion'H  Appeal,  ii.  38(Ord  MS.). 

caluxoniate  (ka-lum'ni-at),  r.  t.}  pret.  and  pp. 
calumniatcdf  ppr.  calumtnatijif/.  [<  Jj.calutnni- 
ahuff  pp.  of  calumniari  (>  It.  calunniarCy  calon- 
niare,  valoffiutn;  =  Sp.  Tjc.  caUnnniar  =  F.  ca- 
lomuier,  OF.  rhalontfrr,  rliaUmfrr,  >  K.  chalktuft, 
cj.  v.),  Hlundcr,  <  calumniUf  slander:  seo  calum- 
ny, and  cf.  challenffCy  ?'.]  To  utter  calumny 
roffarding;  chargo  falsely  and  knowingly  witli 
8orne  crime  or  offense,  or  something  disrepu- 
table; slander. 

f  '^nniiuit>->i  by  apoBtatcB.  Macaulay. 

I     I  l^  'I  tlifriii,  being  HO  ra/wmnirt/^//, 
(  h-  \  would  commission  one  of  weight  and  worth 
iu  judge  botweeo  my  s]ander'd  Helf  and  me. 

Tcniij/Mon,  Columbus. 

=  8yn.   Tirfnmr,  fniiimniaU,  etc.     S»>e  fmjtrrKr. 

calumniation  (ka-ltim-ni-a'shon),  H.     [<  L.  as 

if  '"i/,ntinnitto(ii-),  <  rfthinniiari:  see  rnfumni- 

<itc»}    The  act  of  calumniating;  calumny. 

Tb"  •Iftrwlcr  and  ralnmnuition  of  her  prliiflp.-il  counsel- 

'  with  the  Jiumoum  of  Honi*-  rii;ibronti'nln 

II.  Itnrt,n,iH>H.  "o  it  Mbil. 

ii'-lons  .  ,  .  arc  dell^'ered  dlnpn'iNioiiately, 

It  out  In  th"'  hfftt  of  rontrovoniy  and  cahiut- 

T.  Wnrtmt,  MIltoii'KHIIvnrum  Mhrr. 


CaltlTT- 
luw 
at* 
ly... 
rliiir..' 


i>n»i»tiiiiiii  <>r  rt  j.orls 


liiin'ni-ri-lrir),  ».      fL.,  <^  rii. 

iiinirtU,^     i)n<'  wlio  raliiinnl- 

ni'wtid  fiilm-ly  and  knowiii(f- 

if  nnvtliini,'  of  n  diH^Tiicifiil 

■loiiHly  |ir<>|ifi|;ntcfi  (nlw  fic- 


772 

The  devil,  the  father  of  all  caltimniators  and  liars. 

At^.  Cssher,  .\ns.  to  a  Jesuit,  p.  9S. 

The  calumniators  of  Epicurus's  philosophy. 

Cowley,  Liberty. 
A  wicked  thing  is  aco/wjnniafor.  Brougham. 

=  Syn.  Slanderer,  defamer,  backbiter,  libeler,  detractor, 
traducer. 

calumniatory  (ka-limi'ni-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as 
if  'ailumniatorius,  <  calumiiiaior.i  Slanderous: 
as.  ■•calumniatory  information,"  Bp.  Montagu, 
Appeal  to  C»sar.  p.  17. 

calumnious  (ka-lum'ni-us),  a.  [<  L.  cahnnni- 
o««A',  <  culumnia :  see  cahimny.']  Using  eahun- 
ny;  containing  or  impljing  calumny;  injuri- 
ous to  reputation ;  slanderous:  as,  "calumnious 
knave,"  Hhal:,  All's  Well,  i.  3 ;  "calumnious  mis- 
statements," Motley. 

Virtue  itself  "scapes  not  calumnious  strokes. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 
The  weak  stroke  of  their  cahannioxts  tongues. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iii.  2. 

calumniously  (ka-lum'ni-us-li),  adv.  In  a  ca- 
lumnious manner;  slanderously. 

calumniousness  (ka-lum'ni-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  calumnious  ;  slanderousness ; 
defamatory  quality. 

The  bitterness  of  my  stile  was  plainness,  not  calumniotts. 
neft!.      Bp.  Morton,  Discharge  of  Imput.  (ed.  1633),  p.  227. 

calunmize  (kal'um-niz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cal- 
umni:ecl,  ppr.  calumni^iug.  [<  calumny  +  -i>e.] 
To  cahminiate.     Davies.     [Rare.] 

calumny  (kal'imi-ni),  n.\  pi.  calumnies  (-niz). 
[<  F.  calomnie  (OP.  clialongc,  chalenge,  >  ME. 
chalengv :  see  challenge,  n.,  which  is  a  doublet 
of  calumny)  =  Pr.  calonja,  calumpnia  =  Sp.  Pg. 
calumnia  =  It.  calonnia,  calunnia,  calogna,  < 
L.  calumnia,  OL.  kalumuia,  trickery,  artifice,  a 
false  accusation,  <  cahi,  calvere,  deceive,  in- 
trigue against.]  False  accusation  of  crime, 
misconduct,  or  defect,  kno'svingly  or  malicious- 
ly made  or  reported,  to  the  injury  of  anotlicr; 
untruth  maliciously  spoken,  to  the  detraction 
of  anotlier ;  a  defamatory  report ;  slander. 

Be  thou  as  chaste  as  ice,  as  pure  as  snow,  thou  shalt 
not  escape  calumny.  Shak.,  llamlot,  iii.  1. 

The  last  days  of  Tillotson  were  altogether  embittered  by 
i\\Q  stream  of  cahnnny,  invective,  and  lampoons  of  which 
lie  was  the  object.  Lt'cky,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  i. 

=  Syn.  Lying,  falsehood,  libel,  aspersion,  detraction,  back- 
biting, defuTuatiott,  evil-speaking, 

Calurus  (ka-lu'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  na'Ai^,  beau- 
tiful, +  ovpd,  tail.]  A  genus  of  trogons,  the 
paradise  trogons,  the  most  magnificent  birds 
of  the  family  Trogonidir.  Tliey  are  rich-green  and 
carmine  in  color,  with  tlie  upper  tail-coverts  projecting 
like  delicate  sprays  a  foot  or  two  beyond  the  tail.  Also 
railed  Pharmnacrus  or  Pharomachrux. 

calva  (kal'vii),  n.\  pi.  cnlr(e  (-v6).  [NL.,  fern, 
of  L.  calvusj\>a,\A:  see  callou-'^.']  In  cntom. :  (n) 
The  upper  part  of  the  cjiicranium  of  an  insect, 
including  the  front  aiul  verte-x.  (/))  With  some 
■nTiters,  tlie  whole  head-case  or  cranium. 

cal'vairt  (kal'viir),  n.  [ME.,  <  L.  calvana,  the 
skull:  &e<i  Calvary.']     A  skull. 

An  other  thinge  tliat  lightly  may  be  founde. 
The  caltmir  of  an  horsed  asse  or  mare, 
Sette  tliat  uiipe. 

PaUailius,  Ilusbondrie  (E.  E,  T.  S.),  p.  80. 

cal'^aria  (kal-va'ri-ii),  n. ;  pi.  calvaria'  (-e).  [Ij., 
the  skull:  see  Calvary.']  The  calvarium  (which 
sei'). 

cal'Varian   (kal-va'ri-an),  a.      [<  calmrium  + 

-an,]     Pertaining  to  the  calvarium Calvaxlan 

hook,  a  stout  honk  used  in  removing  the  calvarimn  in  au- 

calvarium  (kal-va'ri-um),  11. ;  jil.  calvaria  (-ii). 
[NIj.,  urn)..  <  L.  calvaria,  fern.:  seo  Calvary.] 
That  part  of  tho  cranium  which  is  above  llio 
orbits,  temples,  and  occipital  ])rotuboranco ; 
tlic  skull-cap.     See  cut  uncliT  cranium. 

Calvary  (kaVva-ri),  n.  [<  L.  calvaria,  a  skull 
(use<l  in  tlie  Vijgate  to  translate  tln'IIeb.  Hol- 
gotlia),  <  calva,  the  seal])  without  hair,  fcni.  of 
calvus,})!M:  HOI'  cnlloiv^.]  1.  A  jilacc  of  skulLs; 
Golgotha;  spocifically,  tlie  place  wliero  t'lirist 
waH  crucified,  n  was  jimbably  a  Hniall  liill  In  the 
vicinity  of  ancient  .lenisatem ;  its  aHSUined  Kite,  coverr<l 
by  till!  cburch  of  the  Holy  Hcpulclier  within  tho  modern 
city,  Ih  diHjinted. 

2.  ['•  ''•]  In  Itomnn  Catholic  counlrios,  a  rep- 
rcHcntatiou  of  (lie  passion  of  ClirlHt.  often  of 
life-size,  erected  sometiiiieH  on  a  liill  near  n 
city,  Homntimes  near  n  church  or  in  a  churdi- 
yard,  and  Homotimos  in  a  chapol.  Tlie  varlouM 
i«''<'iii-Hof  DirlHt'Hfiiiircrlngnandrnii'lflxroii  are  rrprfHcnled 
I'V  filiiliiiiry  nnil  carving  nflcii  hlglily  colored.  .Mt.mr  ral- 
wiri'rt  (ire  ft  ii[)eclal  fi-atiirc  of  nicdfevnl  ftiid  HclniiKHanco 
art  In  lirltlaiiy,  and  calvarliH  In  wax,  placed  In  eliiirrlicH, 
III,-  iniii-li  ill  vogtif  in  Italy  iiimI  i-lRcwIirre. 

3.  \l.  c]  A  rocky  mound  or  liill  on  which  three 
crosgcs  arc  erected:  an  adjunct  to  somu  reli- 


Calvinism 

gious  houses — Calvary  cross,  "r  cross  of  Calvary. 
See  cross.— Congregation  of  Our  Lady  of  Calvary. 
See  con;jrc^ntion. 
calve  (kav),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calved,  ppr.  calv- 
ing. [<  ME.  calven,  <  AS.  cealfian  (=  D.  kalven 
=  East  Fries,  kalfen  =  MHG.  G.  kalben  (dial. 
kdlbeln)  =  Icel.  kelfa  =  Norvr.  kalva,  also  kjclva, 
kja^ve  =  Sw.  kalfva  =  Dan.  kalve,  also  kwlve, 
calve),  <  cealf,  calf:  see  calf^.  In  the  derived 
senses  2  and  3,  cf.  Dan.  kalve  (in  sense  2)  = 
Flem.  in-kalvcn  =  East  Fries,  in-kap'cn,  cave 
in;  in  E.  now  cave:  see  cave'^,  r.]    I.  intrans. 

1.  To  bring  forth  a  ealf  or  calves:  sometimes 
used  contemptuously  of  human  beings,  and  by 
Milton  of  the  eai-th  at  the  creation  of  cattle, 
etc. 

Knowest  thou  the  time  when  the  wild  goats  of  the  rock 
bring  forth  ?  or  canst  thou  mark  when  the  hinds  do  calve  f 

Job  xxxix.  1. 
The  grassy  clods  now  cawed.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  463. 

2.  To  become  separated  from  or  lose  a  portion 
of  itself:  said  of  a  glacier  when  icebergs  are 
broken  off  from  it. — 3t.  To  become  detached 
and  fall  inward,  as  earth  or  rock  from  the  walls 
of  a  cutting:  -n-ith  in.     Now  cave  in. 

The  rock  caived  in  upon  him. 

Quoted  in  .V.  and  Q.,  4th  ser.,  XH.  168. 

H.  trans.  To  give  birth  to,  as  a  cow  to  a 
calf ;  bring  forth. 

Not  Romans,  .  .  . 
Though  calved  V  the  porch  o'  the  Capitol. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  1. 

calver  (kal'v^r),  a.  [<  ME.  calvur,  calwar, 
fresh  (applied  to  fish) ;  appar.  a  corruption  of 
caller,  callour,  fresh :  see  caller-.]  Fresh ;  newly 
caught,  as  fish :  apjilied  particularly  to  fish,  and 
especiiilly  to  saliiKin,  dressiMl  as  soon  as  caught. 
The  Icnii  uas  al-so  applied  t<i  llsh  dressed  ill  a  particulai 
way,  as  with  oil,  vinegar,  and  spices.  See  caloer,  v.  [Now 
only  prov.  Eng.] 
Cah'uras  samoon,  orothjTfysshe.    Prompt.  Parv.,p.  59. 

calvert  (kal'v6r),  n.    The  flaky  or  fat  flesh  of 
calver  fish. 
Cdlrcr  of  samon,  escume  de  saumon.  Palsgrave. 

calver  (kal'v^r),  V.  t.  [Orig.  only  in  p.  a. 
culvcrcd,  for  calver:  see  calver,  a.]  If.  In  cook- 
cry,  to  prepare  (fish)  in  a  certain  way,  appa- 
rently by  a  kind  of  pickling  and  spieing. 

My  foot-boy  shall  cat  pheasants,  calrcr'd  salmons,  knots, 
godwits,  lampreys.  B.  Jonjion,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

Great  lords  sometimes 
For  change  leave  calver'd  salmon,  and  eat  sprats. 

Massinger,  The  Guardian,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  crimp  (fish).     Xares. 

calves.  ".     Plural  of  calf  ^,  calf^. 

calves -snout  (kiivz'siiout),  n.  [For  calfs- 
.snuul.]  A  namo  of  the  snapdragon.  Antirrhi- 
num majufi,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the 
seed-vossel  to  a  calf's  head. 

calves' -tongue  (kiivz'tung),  n.  An  early  me- 
dieval molding  consisting  of  a  series  of  pointed, 
tongue  -  shajied  ^_ 

elonionts,  all 
pointing  in  tho 
same  direction, 
usually  do^vu- 
ward  or  inward. 
It  occurs  as  a 
niodilication  of 
a  label  or  roll 
nioUling  siu'- 
rounding  an 
arched  door  or 
window. 

caMUe  (kal'- 
vii),?!. [F.,ap- 
])»r.  adaiited(as 
if  <  It.  carovcllc 
(I'Morio),  caravclla,  a  sort  of  ]ioar)  <  L.  calvus, 
bald,  with  a  smooth  skin.]     A  sort  of  apiilo. 

calving  (kil'ving),  n.  [<  MK.  calryng ;  verbal 
n.  of  (■(//('(■,  }'.]  1.  The  act  ot'  bringing  forth  a 
<'alf:  said  of  cows,  whales,  and  seals. 

'I'lle  ItiiHslatis  provldciilly  problliit  Imy-wbaling,  ii  prac. 
till'  dcatructlvo  to  the  cow  Mimics  aiioilt  the  time  of 
calving.  K.  Forbes. 

2.  Tho  separation  of  niasHos  of  Ico  from  a  gla- 
cier from  tiiiio  to  time  as  it  extends  itself  into 
the  Hell,  giving  rise  to  icebergs. 

Calvinlan  (knl-vln'i-an),  a.  [Seo  Cnlvini.vn.] 
rirliiiiiiiig  or  relating  to  ('alviii:  Calviiiistio. 

Oalvinism  (kal'vln-izm),  H.  [=  |i .  Calvini.ime,  < 
t'alvin,  equiv.  to  F.  Chauvin  (see  chauvinism) 
and  di'Hvi^d  from  Ij.  ('(tlvinus.  a  Koniaii  cog- 
nomen, lit,.  'Iiiild,'  <  calvns,  liiilil:  see  callaU'K] 
The  tlieologii>al  tciietHiiriloelriiiesof  .lohii  Cal- 
vin, a  I'Voncli  Protestant  theologian  (l.'iDil-tM). 
The  iiecullar  characteristics  of  his  syiitciu,  aa  dorlvud  from 


Calvtfs'-loiiBiic  MoIdlnK.  Kenilworth 
Cfiiircli,  Uni;land, 


Calvinism 

his  "  Institutes,"  are  his  doctrines  of  original  sin,  namely, 
that  we  derive  from  Adam  "  not  only  tlie  pnnishment,  Imt 
also  the  pollution  to  which  the  punishment  is  justly  due"  ; 
of  freedom  of  the  will.  n:inicly,  thut  man  "  in  his  present 
state  is  despoilecj  of  freedom  of  will  and  suhject  to  a  mis- 
eral>le  slavery  "  :  of  grace,  or  that  '"  the  Lord  both  begins 
and  lonipletes  the  good  work  in  us,"  and  gives  us  "both 
will  ;nid  power";  of  predestination,  or  "the  eternal  de- 
cree <'i  (iod,  by  which  he  has  determined  in  himself  what 
he  wijuld  have  become  of  every  individual  of  nninkind"; 
and  of  perseverance,  or  the  doctrine  that  all  the  elect  will 
certainly  be  saved.  Calvinism  has,  however,  been  nniteri- 
alli  moc'lilied  since  Calvins  day,  and  the  name  is  ajiplied 
to  nioilern  systems  of  theology  which  diller  more  or  less 
widely  from  his  system  in  each  of  these  particulars.  (See 
Calvinist.)  Generally,  Calvinism  maybe  .said  to  rest  upon 
the  absolute  sovereignty  of  God  over  all  his  creatm'es. 
It  is  in  a  modified  form  the  theological  system  of  most 
Baptists,  Presbyterians,  and  Congregationalists. 

If  Arrainianisra  most  commends  itself  to  our  feelings, 
Calvinism  is  nearer  to  the  facts,  however  harsh  and  for- 
bidding these  facts  may  seem. 

Froude,  Short  .Studies  on  Great  Subjects,  II.  12. 

Calvinist  (kal'vin-ist),  n.  [=  P.  Calviniste: 
see  Cah'inism.']  Primarily,  an  adherent  of 
the  theological  system  of  John  Calvin.  See 
Calvinism,  The  name  is  also  given  to  theologians  who 
hold  the  doctrine  of  the  Divine  Sovereignty  as  tlie  central 
truth  of  their  system,  but  depart  more  or  less  widely  from 
the  conclusions  of  Calvin,  particularly  as  regards  uncondi- 
tional election  and  reprobation  and  free  will.    Strict  Cat- 

t  viilists  hold  substantially  the  original  views  of  Calvin ; 
hyper-Catvinints  add  some  corollaries  which  he  denied, 
including  a  denial  of  all  validity  to  the  use  of  human 
means ;  nwderate  CalDiniMs  modify  his  views,  and  hold 
that  man  possesses  free  will  notwithstanding  the  fall,  and 
that  his  responsibility  is  limited  to  his  voluntary  acts. 
American  Congregationalists  ami  the  so-called  New  School 
Presbyterians  are  generally  moderate  Calvinists. 

Calvinistic  (kal-vin-is'tik),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Calvin,  or  to  Calvinism. 

The  most  complete,  interlinked,  compact,  and  self-con- 
sistent theology  in  the  world  is  the  Calvinistic. 

H.  W.  Beecher,  Statement  of  Belief. 

Calvinistical  (kal-vin-is'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
Cah'iiiistir. 

Calvinize  (kal'vin-iz),  V.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  Cal- 
(■(;( (.-('(/,  ppr.  Calvinizing.  [(.  Calrin  + -ize.  See 
Cdlriiii.sni.]     To  convert  to  Calvinism. 

calvish  (ka'vish),  a.  [More  prop,  calfish;  < 
C((/;'i  4-  -ishX.']     Like  a  calf.     Sheldon. 

calvities  (kal-vish'i-ez),  «.  [L.,  "baldness,  < 
calviis,  bald :  see  callow^.]  Diffused  or  general 
baldness,  appearing  usually  first  on  the  crown, 
or  on  the  forehead  and  temples. 

calvityt  (kal'vi-ti),  n.  [<  F.  calvitie,  <  L.  calvi- 
ties.]    Baldness;  calvities. 

CalvOUS  (kal'vus),  a.  [<  L.  calms,  bald:  see 
caUiiiv^.]     Bald. 

calxi  (kalks),  «.;  pi.  calxes  or  (as  if  L.)  calces 
(kalk'sez,  kal'sez).  [<  L.  a(?x(plural  'calces not 
used),  a  small  stone,  a  counter  (>  dim.  calcu- 
lus, q.  v.),  limestone,  lime  (>  AS.  cealc,  E.  chall; 
q.  v.),  prob.  =  Gr.  A^d/l/f,  a  small  stone,  lime- 
stone.] 1.  Lime  or  chalk. —  2.  The  ashy  sub- 
stance which  remains  after  metals,  minerals, 
etc.,  have  been  calcined.  Metallic  eabces  are 
now  generally  called  oxids. — 3.  Broken  and 
refuse  glass,  which  is  restored  to  the  pots. — 
Calx  chiorata  or  cMorinata,  chlorinated  lime,  a  white 
powder  obtained  by  exposing  slaked  lime  to  the  action  of 
chlorine  gas  until  absorption  ceases :  used  as  a  disinfec- 
tant and  bleaching  agent.     Also  called  chlurid  of  lime. 

calx^  (kalks),  11.;  pi.  calces  (kal'sez).  [L.,  the 
heel.  Hence  calcitrate,  calcar'^.']  In  aiiat.,  the 
heel:  commonly  used  in  the  Latin  genitive  {cal- 
cis),  as  in  os  caleis,  the  heel-bone  or  calcaneum. 

calybite  (kal'i-bit),  «.  [<  Gr.  Ka^vfi'iTK,  living 
in  a  hut,  <  ita'Ahfir],  a  hut,  cell,  <  naXiiiTTeiv,  cover.] 
One  of  a  class  of  early  Christians  who  lived  in 
huts. 

Oalycanthacese  (kal"i-kan-tha'se-e), )).  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Calycanthus  +  -acea:.'\  A  natural  order 
of  dicotyledonous  plants,  allied  both  to  the 
Mafinoliacew  and  to  the  Bosacece.  They  are  hardy 
shrubs,  well  known  in  gardens  for  the  delicious  fragrance 
of  their  blossoms.  Tlie  order  contains  only  two  genera  : 
Caljicanthwi,  of  the  United  States,  and  Chirmjnanthus,  of 
Asia.     See  cut  under  Citl iiranthtts. 

calycanthemous  ( kai-i-kan'the-mus),  a.  [< NL. 
cahjcanthemus,  <  Gr.  mi'/.v^  (ko'Avk-),  calyx,  +  av- 
deftov,  a  flower.  Cf.  Gr.  KaXvKavdeuov  (of  same 
formation),  a  kind  of  honeysuckle.]  In  hot., 
having  petal-like  sepals. 

calycanthemy  (kal-i-kan'the-mi),  m.  [<  NL. 
*caliicantlicinia,  <  calycantheynvs :  see  calycan- 
themous.] Au  abnormity  of  form  in  a  flower,  in 
which  the  calyx-lobes  have  become  petaloid, 
as  in  some  varieties  of  primrose. 

Calycanthus  (kal-i-kan'thus),  n.  [NL.  (so called 
from  the  cup-shaped  receptacle  inclosing  the  pis- 
tils),<Gr.  KoAjjf  (/ioAii/t-),  acup,  +  ai)flof,  a  flower.] 
The  sweet  shrub  or  Carolina  allspice  of  the 
United  States,  an  aromatic  shrubby  genus  of 
four  species,  with  lurid  purple  flowers  which 
have  the  odor  of  strawberries.    The  bruised  leaves 


Flowering  br.inch  of  Calycan- 
thus Jloridus. 


Calyciflorate. 
Section  of  peach-blossom,  sliowing  the 
stamens   and    petals   inserted   on   tlie 
throat  of  the  calyx. 


773 

and  hark  are  also  fragrant.  The  most  common  species, 
frciinent  in  cultivation,  is  C.  Jloridus.  Also  called  straw- 
UTfi/.f'lant. 

calycate  (kari-kat),  a. 
[<  NL.  calycatus,  <  L. 
calyx  (calyc-),  calyx.]  In 
hot.,  provided  with  a 
calyx. 

calyces,  ».  Plural  of 
ciity.r. 

calyciferous  (kal-i-sif- 
e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  calyx 
(calyc-),  calyx,  +  fcrre, 
=  E.  hear^,  -h  -ous :  see 
calix,  calyx,  and  cf.  caly- 
cophornus.]  In  hot.  and 
zoijl.,  bearing  or  suj)- 
porting  the  calyx.  Also 
caUciJirous. 

Calyciflorae  (ka-lis-i- 
flo're),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  fem. 
pi.  of  calyciflorus,  <  L. 
calyx  (calyc-),  calyx,  + 
flos  (Jtor-),  flower,  corolla.]  In  De  CandoUe's 
classification,  a  subclass  of  polypetalous  dico- 
tyledons, in  which  the  corolla  and  stamens  are 
inserted  upon  a  disk  which  is  coherent  with  the 
calyx,  and  which  is  sometimes,  with  the  calyx, 
adna  t  c  to  the  ovary.  It  includes  the  Leguminosw, 
L'(isai-r<r,  Saxifraf/acece,  and  otherrelated  orders. 

calycifloral  (ka-lis-i-flo'ral),  a.  [As  Calyciflorw 
+  -(il.]    Same  as  calyciflorate. 

calyciflorate  (ka-lis-i-flo'rat),  a.  [<  NL.  calyci- 
floratus :  see  Calyciflorm.']  In  hot.,  having  the 
petals  and  sta- 
mens borne  upon 
the  calyx;  specifi- 
cally, pertaining 
to  the  Calyciflorw. 
caljrciflorous  (ka- 
lis-i-flo'nis),  a.  [< 
NL.  calyciflorus  : 
see  Calyciflorw.'} 
Same  as  calyci- 
florate. 

calyciform  (ka- 
lis'i-form),  a.  [< 
L.  calyx  (calyc-),  calyx,  +  forma,  shape.]  In 
hot.  and  zoiil'.,  having  the  form  of  or  resembling 
a  calyx. 

calycinal  (ka-lis'i-nal),  a.     Same  as  calycinc. 

calycine  (kal'i-sin),  «.  [<  L.  calyx  (calyc-), 
calyx,  +  -ine^.l  1.  In  hot.,  pertaining  to  a 
calyx;  situated  on  a  calyx. —  2.  In  rooV. :  (a) 
Resembling  the  calyx  of  a  plant,  (h)  Spe- 
cifically, in  crinoids,  of  or  pertaiuiug  to  the 
calyx:  as,  calycine  perisome — Calycine  pores,  in 
crinoids,  orifices  of  canaliculi  which  traverse  the  interradii 
of  the  perisome  and  place  the  coelomatic  cavity  in  com- 
munication with  the  exterior. 

calycle  (kal'i-kl),  «.  [<  L.  calyculus,  dim.  of 
calyx  (calyc-),  a  calyx:  see  calyx,  and  cf.  cali- 
c«fa.]  1.  In  io?.,  an  outer  accessory  calyx,  or 
set  of  leaflets  or  bracts  looking  like  a  calyx,  as 
in  the  pink.  Also  called  calyculus. —  2.  In  soiil., 
a  calice  or  little  cal.yx ;  some  part  of  a  zoophyte 
like  or  likened  to  the  calyx  of  a  plant.  Specifl- 
cally—  (a)  In  corals,  the  cup-cell  or  corallite  in  which  each 
polypite  or  individual  polyp  of  a  polypidom  is  lodged,  (d) 
In  lludruzoa,  the  receptacle  in  which  a  polypite  is  lodged, 
as  in'the  calyptoblastic  hydrozoans  ;  a  hydrotheca. 
Also  calice,  calicle,  and  calyoule. 

calycled  (kal'i-kld),  a.  [<  calycle  +  -e^2.] 
Same  as  calyculate. 

calycoid,  calycoideous  (kal'i-kold,  kal-i-'Koi'- 

de-us),  a.  [<  Gr.  *Ka'AvKoe(Siig,  contr.  KaAvKuSr/c, 
like  a  budding  flower,  <  xd^if  (kqAvk-),  calyx,  -t- 
cMof,  form.]  In  hot.  and  sool.,  like  a  calyx  in 
form,  color,  or  appearance. 
Calycophora  (kal-i-kof'o-rii),  7i.pl.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  calycophorus,  <  Gr.  nd'Avi  (aa'AvK-),  a  calyx, 
-\-  -(popoi;  -bearing,  <  (l)tpnv  =  E.  fteorl.]  An  order 
or  suborder  of  siphonophorous  oceanic  hydro- 
zoans, having  a  long  stem  with  a  somatooyst 
or  body-sac  at  the  proximal  end,  but  no  pneu- 
matophore.  The  Calycophora  are  very  delicate  organ- 
isms of  specially  composite  structure,  and  so  transparent 
th,at  they  are  rendered  visible  at  a  httle  distance  only  by 
their  bright  tints.  They  are  mostly  found  tloating  or  swim- 
ming on  the  surface  of  tropical  seas,  trailing  their  long 
chain  of  appendages  after  them  as  they  dart  forward  with 
a  rhythmical  movement  according  with  the  sinmltaneons 
contractions  of  the  nectocalyces  or  swinnuing-bells  with 
which  they  are  provided.  There  are  several  families,  of 
which  Diphi/idm  and  IIippopodiid<e  are  the  leading  ones. 
The  Cahirophora  constitute  with  the  Phiisophora  the  sub- 
class Siplionoplwra  (which  see).    Also  Calycophoridm. 

Calycophorae  (kal-i-kof 'o-re),  7i.  i>l.    [NL.] 

Same  as  Calycophora. 
calycophoran  (kal-i-kof'o-ran),  a.  and  n.   I.  a. 

Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Calycophora. 


Calypte 

II.  >i.  One  of  the  Calycophora. 

calycophorid  (kal-i-kol'o-rid),  n.  One  of  the 
Calyoiplioriila'. 

Calycophoridae  (kal"i-ko-for'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.] 
SiuiK'  as  Cah/r.ophora, 

calycophorous  (kal-i-kof'o-ms),  a.  Of  or  per- 
tiiiiiing  to  tiio  tJalycophord. 

Calycozoa  (kal"i-ko-z6'a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
i-alym~(ion,  <  Gr.  /tdAnf  (kuz-vk-),  a  calyx,  +  Cvov, 
an  animal.]  An  order  of  diseophorous  hydro- 
zoans, the  lucemarian  acalephs:  so  called  be- 
cause of  tlieir  cup-shape,  having  the  umbrella 
or  disk  without  a  velum,  pedunculated  aboral- 
ly,  and  capable  of  attachment  at  the  aVjoral  pole, 
'ibey  have  four  wide  vascular  pouches  with  narrow  septa, 
and  eight  tentaculiferous  processes  around  the  edge  of 
the  umbrella,  dividing  it  into  as  many  lobes,  the  genera- 
tive products  lieingdischarged  int^>  the  body-cavity.  There 
is  but  one  family,  lALccmariidtE.  These  orgardsms  are  of 
gelatinous  consistency,  variously  colored,  and  semi-trans- 
parent; when  detached,  they  swim,  like  all  medusolds,  by 
contractions  of  the  umbrella.  They  are  regarded  by  some 
as  the  most  generalized  type  of  the  class.  Leitckarl.  See 
l.tirjfiinfia. 

calycozoan  (kal"i-ko-z6'an),  a.  and  n.    I.  o. 

Of  or  pertaining  to  the  fJahjcozoa. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Calycozoa. 

calycozoic  (kal"i-ko-zd'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Calycozoa. 

calycozoon  (kal"i-ko-z6'on),  n.  [NL.,  sing,  of 
(-'dlyrozoa,  q.  v.]     One  of  the  Calycozoa. 

calycular  (ka-lik'ii-liir),  a.  In  hot.  and  zodl.y 
belonging  to  or  of  tlie  nature  of  a  calycle. 

calyculate,  calyculated  (ka-lik'u-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  calyculatus,  <  L.  calycuhcs,  a  calycle : 
see  calycle.']  1.  In  hot.,  having  bracts  which 
resemble  an  additional  external  calyx. — 2.  In. 
zooL,  having  a  calycle. 
Also  calycled. 

calyoule  (kal'i-kiil), n.  [<  calyculus,  q. v.]  Same 
us  calycle. 

calyculus  (ka-lik'tl-lus),  n. ;  pi.  calyeuH  (-li). 
[L.,  dim.  of  cahjx  (calyc-),  a  calyx.]  Same  as 
calycle,  1. 

Calymene  (ka-lim'e-ne),  n.  [NL.,  appar.  in- 
tended to  represent  Gr.  Kcaa'Av/i/ievr/,  fem.  of 
KeKa'Ai'p/jevoc,  pp.  pass,  ot  Ka?i.vTrTeiv,  cover,  hide.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  trilobites  found  in  the  Si- 
Itirian  rocks.  C.  blumenhachi  is  known  as  the 
Dudley  trilobite.  Brongniart,  1822.  Also  Cor- 
lymena. 

Calymenidae  (kal-i-men'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Culyiiirnc  +  -ilia'.]  Afamilyof  trilobites,  named 
from  the  genus  Calymene. 

Calymma  (ka-lim'il),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iia?.v/i/ia,  a 
covering,  as  a  hood,  a  veO,  a  net,  the  skull,  a 
shell,  etc.,  <  Ka2.v7TTciv,  cover.]  1.  A  genus  of 
noctuid  moths.  Jliibner,  1S16. —  2.  The  typical 
genus  of  ctenophorans  of  the  family  Cahjm  m  idee. 
Eschfcholtz,  1829. 

Calymmidse  (ka-lim'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
tyinma,  2,  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  lobate  cteno- 
phorans. 

calymna  (ka-lim'nil),  n.  [NL.  Cf.  Calymene, 
Calymma.]  The  principal  part  of  the  extra- 
capsular body  of  a  radiolarian,  a  structureless, 
clear,  and  transparent  jelly-envelop,  which  in- 
cludes the  whole  central  capsule  and  often  also 
the  whole  extracapsular  skeleton. 

calyont,  ».  [<  ME.  calloun,  <  OF.  caillau,  cail- 
lo,  F.  caillou,  a  pebble :  see  calliard.]  Flint 
or  pebble-stone,  used  in  building  walls,  etc. 
Pal-'.grave :  Prompt.  Parv. 

calyphyomy  (kal-i-fi'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  (cd/.vf,  a 
calyx,  -H  pi«v,  grow.]  '  In  hot.,  the  adhesion  of 
the  sepals  of  a  flower  to  the  petals. 

Calypso  (ka-lip's6),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Ka/,vij/6,  a 
name  borne  by  several  female  personages  in 
mythology,  particularly  by  the  nymph  who  held 
Ulysses  (Odysseus)  captive  in  her  island  on  his 
rettirn  from  Troy:  traditionally  so  named  from 
the  story  that  she  hid  Ulysses  from  men,  <  hi- 
'AvTt-etv.  hide.]  1.  In  hot.,  a  genus  of  beauti- 
fid  orchids,  consisting  of  a  single  species,  C. 
horealis.  it  is  a  small  tuberous  plant  found  in  high  lati- 
tudes throughout  tile  northern  hemisphere,  and  ha%ing 
only  a  single  thin,  many-ner^'ed  leaf,  and  a  single  varie- 
gated purple  .and  yellow  flower  at  the  end  of  a  slender 
sheathing  stem,  with  a  large  lip  somewhat  like  that  of  the 
lady's-shpper,  Cypripedium.  It  grows  in  cold  bogs  and 
wet  woods,  appearing  as  soon  as  the  snow  melts. 
2.  In  sool. :  (a)  A  genus  of  crustaceans.  Bisso, 
1816.  (b)  A  genus  of  chaleid  hymenopterous 
insects,  of  the  subfamily  Fireninee,  founded  by 
Haliday  in  1841 :  now  called  Euryophrys  (which 
see). 

Calypte  (ka-lip'te),  Ji.  [NL.,  <  6r. KaP.i^Trrdc,  cov- 
ered, verbal  adj.  of  m'Al-iTTeiv,  cover.]  A  subge- 
nus of  humming-birds,  the  helmet  hummers, 
having  metallic  scales  on  the  crown  as  well 


Cal3rpte 

as  on  the  throat,  and  the  gorget  prolonged  into 
a  raff.  Two  species,  C.  anna  and  C.  costtv,  in- 
habit   Califor- 


Helmet  Humming-bird  {Calyfte  cesta). 


nia  and   Mex- 
ico, 
calypter    (ka- 

lip'ter),        «. 

Same  as  cdlyp- 

tra,  1. 
Calypteratae 

(ka-lip-te-ra'- 

tej,  n.  jjI.    See 

C(itt/jjtmt(e. 
calypteria 

(kal-ip-te'ri- 

a).  n.pl.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  Ka>.v7mi- 
ptov,  a  covering,  <  Ko/.i-rfu',  cover.]  In  oniith., 
tail-coverts;  the  feathers,  usually  small,  at  the 
base  of  a  bird's  tail,  underlj'ing  and  overlying 
the  rectrices.    llliger;  Sundeiatl.    See  covert. 

calypto-.  [<  Gr.  na'/.iiTTog,  covered,  verbal  adj. 
of  Ka'/.i-rciv,  cover,  hide.]  An  element  in  many 
compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  hid- 
den, covered;  specifioally,  hooped;  hidden  by 
being  invested  or  covered  over  with  a  cal\-ptra 
or  something  like  one :  synonjnnous  with  crypto-, 
but  more  specific,  crypto-  denoting  any  mode  of 
conefalment. 

Calyptoblastea  (ka-lip-to-blas'te-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka'/.v-roQ,  covered,  -1-  (i7.a(rror,  germ.] 
An  order  of  pei-manently  attached  hytli-oid  hy- 
drozoans,  with  a  hydi-iform  trophosome,  and  liy- 
drothecse  and  gonangia.  The  polypites  are  uniteil 
by  a  c<Enosarf,  and  are  invested  with  a  chitinous  polypiiry 
or  perisiiro.     Synonymous  with  Cainpanulariie. 

calyptoblastic  (ka-lip-to-blas'tik),  a.  [As 
Calijiitobla^t-ta  +  -ic.~^  Of  or  jiertaining  to  the 
Calyi'tublastea;  having  the  generative  buds  in 
a  capsule — Calyptoblastic  hydrolds,  those  hydi-oids 
whose  conophores  are  covered  with  n  iionotlleca.  They 
ineluiletlie  caiupanularian  anil  sertulalian  Iiydroids  and 
tlieir  allies,  as  distinu'uislied  from  the  tnhnlarian  hydrolds. 

Calyptocephalas  (ka-lip-to-sef'a-lus),H.  [XIj., 

<  (ir.  m'/v-rijc,  covered,  +  H£(^a/7j.  head.]  1.  A 
genus  of  toads,  of  the  family  Vysti(j)i(ithhla; 
having  the  skull  most  extensively  ossified,  the 
ossification  involving  the  derm  and  overarch- 
ing the  temporal  fossie,  whence  the  name.  C. 
gayi,  the  tj-pe-fonn,  is  a  large,  green,  web-foot- 
ed Chilian  species. —  2.  In  cutom.,  a  genus  of 
lainj>yrid  beetles,  founded  liy  dvay  in  ISIJi;,  hav 


774 

The  genus  sometimes  gives  name  to  a  subfamily  Cali/ptO' 

rhiincfiiiur,  including  the  genus  Callocephnloii  (w  liicll  sec). 

calyptra  (ka-lip'tra),  «.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka'/d-rpa, 

a  veil,  <  Ko/!-7f(r," cover,  hide.]     1.  A  hood; 

a  covering;  a  lid.  Specilically,  in  M. :  (n)  Tlie  liood 
i>f  the  theca  or  capsule  of  mosses.  It  is  the  irchegoniuni 
which  h.Ts  continued  to  grow  and  has  been  carried  up  by 
tlie  elongation  of  the  peduncle  of  the  capsule.  In  liver- 
worts the  ai-chegonium  is  burst  through  by  the  growing 
pedmicle.  and  remains  at  its  base.  (6)  .Any  hood-like  body 
ctinnected  with  the  organs  of  fructification  in  tlowering 
plants.  In  Pileanthug  it  covers  over  the  flower  and  is 
formed  of  united  bracts;  in  EitcahjptuK  and  Kitdesinia  it 
is  simply  a  lid  or  operculum  to  the  stamens.  .\lso  called 
catiiptcr.  See  cut  in  preceding  column. 
2.  leap. "i  Imool.:  (a)  S&me  a.s  CaJyptrwa.  (b) 
A  genus  of  lepidopterons  insects,  (c)  A  genus 
of  coelenterates. 

Calyptraea  (kal-ip-tre'a),  «.  [XL.,<  Gr.  Ko- 
'/.i-Tpa,  a  veil,  <  Ka/.i-reni,  cover.]  The  ty^iical 
genus  of  the  family  Calyjitra'kla;  containing  the 


I.  Calyptfaa  {Trgchita)  radians.    2.  Calyftraa  dill'uynni. 

cup-and-saueer  limpets.  Lamarck,  1799.  See 
also  cut  under  Vimpct. 

calyptraeid  (kal-ip-tre'id),  n.  A  gastropod  of 
the  family  Cdli/jitraiittc. 

Calyptrseidse  "(kal-ip-tre'i-de),  n.  2)1.  [NL.,  < 
Cdlyptraa  +  -kta.']  A  family  of  prosobrauchi- 
ate  gastropodous  moUusks,  including  the  bon- 
net-shells, chambered  limpets,  slipper-limpets, 
and  cup-and-saueer  limpets. 

Calyptratae  (kal-ip-tra'te),  n.  pJ.  [NL.,  fem. 
pi.  of  caJijptratus,  <  Gr.  ka'AvT^rpa,  a  veil.]  A 
division  of  the  family  Miisckia;  containing  flies 
\^^th  tegulte  or  membranous  scales  above  the 
halteres:  contrasted  with  Acalyptrutce.  Also 
€(ili/l)tcrata;. 

caljrptrate  (ka-lip'trat),  a.  [<  calyptra  + 
-0/(1.]  1.  In  bot.,  furnished  with  a  calyptra,  as 
a  capsule  or  a  flower ;  resembling  a  calj-jjlra,  as 
a  calyx  that  comes  oS  like  a  lid  or  an  extin- 
guisher. See  cut  under  ('((//y)/™. —  2.  In  ro(»7., 
invested  or  covered  with  some  part  or  organ 
like  a  cal}T)tra  or  calyx;  operculate. 


ing  the  head  entirely  covered  by  the  iiroth'orax,  calj^ptrifofm  (ka-lip'tri-forin),  ct.     [<  NL.  ca- 
and  from  3  to  10  bipectinate  antonnal  joints.     '.'//''(",  q.  v.,  +  Y,.  forma,  shape.]    Having  the 
The  tew  species,  averaging  about  10  millimeters  iii  length,     form  of  a  cah^itra;  opercular. 
iiihal.it  the  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  the  new  calVDtrimorpnOUS   (ka-lili-tri-nifir'fus),   a,     [< 
world:  one,_Ct(/ar,.«_,  is  found  in  the  I  nited  States  vj  i^ali-jpa,  a  x,n\,  +  »op^v,  shape.]     Having 

calyptocrimd(ka-lip-t9-kriii  id),H;  Acnnoidof    j,,^,  ,.,-,,.„,  ^j  .^  ,,„^,^,  ^„,  i;,!.  calyptriform. 


Calyptomena  (kal-ip-tom'e-njl),  n.    [NL.  (so 


niiiial  i 


jfviiinrK. 
Oalyptomera  (ka-lip-to-me'rii),  n.  1)1.  [NL..  < 
dr.  Hii/i'ZT'ir,  covered,  -t-  /J'/piir,  thigh.]  A  divi- 
Hiou  of  cludocerous  crustaceans,  a  suliordcr  of 
Cladoc^ra,  having  a  w<-ll-dev('lo|ii'd  hIhII  in- 
cluding the  limbs,  and  broad  lamellar  aniliula- 
tory  feet,  not  distinctly  segmented :  contrasted 
with  (lymnonHrn.  It  contains  such  families  as 
JIaplDiii'l'r  and  J.ipirtitlir. 
calyptomerous    (ka-lip-t9-rae'ru8),  a.      Of  or 

|i>rlaiiiing  to  the  Calypiiitnera. 
calyptopis   (ka-lip'to-pis),   «.      [NTj.,  <  Gr. 
Mi/i-r/ir,  covered,  +  u'/'i  *'>''''  face.f    The  zoija- 
Htugeof  a  Mchi/.opodous  cnistaceun,  ««  in  mem- 
biTH  of  the  genuH  ICuphnuHia.     Diiiia. 
Oalyptorhynchu8(ka-lip-t9-rinK'kiiH),)).  [NIj., 

(.  fir.  hfi'/f^T^;, 
coverecl,  -i- 

f>l'yX"it  Hiioiit, 
beak,  bill.)  A 
gentiH  of  "'ocka- 
toos  liiiving  the 
beak  liiirifd  in 
the  fi'uthiTH, 
whence  th(! 
iiamo.  It  con- 
talna     the     Mack 

rm-kllUHAoreorka- 
teclR  of  Auvtrnllri, 
nuch  M  f-  Iravkfi, 
C.   /untrcus,    etc. 


q.  v.).  In  modern  use  the  L.  calyx,  Or.  mi/ri,  a 
calyx,  and  its  derivatives,  are  often  confused 
wifli  L.  calix,  a  cuj),  and  its  derivatives.]  1. 
Ill  liot.,  in  general,  tlie  outer  set  of  the  envelojw 
which  form  the  jierianl  h  of  a  flower.  It  Is  usually 
more  hirhaccous  and  leafllke  than  llii-  corolla,  but  It  Is 
often  Idghly  colored  and  corolla-like,  aud  is  stniu'times  the 


r 


«,  umk.»l :  t.  'hmi.llate  ;  i,  mitrifonn. 


Cnlyief. 

0,  a,  a.  trlscpnlnu*  cnlyx  of  Actaa  :  h.  e.iiiioMpaIuul  calyx  uf 

Hryofhyttum  ;  t,  c.  bllal>)al0  calyx  of  Salvia. 

flnit  to  (nil.  It  may  form  the  entire  perianth,  no  rornlln 
being  preMi'iit ;  or  when  there  are  Hcveral  whorlit  of  eiiv<'I- 
op4.  they  may  so  gradi*  into  inch  ollii-r  that  (hiM-alyx  can- 
not be  strictly  Hcliaratecl  froru  the  bracta  without  and  the 
jhIiiU  within,  'f'he  parlJi  of  a  calyx  when  didtlnel  are 
"idled  Repalu,  and  II  In  dliepubnm.  trUepalonn,  etc.,  ac 
c(irdlli|{  to  their  number.    When  they  are  inoro  or  lew  co- 


camaieu 

alescent  into  a  cup  or  tube,  it  is  said  to  be  gamoscpalous 
or  nionosepalons,  and  may  be  regular  or  irregular,  <ir  va. 
riously  to«'thed,  cleft,  or  divided,  and  either  free  from  the 
ovary  or  adnate  to  it. 

2.  in  human  aunt.,  one  of  the  cup-like  or  in- 
fimdibuliform  beginnings  of  the  ureter  in  the 
peh-is  of  the  kidney,  surrounding  the  apices  of 
the  Malpighiau  pjTamids,  each  receiving  usu- 
ally more  than  one  ijyi'amid.  There  are  from  seven 
to  thirteen  such  calyces,  converging  and  uniting  in  three 
infundibula,  which  in  turn  combine  to  form  tile  pelvis. 
[In  tills  sense  cahix  is  generally  found  in  the  plural  form, 
caltii'i's  or  (incoiTcctlyVca^Vc*'.] 

3.  In  :ool. :  (a)  The  cup  at  the  base  of  the  cil- 
iated tentacles  on  the  lophophore  or  oral  disk 
of  polyzoans.  See  PluniutcUa.  (b)  The  pedi- 
cellated  Graafian  foUicle,  ovarian  capsule,  or 
o\'isac  of  a  bird,  consisting  of  two  membranes 
of  lax  tissue  and  blood-vessels,  rupturing  at  a 
point  called  the  stigma  tn  diseliai'se  the  ovum, 
then  collapsing,  aud  finally  becoming  absorbed, 
(c)  In  crinoids,  the  cup  at  the  summit  of  the 
stalk  or  stem,  whence  the  brachia  radiate  aud 
on  the  surface  of  wliich  is  the  mouth.  The  base 
of  the  ealy.x  is  the  summit  of  the  stem,  which  may  he  a 
modified  joint  or  ossicle  comjiosed  of  conlluent  joints.  See 
cut  under  Crinoklea.  (rf)  lu  Uydrozoa,  a  genera- 
tive capsule  developed  in  the  axils  of  a  branched 
hydroid  stock,  containing  either  medusa-budsi 
or  sexual  organs,  (e)  Some  other  calyciform 
or  cup-shaped  part  or  organ  of  an  animal. 

calzoonst,  ".  pi-     See  aih-onn. 

caini  (kam),  «.  [A  dial,  form  of  eomb'^,  <  ME. 
camb,  <  AS.  camb  =  D.  Icam  =  G.  kamm  =  Dan. 
Sw.  l:am,  etc.,  a  comb;  also  applied  to  several 
mechanical  de^^ces,  as  D.  lam,  a  bridge,  sley, 
=  G.  kannn,  a  cog  {kamin-rad,  a  cog-wheel),  = 
Dan.  Av(»(,  a  cog,  bit,  ridge  (k-ani-hjiil,  a  cog- 
wheel): see  cojHbl.]  1.  A  comb.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
—  2.  A  ridge,  hedge,  or  long  earthen  mound. 
[North.  Eng.]  —  3.  In  viach.,  a  device  for  con- 
verting a  regular  rotary  motion  into  au  irreg- 
ular, fast  and  slow, 
intermittent  rota- 
ry or  reciprocat- 
ingmotion.  It  prop- 
erly includes  the  cam- 
wheel,  plain  or  geared, 
the  cam-shaft,  the 
heart-wheel,  the  wip. 
er.  the  wiper-wheel, 
and  the  eccentric.  The 
simplest  form  is  that 
of  a  heart-shaped, 
lobo-slKllicd.  or  other- 
wise etcentlic  w  lleel, 
wliicll  iinpai  ts  tmition 
to  allot  her  wheel  either 
by  iiirans  of  scaring  or 
bv  rolling  contact.  In- 
siead  of  [..llowing  the 
irregular  face  of  ♦he 

eaiu-wlicel,  the  friction-wlieel  may  travel  in  a  curved  race 
or  guiiliie.'  path  on  the  side  of  a  cam-disk,  as  in  the  cani- 
wheel  of  a  harvester.  In  another  form  of  cam  the  face  of 
the  wheel  is  cut  into  gears  or  into  projecting  teeth  that 
may  engage  another  gear,  or  an  nrni  or  a  pinion  upon  a 
shaft,  togiveaiiuickly  changing  rising  and  falling  motion. 
Such  cants  are  also  called  trrpfr.irhirtit,  and  are  used  to 
opcrat*' stamps  and  tilt-hammers.  The  heart-wheel  acconi. 
plishcs  the  same  •■liject,  but  in  a  less  abrupt  manner,  while 
eccentric  cams  of  various  shapes  may  impart  a  slow  thrust 
and  (juiek  return,  as  in  many  maehiue-tools.  The  wiper, 
a  cam. shaped  arm,  is  very  generally  used  to  operate  the 
valves  of  beam-engines.  The  earn  in  some  of  its  forms  ap. 
liears  In  a  great  variety  of  machines,  wherever  an  irregu. 
lar  speed  or  motion  or  a  rapid  reciprocating  motion  is 
rei|iilred,  as  in  the  harvester,  luinting-iircss,  BcwiiiK-ma. 
chine,  etc.  A  cam-shaft  is  a  shaft  having  tumblers  or 
wipers.  The  heart-wheel  Is  a  heart  sluipcd  cam.  (.See  ec. 
aiitrir.)  Cams  for  deterniiniug  motion  for  cutting  and 
tracing,  its  in  certain  macliiues,  me  called  t^lmiirr-plufrs. — 
Solid  cam,  a  form  of  cam  emplojed  wlieti  the  scries  of 
changes  in  velocity  and  ilii-cction  reiiniicil  are  loo  luimer. 
oils  tobe  ineluiled'in  a  single  roliition  of  a  <-jim-plalc.  Tito 
cam  is  formed  on  the  surface  of  a  cone,  eillicr  parallel  to 
the  avis  or  spirally,  jiid  the  cone  as  it  revolves  is  iiiade  to 
travel  also  In  the  illreelion  of  its  axis  by  ineiins  of  a  .screw. 

cam'-'t  (kaiii),  (I.     [;\lso  wrillcTi  l,<im :  <  \V.  Ir. 

(iiiel.  (■((/«,  crooked.    Cf.  iiiimb,j<niib.'\   Oooked; 

bent  or  bending.     Clean  cam,  wholly  awry;  entirely 

away  from  the  purpose. 

This  Is  draii  kam.  Slink.,  Cor.,  ill.  1. 

Cama,  ».     See  Chama. 

Oainacea(ka-mil'se-jl),  Ji.  ;)?.     See  Chamacea. 

camaieu  (kam' i-ii)i  ».  [Also  written  C(()h«i/c«; 
<  !■'.  riinidicu  =  It.  cammco,  >  E.  cameo,  i\.  v.] 
1.  A  I'luneo. — 2.  Tn  llin  arl.i:  (a)  A  iminliiig 
execiiledin  asingle  color,  vnriedoiily  liy  HltiideH, 
ns  111'  gray,  when  it  is  called  rti  iiriniiille,  or  in 
yellow,  r»  cirnfie;  a  inoiiiieltniiiie  pniiitiiig.  (Ii) 
A  luiiiititi^'  in  two  or  llirei'  linls,  iis  of  brown, 
red,  yellow,  or  green,  ill  wliieli  lite  iialiiial  hties 
of  fho  objects  reiireseiited  are  not  rendered. 
(<•)  A  Hi>ecieH  of  prinling  with  Hcveral  blocks, 
iif  iiiiiforiii  Ii  111,  or  of  I  wo  or  three  jiiile  finis,  and 

I  ones   of  (lifTereiil   degi s  of  iiiloiiHil  y,  wliieh 

prodiiecH  the  eflec) of  a  Nfiitii)i    or  jieiicil -draw- 


Cams. 

.  Elliptical  cam,  used  for  giving  mo. 
lion  to  the  levers  of  punching,  and  sncar- 
ing-ni.ichincs.  2.  The  hcart-cim  or 
heart-wheel,  much  used  in  cntttni-iiia- 
cllinery  to  [produce  a  tceiil.tr  .istclit  and 
descent  of  the  rail  on  wliuh  the  s|iiitdles 
are  situated.    3.  Form  uf  u.tin  ninth  used 

iron-works  for  setting  in  motion  the 
tilt-hammers. 


camaieu 

ing.  (d)  An  imitation  of  pen-and-ink  drawings 
on  colored  paper  by  means  of  two  blocks,  one 
havinR  the  design  engraved  upon  it  in  outline 
witli  cross-hatchings,  and  the  other  colored  in 
bister,  with  all  the  lights  takeii  out,  so  as  to 
leave  the  ground  of  the  paper  white.  The  im- 
jiressioii  may  lie  finished  with  brash  or  pencil. 
Costume  eh  camaieu  (F.l,  a  ccistumc  comixisud  of 

SrviTIll  Sllilil.-S  c.f  llli-  Nlllic-:  Cc  .loi'. 

camail  (ka-mal'),  II.  [F.,aeamail,  alsoahoad- 
lU'ess  worn  by  priests  in  winter,  <  Pr.  cupmulh 
(=  It.  camaglio  =  Sp.  (•aiiial),  <  ccqi  (<  L.  caput), 
head,  +  iiiii/liii  —  F.  iiifiiUc,  >  E.  mai/^.}  1.  A 
hood  of  chain-mail,  whether  attached  to  the 
hauberk  or  separate;   specifically,   that  foi-m 


775 

camass  (ka-mas'),  "•  [Also  written  camas, 
kaiiia.t,  and  iiiinmiish  (q.  v.),  the  native  Ainer. 
Ind.  name.]  T\uf  Indian  name  of  the  western 
species  of  ('iiiikikkIii,  V.  CHcnlfiilii  and  ('.  Lciclit- 
liiiii,  which  are  found  growing  in  moist  meadows 
from  northern  (Jalifornia  to  British  Columbia 
and  eastward  to  western  Montana.  Its  Imlhs  iuv 
cullc(;tt;ii  in  lur^o  (luantitics  for  food  ;  they  are  aliout  an 
iiK-Ii  ill  (liaiiK'ter,  ami  are  sweet  ami  nutritious.— Death 
camass,  tlu--  poisonous  root  of  Zyr/adctiuH  vencnosu^,  of 
till'  s;mir-  iTuioii. 

Camassia  (ka-mas'l-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  camass, 
qiiaiiia.ih,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  bulbous  liliaceous 
plants  of  North  America,  nearly  related  to 
>SciUa  of  the  old  world.  Tliey  luive  l.ini;  linear  leaves 
ami  .'I  seaiie  lii-arin^  a  raeeine  of  l)liu!  Ilowi-rs.  One  spe- 
ties,  C  Frdsrri,  is  fouiul  ill  the  Atlalltie  States,  and  there 
are  two  or  three  others  west  of  the  llouky  Alountuins, 
See  rtittiiif!};. 

camass-rat  (ka-mas'rat),  n.  A  rodent  (juadru- 
ped  of  till'  family  ficoriujiihi'  and  gi^nus  Tlioinii- 
niijs  (which  see) :  so  called  from  its  fondness 


Camails,  14th  century 
(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran9ais  ") 

of  hood  which  was  attached  to  the  edge  of  the 
basinet.  See  basinet. —  2.  A  tippet  or  small 
mantle  worn  by  some  Roman  Catholic  clergy, 
with  diilereut  edgings  of  fur  to  mark  different 
ranks:  sometimes  confounded  with  the  amice. 
Also  called  chap-de-mail. 

camailed  (ka-mald'),  a.  [<  camail  +  -ed".'] 
Fiu'iiished  with  a  eamail ;  attached  to  a  ca- 
mail :  said  of  the  steel  cap  to  which  the  camail 
was  fastened  at  its  lower  edge. 

camaillet,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  camel. 

camakt,  camakat,  "•    Same  as  camoca. 

Camaldolite  (kn-mardo-lit),  n.  [<  CainahMi 
(see  def. )  +  -iti'-.]  A  member  of  a  nearly  ex- 
tinct fraternity  of  monks  formded  in  the  vale 
of  Camaldoli  in  the  Apennines,  near  Arezzo,  in 
1018,  by  St.  Eomuald,  a  Benedictine  monk. 
They  were  hermits  at  first,  but  afterward  they  assoeiated 
in  convents.  Tliey  were  originally  distinguished  for  their 
extreme  asceticism,  their  rules  in  regard  to  fasting,  si- 
lence, and  penances  being  most  severe.  They  wear  white 
robes.  Also  called  Camalduiiau,  Camaldolensian,  Carnal- 
f/-»/*',v('.  and  Camaldiilr. 

Camaldule,  Camaldulian  (ka-mal-diil',  -du'- 

li-aii),  /(.     Same  as  Caiiialdolite. 
camaraderie  (kam-a-rad-re'),  n.     [F.,  <  cama- 

radc,  comrade:  see  comrade.^   Companionship; 

good-fellowship ;  intimacy. 

Unlimited  camaraderie  with  scribblers  and  daubers, 
Hegelian  philosophers  and  Hungarian  pianists,  waiting 
for  engagements.        H.  James,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  p.  225. 

camarage  (kam'a-ra,i),  11.  [<  Sp.  camaraje,  < 
camiini,  a  storehouse,  <  L.  camara,  camera,  a 
vault:  see  camera.']     Rent  paid  for  storage. 

Gamarasaurus  (kam"a-ra-sa'rus),  n.  [NL.. 
prop.  *Caiiiarosaurus,  i  Gr.  KOfidpa,  a  vaulted 
chamber,  +  aavpo^,  a  lizard.]  A  genus  of  colos- 
sal dinosauriau  reptiles,  from  the  Cretaceous 
formation  of  Dakota.  The  species  C.  supremus  is 
one  of  the  largest  known  land-animals,  about  SO  feet  long, 
the  thigh-bone  6  feet,  and  a  dorsal  vertebra  3  feet  wide. 
Both  fore  and  hind  limbs  are  well  developed,  and  the  huge 
reptile  probably  wandered  along  the  shores  or  in  shallow 
water,  and  w.as  able  to  browse  on  the  tops  of  trees.  £!. 
II.  Cope,  1877. 

Camarata  (kam-a-ra'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  cainaratus,  var.  of  L.  cameratus,  vaulted, 
arched :  see  camerate.']  A  suborder  proposed 
for  such  forms  of  pal^oerinoids  as  have  the 
lower  arm-plates  incorporated  into  the  calyx 
by  interradial  plates,  and  in  which  all  compo- 
nent parts  of  the  test,  dorsally  and  ventrally, 
are  solidly  connected  by  sutures.  It  comprises 
the  families  Platijcrinida;  lihodocrmidw,  Acro- 
criiiidce,  and  Cahjptocrinidw. 

camarate  (kam'a-rat),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Camarata. 

camara-WOOd  (kam'a-ra-wud),  n.  [<  cumaru, 
the  Braz.  name,  +  E.  icoorfl.]  A  hard,  tough, 
and  durable  wood  obtained  in  Essequibo,  Brit- 
ish Guiana,  from  Diptcri/x  odorata  and  V.  tstra- 
phi/Ua.     See  Diptenjx. 

caniarilla  (kam-a-ril'a),  n.  [Sp.,  a  small  room, 
dim.  of  camara,  a.  room,  <  L.  camara,  camera, 
a  vault:  see  camera,  clianiher.']  A  company 
of  secret  counselors  or  advisers;  a  cabal;  a 
clique.  From  meaning  the  private  chamber  of  the  king, 
the  word  came  to  signify  a  body  of  courtiers,  sycophants, 
priests,  etc. ,  acting  as  unaccredited  and  secret  counselors, 
as  distinguished  from  a  legitimate  ministry  or  council. 

Encircled  witb  a  dangerous  camariUa.  London  Tunes. 
=  Syil.  Faction,  Junto,  etc.     See  cahal^. 


V«^ 


Camass-rat  (  Thomomys  talpoides). 

for  the  bulbs  of  the  camass.  T.  talpoides,  one  of 
the  pouched  rats  or  pocket-gophers,  inhabits  the  north- 
western ITnited  States  and  the  adjoining  portions  of  lirit- 
isli  .\inerica. 

camata  (kam'a-ta),  n.  The  commercial  name 
of  the  half-grown  acorns  of  the  Qucrcus  JF.eji- 
lops,  dried  and  used  for  tanning.  In  a  still 
younger  condition  they  are  called  camatiiia. 

camatina  (kam-a-te'nii),  n.     See  camata. 

camaurum  (ka-ma'runi),  n. ;  pi.  camaura  (-rjl). 
[ML.]  A  conical  caij  worn  by  the  popes  of 
Rome  in  the  tenth  centm'y ;  an  early  form  of 
the  miter,  perhaps  the  origin  of  the  papal  tiara. 

camayeu,  «.     See  camaieu. 

cambarine  (kam'ba-rin),  a.  [<  Cambarus  + 
-(«('!.]  Pertaining  to  crawfishes  of  the  genus 
Cambarus :  correlated  with  astacine. 

The  cambarine  region  takes  in  most  of  the  Paliearctic 
region,  with  the  Neotropical  region  as  far  as  Guatemala 
and  tlie  West  Indies.  Huxley,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1S78,  p.  7tt(i. 

cambaroid  (kam'ba-roid),  a.  [<  Cambarus  + 
-(»■(/.]  Resembling  crawfishes  of  the  genus 
Camharus. 

Cambarus  (kam'ba-rus),  n.  [NL.,  var.  of  L. 
caiiiiiiariis,  camarus,  also  r/ammarus,  a  sea-crab : 
see  Gammanis.}  A  genus  of  fluviatile  craw- 
fishes, of  the  family  Astacidw,  having  no  pleuro- 
liranchitB.  The  species  are  numerous.  C.  peUueidas  is 
tile  bliml  crawfish  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky. 

cambaye  (kam-ba'),  n.  [Named  from  Cambay 
in  India.]  A  kind  of  cotton  cloth  made  in  Ben- 
gal and  elsewhere  in  India. 

Cambay  stone.     See  camelian. 

cambee  (kam'be),  H.  -An  aromatic  resin  of  In- 
dia, obtained  from  Gardenia  lucida  and  resem- 
bling elemi. 

camberl  (kam'ber),  n.  [E.  dial.  (cf.  Gael,  ca- 
iiuui,  a  bay:  see  cammock") ;  \M.  <  carn^,  bent.] 
A  I'lnrbor.     HaJliwcll.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

camber^  (kam'ber),  v.  t.  [<  F.  camhrer,  arch, 
vault,  bend,  <  L.  camerare,  arch,  <  camera,  an 
arch,  vault.  Ct  chamber,  v.]  To  arch;  bend; 
curve,  as  ship-planks. 

camber-  (kam'ber),  II.  [<  camber^,  v.]  1.  A 
convexity  upon  an  upper  surface,  as  of  a  deck 
amidships,  a  bridge,  a  beam,  or  a  lintel.— 2. 
The  cm've  of  a  ship's  plank. —  3.  A  small  dock 
or  part  of  a  dock,  protected  by  a  breakwater, 
where  boats  and  small  craft  may  lie  quietly. 

camber-beam  (kam'ber-bem),  H.  In  arch.,  a 
beam  which  is  laid  upon  the  straining-beam  of 
a  tnmeated  roof  to  support  the  covering  of  the 
summit.  It  slopes  fi'om  the  middle  toward  each 
end,  to  provide  for  the  running  off  of  water. 
E.  H.  Kuioht. 

cambered  (kam'berd),  p.  a.  [<  camiicr^  +  -ed-.'] 
Bent  upward  in  the  middle;  arched;  convex. — 
Cambered  deck.    See  d.ri.: 

cambering  (kam'ber-mg),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cam- 
licr-.  r.]     Bending;  arched. 

cambering-machine  (kam'ber-ing-ma-shen''), 
n.  A  machine  used  for  bending  beams  or  iron 
rails  to  a.  cun'o  in  a  vertical  plane. 

camber-keeled  (kam'ber-keld).  a.  Having  a 
keel  slightly  arched  upward  in  the  middle  of 
the  length,  "but  not  so  much  as  to  be  hogged. 


cambric 

camber-slip  (kam'b6r-slip),  11.  A  slightly 
cuivi'd  guide  and  support  of  wood,  used  as  a 
ceiiloiiiig  ill  laying  straight  arches  of  brick. 

Camberweli  beauty.    See  Ijeautij. 

camber-window  (kam'ber-wiu"d6),  n.  A  win- 
dow ari-lii-d  at  the  top. 

cambial'  (kam'bi-al),  a.  [<  ML.  cambialis,  < 
(•(//»/)(«/«,  exchange:  acb  camlnum'^.]  Relating 
to  cxcliango  in  commerce.     [Rare.] 

cambial-  (kam'ln-al),  a.  [<  caiiitiiuiifi  -f  -al.] 
In  Intl.,  formed  of  or  jjertaining  to  cambium. 

cambiale  (kam-bi-ii'le),  «.  [It.,  <  ML.  cambialis, 
of  cxcliaiige:  see  cavMat^.]  A  bill  of  ex- 
cliaiige. 

cambiform  (kam'bi-form),  a.  [<  cambium^  + 
L. forma,  shape.]  In  bot.,  resembUng  cambium- 
cells.  Applied  to  elongated  tliin-walled  cells  which  are 
found  in  hieve-tissue,  and  have  the  markings  iiut  not  the 
perforations  of  sieve-disks.    They  are  also  known  aa  lat- 

lical  celh. 

cambio  (kam'bi-6),  n.  [Sp.,  <  ML.  cambium, 
exchange:  see  crt»»7««/«l.]  1.  Barter;  the  giv- 
ing or  taking  of  bills  of  exchange. —  2.  A  bill 
of  exchange. —  3.  A  bourse  or  exchange. 

cambist  (kam'bist),  n.  [<  F.  cambistc,  <  It. 
eiiiiihista  =  Sp.  cambista,  <  L.  cambire,  exchange, 
trade:  seo  change.]  One  versed  in  the  opera- 
tions of  exchange  and  the  value  of  foreign 
moneys;  a  dealer  in  notes  and  bills  of  ex- 
change. 

The  word  cambut,  though  a  term  of  antiquity,  is  even 
now  a  technical  word  of  some  use  among  mercliant  trad- 
ers ami  bankers.  Itees,  Cyc. 

cambistry  (kam'bis-tri),  «.  [<  cambist  +  -ry.] 
Till?  science  of  exchange,  weights,  measures, 
etc. 

cambium!  (kam'bi-um),  n.  [ML.,  also  cambia, 
exchange,  commerce,  <  L.  cambire,  exchange, 
whence  ult.  E.  c/(0)(f/e ;  see  change.]  In  cirillau\ 
exchange ;  the  exchange  of  lands,  money,  or 
evidences  of  debt. 

cambium-  (kam'bi-um),  n.  [NL.,  a  particular 
application  of  ML.  cambium,  exchange:  see 
cambium^.]  1 .  In  bot.,  a  layer  of  tissue  formed 
between  the  wood  and  the  bark  of  exogenous 
plants.  It  was  believed  by  the  older  botanists  to  tie  a 
mucilaginous  fluid  exuded  between  the  wood  and  the  hark, 
and  organized  into  new  wood  and  new  bark-  It  is  now 
known  to  be  not  a  fluid,  but  a  layer  of  extremely  delicate 
thin-walled  cells,  filled  with  protoplasm  and  organizable 
nutrient  matter,  and  appearing  like  a  thin  film  of  mucilage. 
These  cells  develop  on  the  one  side  into  a  layer  of  new 
wood,  and  on  the  other  of  new  bark,  wiiile  at  the  same 
time  fresh  cambium  is  formed  for  the  continuation  of  the 
work.  It  is  by  tlie  renewal  of  this  process  year  after  year 
that  the  increase  of  growth  in  the  stem  is  eifected,  as  in- 
dicated by  its  concentric  rings.  In  the  primary  flbrovas- 
cular  bundles  of  the  stem  a  similar  layer  of  caraldum,  with 
the  same  function,  is  always  found  between  the  woody 
and  cribrose  portions. 

2t.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  fancied  nutri- 
tious humor  which  was  supposed  to  repair  the 
materials  of  which  the  body  is  composed. 

camblett,  «■     Same  as  camlet. 

camboge  (kam-boj'  or  -boj'),  n.  Same  as  jrara- 
hogr. 

cambokt,  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  cam- 
liioel-. 

camboose  (kam-biis'),  n.    Same  as  caboose. 

cambrai  (kam'bra),  n.  [<  F.  Cambrai:  see 
cambric]  A  name  given  to  imitation  lace,  that 
is,  lace  made  by  machinerj'  and  not  by  hand. 

cambrasine  (kam'bra-zen),  «.  [<  F.  cambresine. 
Cf.  cambric]  A  name  given  to  batiste  and 
cambric  of  line  quality. 

Cambray  stone,  moss-agate. 

cambrel  (kam'brel),  H.     Same  as  gambrel. 

Cambrian  (kam'bri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Cam- 
bria +  -an.]  I.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to 
Wales  or  Cambria ;  Welsh. 

The  Caitihrian  mountains,  like  far  clouds, 
That  skirt  the  blue  horizon,  dusky  rise.        Thomson. 

Cambrian  group,  in  geol.,  the  name  originally  given  by 
.Sedu'"iek  to  certain  strata  supposed  by  him  to  underlie 
the  sibn  iaii  oi  Miirchisoii,  but  which  since  that  time  have 
been  fully  lecogiiized  as  belonging  to  the  Silurian  series 
itself.  The  term,  although  not  recognized  by  the  Silu- 
rian specialists  Barrande  and  James  llall.  is  still  used  to 
a  considerable  extent  by  English  geologists  as  including 
various  undetermined  portions  of  the  .Silurian.  By  the 
larger  number  it  is  understood  to  lie  the  equivalent  of 
the  primordial  rocks  of  Barrande  and  the  Potsdam  sand- 
stone of  the  New  York  geological  sun'ey.— Cambrian 
pottery,  a  name  given  to  the  productions  of  the  factory 
of  Swansea  in  \Vales,  established  in  1790.  The  mark  was 
a  trident. 
II.  n.  A  Welshman. 
cambric  (kSm'brik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  cam- 
brick,  camerick;  =  Flem.  kamerijk,  kamcnjks- 
doek,  cambiic  (cf.  D.  kamerdoek  =  G.  kammer- 
iueh  =  Dan.  kammerdug  =  Sw.  kammarduk 
(Flem.  D.  dock  =  G.  inch,  etc.,  =  E.  duckS,  cloth), 
cambric),  =  Sp.  cambray  =  Pg.  cambraia  =  It. 


cambric 

rnnibraja.  formerly  cambrai  (Florio),  <  F.  cam- 
bray,  toile  de  Cam'bray.  cambric  (Cotgrave) :  so 
called  from  D.  Kanurijk,  Flem.  Kameryk,  ML. 
Cameraciim,  F.  Cambrai,  Cambray,  a  town  in  the 
department  of  Xord,  France.]  1.  A  thin,  fine 
linen,  .said  to  have  been  iii-st  manufactured  at 
Cambrai  in  France,  inti-oduced  in  the  sixteenth 
centurr  for  the  fine  ruffs  worn  at  that  period, 
as  well"  as  for  bands,  kerchiefs,  etc. ;  in  modem 
times,  the  finest  linen  made.  See  batiste.  An 
imiiaiiuii  of  cambric  is  made  of  fine  cotton  yam.  hard- 
twjstcd.  Mmlin  is  a  name  often  applied  to  a  kind  of 
lineu  cambric  manufactured  in  Great  Britain  from  Ha.x. 

I  would  your  cambric  were  as  sensible  as  your  finger, 
that  vou  mjght  leave  pricking  it  for  pity. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  3. 
2.  Same  as  cambric-muslin,  2. 

cambric-grass  (kSm'brik-gras),  n.  The  silk- 
p-ass  or  ramie-plant  of  China,  Jioelimeria  nivea. 
See  cut  under  Bahmeria. 

cambric-muslin  (kam'brik-muz''lin),  n.  1. 
Fine  cotton  cloth  made  in  imitation  of  linen 
cambric. — 2.  A  somewhat  coarser  cotton  cloth, 
finished  with  a  glaze,  much  used  for  linings. 

cambril  ikam'bril),  H.     Same  as  gambrel. 

Cambro-Briton  (kam'bro-brit'on),  n.  AWelsh- 
mau. 

Cambro-Silurian  (kam'bro-si-lii'ri-an),  a.  [< 
Caiiilirtiaii)  +  i^iliirian.']  In  geol.,  a  term  for- 
merly used  by  some  English  geologists  as  in  a 
greater  or  less  degree  equivalent  to  Lower  Si- 
lurian. 

cambuca  (kam-bii'kii).  n.  [ML.,  also  cambutta  : 
see  eambuck-,  cammock-.'i  1.  The  curved  club 
used  in  the  game  of  golf  or  pall-mall.  See  cam- 
mock-. —  2.  A  pastoral  gtaff :  commonly  used 
for  its  earlier  and  more  simple  shape,  in  which 
the  crook  at  the  top  does  not  curve  inward 
spirally,  but  forms  ajiproximately  a  half -circle. 
Al>o  fdmhuttn. 

cambucfcl  (kam'buk),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  spelled 
kambuck  (Prior),  var.  of  cammock^,  q.  v.]  Same 
as  cammock^.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cambuck-  (kam'buk),  H.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of 
cammnrk",  s  ME.  camhok :  see  cammock".  Cf. 
camtiuia.']  1.  Same  as  cammock^.  Stoic,  Sur- 
vey (ed.  1720).  i.  2.51.  (IIalliicell.)  —  2.  The  dry 
stalks  of  dead  plants,  as  of  hemlock.  Halli- 
irrll.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

cambutta  (kam-but'S),  «.  [ML.]  Same  as 
canittnra. 

cam-cutter  (kam'kut'^r),  n.  A  machine-tool 
special  ly  adapted  for  cutting  and  finishing  cams 
of  small  sizes  and  of  all  curves. 

came^  (kam).     Preterit  of  come. 

came-  (kam),  n.  [Sc,  also  kamc,  kaim ;  var.  of 
cnwi'.  (TOHfcl,  (J.  v.]  1.  A  comb. — 2.  A  ridge. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

came-*  (kam),  u.  [Prob.  a  particular  use  of 
came-  =  cam^  =  fomftl.]  If.  The  batch  or 
amount  of  lead  necessary  to  make  sash-bars 
for  100  square  feet  of  glazing ;  also,  this  amount 
cast  into  small  rods  or  bars  12  or  14  inches  long, 
and  ready  for  drawing.     Ilenco — 2.  The  pre- 

fiared  .sash-bar  itself,  lia^nng  a  section  like  an 
,  more  or  less  rounded  at  each  end,  and  called 
in  technical  language  glaciers'  turned  lead  or 
iriiidow-lfad. 
camel  (kam'el),  fl.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cam- 
mcl ;  <  ME.  camel,  kamcl,  also  chamel,  <  OF. 
camel,  chamel,  F.  cliameau  =  Pr.  camel  =  H\>. 
camello  =  Pg.  camelo  =  It.  cammcllo  =  OXortii. 
camel,  carnal  (see  A.S.  word  below)  =  I),  kameil 
=  G.  kamel  =  Dan.  kamcl  =  Sw.  kamel  =  Icel. 
kameil  (rare)  =  OBulg.  Bulg.  Serv.  kamila  = 
Hung,  t/amila,  <  L.  camchw,  <  Gr.  Kri/i^'/nc,  m. 
and  I.  (NGr.  Kiifttj/xii,  m.,  himii/a,  f .),  <  Heb.  ga- 


776 

called  bv  a  name  derived  from  that  of  the  ele- 
phant: Goth.  ulbandus=  OHG.  olbentd,  MHG. 
olbente  =  AS.  olfend  =  OS.  olbhunt  =  Icel.  fd- 
/rtWi,  a  camel.]  1.  A  large  ruminant  quadru- 
ped of  the  family  Camelidec,  genus  Camelus, 
used  in  Asia  and  Africa  as  a  beast  of  burden. 
There  are  two  distinct  species  of  camels  ;  (1)  The  Arabian 
cimel,  C.  dromedaritts,  with  one  hump,  andfour  callosities 
on  the  fore  legs  arid  two  on  the  hind  legs.  It  is  a  native 
of  .Arabia,  and  is  now  known  only  in  the  domesticated 
state  ;  it  is  used  chiefly  in  .\rabia  and  Eet^-pt.  There  are 
several  breeds  or  artiticial  varieties.  The  dromedary  is  one 
of  these,  being  simply  a  •  ■  blooded  "  or  thoroughbred  camel 
of  great  speed  and  bottom,  used  as  a  saddle-animal,  and 
comparing  with  the  heavier  and  slower"  varieties  as  a 
race-horse  does  with  a  cart-hoi-se ;  it  is  not  a  ditterent 
animal  zoologically  speaking,  (i!)  The  Bactrian  camel,  C. 
bactrianus,  with  two  humps,  of  wliich  tliere  are  also  dif- 


<* 


1^ 


^ 


h 


mdl  =  Ar.Jamal,  Jenul  b  Coptic  gamut,  a  cnmel. 
la  tho  older  Tout.  lADgiiuKoa  the  camel  was 


Bactrian  Camel  ( Camf/us  bactrianus), 

ferent  breeds.  Tlie  name  camel  is  sometimes  applied  to 
the  species  of  the  American  genus  ^wc/iewfa,  as  the  llama, 
alpaca,  and  vicmla.  collectively  known  as  the  camels  of 
the  new  world.  The  Arabian  camel  is  poetically  called 
the  ship  of  the  desert.  Camels  constitute  the  riches  of 
an  Arabian  ;  w ithout  them  be  could  not  subsist,  carry  on 
trade,  or  travel  over  sandy  deserts.  Their  milk  and  llesh 
are  used  for  food  and  tluir  hides  for  leather,  and  their 
hair  is  a  valuable  article  of  trade  and  manufacture.  By 
the  camel's  power  of  sustaining  abstinence  from  drink  for 
many  days,  due  to  the  reserve  it  can  carry  in  its  peculiarly 
constructed  cellular  stomach,  and  of  subsisting  on  a  few 
coai-se,  dry,  prickly  plants,  it  is  especially  fitted  for  the 
parched  and  barren  lands  of  Asia  and  Africa.  Camels  carry 
from  600  to  1.000  pouiuls  burden. 
2.  A  water-tight  structure  placed  beneath  a 
shiiJ  or  vessel  to  raise  it  in  the  water,  in  order 
to  assist  its  passage  over  a  shoal  or  bar,  or 
to  enable  it  to  be  navigated  in  shallow  water. 
It  is  first  filled  with  water  and  sunk  alongside  the  vessel, 
to  which  it  is  then  secured.  As  the  water  is  ptnnped  out, 
the  camel  gradually  rises,  lifting  the  vessel  with  it.  Camels 
have  also  been  used  for  raising  sunken  vessels.— Camel's 
hair,  the  hair  of  the  camel,  from  which  very  fine  fabrics, 
especially  shawls,  are  made  in  the  East,  and  also  carpets, 
tent-clotils,  etc.  In  Europe  it  is  used  chiefly  formixingwilh 
silk.  The  best  conies  from  Persia  The  so-called  camel's- 
hair  pencils  or  brushes  used  in  painting  are  not  made  of 
camel's  hair,  Imt  coiinnonly  of  hair  from  the  tails  of  Kus- 
sian  and  Siberian  squirrels.  .See  6i-i«/i. —  Camel's-hair 
Clpth.  («)  An  Oriental  fabric,  i^vn  puttti.  (M  A  Frcneli 
imitation  of  this  fabri<: ;  a  warm  and  light  woolen  cloth 
with  a  gloss,  but  having  long  hairs  standing  tip  upon  it. 
l)irt.  i>f  .Vrr(/^'*ror/.-.— Camel's-hair  shawl,  a  name  ofu-u 

given  in  the  rniteil  Stales  totbc  cashmere  sliavvl.— Cam- 
el's hay.    Same  .'t^  iviKi/f/;r<l»x.— Camel's  wool,  moliail. 

Camelaucium  (kam-r-la'si-um),  «. ;  pi.  eamclnK- 
cia  (-|i).  [Mlj.  camelacium,  camelaucium,  more 
frequently  camelaucum,  calamaucum,  etc.,  < 
LGr.  Ka/icAal'Kiiiv ;  origin  uncertain;  usually  re- 
ferred to  Gr.  Kuinf/nc,  camel :  see  camel,  and  cf. 
calamanco.']  A  low-crowned  cap  fonnerly  worn, 
chiefly  in  the  East,  by  royal  jicrsonsandeeele- 
siastics.  especially  bishops  and  monks. 

camel-backed   (kam'el-bnkt),  a.     Ha^^ng  a 
bai-k  like  that  of  a  camel;  humpbacked. 
N"l  lliat  he  was  erook-shoilldereil  or  aimd-hackcd. 

Fuller,  Holy  War,  !>.  215. 

camel-bird  (kam'cl-bi'rd),  n.  A  book-namo  of 
the  African  ostrich,  Struthio  camclus.  See  cam- 
eliirnilhes. 

camelcade  (kam-el-kad').  H.  [Irreg.  <  camel  + 
-eiiili.  as  in  einiilcade.']  A  body  of  troops 
iiKiiiMlcd  on  canielH.     [itumorous.J 

camel-cricket  (kam'el-krik'ot),  n.    Same  as 

ttfiHf  l-inseet. 
cameleer  (kam-e-ler'),  H.    [<  camel  +  -ecr.    Cf. 

iqiiiv.  !■'.  cliamilier.']    A  camel-driver. 
A  number  of  Arab  canictrcru,  who  had  come  with  trav. 

ellcm  acroHD  the  I)e»erl  from  Kg>iit,  were  encnmiKMl  near 

UH.  //.  Taiiliir,  IjindH  of  the  Sarniin,  p.  M, 

cameleont  (ka-me'hVon),  )i.     An  older  English 

'•Ipillin^'  of  chameleon. 
camel-grass  (kain'ol-gri'is),  n.    A  frngrnni  graSH 

id  I  he  wann<TregioiiH  of  Asia,  including  si'vcnil 

s|ii'ciis  of  .Inilrojmiion.    Also  called  r<i;«</'«  hay. 
camelid  (kain'cl-iil),  n.     A  ruminant  mammni 

id  llio  family  Camilida: 
Oamelidae  (ka-mi'l'l-de),  n.  pi.     [NI/.,  <  Cnme- 

Uis  +  -/</»•.]     A  family  of  niminHnt  arliodoc- 

tyl  tylopod  mammals,    liny  havo  inclior  («cth  in 


Camellia 

both  jaws,  specialized  canines  in  the  lower  jaw,  a  diffuse 
placenta,  imperfectly  niiadripartite  st<5mach,  the  upper  lii> 
cleft,  the  hind  limbs  largely  free  from  the  common  integu- 
inent,  so  that  the  lower  pai-t  of  the  thigh  and  the  knee 
project  from  the  belly,  broad  clastic  feet,  and  no  horns. 
The  family  includes  two  living  genera,  Camclus  or  true 
camels  of  the  old  world,  and  Auchcnia  or  llamas  of  the 
new,  with  many  fossil  ones,  chiefly  .American.  See  cuta 
under  camel  and  llama. 

camelinal  (kam-e-li'nii),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L. 
camcUn'us  ;  with  ref.  to  JIL.  eamelinum,  camel- 
ine:  see  camclinc-.'i  A  woolen  material  with 
smaU  basket-pattern  and  loose  upstanding 
hairs.     Diet,  of  Xeedlcicork. 

Camelina'-  (kam-o-li'nji),  n.pl.  [XL.,  <  Camelus 
+  -ilia-.']     Same  as  Camclidw  or  Cameloidea. 

camelina-'  (ka-meri-nji),  n.  [NL.,  said  to  be 
formed  (if  so,  prop.  *'Chameclina)  <  Gr.  ao/'Qi, 
on  the  groimd  (dwarf),  -I-  '/ivov,  flax.  Ilenee' 
camelinv'^.2  1+.  Treacle-mustard;  wormseed. 
Kersey,  1708. —  2.  [owjJ.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Cruciferw.  The  most  common  and 
probably  the  only  species,  C.  satim,  gold-of-pleasnre  or 
false  flav,  is  a  native  of  southern  Europe  and  western  Asia, 
but  is  widely  naturalized  as  a  weed.  It  is  an  annual^ 
with  obovoid  pods  and  yellow  flowers,  and  has  been  cul- 
tivated for  the  fiber  of  it^  stems  and  the  oil  expressed) 
frnin  its  seeds. 

cameline^  (kam'e-lin),  a.  [<  L.  camclinus.  per- 
taining to  a  camel,  <  camelus,  a  camel:  see 
camel.  Cf.  camcline^.']  Pertaiuiug  to  or  ro- 
sonililinf;  camels  or  tho  Camelido';  cameloid. 

cameline'-t,  "■  [ME.,  <  OF.  camelinc,  camclin  = 
I'r.  euiiicUn  =  It.  eamiuellino,  <  ML.  cameliinnii, 
also  camelinus,  a  stuff  made  of  camel's  hair,  < 
L.  camelinus,  jicrtaining  to  a  camel,  <  camelus,  a 
camel:  see  camel.  Cf.  camlet.~\  A  stuff  used 
in  the  middle  ages  as  a  material  for  dress.  It 
is  commonly  said  to  have  been  made  of  camel's  hair,  and 
imported  from  the  East ;  but  as  it  is  repeatedly  mentioned 
as  a  common  and  cheap  stutT,  it  is  probable  that  it  was 
an  imitation  of  the  Eastern  fabric.  It  was  made  as  early 
as  the  tliirteenth  century  in  Flanders  and  Brabant,  of 
many  colors. 

And  dame  Ahstinence-streyned 
Toke  on  a  robe  of  kamelync. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  I.  7387. 

cameline^  (kam'e-lin),  II.  and  a.     [<  F.  camelinc 
=  Sp.  Pg.  camelina,  <  NL.  camelina  :  see  came- 
lina^.']   I.t  n.  Treaclo-mustard ;  wormseed. 
Camelinc  [F.l,  the  herb  cameline,  or  treacle  mustard, 

Cotfira  vc. 

II.  '(.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  plants 
of  the  genus  Cunielina:  as,  camelinc  oil. 

camel-insect  (kam'el-in"sckt),  «.  An  orthop- 
tfi'oiis  insect  of  tlio  genus  Afantis,  or  jiraying- 
insccts  :  so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  the 
long  thorax  to  the  elongated  neck  of  the  camel. 
In  the  United  States  these  insects  are  known  as 
rear-hor.'ies.  Also  called  camcl-crickct  and  cam- 
el-h>cust. 

cameliont,  "■     An  old  spelling  of  chameleon. 

camellert,  "■     A  camel-driver. 

<  lur  eonipanions  had  their  cradles  struck  dowii  through 
the  negligence  of  the  Camellcrs, 

.Sonrfi/>«>  Travels  (cd,  16,^2),  p.  107. 

Camellia  (ka-mel'iii),  n.  [NL.,  after  George 
.li>si']ili  /idwr/,  a  Moravian  Jesuit  and  traveler  of 
tlui  seventeenth  century,  by  whom  tho  I'aiiii  Ilia- 
•/ajwiiiiui  was  first  described,]  1.  A  genus  con- 
taining about  a  dozen  species  of  shrubs  or  small 
trees,  belonging  to  the  natural  order  Tenistra:- 
niiacea;  natives  of  Irojiical  and  eastern  Asia 
and  the  Indian  archipelago.  They  all  have  thick, 
shining,  evergreen  leaves  and  wlute  orrose-eolorcd  lliovcr». 
The  genus  is  divided  into  two  sections,  omM\  ilb  peiidn- 
Inns  flowers  and  pei-sistent  sepals,  represented  liy  tile  lea- 
plant,  C.  tlici/ii-a  ^see  lea),  the  other  with  ereel  Mowelll 


nnd  declilnoiiH  nepalM,  of  whirh  the  common  cnltlvnteil 
cnmellla,  ('.  ./nimiica.  Iw  a  eonsfilcuiHiH  example,  "f  thiH 
KpeeUn,  with  beliutlful   liul   udinlesii  fluweln  and  elegant 


Camellia 

lanrel-llke  leaves,  several  liundieil  varieties  have  been  pro- 
duced, as  well  asimnierdiis  hybrids  with  the  larger-flowered 
C.  retirulala  of  China  and  the  fraKraut-leafed  C.  Samnmm 
of  .Tapan.  The  dried  leaves  of  the  last  species  are  said  to 
be  iiiixeii  with  tea,  and  the  seeds  yield  an  oil  which  is  used 
for  various  domestic  purposes. 
3.  [I.  c]  A  flower  of  the  genus  Camellia,  espe- 
cially of  C.  Japonica. 

camel-locust  (kam'el-16"kust),  n.  Same  as  cam- 
el-iiis€vt. 

camel-necked  (kam'el-nekt),  o.  Having  a  neck 
like  or  likened  to  a  camel's — Camel-necked  flies, 
neuropterous  insects  of  the  fanuly  Sialidff. 

cameloid  (kara'e-loid),  a.  [<  Gr.  *Ka/iy?Me Kh'/c, 
contr.  Kafir/ludijc,  camel-like,  <  ku/it/Xoc,  camol,  + 
eiiiof,  form.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Camelol- 
dea  ;  phalangigrade,  as  a  ruminant. 

Cameloidea  (kam-e-loi'do-ii),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cuinc'tiis  +  -oidca.~\  The  Camilidn'  regarded  as 
a  superfamily  group :  equivalent  to  Tijlopoda, 
or  Pei'dva  phalangifjrada. 

camelopard  (ka-mel'o-  or  kam'e-lo-pard),  n. 
[=  F.  camelopard,  (ynm'Iropard  =z'S-p.  cama- 
leopanlo,  <  LL.  camchi/iKnIiis,  ML.  also  camc- 
leopardalus,  a  shortened  form  of  L.  cumelopar- 
dalis,  ML.  also  camelopardulus,  <  Gr.  Ka/tTj^oirdp- 
ia'/iic,  a  giraffe,  <  Kdfir/Xo(,  a  camel,  +  Trdpdahx, 
later  ndpSnc,  a  pard  (leopard  or  panther).]  1. 
The  giraffe :  so  called  from  a  certain  resem- 
blance in  form  to  a  camel,  and  from  its  spotted 
coloration,  like  that  of  the  pard  or  leopard. — 
2.  In  her.,  a  bearing  representing  a  creature 
like  a  giraffe,  but  with  long  and  generally  curved 
horns,  borrowed  fi-om  the  medieval  bestiaries. 
Also  formerly  camclopardal ,  camelopardel. 

camelopardalt,  camelopardelt,  «.  [Also  ca- 
mclopardall ;  =  Sp.  camrlhipardul  =  V^.  camelo- 
2}ardal  =  It.  catiimcllnixinlalo,  <  L.  camelopar- 
dalis,  ML.  also  camvlopjardalus:  see  camelo- 
pard.']    A  camelopard.     Minsheu. 

Camelopardalidae  (ka-mel'o-  or  kam'e-lo-par- 
dal'i-de),  ii.pl.  [NL.,<  Cam'elopardalis  +  -»fte.] 
Same  as  Camclopardidm. 

Camelopardalis  (ka-mel-o-  or  kam"e-l9-par'da- 
lis),  H.  \]>ih.:  see  camelopard.']  1.  A  genus  of 
ruminant  quadrupeds :  same  as  Giraffa. —  2.  A 
northern  constellation  formed  by  Bartsch  and 
named  by  Hevelius.  it  is  situated  between  Cepheiis, 
Perseus,  Ursa  ^Major  and  Minor,  and  Draco.  As  given  by 
He\rliiis,  till-  name  was  Camelopardalus. 

camelopardelt,  »■    See  camelopardal. 

Camelopardidse  (ka-mel-o-  or  kam"e-16-par'di- 
de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  * Cam'elopardus  {at.' Camelo- 
pardalis) -\-  -idee]  A  family  of  ruminant  quad- 
rupeds :  same  as  Giraffidee.  Also  called  Gamclo- 
pardalidw. 

camelornithes  (kam  "  el  -  6r  -  ni  '  thez),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ixdfit/'/.og,  camel,  -I-  dpvtc,  pi.  opvtffe^, 
bird.]  The  camel-birds:  a  name,  not  techni- 
cal, sometimes  applied  to  ostriches,  from  their 
points  of  resemblance  to  the  camel  in  appear- 
ance and  habit. 

camelott,  n.     An  old  spelling  of  camlet. 

camelry  (kam'el-ri),  ». ;  pi.  camelries  (-riz).  [< 
camel  H-  -ri/ ;  formed  on  the  model  of  caval- 
ry.] 1.  A  place  where  camels  are  brought  to 
be  laden  or  unladen. —  2.  Troops  mounted  on 
camels. 

The  English  General  there  and  then  abandoned  his  boats 
and  dismounted  his  camelry.     Spectator,  No.  3018,  p.  5yl. 

camel's-thorn  (kam'elz-thorn),  n.  1.  A  spiny 
leguminous  shrub,  Alhae/i  Maurorum,  of  which 
the  camel  is  very  fond,  and  which  yields  a 
manna-like  exudation  from  its  leaves  and 
branches. — 2.  Erroneously,  a  spiny  rhamna- 
ceous  shrub,  Zhiiphus  mtmmularia,  of  Persia 
and  India,  which  bears  an  edible  beny,  and  the 
leaves  of  which  are  used  as  fodder  for  sheep 
and  goats. — 3.  In  South  Africa,  several  spe- 
cies of  Acacia  which  are  browsed  upon  by  the 
giraffe,  especially  A.  G-iraffw  and  A.  eriolhhu. 

Camelus  (ka-me'lus),  II.  [L. :  see  cflHffZ.]  The 
typical  genus  of  Camelida:,  having  the  back 
humped,  it  contains  two  species,  Ijoth  of  the  old  world, 
C.  dromedariits,  the  Arabian  camel,  and  C  bactrianiis,  the 
Bactrian  camel ;  the  latter  has  two  humps,  the  former 
one.     See  camel. 

Camembert  cheese.    See  cheese'^. 

Camenae  (ka-me'ne),  )(.  j)l.  [L.,  sing,  camena, 
OL.  casmena ;  akin  to  carmen,  a  song:  see 
charm'i-.]  In  Eom.  myth.,  prophetic  nymphs,  of 
whom  there  were  four,  the  most  celebrated 
being  ^Egeria.  The  poets  frequently  applied 
the  name  to  the  Muses. 

Camenet,  "•  [<  h.  camena :  see  Camenw.]  One 
of  the  Camen». 

Deuyne  Camenes,  that  with  your  sacred  food 
Have  fed  and  fosterde  op  from  tender  yeares 
A  happye  man  that  in  your  fanoiir  stoode. 

Googe,  Sonette  of  Edwardes  of  the  Chappell. 


777 

camenes  (kam'en-ez),  n.  [See  def.]  In  logic, 
the  iimcnionic  mime  of  a  mood  of  the  fourtli 
figiu'o  of  syllogism,  of  which  the  major  promise 
is  a  universal  aflirraativo,  tlie  minor  a  univer- 
sal negative,  and  the  conclusion  a  universal 
negative  proposition:  as,  Whatever  is  expe- 
dient is  conformable  to  nature ;  nothing  con- 
formable to  nature  is  hurtful  ^  society ;  there- 
fore, notliing  liurtful  to  society  is  expedient. 
This  jMoxd  was  formerly  considered  by" all  (as  it  is  still  by 

»> <  )lo.;iria)is  .■islielonKing  to  the  first  figure,  alulassuch 

was  calli il  rilinilcK.  WiuMi  put  into  the  fourth  figiu-e  it 
was  called  yUimcntcs,  then  caiiu'ntcif,  then  cameiiett,  also 
calcinoi.  Of  the  seven  letters  of  the  word  camaien,  six  are 
significant.  C  signifies  reduction  to  celarcnl ;  a,  e,  e  indi- 
cate the  (fuantify  and  (piality  of  tile  premises  and  conclu- 
sion ;  in  signillcs  transi)ositinn  of  the  premises  in  reduc- 
tion, and  .V  tlie  sjinple  conversion  of  the  conclusion. 

cameo  (kam'e-6),  n.  [<  It.  cammeo,  a  cameo,  = 
F.  ramee  (>G'.  c«»ie«  =  Dan.  lcamcc  =  ii-w.  kame) 
and  caiiui'iia  (sec  camaieu)  =  Sp.  camafeo  =  Pg. 
camnfrii,  nimafeio,  camafcu  (cf.  MIKJ.  (/amahiu, 
chammat-hiii,  a  kind  of  diamond),  <  ML.  cam- 
■mmis,  camahutus,  camahotus;  of  unknown  ori- 
gin.] 1.  An  engraving  in  relief  upon  a  gem, 
a  hard  stone  of  moderate  size,  or  a  similar  ma- 
terial, or  tlie  object  itself  so  engraved,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  an  iiUaglio;  specifically,  such 
an  engraving  upon  a  stone  or  a  shell  having 
two  or  three  layers  differing  in  color,  such  as 
an  onyx,  agate,  etc.,  and  so  treated  as  to  utilize 
the  effect  of  the  variety  of  coloring.  Camcos  on 
stone  are  called  stone  cameug,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
xhell  cameos,  or  those  cut  on  shells  which  have  superposed 
layers  varying  in  color,  such  as  the  Camis  rufa,  which  gives 
red  OTi  sardonyx,  the  Cassis  tnifila;irisc.ariensis,  white  on 
dark  claret,  the  Cassis  coyniila,  white  on  orange,  the 
Stciiinbiis  (fitjas,  white  on  pink,  and  other  tropical  shells. 
Cameos  in  distinct  bands  of  colors  have  been  produced 
since  about  160  u.  c, ;  and  some  of  the  ancient  examples, 
as  the  Sainte  Chapelle  agate,  in  Paris  (13  by  11  inches), 
representing  the  iipotheosis  of  Augustus,  and  the  Vienna 
onyx  (9  by  S  inches),  representing  allegorically  the  corona- 
tion of  Augustus,  surpass  in  size  and  in  delicacy  of  execu- 
tion the  best  mttdern  specimens. 
Hence — 2.  Raised  or  anaglyphic  work  in  art  on 
a  rainiatm'e  scale ;  specifically,  the  art  of  engrav- 
ing small  figures  in  relief:  opposed  to  intaglio  : 
as,  a  stone  or  shell  cut  in  cameo ;  a  vase  orna- 
mented in  cameo — Cameo  incrustation,  the  pro- 
duction of  casts  in  relief  within  a  coating  of  flint-glass. 
Tlie  process  consists  in  forming  the  design  to  be  incrusted 
of  less  fusilde  material  than  the  glass  coating,  which  is 
welded  upon  the  design  while  in  a  soft  condition. — In 
cameo.    >See  cameo,  2,  above. 

cameo-glass  (kam'e-o-glas),  n.  1.  Same  as 
cased  glass.  See  aLs'o  cameo  glass,  under  glass. 
—  2.  A  convex  glass  used  in  the  moimting  of 
hand-painted  photographs. 

cameo-press  (kam'e-6-pres),  71.  A  small  screw- 
press  used  to  give  a  convex  roundness  to  pho- 
tographic portraits.  The  card  is  pressed  between  the 
bed  and  platen,  which  are  respectively  convex  and  con- 
cave.    E.  II.  Kniffltt. 

cameo-shell  (kam'e-6-shel),  n.  A  shell  of  the 
family  Cassifiida;  Cassis  madagascariensis  (so 
called  by  mistake),  or  C.  cameo.  The  species 
is  an  inhabitant  of  the  Caribbean  and  neigh- 
boring seas. 

cameotype  (kam'e-o-tip),  ».  [<  cameo  +  type, 
as  in  daguerreotype,  etc.]  A  name  formerly 
given  to  a  small  vignette  daguerreotype  for 
mounting  in  a  jeweled  setting. 

cameo-ware  (kam'e-6-war),  n.  A  class  of  fine 
pottery  ornamented  with  figures  in  relief,  of  a 
different  color  from  the  ground,  and  usually  on 
a  small  scale.  The  so-called  Wedgwood  ware 
is  of  this  class.  See  jaspcr-ioare,  and  JVedgwood 
■ware,  imder  ware. 

camera  (kam'e-ra),  n. ;  pi.  cameras,  camerce 
(-riiz.  -re).  ['<;  L.  camera,  camara,  a  vault 
(ML.  a  chamber),  <  Gr.  Ko/idpa,  a  vaulted  cham- 
ber, anything  with  an  arched  cover;  akin  to 
L.  cami'ir,  curved,  crooked,  W.  Ir.  Gael,  cam, 
crooked,  Gr.  KafiTrrciv,  bend:  see  cam^,  camher"^, 
chamber,  comrade.]  1.  In  anc.  arch.,  an  arched 
F  r^        A 


camera 

roof,  ceiling,  or  covering;  a  vault. —  2.  Naut.. 
a  small  vessel  used  on  the  coasts  of  the  Bos- 
porus and  the  Black  Sea.  Also  camara. — 3. 
The  variety  of  camera  obscura  used  by  photog- 
raphers. It  is  maile  usually  in  the  form  of  a  Ijox  in  two 
parts,  connected  by  an  extensible  bellows-like  aiTange- 
ment  serving  to  adjust  the  focus,  and  having  one  or  more 
lenses  llxed  in  the  front.  Phot<jgraphic  cameras  are  made 
in  a  great  variety  of  shapes  and  sizes,  according  to  use, 
as  the  jxtckct-camera,  aqnjimj  camera,  laiidscapC'caincra, 
ami  portrait-camera :  and  many  different  formHof  lenses, 
some  of  highly  specialized  types,  are  used.  Provision  ia 
made  for  inserting  in  the  back  of  the  camera  carriers  or 
plate-holders  containing  the  dry  or  wet  sensitive  plates 
or  the  paper  films,  etc.,  on  which  the  phot^igraphs  are 
taken.  See  c«W(^rao'wc«ra,  below,  autl  pimtiir/rapfn/. 
4.  In  anat.:  (a)  The  so-called  fiftli  ventricle 
of  the  brain,  between  the  lamina;  of  the  septum 
lucidum.  (i)  Some  other  chambered  or  vaulted 
part  or  organ,  as  tlie  pericardiimi  (camera  cor- 
dis, chamber  of  the  heart),  the  cranial  cavity 
(ca»«;rafmHii),ete.-cameraaquosa(i.atin,  humid 

chamber),  the  anterior  aqueous  chaod>i-r  of  the  eyeball, 
bounded  in  front  by  the  cornea,  behind  by  the  iris  and 
crystalline  lens.— Camera  lucida  (Latin,  clear  cham- 
her),  an  invention  of  the  chemist  Uollaston,  designed 
to  facilitate  the  delineation  of  distant  objects.  It  con- 
sists of  a  solid  prismatic  niece  of  glass  mounted  upr^n  a 
brass'frame.  The  prism  has  its  angles  so  arranged  that 
the  rays  from  the  object  appear  reflected  as  shown  below, 
and  is  covered  at  the  t<jp  by  a  metallic  eyepiece,  the  hole 
in  which  lies  half  over  the  edge  of  the  prism,  so  as  to  afford 
a  person  looking  through  it  a  view  of  the  picture  reflected 
through  the  glass,  and  a  direct  view  of  his  pencil  or  tra- 


Camera  Lucida. 

cing-point.  In  the  figure  the  object  to  be  traced,  /,  is  op- 
posite the  perpendicular  sui-face  of  the  prism,  d  c,  and  the 
rays  proceeding  from  /pass  through  this  surface  and  fall 
on  the  inclined  plane  c  6,  which  makes  an  angle  with  d  c 
of  67*°;  from  this  they  are  totally  reflected  to  the  plane 
6  a,  which  makes  an  angle  of  135'  with  b  c,  and  are  again 
reflected  to  the  eye  at  e  above  the  horizontal  plane,  which 
makes  an  angle  of  67§°  with  the  plane  a  b.  The  rays  of 
light  from  the  object  proceeding  upward  from  h  toward 
the  eye  of  the  observer,  he  sees  the  image  at  7/i,  and  by 
placing  the  paper  below  in  this  place  the  image  may  be 
traced  with  a  pencil.  The  bniss  frame  of  the  prism  has 
usually  two  lenses,  one  concave  and  the  other  convex,  the 
former  to  be  used  in  front  between  /  and  d  c  for  near- 
sighted persons,  and  the  latter  at  c  for  those  who  are  far- 
sighted.  The  size  of  the  picture  may  also  be  increased  or 
iliminished  by  lengthening  or  shortening  bi-ass  tubes  con- 
nected with  the  frame.  This  instrnment  lia-s  undergone 
various  modifications.  It  is  extremely  convenient  on  ac- 
count of  its  portability. —  Camera  Obscura  (Latin,  dark 
chamber),  an  apparatus  in  which  the  images  of  external 
objects,  received  through  a  convex  lens,  are  exhibited 
distinctly  and  in  their  natural  colors  on  a  white  surface 
placed  at  the  focus  of  the  lens.  The  simplest  form  of  this 
instrument  consists  of  a  darkened  chamber,  into  which  no 
light  is  permitted  to  enter  except  by  a  small  hole  in  the 
window-shutter.  An  image  of  the  objects  opposite  the  hole 
will  then  appear  on  the  wall,  or  on  a  white  screen  so  placed 
as  to  receive  the  light  coming  from  the  opening.  .\  c^>nvex 
lens  may  be  fixed  in  the  hole  of  the  shutter.  Portable  cam- 
eras are  constructeil  of  various  forms,  but  the  design  of 
them  all  is  to  throw  the  images  of  external  objects,  as  per- 
sons, houses,  trees,  landscapes,  etc.,  upon  a  plane  or  curved 
surface,  for  the  purpose  of  drawing,  the  making  of  photo- 
graphic pictures,  or  mere  anmsement.  The  surface  on 
which  the  image  is  thrown  may  be  covered  with  a  sheet 
of  paper,  on  which  the  figure  may  be  traced  by  hand  with 
a  pencil ;  but  the  picture  is  most  distinctly  seen  when  the 
image  is  formed  on  the  back  of  a  silvered  mirror.  The 
figure  represents 
a  portable  camera 
obscura.  The  cam- 
era obscura  isof  ten 
made  in  the  form 
of  a  circular  build- 
ing capable  of 
holding  a  number 
of  people,  who 
stand  about  a  plain 
white  table  which 
is  placed  in  the 
center  of  the  struc- 
ture, and  on  which 
the  luminous  im- 
age is  projected 
by  a  lens  on  the  roof. 


Portable  Camera  01)scuia. 
,  lens;    M.  reflecting  mirror;   G.  ground 
glass,  upon  whidi  the  image  is  formed. 


Pliotograpliers'  Camera. 
A,  swing-back  camera ;  B,  lens ;  C.  movable  stand :  D.  plate-holder; 
E,  ground  glass ;  F,  iiupro%'ed  plate-holder  for  plates  of  different 
sizes. 


By  turning  the  lens  around,  a  pano- 
rama of  the  neighboring  scenery  is  exhibited  on  the  ta- 
ble. Cameras  for  use  in  sketching  are  made  in  the  shape 
of  a  cone,  with  a  lens  and  a  reflecting  mirror  at  the  apex 
and  a  draw  ing-t.alde  mside.  One  si^de  of  the  box  is  cut 
out,  and  at  this  opening  the  artist  sits,  partly  enveloped 
by  a  dark  curtain  which  serves  to  shut  out  extraneous 
light.     See  optif/raph. 

The  human  eye  is  a  small  camera  obscura  of  wonder- 
fully perfeit  cuustruction.  lomme?,  Light  (trans.),  p.  102. 
Copying  camera,  a  camera  used  for  copying  and  enlarging 
photogi-;ii'lis  from  negatives.  The  solar  camera,  for  copy 
ing  by  direct  solar  light,  is  usually  erected  out  of  doon 


camera 

and  directed  toward  the  sun,  the  negative  being  placed 
near  the  leas  and  sheets  of  sensitive  pai>er  in  the  plane  of 
focus.  Copying  cameras  used  with  electric  lights  are  also 
made  of  very  ^reat  size,  for  producing  life-size  copies  of 
portraits  the  camera  consisting  essentially  of  a  dark  room 
in  which  tlie  e.isel  holding  the  prep:u-ed  paper  travels 
along  tlie  plane  of  focus  on  rails  laid  on  the  floor.— De- 
tective camera,  a  portable  photographic  camera  adapt- 
ed for  making  insuntaneous  pictures,  especially  of  mov- 
in"  objects,  while  it  is  carried  in  the  hand  or  otherwise 
about  the  person.  The  exposure  is  made  by  means  of  a 
spring,  the  ol>jc<-t  to  be  photographed  being  brought  with- 
in the  range  ul  tlie  lens  by  means  of  a  tinder  variously  de- 
vised—In camera,  in  /<iir,  in  chambei-s;  in  private  :  ap- 
plied to  a  trial  conducted  with  closed  doors  for  some  spe- 
cial re.T=,>n  touching  the  nature  of  the  case  or  the  evidence. 
—  Multiplying  camera,  in  photon.,  •">  camera  fitted  with 
a  number  of  small  lenses,  so  that  it  can  take  a  number  of 
pictures  at  one e.vposure.  It  is  used  for  tiiking  itnoiypcs. 
— Solar  camera.  See  coprring  camera.— Stereoscopic 
camera,  a  double  camera  giving  two  pictures  upon  the 
same  plate,  or  a  camera  with  a  single  lens  and  a  shifting 
device  for  efTecting  the  same  end. 
cameradet,  «.  [<  F.  camerade:  see  comrade.'] 
An  obsolete  form  of  comrade. 

Tliese  are  his  catnerades,  his  walking  mates! 

£.  Joitmn,  Every  Man  iu  his  Humour,  iL  1. 

camerae,  »■    Latin  plural  of  camera. 

camera!  (kam'e-ral),  a.  [<  It.  camerale,  per- 
taining to  a  camera  or  treasury,  <  ML.  chmcra, 
a  chamber,  public  office,  treasury:  see  camera 
and  chamber,  and  ef.  chamberlain  and  caiiicr- 
liiioo.']  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  camera  or  cham- 
ber. 

cameralist  (kam'e-ral-ist),  n.  [<  NL.  camera- 
lista,  a  financier,  <;  ft.  camerale:  see  camera!. ] 
A  financier;  one  skilled  in  the  principles  and 
system  of  public  revenue. 

lYedcrick  William  I.,  himself  a  clever  cameralist,  and 
author  of  the  masterly  flnaucial  system  of  Prussia,  took 
the  important  step  of  founding,  at  Halle  and  Frankfort  on 
the  Oder,  special  chairs  of  economy  ami  cameralistic  sci- 
ence, ir.  iionehfr,  I'ol.  Econ.  (trans.),  §  1!). 

cameralistic  (kam'e-ra-lis'tik),  a.  [<  camcral- 
M  +  -«•.]  Pertaining  to  finance  and  public 
revenue. 

Chairs  of  camemlittic  science  were  founded  in  univer- 
sities. Knctic  Brit,,  XIX.  363. 

cameralistics  (kam'e-ra-lis'tiks), )(.  [<  camer- 
alixt  +  -icf ;  =  F.  cameralhtiqKe  =  G.  camera- 
lixlik-.l     The  science  of  state  finance. 

camerardt,  »•    -A.  variant  of  camerade.    Greene. 

camerarius  (kam-e-rii'ri-us),  n. ;  pi.  camerarii 
(-1).  [.ML.,  <  camera,  a  chamber,  nublie  office, 
treasury,  etc. :  see  camera,  camcral,  and  cham- 
ber.]  A  chamberlain;  a  keeper  of  public  money; 
a  treasurer. 

camera-stand  (kam'e-ra-stand),  n.  A  support 
f<jr  a  photof3"ai)hic  camera,  for  indoor  work  a 
usual  f'lrni  is  an  adjustalde  table  mounted  on  casters,  and 
liavingvariousdeviccsof  racks aud'pinions,  levers,  hinges, 
BcrewB,  etc.,  to  enable  the  operator  to  raise,  lower,  or  tilt 
it  with  ease  and  rapidity,  acconling  to  the  nature  of  his 
work.  In  outdoor  photography  some  form  of  tripod  is 
commonly  us^ed  !w  a  camera-staml. 

camerate  (kam'e-rSt),  v.  t.;  prct.  and  pp.  cam- 
iriit'il.  i>pr.  camtrntiiif/.  [<  L.  ciimcnitKn,  pp, 
of  camerarc,  arch  over,  <  camera,  an  arched 
roof.  Cf.  camber-  and  chamber,  v.]  To  build 
in  the  form  of  an  arch  or  vault.     [Kare.] 

camerated  (kam'e-ra-ted),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  camcr- 
at>,  r.]  1.  In  arch.,  arched;  vaulted:  as,  a 
camcralffl  roof.  It'eale. —  2.  In  :ool.,  di\'ided  by 
partitions  into  a  series  of  chambers;  cham- 
bered; hollowed  out;  fornicated;  vaulted. 

Tliere  arc  no  buccal  teeth  [in  Trmhrla  tuhmridin,  Dutro- 

chetl,  and  the  alimentary  tuijo  is  only  slightly  (;nmera(>'(/. 

lincyc.  llrit.,  .\1V'.  40r,. 

cameration  (kam-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<L.  camcra- 
Ito(ii-),  (.ciimerare:  f<eo  camerale.']  1.  An  arch- 
ing or  vaultint;.  Kcelyn.  [Rare.] — 2.  A  divi- 
Bion  into  compartments  or  chamberlots.  Also 
called  chamberiiuf. 

These  nuclei  |ln  /■'uraminifera,  etc.]  may  bo  simple  or 
multiple  ;  In  the  latter  cone,  they  have  no  special  relutlon 
to  the  cameration  of  the  skelet'in. 

Iluxleii,  Anat.  Invert,  p.  60.1. 

camerickt,  cameriket,  "■  Old  spellings  of  cam- 

hn,  .      I'hinrht. 
camerine    (katn'e-rin),   >i.       r<    L.  inmera,    a 
v;iiilt;    see   ranitra.]      A    lUilniiinlile ;    iine    of 
till'  I'.nitriiiiiferoUH  shells  found  iu  numiuulitic 

liww  -•.,llo. 

camftritclona  (kam'c-ri-t6'ltui),  "•  [<  ^^-  cxtmrni. 


n  vi  li:,  +  tela,  a  web:  see  MiT-i.]     Chanicter 
i/.i   1  l.v  llio  liabit  of  making  intricale  webs  in 

V.'  '■:  applii'd  lo  certain  HpiderH. 

can.  NfM-rr-liiig'go),  n,     [It.,  fonnerly 

r-i  i;.  rhiimli/rl'liii,  f|.  v.]    The  ehuni- 

b'Tr  I'Ojic,  having  charge  of  the  hcoii- 

hiri'  Mif  piipncv.    Il"  rankn  m  one  of  llir 

'■■"  !■  >|H,  il thiTS  lielnu  till' .iir.ll- 

n>il  <     ',..[1.  iiti'l  IIm>  eAFfllnnl  jH-nlt<-n- 

tiitr,  '■nrronitl ollogo  of  cnrdlnnln, 

ud  It  tlicF'  (  r    ii.iiuUy  callstl  carJinalcamtrtingo,  iJur- 


778 

inf  a  vacancy  in  the  Holy  .See  he  takes  charge  of  all  the 
temporalities  and  presides  over  the  apostolic  chamber  or 
palace.     .\lso  camerlenpo. 

Cameronian  (kam-e-ro'ni-an),  a.  and  n.     I.  a. 

Relating  or  pertaining  to  Richard  Cameron  (see 
II.)  or  to  the  Cameroniaus :  as,  ?  Cameronian 
clergyman. 

IL'  ".  1.  One  of  the  followers  of  Richard 
Cameron  iu  Scetland,  who  refused  to  accept  the 
indulgence  granted  to  the  Pi'esbyterian  clergy 
in  the  persecuting  times  of  Charles  II.,  lest  by 
so  doing  they  should  be  understood  to  recog- 
nize his  ecclesiastical  authority.  They  were  known 
at  til-st  as  The  Sodt'tit-'f:,  but  were  afterward  org;unzed  as 
the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland,  most  of 
which  in  1S70  was  merged  in  the  Free  Church. 
2.  pi.  A  name  given  to  the  26th  regiment  of 
British  infantry,  from  its  ha^■ing  been  origi- 
nally composed  of  the  Cameronians  who  flocked 
to  Edinburgh  during  the  revolution  of  1688.  Tlieir 
nucleus  consisted  oi  the  men  who  fought  under  Richanl 
Cameron  at  Aird  s  iloss  in  ItiiO,  when  he  was  killed. 

camerostoma  (kam-e-ros'to-mil),  «.  [NL.,  <  L. 
camera  (Gr.  naitdpaj,  a  vault,  +  Gr.  aru/ja,  a 
mouth.]  In  zool.,  the  anterior  part  of  the  body 
of  Arachnida,  forming  a  vault  over  the  maudu- 
catory  organs. 

cameryt  (kam'e-ri),  n.  A  certain  disease  iu 
horses,  characterized  by  warts  on  the  palate 
and  soft  parts  of  the  mouth,    E.  Phillips,  1706. 

cameset  (ka-mez'),  «.     [An  "  English"  spelling 
of  camise:  see  camis.]     Same  as  camis. 
Oh,  who  is  more  brave  than  a  dark  Suliote 
In  llis  snowy  caj/Wic  and  his  shaggy  capote? 

Bifwn,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  ""i^  song. 

camestres(ka-mes'trez),)!.  [Seedef.]  Inlogic, 
tlie  muemouic  name  of  a  mood  of  the  second 
figm'e  of  syllogism.  The  letters  of  the  word  have  these 
siguiflcatiiin's:  C,  that  the  nmod  is  to  be  reduced  to  ceta- 
trut :  a.  that  the  major  premise  is  a  universal  alhrnmtive  ; 
111,  tliat  the  premises  ai-e  to  be  transposed  in  reduction ;  c, 
that  the  minor  premise  is  a  universal  negative ;  s,  that  tliis 
premise  is  to  be  simply  converted  in  reduction  ;  c.  that  the 
conclusion  is  a  universal  negative  ; .«,  that  thcrnncliision  is 
to  be  simply  converted  in  reduction.  The  IClluu  ing  is  an 
e.\ample  of  this  mood,  witli  an  implied  rcdnctiiui:  He 
that  is  of  God  hearcth  my  words  ;  ye  hear  them  not;  this 
is,  then,  because  ye  are  not  of  God. 

camil  (kam'il),  n.  A  dialectal  form  of  camo- 
mile.    [Somerset,  Eng.] 

camion  (kam'ion),  n.  [F.,  a  dray,  truck,  pin ; 
origin  uulniown.]  A  truck  or  wagon  used  for 
transporting  cannon. 

camist  (kam'is),  «.  [Also  written  camise. 
camiis,  ciimcse  (cf.  ME.  kcnies,  <  AS.  ccnics,  < 
ML.  camisa):  <  OF.  camise,  F.  cliemi.ic  (>  E. 
chemise,  q.  v.)  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  cami-w  =  It.  cami- 
scia,  camicia  =  Ar.  Pers.  Hind,  qamis,  a  shirt,  < 
LL.  camisia,  ML.  camisia,  ciimisa,  a  shirt,  tunic, 
prob.  from  the  orig.  form  {'hamitlija)  of  OHti. 
hcmidi,  -MUG.  hnnedc,  liiiiulr,(i.  hemd z=OVr'ii'S. 
Ill  nit  the,  a  sliirt.  coiiiiecteil  with  tlllG.  haiiio  = 
AS.  hama  (in  eorap.)  =  Icel.  hamr,  a  skin,  laims, 
a  snake's  skin,  =  Gotli.  *hania,  covering,  cloth- 
ing, >  e/ahamon,  cover,  anahamoii,  clothe,  etc.: 
see  hamc^,  hem'^.]  1.  A  shirt.  Compare  che- 
mise.— 2.  A  light  moruiug-gowu  or  similar 
loose  garment. 

All  In  a  Cami»  light  of  purple  silk. 

.Spetiser,  F.  Q.,  V.  v.  2. 

camisadet  (kam-i-sad'),  n.  [Also  camisadn;  < 
F.  riiiiusadc,  a  sudden  assaulting  or  surprisal 
of  the  enemy,  <  It.  ciimi.iciata,  incami.irintu 
(Florio),  now  camiciala,  incamiciiita  (=  Sp. 
'cami.iada,  eiicamisiida,  lit.  a  '  shirted' altack: 
Hoo  eatiii.satrd),  <  camiseia,  o/«iiVm  =  Sp.  cami.in 
=  OF.  camisi;  V.  cliemi.se,  a  shirt :  see  camis, 
ehcmi,ie.]  1.  An  attack  by  suriirisc  at  niglit 
or  at  break  of  day:  probablv  so  caUed  because 
made  by  soliliers  wearing  shirts  over  llu'ir  iir- 
mor,  in  order  that  llicy  might  be  recognized  by 
their  friends  in  the  dark. 

Tliey  had  a|i|i"irited  the  same  night  ...  to  have  given 
a  ciimimilii  upr>n  tin:  Kngllhh.  ftirJ.  Ilajiimril. 

2.  A  shirt  worn  by  soldiers  over  their  armor  in 

a  night  attack  to  enable  them  to  recogiiiz e 

anotlier.     [A  mistaken  use  of  the  term.] 

'i'wo  thousand  «{  imr  best  men,  all  In  cainitailom  wllli 
sr-aling  lartdcrH. 

,siV  /(.  Hilliaiin,  Actions  of  the  I/iw  CountrleB,  |i.  S'J. 

Oamlsard  (kam'i-ziird),  H.  [F.,  <  OK.  camise.  u 
sliirt.  Cf.cnmisade.]  One  of  the  Erencli  Prot- 
cHlantsof  llie  ('(''Vennes  who  took  uj)  iiriiiH  in 
defense  of  their  civil  ami  religious  lilierlies 
early  in  the  eighteenth  cenlnrv:  so  calleil  from 
tlie  whito  liloiiHcs  worn  by  llie  JienHaiilH  who 
wire  I  ho  <'liief  iiclors  in  the  iiiHiirreclion. 

camiaatedt  (kum'i-Mii-lid),  «.  |<  ML.  'cnmisa- 
tim,  eamisiatus,  <  camisn,  a  shirt:  sei-  camis, 
and  cf.  camisadc.]  DreHHod  with  a  shirt  above 
the  other  garments.     Jiihnsiin, 


cammock 

camiset,  «•     See  camis. 

camisiat  (ka-mis'ia),  H.  [LL.  (ML.  also  ca- 
misa): see  camis.]  1.  A  shirt;  a  timic. —  2. 
An  alb. — 3.  A  shrine  in  which  the  Book  of  the 
Gospels  used  at  high  mass  was  formerly  pre- 
served. It  was  frequently  made  of  gold,  richly  jeweled. 
Many  such  existed  iu  the  English  cathedrals  and  parish 
cluirilu-s  l)efore  the  Keformation.     Lee,  Glossary. 

camisole  (kam'i-s61),  n.  [F.,  <  It.  camiciuola, 
dim.   of  camicia  =  F.   chemise :   see  chemise.'] 

1.  A  short  light  garment  with  sleeves,  usually 
of  material  that  wiU  wash,  worn  by  women  as  a 
dressing-sack  or  in  moming-ilress. 

ilrs.  O'Dowd,  the  good  housewife,  arrayed  in  curl-papers 
and  a  camisole,  felt  that  her  duty  was  to  act  ami  not  to 
sleep.  Thackeraii,  Vanity  Fair,  x.\.\. 

2,  A  strait-jacket. 

camister  (kam'is-ter),  n.  [Appar.  <  camis  + 
-skr.]  A  clergyman;  aminister.  [Vagabonds' 
slang.] 

camlet  (kam'let),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cnm- 
hlct,  chamkt,  camelot,  <  F.  camelot  =  Pr.  chama- 
liite  =  Sp.  camelote,  chamelote  =  Pg.  cameliio  = 
It.  cambellotto,  ciambellotto  =  D.  kamelot  =  G. 
camelol,  kamelot  =  Dan.  kamelot,  <  ML.  camelo- 
tum,  camlet,  popularly  imdcrstood  as  a  deriv. 
of  L.  eamelus,  camel,  but  in  fact  <  Ar.  kliamlat, 
khiiiiialtit,  camlet  ( silk  and  camel's  hair,  also  all 
silk  or  velvet;  cf.  miklimal,  >Hind.  makhmal,  vel- 
vet), <  l:haml,  pile,  plush,  a  carpet  with  a  long 
pile,  a  cushion,  etc.]  1.  A  rich  stulf  used  for 
dress  as  early  as  the  thirteenth  century,  it  was 
more  costly  ami  finer  than  cauKliiic.  It  is  freiiiieiitly 
nientioiu'd  as  in  use  in  both  Englaiul  and  France  down  to 
the  cud  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

The  Cadilescher  is  clothed  in  Chamlet,  Satten,  Silke, 
Damaske,  or  V'eluet  of  seemely  colour. « 

Piirchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  314. 

After  dinner  I  put  on  my  new  caiitet"tf  suit,  the  best 

that  I  ever  wore  in  my  life,  the  suit  costing  me  aliove  £24. 

Peiiiitt,  Diary,  .lune  1,  1004. 

2.  A  very  durable  plain  cloth  used  for  cloaks 
and  Uie  like ;  a  water-proof  material  in  common 
use  before  the  introduction  of  india-rubber. 
All  the  kinds  of  camlet  are  in  a  certain  sense  iniilations  of 
Oriental  canud's-hair  cloth;  they  are  niaili-  of  luiir,  espe- 
cially that  of  goats,  with  wool  or  silk,  and  present  a  veined 
(tr  wavy  appear.ancc. 
camlet  (kam'let),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  camleted, 
camhttcd,  ppr.  camleting,  camletting.  [<  camlet, 
«.]  To  cause  to  resemble  wavy  or.  watered 
camlet.     [Rare.] 

I  also  inspected  the  manner  of  chamhlettiiuj  silk  and 
gl'ograms  at  one  Mens'  La  Dorises  iu  Moreficlda. 

Eixhin,  Diary,  iMuy  30,  105'>. 

camletteen  (kam-le-len' ),  n.  [<  camlet  +  -een.] 
\  Uinil  of  line  w(u'sted  camlet. 

camletto  (kam-let'6),  n.    Same  as  camletteen. 

cammakat,  "■     Another  spelling  of  camoca. 

cammaron  (kam'a-ron),  n.  [<  Sp.  cumartni,  a 
slniiMp,  <  L.  cammariis,  camariis,  var.  ijamma- 
)».v,  a  sea-crab:  see  Gammariis.]  A  fresh-wa- 
ter shrimp  or  prawn,  resembling  the  orawfisli. 
IIn.rU)i. 

Gammas  (kam'as),  11.     Same  as  camass. 

cammed  (kamd),  a.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  cammed, 
cammiid;  <  cam'-  +  -cd^.]  1.  Crooked. — 2t. 
Crooked-nosed;  short-nosed. — 3.  Cross;  ill- 
natured.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cammerellt,  "•     A  dialectal  variant  otgamlirel. 

cammish  (,kam '  ish),  ".  [E.  dial.,  <  <•(/«('-  + 
-i.sh.]  Awkward;  clumsy.  Ilalliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

cammock'  (kam'ok),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  cambuck, 
kiinihiirk ;  <  ME.  ciimmok,  <  AS.  eammoc,  ciiiii- 
iiiiirc,  aimmiic,  cowh/hc  (also  once  criH/worc,  per- 
liaps  miswritten  (or  en m more),  a  ]>hint,  glossed 
lieiiciilainim.]  1.  A  leguminous  plant,  the  rest- 
harrow,  Ononis  arvcnsis. 

Ca?H?»ofrc»(  and  wedcs 
Fouleth  the  frultc  In  the  fehle. 

rirrs  Ploinnnn  (II),  xl\.  301). 

2t.  An  umlielliferous  plant,  jirobably  the  shop- 
liei'il's-neeijle,  Sraiidi.r  I'rctrn. 
cammock-  (kam'ok),  n.  [E.  dial.  andSc.;  E. 
dial,  also  ciimbucl;  Sc.  caiiiiirk;  <  ME.  camhnk 
(.\11i.  caiiibiicd,  eambiila,  ciimbiilla),  of  Cellic 
origin.  Cf.  Giiel.  cnmiii/,  UMylhing  ci'oiiUed  or 
eiir\"ed,  a  club,  ci'ook.  curl,  liay,  etc.;  <•!'.  ei|iiiv. 
Sc.  ciimmoii,  <  Gael.  Ir.  cnmiiii,  a  club  l'<u'  golf 
or  cricket.  <  cnin,  crooked,  bent  :  see  cam-.]  1. 
A  crooked  stick  or  club;  a  crooked  l)eani;  spo- 
cilically,  a  crooked  dub  used  in  the  game  of 
hockc'v  or  shinny. 

Tliiiuuh  the  ciiiiiwoeic,  llie  re  It  is  b.pwcd.  the  liiller 

II  nervelh,  yet  (he  liow,  the  more  It  Ik  hint  and  iKiupleil, 
the  wor«e  It  waxidh.       I'!ll!l,  I'.ilpliileH,  Anal,  of  Wit.  p.  40. 

Crokyil  (U4  a  rameA:i?.  Skettoii  (vi\.  Dyee).  1-  117. 

Alrlle  crooks  llio  tree,  that  good  cnmiiwk  Hhould  he. 

liay,  I'rovcrliB  (cd.  1(I7S),  p.  861. 


cammock 

2.  The  game  played  with  such  a  elub ;  hockey 

or  sliimiy. 

cammocky  (kaiu'ok-i),  a.  [E.  dial.,  <  mmniocl;'^ 
+  -//I.]  Like  or  due  to  cammock;  liaving  a 
disagreeable  goat-like  smell:  applied  to  cheese, 
from  the  notion  that  this  smell  is  due  to  tlie 
cows  eating  cammock.      [South.  Eug.] 

camocat,  camacat,  »■  [ME.  aimum,  cammaica, 
<  ML.  ciniiDca,  caiiiiica,  OF.  ciiniocds,  MGr.  Ka- 
/louxac-l  A  thick  silk  fabric,  the  name  of  which 
fli-st  appears  in  the  fourteenth  century.  It  was 
used  in  tlie  inanutucture  of  armor  (such  as  the  gambeson), 
for  chnrcli  vestments  (in  wliich  case  white  camoca  is 
especially  mentioned),  for  civic  robes,  and  for  bed-liang- 
iugs. 

My  great  bed  of  blue  camaka  with  griffins,  also  another 
bed  of  caimtka  striped  with  wliite  and  black. 

Will  "f  hird  Dcfpenser  (l.'iTS),  quoted  in  Rock. 

camomile,  chamomile  (kam'o-mil),  n.  [The 
spelling  cIkiihoiiiUc  is  recent,  and  in  imitation 
of  the  Latin;  early  mod.  E.  camomil,  camaiiml 
(E.  dial.  C(ii)iil),  <  ME.  camamijJe,  canmmeUc, 
camomyUc  =  D.  MHG.  G.  A-awiWe  =  Dan.  kamille 
(-hlomst)  =  Sw.  kamUl  (-blomma),  <  OF.  cama- 
millc,  F.  cainomille  =  Pr.  It.  camomilla  =  Sp. 
camomild.  =  Pg.  eamnmele,  <  ML.  camamilla, 
camomilla,  <  L.  chamomilla  and  prop,  chamwmc- 
Jon,  <  (jr.  xf^f"^'- 
juj'Xov,  lit.  earth- 
apple  (from  the 
apple-like  smell 
of  the    flower), 

earth  (=  L. 
JiKiiii:  see  liKin- 
/)/(■'-'),  +  /li/Hov, 
an  apple,  =  L. 
malum.  Of.  cha- 
meleon.'] The 
common  name 
of  Anthcmis  no- 
hilis,  a  low 
creeping  com- 
posite plant  of 
Europe,  with 
strongly  scent- 
ed foUage, 
which  has  long 
been  in  culti- 
vation and  of 
pojjular  repute 
as  a  bitter  sto- 
machic and  ton-  camomile  (Anthemis  nobilis). 
ic.    The  camonule- 

flowers  ')f  commerce  are  the  product  of  a  cultivated  double 
variety,  known  as  the  garden  or  Roman  camomile.  Tlie 
single  form  is  distinguished  as  Scotch  camomile.  It  was 
formerly  imagined  that  the  more  the  plant  was  trodden 
upon  the  more  luxuriantly  it  grew,  and  this  was  a  favorite 
subject  of  allusion  in  :incient  writers.  The  corn-  or  tield- 
camomile,  Antlitmid  arvensis,  is  sparingly  naturalized  in 
the  United  States.  The  dog's  or  stinking  camomile.  A. 
Cotula,  is  more  usually  known  as  mayweed.  The  yellow 
camomile,  A.  tinctoHa,  with  yellow-rayed  flowers,  is  some- 
times cultivated  for  ornament  and  yields  a  yellow  dye. 
The  German  camomile  of  trade  consists  of  the  flower-heads 
of  Matricaria  Charnomilta.  Wild  camomile  is  the  /ever- 
few. 

For  though  the  camomile,  the  more  it  is  trodden  the 
faster  it  grows,  yet  youth,  the  more  it  is  wasted,  the  sooner 
it  wears.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

camoocht,  "•  [Also  camouccio,  used  in  the  same 
sense,  appar.  repr.  It.  camoscio,  a  chamois,  wild 
goat  (see  chamois),  perhaps  affected  in  E.  ^se 
by  It.  camuso,  a  person  with  a  flat  nose:  see 
camous.l  A  term  of  abuse  equivalent  to  goat 
(see  etymology). 
Whoever  says  you  have  a  black  eye,  is  a  camooch. 

Middleton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  L  2. 
Speak  not ;  I  will  not  hear  thee  :  away,  camoxiccio  ! 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  v.  3. 

Camorra  (ka-mor'ii),  it.  [It. ;  cf.  obs.  It.  "ca- 
morra,  an  Irish  rugge,  also  an  upper  cassock," 
"camorro,  a  woman's  frock"  (Florio),  now  ca- 
morro,  an  ugly  person  (applied  to  a  woman).] 
A  secret  organization  formed  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  under  the  Bourbon  government, 
first  publicly  known  about  18120,  partly  political 
and  partly  of  the  nature  of  a  standing  vigilance 
committee,  which  exercised  great  power  at 
times  among  the  lower  classes,  settling  disputes 
and  acting  as  referee,  punishing  real  or  imagi- 
nary crimes,  and  exacting  payment  for  all  such 
services,  it  became  guilty  of  many  violent  acts  in  the 
interest  of  private  vengeance  or  avarice.  Although  for 
political  reasons  tolerated  under  Ferdinand  II.  (1830-59), 
it  wius  attacked  by  the  government  of  Francis  II.,  in  re- 
venge for  which  it  united  with  the  opponents  of  the  Bour- 
bons and  aided  in  the  overthrow  of  that  dynasty.  At 
pics'Mt  Itie  organization  is  out  of  favor,  ami,  though  re- 
t:iiiiiir4  .1  ii'Huinal  existence,  is  of  no  importance  as  a  body. 
■  Camorrism  (ka-mor'izm),  «.  [<  Camorra  + 
•ism.}     The  system  and  mode  of  action  of  the 


779 

Camorra;  hence,  organized  mob-law;  sy.stora- 
atic  r(\jectioii  or  abrogation  of  the  regular  forms 
(}f  law. 

Camorrist  (ka-mor'ist),  n.  [<  It.  camorrista  : 
see  Camorra.']  A  member  of  the  Camorra;  one 
who  favors  the  pi'inciples  or  practises  the  meth- 
ods of  tlio  Camorra. 

camoucciot,  «.     See  camooch. 

camouclie,  «.     Same  as  kamichi. 

camouflet  (P.  prou.  ka-mo'l!a),  n.  [F.,  smoke 
putted  into  a  sleeper's  face;  origin  unknown.] 
Milil.,  a  mine  with  a  charge  so  small  as  not  to 
produce  any  crater  when  exploded,  sucli  a  mine  is 
often  sunk  in  the  wall  of  earth  between  two  parallel  gal- 
leries, in  order,  by  blowing  the  earth  into  one  of  them,  to 
suffocate  or  cut  olf  the  retreat  of  the  miner  who  is  at  work 
in  it.     When  used  for  this  purpose  it  is  also  called  ^slifler. 

camoust,  camust,  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also'ca- 
)»r)//.s-,  <  ME.  caiiiois,  camoijs,  <  OF.  camus,  F.  c«- 
)»»»'  =  Pr.  camus,  camusai  =  It.  camuso,  camo- 
scio, flat-nosed.  Cf.  E.  dial,  and  ME.  cammed, 
Sc.  camow-no.icd,  cam-nosed,  flat-nosed,  ult.  con- 
nected with  caiii^,  q.  v.]  Depressed;  flat; 
crooked :  said  only  of  the  nose. 

Kound  was  his  face  and  camoin  was  his  nose. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  I.  14. 

camousedt,  camusedt,  a.    [<  camous,  camus,  + 

-c(/'-.]     Same  as  camous. 

And  tliough  my  nase  be  camused,  my  lips  thick, 
Aud  my  chin  bristled.  Pan,  great  Pan,  was  such. 

B.  Joivion,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  1. 

camouslyt,  adv.    Awry.    Skelton. 

camoyst,  «.     Same  as  camous.     Sir  T.  Browne. 

Camp^t  (kamp),  n.  [<  ME.  camp,  comp,  battle, 
conflict  (cf.  campynge,  foot-ball),  <  AS.  camji, 
comp,  battle,  conflict,  =  OFries.  kamp,  komp 
=  I),  kani])  =  MLG.  kamp  =  OHG.  camp, 
kamph,  champf,  MHG.  G.  kampf,  a  fight,  battle, 
esp.  in  older  iise,  of  a  fight  between  two,  = 
Sw.  Dan.  kamp,  battle,  conflict,  =  leel.  kaj)p 
(assimilated  from  *kamp),  contest,  zeal,  eager- 
ness, vehemence,  a  race  (cf.  ODan.  kap,  zeal, 
now  only  in  the  phrase  om  kaj),  in  competition) ; 
regarded  by  some  as  an  orig.  Tent,  word,  but 
prob.  <  L.  campus,  a  field,  a  plain,  later  some- 
times a  battle-field,  in  ML.  also  a  camp,  battle: 
see  camp^.]     1.  Conflict;  battle. 

Alle  the  kene  mene  of  kainpe,  knyghtes  and  other. 

Morte  Arlhure  (E,  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3702. 

2.  An  English  form  of  the  game  of  foot-ball. 
It  was  played  by  two  parties  of  twelve  men,  ranged  in 
two  lines  120  yards  apart.  A  ball  was  laid  in  the  middle, 
and  on  a  given  signal  each  party  rushed  forward  to  kick 
or  throw  it  to  the  opposite  goal. 

campl  (kamp),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  campen,  <  AS. 
eampian  (=  OFries.  kampa,  kempa  —  D.  kam- 
pen  =  OHG.  chamfan,  chemfan,  MHG.  kemp- 
fen,  G.  kampfen  =  Dan.  kccnipe  —  Sw.  kdmpa), 
fight,  contend,  <  camp,  a  conflict :  see  the  noun. 
In  def.  2,  cf.  fi'eq.  cample.]  1.  To  fight;  con- 
tend in  battle  or  in  any  kind  of  contest ;  hence, 
to  strive  with  others  in  doing  anything. —  2.  To 
wi'angle ;  argue.  [Obs.  or  dial,  in  both  senses.] 
— 3.    To  play  at  the  game  of  camp.     Tusser. 

camp2  (kamp),  II.  [<  F.  camp,  a  camp,  for- 
merly also  a  field,  a  parallel  form  to  champ,  a 
field,  =  Pr.  camp  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  campo,  <  L. 
campus,  a  field,  a  plain,  a  place  of  action,  in 
ML.  also  a  camp,  a  battle,  =  Gr.  kt/jtoc,  Dor.  kA- 
TTOf,  a  garden,  orchard,  plantation:  see  camp^.] 
1.  A  place  where  an  army  or  other  body  of 


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Typical  Plan  of  Roman  Camp. 
A  praetorium;  A',  quaestor  and  prefects:  .-/'.  tribunal,  etc.:  B, 
tribunes-  C  fyrum :  D.  H.  F,  legionaries  (Triarii.  Pnncipes.  and 
Hastati  1  ;  O,  cava!r>' ;  //,  /,  aUies.  foot  and  hurse :  y,  auxiliary 
troops :  A',  picked  cohorts :  Z.  special  or  extraordinarj-  cohorts :  J/, 
special  or  extraordinary  squadrons  of  horse ;  .V.  Decuman  ^ate  ;  O, 
praetorian  gate ;  P.  porta  principalis  dextra ;  Q,  porta  principalis  si- 
nistra ;  r.  2,  3,  4,  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth  legions ;  5,  6,  right  and 
left  wings. 


campaign 

men  is  or  has  been  encamped ;  the  collection 
of  tents  or  other  temporary  structures  for 
tlie  accommodation  of  a  number  of  men,  par- 
ticularly troops  in  a  temporary  station  ;  an  en- 
campment. WIkmi  ail  ajniy  ill  the  field  is  to  remain 
for  some  time  at  a  pal  ticiilar  spot,  it  may  be  Htationed  in 
ail  intrenched  camp,  siirroiiiKled  hy  earthworks,  i-edmibts, 
etc.  A  Jlyinrj  camp  is  an  encamjiment  occupied  for  a 
very  brief  period,  'I'he  camps  of  the  ancient  Roman 
soldiers,  even  though  for  a  stay  of  only  a  night,  were  of 
till-  intreiit  lied  class,  customarily  in  the  shape  of  a  rec- 
tangle siinouiHleii  by  a  foss  (Jotota),  with  a  stake-faced 
ciiiliankniciit  {foilnm)  on  the  inside.  In  the  typical 
Roman  camp  there  were  four  gates,  one  at  each  side  and 
one  at  each  end,  and  the  interior  wa-s  divided  into 
streets.  The  broadest  street,  100  feet  wide,  ran  between 
the  side  gates.  The  other  streets,  50  feet  wide,  ran  at 
right  angles  to  this  from  end  Ui  end  of  the  camp.  A 
camp  of  intitruetitja  is  a  camp  formed  for  the  reception  of 
troops  who  ,are  sent  to  he  trained  in  maiueuvering  in  large 
bodies  and  in  ciiiniiaigiiiiig  duties  in  general.  There  are 
permanent  camps  of  this  kind  at  Aldershot  in  England,  and 
at  ChiilonS'Sur-Marne  in  France. 

2.  A  body  of  troops  or  other  persons  encamp- 
ing together ;  an  army  with  its  camp-equipment. 

For  I  shall  sutler  be 
Unto  the  camp,  and  profits  will  accrue. 

.Shak.,  Hen.  V,,  ii,  1. 
The  whole  had  tlie  appearance  of  a  sple!idid  court 
rather  than  of  a  military  armament ;  and  in  this  situa- 
tion, caiTying  more  show  than  real   force  with  it,  the 
cmnp  arrived  at  Bernice.  Hume,  Hist.  Eng.,  \.  319. 

3.  In  British  agri.,  a  heap  of  turnips,  potatoes, 
or  other  roots  laid  up  in  a  trench  and  thickly 
covered  with  straw  and  earth  for  preservation 
through  the  winter.  In  some  places  called  a 
pit,  in  others  a  bury — To  break  camp.    See  break. 

camp2  (kamp),  V.     [<  cump'i,  «.]     I.  trans.  1. 
To  put  into  or  lodge  in  a  camp,  as  an  army ;  en- 
camp.   [Rare.] —  2.  To  afl'ord  camping-ground 
for;  afford  rest  or  lodging  to.    [Eare.] 
Had  our  great  palace  the  capacity 
To  camp  this  host,  we  all  would  sup  together. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  8. 

3.  To  bury  in  pits,  as  potatoes ;  pit.  Loudon. 
[Local,  Eng.] 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  establish  or  make  a  camp; 
go  into  camj):  sometimes  with  down. —  2.  To 
live  in  a  camp,  as  an  army:  as,  we  camped  there 
three  days. — 3.  To  live  temporarily  in  a  tent 
orients  or  in  rude  places  of  shelter,  as  for  health 
or  pleasure :  generally  ■with  out. 

camp-'t,  "•  [*^  L.  campa,  campe,  <  Gr.  ko/jt^t/,  a 
caterpillar.]     A  catei^jillar.     E.  Phillips,  1706. 

campable  (kam'pa-bl),  a.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  a 
)>crversion  of  capable.]  Able  to  do.  Grose. 
[North.  Eng.] 

campagi,  ".     Plural  of  campagns. 

campagnol  (kam-pa-nyol'),  n.  [F.  (=  It.  cam- 
pagnuolo),  <  campagne  =  It.  campagua,  a  field, 
ojien  country :  see  campaign.]  A  French  name 
of  various  species  of  field-mice  or  voles,  as  Ar- 
ricola  arvalis  and  A.  agrestis;  hence,  any  vole 
or  meadow-mouse  of  the  subfamily  Arvicolince, 
family  Muridtc. 

campagUS  (kam'pa-gus),  n. ;  pi.  campagi  (-ji). 
[LL.,  perhaps  <  L.  campus,  a  field:  see  camji^.] 
In  ifojw.  antiq.,  a  low  shoe  or  slipper  covering 
the  toes,  having  the  heel-piece  carried  around 
on  each  side  nearly  to  the  ankle-bone,  but  leav- 
ing the  instep  and  the  sides  of  the  foot  un- 
covered, and  secured  on  the  foot  by  ribbons 
or  straps.  It  was  peculiar  to  the  wealthy  and 
official  classes. 

campaign  (kam-pan'),  n.  [<  F.  campaigne,  no'W 
campagne  (assibilated  champagne,  >  E.  cham- 
paiyn),  an  open  field,  a  military  campaign,  = 
Sp.  co)H;Miiffl  =  Pg.  canqjanha  =  it.  cuvipagna,<, 
ML.  campania,  a  level  country,  in  classical  L. 
used  only  as  the  name  of  the  level  country  near 
Naples,  Campania,  now  Campagua  (Camjmnus, 
of  Campania,  a  Campanian).  <  *campanus  (LL. 
campaneus  or  campauius),  of  a  field,  <  campus, 
a  field:  see  camp'^.]  1+.  An  open  field ;  a  large 
open  plain.  Now  champaign. —  2.  The  opera- 
tions of  an  army  during  one  season,  or  in  a  defi- 
nite enterprise :  as,  the  Vieksburg  campaign. 
— 3.  Continued  or  sustained  aggressive  opera- 
tions directed  to  the  accomplishment  of  some 
particularobject:  as,  the  temperance f a m^JOf'jrH,- 
especially,  in  V.  S.  politics,  organized  action  in 
influencing  voters  in  an  election,  etc.:  as,  the 
last  presidential  campaign. 

W  e  should  get  those  amendments  out  of  the  way  before 
we  strike  out  for  the  summer  campaifrn. 

S.  Boules,  Letter  to  H.  L.  Dawes,  Feb.  16, 1857. 

4.  In  metal.,  the  time  during  which  a  furnace 
remains  in  operation  without  stoppage.— Cam- 
paign wig.     See  irit/. 

campaign  (kam-pan'),  v.  i.    [<  campaign,  «.] 
To  serve  in  a  campaign. 
The  officers  who  campaigned  in  the  late  rebellion. 

Sir  Ii.  Uu&grave,  Irish  Rebellion,  p.  6 


campaigne 

campaigne  (kam-pan'),  »■  [Prop.  'Mmpane.  < 
F.  campaiie,  a  bell,  a  fringe,  tiift,  etc. :  see  cam- 
pane.']  A  narrow  kind  of  pillow-lace,  used  es- 
peciallv  as  an  edging  to  broader  laces. 

campaigner  (kam-pa'ner),  n.  [<  canqmign  ■{- 
-eriT]  One  who  is  or  has  been  in  active  service 
in  a  campaign  or  campaigns. 

Both  horse  and  rider  were  old  campaigners,  and  stood 
without  moving  a  muscle.  Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 
The  plain  before  the  town  was  full  of  tents,  and,  long 
before  the  town  or  the  tents  were  within  sight,  the  sight 
of  actual  campaigners  gave  a  keen  feeling  of  what  was 
going  on.  £■  J-  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  265. 

campana  (kam-pfi'nii),  n.  [=  F.  canqmiie  == 
Pr.  Sp.  It.  campana.  <  ML.  campana,  a  bell.] 
1.  Eccles.,  a  church-bell.— 2.  A  bell-like  dish 
or  cover  used  in  making  sulphuric  acid. — 3.  In 
hot.,  the  pasque-flower.  Anemone  Fiilsatilla. 
Camiiana  here  he  crops.    Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  227. 

campanal  (kam-pa'nal),  a.  [<  'campana  for 
Camimniila  +  -«/.]  Belated  to  the  Campanu- 
lacew :  applied  bv  Lindley  to  one  of  the  largest 
of  his  alliances  of  plants,  of  which  the  bell  worts 
mav  be  regarded  as  the  type. 

campane  (kam-pan'),  H.  IF.  campane,  aheU, 
tuft,  frmge,  etc. :  see  campana.']    In  her.,  a  bell. 

campaned  (kam-pand'),  a.  [<  company  +  -erf2.] 
In  her.,  bearing  campanes  or  bells. 

campanero  (kam-pa-ne'ro),  «.  [Sp.,abellman, 
<  cmnji'ina,  a  bell:  see  campana.]  A  Spanish 
name  of  the  South  American  beU-birds,  as  the 
arapunga  and  others  of  the  genus  Chasmorhyn- 
chiis:  ■■    '  »         ■■'     t -11,-1 


780 
Cf.  campana,  pasque-flower.]     1 


nus  of  plants,  wliich 


A  large  ge- 
gives  its  name  to  the 
natural  order  Canqja- 
nuUicta;  the  beU-flow- 
er  genus.  The  species  are 
herljaceous  plants,  with  bell- 
shaped  flowers  usually  of  a 
white  or  blue  color.  The 
most  common  and  best- 
known  wild  species  is  the 
delicate  harebell,  C.  rotuii- 
difolia,  the  bluebell  of 
Scotland,  which  is  found 
growing  in  rocky  places 
around  the  globe  in  the 
northern  temperate  and  arc- 
tie  zones.  Many  species  are 
cultivated  for  their  showy 
flowers,  the  most  frequent 
being  C.  Medium,  known  as 
canterlnu~y-bells.  C.  Ranun- 
culus is  frequently  cultivat- 
ed in  southern  Europe  for 
its  edible  tuberous  routs. 
2.  [I.e.]  Achasuble:  so 


camp-follower 

a  bell;  bell-shaped.  In  lot.,  applied  to  many  parts 
of  plants.  iKUticuhniy  to  the  corolla.  In  entimi.,  sai<l  of 
surfaces  which  are  rounded  at  one  end,  with  the  side? 
somewhat  incurved  and  then  spreading  out  to  the  other 
end  ;  applieii  cspeci.ally  t<i  the  metanotiim,  the  broader  end 
being  the  base.  The  abdomen  of  an  insect  is  said  to  be 
campanulatc  when  the  basid  joint  is  slender  and  the 
second  ililated  and  hollowed  at  the  ape.x,  so  that  the  third 
joint  is  received  within  it. 

Campanulina  (kam-pan-u-li'nii),  «.  [NL.,  < 
ilb.  cantiitniida,  dim.  of  campana,  a  bell.]  The 
t^*pioiil  gt'ims  of  the  family  Cdnipuniilinida: 

csimpanulinid.  (kam-pan-ii-lin'id),  n.  A  polyp 
of  the  family  Cinnpanulinida'. 

Campanuliriidae  (kam-pan-ii-lin'i-de),  )i.  pi 
[XL.,  <  Campanulina  +  -idn.]  A  family  of  ser- 
tularian  or  calj'ptolilastic  liydvoiil  hydrozoans. 
They  arc  colonies  "of  poly|is,  wlii.li  iiiv  .lilterentiatc.l  into 
alinientary  zooids,  with  one  v.rlicil  •'(  Hliiorm  tenlailes 
and  generative  polyps,  having  the  polypostyles  without 
mouth  or  teidacles.  Both  kinds  of  zooids  are  invested  by 
chitinous  capsules.  The  polypostyles  only  produce  bjr 
budding  sexual  zooids,  which  are  rudimentary  medusa!  and 
Campanulina  is  the  typical  genus. 


Flowering  Branch  of  Campa 
nut  a  Mediutn. 


,s:  so  caUed  from  the  beU-like  sound  of  their  q  n^laceae  (kam-pan-u-la' 

Lce.     ^00  arapunga.  p.j*'  ^  campanula  +  -aeew.]     J 

ipaniat  (kam-pa'm-a),  «.     [ML.:  see  cam-     ^^^  ^f  ^o^^petalous  (Ucotvledo 


voice. 

campaniat  , 
paign.]     A  large  open  plain;  a  champaign. 
In  vast  eampanias  there  are  few  cities.    Sir  W.  Temple. 
Forerunners  of  that  great  day  of  battle ;  which  shall, 
like  light  horsemen,  scour  the  campania. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works,  I.  371. 

Campanian  (kam-pa'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
Campanin  (see  campaign,  n.)  +  -an.]  I,  a. 
Belonging  to  or 
characteristic  of 
Campania,  an  an- 
cient prorince  of 
southern  Italy,  in- 
cluding the  Nea- 
politan plain. 

n.  "■  A  native 
or  an  inhabitant  of 
Campania. 

campaniform 
(kam-pan 'i -form), 
a.  [<  XL.  campani- 
formis,  <  ML.  cam- 
pana, a  bell,  + 
L.  forma,  shape.] 
Having  the  shape 
of  a  bell;  campan- 
nlate;  bell-shaped. 
Also<Y(wp«Hi7i/or»i. 

campanile     (kara- 

pa-iio'Ie),  «.;  pi. 
ciimjianHes,  campa- 
niU  (-lez,  -li).  [It., 
=  Sp.  Pg.  campanil 
=  !• .  campanile,  < 
ML.  campanile,  < 
campana,     a     bell:  ca.,  .Florence. 

gee   campana.]     In 

arch.,  a  bell-tower;  CRpecially,  in  some  parts 
of  Italy,  a  detached  building  erected  for  tho 
purpose  of  containing  belli ;  also,  in  the  Konais- 
sanco  Btylo,  a  particular  form  of  boll-turret, 
Huch  as  tho  two  western  towers  o£  St.  Paul's 
cathedral  in  London,  St.  Peter's  and  the  Pan- 
theon in  Home,  etc.  Many  of  the  campaiiiba  of  Italy 
are  lofty  and  inagnlllcint  Btrucliir.i ;  that  in  Cremona  1« 
3t».'.  feet  high,  and  that  In  Flon-ni  i-.  ilmlgncd  by  (ilotto 
early  In  the  fourteenth  celitur)'  tor  the  (  atliedral  of  Santa 
Maria  del  Flore,  l»  tho  miHit  perfect  work  of  the  I'olnteil 
«tvle  In  Italy. 

campanillform  (kam-pn-nU'i-forfc),  a.    Same 

a^  i-inujt'i inl'nnn. 
campanologist  (kam-pa-nol'o-jlHl),  n.     [<  cam 


never  become  free.  ,  -  -         _ 

caliedf remits  To'ni'cal  Campbellite  (kam'bel-it),  ».  [iCanipheil  (see 
shape  when  put  about  def.)  +  -itfi.]  1.  A  member  ot  the  <lenomma. 
..  K  ,  _i  ,,  -,  tiou  otherwise  known  as  the  Disciples  Of  Christ, 
founded  by  the  Rev.  Alexander  Campbell.  The 
Campbelli'tes  were  also  called  New  Lights.  See 
disciple.  [U.  S.]  — 2.  One  of  the  followers  of 
tlie  Rev.  John  McLeod  Campbell,  who,  when 
deposed  in  1S31  for  teaching  the  universality  of 
the  atonement,  founded  a  separate  congrega- 
tion. [Scotch.]  — 3.  [/.  c]  A  local  name  of 
a  sunfish,  Fomoxys  annularis,  abundant  in  the 
Mississippi.     Also  called  new-light. 

The  names  new-light  and  Cami>Mliti-  are  due  to  the  fact 
that  it  became  abundant  and  the  snliject  of  observation 
when  the  religious  denomination  bearing  those  nanus orl- 
j,j,l„ted.  Stand,  ^ut.  7ii.<(.,  III.  235. 

milkvTuieeraltemate  leaves,  a  regidar  bell-  camp-ceiling  (kamp'se"ling),  n.     Li  arch.,  & 
^  -  ■   ■  "      -i:-i=--i--i 1         :i: i„.,;„„ — "^^bn,.  gjde  from  the  Vertical 


the  body  .—  3.  [I.e.]  In 

:ool.    and   anat.,   some 

campanulate  or  bell-shaped  part  or  organ. — 

Campanula  Halleri,  in  ichlh.,  the  swollen  end  of  tlie 

falciform  process  in  the  eye  of  a  flsh.    See  extract. 

A  vascular  darkly-pigmented  process  ...  is  found  in 
the  eyes  of  many  Teleostei,  and  ...  its  end  ...  is  pro- 
vided with  a  swelling  {campanula  Halleri),  which  is  at- 
tached to  the  hinder  part  of  the  capsule  of  the  lens. 

Geffenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  531. 

se-e),  n.  pi. 

A  natural  or- 

petalous   dicotyledonous  plants. 

the  beUworts,  mostly  herbaceous,  with  bland 


shaped'or  rotate  corolla,  distinct  stamens,  ,aud 

numerous  seeds  in  a  capsule  usually  opening 

by  valves  or  lateral  slits.     They  are  natives  chielly 

jf  northern  temperate  regions,  and  are  of  little  value  but 

for  ornament.     The  principal  genus  is  C(iin;in»w/a.    The 

order  is  sometimes  made  to  include  the  Lobeliacc<e.    See 

cuts  under  Campanula  and  harebell. 
campanulaceous  (kam-pan-u-la'shius),  a.    Be- 
longing to  the  natural  order  Campamdacea: 
Campanularia  (kam-pan-ii-la'ri-ii).  H.     [NL.. 

<  ML.  campanula,  a  little  bell.]     Tho  typical 

genus  of  the  family  Campanulariida;  having 

cup-shaped  hvdrotheeai  at  the  ends  of  ringed     -  ,  ,      ^  i  j 

stalks  and  polypites  with  a  circlet  of  tentacles  Campeachy  WOod^^Sani^e^as  ^.f/iroo.f^ 

below   the    conical   pro  ""       ^«"..<~o       omnor.   oo-i    •» 

boscis. 
Campanulariae 

pan-\i-la'ri-o). 


, ,  iljug  sloping  on  either  i 

walls  toward  a  plane  siu-face  in  the  middle,  so 
as  somewhat  to  resemble  a  coved  ceiling.  It 
is  most  frequently  used  in  garrets,  giving  the 
roof  a  resemblance  to  the  top  of  a  tent. 

camp-chair  (kamp'char),  n.  A  light  chair  con- 
stniclcd  like  a  camp-stool,  but  with  a  back. 

camp-drill  (kamp'dril),  n.  A  portable  drill 
liaving  two  arms  which  extend  outward  fi'om 
the  ends  ot  a  connecting  piece,  the  upper  arm 
carrying  the  drill,  and  the  lower  scr^-ing  as  a 
rest  "for  tlie  work  which  lies  between  the  two. 


See  Cam- 


(kam- 

"•  P^- 
[NL.  Cf.  Campanularia.] 
In  Claus's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  suborder  of 
}Iijdromedu.'<a',  character- 
ized by  tho  chitinous 
skeletal  tubes  widening 
out  round  the  polyii-head 
to  form  cup-liko  hydro- 
theca) :  same  as  Cali/pto- 
hlastca.  Also  called  Vesi- 
culata. 
campanularian     (kam- 

paii-u-la'ri-aii),  ((.  and  n. 
I.  a.  Campanulate;  ca- 
lyi>tol)lastie ;  havingbell- 
sliaped  liydrothoca! :  said 
only  of  tho  CalypUMas. 
tea  or  Campanularia'. 
Also  eampan ularidan. 

II.  n.  Aincnibcrof  the 
giiius  Ctuniuiuularia. 
Campanularida     (kam- 

pan-u-lar'i-ilii),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Ciinipannlaria  + 
-ida.]     A  Kuliorder  or  other  division  of  th 


Ctrmf'aHiilaria. 
ji,    hydrnnth ;    t,    its    pe- 
duncle:    f,    hydrotheca:     o, 
moulh:  te,  tcniiiclcs;  *,  <li- 

Kcstivc  cavity,  contiiuioiis  with 
tKly-c.tvity,J(.coiit.iinctHnliic 
peduncle,  .ind  in  the  stolon  i>t 
ctccpinK-stcin.  .V;  /.'.  Kon.ini:i- 
nmconl.iinlnKlwonicuusifortn 
zoi'lidsorconophorcs.  Tr.  7i','  ^, 
bl.-istostylc  or  peduncle  of  tlic 
Konophorc:  x" ,  the  winiutic 
cavity  in  connection  with  th.it 
of  the  stolon :  C,  n  bml. 


impanologiat  (kam-pa-nol'o-jlHl),  H.     l^-"—      -..'.,    .  -  ,     /■  •  i\  ., 

...luniom,  +  .,«/.]     (jne  Bkilled  in  tho  art  of  campanularud  (kam-pnn-t.-lar  i-i<i),  n 
/•a,M,mi,/,logy.  \yyu<i\\u'Snu»U  CampanuUirwIa- 


lyiitoblaslii:  hyilroiil   hydrozoans,  distingnisl 
i'ng  the   ciiniiiiiniilaiiiin    from  tho  8Crtularian 
forms  ot  the  *•'(/(//''"'''"■'<'<■"• 
campanularidan  (knm-pan-ii-lar  i-dan),  a. 

Sjiine  as  rininninularian. 


Campephaga,  Campephagidae,  etc 

piililiiti/d,  etc. 
camperH  (kam'ptr),  «.   [<  ME.  campar:  <  cawpl 

+  -o-i.]     One  who  plays  at  the  game  of  camp. 

Tu.iKtr, 
camper'-  (kam'p^r),  )!.     [<  co»ij)2,  v.,  +  -crl.] 

One  who  camps  out,  or  lives  in  a  camp. 

■V  true  anil  circumstantial  delineation  of  the  ramiier't 

life  in  tlie  Maine  forests.  The  .\merican,  VII.  1139. 

camperknowst,  "•  [E.  flial.,  prop,  "camper- 
niill.i,  lit.  iiiuslirooms  (of  which  in  part  the  ilish 
was  prob.  composed),  =  MD.  l,-amiicrnoelie,  D. 
l-ampernaclje  =  5ILG.  kamiwrnOI,  mushroom,  < 
It.  campigiiuolo,  >  F.  champignon,  a  mushroom: 
s<}Ccham)iignon.]  Ale  pottage,  made  with  sugar, 
spices,  etc.     Grose. 

campesont,  ».     Same  as  aamheson.     Wright. 

campestral  ( kam-pes'tral),  a.    [<  L.  campc.ttris, 

<  campu.-;,  a  field :  see  camp-.]    Pertaining  to  an 

open  field ;  growing  in  a  field  or  on  open  ground. 

Tho  campestral  or  wild  beech  Is  blacker  and  more  dtir- 
,il,l,.,  M„rlimer. 

campestrian,  campestrine  (kam-pes'tri-an, 

-Irin).  ((.     Same  as  (■<ini]n.'<lral. 
camp-figlltt  (karap'fil),  ».     [<  camp^  "*" /'''''i 
cf.  All  J.  rampu.t,  a  duel:   see  rampi.]      In  Ola 
law,  a  trial  by  duel,  or  the  combat  of  two  cham- 
pions, fur  tho  decision  of  a  controversy. 
'■»-  camp-fire  (kamp'fir),  ».     1.  A  fire  in  a  camp 


ipanology  (kam-pa-norv-ii),  ...     [<  ML.   Campanularildse  (kam-l.Hn''u-li -ni-de).   .   /,/. 

„,..;„-,,  u ".•II,  +  Ar.  -h,yia,  <  '/iyn;  spiak:     INL.,  <   Campanuhma  +   -,da:]     ^  fa    iIn     d 

■     ■■;.]     1.   The  art  or  tho  principUs  ,.(     calvptoblaslic  liy.lroi.l  hylrozonuK,  haMiig  t  .o 

liliK,  bell-ringing,  etc.  colls  ten.iinnl.  pednnculale.  nn.l  cunipHimlnl. 

.a7,l,.  „„,ii . ,  ui,„T  .1,1.  T Ion  ,.a,,. ,   etve     and  the  polypllcH  with  a  large  tn.mp-l-shniH.il 


liroboHciH.  CnmpanuUiria.  Cliilin.  (Ilirlia,  elc.  are  giii 
ira  lit  llilB  family.  Aim.  writl.n  Cawpanutariilir,  Cam 
l,„,itilitrind,l:     See  illl  iindi  r  f'li'i;".'"''""'., 

campanulate  (kain-pnn'u-lilt),'!.     [<  ML.r«»i- 

[ML.,  diiri.  '.r      panut,ihi.i,<rampannla,  li  little  hell, iliiii.  of  <<()»- 

eampami.v,  boll;  <romtli.- form  ot  the  corolla.     /„(m(,ttbell:  hco«/.../.<./i«.1  Having  the  form  of 


•  of  a  IirW  It 
II.  .,,  heriot  .1 

j-i.  I-I,itnd.\ 

S-   A  iriiii  I  I  iin  thiB  art 
Oftinpanula    kam-nan'O-lil),  n 


A  fire 
fur  wiirnith  or  cooking:   as,  a  soldier's  or  a 
limiler's  ramp-tire.    It  is  commonly  built  in  the 
open  air  and  on  the  ground. 

A  huge  camp-fire  blazing  up  beneath  the  forest  nrehoj, 
PorcHi  and  Stream,  \\\.  B. 

2.  Among  tlie  meiiibers  of  the  society  called 
the  (iranil  Army  of  the  Kepiiblio,  a  meeling  or 
reunion  of  the  nienibers  nf  ii  )i<isl.  [I'.  S. ) 
camp-follower  (kamii'lolo-i'V),  n.  One  who 
Inlliiws  a  caniii  iir  an  army  without  being  offl- 
ciully  connected  with  it,  as  a  sutler,  waslier- 
wiinian,  etc. 

Ihe  troopn  were  nltcn.led  liy  a  great  mtiltltudc  of  camp- 
.Ml.averH.  Maeaulay. 

In  the  moment  of  failure  lal  llannockburnl,  the  sight  of 

a  body  of  camp-.MIuirerK.  «t i  thev  mlHlook  for  rceii. 

forcemcnUl  to  the  eni-niy,  nliriiid  palde  through   the  hng- 
IIbIi  bout.         J.  Ii.  Urcrn,  Short  lllst.  Eng.  People,  Iv.  i  B. 


camphene 

camphene,  camphine  (kam-fen'  or  kam'fen), 

)}.  l<.  C(impli((ir)  + -i-iic, -inc'^.'\  l.Tho  generic 
name  of  the  volatile  oils  or  hydrocarbons  hav- 
ing the  general  formula  CiqHiq,  wliieh  are 
isomeric  or  polymeric  with  oil  of  tui-peutine. 
Many  campheues  exist  ready  funned  in  jjliints,  as  oil  of 
cloves,  bergamot,  etc.  Tliey  are  liquid  at  ordinary  tem- 
peratures, and  are  distinsuished  from  one  u!iother  hy  their 
od^irs,  boiling-points,  and  aetion  on  polarized  lijilit.  They 
absorb  oxygen  and  convert  it  into  ozone,  't'lu^  name  is  sy- 
nenynious  with  terpeiie  ;  but  by  some  jintliorities  tbi-  lul  tirr 
is  maile  the  generic  name  of  all  the  volatile  bydrncailiuus 
having  the  formula  C'loHiG'  while  canij>h>:n>t  is  limited  U) 
tlmse  terpenes  uiiieh  arc  solid  at  ordinai'y  temperatures. 
2.  The  commercial  term  for  pm'ilied  oil  of  tur- 
pentine, obtained  by  distilling  the  crude  oil  over 
quicklime  to  free  it  from  resin,  it  gives  a  bril- 
liant light  in  lamps  having  a  very  strong  draft  for  the 
prevention  of  smoke,  and  was  extensively  used  before  the 
introduction  of  petroleum. 

camphic  (kam'fik),  a.  [<  campli{or)  +  -ic]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  camphor:  as,  camphic  acid. 

campMne,  n.     See  camphene. 

camphiret  (kam'fir),  M.  [See  cawtpAor.]  1.  An 
old  form  of  camphor. 

Wood  of  aloes,  camphire  and  many  other  things. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  56. 

2.  In  the  authorized  version  of  the  Bible  (Cant. 
i.  14,  iv.  13),  a  faulty  rendering  of  the  Hebrew 
name  of  the  henna-plant,  Lawsonia  alba. 
camphiredt  (kam'fird),  a.  [<  camphire  for  cam- 
lihor  +  -ed2.]  Impregnated  with  camphor; 
camphorated. 
Wash-balls  perfumed,  camphired,  and  plain. 

Tatler,  No.  101. 

camphogen  (kam'fo-jen),  71.  [<  ML.  campho- 
()■(/),  camphor,  -f-  L.  -gen,  producing:  see  -gen.'] 
A  colorless  liquid  (C10H14)  produced  by  dis- 
tilling camphor  with  phosphorous  pentoxid. 
Also  called  cijmenc. 

camphol  (kam'fol),  n.  [<  camph(or)  +  -ol.'] 
Same  as  Borneo  camphor  (which  see,  tinder 
camphor). 

campholic  (kam-fol'ik),  a.  [<  camphol  +  -ic] 
Eelated  to  or  containing  camphol — Campholic 
acid,  an  acid  (OioHi802)  produced  from  camphor  by  the 
artiun  of  alcoholic  potash  solution.  It  is  a  white  volatile 
solid,  insoluble  in  cold  water. 

camphor  (kam'for),  «.  [Now  spelled  to  imi- 
tate the  ML.  form,  but  until  recently,  and  still 
dial.,  camphire,  earlymod.  E.  camphire,  campher, 
caniferc,  <  F.  comphre  =  Sp.  canfor,  canfora, 
alcanfor  =  Pg.  canfora,  aJcanfor  =  It.  canfora 
=  D.  kamfcr  =  MHG.  camphor  (also  gaffer),  G. 
kampfcr  =  Dan.  Sw.  kamfer  =  Pol.  kamfora  = 
Bohem.  kamfora,  kamfr,  kafr  =  Buss,  kamfara, 
<  ML.  camphora,  canfora,  camforum,  also  cafu- 
ra,  NL.  camphora  =  MGr.  NGr.  Kd(j>ovpa  =  Turk. 
kdfiir,  <  Ar.  and  Pers.  kafur  =  Skt.  karpura 
=  Hind,  kapura,  camphor,  <  Malay  A-(7/)«)-,  cam- 
phor, lit.  chalk,  lime ;  kapiir  bariis,  Barus  cam- 
phor, the  camphor  of  Sumatra  and  Java  {Barus, 
a  place  on  the  west  coast  of  Sumatra) ;  kdptir 
tohori,  Japan  camphor.]  A  whitish,  translu- 
cent, volatile  substance  closely  related  to  the 
ethereal  oils,  with  a  tough  crystalline  textm-e, 
a  iieculiar  penetrating  odor,  and  an  aromatic 
cooling  taste,  the  product  of  various  trees  and 
plants  of  eastern  Asia  and  the  adjacent  isl- 
ands. See  camphor-tree,  common  or  laurel  cam- 
phor (CiqHigO)  is  distilled  from  the  wood  of  a  lauraceous 
tree,  Ci niiamont  itia  camphora,  and  is  obtained  in  its  crude 
state  from  Formcjsa  and  Japan  and  .afterward  refined  by 
sublimation.  It  is  of  frenuent  use  in  medicine  as  a  ner- 
vous stimulant  and  antispasmodic  in  typhoid  and  hysteri- 
cal states. — Alant  camphor.  CioHifiO,  a  camphor  resem- 
bling peppermint  in  tastf  and  smell,  found  in  the  roots  of 
Inula  Heleiiium.  —  Artiticial  camphor,  *'iuHi,-HCl,  or 
hydrocMorate  of  luyixiituu-inl,  a  solid  otitained  l»y  treat- 
ing oil  of  turpentine  with  gaseous  hydrochloric  acid.  It 
has  tlie  odor  and  taste  of  common  camphor,  but  is  less 
pungent,  and  is  somewhat  terebinthinate.  —  Blumea 
camphor,  or  ngai,  a  substance  having  the  same  compo- 
sition as  Borneo  camphor,  but  differing  from  it  in  turning 
polarized  light  to  the  left.  It  is  obtained  by  distillation 
from  a  tall  herbaceous  composite,  Blumea  balgamifera, 
grooving  abundantly  in  tropical  eastern  -\sia,  and  is  used  by 
the  Chinese  in  medicine  and  in  perfuming  the  finer  kinds 
of  ink. — Borneo  camphor,  also  known  as  Barus,  Ma- 
layan, or  Suiimtra  i-nuiiilior,  C10H13O,  a  substance  very 
simil.ar  in  its  properties  to  eumraon  camphor.  Itis  found 
in  a  solid  crystalline  state  in  fissm-es  in  the  trunk  of 
Dryobalaiwps  aronuitica,  a  gigantic  forest-tree  of  Suma- 
tra and  Borneo.  It  sometimes  occurs  in  masses  several 
pounds  in  weight.  Also  called  bornfol  and  camphol. — 
Camphora  monobromata,  CioHir.lirO,  a  substance  ob- 
tained by  replaeiu'.;  one  liydrcgL-n  atom  in  camphor  with 
bromine.  It  is  used  in  niediciiio  as  a  si  dative.  Also  called 
monohromatrf/  raiii/ilmr,  hri'mat'd  raniphor,  broinliiated 
camphor. — Camphor-julep  '>r  -water,  a  saturated  solu- 
tion of  camphor  in  water.— Cedrene  camphor,  Cj  6H26O, 
the  crystalline  portion  of  oil  of  red  cedar,  oldained  by  cool- 
ing the  oil  until  the  crystals  separate,  and  afterward  press- 
ing out  the  liquid,  —  Tobacco  camphor,  a  name  given  by 
Gmelin  to  nicotianin.  Ure,  Diet.,  HI.  41G,  [Other  so- 
called  camphors  (stearoptenes)  are  obtained  from  various 
volatile  oils,  constituting  the  least  volatile  portion  of  the 
oil  and  crystallizing  at  ordinary  temperatures.] 


781 

camplior  (kam'for),  v.  t.  [<  camphor,  »(.]  To 
impregnate  or  wash  with  camphor;  camphor- 
ate.     [Kare.] 

camphoraceous  (kam-fo-ra'shius),  a.  [<  cam- 
jihor  -t-  -accoiis.']  Of  tJie  nature  of  or  resem- 
i>liTig  camphor. 

camphorate  (kam'fo-riit),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
canijihoratcd,  ppr.  camphorating.  [<  NL.  cam- 
plioratus,  pp.  of  camphorare,  <  camphora,  cam- 
phor: see  camphor  and -ate^.']  To  treat  or  im- 
pregnate with  camphor:  as,  "a  camphorated 
draiiglii,"  Dungtison. 

camphorate  (kam'fg-rat),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL. 
camphoratus,  p-p.:  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  camphor  or  impregnated  with  it :  as, 
"camphorate  liquors,"  Boyle,  Works,  1.433. 

II.  «.  [='S>!h.  camjihoratum.neut.]  In  chem., 
a  compound  of  camphoric  acid  with  different 
bases. 

camphoric  (kam-for'ik),  a.  [<  camphor  -I-  -ic] 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  camphor Cam- 
phoric acid,  CkjUh'jO^,  a  dibasic  acid  i)r(nluccd  from 
camphor  by  digestion  with  nitric  acid.  It  forma  crystal- 
line colorless  flakes,  which  are  not  readily  soluble  in  cold 
water. 

camphor-oil  (kam'fqr-oil),  «.  1.  A  yellowish- 
brown  liquid  whicli  drains  from  tlio  crude 
camphor  of  commerce,  having  a  camphor-like 
odor  and  taste,  and  containing  a  considerable 
quantity  of  camphor  in  solution. — 2.  A  red- 
flish  volatile  oil,  isomeric  with  oil  of  turjjen- 
tine  (OigHig),  obtained  from  the  Driidhahinops 
aromatica  by  tapping  the  tree,  and  <!rom  reser- 
voirs which  form  in  the  trunk.  It  is  but  rarely 
met  with  in  commerce.  Also  called  camphor- 
wood  oil. 

camphoronic  (kam-fo-ron'ik),  a.  [<  camphor 
-f-  -one  +  -(c]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from 
camphor — Camphoronic  acid,  C9H12O5,  a  tribasic 
acid  formed  by  the  oxidation  of  camphor  or  camphoric 
acid  by  nitric  acid.  It  forms  colorless  microscopic  nee- 
dles, which  are  volatile  and  readily  soluble  in  water. 

camphor-tree  (kam'fqr-tre),  «.  1.  The  Cmno- 
moniiim  camphora,  a  lauraceous  tree  which 
yields  the  camphor  of  commerce,  found  in  Ja- 
pan, along  the  southern  maritime  regions  of 
China,  and  especially  in  Formosa.  The  timber  is 
excellent  and  much  prized  for  making  clothes-chests  and 


Branch  of  Camphor-tree  {Cinnamomum  camphora). 

cabinets.  Camphor  is  obtained  from  the  root,  trunk,  and 
branches  by  exposing  the  chips  in  closed  vessels  to  the 
vapor  of  boiling  water.  The  hot  steam  volatilizes  the  cam- 
plior, which  is  deposited  in  the  upper  part  of  the  vessels. 
2.  The  Vnjohalanops  aromatica,  a  tree  of  Su- 
matra and  Borneo,  yielding  Borneo  camphor 
(which see,  undevcamphor).    SeeDryobalanojiS. 

camphor-wood  (kam'for-wtid),  71.  The  wood 
of  the  camphor-tree — Camphor-wood  oU.  Same 
as  camphor-oil,  '2. 

camphrene  (kam-fren'),  »•  [<  camphor  +  -ene.'] 
A  volatile  product,  to  which  the  formula  Co 
IIi^O  has  been  given,  formed  liy  the  action  of 
sulphiuie  acid  on  camphor.  It  may  be  simply 
phorone  (a  condensation  product  of  acetone)  with  slight 
impurities.     (7.  S.  Dispcn-mtory. 

campion  (kam'pi-on),  n.  [Cf.  "campius,  an 
herb  that  bears  a  pretty  flower"  (Kersey,  1708) ; 
prob.  ult.  <  L.  campus,  a  field.  Cf.  champion^, 
champaiqn.']  The  popular  name  of  certain 
plants  belonging  to  the  genera  Lychnis  and 
Silene  (which  see).  Bladder-campiou  is  Silejie  Infla- 
ta  ;  sea-campion,  5.  maritima ;  moss-campion,  S.  acaulis; 
starry  campion,  S.  .\tellata  ;  red  alpine  campion.  Lychnis 
alpitM ;  rose-campiou,  L.  (or  Agrostemtna)  coronaria  and 


Campophaginse 

/,.  Flos-Jovis;  red  canijfinn,  L.  ilhirna;  white  campion, 
A,  r'-Kpertina ;  corn-campion,  L.  (jithaffo ;  and  nieadow- 

catnjiiMii,  /.,  I'^hiH-cucuU. 

camp-kettle  (kamp'kefl),  n.  A  pot  for  the  use 
of  soldiers  or  others  in  a  camp. 
cample  (kam'pl),  r.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  campled, 
ppr.  campling.  [E.  dial.,  also  camblc  (and  cam- 
po) ;  freq.  of  camjA.']  To  contend;  argue ;  talk 
noisily.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

If  they  be  incensed,  angry,  chid  a  little,  their  wives 
must  not  cample  again,  but  take  it  in  good  part. 

Burton,  Aiiat.  of  llel.,  p.  591. 

camp-meeting  (kamp'me"ting),  n.  A  religious 
gathering  for  prayer,  instruction,  exhortation, 
etc.,  hold  in  an  encampment  formed  in  a  wood, 
grove,  or  iield,  generally  continued  for  a  week 
or  more.  'J'he  practice  of  holding  such  meetings  origi- 
nated in  the  United  Stiitcs  in  179!J,  and  is  still  common, 
especially  iti  the  .Methodist  denomination.  Called  by  Mor- 
mons wood-meet  ini/. 

campo  (kam'po),  n.  [Pg.  Sp.  It.  campo,  <  L. 
campus,  a  iield:  see  camp'^.~\  1.  The  name 
given  in  Brazil  to  patches  of  land  in  the  midst 
of  the  dense  forests  of  the  coxmtry  which  are 
either  entirely  bare  of  trees  or  are  only  sparsely 
covered  with  them. 

The  country  arotmd  Sanlarem  Is  a  campo  region  ;  a 
slightly  elevated  and  miflulating  tract  of  Kand,  wooded 
only  in  patches,  or  with  single  scattered  trees. 

//.  H'.  Bates,  Naturalist  on  the  iliver  Amazon,  p.  176. 

2.  The  Italian  acre,  a  measure  of  land  vary- 
ing in  different  states  from  f  of  an  English  acre 
to  IJ  acres. 
Campodea  (kam-po'de-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka/iirr;, 
a  caterpillar,  +  eWof,  form.]    The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Cam- 
podeida;.      C.   staphylimis   is    an 
example. 

Campodea  is  supposed  to  be  "the  rep- 
resentative of  a  form  from  which  many 
other  groups  have  been  derived." 

Pascoe,  Zobl.  Class.,  p.  106. 

Campodese  (kam-p6'de-e),  n,  pi. 
[NL.]  Same  as  Campodeidce.  A. 
S.  Packard. 

campodeid  (kam-p6' de-id),  «. 
An  insect  of  the  family  Camjjo- 
deidcc. 

Campodeidse  (kam-po-de'i-de),  n. 
pi.  [XL.,  <  Campodiii  -(-  -ida:.']  A 
remarkable  family  of  thysanurous 
insects,  typified  by  the  genus  Cam- 
podea, illustrating  a  generalized  or  synthetic 
type  from  which  other  groups  may  have  been  de- 
rived. They  are  of  elongated  form*the  aV)domen  having 
10  segments  and  ending  in  2  long  filaments,  and  have  3  pairs 
of  legs,  simple  tracheaj,  and  no  eyes.  In  general  a-spect  the 
Campodeidce  recall  some  of  the  mjTiapods ;  they  are  re- 
lated to  Poduridee,  and  especially  to  Lepismidce.  The  fam- 
ily contains  the  genus  Nicoletia  besides  Campodea,  and  to 
it  the  genus  lapyx  is  sometimes  referred.  Also  Campodece, 
and  less  correctly  Cam])odid(E. 

campoi  (kam-poi'),  n.  [The  Cantonese  pron.  of 
Chill,  kien,  selected,  +  piei,  fire.]  A  selected 
and  carefully  fired  variety  of  Congou  tea. 

campong  (kam'pong),  n.  [Malay  kampong,  an 
inelosure.]  A  native  tillage  in  the  islands  of 
the  Malay  archipelago. 

All  islands  are  liable  to  the  linguistic  difficulty  of  tlieir 
littoral  being  occupied  by  a  superior  seafaring  and  com- 
mercial race,  either  continuously  or  in  detached  camponrjs, 
while  the  interior  and  unexplored  mountains  become  the 
refuge  of  shy  and  uncivilized  indigenes. 

.R.  N.  Cmt,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,-p.  132. 

Campophaga  (kam-pof'a-ga).  n.  [Nli.  (Vieil- 
lot,  1816),  <  Gr.  Kau-71,  caterpillar,-!-  •?a-,civ,  eat.] 
A  genus  of  birds,  typical  of  the  subfarnily  Cam- 
pophagincE  (which  see) ;  the  caterpillar-catch- 
ers proper,  such  as  C.  nigra  of  .Airica.  -Also 
Campephagn. 

Campophagidae  (kam-po-faj'i-de),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<  Campophaga  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  old-world 
ttu'doid  passerine  birds,  named  fi-om  the  genus 
Campophaga,  containing  more  or  less  shrike- 
like  birds  with  soft  plumage,  that  of  the  rump 
usually  with  stiffened  shafts,  the  bill  grypanian 
with  covered  nostrils,  and  the  wings  moderate 
or  long.  The  family  is  better  kno\m  by  its  conventional 
composition  than  by  ita  intrinsic  character,  consisting,  ac- 
cording to  the  latest  authority,  of  the  genera  Artajnides, 
Campoch(£ra,  Ptempodocys,  Graucalus,  Edulii^oma,  Lobo- 
tui!,  Campophaga,  Pcricrocotus,  Lalage,  and  Symmorphus. 
Many  of  the  species  are  called  caterpillar-catchers.  Also 
wTitten  Campephayidce. 

Campophaginse  (kam^'po-fa-ji'ne),  v.}>l.    [NL., 

<  Campophaga  +  -ino'.']  A  group  of  old-world 
dentirostral  oseine  passerine  birds  of  uncertain 
position,  sometimes  referred  to  the  Laniidte  or 
shrikes,  oftener  to  the  Mu.'<cicapidce  or  flycatch- 
ers, or  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  family,  Cam- 
pophagido' :  the  caterpillar-catchers.  Campo- 
phaga is  the  leading  genus.  Also  written  Canir- 
pephagina,  Campephaginte, 


Campodea  sta- 
phytinus. 


campophagine 


782 


can 


camnODhaeine  (kam-pof'a-jin),  a.     [<  Campo-  CamptosoniS  (kamp-to-so'rus),  n.    [XL.,  <  Gr. 


phdga  +  -i/ie^.]  Feeding  upou  caterpillars; 
speeiacally.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Campopha- 
gin<e  or  Campophagida.     Also  written  campe- 

Campopililus  (kam-pof'i-lus),  71.  PSTL.  (first 
Campephilus—G.  R.  Gray,  1S40),  <  Gr.  Ko/iir^,  a 
caterpillar,  + 
o/Xof,  loving.] 
A  genus  of 
woodpeckers  of 
the  largest  size, 
of  the  fam- 
ilr  Picidce,  in- 
habiting the 
warmer  parts 
of  America ; 
the  ivory-billed 
woodpeckers. 
They  have  a  lon;^, 
straight,  truncate, 
beveled  and  ridded 
bill  of  ivory- 
like hardness  and 
whiteness,  a  very 
slender  neck,  the 
head  crested,  and 
the  coloration 
black,  white,  and 
scarlet.  The  best- 
known  species  is  C. 
principalis  of  the 
southern  United 
States,  about  20 
inches  long  and  30 
or  more  in  extent 
of  wings.  Another. 
C.  iinperiaiijt,  is  still  larger. 
Caini^'/'hitu-^. 

Campostoma  (kam-pos'to-ma),  «.  [NL.  (Agas- 
siz,  18.>5),  <  Gr.  hafi-ii,' a,  bending,  +  crrom, 
mouth.]  A  genus  of  American  o\-priiioiil 
fishes,  of  the  family  Cyprinido',  characterized 


Ivoiy-billed  Woodpecker  ^Campopkilus 
frincifatis). 

See  icori/bill.     Also  WTitteii 


Stone-roIIcr  {Camfastama  aHomalunt). 


Kau-Tui;,  bent,  +  au/jof,  a  heap,  mound  (fruit- 
dot)  :  see  sorits.']  A  genus  of  ferns,  of  the  tribe 
Aspleniecc,  comprising  two  species,  one  of  which 
is  found  in  eastern  North  Ameri.a,  the  other 
in  eastern  Asia ;  the  walking-fern,  it  has  fruit- 
dots  both  parallel  and  oblique  to  the  midrib,  and  the  tip 
of  the  frond  bends  over  and  takes  root,  giving  origin  to 
a  new  plant. 

camptotropal  (kamp-tot'ro-pal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Kau-Tuc,  flexible,  taken  as  equiv.  to  xau-i'/of, 
bent.  oiu-veJ,  +  rpi-en;  tm-n.  CL  cniiipi/Iotro- 
piil.]     In  but.,  same  as  campylotropal. 

camptulicon  (kamp-tu'li-kon).  H.  [An  artifi- 
cial trade-name,  <  Gr.  Kau-roc,  flexible,  +  ov?.oc, 
woolly,  thick,  crisp,  curled.]  A  kind  of  cloth 
resembling  india-rubber,  made  of  a  compound 
of  inferior  india-rubber  and  powdered  cork. 
It  is  used  for  various  purposes,  such  as  facings  for  knife- 
boards,  tioor-mats  for  steamers,  sluelds  on  door-steps,  and 
the  like. 

campulitropal,  campulitropous  (kam-pu-lif- 
ro-pal,  -pus),  o.     Same  as  cumpylotropal. 

cam-pump  (kam'pump),  n.  A  steam-pimip  in 
which  the  motion  is  regulated  by  the  action  of 
cams. 

campus  (kam'pus),  h.  [L.,  a  field :  see  camp^.'] 
The  green  upon  or  about  which  the  buildings 
of  an- American  college  or  university  generally 
stand:  the  college-yard. 

camp-vinegar  (kamp'viu'e-giir),  n.  Amixture 
of  vinegar  with  Cayenne  pepper,  soy,  walnut- 
catchup,  anchovies,  and  garlie. 

Campyllte  (kam'pi-Ht),  II.  [<  Gr.  nainrvloi;, 
bent,  curved  (connected  with  Ka/irrrftv,  bend, 
cm-ve),  +  -i7c-.]  A  mineral,  a  variety  of  mi- 
raetite  or  arsenate  of  lead,  in  which  phosphorus 
largely  replaces  arsenic.  It  is  found  in  Cimi- 
berland,  England.  The  crystals  are  curved; 
hence  the  name. 

campylometer  (kam-pi-lom'e-ter),  n.  [<  Gr. 
Kau-i'/.oc,  bent,  curved,  +  fie-pov,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  length  ot 
lines,  straight  or  curved,  on  maps  or  plans.  It 
is  so  di^^ded  that  the  actual  length,  corresi^ond- 
ing  to  the  given  scale,  may  be  read  from  it. 

Campyloneura  (kam'pi-lo-nu'ra),  ji.    [NL. 

(Fieber,  ISlil),  <  Gr.  Kau-i'/.oc,  curved,  +  vcipov, 
vein.]  A  genus  of  true  bugs,  or  Bcteroptera,  of 
the  family  I'lll/tocoridtV,  Tlie  Phutucnrida;  as  the 
name  indicates,  feed  on  vegetables,  but  Ciiinjitihw'in-a  and 
snuie  allied  genera  form  ati  exception  to  this  rule.  ('. 
vit ripe II iii.i  (Say),  the  glassy. winged  soldier-ljug,  is  known 


•V' 


C.iin|.vli>trtil>-il 

scc.i  .'I  r.i/- 

/itris. 


Transverse  Section  of 
Canipylospennoiis  Fruit 
of  CvniHm  fHiiculiitNm. 
a,  a.  seeds,  ctiunneled  up- 
on the  inner  face. 


by  the  enormous  length  of  the  intestine,  which 

is  six  or  seven  times  as  long  as  the  body,  and 

is  wound  in  many  spiral  coils  around  the  air- 
bladder.    The  spe^es  swarm  in  the  spring  in  brooks  of 

the  southern  and  western  Uiiiteil  States,  and  are  known  as 

ftfm''-ro'l.'r.i.     'I'he  genus  is  tite  type  of  the  Campostomincs. 
Campostominae   (kam-pos-to-mi'ne),   II.  pi. 

[NL.,  <  (iiiiipiiKloma  +  -iiuE.']     A  subfamily  of 

Cijiinniilir.  t^-pified  by  the  genus  Campostoma. 
Cainpostomiue  (kam-])Os'to-min),  «.  and  n.    I. 

a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 

Campostomiiia\ 
n.  «.  A  cyprinoid  fish  of  the  subfamily  C'«H(- 

jinstOlllhtfl'. 

camp-sheathing  (kamp'she'^THing),  n.  [Also 
in  modilied  forms  camji-shccliiig,  campsheet, 
campslicd,  camjinhot ;  <  camp  (]ierhapH  a  corrup- 
tion of  cam,  Vnn.  kam,  a  ridge :  see  crt»il)  + 
sheathing  (or  shieling,  or  shed,  taken  in  the  same 
sense).]  A  Htriicture  consisting  of  a  guide- 
pile,  .a  wale,  or  a  horizontal  i>iece  of  timber, 

and  a  Hpries  of  planks  about  three  inches  thick     

and  phuo<l  vertically,  erected  at  the  foot  of  an  Campylorhynchinae  (kam  lu-lo-nng-ki  no),  v. 
embankment  or  a  soft  cutting  to  resist  the  out-     /''.    |  M...  <  '  ■iniiiiiilinhii,iclii(.-<  +  -(»('.]    A  group 


Classy.wiDfped  Soldicr-bug  and  Pupa  ( Campyloneura  vitripennis). 
{ Vertical  lines  stiow  natural  sizes. ) 

to  be  predaceous  and  to  attack  leaf-hoppers.  It  is  pab- 
grcenisll-yellow,  and  lias  delicately  transparent  wing-eov- 
ers  ornamentecl  with  a  rose-colored  or  brownish  cross. 
Tile  larva  an<l  pupa  are  more  opaijue,  and  are  of  a  uni- 
form liluish-wbite  coll 


ing 
ward  thrust  ')f  Die  enrtliwork. 

campsheet,  campshed,  campshot,  camp- 
sheeting  (k;iiii|iVhi-t,  -shed,  -.sliot,  -sheting), 
II.     Siiiiie  as  inmii-Hhiathiiig, 

camp-stool  fkamp'stol),  Ji.  A  seat  orstool  with 
cnm.i-Uigs  anil  a  ficxiblo  seat,  ho  made  as  to  bo 
fiilileil  up  and  packed  away  whin  not  in  use. 

campterinm  (kamp-te'ri-um),  u. ;  111.  ciimpleria 
(-ii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ka/inTt/i),  u  tii'iiding,  turning 
(if.  mjiirri'ir,  bent ),  <  M/irTiiv,  lienil.]  In  iirnith., 
the  bend  of  the  wing;  the  fore  and  outer  bor- 
der of  the  wing,  as  far  oh  tho 

r,iii,  1. 
CamptolaemuB  (kump-to-le'muB),  ».     [NL. 

I!         ' iitolaimim—O.  K.  Gray,  1H41),  <  Gr. 

'  ^ible,  4-  >.«((/of,  tlio  throat.]     A  not- 

1'  ..f  Hon-ducks,  of  tho  Hubfamily  Fii- 

!■■  ing  as  type  the  pied  or  Labrmlnr 

•I  iiiloriii.i.    Thiv  have  »  lealliory  upaii 

»i  ...  itidlhle,  n  illnlln.l  nail. 

«li.  Ill   the  llpIHT  Ihaii'liltlr 

(II.  <  mill  verlliall,  l.ii^llv 

•  ))■  ,             .|,.,rl  and  U  fenlb.  pd 

I.I  ,  .  f  II         Hi.   .  iillri-ly  Idmk  iin.l 

»1  .;,|.  .,     I   •      '  .    'Ill    tlie   IKlInt   of   lA 

till.  If, i      I  .<      -.  ,1,..',  duck  of  .-^.iiith  AniencA  Is  miiiie- 


tlmn  placed  In  IMn  )|unul. 


of  iisciiiu  jiasserine  birds,  commonly  referred 
to  tho  family  Troglodiitidw  or  wrens.  The  (ni 
arc  not  strictly  lainin'iplan'liir,  the  lateral  tarsal  plali  s 
being  divided  or  nut  jicrfeclly  fused  in  lUle.  and  the  tail 
is  liruad  anil  fan  sliapcil,  with  the  individual  (eatllers 
U'iilening  Inward  the  end.  whence  the  name  /aulailrd 
wrrim,  whieh  is  apjilled  lo  the  group.  It  Is  eonllned  I" 
the  warmer  parts  of  America,  anil  is  represented  ehielly  b.v 
tile  genera  VniiipitUirlillnclatH,  .^nl/iinrtrs,  and  Catftrri'i-". 
The  slieeles  are  niinieroim,  especially  those  of  the  lb-si. 
nanieil  geiiim.  and  arc  known  as  nictMH-wrrim.  rafltni- 
urrim,  and  nirkirmii.     .See  cuts  under  rniniijilnrliiinrliuM 

I  bones"exU.nd"  Campyiorhirichine  (kam'pi-lo-ring'kin).  «.    In 
'   '"""  *•  "^"l*-"**-     „rnWi..  Iinviiig  tlie  bill  bent;  specincally,  of  or 

aierhiiiiiiig  til  till'  (iimjiiilorhiinrhina-. 
ampylorhynchus  (ka'm''iii-lo-rlng'kiiH),  ». 

[NL.  (Hpix,  IH-'I),  <tir.  Kiw-zi'/.nr,  bent,  ciirveil, 
+  /'iJV'T,  snout,  beak.]  The  typical  and 
largeHt  genus  of  tlie  CaiiipiilorhiinrhiiKi-  nr  tm\- 
tiiiled  wrens,  iMelinliiig  the  niinierons  Kpecit-Hof 
eiictuH-wreiiH  which  inhabit  the  warmer  parts 
of  America,  liny  are  of  large  slje,  having  a  hliulli  of 
7  or  h  Inillin,  Willi  the  lamin.  «■  illillale  liihlliil.  llic  laliral 
t.,r>  111  i'i|iinl,li'iiglh.  the  «liiK»  mid  tail  of  alimil  ei|iial 
1.  ii;lli  and  the  tall  liriind  with  |iliiiie  lenlhim.  I'llc  lip 
p.  I  |.ar(»  are  liriiwn,  wllli  sliiirii  while  ulrenks ;  llie  nil- 
ill  I  pariK  while,  iHddly  simlleil  with  black  :  nml  the  Inll 
(i  nlliers  baiTed  wlUi  block  und  whito.    Two  tpoeliui  uccur 


Brown-headed  Cactus-wren  {Camfytorftynehus  hrNHneieapillus), 

in  the  southwestern  United  States,  C  hnnineicapHlui, 
the  brown-beaded  cactus-wren,  and  C.  ajUnig,  the  St. 
I.iicas  cactus-wren. 

campylospermate  (kam"pi-lo-sp6r'mat),  a.  In. 

hot.,  same  as  c(imi>i/l(iifpermoiis. 
campylospermOUS  (kam    pi-lo-sp^r'mus),  n. 
[<  Gr.  Ka/i-i'/of,  curved,  -1-  azipua,  a  seed:  se& 
sjicriii.']     In  hot.,  having  the 
albunien  of  the  seed  cm'ved 
at  the  margin  so  as  to  form 
longitudinal  furrows,  as  the 
fruits  of  some  umbelliferous 
plants,  as  in  sweet  cicely. 
campylotropal      (kam -pi - 

hit 'ro- pal),  a. 
■^"^"^^       [(.  Gr.  KaujriO.or, 

curved,    -t-   rpe- 

-iiv,  turn.]     In 

hot.,  cm'ved  in 

such  a  manner 

as  to  bring  the 

tnie  ape.x  dose 

to  the  base:  ap- 
plied to  an  ovule  or  seed.     Also 
cniiijitotropal,     camjjulitropul,     ciiiiqiiililroiious, 
riniipiiliilruiioiix. 
campylotropous  (kam-pi-lot'ro-pus),  a.     Same 

as  riimiiiihilrojxil. 
cam-shaft  (kam'shaft),  II.  A  shaft  with  cams  or 
wiiiirs  used  to  lift  the  pestles  of  stamping-mills. 
camsterie  (kam-ste'ri),  a.  [Also  cam.itrarii, 
<-((H/.s7( <■(•/(■,  camntniric,  caiiistrairi/:  ef.  camxtnid- 
gcou.s;  of  same  sense ;  perhajis  corruptions  of 
Gaol,  coiiih-.stri,  -strigh.  -.'^trilh,  strife,  broil, 
quarrel  (roiiih-.strithrai'h,  contentions^.  <  cmiili- 
(=  L.  (■«»-,  I'lim-),  together,  +  .'^lii.  sli'ife.  con- 
tention.] Froward;  perverse;  unmaiiageiible. 
[Scotch.] 

He's  a  camftearif  eliield.  and  faslicons  about  inarches, 
.  .  .  but  dell  o'  me  if  I  wad  wraiig  .lock  o'  Hawston  nei- 
ther. Scott,  (Juy  Manuerilig,  H.  xvii. 

camstrudgeous  (kam-stmj'us),  a.  Same  as 
ciniislcrii.      I  Scotch,  ciilioq.] 

camus't,  camusedt,  «■    See  conioiis,  camouscd. 

camus'-'t,  ».     See  cdinis. 

cam-wheel  (kain'liwel),  n.  Awheel  formed  so 
as  to  move  eccentrically  iiinl  lU'odnce  a  recipro- 
cating rectilinear  and  iiiterriiiited  motion  in 
siiiiie  other  part  of  tho  machinery  connected 
with  il.     See  ciiml,  3. 

camwood  (kam'wiid),  n.  [<  native  name  l.-amlic 
+  K.  wood.]  A  dyowood  closely  allied  to  bar- 
wood,  from  the  same  region,  and  ap)iiirently 
the  pnnliict  of  another  species  of  liiiphia. 

can'  (kiui),  )'. ;  pret.  could.  [Tlie  forms  nre: 
(1)  Iiul.  jires.  1st  pers.  con,  'M  ciin.it,  M  can, 
111.  cini,  <  MK.  con,  con.tt,  con  (also  con,  etc.), 
jil.  ciinnrn,  cnnnc  (also  connrii,  connr),  <  AS. 
eiiiiH  or  «IH,  can.it,  ciinii  or  con  (also  conn,  etc.), 
1)1.  cininim.  {'2)  Pret.  coiilil  (tlie  /being  inserted 
111  igiiiirant  imitatiiiu  of  .slionld  anil  innild, 
where  llie  I  is  railical),  <  MIO.  coiidc,  cmillic, 
earlier  cnlhr,  ]il.  coiiilr,  coiidiii,  coullii ,  coiillitn, 
earlier  ciilhrn.  <  AS.  cfilhc,  iil.  ciithoii  (for 
"cunlhc,  'ciinllion,  the  ji  lieiiig  lost,  as  in  ninth, 
iiioiilh,  fo»),  tooth,  etc.).  (Il)  Inf.  con  (tocon), 
iisHiiiiied  from  tho  ind.  form,  oecasimially  used 
in  mild.  K.  as  a  eruivenieiit  sulistit  iite  for  lo  he 
ohir,  or,  as  in  tiie  exaiii|ile  eileil  friiiu  Hiieon, 
iiniilogonsly  with  «'i(7  as  an  inilepeiiileiil  verb; 
MK.  inf.  cuiincn,  ciinnr,  also  cioincn,  ronni  (uHU- 
ally  'to  know,'  rarelv  Mo  can').  <  AS.  cnnnan, 
Kciircely  uKod.    (4)  Tlie  \<\<r.,  MIC  citiniing,  kun- 


can 

ni/npc,  etc.,  earlier  and  north,  form  cunnand,  is 
mod.  E.  cunnhifi,  with  a  partly  deflected  sense: 
sec  citiiiihiii,  a.,  and  ciinniiKj,  ii.  (5)  The  pp. 
i-oii'li  )s  found  in  mod.  E.  only  in  C07np.  iiii- 
(■(iiilli,  and  denv.  kitli,  lithe,  q.v. ;  ME.  coiitli, 
(■find,  c.iitlt,  <  AS.  ciUh  (for  *cunth,  like  pret. 
rfitlic  above),  known.  The  ME.  and  AS.  sense 
of  am  as  an  iudi'in'ndent  vertj  is  'luiow';  as 
an  auxiliary,  'bo  able';  but  the  latter  use  is 
rare  in  AS.,  being  supplied  by  may,  E.  mai/. 
The  cognate  forms  (1st  and  3d  pers.  pros,  and 
pret.  ind.,  and  inf.)  are:  OS.  hiii,  kriiistti,  l:un- 
iiaii  =  OFries.  kaii,  kmidti,  knnna,  konna  =  D. 
knn,  koiiilr,  kiiiiiioi  ~  MLG.  kaii,  kuiide,  kiiii- 
iK'it,  Intnirn,  koiicii,  IjG.  k(tn,  kiiHdc,  kihtcn  ^ 
Olli;.  cIkiii,  kail,  chiiitdn,  i-hoiida,  kniiila,  clinii- 
xtii,  kmislii,  chunnan,  MHG.  kaii,  kiiiidc,  kviide, 
kidiiifii,  kiiiiiieii,  G.  kaiiii,  koitittc,  koiiiien  =  Icel. 
kiiiiii,  kiiitni,  kiiiiiia  =  Sw.  kaii,  kiiiide,  kmiiin  = 
Dan.  kail,  kundc,  kuiiiie  =  Goth,  kaiiii,  kiiittlia, 
kuiiiiiiii.  know;  prop,  a  preterit  present.  AS. 
caini  lii'ing  orig.  a  strong  pret.  (with  pj).  'ciiii- 
iirii,  wlience  the  later  weak  jDret.  ciitlic,  and  weak 
pp.  (■((///)  of  an  assumed  inf.  *cinnun  (whence 
the  factitive  ceniuiii,  make  known,  =  Icel.  kcnna, 
make  known,  know:  see  ken^},  Teut.  y^  *kiii, 
*krii  (=  Lith.  ::inau,  know,  recognize,  =  Olr. 
iidiiciii,  pert'.,  knew),  orig.  'perceive,  get  know- 
ledge of'  (pret.  'have  perceived,  have  gotten 
kniiwledgo  of,'  and  hence,  in  indefinite  or  pres- 
ent time,  'know'),  this  root  being  parallel  with 
the  ult.  related  'kitd,  *kii6  in  AS.  ciidwaii,  E. 
knoir,  L.  qno-scere,  etc.  (see  kiwic);  in  another 
view  orig.  'beget,  get'  (pret.  'have  gotten'), 
connected  with  AS.  ceniian,  beget,  produce, 
eijiin,  kin,  gc-cijnd,  kind,  etc.,  ■\/  "ken,  L.  "yen, 
etc.,  but  this  root,  though  equally  widely  ex- 
tended, appears  to  be  fundamentally  distinct 
from  the  root  "ken,  know:  see  ken"^,  kin^,  kind, 
ijeniis,  etc.  Hence  ult.  (on^  (=  caiA),  eon", 
eiiii^,  euii~,  ciinnini/,  couth,  uneoiifli  {=  unco), 
kith,  kithe,  etc.]  A.  As  an  independent  verb. 
I.t  trans.  1.  To  know;  understand. 

And  Pounces  and  Antonye,  tliat  moche  cowde  of  werre, 

isst'd  oute  of  the  huste  all  armed  in  to  the  foreste  of  Bry- 

oke.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  &.),  iii.  3SC. 

For  Latiue  ne  canst  thou  nat  yet  but  sniale,  my  litel 

Sonne.  Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  Pref.  . 

Clerkys  that  canne  the  scyens  seuene 

Seys  that  curtasy  came  fro  heuen. 

Babees  Boole  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 

She  could  the  Bible  in  the  holy  tongue, 

And  read  it  without  pricks. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  i.  1. 

And  can  you  these  tongues  perfectly  ? 

Bean,  ami  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  iv.  4. 
O,  she  could  the  art  of  woman  most  feelingly. 

Dehker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  i.  1. 

2.  To  know  how  to  do ;  be  able  to  do. 

We  are  mortal ; 
And  can  but  deeds  of  men. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  i.  2. 
I  know  your  fiery  temper, 
And  that  you  can,  and  dare,  as  much  as  men. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marri.age,  iv.  1. 
Thou  little  wotest  what  this  right-hand  can. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  16. 

To  can  or  con  thank  or  thankst  [AS.  thonc  cmman :  also 
thitne  n-itan,  =  OS.  ttiank  witan,  etc. ;  see  wit],  literally,  to 
know  thanks ;  hence,  to  recognize  obligation ;  give  thanks. 

Y  cbn  thee  gret  thmike.  William  of  Palcrne,  1.  297. 

I  con  him  no  thanks  for  't.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3. 

(So  in  early  use  the  negative,  to  con  unthank,  to  give  no 
thanks. 

Al  that  goud  we  hem  doth, 

Heo  hit  blntheleiche  underfoth  [blithely  receive], 

And  cuniuit  vs  unlhonc.  Layamon,  I.  140.] 

To  con  magret  [maugre],  to  show  displeasiu'e  at ;  blame. 

.See  mauffre,  n. 

Yef  I  wiste  the  kynge  looth  wolde  crnin^  me  no  tnauqre, 
I  wolde  sey  that  he  sliolde  go.    Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  505. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  have  ability;  be  able.  Still 
so  used  in  Scotch :  as,  I'll  no  can  go. 

He  sceal  him  conne  sculde  [he  shall  can  (be  able  to)  shield 
him  well]. 

Moral  Ode,  st.  167  (Early  Eng.  Poems,  ed.  Furnivall,  p.  22). 

In  evil  the  best  condition  is  not  to  will,  the  second  not 
to  can.  Bacon,  Of  Great  Place. 

And  now  that  we  understand  each  other,  ye'U  can  name 
your  business.  E.  L.  Stevenson,  Kidnapped,  ,\.\ix. 

B.  As  an  auxiliary.    1.  To  be  able;  properly, 
to  be  able  physically ;  lience.  by  extension,  to 
be  able  mentally,  morally,  or  legally ;  possess 
the  qualities,  qualifications,  or  resources  ne- 
cessary for  the  attainment  of  any  end  or  the 
aeconi)ilisliment  of  any  purpose,"  the  specific 
end  or  purpose  being  indicated  by  the  verb  to 
which  can  is  auxiliary. 
Ca/t  the  fig-tree  .  .  .  bear  olive  berries  ?        Jas.  iii.  12. 
Thou  canst  not  say  I  did  it :  never  shake 
Thy  gory  locks  at  me.  Sliak.,  Macbeth,  jli.  4. 


783 

Thy  love  doth  plead  so  prettily  to  stay, 

Tliat,  trust  inc,  I  could  weep  to  pait  with  thee. 

Beau,  and  I'l.,  Pliilaster,  ii.  1. 

What  can  we  suppose  this  will  come  to? 

Milton,  Keformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

It  is  a  contradiction  to  imagine  that  (iinnipotciice  can 
do  that,  which,  if  it  could  be  done,  would  render  all 
P"wer  nisignillcant.  Tillotson,  Works,  II.  .\cix. 

All  that  Adam  had,  all  that  C'lcsar  cmdd,  you  have  and 
™"  do.  limersun,  -Nature. 

[Formerly  used  also  in  tlie  inllnitive. 

lie  fctgnetli  him  to  cnnne  arede 

t)f  thing  which  afterward  sliuUI  falle. 

Gower,  Conf.  Aniant.,  II.  158. 
I  sliall  not  conne  answere.  Chaucer.] 

2.  May:  noting  merely  pennission:  as,  you  can 
have  it  if  you  wish  ;  can  1  speak  to  vou  a  mo- 
ment? [Chiefly  colloq.]-can  but,  cannot  but. 
See  /jMfl,  conj.  ' 

canl  (kan),  j(.  [<  crtHl,  f.]  Knowledge;  skill; 
aliility.     [Scotch.] 

can'-'  (kan), ;(.  [<  ME.  cannn,  <  AS.  camie  (trans- 
lating \j.  "crater  vel  caiina")  =  D.  kan,  a  pot, 
mug,  =  OHG.  chaiina,  MHG.  G.  kanne,  a  can, 
tankard,  mug,  =  Icel.  kanna  =  Sw.  kanna  = 
Dan.  kandc,  a  can,  tankard,  mug,  also  measure, 
>  ML.  canna,  cana,  a  vessel  or  measure  for 
liquids,  >  OP.  canne,  cane,  F.  dim.  canctte,  a 
,iug.  By  some  the  Teut.  forms  are  derived  fi-om 
L.  canna,  a  reed,  cane:  see  euKfl.]  1.  A  ves- 
sel of  small  or  moderate  size  and  made  of  any 
material,  but  now  generally  of  sheet-iuetai, 
such  as  tin,  and  used  as  a  drinking-cup  or  to 
contain  liquids,  preserves,  etc.  cans  are  generally 
cylindrical  in  form,  as  drinking-  and  preserving-cans;  but 
in  some  cases  they  are  square  or  conical,  and  are  s<»me- 
timcs  provided  with  a  handle  and  spout,  as  oil-cans  for 
lubricating  purposes,  watering-cans,  etc. 

There  weren  sett  sixe  stonun  Cannes.    Wyclif,  John  ii.  6. 

I  hate  it  as  an  unfilled  can.  Shak.,  T.  X.,  ii.  3. 

Fill  the  cup,  and  fill  the  can. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin,  iv. 

2.  A  measm'e  of  liquids  in  the  Shetland  islands, 
containing  about  an  English  gallon.  Jamie.son. 
— 3.  The  revolving  cylindrical  holder  into 
which  the  sliver  falls  from  a  eardiug-maehine. 
—  Cup  and  can.    See  cup. 

can"  (kan),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canned,  ppr.  can- 
iiiiii/.  [<  can".  »!.]  To  put  into  a  can;  espe- 
cially, to  put  into  sealed  metal  cans  or  glass 
jars,  for  preservation,  as  prepared  vegetables, 
fruits,  and  meats. 

can-'t  (kan).  A  frequent  Middle  English  cor- 
ruption of  {/an,  began,  pi'eterit  of  ginnen,  begin 
(see(//«l):  often  equivalent,  with  the  infinitive 
of  a  principal  verb,  to  the  preterit  of  that  verb. 

.\llace  !  Am'ora,  the  syllie  Larke  can  cry. 

Sir  D.  Lyiulsaij,  Prol.  to  Dreme. 
With  gentle  wordes  he  can  her  fajTely  greet. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iv.  46. 
So  can  he  turue  his  earnest  unto  game. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  31. 

can*  (kan),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The  catty  or  pound 
of  Cochin  China,  equal  to  1  pound  6  oimces 
a  voirdupois. 

cana  (kii'nil),  n.  [Sp. ;  cf.  cafia,  a  cane,  reed: 
see  <Y(»(l.]  A  measure  of  length  used  through- 
out Spain,  and  varying  from  1.7  yards  at  Barce- 
lona to  2.3  in  Aragon. 

Canaanite  (ka'nan-it),  n.     [<  Canaan  +  -iie^.] 

1.  A  descendant  of  Canaan,  son  of  Ham  (Gen. 
X.  15-19) ;  more  generally,  one  of  the  primitive 
inliSbitants  of  the  land  of  Canaan,  named  from 
him,  lying  between  the  Jordan  and  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  included  in  modern  Palestine. 
Tile  Cauaanites  proper  (Cen.  xvi.  21,  etc.)  were  one  of  a 
number  of  tribes  to  which  tlie  name  was  collectively  ap- 
plied, severally  governed  by  so-called  kings,  and  which 
were  conquered  by  the  Israelites  after  a  prolonged  strug- 
gle. 

2.  A  title  of  one  of  the  twelve  apostles  ("Si- 
mon the  Canaanite,"  Mat.  x.  4),  called  elsewhere 
(Luke  \i.  15,  Acts  i.  13)  Zelotes,  that  is,  the 
zealot:  it  is  a  transliteration  of  an  Aramaic 
word  signifving  zeal,  or  a  zealot. — 3.  [/.  f .]  A 
vai'iety  of  massive  white  pyi-oxene  occmTiug  in 
limestone  at  Canaan,  Connecticut. 

Canaanitish  (ka-uan-i'tish),  a.  [<  Canaanite 
+  -ish.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Canaan  or  the 
Canaauites. 

Shattered  portions  of  the  Caiuianitish  nations  escaped. 

Golch. 

canabert,  «.  [A  var.  of  canevas  (OF.  carteyas, 
canercra,  etc.),  canvas:  see  canvas.']  A  linen 
cloth  mentioned  in  the  wardrobe  accounts  of 
Henry  VII.     Fairholt. 

canabyt,  «•     An  old  spelling  of  caniqiij. 

Canace  (kau'a-se),  ».  [NL.  (Von  Reichenbach, 
1853),  after  C'iinace,  Gr.  Kavdnti,  daughter  of  ^o- 


Cinada  Grouse  {Canace  canadensis i. 


canal 

Ins.]  Agenusofgallinaeeousbirds,  of  which  th& 
type  is  the  Canada  gi-ouso  or  spruce-partridge, 
Canace  ca- 
nad/insis,  jt 
is  cliaracterizeil 
by  feathered 
tarsi,  absence 
of  a  crest,  a 
short  tail  of  16 
or  20  obtuse 
feathers,  the  ab- 
sence of  peeu- 
liarly  length- 
ened feathers  of 
tlie  neck,  and 
dark  blended 
or  conspicuous- 
ly varii:gatcd 
coloration.  'J'lie 
species  are 

woodland  and 
arborleole,  and 
arc  contlned  to 
North  America. 
The  niost  notji- 
ble  species,  af- 
ter the  one 
named,  is  the 
dusky  grtaise  of 
the  Itocky  Mountains,  C.  obscura.  There  are  several  other 
spi'cii-s  or  varieties.     Also  called  Dendra'iajMX. 

canaclet,  COnaclet,  n.     [ME.]     A  word  of  un- 
certain origin  aiid  meaning,  found  only  iu  the 
following  pa.ssages: 
The  copcHfunes  of  the  canacles  that  on  the  cuppc  rerea. 
Atliteratice  Poems  (cd.  Morris),  IL  1461. 
Clatering  of  conacles  that  kesten  tho  liurdes. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1515. 

Canada  (kan-yii'da),  n.  [Sp.,  <  caKa,  cane,  reed, 
passage,  tunnel :  see  cane  and  caiion,  canym.]  A. 
valley :  tho  common  name  in  Spain  of  rather 
narrow  valleys,  and  especially  of  such  as  are 
walled  in  by  precipitous  slopes.  This  word  was. 
used  by  early  Spanish  writers  on  California  (as  Vcnegas), 
and  occurs  in  tho  name  of  one  well-known  locality  in  tliat 
State,  CaiSada  de  las  Uvas.  In  general,  however,  all  val- 
leys (excepting  quite  broad  ones)  and  most  defiles,  as  well 
as  deep  and  well-marked  ravines  or  gorges,  are  through- 
out the  Cordilleran  region  of  the  United  States  called 
canons.     See  ca/Jo7i. 

Canada  (ka-nii'da),  «.  [Pg.]  A  Portuguese 
liquid  measure,  it  is  equal  in  Lisbon  to  1.47  United 
States  quarts,  1.2.1  English  quarts,  or  1..^9o  liters,  in  <.>porto 
to  i.-i'-i  I'liited  States  quarts  or  2.114  liters,  in  Rio  to  2.81 
liters,  in  Hahia  to  7.2.S  t^nited  States  quarts,  and  in  Ceylon 
to  I.(;o  I  iiited  States  quarts.     Also  cavada. 

Canada  balsam,  rice,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

Canadian  (ka-na'di-an),  ff.  and  «.  [<  Canada  + 
-ion.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Canada,  a  British 
possession  in  America  north  of  the  United 
States.  Tlie  Dominion  of  Canada  includes  all  of  British 
America  except  Newfoundland;  but  the  name  Canada  is 
also  restricted  so  as  to  include  ordy  the  provinces  of  On- 
tario and  Quebec  (fonnerly  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  or 
Canada  West  and  East). — (Canadian  emhroidery,  a  name 
given  to  a  kind  of  euibr-iidi-iy  niad>-  w  illi  small  pieces  of 
fur,  of  the  skins  of  rejjiilcs.  an.i  tlit-  like,  applied  to  the 
surface  of  the  stuff,  and  combined  witli  needlework  done 
with  iwrcupine-quills  split  so  fine  that  they  are  flexible, 
and  dyed  in  various  colors.  Diet,  of  Xeedleu-ork. 
II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Canada. 

canaigre  (ka-na'ger),  n.  In  Texas,  a  species 
of  dock,  liuinex  hijnienosexialus,  the  root  of  which 
is  used  in  taiming. 

canaille  (ka-nal'),  »•  [<  P.  canaille,  <  It.  cana- 
i/lia  (=  Sp.  canalla  =  Pg.  canaiha),  rabble,  prop, 
and  orig.  a  pack  of  dogs,  <  cane  =  Pg.  cao  =  Sp. 
can  (obs.)  =  F.  chien,  <  L.  canis,  a  dog:  see  Ca- 
nis,  and  cf.  kcnneft,  a  doublet  of  canaille.]  1. 
The  lowest  orders  of  the  people  collectively  j 
the  rabble ;  the  vulgar. 

To  keep  the  sovereign  canaille  from  intruding  on  the 
retirement  of  the  poor  king  of  the  French.  liurke. 

2.  Originally,  a  mixture  of  the  coarser  particles 
of  flour  and  fine  bran  or  shorts  for  feed;  now 
occasionally  used  for  the  gi'ade  known  as  "fine 
feed"  or  "  finished  middlings."  Also  spelled  ca- 
tiail.  canal,  and  canell. 

canakin  (kau'a-kiu),  n.     Same  as  cannikin,  1. 

canal^  (ka-nal'),  »•  [=  I*,  kanaal  =  G.  Dan. 
.Sw.  kanal,  <  F.  canal  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  canal  =  It. 
eiuialc;  <  L.  canalis.  a  channel,  trench,  pipe,  ca- 
nal; cf.  Skt.  -^Z  khan,  dig.  See  channel^  and 
kennel-,  doublets  of  canal^.]  1.  An  artificial 
waterway  for  inigation  or  navigation,  canals 
appear  to  have  been  lirst  used  for  conveying  water,  and 
were  merely  shalli>w  liitches  with  a  slight  fall.  They 
naturally  became, when  large  enough,  a  roadway  for  boats, 
and  eventually  for  shii)s,  A  canal  may  be  a  mere  cuttingr 
to  unite  bodies  of  water  for  the  passage  of  boats,  as  in 
some  of  the  chains  of  lakes  in  the  eastern  United  States: 
or  a  continuous  waterway  fonned  by  a  series  of  long  levels 
united  by  locks  and  carried  over  rivers  and  valleys  by 
means  of  bridges,  as  the  Erie  canal ;  or  a  canalized  river ; 
or  a  navigable  j^assage  connecting  lakes  or  seas,  a.s  the 
Wetland  canal  in  Canada,  or  the  Suez  canal.  Among  the 
longest  canals  are  the  Ganges  canal  in  India,  about  350 
miles  long,  the  lirand  Canal  in  China,  about  SOO  miles,  and 
the  Erie  canal  in  New  York,  363  miles.  The  James  and 
Kanawha  Rivers  Navigation  canal,  147  miles  long,  over- 


canal 

came  by  its  locks  a  grade  of  1,916  feet,  and  the  Morris  caDftl 
m  >'ew  Jersey,  lul  miles  luDg,  one  of  1,674  feet.  The  Suez 
canal  (open-rrjiii  lS69)is 90  miles  lunp,aud  is  level  thi-ou?li- 
ouL  It  i=  tile  largest  ship-canal  in  the  world  in  sectional 
area. aii'Itht-iuostinip'jrtant in acouiraercial  aspect.  Canal- 
ized rivtrs  are  common  in  western  Euiope.  On  ordinary 
narrow  canals  boats  arc  usually  drawn  by  horses  or  moles 
traveling  on  a  tow-path,  though  steam -propulsion  and 
5ff  iT\:  I  .\vi:iLr  are  now  used  to  some  extent ;  larger  ones, 
:i/.'*,  as  the  Suez,  the  ^'orth  Holland,  the 
\  lire  nangated  by  vessels  of  different  sizes, 

i:;_        ..__  .   ..^■^-st  under  sail  or  steam. 

2.  la  arch, J  a  channel;  a  groove;  a  flute:  thus, 
the  canal  of  the  volute  is  the  channel  on  the 
face  of  the  circumvolutions  inclosed  by  a  list 
in  the  Ionic  capital. — 3.  In  anat.^  a  duet;  a 
channel  through  which  a  fluid  is  conveyed  or 
golids  pass ;  a  tubular  cavity  in  a  part,  or  a  com- 
munication between  parts.  See  duct. — 4.  In 
zool.j  the  name  of  sundry  grooves,  furrows, 
apertures,  etc.,  as:  {a)  the  channels  of  various 
actinozoans ;  (6)  the  afferent  and  efferent  pores 
of  sponges ;  (c)  the  groove  observed  in  different 
parts  of  certain  univalve  shells,  and  adapted  for 
the  protrusion  of  the  long  eylindi'ical  siphon  or 
breathing-tube  possessed  by  those  animals. — 5. 
In  hot.,  an  elongated  intercellular  or  intrafas- 
eicular  space,  either  empty  or  containing  sap, 

resin,  or  other  substances Abdominal  canal,  in 

anat.,  same  as  iii<ittiiial  canal.— Alimentaxy  canal, 
alisphenoid  canal,  alveolodental  canal  see  the  ad- 
jectives.—Alveolar  canaL  (a)  Anterior,  the  canal  in  the 
superior  maxillary  bone  containing  the  anterior  superior 
dental  nor^e.  (0)  Jnfenor,  the  iuferiiu"  dental  canal,  (c) 
Meiiinn,  the  canal  in  the  superior  maxillary  bone  contain- 
ing the  middle  superior  dental  nerve.  (</)  Po-stertor,  the 
canal  in  the  superior  maxillan.-  l>'>ne  rontaininc  the  poste- 
rior suiK-rior  dental  nerve.— Ambulacral  neural  canal 
See  ambuiacraL—AnteriOT  palatine  canal.  Ci)  The  ca 
nal  formed  by  the  union  of  the  caiiales  iucisivi.  It  opens  on 
thepalate  just  behind  the  incisor  teeth.  Also  called  ««?(•• 
nor  fjaiatint'/oitMa.  (b)  The  caualis  incisivus  on  eitlier  side. 
(c)  The  canales  iucisivi  with  the  anterior  palatine  canal  in 
sense  a.— Aquiferous  canals.  See  w/in^Vrou.*.- Arach- 
noid canal,  a  |M)rtion  of  the  suliarachnoid  space,  where 
the  ara.-hnuiii  crosses,  without  dipping  into,  the  lonu'itu- 
dinal  anil  transverse  fissures  of  the  brain.— Atrial  canal, 
a,udltory  canaL  See  the  adjectives.— Auricular  canal, 
the  con;=triclion  between  the  auricular  and  ventricular  pur- 
tioas  of  a  fetal  heart.— Axlal  canal.  See  arfa/.— Ber- 
nard's canal,  a  supplementary  ihict  of  the  piincreas.  Al.so 
catletl  Sant'irinrx  ca/uiL—CdJial  Ot  Bartholin.  Same 
as  duet  '•/  Barthohn.—  Cajial  Of  Cloquet.  S.une  as  /<»/«- 
toi'J  rami/.— Canal  Of  Cortl,  the  spa.c  lying  between  the 
tcct'>rinl  membrane  and  b;i.silar  nieniltraue  of  the  cochlea. 
—  Canal  of  CotunniUS,  tlie  aqmeductus  vestibuU  (which 
see,  nii'ier  a'/U'C-luct\Ls).  —  CaJlSd  Of  Fontana,  an  annular 
series  of  spaces,  which  lie  in  the  sclerotic,  just  in  front  of 
the  place  of  attacliment  of  the  iris,  and  communicate  freely 
with  the  anterior  chamber  of  the  eye.  Also  called  c«;irtio/ 
Hocitm,  cUianj  canal,  and  Fontana's  ftparrs.^CdLUBl  Of 
Gartner.  Same  as  Ga'^rtnerlan  canal.  -Canal  Of  Gui- 
dl  Same  as  Vidian  ca/w^- Canal  Of  Hovlus.  Same  as 
ca/m/o/Fon/afW.— Canal  of  HugUler.  Same  as //»'/«!>- 
rian  canal.  See  lielow.— Canal  Of  Lowenberg,  the  canal 
In  the  cochlea  Ixiunded  by  the  membrane  of  ilcissiier.  the 
tectorial  membrane,  and  the  outer  wall  of  the  cochlear  ca- 
nal. It  is  the  upper  free  portion  of  that  canal.—  Canal  of 
Miiller.  Same  as  diu;t  of  Mailer.  — CaJial  Of  Nuck,  the 
pouch  of  peritoneum  (processus  vajcinalis)  which  in  the  fe- 
male embryo  extends  down  alon^  the  round  liKanicnt  of 
the  uterus,  and  which  may  persist  to  a  ffreater  or  less  ex- 
tent in  the  adult.— Canal  Of  Petit,  the  annular  scries  of 
connected  spaces  in  the  buspetisi.ry  litratncnt  encircling 
the  crystalline  lens  of  the  eye.—  Canal  Of  Relssner.  Same 
BA  c'»hUar  crt/w/.  — Canal  of  RiVlnUB.  Sante  as  duct  qf 
RiriiviJi.  -  Canal  of  Rosenthal,  same  as  tqnral  canal  of 
Uif  m/>'/tV»;(/w.— Canal  of  Schlenim,  a  circular  canal,  of 
elliptical  cross-section,  lyhii^  in  tJie  unbalance  of  the  scle- 
rotic sliKhtly  anterior  to  the  canal  of  i-ontaiia.  — Canal  Of 

Stenson.  same  as  duct  of  .sv»'*moh.  —  Canal  of  Stilling. 
.Same  as  hjinloid  rrt/i///.  -Canal  Of  Wharton.  Same  as 
duet  of  HA^Wo/i.  — Canal  of  Wlrsung,  the  pancreatic 
duct.— Canals  of  Breschet,  e.uial.s  in  the  diploe  of  the 
cranial  bom  t.  in  which  ilre»elict»  veins  run.— CanalB  Of 
Recklinghausen,  the  Hystem  of  caimlH  in  the  cornea  ;  the 
commiitijrriHnrirt  between  the  r<-ll-spacc»  (tf  the  cornea.— 

Carotid  canal,  see  raroti^i.  -  Central  canal,  the  median 

canid  or  the  n\A\\:\.\  cord.—  Central  canal  of  the  modio- 
lus, the  larKenKif  the  canalH  in  tlic  mM.lb.lusMf  the  cochlea 
of  the  ear. —Cerebrospinal  canaL  iay  The  neural  or 
crnnlovert4-bral  eutial  fnnri'd  by  the  skull  and  the  uplne, 
androntainin«thebrabiiiiid  Hplnal  marrow.  (6) The  primi- 
tive common  and  eonllnuoufl  cavity  of  tho  brain  and  Mplnal 
cord,  not  lnfre(|Urntly  more  or  U  hh  extensively  obliterated 
In  th.-  |j»ft/-r.  bnt  in  the  former  modin.<l  In  the  form  of  the 
K'  '  "-  '  -.1  other  eiivitb4.  Ciliary  canal 
'//irt.  — Cochlear  canal,  Mm-  proper 

<  .■'.nneet<-d    by   III.     '  anabH  reimleilH 

^'  t   i-vilH  of  lb*'  lal.Miulb  of  the  ear. 

/         ■ '-.-Dental  canal,    {a)  An- 

'  l.lni:  otr  fr-.m  tli-  infraorbital 

.r  -.1  In-'  ..II, It.  find  '!■  ,  the  front 

'Turn.     It  IrnnNriiit-'  m  rven  Ui 

■',  <.f  the  ni-jM-r  Jaw.     .  tiie  chan- 

^rl.r   iii.ivltlary  or    low.  r    j.f*    i.uie,   which 

I    !■•  ti     r    .1    Jital   ni-n'eK  lUtd  V<«i'..  U,      (r)  foM- 

'  ■[ '   iwM  .  oiaU  r-nti-rlnif  tin-  BiipfHor  max- 

\  It  th.-  ntid'lle  of  itfl  |Mi«UTlor  nmt-.y  .  .  and 

■   posterior  dental  v<wh'Iii  iukI  i..r..^ 
itl.     M'tm"  ni  rih'tn/'ntan/  enunl.      Elacil- 
I duet  (whlih  >■> '    i,n.br 
uy  canal  In  tb.  i^  <r  -tiM 
V"  'h  format  purr   -J   i)i.' 

'■"  iiedUrtut  |-al|M|,ii 

'"'enu«<-  It  triiii-1 

>i  iHihe.    Gaort- 
.11.  '.,/»,<,,       II,.   rcinaliu  111  the  (e- 


Di 
lat 

d'. 


(m. 


fterWi 


784 

male  of  the  obliterated  archinephric  canal  or  Wolffian 
duct,  forming  a  ciecal  appendage  or  cul-de-sac  of  the  geni- 
tal passages,  or  a  cord  connectin-j:  the  latter  with  the  paro- 
varium.—Gastrovascular  canal^  genital  canaL  see 
the  adjectives.  — Haversian  canal,  tlie  track  or  trace  of  a 
blood-vessel  in  bone ;  a  c}  liudrical  hollow  in  bone  in  which 
an  artery  or  a  vein  runs.  These  canals  are  n:  )stly  of  minute 
or  microscopic  size ;  on  transsection  of  compact  bone-tis- 
sue they  appejir  as  round  holes,  but  in  longisection  they 
are  seen  to  be  branclung  and  anastomosing  canals.  When 
lai^e  and  irregular,  as  they  often  are,  in  growing  bone 
and  in  the  cancellous  tissue  of  adult  bone,  they  are  called 
Haversian  spaces.  The  medullary  cavity  or  maiTow-cav- 
ity  of  a  long  bone,  as  a  humerus  or  femur,  is  really  a 
gigantic  Haversian  canal,  filled  with  fat,  numerous  blood- 
vessels, and   coimective  tissue.     See  cut  under  bone. 

Hepatic  canaL  Same  as  fiepatic  duct  (which  see,  under 
(f  »cf). — Huguierian  canal,  a  small  passage  for  the  chorda 
tympani  nerve  through  the  temporal  bone  between  itsstpia- 
mosal  and  petrosal  elements,  parallel  with  the  Glaserian  fis- 
sure. Also  caWed  canal  of  iiti-juier. — Hunter's  canal  the 
canal  formed  by  the  vastus  internus  muscle  on  one  side'and 
the  adductor  longus  and  adductor  magnus  on  the  other,  to- 
gether with  a  strong  fibrous  band  passing  over  from'the 
vastus  to  tlie  tendons  of  tlie  adductors.  The  femoral 
artery  runs  tbrougli  this  canal  to  become  the  popliteal. 
—Hyaloid  canal,  the  fine  canal  in  the  vitreous  humor 
of  the  eye,  extending  from  the  optic  papilla  to  the  lens  cap- 
sule, which  contains  in  the  embryo  the  hyaloid  ai-tery,  but 
pei^ists  for  a  time  after  the  disappearance  of  that  vessel. 
Also  called  canal  of  Cloquet  and  canal  of  StiUiiKj.—Jn- 
cisor  canaL  See  anterior  palatine  c««n/.— Infraorbital 
canal,  the  canal  leading  from  the  infraorbital  groove  on 
the  orbital  surface  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  and 
<ipening  at  the  infraorbital  foramen.  It  transmits  the  in- 
fraorbital nerve  and  artery. —  Inguinal  canal,  a  canal  in 
the  groin,  about  two  inches  long,  passing  from  the  internal 
to  the  external  abdominal  ring.  It  lies  just  above  and 
parallelto  Poupart's  ligament,  and  transmits  the  spermatic 
cord  in  the  male  and  the  round  liganuiit  in  the  female. 
Also  called  abdominal  canal.— LSiCTymal  canaX  (a) 
Same  as  nasal  canal.  (6)  One  of  the  canaliculi  lacrvniales 
(which  see,  umler  cflnnZiCH^Ms).— Madreporlc  canals, 
mucous  canals.  -See  the  adjectives.— Nasal  canal,  the 
bi-ny  canal  lodging  the  nasal  duct,  and  formed  by  the  supe- 
rior maxillary,  lacrynial,  and  inferior  turbinated  bones. — 
Nasopalatine  canal.  Same  as  anterior  palatine  canal. 
—  Neural  canal.  (« )  The  tube  formed  by  the  centra  and 
neural  arches  of  vertebr.-e,  in  which  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord  lie.  (b)  In  cchinoderms,  a  canal  of  which  a  part  of  the 
wall  is  formed  by  the  ambulacral  nerve  and  its  connec- 
tions; the  track  or  trace  of  the  ambulacral  nerve  and  its 
connections. 

This  band-like  nerve  [ambulacral  nerve  of  a  starfish] 
constitutes  the  superficial  wall  of  a  canal,  which  extends 
through  the  whole  length  of  the  ambulacrum,  and  may  be 
termed  the  ambulacral  neural  canal.  It  is  divided  by  a 
longitudinal  septum.  At  its  oral  end  .  .  .  each  ambu- 
lacral nerve,  when  it  reaches  the  oral  membrane,  divides 
into  two  divergent  brandies,  which  unite  with  the  corre- 
sponding branches  of  the  other  ambulacral  nerves  to  form 
the  oral  ring.  Answering  to  the  latter  is  a  wide  circular 
7uural  canal,  into  which  the  ambulacral  -neural  canals 
ojieu.  Iluxlcy,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  47S. 

Obturator  canal,  a  funnel-shaped  oi)ening  in  the  upiter 
part  of  the  oliturator  membrane,  transmitting  the  obtura- 
tor vessels  and  nerves.— Pterygopalatine  canal.  Same 
;is  canalieidus phari/n'jcus {\v\ur\i  nee,  nmlcr  rn/iuh'culus). 
-  Sacral  canal,  the  sacral  portion  of  the  neural  canal.— 
Santorini's  canal.  Same  as  J>,rtianrs  cf/ia/.— Semi- 
circular canal,  one  of  the  three  membranous  canals  lead- 
ing olf  from  and  retuniing  int^>  the  utriculus  of  the  inner 
ear:  also  applied  to  the  bony  chantiels  in  which  these 
lie.  A  vertical  superior,  a  vertical  posterior,  and  a  hori- 
zontal or  external  si-micinular  canal  are  distinguished. 
See  cut  un<ler  car.— Sheathing  canal (nnm/iN  ra.7i/ja^>), 
the  communication  of  tlie  ea\ity  of  the  tunica  vaginalis 
testis  with  the  general  peritoneal  cavity  <)f  the  al)domen. 
In  mar.  it  si  ion  elost  ^i,  leaving  the  tunica  vaginalis  a  shut 
sac— Spinal  canal,  the  canal  f..rmed  by  the  series  of  ver- 
tebnce..iitai!iinu't tie  spinal  i-' •]■<].  Al-oealbd  vertebral  ca- 
nal.— Spiral  canal  of  the  cochlea,  the  spiral  channel  in 
thepetmiis  bmie  in  wliidi  t  lie  coilihar  portion  nf  the  mem- 
branous labyrinth  is  contained. —Spiral  canal  Of  the 
modiolus,  a  minute  spiral  canal  at  the  })ase  of  the  osse- 
ous lamina  spiralis  of  the  ear,  winding  spirally  alMHit  the 
niodiohis  or  c<plumella  of  the  cochlea.  It  contains  tlie 
ganglion  spirale  of  the  cochlear  nerve.— Sternal  canal. 
Sec/^rer/ut/.- Stlebel'S  canal,  n  tube  observed  in  certain 
niolluscan  entbryos,  and  regarded  jls  prolmbly  an  evanes- 
cent embryonic  nepbridiuni. —Vertebral  canal.  Same 
as  Hpinnl  ca/wZ.— Vidian  canal,  a  canal  running  in  the 
spherHjid  bone  from  the  forann-n  lacerum  medium  to  the 
Hpbenomaxillary  fossa,  and  <'ontaininK  tho  Vidian  nerve 
and  artery.     Also  called  canal  if  Guidi. 

canal^  (ka-nal'),  V.  t,\  prot.  and  pp.  cannUvd, 
ppr.  cauftllinff,  [<  caual^,  «.]  To  intersect  or 
cut  M'itli  canalH. 

KngineerH.  like  kidxdrls  and  eriehantem,- tunnelling 
AlpM,  ranallinij  the  American  InthmuH,  iilerefng  the  Ara- 
bian desert.  Emerxan,  Works  and  l>ayn. 

canaP  (ka-nal'),  n.     Same  as  canaille^  2. 

canal-boat  (ku-nurbot),  n.  A  comparativoly 
)on^^  ami  iinrrow  lioal  liscfi  nn  cuiihIh  far  tho 
(•oriv<  vniiec  i.f  ^'ckxIk  or  puHKCiigurH,  and  foiu- 
iiioiily  Tiiovr-d  by  tniclion. 

canal-coal  (kair'ul-kol),  «.    A  corrupt  fonn  of 

rfinnrl-rofil. 
canales,  ».     Plural  of  canaUs. 
canalicular  (kun-ii-lik'u-liir),  (7.     [<  \i.  rtinali- 

rtilus,  dim.  f»f  ntnoN.*i,  a  rliannol:  Hfo  mntil^, 

».,  rhannrlK]    1.  In  anat.  and  cool.f  roHeiubliii^ 

H  Hiuall  cuiiul;  cuiml-Hbapod. 

A  dividing  of  tho  mi-Kodcnn  ftrcuni,  which  (ftkeii  (he 
("r  rn  lirher  ttf  ranalirul/ir  cavltlen,  or  of  ft  complete  npIH 
»ii.i.'  -d  (he  mcRiHlerni  lnt«>  an  outer  plnte  iittaclie<l  in  the 
• '  todurm,  and  an  Inner  one  allnihed  U>  the  ei)doderni. 

Utffenbaur,  t'onip.  Anat,  (tram.),  p.  M. 


Microscopical  Structure  of  Bone,  magnified  about 

6go  diameters. 
c,  c,  bone-corpiiscles  in  their  Ucun.X' ;  . 
iialictiU  of  lionc. 


,  d,  ca- 


canalis 
2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  canalicuii;  canaliculate. 

The  reticulated  tissue  of  Lover  is  then  seen  to  be  a  sys- 
tem of  canals,  which  is  but  a  moditled  form  of  the  cami- 
licular  spaces  of  the  spines. 

Jour.  Hot/.  Micros.  Soc,  2d  ser.,  VI.  So. 

Canalicular  abscess,  an  abscess  of  the  breast  which 

comnninicates  "itli  the  lactiferous  ducts. 

canaliculate,  canaliculated  (kan-a-lik'u-iat, 

-la-ted),  (/.  [<  L.  caudliculatus,  <  Cdiidlicnhts,  a 
little  ohaunel,  dim.  of  caualiff,  a  ebannel:  see 
canal^j  «.]  Channeled;  fiUTowed;  grooved. 
Specilically— (a)  Inentuin.,  having  a  central  h>ngitudinal 
furrow,  which  is  broad  and  well  defined,  but  not  very 
deep :  said  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  thorax  when  it  is 
grooved  for  the  reception  of  the  rostrum.  (6)  Shaped  iuto 
a  canal  or  canaliculus ;  being  a  channel,  groove,  fitter. 
or  spi'ut.  as  the  lip  of  a  whelk,  (c)  In  bot.,  having  a  deep 
longitudinal  groove,  as  a  petiole  of  a  leaf,  etc. 
canaliculus  (kan-a-lik'u-lus),  «. ;  pi.  can(lUc^tH 
(-li).  [L.,  dim.  of  caualis,  a  channel:  see  chan- 
H(7i,  (vam/i,  ».]  In  a)tat.  and  rod'/.,  a  little 
groove,  furrow,  pipe,  tube,  or  other  small 
channel. 

The  f«;in/ic«/i  which  originate  in  one  lacuna  most  fre- 
quently run  into  a  neighboring  lacuna,  or  else  into  a 
neighboring  Haversian  canal.  II.  Gray,  Anat.,  p.  46. 

Canalicuii  biliferi,  the  bile-ducts.— Canalicuii  calco- 
phori.  Sve  f<//«'7'/i(»row*\— Canalicuii  caroticotym- 
panici,  two  or  tliree  short  canals  leading  from  the  caro- 
tid canal  intt>  the  tympanum  and  transmitting  branches 
of  the  carotid  plexus.—  Canalicuii  dentium,  the  minute 
canals  of  the  dentine.—  Canalicuii  lacrymales,  the  lac- 
rynial canals,  small  tubes  bcL'inniiig  at  the  jmncta  lacry- 
malis,  and  opening  into  tin  lacrymal  sac  cither  separately 
or  by  a  common  opening.-  Canalicuii  of  bone,  the  micro- 
scopic branch- 
ing tubules  ra-  \-> 
dialing  from 
the  lacunre  of 
bone,  and  con- 
necting one  la- 
cuna with  an- 
other. —  Ca- 
naliciUl  pe- 
trosi,  two 
very  small  ca- 
nals, or  in 
some  cases 
chaunels.  on 
tlie  upper  sur- 
face of  the  pe- 
trcuis  portion 
of  the  tem- 
poral bone, 
transmitting 
the  largo  and 
small   supcrll- 

cial  petrosal  nerves.— Canalicull  vasCUlOSl,  the  nutri- 
tious and  Haversian  canals  of  bone.— Canaliculus  pba- 
ryngeus,  a  groove  on  tlie  under  surface  of  the  vaginal 
process  of  the  pterygoid  process  of  the  sphenoid  I'one, 
more  or  less  completely  converted  into  a  cainil  by  the  sphe- 
mud  piocessof  the  palatine  bone.  It  transmits  tlie  ptery- 
gopalatine vessels  and  the  pharyngeal  or  ptery-op;iIatine 
iic-rve.     Also  called  pteri/popalntiiie  canal.—  Canaliculus 

pterygopalatinus,    sphenopalatinus,    sphenopba- 

ryngeus.  Same  ns  rana/imhis  ffiarini-irux.-  Canalicu- 
lus tyuipanicus,  the  minute  canal  iii  the  petrous  portion 
of  the  teiii|ioral  liono  which  transmits  .?acobs<urs  nerve. 

Canalifera  (kan-a-lif'c-rji),  «.  j)/.  [NL..  ncut. 
pi.  of  canal  if 07' U.S.-  see"ca)ialifcroHS.'\  A  family 
of  gastropods,  characterizctl  by  the  extension 
of  the  anterior  extremity  of  tho  shell  and  mouth 
into  a  canal-like  spout.'  it  was  formed  by  I.iunarck 
(1SU!»)  for  the  genera  Cerithtuw,  Turhinclla,  Fawiolan'a, 
J*>/rula,  /•'».fi(A-,  Murcx,  and  I'lcurotoina,  which  have  been 
accepteil  by  modern  conchologista  as  types  of  dilfcrent 
families.     [Obsolete.] 

canaliferous  (kau-a-lif'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  oa/Ja- 
/ij'frus,  <  L.  <(tna/is,  canal.  -^  fcrrc  =  E.  bcar'^.'] 
Ilaviiiix  a  eliaiiiu'l  or  vaiial. 

Canalirostra  (ka-md-i-ros'trii),  1}.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
li.  caiKiliSy  H  canal,  +  ro.^ifrnm,  pi.  rostra,  a 
beak,  mod.  rostrum,]  A  suport'amily  of  hemip- 
torous  insects,  consisting  of  tlio  Tnnjidw,  Ara" 
(lhia\i\m\  /Vf//wur//f/<7',  luivingadeoj),  longf^Toove 
on  tho  jirosternum  into  which  fits  the  rostrum. 
Also,  incorrectly,  Canalirostri.  Anufot  and  Ser- 
rillr,   |S.i:t. 

canalirostrate  (ka-nal-i-ros'trat),  a.  [<  Vanali- 
rostra  +  -atv^.']  Having  a  chaimelod  beak  or 
rostrum;  Hpeciiically,  having  tho  characters  of 

Iho  ffinalirnstra. 

canalis  (ka-ml'lis),  jj.  ;  pi.  canales  (-lez).  [L., 
a  channel,  i>ipo,  groove,  etc.:  soo  cantil^,  n.} 
In  anttt.  and  ^<n'U.^  same  as  canal,  ,'t  ami  -t.  Ca- 
nales laquclformes,  the  loopsof  Jlenle  in  tbcMdneyH.— 
Canalis  CarotlCUS.  So-  ran>fid  canal,  under  Cfini/'n/.— 
Canalis  Cloquotl,  the  hyaloid  canal.  CanallB  COChl60 
OSSeus,  Hie  eiiliri-  hplral  oNHetm.H  einnd  of  the  eoehlcA, 
containing  thi^  Hcula  ver^llbnli,  Hcala  mebleie  or  canalU 
coehlearlH,  an<)  Hcala  tyni|mnl.  Canalis  condyloldeUS, 
the  eanal  opening  at  the  poMterlor  cornl^loid  foramen.  It 
transmits  w  vehi  to  Ihc  lateral  nhniM,  Canalis  cranlO- 
pharyngeus,  th('eraido|pharyngcal  mnal.  conne^dng  tho 
e.irbral  wilh  the  buccal  euvlly.     See  rrain'i>i'har>ni<icill.  - 

Canalis  KynsBCophorus,  a  gynn-eophore.  Canalis  hy- 
pOglOKHl  Hie  anterior  entidylojil  foramen,  uliieb  tranM- 
ndiH  ib<'  twelfth  or  liypogl.iHMni  tierve.  Canalis  incisi- 
vus, the  camd  Icitding  rlown  from  (be  naHiil  bmrni  tm  either 
Hi'le  lo  Join  ilH  fellow  atid  birm  or  open  Into  the  anteri  »r 
paluflne  cuiinl  or  foHHa.  1 1  IraiiHrnltH  the  anterior  pibitlne 
vcBMels.     Alffu  called  incinnr  canal,  atdrritir  palatin"  canaly 


canalis 

•ificisor  foya  mm,  i\m\  foramen  of  Stetitton. —  CanallB  mus- 
CUlOtubarius,  the  joint  canals  for  the  Kustiichiaii  tube 
ami tlu-tciisortyiniiani.— Canalis nasolacrymalls.  See 
misnl  ntjiiil,  under  ciuMn.— Canalis  reumens,  the  ca- 
nal liy  \\  liiili  the  sacculus  of  the  iiitn  nal  ear  nunmunl- 

Lates  Willi  tiie  canalis  i-uehiearis.— Canalis  Vaginalis. 

See  sh,;filn:hi  fniml,  uiiiler  cana^l. 
canalization  (kn-nal-i-za'shon),  «.    [<  canalix, 
a,Uev  F.caniilisation.']     1.  The  eoiistruction  oi: 
canals,  or  the  establishment  of  conimunicatiou 
by  means  of  canals. 

Canalisation  on  a  grand  scale  —  the  uniting  of  seas  and 
oceans  by  navigable  canals — had  been  "in  the  air"  ever 
since  the  middle  of  the  century. 

Edinburgh  Mev.,  CLXIV.  !). 

Specifically — 2.  The  conversion  of  a  natm-al 
stream  or  a  chain  of  lakes  or  marshes  into  a 
continuous  canal,  suitable  for  navigation,  by 
means  of  weirs,  barrages,  locks,  short  cuttings, 
etc.  Canalized  rivers  are  common  in  France  ;  in  the 
United  States  the  Monongahela  and  Kanawha  rivers  af- 
ford instances.  The  Suez  canal  is  in  part  the  result  of 
the  canalization  of  natural  bodies  of  water. 
Also  spelled  canalisatioH. 
canalize  (ka-nal'iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canal- 
i:cd,  ppr.  canalizing.  [<  canal  +  -i:e;  after  F. 
canaliscr.']  1.  To  make  a  canal  through ;  pro- 
vide -svith  a  canal  or  canals. — 2.  To  convert 
into  a  canal :  as,  to  canalize  a  river. 

The  Blavet  is  canalized  throughout  its  course  through 
the  department.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  813. 

Also  spelled  canalise, 

canal-lift  (ka-iial'Uft),  n.  1.  A  hydraulic  ele- 
vatcir  lor  riiisiug  a  tank  filled  with  water  in 
which  a  canal-boat  may  float.  Such  an  appliance 
is  used  on  the  canal  near  Manchester,  England,  to  trans- 
fer boats  from  one  level  to  another. 
2.  A  cradle  on  which  a  canal-boat  may  rest 
and  be  drawn  up  by  cable  along  an  inclined 
railroad.  A  lift  of  this  kind  is  in  use  on  the 
Morris  canal  in  New  Jersey. 

canal-lock  (ka-nal'lok),  n.    An  Inclosure  with 
gates  at  eacfii  end,  forming  a  connection  be- 


.■J,  vertical  longitudinal  section :  S,  plan  ;  ir,  lock-chamber ; 
ff.  S' >  gates ;  tn,  n,  underground  conduits. 

tween  the  upper  and  lower  levels  of  a  canal, 
enabling  boats  to  pass  from  one  to  the  other. 
See  lock,  in  the  accompanying  cut  e  represents  the 
inclosure  technically  called  a  lock-chamber.  A  boat  hav- 
ing entered  this  chamber  from  f/,  the  gates  at  g"  are  closed 
and  those  at  ff  opened ;  the  water  in  e,  being  thus  rein- 
forced with  part  of  the  water  beyond  g,  rises  to  the  same 
level  with  it,  and  the  boat  proceeds. 

canam  (ka-nam'),  n.  A  dry  measure  of  Pondi- 
cherry,  India,  equal  to  72  liters,  or  2  United 
States  bushels. 

Cananeef,  a.  [ME.]  An  obsolete  form  of  Ca- 
naanitish. 

The  woman  Cananee.  Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  I.  59. 

Cananga  (ka-nang'ga),  «.  [NL.,  from  the  Ma- 
layan name.]  A  genus  of  large  anonaeeous 
evergreen  trees,  including  three  species,  all  Ma- 
layan. The  most  common  species  is  C.  odorata,  the  ilang- 
ilang,  which  is  cultivated  throughout  India  and  in  other 
tropical  countries.  The  large  fragrant  flowers  yield  an 
attar,  and  an  oil  is  expressed  from  the  seeds. 

Canara  butter.    See  butter'^. 

canard  (ka-n;ir'  or  ka-niird'),  m.  [<  P.  ca- 
nard, a  hoax,  a  broadside,  a  quack,  a  particu- 
lar use  of  canard,  m.  or  f.,  a  duck,  prop,  only 
m.,  a  drake,  <  cane,  f.,  a  duck  (ef.  ML.  canar- 
dtts,  a  kind  of  boat).  Origin  unknown ;  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  connected  with  MLG.  LG. 
Jcane  (>  G.  kahn)  =  D.  kaan,  a  boat.  The  con- 
nection of  the  sense  'a  hoax,  cheat'  with  the 
orig.  sense  '  a  duck '  is  prob.  to  be  explained 
from  the  old  phrase  rendeur  de  canard  a  inoitic, 
a  cozener,  guller,  liar,  lit.  one  who  half-sells  a 
duck,  that  is  (appar.),  pretends  to  sell,  and 
cheats  in  the  operation;  an  e.xpressiou  j)rob. 
due  to  some  local  incident.  In  def.  2,  cf.  Pa- 
risian P.  canard,  a  newspaper,  canardicr,a,  jour- 
nalist.] 1.  An  absurd  story  or  statement  in- 
tended as  an  imposition ;  a  fabricated  story  to 
which  currency  is  given,  as  by  a  newspaper; 
a  hoax.  Hence  —  2.  A  broadside  cried  in  the 
streets:  so  called  from  the  generally  sensa- 
tional nature  of  its  contents.  Imp,  Diet. 
50 


785 

Canarese,  Kanarese  (kan-a-res'  or  -rez'),  o.  and 
n.  [<  Canara,  Kanara  (see  def.),  +  -esc.']  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  either  of  two  districts  in 
western  India,  called  respectively  North  and 
South  Canara  (or  Kanara). 

II,  »(.  1.  sing,  and  jil.  A  native  or  natives  of 
either  of  these  districts. —  2.  A  language  of  the 
Dravidian  grou)),  nearly  allied  to  Telugu,  being 
one  of  several  languages  spoken  in  those  dis- 
tricts, and  over  a  largo  tract  as  far  north  as 
Bidar.     Also  called  Kurnata. 

canarin,  canarine  (kan'a-rin),  n.  [<  canara  + 
-in^,  -in<:".i  A  compouii'd  (OsNsSsH)  used  in 
dyeing,  formed  by  oxidizing  sul'phocyanido  of 
potassium  with  chlorate  of  potassium  in  tlio 
presence  of  sulphuric  and  hyth-ochlorio  acid. 
It  produces  very  fast  yellow  shades  on  cotton. 

Canarium  (ka-na'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  canari,  an 
E.  Ind.  name.]  A  genus  of  large  evergreen 
trees,  of  the  natural  order  Burseracem,  chiefly 
of  tropical  Asia  and  the  adjacent  islands.  Tlicrc 
are  many  species,  abountling  in  fragrant  resins,  though 
the  larger  number  are  but  little  known.  The  black  dam- 
mar-tree  of  India,  C.  atrirtinu,  yicMs  a  brilliant  black  gutn 
which  is  used  medicinally  and  inr  other  purposin.  Manila 
elenii  is  supposed  to  be  the  pre  .duct,  of  <_',  (uniiiiittni',  aspe- 
cies  cultivated  in  the  Moluccas  and  elsewhere  for  its  fruit, 
which  is  edible  and  furnishes  a  pleasant  oil, 

canary  (ka-ua'ri),  n.  and  a.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  canario 
(dance  and  bird)  =  P.  canari  (bird),  canarin 
(dance);  cf.  G.  Icanarienvogel,  canary-bird; 
named  with  reference  to  the  Canary  islands, 
which  take  their  name  from  Gran  Canaria, 
one  of  the  principal  islands  of  the  group,  L. 
Canaria  insula,  so  called  because  of  its  large 
dogs,  canaria  being  fem.  of  canarius,  pertaining 
to  dogs,  <  canis,  a  dog:  see  Canis.']  I.  «. ;  pi. 
canaries  (-riz).  1.  Wine  made  in  the  Canary 
islands.  It  was  anciently  included  under  the  general 
name  ftack.  In  the  eighteenth  century,  and  as  late  as  18'2lJ, 
it  was  in  special  demand  in  England.  The  principal  brands 
are  Tenerijfe  and  Vidoida. 

Canary  was  the  Drink  of  our  wise  Forefathers,  'tis  Eal- 
samick,  and  saves  the  charge  of  'Pothecaries'  Cordials. 

Mrs.  Centlivre,  Bold  Stroke,  iii. 
2t.  A  lively  French  and  English  dance,  of  dis- 
puted origin,  similar  to  the  jig:  named  from 
the  Canary  islands.     Often  written  canaries, 
I  have  seen  a  medicine 
That's  able  to  breathe  life  into  a  stone, 
Quicken  a  rock,  and  make  yoti  dance  canan/. 

Shak.,  Alls  Well,  ii.  1. 
I'll  make  you  a  dish  of  calves'  feet  dance  the  Canaries, 
And  a  consort  of  cramm'd  capons  flddle  to  'em. 

Fletcher  (and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  ii.  2. 

3t.  A  melody  intended  for  such  a  dance,  written 
in  sextuple  (or  sometimes  quadruple)  rhythm. 
— 4.  A  canary-bird  (which  see). —  5.  A  sov- 
ereign (gold  coin) :  so  called  from  its  color. 
[Prov.  Eng.]  —  6.  A  kept  mistress.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  7\.  A  word  put  by  Shakspere  in  its 
singular  and  plural  forms  into  the  mouth  of 
Mrs.  Quickly,  in  the  explanation  of  which  com- 
mentators differ.  It  is  probably  an  intentional 
blimder  for  quandartj. 

You  have  brought  her  into  such  a  canaries,  as  'tis  won- 
derful. The  best  courtier  of  them  all  .  .  .  could  never 
have  brought  her  to  such  a  canary. 

S/idt.,  M.  W.  otW.,ii.  2. 

II.  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  domestic  canary- 
bird  ;  bright-yellow. 

canaryt  (ka-na'ri),  V,  i.  [<  canary,  n.,  2.]  To 
dance ;  frolic ;  perform  the  old  dance  called  a 
canary. 

Jig  off  a  tune  at  the  tongue's  end,  canani  to  it  with  your 
feet,'  humoiu'  it  with  turning  up  yom-  eyelids. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iii.  1. 

canary-bird  (ka-na'ri-bferd),  n.  An  oscine 
passerine  bird  "of  the  family  Fringillida;,  so 
called  because  indigenous  to  the  Canary  isl- 
ands ;  a  kind  of  finch,  Fringilla  canaria,  or  Car- 
duelis  canaria,  one  of  the  commonest  and  best- 
known  cage-birds,  everywhere  kept  and  bred 
in  confinement.  The  native  bird  is  dark  and  streaked, 
somewhat  resembling  a  linnet  or  siskin,  the  uniformly 
bright-  or  pale-yellow  color  which  commonly  distinguishes 
the  plumage  of  the  cage-bird  being  the  result  of  artificial 
selection.  The  cultivated  varieties  are  numerous,  with 
considerable  diversity  of  color,  and  there  are  m.any  hy- 
brids with  .allied  species,  as  the  goldfinch,  linnet,  siskin, 
and  bullflnch.  The  birds  were  introduced  int. .  Con  qtr  in 
the  fifteenth  or  sixteenth  century.— Canary-bird  flower. 
(a)  A  species  of  Tropceoluni,  T.  pereyrinuin.  witli  ileeply 
cut  leaves  and  bright  canary-yellow  flowers,  the  lower 
petals  of  which  are  small  and  fringed.  Also  called  canary- 
creeper.     (&)  Same  as  bird-plant. 

canary-creeper  (ka-na'i-i-kre"per),  n.  The 
canary-bird  flower  (which  see,  under  canary- 
bird). 

canary-finch  (ka-na'ri-finch),  n.  The  canary- 
bird. 

canary-grass  (ka-na'ri-gras),  n.  Phalaris  Ca- 
naricnsis,  naturail  order  G-raminew,  a  native  of 
the  Canary  islands.     Its  seed  is  used  as  food  in  the 


cancel 

Canaries,  Barbary,  and  Italy,  and  is  extensively  cultivated 
elsewhere  for  canary-birds.  The  reed  canary-grass,  P. 
anttuUnacea,  is  a  common  species,  a  variegated  fonn  of 
which  is  the  ribbon-grass  of  gardens. 

canary-moss  (ka-na'ri-m6s),  n.  A  name  of  the 
lichens,  Kuccelld  tinctoria,  etc.,  which  yield  ar- 
chil and  litmus.  Also  called  canary-weed.  See 
cut  under  archil. 

canary-seed  (ka-na'rl-sed),  ».  The  seed  of 
cannry-t^'rass,  used  for  feeding  birds. 

canary-stone  (ka-na'ri-ston),  n.  Avery  beau- 
tiful and  somewhat  rare  variety  of  camelian, 
80  iiariK'il  from  its  yellow  color. 

canary-weed  (ka-na'ri-wed),  n.  Same  as  cc^- 
varn-niosfs. 

canary-'WOOd  (ka-na'ri-vriid),  n.  The  hand- 
some, dark-colored,  mahogany-like  wood  of 
I'ersea  Indica  and  .ipullonias  Canariensis,  lau- 
raceous  trees  of  the  Azores  and  Madeira:  so 
called  because  it  was  brought  originally  from 
the  Canaries.     Also  called  Madeira  mahogany. 

canaster  (ka-nas'ter),  n.  [=  MLG.  kanaster  = 
P.  canastre,  <  Pg.  canastra  =  Sp.  canastro,  ca- 
nasto,  usually  canasta,  a  large  basket,  <  Gr. 
KuvauTpov,  a  wicker  basket:  see  canister.]  1.  A 
rush  basket  made  in  the  Spanish  countries  of 
South  America  and  used  for  packing  totiacco 
for  exportation.  The  tobacco  sent  to  Europe 
packed  in  these  baskets  takes  from  them  the 
name  of  canaster  tobacco.  Hence  —  2.  A  kind 
of  tobacco  for  smoking,  consisting  of  the  dried 
leaves  coarsely  broken. 

Meanwhile  I  will  smoke  my  canaster. 
And  tipple  my  ale  in  tlie  shade. 

Thackeray,  Imitation  of  Horace. 

canatillo(kan-a-tel'y6),  TO.  [Mex.]  The  Mex- 
ican name  of  a  plant  of  the  genus  Ephedra, 
used  as  a  styptic  and  as  a  remedy  in  syphilitic 
complaints. 

can-bottle  (kan'bot''''l),  n.  The  long-tailed  tit- 
mouse.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

can-buoy  (kan'boi),  n.  A  large  cylindrical  or 
conical  floating  buoy,  used  as  a  mark  for  shoals, 
etc.     See  buoy. 

cancan  (kan'kan),  n.  [<  P.  cancan,  a  dance 
(see  def.) ;  a  slang  or  cant  term,  perhaps  a  par- 
ticular use  of  cancan,  tittle-tattle,  gossip,  scan- 
dal, said  to  be  <  L.  quamquam,  although  (be- 
cause "in  the  schools  of  the  middle  ages  the 
proper  pronunciation  of  this  word  was  the  sub- 
ject of  fierce  contention,  one  party  pronoun- 
cing it  can-can,  and  the  other  quanquam  "),  but 
prob.  <  cancaner,  tattle,  chatter,  gossip,  appar. 
an  imitative  reduplication,  to  be  compared 
with  the  E.  cackle,  quack,  etc.]  A  kind  of  dance 
performed  in  low  resorts  by  men  and  women, 
who  indulge  in  extravagant  postures  and  las- 
civious gestirres ;  hence,  a  quadrille  or  a  similar 
tiance  performed  in  this  manner. 

can-cart  (kan'kjirt),  n.  A  light  two-wheeled 
vehicle  with  a  bent  axle  for  supporting  a  large 
can  hung  on  tnmnions  between  the  wheels, 
used  for  carrying  milk,  etc. 

cancel  (kan'sel),  TO.  [In  older  E.  form  chancel, 
q.  v.,  <  OP.  chancel  =  Sp.  cancel  =  Pg.  cancello, 
cancella  =  It.  cancello,  a  lattice,  grating,  <  ML. 
canccllus,  cancella,  L.  *canccllHs,  always  in  pi. 
caneelli,  a  lattice,  grating,  railing,  bar  in  a  court; 
of  justice,  barrier  in  public  spectacles  (see  can- 
eelli), dim.  of  cancer,  pi.  cancri,  a  lattice :  a 
word  scarcely  used.  See  the  verb.]  It.  Lattice- 
work, or  one  of  the  cross-bars  in  latticework; 
a  latticework  or  grated  inclosure;  hence,  a 
barrier ;  a  limit. 

-A,  prison  is  but  a  retirement,  and  opportunity  of  serious 
thoughts  to  a  person  whose  spirit  .  .  .  desires  no  enlai^- 
ment  beyond  the  cancels  of  the  body. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Life  of  Clirist,  III.,  Disc.  xv.  §  9. 

2.  [<  cancel,  v.]  In  printing,  a  page,  sheet,  or 
other  part  of  a  printed  work  suppressed  and 
destroyed  before  publication ;  the  act  of  reject- 
ing a  part  of  a  printed  work.  The  cancel  ordered 
on  the  discovery  of  a  fault  in  unpublished  printed  mat- 
ter is  usually  followed  by  cuiTcct  reprinting ;  but  a  cancel 
is  sometimes  made  without  rei)rinting. 

3.  [<  cancel,  c]  In  niu.iic,  the  sign  C,  when  used 
to  nullify  the  effect  of  a  sharp  or  a  flat  pre- 
viously occurring  either  in  the  signature  or  as 
an  accidental. 

cancel  (kan'sel).  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canceled  or 
cancelled,  ppr.  canceling  or  cancelling.  [For- 
merly also  cancell;  <  P.  canceller,  OP.  canceller, 
canceler  =  Pr.  Pg.  cancellar  =  Sp.  cancelar  = 
It.  cancellare,  <  L.  cancellare,  make  like  a  lat- 
tice, esp.  to  strike  out  a  writing  by  drawing 
lines  across  in  the  form  of  latticework,  <  can- 
celli,  pi.,  a  lattice,  grating,  railing,  bar  in  a  court 
of  justice,  barrier  in  public  spectacles:  see 
cancel,  n.    Hence  ult.  (<  L.  caneelli)  also  chan- 


cancel 

eel,  chancellor,  etc.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  inclose 
with  latticework  or  a  railing. 

A  little  obsture  place  cancelled  in  with  iron-work  is  the 
pillar  or  itiunp  at  which  .  .  .  our  Saviour  was  scourged. 

Eixltin. 

2.  To  draw  lines  across  (something  written)  so 
as  to  deface;  blot  out  or  obliterate:  as,  to  can- 
cel several  lines  in  a  manuscript. 

The  sums  you  borrow'd  are  return'd,  the  bonds 
CaneeWd.  and  your  acquittance  formally  seal'tL 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Laws  of  Candy,  iv.  2. 
The  indentures  were  cancelled.  Thackerati. 

3.  To  annul  or  destroy;  make  void;  set  aside: 
as,  to  cancel  a  debt  or  "an  engagement. 

Know  then,  I  here  forget  all  former  griefs, 

CajuW  all  grudge.  SAat.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  v.  4. 

His  subjects  slain, 
His  statutes  cancelTd,  and  his  treasure  spent 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  ^^.,  v.  4. 

4.  (a)  In  math.,  to  strike  out  or  eliminate,  as 
a  number  or  quantity  constituting  a  common 
factor  in  a  dividend  and  divisor  or  the  mrniera- 
tor  and  denominator  of  a  fraction,  or  a  common 
term  in  the  two  members  of  an  equation,  (ft) 
In  priiitinff,  to  strike  out,  reject,  or  throw  aside, 
as  some  portion  of  a  printed  work,  (c)  In  m  iisic, 
to  suspend  the  power  of  (a  sharp  or  a  flat)  by  in- 
serting the  sign  fl.  =  Syn.  2.  Eraii€,Expun'je,Gte.(seQ 
e/ace),  strike  out ;  destroy,  scratch  out,  rub  out,  wipe  out. 
— 3.  Rf^jteal,  Rescind,  etc.     .See  aholufh, 

n.t  intraris.  To  become  obliterated  or  void. 
[Rare.] 
A  rash  oath  that  cancelVd  in  the  making.  Coicley. 

cancelation,  cancellation  (kan-se-la'shon), 
n.  The  act  of  canceling;  specifically,  in  (««</(., 
the  striking  out  or  removal  of  a  common  factor 
or  term.     See  cancel,  r.  t.,  4  (n). 

canceleert,  canceliert  (kan-se-ler'),  «.  [<  F. 
*cunceler,  assibilated  chanceler  {'eschanctler) 
(=  Pr.  cancheUr,  chnncelar),  reel,  stagger,  wa- 
ver, lit.  go  in  zigzags,  being  the  same  word  as 
canceler,  draw  lines  across  in  the  form  of  lat- 
ticework :  see  cancel,  r.]  The  turn  of  a  hawk 
upon  the  wing  to  recover  itself,  after  miss- 
ing in  the  first  stoop.     Also  ■m-itten  canceller. 

Tlie  fierce  and  eager  hawks,  down  tlirilling  from  the  skies, 
Make  8undr>-  canc^leen  ere  they  the  fowl  can  reach. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xx.  229. 

canceleert,  canceliert  (kan-se-ler'),  v.  i.  [< 
canceker,  «.]  lufitlconry,  to  turn  two  or  three 
times  on  the  wing  before  seizing  the  prey,  as 
a  hawk  in  stooping,  especially  when  it  misses. 
Also  written  canceller. 

The  partridge  sprung. 
He  |the  hawk)  makes  his  stoop;  but,  wanting  breath,  is 

forced 
To  cancelier.  Maiginger,  Tl»e  Guardian,  ii.  1. 

canceler,  canceller^  (kan'sel-tr),  n.  One  who 
or  tliiit  which  cancels;  specifically,  a  hand- 
stamp  or  stamping-machine  for  the  cancela- 
tion of  postage-stamps;  a  canceling-stamp. 

canceliert,  ".  and  v.     See  cancelccr. 

canceling-stamp  (kan'sel-ing-stamp),  «.  A 
haiid-stHiiip  for  defacing  and  canceling  post- 
a^c-stiiriij>»  or  checks. 

cancellarean  (kan-se-la're-an),  a.  Same  as 
caiirtlliiriiiii^.      [Kare.] 

cancellareate  (kan-se-lfi're-at),  a.  [<  ML.  ran- 
rilliiriii.1 :  sci-  chancellor.']  Belonging  to  a  chan- 
cillor.     [Kare.] 

Cancellaria  (kan-se-la'ri-S),  n.  [NL.  (Lamarck, 
1801;  cf.  ML.  cancellarim:  see  chancellor),  <  L. 
cancclli,  a  gfcting:  see  cancel,  v.]  The  tj-pical 
(fcnus  of  ('anrrlUirii(l(r,  having  an  oval  cnncol- 
Inted  shell  with  the  lust  whorl  ventricoiis,  aper- 
ture oVilong  and  canulieuhited,  euiial  short,  and 
columella  obliquely  j)licato.  There  are  many 
BpeeicK,  of  whicrh  C.  reticulata  is  an  example. 

The  Rhell  U  aliiioMt  alwnyH  marked  ntr  into  stiuarcH  by 
IrnliJivernc  r1b«  and  rev,,lvlng  lllicH.  which  xives  nsu  to  the 
ttnnic  of  the  principal  gunuB  Cancetlnriti. 

.Slaiul.  KnI.  Ilitt.,  I.  837. 

cancellarian^  (kan-Be-la'ri-an),  u.    [<  ML.  ccin- 

I ''!■!, -iux:  WH- rhanc/:llor.'\  Isolating  or  pcrtain- 
i  •  N>  ft  cliBnc<dlor ;  cancoUarciite.  Also  spelled 
'         ihirran.     [Hare.] 

C'l  ii'  .llarian-  (kan-se-la'ri-an),  a.  \<.  Canccl- 
'  f  -<(//.]     In  roHc/i.,  pertaining  to  tlio  fVin- 

'•     "    '  fir  to  the  ('ntirrllariitla;. 

caiic^V^riid  (knn-se-la'ri-id),  n.  A  gastropod 
'v  Cfinrellariiiltr. 

CiL  lae  (kan'se-lij-ri'i-do),  n.  ;)/.    [XL., 

<  '  +  -iV/rt'.]     A  family  of  tox'it;los- 

»«'•  Kliiftte  gn^lnipoUH,   typiln 'I    liv 

111-'  illariii,    hiiviriif   111"   prulii,.,'!  i 

ruiliiii  I.-   t<!Ctli   iwii-rowed,   and   thi' 

Hhell  '  I  and  inoiierr-ulato.     Tiiey  are 

vcgetiir 


Cancellate  structure  of  Bone. — Upper 
part  of  femur,  in  section. 


786 

cancellarioid  (kan-se-la'ri-oid),  a.  [<  Cancel- 
laria +  -Old.]  Resembling  the  members  of  the 
genus  Cancellaria  ;  cancellavian. 
cancellate,  cancellated  (kan'se-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  L.  caiicellatus,  pp.  of  cancellare,  make  like 
or  provide  with  a  lattice :  see  ca«fp?,  c]  Sep- 
arated into  spaces  or  divisions,  as  by  cancelU. 
Specifically — (a)  In  iooi.,  marked  by  liues  crossing  each 
other ;  marked  latticewise ;  reticulated ;  showing  a  net- 
work of  lines.  The  shell  of  CanceUaria  reticubita  is  a 
good  example. 

The  tail  of  the  castor  is  almost  bald,  though  the  beast 
is  very  hairy;  and  cancellated  vrith  some  resemblance  to 
the  scales  of  fishes.  N.  Grew,  Musemu. 

(6)  In  anat.,  same  as  in  zoology,  but  especially  said  of  the 
light  spong>'  or  porous  texture  of  bone  resulting  from 
numerous   thin   osseous 
laminte  with  inten-ening 
spaces  large  enough  to 
be  readily  seen  by  the 
naked  eye.   Such  texture 
occiu^  in   the  ends  of 
long  bones,  as  the  hume- 
rus and  femur,  and  in 
the    interior    of    most 
short,  flat,  or  iiTegular 
bones.     The  spaces  are 
chiefly    vascular    chan- 
nels, filled  with  connec- 
tive tissue,  fat,  etc.,  be- 
tween plates  or  layers  of 
more  compact  bone-tis- 
sue,   (c)  In  bot.,  applied 
to  leaves  consisting  en- 
tirely of  veins,  without 
connecting  parenchyma, 
so   thiit   the   whole"  leaf 
looks  like  a  sheet  of  open 
network  ;  in  mosses,  applied  to  cell-structure  having  such 
appearance. 
Also  cancellous. 
cancellation  (kan-se-la'shon),  «.      [<  L.  can- 
ceUati<i{n-),  <  cancellare,  pp.  cancellatits :    see 
cancel,  c]      1.  See  cancelation. — 2.  In  anat., 
reticulation;  the  state  of  being  cancellated: 
as,  the  cancellation  of  bone, 
canceller  1,  «.     See  canceler. 
canceller-t,  n.  and  v.    Same  as  caneeleer. 
cancelli  (kan-sel'i),  n.  pi.     [L.,  a  lattice,  etc.: 
see  cancel,  «.]     Cross-pieces  or  reticulations 
fonning  a  latticework  or  grating.    Siiecifleally — 
(n)  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch,,  the  parts  of  a  latticework  parti- 
tion between  the  choir  and  the  body  of  the  church,  so  ar- 
ranged as  not  to  intercept  the  view. 

The  Altar  is  inclos'd  with  CancelU  so  as  not  to  be  ap- 
proach'tl  by  any  one  but  the  Priest,  according  to  the  fash- 
ion of  the  Greek  Churches. 

Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  27. 
(fi)  In  zobl.  and  anat.,  the  reticulations  or  intersections 
constituthig  cancellated  structure  or  reticulated  texture  ; 
acompt'siti.iri  nf  ni:iii>  spares  iM.undeil  bylines  or  sm-faees 
forming  a  net\v..rk'ir  lat tire-like  arrangement,  such  a.s  the 
light,  spong}',  canceUated  tissue  of  lione.^.  The  word  is 
little  used  except  for  this  kind  of  osseous  texture,  and  the 
singular,  cnncellus,  is  not  in  use.    See  cancellate,  (b). 

cancellous  (kan'se-lus),  a.  [<  L.  canccllosii.'',  < 
cancclli:  ace  cancel,  r.]     Same  as  cancellate. 

On  examining  a  section  of  any  bone,  it  is  seen  to  be  coni- 
posed  of  two  kinils  of  tissue,  one  of  wiiich  is  dense  and 
compact  in  textitre,  like  ivory;  the  other  consLsting  cf 
sleniler  fibres  and  lamelltc,  which  join  to  form  a  reticular 
structure ;  this,  from  its  resemblance  to  lattice-work,  is 
calletl  canccUflus.  II.  Gray,  .\nat.,  \k  AU. 

cancer  (kan'sf-r),  n.  [L.  cancer  (cnncr-)  =  Gr. 
HupKivor,  a  crab,  also  in  astronomical  and  medi- 
cal senses;  cf.  in  same  senses  Skt.  larkafa, 
larl-atal:ii,  >  Hind,  harh,  Hindi  l.-ikra,  a  crab, 
also  in  astrouomicnl  sense.  Hence  (from  L.). 
througli  AS.,  canker,  q.  v.,  and,  through  1'.. 
chancre,  q.  v.]  1.  [(«/).]  [NL.]  In  -oo/., 
the  typical  genus  of  brachyurous  docapodous 


The  Constellation  Cancer. 


Common  Crob  of  the  Pacific  Coail  ( CaHcer  mtteittrr). 

enistuceanH  of  the  family  CancriiUr:  fonnorlv 
more  than  eonlenninous  with  the  order  /»'- 
capiida,  now  restricteil  to  tln^  common  edihie 
crab  of  Kiirope,  C.  put/nrnn,  un<l  its  iniiiiediali' 
eongeners.  Seerrf/fc'. — 2.  {rap.']  ]ii  a.vlmn., 
u  eoiiHtellation  nnil  nlso  a  sign  of  the  zixliae, 
represented  by  the  form  of  a  erab,  anil  slmw- 
ing  the  limits  1)1  the  hiiii'h  courHO  norlhwanl  in 
Huminer;  heiicj?^  the  sign  of  the  sununer  hhI- 
slico  (marked  S).— 3.  lii  iialhol.,  a  mnlignnnt 
tumor  teelinicaliy  naineil  carononia  (which 
bee);  also,  by  extension,  any  nnilignnnt  tumor. 


cancrid 

as  one  of  certain  adenomata  and  sarcomata. 

— 4t.  A  plant,  possibly  cancerwort. 

AMio  taught  the  poore  beast  having  poison  tasted. 
To  seek  th'  hearbe  cancer,  and  by  that  to  cure  him. 

Great  liritaine's  Tr<>y.\  1.  1609. 

Adenoid  cancer,  an  adenocarcinoma. — Alveolar  can- 
cer, colloid  can- 
cer, enceplia- 
lold  cancer.  See 
tile  adjectives. — 
Tropic  of  Can- 
cer.   See  tropic. 

cancerate 

(kan'se-rat). 
r.  (. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  oa«cera  to?, 
ppr.  cancer  a  t- 
inij.  [<  L.  can- 
ceratus,  adj., 
prop.  pp.  of 
"canccrare,  in- 
ceptive can- 
cerascere,  be- 
come cancer- 
ous, <  cancer, 
a  cancer:  see 
cancer.]  To 
grow  into  a 
cancer;  be- 
come cancer- 
ous. 

canceration  (kan-se-ra'shou),  n.  [<  L.  as  if . 
'eanceratio{n-),  <  ceinceratns :  see  cancei'atc.]  A 
growing  cancerous,  or  into  a  cancer. 

cancer-bandage  (kan'ser-ban'daj),  n.  Aband- 
age  so  arranged  as  to  resemble'  the  legs  of  a 
crab.     Also  called  the  split-cloth  of  eight  tails. 

cancer-cell  (kan'ser-sel),  n.  In  jiathol.,  a  cell 
characterized  by  a  large  nucleus,  bright  nucle- 
olus, and  irregiilar  form,  frequently  occuiTing 
in  malignant  tumors. 

cancerlne  (kan'se-rin),  n.  [<  L.  cancer,  a  crab, 
+  -ine-.]  An  artificial  guano  prepared  from 
horseshoe  and  other  crabs  in  Newfoundland, 
New  Jersey,  and  elsewhere. 

cancerite  (kan'se-nt),  «.  [<  L.  cancer,  a  crab, 
-1-  -ite-.]  A  petrified  crab;  a  fossil  brachyu- 
rous crustacean. 

cancer-juice  (kau's{>r-j6s),  n.  A  milky  liquid 
which  can  be  squeezeil  out  of  a  di\'ided  cancer. 

cancer-mushroom  (kan'ser-mush^rom),  n. 
The  mushroom-shapetl  mass  produced  by  can- 
cer of  the  uterus  when  it  affects  the  parts  about 
the  OS  antl  leaves  the  cennx  intact. 

cancerous  (kan'se-rus),  a.  [=  F.  cancereux,  < 
tiUi.  eancerosii^,  <  L.  cancer,  a  cancer.]  Like 
cancer;  virulent;  also,  affected  with  eaueer. 

There  is  ncanccrons  malignity  in  it  wiiich  must  be  cut 
fnrtb.  .  llallom. 

cancerously  (kan'se-rus-li),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  a  cancer. 

cancerousness  (kau'se-rus-nes),  «.  The  state 
(if  being  cancerous. 

cancer-root  (kan's^T-riit),  n.  A  nnmo  in  tho 
I'liiteil  States  of  several  plants  belonging  to 
the  natural  order  Orobanchacca;  more  jiarticu- 
larly  Einyhcgus  I'irtjiniana,  Conojiholis  .Imcri- 
cana,  and  Aphyllon  vnijlorum.  AH  arc  low  herbs 
w  ithout  green  color,  wiiite,  pale-brown,  or  purpysh,  and 
jiarasitie  on  the  roots  of  trees. 

cancer-weed  (kau'si'r-wed),  ».  Thorattlesnake- 
I'lpiit,  I'renanthcs  alba,  of  tho  United  States,  a 
niilUy-.jiiieed  conijiosito  liaving  an  intensely 
liiller  riMit,  which  is  used  as  a  doinestie  tonic. 

cancerwort  (kan'sei'-wi'rt),  ».  1.  ThoeonniKui 
name  of  the  anmnil  species  of  J.inaria,  L.  .spuria 
and  L.  ICtiitine,  common  European  woimIs. —  2t. 
An  olil  name  for  a  species  of  \'er(iuica. 

canch(Uanch),  »i.  [E.  dial.]  If.  A  snuill  quan- 
lily  of  corn  in  tho  straw  imt  inlo  the  corner  of 
a  liarn;  a-  small  mow. —  2t.  A  short  turn  or 
Hjii>llat  anything. —  3t.  A  trench  cut  slojiing  tx) 
H  very  narrow  liottom. — 4t.  A  certain  breadth 
in  digging  or  treading  land. —  6.  In  coal-min- 
in<i,  fiiat  jiart  of  the  lliior  or  roof  of  a  gangway 
wliieh  has  to  lie  renitived  in  tinier  to  e(|nali/.o 
the  grade,  when  there  has  been  a  slight  faiUt 
nr  liri'ak  in  the  strata. 

canchalagua  (kan-eha-lii'gwil),  II.  [Sp.,  also 
eiinelivlaiiua,  eanchildiina.]  'I'he  Sjiaiiish  name 
in  Chili  and  ('alifornia  tif  species  til'  tli(>  gen- 
1  ijiinieedUHgeiiiis  /■j-iffhra'<t.\iHvi\  as  bitter  tonics. 

caiiciller  {S]i.  jiron.  kiin-lhol-yar'),  ii.  fSp.: 
sec  rliiinrdliir.]    In  .Mrjicitn  law,  a  chancellor. 

cancra,  ».     Plural  of  ciincrum. 

cancredt  (kung'kf-rd),  ».     An  obsolete  foi-m  of 

raiilrnd. 
cancrid  (kang'krid),  n.     A  cnib  ot  the  family 
f  anerifta'. 


i 


Cancridae 

Cancridse  (kang'kri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cancer 
( C(iiicr-)  +  -trfa".]  The  family  of  crabs  of  which 
tho  genus  Cancer  is  the  type ;  the  central  fam- 
ily of  brachyurous  decapod  crustaceans,  its  ileli- 
jii'tii'ii  varies  with  dilferLMit  bystenis  of  classitlcation,  but 
in  ;ui>  case  the  gent'ra  are  many.  Tlie  spe(;iea  are  mostly 
lidi'ial  and  numerous,  heing  reiu'eseiited  in  almost  every 
re^'inn.     See  cut  Under  cancer. 

cancriform  (kang'kri-form),  a.  [=  F.  eancri- 
faniic,  <  li.  cancer,  a  crab,  a  cancer,  +  forma, 
sliiipe.]  1.  Having  tho  form  of  a  crab;  re- 
sonibliug  or  related  to  a  crab  in  structure ; 
brachym-ous  and  decapod,  as  a  crustacean  ;  car- 
ciuomorphie.    Also  cancroid. — 2.  Cancerous. 

cancrine  (kang'krin),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *canermus, 
<  cancer,  a  crab :  see  cancer,'}  Having  the  quali- 
ties of  a  crab. 

Cancrinea  (kang-krin'e-a),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Cancer 
(Vtiiicr-)  +  -inea.']  A  group  or  legion  of  ean- 
eroideau  crustaceans,  contaiuing  the  tyjiical 
marine  representatives  of  the  superfamily  Cun- 
criiiilca,  and  especially  the  families  Cancridw 
and  I'ortunUlw. 

cancrinite  (kang'kri-nit),  n.  [<  Cancrin  (a  Rus- 
sian minister  of  finance,  1773-18-45)  +  -itc-.'] 
In  mineral.,  a  sUicate  related  to  nephelite,  but 
peculiar  in  containing  carbon  dioxid.  it  occurs 
massive  and  in  indistinct  crystals,  white  to  yellow  and 
red  in  color.  It  is  found  in  the  Ural  momitains,  Norway, 
Traiis>lvania,  and  Maine. 

cancrisocial  (kang-kri-so'shal),  a.     [<  L.  can- 

.cer  {c(incr-)  +  E.  social.}  Social  with  crabs; 
associated  with  a  crab  in  vital  economy :  ap- 


787 

Cancromidse  (kang-krom'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cinicrmnii  +  -«/«•.]  Tho  boat-billed  herons, 
or  Canrrumina;  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  family. 
Hco  ('(iiicromina'. 

Cancrominae  (kang-kro-mi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
(Juncroiiia  +  -ina:}  A  subfamily  of  herons,  of  the 
family  .-/nfciV/«;,  represented  by  the  single  genus 
Cancroma,  characterized  not  only  by  the  form 
of  the  1)111  (see  Cancroma),  but  also  by  the  jjos- 
session  of  4  instcfid  of  3  or  2  powder-down 
tracts:  a  grouj)  sometimes  elevated  to  the  rank 
of  a  family.     See  cut  uiuler  boathill. 

cancrophagOUS  (kang-krof'a-gus),  a.  [<L.  can- 
cer (c(iticr-),  a  crab,  +  Gr.  '^ayclv,  eat.]  8amo 
as  caiicrir<irou,s. 

cancrum  (kang'ki-um),  n. ;  pi.  cancra  (-kril). 
[NL.,  a  ucut.  form  of  L.  cancer  (masc),  a  can- 
cer.]    A  rapidly  jirogressive  ulcer Cancrum 

OrlS(KanKnii.ii|i  siomatitis)  and  camorum  nasi  (h'ailKre- 
nous  rhinitis),  very  fetid  destructive  ulcerations  of  the 
walls  of  the  Ijucral  and  nasal  cavities,  usually  seen  in  ill- 
fed,  delicate  chihlren.  .\lso  ealle<l  noma. 
cand  (kand),  «.  [Cf.  W.  can,  brightness.]  In 
Cornwall,  England,  fluor-spar  or  fluorite  occur- 
ring as  a  veinstono :  called  by  tho  Derbyshire 
miners  blttc-jolin.  Not  used  in  Amei-ica,  where  this 
kind  of  veinstone  is  of  rare  occurrence,  although  abundant 
in  certain  mining  regions  of  Europe. 

candareen  (kan-da-ren'),  «.  [<  Malay  l-nn- 
fhiii.']  Tho  name  given  by  foreigners  in'Cbina 
and  the  far  East  to  the  Chinese  fun,  the  100th 
part  of  a  liaug  or  ovmce.  As  a  weight  it  is  equal  to 
about  5.8  grains  ti-oy,  and  as  a  money  of  account  it  may 
be  considered  equal  to  1.4  cents.    See  Ua7ig  and  tacl. 

candavaig  (kan'da-vag),  n.  [Sc,  perhaps  < 
Gael,  ccann,  head,  -1-  *dubhach,  <  dnbh,  black; 
foul  salmon  being  called  'black  fish'  (Jamie- 
son).]  A  foul  salmon;  one  that  remains  in 
fresh  water  till  summer,  without  going  into  the 
sea.     [Local,  Scotch.] 

candelt,  "  •     -An  obsolete  form  of  candle. 

candelabrum  (kan-de-la'brum),  n. ;  pi.  candela- 
bra (-brii).  [L.,  <  candela,  a  candle :  see  candle.} 
1.  Inantiq.:  (a)  A  candlestick,  (t)  A  lamp- 
stand  ;  a  kind  of  stand  used  among  the  Komans 
to  support  a  lamp  or  lamps.  Such  stands  vary  in 
height  from  those  of  only  a  few  inches,  and  intended  to 
rest  upon  a  table  or  shelf,  to  those  of  4  feet  or  more, 
which  raised  the  lamps  to  a  height  sufficient  to  illuminate 
an  apartment.  In  general,  such  candelabra  consist  of  a  long 
shaft  or  rod  rising  from  a  ijase  with  three  feet,  and  support- 
ing a  circular  cap  or  disk  with  elaborate  ornamentation. 
Some  examples  are  of  enormous  size  and  weight,  covering 
at  the  base  a  triangle  of  6  or  7  feet  on  each  side,  and  ris- 


Cancrisocial  Animals. —  Sea-anemone  ISag'articz  ^arasitica)cm  a 
whelk  i^Bucctnunt  undatiint)  inhabited  by  a  herniil-crab  iPaj^urits 

plied  to  sea-anemones  and  other  animals  which 
grow  on  the  shell  of  a  crab,  or  on  a  shell  of 
which  a  hermit-crab  has  also  taken  possession. 
Ill  some  cases  the  association  seems  to  be  not  merely  for- 
tiiit'-us,  but  to  involve  some  community  of  vitjil  interest. 

cancrivorous  (kang-kriv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  can- 
cer {cancr-),  a  crab,  -I-  vorare,  eat,  devour.] 
Crab-eating ;  earcinophagous :  applied  to  sun- 
dry animals.     Also  cancropliugous. 

cancrizans  (kang'kri-zanz),  ffl.  [<  ML.  cancri- 
zans,  ppr.  of  cancrizare,  walk  backward  like  a 
crab,  <  L.  cancer  (cancr-),  a  crab.]  Going ormov- 
ing  backward,  like  a  crab:  in  music,  used  of  a 
canon  the  subject  of  which  is  repeated  in  the 
answer  backward  instead  of  forward. 

cancroid  (kang'kroid),  a.  and  h.  [<  L.  cancer 
(cancr-),  a  cancer,  crab,  -t-  Gr.  chhc,  form.]  I. 
a.  1.  In  jM(/(o/.,  of  the  natui'e  of  or  resembling 
cancer. — 2.  In  zoiil.,  same  as  cancriform,  1. 

II.  n.  In  pathol. :    (a)  An  epithelioma,     (h) 
An  adenoma,     (c)  A  keloid. 

Cancroidea  (kang-kroi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cancer  (Cancr-)  -I-  -oidea'.  Cf.  cancroid.}  A 
superfamily  or  tribe  of  brachyurous  decapod 
crustaceans,  containing  the  famUies  Cancridce 
and  Portunidce :  it  corresponds  to  Cyclometopa. 
They  have  the  carapace  usually  transvei'se  and  the  antero- 
lateral margins  arched,  the  mouth-cavity  subquadrate,  9 
branchiaj  with  efferent  channels  terminating  at  the  palate, 
and  the  male  organs  in  the  bases  of  the  fifth  pair  of  legs. 

cancroidean  (kang-kroi'de-an),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Cancrnidea. 

Cancroma  (kang-ki'6'ma),  n.  [NL.  (Lirmseus, 
1766),  named  with  reference  toF.  crabier,  crab- 
eater  (in  zool.  and  ornith.),  <  L.  cancer  (cancr-), 
a  crab.  For  the  form,  cf.  L.  cancroma,  can- 
ceroma,  under  carcinotua.}  A  genus  of  altricial 
grallatorial  birds,  of  the  order  Herodioncs  and 
family  Ardeidw ;  the  boatbills  or  boat-billed 
herons  of  tropical  America,  characterized  by 
the  dilatation  and  inflation  of  the  coehleari- 
form  bill.  There  is  but  one  well-established  species,  C. 
cochlenrui.  The  genus  Is  typical  of  a  subfamily  Cancro- 
miticE.    Also  called  Cancro-phagus.    See  boatbill. 


Candelabra  of  Bronze. —  First  example,  epoch  of  Xapoleon  I. ;  second 
example,  Roman,  from  Pompeii. 

ing  to  a  proportionate  height ;  these,  often  made  of  marble, 
were  used  in  connection  with  religious  observances,  and 
were  rather  monuments  or  votive  otferings  than  utensils. 

2.  Ajiy  branched  candlestick  diffei-ing  fi'om  a 
chandelier  or  bracket  in  resting  upon  a  foot. 
Some  very  beautiful  candelabra  exist  In  churches,  most 
commonly  made  to  hold  seven  candles.  One  in  ililan  ca- 
thedral,  of  bronze,  dating  from  the  twelfth  century,  is  per- 
haps the  richest  in  existence.  The  "  seven-branched  can- 
dlesticks" of  the  Hebrews  (see  candlestick)  are  properly 
candelabra. 

3.  A  variety  of  arabesque  in  which  a  strongly 
marked  vertical  motive  is  present.  Thus,  a  shaft 
or  a  sort  of  pilaster  from  which  the  scrollwork  of  the  de- 
sign is  given  off  is  called  a  candelabrum,  and  gives  the 
name  of  eatulrlabrum  to  the  design  itself. 

4.  pil.  In  sponges,  branching  terminal  spines. 
Encyc.  Brit. 

candencyt  (kan'den-si),  n.     [<  L.  candentia, 

whiteness,  <  (WHrfeiK*-)*;  seei  candent.}    Heat; 

fervor. 
candent  (kau'dent),  a.     [<  L.  canden(l-)s,  ppr. 

of  candere,  he  white  or  hot:  see  candid.}     1. 

Whitening;  making  white.     [Bare.] 


candid 

Civilizing  the  stems  of  his  trees  annually  with  liquid 
lime,  and  meditating  how  to  extend  that  candent  baptism 
even  to  the  leaves.  Lmmll,  Fireside  'lYavels,  p.  26. 

2.  Very  hot;  heated  to  whiteness;   glowing 
with  white  heat. 
The  candent  vessel.  Boyle,  Works,  I.  482. 

canderos  (kan'de-ros),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  An  East 
Indian  gum  resembling  amber,  but  rather  white 
in  color  and  more  pellucid.  It  is  sometimes 
fashioned  into  toys  of  various  kinds,  which  are 
very  light  and  take  a  good  jjolish. 

candescence  (kan-des'ens),  n.  [<  L.  cande- 
scrn(t-)s:  Hce  candescent.}  Havae  sls  mcande»- 
c.cnce.     [Rare.] 

candescent  (kan  -  des '  ent),  a.  [<  L.  cande- 
scen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  candesci're,  become  white,  be- 
gin to  glow,  inceptive  of  candere,  be  white  or 
hot,  glow:  see  candid.}  Same  as  incandescent. 
[Rare.] 

At  sight  of  the  star  yet  above  the  cave,  though  less  can- 
dexcent  than  before.  L.  Wallace,  Bcn-Hur,  p.  75. 

candicantt  (kan'di-kant)^  a.  [<  L.  candican(t-)s, 
jipr.  of  candicurc,  be  whitish,  (candere,  be  white : 
see  candid.}    Waxing  white.    Bailey. 

candid  (kan'did),  a.  [<  F.  candide  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
Candida,  <  L.  candidus,  bright,  radiant,  pure, 
clear,  sincere,  frank,  <  candere,  shine,  glitter, 
glisten,  be  bright,  be  white,  glow,  glow  with 
heat  (in  comp.  accendere  and  incendire,  set  on 
fire:  see  accent,  incense,  incendiary,  etc.),  akin 
to  Gr.  ^avBoc,  golden-yellow  (see  xantho-),  ko- 
Oapdg,  clear,  clean,  pure  (see  cathartic),  LGr. 
iiav6apnr,  a  coal,  and  to  Skt.  (;chandra,  chandra, 
shining,  chandra,  cbandramas,  the  moon,  <  ■>/ 
qcltand,  chand,  orig.  *slcandh,  shine.  Hence  also 
(<  L.  candere)  candle,  q.  v.]  If.  Bright ;  white. 
The  box  receives  all  black :  but  pour'd  from  thence, 
The  stones  came  candid  forth,  the  hue  of  innocence. 

I>ryden. 

2.  Honest  and  frank;  open  and  sincere;  in- 
genuous; outspoken:  of  persons:  as,  to  be 
candid  with  you,  I  think  you  are  wrong. 

Open,  candid,  and  generous,  his  heart  was  the  constant 
companion  of  his  hand,  and  his  tongue  the  artless  index 
of  his  mind.  Cannimj. 

I  must  be  candid  with  you,  my  dear  Jeffrey,  and  tell 
you  that  I  do  not  like  your  article  on  the  .Scoteh  Courts. 
Siidney  Smith,  To  Francis  Jeffrey. 

3.  Free  from  undue  bias;  fair;  just;  impar- 
tial: of  persons  or  their  acts :  as,  aca/tdidview 
or  construction. 

Candid  and  dispassionate  men.  Irving, 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Candid,  Fair,  Open,  Frank,  Ingenuous, 
Naiee,  .Sincere,  unprejudiced,  unbiased.  The  first  seven 
words  apply  to  the  spirit,  expression,  or  manner.  The  can- 
did man  is  able  to  look  impartially  on  both  sides  of  a  sub- 
ject, especially  giWng  due  w  eight  to  arguments  or  opinions 
opposed  to  his  o'.vn,  and  due  credit  to  the  motives  of  op- 
ponents ;  candid  speech  is  essentially  the  same  as  frank 
speech,  sometimes  going  so  far  as  to  be  blunt.  Fair  belongs 
primarily  to  conduct,  but  in  regard  to  speech  and  thought 
it  is  the  same  as  candid:  as,  a  man  preeminently  /air  in 
dealing  with  opposing  views.  Ojien  is  opposed  t«  con- 
cealment ;  the  open  man  does  not  cultivate  a  politic  re- 
serve, but  expresses  his  opinions  freely,  without  stopping 
to  think  of  their  effect  upon  his  own  interests.  Frank, 
literally, /Vee;  the  freedom  may  be  in  regard  to  one's  own 
opinions,  which  is  the  same  as  o}n'nne«s,  or  in  regard  to 
things  belonging  to  others,  where  the  freedom  may  go  so 
far  as  to  be  unpleasant,  or  it  may  disregard  conventional 
ideas  as  to  reticence.  Hence,  w  hlle  openness  is  consistent 
with  timidity, /mni-7u?5s  implies  some  degree  of  Ijoldness. 
•  Ingenuous  implies  a  permanent  moral  quality,  an  elevated 
Inability  to  be  other  than  honest  or  open,  even  to  one's 
own  loss;  there  is  a  peculiar  subjective  cast  to  the  word, 
as  though  the  man  stood  most  in  awe  of  the  disappro- 
bation of  his  own  judgment  and  conscience;  hence  the 
close  connection  between  ingenuou^Jtess  and  modesty. 
A'ad'e  e-\presses  a  real  or  an  assumed  unconsciousness  of 
the  way  in  which  one's  words  meet  conventional  rules,  or 
of  the  construction  which  may  be  put  upon  them  by  others; 
naivete  is  thus  an  openness  or  frankness  proceeding  from 
native  or  assumed  simplicity  or  artlessness.  Sincere  ex- 
presses the  spirit  and  language  that  go  with  the  love  of 
truth  ;  the  sincere  man  is  necessarily  candid  and  fair,  and 
as  open  and  frank  as  seems  required  by  truth. 

He  [Dryden]  was,  moreover,  a  man  of  singnlarly  open 
soul,  and  of  a  temper  self-confident  enough  to  be  camiid 
even  with  himself.  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  Istser,,  p.  7. 
1  like  not /air  terms  and  a  villain's  mind. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  a 
True,  some  are  open,  aud  to  all  men  known. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  L  51. 
O  Truth  is  easy,  and  the  light  shines  clear 
In  hearts  kept  opcji,  houest  and  sincere ! 

A.  Coies,  The  EvangeL 
"With  frank  and  with  uncurbed  plainness 
Tell  us  the  dauphin's  mind.       Shak.,  Hen.  'V.,  L  2. 

If  an  ingenuou.^  detestation  of  falsehood  be  but  care- 
fully and  'eai-ly  instilled,  that  is  the  true  and  genuine 
method  to  obviate  dishonesty.  Locke. 

Infuse  into  their  young  breasts  such  an  iTige^iuous  and 
noble  ardour,  as  will  not  fail  to  make  many  of  them  re- 
nouned.  ititton,  Education. 

He  makes  no  secret  of  his  view  that  poetry  stands  high- 
est among  the  ;irts,  and  that  he  (William  Wordsworth]  is 
at  the  head  of  it.  He  expresses  such  opinions  in  the  most 
naive  maimer.  Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  143. 


candid 

Bat  had  thy  love,  still  odiously  pretended, 

Been,  as  it  ought,  sincere,  it  would  have  taught  thee 

Far  uther  reasouings.  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  874. 

candidacy  (kan'di-da-si),  V.  [<  candida{ie}  + 
-t-j/.]  The  state  of  being  a  candidate,  espe- 
eiallv  tor  an  elective  office ;  candidature. 

candidate  (kan'di-dat),  n.  [=  F.  condidat,  < 
L.  camiidatus,  a  candidate,  lit.  'white-robed' 
tso  eaUed  because  in  Rome  those  who  sought 
office  wore  a  glittering  white  toga),  <  ca)ididi<s, 
white,  shining:  see  candid,  which  has  thus  an 
etymological  connection  with  candidat€.'\  A 
person  who  seeks  or  is  put  forward  by  others 
for  an  office  or  honor;  one  who  offers  himself 
or  is  proposed  for  office  or  preferment,  by  elec- 
tion or  appointment :  as.  a  candidate  for  the  of- 
fice of  sheriff,  or  for  a  degree. 

He  had  anticipated  having  all  the  mixed  and  miserable 
feelings  of  one  about  making  his  appearance  in  the  pulpit 
as  a  candidate  on  exhibition. 

W.  il.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  1.55. 

candidate  (kan'di-dat),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
didnted,  ppr.  candidatinih  [<  candidate,  «.] 
I.t  trans.  To  render  qualified  as  a  candidate. 

Without  (luarrelUng  with  Rome,  we  can  allow  this  pur- 
gator>'.  to  purify  and  cleanse  us,  tluit  we  may  be  the  better 
eandtdated  for  tlie  court  of  heaven  and  glory. 

Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  57. 

II.  in  trans.  To  become  a  candidate;  seek 
or  aspire  to  some  office ;  offer  one's  self  or  one's 
services  as  a  candidate,  as  a  clergyman  seeking 
a  parish  or  a  charge ;  compete  with  others  as  a 
candidate. 

Let  him  put  the  question  to  some  [choir-singers]  who 
everv'  spring  tiave  to  candidate  for  a  situation. 

Tlie  Cenlunj,  XXVIII.  308. 

candidateship  (kan'di-dat-ship),  n.  [<  candi- 
d'lti  +  -ship.]     Candidatiu'e. 

candidature  (kan'di-da-tfir),  n.  [<  F.  candi- 
dature, <  atiididat,  candidate.]  The  state  of 
bt-iii;;  il  candidate;  candidatesliip ;  candidacy. 

candidatUS  (kan-di-da'tus),  n.  [L.:  see  can- 
(liilalr,  II.]  A  candidate  for  a  pubUo  office  at 
Kdtue.     .'<ltak. 

candidly  (kan'did-li),  adr.  In  a  candid  man- 
ner ;  openly ;  frankly ;  without  trick  or  disguise ; 
ingenuously. 

>'ot  so  fairly  and  candidly  as  he  ought. 

Camden,  Elizabeth,  an.  1598. 

No  doubt  an  overestimate  of  ourselves  and  of  our  own 
doings  is  a  very  common  human  f.tiling,  as  we  are  all 
ready  to  admit  when  we  candidly  consider  our  neighbors. 

Lowell,  Stanley. 

candidness  (kan'did-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  camiid;  openness  of  mind  or  manner; 
frank  honesty  or  truthfulness;  fairness;  in- 
genuousness. 

Tlic  caiulidnest  of  an  upright  judge. 

Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  26. 

candied  (kan'did),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  candy},  f.] 
1.  Preserved  with  sugar,  or  inerusted  with  it; 
covered  with  crystals  of  sugar,  or  with  matter 
resembling  it:  as,  c««rfi«/ raisins. — 2.  Wholly 
or  partly  crystallized  or  congealed:  as,  candied 
honey. —  3. "Figuratively,  honeyed;  flattering; 
glozing. 

Wliy  should  the  poor  be  Uatter'd? 
J*o,  let  tbf  rnnitiril  t^tngue  lick  absurd  pomp, 
And  crook  the  pregnant  hingt-s  of  tlie  knee 
Where  tlirlft  may  follow  fawning. 

Shttk.,  Hamlet,  111.  2. 

candify  (kan'di-fi),  v.  t.  or  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 

ilijiid,  ppr.  candifijinfi.     [<  candij^  +  -/}/.]     To 

maki'  or  ticcoiue  i  iiiidicd  ;  candy.     [Haro.] 

Candiot,  CandiOte  (kan'di-ot,  -6t),  "•  and  n. 

[<  11.  ( iiiidia,  Crete  (<  Ar.  Kliandch  :  see  def.), 

-I-  -tit-,  -tit/.]    I.  a.  Of  or  jxTlaining  to  Candia, 

the  name  given  by  the  Venetians  to  the  island 

of  Crete  and  its  chief  city,  from  the  Arabic 

name  of  the  latter;  Cretan.    [Now  little  used.] 

II.  n.  An  inlial)itaul  of  Candia  or  Crete;  a 

iiiodcni  f'ri'tan. 

caAdite  (kan'dit),   n.     f<  Candij  (see  def.)  + 

-1''-.]     A  variety  of  spinel  froin  Candy,  Ccy- 

I'lij.     AIho  calli'iJ  ciytonit':  or  rfi/lanilc. 

canditeer  (knn-di-ter'),  n.     [Origin  uncertain.] 

I  ri  h,rl.,  a  frame  iised  to  lay  briLnli wood  or  fagots 

|||  "h,  to  iirotcet  or  cover  a  working  parly. 

(.iiidli-  lUiin'dl),   II.     [<   MK.  rdiirf//,  nnidrlc,  <. 

>  =  I'",  rhnndillc  =  Pr.  Sp.  candila  = 

'  =  It.  riindrln  =  Wall.  rnnrf</ =  Olr. 

"iirl,   Ir.  r//iiiH<n/  =  Onel.  Cdiiunll^z 

-  OlJiilg.  /.anii/liUi,  Uulg.  liuudiln  z= 

''/ =  KnHH.  I.iiiidilo,  Av/m/Wf  =  .Nllr. 

:.  •/iindil  O  Tnrk.   t/nndil,  Sp.  <//ii- 

''"  I,,  ciindilii.  a  candle.  <  randin, 

•«•  ''  I.  Hliiiiini: :    ■••"•  candid.      IIiimi' 

(thr  <  ndlcr,  rlmifih  liir,  rhanilrii,  <lc.  | 

1.  A  tap.  r,  IV  cylindrical  t<ody  of  tallow,  wn,\, 


788 

spermaceti,  or  other  fatty  material,  formed  on  a 
wick  composed  of  linen  or  cotton  tlu-eads  woven 
or  twisted  loosely,  or  (as  formerly)  of  the  pith  of 
a  i-ush.  and  used"  as  a  source  of  artificial  light. 
Jliche  of  my  caii'lel  in  waaste  y  s'^ende, 
Manye  wickid  windis  hath  wastid  it  away. 

Hi/mm  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  69. 

Neither  do  men  light  &caiidle,  and  put  it  under  a  bushel, 
but  on  a  candlestick.  ilat.  v.  15. 

2.  One  candle-power:  used  as  a  standard  of 
comparison.  See  candle-iwicer. —  3.  In  soda- 
manuf.,  a  name  given  to  the  jets  of  sulphuretcd 
hydrogen  and  carbonic  oxid  which  escape  from 
various  parts  of  the  roasted  mixture  of  sodium 
sulphate,  coal,  and  limestone,  during  the  pro- 
cess of  manufacture —  Bell,  book,  and  candle.  See 
betl^. —  Candles'  ends.    See  candle-end. 

Faith !   'tis  true.  Sir, 
We  are  but  spans  and  candles'  ends. 

Fletclier,  Himiorous  Lieutenant,  iii.  5. 

Electric  candle,  a  form  of  the  electric-arc  lamp,  as  the 
Jattlochkolf  candle,  which  resembles  an  ordinary  candle 
in  form.  See  electric  li'jht.  under  electric. —  Excommu- 
nication by  candle,  a  form  of  excommunioatiun  in 
which  the  ortender  was  allowed  time  to  repent  only  while 
a  candle  burned  out.  — Flat  candle,  the  candle  bimicd 
in  a  liat  candlestick  (which  see,  under  eaiuUestiek). 

The  idea  of  a  girl  with  a  really  fine  head  of  hair,  having 
to  do  it  by  one  flat  candle  and  a  few  inches  of  looking- 
glass.  Uickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv. 

Mineral  candle,  a  kind  of  candle  made  from  a  semi-fluid 

naphtha  olitained  from  wells  sunk  in  the  neighborhood  of 
tbf  lrni\v;uKly  river  in  llurma.  — Not  fit  to  hold  a  (or 
the)  candle  to  (one),  very  infiiior.  The  allusion  is  to 
link-boys  who  held  torches  or  caialks  to  light  i)assengers. 

Some  say,  compared  to  Buouoncini 

"That  Mynheer  Handel's  but  a  ninny ; 

Others  aver  that  he  to  Handel 

Is  scarcely  fit  to  hold  a  candle. 
Birroin,  Feniis  between  Handel  and  Buononcini. 
Rush  candle,  a  candle  made  of  the  pith  of  certain  rushes, 
peeled  except  on  one  side,  and  dipped  in  tallow.— Sale  by 
candle.  See  auction  hi/  inch  of  caitille,  under  auction. — 
The  game  is  not  worth  the  candle  (le  jeu  nc  vaui  ?•(/,< 
/((  ehaiii/ellc),  the  object  is  not  worth  the  pmns  requisite 
for  its  attainment ;  a  phrase  of  French  origin.— To  burn 
the  candle  at  both  ends,  to  be  reckless  and  extr.Tvagant ; 
live  I'n'  fu<t,  fsfir.  ially  liy  the  exhaustion  of  vitalil>  I'y 
overuork,  the  mmliiiiation  of  hard  work  with  dissii)atiiin 
or  fatiguing  pleasures,  or  the  like. 

You  can't  bum  the  candle  at  both  ends,  and  make  any- 
thing by  it  in  the  long  run  ;  and  it  is  the  long  pull  that 
you  are'to  rely  on.  .s".  Ihmles.  in  Merriam's  Bowles,  I.  2'.U>. 
To  drink  oflf  candles'  ends*  (that  is,  the  melted  tallow 
at  the  burning  ends  of  candles),  a  feat  at  one  tiniepraetiseii 
by  ainoi-ous  gallants  to  afford  a  strong  testimony  of  zeal 
for  the  lady  whose  health  was  drunk. 

Drinks  off  candles'  ends  for  flapdragons. 

Sliak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
Carotise  her  health  in  cans 
And  candles'  eiuls. 

Fletcher,  Monsieur  Thomas,  ii.  2. 

Yellow  candle,  a  Russian  tallow  prepared  from  the  fat 

of  ..\,-II. 

candle-balance  (kan'dl-bal"ans),  n.  A  device 
used  in  photometric  research  for  measuring 
the  rate  of  consumption  of  a  buniing  eandlo. 

It  consists  of  a  balanced  lever  or  scale,  ttn  the  shorter  arm 
of  which  the  cumlle  is  supported,  while  a  weight  is  himg 
on  the  longer  arm  or  scale-hcam  in  such  a  way  as  to  1ml- 
ance  itexaitly.  The  candle  is  then  lighted,  and  the  weight 
is  shifted  to  a  known  weight.  sa>'  one  ounce.  When  the 
candle  has  lost  one  ounce  in  weight,  the  scale  again  bal- 
nnces.  and  this  dosis  an  electric  circuit  ami  gives  a 
signal. 

candle-bark  (kan'dl-biirk),  n.    A  candle-caso. 

[I'rov.  Kuti.] 

candle-beam  (kan'dl-bom), »?.  In  old  churches, 
a  horizontal  luir,  rail,  or  beam  fiiriiishcd  willi 
Iiriekcts  for  liolding  candles,  sinMiinl  each  of 
which  was  a  saucer  to  catch  the  (hippiiigs. 
Candle-beams  were  placed  over  or  lU'ar  the  altar,  and  also 

nt  the  entrance  to  the  choir  or  chancel,  where  the  r 1 

lieani  or  r I  screen  was  placed  In  richer  churclleH. 

candle-bearer  (kan'dl-bSr'er),  n.  A  eandlo- 
hcain. 

There  shall  be  a  eamth'-licarer,  enrlclu'd  with  a  <arvlng 
of  the  Holy  Trinity  ;  on  the  top  of  which  three  candles 
shall  bu  burnt,  on  SiindayH  and  Feniit-days,  so  long  lu  the 
means  of  thu  (J  lid  allow  It. 

Knfllinh  OildtiK  E.  T.  ».),  p.  2(1.1. 

Candleberry  (kan'dl-l)pr'  i),  v. ;  pi.  cnndhhcrrirs 
(-iz).  1.  The  fruit  of  .Ururitis  trihilia,  the 
cundlilHTry-ln'o;  mi  iiained  becBiiso  the  ker- 
nels, when  (IriiMJ  and  stuck  on  u  roeil,  arc  uhimI 
by  Iho  I'olynesianH  as  candles.  AIho  called 
cnndlinut.—  2.  The  wax-myrllo,  Uyrica  ccri- 
frra,  and  its  fniit.     Hee  Myrica. 

candleberry-tree  fknn'dl-bir'i-tro),  n.     The 

Uiiintr'.  Irilnliii.     Sit  Miuritrn. 
candle-bomb  (kan'ill-lpDin).   m.     A  Hinall  ghiHH 

tnilililo  fillid  with  wilier,  which  when  placed  in 

I  lie  wiik  111'  a  riiinllo  cxpliides  friiin  the  foreo 

of  till-  Hliiiin  that  Ih  liciiirated. 
candle-case  (kanMlkiim,  ».     A  cylindrical  liiix 

lined  for  holding  cundli'H. 


Candlemas-bell 

Petruchio  is  coming  in  a  new  hat  and  an  old  jerkin  ;  & 
pair  of  old  breeches,  thrice  turned ;  a  pair  of  lioots  that 
have  been  candle-cases,  one  buckled,  another  laced. 

Shak.,1.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

candle-coal,  ».    See  cannel-coal. 

candle-end  (kan'dl-end),  n.    The  fag-end  of  a 

candle  biu'ued  down;  hence,  a  petty  saving;  a 

scrap;  a  fragment;  a  worthless  trifle:  chiefly 

iu  the  pUu'al.     [Archaic] 
candle-fir  (kan'dl-fer),  H.    Fir  that  has  been 

biu'ied  in  a  moss-  or  peat-bog  for  a  long  time. 

It  is  split  and  used  in  some  places,  especially  in  the  niral 

parts  of  Ireland,  to  burn  for  light. 
candle-fish  (kau'dl-fish),  «.     1.  The  eulachon, 

Tlialiich  thy.^-jiacijicus,  an  anadi-omous,  deep-sea, 


Candle-fish  {  TluiUzchl'tys  pa^tjiciis ). 

salmonoid  fish  of  the  smelt  family,  Argcntinidce, 
rcsembUng  a  smelt  in  form,  but  with  weaker 
dentition,  smaller  scales,  dusky  coloration,  and 
attaining  a  length  of  nearly  a  foot,  it  occurs  in 
immense  slioals  olt  the  northwest  coast  of  America  in  the 
spring,  and  ascends  all  the  rivei-s  north  of  the  Columbia 
to  spawn.  At  the  time  of  the  runs  the  fish  is  extremely 
fat,  and  is  not  only  used  for  food,  as  a  favorite  pan-tlsh, 
but  for  the  manufacture  of  eulachon-oil,  proposed  as  a 
substitute  for  cod-liver  oil  in  medicine;  and  it  is  also  made 
to  serve  as  a  natural  candle  by  inserting  in  it  the  pith  of 
a  rush  or  a  strip  of  bark  .as  a  wick  («  hence  the  name). 
2.  An  acanthopterygian  lish  of  the  west  coast 
of  North  America,  Amqihijioma  fimbria,  type  of 
the  family  Anojdojiomidic,  resembling  a  pollock, 


MM>^. 


Candlc-fish  {Anoplopoma Jimbria). 

and  attaining  a  length  of  20  inches  and  a  weight 
of  .')  ))0tinds.  See  Anop\o]iomida:.  Also  called 
hlacl-  I'oiidlr-fi.sli.  hnrsc-mackcrel,  and  hcfihow, 

candle-fly  (kan'dl-fli),  n.  It.  A  firerty.  Florin. 
—  2.  A  Chinoso  and  East  Indian  lantern-fly,  of 
the  family  Fiilgorida;  and  genus  Fidtjora,  such 
as  7''.  candclaria.     See  cut  under  lantcrn-Jbj. 

candle-holder  (kan'dl-h61"der),  n.  A  person 
wlio  liolds  a  candle;  hence,  one  who  remotely 
assists,  but  is  otherwise  not  a  sharer,  in  some 
affair  or  undertaking. 

Ml  be  a  eamite-holdcr  and  look  on. 

Shak.,  K.  and. I.,  i.  4. 

candle-light  (kan'dl-lit),  «.  [<  ME.  candel-liht, 
<  AS.  caiidel-lcoht,  <  candcl,  candl(>,  -I-  Icdlil, 
liglit.]  1.  The  light  of  a  candle;  illuiuination 
by  candles. 

That  children  llilth  Id  eandeltiht 

llcorc  [their]  shadowc  on  the  wall  iscn  [seen]. 

Karbj  Enij.  Poems  (ed.  Kurnlvall,  18(!2),  p.  138. 
In  i\av]ii\v»9candte-liifht  may  serve  to  guide  inen'ssteps, 
which  to  use  iu  the  day  were  madness. 

Hanker,  F.cclcs.  Pol.,  II.  iv.  «  7. 

2.  The  time  at  which  candles  or  lamjis  are  light- 
ed: an  expression  much  used  iu  places  or  re- 
gions where  no  correct  standard  of  time  is  easi- 
ly accessible :  as,  the  evening  service  will  begin 
at  early  ciindlc-litjlit. 

IW'twecn  ihiylight  and  eandle-litiht.  .^wift. 

Candlemas  (kan'dl-mas),  n.  [<  ME.  candel- 
miissi-,  -Hic.sw;  (cf.  Dan.  hi/ndclnii.isc  =  Sw.  lyn- 
dil.snicssa,  after  E.),  <  AS.  cavdil-ma'.i.ic,  <  rnii- 
ilrl,  candle,  -1-  ma'.i.ie,  mass.  The  ML.  terms 
were  canililaria,  canilrlaliii,  candilo.fii,  also  ciin- 
ilila.]  An  ecclesiastical  festival  liehl  on  the 
second  day  of  Feliruarv  in  honor  of  the  pre- 
sentiil  inn  of  the  infant  Christ  in  the  temple  and 
the  piirilii'iition  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  it  seems  to 
have  been  illHtilllti'd  In  the  llrni  half  id  the  llflli  century, 
though  some  aulboritles  lielleve  it  to  be  older.  It  wai 
llrHt  observed  In  the  Kilst.  TIli'  feast  takes  Its  name  from 
the  cimloMi,  iiH  nld  as  the  seventh  century,  of  carrylllfr 
lighted  eiiiidIeK  ill  procession  ill  tiiemorv  of  .Simeon's  \Mirdi 
III  the  prenenlallon  of  the  infant  (Luke  11.  .•|2),  "a  light  to 
llgblen  the  (Jenliles.  niiil  llii'  glory  of  lliy  pei.ple  Isliiel." 
On  lids  day  Holiian  CadiMllcs  oiisrcratr  tin-  raliillcs  and 
tapirs  lobe  imed  In  llii  Ir  ibiirclii'S  tlinnuibiiiil  IbeciiKllIng 
year.  The  feast  Is  rclabiri!  Iti  llie  Aligncalt  Cllllrdl,  and 
Ik  also  olmerved  by  the  l.illbrraliH.  II  is  alxo  i  ailed  Iho 
I'uritieutiim,  nlid  In  the  lircrK  I'hnicb  the  Itiiiiavante. 
In  .'*eollaiid  the  date  of  this  fisllval,  IVIirnary  2il,  Is  ono 
III  till'  i|ilarliT-ilayH  for  paying  and  receiving  rents.  Inter- 
i»l,  school  lees,  etc, 

Candlemas-bell  (knn  Ml -inaH-bel),  n.  The 
Miiiwdriip,  (lalanlhus  iiirali.s:  80  called  from 
Hie  lime  iif  itH  flowei'ilig. 


candle-mine 

candle-mine  (kau'dl-min),  «.  Amineof  proase 
or  tallow:  a  term  which  Shakspere  makes 
Prince  Henry  apply  to  Falstaff  on  account  of 
his  fatness. 

candle-mold  (kan'dl-mold),  n.  A  cylindrical 
metal  mold,  or  frame  of  such  molds,  used  in 
making  caudles. 

candlenut  (kan'dl-uut),  n.  Same  as  candlc- 
Inrrii,  1. 

candle-power  (kan'dl-pou"6r),  n.  The  illumi- 
nating i)ower  of  a  candle :  specifically,  the 
illuminating  power  of  a  candle  of  determinate 
composition  and  rate  of  burning,  taken  as  a 
unit  in  estimating  the  luminosity  of  any  illumi- 
nating II gent:  as,  a  gas-jet  of  25  candle-power. 
TliL'  stamljiiil  usually  employed  for  tliis  puri)o3e  is  a  spcr- 
iiiuifti  tanillc  burning  at  tile  rate  of  llio  gl'ains  of  sperm 
\KV  liMUr. 

candle-quencherst,  n.pl.    Candle-snuffers. 

Camlelqucnchers,  aud  forsothe  where  the  snoffes  ben 
quenchid,  be  thei  maad  of  moost  puyr  gold. 

Wycli/,  Ex.  XXV.  33  (Oxf.). 

candle-rush  (kan'dl-rush), ».  A  popular  name 
of  Juiifiis  cjf'unus,  from  the  fact  that  its  pith  is 
used  in  Eiu'Ojie  for  rush-lights. 

candle-shearst  (kan'dl-sherz),  n.  pi.  [<  late 
JIE,  C(iii<l<l.^clicrs.2     An  old  name  for  snuffers. 

candlestick  (kan'tU-stik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  contr.  causticic;  <  ME.  candelstil:,  -stili'ke,  < 
AS.  candel-sticca,  <  candel,  candle,  -I-  sticca^  a 
stick.]  An  instrument  or  utensil  for  holding 
a  candle.  Candlesticks  are  of  several  sorts :  those  with 
a  pricket  upon  which  the  candle  is  set,  and  usually  hav- 
ing a  saucer  or  bowl  surrounding  the  pricket  to 'catch 
the  drippings;  those  with  a  forceps  (see  cttp-candlestick) ; 
and  tliose  made  with  a  socket  or  nnzle.  'i'lie  last  is  the 
coiiiinciufonn.— Flat  candlestick,  Ml  ndio"iiii;iii(ii(sti.k 
Willi  a  hr.iad  Hat  foe  it, .rilisli.— Seven-branched  candle- 
stick, a  canilrlalirum  having  a  central  shaft  and  three 
liraiHlii'soii  lachside,  common  in  the  churches  of  the  mid- 
dle at^rs,  ill  allusion  to  the  candlestick  of  the  tabernacle 
(E\.  XXV.  31)  and  the  seven  lamps  of  the  Apocalypse. 

candle-tree  (kan'dl-tre),  n.  [Tr.  of  the  Sp. 
jxilo  de  velas :  palo,  a  cudgel,  pole,  etc.,  <  L. 
jialKS  (see  pale'-);  de,  <  L.  de,  of;  vehis,  pi.  of 
rchi,  watchfulness,  also  candle,  <  L.  vigil, 
watchful:  see  vigilant.']  X.  A  bignoniaceous 
tree  of  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  Parmentiera. 
cerifera,  the  fruit  of  which,  nearly  4  feet  long, 
has  the  appearance  of  a  yellow  wax  candle  and 
a  peculiar  apple-Uke  smell,  and  is  eaten  by 
cattle. —  2.  Li  the  United  States,  the  Catalpa 
liigHoiii.oides,  from  its  long  round  pods. 

candle-waster  (kau'dl-was"ter),  n.  One  who 
wast  es  candles ;  specifically,  in  contempt  or  re- 
proach, one  who  wastes  or  consumes  candles  in 
occupations  considered  unprofitable  or  harm- 
ful, as  dissipation  or  excessive  or  late  study. 
[Now  rare.] 


''^'•^  canel-bone 

jects  with  fairness;  freedom  from  reserve  or    and  sugar-cane;  also,  tli<;  stem  of  raspberries 
Qisguise;  fi-ankness;  ingenuousness;  sincerity,     or  blackberries. 
Might  I  but  iiersuade  you  to  dispense 
A  little  with  your  camliiur,  and  consent 
To  make  yimr  house  the  stage  on  wliich  we'll  act 


A  comic  scene.    Ma»singer,  Parliament  of  Love,  Iv.  3. 

A  cavrlmtr  which  is  only  found  where  men  tight  for  truth 

and  not  for  victory.  Lmh/  IIuUhiuI,  .Syilney  Smith,  ii. 

candredt,  «.     See  cuntred. 

Candroy  (kan'droi), )(.  [Origin  unknown.]  A 
machine  used  in  jircparing  cotton  cloths  for 
printing. 

canduc  (kan'duk),  n.  [N.  African.]  The  name 
of  a  Nortli  African  fox,  VuIjks  admta. 

candyl  (kan'di),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  candi  (also 
Sucre  candi,  where  candi  is  regarded  as  pp.  of 
the  verb),  <  It.  candi  {succhcro  cundito)  =  Sp. 
candi,  azucar  candi,  or  candc,  =  Pg.  candi,  can- 
dil  (o.v.-iKTO)-  candi),  <  Ar.  qandi,  made  of  sugar,  < 
qand,  qanda  {xnkkir  (janda)  =  Pors.  qand,  sugar, 
sugar-eandy,<  Ilind.  Uiwid,  sugar,  -[iroh.Odiand, 
a  piece  (cf.  khandat,  khaudil,  limken),  <  Skt. 
khanda,  a  piece,  a  portion  (cf.  kliandava,  sweet- 
meats), <  y/khand,  break.]  I.  j;,. ;  pi.  candies 
(-diz).  A  .solid  preparation  or  confection  of 
sugar  or  molasses,  or  both,  boiled,  inspissated, 
and  worked  by  pulling  to  a  crystalline  consis- 
tence, either  alone  or  combined  with  ilavoriiig 
and  coloring  substances;  hence,  any  confec- 
tion having  sugar  as  its  basis,  however  pre- 
pared. Candy  made  of  or  with  molasses  is 
specitically  called  molasses  candy  and  tafi/. — 
Candy-pull,  a  gathering  of  young  people  for  the  p'urpose 
of  making  and  eating  molasses  eaiuly.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  process  of  pulling  required  in  making  the 
candy.  [U.  S.] 
Il.t  a.  Sugared:  sweet. 

Why,  what  a  candy  deal  of  courtesy 

This  fawning  greyhound  then  did  proffer  me  ! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 
It  is  a  cordial  of  a  camly  tast«. 

Middlalon,  Micro-Cynicon,  Prol.  to  bk.  i. 

candyl  (kan'di),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  candied,  ppr. 
candying.  [The  verb  seems  to  appear  in  E. 
before  the  noun,  but  is  due  to  the  noun :  F. 
candir,  <  It.  candire,  to  make  into  candv,  < 
candi:  see  candy^,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  form 
into  congelations  or  crystals ;  congeal  in  a  crys- 
talline form  or  inspissated  concretion:  as,  to 
candy  sugar,  honey,  etc. —  2.  To  preserve  or  in- 
crust  with  sugar,  as  fruits,  by  immersing  them 
in  it  while  boiling  and  removing  them  sepa^ 
ratelyoriumass.— 3.  To  cover  or  inerust  with  cane''-,  cain   (kanj,  n.     [Sc,  <  OF.  cayw  (ML. 


lie  spoke  of  his  tropical  home  in  the  canes  by  the  purple 
tide.  Tumiynon,  The  Wreck. 

2.  Sugar-cane:  as,  a  plantation  of  caHc;  cane- 
sugar. — 3.  The  ^\a,wt  Ar undinaria  macrosperma 
of  the  southern  United  States,  forming  cane- 
brakes.  See  Arundinaria. — 4.  Tlie  stem  of  a 
plant,  as  the  bamboo,  used  as  a  walking-stick ; 
hence,  any  walking-stick.  Tl.eword  wasnotapplied 
to  a  walkin^'-stick  earlier  than  the  sixteenth  century ;  a 
cane  "gamfshed  with  gold  having  a  perfume  in  the  top  " 
and  other  conveniences  attached  to  it  is  mentioned  in  an 
inventory  of  ilenry  VIII. 's  time  ;  but  it  was  not  until  the 
reign  of  f.oui8  .VI V.  that  the  cane  became  almost  universal 
in  the  bauds  of  men  of  quality.  At  this  lime  canes  were 
generally  made  of  the  lengtli  now  common,  that  is,  2  feet 
10  inches  to  3  feet ;  hut  in  the  eighteenth  century  it  be- 
came usual  to  have  them  very  long,  4  feet  or  more,  and 
ornamented  with  a  great  bunch  of  ribbons  tied  near  the 
top.  .Such  canes  were  carried  by  womeji  as  well  as  men. 
The  heads  of  these  canes  freijuently  c<inUiined  perfume- 
bottles  or  vinaigrettes:  they  were  si.metinies  (Ittcd  with 
eyeglasses,  which  could  be  opened  and  shut ;  and  occa- 
sionally a  crutch-shaped  handle  was  utilized  as  a  small 
tele.sco[ie,  the  cross-piece  being  made  tubular  anil  fitted 
with  lenses.  Tlie  beads  were  of  jjorcelain,  enameled  metal, 
and  other  rich  materials.  Sec  Himrd-cuue  and  j/ixlvl-cane, 
5.  A  lance  or  dart  made  of  cane.     [Bare.] 

The  Hying  skirmish  of  the  darted  ca»i«.  Dryden. 

Cane  chair,  (a)  A  chair  made  of  ratan,  the  main  supportt, 
arms,  back,  and  the  like  being  composed  of  the  solid 
canes,  deprived  of  their  smooth  siliceous  surface,  either 
singly,  or  grouped  in  twos  and  threes,  the  parts  being 
bound  together  by  split  or  shaved  cane,  and  the  seat  and 
back  formed  of  woven-work  of  the  same  material,  {b)  A 
chair  having  the  seat,  or  the  scat  and  back,  made  of  thin 
strips  of  cane,  retaining  their  natural  smooth  surface, 
interlaced  or  woven  together.— Clouded  cane.  Same  aa 
Malacca  cane. 

Sir  Plume,  of  amber  snuff-box  justly  vain, 
And  the  nice  conduct  of  a  clmtded  cane. 

Pope,  K.  of  the  L.,  iv.  124. 
Collecting-cane,  a  cane-gim  used  by  naturalists  for  col- 
lecting' .-iiirc  nil,  IIS.  See  ca»ie-(/M)i.— Hydraulic  cane. 
.See  liiidm iila: ~ Malacca  cane,  a  cane  made  of  the  brown 
mottled  or  clouded  stem  nf  the  palm  CalamuA  Scipionum, 
without  removal  of  the  liark,  brought  from  Singapore  and 
Malacca,  but  produced  cliiifHy  in  Sumatra,  --ilso  called 
cloxtded  ca/ie.  =Syn.  4.  See  utaf. 
cane^  (kan),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caned,  ppr.  can- 
ing. [<  coHci,  >!.]  1.  To  beat  or  flog  with  a 
cane  or  walking-stick. 

I  know  you  have  too  much  respect  for  yourself  to  cane 
me  in  this  honourable  habit.  Steele,  Spectator,  >'o.  88. 
2.  To  furnish  or  complete  with  cane ;  fill  the 
center  of  the  back  or  the  seat  with  interwoven 
strips  of  cane:  as,  to  cane  chairs. 


Patch  grief  with  proverbs ;  make  misfortune  drunk 
With  camlle-wasterg.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 

A  whoreson  book-worm,  a  candle-waster. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  ill.  2. 

candlewood  (kan'dl-wud),  11.  1.  A  name 
given  in  the  British  West  Indies  to  several 
trees,  as  (a)  to  Amyris  halsaniifera  or  rhodes- 
wood,  {b)  to  Ouratea  Guianensis,  and  (c)  to  Scia- 
diijihiilliim  capitatmn. —  2.  The  genus  Fouquiera 
of  nortlicni  .Mexico  and  the  adjacent  United 
States,  including  several  species  with  erect, 
slender,  very  resinous,  and  often  leafless  stems, 
and  large  bright-scarlet  flowers 


concretions  or  crystals,  as  of  ice, 
Tlie  cold  brook, 
Candied  with  ice.  SImk.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

Now  no  more  the  frost 
Candies  the  grass.  Carew,  Spring, 

H.  intrans.  1.  To  take  the  form  of,  or  be- 


cana,  canum),  a  tax,  perhaps  a  particular  use 
of  cane,  rule  or  order,  measure,  ult.  identical 
with  cane,  a  reed,  etc.,  but  with  sense  of  the 
deriv.  canon  :  see  cajtel  and  fOHOwl.]  In  Scot- 
land, rent  paid  in  kind,  as  in  poultry,  eggs, 
etc.;  hence,  any  tax,  tribute,  or  duty  exacted. 


come  incrusted  by,  candied  sugar:   as,  pre-  cane3+,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  ro«2." 


serves  candy  with  long  keeping. — 2.   To  be- 
come crystallized  or  congealed. 

In  manufacturing  candy  from  molasses,  .  .  .  the  can- 
dying  results  from  boiling  the  molasses  to  free  it  from 
water,  and  then  .  .  .  pulling  it  by  the  hands,  so  as  to 
develop  the  colorless  saccharine  crystals  which  serve  to 
hide  the  dark  impurities.  Nichols,  Fireside  Science,  p.  99. 

candy2,  kandy  (kan'di).  n. ;  pi.  candies  (-diz). 
[<  Tamil  kandi  =  Marathi  khandl,  a  measure 
of  weight,  <  Skt.  khanda,  a  portion,  piece :  see 
co)k/i/1.]  An  East  Indian  unit  of  weight,  usual- 
ly 20  maimds,  but  sometimes  21  or  22,  and  vary- 


cane^t,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  Wianl. 
cane-brake  (kan'brak),  «.     A  thicket  of  canes ; 
in  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  land  thickly 
overgrown  with  Arundinaria. 

.Slow  work  it  was,  something  like  hacking  and  hewing 

aud  squeezing  one's  way  throtigh  a  cane-brake  after  a  bear. 

ir.  .If.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  118. 

cane-colored  (kan'kul"ord),  a.    Of  the  color  of 

cane ;  straw-colored. 
caned  (kand),  a.      [Origin  unkno-wn.]     Filled 

with   white   matter;    made   white;    mothery: 

said  of  vinegar.     Halliwell. 


candlingt,    n.     [<  candle  -f  -ingl.-]     A  supper    mg  in  different  loeaUties  and  for  every  com-  cane-gamet  (kan'gam),  h.  '  The  game  of  quin 


given  by  landlords  of  ale-houses  to  their  eus 
tomers  on  Candlemas  eve.     IVright. 

cando  (kan'do),  n.  A  measure  of  length  used 
in  (joa,  formerly  equal  to  47  English  inches,  but 
now  usually  taken  as  equal  to  the  Portuguese 
vara  (43.2  inches). 

candock  (kan'dok),  n.  [<  caii^  +  dock'^.  Cf. 
equiv.  G.  kamien-kraut,  lit.  'canwort.']  1.  A 
local  English  name  for  one  or  more  species  of 
Eqiiisitinn,  or  horsetails,  given  because  some 
of  the  kinds  are  employed  in  polishing  tin  cans 
and  other  metallic  vessels. 

Let  the  pond  lie  dry  sLx  or  twelve  months,  ...  to  kill 
the  water  weeds,  as  water  lilies,  candocks,  reate,  and  bul- 
rushes. /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

2.  The  yellow  water-lily,  Nupliar  luteum:  so 
called  from  its  dock-like  leaves  and  flagon- 
shaped  seed-vessels. 

candor,  candour  (kan 'dor),  v.  [The  latter 
spelling  stiU  used  in  England;  <  F.  candeur  = 
Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  candor  =  It.  candore,  <  L.  candor, 
ace.  candorem,  brightness,  radiance,  purity, 
clearness,  sincerity,  frankness,  <  canderc,  be 
white  or  bright :  see  c<i«d(V?.]  If.  Whiteness; 
clearness;  brilliancy.  Sir  T.  Browne. —  2. 
Openness  of  heart ;  a  disposition  to  treat  sub- 


modi  ty.  The  most  usual  value  is  from  491  to  660  pounib 
avoirdupois.  Tlie  caudy  is  sometimes  considered  as  a  dry 
measure,  varying  from  15  to  30  United  States  bushels. 

In  an  ordinary  season  the  yield  of  a  plot  —  or,  as  the 
natives  call  it,  poda  —  of  an  acre  aud  three  quarters  [of 
madder]  will  be  about  eight  candies  of  oOO  lbs.  each. 

A.  G.  F.  Eliot  James,  Indian  Industries,  p.  lis. 


tain:  so  called  because  hollow  canes  were 
sometimes  used  instead  of  lances.  Strutt. 
cane-gun  (kan'gun'),  n.  A  weapon  comprising 
a  gtm-barrel  with  its  discharging  deWces,  ar- 
ranged so  as  to  present  the  apjjearance  of  an 
ordinary  walking-stick.     E.  H.  Knight. 


candy-sugar  (kan'di-shug'''ar),  n.  Same  as  caneh,  kaneh  (kii'nc),  h.  [Heb.  griwe/i,  a  reed: 
rock-candy  or  Gibraltar  rock.     [Great  Britain.]    see  m»('i.]     A  Hebrew  measure  of  6  cubits, 

candytuft  (kan'di-tuft),  «.  [<  Candy,  F.  Can-  translated  reed  in  the  authorized  version  of 
die,  Candia,  the  ancient  Crete,  -f  tuft.]  The  the  Bible,  equal  to  10  feet  11  inches, 
popular  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Iheris,  cane-harvester  (kan'hiir'ves-ter),  n.  A  ma- 
especially  /.  umbellata,  having  tufted  flowers,  chine,  resembling  in  form  the  common  corn- 
brought  fi'om  the  island  of  Candia.  See  harvester,  used  to  cut  and  gather  sugar-cane 
Iberis.  or  sorghum. 

cane^  (kan),  n.  [<  ME.  catie,  canne,  <  OF.  cane,  cane-hole  (kan'hol),  n.  A  hole  or  trench  for 
canne  (also  assibilated  chane,  channe),  F.  canne  planting  the  cuttings  of  cane  on  sugar-planta- 
z=  Pr.  cana  =  Sp.  caTm  =  Pg.  canna,  eana  =  It.     tions. 

canna,  a  reed,  a  cane  (and  hence,  as  a  measiue  cane-killer  (kan'kil'^r),  n.  In  Jamaica,  an 
of  length,  F.  canne  =  Sp.  cana,  perhaps  directly  annual  scrophuLwaceous  plant,  Alectra  Brasi- 
<  Heb.  qdneh,  as  a  measm-e  of  length:  see  liensis,  which  is  parasitic  upon  the  roots  of 
caneh),  <  L.  canna,  in  ML.  also  cana,  <  Gr.  Kiivra,     sugar-cane,  etc. 

Kami/,  a  reed,  cane,  perhaps  of  Eastern  origin :  caneUt,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  canneV-. 
cf.  Heb.  qdneh.  a  reed.]     1.  A  rather  long  and  canel-t,  ».     See  cannel^. 
slender  jointed  woody  stem,  more  or  less  rigid,  canel-'t,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  kennel^, 
hollow  lir  pithy,  as  that  of  some  palms,  grasses,  canel-Donet,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  channeU 
and  other  plants,  such  as  the  ratan,  bamboo,     bone. 


canell 

canell  (ka-nel'),  n.    Same  as  canaille,  2. 

Canellal  (ka-nel'a),  n.  [XL.  (>  F.  cannelle,  ca- 
tieller  (>  E.  canneft,  q.  v.)  =  Sp.  canela  =  Pg. 
canda,  canella  =  It.  canneUa,  formerly  also 
caneUa^.  <  Mli.  canella,  eannella,  cinnamon:  see 
canncl-.'i  1.  A  genus  of  low  aromatic  trees, 
representative  of  the  order  Canellacca:,  of  only 
two  species.  The  principal  species  is  C.  alba,  tiie 
wliitewood  or  wild  cinnamon  of  the  West  Indies  and 
southern  Florida,  which  yields  canella  or  white  cinnamon 
bark.  This  bark  has  a  pleasant  cinnamon  like  odor  and 
a  bitter  pungent  taste,  and  is  used  in  the  West  Indies  as 
a  condiment  and  in  medicine  as  an  aromatic  stimulant. 
2.  \l.  c]  [Pg.]  A  common  name  in  Brazil  for 
various  lauraceous  and  other  aromatic  trees. 
The  canella  preta  (black  cinnamon)  is  Kec- 
tandra  mollis. — 3.  [I.  c]  The  bark  of  Canella 
alba.     See  def.  1. 

canella-  (ka-nel'a),  n.  [Genoese  dial.,  <  It. 
eannella,  dim.  of  canna  :  see  cane^  and  canna'^, 
and  cf.  Canella^.']  A  Genoese  measiu'e  of 
length,  of  9,  10,  10*,  or  12  palmi  of  9.81  inches 
each. 

Canellacese  (kan-e-la'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [NX.,  <  Cfl- 
nella^  +  -ace(e.']  A  small  natural  order  of  thala- 
miHoral  plants,  consisting  of  fragrant  and  aro- 
matic trees  belonging  to  the  genera  Canella  and 
Cinnamoilendron  of  tropical  America,  and  Cin- 
namosma  of  Madagascar,  and  comprising  only 
five  known  species.  The  affinities  of  the  order 
are  obscure,  but  it  is  perhaps  related  to  the 
Bijcacew. 

canellaceons  (kan-e-la'shius),  a.  [<  Canella- 
c((r :  see  -aceous.^  In  bot.,  related  or  belonging 
to  the  order  Canellacete. 

canella-WOOd  (ka-nel'a-wud),  n.  A  beautiful 
cabinet-wood  from  Guiana,  the  product  of  a 
latiraceous  tree,  Aydendron  canella.  Also  writ- 
ten I'annela-wood. 

canellet  (ka-nel'a),  a.  [OP.,  pp.  of  caneller, 
fluted,  grooved,  channeled:  see  cancft,  canneV^, 
r..  rhiiiuiill.']     In  her.,  same  as  invected. 

Canelle-brown  (ka-nel'broun'),  n.  [<  F.  canelle, 
cannelle,  cinnamon  (see  cannel^),+  broicn.'i  Cin- 
namon-brown; also,  a  d3-e  of  this  color. 
phenijlene  broicn,  un- 
der brown,  n. 

cane-mill  (kan'mil),n. 
A  mill  for  grinding 
sugar-canes  for  the 
manufacture  of  sugar. 
See  sugar-mill. 

canephore      (kan '  e  - 

for;,  «.  [<  L.  canepho- 
ra,  also  canephoros,  < 
Gr.  Kavi)66poq,  basket- 
bearer,  <  K&veov,  a  bas- 
ket of  reed  or  cane  (< 
Kawa,  a  reed :  see 
canel),  +  ■<p6por,  < 
i;>efieiv  =  E.bear^.]  1. 
One  of  the  bearers  of 
the  baskets  contain- 
ing the  implements  of 
sacrifice  in  the  pro- 
cessions of  the  Dio- 
nysia,  Panathenica, 
and  other  ancient  Gre- 
cian festivals.  Tlie  of- 
fice was  one  of  honor, 
much  coveted  by  vir- 
gins.—  2.  In  art'li.,  a  female  figure  bearing  a 
buKket  on  her  head.  Sometimes  improperly 
fiiiifoundiil  with  ciiriialid. 

canephoros  (ka-nef'o-ros),  n.;  pi.  canephori 
(-ri).     \\f.\     Hamv  as  eantjiborc. 

canescence  f ka-nes'ons),  «.  [<  canescent :  see 
-<  ml . )     A  whitish  or  hoary  color. 

canescent  (ka-nes'ent),  (/.  r^  I-"-  cancsccn(t-)8, 
jipr.  of  riiiiiKfire,  Viecomo  wliite  or  hoary,  in- 
i;cptive  of  ciiiire,  be  white  or  iKJiiry,  <  cannH, 
white  or  hoary.]  Growing  wliit<!  or  hoar}'; 
tciirling  or  H|>proiiching  to  while;  whitish:  ap- 
I>li' <1  to  hoary,  whitish  iielugc,  plumage,  orother 
'■'•'•.'■ring  of  animals,  and  to  plimts  with  gray  or 
!     :  ■ '.-  piitM'Mf'ence. 

caiic  '^crape^  fkiin'Hkrii'i)f'r),  n.  A  machine 
'■  ii'iving  the  wooily  bark  of  ratan  ciines. 

cane-splitter  (kan'split/^T),  h.  An  iipparatus 
'•  •  '  ■"'■•g  and  riving  spliiitH  from  ratan.     JC. 


See 


r 


-^^:t^ 


Ci^ncphorc  from  the  Partliciiou 
frieze. 


c-i  or   (kan'Mtrip'tr),  n.    A  knife  for 
'nlks  of  the  Hugaf'HJane  ami  cnt- 

'■  -I'-*. 

cani^  '.hVig'iir),  (I.   1.  8uR»robtain«d 

from  r  i-ano.   MS   'listingiiished   from 

beet-i  .  k'nipe-Hiit'lir.  Htnrch-siigfir,  iti. 

Hee  tuij'ii  :•_  a  general  tuime  foTBaccburoDo, 


790 

CioHooOii,  whether  derived  from  cane,  sor- 
ghum7"sugar-beet,  or  maple,  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  glucoses,  milk-sugar,  maltose,  etc. 

canet  (ka'net),  H.  [Origin  not  ascertained.] 
A  name  of  the  bamboo  mole-rats  of  the  genus 
L'lii^omjis,  as  E.  sitmatraniis.     E.  Bh/th. 

cane-trash  (kan'trash),  Ji.  1.  InsiKjar-malinf/, 
refuse  of  canes  or  macerated  rinds  of  canes, 
used  as  fuel  in  boiling  the  cane-juice ;  bagasse. 
— 2.  The  dead  leaves  of  the  sugar-cane  torn 
off  to  allow  the  stalk  to  ripen. 

canette  (ka-nef),  i(.  [F.,  a  beer-jug,  dim.  of 
OF.  cane,  a  can:  see  can-.}  A  pitcher  or  jug 
■with  a  cover,  holding  from  1|  to  3  pints.  In 
shape  it  is  cyliniirical  or  nearly  so.  and  sometimes  has  the 
cylindrical  body  raised  on  a  sort  of  foot.  By  far  the 
greater  number  of  canettes  are  of  stoneware  or  fine  earth- 
enware, with  a  cover  of  pewter  or  the  like. 

The  canette  of  white  ware  ...  is  richly  ornamented. 
Wheatb^lf  and  Delamotte,  Art  Work  in  Earthenware,  p.  60. 

canevast,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  canvas. 
can-frame  (kan'fram),  n.    A  cotton-ro^•ing ma- 
chine in  which  the  roving  is  received  into  cans, 
canful  (kan'ful),  H.     l<  catfi  +  full.']    As  much 
as  a  can  ■will  hold. 

cangt,  a.  and  ?(.  [ME.,  also  kang.  Cf.  canhy] 
I.  a.  Foolish. 

Xis  he  a  cang  knit  [knight]  thetsecheth  resteithe  uihte 
[in  the  fight)?  Ancren  Jtiwte,  p.  368. 

To  kesteu  kang  eien  upon  gunge  wummen. 

Ancren  Riwle,  p.  56. 

11.  H.  A  fool. 

Thet  is  al  thes  canges  blisse.  Ancren  Rtwle,  p.  214 

canga  (kang'gij),  «.  [The  name  is  said  by  Esoh- 
wege  to  be  an  abbr.  of  an  African  word  tapan- 
iivacniga,  meaning  'negro's  head,'  and  applied 
to  the  rock  on  account  of  its  rough  sm-f  ace,  as  it 
weathers  in  round,  concretionary  forms.]  A 
breccia  composed  chiefly  of  massive  brown  iron 
ore,  iiTegularly  mixed  with  femiginous  mica- 
slate,  clay-slate,  and  quartz,  and  sometimes 
containing  fine  crystals  of  gold.  [A  term  used 
by  writers  on  Brazilian  geology  and  mining.] 
cahgan,  kangan  (kang'gan),  «.  A  kind  of 
coarse  cotton  cloth  manufactm'ed  in  China,  in 
pieces  19  inches  broad  and  6  yards  long.  Imj}. 
Diet. 

canget,  v.  t.    [ilE.  cangen,  also  acangen;  <  cang, 

«.]     To  befool. 

\Vl-  am  canijedt'.  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  .S62. 

Cangeantt,  «.     [OF.,  ppr.  of  conger,  unassibi- 

luted  form  of  changer,  change :  see  change,  v.} 

Changing. 

Kich  gold  tissue,  on  a  ground  of  ^een, 
Wliere  th'  artful!  shuttle  rarely  did  encheck 
The  cangeant  colour  of  a  mallard's  neck. 

Syli-ester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  The  Decay,  1.  107. 

cangle  (kang'gl),  c.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canglcd, 
lUir.  cangling.  [Sc,  appar.  freq.  of  crtiifrl,  q.  v.] 
1.  To  quarrel. —  2.  To  cavil.     Jamie^on. 

canglyt,  '"'''•  [<  ME.  cangUchc;  <  cang,  a.,  + 
-lij-.}    Foolishly. 

Forthui  thet  te  wummen  lokede  cantfliche  o  weopmen 
[on  men).  Ancren  RijvU',  p.  Xis. 

cango  (kiing'6),  n.     [Jap.]    Same  as  kago. 

cangue  (kang),  n.  [<  Pg.  canguc,  a  wooden  col- 
hir  (accom.  to  Pg.  canga,  a  yoke),  <  Chinese 
/.•««(/,  bear  on  the  shotilders,  +  kia,  a  wooden 
collar  worn  by  criminals.]  The  name  given  by 
foreigners  to"  the  Chinese  kia,  or  portable  pil- 
lory, which  persons  convicted  of  certain  petty 
crimes  are  comlcmned  to  kang,  or  carry  on  tlii^ 
shoulders,  for  jieriods  varjang  from  a  few  <Jays 
to  three  months,  it  consists  of  a  »i|uarc  wu.idcn  ol- 
hir  from  20  to  00  pounds  in  weight,  with  a  round  hole  for 
the  neck.  As  It  Usually  measures  3  or  4  feet  ncroiis,  the 
convict  is  unable  to  reach  his  month  or  defoml  himself 
from  ftiKeeta,  and  Is  thus  dependent  on  the  gowl  ollleea  of 
IiIh  friends. 

cangy  (kan'ji),  rt.  [E.  dial.,  also  catni/.V,'  prob. 
<  (■«/!(/  ■+-  -//'.]  Ci'oss;  crabbod;  peevish;  ill- 
Imiiirircd.     [I'riiv.  Kng.] 

can-hook  (kiin' link),  n.  A  contrivance  for  sling- 
ing a  (•a.'<k  by  the  ends  of  its  staves,  formed  by 
reeving  a  ]>iece  of  rojie  through 
two  Hat  hooks  ami  fastening 
the  ends,  the  tackle  being 
hooked  in  the  middle  of  the 
bight. 

Oanicula  (ka-nik'fl-lit),  H.    [L. 

(>  I'r.  Sj).  pg.  Can'irula  =  It.  -  c.in.ti™k 
Ciinirola)  (also  in  E.  and  F. 
form  Canicide).  dim.  of  cani.i.  n  dog:  hoc  Cani.s.] 
A  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  constella- 
tion Canis  Major,  the  hirgest  ami  brighteHt  of 
nil  the  li.\i'd  stars.  Alsoi'iilled  tlior/(»/-«^/rand 
.^iriiM.  See  first  cut  under  Canis. 
canicular  (ka-nik'v-liir),  a.  [<  late  ME.  canir- 
iilar,  <  \j.  canicularis.  <  Cnnlcula,  the  dog-star 


canine 

((7i'es  C(iHici(?nrf«,  dog-days) :  s.eeCanicula.']  Per- 
taining to  Canicula,  the  dog-star,  or  to  the  dog- 
days. 

The  sun,  incens'd  by  eastern  wind, 
Afilicts  me  with  canicular  aspect. 
Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 
Ill  never  dig  in  quari'y  of  an  heart 

To  have  no  part ; 
Nor  roast  in  fiery  eyes,  which  always  are  canicular. 
Donne,  Dialogue. 
Canicular  days,  a  certain  number  of  days  before  and 
after  the  heliacal  rising  of  Canicula.    See  dog-dags. 

I'ntosome  [such  as  are  south  of  the  equuiox)  the ca7i("c«Zar 

rfai/.v  are  in  the  winter.     Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  13. 

Canicular  year,  the  Egyptian  natural  year,  which  was 

computed  from  one  heliacal  rising  of  Canicula  to  the  next. 

Canicula  (kan'i-kOl),  H.      [<  p.  Canicule,  <  L. 

Caiiicnla:  see  Canicula.']  Same  as  Canicula. 
canid  (kan'id),  n.  A  carnivorous  mammal  of 
the  family  Canido'. 
Canidse  (kan'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Canis  + 
-j'rfir.]  A  family  of  digitigrade  carnivorous 
mammals,  of  the"  order  Ferw,  suborder  Fissipe- 
dia,  and  series  Cynoidea;  the  dog  tribe,  Cani- 
na,  or  canine  quadrupeds,  such  as  dogs,  wolves, 
and  foxes.  The  paroccipital  processes  of  the  skull  are 
closely  applied  to  the  audit- 'ry  t'Ulla;  the  mastt>id  process 
is  small  or  obsolete  ;  the  external  auditory  meatus  is  short 
or  imperfect ;  the  carotid  canal  is  well  developed,  open- 
ing into  tlie  posterior  lacerate  foramen ;  the  condyloid 
and  glenoid  foramina  are  distinct ;  there  is  an  intestinal 
Ciecum ;  the  prostate  gland  is  salient  and  the  penis-bone 
large ;  the  teeth  are  typically  42  in  inunber,  but  range  from 


Skull  of  a  Fox  {Urccyon  iitforah's),  ilhistratingcanine, cranial. and 
denial  characters. 

38  to  46,  according  to  the  varying  number  of  mohu's,  ttie 
molars  licing  J  to  J,  the  premolars  },  the  canines  [.  and 
the  incisors  •} ;  the  claws  are  non-rotractile ;  the  muzzle 
is  prodncc'l :  and  the  belly  is  usually  pinched.  The  lead* 
in--'  pcncra  are  Canis,  Cgon,  Lgritoit,  Jcticmn,  Lgcnlupex, 
Pseuital"j"j:,  Vutpes,  Vruemn,  ami  S' i/etereules,  constilut- 
ing  the  sulifuniily  Cauitia\  and  M t^rulutis (oT  Otocyoti),  rep- 
resenting a  sulifainily  Megulolhiir. 

Canina  (ka-ni'nii),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Canis  +  -ina'^. 
Cf.  L.  eaninus,  pertaining  to  a  dog :  see  canine.] 
A  group  of  digitigrade  carnivorous  mammals, 
coincident  with  the  family  Canida; ;  the  dog 
tribe.     See  Cynoidea. 

Caninse  (ka-ni'ne),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Canis  + 
-ina:  Cf.  canine.]  The  typical  subfiunily  of 
the  family  Canida;  embracing  all  of  the  family 
excejiting  the  genus  Megalotis,  having  the  up- 
per molars  2  or  only  1  (ii  in  Megaloti.s-)  and  the 
sectorial  teeth  elongated.     See  Canida'. 

caninalt  (ka-ni'nal),  «.  [<  canine  +  -ah]  Ca- 
nine. 

Cauinal  anger,  vented  by  snapping  and  snarling  spirits 
on  both  sides.  Fuller. 

canine  (ka-nin'  or  kii'nin),  a.  and  )i.  [<  L.  ea- 
ninus, wrt^'i^^iTi^  to  a  dog,  <  canis,  a  dog:  see 
Canis.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  dogj 
having  the  character  or  qmilities  of  dogs; 
cliiiracteristic  of  dogs ;  like  or  likened  to  a  dog. 
—  2.  Spccilically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ca- 
nid<v. — 3.  Affecting  or  derived  from  dogs:  as, 
eitnine  rabies;  canine  virus. — 4.  I'ertiiiiiiiig  to 
a  Ciinino  or  dog-tooth Canine  appetite,  a  mor- 
bidly voracious  appetite;  an  inordinate  or  insatiable  do* 
sire  for  food ;  bulimia. 

An  exorbitant  appetite  of  ustial  things,  >vhlch  they  will 
take  in  Hucli  (|Uaiilitie.s  till  they  vomittliem  up  like  dogs ; 
whence  it  is  called  canine.  .irhuthmit. 

Mis  ftiihlc  Is  a  canine  appetite  for  popnlarily  and  fiuno. 


le  appet 

.fejj'ernon,  CoVfesponilellce,  II.  80. 


Canine  eminence,  a  vertical  prondiu^nce  im  the  outer 
snilart-  of  the  superior  maxillary  hone,  caused  by  the 
fu..f  .if  tin-  '•anlne  t'n>lh.  Also  called  canine  proniineiuv.  i 
—  Canine  fossa,  a  shallow  fossa  between  tlie  alveolar 
proniinelK^e  of  the  canine  tooth  and  the  base  of  the  niuhir 
jiroeessof  the  superior  maxilla.-  Canine  laugb.  In  //n- 
flinl.,  a  facial  expression  resulting  froiii  spiisni  of  the  ca- 
nine nnlHcle,  or  levator  angnll  oris  (elevatm^  of  the  corner 
of  the  month),  the  corners  of  the  inonlh  being  drawn  up 
and  showing  I  he  side  teeth,  as  is  done  by  a  dog  in  siiarllng. 
Also  culled  t\n'nardimiciimile(ri:*nn  )jaediuiieNsy-  Canine 
lottor,  tbi^  letter  K.  See  /(,-  Canine  madness,  ndiioa; 
li><lii)pl)obia  :  HO  ralleil  because  It  most  frei|ueiitly  alfectx 
•  ti'gsand  ■>tluT  canine  <|ilailrtipeils,  and  is  usually  eiml. 
nntnlcated  by  them  by  iiu'euiation  with  saliva  in  the  act 
of  lilting.  Canine  muscle,  ilw  levator  angnll  oris.  See 
l.ralnr.-   Canine   prominence.      Same   as  canine   fimi- 

ii'^iic.- Canine  teeth.  (")  Ih.' innines.  .see  II.,  .'t.  (I>) 
'rile  eiinleiil  iiroceHHi'H  on  the  inside  of  the  niandllile  of  aa 
ills. 1-1,  t'.ward  Its  aliex. 

II,  H.   1.   A  dog.     [(!olloq.  or  humorotis.]  — 
2.  'I'eclinicnlly,  in  :<i()l.,  one  of  the  Canidtv  or 


canine 

Canina ;  a  dog,  wolf,  fox,  fennec,  or  jackal;  a 
cynoid,  thooid,  or  alopocoid. —  3.  One  of  the 
four  sharp-pointed  tearing-teeth  of  most  mam- 
mals, situated  one  on  each  side  of  each  jaw,  op- 
posite one  anotlier,  l)etwiicn  tlio  incisors  or  cut- 
ting-teeth and  the  molars  or  t,'rindors.  Tliey  are 
liinu'  iinil  especially  erticieiit  in  tlie  (lo;,^  uIkmioc  the  name. 
Ill  tlie  wild  buar  they  are  developed  iiilo  two  jiairsof  pro- 
jectiii;^  tusks.  The  upper  eaniiies  ill  the  human  jaw  arc 
called  t'fff-tefth,  and  the  lower  ones  titoinarh-tfxth. 
caniniform  (ka-nin'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  caninus 
(se.  dcH.i  =  E.  tooth),  canine,  +  forma,  shape.] 
Besembling  a  canine  tooth. 

No  canini/orm  premolars  in  either  jaw  [of  TraguUd(e]. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  430. 

canionst  (kan'yonz),  n.pl.  See  cannon,  n.,  7. 
caniplet  (kan'i-pl),  n.  [A  comiption  of  OF. 
caiiivel,  also  canivet,  dim.  of  canif,  knife:  see 
l.-nife.']  A  small  knife  or  dagger. 
Canis  (ka'nis),  n.  [L.,  a  dog,  =Gr.  kvuv(kvv-) 
=  E.  hound,  q.  v.]  .  The  tyi^ical  genus  or  the 
family  Canidw  and  subfamily  Cnnina;.  The 
name  is  used  with  varying  latitude ;  it  was  formerly  co- 
extensive with  the  family,  but  is  now  usually  restricted  to 
the  dogs  and  the  true  wolves  and  jackals  having  42  teeth, 
the  typical  canine  dentition.    The  genus  is  cosmopolitan. 

The  common  dog 
is  Canis  fanii- 
liaris ;  it  is  not, 
however,  a  spe- 
cies which  exists 
in  nature,  hut  is 
an  artificial  pro- 
duct, the  result 
of  domestication, 
including  the  de- 
scendants of  prob- 
ably several  feral 
stocks.  The  com- 
mon wolf  is  Canis 
lupus;  the  jack- 
al, Canis  aureus. 
The  foxes  and  the 
fox-like  or  liyena- 
like  canine  quad- 
rupeds are  now 
usually  placed  in 
other  genera  than 
Canis,  as  Vulpes, 
Lycaon,  Icticyon, 
etc.  See  dotj,  and 
cut   under  ^Cani- 

riw.— Canis  Ma- 
jor,   the     Great) 


The  Constellation  Canis  Major,  according  to 
ancient  descriptions  and  figures. 


The  Constellation  Canis  Minor. 


Dog,  a  constellation  following  Orion,  and  containing  the 
great  white  star  Sirius,  the  brightest  in  the  heavens. — 
Canis  Minor,  the  Little  Dog,  a  small  ancient  constella- 
tiiiii  following  Orion  and 
south  of  iTemini.    It  con- 
tains (lie  star  Procyon,  of 
the  !ii>t  niagnitude. 

canister  (kan'is-ter), 
«.  [Formerly  also 
cannister,  <  L.  caiiis- 
trum,  a  basket  woven 
from  reeds,  =  MLG. 
kanaster,  <  Gr.  advi- 
CTpov,  Kavanrpov,  a 
wicker  basket,  also 
an  earthen  vessel 
(cf.  F.  canastre,  <  Pg. 
canastra  =  Sp.  canas- 
tre, usually  canasto, 
a  basket:  see  canaster),  <  Kama,  a  reed:  see 
casngi.]  If.  Properly,  a  small  basket  made  of 
reeds,  twigs,  or  the  like. 

White  lilies  in  full  canisters  they  bring. 

Dnjden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Eclogues. 

2.  A  small  box  or  case  for  tea,  coffee,  etc. — 

3.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  metallic  vessel 
used  to  contain  the  altar-breads  or  wafers  be- 
fore consecration.  See  altar-bread. — 4.  Can- 
ister-shot. 

canister-shot  (kan'is-ter-shot),  11.  Same  as 
case-shot,  1. 

canities  (ka-nish'i-ez),  «.  [L.,  white,  hoary, 
esp.  of  the  hair  of  the  aged,  <  cantis,  white, 
white-haired,  cani,  n.  pi.,  white  hair.]  la  jja- 
thoL,  whiteness  or  gi-ayness  of  the  hair. 

canitudet, «.  [<  L.  canitudo,  hoariness,  <  cantis, 
hoary:  see  (YOiOMA'.]     Hoariness.    Jilmmt,  1656. 

canjica-WOOd  (kan'ji-kii-wud),  n.  A  South 
American  wood,  lighter  and  of  a  yellower 
brown  than  rosewood,  it  is  exported  from  Brazil 
ill  trimmed  lugs  from  6  to  10  inches  in  diameter,  for  the 
use  iif  cabinet-makers  and  turners.     .\lso  angica-wood. 

cankl  (kangk),  v.  i.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  a  var.  of 
canqA,  talk,  etc. ;  but  ef.  loel.  kankast,  refl., 
jeer,  gibe,  kank,  n.,  gibe;  cf.  also  cackle.'i  1. 
To  talk.  MalUwell.—Z.  To  cackle.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

cank'^  (kangk),  V.  i.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  short 
form  of  conquer  {'conkcx),  taken  as  a  freq. 
verb.]  To  preserve;  overcome;  conquer;  con- 
tinue.    Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


791 

cank-*  (kangk),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  unknown.] 
The  local  name  in  the  coal-regions  of  Derby- 
shire and  Leicestershire,  England,  of  a  hard, 
ferruginous  sandstone,  sometimes  called  Ijur 
ill  other  districts. 

canker  (kang'k6r),  n.  [<  ME.  canker,  hankir, 
<  AH.  cancer  =  I),  kanker  =  OHG.  chanchar, 
canciir,  <}.  kanker  (ME.  also  canere,  <  OF.  dial. 
caucrc  (F.  chancre,  >  E.  chancre,  q.  v.)  =  Sp. 
Pg.  cancro,  also  cancer,  =  It.  canero,  canchero, 
formerly  also  cancaro),  a  canker,  <  L.  cancer,  a 
crab,  a  cancer:  see  cancer.']  1.  A  cancerous, 
gangrenous,  orulcerous  sore  or  disease,  whether 
in  animals  or  plants;  hence,  any  corroding  or 
other  noxious  agency  producing  ulceration, 
gangrene,  rot,  decay,  etc. 

And  their  word  will  eat  as  doth  a  canker.  2  Tim.  ii.  17. 
Specifically  — (a)  Cancrum  oris  (which  sec,  under  can- 
cruni).  (b)  A  disease  or  fungus  attacking  trees  or  other 
plants  and  causing  slow  decay,  (c)  In/ar-nery.adiseasein 
horses'  feet,  causing  a  discharge  of  fetid  matter  from  the 
cleft  ill  the  middle  of  the  frog,  generally  originating  in 
a  diseased  tliriish, 

2.  A  canker-worm  or  insect-larva  that  injures 
plants  by  feeding  on  them. 

'To  kill  canlcers  in  the  musk-rose  buds. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  ?,. 

3.  Figuratively,  anything  that  corrodes,  cor- 
rupts, destroys,  or  irritates ;  irritation ;  pain  ; 
grief;  care. 

Banish  the  canker  of  ambitious  thoughts. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 

Grief,  that's  beauty's  canJcer.  Sfiak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

■     What  is  this  but  a  new  learning,  a  new  canker  to  rust 

and  corrupt  the  old  truth  1  Latimer,  Misc.  Sel. 

The  worm,  the  canker,  and  the  grief 

Are  mine  alone ! 

Byron,  On  my  Thirty-sixth  Year. 

4.  Rust.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  5.  In  bot. :  (a)  The 
canker-rose  or  field-poppy,  Papaver  Bhaias.  {h) 
The  wild  dogrose,  liosa  canina. 

To  put  down  Richard,  that  sweet  lovely  rose, 
And  plant  this  thorn,  this  canker,  Bolingbroke. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3. 
He  held  out  a  rose, 
To  draw  the  yielding  sense,  which,  come  to  hand, 
He  shifts,  and  gives  a  canker. 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Fair  Quarrel,  iii.  2. 

(c)  A  toadstool.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — Black  canker, 

a  disease  in  turnips  and  other  crops  produced  by  a  species 
of  caterpillar,     ^ee  Athalia. 
canker  (kang'ker),  V.     [<  ME.  cancren  (after 
ML.  cancerare),  <  canker,  ?i.]     I.  trans.  To  in- 
fect with  canker,  either  literally  or  figuratively ; 
eat  into,  corrode,  or  corrupt ;  infect  as  with  a 
poisonous  influence ;  render  ill-conditioned  or 
venomous ;  make  sour  and  ill-natui'ed. 
Restore  to  God  His  due  in  tithe  and  time ; 
A  tithe  purloined  cankers  the  whole  estate. 

G.  Herbert,  Church  Porch,  xv. 
The  bramble 
No  wise  man  ever  planted  by  the  rose. 
It  cankers  all  her  beauty. 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  iv.  4. 
5Iay  this  angel 
New  mould  his  cankered  heart.  Coleridge. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  corrode;  grow  corrupt; 
be  infected  with  some  poisonous  or  pernicious 
influence ;  be  or  become  ill-conditioned  or  ma- 
lignant. 

And  as,  with  age,  his  body  uglier  grows. 

So  his  mind  cankers.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  fret;  become  peevish.     Jamieson. — 3t. 
To  decay  or  waste  away  by  means  of  any  nox- 
ious cause ;  grow  rusty  or  discolored  by  oxida- 
tion, as  a  metal. 
Silvering  will  sully  and  canker  more  than  gilding. 

Bacon,  Phys.  and  Med.  Remains. 

cankerberry  (kang'ker-ber'''i),  n. ;    pi.  canker- 
berries  (-iz).     In  Jamaica,  the  fruit  of  Solanum 
Bahamense. 
canker-bit  (kang'ker-bit),  a.    Bitten  with  a 

cankered  or  envenomed  tooth.     Shak. 
canker-bloomt  (kaug'ker-blom),  n.    [=  D.  kan- 
kerbliiem,  wild  rose,  wild  poppy.]     1.  A  bloom 
or  flower  eaten  by  canker. — 2.  A  bloom  or 
flower  of  the  dogrose. 

The  canker-Woorns  have  full  as  deep  a  dye 
As  the  perfumed  tincture  of  the  roses. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  liv. 

canker-blossom  (kangf'ker-blos'um),  «.  1.  A 
canker-bloom.— 2.  That  which  causes  canker 
in  a  blossom. 

Onie!  you  juggler!  yoa  canker-blossom  ! 

You  thief  of  love !  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 

canker-dortt,  «•  [ME.,  <  cawter  +  rforf.]  Anxi- 
ety; distress. 

Was  Troilus  naught  in  a  canker-dort. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1752. 

cankered  (kang'kerd),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  canker, ».] 
1.  Affected  vrith  canker:  as,  a  ea«J-cre(7  tree.— 


canker-'worm 

2.  ni-natured;  cross;  crabbed;  venomotis;  ma- 
lignant; vricked. 

The  baser  mind  it  sclfe  disniayes 
In  cancred  malice  and  revcngefull  splght. 

Spenser,  F.  il.,  VI.  vii.  1. 

A  canker'd  grandame's  will!  Shak.,  K.  John,  Ii.  1. 

The  Governor  .  .  .  assured  His  .Majesty  tliat  never  were 

courtesy  and  gentleness  so  ill  reiiuited  as  his  had  been  by 

this  ingi-ate  and  canlcered  Duke. 

Mothy,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  460. 

cankeredly  (kang'ktrd-li),  adv.  In  a  cankered 
iiiaiiiici';  crossly;  crabbedly.    Mir.  for  Mags. 

cankeredness  (kang'k^-rd-nes),  «.  The  state 
of  liciiif;  cankered;  crabbednesB. 

canker-fly  (kang'kfer-fli),  n.  Any  fly  that  preys 
cm  I'niit. 

cankerfrett  (kang'ktr-fret),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  ca«- 
crefretc,  eaten  into  by  a  canker,  <  canker  -(- 
frete,  pp.  of  freten,  fret,  eat :  see  canker  and 
fret^.']     To  eat  into  like  a  canker. 

If  God  break  off  the  soul  betimes  from  this  sin,  ere  it 
have  ranker/retted  the  soul.  />.  lioyerg. 

cankerfrett  (kang'k6r-fret),  n.  [<  cankerfret, 
»'.]  1.  A  cankerous  sore  or  blister  in  the 
mouth. —  2.   Copperas. 

cankerlyt  (kang'ker-U),  a.  [<  canker  ■¥  -ij/l.] 
Cankered. 

canker-nail  (kang'kfer-nal),  n.  A  hangnail. 
[Scotch.] 

cankerous  (kang'kfer-usV,  o.  [<  canker  +  -ous; 
after  cancerous,  q.  v.]  1.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
resembling  canker;  corrosive;  ulcerous;  gan- 
grenous: as,  a  cankerous  sore  or  eruption. — 2. 
Causing  canker;  chafing;  corroding;  ulcerat- 
ing. 

Tyrannic  nlle 
Unknown  before,  whose  cankerous  shackles  seiz'd 
The  envenom'd  soul.  Thomson,  Liberty,  iv. 

Hither  may  come  the  prisoner,  escaping  from  his  dark 
and  narrow  cell  and  cankerous  chain. 

Hawthorne,  Old  Slanse. 

canker-rash  (kang'kfer-rash'),  n.  In  pathol.,  a 
variety  of  scarlet  fever  complicated  with  ulcer- 
ations in  the  throat. 
canker-root  (kang'ker-rot),  n.  A  name  of  va- 
rious astringent  or  bitter  roots  used  as  a  remedy 
for  aphthee,  as  Statice  Caroliniana,  Coptis  Iri- 
folia,  etc. 

cankert  (kang'kfert),  a.  A  Scotch  form  of  cati- 
kered. 

Nor  anxious  fear,  nor  cankert  care, 
E'er  mair  come  near  him. 

Burns,  Elegy  on  Robert  Rulsseaox. 

canker-'weedt  (kang'k6r-wed),  n.  An  old  name 
of  the  plant  ragwort. 

canker-'worm  (kang'ker-werm),  n.  A  name 
given  to  certain  caterpillars  which  are  very 
destructive  to  fruit-  and  shade-trees.  The  spring 
canker-worm,  Anisopteryz  vernata,  is  found  in  the  United 


Spring  Canker-worm  {Anisopteryx  ■vtmata'S, 
Fig.  I.  a,  full-grown  larva:  *.  egg,  enlarged  ^natural  size  shown 
in  small  mass  at  the  side) ;  c,  d,  one  joint,  enlarged,  side  and  dorsal 
views.  Fig-  3.  a,  t?,  male  and  femafe  moths,  both  natural  size ;  c, 
joints  of  antenna  of  female  moth  :  d,  joint  of  her  abdomeo,  showing 
spines ;  e,  her  ovipositor,     (r.  d,  and  e  enlarged.) 

States  from  Maine  to  Texas.  The  eggs  are  deposited  upon 
trees.  Tlie  larva;,  after  feeding  upon  the  foliage  for  about 
a  month,  sometimes  entirely  destroying  it,  descend  by 
threads  to  the  ground,  in  which  they  burrow  and  undergo 
transformation,  the  moths  issuing  in  April,  or  sometimes 
in  March.  Tlie  male  is  winged,  but  the  female  is  wing- 
less, and  is  obliged  to  climb  up  the  tree-trimk  in  order 
to  deposit  her  eggs.  Hence,  an  obstructive  bandage,  oil- 
trough,  or  tarred  band  placed  aliout  trees  is  a  common 
mode  of  pnitectiiig  them.  The  .fall  canker-trorm.  Aniso- 
jderyzpoinettiri'i,  is  more  distinctively  a  northern  species. 
The  moths  i.ssue  mainly  in  the  fall,  and  the  eggs  are  ex- 
posed. See  yeometrid,  measurer,  and  span-ttWTn, 
And  oft  he  lets  his  caiwker-uvnnes  light 
Upon  my  braunches,  to  worke  me  more  spight. 

Spenser,  Shep.  CaL,  February. 

That  which  the  locust  hath  left  hath  the  canker-worm 

eaten.  Joel  L  4. 


cannery 

cankery  (iang'Wr-i),  a.  l<  canker  + -yl.'i  1. 
Cankered;  corroded;  rusty. —  2.  Ill-natured; 
crabbed;  venomous;  vexing:  as,  '"O  canlrie 
care,"  Burns. 

cankiiig  (.kang'king),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  caiil-^,  c] 
Whining;  dissatisfied.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Derby- 
shire).] 

cannai  fkan'a),  n.  [L.,  a  reed,  cane :  see  c(r«ei.] 
1.  [cap.]  pill.]  A  genus  of  reed-like  plants, 
natural  order  Marantacete,  several  species  of 
which  are  known  by  the  name  of  Indian  shot, 
from  their  round,  shining,  hard,  heavy  seeds. 
They  are  natives  of  the  tropics,  and  there  are  many  spe- 
cies and  varieties  in  cultivation  for  their  singular  sho*v)' 


Indian  Shot  {Canna  /njua). 
a,  foliage;  ^.flower;  r,  fruit,  dehiscing. 

flowers  and  very  ornamental  foliage.  The  common  In- 
dian shot  of  ffardens  is  C.  Tndica.  The  rootstocks  are 
farinaceons,  and  the  tuberous  roots  of  some  species  are 
nsed  as  a  vegetable.  A  species  cultivated  in  the  West  In- 
dies, supposed  to  be  the  C.  edulisot  .South  America,  yields 
a  kind  of  starch  or  arrowToot  known  as  toicK-lti<-mois. 
2.  The  upright  shaft  or  stem  of  any  ornamen- 
tal object  or  utensil,  especially  when  of  metal, 
as  of  a  candlestick. — 3.  Eccles.,  the  pipe  or 
tube  by  which  the  sacred  wine  was  taken  from 
the  chalice.  See  calamus,  4.  These  tubes  were 
made  of  precious  material,  frequently  of  silver.  In  a  few 
cases  the  canna  seems  to  have  been  fixed  to  the  chalice. 

4.  A  linear  measure  in  use  in  some  parts  of 
Italy.  Its  length  varies  from  44  to  ITS  inches,  accord- 
ing to  the  locahty  in  which  it  is  used  and  tiie  material 
to  which  it  is  applied.    Tlie  canna  of  .Malta  is  82.2  inches. 

5.  [cap.'\  [NL.]  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects. Walker,  1865. —  6.  A  name  of  the  eland, 
Oreas  canna. 

canna"  (kan'ii),  n.  [<  Gael,  canach,  cotton, 
cotton-grass,  eat's-tail,  =  Ir.  canach,  cotton, 
down.]  Cotton-grass,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Eri- 
op'norum. 

Still  is  the  canna't  honrj'  beard. 

Scott,  h.  of  the  L.,  ii.  If.. 

canna-'  (kan'ii).  [Sc,  prop,  can  na,  cannot: 
)!'(  =  E.  nol.]'   Cannot.     [Scotch.] 

cannabene  (kan'a-ben),  n.  [<  Cannabis  +  -enc.J 
A  colorless  oil  (C18H20)  obtained  from  Canna- 
bis Indica. 

cabnabic  (kan'a-bik),  a.     [<  L.  cannabis,  hemp, 

+  -ir.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  hemp Cannabic 

composition,  a  Hii)*stitiite  for  papier  muchd,  made  of  a 
nilxtiir<-  of  hi-nij,  ;iii,|  rct,i[i. 

cannabin,  cannabine^  fkau'ii-bLn,  -bin),  n.  [< 

Cannabis  +  -in-,  -im-.'\  A  roHin  obtained  from 
the  plant  Cannabis  Indira.  It  is  probably  the 
aftivf  principle  of  the  drug  liashish. 

Oannabinacea  (kan'a-bi-na'se-e),  n./)/.  [NL., 
<  Ii.  i-niniiihiK,  hemp,  -f-  -acta:.']  A  natural  order 
of  plants,  the  liemp  family,  properly  included 
in  the  f)rflpr  Urliraccw. 

cannabine',  ».     Seo  cannabin. 

cannabine*  (kun'a-bin),  a.  [<  L.  cannabinus,  < 
riiiiiiabi.i  =  K.  Iieinp.^  Pertaining  to  hemp; 
liiiiipcii.     [Knrc] 

Oannabines  (kan-ft-bin'^),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L. 
r/n:,'iii,is,  hcrn|i,  +  -f«'.]  In  Koiiie  ilassifica- 
timi-..  ii  Huborder  of  plants^  of  the  imtunil  order 
I  rt  ,  .■ifir I  the  hemp  family  as  a  Hubonlcr. 

Cannabis  Ckan'ii-hiH),  h.  [Tj.,  =  K,  A'-m/i,  (\.  v.] 
.A  fir,  ,  of  urtii'accoiiH  plants,  of  a  sinttlo  Hpc- 
'i'  J,  ''.  Iiiilica.     Sen  bhamj  and  hemp. 

cannn'  nn.n),  n.  [F.,  cano:  see  <■««<,'.]  It. 
At  Mt;  of  c/iw'. — 2.   A  French  ima- 

'•"'  '•.   varying  acoonling  to  loi'iility 

fr' I  i^  meters,  or  1.05  to  2.87  vanls." 

canne^t,  -.      ■,  i,  lihsolele  spoiling  of  con^. 

C&nne '  -      1  imne. 

cannel'  ,  ;;.    [<  MK.  mnW  (also  asslbi- 

lateil  </  '  ,  ii,,„|.  K.  rhiiiiiirl),  <  OF.  canit, 
chenal,  <  1^.  ranalu,  a  ohunnel:  sea  channcft, 


kennel-,  and  cann?l.  doublets  of  cnnnrft.']  If.  A 
channel ;  a  stream  of  water ;  the  bed  of  a  stream. 
Thei  grntchiden  a3ens  this  water,  and  di'onken  podel 
water  of  the  cartel. 

Wydif,  Select  Works  (ed.  Arnold),  II.  335. 
Again  he  did  the  waters  ga, 
TU  thair  canels  that  thai  comen  fra. 

Cursor  Hundi,  i.  1866. 
2t.  A  conduit ;  a  pipe. 

Canels  or  pipes  wynes  forth  to  lede 
Into  the  vat. 

Palladius,  Hushondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  IS. 
3t.  The  throat. 

So  now  thou  hat3  thi  hert  holle,  hitte  me  bihou[c]s; 
Halde  the  now  the  iiyse  bode,  that  Arthur  the  ragt, 
&  kepe  thy  kanel  at  this  kest,  if  hit  keuer  may. 
iSir  Gaicayne  and  the  Green  Kniahl  (E.  E.  T.  S^),  1.  229S. 

4.  The  lowest  part  of  the  edge  of  a  tool,  which 
has  received  the  finishing ;  the  finishing  bevel 
of  a  knife,  ax,  or  other  edged  tool. 

It  [a  pocket-knife]  must  be  held  [in  honing]  at  an  angle  of 
20  to  25  degrees,  and  liave  an  edge  similar  to  a  chisel.  Tliis 
is  technically  called  the  cajtnel,  and  is  marked  on  all  new 
knives  by  a  fine  white  line,  which  does  not  remove  or  touch 
the  polished  surface.  A  Trade  Circular,  1SS7. 

5.  [<  cannel^,  r.]  A  style  of  weaving,  making 
a  corded  or  rep  tissue.     E.  H.  Knight. 

canned  (kan'el),  i'.  *.  [<  F.  canneier,  formerly 
canclcr,  caneller,  channel,  flute,  groove,  <  cane), 
a  channel,  groove:  see  cannel^,  «.,  and  cf.  chnn- 
nell,  V.I  To  channel;  groove;  chamfer.  Jamie- 
son. 

canneFt  (kan'el),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  canel, 
<  JIE.  canel,  canele,  canelle  =  MD.  D.  kaneel  = 
MLG.  kuimel,  LG.  kaneel,  kneel  =  late  MHG. 
kancl,  6.  cancel,  kanel  =  Sw.  Dan.  kanel,  <  OF. 
canelle,  F.  cannclle  =  Pr.  Sp.  cancla  =  Pg.  ca~ 
nela,  canclla  =  It.  canclla,  now  cannclla,  <  ML. 
canella,  cannella,  cinnamon,  so  called  from  the 
form  of  a  roll  or  quill  which  it  assumes  in  dry- 
ing, lit.  a  little  pijie  (OF.  canelle,  F.  cannclle,' a 
quill,  faucet,  cock,  spout,  etc.),  dim.  of  (L.) 
cana,  canna  (OF.  cane,  F.  canne,  etc.),  a  cane, 
reed:  see  canel,  and  cf.  cannon.']  Cinnamon. 
In  Arabia  is  store,  mir  and  canel. 

Trcvisa,  tr.  of  Higden's  Polychronicon,  1.  99. 

Alle  maner  of  spicerie,  ...  as  of  gyngevere,  clowe-gylo- 
fres,  canelle,  zedewalle,  notemuges,  and  maces. 

Mdndeville,  Travels,  p.  1S7. 

cannel'^t,  "•    -Aji  obsolete  form  of  kennel^. 

cannela-wood,  «.    Same  as  canclla-n'ood. 

cannel-coal,  candle-coal  (kan'el-,  kan'dl-kol), 
n.  A  liifxlily  bituminous  coal,  very  compact, 
and  burning  readily  with  a  bright  flame.  It  is 
not  80  distinctly  stnitifled  as  ordinary  bittnninous  coal,  l>ut 
breaks  into  more  tir  less  regularly  formed  cubical  frag- 
ments. Tlie  term  is  said  to  he  applied  to  coals  of  this  kind 
because  they  burn  like  a  candle.  See  coal.  Also  written 
canal-coal,  kennel-coal. 

cannellated  (kan'o-lil-ted),  a.  [<.  cannclT- + 
-ali^  +  -<(/-.]  In  arch.,  channeled  or  fluted : 
as,  '' ciitiiielhitcd  ]iil;istors,"  C.  C.  I'crkins,  Ital- 
ian Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  xhii. 

cannelure (kji n'e-lui),  «.  [F.,  < canneier, groove, 
flute:  sec  caH«c/i,  i'.]  1.  A  groove  or  channel 
on  a  decorative  surface,  as  the  channeling  on 

Doric  columns.  Much  of  the  decoration  of  the  eigh- 
teenth cciitin'y  is  in  scroll-formed  or  spiral  cannelures. 
2.  A  rcctangtilar  groove  cut  around  the  cylin- 
drical part  of  a  bullet  to  contain  the  lubricant, 
which  consists  generally  of  bayberry  tallow  or 
Japan  wax.  There  may  be  from  ?,  to  5  caiinelun'S ;  there 
are  3  in  the  United  States  regulation  bullet.  The  lubri- 
cant prevents  Uriiding  and  fouling  of  the  bore  in  firing. 
i^i-v  cut  iirnier  carlrid'te. 

cannelure  (kan'o-lur),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cannc- 
hired,  ppr.  canncluring.  [<  cannelure,  «.]  To 
form  a  groove  or  channel  on:  as,  a  cannclurcd 
bullet. 

cannequin  (kan'o-kin),  11.  [F.,  also  cancquin  : 
origin  unknown.]  Wliite  cotton  cloth  from 
thi'  IvihI  Indies.     E.  II.  h'night. 

cannery  (kan'e-ri),  n.  ;  )il.  cdiinrrics  (-riz).  [< 
can-  +  -rnj.l  An  establishment  for  canning 
or  jireserving  meat,  fish,  or  fruit  in  cans  or  tins 
hcnnetically  sealed. 

Several  new  cannin'eti  have  been  established,  one  on 
UrlHlol  Kay,  when-  four  hundred  ciiscHof  canned  and  thir- 
ty-two tiundred  and  fifty  barrels  of  salted  salmon  w  ere  put 
up  dtirlng  the  kciimou.  Science,  1\  .  476. 

cannett  (kan'et),  n.  [x  P.  cancttr,  <  OF.  rand, 
m.,  ranrtlc,  f.,  a  young  duck,  dim,  of  ranr,  a 
duck:  SCO  raiKird.]  In  hir..  a  lii'aring  repr<'- 
Ki-nting  a  duck  wiihont  beak  or  feet.  It  i*  din 
liriKulnhi'il  from  the  martlet  In  being  without  tho  fnrkcil 
lull  of  ihc  latter. 

cannetet,  ".  [MK.,  =  It.  cannclo,  <  L.  canni- 
liiiii,  n  lliickct  of  reeds,  <  canna,  a  reed.]  A 
lliickcl  of  reedM, 

Camirtm  oldn  eke  tymc  Is  nowo  to  wedo 
And  of  to  kytt«  It  tliiit  tliaire  nM>t  nneselh. 

PattadiuM,  lliislHMidrio  (E.  K.  T.  S.),  p.  HI. 


cannon 

cannibal  (kan'i-b,al).  «.  and  a.  [Formerly  also 
canibal ;  =  F.  cannibale  =  G.  canibale,  now  C(in- 
nibale,  <  Sp.  canibal  =  Pg.  canibal  (NL.  cani- 
balis).  a  cannibal,  a  savage,  a  con-uption  of  Cari- 
bal  (NL.  Caribalis),  a  Carib,  the  form  used  by 
Columbus  (Oct.,  1498),  and  afterward  changed 
to  canibal,  "propter  rabiem  cuninam  anthropo- 
phagorum  gentis,"  to  express  the  canine  vora- 
city of  the  Caribs,  who  were  said  to  be  man-eat- 
ers ;  as  if  from  L,  eanis,  a  dog.  The  more  cor- 
rect form  is  preserved  in  Sp.  Caribc,  a  Carib, 
also  a  cannibal,  savage,  >E.  Caribbcc:  see  Carib. 
In  the  Carib  tongue  the  word  is  said  to  have 
signified 'a  valiant  man,']  I.  n.  1.  A  human 
being  who  eats  human  tlesh;  a  human  man- 
eater  or  anthropophagite. 

That  face  of  his  the  hungry  cannibals 
Would  not  have  touch'd.     Sfiak..  S  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 
Is  there  anything  here  to  e^ 
But  one  another,  like  a  race  of  cannibals? 

Fletcher,  Kule  a  Wife,  iii.  2. 
Hence — 2.  Any  animal  that  eats  the  flesh  of 
members  of  its  own  or  kindred  species. 

They  [worms]  are  cannibals,  for  the  two  halves  of  a  dead 
worm  placed  in  two  of  the  pots  were  dragged  into  the  bur- 
rows and  gnawed.  Daricin,  Vegetalde  Jlould,  p.  36. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  can- 
nibals or  cannibalism:  as,  "co»m«6aY  ferocity," 
Alacanla;/.  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 
cannibalism  (kan'i-bal-izm),  n.  [<  cannibal  + 
-i,v.'«.]  1.  The  eating  of  human  flesh  by  human 
beings. 

It  is  rather  startling  to  find  that  just  two  hundred  years 
ago  in  London  the  I'hysieian  in  Ctrdinarj'  to  the  King  rec- 
oinmeniled  cannihalisni  to  Englishmen  without  the  small- 
est  ajiology  or  hesitation. 

F.  P.  Cohhe,  Peak  in  Darien,  p.  179. 
Hence  —  2.  The  eating  of  any  animal  by  an- 
other individual  of  the  same  species. 
cannibalistic  (kan'i-ba-lis'tik),  a.     [<  cannibal 
-t-  -if  tic]  Characterized  by  cannibalism ;  given 
to  eating  its  own  kind. 
cannibally  (kan'i-bal-i),  adr.     In  the  manner 
of  acainnbal:  as,  "«(h«i7h(?/// given"  (adilict- 
ed  1(1  cannibalism),  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5.    [Rare.] 
cannie,  a.  and  adv.     See  canny. 
cannikin  (kan'i-kin),  n.     [<  can-  +  euphonic 
-(■-  -I-  (lira,  -kin.]     1.  A  little  can  or  cup.    Also 
written  canakin. 

And  let  me  the  caneih'n  clink. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3  (song). 
2.  A  wooden  bucket  for  holding  sugar,  rice,  etc. 
cannily  (kan'i-li),  adv.     [Sc,  also  written  can- 
niUc ;  <^  canny  + -ly".]     In  a  canny  manner. 
He  lean'd  iiim  ower  his  saddle  bow, 
And  cannilic  kiss'd  his  dearie. 
Duke  of  AthuVs  Xurse,  in  Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  228. 

canniness  (kan'i-nes),  n.     [<  canny  +  -ness.] 

Ciiuticni;  shrewdness. 
cannionst,  "■  )>l.    See  cannon,  n.,  7. 
cannipert  (kan'i-pt-r),  ».     A  corruption  of  cali- 

'"'■• 
cannoid  (kau'oid),  a.    [<  Gr.  Kiima,  a  reed,  a 

tube,  +  fMof,  form,  shape:  seo  canc^  and  -aid.] 
Tubular ;  having  tubes :  applied  to  tho  skeleton 
of  certain  radiolarians. 
cannon  (kan'on),  «.;  pi.  f(jHHOHS.(-onz)or  can- 
tiiin.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  canon;  =  D.  kanon  = 
(i.canonc,uowkanone,  =  Dan.  Sw.  kanon,  a  can- 
non (gun),  <  F.  canon,  a  gun  (cannon),  ban-el 
of  a  gun,  any  tube  or  ]ii]u>  {canon  jiarfnnioltiirr, 
a  surgical  tube),  a  graft,  a  cannon-bit,  11  roll  or 
cuir  (canon  di:  chausscs,  or  sinijily  canons,  \>\., 
E.  canons,  cannons,  cantons,  cannions)  (Cot- 
gravo),  cannon-bone,  OF.  canon,  a  tube,  pipe, 
conduit,  bobbin,  =  Sp.  caHioi,  a  gun  (cannon), 
tube,  |iipe,  funnel,  quill,  lamp-chimney,  can- 
non-liit,  .spindle, roller-fold  in  cloth  (>  E,  callon, 
canyon,  (i.  v.),  =  Pg,  ciinlido,  a  gun  (cannon), 
cannon-bit,  \A.  rolls  (cannons),  =  It.  cannonc, 
a  gun  (cannon),  barrel  of  a  gun,  i>ipo,  conduit, 
cannon-bit  (Florio),  tube,  bobbin  (>  NOr.  t^arovi, 
a  cannon),  <  ML.  canon,  a  tube,  pipe,  gun  (can- 
non) (canoirns,  a  bobbin),  pro|i,  aug.  otL.  canna, 
ML.  ciinnn,  cana,  a  reed,  iiijii',  tube,  but  mixed 
with  the  nearly  related  canon,  a  rule,  in  its  lit, 
sense  of  'a  straight  rod,'  <  (ir.  >i<nw>,  a  straight 
rod,  a  rule,  <  Knvr/,  a  rare  form  of  aviiit?,  Ktivra, 
Ii.  canna,  a  reed:  seo  canr^  and  canon^.  In  tho 
niindr  s(»nHe8  2, 11,  4,  etc.,  also  spelled  cttnon,  l»ut 
)ini|i.  cannon.  In  the  s(Minc  of  'caiUKiii-bone,' 
cf.  It.  riinnoli  (Florio),  cannon-buncs,  iiiiinitla, 
iirMi-bone  (cf.  cannrl-).]  1.  An  engine,  snp- 
[lorlcd  on  a  stationary  or  movable  frame  called 
a  ijun-rarriaiir,  for  throwing  balls  and  other  mis- 
siles by  the  force  of  ginqiowder;  a  big  gun;  a 

I'i of  ordnance.    Cm «  aic  nnifli'  of  Iron,  bniHs, 

fproiizr,  Mve].  or  Htool  wlr('.  and  carry  IhiIIh  of  from  .'t  or 
4  poimdH  weight  up  to  2,0011  pounds  iind  more.  The  call- 
her  or  powi'M  of  cannon  nmy  be  expressed  (li  liy  tho 


cannon 

weight  of  the  shot  fired :  as,  a  32poun(]er ;  (2)  by  the  di- 
ameter of  the  bore  :  as,  a  12-inch  j^un  ;  or  (3)  by  the  weigllt 
of  the  gun  itself:  as,  an  8-hundreil\vei;;lit  tiiin;  a  25-ton  giui. 
Before  the  introduction  of  ariiinr  plating',  the  naval  guns 
in  use  in line-of-battle  ships  and  iiigat.cswerces-poundcrs 
(95  hundredweight),  8-inch  shell-guns  (05  hundredweight), 


n 

lairn  £■■■■'■'■! 


D 


Sk.     E 


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xc: 


IK 


steel  Field-gun  (Amiy). 
A,  tube  ;  5,  jacket ;    C,  elliptical  chamber ;  />,  trunnion-ring  ;  E, 
sleeve ;  F,  key-ring ;  G,  base-ring  ;  //,  interrupted  screw  fenneture  ; 
/,  Freire  gas-clieck  or  obturator;  CK,  bore. 

and  32-pounders  (43  to  68  hundredweight).  Now  ships  are 
said  to  carry  6-inch,  12-inch,  etc.,  or  18- ton,  etc.,  gims,  the 
18-ton  gun  throwing  400-pound  projectiles,  and  the  25-tou 
gun  bUO-pound,  and  so  on,  the  weight  of  the  ball  risingwith 
•the  weight  of  the  piece.  Cannon  weighing  more  than  100 
tons  have  seldom  been  coiistrinti-d.  The  100-ton  gun  is 
charged  with  340pouiid8"f  |><  iwib  i ,  and  discharges  a  bolt  of 
steel  or  chilled  iron  wcigliiii^  J.uo"  pounds.  Cannon  of  the 
smaller  calibers  are  mounted  on  wheeled  carriages  for  ser- 
vice  as  field-pieces-  In  the  United  States  army  the  guns  in 
service  are  8-,  10-,  13-,  15-,  and  20-iiich  smootli-liore Rodman 
guns,  and  3-,  3.2-,3.e-,  5-,8-,  10-,  12ineh  breech-loading  rifled 
guns.  It  is  proposed  to  build  breech-loading,  rifled,  coast- 
defense  guns  of  le-inch  caliber.  The  3.2-inch  gun  is  a  steel 
fleld-piece.  In  the  United  States  navy,  6-,  8-,  10-,  12-,  and 
13-inch  steel  guns  have  been  adopted  for  ships  of  recent 
design.  The  principal  parts  of  a  cannon  are :  ]  st,  the  hreecli, 
which  is  the  mass  of  metal  behind  the  bottom  or  end  of  the 
bore,and  extending  to  the  base-ring ;  2d,  in  muzzle-loading 
cannon,  the  cascabel,  a  projection  in  rearof  the  base-ring, 
including  the  knob,  the  spherical  part  between  the  knob 
and  the  base-ring  being  called  the  base  of  the  breech;  3d,  the 
reitxforce,  the  thickest  part  of  the  cylinder,  extending  from 
the  base-ring  forward  ;  4th,  the  trunnvms,  which  project 
on  each  side,  and  serve  to  support  the  cannon  ;  5th,  the 
bore  or  caliber,  the  interior  of  the  cylinder,  wherein  the 
powder  and  shot  are  lodged,  and  which  may  be  smooth  or 
rifled,  though  rifled  cannons  have  virtually  superseded  the 
smooth-bores  ;  6th,  the  muzzle  or  vumth  of  the  bore  ;  7tli, 
in  modern  breech-loading  ordnance,  the  breech-plug  with 
its  mechanism.  Cannon  are  often  made  so  as  to  be  loaded 
at  the  breech, various  devices  being  employed  to  effect  this 
object.  Cannon  were  formerly  classed  as  whole  cannons, 
demi-cannons,  cnlverins,  sakers,  etc.,  but  are  now  classi- 
fied as  guns,  howitzers,  carronades,  and  mortars  ;  also  as 
field-,  mountain-,  coast-,  sea-,  and  siege-guns.  See  gun, 
3.  In  tnach.,  a  hollow  eyliuclrieal  piece  through 
which  a  revolving  shaft  passes,  and  which  may 
revolve  independently, 
and  with  a  greater  or  less 
speed  than  that  of  the 
shaft.  Such,  for  example,  is 
the  prolongation  of  the  eye  of  a 
wheel  when  bored  to  fit  a  spindle 
or  shaft  on  which  it  is  intended 
to  work  loose,  as  the  part  a  of  the  wheel  A,  loose  on  the 
shaft  b. 

3.  That  part  of  a  hit  let  into  the  horse's  mouth. 
Also  canon,  cannon-hit,  canon-hit. — 4.  The  can- 
non-bone.—  5.  The  ear  or  loop  of  a  bell  by  which 
it  is  suspended.     Also  spelled  canon. 

Church  bells  used  always  to  be  himg  by  6  long  ears, 
called  canons,  which  cut  a  large  piece  out  of  the  stock, 
and  weakened  it  very  much. 

Sir  E.  Beckett,  Clocks  and  Watches,  p.  368. 

6.  In  sari;.,  an  instrument  used  in  sewing  up 
woimds. — 7t.  l>f-  Ornamental  rolls  which  ter- 
minated the  breeches  or  hose  at  the  knee.  Min- 
slieii,  1617.  Also  written  canions,  cannions,  and 
canons. 

'Tis  pity  that  thou  wast  ever  bred  to  be  thrust  through 
a  pair  of  eam'ons  ;  tliou  wouldsthave  made  a  pretty  foolish 
waiting-woman. 

Middleton,  More  Dissemblers  Besides  Women,  i.  i. 

Chausses  d  queue  de  merlus,  round  breeches  with  strait 
cannions,  having  on  the  seat  a  piece  like  a  fishes  tail, 
and  worn  by  old  men,  scholars,  and  such  niggardly  or 
needy  persons.  Cotgrave. 

(lord's  Day.)   This  morning  I  put  on  my  best  black  cloth 

Lit. .  .  .  with  mv  black  silk  knit  canons  I  bought  a  montli 


Is 


Cannon-tmnc  of 
left  hind  leg  of 
horse,  seen  from 
behind. 

I,  the  cannon- 
bone,  being  the 
middle  metatar- 
sal Ixjne,  bearing 
2  and  3,  the  two 
splint-bones,  or 
reduced  metatar- 
sal bones.      Th 


suit. 


8.  [<  comiOH,  D.,  2.]  In  ftiWiarcfe,  a  carom :  little 
used  in  the  United  States,  but  common  in  Great 
Britain.  See  carom — Cannon  of  sevenj,  cannon 
of  elghtt,  cannon  with 'a  7-  or  S-inch  bore.  The  latter 
was  termed  a  cannon  royal  (which  see,  below). 

In  the  morning  come  Mr.  Chiclily  to  Su-  W.  Coventry, 
to  tell  him  the  ill  success  of  the  gims  made  for  the  Loyall 
London ;  which  is,  that  in  the  trial  every  one  of  the  great 
guns,  the  whole  cannon  of  seven,  as  I  take  it,  broke  in 
pieces.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  404. 

Cannon  royal,  a  cannon  or  big  gun  fonnerly  in  use.  It 
weiL^itL-d  s.uDO  i)ounds,  and  was  12  feet  long,  the  diameter 
of  the  liure  being  8  inches.  It  carried  a  charge  of  32^ 
pounds  of  pi.wder.  and  a  liall  weighing  48  pounds.  Also 
called  caniiiui  lit  liiht  (that  is,  8-iinh  bore).  E.  Phillips, 
1706.— Rifled  cannon,  or  rifle  cannon,  a  piece  of  ord- 
nance in  the  surface  of  whose  bore  spiral  grooves  or  rifles 
are  cut  to  impart  rotation  to  the  projectile. 
cannon  (kan'qn),  V.  i.  [<  F.  canonner  =  Sp. 
caSionear  =:Pg.  canhonear  =:It.  cannonare;  from 
the  noim.]  1.  To  discharge  cannon ;  cannon- 
ade.—  2.  In  hilUards,  to  m.ike  a  cannon  or 
carom;  hence,  to  strike  one  thing  and  then 
rebound  and  strike  another;  carom.  [Great 
Britain.] 


703 

The  first  [torpedo]  struck  one  of  the  Iron-clads  just  abaft 
the  fore-chains,  .  .  .  did  nr)t  exjilode,  but  cannoned  off  as 
it  were  to  the  shore.  N.  A.  Jieo.,  CXXVII.  386. 

The  trahi  sent  her  violently  forward  against  a  woman, 
from  whom  she  cannoned  off  against  the  brick-layer. 

Miss  Toosey's  Mission,  p.  SO. 

cannonade  (kan-on-ad'),  n.  [=  G.  canonade, 
kanonadc,  <  l'\  cdnotmadc  (=  Pg.  canhonada  = 
It.  cannonata),  <  canon,  cannon:  see  cannon 
and  -affcl.]  A  continued  discharge  of  cannon 
or  artillery;  specifically,  such  a  tlischargo  di- 
rected against  an  enemy. 

cannonade  (kan-on-ad'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
nonadfd,  ppr.  cannonading.  [<  cannonade,  «.] 
I.  trans.  To  attack  with  ordnance  or  artillery; 
batter  witli  cannon. 

II.  in  trans.    To  discharge  can- 
non ;  fire  largo  giuis. 

Both  armies  cannonaded  all  the  ensu- 
ing day.  Taller,  No.  03. 

cannon-ball  (kan'gn-bM),  n.    A 

ball  or  missile,  originally  of  stone, 
but  now  usually  of  east-iron  or 
steel,  designed  to  be  thrown  from 
a  cannon.  Spherical  projectiles  are 
now  to  a  great  extent  superseded  by  elon- 
gated ones,  so  tliat  the  term  ball  as  applied 
to  them  is  ii'it  litef.illy  correct. —  Can- 
non-ball mill,  a  mill  for  grincling  certain 
kinds  of  dry  materials.  It  consists  of  a 
cylinder  in  which  revolving  cannon-balls 
elTeet  the  desirecl  grinding. — Cannon- 
ball  tree,  the  Couroupita  Guianensis,  of 
frnpical  America,  bearing  a  large  globose 
frilit  u  itb  a  worjtiy  shell. 

cannon-baskett(kan'on-bS.s'''ket), 

)(.     A  gabion. 

cannon-bit  (kan'on-bit),M.    Same 
as  ciinnim,  3. 

cannon-bone  (kan'on-bon),  m.    In   ^^  ^ 

furrifri/  and  vet.  surg.,  one  of  the  rhoiTiTthc  me' 
functional  and  complete  meta-  h^""""  e'temi: 
carpal  or  metatarsal  bones  of  a   mg  between  the 

,         t,     ,  1  1  _i..  XI.         nock  and  fetlock. 

hoofed  quadruped,  supporting  the  The  correspond- 
weight  of  the  body  upon  the  feet,  '^s^  """^"iOTiel 
The  former,  in  the  fore  leg,  extends  from  „?  the''fore  lira" 
the  carpus  or  so-called  "knee"  to  the  fet-  are  the  metacar- 
lock-joint,  and  the  latter,  in  the  hind  leg,  pus. 
from  the  tarsus  or  "hock"  to  the  fetlock- 
joint.  In  a  solidungulate,  as  the  horse,  the  cannon-bone 
is  the  single  (third)  metacarpal  or  metatarsal ;  in  cloven- 
footed  quadrupeds,  as  the  ox,  it  is  composed  of  two  meta- 
carpcals  or  metatarsals  fused  in  one.  The  rudimentary  or 
incomplete  lateral  metacarpals  or  metatarsals,  on  either 
siiie  of  the  cannon-bone,  are  called  splint-hones.  The  can- 
non-bone represents  the  extent  of  the  limb  from  the  carpo- 
metacarpal or  tarsometatarsal  articulation  to  the  meta- 
carpo-  or  metatarsophalangeal  articulation.  Also  spelled 
ea^wn-bone. 

cannon-bullet  (kan'on-bul"et),  n.  A  cannon- 
ball.     [Rare.] 

cannoneer  (kan-on-er'),  n.  [Also  written  can- 
nonier ;  <  F.  ca'nonnier  (=  It.  cannoniere),  < 
(■o«oH,  cannon:  s%e  cannon  a.nA-eer.']  One  who 
takes  part  in  the  loading  and  discharging  of 
cannon;  an  artilleryman. 

Let  the  kettle  to  the  trumpet  speak. 
The  trumpet  to  the  cannoneer  without. 

Shale,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

cannoneering  (kan-on-er'ing),  n.    [<  cannoneer 
+  -iiigi.']     The  actor  art  of  using  cannons; 
practice  with  cannons.     Also  cannoniering. 
Gunnery,  cannoneering,  bombarding,  mining. 

Burke,  Vind.  of  Nat.  Society. 

cannoningt  (kau'on-ing),  «.  [^^erbal  n.  of 
cannon,  c]     A  loud  noise,  as  of  caimon. 

cannon-lock  (kan'on-lok),  «.  A  contrivance 
placed  over  the  touch-hole  of  a  cannon  to  ex- 
plode the  charge. 

cannon-pinion  (kan'on-pin"yon),  H.  In  a  clock 
or  watch,  a  squared  tubular  piece,  placed  on  the 
arbor  of  the  center-wheel,  and  adapted  to  hold 
the  minute-hand.    E.  H.  Knight. 

cannon-proof  (kan'on-prof),  a.  Proof  against 
eannon-sliot. 

cannon-range  (kan'on-ranj),  n.  The  range  of 
a  cannon ;  tlie  whole  field  that  can  be  reachetl 
with  projectiles  from  a  cannon,  or  the  cannon 
of  a  given  battery  or  port ;  cannon-shot :  as,  to 
come  within  cannon-range. 

cannonry  (kan'on-ri),  ».  [<  cannon  +  -ry.'] 
Artillery;  cannon  in  general.     [Rare.] 

cannon-Sbot  (kan'ou-shot),  n.  1.  A  ball  or 
shot  for  cannon. —  2.  The  range  or  distance  a 
cannon  will  throw  a  ball. 

cannon-stove  (kan'on-stov),  n.  A  taU  cylin- 
drical stove,  somewhat  resembling  a  cannon  set 
up  on  its  breech. 

Cannopylea  (kan'o-pi-le'ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  kiivrii,  a  reed,  +  -rrvT^n,  a  gate.]  A  group  or 
legion  of  radiolarians:  same  as  Pliaodaria. 

Cannorapbididas  (ka-nor-a-fid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Cannoraphis  {-phid-)  +  -«?«.]     A  fam- 


canoe 

ily  of  phffiodarian  radiolarians  with  a  skeleton 
consisting  of  detached  hollow  tubes  or  reticu- 
lated pieces  of  silex,  deposited  tangentially 
around  the  central  capsule.  Also  called  Can- 
no  rli  ajili  ida .     llaeckcl. 

Cannoraphis  (ka-nor'a-fis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kiivva,  a  reed,  +  jnnpir,  a  needle,  also  a  needle- 
shaped  fish,  <  /<«7rT/  w,  sew.]  The  typical  genus 
of  tlie  family  Cannorajihidida;.    Also  C'annorha- 

phis. 

Cannospbaera  (kan-o-sfe'ra),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kavva,  a  reed,  +  i7(^alpa,  splibre.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  CannosplKeridw. 

Cannospbseridee  (kau-o-sfe'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  ('anno.sjjiiura  +  -/(/»'.]  A  family  of  Ijhaeo- 
darian  radiolarians  with  a  fenestrated  shell, 
spherical  or  subspherical,  and  double.  ITie  bl- 
uer shell  (niedultar  layer)  is  coniijrjsed  simply  of  solid 
beams;  the  outer  (cortical  layer),  of  hollow  tubes  with  ra- 
dial spicules  at  the  nodes  of  junction.  'J'he  two  layers 
are  conneetfid  by  hollow  radial  rods.  Also  Cannosj>herida, 
Ilaerkd. 

cannot  (kan'ot).  A  way  of  writing  can  not, 
tluo  to  the  silencing  in  pronunciation  of  one  of 
the  «'s. 

cannula  (kan'u-lii),  «.  [L.  (ML.  also  canula), 
dim.  of  canna,  a  reed,  pipe:  see  c««cl.]  1.  A 
small  tube  used  by  surgeons  for  various  jjur- 
poscs,  as  for  a  sheath  to  a  stylet  or  other  sharp 
instrument,  along  with  which  it  is  thrust  into  a 
cavity  or  tumor  containing  a  fluid.  Tlie  perfo- 
ration being  made,  the  sharp  instrument  is  withdrawn  and 
the  tube  left,  in  order  tliat  the  fluid  may  pass  through  it. 
Also  canula. 
2.  Eccles.,  a  cruet  for  use  at  the  altar.     See 

cruet — Bellocq's  cannula,  an  instrument  for  plugging 
the  posterior  narcs  to  stop  bleeding  from  the  nose. 

cannular  (kan'ii-liir),  a.  [<  cannula  +  -ar^.] 
Tubular;  having  the  form  of  a  tube.  Also  can- 
ular. 

cannulate  (kan'u-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
nulatcd,  ppr.  canmdating.     [\  cannula  +  -ate2.] 

To  make  hollow,  like  a  cannula Cannulated 

needle,  a  surgecju's  needle  made  holbfw  to  allow  a  wire 
or  thread  to  pass  through  its  entire  length. 

canny,  cannie  (kan'i),  a.  [Sc,  of  uncertain 
origin;  poptxlarly  associated  with  cohI,  n.,  skill, 
knowledge,  ability,  and  cunning'^,  knowing,  and 
thus  ult.  with  cohI,  ;•.,  knowj  but  perhaps  ult. 
due  to  Icel.  kmnn  (for  kwnn,  i.  e.,  koenn),  wise, 
skilful,  expert,  clever,  =  AS.  cene,  bold,  E.  Veen, 
sharp  (cf.  E.  sharp  in  a  similar  sense):  see 
feenl.]  A  term  of  commendation  of  various 
application.  1.  Knowing;  cautious;  prudent; 
wary;  watchful;  cunning;  artful;  crafty. 

I  trust  in  God  to  use  the  world  as  a  cann;/  and  ctuining 
master  doth  a  knave  servant.  Rutherford,  Letters. 

Whate'er  he  wins  I'll  guide  with  canny  care. 

ICamsay. 
White-tail  [deer]  are  very  canny,  and  know  perfectly 
well  what  threatens  danger  and  what  does  not. 

T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  113. 

2.  Skilled;  handy;  expert. 

His  wife  was  a  camiie  body,  and  could  dress  things  very 
well  for  ane  in  her  line  o'  business.^  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  v. 

3.  Moderate;  reasonable,  (o)  In  expense:  Frugal; 
not  extravagant.  (6)  In  charges  or  exactions :  Not  extor- 
tionate,   (c)  In  conduct ;  Not  severe. 

4.  Quiet;  easy;  soft,  (a)  Quiet  in  disposition ;  gen- 
tle; tractable,    (b)  Quiet  in  movement;  still;  slow. 

I'll  be  her  nurse,  and  I'll  gang  aboot  on  my  stockin' 
soles  as  canny  as  pussy. 

Dr.  John  Brawn,  Bab  and  his  Friends, 
(c)  Snug;  comfortable;  neat. 

Edge  me  into  some  canny  post.  Ramsay. 

5.  Safe;  not  dangerous ;  fortunate;  lucky. — 6. 
Good ;  worthy.—  7.  Possessed  of  supematnral 
power;  sMlled  in  magic. 

Canny  Elshie,  or  the  Wise  Wight  o'  Muckelstane  Moor. 
Sco«,  Black  Dwarf,  p.  39. 

canny,  cannie  (kan'i),  adv.    [Sc]    In  a  canny 

maimer ;  cannily ;  cautiously ;  gently ;  slowly. 

Ye'll  tak  me  in  your  arms  twa,  lo,  lift  me  cannie. 

Bonnie  A  nnie,  in  Child's  Ballads,  III.  48. 

Speak  her  fair  and  canny.  Scott,  Pirate,  I.  66. 

Ca*  cannie  (literally,  drive  gently),  proceed  with  caution ; 
don't  act  rashly.     [Scotch.] 

canoat.  «.     [See  canoe."]    A  canoe.    Ealeigh. 

CanoblC  (ka-no'bik),  a.    Same  as  Canopic. 

canoe  (ka-no'),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  canoo, 
canoic,  canoife,  orig.  canoa;  =  Pg.  It.  canoa  = 
F.  canot  =  D.  hanoo  =  Sw.  Vanot  =  Dan.  kano, 

<  Sp.  canoa,  <  can<ioa,  the  native  West  Indian 
(Carib)  name.]  I.  ».  A  light  boat  designed  to 
be  propelled  by  a  paddle  or  paddles  held  in  the 
hands  iivithout  fixed  supports.  The  canoes  of  sav- 
age races  are  constructed  of  bark  (as  the  birch-bark  canoe 
of  the  .A.merican  Indians)  or  hides,  or  formed  of  the  tninks 
of  trees,  excavated  by  burning  or  cutting  them  into  a  suit- 
able shape.  Tlie  birch-bark  canoes  are  light  and  can  be 
carried  ou  the  shoulders,  one  large  enough  for  fom-  per- 


canoe 

sons  sometimes  weighing  no  more  than  40  or  50  pounds. 
The  "modern  canoe,  employed  cliieliy  for  pleasure,  is  a  light 
boat  canel-  or  clinker-built,  shaij)  at  both  ends  and  with 
a  beam  one  eighth  or  one  sixth  its  length ;  it  is  osually 


e=^ 
j 


n 


\Var-caDOe  of  the  Thlinkel  Indian^  Aio^a. 

built  of  wood,  but  sometimes  of  canvas,  paper,  galvanized 
iron,  or  other  material,  and  often  provided  with  sails.  The 
typical  wooden  cruising  canoe  is  about  14  feet  long,  27  to 
30  inches  beam,  decked  over,  and  fitted  with  water-tight 
compartments.  The  paddle  is  S  or  10  feet  long,  and  the 
sails  are  usually  lugs. 

I  encountered  with  two  Canoices  of  Indians,  who  came 
aboord  me.  Caft.  John  Smith,  Works  (.\Tber),  p.  10. 

To  paddle  one's  own  canoe,  to  make  one's  ohti  way  in 
life ;  depend  upon  one's  o«  n  unaided  exertions  for  suc- 
cess.   [Collo<i.  1 

H.  a.  Canoe-shaped,  (a)  Applied  by  Pennsylvania 
geologists  to  the  mountains  of  that  State  whose  structure 
gives  them  a  resemblance  in  form  to  an  Indian  canoe. 
TTiere  are  anticlinal  and  sniclinal  canoe  mountains,  the 
one  being  like  the  other  inverted.  (6)  Applied  in  embry- 
olog>'  to  an  early  state  of  a  vertebrate  emltryo,  when  it  has 
acquired  a  deflriite  long  axis  and  bilaterally  sj-mmetrical 
i-ides  cun-ed  in  over  the  yolk-sac,  as  in  man. 

canoe  (ka-no'),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canoed,  ppr. 
canoeing.  [<  canoe,  «.]  To  paddle  a  canoe; 
sail  iu  a  canoe. 

canoe-bircll  (ka-no'b6rch),  H.  A  troc,  BeMapa- 
pyrifera  or  jia/iyracca,  also  known  as  the  paper- 
birch,  and  sometimes  as  the  white  birch,  the 
tongh  durable  bark  of  which  is  used  for  making 
canoes  in  North  America  by  the  Indians  and 
others.  The  bark  of  the  young  trees  is  chalky- 
white. 

canoe-cedar  (ka-no'se'diir),  n.     See  cedar,  2. 

canoeing  (ka-no'ing),  M."   [Verbal  n.  of  canoe, 

I-.]     The  art' or  practice  of  managing  a  canoe. 

Canotina,  as  the  term  is  now  [ISS;!]  understood,  dates 

back,  in  the  Inited  .States,  to  1S71,  when  the  New  York 

ranoe  <_1ub  was  organized.       Forent  and  Stream,  XXL  5. 

canoeist  (ka-no'ist),  n.     [<  canoe  +  -int.']    One 
who  paddles  a  canoe;  one  skilled  in  the  man- 
agement of  a  canoe. 
All  this  countr>'  lies  within  the  reach  of  the  caTweist. 

Harpers  Hag.,  l.XX,  226. 

canoeman (ka-no'man), n. ;  pi.  canocmen (-men). 
I  inf  occupied  or  skilled  in  managing  a  canoe. 

canoe-wood  (ka-no 'wild),  n.  The  tulip-tree, 
f.iriiiihnflron  'AtHpifcra. 

canon^  (kan'on),  n.  [<  ME.  canon,  canoun,  a 
rule,  <  A.S.  canon,  a  nUe,  canon  (canones  boc, 
the  book  of  the  canon),  =  D.  canon  =  G.  canon, 
kanon  =  Sw.  Dan.  kanon  =  F.  canon  =  Sp.  canon 
=  Pg.  cnnon  =  It.  canonc  =  W.  canon  =  Russ. 
kanonu,  <  L.  canon,  a  rule,  in  LL.  also  the  cata- 
logue of  sacred  writings,  <  Gr.  kovuv,  a  rule, 
the  catalogue  of  the  sacred  writings,  a  rule  of 
the  church;  the  orig.  sense  being  'a  straight 
rod,'  <  mvTi,  a  rare  form  of  navi'r/,  Kama,  a  reed : 
see  canc^.  Cf.  cannon,  a  doublet  of  canon'i-,  and 
canon'i,  a  deriv.]     1.  A  rule  or  law  in  general. 

Contrary  to  thy  established  proclaimed  edict  and  conti- 
nent canon.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L..  L  1. 
O.  that  this  ti>o  t'jo  H'llld  fli-Hh  would  melt, 
Tnaw,  and  rt-Holve  Itwelf  into  a  di-w  I 
Or  that  the  F.verhutliiK  had  not  llxcd 
His  raiftn  'KalriMt  self-slaughter ! 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  1.  2. 
She  shocked  no  carwn  of  taste. 

Iltnrthoriie,  Seven  Gables,  v. 

The  scientific  canrm  of  excluding  from  Aalculation  rdl 
lncAlcnlablcdntaidBi:cB.MotnphyiticH on  the  ruinie  level  with 
I"hy«lcs.    a.  IJ.  Uirm,  Trobs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  1.  I.  %  r.4. 

2.  I'.cclen.:  («)  A  law  or  rule  of  doctrine  or  dis- 
cipline, enacted  by  a  council  or  other  compc- 
t<'rit  ccclesinsticnl  authority. 

\';til<.iiii  ranttnM,  which  were  made.ln  councils  held  tn 

til.  *.,  ,,i,,i  century.  *  llxok. 

I     .  rllri"  Af  n  r„„„n.  II  Is  not  onoiigh  lo  ndmonlKh 

i    i|.;.ii  t   I'i  .'.  .  its  W'irdlntf  liiii-l  !-■   ■  xjilj- 

■      !    |.'  Miiii-ij,  lini-kid  l.v  Ih.-  l.i-.M   I  .11, 

.  ...Iiiiil((.ll>  111. iliraUiul,  that  Its  InlrloKLriiuiil 

be  visited  with  punishment. 

The  Churchman,  LIV.  4(12. 

C'l  T  ,  thnt  part  of  the  liturgy  or  imiHH 

win  l|ic<   coiiHcciiilioii,  grciil  obla- 

ti'"'  i.ilirccHKii.n.      It  iMMlns  aftir  th- 

S«| 1  lIlurKV,  rill. 1  other  Latin  llliiriflin 

Intl'i  nil   with  111.   «..rd»  y*  l(0/Mr.,  mid 

ends  inni  i..-inr..  ,!,.■  i^irfi's  Pray.T.  Hotiiptlmea  c^ifinted  a 


r|i 


794 

part  of  it.  The  Roman  canon  is  divided  into  ten  portions 
or  paragraphs,  generally  named  from  their  initial  words. 
See  liturgy. 

3.  The  books  of  the  Holy  Scripture  accepted  by 
the  Christian  church  as  containing  an  authori- 
tative iTile  of  religious  faith  and  proetice.  With 
the  exception  of  the  books  called  antilcgomena,  the  canon- 
icity  of  which  was  not  at  fii-st  univers..illy  recognized,  the 
canon  of  the  Xew  Testament  has  always  consisted  of  tlie 
same  books.  The  books  comprised  in  the  Hebrew  Bibje, 
and  constituting  the  Hebrew  canon,  that  is  to  say,  the 
books  of  the  Old  Testament  as  given  in  the  authorized 
version  from  Genesis  to  Maiachi  inclusive,  are  universal- 
ly recognized  as  canonical.  The  canonical  character  of 
the  books  not  found  in  the  Hebrew,  but  contained  in  the 
s.ptuagint  or  Vulgate,  was  disputed  by  many  in  the  e.arly 
clmrch:  and  although  they  are  received  without  distinc- 
tion by  the  Greek  Church,  and,  with  tlie  exception  of  some 
among  the  number,  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  they  are 
not  accounted  canonical  by  the  .Anglican  Church  (which, 
however,  treats  them  as  eceUdastical  books,  that  is.  books 
to  be  read  in  the  church),  nor  by  any  of  the  Pi-ntestant 
chm"ches.  See  antih^gomena,  apocrypha,  2,  Ueutcrocanom- 
cat,  and  ecd'^^-iastical. 

4.  The  rules  of  a  religious  order,  or  of  persons 
devoted  to  a  strictly  religious  life,  as  monks 
and  nuns ;  also,  the  book  in  which  such  rules 
are  written. —  5.  A  catalogue  or  list;  specifi- 
cally, the  catalogue  of  members  of  the  chapter 
of  a"  cathedral  or  collegiate  church. —  6.  A  cat- 
alogue of  saints  acknowledged  and  canonized, 
as  in  the  Koman  Catholic  and  Eastern  chui'ches. 
—  7.  In  art,  a  rule  or  system  of  measui'es  of 
such  a  character  that,  the  dimensions  of  one  of 
the  parts  being  given,  those  of  the  whole  may  be 
deduced,  and  vice  versa.  ,\  canon  is  established, 
for  instance,  when  it  is  shown  that  the  length  of  any  well- 
proportioned  figure  is  a  certain  number  of  times  that  of 
the  head  taken  as  a  unit,  and  that  the  length  of  the  head  is 
contained  a  certain  number  of  times  in  the  torso  or  the  legs. 

8.  In  m  usic,  a  kind  of  f ugal  composition  in  two 
or  more  parts,  constructed  according  to  the 
strict  rides  of  imitation.  One  voice  or  instrument 
begins  a  melody,  and  after  a  few  beats,  the  number  de- 
pending upon  the  character  of  the  melody,  a  second  takes 
up  the  s.ame  melody  at  the  beginning,  at  the  same  pitch 
or  at  some  definite  interval,  and  repeats  it  note  for  note, 
and  generally  interval  for  interval.  The  principle  of  the 
canon  is  that  the  second  voice  or  instrument,  when  it  be- 
gins the  melody,  must  combine  ooiitiniiously,  according 
to  the  strict  rules  of  harmony,  with  that  jiurt  at  which  the 
first  voice  baa  arrived,  and  when  the  third  vnice  begins  it 
must  combine  in  the  same  manner  with  those  parts  at 
which  the  other  two  have  arrived,  and  soon  for  any  imm- 
ber  of  voices.  A  round  is  sometimes  improperly  called  a 
canon. 

Here  we  had  a  variety  ol  brave  Italian  and  Spanish 
songs,  and  a  canon  for  eight  voices,  which  Mr.  Lock  had 
lately  made  on  these  words :  "  Domine  salvimi  fac  Kegem." 

Pepifs,  Diary,  I.  26. 

9.  In  math.:  (a)  A  general  rule  for  the  solu- 
tion of  cases  of  similar  nature.  {Ii)  An  exten- 
sible table  or  set  of  tiibles.  (c)  A  eoUoetion  of 
formulas. — 10.  In  lotjic,  a  fundamental  and 
invariable  maxim,  such  as,  Nothing  ought  to 
be  done  without  a  reason. —  1 1 .  In  the  Kan  tian 
phHosophy,  the  science  which  determines  the 
right  use  of  any  faculty  of  cognition  :  as,  pure 
logic  is  Iho  canon  of  the  formal  use  of  tlie  un- 
derstanding and  reason;  transcendental  ana- 
lytics is  the  canon  of  the  use  of  the  under- 
standing a  priori,  and  so  on. — 12.  la  2>har.,  a 
rule  for  compounding  medicines. — 13.  Iu  Gr. 
hijmnoloqy,  a  hjnnn  consisting  normally  of  a 
succession  of  nine  odes,  but  usiuiUy  of  eight 
(sometimes  of  only  three  or  four),  tlie  sec- 
ond being  omitted,  except  in  Lent,  tlie  imm- 
bors  of  tlio  third,  fourth,  etc.,  however,  remain- 
ing unaltered.  See  ottc,  letraodion,  triodion. — 
14t.  Annual  charge  for  use  of  land ;  rent ;  a 
quit-rent. — 15.  In  printimj,  a  largo  text  print- 
ing-type, in  size  about  \'\  linos  to  the  linear 
foot:  so  cidlcd  from  its  early  emiiloyinciit  in 
printing  tlie  canon  of  Iho  mass  and  the  ser- 
\'iee-bookH  of  llie  cliurch.  —  Ancyrene canons.  .'<ii' 
jliicf/rciK!.— Apostolic  canons.  Sic  .i;;m("/iV.-  Boole's 
canon,  in  vialh.,  it  certain  rule  acriinliiig  to  which  a  'ilf- 
firciilliil  ei|Untlon  can  be  integriilid  if  n  rinlii  Biilllcicnt 
but  not  neecHMury  conditions  are  fiiinilcd.  — Canon  can- 
Crizana.  See  crtii<Ti.jnH«.— Canon  law,  rules  or  liiw» 
relating  to  faith,  liioralu,  and  ili»iipline.  enjnliied  <in  Hie 
tneiiilicrs  of  any  church  coinmuuinn  by  its  lawful  ccclci.1- 
asllcal  authority;  spccincallv,  a  collection  of  rules  of  ee- 
cleHlaHllial  older  and  illKclpllne  embodied  In  the  lorpus 
•lulls  Caniinlil  (body  of  ciuion  law).  It  Is  a  eiini]illatloii 
from  Ihe  callous  of  couiirlls,  the  decrees  of  the  popes  and 
falliers,  and  the  derrelals  and  eiinonlcal  replies  made  to 
nueslliins  ]iilt  at  various  limes  to  Ihe  Itoman  jiontllTs, 
'Ihe  principal  parlsof  which  It  coiislsls  are  the  Ilecritilm. 
or  collection  of  decrees  made  by  llrallaii  A.  I>.  IlM.  and 
tliidwretalsof  Crigory  IX.,  to  which  are  added  Ihe  decre 
tnUof  lioiiKiiie  VIII..  the  ('li'ininlliie  eiiiislllulloiis,  anil 
the  books  called  tli*  Lxlrnvngantes  of  .lolin  xxll.  niid  Ihe 
Kxlraviigniiles  roriimnnes.  Ilie  ciiiiiin  law  of  the  I  hiiieh 
i.r  Ciiglanil  coiisIhIs  of  eaniins  pussinl  In  nallonnl  iilid  pi-o- 
\  liii-lid  syiiitils  mill  foreign  rnnons  adnpted  by  cilstnm  and 
.  ..iniiiou  law.    The  eniion  law  of  Ihe  (Iriek  rliunll  Is  em. 

Ii'  'II..1  III  IIm  I'olli'i'lloiis  ciilli'd  the  .SynlaKliiaCl um, 

N' iir.'..  iiiiuii,  and  Hynagoge '"ftllollimi  of  rholllis.      Her  ll'i 

I I'l'.H.     Canon  lawyer,  a  perwin  versed  In  the  canon 

Inw. 


canonic 

Ovid  was  not  only  a  fine  poet,  but  (as  a  man  may  speak) 
a  great  Canon  lau-yer.  Selden.  Table-Talk,  p.  85. 

Canon  of  Lysippus,  in  Gr.  art,  a  system  of  tjpical  pro- 
porliiiiis  for  the  Inunan  body,  based  upon  the  works  of 
the  sculptor  Lysippus  of  Sicyon.  Lysippus  made  the 
head  snialler  than  his  predecessoi-s,  and  sought  to  express 
a  str.'ie-'ly  nnu-ked  muscular  development.— Canon  of 
PolycletilS,  in  Gr.  art,  the  system  of  typical  pn.|ii.itii.iis 
for  tlio  human  body  elaborated  by  the  sculptor  l'ol.yeletus, 
or  deduccil  from  his  works.  It  is  held  to  be  particularly 
illustrated  in  his  figure  called  the  doryphortts  (which  see). 
—  Canons  of  inheritance,  in  to  »•,  rules  directing  the  de- 
scent of  real  property.— Circular  canon,  in  music:  (o)  A 
canon  whose  subject  returns  int..  itself;  an  infinite  or  per- 
petual canon,  {h)  K  canon  whose  subject  ends  in  a  key 
I..IU'  .semitone  above  that  in  which  it  began,  so  that  twelve 
rciHlitions  tr,averse  the  circle  of  keys.— Enigmatical 
canon,  canon  senigmatlcus,  riddle" canon,  in  old  mu- 
sic, a  ( aih.il  in  which  one  part  was  written  .mt  in  full  and 
the  iiumt.tr  of  jiarts  was  giien  ;  the  remaining  iiarts  were 
to  be  \\ritteu  outrby  the  student  in  accordaiue  «  ith  the 
reiiuh-emcnts  of  an  enigmatical  insciiptiuii  written  upon 
the  music.  See  inscription. —  Perpetual  canon,  in  music, 
a  canon  so  constructed  that  it  may  be  repeated  any  num- 
ber of  times  without  break  in  time  or  rhythm.  =  Syn.  Or. 
dinance,  Regulation,  etc.     .See  ioirl. 

canon'-  (kan'on),  n.  [<  ME.  canon,  canoun, 
canun,  assibUated  chanoun,  <  OF.  canonc,  as- 
sibilated  chunonc,  chanoinnc,  F.  chanoine  =  Pr. 
canonge  =  Sp.  canonigo  =  Pg.  concgo  =  It.  ca- 
nonico  =  AS.  canonic,  ME.  kantink  =  JCD.  ka- 
nonick,  D.  kanoniek  =  late  MHG.  kanonike,  Q. 
caniinicli,  now  usually  canonicus,  =  Icel.  kanoki, 
kaniiki  =  Sw.  kanik,  also  kanonictig,  =  Dan. 
kannik  =  Russ.  kanonikii,  <  LL.  ML.  canonicus 
(also  canonius),  a  canon  or  prebendary  (prop, 
adj.,  jiertaining  to  the  rules  or  institutes  of  the 
churdi  canonical :  see  canonic,  canonical),  later 
also  (ML.)  simply  canon  (LGr.  Koiur,  a  canon, 
prebendary),  <  L.  canon,  <  Gr.  Knvuv,  a  rule :  see 
C((«o«l.]  A  dignitary  who  possesses  a  prebend 
or  revenue  allotted  for  the  performance  of  di- 
vine service  in  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  church ; 
a  member  of  the  chapter  of  a  cathedral  or  col- 
legiate church.  In  the  Koman  Catholic  Church  in 
Kngland  and  elsewhere  canons  were  formerly  divided  into 
three  cla.^ses,  regular,  secular,  and  honorary.  The  retju- 
lur  ciiiiioi.s-  lived  in  monasteries,  and  added  tlie  profession 
of  vows  to  their  other  duties.  Secular  or  laii  canons  did 
not  live  ill  monasteries,  but  they  kcid  the  cniioiiicnl  lioui-s. 
Honorary  eanons  were  not  obliged  to  keep  the  hours.  The 
name  foreign  canons  was  given  to  such  as  did  not  olli- 
ciate  in  tlieir  canonries:  opposed  to  manifionarg  ov  rest. 
denliary  canons.  Canons  of  the  Knglish  cathedrals  must 
be  in  residence  for  tliree  months  each  year.  Collectively, 
with  the  dean  at  their  Iliad,  tlicy  fi.rm  the  chapter.  There 
are  also  canons  of  alowir  grade,  e:d\cd  minor  canotut,  who 
assist  in  iierforming  the  daily  clioral  service  in  the  cathe- 
dral. Honorary  caiwns  may  also  be  appointed,  but  receive 
no  emolument. 

In  the  Chirche  of  Seyiit  Sepulchre  was  wont  to  ben 
Chanouns  oi  thcordrcof  aeynt  Augustyn,  and  hadden  a 
rriour :  but  the  Patriark  was  here  Sovcreygue. 

SlandcviUe,  Travels,  p.  70. 
Because  they  were  enrolled  in  the  list  of  clergy  belong- 
ing to  the  church  to  xvhich  they  became  associated,  the 
cathedral  and  collegiate  clergy  of  the  higher  grades  con- 
tinued to  be,  and  are  yet,  called  canons. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  83. 

canon''t,  "■    See  cannon,  7. 

caiion,  canyon  (kan'yon;  Sp.  pron.  kii-nyon'), 
H.  ['I'lie  I'i.  spelling  canijon  (like  the  ult.  iden- 
tical coni/oii)  suits  the  pronunciation,  Sp.  (7  be- 
ing eiiuiv.  to  E.  ny ;  <  Sp.  callon,  aug.  of  ctiHn,  a 
tube,  funnel,  cannon:  see  cannon  and  oiiicl.] 
The  name  given  throughout  tlie  Cordilleran  re- 
gion (if  tlio  United  States  to  an.v  riillior  narrow 
vallev  with  iiioro  or  less  precipitous  sides,  and 
also  fi-equently  applied  to  wliiit  would  ]>roperly 
bo  called  in  English  a  defile,  ravine,  or  gorge. 
This  n.4e  of  the  word  cii/l"/i  is  peculiar  to  the  I'niled  States, 
it  being  rare  ill  Mexico  and  not  at  all  known  in  Spain  or 
in  Spanish  South  America.  The  word  used  in  Spain  and 
the  Argentine  Itepublie  is  catinda ;  In  Pern,  quchrada  ;  and 
iiicliili,  ./(ir<;a»trt.  A  small  and  steep  cafion,  called  In  Kng- 
lish roeine,  gorge,  or  gulch,  Is  known  In  Spain  and  Spanish 
Aiii.iica  as  liarraiwd nud  fpiiclira.  =SyiL  (Jorge,  etc.     See 

ntlleg. 

canon,  canyon  (kan'yon),  v.  i.  [<  cation,  can- 
yon, ».]  lo  enter  a  deflle  or  gorge:  said  of  a 
streaiii.     [Western  U.  S.] 

canon-bit  (kan'on-bit),  H.     Same  as  cannon,  3. 

canon-bone,  ».     See  cannon-bone. 

canoness  (kan'on-cs),  «.  [<  ML.  cnnoninsa  (> 
I'',  cliaunincusc),  a  fciii.  form  of  canon :  see  ctin- 
!>»'-  and  -('.v,f.]  Jicflis.,  a  iiieiiilier  of  a  coiiimu- 
iiily  of  women  living  under  a.  rule,  Init  not 
obliged  to  make  any  vows  or  to  renounce  the 
world. 

There  are  In  popish  countries  women  Ihey  call  secular 
eowHo'i'ses,  living  after  the  example  of  secular  cnnons. 

Aylijfc,  i'arergoll. 

canonialt,  «■  [<  ME.  cnnonid,  <  ML.  as  if  'ca- 
nonialin,  <  canonia,  a  caiioiiicale,  <  canon,  a 
ciiniiu:  SCO  r((HO»2.]     i^mni\  im  canonical. 

canonic  (ka-non'ik),  n.  and  ».  [<  L.  canonicim, 
lii'iliiiniiig  111  a  canon  nr  rule,  rN|>.  (ill  Ml/.)  to 
ilic  Scriptural  or  ecdcMiaHtical  canons,  <  Or. 


I 

^1 


£ 


#.^ 


canonic 


7S5 


(oTOviKOf,  <  Kavdiv  {Kavov-),  >  L.  canon,  a  rule,  canonism  (kan'on-i/.m),  h.     [<  canon^  +  -inm.'] 


etc.':  see  canon^  and  conon^.]     J.  «.  Same  as 
canonical. 
You  are  my  learned  and  canonic  neighbour. 

li.  Jonson,  Talc  of  a  Tul),  i.  3. 


Aillicreuec  to  canon  or  rule 
canonist  (kan'on-ist),   n.     [=  F.  eanoniste;  < 
canoH^  +  -ist.'i'   One  skillod  in  ecclesiastical 
or  ca:ion  law. 

Jicm\mt])0  n  canonist :  that  is  to  say,  one  that  is  brought 
up  in  the  study  of  the  pope's  laws  and  decrees. 

Latliner,  Hennon  of  the  Ploiigli. 

West  and  Clark,  the  Bishops  of  Ely  and  of  iiath,  .  .  . 
were  both  celebrated  canoniMs  and  devotcil  adherents  of 
the  old  religion.        li.  iV.  Dixmi,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  i. 


Canonic  imitation,  in  immc,  the  exact  or  methodical 
imitiitiou  of  one  voice-part  by  another.     See  canonl,  8. 

II.  n.  [Gr.  TO  anvoviKOv,  neut.  of  liavoviad^;  see 
above.]  In  the  Epicurean  philosophy,  a  name 
for  logic,  considered  as  supplying  a  norm  or 
rule  to  which  reasoning  has  to  conl'onn. 
canonical  (ka-non'i-kal),  a.  and  n.  [As  ca- 
nonic +  -al.  Cf.  ML.  canonicaUs,  pertaining  to 
a  canon,  <  canonicns,  a  canon  or  prebendary: 
see  canon^.'i  I.  a.  1.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
constituting  a  canon  or  rule;  accepted  as  a 
norm  or  rule:  as,  canonical  writings. 

The  term  canonical  signifled  normal,  as  constituting  a 
rule  and  source  of  faith,  or  it  was  used  as  a  synonym  of  canonistic  (kan-O-nis'tik),  a.  [<  canonist +-ic.'] 
authorized,  or  approved  in  this  character.  /-vj,       iiQ,.tniTiiiirr"to  fiTioni«ta 

G.P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Cliristianity,  p.  67.3.     *-"  °^  peitaming  to  canonists. 

They  became  the  apt  scholars  of  this  canonistic  exposi- 
tion. Milton,  Tetrachordon. 


canopy 

canon- wiset  (kan'on-wiz),  a.  Versed  in  the 
canon  law:  as,  "canon-wise  prelate,"  Milton, 
Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

canon-wren  (kan'yon-ren),  n.  A  bird  of  the 
family  Troglodytidd  and  genus   Catherpes,   as 


All  through  the  Middle  Ages  the  lawyer  who  was  avow- 
edly a  priest  held  liis  own  against  tlic  lawyer  wiio  ])ro- 
fessed  to  l)e  a  layman;  and  ours  [ICngland]  is  the  ordy 
country  in  which,  owing  to  tbo  peculiar  turn  of  our  legal 
history,  it  is  ditlicnlt  to  see  that,  on  the  whole,  the  canon- 
ist exercised  as  mucli  influence  on  the  course  of  legal  de- 
velopment as  the  legist  or  civilian. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  27. 


2.  Forming  a  part  of  the  sacred  canon.  See 
canon^,  3. — 3.  Conformed  or  conforming  to 
rule;  fixed  or  determined  by  rule;  specifically, 
regulated  by  or  in  accordance  with  the  canons 
of  the  chtu'ch ;  authorized :  as,  canonical  age ; 
canonical  hours. 

These  two  prelates  (Giso  of  Wells  and  Walter  of  Here- 
ford], having  doubts  about  the  canonical  competency  of 
AiThbishop  Stigand,  went  to  Nicolas  II.  in  1061,  and  re- 
ceived consecration  at  his  hands. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  704. 

We  have  one  [successful  epic]  here,  subdivided  into  ten 
distinct  poems,  each  of  which  suits  the  canonical  require- 
ment, and  may  be  read  at  a  single  sitting. 

Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  177. 

Canonical  age.  See  ni/e.— Canonical  books,  or  ca- 
nonical Scriptures,  those  boolis  or  writings  which  are 
received  liv  the  otnncli  as  the  rule  of  faith  and  practice. 
(See  iti>iu-n'ii'li:(,  _'.)—  Canonical  dissection,  in  math.,  a 
stauiluicl  innile  cif  onttint;  up  a  Eicnianirs  surface.— Ca- 
nonical epistles,  an  apinllation  given  to  those  epistles 
of  the  New  Testament  wliicli  are  called  fjetwnil  or  cath- 
olic. They  are  the  epistles  of  Peter,  John,  James,  and 
Jude.— Canonical  form,  in  alir.,  the  simplest  form  to 
which  a  quantic  can  be  reduced  without  loss  of  gener- 
ality. Thus,  a  binary  quantic  of  the  (2  m  -t-  l)th  degree 
can  be  expressed  as  the  sum  of  ni  4-  1  powers.—  Ca- 
nonical hours,  certain  stated  times  of  the  day,  fixed  by 
ecclesiastical  laws,  appropriated  to  the  offices  of  prayer 
and  devotion.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  ca- 
nonical hours  are  the  seven  periods  of  daily  prayer,  viz., 
matins  (consisting  of  nocturns  with  lauds),  prime,  terce, 
sext,  nones,  evensong  or  vespers,  and  complin.  In  Eng- 
land the  same  name  is  also  sometimes  given  to  the  hours 
from  ei"ht  o'clock  in  the  forenoon  to  three  in  the  after- 
noon, before  and  iifter  which  marriage  cannot  be  legally 
performed  in  a  parish  church  without  a  special  license. — 
Canonical  letters,  letters  formerly  interchanged  by  the 
orthodox  cleriry,  as  testimonials  of  their  faith,  to  keep  up 
the  catholic  commuinon,  and  to  distinguish  them  from 
heretics. — Canonical  life,  the  method  or  rule  of  living 
prescribed  Ijy  the  ani.-ient  clergy  who  lived  in  community. 
It  was  less  rigid  than  the  monastic  life. — Canonical  obe- 
dience, the  ol)edience,  as  regulated  by  the  canons,  of  an 
ecclesiastic  of  lower  rank  to  his  superior,  as  of  a  presbyter 
to  his  bishop. — Canonical  punishments,  such  punish- 
ments as  the  church  may  inllict,  as  excominuiucation,  deg- 
radation, penance,  etc. — Canonical  scholar,  a  scholar  in 


canonizant  (ka-non'i-zant),  u.  [<  canonize  + 
-anil.]  In  math.,  a  certain  eovariant  used  in 
reducing  quantics  to  the  canonical  forms.  Tho 
canonizant  of  a  quantic  of  odd  order  is  the  catalecticant 
of  the  penultimate  emanant.  Thus,  the  canonizant  of  the 
quantic  (a,  b,  c, V,  e,  f)  {x,  y)5  is 

ax-i-by,  bx-Vcy,  cx-^dy 
bx  -(-  cy,  ex  -f  dy,  dx  -f  ey 
ex  4-  dy,    dx  4-  ey,    ex  +fy. 

canonizatet  (ka-non'i-zat),  V.  t.  [<  ML.  canoni- 
aitu.s,  pp.  of  canonizare,  canonize:  see  canon- 
ize.']    To  canonize. 

canonization  (kan"on-i-za.'shgn),  n.  [=  F. 
canonisation,  <  ML.  "canonizare,  canonize :  see 
canonize.']  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch,,  the  act  of 
enrolling  a  beatified  person  among  the  saints. 
See  beatification.  Originally  each  bishop  was  accus- 
tomed to  declare  that  particular  deceased  persons  should 
be  regarded  as  saints ;  but  the  exercise  of  this  power  was 
gradiially  assumed  by  the  popes,  who  since  1171)  have  ex- 
ercised the  exclusive  right  of  canonization.  In  order  to 
canonization,  it  must  be  shown  that  two  miracles  have 
been  wrought  by  the  candidate  before  beatillcation,  and 
two  more  after  it  by  his  intercession.  The  pope,  on  ap- 
plication, resumes  the  case  of  the  beatified  person,  with 
the  view  of  testing  his  qualifications  for  the  higher  rank 
which  is  claimed  for  him.  A  secret  consistory  is  sum- 
moned, at  which  three  cardinals  are  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  matter,  who  make  their  report  at  a  second 
private  meeting.  In  the  third,  which  is  a  public  consis- 
tory, one  person,  called  the  advocatiis  diahoU,  or  devil's 
.ndvocate,  attacks  the  person  to  be  canonized,  raises  doubts 
as  to  the  miracles  said  to  have  been  wrought  by  him,  and 
exposes  any  want  of  formality  in  the  procedure ;  while 
another  person,  called  advocatiis  Dei,  or  God's  advocate, 
supports  his  claim.  Lastly,  a  fourth  consistory  is  held,  in 
which  the  votes  of  the  prelates  are  taken  for  or  against 
the  canonization.  If  a  plurality  of  votes  are  cast  in  favor 
of  the  candidate,  the  pope  announces  the  day  appointed 
for  the  ceremony,  which  takes  place  at  St.  Peter's.  Also 
spelled  canonisation. 

canonize  (kan'on-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
onized, ppr.  canonizing.  [=  F.  canoniser,  < 
IIL.  canonizare,  canonize,  put  into  the  canon 


Canon-wren  {Cathtrpes  mexicanus). 

C.  mexicanus:  so  called  from  its  frequenting 

cations.     Coues.    See  Catherpes. 

canooskie  (ka-nos'ki),  n.  A  local  name  inAlaska 
of  tlie  crested  auklet,  Himorhynehus  cristatellus. 
H.  W.  EUiott. 

can-opener  (kan'6"pn-6r),  n.  An  implement  for 
cutting  open  one  end  of  a  sealed  tin  can. 

Canopic  (ka^no'pik),  a.  [<  L.  Canopicus,  <  Cano- 
pus:  seoCanopus.]  Of orpertainingtoCanopus, 
an  ancient  city  of  Egypt.  Also  written  Canobic. 
—  Canopic  vases,  vases  of  a  special  type,  with  tops  in  the 
form  of  heads  of  human  beings  or  <liviinties,  used  in  an- 
cient Egypt  to  hold  the  entrails  of  endialmed  bodies,  four 
being  provided  for  each  body.  They  were  made  in  large 
numbers  at  Canopus,  whence  their  name.    Their  form  is 


a  cathedral  school  who  is  supported  upon  an  episcopal     qj.  catalogue  of  the  saints,  <  canon,  a,  canon, 
foutidation  -Canonical  sins,  in  the  ancient  church,     catalogue  of  the  saints,  etc. :  see  canonl.]     1 

those  sins  for  which  capital  punishment  was  mflicted,  as     „  ^       S"^°  "^^';°,°'^'    ™',  "^"^ _^    J 

idolatry,  murder,  adultery,  heresy,  etc. 

II.  n.  pi.  [Cf.  ML.  canonicce  vestes,  canoni- 
cals.] The  dress  or  habit  prescribed  by  canon 
to  be  worn  by  the  clergy  when  they  officiate ; 
hence,  the  prescribed  official  costume  or  deco- 
ration of  any  functionary,  as,  in  English  usage, 
the  pouch  on  the  gown  of  an  M.D.,  the  coif  of  a 
serjeant-at-law,  the  lambskin  on  the  hood  of  a 
B.  A.,  the  strings  of  an  Oxford  undergraduate, 
the  tippet  on  a  barrister's  gown,  proctors'  and 
subproctors'  tippets,  etc. 

An  ecclesiastic  in  full  canonicals.  Macaulay. 

canonically  (ka-non'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  conform- 
ity with  a  canou  or  rule ;  specifically,  in  con- 
formity with,  or  in  the  manner  prescribed  by, 
the  canons  of  a  church:  as,  "canonically  ad- 
mitted bishops,"  Bp.  Bale,  Apology,  p.  23. 

canonicalness  (ka-non'i-kal-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  canonical. 

-  The  canonicalTiess  of  the  Apostolic  Constitutions. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Hist.  Own  Times,  an.  1711. 

canonicate  (ka-non'i-kat),  n.  [=F.  canonicat, 
<  ML.  "canoni'catus,  n.,  office  of  a  canon;  cf. 


To  enroll  officially  in  the  canon  or  catalogue 
of  the  saints;  declare  to  be  a  saint;  regard  as 
a  saint.     See  canonization. 

The  king,  desirous  to  bring  into  the  house  of  Lancaster 

celestial  honour,  became  suitor  to  Pope  Julius,  to  canonize 

King  Henry  VI.  for  a  saint.  Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

The  best  of  them  will  never  be  canonized  for  a  saint 

when  she's  dead.  Goldsmith,  Good-Natured  Man,  i. 

And  has  a  Champion  risen  in  arms  to  try 

His  Country's  virtue,  fought,  and  breathes  no  more ; 

Him  in  their  hearts  the  people  canonize. 

Wordsworth,  Eccles.  Sonnets,  1.  32. 

2.  To  admit  into  the  canon,  as  of  Scripture. 

[Bare.] 

Batlisheba  was  so  wise  a  woman  that  some  of  her  coun- 
sels arc  canonized  for  divine.  Bp.  Hall,  David's  End. 

3.  To  embody  in  canons.     [Kare.] 

Planting  our  faith  one  wliile  in  the  old  convocation 
house ;  and  another  while  in  the  chapel  at  Westminster ; 
when  all  the  faith  and  religion  that  shall  be  there  canon- 
ized is  not  sufficient  without  plain  convincement,  and  the 
charity  of  patient  instruction.  Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  66. 

Also  spelled  canonise. 
canonizer  (kan'on-i-zer),».  One  who  canonizes. 

Also  spelled  canoniser. 


J, '       '     ■  1  A  ISO  speiieu  c((/(oH(,>c/ . 

canonicatus,  pp.  of  canonicare,  make  a  canon,  o„iiyx  (kan'on-li),  a.  [<  canonT-  +  -?^1.]    Ac- 

<  c«»omats,  a  canon :  see  canomc,  canon^.]  The     p""j\"*t;>  the  canoi;  canonically. 

canonry  (kan'on-ri),  «. ;  pi.  cationries  (-riz) 


[< 


canon- 


office  of  a  canon ;  a  canonry, 
canonicity  (kan-o-nis'i-ti),  n.  [=  F.  canonicite, 
<  ML.  * canonicita{t-)s,  <  canonicus,  canonical.] 
The  quality  of  being  canonical ;  canonicalness. 
The  canonicity,  that  Is,  the  divine  authority,  of  the 
books  of  the  New  Testament.  .         ^  ,       c.  r 

J.  H.  Xemnan,  iJevelopment  of  Christ.  Doct,  iii.  4.   canonst  (k^u  Quz),  «.  pJ.     See  cannon,  n.,  1. 
canonisation,  canonise,  etc.  See  canonization,  canonship  (kan'on-ship),  n.  [Ccohoh"-  +  -ship.] 
catwnize,  etc.  The  position  or  office  of  canon ;  canonry. 


-f  -;•!/.]"    The  benefice  filled  by  a  canon. 

The  patronage  of  the  eanonries  was  secured  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  York  by  the  Act  13  and  14  Vict.,  c.  98,  s.  25. 

'  Jf.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  IX.  479. 


Etruscan  Canopic  Vases. 

that  of  a  reversed  truncated  cone  roimded  off  above  hemi- 
spherically,  with  the  opening  in  the  top,  which  is  closed 
by  the  head  as  a  lid.  Their  material  is  generally  terra- 
cotta, but  frequently  some  valuable  stone.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  vases  of  similar  form  containing  the  ashes 
of  the  dead  found  in  Etruscan  tombs  of  the  eighth  and 
seventh  centuries  b.  c.  The  Etruscan  examples  have  han- 
dles, and  bear  human  arms  as  well  as  the  head,  represent- 
ed either  in  low  relief  along  the  body  of  the  vase,  or  in 
complete  relief,  and  sometimes  articulated  to  the  handles. 
Against  the  walls  [of  the  niunimy-chamber]  were  piled 
.  .  .  libation  jars  of  bronze  and  terra  cotta,  and  canopic 
vases  of  precious  Lycopolitan  alabaster. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXV.  1S7. 

Canopus  (ka-no'pus),  n.  [L.,  the  brightest 
star  in  the  constellation  Argo,  named  from 
Canopus,  <  6r.  Kouurror,  earlier  KdvciSoc,  a  town 
in  Lower  Egypt.]  The  brightest  star  but  one 
in  the  heavens,  one  magnitude  brighter  than 
Arcturus  and  only  half  a  magnitude  fainter 
than  Sirius.  It  is  situated  inoneof  thesteering-paddlts 
of  Argo,  about  35^  south  of  Sirius  and  about  the  same 
distance  east  of  Achenar;  it  is  of  a  white  or  yellowish 
color,  and  is  conspicuous  in  Florida  in  winter.  Astrono- 
mers call  it  a  or  alpha  Argus,  or  a  or  alpha  Carince.  See 
cut  under  Argo. 

canopy(kan'o-pi),  «.;  pi.  ca«02>i>s(-piz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  C(7na^»/,  canapic;  =  D.  kanapee  = 
G.  canapee,  kanapee,  a  canopied  couch,  sofa.  <  F. 
canap6  (after  It.),  prop,  conopee  (Cotgrave)  = 
OPg.  ganape  =  Sp.  Pg.  canape  =  It.  canope 
=  Wail,  canapeu,  a  canopy,  canopied  couch,  < 
ML.  canapeum,  canapeium,  canapium,  canopium, 
prop,  conopeum,  a  mosquito-net,  a  tent,  pa- 
vilion, <  Gr.  Kuvu-aov,  Kuvu~eui;  an  Egyptian 
bed  with  mosquito-curtains,  a  pavilion,  <  kuvuxj) 
(kuv'utt-),  a  gnat,  mosquito,  perhaps  an  aecom. 
of  a  foreign  (Egyptian  f )  word,  but  appar.  "  cone- 
faced,'  as  if  from  some  fancied  likeness  to  a 
cone,  <  Kinioc,  a  cone,  +  ui/',  face :  see  cone  and 
02)tic.]     1.  in  general,  any  suspended  covering 


Canopy. 

Portal  of  the  church  of  St.  Pftre-sous-Vczc- 

lay.  France,    i  From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet. 


canopy 

that  serves  as  a  protection  or  shelter,  as  an 
awning,  the  tester  of  a  bed,  or  the  like ;  espe- 
cially, an  ornamental  covering  of  cloth  suspend- 
ed on  posts  over  a  throne  or  the  seat  of  a  high 
dignitarv,  or  any  covering  of  cloth  so  disposed. 
He  was  escorted  by  the  militar}-  of  the  city  under  a 
royal  canopy  borne  by  the  deputies. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  xi.  12. 

2.  In  specific  figurative  use,  the  sky :  as,  any- 
-vrhere  under  the  canopy,  or  the  catiopy  of  heaven. 

But,  oi  what  substance  shall  I.  after  thee 
(0  Matchless  Jlaker),  make  Heav'ns  Canapey? 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  Weeks,  i.  2. 
And  now 
The  forest's  solemn  canopies  were  changed 
For  the  uiiiform  and  lightsome  evening  sky. 

Shelley,  Alastor. 

3.  In  arch.,  a  decorative  hood  or  cover  sup- 
ported or  sus- 
pended over  an 
altar,  throne, 
chair  of  state, 
pulpit,  and  the 
Uke;  also  the  or- 
namented pro- 
jecting head  of 
aniohe  or  taber- 
nacle. The  label- 
molding  or  drip- 
scone  which  sur- 
rounds the  head  of 
a  door  or  window, 
if  ornamented,  is 
also  called  a  can- 
opy. 

4.  Xaiit:  (a) 
A  light  awning 
over  the  stern- 
sheets  of  a  boat. 
(6)  The  bras- 
framework  over 
a  hatch. —  5.  A 
large  smoke- 
beU.  See  smoke- 
bell.  Car-Build- 
ir'.s  Diet. 

/,      _/-       lay,  r ranee,    irr 
canopy     (kan  O-     de  rArchUecture 

pi),  r.  /.;  pret. 
and  pp.  canopied,  ppr.  canopying.  [<  canopy,  «.J 
To  cover  with  a  canopy,  or  as  with  a  canopy. 

Trees  .  .  . 
Which  erst  from  heat  did  canopy  the  herd. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  xii. 
Canopied  with  golden  clouds.         Chapman,  Iliad,  xiii. 
A  bank 
With  ivy  canopied.       Hilton,  Comus,  1.  .'J44. 
Beneath  thy  pinions  canopy  my  head.  Keats. 

canors  (ka-no're),  n.  }il.  [NL.,  fem.  pi.  (sc. 
arm,  birds:  see  Aves)  of  L.  canorus:  see  cano- 
r»«.v.]  The  singing  birds.  See  Cantatores  and 
f'lintun-.i. 
canorous  (ka-no'rus),  a.  [<  L.  canorits,  sing- 
ing, musical,  <  canere,  sing:  see  cant^.'\  Mu- 
sical; tuneful.     [Eare.] 

Jiirds  that  are  caTiorous  .  .  .  arc  of  little  throats  and 
short  necks.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  EiT.,  vii.  14. 

Tile  Lathi  has  given  us  most  of  our  canorous  words,  only 
they  rnu^t  not  be  confounded  witii  merely  sonorous  ones, 
still  leHH  will)  phrases  ttiat,  instead  uf  supplementing  the 
Hf  n:<e,  encumber  it. 

Lincdl,  Amitng  my  Books,  Ist  scr.,  p.  75. 
canorously  (ka-no'rus-li),  adv.    Melodiously; 

tiim-fiilly. 
canorousness  (ka-no'rus-nes),  n.   MusiealneBS. 
Spenser  .  .  .  chooHcs  hi."*  language  for  its  rich  canoroiw- 
nfu  rather  than  tor  intennily  of  niennliig. 

Lowell,  Aiuoiig  my  li<«iks,  2d  «er.,  p.  184. 

canousf,  «.  [<  L.  canim,  wliite,  hoary,  esp.  of 
till-  )^ay  hair  of  the  aged.]     Hoary;  gray. 

cansh  (kansh),  n.  A  small  mow  of  corn,  or  a 
Miiiill  j)ilo  of  fagots,  etc.  JIalliwcll.  [Prov. 
Kng.] 

canstickt  (kan'stik),  ».  A  contraction  of  can- 
'II,  H  lick: 

I  had  rather  hear  a  bnucn  eanstirlr  tiim'd. 

.SVin*.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  111.  1. 

canstowt.    An  old  abbreviation  of  fan.sl  thou. 

cant'  fkant),  »i.  [=  l».  I;nnl,  lirinl>r,  imIi.'i.,  nidc, 
'•riiil;,  margin,  corner,  =  OKrii-H.  Iiml  {in 
'•'ii"li.),  Mido,  =  Mljii.  knni,  kanir,  LO.  kmilr  (> 
(i.  I.iiou  —  mod.  Icol.  kanIr  =  Dan.  Sw.  kunl), 
lir.nl"  r,  I  ilt;f),  margin,  Jirob.  <  OK.  rant,  forii<r, 
Bnt'li',  =  Sji.  Pg.  It.  canto,  Hide,  eclgc,  coriKr, 
ftiiKl'-.  <  Mlj.  ranlu.H,  Hide,  comer.  Ot  iinctrtdin 
mil)  |r..t,,  vtirioiiH  oriitiii:  O)  in  purl,  like  \V. 
rnni,  tin-  rim  •.f  a  circli.',  <  1-.  rnnthiis,  MIj.ro/;- 
lu»,  roni'i.H,  the  tiro  of  a  wln'cl  (in  ML.  also 
cxplaini'l  n-  tdo  niivf  or  Kpoki-H  of  a  T»hopl,  in 
L.  nl-..  ,  ,.|);  ,.f,  (Jr.  „n,4)/,^,  the  fi'lly 

"f  "  .ord,  iM'rli:i|iM  due  to  fhf  !<., 

will'  li  ■■■■■  .         i..iiiy  toi^inliliiiii,  ttbarbapiiiH 


796 

Hispanian  or  African  word) ;  (2)  cf .  Gr.  rai'Aif, 
the  comerof  the  eye  (see  canthiis) ;  (3)  ef.  OBulg. 
kn"tu  =  Bulg.  ki'ii  =  Sloven,  kot  =  Serv.  ktit  = 
Bohem.  koiit  =  Pol.  ka"t  =  Russ.  kutu  =  Lett. 
kante,  a  corner.  In  some  senses  the  noun  is 
from  the  vei'b.  Hence,  cantle,  canumK]  If. 
A  comer;  an  angle;  a  niche. 

The  .  .  ,  principal  person  in  the  temple  was  Irene,  or 
Peace ;  she  was  placed  aloft  in  a  cant. 

B.  Jonson,  Coronation  Entertainment. 

2.  The  comer  of  a  field. — 3.  An  external  or 
salient  angle:  as,  a  six-canted  bolt,  that  is,  one 
of  six  ca  n  fo,  or  of  which  the  head  has  sis  angles. 
— 4.  One  of  the  segments  forming  a  side  piece 
in  the  head  of  a  cask. —  5.  A  ship's  timber, 
near  the  bow  or  stern,  lying  obliquely  to  the 
line  of  the  keel. — 6.  A  piece  of  wood  which 
supports  the  bulkheads  on  a  vessel's  deck. 
[Eng.] — 7.  A  log  that  has  received  two  side 
cuts  in  a  sawmill  and  is  ready  for  the  next  cut. 
—  8.  An  inclination  from  a  horizontal  line;  a 
sloping,  slanting,  or  tilted  position. 

When  the  berg  first  came  in  contact  with  the  ship,  a 
large  tongue  of  ice  below  the  water  was  forced  under  the 
bows  of  the  vessel,  raising  her  somewhat,  and  with  the 
help  of  the  wind  giving  her  a  cant. 

C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Exp.,  p.  245. 

9.  A  toss,  thrust,  or  push  with  a  sudden  jerk : 
as,  to  give  a  ball  a  cant. — 10.  In  whalc-fislting, 
a  cut  in  a  whale  between  the  neck  and  fins. 

canti  (kant),  v.  [=  T>.  kanten,  cut  off  an  angle, 
square,  =  G.  kantin,  cant,  tilt,  =  Sw.  kunta, 
bevel,  =  LG.  freq.  kanlcin,  kantern,  turn  over, 
tilt,  af-kanteln,  cut  off  an  angle,  =  Dan.  ka-ntrc, 
upset,  capsize,  eaut;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans. 
1 .  To  put  or  set  at  an  angle ;  tilt  or  move  from 
a  horizontal  line :  as,  to  cant  or  cant  up  a  plank ; 
to  cant  over  a  paU  or  cask. — 2.  Naut.,  to  tm'n 
(sometliing)  so  that  it  is  no  longer  fan-  and 
square ;  give  (a  ship)  an  inclination  to  one  side, 
as  in  preparing  her  to  be  careened. — 3.  To  set 
upon  edge,  as  a  stone. — 4.  To  throw  with  a 
sudden  jerk;  toss:  as,  to  cant  a  ball. 

The  sheltie  canted  its  rider  into  tlie  little  brook. 

Scott,  Pirate. 

5.  To  cut  off  an  angle  of,  as  of  a  square  piece 
of  timber. 

II.  intrans.  To  tUt  or  incline;  have  a  slant. 

The  table  is  made  to  cnnt  as  usual,  being  clamped  in 
position  by  a  nut  screwed  up  against  a  quadrant  under- 
neath. _     Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  9(53. 

cant'-  (kant),  T.  [First  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
century;  usually  referred  to  L.  cantarc  (>  ult. 
E.  chant,  q.  v.),  sing  (in  form  a  freq.  of  cancrc, 
pp.  cantus,  sing,  from  a  root  represented  in  E. 
by  the  noun  hen,  q.  v.),  in  ecel.  use  (ML.)  also 
perform  mass  or  divine  service,  and,  as  a  noiui, 
an  anniversary  ser\-ice  for  the  dead,  alms,  esp. 
when  given  as  an  anniversary  observance  (see 
cant",  n.  and  «.).  Tlie  word  trt"(  may  thus  have 
become  associated  with  beggars ;  but  there  may 
have  been  also  an  allusion  to  a  ])crfunctory 
performance  of  divine  service,  and  hence  a  hy- 
pocritical use  of  religious  phrases.]    I.  intrans. 

1.  To  speak  with  a  whining  voice  or  in  an 
affected  or  assumed  tone  ;  assume  a  particular 
tone  and  iiuuincr  of  speaking  for  tlio  jjurposo 
of  exciting  compas.siou,  as  in  begging;  hence, 
to  beg. 

Vou  arc  resolved  to  cant,  then  ?  where,  Savll, 
Shall  your  scene  lie  ? 

Bean,  and  Ft.,  Scornful  Lady,  v.  :<. 

2.  To  make  pharisaical,  hypocritical,  or  whin- 
ing pretensions  to  goodness;  affect  piety  with- 
out sincerity ;  sham  lioliness. 

I  cuiiM  not  cant  of  creed  or  prayer. 

Scott,  Kokeby,  I.  18. 

3.  To  talk  in  a  certain  special  .iargoii ;  use  the 
words  and  iiliniseology  poculiiirto  a  particular 
sect,  i>arty,  profession,  and  the  like. 

A  merry  (Jreek,  and  cants  in  Uiliii  comely. 

it.  Jonson,  Mow  Inn,  IL  2. 

Ilii-  Doctor  hero. 
When  he  discoursetli  of  dissection, 
Of  vena  cava  and  of  vena  porta, 
(If  iniHcrulcH  and  tile  mesenterium. 
What  does  he  vUv  but  cant ' 

II.  .lomon,  .Staple  of  News,  Iv,  1. 

II.  Iranx.  To  tiso  as  a  conventionul  phrase- 
ology or  jargon. 

1h  it  Hoilllllciilt  for  a  mnn  t4ir»iit  Home  one  or  inoreof  the 
good  old  KiiuHhIi  caiitn  which  his  father  and  grniiilfntliir 
iiioird  lii'fote  liltii,  that  lie  inilHt  lenni,  In  the  kcIiooIh  of 
I  111'  rtllltnriaiiH,  a  new  sleight  of  tongue,  to  make  foids 
rill)!  and  wIhc  iiii-ii  Hiii'erV 

.M/i.(ii/M;;,  On  WeP4t,  Kivlewer's  Det,  of  Mill. 

cant-  (kant),  H.  and  (/.  (<  rant'^,  c]  I.  n.  1. 
.\  wliiiiing  or  Hinging  manner  of  spoocU;  Bpe- 


Cantab. 

cifically,  the  whining  speech  of  beggars,  as  in 
asking  alms. —  2.  The  language  or  jargon 
spoken  by  gipsies,  thieves,  professional  beg- 
gars, or  the  like,  and  contauiiug  many  words 
different  from  ordinary  English ;  a  kind  of  slang 
or  argot. — 3.  The  words  and  phrases  peculiar 
to  or  characteristic  of  a  sect,  party,  or  profes- 
sion ;  the  dialect  of  a  class,  sect,  or  set  of  peo- 
ple :  used  in  an  unfavorable  sense. 

Of  all  the  cants  which  are  canted  in  this  canting  world, 
though  the  cant  of  hypocrites  may  be  the  worst,  the  cant 
of  criticism  is  the  most  tormenting. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Sliandy,  iii.  12. 
The  cant  of  party,  school,  and  sect 
Provoked  at  times  his  honest  scorn. 

Whittier,  My  Namesake. 

4.  A  pretentious  or  insincere  assumption,  in 
speech,  of  a  religious  character;  an  ostenta- 
tious or  insincere  use  of  solemn  or  religious 

phraseology. 

That  lie  (Richard  Cromwell]  was  a  good  man,  he  evinced 
by  proofs  more  satisfactory  than  deep  groans  or  long  ser- 
nions,  by  humility  and  suavity  when  he  was  at  the  height 
of  human  gi-eatness,  and  by  cheerful  resignation  under 
cruel  wTongs  and  misfortunes  ;  but  the  cant  then  common 
in  every  guard-room  gave  him  a  disgust  which  he  had  not 
always  the  prudence  to  conceal,  ^facaulay,  Hist,  Eng.,  i. 
Supplied  with  cant  the  lack  of  Cluistian  grace. 

Whittier,  Daniel  Neall. 

Hence  —  5.  Any  insincerity  or  conventionality 
in  speech,  especially  insincere  assumption  or 
conventional  pretense  of  enthusiasm  for  high 
thoughts  or  aims. 

But  enthusiasm,  once  cold,  can  never  be  warmed  over 
into  anything  better  than  cant. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  157. 
-Syn.  2  and  3.  Cant,  Slany,  Colloquialism.  Cant  be- 
longs to  a  chiss ;  .stanri  to  no  one  class,  except  where  it  is 
specirted  :  as.  college  "s/aH.!? :  parliamentary  s^aw//.  Slan(/ 
is  generally  over-vivid  in  metaphor  and  threadliare  from 
use,  and  is" often  vulgar  or  ungrammatical ;  cant  may  be 
corriH-t.  but  unintelligible  to  those  outside  of  the  class 
cunctiiud.  Cant  has  also  the  meaning  of  insincere  or 
cnii\cMtioiial  use  of  religious  or  other  set  phrases,  as  above. 
A  c'lllo'jnialisin  is  simply  an  expression  that  belongs  to 
eoniinun  i-onversation,  but  is  considered  too  homely  for 
retlned  speech  or  for  writing. 

The  Cantor  Hash  language,  or  thieves'  jargon,  was  scarce- 
ly known  even  by  name  in  the  United  States  until  .  .  . 
some  forty  years  ago.  Science,  V.  380. 

The  use  of  xta  »/;,  or  cheap  generic  terms,  as  a  substitute 
for  dilfcrentiateii  specific  expressions,  is  at  once  a  sign 
and  a  cause  of  mental  atrophy. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  275. 

Colloquialisms  have  a  place  in  certain  departments  of 
literature,  namely,  fimiiliar  and  liinnorous  writing,  but  in 
grave  compositions  they  are  objectionable. 

J.  I)c  Milk;  Rhetoric,  §  270. 

II.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  cant  or  jargon. 

Tile  altectatitin  of  some  late  autliors  to  introduce  and 
multiply  cant  words  is  the  nmst  ruinous  corruption  in  any 
language.  Swi/t. 

cant'^  (kant),  n.  [Said  to  be  vagabonds'  slang. 
Cf.  i^L.eantare,'p\.cantaria, alms:  see  cant-,  r.] 
.Something  given  in  charity.     Imjt.  Diet. 

cant^  (kant),  «.  [Short  for  OF.  encant,  V.  en- 
ean  =  I'r.  enqiiant,  encant  =  OSp.  eneante  =  lt. 
incanti)  (ML.  ineantiim,  incantiis,  (H(/«««/h.s),  an 
auction,  orig.  a  call  for  bids  at  an  auction,  <  L. 
in  quantum,  for  how  muchf  See  quantum, 
quantity,  etc.]  An  auction;  sale  by  auction. 
Oroae.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Numbers  of  these  tenants  are  now  offering  to  sell  their 
leases  by  cant.  Swl/t,  Hist.  Eng.,  Vt'm.  II. 

cant'  (kant),  Ji.  /.     [<  cant'i,  „.     cf.  equiv.  ML. 
incantarc,  inqnantarc.']     1.  To  sell  by  auction. 
Is  it  not  the  general  method  of  landlords  to  .  .  .  cant 
their  lund  to  the  highest  bidder? 

Swift,  Against  the  Hlshops. 

2t.  To  enhance  or  increase,  as  by  competitivo 
bidding  III  tin  auction.  [Prov.  Eng.  in  bolli  uses.] 
\\  hen  two  monks  were  outvying  each  other  in  canlintj 
the  price  of  an  abbey,  he  I  William  Itntns]  olmerveil  a  third 
at  hiinie  distanc4',  who  said  never  a  word  :  the  king  de- 
liiainlcil  why  he  wolllil  m.l  i>ller  :  the  monk  .said  he  was 
poor.  ;iiid  besides  wouUl  give  nothing  if  he  were  ever  so 
licli ;  llic  king  replied.  Then  you  are  the  llttest  person  to 
have  it,  ami  iinmcdialely  gave  it  hini. 

SwiJI,  Hist.  Eng.,  Wni.  IL 

canf'  (kani),  a.  [E,  dial,  ami  Sc.,  also (Wif.i/;  < 
mi;,  rant,  kant,  kaunt,  bold,  brave;  origin  ob- 
scure.) Bold;  Hirong;  hearty;  lusty.  Now 
usually  canty  (vvliieli  sec). 

.\nd  Ni'stiu-  ainui,  with  a  nowniltcr  greto 
('(  knightes  it  rant  nicii,  i-niryl  liiin  wilh 
l.yuely  to  his  londe,  A  lenyt  hyin  noglit. 

Votnicllon  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  3673. 
The  king  of  Benie  was  cant  and  kene. 
Hot  there  ho  left  boHi  play  and  iirlde. 

Minnl.  rooms,  p.  30. 

cant"  (kant),  V.  i.    [E.  dial.,  <  eanl^>,  a.}   To  re- 

('(ivi'r  or  mend;  grow  slroiig. 
can't  (kilnt  orkant).     A  colloquial  contraction 

of  rtntnot, 
Cantab,  (kau'tab).     1.  All  iibliri'viation  of  the 

l.aliii  iidjeclivo  ilantaOriiiioimis  (stjo  Vantabri- 


\ 


Cantab. 

gian) :  as,  John  Jones,  M.  A.  Cantab,  (that  is, 
Master  of  Arts  of  Cambridge  University). — 2. 
[As  a  noun.]  A  member  or  graduate  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge  in  England. 

The  rattle-pated  trick  of  a  young  canlab.  Scott. 

Cantabs  are  sketched  in  a  series  of  Academical  portraits, 
and  University  life  then  was  apparently  nuich  the  same  ;is 
it  is  now.  Purlni:ilitlii  H,-n.,  S.  a.,  XL.  tif,. 

3.  [As  an  adjective.]  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
University  of  Cambridge. 

How  oft  the  Cantab  sapper,  host  and  ffuest, 
Would  echo  helpless  laughter  to  your  jest ! 

Tfiiiijimn,  To  the  Kev.  W.  H.  lirookflcld. 

cantabank  (kan'ta-bangk),  n.  [A  pi.  eanta- 
Ixinqid  is  cited  in  Halliwell;  <  It.  cantamhanco, 
formerly  canUnbanco  (Florio),  a  mountebank, 
a  balliid-singer,  lit.  one  vpho  sings  on  a  bench, 

<  vim  lure,  sing,  +  in,  on,  +  banco,  bench:  see 
vaiit-,  («l,  bank".  Cf.  mountebank,  saltimbanco.J 
A  strolUng  singer;  a  conmion  ballad-singer: 
used  in  contempt.    [Rare.] 

He  was  no  tavern  cantabank  that  made  it, 
But  a  squire  minstrel  of  your  Highness'  court. 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Artevelde,  I.,  iii.  2. 

cantabile  (kan-tii'be-le),  a.  [It.,  <  L.  cantabi- 
lis,  that  maybe  sung:  see  cantablc.2  In  mnsic, 
executed  in  the  style  of  a  song;  flowing;  sus- 
tained; lyrical. 

cantablet,  «•  [<  L.  cantaUHs,  that  may  be 
sung,  <  cantare,  sing:  seecan<2.  Cf.  chantablc.^ 
Tliat  may  be  sung.     Bailey,  1727. 

Cantabrian  (kan-ta'bri-an),  a.  [L.  Cantabria, 
Oantaljria,  in  northern  Spain.]  Pertaining  to 
the  Cantabri,  an  ancient  people  of  northern 
Spain,  or  to  Cantabria,  the  region  formerly  in- 
habited by  them. 

Cantabrigian  (kan-ta-brij'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
ML.  Caiitabrigiensis,  pertaining  to  Cambridge, 

<  Cantabriyia,  Cambridge.]  I.  a.  Relating  to 
Cambridge,  England,  or  to  its  university.  Also 
ineon-ectly  spelled  Cantabridgian. 

II.  n.  X.  An  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Cam- 
liridgo. — 2.  A  student  or  graduate  of  Cam- 
liriil^,'!'  University.    Abbreviated  Cantab. 

Cantabrigically  (kan-ta-brij'i-kal-i),  adv.  Af- 
ter the  manner  of  the  students  in  Cambridge 
University.     [Humorous  and  rare.] 

cantaliver,  cantilever  (kan'ta-liv-er,  kan'ti- 
lev-er),  n.  and  a.  [Also  written  cantiliver,  can- 
talever,  canteUrcr ; 
of  uncertain  origin. 
The  form  cantalirer 
(accented  cantaW- 
ver  in  Bailey,  1733 
— canli'Hrcr,  John- 
son, 1755)  appears 
to  be  the  earliest, 
and  is  nearest  the 
probable  original, 
namely,  <  L.  (NL.) 
quanta  libra,  of 
what  weight  or  bal- 
ance (L.  quanta, 
abl.  fem.  of  quun- 
tus,  how  much  (see 
quantitii) ;  libra, 
abl.  of  libra,  a 
pound,  weight,  bal- 
ance, coiinterpoise 
(see  libra,  Uvre); 
cf.  caliber,  caliver, 
prob.  of  similar  formation),  a  phrase  which,  if 
used  technically  in  early  modern  (NL.)  works 
on  architecture,  would  naturally  take  in  E.  the 
forms'  given.     Hardly,  as  by  some  supposed, 

<  canf'-,  an  angle,  H-  -a-,  -i-,  a  mere  syllable  of 
transition,  +  lerer,  a  support ;  ef .  E.  dial,  h-rer, 
the  support  of  the  roof  of  a  house.]  I.  n.  1. 
A  block  or  large  bracket  of  stone,  metal,  or 
wood,  framed  into  the  wall  of  a  bmlding,  aud 
projecting  from  it,  to  support  a  molding,  a  bal- 
cony, eaves,  etc.  Cantallvers  serve  the  same 
end  as  modillions  and  brackets,  but  are  not  so 
regularly  applied.  Hence  —  2.  Oneoftwolong 
brackets  or  arms  projecting  toward  each  other 
from  opposite  banks  or  piers,  serving  to  form  a 
bridge  when  united  directly  or  by  a  girder. 

II.  a.  Formed  on  the  principle  of  the  canta- 
liver, or  with  the  use  of  cantallvers Cantaliver 

bridge.     .See  brkbipl. 

cantaloup  (kan'ta-lop  or  -lop),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten cantaloupe,  cdiitaleup,  canteloup,  canteloupe, 
etc. ;  <  P.  cantaJoup,  <  It.  cantalupo,  a  canta- 
loup, so  called  from  Contain jw,  a  town  in  Italy 
where  it  was  first  grown  in  Europe.]  A  va- 
riety of  muskmelon,  som<'what  ellipsoidal  in 
shape,  ribbed,  of  pale-green  or  yellow  color, 
and  of  a  deHeate  flavor. 


Cantallvers.— House  on  Fifth  Avenue, 
Ne»  York. 


797 

cantankerosity  (kan-tang-ke-ros'i-ti),  n.  [< 
canliinkerom  +  -itij.'\  Cantanlcerousiiess.  [Hu- 
morous.] 

•Sir,  the  gentlemftn  from  South  Carolina  made  a  speech  ; 

and  if  I  may  be  allowed  to  coin  a  word,  I  will  say  it  had 

more  nantankerointy  in  it  than  any  speech  I  ever  heard  on 

this  II. .or. 

.1.  -//"/YiHr/fimc,  Speech  in  House  of  Repr.,.Iune  21, 18.')(i. 

cantankerous  (kan-tang'ke-rus),  a.  [Prop, 
dial.,  with  su(Ti.\  -»«.«,  <  K.  dial,  cantankcr, 
"contanker,  a  <;orriiptioii  (by  assimilation  of 
adjacent  syllables)  of  ME.  contcckour,  contc- 
kour,  jirob.  also  "contackonr,  "conUikour,  a  quar- 
relsome person,  <  conteck,  contack,  cimlek,  con- 
tak,  contention,  quarreling:  see  conteck,  con- 
tcckour.'] Given  to  or  marked  by  ill-tempered 
contradiction  or  opposition;  eoiitradietory; 
mulish;  contentious;  cross;  waspisli ;  ill-na- 
tured: as,  " acantankeroushumouv," Tliackeraii. 
[CoUoq.] 

Tliere's  not  a  more  bitter  cantankerous  toad  in  all  Chris- 
tendom. Qoldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

I  hope,  Mr.  Falkland,  as  there  are  three  of  us  come  on 
purpose  for  the  came,  you  won't  be  so  canlankp.rouii  as  to 
spoil  tlic  party  liy  sitting  out,    Sheridan,  The  Itivals,  v.  3. 

cantankerously  (kan-tang'ke-ms-li),  adv.    In 

a  cantankerous  manner;  ill-naturedly;  wasp- 

ishly;  crossly.     [CoUoq.] 
cantankerousness    (kan-tang'ke-rus-nes),     n. 

T)ie  state  or  quality  of  being  cantankerous; 

ill-tempered   opposition;   crossness;   waspish- 

ness.     [Colloq.] 

By  all  means  tell  the  truth,  we  reply,  but  we  refuse  to 

believe  that  the  truth  is  to  be  found  in  cantankerousnetm. 

London  Times,  Aug.  14,  lSti3. 

cantar  (kan'tar),  n.  [=  It.  eanfaro  =  Bulg. 
kantar,  krnfar^Serv.  knniar,  <  Tirrk.  qantdr 
(kantdr),  <  Ar.  qintdr,  a  hundredweight,  quin- 
tal (>  It.  quintalc  =  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  F.  quintal, 
>E.  kintal,  quintal,  q.  v.),  <  L.  centcnarius,  con- 
sisting of  a  hundred  (pounds,  feet,  years,  etc. ) : 
see  centenary,  centner,  and  quintal,  aU  ult.  doub- 
lets of  cantar.']  An  Arabian  and  Turkish  unit 
of  weight,  a  hundred  rotls  or  pounds.  Many  dif- 
ferent rotls  are  in  use  in  Mohammedan  countries,  for  dif- 
ferent commodities,  and  each  has  its  cantar.  The  cantar 
thus  has  all  values  from  98.00  pounds  avoirdupois  (the 
government  cantar  of  Alexandria)  to  880  pounds  (the 
great  cantar  of  Aleppo).  Tlie  cantar  of  Constantinople 
is  124.65  pounds,  that  of  Smyrna  127. 4:i  pounds ;  that  of  the 
calif  Alniiimun  (A.  D.  813-.SS)  was  103.4  pounds. 

cantara  (kiin'ta-ra),  n.  [<  Sp.  cdntara  =  Pg. 
cantara,  also  caniaro,  a  liquid  measure  (see 
dcf.).  <  cantara,  caniaro  =  It.  cantaro,  a  jar  or 
|iit</lier,  <  L.  cuntharits,  a  di'inkiug-vessel:  see 
tiintiiiirus.]  In  Spain  and  Portugal,  same  as 
iirroba. 

cantata  (kan-ta'ta),  n.  [It.,  <  cantare,  <  L. 
cantare,  sing:  see  cant'^.]  Originally,  a  musical 
recitation  of  a  short  drama  or  story  in  verse 
liy  one  person,  without  action,  accompanied  by 
a  single  instrument,  and  later  with  airs  or 
melodies  interspersed ;  now,  a  choral  composi- 
tion, either  sacred  in  the  manner  of  an  oratorio, 
but  shorter,  or  secular,  as  a  lyric  di'ama  or  story 
adapted  to  music,  but  not  intended  to  be  acted. 

Cantate  (kan-ta'te),  n.  [L.,  2d  pers.  yl.  pres. 
impv.  of  cr(«  tare,  sing:  seecanf^.]  The  ninety- 
eighth  psalm,  so  called  from  the  first  words 
in  Latin,  Cantate  (O  sing),  more  fully  Cantate 
Domino  (Sing  ye  unto  the  Lord).  It  is  appointed 
in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  to  be  used  as  a  canticle 
after  the  first  lesson  at  Evening  Prayer,  except  when  it 
,is  read  in  the  ordinary  course  of  the  Psalter  on  the  nme- 
teenth  day  of  the  month.  In  the  English  book  it  is  the 
alternate  of  the  Magnijicat.  In  the  American  book  it 
h<as  the  Bonum  est  conjiteri  as  its  alternate,  and  is  itself, 
since  1886,  an  alternate  of  the  Magnijicat. 

cantationt  (kan-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  cantatio{n-), 
<  cantare,  pp.  cantatiis,  sing:  see  cattt".]  A 
singing.     Cockerani. 

Cantatores  (kan-ta-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
L.  .cantator,  singer,  <  cantare,  pp.  cantatus, 
sing:  see  cant".]  In  ornitli.,  a  group  of  pas- 
serine perching  birds,  more  or  less  nearly  co- 
extensive with  Passercs,  Cantores,  or  Oscines; 
the  singing  birds  or  songsters.  In  MacgiUivray's 
system  (lS3tt),  where  the  term  is  first  teciinically  used, 
the  Cantatores  are  the  fifth  order  of  birds  ;  the  order  as 
there  constituted,  however,  is  not  exactly  conterminous 
with  any  now  recognized  group  of  birds,  but  includes 
sniue  lu'terogeneons  non-oseine  forms. 

cantatory  (kan'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *can- 
tatorius,  <  cantaior,  singer:  see  Cantatores.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  singing  or  to  singers.  Dr. 
H.  Miller.     [Rare.] 

cantatrice  (kan'ta-tres;  It.  pron.  kan-ta-tre'- 
ehe),  n.  [F.  cantatrice,  <  It.  cantatrice,  <  L. 
cantiitriccm,  ace.  oi  cantatrix,  fem.  of  cantator, 
a  singer:  see  Cantatores.]  A  female  singer: 
ai)plied  especially  to  one  who  sings  in  opera 
or  public  concerts. 


canterbury 

cant-block  (kant'blok),  n.  A  large  block  used 
ill  canting  whales,  tliat  is,  turning  them  over 
in  lleiising.     Ii.  II.  Kniylit. 

cant-board  (kant'bord),  n.  A  division  made 
in  the  conveyor-box  of  a  flour-bolt  to  separate 
different  grades. 

cant-body  (kant'bod''i),  n.  In  ship-building, 
t  li(^  portion  of  a  vessel  which  contains  the  cant- 
frames. 

The  square  body  ends  and  the  cant-hody  commences 
just  where  the  angles  between  the  level  lines  and  square 
stations  in  the  half-breadth  plan  begin  to  deviate  greatly 
from  right  angles,  or  where  a  dilficulty  is  found  in  obtain- 
ing suitable  timber  owing  to  the  bevelling  required. 

Thearle,  Naval  Arch.,  §  .^. 

cant-chisel  (kant'chiz'el),  n.  A  large  strong 
chisel  having  a  rib  and  the  basil  on  one  side. 

cant-dog  (kant'dog),  n.  Same  as  cant-hook,  1. 
Jirorkelt.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

canted  (kan'ted),  a.  [<  cant'^  -I-  -ed2.]  1. 
Having  cants  or  angles:  in  arch.,  applied  to 
jiillars,  tuiTets,  or  towers  the  plan  of  which  is  a 
polygon. — 2.  Tilted  to  one  side. 

canteen  (kan-ten'),  II.  [Also  cantine;  <  F.  can- 
line,  <  It.  cantina,  a  cellar,  cave,  grotto  (cf. 
dim.  cantinetta,a  small  cellar,  ice-pail,  cooler), 
=  Sp.  cantina;  dim.  of  It.  Sp.  canto,  a  side, 
corner,  angle :  see  cant^.]  1.  A  sort  of  sutler's 
shop  in  barracks,  camps,  garrisons,  etc.,  where 
provisions,  liquors,  etc.,  are  sold. 

The  king  of  Fiance  established  a  sufficient  number  of 
canteens  for  furnishing  his  troops  with  tobacco.  Jiees,  Cyc. 

Much  of  the  time  formerly  wasted  in  the  canteen,  to  the 
injury  alike  of  health  and  morals,  is  now  devoted  to  read- 
ing. Dr.  J.  Urown,  .Spare  Hours,  3d  ser.,  p.  181. 

2.  A  vessel  used  by  soldiers  for  carrying  water 
or  liquor  for  dl-ink.  in  the  British  army  the  canteen 
is  a  small  vessel  capable  of  containing  3  pints,  which  is 
carried  by  each  soldier  on  the  march,  on  foreign  seri'iee, 
or  in  the  field.  In  the  Vnite<l  States  army  the  regulation 
canteen  is  of  tin,  covered  witli  a  woolen  fal»ric,  is  circular 
in  shape,  with  sharp  periphery  an<l  bulging  sides  like  a 
double-convex  lens,  flttecl  with  a  cylindrical  spout  stop- 
ped by  a  cork,  and  holds  about  3  pints;  it  is  slung  over 
the  shoulder.  A  much  larger  kind,  of  the  same  materials, 
but  with  flat  sides,  and  holding  a  gallon  or  more,  is  some- 
times used,  but  not  coninionly  caiTied  on  the  person. 

3.  A  square  liox,  fitted  uj)  with  compartments, 
in  which  British  officers  on  foreign  service  pack 
a  variety  of  articles,  as  spirit-bottles,  tea  and 
sugar,  plates,  knives,  forks,  etc. 

cantelt,  ".     See  cantlc. 

canteleup,  canteloup,  «.    See  cantaloup. 

canter^  (kau'ter),  n.  [An  abbr.  of  Canterbury 
gallop:  see  gallop.]  1.  A  moderate  running 
pace  of  a  horse ;  a  moderate  or  easy  gallop. 

The  canter  is  to  the  gallop  very  much  what  the  walk  is 
to  the  trot,  though  probably  a  more  artificial  pace. 

Youatt,  The  Horse,  p.  hiT. 
2.  Figuratively,  a  brisk  but  easy  movement  of 
any  kind ;  a  running  over  or  through ;  a  run ; 
a  scamper. 

.\  rapid  ca7i(cr  in  the  * '  Times  "  over  all  the  topics  of  the 
day.  Sir  J.  Stephen. 

To  win  in  a  canter,  in  horse-racing,  to  distance  all  the 
other  horses  so  much  that  urging  toward  the  end  of  the 
race  is  unnecessaiy ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  overcome  an 
opponent  easily. 
canterl  (kan'ter),  r.    [i  canter^,  n.]    J.intrans. 

1.  To  move  in  a  canter:  said  of  horses. —  2. 
To  ride  a  cantering  horse. 

II.  trans.   To  cause  to  canter, 
canter-  (kan'ter),  n.    [<  catit^,  v.,  -I-  -er^.]     1. 
One  who  cants  or  whines;  a  professional  beg- 
gar or  vagrant. 

Jugglers  and  gj-psies,  all  the  sorts  of  canters,  and  colo- 
nies of  beggars.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  One  who  talks  cant,  in  any  sense  of  the 
word ;  especially,  a  canting  preacher. 

You  are  the  second  part  of  the  society  of  canters,  out- 
laws to  order  and  disciphne,  and  the  only  privileged 
church-robbers  of  Christendom. 

£.  Jon.son,  Bartholomew  Fair,  v.  2. 

On  AMiitsunday  I  went  to  the  church  (w*^  is  a  ver>'  f aire 
one),  and  heard  one  of  the  canters,  who  dismiss'd  the  as- 
sembly rudely  and  without  any  blessing. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June  4, 1652. 

canter^  (kan'tfr).  H.  [<can<*, !'., -l--erl.]  One 
who  bids  at  an  auction.     See  extract. 

A  class  of  men  called  canters,  who  were  accustomed  to 

bid  for  the  tithe  of  their  neighboui-s'  land,  and  who  by 

Whiteboy  terrorism  were  almost  extirpated  from  Mnnster. 

Lecki/,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  ,xvi. 

canterbury  (kan'ter-ber-i),  H.  [<  Canterbury 
(a  city  of  England),  in  AS.  Cantwaraburh.  gen. 
aud  dat.  -byrig,  <  Cnntwara,  gen.  pi.  of  Cant- 
uare,  people  of  Kent  (<  Cant,  Cent,  Kent,  -1- 
loare,  pi.,  inhabitants,  related  to  irer,  a  man: 
see  irir),  +  burh,  city:  see  borough^.  bnry'>-.] 
A  stand  with  divisions,  for  holding  music,  port- 
folios, loose  papers,  etc.,  usually  made  some- 


canterbury 

wliat  ornamental  as  &  piece  of  fnmitiire,  and 
mounted  on  casters. 

canterbury-bell  (kan'ter-'ber-i-bel'),  «•  The 
popular  name  of  the  plant  Ca»ij>aniila  Trache- 
litim,  ^ven  to  it  by  Gerard  because  of  its  abun- 
dance about  Canterbury,  England.  The  common 
caiitt-rljtiry-lieU  oi  the  gardens  is  C.  Medium,  a  native  of 
central  Eiirofie,  of  which  there  are  several  varieties.  See 
cut  uii'lcr  Cdiiifanula. 

Canterbury  gallop.  See  gaUop. 
canterinet,  «•  [ilE.  canteryne,  <  L.  canterinus, 
aniflcriniif:,  of  a  horse  (hordcum  canteritutm, 
horse-barley,  ■(vinter  barley),  <  cantcrim,  can- 
tlidiiis,  a  gelding.]  Of  a  horse.— Canterlne 
barley,  horse-barley. 

Tliis  moone  is  sowe  eke  barly  canteryne  ; 
Lande  lene,  or  fatte,  or  drie.  is  for  it  digne. 

Palladhis,  Htisbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  1S7. 

cant-fall  (kant'fal),  II.  The  fall  rove  through 
the  cant-blocks  at  the  mainmast-head  of  a 
whaler,  forming  a  purchase  for  turning  a  whale 
over  while  flensing,  or  cutting  off  the  blubber. 

cant-file  (kant'fil),  n.  A  file  the  cutting  faces 
of  which  form  an  obtuse  angle.  It  is  used  for 
tiling  interior  faces  in  machine-work,  as  of  spanners  or 
wrenches. 

cant-frames  (kant'framz),  n.  pi.  In  shijy-build- 
iiiij,  the  frames  or  ribs  of  a  smp  which  are  near 
the  extremities,  and  are  canted  away  from  the 

Jicrpendieular. 
antharellus  (kan-tha-rel'us),  «.  [NL.  (Jus- 
sicu,  1780),  dim.  of  L.  caiitliarus,  a  driuking- 
cup  (see  cantharus),  with  ref.  to  the  shape  of 
the  fungus;  but  prob.  suggested  by  the  F. 
chanterelle,  a  mushroom  (Agaricus  caniharellus, 
LinniBus,  1753):  see  chanUrelle.']  A  genus  of 
h_\-menomyeetous  fungi,  allied  to  Agaricus. 
The  chanterelle,  Cantliarellus  ciharis,  is  a  well- 
knoivn  edible  species. 

canthaii,  «.    Plural  of  ca«</iarM«. 

cantharid  (kan'tha-rid),  H.  [<  ME.  cantkaride, 
laniaride  =  F.  cantharidc  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  caiita- 
rida  =  It.  cantaridt;  <  L.  cantliaris  {-rid-):  see 
Cantharis.']  if.  Some  worm-insect  injurious 
to  plants. 

Bestes  forto  sle 
That  dooth  thi  ^Tnes  harm  let  sle  the  Hie, 
The  cantkaride  in  rf>ses  that  we  se. 

Paltadiui,  Uushonclrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  32. 

2.  A  beetle  of  the  genus  Cantharis  or  group 
(antharides ;  especially,  C.  resicatoria.  See 
'•'.it  under  Cantharis. 

Cantbaridae  (kan-thar'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cantharis  +  -I'rirt'.]  A  family  of  coleopterous 
insects,  the  type  of  which  is  the  genus  Can- 
tharis.   Other  genera  are  ilcloe  and  Mykibris. 

cantharidal  (kan-thar'i-dal),  a.  [<  canthari- 
(lis,  L',  +  -al.'i  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  <-aiitli:iridcs;  composed  of  or  treated  with 
ciiiithariiliii. 

cantharidate  (kan-thar'i-<lat),  11.  [<  cantharid- 
ir  +  -«^  1.]     A  salt  of  eantharidic  acid. 

Cantharides  (kan-thar'i-de/.),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  L.  vantharis  (-rid-),  the  Spanish  fly:  or  F. 
\i\.  of  cantharide:  see  Cantharis.']  1.  In  soiil., 
a  group  of  beetles  containing  the  genus  Cantha- 
ris and  a  number  of  closely  related  genera. — 
2.  [I.  r.]  A  meclicinal  preparation  of  Spaui-sh 
fliis.  iiHcd  for  blistering  and  other  purposes. 

cantharidian  (kan-tha-rid'i-au),  a.  [<  Jj.  can- 
tharis (-rid-),  the  Spanisli  fly,  +  -ian.']  Pertain- 
ing to  beetles  of  the  genus  Cantharis;  made  of 
cuutharides. 

Oh,  how  ttiey  fire  the  lieart  devout, 

Like  eantharidian  plaAtent.      iiuriitt.  Holy  Fair. 

eantharidic  fkan-tha-rid'ik),  a.  [<  cjintharid-in 
+  -!<■.  I  I'crtaining  to  or  derived  from  can- 
lljaridin. 

cantharidln,  cantharidine  (kan-thar'i-din),  n. 
[<  \j.  cantliaris  (-rid-),  tlic  Hpaiiish  fly,  -t-  -in2, 
-inf-.]  A  i)eeuliar  poisonous  substance  (Cgllfl 
<>.<)  existing  in  the  Cantharis  n.sicalorin  (Hiiau- 
jxh  lly)  ana  other  insects,  and  causing  vesica- 
tion, ir  )■  n  v^tlftdl**  rr>-ntnllliie  ImmIv.  very  ftoliihio  In 
■"  '  '  ■  •  I  r,tl:,l.,il«.  Ciinllinrlilln  Ik  oven  Iwt- 
'-trAon'i  ttinii  from  ttie  .spanlNli 
•iitiihm  li-u  fnt.     It  1m  only  In 

H  Kllli  .t.lIM  .■  p.iMMCHMeU  hllHt'Tinu  p'pWirn. 

C  1   (kaii-thti-ri'nji),  «.;«/.       [.\l>.,  < 

'  '■.  + -iH«'-'.]    In  (illnlher'H  f'lBHNiiii-.i- 

'-  "  '  (irHl  group  of  •S'/)«riV/(r,  havintr 

"  hI  tri'nrliaiil  tei'th  in  front  of 

'  lars  nor  vomerine  teeth,  ntnl 

'  il  rays  liraii'-ht^d.     The  h[»- 

••getablo-foedera.     Allto  Ciin- 
III. 

m-ris),  n.  [^I-.  (>  E.  cantharid, 
.  a  liliMt^Ting  lly,  <  xAt^firK, 
f.  r/inlhariis.\    1.  AgeniMnt 


798 

from  the  thorax  by  a  neck ;  the  type  of  the  family 
Cantharidtr.  The  best-known  species  is  that  which  is 
called  the  Spanish  or  blistering/  Jly,  C.  vesicatoria.     Tills 


Spanish  Fly  [Cantharis  z^esicatoria). 
«,  female:  *,  male.     (Vcrticallines  show  natural  sizes.) 

insect  is  9  or  10  lines  in  length,  of  a  shining  green  color 
mixed  with  azure.  It  has  a  nauseous  smell,  and  is  when 
bruised  extensively  used  as  the  active  element  in  vesica- 
tory or  blistering  plasters.  It  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of 
trees  and  sliruhs,  preferring  the  ash.  The  flies  are  col- 
lected in  Spain,  Italy,  Hungary,  and  southern  Kussia ;  the 
Kussian  ones  .ire  the  largest  and  most  esteemed. 
2.  [I.  e. ;  pi.  cantharides  (kau-thar'i-dez).]  A 
member  of  the  genus  Cantharis. 

cantharus  (kan'tha-rus),  n. ;  pi.  eanihari  (-n). 
[L.  cantliariis  (ilL.  also  cantharum,  cantariis, 
caiitarius,  a  tankard,  >  It.  cantaro  =  Sp.  cantaro, 
cantara :  see  cantara),  a  large  drinking-cup  with 
handles,  a  tankard,  pot,  also  a  kind  of  sea-fish, 
etc.,  <  (Jr.  K('iv8apo(,  a  sea-fish,  the  sea-bream,  a 
kind  of  beetle,  etc.,  also  a  kind  of  drinking-cup, 
a  tankard,  a  pot.]  1.  In  classical  antiq.,  a  wide- 
mouthed  cup  or  vase,  ■with  a  foot,  and  two  han- 
dles rising  above  the  rim.  It  was  used  espe- 
cially for  di-iuking  wine. — 2.  [LL.]  A  foimtain 
or  cistern  in  the  atrium  or  com-tyard  before  an- 
cient and  some  Oriental  churches,  where  per- 
sons could  wash  before  entering  the  church;  a 
laver.  Now  generally  called  j)7(/afc. — 3.  [crtj).] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  aeanthopterygian  fishes,  of 
the  family  Sparido!.  C.  griseus,  a  British  spe- 
cies, is  known  as  the  fttoci  bream,  or  black  sea- 
bream.  Ctivier,  1829. —  4.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  ge- 
nus of  mollusks.     Montfurt,  1808. 

canthi,  «.     Plural  of  canthus. 

canthitis  (kan-thi'tis),  n.     [NL.,  <  canthiis  -(- 


n 

-itis.]     Inflammation  of  one"  or  both  canthi  of  cantiieiia  "(kan-ti-lG'nii,) 

the  eye.  ■■ 

Cantlion  (kan'thon),  «.      [NL.,  <  Gr.  nAfffuv,  a 

jiack-ass,  iipiiliod  humorously  in  .Aj"isto])haiies 

(Pa.v  Kl!)  to  a  beetle;   cf.  Kovdapor,  a  kind  of 

beetle:  sci'  eaiithanis.]  A  genus  of  lamellicorn 

beetles,  of  the  family  .Scarabtcida;  containing 

dung-beetles   resembling  those  of  the  genus 

Copris  in  liaviiig  narrow  epiplem'ro,  hornless 

head  and  prothorax 

tibia'.     C  ■         ■ 

eies,  black,  and  half  an  inch  long. 
cant-hook  (kanl'huk),  H.     1.   A  wooden  lever 

with  an  iron  hook  hinged  at  the  end  for  canting 

or  turning  over  heavy  logs. — 2.  A  sliug  with 


cantlng-coin 

lower  or  anterior  and  posterior  extremities  of 
the  compound  eyes  of  insects,  (b)  A  corneous 
process  of  the  cl\-peus,  completely  or  partly  di- 
viding the  compound  eye.  It  is  found  in  certain 
beetles,  which  thus  appear  to  have  four  eyes. 
cantict,  cantickt,  «.  [<  L.  cantieum,  q.  v.]  A 
song. 

[He]  gave  thanks  unto  God  in  some  fine  cantickt  made 
in  praise  of  the  Divine  bounty. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  i.  23. 

cantica,  ».    Plural  of  cantieum. 

cantickt,  «.     See  can  tic. 

cantick-quoin  (kan'tik-koin),  n.  Same  as  cant- 
iiig-eiiiii. 

canticle  (kan'ti-kl),  H.  [<  JIE.  canticle,  <  L. 
canticiiliiiii,  dim.  ot cantieum  (>also  AS.  cantic), 
a  song,  <  cantiis,  a  singing,  <  cancre.  sing:  see 
emit",  chant.]  1.  One  of  the  non-metrical 
hymns  recorded  in  the  Bible  as  sung  on  some 
special  occasion,  and  expressive  of  joy,  thanks- 
giving, or  confidence  in  God's  help. — 2.  One  of 
these  hymns,  or  a  composition  of  similar  char- 
acter, arranged  for  chanting,  and  so  used  in 
church  ser\-ice.  Both  tlie  Koman  Catholic  and  the 
Greek  churches  use  as  canticles  the  songs  of  Jfoses  (Ex. 
XV.  1-19  and  Dent.  x.xxii.  1-43),  Hannali  (1  Sam.  ii.  1-10), 
and  Habakkuk  (iii.  -2-19).  In  Isaiah  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church  has  canticles  taken  from  chapters  xii.  and 
xxxviii.  (10-20),  and  the  Greek  from  chapter  xxvi.  (9-20). 
Tlie  Honnin  Catholic,  Greek,  anil  Anglican  iliurclies  all  use 
the  lleneiliritf  as  found  in  tlie  tliiid  diaiitcr  of  Daniel 
in  the  Soptuagint  and  Vulgate,  comprising  verses  35-66 
of  the  Song  of  the  Three  Holy  Children  in  the  English 
Apocrypha;  the  Greek  Cliurch  also  employs  the  preced- 
ing verses  (3-34)  as  a  separate  canticle:  The  three  taken 
from  the  gospels,  and  accordingly  known  as  the  Kvanael- 
ical  Canticles  (namely,  tlie  Mainiijieat,  the  Eeiiedietiis,  and 
tile  .Vioic  Dimiltis),  are  also  used  by  all  tile  three  churches 
just  named.  The  7'c  Deum  is  accounted  a  canticle,  al- 
tluuigli  not  found  in  the  Bible.  The  English  and  Ameri- 
cull  I'.unks  of  Common  Pi'ayer  also  use  certain  psalms  as 
canticle.-;,  namely,  psalms  Ixvii.  (Dctw  .Visciraltir),  xcviii. 
i,Cniitiit,\  mid  c.  (Jubilate),  to  which  the  American  book 
adds  xcii.  (Boninn  est)  and  ciii.  (Benedic).  Some  WTiters 
also  account  the  Venite  (psalm  xcv.),  the  Gloria  in  Excel- 
m's,  and  the  Trisafiion  canticles. 
Specifically — 3.  [cap.]  pi.  The  Songs,  other- 
■\riso  called  the  Song  of  Songs,  or  Song  of  Sol- 
omon (LL.  Cantieum  Canticorum.  /Sakmionis), 
one  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  Until 
the  niiu'tccnth  century  it  was  universally  ascribed  to  Sulo- 
moll,  but  some  critics  now  think  it  of  later  date. 
4t.  A  division  of  a  song  or  p.oem ;  a  canto. 
Spen.ier. 

cantieum  (kan'ti-kum),  «.;  pi.  cantica  (-kii). 
[L. :  ><>•('  canticle.]  1.  In  the  ancient  Roman 
drama,  any  passage  sung  by  the  actors;  espe- 
cially, in  comedy,  a  solo  accompanied  by  dan- 
cing and  iiiusic. —  2.  [LL.]  A  canticle Canti- 
eum Cantlcortun,  the  Song  of  Songs,  or  Canticles. 

cantilate,  cantilation,  etc.  See  cantillate,  ete. 

cantilef,  c  t.     An  erroneous  spelling  of  cantic. 

' ii);  "■     [=  F.  cantildiie  = 

yp.  eiiHlilena,  cantinc)a  =  Pg.  cantilena  =  It. 
cantilena,  <  L.  cantilena,  a  song,  in  classical  use 
an  old  song,  gossip,  <  cantiUare,  dim.  of  cant^re, 
sing:  see  coh/'-,  f/i(jH<.]  1.  h\  medieval  music : 
(a)  A  singing  exercise  or  solfeggio.  (6)  A 
cantus  lirnuis,  or  melody  for  cliurch  nso.^2. 
Ill  mnilern  initsie,  a  ballad  or  light  popular  song. 

cantilever,  ».     See  eantalivcr. 


prothorax,  and  slender  curved  liind  cantiilat"e"\kan'Tr-lat')7r.'7.  and  i.     [<  L.  cantil 
'"■"•Vr  ";<'"™""'J  V'litea  States  spo-    /„/„...,  ,,,,.  „f  cantillarc,  sing  low,  ]ium,  dim.  of 

cantarc,  sing,  chant:  see  cant".]  To  chant, 
intone,  or  recite  in  a  half-singing  style,  as  in 
.lewish  synagogues.  Also  spelled  cantilate. 
lK-i,re.| 
cantillation  (kan-ti-la'shon),  w.  [<  I,,  as  if 
'canlilliilio(n-),  <  caittillarc  :"soo  cantillate.]  A 
cliiinliiig,  intoning,  or  recitation  in  a  hnlf-sing- 
iiig  style:  especially  used  in  .lowisli  synagogues. 
Also  spelled  cantilation.  [Uiire.] 
cantillatory  (kan'ti-lil-to-ri),  «.  Chanted,  or 
arniiiged  lor  eliiiiitiiig:  as,  cantillatory  re- 
sponses.    Also  spelled  cantilatorij. 


hooks,  used  to  empty  casks  by 
rnisiiig  and  tijipiiig  tliem. 

ca,nthopla8tic  (kan-tho-plas'- 

tik),rt.  I'erlainiiig  toorconsisl- 

ing  in  canthoiiliisty :  a,s,  a  eau- 

thopl/isfic  operation. 

canthoplasty  (kan'lho-plas-ti), 

[<  tir.  MiiWof,  the  corner  of 


^.^^ 


Cant-hook. 


,  .       I  spi 

the  eye  (see  canlhiis),  +  ttlaaro^,  verbal  adj.  of  cantily  (kan'ti-li),  ttttr.  In  a  canty  manner', 
7r/a<T<7f/i',  form,  mold.]     The  operation  of  slit-     .■iMcrfiiilv;  livelily.     [Scotch.] 

cantino  (iviiii-len'j,  n.     See  canteen. 

canting  (liiiii'ling),  J).  «.  [Ppr.  of  ran(2,i>.]  1. 
jVlTecledly  or  liy])ocriticalIy  jiious;   whining: 


ting  u)i  tlii^  (Miter  caiitliUH,  or  corner  of  tlio  eye 

SI)  as  lo  I'lihirge  llie  opening  lietween  the  lids 

CanthUS  (kau'llius),  )(.;  pi.  canthi  (-tlii).    [NL., 


<  Or.  navl)6^,  the  corner  of  the  eye  :  see  f««f'.] 
1.   The  angle  forinej 


as,  u  canting  liypocrite  ;  a  canting  tone  of  voice. 


llianiHi .   I 

Oanthari.H 

i|.v.),<  (ir. 
a  kind  nf  l» 


toU'opturouD  luBcctd  having  the  licud  Hoparatcd 


A  pedant,  cantinit  preiicher,  and  a  nitnck, 
Are  load  enough  to  break  one  hmnk  liack. 

Iln/iliii,  I'rol.  to  I'llgilni,  I.  49. 

2.  In  her.,  allusive  ;  descriptive  of  tlie  bearer's 
liiinie,  estatd,  or  the  like.  See  alhisive  arms, 
under  arm".-  CantlM  coat,  a  coat  of  nrnw  In  which 

Ivr  brjirjiigK  jiri-  tlHed. 

A  triangular 


by  the  junction  of  tlio 

eyelids.    The  iwocaiillil 

of  the  liiiman  eye  are  (IIh. 

tInglllHllcd   an   the    outer. 

tnnjtttrat,    or    lenner,    anil 

the  iniwr,  nasal,  or  irrritl 

er.     Ill  iiioHt  anlliuilfi  llie 

corrcNiMiiidliitf  raiitlil  lui-  .,  ,      -,        ...        ,     .    ^ 

rnllrd    lU:   ixmleriiir  and  CaUtlng-COln  (Itan'tilig-koiii),  ?i 


lilbi- 


'.I  Ctinthuii  b,  outer  Can- 
thtia. 


fiii/rn-.r.  woollen  block  with  which  a  cask  is  chocked  to 

2.  lucntom.:  (n)  One    keep  it  fr rolling  when  slowed.     Also  called 

of     the    upper    und    caiilick-tjuoin. 


cantingly 

cantingly  Ckan'ting-li),  (idv.  In  a  canting 
manner;  whiningly;  liypocritioally. 

canting-wheel  (kan'ting-hwel),  n.  A  star- 
wheel  for  an  endless  chain,  the  cogs  having 
the  corners  cut  off  or  canted.     7?.  H.  Kniyht. 

cantini^re  (kan-te-nyar'),  n.  [F.,  fern,  of  can- 
tiiiUr,  sutler,  <  cantinc,  a  sutler's  shop,  a  can- 
teen :  see  cantecn.'\  A  female  sutler  to  a  regi- 
ment ;  a  vivandi^re. 

cantino  (kau-te'no),  n.  [It.,  <  cnntare,  <  Ij.  can- 
tare,  sing:  see  cani^,  chant.']  The  treble  stiing 
of  a  violin. 

cantiont  (kan'shon),  n.      [=  P.  chanson  (see 
chanson),  <  L.  cdntio(n-),  a  song,  <  canere,  pp. 
cantus,  sing:  see  cant^,  v.]      A  song;  anything 
that  is  sung. 
Singing  a  Cantion  of  Colins  nisilciiig. 

Spenser,  Sliep.  Cal.,  October,  Glossc. 

cantle  (kan'tl),  re.  [<  ME.  cantel,  cantil,  <  OP. 
cantcl  (F.  chanteau)  =  Pr.  cantel,  a  comer,  a 
piece,  bit  (cf.  Sp.  cantiUo,  a  little  stone),  < 
ML.  cantellus,  dim.  of  cantus,  side,  comer:  see 
cant^.  Hence  idt.  scantle,  scantlet,  scantUn;/, 
q.  v.]     1 .  A  coi'ner ;  fragment ;  piece ;  portion. 

See  how  tliis  river  comes  nie  cranlting  in, 
And  cuts  me,  from  the  best  of  all  my  land, 
A  huge  half-moon,  a  monstrous  cantle  out. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

Do  you  remember 
The  cantle  of  immortal  cheese  you  carried  with  you  7 

Fletcfier  (and  aiwther).  Queen  of  Corinth,  ii.  4, 

2.  The  protuberant  part  of  a  saddle  behind; 
the  hind  bow.  lu  the  war-saddles  of  the  middle  ages, 
after  the  thirteenth  century,  the  cantle  was  made  higli 
and  strong  enough  to  beai-  the  weight  and  pressure  of  the 
person  of  the  rider^  who,  when  he  put  lance  in  rest  to  charge, 
stooil  up  in  the  stirrups  and  braced  himself  against  it. 
cantlet  (l^s-Ji'tl)' ''•  *■  [<caKWe,  «.]  To  cut  into 
pieces ;  cut  a  piece  out  of. 

The  Duke  of  Lorraine  was  for  cnntliTigont  some  part  of 
France,  which  lay  next  his  territories. 

Dniden,  Vind.  of  Duke  of  Giuse. 

cantlet  (kant'let),  re.  [Dim.  of  cantle,  n.  Cf. 
scantlet.}  A  comer ;  piece ;  fragment ;  a  cantle. 

Huge  cantlets  of  his  buckler  sti'ew  the  ground. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  xii. 
Thanks  to  his  clasp-knife,  he  was  able  to  appropriate  a 
wing  of  fowl  and  a  slice  of  ham  ;  a  cantlet  of  cold  custard- 
pudding  he  thought  would  harmonize  with  these  articles. 
Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxxiii. 

cantling  (kant'liug),  re.  [<  cant^  +  -Kng'i.] 
The  lower  course  of  bricks  inclosing  a  brick- 
clamp. 

cantlyt,  adv.    [<  cant^,  a.,  +  -ly'^.']    Boldly. 

Then  criet  he  full  cantly  the  knightes  ypon. 
And  the  tyde  men  of  Troy,  with  a  tore  steuyn. 
In  hast  for  to  lij-e  to  there  bed  priuse. 

Destruction  o/  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6504. 

cant-molding  (kant'moFding),  re.  A  molding 
with  a  beveled  face. 

canto  (kan'to),  n.  [<  It.  canto  (=  Pg.  Sp.  canto 
=  F.  chant,  >  E.  chant),  <  L.  cantus,  a  song,  < 
canere,  sing:  see  cant^,  chant.]  1.  A  part  or 
division  of  a  poem  of  some  length:  as,  the  six 
cantos  of  "The  Lady  of  the  Lake." — 2.  In  mu- 
sic, the  highest  voice-part  in  concerted  music ; 
soprano. 

canto  fermo  (kan'to  fer'mo).  [It.,  <  ML. 
cantus  Jirmus :  L.  cantus,  song;  firmus,  firm: 
see  chant,  canto,  and  firm.]  1.  Firm  or  fixed 
song;  the  ancient  traditional  vocal  music  of 
the  Christian  church:  so  called  because,  its 
form  being  settled  and  its  use  prescribed  by 
ecclesiastical  authority,  it  was  not  allowable  to 
alter  it  in  any  manner,  it  was  originally  sung  in  uni- 
son, or  in  octaves  only,  and  in  its  strictestform  one  note  was 
assigned  to  each  syllable  of  the  words.  After  the  third  cen- 
tury it  was  allow.ible  to  add  other  parts  in  harmony  with 
the  canto  fermo,  which  was  then  assigned  to  the  tenor  voice 
and  sung  witliout  change,  the  other  parts  moving  above 
and  below  it  in  counterpoint  more  or  less  free,  the  com- 
poser being  at  liberty  to  give  to  each  syllable  as  many 
notes,  and  to  arrange  them  in  such  manner,  as  his  taste 
and  his  ideas  of  harmony  and  fitness  dictated.  These  ad- 
ditional parts,  being  more  elaborate  and  ornamental  than 
the  canto  fermo,  were  called,  in  contradistinction  to  it, 
canto  figurato. 

2.  A  theme  or  subject  taken  by  a  composer 
from  the  ancient  canto  fermo  of  the  church, 
for  contrapuntal  treatment.  The  term  is  also  techni- 
cally applied  to  themes  written  in  imitation  of  the  ancient 
canto  fermo,  and  treated  contrapuntally.    See  plain-sony. 

canto  figurato  (kan'to  fig-o-rii'to).  [It.,  <  ML. 
cantus  figuratus:  L.  cantus,  song;  fit/uratus, 
figured,  florid:  see  chant,  canto,  and  figured.] 
Figured  or  florid  song.     See  canto  fermo. 

canton^  (kan'ton),  n.  [=  G.  canton  (but  Swiss 
G.  usually  or<;"see  ord),  <  F.  canton  =  Sp.  can- 
ton =  Pg.  cantao  =  It.  cantone,  <  ML.  canlo{n-) 
(also  cantonuni),  a  region,  district,  quarter  of 
a  city,  also  a  squared  stone,  <  cantus  (>  OF.  cant 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  canto),  a  corner:  see  cant^,]     1. 


mil 


Argent,  n  Canton 
ermine. 


799 

An  angle  or  corner ;  also,  an  angular  space  or 
nook. 

In  a  cfinton  of  the  wall,  right  against  the  X<jrth  end  of 
the  Sepulchre,  there  is  a  cllft  In  the  rock. 

Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  14M. 

2.  A  portion  of  space ;  a  parcel  of  ground. 

There  are  no  grotesques  In  nature ;  not  any  thing  framed 
to  till  up  empty  cantons,  and  unnecessary  spaces. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religlo  Medici,  i.  l.l. 

3.  A  small  district;  a  subilivision  of  a  country. 
Spocillcidly— (a)  In  Switzerland,  one  of  the  separate  terri- 
torial members  of  the  confederation,  constituting  a  dis- 
tinct state  or  govennnent. 

The  canton  of  Underwald  consists  only  of  villages  and 
boroughs,  although  it  is  twenty-fivo  miles  in  length  and 
seventeen  in  breadth.  ./.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  310. 

(h)  In  France,  the  territorial  division  be- 
low an  arrcuidissement  and  above  a  com- 
mune. Sec  arrondtsseiiient. 
4.  In  Jicr.,  a  i)art  of  the  chief, 
cut  off  on  either  the  left-  or  the 
right-Iiuiid  ujipcr  <-onicr.  It  is  al- 
ways b.iimilcd  by  BtriiiL'bt  horizontal  and 
vertical  lines,  iind  is  gt'iu-rally  consid- 
ered one  of  the  suhordhiaries.  See  or- 
dinary. 

The  King  gave  us  the  armes  of  England  to  he  home  in 
a  canton  in  our  anues.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  21, 16C2. 

5.  A  distinct  part  or  division:  as,  the  cantons 
of  a  painting  or  other  representation,  or  of  a 


A  square  piece  or  canton  of  the  fish  Tuny  salted  and 
condited.  Holland,  Pliny,  II.  434. 

canton^  (kan'ton),  V.  t.  [=  F.  cantonner;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  divide  into  cantons  or  dis- 
tricts, as  territory;  divide  into  distinct  por- 
tions; with  out,  to  cutout  and  separate. 

They  canton  out  to  themselves  a  little  Goshen  in  the 
intellectual  world.    Locke,  Conduct  of  Understanding,  §  i. 
You  shall  hear  how  I  have  canton'd  out  the  day. 

Mrs.  Centlivre,  Love  at  a  Venture,  i. 

2.  To  allot  separate  quarters  to  the  different 
divisions  or  parts  (usually  regiments)  of :  as, 
to  canton  an  army  or  a  detachment.  [In  this 
sense  pronounced  kan-tou'  and  kau-ton'.] 

The  practice  of  cantoning  a  body  of  soldiers  near  the 
plain  where  the  kings  are  elected,  has  been  adopted  by 
several  foreign  powers  for  near  a  century. 

J.  Adams,  Works,  IV.  370. 

canton^t, ».    A  variant  of  canto. 

Write  loyal  cantons  of  contemned  love. 

And  sing  them  loud  even  in  the  dead  of  night. 

Sliak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

cantonal  (kan'ton-al),  a.  [<  F.  cantonal  (= 
Pr.  cantonal),  <  canton :  see  canton^.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  a  canton  or  cantons. 

Canton  crape.    See  crape. 

cantone  (kan-ton-a'),  a.  [F.  cantonn4,  pp.  of 
cantonner:  see  catiton^,  v.]  In  her.,  same  as 
cantoned,  1. 

cantoned  (kan'tond),  a.  [<  canton^  +  -ed"; 
after  F.  cantonn^.]  1.  In  her.,  between  or 
surrounded  by  charges  which  occupy  the  cor- 
ners: said  of  a 
cross  when  de- 
picted of  the 
full  size  of  the 
field,  as  an  hon- 
orable ordinary. 
— 2.  Furnished 
at  the  angles  or 
sides  with  some 
projecting  part: 
in  flcc7(.,  applied 
to  a  building  of 
which  the  cor- 
ners are  deco- 
rated with  pro- 
jeotingpilasters 
or  coins.  The 
expression  is  more 
particularly  em- 
ployed in  describ- 
ing pillars  such  as 
those  of  the  Renais- 
sance style,  which 
have  a  projecting  shaft  on  each  of  their  faces  or  on  each 
of  their  auKlcs. 

Canton  flannel.    See  flannel. 

cantonite  (kan'ton-it),  H.  [<  Canton  (see  def.) 
-I-  -itc'-^.]  Copper  sulphid  (coveUite)  in  cubic 
crystals,  probably  pseudomorphous,  from  the 
Canton  mine  in  Georgia. 

cantonize  (kan'ton-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
tonKed,  ppr.  canhnizing.  [<  cantonX  +  -ize.] 
To  canton  or  divide  into  small  distiicts. 

Thus  was  all  Ireland  cantonized  among  ten  persons  of 
the  English  nation.  Sir  J.  Daries,  State  of  Ireland. 

cantonment  (kan'ton-  or  kan-ton'ment;  in 
India,  kau-t6n'ment5,  re.    [<  F.  cantonnement,  < 


Cantoned  Building. 
I.  Hdtel  de  ViUe.  Arras.  France. 
=.  College  of  the  Sapieoza.  Rome. 


Cantuarian 

coretonner,  canton  :  si;e  cantoti'i^,  v.]  1.  Apart 
or  division  of  a  town  or  village  assigned  to  a 
jiarticular  regiment  of  troops;  especially,  in 
India,  a  permanent  military  station  forming 
the  nucleus  of  the  European  quarter  of  a  city. 

Vol)  find  by  degrees  tjiat  an  Indian  station  consists  of 
two  parts:  the  cantonments  ot  the  Kuropeans,  the  native 
city  and  bazaar.         \V.  II.  Russell,  Diary  in  India,  I.  180. 

2.  jil.  Tlio  dwelling-places  oeeui>ied  by  an 
ai-my  during  any  suspension  of  active  opera- 
tions in  the  field;  the  temporary  shelter,  other 
than  that  of  tents,  wliieh  an  army  may  oc- 
casionally take,  as  when,  during  a  season  of 
excessive  heat,  the  troops  are  distributed  in 
villages,  houses,  etc.,  but  so  as  not  to  be  widely 
scattered;  military  quarters;  specifically,  the 
^vinter  (juarters  of  an  army. 

The  troops  lay  principally  in  cantonments  about  the 
moiitli  of  tilt;  Thames.    Barhain,  Ingohlsby  Legends,  1. 89. 

cantoon  (kan-ton'),  re.  A  strong  cotton  cloth 
smootli  on  one  side  and  corded  on  the  other. 

See  corded. 

cantor  (kan'tor),  n.  [L.,  a  singer,  <  canere, 
sing:  see  cant'^,  v.]  Eccles.,  an  officer  whose 
duty  is  to  lead  the  singing  in  a  cathedral  or  in 
a  collegiate  or  parish  church;  a  precentor. 

cantoral  (kan'to-ral),  a.  [<  cantor  +  -al.] 
Relating  or  pertaining  to  a  cantor  or  precentor : 
as,  a  cantoral  staff. 

Cantores  (kan-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  oaii- 
tnr,  a  singer,  <  canere,  sing:  see  cant"^,  v.]  In 
Blyth's  classification  (1849),  the  fourth  order  of 
birds,  including  the  restricted  I'asserinu:,  or  the 
I'asserince  of  Cuvier  divested  of  all  their  hetero- 
geneous elements :  it  was  thus  equivalent  to  the 
order  Passeres  of  modem  naturalists.  See  C'ait- 
tatores,  Oscincs,  and  I'asseres. 

cantoris  (kan-to'ris),  a.  [Ij.,  gen.  of  cantor,  a 
singer:  see  cantor.]  Eccles.,  of  or  belonging  to 
the  cantor  or  precentor:  as,  the  cantoris  side 
of  the  choir,  the  side  on  the  left  or  north  of  one 
facing  the  altar:  opposed  to  the  decani  side. 

Cantor's  theorem.    See  theorem. 

cant-piece  (kant'pes),  «.  In  ship-huilding,  one 
of  the  pieces  of  timber  secured  to  the  angles 
of  fishes  and  sidetrees,  to  take  the  place  of  any 
piece  that  may  prove  deficient.     JVeale. 

cant-rail  (kant'riil),  n.  1.  A  triangular  rail. 
llatliwell.  [Prov.Eng.]  — 2.  Afire-pole.  Hal- 
liwcll.  [Prov.  Eug.]  —  3.  A  timber  running 
along  the  tops  of  the  upright  pieces  in  the  sides 
of  the  body  of  a  railway-carriage  and  supporting 
the  roof  and  roof-sticks.  [Eng.  ]  Called  in  the 
United  States  a  plate.     Car-Builder's  Diet. 

cantraip,  cantrap,  ».    See  cantrip. 

cantred  (kan'trcd),  n.  [Also  cantref,  cantrev, 
kantry;  <  ME.  candrede  (ML.  cantredus,  candre- 
dus,  cantaredus),  <  W.  cantref,  a  hundred  (i.  e., 
a  district  so  called),  <  cant  (=  L.  centum  =  E. 
hund-red)  +  tref,  also  tred,  tre,  a  dwelling- 
place,  homestead,  town.]  In  Wales,  a  division 
of  coimtry ;  a  hundred. 

The  principal  land  measure  (of  Wales]  was  the  env, 
which  seems  to  have  contained  about  the  same  area  as 
our  English  acre.  Four  erws  constituted  a  tyddyn  or  ten- 
ement ;  12,800  erws  formed  the  territorial  division  called 
a  cjinwd,  and  about  double  that  number  a  cantreo. 

Edinburgh  Jtev.,  CLXV.  75. 

cantrip,  cantrap  (kan'trip,  -trap),  n.  [Sc, 
also  ■svrittcn  cantraip;  origin  unknown.  Ac- 
cording to  one  conjecture,  <  Icel.  gandr,  witch- 
craft, +  trapp,  tTumping;  according  to  another, 
<  cant2,  in  sense  of  '  charm  or  incantation,'  -I-  Sc. 
raip  =  E.  rope,  a  cord,  and  orig.  meaning  'magio 
cord,'  cords  knotted  in  various  ways  figuring 
frequently  in  old  spells  or  charms.  Cf.  coti- 
traption.]  1.  A  charm;  a  spell;  an  incantar 
tion.    Ramsay. 

And  by  some  deev'lish  cantrip  slight 
Each  in  its  cauld  hand  held  a  light. 

Burns,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 

2.  A  piece  of  mischief  artfully  or  adroitly  per- 
formed ;  a  trick. 

.\s  Waverley  passed  hiju,  .  .  .  approaching  his  stirrup, 
he  bade  "Tak'  heed  the  auld  Whig  played  him  nae  cfin- 
trip."  Scott,  Waverley,  x.\ix. 

cant-robin  (kant'rob'in),  re.      The  dwarf  dog- 

•  rose.     [Scotch.] 

cant-spar  (kant'spiir),  re.  Xaut.,  a  small  pole 
or  spar  fit  for  making  a  small  mast  or  yard,  a 
boom,  or  the  like. 

cant-timber  (kant'tim'ber),  H.  In  shiji-build- 
ing,  one  of  the  timbers  at  the  end  of  a  ship 
which  rise  obliquely  from  the  keel.  The  pair  at 
the  stem  (called  knight-he^ds)  form  a  bed  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  biiwsprit,  and  incline  forward, while  the  pair 
at  tlie  stern  incline  aft. 

Cantuarian  (kan-tfl-a'ri-an),  a.  [<  ML.  Caii- 
tuarius,   Cantuarensis,  of  Canterbury,   <  AS. 


Cantuarian 

Cantirare.  pi.,  the  inhabitants  of  Kent  (or  Can- 
terburv)^  see  canterbury. '\  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Canterbury,  especially  as  the  archiepis- 
copal  see  of  the  primate  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. „  , 
cantns  (kan'tus),  n. ;  pi.  cantus.  [L. :  see  chant, 
canto.']  A  song  or  melody;  especially,  an  ec- 
clesiastical melody  or  style  of  music — Cantus 
Ambroslanus  [IX.),  the  style  of  church  music  instituted  _  _  _ 
by  Ambrose,  the  first  style  of  plain-song  (which  see).—  canvasback  (kan'vas-bak),  J!.     A  North  Amer- 


800 

canvas,  «.]     1.  To  provide  or  cover  with  can- 
vas. 
The  door  had  been  nailed  up  and  canvassed  over. 

Dickens. 
2t.  To  toss  as  in  canvas;  shake;  take  to  task. 
I"U  canras  thee  between  a  pair  of  sheets. 

SAat.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

3.  To  sift;   examine;   discuss:   iu  this  sense 
now  usually  spelled  canvass  (which  see). 


Can'ttIS  ecolesiastiOUS  (M  L.  ].  (a)  Church  music  in  gen 
eral.  (6)  Flaiu-sonjr  in  particul:u-.  (c)  A  musical  remlerine: 
of  a  lituTiTT.  as  contrasted  with  mere  reading. —  Cantus 
figUTatui'(ML.),  tisuratcd  plain-song,  or  counterpoint. 
See  confo/.ji!ra(o.  — Cantus  Annus  [ill..],  the  meloilyin 
plain-song(originally  given  to  the  tenor  voice),  or  a  nielo<ly 
taken  as  the  theme  or  subject  for  contrapuntal  composi- 
tion. Sec  canto  /enno.— Cantus  Gregorianus  [ML.l, 
the  stvle  of  chtu-ch  music  instituted  by  Gregory  the  Great, 
the  second  style  of  plain-song.—  Cantus  mensurabilis 
[ML.],  measured  or  metrical  iuelody.  having  all  its  notes 
commensiu-ate  in  duration ;  invented  about  the  twelfth 
ceuturv.- Cantus  planus  [ML.],  plain-song. 
canty  (kan'ti).  a.  [North  E.  andSc,  also can<; 
<  ME.  cant,  kant,  spirited,  bold:  see  eant^.] 
Lively;  sprightly;  cheerful:  applied  to  persons 
and  things. 

Contented  »1'  little  and  cantie  wi'  mair.     Bums,  Song. 
Then  at  her  door  the  canty  dame 
Would  sit,  as  any  linnet  gay. 

Wordsworth,  Goody  Blake. 

There  trere  the  bailie's  wife,  and  the  bailie's  three 
daughters,  and  the  bailie's  grown-up  son,  and  three  or 
four  stout,  bushy  eyebrowed,  cantv  old  Scotch  fellows. 

Dickens,  Pickwick,  .\ILx. 

Canuck,  Kanuck  (ka-nuk').  «•  and  a.     [Of 
jUuer.  Ind.  orijfin.]     I.  n.  A  Canadian :  a  nick- 
name in  the  United  States. 
H.  a.  Canadian. 

canula,  ».     See  cannula. 

canut  ika-niit'),  n.  [<  NL.  canutus,  specific 
name  of  the  knot:  see  knot'^.']  A  book-name 
of  a  sandpiper,  the  knot,  Tringa  canutus.  See 
knot-.     Edwards. 

canutillo  (ka-no-te'lyo),  n.  [Sp.  caftutillo,  lit.  a 
small  pipe  or  tube,  dim.  of  caSluto,  a  pipe,  part 
of  a  cane  from  knot  to  knot,  <  caiin.  a  cane, 
«!.]     In  the  United  States  of  Co 


ieau  duck  of  the  family  Anatida  and  subfamily 
fuliijulina;  the  FuUgii'la  (or  Aristonetta)  rallis- 
neria,  highly  esteemed  for  the  delicacy  of  its 
flesh.  It  is  found  in  North  America  at  large,  breeding 
from  the  Northern  States  northward,  and  wintering  in  the 
Middle  States  and  southward,  being  especially  atnnulant 
in  winter  along  the  -Atlantic  coast,  where  it  feeds  much  on 


Canvasbacks  [Fuli^iil^t  {.-Iristonena,  v.Uiisncria'.. 

the  wild  celery,  Vallisneria  spiralis,  and  is  then  iu  the 
best  condition  for  the  table.  The  name  is  derived  from 
the  color  of  the  back,  which  is  white,  vei^y  finely  vermic- 
ulated  with  narrow,  zigzag,  blackish  bars  or  rows  of  dots. 
In  general,  the  canvasback  closely  resembles  the  common 
pochard  or  redhead,  FuliflMla  fi-rina,  but  the  bill  and  head 
are  differently  shaped.  The  bead  is  not  coppery-red,  as  in 
the  pochard,  but  dusky  reddish-brown,  and  the  size  is 
greater, 

canvas-climbert  (kan'vas-kli'''mer),  n.  A  sailor 
who  goes  aloft  to  handle  sails.     [Rare.] 

Frcun  the  ladder-tackle  washes  off 
A  canms-cUiiiber.  Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  1. 

pipe:  see  cancK\     In  tne  Unitea  btatcs  ot  Lo-  canvas-CUtter  (kan'viis-kuftr),  n.    Amaehine 
lombia,  one  of  the  fine  separate  crystals  of    I't  cutting  canvas,  cardboard,  and  other  fab- 
-  -  -      -  "  ncs  into  strips. 

[Formerly  cant'os,  being 
merely  a  particular  use  of  canvas,  v.  (ef.  OP. 
canahasscr,  "to  canvas,  curiously  to  cxamuie, 


emerald  found  in  that  country.  _, 

The  canutilloi,  or  the  crystallized  and  more  valuable  CanvaSS  (kan  vas),  t', 
stones.  Encyc.  Brit.,  VIII.  170. 

canvas  (kan'vas),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  canvessc,  canmtsse,  <  ME.  canvas,  kanvas. 
caneias  =  D.  kancfas=  G.  cannevas,  kanevas  = 
Sw.  kanfass  =  Dan.  kannevas  =  Kuss.  kanva,  < 
OF.  caneva.t,  canevers,  also  (inderiv.)  "canabas, 
also  assibilated  chanevas,  chaneva:,  chanvenas, 
mod.  F.  caneras  =  Pr.  canabas  =  Sp.  cailama- 
zo  =  Pg.  canhamaqo  =  It.  canavaccio,  formerly 
also  caneraccio,  canncraccio,  canapas:o,  can- 
vas, hempen  cloth,  <  ML.  canncrasium,  canaba- 
ciu«,  prop.  'cannal>aceum,  'cannabaceus,  neut.  or 
masc.  of  adj.  cannabaceus  (>  OF.  chancvacc),  of 
hemp,  <  h.  cannabis =E.  hemp:  aeehemp.  Canna- 
bis, and  -accous.  Hence  canvas,  v.,  and  canva,ss, 
V.  and  n.]  I.  n. ;  pi.  canvases,  sometimes  can- 
vasses. 1.  A  closely  woven,  dense,  heavy  cloth 
of  hemp  or  flax,  u.'ied  for  ai,iy  purpose  for  which 
strength  and  durability  are  required,  specifi- 
cally—(n)  .Sailcloth  (whhh  see),  (b)  A  carefully  woven 
fabric  used  a."*  a  surface  or  support  fr)r  oll-j>ainting.     It  is 

ftrcpared  by  Btretching  ft  on  long  frames,  and  covering 
t  wUh  one  or  two  coata  of  neutral-colored  paint.  Four 
kinds  are  known  In  trade  :  single  prime,  smooth,  Boman, 
and  twilled. 

Touch'd  the  canrnn  Into  life. 

Aildinm,  To  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller. 


search  or  sift  out  the  depth  of  a  matter" — Cot 
grave),  lit.  sift  as  through  canvas,  this  fabric  in 
its  coarser  texture  having  been  used  as  a  sifting- 
cloth ;  <  canvas,  n.  Cf.  bolt,  v.,  sift,  examine,  of 
similar  origin.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  examine;  scru- 
tinize. 

The  .  .  .  merits  of  the  petitioners  are  cam^asfted  by  the 
people.  Gvldsiiiith,  citizen  of  the  World,  xxiii. 

As  if  life  offered  nothing  but  a  variety  of  diversions,  and 
itwjis  incinnbent  upon  one  who  appreciated  life  at  its  true 
value  to  canvass  that  variety  in  the  shortest  space  possi- 
ble. J.  Ilairlliorne,  Dust,  |).  2SS. 

Specifically — 2.  To  sift  or  examine  by  way  of 
discussion;  discuss;  debate. 

An  opinion  that  we  are  likely  soon  to  canvass. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

To  canmss  with  ofllcial  breath 
The  future  aiul  its  viewless  things. 

M.  .inwld,  A  Wish. 

The  very  undue  disposition  of  what  is  (piestionably 
called  "good  society"  to  canvass  in  an  ill-miturcd  manner 
llie  cliaractcr  and  positi(Hi  of  one  who  did  not  stoop  to 
flatter  its  many  vulgar  fancies. 

Glmhtime,  Gleanings,  I.  83. 

3.  To  sift  or  investigate  by  ini|uiry;  cxiimino 


2.  A  fabric  woven  in  small  square  meshes,  u.sed  »«  to  opinions,  desires,  or  intentions;  sipiily  to 
for  working  tapestry  or  embroidery  with  the  or  address  for  the  purjiose  of  iiitluencmp  ac- 
y,„„,il,.  tion,  or  of  ascertaining  u  iirobablo  result :  as,  to 


nocdlc 

And  on  the  flore'ycast  a  cancva*. 
Chaucer,  I'rol.  to  CaMon'K  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  asfl. 

3.   Naul.,  cloth  in  sails,  or  sails  in  general: 
an,  to  spread  as  much  canras  as  the  ship  will 

bear. 

In  the  north,  her  canras  flow  Ing, 
HtMe  n  ship  "'  France. 

Tcnnyiton,  The  Captain. 

Boll  of  caovaa.  Si.i-  'in//2.— Obess-board  canvas,  sec 

rhr-jt  h^^r-i     To  \>f!  or  live  tmder  canvas,  to  i r  live 


IV 


n. ". 

Wli, 

llnl, 


'"«  "  1 

canra.is  the  peoi>le  of  a  city  with  reference  to 
nn  uiiproaclimg  election,  for  the  promotion  of 
a  ]iiililic  MMdcrliiUing,  nr  the  like. — 4.  To  tni- 
vei'se  fur  till'  (lurpcisc  of  iiH|iiiry  "V  solii'itiilion ; 
ajiply  to  or  uildrcss  the  iiilial)itants  of  with  ref- 
erence to  prospective  action:  as,  to  canvass  ii 
district  for  votes,  for  subscriptions,  etc. —  6t. 
To  shake;  take  to  task.     See  canvas,  v.  t.,  2. 

II.  inlrnns.  To  solicit  or  go  about  soliciting 
votes,  interest,  orders,  subscriptions,  or  the 
likc>:  followed  \iy  for :  as,  to  canvass  for  nil 
otlh'o  or  prefenneiit ;  to  canvnss  for  a  friend; 
lo  canvass  for  a  mercantile  (Inn. 
iild  affect  one  of  ui,  for  my  part  I  am  In-  canvass  (kan'vas),  Ji.  [<  canvass,  v.^  1.  Ex- 
amination; close  inspection;  scrutiny:  lis,  a 
canvass  of  votes.  Hpecitlcally  — 2.  An  exanii- 
niition  orscnitiny  of  a  body  "f  men,  in  order  to 
iiHcerliiiii  their  ii|iiiiioiis  or  their  intentions,  es- 
pecially whether  they  will  vote  for  oragaiiiHt  a 
given  nii'asiire  or  ciiiidi(hiti> ;  an  estimate  of 
the  number  of  votes  enst  or  lo  lie  cast  for  or 
against  a  candidate  or  hill :  iis,  a  canvass  of  the 


1  n  the  canvas,  to  receive  the  can- 

1,  or  to  be  ■liHini<M<-d :  obi  pbriutes 

to  /„  ifiri-  one  the  $nck  and   lo  fret 

idliiNion  Ui  the  canvas  used  for  iiie- 


I  -riv  I  loo,  hut  to  ffive  us  iKith  the  cnnms  I 

.•itiirley,  Hyde  Park,  1.  1. 
Miele  of  canvas. 

■  I  iliy  nnvy  spreads  her  ninnu  wliiga, 
^  lo  ttieo  and  pcaeo  to  all  she  brli)f(s. 

Matter,  To  the  Kbig. 

canvas  (kan'vas),  V.  t',  pret.  and  pp.  canvascd 
'  r  eanratsed,  ppr.  canvtuiufi  r.r  canvasslnt/.     [< 


caoutchouc 

legislature  disclosed  a  ma.iority  of  six  in  favor 
of  the  measure. —  3.  A  seeking;  solicitation; 
specifically,  systematic  solicitation  forthe  votes 
and  support  of  a  district  or  of  individuals  by  a 
candidate  for  office  or  by  his  friends. 

No  previous  canvass  was  made  for  me. 

Burke,  .Speech  at  Bristol,  Nov.  3,  1774. 

The  fall  campaign  in  this  city  has  been  begun  already  by 
the  organization  of  a  great  anti-Tammany  movement,  with 
a  general  committee  of  twelve  hundred  and  all  the  appli- 
ances of  an  active  canvass.  The  Nation,  XXVII.  is. 

4.  Discussion;  debate. 

Worthy  the  canvass  and  discussion  of  sober  and  consid- 
erate men.        Dr.  11.  More,  Pre-existence  of  the  Soul,  Pref. 

canvasser  (kan'vas-er),  71.   1.  One  who  solicits 
votes,  mercantile  orders,  etc. 
As  a  canvasser  he  [Wharton]  was  irresistible. 

Macautay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

2.  One  who  examines  the  returns  of  votes  cast 
for  a  public  officer;  a  scrutineer. 

canvas-stretcher  (kan'viis-strech"^r),  «.  A 
wooden  fi'ame  consisting  of  four  strips  mor- 
tised together,  upou  which  canvas  is  stretched 
for  artists  to  ]iaiut  upon. 

canvas-work  (kan'vas-w6rk),  n.  1.  Embroi- 
dery upon  cloth  over  which  canvas  has  been 
laid  to  guide  the  stitches,  the  threads  of  the 
canvas  being  then  pulled  out. — 2.  A  kind  of 
embroidery  done  in  BerUn  wool  upon  silk  can- 
vas with  plush-stitch,  which  when  completed 
has  the  appearance  of  velvet  pile.  Also  called 
raised  canvas-work.     Diet,  of  Xcedlework. 

cany  (ka'ni),  a.  [<  cane^  +  -^1.]  1.  Consisting 
or  made  of  cane. 

Oi  Sericana,  where  Chineses  drive 

With  sails  and  wind  their  cany  waggons  light. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  439. 

2.  Abounding  with  canes :  as,  ca«i/ brakes, 
canyon,  «.  and  r.     See  cailon. 
canzont,  "•     [^  It.  can:ona,  canzone,  a  song,  bal- 
lad: see  crtHCOHO.]     A  poem;  a  song. 

Cannot  the  body  weep  without  the  eyes? 
Vcs,  and  frame  deepest  cauzons  of  lament. 

Middleton,  Solomon  Paraphrased,  xvii. 

canzona,  canzone  (kau-z6'uii,  -ne),  h.    [It.,  a 

song,  ballad,  ode,  =  F.  cliun.fon  =  E.  caution,  < 
L.  C(iulii>{n-),  a  song:  see  clian.sou  and  cuntion.} 

1.  A  particular  variety  of  lyric  poetry  in  the 
Italian  style,  and  of  Proven(;al  origin,  which 
closely  resembled  the  maiirigal.     Grove. 

The  Canzonicre  includes  also  a  few  political  poems—  a 

canzt>}tc  to  Italy,  one  supposed  to  be  addressed  to  Cola  dl 

Kienzi,  and  several  sonnets  against  the  court  of  Avignon. 

Kneyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  604. 

2.  Jn  music:  (a)  A  setting  of  such  poetry,  dif- 
fering from  the  math'igal  in  being  less  elaborate 
anil  ;ii-listic.  (b)  An  instrumental  piece  resem- 
bling a  madrigal. 

canzonet  (kan-zo-nef),  «.  [<  It.  can::onetta, 
dim.  of  cuiicioic:  see  cini^ona.}  1.  A  little  or 
short  song,  shorter  and  less  elaborate  than  the 
aria  of  oratorio  or  opera. 

The  catuoiwt  and  roundelay. 

Kiuiers,  An  Italian  Song. 

I  amused  the  fair  Discretion  with  some  canzonets,  and 
other  toys,  which  could  not  but  bo  ravishing  to  her  inex- 
perienced ears.  Scott,  Monastery,  II.  '.»«. 

He  drank  a  few  cups  of  claret,  ami  sang  (to  himself)  a 
strophe  or  two  of  the  canzoticttes  of  the  divine  Astrophel. 
Scoll,  Monastery,  II.  131. 
Poor  soul  I  I  had  a  maid  of  honour  once  ; 
She  wept  lier  true  eyes  blind  for  such  a  one, 
A  rogue  of  canzonets  and  serenades. 

Tennfison,  The  rrlncess,  iv, 

2.  Ill  music,  a  short  concerted  air;  a  madrigal. 

canzonette,  ".     Same  as  canzonet. 

caouane,  caouanne  (kii-wlin'),  n.  [A  P.  spell- 
ing 111'  a  native  W.  Ind.  iianio  (NL.  caounna).] 
A  name  of  the  loggerhead  turtle,  Tliala.iso- 
cUrlijs  carvttn  or  '/'.  ciinnnna.     ./.  /','.  tivaij. 

caouitchin,  caoutchine  (ko'chin'i,  «.    [<  caout- 

rliOiuc)  +  -in-,  -in(-.]  An  iiilliiinmnble  vol- 
utile  oil  |iroiluced  liy  distillation  of  eiiontchonc 

4itt  a  high  temporatiu'o.  jVlso  caoutchoiicin  and 
laoulclioncinr. 

caoutchouc  (kii'cln'ik),  II.  [=  O.  caoutsvhnck 
=  li'iiss.  kiiiirhiikn,  <  V.  caoulvhout;  I'ornierly 
ii1h(»  raonlchou,  from  the  native  S.  Anier.  iiiinio 
cahncliii.]  An  elastic  guniiiiy  substance,  the 
inspissated  milky  juici^  of  various  tropical 
trecH  belonging  to  tiie  nalunil  orders  .//(on/- 
niirra;  llrticacca;  and  liuphorliiacra';  india- 
rubber  (which  see).  Artificial  caoutchouc,  a 
tllirk  holutlon  of  glue  t't  wbii'b  Moiliilin  liiti^slali'  and 
hydtoi'lilorli'  acid  are  added.  A  pnil|illale  of  ghle  and 
tilngntic  aetil  in  formed,  wbirb.  ubi-ii  lonl.  can  be  made 
liiio  Hheets.     Caoutchouc  cement,    ^nuw  n»  rulther  ee. 

nienl,(lt).    See  cwMi'ii/,       MlllOral  CaOUtChOUC.    See  7rtin- 

rnii     Vulcanized  caoutchouc.    See  eulcanUalion. 


caoutchoucin 
caoutchoucin,  caoutchoucine  (ko'chii-sin),  n. 

Same  as  caoiitchin. 
capl  (kap),  n.     [(1)  Early  mod.  E.  also  cappe, 

<  ME.  cappe,  coppc,  kepjic,  <  AS.  cteppe,  also 
cajipe,  =  OFries.  kappc  =  MD.  kappe,  I),  /otj)  = 
MLG.  LG.  fcappc  =  OHG.  chupjiii,  MHG.  G.  iajj^e 
=  Norw.  kappa  =  Sw.  kappa  =  Dan.  fa(/)/)c  = 
OF.  cape,  F.  cape,  also  cha/ie  (<  ML.  cappa),  a 
cap,  hooil,  cowl;  parallel  with  (2)  E.  copc^,  < 
ME.  coyip,  earlier  edpc,  <  AS.  *«y)c  =  leel.  kdpa 
=  Norw.  kaapa  =  Sw.  /,<5'yio  =  Daii.  kaahe  (< 
ML.  copn);  (3)  E.  cape^,  <  ME.  ra;jc,  <  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  capa  =  It.  cappa,  a  hood,  cape,  cloak ;  all 

<  ML.  cappa,  also  cdpa,  a  cape,  a  hooded  cloak, 
a  word  of  uncertain  ofigin;  said  to  be  <  L.  ca- 
perc,  take,  take  in,  "quia  quasi  totum  capiat 
hominem,"  because  it  envelops,  as  it  were,  the 
"whole  person  (Isidorus  of  Seville,  19,  31);  by 
others  referred  to  L.  caput,  head;  but  neither 
■derivation  is  satisfactory.  See  cape'^  and  cope'^, 
-doublets  of  capT-,  and  the  deriv.  chapel,  chaplet, 
chaplain,  chaperon,  etc.]  1.  A  covering  for 
the  head;  a  hood;  now,  especially,  a  head- 
covering  or  head-dress  made  of  soft  material 
and  usually  fitting  more  closely  to  the  head 
than  a  hat.  Men's  caps  are  usually  made  of  cloth,  silk, 
or  fur,  are  without  a  brim,  except  sometimes  a  peak  iu 
frout,  cover  the  crown  or  top  of  the  heaii.  and  are  worn  as 
an  outdoor  covering.  Women's  caps  are  made  of  lace, 
muslin,  ribbons,  and  other  light  materials,  and  sometimes 
cover  both  the  back  and  sides  of  the  head,  as  well  as  the 
top.  They  are  worn  .as  an  indoor  covering  or  ornament. 
Caps  are  in  many  cases  made  to  serve,  by  their  form,  color, 
ornamentation,  etc.,  as  insignia  of  rank  or  dignity,  or  em- 
blems of  particular  jjrincipk's  or  occupations,  as  the  ec- 
clesiastical cap  (see  biretta),  the  cap  of  liberty  (see  Phnj- 
t/ian  cap,  below),  the  fool's  cap,  the  nurse's  cap,  etc. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  cap  in  appearance, 
position,  or  use.  .Spfcilleally  — (a)  Iu  iiot.,  the  pileus 
of  a  mushroom,  ^ee  jiilnts.  (h)  In  or;ij:^/j.,  the  pileum  or 
"top  of  a  bird's  head,  especially  when  iu  any  way  notalde, 
as  by  special  coloration.  See  pileiun.  (c)  A  percussion- 
cap,  (rf)  An  inner  plate  secured  as  a  cover  over  the  move- 
ment or  "works"  of  some  kinds  of  watches:  now  nearly 
ilisused.  (e)  Naiit. :  (1)  A  covering  of  metal  or  of  tarred 
canvas  for  the  end  of  a  rope,  to  prevent  fraying.  (2)  A 
large  thick  block  of  wood,  strengthened  by  iron  bands, 
and  having  a  square  and  a  round  hole  in  it,  used  to  con- 
fine the  heel  of  one  mast  to  the  head  of  another  above 
which  it  is  erected.  The  square  hole  of  the  lower  cap  is 
fi.xed  (irmly  on  the  tenon  in  the  head  of  the  lower  mast, 
while  the  topmast  traverses  through  the  round  hole.  The 
topmast-cap  is  secured  in  tlie  same  way  on  the  head  of  the 
topmast,  the  topgallantmast  passing  through  the  round 
hole.  The  bowsprit  also  is  fitted  with  a  cap,  through  whicli 
the  jib-boom  passes.  (3)  One  of  the  square  blocks  of  wood 
laid  upon  others  on  which  the  keel  of  a  vessel  rests  in  the 
process  of  building.  (/)  In  hookhiiiding,  the  envelop  of 
paper  which  the  binder  puts  around  the"  edges  of  a  book- 
cover  to  protect  it  from  injury  wliile  he  is  at  work  on 
■other  parts  of  the  book.  (<7)  In  mach.  ■  (1)  The  upper  half 
•of  a  journal-box  :  the  lower  half  is  called  the  pillow.  E. 
U.  Kiiiijht-  ('2)  The  tire  or  face  of  a  glaze-wheel.  (3)  The 
terminal  section  of  a  pipe  having  a  plug  at  the  end.  (4) 
The  part  connecting  a  pump-rod  with  a  working-beam. 
<5t)  The  band  connecting  th6  handstaff  and  swingel  of  a 
flail;  the  capling.  (/t)  The  movable  top  of  the  house  of  a 
windmill.  (0  In  car^.,  the  uppermost  of  any  assemblage 
■of  parts,  as  the  lintel  of  a  door  or  window-frame,  a  hori- 
zontal beam  joining  the  heads  of  a  row  of  piles,  etc.  (_/) 
In  niinimr,  as  sometimes  used,  any  kind  of  rock  beneath 
"which  miners  expect  or  hope  to  find  ore  in  paying  quanti- 
ties. Sometimes,  though  rarely,  it  is  used  for  outcrop, 
■especially  when  this  is  comparatively  barren  of  ore.  Any 
unproductive  rock,  whether  it  be  a  portion  of  a  vein  or 
not,  may  be  called  cap  or  i-a/i/uiitr  if  valuable  ore  is  found 
beneath  it.  In  such  cases  tin-  lode  nii^^bt  he  said  by  some 
to  be  capped,  (k)  In  coal-  miuiwi,  the  hluisli  halo  of  ignited 
gas  appearing  above  and  around  tlie  tlame  of  a  safety -lamp 
when  a  dangerous  amount  of  fire-damp  is  present.  Also 
called  bhte-cap.  (t)  In  her.,  the  figure  of  a  cap  used  in 
charges,  and  as  part  of  a  crest  or  an  accessory  in  a  coat  of 
arras,  sometimes  of  very  conventional  shape. 

3.  [<  foolscap,  orig.  used  "with  ref.  to  the  old 
"Water-mark  of  the  fool's  cap  and  bells.]  Aname 
given,  with  distinctive  qualifications,  to  several 
sizes  of  writing-paper.  Foolscap,  usually  folded  the 
long  way,  ranges  from  12  x  15  to  12^  x  15i  inches.  Law 
^ap,  folded  the  narrow  way,  is  of  the  same  dimensions. 
Pot  cap  and  le[!al  cap,  always  flat  or  unfolded,  are  13  x  16 
Inches.  Flat  cap,  or  /itU  cap,  is  l^t  x  17  inches.  Double 
cap  is  17  X  28  inclies.  In  England  pot  is  12^  x  15i  inches, 
.and  foolscap  or  cap  is  13^  x  16i  inches.  Exchange  cap  is  a 
thin,  highly  calendered  paper  of  good  (piality,  made  of  new 
5tock,  and  used  for  printing  bills  of  exchange,  etc. 

■4.  The  head,  chief,  or  top ;  the  acme. 

Thou  art  the  cap  of  all  the  fools  alive. 

,  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

5.  Head,  chief,  or  master.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 6. 
An  act  of  respect  performed  by  uncovering  the 
head. 

Give  a  cap  and  make  a  leg  in  thanks.  Fuller. 

7.  A  cap-sheaf  (which  see). — 8.  pL  Fungi. 
[Prov.  Eng.] — 9t.  A  cape.  See  eape^.—A 
feather  In  one's  cap.  .SeeyVn(//.,^.  — Belt-rail  cap.  See 
belt-rail.— 313.0^  Cap.  (n)  'i'ln'  r:i|i  worn  by  a  judge  when 
p.assing  seutincc  of  death.  (Uritisli.i  (6)  The  cap  drawn 
over  the  head  of  a  criniiiutl  iniiin  iliati-ly  before  he  is 
hanged.— Cap  copped,  in  lur.,  a  l.vi'i'c  kit  used  as  a  bear- 
ing.—Cap  In  crown,  in  her.,  the  fu])  within  the  rim  or 
■circle  of  the  crown,  and  covering  the  head.  Such  caps 
;are  represented  of  different  colors,  which  are  mentioned 
51 


801 


capacious 


in  the  blazon --Cap  of  a  cannon,  a  piece  of  lead  laid  cap.      An  abbreviation  («)  of  capital^;   (b)  of 
over  the  vent  to  ki'cp  tlic  prmniig  dry.    Also  ca  cd  an      t  .,,:„  „„,,,,,  _„  „„„.■(,.;.,„.   „u      i.         r  \  ■  ■   / 

ay;ro».- Cap  Of  dignity.    Same  as  cap  of  maintcmne,:     >/'>'im  caput  or  capitulum,  chapter;  (c)  in  prtnt- 

—  Cap  of  estate,     same  as  cap  of  maintauancr. —  Ca,Tt>      '"th  "*  capitalize. 

offence,  any   defensive   head-dress;   Hpecificaliy,   one  capa  (kii'pa),  H.     [Sp.,  a  cloak,  earie:  seecanfl, 

qudted,  stutt'cd,  or  lineil  with  iron,  or  having  plates  of     ,.,,,,]  i      i  "  a    Snanish    cnno    or   clonk 2     A 

n-oTi  sewed  hcitwccn  the  thicknesses.    Hee  coat  of  fence,     ,.',  ''    .V   ^^   '^P;"!!!-'!    <-apo    01    cioaK.      a     A 
under  ami.  -Cap  Of  liberty.    Sc-  p/inniau  rap,  li.low.     '  "'""'  tobacco  ot  hiio  quality,  specially  suited 

—  Cap  of  maU.    .same  as  (•<"/ ../  omit  (wiii.  h  si^.,  uiid.r     for  (he  outsideH  or  wrappers  of  the  best  cigars. 
CO/'/).  -Cap  of  maintenance.  «.■.■,„„,„(.■„«,„:..    Four- capability  (ka-pa-bil'i-ti),   h.  ;   jjl.  capabilities 

(-tiz).     [<  LL.  as'if  *eapuhilita(t-)K,  <  capabilis, 


cornered  cap,  the  siiuare-tr>pped  caj)  worn  in  JOnglisti 
luiivcrsitica  and  public  schools.  The  cap  part  fits  close  to 
tin-  head,  anti  is  surmounted  by  a  squaro  Itat  iioard  mea- 
suring about  a  foot  diagonally  across.  —  Phrygian  cap, 
the  i)ointed  caj),  with  its  apex  turned  over  toward  the 
front,  connnonly  worn  by  some  of  the  peoples  of  Asia 
.Minor  in  classical  times,  and  considered  by  the  Orceks  as 
a  dislinctive  part  of  Oriental  as  colitrastcil  with  Hellenic 
costume.  This  form  of  cap  is  iK»w  received  as  tlie  type  of 
the  cap  of  liberty.  Sec  cut  under  hraeii'. —  Statute  cap, 
a  woolen  cap  enjoined  to  be  worn  liy  an  English  statute 
passed  iu  1.^)71  iu  the  interest  of  tlie  cai)-makcrs:  as,  "j)Iain 
statute-cap.i,"  Shak.,  h.  U.  1,.,  v.  2.— TO  set  one's  capt, 
to  deceive,  beguile,  or  cheat  one. 
Yit  this  niaunciple  sette  here  aller  ( =  of  them  all)  cajijie. 
Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  586. 
To  set  one's  cap  at  or  for,  to  use  measures  to  gain  the 
regard  or  ullcctions  of,  aim  to  secui'e  in  marriage;  said 
of  a  woman  in  regard  to  a  man. 

capi  (kap),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capped,  ppr.  cap- 
pitiij.  [<  c«/jl,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  put  a  cap 
on ;  cover  with  or  as  with  a  cap,  in  any  sense 


capable :  see  capable.']  The  quality  of  being 
capable  ;  ability  to  receive,  or  power  to  do ; 
cajiacity  of  undergoing  or  of  doing  ;  capacity; 
ability;  capableness. 

There  are  nations  in  the  East  so  enslaved  by  custom  that 
they  seem  to  have  lost  all  power  of  change  except  the  ca- 
pability of  being  destroyed.   W.  K.  Cliflord,  Lectures,  1. 105. 

We  have  arrived  at  the  stage  where  new  capalnlitien  are 
no  longer  imperiously  demanded  by  the  advancement  of 
culture.  Welnh,  Eng.  Lit.,  I.  296. 

capable  (ka'pa-bl),  a.  [<  F.  capabk,  capable, 
able,  sufficient,  able  to  hold,  <  LL.  capabilis, 
comprehensible,  suscojitible  (the  modem  senses 
in  part  coinciding  witli  tliose  of  L.  eapax,  ca- 
pacious), <  L.  capcre,  take  hold  of,  seize,  hgld, 
etc.  (whence  ult.  a  great  number  of  E.  words, 
as  capacious,  captious,  captire  =  caitiff,  capttire, 
accept,  except,  intercept,  precept,  conceive,  de- 
of  that  word ;  cover  the  head,  top,  end,  or  some    ccivc,  perceive,  receive,  conception,  deception,  etc., 

.  „,.i,„..i  L^e.  __  1-  _  J  ,     ,      .      rcceptacU,  recipient,  occupy,  etc.).  =.(iot\\.  haf- 

jan  =  AS.  hebban,  E.  hearc,  lift,  raise,  orig. 
'hold':  see  7(encc.]  If.  Able  to  hold  or  contain; 
sufficiently  capacious  (for)  :  followed  by  of. 

The  place  chosen  was  the  cathedral  church,  capable  of 
altout  400  persons.  Lord  llerbert. 

2t.  Capacious;  extensive;  comprehensive:  as, 
"a  capable  and  wide  revenge,"  Shak.,  Othello, 
iii.  3. — 3.  Able  to  receive;  open  to  infiuences; 
impressible;  receptive;  susceptible;  admitting: 
usually  followed  by  of:  as,  cajiable  of  pain  and 
grief;  capable  of  long  duration;  capable  of  be- 
ing colored  or  altered:  sometimes  used  abso- 
lutely. 

His  form  and  cause  conjoin'd,  preaching  to  st^jnes. 
Would  make  them  capable.  .Shak.,  Hamlet,  UL  4. 

If  thou  be'st  capable  of  things  serious,  thou  must  know 
the  king  is  full  of  grief.  Shak.,  \V.  T.,  iv.  3. 

To  his  capable  ears 
Silence  was  music  from  the  holy  spheres. 

Keat»:  EndymioD,  ii. 
We  have  no  right  to  conclude,  then,  that  the  order  of 
events  is  always  capable  of  being  explained. 

H'.  K.'Ctiford,  Lectures,  I.  149. 

4t.  Able  to  be  received.     [Rare.] 

Lean  upon  a  rash, 
Tlie  cicatrice  and  capable  inipressure 
Thy  palm  some  moment  keeps. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iu.  5. 
5t.  Fitted  or  deserving  to  receive :  as,  "capa- 
ble of  mercy,"  Lord  Herbert. 

That  place  in  the  world's  account  w-liich  he  thinks  his 
merit  capable  of. 

B.  JoiUfon,  Pref.  to  Every  3Ian  out  of  his  Humour. 

6.  Sufficiently  able  (to  do  something):  as, 
a  man  capable  of  judging. 

Every  mind  seems  capable  of  entertaining  a  certain 
quantity  of  happiness  which  no  institutions  can  increase, 
no  circumstances  alter,  and  entirely  independent  of  for- 
tune. Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xliv. 

7.  Ha"ring  legal  power  or  capacity :  as,  a  bas- 
tard is  not  capable  of  inheriting  an  estate. 

Of  my  land, 
Loyal  and  natural  boy,  I'll  work  the  means 
To  make  thee  capable.  Shak..  Lear,  it  1- 

8.  Possessing  a  good  degree  of  intelligence  or 
abUity;  qualiBed:  able;  competent:  as,  a  eapor- 
ble  judge ;  a  capable  instructor. 

To  be  born  rich  and  feeble  is  as  bad  a  fate  as  to  be  bom 
poor  and  capalAe.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  487. 

=  S3^.  8.  Qualified,  fitted,  adapted,  efficient,  clever,  skil- 
ful, gifted,  accomplished. 


particular  part  of:  as,  to  cap  a  dunce  at  school 
to  cap  (the  nipple  of)  a  gun. 
The  clfmd-capp'd  towers.  .Sliak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

lioues  cajipcd  by  a  layer  of  hard  cement. 

Owen,  Anat.  Vei-t. 
Hampstead  Heath  is  .  .  .  formed  of  London  clay  crtjj^yr/ 
by  Lower  liagshot  sand.         liuxley.  Physiography,  p.  25. 
The  snow  h.as  capped  yon  distant  hill. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  An  Old  Year  Song. 

2.  To  complete  ;  consummate  ;  cro"mi ;  bring 
to  a  climax ;  follow  up  with  something  more  re- 
markable than  what  has  pre\dously  been  done  : 
as,  to  ca2>  a  story  with  its  moral;  he  capped  this 
exploit  by  another  still  more  audacious. —  3. 
To  puzzle.  [North.  Eng.]  — 4t.  To  deprive  of 
the  cap. 
As  boys  sometimes  used  to  cap  one  another. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
5.  To  salute  by  taking  oflf  the  cap :  as,  to  cap 
a  proctor. 

You  w^ould  not  cap  the  Pope's  commissioner. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  iv.  2. 
Capped  quartz.  See  quartz.- Capped  rail,  an  iron 
rail  with  a  steel  cap  or  tread.  See  raii.  —  lo  cap  a  rope 
(naut.),  to  cover  the  end  of  it  with  tarred  canvas  or  metal. 
—  To  cap  off,  in  glass-viakinir,  to  detach  (a  cylinder  of 
l)lown  glass)  liy  draVing  a  circle  around  the  closed  end.— 
To  cap  texts  <u*  proverbs,  to  quote  texts  or  proverbs 
alternately  iu  emulation  or  contest.  See  to  cap  verses, 
below. 

I  will  cap  that  proverb  with  —  There  is  flattery  in  friend- 
ship. Shak.,  Hen.  "V.,  iii.  7. 
Henderson  and  th'  other  masses. 
Were  sent  to  cap  texts  and  put  cases. 

S.  Dialer,  Hudibras,  III.  ii.  1240. 
To  cap  the  climax,  to  go  to  the  utmost  limit  in  words  or 
action  ;  cM^crd  c\i>ectation  or  belief;  as,  that  story  caps 
the  cliniffx ;  Ins  conduct  in  this  atfair  caps  the  cUoiux  of 
absurdity. 

Iu  due  time  the  old  gentleman  cajrped  the  climax  of  his 
favors  by  dying  a  Christian  death. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I.  445. 

To  cap  verses,  to  quote  alternately  verses  each  beginning 
with  the  same  letter  with  which  the  last  ended.  The  cap- 
ping of  Latin  verses  is  a  common  game  in  classical  schools. 
No  verse  may  be  used  twice,  and  no  hesitation  or  delay  is 
pernntted ;  so  thilt  a  moderate  proficiency  in  the  game 
sujiposes  several  thousand  verses  an'anged  in  the  memory 
alphabetically.  If  the  correctness  of  a  verse  is  challenged, 
the  player  who  gave  it  must  show  where  it  occurs. 

II.  intrans.  To  xmcover  the  head  in  rever- 
ence or  ci'vility. 

Still  capping,  cringing,  applauding— waiting  at  men's 

doors  with  all  affability.  Burton,  Anat.  of  JleL 

cap"'^  (kiip),  )(.     [Same  as  cop-  =  E.  cnp.^  q.  v.] 


A  wooden  bowl :  as,  a  coj)  of  porridge  and  milk,  capableness   (ka'pa-bl-nes),  n.     The  state  or 
Also  coup.     [Scotch.]  quality  of  being  capable ;  capability;  capacity. 

cap3  (kap),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capped,  ppr.  cap-  capably  (ka'pa-bli),  adv.     In  a  capable  man- 
pinq.     [<  D.  kapeii  (=  Sw.  kapa),  seize,  catch,    ner.  _ 

make  prize  of,  as  a  privateer  or  pirate  (>  D.  capacifyt  (ka-pas  i-fi),  v.  t.     [<  L.  capax  {ca- 
kaap,  privateering) ;  appar.  <  L.  caperc,  take,     i>«'-),  capable,  +  -/}/,  q.  v.]     To  qualify. 
seize    captm'e:   see   capable,   captive,  capture,        Wisdom  cnj>aci>"ts  us  to  enjoy  pleasantly  and  innocently 
etc.   heneecaper3aiiAcapperS,v.'\    l.Toarrest.    all  good  things.  Ban-oir,  Sermons,  I.  i. 

Twelve  shillings  you  must  pay,  or  I  must  cap  you.  CapaclOUS  (ka-pa'shus),  a.    [<  L.  capax  (capac-). 

Beau,  and  Fl..  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  ill.  2.    able  to  contain,  able  to  contain  much,  wide, 
Ralph  hcus  frienils  that  will  not  suffer  him  to  be  capt  for    large,  spacious,  also  capable,  susceptible  (<  oa- 
ten times  so  much.  „     ,     ...         were,  hold,  contain:  see  cfl/int/f),  -f -OMS.     For 
Beau,  ami  Fl..  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iii.  2.    jj^^  ^^^^^  ^.j.  „„daciou.'^,  fallacious.}     If.  Capa- 
2.  To  seize;  lay  hold  of  violently ;  specifically,    jjje  of  recei\ing  or  holding:  as,  a  jar  capan.ni.-^ 
to  seize  (a  vessel)  as  a  prize;  henc^,  to  entrap    of  20  gallons.— 2.  Capable  of  holding  much; 
rr,   -.L-i        J               .,  roomy;  spacious:  as,  a  chjwciom.s  vessel ;  a  ca- 


or  insuare.  [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 
cap*  (kap),  V.  i.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  capped,  ppr. 
capping.  [Unassibilated  form  of  c/mpl,  chop^, 
q.  v.]  1.  'To  chap,  as  the  hands. — 2.  To  wrin- 
kle._3.  To  coagulate.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


pacious  bay  or  harbor;   a  cajtacious  mind  or 

memory. 

Down  sunk  a  hollow  bottom  broad  and  deep. 
Capacious  bed  of  waters.        ililtun,  V.  L..  vi: 


capacious 


802 


The  fancT  which  he  [Edmund  Burke]  had  in  common 
■with  aU  mankind,  and  very  probably  in  no  eminent  de- 
gree, in  him  was  urged  into  unusual  activity  under  the 
necessities  of  his  capacious  understanding. 

De  Qmncey,  Rhetoric. 


like  the  Leyden  jar.    The  unit  of  capacilii  is  the  farad, 

or  practically,  the  microfarad.   See/nmd.  — Differential 

capacity,  extreme  differential  capacity,  or  vital 

capacity  the  amount  of  air  whicli  can  be  e.vpelled  from 

tlie  lunss'ljv  the  greatest  possible  expiration  after  tlie 

,    ^  ,  .  irreatesf  possible  inspiration.     It  is  \isuaUy  about  214  cu- 

3t   Disposed  to  receive  or  take  comprehensive    gj^,  luches.— Specific  inductive  capacity,  in  elect.,  the 

views  (of)  ratio  o'  capacity  of  an  accunmlat..r  formed  of  the  di- 

For  I  ^tJiK-t  to  such  ti^tislators.  buU.  m.,  capa^ou^    ^^^^^Z  ^^J^;^!;^!?  of  t/;?t^,f fo?m  ^Sd  li^e 

^e'r.lSSL^'i^lg^- of  t'SL%ut'?o  dis^ce "lie-^mreU  S     flUed  ,?ith  iir.-  Standard  measure  of  capacity.     >^ee 


jiKajfiire.— Tliermal  capacity  of  a  body,  in  thennodii- 
namics,  the  quantity  of  heat  required  to  raise  its  tein- 
per.ature  by  tme  deiiree  on  the  absolute  thermodynamic 
capa-  seaie.  Sir  W.  Tliomson.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  576.—  Vital  ca- 
pacity..  Same  as  ditfereutiat  ca;)aci7,«.  =Syn.  1.  Dimen- 
sions.—3.  Aptitude,  'FaciiUi/  (see  iieniiu),  turn,  forte,  apt- 
-  -  .  ness;  Ahilitv,  Canacitu  (see  aiidfi/).— 5.  Office,  spliere, 

or  (lualitv  of  bemg  capacious.  ta)Wideness;  large-         g,  function, 
ness;  extensiveness-     W  Comprehensiveness;  power  of  J      ,j.j^/n    „_      [Origin  uncertain.]     In 

Likiii-' a  wide  sun-ey:  applied  to  the  mind.  I,,,  f  m„l-iim   a  hat      EHEninht 

capacitate  (ka-pas'i-tat),  r.  (.;  pret    --I  --      hat-muLmq,  a,  ht^t.     £..  n.  Ji-iutm. 

capiifitated, 
-atc2.   Cf, 


and  iuiure  the  author  that  falls  into  their  slaughter-house. 
Dryden,  Life  of  Lucian 

capaciously  (ka-pa'shus-li),  adi:    In  a 
cious  maimer  or  degree. 
capaciousness  (ka-pa'shus-nes),  n.    The  state 


siuned  L 

enable. 
By  this  instruction  we  may  be  capacitated  to  observe 

these  errors.  Dn/den. 

Specifically—  2.  To  furnish  with  legal  powers ; 

qualify:  as.  to  capacitate  one  for  an  office. 
capacitation  (ka-pas-i-ta'shou),  n.     [<  capaci- 
tate :  see  -ation.]     The  act  of  making  capable. 

[Hare.] 
capacity    ka-pas'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  capacities  (-tiz). 

[<  F.  capacite  =  Pr.  capacitat  =   Sp.  cnpaci- 

dad  =  Pg.  capacidade  =  It.  capacita,  <  h.  ca- 

pacita(t-)s,  <  capax  {capac-),  able  to  contain:  caparison  (ka-par'i-son),  n. 


pied,  <  L.  pes  (ped-)  =  E.  foot,  q.  v.]  From 
head  to  foot ;  all  over.  Also  fsritten  cap-a-pie. 
See  cuts  under  armor. 

Arm'd  at  all  points,  exactly,  eap-a-pe. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

.A.  yellow  ointment,  with  which,  after  they  [the  Indians] 
have  bathed,  they  anoint  themselves  capapee. 

BeverU'ij,  Virginia,  iii.  IT  ■*-■ 
Far  from  being  disheartened,  however,  he  was  seen, 
armed  cap-a-pie,  on  horseback  from  dawn  to  evening. 

Prescott,  Fcrd.  ijnd  Isa.,  i.  4. 

[<  OF.  cnparas- 


see  capacious.'j  1.  The  power  of  receiving 
or  containing ;  specifically,  the  power  of  con- 
taining a  certain  quantity  exactly;  cubic  con- 
tents. 

Our  globe  is  sailing  on  through  space,  like  some  huge 

ocean  ste.amer,  whose  capacity  for  coal  is  strictly  limited. 

li.  D.  Uitchcock,  Address  48th  .\nniv.  Un.  Theol.  iSem. 

2.  Eeceptivitv:  susceptibility  to  being  jias- 
sively  affected  in  any  way ;  power  of  receiving 
impressions,  or  of  being  acted  upon. 

Faculty  ...  is  properly  limited  to  active  power,  and, 
therefore,  is  abusively  applied  to  the  mere  passive  attec- 
tions  of  mind.  Capacilt/,  on  tlie  other  hand,  is  more  prop- 
erly limited  to  these.  Its  priniaiy  signification,  whicli  is 
literally  room  for,  as  well  as  its  employment,  favors  this; 
althougli  it  cannc.t  be  denied  that  there  arc  examples  of  its 
usage  in  an  active  sense.  Leibnitz,  as  far  as  I  know,  was 
the  tlrst  who  limited  its  psychological  application  to  tlie  naparison  (ka-par'i-Son),  V.  t. 


capellane 

lar  garment  hanging  fi-om  the  shoulders,  wom 
for  protection  against  the  weather.— 3.  The 
coping  of  a  -wall.  [North.  Eng.]  — 4.  ])l. 
Ears  of  com  broken  off  in  thrashing.  [North. 
Eng.] 

cape2  (kap),  n.  [<  F.  caj>,  a  cape,  headland, 
head  of  a  ship,  also  lit.  a  head,  <  It.  cajio  =  Sp. 
Pg.  caho,  a  cape,  headland,  end,  extremity, 
It.  also  lit.  a  head,  <  L.  caput,  head:  see  caput, . 
capital'^,  etc.]  1.  A  piece  of  land  jutting  into 
a  sea  or  a  lake  beyond  the  adjoining  coast-line. 

2.  [,cap.2  AwineresemblingsheiTyorcanary, 

from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope — Cape  asli.  See 
a*/ii.— Cape  chestnut,  jasmin,  etc,    .•<ee  the  nouns. 

cape'-  (.kap),  i:  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capcd,  ppr. 
capinq.  [<  cape-,  n..  after  the  orig.  F.  cap,  in 
sense  of  'head  of  a  ship';  cf.  F.  mettre  le  cap 
ail  nord  (siid,  etc.),  bear  north  (south,  etc.).] 
Aawf.,  to  keep  a  course;  head  or  point:  as,  how 
does  she  xape  f 

cape^  (ka'pe),  H.  [ML.,  2d  pers.  sing.  pres. 
impv.  of  L.  capere,  take :  see  capable.']  In  Eng- 
land, a  judicial  -wi'it,  now  abolished,  used  in 
proceedings  by  the  king  or  a  feudal  lord  to  re- 
cover land  on  the  default  of  a  tenant :  called 
cape  from  its  initial  word.  The  cape  mac/mnn,  or 
ymitd  eape,  was  the  writ  for  iios-scssioii  wlu-n  the  tenant 
failed  to  appear.  The  cape  inirniui.  or  pelil  nipe,  was  the 
sh<n-ler  writ  issued  when  tlie  iiljiintitt  ]ire\aiU'il  after  the 
tenant  bad  appeared. 

cape*t,  I'-  '•  [^^E-  cftpcn  =  MLG.  LG.  Vapen  = 
OHG.  chapfen,  MHG.  Vapfen,  gaze,  stare,  gape: 
in  form  a  diff.  word  from  gape,  m  which  in  E. 
it  is  now  absorbed :  see  ffapc.]     To  gaze ;  gape. 

This  Nicholas  sat  aye  as  stille  as  stoon. 

And  evere  caped  [var.  gavyd]  upward  into  the  eir. 

Chaucer,  Millers  Tale,  1.  287. 


son,  cai)erasso)i,  F.  caparagon,  <  Sp.  caparazoii 

=  Pg.  eaparazao,  a  cover  for  a  saddle,  a  cover 

for  a  coach,  a  kind  of  aug.  of  capa,  a  cloak, 

cover,  <  ML.  capa.  cappa,  a  cape :  see  cap^  and  cape-a-pet,  adv.     See  cap-a-pie. 

c«j)fl.]     1.  A  cloth  or  covering,  more  or  less  cape-cloakt  (kap'klok),  «.   A  cloak  with  a  cape 


passivities  of  mind.  .  .  .  Tlie  active  Ipowerl  may  be  called 
faculty,  and  perhaps  the  passive  might  be  called  capacity, 
or  receptivity. 

Sir  W.  llamilton,  Jletaphysics,  Bowen's  Abridgment,  viii. 
Capacilii  signifies  greater  passiveness  or  receptivity  than 
.  .  .  (power  or  faculty].  Hence  it  Is  more  usually  applied 
to  that  in  the  soul  by  which  it  docs  or  can  suffer,  or  to 
dormant  and  inert  possibilities  to  be  aroused  to  exertions 
ol  strength  or  skill,  or  to  make  striking  advances  through 
educatiim  and  habit.       A'.  Porter,  Human  Intellect,  §  3«. 

3.  Active  power;  ability:  as, mental ca;)rtci<!/; 
the  capacity  of  a  substance  to  resist  pressure. 

Hate,  and  (car,  and  remorse,  and  crime  have  in  them  the 
capacity  of  stirring  in  us  a  horror  of  moral  repugnance 
such  as  pagan  art  had  no  means  of  awakening.    J.  Caird. 

Man's  capacities  have  never  been  measured. 

Thorcau,  Walden,  p.  12. 

Powhatan  ganc  him  Namontack  his  trustic  servant,  and 
one  of  a  shrewd,  silbtill  eai>acilie. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  Jultn  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  1('.7. 

4.  Ability  in  a  moral  or  legal  sense ;  legal  qunji- 
fication  ;" legal  power  or  right:  as,  a  man  or  a 
corporation  may  have  a  capacity  to  give  or  re- 
ceive and  hold  estate;  A  was  present  at  tlio 
meeting  in  his  ctipaciti/  of  director  (that  is,  in 
virtue  of  his  legal  qualification  as  a  director). 

Oyer  that,  thai  the  same  Master  and  WartlcyriB,  and 


oriiamented,  laid  over  the  saddle  or  furniture 
of  a  horse,  especially  of  a  sumpter-horse  or 
horse  of  state. 

Wiat  cares  he  now  for  curb  or  pricking  spur? 

For  rich  caparisons  or  trapping  gay? 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  286. 

Hence — 2.  Clothing,  especially  sumptuous 
clothing;  equipment;  outfit. 

My  heart  groans 
Beneath  the  gay  caparison. 

Smollett,  The  Regicide,  iii.  4. 

[<  caparison,  ».] 


17  To  cover  "with  a  caparison,  as  a  horse. — 2, 

To  dress  sumptuously :  adorn  with  rich  dress. „„„i«o /•vs',^l^ 

caparisoned  (ka-par'i-sond),  p.  a.    [P],.  of  <■«-  capelr. .  caple-  (ka  pl)^ 


Warliorse  C.ip.-irl»onc(l.  from  seal  of  Philip  of  BurBumly 


their  succcsnouni,  shuld  be  periielnall  anil  hauc  cajiaci 

KnijKsh  GUiU  (K.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  31U. 

He  had  been  restored  to  his  capacity  of  governing  by 
renouncing  the  errors  o(  I'opery.  Brouyhnm. 

Hence  —  5.  Character;  profession ;  occupation ; 
function. 

V 
Ikt 


Ml  desire  my  thoiighUi 

>t  parliament;  they  arc  the  same 


6t.  A  license;  authorization. 

r  ,   .  unv  th"  rii'iiik*  leave  to  depart,  and  montof  them, 

,  ■iriiieM  or  licenses  to  depart  to  Iw 

1 1  virac  desired  to  bo  assigned  to 


Bre.-ithln;: 
Cai. .  ;>  ■  ■ 
tb 

itU' 

US''' I 

rail' 
condo 
to  n.' 
of  «  -I 
»..>•'' 
centlio'  1'  . 
chuTK*  u(  B 


capacity. 

■■■  neat.  Ill 


If.  Dixon, 

.^aiiif  a 

r Mill 

r   (,i 
:  .  '  ill' 


parison,  r.]  1.  Covered  with  a  caparison  or 
decorated  cloth,  as  a  horse;  docked;  adorned. 

The  steeilH,  eiiparimnul  with  pinplc.  Htiilld 

With  golden  trappings,  glorlona  lu  behold.     Dryden. 

2.  In  her.,  liarnessed:  used  of  a  horse  when 
saddled  and  prejiared  for  the  fii'ld.- Caparisoned 
ancient,  in  her.,  c cvered  with  liarding  ami  housse.-  Ca- 
parisoned modem,  in  lu-r.,  having  saddle,  etc.,  like  a 
mnilern cavalry  cliai^ger.  ,    . 

a  friend,  and  not  as  a  mem-  capcaset  (kap'kiis),  II.     A  case  for  containing 
ho  same  In  both  cn;,aei(.v«       ^.^j,^_  collars,  or  other  iirticlos  of  apparel;    a 
^^  '     small  travr'ling-ense.     In  the  soveiiteentli  ••eii- 
tiiry  it  seoms  to  have  become  a  receptacle  for 
papers,  money,  etc. 
A  cajfcase  for  your  linen  and  your  plate. 

Ftelchrr(aml  another),  Noble  (Icnlloman,  v.  1. 
.shut  nplna«llvercrt;.cnc  nurlnn,  Anat.ofMel.,  p.  1102. 
cape'  (kiiji),  «.  [<  ME.  cape,  <  OF.  caiic,  F.  cape, 
lilHO  ftSHiliilaled  rliape,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  ca/ni  = 
It.  eappa,  n  clonk,  eaiie,  <  ML.  ei'ipii,  ca^ipn,  ii 
■  'ii|ii',  whence  nlrtd  by  difloreiil  I'liaiinelH  K.  <'(//il 
Mini  ro/;rl,  wliicli  nro  tliiiH  doiilili'lH  iit  capi-^ :  see 
iiijA,  copii.]  1.  A  I'irciilnr  I'overlMg  for  the 
sliiiiilderH  and  ndjaci'Ml  purls,  either  Hepanilo 
•  ir  attached  to  Iho  top  of  n  garment,  ns  Unit 
of  a  gown  or  uu  overcoat. —  2.  A  sliort  eirou- 


Iflst.  cliurch  of  r;,, 
4  differential  eitj- 1 
of  heat  reiliilre.l  i 
n'  tb'gree,  U'ltig  tl 

beat.       Also   "••III' 
■>'      uIm'O    II     In    W  II' 

I     Capacity 

.li.'lrl.  II)  i"i 
1'.       III.    '  'I 


.'  I"  '-"^    ',    ■  "> 

kind,  u  Is  hIiowii  by  a  4.'4>iiiK'OM'r 


caped  (kajit),  «."    [<  Crtjiel -)- -<;rf2.]     Furnished 

■with  a  ciipe  or  tippet. 

He  [Lord  Kilmarnock]  weius  a  caped  riding  coat,  and 
has  not  even  removed  his  laced  hat. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  scr.,  X.  4'J2. 

capel't,  capleH,  «.  [ME.,  also  eapul,  etc.,  = 
Icel.  Itipiill,  <  Gael,  cajndl  =  Ir.  capiill,  caput,  < 
L.  ctihuliiis,  a  horse :  see  cabaV^  and  cheval.']  A 
horse. 

And  gaf  hym  capeles  to  Invs  cai't. 

Pierjt  rioumian  (C),  xxii.  833. 

Bothc  hey  and  cart  and  cek  his  enples  thre. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Talc,  1.  2r.(i. 

^ V.     [Origin  unknown.] 

Ill  m/)ii»f/,"a  wail  of  "a  lode :  so  called  by  {'ornish 
miners,  and  chiefly  wlien  the  count  ry  closely  ad- 
jacent to  the  lode  itself  has  been  more  or  less 
altered  by  those  chemieal  agencies  under  tlie 
influenceof  which  the  latter  was  formed,  ihis 
alteratiiin  usually  shows  itself  in  a  silicitlcation  and  harden- 
in;;  of  the  rock.  The  capels  are  sometimes  themselves  so 
inipri".:n:Ueil  with  metalliferous  particles  as  to  be  worth 
wiirkiii;;;  in  such  cases  they  are  usually  recognized  as 
fiiiniiiii;  a  part  of  the  lode.  If  barren  of  ore,  they  are 
cioi'^iib  II  il  u.sbebuiKing  to  the  country.  At  the  Mary  Ami 
wheal  (.11'  mine)  in  Cornwall,  and  perhaps  in  other  mines, 
the  eaiiel  is  called  the  cab :  it  is  there  ilescribed  as  con- 
sisting of  chalcetionic  quartz,  and  is  consiiiered  as  being 
a  part  of  the  lode,  although  barren  of  ore.  The  woril  is 
rarely  heanl  outsiiie  of  Cornwall.  In  the  t'nited  States 
eo.<in'i  takes  its  place  to  sonic  extent. 

capel''  (ka'pl),  II.  [Cf.  fn;il,  ".,  2,  and  ea)!!!!!;!.} 
The  liorn  joint  which  connects  tho  two  parts 
of  :\  tiail.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

capelan  (kap'e-lan),  n.  1.  A  fish  of  the  family 
tiddiita;  (ladus  minutiw,  the  poor. —  2.  Same  as 
rf(;i/i»2. 

capelin  (kajiV-lin),  n.     Same  as  capliii'^. 

capeline,  capelline  (kaii'e-lin).  «.    [<  V.  eaiie- 

liiK' =  S]i.  pg'  cii}'iUiiiii  =  It.  eiippilliiia,  <  ME. 

iiiprlliiia,  capeliiia,  eapi>iliii(i. 

dim.  of  eajirllii,  itself  a  dim. 

of  cajia,  cajijia,  a  caji,  hood : 

see    C'//)!,    ('»/i('l.]     A    small 

Hknll-cap  of  iron  worn  by  light- 

nriiicd  iiii'ii,  such  as  urcliers, 

in     tlio    iiii(hlle    ages.     Also 

wrilli'ii  cappeliiie,  cliiipiliiie, 
Oapella  (Ua-pel'ii),  V.     [L.,  a 

slur  so  culled.  Hi.  a  she-goat, 

dim.  of  eapra.  a  slio-goal :  see 

r«/)rrl.]     A  sinr,  tlii'  liflli  in 

the  heavens  in  order  of  liriglit- 

lloHH.     It   is   slluati'il   <m    Ihe    loft 

ilii'iililir.if  Auriga,  In  fmnt  of  tlo' Ureal  Hear,  nearly  on  a 

Hie'  "  itli  till'  two  nortbernmosi  of  the  seiin  stars  forming 

i'li:uli  «s  Wain;  anil  It  Is  ciislly  iicognlzi.l  by  Ihe  jirox- 

Imily  iif  "tin'  Klilit,"  three  stars  of  the  f lb  ninKnllnde 

fiirniing  an  Iniweles  triangle.      The  eiilio   id  Cnpilla  Is 

iti'iiiU  llie  same  as  that  of  Ihe  sun.     Seeetil  nnih'i  .1 1'ro/o. 
capellanel  (kap'e-liin).  "■     [<  M]j.  eiipellniiii.i: 

HOC  cluiiiliiiii.]   A  chaplain  ;  a  curate  of  a  diap- 

el.     I'idlcr. 


Capcllnc.  i.illl  cen- 
niry.  pliiccd  iiiKin  tho 
cioiiiirl  liiit  not  at- 
t.ii:l)c<l  III  It.  (From 
Vliillrt.k-Diic'i  •'Diet, 
(hi  Mublllcr  fran^als.") 


capellet 

capellet  (kap'e-let),  n.  [<  F.  cnpclct,  <  LL. 
ciiliillrlum,  capcUctm,  a  little  cap,  dim.  of  ca- 
pilld,  a  cap,  cape,  hood,  dim.  of  capa,  cappa,  a 
cap,  capo:  see  ccqA,  cape^.']  A  kind  of  swell- 
ing like  a  wen,  growing  on  the  back  part  of  a 
horse's  hock,  or  on  the  point  of  the  elbow.  Also 
written  ciipulet. 

capellina  (Bp.  pron.  ka-pe-lye'uii),  )(.  [Sp.,  an 
iron  helmet,  the  headpiece  of  a  helmet:  see 
capcline.]  In  the  western  mining  districts  of 
the  United  States,  a  vessel  employed  in  sepa- 
rating; tlie  quicksilver  from  the  amalgam.  M. 
II'.  Ilitllid: 

capelline,  ».     See  capeHne. 

capellmeister,  ».     See  l-apenmeister. 

cape-merchantt,  cap-merchantt,  «.  [An  E. 
aceom.  of  It.  capo,  head  (see  cape'^),  +  mercanU:, 
merchant  (see  raf!)'c7K(«0-]  A  master  merchant. 
SpiT-itically — (a)  The  purser  or  supercargo  of  a  ship.  ((;) 
'i'hi-  i-huf  inanager  of  a  trading;  expedition  or  of  a  factory. 
Eucry  of  the  pettie  niarchants  to  shewe  his  reclioning 
to  tlie  capa  marchant,  when  they,  or  any  of  them,  shall  be 
required.  Uakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  228. 

The  president  and  Captain  Martin's  sickness  compelled 
me  to  be  capi'-nit-rcfiant. 

Caplain  Juhii  ,'^iiiiili,  Quoted  in  Tyler's  Amer.  Lit.,  I.  23. 

caper^  (ka'per),  (!.  i.  [Short  for  equiv.  capri- 
ole, formerly  spelled  capreaU,  <  It.  capriolare, 
caper,  leap  about  as  a  goat  or  kid  (capriola,  > 
F.  capriole,  now  cabriole,  a  caper,  a  capriole),  < 
capriolo,  a  kid  (as  dim.  of  caprio,  a  roebuck,  a 
wild  goat),  <  L.  capreolus,  a  kind  of  wild  goat, 
dim.  of  (ML.)  capreus,  in  fem.  form  eaprea,  a 
wild  goat,  prop,  adj.,  <  caper,  m.  (ML.  also  ea- 
hro(ti-)),  a  he-goat,  cajjra,  f.,  a  .she-goat  (>  It. 
capro,  m.,  capra,  f.,  =  Sp.  cabroii,  m.,  cabra,t, 
=  Pg.  cabro,  m.,  cahra,t.,  =Pr.  cahra,  f.,  =F. 
cabri  (<  ML.  capritus),  m.,  OF.  cltevrc,  chicrre, 
F.  clievrc,  t.,  >  ult.  E.  chereril,  cherrette,  chevron, 
etc.).  Cf.  Qr.  Kaitpoc,  a  boar;  AS.  fe<p/er  =  Ieel. 
hafr,  a  buck,  a  he-goat.  See  capret,  capriole.'] 
To  leap;  skip  or  jump;  prance;  spring:  as,  to 
ca2)er  about  (as  a  lamb  or  a  child);  "making 
a  roan  horse  caper,"  Tennyson,  Lancelot  and 
Elaine. 

He  capers,  he  dances,  he  has  eyes  of  youth. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  2. 

caperl  (ka'per),  n.  [<  caper^,  v.']  A  leap ;  a 
skip  or  si>ring,  as  in  dancing  or  mirth,  or  in  the 
frolic  of  a  kid  or  lamb,  or  a  child ;  hence,  a 
sportive  or  capricious  action ;  a  prank. 

We  that  are  true  lovers  run  into  strange  capers. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 
To  cut  capers.  See  cut. 
caper"  (ka'per),  n.  [Of  the  product,  usually  in 
pi.  capers;  ME.  caperis,  capqmres,  capperis,  aiter 
L. ;  <  F.  capre,  cappre,  now  cdpre  =  It.  cappero 
(=  Sp.  Pg.  with  At.  article  alcaparra)  =  D.  l~ap- 
pcr  =  6.  kaper  —  Dan.  kapers  =  Sw.  l-apris,  <  L. 
capparis,  <  Gr.  KaTrirapic,  the  caper-plant,  a  ca- 
per, <  Ar.  kabbdr,  qabbdr  =  Pers.  kabar,  capers.] 
A  plant,  Capparis  spinosa,  the  buds  of  which 
(called  <v(/'<  r.v)  are  much  used  as  a  condiment. 
The  liusli  is  a  low  sliruti,  throwing  on  old  walls,  in  tissures 
of  rocks,  or  among  rubbish,  in  the  countries  bordering  the 


803 

caper'  (ka'p6r),  n.  [=  G.  kapcr  =  F.  capre,  < 
L).  kapcr  (=  Dan.  kaper  =  Sw.  kaparc),  a  priva- 
teer, <  kapcn  =  Sw.  kapa  (cf.  G.  kapern  =  Dan. 
kaprc,  from  the  noun),  take,  seize,  make  a  prize 
of  at  sea :  see  cap'^."]  Naut.,  a  liglit-armed  ves- 
sel of  the  seventeenth  century,  used  by  the 
Dutch  for  privateering. 

The  trade  intfj  the  Straight  can  neither  be  secured  by 
our  own  convoys,  nor  by  the  Kreneh  fleets  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, from  the  iJuteh  capers. 

.S'.r  H'.  Tniiplr,  To  the  IJuke  of  Ormond,  Works,  1. 122. 

caperatet,  "•  [<  L.  caperatus,  pp.  of  caperare, 
wTiiiUle,  draw  together  in  wrinkles.]  Tofrown. 
Ciilr.s;  1717. 

caper-bush  (ka'p^r-biish),  n.     Same  as  caper^. 

capercaillie,  capercailzie  (ka-per-kal'ye),  n. 
[A  book-word  of  uncertain  etym.,  and  hence 
of  unstabU^  form  ;  also  w^^tten  capercally,  and 
formerly  capcrcaille,  -cayllie,  -cailc,  -callie,  -cali, 
-cahj,  -kally,  -caleg,  -cail,  -kaillic,  cobber-kely  ; 
also  capercailyic,  "capercailye  or  wilde  horse" 
(Boece,  tr.,  a.  d.  1.536),  capercalyeane,  and  (with 
z  repr.  the  old  form  of  y,  and  properly  pro- 
nounced?/) capercailzie  (a.  d.  1(521),  -calze  (said 
to  have  been  first  used  A.  D.  157B),  -kail3Gi,(iic. ; 


Capercaillie  ( Tetrao  urogallus). 

Latinized  capricalca :  a  Se.  word  of  Gael,  ori- 
gin, the  Gael,  form  being  co^jHH-coJ/te,  explained 
as  the  'cock  of  the  wood,'  or  lit.  the  'horse  of 
the  wood'  (appar.,  like  the  NL.  name  nrogal- 
lus,  'ox-cook,'  in  ref.  to  its  size),  <  capull,  horse, 
or  rather  mare  (see  capeU),  +  coille,  a  wood, 
forest.  But  the  Gael,  form  may  be  an  aecom. 
one,  and  the  word  is  otherwise  explained  as  < 
Gael,  cabhar,  a  hawk,  any  old  bird,  +  eoileacli, 
a  cock.  Cf .  Gael.  comp.  coileacli-coille,  a  wood- 
cock (coille,  a  wood) ;  coileach-dubh,  a  black- 
cock (dubh,  black) ;  coileacli-fraoich,  a  moor- 
cock or  red-grouse  eoek  (fraoeh.  heath,  moor): 
coilcaclt-oidhclie,  an  owl,  lit.  night-eock  {oidliclie, 
night).]  The  Scotch  name  for  the  wood-grouse, 
Tetrao  urogallns,  the  largest  of  the  galUnaeeous 
birds  of  Europe,  the  male  sometimes  weighing 
12  to  13  povmds.  It  is  most  frequently  found  in  the 
nortliern  parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  Norway  and 
Sweden  being  its  favorite  homes.  For  some  time  it  was 
almost  or  wholly  extinct  in  Great  Britain ;  but  it  now 
again  holds  a  place  in  the  British  fauna,  and  constitutes 
one  of  its  greatest  ornaments.  The  male  is  commonly 
called  the  mountain-cock  or  cock-of-the-woods. 

capercalzet,  "•     Same  as  capercaillie. 

caperclawt,  cappercla-Wt,  v.  t.  [Erroneous 
forms  of  clajipcrclaw.']  To  tear  with  the  naUs ; 
clapperclaw;  abuse. 

He  caperelaiceth  Beza  very  sore.  Birch. 

caper-cutting  (ka'per-kuf'ing),  f .  Dancing  in 
a  frolicsome  manner ;  flighty.     Beau,  and  Fl. 

caperde'WSiet,  »•  [Origin  unknown.]  The 
stocks. 

I  here  engage  myself  to  loose  ye, 
\nd  free  your  heels  from  caperdewsie. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  i.  831. 

caperer  (ka'per-er),  H.     One  who  capers,  leaps, 
and  skips  about,  or  dances  frolicsomely. 
The  nimble  caperer  on  the  cord. 

Dryden.  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

caperkailliet  (ka-per-kal'ye),  K.     Same  as  ca- 
percaillie. 
caperlash  (ka'per-lash).  n.    [E.  cUal.]    Abusive 
language.     Halliwell.     [North.  Eng.] 
The  caper  plant,  with  its  whifeand-purple  blossoms,   caperloUger  (ka-per-long'ger),  n.      [<  It.  cappa_^ 
flourishes  among  the  piles  of  rulii.ish.  iunaa  (now  lidigo),  pi. ''  cappelonghe,  a  kmde  of 

B.  yaytor.  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  206.  j^^^-^  skallops  or  cockles"  (Florio) :  cappa.  a 
Bean-caper,the^i/(7opAi/!iM/nF((6«.';".  the  flower-buds  of  cape;  lone/a,  lunga,  fem.  of  longo.  liingo,  long: 
wbii-h  are  used  as  capers.— WUd  caper,  the  caper-spurge,  ^  enve'-'imd  lonn'^.l  A  bivalve  moUusk  of  the 
£'TSStufe'?^rtarcaTerf "'''''"  "''"""  ""  ""'    family  FmM,.  or  wing-sheUs,  Fi>mu  pectinata, 


Caper-bush  [Capparis sfiinosa). 

Mediterranean.  The  buds  are  collected  and  preserved  in 
vinegar.  In  some  parts  of  Italy  the  unripe  fruit  is  em- 
ployed in  the  same  way.  Also  called  caper-bush  or  caper- 
plant,  and  formerly  caper-tree. 


capibara 

ha\nngawedge-8haped  shell  gaping  at  the  broad 
end:  the  largest  of  British  bivalves.  [Local  at 
I'iymoutli  in  England.] 

capernoity  (kap-i'-r-noi'ti),  a.  [Also  capper- 
noity,  -noitie,  -nutic,  -nailed;  formation  uncer- 
tain.] Crabbed;  irritable;  peerish.  Jamieson. 
[Scotch.] 

capernoity  (kap-er-noi'ti),  n.  [Cf.  capernoity, 
a.\     Tlie  noddle.     Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 

caperont,  "•  [<  It.  cappcronc,  aug.  of  eapparo, 
caper.]     A  kind  of  caper.     See  extract. 

Capperon'i,  [It.],  a  kind  of  great  capers  for  Ballets,  called 
capertms.  Florio. 

caper-plant  (ka'per-plant),  n.    Same  as  caper^. 
capers  (ka'perz),  «.  pt.     The  buds  of  the  caper- 

jilaiit.     Seci  caper'''. 

caper-sauce  (ka'ptr-sas),  n.  A  sauce  seasoned 
Willi  or  containing  capers:  usually  a  white 
saiK'f. 

caper-spurge  (ka'pSr-spferj),  n.  A  plant,  Eu- 
plairbia  Lathyris,  also  called  iciM  caper.  See 
eaper-  anil  spurge. 

caper-tea  (ka'p6r-te),  n.  A  peculiar  kind  of 
black  tea,  with  a  knotty  eurlfed  leaf,  so  named 
from  its  fancied  resemblance  to  the  caper. 

caper-tree  (ka'per-tre),  H.  The  Capparis  no- 
bilis,  a  small  tree  of  Australia,  with  a  pulpy 
fniit  of  the  size  of  a  large  orange. 

Capetian(ka-pe'shian),  «.  [After  F.  Capetien, 
<  Capcl.']  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  pos- 
terity of  Hugh  Capet,  foimder  of  the  dynasty 
which  succeeded  the  Prankish  Carolingians  on 
the  tlirone  of  France  (a.  i>.  9H7) :  as,  the  Cape- 
tian  family  or  dynasty;  f'ljietiaii  documents. 
Tbu  sucLLcdi'lig  niyal  houses  (that  of  Valois,  la2S,  and  that 
of  liourh,  in.  ir.^ii)  ln-ing  of  the  same  blof>d.r'apet  was  popu- 
larly cun^ideri-d  tluir  family  !ianie  ;  hence  Louis  XVI,  was 
aiiai'„'iH-d  before  the  National  Convention  under  the  name 
of  I.MUis  Capet. 

capeuna  (kap-e-6'na),  n.  [Braz.]  A  fish  of 
the  family  Ilcemnlohidm,  Hwmulon  trivittatum 
or  <iuadrilineatum.  It  has  a  more  slender  body  and 
smaller  mouth  than  most  of  its  congeners,  and  the  body 
has  three  or  four  distinct  longitudinal  golden  streaks  ou 
the  sides.  It  inhabits  the  Caribbean  sea  and  Brazilian 
coast.     Also  called  white  grunt. 

cape-weed  (kap'wed),  n.  1.  The  archil  lichen, 
Uiirrtlla  tiiictoria :  so  called  from  the  Cape 
Vi'id  islands,  whence  the  article  is  exported. 
—  2.  In  Australia,  the  Cryptostemma  ealendula^ 
eca,  a  composite  plant  of  South  Africa  (the 
Cape),  allied  to  the  marigold,  which  has  become 
extensively  naturalized  in  some  districts. 

capful  (kap'ful),  «.  [<  cajA  +  -Jul.]  As  much 
as  fills  a  cap ;  a  small  quantity. 

There  came  a  capful  of  grape  right  in  our  faces. 

If.  //.  KusteU. 
A  capful  of  wind  (naut.),  a  moderate  gale  lasting  oiJy  a 
short  time. 

I  warrant  you  you  were  frightened,  wa'n't  you,  last 
night,  when  it  blew  but  a  capful  o/  wind. 

Defoe,  Robinson  Crusoe. 

caph,  kaph  (kaf),  «.  [Heb.  i-apA.]  An  ancient 
•Jewish  li<iuid  measm-e,  equal  to  about  2i  pints. 

caphar  (kaf'iir),  n.  [Ar.  khafar,  road-guard, 
road-toll,  <  khafara,  watch,  guard.]  1.  A  post 
or  station  where  money  is  collected  from  pas- 
sengers for  maintaining  the  security  of  the 
roads. 

I  and  my  horse  swam  separately  ashore ;  at  a  small  dis- 
tance from  thence  was  a  caphar,  or  turnpike. 

Brucv.  Sotirceof  the  Nile,  Int.,  p.  IvL 

2.  The  tax  so  collected. 

These  Caphars  are  certain  duties  which  Travellers  are 
obliged  to  pay,  at  several  passes  upon  the  Road,  to  Offi- 
cers, who  attend  in  their  appointed  Stations  to  receive 
them.  itaundrell,  -Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  4. 

In  the  self  same  place  a  Temple  was  erected,  .  .  .  unto 
which  the  Arabians  would  not  suffer  us  to  ascend,  .  .  . 
until!  we  had  payed  the  caphar  they  demanded. 

Sandys,  Travailes  (1652),  p.  135. 

capias  (ka'pi-as),  n.  [L.,  take  (impv.),  2d  pers. 
sing.  pres.  subj.  (an  impv.  use)  of  caperc,  take: 
see  capable]  In  late,  a  writ  in  a  civil  action 
directing  that  the  person  of  the  defendant  be 
taken  into  custody.  The  commonest  kinds  are  the 
capias  ad  respotulemhiui  (take  to  answer),  which  is  is- 
sued to  arrest  before  judgment  (this  is  the  usual  sense 
when  the  word  capia."  is  used  alone),  and  the  capias  ad 
satis.faciendum  (take  to  satisfy,  usually  abbreviated  to 
ca.  sa.),  which  is  issued  alter  judgment,  for  execution 
against  the  person.  A  te-''tat\tm  capias  was  a  second  or 
fiirther  writ,  lUlowed  in  certain  cases  where  the  return  of 
the  lirst  attested  the  absence  of  the  defendant. 

capibara  (kap-i-ba'ra),  H.  [Sp.  Pg.,  from  the 
native  name.]  The  cabiai,  carpincho,  or  gi- 
gantic water-cavy  of  South  America,  Hydro- 
clicprns  capibara,  the  largest  living  quadrtiped 
belonging  to  the  hystricomorphie  series  of  the 
simplioident  rodents ;  the  tj-pe  and  only  known 
representative  of  the  family  Hydrochcerida  .  it 
is  related  t>'  the  Caviidce.  but  distinguished  from  tlu  ni  by 
certain  cranial  and  dental  characters.    The  animal  is  3 


capibara 

or4fet^t  Io:i-.  h:i''  a  niasaive  body,  aheavy  flat  head,  broad 
obtuse  ii.iLz-i'  ^luail  eyes  and  ears,  short  stout  legs  with 
hoof-Uti'.  ^  I^  -^  r.  ^  mere  stump  of  a  tail,  eoarse  pelage,  and 
browiiisii  ..■■■ioniUou,  and  weighs  about  100  pounds.  It 
■bouuiU  in  tropical  rivers,  and  is  especially  common  in 


Capibaia,  or  Waterovy  {Hydrecherrus  cafiibara), 

Brazil  and  amonjr  the  islands  of  the  La  Plata,  living  gen- 
erally in  small  companies  in  the  heavy  vegetation  of  the 
banks,  and  on  ahirm  taking  to  the  water,  in  which  it 
swims  and  dives  with  ease.  It  is  mild  and  inoffensive  in 
disposition,  and  is  easily  tamed.  The  tlesh  is  edible.  Also 
called  icatf'r.hoff  and  water-pig.  Also  written  capyhara^ 
capVtar,  capivnra. 

In  shaded  nooks  beneath  the  boughs,  the  capyhara«, 
rabbits  as  large  as  sheep,  went  paddling  sleepily  round 
and  romid.  Kimjifkii,  Westward  Ho,  p.  3."»ti. 

capidgi  (kap'i-ji),  n.  [<  Turk,  qapiji,  lit.  a  por- 
ter, doorkeeper,  <  qapi^  door,  gate.]  An  execu- 
tioner in  Turkey  and  Persia. 

In  Turkey  and  Persia,  when  the  enemies  of  a  great  man 
have  sufficient  influence  to  procitre  a  warrant  for  his  death, 
a  capidfji  or  executioner  is  despatched  with  it  to  the  vic- 
tim, wlio  quietly  submits  to  his  fate. 
T.  H.  H;riu;  IntrtMl.  to  Study  of  Holy  Script.,  in.  140. 

capillaceons  (kap-1-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  cajnlla- 
ceiix.  hair-like,  of  hair,  <  capiUus,  hair:  see 
ctijiitliinj.]  Hair-like  in  dimensions  or  appear- 
auee  :  capillary. 

capillaire  (kai>-i-lar'),  n.  [F.,  the  maidenhair 
fern  (=E.<a/»i7/nr^,H.,  3),  anda syrup  made  from 
it,  <  LL.  caj>illaris  (so.  hcrha,  herb),  maidenhair: 
see  ctipilUiri/.']  1.  The  maidenhair  fei-n,  Jrf«/H- 
tuni  Capilliii-rcneris. —  2.  A  kind  of  syrup  pre- 
pared with  inaidenhaii' fern ;  also,  by  extension, 
any  simple  syruj),  as  of  sugar  or  honey,  flavored 
with  oraiitce-flowors  or  orange-flower  water. 

capillament  (ka-pil'a-ment),  II.  [<  L.  capilla- 
mi-iiliiiii,  the  liair,  hairy  fibers  of  plants,  <  ca- 
piUiis,  hair:  see  capillunj.']  A  filament  or  fine 
fiber;  specifioally,  in  hot.,  the  filament  form- 
ing the  stalk  of  the  stamen;  a  small  tine  thread 
like  a  hair.  ' 
The  sidid  cainllamentt  of  the  nerveg. 

Bp.  BerkeUy,  Siris,  §  224. 

capillarimeter  (kap'i-la-rira'e-ter),  n.  [<  L. 
riiiiillnn.s  (.see  capillari/)  +  mctium,  measure.] 
A  device  for  testing  oils  by  the  size  of  the 
drops  which  fall  from  a  point  of  standard  size 
liiidiT  (ixi-d  conditions  of  temperature,  etc. 

capillarilie88(kap'i-lii-ri-nesorka-pira-ri-ncs), 
II.  The  state  of  being  capillary;  capillarity. 
[Kare.] 

capillarity  (kap-i-lar'i-tl),  n.  [<  L.  capilldrin 
(see  rnpilhtrii)  +  -iVy.]  The  state  or  condition 
of  being  capillary;  capillary  attraction. 

I  was  already  perfectly  fandliar  with  the  notion  of  a 
nkin  iiff>n  the  surface  of  l[t|hldH,  and  I  had  been  taught  by 
irieariH  of  it  to  work  out  itroblerns  in  eapillaritii. 

It'.  K.  Clif'iril,  Lectures,  I.  117. 

capillary  {kap'i-la-ri  or  ka-pil'a-ri),  a.  and  n. 
K  L.  aipitlaris,  piTtnitiing  to  the  hair  (LL. 
hrrha  rapillariH,  maidenliair  fern),  <  (■upillu.s, 
the  linir,  prop,  of  the  heud  (for  'caj>itlu.i1),  < 
m/)"'  (inpit-),  head:  see  rapiit.]  I.  a.  1.  I'er- 
t  iiiun,;  to  or  resembling  hair:  as,  a  cupiUunj 
I'ltiiin  ;  riipillitri/  (Ibers  or  Ihreads. — 2.  Hpecifi- 
'Milly,  in  hoi.,  reMcmbliiig  hair  in  the  manner  of 
grow  Mi:  applied  in  this  Heiise  by  Kay,  Bot'r- 
huav.-,  ari'l  other  early  botanists  to  ferns. 

'  '  'I'lM.'ii-roiiH  plantii  are  Hinli  as  have  no 

''  'lit    grow  to  the  Krollli'l.  iln  liaint  oil 

'  :i    I'l  sir  their  needii  In  llltk-  liiflii  or 

I  ■    lull  knide  of  their  Icnvia.  IJiiinry. 

'•''  iri(^'  II  single  liair ;  siiecilleally,  in 

'"  :  (iiH  a  liiiie)  HO  Hmall  a  bore  tlinl 

''■  I   be  poured  into  it,  and  will  not 

<■"  it. — 4.   I'erlainiiig  lo  a  ra|iillaiy 

'"■  '  ;  iiH,  (Yi;>i7/nn/ circulation. 

T'l'  Ml   which  a  withrred  lillp  revlvi--  on 

•x"'""  !•  r.  uliowii  IK  III.  part  which  rnpill.,,<i 

»♦'""  1-  //.  .S;k„.  .  r,  ITIli.  of  lllol  .  •.  1 

8.    per'  1.,   the  phrnoiiiena  of  the   i-i-.e 

of  fliii'l  iind  chink-.,  and,  more  gen- 

""■"'•y.  :i)cting  of  lii|iiidii  in  dropH, 


804 

their  spreading  over  surfaces  (as  oil  on  water), 
and  various  other  phenomena  explicable  proxi- 
mately by  surface-tension  and  ultimately  by 
cohesion  and  adhesion,  considered  as  forces 
acting  at  fiiiite  but  insensible  distances. —  6. 
In  siiry.,  linear:  descriptive  of  n  fracture  of 
the  skull  without  separation  of  the  parts  of 
the  injured  bones — Capillary  antenum,  in  entom.. 
aiiteiiiKe  in  which  the  joints  are  long,  slender,  anti  very 
luo.sfly  articulated,  the  outer  ones  being  generally  a  lit- 
tle longer;  tliis  is  regarded  as  a  modilication  of  the  cla- 
vate  type.— Capillajy  attraction,  capillsiry  repul- 
sion, the  excess  or  deficiency  of  the  attraction  of  one  i-if 
two  fluids  {tlie  otlier  being  generally  air)  for  the  wall 
of  a  vessel  with  which  they  have  a  common  line  of  con- 
tact. The  conuuon  surface  of  the  wall  and  of  the  more 
attracted  fluid  makes  the  acuter  angle  with  the  common 
Mirfave  of  the  fluids.  Capillary  attractiim  is  iiroximaleh 
acionnted  for  bj-  surface-tension  ;  but  the  lulti-r  has  to  be 
exiiiained  by  the  attractions  between  the  inokeiiU-s  of  tlie 
fluids.  .See  capiilarn  inh.s.  liekiw,— Capillary  bottle, 
a  liottle  with  a  droiipiiiu'-tuiic.  nseii  in  prcjiariiig  objects 
for  the  microscoiic— Capillary  bronchitis.  .See  fcnm- 
c/ii(iV.— Capillary  electrometer.  »ec  ehciro.caiiiltarii. 
—  Capillary  filter,  a  .•simple  nater-fllter,  consisting  of 
a  cord  of  loose  fiber,  as  a  cotton  candle-wick,  one  end  of 
which  is  placed  in  the  water,  wlule  the  other  eiul  hangs 
over  the  edge  of  the  vessel.  The  water  is  drawn  through 
the  cord  by  capillary  action,  without  its  impurities.  — Ca- 
pillary pyrites,  in  iiiiiieral.  See  ini7/^n(c.— Capillary 
repillsion.  Sec  arfiUlari/  attraction^  above. —  Capillary 
tubes,  tubes  with  very  small  bores,  of  which  the  diameter 
is  only  a  half,  a  third,  a  foiuth,  etc.,  of  a  line.  If  a  tube 
of  this  sort,  open  at  both  ends,  is  taken  aiid  one  of  its 
ends  imnierscd  in  water,  the  water  will  rise  within  the  tube 
to  a  sen>ilile  lieiL'lit  aiiove  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the 
vessel,  the  lieiglit  being  inversely  as  the  diainetAir  of  the 
bore ;  that  is,  the  smaller  the  bore  the  greater  the  height. 
Difl'erent  liquids  rise  in  capillary  tubes  to  dillerent  heights. 
The  rise  is  explained  by  the  action  of  cohesion  as  a  force 
acting  at  insensible  distances  (hence  called  capiltan/  at- 
traction), which  produces  a  tension  of  the  superficiid  lUiii 
of  the  liquid  (see  ifurfare'ten^ion)  tliat  exerts  a  pull  up- 
ward where  the  surface  is  concave,  as  when  the  tube  is 
moistened  by  the  liipiid  (as  glass  or  metal  by  water,  alco- 
hol, etc.),  but  a  pressure  downward  where  the  surface  is 
convex ;  coiise<inently,  those  lit{Uids  which  do  not  adhere 
to  or  wet  the  surface  of  the  tube  immersed  in  them  stand 
lower  within  than  without.  Mercury,  for  example,  is  de- 
pressed in  a  glass  tulie.  but  rises  in  one  of  tin,  to  wliich  it 
can  adhere.  The  oil  rises  in  the  wiek  of  a  lamp  or  candle 
by  this  principle. — Capillary  vessels,  in  anat,,  the  capil- 
laries. 

II.  ".;  1)1.  capillaries  (-riz).  1.  A  tube  with 
a  small  bore.  Specifically — 2.  In  aiiat.:  (n) 
One  of  the  minute  blood-vessels  wliich  form 
a  network  between  the  terminations  of  the 
arteries  and  the  beginnings  of  the  veins.  They 
are  formed  of  a  single  endothelial  coat,  ami  the  finer  ones 
may  be  no  larger  in  diameter  than  is  siilHcient  to  allow 
the  passage  of  a  blood-corpuscle,  (h)  One  of  the  mi- 
nute lymphatic  ducts,  (f)  One  of  the  intercel- 
lular passages  in  the  liver  which  unite  to  form 
the  bile-ducts. —  3t.  In  hoi.,  a  fern:  csptHMiilly 
applied  to  such  ferns  as  grow  like  tufts  of  hair 
on  walls.     >'/(■  T.  Ilrowne.     See  I.,  2. 

capillationt  (kap-i-lii'shon),  II.  [<  1.1.  rapilla- 
lio()i-),  prop,  being  hairy,  <  cajiilhiliif,  hairy,  < 
ailiilliix,  hair:  see  aipillarii.'\  1.  A  blood-ves- 
sel like  a  hair;  a  capillary.  Hir  T.  Jiruinir. — 
2.  Hairiness;  a  making  a  ihing  hairy.  Bailci/, 
1727. 

Capillaturet  (ka-pil'a-tur),  n.  [<  L.  capillnturn, 
the  hair,  esp.  false  hair,  <  ctijiillatus,  hairy:  see 
raiiilhition.']  A  bush  of  hair;  frizzling  of  the 
hair.     [Kare.] 

capilli  (ka-pil'i),  II.  pi.  [L.  (NL.),  pi.  of  ciijiil- 
lii.i,  hair:  see  caiiillari/.J  In  cntoiii.,  hairs  on 
tile  uiPiicr  jiart  or  front  and  vertex  of  an  in- 
soot's  head. 

capillifolious  (ka-pil-i-fo'li-us),  «.  [<  h.  c.apil- 
liis,  liair,  -I- ./b/iu»i,  loaf :  see  folio.}  Having 
liair-likc  loaves. 

capilliform  (ka-piri-fOrm),  a.  [<  L.  c«/i(7/«.<. 
hair.  -I-  foriiiii,  form. J  In  the  shape  or  form  of 
a  liair  or  liairs:  as,  a  capitlifonn  fiber. 

capillitium  (kap-l  lish'ium),  II.  [L.,  the  hair 
coUectivilv,  <  rojiilhi.i,  hair:  nee  cii]iilltirii.'\  In 
hoi.:  (a)  'riie  vaiiiuisly  coiistitiMed  iiiiricad' 
filamentous  slriieliire  which  togellier  willi  tlie 
spores  fills  the  spore-i'ase  of  many  of  the  low- 
er fungi,  especiallv  Ihe  MijxoiniirrUn.  (h)  The 
(hready  or  Imir-liKe  filaments  developed  willi- 
in  I  ho  spore-capsnleH  or  sporangia  of  certain 
.Miji'i  Inzon. 

capillose  (kai/i-los),  a.  [i  \j.  riiiiillosiis,  <  rii- 
/iilhis,  hair:  see  oipillarij/]  Hairy;  abounding 
with  hair, 

capirote  (kap'i-rot),  n.  A  name  of  tho  coin- 
iii'iii  blackcaj)  warbler  of  Europe,  Sylvia  alri- 
fiifiilla. 

caplstra,  w.     Plural  of  rnpistnini. 

capistrate  (ka-pis'lnil).  II.  |<  \,.  rnpi»lratH:i, 
|.|..  of  iiipiHlrarr,  tie  with  a  lialler,  bind,  fas- 
ten, <  capislnini,  a  halter:  see  ciipiHlriim.]  In 
ornitli.,  cowled  or  hooded;  iiiaskeil ;  having  the 


capital  H 

front  of  the  head  covered,  as  if  by  a  mask,  with 
marked  color. 

capistmm  (ka-pis'trum),  «.;  -pi.  capistra  {-tr'^'i. 
[L.,  a  halter,  a  muzzle,  a  band,  <  capere,  hoiii: 
see  capahlc.^  1.  A  bandage  worn  by  ancient 
flute-players  to  prevent  the  undue  distention  of 
the  cheeks  in  blowing  their  instruments. —  2.  In 
siirii.,  a  bandage  for  the  head. — 3.  In  oniitli.: 
((()  Projjerly,  the  face  of  a  bird;  the  part  of 
the  head  about  the  bill,  especially  when  dis- 
tinguished in  any  way,  as  by  a  mask  of  coloi-. 
.SiuHtcvall.  (/;)  Amask  of  color  enveloping  more 
or  less  of  tho  head  like  a  hood,  as  in  the  hooiied 
gull,  Larus  capistrutti!:. 

capita,  II.     Latin  phu'al  of  caput. 

capitaine  (kap'i-tiin),  n.  [F.  capitaiiie,  a  cap- 
tain.] A  labroid  fish,  Lticliiioliriiius  maximtis 
ov  fiilcatiis,  better  known  as  hoy  fish.  See  cut 
under  hiti/fish. 

capital'  (kap'i-tal),  n.  and  ».  [<  ME.  capital,  < 
(_)F.  and  F.  capital  (AS.  capitnl,  in  comp.  capi- 
hil-massc,  first  mass)  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  capital  = 
It.  capitalc,  <  L.  capitalis,  relating  to  the  head, 
and  hence  to  life,  dangerous,  capital,  also  chief, 

iireeminent,  <  caput  (capit-),  head:  see  caput.] 
'„  a.  It.  Kelating  to  the  head;  situated  on  the 
head. 

Needs  must  the  serpent  now  his  capital  bruise 
Expect  with  mortal  pain.         MUton,  P.  L.,  xii.  383. 

2.  Used  at  the  head  or  beginning,  as  of  a  sen- 
tence, line,  or  word.  See  capital  letters,  below. 
—  3.  Aflfectiug  the  head  or  life;  incurring  or 
invohTiig  the  forfeiture  of  life;  punishable 
with  death:  as,  treason  and  murder  are  capital 
offenses  or  crimes;  hence,  fatal;  most  serious: 
as,  a  capital  mistake. 

By  the  lawes  of  all  kingdomes  it  is  a  capitatt  crime  to 
devise  or  imrpose  the  death  of  the  king. 

Spcntter,  State  of  Ireland. 

The  law  which  made  forgery  capital  in  England  was 
passed  without  the  smallest  reference  to  the  state  of  so- 
ciety  in  India.  Macautati.  Warren  Hastings. 

4.  First  in  importance;  chief ;  principal. 

This  had  been 
I'crhaps  thy  capital  seat,  from  whence  had  spread 
All  generations.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  343. 

Whatever  is  capital  and  essential  in  Christianity. 

7.V.  Taiilor. 
The  capital  peculiarity  of  the  eloquence  of  all  times  of 
revolntiini  ...  is  that  the  actions  it  persuades  to  are  ttiu 
highest  and  most  heroic  which  men  can  do. 

li.  Clwatc,  Addresses,  p.  173. 
A  ministry  which  has  been  once  defeated  on  a  capitpt 
question  rarely  recovers  its  moral  force. 

I.eekii,  r.ng.  in  IStll  Cent.,  1. 

5.  Very  good;  excellent;  fir.st -class:  as,  a 
capital  singer  or  player;  a  capilal  dinner;  a 
capital  fellow. 

\\'lu-n  the  reading  was  over,  nobody  said  capital,  or  oveti 
gooil,  or  even  tolerable.       T.  Hook,  Gilbert  tlurncy,  1. 11. 

In  a  dirty  little  inn,  ill-kept  by  friendly,  simple  people, 
I  had  a  capital  breakfast. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Ronndabont  .Tourney,  p.  f,2. 

Capital  cross.   See  cro«*i.— Capital  letters  (cupiial  A, 

li.  (',  etc.),  in  irriti/oi  and  printi/nr,  Icttcis  of  a  larger  face 
tbiiii,  and  dirt'cring  moi-e  or  less  in  form  from,  the  letters 
coiislHuting  the  bulk  of  the  text  (sninll  or  lowi-r-case  let- 
ters), and  corrcsiionding  in  the  imiiii  (especially  in  print- 
ing) to  the  majuscules  of  ancient  inscriptions  and  manu- 
scripts,  which  were  wliollv  written  in  such  letters:  so 
called  liecanse  used  in  hcailings,  and  at  the  beginning  or 
li<ad  "f  scnlciu-es,  lines  of  poetry,  proper  names,  etc. — 
Capital  nianset.  See  wiaiisc—  Capital  offense,  crime, 
or  felony,  a  crime  or  olfenae  which  involves  the  jiciialty 
of  death.  All  the  more  serious  olfcnscs  against  society 
were  piinisliitble  with  death  until  comparatively  recent 
times  (the  nninber  in  Knghind  In  HliicksUme  w  time, 
without  bcnetlt  of  clergy,  being  lOli);  but  now  the  only 
civil  crhiicH  generally  treiitcd  as  ciipitiil  arc  murder,  pi- 
racy, and  treason,  to  which  rape,  arson,  and  ,»ne  or  two 
others  are  iiddcil  In  some  conntrtcs  or  states.— Capital 
stock.  See  capital'^,  ji.,  and  WocA.  =  Syn.  4.  Leading, 
pi'oinliiciit,  important,  essential.  -  5,  Prime,  Hpleiidid,  per- 
fect. 

II.  H.  1.  Tho  city  or  town  which  is  the  of- 
ficiiil  seat  of  government  in  a  country,  slate, 
or  province,  iir  of  jiisliee  in  a  county. —  2.  A 
capilal  letter   (which   see,  under  I,).     Abliro- 

viated  r«;).  — Rustic  capitals,  in  early  lliunan  munu- 
scrlpls,  a  form  of  lellei-H  dillcrliig  t]oni  the  sijiiarc  c]i]ii(atii 
III  that  the  lliicH  are  more  free  and  the  foiiiis  more  slender 
and  IcNH  angular. -Square  capitals,  in  curly  Koiniui 
iiiaiiiincrlptH.  II  form  of  letlrrs  iti  wliirb  the  liori/ontnl 
lines  are  ciircfiilly  iiiaile  at  right  aiigU's  with  the  vertical 
Klrokei.  The  torniii  are  Imsiil  on  lliose  ol  llic  bipldnrjr 
liiNcrlptloiiH.  The  rustic  and  square  ciiptdils  were  iismi 
conteiiipiiiani-oiisly,  and  were  gi'iii-iiilly  siipersi'ilcd  liy  tho 
iiiH  ill!  limriielers  ns  early  as  the  sixlb  rrtiiiiry. 
capital-  (kai)'i-lal),  «.  |=  D.  hdjulaal  ■=  Q. 
I  Inn.  I:aiiital  —  i^w.  capital,  <  I'',  capital  =zSn. 
I'g.  <'i/<if(//=  It.  ciiiiilali\<,  ML.  (7//)(f((/c,  weallli, 
Hlock  (wlii'iice  also  nil.  tlir\  ciii'lier  M.  fonin 
chiillil  H\\i\  rattle,  <|.  v.),  prrt|i.  iieiit.  of  L.  (V//)l- 
'"'iv,  principal,  chief :  see  <y//o(((/I,]  1.  In  ;<n- 
lit.  icon.,  timt  purl  of  the  produce  of  iniliiHtry 
wliich,  in  the  form  eilliir  of  national  or  of  in- 


<'*P^**1  805  capitibranchiate 

divKhial  wraith,  is  available  for  further  pro-  capital^t  (kap'i-tal),  «.     [<  ME.  eupitcl,  cupitle  capitan-pacha,  n.     See  mulmn-pasha 
du,-tK,n;  an  ae^>umulat.ou  of  the  products  ot     (pm-tlv<  AS.  capitul),  also  assibilated  cLpi-  capitata"/-.     Plural  of  .vyiva^L 
past  labor  capable  of  bemgusedm  the  support     t,l,  chapitk;  chapitn,  <   OF.  mpitk,  chapitU:,  capitate  (kap'i-1  at)  a     \<h 
ot  present  or  futm-e  labor.  ch<,pitr<;  F.  chapitre  =  Sp.  capUuh  =  Pg.  m-     '       '    '  " 


Wliat  mj'itirl  does  for  production  is  to  a/lord  tlie  slicl- 
ter,  protection,  tools,  and  materials  wliich  tiio  worlc  re- 
quires, and  to  feed  and  otherwise  maintain  tlie  laljorors 
during  tile  process.  .  .  .  Wliatever  tilings  are  destined  for 
this  use  — destined  to  supply  productive  labor  with  these 
various  prerequisites — are  capital. 

J.  S.  Milt,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  iv.  §  1. 

Capital  ...  is  that  part  of  wealth,  excduding  unim- 
proved land  anil  natural  agents,  .  .  .  which  is  devoted  to 
the  production  of  wealth.       F.  A.  H'aitcr,  Pol.  Econ.,  §7:i. 

2.  Specifically,  the  wealth  employed  in  carry- 
ing on  a  particular  trade,  manufacture,  busi- 
ness, or  undertaking ;  stock  in  trade ;  the  actual 
estate,  whether  in  money  or  property,  which  is 
owned  and  employed  by  an  individual,  tirm,  or 
corporation  in  business.  As  commonly  used  to  in- 
dicate financial  resources,  it  implies  ownership,  and  does 
not,  without  ciualifteation,  include  borrowed  money. 
With  reference  to  a  corporation,  it  is  the  aggregate  of  the 
Bum  subscribed  and  paid  in,  or  secured  to  be  paid  in,  by 
the  shareholders,  with  the  addition  of  all  undivided  gains 
or  profits  realized  in  the  use  and  investment  of  those  sums; 
or  if  losses  have  been  incun-ed,  then  it  is  the  residue  after 
deducting  such  losses.     See  utock. 

3.  Figuratively,  productive  resources  of  any 
kind,  whether  physical  or  moral ;  means  of  in- 
fluence or  of  increasing  one's  power. 

The  Lords  have  no  constituents  to  talk  to,  and  no 
speeches  to  make  merely  as  political  capital.  Quart.  lien 
Active  capital.  See  active. — circulating  capital, 
that  part  of  capital  which  is  consumed  in,  or  assumes  a 
new  form  by  the  effect  of,  a  single  use,  or,  having  been 
once  used,  ceases  to  be  directly  available  for  the  same  ser^ 
vice,  as  the  wages  of  laborers,  or  the  raw 
in  the  manufacture  of  any  article. 

Capital  which  .  .  .  fulfils  the  whole  of 
production  in  which  it  is  engaged,  by  a  singli 
Cireiilatinff  Capital.  J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  1.  vi.  §  1 


l>ttit/o  =  It.  capilolo  =  D.  ktippild  =  G.  cajMH 
=  ihm.  kapitcl  =  Sw.  capiicl,  <  L.  eapitidum,  a 
chapter,  lit.  a  little  head,  dim.  of  i-djiiit  (mpit-), 
head :  see  cii/int,  and  cf.  cliiijihr,  rlKtpitn; doub- 
lets of  mpitdlK]  A  chapter  or  section  of  a 
book. 
capitalisation,  capitalise.    See  capitalization, 

ciijiitdli-c. 
capitalism  (kap'i-tal-izm),   n.     [<  capital^  + 
-ism.]     1.  The  state  of  having  capital  or  prop- 
erty ;  possession  of  capital. 

The  sense  of  capitalium  sobered  and  dignlned  Paul  de 
^''"'■"C.  Thackeray,  Neweonies,  xlvi 


Ill-ail,^  <  ftipat  {caml-),  head :  see 
I-shaped,  - 


(ipitatuii,  having  a 
,     ,       ,,  ioe  caput.']     1.  In 

hut.,  head-shaped,  or  collected  in  a  head,  as  a 
dense  terminal  cluster  of  sessile  or  nearly  ses- 
sile flowers ;  having  a  rounded  head :  as,  a  capi- 
tate stigma.— 2.  Inornith.,  having  an  enlarged 
extremity:  as,  the  capitate  feather  of  a  pea- 
cock's tail. —  3.  In  entmn.,  suddenly  enlarged 
at  the  end  so  as  to  form  a  ball  or  oval  mass: 
applied  to  the  antennse  of  insects  when  this 
form  is  produced  by  several  expanded  terminal 
.joints,  as  in  most  of  the  Ciircidioiiiila: 
capitation  (kap-i-tii'shon),  n.  [=  F.  capitation, 
poll-tax,  <  LL.  caj)itniio(H-),  the  poll-tax,  <  L. 
caput  (.capit-),  head:  see  caput.]     1.  Numera- 


2.  The  concentration  or  massing  of  capital  in     tion  by  the  head;  a  numbering  of  persons,  as 
the  hands  of  a  few ;  also,  the  power  or  influence     the  inhabitants  of  a  city, 
of  large  or  combined  capital. 


Industry  is  carried  on  by  the  fnnccntr.ition  of  large 
sums  of  capital ;  it  is  there  (in  Engbuid  I  (hilt  .o/jiVa/wM  has 
developed  most  largely,  and  has  thus  prepared  the  causes 
of  its  own  destruction. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  Lavelaye's  Socialism,  p.  209. 
The  working-men  find  the  journals  out  of  sympathy 
with  their  aims  and  aspirations,  and  have  learnt  to  regard 
them  as  hopelessly  subservient  to  what  they  call  capital- 
"""■  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXr.m.  312. 

capitalist  (kap'i-tal-ist),  n.  [<  capital'^  +  -ist; 
=  F.  capilalistc]  "One  who  has  capital ;  espe- 
cially, a  man  of  large  property  which  is  or  may 
be  employed  in  business. 


tages  which  capital  confers. 


"Baptize  all  nations"  must  signify  all  that  it  can  sIk- 
nify,  all  that  are  reckoned  in  the  capitatunui  and  accouiitB 
of  a  nation.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  18.-)5),  1.  127. 

2.  A  tax  or  imposition  upon  each  head  or  per- 
son ;  a  poll-tax.  .Sir  T.  Browne.  Also  called 
a  capitation-tax. 

No  capitatian  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid  unless  in 
proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeration  herein  before  di- 
rected to  be  taken.  Cmut.  of  If.  S. 
Capitation  grant,  a  giant  of  so  much  per  head ;  specifi- 
cally, in  (ireat  iJritain,  a  grant  annually  paid  by  govern- 
nieiit  to  schools  on  account  of  each  pupil  who  passes  a 
certain  test  examination,  and  t<i  volunteer  military  com- 
panies on  account  of  such  members  as  reach  the  stage  of 
"efficients." 

ta'tum),   «.;     pi.   cajntata 

oth.  capitatus,  headed:  see 

large   capitate    bone   of   the 

carpus,  more  fully  called  os  capitatum;  the  os 

magnum.     See  cut  under  hand. 


Fixed  capital,  capital  which  isof  apemianentcharacter  panitalistir"  rVnn'i  tn  lis'tiV^   n        r<  nnnitnli^t     '""K"""".     oee  cut  uuuer  Hawa. 

and  is  available  for  more  than  a  single  use.  as  the  build-  <=1P1**^1S?,?  i„  ^.Pi.,fui!.l^.^.;  "^:.„[  o/Xtl  't^l-  Capitclla  (kap-i-tel'a),  n.     [NL.,  fem.  dim.  of  L, 


ings  in  which  and  the  machinery  by  which  articles  ar 
manufactured. 

Capital  which  exists  in  any  of  these  durable  shapes,  and 
the  return  to  which  is  spread  over  a  period  of  correspond- 
ing duration,  is  called  Fixed  Capital. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  vi.  §  1. 
To  make  capital  of,  to  seize  and  use  for  the  furtherance 
of  private  advantage  or  party  purposes. 
capital^  (kap'i-tal),  n.  [<  ME.  capitate,  prop. 
'capitcl,  =  OF.  chapitel,  F.  chapiteau  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  capitel  =  It.  capitello  =  G.  capital,  kapitUl 
=  D.  kupiteel  =  Dan.  kapitwl  =  Sw.  kapital,  <  L. 
capitcllum,  the  head  of  a  column  or  pillar,  also 
lit.  a  Uttle  head  (see  capitellum  and  cadet),  dim. 
of  captit  (capit-),  head :  see  capital^,  caput.]     1 


+  -((■.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  capital  or  capital- 
ists; representing  or  carried  on  by  capital  or 
capitalists ;  founded  on  or  believing  in  capital- 
ism: as,  capitalistic  production;  capitalistic 
opinions. 

He  [Lassalle]  tells  the  workingmen  .  .  .  that  the  great 
industrial  centres  are  the  germs  of  the  future  state,  in 
which  the  capitalistic  shall  be  superseded  by  the  socialistic 
method  of  production.     G.  S.  Hall,  German  Culture,  p.  63. 


iput  {capit-),  head:"  see  caput.]  1.  The  typi- 
cal genus  of  the  family  Capitellidm:  synony- 
mous with  Lumbriconais. — 2.  [/.  c]  Plural  of 
ciijiiteUum. 
capitellar  (kap-i-tel'ar),  a.  [<  L.  capitellum,  a 
small  head,  the  capital  of  a  column,  dim.  of 
caput  (capit-),  head:  see  capitellum.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  capitellimi. 


The  head  or  uppermost  member  of  anythmg.  ranitali^atinnl  rkan"i  tal  i  75'«lio,il 
Specifically,  in  arcL,  the  uppermost  part  of  a  column,  '^?;?,!r,^, k1i  ^"^ „ }-^  P-,  i-^'-l-za  Shon), 
pillar,  or  pilaster,  which  serves  as  the  crown  of  the  shaft!     capitalized  +  -ation.]      the  use  of  capi 


The  characteristic  feature  of  the  capitalistic  system  of  capitellate  (kap-i-tel'at),  a.     [<  NL.  eapitella- 

■"''""*''■"  '°  *''"*  '"-'"" ■■- "  •'  •• =-'-     lus,  <  L.  capitellum,  a  little  head:  .see  capitel- 

liim.]     1.  In  hot.,  growing  in  small  heads. —  2. 

Having  a  capitellum  or  capitulum. 

Capitellidae  (kap-i-tel'i-de),  n.  2>l.     [NL.,  < 

Capitella  +  -id(r.]     A  family  of  marine  poly- 

chfBtous  amielids,  typified  Ijy  the  genus   Ca- 

pitella,   lacking   parapodia,   and    having    the 

vascular  system  reduced  or  wanting.     Other 

genera  of  this  family  are  Xotomastus  and  Don 

si/branchus. 

The  capitelliform  (kap-i-tel'i-f6rm),  a.     [<  L.  capi- 

tilliim  (si'p  capitellum)  -i-  forma,  form.]     Same 

as  cajiitiiliform. 

capitellum  (kap-i-tel'um),  n. ;  pi.  capitella  (-a). 

[L.,  a  small  head,  dim.  of  capiut  (capit-),  head: 

see  caput,  capitai^,  and  cadef^.]     1.  In  anat.: 

(a)  The  rounded  convex 


production  is  that  industry  is  controlled  by  capitalists 
employing  free  wage-labour ;  that  is,  while  the  capitalist 
owns  and  controls  the  means  of  production,  the  free  la- 
bourer has  lost  all  ownership  in  land  and  capital  and  has 
nothing  to  depend  on  but  his  wage. 

Eiicijc.  Brit.,  XXII.  212. 

"■  [< 
apital  let- 
ters at  the  beginning  of  words  in  writing  or 
printing.  Also  spelled  capitalisation. 
capitalization2(kap"i-tal-i-za'shon),  «._[< 
capitalize"  +  -ation;  z^V.  capitalisation.] 
act  of  capitalizing,  (a)  The  application  of  wealth  as 
capital,  especially  in  large  amounts,  to  the  purposes  of 
trade,  manufactures,  etc. 


Medieval  Capital. —  Abbey  of  V^zelay,  13th  century.    ( From  Viollet- 
te-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  r  Architecture." ) 


Economics,  then,  is  not  solely  the  science  of  Exchange 
or  Value  :  it  is  also  the  science  of  Capitalisation. 

Jevoius,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  241. 

(b)  The  act  of  computing  or  realizing  the  present  value 
of  a  periodical  payment,  (c)  Conversion  into  capital :  as, 
the  creditors  consented  to  the  cajntalization  of  half  tlieir 
claims.     Also  spelled  capitalisation. 

capitalize^  (kap'i-tal-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
capitali-cil,  ppr.  capifalisinr).  [<  capital''-  -h 
-ize.]  To  begin  with  a  capital  letter:  as,  to 
cajtitalize  the  first  word  of  a  sentence.  Also 
spelled  capitxdise,  and  abbreviated  to  cap. 

capitalize^  (kap'i-tal-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cap- 
italized, ppr.  capitalizing.  [<  capital^  +  -ize;  = 
F.  capitalixrr.]  To  convert  into  capital  or  into 
an  e(|uivMlcnt  capital  sum.  (a)  To  convert  (wealth 
or  other  pioperty)  into  capital  which  may  be  used  for 
purposes  of  trade,  manufactures,  etc.  (&)  To  compute  or 
realize  the  present  value  of  in  money:  applied  to  the 
conversion  of  a  periodical  payment  for  a  definite  or  an  in- 
deflnit*  length  of  time  into  a  single  payment  or  capital 
sum:  &^, to  capitalize  &'pQus,ion;  to  capitalize  venta. 

As  to  the  project  of  capitalizing  incomes,  that  Is  an- 
other atfaii'.  London  Times,  Jan.  22,  1866. 

(c)  To  convert  (floating  debt)  into  stock  or  shares.  Also 
spelled  citpilalis<'. 

■  ■'       '       1.  By  the  loss  of 


and  as  a  member  of  transition  between  it  and  the  entab- 
lature, or  other  portion  of  the  structure  above  the  pillar. 
In  classical  architecture  the  different  orders  have  their 
respective  appropriate  capitals ;  but  in  the  Egyptian,  In- 
dian, Moorish,  Byzantine,  and  medieval  styles  the  capitals 

are  endlessly  diversified.  -    -j.    n  /•  i.  1  •\ 

2.  In  fort.,  the  line  which  bisects  the  saUent  capitally  (kap  i-tal-i),  adv 
angle  of  a  ravelin.— 3.  The  head  of  a  still,  a     O'^'^'^  ^^"■^'■^  ''^'  1^^' 
chimney,  etc.— Angular  capital,  a  term  applied  to 
the  modern  Ionic  capital,  which  has  four  similar  sides  and 
all  its  volutes  placed  at  an  angle  of  13.')°  with  the  plane  of 
the  frieze.    See  anffte-capital.— Ajds  Of  the  Ionic  capi- 
tal.   See  (ixisl. 
capital^*  (kap'i-tal),  V.  t.;   pret.  and  pp.  cajn- 
tdted  or  capitalled,  ppr.  capitaling  or  capitalling. 
[<  capital^,  n.]     To  furnish  or  crown  with  a 
capital,  as  a  pillar  or  column.     [Rare.] 
The  white  column  capitalled  with  gilding. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Villette,  xx. 


He  was  punished  capitally. 

Bp.  Patrick,  Paraphrases  and  Com.,  Gen.  xliii.  15. 

2.  In  a  capital  manner 
gree ;  excellently ;  finely 

Away  here  in  the  ^vlld  Balkan  mountains,  there  is  old 

Mr.  So'nifliodypoff's  son,  .  .  .  who  talks  English  ca^ifaWw. 

J.  Baker,  Turkey,  p.  221. 

capitalness  (kap'i-tal-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  capital;  preeminence. 
[Bare.] 


articular  eminence  upon 
the  distal  extremity  of 
the  humerus  (capitellum 
humeri),  which  is  re- 
ceived in  the  cup-shaped 
head  of  the  radius.  (6) 
The  head  of  a  rib  («j;>t. 
tellum  costw),  as  distin- 
guished from  the  tuber- 
culum  or  shoulder.  Also 
called  capitulum. — 2.  In 
zoijl.,  the  tentacular  por- 
tion of  the  body  or  the 
hydranth  of  a  "  hydi'oid 
polyp;  that  part  of  the 
hydranth    which     bears 

tentacles  and  appears  to  be  analogous  to  a 

head. 

The  aboral  pole  grows  out  into  a  stalk-like  part,  which 
carries  the  head,  and  is  distinguished  as  the  capitelluin  or 
hydranth.  IJC'j^rnbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  92. 

Capitibranchia,  Capitibranchiata  (kap  i-ti- 
brang'ki-ii,  -brang-B-a'ta),  «.  pd.  [>fL. :  see 
capitibranchiate.]     Same  as  Cephalobranchia. 


Lower  end  of  Left  Human  Hu- 
merus (front  view;. 
17,  internal  enicondyle ;   *, 
external  epiconayle  ;  c,  troch. 
lea ;  1^,  capitelliun. 


•;  in  a  preeminent  de-  capitibranchiate  (kap  i-ti-brang'ki-at),  a.  [< 
,•:  as,  she  sang  capitalhi.  ^'^■  <'")'i''''r<"i''lii''tus,  also  capitohranchiatus,  < 
,  ,■      „        -     ,.     L. «yj«<(iv;yj(;-), head, +6raMc/u(r, gUls.]  Same 

kan  mmlntani,    there  ,«  oW       s.S  CephalobrancUate. 

In  the  tubicolous  capUo-branchiate  forms. 

Claus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  377. 
In  some  capito-branchiate  Chaetopods  cartilage  forms  a 
skeletal  support  for  the  gill-plumes. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI   C78. 


Capito 

Capito  (kap'i-to),  «.  [L.,  a  fish  Trith  a  large 
head.  prop,  adj.,  large-headed.  <  caput  {capit-}. 
head:  see  ciiput.'\  A  genus  of  barbets,  typical 
of  the  subfamily  Capitoiiin<e  as  restricted  by 
G.  R.  Gray  in  1^  to  the  American  seansorial 
barbets  or  thickheads.  The  word  was  originally  used 
iu  tliis  cuuneciion  by  Vieillot  in  1816 ;  it  was  transfeired 


Peruvian  Barbet  iCapito ptntvianus). 

In  1820  by  Temminck  to  the  putf-birds,  or  American  flssi- 
rostral  barbets,  of  the  family  Bueconidte,  and  subsequently 
Woame,  at  the  hands  of  other  writei-s,  a  loose  synonjan  of 
various  genera  of  old-  as  well  as  new-world  barbets,  in- 
cluded in  families  known  as  Mtgalcemidte,  Capitonidte, 
etc.  Its  proper  and  now  current  sense  is  that  here  indi- 
cated. See  barhel',  Buceonidte,  Capitouidte. 
Capitol  (kap'i-tol),  II.  [(ME.  *capitoile,  capa- 
tojille)  =  F.  capitole  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  capituUo,  CL. 
capiMium,  <  caput  (capit-),  the  head:  see  ca- 
put.'] X.  In  Rome,  and  in  Roman  cities  and 
colonies,  the  precinct  and  temple  of  Jupiter 
Optimus  Ma.ximiis,  the  protector  of  the  city. 
Tlie  rapitol  at  Knme,  situated  on  tlie  soutliwestem  snni- 
mit  of  the  Oapitoliue  liill.  w.as  the  center  of  the  official 
religion  <»f  the  state.  In  it  the  cult  of  .luuo  and  of  ili- 
nerva  was  associated  with  that  of  Jupiter.  It  was  three 
times  destroyed  by  lire,  and  each  time  restored  with  aug- 
mented niagnittcence  ;  tlie  la.st  edifice  coiititmed  to  exist, 
though  des[Kii!fd,  till  about  tlie  tenth  century.  The  whole 
of  the  t'apit«.liMi-  hill  (ori^rimdly  .Mons  .Saturnius  or  Tar- 
peius)wafl  als^j  called  the  t'apitol ;  on  the  second  of  its  two 
summits  was  the  citadel.  The  modern  (.'apitol.  or  museum 
of  the  I'upitol.  stands  in  the  space  between  the  sum- 
mits. .Meetings  of  the  senate  and  other  legislative 
bodies  have  been  held  in  or  on  the  Capit<»l  in  both 
ancient  and  modem  times.  Literary  references  or 
inscriptions  prove  the  existence  of  a  capitol  on  the 
lU4j<iel  of  that  in  Rome  in  more  than  twenty  provin- 
cial cities  of  Italy, Gaul.. Spain,  Africa. and  the  East; 
and  there  can  be  nodou))t  that  a  similar  fouiutation 
was  established  in  ever>' rcgulaiiy  constituted  Ko- 
man  colony.  The  Roman  capitol  of  Touluusc,  wiiich 
has  Ijcen  more  than  once  renewed,  has  been  the 
chief  seat  of  authority  in  that  city  from  medieval 
thnes  t*»  the  present  day. 

The  cakc-l)akcr8,  being  returned  to  Lenn?.  went 
presently,  before  they  did  either  eat  or  drink,  to  the 
Capitol,  and  there  before  tlieir  king,  cidled  I'icro- 
chole,  .  .  .  made  their  complaint,  showing  their 
panniers  broken,  their  coats  torn,  etc. 

Rahclain  (tr.  by  t'rquhart),  Gargantua,  xxvi. 

2.  In  the  United  States,  the  edifice  occupied 
by  Congress  at  Washington:  also,  in  the 
separate  States,  the  state-house,  or  house 
in  which  the  legislature  liolds  its  sessions. 
Capitolian  (kap-i-to'li-an),  a.    Same  as  Capi- 

tidtiii. 
Capitoline  (kan'i-to-Un),  a.  [<  L.  CapitoUnu.<s, 
<  Ciijiiliiliiiiii,  the  Capitol.]  Pertaining  to  any 
Roman  Capitnl,  or  to  Jiijiiter  the  I'roteetor,  of 
whose  worship  the  Capitol  was  the  official  seat; 
Hpei'ifically,  pertaining  to  the  Capitol  at  Rome, 
or  to  the  hill  on  whi<')i  it  stood:  as,  the  C'apito- 
liiii  Museum — CapltoUne  games,  in  ancient  Rome, 
annii.il  games  originally  luMtltutcd  by  CamillUH  in  honor 
i.f  .1  .|  :'■  rCjipltolinUH.  and  in  commemoralion  of  the  pres- 

■'■■     f  Ibt-  Inpitol  from  the  (iiiillB.     They  were  rein- 

"   '  ti;ivlng  fallen  Into  disUHi-.  )iy  liomitian,  and 
\*  I  'lelcbrated  every  (llth  year. 

C:'  I  kiiji-i-ton 'i-(Il'),  ii.  /il,    [XL.,  < 

-iilii .]    A  fumily  of  iion-passoriiio 
nl.'-,  the  Hi-ansorinI  barlMts,  inhab- 
it r  parts  of  both  lieinisphereH. 
'  I'li'inwirlnfjtrltiiji,   ,V«','/"'"'r/irt,    Cttto- 

"  ■    "Id  worlil,  anri  Cftpifu  >d  the  new. 

■  I    Inittrlrnldy  confilned  ullli 

I  >l  Mf'jalamidaet  ant\  cutii  uii. 

1  ■■l.ui. 

K:il,    I -to-ni'n«),  n.  /)/.     fNIj.,  < 

■  -i»«'.  1     A  subfamily  of  Mninln- 

■I  'vv  tlie  genus  Capito  ;  tlie  lliiik- 

in  xeiiiiMr/riHl  Imrlxl.M,  coiiliiiiil 

•  iilli  Aimrii'a,  and  represrnt- 

'  ejosof  till'  ^'inoro  Capito  'iml 

cut  under  Capita. 

ui-nin),  </.     J'ertaining  to  or 

'ersof  '.111   CnpiUmuUc  proper 


806 

capitopedal  (kap'i-to-ped'al),  a.      [<  L.  caput 

{capit-),  head.  +  pes  (ped-),  foot,  +  -a/.]  Per- 
taining to  the  head  and  foot. 

Right  and  left  of  the  neck  [in  Patella]  are  seen  a  pair  of 
minute  oblong  yellow  bodies,  which  were  originally  de- 
scribed by  Lankester  as  orifices  possibly  "onnected  with 
the  evacuation  of  the  generative  products.  On  account 
of  their  position  they  were  termed  by  him  the  capito- 
pedal oriJices,  being  placed  near  the  junction  of  head  and 
foot.  Enci/c.  Brit.,  XVI.  ti4t). 

capitvila,  ».     F\\ir&\  ot  capituUou. 

capitulant  (ka-pit'u-lant),  «.  [<  ML.  capitu- 
lu)i(t-)s.  ppr.  of  capitulare:  see  capitulate.} 
One  who  capitulates  or  surrenders.  Alison, 
Hist.  Europe. 

capitulante  (Sp.  pron.  kii-pe-to-lan'te),  n. 
[Sp.,  prop.  pp.  of  capitular,  <  ML.  capitulare, 
arrange  in  heads  or  chapters:  see  capitulate.'] 
A  contractor.  [Use  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  acquired  from  Mexico.] 

capitular  (ka-pit'u-lar),  a.  and  >i.  [=  F.  capitu- 
lairc  =  It.  capitoiare,  a.  and  n.,  <  ML.  capitu- 
laris,  pertaining  to  a  chapter  (ef.  LL.  capitulare, 
neut.,  a  poll-tax),  <  L.  capitulum,  a  chapter  (sec- 
tion of  a  book,  or  a  council),  lit.  a  little  head : 
see  capitulum,  chapter,  aaiX  capital-^.]  I.  a.  1. 
Belonging  to  a  chapter,  in  any  sense  of  that 
word.     Also  capitulary. 

The  next  step  would  have  been  to  impose  monastic  vows 
upon  all  the  capitular  clergy. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Hist.  Norm.  Conq.,  IL  301. 

2.  In  hot.,  growing  in  a  capitulum  or  head. 
See  capitate. — 3.  Iu  -oo7.  and  anat.,  pertain- 
ing to  a  capitulum — Capitular  mass.  Seeiiiassi. 
—  Capitular  process,  in  «/i«r,asnmll  process  or  prom- 
inence <.>n  a  vertebra,  with  which  the  capitulum  of  a  rib 
articulat-fs  ;  tlie  articular  facet  for  the  llead  of  a  rib.  See 
cuts  under  atla^  and  cervical. 

H.  «.  1.  An  act  passed  in  a  chapter,  as  of 
knights  or  canons. —  2.  pi.  The  body  of  la%vs 
or  statutes  of  a  chapter  or  of  an  ecclesiastical 
COimeil.  Tliis  name  is  also  given  to  the  laws,  civil  and 
ecclesiastical,  made  by  Charlemagne  .and  other  princes  in 
general  councils  and  assemblies  of  the  people.  They  are 
so  called  because  divided  into  chapters  or  sections. 

That  great  legislator  knew  too  well  the  importance 
attached  by  all  mankind  to  local  customs,  to  allow  his 
imperial  capitularn  to  interfere,  unnecessarily,  with  file 
IMsiaii  laws.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  22. 


Capitol  of  the  IJnited  States,  Washington,  D.  C. 


diajitcr  itself,  and  all  lt> 
Aith'fe,  Parergoii. 


CaiHtoiuuae 

Caj.  ■     ,-,   ■ 
mi't-  ■■■•> 

h<'f. 
to  I 
•  ..I  I, 

r.i,- 
capito  II. 

hiiviiif 
or  '■«/<. '.. 


3.  A  member  of  a  chapter 

Statutes  which  shall  bind  tin 
members,  or  capitulant. 

In  the  preceding  senses  also  cnjiitulary. 

4.  [Sp.,<MTj.:  see  above.]  In  parts  of  Aiin'r- 
ica  settled  by  Spaniards,  a  regidor  elected  to 
the  ayuntamiento  or  town  council,  as  disliii- 
giiished  from  one  appointed  by  the  executive 
authority. 

capitularly  (ka-pit'u-ljir-li),  adv.    In  the  form 
or  iiiaiiiiir  of  a  chapter,  as  of  a.  religious  order. 
The  keeper.  Sir  Siincin  llnrcnurt,  alleged  yon  could  ilo 
nothing  but  when  all  three  were  capHularl\i  met. 

Swi/I.  To  .Mr,  St.  .lohii. 

capitulary  (ka-pit'tl-Ia-ri),  a.  and  n.     I.  (i. 

.Same  as  capitular,  1. 
The  capitulary  nel.i  of  Vork  Calhedriil. 

r.  Warlon,  lllst.  I'.ng.  I'octr)',  111.  i  .'i.'.. 

H.  «. ;  pi.  cajiitularicn  (-riz).  Same  as  cajal- 
uiar,  1,  2,  and  3. 

More  than  one  law  waH  made,  forbidding  all  Sunday 

lal r.  niid  IIiIh  prolilliltloii  wan  rclternt^'d  by  Cliarle 

liiagnc  In  his  Capitulurien.     I^cky,  ICurop.  Mornln.  II.  '.-Mt. 

capitulate  (kn-pit'fi-lat),  r.  i. ;  jiret.  and  pp. 
idjiituliilrd,  |i|ir.  ra/iitulaliui/.  (<  Ml,,  rajiitu- 
IdluH,  jip.  of  capilulari ,  arrange  in  lieailH  or 
eliapterH,  hence  arrange  conditiouH  (esp.  of  siir- 
rcntler),  <  Ii.  cxipilulum,  a  chapter:  Hon  rapilu- 
hini,  ca/iitular,  and  rliapli  r.]  1.  To  draw  ii]>  a 
writing  iu  chiiplers,  lieiidH.  or  «rtiele»;  henci'. 
t"   ilraw   up   articluH  of  agreement;    urrauge 


capitulum 

terms  of  agreement ;  treat ;  also,  to  enter  into 
an  agreement ;  confederate. 

Do  not  bid  me 
Dismiss  my  soldiers,  or  capitulate 
Again  with  Rome's  mechanics.     Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  3. 
Percy,  Xorthuniberlaiui. 
The  archbishop's  Grace  of  York,  Douglas,  Mortimer, 
Capitulate  against  us.  Shak.,  1  lien.  IV.,  iiL  2. 

He  who  took  so  hainously  to  be  offer'd  nineteen  Propo- 
sitions from  the  Parlamciit,  capitulates  heer  with  God 
almost  in  as  many  Articles.      Miltun,  Eikoiioklastes,  xxv. 

2.  To  surrender  to  an  enemy  on  stiptdated  con- 
ditions. I'sed  especially  regarding  an  army  or  a  garri- 
son, when  the  terms  of  surrender  are  specified  and  agreed 
to  by  the  parties. 

Mondragon  was  determined  not  to  yield  at  discretion, 
although  very  willing  to  capitulate. 

.Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  528. 
lam  ashamed  to  think  how  easily  wfcapilitlaleU^  badges 
and  names,  to  large  societies  and  dead  institutions. 

Eioersiiii,  Self-reliance. 

capitulate,  capitulated  (ka-pit'u-lat, -la-ted), 
((.  [<  Xlj.  capitulatus,  <  L.  cajtituluiu :  see 
c<ipitului)i.]  1.  Having  a  capitulum  or  knob. 
Specilically — 2.  In  hut.,  head-like:  applied  to 
the  apothecium  of  a  lichen  when  it  is  irregu- 
larly roundetl  or  globidar  and  seated  on  the 
apex  of  a  stem-like  portion  of  the  thallus,  as  in 
Cladoiiia.    Lindsay. 

capitulation  (ka-pit-ii-la'shon),  «.  [=  D.  to- 
pitulatic  =  F.  capitulation  (!>  Gr.  capitulation  = 
Dan.  lajiitulalian)  =  Sp.  capitnlacion  =  Pg.  ca- 
pitulai^iio  =  It.  capitola:iimc,  <  ML.  *capitula- 
tio{n-)  (cf.  capit ula1io{n-),  an  index  of  chapters), 
<  f(7j>('/K/(»'f.  capitulate :  see  capitulate.]  1.  An 
article  or  articles  of  agreement;  formal  agree- 
ment.    [Rare.] 

With  special  capitulation  that  neither  the  Scots  nor  the 
French  shall  rcfortify.     Jip.  Burnet,  Recitrds,  No.  50,  i.  2. 

SpecifieaUj'  —  2.  The  act  of  capitidating  or  sur- 
rendei'iug  to  an  enemy  upon  stipulated  terms  or 
conditions;  also,  the  treaty  or  instrument  con- 
taining the  conditions  of  such  a  sun-ender. 

.My  idea  was.  that  all  jicrsons  taken  in  war  were  to  be 
deemed  prisoners  of  w;u'.  That  those  who  snrrender  on 
capitulation  (or  convention)  are  prisoners  of  war  also. 

JeJlersoH,  Correspondence,  I,  104. 

3.  (a)  In  the  Holy  Roman  Emjiire,  the  con- 
tract or  pledge  entered  into  by  the  elected  em- 
peror, before  receiving  coronation,  with 
the  electors,  in  which  the  latter  generally 
secured  some  concession  as  the  price  of 
their  votes,  (h)  pi.  (1)  The  name  given 
by  Europeans  to  those  treaties  and 'con- 
cessions of  the  (>arly  stdtans  of  Turkey 
which  secure  to  foreigners  residing  there 
rights  of  exterritoriality,  in  continuation 

_  of  similar  privileges  granted  to  foreign 
..,;      residents  by  the  Byzantine  empire. 

These  jirivileges  are  in  general  called  Copitula. 
f  ions :  not  ni  the  sense  iioiv  usual  of  a  snrit'iuler  of 
light,  for  they  were  a  free  grant,  but  in  the  old 
sense  of  an  agreement  unilcr  heads  and  articles  — 
"Capitula."  The  word  was  not  unusual  in  such  a 
sense  in  old  French  treaties  and  conventions,  for 
we  read  of  a  '*  Capitulation  and  Contract  of  Mar- 
riage" between  Doni  I'edro  of  Portugal  and  tho 
Princess  Marie  of  Savoy. 

E.  Sctiuyter,  Amer.  Diplomacy,  pp.  59,  00. 

(2)  Conventions  formerly  entered  into  by 
the  Swiss  cantons  to  regulate  the  eniiiloynuMit 
of  Swiss  troops  by  the  jiopcs,  the  Ni'tlicrlamis, 
anil  the  kings  of  .S)i»in,  Naples,  and  France. 

capitulator  (ka-pit'fi-Iii-toiO,  h.  [<  ML.  as  if 
"(■(ipilKlator,  <.  caj)itularc:  see  capitulate.]  One 
who  cnpil  whites. 

capitulatory  (ka-]iit'i)-hl-t(Vri),  a.  [<  capitu- 
late +  -ory.]  1.  Briilly  stated;  drawn  up  in 
heads  or  chn]iters. — 2.  Kelating  to  or  of  tho 
nature  of  a  capitulation  or  surrender  on  con- 
ditioiiH. 

capitula  (knii'i-tfd),  n.  [<  L.  caiiitulum,  achap- 
U'v:  f«-i_<  eupiliiUnu  andchaplcr.]    If.  Achaptor. 

I  he  contents  of  thin  capitule  |ave|  by  y<ui  much  to  li« 
pondied,  llakluyfs  Voi/aiien,  I.  •_>»>. 

2.   Ill  hot,,  Hiime  as  capitulum,  I!. 

capituliform  (Uu-pit'ii-li-i'oriu),  a.  [<  L.  f«/>/- 
liihiiii,  II  lillli^  head,  -I- /(')'«/((,  shape. J  Resera- 
liliiig  a  small  head  or  capitulum.  Also  capitcl- 
tifiirm. 

capitulum  (ka-iiit'u-liiui1,  H. ;  )il.  capitula  (-lit). 
I  1..,  M  sniiill  head,  a  ciipitnl  orlieiidora  coliiinn, 
a  chiiptrr.  ilim.  of  cujiut  (eapil-),  lieiid:  see 
caput,  und  cf.  cajatctluni,  eapifular :  see  also 
eiipilal*,  cliapiter,  cliajitrr.]  1.  In  aual.,  the 
111  ml  of  a  bone;  es|iecially,  the  head  of  a  rilt, 
MS  (listingiiisliod  from  ils  shoulder  or  tulier- 
ciiliitii.  Also  called  enpili  Hum.  Sec  cut  iili- 
lior  endoskrlrtou. —  2.  Iti  Cirrijietlia,  .sjiecili- 
cally,  tho  valves  of  llu'  shell  colleclivoly,  in- 


capitulum 

closing  more  or  less  of  tlii>  ))0(ly  of  the  animal, 
as  distinguished  from  the  iioduneular  part  of 
the  creature.  When  a  ijeUuiiclc  exists,  as  in  Lepas,  it 
is  the  liiniler  part  of  the  body  wliieh  is  inclosed  in  the  capi- 
tulniu. 

3.  In  but.,  a  close  head  of  sessile  flowers,  as  in 
the  Compo-fitie;  also,  as  used  by  some  early 
botanists,  the  receptacle  of  various  fimgi;  in 
mosses,  a  close,  dense  cluster  of  leaves.  Also 
called  capitule. — 4.  In  eiitom. :  (a)  The  enlarged 
terminal  portion  of  the  halter  or  poiserof  a  dip- 
terous insect.  (6)  The  enlarged  terminal  por- 
tion of  the  sucking  mouth  of  a  ily,  formed  by 
two  suctorial  flaps  called  hibcUa.  (c)  The 
knob  at  the  end  of  a  capitate  antenna. —  5.  One 
of  the  stalked  spheroidal  sporangia  of  certain 
myeetozoans. 

capivara,  n.     Same  as  mjiibani. 

capivi  (ka-pe'vi),  n.     Same  as  copaiba. 

caple',  caple".    See  cnjM-l^,  capcT^. 

caplinl  (kap'liu),  n.  [<  caj)l  -I-  dim.  -Un.']  The 
cap  or  baud  of  leather  on  a  flail  thi-ough  which 
the  thongs  pass  that  connect  the  swingel  to  the 
staff.     Also  capling. 

caplin^  (kap'lin),  u.  [Also  capelin,  caplan, 
capclan,  and,  by  corruption,  kiblimj,  IcibbliiKj : 
<  F.  capiat!,  capelaii ;  origin  unknown.]  A 
fish,  formerly  refeiTed  to  the  Salmonidw  under 
the  name  Salmo  arcticus,  now  known  as  Mallotus 
viUostts,  and  assigned  to  the  smelt  family,  Ar- 
(icntinida;.  it  is  6  or  8  inches  long,  and  resembles  :i 
smelt  in  appearance,  but  is  more  closely  related  to  the 


Caplio  {MaliotHS  viUi}sits), 


eulachon  or  candle-fish,  from  which  it  differs  chiefly  in 
the  broader  maiiy-rayed  pectoral  fins  and  the  peculiar 
scales  of  tlie  mjile.  In  that  sex  there  is  a  raised  band 
along  the  sides  of  the  body  above  the  lateral  Ime,  con- 
sisting of  elongated  imbricated  scales  with  free  project- 
ing points,  giving  a  villous  appearance  like  the  pile  of  vel- 
vet. The  caplin  occurs  in  immense  shoals  in  all  the  north- 
ern seas,  and  is  an  important  food-fish  to  the  natives, 
though  its  chief  use  is  as  bait  for  cod. 

capling  (kap'liug),  11.    Same  as  caplivX. 

cap-merchantt,  »■    See  cape-merchant. 

cap-moneyt  (kap'mun"i),  n.  In  fox-lmnting, 
the  money  formerly  collected  for  the  hunts- 
man on  the  death  of  the  fo.x. 

capnomancy  (kap'no-man-si),  n.  [=  F.  capno- 
iiiaittie  (Cotgrave)  ='Sp.  Pg.  capnomancia,  <  Gr. 
/inTTi'iif,  smoke  (akin  to  Lith.  kvupas,  vapor,  =  L. 
vapor,  etc.:  see  vapor),  +  /lavrcia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  the  ascent  or  motion  of  smoke. 

capnomor,  kapnomor  (kap'no-mor),  n.  [<  Gr. 
KaiTvoc,  smoke,  +  jioipa,  a  part  (or  stem  *fiop-), 
<  ficifteaBai,  divide,  apportion,  allot.]  A  trans- 
parent, colorless,  oil-like  fluid  (C20H22O2)  ob- 
tained fi'om  the  smoke  of  organic  bodfes  or 
from  the  tar  of  wood. 

capo  (ka'po),  n.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of  capeV-.']  A 
working-horse.  Grose.  [Prov.Eng.  (Cheshire).] 

capoc  (kap'ok),  H.  [Punjabi  hapCih,  Hind.  Ao- 
]>as,  cotton'.]  A  fine  short-stapled  cotton  of 
the  East  ludQes,  used  chiefly  to  stuff  cushions, 
line  palanquins,  etc. 

capocchiat  (ka-pok'iil),  n.  [It.,  fern,  of  eapoe- 
ckio,  dull,  heavy,  silly,  lit.  big-headed,  aug.  of 
cn^^o,  the  head:  seecajie^.]  The  feminiue  form 
of  capocchio,  a  fool:  used  coaxingly  in  the  fol- 
lowing passage. 

Alas,  poor  wretch !  a  poor  capocckia. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  2. 

capocht,  «•  and  r.  t.     See  capouch. 

capon  (ka'pon),  n.  [<  ME.  capon,  capun  (also 
assibilated  cliapoun,  after  F.  chapon),  <  AS.  ca- 
pun  =  MD.  kappoen,  D.  kapoen,  kapuin  =  LG. 
Sw.  Dan.  kapun  —  MHG.  kajiiin,  G.  kapaun  = 
F.  chapoii  =  Pr.  Sp.  capon  =  Pg.  capao  =  It. 
cappone,  <  L.  capo(n-)  (also  capns,  >  OHG. 
cliappo,  MHG.  kappe)  (ML.  also  caponus),  < 
Gr.  Ka-rruv,  a  capon,  prob.  <  ■\^  *KaTr,  repr.  by 
Kowreiv,  out.]  1.  A  castrated  cock;  a  cock- 
chicken  castrated  for  the  purpose  of  improv- 
ing the  flesh  for  table. 

oh,  a  capon, 
A  bird  of  grace,  an  't  be  thy  will !  I  honour  it. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  v.  2. 

2t.  [So  called,  it  is  said,  because  letters  were 
■often  conveyed  inside  of  fowls.  Cf .  P.  poulet,  a 
fowl,  also  a  love-letter,  a  billet-doux.]   A  letter. 

O,  thy  letter,  thy  letter ;  he's  a  good  friend  of  mine : 
Stand  aside,  good  bearer.    Boyet,  you  can  carve ; 
Break  up  this  capon.  Shah.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. 

Norfolk  capon,  a  red  herring.    [Local,  Eng.] 


807 

capon  (ka'pon),  V.  t.  [=  G.  kapaunen  =  F. 
rlKipdinier  =  Pr.  caponar  =z  It.  capponare ;  from 
tlie  iiouu.]     To  make  a  capon  of;  canonize. 

caponett  (ka'pou-et),  n.  [<  capon  +  dim.  -e«2.] 
A  young  c.aijon'. 

caponiere,  caponniere  (kap-o-ner'),  n.  [<  F. 
caponiiirri:  =  It.  vdpiioniera,  a  covered  lodg- 
ment, <  Sp.  caponcra  {=  Pg.  capoeira),  a.  covered 
lodgment,  a  cage  or  cooij  in  which  to  fatten 
fowls,  <  Sp.  capon  =  Pg.  capSo,  a  capon :  see 
capon.]  In  fort. :  (a)  A  covered  lodgment  sunk 
4  or  5  foot  into  a  ditch  for  its  defense,  encom- 
passed witli  a  parapet  about  2  feet  high,  serv- 
ing to  su|(poit  several  planks  laden  with  earth. 

(b)  A  ]jassag(f  from  one  part  of  a  work  to  an- 
other, protected  on  the  right  and  left  by  a  wall 
or  parapet,  ami  sometimes  covere<l  overhead. 
When  there  is  a  parapet  on  one  side  only,  it  is 
called  a  (lemi-caponiere.  (c)  One  of  a  series  of 
bomb-proof  arched  structures  for  receiving 
cannon  which  fire  through  embrasures  pierce<l 
in  the  front  or  mask-wall  of  the  casemates: 
used  for  Hanking  ditches.  MaJiun Double  ca- 
poniere, in  /(III.,  a  ditch-defense  arranged  for  llankirig 
puri-.isrs.  The  double  caponiere  is  generally  placed  in 
till-  iiiidille  of  the  ditch,  so  as  to  Are  in  both  directions. 

caponize  (ka'pon-iz),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  ca- 
ponized,  p])r.  caponi::ing.  [<  capon  +  -ise.]  To 
make  a  capon  of.     Also  spelled  caponise. 

caponniere,  ».     See  caponiere. 

capon's-feather  (ka'ponz-feth  "6r),  n.  Same  as 
edpoii'.s-tiiil. 

capon's-tail  (kii'ponz-tal),  n.  1.  A  species  of 
valerian:  so  called  from  its  spreading  white 
flowers. — 2.  The  columbine,  Aejnilegia  vulgaris. 
—  Capon's-tail  grass,  a  species  of  fescue,  Festuc'a  Myu- 

caporcianite  (ka-p6r'shian-it),  n.  [_<  Capor- 
eiano  (see  def.)  +  -ite^.j"  A  mineral  related 
to,  or  perhaps  identical  with,  laumontite,  from 
Monte  de  (Japorciano,  Tuscany. 

capot  (ka-pof),  n.  [F.,  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  connected  with  capote:  see  eapoie.l 
A  winning  of  all  the  tricks  at  the  game  of 
piquet.     It  counts  40. 

capot  (ka-pof),  V.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  capotted, 
ppr.  capotting.  [<  capot,  >i.]  In  the  game  of 
piquet,  to  win  all  the  tricks  from. 

That  last  game  I  had  with  my  sweet  cousin  I  capotted 
her.  Lamb,  Mrs.  Battle  on  \Vhist. 

capotasto(It.pron.  ka'po  tas'to).  [It.:  eapo,< 
L.  caput,  head  (see  cape^);  tasio,  key,  touch,  < 
tastare,  touch,  feel:  see  taste.']  A  contrivance 
attached  to  stringed  instruments  with  frets, 
like  the  guitar,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the 
pitch  of  all  the  strings  at  once.  Also  capo  di 
tastii. 

capote  (ka-pof),  n.  [F.  capote,  f.  (formerly 
also  eai}ot,  capjMt,  m.)  (=  Sp.  Pg.  capote  =  It. 
eappotto,  >  Turk,  qaput,  qapiul),  ilim.  of  cape, 
a  hood  or  cape:  see  cape'^.]  1.  A  large  coarse 
cloak,  properly  with  a  hood.  Specifically— (a)  In 
some  military  uniforms,  the  regulation  outer  garment,  con- 
sisting of  a  very  long  and  full  cloth  coat.  (6)  An  outer  gar- 
ment for  women,  made  of  camlet  or  cloth,  covering  the 
person  completely  and  reaching  nearly  to  the  grouiiil. 

(c)  An  outer  garment  forming  a  usual  part  of  the  costinne, 
and  worn  by  l)oth  women  and  men,  among  many  tril)es 
of  the  Levant.  It  is  made  either  of  rough  cloth  or  of 
skins  retaining  their  hair. 

She  [an  Albanian  woman]  went  and  put  on  a  new  capote. 
a  sort  of  white  frock  coat,  without  sleeves,  embroidered 
in  bright  colours  down  the  seams,  which  showed  her  fig- 
ure to  advantage.  R.  Curzon,  Monast.  ill  the  Levant,  p.  211. 

,  2.  The  hood  or  top  of  a  wagon,  as  of  a  buggy, 
or  any  similar  protection  for  a  vehicle. 

capoucll  (ka-posh'),  n.  [Also  capoeh,  capuche  = 
G.  kapu;c  =  Dan.  kabuds;  <  F.  eapuchc,  also 
capuce,  <  It.  cappuccio,  <  ML.  caputium,  capi- 
tinm,  capucciitm,  cappucium,  etc.,  a  cowl  or 
hood:  see  caputium.']  A  monk's  hood  or  cowl ; 
especially,  a  hood  of  peculiar  pointed  form 
worn  by  the  Capuchin  monks. 

capoucit  (ka-posh'),  v.  t.  [Also  capoeh,  ca- 
jiiivlie ;  <  capouch,  n.]    1.  To  cover  with  a  hood. 

Between  the  cicada  and  that  we  call  a  grasshopper  the 
differences  are  very  many,  for  first,  they  are  differently 
cucullatf'd  or  capouched  upon  the  head  and  back. 

Sir  T.  Broimie,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  3. 

2.  To  blind  or  hoodvrink. 

cappadine  (kap'a-din),  n.  [Cf.  capiton.]  A 
sort  of  silk  flock  taken  from  the  upper  part  of 
the  silkworm's  cocoon  after  the  true  silk  has 
been  wound  off,  used  for  shag  in  making  rugs. 

Cappadocian  (kap-a-do'shian).  a.  and  11.  [< 
Cuppadocia  +  -an.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Cap- 
padocia,  an  ancient  province  and  kingdom  of 
Asia  Minor,  now  part  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Cappa- 
docia. 


Caprellidse 

Cappagh  brown.    See  brown. 

cap-paper  (kap'pa'per),  n.  1.  A  coarse  paper, 
so  calhfd  from  being  used  to  make  caps  to  hold 
commodities. —  2.  A  kind  of  writing-paper  in 
largo  sheets.    See  cap^,  «.,  .'i. 

capparid  (kap'a-rid),  n.  [<  (,'aji]iaris  (-rid-),  q. 
v.J  In  liol.,  a  jjlant  of  the  natural  order  Cap- 
paridacea;. 

Capparidacese  (kap'Vri-da'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  (Jiip/iaris  {-rid-)  -i-  -acca:.]  A  natural  order  of 
plants,  sometimes  shrubs  or  trees,  nearly  re- 
lated to  the  (MiciJ'era:,  from  which  they  differ 
in  having  six  or  more  stamens  which  are  not 
tetradynamous,  the  pod  without  a  partition 
and  often  stalked,  and  kidney-shaped  seeds 
with  a  coiled  embryo.  They  are  natives  chiefly  of 
tropical  and  subtropical  regions,  anci  possess  more  or  lesa 
acrid  qualities.  The  piin.  ipal  genera  aic  Capparia  and 
Clconw.  Some  species  of  iJiinftndrupHix  and  Polanifda,  gen- 
era of  this  order,  are  cultivated  for  ornament.  See  cuts 
under  cajjer-  and  Clet/ine. 

capparidaceous  (kap"a-ri-da'shiu8),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  (UipparillaceiE. 

capparideous  (kap-a-rid'e-us),  a.  Same  as 
rapparidaceous. 

Capparis  (kap'a^ris),  n.  [L.,  the  caper-bush, 
the  caper:  see  caper'-.]  A  genus  of  shi-ubby 
plants,  of  tropical  and  warm  regions,  of  which 
the  most  familiar  species  is  the  caper,  C.  spinosa. 
See  caper^.  The  products  of  some  species  are  used  ae 
irritants  or  as  antispasmodics,  and  some  tropical  Araeri- 
can  species  are  said  to  be  poisonous.  The  lierries  of  C. 
Sodnda,  which  is  abundant  in  tropical  Africa,  are  used  for 
food, 

cap-peak  (kap'pek),  n.     The  peak  or  stiff  pro- 
jecting front  piece  of  some  kinds  of  caps, 
cappeline,  n.     See  capdine. 
capperl  (kap'er),  «.     [<  (•«/;!  -f-  -cj-l.]     1.  One 
whose  business  is  the  making  or  selling  of  caps. 
[Rare.] — 2.  A  tool  for  fitting  percussion-caps 
to  shells. 
Capper^t  (kap'er),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  cup- 
per, a  cupbearer.     See  cap^  and  cupper. 

capper^  (kap '  6r),  V.  t.  [Cf.  Dan.  kapre  =  G. 
kapern,  seize ;  from  the  noun  caperS  (Dan. 
kaper,  etc.)  or  freq.  of  the  verb  cap3,  seize: 
see  caps  and  coper'^.]  To  seize;  lay  hold  of 
violently;  specifically,  to  seize  (a  vessel)  as  a 
prize.     [Scotch.] 

capper*  (kap'er),  n.  [Appar.  <  capS  +  -er-l,  lit, 
'seizor';  but  in  def.  1  perhaps  associated  with 
attcrcap  =  attercop,  a  spider,  and  in  def.  2  per- 
haps a  particidar  use,  in  allusion  to  "the  spider 
and  the  fly .[']  1 .  A  spider. —  2.  A  stool-pigeon 
in  a  gambling-house,  or  a  person  employed  at 
auctions  to  raise  bids  deceptively.     [Slang.] 

capperclawt,  v.  t.    See  caperclaw. 

cappernoity,  a.     See  capemoitii. 

cap-piece  (kap'pes),  «.  In  carp.,  a  piece  of 
timber  covering  the  heads  of  a  series  of  uprights 
or  other  vertical  structure. 

capping-plane  (kap'ing-plan),  H.  In  joinery,  a 
plane  used  for  working  the  upper  surface  of 
staircase-rails. 

cap-pot  (kap'pot),  11.  In  glass-making,  a  cru- 
cible having  a  lid  or  cap. 

cap-pudding  (kap'pud"ing),  ».  A  pudding 
rounded  at  the  top,  which  top  consists  of  cur- 
rants, raisins,  or  the  like,  and  resembles  a  cap. 
Imp.  Diet. 

Capra  (ka'prii),  n.  [L.,  a  she-goat :  see  caper^.] 
A  genus  of  hoUow-horned  ruminants,  of  the 
family  Bovidie,  typical  of  the  subfamDy  Capri- 
nce,  and  typified  by  the  common  goat,  Capra 
hircus.  There  are  several  other  species,  among 
them  the  ibexes.  Capra  ibex,  C.  jn/rwnica,  etc. 
See  goat,  and  cuts  under  cegagrus  and  ibex. 

caprantilopine  (kap-ran-til'o-pin),  a.  [<  L. 
capra,  a  she-goat,  +  NL.  antilopinus:  see  ca- 
pcr^  and  antilopine.]  Partaking  of  the  chai'- 
aeters  of  both  a  goat  and  an  antelope ;  nemo- 
rhssdine. 

caprate  (kap'riit),  n.  [<  capr(ic)  +  -ate^.]  A 
salt  of  capric  acid. 

capreallt,  caprelt,  ».    Old  forms  of  capriole. 

Caprella  (ka-prel'S.),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  from  L. 
capra,  a  she-goat:  see  rtjperl.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  CaprelUda;.  c.  linearis  is  a 
sluggish  inhabitant  of  rocky  tide-pools  of  the  Atlantic 
coast  of  Europe,  preying  ou  various  animals,  as  hydroids 
and  polyzoans.    See  mantis-shrimp  and  specter-shrimp. 

Caprellidae  (ka-prel'i-de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
prella -)-  -ida.]  A  family  of  edriophthahnous 
Iremodipodous  crustaceans,  tj-pined  by  the  ge- 
nus Caprella,  characterized  by  the  attenuate 
form,  the  rudimentary  abdomen,  and  the  eersi- 
cally  placed  anterior  legs.  Some  of  the  forms  are 
called  mantis-shrimps,  from  their  superficial  resemblance 
to  the  insect  known  as  inantin,  and  specter-shrimps,  from 
their  strange  aspect. 


Caprellidse 

The  CapreUidfp  are  long  and  slender  forms  with  well- 
developed  anttriinx  and  antennulw.  They  live  in  salt 
water,  walking  ;u-.:'Und  on  submarine  plants  in  a  very 
deliberate  ni..hner.  and  progress  by  a  doubliug  up  of  the 
body  in  about  the  same  way  that  the  measuring-worm 
does.  The  most  common  species  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
received  its  name  (Caprella  geometrica)  from  this  habit. 
Stand.  Sat.  HUt.,  II.  73. 

caprelline  (ka-prel'in),  n.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Caprellidie. 

capreSt,  capreolet,  "•  [=  Mi'-  capreoh,  ea- 
preolk,  capriok,  a  tendril,  <  L.  capreohts:  see 
capreohis.']  1.  A  buck  or  he-goat. — 2.  A  ten- 
dril :  a  eapreolus. 

capreolary  (kap'rf-o-la-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  capreo- 
larius.  <  L.  eapreolus,  a  tendril :  see  eapreolus.'] 
Same  as  capreolate.  2. 

capreolate  (kap'rf-o-Iat),  a.  [<  L.  eapreolus, 
a  teuiU-il  (see  eapreolus),  +  -flffl.]  1.  In  60?., 
provided  with  tendrils. — 2.  In  aiiat..  resem- 
bling tendrils :  applied  to  the  spermatic  vessels, 
or  vasa  capreolaria,  from  their  twisted  appear- 
ance. 

capreoli,  "■     Pltiral  of  eapreolus. 

capreoline  (ka-pre'o-lin),  a.  [<  Capreolus,  3,  -I- 
-i/iel.]  Pertaining  to  the  subgenus  Capreolus; 
speeiticallv,  relating  or  akin  to  the  roebuck. 

capreolus  "(ka-pre'o-lus),  II. \  pi,  capreoli  (-li). 
[L.  eapreolus,  ML.'also  eapriolus,  a  wild  goat, 
roebuck,  chamois,  a  tendril  of  a  plant,  dim.  of 
'eapreus,  fem.  caprea,  a  wild  goat:  see  caper^ 
and  capriole.']  If.  A  buck  or  he-goat.  E. 
Phillips,  1706.— 2.  The  tendril  of  a  plant.— 
3.  [cap.]  [XL.]  A  subgenus  of  deer,  includ- 
ing the  roebuck,  Capreolus  capraa.  Hamilton 
Smith.  1827. 

caprett,  «-  [ME.  (translating  L.  caprea  in  Vul- 
gate), =  OF.  'clurret,  m.,  ehevretc,  chevrette,  a 
kid  (as  dim.  of  ehevre,  a  goat),  a  wild  goat,  F. 
chevrette,  f.,  a  doe,  roe  (see  chevrette),  =  It.  ea- 
pretto,  m.,  capretta,  f.,  <  ML.  capretus,  lu.,  "ea- 
preta,  t.,  equiv.  to  capreolus,  eapreola,  a  wild 
goat:  see  eapreolus,  caper^.]  Aroebuck;  a  roe. 
As  eapret  and  hert  thou  shalt  ete.  Wijcli/,  Dent  xii.  16. 
A  moost  swift  renner,  as  oon  of  the  capreltis  [var.  ca- 
prttU]  that  dwelleu  in  wodis. 

Wyctif,  2  Ki.  (2  Sam.]  ii.  18. 

capric  (kap'rik).  a.  [<  L.  caper,  a  goat:  see 
eaper^.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  goat.  Also 
caprinic. — Capric  acid,  c.oHoo'J^.  a  peculiar  acid  first 
discovered  by  Chevreul  in  tne  butter  of  cows'  niilit.  It 
occurs  also  in  goats'  milk,  in  cocoaiiut-oil,  and  in  several 
kinds  of  fusel-oil.  It  is  crj'stalline,  somewhat  soluble  in 
hot  water,  and  has  a  faint  goat-like  smell  wlien  cold,  which 
l>eeomes  more  offensive  on  heating.    Also  called  rjttir  ncid. 

capriccio  (ka-prich'io),  n.  [<  It.  capriceio: 
see  eiijirice.]  If.  A  caprice;  a  whim.  Also 
caprichio. 

Will  this  capricio  bold  in  thee,  art  sure? 

Shak.,  Alls  Well,  ii.  3. 
Sometimes 
(In  nuitc  opposed  capricciojt)  he  climbs 
The  hardest  rocks  and  highest,  every  way 
Running  their  ridges.    Chapman,  Homeric  Hymns. 

2.  A  raiLsical  composition  in  a  free,  irregular, 
and  often  whimsical  style :  first  applied  to  de- 
viations from  strict  forms,  like  the  fugue,  espo- 
oially  when  in  quick  tempo,  but  now  e.xteniiod 
to  any  fancifully  irregular  piece.   Also  caprice. 

capriccioso  (ka  -  pre  -  chio '  so),  adv.  [It.,  <  ca- 
/iriccio,  caprice :  see  capriccio,  caprice,  and  ca- 
priciou.t.]     In  music,  iu  a  free,  fantastic  style. 

caprice  (ka-pres'),  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  ca- 

ftriche,  capritrh,  and  caprichio,  ca/iriccio,  after 
t. ;  <  F.  caprice,  <  It.  capriccio  =  Sp.  Pg.  ca- 
pricho,  a  caprice,  whim;  of  disiiutcd  origin; 
usually,  but  without  suflficient  evidence,  de- 
rived from  It.  caprio,  a  goat  (as  if  orig.  'ii  goat- 
leu|>').  Of.  caiirr^  and  enpriot',]  1.  A  sudden 
Htart  of  the  mmd  ;  a  sudden  elmnge  of  opinion 
or  humor,  without  »pi>arent  or  adequate  mo- 
tive; u  wliim,  freak,  or  jmrticular  lancy. 

I  found  the  night  an  full  of  beauty  as  the  day,  when 
capric-,  b-d  me  fr«im  the  brilliancy  of  .St.  Mark'K. 

/luia-ll;  VeiKtInn  Mfc,  H. 

2.  Til'-  lirl.it  of  acting  according  to  varying 
imjiMl  ■  '.rii'iouHnoHH. 

K.  .    In  the  fendiiinc  mind  lAomcthlng 

of  >■  ll.iriil  (-xulierance  »»f  that  I'luinn- 

Inic  * -  iiiirni-terlzca  our  <lear  hununi  hIh 

Ur«,  I  r    ,r  llin.iuii  .;i  vi..rld«.                           l/r  Qui,,,:  „, 

8.  .Siirf.i-  iiM  rnpriii  1,1.  2.  =  Bjrn.  1.  Viu(«r>-,  hiiiii.r, 
whim  ■  >■.!.  I,.!      J.  Fi.  kb  iiiM. 

Cftprichei,  capritcht,  ".  [Sec  caprice.']  A  eu- 
priM. 

Hhall  a  man  fear  eaprichfa  / 

Chapman,  lli'iitleman  Uaber,  v.  1. 

0  hold,  for  |.tty,  Sir, 

]  ftir,  f.,.,  .T.  at  n  KUfTerr-r. 

Abii.  r|  „,  ,,,,1  \,„yt  1,^1,  I,  „  witch, 

Bot  -onjur  d  hit'  a  WOTW  rnprilrh. 

.9.  BulUr,  llu.lllinu,  III.  I.  aio. 


808 

caprichiof,  ».  See  capriccio,  1. 
capricious  (ka-prish'us),  a.  [Formerly  also  <■</- 
priecious  :  =  F.  caprieieux  =  Sp.  Pg.  cajiricho- 
so  =  It.  ca2>riccioso,  capricious ;  from  the  noun : 
see  caj>riee.']  Characterized  by  caprice  ;  apt  to 
change  opinions  suddenly,  or  to  deviate  from 
one's  purpose ;  unsteady ;  changeable ;  fickle ; 
subject  to  change  or  iiTegularitj- :  as,  a  man 
of  a  capricious  temper. 

Nor  unnoted  pass 
The  sycamore,  capricious  in  attire, 
Now  green,  now  tawny,  and  ere  autumn  yet 
Have  chang'd  the  woods,  in  scarlet  honours  bright. 
Cou-per,  The  Task,  i.  318. 
The  king,  .  .  .  under  the  influence  of  caprieioiu  pas- 
sions, suddenly  dissolved  .  .  .  parliament. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  IT.  S.,  I.  379. 
A  bud  taken  from  any  one  of  the  branches,  and  grafted 
on  another  tree,  produces  either  one  of  the  pure  kinds  or 
a  capricious  tree  producing  the  three  kinds. 

Danrin,  Var.  of  .\nimals  and  Plants,  p.  357. 
=Syil.   Freiikish,  unsteady,  fanciful,   whimsical,  fitful, 
crotchety,  uncertain. 
capriciously  (ka-prish'us-li),  adv.    In  a  capri- 
cious manner;  whimsically ;  irregularly. 

The  miskilled  laborer  has  ceased  to  be  at  the  mercy  uf 
a  master ;  but  the  force  that  the  master  once  applied  to 
him  capriciouslif  is  now  applied  to  him  instead  by  his 
whole  social  environment,  aiul  that  not  capriciousli/,  but 
with  the  regularity  of  a  natural  law. 

"  W.  H.  Mailock,  Social  Equality,  p.  191. 

capriciousness  (ka-prish'us-nes),  n.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  capricious;  whimsicalness ; 
unsteadiness  of  purpose  or  opinion:  as,  "great 
capriciousness  of  taste,"  rcnnaiit,  Bi'it.  Zool., 
Class  4;  ''  the  capriciousness  of  a  sickly  heart," 
Irvine/,  Sketeh-Book,  p.  9-1. — 2.  Unsteadiness; 
liableness  to  sudden  changes;  irregularity:  as, 
the  capriciousness  of  fortune. 

Capricorn  (kap'ri-korn),  n.  [=  F.  Capricorne  = 
It.  Cajiricorno  (=  Sp.  Pg.  Vaprieornio,  after  ML. 
Capricornium);  <  L.  ('aprie<irnus,  a  zodiacal 
constellation  (see  def.)  (>  ML.  capricornium. 
the  winter  solstice),  Ut.  'goat-horned'  (and 
hence  in  ML.  eaprieornus,  a  steinbok,  ibex),  < 
caper  (cajir-).  goat,  +  cornu  =  E.  horn.  Cf.  Gr. 
acydnepu^,  goat-horned,  the  constellation  Capri- 
corn.] 1.  An  ancient  zodiacal  constellation 
between  Sagittarius  and  Aquarius ;  also,  one  of 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  winter  sol- 
stice: represented  on  ancient  monuments  by 
the  figure  of  a  goat,  or  a  figure  having  the  fore 


The  Constellation  of  Capricorn,  accordinf;  to  ancient  descriptions 
and  figures. 

I)art  like  a  goat  and  the  hind  part  like  a  fish.  Its 
symbol  is  W- — 2t.  [I.e.]  An  ibex;  a  steinbok. 
!Ic  shcw'd  two  heads  and  home..* of  tlu-  true  capriconu'. 
wliirli  aiiinial.  he  told  \in,  was  freiiucntly  kill'n  among 
tile  inoiiiituincs.  J'h'eli/n,  Diary  (Ul-l(l).  P-  1*^"- 

Capricorn  beetles,  lieetles  of  the  family  Ccrambi/cido' 
(wiii,  Ii  HI . ).    Tropic  of  Capricorn.    Sec'/ro;.i'c. 

capricornifyt  (liM]i-i'i-k6r'ni-n),  r.  t.  [<  capri- 
eiirii  (with  allusion  to  horn,  v.)  +  -i-j!/.]  To 
liorii;  cuckold.     [Low.] 

caprid  (kuji'rid),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  (lie 
('(ipridivur  Copriniv;  relatingto agoat;  hircino. 

Capridx'  (ka)i'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [Nl>.,  <  Capra  + 
-ilia.]  Th(^  Vapriu<e.  or  gout  tribe,  elevated  to 
the  rank  of  a  family  of  liollow-horned  ruini- 
nants. 

Oapridae-  (Uup'ri-de),  ».  pi.    Same  as  Caprnida: 

caprificate  (kaii'ri-ti-kat),  r.  I.;  pret.  ami  pi>. 
caprijienteil,  jipr.  caprifiealinii.  [<  L.  capriji- 
ctttUM,  Jill.  n(  riiprijicarr:  nfi' eaprijy.]  To  ripen 
by  lujirilieation ;  caprily. 

caprification  (kap' rl-fi-kil'slion),  n.  [i  Ij. 
ropiilir(itio(»-),  <  cuprijieare  :  see  rrt/fr(/;/. J  A 
(iroeesH  iiileniled  to  acceli'rate  the  ripening 
of  tlie  fig,  and  to  improve  tin'  fruit.  it  cnn>i»t« 
111  flUHoendlng  IirnncheH  of  the  wibl  tig  (lee  rttpriliit)  In 
the  lultlvaled  tncH,  ami  ■ub/iclinu  (be  fruit  to  the  nt- 
tiirkH  of  the  gitll  ItiHeetx  which  are  tliun  Introduced.  Tlie 
iiraetlre  Is  tine  of  great  ftntb|iilly,  but,  th.iugli  still  fnl- 
lowi.l  In  many  loinlllles.  In  ..f  very  doublfill  ullllly. 
I'niirllleatlou  Is  also  effeeti'd  by  |plniillng  an  orcaslruml 
wild  llg  among  the  otheni.  In  nonie  portlonn  of  Franco 
the  NHuio  object  It  attained  by  touching  a  ilrop  ut  oil  to 


caprimulgine 

the  orifice  of  the  fruit,  by  "liiih  its  ripening  is  hastened 
nearly  a  week. 

caprificus  (kap-ri-fi'kus),  n.  [L.,  the  wild  fig- 
tree,  lit.  'goat-fig.'  <  caper  (capr-),  a  goat,  + 
Hcus.  fig:  see  eaper'^  anAfig.]     The  caprifig. 

caprifig  (kap'ri-fig),  H.  [<  L.  caprificus,  a  wild 
fig,  the  second  element  tieing  aeeom.  to  E. 
fig:  see  caprificus.]  The  uncultivated  male 
form  of  the  conunon  fig,  Ficus  Carica,  whidi 
is  practically  dia'cious,  tliougli  stamiuate  and 

Distillate  flowers  are  found  upon  the  same  tree, 
he  fruit  of  the  caprifig  is  hard  and  useless,  but  is  the 
home  of  a  small  gnat-like  gall-insect,  Ftlantophafia  ttron- 
gontni,  wltich  in  escaping  from  the  orifice  covers  itself 
with  pollen  and  thus  becomes  a  iiienns  for  elfecting  the 
fertilization  of  Ilu-  eilible  fig.     See  cuprilicdlii'n. 

caprifolet,  caprifolyt  (kap'ri-foi,  -fo-ii),  m.  [z= 
D.  kanipcrfoetie  =  Dan.  kaprifolium  =  F.  chivre- 
feuille  =  It.  caprifotjlio,<.  ML.  eaprifolium,  wood- 
bine, honeysuckle:  see  eaprifolium.]  Wood- 
bine; honeysuckle. 

Tlierc  was  a  pleasaunt  Arber,  not  by  art 
liiu  of  tile  trees  owne  iuclinatiou  niacV^,  .  .  . 
Witli  "antou  j-vie  twine  entrayld  athwart, 
.\nd  EL'lantiue  and  Capri,fole  cniong. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vi.  44. 

Caprifoliaceae  (kap-ri-fo-li-a'se-e),  11.  ]il.  [NL., 

<  eaprifolium  +  -acctc.]  A  natm'al  order  of 
monopetalous  dicotyledons,  allied  to  the  Jitibi- 
acew.  It  includes  a  number  of  erect  or  twinin'.r  shrubs 
and  herbaceous  plants,  comprising  the  hoiu-ysiu-kle.  elder, 
viburnum,  and  snowberry.  The  cliaract*Tistics  of  the 
order  are  opposite  leaves  "without  stipules,  an  inferior 
ovary,  4  or  5  stamens  upon  tlie  tube  of  the  regular  or 
irregular  corolla,  and  the  ft-uit  usually  a  berry  or  drupe. 
Many  species  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  but  the  order 
is  otherwise  of  little  value. 

caprifoliaceous  (kap-ri-fo-li-a'shius),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Cnprifoliacew. 
eaprifolium  (kap-ri-fo'li-um),  n.  [ML.,  wood- 
bine, honeysuckle,  lit.  'goat -leaf,'  <  L.  caper 
(capr-),  a  goat,  +  folium,  leaf:  see  caper'^  and 
/luV.  Sometimes  erroneously  explained  as  for 
"eapparifolium,  <  L.  capparis,  ca]ier.  -I-  folium, 
leaf,  with  rcf.  to  the  likeness  of  its  leaf  to  that 
of  the  caper:  see  caper".]  1.  Woodbine  or 
honeysuckle. —  2.  [cap.]  A  section  of  the  nat- 
lual  order  Cajirifoliacea;  including  the  trum- 
pet honeysuckle,  the  yellow  honeysuckle,  and 
the  -Vmerican  woodbine, 
caprifolyt,  "•  See  eaprifolc. 
capriform  (kap'ri-form),  a.  [<L.  ca/ier  (capr-), 
a  goat,  -{■  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of 
a  goat,  or  of  something  belonging  to  a  goat; 
goaf-like:  as,  cajiriforni  liorns. 
caprify  (kap'ri-fi),  v.  t.\  pret.  and  pp.  caprificd, 
Plir.  ciiprifi/ing.  [<  ME.  eiiprifien,  <  F.  as  if 
"caprificr  =  Sp.  coprihiiiar  =  I'g.  caprifirar,  <  L. 
Cdjirifiearc,  subject  tigs  to  the  stinging  of  the 
gall-insect,  <  caprificus,  the  wild  tig-tree:  see 
caprificus.]  To  sub,joct  to  caprification  (which 
see). 

In  .luyn.  as  Sonne  is  hiest,  to  rapj-ijie 

Tile  fig-tree  is.  that  is  to  signifie 

The  figges  grelic  of  caprifigtree  rendo 

Willi  tree  made  like  a  sawe  on  hem  suspende. 

I'ulladius,  llusbondrie  (E.  K.  T.  S.),  p.  125. 

caprigenous  ikap-rij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  caprige- 
nu.i,  <  iii/i<  r  (<-apr-),  a  goat,  -I-  -genus,  -uorii: 
see  -geniius.]  Produced  by  a  goat.;  belonging 
to  the  goat  kind. 

Oaprimulgidae  (kap-ri-niur,ii-de),  11.  /)/.     [NL., 

<  ('iipriiiiiilgus  -t-  -iihr.]  A  fainil.v  of  fissi- 
rostnil  eypseliform  non-passerine  liirils,  of  the 
conventional  order  I'ieariw;  the  goatsuckers 
or  niglit-.jars.  They  arc  chielly  of  noctiinial  or  ere- 
]iUHcular  habtt.s,  have  a  liroad.  fiattcned  head,  large  eyea 
and  ears,  and  a  very  small  bill  with  deeply  cleft  rictna 
generally  jirovided  with  long  brisllcs.  They  have  very 
KIM  all  ri'ct.  h'e(|iu'utlvof  aualinoriiuil  n  mill  icri>f|iliii  hinges, 
the  hind  loe  being  short  and  iisuiilly  eleval.d,  llic  trout 
toes  Mchbcil  at  the  base,  and  the  middle  claw  iiHimlly  pee- 
tluate.  Tlii'it-  pliiiiiage  is  soft  and  hi\,  and  llii-  wings  and 
tall  are  vari.-ible  in  ilevelopineiil.  'I'liere  are  about  14 
genera  and  niiwiird  of  HM)  »]iecieH,  of  tile  ti-niperati'  ami 
tropical  poftioiiH  of  both  licniispheres.  Tliey  are  divided 
into  1  Hubfamilies,  I'odnnjina',  SIralornithinfr,  Xt/ctiltii- 
nil-,  and  Ciiiiritituliiinif. 

Caprimulgins  (kap  "ri-inul-.ji'ne),  H.  pi.     [NL., 

<  (iijiriniutiiu.i  +  -ilia.]  The  typical  subfamily 
of  CiiprimulijiiUv,  including  the  true  goatsuck- 
ers  and  niglit-jars.  Tin  kc  birds  are  .,1  noelurnal  or 
crepiiM'iilar  habits,  insectivoroiiH,  and  in  temperate  coun- 
tries migratory  ;  the  young  are  downy  a(  biiih.  contrary 
to  the  rub-  among  .illneeti.  The  I'fij'riiniihtinir  are  very 
geni-rally  diKtributed  in  both  benilsphens.  fiijmmiil- 
>nin,  the  leading  genus.  Is  conflued  lo  the  oI,l  world. 
1.4'iidliig  American  genera  are  .\ifi-tidronnin,  .liilnmtowus, 
and   rlt„r,l,ite„.      See  enta  under  .XntroHtonont  and  7(iflf- 

caprimulgine  (kap-ri-murjin),  a.  and  w.  I.  a. 
Of  i>r  peiinining  to  the  Caprimulgidw  or  the 
geiiiiK  I'lijoiniulgus. 

II.  ".  One  ol'  the  Cnprimidgiiliv :    n   bird  of 
the  goutKiicker  family. 


Caprimulgus 

CaprimulgUS  (kap-ri-mul'gus),  n.  [L.,  a  milk- 
er of  goats;  also  a  bird  so  called,  tho  goat- 
sucker (sec  qotitsuekcr) ;  <  caper,  fem.  cajini,  a 
goat,  +  mulgere  =  E.  milk.}  The  typical  and 
most  extensive  genus  of  goatsuckers,  of  tlui 
subfamily  CajiriniiiUiiiui;  forinprly  coiitoriiii- 
nous  with  the  family  Capriiiiiilijidn\  but  now 
commonly  restricted  to  species  strictly  con- 
generic with  tho  European  goatsucker,  night- 
jar, night-chuiT,  or  fern-owl,  Capriiiiulijiis  euro- 
JXPH-S.  In  this  iicceptation  of  the  f^eims,  nnnc  of  the 
species  are  American,  tlie  American  wliippoorwills,  etc., 
being  now  usnalty  included  in  tlie  genus  Antrostonnu*: 
There  are  upward  uf  30  species  of  Caprimulffus  proper. 

caprin,  caprine^  (kap'rin),  «.  [<  capr(ic)  + 
-iifi,  -(He-.]  A  substance  found  in  butter, 
which,  with  butyi'in  and  caprone,  gives  the  but- 
ter its  peculiar  taste  and  odor.  It  is  a  com- 
poimd  of  eapric  acid  and  glycerin,  or  a  caprate 
of  glycerin. 

Caprina  (ka-pri'nii),  n.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L.  ca- 
prinus,  relating  to  a  goat ;  in  allusion  to  the 
shell,  which  resembles  a  goat's  horn.]  A  ge- 
nus of  fossil  bivalve  moUusks  of  the  Creta- 
ceous period,  by  some  regarded  as  a  member 
of  the  Biidistw,  or  family  HippurUidm,  and  by 
other.s  as  the  type  of  a  family  Caprinidw. 

Caprinse  (ka-pri'ne),  )(.  2'^-  [NL.,  <  Capra  + 
-i)ia:~\  The  goat  tribe  considered  as  a  subfam- 
ily of  Bovidie,  characterized  by  having  horns 
which  are  subangular  in  section,  curved  back- 
ward, with  an  anterior  rectilinear  ridge  con- 
tinuous around  the  convex  curve. 

caprine^  (kap'rin),  a.  [<  L.  caprimts,  <  caper 
{capr-),  a  goat:  see  cajjerl.]  Like  a  goat;  hir- 
cine ;  pertaining  to  the  Caprime. 

Their  physiognomy  is  canine,  vulpine,  caprine. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Life  of  Bp.  Brownrigg,  p.  236. 

caprine-,  »».     See  caprin. 

Caprlnella  (kap-ri-nel'a),  n.  [NL.,  dim.  of  Cn- 
priiia,  q.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
CaprmeUidw. 

Caprinellidse  (kapri-nel'i-de),  71.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cuprinellii  +  -i<l<i\'\  A  family  of  fossil  bivalve 
moUusks,  typified  by  the  genus  CaprincUa.  The 
typical  forms  have  a  subconical  right  valvti^with  a  liga- 
mental  furrow  on  its  convex  side  and  a  lai'ge  hinge-tooth 
supported  by  an  oblique  plate,  while  the  left  valve  is 
spiral  and  provided  with  two  teeth,  of  which  the  anterior 
is  borne  on  a  plate  that  longitudinally  traverses  the  um- 
bonal  cavity.  By  some  the  species  ai'e  referred  to  the  Hip- 
puriiuhv,  and  by  others  to  the  Chntnidix.  They  lived  dur- 
ing the  Cretaceous  epoch. 

caprinic  (ka-priu'ik),  a.  [<  caprin  +  -ic] 
Same  as  eapric. 

CaprmidsB  (ka-prin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
prina +  -ifte.]  A  family  of  extinct  bivalve 
moUusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Caprina,  to 
which  different  limits  have  been  given.  By  some 
it  is  restricted  to  the  genus  Capriiui ;  Viy  others  it  is  ex- 
tended to  embrace  the  genera  Caprina,  Caprinella,  and  Ca- 
pmtina.     All  the  species  lived  in  the  Cretaceous  seas. 

capriole  (kap'ri-61),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
capriol,  caprioll,  caprcall  (whence  by  abbr. 
caper :  see  caper'^),  also  later  cabriole  (and  Sc. 
caprel) ;  =  D.  capriool  =  G.  capriole  =  Sw.  kn- 
jmol  =  Dan.  kapriole,  <  P.  cajiriole  (16th  cen- 
tury), now  cabriole  =  Sp.  Pg.  cabriola,  <  It.  ca- 
priola,  also  cavriola,  cavriuola,  a  caper,  capriole, 
frisk,  leap,  lit.  a  leap  like  that  of  a  kid  or  goat, 
<  capriolo,  cavriolo,  m.,  capriola,  cavriola,  i.,  a 
kid,  a  fawn  (Florio),  also,  without  dim.  force, 
a  wild  goat,  a  roebuck,  =  Cat.  Pr.  cabirol  = 
OF.  cheoerol,  clievroil,  F.  chevreuil,  m.,  OF.  che- 
vrolle,  chevreulle,  f.,  <  L.  capreolus,  m.,  LL.  ca- 
preola,  f.,  ML.  also  caprioliis,  capriola,  a  wild 
goat,  roebuck,  roe :  see  capreolus  andcapcr^.  Cf. 
F.  capriot,  n.,  capriotcr,  v.,  caper  (Cotgrave).] 

1.  A  caper  or  leap,  as  in  dancing;  a  sudden 
bound ;  a  spring.     [Archaic] 

With  lofty  turnes  and  capriols  in  the  a>Te 
Which  with  the  lusty  tunes  accordeth  faire. 

Sir  J.  Davies,  Dancing,  st.  68. 

His  teeth  doe  caper  whilst  he  eates  his  meat, 
His  heeles  doe  caper  whilst  he  takes  his  seate ; 
His  very  soule,  his  intellectual, 
Is  nothing  but  a  mincing  capreall. 

Maraton,  Scourge  of  Villauie,  .\i. 

Permitting  no  caprioles  of  fancy,  but  with  scope  enough 
for  the  outbreak  of  savage  instincts. 

Hawthorne,  Blithedale  Romance,  ix. 

2.  In  the  manege,  an  upward  spring  or  leap 
made  by  a  horse  without  advancing,  the  hind 
legs  being  jerked  out  when  at  the  height  of  the 
leap_. — 3t.  A  kind  of  head-dress  worn  by  women. 

capriole  (kap'ri-61),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capri- 
oled, ppr.  caprioling.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
capreall,  and  by  abbr.  caper  (see  capcr'^) ;  <  F. 
cabrioler  =  Sp.  Pg.  cabriolar,  <  It.  capriolare, 
caper,  leap;  from  the  noun:  see  capriole,  »(.] 
To  execute  a  capriole  ;  leap ;  skip. 


809 

Far  over  the  billowy  sea  of  heads  may  be  seen  Rascality 
capriolimj  on  horses  from  the  royal  stud. 

Cariiflf,  Krcnch  Rev.,  I.  vii.  10. 

capriped  (kap'ri-ped),  a.    [<  L.  eaprijies  (-ped-), 

<  ca/Kr  {r(ipr-),  a  goat,  -t-  jkh  (.ped-)  =  E.foot.] 
Having  fed  likp  those  of  a  goat. 

capritcht,  "■     See  capriche. 

caprizant  (kap'ri-zant),  a.  [<  F.  caprisant  = 
I'g.  ra]iri~anle  =  It.  caprizzante,  <  ML.  capri- 
can(l-).<i,  ppr.  of  "caprizarc,  leaj)  lik(^  a  goat, 

<  L.  m/irv,  a  goat.  Cf.  ««/'C«,r.]  Lcajjiiig:  UHcd 
of  the  jiulse  when  it  seems  to  leap,  au  imper- 
fect dilatation  of  the  artery  being  succeeded 
by  a  fuller  one. 

caproate  (kap'ro-at),  ».  [<  capro{ic)  -t-  -ate^.'] 
A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  eaproic  acid 
with  a  base. 

cap-rock  (kap'rok),  n.  In  lead-mining,  a  stra- 
tum immediately  under  which  the  lead-bearing 
crevices  begin  to  widen  and  become  productive. 
[Lead  regions  of  the  upper  Mississippi.] 

eaproic  (ka-pro'ik),  «.  [<  capro-,  assumed 
stem  of  L.  caper,  a  goat,  -I-  -ic]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  goat ;  derived  from  a  goat.  Also 
capronic — Caprolc  acid,  C„Hiof)2,  the  sixth  in  the 
series  of  fatty  acids,  a  clear  inobde  nil  which  together 
with  eapric  acid  may  be  prepared  from  butter,  from  c<i- 
coanut-oil,  and  from  various  other  sources ;  its  salts  are 
termed  eaproates.  It  is  a  mobile  fluid,  colorless,  inflam- 
mable, and  has  a  very  acid  and  penetrating  taste. 

caproid  (kap'ro-id),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Caproidw. 
II.  n.   A  fish  of  the  family  Caproidw. 

Caproidse  (ka-pro'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Capros 
+  -i'rfrt'.]  A  family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes, 
represented  by  tho  genus  Capros,  and  related 
to  the  Zenida:.  They  have  a  compressed  body,  project- 
ing snout,  very  protractile  upper  jaw,  ctenoid  scales,  and 
many  vertebra;.  The  principal  species  is  the  Capros  apcr 
or  boar-fish.    Also  Capridw.     See  cut  under  boar-Jish. 

Both  the  Zenida;  and  the  Cnproidoi  exhibit  a  very  sin- 
gular mode  of  locomotion.  This  is  to  a  large  extent  ef- 
fected by  a  scarcely  perceptible  vibratory  motion  of  the 
dorsal  and  anal  fins,  and  they  are  thus  enabled  to  steal 
upon  their  victims  unnoticed.     .Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  209. 

capromyan  (kap-ro-mi'an),  «.  [<  Capromijs  + 
-««.]  A  rodent  quadruped  of  the  group  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  Capromys. 

Capromys  (kap'ro-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KOTrpof, 
a  wild  boar  (cf.  L.  caper,  a  goat :  see  caper'^),  4- 
fivg  =  E.  mouse.']  A  genus  of  hystricomorphic 
rodent  mammals,  of  the  family  OctodontidiB  and 
subfamily  Echinomi/ina',  or  hedgehog-rats,  pe- 
culiar to  the  island  of  Cuba,  where  two  species 
occur,  C.  pilorides  and  C.  prehensilis,  called  re- 
spectively the  hutia-conga  ov pilori-rat  and  the 
hutia-'-arabali. 

caprone  (kap'ron),  n.  [<  cffp)((p)  +  -one.']  A 
clear  colorless  oU  obtained  from  butter,  and  to 
which  with  caprine  the  peculiar  flavor  of  butter 
is  partly  due.     It  is  a  ketone  of  eaproic  acid. 

capronic  (kap-ron'ik),  a.  [<  caprone  +  -ic.~\ 
Same  as  cajiroic. 

Capros  (kap'ros),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kairpoc,  a  wild 
boar,  also  a  sea-fish.]  A  genus  of  acanthop- 
terygian fishes,  of  the  family  Carangida;  or  the 
type  of  a  distinct  family  Caproidw.  C.  aper  is 
the  boar-fish.  Lacepede,  1804.  See  cut  under 
boar-fish. 

Caprotina  (kap-ro-ti'na),  n.  [NL.,<L.  Capro- 
tina,  a  cognomen  of  Juno.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
bivalve  mollusks,  considered  by  some  to  be  typi- 
cal of  a  family  Caprotinidw. 

Caprotinidae  (kap-ro-tin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Caprotina  +  -id(e.'\  A  family  of  fossil  bivalve 
mollusks,  tj'pified  by  the  genus  Caprotina.  The 
valves  are  nearly  alike  iu  form,  butdissinularin  sculpture. 


Right  valve.  Left  valve. 

Caprotina  striata. 

a, a',  positions  of  adductor  muscles :  r.  c.  cartilage-pits ;  ^, /,  liga- 

mental  inflections :  t.t'.  teeth. 

the  right  being  striated  or  ribbed,  and  the  left  Hat  or  convex 
with  a  marginal  umbo.  The  interior  is  shown  in  the  an- 
nexed cuts."  The  species  have  been  referred  variously  to 
the  families  Ilippuritidce,  Chamidee.  and  Caprinidce;  all 
are  continud  to  the  Cretaceous  seas. 
CaproviS  (kap'ro-vis),  J!.  [NL.,  <  L.  caper,  a 
goat,  4-  mis,  a  sheep,  =  E.  e«-e.]  A  subgenus  of 
the  genus  Ovis,  including  several  species  of  wild 
sheep,  as  the  moufflon  of  Sardinia  and  Corsica 
and  the  argali  of  Asia.     See  cut  imder  argali. 


Capsidae 

Caproyl  (kap'ro-il),  n.  [<  capro{ic)  +  ->jl,  <  Gr. 
\i/ri,  matter.]  'fhe  radical  ((-'gHjiO)  of  eaproic 
acid  and  its  derivatives. 

capryl  (kap'ril),  n.  [<  capr(ic)  +  ■yl.']  An  or- 
ganic radical  C'sIIiy)  not  existing  in  the  free 
state,  but  toutnl  in  a  number  of  compounds. 

Caprylic  (ka-pril'ik),  a.  [<  rapryl  +  -ic]  Re- 
lated Id  or  containing  the  radical  capryl,  Cg 

Hl7-  Caprylic  aci(l,<'7lli.-,cii.iiu,  avolatile  fattyacid 
found  coiiiriiiicd  a;,  an  elber  in  cows'  butter,  and  in  much 
l:ni;cr  quantity  in  <  oroanut-oil.  At  ordinary  tcrapera- 
tures  it  is  a  liiplid,  Huluble  in  boiling  water, 

capsal  (kap'.sal),  n.  [A  corruption  of  capstan.'] 
A  capstan;  specifically,  among  American  lum- 
bermen, a  rough  capstan  built  on  a  raft. 

Capsaria  (kap-sa'ri-;i),  n.  jil.  [NL.,  <  Capsus 
+  -aria.]  A  division  of  lieteropterous  insects 
containing  V)roadIy  ovate  forms.     See  Capsidw. 

cap-screw  (kap'skrii),  n.  A  screw-bolt  with 
a  cubical  head,  used  in  securing  the  ends  of 
steam-cylinders. 

cap-scuttle  (kap'skuf'l),  n.  Naut.,  a  covering 
for  a  hatch  made  so  as  to  fit  over  the  outside 
of  tho  coaming,  to  keep  out  water. 

Capsella  (kap-sel'a),  11.  [L.,  a  small  box  or 
coffer,  dim.  of  capsa,  a  box:  see  case".]  A 
small  genus  of  craciferous  jilants ;  shejjherd's- 
purse  (which  sec). 

cap-sheaf  (kap'shef),  n.  1.  The  top  sheaf  of  a 
stack  of  grain;  thecrowncr.  Hence  —  2.  Fig- 
uratively, the  summit;  the  extreme  degree  of 
anything:  as,  this  letter  is  the  cap-sheaf  of  his 
impudence. 

Success  in  foreign  commerce  will  be  the  cap-sheaf,  the 
crowning  glory,  of  Philadelphia, 

Buchanan,  in  Curtis,  II.  29. 

cap-shore  (kap'shor),  n.    Xaut.,  a  small  spar 
supporting  the  forward  edge  of  the  cap  of  a 
lower  mast. 

capsicin,  capsicine  (kap'si- 
sin),  n.  [<  Capsicum  +  -in~, 
-iiw^.]  An  active  principle 
(C9H14O2)  obtained  from 
the  fruit  of  several  species 
of  the  genus  Capsicum,  ap- 
pearing in  colorless  crys- 
tals and  extremely  acrid.  It 
is  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  fonns 
ci-ystallizable  salts  with  acetic,  ni- 
trir,  and  sulphuric  tlcids. 

Capsicum  (kap'si-kum),  n. 
[NL.  (so  called  from  the 
shape  of  the  fruit),  <  L. 
capsa,  a  box :  see  case^.] 
1.  A  genus  of  herbace- 
ous or  shrubby  South 
American  plants,  natural 
order  fiolanacew,  with  a 
wheel-shaped  corolla,  pro- 
jecting and  converging  stamens,  and  a  many- 
seeded  beny.  Many  of  the  species  are  very  exten- 
sively cidtivated  for  their  fruit,  which  contains  an  ex- 
ceedingly pungent  principle,  capsicin.  The  fruit  or  pod 
is  fleshy  ami  very  variable  in  shape  and  color,  some- 
times inflated  and  as  large  as  an  orange.  It  is  used  for 
pickles,  sauces,  etc,,  and  also  in 
medicine  as  a  valuable  local  and 
general  stimulant,  Cayenne  or 
red  pepper  consists  of  the  ground 
pods  of  various  species,  especially 
of  C.  /astiffiatum,  the  African  or 
Guinea  pepper,  or  spur-pepper, 
and  of  the  common  red  pepper  of 
the  garden,  C.  annuitm.  The 
pods  of  both  of  these  species 
ai-e  also  known  as  chillies,  and 
before  they  are  ground  as  jmd 
peppers.  C.  baccatum  is  the  berry- 
bearing  capsicum,  or  bird-pepper, 
and  C.  fruticosum  is  the  goat-pep- 
per. The  bonnet-pepper,  C,  tetra- 
fjonum,  has  a  large  and  very  fleshy 
fruit,  antl  is  much  cultivated  in 
the  West  Indies.  The  cherry-pep- 
per, C,  cerasifonne,  with  small 
roimd  fruit,  is  soiuetimes  culti- 
vated fur  ornament.  The  hell-pepper  is  a  large-podded 
variety  of  C,  annuum,  of  which  there  are  many  varieties, 
2.  [I.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus  or  its  fruit. 
capsid  (kap'sid),  «.  One  of  the  Capsidw. 
Capsidae  (kap'si-de),  n.  jil.  [NL.,  <  Capsus  + 
-idte.]  A  family  of  heteropterous  hemipterous 
insects,  of  the  series  Geocores  or  land-bugs, 
typified  by  the  genus  Capsus,  and  founded  by 
Westwood  in  1840.  It  is  of  large  extent,  containing 
many  small  prettily  colored  species  of  convex  form.  The 
antenna;  are  loiiir,  "often  with  the  second  joint  thickened 
at  the  tip,  and  very  slender  ternnnal  joints ;  the  labrum  is 
long ;  ocelli  arc  wanting ;  the  legs  are  long  and  slender, 
with  3-iointed  tarsi  sometimes  provided  with  pulvilli. 
The  females  have  a  long  slender  ovipositor  received  in  a 
slit  under  the  alidomen.  They  are  active  bugs,  and  sub- 
sist on  the  juices  of  plants  and  trees ;  some  are  particu- 
larly fond  of  lipe  fruit.  Several  groups,  corresponding 
more  or  less  nearly  with  Capgidae,  are  called  Capsaria, 
Capsida,  Capsina,  and  Capsini. 


Cap-shore 


Red  Pepper 


{ Capsicum  c 


cap-sill 

cap-sill  (kap'sU),  H.  The  upper  horizontal  beam 

in  the  timber-framing  of  a  bridge,  viaduct,  etc. 
Capsina  (kap-si'na),  n.  j)!.     [XL.,  <  Capsus  + 

-iii'.'.  J    A  group  of  heteropterous  insects.    See 

C'iji<ida:. 
capsize  (kap-siz'),  >■'■ ;  pret.  and  pp.  capsi::i'd, 

ppr.  capshing.     [Origin  unknown;  the   Dan. 

hipsejse  is  from  E.]     I.  intraiis.  To  turn  over 

or  upset :  as,  take  care  that  the  boat  does  not 

capsUe. 
The  boat  swept  sheer  over  the  dam  with  all  on  board, 

filling  and  capsizing  iustantl}'. 

J.  T.  Troirbridge,  Coapon  Bonds,  p.  299. 

U.  trans.  1.  To  upset;  overturn  (a  boat  or 
vessel). 

What  if  carrjing  sail  capsize  the  boat? 

Bi/ron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  IS. 

2.  To  move  (a  hogshead  or  other  vessel)  for- 
ward bv  turning  it  alternately  on  the  heads. 
UnViwdl.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

capsize  (kap-siz'),  «.  [<  capsize,  i'.]  An  up- 
sit :  an  overturn. 

cap-square  (kap'skwar),  n.  In  gun.,  one  of  the 
strong  plates  of  iron  or  brass  which  are  fitted 
over  the  trunnions  of  a  gun  and  secure  it  on 
the  carriage.    See  cut  under  yun-carriaye. 

capstan (kap'stan),  n.  [Formerly  also  capstane, 
(•iip.<.tiinil  (simulating  stand),  capstern  (simulat- 
ing ■■itcrn),  once  capstriiig  (simulating  utriny). 
eapisteti,  caston  (dial,  aipsul,  q.  v.);  =  MD. 
kapestant,  D.  k-aapstander  (simulating  kaaj)- 
stander,  a  lighthouse,  <  l;aup,  JID.  I;(ipe,  =  E. 
cape-,  +  stander,  axletree,  MD.  stanclcr,  stan- 
daerd,  a  column,  pillar,  mill-post,  standard,  D. 
standaard,  a  banner,  =  E.  standard)  =z  G.  habe- 
stan,  <  F.  cabeslan  ^  Pr.  cabcstan,  <  Sp.  cabi- 
stranlc,  usually  cabresttmte  (=  Pg.  cabrestantc) 
(simulating  eubra,  a  goat,  an  engine  for  throw- 
ing stones,  +  cstante,  a  shelf,  naut.  a  prop  of 
a  cross-beam,  as  adj.  fixed,  lit.  standing,  <  L. 
stan(t-)s,  yjpr.  of  stare,  stand),  a  capstan,  prob. 
<  cabestrar,  <  L.  capistrare,  tie  with  a  lialtcr,  < 
capislrum  (>  Sp.  cabestro  =  Pg.  cabn.-ilo  =  It. 
capestro  =  Pr.  cabestre  =  OF.  chevcstre,  F.  che- 
vetre),  a  halter,  muzzle,  band,  <  capere,  hold :  see 
capislrum  and  vapabU.'\  An  apparatus  work- 
ing ou  the  principle  of  the  wheel  and  axle, 
used  for  raising  weights  or  applying  power,    it 

collsisU  of  at^iilTigllt  barrel,  uillier  sln<iiith  or  Iiaviii-„'  ribs 
called  whelps,  whieh  ai-c  arranged  about  a  spitnlle.    Above 

the  barrel  is  the 
capstan-head, 
whicli  has  holes 
to  receive  the 
ends  of  levers  or 
bars  by  whieh  the 
barrel  is  revolv- 
ed. At  the  bottom 
of  the  barrel  is  a 
pawl-head,  with 
i>a\vl8  to  catch  a 
ratchet-l'ing  or 
pawl-rini,  which 
is  secured  Ut  the 
floor  or  platform. 
A  capstan  differs 
from  a  windlass 
in  having  a  verti- 
cal iriHtcail  of  a 
horizontal  axis. 
The  capstan  em- 
ployed to  draw 
coal  from  lifts  is 
usually  called  a 
tfin,  and  when 
worked  by  horses  a  ichim-fjin.  On  tjoard  ship  it  is  used 
for  weitfhinK  the  anchor,  w»n>bn;  ship,  etc.  Chinese 
capstan,  a  ditrcrcntbil  flevice  for  hciistfuK  or  liaulitik'.  It 
Is  till-  same  as  the  ditfrTeiitial  windlass  (which  si-.-,  under 
u-Mulliitn),  exc  ept  that  Its  axis  Is  vertical.— Power-Cap- 
Btan,  a  capstan  in  wlilcli,  by  the  application  of  cog-wheels, 
trii  It  jHiwcr  ma>'  be  uatncd  at  the  expense  M  speed. — 
Steam-capstan,  a  'ajistan  turned  by  a  steam-engine. — 
To  come  up  with  the  capstan,  to  turn  It  tin-  i-ontrary 

w.iv,  «..  as  to  «ini-k'-fi  the  r'ipe  about  it.  -  To  hcave  at 

*li>t  capstan,  to  cause  it  to  turn  by  luisbing  with  the 

>  t  the  bars.    To  man  the  capst2Ln,t<>  jitace 

ii  it  in  readiness  to  hriivr.     To  pawl  the 

■:    '■'  Ilx  til'--  pawls  HO  as  to  pri-v,-ut  Ilo'  rapstan 

■ibni;     To  rig  the  capstan,  to  prepare  it  for 

ti    1. 11,:- (,y  iiyjtiu' the  liars  in  tlu' bobs  or  otherwise.   -  TO 

HUrKe  the  capstan,  to  slacki-n  tie-  rope  uonnd  round 

capstan-bar  (kap'Htnn-bilr),  n.     Ono  of  the 
o.,,,.rii||y  of  wood,  by  whicli  a  I'upHtun 

To  swifter  the  capstan-bars,  b,  fasten  a 
iomI  tb"  outer  ends  of  all  the  eapstJiti-bars 
^  round,  so  that  they  cannot  be  accidentally 


Capst.-in. 

,  captun-hcicl :  d,  barrel ;  c,  pawl-rim  and 

pawls;  ti,  ca[>st.-in.Dar. 


810 

2.  In  ro67.,  a  fossil  echinite  (sea-urchin)  of  the 
genus  Conulus:  so  named  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  cap. 

capstrlngt,  «.    See  capstan. 

capsula  i,kap'su-la),  n.;  pi.  capsuUe  (-le).  [L.] 
Same  as  capsule. 

capsulaescic  (kap-su-les'ik),  a.  i<  L.  capsula 
(see  capsule)  +  a'sc-ulus,  horse-chestnut  (see 
esculin),  +  -(■('.]  Derived  from  capsules  of  the 
horse-chestnut — Capsulsescic  acid,  aii  acid  found 
in  the  capsules  of  horse-chestnuts. 

capsular  (kap'su-lar),  a.  [<  L.  capsula  (see 
capsule)  +  -arS.']  Hollow,  like  a  chest  or  cap- 
sule ;  pertaining  to  or  having  the  structure  of 
a  capsule — Capsular  artery,  tlic  middle  suprarenal 
artery.— Capsular  ligament,  the  ligament  which  sur- 
rounds every  nuivabie  articulation,  and  contains  the  sy- 
novia like  a  bag.  ciee  diarthrusig. —  Capsular  vein,  the 
suprarenal  vein. 

capsulary  tkap'su-la-ri).  a.     Same  as  caj}sular. 

capsulate,  capsulated  (kap'su-lat,  -la-ted),  a. 
[<  cdpside  +  -((^'1.]  Inclosed  in  a  capsule,  or 
us  iu  a  chest  or  box.     Also  capsuled. 

capsule  (kap'sul),  n.  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  kapsel, 
<  F.  capsule  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  capsula,  <  L.  capsula, 
a  small  box  or  chest  (cf .  cujisclln ),  dim.  of  cajisa, 
abox:  see  cffw'-.]  1.  A  small  casing,  envelop, 
covering,  etc.,  naturtil  or  artificisil,  usually  thin 
or  membranous ;  a  cover  or  container  of  some 
small  object  or  quantity  of  matter.  Specifi- 
cally— 2.  In  hot.,  a  dehiscent  pod  or  seed-ves- 
sel,"either  membranous  or  woody,  composed  of 


c. 

C.l 

C.-I|. 

C.lp 

II 

l,  ,■ 


'irel,  ".     See  capnian, 
■apHtandt,  «•    Hoo  capstan. 
>■  I  iiipsian, 

■iin),  n.     1.  In  nrr/i.,flie  upper- 

iiT  Htone  'if  a  Htriictiire,  ii.i  of  a 

'     '•*".     *'  '      TT-i'tones,  rir  llaus.  are 

ill  stoneK  to  pmU-i't 

.iii  well  u  U>  bind 


Capsules,  after  dehiscence. 
a,  asphodel  I  i,  argeinone ;  c,  violet. 

two  or  more  carpels,  which  at  maturity  becomes 
dry  and  opens  by  regular  valves  coiTCspouding 
in  number  to  the  carpels,  or  twice  as  uimierous. 
The  term  is  sometimes  applied  to  any  dry  dehiscent  fruit, 
and  even  to  the  spore-cases  of  various  cryptogamic  jjlants. 
3.  In  cliem.:  (a)  A  small  saucer  made  of  clay  for 
roasting  samples  of  ores,  or  for  melting  tlicm. 
(b)  A  small  shallow  vessel  made  of  Berlin  ware, 
platinum,  etc.,  for  evaporations,  solutions,  and 
the  like. — 4.  In  anat.  and  mul.,  a  membrane 
or  ligament  inclosing  some  jiart  or  organ  as 
in  a  bag  or  sac ;  a  saccular  envelo])  or  invest- 
iiient :  as,  the  cajisule  of  the  crystalliiio  lens  of 
the  eye  ;  the  ca)isulc  of  ti  joint,  as  the  hip. —  5. 
In  anat.,  some  part  or  organ  likened  to  a  cap- 
sule: as,  the  adrenal  crt/AvKte. — 6.  In  I'rotiKoa, 
the  included  perforated  test  of  a  railiolariau. — 
7.  Ill  entiim.,  a  homy  case  inclosing  the  eggs 
of  an  insect,  as  those  of  the  cockroach.  Also 
called  (Hitlicca. —  8.  A  cap  of  thin  metal,  such  as 
tin-foil,  put  over  the  mouth  ol'  a  corked  bottle 
to  preserve  the  cork  from  drying.  Wine  of  good 
<|natity  when  bottled  was  formerly  sealcil  with  wax  uiion 
the  cork,  but  the  use  of  the  capsule  is  now  almost  univer- 
sal, the  grower's  or  dealer's  iiainc  or  device  being  cum- 
inonly  stamped  upon  it. 

9.  A  small  gelatinous  case  or  envelop  iu  whieh 
nauseous  ini'dicinos  are  inclnscd  to  be  kwilI- 
lowed. — 10.  The  shell  of  a  inctidliccartriilgeor 
of  a  fulminating  tube.  Adrenal  capsule,  an  ad- 
remil (which  sec).-  Atrablllary  capsule,  Ine  suprarenal 
capsule,  or  adreiud.-  Bonnet's  capsule,  the  posterior 
part  of  the  tunica  vaginalis  of  the  eye,  liehlnd  the  point  of 
pcrfoiation  of  the  tendons  of  Ihc  muscles  of  the  eyiballs. 

-  Bowman's  capsule,  the  ra|isulio(  a  .Malpiublan  body 
of  the  kidney.  -  Capsule  of  Ollsson,  the  slnalh  of  eon. 
ncclivr  tissue'  envelojiiiig  the  linmches  of  the  iiorlal  vein, 
hepalii  artiTV,  and  lli'liatic  duel  as  they  ramify  In  the  liver. 

-  Capsule  of  the  kidney,  Hie  sr th  llbrous  membrane 

closilv  invisling  the  kidney,  ami  fornilngits  outer  coal. 
Capsule  of  the  lens,  the  transnarcnl,  einstic,  brittle,  and 
Sinn  tun  bss  mcuibnine  inrlosing  the  lens  of  the  eye.— 
Central  capsule,  ihi-  capsule  of  a  radiolarlan.  Exter- 
nal capsule,  the  layer  of  white  ner\iins  substliuci'  be- 
twe.u  iTir  clauslrum  and  the  pulanien  of  the  brain.  In- 
ternal capsule,  the  layer  of  nirve  fibers  paasing  npwaid 
In  the  brain  frciiu  tin'  crura  lenbrl  to  thi'  cortex.  bcl"i-.  n 

the  cnndate  nucleus  and  the  ojitlc  tbalamtis  on  tb 

side  and  the  lenticular  mnhiis  on  tl tlnr.      Marsupial 

capsule,  In  t'"liiZ'ia(itr  Unti'zim).  an  Imlivldual  of  a  colony 
serving  only  for  the  reception  of  ova.  Nldamental  cap- 
sule. In  cinirti.,  a  crutii  In  which  the  club|-yos  of  certain 
mollnsks  are  contained. 

Till'  mdavirnliU  rnnniUn  |of  the  wllclk,  Duecinum]  are 
aggregated  In  rouinllsn  masses  which,  when  tlinrwn  iisbore 
and  ilrifterl  by  the  wind,  n-srnible  corallines.  Kncli  cap- 
sule contains  live  or  six  young. 

a.  t'.  Woodward,  Mollusca,  2d  od,,  p.  2l9i 


captain 

Suprarenal  t^psule,  a  small  flattened  body,  somewhat 
glandular  in  aiijiearaiae,  but  with  no  duet,  which  in  many 
aniniats  surmounts  the  kidney.  Also  called  sujirarenal 
h'i,/)t  and  'I'liiuat.  See  cut  under  kidtit^ij.  —  Urtlcatlng 
capsule,  a  iieiiiatocyst.  cnida,  or  thread-cell. 

capsuled  (kap'suld;,  a.     Same  as  capsulnti\ 

capsuliferOUS  (kap-stl-lif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  cap- 
sidtt  (.see  capsule)  +  ferre  =  E.  ftcarl.]  In  bot. 
and  ,-(i(V/..  bearing  capsules. 

capsuligerous  (kap-sii-lij'e-rus),  0.  [<  L.  cap- 
,<«/(/  (see  capsule)  +  gererc,  bear.]  Same  as 
riipsuUfcrous. 

capsulitis  (kap-su-li'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  capsula 
(see  capsule)  +  -itis.'\  Inflammation  of  the  cap- 
sule of  the  lens  of  the  eye. 

capsulogenous  (kap-su-loj'o-nus),  a.  [<  L. 
capsula  (see  capsule)  +  -genus,  producing:  see 
-genaus.']  Producing  a  capsnlo:  specifically  ap- 
plied to  certain  glands  of  earthworms,  opening 
ou  the  surface  by  papilla?  and  siipposeti  to  assist 
in  the  secretion  of  the  capsule  or  cocoon  of 
those  animals. 

capsulotomy  (kap-su-lot'o-mi),  n.  [<  L.  cap- 
sula (see  capsule)  +  iMGr.  rofiia,  a  cutting:  see 
ancttdmi/.]  In  sury.,  incision  of  the  capsule  of 
the  lens  of  the  eye. 

Capsus  (kap'sus),  n.  [NL. :  said  to  be  <  Gr. 
/vflTrni-,  gulp  down  ;  cf.  wii/''fi  a  K^'lping  down.] 
A  genus  of  insects,  typical  of  the  family  Vap- 
sida;  founded  by  Fabrieitis  in  1 S03.  As  now  re- 
stricted, it  contains  bugs  usually  of  medium  size  and 
broadly  ovate  form,  with  moderate  or  narrow  neck,  per- 
fect wings  and  hemelytra,  and  second  antennal  joint  long- 
est and  chivate.     C.  trij'asciatuji  is  an  example. 

captt  (kapt),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  cap^,  v.']  Overcome 
in  argument. 

capt.  An  iibbreviation  of  captain. 

captain  (kap'tau),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  captain, 
capitdin,  -ein,  -eijn,  =  D.  kapiteiu  =  Dan.  Kaptejn, 
kaptlajn  =  Sw.  kupten,  <  OF.  capitain,  capilaine 
f\-eruacular form clieietaiiie,  >E. chieftain, q.  v.), 
F.  capilaine  =  Pr.  capitani  =  Sp.  capitan  =  Pg. 
capilao  =  lt.  capilano,  <  }ilh.  capita)ieus,  -anins, 
-anus,  a  captain  (also,  anil  prop.,  an  adj.,  princi- 
pal, chief),  <  L.  caput(ciiiiit-).  head :  seecajiital^, 
etc.  Cf.  headman  and  lietmau.'}  I.  n.  1.  One 
who  is  at  the  head  of  or  has  authority  over 
ofliiMs;  it'cliicf;  a  leader;  a  commander,  espe- 
citilly  ill  military  affairs.  In  the  Bible  the  term  is 
a]iplied  to  a  king  or  prince,  to  a  general  or  eommamler  of 
an  army,  to  the  governor  of  a  province,  etc. 
Captain  of  the  host  of  the  Lord.  Jos.  v.  14. 

.\noint  him  to  be  captain  over  my  people.    1  Sam.  ix.  10. 
Great  Mars,  the  captain  of  us  all. 

Sliak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5. 
Great  in  council  and  great  in  wai'. 
Foremost  captain  of  his  time. 

Tennynon,  Duke  of  Wellington. 
>lore  speciflcally— (ff)  In  the  army,  the  ofllcer  who  com- 
mands a  company,  whether  of  infantry,  cavalry,  or  artil- 
lery, (t)  In  the  navy,  an  ofllcer  next  iu  rank  above  a  com- 
mander, and  ranking  in  the  I'nited  states  service  with  n 
colonel,  and  in  the  liritish  with  a  lieutenant-colonel,  and 
after  three  years'  service  \\  ith  a  I'oloncl,  in  the  army.  Olfi- 
<'ersof  this  grade  in  the  british  service  were  formerly  desig- 
natcd  past'Captainn.  (c)  The  eommamler  or  master  of  a 
nu'rcliaiit  vessel,  (if)  In  some  of  the  public  schools  of  Kng- 
land,  a  title  given  to  the  senior  scholar,  (c)  In  ftane-ftaU, 
rinfin;/,  etc.,  the  head  or  leader  of  the  nine,  the  ei-cw,  or 
the  boiiy  of  players  on  one  side.  (.(')  In  niliiiii;/,  the  head 
man  orsuperintemlent  of  the  mining  operations;  the  per- 
son who  directs  and  is  responsible  for  the  miners'  work.  .\s 
a  title,  often  alibreviated  capt. 

2.  A  name  commonly  given,  in  the  form  long- 
finneilcuptain,  to  the  fish  (itlicrwiseknownasthe 
iaiitliorn  gurimrd.  Captain  en  pledl,  a  laplaiii  kept 
in  pay,  that  is,  not  refoniled.    Sec  ni/'lai/i  rcjuninil.  below. 

/■-'.  t'iiiifif'n,  i7ot>.  — Captain  of  the  poll,  in  tin-  I'niversity 
of  Cambridge,  Kiigland.  the  Ilisl  in  rinik  among  (hose  who 
graduate  \^  ilhout  honors,  kmM\  n  as  the  jiollni  or  ]n>lt. 

There  arc  also  many  men  every  year  contending  bir  the 
Ciiplaiiicfi  of  till'  I'l/t,  some  for  the  honor,  such  as  it  is, 
others  because  it  will  help  them  to  get  Poll  iiupils  after- 
wards. 0.  .1.  llriKtetl,  Unglish  Iniveisily,  p.  310. 

Captain  reformed),   a  captain  who  u)ion  the  reducing 

of  torces  tost,  his  eouipauy,  but  ^^as  continued  as  captain, 
eil  her  JUS  second  to  another  or  willioul.  a  post.     See  rf/or. 

moi/ii.  /;.  y/oV/i/w,  iToc.  Captains  of  tops,  captains 
of  the  forocastle,  captains  of  the  afterguard,  and 
captains  of  the  hold,  nilinus  of  petty  oIlTieis  iu  the 
I  lilted  states  navy,  whose  duties  are  to  siiiieiiulcnU 
Ibc  men  In  their  dll'lereiit  de|iartnients.  Fleet  captain. 
in  Ibc  rnlied  States  mivy,  an  iiltlcci'  temporarily  aiipotiitetf 
by  till*  Navy  Department  to  act  aschlcf  of  staff  tothe  com- 
miinilcr-ln-cbir-f  of  a  fleet  or  sipnidron.  Also  called  _/frt.ff- 
ra/iliiin, 

II. t  "•  [The  orig.  (ML.)  use,  liut  in  K.  later 
iliuii  Die  niiiiii  use.  ]  1.  ( If  child' rank,  excel- 
lence, r>r  value  ;  idiii'f;  principal. 

I, Ike  stones  of  worth  fliey  thinly  jilaceil  are, 

i*v  niplain  Jewids  Iu  the  eiireauet.  .S'ArtA-.,  Sonnets,  III. 

2.  Of  commanding  cliaraeter;  fitted  to  lead. 

Why  then  women  arc  more  valiant 
That  stay  at  home,  if  bearliiu  carry  It, 
And  the  lus  more  captain  than  Ihe  lion. 

.S'/m*.,  T.  of  A.,  III.  6. 


captain 

captain  (kap'tan),  11.  t.,  [<  captain,  >i.]  To  act 
as  leader  to;  be  captain  over;  command. 

It  was  natural  that  men  who  captained  or  accompanied 
the  exodus  from  existing  forms  and  associations  into  the 
doubtful  wildernesH  that  led  to  the  promised  land  should 
And  more  to  their  purpose  in  the  Old  Testament  than  in 
the  New.  Lowdly  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  238. 

captaincy  (kap'tan-si),  «.     [<  captain  +  -cy.'] 

Tlie  rank,  post,  or  commission  of  a  captain, 
captaincy-general (kap"tan-si-jen'e-ral),  H. 
[<  caiitaiiici/  +  (jcncral.     Cf.  Sp.  capitaiiia  f/e- 
neral.l     Tho  office  or  jm'isdietiou  of  a  captain- 
general;  speeiiically,  one  of  the  military  divi- 
sions of  Spain.     Also  captain-gencralcy. 
captainess  (kap'tan-es),  n.     [<  captain  +  -ess. 
Vt.  chief  tailless.^  A  female  commander.  [Rare.] 
Out !  traitor  Absence  !  Barest  thou  counsel  me 
From  my  dear  Captainetis  to  run  away? 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  547. 

captain-general  (kap"tan-jen'e-ral),  n.  [^(cap- 
lain  +  i/cHcral.  Cf.  Sp.  capitdk  general.']  The 
commander-in-chief  of  an  ai-my  or  of  the  miU- 
tia ;  specifically,  the  commander  of  a  military 
division  in  Spain. 

The  magnanimous  and  most  illustrious  .  .  .  captain- 
general  of  the  Grecian  army,  Agamenmon. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iii.  3. 
[The  governor  of  Rhode  Island  is  by  title  captain-general 
and  commander-in-chief  of  the  military  and  naval  forces 
of  the  State.] 

captain-generalcy  (kap"tgm-jen'e-ral-si),  n. 
[<  captiiiii-iicnerdi  +  -cy.]  Same  as  captaincy- 
general. 

captain-lieutenantt  (kap"tan-lu-ten'ant),  n. 
Formerly,  in  Great  Britain,  an  officer  wlib,  with 
the  rank  of  captain  and  pay  of  a  lieutenant, 
commanded  a  company  or  troop.  The  first  or 
colonel's  company  of  a  regiment  of  infantry  was 
commanded  by  a  eaptaiu-lieutenant. 

captainlyt  (kap'tan-li),  a.  [<  captain  +  -?(/l.] 
Pertaining  to  or  befitting  a  captain. 

captain-pasha,  capitan-pacha  (kap"tan-,  kap"- 
i-tan-pash'a),  n.  [<  captain  or  capitan  (repr. 
Turk,  qaptun  or  qajmddn  (kaptan,  kapuddn) 
-pasha)  +  pasha :  see  captain  and  jiasha.] 
Formerly,  the  colloquial  title  of  the  Turkish 
minister  of  marine,  and  of  the  chief  admiral  of 
the  Turkish  ileet.    Also  written  capudan-pasha . 

captainryt  (kap'tan-ri),  n.  [<  F.  capitaineiie, 
<  ML.  capitaneria,  captainship,  <  capitanns  : 
see  captain.]  The  power  or  command  over  a 
certain  district ;  chieftainship.     Spenser. 

captainship  (kap'tan-ship),  n.  [<  captain  + 
-ship.]  1.  The  office  of  captain,  or  of  chief 
commander. 

Therefore,  so  please  thee  to  return  with  us, 
And  of  our  Athens  (thine  and  ours)  to  take 
The  captainship.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  2. 

2t.  The  command  of  a  elan  or  government  of 

a  certain  district;  chieftainship. 

To  diminish  the  Irish  lords  he  did  abolish  their  .  .  . 
usurped  captainships.       Sir  J.  Davies,  State  of  Ireland. 

3.  Skill  as  a  captain  or  leader:  as,  he  displayed 
good  captainsliip. 
captal  (kap'tal),  n.     [Pr.,  <  L.  capitalis.  chief: 


811 


was  performed,  and  such  other  particulars  as 
are  necessary  to  render  it  legal  and  valid,  writ- 
ten upon  or  attached  to  tho  document  to  which 
it  relates.—  5.  The  heading  or  title  of  a  legal  in- 
strumeutorof  achaiiter,  article,  section,  orpage: 
as,  the  caption  of  Cfenesis  i. ;  an  editorial  under 
the  caption  "A  now  Force  in  Polities."    [U.  S.] 

—  Letters  of  caption,  in  A'cul*  luw,  a  writ  (now  obso- 
lete) i.s.siiid  ut  the  instajice  of  a  creditor,  commanding  an 
ollicer  to  take  Mill  ijMprison  a  ilubtor  or  obligant  till  he 
pays  tile  debt  or  ijerforni.s  the  obligation.     See  horning. 

—  Process  caption,  in  Smis  tan;  a.  siinnnary  warrant  of 
incarceration  for  the  purpose  of  forcing  back  a  process, 
that  is,  the  documents  or  any  docutiieiit  belonging  to  a 
lawsuit,  which  may  have  been  unduly  and  contumaciously 
ret.-iiru-d  by  the  party  whose  receipt  stands  therefor  in 
tliL-  lom  t  books. 

captious  (kap'shu.s),  a.  [<  F.  captieux  =  Pr. 
capcios  =  ,Sp.  Pg.  cupdoso  =  It.  capsioso,  <  L. 
captimus,  deceptive,  fallacious,  sophistical,  < 
caplio{n-),  deception,  fallacy,  sophism:  seecop- 
tion.     In  def.  3  associated  with  capacious  or 

capable,  in  the  orig.  sense  'taking':  seo  capa-  cantiVatet  (kan'ti  vHt)   a 
cH,„s.]    1.  Apt  to  notice  and  make  much  of  un-  captivatet  (tap   ti-\at),  a. 


captive 

Ue  deserves  to  be  a  slave  that  is  content  to  have  the 
liberty  of  his  will  bo  captivattd.  Eikon  Bcmlike. 

God  uses  not  to  captivate  [a  man]  under  a  i>erpetuall 
childhood  of  prescription,  but  trusts  him  with  the  gift  of 
reason  to  Ijc  his  own  chooser.   Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  17. 

3.  To  overpower  and  hold  by  excellence  or 
lieauty;  charm  or  lure  by  any  means;  engage 
the  regard,  esteem,  or  affections  of;  fascinate. 

Anon  he  rears  upright,  curvets  and  leaps. 

As  who  shotdd  say  "  Lo,  thus  my  strength  is  tried  ; 
And  this  I  do  to  captimfc  tile  eye." 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  281. 

Wisdom  so  captivates  him  with  her  appearance  that  he 
gives  himself  up  to  her.  Addison,  Guardian. 

I  was  captivated  with  the  beauty  and  retirement  of  the 
place.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  514. 

It  is  not  merely  what  he  [Chaucer)  has  to  say,  but  even 
more  the  agreeable  way  he  has  of  saying  it,  that  captivatet 
our  attention  and  gives  him  an  assin-cd  place  in  litera- 
ture. Lowell,  .Study  Windows,  p.  260. 


se"e  capitalKf   A  medieval  title  of  dignity  and  CajPtlOUSly  (kap   shus-h) 
military  authority  in  the  south  of  France  ■  »=      *'""'''  «"t"-al,  or  faulthn 


import.'int  faults  or  defects;  disposed  to  find 
faidt  or  raise  objections ;  prone  to  cavil ;  diffi- 
cult to  please ;  faultfinding;  touchy:  as,  a, cajj- 
tious  man. 

A  vtdgar  man  is  captious  and  jealous.  Chesterfield. 

A  eaplioiis  skeptic  in  love,  a  slave  to  fretfulness  and 
whim  — who  has  no  ditflciilties  but  of  his  own  creating— 
is  a  suljject  more  fit  for  ridicule  than  compassion. 

Sheridan,  The  Kivals,  iv.  3. 
2.  Proceeding  from  a  faultfinding  or  caviling 
disposition  ;  fitted  to  harass  or  perplex ;  censo- 
rious; carping;  hence,  insidious ;  crafty:  as,  a 
captious  cxuestion. 

Vniiliuus  or  fallacious  ways  of  talking.  Locke. 

\\itli  these  modifications  and  with  all  branches  of  the 
Government  in  political  harmony,  and  in  the  absence  of 
partisan  incentive  to  captious  obstruction,  the  law  as  it  was 
left  by  the  amendment  of  1869  was  much  less  destructive 
of  executive  discretion.    Appleton's  A  nn.  Cyc. ,  1886,  p.  244. 

3t.  Capable  of  receiving;  capacious. 

Yet,  in  this  captious  and  intenible  sieve, 
I  still  pour  in  the  waters  of  my  love. 

Sliak.,  All's  Well,  i.  3. 
4.  Insnaring ;  captivating.  [Eare  and  humor- 
ous.] 

Away  with  despair,  no  longer  forbear 
To  fly  from  the  captious  coquette. 

Byron,  Hours  of  Idleness. 
=  Syn.  1.  Captious,  Carping,  Caviling,  faidtfinding,  hy- 
percritical, crabbed,  testy,  pettish,  splenetic,  all  express 
unaniiable  temper  and  behavior,  with  wrongheadedness. 
Captious  expresses  a  disposition  to  catch  at  little  or  in- 
offensive things,  and  magnify  them  into  great  defects,  af- 
fronts, etc.  Carping  is  a  strong  word  noting  faultfinding 
that  is  both  unreasonable  and  unceasing ;  it  applies  more 
to  criticism  on  conduct,  while  caviling  applies  to  objec- 
tions to  arguments,  opinions,  and  the  like  :  as,  it  is  easier 
to  cavil  than  to  disprove.     See  petulant. 

He  freiptently  found  fault,  was  captions,  and  seemed 
ready  for  an  outbreaking.         Franklin,  Autobiog.,  p.  92. 
Avoid  the  censures  of  the  carping  world. 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  iii.  6. 
I  ^vi'ite  not  to  content  each  cavilling  brain. 
But  eyes  of  noblest  spirits. 

Ford,  Ded.  of  Honour  Triumphant. 

adv.     1.    In  a  cap- 
faultfinding  manner. 


=  Syn.  3.  To  enslave,  enchant,  lead  captive,  enamour,  be- 
witch. 

[<  L.  captiiatus, 
jip. :  see  the  verb.]  Taken  caiJtive ;  made  pris- 
oner; fascinated;  iu.snared. 


the  Captal  de  Bueh  fought  on  the  English  side 
in  Gascony,  etc.,  imder  Edward  III. 

Captantes  (kap-tan'tez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L. 
captan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  captarc,  take,  catch:  see 
captation.]     Same  as  Baptores.    A.  E.  Brehm. 

captation  (kap-tii'shon),  »(.  [<  L.  captatio{n-), 
a  reaching  after  something,  <  capture,  pp.  cap- 
tains, reach  after,  desire  eagerly,  allure,  freq. 
of  capere,  pp.  captus,  take,  seize:  see  capable.] 
If.  The  act  or  practice  of  gaining  favor  or  ap- 
plause by  flattery  or  adtlress.  Eikon  Basilikc. 
—  2.  A  name  given  by  Descourtis  to  the  open- 
ing stage  of  the  hypnotic  or  mesmeric  trance. 
Sometimes  called  fascination. 

caption  (kap'shgn),  n.  [<  L.  captio(n-),  a  tak- 
ing, seizing,  fi'aud,  deceit,  fallacy,  <  capere, 
pp.  ca2)ti<s,  take :  see  capable.]  1 .  Seizure ;  cap- 
ture; taking;  catching.  [Rare.]  —  2t.  Captious 
or  specious  arguments  or  caviling;  the  act  of 
caviling  or  taking  exception;  sophism;  quib- 
ble or  quibbling. 

It  is  manifest  that  the  use  of  this  doctrine  is  for  caption 
and  contradiction.     Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 
I  beseech  you,  sir,  to  consider  wiih  what  strange  cap- 
tionji  you  have  gone  about  to  delude  your  king  and  coun- 
try. Chillingworth,  Kelig.  of  Protestants,  i.  2. 

3.  The  act  of  taking  or  apprehending  by  a  ju- 
dicial process.  [Rare.]— 4.  In  law,  a  certifi- 
cate stating  the  time  and  place  of  executing  a 
commission  in  chancery,  or  of  taking  a  depo- 
sition, or  of  the  finding  of  an  indictment,  and 
the  covirt  or  authority  before  which  such  act 


Use  your  words  as  eaptiou.^Ui  as  you  can,  in  your  arguing 
on  one  side,  and  apply  distinctions  on  the  other.      Locke. 

2.  So  as  to  catch  or  insnare;  insnaringly;  eap- 

tivatingly.     [Rare.] 
captiousness  (kap'shus-nes),  n.     The  quality 

of  being  captious :  disposition  to  find  fault ; 

inclination  to  object ;  peevishness. 

Captiousness  is  another  fault  opposite  to  civility. 

Locke,  Education,  §  143. 
captivancet,  «.     [Also  written  captivaunee ;  < 

L.  captiraii(t-)s,  ppr.  of  captivare,  take  captive : 

see  captirate,  v.]     Capti\'ity. 

At  length  he  spyde  where.as  that  wofuU  Squyre, 
Wlioinhe  had  reskewed  from  captivaunee 
Of  his  strong  foe,  lay  tombled  in  the  m>Te. 

Spenser,  F.  ij.,  III.  vIL  45. 

captivate  (kap'ti-vat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cap- 
tivated, ppr.  captivating.  [<  L.  captivatus,  pp. 
of  captiTure,  take  captive,  <  captinis,  captive : 
see  captive,  a.  and  v.]  If.  To  seize  by  force, 
as  an  enemy  in  war,  or  anything  belonging  to 
an  enemy;  captm'e;  take  captive. 

The  Fi'ench  king  captivated  to 
The  English  monarcke. 

M'arner,  Albion's  England,  v.  28. 
It  does  not  institute  a  magnificent  auction  of  finance, 
where  captivated  provinces  come  to  general  ransom,  by 
bidding  against  each  other. 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  .\merica. 
2t.  To  bring  into  bondage  ;  subdue ;  place  in 
subjection. 

Let  us  Christian  men  grant  nothing  contrary  to  the 
Scripture,  but  ever  captivate  om-  reason  unto  that. 

Fryth,  Works,  p.  18- 


What  though  I  be  entbrall'd?  .  .  . 

Tush  !  women  have  been  captivate  ere  now, 

.Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 

captivating  (kap'ti-va-ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of 
captivate,  v.]  Having  power  to  engage  the  re- 
gard, esteem,  or  afEections ;  winning ;  fasci- 
nating; bewitching. 

Her  understanding  excellent,  her  mind  improved,  and 
her  manners  captivating. 

Jane  Austen,  Pride  and  Prejudice,  p.  160. 

captivation  (kap-ti-va'shon),  n.     [<  L.  capti- 
vatio{n-),  <  captivare,  take  captive:  see  capti- 
vate, v.]     The  act  of  captivating;  the  state  or 
condition  of  being  captivated. 
The  captivation  of  our  understanding. 

Bp.  Hall,  Kemains,  p.  21. 

captive  (kap'tiv),  a.  and  n.  [In  earlier  E. 
caitiff,  now  with  different  sense  (see  caitiff); 
=  F.  captif,  fem.  captice,  OF.  clietif,  etc.  (see 
caitiff^,  =  Pr.  captiu,  caitiu  =  OCa.t.  caitiu=  OSp. 
captiro,  Sp.  cautivo  =  Pg.  cativo,  captivo  =  It. 
cattivo,  <  L.  captivus,  a  captive,  prop,  adj.,  taken 
prisoner,  <  captus,  pp.  of  capere,  take,  seize, 
capture,  etc.:  see  capable.]  1.  a.  1.  Made 
prisoner,  as  in  war;  kept  in  bondage  or  con- 
finement. 

When  many  times  the  captive  Grecians  fall. 
Even  in  the  fan  and  wind  of  your  fair  sword. 
You  bid  tliem  rise  and  live.       .Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  3. 
The  captive  bird  that  sings  within  thy  bow'r. 

•  Pope,  Summer,  I.  46. 

2.  Bound  or  held  by  other  than  physical  means, 
as  by  the  ties  of  love  or  other  passion ;  capti- 
vated. 

My  woman's  heart 
Grossly  grew  captive  to  his  honey  words. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  1. 

3.  Holding  in  confinement:  as,  captive  chains. 
—Captive  balloon.  .See  ()«;tooKi.— To  take  captive, 
to  capture  ;  make  a  prisoner  of. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  is  taken  prisoner,  espe- 
cially a  prisoner  taken  in  war  by  an  enemy; 
one  taken  and  kept  in  confinement. 

Like  captives  bound  to  a  triumphant  car. 

.Shak.,  1  Hen.  VL,  i.  1. 

2.  Figuratively,  one  who  is  charmed  or  sub- 
dued by  beaut}'  or  excellence,  by  the  lower 
passions  of  his  ovra  natm-e.  or  by  the  wiles  of 
others ;  one  whose  afEections  are  seized,  or  who 
is  held  by  strong  ties  of  love  or  any  other  pas- 
sion. 

Yet  hath  he  been  my  captive  and  my  slave. 

.\nd  begg'd  for  that  which  thou  unask'd  shalt  have. 

Shak.,  Veinis  and  --Vdonis,  1.  101. 
=  Syn.  1.  Prisoner,  Captive.  The  word  prisoner  enipha&izes 
the  idea  of  restraint  of  liberty,  but  is  not  rhetorical  or  espe- 
cially associated  with  feeling:  the  //mojic  r  of  war  and  the 
prisoner  for  crime  may  be  shut  up  in  a  prison,  kept  liy 
guards  within  deflneil  limits,  or  given  a  restricted  lilierty 
on  parole.  The  word  captive  suggests  being  completely  in 
the  power  of  another,  whether  confined  or  not ;  it  has  come 
to  be  a  rhetorical  word,  suggesting  helplessness  and  re- 
sulting unhappiness.  Captured  soldiers  under  guard  are 
strictly  pri.'ioners,  but  are  often  and  properly  called  cap- 
tives. "When  we  speak  of  a  captive  bird,  we  suggest  its 
longing  for  liberty.  The  rights  and  interests  of  a  prison- 
er are  likely  to  be  respected,  btit  the  captive  may  be  abused 
or  even  sometimes  sold  into  slaverj'.    See  captivity. 

Come,  Sleep  :  (>  sleep  !  the  certain  knot  of  peace, 

The  baiting-place  of  wit,  the  balm  of  woe. 
The  poor  man  s  wealth,  the  prisoner's  release, 
Th"  indifferent  judge  between  the  high  and  low. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Astrophel  and  Stella,  st.  39. 
Go,  see  the  captive  bartered  as  a  slave ! 
Crashed  till  his  Iiigh,  heroic  spirit  bleeds. 

Bogers,  Pleasures  of  Memory,  iL 

captive  (kap'tiv),  V.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  captiied, 
ppr.  captirnuj.     [=  F.  captiver  =  ft.  captirar  = 


captive 

Sp.  cautirar  —  Pg.  catiiar,  captivar  =  It.  catti- 
rare.  <  L.  taptimre  (see  cajiUcate,  r.),  <  captinix. 
eaprire:  see  captive,  a.  and  «.]  It.  To  make 
captive ;  bilng  into  subjection. 

Captic'd  eternally  in  j-ron  mewes. 

Spfiiser,  F.  Q.,n.  V.  27. 

2.  To  captivate ;  insnare.     [Rare.] 

Love  now  captit^d  his  heart,  which  erst  was  free. 

Ford,  Honour  Triumphant,  i. 
Beauty,  which  captives  all  things,  sets  me  free. 

Dryd'^n,  Epistles,  iii.  3ii. 
She  who  captived  .\nthony, 
The  Serpent  of  old  Nile. 

R.  H.  Stoddard,  Shakespeare. 

captivity  (kap-tiv'i-ti),  H.  [<  F.  captivite  =  Pi-. 
captivitat=  Sp.  caittiridad  =  Pg.  cativeiro  =  It. 
catlivM,  <  L.  captirita(t-)s.  <  captivus,  captive: 
see  captive.']  1.  The  state  of  being  a  prisoner, 
or  of  coming  into  the  power  of  an  enemy  by 
force  or  the  fortune  of  war. 

And  but  for  Owen  Glendower  had  been  king. 
Who  kept  liim  in  captivity  till  he  died. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

2.  Subjection;  the  state  of  being  under  con- 
trol; bondage;  servitude. 

Bringing  into  captivity  ever}'  thought  to  the  obedience 
of  Christ.  2  Cor.  X.  6. 

Thou  hast  led  captivity  captive.  Ps.  Ixviii.  18. 

3t.  Captives  collectively ;  a  body  of  captives. 
When  God  bringeth  back  the  captivity  of  his  people, 
Jacob  shall  rejoice,  and  Israel  shall  be  glad.  Ps.  liiL  6. 
=SyiL  Impritonment,  Captivity,  Confinement,  Incarcera- 
tion, Immurement.  There  is  the  same  distinction  between 
imprisonment  and  captivity  as  between  primner  and  cap- 
tive. (See  captive.)  Confinement  is  the  most  general  word 
for  being  kept  within  bounds  against  ones  will,  as  by  force 
or  sickness;  we  speak  of  solitary  coitfiuement,  and,  figur- 
atively, of  too  great  confittement  (tbi.ii;.'h  voluntary)  to 
ones  books.  Incarceration  is  the  ln-iiii;  put  into  a  jail  or 
prison  ;  the  word  is  rhetorical,  sugiiestiim  i^rnoiuiny,  with 
narrow  range  and  great  safeguards  ag.iinst  escape.  Im- 
murement, literally  shutting  within  walls,  is  now  freely 
figurative ;  in  either  sense  it  suggests  depth  of  separation 
or  seclusion  from  friends,  home,  or  the  world,  and  small 
likelihood  of  getting  or  coming  out.  (See  servitude  aiid 
ler/.) 

Even  like  a  man  new  haled  from  the  rack. 
So  fare  my  limbs  with  long  imprisonment. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  Yl.,  ii.  5. 
But  made  hereby  obnoxious  more 
To  all  the  miseries  of  life, 
Life  in  captivity 

Amitng  inhuman  foes.         Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  108. 
Though  my  person  is  in  confinement,  my  mind  can  ex- 

{>atiat«  on  ample  and  useful  subjects  with  all  the  freedom 
maginable.  S.  Johnson,  Life  of  Savage. 

Enforced  detention,  incarceration  within  four  walls, 
was  another  method  of  coercion  which  grew  and  gained 
favour  under  the  feudal  system.     Kncyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  747. 
The  chains  of  earth's  immurmnent 
Fell  from  lanthe's  Spirit. 

Shelley,  (}ueen  Mab,  i. 

captor  (kap'tor),  w.  [<  L.  captor,  <  caperc,  pp. 
cuplu.1.  take,  capture:  .see  cajnihlr,  and  cf.  nip- 
turc.l  One  who  captures  or  takes  (a  person  or 
thing)  by  force,  stratagem,  or  surprise ;  one  who 
takes  a  prisoner  or  a  prize. 

captorial  (kap-to'ri-ai),  o.  [<  L.  captor,  one 
will. laki-s  ( si-f  ffiplor),  +  -(o/.]  lu:ool.,  adapted 
{"f  tiik'uin,  seizing,  or  holding;  raptorial. 

capturable  (kap'tur-a-bl),  (I.  [<  capture  + 
-olilt.]  ('ai>alile  of  being  captured;  liable  to 
capture.     CarUjle. 

capture  (kap'tur),  n.  [<  P.  capture  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  captiirii  =lt.  cattitrii,  <  L.  eiiptiira,  a  taking, 
catching  (of  animals),  <  riipcrc.  pp.  ra/itii.s,  take : 
SCO  capable,  captive.]  1.  The  act  of  taking  or 
seizing;  seizure;  arrest:  as,  the  capture  of  an 
enemy,  of  a  sliip,  or  of  booty,  by  force,  sur- 
prise, or  stratagem;  the  capture  of  a  criminal. 
The  caiilurf  of  Alclwyd  by  bin  (F,«dl)CrhtB|  allies,  the 
VicU,  In  7r>*[,  Heerned  to  leave  the  reHt  of  Strath-Clyde  at 
hi«  mercy.  J.  It.  (Irren,  *'oni|.  of  Ejlg.,  p.  2(W. 

2.  Tlif'  thing  taken;  a  prize, 
capture  (kap'tur),  v.  t.;  jiret.  and  j>\i.  ca/itured, 
|ipr.  nipluring.  [<  capture,  «.]  1.  To  take  or 
M<'iz<'  liy  force,  surprise,  or  stratagem,  as  an 
emrny  or  liis  property;  take  eajitivc;  make  a 
f.ri;'    .1  i.ri-if>ncr  of :  as,  to  ca/Wiirt  a  vessel  or  a 

'■iiplurc  prisoneni. 

f  animal  matter  frrtm  captured  iniicct« 

'  ipi  iiFM  i(.,vv  hroHi-ra  ran  flourish  In  extr4'niel>  p'>.ir  penly 
•*'"-  Darwin,  inM-t:tiv.  riuiiU,  )».  17. 

2.  Tri  win  Viy  ingi-nuity  or  skill  against  resist- 
"  petition:  as,  to  capture  u  prize  for 
...  Mp. 
Oapu.  'n).«.  andn.  [<  Capua  +  -an.] 
I-  "■  'ir  rihiting  to  Capua,  on  an- 
cient ;   ,,,||,  in  Italy. 

Toil.  it'ion  of  ^Vi;,ri<]n  cITomlnaey  lil4 

i"rt*»'  I  ii.iited  till'  want  of  iiuccrM  wlih  li 

Kuiiment,-  1  ^|,g  carlbftiflnlan  commander  In 

•i'»  11*11'  Unryc.  Ifrit.,  V.  711. 

H.  "•  - '   ■   or  an  Inhiitiitttnt  of  Copua. 


812 

capucciof  (ka-puch'io).  n.  [It.,  prop,  cappuccio : 
see  copouch, )!.']    A  capuchin  or  hood.    Speuaer. 

capucet,  capuchet,  ".     Same  as  capouch. 

Capuchin!  (kap'u-chin  or  kap-o-shen'),  n. 
[=  P.  aqiuciii  =  Sp.  cupuchiiio  =  Pg.  capuchinho, 
m.,  a  monk,  and  F.  capucine  =  Sp.  capucliina 
=  Pg.  capuchiulia,  {.,  a  nun.  of  the  order  of  St. 
Francis,  <  It.  cupj)uecino,  a  Franciscan  monk,  so 
called  from  the  cowl  he  wore,  dim.  of  c<ij)puccio, 
a  cowl,  >  F.  cajiiichc,  capuce,  >  E.  capuche,  ca- 
piiiicli :  see  eajioiicli.'\  1.  A  member  of  a  men- 
dicant order  of  Franciscan  monks,  founded  in 
Italy  in  1528  by  Matteo  di  Bassi,  and  named 
from  the  long  pointed  capouch  or  cowl  which  is 
the  distinguishing  mark  of  their  dress.  According 
to  the  statutes  of  the  order,  drawn  up  in  lo29,  the  monks 
were  to  Uve  by  begging ;  they  were  not  to  use  gold  or  silver 
or  silk  in  the  decoration  of  their  altars,  and  the  chalices 
were  to  be  of  pewter.  The  Capuchins  are  most  numerous 
in  Austria.  In  the  United  States  they  have  convents  in 
*  the  dioceses  of  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee,  Leavenworth,  and 
New  Vork.    See  Franciscan. 

2.  [f.  c]  A  variety  of  pigeon  with  a  range  of 
inverted  feathers  on  the  back  of  the  head,  like 
the  cap  or  cowl  of  a  monk. —  3.  [?.  c]  A  South 
American  monkey,  Cebus  co^iwetHMS,  having 
black  on  the  head,  like  the  hood  or  cowl  of  a 
Capuchin;  hence,  any  sapajou  or  monkey  of 
the  genus  Cchus.  Also  written  capucine.  See 
cut  under  Cebiiia: — 4.  [/.  r.]  One  of  the  bald- 
headed  fruit-crows  of  South  America,  Gymno- 
ccj>hahi.s  ca?iH«.  — Capuchin  cross.    See  cross. 

capucllill^t  (kap' u-chin  or  kap-u-shen '),  «. 
[Prijp.  *capuclton  =  Dan.  citpuclton,  <  F.  capxi- 
vlioii,  <  copuche,  a  hood:  see  capouch.  and  cf. 
Capuchin'^.']  1.  A  large  loose  hood  worn  by 
women  in  tte  eighteenth  century. — 2.  A 
hooded  cloak  of  the  same  period. 

>Iy  aunt  pulled  otf  my  uncle's  shoes,  and  carefully 
wrapped  his  poor  feet  in  her  capuchin. 

Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

capucinadet,  »■  [F.,  <  capucin.  Capuchin,  + 
-adc,  -adel.]  A  Capuchin's  tirade ;  a  weak  ser- 
mon or  discoui'se. 

It  was  a  vague  discourse,  the  rhetoric  of  an  old  profes- 
sor, a  mere  Capucinade.      Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  vii.  4. 

capucine!  (kap'u-sin),  II.  [<  F.  capucin  (NL. 
cdinicinus),  lit.  a  Capuchin  monk:  see  Capu- 
(■/(/((l.]     Same  as  capuchin'^,  3. 

capucine-  (kap'u-sin),  «.  [<  F.  capucine,  nas- 
turtium, also  the  color  of  its  Hower,  <  It.  cap- 
puccino, nasturtium  (so  called  from  the  form  of 
the  corolla),  <  cappuccio,  a  hood:  see  capouch.'] 
A  rich  reddish-orange  color;  the  color  of  tlio 

(lower  of  the  nasturtium Capucine  madder,  a 

madder  lake  cf  the  above  color. 

capudan-pasha  (kap"u-dan-pa8h'fi),  n.    Same 

as  coptnin-piisha. 

capult,  ".     See  caprn. 

capulet  (kap'u-let;  F.  pron.  ka-pii-la'),  n.  1. 
A  liood  worn  by  tlie  peasant  women  of  the 
Frctich  slope  of  the  Pyrenees.  It  is  made  of 
tine  white  or  rod  cloth,  sometimes  bordered 
with  black  velvet. — 2.  Same  as  cnpcUet. 

capulid  (Unp'u-lid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the  fam- 
ily ('(iimlidir. 

Capulidse  (ka-pu'li-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Capulu.'i 
+  -('/('.]  The  subfamily  Capulinte  elevated  to 
tlie  riiiik  of  a  family.     I'.  P.  Carpenter,  lK(il. 

Capulinae  (kaj)-u-U'"ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Copulu.i 
+  -/«(('.]  A  subfamily  of  gastropods,  tJ^)ified  by 
tlio  genus  t'lipiihi.s:  The  unlnnd  i-l.isely  re»cml.lc« 
the  slipiier-linijiet,  but  the  muscle  is  not  fixed  to  any  shelly 
Htipport  in  the  form  of  a  cup  or  deck.  'I'lu'  shell  Is  Irreu- 
uiarly  cimical,  and  more  or  less  twisted  at  the  iipex. 

Capulus  (kaji'ii-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ciipulii.i,  a 
li:nii||i',  ;ils()  a  srpuli'lier,  tofiib,  <  ca/irre,  hold, 
C(»fit;iin:  see  iiipitbh.]  A  ^cnus  of  peefiui- 
brancliiato  gastro|)ods  witli  a  i>ynniiidal  shell, 
belonging  to  the  subfamily ''«/)«//»</' and  family 
Cdh/plriiido' :  synonymous  with  I'ilciin.ii.i. 

caput  (kap'ut),  n,;  pi.  capita,  rarely  caputs 
(-i-lil,  -utz).  [L.,  the  hoiid,  ]irob.  =  AH.  hed- 
/<<(/,  M.  head,  i\.  v.  1 1  elicit  i<i  pilots,  caj>itol~,e\<.\, 
caploiti,  chief,  chic/lain,  ehif,  ehierc^,  achiirr, 
etc.]  1.  In  «««^,ille  head  ;  the  lieaii  or  upper 
extremity  of  some  purl  of  llie  body. —  2t.  An 
abbreviation  of  lli(>  pljrase  caput  Hcnatus  (liter- 
ally, head  of  the  Hcnate).  a  eoiiueil  or  ruling 
body  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  Kngljinil. 

V'oilr  caputs,  and  heads  of  coUegeH. 

Liimb,  Clirliil'B  Honpltal. 

3.  In  }(om.  law,  the  standing  before  the  law, 
or  the  personal  statuH,  of  a  citizen.  A  deiirlvnilon 
•  it  liberty  or  civli-  rlgliln,  era  modlllcnilon  o(  lamlly  re- 
Inttr.n  by  adoption,  etc.,  whm  ti-rmeil  rnjtitis  diminulio, 
w  hlrh  wan  characlerlred  an  maj-imu,  media,  or  minima,  ae- 
lordlng  a>  It  atfei  t^d  the  IbnI.  m.  on.l.  or  third  of  the  eli' 

mciitn  alHtvc  named.     Caput  coll,  the  lieriil  rif  tli Ion  ; 

ilii^  cn3cnm.  Caput  comu,  caput  comu  pofterlortB, 
tlic  expanded  extremity  of  tbe  poHtrrlor  born  nt  ifray  imb- 


car 

stance  in  the  spinal  cord.— Caput  galllnaginis,  the 
snipe's  head;  the  crista  urctbrU*  (which  sec.  under  inrlhra). 

—  (3aput  medusse,  the  netwoi-k  of  dilated  veins  radiating 
from  the  UTiiliilicus,  seen  when  the  portal  circulation  is 
obstvurtcd  in  the  liver,  as  in  cirrhosis,  and  this  collateral 
circulatii'ii  is  developed  in  compensation. — Caput  tnor- 
tuum,  literally,  a  dea<l  head,  (n)  A  fanciful  term  used 
by  the  old  chemists  to  delude  the  residuum  of  chemicals 
when  all  their  volatile  matters  had  escaped  ;  specillcally, 
oxid  of  iron,  which  is  the  residue  left  when  sulphate  of 
iron  is  distilled  at  a  red  heat.  Hence  —  (b)  Anything  from 
which  all  that  rendered  it  valuable  has  been  taken  away. 

"Everything of  life  and  beauty," writes  the  critic,  "has 
been  extracted,  and  a  caput  vtortuum  —  tliat  is,  Charles 
Kean's  Mephistopheles  — remains." 

Forlnlyhtly  liev.,  X.  S.,  XL.  6«. 

Caput  obstlpum  spasticum,  sp.asm  in  the  region  of  the 
external  brunch  of  tbe  spinal  accessoiy  nerve;  wryneck. 

—  Caput  succedaneum,  an  eilematoils  swelling  of  the 
prest'titiiiL'  portion  of  tbe  scalp  of  tbe  new-born. 

caputal  (kap'ut-al),  a.  [Improp.  <  caput  -t-  -al ; 
distinguished  from  the  proper  form  capital.] 
In  fiitoni..  pertaining  to  or  situated  on  the 
head.     [Hare.] 

caputia,  ".     Plural  of  caputium. 

Caputiati  (ka-pu-shi-a'ti),  h.  pi.  [ML.,  pi.  of 
Cdputiatu.i,  pp.  of  cajnitiare,  cover  the  head  with 
a  hood,  <  caputium,  prop,  capitium,  a  hood, 
capouch:  see  caputium,  ciijiouch,  n.]  A  short- 
lived semi-political  and  commimistie  sect  de- 
voted to  the  Virgin  Mary,  which  appeared  in 

.the  interior  of  France  about  1182:  so  called 
from  their  hood  or  capouch. 

caputium (ka-pii'shi-um),  n.;  pi. coptiWa (-shi-a). 
[ML.,  also  capucium,  capuccium,  cajipucciiim 
(after  the  Rom.  forms.  It.  cappuccio.  formerly 
also  capuccio,  =  Sp.  Pg.  capucho  =  F.  capuce, 
whence  E.  capuche,  capouch,  q.  v.),  also  capi- 
tium,  as  if  <  L.  caput  (capit-),  head  (cf.  cabbage^, 
cabbage^,  caboche),  but  prop.  <  capa,  cappa,  a 
cape,  hood,  cowl :  see  cap'^,  capc^,  cope^.  Hence 
(from  caputium)  capouch,  capuche.  Capuchin, 
etc.]  1.  In  general,  a  hood  attached  to  a  gar- 
ment in  ecclesiastical  or  other  canonical  cos- 
tume, as  the  hood  of  a  Bachelor  of  Arts,  or  of  a 
fellow  of  an  English  tmiversity,  or  that  attached 
to  a  monk's  go-wn,  a  cope,  or  the  like. —  2.  A 
short  hooded  cloak  similar  to  the  armilausa. 

capybara,  ».     See  eapibara. 

car'  (kiir),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  carre,  <  ME. 
ciirrc  (also  assibilated  char,  charrc,  chare,  cf. 
charet,  chariot),  <  OF.  car,  also  carre  (assibilated 
char,  >  F.  char),  =  Pr.  car  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carro  = 
D.  kar  =  MLG.  karc  =  OHO.  carra,  charra, 
charro,  MH6.  G.  karre  (also  t)HG.  garra,  garro, 
MUG.  garrc)  =  Icel.  krrni  =Dan.  knrre  =  Sw. 
ktirra  =  Bohem.  kdra  =  Pol.  kara  =  Lith.  karas, 
<  JIL.  carru.t,  m.,  carra,  f.,  a  wheeled  vehicle, 
L,  curruf:,  a,  two-wheeled  vehicle  for  transport- 
ing burdens;  of  Celtic  origin:  Bret.  A-nic,  a  char- 
iot, =  W.  car,  a  raft,  frame,  drag,  =  OGael.  car, 
a  ear,  cart,  or  raft,  =  Ir.  carr,  a  cart,  drag, 
wagon;  ))erhaps  akin  to  L.  currus,  a  chariot, 
currerc,  run,  Skt.  ■/  '■'""',  move.  Hence  ult. 
carack  (carick,  ctirrick),  career,  cargo^,  carica- 
ture, earache,  carriage,  carry,  carruca,  cart, 
charge,  charet,  chariot,  di.ichargc,  etc.]  1.  A 
wheeled  vehicle  or  eouveyaiice,  especiiilly  one 
hiiviiig  only  two  wheels,  (a)  The  two  wluebil  ]r.\s- 
sctigcr-conveyancc  much  used  in  Ireland  aiul  specifically 
called  njnutifinri-i-nr.  (h)  The  low-set  two-wheeled  vehi- 
cle of  burden  used  in  many  parts  of  Great  Britain,  espe- 
cially for  bttgsbeads  ami  the  like,  (r)  In  Birndiigham  and 
other  t<)wn8of  F.uglaud,  a  four-wheele<l  hackney-carriage, 
as  distinguished  from  a  haneom-,  which  is  called  a  cab. 
Did  yo  not  hear  it?— No;  'twas  but  the  wind. 
Or  the  car  rattling  o'er  the  stony  street, 

Byron,  cilllde  Harold,  ill.  '22. 

2.  A  ehnriot  of  wjir,  triuni])!!,  or  pageantry  ;  in 
poetic  and  ligurulive  usaf;e.  any  elaborate  coii- 
vey.'iuee  us<'(l  in  lu'oceeiliiigs  eharacterize<l  by 
dignity,  solemnity,  or  splendor:  as,  Pliadius's 
cur;  tlie  car  of  .luggeriumt ;  a  triumphal  car. 

Let  the  bell  be  toll'd: 

And  II  rcv<-icnt  I nle  behold 

The  towering  car,  the  sable  stc^eds. 

Tcnnymn,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

3.  A  vehicle  ninning  njioii  rails.  See  Aorw-crtc, 
railu-aii-ciir.      \V.  S.]— 4.  The  basket  of  a  bal- 

loDH,  in  which  the  aiTimautr  sits Adbeslon-car. 

Sec n<//i<»i<.ii.— ASrtal car.  See urrial.  —  Bobtailed car. 

See  liithtnili'd.  Cabln-car,  a  conductor's  car  on  a  freight- 
train;  a  lahonsi'.  Drawing-room  car,  a  railroad  pai- 
senger-car  more  buurioiiH  in  Its  appoint  men  Ih  than  an  or- 
dinary car.  It  gciiniitly  eontaluH  armchairs,  footstools, 
Hidas,  elc.  Also  called  i>iirtoi--rnr  nutl  imlitrv-rar.  [U.S. 
and  Canada.  I  Irish  Jauntlng-Car.  i^n;  jnunlinii-car.— 
Pneumatic  car,  a  car  driven  mi  rails  or  tramways  by 

c i-n-tm  d  air  ciiliilticd  In  rcscrvolrH  fllleil  by  incaiiH  of 

air  |.iini|m.      Revolving  car,  a  cyllmlil.al  r ptacle  i>r 

car  which  revolves  as  It  iiavclH.  The  Northern  Car,  • 
name  lor  the  constellation  nf  the  Gnnf  I'.cai.  coiiiinunly 
known  In  F.ngland  as  Charlm's   M'nin.  and  In   the   I'nlteu 

StiifcM  ;iH  tbe  Great  Dipper.     Si iit  under  f'r«ii. 

car-  (kiir),  n.     [ML.  kvrj<  Icel.  kjarr,  pi.  kjfirr, 
copse,  bruHhwood  (ef.  kjiirrmj)rr,  a  mnrsh  ove^ 


grown  with  brushwood:  myrr  =  E.  mire),  = 
Norw.  kjerr,  kjarr,  a  marsh,  esp.  a  marsh  over- 
grown with  brushwood,  =  Sw.  kiirr,  a  marsli, 
fen,  morass,  moor,  =  Dan.  kar,  formerly  kjar, 
a  marsh,  bog,  thicket,  pool.  Cf.  carsc^.']  1. 
A  wood  or  grove,  generally  of  alders,  on  a  moi.st 
soil. —  2.  Any  hollow  place  or  mar.sh.  [Prov. 
Eng.  in  both  seuses.] 
car-^t  (kar),  a,  [Sc,  also  written  Ji-ar,  her,  cair, 
cam;  carrij,  <  ME.  car,  kerre,  <  Gael,  cacrr,  left, 
left-handed,  awk%vard.]  Left,  as  opposed  to 
rU/Ut. 

In  a  knot,  bi  a  olyffc,  at  the  karre  side, 
Ther  as  the  rogh  i-ucher  vn-rydely  watg  fallen, 
Tliay  terrten  tu  the  fyndyng,  &  fiekej  hem  after. 
Sir  Gamiync  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  1431. 

car*  (kar),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carred,  ppr.  ear- 
ring.    [E.  dial.,  abbr.  of  carry.'S    To  carry. 
[Prov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 
cars   (kar),   n.      [<   ME.    "car,    *carre,    <    AS. 
(ONorth.)  carr,  a  rock,  appar.  <  Gael,  carr,  a 
rocky  shelf  or  pro.i'eeting  part  of  a  rock.     Cf. 
««■»•«.]     A  rock.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
car.     An  abbreviation  of  carat. 
car-.     See  cacr-. 
Oarabaya  bark.    See  6aj*2. 
Carabici  (ka-rab'i-si),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  pi.  of  *Ca- 
rahicits,  dim.  of  Corabus,  q.  v.]     In  Latreille's 
system  of  classification,  a  group  of  eai-nivorous 
or  adephagous  pentamerous  Culcoptera,  embra- 
cing the  caraboid  beetles. 
carabid  (kar'a-bid),  «.    A  beetle  of  the  family 

Ciiraliiilw ;  a  caraboid  ;  aground-beetle. 
Carabidae  (ka-rab'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Carahus 
+  -Ida:]  A  family  of  Coleop)tera  or  beetles 
whose  metasteruum  has  an  anteeoxal  piece 
separated  by  a  woU-marked  suture,  reaching 
from  one  side  to  the  other,  and  extending  in  a 
triangular  process  between  the  hind  coxaj,  with 
the  antennsB  11-jointed,  and  the  hind  coxk 
movable  and  small.  Tlie  antenna  arise  at  the  side 
of  the  head  between  the  base  of  the  mandibles  and  the 
eyes.  The  species  are  usually  large  and  adorned  with  bril- 
liant metallic  colors,  and  are  either  wingless  or  have  win"-s 
not  adapted  for  flying.  There  are  more  than  6,000  known 
species,  all  of  which  are  commonly  called  qround-heetles 
varying  from  a  very  minute  size  up  to  2  or  3  inches  in 
length.  The  bombardier-beetle,  Brachimis  crepitans  be- 
longs to  this  family.  Other  names  of  the  caraboid  group 
of  insects  are  Carabi.  Carabici,  Carabida,  Carabini,  Cara- 
bmd.T,  Carabiles,  Carabidea,  Carabides,  Carabina.  See  clits 
under  bombardier-beetle  and  ground-beetle. 
carabideous  (kar-a-bid'e-us),  a.  [<  Carabklre 
+  -eous.'i  Of  or  pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Carabklw. 
carabidoid  (ka-rab'i-doid),  a.  Same  as  cara- 
biiiil,  2. 

Carabinae  (kar-a-bi'ne),  n.  j^l.  [NL.,  <  Cara- 
bii.f  +  -incB.'i  The  tyjiical  subfamily  of  Cara- 
hidce,  containing  large  handsome  species  whose 
mesosternal  epimeron  reaches  the  coxa,  and 
whose  middle  coxal  cavities  are  not  entirely 
closed  by  the  sterna. 

carabinet,  n.    See  carbine. 

carabineer,  ».     See  carbineer. 

caraboid  (kar'a-boid),  a.  and  ;;.  [<  Gr.  KapafioEi- 
•'iiK.  like  a  carabus,  <  Kapafioc,  a  carabus,  -I-  eiMof, 
form.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus 
Carabus.;  resembling  a  carabus.— 2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  second  larval  stage  of  insects 
which  undergo  hypermetamorphosis,  as  the 
blister-beetles,  Mcloidw.  The  caraboid  stage 
succeeds  the  triunguliue  and  precedes  the  sear- 
abasoid  stage.     Also  carabidoid. 

II.  H.  A  member  of  the  genus  Carabtts,  or  of 
the  family  Carabidw;  a  carabus. 

Carabus  (kar'a-bus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kdpaj3o(,  a 
horned  beetle,  also  the  sea-crawfish  or  spiny 
lobster  (also  a  kind  of  light  ship).  See  cara- 
vel.;\  1.  The  typical  genus  of  Carabince,  now 
restricted  to  species  of  medium  or  large  size 
and  handsome  coloration,  having  the  third  an- 
tennal  joint  cylindrical,  the  labrnm  not  fur- 
cate, the  mandibles  with  no  external  setigerous 
punctiu'e,  the  posterior  eoxaj  contiguous,  and 
the  anterior  coxal  cavities  open  behind.  There 
are  many  species,  especially  in  Europe,  where  the  genus 
reaches  its  highest  development.  C.  s,rralii.i  is  the  com- 
monest American  species,  i;  to  ]  of  an  inch  long  black 
with  bluish  edges  of  the  protliorax  and  elytra,  the  latter 
being  punctate, 

2.  [i.e.]  Amemberof  this  genus,  or  of  the  fam- 
ily Carabidw.— Si.   [I.  c]  A  caravel. 

caracf,  n.     See  carack. 

caracal  (kar'a-kal),  n.  [<  F.  caracal,  said  to 
be  <  Turk,  qara  qidaq:  qara,  black;  qxdaq,  ear.] 
A  carnivorous  digitigi-ade  quadruped  of  the  Fe- 
lida;  or  eat  family,  and  genus  Lj/nx,  L.  cara^ 
cal,  inhabiting  portions  of  northern  Afi-ica  and 
southwestern  Asia,  it  is  about  the  size  of  a  fox 
is  of  a  uniform  deep-brown  or  wine-red  color  above,  ex- 


813 

cept  a  spot  under  each  eye,  and  has  tufts  of  long  black 
hair  which  terminate  the  ears,  wlieuce  its  name.  It  pos- 
sesses great  strength  ami  ferocity,  and  is  sometimes  used 


Caracal  {Lynx  caracal). 

in  tlie  chase  of  the  smaller  quadrupeds  and  of  the  larger 
kinds  of  birds.  It  has  lieen  supposed  to  bo  the  lynx  of 
the  ancients,  and  is  sometimes  called  Pcrniaii  liiiix  Also 
called  anak-fl-ard. 

caracara  (kar-a-kar'ii),  n.  [So  called  in  imita- 
tion of  their  hoarse  cry.]  The  popular  name 
of  the  hawks  of  the  subfamily  Polyborinte  and 
genera  Poli/horus,  Phalcabtcnm,  Seitex,  Milvaqo, 
Ihiirtir,  and  Daptriits,  all  of  which  are  confined 
t(i  Aineriea.  'I'ho  name  is  specially  applicable  to  tlie 
siircu?,  ut  I  iiliihiinis,  of  which  there  are  several,  as  /* 
'■{"■ri'-'iij.  P.  ini.hilmni,  and  I',  lutusus,  of  the  southern 
1  intcd  states  and  wanner  parts  of  America.  These  arc 
large  vulture-like  liawks,  of  terrestrial,  ambulatory,  not 
salt.atory,  habits,  preying  chiefly  upon  carrion.    The  head 


Caracara  {Polybortts  cherivay). 


and  neck  are  extensively  denuded ;  the  legs  and  wings  are 
cmpaiatively  long;  the  beak  is  toothless,  with  the  cere 
eiiiliiig  verWcally,  the  nostrils  high  up,  linear,  and  oblique, 
with  concealed  tubercle.  Though  vulturine  in  general  as- 
pect and  economy,  tlie  caracaras  approach  the  typical  fal- 
cons in  some  anatomical  characters,  as  in  the  peculiar 
structure  of  the  shoulder-joint,  the  extensively  ossified 
nasal  bones  with  central  nasal  tubercle,  and  the  anterior 
keel  of  the  palate.  The  common  caracara  is  much  varied 
with  wliite  and  black  barring  of  the  plumage,  and  is  about 
22  inclits  long.    Also  calkil  ciircara  and  carranrha. 

Caraccesque,  Carraccesque  (kar-a-ehesk'),  «. 
In  art,  resembling  or  characteristic  of  the  Ca- 
raeei  or  Carraeci,  Italian  painters  of  the  latter 
part  of  the  sixteenth  and  the  earlier  part  of 
the  seventeenth  centiu'y,  founders  of  the  eclec- 
tic or  Bolognese  school  of  painting. 

carack,  carrack  (kar'ak),  n.  [Also  written 
cnrac,  cariek,  carrick,  carrock,  <  ME.  earache, 
carrik;  =  D.  kraalc  =  G.  karacke,  kracke,  <  OF. 
carraque,  F.  caraque  =  Sp.  Pg.  carraca  =  It. 
caracca,  <  ML.  carraca,  caraca  (also  caracata 
(i.  e.,  carricata)  navis,  'laden  ship'),  prop,  car- 

I'iy/^      n     dliiT-i    r^f    1-11-1 -iirl  <-i»-i       /     n<i.»»>  .fi..  »^      l^.n.J     ^ 


Caramania  gum 

It.  caragoln,  also  carafpiulo,  caraqnola,  a  snaU, 
winding  stair,  cararnlln,  a  caracole,  =  OP.  cw- 
qnerote,  F.  dial.  coqueriuUc,  a  snail.  Origin  un- 
certain ;  erroneously  derived  by  the  Spanish 
Academy  from  \j.  cochlea,  coelea,  a  snail,  snail- 
shell :  see  cochlea.'}  1.  In  the  maneqe,  a  semi- 
round  or  half-turn  which  a  horseman  makes, 
either  to  the  right  or  to  the  left.— 2.  In  arch., 
a  sjiiral  staircase. 
caracole  (kar'a-kol),  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  eara- 
colid,  jipr.  caracoling.  [<  caracole,  n. ;  =  F. 
caracoler  =  Sp.  caracolear  =  Pg.  caracolar  = 
It.  caracollare.']  1.  To  move  or  advance  in  a 
series  of  caracoles ;  prance. 

Prince  .lohn  caracoled  within  the  lists  at  the  head  of  hi« 
jovial  party.  Scott,  Ivanhoe,  I.  92. 

Gay  youths,  in  rich  brilliant  dreeses,  caracole  up  to  the 
canlages  on  flery  steeds. 

J.  K.  Cooke,  Virginia  Comedians,  II.  xxL 
2.  To  wheel,  as  cavalry, 
caracoli,  «.     See  caracoly. 
caracolite  (kar'a-ko-lit),  H.     [<  Caracoles  (see 
del.)  +  -ilc'^.l    A  rare  mineral  from  Caracoles, 
Chill,  consisting  of  oxychlorid  of  lead  and  sul- 
phate of  sodium.     It  occurs  in  colorless  ortho- 
rhombic  crystals,  which  are  hexagonal  in  aspect 
through  twinning. 
caracolla  (kar-a-kol'a,),  n.     [NL. ;   also  writ- 
ten, less  prop.,  caroco'lla;  <  Sp.  caracal,  a  snail : 
seo  caracole. '\     1.  A  snail  of  the  family  .fft/Zci- 
d(E,  with  the  whorls  of  the  shell  flattened  to- 
ward and  keeled  at  the  edges.— 2t.   [cap.^    A 
genus  of  .such  land-snails.  ' 

caracoly,  caracoli  (kar'a-kol-i),  «.  [Origin 
unknown.]  An  alloy  of  gold,  sihx'r,  and  cop- 
per, of  which  an,  inferior  Idnd  of  jewelry  is 
made  by  the  Caritis. 
Caracora  (kar-a-ko'rii),  H.  [Formerly  al.so 
caracal;  a  Malay  word.]  A  proa  of  Borneo 
and  other  islands  of  the  East  Indies, 
caractif,  «•  [Also  charact,  <  ME.  caract,  carect, 
<  OF.  caract,  charact,  m.,  caracte,  carecte,  ka- 
recte,  carafe,  f.-  (=  Pr.  carecta,  f.),  character, 
sign,  mark,  shortened  from  caracter,  ME.  car- 
acter  :  see  character.']  1.  A  distinctive  mark, 
especially  as  indicating  character  or  value. 

They  are  men  that  set  the  caract  and  value  upon  things 
as  they  love  them.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

2.  Character;  kind;  sort. 

No,  beauty,  no-  you  are  of  too  good  caract 
To  be  left  so,  without  a  guard. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  liL  2. 

3.  Estimate. 

You  do  mistake 
Sly  caract  of  your  friendship  all  this  while. 
Or  at  what  rate  I  reckon  your  assistance. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetlck  Lady,  i,  1. 

4.  A  formula  of  enchantment. 


\».  V-.,  v«'<  .  n>in/it./    im,/^o,       i»,.icu   ouj^    J,    picp.   fjltl- 

rica,  a  ship  of  burden,  <  carricare,  load  a  car, 
<  L.  carrus,  a  car :  see  car^,  caricature,  cargo^, 
and  charge.]  A  large  round-built  vessel  of  con- 
siderable depth,  fitted  for  fighting  as  well  as  for 
burden,  such  as  were  used  by  the  Portuguese 
and  Spaniards  in  trading  with  America  and 
the  East  Indies. 

The  Genuois  coraen  in  sundry  wises 
Into  this  land  with  diuers  raarchandises 
In  great  Caracks,  arrayed  withouteii  lacke 
With  cloth  of  gold.  Hakluiit's  Voi/ages,  I.  193. 

On  corsair's  galley,  carack  tall. 
And  plundered  Christian  caraval. 

Whittier,  Derne. 
caracoli  (kar'a-kol),  n.     Same  as  caracole,  2. 
caracol-t  (kar'a-kol),  n.    An  obsolete  form  of 


ciiracora. 
caracole  (kar'a-kol),  n.  [Also  written  caracal 
(esp.  in  sense  2),  <  F.  caracole,  a  caracole,  a 
gambol,  a  spiral  staircase,  foi-merly  caracal,  a 
snail,  <  Sp.  caracal  =  Cat.  caragol  =  Pg.  cara- 
cal, a  suail,  a  winding  staircase,  a  caracole,  = 


He  shulde  make  his  sacrifice 
And  rede  his  carect  in  tlie  wise,  • 
As  she  him  taught. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  II.  247. 
Whan  that  a  man 
^\  ith  his  carecte  him  wolde  enchaunte. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant,  I.  57. 
caract^t,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  carat. 

A  mark,  being  an  ounce  troy,  is  divided  into  twenty- 
four  equal  parts,  called  caracts.  Cocker. 
Diamonds,  two  whereof 
Do  double  the  twelfth  caract.            Cartmight. 
caractert,  «.     An  earlier  form  of  character. 
Caradoc  sandstone.    See  sandstone. 
carafe,  caraSe  (ka-raf),  n.    [=  D.  karaf=  G. 
karaffe  =  Dan.  karaffe,  karafel,  <  F.  carafe, 
<  It.  caraffa  =  Sp.  Pg.  garrafa,  a  vessel  for 
cooling  liquids,  prob.  <  Ar.  ghirdf,  a  vessel,  < 
gharafa,  draw,  as  water.]     Aglass  water-bottle 
or  decanter. 
Caragana  (kar-a-ga'nii),  H.     [NL.,  <  caragan, 
the  name  of  the   original  species  among  the 
Mogul  Tatars.]     A  genus  of  leguminous  trees 
or  shrubs,  all  Asiatic  and  chiefly  Siberian,  with 
feathery  pale-green  foliage  and  yeUow  flowers 
appearing  in  early  spring.     The  species  are  all 
ornamental,  and  several  are  in  cultivation. 
carageen,  «.     See  carrageen. 
caragenin,  n.     See  carrageenin. 
caragheen,  «.     See  carrageen. 
caraingt,  ».    An  obsolete  form  of  carrion. 
caraipi  (kar-a-e'iie),  n.     [S.  Amer.]     The  pot- 
tci y-tree  of  Pani,  iloqnilea  utilis,  the  powdered 
bark  of  which  is  mixed  with  elay  for  making 
vessels  for  domestic  use.   Pottery  "thus  made  is 
capable  of  witlistanding  a  high  degree  of  heat. 
Caraite,  >i.     See  Karaite. 

carajara,  carajura  (kar-a-ja'ra,  -jo'ra).  «.  [A 
native  S.  .Vmer.  name.]  '  A  red  coloring  mat- 
ter obtained  from  Bignonia  chichi.     See  chico. 

Caramania  gum.  Same  as  Bassoragum  (which 
see,  under  gum'^). 


caxamba 

caramba  (ka-ram'ba),  II.     Same  as  caramiola. 

carambola  tka-ram'bo-lii),  n.  [E.  Intl.]  The 
aeid  fruit  of  the  Arerrhoa  Carambola  of  tropi- 
cal A<ia,  which  resembles  the  billmbi,  and  is 
often  cultivated.    It  is  used  for  making  tarts, 

carambolet  (kar-am-bol'),  n.     [<  F.  carambole 

=  Sp.  Pa.  It.  carambola;  origin  unknown.     In 

E.  now  shortened  to  carom,  q.  v.]     In  Wliards  : 

(a)  The  red  ball  placed  on  the  mark.     (6)  A 

carom  (which  see), 
carambolet   (kar-am-bol'),  I-.  I.     [<  F.  o<jram-     

buler  (=  G.  karamboliereii  =  Dan.  larambolere  Carapa  (kar'a-pa),  ii.    [NL.  (Pg.  caraipa),  <  ca 


mackerel  {Caranx  hip^s). 


Tisitors  to  the  coast  of  the  United  States,  and  are  known 
as  horse-mackereit. 


=  Sp.  carambolear  =  Pg.  carambolar),  carom, 
<  carambole,  carom  (in  billiards).  In  E.  now 
shortened  to  carom,  q.  v.]  In  billiards,  to 
carom. 

caramel  (kar'a-mel),  h.  [<  F.  caramel,  burnt 
sugar,  =  It.  caramella  =  Sp.  Pg.  caramelo,  a 
lozenge,  sugar-candy,  prob.  a  corruption  of 
ML.  calamellus  {meUitus),  sugar-cane  (also  by 
simulation cnnnme^a,  eaiiiiamella,  and  separate- 
ly caiia  mellis,  'cane  of  honey'),  calamellus  be- 
ing prop.  dim.  of  calamus,  a  reed,  cane:  see 
calamus.']  1.  Anhydrous  or  burnt  sugar,  a  pro- 
duct of  the  action  of  heat  upon  sugar.  Wlien  caue- 
sugar  is  heated  in  an  oU  or  metal  bath  to  between  210°  and 
220'  C,  it  bcjnn^  to  assume  a  bro^vn  color  of  continually  in- 
creasiiis  depth,  and  when  the  tumefaction  has  ceased  the 
vessel  contains  a  black  substance  to  which  the  name  of 
cnrainW  has  been  given.  It  has  a  high  luster,  like  an- 
tliracite.  and  dissolves  readily  in  water,  giving  it  a  fine 
sepia  tint.  Its  composition  is  the  same  .is  that  of  cane- 
sugar  in  its  compound  with  oxid  of  lead.  It  is  used  for 
girtng  a  brown  color  to  spirits,  soups,  gravies,  etc. 
2.  A  sweet,  variously  composed  and  flavored, 
but  generally  consisting  of  chocolate,  sugar, 
and  butter,  and  dark-colored. 
Sometimes  spelled  caromel. 

caramelization  (kar-a-mel-i-za'shon),  n.  [< 
ciiritiiiili:i;  +  -utio>i.'\  The  transformation  of 
su^ur  into  caramel. 

caramelize  (kar'a-mel-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
cuniMilicvd,  ^pr.  caratnelizing.  [<  caramel  + 
-ire]  To  transform  or  convert  into  caramel : 
as.  caramrli:r(l  sugar. 

caramote  (kiir'a-mot),  «.  [F. ;  cf.  Sp.  cara- 
miu/n  =  Pg.  cnrdmujo,  a  kind  of  sea-snail,  =  It. 
caramiu/io,  a  dwarf,  a  shrimp.]  A  rather  large 
speciesof  shrimp,  Peiueus  caramote,  common  in 
the  Mediterranean,  where  it  is  caught  in  great 
numbers  and  salted  for  exportation. 

carangid  (ka-ran'jid),  H.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Cnrttiitfifltr, 

Carangidae  (ka-ran'ji-de),  >i.  pi.  [NL.,  <  C«- 
roKj-  (-rami-)  +  -i(Ue.~\  A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Caranx, 
to  which  various  limits  have  been  assigned. 
(a>  In  (Junthcr's  svstem,  a  family  of  Acanltiopteniijh  cotto- 
Ki,iniiri(urmi-f.  wi'tli  the  skeleton  hrm,  no  bony  stay  tor  the 
preo|icrculinii,  teeth  conical  or  triangular  if  present,  the 
ipinous  iMirtion  of  the  dorsal    present  (sometimes  rudi- 


raijih  a  native* (juiana  name.]  1.  A  genus  of 
tropical  trees,  natural  order  Meliacca:  .\  South 
.American  species,  C.  GuianeihtL^,  is  a  fine  large  tree,  the 
bark  of  which  is  in  repute  as  a  febrifuge,  oil  urnile  frimi 
its  seeds  (called  carnp-oil  or  crab-oil)  is  used  for  lamps. 
The  wood,  called  carapa-wood  or  crab-wood,  is  light  and 
takes  a  good  polish  ;  it  is  used  for  making  furniture,  and 
also  for  the  spars  of  ships.  The  oil  of  the  African  species, 
C".  Touhucimna,  called  coondi,  kundah,  or  tallicoona  oil, 
is  used  l)y  the  negroes  for  making  soap  and  anointing  their 
bodies,  its  taste  being  so  bitter  that  it  serves  as  a  defense 
against  bites  of  vermin.  The  oil  of  the  South  American 
carapa  is  used  ft>r  the  same  purpose. 
2.  [/.  c]  A  tree  belonging  to  this  genus, 
carapace  (kar'a-pas),  II.  [Also  carapax;  <  F. 
carapace,  <   Cat.  cara- 


gourd:  see  cahihnsh.'] 
1.  The  shell  of  a  turtle 
or  tortoise;  specifical- 
ly, the  upper  shell,  the 


2.  Cross-section  of  Car.ipace  and 
Plastron  of  Tortoise,  r,  centrum  of 
a  vertebra;  «j,  its  expanded  neu- 
ral spine :  r,  expanded  rib,  fonn-      -     '  ,         .  ,  r\  r       T\ 

ing  one  mass  with  ;i  lateral  scute  caravan  (kar  a-van  Or  Kar-a-van  ),n.     \z=  u. 
?"1n"ercilvi™ia;"i?trir'''e«'o:    ^aiaraaii  =  g:  l-aran-ane  ="  Dan.  kararaiie 

plasrron  ;  hp,  hyostemai  scute,  or 
epiplastron. 

^',  pygal  plate :  w,  series  of  m.lr. 


meutar)).  the  body  compressed,  oblong  or  elevated,  with  caraDacial  (kar-a-lia'shal),  a. 

10  abdumliml  and  U  caudal  vcrtebrie.     Ill  this  sense  it        ,  ,,  S      Af  „,.  „nrf.i  nitu'trv  n  cnv 

hin  Ureii  use.l  by  most  European  ichthyologists  since  1882.     -'"'-J     ♦-'1  "1  pertdinmg  to  a  cai, 

It  includes  llslies  which  have  been  distributed  by  others 

In  the  families  Caranffulm,  Pomattnidila',  J*n4^ttuifK,  /an- 

eliiltF,  Capnidie,  Kipiululte,  etc.     ('<)  In  dill's  system  re. 

strii-ted  to  .Scoiiiltroiiiea  with  10  abdominal  and  from  H 

to  1«  caiirlal  vertebric,  a  short  or  atrophied  llrst  dorsal    .__._._.  /i,„_/„  ,,„ifv,'i    „       Siimo  ns  rnrnnace 

-      second  dot^al  and  anal  long,  opposite,  and  nearly  CarapaX  (kar  a-paks  ,  H.      ^"'""^ „»i^.  ^ '^'^j;- 

spines  detached  and  fonning  a  carap-Oll    (kar'ap-oil),    n.     Oil   obtained  trom 


i.Carapaceof  Tortoise{fw>'J). 
dorsal  surface,  outside.  The 
heavy  lines  indicate  the  divi- 
sions of  the  epidermal  plates  or 
scutes  fonning  the  tortoise-shell ; 
the  light  lines  show  the  sutures 
of  the  bony  plates  underlying 
and  supporting  the  shell.  i-8. 
expanded  neural  spines  of  ver- 
tebra; ;  rl-rS.  expanded  costal 
plates  of  ribfi ;  nu,  nuchal  plate ; 
ginal  plates. 

under  shell  being  called  the  plastrou.  See  also 
cut  under  Chclonia. —  2.  In  Maiiiiiinlia,  the  shell 
of  an  armailillo.— 3.  In  Cirriprilin,  the  multi- 
valvular shell,  test,  or  case.— 4.  In  lii^'licr  Crus- 
tacea, the  shield  covering  the  cciilialcilliorax, 
sometimes  separable  into  a  eephalostegite  and 
an  omostegite.  See  cut  under  Apiis. —  5.  One 
of  the  many  hard  cases,  tests,  or  shells  whii;h 
are  likened  to  a  carapace,  as  those  of  certain 
infusorians;  a  lorica. 

[<  carapace  + 
apace. 

nie  lateral  portions  of  the  carajmcial  ridge,  becoming 
deeper,  are  converted  into  braiichiostegites,  and  the  cav- 
ities which  they  overarch  arc  the  branchial  chambers. 

lluxleii,  (■rayllsh,  p.  21". 


caravan 

jewelers  is  seldom  over  IS  carats  fine,  except  in  wedding- 
rings,  the  standard  fineness  of  which  is  22  carats.  Oold 
of  is  carats  flue  is  almost  invariably  used  in  mounting 
diamonds,  while  14-carat  gold  is  said  to  be  ordinarily  used 
in  the  tniteil  States  f.>r  gold  chains,  etc. 
4.  A  unit  of  weight  for  precious  stones,  divided 
by  iewelers  into 4  gi'ains,  called  diamond-flraiiis, 
biit  equal  to  about  ."^t  troy  grains.  15U  English 
carats  being  taken  as  equal  to  an  ounce  troy. 
In  1S77  the  weight  of  the  carat  was  fixed  by  a  syndicate 
of  I/indon,  Paris,  and  Amsterdam  jewelers  at  205  milli. 
grams,  or  1,'>1.76  caiats  to  the  troy  ounce,  fnder  the 
translated  form  xepaTtor,  or  cfrathtm,  siliqua  was  adopted 
l>y  Coustantine  into  the  system  of  weights  of  the  empire 
as  yjj  of  an  ounce,  equal  to  1811  milligrams.  In  Italy  it  re* 
mained  as  a  part  of  tlie  system  of  weights,  in  general  with 
the  same  relation  to  the  ounce  and  w  ith  nearly  the  same 
value.  The  .\rabic  ijiral  was  the  24th  part  of  the  i/iiV/i/rdf, 
and  was  subdivided  sometimes  into  4,  sometimes  into  S 
grains,  its  value  for  gems  being  very  nearly  3  grains 
troy.  The  Oastilian  carat,  y\„  of  a  Castilian  ounce,  or 
3.104  troy  grains,  was,  like  the  rest  of  the  Castilian  sys. 
tem.  ailopted  from  the  Ai-abs.  From  Spain  this  has  passed 
to  tile  rest  of  Europe  and  to  America,  with  only  small 
niodiflcations,  less  than  unlegalized  units  commonly  un- 
dergo, under  the  name  of  the  Amsteniam  or  tiiamoyui 
carat,  which  is  usually  divided  into  ti4ths.  Peaiis  arc  sold 
by  the  diamond-grain  and  not  by  the  carat,  while  small 
baroque  pe.arls.  coral,  rough  garnets,  and  the  inferior 
kinds  of  stimes  are  sold  by  the  ounce  troy.  The  siibdi- 
visionsof  the  carat  are  always  expressed  in  fourths,  eighths, 
sixteenths,  etc. 
(^)ften  al)breviated  car.  or  K. 
bassa  =  Sp.  carapacho  carat  (kar'at),  i'.  *.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  earned; 
It.  dial,  carara-a,  a    <  carat,  caraet.  ».]     To  try  or  refine  (gold). 

Cnrattare.  to  touch  or  trie  gold,  to  refine  or  make  per- 
fect, to  i-aract.  Florio. 
carate  (ka-rii'te),  n.  [S.  Amer.]  A  cutaneous 
disease  occurring  in  South  America,  which  pro- 
duces scarlet,  brown,  or  blue  blotches,  espe- 
cially on  the  face,  hands,  jind  feet, 
caraiina  (ka-ra'nii),  n.  [Also  written  carana, 
caniiiiKi  (NIj.  ciii'diia);  native  name.]  A  soft^ 
greenisli-livowu,  balsamic  oloo-resin  prodiiceil 
by  a  burseraceous  tree,  probably  I'rotiiim  Ca- 
rana, found  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Amazon 
and  Orinoco.  It  is  exported  in  little  masses,  ridled  uj) 
in  leaves  tif  Hags.  It  has  an  agreeable  aromatic  smell,  and 
a  bitterish  slightly  pungent  taste.  It  was  formerly  used 
in  jilasters. 


alike,  generally  two  anal  spines 

(Inlet,  and  non. protractile  jaws.  These  limits  have  been 
adopted  by  most  recent  American  ichthyologists.  It  em 
briices  nuineroiissfK-'cies  of  tropical  flshes,  the  best-known 
of  which  are  tlie  cavallies,  poiiipanos,  ami  pilot-tlbh. 

Caraniiitlie  Is  the  (amily  name  for  the  fishes  generally 
kfir,wn  as  cavally  or  crevalle,  jack,  jioni]iano,  scail,  etc. 

Slanil.  S<a.  Ilhl.,  III.  180. 


t'lii'iiiti  Cuiaiieimis.     See  Carapa,  1. 
carasow,  ".     See  curassow. 
Carassius  (ka-ras'i-us),  h.     [NL.,  <  F.  carassin, 

a  i-aip:  see  crucian.']     A  genus  of  carps  or  cyn- 

liuoid  fishes  coiitaiiiing  tlio  common  goldfish, 

C.  iiuraliin.     Hei'  niildjisli. 


Caranginae  (kar-an-ji'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Ca-  carasSOW,  H.     See  (:«i-((,ss»w. 


car.'innoid 

''^I'l 

Cftr.llir::i 

carai.' 


I -rani/-)  +  -iiia:]    A  subfamily  of  Carangi- 

ic  ciivallies  or  horse-muck<>rels.    The  pre. 

i.H  are  protractile,  the  pectoral  llns  long  and  fab 

<o:il  till  is  like  the  secoihl  ilor.sul  and  with  Its  base 

111'  ulsloiiien,  the  niaxillary  has  a  Hiipplemen. 

'  '■  iloMal  outline  is  more  riirved  than  the  ven- 

iiil  the  back  and  alidonn-n  arc  ntumlcd.  Also 

"iit'/int.     .See  cut  under  (Mraitx. 

I;n-ran'jin),  n.  uiid  ii.     I.  a.  Per- 
liiiviiig  the  characters  of  tbe  <'a- 
■    '  I'fnifida:. 

•(  the  Hiibfamilv  CarinKflnw. 
i/iiid).  a.  oiiif  H.     [<'  NL. 
.1.  iMor,  Hliunc]     I.  a.   Of 
rioiiiiiig  l<,  .,1  resembling  tlio  Caran<jiila. 
"     I  >iie  of  the  Citranjiiaa:. 

■  a  nin'H),  ».     Hnmo  as  carauna. 
Same  oH  cnranto. 


i'.'lc  nin 


I  rnntiilo,  irr  Icnjwft  b-valb.*,' 
.Vtirttim,  Tlic  Kawiiv,  II.  1. 


Oaranx 
ranaui,  ■ 
ladim.l 
ranglila. 


"),  n.     [Nl-.,  nppar.  <  Hp, 

'      nMh  ■    ■    " 


<  M|).  ra- 
11  kind  of  (liitflHh  in  the  Went 
i.i'-nl  genii-  i.f  Itio  funiily  Cii- 

l.rtiMot,  ('.   I.if, ),',»,  unil  C  tntuM  Bro 


carat,  karat  (kar'at),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
caracl  (simulating  earaci,  character,  a  cliiirac- 
ter, mark, stamp) ;  =  D.  kaiaat  =  C,.  hiral (MUG. 
lariit,  qarat)  =  Dan.  Sw.  karat,  <  F.  carat  =  I'r. 
carat  =  It.  carato  =  Sp.  I'g.  quiUite,  OPg.  cm- 
rate  =  Turk.  Pers.  (I'lriit,  <  Ar.  'liriit,  i/irrdt,  a 
carat,  the  twenly-fourtli  of  an  ounce,  foiirbiir- 
leyconm,  also  a  lioil,  husk  (=  LL.  cerates).  < 
Gr.  miitiTior,  the  fruit  of  the  locust-tree,  also, 
like  \j.  sili<iiia  (see  sili^iiia).  a  weight,  the  carat, 
also  and  lit.  a  little  lioin,  dim.  of  sZ/mc  ("'f"'). 
a  horn,  akin  to  K.  Iiiirn  :  see  cerato-  and  horn.] 
It.  An  old  weight  equal  to  a  scriil>Ie,  or  llie 
twenty-fourth  part  of  an  ounce  troy.— 2t.  A 
unit  of  mass  formerly  used  in  variouH  countries 
for  weighing  gold.  It  wiis  generally  the  24tli  part  of 
a  mark  of  gold,  ami  was  subdivided  Into  12Krnlii«.  H  »'i» 
eonimoiily  iqiial  to  about  ItHi.,',  troy  grains. 
Ilonco  — 3.  A  tweiily-foiirtli  part:  Hpeciflcnlly 
used  in  exiiressing  the  lininesH  of  gold  when 
used  as  iewelrv.  'Iliu',  pun  gold  being  considered  a« 
■.1  .  i,nil«  line.  If  two,  sl>,  or  ten  twenty  fonrlln  of  alloy 
(•  Miiinionly  copper  or  silver)  l»  IiriPienI,  llle  gohl  I"  sabi  |o 

1h  22,  IS,  or  11  I  arats  Hue,  and  wi  on.    The  gold  umvI  by 


Sw.  hiraran,  <  F.  cararaiie,  <  Sp.  cararaua  = 
Pg.  carnvnna  =  It.  earocana  (ML.  cararanna, 
etrraccnna,carr(inna.carvanus=  'MGi:  Kapjidviov, 
NGr.  mpiiiivi)  =  Turk.  Ldrwdn  {Iqp'iriraii)  =  Ar. 
kairawdn  =  Hind.  I.drwdn.  <  Pers.  kdriidn,  Icdra- 
wdn ,  a  ca  ra  va  n .  Prob .  orig.  I'ers. ,  but  by  some 
considered  orig.  Ar. ;  cf.  Pers.  Idr,  business, 
work,  Ar.  kair,  trade,  profession,  kira,  kirwa, 
hire,  hiring.  In  sense  :i  shortened  to  ran:  see 
cohS.]  1.  A  comjiany  of  travelers,  jiilgrims,  or 
merchants,  in  many  jiarts  of  Asia  and  Africa, 
who  associate  together  that  tliey  may  travel 
with  greater  securily,  es]ieciiilly  through  des- 
erts or  regions  infested  by  robbers.  Nearly  all 
eonuneroc  in  these  countries  was  formerly  carried  on  by 
caravans,  using  camels  chiefly  for  tnuispiutation ;  and 
they  are  still  numerous,  though  largely  superseded  by 
other  methods. 

Men  who  ^lass 

In  troop  or  caravan.        Milton,  r.  R.,  i.  323. 

Great  cararanit.  formerly  composed  of  Pagans,  now  of 

Mahometans,  passed  from  west  to  east,  in  the  same  man. 

neras  in  ancient  times,  to  buy  and  ilisperse  India  gmids 

through  Africa,  /,Vi(e.'.  ,Sonree  of  ilie  Nile,  II.  lil, 

2.  Figuratively,  any  large  niitnber  of  persons 
traveling  together."  especially  when  moving 
slowly  or  with  iiiiich  baggage";  poetically,  any 
large  number  of  persons,  or  even  animals,  con- 
sidereil  as  traveling  together  to  a  coninion  des- 
tination. 

Tbelr  aery  caravan,  Idgh  over  seas 

1-lying.  Milton,  V.  L.,  vil.  428. 

When  thy  summons  comes  to  join 

The  iiiiiuiiierable  cartn'an,  which  moves 

To  that  mysterious  realm  ...  of  death. 

llniaiit,  Tliaiiatopslfl. 

3.  A  largo  covered  carriage  used  for  convoying 
passengers,  or  a  coiiipany  of  )>eople  traveling 
together,  or  a  traveling  exliiliitioii  or  sliow; 
lience,  any  largo  covered  wagon  or  cart  for 
travel  or  triiiisport :  ot'leii  abliicviuted  to  wan. 

Alike,  gay  widow,  virgin,  wife, 
IngeiiioUK  to  diversify  dull  life, 
III  eoaelles.  chaises,  rnnli'.i/i».  and  hoys, 
riv  to  the  coasl  for  dally,  iilgliHy  Joys. 

t'ow/i'i;  Retirement, 

He  had  never  »oon  such  a  fat  boy  In  or  out  of  a  travel- 
Uim  caravan.  Ilickcnn,  Pickwick,  II.  xxvl. 

4f.  A  iniiiilier  of  vessels  or  barks  in  company, 
or  an  expedition  with  siidi  vessels. 

Their  galleys  si  111  spreiid  over  the  I-ovanl  ami  ciirac 
bark  vlelorloiis  from  their  raramm,  as  their  crulsiii 
against  till   Moslems  wen'  called.  PrrRroll- 

5t,  A  liiiod  with  hoops  or  springs  of  wliiililmno 
and  nil  adjiislablc  veil  for  llio  fiici 


I''airli(ill. 


caravan-boiler 

caravan-boiler  (kav'a-van-boi'ler),  n.  An  old 
fonn  of  stoam-boiler,  resembling  a  wagon. 

caravaneer  (kar"a-van-er'),  n.  [<  P.  carava- 
nicr  {=  Sp.  caravancro  =  Pg.  cjiraraneiro),  <  ca- 
ravanc,  caravan.]  One  who  leads  the  camels, 
etc.,  of  a  caravan. 

caravansary  (kar-a-van'sa-ri), »!.;  pi.  caravan- 
saries (-riz).  [=  f\  caravanserai,  -serail  =  It. 
cararaiiserai  =  Sp.  cararanserrallo  =  Pg.  cara- 
vanfara  =  Turk,  kcrwdnsaray  =  Hind,  kdrwdn- 
sard,  <  Pt^rs.  kdrivdnsardi,  <  kdrwdti,  caravan,  -I- 
sardi,  a  palace,  a  public  edifice,  an  inn:  see 
seraeilio.']  lu  the  East,  a  place  api)oiuted  for 
receiving  and  lodging  caravans ;  a  kind  of  inn 


Caraval,  15th  century. 


Interior  of  Caravansary  at  Aleppo. 

where  the  caravans  rest  at  night,  being  a  large 
square  building,  with  a  spacious  court  in  the 
midtlle.  Uere  travelers  find  shelter  and  accomnioda- 
tions,  but  are  obliged,  if  they  have  not  brought  their  own 
supplies,  to  procure  provisions  and  all  necessaries  for  both 
men  and  beasts  at  the  neighboring  bazaar.  Also  written 
caravanserai,  caravaiisera. 

It  is  a  mere  caravansary,  fit  for  a  man  of  genius  to 
lodge  in,  but  nr)t  to  live  in. '      O.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  i. 

caravel,  carvel  (kar'a-vel,  kar'vel),  n.  [=  D. 
karvcel  =  G.  krafeel,  cravel  =  F.  caravelle  =  It. 
earavella  (>  Turk,  qaravela),  <  Sp.  caravela.  also 
carabela  (=  Pg. 
caravela),  a  car- 
avel, dim.  of  ca- 
raha  =  Pg.  cara- 
vi),  also  carebo, 
crei'o,  a  small 
vessel,  <  ML. 
carabus,  a  kind 
of  boat,  <  Gr. 
mpajioq,  a  kind 
of  light  ship 
(NGr.  KaiMiii); 
prob.  a  particu- 
lar use  of  Kapa- 
pog,  a  beetle, 
a  sea-crawfish : 
see  Carabus.l 
Naut.,  the  name 
of  several  kinds 
of  vessels.  One  variety,  used  in  Portugal,  is  a  vessel  of 
from  100  to  150  tons  burden  ;  another  is  a  fishing-vessel  of 
from  10  to  15  tons  ;  and  a  tliird  is  a  large  Turkisli  ship  of 
war.  The  name  was  also  given  to  a  small  ship  used  by 
tlie  .Spaniards  and  Portuguesein  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
centuries  for  long  voyages.  It  was  narrow  at  the  poop 
and  wide  at  the  bow,  and  carried  a  double  tower  at  its 
stern  and  a  single  one  at  its  bows.  It  had  four  masts  and 
a  bowsprit,  and  the  principal  sails  were  lateen  sails.  Two 
of  the  vessels  with  which  Columbus  crossed  the  Atlantic 
and  discovered  America  were  of  this  description. 

Tlie  king  of  Portingal  minded  to  arme  certaine  Camels 
to  discouer  this  Spicerie.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  217. 

The  armament  consisted  of  two  caravels,  or  light  vessels 
without  decks,  and  a  third  of  larger  burden. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  16. 
The  seas  of  our  discovering  over-roll 
Him  and  his  gold ;  the  frailer  caravel, 
With  what  was  mine,  came  happily  to  the  shore. 

Tennyson,  Columbus. 

carawala  (kar-ar-wa'la),  «.  A  venomous  ser- 
pent of  southern  India  and  Ceylon,  Hijpnalc 
vepa,  a  viviparous  species  of  the  viperine  series. 

caraway  (kar'a-wa),  n.  [Also  written  carra- 
watj,  early  mod.  E.  also  caraway,  <  Sp.  aleara- 
huetja,  caraway,  <  Ar.  al,  the,  +  kanoiyd.  kara- 
wiyd,  caraway-seeds,  carawaj'-plant,  prob.  <  Gr. 
Kapov,  caraway,  >  L.  careum,  NL.  carum  (>  It. 
raro — Florio),  cumin,  caraway.  Another  form 
is  E.  dial,  and  So.  carvy,  carvey,  <  P.  carvi  =  It. 
carm  =  D.  karioei  =  MLG.  kanoe,  G.  karve, 
karhe,  karwei  =  Dan.  karve,  <  Sp.' carri,  short  for 
alcaravea  =  Pg.  alcaravia,  variants  of  the  forms 
before  mentioned,  or  directly  from  the  Ai-.  with- 
out the  article.]  1.  A  biennial  iilaut,  Carimi. 
Carui,  of  the  natural  order  rnilnlUfvra;  with  a 
tapering  root  like  a  parsnip,  which  when  yoimg 
is  used  as  food,  but  has  a  very  strong  flavor. 


815 

It  is  a  native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  is  fretpiontly  culti- 
vated for  its  fruit,  or  so-called  seeds,  which  have  an  aro- 
matic smell  and  a  warm  [tungcnt  taste.  TJiey  are  used  as 
a  carminative  in  medi'iuf,  :uiti  for  llavorilig  cakes,  etc., 
and  a  volatile  oil  is  oljtaim/d  from  tliein  t)y  distillation. 
2.  The  Niijella  sativa  or  black  caraway,  a  ra- 
minculaecous  plant  of  southci'n  Europe,  tlio 
seeds  of  which  are  aromatic  and  used  for  the 
same  purposes  as  common  caraway. —  3.  Col- 
lectively, the  seeds  of  the  caraway. 
Waundurclle,  or  pepyns,  with  carawry  in  confltc. 

Babees  Hook  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  100. 

4t.  A  kind  of  sweet  cake  or  comfit  containing 

caraway-s.eeds. 

Tlicu  dieese  with  fruite  On  the  table  set, 
Witli  Bisketes  or  Carowayes,  As  you  may  get. 

Babees  Boole  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  343. 
A  disli  of  caraways.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 

5.  A  kind  of  apple.    Mason. 

caraynef,  v.    An  old  form  of  carrion. 

carbamate  (kar'ba-mat),  n.  [<  earbam{ic)  + 
-f(/r'.]     A  salt  of  carbamic  acid. 

carbamic  (kiir-bam'ik),  a.  [<  carb(onic)  +  am- 
(idr)  +  -('(■.]  Relating  to  a  substituted  carbonic 
acid  (■(jiif  iiiiiing  the  amide  radical  NII2.  Car- 
bamic acid,  I'liMlJiH,  an  acid  ]ir)t  known  ir^the  free 
stiitr.  hut  li.iTiiing  Kiilts  and  ethers,  as  methyl  carlianiate, 
CO.SJI.jUCli.j.  Its  ammonium  salt  occurs  in  commercial 
annnoniuni  carbonate. 

carbamide  (kar'ba-mid  or  -mid),  n.  [<  cnrb(on) 
+  amide.}  1 .  A  compoimd  identical  with  urea, 
having  the  formula  CO(NH2)2.  It  is  found  in 
many  of  the  animal  jxnces,  and  occurs  most  abundantly 
in  urine. 
2.  A  general  name  for  the  derivatives  of  urea. 

carbazotate  (kar-baz'o-tat),  n.  [<  carbazot{ic) 
+  -atA.']  A  salt  fornied  by  the  vmion  of  ear- 
bazotic  acid  with  a  base. 

carbazotic  (kar-ba-zot'ik),  a.  [<  carb(on)  + 
azote  +  -«■.]  Composed  of  or  pertaining  to  car- 
bon and  azote Caxbazotlc  acid,  CiiHo(N02)30H, 

picric  acid  ;  a  crystallizable  acid  oljtained  by  the  action  of 
nitric  acid  on  phenol,  indigo,  and  other  aniui;d  and  vei^eta- 
Ide  substances.  It  f  onus  shining  yellow  (  ry.-^tals,  sp;uiic:ly 
soluble  in  cold  water,  and  having  an  intensely  hitter  taste. 
It  is  used  chiefly  in  dyeing.  Wlien  silk  wliich  has  been 
treated  with  a  mordant  of  alum  or  cream  of  tartar  is  im- 
mersed in  a  solution  of  this  acid,  it  is  dyed  a  beautiful 
permanent  yellow  color ;  and  by  the  use  of  indigo  and 
picric  acid  together  various  shades  of  green  are  obtained. 
Its  salts  explode  violently  when  struck. 

carberry  (kar'ber'M),  n.;  pi.  carherries  (-iz). 
The  gooseberry.     [North.  Eng.] 

carbhydrate  (kiirb-hi'drat),  n.  Same  as  car- 
b<iliii<lrate. 

carbide  (kar'bid  or  -bid),  «.  [<  carb{on)  + 
-jffcl.]  A  compound  of  carbon  with  a  metal. 
Fonnerly  called  carburet. 

carbine^t  (kiir'bin),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cara- 
bine, earabiii,  carbeene,  a  musketeer,  <  P.  cara- 
bin,  "a  carbine  or  curbeene  [misprinted for  car- 
beeiie],  an  arquebuzier  armed  \%ath  a  murrian 
and  breastplate,  and  serving  on  horseback" 
(Cotgrave),  mod.  P.  carabin,  a  surgeon's  ap- 
prentice, earlier  OF.  calahrin,  calabrien,  orig. 
one  who  worked  a  war-engine,  <  calabre,  a  war- 
engine:  see  ctilalirc^.  In  this  sense  obsolete, 
being  replaced  by  carbineer.']  A  soldier  armed 
with  a  carbine ;  a  carbineer;  a  musketeer. 

Nay,  I  knew, 
However  he  wheel'd  about  like  a  loose  cnrbitie. 
He  would  ch.arge  home  at  length  like  a  l)rave  gentleman. 
Fletcher,  Wit  witiiout  Money,  v.  1. 

carbine"  (kar'bin),  n.  [Formerly  also  carabine, 
=  D.  karahiJH  =G.  karaJriiier  =  Dan.  karabin  = 
Sw.  karbin,  <  F.  carabine,  <  It.  carabina  =  Sp. 
Pg.  carabina  (>  Ar.  quarabina,  qarbdna),  a  car- 
bine; from  c«)"6i;iel.]  1.  In  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tm'y,  a  firearm ;  one  of  the  many  names  given 
to  the  lighter  form  of  harquebuse. — 2.  In  mod- 
em times,  a  short  rifle,  especially  one  adapted 
to  the  use  of  mounted  troops. 

carbineer  (kar-bi-ner'),  n.  [=  D.  karabinier  = 
Dan.  karahiner  =  Sw.  karbinerare,  <  F.  cara- 
binitr  (=  Sp.  carahinero  —  Pg.  caraliineiro  =  It. 
Cdraliiiiicre,  carabino),<  carabine:  see  carbine".] 
A  soldier  armed  with  a  carbine.  .iVlso  formerly 
written  carabineer. 

carbine-thimble  (kar'bin-thim''bl),  «.  A  stiff 
socket  of  leather  fastened  to  a  D-ring  on  the 
right  side  of  a  saddle,  to  hold  the  muzzle  of  a 
carbine. 

carbo  (kiir'bo)^  n.  [NL.  (L.>;  so  called  from 
their  coal-black  color:  see  carlwn.]  A  name 
of  several  black  water-birds,  (a)  The  black  guille- 
mot of  the  North  Pacific,  Uria  carbo.  (b)  The  common 
cormorant,  Phalacrocorax  carbo.  (ct)  [cap.]  A  genus 
of  cormorants,  giving  name  to  the  Carbonid<x.  Lad- 
pHe,  ISOO. 

carboclet,  »•  A  Middle  English  foi-m  of  car- 
buncle.    Chaucer. 

carbohydrate  (kar-bo-M'drat),  n.  [<  carbon 
+  liydrate.]    A  general  name  for  a  group  of 


carbon 

organic  bodies  containing  6  carbon  atoms  or 
some  mtdtiple  of  6,  and  hydrogen  and  oxygen 
in  tlie  proportion  in  which  they  form  water 
(II2O),  that  is,  twice  as  many  hydrogen  as 
oxygen  atoms,  as  starch,  sugar,  and  cellulose. 
Also  carbhydrate. 
carbohydrbus  (kiir-bo-hi'drus),  a.  [<  carbo- 
bydr(at( )  +  -oii.s.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  carbohydrate. 

liorodin  .  .  .  maintains  .  .  .  that  the  energy  of  the 
respiration  in  leafy  shoots  under  constant  extenial  condi- 
tions is  a  function  of  the  carfjohydrous  material  whicli  is 
present  in  the  plant.        Smithsofnian  Jieport,  Ib^l,  p.  393. 

carbolated  (kiir'bo-la-ted),  a.  [<  carbol{ic)  + 
-at(-  -(-  -fr/-.]    Impregnated  with  carbolic  acid. 

carbolic  (kiir-bol'lk),  a.  [<  carb(on)  +  -ol  + 
-«•.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  carbon  or 
coal — Carbolic  acid,  a  substance  (C„H.r,OH)  found  in 
tliat  part  of  the  heavy  oil  of  coal-tar  wliich  distils  over 
l>et  \v{'en  329"  and  374"  JF.  From  this  product  of  coal-tar  it 
is  almost  exclusively  prepared.  It  has  feeble  acid  prop- 
erties, but  in  chemical  structure  is  allied  Ut  the  alcohols, 
and  lielongs  to  a  class  of  compounds  called  jihevols.  When 
pure  it  crystallizes  in  white  or  colorless  needles,  which  have 
the  odor  of  creosote  and  a  burning  taste.  They  deliquesce 
readily  and  becrtme  liquid.  It  is  an  irritant  poison  when 
taken  in  large  doses,  but  in  doses  of  from  1  to  .'i  grains  it 
i.s  used  internally  as  a  thera[)eutii-  at;ent.  Its  chief  medi- 
cinal use,  however,  is  as  a  disinfertaiit  in  antiseptic  sur- 
gery, and  as  an  external  ai)]ilieation  to  unhealthy  sores, 
comiioinid  fractures,  abscesses  after  they  have  been  open. 
ed,  and  tissues  that  are  exposed  as  a  result  of  surgical  opera- 
tiiins.  The  action  of  the  acid  is  not  only  to  exclude  gernts 
that  induce  putrefaction,  but  also  to  destroy  such  a&  may 
have  been  admitted,  for  which  reason  it  is  introduced 
into  the  interior  of  the  wound.  Also  called  phenic  acid. — 
Carbolic-acid  paper,  wrapping-paper  saturated  with 
stearin  anil  carlndic;  acid,  used  for  preserving  meats,  etc. 

carbolize  (kiir'bol-iz),  );.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
bolized,  ppr.  carb'oliziny.  [<  varbol-ic  +  -ize.] 
To  impregnate  with  carbolic  acid.  Also  spelled 
carbolisc. 

carboluria  (kar-bo-lii'ri-a),  n.  [<  carbolic  +  Gr. 
iil'pnv,  m-ine.]  A  condition  of  the  urine  charac- 
terized by  dark  discoloration,  symptomatic  of 
poisoning  by  carbolic  acid. 

carbon  (kiir'bon),  n.  [=  F.  earbone=  Sp.  car- 
linno  =  Pg.  carbone  =  It.  carbonio,  <  NL.  car- 
bo(n-),  carbon,  mod.  forms,  in  chem.  sense;  cf. 
F.  eltarbon  =I'r.  carbo  =  Sp.  carbon  ^Fg-carvao 
=  It.  carbone,  a  coal,  coal,  older  forms,  in  orig. 
sense ;  <  L.  carbo(n-),  a  coal,  whether  a  glowing 
coal  or  a  dead  coal,  charcoal.]  1.  Chemical  sym- 
bol, C;  atomic  weight,  12.  An  element  found 
in  nature  in  two  distinct  forms:  the  diamond, 
which  is  extremely  hard,  of  high  specific  grav- 
ity (.3.5),  usually  colorless  and  transparent,  with 
brilliant  adamantine  luster,  and  crj-stallizes  in 
octahedrons ;  and  graphite,  which  is  very  soft, 
of  low  specific  gravity  (2),  black  and  opaque, 
with  metallic  luster,  and  crystallizes  in  hexag- 
onal plates.  See  diamond  and  graphite.  Its  phys- 
ical properties  vary  greatly  with  its  different  forms.  It  is 
combustible,  burning  to  carbonic  acid  (COo).  In  combina- 
tion it  is  universally  distributed  through  the  animal  and 
vegetable  kingdoms  being  a  constituent  of  every  living 
tissue.  By  the  action  of  heat  on  such  tissues,  w  ith  partial 
or  complete  exclusion  of  air,  carbon  is  procured  in  amor- 
phous form  more  or  less  niLxed  with  other  matters.  Such 
products  are  animal  charcoal,  lampblack,  wood  charcoal, 
coke,  and  gas-carbon.  The  number  of  its  compounds  with 
the  other  elements  is  endless;  and  at  present  more  com- 
pounds of  carbon  are  known,  probably,  than  of  all  other 
elements  taken  together.  It  is  present  in  the  atmosphere 
as  carbon  dioxid,  or  carbonic-acid  gas,  and  in  the  same  form 
in  some  mineral  waters ;  it  also  appears  in  the  salts  called 
carbonates,  as  calcium  carbonate  in  coral,  in  the  shells  of 
many  sea-animals,  in  the  common  mineral  calcite,  includ. 
ing  chalk,  limestone,  marble,  etc.,  and  as  iron  carbonate 
in  the  minenal  siderite,  etc. 

2.  The  form  of  the  diamond  generally  called 
carlmnado :  the  black  diamond. —  3.  In  electric 

liilhtinij,  a  carbon-point  (see  below) Blsulphid 

of  carbon.  See  W.s«;p7ii<;.— Carbon  dioxid.  ^^ame, -us  car- 
biiti'h-  lu-hl  (which  see,  under  carbonic). —  Carbon-pointS, 
in  electric  li'jbting,  two  rods  of  very  hard,  compact  carbon, 
between  which  tlie  electric  arc  is  formed,  producinga  light 
of  great  brilliancy.  See  voltaic  arc.  under  arc,  and  electric 
Unlit,  imder  electric. —  Carbon  process,  in  photofi.,  a  pro- 
cess of  producing  photographic  positive  pictures  in  a  pig- 
ment composed  of  carbon,  in  urder  to  insure  their  perma- 
nency. The  thin  paper  on  which  the  impression  from  the 
negative  is  taken  is  coated  with  gelatin  colored  with  the 
carbon  pigment,  and  sensitized,  usually  with  bichromate  of 
potash.  After  exposure  to  light  under  the  negative  it  is 
affixed  face  downward  upon  another  sheet  of  paper,  and  is 
plunged  with  it  int^i  a  hot-water  bath,  which  detaches  the 
first  paper  and  leaves  the  gelatin  film  uncovered.  The 
water  dissolves  those  portions  of  the  film  which  have  not 
been  rendered  insoluble  by  the  action  of  light  through  the 
transparent  portions  of  the  negative  upon  the  sensitizing 
medium,  and  the  more  or  less  insoluble  portions  of  the 
film  form  a  positive  pictm-e,  which  is,  however,  reversed 
in  its  relations  of  right  and  left.  If  a  second  transfer  of 
the  film  from  its  support,  to  restore  these  relations  in  the 
finished  i)riiit.  is  required,  the  first  transfer  is  not  made  to 
a  paper  surface,  but  to  a  sheet  of  glass,  zinc,  or  caoutchouc. 
The  same  end  may  be  accomplished  without  the  st-eond 
transfer.  b\  stripping  the  negative  film  from  the  glass,  and 
printing'  with  its  face  outward,  by  reversing  the  right  and 
left  of  the  negative  by  the  use  of  a  prism,  or  by  other  de- 


carbon 

vices Carbon  spar,  a  name  given  to  several  mineral 

carbouates.  as  carbonate  of  magnesium,  of  zinc,  etc.—  Car- 
bon teiepbone,  a  form  of  telephone  invented  by  Edisuo, 
in  whicli  rtie  vibrations  of  the  diaphragm  of  the  mouth- 
pi^..-  T-r.'iuce.  by  variable  pressure  upon  a  piece  of  com- 
■  1  carl'ojx  placed  in  the  circuit,  variations  in  the 

.iirrent  which  induce  sonorous  \il)rations  in  the 

—  Gas-carbon,   a  form    of  amorphous  carbon 

-  ■    ■need  in  the  retorts  where  cold  is  heated  for 

iie  of  illuminating  gas.  It  forms  an  iron- 
:i  the  sides  and  upper  part  of  the  ret4;'rt.  It 
i>  -.>.;(■  :..r;.  hard,  aud  is  a  good  conductor  of  heat  and 
ek'  irii  it.v.  It  is  used  in  the  preparation  of  carbon  bat- 
:-rv-TtI;ites,  aud  also  for  the  carbon-points  used  with  the 
cicitflr  arc-light.  Also  called  coal-ffas  ctiarcoal  and  gas- 
nraphil' . 

carbona  (kar-bo'nS),  M.     [NL.:   see  carhon.'] 
lu  iiniiing.  a  mass  of  stanniferous  rock,  irregu- 
lar ill  form,  and  not   possessing  the  general 
:; rafter  of  a  lode.    Such  a  mass,  liowever.  is  ordi- 
.  =u)<ordinate  toa  lode  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  The 
. , !  ■■  iiii  is  in  some  respects  analogous  to  the  '"  pipes  "  and 
\Uu    »if  the  Nortli  of  England  lead-mines.    The  carbona 
of  the  St.  Ives  lode  in  (.'ornvvall,  England,  was  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  of  tliese  occurrences,  and  one  of  the  first 
to  which  tliis  name  was  given.  It  w.as  composed  of  feldspar, 
quartz,  blacli  tourmalin  (schorl),  tin  ore  (cassiterite),  and 
some  cupriferous  ore.     It  also  contained  fluor-spar,  wliich 
wai  not  present  in  the  lode  itself. 
carbonaceous   (kiir-bo-na'shius),  a.     [<  carhon 
+  -flffOH.s.]     Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  car- 
bon: containing  carbon  or  coaly  matter Car- 
bonaceous shale,  a  soft  shaly  rocJv  tlirougli  wliicli  coaly 
or  bituminuus  matter  is  abundantly  diffused  in  tine  parti- 
cles. Sucli  sliales  are  abundant  in  some  parts  of  the  United 
States,  especially  in  the  Devonian  and  Silurian  series. 
carbonadet  (kar-bo-nad'),  H.     [=  <T.  Dan.  l-ar- 
}iiiniiih\  <  F,  carhouatle,  carhonnade,  <  It.   car- 
bi'iiata  (=  Sp.  earbonada  =  Pg.  canivonada), 
carbonado,  <  carbone  (=  Sp.  carbon  =  Pg.  car- 
rao),  a  coal:  see  carbon.'\     In  coolcertj,  a  piece 
of  meat,  fowl,  or  game  cut  across,  seasoned, 
and  broiled;  a  chop.     Mso  carbonado. 

I  will  make  thee  slice  the  brawns  of  thy  arms  into  car- 
bonaden,  and  eat  them. 

J/ar/ouse,  Tamburlaine  the  Great,  I,,  iv.  4. 
If  I  come  in  his  [way]  willingly,  let  him  make  a  carbo- 
nado of  me.  Shak:,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 
Broil  them  on  the  coals 
For  carbonadofjt. 

Matttinqcr,  The  Bondman,  iii.  3. 

carbonadet,  carbonado-f  (kiir-bo-nad',-na'd6), 
r,  t.  [<  carboiiade,  «.]  1.  To  make  a  carbo- 
nado of;  score  across  and  grill. 

Will  he  have  a  brace, 
Or  but  one  partridge,  or  a  short  legg'd  hen, 
Daintyly  carbotiadoi^d  ^ 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  L  1, 
2.  To  cnt  or  hack,  as  in  fighting. 

Draw,  you  rogue,  or  I'll  so  carbonado  your  shanks. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 
With  his  keen-edged  spear 
He  cut  and  carbonaded  them. 

Ma^finffer,  Picture,  ii.  1. 
Who  could  surmise  a  man  ever  could  rise 
Who'd  been  thus  cart/onado'd,  cut  up,  and  dissected  1 
liarham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  230, 

carbonado^  (kiir-bo-na'do),  «,     [Sp.,  <  cnrbono, 

cailion:  sip  rnWwn.]     Same  as  6or?,  2. 
carbonado'-'t  (kiir-bo-na'do),  «.  and  i\    Same  as 

r,irl„„i>l,lr. 

Carbonari,  «.     Plural  of  Carbonaro. 

Carbonarisni(kiir-b6-n!i'riziu),  H.  [<  Carbonari 

+  -i.sin.]    The  principles,  deeds,  or  cause  of  the 

Carbonari ;  s.vmpathy  wth  or  support  of  thera. 

Tlie  detenniiiation,  the  self-forgctfnlncss,  the  audacity 

of  the  NlhillstJt,  compared   with  whose  conspiracies  the 

pbtb*  of  Cartxiiiarijnn  are  merely  child's  play,  arc  a  fact  so 

fiirelgn  U}  our  nature  that  we  <-an  hardly  iniderstund  it. 

Orjffn,  tr.  i>f  Lavelaye'8  S«»nialisni,  p.  196. 

Carbonaro  (kiir-bo-nii'ro),  H,;    pi.  Carbonari 
(■r'\).     [It.,  lit.  (as  carhonajo),  a  charcoal-biu'n- 
er,  <  L.  carbon ariunj  a  charcoal-burner,  a  col- 
lier, <  c'irho(n-)  (>  It.  carbone),  coal,  charcoal: 
SCO  rarhon,']     One  of  the  members  of  a  secret 
|.<.liiiciil  society  called  the  Ciirhnnori,  fonncd 
"     '"■  kingdom  of  Naples  during  the  reign  of 
lsOH-14)  by  republicans  and  others  dis- 
i   with  (he  French  rule.    They  were  orlgi- 
anii>tig  the  niountaliiH  of  the  Abnizzi  prov- 
>.  thi-lr  name  from  tin;  niountjiln  ehurcoal- 
I  aim  w;i«  to  free  thi-'lrroinitrv  from  foreign 
■  bixlriualderltln- ll..iitl,.,h    In  the  i-xpnl- 

II ruiinl/jill |/r.  a  I  ..v. rail  Italy 

'  llj>'  national  llbi  nil  <  ,o|...  avalnst  tile 
iitM.  Atone  timi-- lliei  ai  l>  J.  a  I  tiiiiii- 
I  tboiiHnnd  aillierenti*.      (Ins   \^.i, 

■  ^    rrvolilttonH  of   III'.'    tlllli-    iMitil 

in  jMiwiT  In  Italy.     Aljoiil  H.;o 

'  i>l  iihiyed  an  Important  piirt  in 

>  vriUitlon  of  ISSn. 

'■  '•iriiii  ail  ft  C'rtr/foiMlro  and  coiiNplrntor, 
»">  '  '  I  tlo'fnte  whl>htl'^nlnnU'dthl'lollr•e 
"f  li'               ;  .Old  reniovi'd  fit  leajit  uno  rival  out  of 

Id'  "  •>  M  .  /(  dnii,  .Ml"':    fjuaift,  latMir.,  p,  IM. 

carbonat.itlon  'kiir'bo-mVia'Hhgii),  n.     Hnme 

liH  r/irl  ■' 

carbonal-  'ho-nit),  ».    {<  carbon(ic)  + 

-<i<«';  —  I     '■irn,,,iaiem  Hp.  IV.  carhonato.]     1, 


816 

In  chem.,  a  compound  formed  by  the  union  of 
carbonic  acid  with  a  base:  as,  calcium  caibo- 
nate:  eopTper  carbonate.  The  carbonates  are  an  im- 
portant class  of  salts,  many  of  them  being  extensively  used 
in  the  arts  and  in  medicine. 

2.  2>l-  The  common  name  in  the  Cordilleran 
mining  region  of  ores  consisting  in  large  part 
of  carbonate  of  lead,  aud  usually  containing 
silver.  This  is  an  important  class  of  ores  in 
Colorado  and  Utah. —  3.  Same  as  carbonado  or 
hort.  [Rare.]  —Hard  carbonates,  salts  containing 
carbonic  acid  with  iron  for  a  ba.se.—  Soft  carbonates, 
salts  containing  carbonic  acid  with  a  base  of  lead. 

carbonate^  (kar'bo-nat),  r.  1. 1  pret.  and  pp. 
carbonated,  ppr.  carbonating.  [<  carbon(ic)  + 
-^te~;  =  F.  carbonatcr  =  Sp.  carbonatar.]  To 
impregnate  or  satm'ate  with  carbonic  acid. — 
Carbonated  springs,  springs  of  water  impregnated  with 
carhi  'uic-acid  gas.  They  are  common  in  volcanic  countries. 

carbonation  (kar-bo-na'shon),  n.  [<  carbo- 
nate'-: see  -ation.l  'The  act  or  process  of  caus- 
ing combination  with  carbonic  acid;  specifi- 
cally, a  process  of  defecating  beet-,  sorghum-, 
or  cane-juice  by  the  addition  of  milk  of  lime, 
and  subsequently  precipitating  the  lime  as  car- 
bonate by  leading  into  the  solution  a  stream  of 
carbonic-acid  gas.     -AJso  ciirbonatation. 

carbon-black  (kiir'bon-blak),  n.  A  fine  lamp- 
black used  in  making  printing-inks  and  paints. 
It  is  made  by  directing  the  flames  of  gas-lamps,  fed  by 
natural  gas  from  wells,  against  cold  surfaces,  and  collect- 
ing by  machinery  the  sooty  deposit.  It  is  almost  pure  car- 
bon in  a  finely  divided  form. 

carbon-bronze  (kar'bou-bronz),  n.  An  anti- 
friction alloy  of  which  the  principal  constitu- 
ent is  copper.  It  was  invented  by  Baldman  and 
Weisman,  and  is  used  for  .jouraal-bearings,  etc. 

carbon-button  (kar'bon-but'n),  n.  A  small  disk 
of  carbon,  usually  of  compressed  lampblack, 
used  in  a  form  of  telephone  invented  by  Edison. 
The  resistance  which  it  olf  ers  to  the  passage  of  an  electric 
current  depends  upon  the  pressure  to  whicli  it  is  sul>; 
jected.  so  that  when  it  forms  a  piu-t  of  a  circuit  of  con- 
stant electromotive  force  the  current  strength  will  viu-y 
with  variations  of  pressure  on  the  disk.  Sec  carbon  tele- 
phone, under  cai-bon. 

carbonic  (kar-bon'ik),  a.  [=  F.  carboniqitc  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  carbonico,  <  NL.  carhonicu.^,  <  C(ir- 
bo{n-),  carbon:  see  carbon  and  -«•.]  Pertain- 
ing to  carbon,  or  obtained  from  it Carbonic 

acdd,  C0.2,  more  properly  culled  r>irbi>iiir  anhydrid  or 
carbon  dioxid,  a  gaseous  compouinl  of  vi  parts  by  weight 
of  carbon  and  32  of  oxygen,  colorless,  widiout  smell,  22 
times  as  heavy  as  hydrogen,  and  existing  in  the  atmosphere 
to  the  extent  of  1  volume  in  2.600,  It  is  reduced  t.>  a 
liquid  by  high  pressure  and  cold;  and  it  is  obtained  as  a 
solid  white  substance  by  means  of  the  intense  cold  pro. 
duced  by  the  sudden  expansion  of  the  liquid  when  al- 
lowed to  cscaiic  from  iiressure.  It  has  a  pleasant,  acidu- 
lous, pungent  t;iste,  ami  aerated  beverages  of  all  kinds  — 
beer,  champagne,  and  carttonatnl  nuneral  water—  in  jiart 
owe  their  refreshing  qualities  to  its  presence ;  for,  though 
poisonous  when  taken  into  tlie  Inngs,  it  is  harndess  when 
taken  into  the  stoni;icli  in  nioderale  iinantity.  Dissolveil 
in  water,it  forms  a  dibasic  acid,  l'l)((IH),j, whose  salts, the 
carbonjites,  are  widely  and  al.amlantly  distributed  in  na- 
ture. It  is  incapable  of  maintaining  cotntinstion  or  animal 
life,  acting  as  a  narcotic  poison  "lien  present  in  the  air  to 
the  extent  of  only  4  or  :,  per  cent.  It  is  disengaged  frtun 
fermentiiiL'  liquors  and  from  decomposing  vegetable  and 
ainnnil  sabstances.  ami  is  Largely  evolved  from  fissures  in 
the  earth,  constituting  the  choke-damp  of  mines.  From  its 
weight  it  has  a  tendency  to  subside  into  low  places,  vaults, 
and  wells,  rendering  some  low. lying  places,  us  the  upas 
valley  of  Java,  and  many  caves,  uninhabitable.  This  gas 
is  formed  and  given  out  during  the  respiration  of  animals, 
and  in  all  ordinary  combustion,  from  the  oxidation  of  car- 
bon in  the  fuel.  It  is  evolved  from  the  ecdored  partsof  tin- 
flowers  of  plants  both  by  Tiit:bt  andtlay.  and  from  the  gicen 
partsof  plants  during  the  night.  In  director  dillnse  day- 
light, plants  absorb  it  cTn-rgrtically  from  the  atmospbrrc 
through  their  leaves,  and  di cMinpose  it,  nsstndlating  Ibc 
carbon,  and  returning  most  of  the  oxygen  to  the  iilr.  Cal'- 
bonlc-acld  engine.  («)  A  nre-englne  from  which  water 
is  ejected  by  the  pressure  of  carhonic-acid  gas,  which  is 
evolved  in  a  chamber  connected  Mitb  the  watcr-rrservolr. 
(b)  An  engine  which  is  moved  by  the  expansln'  force  .if 
condensed  carbonic  acid.  — Carbonic-acld  water.  See 
arratrd  walern,  muU-r  arralr.  Carbonic  or  carbonoua 
OXld,n  BUbslauec  (I'll)  obtained  by  allotting earboldc  acid 
to  passover  red-hot  fragments  tit  charcoal,  contiilni'd  in  a 
tiilM!  of  Ircai  and  porcelain,  anil  also  by  several  other  pro- 
cesses. It  is  tt  colorless.  Inodorolm gas,  a  little  lighter tllall 
air,  lias  neither  acid  nor  alkaline  iiroiierties,  Is  very  poison- 
ous, and  burns  with  a  iiale-lavi  uiler  flame.  This  sulmtarne 
Is  produced  when  a  eoallllc  bnrns  with  asinokelesi  flame, 
and  the  iialelnvemler  flame  luodneed  by  lis  eoinbiisllon 
may  often  be  observed  playing  over  such  ii  fln*. 

Carbonidee  (kiir-bon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [Nli,,  <  Car- 
/.«(»-)  ■¥  -Ilia .]  A  naracof  the  coniioraiil  fam- 
ily.    ./.  /■'.  Itriindl,  I.S.'l!),     Sic  I'halarrnr.irariilir. 

carboniferous  (kiir-lio-iiir'c-nis),  ri.    [<  li.  nn- 

/;<;(«-),  eiial,  +  fir, .:  '=  K.  hiar'.]  Containing 
or  yielding  carbon  or  coal.  In  r/i-i./.,  nlniosl  ex- 
clusively used  In  deslglinllng  that  asiirniblage  iif  strata 
from  which  the  coal  of  Kiigland,  Kranee,  iierinany,  and  llie 

Inlteil  Slates  In  (or  the  I I  Tinrl  obtnlneil.     The  Ciirbon. 

IfcnniH  »erliB  Is  of  the  I'alcozolc  age.  and  Is  II I  re. 

"Ill  portion  ol  the  l'iileo7ob  .  II  l«  overlaid  by  the  Permian 
I...  k«,  which  belong  t.i  the  ilo.ing  era  ol  the  Cnrbonller 
"M>  age.  mill  Is  uiiilerlnld  by  llii  lii  vonluii.  The  Cnrbon- 
ib  rous,  over  large  arrns  both  In  Kitrope  and  .North  Aiiicr- 


carboy 

ica,  is  separable  into  three  more  or  less  distinct  groups; 
the  coal-measures,  the  ndllstone-grit,  and  the  mountain 
limestone.  The  first  of  these  three  is  a  series  of  shales 
and  clays,  \vith  which  the  coal-beds  themselves  are  inter- 
stratified.  This  part  of  the  series  is  sonudinies  several 
thousand  feet  in  thickness,  and  the  number  and  thiekuesa 
of  the  intercalated  coal-beds  ditfer  greatly  in  different  re- 
gions. The  nuilstone-grit  is  a  detrital  rock  ordinarily 
quite  silicions,  and  jissuming  all  degrees  of  fineness,  from 
that  of  a  fine-grained  gritstone  to  that  of  a  coarse  conglom- 
erate. Its  thickness  varies  greatly  in  various  regions.  The 
mountain  limestone  is  a  calcareous  rock,  often  rich  in  fos- 
sils of  marine  origin,  and  sometimes  having  a  thickness 
of  over  3,000  feet.  See  coal,  coal-mcattureit,  tnillntone-ifrit, 
and  mountain  liiitr.^toiie  (under  limestone).  [In  technical 
use,  connnonly  with  a  caiutal.] 

carbonisation,  carbonise,  etc.    See  carboni::a- 

tion.  etc, 

carbonization  (k!ir"bg-ni-za.'shon),  n.  [<  car- 
bonize (see  -ation) ;  =  F.  carbonisation  =  Sp. 
carboni-acion  =  J'g.carbnni-ai;iiii.]  1.  Theoper- 
ation  of  converting  wood  or  other  organic  sub- 
stance into  coal  or  charcoal.  The  volatile  constit- 
uents are  driven  off  by  combustion,  and  a  more  or  less 
pure  carbon  remains  behind.  The  term  is  also  used  for 
the  slott-  transformation  of  wood  into  coal  by  natiu-al  pro- 
cesses. 

2.  Same  as  carbiirization. —  3.  Same  as  ciir- 
boiiiitiiin.     Also  spelled  carhoni.iation. 

carbonization-bed  (kilr  bo-ni-za'shon-bed),  H. 
hieliarcDiil-bnniinij,  a  rectangular  wooden  box, 
higher  at  the  roar  than  at  the  front,  contain- 
ing wood  covered  with  a  layer  of  earth,  it  has  a 
hearth  at  the  front  or  lower  end,  and  forms  a  kind  of  kiln  ; 
the  fire  gradually  extends  backward  from  the  hearth,  and 
the  i-harcoal  is  withdrawn  as  fast  as  it  is  made, 

carbonize  (kiir'bo-niz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
boni;:ed,  ppr.  ciirSonicini/.  [  <  carbon  +  -i:c;  =  F. 
t'flrio«(«r=  Sp.  Pg.  enrlionizar  =  \t.  carboni;- 
^are.l  1.  To  convert  into  cai'l)on  by  combus- 
tiou  or  the  action  of  lire,  or  by  other  natural  pro- 
cesses.—  2.  To  cover  with  carbon  (in  the  forui 
of  charcoal  or  lampblack). — 3.  To  carburize. 

Also  spelled  eiirhiinise. 
Carbonizing-fumace,  an   apparatus   for    carbonizing 
Wood,  disinrcuratinL'  rocks,  etc.     K.  II.  Kniijhf. 

carbonizer  (kar'bo-ni-zir),  «.  A  tank  of  ben- 
zol or  other  hydrbcarbou,  through  which  air 
is  passed  to  carry  off  an  intlammablo  vapor. 
K.  I>.     Also  spelled  carboniser. 

carbon-light  tkiir'bou-lit),  u.  An  electric  arc- 
lifjlit. 

carbonohydrous  (kiir  ■■'  bg-no  -  hi '  drus),  a.  [< 
eiirhiin  +  li!/ilr(0!icn)  +  -oha\]  Composed  of 
carbon  and  hytirogen. 

Carbonometer  (kiir-bo-nom'e-t6r),  n.  [<  NL. 
citrbii{ii-),  carbon,  +  L.  mctruni,  a  measure.] 
An  insti'ument  for  detecting  the  jiresence  of 
carbonic  acid  by  its  action  on  lime-water. 

Carbonous  (kiir'bg-nus),  a.  l<.  carbon  +  -oh,*,] 
I'crlaiiiiiig  to  or  containing  carbon Carbonous 

OXld.    Same  as  eitrbonit:  oxid  (which  see,  under  cin-honic). 

carbon-paper  (kiir'bon-pa.''''p(>r),  w.  Pajier  faced 
with  earlion  or  lampblack:  used  between  two 
sheets  id'  )iai>er  for  the  purpose  of  reproducing 
uiioii  the  lower  sheet  anytbing  which  may  be 
written  or  drawn  ujion  the  upper  sheet,  or 
]u-iiiteil  tipou  it  by  a  type-writer. 

carbon-point  (kiir'bon-point),  n.  See  carbon- 
iniiiits,  under  nirbnn. 

carbon-print  (kiir' bon-])rint),  n.  AphotograpU 
in  iiermaneiit  inks  or  colors.  Hee  carbon  jyrocess, 
uiHler  rarbtin,  and  irDiidhnri/ti/iie. 

carbonyl  (kiir'boM-il),  11.  [(.carbon  + -i/l.}  A 
hv)iiit  liet  leal  organic  radical  having  the  formula 
( 't  >. 

carborundum  (kiir-bo-run'dum),  n.  A  juoduct 
111  I  lie  electric  furnace  used  in  ]ihice  of  emery 
us  ail  abrasive  material.  The  reaction  of  the 
fiiriiace  is  SiO„-H:!(:  =  Si('-(-'JC(>. 

carbovinate  (Ciir-bo-vi'mit),  «.  [<  NL,  car- 
/"!(«-),  eai-bon,  +  li.  riii{nni),  wine  (for  'alco- 
liol'),  -t-  -dtiK]  See  earborinatc  of  potassium, 
iiiicler  iHilii.i.iinm. 

carboxyl  (kiii'bok-sil),  w.  [<  carb(on)  +  ox- 
(Hiicn)  +  -III.]  A  hypothetical  organic  radical 
having  the  I'ormuhi  COOIl.  ll  may  be  regarded  as 
a  compound  radical  made  up  of  carbonyl  (CO)  nnd  liy- 
ilroxyl  (<lll).  This  carboxyl  group  C'O'dl)  exists  In  all 
organic  adds.  Its  hydrogen 
being  rcplaceabb'  by  a  biisic 
element  or  group,  thus  form- 
ing II  Kidt,  as  acetic  acid  (i'll;t 
niiill).  sodium  acetate  (I'll;, 
I'llllNa),  etc. 

carboy  (kiir'boi),?!.  [Ull. 
<  Hind.  Pers.  qariibii,  a 
large  Ihigoii.']  If.  A 
di'iiiijohn. 

six  c(i i7>Mi/«  of  Isphahan  Wine, 
Itinneiiji,  ]7ft4,  quol.  in  \n\f  .  ni.nv 

lioid  I'.unKdl's  ulosMary, 
2,   ,\  largo  globular  bottle  of  green  glass,  pro- 
tected liy  an  outside  envering  consistiiig  either 


carboy 

of  basketwork  or  of  a  wooden  box :  used  chiefly 
for  coutaiiiing  uertain  acids  (sudi  as  vitriol  or 
siilpiiuric  acid)  and  other  Mghly  coiTosivo  li- 
quids likely  to  act  chemically  upon  stoneware. 

car-brake  (kilr'brak),  «.  A  brake  used  to  ar- 
rest the  motion  of  a  railroad-ear.  Wh™  oper- 
ated by  hanii,  it  cuiiijirises  a  brake-wliecl,  brake-sliaft, 
brake-chain,  brake-lever,  ami  brake-shoe,  witli  their  va- 
rious parts.  (See  brake-shaft,  bfakc-nhor,  and  brake- 
wheel.)  Wliere  otlier  tlian  hand-power  is  used,  the  brake 
consists  essentially  of  tlic  slioo  and  lever  and  some  means 
(as  a  coiled  spring,  steam,  compressed  air,  or  tlie  pressure 
of  tlie  air  acting  in  a  vacuum)  for  developinu  power  and 
applying  it  to  operate  the  brake-lever.  When  all  the 
l)i-akes  of  a  train  are  operated  together  by  a  single  ap- 
plication of  power,  the  apparatus  is  called  a  cnntiimous 
brake.  The  most  important  forms  of  such  brakes  are  the 
Westinghouse  brake  and  the  vacuum-brake.  (.See  air- 
brake.) Some  continuous  brakes,  as  the  improved  West- 
inghouse, are  operated  by  the  breaking  apart  of  the  cars 
in  the  train,  and  are  called  axUomatic  or  sel/seUint/  brakes. 
See  cut  under  braked. 

car-bumper  (kar'buin"per),  n.    A  buffer 

carbuncle  (kiir'bung-kl),  n. 


817 

Same  as  ethylem.—Ugbt  carbureted  hydrogen,  a  com- 
pound of  carbon  and  |]yclrom-ii(i'll ,)  which  occurs  in  coal- 
mlTiiH  (llre-d.'unli)  .■irid  about  stagnant  pools. 

carbureter,  carburetor  (kiir'bu-ret-er,  -or),  n. 
[<  citrhurct  +  -crl,  -»;•.]  1.  Ail  apjtaratiis  for 
adding  hydrocarbons  to  non-luminous  or  poor 
gases,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  an  illumi- 
nating gas.  This  iselfected  by  the  additionot  volatile  hy- 
drocarbons, or  by  placing  material  rich  in  liydrocarbons  in 
the  charge  in  the  gas-retort,  or  by  causing  the  gas  U>  pass 
through  liquid  hydrocarbons  to  take  up  the  more  volatile 
vapors.  Air-carbureters  are  of  this  last  class.  Various 
devices  are  eui])loyed  to  saturate  the  air  with  the  vapor, 
hut  all  iiro  essentially  alike. 
2.  A  hydrocarbon  used  for  this  purpose. 

The  lightest  distillates  of  American  jjetroleum,  Sher- 
wood oil,  or  shale,  have  been  much  investigated  in  regard 
to  use  as  anuisthctics  or  as  carburetlen. 

Ure,  Diet.,  lU.  399. 
Also  cnrhuretter,  carburettor. 

carburetted,  /).  a.    See  carbureted. 

carburisation,  carburise.    See  carburization, 
carhitrhc. 


[<  ME.  carbuncle, 
-boncle,    also    assibilated    charbuncle,    -boncle,  carburization  (kiLr"bu-ri-za'8hon),  n.     [<  car 
-bode,  -bucle,  <  OF.  carbuncle,  -boucle,  assibi-     hiiri:e  +  -ation.]     The  process  "of  adding  car- 

lated  charbuncle,  -bucle,   -boucle,  -bode,  scher-    '  

buHcle,  F.  escarboude  =  Pr.  carbuncle,  car- 
bonde  =  Sp.  Pg.  carbundo  =  It.  carbonchio  = 
D.  karbonkel  =  MHG.  karbunkeJ,  also  karfun- 
kel,  6.  karfunkel  (as  if  connected  with  funke, 


bon,    especially  to  iron;    any  process  which 


Carcbariidse 

and  perhaps  derived  from  (as  the  'shell'  or 
'case'  left  by  the  departed  spirit),  (2)  OF. 
carqtiais,  carcois,  carquois,  F.  cfirrfuois,  m.,  = 
Sp.  carcax  =  Pg.  carcaz  =  It.  curcnunn,  m.  (MI^. 
carcaissuin;  CvoaXian  karkash),  a  quiver,  jjrob. 
a  corruption  (appar.  simulating  initially  Ij. 
caro  (cam-),  flesh;  ef.  carrion)  of  ML.  tarcasiug, 
MGr.  TapKiimnv,  a  quiver.  =  Turk.  Hind,  tarkash, 
<  Pers.  terfv/i/j,  a  quiver.]  1.  The  dead  body 
of  an  animal ;  a  corpse :  not  now  cominnnly  ap. 
plied  to  a  dead  human  bod  v.  e.\ccpt  in  contempt 
Wheresoever  the  carcase  ig.thcre  wUl  the  eagles  Ixs 
gathered  together.  Mat.  xxiv.  28. 

Beside  the  path  the  unburicd  carcam  lay. 

Ilri/ant,  The  Ages,  x. 

2.  The  body  of  a  living  animal,  especially  of 
a  large  animal ;  in  contempt,  the  human  body. 

To  pamper  his  own  carcuM.       ..S'*m«/j,  .Sermons,  IV.  ii. 

3.  Figuratively,    the  decaying  remains  of  a 
bulky  thing,  as  of  a  boat  or  ship. 

The  Goodwins,  ...  a  very  dangerous  flat  and  fatal, 
where  the  carcanes  ol  many  a  tall  ship  lie  buried. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 
.Some  ruinous  hones  .  .  .  and  stonie  Keliques  of  the 


nas  as  its  cliiet    result  the  increasing   of   the     car*a««es  of  more  than  foure  thousand  Places  and  Cities, 
amoimt  of  carbon  present  in  a  metal.    Tims  ce-  PurehoK,  Pilgrimage,  p.  -.m. 

!".';"';^'!:!Li!,l''"",'^''A''''  ''"^  I?.""."  changed  to  steel'  by    4.  The  frame  or  main  parts  of  a  thing  unfin 


a  spark)  =  Dan.  karfuukd  (prob.  <  G.)  =  Sw'.  p^' v,rf'!»VT'-''"f  ""-"'\ 
J.,, ..;,„„;■„;/  T /,•„.„.„;„„  /mt.    „i„„  .„™ carburize  (kar  bu-riz). 


karbunkd,  <  L.  e(irljuuculu.s'(Mlj.  also  carvun 
cuius,  carvucuhis),  a  gera,  an  inflamed  tumor  or 
boil,  a  disease  of  plants  caused  by  hoar-frost, 
also  lit.  a  little  coal,  dim.  of  carbo{n-),  a  glow- 
ing coal:  see  carbon.']    1.  A  beautiful  gem  of 


To  cause  to  unite  with  carbon  or  a  hydrocar 
bon,  as  when  the  illuminating  power  of  a  gas 
is  increased  by  mingling  with  it  the  vapor  of 
a  deep-red  color,  inclining  to  scarlet,^found  pI±/,i!;:iirlliTi!?''°K-  ^Iso c«/-J«,-;6-^,  c«r6«««. 
chiefly  in  the  East  In^Ues.    When  held  up  to  the  sun  ^f^^^,?'Tf^J}^^'}V°'^  T^''^'  "■      ^^  "'"'; 

it  loses  its  deep  tinge,  and  becomes  of  th, b.rofaburn-     ''"'(^0   +  -o-mctcr,  <  l,..metrum,   a    measure.] 

ing  coal.    It  was  formerly  believed  to  he  (■a|)al)le  of  shin-     ^^  apparatus  invented  by  M.  Coqmllon  for  de- 

ing  in  darkness.    The  carbuncle  of  the  anciiiits  is  believed     termining  the  amount  of  carbonic  oxid,  hydro- 

to  Save  been  a  garnet,  some  varieties  of  which  still  go  by     ctpu    etc     in  ffiises  containpil  in  fiiAls       W    TT 

that  name,  though  the  name  included  also  the  rubj^  and     7,-,°' ,!/'         ^  contained  in  tuels.     i4.  U. 

the  spinel.  Jim  {lilt. 

2.  In  pathol.,  a  circumscribed  inflammation  carbyl  (kar'bil),   n.      [<  earb(on)  +  .yl.-\      A 

of  the  subcutaneous  connective  tissue,  result-     "'""*'  given  by  Magnus  to  the  hydrocarbon 

ing  in  suppuration  and  sloughing,  and  having    ethylene  when  it  .acts  as  a  basic  radical,  as  car- 

a  tendency  to  extend  itself,  xmdermining  the     ''y'  sulphate,  €2114(803)2. 

skin.     It  is  somewhat  similar  to  a  boil,  but  carcajou   (kiir_ka-jo),  n.      [F.,  from  a  native 


more  serious  in  its  effects. 

It  was  a  pestilent  fever,  but  there  foUowed  no  car- 
buMle.  Bacon. 

3.  In  her. :  (a)  A  charge  or  bearing  generally 
consisting  of  8  radiating  staffs  or  scepters,  4  of 
which  are  vertical  and  horizontal  and  4  diag- 
onal or  saltierwise,  and  supposed  to  represent 
the  precious  stone  earbimcle.  Also  called  es- 
carbunde.  (b)  The  tincture  red,  when  describ- 
ing a  nobleman's  escutcheon  according  to  the 


ing  carburized  by  the  so-called  cementation  process,     ialiprl     nr  witb„.,f    r„.,>o^„.,f     „,    t\       *•  ~t-""' 
Also  spelled  rnrhvrhaiimi  isnea,  or  witnout  ornament,   as  the  timber- 

■   v.t.;  pret.  and  pp.  car-    T''''\  °*  f;  ^<?,"«e  before  it  is  lathed  or  plas- 
Imrkrd,  ppr.  mrhnri:inn.     [<  carbur(et)-\-  -L-c.l    **'''"^  °^  *',"?  **«"''«  '-^"^^  'aid,  or  the  keel,  ribs, 
-         -  -     ear-    etc.,  of  a  ship.— 5.  An  iron  case,  shell,  or  hol- 

low vessel  filled  with  combustible 
and  other  substances,  as  gunpow- 
der, saltpeter,  sulphur,  broken  glass, 
turpentine,  etc.,  thrown  from  a  mor- 
tar or  howitzer,  and  intended  to  set 
v,arca!s.       ^""^  '°  ^  building,  ship,  or  wooden 
defense,      it  has  two  or  three  apertures, 
from  which  the  tire  Idazes,  and  is  sometimes  made  to  serve 
by  its  light  as  a  guide  in  throwing  shells.     It  is  some- 
times equipped  with  pistcl-barrels  loaded  with  powder  to 
the  muzzle,  whic  h  explcd..-  as  the  composition  burns  down 
to  them.— Carcass-flooring,  in  btdldim,  a  grated  frame 
of  tiinberwork   which  supports   the   boarding   or    llncir- 
boards  above  and  the  ceiling  below.— Carcass-roofing 
a  grated  frame  of  timberwork  which  spans  the  building^ 
and  caiTies  the  boarding  and  other  covering.—  Carcaas- 
saw,  a  kind  of  tenon.saw,  having 


name.]      1.    The  American  wolverene 
lugcus.     See  loolvc 
the  -American 


Gulo 


system  of  blazoning  by  precious  stones.     See  *'*^''Pi„f:!'„  „"°„^!i"„„[;        <""'''"" 


6?asoH,  )(.,  2.— 4.  A  whelk  or  "toddy-blossom"     '"'-J     ^^ 
on  a  drunkard's  face.  Carcanet 

carbuncled  (kar'bung-kld),  a.  [<  carbuncle  -I- 
-ed".]     1.  Set  with  carbtmcles. 

He  has  deserv'd  it  [armour],  were  it  carbuncled 
Like  holy  Phcebus'  car.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  8. 

2.  Afliicted  with  carbuncle,  or  having  the  color 
of  a  carbuncle;  glowing  like  a  earbimcle,  as 
from  drink:  as,  "a  carbuncled  face,"  Brome, 
The  Good  Fellow. 
carbuncular  (kiir-bung'ku-lar),  a.  [<  L.  car- 
bunculus,  carbuncle,  -t-  -«V2.']  Belonging  to  a 
carbuncle;  resembling  a  carbuncle;  red;  in- 
flamed—  Carbimcular  fever.  .Same  as  malignant  an- 
thrax (which  see,  uncler  aittltrax). 

carbunculate  (kiir-bimg'ku-lat),  a.  Same  as 
carbuncidar. 

carbunculation  (kiir-bung-ku-la'shon),  n.  [< 
L.  carbunculatio(n-),  <  ca)-bun'cidare,'pp.  carbun- 
culatus,  have  a  earbimcle,  or  (of  plants)  the 
disease  called  carbunculus :  see  carbuncle.']  The 
blasting  of  the  young  buds  of  trees  or  plants  by 
excessive  heat  or  cold. 

carbunculinet  (kar-bung'kii-lin),  a.  [Cf.  equiv. 
L.  carbiiHculosKS,  containing  red  sandstone,  < 
carbunculus,  red  sandstone.]  Containing  red 
sandstone. 


-.,  a  backing  of  metal  bent 
„;,.,...„        OX'  1  /    X     over  and  hammered  down  to  strengthen  the  back, 

ofo  rcHe.- 2.  Erroneously -(«)  Carcavelhos  (kar-kii-val'yos),  n.  [Pg.,  <  Car- 
f.,...,,  .  t>adger,r«.r«te.  ammcaHn;  (6)  rardbo,,  a  ^'iUage  in  Portugal.  Commoner 
the  cougar,  Febs  concolor.  f^,.^^  ^^  England  are  calcavella  and  calcavel- 

The  wolverene  has  been  confused  not  only  with  the    los.]     A  sweet  wine  grown  in  the  district  of 
lynx  and  cougar  in  early  times,  but  also  quite  recently     the  same  name,  in  Pn?ti.o.ol  ^'""-1'  "i 

with  the  American  b.adger,  Taxidea  americana.     Thus  same  name  m  Portugal. 

F.Ouvier(supp.  to  Buffon.ed.  1831, 1.  267)  treats  at  length  carcel  (kar-sel  ),  n.  [See  Cared  lamp.]  The 
of  "le  carcajou  ou  blaireau  am^ricain,"  ...  to  which  he  French  unit  of  artificial  illumination,  equal  to 
misconceives  the  name  carcajou  to  belong.  the  light  emitted  bv  a  standard  lamp  with  a 

Coues,  Fur-bearmg  Animals,  p.  45.     fl,.^„g  40  millimetershigh  and  burning  42  grams 
see  carca-    of  colza-oi!  an  hour. 
Same  as  carcanet.  carcelaget  (kiir'se-laj),  «.     [<  OF.  carcdaqe  = 

(kar'ka-net),  n.  [Formerly  also  car-  ,Sp.  carcdaje,  carceraje  =  Pg.  carccragem,  prison 
kanet,  sometimes  carquenet  (with  dim.  -et  or  fees,  incarceration,  <  ML.  earcelagium,  equiv. 
for  "carcant),  =  D.  karkant,  <  OF.  carcant,  car-  to  carcerarium,  prison  fees,  <  L.  career,  a  pris- 
can,  carchant,  charchant,  chcrehant,  mod.  F.  on.]  Prison  fees.  E.  Phillips,  1706. 
carcan  =  Pr.  carcan  =  It.  carcamc  (ML.  carcan-  Carcel  lamp  (kar-sel'  lamp).  [Froni  the  name 
nuni,  carchannum),  a  collar  of  jewels,  an  iron  of  the  inventor.]  A  lamp  in  which  the  oil 
collar;  (1)  perhaps,  with  suffix  -ant  (cf.  OF.  is  fed  to  the  wick  by  means  of  a  pump  oji- 
carcaille,  a  carcanet,  with  suffix  -aille,  =  E.  erated  by  clockwork,  sometimes  used  in  light- 
-al),  <  OHG.  </!«e»-ca  =  Icel.  fa>e)-fc=  Dan.  kvtcrk,  houses  and  as  a  domestic  lamp. 
the  throat:  see  querken.  (2)  Less  prob.  ML.  carceralt,  «•  [<  L.  cflrco-afe,  <  career,  a  prison, 
carcannum  =  erango,  a  collar,  appar.  <  OHG.  =  Sicilian  Gr.  mpKapov.]  Of  or  belonging  to  a 
crage,  chrage.  throat,  neck,  MHG.  krage,  throat,  prison :  as,  "  carceral  endurance,"  Foxe. 
neck,  collar,  G.  kragcn,  collar,  cape,  gorget,  dial,  carceratet  (kiir'se-rat),  v.  t.  [<  LL.  carceratus, 
neck :  see  crag".  (3)  Some  refer  to  Bret,  ker-  pp.  of  carcerare,  'imprison,  <  L.  career,  prison  : 
cfteH,  the  bosom,  breast,  the  circle  of  the  neck,  see  carceral.  Ct.  incarcerate.]  To  imprison; 
same  as  kelchen,  collar,  <  kdch,  a  circle,  cii-cuit,    incarcerate. 

akin  to  W.ce;c/i,  round,  encircling.]    1.  Aneck- carcerular  (kar-ser'o-liir),  a.     [<  carcerule  -t- 

-'(/-  :  =  F.  carc&ulaire.]     Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling a  carcerule. 
carcerule   (kar'se-rol),  n.     [=  F.  carcerule,  < 
NL.  carcerula,  dim.  of  L.  career,  a  prison.]    In 


lace  or  collar  of  jewels. 
Jewels  in  the  carcanet.  Skak.,  Sonnets,  Iii. 

About  thy  neck  a  carkanet  is  bound. 
Made  of  the  Ruble,  Pearle,  and  Diamond. 

Herrick,  To  Julia. 
Then  in  the  light's  last  glimmer  Tristram  show'd 
And  swung  the  ruby  carcanet. 

Tennyson,  The  Last  Tournament. 


In  sandy  lande  thai  [chestnuts]  stande  if  that  it  wepe 

Black  ertlie  is  apte,  and  londe  carbunculyne 

And  ragstoon  all  to  rapte  is  for  hem  digne.  „     „  „ 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  216.   carCaSS,  CarcaSe  (kiir'kas),  «. 
carburett  (kilr'bii-ret),  n.    [=  Sp.  Pg.  carbureto,  .  ■•  .  . 

Pg.  also  carburo,  =  F.  carbure,  <  NL.  carbo  : 
see  carbon.']     Same  as  carbide. 
carburet  (kilr'bu-ret),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cctr- 
burcted,  carburetted,  ppr.  carbureting,  carburet- 
ting.     [<  carburet,  n.]     Same  as  carburize. 
carbureted,  carburetted  (kiir'bu-ret-ed),  p.  a. 
[Pp.  of  carburet,  v.]     Combined  with  carbon 
m  the  manner  of  a  carburet  or  carbide :  as,  car- 
hnreted  hydrogen.- Heavy  carbureted  hydrogen. 
52 


bot. :  («t)  A  now  obsolete  name  for  one  of  the 
component  parts  of  a  schizocarp  (which  see). 
(b)  A  dry  indehiseent  pericarp  with  several 

^J::^^^-^^^--—--  ^^^^^^^^^,n.     Ashark 

of  the    family   Carchariidee  or    Galeorhinida:. 
Sir  J.  Hichard.srin. 
Carcharias  (kiir-kii'ri-as),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kap- 
xapiai;,  a  kind  of  shark,  so  called  from  its  sharp 


nament  for  the  hair, 
Curled  hairs  hung  full  of  sparkling  carcaiwt^.   Marston. 
carcara  (kiir-kar'a),  ».     Same  as  caracara. 

[Early  mod.  E. 


also  I'lirciissc.  carkass,  carkis,  <  ME.  carkes,  car 
kci/a,  kiuiccit!.  carcai/s:  (1)  <  OF.  carcas,  carcois, 
also  assibilated  Charcots,  charcos,  charquois, 
charch(>>.'>,  mod.  F.  dial.  Charcots,  charquois,  m., 
OF.  also  earquasse,  mod.  F.  carcasse,  f.,  car- 
cass, skeleton,  frame,  OF.  also  flesh,  =  Sp.  ear-  carchariid  (kiir-kar'i-id), 
ca,9a  =  Pg.  carcassa,  carcass,  =  It.  carcassa,  t.,     family  Carchariidw. 

a  shell,  bomb,  skeleton,  hulk  (ML.  carcasium,  Carchariidae  (kiir-ka-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
frtr(oi««m,  a  carcass ;  cf.  It.  eoreamc,  a  carcass  Careharins  -t-  -idw.']  A  family  of  anarthrojis 
—  a  con-upt  form,  ordiff.  word),  associated  with,     sharks,  exemplified  by  the  genus  CarchariaSt 


or  jagged  teeth,  <  mpxapoc,  sharp,  jagged.]     1. 
The  tyjiical  genus  of  selachians  of  the  family 
Carchariida: — 2.  Same  as  Carcharinus. 
3.  .An  earlv  name  of  the  genus  Odontas2>is. 

Bafinesqii,'.  icSlO. 

n.     A  shark  of  the 


Carchaxiids 

to  which  different  limits  have  been  assigned 
bv  var'"'i^  ir-hthvologists.    («)  In  Gunther's  system 

f^^       '    '  "       zoUy  of  5e;ac/ioMt-i,  characterized 

y.^^:  :  .mt-  of  the  eye,  the  presence  of  an 

'^i  • .  d  dorsal  fins.    (4)  By  Jordan  and 

Gillirrl  .;  -v^is  i;^  ;lUutt.-d  for  Odonta-^phUT  (which  see). 

CarchariiEse  (kiir'ka-ri-i'ne),  ii.  2>l  P^.,  < 
CiircluiridS  +  -!»«•.]  In  Giinther's  system  of 
classification,  a  subfamily  of  Carchariidw,  hav- 
ing" the  teeth  unienspid,  sharp-edged,  smooth 
or  serrate,  and  erect  or  oblique,  and  the  snout 
produced  longitudinally. 

Carcharinus  (kar-ka-ri'nus),  n.  [Nli.,  <  L. 
carchartts.  a  kind  of  shark  or  dogfish  (ef.  Gr. 
icap;fopii!f,  a  kind  of  shark),  <  Gr.  koflxapoq, 
sharp,  jagged.     Cf.  Carcharias.'^     A  genus  of 


Blue  Shark  [Carckarinus ^/aucus). 

sharks,  of  the  family  Galeorhinida;  comprising 
some  of  the  largest  and  most  voracious  of  sela- 
chians. The  blue  shark  is  C.  gimicus.  Also 
Carcharias. 

The  penus  Carcharinus  embraces  the  blue  sharks,  the 
sharks  of  story.  .  .  .  The  species  of  Carcharimis  share 
with  the  species  of  Carcharodon  the  name  man-eater 
sharks.  Stand.  Nat.  Hut.,  lU.  82. 

carcharioid  (kUr-kar'i-oid),  a.  and  ».     [<  Gr. 
Kapxapia^.  a  kind  of  shark,  +  fMof,  shape.]    I. 
a.  Kesembling  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Carchariidce. 
H.  n.  A  carchariid 


818 

(=  L.  cancer:  see  cancer),  +  -'/.oyia,  <  7Jyeiv, 
speak:  see  -ologij.']  That  department  of  zo- 
ology ■which  relates  to  crustaceans,  or  crabs, 
shrimps,  etc.  Also  called  crmlaceology  and 
maUicostracologij. 
carcinoma  (kar-si-no'ma),  H. ;  pi.  circinomata 
(-ina-ta).  [L.  (also  in  accom.  form  canecroma, 
caiicro'ina)  (>  F.  carcinome  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carci- 
noma), <  Gr.  KapKwufia,  a  cancer,  <  KapKivovv,  af- 
fect with  cancer,  <  KapKiroc,  a  crab,  cancer:  see 
carchiu.i  and  cancer.^  A  tumor  wliich  grows 
more  or  less  rapidly,  tends  to  break  down  and 
ulcerate  in  its  later  stages,  propagates  itself 
in  neighboiing  or  more  distant  parts,  and  af- 
ter excision  very  frequently  recurs ;  a  cancer, 
in  the  stricter  sense  of  that  word.  A  carci- 
noma is  characterized  microscopically  by  trabecuhe  and 
nodular  masses  of  cells  of  epithelial  form  and  origin, 
running  in  a  stroma  of  tissue  of  mesoblastic  origin.  Sev- 
eral types  are  distinguished  :  (1)  flat-celled  epithelioma ; 
(2)  cylinder-celled  epithelioma ;  (3)  simple  carcinoma  (car- 
cinoma simplex),  a  variety  of  glandular  carcinoma  forming 
nodular  tumors  of  considerable  consistency ;  (4)  carcinoma 
scirrliosum,  or  scirrhous  cancer,  a  variety  forming  very 
hard  nodules  of  almost  the  consistency  of  cartilage ;  (5) 
carcinoma  gelatinosum,  or  cancer  with  colloid  degenera- 
tion of  the  epithelial  parts ;  colloid  cancer ;  (6)  Ciircinoma 
myxomatodes,  or  cancer  with  the  stroma  consistiug  of  mu- 
cous tissue  ;  (7)  cylindroma  carcinomatodes ;  (8)  carcinoma 
gigautocellulare ;  (9)  melauocarcinoma.  Certain  pathol- 
ogists exclude  the  epitheliomata  from  the  carcinomata, 
and  hold  that  the  latter  are  not  of  epithelial  origin,  but 
are  purely  a  mesoblastic  formation.  Some,  again,  founding 
the  definition  of  carcinomata  entirely  on  anatomical  fea- 
tures, independently  of  histogenetic  considerations,  in- 
clude in  them  the  satrcoraata  alveolaria.  The  softer  carci- 
nomata are  as  a  rule  the  more  rapidly  fatal.  The  earlier 
a  cancer  is  removed,  the  greater  is  the  prolongation  of  life 
and  the  chance  of  escapini;  a  return.  See  enliiidroma, 
r],iihi-liuma,  sa  rcoma. — Alveolar  carcinoma.  See  ahv- 
vtti  r 


Carcharodon   (kar-kar'6-don),  n.      [NL. :   see  carcinomatous  (kiir-si-nom'a-tus),  a.      [<  car- 


citrcharixlDHt.']     A  genus  of  man-eater  sharks 

of  enormous  size  and  with  serrate   teeth,  of 

the  familv  Lamnidiv.    Tlie  only  species,  C.  rundeleti, 

attains  a  length  of  40  feet,  and  is  found  in  all  tropical  and 

temperate  seas.     Teeth  of  extinct  members  of  this  genus 

indicate  species  of  still  more  enormous  dimensions. 
carcharodont  (kar-kar'o-<lont),  a.     [<  NL.  car- 

clitii(i(lriii(l-),  <  Gr.  Mi/);fapi)(5ui',  eomiuoiUywi/)- 

Xapoihvr,  with  sharp  or  jagged  teeth,  <  Kapxa- 

poc,  sharp,  jagged,  +  odoi'f  (bdovr-)  =  E.  tooth.'] 

1.   Having  compressed  trenchant  teeth,  like 

those  of  members   of  the  genus   Carcharias. 

— 2.  Having  acute  or  pointed  teeth:  as,  "all 

snakes  are  cnrcharodont,"  Giintlier,  Encyc.  Brit., 

XX.  4:i2. 
carchesium  (kiir-ke'si-um),  n.     [L.,  <  Gr.  Kap- 

Xfioiov,  a  driiiking-cup,  the  masthead  of  a  ship.]  carcino'phagOUS  (kiir-si-uof 'a-gus),  a.     [< 

1.    PI.   carchesia    (-ii).      In   classical   antiq.,   a     ^.,  ,^.„,,„.,  .^  ^.,..,1,,  +  A,neh;  edt.]     Eating  c 

driuking-vase,  resembling  the  cantharus,  but        '.     .:  .'  ■ 

ha\ing  its  bowl  narrower  in  the  miildU'  than 

above  and  below,  and  its  projecting  handles 

strengthened    by  being   connected  with   the 

bowl  at  about  the  level  of  the  rim.     Also  lar- 

chexioH.—  2.   [cap.}  [NL.]  A  genus  of  peritri- 

chous  ciliate  infusorians,  of  the  family  Vorti- 

cellida:    The  animalcules  are  associated  in  den- 
driform colonies.     C  polypinum  is  an  example. 
In  Carrhi-Mum  the  zoijids  are  united  in  social  tree-like 

cluster",  but  the  muscle  of  the  pedicle  does  not  extend 

through  the  main  trunk ;  the  Individuals  can  withdraw 

themselves  to  the  jioint  of  branching  of  their  stock,  but 

tile  colony  cannot  withdraw  itself  from  \i&  position. 

Stand.  Xat.  Hint.,  I.  45. 

carcini,  ».'     Plural  of  carcinus. 

Carclninx  (kiir-si-ni'ne),  n.  /it.     [NL.,  <  Car- 

ciiiii.i.  2,  +  -iHic]     A  subfamily  of  crabs,  of  the 

family  I'ortunidw,  tJ^)ilied  by  the  genus  C'arci- 

nu.s.    Th,;  raniiiace  is  but  slightly  if  at  all  transverse,  and 

th<    'b'-lipeds  are   nither  sruall.      ItH  best-known  rcpro- 

acnt.itivcM  beloni;  Ui  the  genera  Porttinuit,  Carrimm,  and 

flal:)n,i,irhiui,  which  la«t  Includes  the  Inily-crab  of  the 

I'hit.  '1  .Slates.   See  nutj*  under  Carciuxi*  and  l*lntjionyrhun. 
carcinoid  (kiir'si-noid),  n.     [=  F.  rarcinoidc,  < 

( 

I.  :i-:,lly,  1 

lid ;  iur(inom<»r[iliic. 


ciiioiiiiid-)  +  -ous:  =  F.  ca'rcinomateiix  =  Pg. 
carciiiomatoso.]  Pertaining  to  carcinoma ;  can- 
cerous; like  a  cancer,  or  tending  to  become 
one. 

Carcinomorpha  (kar'si-no-mor'fii),  w.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  KapKtvoi,  a  crab,  4-  pop<pi/,  form.]  In 
Huxley's  system  of  classification,  the  cancroid 
or  carcinoid  crustaceans,  as  crabs  and  crab- 
like,  short-tailed,  10-footed,  stalked-eyed  crus- 
taceans. It  is  nearly  the  same  as  Brnchjiiira  in  an  or- 
dinary sense,  but  includes  such  forms  as  Jtanina,  Ilomola, 
and  l)ri:iniu. 

carcinomorphic  (kar'si-no-mor'fik),  a.  [As 
Carcinomorpha  +  -ic]  Carcinoid  or  cancroid; 
specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Carcino- 
moriiha. 

-       -  Gr 

crabs 
aiid  other  crustaceans  ;  cancrivorous. 

carcinus (kUr'si-nus),  n. ;  pi.  carcini  (-ni).  [NL., 
<  Gr.  KapKifoc,  a  crab,  cancer,  =  L.  cancer :  see 
cancer.  Cf.  carcinoma.]  1.  In //«(/«</.,  a  can- 
cer or  carcinoma. —  2.    [cap.]     In  :oul.,  a  ge- 


Grccn  Cr.-ib  {Carcinus  meniot). 

nus  of  braohyuTous  decapod  crustaceans;  the 

Hliore-crabs.    r.  vuriiaii,  the  green  crali.  Is  n  very  com- 
niofi  I'.iill?.!!  Hpecies  of  small  size,  nnich  useil  for  fotid. 
„  crab,  +  -Hor,  shape.]     1.  Crab-  car-coupling  (kiir;kup'ling),  n.     An  arrange- 
i-lainiiiu'tolhoC'nrciNoWrt.     '■"'"'  'or  conne<-ting  the  cars  of  a  rmlroad- 
train.     Hee  coupling. 


Oarcinoida  (kiir-ni-noi'dii),   n.  ?,/.     [NL.:   see  Card'  (kard),  ,;.      [<  MK.  r«r,7  =  1).  ''■''"/  =  ?■ 

...  .         .  ...     I'"  .    '  -       .  .n  I *..   l\.,,.       I'l.vt      n     ..(il'il       ,1      limit      r^W.     l.Ott. 


iv/rci,...../  I  III  Latrcille's  gystcm  of  chissifica- 
ti'  cif  liJH  liranchi)>]ioiia,  iiicongni- 

ri  !   of  I  ho  zotiiD  of  vuriiiuH  cruH- 

y  u'la  A'chnlia,  Viima,  Vondijlura. 

copi  |iod«,  tt«  Cyclops.     [Not  now 


ti..  ■  ..I.-,  ;,.. 
mill  ''i-rtain 
in  iiMi  .1 
Carclnoioglcal  (kiir  si-no-loj'i-kal),  n.     [<  car 
mil. I  ■:•!    +  -irat ;  =   .Sp'.   atrcinolAgieo.]     I'lT 


tniiiir 

carcino : 

titifi'ifi 


I  I. 


ri'iticilogy. 
t   fkiir-si-nol'o-jist),   n.      [<   card- 
'.]    Ouo  vorsud  in  the  Boieaco  of 


t  ii> 


iiiinr  omlnent  earrinatoaUU, 

Knrf/t.  tlrit.,  Vr.  660. 

carcinology  '  kiir-Mi-nol'^jl),  ».     [=  K.  carri- 
iiiil'igic  =  ^i'   "iriinotogui,  \  tir.  aaphivof,  a  crnb 


Icarlc  =  Dan.  horl,  a  card,  a  map,  =  Sw.  l,orl, 
a  curd,  l.aria,  a  chart,  <  K.  carte,  a  card,  lickel, 
bill,  mail,  clmrl,  =  I'r.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carta,  <  ML. 
carta,  also  charia,  a  card,  paiuT,  a  writing, 
diart,  charter,  <  L.  charta,  a  leaf  of  iiapor,  pa- 
per, a  writing,  a  tablet,  <  dr.  x<'ipTii,  also  I'i/irvf, 
a  leaf  of  pa|iiT,  a  scpanilcdliiycTdf  tin' jinpynis- 
bnrk,  iiiiv  tliiii  leaf  <ir  hImmI,  lis  of  I. ad.  .See 
chart,  a  dciulilct  <if  card^,  and  cnrlvl,  charter, 
<-lc.]     If.  A  ]iaper;  a  writing;  a  chart;  a  map. 

I  liiuie  caused  tluit  your  l.<irdMlil|.  shall  receluo  hen-wllli 
a  little  Mappo  or  C'arcfa  of  the  World. 

/tiiklui/lt  fffi/offM,  I.  SKi. 

Ilii'  places  are  Moilon  and  Coron.  which  are  hut  twelve 
tidlia  diHlniit  till!  one  from  tin  Mlliir;  niid  do  stand  In 
'.111  way  to  .'icio,  as  you  iiiuy  philrih  see  by  the  rnnl. 

Camjiuiii,  In  .\ibiTN  Kiitf.  Uarner,  1.  f>3. 


card 

MC  IS  the  card  or  calendar  of  gentry. 

Shak..  Hamlet,  T.  2. 

2.  A  piece  of  thick  paper  or  pasteboard  pre- 
pared for  various  puiyoses.  Specifically  — (a)  A 
piece  of  cardboard  on  which  ju-e  various  figures,  spots, 
names,  etc.,  used  in  playing  games ;  especially,  one  of  a 
set  of  52  such  pieces  of  cardboard  (distinctively  called 
l>lam ii'i-cards)  arranged  in  4  suits  of  13,  each  suitconsist- 
iuL'  of  10  jiicccs  on  which  ai"e  printed  colored  spots  varying 
in  number  from  1  to  10,  ditferent  in  form  in  the  dilferent 
suits,  and  called  spades,  clubs,  diamonds,  and  hearts,  ac- 
cording to  their  shape,  and  3  face-cards,  calleil  the  king, 
queen,'and  knave  or  jack.  The  color  of  the  spades  and 
clubs  is  black  ;  that  of  the  diamonds  and  hearts,  red.  An 
additional  card,  the  joker,  is  sometimes  used  in  euchre. 
See  euchir,  witigt,  etc. 

Sche  seyd  that  ther  wer  non  dysgysyngs,  ner  harpyng, 
ner  lutynig,  ner  syngyn,  ner  non  lowde  dysports,  but 
pleyng  at  the  tabyllvs,  and  schesse,  and  cardn. 

■     t'aston  Letters  (ed.  lS7.'i),  III.  314. 

Tlie  European  world  is,  I  think,  here  at  an  end  :  there 
is  sm-ely  no  card  left  to  play. 

.Sydney  Smith,  in  Lady  Holland,  vi. 

(6)  A  piece  of  cardboard  on  which  is  written  or  printed 
the  name,  or  the  name,  address,  etc.,  of  the  person  pre- 
senting it,  .IS  in  making  a  social  visit,  announcing  the 
nature  and  jilace  of  one's  business,  etc.     Cards  intemled 
for  the  former  use  are  called  vifitiny-cards,  and  for  the 
latter  6ti/.'(n»>-s  cards,    (c)  A  paper  on  which  the  points  of 
the  compass  are  marked  :  used  with  a  movable  magnetic 
needle  to  form  a  compass.    See  compass  and  compass-card. 
All  the  quarters  that  they  know 
1'  the  shipman's  card.       Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  3. 
The  card  of  goodness  in  your  minds,  that  shews  ye 
When  ye  sail  false  ;  the  needle  touch'd  with  bminur, 
That  through  the  blackest  storm  still  points  at  happiness. 
Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iiL  2. 
On  life's  vast  ocean  diversely  we  sail. 
Reason  tJie  card,  but  passion  is  the  gale. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ii.  108. 
(rf)  .K  piece  of  pasteboard  or  heavy  note-paper  on  which  is 
written  or  jtrinted  an  invitation  to  a  public  or  private 
entertaiuinent,  especially  an  invitation  to  or  aunounce- 
mcnt  of  a  wedding. 

3.  A  short  advertisement  of  one's  business,  or 
a  personal  statement  of  any  kind,  in  a  news- 
paper or  other  periodical. — 4.  Anything  re- 
sembling a  card  in  shape  or  use :  as,  a  card  of 
matches;  "cards  of  yellow  gingerbread,"  H.  T. 
Cooke.  Somebody's  Neighbors,  p.  393. —  5.  A 
frame  lillcd  -n-ith  honeycomb ;  a  sheet  of  honey- 
comb. /'///»,  Diet.  Apiculture,  p.  20. — 6.  A  per- 
forated sheet  of  cardboard  or  metal,  used  in  a 
Jacquard  loom  as  a  guide  for  the  threads  in 
weaving  a  pattern. — 7.  An  eccentric  person, 
or  any  one  who  has  some  notable  peculiarity; 
a  character.    [Slang.] 

A  card  in  our  Northern  parts  signifies  a  brawling  vaga- 
bond. Goldsmith,  Works  (ed.  1885),  IV.  454. 
Such  an  old  cfin;  as  this,  so  deep,  so  sly.  Dickens. 
Commanding  cards,  in  ic/iij.-(  and  other  games,  the  best 
cards  unplayed  in  their  respective  suits.—  Cooling  cardt, 
proliably,  a  card  the  playing  of  which  is  so  decisive  of  the 
game  iis"t*.i  cool  the  courage  of  the  adversary ;  hence,  figura- 
tively, stiincthing  to  damp  one's  hopes  or  ardor.  Other  ex- 
planations arc  given. 

There  all  is  marr'd ;  there  lies  a  coollna  card. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  S. 
These  hot  youths, 
I  fear,  will  find  a  coolina  card. 

liraii.  and  FL,  Island  Princess,  i.  3. 
Onthecarda,  publicly  made  kntiwn  aslikely  to  takejilace: 
said  in  i-eference  to  "events"  in  horse-racing,  as  iuscribeil 
or  written  down  in  proper  form;  heueo.  anything  likely 
or  possible  to  happen  :  as,  it  is  «|uite  on  the  earth  tliat  the 
ministrymaygoont.  — Tocallacard.  .SccckH',  i'.— TO 
speak  by  the  card,  to  speak  with  precision,  as  from  exact 
iiifonnation. 

\\  c  must  s^icak  bu  the  card,  or  equivocatiiui  will  undo 
IIS,  '  Shak..  Ilanilcl.  V.  1. 

card't  (kilrd),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  "carden  (in  verbal  n. 
carihjing,  cardingc,  cardi/iig);  from  the  notm.] 
Tojiliiy  at  cards. 

card-  (kiird),  n.  [<  WE.  carde  =  P.  laarilc  = 
Ml.ii.  /,</(•(/(■  =  OIK }.  hartil,  charld,  MIIG.  htrtr, 
(J.  hinte,  ilial.  kardd,  hirtel  =  Dim.  hirte,  karilc 
=  Sw.  karila  (cf.  leel.  harri)  =  F.  carde  =  Sp. 
Pg.  earila  —  It.  canto,  a  card  (cf.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
ciiniii,  H  thistle;  cf.  F.  ehantou,  a  jilniit  tlio 
hoiicl  (if  which  is  used  as  a  (lax-comli,  G.  lar- 
dititlislil  (iilsd  liirdetschdistel),  the  thistle  which 
is  used  as  n  llax-emnli:  see  cariloon),  <  ML.  car- 
rfi/.v,  a  thistle,  a  card,  for  L.  cardiiiis,  a  thistlo 
(used  f(ir  curding),  <  rm'fVr,  eni-d ;  ef.  Gr.  sripriv, 
shell r,  =  V)..thear.]  1.  A  brush  with  wire  teeth, 
tised  in  diseiiliiiigliiig  libers  (if  wiin!,  ilax,  or 
cottdii,  and  laying  lliem  luinillel  to  one  another 
preluinitiiry  to  S|iillllillg.  In  baml  cards  the  wires 
ale  sliiil  I  and'iiri'  passed  slaiillngly  Ibrouuli  blither,  which 
i»  IIhm  nulli'd  upon  a  lioard.  Two  of  llosc  bruslies  are 
iiHcil.iine  In  racli  bund,  iind  In  use  are  drawn  past  each 
otlier.  the  libels  being  between  tlicln.  In  the  cardlllK- 
niMi'hlne,  whlih  has  siiperseilid  hand cardiiiK.  the  cards 
are  (ornieil  bv  hard  illawii  win'  sljiplis  laili  furnlshlnK 
Iwo  liclh,  drawn  throllgli  Icalli.r  ami  i.c  nt  at  a  certain 

nngle,    'I'll lerlal  llnlslirepand  isi  ulled  c/in/ i(ii(/li«i;. 

Sec  riinliii'f  loiirhine. 

2.  .\  iiiiding-iiiachiiio. — 3.  A  curryeomli  made 
friiiii  II  piecu  ut  cord-clothiug. 


t 


card 

card^  (kard),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  cardcn  (=  D.  kaarden 
=  LG.  kaarten  =  G.  kardeti  =  Dan.  kartc,  knrde 
=  Sw.  karda  (ef .  Icel.  karra)  =  P.  carder  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  ea»Ytor  =  It.  cardarc);  <  card2,  «.]  i. 
To  comb  or  open,  as  wool,  flax,  homp,  etc.,  with 
a  card,  for  the  purpose  of  cliseutangling  the 
fibers,  cleansing  from  extraneous  matter,  sep- 
arating the  coarser  parts,  and  making  fine  and 
soft  for  spinning. 

Go  card  and  spin, 
And  leave  the  business  of  the  war  to  men. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Aletaniorph.,  xii. 

Perhaps  to  card 
Wool  for  the  Housewife's  spindle. 

Wordsworth,  Miehael. 

We  don't  card  silk  with  eonib  that  dresses  wool. 

Brownintf,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  74. 

2t.  To  mingle ;  mix ;  weaken  or  debase  by  mix- 
ing. 

Vou  card  your  beer,  if  you  see  your  guests  begin  to  be 
drunk,  half  small,  half  strong. 

Qrecne,  Quip  for  an  Upst.  Courtier. 

The  skipping  king  .  .  .  carded  his  state. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2. 

Oardamine  (kiir-dam'i-ne),  n.  [NL.  (cf.  F.  car- 
(liiiuiiic  =  Sy>.  cardamino  ^zTg.  cardamina=i  It. 
cardamiiie),  <L.  cardamiiia,<.  Gr.  KapSa^uvij,  also 
napdaiiiq,  a  cress-like  herb,  prop.  adj.  '  cress- 
like,' <  mpda/iov,  a  kind  of  cress,  nasturtium,  = 
Skt.  kardama,  a  certain  plant.  Cf.  cardamom.'] 
A  genus  of  annual  or  perennial  pungent  herbs, 
natural  order  Crucifera;,  natives  of  the  cooler  re- 
gions of  the  northern  hemisphere,  with  leaves 
usually  pinnate  and  racemes  of  white  or  pur- 
ple flowers.  It  includes  the  cuckoo-flower  or  lady's- 
sniock  (C.  2^ratensis),  bitter-cress  (C  auiara\  and  other 
species,  the  leaves  of  which  are  pleasantly  pungent,  are 
eaten  as  a  salad,  and  have  had  a  reputation  as  an  anti- 
scorbutic and  purifier  of  the  blood.  The  genus  is  some- 
times made  to  include  the  toothwort,  Dcntaria. 

cardamom  (kiir'da-mom),  H.  [Also  cardamum, 
and  formerly  cardamome,  cardamon  ;  =  D.  kar- 
damom  =  MHG.  kardamuome,  kardemuome,  car- 
demome,  G.  kardamomcn  (dim.  kardamumel)  = 
Dan.  kardemome  =  Sw.  kardemumma,  <  F.  <■«>•- 
damome  (OF.  cardcmoine)  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carda- 
momo  (Pg.  also  ccirdamo,  It.  also  cardamone),  < 
L.  cardamomiim,  <  Gr.  KapSdfxu/iov,  cardamom, 
for  * Kapdapdpupov,  <  Kdp6apov\  a  kind  of  cress,  4- 
afiufiov,  a  kind  of  Eastern  spice-plant:  see  Car- 
damine  and  Amomum.l  One  of  the  capsules  of 
different  species  of  plants  of  the  genera  Amo- 
mum  and  Ehttaria,  natural  order  Ziiiijiheracem : 
generally  used  in  the  jjlural.  These  capsules  are 
thin  and  filled  with  brown  aromatic  seeds,  which  are  used 
in  medicine  as  a  carminative  and  stomachic,  as  well  as 
in  making  s.auce3,  curries,  and  cordials,  seiisoning  cakes, 
etc.  The  cardamoms  of  commerce  are  the  product  of 
Eletlaria  Cardamomum,  a  native  of  the  forests  of  south- 
ern India,  where  it  is  also  cultivated,  and  of  a  larger- 
fruited  variety  of  the  same  species  found  in  Ceylon.  'Tlie 
plant  is  reed-like,  with  large  lanceolate  leaves,  and  grows 
to  the  height  of  from  6  to  10  feet.  Various  other  kinds 
ai"e  used  in  the  East  Indies  and  in  China,  chiefiy  the  round 
or  cluster  cardamoms  of  Siam  and  Java,  the  fruitof  Amo- 
mum  Cardairuimum ;  the  wild  or  bastard  cardamoms  of 
Siam,  obtained  from  A.  xanthioiden ;  the  Bengal  carda- 
moms, from  A.  aromaticum ;  the  Javau,  from  A.  maxi- 
mum, etc. 

Cardan's  rule.    See  rule. 

cardass  (k:ir-das'),  n.  [=  G.  kardetsche,  for- 
merly kartiitsche,  <  F.  cardassc,  <  It.  cardasso, 
also  aug.  cardassone  (obs.)  (cf.  Sp.  cardu::a  — 
Pg.  Cardura),  a  card  (to  card  wool  with),  < 
cardo,  a  card :  see  card'^.]  A  card  to  card  wool 
with. 

card-basket  (kard'bas"ket),  n.  An  ornamental 
basket  for  holding  visiting-cards  which  have 
been  received. 

cardboard  (kard'bord),  71.  A  stiff  kind  of  pa- 
per made  by  pasting  together  two  or  more 
thicknesses  of  paper,  drying  and  pressing;  a 
thin  pasteboard. 

card-case  (kard'kas),  n.  A  small  pocket-ease, 
generally  of  an  ornamental  kind,  for  holding 
the  visiting-cards  of  the  bearer. 

card-catalogue  (kard'kat"a-log),  n.  A  cata- 
logue, as  of  books  in  a  library,  in  which  the 
entries  are  made  on  separate  cards,  which  are 
then  arranged  in  order  in  boxes  or  drawers. 

card-clothing  (kard'klo'THiug),  n.  Wire  card 
used  to  cover  the  cylinders  and  slats  of  a  eard- 
ing-maehine  and  for  other  purposes.   See  card?. 

card-cutter  (kard'kuf'er),  n.  A  machine  or  an 
instrument  for  trimming,  squaring,  and  cutting 
cardboard. 

cardecut,  cardicuet  (kiir'de-ku),  n.  [<  F. 
quart  d'ecu :  quart,  fourth  part  (see  quart) ;  de, 
of;  ecu,  shield,  crown-piece,  <  OF.  escu  =  Sp. 
Pg.  escudo  =  It.  scudo,  shield,  kind  of  coin,  <  L. 
scutum,  shield:  see  scudo  and  cf!cutcheoH.~i  A 
qxiart.er-erown  (quart  d'icu),  an  old  French  sil- 


819 


Cardecu  (quart  d'^cu)  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  in  the  British  Museum. 
(Size  of  the  original.) 

vcr  coin.  The  weight  of  the  specimen  repre- 
sented in  the  above  cut  is  146  grains. 

You  sec  this  cardecu,  the  last  aiul  the  only  quintessence 
of  fifty  crowns.   Beau,  and  Fl. ,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  v.  1. 
I  could  never  yet  finger  one  cardicue  of  her  bounty. 

Chapmun,  Monsieur  D'Olive,  ii.  1. 

A  set  of  hilding  fellows.  .  .  .  The  bunch  of  them  were 
not  worth  a  cardecu.  Scott. 

cardel  (kar'del),  n.     A  hogshead  containing  64 

gallons,  in  use  among  whalers. 

Cardellina  (kiir-de-U'na),  n.  [NL.  (cf.  Sp. 
cardelina  =  It.  cardelUno,  carder ini),  cardello 
(Florio),  also  cardelletto,  goldfinch,  thistle- 
finch),  <  L.  carduelis,  goldfinch  (see  Carduel'm), 
+  -(««1.]  A  genus  of  beautiful  American  os- 
cine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  Mniotiltidcc 
and  subfamily  Setojjhagmce ;  the  rose  fly-catch- 
ing warblers.  The  bill  is  parine  in  shape  and  scarcely 
notched,  the  wings  are  long  and  iiointol,  the  tail  is  short 
and  even,  and  the  plumage  is  )  k-lily  colured.  C.  amictaur 
C.  rubrifrons  is  the  red-fronted  warliler;  C.  rubra  is  the 
rose  warbler,  entirely  red  with  silvery  auriculars:  botli 
are  found  in  Texas  and  southward.  C.  versicolor  inhabits 
Guatemala. 

carderlf  (kar'dSr),  «.  [<  carrfl,?)., -f-(?rl.]  One 
who  plays  at  cards  ;  a  gamester :  as,  "coggers, 
carders,  dicers,"  Bp.  Woolton,  Christian  Manual, 
I.  vi. 

carder"  (kiir'der),  n.  [<  card^,  v.,  +  -erl ;  =  D. 
kaardslcr  (su&x  -ster)  =  G.  karder  =  F.  cardeur 
=  Pr.  cardaire  =  Sp.  cardador  =  It.  eardatore.'] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  cards  wool ;  specifi- 
cally, the  machine  employed  in  carding  wool. 

The  spinsters,  carders,  fullers,  weavers. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  2. 

2.  [cap.'\  One  of  an  association  of  Irish  rebels 
who  tortured  their  victims  by  driving  a  wool- 
or  flax-card  into  their  backs  and  then  dragging 
it  down  along  the  spine. 

This  shall  a  Carder,  that  a  White-boy  be  ; 
Ferocious  leaders  of  atrocious  bands.  Hood. 

carder^  (kar'der),  «.  [E.  dial.,  prob.  a  corrup- 
tion of  cif/rfoH!,  q.  v.]  A  jackdaw.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

carder-bee,  carding-bee  (kiir'der-,  kiir'ding- 
be),  II.  A  name  given  to  several  species  of 
large  bees  of  the  genus  liombus,  especially  the 
Em'opean  Bombus  m  uscoriim,  from  their  habit  of 
carding  and  plaiting  the  moss  with  which  their 
nests  are  oonstruoted.  When  building,  the  bees  form 
a  line  from  the  nest  to  tlie  moss  which  is  to  be  used,  all  of 
them  facing  toward  the  moss.  The  first  bee  bites  otf  some 
sprigs  of  moss,  cards  and  rolls  it  with  the  jaws  and  feet, 
and  passes  it  to  the  second,  wiio  further  manipulates  it 
before  passing  it  to  the  third,  and  so  on  until  the  material 
reaches  the  nest,  where  other  bees  are  employed  in  felting 
and  plaiting  the  bits  with  wax  into  a  dome-like  form  made 
to  harmonize  with  the  irregularities  of  the  ground,  so  that 
it  is  hardly  distinguishable.  In  the  beginning  of  tlie  year 
the  bees  work  singly,  each  female  starting  a  new  colony. 

card-grinder  (kiird '  grin  ■■'  der),  ».  A  machine 
fo"!'  sharpening  the  teeth  of  the  cards  used  in 
carding  wool,  flax,  and  cotton.     See  card^. 

cardia  (kiir'di-a),  n.  [NL.  (>  F.  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
cardia,  the  cardiac  orifice),  <  Gr.  Kapdia  =  L.  cor 
(cord-)  =  E.  heart,  q.  v.]  1.  The  heart,  mider. 
—  2.  The  upper  part  of  the  stomach,  where  the 
esoiihagus  or  gullet  enters  it.     See  cardiac. 

cardiac  (kar'di-ak),  a.  and  n.  [In  ME.  cardiacle, 
«.,  q.  V. ;  =  F.  cardiaque  =  Sp.  cardiaco  =  Pg. 
It.  cardiaco,  <  L.  cardiacus,  <  Gr.  mpSiaKd^,  < 
mpi^la  =  E.  heart.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  heart. —  2.  Exciting  action  in  the  heart; 
having  the  quality  of  stimulating  action  in  the 
circulatory  system.  Hence  —  3.  Cordial;  pro- 
ducing strength  and  cheerfulness. — 4.  Per- 
taining to  the  esophageal  portion  of  the  stom- 
ach: opposed  to  /'.'''"'■"■•  — Cardiac  aorta.  .See 
aor/o.— Cardiac  arteries  and  veins,  tlie  coronary  ar- 
teries and  veins  of  the  heart.— Cardiac  asthma,  dysp- 
noea due  to  imperfect  action  of  tin-  li-iot.  — Cardiac 
cseciun,  the  cardiac  end  of  the  sti'inaeli.  wlien  it  is  elon- 
gated and  convoluted  like  a  cfecuni.  as  in  the  blood-sucking 
bats,  Dcsiiiudulce.—Caxdia.c  crisis,  an  attack  of  angina 
pectoris  and  irregular  pulse,  esjiecially  such  as  occurs  in  the 
course  of  locomotor  ataxia.  — Cardiac  dullness,  the  dull- 
ness of  the  sound  produced  by  ].errn>^ion  nvev  that  i)art  uf 
the  chest  where  the  heart  lies.  The  area  .if  sniKilleiul  dull- 
ness may  be  marked  out  by  liglit  pen  ussion,  and  represents 
the  space  where  the  heart  is  uncovered  by  the  lung.    The 


cardiid 

area  of  deep  dullness,  which  marks  the  outlines  of  the  heart 
itself,  can  lie  clistinguished  only  by  strong  iicrcnssion. 
Cardiac  ganglion.  See  ,7an<//i<)/i.  Cardiac  glands, 
tubular  glands  uf  the  mucous  mcnibrane  ol  tin-  blomacli, 
niriHt  numerous  in  the  (rardiac  region.  'The  jiortion  next 
the  orifice,  lined  with  cjiit  helium  like  tliat  of  the  surface  of 
tile  gastric  nuK^ous  nwiiibiane,  is  short,  and  two  or  more 
tubules  ojien  into  it.  'These  are  lined  with  short,  columnar, 
coarsely  granular  cells  called  principal  or  central  cells, 
and  between  these  and  the  basement  membrane  the  so- 
called  parietal  cells  are  found.— Cardiac  line,  inrA/z-o- 
iiuincn,  the  line  of  the  heart,  which  runs  across  the  palm 
from  the  outer  side  toward  the  base  of  the  tii  st  lUiger.— 
Cardiac  orifice,  the  csopbag.al  opening  of  the  Btomaeh. 
—  Cardiac  passion),  an  olil   name  for  bearlhuiri.     .See 

cimiiui'liii.  -Cardiac  plate,  cardiac  ossicle,  a  trans- 
verse arched  calcillcation  extending  across  the  stomach 
in  some  crustaceans,  as  a  crawfish,  and  articulating  at 
each  end  with  a  i>terocardiac  ossicle.  Hee  cut  uniler 
.dsfacidre.- Cardiac  plexus,  tlie  iiUxus  formed  by  the 
anastomosis  of  pneuniogastric  .•iiid  synipatiietie  and  other 
nerves  going  to  the  heart. —  Cardiac  sacs,  in  ecliino- 
derms,  radial  dilatations  or  diverticula  of  the  stomacll,  as 
of  a  starfish.  Kach  may  be  more  or  less  saceulated,  and 
extend  some  way  into  the  ray  or  arm  to  which  it  corre- 
sponds.—  Cardiac  tube,  a  primitive,  rudimentary,  or  em- 
bryonic heart,  in  a  siniijly  tubular  st-age. —  Cardiac  ves- 
sels, the  arteries  and  veins  of  the  heart.  Cardiac 
Wheel,  in  ynech.,  a  heart-wheel ;  a  eam-wlieel  in  the  form 
of  a  heart.  .See  hearl-caui. — Middle  cardiac  nerve,  the 
largest  of  the  three  cardiac  nerves,  arising  from  the  mid- 
die  cervical  sympathetic  ganglion,  and  proceeding  to  the 
deep  cardiac  jilexus.  Also  called  nervus  cardiacus  Kiay- 
nus. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  which  excites  action  in  the 
stomach  and  animates  the  spirits;  a  cordial. 

cardiacal  (kar-di'a-kal),  a.     Same  as  cardiac. 

cardiacet,  ".  [Ajipar.  <  Gr.  Kapdiaur/,  fem.  of  Kap- 
(hnhor,  relating  to  the  heart:  see  cardiac]  A 
heart-shaped  precious  stone.    Craht). 

Cardiacea  (kar-di-a'se-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
diutn  +  -acea.]  1.  In  Cu\'ier's  system  of  clas- 
sification, the  fourth  family  of  his  testaceous 
acephals,  approximately  coiTesponding  to  the 
modem  family  Cardiidw. — 2.  Asuperfamily  of 
bivalve  mollusks,  formed  for  the  families  Car- 
iliidtr,  Adacnidm,  Veniliidcc,  and  Glos.ndce. 

Cardiacese  (kar-di-a'so-e),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
iliiim  -f  -acecc]     Same  as  Cardiidw. 

cardiaclet,  «•  [ME.,  with  unorig.  term,  -le,  < 
OF.  cardiaque,  n.,  <  L.  cardiacus,  having  jjain 
abouUhe  heart:  see  cardiac]  A  pain  about 
the  heart.     Cliaucer. 

cardiac-pulmonic  (kiir'di-ak-pul-mon'ik),  a. 

Same  as  cardiopulmoiiarij. 

Cardiadae  (kUr-di'a-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
diiini  -1-  -ad(e.]     Same  as  Cardiidie. 

cardiagra  (kar-di-ag'rii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KapSia, 
=z  E.  heart,  +  a-, pa,  a  catching.  Cf.  chiragra, 
podagra.]    Inpathol.,  pain  or  gout  of  the  heart. 

cardiagraphy  (kilr-di-ag'ra^fi),  n.  A  less  cor- 
rect fonu  of  cardiograjilty,  1. 

cardialgia  (kar-di-al'ji-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  nap- 
i\iii'/)'m,  heartburn,  <  Kaptha/.})/r,  having  the 
heartburn,  <  Kapiha,  =  E.  heart,  +  a'/.yoc,  pain.] 
InpatlioL,  the  heartburn;  a  burning  sensation 
in  the  iipper,  left,  or  cardiac  orifice  of  the 
stomach,  rising  into  the  esophagus,  due  to  in- 
digestion; gastralgia. 

cardialgy  (kilr-di-al'ji),  n.  [=  F.  cardialgie  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  cardialgia,  <  NL.  cardialgia,  q.  v.] 
Same  as  cardialgia. 

cardianastrophe  (kar-'di-a-nas'tro-fe),  n. 
[XL..  <  Gr.  nupiVia,  =  E.  heart,  +  dvaarpoo^,  a 
turning  back:  see  anastrophe.]  A  malforma- 
tion in  which  the  heart  is  placed  upon  the  right 
instead  of  the  left  side. 

cardiasthma  (kSr-di-ast'ma),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kupdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  aadpa,  asthma :  see  asth- 
ma.] lapathiil.,  dyspnoea  caused  by  disease  of 
the  heart ;  cardiac  dyspnoea. 

cardiatrophia  (kar'di-a-tro'fi-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  drpocpia,  want  of  nour- 
isliment :  see  atrophy.]  In  pathol.,  atrophy  of 
the  heart. 

cardicentesis  (kar"di-sen-te'sis),  n.  Same  as 
cardiocentesis. 

cardicuet,  "•    See  cardecu. 

Cardidse  (kiir'di-de),  «.  pi.    Same  as  Cardiidw. 

cardiectasis  (kar-di-ek'ta-sis),  n.  [NL.  (>  F. 
eardieetusie),  <  Gr.  napdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  tKraaig, 
stretching  out,  dilatation:  see  eetasis.]  Dila- 
tation of  the  heart. 

cardiform  (kar'di-form),  a.  [<  ML.  cardus,  a 
card  (see  card"),  +  L.  forma,  shape.]  In  ichth., 
ha\'ing  the  appearance  of  a  card  (see  card") ; 
having  slender  teeth  closely  set  like  those  of  a 
card. 

cardigan  (kar'di-gan),  II.  [Named  from  the 
Earl  of  Ciirdigan  "(1797-1868).]  A  close-fi1>- 
ting  knitted  woolen  jacket  or  waistcoat.  Also 
cal led  (•« rdigan  jacket. 

cardiid  (kiir'di-id),  «.  A  bivalve  mollusk  of 
the  family  Cardiida:. 


Cardlids 

Cardiidae  (kar-<Ji'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cardi- 
um  +  -iVfrt'.]  The  family  of  cockles,  typified 
by  the  geniis  Cardiiim.  it  is  a  group  of  siphonate 
heaiileas  uiolliisks  or  tracheate  lamellibraiichs,  consisting 
of  the  cockles  and  their  allies,  haring  eiiuivalve  convex 
shells,  with  prominent  ninbones  or  beaks  curved  toward 
the  hiime,  which,  viewed  sidewise,  give  a  heart-shaped  fig- 
ure, .^ee  Cardium.  Otherfonnsare  Cardiacfce,  Cardimlte, 
Cardi'hi: 

cardinal  (kar'di-nal),  a.  and  ji.  [I.  a.  <  ME. 
cardinal  =  D.  kardi'naal  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  kardhial- 
(used  only  in  comp.)  =  F.  cardinal  =  Pr.  cardc- 
nal  =  Sp.'cardinal  =  Pg.  cardeal  =  It.  cardinale, 
important,  chief,  <  L.  cardinalis,  pertaining  to 
a  hinge,  hence  applied  to  that  on  which  some- 
thing turns  or  depends,  important,  principal, 
chief  (cf.  a  somewhat  similar  use  of  E.  pivotal). 
II.  n.  <  ME.  cardinal,  cardenal  (after  OF.),  late 
AS.  cardinal  =  D.  kardinaal  =  iIHG.  kardendl, 
G.  Cardinal  =  Dan.  Sw.  lardimil  =  OF.  cardi- 
nal, cardenal,  F.  cardinal  =  Pr.  Sp.  cardenal 
=  Pg.  cardeal  =  It.  cardinale  =  Russ.  kardinalS, 
<  ML.  cardinalis,  a.  chief  presbj-ter,  a  cardinal, 
from  the  adj. ;  <  L.  cardo  (cardin-),  a  hinge ;  cf. 
Ur.  Kpaiav,  swing.]  I.  a.  1.  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  of  the  nature  of  a  hinge ;  noting  that  on 
which  something  else  hinges  ordepends ;  hence, 
chief;  fundamental;  preeminent;  of  specialim- 
portance:  as,  cardinal  virtues  or  sius;  the  car- 
dinal doctrines  of  a  creed;  the  cardinal  points. 

Thiseuour  uirtues  byeth  y-cleped  cardiTialg.  uor  thet  hi 
byeth  heghest  aiuang  the  uirtues,  huer-of  the  yealde  [old] 
fllosofes  speke.        AyeiMte  qf  Inwit  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  124. 

Every  man  gradually  learns  an  art  of  catching  at  the 
leading  words,  and  the  cardinal  or  hinge-joints  of  transi- 
tion, which  proclaim  the  general  coiu^e  of  a  writer's  specu- 
lation. De  Quinceii,  Style,  i. 

Even  In  societies  like  our  own,  there  is  maintained  in 
the  army  the  doctrine  that  insubordination  is  the  cardinal 
offence.  H.  Spencer,  I*rin.  of  Sociol..  §  532, 

2.  In  conch.,  of  or  relating  to  the  hinge  of  a  bi- 
valve shell:  as,  cardina?  teeth. —  3.  In  entoni., 
pertaining  to  the  cardo  or  base  of  the  maxilla, 
which  is  sometimes  called  the  cardinal  piece. — 
4.  [See  II.,  . 3.]  Of  a  rich  deep-red  color,  some- 
what less  vivid  than  scarlet — Cardinal  abbot.  See 
a*?*''.  —  Cardinal  bishop,  priest,  deacon.  See  II.,  i, 
— Cardinal  finch,  cardinal  grosbeak.  .See  cardinal- 
bird.  —  Cardinal  margin,  tlic  upjjci-  margin  or  hinge  of 
a  tiivalve  shell,  containing  the  teeth.— Cardinal  num- 
bers, the  nurnbt-rs  one,  two,  three,  etc.,  in  distinction  from 
^rxf,  iifeinitl.  third,  etc.,  which  are  called  ordinal  nnntbcrs. 
—  Cardinal  points,  (a)  In  geog.,  north  and  south,  cast 
and  west,  or  the  four  intersections  of  the  horizon  witli  the 
nieridiuti  and  *hc  i>rinie  vertical  circle,  {h)  In  axtrot.,  the 
risiiii:  and  settimr  of  the  sun,  the  zenith,  and  tlic  nadir. — 
Cardinal  redblrd.  Sec  cardinal-bird. — Cardinal  signs, 
in  a^trini.,  Aries,  Libra,  Cancer,  ami  Capricorn. —  Cardi- 
nal tanager,  a  North  American  tanager  of  the  genus  Pi- 
rangn,  as  tlie  scarlet  tanager  or  the  summer  redbird.  /*. 
ruhra  or  /'.  fej<tira :  so  called  from  the  red  color. —  Cardi- 
nal teeth,  the  hinge-teeth  of  a  bivalve  close  to  the  um- 
liones,  asilistinguished  from  those  further  away,  called  the 
lateral  teeth.  .See  cut  under  hiealre.—  Cardinal  trllOBt, 
a  local  English  (Cornwall)  name  of  sting-rays  with  two 
spines.  See  frifoift.  — Cardinal  virtues,  the  most  impor- 
tant elements  of  gowl  character;  specihcally,  in  ancient 
philojiophg.  Justice,  prudence,  temperance,  anil  fortitude. 
As  there  arc  four  cardinal  virtnes,  upon  which  the 
whole  frame  of  the  court  doth  move,  b<i  are  these  the 
four  carrlinal  jiroperties,  without  which  the  body  of  com- 
pliment movetli  not.        li.  Joiuion,  Cynthia's  Jtevels,  v.  3. 

Cardinal  trlnds,  those  which  blow  from  the  ciu-diiuil 
point-*. 

n.  n.  1.  In  the  Som.  C'nth.  f'h.,  a  member 
of  the  Sacred  College,  a  body  of  ecclesiastics 
who  rank  in  dignity  ne.xt  to  the  jiopo  and  act  as 
his  counselors  in  the  government  of  the  church. 
In  case  of  a  vacancy  in  the  pajial  oltlce  they  maintain  order 
In  III*-  chtireb  and  ppjtect  its  interests  till  a  new  pope  is 
elerti-.l  by  theniHelvcH  from  their  r,wn  number.  'I'ltey  are 
•pp'iiritiMl  by  tlie  pope,  and  are  divldeil  Into  tltree  classes 
or  <»rdent,  called  in  tnl\  cardinal  hijtho]m(ti),  cardinal prientt 
(&0),  and  cardinal  deacon*  (14).     A  cardimd  priest  may  bo 

a  bishop  or  an  arch- 
bishop, and  a  car* 
ilinal  dciuron  may 
be  of  any  ei^clesiaa- 
ti<  ;il  gratle  below 
bi-bup.  The t;ollegu 
of  ■'jinltnals  Is  sel- 
lloMi  foil,  VilcancleH 
IH  111  \\  .il»:i\H  i\i^(- 
lliu.  Hi'  'li.  -^.d  M 
niidliiiil  1^  a  red 
sontaiie  or  rft-HSfn-k, 
a  rochet,  ft  tthort 
pnrpli-  nwtntl'-,  iind 
a  !.,«.,  !,.«,, ..I, 
liroadbrioih.'  I  i  A 
lint  (li»t  a'do.lh 
wiini),    Willi     i«" 

cords  de|H>Mdlh;.' 
friini  It,  one  fiojn 
lilher  side.  iimIi 
having  nft<M'n  l/m 
•tflsiitltiirvtri'ridt.v. 

2.  A  clonk,  iiri- 
l<ith,wilh  n  liiMiil,  iniicli  worn 
buginaiiig  of  tliu  oigbtceiilli 


820 

century:  so  named  from  its  similarity  in  shape 
and  color  to  one  of  the  vestments  of  a  cardinal. 
At  a  later  period  the  material  as  %YeU  as  the  color  varied. 
Malcolm,  writing  in  1S07,  says  the  cardinal  was  almost 
always  of  black  silk  richly  laced.    See  mozetta. 

Sir.  I  must  take  leave  of  my  mistress  ;  sh"  has  valuables 
of  mine  :  besides,  my  cardinal  and  veil  are  in  her  nmm. 
Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  i.  3. 

3.  A  rich  deep-red  color,  somewhat  less  vivid 
than  scarlet :  named  from  the  color  of  the  vest- 
ments of  a  cardinal. — 4.  A  hot  di-ink  similar 
to  bishop,  but  usually  made  with  claret  instead 
of  port,  of  which  bishop  is  compounded. —  5. 
In  ornith. :  (a)  A  bird  of  the  genus  Cardinali.-i 
(which  see),  as  the  cardinal  redbird,  Cardinalis 
rirginianus,  and  some  related  species,  as  ('.  /;/- 
nei'is  and  others,  (b)  A  name  applied  to  sev- 
eral other  crested  finches  of  .Ajnerica,  as  the 
species  of  the  genus  Paroaria,  and  the  U^uber- 

natrix  cristatella Cardinal's  hat,  in  Aer.    SceAaf, 

and  cut  above. — Texas  cardinal,  Pyrrhtdoxia  gimtata. 
See  Ptn'rhuloria. 

cardinalate^  (kiir'di-nal-at),  «.  [=  D.  lardina- 
liiiit  =  F.  cardinalat  =  Sp.  cardenalato  =  Pg. 
cardinalado,  cardealado  =  It.  cardinalato,  <  ML. 
cardinalatus,  <  cardinalis,  a  cardinal:  see  cardi- 
nal and  -(jfeS.]  The  ofifice,  rank,  dignity,  or  in- 
cumbency of  a  cardinal.     Also  cardinalship. 

An  old  friend  of  llis  was  advanced  to  a  cardinalate. 

Sir  R.  LEstrange. 

Beaufort  had  made  the  great  mistake  of  his  life  in  1426, 

in  accepting  the  cardinalate.     Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  657. 

cardinalate^t  (kar'di-nal-at),  r.  t.  [<  cardinal, 
II.,  +  -atc-.'i  To  make  a  cardinal  of;  raise  to 
the  otBcc  of  cardinal.     Bp.  Sail. 

cardinal-bird  (kiir'di-nal-berd),  n.  The  cardi- 
nal, cardinal  grosbeak,  or  cardinal  redbird,  Car- 
dinalis virginianufi,  an  oscine  passerine  bird  of 
the  family  FringilUda;  called  by  Cu'vier  the  car- 
dinal finch.  It  is  from  8  to  ft  inches  in  length,  and  of  a 
tine  red  color,  including  the  hill,  the  female  being  duller 
in  color  tlian  the  male.  Its  face  is  black  and  the  head 
crested.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  Virginia  nightingale, 
on  account  of  its  song,  and  also  scarlet  gniKbeak'.  It  is 
eonuuon  in  many  parts  of  the  I'liited  States,  especially  in 
the  south.  The  name  is  extended  to  other  species  of  the 
genus  Cardinalis  and  to  some  related  genera.  See  car- 
diiint,  n.,  5.     See  cut  under  Cardinalis. 

cardinal-flo'wer  (k!ir'di-nal-flou'''6r),  n.      The 
name   commonly  given  to  Lobelia  cardinalis, 
because  of  its  large,  very  showy,  intensely  red 
flowers :  it  is  a  native  of  North  America,  and 
is  often  cultivated  in  gardens.    A  similar  species 
L.  sifiihilitiea,  with  bright-blue  Ilowers,  is  sometimes  called 
l/hie  cardinal-Jiowcr. 
When  fades  the  cardinal.Jlower,  whose  heart-red  bloom 
Glows  like  a  living  coal  upon  the  green 
Of  the  midsummer  meadows. 

li.  ir.  Gilder,  An  Autumn  Meditation. 

Cardinalis  (kiii'-di-nri'lis),  «.  [XL. :  see  cardi- 
nal. \    1.  -V  genus  of  cardinal-birds,  or  cardinal 


r.i  rat<lin..l 


ginatly  ": 
by  womtiu  ;i; 


Cardinal-bird  (Ctirtiintitis  virffiHianHt). 

grosbeaks,  of  the  family  Vringilliiht;  having  red 
ns  the  chief  color.  The  bill  Is  stout,  conical,  ami  red, 
the  wings  are  very  short  and  rouudeii,  and  tlie  tall  is 
rounded  and  longer  than  the  wings.  H  inrlildes  several 
species  of  the  warmer  parts  of  Anieri<-a.  Scer(ir</Mt<i/,  »., 
tt,  and  cardinal-iiird. 

2.  [I.  c.'\  In  brachiopods,  a  luuKclt)  which  opens 
thoKliell. 
cardinalitlal  (kilr'di-nn-Iisli'iiil),  a.  [<  cnrdi- 
mil  +  -ilial.  Cf.  Sp.  I'lirdenalivio  =  I'g.  riirdi- 
nalirio  =  U.  eardinalizio.']  Of  or  pcrti'iiiiiiK  to 
ncardiiiul;  of  tho  rank  of  a  cunliniil.  [Hare.] 
liaised  hini  lo  (he  rardinntillnl  dignity. 

I'nnl.  Witeman,  I.Ives  of  tho  ijist  Four  I'oIm'S. 

cardlnallze  (kiir'di-nnl-iz),  r.  I.  [<  cardinal  + 
-i^e;  =  I'.  riirdinali.Hr'r  =  S\t.  rarili  nati;ar.'\  1. 
To  miiko  II  ciirdiTittl  of.  Slirldim.  [Ifare.]  —  2. 
To  Illlike  cardiniil  in  color.     |  Knri',  ] 


cardiogmus 

Shrimps,  lobsters,  crabs,  and  cray-flshes,  which  are  car- 
dinalired  with  boiling.        I'rquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  i.  39. 

cardinal-red  (kiir'di-nal-red),  a.    Of  a  cardinal 

color. 

cardinalship  (kar'di-nal-ship),  «.  [<  cardinal 
+  -.s/ii)).]     Same  as  cardinalate^.    Bp.  Hall. 

cardines,  «.    Phu-al  of  cardo. 

carding't  (kiir'diug),  n.  [<  ME.  cardyng;  ver- 
bal u.  of  card'^,  i'.]     Card-playing. 

Use  not  dyceing  nor  carding  ;  the  more  yow  use  them 
the  lesse  yow  vvil  be  esteemed. 

Babeea  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  360. 

My  Lord  is  little  at  home,  minds  his  carding  and  little 
else,"  takes  little  notice  of  any  body.  J'epgs,  Diary,  II.  113. 

carding-  (kiir'ding),  n.  [<  ME.  cardyng;  ver- 
lial  II.  of  card-,  r.J  1.  The  process  of  comb- 
ing wool,  flax,  or  cotton. — 2.  A  loose  roll  of 
cotton  or  wool  as  it  comes  from  a  carding-ma- 
chine :  chiefly  in  the  pltiral. 

The  motion  thus  communicated  to  the  carding  twisted 

it  spirally ;  when  twisted  it  was  wound  upon  the  spindle ; 

another  cardiiiy  was  attached  to  it,  drawn  out  and  twisted. 

A.  Bartoiv,  Weaving,  p.  384. 

carding-ljee,  n.     See  carder-bee. 

carding-engine  (kiir'ding-en'jin),  «.  Same  as 
cnrdinii-miichine. 

carding-machine  (kar'ding-ma-shen''),  n.  A 
macliine  for  carding  fibers  of  wool,  flax,  or 
cotton,  preparatory  to  drawing  and  spinning. 
In  the  earlier  carding-raaehines  the  libel's  were  fed  by 
hand  to  a  cjliiuler  upon  which  card-clothing  was  laid  in 
strips  parallel  to  the  axis,  and  were  removed  from  these 


Carding -111.10111110. 

v/,  main  cylinder;  /I, /?,/=",  C  toothed  rollers :  /.bearings:  A.'.riiUer: 

L,  toothed  drum,  or  doffer. 

strips  by  hand  as  they  hecamc  full.  In  modern  cotton- 
carding  machines  a  loose  roll  of  fibers,  called  a  lap,  is 
placed  in  guides  and  rests  upon  a  roller,  wiiich  as  it  re- 
volves nnu  iiids  the  lap  and  delivere  it  to  the  feed-roll,  on 
parsing  Iliroimh  wliich  it  is  seized  by  the  card-teeth  upon 
a  small  cylinder,  called  the  licker-in,  from  which  it  is 
drawn  by  tho  teeth  of  the  clothing  of  the  main  cylinder. 
Other  small  cylinders  successively  remove  the  libers 
from  and  deliver  them  to  the  main  cylinder.  The  tiifta, 
tangles,  or  knots  which  arc  not  looseneil  by  the  action  of 
these  cylinders  project  ticyolul  the  teeth  of  the  main  cylin- 
der, and  are  caught  by  llic  teeth  of  a  succession  of  wooden 
slats  called  C(ir(f-^<;'\,  ti>ii-etifds,  or  ti<i'-riats,  from  which 
they  are  cleared  or  stripped  by  haml  or  by  mechanical  de- 
vices. The  fibers  upon  the  main  cylinder  ate  laid  parallel 
tipon  it,  and  aro  rcmovctl  by  means  of  the  dofer,  a  cylin- 
der moving  in  an  opposite  direction  from  the  main  cylin- 
der and  at  a  very  nuich  slower  rate,  and  whose  whole  sur- 
face is  coviTed  by  cai'd-cloihing.  'iho  cotton  is  strijipeil 
from  the  doiferin  a  thin  continuous  sheet  of  its  full  width, 
by  means  of  a  comb  vibrating  vertically  in  cmitaet  with 
the  teeth  of  the  dolfcr.  This  sheet  of  fibers  is  drawn  to- 
gether into  a  ribbon,  traverses  a  funnel  or  trumpet,  and  is 
passetl  between  snecessivo  pairs  of  rolls,  winch  draw  out 
and  condense  the  sliver,  and  finally  deliver  it  into  the  can 
ready  for  tho  drawing-frame,  where  it  is  tloubleti  ami 
draiMi  iirejiaratory  to  twisting  or  sinnning.  For  tlue  work, 
the  operation  of  carding  is  reitcated.  The  jireparatory 
card  or  cards  are  called  Itreakfrs,  nml  those  machines  on 
which  the  carding  is  completed  are  called  fini.-ihers.  Tho 
jirlnciple  of  the  woobcarding  niachtne  ts'idciitical  with 
that  of  the  cotton-carding  machine,  and  it  is  cbiclly  .iistln- 
guished  from  the  hit  I cr  by  a  great  number  of  sniiill  cylinders 
called  nrchin-t,  wiiieh  work  In  pairs  and  aro  called  worh-er* 
and  rlianers.  The  worker  is  the  larger  of  the  two  ;  it  strips 
the  wool  from  the  large  main  cylimler,  and  is  itself  clean- 
ed by  the  smaller  cylinder  or  cleaner,  wiiich  delivers  the 
wool  back  to  the  main  cylinder,  wiieii  it  is  again  seized 
by  the  next  worker.  Wool-ilbera  aro  oiled  to  facilitate 
carding  and  to  prevent  felting. 

cardio-.  |NIj.,  etc.,  cardio-,  sometimes  less 
jirop.  carilia-,  <  (!r.  Knpi'iin-,  combining  form  of 
r>o;iii/(/  =  K.  hear/.]  An  ilciiieiit  in  some  words 
of  lii'ook  origin,  iiieaiiing  lii'itrt. 

cardiooele  (kiir'di-o-sel),  n.  [<  Or.  Kapdia,  = 
V',.  lifiirt.  +  Ki/'/ii,  lunior.]  In  jiathol.,  the  pro- 
Inisiiiii  of  llio  heart  through  u  wound  of  the 
iliiiiiliriigin. 

caroiocentesis  (kiir'di-o-son-tn'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
(ir.  hniit\ni,  —  ]■;.  Iiearl,  '+  K/vn/nir,  n  pricking,  ( 
*nr(/i',  prick,  ]itincttir(>:  see  rr«7(T.]  In  tliira- 
prntics,  inlentioniil  puncture  of  tho  walls  of 
the  heart,  as  for  I  he  jmrpose  of  asiiiralioii. 
A  not  her  ftirni  is  ciirdicenli  sis. 

cardiodsmia  (Uiir'di-i}-ilin'i-ii),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

so/"*"i,  =;  !■;.  hiiirt,  +  uAini,  pain.]     In  patliol., 
pain  ill  I  ho  heart, 
cardiogmust,  «.     [NTj.  ,  <  ( ir.  KO/iA'n,  =  E.  hrnri, 
+  iii/nii:,   a   furrow.)       In    jnttlml.,    ciii'ilinlgisl 


The  Cardioid. 


A  group  of 


cardiogmus 

aneurism  of  the  heart  or  aorta;  dilatation  of 
the  heart ;  angina  pectoris. 

cardiognostict,  «•  [<  Gr.  sn/iAVi,  =  E.  heart,  + 
)'i'u<jn/i'";,  knowing.]  Knowing  the  heart;  know- 
ing tlie  secret  thoughts  of  men.     Kersey,  1708. 

cardiogram  (liiir'di-o-gi-am),  «.  [<  Gr.  miiAia, 
=  E.  heart,  +  ypd/i/ja,  a  writing.]  In  physiol., 
a  tracing  taken  with  the  cardiogi-aph  from  the 
beating  of  the  heart. 

cardiograph  (kiir'di-o-graf ),  m.  [<  Gr.  KapSia,  = 
E.  heart,  +  ypdipcw,  write.]  In  physiol.,  an  ap- 
paratus for  recording  by  a  tracing  the  move- 
ments of  the  heart.  It  consists  essentially  of  a  device 
(as  a  lioUow  cup  containing  a  spiing  pressed  against  tlie 
cliest)  fur  producing  in  an  elastic  (iiapliragin  viljrations 
wliicll  correspond  to  tlie  movements  of  the  heart,  these 
vibrations  being  recorded  by  means  of  a  lever  in  a  tracing 
upon  a  revolving  cylinder.  It  was  invented  by  Marcy ; 
in  his  original  experiments  he  introduced  hollow  sounds 
ending  in  elastic  ampullaj  into  the  auricles  and  ventricles 
of  the  heart  of  a  horse. 

cardiography  (kiir-di-og'ra-fl),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten (in  sense  1)  less  correctly  cardiography  ; 
=  F.  cardiographie,  and  loss  correctly  cardiu- 
graphie,  <  Gr.  KapiVia,  =  E.  heart,  +  -ypa(jita,  < 
■ypiupav,  wTite.]  1.  An  anatomical  description 
of  the  heart. — 2.  Examination  with  the  cardio- 
graph. 

Curdiorira2>h;i,  in  which  a  tracing  is  obtained  of  the  pul- 
sations of  the  heart.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXV.  IflS. 

cardioid^  (kiir'di-oid),    n.      [<   Gr.    KapSioeM/g, 

heart-shaped,    <  KapSla,   =  E.  heart,   +  a<hr, 

form.]     A  curve  which  may  be 

considered   as  the    path   of    a 

point  on  the  circumference  of 

a  circle  which  rolls  on  another 

circle  of  equal  size. 
cardioid"    (kar'di-oid),  a.     [< 

Cardium  +  -oid.1     Resembling 

or  having  the  characters  of  the 

Cardiida'. 
Cardioidea    (kar-di-oi'df-a),    n. 

pi.     [NL.,  <  Cardium  +  -oidea.] 

cardioid  bivalves. 
cardio-inhibitory    (kar'''di-6-in-hib'i-to-ri),    a. 

[<  Gr.  KajuVia,  =  E.  heart,  +  inhibitory.]      In 

physiol.,  stopping  the  pulsations  of  the  heart 

or  diminishing  their  frequency  and  strength. 
cardiology  (kiir-di-ol'o-ji),  n.     [=  F.  cardiolo- 

gie  (ef.  Sp.  Pg.  cardiaiogia),  <  NL.  cardiologia, 

<  Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  -Aoyia,  <  Aiyuv,  speak : 
see  -ologi/.'i  In  anat.  and  phiisioL,  a  discourse 
or  treatise  on  the  heart ;  a  scientific  statement 
of  the  facts  relating  to  the  heart. 

cardiomalacia  (kar"di-o-ma-la'shi-a'),M.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  /la/iaKm,"  softness,  < 
/iO/W/iOf,  soft.]  In  patliol.,  morbid  softening  of 
the  muscular  tissue  of  the  heart,  especially  from 
obstruction  of  a  branch  of  the  coronary  arteries. 

cardiometry  (kjir-di-om'e-tri),  )*.  [<  Gr.  Kapdia, 
=  E.  heart,  +  phpov,  measure.]  In  anat.,  the 
process  of  ascertaining  the  dimensions  of  the 
heart  without  dissection,  as  by  means  of  per- 
cussion or  auscultation. 

cardiopalmus  (kar"di-o-pal'mus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  Tra'A/JO^,  palpitation, 
quivering, <  jrdPiAca',  poise,  sway,  swing,  quiver.] 
In  jiathol.,  palpitation  of  the  heart. 

cardiopericarditis  (kar"di-6-per"i-kar-di'tis), 
n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  napSIa,  =  E.  heart,  +  TrspiKapSiov, 
pericardium:  see pericardium.l  Inpathol.,m- 
ilammatiou  of  the  heart-muscle  and  pericar- 
dium. 

cardiopneumatic  (kar"di-6-nu-mat'ik),  a.  [< 
Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  wvev/ia(T-),  Iting:  see 
jmeumatic.']  Pertaining  both  to  the  heart  and 
to  the  air  of  the  lungs  and  air-passages:  as, 
cardiopneumatic  movement,  the  movement  of 
the  air  in  the  air-passages  by  the  beating  of  the 
heart. 

cardiopulmonary  (kar"di-6-pul'mo-na-ri),  a. 
[<  Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  Li.  ptdm'o(n-),  lung: 
see  pulmonary.']  Pertaining  both  to  the  heart 
and  to  the  lungs.     Also  cardiac-jnilmonic. 

cardiopylorlc  (kar"di-6-pi-lor'ik),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  -nVAupor,  pylorus:  see  py- 
lorus, pyloric.']    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  cardiac 

and  pyloric  portions  of  the  stomach Cardio- 

pylorio  muscle  (of  the  stomach  of  certain  crustaceans, 
as  the  erawlisli),  one  of  a  pair  of  muscles  which  pass,  one 
on  e.ach  side,  licneath  the  lining  of  the  stomach,  from  tlie 
cardiac  to  the  pyloric  ossicles. 

cardiorhexis  (kar"di-o-rek'sis), «.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  pijiig,  a  breaking,  rupture, 

<  pr/yviwai,  break.]     Rupture  of  the  heart. 
cardlostenosis  {kar"di-o-ste-n6'sis),  ))..     [NL., 

<  Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  CTtvDniQ,  a  narrow- 
ing, <  BTfvovv,  make  narrow,  <  crn'of,  narrow.]  A 
narrowing  of  the  conus  arteriosus  of  the  heart. 


821 

cardiotomy  (kar-di-ot'o-mi),  w.     [=  F.  cardio- 

tiiinie,  <  Gr.  Kapdia,  =  fe.  Iiearl,  +  Topf/,  a  cut- 
ting: see  anatomy.]     Dissection  of  the  heart. 

ca,rdiotromus  (kiir-di-ofro-mus),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  rpf/ieiv  =  L.  tremcre, 
tremble:  sae  tremhk:.]  In /)««(»/.,  fluttering  of 
the  heart,  especially  a  slight  degree  of  that  af- 
fection. 

carditis  (kiir-di'tis),  ».  [NL.  (>  F.  cardite), 
<  Or.  Kapdia,  =  E.  heart,  +  --itis.]  In  pathol., 
inflammation  of  the  mtiscular  substance  of  the 
heart;  myocarditis. 

Cardium  (knr'di-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kaprfm  =  E. 
lieart,  q.  v.]  The  tj-pical  genus  of  the  family 
Cardiida;  embracing  the  true  cockles,  of  which 
tlie  best-known  species  is  the  common  edible 
one,  C.edidc.  The  large  prickly  .-..ckle  is  f.  nmlrniuw. 
In  this  genus  tlie  foot  is  largely  ilevelcj|ied,  and  used  irot 
only  in  progression,  but  also  in  the  excavation  of  hollows 
in  the  sand  or  mud.  liy  sunie  authors  the  C.  aistatum  of 
Africa  is  considered  as  the  ty|.e,  while  by  others  it  is  re- 
garded as  representing  a  distinct  genus,  Tmpidocardiuin. 
See  cut  under  corklc. 

card-maker  (kard'ma"kt'r),  n.  One  who  makes 
cards;  specifically,  one  who  makes  cards  for 
combing  wool  or  flax. 

Am  not  I  Christopher  Sly,  old  Sly's  son,  of  Burton- 
heath  ;  by  birth  a  pcdler,  by  education  a  card-maker,  hy 
transmutation  a  bear-herd,  and  now  hy  present  profession 
a  tinker?  Sliak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  ii. 

card-match  (kiird'mach),  n.  One  of  the  matches 
fonnerly  made  by  dipping  in  melted  sulphur 
(now  in  the  usual  preparation  for  friction- 
matches)  a  thin  strip  of  wood  in  the  form  of  a 
toothed  card. 

It  should  be  my  care  to  sweeten  and  mellow  the  voices 
of  these  itinerant  tradesmen,  .  .  .  and  to  take  care  in  par- 
ticular that  those  may  not  make  the  most  noise  who  have 
the  least  to  sell,  which  is  very  observable  in  the  venders 
of  card-matclies.  Addison,  London  Cries. 

Cardo  (kar'do),  n. ;  pi.  cardines  (-di-nez).  [L., 
a  hinge:  see  cardinal.]  1.  In  eo«r7(.,  the  hinge 
of  a  bivalve  shell. — 2.  Inentom.,  the  basal  joint 
of  the  maxilla,  a  narrow  transverse  piece,  artic- 
ulating with  the  lower  side  of  the  head.  See 
cuts  tmder  Hymenoptera  and  Insecta. — 3.  In 
Myriapoda,  the  distal  or  exterior  one  of  two 
pieces  of  which  the  protomala  or  so-called 
mandible  consists,  the  other  piece  being  the 
stipes.  See  protomala,  and  cut  under  epila- 
lirnm.    A.  S.  Packard. 

cardol  (kar'dol),  n.  [<  NL.  (ana)card(ium),  q.  v., 
+  -oL]  An  oily  liquid  (C21H80'  'l;)  contained 
in  the  pericarp  of  the  cashew-nut,  Anacardinni 
occidentalc.     It  is  a  powerful  blistering  agent. 

cardoon,  chardoon  (kiir-,  char-don'),  n.  [<  ME. 
cardoun,  <  OF.  cardan,  chardon,  F.  cardon z=Sp. 
cardon,  cardo,  cardoon,  lit.  thistle,  <  ML.  car- 
do(n-),  another  fonn  of  cardns,  carduus,  a  this- 
tle :  see  card".]  If.  A  thistle. — 2.  The  Cynara 
Carduncidus,  a  perennial  plant  belonging  to 
the  same  genus  as  the  artichoke,  and  some- 
what resembling  it.  it  is  a  native  of  the  countries 
bordering  the  MediteiTanean.  Its  thick  fleshy  stalks  and 
the  ribs  of  its  leaves  are  blanched  and  eaten  in  Spain  and 
France  as  a  vegetable. 

cardophagUS  (kiir-dof'a-gus),  «.;  pi.  cardo- 
phagi  (-Ji).  [<  Gr.  /coprfof  (=  L.  carduus),  a  this- 
tle (see  card"),  +  <payetv,  eat.]  An  eater  of 
thistles;  hence,  a  donkey.     [Humorous.] 

Kick  and  abuse  liim,  you  who  have  never  brayed ;  but 
bear  with  him  all  honest  fellow  cardnpltafji ;  long-eai-ed 
messmates,  recognize  a  brother  donkey  ! 

Ttiackeray,  Virginians,  xix, 

card-party  (kard'piir"ti),  n.  A  number  of  per- 
sons met  for  card-playing. 

card-player  (kiird'pla"er),  n.  One  who  plays 
at  games  of  cards. 

card-playing  (kard'pla"ing),  n.  Playing  at 
games  of  cards. 

card-rack  (kiird'rak),  n.  1.  A  rack  or  frame  for 
holding  cards,  especially  visiting-cards. 

The  empty  card-rack  over  the  mantelpiece.  Ttiackeray. 
2.  A  small  shelf  or  case  on  the  outside  of  a 
freight-car,  used  to  hold  the  shipping  dii'ec- 
tions.     [U.  S.] 

card-sharper  (k;ird'shar"per),  «.  One  who 
cheats  in  plaj'ing  cards;  one  who  makes  it  a 
business  to  fleece  the  unwary  in  games  of 
cards. 

card-table  (kard'ta"bl),  n.  A  table  on  which 
cards  are  played. 

card-tray  (kiird'tra),  n.  A  small  salver  for  a 
servant  to  receive  and  deliver  visiting-cards  on. 

carduet,  «•  [ME.  cardue,  <  L.  carduus,  a  this- 
tle :  see  carcP.]    A  thistle. 

Tlic  cardue,  that  is,  a  low  erbe.  and  ful  of  thornes. 

Wijclif,  4  12|  Ki.  xiv.  9  (Purv.). 

Carduelis  (kar-du-e'Iis),  n.  [L.,  the  thistle- 
linch,  goldfinch.  <  carduus,  a  thistle :  see  card^.] 


care 

A  gentis  of  oseine  passerine  birds,  of  the  fam- 
ily Fringillitia;  having  as  type  Fringilla  cardue- 
lis, the  iiuropoan  goldfinch,  now  usually  called 
Carduelis  eleguns.  The  limits  of  the  genus  vary  great- 
ly ;  to  it  are  often  referred  the  siskin,  CardueUii  xpiiuir,  and 
the  canary,  C.  caiuiria.  It  has  been  extended  to  inclndo 
the  American  golilllnches,  now  usually  refeired  to  Clinjuo- 
wilrin  or  AHfraf/alinuM.     See  yoldjhwh. 

Carduus  (kilr'du-us),  h.  [L.,  a  thistle:  see 
(•(/)■(/-.]  A  genus  of  erect  herbs,  natural  order 
Compositu',  rosemljling  the  thistles  (Cnicus), 
from  which  tliey  are  distinguished  by  the  fact 
that  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  are  not  plumose. 
They  are  mostly  natives  of  the  .Mediterranean  region. 
Tile  most  eominon  species  is  the  blessed  thistle,  V.  (or 
CniritK)  hffiedlrtitM,  or  Criilaiirea  hiiacdiria,  sometimes  cul- 
tivatcil  for  ornament,  and  widely  naturalized.  ]n  former 
times  it  was  held  in  high  esteem  as  a  remedy  for  all  man- 
ner of  diseases. 

care  (kar),  n.  [<  ME.  care,  sorrow,  anxiety,  < 
AS.  cearu,  cam,  sorrow,  anxiety,  gi-ief,  =  OS. 
T<ara,  lament,  =OHG.  kara,  chara,  lament  (esp. 
in  comp.  chara-saug,  a  lament,  MUG.  Kartac 
{tac  =  E.  day),  also  Karvritac,  G.  Kar-.  Char- 
frcitag,  Good  Friday,  MHG.  Karwochc,  G.  Kar-, 
Char-woche,  Passion  week;  cf.  E.  Care  Sunday, 
Chare  Thursday),  =  Goth,  kara,  sorrow ;  cf .  Icel. 
kaira,  complaint,  murmur;  akin  to  OHG.  que- 
ran,  sigh.  The  primary  sense  is  that  of  inward 
grief,  and  the  word  is  not  connected,  either 
in  sense  or  form,  with  L.  cura,  care,  of  which 
the  primary  sense  is  pains  or  trouble  bestow- 
ed upon  something:  see  cure.  Doublet  chare 
(in  Chare  Thursday);  deriv.  chary,  q.  v.]  If. 
Grief;  sorrow;  afliiction;  pain;  distress. 
He  was  feeble  and  old, 
And  wyth  care  and  sonve  ouercome. 

lioh.  of  Qloucester,  p.  301. 
Fro  pointe  to  pointe  I  wol  declare 
And  writen  of  my  woful  care. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  i.  44. 
"Phoebus,  that  first  fond  art  of  medicine," 
Quod  she,  "  and  coude  in  every  wightes  care 
Remede  and  rede,  by  herbes  he  knew  fyne." 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  L  660. 

2.  Concern;  solicitude;  anxiety;  mental  dis- 
tiu'bance,  unrest,  or  pain  caused,  tiy  the  appre- 
hension of  evil  or  the  pressure  of  many  burdens. 

Care  keeps  his  watch  in  every  old  mans  eye, 
Aud  where  care  lodges  sleep  will  never  lie. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J,,  ii.  3. 
If  I  have  cares  in  mymind  I  come  to  the  Zoo,  and  fancy 
they  don't  pass  the  gate. 

Ttiackeray,  Round  about  the  Cliristmas  Tree. 

3.  Attention  or  heed,  with  a  view  to  safety  or  ■ 
protection;  a  looking  to  something;  caution; 
regard ;  watchfulness :  as,  take  care  of  yourself. 

I  am  mad  irdeed. 
And  know  not  what  I  do.     Yet  have  a  care 
Of  me  in  what  thou  dost. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  2. 

Want  of  Care  does  us  more  Damage  than  Want  of  Know- 
ledge. Franklin,  Poor  Richard's  Almanack,  1768. 

4.  Charge  or  oversight,  implying  concern  and 
endeavor  to  promote  an  aim  or  accomplish  a 
purpose:  as,  he  was  under  the  care  of  a  phy- 
.sieian. 

That  which  cometh  upon  me  daily,  the  care  of  all  the 
churches.  2  Cor.  xi.  28. 

In  most  cases  the  care  ol  orthography  was  left  to  the 
printers.  Southey,  Life  of  Bunyan,  p.  40. 

The  musical  theatre  was  very  popular  in  Venice  as  early 
as  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century ;  and  the  care  of 
the  state  for  the  drama  existed  from  the  ttrst. 

Hoiceits,  Venetian  Life,  v. 

5.  An  object  of  concern  or  watchful  regard  and 
attention. 

Is  she  thy  care?  Dryden. 

His  first  care  is  his  dresse,  the  next  his  bodie,  and  in  the 
vniting  of  these  two  lies  his  soule  and  its  faculties. 

Bp.  Earle,  Miero-cosmographie,  A  Gallant. 
Extraordinary  care,  ordinary  care.  See  the  adjec- 
tives.—Take  care,  be  careful ;  lieware. — TO  have  a 
care.  See  Ancc— To  have  the  care  of,  to  have  charge 
of.  =Syil.  Care,  Concern,  S'dlcitude,  Anxiety.  Care  is  the 
widest  in  its  range  of  meaning ;  it  may  be  with  or  without 
feeling,  with  or  ^vithout  action  :  as,  tlie  care  of  a  garden. 
In  its  strongest  sense,  care  is  a  painful  bm-den  of  thought, 
perhaps  from  a  multijdicity  and  constant  pressure  of 
things  to  be  attended  tt.> :  as,  the  child  was  a  great  care  to 
her.  Concern  and  solicitude  are  a  step  higher  in  intensity. 
Concern  is  often  a  regret  for  painful  facts.  Care  and  con- 
cern may  represent  the  object  of  the  thought  and  feeling  ; 
the  others  represent  only  the  mental  state  :  as,  it  shall  be 
my  chief  concern.  Solicitude  is  sometimes  tenderer  than 
coitcern,  or  is  attended  with  more  manifestation  of  feeling. 
Anxiety  is  the  strongest  of  the  four  words  ;  it  is  a  restless 
dread  of  some  evil.  As  compared  with  solicitude,  it  is 
more  negative  :  as,  solicitude  to  obtain  preferment,  to  help 
a  friend  ;  anxiety  to  avoid  an  evil.  We  speak  of  cat-'j  for 
an  aged  parent,  concern  for  her  comfort,  solicitude  to  leave 
nothing  undone  for  her  welfare,  anxiety  as  to  the  ellect  of 
an  exposure  to  cold.  (For  apprehension  and  higher  de- 
grees of  'r-ar,  see  alarm.) 

It  was  long  since  observed  by  Horace  that  uo  ship  could 
leave  care  behind.  Johnson, 


care 


822 


He  (Sir  t: 
row  and  -: 
as  had  nocU 


.ousbtanv  unusual  degree  of  sor-  careenage  (ka-re'naj),  H.      [<   carcc7i  +  -age; 
un  such  an  iKxasion  [his  death)     after  F.  care>iage.'\     1.  A  place  in  whieh  to 
careen  a  ship. 

The  scourings  of  slave-sliips  had  been  tliromi  out  at  the 
ports  of  debarkation  to  mix  with  the  mud  of  creeks,  ca- 
reenaoeg,  and  mangrove  swamps. 

X.  A.  nev.,  cxxxix.  340.  carefully  (kSr '  fiil 


...  h  could  deject  or  terrify  him. 

Addison,  Spectator,  Xo.  349. 

Can  Tour  golicitude  alter  the  cause  or  unravel  the  in- 
tricac/of  human  events?  Blair,  Sermons. 

Education  is  tlie  only  interest  worthy  the  deep,  control- 
lint:  n/uiVW  o(  the  thoughtful  man.  ,^       ,:,  , 
-             -^                              W.  PhiUips,  Speeches,  Idols. 

care  (kar),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cared,  ppr.  car- 
ing. [<  ME.  caren,  carieii,  be  anxious,  be 
grieved,  <  AS.  cearian,  be  anxious,  =  OS.  Ica- 
rmi.  lament,  complain,  =  OHG.  laroii,  cliaron, 
complain,  =  Goth.  Karon,  be  anxious;  cf.  leel. 
ktera  =  Sw.  kura  =  Dan.  Iwre,  complain ;  from 
the  noun.]  If.  To  feel  grief  or  sorrow ;  grieve. 
Ther  ne  ne  schulen  heo  neuer  karien  ne  sninken. 

Old  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Morris),  I.  193. 

Be  av  of  chier  as  light  as  lef  on  Ij-nde, 

^dlet  hem  care  and  wepe  and  wryug  and  wayle. 

Chaucer,  Clerks  Tale,  1. 1135. 

2.  To  be  anxious  or  solicitous ;  be  concerned 
or  interested:  commonly  with  about  or  for. 

Master,  carest  thou  not  that  we  perish  ?       JIark  iv.  3S. 

Our  cause  then  must  be  intrusted  to  and  conducted  by 

its  own  undoubted  friends,  those  whose  hands  are  free, 

whose  hearts  are  in  the  work,  who  do  care/or  the  result. 

Lincoln,  Speech  before  111.  State  Convention.  185S. 

3.  To  be  inclined  or  disposed ;  have  a  desire : 
often  with /or. 

Not  caring  to  observe  the  wind.  Walter. 

An  author,  who,  I  am  sure,  would  not  care  /or  being 
praised  at  tlie  expense  of  another's  reputation.    Addition. 

1  will  only  say  that  one  may  Hnd  grandeur  and  consola- 
tion in  a  starlit  night  without  carituj  to  ask  what  it  means, 
save  KTandenr  and  consolation. 

Loicell,  Study  Windows,  p.  376. 

4.  To  have  a  liking  or  regard :  with  for  before 
the  object. —  5.  To  be  concerned  so  as  to  feel 
or  express  objection ;  feel  an  interest  in  oppos- 
ing: chiefly  with  a  negative:  as,  He  says  he  is 
coming  to  see  you.     I  don't  care.     Will  you 


2.  The  cost  of  careening. 
career  (ka-rer'),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  earcere, 
carreer,  carrier,  careire,  <  F.  carriere,  now  car- 
riere,  road,  race-course,  course,  career,  <  OF. 
cariere,  a  road  (=  Pr.  carricra  =  Sp.  carrera  = 
]Pg.  carreira  =  It.  carricra,  career),  <  carter, 
transport  in  a  vehicle,  carry:  see  carri/.}  1. 
The  ground  on  whieh  a  race  is  run ;  a  race- 
course; hence,  com'se;  path;  way. 

They  had  nm  themselves  too  far  out  of  breath  to  go 
back  again  the  same  career.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  A  charge  or  nm  at  full  speed,  as  in  justing. 
Make  a  thrust  at  me,  .  .  .  come  in  upon  the  answer, 

control  your  point,  and  make  a  full  career  at  the  body. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  ilan  in  his  Humour,  i.  4. 
Full  merrily  .  .  . 
Hath  this  career  been  run.    Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 
Such  combat  should  be  made  on  horse. 
On  foaming  steed,  in  full  career. 

Scolt,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  31. 

3.  General  course  of  action  or  movement; 
procedure ;  course  of  proceeding ;  a  specific 
course  of  action  or  occupation  formiug  the  ob- 
ject of  one's  life:  as,  "honour's  fair  career," 
Dry  den. 

Brief,  brave,  and  glorious  was  his  young  career.  Byron. 


carene 

troulded.— 6.   Provident,  thoughtful,  heedful.— 6.   Pru- 
dent, wary,  etc.     See  list  under  cautious. 

H.t  H.  One  full  of  care  or  soitow. 
Thus  liauc  I  ben  his  heraude  here  and  in  belle. 
And  contorted  ni;my  a  careful  that  after  his  comynge 
waytcn.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xvi.  248. 

i^,  adv.      [<    ME.    carfulli, 


carcftilliche,  etc.,  <  AS.  car.fuUtce,  <  earful:  see 
careful  and  -ly".)t     It.  Sorrowfully. 

Carfulli  to  the  king  criande  sche  saide  (etc.). 

William  of  Palerne,  L  4347. 

2.  "With  care,  anxiety,  or  solicitude ;  with  pains- 
taking. 

He  found  no  place  of  repentance,  though  he  sought  it 
care.fullii  with  tears.  Heb.  xii.  17. 

3.  Heedfully;   watchfully;   attentively;   cau- 
tiously; providently. 

If  tliou  earefxdly  hearken  imto  the  voice  of  the  Lord. 

Dent.  XV.  5. 

carefulness   (kar'ful-nes),  n.     [<  ME.  care-, 

carfuliKss.  <  AS.  carfulnys,  *cearfuhies,  <  cear- 

fui,  careful,  +   -nes,   -ness:    see   careful  and 

-)i<>6-«.]     1.  Anxiety;  solicitude.     [Ai'chaic] 

Drink  tliy  water  with  trembling  and  with  care.fulness. 

Ezek.  xii.  18. 
He  had  a  particular  carefulness  in  the  knitting  of  his 
brows,  and  a  kind  of  impatience  in  all  his  motions. 

Addi,son,  The  Political  Upliolsterer. 

2.  Heedfulness;  caution;  vigilance  in  guard- 
ing iitrainst  evil  and  providing  for  safety. 
cafe-killing  (k.TIr'kil    ing),  a.    Destroying  or 
preventing  care;  remo\-iug_anxiety. 


This  pressing  desire  for  <.....  enforeed  by  the  pref-  ^^S^Z''l^:j;-,^?^JT^':!hiJ^^. 


erence  for  careers  which  are  thought  respectable. 

//.  SpetKcr,  Man  vs.  State,  p.  29. 

[Sometimes  used  absolutely  to  signify  a  definite  or  con- 
spicuous career  of  some  kind:  as,  a  man  with  a  career 
before  liim.] 

4.  In  the  manege,  a  place  inclosed  ^\-ith  a  bar- 
rier, in  which  to  run  the  ring. —  5.  In. falconry, 
a  flight  or  tour  of  the  hawk,  about  120  yards. 


take  somethingf   I  don't  rare  if  I  do.    [Collo.,.]  career  (ka-rer'),  v.u_   [<  career,  «  ]     To  move 


—  To  care  for.  (u)  See  2.  ((<)  Same  as  3.  (c)  To  look  to  ; 
take  care  of;  perform  what  is  needed  for  the  well-being 
or  good  condittou  of :  as,  the  child  was  well  cared  /or. 
<di  .Same  as  4. 

careawayt,  «.    A  reckless  fellow. 

Hut  I  such)  as  yet  remayne  without  eyther  forcast  or 
consideration  of  anything  that  may  afterward  tuni  them 
to  bcnetlt,  playo  the  wanton  yonkers  and  wilful!  Care- 
airayes.  Touchstone  o/  Complexions,  p.  99. 

care-clotht,    «.      [In   Palsgrave^  (1530),   carde 


leas,  'cciirlcds,  without  anxiety  (=  leel.  Iwru- 
lauis,  quit,  free),  <  earn,  ccaru,  anxiety,  +  -leas, 
-less:  see  care  and  -lcss.'\     1.  Free  from  care 
or  anxiety ;  hence,  undisturbed ;  cheerful. 
In  Idessed  slumbers 
Of  peaceful  rest  he  careless  rests  in  peace. 

Ford,  Karnes  Memorial. 

Thus  wisely  careless,  innocently  gay, 
Cheerful  he  playeii. 

Pope,  Epistle  to  Miss  Blount,  1.  11. 

The  jocund  voice 
Of  insects  chii-ping  out  their  careless  lives 
On  these  soft  beds  of  tliyme-besprinkled  turf. 
,  Wordsworth,  Excui-sion,  iii. 

2.  Giving  no  care;  heedless;  negligent;  un- 
thinking; inattentive;  regardless ;  unmindful. 

.\  wtinian,  tile  more  curious  slle  is  about  her  face,  is  corn- 


er run  rapidly,  as  if  in  a  race  or  charge 

Wlien  a  ship  is  decked  out  in  all  her  canvas,  every  sail 
swelled,  and  careering  gaily  over  the  curling  waves,  how 
lofty,  how  gallant  she  appears ! 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  22. 

Thus  the  night  fled  away,  as  if  it  were  a  winged  steed, 
anil  he  eareeri^ng  on  it.        Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  xx. 

careering  (ka-rer'ing),  ]).  a.     In  her.,  running,        

but   placed  bcndwiso  on  the  field:    said  of  a     monly  tlie  more  corWtss  about  her  house.  B.Jonson. 

O  ye  gods, 
I  know  you  careless,  yet,  behold,  to  you 
l>"rom  childly  wont  and  ancient  use  I  call. 

Tcnniison,  Lucretius. 

3.  Done  or  said  without  care;  unconsidered: 
as,  a  careless  act ;  a  careless  expression. 

With  such  a  careless  force,  and  forceless  care, 

As  it  that  luck,  in  very  spite  of  cunning, 

Bade  him  win  all.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  6. 

He  framed  the  careless  rhyme. 

Beattie 


horse  used  as  a  bearing. 


htlie.  iii'iiar.  for  carrc  cloth :  OF.  carre,  square,  careful  (kar'fiil),  a.  and  «.      [<  ME.  careful, 
broad,  carri;  squared,  square,  mod.  F.  carre,  a     (.„,.|-„;^  <  AS.  cearful,  earful,  anxious,  <  ccaru, 
(square)  side,  carri,  square.]      A  cloth  held     anxietv, -t- /h^/,  fiill:  see  rare  and -/«?,  1.]    1.  a. 
over  the  heads  of  a  bride  and  bridegroom  diir-     j.     -^uW  of  care  or  gi'ief ;  gi'ieving;  sorrowful, 
ing  the  marriage  ceremony  as  performed  in 
England  in  the  middle  ages.    See  the  extracts. 
At  the  "Sanctus,"  both  the  bride  and  bridegroom  knelt 
near  the  altar's  foot;  and  then,  if  neither  had  Ijecn  mar- 
rie<l  !>efore,  o%*cr  them  a  pall,  or,  as  it  used  to  be  called, 
the  care-cloth,  was  held  at  its  four  corners  l)y  as  many 
clerics.  Jtiick,  Church  o!  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  173. 


This  .  .  .  wyf  tliat  careful  widne  was. 
St.  Edni.  Con/.  (Early  Eng.  Poems,  cd.  Furnivall),  1.  465. 
Ac  the  eare.ful  may  crye  and  carpen  atte  sate, 
Bothe  afyngrod  and  athurst ;  and  for  chele  quake. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  X.  68. 

2.  Full  of  care;  anxious;  solicitous.  [Archaic] 


In  the  bridal  mass,  the  York  varied  soniewlmt  from  the 
Saruin  u«e  :  only  two  clerics  held  the  care-cloth,  and  a 
blessing  was  l>e8towed  by  the  priest  wittl  the  clialice  upon 
the  newly  married  folks. 

Hock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  11.  175. 

care-crazed  (kar'krazd),  a.  Crazed  or  mad- 
ileneJ  by  caro  or  trouble. 

A  carc-craz'd  mother  to  a  many  sons, 

Shak.,  Klch.  III.,  ill.  7. 

carectt,  ».     Same  as  caract^. 

careen  (ka-ren'),  V.  [Formerly  carine,  <  F. 
riiriHtr,  now  cardner  (=  Sp.  carenar  =  Pg.  quc- 
remir  =  It.  carenare),  careen,  <  carene,  carine, 
now  rnrinc,  =  It.  carcna,  <  h.  carina,  the  keel 
of  a  ship:  see  carina.]  I.  trans.  Xaut.,  to 
cauHo  (a  ship)  to  lie  over  on  one  side  for  the 
purjiOHc  of  examining,  or  of  calking,  repairing, 
clittii.fint;,  paying  with  pitch,  or  breaming  the 
Otlnr  side. 


Martha,  thou  artcarc/itJ  and  troubled  about  nuuiy  things. 

Luke  X.  41. 

Be  not  80  careful,  coz ;  your  brother's  well. 

Shirleg,  Maid's  Revenge,  ii.  4. 


Tlie  Minstrel,  ii.  6. 
4t.  Not  receiving  care;  uncared  for.     [Rare.] 
Their  many  wounds  and  carelesse  harnics. 

SiKiiser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  Iv.  ,H8. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.     Sujiine,  Indolent,  etc.  (sue  listless);  in- 
tllniitibtless,  remiss,  forgetfid,  iTU'tuisiderate 


rt       Ti-i,.  'ii-  V    ■*    J     .   ^«^»..;».«      calltiims.  tliiiiitibtless,  rennss,  forgetfiu,  nu'tuisulerate. 

3t.  Filling  with  care  or  solicitude  ;  exposing  carelessly  (kar'les-li),  adv.     In  a  careless  man- 
to  concern,  anxiety,  or  trouble;  care-causing,     ^^^^  ^^^  ^^.*^^.  „pj,,igontly;  heedlessly;  inatten- 


painful. 

Either  loue,  or  8or[r]ow,  or  both,  did  wring  out  o(  me 
than  certainc  carefull  thouglitcs  nt  my  good  will  towardes 
him.  Ascham,  The  ScholemastiT,  p.  00. 


By  Him  that  rais'd  me  to  this  eare.ful  height 
From  that  contente<l  hap  which  1  enjoy'd. 

Shak.,  llich.  III., 


i.  3. 


IT 


In  11, < 

»««1H- 


can 

I'" 
may 

•Pif) 
•orU,  Ih  I 
In  Dock.'. I 

And  tli> 
though  "11- 


■  !.• 


■•,■.  To  lean  to  one  side,  as  a  ship 
of  sail. 

"•ners  constantly  come  and  go,  rnrcening 
II-  ir  white  sails  taking.  If  remote  enough,  a 
iritli'  from  the  delicate  air. 

T.  H".  Iliggin-iH,  Oldporl,  ji.  199. 

I  II' 'k  will  l>c  found  by  the  giologint  to 

'•lie  Ml').;  or  e<lge  going  down  while  the 

.Scienre,  III.   HI, 

ri'),  n.    [<,  careen,  r."]     A  Hlanting 

''i"li  n  Hhip  is  plneed,  tlmt  the  ki'i'l 

1 :  111''  jilace  where  tbiH  is  done. 

i<  iiiiiiiy  lialllen  niul  DaleauM'S  "I  all 

•  .    1    .Mark,  elthir  In  (.'ouriM',  nt  An.  bur, 

II  Ml'  Oi/ren, na  then-  lie  Days  In  the  Vinr. 

ll"o:U,  |,<,tu.re,  I.  I.  'Oi. 

iiliasl  la  till  >'  II  unmo  VewKd  11111, 

ihi!  Carten  ill'  1  Irlnimcil. 

// •'.  Ij'tlcn,  I.  I.  .'11 


4t.  Excited;  eager;  vehement. 

Then  was  the  King  carefull  A'  kest  for  wrath 
For  too  bring  that  beunle  lii  balle  for  oner. 

Alisauiutrr  of  Maeedoim  (K.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  671. 

5.  Attentive  to  iiid,  support,  or  protect;  pro\'i- 
dent :  formerly  with  for,  now  generally  with  of, 
before  the  object. 

Thou  hast  been  care/ut/or  us  with  all  thU  care. 

2  Kl.  Iv.  13. 
Arc  Ood  and  Nature  then  at  strife. 
That  .Nature  liiiils  such  evil  ilreamsT 
Ho  careful  of  llii'  type  she  seems. 
So  careless  of  the  single  life. 

Tennyson,  In  Meniorlam,  Iv. 

6.  Giving  good  heed ;  watchful;  oautiouM:  iih, 
be  careful  to  niaiiitaiu  good  works;  bo  careful 
of  your  conversation. 

Have  you  been  careful  of  our  noble  prisoner. 
That  ho  want  nothing  Ml  I  lug  (or  lil«  greatness? 

Ileau.  and  PI.,  King  and  No  King,  Iv.  2. 
A  luckier  or  a  bolder  llnherman. 
A  rarr/uller  In  peril  did  not  hreathe. 

Tentn/snn,  Enoch  Arilrll. 

7.  Hhnwing  or  ilniie  with  inro  or  ntloiition:  as, 
rnrt  fnt  ciiiiHidi-rulion.  =  8yn.  2.  i'iiiic<'riieil,dl»turbo<l, 


tively;  without  caro  or  concern. 

An  ant  and  a  grasshopjicr,  walking  together  on  a  green 
the  "lie  carelessly  skiiiping,  the  other  caiefnlly  prying 
what  winter's  provision  was  scattered  in  the  way. 

Greene,  Conceited  Fable. 

carelessness  (kar'les-nes),  ?i.  The  state  or 
qiiiiliiy  of  being  careless;  heedlessness;  inat- 
tention; negligence. 
care-lined  (kar'liud),  a.  Marked  by  care ;  hav- 
ing lines  deepened  by  oare  or  trouble,  as  the 
fnc<'. 

That  swells  with  antic  and  uneasy  mirth 

Till.'  hollow,  care-lined  check.  J.  Bailii^, 

carencyt  (ka'ren-si),  n.  [=  P.  carcnce  —  Pr. 
Sji.  I'),',  ciiriiiria  =  II.  careii::a,  caren;^ia,  <  Mli. 
carinlia,  <  L.  caren{l-).i,  m>T.  of  carere,  want, 
bo  without.  Cf.  ('(irc^l.]  Want;  lack;  defl- 
eiency.    lip.  Uicharilson. 

carene't  (ka-rOn'),  "•  [<  MK.  carcMc,  carine, 
hinnr,  harin  =MLn.  karcnr,  l:ariiic,  <  ML.  ca- 
rcna. 11  fast  of  forty  (lays,  liciit.  corriiiitcil  (after 
the  OF.  form,  and  iircA).  by  assoeintidii  with  1j. 
carirc,  wiiiit,  lack,  nIL.  ca'rcntiit,  want,  penury: 
Hce  carrncy)  from  (luailragintanit,  i'<niiv.  to  i/ua- 
dragrsima  O  OI'\  carcxnic,  V.  carfmc  =  Pr.  ca- 
rrsma,  carcnia,  caramn,  ipiarrsme,  iiuari  nic  =: 
Cut.  ipiartsma  =  Sii.  cniinsma  =  I'g.  <iii(ircsma 
=  II.  iiiiarrtiinia),  Lent,  lit.  (L.)  forticlli,  <  L. 
iiuadraginid,  forty:  Bee  (luiidragrsinia,  iinaran- 
tini.]     A  forty  days'  fiiHt  rurinerly  iuqiosed  by 


carene 

a  bishop  upon  clergy  or  laity,  or  by  an  abbot 
upon  monks.     Smith's  Diet.  Christ.  Antiq. 

Also  l'n|ifSil\i('sterKi;iiiiit,vil  tn.iU  thcyni  y'  daylyKOthe 
to  Mr-  eliiiviifof  Siiiut  I'dcr  tlic  iij.  |i;Lit 'jf  all«  his  synnea 
iflcci'd,  .  .  .  anil  aljouc  tiiis  is  Kiawiityil  xxviij  C.  yeru  of 
pardon,  and  the  merytis  of  as  many  Icntis  or  karyiis. 

Arnold's  Chronicle,  1002  (cd.  1811,  p.  146). 

Here  folow*  the  knowelege  of  what  a  kantiia  ys.  It  la  too 
goo  wulward  and  barfott  vij.  yere.  Item,' to  fast  on  bred 
and  watter  the  Fryday  vij.  yere.  Item,  in  vij.  yere  n<)t 
too  slepe  oon  nyght  there  ne  slepith  a  nother.  Item,  in 
vij.  yere  nott  to  com  vndir  noo  couered  place  but  yf  it  bee 
too  here  masse  in  the  chyrch  dore  or  porche.  Item,  in 
vij.  yere  not  to  ete  nor  dryncko  out  of  noo  vessel  but  in 
the  s;ime  that  he  made  hys  auow  in.  Item,  he  tliat  fulfiU- 
eth  allu  (lies  poyntis  vij.  yere  during,  dothe  and  wynnethe 
a  Kari/iif,,  tliat  ys  to  sey  a  Lenton.  Thus  may  a  man  haue 
at  Rome  gret  pardon  and  soule  helth. 

Arnold's  CImmieU,  1502  (ed.  1811,  p.  160). 

carene-t  (ka-ren'),  n.  [<  L.  carenum,  carwnum, 
<  (xr.  Kapoivov,  Kafjvivov,  Kapmov.']  A  sweet  wine 
boifed  down. 

Carene  is  boyled  nere 
From  three  til  two. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  204. 


caribou 


823 

which  is  abundant  in  some  parts  of  Oregon,  is  remark- 
al>Ie  for  yielding  an  excellent  cpiality  of  hay  ;  .and  the 
rcKjts  of  the  sea-sedge,  C.  armaria,  f<jun<i  on  the  shores  of 
the  Baltic,  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  sarsaparilla.  About 
700  species  are  known,  distributed  all  over  the  world, 
though  they  are  rare  in  troi)ical  regions. 
2.  [J.  c. ;  pi.  carices  (ka'ri-sez).]  A  plant  of 
this  genus. 

A  sand-bank  covered  with  scanty  lierbage,  and  imper- 

rectly  bound  together  by  bent-grass  and  carices. 

Kiwyc.  Brit. ,  XI.  631. 
careynet,  "•     An  olwoleto  form  of  carrion. 
carft.     A  Middle  English  (Anglo-Saxon  eearf) 

preterit;  of  kerrcn,  carve, 
carfaxt  (kiir'faks),  n.     [<  ME.  carfax,  carphax, 

carfans,  corruptions  of  carfoukcs,  also  carfowgh, 

<  OF.  carrefourgs,  carrefor,  carrefour,  quarre- 

four,  F.  carrefour  (whence  also  E.  carrefour)  = 

Pr.  carreforc,  <  ML.  qitadrifiirciis,  having  four  Canama,  (janama  (kiir-,  siir-i-ii'mii),  n.    [Bi 

forks,  <  h.  quat,ior,=  E.  four,  +f urea,  >  AK.     ™"/;'""   {'^"sson,   Marcgrave),   later  writ 

fore,  >  E.  fork.'}    A  place  where  four  (or  more)     "'"■'"■""    '  

roads  or  streets  meet:  now  used  only  as  the 

name  of  such  a  place  in  Oxford,  England. 

Then  thei  cnbussiied  hema-gein  ncarfowifh  of  vj  weyes. 
Merlin  (ed.  Wh'eatley),  ii.  273. 


Doc  of  the  Virgini.t  Uccr  (Citri(tci4S  vt'rffmiaHus). 


Same  as  cur- 


carentanet  (kar'en-tan),  n.    [<  ML.  quarentena, 
carcntenii,  also  carena,  an  indulgence  or  exemp- 
tion from  the  fast  of  forty  days :  see  cflrewfi  and  carfoukest,  ».    See  ear/ax. 
quarantine.']    A  papal  indidgenee,  midtiplying  carfuffle  (kar-fnf '1),  o.  and  m, 
the  remission  of  penance  by  forties.  fuffle.     [Scotch.] 

caress  (ka-res'),  «.     [<  F.  carcsse,  <  It.  care;:;:a  c'ar'ga  (kar'ga),  «.     [Sp.,  a  load:  see  cor<;ol  and 

=  Sp.  CO  )■««■«  =  Pg.  caricias  (pi.),  endeannent,       '  ,      .  .- ... 

fondness,  <  ML.  caritia,  dearness,  value,  <  L. 
cdrus,  dear  (whence  also  ult.  E.  cheer'^,  charity, 
cherish,  q.  v.),  prob.  orig.  *ca?Kr«,s=:  Skt.  kamra, 
beautiful,  charming,  <  ■/  kam,  love,  desire,  per- 
haps =  L.  amare  (for  "camaret),  love^  see  amor, 


raz. 
tten 

(;ariania,  eeriema,  sariama,  seriema,  seriama.] 
1.  The  native  name  of  a  grallatorial  bird  ot 
South  America,  the  seriema. —  2.  [crip.]  [NL.] 
A  genus  of  birds  (Brisson,  1760),  the  tjqie  be- 
ing the  seriema,  tlie  I'alameilca  cristata  (Lin- 
nasus),  Microdacti/lus  marcgravii  (Geoffrey  St. 
HUaire),2>!c/io%j/iM.»cmta<««(IUiger), now  usu- 
ally called  Cariama  cri.stata :  a  bird  of  uncertain 
affinities,  sometimes  classed  with  cranes,  some- 


charge,  n.]  "A  Spanish  unit  both  of  weight  and  p^l^TJ^i,*^  ^'?:^^!''  ""^^  ???'"  ^-^f*  ^7Jl''''}k 
-  v»vii,„Tinri;ffe,.„„fr>i„„»<.a„.if^.  CariaimdaB(kaiM-am'i-de),  «.j)/.    '^^^   "> 


of  measure,  varying  in  different  places  and  for 
different  commodities,  but  generally  about  27.5 
pounds  avoirdupois  as  a  weight  and  40  gallons 
as  a  measure. 


etc.  Cf.  W.  earn,  love,  =  Ir.  caraini,  I  love, 
cara,  a  friend.]  An  act  of  endearment;  an 
expression  of  affection  by  touch,  as  by  strok- 
ing or  patting  ivith  the  hand:  as,  "conjugal 
caresses,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  56. 

Chilling  his  caresses 
By  the  coldness  of  her  manners. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xx.  1. 

caress  (ka-res'),  «.  *•  [<  F.  caresser  (=  It.  ca- 
regzare;  cf.  Sp.  a-cariciar  =  Pg.  cariciar,  a-eari- 
ciar),  <  caresse,  a  caress.]  1.  To  bestow  ca- 
resses upon ;  fondle. 

Caress'd  or  chidden  by  the  dainty  hand. 

Temuison,  Sonnets  to  a  Coquette. 

Hence — 2.  To  treat  with  fondness,  affection, 
or  kindness. 

Caressed  at  court  and  at  both  the  universities. 

Baker,  Charles  II.,  an.  16S3. 

■caressing  (ka-res'ing),  p.  a.  \V\iv.  of  caress,  r.] 
Treating  with  endearment;  fondling;  affection- 
ate ;  fond :  as,  a  caressing  manner. 

caressingly  (ka-res'ing-U),  adv.  In  a  caressing 
manner. 

Care  Sunday  (kar  sun 'da).  [E.  dial.,  also 
Carting  Sunday,  Carle  Sunday,  Carting,  <  care, 
grief,  -I-  Sunday.  Cf.  Chare  Thursday  and  the 
similar  G.  Char-,  Kar-freitag,  Good  Friday. 
See  care,  n.]  The  fifth  Sunday  in  Lent ;  Passion 
Sunday.     [Prov.  Eng.]     See  Carting. 

careti  (ka'ret),  «.  [<  L.  caret,  there  is  wanting, 
3d  pers.  sing.  pres.  ind.  of  carere,  want,  lack : 
see  carency.]  A  mark  ( ^ )  used  in  wTitiug,  in 
correcting  printers'  proofs,  etc.,  to  indicate  the 
proper  place  of  something  that  is  interlined  or 
written  in  the  margin. 

carets  (ka'ret),  «.  [<  NL.  caretta,  name  of  a 
tnrtle,  <  Sp.  careta,  a  mask  of  pasteboard,  a 
wire  mask  used  by  bee-keepers,  dim.  of  cara, 
the  face :  see  cheer^.]  A  name  of  the  hawkbill 
sea-turtle,  Eretmochelys  imbricata. 

caretaker  (kar'ta"ker),  «.  One  who  takes  care 
of  something.  Specifically  —  (a)  One  who  is  employed 
at  a  wharf,  <iuay,  or  other  exposed  place,  or  in  a  building 
or  on  an  est.ate  during  the  absence  of  the  owner,  to  look 
after  goods  or  property  of  any  kind.  (6)  A  person  put 
upon  the  premises  of  an  insolvent  to  take  care  that  none 
of  the  property  is  removed. 

■care-tuned  (kar'tund),  a.  Tuned  or  modulated 
by  care  or  trouble ;  mournful. 

More  health  and  happiness  betide  my  liege. 
Than  can  my  care-tun'd  tongue  deliver  him. 

Stiak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  2. 

care-worn  (kar'wora),  a.     Worn,  oppressed,  or 


There  are  two  kinds  of  carga  —  the  "  burro"  or  donkey 
carga  of  150  lbs.,  and  the  "  niule  "  carga  of  30O. 

L.  Hamilton,  Mex.  Handbook,  p.  28. 

cargazont  (kUr'ga-zon),  n.  [Also  written  car- 
ga.ion;  Sp.  cargazon  QY.  cargaison),  a  cargo, 
aug.  of  cargo,  carga,  a  load:  see  cargo'^-.]  A 
cargo. 

The  ship  Swan  was  sailing  home  with  a  cartjazon  valued 
at  £80,000.  llowdl,  Letters,  I.  vi.  42. 

cargeese,  n.     Plural  of  cargoose. 

cargQi  (kiir'go),  n. ;  pi.  cargoes  or  cargos  (-goz). 
[Sp.,  also  carga,  a  burden,  load,  freight,  cargo 
(=  Pg.  cargo,  a  charge,  oifice,  carga,  a  burden, 
load,  =  It.  carieo,  carica,  also  carco,—0¥.  charge 
(AF.  *cark,  kark,  >  ME.  kark,  cark:  see  cark), 
F.  charge,  a  burden,  etc.,  >  E.  charge,  «.),  < 
cnrgar  =  F.  charger,  load,  >  E.  charge,  r. :  see 
■liarge.]     1.  The  lading  or  freight  of  a  ship 


,,  ^  [NL.  (Bona- 
parte, 1850),  <  Cariama  +  -idw.]  The  family  of 
birds  formed  for  the  reception  of  the  Cariama 
cristata,  or  seriema.  The  form  Carinminte  (O.  R. 
Gray,  1871)  is  found  as  a  subfamily  name.  Besides  the  seri- 
ema, the  family  contains  a  related  tliough  quite  distinct 
species,  Cliunga  burmeisteri.     Also  called  Vicholophulce. 

cariamoid  (kar'i-a-moid),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
liuviiig  the  characters  of  the  Cariamoidew. 

Cariamoideae  (kar"i-a-moi'de-e),  «.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Cariama  +  -oidea:^  A  superfamily  provided 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  Cariamidm,  upon 
the  supposition  that  these  birds  are  either 
crane-like  hawks  or  hawk-like  cranes. 

Carian  (ka'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Carta  (Gr. 
Kaiiia)  +  -««.]■  I.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
ancient  kingdom  and  province  of  Caria,  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Asia  Minor. 

II.  H.  A  native  of  Caria,  or  the  language  of 
the  primitive  people  of  Caria,  who  were  dis- 
possessed by  the  Greeks. 

cariatedt  (ka'ri-a-ted),  «.  [<  ML.  cariatus,  pp. 
oiciiriare,<lj. eariau(t-)s,  adj., decaying,  rotten, 

<  (YovV'.y,  decay :  see  caries.]    Same' as  carious. 


the  goods,  merchandise,  or  whatever  is  con-  „     .,    „     ..v-        ,      ,.       -  

veyed  in  a  ship  or  other  merchant  vessel.    The  ^?;^'^,'  Caribbee  (kar  ib,  -i-be),  n.     [<  Sp.  Pg. 
lading  within  the  hold  is  called  the  inSoarrf  caryo,  in  dis-      <  anlie,  a  Carib,  a  cannibal,  <    W.  Ind.    Carib, 

,-_,....  „..  , , J  _  „;  .  ,     said  to  mean  orig.  a  valiant  man.     Hence  ult. 

cannibal,  q.  v.]  One  of  a  native  race  inhabit- 
ing certain  portions  of  Central  America  and  the 
north  of  South  America,  and  formerly  also  the 
Caribbean  islands. 
Caribbean  (kar-i-be'an),  a.  [NL.  Caribeeus, 
Cdriblxeiis;  <  Caribbee  +  -an.]  Pertaining  to 
the  Caribs  or  Caribbees,  or  to  the  Lesser  An- 
tilles, formerly  inhabited  by  them,  comprising 
the  eastern  and  southern  chains  of  the  West 
Indies,  or  to  the  sea  between  the  West  Indies 
and  the  mainland  of  America.  Also  spelled 
Carribbean — Caribbean  bark.  See  bark^. 
Caribbee,  «.  See  Carib.  Also  spelled  Caribee, 
Carrilibee. 


tinction  from  freight,  such  as  horses  and  cattle,  carried 
on  deck.  The  term  is  usually  applied  to  goods  only,  but 
in  a  less  technical  sense  it  may  include  persons. 

Vessels  from  foreign  countries  have  come  into  out  ports 
and  gone  out  again  with  the  cargoes  they  brought. 

.S.  Adams,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  457. 

2.  [Appar.  a  slang  use,  perhaps  of  other  ori- 
gin. Cf.  cargo'^.]  A  term  of  contempt  applied 
to  a  man,  usually  explained  as  ' '  bully  "  or  "  bra- 
vo": found  only  in  the  following  passage. 

Will  the  royal  Augiistus  cast  away  a  gentleman  of  wor- 
ship, a  captain  and  a  commander,  for  a  couple  of  con* 
demned  caitiff  calumnious  cargos? 

B.  JoTison,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 
To  break  out  a  cargo.    See  Itreak. 
cargo-t  (kar'go),  interj.     [Appar.  a  corruption 


an  imprecation:  see  canker.  Less  prob.  based 
on  It.  coraggio,  courage,  used  as  an  eneourag- 
iiig  exclamation:  see  courage.]  An  exclama- 
tion of  surprise  or  contempt. 

But  cargo!  ray  fiddlestick  cannot  play  without  rosin. 

Wilkins,  Miseries  of  Enforced  Marriage  (1607). 
Twenty  pound  a  year 
For  three  good  lives?    Cargo  !  hai  Trincalo  ! 

T.  Tomkis  (?),  Albumazar. 

cargo-block  (kiir'go-blok),  n.  A  tackle  for 
hoisting  bales  and  packages,  which  disengages 
itself  automatically. 
cargoose  (kilr'gos),  «. ;  pi.  cargeese  (-ges).  [< 
ear-  (perhaps  <  Gael,  cir,  a  cock's  comb  or  crest) 
-f-  goose.]     The  gaunt  or  great  crested  grebe, 

_  ^    ^^_ ^  __     Poiliccjis  cristiitus.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

bmdeued  with  care ;  showing  marks'  of  care  or  cariacou,  carjacou  (kar'i-a-ko,   kar'ja-ko),  «, 


of  It.  cancro,  a  canker,  used  also,  like  E.  pox,  as  caribe  (kar'i-be),  n.     [Sp.,  a  Carib,  a  cannibal : 


see  ( 'arib  and  cannibal.]  The  vemacidar  name 
of  a  very  voracious  South  American  fish.  Ser- 
rasalmo  piraya,  and  other  charaeins  of  the 
subfamily  Serrasalmonina;  (which  see). 

In  some  localities  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  catch  fishes 
with  the  hook  and  line,  as  the  fish  hooked  is  immediately 
attacked  by  the  caribe  .  .  .  and  torn  to  pieces  before  it  can 
be  withdrawn  from  the  water.    Stand.  Sat.  Hist.,  III.  134. 

Caribee,  ».     See  Caribbee. 


anxiety:  as,  he  was  weary  and  care-worn;  a 

care-worn  countenance. 

And  Philip's  rosy  face  contracting  grew 
Careworn  and  wau.  Tenngson,  Enoch  Arden. 

•Carex  (ka'reks),  n.  [L.,  a  sedge  or  rush.]  1. 
A  large  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Cypa-a- 
cea' ;  the  sedges.  They  are  perennial,  grass-like  herbs, 
growing  chiefly  in  wet  places,  with  triangular  solid  culms 
and  unisexual  flowers  aggregated  in  spikelets.  The  herb- 
age  is  coarse  and  innutritious,  ami  the  genus  is  of  com- 
j)aratively  Uttle  value.    A  variety  of  C.  acuba,  however. 


[S.  Ainer.]  The  native  name  of  some  kind  of 
South  American  deer,  extended  to  all  Ameri- 
can deer  of  the  genus  Cariacus  (which  see). 
Cariacus  (ka-ri'a-kus),  «.  [NL.  (J.  E.  Gray), 
<  cariacou.]  The  genus  of  deer  {Cerridte)  of 
which  tlie  Virginia  or  common  white-tailed 
deer  of  North  America,  Cariacus  rirginianus,  is 
typical.  It  also  includes  the  black-tail  or  mule-deer(C. 
?/(ac/«^',s').  the  Columbian deer(Cco?H !/)&!« ?iM;j),  and  others, 
all  of  wliich  are  smaller  than  the  stags  (the  genus  Cervu.s) 
and  otherwise  ditferenl.    See  also  cut  under  mule-deer. 


Caribou  {Rayt^i/er  caribou). 


caribou 

caribou,  cariboo  (kar'i-bo).  ».  [Canadian  F. 
caribi'ii.  Amer.  Ind.]  The  American  -svoodland 
reindeer,  liangiur  caribou  or  S.  tarandiis,  in- 
habitija?  nortlierlj"  North  America  as  far  as  the 
limit  oArees,  where  it  is  replaced  by  the  bar- 
ren-'TOimd  reindeer,  to  which  the  name  is  also 
extended.  It  is  a  variety  of  the  reindeer,  and  has  never 
been  domesticaled.  bat  is  an  object  of  chase  for  the  sake  of 
itstlcsh.    .^lio  spelled  cam'AOo.    See  cut  on  precedinj;  page. 

Carica  (kar'i-ka),  H.  [XL.,  a  new  use  of  L.  ai- 
riat,  a  kind  of  dry  fig  (sc.  feus,  fig),  lit.  Carian; 
fem.  of  Carious,  <  Caria :  see  CnnVni.]  1.  A 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Papayaccw,  con- 
sisting of  about  20  species,  which  are  natives 
of  tropical  America.  The  best-known  is  C.  Pa- 
paya, the  papaw  (which  see). —  2t.  A  kind  of 
drv  fig ;  a  leuten  fig.     E.  Phillips,  1706. 

caricature  (kar'i-ka-tmO,  «.  [Formerly  in  It. 
form  caricatura  =  J),  larikatuur  =  G.  carica- 
tur,  larilatur  =  Dan.  Sw.  Jcuril-atur,  <  F.  cari- 
cature, <  It.  caricatura  (=  Sp.  Pg.  caricatura), 
&  satirical  picture,  <  caricare,  load,  overload, 
exaggerate,  =  F.  charger,  load,  >  E.  charge,  q. 
v.]  A  representation,  pictorial  or  descriptive, 
in  which  beauties  or  favorable  points  are  con- 
cealed or  per\-erted  and  peculiarities  or  defects 
exaggerated,  so  as  to  make  the  person  or  thing 
represented  ridiculous,  while  a  general  like- 
ness is  retained. 

Now  and  then,  indeed,  he  [Dryden]  seizes  a  very  coarse 
and  marked  distinction,  and  gives  us,  not  a  likeness,  but 
a  strong  caricature,  in  which  a  single  peculiarity  is  pro- 
truded, and  everything  else  neglected. 

Macaulay,  Dryden. 

Perhaps  a  sketch  drawn  by  an  alien  hand,  in  the  best 
faith,  might  have  an  air  of  caricature. 

IJoiccttts,  Venetian  Life,  xx. 
=  Syn.  Caricature,  Burlesque.  Parutly,  Tracesty.  The  dis- 
tinguishinK  mark  of  a  caricature  is  that  it  absurdly  e.v- 
aggenites  that  which  is  characteristic,  it  may  be  by  pic- 
ture or  by  language.  \  burlemjue  renders  its  subject  lu- 
dicrous by  an  incongruous  manner  of  treating  it,  as  by 
treating  a  grave  subject  liglitly,  or  a  light  subject  gravely. 
Burl'xjue  may  be  intentional  or  not.  .K  parotly  inten- 
tionally burlesques  a  liter.irj*  composition,  generally  a 
poem,  liy  imitating  its  form,  style,  or  language.  In  a 
parodu  the  characters  are  changed,  while  in  a  traresty 
they  are  retiiined,  only  the  language  Iieing  made  absurd. 
(.See  trarentii.)  In  a  tturteitque  of  a  literary  work  the  char- 
acters are  genemlly  changed  into  others  whicliludicrou.sly 
suggest  their  originals. 
caricature  (kar'i-ka-tur),  V.  t;  pret.  and  pp. 
caricatured,  ppr.  caricaturing.  [<  caricature, 
n. ;  =  F.  caricaturer  =  Sp.  caricaturar.]  To 
make  or  draw  a  caricature  of;  represent  in 
the  manner  of  a  caricature ;  biu'lesque. 

Hogarth  caricatured  f'hnrchill  umler  the  form  of  a  ca- 
nonical bear,  with  a  club,  and  a  jjot  of  beer. 

WalpUe,  Anecdotes,  IV.  iv. 

So  much  easier  it  is  to 
caricature  life  from  our 
own  sickly  conception  of 
it,  than  to  |>uint  it  in  its 
noble  siniplicily. 
Ijou-elt,  Among  my  I^niks, 
I  lit  MT.,  ji.  :i7i;. 

caricature-plant 

(kar'i-ka-tur-plaut ), 

n.    An  acanthaceoMS 

plant  of  the  Indian 

archipelago,  (irajito- 

phi/llum  hortensc :  so 

called  from  the  cii- 

riou.'f  variegation  of 

the  leaves,  which  are 

often  so  lined  as  to 

present      groteHipio 

likenesses  to  the  hu- 
man profile, 
caricaturist  (kar  '  i  - 

ka-i  iir-ist),  II.    [<  caricature  +  -ist;  =  F.  carica- 

luri.-'ii  =  Sp.  caricaturista.']     One  who  draws  or 

wrlt'^  I'nni'atures;  Kjiecificnlly,  one  wlio  occu- 

l)ii'    iiiinself  with  drawing  jiictorial  carieatureH. 
caricea,  «.     Mural  of  carex,  '1. 

caricin,  caricine  (kur'i-sin),  u.    [<  Carica  + 

-in-,  -!»(-.]  A  )iroteolytic  ferimiit  (•onlaiiied 
of  the  green  fruit  of  I  he  luijiaya- 
I'apaya.    Also  called  jiajiain  and 


Caricature-plant  lOraptefhyltum 
horleHst\. 


in  the  Jllie 
tree,  t'nrira 
liiijiitiii,tiii. 

carlcoiaapl! 


I  :ir-i-kog'ra-fl),  n.     [<  \,.  carcx 

'  ir.  -iim^ia,  writing,  <  yfn'iiprii', 

i'.n  or  un  account  of  Hedges 


caricologiflt  (knr-i-kol'o-jist),  n.     [<  'ci 

,,,,;  r  /,.,,,....,  Hedge,  +  Or.  -'/nyin,  < 
./71  -f  -inf.]  A  botanist 
1'^    lilaiilM   of   Uio   geiinH 


'cnrlcol- 

/J,  ., 
wh.. 
t'nri  I . 
caricons  rknr'i-kiiH),  a,      [<  Ij.  carica,  n   kind 

i.f  dry  I  '     ,  ira),  +  -oun.  |     KeHomtiling  u 

fiir:  nx.  uimor. 

Oarida    '  /■'.     Sim,.    u.,  1  nriilm 


824 

Caridea  (ka-rid'e-a),  n.  pi.  [NXi.,  <  Gr.  Kopi^ 
(napiS-),  a  skrimp  or  prawn:  see  Carides.J  A 
series  or  di\"ision  of  macrurous  decapod  crus- 
taceans, containing  the  shrimps,  prawns,  etc. 
It  is  a  lai-ge  and  vai-ied  group,  ch.aracterized  by  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  carapace  from  the  mandibular  and  antennal 
segments,  by  the  lai-ge  basal  scale  of  the  an^ennje,  and  by 
only  one  or  two  paii-s  of  chelate  limbs.  It  corresponds  to 
Latreille"s  Carides,  or  fourth  section  of  such  crustaceans, 
and  is  divided  into  several  modem  families,  as  Atpheidee, 
Crannonidee,  Paltvmonidfe,  and  Penaridce. 

caridean  (ka-rid'e-an),  a.  and  h.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Cari- 
dea :  caridomorphie. 

II.  11.  A  member  of  the  Caridea  or  Carido- 
morpha. 

Carides  (kar'i-dez),  «.  pi.     [NL.,  pi.  of  *  Carts, 

<  Gr.  Kupic,  pi.  Kapiieg,  later  napiSeg,  a  small  crus- 
tacean, prob.  a  shrimp  or  prawn.]  A  synonym 
of  Crustac('a.     Haeckcl. 

Caridids  (ka-rid'i-de),  11.  ])l.  [NL.,  <  *Caris 
(see  Carides)  +  -I'l/ff.]  In  some  systems  of 
classitication,  a  family  of  macrurous  decapod 
crustaceans;  the  prawns  and  shrimps.  It  con- 
tains suchgenera as  Pala^mon,  Pena-us,  Crangon, 
Poutonia,  Alpheus,  and  is  conterminous  with 
Caridea. 

Caridomorpha  (kar'i-do-mor'fii),  «.  1)1.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  Kapi(;  (Kap(d-),  a  shriinp  or  prawn,  +  popipi/, 
form,  shape.  See  Caridea,  Carides,  etc.]  A  di- 
vision of  macrurous  Crustacea :  caridean  crusta- 
ceans proper,  as  prawns  and  shrimps.    Huxley. 

caridomorphie  (kar'i-do-mor'fik),  a.  [<  Cari- 
doiiiiiriilia  -\-  -/('.]  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Caridomorjilui ;  caridean. 

caries  (ka'ri-ez),  n.  [=  F.  carie  =  Sp.  caries  = 
Pg.  carie,  caries  =  It.  carie,  <  L.  caries  (ML. 
also  caria),  decay,  prop,  a  hard,  dry  decay,  as 
of  wood,  bones,  walls,  etc.]  1.  A  destructive 
disease  of  bone,  causing  a  friable  condition  and 
worm-eaten  appearance,  attended  with  suppu- 
ration. It  is  probable  that  several  distinct 
pathological  processes  lead  to  this  morbid  con- 
dition.—  2.  A  disease  of  the  teeth,  resulting  in 
the  disintegration  of  their  siibstance  and  the 
formation  of  ca%'ities.  In  man  and  carnivorous 
animals  it  is  supposed  to  be  caused  by  one 
of  the  bacteria,  Lrptothrix  hueealis.  See  Leji- 
totkrix. — 3.  In  hot.,  decay  of  the  walls  of  the 
cells  and  vessels. 

carillon  (kar'i-lon),  n.  [<  P.  carillon,  formerly 
also  earrillon,  quarillon  (Cotgrave)  (>  It.  cari- 
glions  (Florio)  =  Pg.  carrilhdii  =  ML.  carillonus), 
a  var.  of  OF.  *carigiwn,  eiirrtinii,  tjuarregnnn,  a 
chime  of  bells,  a  carillmi,  orig.  appiir.  a  set  of 
four  beUs,  being  identical  with  OF.  carillon, 
earrillon,  fpcarillvn,  karillon,  also  carignon,curri- 
gnon,  carrinon,earenon,  carrenon,  earregiion,  cur- 
reignon,  quarreignon,  etc.,  a  siiuare,  a  square  of 
parchment,  parchment  or  paper  folded  square, 

<  ML.  (iuaternio{n-),  a  papi'r  folded  in  four 
leaves,  a  quire  (prop.,  as  in  LL.  tiuiit<ruio(»-), 
a  set  of  four),  equiv.  to  (junlcniium,  qmiternus, 
quaternum,  paper  folded  in  four  leaves,  a  quire, 
>  OF.  quaer,  quaier,  (juaijcr  (>  E.  quire^,  cayer, 
mod.  F.  eahier,  <  L.  quaterni.  four  each,  <  qua- 
ter,  four  times,  <  quatuor  =  Y..J'our:  socquater- 
ni(in,  a  doublet  of  carillon,  qnirr'i  and  eahier, 
approximate  doublets,  and  quiidrille,  earrcft, 
etc.,  square,  etc.,  related  words.]  1.  A  set 
of  stationarj'  bells  tuned  so  as  to  nlay  regu- 
larly composed  melodies,  and  souncu'd  by  tho 
action  of  tho  hand  upon  a  keyboiird  or  by  ma- 
chinerv.  Itdillcrafroni  acliiriUM>r  peal  in  lluitllic-  ImIIh 
are  llxeil  iiiateail  of  swinging,  and  are  of  grealcr  niiuilier. 
The  number  of  bells  in  a  chime  <ir  peal  never  excreds  1*.;; 
a  carillon  often  consists  of  'lO  or  fill.  Tlie  carllloim  of  llii^ 
Netlierlands  were  formerly  famous,  but  the  best  nri'  now 
founil  in  Ungland.  The  carillon  of  Antwer])  cathedral 
conslsta  of  (10  bells ;  that  of  llrngeB  Is  much  larger. 

2.  A  small  inslniinent  furnished  with  bells, 
proiicrlvtnnccl,  and  with  lingcr-kcys  liki'  lliose 
of  the  jiianofoi-tc— 3.  A  sinqile  air  ailnpti'd  to 
bo  pertorme<l  on  a  set  of  bells.— 4.  The  rapid 
ringing  of  several  large  bells  at  the  same  time, 
with  no  attempt  to  produce  a  tuno  or  tho  effect 
of  tolling. 
carina  (ka-ri'nil),  M. ;  pi.  carinw  (-no).  [L.,  Ilin 
keil  of  a  boat:  Bee  fiiivrii.]  1.  A  keel.  Speelll- 
rally  ('Ij  lit  lint.,  mmom  keel,  ■>.  ('<)  tii  uml.  iiwl  uiinl  , 
a  median.  Inferior  part  of  ji  thing,  like  or  likened  |o  :i 
kill :  espeeialiy  applb  d  In  ornllhology  to  the  keel  of  IIh 

br(  ast  b.ine  wblell  moxt  blrd»  po»«e«».  KUell  bIrdH  being 
inlled  cnrinale,  and  constituting  a  )irlinn  divlnion,  Cnn 
iiaUr.     .See  carinille. 

2.  An  intermediate  piece,  bclween  llieterglim 
and  the  hcmIiiiii,  of  Ihe  iinillivulvc  cariiliaci!  of  a 
(■irriped,  as  a  liarnaclc  or  an  ac(irn-Hliell.  Hee 
enlM  (iiider  IlnhniuK  niiii  hepiis.    Carina  fomlclH, 

till'  kx'l  of  llie  roriilt.  n  I Hun  iMngllinlliial  rldg"  npon 

tliu  under  •urfacu  of  Hint  pioi  ..(  iIm- l.niin. 


Carinaria  cymbium. 


Carinellidae 

carinal  (ka-ri'nal).  It.  L<  carina  +  -al ;  =  F. 
earinal.']  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  ca- 
rina.—  2.  In  hot.,  having  the  keel  or  two  lower 
petals  of  a  flower  inclosing  the  others:  applied 
to  a  form  of  estivation  which  is  pecidiar  to  a 
tribe  {Ctrsalpinw)  of  the  Leguminosw. 

Carinaria  (kar-i-na'ri-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  L.  carina, 
a  keel;  from  the  shape.     See  carcen.'\    A  ge- 
nus of  nucleobranchiate  mol- 
luscous animals,  of  the  order 
Ileteropoda,  referable  to  the 
family  Firolida;  or  Pterotra- 
cheida;  or  made  the  tj'pe  of  a 
family  Carinariida:     The  vis- 
ceral sac  is  a  projecting  saccular 
mass,  placed  at  the  limit  of  tlie  hinder  region  of  the  foot, 
covered  with  tlie  mantle  and  a  hat-shaped  shell.    The 
shells  are  known  to  collectors  under  the  names  oi  l>iiti*'fi- 
sUpj'cr  and  ylasn-nautilu.^.     The  gills  are  protected  by  a 
small  and  very  delicate  shell  of  glassy  translucence.     The 
animal  itself  is  about  "2  inches  long,  and  is  of  oceanic  hab- 
its.   It  is  so  transparent  that  the  vital  functions  may  be 
watched  with  the  aid  of  a  microscope. 

carinarian  (kar-i-na'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  geiius  Carinaria  or  family 
CarinariidiP. 

II.  II.  A  member  of  the  genus  Carinaria  or 
family  Carinariidw ;  a  carinariid. 

carinariid  (kar-i-na'ri-id),  II.  A  heteropod  of 
the  family  Carinariida: 

Carinariidse  (kar'i-na-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cariiiiiria  +  -/(/((.]  A  family  of  gastropod 
raollusks,  of  the  order  Hetcrtipoda,  represented 
by  the  gcnevsi.  Carinaria  and  CiirtiiiijHida.  They 
have  a  greatly  reduced  visceral  muss  and  a  ]i\  aline  shell, 
well-developed  tentacles,  projecting  gills  lieiuath  the  mar- 
gin of  the  shell,  and  a  prominent  mesopodium  or  middle 
lobe  of  the  foot,  produced  like  a  keel  or  vertical  tin  from 
the  under  surface  of  the  body,  whence  the  name.  See 
cut  luider  Carinaria. 

Carinatae  (kar-i-na'te),  »i.  pi.  [NL.,  fem.  pi. 
of  L.  eiirinatus,  keel-shaped:  see  rarinate.'] 
t)ne  of  two  lu-ime  divisions  of  birds  instituted 
by  Merrcmin  1813;  h.\i  Aves earinata',  incliuiiug 
ail  birds  then  known  to  have  a  carinate  sternum, 
as  opposed  to  Arcs  ratitcp,  or  "flat-breasted" 
birds,  consisting  of  the  struthious  orratite  bii^s. 
The  liivision  was  adopteii  in  ISliT  by  Huxley,  who  ranged 
the  class  .-1  res  in  the  three  "  orders  "  of  Saurura;  Jiatitep, 
and  Cin-hi<jftt',  and  it  is  now  generally  current.  The  Cari- 
iiiir.e  include  all  ordimiry  birds  (all  living  birds  excepting 
the  Ji'ttitiv).  They  have  no  teeth;  a  carinate  sternum 
(see  cut  \nnlcr  carinate);  few  caiulal  vertebne  ending  in  a 
pygostjlc;  wings  developed,  ami  with  rai-e  exceptions  lit 
for  lliglit ;  metacarpals  and  metatarsals  ankyli>sed ;  nor- 
nnilly  in  adult  life  no  free  tarsid  bones  and  only  two  free 
carpal  bones;  heteroca-hnis  or  saddle-shaped  vertebra;; 
the  scapula  and  coracoid  (with  few  exeeptituis)  meeting 
at  less  than  a  right  angle;  and  the  flU'cillum  usually  per- 
fected. The  CariiMtce  are  made  by  t'oucs  one  of  live  sub- 
classes of  Are.^. 

carinate  (kar'i-niit),  rt.  [<  L.  carinatiis,  keel- 
sliniiod,  ]i]i.  of  earinare,  ftn'nish  with  a  keel  or 
shell,  <  ritrina,  keel,  shell,  etc.:  see  eitreen.'] 
Shaiicd  like  or  furnished  with  a  keel;  keeled, 
.spccillcally  —  (a)  In  Iml.,  having  a  longitudinal  ridge  like  a 
keel,  as  the  glume  of  many  grasses,     (b)  lu  «ial.,  ridged 


Cnrlnnte  Stemiim  of  Common  Fowl,  »l<lc  nnd  front  views,  showing  ca, 
Ihc  rrtrinn  or  keel  clmr.ictcrlstlc  of  Car^nntie,  Irftrnc  npon  the  lopho- 
Mcon.  which  extcnils  from  r,  the  roatruni  or  mnnnbrinni,  to  *nx,  the 
inltlilic  xiphoid  proccMior  xIphlMcmnm  ;  flit,  plcnrosteon,  bearing  r/, 
the  costal  process:  and  f»o,  the  hlfurcnted  mctosleon. 

lenglhwlse  beneath,  as  If  keeli-d  :  »peclfl(;idly  applied  in 
ornithology  lo  the  keeleil  sternum  of  nnwt  birds,  and  to 
the  birds  poKsi'Hsing  Htndi  a  Hternum. 
carinated  (kar'i-nu-ted),  a.     Having  a  keel; 

Uc.lcl. 

carinet,  >:  and  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  cnrrrn. 

Oarinella  (kar-i-ind'ji),  n.  [NIj.,  dim.  of  Ij. 
niniiii,  keel,  vessel,  shell,  etc.:  see  eitrinil,  ca- 
reen.^  Tho  typical  genim  of  the  family  Cari- 
iiellifitr. 

Oarinollidee  (kar-i-nel'i-dej,  »,  i>l.     [NL.,  < 

liirniiUo  +  -ilia-.']  A  fiiniilyof  rhyncliocd'lollg 
liirlicllnriaiiH,  orneinerloiiii  worms,  rcpreseiiled 
by  Hie  geiMis  Carineltit,  liiiviiig  the  IowchI  lypc 
oi' Hinicl lire  among  the  .\einerteii.     The  I'aniny 


Carinellidae 

typifies  a  prime  division  of  the  Nerjwrtea,  called 

Pala'oncmirtca  (which  see). 

cariniform  (ka-riu'i-t'6rm),  a.  [<  L.  carina, 
keel,  +  foniui,  shape.]  Cariuate  in  form;  hav- 
iuf;  the  shape  or  appearance  of  a  carina  or 
keel :  si)ceifically  applied  to  tlio  lon(^,  thin, 
sharp  adipose  fin  of  certain  sihiroid  lishes. 

carinolateral  (ka-ri-no-Uit'e-ral),  a.  [<  L. 
carina,  a  keel^  +  latus,  side:  see  lateral.']  In 
Cirripcdia,  l>nng  on  each  side  of  the  carina. 
See  cut  under  Balanus. 

(hi  ■aril  side  of  the  c.irina  is  a  compartment  termed  ca- 
riiin-liih'iul.  lluxU't/,  Auat.  Invert.,  p.  254. 

Carinthian  (ka-rin'thi-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Ca- 
rinthia  +  -an.]  I.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  Carin- 
thia,  a  crowu-laud  and  duchy  of  the  Austrian 
empire  lying  to  the  east  of  the  Tyi'ol  and  north- 
east of  Italy:  as,  the  Carinthian  Alps Carin- 
thian process,  in  nftifl..  a  process  in  use  in  Oarinthia  for 
c.'iivfrtin^'  l)i,i;-  into  \\  rnimlit-iron,  tlie  metal  being  treated 
in  tile  turiii  ut  thill  disks  whiell  are  woriied  into  blooms, 
ready  to  lie  lianiiiiered  out  into  liars. 
li.  « .  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Carinthia. 

Cariole  (kar'i-61),  n.  [=  Dan.  hiriol,  <  F.  cari- 
ole,  now  carriole,  =  Pr.  carriol,  m.,  carriola,  f., 
<  It.  earriuola  =  Sp.  carriola,  a  small  vehicle, 
dim.  of  It.  Sp.  Pg.  carro,  a  vehicle,  car:  see 
car^.  Hence  by  simulation  E.  carrijall.']  1.  A 
small  open  carriage;  a  kind  of  calash. — 2.  A 
covered  cart. 

cariopsis,  «.     See  caryopsis. 

cariosity  (ka-ri-os'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  eariosns,  cari- 
ous, +  -iti/.]     The  state  of  being  carious. 

carious  (ka'ri-us),  a.  [=  F.  carieux  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  carioso,  <  L.  cariosus,  <  caries,  decay :  see 
caries.]  1.  Affected  with  caries;  decayed  or 
decaying,  as  a  bone. —  2.  Having  a  coiToded 
appearance :  applied  in  entomology  to  surfaces 
which  are  thickly  covered  with  deep  and  very 
irregular  dejiressions,  with  jagged  ridges  be- 
tween them,  like  a  metal  plate  that  has  been 
exposed  to  a  strong  acid. 

callousness  (ka'ri-us-nes),  n.  Same  as  cariosity. 

caritative  (kar'i-ta-tiv),  a.  [=  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
caritatiro,  <  ML.  caritatirus,  <  L.  carita.(t-)s, 
love,  charity:  see  charity.]  Benevolent;  be- 
neficent; charitable.     [Rare.] 

Then  follows  the  caritativf  principle,  .  .  .  the  princi- 
ple of  brotherly  love,  as  seen  in  voluntary  action  in  behalf 
of  others.    R.  T.  Ely,  Past  and  Present  of  Pol.  Econ. ,  p.  53. 

car-jack  (kar'jak),  n.  A  screw  or  hydraulic 
jack  used  in  lifting  cars  or  locomotives,  or  in 
replacing  them  on  the  track  when  derailed. 

carjacou,  ".     See  cariacou. 

cark  (kark),  n.  [<  ME.  carh,  trouble,  anxiety 
(the  alleged  AS.  *carc,  *cearc,  *be-carcian,  *be- 
cearcian  are  not  found),  <  AF.  'carle,  kark,  a 
load,  burden,  weight,  the  unassibilated  form 
of  OF.  charf/e,  >  ME.  charge  (which  varies  with 
,  cark  in  some  instances),  a  load,  burden;  cf. 
cark,  charkS,  v.,  also  charge  and  cargo.  The 
W.  care,  care,  anxiety  (>  carciis,  solicitous),  = 
Gael,  care,  care,  =  Bret,  karg,  a  load,  burden,  are 
prob.  from  E.  or  F.  The  resemblance  to  care, 
with  which  cark  is  alliteratively  associated,  is 
accidental.]  If.  A  load;  a  burden;  a  weight; 
specifically,  an  old  measure  of  weight  for  wool, 
equal  to  the  thirtieth  part  of  a  sarplar. — 2.  A 
burden  of  care;  a  state  of  anxious  solicitude; 
care;  concern;  trouble;  distress.    [Archaic] 

Now  I  see  that  al  the  carle  schal  fallen  on  niyii  heed. 

Gameiyn,  1.  754. 
And  what  then  follows  all  your  carke  and  caring  ^ 
And  self-affliction?  Massinger,  Roman  Actor,  ii.  1. 

And  at  night  the  swart  mechanic  comes  to  drown  hia  cark 

and  care. 
Quaffing  ale  from  pewter  tankards,  in  the  master's  antique 
chair.  Longfellmv,  Nuremberg. 

cark  (kark),  V.  [<  cark,  «.;  <  ME.  carkeii,  also 
charken,  varying  with  chargen,  load,  burden,  < 
AF.  *carker  (in  comp.  sorkarker,  surcharge, 
deskarker,  discharge),  unassibilated  form  of 
OF.  charger,  load:  see  cark,  n.,  and  charge,  v.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  load;  burden;  load  or  oppress 
with  grief,  anxiety,  or  care;  worry;  perplex; 
vex.    [Archaic] 

Carkid  [var.  charhid]  wit  care.    Cursor  Mundi,  I.  23994. 
Thee  nor  carketh  care  nor  slander. 

Tennyson,  A  Dirge. 

2t.  To  bring  to  be  by  care  or  anxiety;  make  by 
carking. 

Care  and  cark  himself  one  penny  richer.  South. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  be  full  of  care,  anxious,  so- 
licitous, or  concerned. 

Carkimj  and  caring  all  that  ever  you  can  to  gather  goods 
and  rakeriehes  together.     Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  5. 

Hark,  my  husband,  he's  singing  and  hoiting, —  and  I'm 
fain  to  cark  and  care. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  i.  3. 


825 

carking  (kiir'king),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cark,  v.] 
Distressing;  perplexing;  giving  anxiety:  now 
scarcely  used  except  in  the  phrase  carking  care 
or  cares. 

Thrice  happy  and  ever  to  be  envied  little  Burgli,  .  .  . 
without  vainglory,  without  riches,  witliout  learning,  and 
all  their  train  of  carking  caren. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  Ki'i. 

carkled  (kilr'kld),  a.  [E.  dial.]  Crumpled; 
wavy. 

And  the  blades  of  grass  that  straightened  to  it  turned 
their  points  a  little  way;  .  .  .  yet  before  their  carkled 
edges  bent  more  than  a  driven  saw,  down  the  water  came 
again.  ii.  JD.  Blttckmurc,  Lorna  IJoone,  ji.  118. 

carl  (kiirl),  n.  [(1)  Early  mod.  E.  and  Sc.  also 
carle,  <  ME.  carl,  carle,  <  AS.  carl,  a  man,  churl, 
as_a  proper  name  Carl  (after  OHCJ.),  in  carles 
wwn,  'the  carl's  or  churl's  wain,'  now  Charles's 
Wain  (q.  v.,  under  wain),  and  (after  Scand.)  in 
coin]).,  '-man,'  in  butsc-carl,  ship-man,  hOs-carl, 
hus-karl,  'house-carl,' one  of  the  king's  body- 
guard (=  OFries.  hus-kerl,  a  man  (vassal),  = 
Icel.  hms-karl,  a  man  (vassal),  one  of  the  king's 
body-guard),  or  'male,'  'he-,'  as  in  carl-man, 
ME.  carman  (Icel.  karl-madhr),  a  man  (as  op- 
posed to  a  woman),  "carl-cat  (North.  E.  carl- 
eat),  a  male  eat,  *carl-fugel  (=  Icel.  karl-fugl), 
a  male  bird  (the  last  two  forms  in  Somner,  but 
not  found  in  use),  OD.  kaerle,  a  man,  husband, 
churl,  fellow,  D.  karel,  a  fellow,  =  OHG.  karl, 
karal,  chart,  charal,  MHG.  karl  (OHG.  also 
charlo,  charle,  MHG.  charle,  karle),  a  man,  hus- 
band, G.  (after  L6.)  kerl,  a  fellow,  =  Icel.  karl, 
a  man  (as  opposed  to  a  woman),  a  churl,  an  old 
man  (also  in  comp.,  'male,'  'he-'),  =  Norw.  Svv. 
Dan.  karl,  a  man,  fellow ;  used  also  as  a  proper 
name,  AS.  Carl,  E.  Carl,  Earl  (after  G.)  =  D. 
Karel  =  Dan.  Karl,  Carl  =  Sw.  Karl  =  OHG. 
Karl,  Karal,  MHG.  Karl,  Karel,  Karle,  G.  Earl, 
Carl,  whence  (from  OHG.)  ML.  Carlus,  Caro- 
lus,  Karlus,  Karolus,  Karulus,  NL.  Carolus,  > 
It.  Carlo  =  Sp.  Pg.  Carlos  =  OF.  Earlus,  F. 
Charles,  >  E.  Charles  (see  carolus,  carotin,  Caro- 
line, etc.) ;  the  same,  but  -vrith  diff.  orig.  vowel, 
as  (2)  MLG.  kerle,  LG.  kerl,  kerel,  kirl  (>  G. 
kerl)  =  OD.  keerle,  D.  kerel,  a  man,  churl,  fel- 
low, =  OFries.  kerl  (in  comp.  hOs-kerl,  above 
mentioned).  Fries,  tzerl,  tzirl  =  AS.  ceorl,  a 
churl,  E.  churl,  q.  v. ;  appar.,  -with  formative  -I, 
from  a  root  *kar,  *ker,  and  by  some  connected, 
doubtfully,  with  Skt.  jdra,  a  lover.]  1 .  A  man ; 
a  robust,  strong,  or  hardy  man ;  a  fellow.  [Now 
only  poetical,  or  prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
The  mellere  was  a  stout  carl  for  the  nones. 

Cliavcer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  U.  T.,  1.  645. 

Why  sitt'st  thou  by  that  ruined  hall. 

Thou  aged  carle  so  stern  and  gray?  Scott. 

2.  A  rustic;  a  boor;  a  clown;  a  chtirl. 

Therein  a  cancred  crabbed  Carle  does  dwell. 
That  has  no  skill  of  Court  nor  courtesie. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ix.  3. 

It  seems  as  if  you  had  fallen  asleep  a  carle,  and  awak- 
ened a  gentleman.  Scult,  Monastery,  I.  223. 

3.  Same  as  carl-hemp.     [Scotch.] 

carlt  (karl),  V.  i.    [<  carl,  n.]    To  act  like  a  churl. 

They  [old  persons]  carle  many  times  as  they  sit,  and  talk 

to  themselves ;  they  are  angry,  waspish,  displeased  with 

themselves.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  132. 

carl-cat  (karl'kat),  n.  A  male  eat ;  a  tomcat. 
Grose.     [North.  Eng.] 

carl-crab  (kiirl'krab),  H.  A  local  Scotch  name 
of  the  male  of  the  common  black-clawed  sea- 
crab,  Cancer  pagurus. 

carle*,  «.  and  V.     See  carl. 

carle",  "•     Same  as  emirate. 

Carle  Sunday  (kiirl  sun'da).  See  Carting'^,  1, 
and  Care  l^^unday. 

carlet  (kar'let),  n.  [<  F.  carrelet,  a  square  file, 
a  three-edged  sword  (>  Sp.  carrelet,  a  straight 
needle  with  a  triangular  point),  dim.  of  OF. 
carrel,  P.  carreau,  a  square,  tile,  pane :  see 
carrel"  and  quarrel".]  A  single-cut  file  -with 
a  triangular  section,  used  by  comb-makers. 

carl-hemp  (karl'hemp),  H.  Male  hemp.  Also 
carl.  [Scotch.]  in  the  following  passage  it  is  used  as 
a  symbol  of  robustness  of  character. 

Come,  firm  Resolve,  take  thou  the  van, 
Thou  stalk  o'  carl-hemp  in  man ! 

Burns,  To  Dr.  Blacklock. 

carlick  (kilr'lik),  n.  [E.  dial,  form  of  charlock, 
q.  v.]     Same  as  charlock.     [Local,  Eng.] 

carlie  (kiir'li),  «.  [Sc,  dim.  of  carl.]  1.  A 
little  carl. —  2.  A  boy  who  has  the  appearance 
or  niiiniicrs  of  a  little  old  man.     Jamieson. 

carlin,  carlinel  (kar'lin),  «.  [Also  carting,  < 
Icel.  Liuiinna,  a  woman,  =  Dan.  ka-lling,  prop. 
'ka'rliu(j,  =  Sw.  kdrung,  an  old  woman,  a  crone ; 
cf.  kiirl,  a  man:  see  earl.]  An  old  woman:  a 
contemptuous  term  for  any  woman.    [Scotch.] 


Car  list 

The  carline  she  was  stark  and  sture, 
She  atf  the  hinges  dang  the  dure. 

C'lH'patrirk  (Child's  Ballads,  T.  15.'>). 

Carlina  (kar-n'nil),  n.  [NIj.  (>  F.  carline  =  Sp. 
It.  carlina);  so  called,  it  is  said,  after  tlie  em- 
peror Charlemagne  (OHG.  Karl),  whose  army, 
according  to  the  doubtful  story,  was  saved  from 
a  plague  by  the  use  of  this  root.]  A  genus 
of  Composihv  differing  fi'om  the  true  thistles 
in  having  the  scales  of  the  involucre  scarious 
and  colored.  The  species  are  all  natives  of  Europe  and 
the  Mediterranean  region.  The  most  common  is  the  car- 
line  thistle,  C.  vulgaris,  the  Sf^ales  of  which  are  so  hygro- 
scopic that  the  heads  are  used  as  a  natural  weather-glass. 
The  root  of  C.  acaulis,  also  called  carline  thistle,  had  for- 
merly ft  high  reputation  for  medicinal  virtues  in  various 
disea-scK.  . 

carline?,  ".     See  carlin. 

carline'-^  (kiir'lin),  n.  [<  F.  carlin,  <  It.  carlino: 
see  carlino.]     Same  as  carlino,  1. 

carline'*  (kar'lin),  a.  and  «.  [<  F.  carline,  the 
thistle,  so  called :  see  Carlina.]  I.  a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Carlina :  as,  the  carlino  thistle. 
II.  n.  A  kind  of  thistle,  Carlina  vulgaris  or 
C.  acaulis.     See  Carlina. 

carline'',  carling'-^  (kar'lin,  -ling),  n.  [<  F.  car- 
lingue=zH\i.  I'g.  carliuga=liutis.  karlinsu;  ori- 
gin unknown.]  1.  Apiecoof  timber  in  a  ship, 
ranging  fore  and  aft  from  one  deck-beam  to  an- 
other, and  forming  with  the  beams  a  framing 
for  the  deck-planks  to  rest  upon. — 2.  A  trans- 
verse iron  or  wooden  bar  placed  across  the  top 
of  a  railroad-ear  from  side  to  side  to  support 
the  roof-boards.  Sometimes  called  a  rafter. — 
Carline  knees.    See  knee. 

Carling't  (kar'Ung),  n.  [Short  for  Carting  Sun- 
itai),  also  Carlin  Sunday,  Carle  Sunday,  ajipar. 
corruptions  of  Care  Sunday,  q.  v.]  1.  The  Sun- 
day before  Palm  Sunday ;  the  fifth  Sunday  in 
Lent,  commonly  kno'wn  as  Passion  Sunday. 
It  was  an  old  custom  to  eat  a  certain  kind  of 
peas  on  that  day.  Hence  —  2.  [/.  c]  pi.  The 
peas  eaten  on  Passion  Sunday;  ''grey  peas 
steeped  all  night  in  water,  and  fried  next  day 
in  butter"  (Brockett). 

car  ling",  «.     See  carline^. 

Carling  Sunday  (kiir'ling  sun'da).  Same  as 
Carliiig^,  1. 

carlino  (kiir-le'no),  n.  [It.,  also  carolino  (>  F. 
Sp.  cor?(»  =  Pg.  earlim,  carlino):  named  from 
the  emperor  Charles  (It.  Carlo:  see  carl)  VI., 
in  whose  time  the  coin  was  fii'st  issued,  about 


Carlino  of  Pope  Clement  XIV.,  British  Museum. 
i  Siie  of  the  original. ) 

1730.]  1.  An  Italian  silver  coin  formerly  cur- 
rent in  Naples,  Sicily,  and  Rome.  The  Roman 
carlino  here  represented  weighs  nearly  43  grains.  The 
value  of  the  carlino  of  Rome  was  about  16  United  States 
cents,  of  that  of  Naples  S,  and  of  that  of  Sicily  4.  Also 
called  carline. 

2.  A  Sardinian  gold  coin  of  Charles  Emmanuel 
L  (1735),  of  the  value  of  120  lire,  or  about  $28. 
carlisht  (kar'lish),  a.   [<  ME.  carlisch,  karlische, 
common;  <.  carl  + -ish'^.    Ci.  churlish.]    Churl- 
ish.    [Old  and  prov.  Eng.] 

Her  father  hath  brought  her  a  carlish  knight, 

Sir  John  of  the  north  countraye. 

Percy's  Jteliques,  p.  88. 

carlishnesst  (kar'lish-nes),  n.     Churlishness. 

Carlism  (kar'Uzm),  H.  [<  F.  Carlisme  =  Sp. 
Carlismo  =  It.  Carlismo,  <  NL.  *Car/>.<»(«,s.  <  Car- 
lus, Carolus  ( >  F.  Charles  =  Sp.  Carlos  =  It.  Car- 
lo, Charles):  see  carl  and  -ism.]  The  claims 
or  opinions  of,  or  devotion  to,  the  Carlists  of 
France,  or  of  Spain.     See  Carlist. 

Carlist  (kar'list),  n.  and  a.  [<  F.  Carlisle  =  Sp. 
Carlisfa  =  It.  Carlistn,  <  NL.  *Carlista,  <  Car- 
lus, Carolus,  Charles:  see  Carlism.]  I.  n.  1. 
Formerly,  one  of  the  partizans  of  Charles  X. 
of  France,  and  of  the  elder  line  of  the  French 
Bourbons,  afterward  esiiXeA  Legitimists. —  2.  A 
follower  of  the  fortimes  of  Don  Carlos  de  Bor- 
bon,  second  sou  of  Charles  W.  of  Spain ;  a  sup- 
porter of  the  claims  of  Don  Carlos,  and  of  his 
successors  of  the  same  name,  to  the  Spanish 
throne,  based  upon  his  asserted  right  of  suc- 
cession in  1833,  in  place  of  his  niece  Isabella  U., 
which  has  caused  several  outbreaks  of  eiril'war. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to  Carlism,  or  to  the  Carl- 
ists. 


car-load 

car-load  <  kUr'lod),  h.  The  load  cai-ried.  or  that 
eau  1m-  caiTied.  by  a  car.  especially  a  freight-oar. 
A-  -■■  ■  •"  "^-asure  for  freight  it  varies  on  diiferent  rail- 
r. .  ;  <> "-'  to  311,000  pounds.     The  following  nre, 

ar  .  the  amounts  oi  various  commodities  com- 

nw...  ^-  .M.tted  bythe  word:  salt.  75  barrels;  flour,  150 
barrels :  cm,  300  biishels ;  wheat,  340  bushels. 

carlock  (kiir'lok),  n.  [=  F.  carlocl:  <  Euss. 
I.urliiku.'i  A  sort  of  isinglass  obtained  from 
Kussia,  made  of  the  sturgeon's  bladder,  and 
used  in  clarifying  wine. 

carlott  ikiir'lot),  H.  [A  dim.  of  carl,  q.  v.]  A 
coLLutrjTnan;  a  churl;  a  clown. 

The  cottage  .  .  . 
That  the  old  carlot  once  was  master  of. 

Shak.,  As  you  Lilie  it,  iii.  5. 

CaTlovingian  (kiir-lo-vin'jl-anj,  a.  and  n.  Same 
as  Carolingian. 

The  Carlovinffian  dynasty  ended  and  that  of  the  Capets 
commenced.  Sir  E.  Creaisy,  Eng.  Const.,  p.  53. 

Carlsbad  twins.    See  ucin. 

carl-tangle  ikiirl'tang^gl),  k.  Same  as  cairn- 
taiiijU .     [Scotch.] 

Cariudovica  (karnu-do-%-i'ka),  n.  [NL., 
named  in  honor  of  Charles  (Sp.  Carlos)  IV.  of 
Spain  and  his  consort,  Maria  Louisa  (ML.  Lu- 
docica)  of  Parma.]  1.  A  small  genus  of  pahn- 
like  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Pandanacea: 
They  are  natives  .tf  tropical  .-Vnierica,  and  are  either  stem- 
less  or  have  climbing  stems  which  cling  to  the  trunks  of 
trees  by  aerial  roots.  Tlie  large  fan-like  leaves  of  C. 
palinala  are  the  material  of  which  the  well-known  Pan- 
ama hats  are  made,  each  hat  being  plaited  from  a  single 
leaf. 

Hence — 2.  [/.  c]  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
a  Panama  hat.     Imp.  Diet. 

Carlylean,  Carlyleian,  «.     See  CurhjUan. 

Carlylese  (kar-li-les'  or  -lez'),  a.  and  «.     I.  «. 
Same  as  Carlylian. 
II.  M.  Same  as  Carlylism,  1. 

Carlylian  (kiir-li'li-an),  a.  Relating  to  or  re- 
sembling tlio  opinions  or  style  of  Tliomas  Car- 
lyle,  a  noted  Scotch  writer'(1795-1881).  Also 
Carlylean,  Carlyleian. 

Ue  (Thomas  Hughes]  is  Carlyleian  in  his  view,  plus  a 
deep  and  earnest  faith  in  the  people. 

/(.  J.  IJinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  104. 

CarlyUsm  (kSr-li'lizm),  71.  1.  The  style  or  a 
peculiarity  of  tlie  style  of  Thomas  Carlyle.  It  is 
cbaracit-rized  by  conversational  and  irregular  sentences 
and  a  copb>U3  diction  abounding  in  metaphor  and  allusion. 
It  is  marred  by  the  forcetl  use  of  words,  the  coitiage  of  un- 
couth terms  to  suit  the  purpose  of  the  moment,  and  the 
intHMluctioti  of  many  foreign  idioms. 

2.  The  leading  ideas  or  teachings  of  Thomas 
Carlyle,  who  inculcated  especially  the  impor- 
tance of  individual  force  of  character,  and  men's 
need  of  rulers  and  leaders  of  strong  character. 

carmagnole  (kjir-ma-nyol'),  H.  [F.  carmarjnolc 
( >  Sp.  rariiiailola),  of  uncertain  origin,  but  i)rob. 

<  0/rHi«;/H')/«  in  Piedmont.]  1.  [co;;.]  A  popu- 
lar dance  and  song  among  republicans  in  the 
first  French  revolution. —  2.  A  garment  and 
costume  worn  in  France  during  the  revolution, 
and  considered  as  identified  with  the  revolu- 
tionary party.  The  name  fli-st  beiamc  known  in  171)2 
as  that  of  the  coat  worn  by  the  MarHcUleHe  in  Paris,  ami 
Kenenilly  ailopted  by  the  revolutionists,  having  short  cling- 
ing skirts,  a  broad  collar  and  lapels  and  several  rows  of 
buttons.  It  wjw  afterward  extended  to  a  costtime,  com- 
prising In  arblition  large  black  woolen  pantaloons,  a  red 
cap,  and  a  trlcolored  girdle.  The  name  of  the  song  ami 
dance  was  taken  from  that  of  the  garment. 

3.  The  wearer  of  such  a  dress;  any  violent 
revolutionist. — 4.  A  bombastic  report  of  tlic 
successes  and  glories  of  the  French  arms  during 
the  revolutionary  wars;  hence,  any  bombastic 
address  or  document. 

carman'  (kiir'man),  n. ;  pi.  carmen  (-men).  A 
Mjiiii  who  drives  a  c^r  or  curt. 

'itie  carman  and  coachmen  In  the  city  streets,  mutually 
lo<ik  upon  each  other  with  Ill-will. 

Slfelf,  Spectator,  No.  17-1. 

carman-t,  n.    fME.,  also  cnnmini,  for  'rarlmnn, 

<  AS.  riirlnmn,  <  Icel.  kiirliiiiiitlir,  a  man,  <  karl, 
a  itiuii  '  male),  +  viadhr,  man  (pirsou).  See 
C'iri,  :i:   I   -f.  carlin.'\     A  man. 

'    ■■'  '■  lib:  carfinatv,  thow  carjiez  to  lowde. 

Mnrlr  Arthurr  {¥..  V,.  T.  .S.),  I.  967. 

carmele,  carmylie  (kiir'mel,  kiir-me'li),  71. 

(.\l.'<o  writli  II  iriramcil  ami  ruriniHU ,  and  sim- 
ply lorr,  <  (jacl.  mirmial,  the  hcatli-pea.]  The 
lo  :.ili-i)fii,  iMlhijni.H  marrorrliizuH.     [Scotch.] 

Oarmellnt,  «.     Hame  as  Carmelite. 

Oarii;  lito  fkiir'niej-jt).  n.  and  a.  [=  Sp.  Pg. 
<"'"  It.  mrmclilo  (rarmelitann)  (ft.   I'. 

<"""  '  iirmrn),  <  \A,.  I  iirniclitfn,  fein. '  nr- 

""  '  '  iir/'/irr/r,  fetn.  Knii/ir/'/iTir,  an  jn- 

li''''  lit  Cftrrncl  (ML.  Carnn litis,  n 

fri"  'indite  onLr),  <  K/ifwt/>'ir,  L. 

''"•""'  I    I.  H.   1.  A  iricndicanl  friar 

"'  tl'"  '  '  lur  Lodv  '.r  Mount   Cannel, 


820 

This  mountain,  overlooking  the  bay  of  Acre  in  northwest- 
ern Palestine,  has  been  from  eiu'ly  times  a  resort  for  her- 
mits, and  in  llo4>  Bert  hold,  a  Calabrian  monk,  in  obedience 
to  a  px-ofessed  revelation  from  the  prophet  Elijah,  built 
there  a  tower  and  a  chiu-ch  and  gathered  around  him  about 
ten  companions.  From  this  small  begiiming  arose  the 
Carmelite  order.  According  to  an  early  rule^  the  monks 
were  to  live  in  sep;irate  cells,  to  abstain  *rom  nu>at,  and 
to  observe  a  strict  fast  from  the  Exaltation  of  the  Cross 
(September  14th)  to  Ejister,  .Sundays  being  excepted. 
Owing  to  Mohammedan  pel"secutions,  the  Carmelites  aban- 
doned Mount  Carmel  and  established  themselves  in  123S 
in  C>-prus  and  elsewhere.  In  the  sixteenth  centurj-  St. 
Theresa,  a  Spanish  lady  of  noble  family,  built  a  convent 
at  .\vila  and  established  a  discalced  or  reformed  branch 
of  the  order,  consisting  of  both  monks  and  imns.  sometimes 
called  barf/ooted  Canui-litei.  The  habit  of  the  order  is  a 
cassock,  scapular,  and  hood  of  brown  color,  and  a  white 
cloak,  the  hood  covering  the  head  and  face  and  having 
holes  for  the  eyes.  In  the  I'nited  States  there  are  con- 
vents of  the  order  in  the  dioceses  of  Leavenworth,  Newark, 
Pittsburgh,  Baltimore,  St,  Louis,  and  New  Orleans.  The 
three  convents  Last  named  follow  the  rule  of  St.  Theresa. 
2.  [/.  f.]  A  variety  of  pear. — 3.  [/.  c]  A 
woolen  material  similar  to  beige  cloth. 
II.  a.  Belonging  to  the  order  of  Carmelites. 

Carmest,  n.jil.  [ME.,  <  OF.  curme,  pi.  carmes, 
coiitr.  of  *carmolite.']  Carmelite  friars.  Bom. 
of  the  Hose. 

Carminate  (kiir'mi-uat),  «.  [<  cannin-ic  + 
-»/(!.]     A  salt  of  carminie  acid. 

carminated  (kiir'mi-na-ted),  o.  [<  carmine  + 
-</  It-  +  -f  (/'-.]  Mixed  with  or  made  of  carmine : 
as,  r'O'wiHoto/color.— Carminatedlake.    Seediitf. 

carminative  (kiir-min'a-tiv),  a.  and  ».  [= 
F.  cariiiiiiatif  =1  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carniinatiro,  <  NL. 
(A.  D.  16112)  carminativiis,  <  *carminare  (Sp.  car- 
minar),  expel  wind,  prob.  a  particular  use  of 
L.  carminare^,  card,  as  wool,  hence  cleanse,  < 
carmen"^  (carniin-),  a  card  for  wool,  <  carere, 
card  (see  card");  or,  less  prob.,  of  ML.  car- 
minare",  use  incantations,  charm,  L.  make 
verses,  <  carmen"  {carniin-),  a  song,  verse,  in- 
cantation, charm.]  I.  a.  Expelling,  or  having 
the  quality  of  expelling,  ^vind  from  the  alimen- 
tary canal. 

II.  n.  A  medicine  which  tends  to  expel  wind, 
and  to  remedy  colic  and  flatulence.  Carminatives 
are  chiefly  obtained  from  the  vegetjible  kingdom,  the  prin- 
cipal being  ginger,  cardamoms,  aniseed,  and  caraway-seeds. 
Several  of  the  essential  oils  are  also  used  as  carminatives, 
as  those  of  peppermint,  anise,  caraway,  and  juniper  :  also 
ardent  spirits,  espe(!ially  in  the  form  of  aromatic  tinctures. 
—  Dalby's  carminative,  a  preparation  tised  especially 
for  children,  for  \\hich  the  following  is  a  common  for- 
mula :  oil  of  peppermint  1  part,  oil  of  nutnu'g2,  oilof  ani- 
seed .'^.  tincture  of  castor  :in.  tincture  of  asafetida  15,  com- 
liniind  tincture  of  cardaimims  :w,  i)epperniint-wate*r  900. 

carmine  (kiir'min  or  -min),  n.  [=  D.  karmijn 
=  G.  Dan.  Sw.  karmin  =  Russ.  karminii,  <  F. 
carmin  =  It.  carminio,  <  Sp.  cnrmin  (=  Pg. 
carmim),  a  contr.  form  of  ciirmesin  (now  car- 
mcsi,  after  the  Ar.  form)  =  Pg.  cdrmcsim  =  It. 
carmesino  (also  crcmisi,  cremisino)  =  OF.  "cra- 
moisin,  cramoisync  (>  ME.  cramosin,  crcmo.'tyn, 
crimisine,  crimosin,  E.  crinmon,  q.  v.),  F.  cra- 
vioisi  =  G.  knrmcsin  =  V>.  karmesijn  =  Dan. 
karmcsin  =  Kuss.  kurmazini't,  <  ML.  carmcsinu.t, 
kermesinus,  crimson,  carmine,  <  kernies  (Sp. 
carmes,  also  with  Ar.  art.  alkirmes,  alqi(eriiiis-), 
the  cochineal  insect  (see  kermcs),  <  Ar.  and 
Pers.  fjirmizi,  crimson,  qirmi:,  crimson,  <  Skt. 
/rrimyV/.  produced  by  an  insect,  <  krinii,  a  worm, 
an  insect  (=  E.  irorm,  q.  v.),  +  \/  jan,  produce, 
=  Gr.  -^  *}tv  =  L.  ^  'lien  =  AS.  cinnan,  etc.. 
produce:  see  (jinus,  i/rneratr,  etc.,  and  ken-.J 
1.  Tlic  jiure  coloring  matter  or  )iriiiciple  of 
cochineal,  to  which  the  I'drnuilii  ('fills'  'jo  ''"s 
been  assigned.  It  furnis  a  purple  mass  sol- 
uble in  water. —  2.  Thai  one  of  two  or  more 
lakes  of  ilifTerent  strenglhs  ])re])ared  from  the 
same  coloring  matter  which  contuiiis  the  (^'eat- 
esl  proportion  nf  coloring  niiittcr  to  the  basi'. 
which  is  generally  alumina.  Hpecilically  —  3.  ■\ 
pigment  made  from  cochineal,  it  l»  a  Iranspiirenl 
crinmon  of  consiilcraldc  linninosity  and  liitenHc  chroma. 
It  is  prepared  from  u  decoction  ut  ctichineal,  the  coloring 
matter  being  lirecipltated  by  Honu'  aluminous  salt,  form- 
ing a  lake.— Burnt  carmine, a  pigment  oblaineil  bv  pjir 
tinlly  charring  cjirniinc.     It  is  a  irddiKh  purple  of  e\treni<- 

rbhness.- Carmine  of  Indigo,  indigo  carmine,  tke 
\iiili;ii>.     Carmine  apar.    same  a.srarHiiniVr. 

carminie  (kiir-min'ik),  a.  [<  rarminc  +  ■ie.'] 
Ill  elieiii.,  |iiTliiiiiiiig  toorderivcd  from  cnniiine, 
till'  coloring  principle  of  (■oidiiiical.     Cannlnlc 

acid,  <'i7ll|s'>io.  " Id  found  in  tlie  biidn  ol  some 

pliiiitJi,  liut  most  alinndantly  In  tlie  coihlni-al  liiKecL  It 
lonnN  a  red  iimorpboiiH  niiuis,  and  with  the  alknltn  pro- 
iliices  carniine  i-oloreil  salts. 

carminite  (kiir'inln-it),  «.  [<  rarmim  +  -i7c-.] 
.An  arHcnlnle  of  iron  and  lead,  occurring  in 
cluHlersof  needicH  liaving  a  cannino-rod  color. 
Also  called  rarminc  niiar. 

cannot  (kiir'niol),  (I.  The  name  given  by  the 
niclienilHlH  to  the  matter  of  whicii  thev  siip- 
poHeil  tho  philoMophor's  stone  to  be  conHtituted. 


carnality 

carmylie,  «.    See  carmele. 

cam  ^k;irn),  n.  [The  proper  Celtic  (nom.)  form 
of  e<iini,  q.  v.]  A  rock,  or  heap  of  rocks.  See 
cairn.     [I^-ov.  Eng.] 

carnadinet  (kar'nanlen),  M.  [Miswritten  car- 
nardine ;  <  It.  " cariiadino,  a  carnation  colour" 
(Florio),  <  L.  as  if  "carnatus  (see  carnation^,  < 
caro  (earn-),  flesh.  Cf.  incarnadine.']  Carna- 
tion, or  something  having  that  color. 
The  rosy-coloured  canutrding. 

Middteton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  ii.  2. 

carnage  (kar'naj),  H.  [<  F.  carnage  =  Pr.  car- 
natije  =  Sp.  carnaje  =  Pg.  carnaijem  =  It.  car- 
naygio,  slaughter,  butchery,  <  ML.  carnaticum, 
a  kind  of  tribute  of  animals,  also  prob.  used, 
like  its  equiv.  carnatnm,  in  tho  additional 
sense  of  'time  when  it  is  lawful  to  eat  flesh' 
(>  F.  charnage  =  Pr.  car»at;/uc  (cf.  Sp.  Pg.  car- 
nal), season  when  it  is  lau-fid  to  eat  flfesh ;  cf. 
ML.  reflex  carnaijium,  a  dinner  of  flesh),  <  L. 
caro  (cam-),  flesh :  see  carnal.']  If.  The  liesh  of 
slain  animals ;  heaps  of  flesh,  as  in  shambles. 
Ills  ample  maw  with  human  caniaije  tilled. 

Poiw,  Odyssey,  ix,  352. 

2t.  The  flesh  that  is  given  to  dogs  after  the 
chase. —  3.  Great  destruction  of  men  or  ani- 
mals by  bloody  violence ;  slaughter ;  butchery ; 
massacre. 

In  the  caniafje  of  Sedgemoor,  or  in  the  more  fearful 
caniaijf  oi  the  IJloody  Circuit.    Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

Inspiring  appetites  which  had  tasted  of  blood  with  a 
relish  for  more  unlicensed  carnage. 

PreKCott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  I,  3, 

A  battle  was  attempted  by  a  large  miscellaneous  mass 
of  students,  peasantry,  and  burghers.  It  soon  changed 
to  a  carnafje-,  in  which  the  victims  were  all  on  one  side. 

Molkt/,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  S9. 
-Syn.  3.  liiitcbcrii,  etc.     Hee  massacre,  n. 

carnage  (kiir'naj),  ^'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carnagcd, 
ppr.  carnaging.  [<  carnage,  «.]  To  strew  or 
cover  with  carnage  or  slaughtered  bodies:  as, 
"that  carnaiied plain,"  Sunllicy,  Joan  of  Arc,  ix. 

carnal  (kiir'nnl),  a.  [<  ME.  <>(()■«(// =*OF.  cor- 
nel, F.  elianul  =  Pr.  camel  =  Sp.  Pg.  carnal  = 
It.  eamale,  <  L.  camalis,  fleshly,  of  the  flesh 
(ML.,  natural,  of  tho  same  blood  or  descent), 
<  caro  (cam-),  flesh,  =  Gr.  Kpla(,  flesh,  =  Skt. 
krarya,  raw  flesh,  corpse,  carrion,  =  AS.  Iirdw 
(=  OS.  hreii.  Iireo  =  OFries.  lire  (in  comp.)  = 
OIIG.  Iireo,  MI IG.  re  =  Icel.  Iira^  =  Goth,  liraiw, 
in  comp.),  a  corpse;  prob.  akin  to  AS.  hredw, 
E.  raw,  q.  v.,  and  L.  crudiis,  raw,  >  E.  crude, 
and  ult.  E.  crnel,  q.  v.  From  L.  camalis  comes 
also  E.  cliarnel,  q.  v.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
flesh;  hence,  flesh-eating;  ravenous;  bloody. 
This  carnal  cur 
Preys  on  the  issue  of  his  mother's  body. 

Sliak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

2t.  Of  the  same  blood  or  descent ;  natural ; 
kintlred;  german. 

In  the  next  territories  adioyning  doo  inhabite  two  car- 
nail  brothers,  dukes  of  the  Tartars,  namely.  Burin  and 
Cadan,  the  sonncs  of  Thyaday.     Itaktin/t's  Voi/a'jci,  I,  tWl. 

3.  Pertaining  to.the  flesh  or  the  body,  its  pas- 
sions and  its  appetites;  fleshly;  sensual;  lust- 
ful; gross;  impure. 

Our  carnal  stings,  oiu*  unbltted  lusts. 

.S'AnA.,  Othello,  1.  3. 
Not  sunk  in  carnal  pleasure.        Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  wi.t. 

4.  Not  spiritual ;  merely  human ;  not  partak- 
ing of  anything  divine  or  holy;  tmregenerate; 
unsanctifaed. 

The  cnrual  mind  is  enmity  against  Ood,       Rom.  viii.  7, 
Meats  and  drinks,  and  ilivcrs  washings,  and  carnal  or* 

dinances.  Heh.  Ix.  10. 

All  iippearanees  of  mirth  and  pleiwantry,  which  were 

looked  upon  as  marks  of  a  carnal  mind. 

.1i/</iV«iH,  Spectator,  No.  •404. 

Carnal  knowledge,  sexual  intercourse.  =Syn,  3  and  4. 

5.  !•  ,r„il<ll,i  Kiiil  s,i,.-inil. 

carnalism  (kiir'nnl-izni),  n.     [<  carnal  +  -i,si«.] 

•  'iirnnlity;  tho  iniliilgence  of  cai'nal  appetites. 
carnalisi   (kiir'nal-isi),  n.     [<   carnal  +  -ist.l 

< 'no  given  to  the  indulgence  of  sensual  api)o- 

lites. 
They  nro  In  a  reprobate  iieiiso,  mere  carnaliitiH,  llesldy 

mindi'd  men.  llurlon,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  WIS. 

carnalite  (kiir'nal-it),  )i.  [(.carnal -i--ite'^.]  A 
worliliy-niiiiiled  man;  a  carnalist.  Ant.  .tndcr- 
siin.     (Wiiri'.] 

carnality  (kiir-nal'i-ti),  n. ;  pi.  carnalities  (-ti?.). 
[=  ol",  eamaliteit,  V.  charnatitc  =  Sji.  rarnnli- 
dud  =  Pg.  carnaliilade  =  II.  carnalita,  -lade, 
-tale,  <  Ii.  curnalita(t-)s,  <  camalis,  carnal:  hco 
carnal.']  The  state  of  being  ciininl ;  llcHlilini'SB; 
flcNhly  IiihIs  or  desircH,  or  the  indulgence  of 
tlieiii ;  sensuality;  want  of  H|iiriluality. 
They  wallow  ...  In  all  the  carnnliiitK  of  the  world. 

Ht'Uth,  Sermons,  1.  K* 


carnality 

If  the  forme  of  the  Ministry  heKi-niinded  in  the  worldly 

degrees  of  autority,  huimiir,  tfiiipurall  jurisdiction,  «e 

see  it  with  our  eyes  it  will  tiiriie  tlie  inward  ptnver  and 

purity  of  the  Gospel  into  the  outward  carnality  of  the  law. 

Milton^  Ohurch-Governnieut,  i.  3. 

carnalize  (kar'nal-iz),  v.  t. ;  invt.  and  pp.  ear- 
iitili.-.'il,   ppr.   cani(ili::i>iff.     [<   carnal  +  -ire.] 
To  mako  carnal ;  Jobase  to  carnality.    [Rare.] 
A  sensual  and  canmlized  spirit. 

J.  Scott,  Christian  Life,  i.  §  2. 

carnallite  (kar'nal-it),  n.  [Named  after  Von 
CiirnittI,  a  Prussian  mineralogist  (1804-74).]  A 
milk-white  or  pink-colored  mineral  obtained 
from  the  salt-mines  of  Stassfurt,  Prussia.  It  is 
a  hydrous  chlorid  of  nuignesium  and  potassium,  contain- 
ing: small  quantities  of  sodium,  rubidium,  Ciesiuni,  and 
lirniuint-. 

carnally  (kar'nal-i),  adv.  In  a  carnal  manner; 
according  to  the  flesh ;  not  spiritually. 

The  .Apostle  dotll  very  fitly  take  the  law  .  .  .either  spir- 
itually or  carnaUy,  according  to  tlie  differing  sentiments 
of  those  to  whom  he  wrote  the  epistles. 

R.  Nelson,  Life  of  Bp.  Bull. 

carnal-minded  (kar'nal-min'ded),  a.  Having 
a  carnal  or  fleshly  minU;  unspiritual. 

carnal-mindedness  (kar'nal-min"ded-nes),  k. 
Carnality  of  mind. 
Concupiscence  and  carnal-vtindcdness. 

Jcr.  Taylor,  Repentance,  v.  §  3. 

oarnardinet,  n.     See  camadme. 

Carnaria  (kar-na'ri-a),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
L.  carnarius,  pertaining  to  flesh,  <  caro  (earn-), 
flesh :  see  carnal.  Cf.  Carnassia.'i  In  Cuvier's 
system  of  classification  as  altered  by  his  editors, 
the  flesh-eaters  or  third  order  of  mammals,  con- 
taining not  only  the  Carnivora  proper,  as  now 
understood,  but  also  the  Insectivora,  the  Ckirop- 
tera,  and  sundry  carnivorous  marsupials;  the 
carnassiers.  The  marsupials  were  subsequent- 
ly placed  in  a  separate  group,  Marsupiata. 
Also  called  Carnassia.     [Disused.] 

carnaryt  (kar'na-ri),  n.    [Also  written  carnarie, 

<  JIL.  carnaria,  also  carnarium, <.Jj.  caro  (cam-), 
flesh:  see  carnal.']  A  bone-house  attached  to 
a  church  or  burial-place ;  a  charnel-house. 

Carnassia  (kar-nas'i-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  adapted 
from  F.  carnassiers  (Cuvier),  carnivora  (see 
carnassier) ;  afterward  changed  by  his  editors 
to  Carnaria.']     Same  as  Carnaria. 

carnassial  (kar-nas'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  F.  car- 
nassiire,  the  sectorial'  tooth  (orig.  fem.  (sc. 
dent,  tooth)  of  carnassier,  carnivorous:  see 
carnassier),  -I-  -«,?.]  I.  a.  Sectorial;  adajjted 
for  cutting  and  tearing  flesh:  applied  to  the 
specialized  trenchant  or  cutting  molar  or  pre- 
molar of  the  Carnivora. 

It  .  .  .  appears  that  the  sectorial  or  carnasdal  teeth  in 
the  two  jaws  [of  the  dog]  differ  in  their  nature,  the  upper 
being  the  last  premolar,  the  lower  the  anterior  molar. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  3.^7. 
II.  n.  A  sectorial  tooth ;  the  last  upper  pre- 
molar or  first  lower  molar  tooth  of  those  Car- 
nivora which  have  a  typically  carnivorous  den- 
tition, as  the  cat  or  dog.     Owen. 

carnassier  (kar-nas'i-a),  n.  [F.,  a  carnivorous 
mammal,  <  carnassier,  fem.  carnassiere,  former- 
ly carnacier,  <  Pr.  carnacier  (=  Sp.  carnicero 
=  Pg.  carniceiro),  carnivorous,  fleshly,  <  car- 
iiaza  (=  Sp.  carnaca  =  Pg.  carnas,  carniga), 
flesh,  <  L.  caro  [earn-),  flesh:  see  carnal.']  1. 
One  of  the  Carnaria  ;  a  carnivorous  mammal. 
See  Carnaria. —  2.  [<  P.  carnassiere:  see  car- 
nassial.]    A  carnassial  tooth. 

carnatet  (kar'nat),  a.  Invested  with  or  em- 
bodied in  flesh :  same  as  the  modem  incarnate, 
which,  however,  is  used  in  the  following  extract 
as  if  the  in-  were  privative. 

I  fear  nothing  .  .  .  that  devil  carnaie  or  iTicamate  can 
fairly  do  against  a  virtue  so  established. 

Rictiardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  v.  46. 

carnation^  (kar-na'siion),  n.     [<  P.  carnation, 

<  It.  carnagione,  flesh-color, 
also  fleshiness,  =  Sp.  carnn- 
cion  (cf.  Pg.  cncariKicdii), 
flesh-color,  <  L.  carnatio(n-), 
fleshiness,  <  caro  (earn-), 
flesh:  seecarnal.]  1.  Flesh- 
color;  pLuk. 

Her  comple.\ion  of  the  most  daz- 
zling carnation.     Bidwer,  Pelham. 

2.  In  painting,  the  represen- 
tation of  flesh ;  the  nude  or 
undraped  parts  of  a  figure. — 

3.  In  hot. :  (a)  The  common 
name  of  the  pink  Dianthiis 
Cari/ojihj/llus,  a  native  of 
southern  Europe,  but  cul- 
tivated from  verv  ancient 
times  for  its  fragi'ance  and     """"^^fi^fS!"" 


827 

beauty.  Fnder  cultivation,  in  place  of  the  original  lilac- 
purplr  .if  tlie  wild  state,  it  has  assunicd  a  wide  variety  of 
tiuLs,  anil  numberless  comliimitirjns  of  form  and  color. 
Tliesc  varieties  are  groupcil  Ijy  llorists  into  three  classes, 
viz.,  bizarres.  Hakes,  and  picotees.  Also  called  carnation 
jnnlt.  (/,)  The  Cwsalpinia  pnlrherrinia,  the  Span- 
ish carnation,  a  leguminous  shrub  with  very 
showy  flowers,  often  cultivated  in  tropical  re- 
gions. Also  formerly,  by  corruption,  corona- 
tion. 

Bring  CoranaiionH,  and  Sops  in  wine, 
Wonie  of  Paramoures. 

Spcmer,  Shep.  Cal.,  April. 
carnation'''t,  "•     [<  ME.  camacion,  short  for  in- 
carnacion:  seci  incarnation.]     Incarnation. 
These  beleuid  not  in  vergyn  Marie, 
Nc  treuly  in  Cristes  carnaciime. 

Old  Enij.  Misccll.,  p.  210. 
carnationed  (kiir-na'sliond),  a.    [<  carnation  + 
-ril-.]     Having  a  color  like  carnation;   pink. 
LoreU(cc. 

carnation-grass  (kilr-na'shgn-gras),  m.  Cer- 
taiu  sedges,  especially  Carcx't/lauca  and  C. pa- 
nicca,  so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  their 
leaves  to  those  of  the  carnation, 
carnauba  (kar-na-o'l)a), ».  [Braz.]  1.  The 
Br.'izilian  name  of  the  palm  Copernicia  cerifera. 
See  Coixrnicia. —  2.  The  wax  obtained  from 
tills  ])alm. 
carneity  (kar-ue'i-ti),  n.    [<  L.  carncus,  of  flesh : 

see  carneous.]  ]?'leshines8.  [Rare.] 
carnelt(kar'nel),  n.  [ME.,  also  kernel,  Mrnel, 
kijrnel,  <  OF.  camel,  later  carneau,  F.  crcneau 
=  Pr.  camel  (ML.  reflex  carnellus,  quarnellus), 
<  ML.  crenellus,  an  embrasure,  battlement :  see 
crenelle.]  A  battlement ;  an  embrasure ;  a  loop- 
hole. 

So  harde  santes  to  the  cite  were  geuen. 
That  the  komli  kerneles  were  to-clatered  with  engines. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2858. 
And  alle  the  walles  beth  of  Wit,  to  holde  Wil  theroute ; 
The  camels  beth  of  Cristendam,  the  kuynde  to  saue. 

Piers  Ploitmian  (A),  vi.  78. 

carnelian,  cornelian  (kar-,  kor-ne'lyan),  «. 
[More  correctly  cornelian  (changed  to  carnelian 
in  simulation  of  L.  caro  (cam-),  flesh),  <  F.  cor- 
nalitie,  <  It.  cornalina  =  Pr.  Pg.  comelina  =  Sp. 
corner ina,  carnelian;  It.  also  comiola  (>  E.  car- 
neol,  q.  v.) ;  a  dim.  form,  <  L.  cornu  =  E.  horn; 
so  called  from  its  horny  appearance ;  cf.  onyx, 
which  means  lit.  'a  finger-nail  or  claw.']  A 
siliceous  stone,  a  variety  of  chalcedony,  of 
a  deep-red,  flesh-red,  or  reddish-white  color. 
It  is  tolerably  hard,  capable  of  a  good  polish,  and  is  used 
for  seals,  etc.  The  finest  specimens  come  from  Cambay 
(hence  also  called  Cambay  stones)  and  .Surat,  In  India, 
where  they  are  found  as  nodules  of  a  blackish-olive  color, 
in  peculiar  strata,  30  feet  below  the  surface.  The  nodules, 
after  two  years'  exposure  to  the  sun,  are  boiled  for  two 
days,  and  thereby  acquire  the  beautiful  colors  for  which 
they  aiv  prized. 

carneolt,  «•  [=  C  Jcameool  =  G.  karniol  = 
Sw.  Dan.  karneol,  <  It.  comiola:  see  carnelian.] 
Canieliau.     E.  Phillips,  1706. 

Carneosponglse  (kar"_ne-9-spon'ji-e),  n.  pi. 


carnivoral 

make.]  1.  A  public  executioner;  ahangman; 
hence,  as  a  term  of  abuse,  a  wretch. 

Let  the  carni/exes  scour  their  throats ! 

Middlcton  ami  Jiuwley,  Fair  Quarrel,  iv.  4. 

2.  leap.]  In  ornith.:  (a)  A  genus  of  hawks: 
same  as  jl/iC)-a«(;(c.  Lcs-mn,  IHi'J..  [Not  in  use.] 
(/))  A  genus  of  birds:  same  as  rhoenicercus. 
Snii(ler<dl,  1835.     [Not  in  use.] 

carnification  (kiir  "ni-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  F.  car- 
nijication  =  Sp.  cameficatio,  carnificacion  =  Pg. 
carnijicaqiio  =  It.  carnificasionc,  <  L.  as  if  'car- 
nijicatio(n-),  <  camificare,  pp.  carnificatus :  see 
carnifi/.]  The  act  of  carnifying;  in  pathol.,  a 
state  of  certain  organs  in  which  the  tissue  be- 
comes changed  so  as  to  resemble  that  of  fleshy 
parts.  In  the  lungs  it  is  equivalent  either  to 
the  condition  seen  in  atelectasis  or  to  hepati- 
zation. 

carnify  (kiir'ni-fi),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carnified, 
ppr.  carnifijiny.  [<  F.  carnijier  =  Sjj.  Pg.  cami- 
fir.ar-se  (red.)  =  It.  camificare,  <  L.  camificare, 
also  carnuficare,  only  in  sense  of  'behead,'  < 
caro  (cam-),  flesh,  -f-  facere,  make.  See  car- 
nifex.  ]    1 .  To  form  flesh  ;  grow  fl  eshy.     [Rare.  ] 

I  walk,  I  see,  I  hear,  I  digest,  I  sanguify,  I  carnify. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Drig.  of  ^tankind,  p.  :n. 

2.  In  pathol.,  to  lose  the  normal  structure  and 
become  fleshy.     See  carnification. 

carnin,  carnine  (kUr'nin),  «.  r<  L.  caro  (cam-), 
flesli  (see  carnal),  +  -in'^,  -ine^.]  A  substance 
(C7HgN403)  f  oundin  muscular  ti8sue,and  hence 
in  the  extract  of  meat,  it  is  a  white  crystalline  pow- 
der, not  readily  soluble  in  cohl  water.  It  forms  a  distinctly 
crystalline  salt  with  hydrochloric  aci<l. 

carnival  (kar'ni-val),  n.  [Formerly  camaval 
—  D.  kamaral  =  Dan.  Sw.  G.  kamcval,  <  F. 
carnaral  =  Sp.  Pg.  camaval,  <  It.  carnovale, 
carnerale,  the  last  three  days  before  Lent;  un- 
derstood in  popular  etj-mology  as  made  up  of 
It.  came,  flesh,  and  rale,  farewell,  as  if  'fare- 
well, flesh!'  but  prob.  a  corruption  of  ML. 
carnelevamen,  also  camel evarium,  carnilevaria, 
carnelevale,  Shrovetide,  lit.  the  'solace  of  the 
flesh,'  permitted  in  anticipation  of  the  Lenten 
fast,  for  L.  carnis  levamen  (or  ML.  *levarinm): 
carnis,  gen.  of  caro,  flesh  (see  carnal) ;  levamtn, 
solace,  lightening,  <  Icrare,  lighten,  <  Icris, 
light:  see  alleviate.  The  season  was  also 
called  camem-laxare,  'flesh-relaxing,' caniisca- 
ptiuni,  'flesh-taking,'  caniivorii,  'flesh-eating,' 
as  well  as  camipririuni,  'flesh-privation,'  prop, 
applied  to  the  beginning  of  Lent.]  1.  The  feast 
or  season  of  rejoicing  before  Lent,  observed  in 
Roman  Catholic  countries  with  public  merri- 
ment and  revelry,  feasts,  balls,  operas,  con- 
certs, etc.  Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  feasting 
or  revelry  in  general. 

Love  in  the  sacred  halls 
Held  carnival.  Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 

Carnival  lace,  a  variety  of  reticella  lace  made  in  Italy, 

.Spain,  and  France  during  the  sixteenth  century. 


[NL.,  <  L.  cameus,  fleshy   (see  carneous),  -I-  carnivalesque  (kar'ni-va-lesk'),  a.     [<  cami- 


sponijia,  a  sponge.]  Fleshy  sponges :  a  class  of 
Porifera  contrasted  with  Caloispongice.  it  con- 
tains the  multitude  of  sponges  having  as  common  char- 
acters a  very  thick  mesoderm,  a  supply  and  drainage  sys- 
tem like  that  of  ordinary  commercial  sponges,  the  ectoderm 
and  endoderm  as  in  the  Leucones,  and  the  skeleton,  wlien 
present,  either  ceratodous  or  siliceous,  with  its  elements 

radiately  or  irregularly  disposed.    Most  sponges  belong  to  fi„__;___.    clcjjr.Tiiv'n  ^•si^    n    nl 
this  class,  which  is  divided  by  Hyatt  into  the  orders  Halt-  '^arnivora  (.Kar  mv  9  ra;,  n.  pt._ 


al  +  -csqiic;  after  It.  carnovalesco.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  a  carnival ;  suitable  to  or 
in  keeping  with  a  carnival.     [Rare.] 

I  ought  fairly  to  confess  that  my  last  impression  of  the 
Carnival  was  altogether  carnivalesque. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  lYans.  Sketehes,  p.  133. 


sarcoidca,  GumminineE,  Ceratoidea,  Cerato-Silicoidea,  and 
Silicoidca. 

carneospongian  (kar"ne-o-spon'ji-an),  a.  and 
n.  I.  a.  Fleshy,  as  a  sponge;  specifically,  per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Car- 
neospongim. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  CarneospongicB ;  a  fleshy 
sponge. 

carneous  (kar'nf-us),  a.  [<  L.  cameus,  of 
flesh,  <  caro  (earn-),  ilesh:  see  carnal,  and  cf. 
carnous.]  1.  Fleshy;  having  the  qualities  of 
flesh:  as,  '^ carneous  fibves," Raij,  Works  of  Cre- 
ation, ii. —  2.  Flesh-colored;  pink  with  a  tinge 
of  yellow. 

carneyl  (kar'ni),  n.  [Prob.  <  L.  cameus,  fleshy: 
see  carneous.]    A  disease  of  horses,  in  which 


[L.,  neut.  pi. 


the  mouth  is  so  fiuTed  that  they  cannot  eat. 
Carney-  (kilr'ni),  n.     [Also  spelled  carny ;   a  camivoracity  (kiir  ni'-vo-ras'i-ti),  n, 
slang  word,  of  unknown  origin.]     Flattering,     nirorous ;   the  term,  after  voracity.] 


of  carnirorus:  see  carnivorous.]  1.  [7.  c]  "In 
general,  carnivorous  animals;  animals  that 
feed  on  flesh. — 2.  In  Cuvier's  system  of  classi- 
fication, the  carnivorous  mammals  proper;  the 
Carnaria  or  Carnassia  of  Cuvier  without  the 
Insectivora,  the  Chiroptera,  and  the  carnivorous 
Marsupialia,  forming  the  third  family  of  his 
Carnaria,  and  di\-ided  into  the  tribes  Planti- 
grada,  Digitigrada,  and  Amphibia  (or  Pinni- 
grada,  the  seals,  etc. ).  The  term  was  long  almost 
universally  used  in  this  sense,  and  is  still  current;  but  it 
is  now  usually  superseded  by  Ferig  as  an  order  of  mam- 
mals, divided  into  Fissipcdia  and  Pinnipedia,  or  terres- 
trial and  amphibial  carnivores.  ITie  technical  characters 
of  the  order  are  given  under  Ferce  (which  see). 
3.  In  entom.,  in  Latreille's  system,  the  first 
family  of  pentamerous  Coleoptera,  or  beetles : 
sjTionymous  with  Adephaga. 

[<  car- 
nivorous ;   the  term,  after  voracity.^     (Jreedi- 


hypocritical  talk ;  flattery.     [Slaug.]  ness  of  appetite  for  flesh.     Popie.    '[Rare.] 

Carney'-  (kar'ni),  r.    [<  camey-,  n.]     I.    fro)i«.  Carnivorae  (kiir-niv'o-re),  «.  7J?.    [NL.,fem.pl. 

To  insinuate  one's  self  into  the  good  graces  of;     of  L.  carnirvrus:   see  carnivorous.]     In  ichth., 

flatter;  wheedle.     [Slang.]  a  division  of  cyprinodont  fishes.     See  Cypirino- 

II.  intrans.  To  interlard  one's  discourse  with     dontida: 
hypocritical  terms  or  tones  of ^  flattery  or  en-  camivoral  (kar-niv'o-ral),  a.      [<  Carnivora  -i- 
dearment.     [Slang.]  '  -al.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  mammalian  order 

carnifex  (kar'ni-feks),  n.     [L.,  also  camiifex,     Carnivora  or  Ferw  (which  see).     B.  G.  Wilder, 
<   euro   (cam-),  flesh  (see   carnal),   +  facere,     Amer.  Neurol.  Ass.  Trans.,  1882. 


carnivore 

carnivore  (iar'ni-vor),  II.      [=  F.  carnirore,  < 
L.  ciiniicortts:    see  carnirorotis.'i     A  carmvo- 
rous  animal;  one  of  the  Caniiiora. 
That  the  camitore  may  live  herbivores  mast  die. 

if.  Spenctr,  Data  of  Ethics,  p.  17. 

camivority  (kar-ni-vor'i-ti),  n.  Same  as  car- 
nhorousnes-?.     [Eare.] 

carnivorous  (kar-niv'o-''"s),  a.  [=  F.  carni- 
vore =  .Sp.  Pg.  It.  carnivoro,  <  L.  carnivorus, 
flesh-eating,  <  caro  (earn-),  flesh  (see  carnal), 
+  riirare,  eat,  devonr,]  1.  Eating  or  feeding 
on  flesh;  snbsisting  upon  animal  food :  applied 
to  animals  which  naturally  seek  animal  food, 
as  the  lion,  tiger,  dog,  wolf,  etc. ;  also  to  plants 
which  feed  upon  insects,  as  the  Drosera  or  sun- 
dew, the  Piniiiiiciila.  the  DioMca  or  Venus's  fly- 
trap, and  the  various  pitcher-bearing  plants. 

Semper  states  that  Dr.  Holmgrin  has  l>een  able  to  trans- 
form the  gizzard  of  a  pigeon  into  a  camitorous  stomach 
by  feeding  the  bird  on  meat  for  a  Ions  time. 

IT.  K.  Brooke;  Law  uf  Heredity,  p.  93. 

2.  Specifically — («)  In  mammal.,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  C'arnivora;  camivoral;  eamassial. 
(6)  In  entom.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Carnh-o- 
ra;  adephagous  ;  predatory. — 3.  In  odontog., 
trenchant;  sectorial;  eamassial:  as,  a  carnivo- 
rous molar  or  premolar. 

camivorously  (kar-niv'o-rus-li),  adv.  In  a  car- 
nivorous manner. 

camivorousness  (kar-niv'o-rus-nes),  H.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  carnivorous  or  flesh- 
eating. 

Ci.  .\rcangeli  has  obsened  the  rise  of  temperature  in 
several  species  of  Arace:e,  but  does  not  consider  that 
there  is  sufficient  evidence  to  warrant  the  assumption  of 
carnivorous  habits  in  these  plants.  ...  It  seems  as  if 
Bome  other  explanation  than  that  of  camivormistiess 
would  liave  to  be  sought  for. 

Jour,  of  Bot,  Brit,  and  Poreiffn,  1883,  p.  266. 

camokt,  «•  [ME. ;  origin  obscure.]  A  mea- 
sure of  four  bushels,  or  half  a  quarter  of  corn. 
Everi-  sak  |of  coal)  be  lr>ed  and  prnvid  to  \k  and  holde 
a  ranio't ;  and  the  ij.  sakkcs  to  hoWe  a  quarter,  «  hatsoevir 
the  price  lie,  vpon  peyne  of  breiinvn;:  of  the  sakkes  and 
parte  c.f  the  colys.  Englith  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  426. 

camose  (kar'nos),  a.    Same  as  carnotis. 

camosity  (kar-nos'j-ti),  «. ;  pi.  carnosities  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  carnosite  =  Pf.  carnositat  =  Sp.  carnosidad 
=  Pg.  carnosidade  =  It.  carno.iita,  <  ML.  carno- 
sita(t-)s,  fleshiness,  <  L.  carnosus,  fleshy:  see 
carnom.']     It.  Fleshiness. 

The  olives,  indeed,  be  veo*  small  there,  and  no  bigger 
than  capers ;  yet  commended  they  are  for  their  carnogity. 

iloUand. 
2.  .\  fifshy  growth. 

Camot" s  theorem.    See  theorem. 

camoUS  (kar'uus),  a.  [=  F.  charneux  =  'Pt.  car- 
>!'«  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carnoso,  <  L.  cdrno.'His,  fleshy, 
<  caro  (earn-),  flesh :  see  eiintal,  and  cf.  ear- 
ncoiig.']  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  flesh;  fleshy:  as, 
'^carnoux  matter,"  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xv.  3. — 
2.  In  hot.,  of  a  fleshy  consistence :  said  of  suc- 
culent leaves,  stems,  et«. 
Also  ear  nose, 

cam-tangle,  ».     See  cairn-tangle. 

camy,  «.  and  r.     See  carney-. 

caroacht,  «■     See  caroche. 

carob  ikar'ob),  «.  [Also  called  caroh-tree;  = 
F.  earoubcjOV.  carohe  =  Pr.  rarohln,  <  It.  car- 
ruho,  carrubino  =  Sp.  garroho,  al-garroho  =  Pg. 
alfarrobcirn,  carob-trer- ;  It.  carruha  =  Sp.  gar- 
Tobii,  al-giirrobii,  garrofa  =  Pg.  alfarrolia,  earob- 
beau,  St.  Jolin's  bread;  <  Ar.  kharruh,  bean- 
pwls.]  The  common  Englisli  name  of  the  plant 
('eratonia  Siliqua.     See  Vcratonia. 

Tlie  path  led  through  a  grf)Ve  of  cnroh  trees,  from  which 
thi-  beans  known  In  iiennany  as  St.  John's  bread  are  pro- 
dn<»''l.  li.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Haracen,  p.  42. 

carob-bean  (kar'ol)-beii),  n.     The  pod  or  fruit 

<.f  il.i- eiirob;  .St.  John's  broad.    Hee  Ccratmiia. 

carochet,  caroacht  (ka-rodi'),  ».     [AlsocarocA, 

cnriiri ,  riiroHHi-;  z=  },l\Ui.  karriinehi,  karrolnche, 

hirriil'ih,  larronrhi',  (i.  karoKsr,  /,v/r»/;Y  =Dan. 

A.<i/',-<  - ,  <  OK.  rarorhe,  V.  rarrom<r  =  S[).  dim. 

mrno  ,ihi  mid  carrorin  =  Pg.  carrora,  dim.  car- 

rum,,,  <  It.  rfirrocrio,  carro::a,  foniiiTly  iiIbo 

iiir-.„i;n,  ;,  'Mrriftge,  <  cnrro,  a  car:  w'u  car^. 

'I  u,  have  helped  to  givi'  a  con- 

i'lgi;  f],  v.]      A  kind  of  pli'H- 

■  ;  .1  <■  nch:   nN,  "coaches  and  ca- 

''>»,  Anat.  of  Mel. 

* '■■' ■'■     ■  '  1.  and  more  brlifbt  ttiiin 

tb'  .1  Oil'  pavemeni* 

'  A.lnilrnlol  Friiii' <  .  Ill 

if  Koiiny 
'  .1 

'la  Tmuody.  V.  1 


828 

carochedt  (ka-roehf),  a.     [<  caroche  +  -cd-.'] 
Placed  in  a  caroche. 
L>Kl  honour  goes  on  crutches,  beggary'  rides  caroched. 

Ma^sin^er,  Virgin-Martyr,  iii.  3. 

caroignet,  «•  A  Middle  English  form  of  carrion. 
caroli  (kar'gl),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ctirrol, 
Carroll,  <  ME.  carol,  carollc,  cnroh,  a  dance,  a 
song,  <  OF.  Carole,  a  kind  of  dance,  also  a  carol 
or  Christmas  song  (>  ML.  It.  Sp.  carola),  <  Bret. 
loroll,  a  dance,  korolla,  korolli.  dance,  move  in 
cadence,  =  Com.  carol,  a  choir,  concert,  =  W. 
carol,  a  carol,  song,  caroli,  carol,  coroli,  dance, 
move  in  a  circle,  =  Manx  carval,  a  carol.  = 
Gael,  carull,  caireall,  harmony,  melody:  from 
the  root  seen  in  Gael,  ear,  ciiir,  a  tmii,  a  bar  of 
music,  movement,  =  Ir.  car,  a  turn,  cor,  a  turn, 
music,  circular  motion,  =W.  cor,  a  circle,  choir: 
and  in  E.  carl,  q.  v.]  If.  A  kind  of  circular 
dance. 

For-thv  wonderly  thay  woke,  &  the  wyn  drouken, 
Daunsed  fill  dresly  wyth  dere  carolez. 
Sir  Gaicayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  &.),  L  1020. 
Festes,  instruments,  caroles,  daunces. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1073. 
[It  is  often  difficult  to  tell  from  the  context  whether  carol 
is  the  dance  or  the  song  that  seems  to  have  been  sung  as 
an  accompaniment  to  it ;  but  in  Chaucer  it  usually  means 
simply  the  dance.] 

2.  A  song,  especially  one  expressive  of  joy; 
often,  specifically,  a  joyous  song  or  ballad  in 
celebration  of  Christmas. 

No  night  is  now  with  hymn  or  carol  bless'd. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 
They  heard  her  singing  her  last  song,  . 
Heard  a  carol,  mournful,  holy. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalott,  iv. 

caroU  (kar'ol),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caroled  or  car- 
olled, ppr.  caroling  or  carolling.  [<  ME.  car- 
olcn,  <  OF.  caroler  =  Pr.  carolar  =  It.  carolare  : 
from  the  noun.]  I.  intrans.  To  sing;  warble; 
sing  in  joy  or  festivity. 
Hark !  how  the  cheerefuU  birds  do  chaunt  theyr  laies, 
.\nd  Carroll  of  Loves  praise. 

Spenser,  EpithalamioD,  L  79. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  sing  joyously. 
Hovering  swans,  their  tliroats  relen.s'd 
From  native  silence,  carol  sounds  harmonious. 

Prior,  Second  Hymn  to  Calliniachns. 

2.  To  praise  or  celebrate  in  song. 
The  shepherds  at  their  festivals 
Carol  her  goodness.  Milton,  Comus,  L  849. 

caroFt,  carrolt  (kar'ol),  n.  [<  ME.  larolc,  a 
wreath,  <  ML.  carola,' a,  lattice,  railing,  inclo- 
sure,  lit.  'a  circle';  same  word  as  carola,  a 
dance:  see  carol^.']  1.  A  ring  of  leaves  or 
flowers;  a  garland;  a  wreath. 

Seho  pntle  ilke  reschc  in  other 

And  made  a  karole  in  a  sioiuide  ; 

The  ton  [the  tone,  the  oncl  bcnde  touched  the  grounde 

And  tlie  other  scho  helde  on  heygh. 

.Seven  Saiies,  1.  2S84. 

2.  In  arch. :  (a)  A  small  closet  or  inclosure  in 
whiditosit  andread.     (ft)  A  bay-window.    Ox- 
ford Glossary. 
Also  written  carrel,  carrcll,  carrall. 

carola  (kar'o-lji),  n.  [It.,  a  dance,  ring-dance: 
Ki'c  ("loo/l.]'  A  dance  resembling  the  carma- 
gnole, popular  in  France  during  the  revolution. 

caroli,  «.     Phu'al  of  carolus. 

carolin  (kar'o-lin),  H.  [<  ML.  Carolinus,  adj., 
<  Carolus,  Charles:  see  earl,  and  cf.  carlino.^ 
1.  A  gold  coin  first  issued  in  ]7:^2  by  Cliarlrs 
Pliilip,  Elector  of  the  Palatinate,  and  afterward 


caroon 


Same  as  Carolitk- 


.  ■.  ott,  Uh.l 

your  Iwril 
It 


•  1.  Itavll.  I. 


Obverse.  Kcvcrvc. 

Cnroltn  of  Frederick  of  Wilrlcmbcrg.  iSio,  Drltlfth  Museum.    ( Sire 

of  the  orlKliinl.J 

adopted  in  variovis  parts  of  Oormany.     It  wim 

uiirlh  Kllghllv  bus  than  the  American  hnlf-eagb'  and  ii 

little  more  than  the  llrltlHb  noverelgn.      There  were  21 

carollns  to  the  t'ologne  mark. 

2.  A  Swedish  g<dd  coin,  worth  about  two  dol- 

Inrs. 

Carolina  bark,  pink,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

Caroline  (Unr'n-lin  or  -liii),  a.  [<  ML.  Carn- 
Iihhm:  Hmi  carol  in. "i  Of  or  rolnling  to  a  porsoii 
mimed  ('aroliis  or  ChiirlcH.  spiellUnlly- (n)  He 
LniKlng  lo  or  rbnnieteriidle  "t  lb.-  IhiMM  f)f  Charlea  I.  and 
II.  of  Kiigland  :  iij»,  i\w  Citrolinr  dlvtlli'H. 

He  illiiciiverK  that  thin  vem  nihil'  elergyniallof  tho  Caro- 
tin, iiKi  had  no  Idia  of  bin  own  liitigniiue. 

The  Chtirchman  (Now  York),  UI.  2. 
< ''  I  .ianic  u  Carolingian. 


CaroUngl  ikar'o-ling),  a. 
qiini . 

caroling-,  carolling  (kar'ol-ing),  h.     [<  ME. 

earoUnge,  caroli/ng;  verbal  n.  of  carol^,  r.]  The 
act  of  one  whocarols;  a  song  of  joy,  praise,  or 
devotion. 

Ophelia's  wild  snatches  and  the  sweet  Carolines  of  *'.\s 
you  Like  it."  Coleridge,  Lit.  Remains,  I.  82. 

Carolingian  (kar-o-lin'ji-an),  a.  and  n.  [Also 
Ctirlovingian,  after  F.  Ciir'lovingien  ;  =  Sp.  Car- 
lovingeo  =  It.  Carolingio,  Carlovingio,  Carolino, 

<  ML.  Carolingi,  the  successors  of  Charlemagne, 

<  OHG.  Earling,  Charling,  MHG.  Karlinc,  Ker- 
linc.  patronvmie  deriv.  of  Karel.  Karl,  Charles: 
see  earl  and  -ing^.']  I.  n.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Frankish  royal  and  imperial  family  or  dy- 
nastv  which  succeeded  the  Merovingians:  so 
called  from  Charles  Martel,  duke  of  the  Franks 
and  mayor  of  the  palace.  Charles  e.vereised  royal 
power  without  the  royal  title.  His  son  Pepin  the  Short 
deposed  the  last  of  the  Merovingians  and  made  himself 
king  A.  P.  751  or  752.  Pepin's  gi-aiidson  Charlemagne,  or 
Chajles  the  Great,  renewed  the  Western  Empire  by  con- 
quest, and  was  crowned  emperor  over  Germany,  Fi-ance, 
and  Italy  in  SOO.  The  empire  was  subsequently  divided 
into  subordinate  kingdoms,  and  was  finally  broken  up  in 
8SS,  thouL'h  the  title  emperor  was  not  at  once  abandoned. 
Carolinirian  kings  continued  to  reign  in  Germany  till  911 
(Louis  the  Child),  and  in  Fraiu'e  till  987  (Louis  V._). 

II.  n.  A  member  or  one  of  the  sovereigns  of 
(he  Carolingian  family  or  dynasty. 

Carolinian  (kar-o-lin'i-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  Caro- 
lina +  -/««.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Car- 
olinas,  or  to  either  of  the  two  States  of  North 
and  South  Carolina. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  either 
North  or  South  Carolina. 

carolino  (kar-o-le'no),  H.     See  carlino. 

carolitic,  car'olytic  (kar-o-lit'ik),  a.  [Ori- 
gin (appar.  Gr.) 
not  obvious.]  In 
arch.,  decorated 
with  branches 
and  leaves,  as  a 
column.  Gtvilt. 
Also  written  car- 
oletic.  [Not  in 
use.] 

Carollia  (ka-rol'i- 

ii),  H.   [XL.]  Age- 

nus  of  small  South 

American      phyl- 

lostomino      bats, 

connecting        the 

genus      Vampj/rus 

with  (llo.isopliaga. 

C.   brcrieaiida    so 

closely  resembles 

species  of  Glosso- 

phaga  as  to  have 

been    often    con- 
founded with  it. 
carolling,  «.    See 

ciirolinff'-. 
carolus      (kar ' o  - 

Ills),  n.  \  pi.  caroli 

(-li).     [ML.  fonn 

of    Charles :     see 

en/'?.]     Tho  com- 
mon   name    of    a 

gold        coin       of 

Cliarles   I.   of  England,   wortli 

called  tlie  nnHc. 
carol'wiset,  '"''''.     [ME.  carolcvysr ;  <  caroli  + 

irisi-.]     Ill  the  manner  of  a  carol. 

Aftyr  that  they  wentyn  In  cumpaa 
DauiiHynge  abonte  this  llonr  an  esy  pas, 
And  Hongvn,  as  It  were,  in  caroleioyse, 

('hatteer.  Good  Women,  I.  201  (Ist  version). 

carolytic,  o.    Seo  carolitic. 

carom  (kar'om),  n.  f Short  for  earamhole,  u., 
i|.  v.|  111  hillinrds,  tlie  liiltliig  of  two  or  three 
liiills  in  succession  by  llie  lui'-ball  from  one 
Hlroko  of  the  cue:  in  Groat  Bi-ilaiii  sometiraeg 
calli'd  etinnon.     Also  spelled  cnrriim. 

carom  (Uar'om),  V.  i.  f<  carom,  «.,  or  sliort  for 
iiirdmbiile,  i".,  (|.  v.]     1.   In  hilliords,  to  iiiako 

near (which  see).  —  2.   To  sliike  iir  collido 

iigaiiiHt  II  thing  ami  then  rcliiiuiid  (ir  gliiiK fT 

again:  ciiiiiinii:  usually  with  on,  and  common 
ill  racing  shiiig:  as,  Kidiiiso  caromed  on  lligh- 
(lyiT  and  injured  his  chance  of  winning. 
.\lso  spelled  carrom. 

caromel  (knr'o-mcl),  w.    Seo  caramel. 

caroomet,  ».      A  corruption  of  riirroon^. 

caroon  (kn-riln'),  n.  |l'riilp.  <  Guci.  eaortinn, 
till'  iiioiiiiliiin-asli  or  rciwnu-lri'e,  caoriinn,  eno- 
rann,  and  in  simplo  form  enor,  the  berry  of  tho 
same,  =  Ir.  eaor,  a  berry,  grape,  >  caorthuinn, 


t'nite  or  Carolus  of  Ch.irtes  I.,  British 
MuMuni.    (Size  uf  tlic  urlKlnal.) 


•20.V.,  officially 


caroon 

the  mountain-ash.  ]     A  species  of  cherry.     Sim- 

mond.i.     Also  spelled  curruon. 
carosse^,  ».     Same  as  earache. 
carosse-,  «.    See  iMross. 
carotel,  caroteel  (kar-o-ter,-ter),  «.   [E.  Ind.] 

1.  All  (_)ricnl:il  W(tii;lit  varying  from  .0  to  9 
pounds.  —  2.  In  Easturn  eomiiKu'ce,  a  bundle, 
generally  of  di-ied  fruits,  weighing  about  7 
hundredweight.  A  caroti'l  of  mace  is.  3  hun- 
dredweight. • 

carotic  (ka-rot'ik),  a.  [=  F.  carotique  =  Sp. 
carotico,  <  Gr.  KapuTiKd;,  stupefying,  <  Kapovv, 
stupefy,  <  /idpof,  stupor,  torpor,  heavy  sleep: 
see  carus.'i  1.  Relating  to  or  of  the  natvire  of 
stujior  or  earns. — 2.  Same  as  carotid. 

caroticotympanic  (ka-rot"i-k6-tim-pan'ik),  a. 
[<  carotic  +  tympanic.']  In  anat.,  pertaining  to 
the  carotid  canal  and  the  tympanum. 

carotid  (ka-rot'id),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  carotide, 
n.,  carotidicn,  a.,  =  Sp.  carotida,  n.,  earotidco, 
a.,  =  Pg.  carotidas,  n.  pi.,  =  It.  carotidi,  n.  pi., 
<  NL.  carotis,  pi.  carotidcs  (cf.  ML.  earotica; 
carotids),  <  Gr.  aapurig,  usually  in  pi.  Kapuriiki, 
the  two  great  arteries  of  the  neck,  so  called,  it 
is  said,  from  a  belief  that  sleep  was  caused 
by  an  increased  flow  of  blood  to  the  head 
through  these  vessels,  <  Kapouv,  Kapo'vv,  plunge 
into  sleep,  stupefy,  <  Kopof,  stupor:  see  caroticl 
I.  K.  The  principal  artery  of  the  neck  of  the 
higher  vertebrates. 


829 

disorder,  and  noise.  A  carousal  is  liy  derivation  a  time  of 
driiiliinK  deeply  ;  it  may  lie  a  liai'cliaimliaii  fi-ant,  a  noisy, 
uiircstiaiiKfd  drintilMy-iioilt.  Watmil  is  limited  liy  its 
associations  witli  tlie  past  so  as  to  lie  eliielly  poetir:  or  to 
express  deep  driiil<in(;.  Spree  is  eonsidercil  a  eolloriiiial 
wonl,  hilt  seems  liltely  to  win  ni-oKjilHon  as  a  eonvenieiit 
word  for  a  period  ot  dniiikciincsH  wiiieli  incites  to  wild 
and  reel<lesa  action,  hehaiirh  is  .liHliiK-tively  excess,  bav- 
in;,' less  refereoie  now  tliaii  formerly  to  eatiiiK,  applying 
eliielly  to  gross  lewdness  or  driinl<eiini-s8,  which  is  often 
prolonged.  Hiil Hnudia,  lilic  mimiit,  lias  historical  asso- 
ciations; it  is  a  strong  word  for  license,  noisy  revelry, 
gross  and  continued  dchaiiehery.  Onpi  is  by  ilei-ivation  a 
secret  nocturnal  deljaueh,  ami  hy  iisaije  a  time  of  joining 
in  a  wild  or  frantic  abandonnient  to  drunkenness  or  lust, 
or  both  — the  extrenio  in  that  kind  of  misconduct.  See 
feast. 

O  that  men  slioiilil  put  an  enemy  in  their  mouths  to 
steal  away  their  brains  I  that  wo  should,  with  joy,  plcas- 
ance,rcDc(,  and  applause,  transform  ourselves  into  beasts! 

Shale,  Othello,  ii.  3. 
The  carousals  iu  the  castle-halls ;  tho  jollity  of  the  ban- 
quet tables.  /.  D'Jsracli,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  IV.  322. 
We  did  but  talk  you  over,  pledge  you  all 
In  wassail.  Tennyson,  Princess,  Prol. 
Fat  Luxury,  sick  of  tho  night's  dabamh 
Lay  groaning.           I'ollok,  Course  of  Time,  vii.  69. 
Among  the  dependencies  of  Athens  seditions  assumed 
a  character  more  ferocious  than  even  in  France,  during 
the  reign  of  terror— the  accursed  Saturnalia  of  an  ac- 
cursed bondage. 

Macanlay,  Mitford's  Hist.  Greece,  p.  ISSi 
Amid  its  fair  broad  lands  the  abbey  lay, 
Sheltering  dark  orgies  that  were  shame  to  tell. 

Bryant,  The  Ages,  xx. 


— o-«»   .^^„^.j...„^.,.     Tliere  are  usually  two  carotids,  ,„  i  „       ,         ,         ,, 

right  and  left,  giving  off  few  if  any  branches  in  the  neck  CarOUSal-^,  CarOUSel  (kar  0-zal,  -zel),  n. 


itself,  but  supplying  the  head.  In  man,  the  right  carotid 
arises  in  common  with  the  right  subclavian  from  the  in- 
nominate artery  ;  the  left  arises  directly  from  the  arch  ot 
the  aorta ;  both  ascend  the  neck  neatly  vertically,  but 
somewhat  divaricating  from  each  other,  in  front  of  the 
spinal  column  and  on  each  side  of  the  trachea,  inclosed 
with  the  pneumogastric  nerve  ami  internal  jn;;ular  vein  in 
the  carotid  sheath,  and  divide  i)iiposite  tlie  iip]ier  border 
of  the  thyroid  cartilage  into  tile  internal  and  external 
carotids;  up  to  this  division  tlie  right  and  left  carotids  are 
termed  the  common  carotids.  The  external  carotids  are 
the  outer  of  the  terminal  branches  of  the  coniiiinii  carotids, 
supplying  mainly  parts  of  the  head  outside  the  brain-cav- 
ity; their  branches  .are  the  superior  thyroid,  lingual,  facial, 
occipital,  posterior  auricular,  ascending  pharjiigeal,  in- 
ternal maxillary,  and  temporal  arteries.  The  internal 
carotids  are  the  inner  of  the  terminal  branches  of  .the  com- 
mon carotids,  ascending  deeply  along  the  side  of  the  neck 
and  entering  the  cavity  of  the  cranium  through  the  carotid 
canal  in  the  temporal  bone,  supplying  the  brain  and  asso- 
ciate structures.  (See  cuts  under  enibi-yo  and  tuny.)  A 
similar  arrangement  of  the  carotids  issubstantially  re- 
peated in  mammals.  In  birds  the  disposition  of  these  arte- 
ries varies  much,  but  in  most  cases  there  is  but  one  carotid, 
the  left,  or  sillistrocarotid.      Also  earntis. 

II,  a.  Of  orpertaiuing to thetwogi-eat arteries 
of  the  neck :  as,  the  carotid  canal.  Also  carotic. 
—  Carotid  arteries.  See  I.— Carotid  canal,  the  pas- 
sage by  which  the  internal  carotid  artery  enters  tiie  cavity 
of  the  cranium  ;  in  man,  a  sinuous  canal  thrnngli  the  pe- 
trous portion  of  the  temporal  bone.— Carotid  foramen. 
See /ora»i<>«.— Carotid  ganglion,  a  small  sympathetic 
ganglion  occasionally  found  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
internal  carotid  artery  wliile  in  the  carotid  canal. —  Ca- 
rotid gland,  in  embryol.,  the  termination  of  the  first  or 
anterior  primitive  aortic  arch,  whence  the  internal  and 
external  carotids  arise.—  Carotid  groove,  the  sigmoid 
groove  on  either  side  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid  bone 
where  the  internal  carotid  artery  and  cavernous  sinus  lie. 
Also  called  cavernous  yroove. —  Carotid  nerve,  (a)  A 
branch  of  the  glossopharyngeal  which  aieniii])aiiies  the  in- 
ternal carotid  artery,  (b)  The  lar;;e  deep  jietnisal  nerve, 
(c)  The  sympathetic  nerve  running  up  almie  the  internal 
carotid  artery  from  the  first  cervical  ganglion.— Carotid 
plexus,  the  plexus  of  sympathetic  fillers  lying  on  the 
outer  side  of  the  internal  carotid  while  in  the  carotid 
canal. — Carotid  sheath,  a  meinbrannns  envclnji  cn- 
sheathing  the  common  carotid  artery,  intejnal  jiiuiihir 
vein,  and  pneumogastric  nerve. — Carotid  tubercle,  tlie 
prominent  anterior  tubercle  of  the  transverse  prncess  of 
the  sixth  cervical  vertebra,  against  which  the  common 
carotid  artery  may  be  compressed. — Cerebral  carotid 
artery.    Same  as  internal  carotid.     .See  I. 

carotMal  (ka-rot'i-dal),  a.    Carotid.     [Rare.] 

carotides,  «.     Plural  of  carotis. 

carotin,  carotine  (kar'o-tin),  «.  [<  L.  carota, 
carrot,  +  -(«'-,  'iiie^.]  The  coloring  matter  of 
the  carrot. 

carotis  (ka-ro'tis),  n. ;  pi.  carotides  (ka-rot'i- 
dez).     [NL. :  see  carotid.']    Same  as  carotid. 

carouge  (ka-roj').  »»■  [Appar.  the  F.  form  of 
a  native  name.  F.  carouge  is  otherwise  a  var. 
of  caroube,  carob:  see  caroh.]  Cuvier's  name 
for  a  bird  of  his  genus  Xanthoriius :  applied 
to  various  American  orioles,  hangnests,  or  ba- 
nana-birds of  the  family  Icti-rida;  as  the  Balti- 
more bird  and  orchard-oriole. 

carousal!  (ka-rou'zal),  II.  [<  carouse  +  -al; 
the  form  beini»  suggested  perhaps  by  the  older 
word  carousal'i,  carousel.]  A  feast  or  festival ; 
a  noisy  drinking-bout  or  revel. 

The  swains  were  preparing  for  a  carousal. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vii.  43. 
-Syn.  Revel,  Carousal,  Wassail,  Spree,  Debauch,  Satur- 


[Prop. 


carousel,  <  F.  carrousel,  a  tilt,  tilting-mateh,"< 
It.  caroscllo,  a  form  altered  (by  confusion  with 
carricello,  dim.  of  carro,  a  oar,  chariot)  from 
garosello,  a  festival,  a  tournament,  lit.  a  fight, 
quarrel,  <  (/(irosrllo,  quarrelsome,  dim.  from 
f/aroso,  quarrelsome,  <  (/ara,  strife,  contention, 
perhaps  another  form  of  guerra,  war,  <  OHG. 
wei-ni  =  E.  tear,  q.  v.]  If.  A  tUting-match  or 
similar  pageant;  military  exercises;  a  tourna^ 
meut  in  which  cavaliers  executed  various  evo- 
lutions, sometimes  intermingled  with  allegori- 
cal dances  and  scenic  representations. 

Before  the  crystal  palace,  where  he  dwells, 
The  armed  angels  hold  their  carousels. 

Marvell,  lachrymae  Musarum  (1650). 

A  royal  carousal  given  by  Charles  the  Fifth  of  France  to 
the  Emperor  Charles  the  Fourth. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng,  Poetry,  I.  245. 
Leavhig  out  the  warlike  part  of  the  carousals. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Albion  and  Albanius. 

2.  See  carrousel,  2. 
carouse  (ka-rouz',  formerly ka-rous'),  n.  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  carowse  and  garouse;  <  OF.  carous, 
later  carousse,  F.  carrousse,  a  drinldng-bout,  = 
Sp.  caraos,  formerly  cardu:,  drinking  a  full 
bumper  to  one's  health,  orig.  an  adv.,  <  G. 
garaus,  adv.,  quite  out,  all  out,  as  substantive 
aiinishing  stroke  (cf.  allaus,  E.  all  out,  formerly 
used  in  the  same  way,  of  emptj-ing  a  biunper), 

<  gar,  quite,  completely  (=  E.  i/are),  +  aus  = 
E.  out.]  It.  A  hearty  drink  or  full  draught  of 
liquor:  as,  to  quaff  or  drink  carouse. 

And  here  with  a  carowse  after  a  blessing  begins  the  feast. 
Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  206. 
A  full  carouse  of  sack.  Bavies,  State  of  Ireland. 

With  my  poniard  will  I  stab  my  flesh. 
And  quatf  carouses  to  thee  of  my  blood. 

Lust's  Dominion,  1.  1. 
The  Prelats  revell  like  Belshazzar  with  their  full  ca- 
rouses in  Goblets  and  vessels  of  gold  snatcht  from  GJods 
Temple.  Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

2..  A  carousal ;  a  noisy  banquet. 

The  early  feast  and  late  carouse.  Pope. 

=  Syn.  2.  See  carotisaU. 

carouse  (ka-rouz'),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  caroiised, 

ppr.  carousing.      [Early  mod.  E.  also  carowse 

and  garouse;  <  OF.  carousser,  drink,  quaff,  swill, 

<  Crt  CO  Hs,  a  carouse:  seethenotm.]  I.  intrans. 
To  drhik  freely  and  with  jollity;  revel  noisily 
or  intemperately. 

"  A  health,"  quoth  he.  as  if 
He  had  been  aboard,  carousiny  to  his  mates 
After  a  storm.  Shale,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

Having  all  day  carous'd  and  banqueted. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  a  1. 
I  said,  0  soul,  make  merry  and  carouse. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

Il.t  trans.  To  drink  up;  drink  to  the  bottom. 
lie  in  that  forest  did  death's  cup  carowse. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  646. 

[Rodcri.gol  To  Desdemona  hath  to-night  carous'd 
Potatioiis  pottle-deep.  Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

Homer,  to  whom  the  Muses  did  carouse 
.\  great  deep  cup  with  heavenly  nectar  fllVd. 

,5ir  J.  Davics,  Dancing. 


carp 

drinker ;  a  toper ;  a  noisy  reveler  or  bacchana- 
lian. 
carousingly  (ka-rou'zing-li),  adv.  In  a  carous- 
ing iiianuer. 
carpi  (kiirp),  V.  [<  ME.  carpen,  speak,  say, 
I  ell,  <  Icel.  karpa,  boast,  brag  (karp,  bragging), 
=  Sw.  dial,  karpa,  brag,  boast,  appar.  the  same 
as  Svv.  dial,  garpa  z=  Norw.  garpa,  brag,  boast ; 
cf.  Icel.  garpr  =  (JSw.  garp  =  Norw.  garp,  a 
warlike  or  boastful  man,  also  a  term  apfilied  in 
tho  midiile  ages  to  the  Ilanseatie  traders  in 
Sweden  and  Norway.  The  orig.  sense  'speak' 
or  'talk'  has  taken  in  mod.  use  a  sinister  ad- 
dition, 'talk  censoriously,'  appar.  by  associa- 
tion with  the  L.  carpere,  caqi  at,  slander,  calum- 
niate, re^'ile,  also,  figuratively,  pluck,  pick, 
crop,  gather,  tear  off,  pull  in  jiieces,  perhaps 
akin  to  Gr.  mp-or,  fruit  (that  which  is  gath- 
ered), and  to  E.  harvest,  q.  v.]  I.  intrans.  If. 
To  speak;  tell. 

When  he  told  hade  his  talc  tomly  (leisurely]  to  the  cnde. 
He  enclinet  tho  kyng,  and  carpit  no  more. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2448. 
Now  we  leven  Joseph,  and  of  the  kyng  carpen. 

Joseph  of  Arimathic,  1.  175. 

Uwen  thu  art  on  else,  carpe  toward  Ihesii  and  seie  thise 

wordes.      Old  Eny.  Homilies,  Ist  scr.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  287. 

I  will  now  carp  of  kings.  Percy  MS. 

2t.  To  talk;  babble;  chatter. 

In  felaweschipe  wel  eowde  sche  lawghe  and  carpe. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  I.  474. 
Kepe  thi  knyfe  both  dene  &  scherpe,  ' 

And  be  not  besy  foi-to  kerpe. 

Bailees  Hook  (E,  E.  T.  S.),  p.  23. 
3.  To  censure,  cavil,  or  find  fault,  particularly 
without  reason  or  petulantly:  used  absolutely 
or  followed  by  at. 

Other  of  your  insolent  retinue 
Do  hourly  carp  and  quarrel.  Shak.,  Lear,  L  4. 

No,  not  a  tooth  or  nail  to  scratch 
And  at  my  actions  carp  and  catch.    G.  Herbert. 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  utter;  speak. 

With  corage  kene  he  carpes  thes  wordes. 

Morle  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  1725. 
Then  our  king  full  of  courage  carped  these  words. 

Percy  MS. 
2.  To  blame ;  find  fault  with ;  chide. 

Suspecting  that  Euphues  would  be  carped  of  some  curi- 
ous Reader.  Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  214. 
My  honest  homely  words  were  carp'd  and  censured. 

DrydeTl. 

carpif  (karp),  M.  [ME.:  see  carjA,  v.]  Speech; 
talk ;  conversation. 

\Vlien  non  wolde  kepe  hym  with  carp  he  coged  ful  hyge, 
Ande  rimed  hym  ful  richley,  &  ryjt  hj-m  to  speke. 

.S''>  Gaivayne  and  the  Green  Kniyht  (E.  E.  T,  S.),  L  307, 

Carp2  (karp),  n.  [<  ME.  carpe  (not  found  in 
AS.)  =  D.  karper  =  OHG.  charpho,  carfo, 
MHG.  carphe,  karpe,  G.  karpfen,  karpfc  =  Icel. 
karfi  =  Sw.  karp  =  Dan.  karpe ;  hence  (from 
Tout.)  ML.  (LL.)  carpa  (>  F.  carpe  =  Pr.  es- 
carpa  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carpa  =  WaU.  crap),  later 
carpo(n-),  carpio(n-)  (>  It.  carpio,  carpione),  and 
prob.  Pol.  karp  =  Serv.  karpa  =  Euss.  karpii 
=  Bohem.  kapr  =  Lett,  karjia  ;  also  W.  carp, 
Gael,  carhhanach,  a  carp.  Prob.  an  orig.  Teut. 
word ;  if  so,  the  other  forms  are  bon-owed.]  1. 
Ateleostean  fish  of  tho  family  Cyprinida;,Cy})ri- 
nus  carpio.  The  normal  form  ha-s  a  long  compressed  body, 
large  scales  (35  to  39  being  along  the  lateral  line),  a  long 
dorsal  with  a  strong  serrate  spine  and  17  to  22  rays,  a  short 
anal  with  3  simple  and  5  branched  rays,  and  4  barbels  upon 
the  upper  jaw.  It  is  said  to  h.ave  been  introduced  into 
England  in  the  fourteenth  century.  It  is  an  excellent  fish 
for  ponds,  as  it  breeds  rapidly,  gi-ows  to  a  large  size,  some- 
times attaining  the  length  of  4  feet,  and  lives  for  many 
years.  In  old  age  its  scales  become  gray  and  white.  There 
are  numerous  varieties,  the  most  notable  being  (a)  the 
normal  form  or  scale-carp  just  described,  (6)  the  mirror- 
carp,  distinguished  by  very  large  scales  below  the  dorsal. 


TM/m,  Ocff.w  agree  in  expressing  times  of  excess  in  drinking;  -arniiQpl    »       See  corrt);w72  nnd  earrnnipl - 
some  of  them  include  other  sensual  pleasures.     They  are  CarOUSCl,  n.      noe  cmousai    ana  can  onset. 
in  the  order  of  strength  and  conse.|iient  reprobation  im-  CarOUSer  (ka-rou  zer),  II.     [<  carouse,  v.,  +  -er'-. 
plied.    A  revel  is  accompanied  witli  some  drunkenness,     Formerly  also  garouser.]    One  who  carouses ;  a 


Mirror-Carp  {Cyprinus  carpio).    (From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission, 18S4.) 

above  the  anal,  and  in  a  median  posterior  row,  and  (c) 
the  leather-carp,  characterized  by  its  almost  or  quite  na- 
ked skin.  The  last  two  have  long  been  the  subjects  of 
special  culture,  aud  have  been  widely  distributed  iu  the 
United  States. 

2,  A  fish  related  to  the  eommon  carp.  The  best- 
known  is  the  \zo\i\  carp  or  goldfish,  Carassixis  auratus.  See 
cut  under  aoldjif^h, 

3.  A  name  on  the  northeast  coast  of  Ireland 
for  the  i.-ommon  sea-bream,  PageUus  centmdon^ 
tus. — 4.    An  English  name  of  the  opah. —  5. 


carp 

In  the  United  States,  a  carp-sucker;  a  catos- 
tomoid  fi'h  of  the  subfamily  IctiobiiKr  and  ge- 
H':  -  '  '.  -  Norwegian  carp,  a  name  of  the  .?*•- 

I. .  -  Prussian  carp,  an  English  book-name 

carpadelium  (kar-pa-de'li-um),  n.;  pi.  carpa- 
(Itiiu  (-a).  [>rL.  (>  F.  carpadele),  <  Gr.  Kap-6^, 
fruit,  +  aSrfAoc,  not  manifest :  see  Adela.'i  In 
bot.,  same  as  cremocarp. 

carpal (kar'pal),  a.  and  n.  [< NL.  carpalis,  <  c«c- 
j>K«,  q.  v.]  r.  «.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  carpus  or 
wrist. — 2.  In  enfom.,  pertaining  to  the  carpus  or 

pterostigma  of  an  insect's  wing Carpal  angle, 

in  ontirh.,  the  bend  of  the  wini; ;  the  s.alience  formed  at  the 
wri^t-joint  or  carpus  when  the  wing  is  closed.  It  is  an 
imiwrtant  point  in  descriptive  ornithology,  since  the  regu- 
lar nieasiu-ement,  called  '"length  of  wing,"or  ''  the  >vijig," 
is  from  the  carpal  angle  to  the  end  of  the  longest  quill- 
feather.— Carpal  ossicles.    Seeoggicle. 

H.  n.  Any  one  of  the  bones  of  the  wrist  or 
carpus;  a  carpale. 

carpale  (kar-pa'le),  «.■;  pi.  carpalia  (-li-a). 
[NXi.,  neut.  of  carjtaUs:  see  carpal.']  1.  Any 
bone  of  the  carpus  or  wrist. —  2.  A  bone  of  the 
distal  row  of  the  carpus,  articulating  directly 
■with  the  metacarpal  bones.     See  carpus. 

Carpathian  (kUr-pa'thi-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  range  of  mountains  in  the  northern  and 
eastern  parts  of  the  Austrian  empire,  called  the 
Carpathians,  forming  the  northern  and  north- 
eastern boundary  of  Hungary  and  inclosing 
Transylvania, 
•carp-bream  (karp'brem),  n.  An  English  name 
of  the  bream  when  its  color  resembles  that  of 
the  carp.     Day. 

carpe  diem  (kar'pe  di'em).  [L.,  seize  the  day: 
carpc,  Jd  pers.  pres.  impv.  of  carpere,  seize  (see 
carp^);  diem,  ace.  of  dies,  day:  see  dial.]  En- 
joy the  present  day ;  take  advantage  of,  or  make 
the  most  of,  the  present :  a  maxim  of  the  Epi- 
cureans. 

carpel  (kiir'pel),  n.    [=  F.  carpeUc,  <  NL.  carpvl- 

lum,  dim.,  <  Gr. 


Caipels. 

,  floi*«r  of  Aclaa.  with  simple  pistil ; 

b,  tficarpellary  fruit  of  aconite. 


Kap-!r6c_,  fruit :  see 
rr/ ;•/)!.]  Infco/.,a 
simple  pistil,  or 
one  of  the  sever- 
al members  com- 
posing a  com- 
pound pistil  or 
fruit.  In  its  most 
general  sense  it  is 
that  organ  of  a  plant 
which  bears  ovules. 
A  carpel  is  regarded 
as  a  modified  leaf ; 
hence  the  tenn  car- 
ptiphiil.  which  has  been  proposed  as  a  substitute.    Also 

calh-d  carj/i'l  r,r  i^arjiidiiuil. 

Carpellary  (kar'pe-lii-ri),  a.  [<NL.  earpellum, 
carpel,  +  -ari/^;  z-f.  carpeUairc.']  Belonging 
to  or  ha\'ing  some  relation  to  a  carpel. 

Tlie^-  structures,  which  may  be  called  car/n-llanj  leaves, 
show  tlicir  relationship  to  ordinary  fnliav'c  leaves  in  liav. 
ing  ptntiie  toward  their  summits.      lii-Mtirt/,  Hdtany,  p.  4U0. 

The  carjK-Uary  leaves  are  the  foliar  structures  of  the 
flower  which  stand  in  tlie  closest  genetic  and  functional 
relatinmthips  to  the  o\'ulc8.  They  either  produce  and  liear 
the  ovules  or  ore  constructed  so  as  to  enclose  tliein  in  a 
chamlier.  .Sacfut,  liotjiny  (trans.),  p.  *I2II. 

carpentf  (kar'pent),  II.  [ME.  carpent,  <  L.  car- 
jinilum,  a  two-wheeled  covereil  caniuge,  coach, 
or  chariot,  a  cart,  ML.  also  timber-  or  carpen- 
ter-work, framing  (in  this  sense  also  carjienta, 
>  V.  rliarpcnte;  ct.  carpinter),  prob.  of  Celtic 
origin;  cf.  Ir.  and  Gael,  carbad,  a  carriage, 
chariot,  litter,  Ir.  and  OGael.  carb,  a  basket, 
carriage,  Ir.  ctiirbh  =  Gael,  cairb,  a  chariot,  a 
Bhip;  perhaps  akin  to  1j.  rarbi.i.  a  basket.]  A 
cart . 

And  for  an  ai-re  latide,  saitlie  ColiimcUe, 

CarpfnUM  X.XIIll  in  to  telle, 

I'aUailiu;  lln»lKjndrle(K.  E,  T.  8.),  p.  170. 

Carpentet,  n.     An  erroneouH  form  of  carpet. 
lat) )  '■'ir/.rnUs  ftboat4!  the  beddu,  or  wyuflowoH. 

Ilabra  Houk(K.  E.  T.  ».),  p.  283. 
carpented-  'kiir'pen-tod),  a.     f'arjH-ted. 
carpent-  '|.cn-l/T),  n.     [<  MK.  carpenter, 

r.  rliariicniirr  =  I'r.   rarpen- 


830 

about  her — Carpenter's  crew(nn"'.).  a  set  of  men  em- 
ployed under  the  carpenter.  See  "2. — Carpenter's  mate, 
a  petty  officer  uf  a  vessel  of  war  who  assists  the  cai-penter. 
See  3. —  Carpenter's  rule,  a  graduated  scale  with  slides, 
used  to  measure  timber  aiul  c;ist  up  the  contents  of  car- 
penters' work. 

carpenter  (kiir'pen-ter),  r.  i.     [<  ^arpenter,  n.] 
To  do  caipeuters'  work  ;  practise  carpentry. 
He  varnished,  he  carpentered,  he  glued. 

Jane  Augten,  Persuasion,  xi. 

Mr.  Grimwig  plants,  fishes,  and  carpenters  with  great 

ariiour.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist,  liii. 

carpenter-bee  (kiir'pen-ter-be),  «.  The  com- 
mon name  of  the  different  species  of  hymenop- 
terous  insects 
of  the  genus 
Xylocojya.  One 
species,  .V.  viola- 
cea,  inhabits  the 
south  of  Europe  ; 
in  Asia,  Africa, 
and  America  the 
species  are  nu- 
merous. They  re- 
semble common 
bumblebees  in 
general  appear- 
ance. They  usu- 
ally form  their 
nests  in  pieces  of 
Jialf-rotten  wood, 
cutting  out  val'i- 
ous  apartments 
for  depositing 
their  eggs.  They 
have  sharp-point- 
ed triangular 
mandibles,  well 
adapted  to  bore 
liolc-s  in  wood. 

carpentering  (kilr'pen-t6r-ing),  n.  [<  carpen- 
tf r  +  -)h;/1.]  The  employment  or  work  of  a 
carjienter ;  carpentry. 

carpenter-motn  (kiir'pen-ter-moth),  «.  A 
name  given  to  certain  large  bombycid  moths 
of  the  subfamily  Cwsiniv.  The  larva;  are  woi>d- 
borers.  and  often  do  great  damage  to  forest-trees.  The 
larva  of  the  locust  carpenter-nu)th,  Xiilcutcsrobinicit{VQc\i), 


Carpenter-bee  {Xytacopa  7'ib/af^a),  one  half 
natural  size, 

a,  a  piece  of  wood  bored  by  the  bee.  showing 
grubs  and  food  deposited  in  tlie  cells ;  ^,  two 
cells  on  lar^ger  scale. 


<  OK, 


''"■  =  ■") ..,'./</  =  I'g,  carpintcirii.  <  Il.Vvir- 

jHniiirc,  <  ML.  iiirpcntariuK,  a  rnrpiiiti-r,  L. 
n  wiiifon-maker,  inrriagc-Miakcr,  liiti^r  hIko  a 
ron.liiniin,  prop,  adj.,  pertaining  to  a  caiTiiit'o 
orinr'.  '  [,,  cnrpentum,  a  twf)-whoclodcarriiig<', 
'■"■'  iriot,  ft  cart:  m«' carjicnt.]     1.  .\n 

work.M   In  tiinbor;    one  who  ixi-- 
'  ''o'  woodwork  of  houHOH,  »1iI|ih, 
i"tion«.     Till'  occupatioiiH  of 
■lor  nrn  often  cornbined.     Hei' 
•IT of  II  hlii|i.  wlioHi*  duty  it  JH 
rvJHion  iiiol  ijjiiiiitain  in  order 
' '  '  liipandall  tljo  wooden  flttinj^H 


nr' 
•■111.  ■ 
or  Kill  I 
carjM'ii 
jiiinrr. 
to  keep 
the  frtiuii 


Male  Locust  Carpenter-moth  ^.Xylfutes  robinfa),  natural  site. 

bores  into  the  wood  of  the  locust-tree,  Bnbinia.  It  re- 
mains in  the  larval  strife  three  years,  and  attains  a  length 
of  2*  inches.  It  transforms  to  a  pupa  within  a  silk-lined 
cell  in  its  burrow,  and  issues  as  a  moth  in  the  spring  and 
summer.  The  Eiu'opean  carpenter-moths  are  called  goat- 
moi/m  by  English  writers,  on  account  of  their  character- 
istic odor, 

carpenter's-herb  (kiir '  pen -terz - erb),  )i.  The 
jjiaiit  lioiil-all,  I'niiiclla  nil(iari.i.  Its  corolla  when 
seen  in  protlle  resembles  a  bilt-hook,  and,  in  accordunco 
with  the  lioctrine  of  signatures,  the  plant  was  believed  to 
heal  wounds  from  edged  tools, 

carpentry  (kiir'i>(|ii-tri),  n.  [<  ME.  carpcntric, 
-l(ii-i/(,  <  OF.  carpintirie,  F.  charpcntcric  :=  I'r. 
ciirjuiitaria  =  Sj).  carpintrrin,  carpintrria  =  I'g. 
cariiciilaria  =  It.  carpi iil<ria,  <  ML.  cnrpmlii- 
riii,  a  carponter-shop,  1j.  a  carriage-maker's 
shop,  proj).  fem.  of  c«r/)fH^/r(M,9,  pertaining  to 
a  carriage  or  cart:  see  carpciitcr.]  1.  The  art 
of  cutting,  framing,  and  joining  the  timbers  or 
woodwork  of  buildings  and  similar  construc- 
tions by  means  of  hand-tools. 

Iilealism  is  a  hyijothesis  to  account  for  nature  hy  other 
prini^iples  than  those  of  carpciilrii  and  chemistry. 

Knicrnoii,  Mlsc,  p.  f'd. 

2.  Carpenters'  work ;  any  work  of  the  kind  done 
by  carpenters. 

A  liandHomc,  panelled  dnor,  tlio  most  flnlslied  pleco  of 
c^trjM-nlrif  in  .Silvenido, 

It.  L.  .Steirmon,  Silverado  Si|untleni,  p.  Ut>. 

carper  (kiir'p^T),  «.     [ME.  carparc,  a  talker; 
<  carpi  +  -cr'.]     If.  A  talker. — 2.  One  who 
carps;  a  caviler.     Nlial: 
'Hie  cnriiem  against  fcinininc-  eccentricity. 

I'hilatlt'lphiil  Trtefjrapti,  XI*  1, 

carpet  (kilr'pet),  H.  [MK.  carnctte,  <  OK.  car- 
pile,  a  carpet,  a  sort  of  cloth,  F.  carpcttr,  a  rug, 
=  Sp.  carpctn,  a  table-cover,  =  It.  ciirpita^  a 
rug,  <  ML.  cariiita,  carjicla,  a  kind  or  thick 
woolen  doth,  cf.  carpiii  (>  It.  carpiii  =  I',  cliar- 
/lir  (>  I),  rliiirpir)  =  (i.  Hcliiirpir),  lint,  <  L.  car- 
pi re,  pliH'k,  ]piill  in  )>ie<'<s:  hco  <v;r/i'.]  1.  A 
thick  fiibric,  usually  wovon  of  wool,  or  of  wool 
on  a  Kiicn  i^ound  or  buck,  and  in  more  or  Icnh 
oniainentar  dcHigiiH,  iiHod  fur  covering  (loorH. 
MtairH,  etc.     F<inncrly  tlie  i  iirpil  (usuiilly  In  •  alnKle 


carpet-bagger 

piece,  like  the  Persian  carpet)  was  also  tised  (as  it  still  is  in 
the  East)  for  covering  beds,  couches,  tables,  etc.  and  for 
hangings.  (.See  ta/yslni.)  The  Hrst  woven  carpets  were  pro- 
duccil  in  Egypt.  Balnloiiia,  Persia,  and  Ilindnstaii.  whence 
they  were  introduced  into  I'.urope,  w  here  the\  air  sujiposed 
to  have  been  first  manufactureil  by  the  French  in  the  reign 
of  Henr>'  IV.,  and  ue.\t  in  England,  at  ilortlake  in  Sur- 
rey, in  the  reign  of  James  I.  The  smaller  carpets  of  the 
East  are  now  commonly  called  rugs.     See  r«y. 

Wvndowes  &  cupbordcs  l.iyde  with  carpcttes  and  cuys- 
5h>-ns.  Bailees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S,),  p.  2S3. 

Cast  ou  a  feather-ll^d,  .and  spread  on  the  sheets 
Under  a  brace  of  your  Itest  Persian  carpets. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iv.  2. 
A  Carpet  to  cover  the  Table. 

Hcywood,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindneaa. 

2.  Especially,  a  covering  of  this  material  for  a 
floor  or  stair,  made  of  sevei-al  widths  sewed  to- 
gether and  intended  to  cover  all  the  floor-space 
of  a  room,  as  distinguished  from  a  riifi,  which 
is  usually  woven  in  one  piece  of  a  definite  shape 
(either  oblong  or  square),  and  is  designed  to 
cover  a  part  of  the  floor  only. 

Take  care  my  house  be  handsome, 
-\jid  the  new  stools  set  out,  and  binighs  and  rushes, 
.\nd  flowers  for  the  window,  and  the  Turkey  carpet. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Coxcomb,  iv.  3. 

3.  Figm'atively,  anythitig  used  as  a  carpet,  or 
■si-n-ing  the  purpose  of  a  carjiet. 

Tlie  gr.issy  rarpi't  of  this  plain.      Shak.,  Kich.  II.,  iii.  3. 

To  cover  the  wet  earth  with  a  thick  carpet  of  fern. 

Macattiay. 
Aubusson  carpet,  a  carpet  made  at  Aubusson  in  France. 
It  is  made  in  one  piece,  in  the  hand  or  needlework  style 
of  tlie  Indian  carpets,  and  is  highly  esteemed  for  the  ele- 
gance of  its  designs  and  coloring. —  Axminster  carpet, 
a  viu-iety  of  Turkish  carpet  with  n  chain  of  Ila.\  or  jute,  ami 
a  woolen  or  worsted  filling  made  into  a  pile :  so  naineil  from 
the  town  of  A.vminster  in  Devonshire,  England,  where  it 
was  formerly  manufactured. —  Brussels  carpet,  a  carpet 
of  a  kind  originally  made  in  Brussels,  havitiL;  a  heavy  linen 
web  inclosing  worsted  yarns  of  tlillcrciit  colors,  which  are 
raised  in  loops  to  form  the  pattern.  In  the  oriiiliary  Itnis- 
sels  carpet  both  the  i»attern  and  the  ground  are  left  with 
the  loops  uncut ;  in  the  imperial  Brussels  cjU'pet  the  pat- 
tern  is  raised  above  the  ground,  and  its  loops  are  cut  so 
as  to  form  a  i>iU',  lliose  of  the  ground  being  uncut.— Che- 
nille carpet,  a  cariict  in  which  the  weft  is  of  chenille  in- 
stead of  yarn.  Tlic  jiattcrn  is  d.ved  in  the  chenille  itself, 
nothing  showing  at  the  surface  of  the  caiiiet  but  the  ends 
of  the  chenille  fi'iiigc.  — Felt  carpet,  a  carpet  in  which 
the  nbers  lU'e  matted  or  felted  to^'ether  without  siiinning 
or  weaving. — Ingrain  carpet,  a  carpet  made  of  Wdol  dyeil 
in  the  grain,  or  lulorc  it  is  nianufacturetl.  It  is  called 
.Scotch  or  (in  Eii;.:laiull  t\id(t>riiiiii.stei',  from  the  itlace 
where  it  is  made,  and  tirn-i'lir  or  tfii-fc-ptr/,  according  to  the 
number  of  webs  coinpt>sing  the  fabric. —  Paper  carpet,  a 
floor-covering  (plain  or  in  imitation  of  ornamental  wttods) 
maile  of  a  harcl  and  tenacious  paper  called  licssion,  which 
is  made  bj'  subjecting  the  paper-pnlii  to  the  action  of  chlo- 
rid  of  zinc  and  then  to  stroiig  pressure,  by  which  means 
tlie  product  is  rendered  hard  .and  tough  like  leather.— 
Persian  carpet,  a  carjiet  made  in  one  piece,  insteiiil  of 
in  lucadtlis  or  strips  to  be  joined.  The  warp  and  weft  are 
of  linen  or  hemp,  and  the  tufts  of  cidorcd  wool  are  inserted 
by  twisting  them  around  the  warp  all  along  the  l-ow  ac- 
i-firdin:.:  to  the  wearers  taste,  no  pattern  being  used.  A 
line  of  tufts  being  inserted,  a  shoot  of  the  weft  is  made,  alul 
then  beaten  njtto  close  the  fabric. —  Pile  caxpet,  a  carpet 
made  in  the  same  way  as  llrnssels  carjiet,  btlt  having  its 
loops  cut,  thus  forming  a  pile  or  soft  surface.—  Printed 
carpet,  a  carpet  dyed  or  jirinted  in  colore;  it  is  either 
woven  in  nnd,vcd  cobira  and  printeil  like  calico,  or  the 
yarn  is  d,vrd  in  sections,  wliieh  are  adjusted  aeeoi-iling  to 
their  future  iiosition  ill  the  fabric.  Scotch  carpet.  Same 
as  in<jriiiii  carpel.-  To  be  On  the  carpet  (moi-e  conunon- 
ly  oil  t/tc  tain's:  see  heluwV  literally,  to  be  on  the  table- 
cloth  or  table,  as  for  conbideij-.tion ;  hciU'c,  to  be  under 
ilLseussion;  be  the  subject  of  delibcrntion  or  of  intended 
action:  a  translation  of  the  French  phrasel'^ir  mir /,  ^i/"'.v 
(tapin,  table-cloth,  carpet,  etc,  :  see  tapesti-;i).-  Ttirklsh 
or  Turkey  carpet,  a  carpet  similar  to  the  rcrsian,  dis- 
tim;iii«la  (1  liv  Ihi'  selection  of  the  tufts  of  colored  wool 
aeeoi-.liii'.;  to  the  pattern  followed,  and  the  manner  of  their 
attaehineiil  to  the  back.  The  enttiiiK  id  the  yarn  gives  it 
the  appearance  of  velvet,  -Venetian  carpet,  a  carpet 
with  a  warji  or  chain  of  worsted,  generally  arraniicd  in 
dlllerent-colored  striiics,-  Wilton  carpet,  a  variety  of 
HruKscls  carpet  in  which  the  loops  are  cut  open  into  an 
elastic  velvet  pile  :  so  naineil  fi'oni  licing  made  origimilly 
al  \\  itton  in  England, 

carpet  (kiir'pet),  r.  I.  [<  carpet,  «.]  1.  To 
cover  with  or  as  with  a  carpet;  spread  with 
car]iots:  as,  to  carpi  t  a  room. —  2.  To  bring 
upon  the  eurjiet  or  under  consideration;  iiiako 
aHiibject  of  investigation;  hence,  to  reprimand; 
"haul  over  the  coals." 

carpet-bag  (kiir']iet-bi)g),  v.  and  a.  I.  ii.  A 
1rn\iliiig-ling  made  of  cariioting  on  a  frame; 
lieiice,  by  ixlciisioii,  a  Iriiveliiig-bitg  of  any 
kind  KJniilnrly  foniieil. 

II.  a.  Of  or  ehariicteristic  of  carpet-baggers: 
as,  (■i;r/i^7-/wf/ government;  cor/icWwi/ politioa  ■ 
(F.  S.  slang'.]  ^ 

carpet-bag  (kiir'iiet-bag),  r.  i.  [<  carpet-hag- 
i.l' i]  Timet  or  live  in  the  iiiannor  of  a  carpet" 
iMig'L'cr.     I  r.  S.  slang.  I 

carpet-bagger  (kiir'pet-bng  er),  «.  One  who 
tniviU  Willi  aeiirpet-biig;  Kpeeitlciilly,  a  iierson 
wliii  lakes  iigi  his  residi'iice  in  a  place,  with  no 
iiiore  property  than  lie  brings  in  a  carjiet-lmg, 
uilli  11  view  of  making  liis  way  by  ent('r]iri8e. 


carpet-bagger 

(at)  In  tlie  western  United  States,  a  "wildcat"  banker, 
that  is,  one  wlio  had  no  local  abidinp-plaiie,  and  could  not 
be  found  when  waTited.  (i)  In  the  Southern  States,  after 
the  civil  war,  a  new-comer  from  the  North :  an  opprobri- 


831 

carpet-moth  (kiir' pet-moth),  n.  A  name  of 
siiiidiy  Ki^ometrid  moths,  from  their  variegated 
color.-itiou. 


ous  term  applied  properly  to  a  class  of  adventurere  who  carpet-rod   (kar'pet-rod),  n.     One   of  the  rods 

took  nduiintnirp  nf   the  Jia,ir(^ntii7(nl    i»>>,,1itif>n  nF  r>/^1!fi^>n1  i    j        ,  ^  .*^  .  "...  .  w"^^ 


took  advantage  of  the  disorganized  condition  of  political 
affairs  in  the  earlier  years  of  re(M)nstruction  to  gain  con- 
trol of  the  public  offices  and  to  use  their  inlluence  over  the 
negro  voters  for  their  own  scUlsh  ends.  The  term  was 
often  extended  to  include  any  unpopular  person  of  North- 
ern orisin  living  in  the  South. 

A  gootl  deal  of  bitterness  of  feeling  has  been  shown  in 
all  the  conventions  in  regard  to  the  presence,  and  great 
prominence  as  members,  of  what  the  Louisiana  people 
call  carpet -bafjfjers — nten,  that  is,  who  are  new-comers  in 
the  country.  '  The  Nation,  VI.  123  (1808). 

carpet-baggism  (kar'pet-bag'izm),  n.     [<  car 


iisc<I  til  k(H!p  a  stair-carpet  in  its  place. 
carpet-snake  (kiir'pet-snak),  n.    A  large  Aus- 
tralian srrpunt,  Murclia  varicqata,   a  kind  of  ^        . 
python  or  boa:  so  called  from  its  variegated  Carpinus 
coloration.  ' '" 

carpet-.strainer  (kar'pet-stra"n6r),  n.   Same  as 

cdipi  t-str(  hill  )■. 

carpet-stretcher  (kiir' pet -strech'fcr),  n.  A 
tool  I'cir  slrctcliinK  a  carpet  and  holding  it  finn- 
ly  whUi'  being  lacked  to  the  floor. 


Carpocratian 

boring  ■wood.    One  of  the  commoncBt  species  to  whic  h 

the  name  is  given  is  the  California  woodpecker,  Mela- 

nerj/fis  formici- 

varus;  another 

is      the      Gila 

woodpecker, 

Centurus    uro- 

jniilialis. 


pet-bafl  +  -ism.]     Government  by  carpet-bag-  Carpet-sweeper  (kilr'pet-sw6"pi>r),  n.    A 


to  kn 


gers;  the  practices  or  methods  of  carpet-bag- 
gers.    See  carpet-bagger,  (b).     [U.  S.  slang.] 

Wliichever  party  is  successful  this  year,  the  vile  scandal 
known  as  carpet-haggisiii  is  doomed,  and  the  states  lately 
in  rebellion  are  sure  at  last  of  being  left  to  themselves. 
C.  F.  Adaing,  quoted  in  MeiTiani's  Life  of  Bowles,  II.  195. 

carpet-beater  (kar'pet-be"ter),  n.     1.  A  per-  carpet-thread  (kiir 'pot- thred),  n. 

son  employed  m  eleaumg  carpets  by  beatmg    three-cor.l  thread  of  linen  witL  a 

the  dust  out  of  them. —  2.  A  carpet-cleaning    -■-      -  ""  " 

machine,    it  consists  usually  of  vibrating  rods  that 

shake  the  dust  from  the  fa))ric,  and  revolving  cylinders 

covered  with  liruslies  to  coiniilctc  tlie  process. 
carpet-bedding  (k;ir'pet-bid"ing),  n.     In hort., 

a  system  of  bedding  in  which  neat  dwarf -grow- 
ing foliage-plants  alone  are  used  in  the  form 

of  mosaic,  geometrical,  or  other  designs.    Also 

called  ribbon-bedding  in  the  United  States. 
carpet^beetle   (kar'pet-be"tl),  «.      A  popular 

name  of  Anthrenus  scropliularia;  a  beetle  of  the 


chanieal  sweeper  or  broom  for  cleaning  ear- 
pets  and  collecting  the  dust  in  a  closed  pan. 
It  is  sometimes  operated  by  means  of  a  crank  on  the 
handle,  but  ciimnionly  a  cylindrical  brush  is  moved  by 
the  rollei-wliiols  that  support  the  apparatus  on  the  tloor, 
the  pu.shinj,'  forward  of  the  machine  by  the  handle  serving 
p  it^in  o]),i-ution. 

A  heavy, 
-   --  soft  satin- 
like  finish,  used  for  sewing  breadths  of  carpet 
■  together. 
carpet-walkt  (kar'pet-vcak),  n.    A  walk  on 

siniiotli  turf.     Erdijn^ 
carpet-wayt  (kiir'pet-wa),  n.    A  green  way;  a 


(kiir-pi'nus), 
n.  [L.,  horn- 
beam.] A 
small  genus 
of  trees  or 
tall  shrubs, 
of  the  natu- 
ral order  Cu- 
puliferce.  The 
species  have  de- 
ciduous leaves, 
like  those  of  the 
beech,  and  hard 
tough  wood, 
ami  are  natives 
of  Europe,  the 
Levant,  and  * 
North  Ameri- 
ca. The  horn- 
beam of  Europe,  C.  Betuhia,  and  the  hornbeam  or  blue 
beech  of  the  I'nitcd  States,  C.  Caroliniana,  are  small  trees 
with  heavy,  very  hard,  and  strong  wood,  which  is  some- 
times used  for  levers,  the  handles  of  tools,  cogs,  etc. 


Carpinits  Betutus. 

a,  fruitinff  branch  ;  *.  sin^flc  nutlet,  with 

bract,  on  a  larger  scale. 


strip  or  border  of  greensward  left  round  the  carp-lice  (karp'lis),  «.  p\.     A  general  name  of 
margin  of  a  plowed  field.     Kay.  tbo  small  parasitic  crustaceans  or  fish-lice  of 

carpet-weed  (kUr'pet-wed),  n.  The  popular  t'"*  family  Argulidie,  fonning  with  some  au- 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Mollugo,  incon-  thors  a  suborder  iimnc/iJMn/,  by  others  referred 
spicuous  annuals,  somewhat  resembling  plants  *"  t^*^  Brancldopndn :  so  called  because  they 
of  the  g(-niis  (laliiim  in  their  habit,  found  in  the  infest  carp  or  cyprinoid  fishes, 
warmer  regions  (if  both  hemispheres.  M.verti-  carpmealst,  carpnelt,  «.  [Origin  unknown; 
ciUfita  is  most  widely  distributed.  cf.  carpet.]     A  kind  of  coarse  cloth  formerly 

carpet-worsted    (kar'pet-wurs"ted),    n.      A    made  in  the  north  of  England, 
coarse  kind  of  worsted  sewing-thread,  sold  in  carpo-.     [<  Gr.  Kap-rvo-^  combining  form  of  /tap- 
balls,     liict.  of  Necdkwork. 

carpholite  (kiir'fo-Ut),  n.  [Also  written  kar- 
phoHtc;  <  Gr.  Kapipoc,  a  dry  stalk,  straw  (<  mp- 
ipetv,  dry  up,  wither),  -f  /./%,  a  stone.]  A 
hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium  and  manganese, 
occurring  in  delicate  radiating  tufts  of  a  straw- 
yellow  color  at  the  Bohemian  tin-mines. 

carphologia  (kar-fo-lo'ji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kapi'fii'/ 0)111,  a  gathering  of  dry  sticks  (or  bits  of 


TT6g,  fruit:  see  carp'^.]  An  element  in  certain 
compound  words,  meaning  fiiiit. 
carpobalsamum  (kar-po-bal'sa-mum),  n.  [NL. 
(>  F.  carpobalsame  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carpobalsamo), 
<  (iv.  Kapndg,  fruit,-!-  j3d>.aapov,  balsam.]  1.  The 
dried  fruit  of  Commiphora  (Balsamodendroti) 
Opobalmmum,  the  tree  which  yields  balm  of  Gi- 
lead. —  2.  An  aromatic  volatile  oil  resembling 
oil  of  cloves,  obtained  from  this  fruit. 


wool,  etc.),  <  Kapijiog,  straw,  dry  sticks,  bits  of  Carpocapsa  (kiir-po-kap'sii),  n.     [NL.  (>  Sp, 


Caipet-heet\e  {.-tnthrfrnus  sefophu^artis).    a,  beetle:  *,  larva. 
(Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes.) 

family  Dermestidw  :  so  called  from  its  destrue- 
tiveness  to  carpets  and  other  woolen  fabrics. 
It  was  brought  into  the  United  States  from  Europe  at  a 
recent  period.  The  beetle  is  about  3  millimeters  in  length, 
short-oval  in  form,  moderately  convex,  and  black ;  the  un- 
der side  is  densely  covered  with  white  scales,  while  the  up- 
per side  is  beautifully  variegated  with  patches  of  red  and 
white  scales.  The  larva  is  more  elongate,  dirty-white  in 
color,  and  easily  recognized  from  the  tufts  of  rather  Ion 


wool,  etc.,  -t-  Icyetv,  gather,  pluck.]  Jnpatliol., 
a  delirious  picking  at  the  bedclothes  in  sick- 
ness ;  floccillation. 

carphology(kiir-fol'o-ji),  «..  [=  F.  carpholof/ie 
=  Sp.  carfojogia  =  Pg.  carphologia,  <  NL.  cor- 
jiliiilogia :  see  carphologia.]  Same  as  carpho- 
logia. 

Carphophis  (kar'fo-fis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kapipog, 
a  small  diy  body,  -I-  6^(f,  a  serpent.]  A  genus 
of  small  harmless  wonn-Uke  serpents,  of  the 
family  Calamariidw,  containing  the  common 
worm-snake  of  the  United  States,  C.  anicena, 

.  formerly  called  Celuta  amcena. 


carpocupso),  <  Gr.  Kapv6;,  fiiiit,  -I-  Kafic,  the  act 
of  devouring,  <  KaTTTtw,  gulp  down,  devour.] 
1.  A  genus  of  tortricid  moths,  or  lepidopterous 


stiff  hair  on  the  sides,  and  especially  at  the  end  of  the  carphosiderite  (kar-fo-sid'e-rit),  re.     [<  Gr.  Kap- 

^P^y-  J\'f  '^^e'?  °'  carpets  lying  in  dark  places  are  espe-  6oc,  straw,  +  Biih/piTri^,  of  iron,  <  oiSripoc,  iron.] 

cially  liable  to  be  damaged  by  these  larvie.     Also  known  \    V,vilrnii«  irnn   ^ulnhnte    occiirriTicr  in   straw 

m  bufalo-biut.    See  Antlmmis.  A  nytirous  lion  suipnate,  oeournng  in  straw- 

carpet-broom,   carpet-brush  (kar'pet:brom,     yellow  merustations. 

-brush),  H.     A  broom  or  brush  for  sweeping  or  "^^rPl',"-,    i'toal  ot  carj)!^s. 

cleanino-  carpets.  carpid  (kar'pid),  v.     [=  F.  carpvdie,  <  NL.  car- 

carpet-dance  (kar'pet-dans),  n.    A  dance  or  a     l'i<'!>'>'h  <  Gr.  as  if  *iiapTvi6iov,  dim.  of  Kapirdq, 

dancing-party  of  an  easy  and  unceremonious     *''"'tJ.    ^ame  as  carpel.  ,     ,    . 

character,  the  cai-pet  not  being  lifted  for  the  carpidium  (kiir-pid  i-um),  re. ;  pi.  carptdia  (-a). 

occasion,  as  for  a  ball.     DicJccns.  [NL. :  see  tt/ryiirf.]     Same  as  carpel. 

carpet-friend  (kar'pet-frend),  n.    One  whose  carpincho  (kiir-pm  cho),  n.     [Native  name  m 


friendship  has  no  strength  or  sincerity. 
Max.  Shall  I  forsake  you  in  my  doubts? 
Aeciug.  You  must. 

Max.  I  must  not,  nor  I  will  not.    Have  I  liv'd 
Only  to  be  a  carpet-friend,  for  pleasure? 

Beaa.  ami  FL,  Valentinian,  jv.  2. 

carpeting  (kar'pet-ing),   re.     [<   carpet,  n.,   -h 

-JHr/l.]     Cloth  for  carpets ;  caipets  in  general. 

carpet-knight    (kar'pet-nit),    re.     A  person 

knighted  on  some  ground  other  than  that  of 

military  service  or  distinction;  a  knight  who 

has  not  known  the  hardships  of  the  field.     So 

Shakspere  speaks  of  "a  knight  dubbed  with 

unbacked  rapier  and  on  carpet  consideration." 

You  are  women. 

Or,  at  the  best,  loose  carpet-Icnifthts. 

Massinger,  Maid  of  Honour,  ii.  5, 
His  square-turned  joints,  and  strength  of  limb, 
Showed  him  no  carpet-kiiiijht  so  trim, 
But,  in  close  fight,  a  champion  grim. 
In  camps  a  leader  sage.  Scott,  Marmion,  i.  5. 

carpet-monger  (kar'pet-mung"g6r),  re.  1.  A 
dealer  in  carpets. —  2.  One  most  at  home  on  a 
cai'pet;  a  lover  of  ease  and  pleasure. 

A  whole  book  full  of  these  <iuonihim  carpet-monijers, 
whose  names  yet  run  smoothly  in  the  even  road  of  a  blank 
verse.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  2. 


Brazil.]    A  name  of  the  giant  water-cavy  or 

capibara.  _ ^„...... 

carping  (kiir'ping),  re.    [<  ME.  carpinge  ;  verbal  carpocephalmn  (kai^JS-sef'^a-'lum),  « 

n. of ca»7il, r.]    If.  Speech;  talk;  conversation.  •    .  ~- 

Ther  carpinge  comynliche  of  conceill  arisith. 

Richard  the  Redeless,  i.  87. 
When  thou  sest  any  man  drynkyng 
That  taketh  hede  of  thy  karpyng. 
Soon  a-non  thou  sece  thy  tale, 
Wliethur  he  drynke  wyne  or  Ale. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  14. 

2.  The  act  of  caviling;  a  cavil;  unreasonable 
criticism  or  censure. 
Those  .  .  .  earnings  . .  .  made  as  to  the  passage  through  CarpOCratian  (kiir  -  po  -  kra '  shian). 


the  Red  Sea.  C  Leslie,  Short  Method  with  Deists. 

carping  (kiir'ping),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  earp^,  v.] 
Faultfinding;  over-critical. =Syn.  Caviling, etc.  See 
captiiiify; 

carpingly  ( kiir'ping-li),  adv.  In  a  carping  man- 
ner; captiously. 

carpintero  (kiir-pin-ta'ro),  n.  [Sp.  pajaro  car- 
^j(H^ /'I,  wiiodpecker,  lit.  'earpenter-bird';  car- 
pintirii  real,  the  ivory-billed  woodpecker,  lit. 
' royal  carpenter ' :  see  carpenter.]  A  name  of 
several  species  of  woodpeckers  in  the  south- 
western United  States,  from  their  tapping  and 


Jumping-seed  Carpocapsa  {C.  saltitans). 

a,  larva  ;  *,  pupa  ;  c,  moth.    { Cross  and  perpendicular  lines  show 

natural  sizes. ) 

insects,  of  the  family  Tortricida;,  whose  larva* 
are  highly  destructive  to  fruit.  C.pmnonana  orpo- 
numella  infests  all  Europe  where  apples  and  pears  are  cul- 
tivated, depositing  its  eggs  in  the  fruit  as  soon  as  it  is  set. 
Its  larvfe  come  to  their  full  size  in  July,  when  the  fruit  is 
about  two  thirds  gi-own,  and  then  escape  by  boring  their 
way  to  the  outside.  The  larva  of  C.  saltitans  (West.),  the 
jumping-seed  carpocapsa,  infests  the  seed  of  a  species  of 
Euphorbia.  When  heat  is  applied  to  the  seed  the  larva 
within  jumps;  hence  the  name. 
2.  [/.  c.]  An  insect  of  this  genus. 

-  ~        ..         ..      ,  pl-  car- 
pnccphala  (-la).     [XL.,  <  Gr.  mp-n-dc,  fruit,  -1- 
Keipn'/.^,  hea<3.]     In  Hepaticce,  a  cephalate  struc- 
ture upon  which  the  spore-cases  are  borne. 
Carpocephalum  entire  at  margin,  or  nearly  so. 

Bull.  0/  Hi.  Slate  Laboratonj,  II.  31. 

carpocerite  (kiir-pos'e-rit),  re.  [<  Gr.  KapTTog, 
the  wrist,  carpus,  -t-  «'paf,  horn.]  In  Crusta- 
cea, that  one  of  the  joints  of  an  antenna  which 
is  borne  upon  the  ischiocerite. 
"  t^F. 


Carpocratien,  <.  Carjiocrates :  see  del]  A  mem- 
ber of  a  sect  of  Gnostics  of  the  second  centmy, 
followers  of  Carpoerates  or  Carpocras  of  -Alex- 
andria. He  taught  the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis  and 
the  preexistence  of  the  soul,  and  maintained  that  the 
world  was  created  by  inferior  spirits ;  that  Jesus  was  the 
son  of  Joseph,  and  like  other  men,  except  that  his  soul 
was  pure  and  steadfast;  that  he  received  from  the  Great 
First  Cause  special  power  to  overcome  the  evils  of  the 
world  tlirough  intimate  recollection  of  his  previous  exist- 
ence in  an  exalted  state ;  and  that  in  proportion  as  men 
attain  to  this  recollection  in  their  own  case  they  are  freed 
from  the  restraints  of  the  mor.al  law,  faith  and  charity 
being  the  only  necessary  virtues. 


'Carpodacus 

Carpodacus  (kar-pod'a-kus),  n.  [NL.  (J.  J. 
Kauji.  l.--i'  <.  i  (^ir.  nap-oc.  fruit,  +  daxof,  a  bite, 
a  stinsc.  ^  <5a\i'av,  bite.]  An  extensive  genus  of 
beautlfiil  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  tlie  familr 
FrhiiyrltdT- :  the  purple  finehes  or  pui-ple  bull- 


Porple  Finch  l^Carfodacus purfurnts). 

finches,  species  of  which  are  found  in  both 
hemispheres.  Some  shade  of  red  is  the  principal  color 
of  the  luales.  The  common  Exiropean  species  is  C  ery- 
thrinuu;  the  common  purple  finch  of  the  United  States 
is  C.  purpurnts :  the  burion  or  house-finch  of  the  south* 
western  Vniled  States  is  C.  /rontaiis. 

Carpodectes  (kar-po-dek'tez),  H.  [Nil.  (O.  Sal- 
vin,  lbt>4),  <  Gr.  rap-Of,  fruit,  +  dcK-r/c,  a  re- 
ceiver, a  beggar,  <  dexecrOoi,  SiKccSai,  receive, 
take.]  A  genus  of  beautiful  tropical  American 
birds,  of  the  subfamUy  Cotingina;  the  type  of 
which  is  ('.  nitidus  of  Costa  Kiea. 

carpogenic  (kiir-po-jen'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  xap-df, 
fruit,  +  -yevrj^,  producing  (see  -geiious),  +  -;c.] 
In  hot.,  fruit-producing :  applied  in  algology  to  a 
cell,  or  system  of  cells,  which  develops  after  fer- 
tilization into  spores  and  a  mature  eystoearp. 

The  fariH>nen\c  cell  or  system  vai-ies  in  the  different 
genera.  Fartotc,  31ariiie  Alga;,  p.  20. 

carpogenOUS  (kar-poj'e-nus),  a.  [As  carpogen- 
ic +  -««*.]     Same  as  carpogenic. 

One  or  more  of  the  cells  termed  carpoffenous  cells  di- 
vidr.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  425. 

carpogon,  carpogone  (kar'po-gon,  -gon),  «. 

Same  as  rfirjmf/iDiiiim. 

carpogonimn  (kar-po-go'ni-um),  7i.;  pi,  carpo- 
giDiiii  i-ilj.  [NX/.,  \  Gr.  nap-dc,  fruit,  -t-  -■)Ovo(, 
producing:  see  -gony.']  In  hot.,  the  female  or- 
gan in  the  Carposparew  ;  the  cell,  or  system  of 
cells,  which  after  fertilization  produces  the  sex- 
ual spores,  in  whatever  manner;  in  Floridcw, 
the  carpogenic  cell  or  system ;  the  proearj). 
The  term  is  most  properly  used  of  Floridew, 
which  are  the  t_vi)ical  Carpo.tporea'. 

carpolite  (kiir'po-Ut),  71.  [=  F.  cnrpoUthc  = 
S(i.  idrfiolito  =  Pg.  carpolithos,  <  (Jr.  napird^, 
fruit,  -I-  /.iUo^,  stone.]  A  fossil  fruit.  Also 
carpolitli. 

carpological  (kiir-po-loj '  i-kal),  a.  [<  carpoU 
ogij  +  -Hill.  Cf.  F.  carpologiquv  =  Sp.  carjiolo- 
gico.]     Pertaining  to  carpologj'.     Balfour. 

1  trust  that  in  the  sequel  the  critical  botanist  will  excuse 
me  for  bavin^f  ncKlected  the  strict  terniinoloj^y  of  carjHt- 
/o7i>a/ science,  an<l  made  no  distinction  l)clwccn  seeds  and 
frnilv  Pup.  .Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  do,'). 

carpologist  (kiir-pol'o-jist),  «.  [<  carpotogy  + 
-i.Hl.  ]   ( )ii(r  who  studies  or  treats  of  carpology. 

carpology  (kiir-pol'o-ji),  m.  [=  F.  carpologie 
=  S|).  mrjiolof/ia  =  It.  carpologia,  <  Gr.  Kapzd^, 
fruit,  +  -'/Ji-jiH,  <  '/.iyew,  speak:  see  -ology.'] 
Tli.'it  division  of  botany  which  relates  to  the 
Rtriii'tiiri'  of  fruits  in  general. 

carpometacarpal  (kiir'po-rnct-a-kitr'pal)j a. 
[<  furiiim  +  melticariiii.i  +  -n/.)  Pertaining 
both  to  tlin  cnriJUM  and  to  Oif  metacarpus:  as, 
tl  'iii'iirpiil  articulation. 

cai  kiir-|)i)-i>cd'Hl),  «.     [=  F.  earpo- 

1'  nrpu.'i,  r-ar])us,  +  Ij.  prn  (pnd-)  =: 

rj.  I'lnr.i  AiFictiiig  liotli  tin-  IiiimiIh  for  wristg) 
anditicfr  ■  Carpopedal  Bpasm.  (n)S|.a^nl  of  ibo 
■' '  -  HI  rhtldrcii  In  lar}'n;^l),niUH  slri- 

]'  •        (li)  IjirynKl'Miuii  Htrldulns. 

darpophaga  (kur-pof 'n-gil),  n.  [XI..  (P.  J, 
H<n.       |H:i.-|)   f>   Hp.  rarpAfngo),  <   Gr.   KtipKo. 

^'  fiuif,  <  Knp-r/ir,  fniit,  +  <jitr,i'n\ 

'■"'  "f  friiit-|iigr'OiiH,  giving  iiniiji' 

*'•''  '■" '  — 2.  pi.  A  (.'loiip 

of  trill'  riiinnlM,  riiii^,)'!  irig 

••nleHy  ,,  I-l,nlnii(ii.-lid<i;. 
(hrrn.   I 

carpoph.i'  1-.  kiir-pof 'n-gus),  n.  [<,  Cnrrm- 
pluiga    t  ■  ■     p.  cnri'n/ihfigi',  cnrpoplin- 


Carpophore 
(with  carpels^ 
of  an  umbelli- 


832 

gons.]  Pmit-eating:  frugivorous;  specifically, 
of  or  pertaining  («)  to  the  genus  of  pigeons  of 
which  Carpophaga  is  the  type;  (6)  to  the  mar- 
supial Carpophaga. 

Tlie  tj'pical  group  of  the  carpophagous  marsupials  is 
that  of  the  Phalangistida,'  or  phalangers. 

SicoUon,  Manual  of  Zodl.,  p.  63S. 

Carpophilus  (kar-pof'i-lus),  n.  [NL.  (F.  car- 
jiopliili',  a.,  fi'uit-loviug).  <  Gr.  Kap-of,  fruit,  + 
jj/zor,  lo\-ing.]  A  genus  of  clavicoru  lieetles, 
of  the  family  Xitidtdida;  having  a  bilobed  la- 
brum,  11-jointed  antenna?  with  a  3-jointod 
oval  club,  legs  moderate,  tibise  widening  at 
tip,  dilated  tarsi,  simple  claws,  and  2  or  3  dor- 
sal segments  beyond  the  elytra.  C.  hemii)t<'- 
rM.s  is  a  small  species  of  wide  geographical 
distribution. 

carpophore  (kiir'po-for),  n.  [=  F.  carpophore 
=  Sp.  carpdforo,  i.  NL.  carpopho- 
rum,  <  Gr.  Kap-oijiopoi;,  bearing  fruit, 
<  Kap-vQ,  fruit,  +  -ipupo(;,  <  (fipeiv  = 
E.  if(7)-i.]  In  hot.,  the  prolongation 
of  the  floral  axis  which  bears  the 
carpels  of  some  compound  fruits, 
as  in  Geranium  and  many  Umhef- 
lifero'.  It  is  sometimes  applied,  but  less 
properly,  to  any  stipe  suppoiting  an  ovai'y, 
as  in  the  Caitparuiacete. 

carpophyl  (kar '  po-fil),  n.      [=  F. 
earpophylle,  <  NL.  curpoplitilhim,  < 
Gr.   /cop-(5r,   fruit  (see    enrjA),    + 
<l>i'/2ov  =  L.  folium,  leaf.]     In  hot.,  same  as 
carjjel. 

Carpopodite  (kiir-pop'o-dit),  ».  [<  Gr.  Kap-6r, 
the  wrist,  oarjnis,  +  -orf  (jrod-)  =  E.  foot.'] 
lu  Cruiitiicea,  the  fifth  joint  of  a  developed 
endopodite,  between  the  meropodite  and  the 
propodite.  Milne-Edwards.  See  out  under  en- 
dopodite. 

carpopoditic  (kar-pop-o-dit'ik),  a.  [<  carpopo- 
dite +  -ie.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  carpopodite. 
lliuieji. 

carpospore  (kar'po-spor),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kapjrdg, 
fruit,  -I-  cTvopd,  seed.]  One  of  the  spores  in  red 
algsB  {Floridea')  that  are  produced  in  the  cysto- 
cai-p  as  a  result  of  sexual  fertilization. 

Ttie  cystocarpic  spores,  or  carpospores,  are  always  p>Ti- 
form  and  undivided,  and  accompanied  by  paraphyscs. 

Farlow,  ilarine  Alga;,  p.  ITS. 

Carposporeae  (kar-pO-spo're-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
as  earpos])ore  +  -ea:]  In  hot.,  a  proposed 
division  of  thallojjhytes  in  which  sexual  re- 
production takes  place,  the  product  of  fertili- 
zation being  a  number  of  spores  (carj)ospores 
or  ascospores),  usually  within  an  envelop,  tlie 
whole  forming  a  sporocarp  (cystocavji).  it  in- 
cludes the  Flfiridccp  among  algie,  and  accnrdiiig  to  some 
authors  the  Ascouuicetcn  and  BasidiomtH'ilrn  \i\i\un^  fungi. 

Carpostome  (kar'po-stom),  n.  [<  Gr.  Kap~6r, 
fruit,  -1-  rjToun,  mouth.]  In  hot.,  a  narrow  open- 
ing formed  in  the  cortex  of  the  frond  of  some 
algal,  by  which  the  eystoearp  discharges  its 
spores. 

The  cystocarps  discharge  their  spores  through  carjto. 
titoincn  or  narrow  canals  formed  in  tlie  cortex  of  tlie 
frniiils.  Farloif,  Marine  Alga*,  p.  14-1. 

carp-sucker  (karp'suk"er),  h.  a  catostomoid 
fisfi  of  the  subfamily  Ictiobina;  having  a  small 


Right  Carpus  of  a 
Chelonian  {Chfly. 
dra ),  showing  nearly 
synimctrical  disposi- 
tion  of  the  carpal 
Ijoncs.  R,  radius  ;  V, 
ulna.  The  proxiniai 
series  .-ire  :  r,  radiale ; 
u,  ulnare  :  i,  intenne- 
dium;  r,  centrale:  1-5, 
the  five  carpalia,  or 
distal  carpals.  known 
as  carpale  I.  carpale 


tktr  ,h:udiii 


mouth  pro) ractih^  downward,  and  narrow  plia- 
ryngeal  bones  with  iiunieroiis  thin  tectli.  ihe 
spi'clcs  attain  a  large  size,  aiul  abunnd  in  the  .MlHnlHf«l|ipl 
valley  and  (Jreat  I.alie  region  ;  oiu?,  VarpitnU*  ntiiniiux. 
also  occurs  in  the  Athinlic  wati-rshcd.  'niey  siiperdclally 
resemble  the  European  carp,  and  are  soinetimeH  catb-.l 
rnrp  ;  they  are  also  known  as  liiijhifn-figti. 
carpus  (kiir'iius),  ».;  pi.  carpi  (-pi).  [NL.  (> 
1".  earpe  =  Sii.  Pg.  It.  eiirpii),  <  (ir.  Kaprr/ir,  (he 
wrist.]  1.  The  wrist,  wrist -joint,  or  carpal  ar- 
tlcidation  ;  tlie  proximal  segment  of  thi'manuH 
f»r  hnnd,  porresjioiiding  to  tin'  tarsus  of  the  fof>t : 
the  joint  liy  whieli  iho  linnri  or  ilisliil  division  of 
till-  foro  liinl>  is  coiineeteil  witli  tlio  foreanii. 
'I'liiis,  in  a  liorse,  the  ho-imiIIimI  ''knee"  in  the 
inrpUH. —  2.  Ksnecially  tlio  earpal  boned  or 
iiirpnlia,  oolleclively  eoiiMiilered ;  a  number  of 
siTiulj  irregnlnrly  tuuliihir  Imuh-h  intervening  bi»- 
I  u  >  cMi  the  bones  of  the  unlrliMieliiiiiM  uimI  tliosi' 


carnage 

of  the  metacarpus,  and  constituting  the  prox- 
imal division  of  the  skeleton  of  the  manus  or 

hand.     In  man  the  carpus  consists  of  8  bones  in  2  rows 

^)f  4  each.  viz. :  in  tlie  proximal  row  from  tile  radial  to  the 

ulnar  side,  the  scaphoid,  semi-lunar, 

cuneiform,  and  pisiform  ;  in  the  distal 

row,  the  trapezium,  trape/oid.  mag- 
num, and  unciform.     In  other  verte- 

itrates  the    number  of  bones  varies 

much ;  in  birds  the  free  carpals  are 

normally  reduced  to  two.     See  hand. 

3.  In  Crustacea,  the  fifth  joint 

of  the  normally  7-jointed  leg. 

between  the  meros  and  the  pro- 

podos. — 4.  In  eiitom.,  a  name 

sometimes  applied  to  the  ptero- 

stigma  or  colored  spot  on  the 

anterior  edge  of  the  wings  in 

many  insects. 
carquaise  (kar-kaz'),  n.     [F., 

also  f(f/'C((i4r;  see  carcass.]  An 

annealing-arch    used    in     the 

manufacture  of  plate-glass,  £. 

H.  Knight. 

carquenett,  ".    See  carcanet. 
Carraccesque,  a.    See  Carac- 

ersqiK  . 

carrack,  ».     See  cornel: 

carrageen, carragheen (kar'a-  n. 'm. ■.  i-v. thecor- 
gen),  II.  [From  Carragheen,  pX  ^°^  °""'"" 
near  Waterford  in  Ireland, 
where  it  aboimds.]  A  marine  alga  very  com- 
mon on  rocks  and  stones  on  the  coasts  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  it  is  a  very  vtiriable  weed,  with 
a  fiat  diebotomously  branching  frond  of  a  deep  purple- 
brown  color  and  of  a  cartilaginous  texture.  When  dried 
and  cxjiuscd  to  sunlight  it  becomes  whitish,  and  in  this 
condition  is  known  as  Jriih  jno.s>',  and  is  used  for  inakinjr 
soups,  blaiic-mange,  size,  etc.  Also  spelled  cartj^cc^i,  earn, 
fjhcen,  cftrrifjren. 

carrageenin,  carrageenine  (kar-a-ge'nin),  n. 

[<  earnigiin  +  -in-,  -in<-.]  The  mucilaginous 
constituent  of  carrageen,  represented  by  some 
chemists  under  the  formula  t'i2H2oOiQ,  and, 
like  starch,  sugar,  etc.,  appearing  to  be  a  car- 
boliyih-nte.     Also  caragenin,  lichinin. 

carragheen,  «.     See  carrageen. 

carrainet,  ".  A  Middle  English  form  of  carrion. 

carrallt,  «•     An  old  form  of  carol'^. 

Carrarese  (kar-a-res'  or-rez'),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  or  belonging  to  Carrara  in  Italy. 

Oltstacles  were  thrown  in  Michelangelo's  way,  and  the 
hostility  of  tlie  Carraroii'  workmen  was  excited  against 
him.  t'.  V.  I'l-rkiiig,  Italian  Seulptiu-e,  p.  270,  note, 

II.  II.  An  inhabitant  of  Carrara. 
carratt,  ".     A  former  spelling  of  carat. 
carra'Way,  n.     See  caraway. 
carra'Witcnet,  >i.     See  carriwitehet. 
carre't,  carre-t,  etc.     See  rari,  etc. 
carr6  (ka-ra'),  n.    [F.,  prop.  pp.  of  earrer,  make 

si|iiare:   see  quadrate.]    A  vegetable  tracing- 

pnpor,  in  size  18  by  '1-  iiu'lies. 

carreau  (kii-1'6'),  )i. ;  pi.  ('(ir)'((()fj-(-r6z').  [F., 
<  t)F.  carrel:  see  carrel^,  (juarreV^.]  If.  A 
dart ;  a  quarrel. —  2.  An  old  French  game,  simi- 
lar to  howls.  tSlrutt. — 3.  A  square  of  glass,  es- 
pecially a  siiiall  one,  used  in  ornamental  glaz- 
ing. 

carrel'  (kar'el),  H,  [<  OP.  carrel,  also  quarrel 
(>  .Ml'I.  tpuirel.  v..  ijuarrel-),  later  ean\<in,  quar- 
riaii,  V.  carreau  =  Pr.  eairel  =  OVixi.  quadrel  =z 
Sp.  qundrillo  =  It.  quadreUo,  <  ML.  quadrellu.i, 
a  sijuare  tile,  a  dart:  see  quarrel".  Cf.  carle!.] 
1.  Same  as  (/HdD'f/-. — 2.  A  mixed  fabric  of  silk 
and  woi'sti'd  used  in  the  sixteenth  eenliiry. 
Fiiirholt. —  3.  [Aiipar.  a  'square'  inclosurc; 
lint  of.  eanil-.]    .\  eloset  or  pew  in  a  monastery. 

carrel-'t  (kar'el),  n.     Same  as  carol-. 

carrelage  (kar'el-aj),  «.  [F.,  <  OF.  carrel,  a 
sipinro,  pane  (see  ciirrel^),  4-  -age.]  Tiling  in 
goiirrnl;  siiei'ilically,  the  decorated  tiling  in 
ti'rrn-i'otla  in  uno  in  llie  niiddle  ages  for  tloors 
and  the  like,  and  imilnled  in  modern  times. 
Si'c  till-,  anil  < neau.ttic  tile,  under  eneau.'itic. 

carrellt  (kar'el),  H.     Snnie  as  carol". 

carriable  (kur'i-a-bl),  a.  [<  carry  -I-  -able.'] 
t'lipiililo  lit  lieiiig  earrieil.     Nherwood. 

carriage  (knr'nj),  «.     (Kmly  moil.  K.  also  cd- 
ritigi .  <   .\II'",.   eiiriiige,   biinii'ii,    linggage,  trans- 
pull,  <  ()!'".  cariiige,  chariagi,  moil.  K.  ehiirriaga  ■. 
(>  I'g,  carruiigem,  a  ciirriage,  earl,  =  It.  car^  I 
nV/(;i((,  baggage;  Ml/,  earingium,  net  oriiricoof  1 
transporting),  <  carier,  curry:  S(>e  carry.     The 
ciiiii'i'i'te  Hoiise  of  'vehicli'"  is  ]iarlly  due  to  CO- 
riirhe,  (|.  v.]     1.  The  act  of  carrying,  bearing, 
tranHportiiig,  or  conveying. 

I'll  mil  thy  linonp,  lent  In  the  rnriaor 

It  ui-iil  besliiu,  wlllclle  Were  iiat  eommendablo. 

nulKCH  Ilmilr(K.  K.  T.  S.l.  p.  ;I0. 
'till' carrfa^c  of  toundB,  lUtcon,  Nat.  Hist 


carriage 

Tlie  Streets  be  appointeil  and  set  forth  very  commodious 
and  handsome,  lioth  foi-  car/-ifi;fi\  :uid  also  against  the 
•whids.  Sir  T.  Mm;:,  I'tiijiia  (tr,  hy  Koliinsun),  ii.  ■!. 

Spocilioally — 2.  The  oai'iyiiig  of  fjoocls,  per- 
sons, etc. ;  the  busiuess  of  transi)orhitiou. 

1  then  atlh-m  that,  if  in  time  of  war  our  business  liad  tlie 
t;u(i(l  inrtuiie  to  increase,  and  at  tlie  same  time  a  larjre, 
iiaj  the  largest  proportion  of  carria;ie  Imd  lieen  enRl-osseil 
by  neutral  nations,  itoujjht  not  in  itself  to  have  been  eon- 
sidered  as  a  eireumstance  of  ilistress. 

Hufia:,  Late  State  of  Nation. 
3t.  That  which  is  en rrit'd;  goods  transported; 
load;  burden;  freight;  baggage. 

After  those  days  we  took  lip  our  carriages,  and  went  up 
to  Jerusalem.  Acts  xxi.  l.^i. 

David  left  his  carriage  in  the  hand  of  the  keeper  of  the 
carriage.  1  .Sam.  .wii.  22. 

The  marchants  of  Constantinople  aduised  me  ...  to 
by  uiR-'iuere.l  cartes  of  mine  owne  (such  as  the  Russians 
eaii-ie  their  skins  in),  and  to  put  all  our  carriages,  which 
1  would  daylie  take  out,  into  them. 

Ilakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  91. 
The  coachman  rashly  driving  on, 
Till  coach  and  carriage  both  are  quite  o'ertlirown. 

Middleton  and  Jitueleg,  Spanish  Gypsy,  iii.  1. 

4.  In  Scots  law,  the  service  of  a  horse  and  cart. 
—  5.  The  price  or  expense  of  carrying. 

The  carriage  of  letters  will  be  very  cheap. 

Addison,  The  Newspaper. 

6.  That  which  is  used  for  carrying  or  transport- 
ing, especially  on  or  over  a  solid  surface,  (a)  A 
wheeled  vehicle  for  the  conveyance  of  persons. 

A  landau  drove  up.  a  magnificent  yellow  carriage. 

Thackeray,  Pendennis,  xxxvi. 
ih)  A  wheeled  stand  or  support :  commonly  in  composi- 
tion ;  as,  a  %\in-carriage,  a  ljlock-can*ia^e  for  mortars,  etc. 
See  gun-carriage. 

Six  6-in.  4i-ton  broadside  guns,  mounted  on  Vavasseur 
carriages.  Sci.  Anier.  Supp.,  p.  8895. 

(c)  Any  part  of  a  machine  which  carries  another  part:  as, 
the  carnage  of  a  mule-spinner,  a  shafting,  a  type-writer, 
etc.  (<i)  That  part  of  the  frame  of  the  old  hand  printing- 
picss  which  supported  and  carried  the  form  of  types  on 
the  bed  (or  cortin,  as  it  was  then  called),  in  its  movement  to 
and  from  the  platen  or  impressing  surface.  Hand-presses 
are  now  made  without  carriage-frames,  and  with  ribs  run- 
ning in  grooved  rails,  (c)  In  carp.,  the  timber-frame 
which  supports  the  steps  of  a  wooden  stair.  (/)  The  straps 
or  bands  by  which  the  sword  was  hung  from  the  waist- 
belt  in  the  sixteenth  century.    See  hanger. 

JIam.  What  call  you  the  carriages?  .  .  . 

Osr.  The  carriages,  sir.  are  the  hangers.     « 

Ilam.  The  phrase  w  ould  be  more  german  to  the  matter, 
if  we  could  carry  cannon  by  our  sides.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

7t.  The  act  of  carrying  or  taking  from  an  ene- 
my ;  conquest ;  acquisition. 

Solyman  resolved  to  besiege  Vienna,  in  good  hope  that 
by  the  carriage  ...  of  that  the  other  cities  would  .  .  . 
be  yielded.  Knolles,  Hist.  Tuiks. 

8t.  Tax;  imposition. 
liy  pryvey  raveyns  or  by  comune  tributus  or  cariages. 
Chaucer,  boethius,  i.  prose  4. 
9.  The  manner  of  carr>-ing  or  managing  one's 
person ;  hence,  behavior ;  conduct ;  deportment ; 
manners. 
A  sad  face,  a  reverend  carriage,  a  slow  tongue. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 
This  afternoon  Mr.  Waith  was  with  me,  and  did  tell  me 
much  concerning  the  Chest,  which  I  am  resolved  to  look 
into ;  and  I  perceive  he  is  sensible  of  .Sir  VV.  Batten's  car- 
riage; and  is  pleased  to  see  anything  work  against  him. 

Pepys,  Diaiy,  I.  308. 
But,  sir,  your  air  is  noble  —  something  so  liberal  in  your 
carriage,  with  so  penetrating  an  eye.  and  so  bewitching  a 
smile  !  Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  2. 

lOt.  The  act  or  manner  of  carrying  out  busi- 
ness ;  management. 

The  violent  carriage  of  it 
WUl  clear,  or  end,  the  business. 
•      ■  Shai:.,  W.  T.,  iii.  1. 

They  observed  in  the  sachem  much  state,  great  com- 
mand over  his  men,  and  marvellous  wisdom  in  his  answers 
and  the  carriage  of  the  whole  treaty. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  229. 
lit.  Bearing;  import;  tenor;  meaning. 
The  Hebrew  text  hath  no  other  carriage. 

Time's  Storehouse,  p.  112. 
As,  by  the  same  covenant. 
And  carriage  of  the  article  design'd. 
His  [moiety]  fell  to  Hamlet.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 
Well,  now  you  know  the  carriage  of  the  business, 
Your  constancy  Is  all  that  is  required. 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iv.  2. 

12.  In  equity  practice,  control  or  conduct,  it 
implies  the  priririty  of  right  to  go  forward  with  a  pro- 
ceeding ui  the  prosecution  of  which  others  also  are  inter- 
ested. 

The  party  which  is  entrusted  with  the  execution  of  the 
dedimus  is  said  to  have  the  carriage  of  the  commission, 
and  if  the  first  commission  is  lost  by  reason  of  the  default 
or  neglect  of  the  party  who  had  the  carriage  of  it.  the 
carriage  of  the  second  will  be  given  to  the  adverse  party. 

D.  G.  Lube. 

13.  A  drain;  a  furrow  cut  for  the  purpose  of 
carrying  off  water.  Grnxe.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 14. 
A  customary  dry  measure  used  for  lime,  con- 
sisting of  64  heaped  bushels. -compos'te  car- 

.13 


833   ' 

riage,  a  railway-carriage  made  up  of  compartments  of 
dillenntclasses,  as  first,  second,  and  tiiii-d:  in  use  in  Eng- 
laud  and  on  the  continent  of  Hurrjpc.— MotOr  Carriage, 
an  :iutom..bilc  carriage.  — Sea-COast  carriage,  a  carriage 
for  snpiiurting  heavy  gun.s.  used  ..n  tin' .s.;ih.iard.  These 
carriages  are  not  used  for  transportation.- State  car- 
riage, the  carriaite  of  a  prince  or  sovereign,  used  when 
b^'  a|ipi;ars  publicly  in  state.  =  Syn.  9.  Uiportmenl,  De- 
inratior.  etc.     See  lieharior, 

carriageable  (kar'ri,j-ii-bl),  a.     [<  carriage  + 
-nljlv.]    1.  Capable  of  being  conveyed  in  a  car- 
riage or  carriages.— 2.  Passable  by  carriages. 
Wo  drove  on  for  some  distance  over  an  old  Roman  road, 
as  carringeahte  as  when  it  was  built. 

Lowell,  I'ireside  Travels,  p.  232. 

carriage-bridge  (kar'aj-bri.i),  «.  jI/////., a  bridge 
inacle  lo  bo  moved  on  wheels,  for  use  in  attack- 
ing fortifications. 

carriage-company  (kar'rij-kiitn"pa-ni),  n.  Peo- 
ple u-lio  kofi)  llicir  carriages;  persons  wealthy 
enoughtopay  visits,  etc., in  their  own  carriages. 
There  is  no  phrase  more  elegant  and  to  my  taste  than 
that  in  wliich  people  arc  described  as  •'  seeing  a  great  deal 
of  cfirnrige-rnnipany."  Thachray,  .Vewcomes,  ix. 

carriagedt  (kar'a.jd),  a.     [<  carria;/c,  n.,  9,  + 

-cil".\     Behaved;  mannered.     See  carriaye,  9. 

A  flue  lady,  .  .  .  very  well  carriai/crf  and  mighty  discreet. 

Pepys,  Diary,  June  14,  HiGi. 

carriage-free  (kar'aj-fre),  a.     Free  of  charge 

for  carriage.  '    • 

carriage-guard  (kar'aj-gard),  n.  A  plate  on 
the  bed  of  a  carriage  where  the  fore  wheel  rubs 
when  the  carriage  is  turned. 

carriage-lock  (kar'aj-lok),  n.  A  brake  for  a 
carnage.     Ji.  II.  Knight. 

carriage-piece  (kar'aj-pes),  n.  in  carp.,  one 
of  the  slanting  pieces  on  which  the  steps  of  a 
wooden  staircase  are  laid. 

carriage-spring  (kar 'aj- spring),  «.  A  spring 
fitted  to  the  gearing  of  a  carriage.  The  term  is 
applied  especially  to  fine  springs  used  on  light  vehicles, 
as  distinguished  from  wagon-springs  and  car-springs. 
When  of  metal  they  are  usually  classed  as  elliptical  and 
C  springs,  the  two  kinds  being  combined  and  used  in  a 
great  variety  of  ways.  Wood  is  used  for  springs  in  the 
side-bar  system  of  susjiension  and  in  the  buckboard,  and 
is  sometimes  coiiiliincd  in  both  cases  with  steel  springs. 
See  side-har  and  Imrklmard. 

carriageway  (kar'aj-wa),  n.  The  part  of  a 
road,  street,  or  bridge  intended  to  be  used  by 
wheeled  vehicles;  a  roadway. 

In  1845  the  urea  of  the  carriage-way  of  the  city  was 
estimated  at  418,000  square  yards.  Mayhew. 

carriboo,  «.     See  caribou. 

carrickl  (kar'ik),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  1. 
The  ball  or  block  of  wood  used  in  the  game 
of  shinty. — 2.  The  game  of  shinty.     [Scotch.] 

carrick-  (kar'ik),  ».     See  carack. 

carrick-bend  (kar'ik-bend),  n.  Naut., 
a  particular  kind  of  knot  for  joining 
two  cables  or  hawsers. 

carrick-bitt  (kar'ik-bit),  n.  Naut.,  one 
of  the  bitts  whicli  support  the  windlass. 

carried  (kar 'id),  j>.  a.  1.  So  ab- 
stracted as  to  lose  the  power  of  atten- 
tion to  matters  at  hand. — 2.  In  an  im- 
paired state  of  mind ;  not  in  full  pos- 
session of  one's  mental  powers,  as  an 
effect  of  fever. 

He  [David  Dcansl  was  heard  to  mutter  some- 
thing alxiut  natiiinal  defections,  right-hand  ex- 
tremes, and  left-hand  fallings-off ;  but,  as  May 
Hettly  observed,  his  head  was  carried  at  the  time. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xlix.      v-amcK- 

3.  Elevated  in  mind ;  transported  with 

joy  or  some  other  strong  emotion ;  beside  one's 

self.     [Obsolete  or  Scotch  in  these  uses.] 

Thev  lose  tlieir  own  souls,  whilst  covetously  carried. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  5%. 
.\11  are  passionate,  and  furiously  carried  sometimes. 

Burto'n,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  328. 

carrier!  (kar'i-er),  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  car- 
ri/er,  carri/ar,  carter,  <  ME.  cnri/arc;  <  carri/  -¥■ 
-e/'l.]     1.  One  who  or  that  which  carries  or  con- 
veys. 
The  air  ...  is  ...  a  carrier  of  sounds. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 
The  oxidation  in  the  body  is  carried  on  by  the  tissues 
themselves ;  .  .  .  the  blood  is  merely  a  carrier,  and  the 
lungs  are  the  vehicle  of  discharge. 

W.  L.  Carpenter,  Energy  in  Nature,  p.  198. 

Specifically — 2.  One  who  for  hire  undertakes 
the  conveyance  of  goods  or  persons.  The  law 
distinguishes  between  conunon  carriers  and  private  or 
special  carriers.  One  who  carries  not  as  a  business,  but 
only  on  occasion  by  special  agreement,  is  termed  a  private 
or  special  carrier.  One  who  holds  hunself  out  as  a  car- 
rier, inviting  the  employment  of  the  public  generally,  is  a 
common  carrier.  He  is  bound  to  serve  without  favoritism 
all  who  desire  to  employ  him,  and  is  liable  for  the  safety 
of  goods  intrusted  to  him,  except  by  losses  from  the  act 
of  God  or  from  public  enemies,  or  unless  special  exemp- 
tion has  been  agreed  upon ;  and  in  respect  to  the  safety 
of  passengers  eai'ried  he  is  liable  for  injuries  wliich  he 


carrion 

might  have  prevented  by  special  care.  The  most  familiar 
classes  of  common  carriers  are  railroad  companies.  sta;:e- 
coach  iiroijrictcu'H,  expressmen,  truckmen,  ship-owners, 
steamboat-lines,  lightermen,  and  ferrymen.  The  speiial 
rules  of  liability  which  the  law,  for  reasons  of  j>nblic 
policy,  imposes  on  common  carriers  have  not  been  ap])licd 
in  their  full  extent  to  the  business  of  drovers,  owners  f,f 
tow-bo.at8,  log-drivers,  .and  others  who  do  not  literally 
carry  the  projicrty  intrusted  U>  them ;  nor  are  telegrajih 
companies  deemed  common  carriers  in  respect  to  the 
messages  they  transmit. 

3.  A  caiTior-pigeon. —  4t.  One  who  manages  or 
arranges  affau's. 

A  master  of  the  duel,  a  carrier  of  the  differences. 

B.  ./onson,  .Mercury  \'indicated. 

5.  In  mack. :  («)  A  piece  of  iron  fixed  by  a  set- 
screw  on  the  end  of  a  shaft  or  sjiindle  to  be 
turned  in  a  latlie,  or  to  a  mandrel  on  which 
a  rouinl  ob.jeet  is  driven  for  the  jjui^jose  of  be- 
ing turned ;  a  latfie-dog.  A  projection  in  the 
ccnter-cliuck  or  face-plate  drives  the  carrier 
around,  (ti)  The  distributing-roller  of  a  card- 
ing-machine.  A'.  U.  Kuiglit.  (c)  A  roller  be- 
tween I  lie  <lnim  and  the  feeding-rollers  of  a 
scribbliug-machine,  for  spinning  wool.  E.  H. 
Kniglit.  ((I)  In  a  braiding-maehiiie,  a  sjiool- or 
bobbin-holder  which  follows  in  a  curved  path 
intersecting  the  paths  of  other  bobbins,  and  so 
lays  up  the  thread  into  a  braid.  E.  H.  Knight. 
(e)  A  hoist,  as  the  mold-carrier  in  sugar-works. 
(/)  Part  of  the  breech-action  of  a  magazine- 
gim.  See  carrier-ring. —  6.  An  oyster  that 
will  bear  transportation  well.  [U.  S.]  — Bar- 
bary  carrier.  Same  iis  teri/s,  2.— Carrier's  sauce, 
j)ooiMoan's  sauce.     See  sauce. 

carrier- 1,  «.  and  r.    An  old  spelling  of  career. 

carrier-bird  (kar'i-er-berd),  n.  Same  as  car- 
rier-pigeon. 

As  light  as  carrier-birds  in  air. 

Te7inyson,  In  Memoriam,  xxv. 

carrier-pigeon  (kar'i-er-i)ij"on),  n.  A  pigeon 
of  a  particular  breed  trained  to  convey  from 
one  place  to  another  written  messages  tied  to 
the  neck  or  wing,  or  more  commonly  to  the  leg. 
Tlie  destination  of  the  message  must  be  some  point  ntar 
the  pigeon's  home,  whither  it  will  fly  Jmck  from  any  place 
to  which  it  has  been  carried;  hence  it  is  also  called  the 
homing-pigeon.  The  distance  from  which  it  will  return  to 
its  home,  when  in  perfect  condition,  may  be  a  thousand 
miles  or  more. 

Prayer  is  Innocence's  friend  ;  and  willingly  flieth  incessant 

'Tw'ixt  the  earth  and  the  sky,  the  carrier-jngeon  of  heaven. 

Longfellou;  Children  of  the  Lord's  Supper. 

carrier-ring  (kar'i-er-ring),  n.  A  steel  ring 
for  supporting  the  breech-screw  of  a  steel  field- 
piece  when  it  is  withdrawn  from  its  position 
in  the  breech  and  is  swung  roimd  to  open  the 
breech  for  loading. 

The  stops,  which  are  fitted  into  the  carrier-ring  .  .  . 
and  hold  the  plug  when  the  carrier-ring  is  swung  back. 
lle/uirt  of  Chief  o.f  Ordnance,  U.  S.  A.,  1884,  p.  512. 

carrier-shell  (kar'i-er-shel),  n.  A  name  of 
shells  of  the  family  Phoridw,  as  Xenophora  con- 
<7(///(iy)/)0('«,  given  because 
they  attach  to  themselves 
foreign  bodies,  as  shells, 
stones,  and  corals.  .Also 
called  ronchologist  and 
minrralogi.st. 

carrikt,  carriket,  «•  Mid- 
dle English  forms  of  ca- 
rack. 

carrion  (kar'i-on),  «.  and 
a.  [<  ME.  carion,  caryon, 
also  caroin,  caroyne,  ca- 
reyne,  carayne,  caraigne, 
caren,  etc., <  OF.  caroigne, 
charoigne,    carongne,    F. 

carogne  =  Pr.  caronha  =  Sp.  carroiia  =  It.  CO' 
rogna,  <  ML.  caronia,  a  carcass,  <  L.  caro,  flesh: 
.see  cflrHft/.]  I.  n.  If.  A  dead  body ;  a  corpse ; 
a  carcass;  flesh. 

The  chirche  schal  haue  my  careyne  and  kepe  mi  bones. 

Pirrs  Ptoumtan  (A),  viL  84. 

They  did  eat  the  dead  carrions  and  one  another  soon 

after.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Ravens  are  seen  in  flocks  where  a  carrion  lies. 

Sir  W.  TempU. 
Hence — 2.  A  mere  carcass:  used  of  a  living 
person,  as  a  term  of  contempt. 
That  foolish  carrion,  ilistress  Quickly. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ilLS. 
Yon  island  carrions,  desperate  of  their  bones, 
Ill-favour'dly  become  the  morning  field. 

.S'*«i-..  Hen.  v.,  iv.  2. 

3.  The  dead  and  putrefying  body  or  flesh  of 
animals ;  flesh  so  corrupted  as  to  be  unfit  for 
food. 

As  one 
That  smells  a  foul-flesh'd  agaric  in  the  holt. 
And  deems  it  carrion  of  some  woodland  tbiiiL,'- 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 


Carrier-sheU 
UVenofhora  cmicltyiophora'). 


camon 
n.f  a.    Dead  and  putrefying,  as  a  caxcass. 

Carrion  men  groaning  for  bnriaL        Shak.,  J.  C,  iU.  1. 

carrion-beetle  (kar'i-on-be'^tl),  h.  A  necroph- 
agous eoleopter;  a  beetle  that  feeds  upon  or 
deposits  its  eggs  in  carrion. 

carrion-crow  (kar'i-on-kro),  n.  1.  The  com- 
mon crow  of  Europe,  Corvtis  corone :  so  called 
because  it  often  feeds  on  carrion.  See  cut 
under  crow. — 2.  The  urubu  or  black  -N-ulture 
of  America,  Catliarista  afrata,  a  common  bird 
of  the  southern  United  States,  resembling  the 
turkev-buzzard,  and  feeding  entirely  upon  car- 
rion.-^ 3.  The  common  crow  of  America,  Cor- 
rus  amc)k-a)iii)i.—4:.  A  name  of  the  European 
rook,  Corrii*-  frugilegus. 

carrion-feeder  ( kar '  i  -  on  -  f  §  '  dfer),  n .  An  ani- 
mal that  feeds  upon  camon :  said  especially  of 
vultures  and  earaearas.    Daricin. 

carrion-flower  (kar'i-on-flou  er),  Ji.  A  name 
given  to  various  plants  the  flowers  of  which 
have  an  offensive  carrion-like  odor,  especially 
to  species  of  the  genus  Stapelia  and  to  Sniilax 
herbacea. 

carrion-hawk  (kar'i-on-hak),  H.  A  hawk  or 
other  bird  of  prey  that  feeds  upon  can-ion; 
one  of  the  CiitUiiriUJte  or  Poli/borin(V,  as  a  con- 
dor, tmkey-vulture,  or  earacara.    Darwin. 

carrion-Vlilture  (kar'i-on-vul'tur),  «.  A  vul- 
ture that  feeds  on  carrion ;  especially,  an  Amer- 
ican \-ulture  of  the  family  Catliartidcc :  as,  "con- 
dors, like  other  carrion-iiiltuies,"  Darwin. 

carritch  (kar'ich),  Ji.  [Also  written  caritch, 
and  hi  quasi-plural  form  carilches,  a  humorous 
perversion  of  catechism,  q.  v.]  A  catechism. 
[Scotch.] 

carriwitchet  (kar'i-wieh-et),  n.  [Also  spelled 
carrtiicitclid,  carawitchet,  carwhichcf,  prob.,  like 
carritch,  a  humorous  perversion  of  catechism, 
q.  v.]  An  absurd  question ;  a  quibble ;  a  co- 
nundrum ;  a  pun ;  a  piece  of  jocularity  or  f  ace- 
tiousness.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

A  bare  cliucli  will  serve  the  turn;  a  canrichd,  a  quar- 
UrHiuibblc,  or  a  pOn.         Dryden,  The  Wild  Gallant,  L  1. 

He  has  all  sorts  of  echoes,  rebuses,  chronograms,  etc., 
besides  cirtcliicheu,  clenches,  and  quibbles.  Butler. 


834 

carrot  (kar'ot),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  carol, 
carotc;  ^zG.'carotte,  larott'c,  <  F.  cncoff, now cn- 
rotte  =  It.  caroici.  <  L.  earota,  prob.  <  Gr.  Kopurdv, 
a  carrot.]  1.  The  common  name  of  plants  of 
the  umbelliferous  genus  Da  uctis,  the  best-known 
species,  D.  Carota,  \-ielding  in  cultivation  the 
vegetable  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a  untivc  of  Eu- 
rope and  northern  Asia,  and  was  used  as  a  veiietable  in 
e.^rly  times.  The  wild  carrot  is  the  same  species  growing 
spontaneously  in  the  fields,  where  it  becomes  a  noxious 
weed  with  a  small  and  tough  white  root.  The  seeds  are 
used  as  a  diuretic  and  stinmlaut.  The  native  carrot  of 
Australia  is  D.  brachiatus.    See  cut  under  Daueti^. 

2.  The  tap-root  of  Daiicus  Carota,  ctiltivated  for 
the  table  and  for  cattle.  There  are  numerous  varie- 
ties, diltering  much  in  size  and  shape.  The  grated  root  is 
used  in  poultices  for  ulcers,  and  the  juice  for  the  coloring 
of  butter. 

3.  A  solid  round  piece  of  rock,  cut  out  in  a 
hole  made  by  a  machine-di-ill :  called  in  the 
United  States,  and  often  in  England,  a  core. — 

4.  }il.  Rolls  of  tobacco  formed  by  placing  the 
moist  prepared  leaves  together  in  large  hand- 
fuls,  and  winding  about  them  grasses  or  strips 
of  dry  fibrous  wood,  thus  partially  consolidat- 
ing the  leaves,  so  that  they  require  only  to  be 
ground,  or  rasped  and  sifted,  to  make  the  finest 
and  purest  snuff,  called  rappee. —  5.  p}.  [From 
the  resemblance  of  color.]  Yellowish-red  hair 
on  a  human  being.  [Slang.]  — Candy  or  Cretan 
carrot,  the  Athamdnta  Crclt^nsis,  an  umbelliferous  spe- 
cies of  the  Levant,  the  seeds  of  which  hiive  pri'perties 
simil.ar  to  those  of  Daucus  Onro(a.-- Deadly  carrot,  the 
Thap-s'ia  Garganica,  an  umbellate  of  soutlu-rii  Europe,  an 
acrid  irritant,  formerly  used  in  plasters  fur  the  relief  of 
rlu'limatic  and  other  local  pains.— Oil  of  carrot,  a  vol- 
atile oil,  whose  composition  is  not  known  with  certainty, 
obtained  in  small  quantity  by  distilling  the  roots  of  car- 
rots with  water. 

carrot  (kar'ot),  V.  t.  [<  carrot,  n.,  the  oil  of 
carrot  being  one  of  the  preparations  used  for 
this  pm-pose.]  Among  furriers,  to  dress,  as  a 
pelt,  by  rubbing  a  preparation  into  it  designed 
to  preserve  it  from  the  ravages  of  insects. 

staple  furs  .  .  .  dressed,  carrotcd,  and  cut  from  the  skin. 
Encyc.  ISril.,  IX.  837. 

carrotiness  (kar'ot-i-nes),  n.  [<  carroty  + 
-ncss.^  The  condition  of  being  of  a  carroty  or 
reddish-yellow  color;  especially,  this  condition 
of  the  hair. 


Sir  John  had  always  his  budget  full  of  punns^onu.,-  garrot-tres  (kar'ot-tre),  «.    A  curious,  some- 

drums,  and  ^nrrairi/c/i«r/».  AroutnnoT.   ^*^*^^"  »^^^   \  ,,.«''  ,      ..    ir      ■   ■       ^ 

u>u.u^,  u.i  what  woody,  umbelliferous  plant,  Moni::ia  cdii- 

li.<t,   found  only  upon  the  uninhabited  islands 

lymg  southeast  of  iladcira,  on  high  cliffs  over- 


Fun,  pun,  conundrum,  carriwitchet. 

Garrick,  Correspondence,  etc.,  II.  296. 


carro  (kUr'o),  n.  [It.,  prop,  a  cart-load:  see 
cnrl.]  A  wine  measure  of  Lombardy  and  Nice, 
equal  to  130  United  States  (wiue)  gallons,  108 
imiierial  gallons,  or  492.5  liters. 

carroccio  (ka-roch'io),  n.  [It.,  a  car,  carriage, 
coach,  aug.  of  carro,  a  car:   see  caroche  and 


hanging  the  sea.  The  roots  are  sometimes  used  for 
food  in  case  of  need  by  temporary  sojourners  upon  the 
islands. 
carroty  (kar'ot -i),  a.  [<  carrot  +  -t/l.]  Like  a 
eaiTot  in  color:  an  epithet  given  to  yellowish 
or  recWisli  hair. 


cari.]  The  car  of  war,  on  which  the  standard  carrousel  (kar'6-zel),  «.  [F.]  1 .  See  carousal" , 
was  borne  into  battle,  peculiar  to  the  Italian  1. — 2.  A  nierry-go-round  (which  see).  Also 
republics  of  the  middle  ages.  ^^Titten  carouxal,  caroii.-<tl. 

Thecnrroreio,  or  "great  car,- that  bore  the  standard  of  CarrOW't  (kar'o),   n.     [<  Ir.   and  Gad.  carach. 


the  connnnne,  was  a  symbol  of  Independence  widely  in 
use  among  the  free  cities  of  Italy.  Its  invention  is  as- 
cribed to  Eriberto,  Archbishop  of  Milan  in  the  eleventh 
ccntur)'. 

r.  E.  Sorton,  Church-building  in  Sllddle  Ages,  p.  110. 

carrock,  ».    See  carack. 

carrolt,  ».    See  curol^,  caroft. 

carrolllte  (kar'o-lit),  «.  [<  Carroll  (see  def.) 
+  -it'-.]  A  sulphid  of  copper  and  cobalt  ob- 
faiin  il  from  Carroll  county,  Maryland. 

carrom,  ".  and  r.     See  carom. 


cunning,  deceitful,  <  car,  a  twist,  turn,  trick.] 
In  Ireland,  one  who  wandered  about  and  luade 
his  living  by  cards  and  dice ;  a  strolling  game- 
ster.    Spenser. 

carrow-  (kar'o),  n.     [Cf.  cartcca,  caruc.]    An 
ancient  Irish  subdivision  of  land. 

The  Ceathraii-hadh,  carroiv  or  (luartcr. 

It'.  K.  .'iidlivan,  O'Curry. 

carr-swallow,  «.     See  car-swallow. 
carruca,  ".    See  caruca. 

See  cariieage. 


carronade  (kar-o-nad'),  ?(.    [<  Carron,  in  Scot-  carrucaget,  n 
land,  where  it  was  first  made,  -I-  -eidc^,  as  in  carrucatet,  ".     See  carucate. 
grenade,  etc. ;  hence  F.  caronadc  =  Sp.  Pg.  ca-  carry  (kar'i),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carried,  ppr.  car 


ronmla.]  A  short  piece  of  ordnance  having  a 
large  caliber 
and  a  cham- 
ber for  the 
powder,  like 
u  in^irfiir. 

carron-oil     . 

(kar'on-oil),    I^CL/Wl^^^B Ci -.^ 
n.      A    lini-    "^B^M^^gE^^^^ 

mont        com-  tarr.ir.ik, 

jxihimI  of  lin- 

Beid-oil  and  lime-water:  so  called  from  being 
miii'h  uHed  fur  liiimH  at  the  Carron  Iron  Works 
ill  StirlingHliirc,  Scotland. 

carroon',  n.     H<i'  mmon. 

carroon-  (kn-ri>n'),  n.  [AIho  in  corrupt  fonn 
f«r'"/, „<;i,rob.  <  OF.  carron,  V.  charron,  <  .\ll>. 
rnfi  ,1.)  f„r  *carro(n-),  n  wogon-mnker,  cart- 
wrijtlit,  prob.  niHo  (like  the  nimilar  L.  carpen- 
f/irii/'.  II  wiigon-mnker:  see  carpenter)  n  cnrl- 
driv" T.  <  I,.  rnrriiH,  a  car,  e-iirt :  nee  rrtr'.J  A 
Iji'i'fixo  fr.'ti  <)-.'■  lord  mayor  of  London  to  keep 
IV  cnrt.      li  '•'.  '.!,.. 

carroflset,  'i     .-••i,,  caroche. 


rijniii.  [Karly  mod.  E.  also  carric,  earu,  carie, 
<ME.  eiirirn,'<.  ()K.  carter,  earuier  (>  F.  ehar- 
rier,  also  charroijrr)  =  I'r.  carregar  =  OCal. 
carrejar  =  OSp.  carrear  =  It.  ctirreggiare  (ML. 
carricarc),  carry,  orig.  transport  in  a  vehicle, 
<  L.  earrii.i  (>  (IF.  ear,  etc.),  a  cart,  car:  see 
eiir^.  Hence,  from  ML,  carricarc,  ult.  E.  cari- 
cature, earl;,  cargii,  ehiinic,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1. 
■|'o  hear  or  <'Oiivey  from  a  Ktarting-poiiit,  or  in 
going;  take  along  or  transport  by  the  use  of 
physical  Htreiigtli  or  means;  niovo  or  cause  to 
be  moved  along  with  one:  as,  to  carry  a  cane 
in  the  hand,  or  goods  in  a  ship. 

When  ho  dieth,  ho  shall  carri/  notlilnn  away. 

!•«.  xllx.  n. 

Tliey  will  carrii  thoir riches  upon  the  shoiildcni  of  young 
lumen.  I»«-  X««-  O- 

.Nay,  daughUr,  carry  tho  wine  In ;  wc  will  ilrlnk  within. 
.S/i<i*.,  M.  W.  otW.,1.  1. 

2.  To  be  the  means  of  conveying;  serve  an  the 
vehicle  of,  or  as  a  trnii»|iorting  ui-  IriiiiHinitliiig 
agency  for:  as,  a  Hhi|>  or  a  wagon  carrieH  goods 
to  market;  tho  wind  earrinl  the  Hliip  out  of  her 
course ;  the  almosplioro  earrus  hoiuiUh. 


carry 

Her  own  feet  shall  carry  her  afar  off  to  sojourn. 

Isa.  xiii.  7. 
I  must  corrw  her  word  quickly. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  5. 

We  shall  probably  not  be  far  wrong  in  saying  that  the 
Thames  carries  down  to  the  sea,  every  year,  14  million 
cubic  feet  of  solid  matter.  Huxleij,  Physiog.,  p.  US. 

3.  To  lead  or  conduct  in  going;  escort,  urge, 
or  drive  along:  as,  to  carry  off  a  friend,  or  a 
squad  of  prisoners. 

A\)d  he  carried  away  all  his  cattle.  Gen.  x.\i.  18. 

^Vhy  hast  thou  dealt  thus  with  us,  to  carry  us  forth  out 
of  Egypt?  E-v  xiv.  11. 

I  earned  him  home  to  dinner  with  me. 

Smollett,  Roderick  Random,  Ixviii. 

4.  To  lead  or  project  in  a  specified  direction, 
phvsicaUy  or  mentally;  direct  or  continue  to 
or  toward  some  point  in  space,  time,  or  contem- 
plation: as,  to  carry  forward  a  line  of  survey, 
or  an  undertaking;  he  carried  his  history,  or 
his  readers,  back  to  the  remotest  times;  he 
carried  his  theorj'  to  its  logical  residt. 

Slanethes,  that  wrote  of  the  Egyptians,  hath  carried  up 
their  government  to  an  incredible  distance. 

Sir  ,V.  Hale,  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

War  was  to  be  diverted  from  Greece  by  being  carried. 
into  Asia.  Mitford. 

Nothing  short  of  a  miracle  could  carry  tar  the  improve- 
ments which  have  been  attempted  and  in  part  begun. 

Brouijham. 

Like  all  beliefs  found  successful  in  one  subject,  it  was 
carried  over  into  another.  IF.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  1. 143. 
Hence  —  5.  To  impel;  drive:  as.  the  gale  car- 
ried the  fleet  out  of  its  course. —  6.  To  put  or 
place  forward;  transfer  to  an  advanced  posi- 
tion or  stage :  as,  to  earn/  a  case  into  com-t,  or 
up  to  the  supreme  court ;  in  adding,  we  set 
down  the  units  and  carry  the  tens  (that  is,  trans- 
fer theiu  to  the  next  column  in  advance). —  7. 
To  conduct:  manage:  often  with  an  indefinite 
it:  as,  to  cncr.v  matters  with  a  high  hand;  he 
carried  it  bravely :  archaic,  except  with  on :  as, 
to  carry  on  business.     See  phrases  below. 

Will  the  elophaut  -Max  carry  it  thus? 

Sliak.,  T.  and  C,  iL  3. 
We  have  carried  the  business  nobly. 

.Middleton  (and  <.(Ads),  The  Widow,  i.  2. 
He  being  reconciled  the  day  before,  all  things  w^ere  car- 
ried very  lovingly  amongst  all. 

Wintl)roi>,  Hist.  New  EiLudand,  I.  91. 

8.  To  bear  to  a  consummation ;  conduct  to  a 
desired  or  a  successfid  issue ;  gain  or  achieve 
by  management:  as,  to  carry  a  legislative  mea- 
sure, or  an  election;  to  carry  out  one's  jiurpose. 

I  look  by  her  means  tor  a  reformation, 

And  sncll  a  one,  and  such  a  rare  way  carried,, 

That  all  the  world  shall  wonder  at. 

i>f'rti/.  and  Ft.,  \'alentinian,  i.  -. 

You  must  either  carry  the  r.ill.  or  make  it  as  cletu-  a* 
day  that  you  have  ilone  all  in  your  power  to  do  so. 

Sydney  Sinitli,  To  the  Countess  Grey. 

9.  To  gain  by  effort  or  contest;  gain  posses- 
sion or  control  of ;  succeed  in  gaining  or  taking ; 
take  or  win  from  or  as  from  an  enemy;  cap- 
ture: as,  to  carry  a  fortress  by  assault;  to  <■(/»•- 
ry  a  district  in  an  election ;  to  carry  off  a  prize. 

Gonsalvo,  availing  himself  of  these  friendly  dispositions, 
pnslied  forward  his  successes,  carryinrj  one  strrmgholti 
after  another.  rrencott.  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  2. 

llie  Kepillilicans  had  carried  the  country  upon  an  issue 
in  wliirh  I'tliics  were  more  dlstinctl.N  and  visibly  ndngled 
with  politics  than  usual.      LowfU.  Stmly  \\  indows,  p.  1;.7. 

Henci — 10.  To  succeed  in  electing:  as,  to  car- 
ry a  camlidate.  [Eng.]  — 11.  To  lead  or  draw 
mentally;  transport,  tirge,  or  impel  the  mind 
of;  iiilluenco  to  a  course  of  action,  tlioiiglil.br 
feeling:  as,  the  speaker  carried  liis  audience 
with  liiiii;  his  passion  carried  liinraway  or 
astray;  he  was  carried  out  of  himself. 

W  by  ilolh  thine  heart  carry  thee  away  ?         Job  xv.  12. 

Ill  nature,  ptuisloii,  and  revenge  will  carrii  them  too  far 
In  puiiiHhing  others.  Locke. 

12.  To  lieur  up  and  support,  wli(>1lier  in  mo- 
tion or  III,  rest ;  move,  luila,  orsustain  the  mass 
or  weight  of:  as,  to  carry  tlu'  body  griic<'fiilly ; 
he  (viicir.v  his  woun<led  arm  in  a  sling;  the  briilge 
carries  a  iwrnuineiit  load  of  so  niany  tons;  tho 
wall  cannot  curry  such  a  weight. 

To  carry  up  the  body  tiilic,  is  clecinl,  and  cloth  shew 
A  comely  grace  in  any  one,  Where  ever  be  doth  goe. 

llatiecH  l!ook(K.  K.  T.  s,).  p.  2IVi. 

Set  lliein  a  rea»i>nablc  depth,  and  they  will  carrii  more 

shoots  upon  the  slem.  Hiieon,  Nut.  Ill«t. 

13.  To  hear,  or  bear  aliout,  as  a  lixeil  or  inlier- 
eiit  ae<^ompaniinent,  jiliysical  ormoriil;  hold  a» 
an  aiipurteiiance,  (inality.  or  eliaracteristic:  a», 
he  earries  n  liullet  in  his  liody ;  his  opinioiiH  car- 
ry great  weight, 

Nonianhatli  ,  ,  .  an  attaint  but  he  carriV*  some  sl«in 
of  It.  67ia*.,  T.  and  C,  1. 1 


carry 

The  name 
Of  friend's  too  narrow  for  him,  and  I  want 
A  word  that  carries  more  divinity. 

Shirlcit,  Love's  Cruelty,  i.  1. 

In  some  vegetables  we  see  something  that  carries  a  kind 

of  analogy  to  sense.  Sir  M.  Hale,  Grig,  of  ilankind. 

14.  To  hold  or  bear  the  charge  of;  keep  in  pos- 
session or  on  hand  for  disposal  or  management : 
as,  to  carrij  a  large  stock  of  goods ;  to  carry  stocks 
or  bonds  for  a  customer. — 15.  Reflexively,  to 
behave  ;  demean ;  deport.  [Now  rare  in  this 
sense,  hear  being  used  instead.] 

fie  carried  hiiiisel/  so  insolently  in  the  house,  and  out 
of  the  house,  to  all  persons,  that  he  became  odious. 

Clarei}don. 

16 1.  To  hold  or  entertain  as  an  opinion ;  uphold. 

Divers  other  foul  errors  were  discovered,  which  had 
been  secretly  carried  by  w.ay  (-pf  inquiry,  but  after  were 
maintained  by  Mrs.  Hutchinson  and  others. 

Wiiithrup,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  304. 

\7\.  To  bear  up  under ;  endure;  undergo. 

Is  it  in  the  power 
Of  flesh  and  blood  to  carry  this,  and  live  ? 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  v.  5. 
Carry  arms  (mint.),  an  order  to  a  company  or  regiment 
directing'  ttie  niiisket  or  rifle  to  be  held  in  the  right  hand, 
tlie  liarrel  nearly  vertical  and  resting  in  the  hollow  of  the 
f^houlder  with  the  guard  to  the  front,  the  arm  hanging  its 
full  length  near  the  body,  the  thumb  and  forefinger  era- 
ttracing  the  guard,  the  stock  just  under  the  hammer  being 
grasped  by  the  remaining  tingt-rs.  witli  tin-  little  finger  rest- 
ing on  the  hammer.— To  carry  a  bone  In  the  mouth. 
.See  botie'i. — TO  carry  a  scent,  in  .fii.r-/iitnti>i[f,  to  follow 
the  scent.— To  carry  away.  (")  S'ant.,  to  break  oft:  as, 
tlie  ship  has  carried  aimij  Ijer  jil>-l>i'oiii  (that  is,  has  broken 
it  off).  Also  said  of  a  rupe  »,ir  clKiin  parted  by  violence. 
A  spar  is  earned  away  when  it  is  broken  or  disabled. 

Qualtrongh,  Boat-.Sailer's  Manual,  p.  244. 
(6)  Figuratively,  to  transport ;  absorb  the  attention  of ; 
lead  astray  or  beyond  bounds :  as,  to  be  carried  away  by 
music ;  his  passion  carried  him  away. 

Carried  away  by  the  delusions  of  fancy,  I  almost  ima- 
gine myself  surrounded  by  the  shades  of  the  departed,  and 
holding  sweet  converse  with  the  worthies  of  antiquity. 

Irviny,  Knickerbocker,  p.  146. 
To  carry  a  weather  helm  (nant.),  to  keep  the  helm, 
or  have  it  kept,  as  a  ship,  a  little  to  the  windward  side 
in  steering  a  straight  course,  close-hauled.— To  carry 
coalst,  to  bear  injuries ;  put  up  witli  an  affront. 

Gregory,  o'  my  word,  we'll  not  carry  coals. 

Shak.,  K.  and  J.,  i.  1. 
To  carry  coals  to  Newcastle,  to  take  things  to  a  place 

where  tliey  already  aboinul,  Newcastle  being  in  a  gre^lt 
coal-producing  region  ;  hcTu^e,  to  perform  unnecessary  la- 
bor ;  lose  one's  laljor.  —  To  carry  it  Off,  to  bear  out ;  face 
through  ;  brazen  a  thing  out.  — To  carry  OflF.  (a)  'To  re- 
move to  a  distance,  {b)  To  kill :  as,  to  be  carried  offhy 
sickness. 

This  was  followed  by  a  fit  of  sickness,  which  had  like  to 
have  carried  her  ojf  last  winter.         Steele,  Tatler,  No.  95. 

To  carry  on,  to  manage  or  be  engaged  in  ;  continue  to 
jirosecute  ;  keep  in  progress  :  as,  to  carry  on  husbandry  or 
war ;  to  carry  oti  a.  person's  business  in  his  absence. 

They  endeavoured  in  the  War  time  to  have  Printed 
Monthly  Transactions  or  Memoires  after  the  manner  of 
ours  in  London ;  but  could  not  carry  them  on  above  two 
Volumes  or  Years,  for  without  great  Correspondence  this 
can  hardly  be  done.  Lister,  Journey  to  Paris,  p.  78. 

To  carry  one's  bat,  in  cricket,  not  to  be  put  out:  said  of 
that  one  of  the  last  two  batsmen  on  one  side  who,  though 
not  put  out.  has  to  cease  playing  when  his  partner  is  put 
out.— To  carry  out.  (a)  To  bear  from  within. 
When  I  have  said  good-night  for  evermore, 
And  you  see  me  carried  out  from  the  threshold  of  the  door. 
Tennyson,  May  Queen,  ii. 
(b)  To  prosecute  to  the  end ;  bring  to  a  consummation ;  ac- 
complish ;  finish;  execute:  as,  he  cam^rf  oie(  his  purpose. 
— To  carry  the  day,  to  be  successful  againstopposition ; 
triumph,  as  or  as  if  in  battle. 

In  the  mind  of  a  mental  pathologist  the  progress  of 
spiritualism,  with  its  revived  thirst  for  miracles,  might 
awaken  unpleasant  recollections  of  the  second  century — 
the  eve  of  the  era  when  St.  Gregory  Thaumaturgus  car- 
ried the  day  against  the  protests  of  the  Roman  Huxleys 
and  Carpenters.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  Xill.  475. 

To  carry  the  house  (tkeat.),  to  gain  enthusiastic  ap- 
plause froni  all  parts  of  the  house;  gain  the  favor  or 
approval  of  all  present.— TO  Carry  the  Wind,  in  the 
man^ye,  to  toss  the  nose  as  liigb  as  the  ears:  said  of  a 
horse.— To  carry  the  world  before  one,  to  meet  with 
uninterrupted  success  ;  be  very  successful  in  spite  of  op- 
position. 

Gentlemen  with  broad  chests  and  ambitious  intentions 
do  sometimes  disappoint  their  friends  by  failing  to  carry 
the  world  be.fore  them.  George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  4. 
To  carry  through,  to  support  to  the  end ;  sustain  or 
keep  from  falling  or  failing  ;  accomplish. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  act  as  a  bearer;  be  em- 
ployed in  transportation. 

A  horse  cannot  fetch,  but  only  carry. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

2.  To  bear  the  head  in  a  particular  manner,  as 
a  horse.  When  a  horse  holds  his  head  high,  with  an 
arching  neck,  he  is  said  to  carry  well ;  when  he  lowers  his 
head  too  much,  he  is  said  to  carry  low. 

3.  To  act  as  a  conductor ;  be  a  giuding  or  im- 
pelling agent. 

Those  flames  of  lusts  which  haue  come  from  hell,  and 
carrie  thither.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  6S. 


835 

4.  To  propel  a  missile ;  exert  propelling  force : 
as,  a  gun  or  mortiir  carrie.i  well  or  ill. 

If  any  man  impute  these  victories  of  ours  to  the  long- 
how,  as  carryin;/  further,  piercing  UKtre  strongly,  and 
quicker  of  discharge  than  the  Freniih  crossbow;  my  an- 
swer is  ready.  liaUiyh,  in  Arber's  Eug.  Garner,  I.  71. 

5t.  To  behave  or  deport  one's  self. 

He  carried  so  mutinously  and  seditiously,  as  that  he  was 
for  the  same,  and  for  his  turbulent  carriages  towanls  both 
magistrates  and  ministers,  in  the  presence  »jf  tlie  court, 
sentenced  to  find  sureties  for  his  gfiod  behaviour. 

A'.  Morton,  New  England's  Memrjrial,  p.  20:J. 

6.  In  fah'onri/,  to  fly  away  with  the  quarry: 
said  of  a  hawk. — 7.  In  liuutini/,  to  run  on 
ground  or  hoar  frost  which  stick's  to  the  feet, 
as  a  hare. —  8t.  To  ride. 

Thus  in  pcryl,  A  p.ayne,  &  plytes  ful  liarde, 
Bi  contrary  earye;i  this  knygt,  tyl  kryst-masse  eucn. 
Sir  Qawayne  ami  the  Green  Kniyht  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  734. 

To  carry  on.  (a)  Naut,  to  continue  carrying  a  large 
spread  of  canvas. 

_  A  vessel  close  hauled  could  have  shown  no  more  than  a 
single  close-reefed  sail ;  but  as  we  were  going  before  it 
[the  wind],  we  eouhl  carry  on. 

Ii.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  386. 
Q})  To  conduct  one's  self  in  a  wild,  frolicsome,  or  thought- 
less manner;  riot;  frolic.    IColloq.) 

Master  Jeremy  carried  on  so  and  laughed. 

R.  I).  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  p.  380. 
To  fetch  and  carry.  See  fetch. 
carry  (kar'i),  ». ;  pi.  carrifs  (-iz).  [<  carry,  f.] 
1.  Laud  which  separates  navigable  waters  and 
across  which  a  canoe  or  other  boat  must  bo  car- 
ried ;  a  detour  around  obstructions  in  a  stream ; 
a  portage. —  2.  The  act  of  carrying  a  canoe  or 
boat  and  its  freight  over  land  separating  nav- 
igable waters,  or  around  obstnictions  in  a 
stream. — 3.  The  motion  of  the  clouds  as  they 
are  carried  by  the  wind;  the  clouds  themselves 
thuseaiTied;  cloud-drift.  [Scotch.] 
The  carry  is  now  brisfc  from  the  west. 

Caledtmian  Mercury. 

Hence  —  4.  The  firmament  or  sky.     [Scotch.] 


Mirk  and  rainy  is  the  night. 
No  a  starn  in  a'  the  carry. 


TannahiU. 


5.  A  wagon.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  6.  In  falconry, 
the  manner  in  which  a  hawk  flies  away  with 
the  quarry. —  7.  The  position  of  a  weapon  when 
the  military  command  to  eaiTy  arms  is  complied 
with :  as,  to  bring  a  rifle  to  "the  carry. —  8.  In 
f/nlf,  the  distance  from  the  spot  from  which 
a  ball  is  driven  to  the  place  where  it  first 
aliglits.     rv.  Pork,  Jr. 

carryall  (kar'i-M),  n.  [Altered  from  cariole, 
simulating  carry  +  all.']  A  light,  covered,  fom-- 
wheeled  family  carriage,  with  two  seats,  drawn 
by  one  horse.     [U.  S.] 

carrying  (kar'i-ing),  a.  and  n.  [Ppr.  and  verbal 
n.  oi  carry,  c]  I.  «.  1.  Bearing;  conveying; 
supporting:  as,  the  carrying  capacity  of  a  ves- 
sel.—  2.  Requiring  or  necessitating  portage. 

The  waters  leading  into  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Law- 
rence, and  the  carrying  places  between  them,  .  .  .  were 
made  common  highways  and  forever  free. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  114. 

II.  )(.  The  act  of  bearing  or  conveying;  the 
business  of  transportation.  — Carrying-cloth. 
Same  its  bearing.cloth.— Ca.TrTmg-tT3.de,  the  trade  or 
business  of  transporting  goods,  espLcially  by  wafer,  from 
country  to  country,  or  from  place  to  place. 

carrying-on  (kar'i-ing-on),  n.  1.  Frolicsome 
or  riotous  behavior:  usually  in  the  plural,  car- 
ryings-on. [Colloq.]  —  2.  Xaiit.,  the  keeping 
of  an  excessive  press  of  sail  on  a  ship. 

carry-talet  (kar'i-tal),  ».    A  tale-bearer. 
Some  carry-tale,  some  please-man,  some  slight  zany,  .  .  . 
Told  our  intents  before.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

carsackie  (kiir-sak'i),  n.  A  coarse  loose  jacket 
with  a  waist-band,  worn  by  workmen  over  their 
clothes;  a  jumper.     [Scotch.] 

carse^t,  "•     -An  obsolete  form  of  cress. 

'carse'"  (kiirs),  «.  [Sc,  formerly  kers,  kerss;  per- 
haps a  pi.  form  of  car,  a  bog  or  fen,  low  wet 
land:  see  car^.  Cf.  W.  cors.  bog,  fen,  corsen 
=  Bret,  cors,  corsen,  bog-plant.  The  Gael. 
cars,  cnrse,  seems  to  be  borrowed  from  Sc] 
In  Scotland,  a  stretch  of  fertUe  alhn-ial  land 
along  tlie  side  of  a  stream  ;  the  low-lying  part 
of  a  valley  that  is  watered  by  a  river,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  higher  grounds:  as,  the 
carsc  of  Gowrie ;  the  carse  of  Stirling.  Carses 
are  now  regarded  by  geologists  as  raised  beaches 
or  terraces. 

carse^  (kilrs),  n.  A  dry  measure  formerly  used 
in  some  parts  of  Prance. 

car-seal  (kiir'sel),  n.  A  clasp  of  soft  metal  de- 
signed to  bind  the  ends  of  a  wire  passed  through 
the  lock  of  the  door  of  a  freight-car.    By  means 


carte 

of  a  hand-tool  the  clasp  is  firmly  joined  to  the  ends  of  tho 
wire,  thus  sealing  the  dooi-,  «  hieh  cannot  he  opened  with- 
out cutting  the  wire  or  breaking  the  seal. 

car-spring  (kiir'spring),  H.  A  spring  serving  to 
lessen  the  jar  of  a  railroad-car.  The  devices  used 
for  this  purpose  are  exceedingly  numerous,  consisting  of 
elastic  cushions,  levers,  or  plates  like  ordinary  caiTiage- 
springs,  criiEjpcil  plates,  spiral  and  helical  springs,  etc. 

car-standard  (k;ir'stan"diird),  n.  In  Iter.,  a. 
bearifig  representing  a  standard  borne  on  a 
four-wheeled  ear.     See  carroccio. 

car-starter  (kar'star'''tfer),  H.  1.  A  de'viee  by 
which  the  momentum  of  a  street-car  is  utilized 
in  overcoming  its  inertia  in  starting  again  af- 
ter stopping:  this  is  usually  efl'ected  by  means- 
of  sprmgs. — 2.  One'  who  gives  the  order  or 
signal  for  starting  a  horse-car  or  railway-train. 
at  a  station;  near-  or  Irain-despateher. 

car-swallo'w,  carr-swallow  (kar'swol'^'o),  n. 

[Prob.  <  car'^,  a  murshy  place  (where  it  always 
breeds),  -I-  s>ralloir'^.]  A  name  of  the  black  tem, 
Sterna  or  JlydrochelidOH  Ji.i.ti]ics. 
cart  (kiirt), '«.  [<  ME.  cart,  hart,  <  AS.  crart, 
transposed  from  *c(ert,  =  D.  I:rat,  Icrct  =  Icel. 
Icartr;  of  Celtic  origin:  <  W.  cart  =  Gael,  and 
Ir.  cairt,  a  cart,  dim.  of  Ir.  carr  =  Gael,  ear,  a 
car:  see  co»'l,  and  cf.  cliaret,  chariot.]  If.  A 
car  or  chariot. 

What  the  sonnes  sonne  .  .  . 
That  hightc  Phetoun  IPhacthon]  wolde  lede 
Algate  his  fader  carte. 

Chancer,  House  of  Fame,  ii.  433. 

2.  A  two-wheeled  vehicle,  shorter  and  higher 
set  than  a  car,  usually  for  one  horse  and  often 
■without  springs,  for  the  conveyance  of  goods. 

Provide  some  carls. 
And  bring  away  the  armour  that  is  there. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2. 
Packing  all  his  goods  in  one  poor  cart. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

3.  A  cart-load.  A  cart  of  coals  was  formerly  in 
England  8J  hundredweight  by  statute. —  4.  An 
open,  two-wheeled  pleasure  caiTiage  for  one 
horse  :  as,  a  village  cart,  a  dog-car^. —  To  put  (or 
set)  the  cart  before  the  horse,  to  reverse  the  proper 
order  of  (two)  things. 

Nowe,  hitherto  the  chiefe  care  of  govemaunce  hath  bin 
to  the  land,  being  the  meaneste  ;  and  to  the  bodie,  being 
the  better,  very  small ;  but  to  the  nijiide,  being  the  best, 
none  at  all,  which  methinkes  is  playnely  to  sett  the  carte 
be.fore  the  horse. 

'Quoted  ill  Forewords  to  Babecs  Book  (E.  E,  T.  S.),  p.  xxiii. 
Village  cart,  an  uncovered  two-wheeled  cantaiie  for  one 
hitrsc,  with  a  low  Itody  and  but  one  seat. — 'Wllitechapel 
cart,  a  light  two-wheeled  spring-cart,  such  as  is  u^ed  by 
butchers,  etc.,  for  delivering  goods  to  their  customers;  so 
named  from  being  a  style  of  vehicle  originally  much  used 
about  Whitechapel  in  London.  Often  called  chapel-cart. 
cart  (kart),  V.  [<  ME.  carte/i^  <  cart,  n.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  carry  or  convey  m  a  cart:  as,  to 
cart  goods. 

Thespis  was  first,  who,  all  besmear'd  with  lee, 

Began  this  pleasure  for  posterity  : 

And  with  his  carted  actors,  and  a  song, 

Anius'd  the  people  as  he  pass'd  along. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry,  iiL  495. 

2t.  To  expose  in  a  cart,  by  way  of  punishment. 

Thou  Shalt  therefore  bee  taken  out  of  thy  pronde  Char- 
iot, and  bee  carted.  Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  29. 
She  chuckled  when  a  bawd  was  carted.  Pope. 
II.  in  tram.  To  use  carts  for  carriage. 

Oxen  are  not  so  good  for  draught  where  you  have  occa- 
sion to  cart  much,  but  for  winter  ploughing. 

Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

cartaceous,  a.     See  chartaceous. 

cartage  (kar'ta.i),  n.  [<  cart  +  -age.]  1.  The 
act  of  carrying  in  a  cart. —  2.  The  price  paid  for 
carting. 

cartaret  (kar'f  a-ret),  H.  [Appar.  from  the  prop- 
er name  Carteret.]  A  sleeping-cot.     Stephens. 

cart-aver  (kart '  a  "  ver),  n.  A  cart-horse. 
[Scotch.] 

cart-body  (kart'bod'''i),  n.  [<  ME.  cartebody ;  < 
cart  +  body.]  That  portion  of  a  cart  which 
rests  on  the  axle,  and  contains  or  supports  the 
burden. 

cart-bote  (kart'bot),  n.  In  old  Eng.  late,  wood 
to  which  a  tenant  was  entitled  for  making  and 
repairing  agricultural  implements. 

cartel  (kart),  n.  [F..  a  card:  see  carrfl.]  1.  A 
bill  of  fare  at  a  hotel  or  restaurant.  See  a  la 
carte. —  2.  An  abbreviation  for  carte-de-visite  : 
usually  called  card. 

carte^  (kart),  «.  [Also  written  quarte,  <  F. 
quartf,  a  movement  in  fencing,  lit.  fourth :  see 
quart.]  A  movement  in  fencing,  consisting  in 
throwing  the  hand  as  far  as  possible  on  the  in- 
side, with  the  point  of  the  sword  toward  the 
adversary's  breast.  Also  written  quarte. 
The  mystery  of  carte  and  tierce. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xvi.  119. 
High  carte,  a  thrust  given  inside  the  arm  and  aimed 
at  the  right  breast,  the  wiist,  in  supination,  raised  about 


carte 

Unce  inches  above  the  crown  of  the  head,  darinjr  the 
allonffement  of  the  right  foot.  Roiando  (ed.  Fors>thX~ 
Jjyw  caxte,  a  thmst  differing  frcmi  high  carte  in  that  the 
wTi^t  i-  rai^^'i  oalv  as  high  as  the  mouth,  and  the  point 
ainitii  ai  tiTe  pit  •'/  the  stomach.     Rolando  (ed.  Forsyth). 

carte  blanche  ^kart  blonsh).  [F.,  =  Sp.  carta 
Ifliiiicfi  =  Pg.  airta  hranca  =  It.  carta  btaitca,  lit. 
blank  paper:  see  card^  and  blanch^.'}  1.  A 
blank  paper;  specifically,  a  paper  duly  authen- 
ticated \\*ith  signature,  etc.,  and  intrusted  to  a 
person  to  be  filled  up  at  his  discretion ;  hence, 
figuratively,  permission  or  authority  in  a  par- 
ticular matter,  without  condition  or  qualifica- 
tion; unrestricted  power  to  act  or  decide. 

Ixird  Grey  was  armed  with  ...  a  carte  blanche  to  cre- 
ate anv  number  of  peers  necessarj-  to  insure  its  success. 
Diiraeli,  Coningsby,  i.  2. 

2.  In  the  game  of  piquet,  a  hand  ^vithout  a 
kint;.  queen,  or  knave. 

carte-de-visite  (kart'de-vi-zef),  «.  [F.,  lit.  a 
visiting-card :  see  card^  and  visit,']  A  photo- 
graphic likeness  mounted  on  a  card,  formerly 
of  the  size  of  a  visiting-card.  Also  called  card- 
picture  and  card. 

A  carte-de-tiifite  portrait  of  the  hon.  member  for  Chelsea 
as  he  appears  when  addressing  the  House  of  Commons. 

R.  J.  Ilinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  37. 

cartel  (kar'tel),  «.  [<  F.  carteJy  <  It.  carteUo 
=  Sp.  Pg.  cartilf  <  ML.  carteUus,  equiv.  to  cliar- 
tula,  dim.  of  charta,  carta,  a  paper,  a  writing: 
see  card^,  chart,  and  charter.]  1.  A  writing 
or  an  agreement  between  states,  especially 
when  at  war,  as  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners, 
or  for  some  mutual  advantage. 

A  cartel  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners  had  been  a  subject 
of  negotiation.  Prescott. 

2,  A  letter  of  defiance  or  challenge ;  a  chal- 
lenge to  single  combat. 

Ue  is  cowed  at  the  verj'  i<iea  of  a  cartel,  though  it  come 
but  from  a  fool  aud  a  swiue-herd.       Scott,  Ivauhoe,  xxv. 

To  the  unknown  libeller  who  had  reflected  on  the  origin 
of  the  Dudreys,  .  .  .  Sir  Philip  Sydney,  in  the  loftiest 
tone  of  chivaio'i  designed  tu  send  a  cartel  of  detianec. 

/.  Disraeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  102. 

Formerly  also  charttL 
Cartel-ship*,  ^  sliip  t mployerl  in  the  exchange  of  prison- 
ers. <.r  in  c'-iuuiiunicating  with  an  enemy, 
cartelt  (kkr'lel),  v.  t.     [<  cartel,  h.]     To  defy; 
challenge  to  a  duel.     Also  charteh 

Come  hither,  you  shall  chartel  him,  I'll  shew  you  a 
trick  or  two  .  ,  .'  you  shall  kill  him  witli  at  pleasure. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  4. 
carter  (kar't^r),  n,     [<  ME.  carter,  carterc;  < 
cart  +  -<ri.]     1+,  A  charioteer. 

Tlie  cartere  overr>'deu  with  his  cart«. 

Chancer,  Kiiit'ht's  Tale,  1.  11&4. 

2.  A  man  who  drives  a  cart,  or  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  drive  a  cart  or  transport  goods 
in  carts. 

Let  me  be  no  assistant  for  a  state,  and  keep  a  farm,  and 
carters.  Shak.,  llandet,  ii.  2. 

3.  A  kind  of  fish.  See  whiff.— 4i.  A  kind  of 
insfft.     Kffinett.     {IlaUiiceU.) 

Carteria  (kiir-te'ri-a),  71.  [J^.,  named  after 
H.  J.  Carter  of  Bombay,  who  wrote  on  the 
natural  history  of  the  lac-insect  (1861).]     A 

fenus  of  scale-insects,  family  ('occidw.    The  East 
ndian  C.  lacra  is  of  great  coniniercial  value,  yielding  the 
lac  wliich  iff  used  fur  making  varnislies,  sealing-wax,  etc. 

carterly  (kiir'ttT-li),  a.  [<  carter  +  -/yi.] 
ICude,  like  a  carter,  or  like  a  carter's  occupa- 
tion.    [Kare.] 

Arlstippus  a  J'hilosophcr,  yet  who  more  courtly?  Dio- 
gene«  a  rhilosojiher,  yet  wlio  more  carterly  t 

Lyly,  Euphuca,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  40. 
A  carterly  or  churlish  trick.  Cotgrave. 

Oartesian  ('kiir-te'zian),  fl.  and  n.  [<  F.  Car- 
tiMti  ,1  =  Sp.  Hg.  It.  Cartcsiano,  <  Cartesius, 
Lutiriizf'd  form  of  Cartes  in  the  name  Descartes 
(I)f^fi  ( (irtCH),  of  which  the  first  element  is  a 
reni'ivjible  prefi.K.]  I.  a.  Pcrtuiniiig  to  the 
French  philosopher  Iien6  Doseartes  (1596- 
IfiTtO  ,  t*.  hiH  philoHOphy,  or  to  hin  geometrical 
m'  '  I.,  put  phlloHophv  on  a  Hourid  hoiilB, 
\h  ■  h*-i(\u  hy  dr)ubtlnk'  nH  tlilntfM.  But 
th-  •.  '.,iild  not  hi-  dniil'N'l  :  I >'  the 

fur  I  .ri   r.f    Mh   lihlli'Hopi  r-to 

»"'  I  !ini).    ThlH  pr'>|.  i,  Ih 

ri"'  fMrtiiiil    niuilr  nf   Ir,  ,riH 

tt'  <  '  I), lit,  I  thhik.  I  :u.i  :<  '.)>ly 
h-i  t.,  ,\\mvru  thtit  I  .VII  uilli- 
nil*  r  .r  tli'-  iuUrrUr-  \  tintr 
^'  .ti  Hint  till-  '  Ml 
d*-'  ..f  a  ^•«nt^  ,y 
n*  -.  Il*f  himI  ct.ni  I  ..f 
th'  )  Alno,  Hlncc  vcru'-  ll\  i  i  •' 
Irl''  it  I*  rl.-ftrly  and  dlFthn  llv  ..|.|,r. 
hfrl  :  Ti,;,    -,     tli.    Nociitl..!   r.,.r   .„n 


836 

tion  God  intervenes  to  cause  the  corresponding  motion 
of  the  hody.  He  also  taught  that  hrutes  are  mere  ma- 
chines without  consciousness  (tlie  Cartesian  automatism), 
and  that  all  space  is  filled  willi  matter,  which  turns  about 
in  vortices,  and  so  pnniuoes  the  motions  of  the  heavenly 
bodies. —  Cartesian  coordinates,  in^'om.,  the  lines  in- 
troduced (1637)  by  Kene  l>cscartes  for  dellning  the  posi- 
tions of  points  iu  a  plane.  Two  straight  lines.  OX  and 
OY,  are  adopted  arbitrarily  as  axett 
of  coordinates,  to  which  all  posi- 
tions are  referred.  Their  point  of 
intersection,  0,  is  called  the  orifpn 
of  coord  inafe.-i.  From  any  point,  P. 
whose  position  is  to  be  defined,  a 
line,  MP,  is  drawn  parallel  to  OY, 
and  meeting  the  axis  OX  in  M.  The 
length  PM.'br  the  ordinate,  and  the 
length  CM,  or  the  abscissa,  being  given,  tlie  position  of  P 
is  detenninetl :  these  lines  are  calk-il  the  Cartrsian  ranrdi- 
7iates  of  the  point  P.  The  term  is  sunietinustxtemied  to  a 
similar  system  for  three  dimensions.  —  Cartesian  CUTVe. 
See  II., :!.— Cartesian  devil, 
Cartesian  diver,  or  bottle- 
imp,  a  philosophical  toy  used 
to  illustrate  the  principle  of 
specific  gravity.  It  consists  of 
a  hollow  figure,  usually  in  the 
fancied  form  of  a  demon,  with 
a  hole  at  some  distauce  from 
the  top.  The  figure  is  filled 
with  air  in  the  upper  part  and 
with  water  in  the  lower,  and 
floats  in  a  tall  glass  vessel  near- 
ly full  of  water  and  covered 
air-tight  with  india-rubber  or 
a  piece  of  bladder.  Wien  this 
cover  is  pressed  down,  the  air 
underneath  is  compressed,  and 
water  enters  the  figure  by  the 
hole  so  as  to  bring  the  air  with- 
in the  figure  to  an  equal  degree 
of  compression.  The  figure  con- 
sequently sinks,  and  does  not 
rise  again  until  the  pressure  is 
removed.— Cartesian  geometry,  geometry  treated  by 
means  of  coordinates;  aualytira!  L-'r-iuietry.  i^ccCartesian 
coordinates,  above.— Cartesian  lens,  a  lens  so  shaped 
that  there  is  no  spherical  abeiiution  ;  especially,  a  con- 
cavoconve.K  lens  having  one  surface  spherical  and  the  other 
ellipsoidal  Such  lenses  were  proposeil  by  Desciu'tes,  but 
never  successfully  executed,  and  were  shown  later  to  he 
needless.— Cartesian  measure  of  force,  the  measure 
of  force  as  proportional  to  the  veU)city,  founded  on  the 
observation  that  the  same  force  is  required  to  raise  one 
pound  two  feet  as  to  raise  two  pounds  one  foot.  Owing 
to  the  confused  notions  of  force  of  Descartes  and  his  fol- 
lowers, it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  the  principle  as 
enunciated  by  them  is  correct  or  not;  but  its  errors  ap- 
pear, at  any  rate,  to  have  been  corrected  in  the  final  de- 
veloitment  of  the  doctrine,  though  it  is  now  sui>ersedcd. — 
Cartesian  oval,  a  cm've,  the  locus  of  a  point  whose  dis- 
tances frum  two  fixed  points  are  connected  by  any  given 


Cartesian  Diver. 


iTil-T 

,   .,1  I         ,  ,.| 

lrllll'> 

1.. 

aii'l  i 

iiiti 

nii'l  •    ' 

'   'irfr^i'li 

ilu; 

'•titer,  nr 

irr.Ki      :.    r 

;       1     hjr     h«-J( 

cartel  bitfii'  II.  ,- 

l...t   Mlicuurul   U. 

JiUUl 

iiiiko*  a  vuli 

Coofocal  Cartesian  Ovals. 
F,  F,  F'  are  the  foci :  the  ovals  a  iind  W  form  one  quartic  curve, 
likewise  b  and  B.  c  and  C,  d  and  D;  x  is  the  intcnneaiate  circle,  j 
the  onhogonal  circle. 

linear  equation.  A  Cartesian  oval  is  a  real  branch  of  a 
Cartesian  curve.  These  ovals  were  first  imttgjned  by  Des- 
cartes in  connection  with  the  theory  of  oi)tic«.  The  cvo- 
lute  <if  a  Cartesian  oval  is  the  diacaustic  nf  a  circle. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  a<lopts  the  jdiiloHOpliy  of 
Descartes;   a  follower  of  DescartcH. — 2.  Any 

(•urv(^  of  tho 
fourth  order 
luLviug  two 

cusps  on  the 
absolute.  There 
are  three  genera 
of  CartefttaiiH.  'j'he 
tlritt  ciumlHtA  of 
ciirvcH  <d  till!  Htxth 
chtMH,  coniiMijtcd  (tf 
n  pair  of  I'arleHtiui 
ovals,  one  hitilih' 
the  otiior.  The 
Kpcnnd  nenUN  con- 
HffltN  of  cuncH  nf 
the  fourth  clnHn, 
whtrh  lire  Ihna- 
COMB.  Ci>r*'«'ii  nf 
Ihln  khi'l  Keiicrnlly 
have  nn  ncundc 
whl'h  may  hrctnii! 
a  cninodc.  Tin-  thlnl  RciMm  mnDlMji  of  the  cardlnld, 
which  Ir  n  cnr>'e  of  the  third  rlniM  with  n  real  I'lmp. 
r.v.  IV  ('rtrtf'KlHn  hon  a  bImkIc  bltnimml.  Twlfltod  Car- 
tflHian,  a  i;ur\'c  In  Rpncir,  tin-  ><«  iih  nf  h  pnlnl  whonc  illn 
ituM  '  t  from  three  llicd  puiiita  arc  cuiuicttcd  by  Iwu linear 
equutiuna. 


llmn^nn:  without 

I  Cirtrstfiii  *if  two 

•  'f  \\\r  liTiiii<,oii  It 

mc  real  ov.il- 


cartilage 

Cartesianism  (kar-te'zlan-izm),  n.  [<  F.  Car 
tt'siaui.<iin€  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  (artt'sianismo:  see  Car 
te.'iiaH  and  -ist/i.']  The  philosophy  of  Descartes 
as  set  forth  by  him,  and  as  further  developeo 
bv  bis  followers.     See  Cartesian,  a. 

cartful  (kart'fiil),  n.  [<  cart  +  -J'td,  2.]  As 
much  as  a  cart  will  hold;  a  eart-load. 

Carthagena  bark.    See  bark-. 

Carthaginian  (kUr-tha-jin'i-au),  a.  and  n, 
[-Vfter  equiv.  L.  Cartfiaf/ii>icn.'<is.  <  Carthago 
(Carthagin-).  also  Karthago,  Kartago  (Gr.  Ka/j- 
;i7;f^(ji'),  Cai'thage.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient 
Carthage,  a  city  aud  state  on  the  northern 
coast  oi'  Africa,  near  the  modern  Tunis,  founded 
by  the  Pheniciaus  of  T\Te  in  the  ninth  century 
B.  c.  See  Punic — Carthaginian  faith,  ^ee/aith, 
II.  H.  An  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Carthage. 

carthamic  (kar-tham'ik),  a.  [<  carthamin  + 
-ic]  Of  or  pertaining  to  carthamin:  as,  ^^car- 
thamic acid,  a  red  colouring  matter  of  saf- 
llowor,"  Vre,  Diet.,  I.  660. 

carthamin,  carthamine  (kar'tha-min),  ??.    [< 

Carthamus  +  -in-,  -int'-^;  =  F.  cttr'thamine  =  Sp. 
cartamina.]  A  preparation  from  safliower,  Car- 
thatnus  tinctorins.  In  thin  films  it  appears  of  a  gold- 
green  hue;  against  the  light  it  appears  red.  It  is  used  for 
surface  coloring  or  dyeing.  \\'hen  repeatedly  dissolved  and 
precipitated  it  liecomcs  salHower-carmine.  Mixed  with 
Freneli  ch:ilk  it  forms  rouge,  which  is  used  as  a  cosmetic. 

CarthamUS  (kar'tha-mus),  V,  [NL.  (>  F.  car- 
thame  =  Sp.  cdrtamo  =  Pg.  It.  cartamo),  <  Ar. 
qurtuin,  qirtini,  <  qartama,  paint:  so  called  be- 
cause the  flowers  yield  a  fine  color.]  A  small 
genus  of  annual  plants,  natiu-al  order  Comj)osita', 
The  best-known  species  is  C.  tinctorins,  safliower  or  bas- 
tard satTrou,  extensively  cultivated  for  its  yellow  flowers, 
which  are  cniployeil  in  dyeing.    Bee  sa^ower. 

cart-horse  (kiirt'hors),  n.  [<  ME.  carthors, 
ctirtthors,  <  AS.  cra^tebors,  <  crat,  cart,  4-  hors, 
horse.]  A  horse  that  draws  a  cart,  or  is  iu 
tended  or  suitable  for  such  work. 

Carthusian  (kiir-thu' ziau),  «.  and  a.  [=  F. 
Chiirtrtus.  Sp.  Cartnjauo,  a.,  Cartujo,  u.,  Pg. 
Cartiuv,  It.  Ccrtosano,  Ccrtosino ;  cf.  D.  A'or- 
thHi::er,  G.  Karthduser,  Dan.  Karthcuser,  <  ML. 
Cartusiensis,  also  Carturicnsis,  Cartunensis,  a 
Carthusian,  <  Catorissium,  Catiiris,siu)it,  Chai- 
trousse,  name  of  the  village  near  which  the 
hrst  Carthusian  monastery  was  built.]  I,  */.  1. 
One  of  a  oontemplativo  order  of  monks  founded 
iu  10S6  by  St.  Brimo  in  tlio  Grande  Chartreuse, 
a  wild  moimtain  groTip  in  tho  diocese  of  Gre- 
noble in  France.  They  are  remarkable  for  their  aus- 
terity. They  sujiport  themselves  by  manual  lalior,  men- 
dicancy bcini;  forbidden.  Their  luibit  is  a  haircloth  shirt. 
n  wliite  tunic,  and,  when  out  of  doors,  a  black  cloak  and 
a  cowl.  The  order  wa^ii  introduced  int<»  England  about 
IISO,  and  built  the  Cliarterhouse  (corruption  oi  Chart  reuse, 
used  as  the  generic  name  of  any  CarthusiaTi  monastery) 
in  L<mdon  in  1371.  Tho  monks  of  Chartreuse  now  derive 
a  considerable  revenue  from  the  sale  of  the  well-known 
cordial,  of  their  invention,  which  bears  the  name  of  the 
monastery.  (See  chartreuse,  '2.)  The  Carthusian  nuns 
originated  about  l'2;io.  atul,  with  someiniodillcations,  fol- 
low the  rules  of  the  Carthusian  monks. 

2.  A  scholar  of  the  Charterhouse  in  Loudon, 
See  Charterhouse. 

Here  [in  the  cIkiikI  of  the  Chart  erhousel  is  the  handsome 
inem(»rial  of  the  (\irffnisians  t^hiin  in  the  wars,  and  on  tlio 
walls  Is  a  conniieinnrulive  tablet  to  Thackeray. 

The  Centvri/,  XXVI.  SSI. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  order  of  monks  above 

named. 
cartilage  (kiir'ti-laj),  n.    [<  F.  cartilage  =  Pr. 

carfilagc  =  S]>.  cartilago  =  Pg.  cartilagem  =  It. 
cartilaginr,  <  L.  cartilago  (cartilagiU'),  gi'istle; 
origin  unknown.]  A  non-vascu!ar  animal  tis- 
sue belonging  to  the  connective-tissm'  group; 
griHtle,  Tyjiical  hyaline  cartilage  la  a  trauHliicent  Hub 
Htance,  of  firm  ela.stie  e(Uisisteiiee,  cunstruited  of  roundish 
eellK  embedded  in  a  tu-urly  honiogcncMUs  inlererlhihir  wiib. 
Hlanco.  Kibroeartiljige  dilfersin  thai  tin-  intercellular  sub- 
Htance  becomes  Ilbrillaled  ;  it  thus  approaches  ordinaiy 
connective  tissue.  Keticular,  yiUow,  or  clnstie  cartilage, 
aH  that  constituting  In  man  the  epigtidtl.s.  the  cnridcuin 
liirynglM,  the  Kuhtaehiau  tube,  and  gristly  jiarta  of  the 
outer  ear.  eniitains  interlaeing  elastic  iWu-rs  in  considtT- 
iiblc  <|uanlity.  In  the  two  latter  forms  the  homogenerms 
HubHtanee  remains  nnehiinged  in  the  inuncdiide  vieinity 
of  the  nils,  fnrndiig  their  liyaline  capsules.  Cliondrln.  a 
KubNtanec  n-si'inbling  gelatin,  nuiy  be  cxtraetr<i  fmni  car- 
tlhigi-  by  boiling.  Cartilage  usually  iicrBlsts  in  pari «  of 
tlieskfh-ton  nf  H.lull  vertebrates,  as  on  the  arlleulur  emll 
nf  bnj|t-H,  ill  thi'  tlmrav,  and  in  various  passji^eis  Mid*  h  re- 
i|nlr.-  t..  be  U.-|.l  open,  as  the  windplix'.  noKlrilf.  and  ears. 
Alar  cartilage.    See  niur.     Articular  cartilage,  an 

hiiTUhiallnn  of  liyMltne  earlllau-e  oti  Ihf  arljeiilar  ends  or 
Kurfaicsnf  bnnes.not  eovered  by  perlihoridrlnni  on  Itsfroo 
Hurrni-r,  with  a  thiely  granular  unit  ri\  and  xniall  eells,  shnw- 
Inu  Mm  Iriidmry  tnoHsIfy,  ll«  d^n^ity.  snninthness.und  elai- 
tl<  ll>  I  Mrilrllni'lhiif  to  the  frer-  irmvetnenl  of  Ihr  parlK  — 
Arytenoid  cartUaffeS.  two  Irhuurular  pyrann<lal  earth 
liu.''^.  ><'iit)'i|.  nnenii  eaeii  side,  rin  Hit-  summit  <>l  lb''  pont^* 
ilnr  |M.i  I  Iniinf  the  cricoid  eartilau'v  'to  thmi  are  ntlaeheil 
rtf  ).  >sl<-iinr  I'lidii  of  the  vm  al  enrds,  Cartilage  ot 
WrUhorg.  a  Hinall  cartllag*-  on  .jther  idde  In  the  arytouo- 
vpl^'luttlc  fohi.     Also  called  cunrijorm  eurfilaiK.      Caxtl* 


cartilage 

lages  of  Santorini,  the  Imnis  of  the  larynx,  or  cornicula 
Iui>  imis,  lioiiiL-  npuii  the  arytt'iioiil  curtihiges.— Cellular 
cartilage,  ii  vmiety  ni  f:irtilai,'<-  of  whicli  the  notochoni 
i:liii-il_\'  loiisists.  ri.inposeil  jiliiiost  entirely  of  larse  cells 
with  the  iiitercelhilar  iiiatiix  at  a  niininmm. —  Circum- 
ferential cartilage,  an  annular  piece  of  llbrocartilUKe 
forming  a  rim  around  and  ileepenin^^  some  articular  cav- 
ity, as  in  the  shouliler-joint  or  hi|> joint.— Connecting; 
cartilage,  aliind  of  tibrocurtila;;e  uccurrinu^  in  joints  of 
s!i-lit  Mioi.ility  or  none,  aa  the  pubic  synipli)  i  .  Mm  sacro- 
ili.i.' synchniidrosis,  anil  the  intervertebral  ;ii  iinilations. 

—  Costal  cartilage,  the  piece  of  cartilage  ulnehinolongs 
ttic  hiiny  part  of  a  rib  to  ov  towartl  the  sternum  ;  a  heniapo- 
Iib>sis  ;  a  sternal  rib  when  unossilied.  In  man  all  the  ribs 
have  costal  cartila^jes  :  7  of  these  reach  the  sternnm.  3  are 
coimected  only  with  one  anotlier.  an<t  -J  foi  hi  cartilaunnous 
tips  of  the  floatin"  ribs.  —  Cricoid  cartilage,  tin  ciicoid. 

—  Cuneiform  cartilage.    .Same  as  mrtiln-ji:  of  Wrisbera. 

—  Dental  cartilage,  tln^  maxillary  rid,t;e  (which  see, 
miller  iii'iriiiiirfi).  - Ensiform  cartilage,  the  xiphoid 
appcniiaue  of  the  stiiiuiin  :  the  last  segment  of  the  ster- 
num, or  tile  \ipliistcrnnm  when  unossilied,  as  in  man. —Fi- 
brous cartilage,  cartila-e  nnxed  with  inelastic  white  or 
elastic  >'ellow  tilirous  tissue:  usually  cMi^d  JihrocartUaf/e 
( which  sec ).  —  Hyaline  cartilage,  true  or  pui-e  cartilage  or 
yristle.  It  is  >'i  a  jiaie-livid  or  iiearly-blnish  color,  and  con- 
sists of  roundisii  cells  eml»eddcd  in  a  nearly  homogeneous 
intercellular  substance,  that  is,  unmixed  with  fibrous  tis- 
sue. The  articular  and  costal  cartilages,  and  the  temporary 
cartilages  of  the  fetal  skeletoii,  are  of  this  kind.— Inter- 
articular  cartilage,  a  meniscus  ;  a  cartilaginous  dis- 
coiilal,  I  rcsci-ntic,  annular,  or  otherwise  shaped  piece 
ticcurring  free  in  the  interior  of  certain  joints,  and  con- 
sistine  of  tibrucartilage,  such  as  the  semilunar  cartilages 
of  the  knee-joint.  In  man  interarticular  cartil.ages  occur 
in  the  teni[inroma\iUary,  sternoclavicular,  acromiocla- 
vicular, Tdnoearpal,  and  feraorotibial  articulations. — In- 
terosseous cartilage,  a  piece  of  interarticular  carti- 
lage.—Meckel's  cartilage,  See  Meck-eUan  rod,  under 
rorf.  — Palpebral  cartilage.      Same  as  tarsal  cartUarje. 

—  Permanent  cartilage,  that  which  remains  unossilied 
throughout  life.— Semilunar  cartilage,  one  of  the  pair 
of  large,  free,  crescentic  interarticular  cartilages  of  the 
knee-jcdnt.  See  cut  under  ki«'\  -  Sesamoid- cartilage, 
one  t.f  several  small  lateral  cartilages  of  the  nose. — 
Siphon-hinge  cartilage,  in  cejihalopods,  one  of  two 
cartilaginnu,-,  sockets  on  either  side  of  the  funnel,  into 
which  llcsby  knobs  of  the  mantle-skirt  are  fitted.— Strati- 
form cartilage,  a  layer  of  tibrocartilagc  in  an  osseous 
groove  along  which  a  tendon  glides.  — Tarsal  cartUage, 
a  piece  of  rtiu-ucartilage  embedded  in  the  eyelid,  contribut- 
ing to  preserve  its  shape.     X\itj<i:\\\t^^\palin'bral  cartilage. 

—  Temporary  cartilage,  that  cartilage  which  is  replaced 
by  bone  in  the  process  of  ossification. 

cartilage-bone  (kar'ti-laj-bon),  n.  Bone  that 
is  developed  or  prefonned  in  cartilage,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  membrane-hone. 

Cartilaginei  (kar"ti-la-jiu'e-i),  n.ph  [NL., 
pi.  of  L.  cartilagineus :  see  carUlagineous.']  The 
cartilaginous  fishes.     See  Chondropterygii. 

CartilagineOUSt  (kar''ti-l;Vjin'e-us),  a.  [<  L. 
cdrtiliiiihicHs,  of  cartihfge,  <  cartilago:  see  car- 
iilanc]     Same  as  cartilagiiious. 

Cartilagines  (kar-ti-laj'f-nez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  cartilago  (cartilagin-),  cartilage:  see  carti- 
lage.'] An  order  of  fishes  having  or  supposed 
to  have  a  cartilaginous  skeleton :  nearly  the 
same  as  Cliondniptcri/gii. 

cartilaginification  ('kar"ti-la-jin"i-fi-ka'shon), 
n.  [=  F.  cartilaginification,  <  NL.  as  if  "carti- 
laginificatio{n-),  <  L.  cartilago  (cartilagin-),  car- 
tilage, +  -ficare,  <  facere,  make.]  The  act  or 
process  of  converting  into  cartilage ;  chondrifi- 
eation. 

cartilaginoid  (kar-ti-laj'i-noid),  a.  [<  L.  car- 
tilago (cartilagin-),  cartilage,  +  -oid.]  Hard 
and  gristly,  like  cartilage ;  cartilaginous  in  ap- 
pearance or  consistency. 

A  well-developed  cartilar/inoid  skeleton. 

E.  R.  Lidikestfr,  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  431. 

cartilaginous  (kar-ti-laj'i-nus),  a.  [=  F.  car- 
tilagincux  =  Pr.  cartillaginos  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  car- 
tilaginoso,  <  L.  cartilaginosus,  full  of  cartilage, 
<  cartilago,  cartilage :  see  cartilage.']  1.  Giistly ; 
consisting  of  cartilage;  being  in  the  state  or 
form  of  cartilage. —  2.  In  ichili.,  having  a  gris- 
tly skeleton ;  choucb-opterygiau :  as,  a  cartilagi- 
nous fish. —  3.  Like  or  likened  to  cartilage. 
SpeciRcally— («)  In  entom.,  an  eiiithet  applied  to  a  sub- 
stance thicker  than  a  membrane  (but  not  so  thick  as  to 
be  termed  carneous),  somewhat  transpiu'ent,  flexible,  and 
whitish,  {h)  In  hut.,  tirin  and  tough  ;  parchiuent-like,  as 
the  carpels  of  the  apple.— Cartilaginous  branchial 
basket.    See  Mm-.^-ipohrancliii. 

cartisanet  (kiir'ti-ziin),  ?).  [F.]  A  small  strip 
of  parchment  or  vellum  covered  with  thread  of 
silk  or  gold,  or  the  like,  wound  closely  around 
it,  used  in  the  making  of  some  old  varieties  of 
passement,  guipure,  or  their  imitations.  See 
pn.'ificineiit  and  guipure. 

Cartist  (kar'tist),  n.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  carta,  charter, 
4-  -(.s7.  Cf.  Chartist.]  A  supporter  of  the  con- 
stitutional charter  iu  Spain  or  Portugal. 

cart-jade  (kart'jad),  n.  A  sorry  horse  ;  a  horse 
used  in  drawing,  or  fit  only  to  draw,  a  cart.  Sir 
r.  .Sidnei/. 

cart-load  (kiirt'lod).  n.  [<  ME.  cartlode  ;  <  cart 
+  load.]  A  load  borne  on  a  cart ;  as  much  as  is 
usually  carried  at  once  on  a  cart,  or  as  is  suffi- 
cient tu  load  it .  It  is  an  iude'-init  e  unit  of  weight. 


837 

cartman  (karfmsin),  n.;  pi.   cartmen  (-men). 
A  cttrlcr;  one  engaged  in  carting. 
cartographer,  cartographic,  etc.   See  chartog- 

rajihi  r,  olc. 

cartomancy  (kiir'to-man-si),  ».  [=  F.  carto- 
inaiicii:  =  Sp.  Pg.  cartoiiiaiiHa,  <  ML.  carta,  a 
card,  -(- (jr. /.(ufTtiu,  divination.]  Divination  by 
means  of  playing-cards. 

In  caii(tiiiaiu->f,  the  art  of  fortune-telling  with  packs  of 
cards,  there  is  a  sort  of  mnisensical  sense  in  such  rules 
as  that  two  cpieeiis  mean  frietulship  and  four  mean  chat- 
tering, or  that  the  knave  of  hearts  prophesies  a  brave 
young  man  who  will  come  into  the  family  to  be  useful, 
uidess  his  purpose  be  reversed  by  liis  cartl  being  upside 
down.  Ji.  B.  Tijlur,  Prim.  Oulture,  I.  U4. 

carton (kilr'ton),«.  [¥.:  set) cartoon.]  l.Akind 
of  thin  piisteboard. — 2.  A  bo.xmade  from  such 
pasteboard. —  3.  Same  as  cartoon. — 4.  In  rifle 
2>ractice:  (a)  A  wliite  disk  fixed  on  the  bull's-eye 
of  a  target.  It  is  of  much  smaller  size  than  the 
bull'.s-eye,  and  is  chiefly  used  in  deciding  ties 
and  at  a  pool.  ('))  A  shot  striking  the  carton: 
as,  to  makti  two  bull's-eyes  and  a  carton. 

cartonnage  ( kUr'  ton-aj ) ,  n.  [F. ,  <  carton,  paste- 
board: see  cartoon.]  Pasteboard;  boards  such 
as  are  used  in  bookbinding.  .Specifically,  in  Egi/}'- 
toloffy,  a  thin  layer  or  coat  of  a  material  of  the  nature  of 
paper-pulp,  applied  over  the  body  of  the  most  costly  mum- 
mies, painted  over  the  face  to  represent  the  features  of  the 
dead,  and  otherwise  <jrnamented  elsewhere.  The  material 
was  also  used  for  mummy-cases. 

The  cartonnage  of  tjueen  Ahmes  Nofretari  is  impressed 
iu  parts  with  a  reticulated  sexagonal  pattern. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXV.  192. 

carton-pjite  (F.  pron.  kar-tou'pat ' ),  n.  [F., 
pasteboard:  see  cartoon  and ^.laste.]  Same  as, 
Ciirt()n-2iicrre. 

carton-pierre  (P.  pron.  kar-ton'piar'),  ".  [P., 
lit.  stone  pasteboard:  see  cartoon  and  pier.] 
Statuary  pasteboard;  a  kind  of  papier-mach6, 
made  of  a  mixtm-e  of  paper-pulp,  bole,  chalk, 
and  animal  glue,  in  imitation  of  stone  or  bronze. 
It  is  well  adapted  for  molding,  and  is  largely 
used  for  statuary  and  arehitectm'al  decorations. 

cartoon  (kiir-ton'),  n.  [<  F.  carton,  <  It.  car- 
tonc  =  Sp.  carton  =  Pg.  cartao,  <  ML.  "car- 
to(n-),  pasteboard,  a  cartoon,  aug.  of  carta, 
paper:  see  cnrrfl.]  1.  In  art,  a  design  of  the 
same  size  as  an  intended  decoration  or  pat- 
tern to  be  executed  in  fresco,  mosaic,  or  tapes- 
try, and  transferred  from  the  strong  paper  on 
which  it  is  usually  drawn  either  by  cutting 
out  the  figure  and  outlining  it  on  the  surface 
to  be  decorated  with  a  sharp  point,  or,  in  the 
case  of  a  composition,  by  pricking,  and  poun- 
cing with  a  bag  of  muslin  iilled  with  charcoal- 
dust.  Colored  cartoons  intended  to  be  woven  in  tapes- 
try are  cut  in  strips,  placed  under  the  web,  and  exactly 
copied  by  the  weaver ;  the  seven  by  Raphael,  purchased 
by  Charles  I.  of  England,  are  well-known  e.xamples. 
2.  A  picture,  either  a  caricature  or  a  symboli- 
cal composition,  designed  to  advocate  or  attack 
some  political  or  other  idea  of  present  interest 
or  some  prominent  person :  as,  the  cartoons  of 
"Punch." 
Sometimes  written  carton. 

cartoon  (kar-tou'),  v.  t.  [<  cartoon,  n.]  1.  In 
painting,  to  make  a  working  design.  See  car- 
toon, «.,  1. 

The  quality  of  finish  in  poetic  execution  is  of  two  kinds. 
The  first  and  highest  is  that  where  the  work  has  beeu  all 
mentally  cartooned,  as  it  were,  beforehand. 

W.  Sharp,  V.  G.  Rossettl,  p.  410. 

2.  To  caricature  or  ridicule  by  a  cartoon;  make 
the  subject  of  a  cartoon. 
cartoonist  (kiir-ton'ist),  n.    [<  cartoon  -f  -ist.] 
An  artist  who  draws  cartoons. 

The  cartoonist  first  prepared  his  sketch  on  a  small  scale, 
then  made  his  studies  from  nature.    Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  774. 

cartouche,  cartouch  (kSr-tosh'),  "•  [In  first 
sense  formerly  written  cartrage,  now  cartridge, 
q.  V. ;  =  D.  kartets  =  G.  karduse,  k-artdtnehe  = 
Dan.  Icartwsl-e  =  Sw.  Icartusch,  <  F.  cartouche, 
formerly  airtoehe,  cartuche,  =  Sp.cartueho  =  Pg. 
carlu.ro  =Tuvk. qariixj=  Ar.  qartas  =  Hind.  !:ar- 
tu.%  <  It.  cartoccio,  a  cartridge,  an  angular  roll 
of  paper,  aug.  of  carta,  paper:  see  card''-.]  1. 
A  roll  or  case  of  paper  holding  a  charge  for 
a  firearm;  a  cartridge.— 2.  A  cartridge-box 
(which  see). — 3t.  -A.  case  of  wood  bound  about 
with  marline,  containing  several  iron  balls  of 
a  pound  each  and  about  400  musket-balls,  to 
be  fired  from  a  cannon  or  howitzer.  Farrou-, 
Mil.  Eneyc. — 4.  An  oval  or  oblong  figure  on 
ancient  Egyptian  monuments  and  in  papyri, 
containing  gi'oups  of  characters  expressing  the 
names  or  titles  of  royal  personages  and,  rare- 
ly, of  deities:  a  name  given  by  ChampoUion. 
By  extension  it  now  commonly  signifies  both  the  inclos- 
ing ring  and  its  contents.  From  a  very  early  date,  if  not 
from  the  beginning,  an  Egyptian  king  at  the  moment  of 


Cartouche  of  Cleo- 
patra, 


cartridge-paper 

coronation  assumed,  in  addition  to  his  family  or  personal 
name,  an  official,  regal,  or  tlirone  name,  which  Umk  its 

place  beside  the 
former,  generally 
preceding  it,  ami 
thus  gave  occasion 
U)  a  double  car- 
touche. In  imita- 
tion of  tlie  Cierman 
.v(7o7(/,M:niijloyed  in 
a  lieraldie  sense, 
the  eartonelie  is  in 
Knglii^h  sometimes 
styled  a  shield  or 
escutcheon,  or  more 
often  merely  an 
ocat. 

Two  names  in  an 

oblong      ineloBurc 

called  a  cartiiuche. 

.1.  Sharpe,  Hist. 

(Egypt. 

An  elliptical  curve,  or  oval,  inclosing  a  name,  always 
signified  that  the  inclosed  name  was  that  of  a  king  or 
queen  ;  and  ChampoUion  gave  it  the  name  of  cartnxwtte, 
by  which  it  is  now  called. 

H.  S.  Onlmm,  .\ncient  Eg^pt,  p.  21. 

6.  A  painted,  engraved,  or  sculptured  orna- 
ment of  irregtilar  or  fantastic  form,  inclosing  a 
plain  central  space  used  as  a  field  for  inscrip- 
tions, etc.  .Such  ornaments  were  much  used  during  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  Uj  decorate  wain- 
seotings  and  the  title-pages  of  books. 
6.  In  her.,  a  name  given  in  England  to  the 
oval  escutcheon  often  seen  iu  Italian  heraldry, 
and  generally  considered  to  be  peculiar  to  ec- 
clesiastics. Italian  escutcheons  are  often  egg-shaped  ; 
but  the  shield  designated  by  the  word  cartouche  has  both 
ends  equally  curved,  and  therefore  approximates  to  an 
ellipse. 

cartouset,  n,  A  variant  of  cartouche.  Bailey, 
1731. 

cartridge  (kar'trij),  n.  [Formerly  cartrage,  a 
corrujjtion  of  cartouche,  q.  v.]  A  case  of  paste- 
board, parchment,  copper,  tin,  serge,  or  other 
material,  holding  the  exact  charge  of  gunpow- 
der, in  the  case  of  big  guns,  and  of  powder 

and  bullet  or  shot  for  other  firearms Blank 

cartridge,  a  cartridge  without  ball  or  shi.>t.— Blasting 
cartridge.     See  Wa»(tn^-car(rtdi/e.— Center-fire  car- 
tridge, a  cartridge 
having  the  fulminate         P  E         A  C        B 

in  an  axial  position  *' 

instead  of  being 
about  the  periphery 
of  the  flanged  cap- 
side.  Sometimes 
called  center-primed 
cartridge.  —  Lime 
cartridge,  a  car- 
tridge containing 
compressed  lime,  the  expansion  of  which,  when  wet, 
causes  it  to  burst.— Seminal  or  spermatic  cartridge, 
in  cephalopods.     See  spermatophore. 

cartridge-bag  (kSr'trij-bag),  n.  In  gun.,  a  bag, 
made  of  serge  or  some  similar  material,  in 
which  the  charge  of  a  cannon  is  contained. 

cartridge-belt  (kar'trij-belt),  n.  A  belt  worn 
about  the  waist  or  over  the  shoulder,  having 
pockets  or  loops  for  cartridges. 

cartridge-block  (kar'trij-blok),  «.  A  wooden 
block  aiTangedto  receive  cartridges,  and  which 
can  be  secured  to  the  gun  in  a  convenient  posi- 
tion for  loading. 

cartridge-box  (kar'trij-boks),  ji.  A  portable 
case  or  box  of  leather,  with  cells  for  holding 
cartridges.  Its  use  followed  very  closely  on  the  intro- 
duction of  the  cartridge  itself.  It  was  certainly  in  use 
before  1677.  Blanche. — Magazine  caTtTidge-box-  See 
magazine. 

cartridge-capper  (kar'trij-kap"er),  n.  An  im- 
plement used  to  place  caps  on  center-fire  car- 
tridge-cases. It  consists  of  a  pivoted  lever  with 
a  stud  below,  which  presses  the  cap  fitnnly  into 
its  seat. 

cartridge-case  (kar'trij-kas),  II.  1.  A  cartridge- 
box. —  2.  The  tube  in  which  the  powder  of  a 
cartridge  is  contained.     See  cartridge. 

cartridge-gage  (kar'trij-gaj).  ».  1.  In  «)-fi7- 
hry,  a  flat  steel  gage  for  verifying  the  dimen- 
sions of  metallic  ammunition  for  small  arms. 
The  gage  is  pierced  with  h<»les  giving  the  maximum  and 
minimum  diameters  of  the  head  and  body  of  the  shell,  and 
the  diameters  of  the  projectile;  on  the  edges  are  cut 
profiles  for  verifying  the  length  and  form  of  the  cartridge- 
case  and  the  thickness  of  the  head,  the  length  and  form 
of  the  bidlet,  and  the  number  and  position  of  the  canne- 
lures. 

2.  A  gtm-metal  ring  of  the  required  size,  with 
a  handle,  on  which  is  stamped  the  nature  and 
size  of  the  cartridge.  They  were  of  two  kinds:  one 
for  testing  the  diameter  of  the  filled  cartridge,  the  other 
for  showing  the  length  of  the  cartridge. 

cartridge-loader  (kar'tri.i-lo'der),  n.  An  ap- 
paratus iV.v  loading  cartridge-shells. 

cartridge-paper  (kar'tri,i-pa'per),  n.  A  thick 
sort  of  paper  originally  manufactured  for  sol- 
diers' cartridges,  but  extensively  used  in  the 
arts,  its  rotigh  surface  being  well  adapted  for 


Cenler-nrc  Cartridge. 
W,  metallic  case  of  copper  or  brass;  B, 
bullet;  C,  cannelures;  ^.  cup  ;  £',  crimp; 
F,  fulminate  :  G,  two  vents  ;  H.  powder. 


cartridge-paper 

drawing  and  for  other  purposes,  such  as  wall- 
paper, 
cartridge-pouch  (kar'trij-pouch),  «.    A  leather 

pouch  iined  with  sheepskin  with  the  wool  on, 

formerly  used  by  mounted  soldiers  to  carry 

metallic  eai-tridges.     It  was  attached  to  the 

waist-belt. 
cartridge-primer  (tar '  trij  -pri  ^ mfer),  n.     The 

Jure  ussion-capusediufiringmetallic  cartridges, 

set  ill  a  recess  in  the  head  of  the  shell.     See 

cartn'chic- 
car-truck  (kar'tnik),  n.     The  wheeled  carriage 

which  supports  a  railroad-car.  in  Europe  the  ped- 
estals for  the  axle-boxes  are  commonly  attached  to  tlie  body 

of  the  car.   In  the  United  States  the  car-body  is  supported 

upon  two  independent  trucks  placed  beneath  it.    Each  of 

these  may  have  two,  but  usually  four,  and  occasionally  six 

wheels  fixed  upon  revolving  a.xles,  wliose  journal-boxes 

%ibrate  vertically  in  pedestals  secured  to 

the  framework  of  the  truck.   The  bolster  or 

cross-beam  which  directly  supports  the  car- 
body  is  in  the  nuddle  of  the  framework, 

and  is  suspended  from  it  by  equalizing  bars 

and  suspension-straps,  in  such  a  way  as  to 

distribute  the  weight  upon  all  the  wheels 

and  allow  for  the  sway,  or  freedom  of  mo- 
tion, essential  to  easy  riding.    Springs  and 

brake  mechanism  are  attached  to  the  truck. 

—Side  bearings  of  a  car-trucl£.    See 

beariffj. 

cart-saddle  (kiirt'sad'l),  n.    The 

.small   saddle   put  upon   the   back 

of  a  draft-horse  when  harnessed. 

Sk-eat. 
cart-saddlet  (kart'sad'l),  r.  ?.    [< 

3IE.  fdrt-amUkn  ;  from  the  noim.] 

To  harness ;  yoke. 

Let  cart-mdeU  \r  Commissarie ;  vr  Cart  he 
schal  dniwe.    Piers  Plowman  (A),  ii.  154. 

cart-tail  (kUrt'tal),  n.  The  taU  or 
back  jiart  of  a  cart. 

If  a  poor  Quaker  wa-s  to  be  scourged  at  the 
cart-tail,  .  .  .  tlley  waited  in  Dedhani  for 
orders  from  the  metropolis. 

Ererelt,  Orations,  II.  183. 

cartulary,  h".  ;  pi.  cartularies.  [< 
ML.  iurliilarium :  see  chartularij.'] 
See  chartulanj. 

The  Duke  of  Devonshire  will  publish  at 
hJB  own  expense  the  cartularies  of  Furness  Abbey.  .  .  . 
Cartutaries  were  the  otKcial  records  of  monasteries. 

The  Ameriean,  VIII,  *2G7. 

cartway  (kart'wa),  v.  [<  ME.  cartetmy,  cart- 
ireij ;  <  cart  +  iroy.]     A  way  along  wliicli  carts  _  ,  _, 

or  other  wheeled  vehicles'  mav  convenientlv  Carum   (ka'rum),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kufiov, 
travel.  "  "      way :  see  coraiCHji.]     A  considerable  ge) 

Where  your  woods  are  large,  it  is  best  to  have  a  cart- 
va;i  along  the  middle  of  them.        Mortimer,  llusbandry. 

cartwright  fkiirt'rit),  n.  [<  ME.  carturuiht 
(siiiUcd  l:nrtu-rii<iht),  <  cart  +  wriijht.']  An 
artiliccr  who  makes  carts. 

caruaget,  ».    [Also  misread  and  miswritten  car- 
rai/r;  but  the  i(  is  prop,  a  vowel:  see  caruc.J  caruncle  (kar'tmg-kl),  v.     [Also  criruncula ;  = 
Same  as  riiriicaiic  S]i.  t-iiruncula  =  I'g.  carutifuUt  =  It.  cariincoUi.  < 

camcat,  carrucat  (ka-ro'ka),  «.  [ML.,  a  plow,  L.  canincula,  a  caruncle,  dim.  of  euro,  ilcsli :  sec 
L.  carruca,  a  four-wheeled  carriage,  <  carrm,  carnal.']  1.  A  small  fleshy  e.xcresccnce,  cither 
8  car:  see  carl.   Cf.  caruc]    In  ancient  village     natural  or  morbid.     Speeiiicallv  —  Z.lnoniilh.. 


:    iSJ).     It. 

fc]    Ca- 


838  carve 

found  in  the  Hundred  Rolls,  as,  indeed,  almost  every-     cula  :  see  canoicle.l     Having  a  fleshy  excrcs- 
mrwtt  ISstiad  of «;;'  andlnuv":2sl^e"d  md^rSfl     «°«  »';  ^"^^  fl^^'^>-  rrotuberance ;  carunculnr. 
manor,  its  more  modern  actual  taxable  value  is  examined   CarUUCUlOUS    (ka-rung  ku-lus),    a.      [=  fy).    It. 
into  and  expressed.     This  new  word  is  carucate — the 
land  of  a  plough  or  plough  team. 

Seebohm,  Eng.  Vil.  Community,  p.  40. 

camet  (kar'o),  n.  [Later  misread  and  miswrit- 
ten cane;  <  ME.  caruc,  <  OF.  caruc,  caruec,  < 
ML.  carucata,  canucata,  a  certain  portion  of 
land:  see  carucate.']    A  carucate  (which  see). 

.And  a  Carve  of  Land,  Carucata  terri-e,  or  a  Hide  of  Land, 
Hida  terrse  (which  is  all  one),  is  not  of  any  certain  content] 
but  as  much  as  a  Plough  can  plough  in  a  Year,  and  there- 
with agrees  Lambard  verbo  Hyde.  And  a  Carre  of  Land 
may  contain  an  House,  \\'ood.  Meadow,  and  Pasture,  be- 
cause by  them  the  Ploughman  and  the  Beasts  of'  the 
Plough  are  maintained. 

Anthony  Lome's  Case  (1610),  9  Coke,  123, 124. 


side  Elevation  and  Section  of  Sleepin^'-car  Truck. 

W,  flange  of  wheel;  £,  journal-box;   C.  brake-shoe;  D,  brnke-head;  £,  boisler-sprink'' 

/^,  equalizini;.b.ir  spring;  G,  pedestal;  H,  check-chain;  /,  ceiitcrpin  or  king-pin;  y,  cquil- 

izing-bar;  A.  center-bearing  inverted  arch-bar;  i,  spring-beam;  .1/,  pedestal  tie-bar:  ,V. 

pedestal  brace  ;  t>,  end  piece  of  truck-frame;  /'.wheel-piece. 

And  it  was  agreed  that  common  way  be  appendant  to  a 

Carve  of  Land,  .  .  .  and  so  a  Carve  of  Land  consists  of 

Land,  Meadow,  and  Pastm-e,  as  it  appears  by  Tirring- 

ham's  case,  4  Coke,  .ST  b. 

.Mors  V.  lrc66f(1662),  2  Brownlow  (&  Cioldsliorough),  p.  297. 

cara- 
_  _  genus  of 

plants,  natural  order  Umbellifcra:  The  species  are 
glabrous  herbs  with  iierennial  fusiform  edible  roots,  pin- 
nate or  more  divided  leaves,  and  white  or  yellow  flowers. 
C.  Canii  is  the  caraway-plant,  the  fruit  of  which  is  tlie  so- 
called  caraway-seed.  (See  carawaii.)  Three  species  are 
found  In  the  United  States  west  of 'the  Uocky  Mountains, 
the  tuberous  roots  of  which  arc  an  iinjiortant  article  of 
food  to  the  Indians. 


communities  in  England  —  (a)  A  plow.     {b)~A 
plow-team  of  o.xen,  yoked  four  abreast. 

Informritlon  from  the  name  nourcc  [Statistical  Account 

of  Scotlaiidl  also  explains  Ihc  use  of  the  word  caruca  for 

plouifh.    For  the  constnictlon  of  the  word  involves  not  4 

yoke  rif  oxen,  but  4  oxen  yoked  nbreiuit,  as  are  the  liorses 

Iti  the  riinira  so  often  Been  upon  Koinan  coins.     And  the 

"iitatlstlinl  account  "  Infornm  ua  that  In  some  dintricts  of 

Sciithinil  III  foniier  times  "the  ploughs  were  drawn  by  4 

oxen  or  hor«iK  yokeil  ubreiut:  one  trod  constantlv  ujiou 

th'-  till'  I  Hiirface,  another  went  In  the  furrow,  and  two 

"ibble,  or  white  land.     The  driver  walked  Imck- 

I  Mg  his  cattle  by  halters,  and  taking  care  that 

nA'\  lt.1  ci|(ial  share  In  the  draught." 

S-iiKihin,  Eng.  VII.  Cuinmuiilty,  p.  0,S. 

carucage,  carrucage  (kar'ii-kiij).  n.  [<  ML.  cur- 

ruiaijiiiin  ffor  'carrucalicum),  also  carruaf/iuni 
(aftor  I  »F.  carruiiijc),  <  carruca,  a  jilow :  see  ca- 
ruca.]  1 . 'liu  ■»<■(  of  |,lowin(?. —  2.  Al'onncrtax 
'lioldiTH,  fixed  at  a  siJicHicil  sum 
•'■,  or  about  100  acn-s  of  land. 
l)aMegoId  (which  see). 


a  fleshy  excrescence  on  the  head  of  a  bird,  as 
the  comb  or  one  of  the  wattles  of  a  hen. 

It  is  especially  important  th;it  the  fresh  colors  of  the 
[bird's)  bill,  cere,  gums,  eyes,  and  feet,  or  cnrunelea,  or 
bare  skin,  if  there  bo  any,  shouM  be  noted  as  the  colore 
of  these  parts  all  change  after  the  preparation  of  a  sped- 
nic".  C.  /■'.  Hall,  Polar  Exp.,  1870,  p,  «o4. 

3.  Inlo<.,aprotuborance  surroundiiigthehihim 
of  a  seed,  strictly  it  Is  an  outgrowth  of  tiie  inicropyle, 
or  external  orillcc  of  the  ovule. 

4.  In  cntom.,  a  naked,  more 
or  less  rounded,  fleshy  eleva- 
tion of  the  surface,  especially 
on  the  body  of  a  caterpillar  oV 

other  insect-larva.- Lacrymal 
caruncle,  a  Hinall,  rcdillsli.  ilrnliy 
papilla  at  the  inner  canthiiH  of  lli 


on  I .  I 

on  > 

ItHli 

Tl,. 

I"i| 

coriicnto  or  hundr 

A'    — 

cani' 


lining  the  lacns  lacrynmli, 
ng  of  a  cluster  of  follielis  like 
the  .Meibomian,  and  coviTcd  with 
mucous  nienibrane.     See  cut  under 


eye, 
hIhII 


C.TrnncIc. 
C.-iriincnltitc  Seed  of 

entire    and   cut   loii|{|. 
tiiillnally. 


I.I.:  matter  of  the  year  llus  U  the  CartUlCUla   (ka-nnig '  ku-lii ),  tl.;  pi. 
-'.     a  tax  of  nvu  >hlllinK»  ,.„  each     (.jO).    [L.]    Hame  as  caruncle,    caru 

«   lis  of    lailll.  tirn<.mAi.    *l tl,.l.,     .., I .1 


cn.J 
vnt<'l 
bill  II 
».f  tli. 

ferfii' 

A   1. 
cont*  1.' 


I  ji.  re  s  of  Inn 

.SVii'/(i«,  L'oniit.  Hist.,  t  l.V). 
rnniniir, 
ucate  (kiir'ii-kut),  n.     [<   ML. 
//,,  ^  riirruca,  a  plow:  Hfc  Cffrii- 
'i''li  land  fiH  cfMihl  b(i  ciilli- 
iisiially  iiboiit  100  iicri'x, 


rnn/ficii/fr 

.     .  Caninculse  myr- 

tiformeB,tlic  sllglit  idcvations  nil  the  niurgln  of  the  vii- 
glnul  orltlie,  the  remains  of  th..  bynuii.  Cfiruncula 
mammillaiis,  a  sinall  low  enilnence  of  gray  matter  be. 
Iwicii  ih,.  ixtcrnal  and  Internal  rooU  ol  Ihc  oUnibiry 
iKTVr  or  (rii't.  Also  callcil  lultcr  iilfiti'torittvi  or  o{facli>rii 
iiihcrcle.-  CarunciUa  BUbllnKUalU,  a  small  papilla  tin- 
<\'t  the  longiie,  on  elllur  sidi'  cf  ibe  fieniim,  on  which 
^^  burton's  iliirt  opens.     Also  calliil  airuiirula  mlimrit 


•  •d  iieciinliin;  to  the  nuliirc  canmcular  (k«-niiig'kii-liir),  a.     [=  Hu.  carun- 

ictici' of  husbandry  111  iJif-  cnhir.  <  Ij.  raruncida  :  iivi-  caruncle]     I'ertain- 

'  "rill:.  iii^'  tu  <ir  liaviiii.'  llio  foriii  of  n  cnniiK'lc. 

n,:,\  riiL.oi  ,,f  iho  raryiiiu  carunculate,  carunculated  il<.'i  -vuuit'  ku-tat, 

'■'■' ' 'iri'iiUi  l»  to  be  -I'  I'll,  (I,      [—   Hp,  car«/iii(/«(/y,  <  L,  carun- 


carunculoso,  <  L.  caruncula  :  see  caruncle. 
runcular:  cartmculate. 
carus  (.ka'rus),  n.    [NL.  (>  F.  Pg.  cants),  <  Gr. 
Kupoc,  heavy  sleep,  torpor,  stupor.]     In  2>atliol., 
complete  insensibility,  which  no  stimidus  can 
remove ;  the  last  degree  of  coma. 
caruto  (ka-ro'to),   n.     [South  Amer.  name  of 
the  plaut.]     A  beautifid  dye  of  a  bluish-black 
color,  obtained  from  the  fnut  of  Gcnipa  Ameri- 
cana, of  the  natui'al  order  ltubiacca;a,  shrub  of 
the  West  Indies  and  Guiana. 
carvacrol   (kiir'va-krol),   «.     [<  carvy  (F.  Sp. 
It.  card),  earawav,  -I-  L.  acer  (flee-),  sharp,  -I- 
-ol.]    A  ■viscid  ody  substance,  of  a  very  dis- 
agreeable   odor   ami    strong   taste, 
made  from  oil  of  caraway.     In  medi- 
cine it  has  been  found  serviceable 
in  reliering  toothache. 
carvaget  (kSr'vaj),  h.     See  carnage. 
carval  (kar'val),  II.      [Manx,  =  E. 
(■((co/l,  q.  v.]     A  song,  carol,  or  bal- 
lad, especially  one  on  a  sacred  sub- 
ject, among  the  peasantry  of  the  Isle 
of  Man.     Also  carvel. 

Tlie  Manx  have  a  literature  — a  native  ver- 
nacular Gaelic  literature.  .  .  .  This  literature 
consists  of  ballads  on  sacreil  subjects,  which 
are  called  earrals.  ,  .  .  It  was  formerly  the 
custom  in  the  Isle  of  Man  for  the  young  i)co. 
pie  wlio  tliought  themselves  endowed  with 
the  poetic  gift  to  compose  carols  some  time 
before  Christmas,  and  to  recite  them  in  tlie 
pftrish  churches.  Those  pieces  which  were 
approved  of  by  the  clergy  were  snlisequently 
chanted  by  their  authors  through  their  im- 
mediate neighbourhoods,  both  before  and 
after  the  holy  festival.  Many  of  these  songs 
liave  been  handed  ilown  by  writing  to  the 
present  time.  .  .  .  The  carrots  are  preserved 
in  uncouth-looking,  smoke-stained  volumes, 
in  low  farm-houses  and  cottages  situated  in 
mountain  ^ill.-^  ;uid  glens. 

Quoted  in  liihod.  to  Kelly's  Manx  Gram- 
[mar,  p.  xiv. 

carvel  (karv),  i". ;  pret.  and  pp.  carved, 
old  and  poetical  pp.  careen,  ppr.  carv- 
ing. [Early  mod.  E.  also  kcrrc,  <  ME.  letren 
(pret.  sing,  car/,  Jcarf),  <  AS.  ccorfan  (pret. 
ccarf,  pi.  cur/on,  pp.  corfcii),  carve,  cut,  = 
OFries.  Irrm  =  D.  l-crven,  cut,  =  OHG.  'I:eiiian 
(not  recorded),  MHG.  G.  kcrbcn,  notch,  indent, 
=  Icel.  kjirj'a  =  Sw.  karfra,  cut,  =  Dan.  kaire, 
cut;  ])rob.  =  Gr.  ypa^eiv,  write,  orig.  scratch: 
see  graphic.  Carve  is  the  older  word  for  'cut'; 
in  the  general  sense  it  is  now  displaced  by  cut.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  cut  with  an  eiiged  tool  or  sharp 
instrument.     [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

As  a  coltoiir  in  clay  emits  the  forges  [  furrows]. 

Alliterative  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  1647. 
Or  they  will  buy  his  sheepe  out  of  the  cote, 
lir  they  will  ciii-ivn  the  shepheards  throtc. 

Sjvnsir,  Shep.  Cal.,  September. 
My  good  blade  carves  the  ca.>Kiuc8  of  men. 

Tenniison,  Sir  Galahiul. 
Specifically  — 2.  To  cut  into  pieces  or  slices, 
as  meat  at  table;  divide  by  cutting,  or,  figura- 
tively, by  parceling  out:  as,  to  cane  a  fowl; 
to  ean-c  up  an  estate. 

lie  had  been  a  keeper  of  liis  Hocks,  both  from  the  vio. 
lenee  of  robbers  ami  his  own  soliliei-s ;  who  could  easily 
luivc  cn,-i)cd  themselves  their  own  food.  South. 

3.  To  cut  (some  solid  miitorial)  in  order  to 
|>ro(liic(i  the  represi>iitati(iii  of  an  ob.ject  or 
a  design;  fashion  by  cutting:  as,  to  carve  a 
block  of  marble  into  a  statue. 

Canml  with  llgurcs  strange  and  sweet. 
All  nuide  out  of  the  carver's  brain. 

Colerittue,  Chrlstnbcl,  I. 

4.  To  iiroduce  by  putting;  form  by  cutting  or 
hewing;  irriivo  or  I'lignivi";  sculpt  tire:  as,  to 
curve  an  iiiiagi<;  to  (•(/(•((•  a  tli'sign  in  boxwood. 

\\  e  r<trn-it  not  a  line,  wc  raised  not  a  atono, 
lliil  wc  left  liiin  alone  with  his  glory, 

Wo(fr,  Iturlal  of  .Sir  .1.  Jlooro. 
The  names  ho  loved  to  hear 
Miivc  been  eariwil  tor  many  a  year 
On  thu  tomb. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  The  Last  I.onf. 
6.  To  di'corato  by  car\'ing;  produce  cut  or 
Hcul|itiii(.d  iloHijfiiH  upon:  as,  to  carve ii  capital; 
til  carve  a  clicrry-Ktone. 

The  stone  thai  miidc  the  Ciiiiopy  was  live  viirds  and 
lline  oiiiirters  si|iiarc,  and  earril  loiiiid  with  a  hnndsolno 
I  Ornish.  Maundrrll,  Aleppo  lo  .leriisalcin.  p.  21. 

The  carven  ccdiirn  doors. 

Tniinison,  Arabian  NIghls. 
Ainhl  the  carton  gray  itune  work  of  the  eatheilrnl. 

hntliroii,  S|ianlsh  Vlstiut,  p.  ti. 
6.  To  mark  as  \vith  carving. 


carve 

A  million  wrinkles  carved  his  skin. 

Tennyson^  Palace  of  Art. 
To  carve  out.  (a)  To  make  or  form  by  carving  or  parcel- 
int; ;  I'ut  cut ;  as,  to  carve  out  a  smaller  estate  from  a 
larger  one. 

With  his  bramiish'cl  steel  .  .  . 
Carv'd  out  his  passage.         Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  3. 
The  bright  share  carved  out  the  furrow  clean. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  202. 
<6)  Fignratively,  to  achieve  by  exertion  or  skill :  as,  to 
carrr  out  a  career  for  one's  self. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  exercise  the  trade  of  a 
<;arver;  engrave  or  cut  figures. — 2.  To  cut  up 
meat:  as,  to  carve  for  all  the  guests. 
.\nd  caj/ before  his  fader  at  the  table. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  I'rol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  100. 

To  carve  for  one's  self,  to  do  as  one  pleases ;  act  inde- 
pendently. 

Those  up  the  river  have  carved  largely /or  themselves, 
"which  .  .  .  they  >vill  after  repent,  when  "they  see  what 
Jielps  they  have  deprived  themselves  of. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  1  469. 

carve-  (karv),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  carved,  ppr. 
ciiri'ini/.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.]  To  grow 
sour;  curdle:  said  of  cream.  0-rose;  Salliwell. 
[Cheshire,  Eng.] 

carve'^t,  »■    See  cane. 

carveU  (kar'vel),  n.     [Contr.  of  caravel,  q.  v.] 

1.  Bee  caravel. —  2t.  A  jelly-fish. 

The  carvH  is  a  sea-fome,  floating  upon  the  surface  of 
the  ocean,  of  a  globous  form. 

Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels  in  Africa,  p.  26. 

3.  A  basket;  also,  a  chicken-coop.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

carvel"  (kiir'vel),  n.     See  carval. 

carvel-built  (kar'vel-bilt),  a.  Built  with  the 
planks  all  flush  and  not  overlapping :  said  of  a 
ship  or  boat. 

carvel-joint  (kilr'vel-joint),  n.  A  flush  joint; 
specifically,  one  between  the  planks  or  plates 
of  a  ship  or  boat. 

carvel-work  (kar'vel-werk),  n.  In  ship-huild- 
in(],  the  putting  together  of  the  planking  or 
plates  with  flush  joints,  as  distinguished  from 
clinchcr-irorl;. 

carvenl  (kar'vn).  Old  and  poetical  past  parti- 
ciple of  carve. 

carven-t,  v.  t.  [Spenser's  imitation  of  ME.  ker- 
ven,  inf.,  carve:  see  cnri'el.]     To  cut;  carve. 

carvene  (kar'ven),  «.  [<  carvjj  (F.,  etc.,  carvi), 
caraway,  +  -ene.}  An  almost  tasteless "  and 
odorless  liquid  (CxoHig)  found  ia  oil  of  cara- 
way. 

carver  (kar'ver),  11.  [<  ME.  kerver,  <  kerven, 
carve:  see  cnn'el.]  1.  One  who  carves,  (a) 
One  who  cuts  up  meat  into  portions  for  the  table,  {h) 
One  who  cuts  ivory,  wood,  or  the  like  in  a  decorative  way ; 
a  sculptor. 

The  master  painters  and  the  carvers  came.  Drydcn. 

(c)  Figuratively,  one  who  makes,  shapes,  or  molds,  in  any 
sense. 

Be  his  own  carver,  and  cut  out  his  way 

To  find  out  right  with  wrong. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  large  table-knife  used  for  carving  meat. 
carving  (kar'ving),  n.     [<  ME.  kervinge,  verbal 

n.  of  kerven,  carve:  see  curcel.]  1.  The  act 
or  art  of  carving.  Specifically  —  2.  A  branch 
■of  sculpture  consisting  of  work  of  decorative 
character  rather  than  statuary  or  monumental 
relief. — 3.  A  device  or  figm'e  carved;  a  design 
produced  by  carving:  as,  a  tomb  ornamented 
with  carvings. 

The  lids  are  ivy,  grapes  in  clusters  lurk 
Beneath  the  carytn^a  of  the  curious  work. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Eclogues,  iii.  59. 

4.  In  coal-mining,  nearly  the  same  as  cutting 
(which  see).  [Leicestershire,  Eng.]— carvlng- 
Chisel.    See  chisel. 

carving-fork  (kar'ving-fork),  n.  A  large  fork 
used  to  hold  meat  while  it  is  being  carved,  and 
generally  provided  with  a  guard  to  prevent  out- 
ting  the  haud  if  the  knife  slips. 

carving-knife  (kflr'ving-nif),  n.  A  large  knife 
used  for  carving  meat  at  table. 

carving-lathe  (kar'ving-laTH),  n.  A  lathe 
adapted  for  the  grooving,  channeling,  and  or- 
namenting of  columns,  balusters,  legs  of  tables, 
etc. 

carvistt  (kar'vist),  J(.  [Etym.  unknown;  hard- 
l.y  ''a  eon-uption  of  cnrrij-fisl"  (from  being  car- 
ried on  the  hand),  as  usually  guessed.]  In 
falcnnnj,  a  yoimg  hawk. 

carvol  (kar'vol),  n.  [<  carvy  (P.,  etc.,  carvi), 
caraway,  -f  -o?.]  A  liquid  (dioHi40)  of  pleas- 
ant odor  contained  in  oil  of  caraway. 

carvy  (kar'\-i),  «.  [<  F.  cnrvi,  caraway:  see  car- 
awaij.']     Caraway.     [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

car-'Wheel  (kilr'hwel),  «.  A  wheel  of  a  car,  es- 
pecially of  a  railroad-car.    in  lailroad-cars  the  wheel 


Washburn  Car-whccI ; 
side  elevation  iilid  dia- 
metric section. 


839 

has  a  conical  tread  and  a  flange  projecting  beyond  the 

tread  at  Its  inner  edge,   to  prevent  derailment.     The 

coning  of  the  tread  or  rim  gives  a 

greater  diameter  on  the  inner  or 

llang(^  side  than  at  the  outer  edge, 

and  is  dcHigued  to  cijuiitenict  in 

part  any  tendency  of  the  wheel  to 

leave  the  I  ail.— Paper  car-Wheel, 

a  car  wheel  with  it  steel  tire  and  a 
web  of  compressed  paper  between 
plates  wbieli  aiit  bolted  to  the  Imb 
aii.l  the  tile.     H.  II.  Kniiiht. 

carwhichett  (kiir'hwich-ct), 
n.     Saiuo  as  carriwilchet. 

Carya  (ka'ri-il),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  mpva,  the  walnutr-treo,  <  Ku/iva,  prop,  mpva 
paaumd  or  Trcpm/id,  royal  (i.  e.,  Persian)  or  Per- 
sian nuts  (cf.  E.i>eacli^,  ult.  <  Gr.  TrepaiKiv),  pi. 
of  Kapvvv,  a  nut  (of  any  kind),  prob.  akin  to 
mpaQ,  horn,  E.  liorn,  etc.]  A  gi^iius  of  North 
American  trees,  natural  orilcr  Jiiglandacea; 
confined  to  the  region  east  of  the  Kocky  Moun- 
tains. 'J'hcre  are  8  species,  including  tlie  pecan  (0.  olivet;- 
formis),  the  shcUbark  hickory  (C.  alba),  and  other  hick- 
ories. 'The  wood  is  in  general  heavy,  hard,  strong,  and 
tough,  and  is  extensively  used  as  fuel  and  in  tlie  mami- 
faetine  of  agrii'iiltiii-al  implements,  carriages,  handles  of 
tonls,  tiddps,  etf.    The  bark  yields  a  yellow  dye. 

caryatic  (k»r-i-at'ik),  «.  [<  L.  Caryates,  Cary- 
ans;  in  architecttu'al  sense,  <  L.  Caryatides: 
see  caryatid.']  Pertaining  to  the  Caryans  (in 
this  sense  with  a  capital)  or  to  caryatids :  as, 
"Persian  and  Caryatic  figures,"  II.  Stuart. — 
Caryatic  order,  in  arch.,  an  order  in  which  the  entab- 
lattu-e  is  supported  by  female  figures  instead  of  columns. 

caryatid  (kar-i-at'id),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  caryatide, 
cnriutidc  =  Sp.  caridtide  =  Pg.  It.  cariatide,  <  L. 
pi.  I'aryatidis,  <  Gr.  KapvdrideQ,  caryatids  (cf.  Ka- 
pt'dniSff,  the  priestesses  of  Artemis  at  Carya;, 
pi.  of  KapvdTt;,  a  name  of  Artemis),  lit.  '  women 
of  CarysB,'  <  Map'vat,  Caryte,  a  place  in  Laconia, 
Greece,  with  a  famous  temple  of  Artemis.  Cf . 
atlantes,  canepliore,  2,  and  fefawow.]  I.  n. ;  pi. 
caryatids,  caryatides  (-idz,  -i-dez).  In  arcli.,  a 
figiu'e  of  a  woman  dressed  in  long  robes,  serving 
as  a  column  to  supi>ort  an  entablatm'e  or  to  fill 
any  other  office  of  a  coltunn.  Vitruvins  relates 
that  the  city  of  Caryse  sided  ivith  the  Persians  after  the 


"crrfTtrSf 


Caryatids 
Porch  of  the  Erechtheum  at  Athem. 


battle  of  Thermopylae,  and  that  it  was  on  this  account 
sacked  by  the  other  Greeks,  who  took  the  women  cap- 
tive, and  to  perpetuate  this  event  erected  trophies  in 
which  figures  of  women  dressed  in  the  Caryatic  manner 
were  used  to  support  entablatures.    This  story  is  proba- 
bly imaginary,  but  no  doubt  the  name  and  perhaps  the 
idea  of  the  caryatids  were  derived  from  Caryee. 
Two  great  statues,  Art 
And  Science,  Canjatids,  lifted  up 
A  weight  of  emblem.      Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  form  of  a  cary- 
atid; caryatic. 
caryatidean  (kar^i-at-i-de'an),  a.     [<  caryatid 

+  -van.]     Supported  by  caryatids. 

This  Caryatidean  i)ortico  [of  the  Erechtheum]  displays 
very  clearly  the  arrangement  of  the  ceiling. 

Stieyc.  Brit.,  II.  408. 

caryatides,  ».    Latin  plural  of  caryatid. 

caryin,  caryine  (kar'i-in),  n.  [<  Carya  +  -in^, 
-ine".}  A  crystalline  principle  found  in  the  bark 
of  Carya  tomentosa  (the  mockernut  or  white- 
heart  hickory),  believed  to  be  identical  with 
quereitriu. 

caryinite  (ka-n'i-nit),  n.  [<  caryin  -f-  -»te2.] 
An  arseniate  of  lead,  manganese,  and  calcium, 
oeeuiTing  massive,  of  a  brown  color,  at  the 
lead-mines  of  Langban,  Sweden. 

Caryoborus  (kar-i-ob'o-ras),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ki- 
pvov,  nut,  +  pop6(,  eating.]  A  genus  of  rhyn- 
ehophorous  coleopters  or  weevils,  of  the  fam- 
ily llntchidce,  differing  from  Bruchus  by  having 
the  fore  oox«  separated  by  the  presternum.    C. 


caryopsis 

arthriticus  is  a  species  of  the  southem  United 
States,  infesting  the  palmetto. 

Caryobranchia  (kar  i-o-brang'ki-ii),  n.  pi. 
[-NL.,  <  (jr.  i<dpvov,a,  nut  (nucleus),  4-', ipd)';f(a, 
gills.]  An  order  of  gastropods :  proposed  as 
a  substitute  for  Nucleobranchiata  (which  see): 
same  as  lleteropoda.  Menlce,  1828;  Hwainson, 
IHIjy. 

Caryocar  (ka-ii'o-kiir),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kapvnv,  n 
nut  (see  Carya),  '+  ndpa,  head;  the  globose  fruit 
is  often  as  large  as  a  child's  head.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  natural  order  Ternstrwmiacea;  con- 
sisting of  8  species  of  lofty  trees,  natives  of 
tropical  America.  They  produce  good  lirubcr,  ami 
their  fruits  contain  3  or  4  large  kidney»lia|ii(l  seeds  in- 
closed in  an  extremely  hard  woody  sludl,  reddish-brown 
in  color  and  covered  with  roundish  protuberances.  They 
are  called  souari-nuts  or  butternuts,  have  a  pleasant  nutty 
llavor,  and  yield  a  bland  oil.  The  chief  source  of  these 
nuts  i-s  C.  nuci/erurn,  a  tree  frequently  reaebiiig  the  height 
of  100  feet,  common  in  the  forests  of  iiritish  Guiana,  par- 
ticularly on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  Ilssefjuibo  and  lierbiee. 
Its  flowers  are  large  and  of  a  deep  purplish-red  color. 

caryocinesis  (kar"i-o-si-ne'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kapvov,  a  nut  (nucleus),  +  kwt/gic,  movement, 
change:  see  kinesis.']  In  cmhryol.,  the  series  of 
active  changes  taking  place  in  the  nucleus  of 
a  living  cell  in  the  process  of  division.  Also 
written  karyokinesis. 

Caryophyllaceae  (kar^i-o-fi-la'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  CaryophyJlus  +  -acca'.]  A  natural  order 
of  polypetaious  plants,  the  pink  tribe,  includ- 
ing over  800  species  of  bland  herbs,  distributed 
all  over  the  globe,  with  stems  generally  swollen 
at  the  nodes,  and  opposite  leaves,  the  bases  of 
which  are  frequently  luiited.  The  flowers  are  reg- 
ular, and  the  numerous  seeds  are  attached  to  a  central 
placenta.  The  greater  niunber  of  the  species  are  incon- 
spicuous weeds,  like  chickweed,  spurrey,  sandwort,  etc., 
but  many  are  found  as  favorite  plants  in  gardens,  as  the 
pink,  carnation,  sweet-william,  etc.  The  largest  genera 
are  Dianthus,  SUene,  Lychnis,  and  Arcnaria.  .See  cut 
below. 

caryophyllaceous  (kar"i-o-fi-la'8hius),  a.  [< 
Caryophyllacew .]  Pertaining  to  the  Caryoijhyl- 
lacetB :  especially  applied 
to  flowers  having  five  pet- 
als with  long  claws  in  a 
tubidar  calyx.  Also  eary- 
ophylloHS,  caryophyUeous. 

Caryophyllseidas "  (kar  i  - 
o-fi-le'i-de),  n.  ptl.     [NL., 

<  Caryophyllccus  +  -id(e.] 
A  family  of  eestode  platy- 
helminths,  or  tapeworms, 
characterized  by  having 
only  one  proglottis,  the 
body  elongated  and  im- 
segmented,  the  head-armature  weak,  consist- 
ing of  a  lo'bed  fringe  without  hooks,  and  eight 
sinuous  longitudinal  canals  of  the  excretory 
system. 

Caryophyllaeus  (kar"i-o-fi-le'u8),  n.  [NL. 
(GmeUn,  1790),  <  Caryophytlus,  q.  v.]  A  genus 
of  Cestoidea,  or  tapeworms,  the  species  of  which 
are  endoparasitic  in  cyprinoid  fishes.  It  repre- 
sents the  simplest  cestoid  form,  resembling  a  trematode 
in  structure,  having  no  trace  of  alimentary  canal,  but  be- 
ing furnished  with  a  single  set  of  hermaphrodite  repro- 
ductive organs  and  a  water-vascular  system  ;  the  body  is 
elongated,  dilated,  and  lobate  at  one  end,  like  a  clove, 
whence  the  name.  It  is  the  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Cn^-^fnphyllmdiv.  C.  rnutabiti-s  is  found  in  the  intestine 
of  eyjuiniiid  lisiies.     Originally  Caryophytlus. 

caryophyUeous  (kar'i-o-fire-us),  a.  Same  as 
caryophylhiccous. 

caryophyllin,  caryophylline  (kar'i-o-fil'in), 
«.  [<  Caryophyllus  +  -in~,  -ine'^.]  A  crystal- 
line substance  obtained  from  cloves  by  treat- 
ing them  with  alcohol. 

caryophylloid  (kar"i-o-fil'oid),  «.  [<  Caryo- 
phylhis  +  -oid.]  In  hot.,  having  the  form  of  the 
Cu  rynpliyUus :  clove-shaped. 

caryophyllous  (kar'-'i-o-fil'us),  a.  Same  as 
caryopkyUaccous. 

Caryopiyllus  (kar"i-o-firus),  >i.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kapvocjiv'/'/.ov,  the  clove-tree,  lit.  'nut-leaf,'  < 
Kdpvov,  a  nut,  -I-  <j>vii?.ov  =  L.  folium,  a  leaf. 
Hence  ult.,  from  the  Gr.  Kapv6ov'/./j)v,  E.  gillie 
Jlower,  q.  v.]  1.  Among  early  botanists,  the 
name  of  two  genera,  one  fumishiag  the  clove 
of  commerce,  the  other  including  the  elove- 
pink,  Dianthus,  from  the  similarity  of  odors. 
It  was  retained  by  Llnnieus  only  for  the  former, 
and  this  is  now  referred  to  the  genus  Eugenia. 
—  2.  In  ro67. :  (a)  Same  as  Caryopliyllwui.  of. 
which  it  is  the  original  form.  (6)  A  genus 
of  crinoids:  synonymous  with  Eugeniacrinus. 
Scheuch::er.     Also  CaryophyUites.     Knorr. 

caryopsis  (kar-i-op'sis),  n.  [NL.  (>P.  cavyopse), 

<  Gr.  Kapvov,  a  nut,  +  o^xf,  appearance,  <  V  'ot, 
see :  see  02)110.]    In  hot.,  a  small,  one-seeded. 


Caryopbyllaceous  Flower 


caryopsis 

dry.  indeHscent  fruit,  in  which  the  thin  seed- 
eoat  is  adherent  throughout  to  the  very  thin 
pericarp,  as  in  vrheat  and  all  other  cereal  grains. 
Also  spelled  cnriopsi^. 

Caryota  (kar-i-6'ta),  H.  [NL.  (L.,  in  Gr.  sense) 
(>  F.  ciiri/otc),  <  Gr.  Kttpv<j7uc  oon-n;,  a  palm  with 
Tvabiut-like  fruit,  lit.  nut-like  palm:  xapitirof, 
nut-like,  <  napvm;  a  nut,  walnut ;  ooiwf ,  pahn : 
see  phenix.^  A  genus  of  large  palms,  natives 
of  India  and  the  Malay  archipelago,  with  bipin- 
nate  leaves  and  wedge-shaped  leaflets,  strongly 
toothed  at  the  extremity.  The  best-knonn  species. 
C.  nrmx,  called  the  bastard  sago,  is  a  native  of  India,  trnd 
is  of  great  value.  By  severing  the  ends  of  the  successive 
flowering  stems  a  sweet  sap  is  obtained,  which  is  either 
boiled  down  into  syrup  and  sugar,  or  made  by  fermenta- 
tion into  toddy,  which  yields  arrack  by  distillation.  The 
soft  pith  abounds  in  sago-like  farina,  which  is  made  into 
bread  or  eaten  as  gruel.  Tlie  outer  part  of  the  stem  is 
hard,  strong,  and  durable,  and  is  much  tised  for  building 
and  for  agricultural  implements;  and  the  sheaths  of  the 
leaves  yield  a  ver>-  strong  fiber,  known  as  kittul  fiber, 
which  is  said  to  be  indestructible. 

cast,  n.     -A.  Middle  English  form  of  case^. 

casa  (ka'sa),  n.  [L.,  a  cottage,  hut,  cabin, 
shed,  ML.  also  a  house  in  general  (>  It.  Sp.  Pg. 
casa,  a  house,  =  (as  if  <  L.  neut.  "casnm)  F. 
cAcr,  in  prep,  die:,  abbr.  of  en  cite:,  =  OSp.  en 
cas  =  It.  Ill  casa  or  a  casa,  in  the  house  (of),  at 
(my,  his,  etc.)  house,  with);  prob.  akin  to  cas- 
trii'm,  a  castle,  fort,  pi.  a  camp  (see  castrum, 
Chester),  and  to  cassis,  a  helmet;  orig.  a  cover 
or  shelter;  cC  Skt.  ■/  chhad,  cover,  cover  over. 
Hence  ult.  ca'sale,  cassock,  casula,  chasuble,  etc.] 
A  house. 

ca.  sa.  In  law,  the  usual  abbreviation  of  capias 
ad  satisfaciendum.     See  cuj/ias. 

casal  (ka'sal),  a.  [<  ea«el,  6, -t- -a/.]  Jn gram., 
of  or  belonging  to  case.     [Rare.] 

The  casat  termination  of  the  Saxon  possessive  is  es  or  is, 
as  appears  in  such  phrases  as 'Gode« sight,'  'kingi*' crown.' 

J.  il.  ilcCuUoch. 

casalef,  n.  [^  It.  casale.  a  hamlet,  village,  for- 
merly also  a  farm-house,  manor-house,  dairy, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  casal,  a  farm-house,  <  ML.  casale, 
also  casalis,  a  farm-house,  villa,  hamlet,  viUage, 
<  L.  casa,  a  house.]     A  hamlet ;  a  viUage. 

And  Salerday  in  ye  mornynge  we  landyd  there,  and  wente 
to  snche  eoioie*  as  we  foinide  and  rcfresshed  vs. 

Syr  It.  Ouiil/orde,  I*}igr}Tnage,  p.  56. 

Casarca  (ka-siir'kS),  n.  [NL.,  <  Russ.  cacharla, 
the  sea-swallow.]  A  name,  specific  or  generic 
(in  this  case  with  a  capital),  of  the  ruddy  shel- 
drake, Anas  casarca  or  Casarca  rutila,  a  bird 
of  the  family  Anatidw  and  subfamily  Anatime, 
inhabiting  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  As  a  ge- 
neric term  it  includes  several  other  species,  as 
C.  tadnrnoidts,  C.  variegata.etc. 

casava,  casave  (ka-sii' va,  -ve),  n.    See  cassava. 

casbaldt,  "•  [Late  ME."  also  casbaldc;  origin 
uiiicrtaiii.]    A  tenn  of  contempt.     York  I'lai/s. 

Casban  (kas'ban).  n.  A  cotton  fabric  similar 
to  jifciiiiet,  but  stouter,  sometimes  haWng  a 
glossy  surface  like  satin,  and  used  chiefly  for 

.  linin^N. 

cascabel  (kas'ka-bel),  n.  [Sp.,  a  little  bell,  the 
button  at  the  ftreech  of  a  cannon,  also  casca- 
billo,  =  Pg.  Pr.  cuscarcl;  origin  uncertain.] 
That  jiart  of  a  cannon  which  is  behind  the 
ba«c-nn(5,  including  the  base  and  knob. 

cascade'  (kas-kad'),  n.  [<  P.  cascades  Sp.  ca.<t- 
c«rfa  =  Pg.  cascata,  <  It.  cascata,  a  watcifall,  < 
cascarc,  fall,  appar.  associated  in  thought  with 
L.  cadcre,  pp.  casus,  fall,  but  prob.  (like  Sp. 
cascar,  break  in  pieces,  beat,  strike,  =  Pg.  cas- 
ear,  strike)  an  extension  of  L.  ca.iarv,  cassare, 
variant  of  rjua-uare,  sliako,  shatter,  shiver,  frcq. 
ot  qua  tore,  pp.  quassum,  shako:  aea  quash,  con- 
cuss, discuss,  etc.  Cf.  cn.icatho,  cascarilla,  cask, 
casque,  etc.]  1.  A  fall  or  flowing  of  water 
over  a  precipice  or  steep  rocky  declivity  in  a 
river  or  other  stream;  a  waterfall,  whelhcr 
Ofttiiiii  ..I  .riiiiciiili  but  smaller  I hiin  a  (cataract. 

'I  r>iii<>  thrown  Itself  down  n  prooijilce,  and 

fttb.  uradrM  from  one  rock  Vt  anotli'-r. 

AddiMn,  Trnvel.H  In  Italy. 

2.  Tn  »■/<•<•'.,  a  pecnlinr  arrangement  of  Ijcyden 

jfii  MiitiT  coating  of  the  liiMt  jar 

»i  iliarge  is  coiineclcil  to  the 

III-  M    IP-  ■ni'oiid,  and  no  on. —  3.  A 

tn  .ice  or  other  soft  material,  folded, 

in  -liioii  HO  «H  to  make  a  liroken  or  ir- 

retr  iiHdtiwn  the  ffontof  agowii.  lint, 

nj   N'  — 4.  Tli<-fiil1iiii.' wnterin  thecfin- 

■t' 1  .  —  CliarKedor 

dlii'hi  8yn.  1.    <■«'■ 

ml'.  '  ,  ..i.c.l.    but 

m..  '"           i'y 

«.--,-    1  11. 

Tb.    'In',-  .     ,..|.ir ^n- 

ter  and  raiilUit>  -.4  ^.^t\^uU 


840 

cascade^  (kas-kad'),  1'.  I. :  pret.  and  pp.  cas- 
cnd(d.  ppr.  cascading.  [<  cascade^,  n.]  To 
form  cascades;  fall  in  cascades. 

In  the  middle  of  a  l.-u-ge  octagon  piece  of  water  stands 
an  obelisk  of  near  seventy  feet,  for  a  .Tet-d'Eau  to  MJicadc 
from  the  top  of  it.     Defoe,  Tour  thro"  G.  Britain,  II.  218. 

The  town  [of  Subiaco]  ...  is  built  on  a  kind  of  cone 
rising  from  the  midst  of  a  valley,  .  .  .  with  a  superb 
mountain  horizon  around  it,  and  the  green  Anio  cascadiuij 
at  its  feet.  Loivelt,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  271. 

cascade-  (kas-kad'),  v-  '•;  pret.  and  pp.  cas- 
caded, ppr.  cascading.  [Appar.  a  perverted 
use  of  cascade^.  Cf.  E.  dial,  cast,  vomit.]  To 
vomit.     [Colloq.] 

cascalho  (kas-kal'yo),  ii.  [Pg.  (=  Sp.  cascajo), 
pebbles,  gravel,  <  cascar,  strike,  Sp.  break  in 
pieces,  shatter:  see  cascade^,  ».,  and  cuscariUa, 
and  as  to  meaning  cf.  hrash'^,  breccia,  debris.'] 
Gravel,  coarse  or  ime,  mixed  with  more  or  less 
sand;  detrital  material  in  general;  the  material 
in  which  Brazilian  diamonds  are  found,  as  also 
gold  to  some  extent. 

cascan,  cascane  (kas-kan',  -kau'),  n.    [F.  cas- 
caiic.l     In  fort.,  a  hole  or  ca^-ity,  resembling  a 
well,  made  near  a  rampart,  from  which  an 
undergroimd  gallery  extends,  or  which  serves 
to  give  vent  to  an  enemy's  mine  and  diminish 
its  destructive  effect. 
cascara  amarga,  sagrada.    See  bark^. 
cascarilla  (kas-ka-ririt),  «.     [=  F.  cascarille, 
<  Sp.  cascarilla  (=  Pg.  cascariiha  =  It.  cas- 
carilla,    cascariglia), 
dim.  of  cascara,  bark, 
rind,  peel,  husk  (cf. 
casca,    htisks,     bark, 
casco,  a  skull,  shard, 
helmet,  cask,  etc.,  > 
E.   cf/si'l),  <    cascar, 
break,    burst    open : 
see  cascade^,  «.,  and 
casA-l.]  The  aromatic 
bitter  bark  of  Croton 
Elutcria,  a  West  In- 
dian shrub  or  small 
tree   of   the   natural 
order    Euphorbiacca;, 
and  a  native  of  the 
Bahama  islands.     It 
occurs  in  small  thin  frag- 
ments and  brittle  rolls  like 
qiiills,  and  is  used  in  medicine  for  its  mild  stinmlating, 
t'lnic  pnipcrties.    .\l.so  called  Elt^utfti'ra  or  tfifcetwood  bark. 

cascarillin,  cascarilline  (kas-ka-ril'in),  «.  [< 
cascarilla  +  -in-,  -inc-.]  A  white,  crystalline, 
odorless,  bitter  substance  (C12H18O4)  obtained 
from  cascarilla. 

caschrom  (kas'krom),  n.  [Also  improp.  yrrit- 
ten  ga.icromh;  Gaol,  cuschrom,  <  cas,  a  foot,  leg, 
shaft,  haft,  handle,  -I-  crom,  crooked :  see  crom- 
lech.]    A  long  pick  with  a  cross-handle  and 

■  projecting  foot-jiiece ;  a  foot-pick :  used  in  the 
Scottish  Highlands  for  digging  in  stony  ground 
where  no  oilier  instrument  can  be  introduced. 

casco  (kas'ko),  n.  [Pg.,  prop,  the  keel  or  bottom 
of  a  ship,  =  Sp.  casco,  the  hull  of  a  ship;  same 
as  Pg.  Sp.  It.  casco,  lielmet,  cas(|ue,  cask:  see 
cask^,  casque.]     A  boat  of  the  Philippines,  used 


CascariUa.pIant  (Cro/en 

Sluteria). 

a,  male  flower ;  d.  female  flower; 

c,  fruit. 


chiefly  on  tho  river  at  Manila,  almost  rectan- 
gular in  form,  very  flat  and  very  durable,  and 
much  used  for  convoying  cargocH  to  and  from 
ships. 
case'  (kas),  n.  [<  ME.  cas,  caas,  case,  <  OF.  cas, 
V.  ms  =  Pr.  ens  =  I'g.  Sp.  It .  caso,  circuraHtnnoo, 
event,  hap,  chalice,  <  L.  casus  (casu-),  a  falling, 
ihaiige,  ev<'nt,  accident,  inisfurtiine,  <  cadrrc, 
p|i.  rasiis,  fall  (>  alHO  cailinl,  ciulrncc,  chance, 
arridrni,  etc.):  see  eadrnl.]  1.  I,ilerally,  that 
which  liappeUH  or  befalls.  (»>  lliiii;  contingency; 
cvLiil;  chaiico. 


case 

Than  he  tolde  hem  allc  worde  for  worde  how  the  ea» 
was  befallen.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  560. 

Wisdom  behouith  to  lete  go  and  passe 
Which  that  men  mow  noght  amend  in  no  eas. 

Horn,  of  Parienaii  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6223. 

(&)  State ;  condition ;  state  of  circumstances. 
Cuniforteth  him  in  his  caas,  coueiteth  not  his  goodes. 
Piers  rioieman  (X),  viii.  52. 

liike  Angels  life  was  then  mens  happy  cace. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  16. 
Tib.  I  come  to  have  thee  walk. 
Olid.  So,  good  TibuUus,  I'm  not  now  in  eajie. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

They  lay,  therefore,  all  day  on  Saturday,  in  lamentable 

ease,  as  before.  Bitnyan,  Pilgi-im's  Progress,  p.  177. 

2.  A  particular  determination  of  events  or  cir- 
cumstances; a  special  state  of  things  coming 
imder  a  general  description  or  rule. 

Tlie  ceremonies  attendant  upon  death  and  burial  are 
nearh'  the  same  in  the  eases  of  men  and  women. 

'  B.  ir.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  II,  2S6. 

3.  In  med.,  an  instance  of  disease  under  or 
requiring  medical  treatment,  or  the  series  of 
occurrences  or  symptoms  which  characterize 
it :  as,  the  doctor  has  many  cases  of  fever  in 
hand;  the  patient  explained  his  case. — 4.  A 
state  of  things  invohing  a  question  for  dis- 
cussion or  decision. 

Tell  hym  how  the  caas  stantall  as  it  is. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  491. 

Acres.  I  don't  choose  to  mention  names,  but  look  on 
me  as  on  a  very  ill-used  gentleman. 
Sir  Imc.  Pray,  what  is  the  case  > 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iii.  4. 
The  plainest  ease  in  many  words  entangling.  J.  Baillie. 

Specifically  —  5.  In  lato :  (a)  A  cause  or  suit  in 
court;  any  instance  of  litigation:  as,  the  case 
was  tried  at  the  last  term,  in  this  sense  case  is 
nearly  synonymous  with  ca  use,  which  is  the  more  technical 
term.  Case  includes  special  proceedings,  as  well  as  actions 
at  law,  suits  in  equity,  and  criminal  prosecutions;  and  it 
implies  not  only  a  controversy,  but  also  legal  proceedings. 
Jlore  loosely,  however,  it  is  used  for  cause  of  action :  as, 
he  has  a  good  case. 

This  false  juge  .  .  .  sat  in  his  Consistorie, 
And  gaf  his  doomes  upon  sondry  eas. 

Chaucer,  Doctor's  Tale,  I.  163. 

Force  a  composition  or  wrangle  out  some  broken  Title, 
or  brcake  the  necke  of  the  Case  with  a  Prohibition. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  ji.  133. 

(6)  Tho  state  of  facts  or  the  presentation  of 
eWdenco  on  which  a  party  to  litigation  relies 
for  his  success,  whether  as  plaintiff  or  defen- 
dant: as,  in  cross-examining  plaintiff's  witness, 
defendant  has  no  right  to  go  beyond  the  limits 
of  the  direct  examination,  for  such  inquiries 
are  part  of  his  o-svn  case,  (c)  Under  American 
proceiltire,  a  document  prepared  by  the  appel- 
lant on  an  apjieal,  containing  the  evidence,  or 
the  substance  of  it,  and  the  proceedings  on 
the  trial  in  the  court  below,  it  is  intended  to 
enable  the  appellate  court  to  review  the  evidence  and 
the  Uu'Ut,  as  well  as  to  pass  upon  alleged  errors  of  law, 
and  in  tllis  ilillcrs  from  a  bill  of  exceptions,  which  pre- 
8ent.s  only  allcgcil  errors  of  law.  Callcil  speciflcally  casff 
I'll  iipjteal. 

6.  In  gram.,  in  many  languages,  one  of  the 
forms  having  different  offices  in  the  sentence 
wliiili  togotlier  make  up  tho  inflection  of  a 
noun:  as,  the  nomiiiatire  case,  tliat  of  the  sub- 
ject of  tho  verb,  as  he,  dominvs  (Latin):  tho 
accusative  or  objective  case,  as  him,  dominum; 
the  genitive  or  ])0ssessive  case,  as  his  (John's), 
domini.  These  arc  tlic  only  cases  In  modern  English, 
and  the  objective  is  not  ilistiiignishcd  in  form  from  the 
nominative  except  in  a  few  pronouns.  In  addition  to 
the  three  cases  found  in  English,  Greek  and  German  huve 
a  dative,  Latin  has  a  dative,  an  ablative,  ami  a  \'ocntive, 
and  Sanskrit  further  an  inHtrninental  and  a  locative.  'I'lie 
Frendi  has  lost  all  easu-distinction  in  nouns.  Some  lan- 
gnages.  as  tlie  Finnish  and  llnngurian,  have  many  more 
cases,  even  hftecn  or  twenty.  All  the  cases  but  tile  nomi- 
native are  cuUcil  iibfitjuc  eases. 

7.  A  person  who  is  peculiar  or  remarkable  in 
any  resjiect:  as,  a  queer  ra.ie;  a  hard  eiisr:  some- 
times used  williout  iiunlilieiition:  as,  he  is  a 
case.     [Colloq.  J 

*' Wi'll.  the  Gi-neral  cnn  tell  yon,  "  says  the  hunter,  glun. 
ring  at  that  indlviibnd.  "  whiit  a  tenllile  hard  m».'  I've 
been."  It'.  ,1/.  Ilaker,  New  Timothy,  p.  nl. 

8.  Ill  logic,  n  proposition  staling  a  fact  coming 
iiiidir  n  general  rule;  a  subsum|itioii.-  Action 
on  tho  case.  In  Ian;  a  general  fmiii  of  aiilon  (the  phniso 
1"  liiu  "lifiuillly  i'(|Uivalenl  to  ni'fi""  ""  the  eirciiuiKtanrrs) 
adi.pli'd  to  enlarge  the  legal   li'mcdlis   at   a   lime  uhen 

l.iniis  .r(  aellc xlsteil  tor  Irespjissis  «ilb  viidence  iind 

for  di  lits  leslltm  In  bond,  but  no  form  liiiil  been  provldrd 
Utv  wiMMus  without  violence,  sncb  iis  iHyllgcnee,  or  oral 
or  Implied  prnnilse.  It  beeami-  Ibr  niosi  widely  used  of 
all  coiinncni  law  forms,  and  eiiniillv  Mppllcalile  to  cnnse- 
ipientltd  Injury  to  lint  real  or  pos'iiud  property  and  to  tlio 
p<-ii.<.ii!d  c'hiirarter  of  the  parly  l»v  wliom  11  was  bronglit. 

Amlatad  caso,  a  noted  rase  In  the  ronrls  of  the 
Inll..!  Sliites.  In  which  Spanlurds  claimed  as  Ihrlr  slavct 
negroes  wholnnl  been  kidnapireil  In  Alrlni,  and  wlm  whU» 


case 

beinK  carried  to  Cuba  (in  1839)  rose  nR:aiiist  their  captors, 
touk  possession  of  llio  vessel,  iuui  after  i:hant:intr  lier  course 
were  titken  l>y;t  rnitcl  States  vissel  utt  tlir  AnnTicancoast. 
The  courts  lahl  tli;it  lliey  weru  free,  ami  iiui  j.i  rates  or  rob- 
bers.—Bankers'  case,  or  case  of  the  bankers,  the  peti- 
tion of  Iliiinl'lee  and  others  to  tlie  Ijaionsof  tlie  exchequer 
in  lii'.tl  0-*  Hew.  St.  Xr.,  1)  fur  the  payment  of  certain  an- 
nuities granted  hy  Charles  II.  to  repay  money  ori^'inally 
loaned  to  him  on  the  secm-ity  of  the  revenues.  On  ap- 
peal, the  House  of  Lords  decided  that  the  f^raiit  was  bind- 
ing upon  his  successor,  and  continued  a  change  upon  the 
revenue.— Bates's  case,  an  English  prosecution  (UHltj) 
of  a  merchant,  in  which  the  claim  of  James  I.  to  impose 
duties  as  a  personal  prerogative  was  sustaiueil  :  a  iiues- 
tion  afterward  settled  the  other  way  umUr  Cromwell. 
Also  called  the  case  of  the  impositions. —  'BrSiAla.USh's 
case,  a  prolonged  controversy  (1881-86)  over  the  claim 
of  Charles  Uradlauah  (a)  to  take  a  seat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  without  taking  the  oath  required  of  members, 
he  declaring  that  he  did  not  acknowledge  or  believe  in  Its 
obligation;  and  later  (6)  to  have  the  oath  administered. 
Two  notable  legal  decisions  were  reached  in  the  course  of 
the  controversy.  In  1884  (12  Law  Kep.,  Q.  B.  D.,  271),  in 
the  case  of  Charles  Bradlaugh  v.  Francis  R.  Gossett,  ser- 
geant-at-arms  of  the  House  of  Commons,  .arising  out  of 
a  resolution  excluding  plaintiff  from  tlie  House  until  he 
should  engage  not  to  disturb  its  proceedings  by  demand- 
ing to  take  the  oath  as  a  member,  it  was  held  that  courts 
cannot  control  the  House  in  its  administration  of  laws  re- 
lating merely  to  its  internal  procedure,  nor  inquire  into 
the  propriety  of  a  resolution  restraining  a  member  from 
doing  in  the  House  what  he  had  a  lawful  right  to  do, 
and  that  action  will  not  lie  against  the  sergeant- at- arms 
for  obeying  such  resolution.  In  1SS5  (14  Law  Rep.,  Q. 
B.  D.,  667),  in  the  Court  of  Appeal,  the  case  of  the  At- 
torney-General V.  Bradlaugh,  for  penalties  under  the  Par- 
liamentary Oaths  Act,  for  voting  in  the  House  without 
having  been  sworn  as  a  member,  it  was  decided  that  a 
member  who  does  not  believe  in  a  Supreme  Being,  and 
upon  whom  an  oath  is  binding  only  as  a  promise,  is  in- 
capable of  taking  the  prescribed  oath ;  but  if  he  goes 
through  the  form  of  taking  it  (as  Bradlaugh  did  by  ad- 
ministering the  oath  to  himself  at  the  bar  of  the  House), 
he  is  liable  for  violation  of  the  act.  —  Burr's  Case,  the 
prosecution  of  Aaron  Burr  for  treason  against  the  United 
States,  tried  before  Chief  Justice  Marshall  in  1807.  — Cal- 
Vin'S  case,  also  called  the  case  ofthepostnati,  1008(2  How. 
St.  Tr.,  559;  7  Coke,  1),  an  action  turning  on  questions  of 
allegiance  and  natural-born  subjects.  It  was  brought  to 
recover  lands  by  Robert  Calvin  against  Richard  and  Nich- 
olas Smith,  to  which  defendants  pleaded  that  the  plaintiff 
was  an  alien,  and  incapable  of  bringing  the  action,  because 
he  was  born  in  Scotland,  though  after  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land descended  to  James  I.,  who  was  also  king  of  Scot- 
land. It  was  argued  by  lawyers  and  judges  of  the  great- 
est renown,  including  Lords  Bacon,  Coke.  EUesmere,  Yel- 
verton,  and  Warburtun,  and  w;is  decided  in  favor  of  the 
plaintiff.— Case  agreed,  or  case  stated,  in  law,  a  state- 
ment of  facts  agreed  on  by  the  parties,  or  made  by  an- 
other court,  to  lie  sulnnitted  merely  f'jr  decision  of  a 
point  of  law. — Case  law.  See  la  ic— Case  Of  conscience. 
See  conscience.— CSise  of  the  Caroline,  a  name  given  to 
the  case  of  the  I'eople  v.  McLeod.  See  MvLeod  case,  be- 
low.—Case  of  the  claimant.  See  Tichhome  case,  be- 
low.—Case  of  the  seven  bishops.    See  /^(.s/jop.- Case 

reserved,  case  made,  a  statement  presenting  points  of 
law  reserved  Ijy  the  judge  or  parties  for  decision  by  the  full 
court.— Civil  "rights  cases.  See  cic/L— Clinton  bridge 
case,  an  important  litigation  in  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court  (1870).  which  established  the  doctrine  by 
which  railroad  bridges  may  be  said  to  have  gained  clear 
recognition  of  their  rights  of  way  in  preference  to  the  nav- 
igable waters  crossed  by  them,  through  the  power  of  Con- 
gress to  regulate  inter-state  commerce.  —  Criminal  cases. 
See  criminal.  — OTOVm  caseS  reserved.  See  cnum.— 
Darnell's  case,  a  noted  case  in  English  constitutional 
law  (1627),  in  which  the  imprisonment  of  Sir  Thomas  Dar- 
nell and  four  others,  for  refusing  to  subscribe  to  a  forced 
loan,  was  sanctioned,  the  agitation  resulting  from  which 
was  followed  by  tiie  granting  of  the  Petition  of  Right.— 
Dartmouth  College  case,  the  leading  American  case 
(1819)  on  the  vested  rights  of  corporations,  reported  as 
Trustees  of  Dartmoutii  College  v.  Woodward  (4  Wheaton, 
518),  deciding  that  a  corporate  charter,  even  though  it  be 
a  British  charter  granted  before  the  revolution,  cannot 
be  materially  altered  by  a  State  legislature,  it  being  aeon- 
tract  within  the  meaning  of  the  provision  of  the  United 
States  Constitution  which  deprives  tlie  States  of  the  power 
to  impair  the  obligation  of  a  contract. — Dr.  Bonham's 
case,  an  important  decision  upon  English  constitutional 
law,  rendered  in  1609,  in  the  case  of  Thomas  Bonham  i\ 
the  College  of  Physicians  (S  Coke,  107),  for  false  imprison- 
ment. It  was  held  that  an  act  of  Parliament  which  is 
against  common  right  and  reason,  or  is  impossible  to 
be  performed,  is  void  by  the  common  law ;  also,  that 
where  the  power  to  commit  to  prison  is  vested  by  patent 
or  act  of  Parliament  in  parties  not  being  a  court,  their 
proceedings  ought  to  be  of  record,  and  the  facts  upon 
which  such  power  is  exercised  are  traversable. — Dred 
Scott  case,  a  case  of  great  historical  importance  among 
the  events  which  preceded  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the 
United  States,  in  which  the  Supreme  Court  held  (in  1857) 
that  a  free  negro  of  slave  ancestry  was  not  a  citizen,  and 
could  not  sue  or  be  protected  as  sucli  in  the  United  States 
courts.  The  statement  that  the  Africans  in  America  had 
long  been  considereii  a  subordinate  race  having  "no  rights 
which  the  white  man  is  bound  to  respect,"  which  was  con- 
tained in  the  opinion  of  the  chief  justice,  gained  universal 
attention  as  a  point  of  attack  in  the  controversy  about  slav- 
ery.— Five  per  cent,  cases,  a  decision  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  in  l^s4  (llo  U.  S.,  471),  holding  that  an  act 
of  Congress  by  which  a  percentage  of  the  proceeds  of  land 
*'sold  by  Congress"  is  reserved  to  certain  jtulilic  uses  of  a 
State  does  not  include  lands  disposed  of  by  the  I 'nited  states 
in  satisfaction  of  military  land- warrants.— General  case, 
in  math.,  that  special  state  of  things  which  is  considered 
when,  in  studying  an  analytical  expression,  it  is  assumed 
that  there  is  no  peculiar  relation  between  the  constants 
denoted  by  letters.  The  general  case  may  be  very  excep- 
tional. Thus,  in  linear  associative  algebra,  in  the  general 
case  the  vanishing  of  a  product  implies  the  vanishing  of 
one  of  the  factors,  yet  among  the  innumerabls  possible 
algebras  there  are  but  three  in  which  such  an  inference  is 


841 

valid.— Hampden's  case.  Rceca«e  of  ship-money,  under 
.sliip-iHonitij.—  In  case,  in  the  event  or  contingency  ;  if  it 
slnjuld  so  fall  out  or  happen  that ;  supposing. 

A  sure  retreat  to  his  forces,  in  case  they  should  have  an 
ill  day  or  an  unlucky  chance  in  the  field. 

liacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

Irreducible  case,  in  math.,  the  case  in  which  a  cubic 
equation  has  tlireo  real  roots,  when  Cardan's  method  of 
solution  involves  imaginarics.  — Kendall's  case,  a  deci- 
sion of  the.  United  States  Supreme  Court  (LViS),  noted  in 
Ameiiran  constitutional  law,  that  the  court  may  conq>el  a 
cabinet  oihcer  to  perform  a  ministerial  duty.— Koszta'S 
case,  the  fiicts  and  resulting  diplomatic  correbjiondence 
(185o)  by  which  the  United  States  government  maintained 
the  claim  that  Martin  Koszta,  a  native  of  Hungary,  was 
entitled  to  protection  as  an  American  citizen  from  sei- 
zure by  the  Austrian  government  while  in  Turkish  juris- 
diction, he  having  previously  legally  declared  his  intention 
to  becrmiean  American  citizen.— Marbury'S  case,  a  deci- 
sion of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  (18o;j).  noted  in 
American  constitutional  history,  which  cstaltlished  the 
power  of  that  court  to  declare  an  act  of  Congress  void  fru- 
contravening  the  United  States  Constitution,  and  defined 
the  extent  to  which  members  of  the  cabinet  are  amenable 
to  the  courts.— McLeod  case,  a  controversy  Ijctween  the 
United  States  anrl  Canada,  arising  out  of  the  incident  of 
the  destruction  of  the  Aineiiean  steamer  Caroline  Iiy  the 
Canadian  authorities  (1s:j7),  in  the  course  of  wluch  a  man 
was  killed.  McLeod  was  arrested  as  one  of  the  attacking 
party,  and  was  indicted  (1841)  in  New  York  State  for  mur- 
der; but  he  proved  an  alibi,  and  was  acquitted.  Also  called 
the  case  of  the  Camfiiu'. -'^egro  case.  Sec  Sommersett's 
case,  below.—  Shelley's  case,  tin-  ileeision  in  1581  (l  Coke, 
89-106),  by  all  tlie  judges  of  England,  of  the  case  of  Nicho- 
las Wolfe  against  Henry  Shelley,  in  ejectment,  involving 
questions  upon  the  law  of  common  recoveries.  It  is  chiefly 
celebrated  for  a  precise  and  clear  statement  by  defendant's 
counsel  of  a  previously  well-established  rule  of  law  concern- 
ing tlie  effect  of  the  word  "  heirs  "  in  certain  conveyances, 
since  known  as  the  rule  in  Shelley's  case.  This  rule,  wliich 
is  now  regarded  as  a  rule  of  interpretation  rather  than  a 
rule  of  law,  is  to  the  effect  that  wherever  there  is  a  limi- 
tation to  a  man,  which  if  it  stood  alone  would  convey  to 
him  a  particular  estate  of  freehold,  f(dlowed  by  a  limita- 
tion to  his  heirs  or  to  the  heirs  of  his  body  (or  equivalent 
expressions),  either  immediately  or  after  the  interposition 
of  one  or  more  particular  estates,  the  apparent  gift  to  the 
heir  or  heirs  of  the  body  is  to  be  construed  as  a  limitation  of 
the  estate ;  that  is  to  say,  not  a  gift  to  the  heir,  Itut  a  gift  to 
the  person  first  named  of  an  estate  id  inbrritatiLe.  such  as 
his  heir  may  take  by  descent.  — Sommersett's  case,  a  fa- 
mous habeas  corpus  case  in  England  in  1772,  before  Lord 
Mansfield,  brought  on  behalf  of  Thomas  Sommersett,  a  ne- 
gro. It  established  the  principle  that  a  slave  brought  upon 
English  soil  became  thereby  free.  Also  called  the  negro  case. 
—  Special  case,  a  statement  of  facts  agreed  to  on  behalf 
of  two  or  more  litigant  parties,  and  submitted  for  the 
opinion  of  a  court  of  justice  as  to  the  law  bearing  on  the 
facts  so  stated.  In  Scots  law,  in  civil  jury  causes,  a  special 
case  differs  from  a  special  verdict  only  in  this,  that  the 
special  verdict  is  returned  by  the  jury,  whereas  the  spe- 
cial case  is  adjusted  Ijy  the  parties  themselves,  or  by  their 
counsel,  and  sets  forth  the  special  facts  on  which  they 
are  agreed  without  the  evidence. — Taltaxum's  case,  a 
noted  decision  in  the  English  courts  in  1473,  establishing 
the  power  of  a  tenant  in  tail  to  convert  the  estate  into  a 
fee  simide  absolute  by  suffering  a  common  recovery. — 
Tennessee  bond  cases,  a  name  given  to  seventeen  causes 
deeuled  liy  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1885(114 
U.  S.  Sup.  Ct.,603),  wherein  it  was  held  that  the  statutory 
lien  upon  railroads  created  by  act  of  the  Tennessee  Legis- 
lature, Feb.  11th,  1852,  was  for  the  benefit  of  the  State,  and 
not  of  the  holders  of  State  bonds  issued  under  that  act. — 
Tichbome  case,  also  called  the  case  of  the  claimant, 
tile  name  given  to  the  history  and  proceedings  of  Thomas 
Castro,  otherwise  Arthur  Orton,  in  his  claim  to  be  Sir 
Roger  Tichborne,  and  heir  to  the  estate  and  baronetcy  of 
Tichborne  in  England  (1868-74),  which  he  prosecuted  by 
suits  in  Chancery  and  in  the  Courts  of  Probate  and  of 
Common  Pleas,  and  which  culminated  in  his  trial  and 
sentence  to  fourteen  years'  imprisonment  for  perjury. 
The  case  is  celebrated  for  the  conflicting  nature  of  the 
testimony  as  to  his  identity,  and  for  the  great  public 
interest  excited  by  it.— To  put  the  case,  to  suppose  the 
event  or  a  certain  state  of  things;  state  a  question,  espe- 
cially in  a  manner  to  invite  decision.  — Tweed's  case,  the 
proceedings  against  William  JI.  Tweed  and  others,  known 
as  the  Tweed  Ring,  for  frauds  perpetrated  while  they 
were  municipal  officers  of  New  York,  by  which  they  ob- 
tained over  six  ndllion  dollars  from  the  county  of  New 
York.  In  a  civil  case  it  was  decided  by  the  Court  of  Appeals 
of  New  York  in  1874  (People  v.  IngersoU,  58  N.  Y.,  1)  that 
an  action  for  money  fraudulently  obtained  from  a  county 
could  not  be  brought  in  the  name  of  the  people  of  the  State. 
This  was  subsequently  remedied  by  statute,  and  a  judg- 
ment obtained.  In  a  criminal  case,  Tweed  was  found  guilty 
on  twelve  counts  for  similar  offenses  in  one  indictment, 
and  was  separately  sentenced  to  one  year's  imprisonment 
on  each,  with  tlie  direction  that  service  of  one  sentence 
should  not  begin  until  the  completion  of  service  on  a 
prior  sentence.  After  completing  the  term  of  his  first 
sentence,  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  served  on  his 
jailer,  and  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  1875  (People  ex  rel. 
Tweed  V.  Liscomb,  60  N.  Y.,  559)  decided  that,  under  the 
statutes  conferring  the  power  to  sentence,  cumulative  sen- 
tences in  such  cases  were  not  la\vful,  and  discharged  him ; 
but  he  was  immediately  imprisoned  in  default  of  bail  in 
preceding  civil  suits.  Other  minor  decisions  on  questions 
of  procedure  are  also  included  under  this  term.— Twyne's 
case,  the  leading  case  in  English  law  (1003)  holding  that  a 
CLinvej  ance  intended  to  defraud  creditors  is  void  as  against 
them,  if  not  taken  in  good  faith  and  for  valuable  consid- 
eration.—Tyrrel's  case,  a  noted  decision  in  English  law 
(1558),  in  which  after  Parliament,  by  the  statute  r)f  uses, 
had  thought  to  put  an  end  to  the  holding  of  land  in  the 
name  oi  one  person  to  the  use  of  another,  the  courts  intro- 
duced the  doctrine  of  a  use  upon  a  use.  leading  to  the  pres- 
ent law  of  trusts.— Virginia  coupon  cases,  the  generic 
name  umier  wdiich  are  known  a  uuniber  of  suits  determined 
by  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1S84,  enforcing  a 
Virginia  statute  which  declared  coupons  on  bonds  of  that 
State  receivable  in  payment  of  State  taxes,  notwithstanding 


case 

the  repeal  of  that  statute.  Wheeling  bridge  case,  tho 
case  of  Pennsylvania  v.  Wheeling  and  Belmont  liridi:e 
Co.,  decided  by  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  (in  Icol 
and  18.5.5),  concerning  a  bridge  across  the  Ohio  river  at 
Wheeling,  Virginia.  After  hoMing  in  1851  (13  How.,  518), 
by  a  divided  court,  that  a  briilge,  though  entirely  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  State  tiiat  authoiized  its  construc- 
tion, could  be  enjoined  as  a  nuisance  by  the  courts  of  the 
United  States  if  it  <)bstructed  inter-state  navigation,  the 
court  held  in  18.55  (18  How.,  421)  that  Congi'ess,  under  the 
constitutional  power  U>  regulate  commerce  between  the 
States,  may  determine  what  sliall  or  shall  not  be  deemed 
an  obstruction  to  navigation,  and  may  declare  a  briclgc, 
when  erected,  to  be  a  lawful  structure  so  as  to  avoid  the 
effect  of  its  having  been  judicially  declared  a  nuisance. — 
Wlld'8  case,  an  English  decision,  in  15^J  (6  Co.  Kep.,  16 
b).  in  the  case  of  Richardson  v.  Yardlcy,  in  ejectment:  so 
called  because  involving  a  devise  to  one  Rowland  Wild, 
which  established  the  rule  for  the  construction  of  wills 
knttwn  as  the  rule  in  VVild's  case,  viz.,  "that  if  A  ilevises 
his  lands  to  B  and  his  children  or  issues,  and  he  hath  not 
any  i.ssuc  at  the  time  of  the  devise,  that  the  same  is  an 
estate  tail. "=8301.  Situation,  condition,  state,  circum- 
stances, plight,  predicament. 
caseH  (kas),  V.  i.  [<  c«*ci,  «.]  To  put  cases; 
bring  forward  propositions. 

They  fell  presently  to  reasoning  and  easiiig  upon  the 
matter  with  him,  and  laying  distinctions  before  lijm. 

Sir  ii.  L'Kntrange. 

case-  (kas),  n.  [<  ME.  casse,  kace  =  T>.  l-as  =  G. 
kasse  =  Sw.  kassa  =  Dan.  kasse,  <  OF.  cause  (F, 
casse,  a  chase,  caissCj  a  case,  also  chdsse,  a  chase, 
shrine)  =  Pr.  cayssa^  caissa  =  Cat,  copsa  =  8p. 
cajdf  obs.  caxa  =  Pg.  caixa,  obs.  caxa  =  It.  cas- 
sttj  <  L.  capscij  a  chest,  box,  receptacle,  <  ca- 
pere,  receive,  contain,  hold:  see  capable,  capa- 
cious. The  same  word,  iu  later  forms,  appears 
as  cash"  and  chase'^.']  1.  That  which  incloses 
or  contains;  a  covering,  box,  or  sheath:  as,  a 
case  for  knives;  a  case  for  books  ;  a  watch-c««e; 
a  jtiWoW'Case.  Specifically  —  2f.  A  quiver. 
The  arwes  in  the  caas 
Of  the  goddesse  clatren  faste  and  r>nige. 

Chancer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1500. 

3.  The  skin  of  an  animal;  in  her.j  the  skin  of 
a  beast  displayed  with  the  head,  feet,  tail,  etc, 

O,  thou  dissembling  cub !  what  wilt  thou  be. 
When  time  hath  sow'd  a  grizzle  on  thy  cage  f 

Shak.,  T.  >'.,  V.  1. 
Thus  wise  men 
Repair  the  hurts  they  take  by  a  disgrace. 
And  piece  the  lion's  with  the  fox's  case. 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  iii.  1. 

4.  The  exterior  portion  of  a  building ;  an  outer 
coating  for  walls. 

The  case  of  the  holy  house  is  nobly  designed  and  exe- 
cuted by  great  masters.  Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

5.  Aboxanditscontents;  hence,  aquautitycon- 
tainedinabox.  Specifically — («)Apair;  aset. 

Pray  thee,  corporal,  stay  ;  the  knocks  are  too  hot ;  and 
for  mine  own  part,  I  have  not  a  case  of  lives. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  2. 

Lictors,  gag  him  ;  do. 
And  put  a  case  of  vizards  o'er  his  head. 
That  he  may  look  bifronted,  as  he  speaks. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 
An  inseparable  case  of  coxcombs,  .  .  .  the  Gemini,  or 
twins  of  fopperj'. 

B.  Jonsun,  Pref.  to  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 

(6)  Among  glaziers,  225  square  feet  of  crown- 
glass;  also,  120  feet  of  Newcastle  or  Normandy 
glass. — 6.  In  printing,  a  shallow  tray  of  wood 
divided  by  partitions  into  small  boxes  of  differ- 
ent sizes,  in  which  the  characters  of  a  font  of 
printing-types  are  placed  for  the  use  of  the 
compositor.  The  ordinarj'  case  is  about  Ifi  inches  wide, 
32  inches  long,  and  has  boxes  1  inch  deep.  Two  forms  of 
case  are  required  for  a  full  font  of  Roman  tj-pe :  the  upper 
case  (so  called  from  its  higher  position  on  the  inclined 
composing-frame),  of  98  boxes,  which  contains  the  capitals, 
small  capitals,  reference-marks,  fractions,  and  other  types 
in  small  request;  and  the  loicer  case,  of  5r»  boxes  of  un- 
equal size,  which  contains  the  small-text  types,  spaces,  and 
points  most  frequently  required.  Tlie  cases  and  boxes  are 
arranged  so  that  the  types  oftenest  used  are  most  easily 
reached  by  the  compositor.  For  music,  Greek,  and  He- 
brew, as  well  as  for  display  or  jobbing  type,  or  for  any  font 
of  printing-types  that  has  more  or  fewer  characters  than 
those  of  Roman-text  type,  cases  of  special  form  are  made. 
7.  In  hookhindinff,  a  book-cover  made  separate- 
ly fi'om  the  book  it  is  intended  to  inclose. —  8. 
A  triangular  sac  or  cavity  in  the  right  side  of 
the  nose  and  upper  portion  of  the  head  of  a 
spenn-wbale,  containing  oil  and  spermaceti, 
which  are  together  called  head-matter. — 9. 
In  milit.  engin.,  a  square  or  rectangular  frame 
made  from  four  pieces  of  plank  joined  at  the 
comers,  used  (in  juxtapositionto  similar  frames) 
to  form  a  lining  for  a  gallery  or  branch. — 10. 
In  loam-molding,  the  outer  portion  of  a  mold. 
Also  called  cope. — 11.  In  porcelain-mfiln'tj, 
same  as  saggar. — 12.  Alilit.,  same  as  casf'-shof. 
— 13.  In  mining,  a  fissure  through  which  water 
finds  its  way  into  a  mine.  [Cornwall.  Rarelv 
used.]  — 14.  The  wooden  frame  in  which  a 
door  is  hung.  Also  called  casing. — 15.  The 
■wall  surrounding  a  staircase.  Also  called  ca^^'n/;. 


case 

— Case-smootliins  macliine,  a  machine  for  smoothing 
thecales  ur  lornei-s  of  Ijoolcs.— Limp  case,  or  flexible 
case  in  ho'ikbimjina.  a  case  stretclied  over  paper  doublets 
nStead  of  boards.— To  work  at  case,  in  printing,  to  set 

«^e'^  (kas).  r. :  pret.  and  pp.  cased,  ppr.  casing. 
[<.  case-,  n-l  I.  trans.  1.  Tocoverorsurrotmd 
with  a  case  ;  surround  with  any  material  that 
incloses  or  protects ;  incase. 

To  be  caifd  up  and  hung  by  on  tlie  wall. 

B.  Jumon,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iii.  3. 


842 


cash 


case-harden  (kas'hiir  dn),  r.  t.    To  harden  the     Barrack  casemate.    See  iarrac*.- Defensible  cas<j- 

ou{er  part  or  surface  of,  as  anything  made  of     ^^^^'  a  .as^-.KUe  havng  en.brasn.es  or  1 b„i,.. 

iron,  hv  converting  the  iron  into  steel.     See  casemate-t, 
cni;e  hardeninn  lucnt,  (('). 

case-hardened  (kas'hardnd),  p.  a.    1    -r„^„_  casemate-carriage   (kas'mat-kar"aj),    n.    A 


shame ;  indifferent  to  reproof  or  dishonor 
case-hardening  (kas'hiird  ning),  «.  In  metal., 
a  rapid  process  of  cementation,  in  which  the 
surface  of  wrought-iron  is  converted  into  steel 
by  heating  the  article  to  be  treated  in  an  iron 
box,  in  contact  with  some  animal  matter,  such 
as  bone,  parings  of  horses'  hoofs,  or  leather. 
This  is  done  in  a  smith's  forge,  or  in  any  suit- 
able furnace. 

caseic  (ka'sf-ik),  a.  [<  L.  caseus,  cheese,  + 
-ic;  =  F.  caseiquc  =  Sp.  cascico.'i  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  derived  fi'om  cheese.— Caseic  acid,  an 
acid  obtained  from  cheese, 
ues  ^c^elll-  cascin,  cascine  (ka'se-in),  n.  [<  L.  caseus, 
makmff.  to  ^.j^gggg^  +  .,-„2_  .,-«c'2;  =  F.  caseine  =  Sp.  case- 
iH(!.]  The  chief  nitrogenous  ingredient  of  milk. 
It  does  not  coagulate  spontaneously,  like  fibrin,  nor  by 
lieat,  like  albumen,  but  by  the  action  of  acids  and  of  ren- 
net. Cheese  made  from  skinnned  milk  and  well  pressed 
is  nearly  pure  coagulated  c.tsein.  It  is  closely  allied  to, 
if  not  identical  with,  legumin,  which  occurs  in  many  vege- 
tables. Casein  is  one  of  the  most  important  elements  of 
auinial  nutrition  as  found  in  milk  and  leguminous  plants. 
Its  cliemical  constitution  is  not  fully  understood.  It  con- 
tains  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  a  little  sulphur,  and  about 
15.5  per  cent,  of  nitrogen.  Also  called  C(i.s'e(n».— Casein 
glue,  a  glue  made  by  dissolving  casein  in  a  strong  solution 
of  borax,  used  as  a  substitute  for  ordinary  glue  by  book- 
binders imtl  joiner 


n.    An  eiToneous  form  of  case- 
ment. ((■). 
Havinc  casemate-carriage  (kas'mat-kar-'aj), 

"     earriatre  used  iu  mounting  easemi:  ■ 

casemate^  + 


the  outside  hardened,  as  iron  tool.,  etc.-2:     '^^^"^S''  ^'^'^'^  *"  mounting  casemate-guns. 


iirativelv.  not  sensitive ;  ha^•ing  no  sense  of  casemated  (kas'ina-ted),  o.     [< 

•  S5  ^.j  -j    Furnished  with  a  casemate  or  case 


Hie  jewel  is  cas'd  up  from  all  men's  eyes. 

JliJdUton,  Women  Beware  Women,  i.  1. 
Specifically- (a)  In  arch.,  to  face  or  cover  (the  outside 
wall  of  a  building)  with  material  of  a  better  quality  than 
that  of  the  wall  itself. 

The  wall  [of  the  Hatym)  is  built  of  solid  stone,  about 

five  feet  in  height  and  four  in  thickness,  cased  all  over 

with  white  marble.  .„,.,.     ,,        „. 

Burckhardt,  in  Burton  s  El-Medinah,  p.  374. 

(M  In  lAanterinn,  to  plaster  (as  a  house)  with  mortar  on 
the  outside,  and  strike  a  ruler  laid  on  it  while  moist  with 
the  edge  of  a  trowel,  so  as  to  mark  it  with  lines  reseni 
bling  the  joints  of  freestone.     (<•)  In  gla.  '  '  _ 

"  plate  "  or  cover  (glass)  with  a  layer  of  a  different  color, 
(rf)  In  bookbindiwr,  to  cover  with  a  case.  See  case^,  «.,  7. 
\fter  stitching,  books  which  are  to  be  cn*crf  up  with 
uncut  edges  have  their  face  and  tall  cut  square  by  means 
of  a  trimming-machine.  Enct/c.  Bri(.,  IV.  44. 

2.  la  printing,  to  put  into  the  proper  compart- 
ments of  conipositors'  cases;  lay:  as,  to  case  a 
font  of  tj-pe. — 3t.  To  remove  the  ease  or  skin 
of;  uncase;  skin. 

We'll  make  you  some  sport  with  the  fox,  ere  we  ca-^e  him. 
Shak..  AUs  Well,  iii.  6. 

Cased  glass,  Rlas.s  made  in  several  layers,  usually  of  dif- 
ferent colors,  by  cutting  through  which  to  different  depths  .„„-  •i,n,-f»'ci.-!i«'iiif1  ,,  1  A  knife  pavried  in 
an  effect  like  that  of  cameo  is  produced.  The  ancient  Case-feniie  (Kas  nU),  >i.  1.  A  Knue  caineu  m 
Roman  glass  of  this  kind  was  cut  by  hand  in  the  man- 
ner of  gera-cuttiiig.  The  process  in  use  at  the  present 
day  consists  in  covering  the  outside  of  a  colorless  glass 
ball  with  a  thin  case  of  colored  glass,  and  fusing  the 
two  together,  repeating  the  operation  as  often  as  desired ; 
the  whole  is  then  blown  into  the  shape  required  before 
tile  cutting  id  done.  Also  called  cameo-jjlags. —  Cased 
sash-frames,  sash-frames  which  have  their  interior  ver- 
tical .-ides  hollow  to  admit  the  weight.*  which  balance  the 
soshei,,  and  at  the  same  time  conceal  them. 

n.  intran.'i.  To  cover  one's  self  with  some- 
thing that  constitutes  a  casing. 

fri..  ye  :  on  with  your  visors.      Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2. 


mates. 

casemate-gun  (kas'mSt-gim),  ji.  A  gun  so 
placed  as  to  be  fii-ed  through  the  embrasure  of 
a  ea.semate. 

casemate-truck  (kas'mat-truk),  «.  A  heavy 
low  carriage  moimted  on  three  wheels,  the  for- 
ward wheel  being  pivoted  to  facilitate  changes 
of  direction :  usetl  for  transporting  cannon  and 
aminimition  within  the  galleries  of  permanent 
works. 

casement  (kas'-  or  kaz'ment),  «.  [Short  for 
incasement,  <  OF.  encasscmcnf,  later  assibilated 
enchassemcnt  (>  E.  cnchasemcnt,  q.  v.),  lit.  a  set- 
ting in  or  incasing:  see  incase  and  -ment.]  In 
arcli.:  (a)  A  frame  for  glass,  as  forming  a  win- 
dow or  part  of  a  window,  and  made  to  open  by 
swinging  on  liinges  which  are  generally  affixed 
to  a  vertical  side  of  the  opening  into  which  it 
is  fitted. 

I  released 
The  caMtnenI,  and  the  light  increased 
With  freshness  in  the  dawning  east. 

Tennyson,  The  Two  Voices. 

(b)  A  compartment  between  the  mullious  of 
a  ^^•indow.  (<■+)  A  deep  hollow  molding  used 
chiefly  in  cornices,  and  similar  to  the  scotia  of 
classical  or  cavctto  of  Italian  architecture.  Ox- 
ford Ologsari/.  Sometimes,  erroneously,  case- 
mate. 


Casearia  (kas-e-a'ri-a),  n.     [NL.,  named  from  case-lock  (kas'loki,  n.    A  box-lock  fastened  to 
J   Vaseariits,  a'Dutefi  botanist  of  the  17th  cen-     the  face  of  a  door  by  screws.     ^     ,     , ,     ^ 

turv.  and  missionary  to  Cochin  China.]  The  case-maker  (kas'ma"k<'r),  n.  In  bookbinding, 
principal  genus  in  the  natural  order  Samijda-     a  maker  of  eases  or  covers  for  books. 

cca;  including  about  80  species  of  tropical  trees  caseman  (kas'maii),  ». ;  pi.  cascmen  (-men).  [< 
or  shrubs,  chiefly  i\jnerican,  of  little  value.  The  '"« '"  +  '"«"•]  One  who  works  at  case  or  sets 
leaves  and  bark  oi  some  species  have  medicinal  prop-     type  ;  a  compositor.     [Rare.] 

trties,  and  the  fruit  of  some  is  used  in  India  to  poison  casemate^  (kas'mat),  n.     [Formerly  also  casa- 


a  case  or  sheath 

Tlie  poet,  being  resolved  to  save  his  heroine's  honour, 
has  so  ordered  it  that  the  king  always  acts  with  a  great  casemented    (kas'-   or  kaz 'men-ted),   a.      [< 
cose-frmye  stuck  in  his  girdle,  which  the  lady  snatches  from  »-""-"*  .      ^,.,  .,      „      . 

him  in  the  struggle,  and  so  defends  herself. 

Addition,  Travels  in  Italy. 

2.  An  old  name  for  a  table-knife,  still  some- 
times used. 

casellng  (kiis'ling),  H.  [E.  dial.,  <  case"^  +  -ling.l 
The  skin  of  a  beast  that  has  died  by  accident 
or  violence.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Casella's  anemometer.    See  anemometer. 


fish. 

caseate^  (ka's§-at),t).  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caseated, 
ppr.  caseating'.  [i  L.  casern,  cheese,  -1-  -ate-.] 
In  /mtliol.,  to  undergo  caseous  degeneration; 
become  like  cheese. 

caseate- (ka'se-at),  n.  [<  casc{ic)  + -atc^ ."i  In 
chi  III.,  a,  .salt  resulting  from  the  imion  of  caseic 
acid  with  a  base. 

caseation  (ka-se-a'shon),  n.  [<  caseate^  (see 
■iilimn:  =  F.  caseation  =  Sp.  cascacion  =  Pg. 
ca.y  actio  =  It.  caseazione.']  1.  The  coagulation 
of  milk. —  2.  In  jmthoL,  transformation  into  a 
dull  cheese-like  mass,  as  in  pus,  tubercle,  etc. 

case-bay  (kas'ba),  ».  In  carp.,  the  space  be- 
tween a  )iair  of  girders  in  naked  flooring. 

case-bearer  (kas' bar' 6r),  «.  A  case-bearing 
larva. 

case-bearing  (kas'bilring),  a.  In  cntom.,  pro- 
vided with  a  case  or  covering:  applied  to  cer- 
tain lurvin,  both  a<iuatic  and  terrestrial,  that 
conceal  themselves  within  a  case  which  they 
form,  and  from  which  they  protrude  the  ante- 
rior portion  of  the  body  when  moving  about. 
See  eiitH  under  Acrohn.iis  and  ('0Kcinoiil<ra, 

case-binding  fkiiK' bin 'ding),  w.  A  form  of 
1>'  .  iiiiig  in  which  the  finished  case  (in- 
el  I  ■  •■  liuek)  is  made  apart  from  the  book. 
'I  !•■  Ilr»t,  anrl  the  Hewed  book  Ih  afterward 
Ir.  rhf  term  cftJie-liindin!/  In  tin;  I'lilt^^d  .States 
1^ I  to  cluih.bonnd  UiokH. 

case-bottle   Mwis'bot'l),  ».     A   bottle,  often 

niiuiire  Ml  iMrrii,  made  ho  as  to  lit  into  a  cooo 

with  others. 

case-char  (kuH'clmr),  n.    A  nnmo  of  the  com- 

men  .•liar,  Snimo  untrcitntu,  or  SalccliniiH  atpi- 

case-dlvlnityt  (kn»'di-vin'i-ti),  n.     CaBuintry. 

l-'iii',  . , 

case-enfliniT  'WfiM'cn'ding),  n.  In  gram.,  the 
lei'  .    added  in  intlect«d  langnageH 

t"  '  .  of  a  noun  to  indicatoilH  <'UHit. 

.s. 

Caseflod  I  I,  /».  a.      [<  ^^.  casciU,  cheeHe, 

+  Jy  +  I  hoesy  in  couBistcnco  or  iip- 

)>«aruivf. 


mate,  ca.^amaf  (after  It.);  =  D.  h-a:cmat  =  G. 
ca.<<ematte,  kasemattc,  formerly  ca.^amat  (after 
It.),  =  Dan.  La.tcmattc  =  Sw.  kasematt  =  Russ. 
kazematii,  <  F.  casemate,  formerly  also  chasmatc, 
=  It.  casamatta  =  Sp.  I?g.  casamata  (Mh.casa- 
malta,  for  'casamatta),  a  casemate ;  of  imcer- 
tain  formation:  explained  as  (1)  orig.  It.,  <  It. 
(Sp.  Pg.)  casa  (<  L.  casa),  a  house,  a  little 
house,  +  matta,  fern,  of  miitto,  foolish,  mad, 
weak,  dial,  also  false,  and  dim,  dark  (as  if 
•false,'  'dark,'  or  'concealed  chamber' f);  or 
(2)  orig.  Sp.,  as  if  casa  dc  'mata,  for  matan:a, 
'  a  house  of  slaughter,'  like  the  eqiiiv.  E.  slangli- 
trr-liouse,  a  casemate  (see  ((notations  from  Flo- 
rio  and  Cotgrave),  or  tlie  (i.  mord-kellir  ('niiir- 
dering-ecUar'),  a  casemate:  casa,  a  house;  (/<' 
(<  L.  de),  of;  mata»:a,  slaugliter,  <  malar=V(;. 
matar,  <  L.  mactarc,  slaugliter:  see  mactation, 
maclator,  matador.']  1.  In  fort. :  (n)  A  vault  of 
stone  or  brickwork,  usually  Imilt  in  the  thick- 
ness of  the  ramjiart  of  si  fortress,  and  pierceil 
in  front  with  embrasures,  through  whicli  artil- 
lery may  bo  fired. 

Cammnlla  |ll.l,  a  kindc  of  fortlllcntlon  called  in  Kug- 
lisll  a  Cammal  or  a  slaughter  house,  Jind  Is  a  plaice  built 
low  under  the  wall  or  bnhviircke.  not  arrlnlng  vnto  l\\i 
llelght  of  the  ditch,  seruing  to  Hkonre  the 
the  enende  when  he  entrelh  into  the 
wall. 

Chatmalc  IF.],  a CMcmnfd  In  fortlflcatlon ;  aninrthcrlng 
house  placed  In  the  ditch,  to  planuo  the  »«»»lhinl/(  of  a 
fortreM.  Coli/ran: 

Each  bastion  was  iKUieyrombeil  with  ratnnntrn  nnil  nnb- 
tcnanenn  »torehou»c».      Mnllrii.  Knlch  Kepubllc,  II.  IM. 

(b)  A  shell-proof  vault  of  stone  or  brick  de- 
signed to  protect  troops,  ninmiiniliou,  etc. 
Take  n  gnrrlwin  In  of  nouie  two  hnnilred. 
To  bent  those  ploneein  off.  tlnit  carry  n  mine 
Would  blow  you  up  at  laiil.    .Seciui'  your  entnmnlet. 

II.  .hiimin,  ,Stiiple  of  New»,  1.  1. 

(ft)  An  enibrastiro. 

iiinriiiair  \V.\,  u  cancmalr;  a  hiop,  or  loopholo  In  a 
f..illll.d  wall.  V,ilitrnr<: 

ii.  The  armored  bnlkhiMid  HuiToundinggunH  in 
iron-ehul  Hhii)M  of  war,  unci  pierceil  with  port- 
holes through  which  the  guns  are  run  out. — 


casement  +  -ed-.}     Ha\Tng  casements. 

caseous  (ka'se-us),  a.  [<  L.  caseus,  cheese.  + 
-ous;  =  F.  ca'seeux  =  Sp.  Pg.  caseoso  =  It.  <■(/('(- 
oso.]  Pertaining  to  cheese ;  resembling  or  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  cheese — Caseous  degener- 
ation or  transformation,  in  palhol.,  the  transformation 
of  a  tissue  into  a  dead,  cheese-like  mass,  as  in  pus,  tuber- 
cle, etc. 

case-paper  (kSs'im'per),  n.  The  outside  quires 
of  a  ream.     IC.  II,  Knight.     See  ca.sse-paper. 

caser  (kii'ser),  n.  [<  case-,  v.,  +  -crK]  One 
who  cases. 

case-rack  (kas'rak),  «.  In  printing,  a  square 
upright  frame  of  wood  with  parallel  cleats, 
made  to  hold  type-cases  which  are  not  in  tise. 
Most  composing-stands  have  the  lower  part 
fitted  up  as  a  case-rack. 

casern  (ka-zern' ),  n.  [=  D.  ka::erne  =  G.  kaserne 
=  Dan.  kaser)ie  =  Sw.  /,■(/.«■»•»,  <  F.  caserne,  <  Pg. 
cascrna  (=  Sj>.  caserna  =  It.  cascrma,  >  G.  dial. 
kasarme,  kasarm),  orig.  apjiar.  a  room  for  four 
(cf.  E.  gnartcr.'i),  <  L.  ipiatcrna,  fern,  of  quatcr- 
nns,  pi.  qnalerni,  four  each,  four  together:  see 
quaternarij,  quaternion,  and  cf.  carillon,  qnirc^.] 
A  lodging  for  soldiers  in  garrison  towns,  usual- 
ly lu'iir  the  ramparts;  a  barrack. 

case-shot  (kiis'.shot),  «.  1.  A  collection  of 
small  projectiles,  such  as  musket-balls,  grajie- 
shot,  etc.,  put  in  cases,  to  be  discharged  from 
cannon.     Also  called  canister-shot. 

A  continual  stonn,  not  of  single  bullets,  but  of  chain- 
shot  and  cane-shot.-  Camden. 

2.  In  a  nioro  modem  sense,  a  shrapnel-sliell, 
that  is,  a  spherical  iron  ca,so  inclosing  powder 
and  a  number  of  lmlletsandex]iloileil  by  a  fuse. 
Also  called  ease. 

caseum  (ka'st^-nm),  w.  [NL.,  <  L.  caucus, 
clieesi'. )     Same  as  casein. 

case'weed  (kas'wed),  «.  [Formerly  also  cassc- 
villi :  <  case-  (=  cash-,  a  money-box,  a  jmrse) 
-I-  H'(((/l.l  A  name  of  the  sheplierd's-iuir.se, 
( 'npsiHa  liiirsa-pastoris 

1.  In  bookbinding: 
(a)  The  making  of  cases  or  covers  in  which 
sewed  books  are  bound.  (/))  A  book  ghied  on 
the  back  and  stuck  into  a  cover  iir(>pn red  be- 
fereliand  to  receive  it, — 2.  In  printing,  type- 
selling;  comiiositiou. 

case-'worm  (kas'w6rm),  n.  Same  as  caddis- 
worm. 

cash't  (kasli),  »'.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cans^ 
(c|.  v.),  <  MK.  casscn,  <  ()i'\  (v/.v.vrr,  discharge, 
ciisliier,  =  Pg.  eassar  (cdjs.)  =  It.  ciis.iare,  an- 
nul, <  h.  ca.isare,  bring  ti)  naught,  destroy,  an- 
nul, <  ca.isns,  empty,  void.  Tins  is  tlii'  same 
word  as  quash,  annul  (wi-  {/niisli-),  but  dilTer- 
etit  fi-oni  (/mWi',u11.<  I-.  quiissari,\n-o»k:  seo 
qiiashK  t'ashicr^  is  also  the  same  word,  with 
<).  Kudlx:  sec  cashier^.]  To  discard;  disband; 
cashier. 


J  the  ditch,  annoying  paap  ■are\r'\r  n.-ris'wi''vk)    il 

le  ditch  to  Hkale  the  Case-WOrK  (kas  \M    K),  n 

Mun'o(ir.l(S).  "•"" 


cash 

Cashimi  the  greatest  part  ut  his  land  army,  ho  only  re- 
tained UJOO  of  tlie  best  soUliers. 

Sir  A.  Gorges,  in  J'urclias's  Pilgrimage. 

cashH,  «.     [<  cas7(l,  v.}     Disbamlmont. 
cash'-'  (kash),   )i.     [=  h.   lean,  cash,   also  box, 

cliest,  =  Sw.  kassa  =  Russ.  kassa,  money,  <  F. 

cause  (E.  -sh,  <  P.  -sse,  cf.  quash,  abolish,  etc.), 


843 

cash-carrier  (kaKh'kar"i-6r),  n.  A  device  for 
cojivcying  tlio  iiionoy  received  at  the  counters 
of  a  shop  or  stove  to  the  cashier  and  retui-ning 
the  change,  it  usually  eonsists  of  a  car  or  reeeptaele 
travelint'  uixm  an  (jvej  h.n.l  trai;l<  or  wire  extending  from 
the  count(!rs  to  a  cenli  al  ..Hi,-,-  or  deslt.  Another  conmion 
form  IS  that  of  a  iiiieiioiHtii'  tiilii: 


a  box,  case,  chest,  money-box,  coimter,  now  a  cash-credit  (kash'kred"it),  n.     Same  as  cash- 

printer's  ease,  a  crucible  :  same  word  as  caisse,     "'-'<:">< ut,  -. 

a  case,  etc.:  see  casfS  and  cAaseS,  of  which  c««/(2  Cash-day  (kash'dii),  n.     A  day  on  which  cash 


IS  rogiilarly  paid  ;  a  pay-day  or  settling-day. 
casher-box  (kash'cr-boks),  n.  [<  'cashcr  (per- 
haps <  F.  easier,  a  pigoonliole,  ease  of  jiigeon- 
holes,  <  case,  <  L.  casa,  a  house)  -t-  ioj;2.]  A 
table  used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass.  It  is 
covered  witli  eoal-eimleis.  and  on  it  tlie  glohe  of  glass  is 
rested  while  the  lilowin^'-tnlie  is  diseonneeteil  and  a  rod 
,         ,  -.    -  -.  -  -'  .  "ttaehed  to  the  otiier  ijole  of  the  frlolie  nrenaratory  to  the 

baud  or  at  command.  operation  „f  ii„.<hii,-.    >;.//.  A'-mv/,/.  'J'y-ouic 

The  real  wealth  of  a  nation,  consisting  in  its  labor  and  CasheW   (ka-slio'),  H.      [Also  written  cadiii  (= 
commodities,  is  to  be  estimated  liy  the  sign  of  tliat  wealth     ^^    -.-.-/.,..  -•--  •   .  .  .■'      ^ 

—  its  circulating  cash.  A.  Hamilton,  Works,  I.  225. 


is  a  doublet.]     If.  A  receptacle  for  money ;  a 
money-box. 

Twenty  thousand  pounds  are  known  to  be  in  her  cash. 
Sir  li.  U'inu'ood,  Memorials,  iii,  281. 
This  bank  is  properly  a  general  ca.'ih  where  every  one 
lodges  his  money.       Sir  )l'.  Tiiniile,  I'niteil  Provinces,  ii. 

2.  Money;  primarily,  ready  money;  money  on 


Chinese  Cash  of  the  reign 
Lung-K'ing  (1567-73),  the 
last  Dut  four  of  the  Ming  dy- 
nasty.   (Size  of  the  original.) 


Hard  cash,    (a)  Hard  money ;  coin ;  specie,    (h)  Money 
in  hand ;  actual  money,  as  distinguished  from  other  prop- 
erty. =  Syn.  2.  See  money. 
cash2  (kash),  V.  t.    [<  cash^,  «.]    1.  To  turn  into 
money,  or  to  exchange  for  money :  as,  to  cash 
a  note  or  an  order. —  2.  To  pay  money  for:  as, 
the  paying  teller  of  a  bank  cashes  notes  when 
presented. 
cash3  (kash),  H.     [An  E.  corruption  of  an  E. 
Ind.  word,  Telugu  and  Caiuirese  kdsu,  Tamil 
kds,  a  small  copper  coin, 
also  coin-money  in  gener- 
al. The  Pg.  caixa,  a  name 
applied  to  tin  coins  found 
by  the  Portuguese  at  Ma- 
lacca   in    1511,   brought 
thither  from  the  Malabar 
coast  in  India,  is  perhaps 
the  same  word,  aeeom.  to 
Pg.   caixa,   a  ease,  box, 
chest,  also  a  cashier,  = 
E.  ca«/i2  =  (;ase3jq.  v.]    1. 
The  name  given  by  for- 
eigners to  the  only  coin 
in  use  among  the  Chinese,  and  called  by  them 
t.iicii  (pronounced  chen).    it  is  a  round  disk  of  cop- 
per alloy,  with  a  stiuare  hole  in  the  middle  for  convenience 
in  stringing,  and  is  of  the  value  of  one  tenth  to  one  four- 
teenth of  a  cent.     The  characters  above  and  below  the 
stjuare  hole  indicate  the  reign  in  which  tile  coin  was  cast ; 
those  on  each  side  (reading  from  riglit  to  left)  are  called 
t'mig  pao,  and  mean  current  coin,  or  money.     A  string 
of  cash  is  a  sum  of  500  or  1,000  cash,  according  to  local- 
ity, strung  together,  in  divisions  of  50  or  100.    The  name 
is  also  applied  to  a  similar  coin  (called  a  7%n)  in  circula- 
tion ill  .Tapan,  one  tliousand  being  equal  to  a  yen  or  dollar. 
2.  The  name  sometimes  given  by  foreigners 
to  a  li  (pronounced  le),  or  thousandth  part  of 
a  Chinese  liang  or  otmee. — 3.  A  copper  coin 
used  for  cuiTency  in  Madras  under  the  East 
India  Company. — 4.    A  coin  of  Pondieherry, 
having  a  value  of  one  third  of  a  cent. —  5.  A 
money  of  account  in  Sumatra,  worth  about  3 
cents. 
cash*  (kash),  n.     [Cf .  Ir.  coisUghe,  Gael,  coisich, 
a  path,  <  Ir.  Gael,  cos,  foot.]     A  prehistoric 
wooden  road,  resembling  an  American  plank- 
road,  or  corduroy  road.    Roads  of  this  kind  have  been 
found  in  Ireland  in  many  localities,  and  in  some  cases  are 
evidently  connected  with  the  crannogs. 
cash^  (kash),  H.     [Origin  uncertain.]     In  coal- 

iiiiiiiixj.  soft  shale  or  bind.     [Scotland.] 
Cash-a.CCOUnt   (kash'a-kount"),   n.     1.  An  ac- 
count of  money  received,  paid,  or  on  hand. — 
2.  In  banking^  a  credit  given  by  a  bank  to  an 
amount 
of  bus 


F.  cachou  in  special  sense,  a  sweetmeat:  see 
cachou) ;  =  Pg.  cajn  =  Sp.  cui/ou  (E.  also  acajou 
=  G.  acajou-,  ac.ajanuss,  after  F.  acajou  a  pom- 
mcs,  the  casluny-tree,  noix  d'acajou,  the  cashew- 
nut,  by  confusion  with  acajou,  mahogany:  see 
acajoul),  <  Hind,  kajfi,  kauju,  the  casliew-iiut.J 
1.  The  Aiiarartliuni  occidcntale  and  its  fruit. 
See  Aua.cardiuiii  and  cashcw-uut. —  2.  Same  as 
cachou — Cashew  gum.  See  ffum, 
cashew-bird  (ka-sho'berd),  n.  The  name  given 
in  Jamaica  to  one  of  the  tanagers,  the  Tana- 


Cashew  bird  {Sptndalis  nt^riapitala). 

gra  zena  of  Gosse,  now  Spindalis  nigricephala. 
an  oscine  passerine  bird  of  the  family  Tanagri- 
da:  wliich  feeds  on  the  berries  of  the  bully-tree. 


cashew-nut  (ka-slici'imt), «. 

nut  of  the  Auacardium  oc- 
cidcntale (sec  Auacardium), 
consisting  of  a  kernel  in- 
closed in  a  very  hard  shell, 
which  is  borne  upon  a 
swollen  pear-shaped  edible 
stalk.  The  shell  is  composed  of 
two  hard  layers,  between  which 
is  contained  an  acrid  and  almost 
caustic  juice,  producing  on  the 
skin  a  very  painful  and  persistent 
vesicular  eruption.  This  acrid 
quality  is  removed  by  lieat,  and 
the  kernel  then  becomes  edible 
and  is  laueli  esteemed,  furnish- 
ing also  a  siveet  oil. — Oriental 
cashew-nut,  or  marK-iwi-nut,  a 
similar  fruit  of  an  allied  tree  of 
the  East  Indies,  Scmecarpus  An- 
acardittm.     The  juice  becomes 


The  kidney-shaped 


casings 

sicren  =  Dan.  kasserc  =  Sw.  kagsera,  cast  off, 
discharge,  discard,  cashier,  annul,  <  OF.  casser, 
discharge,  cashier,  >  E.  casIA,  q.  v.]  1.  To  dis- 
miss from  an  office  or  place  of  trust  by  an- 
nulling the  commission  liy  virtue  of  which  it  is 
held. 

He  had  tlie  insolence  to  cashier  the  captain  of  the  lord- 
lieiitenanfsown  body-guard.  ilacaulay. 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  to  dismiss  or  discard 
from  service  or  from  association. 

Tlie  king  that  expelled  the  'J'artais  about  two  hundred 
yeares  since,  establislicd  this  their  present  Politic,  . 
casseerin;/  all  the  ancient  Nobilitie  and  -MagistraU-s,  that 
none  is  now  great  but  the  King. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  440 

Your  son,  an't  please  you,  sir,  is  new  cashier'U  yonder. 

Cast  from  his  mistress'  favour. 

Fletcher,  Uumorous  Lieutenant,  v.  i. 

They  have  already  cairAiereiZ  several  of  their  followers 
as  mutineers.  Addison. 

3.  To  reject;  put  out  of  account;  disregard. 
[Rare.] 

Some  cashier,  or  at  least  endeavour  to  invalidate  •  all 
other  arguments.  Locke. 

4t.  y o  abolish  ;  do  away  with ;  get  rid  of. 
Miltou,  Reformation  in  Eijg.,  ii. 
cashier-  (kash-er'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
cii.b-hccr ;  =  D.  kassicr  =  G.  kassicrer,  kassirer, 
prop,  kassicr,  =  Dan.  kasscrer  =  Sw.  kassor,  < 
P.  ctmsier  (=  Sp.  cajero  =  Pg.  caixciro  =  It. 
cassiere),  a  cashier,  <  caisse,  a  money-box:  see 
cash^,  case'^,  and  -icr,  -ecr.]  1.  One  who  has 
charge  of  cash  or  money;  one  who  superin- 
tends the  routine  monetary  transactions  of  a 
bank  or  other  commercial  concern;  a  cash- 
keeper.—  2t.  A  money-box ;  a  casli. 
cashierer  (kash-er'er),  n.  Oiie  who  cashiers, 
rejects,  or  discards:  as,  "a  cashierer  of  mon- 
iirclis,"  Burke. 

cash-keeper  (kash'ke"per),  J).  One  intrusted 
witli  tlie  keeping  of  money  and  money-ae- 
couiit.s;  a  cashier. 

cashmere  (kash'mer),  n.  and  a.  [Also  written 
cache  mere  (and  with  altered  form  and  sense  casi- 
mire,  cassimere,  kerseymere,  q.  v.);  =  F.  cache- 
mire  =  D.  kashemire  =  G.  Kaschmir  (-schaiils) 
=  Dan.  kasimir  =  Tm-k.  <jd:mir,  cashmere,  so 
called  because  first  made  in  Ca.shmerc  (F.  Cache- 
mire,  G.  Kaschmir),  now  commonly  written 
Kashmir,  repr.  Ka.shmir,  the  native  name  (Skt. 
Ka(;mira),  a  state  and  vallev  in  the  Himalaya 
mountains  north  of  the  Panjab.  ]  I.  n.  A  fine 
and  soft  woolen  fabric  used  for  dress-goods.  It 
differ.s  from  merino  in  being  twilled  on  one 
side  only, 

II.  a.  Made  of  the  dress-fabric  so  named. 
—  Cashmere  shawl,  or  India  shawl,  a  shawl  originally 
made  in  the  valley  of  (^'.ashniere,  and  afterw  ard  in  the  Pan- 
jab, from  the  fine  downy  wool  found  about  the  roots  of  the 
hairof  tlie  wild  goat  of  Tiliet  and  the  Himalayas.  It  is  also 
known  as  the  cainH's-hair  shawl,  from  the  popular  notion 
that  the  liii.-5t  ivere  fomierly  made  of  that  material. 

cashmerette  (kash-me-ref),  H.  [Dim.  of  cash- 
mere.}    A  textile  fabric  for  women's  dresses, 

'made  with  a  soft  and  glossy  surface,  in  imita- 
tion of  cashmere. 

Cashmerian  (kash-me'ri-an),  a.  [<  Cashmere 
(see  cashmere)  +  -(>(».]  "Of  or  pertaining  to 
Cashmere,  a  valley  and  tributary  state  of  India, 
in  the  Himalaya  mountains  north  of  the  Panjab. 
-Also  spelled  Kashmiriaii. 

cash-note  (kash'not),  H.  A  note  for  the  pay- 
ment of  money. 


cashoo,  ".     See  catechu. 
ua,in,iiig,  a,  uieuiu  given  uy  a  uauK  to  an     TaVMV.  on  exposure,  and  Is  employed  in  marking  cotton  eash-reffister  (kash'rei"is-ter)    H      A  cash-boii 
It  agreed  upon  to  any  individual  or  house     cloihs  and  ul  a  ■  en'iedy  for  warts.  comnrifinJ   r  mechanism  for  recon^int  a,  tn 

iness  on  receipt  of  a  bond  with  securities,  cashew-tree  (ka-sho'tre),   ».     The  tree,  Ana-    3aU^he  sTiLs  XZnev  deoosU^^^ 
generally  two  in  number,  for  the  repayment  on     cardium  occidentale,  producingthe  cashew-nut.     ^a^icaUy  the  sums  ot  money  deposited  in  it. 
demand  of  the  sums  actually  advanced,  with  Cashgar  cloth.     Sameasj»(Ho.  Oasia,  ".     &ee  tffssi«. 

interest  on  each  advance  from  the  day  on  which  cash-girl  (kash'geri),  M.    A  girl  who  performs  ^^fj?"'^®^":.^?''^"**"'^''''?-  ,  ,  ,       -, 

it  was  made.    Persons  having  such  accounts  draw  upon     the  sime  duties'as  a  cash-boy.  ''T'%lJ\oi^f^±..?^^^L  \  K  T*  '  ''i 

them  i.,v  whatever  sums  within  their  amount  they  have  casMe  (kash'i),  a.     [Sc. ;  cf.  Icel.  karskr,  brisk.     ^-   ^^^  ^'^^  "'  process  expressed  by  the  verb 

'" °-" bold,  hale,  hearty,  =   Sw.   Dan.  karsk,  hale,     '•l'«^___Spec_'ticalb.-(«)  The  proij.ss  of  blowing  one  piece 

hearty.]  1.  Luxm'iant  and  succulent:  applied 
to  vegetables  and  shoots  of  trees. — 2.  Growing 
very  rapidly;  hence,  delicate;  imable  to  en- 
dure fatigue. — 3.  Flaccid;  soft.  Jamicson. 
[Scotch.] 
cashielawst,  «■  [Sc]  .An  old  Scotch  instru- 
ment of  torture,  consisting  of  a  heated  iron 
case  for  the  leg.  -Also  called  caspielatcs,  cas- 
piccaws,  casjiieclaivs. 

The  three  principal  tortures  that  were  habitually  ap- 
plied, were  the  pennywinkis,  the  boots,  and  the  caschie- 
lawis.  The  first  was  a  kind  of  thumb-screw;  the  second 
was  a  frame  in  which  the  leg  was  inserted,  and  in  which  it 
■  was  broken  by  wedges,  driven  in  by  a  hammer ;  the  third 
■was  also  an  iron  frame  for  the  leg,  which  ivas  from  time  to 
time  he.tted  over  a  brazier.       Lecky,  Rationalism,  I.  147. 

salesmen  from  customers  to  a  cashier  and  bring  cashier^  (kash-er'),  v.  t.     [Early  mod.  E.  cas- 
back  the  proper  change.  seerc  (of.  cash'^  =  cass^),  <  D.  casseren  =  G.  cas- 


occasion  for,  repaying  tliese  ad\ances  .as  they  find  oppor- 
tunity, l)Ut  generally  within  sh"it  periods.  Interest  is 
charged  only  on  the  average  balance  wiiicli  may  be  due  to 
the  bank.  Also  called  hank-cr>/ilit  and  cash-credit,  cash- 
account  Iteiiig  more  especially  a  Scotch  name.  The  sys- 
tem of  granting  such  credits  seems  to  have  been  initiated 
by  the  Scotch  banks. 

cashaw  (ka-sha'),  n.  A  name  of  the  algarroba 
or  houey-mesquit.  rrosnpisjuiiflora. 

cash-book  (kash'buk),  n.  [<  cttsh^  +  hook;  = 
D.  ka.^buek.'i  A  book  in  which  is  kept  a  regis- 
ter or  an  account  of  money  received  and  paid. 
—  Petty  cash-book,  a  book  in  which  small  receipts  and 
payments  are  entered. 

cash-box  (kash'boks),  n.  A  metal  or  wooden 
ln.i.x  for  keeping  money. 

cash-boy  (kash'boi),  n.  A  boy  employed  in  a 
shop  or  store  to  carry  the  money  received  by 


of  glass  witliin  another  of  a  different  color,  while  plas- 
tic, and  then  uniting  them  by  Bring.  (6)  In  liookbimi- 
inti,  the  operation  of  uiserting  the  se%ved  sections  of  a 
book  into  its  case  or  cover.  The  work  of  pasting  down 
the  cover-leaves,  clearing  out  the  waste,  and  pressing  the 
book  is  a  part  of  the  process  of  casing. 
2.  A  case;  a  covering;  an  inclosure.  Specifi- 
cally— (a)  The  framework  around  a  door  or  window. 
.\lso  called  case.  {Ij}  A  wooden  tunnel  for  powder-hose  in 
blasting,  (c)  A  covering  surrounding  the  smoke-stack  or 
funnel  of  a  steamboat  to  protect  the  deck  from  the  heat, 
(rf)  The  cast-iron  body  of  a  tubed  or  converted  gun.  (e) 
That  portion  of  the  wall  of  a  blast-furnace  which  lies 
between  the  stulfing  and  the  mantle.  (/)  In  mininij, 
the  altered  portion  of  the  "eountr>'""not  closely  adjacent 
to  the  lode :  almost  the  exact  equivalent  of  the  Cornish 
capel  (which  see).  See  also  ffouge  and  selvage.  [Cordille- 
ran  minine  region.] 
casings  (ka'singz),  n.  pi.  [E.  dial.,  also  cassons, 
«(r.-o«s.  and  formerly  caseng,  <  ME.  casen  (also 
casard),  cow-dung,  prob.  <  Dan.  kase,  dtmg  (k<h 


casings 

lose,  cow-dung).]  Dried  cow-dung  used  for 
fuel     Al«o  called  coif -6?atfs.    [>orth.  Eng.J 

casino  (ka-se'no).  n.  [It.,  a  house,  summer- 
hou^e  eaming-liouse,  dim.  of  casa,  a  house,  < 
li  caia,  a  cottage,  hut:  see  casa.']  1,  A  small 
eouutrr-house;  a  lodge;  a  summer-house  or 
retreat.— 2.  A  club-house  or  public  room  used 
for  social  meetings,  gaming,  dancing,  music, 
etc. ;  a  public  dancing-saloon. 

The  times  are  such  that  one  scarcely  dares  allude  to 
that  kind  of  company  which  thousands  of  our  young  men 
of  Vanity  Fair  are  frequenting  every  day,  which  nightly 
mis  casiiMs  and  dancing-rooms.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 
3.  A  game  of  cards,  in  which  the  players,  two 
or  more  in  number,  strive  to  obtain  as  many 
cards  as  possible,  especially  certain  cards  of 
a  counting  value,  as  the  ten  of  diamonds  and 
two  of  spades.  Tricks  are  taken  bypai"n'«<;,  that  is, 
by  matching  a  card  on  the  table  with  one  in  the  hand ; 
cunMning,  or  grouping  together  from  the  board,  cards 
the  number  of  pips  on  which  equals  the  number  on  that 
played  from  the  hand  ;  and  buildiny,  or  combining  cards 
on  the  board  with  one  in  the  hand,  the  trick  to  be  taken 
at  the  players  next  turn.  In  this  sense  also  spelled  cas- 
gino. —  Kg  or  great  casino,  the  ten  of  diamonds,  which 
in  the  game  of  casino  counts  two. — Little  or  RTT^all  ca- 
sino, the  two  of  spades,  which  in  the  game  of  casino 
counts  one. 

caskt  (kask),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  caske,  <  F. 
casque,  a  cask,  a  helmet,  =  It.  casco,  a  helmet, 
<  Sp.  Pg.  casco,  a  cask,  wine-vat,  also  helmet, 
casque,  hull,  coat  of  an  onion,  shard,  skull,  < 
cascar,  break  in  pieces,  burst:  see  cascade'^, 
ji.,  and  gurt.s/il.]  1.  A  close,  water-tight  ves- 
sel formed  like  a  barrel  with  staves,  headings, 
and  hoops,  and  used  for  containing  liquids  or 
substances  which  may  become  liquid:  a  ge- 
neric term  comprehending  the  pipe,  hogshead, 
butt,  barrel,  etc. — 2.  An  irregular  measure  of 
capacity.  A  cask  of  almonds  is  3  hundredweiglit ;  a  cask 
of  cloves,  etc.,  300  pounds ;  a  cask  of  pilchards,  50  gal- 
lons. The  name  is  also  applied  to  various  foreign  mea. 
sures  of  capacity,  as  the  Kussian  hochka,  the  Polish  beczka, 
etc 

3.  In  dyeing,  an  apparatus  for  steammg  and 
thus  fixing  the  colors  of  cloths  which  are 
printed  with  a  mi.xture  of  dyestuffs  and  mor- 
dants. It  consists  of  a  hollow  cylinder,  within  which  the 
cloth  is  suspended,  the  steam  being  admitted  to  the  in. 
tCTior  of  the  drum. 

4.  A  helmet.  [In  this  sense  now  usually  spelled 
casque  (which  see).]— Bulged  cask,  a  cask  swelling 
in  the  middle— Splayed  cask,  a  cask  having  a  flaring 
or  conical  funii. 

caskt  fkask),  I',  t.     [<  fa»i-l.  «.]     1.  To  put  into 
a  cask. —  2.  To  provide  with  or  put  on  a  casque 
or  helmet. 
Royally  auked  in  a  helme  of  Steele. 

ilarston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  v. 

cask-t,  1.  [An  in'eg.  var.  of  cash'-,  1,  a  chest, 
appar.  by  confusion  with  cask^.]  A  casket;  a 
case  or  shell. 

A  jewel,  lock'd  Into  the  woefull'st  cask 
That  ever  did  contain  a  thing  of  worth. 

Shak.,  i  Uen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

Onely  the  heart  and  soule  is  cleane,  yet  feares  the 
talncture  of  this  polluted  caiike,  and  would  have  passage 
fby  thy  revenging  hand]  from  this  loathsome  ]>rison  and 
fllthy  tnincke.       Spfed,  Hist.  Great  Britain  (1011),  p.  370. 

casket't  (kis'ket),  n.  See  casquet^. 
casket-  (kas'ket),  n.  [Formerly  also  casqnet 
(rf.  casket'^  =  casqueO-),  <  late  ME.  casket,  <  OF. 
and  F.  cassette  (=  Pr.  caisseta  =  Cat.  capscta  = 
It.  cassetta),  a  casket,  coffer,  chest,  dim.  of 
easse,  a  chest,  box,  >  E.  cash-,  and,  earlier,  E. 
cttsc^:  gee  cash^,  case-.']  1.  A  small  chest  or 
bo.x  for  jewels  or  other  small  articles. 

The  same  quayer  to  \ie  put  in  a  boxe  called  a  C(uket, 
lokelL  Enijlith  (Jildt  (K.  K.  T.  .H.),  p.  371). 

Ilcrc,  catch  this  casket ;  It  Is  wrtrlh  the  pains, 

Shak.,  .M.  of  v.,  II.  0. 
CtuketK  full  of  pardons.  Strj/jni,  Kdw.  VI.,  an.  l.MO. 

2.  A  fanciful  name  applied  to  a  book  eon- 
Hi-iiiii.'  of  a  number  of  seli'doil  literary  or 
inii-i -111  jiieces:  as,  a  casket  of  literary  gems. 
[I.'.ir.  .) — 3.  A  coffin,  especially  u  costly  ouo: 
II""  .1  ;i-  !i  "oftened  Hynonym  of  mffin,  [U.  .S.] 
—  4.  1  -item.     [North.  Kng,] 

casket  ,  r.  t.     [<  casket'^,  n.}    To  put 

into  ,i  ., M.^i. 

I  bavo  writ  my  lottcni,  coMketed  my  tri'a.>uro. 

Sliak.,  All*  Well,  11.  G. 
Til'   J.  wcj  nafrly  cukrUd,  Ivfati. 

caski^t '  fWi'i«'knH.  »i.     Same  ai)  gaaket. 

Ca':'        '  .Moll  r)f  r«/(AT/2. 

ca  .  II.     fNiilivi'.]     A  iiaiiio 

1)1  ,     iiM  liliick  parrot.  Mum- 

f/l'ii  1,1'  .NiH  I  iiiiiiea. 

caspiR'  ipieclawHt,  caspielawst,  <>. 

Slll(l<  .1  H, 

cas^nc  ;  Karlv  mod .  i;.  ret?,  cuk,  caske, 

<  k .  ctuqii' .  t  ii<  iiuct,  v  It.  casco,  a  Lclmot,  <  Hp. 


Casquetel,  time  of  Edward  IV.,  side  and 
b.ick  views. 


844 

casco,  a,  helmet,  skull,  etc.:  see  0(i«tt.]  1.  A 
helmet  of  any  kind.     [Chiefly  poetic] 

My  good  blade  carves  the  casi^ues  of  men, 
My  tough  lance  thrust«th  sure. 

Tennyson,  Sir  Galahad. 

2.  In  zoo}.,  some  process  or  formation  on  the 
head  resembling  a  helmet ;  a  galea.  Especially 
applied  in  ornithology  to  the  horn  of  the  bill  of  tlie  horn- 
bills,  and  to  the  frontal  boss  or  shield  of  various  birds,  as 
coots,  gallimUes,  and  sundry  species  of  the  family  h'te- 
ridfe.  The  head  of  the  cassowary,  Casuarius  ijaUatun, 
offers  a  good  example.    See  cut  under  cmnowanj. 

casquettf  (kas'ket),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  casket  = 
D.  kasket  =  G.  casquet  =  Dan.  kaskjct,  a  cap.  < 
F.  Cd.svjMCf,  <  It.  caschctto,  a  little  helmet,  dim. 
of  cn*ro,  a  helmet :  see  cn.sil,  ca,«(/«e.]  Ahead- 
piece  without  a  movable  vizor,  worn  in  the  six- 
teenth century 
and  later. 

casquef-'f, ".  See 

Cllsl.l       . 

casquetelt,".  [F., 

dim.   of  casque.'} 
A  small  steel  cap 
or  open   helmet 
without    beaver 
or  vizor,  but  hav- 
ing a  projecting  umbril  and  overlapping  plates 
behind  for  ease  in  throwing  the  head  back. 
cassH  (kas),  c.  t.     [Older  form  of  cns/il,  <!.  v.] 
1.  To  quash;  defeat;  annul. —  2.  To  dismiss; 
cashier. 

To  cass  all  old  and  unfaithful  bands. 

Raleiifh,  Arts  of  Empire,  p.  14. 

cass^t,  M.  [Contr.  of  caddis,  as  case-worm  for 
caddis-worm.']     A  caddis-worm. 

Lumbrici  [It.),  little  eassee  [coiTeoted  casaes,  ed.  1611]  or 
carth-wormes.  J^'forio  (159S). 

cassada,  cassado,  «.    Same  as  cassava. 

Cassandra  (ka-san'dra),  )i.  [NL.,  <  L.  Cas- 
saiidni,  <  Gr.  Kanaaviipa,  in  Greek  legend  a 
daughter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba.]  In  hot.,  a 
genus  of  ericaceous  plants,  of  a  single  species, 
native  of  the  cooler  portions  of  Em'ope,  Asia, 
and  North  America.  C.  calyculata  is  a  low  shrub  of 
the  northern  Vnitod  .States,  with  coriaceous  evergreen 
leaves  (hence  its  common  name  of  U-attu^r-leaf),  and  cylin. 
drical  white  flowers  appearing  in  early  spring. 

cassareep,  cassireepe  (kas'a-,  kas'i-rep).  n. 
[Also  spelled  cassariiic ;  the  South  American 
name.]  A  sauce  made  of  cassava  or  manioc- 
root. 

cassate  (kas'at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cassated, 
ppr.  cassatiiig.  [<  L.  cassutus,  pp.  of  cassarc, 
annul,  >  E.  cass'^  =  chs/iI  =  quash-  =  cashier'^: 
see  these  words.]  To  vacate,  annul,  or  make 
void. 

This  opinion  supersedes  and  camtates  the  best  medium 
we  have.  Hay,  Works  of  Creation. 

The  laws  must  not  so  tolerate,  as  by  conserving  persons 
to  destroy  themselves,  and  the  jtublic  ItcnetU  :  but  if  there 
be  cause  for  it,  they  must  be  i-nnsiitfil. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  II.  387. 

cassationt  (ka-sii'shon),  n.  [<  P.  cassation  = 
Sjj.  ca.'iaciou  =  Pg.  cas.facdo  =  It.  ca,'<sa:io)ie 
(cf.  D.  cassatie),  <  L.  as  it  *cassalio(n-),  <  cas- 
sarc, annul,  quash:  see  cassate.]  The  act 
of  aunulUng,  reversing,  or  canceling;  annul- 
ment. The  Court  of  Cassation  is  the  highest  court  of 
France,  and  receives  appeals  from  all  other  courts. 

The  confederacy  of  nobles,  too,  was  dissolved,  having 
accomplished  little,  .  .  .  and  having  lost  all  credit  with 
the  peojde  by  the  formal  casmliini  of  the  Compromise  in 
uonseciuence  of  the  Accord  of  August. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  3,s. 

cassation-  (ka-sii'shon),  n.  Ill  music,  during 
th(^  •  iglitceuth  century,  a  song  or  an  iiiHlni- 
mcntiil  piece  similar  to  the  serenade,  intended 
for  {x'rformanco  in  the  open  air. 
cassava  (ka-sa'vii),  ».  [Foriiieily  also  casaia, 
nisiire,  cd.isada,  cassado;  NL.  c<i.'<.fiira :  <  I''. 
cassare,  <  Sp.  casalie,  ca:iilie  z=  I'g.  cassarc,  < 
llaytian  kasnhi.]  1.  The  iiaiiie  of  several  spe- 
cies of  .Vanihot,  a  eu)>li<)rl>iaceou8  geiiiiH  of 
slimt  lierlis,  extensively 
^^    „  cultivuted    for    food    in 

fj  _Crr\  y^^W  |ro|iii'iil  America  and  im 
theo.iii.sl  (if  Afrii'a.  from 
the  tubenms  roots  nf 
which  ciiHsnva-breail, 
cassavB-Hl arch,  and  lH|ii- 
oca  are  made.  The  klinlx 
that  are  ihlilly  uhchI  lire  M. 
uliliiminut  (lilttcr  caMavjO,  M . 
Aijii  (HWi.et  cAMnva),  and  M. 
(Uirlliii'tiiiniMin,  AIno  known 
aj4  iiiiiinliiir,  maniite,  or  i»ol 
ninren.     S,'|.  tiiilnioc. 

2.  The  starch  prepared 
""""■"„',?/S:;r.|^'""*"    from    the   rootH   of   the 


Cassia 

cassava-plant.  The  roots,  which  are  sometimes  a  yard 
in  length,  iu*e  gnited.  and  the  pulp  is  freed  from  its  milky 
juice.  This  is  done  by  means  of  sacks  made  of  matting, 
which  .are  tilled  and  suspeiuled  from  a  beam,  w.igbt.s  being 
attached  to  the  lower  end.  The  meal  thus  dried  is  often 
made  immediately  into  bread  by  baking  it  in  broad  thin 
cakes.  Starch  is"  obtained  by  washing  the  meal  in  water 
ami  allowing  the  farinaceous  portion  to  settle.  This  starch, 
wlieu  dried  upon  heated  plates,  is  converted  into  tapioca. 
The  juice  itself,  especially  that  fi-om  the  bitter  cassava, 
contains  a  considerable  amount  of  hydrocyanic  acid,  ana 
is  very  poisonous. 

cassava-wood  (ka-sS'va-wud),  «.  The  Turpi- 
niii  iiecidoitalis,  a  stapliyleaceous  tree  of  the 
West  Indies. 

casset,  r-  t-    See  cass^. 

cassedoinet,  ".     An  old  form  of  chalcedony. 

casseeret,  *'.  t.     Au  earlier  form  of  cashier^. 

Cassegrainian  (kas-e-gra'ni-an),  ((.  Kelating 
to  one  Cassegrain,  who  in  1672  describeil  a  new 
form  of  reflecting  telescope  essentially  differ- 
ent from  those  of  Newton  and  Gregory.  There  is 
a  hole  at  the  center  of  the  large  mirror  (as  in  the  Gre- 
gorian form)  but  the  rays  leaving  that  mirror,  liefore 
coming  to  a  focus,  strike  a  small  convex  mirror,  and  are 
reflected  through  the  hole  to  the  eyepiece.  The  telescope 
is  shorter  than  the  Gregorian,  the  spherical  aberration  is 
partly  eliminated,  and  the  loss  of  light  is  about  that  of  the 
Newtonian.    See  telescope. 

Cassel  brown,  green,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

Casselmann's  green.    See  tp-cen. 

cassen  (kus'eu).  An  English  dialectal  form  of 
the  past  participle  of  cast^. 

cassena  (ka-se'na),  n.  [Also  cassina,  NL.  Cas- 
siiii'.]     A  name  of  the  yaupou,  Ile.r  Cassine, 

casse-paper  (kas'pii'ptr),  «.  [=  D.  kaspajmr;  < 
easse,  F.  casse,  broken,  pp.  of  casscr,  break  (see 
f»6rrtrf('l,  H.,  and  quash^),  +  paper.]  Broken, 
vTinkleil,  or  imperfect  paper  set  aside  by  the 
paper-maker. 

Casserian  (ka-se'ri-an),  a.  and  n.    See  Gas- 

seriaii. 

casserole  (kas'e-rol),  n.  [=  G.  kasserol  =  Dan. 
kasseriillc  =  It."  casseruola  =  Pr.  cassaroJa,  <  F. 
casserole,  a  stew-pan  (also  dial,  caslrole,  >  G. 
dial,  kiislrol,  kastrotic  =  Sw.  kaslrull  =  D.  kas- 
trol),  dim.  of  OF.  casse  =  Cat.  cassa  =  It.  ca::a 
(MIj.  c«-fl,  ca-ia,  caxota,  catiola),  a  crucible, 
ladle,  =  Sp.  ca::o  =  Pg.  o/fo,  a  frying-jiau, 
saucepan,  <  OHG.  che::ci  ('ka::i),  a  ke"ttle,  with 
dim.  che-~il  =  E.  kettle,  q.  v.]  1.  A  stew-pan 
or  saucepan.  Hence  —  2.  A  dish  prepared  in 
such  a  pan;  a  sort  of  stew:  as,  a  casserole  of 
mutton. — 3.  A  sort  of  cup  made  of  rice,  mashed 
potatoes,  or  the  like,  and  browned  in  the  oven, 
designed  to  contain  some  delioatc  and  highly 
flavored  dish. —  4.  Less  properly,  a  rim  or  edg- 
ing, as  of  rice,  aroiuid  the  edge  of  a  dish  of  stew, 
or  the  like. — 5.  A  small  handled  dish,  almost 
as  deep  as  it  is 
wide,  nuide  of 
porcelain,  and 
holding  from  v 
uto'JOounces, 
used  in  chemi- 
cal laborato-  Cnsserole. 
ries  for  evap- 
orating solutions  to  dryness  and  for  other  pur- 
poses. 

casserole-fish  (kas'e-rol-fish),  II.  A  Creole  name 
ot  the  liorseshiie  crab  or  king-criib,  Limulus 
liiih/lihi mils:  from  its  resemblance  to  a  sauco- 
pnii, 

cassette  (ka-sef),  n.  [F.  (=  Pr.  caisseta  =  Cat. 
cap.seta  =  It.  cassetta),  a  casket,  box:  sec  cas- 
ket-.] In  the  manufacture  of  chinaware,  a 
utensil  made  of  potters'  clay  with  sand,  in 
wliic'li  I  lie  ware  is  bakeii.  It  i.s  usually  round, 
with  n  Hill  bottom.     Also  called  ci^lliii. 

cassetur  breve  (ku-sc'ter  bre'vo).  [L.,  let  (ho 
liricl'  hi'  annulled:  cas.selur,  lid  pers.  sing,  jires, 
siih.j.  pass,  of  cassare,  annul;  hreve,  a  short 
writing:  see  cas.iale  and  hric/.]  In  old  laic,  an 
entry  on  the  rcconl,  made  by  a  phiiiitilT  who 
is  met  by  a  woll-fouiuled  ploii  in  nlinli'inent, 
whi'toliy  nil  end  is  put  to  the  ucliuu,  and  he  cull 
lH't;iu  allow. 

casseweedt  (kas'wed),  «.    An  obsolete  form  of 

ciiseiceid. 

Cassia  (kiish'ijt),  »i.  [L.,  more  correctly  C(Mirt, 
<  llr.  Miniii,  Minnin,  <  IIoli.  i/el.ii'olh,  ciissia,  a  pi. 
form,  <  qelsi'dn,  cnssia-barii,  <  qiilsa',  cut.  |  1. 
A  very  large  genus  of  leguiiiiiKV is  herbs,  sliniliH, 
and  trees,  mostly  of  tropical  or  warm  regions. 
Thi-y  have  altrnplly  pinnate  leaves,  nearly  rcuuhir  Itowcra, 
and'dlntlni't  Klnmcim  with  the  aiillii  i»  opening  I'y  pme". 
Thi'  leaves  "(  several  hiiccIcb  cnrislllnlc  the  uillknowil 
catliarlic  drug  called  neuwi.  'I'lie  |iin-g)iig  cnHsiu,  t\  t'ls- 
tiilii.  an  ornamental  tree  of  Ho  .ild  w.irld,  but  fiic|iicnlly 
planted  111  tropical  Alnerba.  has  very  long  cytirt'lrlrnl 
podH  cdutaliiing  a  sweetish  pulp  which  Is  iiHcd  In  iiicdt- 
clne  aH  a  mild  limatlve.      I  In-  seeds  of  C.  iiccidfnlalis  are 


Cassia 

used  in  the  tropics  as  a  substitute  for  coffee,  and  are  known 
as  iiegro  or  Mof/dad  cojl'ee,  though  they  contain  no  caf- 


Cassidcous  Flower 
(it  .'tconilufft. 


Flowers  and  Fruit  of  Cassia  Fistula. 


€ein.  Some  species  fnrnisli  ornamental  woods,  and  several 
are  in  cultivation,  many  having  handsome  foliage  and 
conspicuous  yellow  flowers. 

2.  [?.  P.]  The  cinnamon  cassia,  wild  cassia,  or 
cassia-bark.  See  cassia-lUjiwa — Clove  cassia, 
the  bark  of  ])icyi)cllium  caryophyllatum,  a  little-known 
lauraceous  tree  of  iirazil.  It  has  a  dove-like  odor  and 
the  taste  of  cinnamon,  and  is  used  for  mixing  with  other 
spices. 

cassia-buds  (kasb'ia-lDudz),  n.  pi.  The  com- 
xnercial  name  for  the  immature  fruit  of  the 
Chinese  tree  which  yields  oassia-lignea.  They 
are  used  as  a  spice. 

cassia-lignea  (kash'ia-lig'nf-a),  n.  [NL.,  lit. 
ligneous  or  woody  cassia :  see  Cassia  and  ligne- 
ous.'] Cassia-bark,  or  wild  cassia,  also  known 
as  Chinese  cinnamon,  a  species  of  cinnamon 
obtained  chiefly  from  the  Cinuamomum  Cassia 
of  southern  China,  it  closely  resembles  Ceylon  cinna- 
mon, and  is  used  for  the  same  purposes.  Inferior  kinds 
are  largely  exported  from  southern  India,  Sumatra,  and 
other  East  Indian  islands,  the  product  of  C.  iners  and 
other  species. 

cassia-oil  (kash'iii-oil),  n.  A  volatile  oil  ob- 
tained from  cassia-lignea,  resembling  oil  of  cin- 
namon. 

cassia-pulp  (kash'ia-pulp), )(.  The  sweet  pulp 
which  exists  in  the'pods  of  Cassia  Fistula.  It 
is  used  in  medicine  as  a  mild  purgative.  See 
Cassia,  1. 

cassican  (kas'i-kan),  n.  [=  F.  cassican ;  < 
Cassicus  +  -an.]  1.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Cas- 
sicus.  Citcier. —  2.  An  Australian  and  Papuan 
corvine  bird  of  either  of  the  genera  Gymnorhina 
and.  Strepera  :  a  piping-crow.     See  .B^rito,  (c). 

Cassicinse  (kas-i-si'ne),  ».  p?.  [NL.,<  Cassicus 
+  -ina'.]  A  subfamily  of  Icteriilce,  typified  by 
the  genus  Cassicus;  the  caciques.  They  have 
naked  e.xposed  nostrils  and  the  mesorhinium 
expanded  into  a  frontal  shield. 

Cassicus  (kas'i-kus),  M.  [NL.  (Bnsson,  1760) : 
see  Cacicus,  cacicpie.]    See  Caciciis. 

Cassida  (kas'i-da),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cassis  (cas- 
sid-),  also  cassida,  a  helmet.  ]     A  genus  of  mo- 


Helmet-shell  ( CassisJTarnm^a). 


Black-legged  Tortoise-beetle  ^Cassida  uigripes). 

a.  lar\-a  ;  t,  larv.i,  cleaned  and  enlarged  ;  c,  pupa.    (Vertical  Vines 

show  natural  sizes  ) 

uilicorn  beetles,  giving  name  to  the  family  Cas- 
sidida-^;  the  tortoise-beetles. 


845 

.Species  of  Cagsida  and  allied  forms  arc  recognized  by 
the  excessively  wide  margins  of  the  ju-othorax  and  elytra, 
and  by  the  head  liciii'„' par-tly  or  wholly  concealed  beneath 
the  forwiii'd  margin  nt  tlie  prothorax,  the  whole  insect 
thus  itresenting  a  llattened,  roundish,  scale-like  aspect. 
Staml.  Nat.  IliBt.,  II.  .'jU. 

Cassidae  (kas'i-de),  n.pl.   [NL.]    Same  as  Cas- 

sididiC. 

cassideous  (ka-sid'e-us),  a.  [<  L,  cassis  (cas- 
sid-),  a  Imlmot,  -t-  -cbus.]  In  hot., 
lielmot-shaped,  as  the  upper  se- 
pal in  the  ganus  Aconitmu. 
cassidid  (kas'i-did),  n.  A  gas- 
troiKid  of  tho  family  Cassididw. 
Cassididsei  (ka-sid'i-de),  u.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Cassida  +  -ida:]  In 
cntiim.,  a  family  of  phytoiihagous 
tetramorous  Colcoptera  or  bee- 
tles, ha\'ing  a  rounded  body, 
whence  the  name  of  the  group, 
Cyclica,  in  which  they  were  for- 
merly raiiged.  They  are  known  as  torttme-bectleii  and 
helmel-beettes,  the  dilated  thoi-ax  forming  a  sort  of  hel- 
met covering  tho  head.  The  genera  and  species  are  nu- 
merous. Also  written  Carnddai  and  Cassidiadoe.  See  cut 
under  (Ui.^t<itla. 
Cassididse^  (ka-sid'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cassis 
{Cassid-)  +  -idee.']  In  conch.,  a  group  of  gastro- 
pod mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Cassis,  for- 
merly rc^ferred  to  the  Buccinida;  now  forming  a 
separate  family;  the  helmet-shells,  or  cameos. 
They  ale  characterized  by  a 
generally  thick  heavy  shell, 
with  a  short  spire,  a  cana- 
liculate jiperture,  a  callous 
cidumellar  lip,  and  both  lips 
toothed  or  ribbed ;  and  by  a 
large  head  and  foot,  and  a 
protrusile  proboscis.  The 
lingual  ribbon  has  7  rows  of 
teeth ;  the  median  rows  are 
transverse  and  multidentate, 
tlie  inner  lateral  broad  and 
multidentate,  and  the  outer 
lateral  ungllicnlate.  The  gen- 
era are  C«sm,  Cassidai-ia, 
and  Oniscia.  Also  written 
Cit^sidiadm,  Cassidce.  See 
helmet-shell  and  cameo-shell. 

Cassidina  (kas-i-di'na), 
)( .  [NL. ,  <  L.  cassis  (cas- 
sid-), a  helmet,  -I-  -inal.] 
A  genus  of  isopod  crustaceans,  the  species  of 
which  are  known  as  shield-slaters.  Edwards,  1840. 

Cassidix  (kas'i-diks),  n.  [NL.  (Lesson),  appar. 
made  out  of  a  F.  "cassidiqucs,  pi.,  <  L.  as  if  *cas- 
sidicus,  adj.,  <  cassis  (cassid-),  a  helmet.]  1.  A 
genus  of  grackles,  or  .American  oscine  passer- 
ine birds,  of  the  family  Icteridce  and  subfamily 
Quiscalium,  having  thick  biUs  and  boat-shaped 
tails:  same  as  Scaphidurus  (Swainson,  1831). 
i?.  P.  ie.s.soK,  1831. — 2.  [I.e.]  The  specific  name 
of  the  hornbill  of  Celebes,  Buceros  cassidix.  C. 
J.  Temminck,  1820. — 3.  A  generic  name  of  the 
same.     C.  L.  Bonaparte,  1849. 

cassidonyl  (kas'i-do-ni),  )i.  A  corruption  of 
ehaleedonij. 

cassidoiiy2  (kas'i-do-ni),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
L.  slmchas  Sidonia,  the  stoechas  of  Sidon,  where 
the  plant  is  indigenous.]  The  popular  name 
of  the  jjlant  Lavandula  Stcechas,  or  French  lav- 
ender. 

Cassidula  (ka-sid'u-la),  n.  [NL.  (Humphreys, 
1797),  dim.  of  L.  cassis  (cassid-),  a  helmet.]  1. 
Tho  tjiiical  genus  of  sea-urchins  of  the  family 
Cassidulidic'^.  Also  Cassidulus:  Laniard;  1816. 
— 2.  In  conch.,  a  genus  of 
■basommatophorous  pul- 
monate  gastropods,  of  the 
family  Auriculidtc.  having 
a  squarish  body-whorl, 
very  short  spire,  and 
toothed  lips.  The  species 
inhaliit  the  sea-shores  of  the  Indo-Paciflc  re- 
gion.     Also  Cassidulus;  Latreille,  1825. 

Cassidulidaei  (kas-i-du'U-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cassidula,  1,  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  exocyclic 
or  pctalostichous  cchinoderms,  or  iiTegular 
sea-urchins,  known  as  heart-urchins,  having  a 
rounded  or  oval  form,  very  fine  spines,  and  no 
fascicles.  It  includes  the  subfamilies  Eekino- 
veiiia'  and  Nucleolinw.  _ 

Cassidulidse-  (kas-i-du'li-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cassidulus  +  -id<e.]  A  family  of  proboscis-bear- 
ing peetinibranchiate  gastropods,  typified  by 
the  genus  Cassidulus.  They  are  characterized  by  a 
long  iieck  :uni  small  head,  tentacles  small  and  near  the  end 
of  tile  head,  and  teeth  on  the  lingual  ribbon  in  3  rows,  the 
ccntr;il  moderately  broad,  and  the  lateral  versatile  and 
bidcntatc  ;  tlie  shell  is  pear-shaped  or  obeonic,  and  with 
a  produced  canal.  The  species  are  inhabitants  of  tropical 

Cassidulus  (ka-sid'u-lus),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  cassis 
(cassid-),  a  helmet.]'    1.  A  name  of  a  genus  of 


Cassiopeia 

gastropods  taken  for  the  type  of  the  family  Cas- 
sidulidw^:  synonymous  with  Melongcna. —  2. 
Same  as  Cassidula. 

cassimere  (kas'i-mer),  n.  [Also  casimire;  cor- 
rupted to  Iccrseymere,  q.  v. ;  =  D.  kazimicr  =  G. 
Dan.  Sw.  Icasimir,  <  F.  casindr,  prob.  <  Sj).  casi- 
iniro  =  Pg.  casimira  =  It.  casimiro,  >  Turk,  r/d:- 
inir,  cassimere ;  ult.  the  sami'  word  as  cashmere, 
q.  v.]  A  woolen  cloth  about  30  inches  in  width, 
used  for  men's  wear;  specifically,  a  twilled 
clotli  of  the  above  description,  used  principally 
for  trousers. 

cassina  (ka-si'na),  n.    Same  as  cassena. 

cassine  (ka-sen'),  n.  [F.,  <  It.  ca.nno,  a  coun- 
try-house, etc.:  see  casino.]  A  small  house, 
especially  in  the  open  eoiuitrj';  specifically,  a 
house  standing  alone,  where  soldiers  may  lie 
hid  or  take  a  position. 

cassinet,  ".     Same  as  cassinettc. 

cassinette  (kas-i-nef),  n.  [=  G.  cassinet,  Sp. 
casinale ;  a  sort  of  dim.  of  c«.s.s-»«ere.]  A  cloth 
made  of  a  cotton  warp  and  a  woof  of  very  fino 
wool,  or  wool  and  silk,  used  for  waistcoats. 
Also  culled  licrseynette.     IS.  11.  Knight. 

Cassinian  (ka-sin'i-an),  a.  and  «.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  member  of  the  Italian  and  French 
family  Cassini,  which 
jnoduced  four  genera- 
tions of  astronomers, 
1025-1845.  Also  Cassi- 
noid. 

If  we  wish  the  plane  of  mo- 
tion to  be  of  limited  extent,  we 
must  make  its  boundary  one  of 
the  Ca-^ifinian  ellipses. 
Minehin,  Uniplanar  Kiuemat- 

[ics,  VI.  iii.  l:iO. 
Cysinian  oval,  or  Cassin- 
ian, a  bicircularquartic  curve, 
the  locus  of  a  point  the  i)ro- 
diict  of  whose  distances  from 
two  fixed  points  is  constant. 
The  Cartesian  equation  is 
(x^  -f  1/2  +  o2)2  _  4a2a;2  =  «|4.  If  »n2  <  a2,  the  real  cmvc 
consist:s  of  two  ovals  ;  if  m  2  >  «2,  it  consists  of  one ;  and 
if  «t2  =  a,2,  it  becomes  the  lemniscate.  Cassinians  are 
curves  of  the  eighth  class  (except  the  lemniscate,  which 
is  of  the  tixth),  and  have  four  stationary  tangents  on  the 
alisolute. 
II.  «.  A  Cassinian  oval. 

cassinite  (kas'i-nit), «.  A  kind  of  feldspar  from 
Delaware  county,  Pennsylvania,  remarkable  for 
containing  several  per  cent,  of  baryta. 

cassino,  «.     See  casino,  3. 

cassinoid  (kas'i-noid),  «.  and  a.  [As  Cas- 
sin-ian  +  -oid;  =  F.  cassinoide.]  I.  n.  In  math., 
a  plane  cmwe,  the  locus  of  a  point  the  product 
of  whose  distances  from  a  number  of  fixed  points 
is  constant ;  a  logarithmic  potential  curve.  See 
Cassinian. 
II.  ".  [.cap.]   Same  as  Cassitiian. 

Cassiope  (ka-si'o-pe),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Cassiope,  < 
Gr.  Kaaatu-T/,  a  fern,  proper  name.  Cf.  Cassio- 
peia.] A  small  genus  of  ei-icaceous  plants,  low 
evergreen  shrubs,  resembling  heaths,  natives 
of  alpine  and  arctic  regions,  chiefly  of  North 
America.  C.  hyjmoidcs,  of  Labrador  and  Greenland 
and  the  mountains  of  N'ew  York  and  New  England,  is  also 
a  native  of  Lapland  and  arctic  Siberia. 

Cassiopeia  (kas"i-o-pe'ya),  «.  [L.,  also  written 
I'lissinpid,  Cassiepcia,  -pea,  and  Cassiope  (>  F. 
Cassiujide  =  Sp.  Casiopea  =  Pg.  It.  Cassiopea), 
<  Gr.  Kaaai6-eta,  KaccrdTreia,  and  'Kaa(7i6-!/,  in 
myth,  the  wife  of  Cepheus,  king  of  Ethiopia, 
and  mother  of  Andromeda ;  afterward  placed 


Four  Confocal  Cassinian 

Ovals. 
/",  F,  foci.  Putting  sa  tor 
the  distance  between  them, 
the  cqu.itions  of  the  ovals 
represented  are  Y  pft  =  o.8a, 
y pp  =  a  (the  lemniscate. 
or  figure-8  curve),  Ypp  = 
r.aa,  Y  PP'  =  i-S^r- 


Cassiditta  auris-felis. 


The  Coiisti:liation  Cassiopeia,  according  to  the  description  ut  Ptolemy. 


Cassiopeia 
amonff  the  stars.]  1.  A  beautiful  circumpolar 
constellation,  supposed  to  represent  the  vriie  of 
Cepheus  seated  in  a  chair  and  holding  up  both 
arms.  It  contains  so  stars  bri'-'hter  than  the  sisth  mag- 
nitude and  is  alwavs  touud  opposite  the  Great  Bear  on  the 
r.t  hT  -i  Je  of  the  pole-star.  In  this  constellation  appeared  in 
l-->  a  tcmporarv  star  brighter  than  Venus  at  its  brightest. 
2  '  [XL.]  In  iool.,  the  typical  genus  of  the  fam- 
ily Cassiopeiidw.  C.  borbvnica  of  the  Mediterranean  is 
au  example.  C.^omfoso  inhabits  the  Florida  keys.  Origi- 
nalU  f"(->'t'>»ert.     Peron  aitd  Lt'Mon,  1S09. 

Cassiopeiidae  (kas'i-o-pe'yi-de),  n.  pi.  [XL., 
<  Cii<<iopeia  +  -i(Iw.'\  A  family  of  rhizostomous 
diseophorous  hydrozoans,  represented  by  the 
genus  Cassiopeia.  The  species  are  attached  in  the 
adult  state  instead  of  free-swimming,  being  usnally  found 
upon  coral  mud. 

cassique,  ».     See  cacique. 

cassireepe,  ".     See  eassareep. 

Cassis  (kas'is).  «.  [XL.  (Klein,  1734  in  eehino- 
derms,  and  1753  in  moUusks),  <  L.  cassis,  hel- 
met.] A  large  genus  of  prosobranchiate  gas- 
tropodous  moUusks,  known  as  helmet-shells,  for- 
merly placed  with  the  Buccinidce  or  whelks,  or 
■with"  the  Doliid(F,  but  now  made  the  type  of  a 
family  Cassidid(e.     See  cut  under  Cassididw^. 

cassiterite  (ka-sit'e-rit),  n.  [<  L.  cassitenoii  (< 
Gr.  Kom ircpoc,  tin;  prob.  of  Phenician  origin: 
cf.  Ar.  qasdir,  pewter,  tin,  Skt.  kastira.  tin)  + 
-ite-;  =F.  cassiteride.'\  Xative  tindioxid,  Sn02, 
a  mineral  crystallizing  in  tetragonal  forms,  usu- 
ally of  a  brown  to  black  color,  and  ha\ing  a 
splendent  adamantine  luster  on  the  crystalline 
f.ices.  Its  speciOc  gravity  is  very  high,  nearly  equal  to 
tiiat  of  metallic  iron ;  it  generally  occurs  in  irregular 
masses  and  grains,  disseminated  in  granite,  gneiss,  clay 
slate,  mica  slate,  and  porphyry  ;  also  in  reniform  shapes 
with  fibrous  radiated  structure  (wood-tin),  and  in  rolled 
pieces  or  grains,  as  sand,  in  which  last  condition  it  is  known 
as  stream-tin.  It  is  the  principal  source  of  metallicitin, 
occurring  ui  many  localities,  the  most  important  of  which 
arc  Cornwall  in  England,  the  Erzgeliirge  in  Saxony  ami 
Bohemia,  Finland,  the  islanil  of  Banca  near  Sumatra,  and 
Queeuslaml  in  .\ustralia.  It  has  recently  been  found  in 
some  quantity  in  Dakota.  The  supply  at  present  is  chiefly 
drawn  from  .Australia. 

cassias  (kash'ius),  n.  [Xamed  from  its  discov- 
cror.  Andreas  Cassiiis,  a  German  chemist  of  the 
17tli  centurj'.]  A  certain  pivple  pigment.  See 
purple. 

cassock  (kas'ok),  n.  [<  F.  cosaque,  a  cassock 
(>  casaquin,  a  small  cassock,  a  corset,  >  Dan. 
kassck-iiiff,  a  jacket,  jerkin),  <  It.  casncca  (=  Sp. 
Pg.  casaca),  a  great-coat,  surtout,  lit.  a  house 
(cf.  casaccia,  a  large,  ugly  old  house),  <  casa,  a 
house :  see  casa,  casino,  and  cf.  chasuble,  from 
the  same  ult.  source.]  1.  Any  loose  robe  or 
outer  coat,  but  particularly  a  military  one. 

The  mnster-tlle.  rotten  and  sound,  upon  my  life,  amounts 
not  to  flfteen  thousand  poll;  half  of  the  which  dare  not 
shake  tile  snow  from  otf  their  cajtuock't,  lest  they  sliake 
tliemsclves  to  pieces.  Shall.,  Alls  Well,  iv.  S. 

Tliis  small  piece  of  service  will  bring  him  clean  out  of 
love  with  the  soldier  forever.    He  will  never  come  within 
the  sign  of  it,  the  sight  of  a  caxaock,  or  a  musket-rest  again. 
B.  Jotuon,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  long  clerical  coat,  buttoned  over  the  breast 
and  reaching  to  the  feet,  and  confined  at  the 
wai.st  by  a  broad  sash  called  a  circline.  In  the 
Ki)umn  <;atholic  Church  its  color  varies  with  the  dignity 
of  the  wearer :  priests  wear  l>Iack  ;  bisliops.  purple  ;  car- 
dinaN.  scarlet ;  and  popes,  white.  In  tlie  Anglican  Church 
black  Is  worn  by  all  the  three  orders  of  the  clergy,  but 
bishops  upon  state  occasions  often  wear  purple. 

The  custom  was,  l)oth  liere  and  in  the  other  northern 
partH  of  Christendom,  for  all  clergymen,  whether  secular 
or  of  a  religious  order,  t^)  have  the  gown  we  now  call  a 
eaji^orJc.  lined,  like  the  garments  of  the  laity,  thriuighout 
with  furs,  in  f,atln,  pelles  :  hence  this  vesture  got  its  name, 
"  jK-illrea  ■  or  pelisse.     Unck,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  20. 

cassocked  (kas'okt),  a.  [<  cassock  +  -<?rf'-.] 
Clullicd  with  a  cassock. 

A  coMock'J  huntjtnntn  ami  a  fltlilllng  i>rlest! 

Criwi^fr,  Prog,  of  Err.,  1.  111. 

cassolette  (kas'o-let),  n.  [F.,  <  Kn.  cazolcta, 
jiaii  iif  11  fniisket-lock,  u  kind  of  ])crfuine,  lit.  a 
liltlf  pun,  dim.  of  cazo,  a  Hauccpaii:  see  cassc- 
TiiU.'\  1.  Acenscr;  a  veHHcl  with  upierced cover 
lur  liiimiiin  ]ierfumcH. —  2.  A  vchhcI  or  box  for 
holiluii;  i.irfiiraCH  and  providiil  with  n  ]icrfo- 
ratiil  I  ov.r  to  pennit  tno  dilTiiHion  ui  Ihoin. 

Cassonade  fk.m-o-niid'),  n.  [<  F.  rafnonaik-  ('> 
I'IC.  riuumnmtii ),  '  OF.  rnsson,  mod.  F.  caisson  = 
I'll,  rniiilo,  ft  liirt'o  cheKt  (cf.  (JHp.  en:on,  brown 
miL'nr.  bncniiiW!  Iho  miKar  Ih  importccl  in  Inrge 
chiHiM):  Hf'f  caisson  and  cnsr^.j  Haw  Hn(?ar; 
"'I- "fined. 

caH  -6'ne),  n. ;  pi.  cassoni  (-ni).     (It., 

"'  '(,  a  cln!»t :   Hi'C  cassoon,  caismm.] 

A  UT'  '  M.  I :  Hfiecineally,  one  of  Iho  Itnlinn 
)>ridiil  '  ...  t-.  or  richly  decorated  coffprH  which 
wpr«>  m«'l<-iii  Italy  in  the  middle  aKOii  and  Inter 
to  contain  tin:  more  coBlly  part  of  tbo  bridal 
outflU 


846 

The  Casgoni,  or  large  trousseau  coffers,  on  which  the 

most  costly  and  elaborate  decorations  were  often  lavished. 

Encpc.  Brit.,  XVI.  855. 

cassons  (kas'onz),  «.     Same  as  casings. 

cassoon  (ka-son'),  n.  [<  It.  cassone  (=  OF. 
casson,  F.  caisson  (>  E.  caisson)  =  Pg.  caijrao), 
a  large  chest,  aug.  of  cassa,  a  chest :  see  casi~, 
ca.ih-.J  A  deep  panel  or  coffer  in  a  ceiling  or 
soffit. 

cassoumba  (ka-som'ba),  n.  [Xative  name.] 
A  pigment  made  in  Amboyna,  Moluccas,  from 
the  burnt  capsules  of  the  plant  Sterculia  Ba- 
loni/has. 

cassowary  (kas'o-wa-ri),  n.;  pi.  cassowaries 
(-riz).  [=  F.  casoar  =  Sp.  casoario,  casohar,  ca- 
suel  =  It.  casuario  =  D.  casuaar,  kasuaris  =  G. 
Dan.  Sw.  kasuar  (XL.  casuariu.'i),  <  Malay  ka.'isu- 
waris,  the  cassowary.]    A  large  struthious  bird 


Cassowary  [Casttarius g-at<atus). 

of  the  genus  Casnariua,  subfamily  Casuariina; 
and  family  Casiiariida',  inhabiting  Australia  and 
the  Papuan  islands.  It  resembles  the  ostrich,  and  is 
nearly  as  large,  but  has  shorter  and  thicker  legs  in  pro- 
portion, and  tliree  toes.  It  is  characterized  by  a  ratite 
sternum,  plumage  with  large  aftershafts.  rudimentary 
wings  represented  externally  by  several  spine-like  pro- 
cesses, fleshy  caruncles  or  lappets  upon  the  throat,  and  a 
large  casque  or  helmet  upon  the  head.  It  runs  with  great 
rapidity,  outstripping  the  swiftest  horse.  'I'he  cassowary 
leaves  its  few  eggs  to  he  hatched  liy  the  hc:it  of  the  sun. 

casstununar  (kas-u-mu'nilr),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  An 
nromnlir'  root  used  as  atonic  and  stimulant,  ob- 
tained troia  Zingiber  Cdssiimunar. 

castl  (kast),  I'.;  pret.  and  pp.  cast,  ppr.  castini/. 
[<  ME.  casten,  kcsten,  <  Icol.  ka.ila  =  Sw.  kasta 
=  Dan.  kaste,  throw ;  a  purely  Scaiid.  word, 
not  found  in  the  other  Teut.  tongues,  where 
the  orig.  word  for  '  throw '  is  warp  with  its  cog- 
nates.] I.  trann.  1.  To  throw,  either  lilcriiUy 
or  figuratively:  as,  to  <'».<<  a  stoiio  at  a  bird ;  to 
cast  light  on  a  subject;  to  cast  a  shadow;  to 
cast  a  slur  on  one's  reputation. 

Thel  brought  thrc  mantels  furred  with  ermyn,  and  the 

cloth  was  scarlet,  and  thei  cmlf  hem  vpon  the  two  kynges. 

McrUii{E.  E.  T.  .S.),  iii.  007. 

slings  to  f(Uit  stones. 
2  chron.  xxvi.  14. 


Tzziah  prepared  for  them  . 


Both  the  chariot  and  horse  are  cant  Into  a  dead  sleep. 

I's.  Ixivl.  6. 
.Sir,  I  forgive  yon  heartily. 
And  ail  your  wrong  to  me  I  caj<l  behinil  me. 

Flrtchcr,  Humorous  IJcntenant,  v.  .t. 

I  shall  desire  all  Indlffercut  eyes  to  judge  wlietlier  these 
men  do  not  endeavour  to  rant  unjust  envy  upon  me. 

Millnii,  (In  Def.  of  llurnb.  Ilemolut. 

Rotmd  his  soul  her  net  she  strove  to  eagt, 
Almost  desiiite  herself. 

Ili7(i«),i  .Morn«,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  107. 

2.  To  throve  with  violence  or  force;  fling; 
hurl :  usimlly  with  some  adjuni't,  such  as  ««'(/)/, 
down,  into,  off,  out,  (ttc.     See  plirascH  below. 

On  the  helgbt<?  of  that  I'ynacle.  the  ,)cwc»  Rctteu  Seynt 
.lame,  ami  diKtril  hirn  i/oicii  to  the  Krthe,  Unit  Mnit  was 
lllHschoiqi  of  .liTUsale.  Mitmliviltr,  Travels,  p.  h7. 

Noting  thereon  the  cattinij  ilmnir  of  the  l"ort«  r.ii  llgrls, 
and  amongst  them  Iho  Temple  I'f  Helus  there  erected. 

I'lirrhan,  I'llgrhnage,  p.  77. 

Anil  the  l/)ril  turned  a  ndglily  strong  west  wind,  which 
t/Hik  away  the  locUNts,  ami  eant  them  intti  the  Ited  .Hea. 

Ex.  I.  in. 

Hpecincally— 3.  To  throw  to  tln>  ground,  nw 
in  wrestling;  eHpecinlly,  to  throw  a  h(ir»e   or 
idher  aiiiiiinl  to  the  ground,  ns  in  trainiiifi;,  or 
for  a  surgical  operation  or  HJaiiglilcr. 
I  made  a  ahlfl  to  catt  him.  ,VAalr.,  MacbsUi,  II,  3. 


cast 

Eying  him. 
As  eyes  the  butcher  the  ca»t  panting  ox 
That  feels  his  fate  is  come,  nor  struggles  more. 

Broivniitff,  King  and  Book,  II.  25. 

4t.  To  decide  or  bring  in  a  verdict  against,  asin 
a  lawsuit ;  condemn  as  guilty ;  hence,  to  defeat. 
If  the  whole  pou  er  of  my  estate  can  ca^t  him. 
He  never  shall  obtain  me. 

Middkton  {and  otiiers),  The  Widow,  ii.  1, 

Tlie  Commons  by  far  the  greater  number  canf  him ;  the 
Lords,  after  they  had  been  satisfied  in  a  full  discourse  by 
the  Kings  Solicitor,  and  the  opinions  of  many  .Judges  ile- 
livered  in  their  House,  agreed  likewise  to  the  Sentence  of 
Treason.  .Milton,  Eikouoklastes,  ii. 

Were  the  case  referred  to  any  competent  judge,  they 
would  inevitably  be  cast.  Decai/  of  Chri.-^lian  Piety. 

His  father  left  him  fourscore  pounds  a  year  ;  but  he  has 
ca-^t  and  been  cast  so  often,  that  he  is  not  now  worth 
thirt.v.  Addi.wn,  Sir  Roger  at  the  Assizes. 

5t.  To  disband  or  break  up  (a  regiment  or  com- 
pany) ;  hence,  to  dismiss ;  reject ;  cashier ;  dis- 
card. 

Wlien  a  company  is  cast,  yet  the  captain  still  retains  the 
title  of  captain.  Chapman,  .\11  Fools,  v.  1. 

The  state  .  .  . 
Cannot  with  safety  cast  him.       Stiak.,  Othello,  i.  1. 
His  regiment  is  cast,  that  is  most  certain, 
And  his  conunand  in  the  castle  given  away. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  i.  1. 

6.  To  shed  or  throw  off;  part  with  ;  lose:  as, 
trees  cast  their  fruit ;  a  serpent  casts  his  skin ; 
"to  cast  the  rags  of  sin,"  Drydcn;  "casted 
slough,"  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1. 

He  cast  al  his  colour  and  bi-coni  pale,  and  eft  red  as  rose 
in  a  litel  while.      Wllliani  vf  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  Ssi. 
Your  colt's  tooth  is  not  cast  vet. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  3. 
You  likewise  will  do  well. 
Ladies,  in  entering  here,  to  cast  aiid  Hing 
The  tricks  which  make  us  toys  of  men. 

Tenni/.ton,  Princess,  il. 

7t.  To  throw  out  or  up;  eject;  vomit. 

We  all  were  sea-swallow'd,  though  some  cast  again. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  1. 
His  filth  within  being  cast,  he  would  apjiear 
A  pond  as  deep  as  hell.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

8.  To  form  by  throwing  up  earth ;  raise. 

Thine  enemies  shall  cast  a  trench  about  thee. 

Luke  xix.  43. 
The  Idind  mole  casts 
Copp'd  hills  t^jward  heaven.    Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  1. 

9t.  To  emit  or  give  out. 
This  casts  a  sulphureous  smell.  TToorfward. 

10.  To  bestow;  confer  (upon)  or  transfer  (to). 

The  government  I  caf<t  upon  my  lirotlier. 

Stiak.,  Tempest,  i.  2. 

11.  To  turn;  direct:  as,  to  cast  a  look  or 
glance  of  the  eye. 

She  kneel'd,  and,  saintlike. 
Cast  her  fair  eyes  to  heaven,  and  pray'ii  devoutly. 

Shak.,  Hen.  Vlll.,  iv.  1. 
In  castina  his  eyes  about,  the  connnodore  beheld  that 
the  shore  abounded  with  oysters. 

Irvinfr,  Knickerbocker,  p.  123. 

12t.  Eeflexive :  To  think  or  propose  to  (one's 
self) ;  intend. 

And  cast  him  to  lyuo 
In  ydelnesse  and  in  esc  ami  by  others  trauayle. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  x.  151. 
Who  that  ca.tt  hym  thys  rcnle  for  to  kepe. 
Mot  conformc  hym  like  in  eucry  tliyng. 
Where  he  slnill  byde,  vnto  the  felvsliype. 

I'olitieal  I'ocms,  etc.  (cd.  Funilvnll),  p.  2«. 

13t.  To  consider;  think  out;  hence,  to  jilan; 
contrive;  ari'ange. 

He  that  castcth  all  doubts,  shal  neucr  be  resolued  In 

any  thing.  /'.'/'.'/,  Enphnes  and  his  I'ngland,  ]h  ;t.54. 

Cast  It  also  that  you  may  have  roonm  both  for  sinnmer 

and  winter.  Jlaeon,  Building. 

I'll  do't  with  case,  I  have  cast  it  all. 

II,  Jonson,  \'<)lpone,  iv.  1. 
The  plot  was  east  by  me,  to  nuike  thee  ji'alous. 

Pleteher,  Spanish  Curnte.  v.  2. 
1  serv'd  yon  fidthfully. 
And  east  your  plots  but  to  i>rescrvc  vour  i-redit. 

Flelcher  and  Shirleii,  Night  Walker,  v.  8. 

The  cloister  .  .  .  would  have  been  proj)cr  for  nn  orange- 
house  ;  and  had,  I  doulit  not,  been  cast  for  llial  purpose. 

,Sir  II'.  Teinfilr. 

1  shall  cfi**  what  I  have  to  say  under  two  ]n-ini-lpii1  heads. 

Addinon,  Charge  to  llii'  .lury. 

14.  Thiat. :  {a)  To  distribute  <ir  allot  Ihe  parts 

nulling  till'  actors:  said  of  a  ]ilny  :  as,  lo  ''cast 

the  ',\li'rcliunl  of  Venice,'"  .ldtli.son. 

I  should  have  thought,  now.  that  II  jllic  jilecel  might 

have  been  east  (as  Iho  actors  call  It)  bellcl-  at  llrniy  lime. 

Sheridan.  ThcCrllie.  I,  I. 

('()  To  assign  a  certain  jmrt  or  role  to:  as,  to 
rn.tf  an  actress  for  Ihe  part  of  rnvlia. — 15.  To 
find  or  nHi'irtain  by  <'oiiiputatioii ;  compute; 
ri'i'Uon  ;  cnlculate:  as,  to  cast  accounts;  to  cast 
a  nativity. 

she  cast  my  destiny, 
]  being  but  B  child.        Ji.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  ill.  L 


cast 

He  is  the  Faustu8, 
That  castetk  figur^  and  can  conjure. 

li.  Jansoit,  Alchemist,  iv.  4. 
Yon  cast  the  event  of  war,  my  imljle  lord, 
And  summ'd  the  account  of  chance. 

S/iak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 
The  mariner  was  left  to  creep  along  the  coast,  while  the 
astronomer  was  casting  nativities. 

Everett,  Orations,  I.  248. 

16.  To  bring  forth  abortively. 

Thy  ewes  and  tliy  she  goats  have  not  cast  their  young. 

Gen.  xxxi.  ;i8. 

17.  To  found;  form  into  a  particular  shape  or 
object,  as  liquid  metal,  by  pouring  into  a  mold. 

Whom  I've  power  tu  nielt. 
And  cast  in  any  mould,     li.  Jonson,  Catiline,  i.  1. 

18.  To  form  by  founding;  make  by  pouring 
molten  matter  into  a  mold. 

Thou  shalt  cast  four  rings  of  gold  for  it.        Ex.  xxv.  12. 

19.  In  falconry^  to  place  (a  hawk)  upon  his 
perch. —  SO.  To  winnow  (gi-ain)  by  throwing 
in  the  air,  or  from  one  side  of  a  barn  or  thresh- 
ing-floor to  the  other.— To  be  cast  down,  to  be  de- 
pressed or  dejected. 

Why  art  thou  cast  doivn,  O  my  soul?  Ps.  xlii.  5. 

Tell  your  master  not  to  he  cast  down  by  this. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ii.  2. 
To  oast  a  ballot.    See  ballot.— To  cast  a  colt*s  tooth. 
»ee-coit.—To  cast  a  nativity,    see  natttntii.—To  cast 
anchor,  to  mnor  a  vessel  by  k-ttin;;  tlie  anclior  or  anchors 
drop.    .See  anchori.—To  cast  a  point  of  traverse,  in 
navif/ation,  to  prick  down  on  a  chart  the  point  of  the  com- 
pass any  laud  bears  from  you.     E.  Phillips,  1706.— To  cast 
aside,  to  dismiss  or  reject  as  useless  or  inconvenient. 
This  poor  gown  I  will  not  cast  aside 
Until  himself  arise  a  living  man, 
And  bid  me  cast  it.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

To  cast  away,  (a)  To  reject.  Lev.  xxvi.  44.  {b)  To 
throw  away ;  lavish  or  waste  by  profusion  ;  turn  to  no 
use  :  as,  to  cast  away  life ;  to  cast  axvay  a  golden  oppor- 
tunity. 

She  has  cast  away  herself,  it  is  to  be  fear'd, 
Against  her  uncle's  will,  nay,  any  consent, 
But  out  of  a  mere  neglect,  and  spite  to  herself. 
Married  suddenly  without  any  advice. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  v.  2. 

(c)  To  wreck :  as,  the  ship  was  cast  away  on  the  coast  of 
Africa. 

Cos*  away,  and  sunk,  on  Goodwin  Sands. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  5. 
The  last  of  Nouember,  saith  May.  we  departed  from  La- 
guna  in  Hispaniola,  and  tlie  seututeenth  of  Decemberfol- 
lowing,  we  were  cast  awa;/  vpun  x\u-  North-west  of  the  Ber- 
mudas. Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Suilth.  True  Travels,  II.  118. 
To  cast  behind  the  back.  8ee  back^.—  To  cast  by,  to 
reject ;  fling  or  throw  by.  — To  cast  forth,  to  throw  out  or 
reject,  as  from  an  inclosed  place  or  confined  space  ;  emit 
or  send  out. 

He  shall  grow  as  the  lily,  and  cast  forth  his  roots  as  Xeb- 
anon.  Hos.  xiv.  5. 

To  cast  in,  to  throw  into  the  bargain. 

Such  an  omniscient  church  we  wish  indeed ; 
'Twere  worth  both  Testaments,  cast  in  the  creed. 

Dryden,  Religio  Laici. 
To  cast  in  one's  lot  with,  to  share  the  fate  or  fortune 
of.-— To  cast  in  the  teeth  of,  to  upbraid  with ;  charge 
or  twit  with.— To  cast  lots.  See  /of.~To  cast  Off.  (a) 
To  discard  or  reject;  drive  away. 

The  prince  will,  in  the  perfectness  of  time, 

Cast  oy  his  followers.         Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

He  may  cast  you  off,  and  with  you  his  life. 

Beau,  ami  FL,  Laws  of  Candy,  ii.  1. 

(b)  Naut.,  to  unloose  or  let  go  :  as,  to  cast  off  a  vessel  in 

tow.     (c)  In  hunting,  to  leave  behind,  as  dogs  ;  set  loose 

or  free. 

Away  he  scours,  .  .  .  casts  off  the  dogs,  and  gains  a  wood. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

His  falconer  cast  off  one  falcon  after  the  heron,  and  the 

earl  another.  Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  87. 

(d)  In  knitting,  to  finish  (the  work)  at  any  part  by  work- 
ing off  the  stitches,  so  that  it  remains  firm  and  permanent. 

(e)  In  printing,  to  compute  the  space  required  for  each 
column  or  division  of,  as  a  table,  a  piece  of  nmsic,  or  the 
like,  so  that  the  matter  furnished  may  properly  fit  the 
space  at  command.— TO  cast  off  copy,  in  printing,  to 
compute  the  number  oi  words  in  written  copy,  in  order 
to  find  the  space,  or  the  number  of  pages,  which  the  mat- 
ter will  fill  when  in  type.— To  cast  on.  (a)  To  refer  or 
resign  to.  South,  (b)  In  knitting,  to  begin  (the  work)  by 
putting  the  yarn,  cotton,  or  the  like  upon  the  needles  in 
loops  or  stitches. — To  cast  OUt.  (a)  To  rejectorturn  out. 

Thy  brat  hath  been  cast  out,  .  .  . 
No  father  owning  it.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

(6)  To  speak  or  give  vent  to.  Addison.— To  cast  the 
balance.  See  baiancr.^  To  cast  the  cavel  or  kevel. 
See  cavel.— To  cast  the  draperies,  in  the  /me  arts,  to 
dispose  the  folds  of  Uw  ■^■.wwu-wis  witli  wliicb  the  figures 
in  a  picture  are  clutlit-d  ;  disposi-  tlu'  in;iin  lines  of  a  pic- 
ture generally.  — To  cast  the  fly,  to  aTi;;le  with  rod  and 
artificial  lure,  in  distimtioTi  from  lisliin;;  with  bait  or  a 
hand-line.— To  cast  the  lead,  ti>  iieave  the  lead.  See 
lead.— To  cast  up.    (a)  To  compute  ;  reckon  ;  calculate. 

Casting  lip  the  cost  beforehand.  Di'yden. 

The  Mindanaians  are  no  good  Accomptants;  therefore 
the  Chinese  that  live  here,  do  cast  uj>  their  Accompts  for 
them.  Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  360. 

Now  casting  vp  the  Store,  and  finding  sufficient  till  the 
next  harvest,  the  feare  of  starving  was  abandoned. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  222. 
(6)  To  eject ;  vomit. 

Their  villany  goes  against  my  weak  stomach,  and  there- 
fore I  must  cast  it  up.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  2. 


847 
Cast  up  the  poienn  that  infects  thy  mind.  Dryden. 

(c)  To  Iwit  or  uphriiid  with  ;  recall  to  one's  notice  for  the 
purpose  of  annoying  :  with  to. 

Lady  W.'s  maid  is  always  casting  up  to  me  how  happy 
her  lord  and  ladyship  is.  Leoer. 

(d)  To  raise  ;  throw  up. 

Throws  down  one  mountain  to  caM  up  a  higher. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  4. 
Buried  him  in  the  ground,  and  cast  vp  an  high  hill  oner 
him.  Purchas,  I'ilgrimage,  ]>.  87. 

To  cast  upon,  to  refer  to. 

If  tbiiigH  Were  cant  upon  this  issue,  that  God  should 
never  prevent  sin  till  man  deserved  it,  the  best  would  sin 
and  jiin  for  ever.    .  South. 

To  cast  (a  person's)  watert,  to  examine  urine  in  diagnos- 
ing a  disease. 

If  thou  couldst,  doctor,  cast 
The  water  of  my  land,  find  her  disease. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  3. 
=  Syn.  Fling,  etc.    See  hurl. 
II.  intrans.  If.  To  throw ;  shoot. 
At  louers,  lowpes.  Archers  had  plente, 
To  cast,  draw,  and  shete,  the  dill'ence  to  be 
That  non  wordly  man  myght  no  wyse  it  take. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1176. 

2t.  To  throw  up ;  vomit. 

These  verses  too,  a  poison  on  'em  !  I  cannot  abide  them, 
they  make  me  ready  to  cast.       B.  Jonson,  Toetaster,  i.  1. 

3.  To  turn  or  revolve  something  in  the  mind; 
ponder;  consider;  scheme. 

Hast  thou  cast  how  to  accomplish  it? 

Marlowe,  Edward  IT.,  v.  4. 

The  best  way  to  represent  to  life  the  manifold  use  of 

friendship  is  to  cast  and  see  how  many  things  there  are 

which  a  man  camiot  do  himself.  Bacon,  Friendship. 

This  way  and  that  I  cast  to  save  ray  friends.  Pope. 

4.  To  make  calculations ;  sum  up  accounts. 

Oh  !  who  would  cast  and  balance  at  a  desk? 

Tennyson,  Audley  Court. 

5.  To  warp ;  become  twisted  or  distorted. 

stuff'  is  said  to  cast  or  warp  when  ...  it  alters  its  flat- 
ness or  straightness.         J.  Moxon,  Mechanical  E.xercises. 

6.  To  lose  color ;  fade.  [Scotch.]  — 7.  To  re- 
ceive form  or  shape  in  a  mold. 

A  mass  that  is  innuediately  malleable,  and  will  not  run 
thin,  so  as  to  cast  and  mould.  Woodward,  Fossils. 

8.  Naut. :  {a)  To  fall  off  or  incline,  so  as  to 
bring  the  side  to  the  wind :  applied  particularly 
to  a  ship  riding  with  her  head  to  the  wind 
when  her  anchor  is  first  loosened  in  getting  im- 
der  way.     {h)  To  tack;  put  about;  wear  ship. 

I  cast  to  seaward  again  to  come  with  the  island  in  the 
morning  betimes. 

Roger  Bodcnham,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Oarner,  I.  35. 

9.  In  huntingj  to  search  for  the  scent  or  trail  of 
game. 

In  his  work  the  foxhound  is  peculiar  for  dash,  and  for 
alwiiys  being  inclined  to  cast  forwards,  instinctively  ap- 
pearing to  be  aware  that  the  fox  makes  his  point  to  some 
covert  different  from  that  in  which  he  was  found. 

Dogs  of  Great  Britain  and  America,  p.  62. 

10.  Of  bees,  to  swarm.  [Scotch.]  — 11.  Of 
the  sky,  to  clear  up.    [Scotch.]- To  cast  about. 

(a)  Naut.,  to  tack  ;  put  about ;  wear  ship. 

My  pilot,  having  a  son  in  one  of  those  small  vessels, 
entreated  me  to  cast  abmit  towards  them. 

Roger  Budeiihatn,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  35. 

(b)  In  hunting,  to  go  al)out  in  diff^erent  directions  in  order 
to  discover  a  lost  scent. 

But  not  a  sign  of  them  [the  hares  in  the  game  of  hare- 
and-hound]  appears,«go  now  .  .  .  there  is  nothing  for  it 
but  to  cast  about  for  the  scent. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Bro\vn  at  Rugby,  i.  7. 

(c)  To  consider ;  search  in  the  mind  for  some  contrivance 
by  which  to  accomplish  one's  end  ;  scheme. 

To  cast  about  how  to  perform  or  obtain.  Bacon. 

Let 's  cast  about  a  little,  and  consider. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  ii.  1. 

Contrive  and  cast  about  how  to  bring  such  events  to 
pass.  Bentley. 

I  .  .  .  began  to  cast  about,  with  my  usual  care  and  anx- 
iety, for  the  means  of  obtaining  feasible  and  safe  meth- 
ods of  repeating  the  famous  journey  to  Palmyra. 

Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  Int.,  p.  li. 
To  cast  back.  («)  To  throw  the  memory  back ;  refer  to 
soniethin;,'  past. 

You  cast  back  for  lumdreds  of  years,  and  rake  up  every 
bit  of  pleiisure  I  ever  had  in  my  life.  Mrs.  Riddell. 

(b)  To  return  toward  some  ancestral  type  or  character; 
show  resemblance  to  a  remote  ancestor.— To  cast  be- 
yond the  moon,  to  indulge  in  ^vild  conjectines  ;  conjec- 
ture. 

Bellaria,  .  .  .  maruailingatsuch^iiaccustomed  frownes, 
began  to  cast  bevomi  the  moone,  and  to  enter  into  a  1000 
sundry  thoughts,  which  way  she  should  oJfeml  her  hus- 
band. Greene,  Pandosto,  or  the  Triumph  of  Time,  15S8. 
To  cast  off.  («)  To  loosen  a  boat  from  its  connection 
with  a  pier,  ship,  or  the  like,  and  start  it  toward  another 
place.  (/')  In  knitting,  to  slip  and  liind  the  hist  Inop-;  from 
the  needles,  thus  releasing'  the  finished  wurk  finm  them; 
bind  off.— To  cast  on,  in  knitting,  to  be^'in  by  slii>ping 
the  loops  or  stitches  on  the  needle.— To  cast  out,  to 
quarrel;  full  out.  [Scotch.]— TO  cast  up,  to  turn  up  or 
be  forthcoming. 

Others  maybe  Unionists  .  .  .  by  fits  and  starts;  .  .  . 
I'nionists  when  nothing  more  exciting,  or  more  showy, 
or  more  profitable,  costs  up.    R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  442. 


cast 

cast^  (kast),  p,  a.    [Pp.  of  cnsf^,  r.]    1.  Thrown 

aside  us  useless;  rejected;  cast-off:  as,  c«i? 
clothes. 

He  hath  bought  a  pair  of  cast  lips  of  Diana. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  4. 
You  never  yet  had  a  meal's  meat  from  my  table, 
>i'or,  as  I  remember,  from  my  wardrol)e 
Any  cast  suit. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  ii.  3. 

I  deny  not  but  that  he  may  deserve  frir  his  pains  a  caxt 

Doublet.  Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

2.  Condemned:  as,  "a  cfl*^  criminal,"  .§<>«//(. — 
3+.  Cashiered;  discarded. 

He's  the  son 
Of  a  poor  cast  captain,  one  Octavio. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 

4.  Faded  in  color.  [Scotch.]  —  5.  Made  by 
founding  or  casting:  as,  cast-iron  or  -steel. 
See  cast-iron. —  6t.  Rank;  vile. 

Neuer  kyld  no  Kyng.  ne  no  knight  yet, 

That  a-counted  waskenc,  but  with  cast  treson. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  H.),  1.  10448. 

castl  (kast),  n.  [<  cani^j  v.]  1 .  The  act  of  cast- 
ing. Specifically— (rt)  lu/ixhing:  (1)  The  act  of  throw- 
ing the  line  on  the  water.    (2)  The  act  of  throwing  a  net. 

A  fisherman  stood  on  the  beach,  .  .  .  tiie  large  square 
net,  with  its  sinkers  of  leatl,  in  his  right  hand,  ready  for  a 
cast.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  41. 

(6)  In  hunting,  a  search  for  the  scent  or  trail  of  game. 
(c)  Naut.,  the  act  of  heaving  the  lead. 
2.  The  leader  with  flies  attached,  used  in  an- 
gling, Sportsman\s  Gazetteer. —  3.  A  throw; 
the  distance  to  which  a  thing  may  be  thrown ; 
reach;  extent. 

These  other  com  ridinge  a  softe  pase  till  thei  com  as 
nygh  as  the  caxte  of  a  ston.        Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii-  219. 

Frome  thena  descendynge  abonte  a  stones  caste,  we  come 
to  a  place  where  our  Sauyour  Criste  lefte  Peter,  James, 
and  John.  Sir  H.  Guylforde,  rylgryraage,  p.  32. 

Specifically — 4.  A  throw  of  dice;  hence,  a 
state  of  chance  or  hazard. 

I  have  set  my  life  upon  a  cast, 
And  I  will  stand  the  hazard  of  the  die. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  4. 

If  thou  canst  not  fling  what  thou  wouldst,  play  thy  cast 

as  well  as  thou  canst.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  ."{(if.. 

In  the  last  war.  has  it  not  sometimes  been  an  even  cast 

whether  the  army  should  marcli  this  way  or  that  way? 

South. 
5t.  Occasion;  opportunity. 

The  end  whereof  He  keepe  untill  another  cast. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  51. 

6t.  A  contrivance ;  plot ;  design. 

The  derkc  tresoun  and  the  castes  olde. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  L  1610: 

Hadde  thei  knowe  the  kast  of  the  Kyng  stem, 
They  had  kept  well  his  cumme  with  carefuU  dintes. 

Alisaunder  of  Maccdoine  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  146. 

7f.  A  stroke;  a  touch;  a  triek. 

It  hath  been  the  ca^t  of  all  traitors  to  pretend  nothing 
against  the  king's  person. 

Latimer,  4th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  M..,  1549. 

Another  cast  of  their  politicks  was  that  of  endeavouring 
to  impeach  an  innocent  lady.  Swift. 

8.  Motion  or  turn  (of  the  eye) ;  direction,  look, 
or  glance;  hence,  a  slight  squint:  as,  to  have 
a  cast  in  one's  eye. 

They  ,  .  .  let  you  see  with  one  caxt  of  an  eye. 

Addison,  Ancient  iledals. 

9.  A  twist  or  contortion.  [Scotch,]  — 10, 
Bent;  tendency. 

There  is  such  a  mirthful  cast  in  his  behaviour,  that  he 
is  rather  beloved  than  esteemed.  Addison. 

11.  Manner;  outward  appearance ;  air;  mien; 
style. 

New  names,  new  dressings,  and  the  modern  cast. 

Sir  J.  Denham,  To  Sir  R.  Fanshaw. 

12.  A  tinge ;  a  shade  or  trace;  a  slight  color- 
ing, or  a  slight  degree  of  a  color:  as.  a  cast  of 
green. 

Tlie  native  hue  of  resolution 
Is  sicklied  o'er  with  the  pale  cast  of  thought. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii  1. 
There  was  a  soft  and  pensive  grace, 
A  cast  of  thought  upon  her  face. 
That  suited  well  the  forehead  high, 
The  eyelash  dark,  and  downcast  eve. 

Scott,  Rokeby.  iv.  5. 

13.  That  which  is  formed  by  founding;  any- 
thing shaped  in  or  as  if  in  a  mold  while  in 
a  fluid  or  plastic  state;  a  casting:  often  used 
figuratively. 

Something  of  a  neat  cast  of  verse.  Pope,  Letters, 

Cunning  casts  in  clay.       Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cxx. 

14.  An  impression  formed  in  a  mold  or  matrix ; 
in  f]€ol..,  the  impression  of  an  animal  of  a  for- 
mer epoch  left  in  soft  earth  which  has  become 
stone  :  as.  a  cast  of  a  man's  face  taken  in  plas- 
ter; a  cast  of  a  trilobite. 

At  Valdivia  there  is  some  sandstone  with  imperfect 
casts  of  shells,  which  possibly  may  belong  to  the  recent 
period.  Damin,  Geol.  Observations,  ii.  414. 


cast 

;gence 15.   An  impression  in  general;    an 

imparted  or' derived  appearance,  character,  or 
characteristic :  stamp. 

Weepest  thou  to  take  the  ca^t 
Of  those  dead  lineaments  that  near  thee  lie? 

Tenni/f--on,  Sonnets  to  a  Coquette,  iii. 
16  One  of  the  worm-like  coUs  of  sand  pro- 
duced bv  the  lugworm.— 17.  la  foundimj:  (a) 
\tul.e<;£  wax  fitted  into  a  mold.  (6)  A  hollow 
cTliudiical  piece  of  brass  or  copper,  slit  in  two 
leu-nhwise.  to  form  a  canal  or  conduit  in  a 
moFd  for  conveying  metal,  (c)  A  small  brass 
funnel  at  one  end  of  a  mold  for  casting  pipes, 
bv  means  of  which  the  melted  metal  is  pomed 

i£to  the  mold,     (rf)  The  type   or  plate  made    ^ ^ 

from  melted  type-metal  by  a  type-founder  or  Qastalia  (kas-ta'li-a).  h.    [NL.:  see  Castalian.l 


848 

cast^t  (kast).  fl.  The  older  English  spelling  of 
vaste-. 

cast.  Contracted  form  of  casteth,  third  person 
sintndar  present  tense  of  cast. 

castaldyt,  »■  [Also  castaldic  (Minsheu),  and 
improp.  castaldick  (Kersey),  <  ML.  "eastaldia. 
gasliildia  (>  It.  castaldia).  the  office  uf  a  prefect 
or  steward,  <  castaldits.  nastaldus  (>  It.  casttildo, 
dial,  gaiitaldo),  also  gastaldius,  castaldio(,n-). 
<l(iiit(ildio{)i-)  (>  It.  castaldioiie),  a  prefect,  stew- 
ard, prob.  <  Goth.  *gnstakls,  in  comp.  striving 
to  obtain  or  possess  (possessing),  <  gastiihlan. 
obtain,  possess  (cf.  AS.  gestcald,  an  abode, 
dwelling),  <  ga-  (see  gc-)  +  "staldan  =  AS. 
.^tenld/ni,  possess.]     Stew.irdship. 


stereotyper.  [e)  The  act  of  foimding  or  mak 
ino  printing-types  or  electroplates. — 18.  A 
mass  of  feathers,  fur,  bones,  or  other  indigesti- 
ble matters  ejected  from  the  stomach  by  a  hawk 
or  other  bird  of  prey.     Also  caUed  canting. 

The  coarser  parts  of  the  useless  matters  are  probably 
rejected  bv  the  mouth,  as  a  hawk  or  an  owl  rejects  his 
cattt.         '  Hujrley,  Crayfish,  p.  67. 

And  where  the  two  contrived  their  daughter's  good, 
Lies  the  hawk  s  ctut,  the  mole  has  made  his  run. 

Tennysun,  Aylmers  Field. 

19.  An  assignment  of  the  parts  of  a  play  to  the 
several  actors;  the  company  of  actors  to  whom 
the  parts  of  a  play  are  assigned:  as,  the  play 
was  produced  with  a  very  strong  cast. —  20.  An 
allowance  ;  an  amount  given,  as  of  food :  as,  a 
cast  of  hay  for  the  horses. 

I  hope  shell  be  ruled  in  time,  .  .  .  and  not  be  carried 
away  with  a  carf  of  manchets.  a  bottle  of  wine,  or  a  cus- 
tard. itidiUeton,  JlichaelnKis  Term,  ii.  3. 

21.  A  couple;  a  pair:  used  especially  of  hawks. 

It  sprung 
From  a  mere  trifle  first,  a  cast  of  hawks, 


1.  A  genus  of  bivalve  raoUusks,  of  the  family 
IrhVniida-.  confined  to 
the  fresh  waters  of 
South  America.  The 
best-known  species  is 
C.ambigua.  The  genus 
was  founded  by  La- 
marck in  1819.-^2.  A 
genus  of  chajtopodous 
annelids,  of  the  family 
Hesinnida: — 3.  A  genus 
of  coleopterous  insects. 
Lciporte,  3838.— 4.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects.  Boisduval,  1858.— 5.  In  hot.,  see  yyiii- 
phiea,  2. 

Castalian  (kas-ta'lian),  fl.  [<  L.  Castatis,  be- 
longing to  Castalia^  Ov.  Kaara'/ja,  a  mythical 
fountain  of  inspiration  on  Mount  Parnassus, 
sacred  to  the  Muses,  whose  waters  had  the 
power  of  inspiring  those  who  drank  them;  per- 
haps akin  to  nadapoc,  L.  castus,  ptu'e :  see  caste^.'] 
Pertaining  to  Castalia. 


Cajtalia  amdi'^ua. 


Whose  made  the  swifter  flight,  whose  could  mount  highest.   Castanca  (kas-ta'ne-S).  H.      [L.,  the  chestnut- 
MidJlelon  ami  Iiowien,Si>tims\i  Gypsy,  II.  •!.   ^'^"""'"'^'^  '•  ■■■'■  ■-    .      .       .,       . 

Yonders  a  cati  of  coach-mares  of  the  gentlewoman's,  the 
etrangest  cattle  ;  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Scornful  Lady,  ii.  1. 

22.  Assistance;  a  lift;  especially,  a  seat  ac- 
corded a  pedestrian  or  wayfarer  in  a  vehicle 
or  other  conveyance  for  a  part  of  the  way. 

We  therefore  baryained  with  the  driver  .  .  .  to  give  us 
a  caft  to  the  nc.\t  stage.     Smollett,  Roderick  Itandom,  xi. 

In  literature,  ([Uotjition  is  good  only  when  the  WTiter  Castanella  (kas-ta-nel'ii),  n.      [NL.,  <  L.  cns- 

whom  HoUow  .  .  .  gives  me  a  ca«(.                     ..     ,.,  r«"ra,  a  chestnut, "+  diin.  -(>?/«.]     The  typical 

imer^on.  Quotation  and  Ongmality.  ^^^^^^^  ^^  radiolarians  of  tlio  family  Ca.'itaiicllida'. 

23.  In  bcer-mal-ing,  the  amount  of  water  used  Castanellldse  (kas-ta-ncl'i-de),  v.  pi.     [NL.,  < 
in  preparing  any  given  amoimtj)f  beer,  or  in  c„yi,iiitU(t  +  -ida:']  "A  I'aniilv  of  Iripylean  ra 


tree,  a  chestnut:  seeclicstcn,  chcstmit.']  A  ge- 
nus of  plants,  natm-al  order  Ciipuliftrw,  con- 
sisting of  trees  or  shrabs  with  straight-veined 
leaves  and  naked  unisexual  flowers,  the  male 
in  catkins  and  the  female  solitary.  The  nuts  are 
contained  in  a  prickly  4-valved  envelop.  Only  two  species 
lire  known,  the  coniuion  chestnut,  C.  vesca,  and  the  chin- 
kapin, C.  pumila.     See  cut  under  clicstnut. 


anv  stage  of  the  process  of  brewing.  The  quan- 
titv  id  water  in  the  mash-tun  into  which  the  crushed  malt 
Ls  Vliromi  is  the  firgl  cant;  subsequent  additions  arc  the 
Mc^md  caift,  third  cast,  etc. 

24.  In  apiculture,  an  after-swami  of  bees  led 
bv  a  maiden  queen. —  25.  Yield:  applied  to 
grain-crops.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 26.  Foiu',  as  a 
unit  of  tale  in  counting  hen-ings.  liaddocks, 
ovsters,  etc.,  as  being  the  number  lifted  at 
oiice  {two  in  each  hand).  [Scotch.]  —  27.  An 
irregidar  unit  of  capacity,  about  8  gallons. — 


diolariaus  vrith  a  fenestrated  shell  which  is 
spherical,  simple,  and  composed  of  solid  rods, 
and  has  at  one  point  a  large  principal  opening, 
often  armed  with  coronal  spicules,  and  with  or 
without  raiUal  spicules.  It  contains  such  gen- 
era as  <\istaiicU(i.  ('n.stnitidium,  etc. 
castaneous  (kas-ta'ue-us),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  "cas- 
liiiii  IIS,  <  castauea,  a  chestnut:  see  Castanca.'i 
Chestnut-colored;  of  a  reddish  or  brownish-red 
color 


28t.   A  breed;  race;  spe'cies.-Brldllng  cast,  a  castanet  (kas'ta-net),  v.     [=  F.  castaguctte,  < 


Stirrup-cup ;  a  parting  drink. 

Li  t  ii  have  a  hridliiiy  cant  before  you  go. 
Kill  »  a  new  »t«jp.  Ueau.  and  Fl.,  .Scornful  Lady,  ii.  2. 
Cast  after  cast,  a  method  of  raising  excavated  material 
from  tlic  bottom  of  a  mine  or  other  working.  Iiv  nhoveliug 
It  u|i  from  one  platform  to  another.  — Measuring  cast, 
In  a  game,  a  cast  or  throw  that  requires  to  be  nieasnieil, 
or  that  cannot  be  distinguished  from  another  without 
measuring. 

When  lusty  shepherds  throw 
Tlie  bar  by  tilnis.  anrl  none  the  rest  outgo 
.Ho  far,  but  that  the  best  are  mcattttriwi  canln. 
Their  emulation  ami  their  pastime  lasts.       ll'aller. 

Renal  or  urinary  cast,  a  ndcroscopic  sulicylindrlcal  cast 
f,f  ii  |H,rti<>ii  <>r  a  iiriitifrniux  tnbule,  found  In  the  urine  in 

rcii:il  clivanc.     lijaliiie.  granular,  fatty,  e|>lthi'llal.  bl I, 

an>l  »:i\tb,oklng  castJi  are. Ilitiliguinhed.-Tlie  last  cast. 
(a)  II,.  Iii-l  throw  of  the  ilic:e  ;  the  lust  slake  ;  tlic'  veiiliji  ■ 
Ing  "I  nil  that  remains  to  one  on  one  throw  or  one  clluit ; 
tli<-  tL.,1  c  liancc. 

H.,  i:upl,ii''»,  which  at  tlio  flrst  Increatliig  of  our  familiar. 

Ul<-,  u;,,  •..  rv  zealous.  Is  now  at  Itic  last  cant  become  most 

laltlil.  .-.  /,,/()/.  Kuphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p,  81). 

W  III  >...!  lurn  recreant  at  the  lail  cat!  t  Drjiden. 

(6()  lllr  laal  Ha«p ;  the  lant  extrelidty. 

Whi-re's  this  man  now 

'IlKf'       ',i    '  lire  An<l  pains  for  noihlng? 

Ill-  ■'  .   taut  rani  now. 

W  .  i„l,l,r»  li<-«lde«  W.iiK 

i;-»lli>  t,,  I  \  ell  now  at  the  !■'  ' 
1  I  and  without  knowledge  lO' 

Ii.  /,■■■   . 

•-r  u»eii  utmost  out  In  the  Name  sense. 

Wbinas  lie  last 
lli'l  lift  that  couple  nerc  llo'lr  ittmn*t  ca*t. 

.s>.,.-..r.  K.  g.,  VI. 

To  make  fl  rnitt,  '"  scarcli  for  tin  -  ,  nt  ol  game. 

Niitw  I'  !■.'  strong  sienl  uf  tlie  otter,  he 

taca(i««  uii]  then  Acitjit  biu  to  Ite  made. 

f.nciic  lint.,  XU.  ■.tm. 


I»prn« 


Iv.  1. 

:ith 

ill 
'  Ii 


Sj).  (■(i.stuiicta  (=  Pg.  castntilicta),  a  castanet,  < 
(■iislaita  =  Pg.  custaiiha,  <  L. 
la.'-lmiea,  a  chestnut;  from 
the  resemblance.]  One  of  a 
pair  of  slightly  concave 
spoon-shaped  shells  of  ivory 
or  hard  wood,  loosely  fas- 
tened together  at  tho  base, 
and  used  (slung  over  the 
thumb)  in  lieating  time  to 
music  or  dancing.  Castanets 
are  used  by  the  Spaniards  and  Moors 
as  an  accom|>aniluent  to  ,t)K'ir 
dances  ami  guitars,  and  arc  now 
widely  inlroduc-cd  among  other  na- 
li-'iiH.  with  some  vjirialinnsof  f-irni.  c'ini  ihcin 

OastanopsiS  (kas-tn-nop'- 
sis),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kutrrnmi:,  the  cheHtnut-trec, 
+  tnjtir,  appeuiaiice.]  A  genus  of  shrubs  ami 
trees  intermediate  between  tin'  oiik  and  chest- 
nut, of  ailozen  species,  natives  of  eusleni  Asia, 
with  a  single  si>c('i 
Noi'lli  Aineriea.     See  rlinil.iipiii,  1. 

castaway  (kiisl'a-wa),  n.  and  a.  [<casl,  pp.  of 
(■((.«^l,  r., -t- ((HV(//.]  I.  ".  1.  Oiiewlio  or  that 
wliirhhas  lieenVast  away  or  lost  ;  Hpecidcnlly, 
a  ship  wreckeil  or  lost  mi  an  iinfre<|iieiite<l  coiiBt , 
iir  a  person  sliipwreeked  on  such  ii  coaht. 
A  raj-lawfit/ 
lonely  rocks  id  life. 


castellar 

n.  a.  In  or  pertaining^  to  the  state  of  being 
a  castaway;  wrecked;  ruined:  as,  a  castaway 
ship. 

We  .  .  .  only  remember,  at  our  castaway  leisure,  the 
imprisoned  immortal  soul.  Iialei;rh.  llist.  of  World. 

cast-by  (kast'bi),  H.    A  discarded  pereon  oi 
thing:  a  castaway.     [Scotch.] 

W  ha  could  tak  interest  in  sic  a  caxt-b'j  as  I  am  now? 

Scott,  Ueait  of  Mid-Lothian,  xx. 

castelf,  (I.    A  Middle  English  variant  of  chaste. 

caste-  (kast),  n.  [Formerly  cast,  only  recently 
as  F.  caste,  <  Pg.  casta  (>  Sp.  casta),  breed,  race, 
caste ;  first  applied  to  the  classes  of  the  Hindus 
by  the  Portuguese,  who  were  the  earliest  colo- 
nists in  India ;  prop.  fem.  of  casta,  <  L.  castus, 
pm-e,  >  OF.  chaste,  E.  chaste,  q.  v.]  1.  One  of 
the  artificial  divisions  or  social  classes  into 
which  the  Hindus  are  rigidly  separated  accord- 
ing to  the  religious  law  of  Brahmanism,  and  of 
wiiieh  the  privileges  or  disabilities  are  trans- 
mitted b}'  inheritance.  I'he  principal  castes  ai'e  four 
in  number:  1st,  the  Biahmaus,  or  the  sacerdotal  caste ;  2d, 
the  Kshatiivas,  modern  liajputs,  or  military  caste;  yd, 
the  \  ai^yas.^)r  husbandmen  and  merchants,  who  have  now 
in  many  districts  become  merged  in  the  second  and  fourtll 
castes  ;"  4lh,  the  Sudras,  or  laborers  and  mechanics.  The 
Brabman-s  are  supposed  to  have  sprung  from  the  mouth 
of  Brabina,  the  Kshatriyas  from  his  arms,  the  Vaisyas 
from  bis  bcllv  and  thighs,  and  the  Sudr.as  from  his  feet 
The  BraliuLai'i  represents  religion;  the  Kshatriya,  war; 
the  \aisya,  connuerce  and  wealth ;  and  the  Sudra,  labor. 
Tliere  are  many  subdivisions  of  caste,  and  allliouHb  the 
Sudras  are  degraded  far  below  the  Brahmans.  Kshatriyas, 
and  Vaisyas,  there  are  reckoned  thirty-six  siilulivisions 
lower  than  the  Sudras.  Lowest  of  all  are  the  I'arialis,  who 
are  s\ipposed  to  be  of  no  caste,  and  mere  outcasts  from 
humanity.  (If  the  castes,  the  flrst  three  are  the  natural 
and  gradually  established  divisions  of  the  Aryan  in\'aders 
and  i-,ini{U.ri'irs  of  India  ;  the  fourth  was  made  up  of  the 
subjugated  aborigines.  The  Sanskrit  name  tor  caste  is 
racniT,  color,  the  liitferent  castes  having  been  at  flrst 
marked  by  ditferences  of  complexion,  according  to  race, 
and  in  some  degl'ee  according  to  occupation  and  conse- 
quent exposure.  Besides  the  original  castes,  nmnerous 
mixed  classes  or  castes  have  sprung  up  in  the  progress 
of  time,  and  are  dependent  uiK)n  trade,  occupation,  or 
profession ;  in  fact,  the  essential  principle  in  the  s.>stein 
of  caste  is  the  confining  of  employments  to  hereditary 
classes.  Castes  are,  according  to  Indian  social  stiuulards 
either  "high"  or  ''low."  The  same  term  is  also  used  of 
somewhat  similar  classes  in  other  countries. 

The  system  of  caste  involves  the  worst  of  all  wrongs  to 
hunnuiity  — that  of  hallowing  evil  by  the  authority  and 
sanction  of  religion.  Faiths  o/  the  World,  p.  30. 

To  be  subjug-ated  by  an  inferior  ca.^te  wits  a  degradation 
beyond  .all  other  degradation.  3lacaulaij,  llist.  Eng. 

Oftensive  as  is  the  loiv-castc  Indian,  ...  I  bad  rather 
see  the  lowest  Pariahs  of  the  low,  than  a  single  trim, 
smooth-faced,  smooth-wayed,  clever  high'cantc  Hindoo  <ui 
my  lands  or  in  my  colony. 

ir.  G.  Pal'trave,  in  Fortnis-'htly  llcv. 

Hence — 2.  A  division  of  society,  or  tho  )irinci- 
pie  of  grading  society,  according  to  external 
conditions;  a  class  or  grade  separated  from 
otheis  V>y  ilifferences  of  wealth,  liereditary  rank 
or  privileges,  or  by  profession  or  employment. 

Where  the  operations  bicanie  hereditary,  a  system  of 
cantes  arose.  This  system  has  never  been  rigid  in  Western 
Europe,  however,  as'  it  has  been  in  India  and  other  coun- 
tries of  the  East. 

/J.  W.  Jtoss,  Ocnnau  Land-holding,  Notes,  p.  134. 


».| 


often 


Upon  III 

iriff.Vim  Miirrit,  I'.nillily  rarsdlsc,  II.  ».1I. 
Uencfi— 2.  An  oiiteuMt ;  a  reprobnle  ;  one  nior- 
iilly  lost  or  ruined, 

lint  I  klip  nndor  my  body,  and  bring  It  Into  sulilecllnn  ; 
lint  Ibnl  bv  any  fninn«.  when  I  have  preached  lo  othorn, 
J  iiiysrfll  should  be  a  cailawaii.  1  Cor.  Ii.  aV. 


Her  manner  bad  not  that  repose 
Which  stamps  the  caste  of  Vere  de  Vcro. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vcro. 

The  spirit  of  caste  morally  tortures  its  victims  with  ns 
much  coolness  as  the  Indian  tortures  his  enemy. 

//.  Silencer,  Social  Statics,  ji.  '2'Jl. 

To  lose  caste,  to  be  degraded  from  the  caste  to  which 
our  hrlongs  :  lose  social  position. 
castellan  (kas'te-lan),  II.     [<  ME.  casliUain. cas- 
lilriii,  <  OK.  ciislcilaiii,  chiistilaiii.  F.  clialilain 
(cf.  chalilaiiir)  =  Pr.  Sp.  rasMlaii  =  Cat.  ciis- 
telld  =  Pg.  ca.slelltyo  =  It.  casUllaiio,  <  ML.  crt.v- 
Irlhiiiiis,  keeper  of  a  castle,  <  L.  ca.'itelliim,  a  cas- 
tlr:  sec  co.sV/c.]     A  governor  or  constable  of  a 
caslle.     Also  ^\Tit ten  ciislrlliiiii. 
castellano  (kas-tel-yii'iio),  11.    [Sp.,  an  ancient 
S|i;iiiisli   ciiiii,   tli(>   liftielli   part  of  a  mark  of 
giilii,  lie,  |)rop.  ad.i.,  Ciistiliaii,  Simnish.     See 
I 'iislilian.]    A  Soutli  American  weight  for  gold, 
eijiial  to  71.07  grains, 
n  the  Pacific  sloiio  ot   castellany   (kas'te-!n-ni),  ".:   j>l.  caslcllamrs 

' "■    '  (niz).      [Same  as   clidlrlliiin/  {<   \'\  rliiiti  Ihiiii); 

=  I'r.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  caslillaiiia,  <  Mli.  caslrllaiiia, 
<  ra,v^//f(H».v,  acaHtellan:  ^ee  ciistillitn.]  Tho 
iiirisdictiiin  of  a  castellan  ;  the  hirdsliiii  beloiig- 
iiig  to  a  castle,  or  the  extent  of  its  land  and  ju- 
risdiction.    Also  called  chaliUiinti. 

I'.ail  Allan  has  wilbin  Ids  castellany,  or  the  Juilsdhtlon 
of  bin  ciu,tle,  'JOO  manors,  all  but  one. 

lielhain.  Domesday  Hook.  p.  1*7. 

iislrl- 
lie- 


as  if 
castle,  J 


castellar  (Uas'te-lilr),  a.     [<  ML 
Inns,  <  1,,  castctluni,  castle:  set! 
longing  or  pertaining  to  a  castlo. 
Ancient  cn»f</Zar  dungeons.      H'of/mfc,  Loiters,  IV.  «W 


castellate 

castellate  (kas'to-lat),  n.  [<  ML.  castcllatum, 
ihi'  i)re(_'.iuct  of  a  castlo,  <  L.  mstrihim,  a  castle.] 
A  lordship  or  castellauy. 

lliiL-  wc  entered  into  the  province  of  Candia,  and  tlio 
nisfi'/infc  of  Kenurio. 

Pocofkc,  Description  of  tlie  East,  II.  249. 

castellated  (kas'te-la-ted),  a.  [<  ML.  eastel- 
liitiis,  pp.  of  castoUan;  fm-nish  with  turrets  or 
battlements,  fortify,  <  L.  castellum,  a  castle: 
see  cdstlc.']  1.  Furiiislied  with  turrets  and  bat- 
tlements, like  a  castle ;  built  in  the  stylo  of  a 
castle:  as,  a  castellated  mansion. 

The  room  lay  in  a  high  turret  of  the  casteUatF.d  abbey. 

Poe,  Tales,  I.  481. 
2.  Inclosed  in  a  building,  as  a  fountain  or  cis- 
tern.    Johnson. 

castellation  (kas-te-la'shon),  )(.  [<  ML.  cas- 
tillatio(n-),  <  caslclUirv:  'see  castellated.']  \. 
The  state  of  being  castellated. —  2.  The  act  of 
fortifying  a  house  and  rendering  it  a  castle,  or 
of  giving  it  the  appearance  of  a  castle  by  pro- 
viding it  with  battlements,  etc. 

castellet  (kas'te-let),  n.  [<  ME.  castelet,  <  OF. 
castelct,  F.  clidteUt  =  Pr.  castelet  =  Sp.  castil- 
lejo  =  Pg.  castellejo,  ca.itellete  =  It.  castelletto,  < 
ML.  castellctum,  like  castclluium,  dim.  of  L.  cas- 
tellum, a  pastle:  see  castle  and  -et.]  A  small 
castle ;  a  peel-tower  or  other  fortified  residence 
too  small  to  rank  as  a  castle.  Also  written  cos- 
Wet     [Rare.] 

castelryt,  »•     See  castlery. 

castent.  Obsolete  past  participle  of  casf^. 
Chaucer. 

caster  (kas't6r),  n.  [<  ME.  castere;  <  casil,  ;>., 
+  -f/-l.]  1.  One  who  casts,  (a)  One  wlio  throws 
dice ;  a  gambler. 

The  jovial  caster's  set,  and  seven's  the  niclt, 
Or — done  !  —  a  thousand  on  the  coming  tiiclv. 

Byrtm,  Eng.  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers. 
<6)  One  who  computes ;  a  calculator ;  especially,  a  calcu- 
lator of  nativities. 

In  licnesse  of  a  deuyuour  and  of  a  fals  castere  he  eynietll 
that  he  itnowitli  not.  Wyclif,  Prov.  x.\iii.  7  (0.vf.). 

(c)  One  who  assigns  the  parts  of  a  play  to  the  actors,  (d) 
One  who  malies  castings ;  a  founder. 

2.  A  vessel  used  to  contain  things  in  a  powder- 
ed, liquid,  or  vaporous  form,  and  to  cast  them 
out  when  needed;  specifically,  a  bottle,  vial, 
cruet,  or  other  small  vessel  used  to  contain  con- 
diments for  the  table ;  also,  a  stand  containing 
a  set  of  such  vessels.  See  casting-hottle, pepper- 
caster,  etc. 

Thunbulus,  a  castere  of  cense. 

A.  S.  and  Old  Eng.  Vocab.  (2d  ed.  Wriglit), 
[col.  618,  1.  21. 

3.  A  small  wheel  on  a  swivel,  attached  to  the 
leg  of  a  piece  of  furniture,  in  order  to  facilitate 

moving  about  without  lifting. 
In  this  sense  also  improperly 
spelled  castor. — 4t.  A  cloak. 
Dekker. —  5.  A  horse  sold  out  of 
a  regiment  as  useless.  rAnglo- 
Ind.] 

-caster.  A  suflSx  in  place-names, 
appearing  in  several  other 
forms,  as  -cester,  -Chester.  See 
Chester. 

Table-lee  Caster,  CastCr-Wlieel  (kas'ter-hwol),   tl. 

^»Slc.T''"'"^°''  A  wheel  which  turns  about  an 
axis  held  in  a  stock,  which  itself 
turns  on  a  pivot  or  vertical  spindle  placed  at  a 
considerable  distance  in  front  of  the  bearing- 
point  of  the  face  of  the  wheel :  a  construction 
which  enables  the  wheel  to  swenre  readily  to 
either  side  of  the  line  of  draft.  It  is  a  vei-y  com- 
mon attachment  to  agricultural  implements,  as 
plows,  harvesters,  etc. 

castetet,  "•    A  Middle  English  form  of  chastity. 

cast-gate  (kast'gat),  n.  In  founding,  the  chan- 
nel through  which  the  metal  is  poured  into  a 
mold. 

castice  (kas'tis),  n.  [=  P.  castice  =  Sp.  castizo, 
<  Pg.  castiip,  prop,  an  adj.,  casti(;o,  fern,  castica, 
of  good  birth,  <  casta,  race,  family:  see  caste^.] 
A  person  of  Portuguese  parentage  born  and 
living  in  the  East  Indies.  Compare  Creole. 
Also  spelled  castees. 

castificationt  (kas"ti-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  as 
if  *castificntio{n-),  <  castificarc,  pp.  castificatus, 
pui-ify,  <  L.  castas,  pure,  chaste,  +  -ficare,  <.  fa- 
cere,  make.]  The  process  of  making  chaste; 
purification  in  a  moral  sense;  chastity;  purity. 
Let  no  impure  spirit  defile  the  virgin  purities  and  ^^cas- 
tijications  of  the  soul,"  as  St.  Peter's  phrase  is. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  708. 

castigate  (kas'ti-gat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cas- 
tigated, ppr.  castigating.     [<  L.  castigatus,  pp. 
of  castigare,  purify,  correct,  chastise,  <  castiis, 
pure  (>  E.  chaste),  +  agerc,  do,  make;  c{.  pur- 
54 


849 

gore  {>  E.  purge),  <  purus,  pure,  +  agerc.  Older 
E.  forms  from  casti(/are  are  chasten  and  chas- 
tise, q.y.]  1.  To  ciiastiso;  punish  by  stripes; 
correct  or  punish,  in  general. 

If  thou  didst  put  tliis  sour-cold  Iiabit  on 
To  castigate  tliy  pride,  't  were  well. 

Shttk.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

2.  To  fijibject  to  a  severe  and  critical  scrutiny; 

criticize  for  the  purpose  of  coiTecting;  emend: 

as,  to  castigate  the  text  of  an  author. 

He  had  adjusted  and  castigated  tile  tlien  Latin  Vulgate. 

Ilcntleg,  Letters,  p.  '237. 

A  castigated  copy  of  it  [a  work  of  Cervantes]  was  printed 

by  An-ieta.  Ticknor,  .Span.  Lit.,  II.  122. 

castigation   (kas-ti-ga'shon),   rt.     [(.castigate: 
sei'  ~iiliini.\     Tlie  act  of  castigating.    («)  Punish- 
ment by  wliipping  ;  correction  ;  chastisement;  discipline. 
Violent  events  do  not  always  argue  the  anger  of  God ; 
even  death  itself  is,  to  his  servants,  a  fatherly  castigatimi. 
Jip.  Hall,  'J'lie  Seduced  Prophet. 
The  keenest  castigation  of  her  slanderers.  Irving. 

(V)  Critical  scrutiny  and  emendation  ;  correction  of  tex. 
tiial  errors. 

castigator  (kas'ti-ga-tor),  n.  [=  Pr.  c^stigador 
=  Sp.  Pi;,  castigador,  <  h.  castigator,  <  castigare: 
sec  casligiile.}    (jno  who  castigates  or  corrects. 

castigatory  (kas'ti-ga-to-ri),  a.  and  ».  [<  L. 
rasl/gatorius,  <  castigator,  a  corrector :  see  cas- 
tigator.} I.  a.  Serving  to  castigate;  tending 
to  correction;  corrective;  punitive. 

Penalties  .  .  .  eitlier  probatory,  castigatoni,  or  exem- 
plary- Ab]).  Bramhatt,  Agaimtnnbhea.  — 

II.  n.;  pi  castif/atories(-Tiz).  Something  that  ''*?V'^S-bottlet   (kas'ting-bot*!),  n.      j 
serves  to  castigate ;  specifically,  an  apparatus     ""'"^l  ^"''  "^"Wing^or^for  sprinkling  perfi 

formerly  used  in  punishing  scolds.    Also  called    ""''*'"■  ..« -.-"-.i  -.• •-,■■ 

(hickiiig-stool  and  trehucket. 

Castile  soap.    See  soap. 

Castilian  (kas-til'ian),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  GastiU 
Ian  =  Pg.  Castelhaiio,  <  Sp.  Castellano,  <  Costilla, 
CastUe;  so  called  from  the  numerous  forts  {cas- 
tillos:  see  castle)  erected  on  the  frontiers.]  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  Castile  (fonnerly  -written  Cas- 
tiUe),  a  former  kingdom  in  the  central  part  of 
Spain,  now  divided  into  the  provinces  of  Old 
and  New  Castile.-Castillan  furnace.  See/urnace. 
II.  n.  An  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Castile. 

Castilleia  (kas-ti-le'ya),  n.  [NL.,  <  Castitlejo, 
a  Spanish  botanist.]  "A  large  genus  of  herba- 
ceous plants,  natural  order  Scrophulariacew, 
mostly  perennials,  natives  of  North  America 
and  Asia.   Tliereareabout25specie8inthe  UnitedStates. 

Tlieir  yellow,  purple,  or  scarlet  llowers  are  in  terminal  ..        i    ji      /,  •     ,..         ,- »  ,,^ 

spikes,  with  large  colored  bracts  often  more  showy  than  Casting-laale  (lias  ting -la  "(11),  n.  An  iron 
the  flowers.  C.  coccinea,  the  common  species  of  tlie  .4t-  ladle  with  handles,  used  to  pour  molten  metal 
laritic  States,  is  popularly  known  as  painted-rup.  into  a  mold 

Castilloa  (kas-ti-lo'ii),  M.     [NL.,  <  Sp.  rn.sftHa,  casting-net"  (kas'ting-net),  «.     A  net  which, 

is  cast  and  immediately  drawn,  in  distinction 
from  one  which  is  set. 

We  Govern  this  War  as  an  unskilful  Man  does  a  Ca^t- 
ing-Xet.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  116. 


casting-'weight 
5t.  Vomiting;  vomit. 

The  hound  turnyde  agen  to  his  castyng. 

Wyclif,  2  Pet.  ii.  22. 
6.  Same  as  casf^,  18. —  7t.  A  purge  consisting 
of  pellets  of  hemp,  cotton,  featners,  or  the  like, 
given  to  hawks. 

Jtic.  Wc  have  heen  used  too  long  like  hawks  already. 

Ubald.  We  arc  not  so  high  in  our  flesh  now  U>  need  catt- 
ing. MasKin/jer,  The  Picture,  v.  1. 

8t.  Contrivance;  distribution;  arrangement. 

Distributio  is  that  useful  castinr/  of  all  rooms  for  ofllce, 
entertainment,  or  pleasure.   H'ottri^i,  Elem.  of  Architecture. 

9.  In  sail-making,  tlie  calculated  dimensions 
and  shape  of  each  cloth  in  a  sail. —  lOf.  Luck, 
as  in  dealing  cards. 

Tai.  Id  beastly  casting.  Jack. 

Jack.  O,  abominalile,  sir!  you  had  the  scurviest  hand. 
Middletmi,  Your  Five  Gallants,  iv.  2. 
Chilled  casting,  a  metal  casting  the  surface  of  which 
has  Ipccn  liiu  ili-ncd  cither  by  casting  in  an  iron  mold  or  l>y 
exposure;  wliile  red-hot  to  8ud<len  cooling  by  air  or  water, 
or  by  contact  with  any  good  conductor  which  is  at  a  com- 
paratively low  temperature.  The  ctfect  is  to  give  asurface 
of  extreme  hardness.  Sueli  castings  arc  used  frjr  a  multi- 
tude of  purposes,  as  for  rr)IIs,  anvils,  plowshares,  mold- 
boards,  stamjis,  etc.,  wbeicver  mucli  attrition  is  to  be 
su8tainerl,~cilch6  Casting.  Sec  ((fcA.-.— Compression 
casting,  a  nuthod  of  casting  in  molds  of  potters'  clay, 
with  Milliri.iil  pressure  to  force  the  metal  into  tlie  most 
delicate  tracery  left  liy  the  pattern.  It  is  used  in  casting 
stamps,  letters  and  nuniliers  for  houses,  house-buiirlers' 
hardware,  etc.— Dry  casting,  a  method  of  casting  in 
whicli  the  molds  are  ni.ade  of  sand  anil  afterward  drie<l. 

A  small 

„    -  -  -    y o  ^-. fumes;  a 

caster.    Also  called  casting-glass. 

Enter  Secco  with  a  casting-botth,  sprinkling  hia  hat  and 
face,  and  a  little  looking-glaas  at  his  girdle,  setting  hia 
countenance.  ford.  Fancies,  L  2. 

Hast  thou  no  perfumes  and  sweet  bags,  or  any  handsome 
casting  bottles  of  the  newest  mode? 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  6. 
casting-box  (kas'ting-boks),  n.   1.  In  founding, 
a  Hask  which  holds  the  mold. —  2t.  Probably, 
a  small  box  used  like  a  casting-bottle. 

They  have  a  chain, 
My  rings,  my  casting-box  of  gold,  my  purse  too. 

Fletclier  and  Shirley,  Night- Walker,  iit  5. 

casting-glasst   (kas'ting-glas),   n.      Same  as 
casting-buttle. 

His  civet  and  his  casting-glass 
Have  helpt  him  to  a  place  amongst  the  rest. 

B.  Junson,  Every  .Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iv.  4. 


Castile :  see  Castilian.']  A  genus  of  plants,  of 
one  or  two  arboreous  species,  natives  of  tropi- 
cal America,  of  the  natural  order  Urticacew,  and 
allied  to  the  breadfriut.    c.  elastica  is  valuable  as 


A 


Mm.'^' 


,,-^-^- 


casting-Jtit  (kas'ting-pit),  11.  The  space  in  a 
foundry  in  which  the  molds  are  jjlaced  and  the 
eastings  made. 

In  the  centre  of  the  (Bessemer]  casting-pit  is  ILxed  a 
hydraulic  crane.  .  .  .  The  crane,  after  the  ladle  has  re- 
ceived the  charge  of  molten  steel  from  the  converter,  is 
rotated  in  a  horizontal  plane  over  the  tops  of  the  moulds 
around  the  periphery  of  the  pit,  and  the  taphole  of  the 
ladle  is  thus  brought  successively  over  the  centre  of  each 
mould,  into  which  the  metal  from  the  ladle  is  tapped. 

W.  H.  Greenwood,  Iron  and  Steel,  p.  469. 

casting-pot  (kas'ting-pot),  n.  A  pot  or  cruci- 
ble of  plumbago,  fire-clay,  or  other  material, 
in  which  metals  or  other  fusible  substances  are 
melted. 

casting-press  (kas'ting-pres),  «.  A  press  in 
wliicli  metal  is  cast  under  pressure. 

casting-slab  (kas' ting-slab),  H.  In  gtass- 
niaiiuf.,  the  slab  or  plate  of  a  easting-table. 

casting-table  (kas'ting-ta  "bl),  II.  In  glass- 
nianiif.,  a  table  on  which  molten  glass  is  poured 
in  making  plate-glass,  its  t(.p  is  a  large  polished 
plate  of  metal,  commonly  iron,  having  metal  Hanges  of  the 
same  depth  as  the  thickness  <»f  the  glass,  to  keep  the  glass 
from  running  off  at  the  sides.  A  massive  copper  cylin- 
der extends  entirely  acrosii  the  table,  resting  on  the  side 
flanges,  and  this,  being  set  in  motion,  spreads  the  glass  out 
into  a  sheet  of  uniform  breadth  and  thickness. 


Flowering  Branch  of  Castilloa  tlasttca. 

the  source  of  the  india-rubber  of  Central  America.    The 
milky  juice  of  the  tree  is  obtained  by  incisions  in  the  bark, 
and  is  coagulated  by  the  addition  of  alum  or  of  a  decoc- 
tion of  tile  nuMin-pIant,  Calonyction  speciosum.     A  large 
tree  is  said  to  yield  eight  gallons  of  milk  when  first  cut, 
eaeli  gallon  making  about  two  pounds  of  rubl)er. 
casting  (kas'ting),  «.     [ME.  casting;  verbal  n. 
of  cv(.y<l,  (.'.]    1.  The  act  or  process  of  founding. 
It  is  no  coining,  sir, 
It  is  but  casting.     B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ill.  2. 
2.  In  ilia  fine  arts,  the  process  of  taking  casts  casting-VOte  (kas'ting-vof),  n.     The  vote   of 
or  impressions  of  statues,  medals,  etc.,  in  clay,  .  ..  -        . 

pitch,  plaster,  or  fused  metal. — 3.  That  which 
has  been  cast,  or  formed  by  running  melted 
metal  into  a  mold  of  any  desired  form.  When 
used  mthout  qualification,  the  word  usually  de- 
notes a  casting  of  iron. — 4.  Anything  appear- 
ing as  if  cast  in  a  mold ;  specifically,  a  string- 
shaped  mass  of  earth  voided  by  an  earthworm ; 
a  worm-cast. 


a  presiding  officer  in  an  assembly  or  coimcil, 
thrown  to  decide  a  question  when  the  votes  cast 
by  the  members  are  equally  divided,  if  the  pre- 
si(iing  officer  is  a  member  of  the  body,  he  may  give  the  cast- 
ing-vote, altliough  he  has.  by  already  voting  as  a  mem- 
ber, created  the  tie  or  equal  division.  [Commonly  written 
as  two  words.  ] 

In  the  time  of  Hastings  the  Governor  had  only  one  vote 

in  council,  and,  in  case  of  an  equal  tlivision,  a  ca^tiwi  rote. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 


I  resolved  ...  to  weigh  all  the  castings  tlirowil   up  poo+i-ntr  ■roeiir'ht.  (tas'timr-wntl     i> 
within  a  given  time  in  a  measured  space,  instead  of  ascer-  CaSUng-WeignL  (Kas  tmg  \Yatl,   n 


tainiim  the  rate  at  which  objects  left  on  the  surface  were 
buricii  by  worms.  Darwin,  The  Earth-worm. 


A  weight 
that  turns  tlie  scale  of  a  balance,  or  makes  one 
side  Tircponderate. 


cast- 

■wlr. 


fr' 


casting-weight 

^xn'-  '  ^'^  °*^*  hard  to  find ; 

g^j  ■"  ret  standard  in  hia  mind, 

jjjjjj  •  pride  adds  to  emptiness, 

This  wUouiiiisratily,  for  » ho  can  guess? 

Pope,  ProL  to  Satires,  1.  1.7. 

"    -''I'eni),  n.  and  a.     I.   n.   Iron 

ast.  that  is,  melted  and  run  into 

1  it  assumes  the  desireil  form. 

'  iir-iron  which  lias  been  renielted  in  a 

u  some  castinfre  for  special  purposes 

.:jltinix  in  a  reverlienitoi-y  furnace,  and 

V  urect  from  the  hlast-funiace.    The  iron  made 

>  .smelting  in  tlie  lilast-fiiniace  is  in  fact  cast- 

,, .'ti  properties  are  not  altered  hy  remelting,  hut 

li  is  ciouionly  known  as  pig-iron,  or  simply  as  pig.    See 
J'uuii'lni  and  iron. 

n.  ""•  1-  Made  of  cast-iron:  as,  a  cast-iron 
pot. — 2.  Having  the  qualities  of  or  resembling 
cast-iron;  hence,  inflexible;  unyielding:  as,  a 
cast-iron  rule. 

His  [Spenser's]  fine  ear,  abhorrent  of  barbarous  disso- 
nance. .  .  .  made  possible  the  transition  from  the  eusf- 
iron  stiffness  of  "Ferrex  and  Porrex  "  to  the  Damascus 
pliancy  of  Fletcher  .ind  Shakespeare. 
'  Loufll,  -V.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  361. 

cast-knitting  (kast'nit'ing),  «.  That  kind  of 
knittiui;  in  whieh  the  needle  is  passed  through 
the  mesh  from  the  inside  of  the  piece  of  hosiery 
■which  is  being  knitted,  and  the  yam  with 
■which  the  new  mesh  is  made  is  held  on  the 
outside. 

castle  (kas'l),  II.  [<  ilE.  castle,  castel,  a  castle, 
■village,  <  AS.  castel,  a  village,  =  D.  kasieel  = 
Icel.  ka-itali  =  Sw.  kaslell  =  Dan.  histcl  =  OF. 
castel,  cJuistel,  F.  castel,  chateau  (>  E.  chateau) 
=  Pr.  castelh  =  Cat.  ca.<tell  =  Sp.  Castillo  =  Pg. 
It.  castello,  <  L.  castelluni,  a.  castle,  fort,  citadel, 
stronghold,  dim.  of  castrum,  a  castle,  fort,  for- 
tified place,  usually  in  pi.  castra,  an  encamp- 
ment, a  camp,  a  military  station,  a  town  of 
military  origin  ( >  AS.  cciister :  see  -caster  and 
Chester);  connected  with  casa,  a  cottage,  hut: 
see  casa,  cnsino,  cassock,  etc.]  1.  A  building, 
or  series  of  connected  buildings,  fortified  for 
defense  against  an  enemy;  a  fortified  resi- 
dence; a  fortress.  Castles,  in  the  .sense  of  foititied 
residences,  were  an  i.uttfrowth  or  institution  of  feudalism, 
Bod  were  tlrst  hrouj-ht  to  a  hi(!h  pitch  of  strength  and 
completeness  by  the  Xomians.  In  England  there  were  few 


Cutle  of  Coucy.  Atone.  France.    ( From  Viollct-Ic-Duc's  "  Diet,  de 
1*  Aichitccture."  J 

or  no  cadtlcs,  pri)|«erly  niieakiiiK,  till  the  time  of  William 
tlieConiiileror,  after  which  a  great  iniiny  were  t^onstrucleil 
on  the  Xcinnan  model.  At  tlmt  the  donjon  or  keep  was  the 
only  iHirl  of  the  cjwtle  of  great  strength,  and  the  other 
tiuildirjiTH  In  lonniMllon  with  it  were  of  a  more  or  less  tein- 

jxjrurs  nature.   In  the  thirli th  century,  however,  the  de- 

ilgii'.tU iMtleliecame  more  fully  ilevcrloped,  and  the  keep 

form  !  irlv  the  eentnil  jiart  ot  a  group  ot  IjuililhigH,  all 
au|':  -I'   :oiother,  and  mutually  corilriliutlng  to  the 

■tr<  loiinofllouiuifiui   of  the  whole.     I'lic  cut 

Ah"  p.r  I'oury.  near  l.aon,  Kniioe,  liuilt  in  the 

thli  IV.     In  the  foreground  I-.  111!  outer  halley 

nr*  M'-il.andeontnlntni/a  r  h:i|i'  I.  HliiMcH,  iind 

otii'  Tt Mter  entranee  t"  llii'  w;!-*  formed 

by  ;.  '    ■■  e  plan  uiid<  I  "'('■  Ml"*-'//),   a 

la  II,  h,    the   gllte.  Ii|.|.l..:i.ll..l    l.y 

t«  >  V  (ivfi '.r'uird  T'>--tii     loiil  loiv- 

'  -  vaulteil 

■  -.  r  ;  d, 

for  the 

.  ■     |..r 


Ue 

Inu 


At  III- 
itrung,  II 


I't  •  ••niooitih  ;iioil:  mum   IOI   '>III-  I 

■. ;  t  m,  n,  o  are  the  chief  low.  i^ 


fiilre  CattflU  and  » 
>  •//,-    IritveU.  p.  ir.!. 


850 

t^ur  cattle's  strength 
Will  laugh  a  siege  to  scorn. 

Sliak.,  Macbeth,  v.  5. 
The  house  of  every  one  is  to  him  as  his  ca^U^  and  for- 
tress, as  well  for  defence  against  injury  and  violence  as 
for  his  repose. 

Sir  E.  Coke,  Reports,  Seniayne's  Case,  v.  fol.  91a. 

2.  In  her.,  a  representation  of  two  or  more 
towers  connected  by  curtains,  often  Ijaving  a 
gateway  in  one  of  the  curtains,  and  always  em- 
battled. When  the  towers  are  represented  with  the 
wiiuh'ws  and  the  joints  between  the  stones  of  coloi-s  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  wall,  they  are  baid  to  be  masoned 
or  windowed  gules,  or,  or  the  like.  When  the  windows 
are  shown  of  the  color  of  the  field,  the  castle  is  said  to  be 
voided  o/the  Jield,  or  sometimes  njoiire.  The  door  is  called 
the  port ;  if  it  has  a  portcullis,  tliis  and  its  color  are  men- 
tioned ill  the  blazon. 

3.  The  house  or  mansion  of  a  person  of  rank  or 
wealth:  somewhat  vaguely  applied,  but  usuaUy 
to  a  large  and  more  or  less  imposing  buildiuw. — 

4.  A  piece  made  in  tlie  form  of  a  castle,  donjon, 
or  tower,  used  in  the  game  of  chess;  the  rook. 
—  5.  A  kind  of  helmet. — 6.  Xaut.,  a  kind  of 
fighting-tower  formerly  erected  on  war-galleys, 
etc.,  near  the  bow  and  stern,  and  called  re- 
spectively/'o)-eff(«f/f  and  aftco.^tle.  See  cut  un- 
der cncleiias — A  castle  in  the  air,  or  In  Spetin,  a 
visionary  project ;  a  vague  imagination  of  possible  health, 
fame,  h.'ippiness,  or  the  like  ;  u  d:iy  die:un,  (Seelielinv.) — 
To  build  castles  in  Spain,  to  imiM  castUs  in  tlieuir. 
(Seehelow.)  Theoiigiiiof  tliis  phrase t^wliieh  is  traced  back 
in  French  literature  to  the  thirteenth  century,  and  in  Eng- 
lish to  the  foui'teenth)  is  doubtful.  It  has  been  attributed 
to  the  boasting  by  Spanish  adventurers  in  France  of  their 
lordlyresidences.which  existed  only  in  their  imaginations; 
and  less  probably  to  a  supposed  prohibition  at  siune  time 
against  the  erection  of  fortifications  in  Spain.  Little  thinks 
the  idea  is  simply  that  of  an  imaginary  castle  in  any  foreign 
country,  other  names  having  been  similarly  used,  and  that 
of  .Spain  prevailing  as  most  familiar;  to  which  may  he 
added  tliat  its  real  origin  is  probably  to  be  found  in  the  no- 
tion, always  prevalent,  of  the  attainment  of  great  wealth 
through  emigration  or  foreign  adventure. 

Thou  Shalt  make  castds  thanue  in  Spayne, 
And  dreme  of  joye,  alle  but  in  vayne. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  2573. 

To  build  (or  make*)  castles  In  the  air,  to  form  schemes 
that  have  no  practical  foundation  ;  entertain  projects  that 
cannot  be  carried  out ;  indulge,  either  seriously  or  in  mere 
play  of  the  imagination,  in  pleasing  day-dreams,  especial- 
ly of  great  wealth  or  power. 
When  I  build  eastles  in  the  aire. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  Author's  Abstract. 

I  buUd  great  eastles  in  the  skies, 

.  .   .  reard  and  raz'd  yet  without  hands. 

E.  of  .Stiriiug,  Sonnets,  vl. 

W'e  had  no  right  to  huild  rnstles  in  the  air  without  any 
material  for  building,  and  have  no  ground  for  complaint 
when  the  airy  fabric  tumbles  about  our  ears. 

H.  N.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  21. 
=  S3ni.  1.  See  fortification. 

castle  (kas'l),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  castled,  ppr. 
castVniij.  [<  castle,  ii.,  4.]  In  chess,  to  move 
the  king  froju  his  o'n'n  square  two  squares  to 
the  right  or  left,  and  bring  the  rook  or  castle 
to  the  square  the  king  has  passed  over.  Castling 
is  allowed  only  when  neither  the  king  nor  the  cattle  has 
moved,  v^'hen  there  is  no  piece  between  them,  and  when 
the  king  is  not  in  check  and  does  not.  in  castling,  move 
over  or  to  a  s(|iiarc  which  is  attacked  hy  an  enemy's  man, 
tli.it  i^.  Ibroui-'h  ^)r  into  check. 

castle-builder  (kas'l-bil'di'^r),  ?i.  1.  One 
who  builds  castles. — 2.  Especially,  one  who 
builds  castles  in  the  air;  a  visionary;  a  day- 
dreamer. 

I  ...  am  one  of  that  species  of  men  who  are  properly 
denominated  eoMtle-builders,  who  scorn  to  be  beholden  to 
the  earth  for  a  f.mndation.  ,'ileelf,  Spectator,  No.  1(17. 

castle-building  (kas'l-biHding),  «.  1.  The  act 
of  building  castles. — 2.  lOspfeially,  building 
castles  in  the  air;  day-droaiiiiug. 

Tlie  pleasant  languor,  the  dreamy  (ranuullllty,  the  airy 
enxlle.lmitding  which  in  Asia  »*ind  in  lieu  of  the  vigorous, 
intensive,  passionate  life  of  F.nrope. 

/(.  /■'.  Burton,  F.l-Medlllah,  p.  23. 

castled  (k&s'ld),  a.     [<  castle  +  -(•(/'-*.]    Fur- 
nished with  a  castle  or  castles. 
'I1ie  eitnlled  crag  of  lirachenfelH 
Frowns  o  er  the  wide  »iid  winding  Rhine. 

Biinm.  Chlhle  Harold,  III.  !>!<. 

castle-gartht  (kas'l-giirlh),  n.  The  precini-tH 
of  n  oust  If.  a  castle-yurd. 

castle-guard  (Wis'l-giird),  ».  1.  The  guard 
whirh  ilrreiids  a  casllo.— 2.  A  fcmlal  cjiiirgc 
or  duty  due  from  n  tenant  to  his  lord,  piiyable 
litlii'r  ill  iHTsiiiial  Kcrvici'  in  di'tiinliiig  the 
Inril's  ciistli'  or  by  coiiimutaliiinH  in  iiiiiin'y  in 
ccrtuiii  cases.  Hciice  — 3.  'I'lic  tcmiri"  or  hold 
which  Hiii'h  a  tenant  had  on  the  liitid  uTaiitcd 
him  bv  his  lord. — 4.  The  circuit  urouml  a  cas- 
llo  Hiiiijrct  to  tnxiitioii  for  its  maiiiti'liunce. 
,\1hii  eillli'd  edslle-uiiril. 

castlery,  castelryf  (kfts'l-rl,  -iiO-ri),  ».;  pi. 

rii^ilinex.  r(i.ilrlnest  (-rv/.).     (<  OK.  raslcllerlr,  < 
M  lj.  castclUiriti,  eqiiiv.  to  caslellania :  HOO  caslcl- 


castor 

lani/.'i  1.  The  government  of  a  castle;  tenuro 
of  a  castle. 

The  said  Robert  and  his  heirs  .  .  .  are  chief  banner- 
hearers  of  London  in  fee,  for  the  eastelrg  which  he  and 
his  ancestors  have,  of  Baynard's  castle  in  the  said  city. 

Blount,  .-Vncienl  Tenures,  p.  116, 

2.  A  demain  or  fief  maiiitaiuiiig  a  castle. 

castle-stead  (kas'1-sted),  n.  A  castle  and  th» 
buildings  belonging  to  it. 

castlet  (kast'let),  n.     Same  as  castellet. 

castle-tO'Wn  (kiis'l-toim),  «.  [ME.  castel  tun,  < 
e((.-<te'.  castle,  +  tun,  to'wn.]  The  hamlet  close 
by  or  under  the  walls  or  protection  of  a  castle: 
hence  Castlctou-n,  Castleton,  the  names  of  sev- 
eral towns  and  \'illages  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ii-ehuid. 

castle-^ward  (kas'1-wfi.rd),  «.    Same  as  castle- 

tjuaril. 

castlcwick  (kas'1-wik),  n.  The  territory  at- 
tached to  or  under  the  jtmsdiction  of  a  castle. 

castlingt  (kast'liug),  n.  and  a.  [<  casfi-,  v.,  I., 
U),  +  dim.  -Iiuij^.'\     I.  n.  An  abortion. 

We  should  rather  rely  on  the  urine  of  a  caslling'i  blad- 
der. Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  ElT. 

II.  0.  Abortive.     S.  liutlcr,  Hudibras. 

Castnia  (kast'ni-a),  H.  [NL.  (Fabricius,  1807).] 
The  typical  genus  of  moths  of  the  family  Cas^ 
iiiiilif. 

castnian  (kast'ni-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  NL.  Cast- 
iiiti  +  -((».]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  genus  Vastnia. 

II,  )i.  A  member  of  the  genus  Casfwia  or  fam- 
ily ( 'ti.-:luiidie. 

Castniidae  (kast-ni'i-de),  Ji.  ;)/.  [NL.,  <  Castnia 
+  -iihe.}  A  family  of  LepiilD/iteni,  comprising 
the  moths  which  connect  the  sphinxes  with 
the  butterflies,  tjTiitied  by  the  genus  Castnia. 
They  are  sometimes  called  nioth-sphiiwes. 

castnioid  (kast'ni-oid),  ((.  and  «.  [<  Castnia  + 
-Old.]  I.  '/.  Resembling  a  moth  of  the  genus 
Vastuia  :  as,  a  castnioid  butterfly. 

II.  H.  A  hesperian  butterfly  of  the  tribe 
Castnioidcs. 

Castnioides  (kast-ni-oi'dez),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ca.'<liiiii  +  -oiile.s.]  A  tribe  of  hesperian  lepi- 
dopterous  insects  combining  in  some  respects- 
the  characters  both  of  moths  and  of  butterflies, 


Viicca-lwrer  {.Mfgitthyntus yucca). 

",  egg.  enlaivcd  :  *,  ■*.  A,  eggs,  natural  size :  r,  lnrv.-i,  JusI  Ii.ilchtfd 

(liiic  sliowrs  n.itur>il  size) ;  d,  female  inotti. 

btit  .iustly  regarded  as  having  most  aflinities 
with  the  latter.  They  are  charaelerized  by  a  small 
head,  a  very  large  abdomen,  nnarmeil  front  tibiie,  and 
very  small  spurs  ot  the  middle  and  hind  libiie.  The  Irlho 
is  typified  Ity  the  yucca-borer,  Meiiol/i'/i'ius  i/ueetv,  for- 
meil>  l'ii.\fiii(i  ifueeie,  and  includes  the  genus  .Kgiale. 

castock  (Uas'tok),  H.     Same  as  eiisloel:. 

cast-oflfi  (kast'of),  a.  [<  east^  nip,)  +  ojf.] 
liiiid  aside;  rejected:  aa,  cast-off  Iwery. 

We  lire  gathering  uji  the  old  east-ajf  clothes  of  others 
IntA'lleetitiilly  above  us,  it  is  said. 

a.  .S.  Unit,  Oerman  Culture,  p.  164. 

cast-off-  (kast'Af),  n.  [<  easf^  (inf.)  +  off.]  1. 
Ill  liridrnis,  the  outward  bend  of  a  giiii-sliick, 
by  whiih  tlie  line  of  sight  is  biiiiiglit  inward 
til  incet  the  eye  more  rouilily. —  2.  In  jirinlinfl, 
till'  i'iiiii|iutation  of  the  )initiculiir  space  to  bo 
ulliiwcd  I'lir  lach  coluinii  or  ilivision  of  a  liilile, 
a  |ii('ei'  of  mimic,  or  the  like:  lis.  to  IIIISH  the 
I'li.yl  iiff  {Wmt  is,  to  I'lUiiiiiiiiiicali'  to  oilier  ciiiu- 
|iosiiors  the  result  of  such  a  coinputaliim)- 

castont,  II.     All  olisoli'te  form  iif  iiijisliin. 

castor'  (kiis'tor),  n.  and  a.  [=  1'.  Sp.  I'g.  can- 
lor  =  II.  ciisiro,  cnslore,  <  li.  castor,  a  beavor 
(for  which  the  native  Ii.  ixlihir  =  V,.  /ik/i'i !•'),< 
<lr.  h-inrufi,  a  beaver,  a  word  of  Kiistcrii  origin: 
cf.  Skt.  1,-iisluri,  >  lliiid.  Miiliiy  l;itsturi,  musk; 
I 'ers.  Will.-,  a  beaver.  1  I.  ".  1.  A  beaver. — 3. 
[c«/i.  ]     Among  French  CauadiuUH,  ouo  of  th» 


castor 

party  whioh  called  itself  tho  national  party,  the 
beaver  being  the  national  omblom  of  Canada. — 

3.  leap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  sciuvomoi'phic  ro- 
dent mamnuils,  typical  of  the  family  (Jastoridw. 
Tlu!  tyjie  anil  uiily  living  rL-presuntative  is  the  l)eaver, 
Cdstm-  jifier,  of  aquatic  habits,  liaving  tlie  feet  4-toed,  tho 
ftn'o  ftret  sniall, 
tile  Iiimrer  large, 
webheil,  with  tlie 
seeonil  toe  ilou- 
bk'-elawc(i ;  tho 
tail  broad,  flat, 
oval,  nakeil,  aiul 
sealy ;  and  the 
body  thick-set, 
especially  be- 
hind. On  eaell 
side,  above  and 
below,  the  in- 
cisors are  1,  ca-  Sli-ulloiQcaver  [Castor  Jifier). 
nines  0,  premo- 
lars 1,  and  molars  3,  making  20  teeth  in  all.  The  skull  re- 
sembles that  of  the  Scittridie,  but  lacks  postorbital  pro- 
cesses.   See  hcdivr'i-. 

4.  A  beaver  hat ;  by  extension,  a  silk  hat. 

I  have  always  been  known  for  the  jaunty  manner  in 
which  I  wear  iny  castor.  Scott. 

"  Even  so,"  replied  the  stranger,  making  diligent  use 
of  his  triangular  cantor  to  produce  a  circulation  in  the 
close  air  of  the  woods.  Cooper,  Last  of  -Mohicans,  ii. 

5 .  A  heavy  quality  of  broadcloth  used  for  over- 
coats. 

II.  a.  Made  of  beaver-skin  or  -fur,  or  of  the 
cloth  called  beaver. 

castor-  (kas'tor),  «.  [Also  called  castoreum,  of 
which  castor  is  a  shortened  form ;  =  F.  casto- 
reiiiit  =  Sp.  castorco  =  Pg.  It.  castoreOj  <  L.  cas- 
toreum,  <  Gr.  aaaropiov,  castor,  a  secretion  of  the 
beaver,  <  Kaarup,  the  beaver:  see  castor'^.']  A 
reddish-brown  substance  consisting  of  the  pre- 
putial follicles  of  the  beaver  and  their  contents, 
dried  and  prepared  for  commercial  purposes. 
It  has  a  strong,  penetrating,  enduring  odor,  and 
was  formerly  of  high  repute  in  medicine,  but  is 
now  tised  chiefly  by  perfumers. 

castor*  (kas'tor),  «.  [Named  from  Castor  in 
Gr.  myth.:  see  Castor  and  Pollux.']  A  mineral 
foimd  in  the  island  of  Elba  associated  with 
another  called  pollux.  it  is  a  silicate  of  aluminium 
and  lithium,  aijd  probably  a  variety  i.if  petalite.  It  is 
colorless  ami  transpai'ent,  with  a  glistening  luster.  Also 
called  cantorite. 

castor*,  n.     See  caster,  3. 

Castor  and.  Pollux  (kas'tor  and  pol'uks). 
[Named  from  Castor  (Gr.  Kdariip)  and  Pollux 
(Gr.  \1iAv6£vK>/g),  in  Gr.  myth,  twin  sons  of  Zeus 
or  Jupiter,  in  the  form  of  a  swan,  and  Leda, 
wife  of  Tyndareus,  king  of  Sparta ;  or  produced 
from  two  eggs  laid  by  her,  one  containing  Cas- 
tor and  Clytferanestra,  the  other  Pollux  (or  Poly- 
deuces)  and  Helen ;  or  all,  according  to  Homer, 
children  of  Leda  and  Tyndareus,  and  hence 
called  Ti/ndaridw.  Castor  and  Pollux  are  joint- 
ly called  the  Dioscuri,  sons  of  Zeus  or  Jupiter.] 

1.  In  astron.,  the  constellation  of  the  Twins, 
or  Gemini,  and  also  the  zodiacal  sign  named 
from  that  constellation,  although  the  latter  has 
moved  completely  out  of  the  former.  Castor,  a 
Geminorum,  is  a  greenish  st4ir  of  the  magnitude  1.6,  the 
more  northerly  of  the  two  tiiat  lie  near  together  in  the 
heads  of  the  Twins.  Pollux,  )3  Geminorum,  is  a  very  yel- 
low star  of  the  magnitude  1.2,  the  more  southerly  of  the 
same  pair.    See  cut  under  Gemini. 

2.  An  ancient  classical  name  of  the  corposant, 
or  St.  Elmo's  fire. — 3.  [/.  c]  The  name  given  to 
two  minerals  found  together  in  gi'anite  in  the 
island  of  Elba.     See  the  separate  names. 

castorate  (kas'to-rat),  11.  [<  castor{ic)  +  -afel.] 
In  chem.,  a  salt  produced  from  the  combination 
of  castorie  acid  with  a  salifiable  base. 

castor-bean,  «.    See  6ea«i. 

castoreum  (kas-to're-um),  n.  [L.]  Same  as 
castor'^. 

castorie  (kas-tor'ik),  a.  [<  castor^  +  -ic]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  derived  from  castoreum:  as, 
castorie  acid. 

Castoridse  (kas-tor'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Castor'^, 
Z,+-ida}.]  A  family  of  sciuromorphic  simpliei- 
dent  rodent  quadrupeds,  typified  by  the  genus 
Castor,  the  beaver,  its  only  living  representative. 
There  are,  however,  several  fossil  genera,  as  Eucamtor  and 
Steneofibcr,  and  probably  others.  The  tibia  and  fibula 
unite  in  old  age,  contrary  to  the  rule  in  the  sciurine  se- 
ries of  rodents ;  the  skull  is  massive,  without  postorbital 
processes  ;  the  dentition  is  powerful,  with  rootless  or  only 
late-rooting  molars ;  clavicles  are  present ;  there  is  an  ac- 
cessory carpal  ossicle;  the  salivary  glands  are  enormous, 
and  the  stomach  has  a  glandular  appendage  ;  the  urogen- 
ital system  opens  into  a  cloaca,  and  the  Weberian  bodies 
are  developed  as  a  uterus  masculinus ;  and  large  preputial 
glands  or  scent-bags  secrete  the  substance  known  as  can- 
tor.    See  caatorl  and  ftcarcrl, 

castorin,  castorine"  (kas'to-rin).  n.  [<  castor^ 
+  -ill",  -iii(~;  =  Sp.  castoriiiii.]  An  animal 
principle  obtained  by  boiling  castor  in  six  times 


851 

its  weight  of  alcohol,  and  filtering  tho  liquid, 
from  which  the  castorin  is  deposited. 

Castorina  (kas-to-ri'nii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  LL.  nistoriiius,  of  the  beaver,  <  L.  castor: 
see  easlorl.]  Tho  beaver  tribe  :  a  family  of  ro- 
dent n,7iiiii;i,ls,coinpriHingthe  beaver,  thecoypu, 
and  tho  iiiuskrat  or  musciuash.     [Not  in  use] 

castorinel  (kas'to-rin),  n.  [=  V.  castorine,  < 
LL.  cctstoriiius,  of  tlie  beaver:  see  Castorina.] 
A  cotton-velvet  fabric. 

castorine'-^,  «.    See  castorin. 

castorite  (kas'to-rit),  «.    [<  castor^  +  4te^.] 

S;ii]ic  :is  castor^, 

Castoroides  (kas-to-roi'dez),  n.  [NL.  (J.  W. 
Foster,  1,S3S),  <  Gtr.  Kaarup,  castor,  +  eirfof, 
form.]  Tlie  tyjjical  genus  of  tho  family  Casto- 
rotdidfC.  There  is  but  one  species,  C.  oltioenifitt,  the  so- 
called  fossil  beaver  of  North  America,  which  was  of  about 
the  size  of  the  black  bear,  and  hence  somewhat  exceeded 
in  size  the  capibara,  the  largest  of  living  i-odents.  The 
skull  alone  was  about  a  foot  long.  The  known  remains 
arc  all  from  (Juateriiiiry  deposits,  in  localities  from  Texas 
and  South  Carolina  to  MicluKan  and  New  York. 

Castoroididae  (kas-to-roi'di-de),  V.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
('((xtomidcs  +  -idm.]"  A  family  of  rodents,  in- 
stituted for  the  reception  of  the  genus  Casto- 
roides, related  on  the  one  hand  to  tho  Casto- 
rida;  or  beavers,  and  on  the  other  to  the  chin- 
chillas, cavies,  and  capibaras.  other  genera,  as 
A  mUjirtdzii  and  LoxoiiujluH,  are  considered  to  be  prob.ably 
referable  to  this  family.  The  skull  resembles  that  of  the 
Castorido!,  but  the  dentition  is  entirely  dilferent,  reseni- 
Idiii'^  tliat  of  ehiiichillas  and  capibaras. 

castor-oil  (kits' tor -oil'),  n.  [<  castor^  (from 
some  supposed  resemblance  to  that  substance) 


Castor-oit  Plant  {Rtctnus  cotnmunii). 

-^  oil.]     The  oil  yielded  by  the  seeds  of  JHeinus 
communis  (the  castor-oil  plant),  a  native  of  In- 
dia, but  now  distributed  over  all  the  warmer 
regions  of  the  globe.    The  oil  is 
obtainrd  from  the  seeds  by  bruising 
them  between  rollers  and  then  pressing 
tlicni  in  hempen  Imgs  in  a  strong  press. 
The  oil  that  first  c<nnes  away,  called 
ciittf'ffm/cii  eastor-oit,  is  reckoned  the 
best ;  an  inferior  quality  is  obtained  by 
heating  or  steuming  the  pressed  seeds, 
and  again  subjecting  them  to  pressure. 
The  oil   is  afterward  heated  to  the 
builinu'-point,  in  order  to  separate  the 
albiuiien  and  impurities.     Castor-oil 
is  used  nu-dii-inally  as  a  mild  but  effi- 
cient purgative.     It  is  also  used  as  a 
fixing  agent  in  cotton-dyeing,  especial- 
ly in  dyeini.^  a  Turkcy-red*color  from 
madder.    In  its  saiKuiified  state  it  is 
sold  under  various  names,  as  Titrkctj- 
reduil.tUizan'n  ud,sulphated  oil,  solu- 
ble oil,  etc. —  Castor-oil  plant,  the  plant  Ricinvs  com- 
munis, which  produces  castor-oil.     It  is  often  cultivated 
for  <u-nainent  under  the  name  of  Palma  Cfiristi,  grows  to 
a  height  of  U  or  s  feet  or  more,  with  broad  palmate  leaves, 
and  varies  much  in  the  color  of  its  stem,  leaves,  etc. 
castoryt  (kas'to-ri),  n.     [<  Gr.  KaaT6piov,  a  cer- 
tain color,  neut.  of  Kaardpto;,  pertaining  to  the 
beaver,  <  iniaTup,  the  beaver:  see  caj^tor^,  and 
cf.  castor^.]    A  color  of  an  unknown  shade. 
As  polisht  yvory 
Mndcli  cunning  Craftesmau  hand  hath  overlayd 
With  favre  vermilion  or  pure  Castttrif. 

Spender,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  41. 

castra,  «.     Vhvculoicastrum. 
castrametation  (kas*  tra-me-tiX'shon), «.  [= 

P.  ciistriniK'tation  =  Sp.  ca.'^tramctaeion  =  Pg. 
castriuiiilacao  =  It.  castramcta:ion<',  <  ML.  cas- 
tranu  latio(n-),  <  LL.  eastramctari,  pp.  castra- 
metatus,  pitch  a  camp,  <  L.  ea.itra,  a  camp  (see 
eastlc),  -f-  metari,  measure.]  The  art  or  act  of 
encamping;  the  marking  or  layingout  of  a  camp. 


a,  fnjit  of  castor-oil 
plant ;  *.  seed ;  f , 
section  of  s.ime. 


casual 

castrate  (kas'trat),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  castrated, 
ppr.  castrating.  [<  L.  custratus,  pp.  of  c<ts~ 
trare  (>  OP.  "castrir,  'castrcr  (cf.  castri,  cas- 
trated), P.  chdtrer  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  castrar  =  It. 
castrare),  castrate,  prune,  curtail,  expurgate; 
akin  to  Skt.  gastra,  a  knife.]  1.  To  deprive 
of  the  testicles;  geld;  emasculate. —  2.  In  hot., 
to  deprive  (a  flower)  of  its  anthers.     Darn-in. — 

3.  To  remove  something  objectionable  from, 
as  obscene  parts  from  a  ^vriting;  exjiurgate; 
destroy  the  strength  or  virility  of;  emasculate. 

The  following  letter,  which  I  liave  etulraled  in  some 
places.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  179. 

4.  To  take  out  a  leaf  or  sheet  from,  and  ren- 
der imperfect ;  mutilate. 

A  castrated  set  of  Holinshed's  chronicles.  Todd. 

5.  Figuratively,  to  take  the  vigor  or  spirit 
from;  mortify. 

Ye  cantrate  the  desires  of  the  flesh,  and  shall  obtain  a 
more  ample  reward  of  grace  in  heaven. 

T.  Martin,  Marriage  of  rriestes,  .Sig.  Y,  i.  b. 
castrate  (kas'triit),  a.  and  n.  [=P.  castrat,  n., 
=  Sp.  castrado,  a.  and  n.,  =  Pg.  castrado,  n.,  := 
It.  caslrato,  n.,  <  L.  custratus,  pp. :  see  the 
verb.]  I.  a.  1.  Gelded;  emasculated. —  2.  In 
io<.,  deprived  of  the  anthers;  anantherous:  ap- 
plied to  stamens  or  flowers. 

II.  H.  One  who  or  that  which  has  been  cas- 
trated, gelded,  or  emasculated;  a  eunuch, 
castrater  (kas'tra-tfer),  n.    [=  F.  cMtreur  =  Sp. 
Pg.  castrador  =  It.   castratore,  <  LL.  castrator, 

<  L.  castrare:  see  castrate,  v.]  One  who  cas- 
trates. 

castrati,  n.     Phu'al  of  castrato. 

castration  (kas-tra'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  castra- 
cioun,  <  F.  castration  ='Pr.  castrado  =  Sp.  cas- 
tracion  =  Pg.  castra^Uo  =  It.  euslruzionc,  <  L. 
castratio(n-),  <  castrare,  castrate:  see  castrate, 
v.]  The  act  of  castrating,  or  state  of  being 
castrated. 

castrate  (kas-tra'to),  n. ;  pi.  castrati  (-te).  [It. : 
see  castrate,  a.  and  «.]  A  male  person  emas- 
culated during  childhood  for  the  purpose  of 
preventing  the  change  of  voice  which  natu- 
rally occirrs  at  puberty;  an  artificial  or  male 
soprano.  The  voice  of  such  a  jierson,  after  arriving  at 
adult  age,  combines  the  high  range  and  sweetness  of  the 
female  with  the  power  of  tlie  male  voice. 

castrelt,  «.     Same  as  kestrel.     Beau,  and  Ft. 

castrensial  (kas-tren'shial),  a.  [<  L.  castrensis 
(>  Sp.  Pg.  It;,  castren-ie),  pertjiining  to  a  camp, 

<  castrn,  a  camp.]  Belonging  to  a  camp.  Sir 
T.  Broxcne.     [Rare.] 

castrensian  (kas-treu'shian),  a.  Same  as  cas- 
trensial.    Coles,  1717.     [Rare.] 

castrilt,  «•     Same  as  l-estrcl. 

castrum  (kas'trum),  ».;  pi.  castra  (-trii).  [L., 
a  castle,  fort,  fortress,  a  fortified  ton-ii,  in  pi. 
castra.  a  camp ;  hence  idt.  E.  -caster,  cluster, 
and  (through  dim.  castellum)  castle,  q.  v.]  A 
Roman  mihtary  camp.     See  camp^. 

The  ancient  castle  occupies  the  site  of  a  Roman  cas- 
trum. Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  254. 

cast-shadow  (kast'shad'o),  n.  In  painting,  a 
shadow  cast  by  an  object  within  the  picture, 
and  serving  to  bring  it  out  against  the  objects 
behind  it. 

cast-steel  (kast'stel),  n.  steel  which  has  been 
rendered  homogeneous  by  remelting  in  ci-uci- 
bles  or  pots :  for  this  reason  sometimes  called 
crucible  or  homogeneous  steel.  This  process  was  in- 
vented by  Benjamin  Huntsman  (born  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  in  1704),  and  brought  t«  perfection  some  time 
before  1770.  Cast-steel  is  made  by  the  melting  of  blister- 
steel,  bar-iron,  or  puddled  steel,  w'itli  the  addition  of  bar- 
iron,  carbon,  manganese  ore,  or  spiegeleisen,  in  small 
quantities,  according  to  the  character  of  the  steel  desired 
to  be  produced.  The  finest  cast-steel  is  made  from  Swed- 
ish bar-iron  manufactured  from  ore  practically  free  from 
RUlplnir  and  phosphorus,     .^ee  iron  and  ^^v^ 

casual  (kaz'u-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  casiiel,  <  F. 
easuel  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  casual  =  It.  casuale,  <  LL. 
casuidis,  of  or  by  chance,  <  L.  casus  {casu-), 
chance,  accident,  event,  >  E.  case^,  q.  v.]  I. 
a.  1.  Happening  or  coming  to  pass  without 
(apparent)  cause,  without  design  on  the  part  of 
the  agent,  in  an  imaccoimtable  manner,  or  as 
a  mere  coincidence  or  accident;  coming  by 
chance ;  accidental :  fortuitous ;  indeterminate : 
as,  a  casual  eneoimter. 

Eny  brother  of  this  ffratemyte,  that  hath  don  hys  dew- 
teys  well  and  trewly  to  the  ffraternite,  come  or  fall  to 
pouerte  by  the  visitacion  of  god,  or  by  cat-iicll  auenture, 
and  hath  not  wher-of  to  leve.  that  he  inave  haue,  every 
weke,  of  the  almys.  Emjlish  Gilds  (E.  E'.  T.  S.).  p.  319. 
That  which  seemeth  most  casual  and  subject  to  fortune 
is  yet  disposed  by  ^lie  ordinance  <tf  (Jod. 

Raleiijli,  Hist,  of  World. 
He  tolls  how  casual  bricks  in  airy  climb 
Encountered  casual  cow-hair,  casual  lime. 

M.  and  J.  Smith,  Rejected  Addresses. 


casual 

Tbere  is  an  expression,  evidentlj*  not  casual  or  acci- 
dental, but  inserted  with  design.  D.  Webster.  Oct.  12, 1832. 
2.  Occasional ;  coming  at  uncertain  times,  or 
without  regularity,  iu  distinction  from  stated 
or  rf</«?ar;°uicidental :  as,  casual  expenses. 

Is  it  a  certain  business  or  a  casual F 

B.  Jouavti,  Staple  of  News,  iii.  2. 

The  revenue  of  Ireland  certain  and  Mr*!«i/. 

Sir  J.  Darien,  State  of  Ireland. 

Any  one  may  do  a  casual  act  of  good  nature. 

Slerite,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  53. 
Casual  ejector,  in  law,  the  nanie  given  to  the  defen- 
dant in  the  fictitious  action  of  ejectment  formerly  allowed 
by  the  common  law.  where  the  real  object  of  the  action 
was  to  determine  a  title  to  land.  To  form  the  ground  of 
such  an  action,  the  person  Lijiug  claim  to  the  land  granted 
a  lease  of  it  to  a  fictitious  person,  usually  designated  John 
Doe,  and  an  action  was  then  brought  in  the  name  of  John 
Doe  against  another  fictitious  person,  usually  designated 
Richard  Roe  (the  casual  ejector),  who  was  stated  to  have 
illegally  ejected  John  Doe  from  the  land  which  he  held  on 
lease.  Tlie  landholder  was  permitted  to  defend  in  place 
of  Richard  Roe,  and  thus  the  determination  of  the  action 
involved  the  proving  of  the  lessors  right  to  gr.int  a  lease. 
This  fiction  is  now  everj'where  abolished.  =SyiL  1.  Acci- 
dental, Chaiice,  etc.    See  occasional. 

H.  n.  1.  A  person  who  receives  relief  and 
shelter  for  one  night  at  the  most  in  a  work- 
house or  police-station,  or  who  receives  treat- 
ment in  a  hospital  for  an  accidental  injury. — 
2.  A  laborer  or  an  artisan  employed  only  ir- 
regularly, yiaijhew — Casual  ward,  the  ward  in  a 
wi-rkh'iit't-  '.r  a  hospital  where  casuals  are  received. 

casualism  (kaz'u-al-izm),  n.  [<  casual  +  -ism.'] 
The  doctrine  that  all  things  are  governed  by 
chance  or  accident.     [Rare.] 

casnalist  (kaz'u-al-ist),  «.  [<  casual  +  -ist.'] 
()m-  wlio  believes  in  the  doctrine  of  casualism. 

casuallty  (kaz-ij-ari-ti),  «.  [<  casual  +  -itij. 
Cf.  m.-dKilty.]  '  The  quality  of  being  casual. 

casually  (kaz'u-al-i),  adv.  [ME.  casuelly,  < 
casuel:  see  casual.]  In  a  casual  manner;  ac- 
cidentally; forttiitously ;  without  design;  by 
chance:  as,  to  meet  a  person  casually ;  to  re- 
mark ca.fually. 

Their  gettings  in  this  voyage,  other  commodities,  & 
their  towfis,  were  casually  consumed  by  fire. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  757. 

That  it  might  easualty  have  been  formed  so. 

Bentley,  Sermons,  v. 

The  squash-vines  were  clambering  tumultuously  upon 
an  old  w„oclen  framework,  set  casually  aslant  against  the 
fence.  liaicthome.  Seven  Gables,  xvi. 

casualness  (kaz'u-al-nes),  n.  [<  casual  +  -ness.'] 
Till-  stati-  of  being  casual;  casuality. 

casualty  (kaz'u-al-ti),  n. ;  pi.  casualties  (-tiz). 
[<  ME.  casucite,  K  OF.  'casuelte,  F.  casualite  = 
Sp.  casualidad  =  Pg.  casualidade  =  It.  casualitd, 
<  ALL.  casualitas  (-tat-),<  LL.  ca.'iualis,  of  chance, 
casual:  see  casual.]  1.  Chance,  or  what  hap- 
pens by  chance  ;  accident;  contingency. 

Lones  that  befall  them  by  mere  casualty. 

Raleiffh,  Essays. 

There  were  some  .  .  .  who  frankly  stated  tlu'ir  impres- 
sion tliat  til,;  general  scheine  of  things,  :ind  cHpniiilly  tlie 
eOMualtics  of  trade,  required  yon  to  liold  a  candle  tu  tlie 
devil.  George  Eliot,  Middlcmarcli,  I.  170. 

2.  An  unfortunate  chance  or  accident,  espe- 
cially one  resulting  in  bodily  in.iury  or  death ; 
specifically,  disability  or  loss  of  life  in  battle  or 
military  service  from  wounds,  etc. :  as,  the  cas- 
ualties were  very  numerous. 

The  Colonel  was,  early  in  the  day,  disabled  by  a  casualty. 
Etnemon,  Address,  .Soldiers'  Monument,  Concord. 
Numerous  applications  for  pensions,  based  upon  the 
cOMualtits  of  the  existing  war,  have  alrcaily  been  made. 

Liucolu,  In  Raymond,  p.  174. 

3.  In  Scots  law,  an  emolument  due  from  a 
vassal  to  his  sii|icrior,  beyond  the  stated  yearly 
duties,  upon  certain  casual  events. —  Casualty  of 
wards,  tb«-  mnilH  ami  dnti<-H  due  to  the  superiors  in  wurd- 
hol'ln,."  Casualty  ward,  the  ward  in  a  hospital  In 
win  h  1^  itit^nts  Hiitlcring  from  comalties  or  accidciilH  are 
tr.:ui..| 

Oatraariidae  (kas'u-a-ri'i-de),  v.  pi.  [NTj.,  < 
Casuiniii  +  -idii:]  1.  A  family  of  Htnilhioiis 
bird.",  I.!  Ill"  order  or  subclass  llnlitii;  having 
thrcf  III.  ill  winifH  nidiinentarv,  and  the  af- 
ter^)   '  '  n  liiglily  ili-vi  Iii|i(i|.     It 

If  I  iilil   I'aplUiti   1 1  ri'ii      ;il|il    i-, 

dlti  .  •     .ml  tin-  l)r„iioi >.  Iu..  hill. 

fnti.  'i.    .  :i.iiM)warleH  anil  Ibi'  iiiiiim  rc- 

*(i.  1. T  riiMniiwary  and  r,/iii. 

2.  (  .  iliiiie,  elevated  to  the  rank 

•d  II  iiimily,  the  i'miiih  in  this  case  being  hc|>- 
iiriii...!  II    another  family,  Dronuvidw. 

Oasuarliriae  fkas-iji-Br-i-i'nO),  h.  pi.  fNTi.,  < 
(V;  .1.11111 ,  f  -)'««'.  I  The  typical  Kubfaniily  nf 
thii    1  '  ..    inriid/r,   contaiiiing  the  casMo- 

wiii  lingniHliiii  from  the  emus, 

mill  •  111  the  gciiiiM-  I'dsuarius. 

Oasnarii.  .  ri'nil),  ».     [Nh.,  <  casuu- 

ri'f,  till  ;   from  til"'  riiHeMiblnnce  the 

ImmchcH  ii.  iri..  Mie  fnathcr.mif  that  bird.)   1.  A 


852 

genus  of  peculiar  plants,  of  Australia  and  adja- 
cent islands,  nearly  related  to  the  birches  and 
oaks,  and  constituting  the  natural  order  Casu- 
arinace(C.  They  are  jointed  lealless  trees  and  shrubs, 
very  much  like  gigantic  horsetails  or  equisetums.  Some 
of  the  species  aiford  wood  of  extreme  hardness,  as  the 
forest  oak  of  Australia.  C.  sulicrosa,  etc.,  and  the  she-oak, 
C.  stricta.     See  b€eftcood. 

2.   [I.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 
Casuarinacese  (kas-u-ar-i-na'se-e),  H. 2)1.    [KL., 

<  Casuaiiiia  +  -aeca;.]  A  natural  order  of 
plants,  of  which  Casuarina  is  the  typical  and 

only  genus. 
Casiiarius  (kas-u-a'ri-us),  n.  [NL.  (Linnaeus, 
1735) :  see  cassowary.]  The  typical  and  only 
genus  of  the  subfamily  Casuariina; ;  the  casso- 
waries. .\bout  12  different  species  are  known,  one  of  them 
being  the  Struthio  casuarius  of  Linnseus,  now  known  as 
the  Casuarius  f^aleatus,  or  C.  emeu,  of  the  island  of  Ceratn 
in  the  Moluccas.  Emu  is  said  to  be  the  native  name  of  this 
species ;  but  the  bird  now  called  emu  belongs  to  a  ditfer- 
ent  genus  {Droinoeus)  and  sulifaniily.  The  common  Aus- 
tr.llian  cassowary  is  C.  australis.  C,  bicaruncutatus  in- 
habits New  Guinea.  C.  betiuetti  is  from  New  Britain.  See 
cos.^iiiriiri;. 

Casuaroidese  (kas"u-a-roi'de-e),  It.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Ciisuarius  +  -oidetr.']  A  superfanuly  of  birds 
containing  both  the  emus  and  the  cassowaries : 
same  as  Casuariida:,  1. 

casuary  (kas'u-a-ri),  «. ;  pl.casuarics{-T\z).  [< 
NL.  casuarius:  see  cassowary.]  A  cassowary 
or  an  emu ;  any  bird  of  either  of  the  subfami- 
lies Casuariina;  and  Dromwincc.  P.  L.  Sclater. 
[Rare.] 
casuist  (kaz'u-ist),  ».  [<  P.  casuiste  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  cdsuistfi'  (It.  also  casista),  <  NL.  casuista,  a 
casuist,  <  L.  casus,  a  ease.]  1.  One  versed  in 
or  using  casuistry;  one  who  studies  and  re- 
solves cases  of  conscience,  or  nice  points  re- 
garding conduct. 

The  judgment  of  any  casuist  or  learned  divine  concern- 
ing the  state  of  a  man's  soul  is  not  sufficient  to  give  him 
confidence.  South. 

Those  spiritual  guardians,  .  .  .  the  only  casuists  who 
could  safely  determine  the  doubtful  line  of  duty. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  17. 

Hence — 2.  An  over-subtle  reasoner;  a  sophist. 

To  call  a  man  a  mere  casuixt  means  that  he  is  at  best  a 

splitter  of  hairs ;  to  call  a  chain  of  argument  casuistical 

is  a  rather  less  impolite  wav  of  saying  that  it  is  dishonest. 

//.  N.  Oxenham,  Short  Studies,  p.  91. 

casuistt  (kaz'u-ist), !'.  (.  [<  casuist,  n.]  To  play 
the  part  of  a  casuist.     Milton. 

casuistic,  casuistical  (kaz-ii-is'tik,  -ti-kal),  a. 
[<  ca.suist  +  -ic,  -ical ;  =  F.  casuistitjuc  =  Sp. 
Pg.  casuistico.]  Pertaining  to  casuists  or  cas- 
uistry; relating  to  cases  of  conscience,  or  to 
doubts  concerning  conduct;  hence,  over-sub- 
tle; intellectually  dishonest;  sophistical. 

casuistically  (kaz-u-is'ti-kal-i),  adc.  In  a  cas- 
uistic manner. 

casuistics  (kaz-i'i-is'tiks),  n.  [PI.  of  casuistic: 
see  -ics.]     Casuistry. 

The  (luestion  is  raised  in  the  casuistics  of  Mohammedan 
ritual,  whether  it  is  right  to  eat  the  flesh  of  the  NesnAs. 
Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXI.  680, 

casuistry  (kaz'u-ist-ri),  n.;  pi.  casuistries  (-riz). 
[<.  casuist  + -ry.]  1.  In  fWu'cs,  the  solution  of 
special  problems  of  right  and  duty  by  the  ap- 
plication of  general  ethical  principles  or  theo- 
logical dogmas;  the  answering  of  questions  of 
conscience,  in  the  history  of  Jewish  and  Clirisliaii  the- 
ology, casuistry  Iiils  often  degenerated  into  bair-splittillK 
and  sophistical  argunients,  in  which  iiuestions  of  right 
and  wrong  were  constnietl^to  meet  selllah  aims. 

All  that  philosophy  of  right  and  wrong  which  has  be- 
come faninus  or  infamous  under  the  name  of  casuistry 
bad  its  origin  in  the  distinction  betw  cell  mortal  and  veniid 
sill.  Cambriilyc  Essays,  IS6«. 

May  he  not  have  thought  that  he  fmiiid  there  soiin- 
Htupendous  exemplifications  of  what  we  read  of,  In  bonks 
of  rtisuistn/,  the  "dialectics  of  conscience," as  conllicts  of 
duties'/  It.  Clioate,  Adilresses,  p.  3211. 

Hence  —  2.  Over-subtle  and  dishonest  reason- 
ing; sophistry. 

casula  (kas'ii-lii),  H.  [ML.  (>  E.  cnsulc),  dim. 
of  L.  ca.Hd,  a  liouso;  cf.  cttssocl^',  cliiisublc]  A 
|lril■^t's  vestment;  a  chasuble. 

casulef,  ".    [<  ML.  C((.t«^;,  q,  v.]    A  chasuble. 

casus  belli  (ka'sus  bol'i).  [L. :  casus,  a  case, 
niiilti-r;  /»7/i,  gen.  of /(rWiim,  war:  see  (■«.<(■'  and 
hillirim:]  A  matter  or  occusiiin  of  war;  an  ex- 
cuse or  a  reason  for  declaring  war:  as,  the  right 
of  search  claimed  by  Oreat  Dritain  constituted 
II  ciisuM  hrlli  iu  1H12, 

cat'  (kat),  H.  [<  ME.  cat,  call,  knt,  latt,  <  AH, 
«'«/,  call  (only  in  glosses),  tu.,  =  Orries.  I'ntir, 
f.,  =  Ml),  I),  lairr,  III.,  Ml),  kattr,  I),  kat,  {.,  = 
MLO.  hitrr,  m..  hitlc,  f.,  !-•!.  /,v,^r,  in.,  kaltr,  t., 
1=  M no.  kaltr.  l;al<n>,H.  hatir,  in., ( )l  1(1.  Wi<i.-cd, 
rii-:-a,  ra;a,  MlKl.  (1.  kat:i:,  f.,  =  liiol.  I.iittr,  in., 
'■  "'I,  f.,  =  Norw.  kntt,  m.,  Icatia,  f.,  =  .Sw,  katt. 


cat 

m.,  katta,  f .,  =  Dan.  kat,  m.,  f.  (not  recorded  in 
Goth.);  cf.  W.  cath  =  Corn,  catli  =  Ir.  cat  = 
Gael,  cat  =  Manx  cayt  =  Bret,  ka; ;  OBulg.  ko- 
teli,  m.,  koti'ika,  f.,  =  Bohem.  kot,  kocour,  m., 
kotc,  kochka,  f.,  =  Pol.  kot,  koc:or=  Russ.  kotii, 
m..  koslika,  f.,  =  OPruss.  catio  =  Lett,  kakjis  ; 
H>mg.  kac:cr  =  Finn,  katti  =  Turk.  qad(  =  Ar. 
qitt,  quit,  a  cat ;  Hind,  katds,  a  wildcat,  polecat ; 
LGr.  Karra,  f.,  NGr.  Kara,  yara,  f.,  /idrof,  Jiirof, 
m. ;  OF.  cat,  F.  chat,  m.,  chattc,  f.,  =  Pr.  cat, 
m.,  cata,  i.,  =  Cat.  gat,  cat,  m.,  cata,  i.,  =  Sp. 
Pg.  gnto,  m.,  gata,  f.,  =  It.  (/atto,  m.,  gatta, 
f.,  a  cat;  the  oldest  known  forms  being  L., 
namely.  LL.  catus  {cdtus  or  cdtus:  cdtus  occurs 
in  Palladius,  about  A.  D.  350),  m.,  L.  catta  (once 
in  Martial),  f.,  ML.  cattus,  m.,  catta,  f.,  a  cat 
(a  domestic  cat,  as  opposed  to  fclis,  prop,  a 
■\vildcat :  see  Felis),  a  word  found  earlier  in  the 
dim.  catuUis,  in  common  classical  use  in  the 
extended  sense  of  'the  young  of  an  animal,  a 
Idtten,  whelp,  cub,  pup,'  etc.  (of  a  cat,  lion, 
tiger,  panther,  wolt\  bear,  hog,  and  esp.  of  a 
dog,  being  regarded  in  this  sense  as  a  dim.  of 
catiis,  a  dog:  see  Cauis).  The  original  source 
of  the  name  is  unknown.  It  is  supposed,  as  the 
cat  was  first  domesticated  in  Egj-pt,  that  the 
word  arose  there,  and,  being  established  in  Ita- 
ly, spread  thence  throughout  Europe.  Hence 
kitten,  killing,  kittle",  q.  v.  In  the  naut.  sense 
the  word  is  found  in  most  of  the  languages 
cited  (cf.  D.  Dan.  kat,  naut.  cat,  katblok,  cat- 
block,  D.  katrol,  'cat-roller,'  pulley,  etc.),  and 
is  generally  regarded  as  a  particular  use  of  cat, 
the  animal;  cf.  dog  and  horse,  as  applied  to  va- 
rious mechanical  contrivances.  The  connec- 
tion is  not  obvious.]  1.  A  domesticated  car- 
nivorous ([uadruped  of  the  family  Fclida'  and 
genus  Fclis,  F.  domcstica.  it  is  uncertain  whether 
any  animal  now  existing  in  a  wild  state  is  the  ancestor  of 
flu-  domestic  cat:  probably  it  is  descended  from  a  cat 
origiiiidly  domesticated  in  Egyjit.  though  some  regiu-d  the 
wildcat  of  FiUnipe,  F.  t-ottis,  as  the  feral  stock.  The  wild- 
cat is  much  lai-ger  than  the  duim'stic  cat,  strong  and  fero- 
cious, and  very  destructive  to  poultry,  lambs,  etc. 

2.  In  general,  any  digitigrade  carnivorous 
quadruped  of  the  family  Fclida!,  as  the  lion, 
tiger,  leopard,  jaguar,  etc.,  especially  (a)  of 
the  genus  Fclis,  and  more  particularly  one  of 
the  smaller  species  of  this  genus;  and  (/))  of 
the  short-tailed  species  of  the  genus  Lyn.r. — 

3.  A  ferret.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 4.  A  gossipy, 
meddlesome  woman  given  to  scandal  and  in- 
trigue. [Colloq.]  —  5.  A  catfish. —  6.  A  whip: 
a  contraction  of  cat-o'-nine-tails. —  7.  A  double 
tripod  having  six  feet:  so  called  because  it  al- 
w.ays  lauds  on  its  feet,  as  a  cat  is  proverbially 
said  to  do. — 8t.  In  the  middle  ages,  a  frame 
of  heavy  timber  with  projecting  pins  or  teeth, 
hoisted  up  to  the  battlements,  ready  to  be 
dropped  u]ion  assailants.  Also  called  ]>rickly 
cat. —  9.  A  ]iieco  of  wood  tapering  to  a  point  at 
both  euils,  used  iu  playing  lip-cat. — 10.  The 
gamo  of  tip-cat.     Also  called  eat-amt-dog. 

In  the  midst  of  a  gamo  of  cat,  Soutliey. 

11.  In  faro,  the  occuiTonce  of  two  cards  of  the 
same  denomination  out  of  the  hist  three  in  the 
deck. — 12.  Iu  <v)h/-»«'h/h(7,  aclunchy  rock.  See 
chinch.  [South  Staffordshire,  Eng.]  — 13.  [Ap- 
parently iu  allusion  to  the  sly  and  deceitful 
habits  of  the  cat,]  A  mess  of  coarse  meal, 
clay,  etc.,  placed  on  dovecotes,  to  allure  stran- 
gers. Ilalliwcll.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  \4i.\n  plaster- 
ing, that  portion  of  the  lirst  rough  coat  wliicli 
tills  the  Sluice  between  the  laths,  often  project- 
ing lit  the  back,  and  serving  to  hold  the  plaster 
liiiiily  to  the  walls. — 15.  The  salt  which  crys- 
tiillizi's  iiliout  slakes  iilaced  lieuentli  the  holes 
ill  I  lie  I  Mil  loin  of  thi'tniuglis  ill  which  salt  is  put 
to  ilniiii, — 16.  [I'crliaps  ii  diirereut  word ;  cf. 
Icel.  kali,  a  siiiiill  vessel.]  A  ship  fonued  on 
the  Noi'Wi'giiin  model,  liiiving  a  narrow  stem, 
lirojecting  (|uartir8,  and  a  deep  waist. — 17. 
Saul.,  a  tackle  used  in  hoisting  an  anchor  from 
the  liiiwsc'-liolo  to  the  cat-head.     A  cat  In  the 

meal,  u  iliiMi!i.r  prcimicd  mid  ciilcd:  dniwii  tnini  » 

fiil.li.  nf  .l-,H.i|,,  111  which  a  cill  llldcs  llclsclf  111  llinll  In  .-iltch 
certain  mice.     A  cat  111  the  pan,  a  falsi. hood  given  out  as 

I'liiiiliig  (roll Willi  illil  mil  iirliiliiatc  It.    Angora  cat, 

oni...(lbcllii.nf  viirlillis.if  llic  .lumcidlc  cat.  ilinliiiniilsllcd 
fiirllnnl7.c  and  bcaiilKiil  long  silky  hair.  It  was  nrlgliiiilly 
from  Angora  In  Asia  Minor.  Also  riilbil  I'frsmn  cut,  mid 
siiiiiilluicB,  trriiiicouslv,  .l»ijii/ii  ml.  Blue  cat.  (")  A 
SIlMrlmi  cat,  viilmil  for  Its  (ur.     (d)  A  name  (or  llic  Mnl- 

tcsc  lat;  so  giviii  fi i  the  liluc  gray  lolor  of  Us  fur    ir) 

A  local  name  hi  llic  |i|ilfcil  Sliil.'sof  tli,.  chmiiicl  ciilllsh, 
liiulinus  jnin,i„i,is  Cat  and  dog.  ."^ci'  eol-aiul  iloil.- 
Cat  of  the  Mediterranean,  n  iili.  (In-  cliinio-ru  7iion- 
tirntii.  Enough  to  make  a  cat  upeak  or  laugh,  soino- 
thing  aiitoiilsbliig  or  out  of  the  way. 

Hill  lliiiior  able  tu  make  a  cat  sjtcnk,  and  man  iliimli. 

7'/i.|  otil  and  I'oiiii.)  r.iMi-d',,.  (I'lrcy  »  llillqiicl). 


863 

of  mptabolisni  whieh  <'onsists  in  "a  downward 
series  of  clianKcs  in  which  complex  bodies  are 
brolien  down  witli  tlio  setting  free  of  energy 
into  simpler  and  simpler  waste  bodies"  {U. 
Foster) :  opposed  to  (nuibolism. 

The  inseniiiua  siieculiitiunH  iif  JleriiiK,  that  spccifle  col- 
our-sensations are  due  to  llie  relation  (jf  assimilation 
(anaholisni)  to  dissimilation  (ImtahUimi)  of  protoplasmic 
visual  substances  in  the  retina  or  in  the  lirain. 

M.  Fouler,  Encyc.  Jirit.,  XIX.  22. 
catacathartic   (kafa-ka-thiir'tik),  n.     [<  Gr. 
Kd-ii,    down,    +    KnOaf)TiK6c,   purging:    see    ca- 
thartic.']   A  medicine  that  purges  downward. 
[Rare.] 


ol^l^i'^'^^fa'trSkUa:'  catacaustic  (kat-a-kas'tik),  a    and  «.     [<  Gr, 

tiuK  a  cat  for  a  yonntr     i"'")  against,  +  mvaTinO^,  caustic :  see  caustic] 


^      .    ..  ,  ., ] 

1.   a.   in  (jcom.,  belonging  to  caustic  curves 
formed  by  refieetion. 

II.  «.  In  optics,  a  caustic  curve  formed  by 
the  reflection  of  the  rays  of  light:   so  called 


cat 

Talk,  miss !  It's  enouffh  to  make  a  Tom  cat  speak  French 
f^rainUKir,  only  to  see  how  she  tosses  her  head. 

IJicke/tJf,  .Nieholiis  Xickleby. 
Maltese  cat,  a  variety  of  cat  (listin;;nished  by  its  fur, 
wliitli  is  of  a  blue-gray  color.  Sometimes  called  l:tue  cat. 
Manx  cat,  a  tailless  variety  of  eat  from  the  Isle  of  Man. 
Persian  cat.  Same  as  ..t'K/;o)7/ ck/.  stufHl.  Nnf.  Ilisi.^ 
To  bell  the  cat.  See  belli.—  to  grin  Uke  a  Cheshire 
cat,  to  show  the  ).^ums  and  teeth  in  laughing  ;  a  local  Eng- 
lish proverbial  e-vpression,  of  unknown  origin. 

"Please,  would  you  tell  me,"  said  Alice,  a  little  timid- 
ly, ..  .  "'why  your  eat ///-//rs' Mv  that?"  "  It'a  a  Cheshire 
cat"  said  the  Duchess,  "and  that  s  uliy." 

L.  t'arnilt,  Alice  in  Wonderland,  vi, 
Lo !  like  a  Cheshire  cat  our  court  will  arin. 

iVolcot  (P.  Pindar). 
To  let  the  cat  out  of  the  hag,  to  disclose  a  trick 
out  a  secret:  said  to  have  had  its 
tised  by  country  people  of  substituting  a  cat  lor  a  y< 
l>ij;  and  bringing  it  to  market  in  a  bag  to  sell  to  some  one' 
thoughtless  enough  to  "buy  a  pig  in  a  poke."    The  pur- 
chaser sometimes  thought,  however,  of  opening  the  bag  be- 
fore the  bargain  was  concluded,  and  tlnis  let  out  the  cat 
and  disclosed  the  trick.  —  To  rain  cats  and  dogs,  to  pour 
down  rain  violently  and  incessantly.  —  To  turn  a  cat-ln- 
pan,  to  make  a  sudden  change  of  p.arty  in  ])olitics  or  reli- 
gion from  interested  motives.     "The  phrase  seems  to  be 
the  French  toumer  cote  en  peine  (to  turn  sides  in  trouble)." 
Brewer. 

When  George  in  pudding-time  came  o'er. 

And  moderate  men  looked  big,  sir, 
I  turned  a  cat-in-pau  once  more. 
And  so  became  a  AVtiig,  sir.  Vicar  of  Bray. 

cat!  (kat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  catted,  ppr.  catting. 
[<  catX,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  draw  (an  anchor) 
up  to  the  cat-head. 

All  hands  —  cook,  steward,  and  all — laid  hold  to  cat 
the  anchor.         R.  U.  Dana,  Jr.,  licfore  the  Mast,  p.  123. 

Everything  was  now  snug  forward,  the  anchor  catted  and 
fished,  and  the  decks  clear. 

W.  C.  Rnsftell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  lii. 

2.  [Cf.  catX,  «.,  14.]  To  fill  with  soft  clay,  as 
the  intervals  between  laths :  as,  a  chimney  well 
catted. 

II.    in  trans.   To  fish  for  catfish 
western  U.  S.] 
cat^  (kat),  «.     An  abbre'viated  form  of  catama- 
ran.    [Newfoimdland.] 
ca't-.     The  form  of  cata-  before  a  vowel. 
cata-.     [L.,  etc.,  cata-,  <   Gr.  Kara-  (before  a 
vowel  Kar-,  before  an  aspirate  Kaff-),  prefix,  Kara, 
prep.,  down,  downward,  through,  on,  against, 
concerning,  acoortling  to,  etc.]      A  prefix  of 
words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  down,  down- 
ward, against,  in  accordance  with,  sometimes 
merely  intensive,  and  sometimes  (like  English 
fte-l)  giving  a  transitive  force.     See  words  fol- 
lowing.    Also  sometimes  tete-.  -     -        -..,  ,   •  t  t-j  jt-  ^         .t     t-     ,• 
no•fo■K.?n^4■i^«  /Vnf  „  i,.,i';  ^-i,.^    „      rr  n^                person -with  fincA's;  a  ))0?*[to6te  tone;  to  display 

'1^t^!Z^'^^^^^e:.n^^k^:::    '-'«  ''-— '"i'  in  ruling  a  nt.ds;  to  d?in^ 

throw),  +  -itive.']     Depressing.     [Rare.] 
catabaptist  (kat-a-bap'tist),  «.     [<  LGr.  Kara- 

lJaTTTiaT!/c,   lit.    '  one  who  drowns,'  coined  by 

Gregory  of  Nazianzus,  as  opposed  to  l3a7rTiaTT/^, 

abaptizer,  <  Gr.  naTajiaTTTii^eiv,  dip  underwater, 

drown,  <  Kara,  down  (here  used  in  the  sense  of 

'against'),  -f-  /3a?rr(C«v,  dip.]    One  who  opposes 


[CoUoq., 


The  Catacaustic  of  a  Circle,  with  its  Asymptotes. 

The  curve  runs  from  .I/  to  the  cusp  .4,  thence  to  the  cusp  B,  thence 

to  the  cusp.-/',  thence  to  J/',  and  through  infinity  to  -V,  thence  to  the 

cusp  D.  thence  to  N,  and  through  infinity  back  to  M ;  C,  center  ;  / , 

focus. 

to  distinguish  it  from  the  diacaustic,  which  is 
formed  by  refracted  rays.  See  caustic,  n.,  3. 
catachresis  (kat-a-kre'sis),  n.;  pi.  catachreses 
(-sez).  [L.  (>  F.  catachrese  =  Sp.  catacresis  = 
Pg.  catachrese  =  It.  catacresi),  <  Gr.  Karaxpiaic, 
misuse  of  a  word,  <  Karaxpf/odai,  misuse,  <  Kara, 
against,  +  xp'/f'Sac,  use.]  1.  In  rhet. :  (a)  A  fig- 
ure by  which  a  word  is  used  to  designate  an  oli- 
ject,  idea,  or  act  to  which  it  can  be  applied  only 
by  an  exceptional  or  undue  extension  of  its 
proper  sphere  of  meaning:  as,  to. stone  (pelt)  a 


baptism. 

catabasia  (kat-a-ba'si-a),  «.;  pi.  catahasiee  (-e) 
(or,  as  Gr.,  cata'basiai).  [Gr.  Karaliama,  also  Ka- 
raiiiaaia,  equiv.  to  Kardiianig,  a  coming  down, 
descent  (cf .  iiaTa;iamo(;,  also  naTaijiaaioi;,  coming 


from  a  horn  of  %VOriJ.  Catachresis  differs  from  meta- 
phor in  that  it  does  not  replace  one  word  with  another 
properly  belonging  to  a  different  act  or  object,  but  extends 
the  use  oT  a  word  in  order  to  apply  it  to  something  for 
which  the  language  supplies  no  separate  word.  (}))  A 
violent  or  inconsistent  metaphor :  as,  to  bend 
the  knee  of  one's  heart;  to  take  aims  against 
a  sea  of  troubles,  (c)  In  general,  a  violent  or 
forced  use  of  a  word. — 2.  In  philol.,  the  em- 
ployment of  a  word  under  a  false  form  through 
misapprehension  in  regard  to  its  origin:  thus, 
causeway  and  crawjish  or  crayfish  have  their 
forms  by  cataehresif 


down,  descending),  <  KaTafiaivetv,  come  down :  catachrestic,  catachrestica,!   (kat-a-kres'tik 

see  eatahasis.']     In  the  (Jr.  CVi.,  a  kind  of  tro- 

parion  or  short  hjinn  sung  by  the  two  sides  of 

the  choir  united  in  the  body  of  the  church.    It 

is  so  called  from  their  descending  from  their 

places  for  that  purpose. 

A  sticheron,  in  which  the  two  choirs  come  down  ((cara- 
/SaiFoutri),  and  join  together  in  the  body  of  the  church. 


-ti-kal),  a.  \\  Gr.  KaTaxi»l<yTiK6(,  misused,  misap- 
plied (of  words  and  phrases),  (.  KaTaxp']<J0at,  mis- 
use :  see  catachresis.~\  In  rhet. :  («)  Pertaining 
to,  consisting  in,  or  characterized  Ijy  catachi-e- 
,sis;  applied  in  an  improper  signification.  (/*) 
Wrested  from  the  right  meaning  or  form ; 
contrary  to  proper  use  ;  forced;  far-fetched. 


The  hirmos  are  sometimes  said  .at  the  end  of  their  respec-  catachresticallv  (kat-a-kres'ti-kal-i),  adv.     In 
tive  odes  as  catabas,a,.  ^  catachrestical  manner ;  by  catachresis. 

There  are  .  .  .  collections  of  bemgs,  to  whom  the  no- 


./.  .V.  \fale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  845. 

catabasion  (kat-a-ba'si-on),  «.;  pi.  catabasia 
(-ii).     Same  as  cdtabasis. 

catabasis  (ka-tab'a-sis),  H. ;  pi.  catabases  (-sez). 
[L.  catabasis,  <  Gr.  KaraSaaic,  a  going  down,  de- 
scent, decli\'ity,  also  in  MGr.  like  KaTajidaiov,  a  catachthonic  (kat-ak-thon'ik),  a. 


place  for  relies  under  the  altar,  <  Karajialvstv,  go 
down,  descend,  <  Kara,  do'wn,  +  paivtiv,  go,  > /id- 
seagoing :  see  6as!«.  a.  anabasis.']  1.  A  go- 
ing down;  descent:  opposed  to  «««feffs/«  (which 
see). — 2.  In  the  Gr.  t'h.,  a  chamber  or  vault 
situated  under  the  altar,  and  used  as  a  chapel 
to  contain  relics. 

catabolic  (kat-a-bol'ik),  a.  [<  catabol-ism  +  -ic.1 
Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  catabolism. 

This  total  change  which  we  denote  by  the  tei-m  "meta- 
bolism "  as  consisting  on  the  one  hand  of  -a  downward 
series  of  changes  (katabolic  changes). 

M.  Foster,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  13. 

catabolism  (ka-tab'o-lizm),  )i.  [<  Gr.  KaTa^o?.?/, 
;i  throwing  or  laj-ing  down  (<  KaTajicOAeiv:  see 
cataballitive),  +  -ism.]     In  physiol.,  that  phase 


tion  of  nuiiiber  cannot  be  attached,  except  catacfiresticallj/, 
because,  taken  individually,  no  positive  point  of  real 
agi-eement  can  be  found  between  them,  by  which  to  call 
thetn.  J.  H.  Xewman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  46. 

[<  Gr. 


down,  below,  -I-  x()"''i  earth,  -i-  -ic]  Situated 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  earth ;  underground. 
Professor  ililne  of  Japan,  says  the  "Athen.'cum."  has  es- 
tablislied  in  the  Takashima  coal-mine,  near  Nag.asaki,  ail 
uudcmroiuid,  or,  as  he  prefers  to  cull  it,  a  catachthonic, 
oli^trvat"!).  Science,  IV.  266. 

cataclysm  (kat'a-klizm),  n.  [=  F.  cataclysme 
=  Sp.  it.  cut<icti.-<mn  —  Pg.  cataclysmo,  <  L.  eata- 
clysmos,  <  Gr.  KaraiO.vtjudf,  a  flood,  deluge,  < 
Karau'liseiv,  dash  over,  flood,  inundate,  <  Ka-a, 
do'wn,  +  k7.v(,uv,  wash,  dash,  as  waves;  cf.  L. 
cluere,  cleanse.]  1.  A  deluge  or  an  overflow- 
ing of  water;  a  flood;  specifically,  the  Noa- 
ehian  flood. — 2.  In  ffcol.,  an  inundation  or  del- 
uge, or  other  ■violent  and  sudden  physical  ac- 
tion of  great  extent,  supposed  to  have  been  the 


catacomb 

eflicient  cause  of  various  phenomena  (as  of  the 
deposition  of  difl'erent  formations  of  diluvium 
or  drift)  for  which  the  gradual  action  of  mod- 
erate currents,  or  that  of  ice,  is  considered  to 
have  been  inadequate. 

litis  war  is  no  accident,  but  an  inevitable  result  of  long- 
incubating  causes;  inevitable  iLs  the  ca(«cij/»?iw  that  aweep 
away  the  monstrous  births  of  primeval  nature. 

0.  W.  llolnirH,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  82. 

3.  Figuratively,  a  sudden  or  violent  action  of 
overwhelming  force  and  extended  sweep. 

In  minds  accustomed  to  ijliilosophic  thought  a  change 
of  opinion  does  not  come  by  abi-upt  f«ftfWi/>o/'.  btit  by  grad- 
ual development.  J.  It.  Sritiii,  .Nat.'lJeligioli,  p.  231. 

Theory  of  cataclysms,  or  of  catastrophes,  also  called 
the  ilne.lrnn'  of  r,.,l.  „i  n,,/„,i r„l<,  th.-  view  that  there  has 
been  iiigco|.,gir;il  liiie- a  succession  of  catastrophes  which 
ilestroycd  all  living  things,  and  necessitated  repeated  cre- 
ative ai-ts  tij  1  e|je<(ple  the  earth.  See  catai<iroj,ltr, 
cataclysmal  (kat-a-kliz'mal),  a.  [<  catacbjim 
+  -al.]  1.  (jf,  iicrtaining  to,  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  cataclysm. 

The  question  is  not  yet  settled  whether  they  [elevations 
and  subsidences]  were  of  a  slow  and  gi-adual  nature  like 
some  now  in  progress,  or  whether,  like  others  that  have 
occurred  in  connection  with  earthquakes,  they  may  liave 
been  rapid  and  catartyKmal. 

J.  W.  Dawson,  Nature  and  the  Bible,  p.  161. 

The  Flench  Revolution  has  been  so  often  lifted  by  sen- 
sational writers  into  the  region  of  cataclysmal  and  almost 
snpeiliumau  occttiTences,  that  a  narrative  is  especially 
aiceptahle  which  tenils  to  range  it  among  the  facts  which 
ajipcal  to  our  ordinary  experience. 

Westminster  Iter.,  CXXV.  568. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  cataelysmists ;  holding 
the  doctrine  of  violent  uplieavals:  as,  the  cat- 
aclysmal school  of  geologists. 
cataclysmic  (kat-a-kJi//mik),  a.  [<  cataclysm 
+  -ic:  =  F.  catuclysmique.]  Pertaining  to,  of 
the  nature  of,  or  characterized  by  cataclysms. 
In  the  reign  of  his  [Frederick's]  grandneiihew,  whose 
evil  lot  fell  on  the  cataclysmic  times  of  Napoleon. 

Lowe,  Bismarck,  I.  43. 
There  has  always  been  in  Geology  a  tendency  to  cata- 
clysmic theories  of  causation ;  a  pro'neness  to  attribute  the 
grand  changes  experienced  by  the  earth's  crust  to  extra- 
ordinary causes.      J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  11. 

cataclysmist  (kat-a-kliz'mist),  n.  [<  cata- 
clysm -f-  -ist.]  One  who  believes  that  many 
important  geological  phenomena  are  due  to 
cataclysms. 

catacomb  (kat'a-kom),  n.  [=  G.  katahombe  = 
Sw.  Dan.  l-atal'omb  =  Russ.  katakombui,  pi.,  < 
F.  catacomhe  =  Pr.  cathacumba  =  Sp.  catacumba 
=  Pg.  catacumba  (usually  in  pliu'al),  <  It.  cata- 
comba  (Sp.  also  occasionally  catatumba.  It.  dial. 
catatomba,  simulating  Sp.  tumba.  It.  tomba, 
tomb:  see  tomb),  <  LL.  catacumba,  a  sepulchral 
vault,  <  Gr.  Kara,  downward,  below,  +  KvfifiT;,  a 
hollow,  cavity,  >  ML.  cumba.  a  tomb  of  stone: 
see  comb^,  coomb.'}  Originally,  the  name  of  a 
locality  near  Rome,  the  "Hollows,"'  in  which 
the  church  of  St.  Sebastian,  with  extensive 
burial-vaults,  was  built ;  but  afterward  applied 
to  the  vaults  themselves,  and  to  similar  imder- 
ground  burial-places.  The  most  celebrated  of  these 
subterranean  vaults  are  those  in  and  about  this  spot,  the 
work  of  the  early  Christians.  They  consist  of  a  labyrinth 
of  narrow  galleries,  from  4  to  5  feet  wide,  at  different  lev- 


Tomb  of  b;.  ^,.:;;cli..^  Cc.ic,»i.i^^  wt'  Calixtus.  Rome,  3d  century. 
I  From  RoUer's  "Catacomtes  de  Rome.**) 

els,  excavated  in  the  soft  granular  tufa  underlring  the 
Campagna.  In  each  wall  loculi,  or  berth-like  recesses, 
contained  the  bodies  of  the  deatl.  The  entrances  to  these 
were  closed  with  slabs  of  stone,  carefully  sealed,  and 
marked  with  inscriptions  or  rude  pictures.  In  some  cases 
small  rn.uus.  called  culiiruta,  were  set  apart  for  families  of 
distinction  in  the  church,  esjieeially  for  mart^-rs.    Tlioiigli 


catacomb 

thes«  cata*-'-..'^  prol>ably  sen-ed  to  some  extent  as  places 

of  refu'-'-  t'   '    rihufiit  for  Christiaus  during  the  ear- 

Ijgj.  .    ~.  .ri^nal  idea  of  their  coustruetion 

^^,  'iicv  shuiUd  be  lised  only  as  burial- 

y^y  :  iliV  gjilleries  in  the  Konian  cata- 

P,,.'  .   usly  eslliiiated  at  from  330  to  900 

J,..  :  ..i'b(.Kliea  there  interred  is  said  to 

},'.  :,ilar  underground  burial-places  are 

,  ■  .Lu'j.  raris,  etc.  Thoseof  Purisareaban- 

■jxlending  under  a  large  pt»rtion  of  the 
Miade  into  a  bonery  in  17S<i.  wlien  the  in- 
t!  i';iu::i.  i..'  uries  of  the  city  were  condemned  aud  the 
lioiu-.-  wtTt;  removed  thither. 

catacoroUa  (kat'a-ko-rol'ii).  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
\a-'i.  against,  +  corolhi,  q.  v.]  A  second  co- 
rolla formed  in  a  iioner  outside  of  and  inclos- 
ing the  primary  corolla,  thus  producing  a  kind 
of  "•  hose-iu-hose  "  Mower. 

cataconstics  (kat-a-kos'tiks  or  -kous'tiks),  n. 
[<  Gr,  Kara,  against  (with  ref.  to  reflection),  -I- 
aewistieg.  Cf.  F.  catacoustiquc  =  Sp,  cataciis- 
tica  =  Pg.  It.  cataciistica.'i  That  part  of  the 
science  of  acoustics  which  treats  of  retiected 
sounds,  or  of  the  properties  of  echoes ;  cata- 
phonies. 

catacrotic  (kat-a-krot'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  aard,  down, 
+  KpoTiii;,  a  beating,  knocking,]  In  physiol., 
noting  that  form  of  pulse-tracing  in  which  the 
secondary  elevations  appear  on  the  descending 
portion  of  the  curve, 

catadioptric,  catadioptrical  (kat'a-di-op'trik, 
-tri-kal),  «.  [<  Gr.  Kara,  down,  against  (with 
ref.  to  retleetiou),  -f-  dioptric.  Cf.  F.  catariiop- 
triqiie  =  Sp.  caUidioptrico  =  It.  cata(liottnco.'\ 
Pertaining  to  or  involving  both  the  refraction 
and  the  reflection  of  light — Catadioptric  tele- 
scope, a  rr-Il'-ftinij:  telescope. 

catadioptrics  (kat  a-di-op'triks),  II.  [PI.  of 
caUHtiojitric :  see -ic«.]  That  branch  of  optics 
■which  embraces  phenomena  in  which  both  the 
reflection  and  the  refraction  of  light  are  iu- 

VOlVfll. 

catadrome  '  kat'a-drom),  11.  [<  Gr.  Karddpofjoc, 
a  race-course,  <  naTadpautlv  (second  aor.  asso- 
ciated with  pres.  naraTpixeii'),  nui  down,  <  Kara, 

•down,  +  ci/jaufir,  run.  Cf.  hippiidronic.']  1.  A 
race-course. —  2.  A  machine  like  a  crane,  for- 
merly used  by  builders  for  raising  and  lower- 
ing heavy  weights. —  3.  A  fish  that  goes  dovm 
to  the  sea  to  spawn. 

CatadromOUS  (ka-tad'ro-mus),  a.  [<  Gr.  Korti- 
dfifi/inr,  overrun  (taken  in  the  sense  of  '  run- 
ning down'),  <  KOTii,  down,  +  dpaueiv,  run,] 
Kunning  down  ;  descending :  applied  to  cer- 
tain fishes  which  descend  streams  to  the  sea  to 
spawn  :  opposed  to  anadromous. 

Tlie  eel  is  .  .  .  an  example  of  a  caladromoujt  fish  —  that 
U,  one  descending  from  tlie  fresh  water  into  the  sea  to 
breed.  Smitfmonian  Itep.,  16i)0,  p.  372. 

catadupet  (kat'a-<liip),  m.  [<  F.  cairidiipc,  cnia- 
doii/ic  =  S|).  Pg.  It.  caladupa,  a  cataract,  <  L. 
Caladiipri,  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile,  ('iitiidfii>i, 
those  dwelling  near,  <  Gr.  Karritiovs-o/,  a  name 
given  to  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile,  <  KaTadovzriv, 
fall  witli  a  loud,  llea^'y  sound,  <  kotA,  do^\Ti,  -I- 
Smrrcii;  soun<l,  <  (Soi'Tof,  a  dull,  heavy  sound,] 

1.  A  cataract  or  waterfall. 

As  to  the  eatnditi»-4,  those  hi^h  cataracts  that  fell  with 
fuch  u  noirte  that  they  made  ttie  inhabitulitjt  deaf,  1  take 
all  those  accounts  to  tie  fabulous. 

Pttriteki',  i>eKcription  of  the  East,  I,  1*22. 

2.  A  person  living  near  a  cataract. 

Tlie  f^yptian  (lr«tn*/ii/i<*  never  heard  the  roaring  of  the 

full  of  .NiiuH,  because  the  noise  was  s<i  familiar  unto  them. 

A.  Xirrinr  CO,  Lingua,  iii.  7. 

Catadysas  (ka-tad'i-sas),  n.  [NL..  <  (ir,  KaTi'iiv- 
C(i,  II  dipping  under  water,  setting,  <  liarnihnv, 
dip  under  water,  go  down,  sink,  <  hiiti'i,  down,  + 
Aieii;  get  into,  dive,]  The  typicalgenus  of  the 
family  i'ntndiiHida:     C.  pnniilHn  Ih  an  example, 

Oatadysids  (kat-a-dis'i-de),  n,  /)/,    fNIj.,<  6'n- 
tmlti"-:  +  -iV/(C,]  '  A  family  of  spiderH,  repn^- 
Heiii.  .1   l,v  the  genUH   Ciilnili/snK.     jiiey  have  the 
|m)<.   I  I  »■■■.,  Ill),  fxtreniity  nf  tin-  rniivillie.  ririd  the 

III  iludinall)  dir..|.,l,  iM  It.  th.  77.. /.i 

/./•  ,1  to  have  ofily  twi,  piiliii>.it.ii\  sji.-H 

ail  1    -..   .  .    ..1,11, lile  the  /<//r»j(i(/<r,    'Jhe  hJM  rli-.H  are 

.S..rth  Am.ii     ' 

catafalcot  it^at-ii-fal'kd),  n.    Same  an  atla- 

flllijUl  . 

catafalque  (kat'n-falk),  n.     [Also  in  It.  fonn 

•  ■'./.         ^y.Mnn.Q.katafalk^Mwutt.ldUi- 

■ 'iliifnlipii.  (,  H,  calafalco,  a  fyiwi-niX 

-o,  Hcafliild,  =  Hp.  Pg.  rala/iili'i,  a 

1  i|iy,  =  Pr.  rnilafalr  =  OF.  rHaiJoiil, 

.  iriifTiilil),  F.  irliiij'iiud  (MIj.  riilii- 

J"  ifTold:  BOO  urnffoM,  whicli  In  ii 

<l"  ,  7"'.]     A  HtuKP  or  HcalToMirig, 

<ri    !•  the  niivi' of  11  church,  to  Hiip- 

porf  II  ■  !•  occaHJoii  iif  a  ceromoniouH 

Iiinttriil.  I  II,,  (UM  It  "1^  roiiimon  \n  erect  n 

c«n<iii7  upon  r  ..I     .i.'rlngUw  coflln ;  Iho  whula  itructure 


854 

was  made  somewhat  to  resemble  an  ecclesiastical  edifice 
of  the  style  then  prevailing,  ami  was  allowed  to  remain  for 
some  little  time  after  the  ceremony.  The  modern  cata- 
falque is  generally  without  a  canopy,  and  in  Roman  Cath- 
olic countries  is  surrounded  by  large  tapers,  which  are 
Imrned  during  a  day  or  two  preceding  the  burial.  The 
cat;ifalque  is  sometimes  used  lis  a  heai"se  in  carrying  the 
body  to  the  grave  or  tomb  at  a  public  or  ceietuonious  fu- 
licraL 

The  tomb  was  a  simple  catafalque,  covert^d  with  the  usual 
cloth-  R.  F.  Burton,  El-Me.iinah,  p.  471. 

catagenesis  (kat-a-jen'e-sis),  ii.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kara,  domi.  -1-  ■)ivEaic,  generation:  »Be genesis. '\ 
In  hiol.,  creation  by  retrograde  metamorphosis 
of  euergj-.    E.  V.  Cope. 

catagmatic  (kat-ag-mat'ik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F. 
catagmatique  =  Sp.  catagmdtieo  =  Pg.  catag- 
iiiatico,  <  Gr.  m-ayiiaij-),  a  breakage,  <  kuto- 
jriraf,  break  in  pieces,  <  Hard  intensive  -1-  u)Tr- 
lai,  break.]  I.  a.  In  win?.,  having  the  property 
of  consolidating  broken  parts ;  promoting  the 
iiuiou  of  fractured  bones. 

II.  ".  In  »«(?.,  a  remedy  believed  to  pro- 
mote the  union  of  fractured  parts.    Diinglison. 

catagmatical  (kat-ag-mat'i-kal),  a.  Pertaining 
to  c-iitainuatics.     Coles. 

catagrapht  (kat'a-graf),  n.  [<  L,  catagrapha, 
n,  pi.,  profile  paintings,  <  Gr.  Ka-aypa<pl/,  a  draw- 
ing, outline,  <  Kard-;  paipnr,  dra'mi  in  outline,  < 
Ka-aypdipcii',  draw  in  outline,  write  down,  <  Kara, 
down,  +  jpdi;>€u',  write.]  1.  The  first  draft  of 
a  picture. — 2.  A  profile. 

Cataian,  Cathaian  (ka-ta'au,  -tha'an),  a.  and 

II.  [<  ('(itliin/,  formerly  pronounced  Cataij, 
called  Kitiii  by  Marco  Polo;  said  to  be  a  Per- 
sian corruption  of  Ki-taii,  the  name  of  a  Tatar 
tribe  who  ruled  the  northern  part  of  China 
from  A.  D.  1118  to  1235,  tmder  the  title  of  the 
Kill,  or  golden  dynasty.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Cathay. 

II.  II.  A  native  of  Cathay  (an  early,  and  now 
only  a  poetic,  name  for  China) ;  a  foreigner  gen- 
erally ;  hence,  in  old  writers,  an  indiscriminate 
term  of  reproach. 

I  will  not  believe  such  a  Cataian,  though  the  priest  o" 
the  town  commended  him  for  a  true  man. 

Shak.,  II.  W.  of  W.,  u.  1. 

Catalan  (kat'a-lan),  rt.  and  n.     [=  F.  Catalan, 

<  Sp.  ('«/«/«« j  pertaining  to  Cataluila,  Catalo- 
nia, <  Gothalania,  the  land  of  the  Goths  and 
Alans,  who  settled  in  it  in  the  5th  century.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Catalonia,  a  former  province 
of  Spain  (now  a  geograpliical  division  compris- 
ing several  pro\inces),  or  to  its  inhabitants  or 
language — Catalan  forge  or  furnace,    Hi-l- furnace. 

II.  II.  1.  A  native  of  Catalonia,  Spain;  es- 
pecially, one  belonging  to  the  indigenous  race 
or  people  of  Catalonia,  wherever  found,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  other  Spaniards. — 2.  The  lan- 
guage of  Catalonia,  Valencia,  and  the  Balearic 
isles.  It  hoMs  a  position  similar  to  the  I'roveuval,  to 
which  it  is  closely  related.  Catalonia  having  been  ruled  by 
a  line  of  French  counts  for  several  ceutiiries  before  its  union 
with  Aragon  in  11:^7.  The  language  was  early  cultivated 
iitid  bad  a  coiisiderablc  literature.' 
catalectic  (kat-a-Iek'tik),  a.  and  n.  [=F.  e^ta- 
lirliijiie  =  Sp.  ciitiileetiai  =  Pg.  catnlectieo  =  It. 
etitaUttiro,  <  LL.  riilalertieii.s,  <  Gr.  Hnra'/.i/KriKoc, 
leaving  off,  <  Ka-a'Ai/yin;  leave  otf,  <  Knrd  inten- 
sive-(- ^^}f(i',  leave  off,  cease.]  I,  11.  h\  }irn.<!.: 
(a)  Wanting  part  of  tlio  last  foot:  as,  a  entnlce- 
tic  lino  or  verse:  opposed  to  acatiileelic.  In  the 
following  couplet  the  sccoutl  line  is  catalectic,  the  tirst 
acatalectic. 

Tell  me  I  nit.  In  [  monrnflll  I  numbers, 
Life  Is  I  l>iit  An  |  empty  |  dream  ! 
Vei-ses  consisting  of  feet  of  three  or  more  syllables  arc  de- 
scribed as  calalfctic  in  a  xiillahU',  a  tliitiitlahle,  <ir  a  lrijt}il- 
liiMf,  according  to  the  nuniber  ot  syllaliles  In  the  last  or 
incomplete  foot. 

If  the  tlist  half  of  the  line  has  It*  I '2  short  times,  the 
second  or  cdUUrflic  part  wonlil  seem  to  have  but  II ;  but 
Arisloxemis,  as  we  have  seen,  rejects  the  foot  of  II  shorts 
IIS  being  unrhythmical,  3.  l/adlri;.  Essays,  p.  lo.'i. 

(/))  In  a  wider  sense,  wanting  part  of  a  foot 
or  measure:  as,  a  riiliilirtir  colon;  a  verse 
doubly  riiliileclie.  Sec  liriirli;iciiliihclic,  diciita- 
Irelie,  lii/prrealiileelie,  and  procntalcctic. 
II,  (I.  A  calalei'lic  verse. 
Catalecticant  (l<iit-ii-lek'ti-kiint),  h.  [<  Gr, 
KiiTii'/ 1 K7IIIV,  to  be  n'ci^oiied  u]i  or  counted,  ver- 
bal adj.  of /,fi7«//j/(i-,  lay  ilown,  pii'k  out,  count, 

<  «ir(l,  down,  +  h'yni;  liiy.  1  In  iiiiiHi.,  the  in- 
variant whoBO  vaniKlilngex|iieNHcH  that  aiiunn- 
lic  of  oriler  "Ji;  can  be  reduced  to  the  sum  of  « 
|iower«  of  order  '2n.     The  catalecticant  of  the  iontlc 

III,  I,,  c,  d,  t,/,i/)(x,  ii)'^  Is 

a,  b,  c,  d 

b,  r,  It,  e 

c,  d,  f.  f 
<l.  '.  /.  ff. 

loi'l  (bono  ot  other  ordorv  are  formed  In  the  same  way. 


catalogue 

catalepsy  (kat'a-lep-si),  H.  [Also,  as  LL.,  eala- 
Itpsis  (>  F.  caialepsie  =  Sp.  Pg.  etitalepsia  = 
It.  catKilcssia),  <  Gr.  KaTd/.t/ipi(,  a  grasping,  seiz- 
ing, <  KaTa'/.apjidveiv,  seize  upon,  <  Koni,  dowu, 
+  /au,3diriv  (-j/  *?.a,i).  seize,  take.  Cf.  epilepxi/.^ 
An  affection,  generally  connected  with  hy.^te- 
ria,  characterized  by  attacks  resembling  hys- 
terical coma,  with  a  peculiar  niusciUar  rigidity 
of  the  limbs;  a  similar  almonnal  state  pro- 
duced artificially  in  the  healthy  body  in  certain 
mesnu^ric  states. 

cataleptic  (kat-a-lep'tik),  a.  and  «.  [=  F.  cata- 
Irplique  =  Sp.  cataleptieo  =  Pg.  cataleptico  =  It. 
eatakttico,  <  LL.  catiilepticiw,  <  Gr.  KaraXtjTr-iKuc, 

<  Kard'/.ij'l'ii; :  see  catalepsij.']  I,  a.  Pertaining 
to,  of  the  natiu-e  of,  or  affected  with  catalepsj'. 

Silas's  ca/rt/t7>/ic' fit  occurred  duriim  the  prayerniecting. 

Geof'ft'  Elii't,  Silas  Manier.  i. 

The  young  lady  was  able  to  execute  [on  the  iuan.if<irtc), 

in  the  cataleptic  state,  what  she  apparently  had  not  learned 

and  could  not  execute  when  out  of  that  slate. 

Pop.  .So/.  .1/0.,  XIH.  450. 

II.  "•  A  lurson  affected  with  catalepsy. 

cataleptiform  (kat-a-lep'ti-f6nn),  a.  [<  LL. 
catukjisis  {-Icpt-) +  1,.  forma,  iorra.']  Resem- 
bling catalepsy. 

cataleptize  (kat-a-lep'tiz),  !'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
catalepti.:(<l,  ppr,  catalepti.:ing.  [<  catalcpt-ic 
+  -/.-('.]     To  render  cataleptic. 

A  most  remarkable  phenomenon  may  be  observed  in 
some  iustaiu'es  :  liy  merely  opening  one  eye  of  the  lethar- 
gic patient  the  coiTespoiuliug  side  of  the  bodv  is  catalep- 
tized.  Fortnigldlij  Jtec,  y.  S.,  XLI.  7.i;t. 

We  read  of  priests  being  eataleptized  at  the  altar  in  the 
attitude  of  elevating  the  sacrament. 

Quoted  in  I'm-tniflhthj  Rev.,  X.  S.,  XLI.  7:». 

cataleptoid   (kat-a-lep'toid),  a.     [<   catalcpsis 

(-h]>t-)  -t-  -iiid.']     Resembling  catalepsy, 
catalexis  (kat-a-lek'sis),   n.      [<  Gr.  Knrri/'.iyf/f, 
an  ending,  termination  (in  prosody  as  in  def.), 

<  Kara/.i/}  I IV,  leave  off:  see  catalectic.^  In  pros., 
incompleteness  of  the  last  foot  or  measure  of 
averse;  in  a  wider  sense,  incompleteness  of 
any  foot  in  a  verse.  Catalexis  is  not  the  suppression 
of  any  ihythniical  *'lcnient,  but  the  want  of  a  correspond, 
ing  syllalile  or  syllables  in  the  words  to  till  out  a  time 
(nutra)  or  times  necessary  to  the  metrical  completeness  of 
the  line.  This  space  is  tilled  out  liy  a  pause—  in  the  (juan- 
titativc  ptietiy  of  the  (irceks  and  Romans,  either  by  a  pause 
or  by  iirolonging  the  preceding  syllable. 

Lines  therefore  will  be  so  divided  into  feet  that  the  ictus 
shall  always  fall  on  the  first  syllable  of  each  foot,  admit- 
ting anacrusis  and  cafalcxin  wherever  necessaiy. 

'/'raii.<.  Amer.  Pliilol.  A.ik..  XVI.  84. 

Catallacta  (kat-a-lak'tji),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
* Kard'AAakToi,  verbal  ad.i.  of  KaTn/.yidaneiv,  change, 
exchange:  see  ealitllactics.']  A  group  of  endo- 
plastic  I'mtiKoti.  tlie  type  of  which  is  the  genus 
Magiisplmrii,  estalilislied  by  llaeckel  in  1S71: 
now  i-iillid  CiitiilUictidiv  (which  see).  See  cut 
nil  dor  Miiiiiisiili(i'i'(i. 

catallactically  (kat -a-lak'ti-kal-i),  arff.  [< 
"eiiliillaclic,  implied  in  catallactics,  q.  v.]  In 
exchange;  in  return.     [Rare.] 

Yioi  may  gi'ow  fitr  your  neighbom-,  at  your  liking,  grapes 
or  graju'shot ;  he  will  also  catttlliiclicaltii  grow  grapes  or 
grapesbot  for  you,  and  you  will  each  rcai>  what  yon  have 
sou  II.  Jiu.^kin,  Unto  this  Last,  iv. 

catallactics  (kat-a-lak'tiks),  n.  [<  (ir.  Miro/1- 
'/(iKTihor,  easy  to  reconcile,  but  taken  in  its  lit- 
eral sense  of  'cliangeablo,  liaviiig  to  do  with  ex- 
change,* <  "/inroZ/^o/iTOi;,  verbal  adj.  of  Miniy/dtT' 
aiiv,  clinnge  (money),  exchanjje,  also  reconcile, 

<  Korri,  down,  against,  +  I'l'/Aiiaativ,  change,  < 
fi'/?(ii:  :=Ji.  alius,  other;  see  c/.s'c.]  The  .science 
of  exchanges:  ailopted  by  Whately  as  a  desig- 
nation of  political  economy. 

One  eminent  writer  has  jiroposed  as  a  nanu'  for  Political 
F.ciuiomy  I'ataUacties,  or  the  science  of  exchanges. 

./.  .S'.  ,l/.7/.  Pol.  Econ.,  III.  I.  SI. 

Catallactidse  (kat-a-lak'ti-de),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ciiliilliiclii  +  -ilia:']  A  family  of  pelagic  jioly- 
miistignt(>  )ianti>Htomiitoiis  infusorians,  corre- 
sponiliiig  to  llaeckel's  group  of  Ciitiilliiela,  co- 
herent in  social  clusters,  with  their  anterior  and 
exposed  bonier  clothed  with  long  vibratile  lla- 
gillu,  mill  with  ni>  distinct  oral  aperture, 

catalog   (kiit'ii-log),   II.     A  recent  spelling  of 

CllUlltHjtlf. 

catalogue  (Uat'a-log),  «.  [Also  recently  ratn- 
I'lii .  =  I ),  l.iittiloog  =  G.  catalog,  lialaloij  =  Dim, 
.Sw.  I.oliilog  =  Rush,  Intitlogii,  <  F.  eiilnloipie  = 
Pr.  nilhiiliigiie  =  S]>.  catiiloqo  =  Pg.  It .  calalogn, 

<  1J<.  calalogits,  <  (Ir,  ftnrd/ojor,  a  list,  register, 

<  KnTii'/Jytiv,  reckon  up,  (ell  at  length,  <  mitA, 
down,  +  'Aiynv,  tell,  say.]  A  list  or  register 
of  Hopiiiate  iteiim;  an  itemized  Htalement  or 
enunii'i'atioii;  Hpeciflcnlly,  a  list  or  ennnierii- 
liiiii  ill'  tlio  iiiitneN  of  iiien  nr  things,  with  aililed 
pnrtioiilni'N,  ilisposed  in  ii  lortniii  onler,  gener- 
ally iil|iliabelical:  aH,  a  nttiilogiwot  the  slndoutl 


catalogue 

of  a  oollogo,  of  the  stars,  or  of  a  museum  or  a 
library.     See  card-catalogue. 

Jlyaelf  coulii  show  a  caluloijue  of  doubts,  never  yet 
imagined  or  (lucstioned. 

Sir  T.Browne.  ReliKio  Medici,  i.  21. 

She  is  to  l)e  added  to  the  catalof/tie  of  repuldics,  tile  in- 
scription upon  wliose  ruiu  Is,  "  They  were,  liut  tliey  are 
not."  Story,  ,Saleru,  Sept.  IS,  lH".i8. 

ir^ly  cataliiijues  of  sins  and  oaths  and  drunltcnness  and 
brutality.       '  Froude,  Skctclles,  p.  47. 

Catalogue  raisonne  (F.,  literally  reasoned  catalogue), 
a  cataloijiH-  <>i  I.H,nk.s.  jiaintinss,  or  the  like,  classed  ac- 
cording to  tlieir  siit'jrt-ts,  usually  with  more  or  less  fidl 
comments  or  e.vpliuiatitins.  =Syil.  Li-<t,  Catalof/lte.  List 
means  a  mere  enumeration  of  nidividual  persons  or  arti- 
cles, while  cataloijae  properly  .snppns,-s  some  description, 
with  the  names  in  a  certain  ordei-.  Thus  wo  speak  of  a 
subscription  list,  but  of  the  catalogue  of  a  museum  or  a 
lilu-ary. 

catalogue  (kat',a-log),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cata- 
kKjnrd,  ppr.  c(it't'ili)i/iiiiif).  [icatalofjKC,  )i.,  =  F. 
catalot/ucr.'i  To  make  a  catalogue  of ;  enter  in 
a  catalogue. 

It  [Scripture)c.aunot,  as  it  were,  bemapped  or  its  contents 
catitlnnurd.  J.  II.  Newman,  Development  of  Christ.  Doct. 
cataloguer  (kat'a-log-er),  w.  [<  catalogue  +  -ej-l; 
r=  F.  calaloyueur.']  One  who  aiTauges  and  pre- 
pares a  catalogue,  as  of  books,  plants,  stars,  etc. 
The  supposed  cases  of  disappearance  [of  stars]  arose  from 
Ctttaloiiiu'fs  accidentally  recording  stars  in  positions  where 
none  existed.  Neiecomb  and  Holden,  Astron.,  p.  446. 

cataloguist  (kat'a-lo.c:-ist),  «.  [<  catalogue  + 
-ist.'\  One  who  is  skilled  in  making  catalogues ; 
a  professional  cataloguer.     [Rare.] 

Though  not  made  by  cafalor/uists,  let  me  mention  a  some- 
what similar  mistake  caused  by  a  misleading  title. 

X.  and  Q.,  7th  ser,  II.  166. 

cataloguize  (kat'a-log-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
catalogit'i^ed,  -ppv.  cataloguwing.  [<  catalogue 
+  4se.']  To  insert  or  arrange  in  a  catalogue ; 
catalogue.     [Rare.] 

Ciataloniail  (kat-a-16'ni-an),  a.  [<  Catalonia 
(Sp.  (JiitiiliiUa)  +  -idii.  "  Cf .  Catalan.']  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Catalonia.     See  Catalan. 

catalpa  (ka-tal'pa),  }(.  [The  Amer.  Indian 
name  in  Carolina  for  the  first  species  mentioned 
below.]  1.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Catalpa. —  2. 
[co/).]  [NL.]  A  small  genus  of  bignoniaceous 
trees,  with  large  simple  leaves,  terminal  pan- 
icles of  showy  flowers,  and  long  linear  pods 
with  winged  seeds.  C.  bifjnonioidea  and  C.  speci/jsa 
are  natives  of  the  I'nited  States,  and  are  common  in  culti- 
vation as  ornamental  trees.  The  wood  is  light  and  soft, 
but  durable,  and  is  much  used  for  railroad-ties,  fence-posts, 
etc.  The  bark  is  bitter,  and  has  been  employed  <is  a  vermi- 
fuge. Two  similar  species  from  China  and  .lapan  are  occa- 
sionally cultivated.  The  other  species  are  West  Indian ; 
one  of  these,  C.  lontjissitna,  is  known  as  French  oak,  and 
its  bark  is  rich  in  tannin. 

catalysis  (ka-tal'i-sis),  n. ;  pi.  catalyses  (-sez). 
[=  F.  catalyse  =  Sp.  catallsis,  <  NL.  catalysis, 

<  Gr.  KaTa'Avnic,  dissolution,  <  KaraXvuv,  dis- 
solve, <  Kara,  down,  -I-  yveiv,  loose.  Cf.  analysis.} 

1.  Dissolution;  destruction;  degeneration;  de- 
cay.    [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Sad  catalysis  and  declension  of  piety.  Evelyn. 

The  sad  catalysis  did  come,  and  swept  away  eleven  hun- 
dred thousand  of  the  nation.  Jer.  Taylor. 

2.  A  decomposition  and  new  combination 
supposed  by  Berzelius  and  other  chemists  to 
be  produced  among  the  proximate  and  elemen- 
tary principles  of  one  or  more  compoimds,  by 
virtue  of  the  mere  presence  of  a  substance  or 
substances  which  do  not  of  themselves  enter 
into  the  reaction,  it  is  at  present  believed  that  bodies 
which  cause  catalysis  do  in  some  way  take  part  in  the 
chemical  reactions  involved,  though  they  are  in  the  course 
of  it  always  brought  back  to  their  original  condition. 

I  am  strongly  disposed  to  consider  that  the  facts  of 
Catalysis  depend  upon  voltaic  action,  to  generate  which 
threeheterogeneous  substances  are  always  necessary. 

W.  R.  Grove,  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  6. 

Catalysotype  (kat-a-lis'o-tip),  n.  [Irreg.  <  ca- 
talysis  +  typc.^  In  photog.,  a  calotj'pe  process 
in  wliieh  iron  iodide  is  used  in  tlie  preparation 
of  the  paper,  in  place  of  potassium  iodide. 

catalytic  (kat-a-lit'ik),  a.  [=  F.  catalytique  = 
Sp.  catalltico,  i.  Gr.  KaTa/urfKof,  able  to  dissolve, 

<  *Ka-iiAvTO(;,  verbal  adj.  of  KaraWbuv,  dissolve: 
see  catalysis  and  -/c]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
characterized  by  catalysis;  having  the  power 
of  decomposing  a  compound  body  apparently 
by  mere  contact ;  resulting  from  catalysis. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  the  increased  electrolytic 
power  of  water  by  the  addition  of  some  acids,  such  as  the 
sulphuric  and  phosphoric,  where  the  acids  themselves  are 
not  decomposed,  depends  upon  a  catalytic  effect  of  these 
acids.  W.  R.  Grove,  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  169. 

Catalytic  agent,  (a)  A  body  which  produces  chemical 
changes  in  another  apparently  by  mere  contact.  Thus 
yeast  resolves  sugar,  by  contact,  into  carbonic  acid  and 
alcohol.  (6)  A  medicine  which  is  presumed  to  act  by  the 
destruction  nr  euuntiTaction  of  moriiid  agencies  in  the 
blood. — Catalytic  force,  the  power  seemingly  possessed 
by  some  bodies  ti>  pruduee  changes  in  others  by  contact, 
without  themselves  undergoing  permanent  change. 


855  cataphracted 

cataljrfcical  (kat-a-lit'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  cata-  cat-and-dog  (kat'and-dog'),  a.  and  n.     I, 


lyli, 

catalytically  (kat-a-lit'i-kal-i),  adx\  In  a  cat- 
alytic, manner;  :is  a  catalytic  agent. 

I'latiauni  black  .  .  .  absorbs  800  times  its  volume  of 
oxygcTi  frotn  tlie  air,  and  in  virtue  thereof  is  a  most  active 
oxidizing  agent,  which,  in  general,  acts  catalytically,  lie- 
canse  the  Ijlack,  after  having  given  up  its  oxygen  to  the 
oxidizabie  substance  present,  at  once  takes  up  a  fresh 
supply  from  the  atmosiihere.  Hncyc,  Ilrit.,  XIX.  101. 

catamaran  (kat"a-ma-ran'),  n.  [=  F.  catima- 
roh,  <  Uiud.  tatntartiH,  <  Malayalam/i-cifa«(ar«m 
(Tamil  katluinariim),  lit.  'tied  lof;s,'<  kctta  (= 
Tamil,  Tclugu,  and  Canareso  kaltii,  a  binding,  a 
bond,  tie,  <  kattu  (cerebral  tt),  bind)  -I-  marani  = 
Tamil  maram,  a  treo,  wood,  timber.]  1 .  A  kind 
of  float  or  raft  used  by  various  peoples,  it  consists 
nsnally  of  several  pieces  of  wood  hashed  together,  thenud- 
dle  piece  or  pieces  ln-iiig  longer  than  the  others,  and  liavi?ig 
one  eml  tiu-ncd  up  in  the  f<u-m  of  a  bow.  It  is  used  on  the 
coasts  of  Coromandel,  ami  jiarticularly  at  .Math'as,  for  con- 
veying letters,  messages,  etc.,  through' the  surf  to  the  ship- 
ping in  the  roads.  Catannirans  are  also  used  in  short 
navigations  along  the  sea-shore  in  tlie  West  Indies,  ami  <m 
the  coast  of  South  America  very  large  ones  .are  employed. 
Tlie  name  was  also  applied  to  the  llat-boltomed  flre-ljoats 
built  l>y  the  English  In  I,h04,  and  cl,-s|patrlic.l.  without  suc- 
cess, against  tlic  h'rcnrli  llotilla  cnlli-itcl  in  I'.oiilogne  and 
nelghlHtiing  harbors  for  the  invasion  ol  ICngl.'uid. 

2.  Any  craft  with  twin  hulls,  the  inner  faces  of 
which  are  parallel  to  each  other  from  stem  to 
stern,  and  which  is  propelled  either  by  sail  or 
by  steam.  Sometimes  shortened  to  cat. — 3. 
A  quarrelsome  woman;  a  vixen;  a  scold:  a  hu- 
morous or  arbitrary  use,  with  allusion  to  cat  or 
catamount.     See  cat^,  4. 

At  his  expense,  you  catainuran  !  Dickens. 

She  was  such  an  obstinate  old  catamaran. 

Macmillan's  May. 

catamenia  (kat-a-me'ni-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KaTn/i7/i'ia,  prop.  neut.  pi.  of  naTa/itfVioc,  monthly, 
<  Kara,  accordrng  to,  -f-  /ir/v,  a  month,  =  L.  men- 
sis,  a  month  (see  menses),  akin  to  E.  month, 
q.  v.]  The  monthly  flowiugs  of  women;  the 
menses. 

catamenial  (kat-a-me'ni-al),  a.  [<  catamenia 
+  -al;  =  F.  catamenial.']  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  the  catamenia. 

Catametopa  (kat-a-met'o-pii),  n,  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  Kara,  domi,  4-  Metopa,  a  genus  of  crusta- 
ceans.] In  De  Blainville's  system  of  classifi- 
cation, one  of  four  families  of  brachyurous  de- 
capod crustaceans ;  the  Ocypodidm  in  a  broad 
sense:  now  called  Ocypodoidea  (which  see). 
Also  spelled  Culiim.ctopa. 

catamite  (kat'a-mit),  n.  [<  F.  catamite,  <  L. 
catamitus,  so  called  fi-om  Catamitus,  -mcitus, 
coiTupt  form  of  lianymedcs :  see  Ganymede.] 
A  boy  kept  for  imnatural  pm'poses. 

catamount  (kat'a-mount),  n.  [Also  catanioun- 
tain;  for  cat  o'  m'ount,  cat  o'  mountain  :  a,  o',  for 
of,  as  in  akin,  anew,  cat-o'-nine-tails,  o'clock,  etc. : 
see  mil,  ^4^  moH?((l.]  1.  The  cat  of  the  moun- 
tain; the  European  wildcat. —  2.  In  her.,  this 
animal  when  used  as  a  bearing,  it  is  generally 
represented  nearly  like  a  panther,  and  is  always  guardant, 
and  therefore  its  position  is  not  mentioned  in  the  blazon. 

3.  In  the  United  States  and  Canada :  (a)  A  mid- 
cat;  a  lynx;  any  species  of  the  genus  Lynx, 
which  contains  several  large  wildcats  with 
short  tails,  penciled  ears,  and  reddish  orreddish- 
gi'ay  coloration,  much  variegated  with  lighter 
and  darker  markings,  as  the  bay  lynx,  Lynx 
rufus,  or  the  Canada  lynx,  L.  canadensis.  See 
cut  under  Lynx,  (h)  The  cougar,  puma,  or 
mountain  lion,  Felis  concolor.     See  cougar. 

catamountain  (kat'a-moun'tan),  n.  and  a.  I. 
n.  Same  as  catamoxint. 

The  owl  is  abroad,  the  bat,  and  the  toad, 
And  so  is  the  cat-a-mountain. 

B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Queens. 
The  glaring  catamountain  and  the  quill-darting  porcu- 


pmc. 


Martimis  Scriblerus. 


II.  a.  Like  a  wildcat ;  ferocious ;  wildly  sav- 
age: as,  "  eat-a-mountain  looks,"  SliaJc.,  M.  "W. 
of  W.,  ii.  2.     [Rare.] 

catanadromous  (kat-a-nad'ro-mus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Kara,  down,  +  avaSpo/iog,  running  up :  see  anad- 
romoits.]  Passing  at  fixed  intervals  from  salt 
water  into  fresh,  and  returning:  applied  to  such 
fishes  as  the  salmon  and  the  shad.  Also  writ- 
ten calandromoKS. 

Catananche  (kat-a-nang'ke),  n.  [NL.,  prop. 
*Catana)ice,  <  L.  catanance,  <  Gr.  KaravdyKr/,  a 
plant  of  the  vetch  kind,  from  which  love-potions 
{epa-tKai  KaravdyKai)  were  made,  a  particular  use 
of  mravdyKi],  force,  <  aoTa,  down,  4-  amyKr/,  com- 
pulsion, force,  necessity.]  A  genus  of  cichori- 
aceous  plants  of  southern  Eirrope.  The  blue 
eupidone,  C.  ceeruUa,  is  cultivated  for  its  flow- 


yiinnilsonic,  as  a  cat  and  a  dog;  disposed  to 
disagree  or  fight;  inharmoniouB :  as,  to  lead  a 
cat-and-dog  life. 
II.  n.  Same  as  tip-cat. 
catandromouB  (ka-tan'dro-mus),  a.     See  cat- 

anadrnntfnis. 
catapan (kat-a-pan'),  n.  [F. catapan,  etc.,<  ML. 
calapanns,  catipanus,  <  MOr.  /tartVovof  =  OKuss. 
kolojjtDiu  =  OHevv.  kolo/iani,  a  eatapan,  a  trans- 
position of  It.  cnpilaiio  (>  Turk.  (/iLjiiiddn,  qap- 
lan,  etc.),  ML.  capilann.i,  a  leader,  captain:  see 
captain.]  A  high  official  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
pire ;  the  governor  of  a  south  Itallau  province 
under  the  Greek  emperors. 

A  late  unsuccessful  revolt  against  the  Greek  Catapan. 
C.  C.  Perkinn,  Italian  .Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  xxx. 

catapasm  (kat'a-pazm),  M.  [=  F.  catapasme  = 
Sp.  cutapasma,  <  Gr.  KaTinzanya,  powder,  (.xara- 
naaaeiv,  sprinkle  over,  <  Kara,  down,  over,  + 
Traaaeiv,  sprinkle.]  A  dry  powder  employed  by 
the  ancients  to  sprinkle  on  ulcers,  absorb  per- 
spiration, etc. 

catapeltict  (kat-a-pel'tik),  a.  and  n.      [<  Gr. 
KUTaTTtATiKor,  pertaining  to  a  catapult,  (.  koto- 
■KtMriC,  a  catapult:  see  catapult.]     I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  catapult. 
II.  n.  A  catapult. 

catapetalous  (kat-a-pet'a-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  KaT&, 
against,  -I-  TTiraAov,  a  leaf,  mod.  a  petal,  +  -ous.] 
In  Ijot.,  having  the  petals  united  only  through 
their  cohesion  to  the  base  of  a  column  of  united 
stamens,  as  in  the  mallow. 

Cataphasia  (kat-a-fa'zia),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kara, 
down,  -1-  ipdaii;,  a  saj-ing,  speaking,  <  ipavai,  speak ; 
cf.  aaraipaaii;,  an  affirmation.]  In  pathoL,  a  dis- 
turbance of  speech  in  which  the  patient  repeats 
the  same  word  several  times  in  answer  to  a 
question. 

cataphonic  (kat-a-fon'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Kara, 
against,  +  Cfuvi/,  sound.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
cataphonics. 

cataphonics  (kat-a-fon'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  cata- 
plioii ic ;  =  F.  cataphoniqne  =  Sp.  ca tafonica,  cat- 
aphonics.] The  theory  of  reflected  sounds,  a 
branch  of  acoustics ;  catacoustics. 

cataphora  (ka-taf'o-ra),  n.  [NL.  (>  R  cata- 
phora  =  Sp.  catuforaj,  <  Gr.  Karaipopa,  a  lethar- 
gic attack,  a  bringing  down,  a  fall,  <  KaTa<pepeiv, 
bring  down,  <  Kara,  down,  +  (pi pen;  biing,  bear, 
=  E.  fteorl.]  In  pathol.,  a  kind  of  lethargy  or 
somnolency  attended  with  short  remissions  or 
intervals  of  imperfect  waking. 

cataphoric  (kat-a-for'ik),  o.  [<  Gr.  KaTa^pmoq, 
violent,  <  Kara^po^,  rushing  down,  <  naraipepeiv, 
bring  down :  see  cataphora.]  Ha^-ing  the  power 
to  produce  motion,  as  of  a  liquid,  through  a  dia- 
phragm in  the  phenomenon  sometimes  called 
electrical  endosmose  (see  endosmose) ;  said  of 
an  electric  euiTcnt. 

cataphract  (kat'a-frakt),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  cata- 
phracte,  <  L.  caiaphracta,  -tes,  <  Gr.  Haraippa- 
KTijc,  a  coat  of  mail,  <  KuraijipaKToc,  mailed,  pro- 
tected, <  Karaippatrceiv,  cover  with  mail,  <  Kara, 
against,  -I-  (ppaaacw  (\/  "(ppax),  fence  in,  pro- 
tect.] I.  n.  1.  An  ancient  defensive  armor 
composed  of  scales  of  metal  or  other  material 
sewed  to  a  garment  of  leather  or  stuff,  and  cov- 
ering often  the  whole  body  and  the  limbs,  but 
not  the  head,  upon  which  a  helmet  of  another 
material  was  placed.  Horses  were  also  covered  with 
the  same  defensive  armor.  This  dress  was  associated  by 
Romans  of  the  early  empire  with  eastern  nations,  such  as 
the  Parthians  and  Sanuatians. 

Archers  and  slingers,  cataphracts  and  spears. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  L  1619. 

2.  In  zool.,  the  armor  of  plates  or  strong  scales 
protecting  some  animals.     J.  D.  Dana. 

H.  a.  1.  Fenced  in;  provided  with  bulwarks 
or  a  protecting  covering;  covered;  protected: 
as,  a  cataphract  war-galley. —  2.  Same  as  cat<i- 

dnhracttd. 
ataphracta  (kat-a-frak'ta),  n.pl.  [NL.,neut. 
pi.  of  L.  cataphractus,  mailed:  see  cataphracti.'] 
In  herpet.,  a  systematic  name  for  the  shield- 
reptiles,  (a)  In  Latreille's  classification,  a  division  of 
reptiles  composed  of  the  chelonians  and  crocodilians.  (6) 
In  J.  E.  Gray's  classification  (1831),  a  large  group  or  sec- 
tion of  reptiles  with  the  quadrate  bone  immovaldy  united 
with  the  crunlnm  and  the  body  generally  covered  with 
angular  embedded  plates.  It  comprises  the  orders  or 
groups  Eiinido.iauri  (crocodilians),  Rhtjnchocephalia,  Che- 
Ionia  (toit»)lsos),  and  Amphi.^b(enia. 

cataphracted  (kat'a-frak-ted),  a.  [<  cata- 
phruct  +  -crf2.]  In  zool.,  covered  with  homy 
or  bony  plates  or  scales  closely  joined  togeth- 
er, or  with  a  thick  hardened  sMn.  Also  cata- 
phract. 


eataphracti 


cataphracti 

ikat-a-frak'ti), 


856 


catasarca 


phracti,  mailed  soldiers,  pi.  of  catajthractu-s 
i  Gr.  narappoKToc.  mailed:  see  caiaphract.]  1. 
A  name  given  by  the  Bomans  to  men  wearing 
the  cataphraet ;  specifically,  a  body  of  troops 
introduced  into  the  Roman  army  itself  in  the 
fourth  century  A.  D..  and  forming  at  a  later 
time  perhaps  the  most  formidable  part  of  the 
Byzantine  armies. —  2.  [oop.]  [XL.]  In  Mtil- 
leVs  and  Giinther's  systems  of  classification: 
(a)  A  family  of  acanthopterygiau  fishes,  having 
a  bony  stay  for  the  angle  of  the  preoperculum, 
which  is  armed,  and  the  body  completely  cui- 
rassed  by  bony-keeled  plates  or  scales,  (i)  The 
fourth  group  of  TrigUda,  with  the  body  com- 
pletely cnirassed  by  bony-keeled  plates  or 
scales,  and  having  pyloric  appendages  in  small 
or  moderate  number ."—3.  [c(n>.']  [NL.]  A  fam- 
ily of  plectognathous  fishes:  same  as  Ostra- 
cioiitidw.  Fitzinger,  1873. 
cataphractic  (kat-a-frak'tik),  a.  [<  cata- 
lihrnrt  +  -iV.]  Pertaining  to  a  cataphraet ;  re- 
sembling ;i  cataphraet. 

Cataphrygian  (kat-a-frij'i-an).  n.    [<  LL.  Ca- 
taplirygcs,  pi.  (<  Gr. '/io-d,  according  to,  +  ^pv- 
yia,  Phrygia,  the  native  country  of  Montanus), 
+  -(■««.]     One  of  the  ancient  sect  of  heretics 
now  commonlv  called  Montanists.    See  Monta- 
nist. 
cataphyl  (kat'a-fil),  «.     Same  as  caiaphyllum. 
cataphylla,  «.     Plural  of  (^Uaphylhtm. 
cataphyllary(kat-a-fira-ri),  a.    [<  cdUipliyJlum 
+  -<iri/^.]     Of  the  nature  of  a  cataphyllum. 

The  two  most  comnioii  fonns  i»f  leaves  are  the  scales  or 
*^ eataphyUary  leaves  "  and  the  foliage  leaves. 

Sachg,  Botany  (trans.),  p.  193. 
cataphyllum  (kat-a-fil'um),  «.;  pi.  cataphylla 
(-ji).  [XL.  (cf.  Gr.  KaTdpv'/.'/.oc, 
leafy),<  Gr.  Kara,  down,  upon. 
4-  pi/,/.op=  1,.  folium,  leaf.] 
In  but.,  one  of  the  rudimen- 
tary leaves  which  precede 
a  stage  of  growth,  as  the  co- 
tyledons of  an  embrj'o,  the 
scales  of  a  bud,  the  scales 
of  a  rhizome,  etc.  Alsnprtfrr- 
I'l'lll 

cataphysic,     cataphysical 
(kat-a-fiz'ik,-i-kal),</.  [<Gr. 
Kara,  do«Ti,  against,  +  0i(T/f, 
nature :  see  physical.']    Con- 
trary or  opposed  to  nature : 
as,  cataphysical  laws, 
cataplasm  (kat'a-plazm),  )i. 
[=  1'.  cataplasiiie  =  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  cataplasma,  <  L.  cataphiK- 
»ia,  a  plaster,  poultice,  <  Gr. 
Kora-Aaafta,  poultice,  <  kutu- 
-'/Aaeeiv,  spread  over,  <  Kara, 
down,  +   :T/Maaeiv,  form,  shape :  see  jfl'istcr.] 
In  m«d.,  a  soft  and  moist  substance  to  be  ap- 
plied to  some  part  of  the  body;  a  poultice. 
cataplectic  (kat-a-plek'tik),  a.     [=  F.  cataplcc- 
titjiit,  <  (Jr.  hara^/j/KriKtir,  striking,  <  KaraTr'/.T/KTo^, 
aHtonishiug,  lit.  'striking  down,'  verbal  adj.  of 
KCTa:T'/j/ani(v,  strike    down:    see  cataplexy   and 
-ic]     Pertaining  to  cataplexy;   causing  cata- 
plexy; shocking  the  nervous  system.     [Rare.] 
Tlie  cainpUclic  clfect  of  niuHsivc  stiiniilulion. 

Prnr.  .Site.  Prych.  Itetearcli,  Oct.,  1880. 

catapleiite  fkat-a-pl6'it),  «.  A  silicate  of  zir- 
inniiirii  and  sodiiim,  occurring  in  tabular  hex- 
iifoiial  "Tystals  of  a  vellowish-brown  color. 

cataplexy  (kafa-plek-sj),  „.  [=  F.  catapUxic 
=  Sl>.  Pg.  calaplexia,  <  NL.  'caUtpkxia,  <  Gr. 
miTaTz/fi^,  Stricken,  struck  (cf.  kotMij^i^,  con- 
Btemation),  <  KaTajT/t/nniiv,  strike  down,  <  Kari, 
down,  +  7r/.f/naeiv  (•/  •rr/r,,  *«•/«;•),  strike:  see 
pkclriim,  pUu^uc.']  A  sudilcn  nervous  shock 
which  iiiiinobilizeH  or  paralyzes  tlic  subject. 

Altnt-M''  :  I,  'iiiriiiicciit/iricalliil.Siil.ratli.ri,  ami  which 
"•    ''  ■''■.r;/.    .   .   .   'ITiln  wonl  wiw  coined.  I 

'•  ''  ind  npiillcd  \A>  the  condition  of  licna 


pi.     [L.  cata-  catapult  (kat'a-pult),  n      [=  F.   catapulte  =  cataractine  (kat-a-rak'tin),  a.    [<  cataract  + 


iiu  1.]  Pertaining  to  a  cataract  or  waterfall; 
giving  rise  to  a  fall  of  water.     [Rare.] 

The  pluin  below  these  cataractine  glaciers  wa.^  nilin''un 
with  the  diSlins,  wliile  torrents  of  the  melted  ruhlnsh  found 
their  way,  foaming  and  muddy,  to  the  sea,  carrying  gravel 
and  rocks  along  with  them.    Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  E.\i)    I  3.(4 


Sp.  Pg.  It.  catapulta,  <  L.  catapulta,  ^ Gr.  ko- 
7a-£/.77/f  (occasionally  -n-d/.r//f),  an  engine  for 
throwing  stones,  prob.  <  *mraza'/.'/.uv,  throw 
down,  in  pass.  KaTa-a'A/.tc6ai,  leap  down,  <  Kara, 
ilown,  -I-  -a/JMv,  brandish,  swing,  hurl.]  1. 
In  Bom.  antiq.,  a  military  engine  usea  to  throw 

darts  of  great  size,  called /j/iataWca  or  trifax.  cataractOUS  (kat'a-rak-tus),  a.     l<  cataract  + 

-in(.-:]     Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  cataract 
ill  the  eye. 
cataract-spoon  (kat',a-rakt-sp6n),  ».     A  s))oon 
or  omette  for  removing  the  lens  of  the  eye  in 
operations  for  cataract. 
Catarhina,  «.  jil.    See  Catarrhina. 
catarhine,  a.  and  ».     See  catarrh  inc. 
Catarhini  (kat-a-ri'ui),  h.^;/.    Same  as  Catar- 

rliinii. 
cataria  (ka-ta'ri-a),  H.     [XL.,  <  LL.  catus  (see 
m/i)  +  -aria,  q.'v.]     A  name  of  the  catnip, 
XijKtii  Cataria. 
catarrh  (ka-tar'),  n.     l—  F.  catarrhe  =  Pr.  ca- 
tar  =  Pg.  catarrho  =  Sp.  It.  catarro,  <  L.  ca- 


Catapult. 

Its  constniction  is  nowhere  explained  with  any  fullness 
and  it  is  uncertain  whether  its  action  was  that  of  a  cross- 
how  or  whether  springs  were  the  propelling  power.  By 
later  authors  the  catapult  and  ballista  seem  to  be  con- 
founded. In  the  middle  ages  the  name  is  hartly  used 
e.tcept  where  a  writer  is  evidently  seeking  to  give  a  clas- 
sical form  to  his  composition.  In  the  annexed  "cut,  which 
represents  a  catapult  of  the  latei-  period  when  no  dis- 
tinction was  made  between  it  and  the  ballista,  F  is  the 
end  of  a  strong  lever,  which  revolves  on  an  axis  and  is 
held  down  by  a  windlass,  A.  At  the  extremity  is  a  fork 
E  t:,  with  the  prongs  curving  slightly  upward  so  as  to  af- 
ford a  bed  for  a  barrel  of  combustible  matter  or  a  heavy 
missile  conflned  by  a  rope  with  a  loop  at  the  end,  the  loop 
being  passed  through  a  hook,  D.  When  the  lever  was  re- 
leastii  it  bounded  suddenly  upward,  the  centrifugal  force 
causMiL'thi-  Io,.p  rtosbpoif  till- book,  whereupon  the  bar- 
rel held  on  the  fork  w;is  lilnrated  and  projected  toward 
its  object.  Jl  shows  rings  of  iron,  stone,  or  lead,  intended 
to  increase  the  rebound  due  to  the  stretched  cables  or 
other  devices  which  furnished  the  propelling  force. 
Bring  up  the  catapults,  and  shake  the  wall. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  iv.  4. 


tarrhus,  <  Gr.  Karappoot;,  a  catarrh,  lit.  a  flowing 
down,  <  Karappeh',  flow  down,  <  Kara,  down,  -t- 
pciv,  flow.]  Inflammation  of  a  mucous  mem- 
brane, especially  of  tlie  air-passages  of  the  head 
and  throat,  with  an  exudation  on  its  free  siu'face 
containing  mucin  and  epitheUal  cells,  but  not 
involving  a  destruction  of  the  epithelial  layer 
or  tlio  formation  of  patches  of  false  membrane, 
as  occurs  in  diphtheritic  inflammation:  as,  gas- 
tric catarrh:  vaginal  catarrh. 
catarrhal  (ka-tii'ral),  a.  [<  catarrh  +  -al ;  = 
F.  catarrhal  =  Sp.  catarral  =  Pg.  catarrhal  = 
It.  caiarraU.']  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  cat  anil ;  jiroduccd  by  or  attending  catan'h: 
as,  a  catarrhal  fever.  Also  fOta/T/iow*'.^ catar- 
rhal pneumoma.    same  as  bronchopneummiia.   See  also 


Conn  of  Crocus  with 
CatAphylla. 


ISM,  p.  14.'). 


'  '■''.  P»yc)i.  Reteareh,  Oct., 

catapotiont,  catapotiomf,  ».    [I>.  cAitapotium 

.   <ir.    uirair/iriiiv,    ,  fira-irroi;    a  pill,    orig.    th(i 
Which  can  bo  gulp.  ■!  .lown  (cf.  KarAzfimr. 
lutition),  <  KaruTTin 


catarrheous  (ka-tii're-us),  a.     [<  catarrh  + 

-(««.<.-  v(.  catarrhoii.'i.]     Same  &s  catarrhal. 

Catarrhina,  Catarhina  (kat-a-ri'ns),  ».  pi. 

.  [NL..  <«Jr.'."™,  down,  + /^'cp/i-.  the  nose.]    A 

,..„,...       ^o™™™?  »","  mtaimiu,  and  other  engines  of     section  of  (luadnimanous  mammals,  iucliidina' 

war,  thundered  furiously  upon  the  citv  doing  great  dam.     ti,„„.,  i  i  "uj^iJivio,  iu>  umiug 

age."  ^        /-Sn^,  GranadI,  p  4M.     *'^°*®  monkeys  and  apes  which  have  the  nos- 

2.  A  small  forked  stick  to  each  prong  of  which 

is  attached  an  elastic  band,  generally  provided 

with  a  piece  of  leather  in  the  middle,  used  by 

boys  for  thro-n-ing  small  missiles,  such  as  stones, 

peas,  paper  pellets,  and  the  like. 

catapultic  (kat-a-pul'tik),  a.     [<  catapult  +  -ic. 

Cf.  catapcltic.']  "Pertaining  to  a  catapult. 

catapultier  (kat"a-pul-ter'),  n.     [<  catapult  + 

-iir.  as  in  grenadier,  etc.]     One  who  discharges 

nii.ssilos  from  a  catapult.     ('.  Rcade. 

cataract  (kat'a-rakt).  «.     [<  ME.  cateracte  =  F. 

catararte  =  Pr.  cataracia  =  Sp.  Pg.  cattirata  = 

It.  catcratta  =  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  katarakt  =  Russ. 

kataraltii,  <  L.  cataracta,  also  catarracta  and 

catarractes,  <  Gr.  KarappiiKn/r,  a  waterfall,  also 

a  portcullis  (as  adj.,  down-rushing):  either  (1) 

<  Karappt/yri'vai  (second  aor.  harappa)  r/i'ai),  break 

down,  in  pass,  rusli  down,  <  narti,  down,  +  jiij- 

}vvrai,  break;  or  (11),  being  also  spoiled  Karapa- 

"'K,  <  Karapdaaeiv,  (lash  down,  lireak  in  pieces, 

fall  headlong,  <  Kara,  down,  -f  iipdnnitv,  strike 

hard,  dash  in  pieces.]     1.  A  descent  of  water 

over  a  steeply  sloping  but   not  iicrpendiciilar 

surface,  as  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile  and  the 

Orinoco;  hence,  espiiiully  in  jiootical  use,  any 

largo  waterfall,  as  thai  of  the  Niagara. 

You  cataract*  and  hiirricanoes,  spout  '. 

Shall.,  I,ear,  111.  2. 

The  tremendou9caMivji-(«  of  America  thundering  In  their 

solltudi'H.  trviiKj. 

2.  Any  furious  rush  or  downpour  of  water. 
The'  hollow  ocean-ridgcs  roaring  Into  cataraclu. 

Teitnymn,  Locksley  Hall. 

3.  A  (liHeaso  of  the  eye,  charnctorizcd  by  ojiii- 
city  of  the  lens,  it  In  oroduced  In  varioui.  wny»,  often 
lui  a  senile  rhange,  being  then  a  »iderii»lsof  the  leUK.    Cap 

Mular  calaracia,  so  called,  d t  Invidvc  an  opni|Uene»ii 

of  the  capsule  of  the  lens  ItmK,  but  of  that  part  of  the 
li:nif  which  Ih  next  to  the  cariHUle,  ru- are  dill   ' 


Skeleton  .-ind  Outline  of  a  Catarrhine  Monkey  \Cerepfiitheci4s). 
fa,  parietal;  or,  occipital;  ma,  mandihle:  C,  cervical  vcrtcbnT; 
/'.  dor^il  vcrtcbr.t ;  /.,  lumbar  vertebra: ;  st,  sternum  :  hu.  humenis; 
ra,  railius:  r</,  ulna;  cf,  carpus;  mc.  metacarpus;  it,  ilium  ;  <v, 
pelvis;/^  femur;  pal,  patella  ;  fib.  fibula  ;  lib,  libia  ;  lar,  tarsus; 
mrt,  metatarsus ;  /,  ph,ilanircs. 

trilsappiciximated,  the  aperture  pointing  down- 
ward, ;iMd  (he  intervening  septum  narrow,  as 
all  the  apes  of  the  old  world.  The  llarbarv  ape,  go. 
rilla,  cbnnpnnzcc,  oraiig,  etc.,  are  included  in  lids  scctltm. 
Opju.sed  to  Plali/rrliiiia.  Also  written  Calanliiiii.  Cata- 
rhtitt. 

catarrhine,  catarhine  (kat'a-rin  or  -rin),  a. 
and  II.  [<  fatarrhiiia.]  I.  a.  "Ot  or  pertaining 
to  the  monkeys  classed  as  Catarrhina. 

The  caiarhi, lonkeya  arc  restricted  entirely  to  the  Old 

"'"''I  II.  A.  Nicholson. 

II.  ".  A  monkey  of  the  section  Catarrhina. 
Oatarrhini  (kat-ii-ri'ni),  n.  pi.     Same  as  Catar- 
rh nm. 

catarrhish  (ka-tii'rish),  a. 

Ijike  "iilnnh;  catarrhal. 

catarrhous  (Ua-iii'ms),  a. 


t 

.leg. 
,  .,  ,  gulp  down,  (.Kara,  down, 

+  -<wo  (y/  'm,  'ffo),  dnnk:  see  potion.]     1. 
A  pill.  ■* 

llrro  b. 

Ibo  ,„/ 

2.  T>rr' 

catapur. 

l--.,v„,v' 
•Iiurge,  I,, 

The  b«rb  - 


'■<linn  lo  \mU-  the  fragrant  smack, 
"/■".ton  of  heart -caMlrig  love. 

F'tril,  Knmu'fl  Mcmnrlnl. 

iiiM),  n.     [AIK.,  also  cato/mn,  < 

I-  ,..'/,■,.,■■,■       It   ratnpu;za, 
■   'tapiifiini.  I 

■' '""  /  '  ■'  /■  '  .    Chuucir. 


opai|Ue  inalter  externally  upon  the  capHUle.  A  sccmlnru 
cntariiil  U  one  ilni^  to  an  earlier  disease  of  the  eye.  Cain 
nict«  are  probably  Incurable  i  xccpt  by  HUrglcal  trentlneut. 
The  lenn  In  eoinnionly  entirely  rcnioveil  by  un  Incision  Into 
the  eye,  or  It  Is  broken  tip  with  a  line  needband  left  to  be 
aliflorlied. 

Alnioat  hlliid 
with  cver-grnwincr  catararl. 

Tcnnytim.  The  .Slstem. 
4.  In  .fart.,  a  horse.— 6.  A  regulator  for  sin- 
Kle-acting  Mtenm-engines,  invented  by  Sniea- 
ton.  IC.  II.  limghl.—et.  The  plmigooii,  n  kind 
of  cormorant:  so  called  bccniiHo  of  its  violent 
downwMrd  lliglil  in  Helping  iln  prey.  li.  I'hiU 
lipK.  l7(Mi.  DlgclBBlon  of  cataract.  Suo  dueitfUm. 
8yn.  1.  <'a*cailr.  Cataract.     Utiv  rajt,-a4trl . 


.uaieditetoa.iepositof  catasarca't,  »."  [NL..<G 

le  eapsnle.    A  «w,ri./.ir./     .■„.....'' ..i.:..'^ -i    c^.\;_ 


[<  catarrh  +  -I'.vAl.] 

Same  as  catarrhal. 
hari'i,  upon,  -I-  nApha, 


iiec.  .if  rupi,  skin.]  Same  as  anasarca.  K.  Phil- 
lip.i,  I  Till). 
cataaarca-  (  knl-a-siir'kll),  «.  [<  MOr.  (ri))  Korn- 
niipkii,  Hull  whii'li  is  Kara  aiipKn,  next  the  skin, 
iiisidi'  or  beneath  the  Outer  covering:  si^erato- 
.wir./l.]  In  tlio  tlr.  Ch.,  the  inner  or  lower 
nltiir-.d.illi,  spri'iiil  immediately  upon  the  top 
of  till'  nllar,  and  cov(>re.l  h\  tli.^  .'peinlytes,  or 
oiil(\r  iiUnr-clolli. 

Al  Ih.'  angles  ot  the  niciisn  are  placed  f.uir  small  pieces 
of  .l.ilh.  Hynib.dl7.liiK   tlio  four  evniig.llsls.   eallcil  friun 

"I'l"   "lid  iidor I  with  their  r 

thi».  II"  .,it,i,„rkn 


live  elnblelnH  ;  over 
Hpr.Miil,  having  four 


i(  iillk  orsluir  I 
•trhiK"  ..I  ii.«».l«  at  ll«  cxtrcniltv. 

.'.  M.  Scale,  Ivnattirn  I'liurch 


I.  1S7 


catastagmus 

Catastagmust,  'J-  [NL.,  <  Ur.  KaTaaray/ioc,  a  rim- 
uiiij;  at  tlie  nose,  <  KaTamdZtiv,  drop  down,  <  kuti'i, 
dowu,  +  ard^nv,  drop,  ti-io.klo.]  lu  med.,  an  old 
term  for  coryza  and  pharyngeal  and  bronchial 
catarrh. 

catastaltic  (kat-a-stal'tik),  a.  [=  Sp:  catasldl- 
lico,  <  LL.  catasialticiix,  <  Gr.  KaTaaTu'/.nndi;,  fit- 
ted for  checking,  <  KaraaTe'kAuv,  keep  down, 
check,  <  Kara,  down,  +  ariUeiv,  arrange,  send.] 
Having  power  to  check,  repress,  or  restrain; 
inhibitory:  applied  to  medicines  which  repress 
abnormal  action,  as  astringents,  styptics,  and 
sedatives. 

catastasis  (ka-tas'ta-sis),  «. ;  pi.  catastattes 
(-sez).  [NL.  (>  F.  ciitastasc),  <  Gr.  mTaaTaau:, 
a  settling,  arranging,  setting  forth,  <  Kadtcruvai, 
settle,  constitute,  <  Kani,  down,  4-  InTanai,  set 
up,  mid.  stand,  =  E.  stand.']  1.  In  rhct.,  that 
part  of  the  exordium  in  which  the  speaker  seeks 
to  dispose  his  hearers  to  a  view  of  the  case  fa- 
vorable to  his  own  side,  especially  by  removing 
from  their  minds  what  might  prejudice  them 
against  it. — 2.  That  part  of  the  Greek  drama 
in  which  the  action,  initiated  in  the  epitasis, 
is  sustained,  continued,  and  prepared  for  the 
catastrophe. —  3.  In  med.,  constitution,  state, 
or  condition. 

catastate  (ka-tas'tat),  «.  [<  Gr.  *KaTd(7raToc, 
verbal  adj.  of  KadiaTanBai,  settle  down,  <  Kara, 
down,  -I-  idTaaSat,  stand.]  Any  one  of  the  suc- 
cessive states  in  a  continuous  series  of  cata- 
bolic  processes,  in  such  a  series  each  state  differs 
from  the  preceding  in  exhibiting  greater  stability,  less 
complexity,  and  less  contained  energy.  The  correspond- 
ing term  regarding  an  anabolic  process  is  anastate.  Also 
katastate. 

In  the  animal-cell  the  initial  anastates  seem  always  or 

at^east  generally  more  complex  than  the  final  kataslaten. 

M.  Foster,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  19. 

catastatic  (kat-a-stat'ik),  a.  [<  catastate  + -ic.'] 
Of  or  relating  to  eatastates. 

catasterism  (ka-tas'te-rizm),  re.  [<  Gr.  Kara- 
(TTepiijud^,  a  placing  among  the  stars  (Karaare- 
pia/jot  being  the  name  of  a  treatise  attributed 
to  Eratosthenes,  giving  the  legends  of  the 
different  constellations),  <  KaTaaTcpiCeiv,  place 
among  the  stars,  <  Kara,  down,  +  anrtpiCdv, 
make  into  a  star,  <  uariip,  a  star:  see  asterism.i 
A  placing  among  the  stars;  a  cataloguing  or 
catalogue  of  the  stars. 

His  catalogue  contains  no  bright  star  which  is  not  found 
in  the  catasterisnis  of  Eratosthenes. 

Wheivell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  I.  iv.  §  1. 

catastomid,  Catastomidse,  etc.  See  eatosto- 
mid,  etc. 

catastrophe  (ka-tas'tro-fe),  H.  [Formerly  also 
catastrophy ;  =  F.  catastrophe  =  Sp.  catdstrofe 
=  Pg.  catastrophe  =  It.  catastrofe  =  D.  l;uia- 
strofe  =  G.  katastrophe  =  Dan.  katastrofe  =  Sw. 
katastrof,  <  L.  catastropha,  <  Gr.  aaraoTpoiprj,  an 
overthrowing,  a  sudden  turn  or  end,  <  Kara- 
OTpiijieii;  overturn,  turn  suddenly,  end,  <  Kara, 
down,  +  arpeipsiv,  tiu'n:  see  strophe.']  1.  The 
arrangement  of  actions  or  interconnection  of 
causes  which  constitutes  the  final  event  of  a 
dramatic  piece ;  the  unfolding  and  winding  up 
of  the  plot,  clearing  up  difficulties,  and  closing 
the  play;  the  denouement.  The  ancients  divided  a 
playnito  the  protasis,  epitasis,  catastasis,  and  catastrophe ; 
that  is,  the  introduction,  continuance,  heightening,  and 
development  or  conclusion. 

Pat,  he  comes,  like  the  catastrophe  of  the  old  comedy. 

Shah.,  Lear,  i.  2. 
All  the  actors  must  enter  to  complete  and  make  up  the 
catastrophe  of  this  great  piece. 

S'lr  T.  Brou'ite,  Religio  Medici,  i.  47. 

The  Catastrophe  of  the  Poem  is  finely  presaged  on  this 

occasion.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  3*27. 

The  catastrophe,  indeed  the  wliole  of  the  last  act,  is 

beautifully  written.  Gifford,  Int.  to  Ford,  p.  xxix. 

2.  A  notable  event  terminating  a  connected 
series;  a  finishing  stroke  or  wind-up;  specifi- 
cally, an  unfortunate  conclusion ;  hence,  any 
great  calamity  or  disaster,  especially  one  hap- 
pening suddenly  or  from  an  irresistible  cause. 

Here  was  a  mighty  revolution,  the  most  horrible  and 
portentous  catastroptie  that  nature  ever  yet  saw. 

Woodioard,  Ess.  towards  a  Kat.  Hist,  of  the  Earth. 
He  fell,  but  one  sufferer  in  a  common  catastrophe. 

W.  PhilUps,  Speeches,  p.  6. 

3.  Ing'eoZ.,_an  occurrence  of  geological  impor- 
tance not  in  harmony  with  preceding  events, 
and  not  the  result  of  causes  acting  always  in  a 
given  direction;  a  cataclysm.  It  was  once  gener- 
ally believed  that  the  earth  has  "  undergone  a  succession 
of  revolutions  and  aqueous  catastnphes  interrupted  by 
long  intervals  of  tranquillity"  (Liiell).  Tlie  deluge  was 
one  of  these  great  catastrophes.  '  \  similar  view  is  the 
once  common  idea  that  all  the  living  organisms  on  the 
eartli's  surface  had  been  again  and  again  exterminated,  to 
be  succeeded  by  new  creations  of  plants  and  animals. 


857       . 

Great  changes  of  a  kind  and  intensity  quite  different 
from  tlie  common  course  of  events,  and  whicli  may  there- 
fore properly  lie  called  catastrojilies,  have  taken  place 
upon  the  earth's  surface.  Whewell. 

Tlio  old  notion  of  all  the  iidiabitants  of  the  earth  having 
been  swept  away  by  ail  tint  roplies  at  successive  periods  is 
very  generally  niviri  ii|,,  even  by  those  geologists,  as  Elie 
do  lieauniont,  Munbison,  liarrande,  etc.,  whose  general 
views  woubl  naturally  Icail  them  to  this  conclusion. 

iMrwin,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  299. 
Theory  of  catastrophes.  See  theorji  of  cataclysms,  un- 
der cnlrirhisii,.  =SjTl.  2.  Disaster,  Calamity,  etc.  (see  mis- 
Jiirliini);  i'..nsijmniatioii,  finale. 
catastrophic  (kat-as-trof'ik),  a.  [<  catastrophe 
+  -ic.']  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
catastroplie ;  cataclysmic. 

Revolution  seems  to  contain  in  every  syllable  of  its  ter- 
rifying name  something  cataHtrophic. 

CmUem]}firary  Rev.,  L.  436. 

2.  Relating  to  or  in  conformity  witli  the  views 
of  the  catastrophists;  eataelysmal. 

The  hypothesis  of  uniformity  cannot  possess  any  essen- 
tial simplicity  which,  previous  to  iiuiuiry,  gives  it  a  claim 
upon  our  assent  superior  to  that  of  the  oiiposito  cata- 
strophic hypothesis.  Whewell. 

3.  Subversive  in  a  momentous  degi'ee  of  settled 
usage  or  law. 

The  catastrophic  creation  of  Peers  for  the  purpose  of 
swamping  the  upper  house  is  ...  a  power  only  to  be 
used  on  great  occasions,  when  the  object  is  immense,  and 
the  party  strife  unmitigated. 

Baiiehot,  Eng.  Const.  (Boston  ed.),  p.  305. 
catastrophism  (ka-tas'tro-fizm),  n.  [<  cffte.s- 
trophe  ■+■  -ism ;  =  F.  catasirophisme.]  The  theo- 
retical view  of  geological  events  which  has  as  its 
essential  basis  the  idea  of  a  succession  of  catas- 
trophes :  the  opposite  of  uniformitarianism.  See 
catastrophe,  3,  and  cataclysm,  2. 

I  find  three,  more  or  less  contradictory,  systems  of  geo- 
logic thought,  each  of  which  might  fairly  enough  claim 
these  appellations,  standing  side  by  side  in  Britain.  I 
shall  call  one  of  them  Catastrophism,  another  Uniformi- 
tarianism, the  third  Evolutionism.  By  Catastrophism,  I 
meau  any  form  of  geological  speculation  which,  in  order 
to  account  for  the  phenomena  of  geology,  supposes  the 
operation  of  forces  different  in  their  nature,  or  immeasur- 
ably different  in  power,  from  tliose  which  we  at  present 
see  in  action  in  the  universe.   Huxley,  Lay  .Sermons,  p.  229. 

catastrophist  (ka-tas'tro-fist),  n.  [<  catastrophe 
+  -ist.]  One  who  believes  in  catastrophism ;  a 
cataclysmist.  The  term  is  used  in  geology  by  -writers 
on  theoretical  dynamic  geology  as  the  opposite  of  uniformi- 
tarian,  that  is,  of  one  who  considers  that  geological  causes 
now  in  action  are,  and  have  been,  essentially  the  same  from 
the  beginning.  The  catastrophist  maintains  that  there 
have  been  catastrophes,  or  sudden  violent  changes  in  the 
order  of  nature,  such,  for  instance,  as  would  cause  the  ex- 
termination of  all  forms  of  life  upon  the  globe,  or  cover  it 
with  ice. 

The  catastrophist  is  affirmative,  the  imiformitarian  is 
negative  in  his  assertions.  Whewell. 

For  a  generation  after  geologists  had  become  uniformi- 
tarians  in  Geology,  they  remained  catastrophists  in  Biol- 
ogy. H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  17. 

catastrophyt  (ka-tas'tro-fi),  m.  Obsolete  spell- 
ing of  catastrophe. 
Catawba  (ka-ta'bii),  n.  1.  A  variety  of  native 
grape,  with  red  fruit,  much  cultivated  in  the 
middle  United  States,  taking  its  name  from  the 
Catawba  river  in  the  Carolinas,  where  it  was 
first  raised. —  2.  The  wine  made  from  this  grape. 
It  is  a  light  wine,  of  rich  muscadine  flavor,  much  used  in 
the  United  States.  Both  still  and  sparkling  Catawba  wines 
are  made. 

Very  good  in  its  way 
Is  the  Verzenay, 
Or  the  .Sillery  soft  and  creamy  ; 
But  Cataivba  wine 
Has  a  taste  more  divine, 
More  dulcet,  delicious,  and  dreamy. 

Longfellow,  Catawba  Wine. 

cat-back  (kat'bak),  n.  Naiit.,  a  small  rope  fas- 
tened to  the  hook  of  the  cat-block  to  facilitate 
hooking  into  the  ring  of  the  anchor. 

cat-beamt  (kat'bem),  «.  Kant.,  the  longest 
beam  of  a  ship,  and  one  of  the  principal  ones. 

catbill  (kaf- 
bil),  n.  A  wood- 
pecker. [North. 
Eng.] 

catbird  (kaf- 
berd),  n.  A  well- 
known  oscine 
passerine  bird 
of  North  Amer- 
ica, Mimus  caro- 
Unensis,  one  of 
the  mocking- 
thrushes,  relat- 
ed to  the  mock- 
ing-bird. It  is  of 
a  dark  slate-color, 
with  a  black  cap 
and  a  red  vent,  and 
is  so  called  because 
its  cry  of  alarm  re- 
sembles the  mewing  of  a  cat. 
viu-ied,  and  highly  musical. 


Catbird   {Mimus  carolinensis). 


Its  proper  song  is  voluble, 
It  abounds  in  the  shrubbery 


catch 

of  the  eastern  United  States,  builds  a  coarse  nest  in  bushes, 
lays  from  4  to  (i  dark-green  eggs,  and  is  migratory  and  in- 

scctivordiis. 

cat-blash  (kat'blash),  n.  Anything 
thin  or  sloppy,  as  weak  tea.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

cat-block  (kat'blok),  «.  [=  D.  Dan. 
katblok:  seera(l  and  l)lock^.]  Xaut., 
a  two-  or  three-fold  block  witli  an 
iron  straj)  ami  largo  liook,  used  to 
draw  up  an  atidior  to  the  cat-head. 
cut  under  rat-head. 

cat-boat  (kat'bot),  «.  A  boat  having  a  cat-rig. 
In  England  cat-boats  are  known  as  Una-boati,  pmhably 
from  the  name  of  the  first  cat-rigged  boat  used  there. 

The  impudence  with  which  a  cat-lxjat  will  point  into  the 
wind's  eye  is  simply  marvellous. 

Quail rouijli,  Boat-Sailer's  Manual,  p.  39. 

catbrain  (kat'bran),  n.  A  kind  of  rough  clay 
nii.\(  il  Willi  stone.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cat-brier  (kat'bri'''tr),  n.  A  name  given  in  the 
V'niti'd  States  to  species  of  Smilax. 

catcall  (kat'kal),  re.  [<  cat^  +  call^.]  A 
squc'aking  instrument  used  in  playhouses  to- 
express  disapprobation  or  weariness  of  the  per- 
formance, or  a  sound  made  in  imitation  of  the 
tone  of  this  instrument. 

The  cat-call  has  struck  a  damp  into  generals  and  fright- 
ened heroes  off  the  stage.  Addison,  The  Cat-Call. 
He  [play-writer]  sees  his  branded  name,  with  wild  affright, 
And  hears  again  the  catcalls  of  the  night.  Crabbe. 

catcall  (kat'kal),  v.  t.  [<  catcall,  n.]  To  ex- 
press disa[)proljation  of  hy  sounds  produced  by 
or  like  those  of  the  catcall. 

His  cant,  like  Merry  Andrew's  noble  vein, 
Catcalls  the  sects  to  draw  'em  in  again. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Pilgrim,  1.  40. 
She  had  too  much  sense  not  to  know  that  it  was  better 
to  be  hissed  and  catcalled  by  her  daddy  than  by  a  whole 
sea  of  heads  in  the  pit  of  Drury  Lane  theatre. 

Macaulay,  Madame  D'Arblay. 

cat-castle  (kat'kas-1),  re.  In  the  military  engi- 
neering of  the  middle  ages,  a  kind  of  movable 
tower  to  cover  the  sappers  as  they  advanced  to 
a  besieged  place.  Farrow,  Mil.  Eneyc. 
catch^  (kach),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  caught  (obso- 
lete or  vulgar  catched),  ppr.  catching.  [<  ME. 
catchcn,  cachen,  cacchcn,  kachcn,  kacchen  (also 
kecchcn,  >  E.  dial,  ketch)  (pret.  caught,  cought, 
eaughte,  caugte,  cahte,  caste,  kagte,  etc.,  rarely 
cached,  katched,  pp.  caught,  caght,  kauht,  caht, 
cast,  eta.,  rarely  cached,  cachet)  =  D.  kaatsen 
=  MLG.  katzen,  play  at  tennis,  <  OF.  cacher, 
cachier,  cacier  (Picard),  reg.  assibUated  chacier, 
F.  chasser  (>  E.  chase^,  q.  v.)  =  Pr.  cassar  = 
OSp.  cahzar,  Sp.  ca^ar  =  Pg.  cagar  =  It.  cacci- 
are,  chase,  himt,  <  ML.  "captiare  (for  which  only 
caciare  is  found),  an  extended  form  of  L.  cap- 
tare,  catch,  catch  at,  chase,  freq.  of  cupere,  pp. 
cajitiis,ii\ko:  see  capable,  captive,  etc.  Cf.chase^, 
a  doublet  of  caic/il.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  chase; 
drive;  hunt. 

Ase  thet  bote  weter  [hot  water]  cacheth  thane  hond 
[hound]  out  of  the  kechene  [kitchen]. 

Ancren  Riwle,  p.  171. 
Likes  nan  of  thaim  my  play 
Bot  alle  thar  kache  [var.  chasse]  me  away, 

Enff.  Metrical  Homilies  (ed,  J.  Small),  p.  l.^l. 
As  thow  seest  in  the  sauter  in  psalme  one  or  tweyue. 
How  contricioun  is  commended ;  for  it  caccheth  aw-ey 
synne.  Piers  Plo^eman  (B),  xii.  178. 

Nowe  kyngis,  to  cache  all  care  away 
Sen  3e  ar  comen  oute  of  youre  kytht, 
Loke  noght  ye  legge  agayne  oure  lay, 
Uppon  pej-ne  to  lose  both  lyme  and  litht. 

York  Plays,  p.  131. 

2t.  To  approach ;  go  to  seek  speech  with. 
The  knyghte  coueride  on  his  knees  with  a  kaunt  herte. 
And  eaughte  his  Creatom-e  that  comfurthes  us  alle. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  2195. 
3t.  To  reach ;  arrive  at. 

The  comely  coste  of  Xormandye  they  cacTiene  fulle  evene, 
And  blythely  at  Barflete  theis  bolde  are  arryfede, 
And  fyiidys  a  flete  there  of  frendez  ynewe. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  834. 

4.  To  reach  in  pursuit  or  Isy  special  effort,  as 
a  moving  object  or  one  about  to  move :  come 
up  to:  as,  I  caught  mv  friend  on  the  road,  or 
just  starting;  to  catcli  the  train. —  5.  To  lay 
hold  of;  grasp;  seize;  take:  as,  to  catch  a 
sword  by  the  handle. 

William  curtesli  caujt  the  quen  of  hire  palfray. 

Wiiliam  of  Paleme  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  4302. 
The  mild  hind 
Makes  speed  to  catch  the  tiger. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 
Ready  to  catch  each  other  hv  the  throat. 

Shak.,  Rich.  m..  i.  3. 
Giving  my  book  to  my  servant  when  I  measured,  a  young 
man  cauyfit  it  out  of  his  hand  and  ran  away  with  it. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  113. 

Specifically — 6.  To  intercept  and  seize  (some- 
thing approaching  or  passing,  especially  in  the 


catch 

air) :  as,  to  catch  a  baU.— 7.  To  take  captive, 
as  in  a  snare  or  trap:  take  with  a  hire  or  bait ; 
insnare:  entrap:  as,  to  catch  mice  or  birds;  to 
catch  fisli :  often  used  figui-atively  in  this  sense. 
Yn-to  mv  discipillis  will  1  go  agayne, 
Kvndelv  to  comiorte  tliam 
That  tacchid  are  in  care.       York  Plays,  p.  243. 
They  send  unto  him  certain  of  the  Pharisees  and  of  the 
lit-roilians,  to  catch  him  in  his  words.  Mark  xiL  13. 

I  did  eat  a  dish  of  mackarel,  newly  calched,  for  my 
breakfast.  .P'i'."---  Mary.  I-  "■ 

lliis  Xorth  American  species  [Drosera  Jili/onnii]  .  .  . 
<itv-hcti  according  to  Jlrs.  I'reat,  au  e.^ct^.1ordina^y  num- 
ber of  small  and  lar^e  insects. 

Dartrin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  2S1. 

S.  To  seize  after  pui-snit  or  search ;  appreliend; 
arrest:  as,  to  catch  a  thief  or  a  runaway  horse. 

This  year,  I  hope,  my  friends,  I  shall  'scape  prison. 

For  all  yom-  cares  to  catch  me. 

Fletcher,  Beggai-s'  Bush,  iv.  3. 

S.  To  get ;  obtain ;  gain  possession  of;  acquire. 
Therfore,  lady.  &  it  like  you,  lighten  your  chere ; 
Comf ord  you  kyndly,  kaccheg  sum  rest. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3303. 
No  couert  mist  tliei  tacche,  the  cuntre  was  so  playne. 

Waiiam  o/  PaUrne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2217. 
This  Kin'.!dome  was  diuersly  rent,  cuery  one  ca(c/iin^so 
much  as  his  might  could  bestow  on  his  amiiition. 

Purchait,  Pilgrimage,  p.  2S1. 

Torment  myself  to  catch  the  English  crown. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

10.  To  seize  upon  by  attraction  or  impression; 
take  and  fix  the  attention  of;  hence,  to  gain  in- 
fluence over;  captivate. 

You  think  you  liave  caught  me,  lady ;  you  think  I  melt 
now .  like  a  dish  of  May-biitter,  and  run  all  into  brine  iind 
passion.  lieau.  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  iii.  1. 

Tlie  soothing  arts  that  catch  the  fair.  Drydcn. 

The  flncncy  and  the  personal  advantages  of  the  yoimg 
orat*)r  instantly  caught  the  car  and  the  eye  of  bis  audi- 
.©nce.  Slacaulay,  William  Pitt. 

The  gross  and  camat  temper  in  man  is  far  more  easily 
caught  by  power  than  by  love. 

GladMone,  Might  of  Rigllt,  p.  60. 

11.  To  seize  or  apprehend  by  the  senses  or  the 
intellect:  as,  to cateA  sight  of  something. 

In  an  yll  t>Tne 
Kaughtid  thon  in  that  craft  cunnyng  of  happes. 

AliMuuder  n/  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1087. 
Cleopatra,  catching  but  the  least  noise  of  this,  dies  In- 
stantly. Shak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  2. 
I  caught  a  glimpse  of  hU  face.       Tennyson,  JIaud,  xiii. 
Men  remark  figure:  women  always  catch  the  expres- 
sion.                                                Enierson,  Misc.,  p.  338. 

12.  To  get;  receive. 

He  that  cacchith  to  him  an  yiiel  name, 
It  is  to  him  a  foule  fame. 

Baljeea  Book  (E.  E.  T.  .S,).  p.  39. 
Fight  closer,  or,  good  faith,  you'll  catch  a  blow. 

Shak.,  3  Uen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 
The  Church  of  Carnac  by  the  stranil 
Catches  the  westering  sini's  hist  tires. 

M.  Arniild,  -Stanzas  from  Carnac. 

13.  To  be  affected  or  influenced  by;  become  af- 
fected by  or  infected  with:  take:  as,  to  catch 
cold  or  the  measles;  to  catch  fire. 

A  man  takes  mercury,  goes  out  of  dooi-saml  catches  coVX. 
J.  S.  Mill,  Ixiglc,  iii.  f>. 

14.  To  entangle  with  or  entrap  in:  as,  she 
cauijht  the  fringe  of  her  shawl  on  the  door-knob. 
— 15.  To  seize  upon  or  attack;  fasten  ui)on;  be- 
con)e  commiiuicated  to:  as,  the  fire  caiit/ht  the 
atljoining  buildings. — 16.  To  coiuo  on  sudden- 
ly, unexpectedly,  or  accidentally:  as,  they  were 
cauijht  in  the  act. 

We  slmll  catch  them  nt  their  sport; 

Anil  iMirHUildi-n  coming  there 

Will  donlfle  all  their  Intrlli  and  chere. 

.Villon,  Connis,  I.  05.H. 

Catch  me  t  (catch  him !  catch  her  I)  an  emphatic  phrase 

ni'imlng  thai  there  U  no  liki-lihooil  or  poMthillty  of  one's 

iloiri^'  something  snggcHted  :  iw.  W'iW   \on  lend  him  the 

,„.„,.■    fiiirh  inei   |r..iioi|.j     Catch  the  ten,a  giime 

of  .rnroon  in  .S<-otlarMl.  wi  riitinrtl  fioni  the  (leMlra* 

I'l  Mti^  the  ten  of  trninpH,  which  counts  10  and 

f .  i    oy  any  hoiior-caril.     The  gunie  resenililes 

«  'h:i(  the  knave  ciiilntjf  11,  tlo'  n'-f  4.  the  king 

?,  II  ■'.:  it  u  Jilaycd  Willi  ;ti.  ,  .mis.  all  liejiiw 

II.  '  thrown  out,  and  too  jioint .  iiiiiKi- game. 

T;"  ■  iir  hare,  a  dlreeiloii  ,.<■.  Ill  I  iiig  In  later 

I  M.wneookerylMMikattriliiiteil  to.Mm. 

t.  >  iipliorUm  In  the  eileet  tliut.  before 

,      I    !,'  r  ■  ip.  .\:<'  ftnri-  of  the  poH- 

I     ''  from  II  Miliprlnt, 

i,  '  of  tonkin.   Prop. 

Mm  -li.ii  I-.      liiHt  cy-f  {hklii)  your 

■  caM^:-,,.t     To  catch  a  crab.   Sie-ni'.i. 

:•  .i  Tatar.    ""  Toinr.    To  catch  hold  of, 

■  V  hold  of.  -  To  catch  It,  I"  get  a  Mol.lliig, 
■  I  other  nnplcnMunt  treatment  or  ciiK-rleni-e. 

*   thonuh.  on  fin'liing  the  May  of  111*,  iiy, 
I  the  roll  li'fl  l.>  11  big  AllMllle  utiirm. 
K.  .Snrlnriti^,  In  tlic  Hondnn,  p.  ::. 
To  catc).  :   AVI:',  lo  take  leave. 

r.<  ili'll  M  Kwllhc 
y»\  '1       =1.  ,.( theoinillsrde  he  caccrt  hUf«u«. 

nuiiam^PaUnuiK.  F..T.  8.),  I.  S6.1. 


S58 

Thanne  seig  thei  no  socour  but  sunder  thanne  thei  moete ; 
With  clipping  &  kessing  thei  kaujt  here  leue. 

William  „/ Palernc  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  1053. 

To  catch  one  a  blow,  to  inllict  a  lilow  on  one.  (Colloq.l 
—  To  catch  one  on  the  hip,  to  get  tl»e  advantage  of 
one;  get  one  under  ones  power.  See /ii/>l. —  To  catch 
out,  in  base-tfall.  cricket,  and  similar  games  to  jint  (the 
striker)  out  by  catching  a  batteil  ball  before  it  has  touched 
the  ground.  See  bate-ball.— 1o  catCh  up.  (n)  To  take 
up  suddenly ;  snatch  up. 

I  caught  up  a  little  garden-girl,  .  .  .  put  a  napkin  in 
her  hand,  and  made  her  my  butler. 

Lady  Holland,  Sydney  Smith,  I.  vii. 
(b)  To  lift  or  raise  to  a  higher  elevation. 

I  knew  a  man  .  .  .  caught  up  to  tlie  tliird  heaven. 

2  Cor.  xii.  2. 

Her  child  was  caught  up  unto  God,  and  to  his  throne. 

Kev.  xii.  r>. 

H.  in  trans.  1.  To  take  hold  with  the  hand 
or  hands;  grasp.  Specifically — 2.  To  act  as 
catcher  in  the  game  of  base-ball. — 3.  To  ac- 
quire possession. 

Have  is  have,  however  men  do  catch. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 

4.  To  be  entangled  or  impeded;  become  fixed; 
remain  fast :  as,  his  clothes  caugh  /  in  the  briers ; 
the  lock  catches. 

Don't  open  yonr  mouth  as  wide  as  that,  yoimg  man,  or 
it'll  catch  so  and  not  shut  again  some  day. 

Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv.  16. 

The  little  island  has  such  a  celebrity  in  travel  and  ro- 
mance, tliat  I  feel  my  pen  catching  in  the  taMers  of  a 
threadbare  theme.       "  IIouvlls,  Venetian  Life,  xiii. 

5.  To  take  proper  hold  so  as  to  act :  as,  the 
bolt  does  not  CO  fiV). —  6.  To  be  eommimicable 
or  infectious ;  spread  by  or  as  if  by  infection. 

Does  the  sedition  catch  from  man  to  man. 
And  rujl  among  their  ranks'?    Addison,  Cato,  ii.  G, 
His  eloquence  caught  like  a  ilame, 
From  zone  to  zone  of  the  world. 

Tennyson,  Dead  Prophet. 

7.  To  endeavor  to  lay  hold  of;  be  eager  to  get, 
use,  or  adopt :  -with  at. 

Saucy  lictors 
Will  catch  at  us,  like  strumpets. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2. 

Now,  like  those  that  are  sinking,  they  catch  round  at  that 
which  is  likeliest  to  hold  them  up. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

He  can  receive  no  pleasure  from  a  casual  glimpse  of 
Nature,  but  must  catch  at  it  ju*  an  object  of  instruction. 
Lamti,  Old  and  New  Schoolmaster. 

Catch  as  catch  can,  in  wrestling,  to  grapple  in  any  or. 
dinary  and  legitimate  manner.  — To  catch  on,  to  appre- 
hend;  understand.  [Slang,  U.  S.|  To  catch  up,  to  get 
to  the  same  point  (in  place  or  in  w  ork) ;  get  even  or 
abreast,  usually  by  special  effort,  as  in  a  race,  a  journey, 
study,  etc.:  absolute,  or  with  with. 
catchl  (kaeh),  ».  l<catc.h'^,i:  Cf.  c7m.«el,  n.]  If. 
The  act  of  catching  or  seizing ;  seizure. 

She  would  faine  the  catch  of  Stre]>Iioii  flie. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

Specifically — 2.  In  hasc-hall  and  similar  games, 
the  catching  and  holding  of  a  batted  or  thrown 
ball  before  it  touches  the  ground. — 3.  Any- 
thing that  seizes  or  takes  hold,  tliat  cliocks  mo- 
tion or  tlie  like,  as  a  hook,  a.  nitcliot,  a  pawl,  a 
S)iring-bolt  for  a  door  or  lid,  or  any  other  con- 
trivance employed  in  macliinery  for  the  pur- 
pose of  sto])ping  or  cliecking  certain  move- 
ments.— 4.  A  choking  or  stoppage  of  the  breath. 

Heard  the  deep  catches  of  his  labouring  breath. 

Maeiiiillan's  Mag. 

5.  Tlie  posture  of  seizing;  a  state  of  )irejiara- 
tion  to  catch,  or  of  watching  an  opportiuuty  to 
seize.     [Archaic] 

Both  of  them  lay  upon  the  catch  for  a  great  action. 

Addison,  Ancient  .Medals. 

6.  Anything  caught;  ospecially,  a  prize  or 
booty;  somclliiiig  vahiahlo  or  desirable  ob- 
taiiied  or  to  be  obliiincil;  a  gain  or  an  advan- 
tage ;  often,  coUoiiuially,  one  desirable  as  a 
husband  or  -wife  on  account  of  wealth  or  posi- 
tion. 

Hector  shall  have  a  great  catch  if  ho  knnck  out  cither 
of  your  brains.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  II.  1. 

.She  entered  freely  Into  the  stale  of  Inr  affairs,  asked 
hJH  advice  upon  money  malterh,  and  fully  provi'd  to  bin 
natlnfactlon  that,  Inileneniletit  of  her  Inanty,  she  would 
be  n  milch  greater  eaten  than  Fran  VandcmlooHh. 

Marrynl,  Siiarleyyow,  I.  xx. 

Kpeeifically  —  7.  Infinhimi,  the  (|uanlity  of  fish 
taken :  aH,  the  catch  on  tlie  Banks  during  tho 

HCIlHOn. 

In  order  to  arrive  nt  a  memiure  of  Ihc  Inrrcnfie  or  ile- 
ileiuieof  the  shall  flxhehiH  of  Ihe  Allnnlli' count  rlveni,  II  1h 
neeeiuwiry  t4>  compare  the  aggregate  catch  In  llie  princi- 
pal rivers.  .Science,  VI.,  No.  14f>,  Slljip. 

8.  A  snatch ;  a  short  inter\'al  of  action. 

It  has  bien  writ  by  calchm.  Locke 

0.  Ahold;  n  grasp;  agrip.— lOf.  A  slight  or 
I'lirtial  rocollootion. 


catching 

■We  retain  a  catch  of  those  pretty  stories,  and  our  awak. 
ened  im.agination  smiles  in  the  recollection. 

Glancille,  Seep.  Sci. 

11.  A  trick;  something  by  which  one  may  be 
entrapped. 

To  [tool  Kynde,  ne  to  KepNiig,  and  warre  Knavis  cacches. 
Babecs  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  9. 

12.  In  music,  oi'iginally,  an  unaccompanied 
round  for  three  or  more  voices,  written  as  a 
continuous  melody,  not  in  score.     Later,  a  lonnd 

the  words  of  which  were  so  selected  that  it  was  possilile, 
either  iiy  means  of  the  prontinciatioii  or  by  the  inlerw  cav- 
ing of  the  words  and  phrases,  to  give  to  the  different  voices 
or  jiarts  ludicrous  ertects.     (rrorc. 

Shall  we  rouse  the  night-owl  in  a  catch  that  will  draw 
three  souls  out  of  one  weaver?  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 

catch-t,  "•     -Aji  obsolete  form  of  keich^. 

The  Ileete  did  sail,  about  103  in  all,  besides  small  catches. 
Pepi)s,  Diary,  April  25,  166!). 

catchable  (kach'a-bl),  a.  [<  cate/A  +  -ahle.'] 
Cajiable  of  being  ciuglit. 

The  eagerness  of  a  knave  inaketh  him  often  as  catehatde 
as  the  ignorance  of  a  fool.  Lt>yd  Ilali/ax. 

catch-all  (kach'al),  H.  [<  catcli^  +  obj.  all.'\  1. 
Somethingused  as  a  general  receptacle  forodds 
and  ends,  as  a  table,  biu-eau,  chest,  etc.;  espe- 
cially, a  basket  or  bag  prorided  for  the  purjiose. 
[Colioq.] — 2.  A  tool  for  recovering  broken 
tools  from  a  boring. 

catch-bar  (kaeU'biir),  n.  A  bar  which  depresses 
the  .ineks  of  a  knitting-machine. 

catch-basin  (kach'ba'su),  n.  1.  A  reservoir 
placed  at  the  point  of  discharge  of  a  jiipe  into  a 
sewer,  to  retain  matter  which  would  not  pass 
readily  thi-ough  the  sewer.  Such  basins  are 
arraugeti  so  that  they  can  be  emptied  as  often 
as  is  necessary. —  2.  A  reservoir,  especiallyj'or 
catching  and  retaining  surface-drainage  over 
large  areas. 

It  may  fairly  be  questioned  .  .  ._  whether  any  exten- 
sion of  forests,  or  system  of  catch-basins  or  reservoirs, 
couUl  ptissihly  retain  or  mitigate  to  any  considerable  ex- 
tent such  general  and  overwhelming  floods. 

.Science,  III.  .'(72. 

catch-bolt  (kach'bolt),  n.  A  door-bolt  which 
is  jiressod  backward  as  tlie  door  closes,  but 
wlicn  the  door  is  shut  springs  forward  into  a 
socket  in  the  .iamb. 

catch-club  (kach'klub),  n.  A  club  or  society 
formed  tor  singing  catches,  etc. 

catch-drain  (kach'dran),  H.  1.  A  drain  along 
tlio  side  of  a  canal  or  other  conduit  to  catch 
the  surplus  water. —  2.  A  drain  running  along 
sloping  ground  to  catch  and  convoy  the  water 
flowing  over  the  surface.  When  a  meadow  is  of 
coll^i<ler:ltlle  extent,  and  has  an  abruiit  descent,  the  water 
i>  often  stopped  at  intervals  by  catch-drains,  so  as  to  spread 
it  over  the  adjoining  surface. 

catcher  (kach'er),  n.    [<  ME.  cachcrr,  a  liunter; 
<  ir(/<7(  -I-  -c/'t.     Cf.  c/ia.sc;'!.]    If.  A  chaser;  a 
hunter. 
Then  thise  cachcrcs  that  couthe  cowpled  hor  honniles. 
Sir  Oawayne  and  the  Oreen  Knight  (Ii.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  n.S9. 

2.  One  who  catches;  that  which  catches,  or  in 
which  anything  is  caught. 

That  great  catcher  and  devourcr  of  souls. 

South,  Sermons,  x. 

SpeclHenlly — (a)  In  ttase-hnll  and  similar  games,  the  pl.Tyer 
who  stands  behind  the  bat  or  home-base  to  catch  llic  liall 
when  pitched.  See  Imselpall.  (Ii)  In  mining:  (1)  .\n  ar. 
rangement  to  prevent  overwinding,  or  raising  the  cage 
t4io  high  as  it  comes  out  of  Ihc  shaft.  Also,  in  Leicester, 
shire,  F.ngland,  the  eiinivaleiil  of  eagc-shuts  (which  sec). 
(2)  III  geiu-ral,  any  arrangement  nt  the  month  of  the  shaft, 
or  on  the  immp,  iiy  means  of  which  accidents  may  be  pre- 
vented in  ease  a  part  of  the  iiinchinery  gives  way.  (c)  ;»/. 
In  ornith.,  the  raptorial  Iiirdrt,  or  birds  of  prey:  a  term 
trnliKlating  Vajtlantes,  one  of  the  names  of  tliu  order. 
3t.  Ono  who  sings  catches. 

Itiil  where  bo  my  catehcrst  Come,  a  round,  and  so  let 
us  drink,  •  Bronie,  .lovlal  Crew,  iv. 

catcherelf,  ".  [ME.  cnchrrd  (ML.  reflex  oi- 
rhiiri  //«.s),  <  cachcii,  catchcii,  catdi,  +  leriii.  -ercl, 
as  in  rnchcrcl.  Cf.  catchpoll.^  A  catchpoll. 
Uri(iht. 

catch-feeder  (kach'f6'd6r),  «.  A  ditch  forir- 
riL'iil  i'>ii. 

catch-fly  (Uach'lli),  n.  Tho  popnliir  name  of 
K]ieei('s  of  pliinls  belonging  to  tho  genus  ,silnic, 
iind  of  Jjifliiii.s  Viscaria,  given  on  account  of 
their  gliiiiiiouK  stems,  wliich  Honietiines  retain 
NiMiill  insects.  Tho  Hleepy  calcb-lly  is  l^ilcno 
iinlirrhinn, 

catch-hook  (kacli'ln'ik),  «.  An  iron  bar  with  a 
hinged  tongue,  used  ill  hauling  larg(>  iron  ]>ipeg. 

The  hliigeil  end  Is  pushed  Into  the  bore  of  the  pipe,  nllll 
the  tongue  JiiinH  and  Is  llrmly  held  against  Itn  Inner  alir- 
fii.i-  will., I  if„.  bar  Is  pulled, 
catching  (kach'ing),  ;).  it.  [I'pr.  of  catcli'',  r.j 
1.  (  uiiiinunicating,  or  liable  to  bo  coiuuumi- 
cated,  by  contagion;  infectious. 


catching 

'Tis  time  to  give  tliem  physic,  their  diseases 

Are  growu  so  caMiin;/.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  3. 


859 

Saul  sente  eatchepoUU  [h.  lictorcH]  for  to  taltc  David. 

Wydif,  1  Ki.  xix.  20. 
Quil<liche  cam  a  cacchepot  and  cralieii  a-two  liere  ledges. 
l^wrn  J'lowman  (CJ,  xxT.  76. 
Let  not  thy  scores  come  i-obije  tliy  needy  purse, 
Malte  not  tlie  catclipul  ricli  Ijy  tliiiie  arrest. 

Oamoir/iie,  Steele  (Jlas,  ij.  07.    (Arlier.) 
There  sliall  l)e  two  Serjeants  at  .\lacu,  of  wliom  tile  Crst 


Your  words  are  a  grenadier's  march  to  my  heart !  I  be- 
lieve courage  must  be  catching ! 

Sheridan,  Tlie  Rivals,  iii.  4. 
2.  Captivating;  charming;  attracting:  as,  a 
catchinij  melody ;  a  catchin/j  manner. 

That  Uhetorick  is  best  which  is  most  seasonable  and 
most  catchiiifi.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  95. 

3t.  Acquisitive ;  greedy. 

Thet  made  be  brought  luellis  and  alio  othir  richesse, 
and  yaf  it  to  hym  to  se  whedir  he  wolde  be  eouetouse  ancl 
cacelijin;ie.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  100. 

catching-bargain  (kach'ing-bar"gan),  ».    In 

law,  a  bargain  made  with  the  heir  apparent  or 

expectant  of  a  succession  for  the  pui'chase  of 

his  expectancy  at  an  inadequate  price. 
catch-land  (kaoh'land),  «.     Formerly,  in  Eng- 
land, land  the  tithes  of  which  for  any  year  fell 

to  the  minister  who  first  claimed  them  for  that 

year,  because  it  was  not  known  to  which  of  two 

parislies  tlie  land  belonged. 
catch-line  (kach'lin),  11.    In  printing,  a  short 

line  of  small-sized  type  between  two  longer 

lines  of  larf,'cr  displayed  type. 
-catch-match  (kaeh'maoh),  n.    An  agreement 

concluded  hastily,  so  that  one  party  is  taken  at  catchweed  (kach'wed),  n.    [<  eatclii  +  wcccft.'] 

a  disadvantage.  A  weed  which  readily  catches  hold  of  what 

catch-meadow   (kach'med"6),   n.     A  meadow    '■omos  in  contact  with  it;  cleavers. 

which  is  irrigated  by  water  from  a  spring  or  catchweight  (kaeh'wat),>(.  [<  catch^  +  weight  : 

rivulet  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill.  that  is,  the  weight  one  has  at  the  moment.] '    In 

catchment  (kaeh'ment),  n.    [<  catch'^  +  -mcnt.']     horse-racing,  a  weight  left  to  the  option  of  the 

Uraiuage:  rarely  used  except  in  the  following 

phrases — Area  of  catchment,  among  hydraulic  engi- 


named  Serjeant  at  mace  shall  execute  all  writs,  mandates,  Catechin,  Catechine  (kat'e-ehin),  n.      r<  C 
•processes  and  such  like  within  the  said  borough  and  lib-     (■/,«  -I-  .j),2   .;,,,.2   I     A  nrinciTilo  CP     W     n  ^ 

ertiesof  the  same,  and  shall  be  calleil  tb,-  CV,^■/,/«(,.,  ac-     u.Jr.AL'J,\'J\  ^  P"l'«'P"'  (^igHi^Og) 

eor.ling  t.,  the  name  anciently  given  in  that  place  to  the     "'ictod  from  catechu,  haying  a  snow-white  si 

same  ollicer.  Municip.  Cur]).  Uc.iiurtH,  W.i'.t,\>.  •imi. 

catchup,  ketchup  (kaeh'up,  kech'up),  n.     l<       ^     ,.     ^. 

1*;.  liid.  kiljai,.]      A  name  common  to  several  Catechisation,  catechise,  etc. 

kinds  of  sauce  much  used   witli  meat,   fish, 

toasted  clieese,  etc.    Also  written  catgup,  kaU 

Sup — Mushroom  catchup,  a  sauce  nuule  from  the 
common  musbruam,  Aijiirinis  c<un/„slriK,  by  breaking 
the  fungi  into  small  Jib-ees  and  mixing  with  salt,  which 
has  the  eUert  of  reducing  the  whole  mass  Ui  an  almost 
liMUiil  slate.  It  is  then  strained,  spiced,  and  boiled.— 
Tomato  catchup,  a  sauce  made  fri>in  tomatoes  by  a 
similar  i)roecss. -Walnut  Catchup,  a  sauce  made  from 
unripe  walnuts  before  the  sliill  it,  lianl.-mil.  They  are 
beaten  to  a  iiiilp,  and  the  jni.i-  is  »i-]iaialed  bv  straining  ; 
salt,  vim-g.ar,  and  spices  arc  added,  and  the  whole  is  lioiled. 
catchwater  (kach'wa"ter),  »(.  [<  cate/il  -t-  obj. 
iral()\'\     Harae  as  calchwork 


neers,  the  area  the  rainfall  or  drainage  of  which  is  to  be 
made  available  for  furnishing  water  at  a  desired  point. — 
Catchment-basin.  Same  as  drainage-basin. — Catch- 
ment-basin map,  a  map  on  which  the  water-shed  limit- 
ing the  w  bole  of  each  subdivision  of  any  river-system  is  ac- 
curately laid  down,  so  that  the  position  and  acreage  of  any 
particular  area  of  catchment  may  be  determined  from  it. 

cat-chop  (kat'chop),  n.  A  species  of  fig-mari- 
gold, Mesemhrinnthemumfelimim,  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

catchpenny  (kaeh'pen"i),  n.  and  a.  [<  catch'^  + 
obj.jjfH)*//.]  I.  n.;-p\.catchj)ennies(-iz).  Some- 
thing of  little  value,  adapted  to  attract  popu- 
lar attention  and  thus  seem'e  a  quick  sale ;  any- 
tliing  externally  attractive,  made  merely  to  sell. 

You  know  already  by  the  title,  that  it  is  no  more  than  a 
catch-penny.     Goldsmith,  Letter  to  Rev.  Henry  Goldsmith. 

The  whole  affair  is  a  manifest  catchpenny. 

Hawthoriie,  Main  Street. 


owner  of  a  horse,  who  naturally  puts  up  the 
lightest  weight  possible. 

catchweight  (kach'wat),  adv.  [<  catchweight, 
H.]  In  horse-racing,  without  being  handicap- 
ped: as,  to  rido  catchiceiglit. 

Come,  I'll  make  this  a  match,  if  you  like :  you  shall  rido 
ratrhicrlijlit.  which  will  be  about  11  st.  7  lb.        Lawrence. 

catchword  (kaoh'w^rd),  n.  [<  eatchl  -I-  irord.'] 
1.  In  old  writing  and  printing,  a  word  of  the 
text  standing  by  itself  in  the  right-hand  corner 
of  the  bottom  of  a  page,  the  same  as  the  first 


catechize 

catechetically  fkat-e-ket'i-kal-i),  adv.  In 
a  catechetical  manner;  by  question  and  an- 
swer. 
catechetics  (kat-e-ket'iks),  n.  [PI.  of  cale- 
chelic :  see  -ics.'}  'The  art  or  practice  of  teacli- 
ing  by  means  of  question  and  answer.  See 
caleehi.lic. 

cqte- 

ex- 

silky 

appearance,  and  crystallizing  in  fine  needles. 

Also  called  eatnchnir  acid  and  calechuin. 

See  catediiea- 

ti<in,  etc. 

catechism  (kat ' e-kizm),  n.  [=  F.  catichiame 
=  Sp.  calecismo,  catcquismo  =  Pg.  catcchismo  = 
.It.  catechismo,  catecismo  =  D.  cutechismus  =  G. 
Kutcchismus z=Dan.  katekismu.t  (ct.  Hw . kattchcs), 
<  iAj.  cutechismus,  <  Gr.  "mTJixio/zur,  <  KaT/)xi(eiv, 
catechize:  see  catechize.']  1.  A  form  of  instruc- 
tion by  means  of  questions  and  answers,  par- 
ticularly in  the  principles  of  religion. — 2.  An 
elementary  book  containing  a  summai-y  of  jirin- 
ciples  in  any  science  or  art,  but  especially  in 
religion,  reduced  to  the  foi-m  of  questions  and 
answers,  and  sometimes  with  n^tes,  explana- 
tions, and  references  to  authorities.  The  follow- 
lug  are  the  jirincipal  authoritative  church  catechisms :  'i'he 
Lutheran,  prepared  by  Luther  (1529),  still  in  general  use 
in  the  (ierman  Protestant  churches;  the  Genevan,  pre- 
pari-d  by  ( :alvin  (IMfi) ;  the  Heidelberg,  published  at  Hei- 
delberg (ir]i;.l),  and  still  a  recognized  doctrinal  standard  in 
the  Hilc.riiied  (Dutch)  Church;  the  Angliran  (1540-1(104), 
contained  in  the  liook  of  Common  Prayer  and  directed  by 
rubric  to  be  taught  systematically  to  children ;  the  Wext- 
miii-ster. ixsemhly's,  in  two  foniis.  Shorter  and  Ijirger  Cate- 
chisms (1647),  in  use  in  the  Presbyterian  and  to  some  ex- 
tent in  Congregational  churches  ;  the  ilelhndiM  (I'nited 
States,  1852),  in  three  forms.  The  Tridenliiie  catechism 
(1560)  is  a  statement  of  doctrines  prepared  in  obedience 
to  a  decree  of  the  Council  of  Trent,  and  is  of  liigh  though 
not  absolute  authority  in  the  Eoman  Catholic  chureb.  but 
is  not  intended  for  use  in  the  instruction  of  children. 
The  Cracovian  and  Racovxan  catechisms  (1574.  1605)  are 
Polish  in  origin  and  Socmian  in  doctrine.  Numerous 
other  ratecbisms  have  been  prepared  by  individuals,  but 
they  P'issfss  no  ecclesiastical  authority. 


word  of  the  next  page,  to  mark  the  connection  catechismal   (kat-f-kiz'mal),  a.     [<  catechism 


or  proper  sequence,  in  old  manuscript  books  __ 
catchword  was  at  first  inserted  only  at  the  end  of  a  sheet 
or  quire  (that  is,  the  quantity  folded  together) ;  in  print- 
ing it  was  the  practice  until  the  nineteenth  century  to 
insert  one  at  the  foot  of  every  page. 

Catch-words  to  connect  the  quires  date  back  to  the  12th 
century.  Encyc.  Brit,  XVIII.  144. 

2.  In  the  drama,  the  last  word  of  a  speaker,  catechist  (kat'e-kist),  n. 


+  -at.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  in  the  style  of  a 
catechism;  interrogatory;  catechizing;  cate- 
chetical. 

Children  hate  to  be  bothered  with  questions,  .  .  .  and 
yet  liow  we  bore  them  with  catechismal  demands. 

J.  T.  Fields,  Underbrush,  p.  124. 

[=  F.  catichinte  =  Sp. 


II    a.  Made  or  sot  un  to  gain  monev  nut    '''^^'^^  serves  to  remind  the  one  who  is  to  follow    catequista  =  Pg.  It.  catecliista,  <  LL.  catechista, 


forth  merely  to  sell :  as,  a  catchpenny  pamphlet. 
I  call  this  the  popular  or  utilitarian  aspect,  because  it 
belongs  to  the  catchpenny  theory  of  human  life  according 
to  which  the  value  of  a  thing  is  just  as  much  as  it  will 
bring.  Stubbs,  Medieval  and  Modern  Hist.,  p.  100. 

catchpolei,  n.    See  catchpoll. 

catchpole^  (kaeh'pol),  n.  [<  eatch'^  (attrib.)  -I- 
pnhA.]  An  implement  formerly  used  for  seiz- 
ing and  securing  a  man  who  would  otherwise 
be  out  of  reach,  it  was  carried  by  loot-soldiers  in  com- 
bats with  horsemen,  and  later  by  civil  ofticers  in  appre- 
hending criminals.  The  head,  made  of  light  metal  bars, 
was  provided  with  strong  springs,  so  arranged  as  to  hold 
firmly  anything,  as  the  neck  or  a  limb  of  one  pursued,  over 
whit-h  it  was  forced. 


him  of  what  he  is  to  say;  a  cue. — 3.  A  word 
caught  up  and  repeated  for  effect;  a  taldng 
word  or  phrase  used  as  a  partizan  cry  or  shib- 
boleth :  as,  the  catchword  of  a  political  party. 

The  catch-words  which  thrilled  our  forefathers  with 
emotion  on  one  side  or  the  other  fall  with  hardly  any 
meaning  on  our  ears.     J.  McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  v. 

Liberty,  fraternity,  equality,  are  a£  much  as  ever  the 
party  catch-icurds.  Quarterly  liei'. 

catchwork  (kaeh'werk),  n.  [<  catclA  -i-  work.] 
An  artificial  watercourse  or  series  of  water- 
courses for  irrigating  such  lands  as  lie  on  the 
declivities  of  hills;  a  catch-drain.  Also  called 
catchwater. 


catchpoleS  (kaeh'pol),  ».     [Sc,  also  cn;c;i;iiw?c,  catchy    (kaeh'i),   a.       Same    as   catching. 

cachepolc,  <.  D.  kaatsspel,  tennis  (cf.  kaatshal, 

tennis-ball),  <  kaats,  chase  (=E.  chase'>-,  catch^), 

+  spel,  game.]    The  game  of  tennis.    [Scotch.] 
catchpoll  (kaeh'pol),  n.     [Also  catchpole,  early 

mod.  E.  catchpot,  <  ME.  catchepoU,  cachepol,  a 

bailiff,  earlier  a  tax-gatherer,  <  OF.  *cacipol, 

chacipol,  chaccpol,  chassipol  (ML.  reflex  cache- 

polm,  cacepollus,  chacipollus,  cacipulcus),  also 

*chacipolier,    chassipoier,    a    tax-gatherer    (cf. 

chassipolerie,  defined  as  a  tribute  paid  by  vas- 
sals to  their  lord  for  the  privilege  of  asylum  in 

his  castle  in  time  of  war,  ML.  citaeipoleria,  the 

office  and  emoluments  of  a  tax-gatherer);  of 

uncertain  formation,  appar.  <  cacier,  eacher  (> 

ME.  cacfteH,  E.  catch^),  chacier  (>  ME.  chacen, 


[CoUoti.] 
cate  (kat),  «.     [By  apheresis  from  acate,  q.  v.] 
An  article  of  food;  a  viand;  more  particularly, 
rich,  luxm'ious,  or  dainty  food;  a  delicacy;  a 
dainty:  a  later  form  of  acate:  mo.st  commonly 
used  in  the  plural.     [Archaic  or  poetic] 
I  had  rather  live 
With  cheese  and  garlic  in  a  windmill,  far, 
Than  feed  on  cates,  and  have  him  talk  to  me. 

SItak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iu.  1. 

Not  the  ale,  nor  any  other  eaten  which  poor  Elspeth's 

stores  afforded,  could  prevail  on  the  Sub-Prior  to  break 

his  fast.  Scott,  Monastery,  I.  lis. 

That  day  a  feast  had  been 

Held  in  high  hall,  and  many  a  viand  left, 

.^nd  many  a  costly  cat> 


<  Gr.  *K.aT?ixi.aTtjc,  <  KaTijxKsiv,  cateeiiize :  see  cat- 
eclii:e.]  ()ne  who  instructs  orally,  or  by  ques- 
tion and  answer;  acateehizer;  specifically,  one 
appointed  to  instruct  catechumens  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  religion  as  a  preparation  for  baptism. 
This  was  a  special  function  in  the  early  church,  .as  it  has 
also  been  to  some  extent  in  later  times ;  but  eatechists 
have  never  constituted  a  distinct  ecclesiastical  order. 

The  word  Catechist  implied  ...  a  function,  not  a  class. 
Smith,  Diet.  Christ.  Antiq. 

In  the  absence  of  the  regular  clergyTOan  the  catechist 
conducts  the  service  [at  Godha^Tl,  Greenland]. 

C.  F.  Rail,  Polar  Exp.,  1876,  p.  54. 

catechistic,  catechistical  (kat-e-kis'tik,  -ti- 
kal),  a.  [<  catechist  -H  -ic,  -ical.  Cf.  F.  cateche- 
tiqiie  =  Sp.  catequisiico  =  Pg.  It.  catechistico.] 
Pertaining  to  a  catechist  or  a  catechism;  of  a 
catechizing  character. 

Some  of  them  are  in  the  catechistical  method. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  ii.  2. 

catechistically  (kat-f-kis'ti-kal-i),  adr.  In  a 
catiH-lnstie  manner  ;  by  question  and  answer. 

catechization  (kat"e-ki-za'shon),  H.  [<  cate- 
chize +  -ation;  =  P".  catechisation  =  Pg.  cate- 
chizagao  =  6.  katechisation.]  The  act  of  cat- 
echizing; examination  by  questioning.  Also 
spelled  catechisation. 

The  catectiisation  of  the  man  born  blind. 

Schaff,  Hist.  Christ.  Church,  I.  §  83. 


?;.±\',l' ^  '^\''r..  ±:Z\t'  ^^.:^  catechetic  (kat-e-ket'ik),  a. .  [=  r.eatechetique, 


Tennyson.  Gareth  and  Lynette.  catecMzC  (kat'f-kiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  eate- 


' chase,  himt,'  -t-  *pol,  of  uncertain  meaning. 
Usually  explained  as  catch'^  -\-  obj.  poll,  the 
head;  but  the  earliest  sense  known  is  ' tax- 
gatherer,' and  jjoK  as  associated  with  'tax 'does 
not  seem  to  occur  in  ME.,  and  it  is  not  foimd 
in  any  sense  in  OF.  or  ML.  The  W.  ceisbicl,  a 
bailiff,  catchpoll,  is  prob.  an  accom.  of  the  E. 
word.  Cf.  ME.  cacherel,  equiv.  to  cachepol.] 
It.  A  tax-gatherer. 

Matheus,  thet  wes  cachepol  [in  orig.  AS.  text  tollere, 
toller],  thene  he  iwende  to  god-spellere. 

Old.  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Morris),  Ist  ser.,  p.  97. 


<  Gr.  ixaTi/xinnoc,  <  kutijx'FK,  an  instructor,  < 
Kari/xciv,  instruct,  teach  by  word  of  mouth :  see 
catechize.]    Consistingof  question  and  answer: 
applied  to  a  method  of  teaching  by  means  of 
questions  put  by  the  teacher  and  answered  by 
the  pupil,  whether  the  questions  are  addressed 
to  the  understanding,  as  by  Socrates  in  his 
dialogical  method,  or  to  the  memory, 
catechetical  (kat-f-ket'i-kal),  a.     Same  as  cat- 
echetic. 
Socrates  introduced  a  catechetical  method  of  arguing. 
Addison,  Spectator. 


S.  A  sheriff's  officer,  bailiff,  constable,  or  other   catechetical  schools,  schools  established  in  the  early 
person  whose  duty  is  to  make  arrests.  chuich  for  the  instruction  of  catechumens. 


chized,  ppr.  catechizing.  [=  F.  catechiier  =  Pr. 
cathezizar  =  Sp.  catequizar  =  Pg.  catcchizar  = 
It.  caiechizzare  =  D.  catechiseren  =  G.  katechi- 
sieren  =  Dan.  katekisere,  <  LL.  catechizare,  cat- 
echize, <  Gr.  Kar^Y'ff'i',  catechize,  a  later  ex- 
tended form  of  KOTJixeiv,  catechize,  instruct, 
teach  by  word  of  mouth,  particularly  in  reli- 
gion, also  resound,  <  nara,  down,  +  i/xciv,  soimd ; 
cf.  ?'/x'/,  a  sound,  i/x",  echo,  >  E.  echo.]  1.  To 
instruct  orally  by  asking  questions,  receiving 
answers,  and  offering  explanations  and  correc- 
tions ;  sjiecifieally,  so  to  instruct  on  points  of 
Christian  doctrine. 
Catechise  gross  ignorance. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  MeL,  To  the  Beader,  p.  S8. 


catecliize 

2.  To  question:  interrogate,  especially  in  a 
minute  or  impertinent  manner ;  examine  or  try 
by  questions. 

I'm  stopp' J  by  all  the  fools  I  meet 

Ajjd  catechUed  in  every  street  Swift. 

Also  spelled  catechise. 
CatecMzet,  "•     U-  catechize,  V.    Cf.  catechism.'] 
A  catechism.     [Colloq.] 

Thev  arc  larefull  to  instruct  their  children,  that  so  when 
I  conje  they  might  he  ready  to  answer  their  Catechise. 

f.  Shepard,  Clear  Sunshine  of  the  Gospel,  p.  27. 

catechizer  (kat '  e-ki-zer),  n.  One  who  cate- 
chizes; one  Tvho  instructs  by  question  and 
answer,  particularly  in  the  rudiments  of  the 
Christian  reUgion.     Also  spelled  catechiaer. 

catechu  (kat'e-cho),  n.  [XL.  catechu,  Sp.  ca- 
ttcu,  F.  ciichoii,  etc.  (cf.  ciitch);  of  E.  Ind.  ori-^ 
gin.  Cf.  Hind.  i-flW/m,  catechu.]  A  name  com-* 
mon  to  several  astringent  extracts  prepared 
from  the  wood,  bark,  and  fi-uit  of  various 
plants.  Tile  true  catechu,  or  cutch,  of  commerce  is  a 
dark-brown,  h.ird.  and  brittle  substance,  extracted  iiy  de- 
coction and  evaporation  from  the  wood  of  Acacia  Catechu 
and  .4.  sriifia.  East  Indian  trees.  It  is  one  of  the  best  astrin- 
gents to  be  found  in  the  materia  medica,  and  is  largely 
used  in  tannine;,  calico-printing,  ete.  Pale  or  (laiabier 
catechu  is  obtained  from  a  rubiaceous  climber,  Uncaria 
ffambier  (see  rjambier).  A  kind  of  catechu  is  also  made 
from  the  nutof  the  betel-palm,  .4r(?ca  Catechu, hut  it  is 
not  an  article  of  commerce.  An  artificial  cateciui,  sen'ioe- 
ai)Ie  in  dyeing,  is  obtainable  from  mahogany  and  similar 
wo<xls.     Also  caahoo. 

catechoic  (kat-e-cho'ik),  a.    [<  catechu  +  -ic.'] 

Pcrtyining  to  or  derived  from  catechu Cate- 

chiiic  acid.    Same  as  catechin. 

cateclmill  (kat-e-cho'Ln),  71.  [<  catechu  +  -»h2.] 
Saui'-  as  aitirhiii. 

catechumen  (kat-e-ku'men),  ?i.  [(Of.  ME.  en #f- 
cumeliiig,  simulating  cunieling,  a  comer)  =  F. 
catechuntene  =  iSp.  cateciimeno  =  Pg.  catechu- 
meno  =  It.  catecumeno,  <  LL.  catechiimeniis,  < 
Gr.  KaTTixoiuevof,  one  instructed,  ppr.  pass,  of 
KOTT^ifHr,  instruct :  see  catechice.']  1.  One  who 
is  under  instruction  in  the  firet  rudiments  of 
Christianity ;  a  neophyte.  In  the  primitive  churcli 
catechumens  were  tlie  children  of  believing  parents,  or 
Jews  or  pagans  not  fully  initiated  in  the  principles  of  the 
Christian  religion.  They  were  admitted  to  this  state  by 
the  imposition  of  liands  anil  the  sign  of  the  cross,  were  di- 
vided into  two  or  nuire  chasses,  and  in  public  worship  were 
dismissed  or  retired  to  an  outer  comt  of  the  church  before 
the  liturgical  or  communion  service. 

The  heavens  open,  too,  upon  us ;  and  the  Holy  Ghost 
descends,  to  sauctify  the  waters,  and  to  hallow  the  cate- 
ehuiiien.  Jer.  Tai/lur,  Works  (ed.  1836),  I.  9S. 

The  prayers  of  the  church  did  not  begin,  in  St.  Austin's 
time,  till  the  catechumetm  were  dismissed.  StUliiujJieet. 
Of  these  Catechumenjt  there  were  two  kinds,  the  Andi- 
tores,  wlio  had  merely  expressed  a  wish  to  become  Chris- 
tians, and  the  Competentes,  who  were  thought  worthy  of 
holy  baptism.  J.  M.  Neatc,  Eastern  Cliurch,  i.  *20(l. 

2.  Figuratively,  one  who  is  beginning  to  acquire 
a  knowledge  of  any  doctrines  or  principles. 

Tlie  same  langinige  is  still  held  to  the  catechumena  in 
Jacoldtisiii.  Boli wjbrukc ,  To  Windham. 

catechumenal  (kat-e-ku'me-nal),  a.      [<  cate- 
chumcii  +  -a^]     Pertaining  to  a  catechumen. 
He  had  laid  aside  his  white  catechumenal  robes. 

C.  C.  Perkitm,  It-ilian  .Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  llv. 

catechumenate  (kat-e-kii'me-nat),  «.  [<  cate- 
chunun  +  -alc'f;  =  F.  rati'ihiimt'iKtt  =  Sp.  cntc- 
cumi'uiiilo  =  Pg.  catechumcnado,  -iiato.}  The 
Htnio  or  I'onilition  of  a  catechumen. 

catechumenical  (kat'e-ku-men'i-kal),  a.  [< 
iiitirhiiiiiiii  +  -ititl.  Cl.Hp.ratecumcnico.']  Be- 
lotijjiiig  to  eiitfchumens;  catechumenal. 

catechumenistt  (kut-e-kfi'me-nist),  «.  [<  ciili- 
ihuiiii II  +  -(.</.]    A  catechumen.    /{/'.  .Morton, 

categorem  (kul'S-gor-em),  ».  [=  F.  cuti'iiorimc 
=  Sp.  laleyorciiio,  <  (jr.  KU-tiyuiirifia,  u  jiredicate, 
<  KUTiyoptiv,  predicate,  asHcrt:  see  category. ] 
Originally,  a  predicate;  in  logic  —  (n)  as  used 
by  tlif)  HtoicH,  a  tcnn  wliiili  i-nii  Vio  made  the 
mibjcrt,  or  raoro  OBpeciallv  tlic  pri'dicate,  of  n 
propositi, , [1 ;  (/))  BH  used  by  tlic  PiTipateticB, 
fhi'  lliir..'  '  MrroHponiliiig  to  a  category. 

categorema  knt-tVgo-ro'mji),  n.;  pi.  riitcgori- 
miilii  f-inii  t  r  .     Same  as  riitrgori-m. 

categorematic  ^k:it-o-Knr-e-niiit'ik),  n,  and  u. 
1=  V,  catdgori'iiiiiHr/iie  =  f<p.  ralfgonninliro,  < 
Or.  Kn-nfy6ptitia{T-),  u  predicate:  hi-o  rati  gun  iii,~\ 
I.  "  '''inv.-ying  II  wliolo  tenn,  that  iH,  eilticr 
til'  ■   •<!■  the  pr'ilii'ate  of  a  |iroponitiiiii, 

ill  iirrl.     SonietiineH  incoiTeclly  writ- 

t'  iiinlic  or  calhegrrumatic, 

''  A-ord  that  In  cnieiinrematic,  that  ia;  rnpn- 

bl"  •■'         I.:  ■  ji.j>loye<l  by  Itself  io<  11  term. 

Mhiielu.  Ixiglc,  II.  I.  i  :: 
n.  ".  Tr.  I.,,:,'.  I,  word  wliicli  iH  capable  of 
b''iin;  •  If  tin  n  term. 

categorci.  i-gor-" -mot'i-ksl),  a. 

.Hnino  OB  < o '.  j.iii  hiiUic. ' 


860 

categorematically(kat-e-gor-e-mat'i-kal-i), 
iiilr.  In  a  categorematic  manner;  as  a  cate- 
gorematic. 

categorical  (kat-e-gor'i-kal),  a.  and  n.  [=  F. 
categorique  =  Sp.  categorico  =  Pg.  It.  categoiico, 

<  LL.  categoritiis,  <  Gr.  Aariyj opikd^-,  <  Kari/}opia, 
a  category:  see  category  and  -ic,  -ical,]  I.  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  eategoiy  or  the  categories: 
opposed  to  transceiidetitul. —  2.  Stated  imcon- 
ditionaUy;  not  limited  to  a  hypothetical  state 
of  things:  as,  a  categorical  proposition  (that  is, 
a  simple,  imconditional  proposition). — 3.  Ap- 
plicable to  the  actual  circumstances;  stating 
the  fact;  pertinent;  positive;  precise;  clear: 
as,  a  categorical  answer  (that  is,  an  answer  that 
clearly  meets  the  question) Categorical  imper- 
ative, the  unconditional  coinniand  of  conscience. —  Cate- 
gorical syllogism,  a  syllogism  containing  only  categori- 
cal i)i\ipositiuns. 

n.  H.  In  logic,  a  proposition  which  affirms  a 
thing  absolutely  and  mthout  any  hypothesis. 
Categoricals  are  subdivided  into  ]'uec  ami  iiiinliil.  .\  pure 
categorical  asserts  unconditionally  and  niiicscrvedly  :  as, 
1  live ;  man  is  mortal.  A  modal  categorical  a^scvt^^  with  a 
qualification:  as.  the  wisest  man  may  possibly  lie  mistaken; 
a  prejudiced  historian  will  probably  misrepresent  facts. 

categorically  (kat-f-gor'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  cat- 
egorical manner;  absolutely;  directly;  ex- 
pressly; positively:  as,  to  a&rm  catego'ricaUi/. 

categoricaluess  (kat-f-gor'i-kal-nes),  11.  Tlie 
quality  of  being  categorical,  positive,  or  abso- 
lute. 

categorist  (kat'f-go-rist),  »i.  [<  category  + 
-(.>■/.]  Duo  who  classifies  or  arranges  in  cate- 
gories.    Eiiicr.'ion. 

categorization  (kat-e  -gor-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  catc- 
gori-c  +  -iiiion,]  Tlie  act  or  process  of  placing 
in  a  category  or  list ;  a  classification.     [Rare.] 

categorize  (kat'e-go-riz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
categorized,  ppr.  categorizing.  [<  category  + 
-i:e;  =F.  categoriser.]  To  place  in  a  category 
or  list ;  classify.     [Rare.] 

category  (kat'e-go-ri),  n. ;  pi.  categories  (-riz). 
[=  F.  categoric  =  Sp.  categoria  =  Pg.  It.  catc- 
goria,  <  LL.  categoria,  <  Gr.  Karri-) opia,  an  accu- 
sation, charge,  later  also  a  predicate  or  predi- 
cable,  usually,  in  Aristotle  and  later  WTiters, 
a  category,  predicament,  head  of  preilicables, 

<  Karrjyopnv,  accuse,  declare,  assert,  predicate, 

<  Kord,  against,  +  ayopeieiv,  declaim,  address 
an  assembly,  <  ayopa,  an  assembly:  see  agora.} 

1.  In  logic,  a  highest  notion,  especially  one 
derived  from  the  logical  analysis  of  the  forms 
of  proposition.  The  word  was  inli-.i.lu.cd  by  Aristotle, 
who  applies  it  to  his  ten  prcdiraniiiits,  tilings  said,  or 
suniina  genera,  viz.,  substance,  iiiiantit.v.  (Hinlity,  relation, 
action,  passion,  where,  wlicn.  postiiif  or  relative  position 
of  parts,  habit  or  state.  These  arc  derived  from  such  an 
analysis  of  the  proposition  as  ciild  lie  made  before  the 
dcvelnpcil  study  of  grammar.  The  caft-frorici  ur  highest 
jiiti-llrctiial  ciiiRcpts  of  Kant  are:  cale^ioriea  o,f  quantilii 
-  unity,  itlurality,  totality;  catei)on'es  o/nualiti/  —  reality, 
negation,  limit  iictween  these;  cateijorien  0/  relation  — 
substance  and  accident,  cause  and  effect,  action  and  re- 
action ;  catei/ories  o,f  modalitii  —  possibility,  impossibility, 
actuality,  non-actuality,  necessity.  noii-nece.ssity.  Modern 
formal  logic  furnishes  this  list;  (1)  iiualities,  or  singular 
characters;  (2)  simple  relations,  or  tlnul  characters;  (:f) 
complex  relaticnis,  or  plural  characters,  ilany  lists  of 
categories  have  been  given  not  founded  on  formal  logic. 

The  cateijuricn,  or  forms  ami  comlitiolis  of  human  un- 
derstanding, though  doubtless  innate  in  the  naturalist's 
sense  of  the  term,  that  is  inherited,  are  only  the  ways  and 
facilities  of  the  higher  exercise  of  tlie  faculty  of  relleetlon. 

C.  nright. 

The  categories  are  not  instruments  which  the  ralnd  uses, 
but  elements  in  a  \vhole,ortliest4igesin  a  complex  process, 
whii-li  in  its  unity  the  mind  is.       /-.'.  t'oinl,  liegel,  p.  I.^7. 

2.  A  Biimmum  genus,  or  widest  class. —  3.  Any 
very  wide  and  distinctive  class;  any  comjnv- 
hensive  division  or  class  of  persons  or  thingH. 

Shakespeare  is  as  much  cmt  of  the  catei/iiri/  of  eminent 
antliors  as  he  Is  out  of  the  crowd.     Kmcrmn,  .Shakespeare. 

catelf,  ".  Mi<Mlf  Kiiglish  form  of  ciiltle, 
Catelectrode  (knt-i-lck'lrod),  «.  [<  dr.  xnrn, 
down,  +  ilir.lriidil]  I'liriiilny's  naiiio  for  (lie 
negative  electrode  or  catliodc  of  a  voltoio  bat- 
tery. See  cathode  iind  ilt rtrode. 
catelectrotonic  (kal-e-lek-tro-lon'ik),  a.  [<  rat- 
I  liiiriiliiini.s  +  -ic]    I'ertaiiiiiig  to  or  exhibiting 

I'HlolcelrolonUH. 

CatelectrotonUS  (kat'e-lek-trot'o-nus),  n.  [< 
riiHhodi )  +  iliitroloniiii.]  The  changed  physical 
iiml  phy«iological  condition  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  calliodc  when  a  constant  electrical 
ciinont  is  iiasHcd  (lirongh  it  i>iece  of  nerve  or 
iiiiiHi-lc.   AIho  rallielectrolonii.i.   See  clcctrotntiiin. 

catena  fka-te'nji),  ».;  pi.  raleniv  (-no).  [L.,  B 
eliiiin,  >  nil.  K.  rhain.  i\,  v.]  1.  A  chnin;  a  con- 
iii'r'iod  HcricH  of  notioiiN,  nrgiiini'iilH,  or  objectB 
gi-iicrully;  a  HericB  of  wliicli  iiioli  part  or  mem- 
lier  liiiH  n  cloBc  connei^tion.  liko  tlinl  of  u  link, 
with  the  preceding  and  following  parts. 


Tlie  Catenar\'. 

The  cord,  a,  c,  b,  hangs  in  a  portion  of 

the  common  catenary. 


cater 

We  possess  therefore  a  catena  of  evidence  reaching  back 
continuously  from  the  date  of  the  Moabite  stone  to  that 
of  tlie  st«ue  tables  of  the  law. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphilbet,  I.  139. 

That  great  poem  of  aphoristic  epigrams,  the  Essay  on 
Man.  that  has  never,  perhaps,  in  any  language  iieen 
equalled  as  a  catena  of  pithy  wit  and  philosophic  quota- 
bility.  iV.  and  Q.,  Ctli  ser.,  l.\.  2S7. 

2.  A  methodized  series  of  selections  from  dif- 
ferent authors  to  elucidate  a  doctrine  or  a  sys- 
tem of  doctiines;  specifically,  such  a  set  of 
quotations  from  the  chm-eh  fathers  to  assist 
in  the  study  of  Christian  dogmatics  or  biblical 
exegesis:  as,  the  Catena  Aurea  of  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas. — 3.  An  Italian  measure  of  length,  a 
chain,  equal  in  Naples  to  52.07  feet,  and  in  Pa- 
lermo to  26.09  feet. 

Catenaria  (kat-e-na'ri-a),  H.  [NL.,  fem.  sing, 
of  L.  catcnarins:  see  catenary.']  The  typical 
genus  of  Catcnnriida\ 

catenarian  (kat-e-na'ri-an),  a.  [<  catenary  + 
-an.]     Same  as  catenary. 

To  say  another  word  of  the  catenarian  arch.  .  .  .  Its 
nature  proves  it  to  be  in  equilibrio  in  every  point 

Jeferiton,  Correspondence,  II.  416. 

Catenariidae  (kat'e-na-ri'i-de),  ii.pl.  [ISTL.,  < 
CattiKirid  +  -;rf(r.]'  A  family  of  Vhilostomata 
vdth  zooecium  radicate,  segmented,  and  each 
intemode  (except  at  a  bifurcation)  formed  of 
a  single  zoooeimn.  Also  Cateiiicellida: 
catenary  (kat'e-na-ri),  a.  and  «.  [<  L.  cate- 
iiiiriui',  <  catena,  a  chain:  see  chain,]  I.  a.  Re- 
lating to  a  chain; 
iifi"  like  a  chain.  Also 
eatcnariiin.  —  Cate- 
nary or  catenarian 
curve,  in  ittoin.,  the 
curve  of  a  perfectly  tlex- 
ilile,  incxtensible,  infi- 
nitely fine  cortl  when  at 
rest  under  the  action  of 
forces.  The  common 
catenan/  is  what  the 
catenary  becomes  when 
the  forces  lu-e  parallel 
and  proportional  to  the 
length  of  the  cord,  as  in 
the  case  of  a  heavy  cord 
of  uniform  weight  un- 
der the  influence  of 
gravitation.  It  is  in- 
teresting on  account  of  the  light  it  throws  tin  the  theory 
of  arches,  and  also  by  reason  of  its  application  to  the  cou* 
striiction  of  suspension-bridges. 
II.  ".;  \il.  nitcnarics  {-riy.).  A  catenary  ciu-ve. 
catenate  (kat'e-nat),  1'.  t. ;  pret.  and  jip.  cate- 
nated, ]ipr.  catenating.  [<  L.  ciitenotu.t,  pp.  of 
calenare,  chain,  <  catena,  a  chain:  see  catena 
and  chain.]  To  chain,  or  connect  in  a  series 
of  links  or  ties;  concatenate. 
catenate,  catenated  (kat'e-niit,  -na-ted),  a.  [< 
1j.  call  iialiis,  pp.:  .see  the' verb.]  IIa\ing  the 
struct  lire  or  appearance  of  a  chain  :  aiiiilicd  in 
zoiilogy  to  impressed  lines  which  are  broken 
at  regular  intervals,  to  double  strioD  connected 
by  numerous  short  lines,  etc. 
catenation  (kat-e-nii'shon),  «.  [=  F.  catena- 
tiiiii,  <  L.  catinalio(n-),  <  calenare:  see  catenate, 
I'.]  Connection  of  links;  union  of  parts,  as  in 
a  chain  ;  regular  connection;  concatenation. 

Which  catenation  or  cimscrving  union. 

.S't'r  J'.  Urowiic,  Vnlg.  Err.,  v.  5. 

Catenipora  (kat-e-nip'o-rii),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  ea- 
ti  nil,  a  chain,  +  '/lori/.v,  a  pore.]  Chain-coral, 
occurring  fossil  in  Paleozoic  strata  (in  Great 
Hritain  only  in  the  Silurian):  so  called  from 
(lie  clmin-liko  aiTangement  of  its  ])oi'es  or  cells 
ill  polislicd  specimens.    Also  called  JIalyxiles. 

Catenula  (ka-tcn'u-lii),  n,  fNI;.,  dim.  of  L.  cii- 
h  nil,  n  cliMiii :  see  chain.]  The  tj^iical  genus  of 
till' I'.MiMlly  t'atinnlida:    ('.  /chokc  is  an  e.xiunple. 

Catenulate  (kii-tcn'ti-iat),  a.  [<  1j.  catenula, 
dim.  of  riitrna,  a  cliiiin.  Cf.  ealriiair,]  1. 
Consisting  of  little  links  or  cliaiiis. —  2.  In  hot., 
formiil  lit  parts  united  end  to  end,  like  the 
links  of  11  chain, 

Oatenulidae  (kat-e-ni'i'li-de),  M.  ]>l.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
tenula +  -iilii.]  A  faniilyof  iiproctons  rliabdo- 
crcloiis  (iirliollarianK,  in  wliicli  repiodiiction 
Inki'H  pliii'ii  iisixually  by  liiinsveise  flsBion. 
The  nnimals  wlieii  iiicoiii|ili'tolv  separated  swim 
iilioiit  in  I'haiiiB,  whence  tlic  name. 

cater't  (kii'ter),  H.  [By  apheresiH  from  acaler, 
lis  i-iilr,  q.  v.,  from  acate :  see  aratcr,  aeatc] 
A  caterir;  a  purveyor;  an  aciiler. 

I  am  cook  myself  iiml  mine  own  eater. 

rictcher.  Women  Pleiisod. 

I  Mel  hiw  but  a  cater'n  phicc  on  't,  and  provides 
All  for  nnother'H  tahle. 

.Middtetnn,  Women  Hcware  Women,  111.  3. 

cater'  (ka'ter),  V.  *.  [<  r((f<)-l,  «.]  To  niako 
lirovinion,  as  of  food,  enlertttinmeiit,  etc.;  act 


cater 

as  a  purveyor:  as,  to  cater  to  a  depraved  ap- 
petite. 

And  He  that  doth  the  ravens  feed, 
Yea,  providently  caUn^  tor  the  sparrow, 
lie  comfort  to  my  at;cc.    SItak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  3. 
We  have  had  a  regular  feeil  all  round,  and  exult  to  think 
we  need  no  catering  for  the  morrcnv. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  90. 
cater"  (ka'ter),  n.     [Also  quater ;  <  F.  quatre, 
<  L.  quatuor  =  E.  four :  see  four,  and  quater, 
ijuatcrnarn,  etc.]  The  four-spot  of  cards  or  dice. 
caterS  (ka'ter),  V.  i.     [<  cater'^,  «..]     To  cut  di- 
agonally.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 
cateran  (kat'er-au),  u.     [Sc,  <  Gael,  ceathair- 
iieacli,  a  soldier,  =  Ir.  ceatltariHich,  a  soldier  (> 
E.  keni,  which  is  thus  the  same  word  as  cater- 
an), <  Gael,  and  Ir.  catit,  battle,  =  AS.  heathu, 
battle.]     1.  A  kern;  a  Highland  or  Ii-ish  ir- 
regular soldier. — 2.  A  Highland  freebooter  or 
reaver.     [Scotch.] 
eater-cornered  {ka'ter-k6r"n6rd),  a.    [<  cater", 
n.,  +  corner  +  -erfS.]    Diagonal;  set  diagonally. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 
cater-cousin  (ka'ter-kuz"n),  n.     [Also  written 
quater-,  quatre-cousin;  <  cater^,  F.  quatre,  four 
(fourth),  -I-  fOM«n.]     A  fourth  cousin ;  aremote 
relation ;  lience,  a  friend. 
His  master  and  he  .  .  .  are  scarce  cater-cousins. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  2. 

cater-COUSinship  (ka '  ter  -  kuz  "  n  -  ship),  n.  [< 
cater-cousin  -{■  -stiip.']  The  state  of  being 
eater-cousins,  or  of  being  distantly  related. 

Thank  Heaven  he  [the  second-rate  Englishman]  is  not 
the  only  specimen  of  cater-counintihip  from  tlie  dear  old 
Mother  Island  that  is  shown  to  us  ! 

Loivell,  Study  Windows,  p.  69. 

caterer  (ka'ter-er),  n.  A  provider  or  purveyor 
of  food  or  provisions ;  one  who  provides  for  any 
want  or  desire. 

That  [sect]  called  Chenesia  is  the  principall:   whose 

Priests  doe  feed  on  Horse-flesh.    Such  Horses  as  are  unfit 

for  service,  their  Caterers  doe  buy  and  fat  for  their  palats. 

Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  96. 

cateress  (ka'ter-es),  n.     [<  cater'^  -t-  -ess.]     A 
woman  who  caters;  a  female  provider. 
She,  good  cateress, 
Means  her  provision  only  to  the  good. 

Milton-,  Comus,  1.  764. 

caterfoilt,  «.     Same  as  quatrefoil. 

caterpillar  (kat'er-pU-ar),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  caterpiller,  caterpiler,  <  ME.  *caterpeler, 
found  only  once,  in  the  abbr.  form  catyrpel,  < 
OF.  *cattepeleure  or  a  similar  form  represented 
by  mod.  Guernsey  dial,  cattr-pclacure,  a  wood- 
louse,  a  weevil,  otherwise  by  the  assibilated 
forms  OF.  chatepclose,  ckatepcJouse,  chattepe- 
louse,  chatepeleuse,  chattepelleuse,  also  chateplue, 
a  caterpillar,  also  a  weevil,  a  mite,  mod.  dial. 
(Picard)  capleuse,  capeluclie,  capture,  carplure, 
(Norm.)  carplouse,  (Bret.)  ckarpelotise ;  appar. 
(by  popular  etymology)  'haii-ycat'  (OF.  *pelos, 
pelous,  fern.  p)elouse,  <  L.  jrilosus,  hairy:  see 
pilous),  but  prob.  orig.  '  pill-cat,'  <  OF.  catte, 
assibilated  chatte,  mod.  F.  chatte,  f.,  a  cat,  -l- 
'peleure,  pilleure,  pillcuse  (Palsgrave),  F.  dial. 
pilure,  pelure,  a  pill,  <  L.  pilula,  >  also  E.  pill^: 
'cat'  being  a  fanciful  name  applied  to  the 
caterpillar  (cf.  It.  dial,  gatta,  tjattola,  a  cater- 
pillar, <  gatto,  a  eat;  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  teufels- 
kat:;  (lit.  devil's  cat),  a  caterpillar;  F.  chenille, 
a  caterpillar  (see  chenille),  <  L.  canicula,  a  little 
dog),  and  '  pill '  having  reference  to  its  rolling 
itself  up  in  a  little  ball  (cf.  E.  pill-bug  and  pill- 
beetle).]  1.  Properly,  the  larva  of  a  lepidop- 
terous  insect,  but  also  applied  to  the  larvae  of 
other  insects,  such  as  members  of  the  family 
Tenthredini(la;orsa.w-iiies.  Caterpillars  are  produced 
immediately  from  the  egg  ;  they  are  furnished  with  three 
pairs  of  true  feet  and  a  number  of  fleshy  abdominal  legs 
named  prolcgs.  and  have  the  shape  and  appearance  of  a 
worm.  The  old  idea  of  Swammerdam  that  the  pupa  and 
imago  are  already  concealed  under  the  skin  of  the  cater- 
pillar is  only  partially  founded  in  truth.  The  pupal  skin 
is  formed  from  the  hypodermis  of  the  larva,  and  the  mus- 
cles contract  and  change  its  form.  The  larval  skin  is  then 
thrown  oif.and  the  insect  remains  quiescent  for  some  time, 
the  imago  or  perfect  insect  forming  beneath  the  pupal  en- 
velop.  Caterpillars  generally  feed  on  leaves  or  succulent 
vegetables,  and  are  sometimes  vei-y  destructive.  See/arya. 
2.  A  cockchafer.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  Sf.  An  envi- 
ous person  who  does  mischief  without  provo- 
cation. E.  Phillips,  ITOG.—'ij.  One  who  preys 
upon  the  substance  of  another ;  an  extortioner. 
They  that  be  the  children  of  this  world,  .as  .  .  .  extor- 
tioners, .  .  .  caterpillars,  usurers,  think  you  they  come  to 
God's  storehouse?  '         Latimer. 

5.  The  popular  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Scorpiurus — Caterpillar  point-lace,  (a)  A  needle- 
made  lace  produced  in  Italy  liuiini,-  the  seventeentli  cen- 
tury, and  named  from  the  resenililaiiLO  of  the  sprig  which 
formed  its  pattern  to  the  bcidits  of  caterpillars.  (4)  A 
light  faljric  spun  by  caterpillars  in  tlie  process  of  eating 
food  spread  for  them  upon  a  siiinoth  stone,  while  they 


861  catharize 

ir'b^'s^ia^:;';:j;^^!^x?ri!s^:",;r"  ''^*:f°°*/i^:^L?-  a  short,  round  foot,  hav 

/'  i\fCiHewf/rk. 


yard  u,  iudiing  only  4^  grains.     If 

caterpillar-catcher  (kat'('r-pil-jir-kach"6r),  n. 
A  bird  of  tiie  family  Campophayii'ke.  Also  called 
caterpillar-eater,  caterpillar-hunter,  and  cuckoo- 
shrike. 

caterpillar-eater  (kat'6r-pil-|i,r-o"t6r), «.  1.  A 
luiTOo  given  to  the  larvro  of  certain  ichneumon- 
Hies,  from  tluiir  being  bred  in  the  bodies  of  cat- 
erpillars and  eating  their  way  out. —  2.  Same  as 
catcrpilUtr-ealeher. 

caterpillar-fungus  (kat'6r-pil-ar-funfj"gu8),  «. 
A  fungus  of  th(!  genus  Cordyceps,  which  grows 
upon  the  larvie  of  insects.     See  Cordyceps. 

caterpillar-hunter  (kat'er-pil-ar-huu"ter),  n. 
Same  as  cdterpillar-catcher. 

cater-pointt,  «■■  The  number  foui-  at  dice. 
Kersey,  1708. 

caters  (ka'tcbrz),  n.  pi.  [Also  written  quaters, 
<  P.  quatre,  four:  see  cato-2.]  The  collective 
name  of  the  changes  which  can  be  rung  upon 
nine  bells:  so  called  because  four-  pairs  of  bells 
change  places  in  the  order  of  sounding  every 
time  a  cluingo  is  rung. 

caterwaul  (kat'er-wal),  V.  i.  [A  var.  of  earlier 
catenvaw,  after  waul:  see  caterwaw  and  icaul.'i 
To  cry  as  eats  under  the  influence  of  the  sex- 
ual instinct ;  make  a  disagreeable  howling  or 
screeching. 

The  very  cats  caterwauled  more  horribly  and  pertina-  p^yh 
ciously  there  than  I  ever  heard  elsewhere.  Od,tU' 


Coleridge,  Table-Talk, 
caterwauling  (kat'6r-wa-ling),  n.     [Verbal  n. 
oieii/iriniul,r.'\     The  crying  of  cats ;  ahowliug 
or  screeching. 

What  a  caterwauling  do  you  keep  here ! 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 
caterwawt,  «'■ «.  [ME.  caterwawen,  <  cater-  (cf. 
D.  kater,  m.,  a  cat;  cf.  also  caterpillar)  for  cat 
(see  c'a<l)  -I-  wawen,  howl,  waul;  an  imitative 
word:  see  waul  and  caterwaul.']  Same  as  cat- 
erwaul. 


iiig  tlic  toes  arched  and  the  knuckles  high. 

cat-footed  (kat'fuf'ed),  a.    1.   Having  feet  like 
a  cat's  ;  specifically,  in  ^oiil.,  digitigrade,  with 
sharp,  retractile  claws,  as  a  cat ;  icluropodous. 
./.  Ji.  Gray. —  2.  Noiseless;  quiet;  stealthy. 
I  stole  from  court 
With  Cyril  and  with  I'lorian,  uniierceived, 
Cat-foijtcfi  thro'  the  town,      Tennyson,  Princess,  i, 

cat-gold  (kat'gold),  n.  A  variety  of  mica  of  a 
yellowish  color.  I'he  name  is  sometimes  ap- 
jjlied  to  iron  pyrites. 

catgut  (kat'gut),  «.  [Appar.  <  ca«l  -I-  gut  (cf. 
equiv.  catling,  2) ;  but,  as  catgut  does  not  seem 
ever  to  have  been  prepared  from  cats'  intes- 
tines, the  word  is  supposed  to  stand  for  'kitgul 
(cf.  equiv.  kitstring),  by  confusion  of  kit^,  a 
littlecat,  with  A-((i2,'a  fiddle.]  1.  The  intestines 
of  sheep  (sometimes  of  the  horse,  the  ass,  or 
the  mule),  dried  and  twisted,  used  for  strings 
of  musical  instruments  and  for  other  purposes; 
a  string  of  this  kind. — 2.  A  sort  of  linen  or 
canvas  with  wide  interstices. — 3.  (a)  A  name 
for  one  of  the  olive  seaweeds,  Chorda  filuni, 
which  is  allied  to  Laminaria.  (b)  The  plant  Te- 
phrn.na  Virginiana :  so  called  on  account  of  its 
long,  slender,  and  very  tough  roots. 

catgut-scraper  (kat'gut-skra'pfer),  n.  A  deri- 
sive name  for  a  violinist ;  a  fiddler. 

Cath.    An  abbreviation  of  Catholic. 

A  form  of  cat-  for  eata-  before  the  aspi- 


rate, occurring  in  words  of  Greek  origin. 

Catha  (kath'ji;,  n.  [NL.,  <  Ar.  kat,  khat.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  belonging  to  the  natural  order 
Celastraceee,  mostly  natives  of  Africa.    The  most 

•  interesting  species  of  the  genua  is  C.  edulis,  cultivated 
by  the  Arabs,  and  known  as  khat  or  ka/ta.  It  is  a  shrub 
growing  to  about  10  feet  in  height,  with  smooth  leaves  of 
an  elliptical  form  about  2  inches  in  length  by  1  inch  in 
width.  The  leaves  and  twigs  are  used  in  the  preparation 
of  a  beverage  possessing  properties  analogous  to  those  of 
tea  and  coffee.  The  use  of  khat  is  of  great  antiquity,  hav- 
ing preceded  that  of  coffee,  and  it  forms  a  considerable 
article  of  commerce  among  the  Arabs. 


caterwawedt,   «.      [ME.   (appar.   a  pp.,   but  cathag(kat'aeh),«.    [Gael.  c«</;aflr,  a  daw,  jack- 
really  a  verbal  noim),  <  caeer«'ai(!,q.  v.]    Cater-      '       •■      ■  -      

wauling. 

hut  forth  she  [the  cat]  wol,  er  any  day  be  dawed. 
To  shewe  hir  skyn  and  gon  a  caterwawed. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1,  3.'.4. 
cateryt  (ka'ter-i),  n.     [By  apheresis  from  aca 


daw.]  A  name  for  the  jackdaw,  Corvus  mone- 
(lula.     Macgillirray.     [Scotch.] 

Cathaian,  «.  and  n.     See  Catalan. 

cat-hammed  (kat'hamd),  a.  Clumsy;  awk- 
ward; without  dexterity.  Grose;  HalliweU. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 


tery,  q.  v.]     A  place  for  keeping  provisions.  Cathari  (kati'a-ri),  n.  pi.     [<  ML.  Catharus,  a 

„^^™j  v;    t-j\           Ti     •                 1.,              ^  puritan,  <  Gr.  mOapog,  pure.]     An  appellation 

cat-eyed  (kat  id),  o.    Having  eyes  like  a  cat;  of  different  earlyand  mecUeval reUgious  sects: 

!",?'',', ^?,^'''S,.'T?^^  la  ^\f  *lark.  the  Catharists.     See  Catharist. 

cat;fall  (kat  fal),   «.JVr««<.,  the  rope  which,  Catharian  (ka-tha'ri-an),  «.     A  Catharist. 

being  rove  m  the  cat-block  and  cat-head,  forms  Catharina,  «.  pi.    Same  as  Catarrhina. 

the  tackle  for  heaving  up  the  anchor  from  the  catharine-wheel  (kath'a-rin-hwel),  n.      [So 

waters  edge  to  the  cat-head.     Also  called  cat-  called  from   St.  Catharine  of  Alexandria,  who 


tackle  fall.  See  cut  imder  cat-head. 
catfish  (kat 'fish),  11.  [<  call  +  fish.]  1.  A 
name  of  the  wolf-fish,  Anarrhichas  lupus,  from 
its  dentition  and  its  fei'oeity  when  caught. 
See  wolf-fish. — 2.  A  name  generally  given  in 
the  United  States  to  species  of  the  family  Si- 
lurida;  which  when  taken  out  of  the  water 
emit  a  sound  like  the  purring  of  a  cat.  The 
North  American  species  are  robust  fusiform  fishes  with 
8  barbels,  a  short  dorsal  witlx  a  strong  pointed  spine  in 
front,  a  posterior  adipose  fin,  and  a  moderate  anal.  They 
have  been  referred  to  five  genera,  Amiurxis,  Gronias, 
[etaliirus,  Leptops,  and  Noturus.  The  species  of  the  first 
two  ai'e  of  some  economical  importance,  and  contribute 
considerably  to  the  food  of  the  poorer  classes  at  least. 
The  most  common  in  the  eastern  streams  are  the  A.  nebu- 
losus  and  A.  albidus,  and  m  the  west  the  A.  melas. 


Catlish  i,ATniiirtis  m^las). 


largest  are  the  A.  nigricans  of  the  great  lakes  and  the  A. 
pnndcrosus  of  the  Mississippi,  the  latter  sometimes  attain- 
ing a  weight  of  100  pounds.  The  most  esteemed  is  the  7. 
punetatti^  of  the  great  lakes  and  the  Mississippi  valle,v, 
recognizable  by  its  slender  head  and  forked  tail.  The 
name  has  been  also  extended  to  similar  fishes  in  various 
parts  of  the  world,  and  even  to  species  of  different  but 
related  families. 

3.  A  name  given  in  some  parts  of  England  to 
the  weever,  Trachinus  draco. — 4.  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  scyllioid  shark,  Scyllium  catu- 
liis. —  5.  A  local  EngUsh  name  of  the  torsk, 
Brusniius  brosmc. — 6.  A  name  in  New  Zealand 
for  fishes  of  the  family  Uranoscopidw,  espe- 
cially the  Ichthyscopus  monopterygius. 


is  represented  with  a  wheel,  in  allusion  to  her 
martyrdom.]  1.  In  arch.,  a  window,  or  com- 
partment of  a  window,  of  a  circular  form,  with 
radiating  divisions  or  spokes.  See  rose-window. 
—  2.  In  7(f)-.,  a  wheel  with  sharp  hooks  project- 
ing from  the  tire,  supposed  to  represent  the 
wheel  upon  which  St.  Catharine  suffered  mar- 
tyrdom.— 3.  A  kind  of  firework  having  a  spiral 
tube  which  revolves  as  the  fire  issues  from  it ; 
a  pin-wheel. — 4.  In  embroidery,  a  round  hole 
in  musUn  or  other  material  tilled  by  twisted  or 
braided  threads  radiating  like  the  spokes  of  a 
wheel. 
Also  STi>e]XedL  catherine-wheel. 
i'he  catharism  (kath'a-rizm),  w.  [<  Gr.  KoBapiafidQ,  a 
cleansing,  <  Kadapi^eiv,  cleanse :  see  catharize.] 
The  process  of  making  a  surface  chemically 
clean. 

Catharist  (kath'a-rist),  «.  [=  F.  cathariste,  < 
ilL.  catharistce,  pi.,  <  Gr.  KoBapoc,  pure:  see  ca- 
thartic] Literally,  a  pmitan;  one  who  pre- 
tends to  more  purity  than  others  possess :  used 
as  a  distinctive  ecclesiastical  name.  This  name 
has  been  specifically  applied  to  or  useil  by  several  bodies 
of  sectaries  at  various  periods,  especially  the  Novatians 
in  the  third  ceutui->',  and  the  antisacerdotal  sects  (Albi- 
genses,  etc.)  in  the  south  of  France  and  Piedmont  in  the 
twelfth  centiuy.  They  diltered  considerably  .among  them- 
selves in  doctrine  and  in  the  degree  of  their  opposition  to 
the  Chm'ch  of  Rome,  but  agreed  in  denying  its  supreme 
authority, 

Catharista  (kath-a-ris'ta),  II.  [NL.  (VieU- 
lot,  1816),  <  Gr.  as  if  *KaBapi(!T)ii;,  <  KadapiQeiv, 
cleanse:  see  catharize.']  A  genus  of  American 
vidtm'es,  of  the  family  Cathartidw,  the  type  of 
which  is  the  black  vulture  or  carrion-crow,  C. 
at  rat  a. 

catharization  (kath'a-ri-za'shgn),  n.  [<  cath- 
ari:r  +  -ation.]  Tlie  act  of  cleansing:  the 
proeis.s  of  making  chemically  clean. 

catharize  (kath'a-riz),  r.  t. ;  p'ret.  and  pp.  catha- 
rizcd,  ppr.  catltarhing.  [<  Gr.  itaDapiietv,  cleanse. 


catliarize 

<«iiflop<5c,  clean,  pure:  see  cathartic.'}  To  ren- 
der absolutely  elesin,  as  a  glass  vessel,  by  the 
use  of  solvents.  tt     y  r> 

catharma  (ka-thiir'ma),  «.  [Nil.,  <  Gr.  mdapiia, 
refuse,  residuum,  <  KaBaipea;  cleanse,  purge: 
see  cathartic.']  In  med.,  excrement:  anything 
puif.J  from  the  body,  naturally  or  by  art. 

cat-&arpin,  cat-harping  (kat'har  piji,  -ping), 
H.     [UriiTUi  obseure.J     '"'■■'  "  *" 


862 


Cat.harpins,  a  a. 


ropes  or  (now  more  commonly)  iron  cramps 
■used  to  bind  in  the  shrouds  at  the  masthead, 
so  that  the  yards  may  be  braced  up  sharply. 
Our  ship  was  nothing  but  a  mass  of  hides,  from  tlie  C(i(- 


ing  the  head  and  part  of  the  neck  more  or  less  completely 
bare  of  feathers,  and  sometimes  caruncular ;  the  eyes  Hush 
with  the  side  of  the  head  and  without  supeniliary  shield ; 
the  plumage  soml>er  in  color ;  the  win:_'S  long  and  ample ; 
the  t.iil  moderate;  the  plumage  without  aftershafts;  two 
carotids  ami  a  large  crop;  tlie  beak  tootliless,  contracted 
in  the  conlinuitv,  with  large  perforate  nostrils;  the  in- 
dexditrtt  clawed;  the  oil-gland  tuftless;  no  syrinx  nor 
caoa ;  "and  diurnal  habits  and  gressorial  gait.  Tliey  sub- 
1  aai  lioi  Ml",  -i""s^»  sist  cntivelv  on  carrion.  See  cut  under  Calhartes. 
\aiit.,  one  of  the  short  Cathartides  (ka-thiir'ti-des),  m.  i^l.  [KL.,  < 
Cathartcs  +  -ides.]  A  supertamily  or  suborder 
of  raptorial  birds,  conterminous  with  the  fam- 
ilv  Cnthartidfc;  the  American  vultures. 

Cathartinae  (kath-ar-ti'ne),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
tliiirtc^  +  -iiio'.]  The  American  vultm-es  as  a 
subfamily  of  the  family  rtdtiirida:  [Not  in  use.] 

cathartogenic  (ka  -thkr-to  -  jen '  ik),  0.  [<  ca- 
thtirt-ic  +  -ffeiiic,  <  L.  •/ *</(/),  produ<-e.]  Derived 
from  cathartic  acid — Cathartogenic  acid,  a  yel- 
Iowis!»-br4)wn  powder  produced  from  cathartic  acid  by 
boiling  with  acids, 

cathartomamiit  (ka-thar-to-man'it),  H.  [< 
cathurt-ic  +  manna.']  A  peculiar  non-fermeut- 
able  crystalline  saccharine  principle  found  in 
senna. 

Catharus  (kath'a-rus),  n.  [KL.  (Bonaparte, 
1850).  <  Gr.  KaSapoQ,  clear,  pure,  clean :  see  ca- 
thartic] A  genus  of  thrushes,  of  the  family 
Turdida;  containuig  a  number  of  species  pecu- 
liar to  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  C.  melpo- 
meiic  is  an  example. 

cat-haws  (kat'haz),  H. 

whitethorn.     Brockctt. 

n. 


Jarpift*  to  the  waters  edge,  ,     ,.     .        „  .  ,  ,         ,    ,,     i/,      i^ 

R.  H.  Dam,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  264,  cat-head  (kat  hed) 


catharsis  (ka-thar'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kaeapmc, 
purification,  purgation,  <  KaBaipea;  cleanse,  pu- 
rifv:  see  cathartic]  In  med.,  a  natural  or  ar- 
tificial purgation  of  any  passage,  especially 
the  bowels.    Also  eaUed  apocatharsis. 

cathartate  (ka-thSr'tat),  ».  [<  cathart{ic)  + 
-«''!,]     A  salt  of  cathartic  acid. 

Cathartes  (ka-thiir'tez).  H.  [Nil.  (>  F.  ca- 
thitrti ).  <  Gr.  Kaffaprr/c.  a  cleanser,  <  KoOaipeiv, 
cleanse:  see  cathartic.^    A  genus  of  American 


hea^'y  iron  beam 
projecting  from 
each  bow  of  a 
ship,  and  hav- 
ing sheaves  in 
its  outer  end. 
Its  use  is  to  afford 
a  support  by  which 
to  lift  the  anchor 
after  it  has  been 
raised  to  the  wa- 
ter's edge  by  the 
chain.  The  inner 
end  of  the  cat-head, 
which  is  fastened 
to  the  ship's  beam 
or  frame,  is  called 
the  cat-tail. 


pi     The  fruit  of  the 
[Prov.  Eng.] 
1.  A  large  timber  or 


A,  Cat-head;  B,  Cat-block!  C,  Cat-fall. 
.  the  an- 


T«rkey.buz«ard  iCafJiartes  aura). 

vnlturfs,  gi^nng  name  to  the  family  Calhartidtp. 
Formerly  apitli'-.i  to  all  the  bpi-rics  nidificriminately  ;  now 
usually  nHtrlrt.<l  to  the  turkey-buzzard,  C.  niira,  aud  its 
biinii-di.it'-  cotlgi'Mcrs. 

cathartic  (ka-thiir'tik),  «,  and  «.  [=  F.  cathar- 
tiquc,  <  Gr.  HatlaprtKix:,  cleansing,  purgative,  < 
Kotlaipew,  cleanse,  purify,  <  mOap6r,  pure,  clean, 
akin  to  L.  ca.itus,  pure,  >  E.  chaste,  q.  v.]  I.  a. 
1.  Purcative;  purifviiig.  in  mcdldne often  restrict- 
ed to  ihr  luTond  grade  of  ]iurgation,  taintirr  lielng  used 
for  the  lint,  and  ilranUc  for  Ihc  third.  Also  njxK-alhartir.. 
The  civil  virtllea — wisdom,  tronragc,  temperance,  and 
JfiAtlee  — are  reUiined  ;  but  higher  than  thcHc  are  placed 
the  purlfyhiK  or  cathartic  virtues,  by  which  the  soul 
enuincipates  Itwsir  from  subjection  t4>  sense, 

U.  I'.  Finher.  itegln.  of  I'hrlsllaidty,  p,  179. 

1  '  to  or  derived  from  cathnrtin. — 

I'l,   a  gluciisiile  of  weak  ni  Id  character, 

lalllzable,    it  Is  the  active  Jiurgatlveprln. 


2 

Ca; 
bb. 
dpi. 

n. ".  .'■.  • 

(fntivo. 
cathartical 

llinrlir. 

cathartically 

In.rt.tliT  l»l  II   e.'i!  ::        f  lo. 

catlnrtlcalness    i  ^.i-tliiir'ti-kal-nCH),   n.     The 
c|'i  .f  pronioliht;  illMchiirgi'S  from  the  bow- 


tharticmedicine;  a  purge;  apur- 
!'-t,hiir'ti-kftl),  a.     Sami-  an  ca- 
(liiir'ti-kal-i),   adr.     In   the 


Oatliartul.-e  fka-thilr'ti-«le), 
Wi"f'  '-  '".]  ,\  fiiipTilv 
orib  ' 

ftf 

part 

(',.11^ 

k.'i.   .. 


II.  ;./.     [XT..,  <  fit. 

ii{  vulttireH,  of  llio 

'       fiithiirlidis.    III.  V 

.    iiiliitbit  Itjt  wanni  r 

..  ,   A  .,-   'O  l/,,/llf«l,   111- 

mill),  III' 

■   V   liU//.ifl 

■  nfft  alriiiii) 

llisy  »■:  LouracUrlud  bjr  Iwv. 


■\Ve  pulled  a  long,  heav,v,  silent  pull,  and 
chor  came  to  tlie  cat-head  pretty  slowly, 

Jl.  11.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  tlie  Wast,  p,  1'23, 

2.  In  mining,  a  small  capstan. — 3.  Nodular  or 
ball  ironstone.     [North.  Eng.] 

The  nodules  with  leaves  in  them,  called  cat-headu,  seem 
to  consist  of  a  sort  of  ironstone.  Woodward,  Fossils, 

Cat-head  stopper  (jiaut,),  a  piece  of  rope  or  chain  hy 
which  the  anclior  is  hung  at  the  cat-head.  Also  called 
cat-stoj<i>fr. 

cathead  (kat'hed),  V.  t.    Nant.,  to  attach  to  the 

cut-head. 

cathedra  (kath'e-dra  or  ka-the'dra),  n. ;  pi. 
cathedra;  (-dre).  '  [=  Sp.  cdtedra  ="Pg.  cathe- 
dra =  It.  cnltedra  =  D.  O.  Dan.  kathcdvr  =  Sw. 
katcdcr,  <  L,  (ML,)  cathedra,  <  Gr.  KaOi^pa,  a 
seat,  beneli,  pulpit,  <  koto,  down,  +  lipn,  a 
seat,  <  eCcaOat  (■/  *f(5)  =  L.  .<)cdcrc  =  E.  sit,  a.  v. 
Hence  (fromL.  cathedra,  through  F.)  E.  chair 

and  chaise  : 
SCO  chair.  V(. 
cathedral.]  1. 
Tlie  throiio  or 
seat  of  abislio]) 
itilhocalhedriil 
or  cpiHcopul 
church  of  his  di- 
ocese, l''orinerly 
the  bishop's  throne 
or  cnlhcdni  was 
generally  sltmitcd 
at  the  (^ast  eliil  of 
the  apse,  behind 
til.'  altar,  and  wiw 
Hell  approached 
i.>  a  IlighlofHieliH; 
Init  It  is  now  al 
most     universally 

placed  on  one  sidf 
of  the  clioir,  usual 
ly  the  Honlli  side. 
That  of  St.  I'eter's  at  nimie  Isesperlally  honored  iw  r.-piUe.l 

I.,  havi:  I n  the  chair  of  ,St,  I'ctcr,  anil  U  i»  U""  Incliised 

It!  a  bronze  r-ovcrinu. 

1  leiico  —  2,  The  (ifTicial  cliair  of  any  one  entitled 
or  i>rofcHHiiig  to  touch  with  iiiitliority,  as  a  pro- 
fiMHor,  Ex  cathedrA,  lli. rally,  from  the  chair;  hence, 
Miili  aiiilionlv  :  authorliiiilv.'ly. 
t;athedral  (ku-th<Vclriil),  a.  iind  ii.  [First  in 
Ui.  (iliniKe  calhrilral  church  (^ko  in  MK.),  truiiB- 
■  'iTir  .ML.  erclesia  rathitlrali.i,  n  cliurch  o.on- 
1  .ipiirin  the  liiHhdJi'K  throiio;  \,.  ecclesiaj  BII  IIH- 
.I'lubly,  ML.  a  church ;  ML.  cuthcdralu,  otlj., 


Cathedra  In  the  Cnthcdml  of  AusfshiinE, 
r.rtnmny.  I'roUilily  of  oth  century,  (From 
Vl'.IIct.|c-Ilut'»*'Dict.  tic  rArchllccturc") 


Catherpes 

<  cathedra,  a  chair,  esp.  a  bishop's  throne,  also 
applied  to  the  cathedral  church  itself:  see 
cathedra.]  I.  a.  1.  Containing  a  bishop's  seat, 
or  used  especially  for  episcopal  services;  serv- 
ing or  adapted  for  use  as  a  cathedral:  as,  a^ 
cathedral  church. 

rhe  parish  church  of  those  days  has  become  the  catlte- 
dral  cliiuch  of  the  new  diocese  of  Newcastle. 

ClmrchinaH  (New  York),  Dec.  17,  18S7. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  cathedral ;  connected  with  or 
sugi'estiug  a  cathedral ;  characteristic  of  cathe- 
drafs:  as,  a  eatliedral  service;  cathedral  music} 
the  cathedral  walks  of  a  forest. 

Huge  calhniral  fronts  of  every  age, 
Grave,  florid,  stern,  as  far  as  eye  could  see. 

Tctmygon,  Sea  Dreams. 

3.  Emanating  from  or  relating  to  a  chair  of 
office  or  olficial  position ;  hence,  having  or  dis- 
plaj-ing  authority;  authoritative. 

Hood  an  ass  in  rcv'rend  purple, 
So  you  can  hide  his  two  ainbitituls  ears, 
And  he  shall  pass  for  a  catltedral  doctor. 

if,  Jonmn, 
A  BTiter  must  be  enviably  confident  of  his  own  percep- 
tive inerrancy,  thus  to  set  up,  with  scornful  air  and  ro- 
tlifdrat  dogmatism,  his  individual  aversion  and  approba- 
tion as  criteria  for  the  decisions  of  his  fellow-beings, 

F.  Hall,  Mo.l.  Eng.,  p.  19& 
Cathedral  beardt,  a  style  of  beard  wurn  by  clergymen 
in  the  sixteenth  century  in  Englan.l,  long,  full,  and  flow- 
ing on  the  breast.  FiiirAii?;.— Cathedral  Church,  ■'^ee 
II.—  Cathedral  music,  music  composed  to  suit  the  form 
of  service  used  in  cathedrals. 

II.  II ,  The  principal  chtu-ch  in  a  diocese,  which 
is  specially  the 
church  of  the 
bishop :  so  call- 
ed from  the  fact 
that  it  con- 
tains the  epis- 
copal chair  or 
cathedra.  Many 
cathedrals,  partic- 
ularly the  French 
and  Italian,  furnish 
the  most  niagnill- 
cent  evaniples  of 
the  architecture  of 
tlie  midiile  ages. 
Those  in  Fngland 
are  among  the 
most  interesting, 
tliough,  unlike  the 
continental  cathe- 
dral--^.  tlicy  wereile- 
signc.i  originally, 
almost  without  ex- 
ception.not  as  met- 
rop.ilitan,  but  as 
monastic  churches. 
The  cut  shows  the 
arrangement  of  the 
various  parts  in 
Wells  cathedral, 
(»ne  of  the  most 
beautiful  in  F.ng- 
land.  For  the  olll- 
cial  establishment 
of  a  cathedral,  see 
ch„i,l''r.  2. 
cathedralic  (knth-e-dral'ik),  a.    [<  cathedral  + 

-((■.  I     I'orliiiiiiiig  to  a  cathedral. 
cathedratedt  (kath'e-dra-ted),  a.  [<  Mli.  cathe- 
dratii.i,  ]il:u'cd  in  llu'  cathedra,  <  cathedra:  see 
eathi  lira.]    Pertaining  to  or  vested  in  the  chair 
or  oilico  of  a  tcaclier. 

With  the  cailifdraicd  authority  of  a  prirlcctor  orpuhllclc 
niiilcr.  Whillock.  Manners  of  I'.ug.  Teoplc,  p,  ;i85, 

Cathedratic  (k!itli-i;-(lr:it'ik).  a.  iiiiil  II.  [<  ML. 
ealhi draliciiii,  bcloiigiiig  to  the  cathedra,  <  ea- 
thiilra :  see  cathidm.]  I.  a.  Promulgated  ox 
catliedra.  or  as  if  with  high  authority.  [Rare.] 
There  is  the  prestige  of  antiquity  which  aiids  the  author. 
Ity  of  vclierabllity  to  calhcdmtic  precepts,    Frazcr's  Mail. 

II.  ».  [<'\Ui.  ralhediaticiim.]  A  sum  of  two 
shillings  paid  to  tint  bislioii  by  thi'  inferior 
cli'i'^'v  in  loUeii  of  subjection  anil  respect.  E. 
fhill'ijis,  ITlKi, 

cathegumen  (kiith-o-gfl'mon),  v.  [<  Ecel.  Or. 
Mit/vjoiy/iioi;,  an  abbot:  sea hcgtimcn.]  Sainoas 
hrqiimrn. 

cathelectrotonus  (Uatli'o-lek-trot'v-mis),  n. 

Sriiiio  a-^  riili  leetrotonus. 

catheretic  (kutli-t>ret'ik),  n.  [=  F.  calhi'ri^ 
tii/iir,  <  (Jr.  M/Hni/i/nMic,  destriu'liv(>,  <  unlkniiriv, 
disli'ov.  <  H/7(l,  (lown,  +  alpriv,  (^riisji.]    A  siib- 

staiiee' used  as  a  mild  caustic  ii ting  down 

or  I'oiMoving  wiirtH,  exuberiiiil  griiiiulatioiis.etc. 

catherine-wheel,  ".      i^oe  eathanm-irhrrl. 

CatherpOB  (Kn-lhrr'pe'/.),  ».  [NI,.  iS,  V.  liainl, 
l.s."iS),  '  Gr,  Hiillip^Tiiv,  cree]i,  steal  ilowii,  <  imtii, 
ilown,  +  ipTreiv,  creep,]  A  gcnUH  of  canon- 
wreiiM,  of  Iho  Hubfaiiiily  CiimiHjliirhiinehiiia;, 
fninilv  Tniiiliidiitida;  foniid  in  llio  soutliwcHt- 
erii  I'liitod' Slates  and  Hi>iitliwaril.  '',  nie.rirO' 
mil  is  an  example.     Bee  cut  iimltu'  cailon-ivroiL 


_E*  •      •  3-1. 

Plan  of  Wells  Cathedral,  EnRland. 
yf.  apse  or  apsis;  A,  ;»li;ir.  iiliar-plaifomt, 
and  altiir-stcp;. :  A  ^".  cabtcrn  or  lesser  tran- 
sept :  F,  O,  western  or  yrcitcr  transejit ;  //, 
central  lower;  /,  ^.western  towers:  A.  north 
I>orch  ;  /..library  or  register;  Af,  prmciital 
or  western  tloorw.-iy;  N,  A',  western  side 
doors  ;  O.  cloister-yard  or  garth  ;  P.  i>,  norlh 
and  south  aisles  of  choir ;  S",  S,  east  ami  west 
aisles  of  transept;  T,l\  north  and  south 
aisles  of  nave;  K.  A',  chapcLs;  I',  rood-screea. 
or  ori;;ui-lofl ;  // ',  altar  of  lady  chapcL 


cathetal 

cathetal  (kath'o-tal),  II.  [<  cathctus  +  -al.']  Ee- 
latiiig  to  !i  eathetus. 

catheter  (kath'e-tor),  «.  [=  F.  cathiter  =  Sp. 
riiti  Icr  =  Pg.  catheter  =  It.  catetere  =  D.  G. 
J)au.  kathctcr  =  Sw.  Icatctcr,  <  LL.  catheter,  < 
(jrr.  Ka6sT)/p,  a  catlioter,  a  plug,  <  iiaOero^,  let 
down,  perpeuclioular,  <  natiiemi,  send  down,  let 
down,  thrust  in,  <  nard,  down,  +  itvaf,  send, 
eaus.  of  ih'at  =  L.  ire,  go :  see  j/o.]  In  suri/. : 
(a)  A  tubular  instrument  introduced  through 
the  ui'ethra  into  the  bladder,  to  draw  off  the 
urine  when  its  discharge  is  arrested  by  disease 
or  accident,  (b)  A  tulje  for  introduction  into 
other  canals:  as,  a  Eustachian  catheter — Cath- 
eter-gage,  a  plate  having  grailnated  perforations  form- 
in;;  nieusnivs  of  tlie  diunieters  of  catheters. 

catheterism  (kath'e-ter-izm),  n.  [=  F.  cathi!- 
terisme  =  Sp.  cateterismo  =  Pg.  c.atheterismo,  < 
LL.  catheterismus,  <  Gr.  iM6iTripin/i6i:,  a  putting 
in  of  the  catheter,  <  Katkrlip,  catheter.]  The 
operation  of  using  a  catheter;  catheterization. 

catheterization  (kath'e-ter-i-za'shon),  11.  [< 
nifhclcri::c  +  -athin.']  The  passing  of  a  catheter 
tlirougli  or  into  a  canal  or  cavity. 

catheterize  (kath'c-trr-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp_. 
ciitkeieri-ed,  ppr.  cutliitrrkiiiij.  [=  F.  cathete- 
riser  =  Sp.  cateterizar,  <  Gr.  ' mBerripiZeiv  (im- 
plied in  KadcTr/pia/iAf,  catheterism) :  see  catheter 
and  -(^c]     To  operate  on  with  a  catheter. 

catheti,  «.    Plural  of 
cathcliis. 

cathetometer  (kath- 
e-tom'e-ter),   )i.     [< 
Gr.  uddeToi,  perpen- 
dicular,   a    perpen- 
dicular line,   +   pi- 
Tpov,     a     measure.] 
An    instrument  for 
measuring        small 
differences  of   level 
between    two    near 
points,    as,   for   ex- 
ample, the  distance 
between   the   levels 
of    the    merciuy  in 
the  cistern   and    in 
the  tube  of  a  barom- 
eter.    It  consists  essen- 
tially of  a  vertical  gi-adn- 
atedrod  carefully  leveled, 
upon  which  slides  a  lior- 
izontal  telescope.     With 
tlxe  telescope  the  obser- 
ver sights  in  succession 
the  two  objects  xuider  ex- 
amination, and  the  dis- 
tance on    the 
graduated  rod 
traversed    by 
the  telescope 
is  the  measure 
of  the  differ- 
ence of  height 
between    the 
two     objects. 
As  construct- 


Cathetometer. 


ed  for  the  physicist,  with  numerous  arrangements  to  in- 
sure accuracy,  the  cathetometer  is  an  instrument  of  a  high 
de-iree  of  accuracy. 

eathetus  (kath'e-tus), «. ;  pi.  catheti  (-ti).  [L.,  < 
Gr.  KaUeroi;,  perpendicular,  a  perpendicular  line : 
see  catheter.']  If.  In  geom.,  a  line  falling  per- 
pendicularly on  another  line  or  a  surface,  as 
the  two  sides  of  a  right-angled  triangle. —  2. 
In  arck. :  (a)  A  perpendicular  line  supposed  to 
pass  through  the  middle  of  a  cylindrical  body, 
(ft)  The  axis  or  middle  line  of  the  Ionic  volute. 

cathism  (kath'izm),  II.     Same  as  caihisma. 

cathisma  (ka-thiz'mii),  ".;  pi.  cathismata  (-ma- 
tii).  [<  Gr.  adtiiapa','  a  portion  of  the  psalter 
fsee  def.),  a  seat,  the  seat,  <  KaSii^eiv,  sit  down, 
<  Kara,  down,  -I-  ii^eiv,  sit,  akin  to  li^ecdat  ^  L. 
sedere  =  E.  sit:  see  nil.']  In  the  Gr.  Ch.:  {a) 
A  portion  of  the  psalter,  containing  from  three 
to  eleven  (usually  about  eight)  psalms.  The  iioth 
psalm  constitutes  a'singlc  cathisiii;i.  'I'lu're  are  altogether 
twenty  cathismata.  and  eai:h  is  sul'divided  into  three  sta- 
seis.  See  stosw  and  j«n((er.  (ft)  A  troparion  or  short 
hymn  used  as  a  response  at  certain  points  in 
the  offices. 

The  Greeks  rarely  sit  in  church:  the  cathismata  are 
therefore  pauses  for  rest ;  and  are  longer  than  the  usual 
troparia.  J.  M.  Ncale,  Eastern  Church,  i.  844. 

cathodal  (kath'6-dal),  a.  [<  Gr.  KaSodof,  a 
going  down  (see'  caihoilc),  +  -at.']  1.  In  ftot, 
lower ;  on  the  side  furtliest  from  the  summit. 
[Bare.]  —  2.  [<  cathode  +  -al.']  Pertaining  to 
the  cathode. 
Also  spelled  hathoilal. 

cathode* kath'od), )i.  [< Gr.  miflorfof , agoingdown, 
a  waydown,  <  Kara,  down,  -I-  otWf, way.]  Theneg- 
ative  pole  of  an  electric  current :  opposed  to 


86,3 

anelectrodc  ov  anode.  Also  spelled  Ir/^ftorZe.  Also 
calk'il  cafrleclnide Cathode  rays.    See  r«i/. 

cathodic  (ka-thod'ik),  rt.  [<  Gr.  miftxior,  a  going 
down  (sec  rnthode),  +  -/«.]  Procoeiling  down- 
war<l:  apjilied  to  the  efferent  course  of  action 
of  the  n(^i'vous  influence.  O.  S.  Mull.  Also 
spelled  lalhodic.     [liare.] 

cathodograph  (ka-tho'do-graf),  u.  l<  cathode 
+  (ii-.  ypuijiiw,  write.]  A  photograph  taken  with 
the  X-rays.     See  raij. 

cat-hole  (kat'hol),  n.  Naut.,  one  of  two  small 
holes  astern  above  the  gun-room  porta,  for  the 
passag<'  of  a  hawser  or  cable  in  heaving  ast<'ru. 

catholic  (kath'o-lik),  a.  and  «.  [Not  found  in 
ME.  or  earlier  (in  AS.  the  ML.  cailiolirAw  is 
translated  ;/elcdffiil  or  ijcledflic,  i.  e.,  believing, 
faithful,  orthodox);  =  I).  ciUlioHjl:,  talhoiijk, 
kathnlieh.  l,-atholi.sr'h  =  G.  Lallioliacii,  adj.,  hilho- 
lit,  n.,  =  Dan.  kathoUk,  kalholik,  =  Sw.  kalolsk, 
kiilolik,  =  F.  catholique  =  Pr.  catuUc  =  Sp. 
catotiro  =  Pg.  catholico  =  It.  caltoHco  (=  Kuss. 
katoUkii,  n.,  katolichcikii,  adj.,  =  Turk,  ijalolik, 
n.),  <  L.  catholicus.  universal,  general  (nout. 
pi.  catholica,  all  things  together,  the  universe), 
in  LL.  and  ML.  esp.  eccles.,  general,  common, 
that  is,  as  applied  to  the  church  {catholica  ec- 
clesia)  or  to  the  faith  {catholica  fides),  orthodox 
(in  ML.  commonly  used  synonymously  with 
Christianus,  Christian) ;  <  Gr.  KaOohndg,  general, 
universal  (»)  KaOoXuiy  eKK/j/ala,  the  universal 
church),  <  Kadd'Aov,  adv.,  on  the  whole,  in  gen- 
eral, also  as  if  adj.,  general,  universal,  prop, 
two  words,  Kail'  h'/.ov:  naff  for  atit'  for  uiiTd,  ac- 
cording to ;  oAov,  gen.  of  oXof ,  whole,  =  L.  sol-id- 
us,  >  E.  solid:  see  cata-,  holo-,  and  siilid.']  I.  a. 

1.  Universal;  embracing  all ;  wide-extending. 

If  you,  my  son,  should  now  prevaricate. 

And  to  your  own  particular  lusts  employ 

So  great  and  cnikolic  a  bliss,  be  sure 

A  curse  will  follow.       B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  L 

2.  Not  narrow-minded,  partial,  or  bigoted ;  free 
fcom  prejudice ;  liberal ;  possessing  a  mind 
that  appreciates  aU  truth,  or  a  spirit  that  ap- 
preciates all  that  is  good. 

With  these  exceptions  I  can  read  almost  anything.  I 
bless  my  stars  for  a  taste  so  catholic,  so  unexcludiug. 

Lamb,  Boolis  and  Reading. 

There  were  few  departments  into  which  the  catholic  and 
humane  principles  of  Stoicism  were  not  in  some  degree 
carried.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  :il5. 

3.  In  thcol.:  {a)  Originally,  intended  for  all 
parts  of  the  iiihabited  world;  not  confined  to 
one  nation,  like  the  Jewish  religion,  but  fitted 
to  include  members  of  all  human  races :  applied 
to  the  Christian  religion  and  church. 

Cathatic  in  Greek  signifies  universal :  and  the  Christian 
Church  was  so  call'd,  as  consisting  of  all  Nations  to  whom 
the  Gospel  was  to  be  preach't,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
.Tewish  Chm'ch,  whicll  consisted  for  the  most  part  of  Jews 
only.  Milton,  True  Keligion. 

(ft)  [cap.'\  Constituting,  conforming  to,  or  in 
harmony  with  the  visible  church,  which  ex- 
tended throughout  the  whole  Roman  empire 
and  adjacent  countries,  possessed  a  common 
organization  and  a  system  of  intercommunion, 
and  regulated  disputed  questions  by  ecumeni- 
cal councils,  as  distinguished  from  local  sects, 
whether  heretical  or  simply  schismatic,  but  es- 
pecially from  those  which  did  not  accept  the 
decrees  of  ecumenical  coimcils :  as,  the  Catholic 
Clmrch ;  the  Catholic  faith,  in  this  sense  it  is  regu- 
larly apjilied  to  the  ancient  historical  church,  its  faith  and 
or"anizationdown  to  the  time  of  the  great  schism  between 
tlie  sees  of  Rome  and  Constantinople  :  as,  a  Catholic  bish- 
op or  synod,  as  distinguished  from  a  Nestorian  or  .Taco- 
bite  prelate  or  council. 

The  importunity  of  heretics  made  them  [the  Church  of 
Christ]  add  another  name  to  tliis  (Christian],  viz.,  that  of 
catholic;  which  was,  as  it  were,  their  surname  or  charac- 
tei'istic,  to  distinguish  them  from  all  sects,  who,  though 
they  had  party  names,  yet  sometimes  sheltered  them- 
selves under  the  common  name  of  Christians. 

Biiurham,  Antiq.,  I.  i.  §  7. 

The  test  of  Catholic  doctrine,  the  maintenance  of  which 
distinguishes  tin-  Cmholic  Chm-ch  in  any  place  from  he- 
retical or  Rchisinutical  coinnuunons,  has  been  described  as 
that  which  has  been  taught  .-ihvays,  every  wherii,  by  all. 

Bhuit,  Theol.  Diet.  (Episcopal), 
((■)  [«';*.]  Historically  derived  from  the  ancient 
undivided  chm'ch  before  the  great  schism,  and 
acknowledging  the  decrees  of  its  coimcils  as 
recognized"  Ijy  the  Greek  or  Eastern  Chiu-ch. 
The  olHcial  title  of  that  clnuch  is.  The  Holy  Orthodox 
Catholic  Apostolic  Oriental  Church  (i)  ayia  6p«*o5ofo?  Ka^o- 

Ai/cijiilTOiTToAiKilcll'aToAi/t^eKKAiJiria).  (rf)  [cUp.']  Claim- 
ing unbroken  descent  (through  the  apostolic 
succession)  from  and  conformity  to  the  order 
and  doctrine  of  the  ancient  imdivided  church, 
and  acknowledging  the  decrees  of  its  eouncUs 
as  received  by  both  the  Greek  and  the  Latin 
Church.  In  tliis  sense  the  word  Catholic  is 
apiilied  by  Anglican  wTiters  to  their  own  com- 


catholicity 

munion.  (e)  \_cap.'\  Claiming  to  possess  exclu- 
sively the  notes  or  characteristics  of  the  one,, 
only,  true,  and  universal  church  —  unity,  visi- 
bility, indefectibility,  succession,  universality, 
and  sanctity:  used  in  this  sense,  with  these 
qualilicaf  ions,  only  by  the  Church  of  Eome,  as 
applicable  only  to  itself  and  its  adherents,  and 
to  their  faith  and  organization ;  often  qualified, 
especially  by  those  not  acknowledging  these 
claims,  by  prefixing  the  word  Unman.  ( /')  More 
specifically,  an  epithet  distinguishing  the  faith 
of  the  universal  Christian  church  from  those- 
opinions  which  are  i)eculiur  to  special  sects.  (.</) 
A  designation  of  certain  of  the;  epistles  in  the 
New  Testament  which  are  addressed  to  believ- 
ers generally  and  not  to  a  iiarlicular  church. 
The  catholic  epistles  are  .James,  Peter  I.  and 
II.,  .John  I.,  and  .Jude.  .Jolni  II.  and  III.  are 
also  usually  included,  (/i)  Belonging  as  prop- 
erty to  the  churcli  at  large,  as  distinguished 
from  a  parish  or  a  monastic  order:  in  ancient. 
ecclesiastical  literature  used  to  designate  cer- 
tain church  buildings,  as  a  bishop's  eliureh  In. 
contrast  with  a  parish  churcli,  or  a  parish 
church  which  was  ojxen  to  all  in  distinction 
from  monastic  lOiurches.— Catholic  apostolate. 
Sc.  ii/,„.,i„i„ic.  -  Catholic  Apostolic  Church.  See  Ir- 
viii'iitr.-  Catholic  creditor,  in  ,sv-o/.^  law,  a  creditor 

w  Inise  debt  is  secured  over  Kcveral  subjectp.  or  ovf-r  all  the 

sul)jecU  belonging  to  his  debtor. — Catholic  Majesty,  a 
title  or  style  assumed  by  the  kings  and  qm  iti^  .pt  spani. 
It  was  conferred  by  the  pope  as  a  recognition  of  devotion 
to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  antl  was  first  given  to  the 
Astmian  prince  Alfonso  I.,  about  the  middle  of  the  eighth 
century. 

II.  H.  1.  \_cap.'\  A  member  of  the  universal 
Christian  church. —  2.  [«'/'.]  A  member  of  the- 
Roman  Catholic  Church. — 3.  Same  as  catholi- 
cos. 

The  orthodox  nu)narch8  of  Georgia  and  Abkhasia  each 
supported  his  own  Catholic, 

J.  M.  Nealc,  Eastern  Church,  i.  9, 
Catholic  Emancipation  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1829 
(10  Geo.  I\'.,e.  7),  ii-pi-jilirig  tcu-mer  laws  wbirb  imposed  dis- 
abilities upon  Ri'inan  Calliolics,  and  allowing  them  (except 
priests)  to  sit  i]i  I'arliament,  atid  t<t  hold  (■i\il  and  military 
offices  ^vith  certain  excej)tions.  The  measure  was  urged 
■with  special  reference  to  the  Roman  Catholics  of  Irelaiid. 
—  Old  Catholics,  (a)  The  name  used  by  a  small  body  of 
believers  in  Jansenism  in  Holland,  with  an  archiepiscopal 
see  in  Utrecht.  They  have  continued  since  IT'ii  to  recog- 
nize the  authority  of  the  pope  by  sending  him  notice  of 
each  new  election  of  a  bishop,  which  he  always  disregards. 
(6)  A  reform  party  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  founded 
after  the  proclauration  of,  and  in  opposition  to,  the  dogma 
of  papal  infallibility  jiroclaimed  by  the  Vatican  Comicil  in 
1870.  A  schism  \\  ith  the  Rontan  Catholic  CThurch  was  not 
intended,  but  it  resulted  ;  the  leaders  were  excommuni- 
cated and  new  congregations  formed.  No  bishop  having 
joined  the  movement,  the  ordination  of  a  bisliop  was  ob- 
tained from  the  Old  Catholic  bishop  of  Deventer  in  Hol- 
land. Old  Catholics  have  departed  in  few  respects  from 
their  former  ecclesiastical  customs  as  Roman  Catholics. 
Auricular  confession  and  fasting  are,  however,  voluntary 
with  them,  and  priests  are  albtwed  to  marry.  5Iass  is  per- 
mitted to  be  said  in  the  vernacular.  They  are  found  chiefly 
in  Germany  and  in  Switzerland,  w  liere  tliev  '_-a]l  themselves 
Christian  Caf/ioJiV*.— Roman  Catholic  Relief  Acts,  a 
series  of  English  statutes  removing  tlic  political  disabili- 
ties of  Roman  Catholics :  as,  lb'2'.i  (10  Geo.  IV.,  c.  7),  per- 
nnttiug  them  to  sit  in  Parliament  and  to  hold  offices,  with 
certain  exceptions ;  1833  (3  and  4  Vim.  IV.,  c.  102),  enabling 
their  clergymen  to  celebrate  marriages  between  Protes- 
tants, etc.,  extended  to  Scotland  in  1834  (4  and  5  Wm.  IV., 
c.  28);  1843  (6  and  7  Vict.,  c.  28),  abolisliing  a  certain  oath 
as  a  qualification  for  Irish  voters;  1844  (7  and  8  Vict., 
c.  10-2)  and  1846  (9  and  10  Vict.,  c.  59),  repealing  statutes 
against  them  ;  1867  (30  and  31  Vict.,  c.  62),  abolishing  the 
tieclaration  against  transttbstantiation,  etc.,  and  (id.,  c.  7o> 
making  all  subjects  eligible  to  the  office  of  lord  chancellor 
of  Ireland.  The  tenn  also  includes  the  Promissorj'  Oaths 
Act.  ISKS  (which  see.  nn<ler  oath). 

catholicalt  (ka-thol'i-kal), «.  [<  catholic  +  -al.'} 
Catholic. 

The  Potent  Kyng  of  kyngis  all 

Preserue  all  Prencis  Catholicalt. 

Lander,  Dewtie  of  Kyngis  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  540. 

catholicate  (ka-thol'i-kat),  «.  [<  JIL.  catholi- 
catus,  <  catholicus,  the  prelate  so  called :  see 
catholicos  and  -nfcS.]  The  region  under  the 
jiu'isdiction  of  a  catholicos:  as,  the  catholicate 
of  Ethiopia. 

It  is '  certain  that,  in  the  vast  Catholicate  of  Chaldaea^ 
monarchs  were  sometimes  invested  with  the  priestl.v  dig- 
nity. J.  .If.  Scale,  Eastern  (^urch,  L  114. 

Catholicise,  r.     See  Catholicize. 

Catholicism  (ka-thol'i-sizm),  n.  [=  P.  catholi- 
cisme  =  Sp.  caiolicismo  =  Pg.  eatholicisiiio  =  It. 
cattolicismo  =  D.  catholicismtis  =  G.  latholicis- 
nms,<.  iih.*catholicismiis:  see  catholic  and  -;«»!.] 

1.  Same  as  Latholicitij,  1  and  2. 

Not  an  infallible  testimony  of  the  Catholicism  of  thft 
doctrine.  Jcr.  Taylor,  Diss,  from  Poperj-,  ii..  Int. 

2.  leap.']  Adherence  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church ;  the  Roman  Catholic  faith :  as,  a  con- 
vert to  Catholicism. 

catholicity  (kath-o-lis'i-ti),  «.  [<  catholic  + 
-itij ;  =  F.  citholicite.]    1.  The  quality  of  being 


catholicity 

catholic  or  nnirersal;  catholic  character  or 
position;  imiversality:  as,  the  catholicity  of  a 
doctrine.     Also  sometimes  Catholicism. 

An  appeal  to  the  catholicity  of  the  chiirch  iu  proof  that 

it,T  i     trines  are  true.    J.  if. -.\>ir»ia«,  Occ.  Serm..  p.  118. 

.\ide  range  of  support  given  to  the  institution 

M.-vh  infirmarj-)  only  corresponds  to  the  catholicity 

uf  tiiK  charity  it  dispenses.  Scot^ma}i. 

2.  The  qnality  of  being  catholic  or  liberal- 
minded;  freedom  from  prejudices  or  narrow- 


864 

And  from  the  alder's  crown 
Swing  the  long  catkins  brown. 

C.  Thaxter,  March, 
cat-lap  (kat'lap),  n.  A  thin,  poor  beverage  (usu- 
ally tea),  lit  only  to  give  to  eats, 
cat-like (kat'lik),fl.   l< cat^  +  Uke.l  Likeacat; 
feline;  watehfid;  stealthy. 

A  lioness,  with  udders  all  drawn  dry, 

Lay  couching,  head  on  ground,  with  catlike  watch. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 


catoptric 

Stomid(€.  It  includes  anKiostoinatous  serpents  having 
the  opisthotic  bone  intercalated  in  the  cranial  wails,  no 
ectopterygoid  bone,  the  maxillary  fl.xed  to  the  prefrontal 
and  preniaxilhu-y,  and  a  pubis  present. 


mindediess:  as,  the  catholicity  of  one's  taste  Catling  (kat'ling)«.     [<  cofl  +  dim. -««j.    Cf.        ^^^^^^^ 
f„,.  i;toT.ot,,,.a      A lo,^  onmoHvioo  ,.„*/,„;._;»,„ kitlinuA     1.  A  little  eat ;  a  kitten.  ^^ 


for  literature.  Also  sometimes  Catholicism. — 
3.  [c(ii>.]  The  Boman  CathoUe  Church,  or  its 
doctrines  and  usages. 

Catholicize  (ka-thol'i-siz),  r.;  pret.  and  pp. 
Catholicized,  ppr.  Catholicizing.     [<  Catholic  + 
-!-■<.]  I.  iH^rnns.  To  become  a  Catholic.  [Rare.] 
n.  trans.  To  convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
faith. 
Also  spelled  Catholicise. 
catholicly  (kath'o-lik-li),  adv.     In  a  catholic 
maimer;  universally.     [Rare.] 
That  marriage  is  indissoluble  is  not  catholicly  true. 


kitliiig.']     1.  A  little  cat;  a  kitten. 

For  never  cat  nor  cath'n;7  I  sliall  find. 
But  mew  shall  they  in  Pluto's  palace  blind. 
Drummond,  Phiilis  on  the  Death  of  her  Sparrow. 
2t.  Catgut;  the  sti-ing  of  a  lute,  violin,  etc. 

^^'^lat  music  will  be  in  him  when  Hector  has  knocked 
out  his  brains,  I  know  not;  but,  1  am  sure,  none,  unless 
the  fiddler  Apollo  get  his  sinews  to  make  catlirujs  on. 

Shak.,  T.  ami  C,  iii.  3. 
3.  The  do-mi  or  moss  which  gi'ows  about  cer- 
tain trees  and  resembles  the  hair  of  a  cat. 
Harris. — 4.  A  double-edged  knife  used  by  siu-- 
geons  for  dismembering.     Also  ccitlin. 


Hilton,  Tetrachordon.  catlinitc  (kat'li-nit),  «.     [After  George  Catlin, 

catholicness  (kath'o-lik-nes),  n.    Universality;  an  American  traveler.]     A  red  clay-stone  used 

cathoUeity.  by  the  North  American  Indians  for  making 

One  may  judge  of  the  catholickncss  which  Romanists  pipes.    It  is  allied  to  agalmatolite,  but  is  rather  a  rock 

brag  of.              JSrcnnt,  Saul  and  Samuel  at  Endor,  p.  10.  Jhan  a  mineral  species.    It  is  obtained  from  Pipestone 

Catholicont  (ka-thol'i-kon),  n.      [=  F.  catholi-  county  in  southwestern  Minnesota, 

con.  <  ML.  catholicon,  catholicum,  a  universal  catmallison  (kat  mal-i-son),  «.     [Appar.  <  cofl 

remedy,  also  a  general  or  comprehensive  work. 


a  dictionary,  <  Gr.  Kado'/.iKov  (se.  laua,  reme- 
dy), neut.  of  Ka8ohK6c,  imiversal:  see  catholic.'] 
A  remedy  for  all  diseases ;  a  universal  remedy ; 
a  panacea;  specifically,  a  kind  of  soft  purgative 
electuary  so  called. 
catholicos,  catholicus  (ka-thol'i-kos,  -kus),  n. 
[JIL.,  usually  catliolicus,  <  MGr.  ^aWo/.«of,  a  pro- 
curator, a  prelate  (see  def.),  prop,  adj.,  Gr. 
Kaflo/Hiof.  general,  universal :  see  catholic]  1. 
In  the  later  Roman  empire,  a  receiver-general 
or  deputy-receiver  iu  a  civil  diocese. — 2.  £c- 
cUs.,  in  Oriental  countries:  (a)  A  primate  hav- 
ing under  him  metropolitans,  but  himself  sub-  cat-nap  (kat'nap),  n. 
jeet  to  a  patriarch,     (fc)  The  head  of  an  indc-    ^riei  nap, 

J)endent  or  schismatic  communion.  The  general 
orce  of  the  title  seems  to  have  been  that  of  a  superinten- 
dent-general of  missions  or  of  churches  on  and  beyond  the 
borders  of  the  Human  empire.  It  is  also  the  title  of  the 
head  nf  the  Armenian  Church,  and  has  been  used  by  the 


+  malison  :  a  place  cursed  by  the  cat  because  it 
keeps  the  food  out  of  his  reach !]  A  cupboard 
near  the  chimney  in  which  tlried  beef  and  pro\-i- 
sions  are  kept.  Grose;  Halliwell.  [North.  Eng.] 
catmint  (kat'mint),  »).  [Formerly  cat's  mint, 
ME.  kattcs  mintc ;  the  alleged  AS.  cattes  mint 
(Somner)  is  not  authenticated;  <  cat^  +  mint"; 
=  Dan.  kattemynte  =  Sw.  kattmynta.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Xepeta,  N.  Cataria :  so  called  be- 
cause cats  are  fond  of  it.  it  is  stimulant  and  slight- 
ly tonic,  and  is  a  domestic  remedy  for  various  ailments. 
Malabar  catmint  is  Animmelen  Malabarica,  a  similar  labi- 
al*', used  by  the  natives  of  India  as  a  tonic  and  febrifuge. 
.\lso  catnip. 

A  short  light  sleep;  a 


The  anecdotes  told  of  Brougham,  Napoleon,  and  others, 
wlio  are  said  to  have  slept  but  four  or  live  hours  out  of 
the  twenty-four,  but  who,  we  suspect,  took  a  good  many 
cat-naps  in  the  day-time,  have  done  much  harm. 

If.  Mathews,  Getting  on  in  tlie  World,  p.  267. 


Jacobites,  and  for  the  metran  of  Ethiopia  (Abyssinia),  catnar  (kat'nar),  n.     A  class  of  sweet  wines, 
i^emaphnan.    Also  called  ca(Ao;».  l^„tlj   ^ed   and   white,   produced  in  MoldaWa; 


cathood  (kat'hud),  H.     [<  call  +  -hood.]     The 
state  of  being  a  cat.     [Rare.] 
Decidedly  my  kitten  should  never  attain  to  cathood. 

Southey,  Doctor,  xxv. 
cat-hook  (kat'huk),  n.     yaut.,  the  hook  of  a 

cal-liloi'k. 
cathoscope  (kath'o-skop),  n.     [<  catho(de)  + 
■srtiiic,  as  in  te]escoi)r.]   A  machine  for  exhibit- 


Also  spelled  cotnar. 

A  cup  of  our  own  Moldavia  line, 
Cotnar,  for  instance,  green  as  May  sorrel, 
And  ropy  with  sweet.  Bmrmnij. 

catnip   (kat'nip),    n.      [Prob.  a  corruption  of 

catmint,  the  syllable  -ni]>  not  having  any  ob\-i- 

ous  meaning.    Hardly  connected  with  the  L. 

name  nepeta,  catmint.]     Same  as  catmint. 


\?I.  ."j  fl  '.T'""^  '''^'"'^''  "{  V"',-'^:"^''- .  "  '""'■  cat-nut  (kat'nut),  «.    The  round  tuberous  root 
prl<i-8  a  fluoroscopc,  a  vacuum-tube,  batteries,  etc.  ^   .         >  " 

cat-ice  (kat'is).  n.    A  very  thin  layer  of  ice  from 

under  which  tne  water  has  receded. 

Catilinarian  (kat'i-li-na'ri-an),  a.  and 


..    ..  «•     [< 

L.  Catilinaritis,  <  Catilina,  a  proper  name,  orig. 
dim.  adj.,  <  catus,  sharp,  shrewd,  cunning.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Catiline  (died  62  B.  c),  a 
Roman  con.spirator:  as,  the  Catilinarian  war. 

11.  N.  One  who  resembles  or  imitates  Cati- 
liiii-. 
Catilinism  (kat'i-li-nizm),  «.     r<  Catiline  + 
•iMm.]    The  j)racticpR  or  principles  of  Catiline, 


of  Hiiniitm  JlrxKOsnm. 
Catoblepas  (ka-tob'le-pas),  w.  [NL,  (Hamil- 
ton .Smith,  1827),  <  L.  catoblepas  (Pliny),  <  tir. 
Kriru,i'/.e)ji,  also  KaTUii?.{7Tuv,  -^'/.iiTov  (witli  ppr. 
suffi.x),  name  of  an  .iVfrican  animal,  perhaps  the 
gim,  lit.  ' down-looker,' <  kotu,  adv.,  down  (< 
narii,  jirep.,  down:  see  cttla-),  +  ftAiireiv,  look.] 
A  genus  of  ruminating  quadrupeds,  with  large 
soft  muzzle,  and  horns  bont  down  and  again 
turned  up.  It  belongs  to  the  antelope  subfam- 
ily, and  contains  the  gnu  of  South  Africa:  same 
CiiniKichiiics.     See  cut  undi 


KiiTtut,  j,'oing  down,  ppr.  of  KtiTiivni, 
go  down,  <  KnTi'i,  down,  -I-  'livdi,  go: 
see  yo.  \  The  name  given  by  Fara- 
day to  til.-  i-lemont  or  eloment.s  of 
an  elci-irHlylo  which  in  elei-lro- 
chcmical  'I'lonipoHitions  appear 
at  the  negalivi!  j>olo  or  cathode. 
Hfi'  ion. 
catkin  (knt'kin).  ".  [=  MD.  lat- 
til.n  =  f}.  ktiUrhin,  catkin,  lit.  a 
lit II.  .-at  (cf.  I>.  katjr,  F.  chill 
nil'!  ihiilim,  E.  cattail,  catkin),  in 
nlliixion  to  itH  rcHemliluncn  to 
a  ciiI'h  1,1,1;  <  c«fl  +  dim.  -kin. 
CI.  riilUnii,  W.]  I„  l,„i_^  „  H,,„lv 
Hpike  '.r  uiii-i.-MMil  floworH,  ti.suaf- 
Iv  diM'i.iuo.in  .,ft,.r  (lowcrinK  or 
fniltlng,  a.H  in  lh«  willow  imrl 
oirfth ;  ail  ninuut.  Also  culled 
ciillaU. 


Calklni       ;l 
nirch       i,tle/ul,t 

fMMtllt].  ,1, 

i«.ilc  i    i.  t.    U 
'i.olt. 


Catochet,  catochust,  ».  [<  Gr.  Karaxtl,  naroxo^, 
catalcp.sy,  lit.  a  holding  down  or  fast,  (.Kartxeiv, 
liold  down,  <  KUTi't,  down,  -I-  <"^-<()/,  hoUl.]  A  vari- 
ety of  calalcpHy  in  which  the  body  is  kepi  rigiil. 

Catodon(kat'o-<lon),  H.  [Xl^.  (I,!niueuH,  ]7;i.')): 
sei'  ciiludiint.]  1.  A  genus  of  cetaceans;  (ho 
Bpenn-whales:  ho  called  from  having  uii<ler 
teeth  only,  or  teeth  only  in  the  lower  jaw:  now 
Kupcrseded  by  I'hyseter.  The uporm-wlmle or  cnchn- 
lol.  rormerly  I'hi/K^t.r  ciila<tnn,  itrCiiloiltni  inacrocrphaliijt. 
In  now  UHUally  culled  I'htfurlcr  niarnicc/ihahu. 
2.  A  genuH  of  ophiiliaiiH,  giving  name  to  tho 
Ciiliiilonta.     Dnnn'ril  and  Ilitiriin,  1844. 

catodont  (kat'o-dont),  a.  [<  NL.  mlodnn(l-), 
'  lir.  hiiTi.1,  down,  +  Mnix  (oihvr-)  =  E.  liiolh.] 
I  laving  teelli  in  (lie  lower  jaw  only,  as  a  Herjient 

or  a  eelacean;  h| illi'Mlly,  of  or  pertaining  to 

the  Ciilodiinta,  Ciitnilitntiilif,  or  I'hi/si trritUv. 

Oatodonta  (kat-o-don'tii),  n.  III.  JNIi.,  <  Cntn- 
itiintl-),  2,  +  -d'-!.!  \nhrrfirl.,  n  Hiiborder  of 
i>/iliiilia,  ooutvnnlnoUH  willi  tlio  family  Sleno- 


Cntodont  DentjUon  of  Physeter  macrocephatus. 

I.  Side  view  of  lower  jaw,  with  portion  of  upper  jaw.    a.  Top  view  o( 

lower  jaw. 

Catodontidae  (kat-o-don'ti-tie),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Catotlon{t-),  1,  -f-  -idw.]  A  family  of  cetaceans, 
named  from  the  genus  Catodon,  now  usually 
called  I'hyscterida: ;  tho  sperm-whales  or  ca- 
chalots. 
Catometopa  (kat-o-met'o-pa),  H.  pi.     Same  as 

I'atamitojia. 
cat-o'-mountain  (kat '  o -moun '  tan),  n.     Same 
as  rutatnount. 

And  in  thy  wrath,  a  nursing  cat-o'-mounfain 
Is  calm  as  her  babe's  sleep  compared  with  tliee  ! 

Uaileck,  Red  Jacket. 
Catonian  (kS-to'ni-an),  a.  [<  L.  Catontanns,  < 
C(it(i(ii-).  a  Roman  cognomen,<.  catns,  sagacious, 
■n-ise,  shrewd.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
either  Cato  the  censor  (died  1-19  B.  c.)  or  Cato 
Uticensis  (95-46  B.  c),  Romans,  both  remark- 
able for  severity  of  manners  and  morals ;  hence, 
grave:  severe;  inflexible. 

cat-o'-nine-tails  (kat-o-nin'talz),  n.  1.  A 
nautical  and  sometimes  military  instrument  of 
pimishment,  generally  consisting  of  nine  pieces 
of  knotted  line  or  cord  fastened  to  a  handle, 
used  to  flog  offenders  on  the  bare  back.  Also 
called  cat. 

I'll  tell  you  what— if  I  was  to  sit  on  a  court-martial 
against  such  a  fellow  as  you,  .  .  .  you  should  have  the 
cal  <)'  ninr  tails,  and  be  forced  to  run  the  gauntlet,  from 
Coxheath  to  Warley  Common.  Sheridan,  The  Camp,  i.  1. 
2.  Same  as  cattail,  1. 
catoose  (ka-tiis'),  «.  [Appar.  a  corruption  of 
F.  ((irloHclic,  a  roll  of  paper,  etc. :  see  cartouche, 
carlridgi.]  In  her.,  an  ornamental  scroll  with 
which  any  ordinary  or  bearing  may  be  deco- 
rated. 
catoosed(ka-t6st'),n.  [<  catoose  + -ed'^.]  Dee- 
orated  with  catooses.  See  cross  eatoosed,  under 
crogs. 
Catopsilia  (kat-op-sil'i-ii),  «.  [NL.  (Hiibner, 
ISlli),  <  (ir.  HiiTu,  downward,  +  i'lhir,  smooth.] 
A  genus  of  butterflies,  of  the  family  Paiiilionidiv 
anil  subfamily  I'ierina',  containing  many  showy 
species,  mostly  yellow  and  of  large  size.  c. 
pliilra.  a  gidden  and  orange  species,  expands  4  or  fi  inches ; 
it  inhabits  tropical  America.  C.  etiliuli;  a  citl-onyelloiv 
species,  is  f<iuml  from  Canada  to  ratagonia. 
catopter  (ka-top'tfr),  w.  [<  Gr.  KdrotTTpov,  a 
inirr<ir,  <  kuto-z-,  stem  of  fut.  of  KaOo/mv,  look 
down,  look  tipon,  <  Karii,  down,  -t-  6/mv,  see,  iu 
part  supplied  from  ■/"«",  see,  >E.o}>tic,  etc.]  A 
rellccliiig  optical  glass  or  instrument;  a  mirror. 
Also  ctitojitron. 
catoptric  (ka-top'trik),  a.  [=  F.  catoptriqtie 
=  Sp.  catofitrico  =  I'g,  ciitoptrico ;  <  Gr.  Karov- 
rpiKut:,  of  or  iu  a  mirror,  <  hdToKTpov,  a  mirror: 
SCO  catojitcr  and  -ic]  Relating  to  tho  branch 
of  o])tics  called  catoiitrics;  pertaining  to  inci- 
dent and  rellcctod  light. 

In  his  dedication  to  the  I'rlncc  he  [Myles  Dnvies]  pro- 
fesses "to  represent  writers  and  writings  in  a  rarii/iOi'i'* 
view."  /.  irisiacli,  Calani.  of  Auth.,  I.  fil. 

Catoptric  clBtula,  a  box  with  several  siiles  lliicil  with 
niirr.ij^.  „,■  us  U>  rellect  iuid  multiplv  images  of  any  object 
pla,-ed  In  it.  /•;.  //.  /r»i'.,;A(.-  Catoptric  dial,  a  lilal  that 
shows  the  houi-8  by  nieana  of  a  mirmr  adjusted  lo  lelleet 
the  solar  ray.H  upward  to  the  celling  of  u  ickhii  on  wliieli  the 
lionr-lincH  aic  delineated.— Catoptric  light,  in  a  liglit- 


Caloptrlc  I.liihl. 
n<>rl7(,n1/il  Mctloaal  view,  fttinwinuliut  one  tier  of  reflecton. 
't.  •  h.oxlcher  ;  f,  fixod  iltafl  In  trntcr  lo  iitipporl  llic  whole ;  0,  A 
rcflcclofi,  and/,  /,  foiintiilnB  of  Iholi  lamp*. 


catoptric 

house,  a  form  of  liijht  in  which  reflectors  arc  employetl 
instead  of  the  usual  arraiiuciiient  of  ieiist-s  and  prisms.  - 
Catoptric  telescope,  a  telescope  which  exhibits  ohjects 
]>y  retleetion,    Mtire  cuiimonly  called  rnjUctintj  telescope, 

catoptrical  (ka-top'tri-kal),  a.    Same  as  catop- 

tric. 

catoptrically  (ka-top'tri-kal-i),  adv.  lu  a  ca- 
toptric manner;  by  reflection. 

catoptrics  (Ica-top'triks),  n.  [PI.  of  cataptric : 
see-ics.  Ct.lt.  aitottrka,  etc.']  Thatbraneli  of 
the  science  of  optics  which  explains  the  prop- 
erties of  incident  and  reflected  light,  and  par- 
ticularly the  principles  of  reflection  from  mir- 
rors or  polislied  surfaces. 

catoptromancy  (ka-top'tro-man-si),  n.  [<  Gr. 
m-oiTTfiov,  a  luirror  (see  cntojiter),  +  fiavTeia, 
divination.]  A  species  of  divination  among 
the  ancients,  performed  by  letting  down  a  mir- 
ror into  water  for  a  sick  person  to  look  at  his 
face  in  it.  If  the  countenance  appeared  distorted  and 
phastly,  it  was  an  ill  omen ;  if  fresh  and  healthy,  it  was 
favorahle. 

catoptron  (ka-top'tron),  n.    Same  as  catopter. 

catostome  (kat'os-tom),  It.  [<.  Catostomus.']  A 
tish  of  the  family  Catostoiiiida:    Also  catastomc. 

Catostomi  (ka-tos'to-mi),  «.  2>!.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
Catostoiiiii.s.^  A  tribe  of  cypriuoid  fishes :  same 
as  the  family  Catostomidce.    Also  Catastomi. 

catostomid  (ka-tos'to-mid),  a.  and  n.   I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  oharaeteristic  of  the  Catostomidce. 
II.  (/.  A  fish  of  the  family  Catostomidce. 
Also  ratdstomid. 

Catostomidae  (kat-os-tom'i-de),  n.  x>l.     [NL., 

<  Catostomus  +  -id(v.~\  A  family  of  eventogna- 
thous  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Catostomus, 
having  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw  formed  at 
the  sides  by  the  supramaxillary,  numerous  pha- 
ryngeal teeth,  and  two  basal  branchihyals.  The 
specieS  are  mostly  peculiar  to  North  America,  and  are  popu- 
larly known  as  suckers,  carp,  huffalo-Jish,  etc.  The  family 
is  by  some  authors  divided  into  three  subfamilies,  Catosto- 
7«(nfp,  Cycleptmce,  and  Ictiobince.    Also  Catastomidce. 

Catostomina  (ka-tos-to-mi'na),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Catostomus  +  -ina.']  In  Giinther's  classifica- 
tion of  fishes,  the  first  group  of  Cyprinidw,  hav- 
ing the  air-bladder  divided  into  an  anterior  and 
a  posterior  portion,  not  inclosed  in  an  osseous 
capsule,  and  the  pharyngeal  teeth  in  a  single 
scries,  and  extremely  numerous  and  closely  set. 
Also  Cutitstomina. 

Catostominee  (ka-tos-to-mi'ne),  «.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Catostomus  +  -hue.']  A  subfamily  of  Catosto- 
midce with  the  dorsal  fin  short.  Most  of  the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  family  belong  to  it,  and  are  known  in 
the  United  States  chiefly  as  suckers  and  iimllets  or  viullet- 
suckers.     Also  CatastomincE. 

catostomine  (ka-tos'to-min),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 

Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Catostominie. 

II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily  Catostomince. 

Also  catastomiiie. 
catostomoid  (ka-tos'to-moid),  a.  and  n.    [<  NL. 
Catostomus,  q.  v.,  -f-  Gr.  ckhc,  shape.]     I.  a. 
Resembling  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Catostomidw. 

II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  family  Catostomidce. 

Also  catastomoid. 
Catostomus  (ka-tos'to-mus),  n,  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kcircj,  down,  +  aTo/ja,  mouth.]  A  genus  of  even- 
tognathous  fishes,  giving  name  to  the  family 
Catostomidce.  By  Lesneur  and  the  old  authors  it  was 
made  to  embrace  all  tlie  Catostomidee,  but  it  was  gradually 
restricted,  and  is  now  generally  limited  to  the  species  like 
tlie  C.  teres  or  tommon  sucker  of  the  United  States.  Also 
Catastouiits. 

catotretous  (ka-tot're-tus),  a.  [<  NL.  catotre- 
tus,  <  Gr.  KaTu,  down,  -I-  TprjToq,  verbal  adj.  of 
TeTfiaiveiv,  perforate.]  In  rod7. ,  having  inferior 
or  ventral  apertures;  hyjiostomous,  as  an  iu- 
fusorian. 

cat-owl  (kat'oul),  n.  A  name  of  the  large 
horned  owls  of  the  genus  Buho,  as  the  great 
horned  owl.  Bubo  vircjiniau us :  so  called  from 
their  physiognomy.     See  cut  under  Bubo. 

cat-pipe  (kat'pip),  n.     1.  A  catcall. — 2.  Fig- 
m-atively,      one 
who  uses  a  cat- 
pipe  or  catcall. 

cat-rake  (kaf- 
nlk),  H.  A  ratch- 
et-drill. E.  H. 
Knight. 

cat-fig  (kat'rig), 
n.  Xaut.,  a  rig 
consisting  of 
a  single  mast, 
stepped  very 
near  the  stem, 
and  a  sail  laced 
to  a  gaff  and 
55 


865 

boom  and  managed  in  tlie  same  manner  as  the 

mainsail  of  a  sloop.  The  cat-rig  is  the  typical 
rig  of  snuill  American  sail-boats. 

cat-riggedl  (kat'rigd),  a.     Having  the  cat-rig. 

cat-rigged- (kat'rigd),n.  Ridged;  badly  creased, 
as  liiieij.    [I'rov.  Eng.] 

cat-rope  (kat '  rop),  H.  Same  as  cat-bach  rope. 
Sen  cat-hack. 

cat-rush  (kat'nish),  n.  A  name  of  plants  of  the 
genus  Jiqtiisetum. 

catryt,  n.    Same  as  cater;/. 

cat-salt  (kat'sillt),  n.  A  sort  of  beautifully 
granulated  salt  formed  from  the  bittern  or  leach- 
brine  used  for  making  hard  soap. 

cat's-brains  (kats'branz),  n.  pi.  Sandstones 
traversed  in  every  direction  by  little  branching 
veins  of  caleite.     [Eng.] 

cat's-claw(kata'kla),».  1.  Aname  given  in  the 
West  Indies  (a)  to  the  TUc/iiouia  uiic/uis,  a  climb- 
ing vine  with  clavv-sliiip'ed  teiidriis,  and  (li)  to 
the  Pithecolobium  Utujuis-cati,  on  account  of  its 
curved  pod. — 2.  In  western  Texas,  a  name  of 
several  species  of  Acacia  with  hooked  thorns, 
as  A.  Grcyyi  and  A.  Wricjhti. 

cat's-cradle  (kats'kra'dl),  n.  Achildren's  game 
in  which  one  player  stretches  a  looped  cord 
over  the  fingers  of  both  hands  in  a  symmetri- 
cal figiu'e,  and  the  other  player  has  to  insert  his 
fingers  and  remove  it  in  such  a  way  as  to  pro- 
duce a  different  figure.  Also  called  cratch-cradle 
and  scratch-cradle. 

cat's-ear  (kats'er),  H.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Hypochceris,  weedy  chicory-like  composites  of 
Europe:  so  called  fi'oin  the  shape  of  the  leaves. 
The  name  is  also  applied  to  Gnaphalium  dioicum. 

cat's-eye  (kats'i),  «.  l.  A  variety  of  quartz, 
very  hard  and  semi-transparent,  and  from  cer- 
tain points  exhibiting  a  yellowish  opalescent 
radiation  or  chatoyant  appearance,  whence  the 
name.  Also  called  sunstone.  Tlie  same  name  is  also 
given  to  other  gems  exhil)iting  like  chatoyant  ettects,  more 
especially  to  chrysoberyl,  which  is  sometimes  called  the 
true  cats-eye. 

2.  A  species  of  the  plant  scabious,  ScaMosa 
stcllata. 

cat's-foot  (kats'fut),  n.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  ground-ivy  or  giU,  from  the  shape  of 
its  leaves,  and  to  Gnaphcdium  dioicum,  from  its 
soft  flower-heads.     Also  called  cat's-]>au\ 

cat-shark  (kat'shark),  }(.  A  shark  of  the  fam- 
ily Galeorhiiiida;,  'Triads  semifasciatus,  occur- 
ring alon"  the  coast  of  California. 

cat's-head  (kats'hed),  n.  1.  A  kind  of  large 
apple. — 2.  A  nodule  of  hard  gritstone  in  shale. 

[Leinster,  Ireland.]  — Cat's-head  hammer  or 
sledge.    Same  as  huthi'liead. 

cat-shipt  (kat'ship),  n.  A  ship  with  a  naiTow 
stern,  projecting  quarters,  and  a  deep  waist. 

cat-silver  (kat'sil"ver),  n.  [=  Sw.  kattsilfver.~\ 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  a  variety  of  silvery 
mica. 

Catskill  (kats'kil),  a.  In  American  geol.,  an 
epithet  applied  to  the  upper  division  of  the 
Devonian  age,  characterized  by  the  red  sand- 
stone of  eastern  New  York. 

catskin  (kat'skin),  n.  [=  leel.  kattskinn  =  Dan. 
katteskiud.l  The  fur  or  furry  pelt  of  the  cat. 
This  is  often  dyed  in  imitation  of  costly  furs,  and  in  the 
i^etherlands  and  elsewhere  cats  are  bred  for  the  sake  of 
their  fur,  which  is  an  article  of  commerce.  The  fur  of  the 
wild  cat  of  Hungary  is  prettily  mottled,  and  is  used  with- 
out dyeing. 

cat's-milk  (kats'milk),  H.  A  plant,  the  Eu- 
phorhia  HfUoscopia.  Also  called  sun-spurge  and 
wartieced  or  wartwort. 

catsot  (kat'so),  n.     [<  It.  ca::so  (pron.  kiit'so), 
an  obscene  term  of  contempt,  also  used  as  an  ex- 
clamation.]    A  base  fellow;  a  rogue;  a  cheat. 
These  be  our  nimble-spirited  catsos,  that  have  their 
evasions  at  pleasure. 

B.  ,/o?i.s-t,»,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

cat's-paw,  catspaw  (kats'pa),  «.      1.  A"a««. : 

(a)  A  light  air  perceived  in  a  calm  by  a  slight 
rippling  of  the  surface  of  the  water. 

We  were  now  in  the  calm  latitudes,  the  equatorial  belt 
of  baffling  cat's-paws  and  glassy  seas. 

ir.  C.  Russell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  ix. 

(b)  A  peculiar  twist  or  hitch  in  the  bight  of  a 
rope,  made  to  hook  a  tackle  on. 

^Vhen  the  mate  came  to  shake  the  catspato  out  of  the 
do^viihaul,  and  we  began  to  boom-end  the  sail,  it  shook 
the  ship  to  her  center. 

R.  H.  Dana.  Jr.,  Before  the  Jfast,  p.  3S~. 

2.  One  whom  another  makes  use  of  to  ac- 
complish his  designs ;  a  person  used  by  another 
to  serve  his  ptirposes  and  to  bear  the  conse- 
quences of  his  acts ;  a  dupe :  as,  to  make  a  per- 
son one's  cat's-paw.  An  allusion  to  the  story  of  the 
monkey  which,  to  save  its  own  paw.  used  the  paw  of  the 
cat  to  draw  the  roasted  chestnuts  out  of  the  tire. 


cattle 

They  took  the  enterprise  upon  theraeelves,  and  made 
themselves  the  people's  cat's-paw.  But  now  the  chestnut 
is  taken  from  the  embers,  and  tlie  monkey  is  coining  in  for 
the  beneflt  of  the  cat's  subserviency.  London  Times. 

He  refrained  from  denouncing  the  peculators  whose 
witless  cat's-paw  he  claimed  to  have  been. 

iV.  A.  Reo.,  CXXIII.  408. 

3.  In  l>ot.,  same  as  cat's-foot. — 4.  In  bookbind- 
ing, the  mark  made  on  the  covers  or  edges  of  a 
book  by  a  sponge  containing  color  or  staining- 
fluid. 

cat's-purr  (kats'pfer),  n.  In  pathol.,  a  peculiar 
purring  thrill  or  sound  heard  in  auscultation  of 
the  chest. 

cat-sq.uirrel  (kat'skwur"el),  n.  1.  A  name  of 
the  fox-squirrel.  [Local,  eastern  U.  S.] — 2. 
A  name  of  the  ring-tailed  bassaris,  Bassaris 
astuta.     [Southwestern  U.  S.] 

cat's-tail  (kats'tal),  n.  1.  Same  as  cattail,  1. — 
2.  A  name  for  the  jdant  Erjuisctum  arvense  and 
other  species  of  tjiat  genus. —  3.  Same  as  cirrus 
cloud.  See  cloud — Cat's-tail  grass,  in  Europe,  the 
common  name  of  the  (grasses  belonging  to  the  genus  Phle- 
uni,  because  of  their  dense  spikes  of  flowers.  Also  called 
cattail.     See  Phtcuni. 

cat-stane  (kat'stan),  n.  [Sc,  appar.  <  ca(l  -f- 
stane  =  E.  stone ;  Vjut  tlio  first  element  is  un- 
certain, being  referred  by  some  to  Gael,  cuth, 
a  battle  (see  cateran).]  1.  A  conical  cairn  or 
monolith  found  in  various  parts  of  Scotland, 
and  supposed  to  mark  the  locality  of  a  battle. 
— 2.  One  of  the  upright  stones  which  support 
a  grate,  there  being  one  on  each  side.  "  The 
term  is  said  to  originate  from  this  being  the 
favorite  seat  of  the  cat"  (Jamieson). 

cat-stick  (kat'stik),  n.  A  stick  or  flat  bat  em- 
ployed in  playing  tip-cat. 

Prithee,  lay  up  my  cat  and  cat-stick  safe. 

Middlelon,  Women  Beware  Women,  L  2. 

He  could  not  stay  to  make  my  legs  too,  but  was  driven 
To  clap  a  pair  of  cat-sticks  to  my  "knees. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  ii.  1, 

cat-stopper  (kat'stop-'er),  n.  Same  as  cat-head 
sto]ijicr  (vihich.  see,  under  cat-head). 

catsup  (kat'sup),  n.     Same  as  catchup. 

cat-tackle  (kat'tak'''!),  n.  Xaut.,  tackle  used 
for  raising  the  anchor  to  the  cat-head Cat- 
tackle  fall.    Same  as  cat-fall. 

cattail  (kat'tal),  ».  [<  catl  +  tain.'}  1.  The 
common  name  of  the  tall  reed-like  aquatic 
plant  Tijpha  latifolia :  so  called  from  its  long 
cylindrical  furry  spikes  :  often  pojiularly  callsd 
bulrush  and  cat-o' -nine-tails.  Also  cat's-tail. — 
2.  Same  as  cat's-tail  grass  (which  see,  under 
cat's-tail). —  3.  Same  as  catkin. — 4.  Naut.,  that 
end  of  a  cat-head  which  is  fastened  to  the  ship's 
frame.     [Properly  cat-tail.'} 

catter  (kat'er),  r.  ('.  To  thrive.  Grose ;  Halli- 
well.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cattery  (kat'e-ri),  «. ;  pi.  catteries  (-riz).  [<  cat^ 
+  -ery.  Cf.  piggery,  camelry,  fernery,  pinery, 
etc.]  A  place  for  the  keeping  and  breeding 
of  eats.     Southey.     [Rare.] 

cat-thrasher  (kat'thrasher),  «.  A  clupeoid 
fish,  Clupca  a'stiralis.     [Maine,  U.  S.] 

cattimandoo  (kat-1-man'do),  «.  [E.  Ind.]  A 
kind  of  gum  obtained  in  the  East  Indies  from 
an  angular  columnar  species  of  Euphorbia,  E. 
Cattimandoo.  It  is  used  as  a  cement  and  as  a 
remedy  for  rheumatism. 

cattish  (kat'ish),  a.  [<  co(l -f -i«7il.]  Having 
the  qualities  or  ways  of  a  cat ;  cat-like ;  feline. 

The  cattvih  race. 

Drummond,  Phillis  on  the  Death  of  her  Sparrow. 

cattle  (kat'l),  «.  sing,  and  pi.  [<  ilE.  catel, 
katel,  assibilated  chatel  (>  chattel,  q.  v.),  prop- 
erty, capital,  =  ML6.  katel,  katelc,  <  OP.  catel, 
katel,  assibilated  chatel,  chateil,  chaptet,  chaial, 
chastal,  chctc-l,  ehatci,  etc..  =  Sp.  caudal  (ef.  Pg. 
caudal,  a.,  abundant),  <  IIL.  captale,  capitate. 
capital,  property,  goods  {virum  capitate,  live 
stock,  cattle),  whence  mod.  E.  capital^,  q.  v. 
Thus  cattle  =  chattel  =  capital-.'}  If.  Prop- 
erty; goods;  chattels;  stock:  in  this  sense  now 
only  in  the  form  chattel  (which  see). 

His  tythes  payede  he  ful  fayre  and  wel. 
Bothe  of  his  owne  swinke,  and  his  rut.^L 

Cliaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  lo  i '.  T.,  I.  540. 

2.  Live  stock;  domestic  quadrupeds  which 
serve  for  tillage  or  other  labor,  or  as  food  for 
man.  The  term  may  include  horses,  asses,  camels,  all 
the  varieties  of  domesticated  beasts  of  the  boWue  geuus, 
sheep  of  all  kinds,  goats,  and  even  swine.  In  this  general 
sense  it  is  used  in  the  .'Scriptures.  In  common  use,  how. 
ever,  the  word  is  restricted  to  domestic  beasts  of  the  cow 
kind.    In  the  Language  of  the  stable  it  means  horses. 

The  first  distinction  made  of  live  stock  from  other  prop- 
erty was  to  call  the  former  quick  cattle. 

Sir  J.  Harington,  Epig.  L  91. 


cattle 

Thev  niDSt  have  other  cattle,  as  horses  to  draw  their 
ploneh.  and  for  carriage  of  things  to  markets. 

^  Latimer,  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

In  a  guarantee  ol  draJts  against  shipments,  cattle  may 
taclodc  "'fjg^^^jjjj.  g^^  p  gf  2^„,-^,  £^,j._  21  WalL,  294. 
It  was  nell  known  that  Lord  Steepleton  Kildare  had 
lately  ridden  irom  Simla  to  Umballa  one  night  and  back 
the  next  dav,  nuiety-two  miles  each  way,  with  constant 
change  of  cattle.  F.  31.  Craw/ord,  Mr.  Isaacs,  p.  254. 

3.  Human  beings:  in  contempt  or  ridicule. 

Boys  and  women  are  for  the  most  part  cattle  of  this 
colour.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iiL  2. 

Last  year,  a  lad  hence  by  his  parents  sent 
With  other  cattle  to  the  city  went. 

Swi/t,  To  llr.  Congreve. 
Neat  cattle.     See  neatl. 

cattle-feeder  (kat'l-fe'der),  n.  A  device  for 
sui)pl\ing  feed  in  regulated  quantities  to  racks 
(•r  mangers. 

cattle-gnard  (kat'l-giird),  n.  A  device  to  pre- 
vent cattle  from  straj'ing  along  a  railroad-track 
at  a  highway-crossing. 

cattle-heron  (kat'l-her'on),  n.  A  book-name 
of  the  small  herons  of  the  genus  Bululciis,  as  B. 
ihi.'!. 

cattle-pen  (kat'1-pen),  n.  A  pen  or  inclosure 
for  cattle. 

cattle-plague  (kat'l-plag),  ».  A  vinUently 
contagioii?  disease  affecting  cattle  ;  rinderpest 
(which  scei. 

cattle-range  (kat'1-ranj),  «.  An  uninclosed 
tract  of  land  over  which  cattle  may  range  and 
graze. 

cattle-run  (kat '  1-run),  n.  A  wide  extent  of  graz- 
ing-grouud.     [U.  S.  and  the  British  colonies.] 

cattle-show  (kat'l-sho),  «.  An  exhibition  of 
domestic  animals  for  prizes,  with  a  view  to  the 
promotion  of  their  improvement  and  increase  : 
in  the  United  States  usually  combined  with  a 
sort  of  agricultural  fair. 

cattle-stall  (kat'l-staU,  n.  An  arrangement 
othf-r  than  a.  halter  or  tie  for  securing  cattle  to 
th<ir  racks  or  mangers.     E.  JI.  Kniqht. 

Cattleya  (kat'le-U).  «.  [NL.;  named  after  "Wil- 
liam tiitWij,  an  "English  collector  of  plants.]  A 
genus  of  highly  ornamental  epiphytic  orchids, 
natives  of  tropical  America  from  Mexico  to 
Brazil.  .Many  of  the  species  are  higlily  prized  by  orchid- 
gr'»w*T?,  and  their  Howers  are  among  the  largest  and 
iiand-«)int-st  of  the  order. 

catty  (kat'i),  «.;  pi.  caWes  (-iz).  [<  Malay  tati, 
a  "pound."  of  varying  weight.  See  corfrfy*.] 
The  name  given  by  foreigners  to  the  Chinese 
kin  or  pound.  The  value  of  the  catty  was  fixed  by. the 
Eaat  India  Company  in  1770  at  IJ  pounds  avoirdupois. 
The  usual  ('hinese  weight  is  1.325  pounds;  that  Uxed  by 
the  Chinese  custom-house  in  185S  is  1.3310  pounds;  that 
of  the  royal  mint  at  Peking  is  1.348  pounds.  The  name 
is  also  given  in  dilfercnt  localities  to  slightly  different 
weight*. 
Iron  ot«s  sufficient  to  smelt  ten  catties  of  tin. 

Jcmr.  of  Anthnp.  Inst.,  XV.  288. 

Catnllian  fka-tul'i-an),  a.  [<  Ij.  CdtuUiamts,  < 
('lit II II us;  a  proper  name.]  Pertaining  to,  char- 
acteriHtic  of,  or  resembling  the  Roman  lyrical 
jmet  Catullus,  celebrated  for  his  amatory  verses 
and  the  elegance  of  his  style ;  resembling  the 
style  or  works  of  CatuUus. 
Ilcrrick.  the  nioxt  Catnllian  of  poets  since  Catullus. 

Lotcfll,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  341. 

Caturidx  (ka-tii'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Caturus 
+  -iilti:]  A  family  of  extinct  amioid  ganoid 
fishes  of  the  Oolitic  and  Cretaceous  periods, 
having  a  persistent  notochord,  but  the  vertebrae 
partially  ossiticd,  a  homoeercal  tail,  (ins  with 
fulcra,  and  small,  ])ointed  teeth  in  a  single  row. 

CatoniS  (ka-tu'niH),  «.  [NL.  (Agassiz,  IH.'M), 
<  lir.  Kurii,  clown,  -t-  olipi,  tail.]  The  t3i)ical  ge- 
nus of  fishes  of  the  family  Ciilnrifla. 

catyogle (kut'i-6-gl ),  «.  [Also Icdloijlc;  <  Sw. l:att- 
milii.  <  Icntt,  ==  E.  ra(I,  +  ut/lit  =  E.  ««i/.]  A  iiume 
in  ■      I  land  of  the  eagle-owl,  lliilm  niaximus. 

Oau'  '  ^an  (ki-ku'tjian  or  ka-kiisli'ian),  a.  and 
r  '('iiiiriiHiiiHux  (Ij.   CiiiiriiHiiui,  (.  Or. 

K  '   M(ir,  KnrKafTiaW}^f  pi.  KftvKaaiaiHji, 

iiiii.ii  '  '' I'lciisuH,  <  (jr.  K«i^n'7«f■.]    I.  a. 

I'l'rtii  '•  <'aiicasuH,  a  range  of  moun- 

tains iM  in  (tncl  Europe;   sper'ificnlly, 

n|if>C'llulive  ol  iiiic  of  tlie  races  into  which  Blu- 
iii'  nbach  divideil  Ihe  liunian  family.     Hee  II, 
ir.  H.  In  Bluminbui'li's  cMinologirnl  sVHleMi, 


III. 


■Iiest  type  of  lilt'  human  familv,  inclmliMg 
'I  Kuropi'uiiH,  till-  CircBMHianH,  Arino- 
'ins,  Mindiis,  .lews,  etc.    IIck»v<  ihl^ 
h.rnm,  h'  r' '.'nr'Ifdniikilllhehafloltl.ilti- 
.'liird  of  the  hnntan  type. 


C.iiit  I 
cauci'ii 
caucus 
ivmion. 


l.L.        '  '    !'-nniiln, 
■  lisojeti'  form  of  rnuHon. 
I'.     [ThiH  VI. .rd  originated  in 
'  hiisetU.    According  to  a  ooin- 


866 

mon  account  it  is  a  corruption  of  eaU'ers'  meeting, 
a  term  said  to  have  been  applied  in  derision  by 
the  Tories  to  meetings  of  citizens,  among  whom 
were  calkers  and  ropemakers,  held  to  protest 
against  the  aggressions  of  the  royal  troops,  and 
especially  against  the  "Boston  Missacre''  of 
March  5th,  1770.  But  such  a  corruption  and  f or- 
getfidness  of  the  orig.  meaning  of  a  word  so  fa- 
miliar as  calkers  is  improbalile,  and,  moreover, 
the  word  caucus  occtirs  at  least  7  years  earlier, 
in  the  following  passage  in  the  diary  of  John 
Adams:  "Feb. . . . ,  1763 — This  day  learned  that 
the  Caucus  Club  meets  at  certain  times  in  the 
garret  of  Tom  Dawes,  the  adjutant  of  the  Boston 
(militia)  regiment."  This  indicates  the  origin 
of  the  term  caucus,  as  a  private  meeting  for 
political  pm-poses,  in  the  name  of  a  club  of  that 
nature,  called  the  "Caucus  Club."  The  origin 
of  the  name  as  applied  to  the  club  is  not  known, 
but  if  not  an  arbitrary  term,  chosen  for  its  allit- 
erative form  aud  feigned  mysterious  import,  it 
may  have  been  a  learned  adoption,  in  allusion  to 
theconrivial  or  svTnposiac  feature  of  the  club,  of 
the  ML.  caucus,  i  MGr.  kovkoc  (also  Kai-K//,  Kai-Ka, 
with  dim.  Kai'woi'),  a  cup.]  1.  In  U.S.jtnlilics: 
(o)  A  local  meeting  of  the  voters  of  a  party  to 
nominate  candidates  for  local  offices,  or  to  elect 
delegates  to  a  convention  for  the  nomination 
of  more  important  officers.  In  the  latter  sense, 
caucuses  are  now  generally  called  primaries.  .Admis- 
sion to  a  party  caucus  is  generally  open  only  to  known 
and  registered  members  of  the  party,  (^h)  A  similar 
congressional,  legislative,  or  other  gathering  of 
leading  members  of  a  party  for  conference  as 
to  party  measures  and  policy.  Candidates  for  the 
presidency  and  vice-presidency  uf  the  United  States  were 
nominated  by  pai-ty  caucuses  of  members  of  Congress  from 
ISOO  to  1824. 

More  than  fifty  years  ago,  Mr.  Samuel  Adams's  father, 
and  twenty  others,  one  or  two  from  the  north  end  of  the 
town,  wliere  all  the  ship  business  is  carried  on,  used  to 
meet,  make  a  cavctis,  and  lay  their  plan  for  introducing 
certain  persons  into  places  of  trust  and  power. 

Gordon,  Hist,  of  the  Revolution  (17S8),  I.  .165. 

A  cauctts  (excuse  the  slang  of  politics)  was  held,  as  I  am 
informed,  by  thedeUvati"ns  luf  three  Western  States]  for 
the  purpose  of  reconiUH-ndinti  si  tnie  character  to  the  IVesi- 
dent  [for  Judge  of  .supreme  Court]. 

John  Randolph,  (pioted  in  H.  Adams,  p.  210. 

Hence — 2.  .Any  meeting  of  managers  or  of 
interested  persons  for  the  purpose  of  deciding 
upon  a  line  of  policy,  an  anangement  of  busi- 
ness, etc.,  to  be  brouglit  before  a  larger  meet- 
ing, as  a  convention. — 3.  In  Eu(j.  politics,  a  large 
local  committee  of  voters  for  tlie  management 
of  all  electioneering  business  of  its  party :  call- 
ed the  Ilirmiuf/luim  .iijstcm,  from  its  introduction 
at  IMrmiugham  about  1880. 
caucus  (ka'kus),  r.  i.;  prct.  and  pp.  caucused  or 
caucusscd,  ppr.  caucusing  or  caucii.i.iiut;.  [<  cau- 
cus, u.']  To  meet  in  caucus;  come  together  and 
coiifer. 
They,  too,  had  conferred  or  carietined  and  had  decided. 
Philadelphia  Timen,  No.  2894,  p.  2. 

caud  (kad),  a.  A  dialectal  form  (like  cauhl)  of 
cold. 

Cauda  (kii'da),  n.;  pi.  camJm  (-de).  [L.,  al.so 
written  corfn  (see  coilii).  a  tail.]  1.  In  cocil.  aud 
aunt.,  a  tail  or  tail-like  appendage. —  2.  In  hot., 

a  tail-like  appendage Cauda  equina  (mare's  tail), 

the  leasli  of  nerves,  cliielly  huiiliar  or  sacral  and  coc- 
cyge.'il,  in  which  the  spinal  cord  terniiinites,  excejitinn. 
UHUally,  the  terminal  lllament  of  the  cord  itself:  so  culU-d 
frnnl  tile  great  length  of  these  nerves,  and  the  appearance 
their  roots  present  within  the  spinal  citlunin.— Cauda 
gaUl,  a  term  applied  in  American  geology  to  the  lowesl 
member  of  the  corniferons  division  of  the  Devonian  »^:e. 
characterized  liy  the  cauda  galli  grit  of  eastern  New  York  : 
so  called  in  allusion  to  a  connnon  fossil  of  this  name  (tit- 
eiiilly,  cock's  tail)  having  a  teatlii-iy  form  and  supposed  to 
be  a  seaweed.— Cauda  hellclB,  Ihe  Inferior  and  postiTi.n 
portion  of  Ihe  helix  «i  the  i-xurrial  ear.- Cauda  navi- 
ClUarlB,  a  boal-shapiil  tall.  See  Imalnha/iiil.  Cauda 
Stliatl,  the  tall  or  narrow  posterior  part  of  the  caudate 
nuel.iis  nf  Ihe  ioain.     Also  ealleti  mirrinirlr. 

caudad  (ka'dad),  ailr.  [<  L.  cauila,  tail,  +  -ml. 
to:  see  -fli/'*.]  Toward  Ihe  tail;  backward  in 
the  long  axis  of  the  Inidy;  in  the  ojjposilc  <li- 
rection  from  ceplialad.  it  l« downward  In  man,  back 
ward  In  niosl  animals,  but  Ik  used  witliont  reference  to 
the  posture  of  the  body,  and  said  of  any  part  of  the  boily  : 
thus.  In  man,  the  mouth  Is  caudad  with  ropeet  to  the 
nostrils;  the  h)wer  eyelid  Is  cniidad  with  respect  to  the 

iljiper  one, 

caudse,  ".     Plural  of  rautla. 

caudal  (ka'dnl),  a.  and  h.  [=  P.  8p.  caudal  = 
It.  Cdilalc,  <  Nlj.  cauilalis,  <  L.  cauila,  a  tail :  si'e 
lauila.l  I.  «.  1.  I'erlnining  toorHitiialcd  near 
Ihe  tail;  Imving  llin  niiture  or  iiiipearance  of 
a  tail.  Specifically— 2.  In  mini.,  having  n 
position  or  relation  lowanl  the  tail  when  coin- 
|..iriil  with  Homo  other  part:  the  opposite  of 
II lilidlir  (wliii'h  see).  TIiiih,  (he  neck  is  a  cau- 
ilnl  part  of  I  ho  body  with  referenco  to  the  head. 


caudle 

See  caudad. — 3.  In  entom.,  pertaining  to  or  ou 
the  end  of  the  abdomen :  as,  a  caudal  style ;  a 
caudal  spot — Caudal  fln,  the  tail-fin,  or  that  at  the 
posterior  end  of  the  boily.  See  cut  under  Jin. —  Caudal 
flexure.     See.//cjr»;-e, 

II.  n.  1.  In  ichth.,  the  caudal  fin  of  a  fish. — 
2.  In  anal.,  a  caudal  or  coccygeal  vertebra. 
AV>bre\'iated  cd.  in  iehthyological  formulas. 

caudalis  (ka-da'lis),  H.;  pi.  cau<lalcs  (-lez). 
[NL.:  see  caudal.'^  In  ichth.,  the  caudal  fin. 
Gihithcr,  1859. 

Caudata  (ka-da'tS),  «.  j)?.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
caudatus:  see  caudatc.~i  In  hcrpet.,  the  tailed 
or  urodele  batrachians :  same  as  Vrodvla :  op- 
posed to  Ecaudata  or  Aituia-.     Oppel,  1811. 

caudatal  (ka-da'tal),  o.  [<  caudatum  -(-  -aW] 
Pertaining  to  the  caudatum  of  the  brain. 

caudate  (ka'dat),  a.  [<  NL.  caudatus,  <  L.  crtit- 
(/((,  a  tail:  see  oanrfa.]  1.  Ha\'iug  a  tail. — 2. 
Having  a  tail-like  aiiiieinlage.  («)  in  ln:t.,  applied 
to  seeds  i>ri)tlier  organs  uliiili  li:i\f  such  ;ni  api>eiidage.  (Ii) 
In  riitoin.,  having  a  long.  t;iil-like  i)rLtcess  on  the  margin, 
as  the  posterior  wings  of  many  L€pidopti'ra.~CSiUASit& 
lobe  of  the  liver,  in  hiiman  aitat.,  the  lobus  caudatus. 
a  small  elevated  band  of  hepatic  substance  continued 
front  tile  under  surface  of  the  right  lobe  to  the  base  of  the 
Spigelian  lobe.— Caudate  nucleus,  in  anal.,  the  cau- 
datum or  nucleus  cauilatus,  the  upper  gray  ganglion  of 
the  corpus  striatum,  projecting  into  the  later.il  ventricle 
and  separated  from  the  lenticular  nucleus  by  the  internal 
eaj)siile. 

caudated  (ka'da-ted),  o.     Same  as  caudate. 

caudation  (ka-da'shon),  n.  [<  caudate  +  -ion.] 
The  condition  of  having  a  tail. 

He  really  suspected  juemature  caudatum  had  been  in- 
flicted on  him  fin-  bis  crimes. 

C.  Iteadf,  Never  too  Late  to  Jlend,  Ixxvi 

caudatum  (ka-da'tum),  «.  [NL.,  neut.  (sc.  L. 
co»7>H.s,  body)  oi  caudatus:  see  caudate.']  The 
caudate  nucleus  of  the  striatum  or  striate  body 
of  the  lu'ain;  a  part  of  this  ganglion  distin- 
guislied  from  the  leuticulare. 

caudex  (ka'deks),  ».;  pi.  ciiudices,  caudexes  (-di- 
sez,  -dek-sez).  [L.,  later  ccdex,  the  stem  of  a 
tree:  see  codex  aud  code.']  In  hot.,  as  used  by 
early  ^vriters,  the  stem  of  a  tree ;  now,  the  tnink 
of  a  palm  or  a  tree-fern  covered  with  the  re- 
mains of  leaf-stalks  or  marked  with  theii'  scars ; 
also,  frequently,  the  perennial  base  of  a  plant 
which  sends  up  new  herbaceous  stems  from  year 

to  year  in  place  of  the  old Caudex  cerebril  the 

nnddle  tnuik-like  i)ortion  of  the  bruin,  e^iinprising  the 
corpora  .striata,  the  tlialamencepbulon.  the  niesencepha- 
liin.  the  pons,  and  the  medulla  oblongata. 

caudicle  (kii'di-kl),  «.  [=  F.  caudicule,  <  NL. 
caudicula,  <lim.  of  L.  caudr.r  (cnudic-):  see  cau- 
dex.] In  hot,  llu'  stalk  attached  to  the  pollen- 
masses  of  orcliideous  plants. 

caudicula  (ka-dik'ti-Ui),  H.;  pi.  caudiculm  (-le). 
[NL.]     Same  as  caudicle. 

caudiduct  (ka'di-dukt),  V.  i.  [<  L.  cauda,  tail, 
-I-  iliictiis,  pp.  of  diicerc,  draw:  see  duct.]  To 
draw  toward  the  tail;  retroduct;  carry  back- 
ward or  caudad. 

Secure  the  arm  caiidiiiucted,  so  as  to  stretch  the  mus- 
cles. Wilder  and  tiaite,  Amit.  Tech.,  p.  '_';U. 

Caudisona  (ka-dis'o-nii),  «.  [NL.  (Laurenti, 
1708),  <  L.  cnuiln,  tail,  -t-  soiius,  sound :  see 
souud^,  n.]  A  genus  of  rattlesnakes:  same  as 
Crotdlus  or  Crotiiloidiorus. 

caudisonant  (kii-dis'o-nant),  (I.  [<  L.  cauda, 
tail,  -I-  .•iouaint-)s,  \i\n:  of  sonarc,  sound:  see 
.^ouuilt;  r.]  Making  a  noise  ■with  the  tail,  as  a 
raUlcsniike.     [Rare.] 

cauditrunk  (ka'di-trunk),  «.  [<  L.  cauda,  tail, 
+  Iruiini.-;,  Irunk.]  In  fishes  and  pisciforin  main- 
iniils,  tlic  coinliination  of  the  trunk  or  abdomi- 
nal i>orli()n  and  the  caudnl  jiorlion,  including 
all  (lie  body  behind  the  head.     (lill. 

caudle  (kii'dl),  «.  [<  ME.  caudil.  <  OF.  caudcl, 
chdiiilil  (l'\  chaudcau),  a  wartn  tirink,  dim.  fiom 
'cnud,ciiut,  chiiud,  cliniit,  chnid  (F.  chinid,  dial. 
cnuil),  warm  (cf.  S)>.  I'g'  calilo,  broil).  ML.  cnli- 
diim,  a  wiirm  drink),  <  L.  cnliihis,  ciildiis,  wiii'in, 
hot :  si'c  idliil,  and  cf.  caldron.]  A  kind  of  warm 
drink  miidi^  of  wine  or  ale  niixeil  willi  bread, 
sugar,  and  spices,  and  sometimes  eggs,  given 
to  sick  persons,  to  a  woman  in  childbed,  ondj 
h(T  visitors. 

Wan  Ich  am  ded,  make  mo  a  caudel. 

/ill/),  of  aioacetter,  p.  E6I. 
lie  had  good  broths,  caudle,  and  Hiieli  like. 

H'ijii'mafi,  Surgorr. 
Mark  ye,  imu^ter  Holly-ton,  your  wits  are  gone  on  WO 
untherlng:  enmfurt  yourself  wltli  a  caudle;  thatob  yO 
biaiii-slek  nodille  wHh  u  woolen  night-cap, 

.S'cii/r,  Abbot,  I.  r 
Hcniiicn  caudle,    ^ovhrmpm. 

caiidlo  (ka'dl),  v.  t, ;  pret.  anil  pp.  cnudlnl,  ppr. 
rauilUiijj.  [i  caudle,  II.]  1.  To  make  into  cau- 
dle.—  2.  To  serve  as  a  candles  for;  refresh, 
comfort,  or  make  warm,  its  with  catidle. 


caudle 

Will  the  cnlcl  brook, 
Candied  with  ice,  caudle,  thy  murniiiK  taste, 
To  cure  thy  o'er-night's  surfeit? 

SiMk.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

caudle-cup  (ka'dl-kup),  re.  A  vessel  or  cup  for 
holding  caudle.  A  caiuUe-cup  ami  a  set  of  apostle- 
spoons  formerly  constituted  the  sponsors  gift  to  tlio  child 
at  a  christening. 

Still  in  Llewellyn  Hall  the  jests  resound, 

For  now  the  caudle-cup  is  circling  there  ; 

Now,  glad  at  heart,  the  gossips  breathe  their  prayer. 

And,  crowding,  stop  the  cradle  to  admire. 

lioijers,  Human  Life. 

Caudle  lecture.    See  lecture. 

caudotibial  (ka-do-tib'i-al),  a.  [<  NL.  caudo- 
tibialis,  q.  v.]  Pertaining  to  or  connecting  the 
caudal  portion  of  the  body,  or  tlie  tail,  with  the 
lower  leg  or  tibia:  as,  a  caudotibial  muscle. 

caudotibialis  (ka"do-tib-i-a'lis),  re. ;  pi.  eaudo- 
tibialeH  (-lez).  [NL.,  <  L.  cauda,  tail,  +  tibia, 
shin-bone  (cf.  tibialis,  belonging  to  the  shin- 
bone):  see  Cauda,  tibia,  tibial.^  A  muscle  which 
in  some  animals,  as  seals,  connects  the  tibia 
with  the  anterior  caudal  vertebrae,  and  is  con- 
sidered to  replace  the  semi-membranosus  and 
semi-tendinosus  muscles. 

caudula  (ka'du-lS),  re. ;  pi.  caudulce (-le).  [NL., 
dim.  of  L.  cfliMdo,  a  tail:  see  cauda.']  laentom., 
a  little  tail-like  process  of  a  margin. 

cauf  (kaf),  re.     [A  corruption  of  corf  for  corb, 
abasket:  see  corf  and  coc&l.]    1.  Achestwith 
holes  for  keeping  fish  alive  in  water. — 2.  Same 
as  corfti,  1. — 3.  In  mining,  same  as  corf. 
Also  spelled  cauf. 

caufle  (ka'fl),  II.     Same  as  coffle. 

cauf- ward  (kaf  ward),  re.     Same  as  calf -ward. 

caught  (kat).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
eatcli^. 

cauk^  (kak),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  So.  unassibilated 
form  of  chalk,  q.  v.]  1.  Chalk;  limestone. 
Also  spelled  cawi.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

—  2.  An  English  miners'  name  for  sulphate  of 
baryta  or  heavy-spar. 

cauk'-^  (kak),  «.  t     [ME.  cawtere;  see  calk'^.']     1. 

To  tread,  as  a  cock. —  2.  To  calk.    See  calk'^. 
cauk^,  n.     See  calk^. 
cauker^  (ka'ker),  n.     [Sc,  also  written  cawker 

and  caullier.   Origin  uncertain  ;  perhaps  <  Icel. 

kalkr  =  Sw.  Dan.  kalk,  a  cup,  <  L.  calix,  >  E. 

chalice,  q.  v.]    1.  A  dram  ;  any  small  quantity 

of  spirits  to  be  drunk.     [Slang.] 
Ta.ke  a,  caulker ?  ...  No?    Tak' a  drap  o'  kindness  yet 

for  auld  langsyne.  KiiKjdey,  Alton  Locke,  ,xxi. 

2.  An  astonishing  falsehood ;  a  lie.  [Slang.] 

I  also  took  care  that  she  should  never  afterwards  be  able 
to  charge  me  with  having  told  her  a  real  caulker. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Jack's  Courtship,  xxxi. 

cauker^  (ka'ker),  re.     Same  as  calkS. 
cauking   (ka'king),   re.     In  joinery,   a  dovetail 
tenon-and-mortise  joint  used  to  fasten  cross- 
timbers  together:   employed  iu 
fitting  down  the  beams  or  other 
timbers  upon  wall-plates.   E.  H. 
Knight. 
cauky  (k4'ki),  a.   [<  cauk^  +  -.i/l.] 
Pertaining  to  cauk;   like  cauk. 
Also  spelled  cawkij. 
cauU  (kal),  11.   [Early mod.  E.  also 
call;  <  ME.  calle,  kalle  (also  kelle,         cauking 
>  E.  kell,  q.  v. ),  <  OF.  cale,  a  kind 
of  cap ;  of  Celtic  origin :  cf .  Ir.  calla  =  OGael. 
call,  a  veil,  hood,  akin  to  L.  cella,  a  cell:  see  cal- 
to(l,  calotte,  and  cell.']     1.  In  the  middle  ages, 
and  down  to  the  seventeenth  century — (a)  A 
net  for  confining  the  hair,  worn  by  women. 
The  proudest  of  hem  alle, 
That  werith  on  a  coverchief  or  a  calle. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  162. 
Her  head  with  ringlets  of  her  hair  is  crown'd. 
And  in  a  golden  caul  the  curls  are  bound. 

DrydeUy  jEneid,  vii. 

(6)  More  rarely,  a  head-dress  like  a  flat  turban. 

—  2.  Any  kind  of  small  net ;  a  net. 

An  Indian  mantle  of  feathers,  and  the  feathers  wrought 
into  a  caul  of  packthread.  N.  Grew,  Museum. 

The  very  spider  weaves  her  cauls  with  more  art  and 
cunning  to  entrap  the  fly.        Middleton,  Mad  World,  i.  1. 

8.  A  popular  name  for  a  membrane  investing 
the  viscera,  such  as  the  peritoneum  or  part  of 
it,  or  the  pericardium. 

The  caul  that  is  above  the  liver.  Ex.  xxix.  13. 

The  catd  of  their  heart.  Hos.  xiii.  8. 

The  reins  and  the  caul.  Ray,  Works  of  Creation,  ii. 
4.  In  anat,  the  great  or  gastrocolic  omentum; 
the  large  loose  fold  of  peritoneiim  which  hangs 
like  an  apron  in  the  abdominal  cavity  in  front 
of  the  intestines,  depending  from  the  stomach 
and  transverse  colon. —  5.  A  portion  of  the  am- 
nion or  membrane  enveloping  the  fetus,  which 


867 

sometimes  encompasses  the  head  of  a  child 
when  born.  This  caul  was  (and  still  is  by  some)  sup- 
posed to  betoken  great  prosperity  for  the  person  born 
with  it,  and  to  be  an  infallible  preservative  against  drown- 
ing, as  well  as  to  impart  the  gift  of  eloriuence.  During 
the  eighteenth  century  seamen  often  gave  from  S60  to  9160 
for  a  caul. 

You  wore  born  with  a  cawl  on  your  head. 

B.  Jansan,  Alchemist,  i.  1. 

caul2  (kai),  11.  [<  F.  cale,  a  wedge,  of  uncer- 
tain origin  ;  perhaps  <  G.  kcil,  a  wedge,  <  OiKi. 
(7(j7  =  icel.  keilir,  a  wedge.]  A  fonn  used  in 
gluing  veneers  to  curved  surfaces,  it  is  shaped 
to  the  exact  curve  or  fonn  of  the  piece  to  he  veneered,  and 
is  clainpnrl  against  the  veneer  until  the  glue  lias  set, 

cauFt  (kill),  n.  [ME.  caulc,  <  L.  caulls,  a  stalk, 
stem:  nee  caulis  atuX  colc'^.]     1.  Astalk;  stem. 

An  esy  wyne  a  man  to  make  stronge. 

Take  leef,  or  roote,  or  caule  of  malowe  agrest, 

And  boyle  it,  kest  it  so  thyiie  wyne  amonge. 

Palladius,  Uusbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  200. 

2.  A  cabbage. 

cauld'  (kalil),  a.  iuul  re.  A  form  representing 
tlie  Seotcli  jironunciation  of  cold. 

cauld^  (kald),  re.  [Also  written  cauL  a  dam- 
head;  as  a  verb  in  the  expression  "caul  the 
bank"  of  a  river,  that  is,  lay  a  bed  of  loose 
stones  from  the  channel  backward  (Jamieson). 
Origin  obscure.]  A  dam  in  a  river  or  other 
stream;  a  weir.     [Scotch.] 

cauldrife  (kald'rif),  a.  [=  coldrife,  q.  v.]  1. 
Chilly;  cold;  susceptible  to  cold. — 2.  Without 
animation  :  as,  a  cauldrife  sermon.    [Scotch.] 

cauldron,  re.     See  caldron. 

Caulerpa  (ka-ler'pii),  re.  [NL.,  <  6r.  kovU^  {= 
L.  caulis :  see  caulis),  a  stalk,  +  cpirciv,  creep.] 
.A.  large  genus  of  green  single-ceUed  algffi,  pecu- 
liar to  warm  climates,  and  much  eaten  by  sea- 
turtles. 

caules,  «.     Plural  of  caulis. 

caulescent  (ka-les'ent),  a.  [=  F.  caulescent,  < 
L.  caulis,  a  stalk  (see  caulis),  +  -escent,  as  in 
adolescent,  etc.]  In  bot.,  ha'ving  an  obvious 
stem  rising  above  the  groimd.    Also  cauliferous. 

caulicle  (ka'li-kl),  11.  [=  F.  caulicule,  <  L.  cauK- 
culus,  also  coliculus,  dim.  of  caulis,  a  stalk :  see 
caulis.]  In  bot.,  a  little  or  rudimentary  stem: 
applied  to  the  initial  stem  (more  frequently  but 
incorrectly  called  the  radicle)  in  the  embryo,  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  cotyledons.  .Also  cau- 
licule and  cauliculus. 

caulicole  (ka'li-kol),  n.     Same  as  cauliculus,  1. 

caulicolous  (ka-lik'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  caulis,  a 
stalk  (see  caulis),  -)-  colere,  inhabit.]  Growing 
or  li^^ng  upon  a  stem :  as,  a  caulicolous  fvmgus. 

Cauliculata  (ka-lik-u-la'ta),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  LL.  cauliculatus :  see  cauliculate.]  A  sys- 
tematic name  for  the  black  or  antipatharian  cor- 
-als:  synonymous  with  ^H(y)ai7»ar«j.  Edwards 
and  Haime,  1850. 

cauliculate  (ka-lik'u-lat),  a.  [<  LL.  caulicu- 
latus, furnished  with  a  stem,  <  L.  cOMliculus : 
see  caulicle.]  Pertaining  to  or  ha'ving  the  char- 
acters or  quality  of  the  Cauliculata;  antipatha- 
rian, as  a  coral. 

caulicule  (ka'li-kiil),  re.     Same  as  caulicidus. 

cauliculus  (ka-lik'u-lus),  ». ;  pi.  caulicuU  (-li). 
[L.,dim.  of  caw- 
lis,  a  stalk :  see 
caulis.]  1.  In 
arch. ,  one  of  the 
lesser  branches 
or  leaves  in  the 
typical  Corin- 
thian capital, 
springing  from 
the  caules  or 
main  stalks 
which  support 
the  volutes. 
They  are  some- 
times confounded 
with  the  main 
stalks  from  which 
they  spring,  or 
with  the  helices 
in  the  middle  of 
the  sides  of  the  capital. 
caulicule. 
2.  In  hot.,  same  as  cauliele. 

cauliferous  (ka-lif'e-ms),  a.  [=  F.  cauUfere,  < 
L.  caulis,  a  stalk,  -^  ferre  =  E.  bear''-.]  ia  bot., 
same  as  caulescent. 

cauliflo'wer  (ka'li-flou-er),  «.  [Earlier  colli- 
tiou-ei:  coUiijlory,  cQlieflorie,  cole  florie.  ■modified, 
in  imitation  of  E.  cole'^,  L.  caulis,  and  E.  flower, 
from  the  F.  name  choux  floris  or  fleuris  (Cot- 
gi'ave) :  choux,  pi.  of  chou  =  E.  cole,  cabbage, 
<  L.  caulis,  a  cabbage,  orig.  a  stalk  (see  cole^, 
caulis);  floris,  fleuris,  pp.  pi.  of  flofir,  later 


Detail  of  Corinthian  Capital. 
W,  caulis :  B,  cauliculus. 

Also  caulicolus,  caulicole,  and 


caup 

fleurir,  flourish:  see  flourish.  The  present  F. 
form  is  choufleur  =  Sj).  coliflor  =  Pg.  couveflor 
=  It.  cavol  flore,  lit.  'cole-flower':  see  cole"^ 
and  flower.]  A  garden  variety  of  Braasica  ole- 
racca,  or  cabbage,  tlie  inflorescence  of  which  is 
condensed  while  young  into  a  depressed  fleshy 
head,  which  is  highly  cKliM.incrl  as  a  vegetable. 
—  Cauliflower  excrescence,  ■  pmIjc  li.d  cancer  of  the 
niouth  of  the  uterus.     Cauliflower  wig.    See  wig. 

cauliform  (ka'li-form),  a.  [<  L.  caulis,  a  stalk, 
-I-  fiinna,  form.]  In  bot.,  having  the  form  of  a 
stem. 

cauligenous  (ka-lij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  caulis,  a 
stalk,  -I-  -genus,  -producing,  -borne :  see  -ge- 
1I0US.]     In  bot.,  borne  upon  the  stem. 

caulinary  (ka'li-na-ri),  a.  [<  cauline  +  -ary; 
=  F.  caulinaire  =  Sp.  caulinario.]  In  hot.,  be- 
longing to  the  stem :  specifically  applied  to 
stipules  which  arc  attaclied  to  the  stem  and  free 
from  the  base  of  the  petiole. 

cauline  (ka'Hn),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  'caulimm,  <  Gt. 
navAivoi,,  '  mvlo;,  astalk,  stem:  see  caulis.]  In 
bot.,  of  Oi  belonging  to  a  stem:  as,  cauline 
leaves. 

When  flbro-vascular  bundles  are  formed  in  the  stem 
liavin^  no  connection  with  the  leaves,  they  are  termed  by 
Mageii  cauline  bundles.        Sachit,  Botany  (trans,),  p.  1.34. 

caulis  (ka'lis),  re.;  pi.  caules  (-lez).  [L.,  also 
colis  (>  E.  colc^,  q.  v.),  <  Gr.  nav'/dr,  a  stalk,  a 
stem.]  1.  In  arch.,  one  of  the  main  stalks  or 
leaves  which  spring  from  between  the  acanthus- 
leaves  of  the  second  row  on  each  side  of  the 
typical  Corinthian  capital,  and  are  carried  up 
to  support  the  volutes  at  the  angles.  Compare 
cauliculus,  1. —  2.  In  hot.,  the  stem  of  a  plant. 

caulk,  V.  t.     See  eaWi-l. 

caulker',  re.     See  calker'^. 

caulker^,  n.    See  cauker'^. 

caulkingi,  re.     See  calking'^. 

caulking",  «.     See  calking^. 

caulocarpic  (ka-lo-kar'pi'k),  a.  [As  caulocarp- 
ous  -i-  -ic]     Same  as  caidocarpous. 

caulocarpous  (ka-lo-kar'pus),  a.  [=  F.  caulo- 
carpe,  <  Gr.  /cauAdf  (=  L.  cauli,s),  a  stem,  -1-  nufjTrd^, 
fruit.]  In  hot.,  bearing  fruit  repeatedly  upon 
the  same  stem :  appUed  to  such  plants  as  have 
perennial  stems. 

caulome  (ka'lom),  re.  [<  Gr.  KavMc,  a  stem: 
see  caulis  and  cole-.]  In  bot.,  the  stem  or  stem- 
.like  portion  of  a  plant;  the  stem-structure  or 
axis. 

caulophyllin  (ka-lo-fil'in),  «.  [<  CaulophyUum 
-¥  -i)(2.]  A  resinous  substance  precipitated  by 
water  from  the  tincture  of  the  plant  Caulo- 
phyUum thalictroides. 

CaulophyUum  (ka-lo-fil'um),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Kav'/.dc  (=  L.  caulis),  stem,  stalk,  -1-  (fiv/./.ov  —  L. 
folium,  leaf.]  A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order 
Berberidacece,  including  one  North  American 
and  two  Asiatic  species,  perennial  tuberous- 
rooted  herbs,  bearing  usually  a  single  leaf  and 
a  raceme  of  flowers,  succeeded  by  blue  berries. 
The  American  species,  C.  thalictroides,  known 
as  blue  cohosh,  is  reputed  to  have  medicinal 

Jjroperties. 
aulopteris  (ka-lop'te-ris),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
aav'/.oc,  a  stem,  -\-  nrepl^,  a  fern,  <  Trrepdv,  a  'wing, 
=  E.  fea  ther.  ]  One  of  the  generic  names  given 
by  fossil-botanists  to  fragments  of  the  trunks 
of  tree-ferns  characterized  by  the  forms  of  the 
impressions,  or  scars,  as  they  are  called,  mark- 
ing  the  place  where  the  petioles  were  attached, 
I'lund  in  the  Devonian  and  in  the  coal-mea- 
sui'es.  In  Caulopteri^  these  sears  are  ovate  or  elliptical, 
and  their  inner  disk  is  usually  m.irked  by  linear  bands, 
which,  however,  are  sometimes  effaced  by  impressions  of 
the  rootlets.  Stemmatopterix  and  Mepapfii/tufi  are  forms 
closely  allied  to  CatUvptens,  differing  from  that  genus  only 
in  some  slight  and  uncertain  details  in  the  form  and  ar- 
rangement of  the  scars. 

caumat  (ka'ma),  n.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  Kai/ia,  heat:  see 
c«/)«i.]  In  med.,  heat;  inflammation;  fever:  a 
word  formerly  used  in  the  designation  of  vari- 
ous diseases,  especially  those  exhibiting  inflam- 
mation and  fever,  as  cauma  pletiritis,  pleurisy; 
cauma  podagricum,  gout;  but  also  caunta  hw- 
morrhagicum,  so-called  active  hemorrhage. 

caumatict  (ka-mat'ik),  a.  [<  cauma{t-)  -1-  -tc.] 
In  mcd.,  of  the  nature  of  cauma. 

caunter,  caunter-lode  (kto't«>r,  -16d),  n.  [Dial, 
var.  of  cou)ittr(-lode).]     Same  as  counter-lode, 

caupl  (kap).  r.  t.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  cheap,  v., 
after  Icel.  kaupa,  buy  or  sell,  bargain,  =  D. 
koopen,  buv,  etc.:  see  cheap,  v.]  To  exchange. 
[North.  Eiig.] 

There  is  a  wonderful  sameness  about  the  diet  on  board 
a  smack,  but  the  quantity  consumed  is  prodigious.  It 
certamly  is  sometimes  a  little  varied  bj'  kaupina,  or  ex- 
changiim  on  board  of  passing  ships,  and  occasional  par- 
cels by  the  carrier.    Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser. ,  IV.  16ft. 


ca.ap 

caup2  fkap),  n.  [Same  as  cap^,  q.  v.]  A  cup 
or  wooden  bowl.     [Scotch.] 

caiip3+  (kap).  ".  and  i:     See  coiip^. 

cauponatet  (ka'po-nat).  r.  I.  [<  L.  caupona- 
tuipv  of  cauponari,  traffic,  <  caupo{n-),  a  petty- 
tradesman,  huckster,  innkeeper.  See  cheap.'\ 
To  keep  a  victualiiig-house  or  an  inn;  hence, 
to  engage  in  petty  trafficking;  huckster. 

cauponationt  (ka-po-na'shon),  H.  [<  L.  as  if 
'caupoimtioin-),  <  caiiponatus:  see  cauj>onate.] 
Low  trafficking;  huckstering. 

Better  it  were  to  have  a  deformitj-  in  prejiching,  so  that 
some  woulJ  preach  the  truth  of  God,  and  that  which  is  to 
be  preached,  without  cauponalion  and  adulteration  of  tlie 
word.  .  .  .  than  to  have  such  a  uniformity  that  the  sill.v 
people  should  be  therebj'  occasioned  to  continue  still  in 
their  lamentable  isnorance. 

Latimer,  Sermons  and  Kemams,  n.  34i. 

I  shall  now  trace  and  expose  their  corruptions  and  cau- 

jmiatiojvi  of  the  gospel.  Benlleii. 

canponizet  (ka'p6-niz),  v.i.  [<  L.  caupon(ari) 
+  -ize.  See  cauponate.']  To  sell  wine  or  vict- 
uals. 

The  rich  rogues  who  cauponized  to  the  armies  in  Ger- 
many. Warburton,  To  Hurd,  Letters,  cUxl. 

canrale  (k^'ral),  n.  A  name  of  the  sun-bittern, 
Eiinipi/ga  helias.    Also  called  carle. 

Canfus  (ka'rus),  H.  [L.,  also  Corns,  the  north- 
west wind;  prob.  for  "scauriisz^  Goth.  skura,a 
storm  (shura  wiiidis,  a  storm  of  wind),  =  AS. 
sciir,  E.  shoicer:  related  to  L.  ohscunis,  obscme: 
8*e  shower  and  obsciire.'i  The  classical  name  of 
the  northwest  wind,  which  in  Italy  is  a  stormy 

one. 

A  svrifte  wyndc  that  heyhte  Chomg. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  meter  3. 
The  ground  by  piercing  Cauni.'!  seard. 

Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  st.  76. 

causable  (ka'za-bl),  a.  [<  cause  +  -able.'\  Ca- 
pable of  being  caused,  produced,  or  effected. 

For  that  may  be  miraculously  effected  in  one  which  is 
naturally  caiuable  in  another. 

Sir  T.  Brointe,  Vulg.  Err.,  Ui.  21. 

causal  (ka'zal),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
causal  =  It.  cattsalc,  <  L.  causalis,  <  causa,  cause : 
see  cause,  «.]  I.  a.  1.  Constituting  or  beluga 
cause;  producing  effects  or  results;  causative; 
creative:  as,  causal  euergy. 
In  c|iiittne8s  yield  thy  soul  to  the  caufal  soul. 

Marri.  Fuller,  Wonl.an  in  l'.)th  Cent.,  p.  20. 

2.  Relating  to  a  cause  or  causes;  implying  or 
containing  a  cause  or  causes;  expressing  a 
cause. 

Caudal  propositions  are  where  two  propositions  are 
Joined  by  caiucU  words,  as  .  .  .  that  .  .  .  or  .  .  .  be. 
cause,  Walts,  I/)gic. 

Causal  definltlon.a  definition  which  expresses  thecauses 
ti%"  nlial  to  till-  existence-  of  tile  thing  defined. 

n.  "■  In.</rrt)«.,awordthatexpressesacause, 
or  iiitroiiuci'S  a  reason. 

causalgia  (ka-zarji-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ratwijf, 
biirniiig,  +  a/.yo^,  pain.]  Jnpathol.,  an  intense 
burning  pain. 

cansality  fka-zal'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  causalities  (-tiz). 
[=  I',  causiililti  =  Sp.  causaliihtd  =  Pg.  causali- 
ttadc  =  It.  causalita,  <  L.  as  if  'ciiusniitas,  < 
cau8a/i>,  causal :  see  causal.]  1.  That  which 
constitutes  a  cause;  the  activity  of  causing; 
the  character  of  an  event  as  causing. 

An  he  created  all  things,  so  is  he  bey<mil  and  In  tliem 
all.  In  his  very  essence,  as  being  the  soul  of  their  causali- 
ties,  and  the  essential  cause  o(  their  existences. 

Sir  T.  Drowne,  Vulg.  Err. 

2.  The  relation  of  caiLso  to  effect,  or  of  effect 
to  cause;  tho  law  or  ]irini'i])lo  that  nothing  can 
happen  or  come  into  existence  without  a  cause. 
Sec  law  of  causation,  under  cattsation. 

Mtl.Miiuli.  then,  the  law  of  rausalilu  permits  us  t/)  say 

I  .  i;iveTi  event  there  is  a  series  of  events  from 
V  fidlow,  it  does  not  pt-miit  us  t^i  say  what 
ti                      ir<',  yl</aiii«o;i,  riillos.  of  Kant. 

3.  in  phren.,  the  faculty,  localized  in  an  or- 
gan or  ■liviHion  of  the  brain,  to  which  is  attrib- 
iitol  '■  •  tniei?ig  of  effects  to  their  cuuHos. — 
PrlncljW'-  of  causality.    s«o  'aw  "/  causation,  under 

<*/IU,'l'l'.M 

causally  ikii'/.nl-iK  ado.  As  a  cause;  accord- 
int'  lo  th"  ■.-!.>  of  cauHes;  by  tracing  effects 
I'  /     Uroirnc, 

I"  •-  iiinst  heforlntiTlIlgcncGasystom 
!!■  •  t.'il.      Aitarnson,  I'lillim.  of  KaiiL 

CauH.ilty  fkA'zfil-li),  H.    ff»rigin  unci-rtnin.  |    In 

>r,"  ■,  ,    Till,  lifjliter,  earthy  parts  of  ore  carriod 

ing. 

ca  kA-zii'Hh(>ii),  n.     [<  caiuc,    v.,    + 

'ilionl   L.rfliM(ifio(n-)  IiHH  iiiily 

II  HO  of  'a  pretext,  excuHc'  .Ml-. 
Ill- ''  ■,-,'  <  rausiin,  plen^l,  pretoii'l : 
Henrii  ..  (i(;t  of  ciiiiHiiig  or  proiliii'inu' . 
tin-  pri  iiiHality ;  llic  relation  of  cuusc 
to  offcul,  ur  ut  ollcct  to  oauMo. 


868 

In  contemplating  the  series  of  causes  which  are  them- 
selves the  effects  of  other  causes,  we  are  necessarily  led  to 
assume  a  Supreme  Cause  in  the  order  of  ciiu*-iifiun,  as  we 
assume  a  First  Cause  in  the  order  of  succession. 

Whewell,  Nov.  Org.  Kenovalum,  III.  x.  §  7. 
Physics  knows  nothing  of  causation  except  that  it  is  the 
invariable  and  unconditional  seiiuence  of  o-e  event  upon 
another.  J-  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  1-27. 

.\n  adequate  consciousness  of  causation  yields  the  ii-- 
resistible  belief  that  from  the  most  serious  to  the  most 
trivial  actions  of  men  in  society  there  must  flow  conse- 
quences which,  quite  apart  from  legal  agency,  conduce  to 
well-being  or  ill-being  in  greater  or  smaller  degree. 

H.  Spencer,  Data  of  Etliies,  §  19. 
Law  Of  causation,  or  principle  of  causality,  the  law 
or  doctrine  th.u  every  event  is  the  result  or  sequel  of 
some  previous  event  or  events,  without  which  it  could 
not  have  taken  place,  and  which  being  present  it  must 
taiie  place. 

causationism  (ka-za'shou-izm),  n.  [<  causa- 
tion +  -ism.]  The  theory  or  law  of  causation. 
See  causation. 

causationist  (ka-za'shgn-ist),  )i.  [<  causa- 
tion 4-  -ist.]  A  believer  in  the  law  of  causa- 
tion. 

All  successful  men  have  agreed  in  one  thing,— they 
werecdK.'.-ad'oniit*.  They  believed  that  things  went  not 
liy  luck,  but  by  law.  Emerson,  Power. 

causative  (ka'za-tiv),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  causatif 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cciusatifo,  <  L.  causativus,  causa- 
tive, pertaining  to  a  lawsuit,  accusative,  <  con- 
so,  cause:  see  cause,  h.]  I.  a.  1.  Effective  as 
a  cause  or  an  agent ;  causal. 

The  notion  of  a  Deity  dotli  expressly  signify  a  being  . .  . 
potential  or  causative  of  all  beings  beside  itself. 

Bp.  Fcayson.  Expos,  of  Creed,  L 
2.  In  flirnm.,  expressing  causation:  a.s,  a,  causa- 
tive verb:  for  example,  to  fell  (cause  to  fall),  to 
set  (cause  to  sit) ;  the  causatire  conjugation  of 
a  verb,  such  as  is  common  in  Sanskrit.  Also 
sometimes  applied  to  the  case  by  which  cause 
is  expressed,  as  the  Latin  ablative. 

II.  H.  A  form  of  verb  or  noun  having  causa- 
tive value. 

causatively  (ka'za-tiv-li),  adv.  In  a  causative 
manner. 

causativity  (ka-za-tiv'i-ti),  n.  [<  causative  + 
-ill/.]     The  state  or  quality  of  being  causative. 

caiisatort  (ka-za'tor),  n.  [Cf.  ML.  causator.  a 
party  to  a  suit;  <  L.  causare,  cause.]  One  who 
causes  or  produces  an  effect.       ' 

The  invisible  condition  of  the  first  causator. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err. 

cause  (k»z),  H.  [<  ISIE.  cause,  <  OF.  cause,  also 
cost;  a  cause,  a  thing  (P.  cause,  a  cause,  chose,  a 
thing:  see  chose'^),  =  Pr.  causa=  Sp.  It.  causa, 
cosa  =  Pg.  causa,  cousa,  coisa,  <  L.  causa,  also 
spelled  caussa,  a  cause,  reason,  in  ML.  also  a 
thing;  origintmcertain.  Hee accuse. excuse]  1. 
That  by  the  power  of  which  an  event  or  thing 
is;  a  principle  from  which  an  effect  arises; 
that  upon  which  some! lung  depends  per  se;  in 
general,  anything  which  stands  to  something 
else  in  a  real  relation  analogous  to  the  mental 
relation  of  the  antecedent  tb  the  conse(iucnl 
of  a  conditional  proposition.  Nominalist  philoso- 
phers commonly  hold  that  every  effect  is  tlie  result  not 
of  one  but  of  miniy  causes  (see  total  caiute,  below);  but 
the  usual  doctrine  is  that  the  effect  is  an  abstract  ele- 
ment of  a  thing  or  event,  while  the  cause  is  an  ab. 
stract  element  of  an  antecedent  event,  Koilr  kinds  of 
causes  arc  recognized  Ijy  Aristotelians  :  the  material, 
formal,  efficient,  and  Jinal  cause.  Material  cattse  Is  tliat 
wliich  gives  being  to  the  thing,  tlie  matter  by  the  de- 
termination of  which  it  is  constituted ;  /onnal  caitse, 
th:it  wjiich  gives  the  thing  its  chaiactcristicH,  the  form  or 
determination  liy  which  the  matter  licconies  the  thing;  rjli- 
cient  cause,  an  external  cause  preceding  its  effect  in  lime, 
and  illstinguislieil  from  material  and  /unnal  cause  by 
being  external  to  that  which  it  causes,  and  from  the  end 
or  final  cause  in  being  that  l>y  which  something  is  made 
or  iliHie,  and  not  merely  that  for  the  sake  of  which  it  is 
made  or  done;  Jinal  cause,  an  external  cause  following 
after  that  which  it  determines  (called  the  means),  the 
end  for  which  the  clfect  exists,  otlier  divii.|iins  of  cainses 
are  iis  follows  :  snlmnlinate  or  second  cause,  one  which  is 
itself  causeil  by  something  else ;  Jirst  cause,  that  wlilrli 
is  not  caused  by  anything  else ;  proximate  or  immeilinte 
cause,  line  between  which  and  the  elfect  no  other  eaiiwi 
intervenes,  or,  in  lau',  that  from  which  the  elfect  miglil 
be  expecteil  to  follow  wltlioiii  the  concunence  of  any  iin- 
usual  circumstances;  remote  cause,  the  opiioiiiti^  of  Jiri'ji'- 
7/111^'  eattse ;  total  cause,  the  aggregate  of  all  the  ante, 
ci'ilenls  which  slilllie  to  bring  aliout  the  event;  partial 
cause,  Homelhing  which  tends  to  bring  alMiut  nu  effect, 
but  iinlv  in  coniunctlon  with  other  callsen;  emanatire 
cause,  tfiat  which  by  Its  mere  i-xlulence  delennines  the 
effect;  actire  cause,  that  which  brings  aliont  Ihi;  effect  by 
an  action  or  itperat loll,  termed  the  causation;  immanent 
cause,  thatuhlcb  brings  about  some  elicit  within  ll»ell. 
as  the  mind  calling  up  an  Image;  transient  cause,  that 
wliime  effect  lies  iiutslde  Itself  ;  ,rree  cause,  that  which  l» 
HI  II  di'lermlrieil  and  free  to  act  or  not  act:  opiKised  I" 
i>.ri  .Mtir'i  cause;  principal  eofise,  that  upon  wnleh  (he 
'  It' '  (  mainly  rlepemls;  inslruinrntut  cause,  a  cause  sub- 
>  I  \  lint  to  the  princlpnl  i-aiiHc,  Thf  above  are  the  chief 
ii  till.  II. UK  id  the  ,\rl»tol4llnii«.  riie  physlelann,  follow- 
II.:  'iiili-ii,  rerogntzed  three  klii'lH  ,if  enuses,  the  jfroca- 
t'lretir,  ja-oeffumenat,  and  siineelie.  The  procataretie cause 
I*  an  anlecodenl  condltlun  of  tilings  uul«ldo  of  tho  prlncl- 


cause 

pal  cause,  facilitating  the  production  of  the  effect ;  tho 
proe'jumenal  cause  is  that  within  the  principal  cause 
which  either  pretlisposes  or  directly  excites  it  to  action ; 
and  the  sijnectic,  containin/f,  or  continent  cause  is  the  es- 
seiice  of  the  disease  itself  considered  as  the  cause  of  the 
symptoms;  thus  typhoid  fever  might  be  referred  to  as 
tile  continent  cause  of  ocher-stools  or  a  quickened  pulse. 
Other  varieties  are  the  occasional  cause  (see  occasional ij.-nt) ; 
moral  cause,  the  person  iuciting  tlie  agent  to  action;  o6- 
jectii-e  cau.'te,  the  ideas  which  excite  the  imagination  of 
the  a.gent ;  and  sufftcicnt  cause,  one  which  suthces  to  bi-ing 
about  the  effect  (see  sufficient  reason,  under  reason). 

In  virtue  of  his  character  as  knowing,  therefore,  we  are 
entitled  to  say  that  man  is,  according  to  a  certain  well- 
defined  meaning  of  the  term,  a  free  cause. 

T.  Fl.  Green,  Prolegomena  to  Ethics,  §  74. 

Cause  is  the  condensed  expression  of  the  factors  of  any 
phenomenon,  the  effect  being  tlie  fact  it.self, 

G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  v.  §  19. 

Of  these  two  senses  of  the  word  emise,  viz.,  that  which 
brings  a  thing  to  be,  and  that  on  whicli  a  thing  under 
giveii  circumstances  follows,  the  former  is  that  of  which 
our  experience  is  tlie  earlier  and  more  intimate,  being 
suggested  to  us  by  our  consciousness  of  willing  and  doing. 
J.  H.  Newman,  Gram,  of  .\ssent,  p,  65. 

Specifically — 2.  An  antecedent  upon  which  an 
effect  follows  according  to  a  law  of  nature  ;  an 
efficient  cause.  Tlie  common  conception  of  a  cause, 
as  producing  an  effect  similar  to  itself  at  a  later  time  and 
without  essential  reference  to  any  third  factor,  is  at  vari- 
ance with  tho  established  principles  of  mechanics.  Two 
successive  positions  of  a  system  must  be  known,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  law  of  the  force,  before  a  position  can  be  pre- 
dicted; but  the  common  idea  of  a  , cause  is  that  of  a 
single  antecedent  determining  a  consequent  of  the  same 
nature.  Moreover,  the  action  of  a  force  is  strictly  con- 
temporaneous with  it  and  comes  to  an  end  with  it ;  and 
no  kiHovii  law  of  nature  coordinates  events  separated  by 
an  interval  of  time, 

3.  The  reason  or  motive  for  mental  action  or 
decision ;  ground  for  action  in  general. 

I  liave  full  cause  of  weei)ing;  but  this  he.art 
.Shall  break  into  a  hundred  thousand  flaws. 
Or  ere  I'll  weep.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

This  was  the  only  Funeral  Feast  that  ever  I  was  at 
among  them,  and  they  gave  me  cause  to  remember  it. 

Danipicr,  Voyages,  II,  i,  92, 

4.  In  law,  a  legal  proceeding  between  adverse 
parties;  a  case  for  judicial  decrsiou.  See 
case'^,  ,'). 

Hear  tlie  causes  between  your  brethren,  and  judge  right- 
eously between  every  man  and  his  brother,  and  the  stran- 
ger that  is  with  him.  Dent.  i.  10. 
Remember  every  cause 
Stands  not  on  eloquence,  but  stands  on  laws. 

Storif,  .Advice  to  a  Young  Lawyer. 

5.  In  a  general  sense,  any  subject  of  question 
or  debate  ;  a  subject  of  special  interest  or  con- 
cern; business;  affair. 

Wliat  counsel  give  you  in  this  weighty  cajisc  > 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 
The  cuiwc  craves  haste.  Sliak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1295. 

I  think  of  her  whose  gentle  tongue 
.\U  plaint  in  her  own  cause  controU'd. 

M.  Arnold,  A  Southern  Night. 

6.  Advantage;  interest;  sake. 

I  did  it  not  for  his  cause  that  had  done  the  wrong. 

2  Cor.  vii.  12. 

7.  That  side  of  a  question  which  an  individujil 
or  party  takes  up;  that  object  to  which  the 
efforts  of  a  person  or  jiarly  are  directed. 

They  never  fail  who  die 

In  a  great  caxtse.  Byron,  Marino  Faliero,  ii.  2. 
A  C(ii(,«f-  which  is  vigorous  after  centuries  of  defeat  is  a 
cause  battled  but  not  hopeless,  beaten  but  not  subdued, 

<;,  //.  Lcues,  I'robs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  1,  i,  §  7, 
Cause  of  action,  in  law,  the  situation  or  state  of  facts 
which  entitles  a  party  to  sustain  an  action  ;  a  right  of 
recovery,—  Country  cause,  in  Kmi.  le^ml  loaefice,  a  suit 
against  a  dcfcnilaiit  residing  more  than  twenty  miles  from 
l.iiiiiloii.  — Degrading  causes,  in  ;ieiil.  .Sce  deinmlinn. 
~  Entitled  m  the  cause,  sce  ,ii(i7^-,— Fallacy  of 
false  cause,  .Sec  jolloe;/.-  For  cause,  for  a  legally 
siillirieiit  reason  :  as.  some  officers  are  not  removable  ex- 
cciit  inr  cause  (used  in  contradistinction  to  at  jjeasurc). 

Matrimonial  causes.  See  omfi-imoiiin;,— Onerous 
cause,  .'^ec  otwrous.-  Probable  cause  (used  with  ref- 
ereiii-e  to  criminal  prosi-riiliDiis),  sin-li  a  state  of  facts  and 
ciri-umslanccs  as  would  lead  a  man  of  ordimiry  caution 
and  prudence,  acting  coMsricntlonsly,  liiipartiatly,  reason. 
ably,  and  without  prejudice,  upon  the  facts  within  Ills 
know  Ic.lge,  til  believe  that  the  person  in'cllscd  Is  guilty,— 

The  First  Cause,  Uml,    See .Uf,  i,  niiovc    To  make 

common  cause  with,  to  join  with  foi-  the  altalnmentof 
siinic  iilijcct;  side  with  strongly;  aid  and  supiiort. 
She  found  I  was  a  devil  and  no  man,— 
Made  eonnnon  cause  with  those  who  found  as  milch. 

Browniufi,  King  and  Hook,  I,  018. 
To  show  cause,  to  present  a  reason  :  as,  an  order  of 
citurt  requiring  a  jierson  to  show  cause  wli\  he  «holllli 
leit  III'  punished  for  contempt.  Town  cause,  in  Kn0, 
le>ml  practice,  a  suit  against  a  deri-ndalit  I'eMiillllg  not 
nii.re  than  twenty  miles  fnuii  Lonilmi, 
cause  (UiVz),  I'.;  ]irct.  and  iij).  caused,  y\>r.  cau 
mil.  I  <  ME.  cnuHcn  =  V.  (ViM.vcr  =  Sji.  I'g.  catisH 
=  II .  ciiusarr,  cniise  (cf.  L.  caustiri,  give  ns  a  ret 
son,  pri'lend.  ML.  causarr,  litigulc,  plead,  >  T 
cau.iir,  etc.,  talk:  see  ctiusiu.^c);  froiii  tlw  iioiinl 
HOP  caii.sr,  H.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  act  as  a  ciniso 
or  agent  in  producing;  effect;  bring  about;  bo 
the  occaRion  of. 


869 


A  narrow  girdle  of  rough  stonns  antl  craps, 
A  rucif  and  iiatui-al  cauKfwuit,  inti-r-poHud 
lietwu<--ii  tin;  watfT  and  a  wiiidin^  alope 
Of  copse  and  thiukut. 


The  old     _  . . 

That  lead  fro'm  knoll  tu  knoil  a  cdu»ry  rude 

Ilri/aiU,  Entrance  t^)  a  Wood. 
2.  A  sid(walk,  or  path  at  tlio  nuVi  of  a  street  or 
road  raisod  above  the  earri;i,;,'cvvav.  Crown  of 
ttie  causey.  .See  cruiOTi.— Giant's  Causeway,  a  jnoiu- 
ontory  of  eohimnar  haiialt  covernjg  lavKe  Hat  areas  on  tlie 
coast  of  Antrini,  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  where  the  for- 
mations ai-e  finely  displayed  in  the  close-llttin^'  hexagonal 
pillars,  distinctly  marked,  and  varying  in  diameter  from 
16  to  20  inches,  with  a  height  of  20  feet  in  some  places. 
See  hasuU. 

causeway,  causey  (kaz'wa,  ka'zi),  v.  t.  [< 
ciuisrwa!/,  raiasci/, »;.]  To  provide  with  a  cause- 
way ;  pave,  as  a  road  or  street,  with  blocks  of 
stone. 


cause 

They  caused  great  joy  unto  all  the  lirothren.    Acts  xv.  3. 
You  cannot  guess  who  fau.^ed  your  fatlicrs  death. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  2. 
July  does  not  cause  August,  though  it  invariably  pre- 
cedes it.  ,/.  Fishe,  CUsmic  Philos.,  I.  164. 

2.  To  make;  force;  compel :  with  an  infinitive 
after  the  object:  as,  the  storm  caused  him  to 
seek  shelter. 

1  will  cause  him  to  fall  by  the  sword.  2  Ki.  xii.  7. 

Ami  so  ever  ony  Sarazin  coinyth  by  that  Sepulcre  he 
cast  a  stonne  ther  att  with  grett  violence  and  Uispite  by 
cause  the  seyd  Absolon  pursued  hys  father,  king  David, 
and  cause  hym  to  Ilee. 

Torklmitnn,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travcll,  p.  28. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  show  cause;  give  reasons. 

But  he,  to  shifte  their  curious  retjuest, 

Gan  causcn  why  she  could  not  come  in  place. 

Sjieiiser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.v.  26. 

causefult  (kaz'ful),  a.    [<  cause  +  -ful,  1.]   Hav- 
ing a  real  or  sufficient  cause.     Spenser. 
Wail  thyself !  and  wail  with  causefull  tears. 

Sir  P.  SidWji,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  550. 

causeless  (kaz'les),  a.  [<  causa  +  -less."]  1. 
Having  no  cause  or  producing  agent;  self- 
originated;  uncreated. 

Reach  the  Almighty's  sacred  throne. 
And  make  \i\&cau«cless  power  the  cause  of  all  things  known. 
Sir  Ii.  Blackmorc,  Creation. 

2.  Without  just  groimd,  reason,  or  motive: 
as,  causeless  hatred ;  causeless  fear. 

Your  causeless  hate  to  me  I  hope  is  buried. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  2. 
Causeless  wars  that  never  had  an  aim. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  332.  C.  ().  Mutler,  Manual  of  Archsol.  (trans.),  §  338. 

causelesst    (kaz'les),    adv.      'Without    cause,  causid  (ka'sid),  jj.    A  snake  of  the  family  Cau- 

Chaucer.  sidir. 

causelessly  (kaz'les-li),  adi'.     In   a  causeless  Causidae  (ka'si-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Causus  + 

-idw.]  A  family  of  solenoglyphO^;/i/rf(r/,  typified 
by  the  genus  Causus,  having  the  maxillary  bone 
not  excavated,  the  poison-fang  grooved  in  front, 
and  a  postfrontal  bone  present.  The  genera  be- 
sides Causus  are  Ilelerojjhis  and  Dinodipsas.  They  are 
venomous  serpents,  most  nearly  related  to  the  Viperidce 
or  vipers. 

[<LL.  causidicaliSj 


cauterization 

causticity  (kas-tis'i-ti),  «.     [<  caustic  +  -Uy; 


=  ¥.  caustk-ite  =  Sp.  causticidad  =  Pg.  caustid- 

da(le=  It.  causticild.']     1.  The  property  of  be- 

Wordswnrlh,  Naming  of  Places,  iv.     ingeaustie,  that  is,  of  corroding  ordisorganizing 

!S"£?!!!'l!!f™''i^.'N'.'.'!n''.,"[.?'™'''™''i  '™'*  animal  matter,  or  the  quality  of  combining  with 

the  princix>les  of  orgaiiized'Kub.stanees  so  as  to 
destroy  the  tissue ;  corrosivencss.  This  prop- 
erty belongs  to  concentrated  acids,  pure  alkalis, 
and  some  metallic  salts. —  2.  T'lguratively,  .se- 
verity of  language ;  pungency;  sarcasm. 

He  was  a  master  in  all  the  arts  of  ridicule  ;  and  his  In- 
cvhaustible  spirit  only  re(|uired  some  permanent  subject 
to  have  rivalled  the  cuuMlicity  of  .Swift. 

/.  D'lmrae.li,  Quarrels  of  Authors,  p.  218. 

I  shall  be  sorry  to  miss  his  pungent  spri'ch.    I  know  it 

will  be  all  sense  for  the  Church,  and  all  muttidty  for 

Schism.  Charliiite  lirnnle,  .Shirley,  xviii. 

He  had,  besides,  a  ready  caxutlicily  of  tongue. 

Qeurge  Kliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  L  7. 
The  white  worn  stones  which  c«i«ewa!/ed  the  middle  of  causticUeSSt  (kas'tik-nes),   n.     The  quality  of 
1,!™-..    „.,.,  ..      ^Charlotte  BnnU,l&wV.yre,it\\.     bi-iiig  caustic ;  causticity. 

" caustify  (kas'ti-fi),  v.  I.;  pret.  and  pp.  causli- 

Jlcd,  ppr.  caustifi/inr/.  l<  caustic:  nee -fy.'\  To 
render  caustic ;  convert  into  caustic,  tor  exani- 
ple,  soda  ash  or  carbonate  of  soda  is  cauhlilled  by  boiling 
with  milk  of  lime,  which  removes  the  carbonic  acid  and 
converts  the  sodium  into  caustic  soda. 
causus  (ka'.sus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kavaor,  burning 
lieat,  causus,  <  Ka/«v,  burn.  Ci.  caunia.']  1.  In 
med.,  a  highly  ardent  fever.— 2.  leap."]  In 
herpet.,  the  typical  genus  of  Camidce.  J.  Wag- 
Icr. 


causey,  n.  and  V.     See  causeway. 

causia  (ka'siil),  n.  [<  6r.  Kava'ia,  <  miu,  Kamir.} 
A  broad-briinmod  felt  hat,  with  a  very  low 
crown,  or  sometimes  no  distinct  crown, 'fonu- 
ing  part  of  the  national  costume  of  the  ancient 
Macedonians  and  of  related  peoples,  as  the 
Illyrians.  it  was  worn  by  kings,  dyed  purple  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  white  or  gold  embroidered  dia<lem  in  the 
form  of  a  narrow  band,  of  which  the  fringed  ends  hung 
down  at  the  back. 
The  kaiuia  .  .  .  had  a  very  bro.ad  brim  and  a  very  low 


crown,  and  behmged  to  the  Macedonian,  .Etolian.Illyrian,   /„„i.~li /i-s 'f„n    „      r      f„    „      ..  i     ^  m-r.  ..  , 

and  also  perhaps  Thessalian  (fostunie.  ■  cautelt  (ka  tel),  n.    l=He.cautele,<MB.cautel, 


manner;  without  cause  or  reason. 
Carelessly  and  causclesaly  neglect  it. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Repentance,  x.  §  4. 

causelessness  (kaz'les-nes),  n.     [<  causeless  + 

■iiess.'i     The  state  of  being  causeless. 
causer  (ka'zer),  K.     One  who  or  that  which 

causes ;  the  agent  or  act  by  which  an  effect  is  causidical  (ka-sid'i-kal),  a 

produced, 


Is  not  the  causer  of  the  timeless  deaths 

Of  these  Plantagenets  .  .  . 

As  blameful  as  the  executioner? 

Skak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  2. 

causeuse  (ko-zez'),  «.  [F.,  prop.  fern,  of  cau- 
scur,  talkative,  a  talker,  <  causer,  talk:  see 
cause,  v.i.l  A  small  sofa  or  settee  for  two  per- 
sons. 

cause'Way,  causey  (kaz'wa,  ka'zi),  n.  [Prop. 
caustji  (the  form  causewai/,  <  ME.  cawcewey, 
cawcij  ti-ey  (Prompt.  Parv.),  being  a  popidar  per- 
version, in  simulation  of  way,  a  road),  early 
mod.  E.  also  cuusuy,  coa.say,  <  ME.  cauci,  kduce, 
cawse,  cawsee,  also  cauchie,  cawchie,  <  OP.  *cau- 
cie,  cauchie,  cauchiee,  chaucic,  P.  ohaussee  =  Pr. 
caussada  =  Sp.  calzada,  <  ML.  calceata,  rarely 
calciata  (also  calcea,  calceia,  after  the  OP.  form), 
a  paved  road  (sc.  L.  via,  a  way,  road ;  ef.  E. 
street,  ult.  <  LL.  strata  (sc.  L."  via),  a  paved 
road),  prop.  fem.  of  *calceatus,  *calciatus,  pp. 
of  'calceure,  calciare,  pave,  make  a  road  or 
causeway  (Pg.  cal^ar,  pave;  of.  OP.  cauchier, 
chancier,  traverse  a  road),  <  L.  calx  (calc-,  calci-), 
limestone,  lime,  chalk,  the  verb  having  refer- 
ence to  the  use  of  broken  limestone,  and,  appar. 
in  a  more  general  application,  of  any  broken 
stone,  or  of  gravel  (cf .  L.  dim.  calculus,  a  pebble, 
gi'avel,  calculosus,  calculous,  gravelly),  or  less 


<  L.  causidicus,  an  advocate  or  pleader,  <  causa, 
a  cause,  -t-  diccre,  say.]  Pertaining  to  an  advo- 
cate, or  to  pleading  or  the  defense  of  suits. 

caussont,  «.,   Same  as  cavezon. 

caustic  (kas'tik),  a.  and  n.  [=  P.  camtique  = 
Sp.  cdustico  =  Pg.  caustico  =  It.  caustico,  <  L. 
cau.'<ticus,  <  Gr.  Kavarmdc,  caustic,  corrosive,  ca- 
pable of  burning,  <  KavarOQ,  verbal  adj.  of  Kaieiv, 
burn:  see  calmX,  cauma,  causus,  and  cf.  encaiis- 


cautele,  <  OP.  cautdc  =  P.  cautdle  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  cautela,  <  L.  cautela,  caution,  precaution,  < 
cautus,  pp.  of  cavere,  take  heed :  see  caution.'] 

1.  Caution;  wariness;  prudence. 

But  ill  all  things  this  cautel  they  use,  that  a  less  pleasure 
hinder  not  a  bigger;  and  that  the  pleasure  be  no  cause  of 
displeasure,  which  they  think  to  follow  of  necessity,  if  the 
pleasure  be  unhonest. 

Jiobinson,  tr.  of  Sir  T.  More's  Utopia,  ii.  7. 

2.  Subtlety;  craftiness;  cunning;  deceit;  fraud. 
Thus  goure  cautelt  to  the  comoune  hath  combred  gou  all. 

Richard  tfie  liedelesB,  L  78. 
No  soil,  nor  cautel,  doth  besmirch 
The  virtue  of  his  will.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

3.  Eccles.,  a  detailed  caution  or  written  direc- 
tion concerning  the  proper  manner  of  celebrat- 
ing the  holy  communion. 

cautellyt,  adv.    [ME.  cautely ;  <  cautel  +  -ly'-i.] 
Cautiously. 

Make  a  crye,  and  cautely  thou  cai'. 

York  Plays,  p.  328. 


..  ,.'t«'Ciii--,  \.'im}}ia,  Ca'USUS,  cij.ti.1  v;x.  t/ti'Utt.?-  "    '""  — 

tic.}     I.  a.  1.  Capable  of  burning,  corroding,  cauteloust  (ka'te-lus),  n.     [<  ME.  cautchus  = 

or  destroying  the  tissue  of  animal  substances.  ■'■"■  <'<iuhlcux  =  Pr.  cautelos  =  Sp.  Pg.  cautelosn. 

See  caii.fticity. —  2.  Pigm'atively,  severely  erit-  ^  ^^^i-  efiutelosus,  <  L.  cautela:  see  cautel  and 


prob.  to  the  use  of  lime  or  mortar,  in  making  "  pungent,  acrid,  s.arcastic. 

suelirosids:  see  cnif,  chalk,  calculus.     The  verb        ^^  "   ^    ^ "''    ' 

is  by  some  identified  with  L.  calccare,  also  cal- 
cjnj'e  (>0P.  cauchier,  cauchcr,  cauccr,  F.  chausser 
=  Pr.  caussar  =  Sp.  calzar  =  Pg.  cal^ar  =  It. 
caUare),  shoe,  provide  with  shoes,  <  L.  calceus, 
a  shoe :  see  calceate.  Causeway,  being  now 
known  to  be  a  false  form,  is  beginning  to  be 
avoided  by  some  -writers.]  1.  A  road  or  path 
raised  above  the  natm-al  level  of  the  ground 
by  stones,  earth,  timber,  fascines,  or  the  like, 
serving  as  a  dry  passage  over  wet  or  marshy 
ground,  over  shallow  'water,  or  along  the  top  of 
an  embankment. 


ical  or  sarcastic;  cutting:  as,  a  caustic  remark. 

Let  their  humom-  be  never  so  caustic. 

Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

Those  illusions  of  fancy  which  were  at  length  dispelled 
by  the  caustic  satire  of  Cervantes. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  Int. 
Caustic  alcohol,  barley,  etc  See  the  nouns.— caustic 
curve,  in  iiiatti.  See  II.,  3.— Caustic  potash,  potassium 
hydrate,  KOH,  a  hard,  white,  brittle  substance,  easily  .solu- 
ble in  water  and  deliquescent  in  air.  It  is  a  strong  base, 
forming  stable  crystalline  compounds  with  all  acids.  It  is 
a  powerful  caustic,  quickly  destroying  animal  and  vegeta- 
ble tissues.  Caustic  potash  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  cau- 
tery, and  in  numberless  ways  in  the  arts,  as  a  detergent, 
as  a  base  for  making  salts  of  potash,  and  in  tlie  manufac- 
ture of  soap.  — Caustic  soda,  sodium  hydr.ate,  >;aOU,  a 
white,  brittle  solid,  having  much  the  same  chemical  and 
physical  properties  as  caustic  potasli.  .and  similar  uses  in 
the  arts.  The  soiips  made  with  caustic  soda  are  hard ; 
those  made  with  caustic  potash  are  soft.  =  Syn.  2.  Stinging, 


At  the  foote  of  the  castell  was  the  mai*as,  depe  on  alle 
sides,  and  ther-to  was  noon  eutre  saf  a  litill  cawchie  that 
was  narowe  and  straite  of  half  a  myle  of  leugthe. 

•  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  380. 

Such  are  the  making  and  rcpayring  of  Bridges,  Causeyes, 
Conduits  to  eonuey  water  to  their  llosjjitalls  or  Temples. 
I'uirhr/.^,  Pilgrimage,  p.  297. 
It  is  strange  to  see  the  chargeable  pavements  and  cause- 
ways in  the  avenues  and  entrances  of  towns  abroad  be- 
yonil  the  seas. 

Baron.  Charge  upon  the  Commission  for  the  -Verge. 
The  other  way  Satan  went  down 
The  causeyto  hell-gate.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  415. 


II.  )(.  1.  In  jjierf.,  any  substance  which  bums 
corrodes,  or  disorganizes  the  tissues  of  animal 
structures;  an  eseharotic. —  2.  Figuratively, 
something  pungent  or  severely  critical  or  sar- 
castic.    See  causticity. 

Your  hottest  causticks.  B.  Jonson,  Elegy  on  Lady  Pawlet. 

When  we  can  endure  the  caustics  and  correctives  of  our 
spiritual  guides,  in  those  things  in  which  we  are  most 
apt  to  please  ourselves,  then  our  obedience  is  regular  and 
humble.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1836),  I.  62. 

3.  In  math.,  an  envelop  of  rays  of  light  pro- 
ceeding from  a  fixed  point  and  reflected  or 
refi'acted  by  a  surface  or  a  ciu've.  Caustics  are 
consequently  of  two  kinds,  catacaustics  and  diucaustics, 
the  former  being  caustics  by  reflection  ami  the  latter  caus- 
tics by  refraction.— Limar  caustic,  a  name  given  to  silver 
nitrate  when  cast  into  sticks  for  the  use  of  surgeons,  etc. 
See  nitrate.—  Secondary  caustic,  the  ortlmmuial  trajec- 
tory of  the  reflected  or  refracted  rays;  an  involute  of  a 
plane  caustic  — Vienna  caustic,  a  mixture  of  pota,ssium 
hydrate  and  lime  in  e(iual  proportions,  forming  a  powder 
used  in  medicine  as  a  caustic,  and  milder  than  potassium 
b>dr;itc  alone. 

caustical  (kas'ti-kal),   a.    Same  as  caustic. 

[Kare.] 
caustically  (kas'ti-kal-i),  adv.     In  a  caustic  or 
severe  manner :  as,  td'say  something  caustically. 


-ous.]   1.  Cautious;  wary;  provident:  as,  "cait- 
telous  though  young,"  Drayton,  Queen  Margaret. 
Mar.  Danger  stands  sentinel : 
Then  I'll  retire. 

Ger.  We  must  be  cauteloxttt. 

Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  ii  4. 
My  stock  being  small,  no  marvel  'twas  soon  wasted ; 
But  you,  without  the  least  doubt  or  suspicion, 
II  cautelous,  may  make  bold  with  your  master's. 

Massinger,  City  Madam,  ii.  1. 
Swear  priests,  and  cowards,  and  men  cautelous. 
Old  feeble  carrions,  and  such  suffering  souls 
That  welcome  wrongs.  Skak.,  J.  C,  a  1. 

2.  Cunning;  treacherous;  wily. 

They  are  (for  the  most  part)  soe  cautelous  and  wylye- 
headed,  specially  being  men  of  soe  small  experience  and 
practize  in  lawe  matters,  that  you  would  wonder  whence 
they  borrowe  suchsubtiltycs  and  slye  shiftes. 

.Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

cautelouslyt  (ka'te-lus-U),  arfr.  1.  Cautiously; 
warily. — 2.  Cunninglj-;  slyly;  craftily. 

cautelousnesst  (ka'te-lus-iies),  n.  (Jautious- 
ness ;  prudence. 

These  two  great  Christian  virtues,  cautetousness,  repen- 
tance. Hales,  Golden  Remains,  p.  254. 

cautert  (ka'ter),  H.  [IjL.,  <  Gr.  navrf/p,  a  sear- 
ing-iron, <  Kaietv,  bum.]  A  searing-iron.  Min- 
shcu. 

cauterant  (ka'ter-ant),  n.  [For  "cauteriant,  < 
ML.  cauterian(t-).^'^  ppr.  of  cautcriare,  cauter- 
ize: see  cauterize.']    A  cautery;  a  caustic. 

cauterisation,  cauterise.    See  cauterization, 

cauterize. 

cauterism  (ka'ter-izm),  n.  [<  cautery  +  -ism. 
Cf.  cauterize.]     The  application  of  a  cautery. 

cauterization  (ka'-'ter-i-za'shou),  n.  [<  cauter- 
ize +  -ation;  =  P.  cauterisation  =  Pr.  cauteri- 
zacio  =  Sp.  cauterizacion  =  Pg.  cauterizagao  = 
It.  cauterizzazione.']  1.  In  surg..  the  act  of  cau- 
terizing or  searing  some  morbid  part  by  the  ap- 
plication of  a  hot  iron,  or  of  caustics,  etc. — 2. 
The  effect  of  the  application  of  a  cautery  or 
caustic. 
Also  spelled  cauterisation. 


cauterize 

cauterize  (ka'ter-iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cauter- 
ized, ppr.  cauterizing.  [=  F.  eauteriner  =  Pr. 
craufem-<ir=Sp.Pg.taMfenrar  =  It.  caHterL-jare, 
<  3IL.  caiiterizare,  also  cauteriare,  <  Gr.  Kavrr/- 
pid^fa,  cauterize, <«.aiT"i7piai',  a  searing-iron:  see 
cautery. "i  1 .  To  bm-n  or  sear  with  lue  or  a  hot 
iron,  or  with  caustics,  as  morbid  flesh. 

Fugitive  slaves  are  marked  and  cauterized  with  burning 
irons.  Jrr.  Taijtor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  3S". 

The  flame  from  the  pistol  had  been  so  close  that  it  had 
actually  cauterized  the  wound  inflicted  by  the  ball. 

Moileri,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  539. 

2.  To  sear,  in  a  figurative  sense. 

They  have  cauterized  consciences. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Met,  p.  195. 

The  more  cau<*7ized  our  conscience  is,  the  less  is  the  fear 
of  helL  Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Dying,  i.  603. 

.A.1S0  spelled  cauterise. 
cautery  ^ka'ter-i),  ». ;  pi.  cauteries  (-iz).  [= 
F.  cautire  =  PT.  cai(ten  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cauterio,  < 
L.  cauterium,  <  Gr.  Kavrijpioi;  a  branding-iron, 
a  brand,  dim.  of  Kavrrjp,  a  branding-iron,  a 
burner:  see  canter.]  1.  A  burning  or  searing, 
as  of  morbid  flesh,  by  a  hot  iron  or  by  caustic 
substances  that  burn,  corrode,  or  destroy  the 
solid  parts  of  an  animal  body.  The  burning  by  a 
hot  iron  is  termed  actual  cautery;  that  by  caustic  medi- 
cines, potential  cautery. 

His  discourses,  like  Jonathan's  arroivs,  may  shoot  short, 
or  shoot  over,  but  not  wound  where  they  should,  nor  open 
those  humours  that  need  a  lancet  or  a  cautery. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  586. 
The  mad  bite 
'Must  have  the  cautery. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  iii.  4. 

2.  The  instrument  or  drug  employed  in  cauter- 
izing—  Corrlgan's  cautery.  Same  as  Corri/jan'n  but- 
ton (which  see,  un.lcr  6i(/(</n).— Galvanic  cautery,  an 
instrument  for  cauterizing  which  is  heated  by  the  passage 
through  it  of  an  electric  current. 

cautery-electrode  (ka'tcr-i-e-lek'trod),  n.  A 
name  apiilicd  to  any  of  the  various  forms  of 
wires  and  bands  of  platinum  which  constitute 
the  heated  and  cauterizing  part  of  a  galvanic 
cautery. 

cauting-lron  (ka'ting-i'^m),  n.  [Appar.  short 
for  t-MitlcriiKj-  or  cauterizing-iron.  See  cauter.^ 
A  searing-iron.     E.  H.  Knight. 

cautiou  (ku'shon),  H.  [<  ME.  caucion,  caucioun 
(def.  7)  =  F.  caution  =  Pr.  cautio  =  Sp.  ciiu- 
cion  =  Pg.  cau^cto  =  It.  cauzione  (cf.  D.  cautic 
=  G.  caution  =  Dan.  Sw.  l-aution,  chiefly  in  le- 
gal senses),  <  L.  cautio{n-),  caution,  precaution, 
security,  bond,  warrant}',  <  cautus,  pp.  of  ca- 
rere,  be  on  one's  guard,  take  heed,  look  out, 
beware,  ult.  =  AS.  sceaician,  look  at,  behold, 
E.  sAow;  see  s/ioic]  1.  Prudence  in  regard  to 
danger;  wariness,  consistinjj  in  a  careful  at- 
tention to  probable  and  possible  results,  and  a 
judicious  course  of  conduct  to  avoid  failure  or 
disaster. 

In  the  afternoon  we  walked  out  to  see  the  City.  But 
we  thought  rit,  before  we  enter'd,  to  get  License  of  the 
Ooveniour  and  to  proceed  with  all  caution. 

Staniulrell,  Alei)po  to  Jerusalem,  p.  134. 
The  first  thing  I  did  at  Alexandria  wxs  to  pace  round 
the  walls,  and  take  the  bearings ;  which   I  did  with  so 
much  cauiiitn,  that  1  thought  1  couhl  only  liavc  been  ob- 
served by  the  Janizary  that  utteiided  ine. 

J^ffcockr,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  .3. 

2.  Anything  intended  or  serving  to  induce  wari- 
ness; a  warning  given  either  by  word  of  mouth 
or  in  any  other  way ;  monitory  advice. 
In  way  of  CMUtion,  I  must  tell  you, 
You  do  nut  understand  yourself  so  clearly 
Aj  it  Ifchooves  my  daughter  an*)  your  honor. 

.SAn*.,  llamlct,  i.  ?,. 
Indulge,  my  son,  the  cautioun  ut  the  wise. 

I'ojv,  Odyssey,  xxlli.  114. 

St.  Provision  or  security  against  something; 
provident  care ;  precaution. 

In  d'--^plt«  of  all  the  rules  and  rauiinjui  of  government, 
the  mo^i  dangerous  and  mortal  of  vIcch  will  come  olf. 

.S'lr  II.  1^  Kutrnn^e. 
4.  !'■  ,....(  Eng.  lair,  a,  WTitton  warning  or 
CBv.  -.villi   tlio   registrar  of   land-titles 

agnn  ii^'H  with  tliii  land  witlioiit  notice 

to  the  cuulioiiiT,  or  person  who  liN's  the  warn- 
ing.—  6.  SciMirity;  guaranty;  pledge;  bail. 
[Now  conflned  tnHcotch  law.] 

Til"  parlUmciit  wopild  yet  give  his  majotty  sulllclinl 
enm.-^n  that  the  war  Nh'.rilrl  )ii<  prosecuted.        Clarendmi. 

6.  A  person  who  givi'H  Hecurity;  a  surety;  a 
[Scotch,  and  gcnorally  pronounced 
1 1 10  in  Hcnso  ■").] 
'  i-nln  now  olfent  himself  for  Caution,  fur 

P"'°  <loii  what  l«  stlnulated  In  Iwhalt  «(  lli. 

J'""  ihroughoulhls  MiiJ'KlyofOrwit-llrllnii. .. 

'"'"  H'o/W/,  Lvltcn,  I.  Ill   .1 

7t.  b..i,.l;  bill. 
Take  llil  mutnnn.  and  sltto  down  «oone  and  writ*  (Ittl 
WvcK/.  Luka  xvl.  G. 


Cnntrnr 


870 

8.  Something  to  excite  alarm  or  astonishment ; 
something  exti'aordinary :  absolutely  or  with 
some  fanciful  adilition  :  as,  the  way  they  scat- 
tered was  a  caution  to  snakes.  [Slang.]  —Bond  of 
caution.  See  (wnrf i.  =SyiU  1.  Forethought,"lorecast,  heid. 
vii;ilance,  watchfulness,  circumspection. — 2.  Admonition. 

caution  (ka'shon),  V.  t.    [<  caution,  «.]    To  give 

notice  of  danger  to ;  warn;  exhort  to  take  heed. 

Vou  cautioned  me  against  their  charms.  Stci/t. 

cautionary  (ka'shon-S-ri),  a.  and  h.  [<  caution 
+  -nil/ ;  =  F.  cautionnaire  =  Sp.  Pg.  caiicio- 
«<"•.]  I.  a.  1.  Containing  a  caution,  or  warn- 
ing to  avoid  danger:  as,  cautionary  advice. 

You  will  see  that  these  ways  are  made  cautionary 
enough.  Bunyan,  Pilgrims  Progress,  ii. 

Waved  his  unoccupied  hand  with  a  cautionary  gesture 
to  his  companions.      Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  148. 

2.  Given  as  a  pledge  or  in  security. 

Has  the  enemy  no  ca  utionary  towns  and  seaports,  to  give 
us  lor  securing  trade?  SmJ't,  Conduct  of  the  Allies. 

Cautionary  town,  a  town  the  control  and  revenues  of 
which  are  granted  by  the  government  to  a  foreign  power  to 
secure  the  payment  of  a  debt  or  the  perfnrnianceof  an  ob- 
ligation ;  notably,  certain  strongholds  in  tlie  Netherlands 
which  were  thus  pledged  to  the  English  crown  in  the  time 
of  Elizabeth,  particularly  the  cities  of  Flushing,  Briel,  and 
Kammckens. 

And  it  is  resolved  that  it  [a  benevolence  raised  for  the 
crown  in  Devon]  shall  only  be  employed  for  the  payment 
of  his  debts,  as  namely  for  Ireland,  the  Kavy,  and  the 
Cautionary  Towns  in  the  Low  Countries ;  and  so,  leaving 
the  carrit  ge  of  this  business  to  your  discretions  and  wis- 
doms, we  >id  you  heartily  farewell. 

Letter  from  the  Lorih  in  Council  of  Janies  I. 

By  the  tri  ^ty  of  peace  between  James  and  Philip  III., 
although  the  king  had  declared  himself  bound  by  the 
treaties  made  by  Elizabeth  to  deliver  up  the  cautionary 
totnis  to  no  one  but  the  United  States,  he  promised  Spaiii 
to  allow  those  St.ates  a  reasonable  time  to  make  peace 
with  the  Archdukes.      Motley,  John  of  Barneveld,  II.  07. 

II.  «.  Same  as  cautionry. 

cautioner  (ka'shon-er),  n.  1.  One  who  cau- 
tious or  ad\'ises. —  2.  In  recent  Eng.  law,  one 
who  files  a  caution  with  the  registrar  of  land- 
titles.  Hoe  caution,  n.,  4. — 3.  [Generally  pro- 
nounced ka'zhon-er.]  In  Scots  law,  the  person 
who  is  bound  for  another  to  the  performance  of 
an  obligation. 

cautionizet  (ka'shpn-iz),  V.  t.  [<  caution  +  -ire] 
To  promote  caution  in ;  make  prudent ;  place 
under  secm'ity  or  guaranty. 

The  captaine  of  the  Janissaries  rose  and  slew  the  Bul- 
lar,  and  gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  one  Asian  Begli 
.  .  .  of  a  hortlcring  pi'ovincc,  to  rn?(^'o/ii>c  that  part. 

CunlinuatioH  of  Kiwlks.  1414  (Ord  MS.). 

caution-money  (ka'shon-mun"i),  «.  Money 
deposited  as  security ;  specifically,  a  sum  paid 
as  seciu'ity  by  a  student  on  his  matriculation  in 
an  English  university. 

The  genteel  amercements  of  a  young  man  of  fashion  in 
a  silver  tankard  or  his  catition  money  ought  not,  in  any 
wise,  to  be  considered  as  part  of  his  education. 

liemarks  on  the  Expence  of  Education,  1788. 

cautionry  (ka'shon-ri),  n.  [<  caution  +  -n/.] 
In  .s'co/.s-  liiw,  the  act  of  giving  security  for  an- 
otlier ;  the  promise  or  contract  of  one,  not  for 
himself,  but  for  another.  Also  written  cau- 
tionary. 

cautious  (kil'sluig),  a.  [<  caution,  on  type  of 
ainliitious,  <  ambition,  etc. ;  the  older  E.  adj. 
was  cauttlous,  q.  v.,  and  the  L.  adj.  is  cautus, 
prop.  pp.  of  cavcrc,  take  heed.  See  caution.'}  1. 
Possessing  or  exhibiting  caution  ;  attentive  to 
probable  efTects  and  conscciuences  of  actions 
■with  a  view  to  avoid  danger  or  misfortune ; 
prudent ;  circumspect ;  wary ;  watchful :  as,  a 
cautious  general;  a  cautious  advance. 
These  same  cautious  and  quick-sighted  gentlemen. 

llenlley,  Hermons,  tl. 
Like  most  men  of  cautintui  tempers  and  prosperous  for- 
tunes, he  had  a  strong  disposition  to  support  whatever 
existed.  Maraulny. 

2.  Willi  o/ before  the  object  of  caution:  wary 
in  regard  to  tlie  risks  of;  afraid  or  heedful  of 
the  dangers  involved  in. 

Having  one  Man  surprized  onct^  by  some  Spaniards  lying 
there  III  ambiish,  and  carried  iiff  by  them  to  Panania,  wi- 
were  after  tliat  more  cautivug  of  StragKllng. 

Dampirr,  Voyages,  1.  177. 
By  night  h«  fled,  and  at  midnight  return'd 
From  compajwing  the  earth  ;  cautioun  n/day. 

,l/i7((.n,  I".  U,  Ix.  r>». 

3t.  Over-prudent ;  timorous  ;  timid. 

You  Nliall  be  received  at  a  poNterii-door.  If  you  be  not 
cautitnu,  Ity  one  whoso  touch  would  nialte  old  Nestor 
yoiiiig.  Matttinyer, 

~  Syn.  I'nidcnt,  careful,  wary,  vigilant,  heedful,  thnught- 

ftll.  n'-ntplllolls. 

cautiously  (kd'shus-li),  adv.  In  a  cautionH 
iiiuiiner;  with  caution  ;  warily. 

Ih'-ii  know  bow  lli-kle  i-oniiuoii  Inverti  are; 
Tlielr  oHlhn  and  vowm  are  rnoluiuiily  believed  ; 
l-'or  few  there  oro  but  have  been  miec  tlecelveil. 

Dry  den. 


cavalier 

Entering  the  new  chamber  cautiously, 
The  glory  of  great  heaps  of  gold  eouiii  see. 

William  .Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  327. 

cautiousness  (k:V'shus-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
iiiij  cautious;  watchfulness;  provident  care;  cir- 
cumspection; prudence  with  regard  to  danger, 

cautor  (kiV'tor),  H.  [<  L.  cautor,  one  who  is  on 
his  guard  or  is  wary,  also  one  who  is  security 
or  bail,  <  caccre,  be  on  one's  guard,  etc. :  see 
caulion.'\     A  cautioner.     [Rare.] 

.\  caution  means  that  a  sale  cannot  be  effected  without 
notice  to  the  cautor  and  opporttniity  of  objection. 

Contemporai'y  Rev.,  XLIX.  201. 

cauzi,  H.    See  cast. 

cavai  (kii'vii),  »i.;  pi.  cava;  (-ve).     [Nli.,  fem. 
(se.  rcna,  vein)  of  L.  cavus:  see  caval  and  rein.} 
A  caval  vein;  one  of  the  vente  cavffi.    See  ca- 
val, n. 
The  division  of  the  heart  into  which  these  cavm  open. 

Huxley. 

cava-,  ".     Plural  of  cavuin. 

cava^,  kawa  (ka'va,  -wil),  n.  The  Polynesian 
name  of  an  intoxicating  beverage  prepared 
from  the  shrub  Macropipcr  lati/oUum. 

cavae,  «.     Plural  of  foi«i. 

caval  (ka'val),  «.  and  «.  [<  L.  cavus,  hollow 
(see  <-«i(l),  +  -111.}  I,  a.  1.  In  anat.,  hollow 
and  comparatively  large:  as,  a  caval  sinus. 
Specifically — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  cavse.  See 
vena  and  enrol. 

II.  H.  A  cava,  or  caval  vein;  either  one  of 
the  two  largest  veins  of  the  body,  emptying 
blood  into  the  right  auricle  of  the  heart,  in 
man  these  veins  are  commonly  calleil  .s-uperior  and  inferior 
ca  mis,  or  vfua  ca  ra  .^-upi^rior  and  inferior  ;  their  more  gen- 
eral names  are  precavul  and  postcaval.  See  these  words, 
and  cuts  under  ht'iirt  and  lung. 

cavalcade  (kav-al-kad'),  n.  [<  F.  cavalcade,  < 
It.  ciiniU-ata  (=  Vr.  cavalcada  =  Sp.  cabalgada, 
cabalgata  =  Pg.  caralgada),  a  troop  of  horse- 
men, <  cavalcare,  ride,  <  ciirallo,  <  L.  caballits, 
a  horse :  see  cabal^,  capel'^,  cavalry,  chevalier, 
chivalry,  and  cf.  ehevarhic,  a  doublet  of  caval- 
cade.} A  procession  or  train,  as  of  persons  on 
horseback  or  in  carriages. 

We  went  from  Sienna,  desirous  of  being  present  at  the 
cavalcade  of  the  new  Pope  Innocent  X.,  who  had  not  yet 
made  the  grand  procession  to  St.  John  de  Laterano. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  2,  1644.  - 

Onward  came  the  cavalcade,  illuniiiiiiteii  by  two  hun- 
dred thick  waxen  torches,  in  the  hamU  of  as  many  horse- 
men, i^fi.it.  Kenihvorth,'lI.  117. 

He  (King  James]  made  a  progress  through  his  kingdom, 
escorted  by  long  cavalcades  of  gentlemen  from  one  lordly 
mansion  to  another.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xviii. 

cavalcadet  (kav-al-kiid'),  r.  i.  [<  cavalcade,  v.} 
To  ride  iu  or  form  part  of  a  procession. 

He  would  have  done  his  noble  friend  better  service  than 
cavalcaiting  with  him  to  Oxford.     Xorth,  Examcn,  p.  112. 

cavalerot  (kav-a-16'r6),  n.  [Also  cavaliero, 
ropi'.  Sp.  carallcro,  now  cahallcro :  see  cavalier.'] 
A  cavalier ;  a  gay  military  man ;  a  gallant. 

Ml  <irink  to  master  liardolph,  anil  to  all  the  cnvalrroex 
aliout  London.  Slialr.,  2  Hen.  IV,,  v.  3. 

cavalier  (kav-a-ler'),  n.  and  a.  [Also  formerly 
eaviiliri)  and  cavaliero,  after  Sp.  or  It. ;  =  D. 
Iiiivalirr  =  G.  cavalier  =  Dan.  I:avater  =  Sw. 
kaviiljrr  =  Ar.  kewdlir,  <  F.  cavalier  =  Pr.  eaval- 
lier,  <  It.  cavalicrc  =  Sp.  caballero  =  Pg.  cara- 
Ihcini,  cavnlleiro  =  F.  chevalier  (>E.  chevalier), 
<  Mlj.  riibollarius,  a  horseman,  kniglit,  <  IjL. 
ciiliallus,  a  horse  :  sco  cnl'iil-,  cavalcade,  etc.,  and 
chevalier.]  I.  ».  1.  A  horseman,  especially  an 
armed  horseman  ;  a  knight. 

Nineteen  French  nuiniuesses  and  a  hundred  Spanish 
cavaliers.  ^  Taller,  No.  280. 

Hence  —  2.  One  who  has  the  spirit  or  bearing 
of  a  knight ;  especially,  a  bohi,  reckless,  and 
gay  fellow. 

Who  Is  he  .  .  .  that  will  not  follow 
These  cull'd  and  choice-drawn  cavaliers  to  I^Yaneo? 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  111.  (cho.X 

3.  frvi;!.]  The  appellation  given  to  the  jiartizans 
id  ('liurlis  I.  of  England  in  his  contest  with 
i'arlianiint. 

buriiig  Home  years  they  were  designat^Ml  tut  Cavaliers 

and  It ulheads.     They  were  »ulmec|Uentlv  called  Tories 

and  Wliigs,  ilacaulay,  Hist,  Hug,.  I. 

4.  A  man  attending  on  or  oseorting  a  woman, 
or  acting  as  her  partner  in  dancing;  a  gallant; 
a  beau. 

I  il  lake  a  danne,  said  I ;  so  stay  von  hero,  A  sunburnt 
diiiiuliti-r  «if  Labour  rose  up  from  tiic  group  to  meet  nif  as 
I  udvaiK-ed  towards  them,  .  .  .  We  wjillt  n ca valie r,  nnid 
"he,  holding  out  both  her  hands,  as  if  to  olfir  them. 
And  a  cri ivMi>r  yo  aliall  have,  said  1,  taking  hidd  of  hulh 
"f  tlii'in,  .Sterne. 

F>.  Ill  medieval  fort.,  D,nm\mi\  defended  by  walls 
"rid  till'  like,  raised  ho  as  to  I'oininaiid  tho 
iw  ii;lili(iring  ramparts;  hence,  in  moiicrn  fort.. 


I 


cavalier 

a  raised  work  commonly  situatoil  -within  the 
bastion,  but  sometimes  placed  in  the  gorges,  oi' 
on  the  inidiUe  of  the  curtain,  it  is  lo  or  12  feet 
hi^'lifr  tlKui  the  rest  of  the  works,  and  is  used  to  command 
all  tlie  adjacent  works  and  the  siuTounding  country,  [t 
is  desiKiied  chietly  to  bring  a  plungin};  fire  to  bear  on  .the 
assailants'  works  exterior  to  the  enceint<\ 
6.  In  the  iimiiii/i;  one  who  understands  horse- 
manship ;  ii,  skilled  or  practised  rider.— Cavalier 
battery.    See  bidli'nj. 

II.  a.  If.  Knightly;  brave;  warlike. 

The  people  are  naturally  not  valiant,  and  not  much 
camlier.  Sucktini/. 

2.  Gay;  sprightly;  easy;  oflfhand;  frank;  care- 
less. 

The  plodding,  persevering,  scrupulous  accuracy  of  the 
one,  and  the  easy,  cavalier  verbal  fluency  of  the  other, 
form  a  complete  contrast.  Ilazlitt. 

3.  Haughty;   disdainful;   supercilious:   as,  a 
rude  and  cavalier  answer. 

Here's  the  house  :  He  knock  at  the  door.—  What,  shall 
I  do't  in  the  caualier  humour,  with,  Whose  within  there, 
ho  I  or  in  the  I'uritau  humour,  with.  By  your  leaue,  gnml 
brother'?  Ileijimod,  If  you  Know  not  Me,  ii. 

4.  [cap.l  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  party  of 
Charles  I.  of  England. 

'Tis  an  old  Cavalier  family.  Di»raeli^  Coningsby,  iii.  3. 
ca'valler  (kav-a-ler'),  V.  i.  [<  cavalier,  m.]  To 
act  as  a  cavalier ;  ape  the  manners  of  a  cava- 
lier; carry  one's  self  in  a  disdainful  or  high- 
handed fashion :  sometimes  followed  by  »i;  as, 
to  try  to  cavalier  it  over  one's  associates. 
An  old  drunken,  cavaliering  butler. 

Scott,  Old  Mortality,  i. 

cavalierish  (kav-a-ler'ish),  a.     [<  cavalier  + 

-(«/(!.]     Of  or  belonging  to  a  cavaUer,  or  to  the 

party  of  Charles  I.  of  England. 

The  cavalierish  party.  Ludlow,  Memoirs,  II.  168. 

The  land  is  full  of  discontents,  it  the  Cavaleeritih  party 

doth  still  expect  a  day  &  nourish  hopes  of  a  Kevolution. 

Quoted  in  Loicdl,  Among  my  Books,  Istser.,  p.  259. 

ca-vallerism  (kav-a-ler'izm),  n.  [<  cavalier  + 
-ism.']  The  practice  or  principles  of  cavaliers. 
Scott. 
ca'Valierly  (kav-a-ler 'U),  adv.  In  a  cavalier 
manner;  aiTogantly;  disdainfully;  supercili- 
ously. 
He  has  treated  our  opinion  a  little  too  cavalierly. 

Junius,  Letters. 

I  protest  I  do  not  understand  all  this ;  .  .  .  you  treat  nie 

very  cavalierly.  Goldsmith,  Good-natured  Man,  iv. 

Those  who  cavalierly  reject  the  Theory  of  Evolution,  as 

not  adequately  supported  by  facts,  seem  quite  to  forget 

that  their  own  theory  is  supported  by  no  facts  at  iill. 

//.  Spencer,  Universal  Progress,  p.  377. 
Ca'Valierness  (kav-a-ler'nes),  n.       [<  cavalier, 
a.,  +  -Me&s.]     The  quality  of  being  cavalier; 
arrogance ;  a  disdainful  manner.     [Kare.] 
cavalierot,  »•     [Intended  for  It.  eavaliere :  see 
cavalier.]     A  cavalier;  a  gallant. 
Then  this  brave  cavaliero 
Is  openly  baffled  in  his  mistress'  sight, 
And  dares  not  fight  himself. 

Beau,  and  Fl.  (?),  Faithful  Friends,  i.  2. 
It  occurred  to  him  [the  author)  that  the  more  serious 
scenes  of  his  narrative  might  be  relieved  by  the  humom' 
of  a  cavaliero  of  the  age  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Scott,  Monastery,  Int. 

cavallard  (kav-a-lyard'),  «.  [<  Sp.  cahallardo, 
a  drove  of  horses,  <  cahallo,  a  horse :  see  cabaV-.] 
A  name  in  some  parts  of  the  western  United 
States  for  a  di-ove  of  horses  or  mules.  Also 
cavayard. 

ca'valleria  (Sp.  pron.  ka-val-ya-re'a),  n.  A  mea- 
sure of  land  used  in  Cuba,  equal  to  33.1  acres', 
being  a  little  less  than  the  Castilian  zugada. 
There  is  a  Mexican  cavalleria  of  131  acres. 

cavalli,  «.     See  cavalbj. 

cavallo  (It.  pron.  ka-val'lo),  n.  [It.,  lit.  a  horse : 
see  cahaft,  capcl^.']  A  ISfeapolitan  coin,  equal 
to  about  iV  of  a  United  States  cent. 

cavally,  cavalli  (ka-val'i),  n. ;  pi.  cavallies,  ca- 
vallis  (-iz).     [Also  cavalle,  and  crcvallt/,  crevalle, 

<  Sp.  caballa  (=  Pg.  cavalla).  a  horse-mackerel, 

<  caballo  =  Pg.  cavalho,  a  horse :  see  cabal^.] 
A  fish  of  the  genus  Caranx.  See  Caranx  and 
hurse-mach-erel. 

The  cavalli  has  a  pointed  head  and  snout,  with  moder- 
ately large  conical  and  pointed  teeth. 

Sixtrtsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  392. 

cavalotf,  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  An  old  form  of 
cannon  made  of  ■wi'ought-iron,  and  firing  a 
charge  consisting  of  one  pound  of  lead  bullets. 

cavalry  (kav'al-ri),  n.  [Formerly  cavalleric,  < 
F.  cavallerie,  now  cavaleric,  <  It.  cavalleria, 
cavalry,  knighthood  (=  Sp.  caballeria  =  Pg. 
cavallaria  =  OF.  ciievalcrie,  >  E.  chivalry),  < 
eavaliere,  a  horseman,  knight :  see  cavalier.'}  A 
class  of  soldiers  who  march  and  fight  on  horse- 
tack  ;  that  part  of  an  army,  or  of  any  military 


871 


caveach 


force,  which  consists  of  troops  that  serve  on  cavel  (kav),  v. :  pret.  and  pp.  caved,  ppr.  eamno 


horseback,  as  distingiiislicd  from  infantry,  or 
toot-soldiers.  Their  eltlcacy  and  general  importance 
arise  from  their  adaptation  to  rapid  movements,  thus  en- 
abling n  connnafider  to  avail  liimself  of  decisive  oppor- 
tunities, as  in  the  exposure  of  weak  points  in  the  enemy's 
lines,  or  the  occurrence  of  disorder  in  his  ranks.  They  are 
also  employed  for  intercepting  the  enemy's  supplies,  fur- 
nislnng  iletachmenta  and  escorts,  procuring  intelligence, 
protectifig  the  center  or  wings  of  an  army,  or  covering  a 
retreat.  The  uses  of  cavalry,  however,  are  necessarily 
linnted  by  the  initllre  of  the  groutid.  Moilern  cavalry  con- 
sists of  two  gi-and  classes,  heaKy  and  liyht  (distinguislied 
by  weight  of  men,  horses,  and  eiiuipinen'ts),  wlilch  are  sus- 
ceptible of  subdivision  according  to  the  service  requii'ed, 
as  cuirassiers,  drayoom,  lancers,  hussars,  etc. 
cavalryman  (kav'al-ri-man),  «.;  \>\.  cavalrymen 
(-men).  A  soldier  trained  to  fight  on  horse- 
back ;  a  member  of  a  cavah-y  regiment. 

Each  cavalrynmn  had  been  required  to  start  with  ten 
pounds  of  grain  for  his  horse.  The  Century,  XXVIII.  138. 

cavan  (ka-van'),  n.    Same  as  caban. 

cavas,  ".    See  cavass. 

cavasina  (kav-a-sl'nil),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
('(trainiidw,  Scriola  dorsalis;  a  kind  of  amber- 
lisli.     [(!alifornia.] 

cavass,  kavass  (ka-vas'),  n.  [Turk,  qawas,  qa- 
wus  {kawas,  kaicwds}.]  1.  An  armed  and  uni- 
formed attendant  attached  to  the  suite  of  a  per- 
son of  distinction  in  Tiu'key. 

Their  cavass  bronglit  up  a  native  who  told  them  that 
Gjolbaschi  was  only  about  three  leagues  off,  and  offered  to 
guide  them.  Portniyhtly  liev.,  N.  S.,  XXXIX.  813. 

2t.  A  Tui'kish  police-ofiicer. 
Also  cavas,  cawass,  Icawass. 
cavassont,  ».     See  cavezon. 
cavate  (ka'vat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cavaied, 

ppr.  cavatiiig.     [<  L.  cavatus,  pp.  of  cavare, 

make  hoUow,  <  cavtis,  hollow:  see  'cawel.]     To 

make  hollow;  dig  out;  excavate.     [Rare.] 
cavatina  (kav-a-te'njl),  n.     [It.,  >  F.  cavatiiw.] 

In  miwic,  a  melody  of  simpler  character  than 

the  aria,  and  without  a  second  part  and  a  da 

capo  or  return  part.    The  term  is  occasionally 

applied,  however,  to  airs  of  any  kind. 
cavation  (ka-va'shou),  Ji.     [<  It.  cavazione,  < 

L.  cavatio{)i-),  an  excavation,  <  cavare:  see  ca- 
vate.]    1.  The  act  of  hoUowing  or  e.xcavating; 

specifically,  in  arch.,  the  digging  or  excavating 

of  the  earth  for  the  foundation  of  a  building ; 

the  trench  or  excavation  so  dug.  In  the  spe- 
cific use  also  spelled  cavazion. — 2.  Ju  fencing, 

a  method  of  evading  a  low  thrust  by  drawiiig 

the  haunch  backward,  thus  withdra-ndng  the 

abdomen  and  chest  from  the  reach  of  the  ad- 
versary's weapon.-   Rolando  (ed.  Forsji;h). 
cavayard  (kav-a-yiird'),  n.     Same  as  cavallard. 
cavazion,  ».     See  cavation,  1. 
cavel  (kav),  n.     [<  ME.  care,  <  OF.  care,  caive,  a 

cave  (var.  cage,  a  cage,  >  E.  cage),  —  Pr.  Sji.  Pg. 

It.  cava,  <  L.  carca,  a  cave,  also  a  cage,  <  cavus, 

hollow  (neut.  cavtim,  a  cave),  akin  to  Gr.  Kvap, 

a  hole  (ef.Gr.Maof,orig.*ranXof(?),  hollow,  =  cave-,  kave  (kav),  n.    l<^eave'-^,kare,  v.]   A  toss, 

L. «f?«/«,  orig.  "caoitoi,  the  sky:  see  ceil,  n.,  ce-      '  ■ -' '   -  •"   --'■-    -    '  ■" 


[<  cave,  K.j  =F.  caver  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  carar  =  ft. 
cavare,  <  L.  cavare,  make  hollow,  hollow  out, 
excavate,  <  caviis,  hollow:  see  cave^,  n.,  from 
which  the  E.  verb  is  in  part  directly  derivid. 
In  def.  II.,  2,  as  in  the  phrase  cave  in,  the  vcrli, 
though  now  comjiletely  identified  with  cave^,  v., 
witli  ref.  to  the  noun  euve'^,  is  in  its  origin  an 
accommodation  of  llie  dial,  calve,  calve  in,  <  calf, 
a  detached  mass  of  earth :  see  calve,  v.,  2,  and 
cn//i,  n.,  1,  8,  9.]  I.  trans.  To  make  hoUow; 
hollow  out. 

The  mouldred  cai-th  had  catdd  the  banke. 

Spenger,  F.  Q,,  IV.  v,  33. 

TL,  inlrans.  X.  To  dwell  in  a  cave.     [Rare.] 
It  may  bo  heard  at  court  that  such  as  we 
Cave  here,  hunt  here,  are  outlaws. 

Shak.,  Cymbellne,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  fall  in  and  leave  a  hollow,  as  earth  on 
the  side  of  a  well  or  pit :  absolutely,  or  with 
in:  as,  the  earth  began  to  rave. — 3.  Figura- 
tively, to  break  down  ;  yield;  give  up ;  submit ; 
knock  under :  absolutely,  or  with  in :  as,  at  this 
he  caved.     [Slang.] 

A  puppy,  three  weeks  old,  Joins  the  chase  with  heart 
and  soul,  tnit  eaves  in  at  aljout  fifty  yards,  and  sits  him 
d'lwn  fc)  bark.  //.  Kinysley,  Geoffry  Uamlyn,  xxviii. 

cave'-^,  kave  (kav),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caved,  leaved, 
ppr.  caving,  leaving.  [iSe.  also  Iceave,  Iceve,  <  ME. 
caven,  Iceven,  <  Norw.  kava,  throw,  toss,  snatch, 
move  the  hands  as  in  scattering,  stirring,  row- 
ing, etc.,  also  kaava,  snatch,  stir,  shake  (cf. 
kafsa  in  similar  sense),  apjiar.  a  particular  use 
of  or  confused  with  kava  =  Icel.  kafa,  dip,  dive, 
swim,  plunge,  tr.  dip,  plunge,  red.  dip,  dive, 
impers.  sink,  founder,  also  der.  kejja,  <  Norw. 
kav,  a  dive,  plunge,  the  sea,  the  deep,  also  stir, 
agitation,  quick  motion  of  the  hands,  =  Icel. 
kaf,  a  dive,  a  plimge,  poet,  the  deep,  the  sea. 
Henco  co)'/e2.]  I_  iran.'i.  1.  To  toss  or  pitch: 
as,  to  cave  hay. —  2.  To  toss  in  a  threatening  or 
haughty  manner:  as,  to  cave  the  horns  (said  of 
horned  cattle);  to  c«fe  the  head. — 3.  To  clean 
(threshed  grain)  by  tossing  or  raking  (it)  on  a 
barn-floor  or  a  threshing-floor.  [Old  and  prov. 
Eng.  and  Scotch  in  all  uses.] 

And  nygh  it  make  a  place  hiiili,  plain,  and  pure, 
When  nede  is  therto  eirre  upon  thi  come. 
This  wol  avaiUe,  and  make  it  longe  endure. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  37. 

II.+  intrans.  1.  To  move;  rush. 

I  .  .  .  blusched  [looked]  on  the  burghe  as  I  forth  dreued 

[hastened] 
Bygonde  the  brok  fro  me  warde  keued. 

Alliteralice  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  t  979. 

To  sink;  be  plunged  or  buried. 
Thou  wylne3  oner  this  water  to  weue, 
Er  nioste  thou  ceuer  to  other  counsayl. 
Thy  corse  in  clot  mot  caUler  [colder]  keue. 

Alliterative  Poems  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  .318. 


2. 


Icstialj  etc.),  <  tcveiv,  nveiv,  conceive,  swell,  orig. 
contain.  Hence  cavern,  cage,  concave,  excavate, 
etc.]  1.  A  hollow  place  in  the  earth;  espe- 
cially, a,  natural  cavity  of  considerable  size, 
extending  more  or  less  horizontally  into  a  hill 
or  mountain;  a  cavern;  a  den.  Caves  are  princi- 
pally met  with  in  limestone  rocks,  in  gypsum,  sometimes 
in  sandstone,  and  in  volcanic  roclis.  Some  of  them  have 
a  very  grand  and  picturesque  appearance,  such  as  Fin- 
gal's  Cave  in  Staffa,  on  the  west  coast  of  Scotland,  the  en- 
trance to  which  is  formed  by  columnar  ranges  of  basalt 
supporting  an  arch  GO  feet  high  and  33  feet  wide.  Some, 
as  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky,  which  incloses  an 
extent  of  about  40  miles  of  subterraneous  windings,  are 
celebrated  for  their  great  extent  and  subterranean  waters, 
or  for  their  gorgeous  stalactites  and  stalagmites.  Others 
are  of  interest  to  the  geologist  and  archaeologist  from  the 
occurrence  in  them  of  osseous  remains  of  animals  of  the 
Pleistocene  period,  or  for  the  evidence  their  clay  floors 
and  rudely  sculptured  walls,  and  the  implements  found 
in  them,  offer  of  the  presence  of  prehistoric  man. 

And  Lot  went  up  out  of  Zoar,  .  .  .  and  he  dwelt  in  a 
cave,  he  and  his  two  daughters.  Gen.  xix.  30. 

He  slow  [slew]  Cacus  in  a  cave  of  stoon  [stone]. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  117. 

A  hollow  cave  or  lurking-place.  Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  2. 
2.  A  cellar;  a  subterranean  chamber.  [Obso- 
lete or  local.] 

But  nowe  there  stondeth  neuer  a  house,  but  oonly  two 
Towres  and  certayne  caues  vnder  the  grounde. 

Sir  R.  Guylforde,  Pylgryraage,  p.  16. 

3t.  Any  hollow  place  or  part ;  a  ca-vity. 

The  cave  of  the  ear.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

4.  The  ash-pit  of  a  glass-furnace. — 5.  leap.]  A 
name  given  to  a  party  in  the  British  Parliament 
who  seceded  from  the  Liberals  on  the  reform  bill 
introduced  by  them  in  186G.  See  Adullamite. 
Hence — 6.  Any  small  faction  of  seceders  or 
dissidents  in  Parliament. 


as  of  the  head.  [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 
cavea  (ka've-a),  M. ;  pi.  cave(e{-e).  [L.,  a  cage- 
see  cage,  eavei.]  Among  the  ancient  Romans : 
(a)  A  cage  or  den  for  wild  beasts,  etc. ;  liter- 
ally, any  cavity  or  hollow  place.  (6)  In  gen- 
eral, the  auditorium  of  a  theater  or  amphithea- 


Cavea.— Odeum  of  Re^lta.  Aihens. 


ter:  so*  called  from  its  concave  form,  and  by 
analogy  mth  the  similar  ap])lieation  by  the 
Greeks  of  the  word  koI'/ov,  a  hollow. 

A  very  rude  low  wall  divides  the  enrea,  cut  entirely  out 
of  the  .side  of  the  hill,  from  the  orchestra  below,  partly 
formed  on  made  ground,  and  another  runs  across  where 
the  stage  should  be.  Athencntm,  No.  30S4,  p.  751. 

[By  sviRcdoche,  the  word  cavea  was  often  used  to  denote 
the  whole  theater  or  amphitheater.] 
caveach   (ka-vech'),  n.     [<  Sp.  Pg.  esrabeche, 
pickles,  souse,  sauce  for  fish.]     Pickled  mack- 
erel.    [West  Indian.] 


caveach 

caveach  (ka-veeh'),  i-.  t-  [<  caveach,  «.]  To 
pickle  (mackerel)  according  to  a  West  Indian 
method. 

caveae,  "•    Plural  of  cavea. 

caveat  (ka've-at),  n.  [L.,  let  him  beware;  3d 
pers.  sing.  pies.  subj.  of  cacere,  beware,  take 
Leed:  see  caiitivn.'\  1.  In  law,  a  notice  filed 
or  noted  in  a  public  office  to  prevent  some 
proceeding  being  had  except  after  warning  to 
the  caveator,  or  person  making  the  caveat :  as, 
a  careat  filed  with  the  probate  court  against  the 
probate  of  a  will,  a  careat  filed  in  the  United  States 
Patent  Office  by  one  who  is  engaged  upon  an  invention  enti- 
tles him  to  notice  of  any  application  for  a  patent  for  an  in- 
terfering invention  during  one  year,  while  he  is  perfecting 
his  own. 

2.  Figuratively,  intimation  of  caution;  warn- 
ing; admonition;  hint. 

Let  our  bands  take  this  caueat  also,  if  the  enemie  re- 
tire, not  to  make  any  long  pursuit  .after  him. 

Uahltti/t'g  Voltages,  I.  G3. 

To  giue  a  Caueat  to  al  parents,  how  they  might  bring 
their  children  vp  in  vertue. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  122. 

In  the  midst  of  his  prosperity,  let  him  remember  that 
caveat  of  Moses,  "  Beware  that  he  do  not  forget  the  Lord 
his  God."  Burton,  Anat.  of  ilel.,  p.  S7. 

caveat  (ka've-at),  V.  i.  [<  caveat,  ii.]  1.  To 
enter  a  caveat. —  2.  In  fencing,  to  shift  the 
sword  from  one  side  of  an  adversary's  sword 
to  the  other. 

caveator  (ka'vf-a-tor),  H.  [<  caveat  +  -or.] 
One  who  enters  a  caveat. 

cave-bear  (kav'bar),  n.  A  fossil  bear,  Ursiis 
speUeu.1,  of  the  Quaternary  epoch,  contempo- 
rary with  man  in  the  eaves  of  Em-ope. 

cave-cricket  (kav'krik'et),  n.  A  cricket  of  the 
genus  Hadenu'cus,  inhabiting  caverns.  S.  U. 
•Scuddir. 

cave-dweller  (kav'dwel'er),  n.  1.  One  who 
dwells  in  a  cave;  a  troglodyte;  specifically,  a 
member  of  the  prehistoric  race  of  men  who 
dwelt  in  natural  caves,  subsisting  on  shell-fish 
and  wild  animals.  Many  of  the  caves  which  they  in- 
habited c-jutain  their  rude  implements  and  sculptured 
drawings,  together  with  animal  and  sometimes  human 
bones,  in  superimposed  layers,  separated  by  limestone  or 
other  deposits.     .See  bone-cave.     Also  called  cavejnan. 

Our  knowledge  of  primitive  man  in  Europe,  during  the 
paleolithic  age,  is  mainly  confined  to  wliat  has  been 
learned  in  regard  to  the  life  and  habits  of  the  so-called 
eace-durtlerM.  Science,  III.  489. 

2.  )il.  [cap.']  A  name  given  to  the  Bohemian 
Brethren  (which  see,  under  Bohemian),  because 
they  hid  in  eaves  to  escape  persecution. 

cave-fish  (kav'fish),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Amhliji/iisidw  that  inhabits  caves.  There  arc  sev- 
eral B|>ecies,  all  viviparous,  some  of  them  blind,  inhabiting 
cave-streams  of  the  southern  and  western  United  States, 
as  Amfjti/opifU  Kix'lti;uit  and  TitplUichlhi/H  ttithterranev^. 
Chotof/after  paiiUli/er,  C.  af/atufizi,  and  C.  cornutttji,  of  the 
same'family,  are  found  in  open  ditches  in  South  Carolina. 
.Ve  cut  under  A  mhliiop^ui. 

cave-hyena  (kav'hi-e'na),  «.  A  species  of  fos- 
Hil  liyeuii,  Hi/wiia  spcUeus,  remains  of  which  oc- 
cur in  bone-caves. 

cave-keeper  (kav'ke'p6r),  n.  One  who  lives 
in  a  cave.     [Rare.] 

I  thought  I  was  a  cave-keeper. 
And  cook  to  honest  creatures. 

Shak.,  Cymbcline,  Iv.  2. 

cave-keeping  (kav'kd'ping),  a.  Dwelling  in  a 
cave;  hidtleu.     [Rare.] 

In  men,  as  in  a  rough-grown  grove,  remain 
C'arc-kei-jnm/  evils  that  obscurely  sleep. 

Slink.,  Lucrecc,  1.  12.''iO. 

cavel',  cavil',  kevel',  kevil'  (kav'el,  -il,  kev'- 
el,  -il),  n.  [Al.so  written  l:avi:l,  and  formerly 
aHiiibilated  chei'il ;  <  ME.  'cavel  {not  recorded  in 
thiH  Hcnso,  but  hoo  ravcl^),  kirvl,  kevil,  a  cleat , 
clamp,  uMi;,  <  (1)  Icel.  lojli,  a  piece  of  wood.  :i 
stick,  (1  iinK,  a  cylinder,  a  maii^'Io  (also  in 
conifi.  riii:l:iiU,  a  nino-stalT),  =  Norw.  kjevlc,  a 
rouod  dli'l:.  lylinder,  roller,  rollinK-liin,  gag,  = 
Hw.  dim.  hulling,  u  Hmall  roundish  Ijillet;  (2) 
Iccl.  knjli,  a  piece,  w  bit,  a  buoy  for  a  cable  or 
net  (mcitlinll.iilh,  n  Mwonl-liill),  =  Nor\v.  l:avlr,  a 
roller,  cyliml'  I-.  I'llling-pin,  gag,  ktnl,  a  buoy 
fora  cabloorn'i,  _.  Sw.  kiill',u  roller,  ovlindor, 
roller  of  a  mangle,  hill,  =  MI).  D.  kmcl=  ,\IM  1. 
IjO.  kiirrlszd.  kahil,  lot,  part,  share  (whonco 
E.  rnrr  r-),  orlg.  a  Htiek  or  mne-Htaff  UBod  in  cant- 
ing I. .Is. J  It.  A  bit  for  a  horHO. 
In  kerii  rtri'l  hrldol  {in/ritn'tct  carnn]  tlialr  choke* itmlle. 
2f.   Agnif.  I'l.  xixl.  »(ME.*er.lo„,. 

I'^T  •       ■•'      ■  ■    ;        le  friatv  buundcii, 

■  i.-ii, 

II 

I  MiiL  hi'  1 1.'     I.,     1   '.■  ..|ii'K'i  ne  tiiiiMie  [brefithcl. 

Ihlrrtni,,  \.  M.'.. 

3.  .\nul,,  •  InrKo  olent  of  wood  or  iron  to  which 
aheetR,  tack*,  or  )irncp«  are  belayed.    Aliio  chc- 


872 

vil.  E.  Phillij>s,  1706. — 4.  A  stone-masons'  ax, 
with  a  flat  face  for  knocking  off  projecting 
angttlar  points,  and  a  pointed  peen  for  reducing 
a  stirface  to  the  desired  form ;  a  jedding-ax. — 
To  cast  the  cavel,  to  throw  the  hammer. 

cavel-,  cavir-,  kevel'-,  kevil-  Ckav'el,  -u,  kev'- 
el.  -U),  H.  [<  ME.  carel,  pi.  catlis,  <  MD.  D. 
kavel  =  MLG.  LG.  kavel  =  G.  kaliet.  lot,  part, 
share:  see  c«('e?l.]  If.  Originally,  the  stick  or 
rune-staff  used  in  casting  lots  ;  a  lot:  as,  to  east 
cavels. 

O  we  coist  cavels  us  amang. 
William  Gui-ieman  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  52). 

2.  A  part  or  share ;  lot. 

No  one,  not  being  a  brother  of  the  gild,  shall  buy  wool, 
hides,  or  skins,  to  sell  again,  or  shall  cut  cloths,  save 
stranger-merchants  in  the  course  of  trade.  Such  a  one 
shall  have  neither  Lot  nor  Cavil  with  any  brother. 

English  Oilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  342. 

3.  A  parcel  or  allotment  of  land.  [Obsolete 
or  pro\-ineial  in  both  senses.] 

cave-lion  (kav'li  on), )(.  A  lion  the  remains  of 
which  occur  in  Eiu'opeau  bone-caves.  It  is 
closely  related  to  if  not  identical  with  the  liv- 
ing lion,  Feli,<i  leo. 

caveman  (kav'man),  «.;  pi.  cavemen  (-men). 
Same  as  cave-dtceller,  1. 

The  hones  and  implements  of  the  Cave-men  are  found 
in  association  with  remains  of  the  reindeer  and  bison,  the 
arctic  fox,  the  mammoth,  and  the  woolly  rhinoceros. 

J.  Fiske,  Evolutionist,  p.  45. 

cavendish  (kav'en-dish),  n.  [From  the  proper 
name  Cavcndisli.'i  Tobacco  which  has  been 
softened,  pressed  into  quatlrangular  cakes,  and 
sweetened  with  s\Tup  or  molasses,  for  chew- 
ing or  smoking.  Also  called  neriro-hcad.— Cut 
cavendish,  cavendish  tobacco  cut  into  small  shreds. 

cave-pika  (kav'pi'ka),  «.  A  kind  of  pika  or 
calling-hare,  fossil  remains  of  which  are  foimd 
in  bone-caves.     See  Lagomijs. 

caver^  (ka'v6r),  «.  [Uncertain.]  1.  A  person 
stealing  ore  from  the  mines  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  and  punishable  in  the  barmote  or 
miners'  court. — 2.  An  ofiicer  belonging  to  the 
Derl)yshire  mines. 

caver'-,  kaver  (kav'er),  «.  A  gentle  breeze. 
[West  coast  of  Scotland.] 

cavern  (kav'ern),  n.  [=  F.  caverne  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  cavcrna,  <  L.  cavcrna,  <  cants,  hollow: 
see  cat'el,  h.]  A  large  natural  cavity  tinder  the 
surface  of  the  earth ;  a  cave  ;  a  den. 

Where  wilt  thou  find  a  cavern  dark  enotigh 
To  mask  thy  monstrous  visage?     Shak.,  J.  C,  11.  1. 
The  oracular  cavcrna  of  darkness. 

Longfelloiv,  Evangeline,  ii.  3. 

cavern  (kav'tm),  r.  f.  [(.cavern,  n.']  To  hollow 
out ;  form  like  a  cave  by  c.\eavating :  with  out. 
Liut  I  find  the  gayest  castles  in  the  air  that  were  ever 
piled  far  better  for  comfort  and  for  use  than  the  dungeons 
in  the  air  that  are  daily  dug  and  cavcrncd  out  by  grum- 
bling, discontented  people. 

Emertion,  Considerations  by  the  Way. 

cavernalt  (kav'6r-nal),  a.      [<  cavern  +  -al.'] 
Cavernous.     Fahcr. 
caverned  (kav'trnd),  a.    [<  cavern,  n.,  +  -C(f2.] 

1 .  Full  of  caverns  or  deep  chasms ;  having  cav- 
erns; formed  like  a  cavern:  as,  "the  cavcrn'd 
ground,"  I'liilips. 

Beneath  the  caverned  cliff  they  fall. 

•S'ciiJf,  .Mannion,  vi.  19. 

2.  Inhabiting  or  found  in  a  cavern:  as,  "cnc- 
ern'd  hermit,"  /'";«■,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  4'J; 
"  ftirinicd  gems,"  Ucmaits,  A  Tale  of  the  Four- 
teeiilli  Ci'iitury. 

cavernicolous  (kav-tr-nik'o-lus),  a.  [<  L.  ca- 
vcrna, cavern,  4-  colcre,  dwell  in,  inhabit.]  In- 
habiting caverns;  dwelling  in  caves. 

cavernose  (kav'er-u6s),  a.  Same  as  cavcrnou.i. 
M.  <:  fool:,. 

cavernous  (kav'er-nus),  a.  [=  F.  cavcrneux  = 
I'r.  c/ivcrno.i  z=Si).  I'g.  It.  cdvcrnn.io,  <  L.  caver- 
«ox«.«,  <  rrtimirt,  a  caveni,]  1.  Formed  into  a 
cavern  or  caverns ;  containing  caverns ;  hence, 
deeply  hollowed  out;  deep-.-tet:  as,  cavernoim 
inountainH  or  rocks ;  c(ivcrn(iii.s  eyes. — 2.  Filled 
with  small  cavities,  as  a  sponge;  reticulated; 
honeycombed.  Applleil  In  anat<uiiy  to  vemcli  or  von- 
cular  structures  in  which  the  liloiHlve««i'lH  are  traveriHMl 
by  numerous  trabeculum  dividing  them  up.  or  In  which 
tliey  fonn  frei|Uerit  and  cIukc  atuistomnseH  with  ouo  nn- 
olher.  In  either  rate  ii  sliucturi'  of  siiongellkc  texture 
Is  pro<luced.  Cavernous  bodlen  (roriiim  cavrmona), 
III'-  hiybly  viMi'ulur  and  ihtvouh  fllirr.cellular  slniclurrn 
"liji  h  roiii|iri«e  fill-  gmiliT  part  of  (hi'  erectile  ll»«ue  of 
III''  p'rilH  and  i.f  the  i-lttorlH,  the  rest  licitig  known  ns  the 
'  '■■  Cavernous  groove.  In  """'..  ihe  inri'l Id 
1  II  "■.  Mii'lir  i-(in./i./)     CavomouB  norven, 

I  I.    IriTii  llie  proiliill''  I'I'MIH,  iiriil  dUlrlliill' •! 

I  ,- 1 1  ji'.T  eiivrnouH  ilsHiii' "f  Mm- iH'iiiH.    Cavem- 

oir:  iTilo,  [i  gurgling  rAlefuuiietlniiM  Iniit-'l  III  ailHcullntlon 
"^'  '  I  ('niMi"Nary  cHvityof  CMiml'I'TJil'le  kI/.c,  eHpeclally  In 
lii-|.ii.tli"M.  when  the  cavity  Is  parlh  llllud  with  lli|ulil, 
throiiKli  which  the  air  bubblct  ai  It  eiitera.-OaveniOUI 


cavicom 

respiration,  the  respiratory  sounds  sometimes  heard  in 
auscultation  over  a  cavity  in  a  lung.  The  inspiration  is 
blowing,  neither  vesicular  nor  tubular  in  quality,  and 
lower  in  pitch  than  tubular  breathing ;  the  expiration  is 
of  the  same  quality  as  the  inspirati"n,  Iiut  lower  in  pitch. 
—  Cavernous  sinus,  a  venous  sinus  of  the  cranial  cavity, 
lyiiiL:  "H  tile  siiie  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid  bone.  It  re- 
ceives the  ophtluilniic  vein  in  front,  ami  conununicates 
with  the  cavernous  sinus  of  the  other  side  through  the 
transveise  and  circular  sinuses.—  Cavernous  texture, 
in  gft'L,  that  texture  of  aggregated  comp^'Uiul  rocks  which 
is  ehui'acterized  by  the  presence  of  numerous  small  cavi. 
ties,  .IS  u\  lava.— Cavernous  tissue,  the  substance  of 
the  cavernous  bodies  of  the  penis  and  clitoris. —  Cavern- 
ous Whisper,  in  auscultation,  whispering  resonance  as 
nuKiiiied  I'V  transmission  through  a  cavity,  characterized 
by  a  non-tul'Ular  blowing  quality  of  low  pitch. 

Cavernularidse  (kav"er-nti-lar'i-de),  «.  pi. 
[N'L.,  <  Cavcrnularia,  the  typical  genus  (<  L. 
cavcrnula  (see  caverniile)  +  -aria),  4-  -i(te.]  A 
family  of  veretillous  pennatuloid  polyps  with 
long  calcareous  bodies. 

cavemule  (kav'er-ntU),  n.  [<  L.  cavcrnula, 
dim.  of  cavcrna,  a  cavern.]     A  small  ca\-ity. 

cavernulous  (ka-ver'nu-lus),  a.  [<  cavemule 
-I-  -OILS.']  Full  of  little  cavities;  alveolar:  as, 
Cdvi  niuloK.'i  metal. 

cavesson,  »•     See  cavezon. 

cave-swallow  (kav'swol"d),  ».  A  West  Indian 
swallow,  Hirundo  pa-cilomn,  which  affixes  its 
nest  of  mud  to  the  roofs  and  walls  of  caves. 

cave-tiger  (kSv'tl'ger),  n.  A  species  of  fossil 
tiger  or  jaguar,  Felis  sjicla'u.i,  remains  of  which 
occur  in  the  bone-oaves  of  South  America. 

cavetto  (ka-vet'o),  «.  [It.,  dim.  of  cnro,  hollow : 
see  cave^,  >i.]  1.  In  arch.,  a  hollow  member, 
or  round  concave  molding,  containing  at  least 
the  quadrant  of  a  circle,  used  in  cornices,  be- 
tween the  tori  of  bases,  etc. —  2.  In  decoralire 
art,  a  hollow  or  recessed  pattern:  the  reverse 
of  relief  and  rilievo —  In  cavetto,  said  of  any  design 
stani])ed  or  impressed,  and  ditt'eriiig  from  inttwlio  in  not 
being  incisi'ii  as  with  a  shai-p  instrument.  Thus,  a  design 
impressed  in  tiles,  clay,  or  plaster  is  pi'operly  said  to  be 
inravvllo.  I'he  flehi  m.ay  also  be  recessed,  with  a  device 
in  relief  ui>on  it,  .as  in  the  style  of  work  kiuiwn  as  cava- 
riiicvo ;  in  this  case  the  Held  is  said  to  be  in  cavetto. 

A  design  in  relief  was  impressed  upon  tliem,  leaving  the 
ornamental  pattern  in  cavetto. 

C.  r.  Davis,  Bricks  and  Tiles,  p.  412. 

cavey,  ».     i^ee  cavic'^. 

cavezon,  cavesson  (kav'e-zon,  -son),  ».  [For- 
merly also  riiva.s.son  ;  <  F.  cavesson,  cavcgon,  <  It. 
cavc;:oiic,  aug.  of  cavc^:a,  a  halter,  =  OF.  clic- 
vecc,  neck,  =  I'r.  cabcissa,  wig,  =  Sp.  cabc;a  =  Pg. 
cal>ct;<i,  liead,  <  L.  caimt,  head :  see  caput,  and 
ef.  C(ilni;<i.]  A  sort  of  nose-band  of  iron,  leather, 
or  wdinl,  sometimes  fiat  and  sometimes  hollow 
or  twisted,  which  is  put  on  the  nose  of  a  horse 
to  wring  it,  in  order  to  facilitate  breaking  him. 
Also  called  caujison. 

Cavia  (ka'vi-ii),  n.  [NL.  and  Pg.,  from  native 
Iinliiui  name,  >  E.  cavil.]  The  typical  genus  of 
till'  fnniilvr((i'((V?«'  and  subfamily  f'«n/»((',  con- 
taining tlie  cavies  proper,  as  the  guinea-pig. 
See  ctiiji,  I'aviiilw. 

cavian  (ka'vi-an),  a.  and  n.    [z=  F.  cavien  ;  <  Ca- 
riii  -i- -an.]     t.   a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  genus  Cavia  or  the  family 
Caviida:. 
II.   H.  One  of  the  ca^^es;  a  ca^^id. 

caviar,  caviare  (kav-i-Hr'or  ka-ver'),  n.  [Also 
liirTrirrly  fiiviiiri/ ;  =  D.  kaviaar  =  ti.  Dan.  Sw. 
kiiviin;  <  F.  caviar,  formerly  citvial,  <  It.  cavialc, 
formerly  also  caviaro,  =  Sp.  caviar,  caviar,  ca- 
liial,  sausage  made  with  caviar,  =  Pg.  crti'iar, 
caviiil,  caviar  (ML.  caviariiim,  NGr.  ita(ii6pi), 
<  Turk,  lidvi/dr,  ciiviar  ;  said  to  be  of  Tatar  ori- 
gin. Till'  Russ.  name  is  (A™.]  A  liri'iiurulion 
for  till'  tiililii  of  the  I'oe  of  certain  large  lisli  lire- 
served  by  salting.  The  best  is  made  from  the  roes  of 
the  ».lerlft,  htiirgeon,  sevruga,  and  iieluga.  ciiught  in  the 
lakes  anil  rivers  of  ilussia.  Caviar  was  regiirded  as  a  dell- 
CJiey  too  reltncd  to  he  appreciated  by  the  vulgar  taste; 
hence  Sliakspei-e's  n|>])lieation  of  the  w'oi'd  lo  a  jilay  which 
the  vulgar  could  not  relish. 
'TwM  caviare  lo  the  general.  .fhak.,  Unmlct,  II.  2. 

A  hill  of  caviartf  now  and  then, 
Wliich  bleeds  elloh'r  adust. 

l-'lelclicr  (anil  annlliri),  I,ovc'»  Cure,  III.  2. 
The  eggs  of  a  siurgeon,  being  salted,  and  nindc  nj)  Into 
a  main,  were  llrst  brought  from  Conslanllnople  by  the 
ItallaiiK  and  called  Crti'mrc.  iV.  lUrir,  .Museum. 

Iliitk  ye  !  a  rasher  of  bacon,  on  thy  life  1  and  Home  pick- 
led Kluigei>n,aiul  Honre  kr<  ut  nndrni'inr,  andgimd  strons 
chi-f.!',  Laudor,  Teler  the  tireat. 

caviaryt,  "•     Same  as  caviar. 

cavicom  lUuv'i-kAm).  a.  and  n.  [<  NL.  cavi' 
ciinii.'.,  <  I,,  carn.s,  hollow  (see  i-nvi'^),  +  cornn 
=  K.  horn.]  I.  ti.  HoUow-lioriieil,  as  a  riimi- 
niiiil ;  Hpi'i'ilicaily,  of  or  perluiMing  to  the  Cavi- 
corniit. 

II.  )i.  A  hidlow-homeil  ruminant;  specifl- 
cally,  one  of  the  Vavicornia. 


Cavicornia 

Cavicornia  (kav-i-kor'ni-a),  n.  pi.  [Nil.  (Illi- 
ger,  IHll),  neut.  pi.  of  cavicornis :  see  cavi- 
corrt.]  The  hollow-horned  ruminants  consid- 
ered as  a  family  or  other  zoological  group  of 
mammals,  contrasting  with  the  solid-hornod 
ruminants,  or  deer,  Cvrviila:  The  Caolcomia  are 
the  oxen,  sheep,  goats,  and  antel()j)es  ;  and  the  group  ia 
exactly  conterminoua  witli  JlomdiK  in  tlie  now  current  ex- 
tended sense  of  the  latter  term.  Tlie  horns  are  perma- 
nent and  two  or  four  in  number,  ai)pfar  in  botli  sexes  or 
in  the  male  only  and  consist  of  a  sheath  of  horn  upon  a 
bony  core  formed  by  a  process  of  the  frontal  bone.  The 
pronghorn  of  North  America,  Antilocwpra  americana,  is 
anomalous,  having  horns  of  this  description  and  being 
thus  truly  cavicorn,  yet  shedding  its  horns  annually  like 
a  deer. 

CavidsB  (kav'i-de),  n.]}l.  [NL.,  <  Cavia  +  -wte.] 
Same  as  Caviidce. 

caviel,  cavey  (kii'vi),  n.     [Sc,  =  D.  l-evie  =  G. 

hifiy,  h'ife,  OHGr.  chcvia,<  IIL.  cavia  for  L.  cavea, 

a  cage,  a  cave :  see  cavel  and  cage.']   A  hencoop. 

Aliint  the  chicken  cavie.  Burns,  Jolly  Beggars. 

cavie^  (ka'vi),  II.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cavied,  ppr.  ca- 
vying.    [Se. :  see  raoeS.]     1 .  To  rear  or  prance, 


873 

=  Pg.  cavillai/lo  =  It.  cariVadonc,  <  L.  cavilla- 
ti<i{ii-),  <  cavillari,  pp.  cavillulus :  see  cavil'^,  f.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  caviling  or  raising  cap- 
tious objections  ;  a  caviling  or  quibbling  ob- 
jection or  criticism. 

Withouteu  fraude  or  cavillacioun. 

Chaucer,  .Summoner's  Tale,  1.  428. 

Who  should  doc  thus,  I  confessc,  should  requite  the  ob- 
lections  made  against  I'oets,  with  like  cauiUatiiim  against 
PhUosophers.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Ajwl.  for  Poetric. 

Parma  signified  his  consent  to  make  use  of  that  treaty 
as  a  basis,  "provided  always  it  were  intcr|iretcd  healthily, 
and  not  dislocated  by  camllaliims  anil  sinister  interpreta- 
'"'"»■'  Mtitley,  Dutch  Republic,  HI.  -120. 

caviller,  cavilling,  etc.     See  cavUer,  etc. 

caviloust,  cavilloust  (kav'il-us),  a.    [<  L.  cavil- 
l'mis,<(aviUa:  see  cavil^,  n.']    Captious;  apt  to  cavort  (ka-v6rt'), 
object  or  criticize  without  good  reason ;  quib-    oi  curvet.']    l.'£ 
bling.     Ayliffc.     [Rare.] 

cavllouslyt,  cavillouslyt  (kav'il-us-li),  adv. 

a  cavilous  or  carping  manner;  captiously:  as, 
"cavillomly  urged,"  Milton,  Ai-t.  of  Peace  with 
Irish.     [IJaro.] 


Cazton 

inoperculate  non-spiral  symmetrical  shell:  sy- 
nonymous with  Hyttlwidw. 

cavolinite  (kav-o-Ie'nit),  n.  [<  Cavolim,  an  Ital- 
inii  iiiitiiralist,  +  -itc'-i.]     Same  as  nephelitc. 

cavo-rilievo  (kii'vo-re-lya'vo),  n.  [It.,  <  cava, 
lioUovv,  -I-  riiicvo,  relief:  see  c'ai'el  and  relief.  Cf. 
alto-ritieuo,  Ijasso-rilicvo,  bas-relief.}  In  mulp., 
a  kind  of  relief  in  which  the  highest  sui-faoe  is 
level  with  the  piano  of  the  original  stone,  which 
is  left  around  the  outlines  of  the  design.  .Sculp- 
ture of  this  kind  is  much  employed  in  the  decoration  of 
the  walls  of  Egyptian  t^^niples.  Also  written  cavo-relievo, 
and  also  called  ctjilarmt/lypUic  ecuipture. 


In 


as  a  horse.— 2.  To  toss  the  head,  or  to  walk  Cavilousnesst,  cavillousnesst  (kav'il-us-nes),  cavum  (ka'vum),  n. ;  pi.  cava  (-vii) 


with  an  airy  and  affected  step.  Jamieson.  See  "•.  Captiousnoss;  disposition  or  aptitude  to 
cave^,  V.  t.,  2.  raise  frivolous  objections.     [Rare.] 

caviid  (kav'i-id),  n.  A  rodent  of  the  family  cavin(kav'in),  ».^  [<  F.caviii,  <  caiw,<  1j.  cams, 
Caviidw.  '"""       

Caviidae  (ka-vi'i-de),  n. 


Poriihyritic  monoliths,  skilfully  filled  in  cavo-relievo  with 
symliolic  groups.  Encyc.  Amer.,  I.  281. 

v.  i.  [Said  to  be  a  corruption 
To  curvet;  prance  about:  said 
of  a  horse.  Hence— 2.  To  bustle  about  nim- 
bly or  eagerly :  said  of  a  person.  [Amer.  slang.] 
They  (the  soldiers)  have  cavorted  around  the  suburbs  ia 
sulllcient  numbers  to  jjillage  with  impunity. 
liichmoyul  JJiHpatch,  copied  In  N.  Y.  Herald,  June  9, 1862. 

[L.,  neut. 


[NL.,  <  Cavia  + 
-idee.]  A  family  of  hystricomorphic  simplici- 
dent  mammals,  of  the  order  liodentia  or  Glircs, 
peculiar  to  South  America  ;  the  cavies.  Exclud- 
ing the  capiljara  as  type  of  a  sejiarate  family  Bydrncha-ri- 
dee,  the  Cftt)Udai  are  characterized  by  comparatively  short 
incisors  and  by  other  dental  and  cranial  peculiarities,  im- 
perfect clavicles  (commonly  said  to  be  wanting),  very  sin  irt 
or  rudimentary  tail,  uncleft  upper  lip,  and  4-toed  fore 
feet  and  3-toed  hind  feet,  both  ending  in  somewhat  hoof- 
like claws.  The  leading  genera  are  Cavia  and  Dolichotis. 
See  cavy.  Also,  less  correctly,  Caviadte,  Cavidce. 
Caviinae  (kav-i-i'ne),  u.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cavia  + 
-ilia'.]  The  typical  subfamily  of  the  family 
Caviidiv,  containing  the  cavies  proper,  when 
the  giant  cavy  or  capibara  is  retained  in  the 


hollow:  see  cavc^,  cage.]  Milit,  a  hollow  way 
or  natural  hollow,  adapted  to  cover  troops  and 
facilitate  their  approach  to  a  place, 
caving-rake  (ka'ving-rak),  «.  [<  caving-s  + 
rake.]  In  agri.,  a  rake  for  separating  the  chaff 
or  eavings  from  grain  spread  out  on  a  barn- 
tloor  or  a  tlireshing-floor.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


of  cavus,  hollow :  see  cauel.]  In  dhat.,  a  hollow  j 
the  cavity  of  any  organ :  chiefly  used  with  ref- 
erence to  the  cavities  or  sinuses  of  the  heart, 
with  a  Latin  adjective. 

In  all  Kcptilia,  except  crocodiles,  there  is  but  one  ven- 
tricular cavity  (of  the  heart),  though  it  may  be  divided 
more  or  less  distinctly  into  a  cavum  venomm  and  a  camtm 
arterwuum.  .  .  .  The  aortic  arches  and  the  pulmonary 
artery  all  arise  from  the  camtm  venaimm,  or  a  special  sub- 
division of  that  cavity  called  the  cavum  jmlmmiale. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  88. 


eavings  (ka'vingz),  «.  7)?.    [PI.  of  onniV.  verbal  cavy  (ka'vi),  ?(. ;  pi.  tncies  (-viz).     [See  Cauia.] 

n.  of  cacf  2^  r.]     The  short  broken  straw  sepa-     •--'--'^— " 

rated  from  threshed  grain  by  means  of  the  ca- 

\-iug-  or  barn-rake  ;  chaff.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Cavitaria  (kav-i-ta'ri-ii),  n.pil.    [NL.,  neut. 

pi.  of  "cavitariiis:  see  cavitary.]    In  Cuvler's 

system  of  classification,  a  group  of  intestinal 

worms,  one  of  the  divisions  of  Entozoa 


family:  equivalent  t5  Cat>M*e  without  the  ge-  i'fi^i™lt"'/t*,°-?^''°V     ^ee  m.iten/,  « 

nus  Hijdrocheents.  cavitary  (kav  i-ta-ri),  a.  and  n.     [<  NL.  -cav,. 


caviine  (kav'i-in),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
cavies  or  Caviidce. 

cavill,  n.     See  caveU. 

cavil",  «.     See  c.avel". 

cavil*  (kav'il),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caviled  or  cav- 
illed, ppr.  caviling  or  cavilling.  [<  OP.  cavil- 
ler =  Sp.  cavilar  =  Pg.  cariltar  =  It.  cavillare, 
<  L.  cavillari,  jeer,  mock,  quibble,  cavil,  <  ca- 
villa,  also  cavillum,  a  jeering,  scoflfing.]  I.  iii- 
trans.  To  raise  captious  and  frivolous  objec- 
tions; find  fault  without  good  reason;  carp: 
frequently  followed  by  at. 

But  in  the  way  of  bargain,  m.ark  ye  me, 
I'll  cavil  on  the  ninth  part  of  a  hair. 

Shak.,  IHen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 
Let's  fight  it  out,  and  not  stand  cavilling  thus. 

Sliak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
He  says  much  that  many  may  dispute. 
And  cavil  at  with  ease,  but  none  refute. 

Coivper,  Truth. 
n.t  tratis.  To  receive  or  treat  -with  objec- 
tions ;  find  fault  with. 

Wilt  thou  enjoy  the  good, 
Then  cavil  the  conditions?  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  759. 

cavil3  (kav'il),  n.  [<  cavilS^  v.  Cf.  L.  cavilla, 
n.J  _ A  captious  or  frivolous  objection;  an  ex- 
ception taken  for  the  sake  of  argument;  a  carp- 
ing argument. 

That's  but  a  cavil  j  he  is  old,  I  yoxmg. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 
The  cavils  of  prejudice  and  unbelief.  South. 

I  cannot  enlarge  on  every  point  which  brings  convic- 
tion to  my  own  mind,  nor  answer  at  length  every  cavil  or 
even  every  serious  argument. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  131. 
ca'Viler,  caviller  (kav'il-fer),  ».    One  who  cav- 
ils; one  who  is  apt  to  raise  captious  objec- 
tions ;  a  carping  disputant. 
Socrates  held  all  philosophers  cavilers  and  madmen. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  167. 
The  candour  which  Horace  shows  is  that  which  distin- 
guishes a  critick  from  a  caviller.  Addison,  Guardian. 

caviling,  cavilling  (kav'j,l-ing),  n.     [Verbal  n. 

of  cavil'-i,  v.]  The  act  of  raising  captious  and 
frivolous  objections;    an  objection  of  a  cap- 


A  rodent  of  the  genus  Cavia  or  family  Caiiid<s. 
There  are  several  species,  of  which  the  guinia-pi-',  C.  co- 
bat/a,  is  the  best  known.— Giant  cavy,  or  water-cavy, 

tllecapiliara(whicll  see).  — Mountain  cavy,  Cariu  hoiivi- 
ewsis.— Patagonian  cavy,  or  mara,  lh>liel,„li.<  palacho- 
nica.—  Restless  cavy,  Ca liii  apercn.—  Rock-cavy,  Cavia 
rupe.itris,  of  Brazil.  — Southern  cavy,  Cavia  auslralii. 

the  Ca'Wl,  ka'W  (ka),  v.  i.  [Formerly  also  Icaa;  imi- 
tative of  the  sound.  Similar  imitative  forms 
occur  in  many  and  diverse  languages  to  ex- 
press the  cry  of  or  as  a  name  for  the  crow  and 
other  corvine  birds.  Cf .  croak,  and  see  caddow, 
coel,  chough,  apd  daw-.]  To  cry  like  a  crow, 
rook,  raven,  or  jackdaw. 


Like  a  jackdaw,  that  when  he  lights  upon 
A  dainty  morsel,  Ana's  and  makes  his  brag. 

Chapman,  All  Fools,  iiL  1. 
The  buildmg  rook  'ill  caw  from  the  windy  tall  elm-tree, 
And  the  tufted  plover  pipe  along  the  fallow  lea. 

Tennyson,  May  Queen,  ii. 

The  cry 


cavitas:  see  cavity  +  -ary^l.] 

1.  a.  1.  Hollow;  caval;  cavernous;  having  a 
ca-vity;  specifically,  in  ii'o?.,  coelomatous;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  coeloma,  or  the  perivisceral 
space  or  body-cavity;  having  a  body-cavity. 

Certain  portions  of  the  hollow  cavitary  system,  which 
forms  the  liiemal  passages,  are  converted"  iuto  contractile 
vessels  by  the  development  of  muscles  in  their  walls. 

Geyenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  51. 

2.  Having  an  enteric  cavity  or  intestinal  tract ; 

enteric ;  intestinal.  Formerly  specifically  applied  to  Ca'Wl,  ka'W  (ka),  «.  [<  caifl,  kaw,  v.] 
the  cavitaries,  or  certain  intestinal  parasitic  worms  (in-  of  the  crow,  rook,  raven,  or  iackdaw 
testinal  in  the  sense  of  having  an  intestine  of  their  own,  fa-nr2  (til  r  t  X^t.  —nnli  T.^  rl-i'^o  .  „^  ♦« 
not  as  inhabiting  the  intestines  of  other  animals),  as  the  ''?'^,  }^fl\  ]  ■/•  '-''<=.,  =  ca^.]  To  dnve  :  88,  to 
threadworms  or  Nematoidea,  as  distinguished  from  the  '^'"''  ?■  "*"  >  ^O  caiv  cattle  tO  market.  Often  ab- 
aiienterous  worms,  as  the  tapeworms  and  tlukes,  which  broviated  to  ca'.  [Scotch.]- To  caw  one's  hogs 
liave  no  intestiniil  cavity.  to  the  hill,  to  snore. 

II.  n.   A  worm  or  entozoon  having  an  in-  ca'wass,  ".     See  cavass. 
testinal  canal  in  a  distinct  abdominal  ca\-ity  ;  cawchiet,  »■    An  obsolete  form  of  causeway. 
one  of  the  Cavitaria.  Ca'Wl,  «.     See  cauf. 

cavitied(kav'i-tid),  a.    l<  cavity  + -cd-.]   Hav-  ca'wk,  «.     See  coifjl,  1. 
ing  cavities;  specifically,  ha^-ing  an  intestinal  ca'wker  (ka'ker),  n.     Same  as  calk^. 
cavity;  cavitary,  as  the  nematoid  worms  or  cav-  cawky,  a.    See  caiiky. 
itaries.     Owen.  Ca'Wl*,  «.    An  old  spelling  of  ca«ri. 

ca'Vity  (kav'i-ti),  n.  j  pi.  cavities  (-tiz).     [<  P.  cawney,  cawny  (ka'ni),  «.    [E.  Ind.]   A  mea- 
eavite  —  Sp.  caridad  =  Pg.  cnvidadc  =  It.  cnvi-    sure  of  land  used  in  some  parts  of  India,  and 
ta,  <  L.  as  if  "cavitas,  <  cavus,  hollow :  see carel.]     varying  slightly  according  to  locality.    In  the 
A  hollow  place  ;  a  hollow;  a  void  or  empty    Madras  presidency  it  is  equal  to  1.322  acres, 
.ce in  a  body:  as,  the  abdominal  cni'(fy;  the  cawci.ua'W  (ka'kwa),  h.     [Amer.  Ind.  name. 


1. 

space  1 

.thoracic  cavity:  the  cavity  of  the  mouth^ — 2t. 
'The  state  of  being  hollow ;  hollowness. 
The  cavity  OT  hollowness  of  the  place. 

Goodwin,  Works,  III.  665. 

Amniotic  ca'Vity.  See  a?«;iiofi'c.— Arachnoid  cavity, 
an  old  name  tortlu-  sniidural  space.— Axial  cavity,  bran- 
chial cavity,  buccal  cavity.  .See  tin-  ailjcLtives.- 
Cleavage  cavity.  See  cd'tiiiaffe.- Consonatuig  cavi- 
ties. See  cmminaiiny.— Digital  cavity,  hemal  cavity, 
medullary  cavity,  etc.    see  the  adjectives. 

caviuna-'WOOd  (kav-i-o'na-wuj).  )(.  A  species 
of  rosewood  obtained  from  Dalbergia  nigra,  a, 
tall  leguminous  trf  e  of  Brazil. 

Cavolinia  (kav-o-lin'i-a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Cavoliiii. 


The  urson,  or  Canadian  porcupine,  Eretkizon 
dorsatum,  whose  spines  are  often  used  for  or- 
namentation by  the  Indians,  its  chief  food  consists 
of  living  bark,  which  it  strips  from  tlie  branches  as  cleanly 
as  if  a  sharp  knife  had  been  used.  It  begins  with  the  lligh- 
est  branches  and  eats  its  vay  regularly  down.  One  caw- 
quaw  will  destroy  a  hundred  trees  in  a  single  season.  See 
cut  under  ;jorcM^i'Hc. 
caxo,  caxonl  (kak'so,  -son),  n.  [<  Sp.  cajon,  toT- 
merly  caxon,  a  chest  (=  Pg.  caixao  =  F.  cais- 
son =  It.  cassone:  see  caisson  and  cas.won).  aug. 
of  caja,  formerly  caxa  =  Pg.  caixa,  a  chest.  = 
E.  casc^,  q.  v.]  A  chest  of  burnt  and  ground 
ores.     McElrath,  Com.  Diet 


the  family  Cavoliniidte : 
non^Tuous  ■with  Hyalita. 
_   ^_      tridentata  is  an  example, 
tious  nature:  as,  '^cavillings  and  menaeings,"  cavoliniid  (kav-6-lin'i-id) 
Jer.  Tflj/Zoc  (?_),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  66.  -      -•  .. 

ca'viling,  cavilling  (kav'il-iug),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of 
caviP,  v.]  Raising  frivolous  objections;  fault- 
finding. =syn.  CniV'i'n'/.  etc.    See  c«/;fi'oi«. 

cavilingly,  cavillingly  (kav'il-ing-li),  adv.  In 

a  caviling  manner. 
cavillationt  (kav-i-la '  shon),  n.     [ME.  cavilla- 

cioiiii,  envilacion,  <  OF.  cavillncion,  cavillation  = 

F.  cavillation  =  Pr.  cavilhutio  =  Sp.  cavUacion 


Italian  naturalist.]     The  typical  genus  of  caxon2(kak'son),  h.    [Origin  obscure.]   An  old 


A    pteropod   of   the   family 
Cavoliniida'. 

Cavoliniidae  (kav'o-li-ni'i- 
de),  «.  pi     [NL.  (D'Orbigny, 

1842),    <     Cavolinia     +     -ilia:.]      C<rootinia  Iridtntata. 

A  family  of  thecosomatous 
pteropods  with  large  lobate  fins,  an  abdominal 
branchial  pouch,  io  opereuligerous  lobe,  three 
rows  of  teeth,  the   lateral  imeiform,  and   an 


cant  term  for  a  ■wig. 

He  had  two  wigs,  both  pedantic,  but  of  different  omen. 
The  one  serene,  smiling,  fresh  powdered,  betokening  a 
mild  day.  The  other,  an  old,  discoloured,  unkempt,  angry 
caxoit,  denoting  frequent  and  bloody  execution. 

Lamb,  Christ's  HospitaL 

Cazton  (kaks'ton),  n.  The  name  applied  to  any 
book  printed  by  'William  Caxton  (died  1491  or 
1492),  originally  an  English  merchant  in  the 
Netherlands,  who  in  advanced  age  learned  the 
art  of  printing  and  introduced  it  into  England. 
The  Caxtons  are  all  in  black-letter.  The  "Recuyell  of  the 
liisturyesof  Troye,"translated  from  the  French  and  print- 
ed by  Caxton  either  at  Bruges  or  Cologne,  probably  in  1474, 


Caxton 


-  tilt-  second  English  book  printed,  and 
.-i  of  the 


A  Dex-ice  of  William  Caxton. 
/K  C.  represent  the  initials 
of  his  name.  The  rude  form 
of  the  figures  74.  in  the  center, 
is  supposed  to  mean  the  year 
1474,  when  he  l>egan  as  a  print- 
er. The  small  letters,  s,  c.  are 
interpreted  by  some  as  Sane- 
ta  Col^Hia  ~  Cologne,  the  city 
alleged  as  the  one  in  which  he 
was  taught  printing);  byothers 
assi^llum  Caxtmtii,  the  seat 
of  Caxton.  <  From  Hansard's 
••  T)-pographia." ) 


is  (wnsidered  the  earUest  specimen  of  typography  in  the  Eng- 
lish langnace.  ••nwGameandPlayeoftheChesse,  pinntetl 
by  him  in  147^-'.  "- 
-The  Die:-.-- .1:1;--..     .       ^. 
PhUosoiiher,,    pr;i.tca  by  him 
at  WestMiiiister  in   1477,  »"as 
pmlKiMv  the  first  work  printed 
ill  EuglauJ,    Tlie  list  of  kno%ni 
publications  printed    by  htm 
from  1474  to  14SI0  includes  sev- 
enty-one titles.    Some  of  them 
were    traii.-Iated    by    himself 
from  the  French  and  Dutch- 
cay  (ka),  n.    [<  Sp.  caijo; 
E.  usually  ^vritten  key: 
see  keifi,' quay.']      Same 
as  key^.     [Rai-e.] 

Its  harbour  is  formed  by  a 
lonj:  cay,  called  Hoj?  Island, 
which  stretches  for  three  miles 
Irom  east  to  west,  about  half 
a  mile  from  the  shore. 

Fortnwhilu  Rer.,  X.  S., 
[XXXIX.  176. 

caya  (ka'ya),  n.  [Xative  name.]  A  kind  of 
satinwood  obtained  from  San  Domingo. 

cayaginmt,  "-  [Mli.]  In  old  Eng.  law,  a  toll 
or  duty  exacted  by  the  king  for  landing  goods 
at  a  f|uar. 

Cayenne  pepper.    See  pepper. 

Cayleyan  ^ka'le-an),  «.  [<  Cayley  (see  def.) 
+  -<iii.]  In  math.",  a  curve  of  the  sixth  order 
and  third  class,  invented  by  the  English  mathe- 
matician Arthur  Cayley  (1853),  and  called  by 
him  the  pip/iian.  It  is  the  envelop  of  the  pairs 
of  right  lines  which  constitute  polar  conies  rela- 
tive to  auy  cubic  curve. 

Cayley's  theorem.    See  theorem. 

cayman  (ka'man),  n.  [<  Sp.  caimaH  =  Pg.  cai- 
iiiao  =  F.  caiinan ;  from  the  native  Guiana 
name.]  A  name  applied  popularly  to  the  alli- 
gators of  the  West  Indies  and  South  America, 
but  properly  only  to  Crucodiliis  or  Caiman  pal- 
pehrusus  and  C.  trigonatus  (Curier).  See  alli- 
gator. 

caynardt,  kaynardt,  »•    [ME.]    A  wretch ;  a 

rascal;  a  good-for-nothing. 

cayote  (ka-yo'tej,  H.     Same  as  coyote. 

caytivet,  n.and  H.     An  obsolete  form  of  caitiff. 

cayuse  I  ki-us'),  H.  [Amer.  Ind.«ame.]  Apony 
or  small  horse ;  specifically,  an  Indian  pony  of 
the  peculiar  breed  fonuerly  in  use  among  the 
Cayuse  Indians  of  the  northern  Rocky  Moim- 
tains.     [Northwestern  U.  S.] 

With  one  last  wicked  shake  of  the  head  the  wirycai/iMc 
breaks  into  his  easy  lope,  and  away  go  hoi-se  and  rider. 

Uarjiers  Mag.,  LX-XI.  190. 

A  common  Indian  pony  is  called  a  cat/ii^e,  one  of  the  few 

terms  which  atock-men  have  inherited  from  the  tribes.    It 

has  come  to  lie  used  in  a  depreciative  sense,  being  applied 

t"  any  poor,  broken-down  jade.  //.  Smtihurfie. 

cazi,  caozi  (ki'zi),  n.  [Variously  written  cau- 
"V,  iait:i;i;  ka:y,  qa:ce,  etc.,  more  precisely  AyJcf, 
iiind.  dial,  kdji,  repr.  Turk,  qadi,  qd:i,  Ar.  qitdi 
(iinlatal  d,  resembling  :),  a  judge,  the  source 
also  of  E.  kadi  ami  alralil/;  q.  v.]  One  of  two 
high  officers  of  the  Turkish  government  who 
preside  in  the  high  court  of  Moslem  .sacred  law 
at  Constantinople,  and  are  the  next  in  author- 
ity to  the  sheikh  ul  Islam,  who  is  the  chief  re- 
ligious anil  doctrinal  authority. 

cazimi  (ka-ze'rai),  n.  [Perhaps  of  Ar.  origin: 
i;f.  Ar.qalh,  heart,  .shaiii.v,  sun.]  In  a.itrol.,  the 
heart  of  tlie  sun  ;  the  part  of  the  zodiac  witiiin 
17  minutes  of  the  center  of  the  sun. 

caziqne  (ka-zek'),  »i.     See  cacique. 

cazo  (Sp.  pron.  kii'tho),  n.  [Sp.,  of  Tent,  ori- 
gin, from  same  tilt,  soiirco  as  E.  kettle :  see 
cnxnerole  and  kettle.']  A  copper  vessel  or  cal- 
dron in  which  ores  of  silver  are  treated  in  the 
hot  iirofCHH. 

CaZZOn  (kaz'on),  n.     Same  as  casings. 

Ob.    The  chemical  symbol  for  rnlumhium. 

0.  B.  An  abbreviation  of  ('omjianion  of  the 
Bath.     .S. ..  /„///,!. 

0.0.  Am  Mi.l.rcviation  ot  County  ComnUsMoner 
and  of  t'ouiiiij  Court. 

C.  0.  p.  An  abbreviation  of  Court  of  Common 
rirnj,. 

Cd.     The  chemical  symbol  for  cadmium. 

cd.  In  anal.,  an  abtiri-viation  used  in  vertebral 
fonniilas  for  caudal,  or  coccygeal:  bh,  cd.  II! 
{that  ix,  12  I'audul  vertibne). 

-ce'.    l<  .MK.  -«,  -en,  <  AS.  -(«  ;  Bee  -*1  and-f«l.] 
A  (UsgiiiMcd  raodoni  Hpelling  of  the  genii  ivo 
HH   UHed   ndverliiuUy  in   hinci. 


r,K 


nufflx    -«r'. 

thtmcc,  iili'i,,;^  iinrr,  tirice,  thrice:  erroneotisly 
Hpelled  -f  in  •  onfonnity  with  that  terminal  ion 
in  wordH  ol'  Innih  origin.    See  -ct'^,  -ci^,  and 

-ce'-'.    [<  MK. -«, -'«;  see -il3, -e(,2.]    A  disguised 
Hpelling  (a)  of  original  final  -n  (of  the  root)  in 


874 

ice,  advice,  device,  etc.,  and  the  plurals  lice, 
mice,  or  (6)  of  the  original  plural  suffix  -s-,  -cs^, 
in  dice,  pence :  erroneously  spelled  -ce  in  con- 
formity with  that  termination  in  words  of 
French  origin.    See  -ce^,  etc. 

-ce'^.  [ME.  -ce,  often  se,  <  OF.  -ce,  <  L.  -tins, 
-tia,  -tium,  or  -cius,  -cia,  -cium,  as  in  ttrtius, 
tertia,  tertium,  justitia,  solatium,  etc.]  The 
terminal  element  of  many  words  derived 
thi'ough  French  from  Latin,  as  in  tierce,  justice, 
solace,  absence,  etc.,  occun-ing  especially  in 
the  suffixes  -ace,  -ice,  -ance  (which  see).  See 
also  -cy. 

-ce*.  A  termination  of  other  origin  than  as 
above,  particularly  in  fence,  defence,  offence, 
pretence,  expence,  etc.  The  fli-st  remains  tmchangetl : 
the  last  is  now  always  and  the  others  are  frequently,  ac- 
cording to  their  etyniolog>'  (-eii^'e,  <  F.  -ciis*-,  <  L.  -e;wa), 
sjielled  with  ^. 

Ce.     The  chemical  symbol  for  cerium. 

C.  E.     An  abbre\-iation  of  Civil  Engineer. 

Cean  (se'an),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Ceus,  pertaining 
to  Cea  (Gr.  Ktuf,  later  Ki'a),  now  Zia,  one  of  the 
Cyclades,  the  birthplace  of  Simonides.]  I.  o. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Grecian  island  of  Ceos: 
specifically  applied  to  the  poet  Simonides,  bom 
in  Ceos  in'the  sixth  century  B.  c. 
II.  H.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Ceos. 

Ceanothus  (se-a-no'thus),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KcarMir,  a  name  applied  by  Theoplu-astus  to 
a  kintl  of  tliistle.]  A  genus  of  rhamnaceous 
shrubs,  natives  of  Korth  America,  and  espe- 
cially of  California.  They  are  free  IHooniers,  and  sonic 
species  are  occasionally  cultivated  for  ornament.  The 
leaves  of  the  coimiion  species  of  the  .\tlantic  States,  0. 
Aniericamui,  known  as  AVlP  Jersey  tea  or  red-root,  have 

■  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea.  The  root  is  a  useful 
astringent  and  furnishes  a  reddish  dye.  The  blue  myrtle 
of  t^alifornia,  C.  Ihyrgitiorus,  becomes  a  small  tree. 

cease  (ses),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ceased,  ppr.  ceas- 
ing. [<  ME.  eeesen,  cescn  (also  cessen,  sessen, 
whence  obs.  cess^,  q.  v.),  <  OF.  cesser,  F.  cesser 
=  Pr.  cessar,  sessar  =  Sp.  cesar  =  Pg.  cessar  = 
It.  cessare,  <  L.  cessare,  loiter,  go  slowly,  cease, 
freq.  of  cedere,  pp.  cessus,  go  away,  withdraw, 
yield:  see  cede.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  stop  mov- 
ing, acting,  or  speaking ;  leave  off ;  give  over ; 
desist;  come  to  rest:  followed  by /rom  before 
a  noun:  as,  cease  from  anger,  labor,  strife. 

He  walketh  round  about  from  place  to  jilace  and  ceati- 

eth  not.  Latimer,  .Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

We  cease  to  grieve,  cease  to  be  fortune's  slaves. 

Nay,  cease  to  die  by  dying.     Webster,  ^V^lite  Devil,  V.  2. 

Tlie  lives  of  all  who  cease  from  combat,  spare.    Drxjden. 

Tlie  ministers  of  Christ  have  ceased. from  their  labors. 

Bj).  Sprat. 

2.  To  come  to  an  end ;  terminate ;  become  ex- 
tinct; pass  away:  as,  the  wonder  ceases;  the 
storm  has  ceased. 

For  naturall  affection  soon©  doth  cesse. 
And  (luenched  is  with  Cupids  greater  llamc. 

Sfienser,  ¥.  (J,,  IV.  ix.  2. 

I  would  make  the  remembrance  of  them  to  cease  frc»ni 

among  men.  Deut.  xxxii.  2(1. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  villages  ceased,  they  ceased  in 

Israel.  Judges  v.  7. 

Preaching  in  the  first  sence  of  the  word  ceas'd  as  soon  as 

ever  the  Gospels  were  WTitten.    Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  lU. 

II.  trans.  To  put  a  stop  to  ;  put  an  oml  to  ; 
bring  to  an  end:  as,  fco.w  your  clamor:  ho 
ceased  debate.  [Now  chiefly  uscii  with  ref- 
erence to  self-restraining  or  self-limiting  ac- 
tion.] 

And  in  the  Giilfe  aforseyd,  Seynt  F.lyne  kest  on  of  the 
holy  naylcs  in  to  the  sec  to  sease  the  tempest. 

Torkiiiijlon,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  fi7. 
I  go  thus  from  thee,  and  will  never  crtinfl 
My  vengeance  till  1  find  thy  heart  at  iieace. 

Ueau.  and  Ft.,  .Maiil's  Tragedy,  111.  2. 

But  he,  her  fears  to  cease. 

Sent  down  the  mcck-eyed  Peace. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1.  U<. 

ceasef  (ses),  n.  [<  cease,  v.]  Cessation;  ex- 
tinction; failure. 

The  erase  of  malesty 
Dies  not  alone  ;  but,  like  a^culf,  dotti  draw 
Wlintnliear  It  with  It.  S/uit.,  Ilamlel,  III.  3. 

ceaseless  (ses'les),  a.  [<  cease  +  -less.]  1. 
Without  n  stop  or  jiaUHe  ;  incesHant;  continual ; 
that  never  stopsor  intennits;  uncmling;  never 
ceasing. 

AU  tboao  with  ceaselest  pralAO  his  works  hohohl. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  Iv.  flTO. 
WcarylnK  with  reuitetess  prnyem  the  gods  above. 

H'i7fi<i»i  Morris.  I'.arlbly  I'anidlse,  I.  318. 
The  victim  of  rrateltss  Intrigues,  who  niilliur  compre- 
hended his  position,  nor  that  of  (heir  ciiuntry. 

Disraeli,  Conlngsby,  II.  1. 

2.  KnilleHs;  enduring  forever:  as,  the  OftwiWew 
joVH  of  heaven. 

Thou  eeiutltu  lar.koy  to  ricmlly. 

.S'/.n*.,  r,iicn>ci>  1.  on". 


Cebrio 

ceaselessly  (ses'les-Ii),  adv.  Incessantly ;  per- 
petually. 

Flowere 
Still  blooming  ceaselessly. 

Dnnmnond,  The  Fairest  Fair. 

ceaselessness  (ses'les-nes),  n.  [<  ceaselcM  + 
-«<w.J  1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
ceaseless,  or  without  cessation  or  intermission ; 
iucessancy. —  2.  The  state  or  condition  of  en- 
during forever;  endlessness. 

cebadula,  «•     See  ceiadilla. 

cebellt,  "•  lit  music,  a  melody  for  the  lute  or 
violin  in  quadruple  rhvtlim  and  in  phrases  of 
four  bars  each,  distiugiushed  by  more  or  less 
alteruation  of  very  high  and  very  low  notes. 

cebid  (seb'id),  H.  A  monkey  of  the  family  Ce- 
bid(i\ 

Cebidae  (seb'i-de),  n.})l.  [NL.,  <  Cebus  +  -idw.] 
A  family  of  new-world  monkeys,  the  platjT- 
rhine  simians,  ilistinguishetl  by  their  denti- 
tion from  the  old-world  monkeys,  having  one 
premolar  more  on  each  side  of  each  jaw  than 
the  latter,  or  36  teeth  in  all.  The  nose  is  llat- 
teiied  and  has  a  broad  septum,  thus  rendering  the  nos- 
trils pn>portionally  discrete  ;  the  bony  meatus  of  the  ex- 
ternal ear  is  reduced  to  an  annular  tympiinie  lione  ;  the 
thumb  is  undeveloped,  or  not  perfectly  apposable  ;  tlie 
tail  in  most  cases  is  prehensile  ;  and  liotli  cheek-pouehes 
and  ischial  callosities  are  absent.  In  current  usage  all 
Ainerieun  Qi'iidrumanet  except  the  inaniiosets.  or  J/u/it/iF, 
are  iiiehi.leil  in  tlie  Celjidce.  They  are  liivided  into  the 
subfamilies  Mi/eetinte,  Cebinee,  SiH'tipitltecina',auil  nthe- 
ciin<r.  There  are  eleven  living  genera,  and  the  species  are 
iitiinerous. 

cebidichthyid  (seb-i-dik'tlii-id),  11.  A  lish  of 
the  family  Ccbidickthyidcc. 

Cebidichthyidse  (seb"i-dik-tlii'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Vehidichthi/s  +  -ida:]  A  family  of  blen- 
nioid  fishes,  t.vpified  by  the  genus  Ctbidielithiis. 
The  only  species,  C.  riotaceus,  belongs  to  the  supcrfaniily 
Blenuiindea,  and  has  an  elongated  body  with  numerous 
vertebra',  the  dorsal  fin  divideti  into  spinous  and  soft  por- 
tions, no  ventrals,  and  pyloric  cieca.    The  species  is  Cali- 

forili:tn. 

Cebidichtliyinae  (seb-i-dik-thi-i'ne),  «.  2)1. 
[NL..  <  Cehidiehthys  +  -i)ia'.]  A  subfamily  of 
fishes,  represeutett  by  the  genus  Cebidichtliys, 
referred  to  the  family  Blcnniida' :  same  as  Cebi- 
dichlhiildir. 

Cebidichthys  (seb-i-dik'this),  V.  [NL.  (W.  O. 
Ayrcs.  18.5()),  <  Gr.  K'/,fof,  a  monkey  (see  Cebus), 
+'  ixOlr,  a  fish.]  The  typical  genus  of  fishes 
of  tiie  family  ('ihidichthjiithv :  so  called  becatise 
the  face  was  supposed  to  resemble  a  moiikoy's. 

Cebinse  (se-bi'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Celiiis  +  -intv.] 
Thi'  I  ypici'il  subfamily  of  Cebida:,  coiuaining  the 
prehensile-tailed  monkeys  of  America.  They 
have  the  liyoid  bone  and  associate  structures  moderate 
(thus  excluding  tlie  Myeetinm  or  howlers) ;  the  incisors  not 


Cnpucinc  Monkey  (  Crt-ys  ca/uct'nus). 

Itrocllvous ;  the  posterior  cerebral  lobes  overlapping  the 
cerebelhim ;  and  the  eerebnil  convolutions  well  inarkeil. 
The  genera  are  t'ebtts,  Sapajou  (or  .itetes),  Kriodes  (or 
Itraehiiletes).  and  l.a<iothrix. 

Oeblepyrinae  (seb-lep-i-ri'm"),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(SwniMsoii,  is:!7),  <  Ceble/iyris  +  -ina'.]  A  sub- 
fniiiily  of  liinls,  the  eiilerpillar-huuters:  a  loose 
^ivnonym  of  CtiinjHqtlittgitHe. 

ceblepyrine  (seb-l<ii '  i  -rin),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  luiving  the  characters  of  the  Ccblcpyrina; ; 
I'niiipoplingine. 

Ceblepyris  (seb-le]»'i-riK),  n.  [NL.  (Cuvier, 
1X17  1,  <  dr.  /.f/OvTiyi/f,  the  redcan,  reilpoll,  a 
liird,  <  i.iJ/i/,  conlr.  of  hn;<n'/'i.  heiid,  -I-  7717)  =  E. 
'"'•I  -V  generic  iinnii'  given  liy  t'livier  to  the 
111  Ills  he  called  ciilerpillnr-luinlcis:  aldose  syn- 
onym of  Campophoga,  sometimes  still  employed 
for  Hoirie  section  of  tliiit  large  genus.  Also  writ- 
ten I'llili fihiiris,  C(hli])\irus. 

Oebrio  <H(lp'ri-(")).  «.  [Nli.]  Tin' tyiiical  genus 
of  tlio  fainily  Cihrionidti .  linving  the  liibrum 
Hepanili'  from  the  front,  ninl  llic  loro  liliiio  en- 
tire.    ''.  bimliir  inhabitN  Ihe  southern    United 

St  II  Ion. 


Cebrionidsa 

Cebrionidse  (seb-ri-ou'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ce- 
hriu{n-)  +  -uhv.']  A  family  of  raalacodermatous 
pentamerous  coleopterous  insects,  related  to 
the  ElatericliE  (which  see),  but  liaving  six  ab- 
dominal segments,  well-developed  tibial  spurs, 
anterior  tibias  expanded  at  the  apex,  and  the 
labrum  close  to  the  front. 

Cebus  (se'bus), )(.  [NL.  (Erxloben,  1777),  <  Gr. 
Ki/.ioc,  also  m'/Tvoc,  a  long-tailed  monkey:  see  ape.'] 
The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Ccbiike  and  sub- 
family Ccbimi;  containing  the  ortUnary  prehon- 
silo-tailed  antl  thumbed  Soutb  American  mon- 
keys. The  monkeys  earned  about  by  organ- 
gi'inders  generally  belong  to  this  genus.  See 
cut  mider  ( 'rhina'. 

cecal,  cecally.    See  aecal,  ccccally. 

cecchint,  "■     See  sequin. 

Cecidomyia  (ses"i-do-mi'i-a),  n.  [NL.  (Meizen, 
1803),  <  Gr.  h?/icl<;  (m/KiS-),  a  gallnut  (produced 
by  the  oozing  of  sap  from  pimctiu-es  made  by 
insects;  cf.  /i^/c/f,  juice,  uTimeiv,  gush  forth),  -i- 
liv'ia,  a  fly.]  A  genus  of  nemocerous  Dipteni, 
or  small  two-winged  flies,  tyjiical  of  the  family 
Ceckloiiij/ikkc,  containing  such  as  the  Hessian- 
fly,  C.  (Jestructor,  noted  for  the  ravages  of  its 
larvte  upon  crops.  C.  tritici  is  the  wlieat-fly.  The 
genus  eomprises  .a  vast  number  of  niinntc,  slender-bodieil 
midges,  which  ai'e  uf  special  interest  uu  accouut  of  tlieir 


Clover-seed  Midge  {Cecidomyia  Ugitntinicola). 

a.  female  fly.  highly  magnified  ;  b,  c,  d,  head,  tip  of  ovipositor,  and 

antennal  joints,  on  still  larger  scale. 

mode  of  life,  the  peculiar  structure  exhibited  in  tlie  larva?, 
and  the  economic  importance  attached  to  several  species. 
In  most  cases  the  female  lays  her  eggs  in  the  stems,  leaves, 
or  buds  of  various  plants,  producin;;  gall-like  excrescences 
of  various  forms,  inliabited  by  the  larvje.  These  are  suli- 
cylindrical,  legless  grubs,  mostly  of  a  reddish  or  yellow- 
color,  and  are  furnished  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  thoracic 
joints  with  a  corneous  plate,  usually  forked,  called  tlie 
breast-bone.  .Some  species,  however,  do  not  produce  galls, 
and  among  these  the  most  familiar  are  the  Hessian-fly  ami 
the  clover-seed  midge,  C.  leguminicola  (Lintner),  which 
latter  infests  the  seeds  of  clover,  causing  great  damage  in 
the  more  northern  parts  of  the  United  States.  See  also 
cut  under  _/fi/2. 

cecidomyian  (ses  "i-do-mi'i-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Cc- 
chhimijia  +  -oh.]  I'  o.  Gall-making,  as  a  fly 
of  the  family  Ceculoiiiyiklm;  of  or  pertaining  to 
this  family  of  insects. 

II.  «.   A  member  of  tbe  genus  Cecidomyia; 
a  cecidomviid. 

cecidomyiid  (ses"i-d9-mi'i-id),  n.  Amemberof 
the  family  CccklomniitkE. 

Cecidom3riidae(st's'i-do-mi-i'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Cecidomyia  +  -idu:'\  '  The  family  of  nemoce- 
rous dipterous  insects  of  which  the  genus  Ceci- 
domyia is  the  type ;  the  gaU-flies.  They  are  most- 
ly gall-makers,  producing  excrescences  by  piercing  soft 
growing  wood  with  their  ovipositors  and  laying  their  eggs 
ill  the  punctures. 

cecidomyiidous  (ses"i-do-mi-i'i-dus),  a.  [<  ceci- 
dniiiyiiil  +  -oils.]  Pertaining  to  or  produced 
by  the  Cccidomyiidw  or  gaU-flies :  as,  a  cecido- 
myiidous gall. 

Cecilia,  Cecilise,  etc.    See  Cwcilia,  etc. 

cecils  (se'silz),  n.  pi.  [Appar.  from  the  name 
Cecil.]  In  cookery,  minced  meat,  crumbs  of 
bread,  onions,  chopped  parsley,  etc.,  with  sea- 
soning, made  up  into  balls  and  fried. 

cecity  (se'sj-  or  ses'i-ti),  n.  [Also  ceecity,  af- 
ter the  L. ;  '<  F.  ccciie  =  Pr.  cecitat,  eegueiat  = 
Sp.  cetjuedad  (ef.  Pg.  cegueira)  =  It.  cecita,  <  L. 
C(BCitas,  blindness,  <  cwciis,  blind:  see  ccecum.] 
Blindness.     [Now  rare.] 

There  is  in  them  [moles]  no  cecitu,  yet  more  than  a  ce- 
cutiency.  Sir  T.  Broume,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  18. 

Here  [in  Arabia],  as  in  Egypt,  a  blind  Muezzin  is  pre- 
ferred, and  many  ridiculous  stories  are  told  about  men 
who  for  years  have  counterfeited  cecitti  to  live  in  idleness. 
R.  F.  Burton.  El-Medinah,  p.  383. 

cecograph  (.se'ko-graf),  )i.  [<  F.  cecographe.  < 
h.  ca-ciis,  blind,  +  Gr.  ■)  paipen;  write.]  A  writ- 
ing-machine for  the  blind.    E.  H.  Knight. 


875 

cecomorph  (se'k6-m6rf),  n.    One  of  the  Ceco- 

inorjdiic, 

Cecomorphae  (se-ko-ra6r'fe),  n.  j>l.  [NL.  (Hux- 
ley, 1867),  <  Gr.  K!/^  (k'/k-),  var.  aalia^,  aai/ri^,  kt/v^ 
(see  Ccyx),  a  sea-bird,  i)erli!i|is  the  tarn  organ- 
net,  +  iiopijiii,  form.]  A  superfamily  group  of 
palmiped  schizoguatlious  carinate  birds,  in- 
cluding the  short-winged,  long-winged,  and 
tube-nosed  swimming  and  diving  birds  of  the 
current  order.s  rygojioilus,  Jjini/ijiciinen,  and 
Tiihiiiitres,  or  the  Alcidii;  Colymliidw,  I'odicipe- 
dii/ii;  I'roceUariiikt;  and  Laridw. 

cecomorphic  (so-ko-mor'iik),  a.  [<  Ceeomor- 
plia:  +  -ic.]  ilaviiig  the  characters  of  the  Ce- 
cotnorjilui';  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cecomorpha: 

Cecropia  (se-kro'pi-ii),  11.     [NL. :  see  f '/crops.] 

1.  A  geuusof  beautiful  tropical  Aiiiciii-iui  trees, 
with  milky  juice,  natural  order  i  rticiu-nr.  c. 
/•■■/iiihi,  tlic  tiiiiiipet-trce,  is  remarkable  for  its  hollow  stem 
and  liranches,  the  furmer  being  made  by  the  Indians  into 
a  kind  of  ih-uni  and  the  latter  into  wind-instnimcnts. 
'I  he  light  porous  wood  is  used  by  them  for  procuring  fire 
liy  friction.  The  inner  hark  is  fibrous  and  strong,  and  is 
iiscil  fur  cordage. 

2.  [/.  (■.]   Ih  cntom.   a  moth,  Atkicus  cecropia. 
Cecrops    (.se'krops),  n.     [NL.   (Leach,  1813), 

after  Cecrops,  the  mythical  founder  and  first 
king  of  Athen  s.  ]  A  ge- 
nus of  siphonostomous 
crustaceans,  of  the  fam- 
ily Caligid(E,  parasitic 
upon  the  sldn  or  gills 
of  marine  fishes.  C.  la- 
ir, illei  is  an  example.  Cecro/,,  iair,iii,i. 

cecum,  ".     See  ca'cum. 

cecutiencyt  (se-kii'shien-si),  «.  [<  L.  cwcu- 
tieii{t-)s,  ppr.  'of  caicutire,  bo  blind,  <  ccecus, 
blind.]  Cloudiness  of  sight ;  partial  blindness 
or  tendency  to  blindness.  See  first  extract  un- 
der cecity. 

cedant  arma  togae.    [L.,  from  a  Latin  poem 

(liioted  by  Cicero:  ciilant,  3dpers.pl.  pres.  subj. 
of  ceilere,  yield;  arma,  arms;  togce,  dat.  of  toga, 
a  gown:  see  cede,  arm^,  and  io'ga.]  Literally, 
lot  arms  yield  to  the  gown;  that  is,  let  war 
give  way  to  peace,  and  military  operations  to 
peaceftd  pm'suits:  it  is  used  as  the  motto  of 
Wyoming  TeiTitory. 
cedar  (se'diir),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
cedcr,  <  ME.  ceder,  ccdre,  <  OF.  cedre,  P.  cedre 
—  Pr.  cedre  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cedro  =  AS.  ceder 
(also  in  comp.  ceder-bedm,  eeder-tredw,  cedar- 
tree)  =  D.  ceder  =  MHG.  ceder,  seder,  G.  ceder, 
;:eder  =  Sw.  Dan.  ceder  =  Bohom.  cedr  =  Pol. 
ccdr,  cedar,  <  L.  cedriis  =  Russ.  kedn'i,  cedar, 
=  Pol.  keder,  kieder,  a  kind  of  larch,  <  Gr.  Kt- 
'ipof,  a  cedar-tree.  Theophi-astus  uses  the  word 
both  for  the  Cedrns  Libani  of  Syria  and  (as  also 
prob.  Homer)  for  the  jam-pev  {Juniperus  Oxycc- 
driis).]  I.  «.  1.  A  tree  of  the  coniferous  genus 
Cedrvs,  of  which  three  species  are  known,  tir. 
most  noted  is  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  C.  Libani.  native 
among  the  mountains  of  Syria,  Asia  Minor,  and  Cyprus. 
( »n  Lebanon  itself  there  still  remains  a  grove  of  about  400 
trees,  some  of  them  exceeiling  40  feet  in  girth.    The  other 


Zeph.  ii.  14. 
A  fungus  belong- 


^^S^sSigi 


Atlas  Cedar  {Cednts  Atlatttica). 

representatives  of  the  genus  are  the  ,\tlas  cedar,  C.  Af- 
lantica,  a  native  of  Algeria,  and  the  deodar  or  Himalayan 
cedar,  C.  Deodara.  In  their  native  forests  they  are  of 
very  slow  growth,  and  form  hard,  durable  timber. 

They  have  taken  cedars  from  Lebanon  to  make  masts 
for  thee.  £zek.  xxvii.  5. 

Under  the  covert  of  some  ancient  oak 
Or  cedar  to  defend  him  from  the  dew. 

Miltnn,  P.  R.,  !.  306. 

2.  The  name  given,  usually  with  qualifying 
terms,  to  various  coniferous  trees,  chiefly  North 
American,  and  of  genera  nearly  allied  to  Cednts. 
Tbc  white  cedar  of  the  eastern  United  States  is  the  Cha- 
int£cyparis  sphtsroidea,  of  swamps  near  the  coast,  and  also 


cede 

the  arbor-vitn).  Thuya  occidentalu ;  on  the  Pacific  coast  It 
is  the  LibociidruH  decurretis (.Also  known  as  bantard^  poH,  or 
incemc  ixilar),  and  also  ChavwecypariM  LawHuniana,  the 
I'ort  Orfiird  or  Oiigon  cedar.  The  red  cedar  is  usually  the 
.Juniprriin  Vir;iiniaii/i,  the  odorous  wood  of  which  is  often 
calliMl  pcnitil-adar,  from  its  extensive  use  in  the  niaiiiilac- 
tnre  of  leadpcncilH ;  west  of  the  Kocky  Mountains  the  nd 
cedar  is  the  Thuya  yiyanlea,  also  called  canw-ccdar.  The 
cedar  of  Bermuda  and  Uarbados  is  Jutuperus  Bermudi- 
ana;  the  .Japan  cedar,  Crmiioineria  Japonica.  The  stink- 
ing cedara  of  the  United  States  are  species  of  Torreya. 
The  Himalayan  cedar  is  the  JunijjaruH  rxcrlna;  its  wuo<l 
resembles  that  of  the  pencil-cedar,  but  is  harder,  and  has 
less  of  its  peculiar  odor.  \Va«hingt<m  cedar  is  the  big-tree 
<»f  California,  SmvAtia  yiyantea.  The  wood  of  most  of 
these  trees  is  sort,  flnc-grained,  of  a  reddish  color,  and 
often  fragnint. 

3.  A  name  popularly  given  in  tropical  regions 
to  a  considerable  number  of  trees,  mostly  of 
the  natural  order  Meliacew,  in  no  way  related 
to  the  preceding.  That  known  variously  as  the  West 
Indian  cedar,  the  bastard  or  sweet-scented  Barbados  cedar, 
the  .Jamaica  red  cedar,  and  the  Spanisli,  Havana,  or  Hondu- 
las  i:edar  is  the  Cedrela  odorata.  The  cedar  of  Inilia  and 
New  South  Wales  is  C.  I'oima ;  the  red  cedar  of  India, . Sou- 
Hilda  /eljri/m/a;  and  the  bastard  cedar  of  India,  Melta 
Azcdarach.  (.See  azedarach.)  'The  white  cedar  of  Austra- 
lia is  M.  cojiipotfila,  and  the  red  cedar  Flitidfrna  auntralui. 
Among  trees  of  other  orders,  the  bastard  cedarof  the  West 
Indies  is  Guazuma  ti/menlona  or  (J.  ulmi/ulia ;  the  white 
cedar  of  Guiana,  I'rotiura  altisgimma  ;  and  tlie  white  cedar 
of  Dominica,  Bu/iumia  Leucoxylon.  In  India  the  name 
red  cedar  is  sometimes  given  to  the  euphorbiaccous  Bit- 
clwj/ia  ./avanica. 

4.  The  wood  of  the  cedar-tree  {Cedrus),  or 
(with  or  without  a  qualifying  term)  of  any  kind 
of  tree  called  a  (jedar. 

The  wisest  man 
Feasted  the  woman  wisest  then  in  halls 
Of  Lcljanonian  c^'.dar.  TeuityHon,  Princess. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  cedar;  made  of  cedar: 
as,  a  cedar  twig. 
He  shall  uncover  the  cedar  work. 

cedar-apple  (se'diir-ap''l),  n. 
ing  to  the  genus  Gymnospo- 
raiigium.  .Species  of  this  genus 
are  parasitic  upon  cedar-trees. 
Some  of  them  form  globular  dis- 
tortions with  appendages,  and 
develop  into  yellow  gelatinous 
m.isses  during  the  spring  rains. 
.Also  lalkd  i:edar-ball.  See  Gym/- 
i,'i',„,r,i,i<ihim. 

cedar-bird  (se'dar-bferd),  n. 
The  popular  name  of  the 
common  .American  wax- 
wing,  Amjielis  ccdrorum  or 
Jloiiihyi-illa  cariiliiieiisis:  so 
call(;d  in  the  United  States 
from  its  fontlness  for  ju- 
niper-berries, the  fruit  of 
Juniperiis  Virgiiiiana,  com- 
monly called  cedar.  Also 
called  cedar-lark.  See  Am 
jiclis  and  iraxwing. 

cedared  (se'dard),  a.    [<(•? 
dur  +  -crfs.]     Covered  or  furnished  with  ce- 
dars: as,  a  eerfarerf  mountain-slope. 

We  did  not  explore  the  Malahoodus  far,  but  left  the 
other  birch  to  thread  its  cedared  solitudes,  while  we 
turned  back  to  try  our  fortunes  in  the  larger  stream. 

Lmvell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  140. 

cedar-gum  (se'dar-gum),  11.  A  yellow,  trans- 
parent, fragrant'  resin  obtained  from  Callitris 
arborea,  a  coniferous  tree  of  the  mountains  of 
South  Africa.  It  is  used  in  making  varnish, 
and  in  preparing  plasters  and  various  medici- 
nal articles. 

cedar-lark  (se'dar-lark),  II.  Same  as  cedar- 
hird. 

cedarn  (se'dam),  a.  [<  cedar  +  -n  for  -erfi,  as 
in  oaken,  etc.]     Of  cedar;  made  of  cedar. 

West  winds,  with  musky  wing, 
About  the  cedarn  alleys  fling 
Nard  and  cassia's  balmy  smells. 

Milton,  Comas,  L  990. 

The  carven  cedarn  doors.      Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

cedar-tree  (se'dar-tre),  11.     Specifically,  a  tree 

of  the  genus  Cedrus;  also  (with  or  w-ithout  a 

qualifying  term),  a  tree  of  any  of  the  genera 

known  as  cedars.     See  cedar. 

cedar-'WOOd  (se'dar-wud),  11.     1.  The  wood  of 

the  cedar,  in  any  use  of  the  name. — 2.  A  wo8d 

or  assemblage  of  cedar-trees. 

Thou  wert  bom,  on  a  summer  mom, 

A  mile  beneath  the  cedar-irood. 

Tennyson,  Eleanore. 
Cedar-wood  oil,  an  aromatic  oil  distilled  from  the  wood 
of  the  C'^'lrcla  odorata. 
cede  (--^ed),  r. ;  prct.  and  pp.  ceded,  ppr.  ceding. 
[=  OF.  ceder,  F.  ceder  =  Pr.  cedar  =  Sp.  Pg. 
ceder  =  It.  cedere,  <  L.  cedere  (pp.  cessits),  into, 
go.  withdraw,  pass  away,  yield,  tr.  yield,  grant, 
give  up:  related  to  cadere,  fall:  see  cadent, 
(•(j«  1,  etc.  L.  cedere  is  the  ult.  source  of  many 
E.  words,  as  cede,  accede,  cofwede,  exceed,  pre- 


Ccdar-apple  (.Gymfio. 
sporan/TJum  macrofus) 
growing  upon  red  cedar 
{Junificrus  l^irginiana). 


cede 

cede,  proceed,  recede,  secede,  abscess,  access,  etc., 
cession,  accession,  concession,  etc.,  cease,  decease, 
antecedent,  decedent,  etc.,  ancestor,  antecessor, 
predecfssor,  etc.]     I.  intrans.  1.  To  yield;  give 
way;    submit.— 2.  To  pass;    be  transferred; 
lapse.     [Archaic  or  obsolete  in  both  senses.] 
This  fertile  glebe,  this  fair  domain, 
Had  well-nigh  c-:ded  to  the  slothful  hands 
Of  monks  libidinous.  Shemtone,  Ruined  .\bbey. 

n.  trans.  1.  To  yield  or  formally  resign  and 
surrender  to  another;  relinquish  and  transfer; 
give  up;  make  over:  as,  to  cede  a  fortress, 
province,  or  country  by  treaty. 

Of  course,  Galicia  was  not  to  be  ceded  in  this  summary 

manner.  B.  S.  Edwards,  Polish  Captirity,  II.  ii. 

The  people  must  cede  to  the  government  some  of  their 

rights.  Jay- 

2.  To  yield;  grant.     [Kare.] 

Back  rode  we  to  my  father's  camp,  and  found 
He  thrice  had  sent  a  herald  to  the  gates. 
To  learn  if  Ida  yet  would  cede  oar  claim. 

Tennyson.  Princess. 
=Syn.  To  transfer,  deliver,  convey,  grant. 
cedent  (se'dent),  a.  [<  L.  ceden(i-)s,  ppr.  of  cc- 
rfere,  yield: "see  cede]  Yielding;  giving -way. 
See  extract  under  cessionary.  [Bare.] 
cedilla  (se-dil'a),  n.  [=  F.  cedille,  <  Sp.  cedilla, 
now  cedilla  ='  Pg.  cediiha  =  It.  :edirjlia.  the 
mark  cedilla,  the  letter  c  with  this  mark,  orig. 
cz,  dim.  of  Sp.  ceda,  now  zeda,  etc.,  <  L.  zcta. 
Gr.  C,fira,  the  Gr.  name  of  z:  see  z,  zed,  zcta. 
The  character  f  is  thus  a  contraction  of  <■-,  a 
former  mode  of  indicating  that  c  had  the  sound 
of  s  in  certain  positions;  thus,  F.  leczon,  now 
Jffon  (>  E.  lesson).'\  A  mark  placed  under  the 
letter  c  (thus,  f ),  especially  in  French  and  Por- 
tuguese, aud  formerly  in  Spanish,  before  a,  o,  or 
«,  to  indicate  that  it  is  to  be  sounded  like  s,  and 
not  like  k;  as  it  usually  is  before  those  vowels. 
cedrate,  cedrat  (se'drat,  -drat),  n.  [<  F.  c6drat 
=  It.  ccdratu,  <  cedro,  the  citron  (prop,  "citro, 
confused  in  form  with  cedro,  cedar),  <  L.  citni.i, 
citron :  see  Citrus,  citron.'}  The  citron,  Citrus 
medicn. 
cedratif  (se-drii'ti),  n.  [<  It.  cedrato,  lime,  lime- 
tree,  lime-water:  see  cedrate.']  A  perfume  de- 
rived from  the  citron. 

If  we  get  any  nearer  still  to  the  torrid  zone,  I  shall  pique 
myself  on  sending  you  a  present  of  cedrati  and  orange- 
flower  water.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  199. 

Cedrela  (sed'rf-la),  ?i.  pTL.,  shortened  from 
L.  cedrtlate,  <  Gr.  KedpeXaTii,  a  cedar  fir-tree,  < 
iddfior,  a  cedar,  -1-  i'/.aTri,  the  silver  fir.]  A  ge- 
nus of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Mfliacciv, 
allied  to  the  mahogany,  and  consisting  of  large 
trees,  natives  of  the  tropics.  The  principal  species 
of  tropical  America  is  C.  vdorata,  a  valuable  tiinber-tree, 
popularly  known  as  cedar.  All  parts  of  it  are  bitter,  an(l 
the  old  wfx^l  i.s  fragrant.  The  C.  Toftna  of  India,  also  called 
cedar,  is  a  h.-ind^otne  tree  with  durable  and  beautifully 
marked  w»jo<i,  usimI  for  furniture  and  ornamental  work. 
It  yields  a  resinous  gum,  and  the  bark  is  astringent  and 
fel»rifili;al.     See  cMar,  3. 

cedrelaceous  (sed-re-la'shius),  a.  [<  Cedrela 
+  -amjii.i.]  In  bot'.,  resembling  or  related  to 
t'lilrrla:  same  as  mcliactous. 

cedrene  fseMren),  n.  [<  L.  cedrus,  cedar,  + 
-I  w.']  In  client.,  a  volatile  hydrocarbon  (C15 
II24)  found  in  tho  f>il  of  red  cedar,  Juniperus 
f'irffiuiana.  -Cedrene  camphor,    aaf  camphor. 

cedrin,  cedrine-  'se'drin),  ».  [<  ccdr(on)  +  -in-, 
-iiii-.']  A  neutral  crj'stallizable  body  yielded 
to  alcohol  by  the  cedron  after  it  has  been  ex- 
hausted by  ether.  Tlie  crystals  resemble  silky  nee- 
dles. It  is  Intensely  and  fKirsistently  bitter,  and  is  re- 
gardrfl  by  vnut^  as  the  active  principle  of  the  fnilt. 

cedrine^  (se'drin),  a.  [<  L.  cedrinus,  <  Gr. 
K/rS^jaor,  of  cedar,  <  Ki^imr,  cedar:  see  cedar, 
and  cf.  cedarn.']  Belonging  to  or  resembling 
cednr.    .fohnson. 

cedrine-',  ».     See  cedrin. 

cedrium  'dri-iim),  n.  fl^.,  cedar-oil,  <  Or. 
m.tSfttov  { ill.  '  ■ .  ^fti'/aifn'),  eedar-oil,<  KtiSpo^, cedar : 
seeoedar.  J  Tlir-  jiitch  of  tho  cedar-tree,  Cedruit. 
It  U  rubbed  on  \  .  I'rin  to  preserve  them  from  inotlis,  and 
wu  rmo  of  the  ]'.  lienlA  used  by  the  ancient  Kgyptliins 
111  embalming. 

C^rola(»6'drii-liM.  II.  [NL.,<L. cedriM,  ceilar: 
Hff  rednr.']  A  Holid  i:ryHtalline  compound  dis- 
tilleil  from  tho  oil  of  redur-wood. 

cedron  fHe'dron),  «.  (M-.,  <  Ii.  ccdrwi,  cedar, 
+  -<.».]  Tim  Heed  of  Itie  Iree  Siniaba  Ccilrmi, 
niiluril  r.lir  Simaruliitreir,  a  native  of  llie 
U'l  -1  of  Colombia,    'llie  fruit  ii  11  innr 

•b  '  'be  ii|7(.  of  fi  b'liK.n,  containing  n  suigln 

l»'  "1      I '      ■■  II,.  'r.  .■,  Isvcrybltter. 

Ill  '-  II  remedy  for 

•"       '  !.  Ill  fever.     It* 

1''  ■■■ 'I.  jM  imI  on  III!    pres^rnco  of  tho 

Ocd  (Ij.  :  gee  r^dfir.]    A  eenim 

of  cjmieruua  trees  closely  allied  to  tlio  larcb, 


876 

which  they  resemble  in  having  the  leaves  grow- 
ing in  ttifts  or  bunches,  but  from  which  they  are 
distinguished  by  being  evergreen  i,the  leaves 
not  falling  in  autumn),  aud  by  the  form  of  the 
cones.  It  includes  only  tliree  species,  the  C.  Libani,  or 
cedar  of  Lebanon  ;  C. />t't>(f a ra,  or  deodar;  and  C,  Atlan- 
tica,  or  .\tlas  cedar.    See  cedar,  1. 

cedryt  (se'dri),  a.  [For  *cedary,  <  cedar  +  -^1.] 
Resembling  cedar;  cedrine. 

Cedrij  colour.  Ecdijn,  Sjlva,  n.  iii.  §  2. 

cedula  (sed'u-la),  n.  [Sp.,  =  E.  cedule,  sched- 
ule :  see  schedule.'}  A  name  sometimes  used 
for  a  promissory  note  given  by  one  of  the 
South  American  republics. 

cedulet,  »•  [<0F.  cedule:  see  schedule.']  An  ob- 
solete torm  of  schedule.     Cotgrave. 

ceduoust,  a.  [<  L.  caduus,  fit  for  cutting,  <  ccc- 
dfrf,  cut.]     Fit  to  be  felled. 

Greater  and  more  ccduous,  fruticant,  and  shrubby. 

Evelyn,  Sylva,  Int. 

ceellf,  n.  and  v.     See  ceil. 

ceel'-'t,  "•  and  r.  An  obsolete  improper  spelling 
of  Slid-. 

ceeF,  i:    See  seel. 

ceiba  (sa'i-ba;  Sp.  pron.  tha'i-ba), «.  [Sp.;  of 
native  origin.]  The  silk-cotton  tree,  Bombax 
Ceiba.     See  Bombax,  1. 

ceilt,  cielt,  «•  [A  word  found  in  this  spelling 
only  in  tho  derived  verb  ctil  and  the  verbal 
noun  ceiling,  q.  v. ;  early  mod.  E.  ccic,  seele,  late 
ME.  cele,  cijll,  syll,  syle,  <  OF.  del,  mod.  F.  del  = 
Pr.  eel  =  Cat.  eel  =  bp.  ciclo  =  Pg.  ceo  =  It.  cielo, 
heaven,  a  canopy,  tester,  roof,  ceiling,  etc.,  <  L. 
ca;lum.  less  prop,  ccelum  (ML.  also  celum),  OL. 
also  cicl,  L.  and  LL.  also  ccelus,  the  skj-,  heaven, 
in  ML.  also  a  canopy,  tester,  roof,  ceiling,  etc., 
perhaps  orig.  *cai:ilum  (=  Gr.  Koi'Aoc,  dial.  K6i?M(, 
Kui7.of,  Koii'/.oc,  orig.  *KoFi?.og,  hollow),  <  cams, 
hollow:  see  cave^,  cage,  and  (from  L.  co'lum) 
celest,  celestial,  etc.,  and  (from  Gr.  Koi/of)  calin, 
ccelo-,  etc.  The  noun  ceil,  earlier  cele,  seele,  cijII, 
syll,  seems  to  have  been  confused  with  *('//,  syll, 
AS.  syl,  the  base  of  a  door  or  window ;  ef .  Sc. 
cyle,  syle,  tho  foot  of  a  rafter,  a  rafter.  North. 
Eng.  sylcs,  tho  principal  rafters  of  a  building.] 
A  canopy  of  state. 

The  chanimer  was  hanged  of  red  and  of  blew,  and  in 
it  was  a  cylt  of  state  of  cloth  of  gold. 

Fyancdls  of  Margaret, 

In  thiswise  the  king  shall  ride  opyn  lieded  undre  a  «««(« 
of  cloth  of  gold  l)audekyn,  with  four  staves  gilt. 

Rutland  Papers  (Camden  Soc),  p.  6. 

And  seik  to  your  soverane,  semely  on  sjill. 

Gawan  and  Qoloyras, 

ceil  (sel),  !'.  t.  [(1)  Early  mod.  E.  also  ccci,  seel, 
seile,  syle,  prop,  to  canopy  or  provide  with  a 
canopy  or  hangings,  <  ctil,  del,  cele,  seele,  eyil, 
syle,  a  canopy  (see  the  noun),  but  confused  in 
sense  and  spelling  with  another  verb,  (2)  ME. 
ceelen,  celcii,  selcn,  wainscot,  cover  tho  sides  or 
roof  of  a  room  with  carved  or  embossed  work, 
lit.  emboss,  <  L.  cwlare  (ML.  also  written  cc- 
larc),  engrave  in  relief  upon  metals  or  ivory, 
carve,  emboss,  later  also  embroider,  <  calum, 
a  chisel,  burin,  graver,  <  cadrre,  cut,  hew;  and 
perhaps  with  (3^  ME.  seelen,  selcn,  <  OK.  .leeler, 
F.  scellcr,  <  L.  .^igillnre,  ornament  with  figures 
or  images,  <  sigillum,  a  seal,  pi.  little  figures 
or  images :  see  seal".  The  first  two  verbs  are 
merged  in  definitions  2  and  3.  From  the  second 
are  derived  celature,  celure,  (j.  v.]  If.  To  can- 
opy ;  provide  with  a  canopy  or  hangings. 

All  the  tente  within  was  syted  willi  elolhe  of  gold  and 
blew  velvet.  Hull,  Henry  VIII.,  p.  .i'.'. 

2.  To  overlay  or  cover  the  interior  uppc-  sm'- 
face  of  (a  room  or  building)  with  wood,  plaster, 
cloth,  or  other  material.  See  ceiling,  2.  Former- 
ly with  speeinl  reference  to  orniunentnl  hiingiiigs,  or,  as  In 
the  llrst  i|Uotntlon,  to  carved  woodwork,  either  on  the  niot 
or  tliu  sliles  o(  a  room:  in  the  latter  use,  same  as  dellul- 
tiun  3. 

Ceeljfn  with  syllure,  celo.  Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  Wl. 

Tlicsc  wallys  shal  he  celyd  w Itli  lypnisse.  Tho  rofo  ilial 
bo  ceted  vautwyse  and  witli  elieker  work. 

Iliirman,  Vtilgarla (Way). 

And  tho  greater  house  he  citled  with  flr-trec. 

2  I'hron.  III.  6. 

How  will  ho,  from  his  house  reilrd  with  cedar,  be  con- 
lent  with  his  Aavlour's  lot,  not  to  have  where  to  lay  Ills 
bead?  Item;/  0/  I'lirijitinn  Piety. 

3t.  To  wainscot;  also,  by  extension,  to  floor. 

/-^im^riniier  (K.),  t/»  wahisc<it,  nerl ;  fret,  cmbow. 

Cotgravr. 

t'tnneher  [F.l,  In  plank  or  floor  » Itli  plunks,  to  «ri-J  with 
b'.rds  Colflrave. 

coiled  fHold),  p.  n.  [Early  uhmI.  K.  also  cieled, 
III  Ii  il.srclcd, syll  d :  jip.  of  r/l^  / .  |  If.  Canopied. 
Bee  ml,  v.,  1. —  2.  Provided  with  a  coiling. 


celantes 

The  place  itself  [a  kitchen]  is  weird  and  terrible,  low- 
ceil,-tl,  with  the  stone  hearth  built  f.or  out  into  the  room, 
aud  the  melodramatic  implements  of  \~kuetian  cookery 
dangling  tragically  from  the  wall. 

Hoteells,  Venetian  Life,  viL 
3+.  Wainscoted. 
ceiling  (se'ling),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  deling, 
ceeling,  seeling,  earlier  cyling,  siling,  syling  :  ver- 
bal n.  of  ceil,  i:]  1+.  A  canopy;  hangings; 
properly,  hangings  overhead,  but  by  extension 
also  side-hangings ;  tapestry. 

The  French  kyng  caused  the  lorde  of  Countay  to  stande 
secretly  behynde  a  silung  or  a  hangyng  in  his  chamber. 

JJall.  Edward  IV.,  p.  43. 
And  now  the  thickened  sky 
Like  a  dark  ceilini/  stood.        Milton,  P.  L.,  .\i.  742. 

2.  The  interior  overhead  surface  of  an  apart- 
ment, usually  fonned  of  a  lining  of  some  kind 
affixed  to  the  under  side  of  joists  supporting 
the  fioor  above,  or  to  rafters;  the  horizontal 
or  curved  sm'face  of  an  interior,  opposite  the 
floor.  In  ordinary  modern  buildings  it  is  usu- 
ally finished  T*th  or  formed  of  lath-and-plaster 
work. — 3.  Wainscoting;  wainscot.  [Now  only 
prov.  Eng.] 

Lambris  [F.],  wainscot,  seeling;  also  a  frettized  or  em- 
bowed  seeling.  Cot  grace. 

Menuiscrie  [¥.],  deling,  wainscotting,  joj-ners  work. 

Cotgrave. 
4.  The  lining  of  planks  on  the  inside  of  a 
ship's  frame — Ceiling-Joists,  small  beams  to  which 
the  eeiliivg  of  a  room  is  attached.  They  are  mortised  into 
the  sides  of  the  liiiuling-joists,  nailed  to  the  under  side  of 
these  joists,  or  suspended  from  them  with  straps.—  Coflfer- 
Work  celling,  a  ceiling  di^■ided  into  ornamental  panels 
or  Si'tlits ;  a  coltered  ceiling.  See  cut  under  coffer. — 
Compartment  ceiling,  in  arch.,  a  ceiling  divided  into 
panels,  wliiili  are  nsnally  surrounded  by  moldings. — 
Groined  ceiling,  groined  vaulting.     See  groin  and 

vault  iiKi. 

ceilinged  (se'lingd),  «.    [i  ceiling  + -ed^.]   Fur- 
nisheii  with  a  ceiling. 
The  low-cci7i*/i.'7e(f  room  was  full  of  shadows. 

F.  W.  Robinson. 

ceintt,  "•  [ME.  ceinte,  <  OP.  ceinte,  dnte=:  Pr. 
diilliii  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cinta,  <  ML.  cincta,  also 
(after  Kom.)  cinta.  tern.,  also  cinelnni,  neut.,  a 
girdle,  <  L.  cincta,  fein.  {diidum,  neut.)  of  duc- 
tus, pp.  of  cingere,  gird:  see  cincture.]  A  gir- 
dle.    Chaucer;  (lower. 

ceinturet,  "■  [ME.,  <  OF.  cdnture,  later  ceine- 
turi.  mud.  F.  ednture,<.  L.  cinctura,  a  girdle: 
see  diieture.]     Same  as  ceint. 

celadet,  ".  [<  F-  celade,  <  It.  celata  (cf.  celate)  : 
see  ,w//f/-.]  An  old  spelling  of  sallct^,  a 
helmet. 

celadon  (sel'a-don),  n.  and  a.  [<  P.  cMadon,  a 
scii-gi'een  color,  also  a  sentimental  lover:  so 
called  from  Celadon,  the  sentimental  hero  of  a 
once  popular  romance,  "L'.\stree,"  bv  Honoi'6 
d'l'rfe  (died  1()25),  <  L.  Celadon,  in  Ovid,  a  com- 
panion of  Phineus,  also  one  of  the  Ijapithie, 

<  Gr.  Kc?.ui'iuv,  roaring  (used  as  the  name  of  a 
river),  <  mAdi^civ,  Ki'Aadtir,  sotmd,  roar,  sliout, 
^^>()lSor,  a  noise,  shout.]  I,  11.  A  jiale  and 
rather  gi'ayish  green  color  oeein'ring  espe- 
ciallv  in  porcelain  and  enameled  earthenware. 
The  sliades  are  numerous.  In  Oriental  wares  the  celadon 
glaze  is  tiften  crackled  ;  and  the  Japanese  and  Chines© 
porcelain  ilecorated  in  this  way,  without  other  ornamen- 
tation, is  jiartienlarly  esteemeil.  It  is  also  one  of  the  fa- 
vorite colors  of  the  iioreelain  of  Sijvres.  Compare  j*ea- 
green. 

To  all  the  markets  of  the  world 
These  porcelain  leaves  are  wafted  on, — 
Light  yellow  leaves  with  spots  and  stains 
0(  violet  unci  of  eriniBon  dye,  .  .  . 
Anil  beautiful  with  fctadon, 

Longfellow,  Ki^ramos. 
II.  It.  1  laving  (he  color  celadon, 
celandine  (SI  riin-din),  n.     [Vorraeriy  celadinc, 

<  MIC.  eeliiliiine,  ei  lydoii,  eilydiiun,  siladoni/,  etc., 

<  t)F.  cclidoinc,  F.  ehi'lidiiiue  =  Pr.  Sp.  I'g.  It. 
celiitonia,<.  ],.  rhilidiiiiiii  (NL.  ehelidonium),<.  Or. 
\e?.ii^uniiv,  swillliiwwort,  <  p>(riul'  (-(till'-)  =  ],. 
Iiirunilii(^u-),  nswallow:  see  Chelidon,  Hirundo.] 

1.  The  ( liilidiiniuin  niajus,  a  juipiiveraceous 
Iilnnl  of  Europe,  naturalized  in  the  United 
Stales,  having  glaucous  foliage,  bright -yellow 
fiowers,  and  afrid  yellow  .iuiee,  vvhieli  is  sonio- 
tiines  i>niploved  as  a  jinrgalive  nnd  us  11  ri'itiedy 
for  wnrls.  'I'd  ilistingiii.'-li  it  from  the  fiilliiwing 
plant,  it  is  often  called  the  griiilir  irliiiidine. — 

2.  The  iiileworl,  Hanunrnlus  /•>(■</ nd,  called  in 
Euglniiil  tli(^  lisser  or  siniill  eriiiniline. 

There  In  u  llowcr.  the  LcsHrr  Vrlnliilinr, 
That  Klirlnl<H  like  iiiiiny  more  (roiii  .old  and  rain  ; 
And  the  llrst  miilnent  that  the  sun  may  shine, 
Krighl  aj<  tliu  aim  hlnisulf,  'tis  out  again  ! 

Wordsworth,  A  1.0BH0n. 

Troo-celandlno,  a  cultivated  species  of  Borconia  from 
111.    \v  .    1  lii.ll.'B.  It.  fnitesrcns. 

celantcH  1  He-lan'lez),  n.  Ill  logic,  the  mnemonio 
name  of  mi  imiiroct  moml  nT  the  first  figiiro  of 


celantes 

syllogism,  having  the  major  premise  and  conclu- 
sion universal  negatives  and  the  minor  prem- 
ise a  universal  affirmative,  it  is  the  siimu  avgument 
as  caui^ni-s  (wliicli  see),  Imt  witll  triinsposed  i>reniises. 
Five  of  the  letters  nf  the  word  are  siyiiillcant :  r,  siKnifies 
reduction  to  celarcnt  and  tt  the  siniple  conversion  of  tlic 
conclusion,  wliile  tlic  tliree  vowels  sliow  the  quantity  and 
quality  of  the  three  propositions.     See  >n(md~. 

celarent  (se-la'rent),  «.  In  logic,  the  miiemonio 
name  of  a  mood  of  the  fii'st  figure  of  syllogism. 
Its  major  premise  is  a  universal  nej^iitive,  its  minor  a  uni- 
versal aflirniative,  and  its  couelnsion  a  universal  nej^ative 
proposition.  For  example  :  No  one  enslaved  by  Iiis  ap- 
jiftitrs  is  free ;  every  sensualist  is  enslaved  by  his  appe- 
titi's;  iheirfore,  no  sensualist  is  free.    .See  ?rtoo(/2. 

Celastraceae  (sel-as-tra'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cetastrus  +  -ai-eii:']  A  natural  order  of  poly- 
potalous  exogens,  consisting  of  shrubs  or  trees 
of  temperate  and  tropical  regions,  allied  to  tho 
lilmiHiKiccw,  from  which  they  differ  especially 
in  having  the  stamens  ox'posite  to  the  sepals, 
and  in  tho  arillatc  seeds.  The  most  prominent 
genera  are  Cclastrus  and  Euonymus,  the  staff- 
tree  and  spindle-tree  (n'hioh  see). 

celastraceous  (sel-as-tra'shius),  a.  Belonging 
to  tlie  natiu'al  order  of  plants  Cclastracem. 

celastrin,  celastrine  (se-las'trin),  «.  [<  Celas- 
trus  +  -in'-^,  -inc'^.'\  A  bitter  principle  obtained 
from  the  leaves  of  the  Abyssinian  Celastrus 
ohscurus. 

Celastrus  (se-Ias'trus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  K-nlaarpa, 
K)y/M(7Tpo<:,  commonly  nrjlaarpov,  an  evergreen 
tree,  privet  or  holly.]  A  genus  of  shrubby 
climbers  or  trees,  natural  order  Celastracccv, 
natives  of  America  and  of  the  mountains  of 
India,  China,  Japan,  and  parts  of  Africa :  com- 
monly called  stuff-trees.  The  couuuou  species  of  the 
United  States,  C.  scanden-f,  known  as  climbing  bittersweet 
or  waxivork,  has  a  very  ornamental  fruit,  the  orange-color- 
ed capsules  disclosing  on  dehiscence  reddish-brown  seeds 
coated  with  a  scarlet  aril.     See  cut  under  bittersweet. 

celatet,  ".  [<  It.  celata:  seesallet^;  cf.  celade.'] 
An  old  spelling  of  sallet^,  a  helmet. 

celaturet  (sel'a-tiir),  n.  [<  L.  ccclatura,  <  cce- 
larc,  pp.  ca;latus,  carve,  engrave,  emboss:  see 
ceil,  'V.  Doublet,  celure,  q.  v.]  1.  The  act  or 
art  of  engraving,  chasing,  or  embossing  metals. 
—  2.  Engraved,  chased,  or  embossed  decoration 
on  metal. 

They  admitted,  even  in  the  utensils  of  the  church,  some 
celatures  and  engravings. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1836),  I.  205. 

-cele.  [<  6r.  K^?.r!,  Attic  Kal>!,  a  tumor.]  The 
final  element  in  many  medical  terms,  signifying 
a  tumor :  as,  bronchoce?e,  varicocc/e. 

celebrablet  (sel'e-bra-bl),  a.  [ME.,  <  OF.  eele- 
brdbk;  F.  celebrahle  =  Pg.  celebravel  =It.  cele- 
brabile,  <  L.  celebrabiUs,  <  celebrarc:  see  cele- 
brate.'] That  may  be,  or  is  proper  to  be,  cele- 
brated.    [Rare.] 

Hercules  is  celebrable  for  his  hard  travaile.        Chaucer. 

celebrant  (sel'e-brant),  11.  [=  F.  c6lebrant  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  celcbrrinie,  <  L.  celehr(in{t-)s,  ijpr.  of 
eclebrare :  see  celebrate.']  One  who  celebrates  ; 
specifically,  in  the  Roman  and  Anglican 
churches,  the  chief  cificiating  priest  in  offering 
mass  or  celebrating  the  eueharist,  as  distin- 
guished from  his  assistants. 

celebrate  (sel'e-brat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cele- 
brated, ppr.  cctebratinf/.  [<  L.  celebratus,  pp.  of 
celebrare  {>  F.  celebrer  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  celebrar  = 
It.  celebrare),  frequent,  go  to  in  great  numbers, 
celebrate,  honor,  praise,  <  celeber,  also  Celebris, 
frequented,  populous.]  1.  To  make  known, 
especially  with  honor  or  praise ;  extol ;  glorify. 

For  the  grave  cannot  praise  tliee,  death  cannot  celebrate 
thee.  Isa.  x.v.xviii.  18. 

The  Songs  of  Sion  .  .  .  were  .  .  .  psalms  and  pieces  of 
poetry  that  .  .  .  celebrated  the  Supreme  Being. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  405. 
To  celebrate  the  golden  prime 
Of  good  Haroun  Alnischid. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

The  reproach  so  often  brought  against  the  literature  of 

classic  times,  that  the  great  poets  of  Greece  and  Kome  never 

celebrate  the  praises  of  natural  scenery,  does  not  lie  at  the 

door  of  the  Persian  bards.  iV.  A.  Rev.,  CXL.  330. 

2.  To  commemorate  or  honor  with  demonstra- 
tions of  joy,  sorrow,  respect,  etc. :  as,  to  cele- 
brate a  birthday  or  other  anniversary;  to  cele- 
brate a  victory. 

From  even  unto  even  shall  ye  celebrate  your  sabbath. 

Lev.  xxiii.  32. 
Some  say,  that  ever  "gainst  that  season  comes 
Wherein  our  Saviour's  birth  is  celebrated, 
The  bird  of  dawning  singeth  all  ni^ht  long. 

Shale,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 

3.  To  perform  solemnly  or  with  appropriate 
rites  and  ceremonies :  as,  to  celebrate  vnass  \  to 
celebrate  a  marriage  or  a  public  funeral. 

Yet  there,  my  queen. 
We'll  celebrate  their  nuptials.      Shak.,  Pericles,  v.  3. 


877 

=  Syn.  1.  To  laud,  magnify,  glorify.— 2,  3.  Keep,  Observe, 
Sulemnize,  Celebrate,  Commeworate.  heejt  is  an  idiomatic 
word  for  observe:  as,  to  keep  the  Sabbath;  to  keep  Lent 
or  feast-days.  To  observe  is  to  pay  regard  to,  in  a  rever- 
ent and  especially  a  religious  way.  (See  observance.)  We 
speak  of  observinff  the  Sabbath,  of  ottservin<j  the  wishes  of 
one's  father.  To  solemnize  is  to  celebrate  religiously.  I'o 
celebrate  is  to  mark,  distinguish,  or  perform  with  joy  and 
honor  :  as,  to  celebrate  an  anniversary ;  to  cetcfnrafe  a  ntar- 
I'iage.  To  conmiemorate  is  to  keep  in  memory  public  and 
solenm  acts  :  as,  to  commemorate  the  resurrection  by  ob- 
servinf/  Kastcr. 

The  holiest  of  .all  holidays  are  those 
Kept  by  ourselves  in  silence  and  apart. 

LongJ'eltow,  Holidays. 

With  twenty  popish  tricks  and  ceremonies. 
Which  I  have  seen  thee  careful  to  observe. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  1. 
And  when  your  honours  mean  to  solemnise 
The  bargain  of  your  faith,  I  do  beseech  you, 
Even  at  that  time  I  may  be  married  too. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  2. 
On  theatres  of  turf,  in  homely  state, 
Ohl  plays  they  act,  old  feasts  they  eelelrrate. 

Dnjden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  iii.  280. 
Sir,  we  are  assembled  to  commemorate  the  establishment 
of  great  i)Ublie  principles  of  liberty. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Hunker  Hill,  .lune  17,  1825. 

celebrated  (sel'e-bra-ted),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  cele- 
brate, I).]  Having  celebrity;  distinguished; 
mentioned  with  praise  or  honor ;  famous ;  well- 
known. 

The  celebrated  works  of  antiquity,  which  have  stood  the 
test  of  so  many  different  ages.  Addison. 

=  S3m.  .Voted,  Renowned,  etc.    See  famotis. 
celebratedness  (sel'e-bra-ted-nes),  n.     [<  cele- 
brated -I-  -iiess.]     The  state  or  condition  of  be- 
ing celebrated.     Senlt.     [Rare.] 
celebrater,  celebrator  (sel'e-bra-ter,  -tor),  n. 
One  who  celebrates. 

I  am  really  more  a  well-wisher  to  your  felicity,  than  a 
celebrater  of  your  beauty. 

Pope,  To  Mrs.  A.  Fermor  on  her  MaiTiage. 

celebration  (sel-e-bra'shqn),  n.  [=F.  celebra- 
tion =  Sp.  celebracion  =  fg.  celebrai;ao  =  It.  cc- 
lebrazione,  <  L.  celebratio{n-),  a  numerous  as- 
semblage, a  festival,  a  praising,  <  celebrare:  see 
celebrate.]  1.  The  act  of  celebrating,  (a)  The 
act  of  praising  or  extolling ;  commemoration ;  commen- 
dation ;  honor  or  distinction  bestowed,  whetiier  by  songs 
and  eulogies  or  by  rites  and  ceremonies. 
His  memory  deserving  a  particular  celebration. 

Lord  Clarendon. 

(b)  The  act  of  performing  or  observing  with  appropriate 
rites  or  ceremonies :  as,  the  celebration  of  a  marriage ;  the 
celebration  of  mass. 
Celebration  of  mass  is  equivalent  to  offering  mass. 

Catli.  Vict. 

2.  That  which  is  done  to  celebrate  anything; 
a  commemorative,  honorific,  or  distinguishing 
ceremony,  observance,  or  performance :  as,  to 
arrange  for  or  hold  a  celebration ;  the  ode  is  a 
celebration  of  victory. 

What  time  we  will  a  celebration  keep 
According  to  my  birth.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  iv.  2. 

celebrator,  n.     See  celebrater. 

celebrioust  (se-leb'ri-us),  a.  [<  L.  Celebris,  cele- 
brated, -(-  -ous.]    Famous;  renowned.   Stri/pc. 

celebriouslyt  (se-leb'ri-us-li),  adi:  With  praise 
or  renown.     [Rare.] 

celebriousnesst  (se-leb'ri-us-nes), ?i.  Fame;  re- 
nown.    [Rare.] 

celebrity  (sf-leb'ri-ti),  n. ;  pi.  celebrities  (-tiz). 
[=  P.  celebrite  =  I*r.  celebritat  =  Sp.  celebridad 
=  Pg.  celebridade  =  It.  eelebritd,  <  L.  celebri- 
tq{t-)s,  a  multitirde,  fame,  renown,  <  celeber: 
see  celebrate.]  1.  The  condition  of  being  cele- 
brated ;  fame ;  renown ;  distinction :  as,  the  ce- 
lebrity of  CTCorge  Washington;  the  celebrity  of 
Homer  or  of  the  lUad. 
An  event  of  great  celebrity  in  the  history  of  astronomy. 

Whcweil. 

Egypt  has  lost  the  celebrity  which  it  enjoyed  in  ancient 
times  for  its  fine  linen. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Jlodern  Egyptians,  II.  3. 

2.  A  celebrated  person  or  (very  rarely)  thing: 
as,  a  celebrity  at  the  bar  or  in  the  church;  what 
are  the  celebrities  of  this  town? — 3t.  Celebra- 
tion. 

The  manner  of  her  receiving,  and  the  celebrity  of  the 
maiTiage,  were  performed  with  great  magnificence.  Bacon. 

celebroust  (sel'e-brus),  a.  [<  L.  celeber,  cele- 
brated, +  -ous;' at  F.  celebre  =  Sp.  celebre  = 
Pg.  It.  cflebre.]    Celebrated. 

celemin  (Sp.  pron.  thel-a-men'),  n.  [Sp.,  =  Pg. 
celamim,  selantim.]  1.  Same  as  «/»(«</. —  2.  A 
Spanish  measm'e  of  land,  equal  to  48  square 
istadals,  or  about  one  eighth  of  an  acre. 

celeomorph  (sel'e-o-m6rf),  «.  A  celeomorphic 
bird,  as  a  woodpecker. 

Celeomorphse  (ser-'e-o-mor'fe),  n.  pi.  [Nil. 
(Huxley,   1867),  <  Celeus  +  Gr.  /^opW;  form.] 


celestial 

The  woodpeckers  as  a  snperfamily  of  birds  of 
desniognatlious  affinities  but  uncertain  mor- 
phological position,  the  group  being  defined 
witii  special  reference  to  its  peculiarities  of 
palatal  structure,  and  comprehending  only  the 
families  I'icidui  and  lyngidic.  Also  called  Sau- 
riifiniitliir. 

celieomorphic  (sel"e-o-mftr'fik),  a.  [<  C'eko- 
iiiorphd/  +  -ic]  Picine;  of  or  ijertaining  to  the 
'  'cliiimorphai. 

celer't,  ».    An  obsolete  spelling  of  cellar'^: 

celer'-'t,  «.     See  celure. 

celerert,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  cellarer. 

celeres  (sel'e-rez),  II.  pi.    [L.,  1)1.  of  celer,  swift: 

'  aea celerity.]  1.  InjfiOfH. ««(((/., abodyof  knights 
or  horsemen  of  the  iiatrician  order,  numbering 
originally,  according  to  tradition,  300,  first  or- 
ganized by  Romulus,  100  being  selected,  10  from 
each  curia,  from  each  of  the  three  tribes,  nieir 
commander  was,  from  the  time  of  Tullus  Ilostiliim,  the 
second  oflicer  of  the  state.  Their  number  w;is  giadually 
increa-sed,  and  at  the  close  of  the  <lynasty  of  tlie  'i'arquins 
they  were  nuTgeri  in  the  cquites.  'The  title  was  resumed 
under  Augustus  hy  the  knights,  as  the  body-guard  of  the 
emperor. 

2t.  [cap.]  An  old  division  of  domestic  dogs,  in- 
cluding swift-footed  kinds,  of  which  the  grey- 
hound is  tlie  type :  distinguished  from  Sagaces 
and  I'ugnaces. 

celeriac  (se-ler'i-ak).  It.  [<  celery  +  -ac]  A 
variety  of  celery  raised,  especially  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe,  for  the  root,  which  is  enlarged 
like  a  tirniip.  Also  called  turnip-rooted  celery. 
See  celery. 

celerity  (sf-ler'i-ti), «.  [=  F.  c6l6rite  =  PV.  cele- 
ritat  z=  Sp.  cclcridad  =  Pg.  celeridade  =  It.  cele- 
rita,  <  L.  celerita(t-)s,  <  celer,  swift,  quick,  akin 
to  Gr.  Ki'/i?ic,  a  racer,  Skt.  -y/  kal,  drive,  urge 
on.]  Rapidity  of  motion;  swiftness;  quick- 
ness; speed. 

No  less  celerity  than  that  of  thought. 

.Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  (chc). 

"VVhen  things  are  once  come  to  the  execution,  there  is  no 

secrecy  comparable  to  celerity.  Bacon,  Delays. 

The  bigness,  the  density,  and  the  celerity  of  the  body 
moved.  Sir  K.  Digby. 

The  tidings  were  borne  with  the  usual  celerity  of  evil 
news.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  3. 

=  Syn.  Velocity,  Stoijtness,  etc.  See  qtdckness. 
celery  (sel'e-ri),  n.  [Prop,  with  initial  s,  as  in 
early  mod.  E.  selery,  sellcry  ;  =  D.  selderij  =  G. 
sellerie,  selleri  =  Dan.  Sw.  selleri,  <  F.  celcri,  <  It. 
dial,  .seleri,  It.  sedano,  celery,  <  L.  selinon,  pars- 
ley, <  Gr.  ae/uvov,  a  kind  of  parsley,  in  MGr.  and 
NGr.  celery.  See  parsley,  ult.  <  Gr.  ^erpoaeh^ 
vnv,  rock-parsley.]  An  umbelliferous  plant, 
Apiiim  (jrareolens.  a  native  of  Europe,  and  long 
cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  use  of  the  table. 
The  gl'een  leaves  and  stalks  are  used  as  an  ingredient  in 
soups,  but  ordinarily  the  stems  are  blanched.  There  are 
many  varieties  in  cultivation,  the  stems  blanching  pink, 
yellow,  or  white.     See  celeriac. 

celestj  (sf-lesf),  a.  [<  F.  celeste  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  celeste,  <  L.  cwlestis,  of  heaven,  of  the  sky,  < 
<;<B?MOT,  heaven:  see  ccii,  )i.  Cf.  celestial.]  Heav- 
enly; celestial. 

To  drynke  of  this,  of  waters  fll-st  and  best, 
Licoure  of  gl-ace  above,  a  thyng  celest. 

Paltadius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 

celeste  (sf-lesf),  «•  [An  abbrev.  of  F.  bleu  ce- 
leste, sky-blue:  see  blue  and  celest.]  In  ceram., 
sky-blue. 

celestial  (sf-les'tial'l,  a.  and  «.  [<  ME.  celestial, 
celestiall,  <  OF.  celestial,  celestiel  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
celestial  =  It.  celestialc,  <  L.  cwlestis,  of  heaven, 
<  caelum,  heaven :  see  celest,  ceil,  n.]  I,  a.  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sky  or  visible  heaven : 
as,  the  celestial  globe;  "the  twelve  celestial 
signs,"  Shak:,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

So  to  glorifle  God.  the  author  of  time  and  light,  which 
the  darkened  conceits  of  the  Heathens  ascribed  to  the 
Planets  and  bodies  co^testiall,  calling  the  monethsby  their 
names.  Purctias,  Pilgrimage,  p.  123. 

2.  Heavenly;  belonging  or  relating  to,  or 
characteristic  of,  heaven;  dwelling  in  heaven; 
hence,  of  superior  exceUenee,  delight,  purity, 
etc.:  as,  a  celestial  being;  celestial  felicity. 

Thys  lady  hym  saide  that  it  myght  not  bee. 
Hit  please  ne  wold  the  king  celestiall. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  3796. 

Desire  of  power,  on  earth  a  vicious  weed. 
Yet  .s])rnng  from  high  is  of  celestial  seed : 
In  God  'tis  glory  ;  and  when  men  aspire, 
'Tis  but  a  spark  too  nmch  of  heavenly  fire. 

Dryden,  Abs.  and  Achit,  L  305, 

Thus  far,  nations  have  drawn  their  weapons  from  the 
earthly  annories  of  Force,  unmindful  of  these  others  of 
celestial  temper  from  the  house  of  Love. 

Sumner,  Orations,  L  1<M. 

Celestial  crown,  in  her.,  a  bearing  resembling  the  an- 
tique crown,  and  having  each  of  its  rays  charged  with  a 


celestial 

staratthepoint— Celestial globe.ma^c, etc.  Seethe 
nouns.— "me  Celestial  Empire,  a  common  name  for 
China,  pr  '  '   -^  ^  '  the  Chinese  custom  of  speakln;^ 

ofther-  ■  as  riV/i-cAao,  or  Heavenly  Dynasty, 

a  desip!...  '  'ioubt  on  the  claim  of  tiie  foumler 

of  each  ?(i'  ^^=-i'-  ...  .i;isty  to  liave  received  the  command 
of  Heaven  Co  punish  and  supersede  a  line  of  wicked  rulers, 
he  and  his  successors  thus  becoming  Tien-tgu^  or  Sons  of 
Heaven. 

H.  II.  1.  An  innabitant  of  heaven. 

The  unknown  ceUstittl.  Pope,  Odyssey,  i.  166. 

2.  [f"p.]  Apopularnameforanativeof  China, 
the  '-Celestial  Empire." 

celestialize  (se-les'tlal-iz),  t'.  t.  [<  celestial 
+  -i:e.~[  To  make  "celestial.  Quarterly  Eev. 
[Rare.] 

celestially  (sf-les'tial-i),  adi\  In  a  celestial 
or  htavenly  manner. 

celestialsess  (se-les'tial-nes),  ».  [<  celestial  + 
-iiesi.]     The  qualitv  of  being  celestial. 

celestifyt  (sf-les'ti-fi),  v.  t.  [<  OF.  ceUstifier, 
make  heavenly  or  divine,  <  L.  ctelestis,  heaven- 
ly (.see  celeslj,  +  -ficare,  <  facere,  make:  see 
-jfy.}  To  communicate  something  of  a  heaven- 
ly nature  to ;  make  heavenly.     [Rare.] 

Heaven  but  earth  ceU^-tined,  and  earth  but  lieaven  ter- 
restrilled.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  13. 

celestina  (sel-es-ti'nii),  n.  [<  L.  ca:lestinus, 
hfav.uly:  see  Celestine.^     Same  as  bifara. 

Celestiie  (sel'es-tin),  n.  [<  L.  Ca-lcstinus,  per- 
taining to  Ctelestius,  a  proper  name ;  lit.  heaven- 
ly, <  aelentis:  see  celestial.']  1.  An  adherent  of 
Pelagiani.sm :  so  called  from  Cselestius,  one  of 
the  early  supporters  of  Pelagius. — 2.  One  of 
an  order  of  Benedictine  monks,  now  nearly 
extinct,  so  named  when  their  founder  became 

f)opo  as  Celestiue  V.  in  129-4.  He  was  I'ictro  .\nge- 
erier,  and  was  known  as  Pietro  da  -\turrone,  from  the 
mountain  he  iidiabited  as  a  hermit,  wiience  the  monks 
(organized  about  1254)  were  originally  called  Murronians. 
The  brethren  rise  two  hours  after  nudiiiizht  to  say  matins, 
eat  no  tlesh.  fast  often,  and  wear  a  white  gown  and  a  black 
capouch  and  scapular.  For  several  centuries  the  Celes- 
tioes  Were  very  uumcrons  and  prosperous,  especially  in 
Italy  and  France. 

3.  A  member  of  an  extinct  order  of  Franciscan 
hermit.s. 

Celestinian  (sel-es-tin'i-an),  n.  Same  as  CeU 
estint  . 

celestite  (sel'es-tit), ».  [<  L.  ccelestis,  of  heaven 
(see  celcKl),  +  -i7c2.]  In  mineral.,  native  stron- 
tium sulphate.  It  is  found  in  orthorhorabic  crystals  re- 
sembling  tho.se  of  b.arite  in  form,  also  massive  and  fibrous. 
The  color  is  white,  or  a  delicate  blue  (whence  the  name). 
It  occurs  finely  crystallized  in  Sicily,  with  native  sulphur, 
at  many  other  localities  in  Europe,  and  in  America  on 
Stroiitian  island  in  Lake  Erie,  at  Lockport  in  New  York, 
etc.     AIi^o  eflaititi,  cflentine,  ctxlestin,  ca'legtinf. 

celestivet,  «•  [ME.  celestif,  <  OF.  cclestif,  ce- 
lestial ;  as  cclcst  +  -ifc]     Celestial. 

Full  glailly  Ihay  wold  I  shold  use  my  life 
Here  :i.^  for  to  pray  our  lord  ceUsttf 
For  thuini  and  for  you  in  cspcciall. 
That  in  ]>aradise  he  vs  do  put  alL 

/fom.  «/  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  3288. 
Oelens  fserf-us),  n.  [NIj.  (Boie,  1831),  <  Gr. 
ia'/.ciir.  the  green  woodpecker,  Picu.sviridis.']  A 
genus  of  South  Ainerican  woodpeckers,  con- 
taining such  as  C.  flai'us  and  6".  flavescens  of 
Brazil.  It  gives  name  to  the  Celeomorphai. 
celia,  H.     See  rwlia. 

celiac,  COeliac  (se'li-ak),  a.  [<  L.  cceliacHS,  < 
(Jr.  KnUuriKiii:,  <  Koi/.ia,  the  belly,  <  xoi/of,  hollow.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  ca\'itv  of  the  abdomen; 
abdotniniil  or  ventricular.  Now  chiefly  used  in 
the  phra-fo  cetinc  iixin. — 2.  Same  as  roliaii. — 
3.  In  med.,  an  old  term  applied,  in  the  phrase 

celiac  pasnion,  to  a  flux  or  diarrhea Celiac  axis. 

See  '<Ti.ll.— Celiac  canal,  in  erinoids,  a  continuation  of 
thi-  •'I'liiina  or  lM.dy. cavity  into  the  arms,  Hcparated  by  a 
tmtHV'TMt:  f(artitl<iii  from  the  subtenlacular  caiiul,  oa  la 
■IH'i  i.  .  .if  Antf'hm  or  ('initntitln. 

celiadelphus,  n.    Hcf  twiiadelphtu. 
celiagra,  «.     See  caliai/ra. 
c^lialgia,  ».     See  ca-lialgia. 
celian,  "      See  cmlian. 

celibacy  "i-lm-si),  n.  [<  crlihnle:  Heo  -acy.'] 
The  slut.  1  hi'ing  celibate  or  unmarried;  a 
single  lil'i-;  ■.  iltiiitary  abstention  from  mar- 
riage: an,  till-  I  ■  hhiicy  of  the  clcrg}-. 

i<t    I'l.fruL;  IP  '  Mil  (iiiit  hlH  father  wn«  a  Deacon, 

ar,  a  Hiifltcient  prind  tliiit  the 

f-  ■  nf'.ri'-i*  on  her  <'li-ri;y  In  Ire- 

lai.... :  .     ouitical  discipline  In  the  age 

and  country  of  Ireland  h  A|MiHtlc. 

hp.  Chr.  Wordtuorih,  fTiiifch  of  Ireland,  p,  32. 
^  "■  ■■,'',  luitled  to  alting  trial  of 

111  I  vowof  cWiAoi?^/,  before 

hi.  .  .  .,,,|..r. 

Mi.il.rn  F.ifyptlans,  II,  SI6. 
5o  part  of  ■  ,,  |,;j,]  \,t,-u  morn  detentcfl  by 

the  Eeforiii.  r  im  paid  In  crUbaey. 

Maeaulav. 

celibatarianf  (■neri-bft.tA'ri-an),  n.  [<  celibate 
+  -iirian.]     Same  an  crlihatc',  2. 


878 

celibate  (sel'i-bat),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  c4libat  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  celibato,  <  L.  ca^libatus,  celibacy,  a 
single  life,  <  ccclebs  (cwlib-),  unmarried:  "see 
Calebs.'}    I.  n.  If.  A  single  life ;  celibacy. 

The  forced  celibate  of  the  English  clergj-. 

Bp.  Ball,  Honour  of  Mai-ried  Clei^,  p.  312. 

He  .  .  .  preferreth  holy  celibate  before  the  estate  of 
marriage.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1S35),  I.  27o. 

2.  One  who  adheres  to  or  practises  celibacy; 
a  bachelor,  especially  a  confirmed  bachelor. 
II.  a.  Unmarried;  single:  as,  a  ce?i6nte  life. 

celibate  (sel'i-bat),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  celibated, 
ppr.  celibating.  [<  celibate,  «.]  To  lead  a  single 
life.     Fortnightly  Eev. 

celibatist  (sel'i-ba-tist),  n.  [<  celibate  +  -ist.'] 
One  who  lives  unmarried ;  a  celibate.    [Rare.] 

celibian  (sf-lib'i-an),  a.  [Also  speUed  cwlibian, 
<  L.  cwlebs,  ccelebs,  a  bachelor,  -I-  -i-an.]  Un- 
married :  celibate.     [Rare.] 

celidography  (sel-i-dog'ra-fi),  «.  [<  Gr.  K>i?jc 
{uri/n'i-),  a  spot,  +  -)pa<fia,  <  ypaipeiv,  write.]  A 
description  of  the  spots  on  the  disk  of  the  sun 
or  on  planets. 

Celine,  o.    See  ceeline. 

cell  (sel),  n.  [<  ME.  celle,  selle  =  D.  ce!  =  G. 
celle,  selle  =  Dan.  celle  =  Sw.  cell,  <  OF.  celle, 
mod.  F.  celle  =  Pr.  cellu  =  Sp.  cehia  =  Pg.  cella 
=  It.  cella,  <  L.  cella,  a  small  room,  a  hut,  bam, 
granary  (NL.,  in  anatomy,  biology,  etc.,  a  cell), 
=  AS.  heall,  E.  hall,  a  room,  house,  etc.,  =  Gr. 
Ka'/ia,  a  hut,  barn,  granary,  =  Skt.  l-al,  gala,  a 
hut,  house,  room,  stable  (ef.  garana,  a  shed, 
hut,  as  adj.  protecting),  and  related  to  L.  celare 
=  AS.  lielein,  cover,  conceal,  =  Skt.  *fnr,  *<;al, 
cover,  protect :  see  hall,  helc^,  hole,  and  con- 
ceal.'] 1.  A  small  or  close  apartment,  as  in  a 
convent  or  a  prison. 

It  w;us  more  dark  and  lone  that  vault, 
Than  the  worst  dungeon  cell. 

Scott,  Marmion,  ii.  17. 

2.  A  small  or  mean  place  of  residence,  such  as 
a  cave  or  hermitage ;  a  hut. 

Then  did  religion  in  a  lazy  cell. 

In  empty  airy  coutemplations  dwell. 

Sir  J.  Denhatii. 
In  cottages  and  lowly  cells 
True  piety  neglected  dwells. 

Somervillc,  Epitaph  upon  H.  Lumber. 

3.  In  cedes,  hist.,  a  dependent  religious  house 
founded  on  the  estate  of  an  abbey  under  the 
jimsdietion  of  the  abbot  of  the  mother  church. 
About  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century,  owing  to  the 
creation  of  a  new  dignitai-y  (the  prior,  in  the  abbey  of 
Cluny),  such  establishments  received  the  designation  of 
priories,     Walcott,  Sacred  Archaeology. 

Tills  lord  was  kepere  of  the  sclle. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  L  172. 

A  place  called  Woodkirk,  where  there  was  a  cell  of  Aus- 
tin Friars,  in  dependance  on  the  great  house  of  St.  Oswald 
at  Nostel.  .-1.  W.  llnrif,  Eug.  Dram.  Lit,  I.  35. 

4.  In  arch.  See  cella,  1. —  5.  In  biol.:  (a)  The 
fundamental  foiTn-element  of  every  organized 
body.  It  is  a  bioplastic  nuiss  of  protojilasm,  varying  in 
size  and  shape,  generally  of  micrtiscopic  dinuinsions,  calla- 
ble under  proper  conditions  of  performing  the  functiotis 
of  sensation,  nutrition,  reproduction,  and  automatic  or 
spoidaneous  motion,  and  constituting  in  itself  an  entire 
organism,  or  being  capable  of  entering  into  the  structure 
of  one.  Such  a  cell  as  a  rule  has  a  nucleus,  and  is  ustlnlly 
also  provided  with  a  wall  or  definite  boundary  ;  but  neither 
cell-nucleus  nor  cell-wall  necessarily  enters  int«  its  struc- 
lure.  In  ultimate  morphological  analysis,  all  organized 
tissue  is  resolvable  into  cells  or  cell-productjt.  See  jiroto- 
plajiiii,  and  cell  t/ieory,  below.  (6)  Specifically,  a  nu- 
cleated capsulated  form-element  of  any  struc- 
ture or  tissue;  one  of  the  independent  proto- 
plasmic bodies  which  build  ii]>  an  animal  fab- 


Celli. 

.f.  .1  frw  ir1]'.rfi.iii  llirchordndonnhiof  the  Iumprcy:  tf,c«II-w«ll; 

'.  Iriji.:  i/.  nii'lrrilii^.    Jt,  iiiiilUtM>lBr  nervc.ccll 

o-iiii  liiiiimn  ^ptiiiil  niril  ;  r,  nili.leut  and  nil- 

■  rU      /I,  .  (irillii^;r.trll.    A.  hc|»«Ucor  liver 

....     -      i!,  -ell.  tioiii  *ktn  ortrui;.     i  All  iiinifnlAcd.} 

ric ;  a  bofly  consiHting  of  eell-siibHtanco,  cell- 
wall,  anil  ci'll-nncleuR:  as,  hnnc-cillji,  cartilage- 
rittti,  uiUHch'-rillii,  norVf-<rlls,  (iit-rellti,  cclln  of 
•■'iiiiu'ctive  tisHiie,  of  mucniiM  and  serouH  mein- 
loiiTii',  etc.,  of  the  bloo<l,  lymph,  etc.  Thin  l»  the 
ti^ii  ii  I  hnraeter  of  rellM  In  nnlniiilH.  uiid  ia  the  urdloar}' 
t4M-bidcal  anatomical  aciuo  of  thi;  w<jf-d. 


cell 

If  a  single  c(ll,  under  appropriate  conditions,  becomes 
a  man  in  the  space  of  a  few  years,  there  can  surely  lie  no 
dilttcvilty  in  iindersUuding  how,  under  appropriate  con- 
ditions, a  cell  may  in  the  course  of  untold  millions  of  years 
give  origin  to  the  human  race. 

H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  118. 

However  complicated  one  of  the  higher  animals  or  plants 
may  be,  it  begins  its  separate  existence  under  the  form  of 
a  nucleated  cell.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  19. 

(c)  In  Pohjzoa,  one  of  the  eases  or  cups  of  the 
ectooyst  or  exoskeleton  of  a  polyzoarium,  con- 
taining au  individual  zooid  or  polypid.  See  cuts 
under  riumateUa  and  Polyzoa. — 6.  In  nnaL  and 
zoo}.,  some  little  cavity,  compartment,  camera, 
or  hollow  place ;  a  cella  or  cellula  ;  a  vesicle ;  a 
capsule:  a  follicle;  a  corpuscle,  etc.:  as,  the 
celh  of  honeycomb;  the  cells  (not  osteoblasts) 
of  cancellous  bone-tissue;  the  cells  (compart- 
ments, not  form-elements)  of  cellular  or  con- 
nective tissue;  the  ecUs^  or  caneelli.  of  the  re- 
ticulated structm'e  of  an  insect's  wing  (that  is, 
the  spaces  between  the  ner\iires  or  veins) ;  the 
cells  of  a  foraminiferous  or  radiolarian  shell; 
the  cells  (ventricles,  cavities)  of  the  brain;  spe- 
cifically, in  etitom.y  the  basal  inclosed  space  of 
the  wing  of  a  lepidopterous  insect,  boimded 
by  the  subcostal  and  median  veins,  which  are 
joined  exteriorly. —  7.  A  division  of  the  brain 
as  the  seat  or  abode  of  a  particular  faculty. 
[Poetical.] 

Manye  [mania] 
Engendered  of  humour  malencolyk 
Uyforen  in  his  selle  fantastyk. 

Chancery  Knight's  Tale,  1.  518;. 
Mine  eyes  he  closed,  but  open  left  the  cell 
Of  fancy,  my  internal  sight.   Miltoi},  P.  L.,viii.  469. 

8.  In  eh'ct.j  a  single  jar  or  element  of  a  voltaic 
battery,  a  simple  cell  ordinarily  consists  of  plates  of 
two  dinerent  metals  joined  by  a  wire  and  immersed  in  a 
li(iuid  (culled  the  exciting  liquid)  which  acts  rhcniically 
upon  unc  plate  ;  this,  the  positive  or  generating  ]il;ite.  at 
the  cxpcnst'  u{  which  the  electrical  current  is  maintained, 
is  nsu;ill\  zinc  :  the  negative  plate  is  often  copptr,  Imt  may 
beidatiniun.c.irlmti.  silver,  etc.  Tlieexiitiim  litjnid  is  com- 
monly (111 lit f  sulphuric  acid,butsolutit>ns<'t"sal  ainimmiac, 
conunon  salt.  ctr. ,  are  also  used.  The  current  Hows  through 
the  liquid  frt>m  the  positive  plate  (zinc)  to  the  copper,  and 
through  the  wire  from  the  positive  pole  to  t!ie  negative 

pole.  (See  figure.) 
The  current  from 
a  simple  voltaic 
cell  soon  loses  its 
strength,  because 
hydrogen  bubbles, 
libtratod  in  the 
.^jjiTf^fl'        tf '^^v  ehemieal   action   on 

^  .||PH;     ^  f^i\,  ■Sy  the   negative  plate, 

form  a  tllm  over  it 
This  polarization 
of  the  negative 
plate  (see  polariza- 
tion) nmy  be  par- 
tially avoideil  by 
mechanical  means 
in  a  sintjle-jiuid  cell, 
by  using  platinum, 
or  silver  covered 
with  llnely  divided 
platinmu,  as  in  the 
iituce  cell,  or  i)lati- 
nizcd  carbon,  as  in  tlio  Walker  cell.  It  is  more  elTcctnally 
prevented  iti  a  two-jlnid  celt  by  the  addition  of  a  second 
liquid  (the  depolarizing  li(|uid),  with  which  the  hydrogen 
eomliiries  elu  init  ally.  In  the  Grenet  cell,  or  boftle'-cell.  bi- 
chromate of  jiotush  is  mixed  with  the  sulphuric  acid  (being 
lience  culled  a  hiehnmmtc  r(7/)ina  vessel  of  bottle  form,  and 
the  zinc  and  carbon  are  immersed  in  them  ;  the  zinc,  how- 
ever, is  raised  out  of  the  liquid  when  the  cell  is  not  in  use. 
Practically,  the  depolarizing  liquid  is  usually  separated 
from  the  exciting  liiiuid,  as  in  the  compound  cell.  Dno  of 
the  best  of  these  ts 
the  Daniell  cell,  which 
consists  of  a  zinc  plato 
immerKcd  in  dilute 
sulphuric  aciil  ctm* 
tabled  but  jxirous  ves- 
sel, i.uthi.le  of  which 
Is  a  perforated  copi>er 
plate  surronmled  by 
n  solution  of  copper 
RUlphale.  The  action 
Is  tiM  follows ;  The  ro- 
nctlon  between  the 
xlne  and  sulphuric 
field  produces  zinc 
BUlphiite  and  hydro- 
prn;  the  laller.  how* 
ever,  bmlead  of  col- 
lecting i»n  the  (-oj)pcr 
idftle,  iniltcH  with 
the  roj.|».|-  Hul|duilc, 
fonutiiu  hulidnirle 
acid  and  melnlln-  cop- 
per. I  he  f.iiiner  KOCH 
lo  keifi  up  the  HUp|)ly  of  acid  in  the  bmer  vessel,  and  (ho 
hitler  iHd.|MinHeii  on  the  copper  plate.  The  eonsumplioTi 
of  ro|)|if-r  Mulphat*'  is  nuule  gooil  by  a  supply  of  ii\s(alH 
Inaiv.rpttielr  attliet<ip.  A  moilllled  roMiiof  the  I'liniell 
cell  It*  the  i/rnrHj/  erll,  in  which  llie  poroUM  vessel  Is  dorui 
away  wllh,  and  llie  luo  liipiIdH  are  Hei)arated  by  their  sp<'- 
ride  umvltieH  ;  iln-  eopner  sulphate  Hurrounds  the  copper 
phite  at  till-  bottom,  anu  the  zltir  sulphate  the  zinc  jilateat 
the  |..]i  'I'IiIh  Ih  the  fonn  of  eell  nioHt  used  for  telegraphlo 
IMirp..«,4  |„  (|„-  Inltrd  HtateH,  other  forms  nf  the  com- 
ponnd  •  ell  are  the  Orove,  In  which  plallinim  an<l  nitric 


Simple  Voltaic  Cell. 
C,  copper  plate  ;  2,  zinc  plate. 


DnnicIICcll. 
^,   sine   pintc :   /*,   (HirniiB    vcn^^el  :    C, 
copper  plate  ;   A*,  receptacle  for  cryalals 
of  copper  fculplinte. 


cell 


Gravity  Cell. 
C,  copper  plate  :  Z,  zinc  plate. 


acid  take  the  place  of  tlie  copper  and  copper  sulphate  of 
the  Daniell ;  the  liuiisen,  which  is  like  the  (Jrove  except  in 

the  use  of  carlxm 
instead  <jf  plati- 
innii ;  and  there 
are  many  others. 
The  IjeclancJU  cell, 
iniiirh  used  in  eoii- 
iieetion  with  elec- 
llir  rallbrlls  (US 
;ilsi.  Willi  the  tele- 
Jihnlie),  ci.'Msists  of 
a  rod  of  zinc  im- 
mersed ill  a  solu- 
tion of  sal  ammo- 
niac, and  a  plate 
of  earhon,  some- 
times, though 
not  necessarily,  in 
a  separate  por- 
ous vessel  jiaeked 
alctnt  with  pow- 
tlered  manganese 
dioxid  and  earhon. 
Tliis  cell  rapidly 
hccomes  p<dar- 
ized,  but  if  1  ft  to 
itself  soon  regains 
its  strength,  and  hence  is  especially  vahiahle  for  inter- 
mittent use ;  it  has  also  the  advantage  that  there  is  no 
waste  of  the  zinc  by  local  action  when  not  in  use.  The 
silver-chlorid  cell,  as  devised  by  Ue  la  Kue,  consists  of  zinc 
acted  upon  by  sal  ammoniac  and  a  rod  of  silver  surround- 
ed by  a  cylinder  of  silver  chlorid.  Tlie  Latimer-Clork 
standard  cell  consists  of  zine  and  pure  mercury  separated 
by  a  paste  made  from  sulphates  of  zinc  and  mercury ; 
when  suitably  arranged  it  maintains  a  very  constant  elec- 
tromotive force,  and  hence  has  been  used  as  a  standard. 
9.  A  structure  of  wrought  iron,  consisting 
usually  of  four  plates  riveted  to  angle-irons. 
— 10.  A  small  frame  or  box- employed  to  hold 
or  inclose  a  microscopic  object. — 11.  One  of 
the  water-tight  compartments  into  which  the 
space  between  the  inner  and  outer  shells  of  a 
war-vessel,  or  other  metal  ship,  is  divided. — 
AdelomorpllOUS  cells.  Same  as  pn'nnprtl  cells.— Alax 
cells.  See  «irtr.— Amoeboid  cell,  amcebiform  cell,  a 
cell  which  has  no  iiet(.-r[iiiiiatr  fnrtii,  or  whieli  is  capable 
of  executing  amoeboid  muvcmeuta,  and  so  uf  changing  its 
form,  and  even  of  moving  about,  like  an  amoiba.  ('or- 
puscles  of  chyle  and  lymph  are  of  this  character ;  so  like- 
wise are  the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blond.— Antipo- 
dal cells,  ii&e  antipodal.—  ApiCSil  cell,  ^^ee  a/.ici/.  - 
Beaker-cells.  Same  as  f/oblet-cell.-^.—'Beale's  ganglion- 
cells,  tlie  bipolar  cells  of  the  abdominal  sympatlutic 
nerve  of  the  frog,  in  which  one  process  is  coiled  spirally 
around  the  other, — ^Cell  family,  a  row  or  group  uf  uni- 
cellular plants  which  have  originated  from  a  parent  "■■■U 
and  still  remain  attached  ;  a  colony.  — Cells  Of  Purkinje, 
large  branching  cells  in  the  cerebellar  cortex.  —  Cell  theo- 
ry, the  doctrine  that  the  bodies  of  all  animals  and  plants 
consist  either  of  a  cell  or  of  a  number  of  cells  and  their 
products,  and  that  all  cells  proceed  from  cells,  as  expressed 
ill  the  plirase  oni7iis  cellula  e  cellula:  a  doctrine  fore- 
shadowed by  Kaspar  Friedrich  Wolff,  who  died  in  1794, 
and  by  Karl  Ernst  von  Baer'(born  1792) ;  it  was  established 
in  botany  by  Schleiden  in  183S,  and  in  zoology  by  Theodur 
Schwann  about  1839,  Its  complete  form,  including  the 
ovum  as  a  simple  cell  also,  is  tlie  basis  of  the  present  state 
of  the  biological  sciences. —  Chalice-cells.  Same  asgohU-t- 
cells. —  Collared  cell,  a  cell  one  end  of  which  has  a  raised 
rim  or  boriler,  like  a  collar,  as  that  of  a  collar-bearing  mo- 
nad, or  choanoMa^'ellate  infusnrian. —Condemned  cell. 

See  rnu,l-'ul,h''1.    -Daughter-cell.     S^e  i,><>thrr-rell.  tx-lnu. 

—  Delters'S  cells,  f<-rt;nii  ceil.-,  intimately  connected  with 
the  external  huir-eells  uf  the  cochlea ;  also,  the  cells  nf  the 
neuroglia :  sometimes  applied  to  the  large  cells  of  the  an* 
terior  cornua  of  the  spinal  cord,  which  give  off  Deiters's 
processes.  Named  from  Deiters,  a  German  anatomist 
(1834-63).— Electrolytic  cell^  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  vessel  in  which  a  liquid  is  placed  for  electrolysis.— 
Flagellate  cell,  a  cell  with  only  one  flagellum,— Gob- 
let-cells,  columnar  epithelial  cells  in  which  the  fre  end 
is  distend,  d  with  mucin,  so  that  the  cell  presents  the 
form  of  a  goblet.  Also  called  chalice-  or  beaker-cells. — 
Granule-cell.  See  .(/m»((/^.— Gustatory  cells.  See 
f7(/A-(afor(/.— Hair-cells,  in  anal.,  cells  having  cm  their 
upper  surfaces  very  fine  hair-like  processes,  lying  on  the 
outer(external  hair-cells)  or  inner  (internal  hair  rtl  Is,)  side 
of  the  rods  of  Corti  (which  see,  under  rod).—  Indifferent 
cells  or  tissues,  cells  or  tissues  not  differentiated  into 
any  of  the  definite  permanent  forms.- LangerhanS*  ceU. 
a  certain  pecu- 
liar structure  ^_  e'  E  # 
embedded  in 
the  epithelium, 
in  wiiich  the 
nerve-ftbers  ter- 
minate. —  Lat- 
ticed      cells. 

See  camhi/orm. 

—Mother- cell, 

a  cell  whicli 
multiplies  it- 
self by  the  divi- 
sion of  its  pro- 
toplasmic con- 
tents and  the 
secretion  of  a 
wall  of  cellulose 
aliuut  each  por- 
tion. The  uew 
cells  are  called 
daughter  •  cells. 

—  Peaucellier  -'-^ 

cell,    in   mech.,  [Peaucellier  Cell, 

a  plane  linkage  CD,  DE.  EF,  FC.  AF,  AD,  BC,  are  stiff  bars 

discovered      by  jointed  at  A,  C.  D,  E,  F.    A  and  B  are  fixed  in 

T  ipiit     Ppiiippl-  position  at  a  distance  equal  to  BC.  and  there  is 

1  i    ,        ;„       Vq/m  ^  P'^"^''  «£.  As  C  turns  about  B.  describing  the 

X.            ^"O^t  arc  cCc',  the  point   F  describes  the  right  line 

which             ni'St  '££'.■  fTrfy^andc'a'Vy"  ate  two  positions  of  CZ)£^. 


879 

solved  the  celebrated  problem  of  parallel  motion.  It  fs 
composed  of  two  long  links  of  e(iual  length,  jiivoted  toge- 
ther at  one  end  and  at  tlie  other  pivoted  to  the  oppuhile 
angles  of  a  rhombus  composed  of  four  eijual  and  shorter 
links.  l''or  use,  the  junction,  A,  of  the  two  long  linkt*  is 
Mxed  in  position,  and  an  extra  link,  liC,  is  attached  to  the 
angle  of  the  rhombus  nearest  to  A.  The  other  end,  li,  of 
the  extra  link  is  fixed  in  position.usually  at  ii  distance  from 
A  eiiual  to  liC.  In  this  case,  when  JJC  turns  about/fas  a 
center,  the  vertex,  B,  of  the  rhondms  most  distant  from  A 
will  describe  a  right  line.  The  production  of  this  etfeet 
by  Iink-W(uk  alone  had  been  much  sought  after  since  the 
invention  of  the  8teani-ent;ine.—  Principal  cells,  the  cen- 
tral cells  of  the  cardiac  gland.s  of  the  stomach.  Also  called 
aifclomorphouB  cells.— ZeleniVLm  cell.  Sec  resistance  and 
photophone. 

cell  (sel),  V.  t.    [<  cell,  w.]    To  shut  up  in  a  cell; 

place  in  a  cell.     [Rare.] 
cella  (sei'ji),  H. ;  pi.  relfw  (-6).     [L. :  see  cell,  w.] 

1.    Tho  room  or  cliamber  which  formed  the 

nucleus   of   an  an- 


r^ 

m\ 

Ip  ■  ■  ■  ^"ffl 

^^^U 

T  T 

•1          l«! 

5    A     « 

;        pi 

^      n 

^  Hi 

•      \» 

M:»-»-mM 

i*i'      iii 

^ 

^^i^ 

1  1        A 

D 

1 

b  ■  ■  ■  ■  y 

[m 

•   ■   a   ■   ■   a 

Plan  of  the  Parthenon. 
A,  cella  :  B,  opisthodomus  (or  Par- 
thenon ) ;  C,  pronaos ;  X>,  epinaos  (or 
opisthodomus) ;  J:,  site  of  the  statue 
of  Athena. 


eiont  Greek  or  Ro- 
man temple  and  con- 
tained tlie  image  of 
the  deity,  as  distin- 
guished from  tho 
additional  rooms, 
porticos,  etc.,  often 
combined  with  the 
cella  to  foiTu  the 
complete  temple, 
'i'lu:  woril  is  now  ofti.'n 
jippliud  to  the  corre- 
sponding partof  the  tem- 
ples of  other  peoples, 
as  of  the  ancient  Egyp- 
tians.   Also  cell. 

The  next  ciiuss  of  tem- 
ples, called  i)seudo-pe- 
riptcral  (or  those  in 
wliieh  the  cella  occupies 
the  whole  of  the  after 
part),  are  generally  more 
modern,  certainly  more 
completely  Roman,  than 
these  last. 

Fergus^on,  Hist.  Archi- 
(teeture,  I.  307. 

The  front  of  the  cella 
includes    a   small  open 
peristyle. 
B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the 
(Saracen,  p.  296. 

2.  [NL.]  In  anat., 
ItioL,  and  ro67.,  a 
cell ;  a  cellula.  [Rare.]  — 3.  A  hole  or 'hollow 
formed  at  the  foot  of  a  waterfall  or  rapid  by  the 
continued  action  of  the  water.  [Canadian.]  — 
Cella  media,  in  anat.,  the  central  part  of  the  lateial 
ventricles  of  the  brain,  from  which  the  cornua  proceed. 
cellaeform  (sel'e-form),  a.  [Prop,  cellifnrm,  < 
NL.  cella,  a,  cell,  -I-  L.  forma,  shape.]  Of  the 
form  of  a  cell ;  like  a  cell  in  aspect,  but  not  of 
the  morphological  nature  of  a  cell. 

In  the  layer  of  protoplasm  from  which  the  pseudoi)ndia 

proceed,  cella'/onn  bodies  of  a  bright  yellow  colour,  which 

have  been  fouiul  to  contain  starch,  are  usually  developed. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  S5. 

cell-animal  (sel'an"i-mal),  n.  A  cell  as  an  in- 
dividual animal  or  organism ;  an  animal  that 
is  a  single  cell,  or  a  number  of  cells  not  histo- 
logically differentiated. 

cellar^  (sel'ar),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  celler,  <  ME. 
celler,  cder,"<  OF.  celier,  F.  celJier  =  Pr.  cclier 
=  Cat.  celler  =  Pg.  celleiro  =  It.  celliere  =  D. 
kelder  =  OHG.  chellari,  MHG.  kelre,  keller,  G. 
keller  =  Icel.  kjallari  =  Sw.  hallare  =  Dan. 
kjmldcr,  <  L.  cellarium,  a  pantry,  jirop.  neut.  of 
cellariiis,  pertaining  to  -  cell,  <  cella :  see  cell, 
n.-  In  the  comp.  Mltcellar,  q.  v.,  -cellar  is  of 
different  origin.]  1.  A  room  under  a  house  or 
other  building,  either  wholly  or  partly  under 
groimd,  not  adapted  for  habitation,  but  for  the 
storage  of  provisions,  wine,  limiber,  fuel,  etc. 
In  some  of  the  overcrowded  parts  of  large  towns,  how- 
ever, cellars  are  converted  into  habitations  for  people  of 
the  poorest  classes. 

By  nyste  sette  it  in  a  soft  cleer  eir,  or  ellis  in  a  coolil 
seler.  Book  of  Quinte  Essence  (ed.  Fiu-nivall),  p.  s. 

She's  brought  them  down  to  yon  cellar, 
She  brought  them  fifty  steps  and  three. 

The  Knight's  Ghost  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  211). 

St.  A  receptacle  or  case  for  bottles, 
itun  for  the  cellar  of  strong  waters  quickly. 

B.  .Jon^on,  ilagnetick  Lady,  iii.  1, 
His  wife  afterwards  did  take  nie  into  my  closet,  and  give 
me  a  cellar  of  waters  of  her  own  distilling. 

Pepijs,  Diary,  April  1,  16(!8. 

cellar^  (sel'ar),  a.    [<  L.  cellarius,  pertaining  to 
a  cell :  see  ce/toj'l.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cell; 
cellular:  as,  ccHar  walls.     [Rare.] 
cellaret,  «.     See  celure. 

cellarage  (sel'ar-aj),  n.  [<  celhtrl  +  -o<7c]  1. 
The  space  occupied  by  a  cellar  or  cellars ;  a 
cellar  or  cellars  colleetivelj-. 

Come  on  —  you  hear  this  fellow  in  the  cellarage— 
Consent  to  swear.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  5. 


Cellepora 

2.  Room  or  storage  in  a  cellar. —  3.  A  charge 
for  storage  in  a  cellar. 
cellar-book  (sel'jir-buk),  «.  A  book  containing 
details  regarding  tho  wines  or  other  liquors  re- 
ceived into  and  given  out  from  a 'wino-cellar; 
a  book  kept  by  a  butler  showing  the  general 
state  of  the  wine-cellar. 

Here  he  cheeked  the  housekeeper's  account,  and  over- 
hauled the  butler's  eellar-hiiok.  Thackeray. 

cellarer  (serUr-frr),  n.  [<  ME.  cclerer,  celerere, 
<  (JF.  cekrier,  Y.  rcllerier  =  Pr.  cellnriir  = 
OCat.  cellerer  =  Sp.  i-illirirci  =  Pg.  cetlirriro, 
cclleireiro  =  It. ccUirnjn,  nllirariii (ML. cellarius, 
cellerarius),  <  L.  cvllarurins,  a  steward,  butler, 
<cc/fe(?-ii(m,  a  pantry:  seecc//arl.]  1.  An  officer 
in  a  monastery  who  has  the  care  of  the  cellar,  or 
the  charge  of  procuring  and  keeping  tlie  pro- 
visions ;  also,  an  oliieer  in  a  chapter  who  has 
tho  care  of  the  temporals,  and  pai-tieularly  of 
the  distriljution  of  In-caii,  wine,  and  money  to 
canons  on  account  of  their  attendance  inthe 
choir. 

The  cellarer  was  a  sly  old  fellow  with  a  thin  greybeard, 
and  looked  as  if  he  could  tell  a  good  story  of  an  evening 
over  a  llagon  of  good  wine, 

li.  Curzon,  Monast,  in  the  Levant,  p.  347. 
2.    Same  as  cellarman. — 3.    One  who  keeps 
wine- or  spirit-cellars;  a  spirit-dealer  or  wine- 
merchant. 
Also  cellar i.^t. 

cellaret  (sel'ar-et),  n.  [<  cellar^  +  dim.  -e«.] 
A  case  for  holding  bottles  or  decanters,  as  of 
wine,  cordials,  etc.,  sometimes  also  several 
lii|iiciir-glasses. 

cellar-flap  (sel'ar-flap),  n.  A  wooden  lifting 
iloor  covering  the  descent  to  a  cellar.     [U.  S.J 

Cellaria  (se-la'ri-jl),  «.  [NL.,  fem.  of  L.  cclla- 
rins,  <  cella,  a  chamber,  cell :  see  cell,  ».]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Ccllariiria;. 

Cellariidae  (sel-a-ri'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,<  Cella- 
ria +  -idtc.}  A  family  of  gymnolamiatous  chi- 
lostomatous  polyzoans,  typified  by  the  genus 
Cellaria.    Also  Cvllariatlw. 

cellaring  (sel'ar-ing),  «.  [<  cellar^  +  -iHjrl.]  1. 
A  range  or  system  of  cellars;  cellarage. 

Ah  I  how  blessed  should  I  be  to  live  with  you  in  a  re- 
tired and  peaceful  cottage,  situated  in  a  delightful  sport- 
ing country,  with  attached  and  detached  offices,  roomy 
cellaring,  and  commodious  attics. 

Morton,  Secrets  worth  Knowing,  iii.  4. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  storing  goods  in  cel- 
lars. 

Cellarino  (It.  pron.  chel-lii-re'no),  «.  [It.]  In 
the  Roman  or  Renaissance  Tuscan  and  Doric 
orders  of  architecture,  the  neck  or  necking  be- 
neath the  ovolo  of  the  capital. 

cellarist  (sel'ar-ist),  H.  \_< cellar^  +  -ist.J  Same 
as  cellarer. 

cellarman  (sel'ar-man),  n.;  pi.  cellarmen (-men). 
A  person  employed  in  a  wine-cellar;  a  butler; 
also,  a  spirit-dealer  or  wine-merchant.  Also 
called  cellarer. 

Cellarous  (sel'ar-us),  a.  [<  cellar^  -J-  -ous.']  Be- 
longing to  or  connected  with  a  cellar;  subter- 
ranean; excavated.     [Rare.] 

Certain  ceUaroas  steps. 

'  Dickens,  Uncommercial  Traveller,  ix. 

cellar-rat  (sel'ar-rat),  «.  A  contemptuous 
name  for  a  custom-hous'e  oflSeer  employed  in 
looking  after  the  storage  of  imported  goods. 

There  was  to  be  a  standing  anny  kept  up  in  time  of  peace : 
custom-house  officers,  tide-waiters,  and  cellar-rats. 

J.  B.  Slcilaster,  People  of  the  United  States,  I.  461. 

cellar-snail  (sel'ar-snal),  «.  A  land-snaU, 
Hijalina  cellaria,  of  the  family  ntrinidce  and 
subfamily  Zonitincc,  ha'ving  a  small,  depressed, 
polished  shell :  so  called  from  being  found  in 
cellars.  It  is  a  European  species  which  has  been  intro- 
duced into  the  United  States,  and  is  common  in  the  Atlan- 
tic seaport  (owns. 

cell-capsule  (serkap'sul),  h.  Atliickcell-waU 
or  reailily  separable  cell-membrane. 

A^Tien  such  membranes  att:un  a  certain  degree  of  thick- 
ness and  independence  as  regards  the  body  of  the  cell, 
they  are  known  as  cit-ra psuiejf. 

Frrii,  Histol.  and  Histo-chem.  (trans.),  p.  83. 

celled  (seld),  a.  [<  cell  -I-  -CfP.]  Having  a  cell 
or  cells;  composed  of  a  cell  or  cells ;  cellular: 
used  separately  or  in  compounds:  as,  a  celled 
organ  ;  onc-cclled  ;  in&ny-celled. 

cell-enamel  (sere-nam  el),  n.  Cloisonne  en- 
amel.    [Rare.] 

Cellepora  (se-lep'o-ra),  «.  [NTj.,  better  Celli- 
jpora.  <  NL.  cella,  a  cell,  -1-  L.  portis,  a  passage : 
see  pore.']  The  typical  genus  of  polyzoans  of 
the  family  Celleporida-.  having  a  median  avicu- 
larium  behind  the  posterior  lip  of  the  mouth  of 
the  cell.     -Also  Celiijiora. 


Celleporidae 

Celleporidae  (sel-e-por'i-de),  n.pf.  [NL.,  < 
Ctll'iioni  +  -irfir.]  A  family  of  chilostomatous 
polvzoans  with  zocEcia  ureeolate,  erect  or  sub- 
erect,  irregularlr  heaped  together,  and  often 
formin?  several  superimposed  layers. 

Celleporina  (sel'e-po-ri'na),  ».  pL  [XL.,  < 
Ctliiji'irii  +  -iiia-.2  A  superfamUy  group  of 
chilostomatous  polyzoans,  having  the  zooecium 
caleareous,  rhomboid  or  oval,  and  a  terminal 


880 

laria.  The  polyzoary  is  erect,  joint«d,  phytoid,  dichoto- 
niously  branched,  with  zotecia  alternate  and  all  facing  the 
same  way,  the  apertures  hirge,  oval,  and  meniliranous,  and 
the  avicularia,  when  present,  sessile,  and  either  lateral  or 
anterior.     Also  Cethilaridce,  Cellulai-iadie, 

Cellularina  (sel  ii-la-ri'ua),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
(  elliilariii,  2,  +  -iiiii-.'i  A  superfamily  j^roup  of 
chilostomatous  polyzoans,  having  the  zoceeiuni 


Celticism 

celotomy  (sf-lot'o-mi),  «.  [=  F.  c6lotomie  = 
Sp.  cctotomi'a,  <  Ur.  K)i?u>To/jia,  <  k//?.?/,  a  tumor, 
+  -rofiia,  <  rifiveiv  (•/  'rau),  cut.]  In  surg. :  (a) 
The  operation  of  cutting  the  constriction  in 
strangiUated  hernia,  (b)  An  operation  former- 
ly employed  for  the  radical  cure  of  inguinal  her- 
nia.   (<•)  Castration. 


corneous  and  infimdibulate.     It  contains  tlie  celsitudet  (sel'si-tud),  ii.     [}.YE.  cdcitude,<.0'P. 


families  JEt(id(E,  Cellulariidce,  and  Bicellariitia: 


mouth.     It  contains  the  families  Celleporidw  _»n,,i_4.-j  /,„i',-,  i^  +„i\    „    '  r,'  ,  h  ,    _l      ..  o 
„.u\  TM»nnrida'.     Clnux.  ^  cellulated  (bcl  u-la-ted),  n.     [<  ceUula  + -ate^ 


aud  I'eteporidie.     C'laus. 
cellerU,  «.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  cellar^. 
celler-t,  ".     See  celure. 

cellerert  (sel'er-er),  71.     Older  form  of  cellarer. 
cellLferous  (se-lif'e-rus),  a.     [<  XL.  cella,  a 

cell.  +  h.  ferre,  =  £.  bear^,  +  -otts.']    Bearing 

or  {)roducing  cells. 
celllform  (sel'i-f6rm).  a.     [<  XL.  cella,  a  cell,  „  ,,   ,.     ,      ,,.,.,  ,.  ,..  ,      ^^„      , 

+  L.  torma.  shape.]     Having  the  form  but  not  Cellulicolae  (sel-u-hk  o-le),  n.  pi.     [XL.,  < 

the  morphological  nature  of  a  cell.  '"'«■  ^l-/-' +  L-  ''„'*'■''.  inhabit :  see  cu/f.] 

Cellipora  (se-lip'o-rii),  ».    [XL.]    Same  as  Ce?- 

levDiH. 
cellist  (chel'ist),  «.    An  abbreviated  form  of 

rioloncelUst:  often  Tvritten  'cellist. 


ceL^itiide  =  Sp.  celsitud  =  Pg.  cclsiiudc  =  It.  cclsi- 
tiidiiie,  <  L.  cclsititdo  (-tiidin-),  a  lofty  bearing, 
later  a  title  equiv.  to  '  Highness,'  <  celsiis.  raised 
high,  lofty,  pp.  of  *c(llcre,  rise  high,  in  comp. 
excellcre,  etc.:  see  creel,  ejccelsior.]     1.  Height; 


elevation;  altitude.— 2.  Highness;  excellency; 
sometimes  used  hiunorously. 

Honor  to  the  .  .  .  and  to  thy  celcitude. 

Court  of  Love,  1,  611. 

In  most  lamentable  forme  complaineth  to  your  .  .  .  eel 

xitmi'',  yiiur  distressed  orators.      Maratim,  The  Fawne,  v. 


_  _  burrows  in  the  gi-ound.     [Xot  in  use.] 

Ceiiite  (sei'it),";!.     iF."cellite  =  Sp.  Celito,  <  Cellulifera(sel-u-lif'e-ra),  H.i>Z.  [XL.,  neut.  pi. 


JIL.  ('ellit(e,  pi.,  <  L.  cella,  a  cell.]     Same  as 
LolUird.  1. 

cell-membrane  (sermem'Taran),  n.     In  hioh, 
the  investing  membrane  or  wall  of  a  cell. 

A  distinct,  independent  pellicle,  separable  from  the  cell- 
body,  and  known  as  the  celt-memOraile. 

Fret/,  Histol.  and  Histo-chem.  (trans.),  p.  64. 

ceU-mouth  (sel'mouth),  n.     The  oral  opening 

of  a  unicellular  animal ;  a  cytostome. 
cello  (ehel'o),  n.   An  abbreviation  of  violoncello: 

often  wiitten  'cello. 
cell-parasite  (sel'par'a-sit),  H.     Ane-^tremely      ,,   ,   .,  ,    ,,- ,   .,,-        ry     „  ,,      •>%   , 

minute  parasite  which  lives  within  a  single  cell  celluloid  (sel  u-loid),  «.     [<  cellulose-)  +  -o(rf.] 

of  the  ti.ssuos  of  its  host,  as  a  coccidium.  -^  substance  made  of  guueotton,  camphor,  and 

cell-parasitism  (sel'par  a-si-tizm),  h.     Intra-    **",'"«   °f"«^'"  ingredients,  imitating  ivory,  or, 

ceUular  parasitism ;  panisitie  life  Nvithin  a  cell.     ^^■'}<:i  colored,  tortoise-shell,  coral,  amber,  mal- 
cell-sap  (sel'sap),  H.     Fluid  or  semi-fluid  cell-    "e'"te,  etc.     Many  articles,  usetul  and  orna- 

sul.stance  ;  fliudic  protoplasm.  mental,  are  manutactui-ed  from  it. 

cell-substance   (scl'sub  .stans),   m.     The   eon-  cellulosei  (sel  u-los),  o.     [<  AL.  as  if  *ceJf«io- 

tents  of  a  tell;  the  general  protoplasm  com- 


posing the  body  of  a  cell 
cellnla  (sel' a- la),  «.;  pi.  cellulw  (-le).     [XL. 

use  of  L.  ceilulii,  a  small  storeroom,  dim.  of 

cella,  a  cell,  storeroom:  see  cell,  h.]     A  little 

cell;  a  cellule. 
cellular  (serfi-lUr),  a.  and  n.    [<  F.  cellulairc  = 

Up.  lelular  z="  Pg.  cellular  =  It.  cellulare,  <  XL. 

cellularis,  <  L.  (XL.)  cellula  :  see  cellula,  cc//.] 
I.  a.  Consisting  of,  con- 
taining, or  resembling 
cells ;  pertaining  to  a  cell 
or  to  cells:  as,  cellular 
structure;  a  cellular  ap- 
pearance. 

A  very  good  example  of  such 
a  cellular  parenchyma  is  to  be 
found  in  the  substance  known 
as  Kice-papcr. 

ir.  B.  Car/ieiiler,  Jficros.,  §  351. 
CeUular  beam.  See  I'mm.— 
CeUular  cartUage.  See  car- 
lila'jr.  CeUular  system,  in 
hot.,  tiiat  p'irtioii  of  tile  struc- 
ture fit  plants  which  is  com- 
posed of  riindaiiKMital  cellular 
>r  parenchyma,  in  dlstlnrtion  (rciTn  the  lllironwcu- 

CeUular  theory.    Same  as 


+  -<■(?-.]  Having  a  cellular  structure, 
cellule  tsel'ul),  ".  [=  F.  cellule  =  It.  cellula.  < 
L.  (XL.)  cellula:  see  celhthi.']  A  little  cell. 
Specifically — (a)  In  entom.,  one  01  the  little  spaces,  sur- 
rounded by  veins,  on  the  wing  of  an  insect,  especially  of 
the  Keuroptera  and  Pseudoneuroptera.  (b)  In  hot.,  one 
of  the  cells  which  constitute  the  areolar  structiu-e  of  a 
moss,  or  of  a  leaf  or  similar  vegetable  organ. 

cel- 
A 
group  of  spiders,  of  the  order P«?«(o«nr/o,  which  Celsius  thermometer.   Same  as  centigrade  ther- 
form  their  nests  in  slits  beneath  the  bark  of    monnttr  (which  see,  under  centigrade). 
trees,  iu  the  cavities  of  stones  and  rocks,  or  in  Celt',  Kelt  (selt,  kelt),  «.    [F.  C'eltc  =  Sp.  Pg. 

It.  (W^(,  usually  in  pi.,  <  L.  Cclta;  pi.,  sing. 
"Cclta,  <  6r.  KtP.rai  (sing.*Kf Ar//f),  earlier  Ke^Toi 
(sing.  *Kf/iror),  a  name  at  first  vaguely  applied 
to  a  Western  people,  afterward  the  regular  des- 
ignation of  the  Celtic  race.  Origin  tmkuown ; 
perhaps  akin  to  the  equiv.  L.  GuUi,  the  'Gauls,' 
and  to  the  Celtic  Gael,  q.  v.  The  W.  Ctlliad 
(.as  if  'a  dweUor  in  coverts,'  <  celt,  a  cov<>rt, 
shelter,  <  celu,  hide,  conceal,  <  L.  cclare,  hide: 
see  cell  and  concetti),  a  Celt,  Gael.  Ceiltich  and 
Coilltieh,  pi..  Celts,  are  prob.  due  to  the  L.  Cellw. 
The  rog.  Kng.  spelling  is  Celt  and  the  reg.  Eng. 
pron.  selt ;  but  the  spelling  Kelt,  after  G.  Kelt, 
Gr.  Ktz-ai,  W.  Celtiad  (pron.  kel'ti-ad),  is  pre- 
fened  by  some  recent  writers.]  A  member  of 
one  of  the  peoples  speaking  languages  akin  to 
those  of  Wales,  Ireland,  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
laud,  aud  Brittany,  ami  constituting  a  branch 
or  principal  division  of  tlio  Indo-Em'opean  fam- 
ily. Formerly  tlie.ie  jieoples  occupied,  partly  or  w  holly, 
France,  Spain,  nortlurn  Italy,  the  western  parts  of  (Jer- 
many,  anil  the  liritish  islands.  Ut  the  remaining  Celtic 
Innguat'cs  and  peoples  there  are  two  chief  divisions,  viz., 
the  Uiiilli.lir,  comprising  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland,  the 
Irish,  and  the  .Manx,  and  Wie  Cjrmric,  comprising  the 
^^  elsh  and  Bretons  ;  the  Cornith,  of  Cornwall,  related  to 
the  latter,  is  only  recently  extinct. 


of  eclluliferus  :  see  celluliferous.^  A  systematic 
name  of  the  polyzoans  or  moss-animalcules. 

celluliferous  (sel-u-lif'e-rus),  «.  [=  F.  cellu- 
lifcre,  <  XL.  celliiliferus,  <  celhda.  q.  v.,  -I-  L. 
ferrc  =  E.  6e«rl.]  Bearing  or  jiroduciug  little 
cells ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cellu- 
lifera. 

celluline  (sel'u-lin),  n.  and  a.  [<  cellula  + 
-iHc'-.]     Same  as  cellulose'^. 

cellulitis  (sel-i>li'tis),  n.  [XL.,  <  cellula,  q.  v., 
+  -itis.]  In  patlioL,  inflammation  of  cellular  or 
connective  tissue,  especially  in  its  looser  forms. 


.v«.v,  <  cellula,  q.  v.]     Containing  cells. 
cellulose'-^  (sel'u-los),  ».  and  «.      [<  cellula  + 
-y*f.]     I.  ».  In  hot.,  the  essential  constituent 
of  the  primary  wall-membrane  of  all  cells,  a 


secretion  from  the  eoutaincd  protoplasm,  isom- celt-  (selt),  «.     [<  W.  cellt,  a  flintstone.l     In 


S  ''lie  Apple. 

aa.  .   t,  p.Ali. 

»al-  .     ,      i^y  paren- 

chyma  .  i,  c,  ccUiiUr  tiiMie  of 
the  leaf. 


tiMUi 

lar  and  cplrlertiial  HyHtetaH. _^  _      ,_ 

eeU  thriirij  (*\m\\  see,  under  >•''/).  — CeUulaX  tlBBUe,  In 
Idaiiti,  parcn.hyma  (which  see).— CeUular  tissue,  cel- 
llUar  membrane,  in  anirtials,  areolar  tlHsile  (which  see, 
un'l-r  itrrular).     See  cU  anil  tixiue. 

II.  ».  In  hot.,  a  plant  iiaving  no  spiral  ves- 

Hel.M.     Lindlcy. 
Oellulares  (Hel-i>lii'rez),   n.   pi.     [XL.,  pi.  of  delosi'a  (sc-lo'si-ii),  H 

crlhil<iri-< :  Hv«  eellular.'i     In  lie  CandoUe's  sy.s-     iiig,  lator'/fv/of, "dry. 

tern  of  .liisHification,  a  name  given  to  that  (li- 

viwon  01  till-  vegetable  kiiigilom  more  usually 

called  fr  i,j,„i,nniit,  including  plaiils  which  are 

forno  I  ■.•   or  chiefly  of  cellular  tissue. 

Stri'  ■  i|,  it    .should   include   only   the 

rnonftCH,  II' /■'',, ■,!■,  mill  lower  crvptogaiiiH! 
Oellolarla  (■<■  l-o-ln'ri-ij),  «.  /./.  '[SL.  (Cuvler), 

neut.  pi.  of  II  iiiihiris''  ci-lUilar:   see  alliil<ir.\ 

1.  InCu-     •  


crous  with  starch  in  its  composition,  and  al 
lied  to  starch,  sugar,  and  inulin.  it  rarely  or  never 
exists  iu  a  simple  condition  unnii\ed  with  coloring  or 
mhieral  matters,  etc. ;  and  with  age  it  becomes  largely 
transformed  into  lignin,  subcrin,  or  mucilage.  Cotton 
and  the  bleached  filler  of  llax  and  liemp  are  nearly  pure 
cellulose,  and  in  some  liltcr-ijapcr  it  is  almo.st  chemically 
pure.  Cellulose  is  rciii;uk:il'K-  icir  its  insohibiljty,  being 
dissolved  without  chaUL'c  nnly  by  an  annnoniacal  solu- 
tion of  oxiil  of  copper,  from  which  it  may  be  again  pre- 
cipitated. Under  the  action  of  concentrated  or  boiling 
acids,  or  of  caustic  alkalis,  many  dilferent  ]>roducts  arc 
obtained,  according  to  the  method  of  trcatnicnt,  U  is 
changed  to  glucose  by  long  boiling  with  dilute  sulphuric 
or  hydrochloric  acid  ;  a  substance  resembling  parcliment 
is  obtained  by  treating  unsized  jiaper  with  cold  sid|ihu- 
ric  acid ;  strong  nitric  acid,  or  a  mixture  of  lutric  and 
sulphuric  acids,  converts  forms  of  cellulose  into  puncot- 
ton.  etc.  In  its  unchanged  comlititm  it  is  not  colored  by 
iodine  except  usually  with  a  faint  yelbiwish  tint,  which 
becomes  a  bright  blue  on  the  additinn  of  strong  sulphuric 
acid.  Cellulose  is  also  said  to  exist  in  the  tunics  of  .^Ihci'i/mi 
and  in  other  invertebrates.  — Starch-ceUuIose,  the  deli- 
cate skclct^m  of  cellulose  which  remains  when  starcli- 
granules  arc  dissolved  in  saliva  or  pcjisin. 
II.  a.  Formed  of  cellulose. 

cellulosic  (sel-u-lo'sik),  a.  [<  cclluhsi.-  +  -ic] 
or  nrrciating  to  cellulose;  produced  byorniade 
of  cellulose :  as,  "  cellulosic  fermeutation,"  Sine- 
leinth  Century. 

celort,  n.     Same  as  celure. 

[NL.,  <  Gr.  Ki'/Xcor,  burii- 
<  ^aittv,  biu'u ;  from  the 
bunied  ajipearanco  of 


Celts. 


vier'H  Hy«tein  of  cinssillcation,  the  soc- 
ond  furuilyofthn  Cnrnlliferii,  dcflned  as  having 
each  p'llyp  adhering  to  a  honiyor  calcareoii.s 
cell  wiih  thin  wnlJH,  and  no  a|ii)aront  connei-- 

*"■ another  except  l>v  a  very  (Inn 

■y  porcH  ill  the  walls  of  the  cells. 
.  —2.   [t'»eil  UH  a  .singular.]    Tho 
typicul  Mioi  oidy  genuH  of  the  family  CeUulan- 
'>'  is  an  example. 

Iii-ri'i-d-).  I..  ;,/.    rNIi.,< 


tioi 


iilir. 

Cell 
f . 


1.1 


'".  I     A   family  of  chUoHto- 
H,  typifluJ  by  the  genua  C'cHu- 


the  flowers  of  smiio 
species.]  A  genus  of 
plaiitH,  natural  order 
Amiiranlaeca;,  for  (lio 
most  part  trojiical. 
The  cockseonib  coniiiinn  in 
cultlvution  Is  C  criHttiln  ; 
but  the  cultivated  form  <>f 
thU  plant,  with  a  hroa<i 
llattened  stem  ami  a  tcr- 
iiiinal  crest,  Is  very  iinlik'' 
its  natural  condition,  lie 
iii«  a  moiistroHlty  formed 
l>v  the  niilnii  or  faHclutlon 
'■f  thf  branches. 
COlOBtomy  (He-loH'to- 
iiii),  n.  [<  (ir.  Kni?j>- 
nriiiiia,  <  Kni'/nr,  hollow 
(see  Cfil,  n.),  +  nrii/ia, 
(he  month.]  Tho  aot  of  speaking  with  a  hol- 
low voice. 


OK.kwrtnili  (i'rliitia  iriitata). 


arcliaol.,  an  implement  or  weapon  widely  used 
among  priniilivo  aud  uncivilized 
races,  and  having  tho  general 
form  of  a  chisel  or  an  ax-blade. 
In  the  eighteenth  century  the  name  Mas 
given  to  the  stone  and  bronze  imple- 
ments of  this  general  shape,  without 
careful  consideration  of  their  proba- 
ble uses.  The  stone  celts  arc  all  of  a 
form  more  or  less  closely  resemliliug 
the  head  of  a  hatchet,  dilfcring  only  in 
being  sometimes  llattcr  and  with  a 
longer  cutting  edge,  sometimes  of  a 
si-ctioii  marly  circular,  pointed  at  one 
end,  and  coining  abruptly  to  an  edge 
at  the  other.  Tlic  bronze  celts,  the  forms  of  which  are 
very  varied,  may  be  divided  into  three  principal  classes: 
First,  chisclshapetl  blades  w  ithout  sockets,  hut  with  raised 
rims  on  each  side  forming  a  jiair  of  grooves,  aiipiirent- 
ly  intended  to  retain  a  wooden  handle  lUtcdon  in  the  di- 
rcctk'ii  of  the  length  of  the  blade;  tllese  may  be  consid- 
ered as  s|»;(.ies  inleiitlcd  for  agrfeultural  labor.  Second, 
chi.scl-sliaped  bliides,  having  a  deep  socket  at  the  end  op- 
posite the  cutting  edge,  and  usually  fitted  with  a  loop  or 
pierced  ear  on  one  side.  Third,  blades,  also  witli  a  socket, 
hut  shorter  nmi  broader:  these,  which  have  often  been 
called  iix-heads,  are  thought  ratlicr  to  be  ferrules  for  the 
butt-end  of  spear-shafts  and  the  like,  the  edge  enalding 
them  to  be  driven  into  the  ground.  Sec  amgani,  vtuit- 
sr.il,.  i.„i-,;ll.  and  mirkrl-eelt. 

Celtiberian  (sel-ti-be'ri-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  L. 
Cillihiri  ((ir.  KeMfit/pc^),  the  inhabitants  of 
Celliberiii,  <  Celta;  tbo  Celts,  -I-  Ihiri,  tlie  llie- 
riaiis,  the  suimosed  original  iiihaliitants  of 
Sjmin.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Celtiberia  ami  its 
iuliabilants,  the  (\>ltiberi,  an  ancient  people 
of  Spain  formoil  by  a  union  of  (-'eKs  and  Ibe- 
rians. 

II,  ".  .\  inomber  of  the  dominant  race  of 
nncieiil  I 'oltilieria,  a  region  in  central  Sjiain. 

Celtic,  Keltic  (sel'-,  kel'lik),  II.  and  ».  [<  L. 
f  W//CH.V  ((ir.  Ki>iTiiiAr),  <  Ci'ltit;  (Jr.  Ki;4ra/:  sen 
'V7fl.|  I,  I,.  Pertaining  to  IheCelts,  ortotheir 
language:  as,  fV/^rtrilicH;  Cillie  ((iiigues;  (VV- 
//reusloniN;  of  fWfir origin.  -Celtic  moiumienta. 
See  mr;iil\llnc  miinnmeiih,  under  wew/iV/i/c  — Celtic 
pipe.      See .Ali|-|/;(i;)c«.— Celtic  pottory.     See  jmllrril. 

II.  II.  The  langinige  or  gintip  of  dialects 
Hpiddii  by  (ho  Ci'llN,  ini'liiding  Welsh,  Armorio 
IT  Uroli.ii,  Irish,  Giielii',  anil  Manx. 

Celticism,  Kelticism    (^'l'-,   keril-Hizm),  n. 

1.  Till'  inaniierH  and  cuslonm  of  (he  ('elts, — 

2.  A  Celtie  Idiom  or  nimle  of  uxprussiou. 
'"■■  Ccltium,  licltisni. 


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